title: Martelo

abstract: Martelo (hammer) is the name for roundhouse kick in capoeira. The kick targets the head of the opponent with the top of the foot. Martelo was not used in traditional capoeira Angola. The kick was introduced to regional capoeira in the 1930s by mestre Bimba, likely from Asian martial arts. There are several variations of martelo kick, and it is often combined with other techniques.

text:
# Martelo

***Martelo*** (hammer) is the name for roundhouse kick in capoeira. The kick targets the head of the opponent with the top of the foot.

*Martelo* was not used in traditional capoeira Angola. The kick was introduced to regional capoeira in the 1930s by mestre Bimba, likely from Asian martial arts.

There are several variations of *martelo* kick, and it is often combined with other techniques.

## Variations

### *Martelo em pé* (standing hammer)

*Martelo em pé* (standing hammer) or just *martelo* is a fast and powerful kick, traditionally performed with the top of the foot. The arms are important in the *martelo*, helping to generate power and momentum, and to preserve balance. After the kick, the kicking leg swiftly returns under control.

The kick is usually delivered from the back leg in ginga.

To execute the hammer kick, one adjusts the supporting foot's angle for alignment, raises the knee in front of the body, turn sideways and forcefully extends the leg to kick with the top of the foot.

### *Martelo do chão* (ground hammer)

*Martelo do chão* starts from the negativa position. In this position, the hand opposite to the supporting one moves towards the extended leg. The hip lifts, and the previously bent leg kicks the opponent.

This kick is commonly used as an offensive move from the ground against a standing opponent. It is more common in capoeira Angola.

### *Chapéu de couro* (leather hat)

*Chapéu de couro* (leather hat), also known as *S-dobrado* (double-S), is a complex move that starts on the floor and springs towards the opponent, in a slicing motion through the air, with each leg following the same path. This kick can be used to surprise the opponent by leaping at them directly from a grounded position.

The player starts in a negative position, then executes a powerful hop from their leading foot, swinging the other leg upward and forward across their body while keeping one hand on the floor. To gain momentum, the player should coordinate their legs, torso, free hand, and head in the same direction as the kick. In the kicking phase of the movement, the player does not reach back with the free hand to place it on the ground as they would in *S-dobrado*. Instead, they complete the kick with their free hand remaining off the ground and land on their kicking foot.

According to Da Costa, *S-dobrado* follows a fake sweep. The capoeirista initiates a strong rasteira in front of the opponent, without making contact, supporting themselves with one leg and the arm on the same side. The opposite arm, on the side of the extended leg, rises for balance. When the sweeping leg approaches the supporting leg, the raised hand touches the ground. Aided by the momentum generated by the sweep, the supporting leg extends, lifting off the ground and delivering a powerful kick to the opponent.

## Literature

* Da Costa, Lamartine Pereira (1961). *Capoeiragem, a arte da defesa pessoal brasileira*. Rio de Janeiro: Oficial da Marinha.
* Assunção, Matthias Röhrig (2002). *Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-8086-6.
* Capoeira, Nestor (2007). *The Little Capoeira Book*. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 9781583941980.
* Taylor, Gerard (2012). *Capoeira 100: An Illustrated Guide to the Essential Movements and Techniques*. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 9781583941768.

## InfoBox

| *Martelo* | |
| --- | --- |
| *Martelo* kick in capoeira | |
| Name | *Martelo* |
| Meaning | hammer |
| Type | kick |
| Parent style | capoeira Regional |
| Parent technique | mawashi geri |
| Child technique(s) | * *martelo em pé* * *martelo do chão* * *chapéu de couro* * *martelo rodado* * *armada com martelo* |
| Escapes | esquiva, negativa |
| Counters | rasteira |


title: Hosea Nelson

abstract: Hosea Nelson is an American chemist who is a professor at California Institute of Technology. His research investigates the design and total synthesis of complex molecules. He was a finalist for the 2021 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists.

text:
# Hosea Nelson

**Hosea Nelson** is an American chemist who is a professor at California Institute of Technology. His research investigates the design and total synthesis of complex molecules. He was a finalist for the 2021 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists.

## Early life and education

Nelson grew up in San Francisco and has said that his parents were hippies. He started his career working in construction. He decided that he wanted to attend college, but wasn't sure what he wanted to specialize in. He took some biology courses at a community college, and secured a job working at San Francisco State University. Nelson became fascinated by scientific research, and particularly interested in the design and synthesis of molecules. After four years, Nelson started study at University of California, Berkeley, where he completed a chemistry degree in two years. Nelson then got a job at Panasonic energy solutions, in Silicon Valley, working on solar power and batteries. He was contacted by a Professor from University of California, Berkeley, who helped him identify funding for graduate school. Nelson was a doctoral researcher at California Institute of Technology, where he worked with Brian Stoltz. He focused on total synthesis in the plant *Thapsia garganica*.

## Research and career

Nelson worked as a postdoctoral researcher in catalysis. His preliminary ideas were scooped, and instead he dedicated time to ion pairing. In 2015, Nelson started his own laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles. Nelson was appointed Professor of Chemistry at California Institute of Technology in 2021. He is interested in green chemistry, sustainable synthesis and developing characterizing protocols. He makes use of scanning electron microscopy to image molecular systems. In particular, Nelson developed microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) to identify the locations of atoms within molecules at high resolution. He uses MicroED to design new pharmaceuticals and understand the interactions of biomolecules with the human body.

