title: Michael Noakes

abstract: Michael Noakes was an English artist and portrait painter. He was educated at Downside School and the Royal Academy Schools. His prime interests as a painter were in portraiture and landscape. He was President of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters and Chairman of the Contemporary Portrait Society. He was a Member of the Royal Society of Portrait Painters and a Freeman of the City of London. He painted actors, writers, academics, diplomats, politicians, lawyers, churchmen, senior military personnel, businessmen, leaders of the industry and members of the Royal Family. He received a platinum disc for his sleeve design for the record Portrait of Sinatra (1977), the only painter ever to have been awarded such an honour. He has painted many of the world's leading figures. Among those who sat for him are the Queen, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, the Prince of Wales and Anne, Princess Royal, as well as most other members of the Royal Family. He was commissioned to paint Margaret Thatcher when she was Prime Minister. He painted President Clinton, making preparatory studies with the President in the Oval Office – one of only very few painters to have been given such access to any President of the United States – and Pope Benedict XVI. Michael Noakes spent much of 1999 with the Queen, making sketches, paintings and drawings for the book The Daily Life of the Queen: An Artist's Diary, written by his late wife Vivien, published September 2000. Somerville College, Oxford is in possession of some of his portraits.

text:
# Michael Noakes

**Michael Noakes** (28 October 1933 – 30 May 2018) was an English artist and portrait painter.

He was educated at Downside School and the Royal Academy Schools. His prime interests as a painter were in portraiture and landscape. He was President of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters and Chairman of the Contemporary Portrait Society.

He was a Member of the Royal Society of Portrait Painters and a Freeman of the City of London. He painted actors, writers, academics, diplomats, politicians, lawyers, churchmen, senior military personnel, businessmen, leaders of the industry and members of the Royal Family.

He received a platinum disc for his sleeve design for the record *Portrait of Sinatra* (1977), the only painter ever to have been awarded such an honour. He has painted many of the world's leading figures. Among those who sat for him are the Queen, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, the Prince of Wales and Anne, Princess Royal, as well as most other members of the Royal Family. He was commissioned to paint Margaret Thatcher when she was Prime Minister.

He painted President Clinton, making preparatory studies with the President in the Oval Office – one of only very few painters to have been given such access to any President of the United States – and Pope Benedict XVI. Michael Noakes spent much of 1999 with the Queen, making sketches, paintings and drawings for the book *The Daily Life of the Queen: An Artist's Diary*, written by his late wife Vivien (died 2011), published September 2000. Somerville College, Oxford is in possession of some of his portraits.

## InfoBox

| Michael Noakes | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 28 October 1933<br>UK |
| Died | 30 May 2018 |
| Occupation(s) | Artist, portrait painter |
| Spouse(s) | Vivien Langley (m. 1960-2011; her death); 3 children |


title: Gazi Rafiq

abstract: Gazi Rafiq is a Bangladeshi poet of the 1980s era and a food scientist.

text:
# Gazi Rafiq

**Gazi Rafiq** (Rafiqul Islam) is a Bangladeshi poet of the 1980s era and a food scientist.

## Early life

He was born on September 1, 1958, at Nur Boxh Miaji house in Feni, Bangladesh. His parents are Abdur Rahman (retired teacher) and Begum Jarifa Khatun.

After completing graduation from the University of Chittagong he pursued his career in journalism.

## Publications

### Literary works

Source:

* *Chetonar Phool* \- চেতনার ফুল (1982)
* *Adianto Paradhin* \- আদি অণ্ত পরাধীন (1990)
* *Manob Muktir Montro* \- মানব মুক্তির মন্ত্র (1996)
* *Nonno Rupantorbad O Apracholito Kichhu Kabita* \- নব্য রূপান্তরবাদ ও অপ্রচলিত কিছু কবিতা (2003)
* *Kalo Meye Kobita* \- কালো মেয়ে কবিতা (2009)
* *Prithibir Shorboshreshtho Kobita* \- পৃথিবীর সর্বশ্রেষ্ঠ কবিতা (2010)
* *Selected Poems* \- নির্বাচিত কবিতা (2013)
* *Poetry by Gazi Rafiq* \- গাজী রফিকের কবিতা (2013).

#### Magazines

* *Dusshomoyer Jatri* \- দুঃসময়ের যাত্রী (1988)
* *Miraz* \- মিরাজ (1981)
* *Eid Shubeccha* \- ঈদ শুভেচ্ছা (1982)
* *Rokter Badole -* রক্তের বদলে (1983)
* *Kabitabiggyan* \- কবিতাবিজ্ঞান (2008)

#### Edited books

* *Kobider Prem* \- কবিদের প্রেম (1997),
* *Poems of Transformation Ashidashak* \- আশি দশকের কবিতা (2003).

## Social activities

* Organised:"*Durniti Protirodhe Juba Shangha*" in1977
* Organised; *Dishari Shanscritic Gosthi* in 1980
* Founded Feni Shahitta Parishad in1993.
* Organised a Cultural Organisation Named; *Hindowl a*t Chittagong University Campus

## Research

* "Difference of Mass in Applying Alternative Method of Cooking Rice" 2012. He advocated to reduce nutritional waste cooking level (NWCL) using Sticky Rice Theory (*Pustibhat Tatto*). A finding of 13-15% rice wastage was identified in 2012 by applying his invented 'Heat and Weight Method' using excess water in rice at cooking level. From 2024, this theory has been adopted by government education curriculum and included in the textbook *Shastho Shurokkha,* published by National Curriculum and Textbook Board(NCTB). Recently a press conference was held at National Press Club, Dhaka titled "Pushtibhat Convention"
* Between 2012 and 2019, he developed a flour combination called OryFoCoT, a relative mixture of wheat flour and rice bran. It has anti-inflammatory properties and reduces gluten levels to tolerable levels.

## Awards

* Writers Foundation Award (2008)
* Shahid Buddhijibi Shriti award (2006)
* Haji Nur Ahamad Shriti award (2006)

## InfoBox

| Gazi Rafiq | |
| --- | --- |
| Gazi Rafiq in 2014 | |
| Born | (1958-09-01) September 1, 1958<br>Feni, Bangladesh |
| Occupation | Poet, scientist |
| Alma mater | University of Chittagong |


title: Marymount Military Academy

abstract: Marymount Military Academy was a boys' military school in Tacoma, Washington that was in operation first as a military academy, then as a private boys' school from 1923 to 1976.

text:
# Marymount Military Academy

**Marymount Military Academy** was a boys' military school in Tacoma, Washington that was in operation first as a military academy, then as a private boys' school from 1923 to 1976.

## History

Marymount was purchased in 1919 by the Sisters of St. Dominic on the outskirts of Tacoma (known as the Tacoma Dominicans), Washington in present-day Parkland. The remote plot on which it stands was bought from the Shields family in 1920. The property was known as *"Wright's Acre Tracts",* owned by the people who built Annie Wright School. The Shields' property was located on the John Mahon Road, now known as Military Road. The inadequacy of the boys' school (St. Edward's) necessitated the building of the present Marymount Academy in 1922. At that time, Parkland was mostly prairieland. What is now Marymount was then a farmhouse, some outbuildings and rolling fields. The original two administrators of Marymount, Mother Mary Thomasina and Mother Mary de Chantal, chose the present location as a site for a school for boys, to replace Saint Edward's Hall in Tacoma.

The groundbreaking was in May 1921. On July 2, 1922 the cornerstone was laid and it was dedicated as *St. Edward's Boys' school at Mary Mount* on May 30, 1923. Later the name was shortened to just *Marymount*. Thus began Marymount's 54 years as a military academy for boys. The school originally catered to pre-schoolers through ninth grade, and the students boarded in what is now the E-shaped building's west wing. A field house was added in 1952. The school is an outgrowth of St. Edward's hall, a pioneer Tacoma educational institution which was also opened and operated by the Dominican Sisters. The administration of the school and direction of the educational program were in the hands of the Dominican Sisters, whose Motherhouse was annexed to the academy.

**Curriculum:**

A 1940 Tacoma News Tribune article quoting the Dominican Sisters described the educational facilities and policies of the school as follows:

"*The student body is composed of boys from six to sixteen years of age. A very high scholastic standard is maintained in all studies. The curricula includes the elementary grades and junior high school studies required for accreditation by the state. The academy is also a charter member of the National Rifle Association. Manual training is provided for the boys and a well organized industrial arts department maintained. Private instruction in music is a part of the daily schedule."*

**Early Enrollment and Curriculum:**

When the school opened there were about 30 boys in attendance. The number fluctuated over the years. During World War II the number of students rose to 110. The students enjoyed a fine music program, and in addition to their choir, Marymount sponsored a band. Once a week the boys held a parade review, demonstrating the marches and drills that they had mastered that week. They also had a tradition of performing annually in the local Daffodil Parade, held in April in downtown Tacoma. A full schedule kept the boys active from reveille at 6:40am each morning until their bedtime at 9:00pm.

**Decline:**

Marymount was run as a military school until 1971; and five years thereafter as a private boys' boarding school. The academy eventually became economically infeasible. In 1974, the building underwent a vigorous renovation it became a boarding school catering to the wealthy. For example, students from the Mexican elite came to learn English. By 1976, even the boarding school had become too expensive to maintain.

The following decade, Marymount was for all intents and purposes a retirement home and convalescent center for the nuns. By the late 1980s, a series of catastrophic maintenance problems convinced the sisters to sell Marymount because they could not adequately care for the facility and grounds. When the nuns solicited proposals from potential buyers, Harold LeMay’s proposal was not only the lone bid that would preserve the buildings and grounds, but he promised to maintain and improve them. The decisive element of the proposal was that the nuns were promised access to Marymount as long as they wished.

Today, several non-profit groups share space at Marymount, including a senior center, in addition to the LeMay Family Collection Foundation. It is also one of the locations for the annual LeMay Car Show and auction held on the last Saturday of August.

At one time, the Dominican sisters of Marymount operated four schools in the Tacoma area: Marymount and Aquinas Academy, a girls' school, St. Patrick's school and Holy Cross School. On September 21, 1942, they also purchased Haddaway Hall (the former J.P. Weyerhaeuser home) and opened Tacoma Catholic College, a junior college for girls. In 1974, Aquinas Academy, one of three Catholic high schools in the Tacoma area at the time, and St. Leo's, combined with Bellarmine Academy which was operated by the Jesuits.


title: Music for Lovers Only

abstract: Music for Lovers Only is a studio album of easy-listening music by Jackie Gleason, wherein he conducted an orchestra performing standards. It was released by Capitol Records on October 27, 1952, as a 10-inch LP with eight songs. It was reissued as an EP in January 1953, followed in 1955 by a 12-inch LP with eight additional songs. The extent of Gleason's involvement with the album's creation has generated debate since its release.

text:
# Music for Lovers Only

***Music for Lovers Only*** (or ***Jackie Gleason Presents Music for Lovers Only***) is a studio album of easy-listening music by Jackie Gleason, wherein he conducted an orchestra performing standards. It was released by Capitol Records on October 27, 1952, as a 10-inch LP with eight songs. It was reissued as an EP in January 1953, followed in 1955 by a 12-inch LP with eight additional songs. The extent of Gleason's involvement with the album's creation has generated debate since its release.