### Selected publications

* Christopher G Jones; Michael W Martynowycz; Johan Hattne; Tyler J Fulton; Brian M Stoltz; Jose A Rodriguez; Hosea M Nelson; Tamir Gonen (November 2, 2018). "The CryoEM Method MicroED as a Powerful Tool for Small Molecule Structure Determination". *ACS Central Science*. **4** (11): 1587–1592. doi:10.1021/ACSCENTSCI.8B00760. ISSN 2374-7943. PMC 6276044. PMID 30555912. Wikidata Q59485557.
* Qingyu Sun; Hosea Nelson; Tony Ly; Brian M Stoltz; Ryan R Julian (February 1, 2009). "Side chain chemistry mediates backbone fragmentation in hydrogen deficient peptide radicals". *Journal of Proteome Research*. **8** (2): 958–966. doi:10.1021/PR800592T. ISSN 1535-3893. PMID 19113886. Wikidata Q33396334.
* S P Fisher; A W Tomich; S O Lovera; J F Kleinsasser; Juchen Guo; M J Asay; H M Nelson; Vincent Lavallo (February 1, 2019). "Nonclassical Applications of closo-Carborane Anions: From Main Group Chemistry and Catalysis to Energy Storage". *Chemical Reviews*. **119** (14): 8262–8290. doi:10.1021/ACS.CHEMREV.8B00551. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 30707011. Wikidata Q91302662.
* Hosea M Nelson; Brett D Williams; Javier Miró; F Dean Toste (February 27, 2015). "Enantioselective 1,1-arylborylation of alkenes: merging chiral anion phase transfer with Pd catalysis". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **137** (9): 3213–3216. doi:10.1021/JACS.5B00344. ISSN 0002-7863. PMC 4564013. PMID 25723255. Wikidata Q36041380.

### Awards and honors

Nelson attended the Kavli Frontiers of Science ceremony in 2020 and was a finalist for the 2021 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists. He was selected as one of *Chemical & Engineering News* Talented 12.

## InfoBox

| Hosea Martin Nelson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | San Francisco |
| Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley
California Institute of Technology |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Chemistry |
| Institutions | University of California, Los Angeles
California Institute of Technology
San Francisco State University
Panasonic |
| Thesis | *A Unified Synthetic Approach to the Transtaganolide and Basiliolide Natural Products* (2013) |
| Doctoral advisor | Brian Stoltz |
|  | |
| Website | www.thenelsonlab.com |


title: Re Blue Arrow plc

abstract: Re Blue Arrow plc [1987] BCLC 585 is a United Kingdom company law case dealing with unfair prejudice under s 459 Companies Act 1985.

text:
# Re Blue Arrow plc

***Re Blue Arrow plc*** \[1987\] BCLC 585 is a United Kingdom company law case dealing with unfair prejudice under s 459 Companies Act 1985 (now s 994 Companies Act 2006).

## Facts

Mrs Watson-Challis was in the recruitment agency business. Between 1956 and 1982, she had built up a variety of businesses. In business she went by the pseudonym of "Sheila Birch". During this time period, she was connected with Mr Berry. They were impressed by each other's business talents and decided to set up a new company. She transferred her business and shareholdings to the new firm, Blue Arrow, in which she took a 45% stake. Mr Berry took a 55% stake. Blue Arrow had a variety of subsidiaries. Mrs Watson-Challis was the executive director of the subsidiaries and the "president" of the parent, while Mr Berry was the chairman. By 1984, Mrs Watson-Challis was travelling overseas, and no longer taking an active part of the company's affairs. The company was floated, it went public. Over time, with many others buying up new share offerings, her percentage of the shareholding went down to 2.1%. She resigned her directorships, but her position as "president" remained written into the company's constitution, the articles of association. Then she decided she wanted to come back. The management resisted, and they resolved to alter the company's articles so that she could be removed from her position as president. She petitioned the court that such action was "unfairly prejudicial" because she had a legitimate expectation to participate in the company's affairs.

## Judgment

Vinelott J refused to grant relief to the petitioner. An alleged agreement that she should remain as the chairman was not looked on favourably in this public company, because it contradicts the principle that in public companies information material to good governance should be disclosed to shareholders. Investors are entitled to assume that the whole of the company's constitution is written in the constitution (not some existential "legitimate expectation"). Particularly, the right to be the company president was a personal right (not a class right) and it could be altered by special resolution. Vinelott J stated,

> "As was pointed out by Hoffmann J in *Re A Company No 00477 of 1986* \[1986\] BCLC 376, the interests of a member are not limited to his strict legal rights under the constitution of the company. There are wider equitable considerations which the court must bear in mind in considering whether a case falls within s 459 in particular in deciding what are the legitimate expectations of a member. If I may say so, I respectfully accept that approach, but it is to my mind impossible, on the face of the allegations in the petition, to apply it here. Of course, the petitioner had a legitimate expectation that the affairs of the company would be properly conducted within the framework of its constitution. I wholly fail to understand how it can be said that the petitioner had a legitimate expectation that the articles would not be altered by special resolution in a way which enabled her office to be terminated by some different machinery. No doubt there are cases where a legitimate expectation may be inferred from arrangements outside the ambit of the formal constitution of the company, but it must be borne in mind that this is a public company, a listed company, and a large one, and that the constitution was adopted at the time when the company was first floated on the Unlisted Securities Market. Outside investors were entitled to assume that the whole of the constitution was contained in the articles, read, of course, together with the Companies Acts. There is in these circumstances no room for any legitimate expectation founded on some agreement or arrangement made between the directors and kept up their sleeves and not disclosed to those placing the shares with the public through the Unlisted Securities Market... I think that the petition, on its face, is so hopeless that the only right course is to strike it out."

## InfoBox

| Re Blue Arrow plc | |
| --- | --- |
| Sheila Birch failed to regain the control of Blue Arrow. | |
| Court | High Court |
| Citation | \[1987\] BCLC 585 |
| Case opinions | |
| Vinelott J | |


abstract: Reach: 40 Black Men Speak on Living, Leading and Succeeding is a book of personal essays edited by Ben Jealous and Trabian Shorters. Black men from various backgrounds tell their stories and show how they have impact. The book includes forty first-person narratives from Black leaders, community organizers, entrepreneurs, religious figures, philanthropists and educators. Contributors include John Legend, Rev. Al Sharpton, Bill T. Jones, Talib Kweli, Isiah Thomas, Melvin T Mason and Louis Gossett Jr. Reach made the Washington Post national bestseller list for Nonfiction/General for the week ending May 10, 2015.

text:
# Reach: 40 Black Men Speak on Living, Leading and Succeeding

***Reach: 40 Black Men Speak on Living, Leading and Succeeding*** is a book of personal essays edited by Ben Jealous and Trabian Shorters. Black men from various backgrounds tell their stories and show how they have impact.

The book includes forty first-person narratives from Black leaders, community organizers, entrepreneurs, religious figures, philanthropists and educators. Contributors include John Legend, Rev. Al Sharpton, Bill T. Jones, Talib Kweli, Isiah Thomas, Melvin T Mason and Louis Gossett Jr.

*Reach* made the *Washington Post* national bestseller list for Nonfiction/General for the week ending May 10, 2015.

## InfoBox

*Reach: 40 Black Men Speak on Living, Leading and Succeeding*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ben Jealous, Trabian Shorters |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Nonfiction |
| Publisher | Atria Books |
| Publication date | February 3, 2015 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 304 |
| ISBN | 978-1-4767-9983-4 |


title: Raw Materials and Residuals

abstract: Raw Materials and Residuals is an album by jazz saxophonist Julius Hemphill featuring cellist Abdul Wadud and percussionist Don Moye recorded in 1977 for the Italian Black Saint label.

text:
# Raw Materials and Residuals

***Raw Materials and Residuals*** is an album by jazz saxophonist Julius Hemphill featuring cellist Abdul Wadud and percussionist Don Moye recorded in 1977 for the Italian Black Saint label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |
| *The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz* |  |

The editors of AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars, and reviewer Michael G. Nastos called it "One of the great titles in the modern jazz chronology... a landmark recording in the second wave avant-garde movement of the '70s".

Writing for *The New York Times*, Robert Palmer stated that the album "marks a triumphant return to the sparseness of *Dogon A.D.*, but because the saxophonist and Mr. Wadud have grown, the music is more varied and resourceful."

Seymour Wright of *The Wire* described the recording as "an album of clarity and un-compromise," and "a brilliant recording of Hemphill's metal-hard saxophone sound – silver, guttural, in which the voice is ever present." He commented: "The striking cover photo of a shaven-headed Hemphill, arms folded across his naked torso with his alto saxophone hanging pendular, connotes something precise, poised and physical. The same goes for the elemental, alliterative poetics of its title(s). The LP's five compositions present a svelte, sinewy, structured trio music that, as Hemphill puts it in his sleevenotes, 'progresses from vigour-to-reflection-to-vigour'."

## Track listing

*All compositions by Julius Hemphill* 1. "C" - 6:27
2. "Mirrors" - 7:03
3. "Long Rhythm" - 5:00
4. "Plateau" - 8:58
5. "G Song" - 8:23

* Recorded at Generation Sound Studios in New York City in November 1977

## Personnel

...

## InfoBox

| Raw Materials and Residuals | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Julius Hemphill | |
| Released | 1978 |
| Recorded | November 1977 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 35:51 |
| Label | Black Saint |
| Producer | Giacomo Pellicciotti |
| Julius Hemphill chronology | |
| *Roi Boyé & the Gotham Minstrels*
(1977) ***Raw Materials and Residuals***
(1978) *Buster Bee*
(1978) | |


title: Raw Nerve (1990 film)

abstract: Raw Nerve is a 1990 Australian film directed by Tony Wellington and starring Rebecca Rigg, Kelly Dingwall, and John Polson. The plot concerns three teenagers who rob a house.

text:
# Raw Nerve (1990 film)

***Raw Nerve*** is a 1990 Australian film directed by Tony Wellington and starring Rebecca Rigg, Kelly Dingwall, and John Polson. The plot concerns three teenagers who rob a house.

## Cast

## Production

The film was mostly financed by the Australian Film Commission. It was shot over fifteen days, although the three leads rehearsed for three weeks.

## Reception

The film received some strong reviews.

## InfoBox

| Raw Nerve | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Tony Wellington |
| Written by | Tony Wellington |
| Produced by | Michael Lynch |
| Starring | Rebecca Rigg
Kelly Dingwall
John Polson |
| Production
companies | Lynchpin and Tosh
Australian Film Commission
Fyodawn |
| Distributed by | Valhalla Films (theatrical)
Hoyts Australia (video) |
| Release date | * 1990 (1990) |
| Running time | 91 mins |
| Country | Australia |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $425,000 |


title: Ray Bryant Plays

abstract: Ray Bryant Plays is an album recorded by American jazz pianist Ray Bryant recorded in 1959 for the Signature label.

text:
# Ray Bryant Plays

***Ray Bryant Plays*** is an album recorded by American jazz pianist Ray Bryant recorded in 1959 for the Signature label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars calling it "a strong sampling of Ray Bryant's accessible playing during his early period".

## Track listing

1. "Delauney's Dilemma" (John Lewis) – 2:35
2. "Blue Monk" (Thelonious Monk) – 5:00
3. "Misty" (Erroll Garner) – 2:59
4. "Sneaking Around" (Ray Bryant) – 3:46
5. "Now's the Time" (Charlie Parker) – 4:00
6. "Wheatleigh Hall" (Dizzy Gillespie) – 3:55
7. "Doodlin'" (Horace Silver) – 4:05
8. "A Hundred Dreams from Now" (Duke Ellington) – 3:20
9. "Bags' Groove" (Milt Jackson) – 5:34
10. "Walkin'" (Richard Carpenter) – 3:08
11. "Take the "A" Train" (Billy Strayhorn) – 3:50
12. "Whisper Not" (Benny Golson) – 3:35

* Recorded in NYC on October 29 (tracks 1 & 5–7), November 5, (tracks 2, 3, 10 & 12), and November 6, 1959 (tracks 4, 8, 9 & 11)