## Background

In January 1952, Gleason, who was then the host of the DuMont Network's television program *Cavalcade of Stars*, was offered a three-year exclusive contract by CBS worth $6 million (approximately $63 million in 2021). Gleason accepted and upon signing the contract, he took a two-week vacation and announced that he would be leaving *Cavalcade of Stars* in June. Immediately following his departure, he began to adapt the program into *The Jackie Gleason Show* for CBS. It was during this period that Gleason began his musical career. He assembled a 27-piece orchestra and made a number of recordings with them, including the "Melancholy Serenade" that would become the theme song for *The Jackie Gleason Show*.

Announcements of a forthcoming release of an LP of instrumental music conducted by Gleason, the first in a separate three-year contract for Capitol Records, were made in July 1952. Gleason said in an interview that same month that he had already composed the music and designed the cover for *Lover's Rhapsody*, which followed the release of *Music for Lovers Only*. He also said that he had been inspired by Bing Crosby to pursue artistic and merchandising opportunities outside of his main career as an actor, for which purposes he founded Jackie Gleason Enterprises. Gleason called his musical team Music for Lovers Only, which he said indicated the kind of music they played. His first album would subsequently bear the same name.

## Recording

### Production

According to Gleason, he conceived the idea of an album of "slow and dreamy music" in 1941, but "couldn't get anyone interested in it at the time". In 1942, Gleason was cast in an uncredited role in the film *Orchestra Wives*. On the set, he met Bobby Hackett, a member of the Glenn Miller Orchestra, who played himself in the film. Despite Hackett's dental problems that made it difficult for him to play his preferred instrument, the trumpet, Glenn Miller hired him as a personal favor. Impressed by Hackett's trumpet playing, Gleason expressed hope for a future musical collaboration. When preparation for *Music for Lovers Only* began in 1952, Gleason engaged Hackett to play solo trumpet.

Record labels were skeptical of Gleason's musical efforts. He initially proposed *Music for Lovers Only* and other instrumental albums to American Decca, which rejected them. Gleason's manager, Bullets Durgom, then persuaded Capitol Records to pay an advance of $1,000 (approximately $10,400 in 2021) in exchange for promotion on *The Jackie Gleason Show*. They agreed on the condition that Gleason finance most of the production himself. Because of Gleason's fame as a comedian and concern that the public would not take his musical work seriously, he took care to maintain seriousness in his conduct with his musicians and in the design of the album's jacket cover.

The recordings for *Music for Lovers Only* took place in New York City during the summer of 1952. According to Capitol, recordings of the master takes took two sessions of three hours each.

### Questions about authorship of arrangements

The precise nature of Gleason's role in the making of *Music for Lovers Only* has been a matter of speculation since its release. Although the album credits him with having presented, selected, and conducted the music on the album, it also credits Pete King (as C. Dudley King, Jr.) and producer Richard Jones as arrangers. The widespread public perception was that Gleason had either played a lead role as arranger, or was taking credit for another's work. In interviews, Gleason confirmed that his role in the production of the album went beyond selection and conducting, but also acknowledged King's work as arranger and collaborator.

Although Gleason had no formal musical training, he could play trumpet, piano, and organ sufficiently well to convey his ideas to King. "I pick the notes out on an organ", Gleason told the *New York Daily News*. "I have a way of marking them down so \[King\] can interpret them". Gleason struggled to convey his ideas to professional musicians. Having no knowledge of musical terminology, he resorted to poetic metaphors which they found frustrating to understand.

King said that despite Gleason's lack of musical education, his ability was "a little more than musicians credit him with and a little less than the public thinks he knows". Hackett expressed contradictory opinions about Gleason's acumen, saying on one occasion that professional musicians were "always amazed" by him, while on another saying that his principal contribution to the recordings was that "he brought the checks". Gordon Jenkins said Gleason's work consisted of "sit\[ting\] in the control room puffing a fat cigar while his arrangers do the conducting".

### Release

*Music for Lovers Only* was released on LP by Capitol Records on October 27, 1952, followed by an EP in January 1953, one of Capitol's first four releases in that format. In 1955, a 12-inch LP with eight additional songs was issued. A stereo remake with the same personnel was issued in 1958. In 1957, Dick Haymes recorded a vocal cover of Gleason's song, "My Love for Carmen", accompanied by Gleason and his orchestra.

## Reception

### Success

*Music for Lovers Only* was widely praised upon its release and became an enduring bestseller on both LP and EP, reaching No. 1 on *Billboard* magazine's pop album chart and remaining in the Top 10 for 153 weeks. In April 1953, Dorothy Kilgallen reported that the album had sold over 100,000 copies; by June, it was the bestselling album yet in Capitol Records' history. In March 1954, *Music for Lovers Only* was joined by two later Gleason albums in the *Billboard* Top 10. It was also one of the bestselling LPs in that format's first decade of existence.

Hackett's solo trumpet performance drew much critical attention. Walter Winchell said that it set the album's "groove on fire". Charles Menees in the *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* said that it was the album's "big attraction", adding that "Bobby Hackett With Strings" would have made for a suitable alternative name for it. Avilda Peters called his playing "a thrilling sound which breaks through the orchestral arrangement of strings and reeds".

Gleason's appearance as a musical arranger and conductor also elicited commentary and was well received. "Gleason doesn't over-orchestrate", said Peters. "He simply offers smooth, soft, candlelight-mood music that appeals to both young and old". Tom E. Danson wrote that in *Music for Lovers Only* Gleason "prove\[d\] conclusively that he's as agile with the baton as in the humor department". Doris E. Bynum in the *Orlando Sentinel* balked at the album's name, but called its arrangements "sheer heaven".

### Live performances

The success of *Music for Lovers Only* resulted in Gleason's public debut as bandleader on February 12, 1953, at the La Vie en Rose nightclub in New York City, wherein he performed the music from the album in a program shared with Toni Arden. Gleason said he did it as a favor to his friend Monte Proser, the club's proprietor. "Monte has this club that needs unusual attractions because he's keeping it out of the usual entertainment rut and he said he thought my band could do some business for him", Gleason said. "Monte's done some things for me in the past. I couldn't turn him down". He later recalled that he found the experience of conducting an orchestra in person "tough" and, because of his inability to read music, was required to memorize 28 different arrangements. Among those who attended Gleason's debut were Steve Allen, Milton Berle, Johnnie Ray, and Jackie Coogan.

In March 1953, Gleason said that he was considering forming two Music for Lovers Only orchestras, led respectively by Hackett and Billy Butterfield, and sending them on tour. Gleason participated in later live performances, joined by the entire cast of *The Jackie Gleason Show*, but delegated leadership of the orchestra to Sammy Spear, the show's bandleader.

### Legacy

Over 40 albums by Gleason followed the release of *Music for Lovers Only*. It was an early example of a "theme album", referred to after the advent of rock music as a "concept album". Its success also led to rival record labels issuing their own "Music for" albums, which were described by the *New York Times* as "music with a function, a sort of modern *Gebrauchsmusik*".

Gleason evoked the sound of *Music for Lovers Only* in his final album, *Romeo and Juliet: A Theme for Lovers*, which was released in late 1969.

## Track listing

### Original 1952 track listing

Side A
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Alone Together" | Howard Dietz | Arthur Schwartz | 3:07 |
| 2. | "My Funny Valentine" | Lorenz Hart | Richard Rodgers | 3:23 |
| 3. | "But Not For Me" | Ira Gershwin | George Gershwin | 2:51 |
| 4. | "Love (Your Spell is Everywhere)" | Elsie Janis | Edmund Goulding | 2:43 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I'm in the Mood for Love" | Dorothy Fields | Jimmy McHugh | 3:32 |
| 2. | "Love Is Here To Stay" | Ira Gershwin | George Gershwin | 3:24 |
| 3. | "I Only Have Eyes For You" | Harry Warren | Al Dubin | 3:21 |
| 4. | "Body and Soul" | Edward Heyman, Robert Sour, Frank Eyton | Johnny Green | 3:18 |

### Expanded 1955 release listing

Side A
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Alone Together" | Howard Dietz | Arthur Schwartz | 3:07 |
| 2. | "My Funny Valentine" | Lorenz Hart | Richard Rodgers | 3:23 |
| 3. | "But Not For Me" | Ira Gershwin | George Gershwin | 2:51 |
| 4. | "Love (Your Spell is Everywhere)" | Elsie Janis | Edmund Goulding | 2:43 |
| 5. | "I'm in the Mood for Love" | Dorothy Fields | Jimmy McHugh | 3:32 |
| 6. | "Love Is Here To Stay" | Ira Gershwin | George Gershwin | 3:24 |
| 7. | "I Only Have Eyes For You" | Harry Warren | Al Dubin | 3:21 |
| 8. | "Body and Soul" | Edward Heyman, Robert Sour, Frank Eyton | Johnny Green | 3:18 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Little Girl" | Madeline Hyde | Francis Henry | 3:24 |
| 2. | "I Cover the Waterfront" | Johnny Green | Edward Heyman | 3:43 |
| 3. | "Some Day" | Brian Hooker | Rudolf Friml | 3:28 |
| 4. | "If I Had You" |  | Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly with Ted Shapiro | 3:32 |
| 5. | "When a Woman Loves a Man" | Johnny Mercer | Gordon Jenkins, Bernard D. Hanighen | 2:28 |
| 6. | "A Stranger in Town" | Mort Greene | Leigh Harline | 2:46 |
| 7. | "A Moonlight Saving Time" | Irving Kahal | Harry Richman | 2:29 |
| 8. | "My Love for Carmen" |  | Jackie Gleason | 3:20 |

## Personnel

* Richard Jones — producer, arranger
* Jackie Gleason — conductor, arranger, and composer (of "My Love for Carmen")
* Pete King (credited as C. Dudley King, Jr.) — arranger
* Bobby Hackett — trumpet

## InfoBox

| Music for Lovers Only | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jackie Gleason | |
| Released | October 27, 1952 |
| Genre | Easy-listening |
| Label | Capitol Records |
| Producer | Richard Jones |
| Jackie Gleason chronology | |
| ***Music for Lovers Only***
(1952) *Lover's Rhapsody*
(1953) | |


title: Mimacronia dinagatensis

abstract: Mimacronia dinagatensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Karl-Ernst Hüdepohl in 1995. It is known from the Philippines.

text:
# Mimacronia dinagatensis

***Mimacronia dinagatensis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Karl-Ernst Hüdepohl in 1995. It is known from the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Mimacronia dinagatensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Mimacronia* |
| Species: | ***M. dinagatensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimacronia dinagatensis***<br>(Hüdepohl, 1995) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mimacronia dignatensis* (Hüdepohl) Vives, 2009 (misspelling) * *Acronia dinagatensis* Hüdepohl, 1995 | |


title: Triumph Tiger Daytona

abstract: The Triumph Tiger Daytona is a motorcycle made by Triumph from 1967 to 1974.

text:
# Triumph Tiger Daytona

The **Triumph Tiger Daytona** is a motorcycle made by Triumph from 1967 to 1974.

## Development

The 'Daytona' name was derived from American rider Buddy Elmore's win at the 1966 Daytona 200 race held at the Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. He achieved an average speed of 96.6 mph (155.5 km/h) on a 'works special' Triumph Tiger 100.

The 500 cc Triumph Tiger 100 Daytona (T100T) was developed by Triumph's Chief Engineer and designer Doug Hele and launched as a production motorcycle the following year. Based on the setup developed for the 1966 Daytona races, the T100T was fitted with a new cylinder head and twin Amal Monobloc carburettors. In the head, the valve angle was reduced by two degrees and the intake valve size increased as a result of testing; the valves on test engines had a worrying tendency to meet during the overlap period.