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Ray Bryant Plays | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ray Bryant | |
| Released | 1960 |
| Recorded | October 29 and November 5–6, 1959 |
| Studio | New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 45:47 |
| Label | Signature
SM/SS 6008 |
| Producer | Bob Thiele |
| Ray Bryant chronology | |
| *Alone with the Blues*
(1958) ***Ray Bryant Plays***
(1960) *Little Susie*
(1959) | |


title: Ready for the Times to Get Better

abstract: "Ready for the Times to Get Better" is a song written by Allen Reynolds, and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. The song first appeared on Gayle's album Crystal in 1976 and was released as a single in January 1978. It was the fourth single from the album and Gayle's fourth number one on the U.S Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. The song spent a total of ten weeks on the chart. The song was a major Adult Contemporary hit on the charts of both the U.S. (#3) and Canada (#4). It was also a modest crossover hit to the pop charts of both nations.

text:
# Ready for the Times to Get Better

"**Ready for the Times to Get Better**" is a song written by Allen Reynolds, and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. The song first appeared on Gayle's album *Crystal* in 1976 and was released as a single in January 1978. It was the fourth single from the album and Gayle's fourth number one on the U.S *Billboard* Hot Country Singles chart. The song spent a total of ten weeks on the chart.

The song was a major Adult Contemporary hit on the charts of both the U.S. (#3) and Canada (#4). It was also a modest crossover hit to the pop charts of both nations.

## Cover versions

The song was recorded by Marshall Chapman on her 1977 album *Me, I'm Feelin'*  Free (Epic). Joe Sun recorded it in 1980; his version peaked at number 43 on the Hot Country Singles chart. It was also rendered as the Cantonese-language song "Mayflower" (五月荷花) by Agnes Chan on her 1980 album *Ching Kip, San Sing, Lau Long Hak* (情劫·晨星·流浪客). Other versions include those by Doc Watson, Cody Jinks (on his 2015 album, *Adobe Sessions*), and Billy Strings. The Million Dollar Band performed the song on an episode of 'Hee Haw'.

## Other uses

The Crystal Gayle version of the song is featured in the Roadshow edition of Quentin Tarantino's *The Hateful Eight*, but does not appear on the soundtrack album.

## Chart performance

### Crystal Gayle

| Chart (1978) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 52 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks | 3 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 1 |
| Canadian *RPM* Top Singles | 60 |
| Canadian *RPM* Adult Contemporary Tracks | 4 |

### Joe Sun

| Chart (1980–1981) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 43 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 19 |

## InfoBox

| "Ready for the Times to Get Better" | |
| --- | --- |
| Side A label of U.S. release | |
| Single by Crystal Gayle | |
| from the album  *Crystal* | |
| B-side | "Beyond You" |
| Released | January 18, 1978 |
| Studio | Jack's Tracks (Nashville, Tennessee) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:11 |
| Label | United Artists |
| Songwriter(s) | Allen Reynolds |
| Producer(s) | Allen Reynolds |
| Crystal Gayle singles chronology | |
| "I've Cried (The Blue Right Out of My Eyes)"
(1977) "**Ready for the Times to Get Better**"
(1978) "Talking in Your Sleep"
(1978) | |


title: Red Brigade Trust

text:
# Red Brigade Trust

The Red Brigade Trust is a non-governmental organization head quartered in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was founded in 2011 by Ajay Patel and team to empower women through self-defense education.

## About

In 2011, Ajay Patel and 15 young girls, all of whom are sexual assault survivors, formed the Red Brigade Trust. Ajay was inspired to form the group after an 11-year-old student confided in her about an assault she experienced by a family member. The Red Brigade registered as a Trust under the Indian Trust Act of 1882 in December 2016.

## Self defense techniques

The group initially started by teaching girls traditional martial arts, however they soon realized that martial arts is ineffective in many sexual assault cases. The self defense movement gained popularity during second-wave feminism but can be traced back to as early as the 1910s. Self defense is a means of both psychological and physical resistance. It can promote a woman's physical abilities and independence, and reduce their vulnerability to sexual harassment and assault. Women's self defense training challenges gendered ideas of feminine weakness and fragility.

In the past couple years, self-defense classes have gained popularity all over India. Young girls in grades 6 through 7 at government-run schools are taught 3 months worth of self defense training. They are taught to use everyday items as weapons to gain advantages in assaults. The department of school education and literacy in India have implemented self-defense training to ensure the safety of students and reduce dropout rates. Moreover, New Delhi police have been teaching a 10-day course in public schools and universities since 2010. They teach a combination of karate, taekwondo, and judo. These classes, led by female officers, are taught year round.

## Statistics of Lucknow

Of all metropolitan cities in India, Lucknow has the second highest number of registered dowry deaths. Currently, dowry death is defined as “Where the death of a woman is caused by any burns or bodily injury or occurs otherwise than under normal circumstances within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that soon before her death she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband or any relative of her husband for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry, such death shall be called "dowry death", and such husband or relative shall be deemed to have caused her death.”

Lucknow also has the highest number of harassment cases of women on public transport.

## Cultural stigma of sexual violence in India

Women in India are less likely to report incidences of sexual violence and assault due to greater acceptance of rape myths, which are a set of beliefs suggesting that victims are at fault. Indian culture has more traditional attitudes towards women and as a result, there are higher levels of hostile sexism. The late 1970s marked the start of a women's movement in India as women from all classes united behind anti-rape activism. Despite the progress of feminist ideas, traditional gender roles and patriarchal beliefs dominate.

In 2012, the rape case of 23 year old girl sparked national and international attention to India's laws against sexual assault. The number of demonstrations following this case was unseen in India before. Protesters urged for stricter laws and punishments against perpetrators. This case was a turning point for India and many people have spoken out since. In spite of the increased scrutiny on the government, sexual violence against women have continued in the same trajectory. In 2021, more than 31 thousand cases of rape were registered. From 2020 to 2021, there was a 13.2% increase in overall crimes against women. In many of these cases, prosecution of offenders were rare. Considering that many cases go unreported, statistics only tell one part of the story.

## InfoBox

Red Brigade Trust
|
|  |
| Founded | 2011 |
| Founders | Ajay Patel, Usha Vishwakarma, Jyoti, etc. |
| Type | Non-governmental organization |
| Focus | Women's Rights, Safety and Empowerment |
| Location |  |
| Area served | India |
| Method | Awareness Campaigns, Protests, Nukkad Natak, Self Defense Training, Nishastra |
| Chief Managing Trustee | Ajay Patel |
| Website | http://redbrigadetrust.com/ |


title: Rebecca (genus)

abstract: Rebecca is a genus of photosynthetic, flagellated marine haptophytes. It is one of four genera in the family Pavlovaceae. The holotype species, R. salina, was described in 2000 by J.C. Green; it is one of three species currently accepted in the genus. Also in the genus is R. helicata, which was described in the same publication as R. salina, and the third member is R. billiardiae, which was described in 2023. R. helicata and R. salina were both previously considered to be within the genus Pavlova.

text:
# Rebecca (genus)

***Rebecca*** is a genus of photosynthetic, flagellated marine haptophytes. It is one of four genera in the family Pavlovaceae. The holotype species, *R. salina*, was described in 2000 by J.C. Green; it is one of three species currently accepted in the genus. Also in the genus is *R. helicata*, which was described in the same publication as *R. salina*, and the third member is *R. billiardiae*, which was described in 2023. *R. helicata* and *R. salina* were both previously considered to be within the genus *Pavlova*.

## Etymology

*Rebecca* was named by J.C. Green after his daughter, Rebecca Jane Victoria Green.

## Type species

The type species is *R. salina*.

## Taxonomy

The genus *Rebecca* was formed following a phylogenetic review of Haptophyta by Edvardsen et. al. in 2000, and then confirmed by Bendif et. al. in 2011. In 2023, it was slightly revised to include the newly described species *R. billiardiae*. It contains mainly taxa that were previously classified in other closely related groups, until a genetic and morphological comparison was performed; in particular, it contains several species that were previously classified under the genus *Pavlova*.

*R. salina* has been passed around through several genera - it was originally classified as *Nephrochloris salina* in 1936. In 1969, it was moved to the genus *Pavlova* by van der Veer under the name *Pavlova mesolychnon*. Similarly, *R. helicata* was previously classified as *P. helicata* by van der Veer in 1969. Both species were then moved into *Rebecca* in 2000.

In 2023, *R. billiardiae* was described directly within the genus *Rebecca* following analysis of a previously unnamed culture.

## Habitat and ecology

*Rebecca* is a marine component of phytoplankton, and it has a cosmopolitan distribution. Cells seem to favor brackish, muddy, or turbulent waters, especially saltwater estuaries with lots of nearby vegetation.

Like other haptophytes, *Rebecca* is primarily photosynthetic.

## Description

*Rebecca* cells are solitary, free-swimming, and elongated to round or angular/cubic, with one shorter and one longer flagellum. They may be immobile at certain stages. The cell body is covered in tiny cylindrical, knob-shaped or club-shaped scales. *Rebecca* has a single, yellow-green to golden-brown chloroplast, which may be divided into two lobes.

Both the anterior and posterior flagella are situated anteriorly, inserted within a recessed pit near the tip of the cell. They can be covered in a fluffy or knobby layer of projections. The longer flagellum is the primary means of locomotion, while the shorter flagellum is vestigial. As a haptophyte, *Rebecca* has the characteristic haptonema, a filiform appendage which may play a role in feeding or anchoring to substrate; this haptonema is relatively short and is inserted between the flagella.

Noticeably, *Rebecca* cells do not have a pyrenoid, and their thylakoids are helicoidal and parallel; this is generally a consistent way to distinguish *Rebecca* from the other three genera of Pavlovaceae. Their reduced posterior flagellum and bilobed chloroplast are also identifiable shared traits. *R. billiardiae* can have a unique angular to cubic shape, especially when it is in a less motile and more metabolic state. It has a single golden-brown chloroplast divided into two lobes. Its longer anterior flagellum is strongly S-shaped. Despite the shorter anterior flagellum being strongly reduced, it has a distinctly beaded filopodium which branches near the base; its curved haptonema shares this beaded appearance on its distal half.

Unlike other *Rebecca* species, no colonial arrangement has been observed. Not much is known about the life cycle of *Rebecca*. In response to environmental stress, cells may enter an immobile state, curling its anterior flagellum around the cell body.

## List of species

As accepted by Algaebase:

* *R. salina*
* *R. helicata*
* *R. billiardiae*

## InfoBox

| *Rebecca* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| Phylum: | Haptista |
| Subphylum: | Haptophytina |
| Class: | Pavlovophyceae |
| Order: | Pavlovales |
| Family: | Pavlovaceae |
| Genus: | *Rebecca*<br>Green, 2000 |
|
| Species | |
| * *R. salina* * *R. helicata* * *R. billiardiae* | |


title: Red Skirts on Clydeside

abstract: Red Skirts on Clydeside, produced in 1984, is the fifth documentary film made by the Sheffield Film Cooperative. It follows the process of rediscovering women's histories, focusing on the Glasgow Rent Strikes of 1915 and four of the women involved: Helen Crawfurd, Agnes Dollan, Mary Barbour, Jean Fergusson. The title plays on the name Red Clydeside, given to the period of political radicalism in Glasgow and other urban areas along the River Clyde during the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s, but suggesting the involvement of women.

text:
# Red Skirts on Clydeside

***Red Skirts on Clydeside***, produced in 1984, is the fifth documentary film made by the Sheffield Film Cooperative. It follows the process of rediscovering women's histories, focusing on the Glasgow Rent Strikes of 1915 and four of the women involved: Helen Crawfurd, Agnes Dollan, Mary Barbour, Jean Fergusson.

The title plays on the name Red Clydeside, given to the period of political radicalism in Glasgow and other urban areas along the River Clyde during the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s, but suggesting the involvement of women.