Derived from Edward Turner's original twin-cylinder design and a development of the Triumph Tiger, the 'Daytona' sacrificed low-speed tractability for a pronounced power step at 3,500 rpm that helped it to compete with the advanced designs from Japanese manufacturers like Honda. As well as decreased engine flexibility, however, the increase in power reduced the life of the valve gear, leading to heavy oil consumption.

Gary Nixon won the 1967 Daytona 200 race on the newly designated *Triumph Daytona*.

In 1969, the timing side main bush was replaced with a ball-bearing race and a roller on the drive side which helped engine life. At the 1969 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix on the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in the Ardennes, Triumph's factory tester Percy Tait led the world champion Giacomo Agostini for three laps and finished second at an average speed of 116 mph (187 km/h) on the Daytona.

The later model Daytonas were further upgraded with special E3134 race profile cams for both inlet and exhaust and strengthened followers, valve guides, and performance connecting rods. While the Triumph 650 Bonneville and new 650 Tiger models received a new oil in frame and dramatically changed geometry for 1971, the Daytona kept the traditional unit era frame, which kept the frame and seat height of the previous model years. The last Daytona model, the T100D, was fitted with a disc front brake but only 14 were built before the closure of the Meriden works in September 1973 and the 18-month 'sit-in' industrial action after which the Daytona models were discontinued.

## InfoBox

Triumph Tiger Daytona
| 1971 Triumph T100R Daytona | |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Triumph |
| Also called | T100R |
| Production | 1967–1974 |
| Engine | 490 cc (30 cu in) air-cooled, ohv parallel-twin |
| Bore / stroke | 69 mm × 65.5 mm (2.72 in × 2.58 in) |
| Power | 41 bhp (31 kW) @ 7,400 rpm |
| Transmission | 4-speed gearbox with chain final drive |
| Wheelbase | 53.6 inches (1,360 mm) |


title: María José Castillo

abstract: María José Castillo is a Costa Rican singer. She is best known for her participation in Latin American Idol. On the show she ended as the runner-up, losing to Margarita Henríquez. Her debut album, "María José", was released on November 25, 2008. The album was successful, debuting on the Costa Rican Top 10 albums on position 5. Its lead single, "Abre Tu Corazón", entered the Costa Rican Top 40 at position 3.

text:
# María José Castillo

**María José Castillo** (born August 11, 1990) is a Costa Rican singer. She is best known for her participation in *Latin American Idol*. On the show she ended as the runner-up, losing to Margarita Henríquez. Her debut album, "María José", was released on November 25, 2008. The album was successful, debuting on the Costa Rican Top 10 albums on position 5. Its lead single, "Abre Tu Corazón", entered the Costa Rican Top 40 at position 3.

## Career

### 2007–2008: *Latin American Idol* and debut EP

Castillo made her debut in the music business in the auditions for the third season of the show *Latin American Idol* in 2008. She was chosen to participate on the workshops to see if she was going to be chosen for the concerts. She was chosen on the third workshop and the later got to the top 10.

Castillo reached the finals with Margarita Henríquez. Castillo got as the runner-up on the show, but later it was revealed that she got the same prizes that the winner, Margarita Henríquez, won. She won a music contract with Sony BMG, a contract for publicity with Westwood Entertainment and an agent. Toyota Latin America gave her a car also. When she got back to Costa Rica after her participation on the show, the National University, gave her the chance to study any career she wanted and giving her therapy for her voice.

María José released her debut album later that year. The self-titled album entered the Top 10 Costa Rican albums. Also its lead single entered the Top 40 Costa Rican songs on the position 3, having one of the highest debuts of the year on that chart. The album was certified Gold by Sony BMG. The album's lead single, "Abre Tu Corazón", premiered on radio stations on November 10, 2008. On 2008, she was chosen as the leader for a Costa Rican festival called *El Festival De La Luz* (in English: *The Light Festival*). She was chosen by San José's mayor, Johnny Araya.

### 2009 onward: First studio album

On the *40 Principlaes* event, she performed the song "Para Siempre", which is set to be included on her upcoming album. To date it has been the only song confirmed to be on the album. Castillo said that the song is "one of her favorites". Castillo also said that she will have a "new look" and she said that she has plans to change her stage name to MaJo.

## Singles chronology

The following chart contains Castillo's singles to date, the year of release and the chart peak. The peak is on the Costa Rican Top 40 Chart, the main chart is Costa Rica.

| Year | Song Title | Peak |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | "Abre Tu Corazón" | 3 |
| 2009 | "Vuela" | 15 |

(The single has not charted yet, or failed to chart)

## Television appearances

| Year | Television Show | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | *Nace Una Estrella* | A singing contest, first runner-up |
| 2008 | *Latin American Idol* | Singing contest, runner-up |
| | *Bailando Por Un Sueño* | Performed 2 songs |
| | *Teletón 20–30, Panama 2008* | Performed two duets with Margarita Henríquez and one song solo. |
| | *El Festival De La Luz* | Mariscal of the event |
| | *El Chinamo* | Performed 2 songs |

## Discography

### Studio albums and EPs

(NOTE: All links are on Spanish)

## InfoBox

| María José Castillo | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | María José Castillo Gutiérrez |
| Born | (1990-08-11) August 11, 1990
Heredia, Costa Rica |
| Origin | Barva, Heredia, Costa Rica |
| Genres | Pop |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Instrument | vocals |
| Years active | 2007—present |
| Labels | Sony BMG Latin America
(2008–present) |
|  | |
| Website | Official Spanish Website |


title: Michelle Hinchey

abstract: Michelle Hinchey is an American politician serving as a member of the New York State Senate for the 41st district. Elected in November 2020, she assumed office on January 1, 2021.

text:
# Michelle Hinchey

**Michelle Hinchey** (born November 3, 1987) is an American politician serving as a member of the New York State Senate for the 41st district. Elected in November 2020, she assumed office on January 1, 2021.

## Early life and education

Hinchey, the daughter of former Congressman Maurice Hinchey and Ilene Marder Hinchey, was born in 1987 and grew up in Saugerties. After graduating from Saugerties High School, she earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Cornell University.

## Career

Hinchey worked as a communications executive and served on the board of the Catskill Center for Conservation and Development.

In 2020, Hinchey announced she would run for the 46th district of the New York State Senate, which was being vacated by retiring Republican George Amedore. After winning the Democratic primary unopposed, Hinchey narrowly defeated Richard Amedure, her Republican opponent and George Amedore's distant cousin, by a margin of 51–49%. Hinchey took office in January 2021 as part of the first Democratic Senate supermajority in decades.

As a result of 2022 New York redistricting, Hinchey ran for reelection in the newly drawn 41st Senate district, against fellow incumbent Sue Serino. In November 2022, Hinchey won reelection, defeating Republican Serino with 52.5% of the vote to Serino’s 47.6%.

Hinchey serves as chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee, and introduced legislation establishing a farm soil health program advocated by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at her alma mater, Cornell University.

After Congressman Antonio Delgado was selected to serve as lieutenant governor of New York in May 2022, Hinchey was mentioned as a possible candidate in a special election to fill his vacant House seat.

## InfoBox

| Michelle Hinchey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the New York State Senate | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 1, 2021 | |
| Preceded by | George Amedore |
| Constituency | 46th district (2021–2022)
41st district (2023–present) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1987-11-03) November 3, 1987 |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Relatives | Maurice Hinchey (father) |
| Education | Cornell University (BS) |
| Website | Campaign website
State Senate website |
|  | |


title: Gaspar DiGregorio

abstract: Gaspar or Gaspare DiGregorio was a New York mobster and a high-ranking member of the Bonanno crime family who was a key figure in the "Banana War". In October 1964, during Joseph Bonanno's two-year absence, Bonanno soldier DiGregorio took advantage of family discontent over Joseph's son Bill Bonanno's role to claim family leadership. The Mafia Commission named DiGregorio as Bonanno family boss, and the DiGregorio revolt led to four years of strife in the Bonanno family, labeled by the media as the "Banana War". This led to a divide in the family between loyalists to Bill and loyalists to DiGregorio. In early 1966, DiGregorio allegedly contacted Bill about having a peace meeting. Bill agreed and suggested his grand-uncle's house on Troutman Street in Brooklyn as a meeting site. On January 28, 1966, as Bill and his loyalists approached the house, they were met with gunfire; no one was wounded during this confrontation. In 1968, DiGregorio was wounded by machine gun fire and later suffered a heart attack. The Commission eventually became dissatisfied with DiGregorio's efforts at quelling the family rebellion, and eventually dropped DiGregorio and swung their support to Paul Sciacca. In 1968, after a heart attack, Joseph ended the family warfare by agreeing to retire as boss and move to Arizona. As part of this peace agreement, Bill also stepped down as consigliere and moved out of New York with his father. On June 15, 1970, Gaspar DiGregorio died of lung cancer at St. John's Episcopal Hospital in Smithtown, New York. He is buried in Saint Charles Cemetery in Farmingdale, New York Section 30, Row X, Grave #60. He is portrayed by Richard D'Alessandro in Season 3 of TV Series Godfather of Harlem.

text:
# Gaspar DiGregorio

**Gaspar** or **Gaspare DiGregorio** (October 4, 1905 – June 11, 1970) was a New York mobster and a high-ranking member of the Bonanno crime family who was a key figure in the "Banana War".

In October 1964, during Joseph Bonanno's two-year absence, Bonanno soldier DiGregorio took advantage of family discontent over Joseph's son Bill Bonanno's role to claim family leadership. The Mafia Commission named DiGregorio as Bonanno family boss, and the DiGregorio revolt led to four years of strife in the Bonanno family, labeled by the media as the "Banana War". This led to a divide in the family between loyalists to Bill and loyalists to DiGregorio.

In early 1966, DiGregorio allegedly contacted Bill about having a peace meeting. Bill agreed and suggested his grand-uncle's house on Troutman Street in Brooklyn as a meeting site. On January 28, 1966, as Bill and his loyalists approached the house, they were met with gunfire; no one was wounded during this confrontation.

In 1968, DiGregorio was wounded by machine gun fire and later suffered a heart attack. The Commission eventually became dissatisfied with DiGregorio's efforts at quelling the family rebellion, and eventually dropped DiGregorio and swung their support to Paul Sciacca. In 1968, after a heart attack, Joseph ended the family warfare by agreeing to retire as boss and move to Arizona. As part of this peace agreement, Bill also stepped down as consigliere and moved out of New York with his father.

On June 15, 1970, Gaspar DiGregorio died of lung cancer at St. John's Episcopal Hospital in Smithtown, New York. He is buried in Saint Charles Cemetery in Farmingdale, New York Section 30, Row X, Grave #60.

He is portrayed by Richard D'Alessandro in Season 3 of TV Series *Godfather of Harlem*.