## Synopsis

The film follows the literal and metaphorical journey of the filmmakers as they attempt to unearth the details of women's political involvement in the Glasgow Rent Strikes, by visiting archives in Glasgow and London and through oral history interviews with several Glaswegian women who recall the period. We are shown both how women's contributions are often undervalued by archives and how personal narratives from marginalised voices can enrich our understanding of events.

The film's interviews with descendants of the strikers establish the link between the Glasgow Rent Strike and the women's movement of the 1910s. The extent of this mobilisation of women offers evidence of the political nature and potential of a supposedly "unpolitical hearth". The film's focus is on personal accounts rather than the wider context of the women's movement, class struggle and politics. The interviewees describe their own lives and education as an informed and highly conscious political upbringing.

## Participants

The filmmakers speak to seven women during the course of the film.

## Funding

The production cost around £55,800 and funding was received from several sources, including the British Film Institute, Sheffield City Council and income generated by the Co-Op's speaking and distribution fees.

## InfoBox

| Red Skirts on Clydeside | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Jenny Woodley
Christine Bellamy |
| Narrated by | Christine Cox |
| Cinematography | Caroline Spry |
| Edited by | Jenny Woodley |
| Music by | Fish and Plume |
| Production
company | Sheffield Film Cooperative |
| Release date | * 1984 (1984) |
| Running time | 40 minutes |
| Countries | Scotland, England |
| Language | English |
| Budget | £55,800 |


title: Red Dirt Rebellion Rollergirls

abstract:
Red Dirt Rebellion Rollergirls was Oklahoma’s only all-female banked track roller derby league. It was founded in 2007 by two women, Emily "Suzi Uzi" Matthews and Donn "Smakety Ann" Cross, with previous flat track experience. Skaters from the league built the banked track featured in the movie Whip It starring Drew Barrymore and Elliot Page. Red Dirt Rebellion played leagues from all over the country at the Cox Convention Center in Oklahoma City, drawing crowds from 600-2000 spectators. Skaters from Arizona, Texas, Florida and California traveled to play on Oklahoma City's banked track. Red Dirt Rebellion competed in Battle On The Bank 2 June 20–21, 2009, in Austin Texas and Battle On The Bank 3 in San Diego June 25–27, 2010. In July 2010, however, the league experienced personnel complications and was sold to a former skater to start her own team and reformed as "Outwest Outlaws". The Outwest Outlaws traveled to Ft. Worth, Texas to play two exhibition bouts at a NASCAR event during the Texas Motor Speedway No Limits VIP party.
Under new management, the league became the OKC Outlaws.
Ricketts ended up selling the track to the team. However, with the increased cost of storing and maintaining a banked track, the new management of the OKC Outlaws struggled to maintain their league financially. In 2015, the OKC Outlaws moved towards flat-track play after merging with the Oklahoma Victory Dolls, forming Oklahoma's largest derby league.

text:
# Red Dirt Rebellion Rollergirls

**Red Dirt Rebellion Rollergirls** was Oklahoma’s only all-female banked track roller derby league. It was founded in 2007 by two women, Emily "Suzi Uzi" Matthews and Donn "Smakety Ann" Cross, with previous flat track experience. Skaters from the league built the banked track featured in the movie *Whip It* starring Drew Barrymore and Elliot Page.

Red Dirt Rebellion played leagues from all over the country at the Cox Convention Center in Oklahoma City, drawing crowds from 600-2000 spectators. Skaters from Arizona, Texas, Florida and California traveled to play on Oklahoma City's banked track.

Red Dirt Rebellion competed in Battle On The Bank 2 June 20–21, 2009, in Austin Texas and Battle On The Bank 3 in San Diego June 25–27, 2010. In July 2010, however, the league experienced personnel complications and was sold to a former skater (Gaylene Ricketts) to start her own team and reformed as "Outwest Outlaws". The Outwest Outlaws traveled to Ft. Worth, Texas to play two exhibition bouts at a NASCAR event during the Texas Motor Speedway No Limits VIP party. Under new management, the league became the OKC Outlaws. Ricketts ended up selling the track to the team.

However, with the increased cost of storing and maintaining a banked track, the new management of the OKC Outlaws struggled to maintain their league financially. In 2015, the OKC Outlaws moved towards flat-track play after merging with the Oklahoma Victory Dolls, forming Oklahoma's largest derby league.


title: Reedswood Park

abstract: Reedswood Park is a public park situated in Walsall, West Midlands, England. It is surrounded by the residential areas of Birchills and Beechdale, and is about half a mile west of Walsall town centre. Historically, the park had an outdoor public swimming pool dating from 1888, and updated in 1931; it was demolished some time after 1993. The modern park has a skating ramp, children's play area, outdoor gym, fishing pond, a basketball court and football pitches. In 2013, there was a semi-wild conservation area. In May 2023, there were plans to restore the park's ponds to create a wildlife habitat. The park was awarded Green Flag status in July 2023.

text:
# Reedswood Park

**Reedswood Park** is a public park situated in Walsall, West Midlands, England. It is surrounded by the residential areas of Birchills and Beechdale, and is about half a mile west of Walsall town centre.

Historically, the park had an outdoor public swimming pool dating from 1888, and updated in 1931; it was demolished some time after 1993.

The modern park has a skating ramp, children's play area, outdoor gym, fishing pond, a basketball court and football pitches.

In 2013, there was a semi-wild conservation area. In May 2023, there were plans to restore the park's ponds to create a wildlife habitat. The park was awarded Green Flag status in July 2023.

52°35′36″N 2°00′11″W / 52.5933°N 2.0030°W / 52.5933; -2.0030


title: Reef butterflyfish

abstract: The reef butterflyfish. also known as the least butterflyfish, Atlantic butterflyfish, butterbun or school mistress, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a butterflyfish of the family Chaetodontidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean.

text:
# Reef butterflyfish

The **reef butterflyfish** (***Chaetodon sedentarius***). also known as the **least butterflyfish**, **Atlantic butterflyfish**, **butterbun** or **school mistress**, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a butterflyfish of the family Chaetodontidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean.