## Further reading

* Bernstein, Lee. *The Greatest Menace: Organized Crime in Cold War America*. Boston: UMass Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55849-345-X
* Bonanno, Bill. *Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story*. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0-312-97147-8
* Bonanno, Joseph. *A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno*. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003. ISBN 0-312-97923-1
* Capeci, Jerry. *The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Mafia.* Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. ISBN 0-02-864225-2

## InfoBox

| Gaspar DiGregorio | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1905-10-04)October 4, 1905 |
| Died | June 11, 1970(1970-06-11) (aged 64)<br>Smithtown, New York, U.S. |
| Resting place | St. Charles / Resurrection Cemeteries |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Mobster |
|  | |
| Allegiance | Bonanno crime family |
|  | |


title: Masafumi Miyamoto

abstract: Masafumi Miyamoto is a Japanese investor and businessman best known as the founder of the video game developer Square. Miyamoto graduated from Waseda University in 1983, and joined his father's electric power conglomerate, Den-Yu-Sha as a programmer in their software division. After transforming the games division from a group of generalist programmers into specialists working together on a common project, the group was spun out into its own company in 1986. Miyamoto served as president of the company until 1991, though he remained a major shareholder in the company.

text:
# Masafumi Miyamoto

**Masafumi Miyamoto** (宮本 雅史, *Miyamoto Masafumi*, born 1957) is a Japanese investor and businessman best known as the founder of the video game developer Square. Miyamoto graduated from Waseda University in 1983, and joined his father's electric power conglomerate, Den-Yu-Sha as a programmer in their software division. After transforming the games division from a group of generalist programmers into specialists working together on a common project, the group was spun out into its own company in 1986. Miyamoto served as president of the company until 1991, though he remained a major shareholder in the company.

## Biography

### Square

Miyamoto graduated from Waseda University in 1983, but he was not interested in joining his father's electric power conglomerate, Den-Yu-Sha, instead pondering a career in women's clothing manufacturing. He started his career developing computer games in the software division of Den-Yu-Sha at Yokohama. At the time, game development in Japan was usually conducted by only one programmer. Miyamoto recognized that it would be more efficient to have graphic designers, programmers, and professional story writers working together on common projects. To recruit for this new organizational structure, Miyamoto opened an Internet café-like salon in Yokohama and offered jobs to those who demonstrated exceptional programming skills. This strategy discovered Hisashi Suzuki, who would go on to become CEO of Square, and he in turn recruited Hironobu Sakaguchi, the eventual creator of *Final Fantasy*. In 1986, Miyamoto spun Square out from Den-Yu-Sha to become an independent company with a focus on making games for the Famicom video game system in Japan. He stepped down as president of Square in 1991.

### Square Enix Merger

During the discussion of the merger of Square and Enix in 2002, his approval of the merger was essential because of his major stake in Square. Initially, the ratio of Square shares was to be 1 to .81 shares of Enix, which Miyamoto objected to. When the merger went through, 1 share of Square resulted in 0.85 shares of Enix. Miyamoto made 5 million shares, or 9% of the company, available for purchase in the summer of 2002, but still retained 31.04% ownership. He is as of March 31, 2018 the tenth largest shareholder of Square Enix.

## InfoBox

| Masafumi Miyamoto | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1957 (age 6667)<br>Japan |
| Alma mater | Waseda University |
| Occupation(s) | Investor, businessman |


title: My Life with Master

abstract:
My Life with Master is an independently published role-playing game written by Paul Czege and published by Half Meme Press.
My Life with Master is a game about role-playing the servants or minions of an evil Master or Mistress. The game won several awards, and reviewers recognized it as well-written. As of 2018, the game is only available as a PDF file download from the publisher.

text:
# My Life with Master

***My Life with Master*** is an independently published role-playing game written by Paul Czege and published by Half Meme Press (it was first released at the 2003 Gen Con gaming convention). *My Life with Master* is a game about role-playing the servants or minions of an evil Master or Mistress. The game won several awards, and reviewers recognized it as well-written.

As of 2018, the game is only available as a PDF file download from the publisher.

## Gameplay

The prototypical setting of the role-playing game is in an unspecified Central European country in the early 19th century. Players in the game portray the Igor-like minions of an evil Master (or Mistress) who preys on the nearby Townsfolk.

Like most role-playing games, there is a Gamemaster (GM). In this case the GM plays the part of the Master. However, the GM and players together are supposed to "design" the Master, in terms of defining his "Wants", "Needs", "Aspect", and "Type". These traits have no explicit mechanical effect, but are used to define the desires and mannerisms of the Master and how he interacts with the Townsfolk and his minions. Masters have two game statistics, "Fear" (a measure of his power over minions) and "Reason" (how much minions and Townsfolk can resist the Master's control over them).

In contrast, the Master's minions, the characters portrayed by the players, are defined (in terms of game statistics) by their levels of "Weariness" and "Self-loathing", and the connections of "Love" that they have (successfully or unsuccessfully) tried to make with the Townsfolk. Self-loathing is a measure of the power that a minion has to intimidate the Townsfolk, while Weariness limits their abilities to complete their tasks. Love allows minions to resist their Master and his demands on them.

Gameplay is generally resolved through a series of "scenes". A player describes what their minion is trying to do, be it carrying out their Master's wishes or trying to resist him, interacting with the Townsfolk, attempting an act of Love (which could result in increasing their "Love" trait, or increasing their "Self-loathing" if the attempt fails), etc. A series of dice rolls are used to determine success or failure, and then the scene is played out according to that outcome.

Unlike other role-playing games that may have long campaigns, *My Life with Master* games are typically designed to end after a small number of playing sessions. As one reviewer stated, *My Life with Master* "strives to tell a story, and stories have endings." Usually, a game culminates with the death of the Master at the hands of one (or more) of his minions. Sometimes, the Master dies because the Townsfolk are "sick of his predations" and "storm his domicile -- pitchforks in hand and torches aflame". Some or all of the players' characters might also meet their end in the hands of the Townsfolk, or the Master kills them as they try to resist his commands and suffer the consequences of their failure.

## Critical reception

*My Life with Master* won the 2004 Diana Jones Award.

In addition, it also won the 2003 Out of the Box Award for *Best Sui Generis RPG* and the 2003 *Indie Roleplaying Game of the Year*.

Steve Darlington, in his review, stated that "even if you never play this game, you will be smarter simply for having read it" since "it quickly becomes hard to distinguish \[Czege's\] choice of attributes from a high-level academic deconstruction of the character tropes in gothic horror films at a level which could easily be found on a college reading list." He also said that it is "one of the very few horror games that may actually need disclaimers, and maybe even safe words too" for its "darker subtext" about escaping from abusive relationships.

According to Heather Barnhorst "Czege writes with wit and doesn't fear to let his understanding of game theory shine through. Colin Theriot's illustrations evoke exactly the right mood for the setting and are enjoyable as stand-alone art."

Reviewer Matthew Pook warned that "Despite the simplicity of the \[game\] mechanics ... they are not as clearly written as they need to be ... The GM will need to make a close read of the otherwise well-written text to help grasp how the outcome of a scene will alter a minion's statistics." He concluded his review stating "although not going to be everyone's cup of tea, *My Life With Master* is the most interesting roleplaying game released this year \[2003\] and perhaps the most challenging."

Game designer Greg Costikyan has praised *My Life with Master* for the way it "evokes emotions and feelings rare in games", and considers it to work in part because the Gothic horror theme has "a defined narrative arc: hubris and terror, followed by a fall".

## Reviews

## InfoBox

My Life with Master
| Cover of *My Life with Master* | |
| --- | --- |
| Designers | Paul Czege |
| Publishers | Half Meme Press |
| Publication | 2003 |
| Genres | Comic horror<br>Indie |
| Systems | custom |


title: Wade Kach

abstract: A. Wade Kach is an American politician and member of the Baltimore County Council.

text:
# Wade Kach

**A. Wade Kach** (born July 19, 1947) is an American politician and member of the Baltimore County Council.

## Early life and education

Kach was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 19, 1947. He attended public schools in Baltimore, including Baltimore Polytechnic Institute. He began college at Towson University before settling at Western Maryland College, now McDaniel College, where he received his B.A. in 1970. Early in life, Kach began to work for his conservative principles, chairing the Maryland Federation of College Republicans in 1970.

## Career

Kach started his career as a middle school math teacher in Baltimore County Public Schools. After 22 years in the classroom, he transitioned to the Audit Office of the school system, reviewing the spending of all schools in the county.

He was a member of the Republican State Central Committee in Baltimore from 1970-73. He was first elected as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1975. Since then, he was elected as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1988 and 2000.

He is a member of the Baltimore County Council, representing the Third District. He won with over 60% of the vote in both the primary and general elections in 2014, unseating incumbent Councilman Todd Huff (R) and defeating Laurie Taylor-Mitchell (D). In 2018, Kach was re-elected to the Council. As a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, he represented District 5B, part of Baltimore County, Maryland, for 40 years up to 2014. He won 98.9% of the vote in 2006 while running unopposed. In 2002 he defeated Democrat Stephen C. Kirsh and Independent William T. Newton with 71.2% of the vote in the new 5B District.

From 1994 to 2002, his district was 9A, which he represented with fellow Republican Martha Scanlan Klima. Again, they both defeated Stephen C. Kirsch. Prior to 1994, Kach represented District 10 in Baltimore County along with former governor Robert Ehrlich. Before the 1994 election, District 10 was represented by Kach, Ehrlich, and former gubernatorial candidate Ellen Sauerbrey.

Active in his community, Kach is a member of the Timonium Optimists, the North Baltimore County Republican and Civic Organization, and the Ashland Community Organization. Kach is also a past member Parents Anonymous of Maryland, the Reisterstown-Owings Mills-Glyndon Coordinating Council, and the Reisterstown-Owings Mills-Glyndon Chamber of Commerce.

He has received many honors including an award from the Maryland Society of Accountants in 1999 and the Casper R. Taylor, Jr., Founder's Award, from the House of Delegates in 2006 and, in 2017, the Thomas Kennedy Award for personal courage and dedication.

In elected office for over 48 years, Kach is the longest serving Republican elected official in Maryland history.

In October 2024, Kach announced that he would not run for re-election to the Baltimore County Council in 2026.

## Election results

* **2010 Race for Maryland House of Delegates - District 5B**

**Voters to choose one:**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Wade Kach, Rep. | 13,933 | 70.8% | **Won** |
|
| Pete Definbaugh, Dem. | 4,881 | 24.8% | Lost |
|
| M. Justin Kinsey, Lib. | 863 | 4.4% | Lost |
| Other Write-Ins | 12 | 0.1% | Lost |

* **2006 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 5B**

**Voters to choose one:**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Wade Kach, Rep. | 15,321 | 98.9% | **Won** |
| Other Write-Ins | 172 | 1.1% | Lost |

* **2002 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 5B**

**Voters to choose one:**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Wade Kach, Rep. | 13,122 | 71.2% | **Won** |
|
| Stephen C. Kirsch, Dem. | 5,268 | 28.6% | Lost |
| William T. Newton, Ind. | 31 | 0.2% | Lost |
| Other Write-Ins | 17 | 0.1% | Lost |

* **1998 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 9A**

**Voters to choose two:**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Martha Scanlan Klima, Rep. | 19,190 | 40% | **Won** |
|
| Wade Kach, Rep. | 18,382 | 38% | **Won** |
|
| Stephen C. Kirsch, Dem. | 10,584 | 22% | Lost |

* **1994 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 9A**

**Voters to choose two:**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Martha Scanlan Klima, Rep. | 19,927 | 38% | **Won** |
|
| Wade Kach, Rep. | 18,734 | 36% | **Won** |
|
| Shelley Buckingham, Dem. | 7,829 | 15% | Lost |
|
| Raymond A. Huber, Dem. | 5,823 | 11% | Lost |

* **1990 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 10**

**Voters to choose three:**

| Name | Votes | Percent | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Ellen Sauerbrey, Rep. | 22,649 | 24% | **Won** |
|
| Bob Ehrlich, Rep. | 22,246 | 24% | **Won** |
|
| Wade Kach, Rep. | 21,225 | 23% | **Won** |
|
| Ellery B. Woodworth, Dem. | 11,996 | 13% | Lost |
|
| Walter Boyd, Dem. | 8,371 | 9% | Lost |
|
| Robert L. Curtis Jr., Dem. | 7,832 | 8% | Lost |

## References and notes

## InfoBox

| Wade Kach | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Baltimore County Council from District 3 | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
December 1, 2014 | |
| Preceded by | Todd Huff |
| Member of the Maryland House of Delegates | |
| **In office**
January 8, 1975  November 30, 2014 | |
| Succeeded by | Chris Cavey |
| Constituency | District 11 (1975–1983)
District 10 (1983–1995)
District 9A (1995-2003)
District 5B (2003-2014) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-07-19) July 19, 1947
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Evelyn |
| Profession | Retired Baltimore County teacher and auditor |
|  | |


title: Millu Urqu

abstract: Millu Urqu Quechua millu salty, urqu mountain, "salty mountain", also spelled Millu Orkho) is a 4,701-metre-high (15,423 ft) mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the Potosí Department, Nor Lípez Province, Quemes Municipality. Millu Urqu lies southwest of Chakra Urqu and Kachi Unu and northwest of Chiwana.

text:
# Millu Urqu

**Millu Urqu** Quechua *millu* salty, *urqu* mountain, "salty mountain", also spelled *Millu Orkho*) is a 4,701-metre-high (15,423 ft) mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the Potosí Department, Nor Lípez Province, Quemes Municipality. Millu Urqu lies southwest of Chakra Urqu and Kachi Unu and northwest of Chiwana.

## InfoBox

| Millu Urqu | |
| --- | --- |
| Millu UrquLocation in Bolivia | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,701 m (15,423 ft) |
| Coordinates | 21°03′44″S 67°52′53″W / 21.06222°S 67.88139°W / -21.06222; -67.88139 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bolivia, Potosí Department, Nor Lípez Province |
| Parent range | Andes |


abstract: The 1928 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 6, 1928. All contemporary 48 states were part of the 1928 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president. Delaware was won by Republican former Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover of California, who was running against Democratic Governor of New York Alfred E. Smith. Hoover's running mate was Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis of Kansas, while Smith's running mate was Senator Joseph Taylor Robinson of Arkansas. Hoover won with a majority of 65.03% of the vote to Smith's 34.60%, a margin of 30.43%. Socialist candidate Norman Thomas finished a distant third, with 0.31%. Hoover's performance is the best by any presidential candidate in Delaware, surpassing its nearest rival from Barack Obama in 2008 by 3.12%. In this election, Delaware voted 13% to the right of the nation at-large.

text:
# 1928 United States presidential election in Delaware

The **1928 United States presidential election in Delaware** took place on November 6, 1928. All contemporary 48 states were part of the 1928 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

Delaware was won by Republican former Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover of California, who was running against Democratic Governor of New York Alfred E. Smith. Hoover's running mate was Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis of Kansas, while Smith's running mate was Senator Joseph Taylor Robinson of Arkansas.

Hoover won with a majority of 65.03% of the vote to Smith's 34.60%, a margin of 30.43%. Socialist candidate Norman Thomas finished a distant third, with 0.31%. Hoover's performance is the best by any presidential candidate in Delaware, surpassing its nearest rival from Barack Obama in 2008 by 3.12%. In this election, Delaware voted 13% to the right of the nation at-large.

## Results

| 1928 United States presidential election in Delaware | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes |
|  | **Republican** | **Herbert Hoover** | **68,860** | **65.03%** | **3** |
|  | Democratic | Alfred E. Smith | 36,643 | 34.60% | 0 |
|  | Socialist | Norman Thomas | 329 | 0.31% | 0 |
|  | Communist | William Z. Foster | 56 | 0.06% | 0 |
|
| **Totals** | | | **105,891** | **100.0%** | **3** |

### Results by county

| County | Herbert Hoover
Republican | | Al Smith
Democratic | | Various candidates
Other parties | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Kent | 8,335 | 59.16% | 5,727 | 40.65% | 27 | 0.19% | 2,608 | 18.51% | 14,089 |
| New Castle | 47,641 | 67.66% | 22,464 | 31.90% | 307 | 0.44% | 25,177 | 35.76% | 70,412 |
| Sussex | 12,884 | 64.10% | 7,163 | 35.64% | 54 | 0.26% | 5,721 | 28.46% | 20,101 |
| Totals | 68,860 | 65.03% | 36,643 | 34.60% | 388 | 0.37% | 32,217 | 30.43% | 105,891 |

## InfoBox

1928 United States presidential election in Delaware
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Herbert Hoover** Al Smith   Party Republican Democratic  Home state California New York  Running mate **Charles Curtis** Joseph T. Robinson  Electoral vote **3** 0  Popular vote **68,860** 36,643  Percentage **65.03%** 34.60% | |
| ---  County Results  **Hoover**  50-60%  60-70% | |
| ---  **President before election**
Calvin Coolidge
Republican **Elected President**
Herbert Hoover
Republican | |


title: Loyalty of Love

abstract: Loyalty of Love is a 1934 Italian historical drama film directed by Guido Brignone and starring Marta Abba, Nerio Bernardi and Luigi Cimara. It is based on the story of Teresa Confalonieri, a celebrated figure of the Italian reunification campaign. It was one of several films made during the 1930s that portrayed this era. It premiered at the Venice Film Festival in August 1934. The film was shot at the Cines Studios in Rome with sets designed by the art director Guido Fiorini.

text:
# Loyalty of Love

***Loyalty of Love*** (Italian: ***Teresa Confalonieri***) is a 1934 Italian historical drama film directed by Guido Brignone and starring Marta Abba, Nerio Bernardi and Luigi Cimara. It is based on the story of Teresa Confalonieri, a celebrated figure of the Italian reunification campaign. It was one of several films made during the 1930s that portrayed this era. It premiered at the Venice Film Festival in August 1934.

The film was shot at the Cines Studios in Rome with sets designed by the art director Guido Fiorini.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Norma Bouchard. *Risorgimento in Modern Italian Culture: Revisiting the Nineteenth-century Past in History, Narrative, and Cinema*. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2005.

*Loyalty of Love* at IMDb

## InfoBox

| Loyalty of Love | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Guido Brignone |
| Written by | Rino Alessi (play)
Tomaso Smith |
| Produced by | Angelo Besozzi |
| Starring | Marta Abba
Nerio Bernardi
Luigi Cimara |
| Cinematography | Anchise Brizzi |
| Edited by | Giorgio Simonelli |
| Music by | Cesare A. Bixio |
| Production
company | Società Italiana Cines |
| Distributed by | Società Italiana Cines |
| Release date | * August 1934 (1934-08) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: Washboard (laundry)

abstract: A washboard is a tool designed for hand washing clothing. With mechanized cleaning of clothing becoming more common by the end of the 20th century, the washboard has become better known for its secondary use as a musical instrument.

text:
# Washboard (laundry)

A **washboard** is a tool designed for hand washing clothing. With mechanized cleaning of clothing becoming more common by the end of the 20th century, the washboard has become better known for its secondary use as a musical instrument.

## Description and use

The traditional washboard is usually constructed with a rectangular wooden frame in which are mounted a series of ridges or corrugations for the clothing to be rubbed upon. For 19th-century washboards, the ridges were often of wood; by the 20th century, ridges of metal were more common. A "fluted" metal washboard was patented in the United States by Stephen Rust in 1833. Zinc washboards were manufactured in the United States from the middle of the 19th century. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, ridges of galvanized steel are most common, but some modern boards are made of glass. Washboards with brass ridges are still made.

Many parts of the world still use washboards for washing clothes. Clothes are soaked in hot soapy water in a washtub or sink, then squeezed and rubbed against the ridged surface of the washboard to force the cleansing fluid through the cloth to carry away dirt. Washboards may also be used for washing in a river, with or without soap. Then the clothes are rinsed. The rubbing has a similar effect to beating the clothes and household linen on rocks, an ancient method, but is less abrasive. Military personnel often use washboards to do their laundry when no local laundry facilities exist.

Some writers claimed that using a washboard was superior to using older laundry machines, because they save water and heating costs, and are not so hard on the clothing.


title: Mary Jane Coggeshall

abstract: Mary Jane (Whitely) Coggeshall was an American suffragist known as the "mother of woman suffrage in Iowa". She was inducted into the Iowa Women's Hall of Fame in 1990.

text:
# Mary Jane Coggeshall

**Mary Jane (Whitely) Coggeshall**  (January 17, 1836December 22, 1911) was an American suffragist known as the "mother of woman suffrage in Iowa". She was inducted into the Iowa Women's Hall of Fame in 1990.

## Early years and education

Mary Jane Whitely was born January 17, 1836, in Milton, Indiana, to Isaac Whitely (a farmer) and Lydia (Gunderson) Whitely, who helped support the family by taking in sewing. The family were Quakers, and Isaac kept a station on the Underground Railroad. Whitely attended public schools in Milton.

In 1857, she married John Milton Coggeshall, with whom she had three children, two of whom survived: Clair and Anna. The couple moved to Des Moines, Iowa, in 1865.

## Career as activist

In 1870, Coggeshall became a charter member and secretary of Iowa's Polk County Woman Suffrage Society and was later (1898) president of the Des Moines Equal Suffrage Club. Her most influential suffrage activity, however, stemmed from her involvement with the Iowa Woman Suffrage Association (IWSA), of which she was a charter member. She served as its president (1890, 1891, 1903–05) and then as honorary president (1905–11). In the latter capacity, she marched in America's third-ever women's suffrage parade, which took place in Boone, Iowa, in 1908.

Coggeshall was the first editor (1886–88) of the IWSA's monthly *Woman's Standard*, Iowa's main suffrage newspaper, founded by Martha Callanan. She returned to edit the paper again in 1911. She frequently wrote for the paper after her first editorship ended, as well as for national newspapers.

In 1895, Coggeshall was elected to the board of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), becoming the first woman from west of the Mississippi River to join the NAWSA board and the only one of the early Iowa suffragists to be active at the national level. She spoke at the NAWSA national conventions in 1904 and 1907.

Coggeshall not only lectured and wrote on suffrage, she got involved in a major lawsuit. In 1894, the state of Iowa had passed a law allowing women to vote in city bond elections. In 1908, when the city of Des Moines defied this law and denied women ballots in just such an election, Coggeshall brought a lawsuit against the city. The Iowa Supreme Court held that the election was void because women, as a class were barred from voting.

Coggeshall died of pneumonia on December 22, 1911. Although she did not live to see American women get the vote, fellow suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt dubbed her "the mother of woman suffrage in Iowa".

## Legacy

Following Coggeshall's death, the IWSA and the Men's League for Woman's Suffrage together set up the Mary J. Coggeshall Memorial Fund, whose mission was to support activities leading to the passage of a suffrage amendment to the Iowa Constitution.

In 1977, the State Historical Society of Iowa and the Iowa Department of Transportation set up a roadside marker honoring notable people from Des Moines, among whom Coggeshall was included.

In 1990, Coggeshall was inducted into the Iowa Women's Hall of Fame.