## Description

The reef butterflyfish has a strongly compressed, oval body which is more rectangular in shape than other Western Atlantic butterflyfishes. Its short, pointed snout has no cheekbones and the mouth is situated at its end. The upper body and upper head are yellow fading to white towards the belly and lower head. There is a vertical black bar which runs through the eye and another along the rear edge of the body and dorsal and anal fins. The remainder of the dorsal and anal fins, and the caudal fin is yellow. The juveniles have a less distinct rear black bar and it may just be two spots. The dorsal fin has 13-14 spines and 20-22 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 17-19 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of 15 centimetres (5.9 in).

## Distribution

The reef butterflyfish is native to the warmer waters of the Western Atlantic Ocean from São Paulo state north as far as North Carolina, including the Gulf of Mexico and Bermuda. It has occurred around the Azores but has not been able to establish populations there.

## Habitat and biology

The reef butterflyfish lives on rocky and coral reefs to depths of 60 metres (200 ft). Its compressed body means that it can forage by darting in and out of the coral, the small, protractile mouth is a further adaptation to finding food within the coral. The mouth is equipped with long and thin teeth which are flattened, and a little recurved at their tips, These are used to scrape and nip at small invertebrates such as polychaetes, shrimps and amphipods. It is also reported to feed on the eggs of the sergeant major (*Abudefduf saxatilis*) It can be quite nimble when feeding, frequently swimming upside down to get to prey hiding in crevices. The adults of the reef butterflyfish are most frequently encountered in pairs and may be monogamous and show a strong pair bond. Spawning takes place at dusk following a lengthy and energetic courtship involving circling before swimming upwards and releasing the eggs and milt. Each female will release 3–4,000 eggs at each spawning. The small, transparent, pelagic eggs hatch within 24 hours and initially the larval fish are tiny, translucent and silvery in colour. Butterflyfish larvae, along with the scats, are unusual in that they are armoured, bony plates on the head and body form this armour and this is called the tholichthys stage. The tholichys stage lasts until the length of the larvae reaches 20 millimetres (0.79 in) when they settle on the substrate at night. By the next day they have become juveniles and will hide in crevices until they are large enough to be reasonably secure from predators, emerging into shallow water next to channels or ledges. The reef butterflyfish has many predators, mostly larger fish such as snappers, groupers and moray eels, and it normally flees when attacked but if this is not possible they will adopt a defensive posture and face their pursuer with their head lowered and the spines in the dorsal fin fully raised.

## Taxonomy and etymology

The reef butterflyfish was first formally described in 1860 by the Cuban zoologist Felipe Poey (1799-1891) with the type locality given as Cuba. The specific name *sedentarius* means "sedentary" but its usage is not explained but it is thought that it may be to distinguish this species from the Indo-Pacific species that Alphone Guichenot misidentified this species for *c. vagabundus*. *C. sedentarius* is classified in the subgenus *Exornator*, if the genus *Chaetodon* is split up, *Exornator* might become a subgenus of *Lepidochaetodon*.

## Utilisation

The reef butterflyfish is readily available in the aquarium trade. It is a species which is easy to keep in captivity, and may even be suitable for beginners.

## InfoBox

| Reef butterflyfish | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Chaetodontidae |
| Genus: | *Chaetodon* |
| Subgenus: | *Chaetodon (Exornator)* |
| Species: | ***C. sedentarius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chaetodon sedentarius***
Poey, 1860 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Chaetodon gracilis* Günther, 1860 | |


title: Red spurfowl

abstract: The red spurfowl is a member of the pheasant family and is endemic to India. It is a bird of forests, and is quite secretive despite its size. It has a distinctive call and is often hard to see except for a few seconds when it flushes from the undergrowth. It appears reddish and like a long-tailed partridge. The bare skin around the eye is reddish. The legs of both males and females have one or two spurs, which give them their name.

text:
# Red spurfowl

The **red spurfowl** (***Galloperdix spadicea***) is a member of the pheasant family and is endemic to India. It is a bird of forests, and is quite secretive despite its size. It has a distinctive call and is often hard to see except for a few seconds when it flushes from the undergrowth. It appears reddish and like a long-tailed partridge. The bare skin around the eye is reddish. The legs of both males and females have one or two spurs, which give them their name.

## Taxonomy

The red spurfowl was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's *Systema Naturae*. He placed it with all the grouse like birds in the genus *Tetrao* and coined the binomial name *Tetrao spadiceus*. Gmelin based his description on Pierre Sonnerat's "La perdrix rouge de Madagascar". Gmelin specified the type locality as Madagascar. This is an error, the species is found in India. The red spurfowl is now placed with painted spurfowl and the Sri Lanka spurfowl in the genus *Galloperdix* that was introduced in 1845 by the English zoologist Edward Blyth. The genus name combines the Latin word *gallus* for a "farmyard cock" with *perdix* meaning "partridge". The specific epithet *spadicea* is from Latin *spadix*, *spadicis* meaning "chestnut-coloured" or "date-coloured".

Three subspecies are recognised:

* *G. s. spadicea* (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – west Nepal and north, central India
* *G. s. caurina* Blanford, 1898 – south Rajasthan (west India)
* *G. s. stewarti* Baker, ECS, 1919 – central, south Kerala (south India)

In colouration, the females show clinal variation becoming darker towards the south of their range. The name used in Marathi was recorded as *Kokee-tree* and is probably onomatopoeic.

## Description

Overall reddish-brown, this large partridge-like bird has a somewhat long tail. The upper parts are brown with dark barring while the face and neck are more grey in the male. The underside is rufous with dark markings and both sexes have a red facial skin patch and red legs with one or two spurs (rarely three or four while females may have none). Downy chicks have an unmarked cinnamon brown head, a dark brown band along the back bordered by creamy stripes edged with thin lines of dark brown. The male of the distinctive Kerala race, *G. s. stewarti* has all-chestnut plumage, including the head feathers. Both sexes have long feathers on the crown that can be erected into a crest.