An archive of Coggeshall's papers—mainly speeches and writings—is held by the Schlesinger Library of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Mary Jane Coggeshall | |
| --- | --- |
| Mary Jane Coggeshall | |
| Born | Mary Jane Whitely
(1836-01-17)January 17, 1836
Milton, Indiana |
| Died | December 22, 1911(1911-12-22) (aged 75) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Suffragist |
| Spouse | John Milton Coggeshall  (m. 1857; died in 1889) |


title: Michihiro Morita

abstract: Michihiro Morita is a professional Go player.

text:
# Michihiro Morita

**Michihiro Morita** (森田道博, **Morita Michihiro**, born October 18, 1970) is a professional Go player.

## Biography

Morita became a professional in 1984. He was promoted to 9 dan in 1998.

## Titles & runners-up

| Title | Years Held |
| --- | --- |
| **Current** | **1** |
| Ryusei | 1994 |
| **Defunct** | **1** |
| NEC Shun-Ei | 1996 |

| Title | Years Lost |
| --- | --- |
| **Current** | **1** |
| Ryusei | 1999 |
| **Current** | **2** |
| NEC Shun-Ei | 1992, 1995 |

## InfoBox

| Michihiro Morita | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Michihiro Morita |
| Kanji | 森田道博 |
| Born | (1970-10-18) October 18, 1970<br>Chiba, Japan |
| Residence | Chiba, Japan |
| Teacher | Hideyuki Fujisawa |
| Turned pro | 1984 |
| Rank | 9 dan |
| Affiliation | Nihon Ki-in |


title: Poecilosomella brevisecunda

abstract: Poecilosomella brevisecunda is a species of fly belonging to the family Sphaeroceridae. It has only been recorded from Gunung Leuser National Park in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. This is a tiny fly up to 2mm in length. It is a generally dark brown species with prominent light-coloured rings on the legs and a shiny yellowish facial plate. The wings are also dark, with pale crossveins. The halteres have a yellow stalk with a brown knob.

text:
# Poecilosomella brevisecunda

***Poecilosomella brevisecunda*** is a species of fly belonging to the family Sphaeroceridae. It has only been recorded from Gunung Leuser National Park in northern Sumatra, Indonesia.

This is a tiny fly up to 2mm in length. It is a generally dark brown species with prominent light-coloured rings on the legs and a shiny yellowish facial plate. The wings are also dark, with pale crossveins. The halteres have a yellow stalk with a brown knob.

## InfoBox

| *Poecilosomella brevisecunda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Sphaeroceridae |
| Genus: | *Poecilosomella* |
| Species: | ***P. brevisecunda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Poecilosomella brevisecunda***<br>Papp, 2002 | |
|


title: Masafumi Nishi

abstract: Masafumi Nishi is a Japanese baseball player. He won a bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Masafumi Nishi

**Masafumi Nishi** (西 正文, *Nishi Masafumi*, born November 25, 1960 in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese baseball player. He won a bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

* Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Masafumi Nishi". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17.

## InfoBox

Masafumi Nishi
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's Baseball | | |
| Representing  Japan | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1988 Seoul | Team |
|  | 1992 Barcelona | Team |
| Asian Baseball Championship | | |
|  | 1989 Seoul | Team |
|  | 1993 Perth | Team |
| Intercontinental Cup | | |
|  | 1985 Edmonton | Team |
|  | 1987 Havana | Team |
|  | 1989 San Juan | Team |
|  | 1991 Barcelona | Team |


title: WWW (album)

abstract: WWW is the first solo studio album recorded by South Korean singer Kim Jaejoong. The album was released on 29 October 2013 by C-JeS Entertainment. Upon release, the title song, "Just Another Girl", charted in 34 countries on iTunes, topping it in twelve countries.

text:
# WWW (album)

***WWW (Who When Why)*** is the first solo studio album recorded by South Korean singer Kim Jaejoong. The album was released on 29 October 2013 by C-JeS Entertainment. Upon release, the title song, "Just Another Girl", charted in 34 countries on iTunes, topping it in twelve countries.

## Background

The album title was created by Jaejoong—"Who, When, Why" refers to the questions asked when a relationship ends.

It was the second musical release by Jaejoong in 2013, following his mini-album, entitled , and its repackage, *Y*.

## Release

Upon release the title song, *Just Another Girl* charted in 34 countries on iTunes, and the album reached the top of the charts in the rock album category in twelve countries and regions, namely in Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Barbados, Lithuania and Slovakia. It also charted #8 in Finland, #9 in Israel and #11 in Mexico.

The album also reaches the no.2 position in the Gaon October monthly chart — despite being released on 29 October 2013 — with sales reaching over 100 000 copies.

Immediately after the release of the album, Jaejoong embarks on his Asia Tour, the first stop being the COEX Hall in Seoul, with audiences reaching over 14 000 in numbers. The sold-out concert in Seoul occurs for 2 continuous night, with appearances from well-known artists like Kim Bum Soo and Gummy (singer) (a labelmate). Tachibana Hirohito, a Japanese newscaster and host also attended the Seoul concert. On 4 November 2013, he updated his Twitter with ' *Due to work, I came to Seoul. JYJ’s Jaejoong solo concert the other day was the best. I was lost in the charm of rocker Jaejoong* ' and ' *After participating in JYJ’s Jaejoong concert, once again, I am convinced that he was heavily influenced by Japan’s rock band like Laruku ( L'Arc-en-Ciel ) and B’z. Songs that he sang in Japanese were also really wonderful* ', praising the singer's stage presence and voice.

After the success of Seoul Concert, the singer hops on a plane to Yokohama, Japan, for another two-day concert in Yokohama Stadium. The singer attracts a whopping 60 000 audience in a two-day sold-out concert, despite the cold weather. Amidst all the concert blues, Jaejoong attended various interviews in news outlets and radio shows in Japan, a feat he can't do in his own country due to the obstruction his group received from the industry. His Yokohama concert received a lot of attention in Japan despite the dimming Hallyu Wave, since Jaejoong was perceived as the K-pop prince of Japan. News outlet in Japan also coined a term called 'Jejungnomics' due to Jaejoong's effect on the economy and his selling power. On 27 November 2013, Yokohama FM announces that Jaejoong will have his own segment in their radio show, 'Jejung's whisper' which will air every Wednesday.

The singer then flew to Guangzhou, China with his fellow JYJ members for their 2014 Asian Games roadshow. Right after their performance, Jaejoong flew to Taipei, Taiwan for his next stop. There, the singer performed in front of 3600 fans in a yet another sold out concert, despite having to compete with Taiwan's Golden Horse Award ceremony. Vanness Wu, a member of the popular F4 reportedly attended the concert.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "빛 (Light)" (Bit) | Kim Jaejoong | Jung Jae-yeop | 3:40 |
| 2. | "Don't Walk Away (Feat. Yong Jun-hyung of B2ST)" | Kim Jaejoong | TEXU | 3:36 |
| 3. | "Just Another Girl" | Kim Jaejoong, D.Brown, Seong Hyeon, Baek Mu-hyeon | D.Brown, Seong Hyeon, Baek Mu-hyeon | 3:11 |
| 4. | "Butterfly" | Kim Jaejoong | Hui Jang-nim, 2JAJA | 4:30 |
| 5. | "Rotten Love" | Kim Jaejoong | Kim Jaejoong, Kwon Bin-gi | 4:00 |
| 6. | "햇살 좋은 날 (Sunny Day) (ft. Lee Sang-gon of Noel)" (Haessal joheun nal) | Seong Hyeon, Baek Mu-hyeon | Seong Hyeon, Baek Mu-hyeon | 4:01 |
| 7. | "Let the Rhythm Flow" | Kim Jaejoong | TEXU | 4:07 |
| 8. | "그랬지 (It is)" (Geuraettji) | Kim Jaejoong | Kim Jaejoong | 3:58 |
| 9. | "Now Is Good" | Yoon Do-hyun | Yoon Do-hyun | 3:36 |
| 10. | "9+1#" | Kim Jaejoong | Kim Jaejoong | 3:47 |
| 11. | "Luvholic (feat. Ha Dong-kyun)" | Tae Wan (C-LUV) | Tae Wan (C-LUV), 251, HIGH J | 2:49 |
| 12. | "Modem Beat" | Kim Jaejoong, Takuro | Takuro | 3:31 |
| 13. | "Paradise" | Kim Jaejoong | Kim Jaejoong, Park Il | 4:04 |
| Total length: | | | | 48:50 |

## Sales

| Country | Chart | Edition | Sales | Cumulative sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| South Korea | Gaon Physical Sales | *WWW* | 132,940 | 182,940 |
| | | *WWW Repackage* (Limited copies) | 50,000 | |
| Japan | Oricon Physical Sales | *WWW* | 18,828 | 18,828 |
| | | *WWW Repackage* | \__ | |

## InfoBox

| WWW (Who When Why) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kim Jaejoong | |
| Released | 29 October 2013 |
| Recorded | 2013 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Language | Korean |
| Label | C-JeS Entertainment, A&G Modes |
| Kim Jaejoong chronology | |
|
(2013) ***WWW (Who When Why)***
(2013) *No.X*
(2016) | |


title: Milk of the Moon

abstract: Milk of the Moon is an album by American folk singer/guitarist Greg Brown, released in 2002. It peaked at #48 on the 2002 Billboard Top Independent Albums charts.

text:
# Milk of the Moon

***Milk of the Moon*** is an album by American folk singer/guitarist Greg Brown, released in 2002. It peaked at #48 on the 2002 Billboard Top Independent Albums charts.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Acoustic Guitar* | no rating |
| *All Things Considered* | no rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *PopMatters* | no rating |
| *No Depression* | no rating |

Writing for Allmusic, music critic Chris Nickson highly praised Brown and wrote of the album "Brown doesn't so much tell stories as suggest them, letting them work their way into the imagination. And in that way, he's a master, an American icon." David Cantwell of *No Depression* wrote the album "finds Brown further developing his art in a rare but welcome direction... Brown’s rugged and arresting baritone, his every careful word, matters all the more."

Music critic Nicole Solis wrote for *Acoustic Guitar* "Brown considers his role as a musician to bring people together, and his evocative songs explore the range of emotion found in human interaction. He lovingly recounts tales of loneliness, memories of a father and son, and true love, then lays bare the earthy and occasionally darker side of relationships." John Kreicbergs of *Popmatters* wrote "Brown’s gift for weaving delicate melodies and biting lyrics with his characteristically rich baritone has never sounded better..."

## Track listing

All songs by Greg Brown.

1. "Lull It By" – 4:04
2. "A Little Excited" – 3:10
3. "Let Me Be Your Gigolo" – 4:00
4. "Smell of Coffee" – 3:53
5. "Milk of the Moon" – 5:49
6. "Mud" – 3:59
7. "Ashamed of Our Love" – 3:33
8. "Steady Love" – 4:40
9. "The Moon Is Nearly Full" – 5:29
10. "Telling Stories" – 4:20
11. "Never So Far" – 4:56
12. "Oh You" –3:50

## Personnel

* Greg Brown – vocals, guitar, baritone guitar
* Pete Heitzman – guitar, slide guitar, baritone guitar
* Jimmy Johns – drums
* Karen Savoca – percussion, Clavinet, background vocals
* Tom "T-Bone" Wolk – organ, accordion, bass, upright bass

## InfoBox

| Milk of the Moon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Greg Brown | |
| Released | May 12, 2002 |
| Genre | Folk |
| Length | 51:43 |
| Label | Red House |
| Producer | Greg Brown, Pete Heitzman |
| Greg Brown chronology | |
| *Down in the Valley: Barn Aid Benefit Concert*
(2001) ***Milk of the Moon***
(2002) *Live at the Black Sheep*
(2003) | |


abstract: The 1928 United States presidential election in Florida was held on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election held throughout all contemporary forty-eight states. Florida voters chose six electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Ever since the disfranchisement of blacks at the beginning of the 1890s, Florida had been a one-party state ruled by the Democratic Party. The disfranchisement of blacks and poor whites by poll taxes in 1889 had left the Republican Party – between 1872 and 1888 dependent upon black votes – virtually extinct. With the single exception of William Howard Taft's win in Calhoun County in 1908 the Democratic Party won every county in Florida in every presidential election from 1892 until 1916. Only twice – and never for more than one term – did any Republican serve in either house of the state legislature between 1896 and 1928. Despite this Democratic dominance and the restrictions on the franchise of the poorer classes due to the poll tax, significant socialist movements were to develop and persist in Tampa and to a lesser extent over other parts of the state, especially against the powerful Ku Klux Klan. There was also a powerful Prohibitionist movement in older North Florida, which saw the Prohibition Party even win the governorship for one term under the notorious anti-Catholic minister Sidney J. Catts, who was later to be a major foe of Alfred Emmanuel Smith. The 1920 presidential election saw Warren Harding, aided substantially by isolationist sentiment in the region, gain more support in the former Confederacy than any Republican since black disfranchisement, in the process winning three Florida counties. Calvin Coolidge in 1924 was to do no more than maintain these gains, but did show that the presidential GOP vote from transplanted Northerners was equal to or greater than the traditional Unionist GOP vote of Texas, Arkansas, Alabama or Georgia. During the months between the beginning of the campaign and the actual vote, a number of newspapers – including the Orlando Sentinel and the St. Petersburg Times – utilized voting machines to take a sample ballot. All these polls, in spite of the fact that the newspapers in question favored Smith, gave large majorities to Hoover, in the case of the Times by over two-to-one. Despite these polls, Smith campaigners took a long time to realize the danger that he would not carry the traditional "Solid South". After a heated campaign in which he had played little part, Herbert Hoover won Florida against Al Smith by 42,404 votes or by a margin of 16.71 percentage points. Vis-à-vis the 1924 election, swings of up to 100 percentage points occurred in the western Panhandle pineywoods, where opposition to Smith's Catholic religion reached the fanatical, and Hoover also gained from increased Republican voting by northern migrants in Miami, Tampa, Fort Lauderdale, Sarasota and Jacksonville, along with the growth of an urban middle class in those cities. This was the first time since 1876 that the state voted Republican. The 1928 US presidential election would be the first time that Florida would become a crucial bellwether state in presidential elections: from 1928 and on, the winner of the presidential election has carried the state in every election except in 1960, in 1992, and in 2020. In contrast, the counties of the central and eastern Panhandle remained loyal to Smith, who still carried ten counties in this region, all over thirty-five percent nonvoting African-American, by three-to-one or larger majorities, because they saw party regularity as essential to preserving white supremacy against African Americans. However, unlike Alabama and Georgia, Florida lacked the strength to counter anti-Catholic voting – which was indeed stronger than in most other parts of the white South – with the result that Hoover gained his largest margin among the five Confederate states he carried.

text:
# 1928 United States presidential election in Florida

The **1928 United States presidential election in Florida** was held on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election held throughout all contemporary forty-eight states. Florida voters chose six electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Ever since the disfranchisement of blacks at the beginning of the 1890s, Florida had been a one-party state ruled by the Democratic Party. The disfranchisement of blacks and poor whites by poll taxes in 1889 had left the Republican Party – between 1872 and 1888 dependent upon black votes – virtually extinct. With the single exception of William Howard Taft's win in Calhoun County in 1908 the Democratic Party won every county in Florida in every presidential election from 1892 until 1916. Only twice – and never for more than one term – did any Republican serve in either house of the state legislature between 1896 and 1928. Despite this Democratic dominance and the restrictions on the franchise of the poorer classes due to the poll tax, significant socialist movements were to develop and persist in Tampa and to a lesser extent over other parts of the state, especially against the powerful Ku Klux Klan. There was also a powerful Prohibitionist movement in older North Florida, which saw the Prohibition Party even win the governorship for one term under the notorious anti-Catholic minister Sidney J. Catts, who was later to be a major foe of Alfred Emmanuel Smith.

The 1920 presidential election saw Warren Harding, aided substantially by isolationist sentiment in the region, gain more support in the former Confederacy than any Republican since black disfranchisement, in the process winning three Florida counties. Calvin Coolidge in 1924 was to do no more than maintain these gains, but did show that the presidential GOP vote from transplanted Northerners was equal to or greater than the traditional Unionist GOP vote (which Florida entirely lacked) of Texas, Arkansas, Alabama or Georgia.

During the months between the beginning of the campaign and the actual vote, a number of newspapers – including the *Orlando Sentinel* and the *St. Petersburg Times* – utilized voting machines to take a sample ballot. All these polls, in spite of the fact that the newspapers in question favored Smith, gave large majorities to Hoover, in the case of the *Times* by over two-to-one. Despite these polls, Smith campaigners took a long time to realize the danger that he would not carry the traditional "Solid South".

After a heated campaign in which he had played little part, Herbert Hoover won Florida against Al Smith by 42,404 votes or by a margin of 16.71 percentage points. Vis-à-vis the 1924 election, swings of up to 100 percentage points occurred in the western Panhandle pineywoods, where opposition to Smith's Catholic religion reached the fanatical, and Hoover also gained from increased Republican voting by northern migrants in Miami, Tampa, Fort Lauderdale, Sarasota and Jacksonville, along with the growth of an urban middle class in those cities. This was the first time since 1876 that the state voted Republican. The 1928 US presidential election would be the first time that Florida would become a crucial bellwether state in presidential elections: from 1928 and on, the winner of the presidential election has carried the state in every election except in 1960, in 1992, and in 2020.

In contrast, the counties of the central and eastern Panhandle remained loyal to Smith, who still carried ten counties in this region, all over thirty-five percent nonvoting African-American, by three-to-one or larger majorities, because they saw party regularity as essential to preserving white supremacy against African Americans. However, unlike Alabama and Georgia, Florida lacked the strength to counter anti-Catholic voting – which was indeed stronger than in most other parts of the white South – with the result that Hoover gained his largest margin among the five Confederate states he carried.

## Results

Electoral results
| Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote | | Electoral
vote | Running mate | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Count | Percentage | | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote |
| **Herbert Hoover** | **Republican** | California | **144,168** | **56.83%** | **6** | **Charles Curtis** | Kansas | **6** |
| **Al Smith** | Democrat | New York | 101,764 | 40.12% | 0 | **Joseph Taylor Robinson** | Arkansas | 0 |
| **Norman Thomas** | Socialist | New York | 4,036 | 1.59% | 0 | **James Maurer** | Pennsylvania | 0 |
| **William Z. Foster** | Communist | Illinois | 3,704 | 1.46% | 0 | **Benjamin Gitlow** | New York | 0 |
|  | Write-ins |  | 2 | 0.00% | 0 |  |  | 0 |
| Total | | | 253,674 | 100% | 6 |  | | 6 |
| Needed to win | | | | | 266 |  | | 266 |

### Results by county

| County | Herbert Clark Hoover
Republican | | Alfred Emmanuel Smith
Democratic | | Various candidates
Other parties | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Alachua | 1,824 | 45.51% | **1,965** | **49.03%** | 219 | 5.46% | -141 | -3.52% | 4,008 |
| Baker | **676** | **72.38%** | 242 | 25.91% | 16 | 1.71% | 434 | 46.47% | 934 |
| Bay | 974 | 44.27% | **1,190** | **54.09%** | 36 | 1.64% | -216 | -9.82% | 2,200 |
| Bradford | 534 | 43.73% | **679** | **55.61%** | 8 | 0.66% | -145 | -11.88% | 1,221 |
| Brevard | **1,830** | **62.12%** | 1,063 | 36.08% | 53 | 1.80% | 767 | 26.04% | 2,946 |
| Broward | **2,889** | **63.63%** | 1,564 | 34.45% | 87 | 1.92% | 1,325 | 29.19% | 4,540 |
| Calhoun | 409 | 35.02% | **727** | **62.24%** | 32 | 2.74% | -318 | -27.23% | 1,168 |
| Charlotte | **593** | **55.73%** | 441 | 41.45% | 30 | 2.82% | 152 | 14.29% | 1,064 |
| Citrus | 505 | 37.77% | **816** | **61.03%** | 16 | 1.20% | -311 | -23.26% | 1,337 |
| Clay | **1,088** | **72.05%** | 394 | 26.09% | 28 | 1.85% | 694 | 45.96% | 1,510 |
| Collier | 151 | 37.01% | **256** | **62.75%** | 1 | 0.25% | -105 | -25.74% | 408 |
| Columbia | 418 | 24.36% | **1,276** | **74.36%** | 22 | 1.28% | -858 | -50.00% | 1,716 |
| Dade | **15,860** | **60.15%** | 10,136 | 38.44% | 372 | 1.41% | 5,724 | 21.71% | 26,368 |
| De Soto | **1,382** | **64.04%** | 748 | 34.66% | 28 | 1.30% | 634 | 29.38% | 2,158 |
| Dixie | **463** | **57.52%** | 342 | 42.48% | 0 | 0.00% | 121 | 15.03% | 805 |
| Duval | **16,919** | **63.39%** | 9,316 | 34.91% | 454 | 1.70% | 7,603 | 28.49% | 26,689 |
| Escambia | **4,443** | **53.32%** | 3,772 | 45.27% | 118 | 1.42% | 671 | 8.05% | 8,333 |
| Flagler | **325** | **58.14%** | 219 | 39.18% | 15 | 2.68% | 106 | 18.96% | 559 |
| Franklin | 334 | 44.30% | **417** | **55.31%** | 3 | 0.40% | -83 | -11.01% | 754 |
| Gadsden | 346 | 22.31% | **1,184** | **76.34%** | 21 | 1.35% | -838 | -54.03% | 1,551 |
| Gilchrist | 125 | 22.73% | **392** | **71.27%** | 33 | 6.00% | -267 | -48.55% | 550 |
| Glades | **331** | **53.73%** | 281 | 45.62% | 4 | 0.65% | 50 | 8.12% | 616 |
| Gulf | 156 | 34.98% | **275** | **61.66%** | 15 | 3.36% | -119 | -26.68% | 446 |
| Hamilton | 167 | 16.83% | **741** | **74.70%** | 84 | 8.47% | -574 | -57.86% | 992 |
| Hardee | **2,087** | **70.06%** | 826 | 27.73% | 66 | 2.22% | 1,261 | 42.33% | 2,979 |
| Hendry | **337** | **54.18%** | 266 | 42.77% | 19 | 3.05% | 71 | 11.41% | 622 |
| Hernando | 661 | 47.79% | **701** | **50.69%** | 21 | 1.52% | -40 | -2.89% | 1,383 |
| Highlands | **1,393** | **66.52%** | 669 | 31.95% | 32 | 1.53% | 724 | 34.57% | 2,094 |
| Hillsborough | **11,703** | **52.98%** | 9,993 | 45.24% | 392 | 1.77% | 1,710 | 7.74% | 22,088 |
| Holmes | **2,260** | **74.44%** | 735 | 24.21% | 41 | 1.35% | 1,525 | 50.23% | 3,036 |
| Indian River | **847** | **55.61%** | 657 | 43.14% | 19 | 1.25% | 190 | 12.48% | 1,523 |
| Jackson | 1,398 | 35.43% | **2,516** | **63.76%** | 32 | 0.81% | -1,118 | -28.33% | 3,946 |
| Jefferson | 235 | 20.22% | **919** | **79.09%** | 8 | 0.69% | -684 | -58.86% | 1,162 |
| Lafayette | 135 | 23.48% | **435** | **75.65%** | 5 | 0.87% | -300 | -52.17% | 575 |
| Lake | **3,383** | **68.08%** | 1,474 | 29.66% | 112 | 2.25% | 1,909 | 38.42% | 4,969 |
| Lee | **2,058** | **63.17%** | 1,154 | 35.42% | 46 | 1.41% | 904 | 27.75% | 3,258 |
| Leon | 630 | 24.72% | **1,888** | **74.07%** | 31 | 1.22% | -1,258 | -49.35% | 2,549 |
| Levy | 711 | 46.23% | **797** | **51.82%** | 30 | 1.95% | -86 | -5.59% | 1,538 |
| Liberty | 147 | 39.20% | **226** | **60.27%** | 2 | 0.53% | -79 | -21.07% | 375 |
| Madison | 266 | 25.70% | **769** | **74.30%** | 0 | 0.00% | -503 | -48.60% | 1,035 |
| Manatee | **2,705** | **63.87%** | 1,472 | 34.76% | 58 | 1.37% | 1,233 | 29.11% | 4,235 |
| Marion | **1,927** | **49.75%** | 1,863 | 48.10% | 83 | 2.14% | 64 | 1.65% | 3,873 |
| Martin | **703** | **58.05%** | 474 | 39.14% | 34 | 2.81% | 229 | 18.91% | 1,211 |
| Monroe | 1,142 | 36.93% | **1,899** | **61.42%** | 51 | 1.65% | -757 | -24.48% | 3,092 |
| Nassau | **863** | **65.13%** | 445 | 33.58% | 17 | 1.28% | 418 | 31.55% | 1,325 |
| Okaloosa | **1,385** | **72.70%** | 503 | 26.40% | 17 | 0.89% | 882 | 46.30% | 1,905 |
| Okeechobee | **657** | **68.87%** | 287 | 30.08% | 10 | 1.05% | 370 | 38.78% | 954 |
| Orange | **6,524** | **70.04%** | 2,616 | 28.08% | 175 | 1.88% | 3,908 | 41.95% | 9,315 |
| Osceola | **1,760** | **60.25%** | 1,127 | 38.58% | 34 | 1.16% | 633 | 21.67% | 2,921 |
| Palm Beach | **5,298** | **64.23%** | 2,652 | 32.15% | 298 | 3.61% | 2,646 | 32.08% | 8,248 |
| Pasco | **1,591** | **54.26%** | 1,308 | 44.61% | 33 | 1.13% | 283 | 9.65% | 2,932 |
| Pinellas | **10,545** | **74.52%** | 3,439 | 24.30% | 167 | 1.18% | 7,106 | 50.22% | 14,151 |
| Polk | **7,460** | **60.23%** | 4,576 | 36.94% | 350 | 2.83% | 2,884 | 23.28% | 12,386 |
| Putnam | **2,105** | **63.01%** | 1,156 | 34.60% | 80 | 2.39% | 949 | 28.40% | 3,341 |
| St. John's | 1,939 | 36.65% | **3,307** | **62.50%** | 45 | 0.85% | -1,368 | -25.86% | 5,291 |
| St. Lucie | **983** | **55.88%** | 741 | 42.13% | 35 | 1.99% | 242 | 13.76% | 1,759 |
| Santa Rosa | **1,628** | **73.97%** | 541 | 24.58% | 32 | 1.45% | 1,087 | 49.39% | 2,201 |
| Sarasota | **1,603** | **56.46%** | 1,181 | 41.60% | 55 | 1.94% | 422 | 14.86% | 2,839 |
| Seminole | **1,788** | **58.89%** | 1,187 | 39.10% | 61 | 2.01% | 601 | 19.80% | 3,036 |
| Sumter | **1,152** | **55.60%** | 909 | 43.87% | 11 | 0.53% | 243 | 11.73% | 2,072 |
| Suwannee | 606 | 31.68% | **1,286** | **67.22%** | 21 | 1.10% | -680 | -35.55% | 1,913 |
| Taylor | 465 | 38.05% | **739** | **60.47%** | 18 | 1.47% | -274 | -22.42% | 1,222 |
| Union | 177 | 25.69% | **503** | **73.00%** | 9 | 1.31% | -326 | -47.31% | 689 |
| Volusia | **6,648** | **67.78%** | 3,043 | 31.03% | 117 | 1.19% | 3,605 | 36.76% | 9,808 |
| Wakulla | 66 | 12.18% | **470** | **86.72%** | 6 | 1.11% | -404 | -74.54% | 542 |
| Walton | **1,475** | **61.36%** | 908 | 37.77% | 21 | 0.87% | 567 | 23.59% | 2,404 |
| Washington | **1,672** | **69.72%** | 671 | 27.98% | 55 | 2.29% | 1,001 | 41.74% | 2,398 |
| Totals | 145,860 | 57.87% | 101,764 | 40.37% | 4,444 | 1.76% | 44,096 | 17.49% | 252,068 |

## Analysis

With all other prominent Democrats sitting the election out, the party nominated Alfred E. Smith, four-term Governor of New York as its nominee for 1928, with little opposition. There was nonetheless almost no pro-Smith sympathy in Florida, which as part of the "Solid South" had been a major force in his 1924 defeat. This defeat was related to four characteristics of Smith that made him anything but an ideal candidate for Southern Democrats: he was a devout Catholic, opposed to Prohibition, linked with New York City's Tammany Hall political machine, and the son of Irish and Italian immigrants. His Wall Street connections also had Smith viewed by poorer Southern whites as a "Gold Democrat". Whilst it is generally thought that the South would have accepted a man possessing *one* of those characteristics, the combination proved a bitter dose for many of Florida's loyal Democrats. Many Florida Protestants believed Smith's election would endanger religious liberty and lead to the Pope controlling the White House.

More critically, the Southern Baptist Convention similarly said that

> We enter into a sacred covenant and solemn pledge that we will support for the office of President, or any other office, only such men as stand for our present order of prohibition.

Much of this anti-Smith political program was led by the Jacksonville Baptist Association, joined by the Indian River Missionary Baptist Association, Seminole Baptist Association, Peace River Baptist Association, Alachua Baptist Association, and the Florida Baptist Association in issuing similar resolutions at their 1928 annual meetings. The Methodist Episcopal Church took the same viewpoint, and it was Bishop James Cannon who stood behind militant "drys" to organize the "Anti-Smith Democrats" in Asheville, North Carolina, pledging to keep the country dry against Smith's support of modifying the Volstead Act.

The leader of the defense of Smith was Senator Duncan Upshaw Fletcher who argued that Smith was a "throroughgoing Democrat" and that the Republican Party was the party who had, in typical "Solid South" style, denounced the Southern people as rebels and traitors.

Echoing this, several Florida judges said it would be better to have a Catholic with some religion in the White House than a Republican with none. Smith's strongest supporter, Chief Justice William H. Ellis, also argued that the GOP was hypocritical in its support for Prohibition, and that because religious tests for elective office were forbidden by the Constitution, Smith would be unable to fill these offices with only Catholics. For Ellis, the election of Smith was the only way the Democratic Party could maintain itself. The *Suwanee Democrat* indeed argued that Hoover's Quaker faith meant he could not be elected President because it believed that Hoover's religious would not permit him to fight for his country and commanded racial equality in a state whose electorate was all-white.

1. Silbey, Joel H. and Bogue, Allan G.; *The History of American Electoral Behavior*, p. 210 ISBN 140087114X
2. Robinson, Edgar Eugene; *The Presidential Vote; 1896-1932* (second edition); pp. 156-157 Published 1947 by Stanford University Press
3. Ford, Edward J.; 'Life on the Campaign Trail: a Political Anthropology of Local Politics' (thesis), published 2008 by University of South Florida, pp. 114-118
4. Gregory, Raymond F.; *Norman Thomas: The Great Dissenter*, pp. 150-151 ISBN 0875866239
5. *Okaloosa News-Journal*, July 6, 1928
6. Phillips, Kevin; *The Emerging Republican Majority*, pp. 210-211, 261 ISBN 9780691163246
7. Hughes; 'The 1928 Presidential Election in Florida', pp. 150, 152
8. Hughes; 'The 1928 Presidential Election in Florida', p. 153
9. Leip, David. "1928 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". *Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections*. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
10. Phillips; *The Emerging Republican Majority*, pp. 212, 214
11. Paulson, Darryl (November 4, 2016). "A quick history of Florida's presidential politics, from Whigs to wigged out". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
12. Key, V.O. junior; Southern Politics in State and Nation; p. 328 ISBN 087049435X
13. Scammon, Richard M. (compiler); *America at the Polls: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics 1920-1964*; pp. 85-86 ISBN 0405077114
14. Warren, Kenneth F.; *Encyclopedia of U.S. campaigns, elections, and electoral behavior: A-M, Volume 1*, p. 620 ISBN 1412954894
15. Doherty, Herbert J., jr.; 'Florida and the Presidential Election of 1928', *The Florida Historical Quarterly*, vol. 26, no. 2 (October, 1947), pp. 174-186
16. Hughes, Melvin Edward junior; 'The 1928 Presidential Election in Florida' (thesis; *Florida State University* (1976), p. 211
17. Kennedy; David M. and Cohen, Lizabeth; *The American Pageant, Volume 2*, p. 739 ISBN 1111831432
18. Maxwell, Angie and Shields, Todd G. (editors); *Unlocking V.O. Key Jr.: "Southern Politics" for the Twenty-First Century*, pp. 17-18 ISBN 1557289611
19. *Indian River Missionary Baptist Association*, 1928, pp. 31-32; *Fifteenth Annual Session Seminole Baptist Association*, 1928, p. 22; *Fifty-Third Session of Peace River Baptist Association*, 1928, pp. 24-25; *Alachua Baptist Association*, 1928; p. 26; *Proceedings of the Eighty-Sixth Annual Session of the Florida Baptist Association*, 1928, p. 34
20. *Journal of the Florida Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South*, 1928 (Tampa, 1928), p. 41
21. *Miami Herald*, October 11, 1928.
22. Hughes; 'The 1928 Presidential Election in Florida', p. 131
23. Hughes; 'The 1928 Presidential Election in Florida', p. 151
24. *Suwanee Democrat*, September 28, 1928, p. 1.

## InfoBox

1928 United States presidential election in Florida
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Herbert Hoover** Al Smith   Party Republican Democratic  Home state California New York  Running mate **Charles Curtis** Joseph Taylor Robinson  Electoral vote **6** 0  Popular vote **144,168** 101,764  Percentage **56.83%** 40.12% | |
| ---  County Results | |
| ---  **President before election**
Calvin Coolidge
Republican **Elected President**
Herbert Hoover
Republican | |