## Distribution and habitat

The species is found in scrub, dry and moist-deciduous forests often in hilly country. They are found south of the Ganges across India. They prefer areas with good undergrowth including those formed by the invasive *Lantana*.

## Behaviour and ecology

Red spurfowl usually forage in small parties of three to five. When walking around, the tail is sometimes held vertical as in domestic fowl. They are quite silent in the day but call in the mornings and evenings. They feed on fallen seeds, berries, mollusks and insects apart from swallowing grit to aid digestion. When flushed, the usually fly a short distance and stay in well-defined territories throughout the year. They roost in trees.

The calls include a distinct *ker-wick...kerwick...* and harsh *karr...karrr...* notes. The Marathi name *Kokatri* is echoic in origin.

The breeding season is January to June, mainly before the rains. A ground nesting bird, it lays 3-5 eggs in a scrape. Males are monogynous which usually indicates greater male investment in parental duties but they do not incubate. Males have been observed to distract the attention of predators when females with chicks are nearby.

The widespread nematode *Heterakis gallinae* has been recorded in the species in captivity while Ixodid ticks have been noted in the wild. A species of helminth *Lerouxinema lerouxi* has been described with the red spurfowl as type host. Keratinophilic fungi such as *Ctenomyces serratus* have been noted from the species.

## InfoBox

| Red spurfowl | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Galliformes |
| Family: | Phasianidae |
| Genus: | *Galloperdix* |
| Species: | ***G. spadicea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Galloperdix spadicea***
(Gmelin, JF, 1789) | |
|


title: Reciprocal rule

abstract: In calculus, the reciprocal rule gives the derivative of the reciprocal of a function f in terms of the derivative of f. The reciprocal rule can be used to show that the power rule holds for negative exponents if it has already been established for positive exponents. Also, one can readily deduce the quotient rule from the reciprocal rule and the product rule. The reciprocal rule states that if f is differentiable at a point x and f(x) ≠ 0 then g(x) = 1/f(x) is also differentiable at x and g ′ ( x ) = − f ′ ( x ) f ( x ) 2.

text:
# Reciprocal rule

In calculus, the **reciprocal rule** gives the derivative of the reciprocal of a function *f* in terms of the derivative of *f*. The reciprocal rule can be used to show that the power rule holds for negative exponents if it has already been established for positive exponents. Also, one can readily deduce the quotient rule from the reciprocal rule and the product rule.

The reciprocal rule states that if *f* is differentiable at a point *x* and *f*(*x*)  0 then g(*x*) = 1/*f*(*x*) is also differentiable at *x* and

$g'(x)=-{\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)^{2}.}}$

## Proof

This proof relies on the premise that $f$ is differentiable at $x,$ and on the theorem that $f$ is then also necessarily continuous there. Applying the definition of the derivative of $g$ at $x$ with $f(x)\neq 0$ gives $\begin{aligned}g'(x)={\frac {d}{dx}\left({\frac {1}{f(x)}\right)&=\lim \_{h\to 0}\left({\frac {{\frac {1}{f(x+h)}-{\frac {1}{f(x)}{h}\right)\\\&=\lim \_{h\to 0}\left({\frac {f(x)-f(x+h)}{h\cdot f(x)\cdot f(x+h)}\right)\\\&=\lim \_{h\to 0}\left(-({\frac {(f(x+h)-f(x)}{h})\cdot ({\frac {1}{f(x)\cdot f(x+h)})\right)\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}$ The limit of this product exists and is equal to the product of the existing limits of its factors: $\left(-\lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}\right)\cdot \left(\lim \_{h\to 0}{\frac {1}{f(x)\cdot f(x+h)}\right)}}$ Because of the differentiability of $f$ at $x$ the first limit equals $-f'(x),$ and because of $f(x)\neq 0$ and the continuity of $f$ at $x$ the second limit equals $1/f(x)^{2},$ thus yielding $g'(x)=-f'(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{f(x)^{2}=-{\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)^{2}}}}}$

## A weak reciprocal rule that follows algebraically from the product rule

It may be argued that since

$f(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{f(x)}=1,}$

an application of the product rule says that

$f'(x)\left({\frac {1}{f}\right)(x)+f(x)\left({\frac {1}{f}\right)'(x)=0,}}$

and this may be algebraically rearranged to say

$\left({\frac {1}{f}\right)'(x)={\frac {-f'(x)}{f(x)^{2}.}}}$

However, this fails to prove that 1/*f* is differentiable at *x*; it is valid only when differentiability of 1/*f* at *x* is already established. In that way, it is a weaker result than the reciprocal rule proved above. However, in the context of differential algebra, in which there is nothing that is not differentiable and in which derivatives are not defined by limits, it is in this way that the reciprocal rule and the more general quotient rule are established.

## Application to generalization of the power rule

Often the power rule, stating that $\tfrac {d}{dx}(x^{n})=nx^{n-1}$, is proved by methods that are valid only when *n* is a nonnegative integer. This can be extended to negative integers *n* by letting $n=-m$, where *m* is a positive integer.

$\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}x^{n}&={\frac {d}{dx}\\,\left({\frac {1}{x^{m}\right)\\\&=-{\frac {{\frac {d}{dx}x^{m}{(x^{m})^{2},{\text{ by the reciprocal rule}\\\&=-{\frac {mx^{m-1}{x^{2m},{\text{ by the power rule applied to the positive integer }m,\\\&=-mx^{-m-1}=nx^{n-1},{\text{ by substituting back }n=-m.\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

## Application to a proof of the quotient rule

The reciprocal rule is a special case of the quotient rule, which states that if *f* and *g* are differentiable at *x* and *g*(*x*)  0 then

$\frac {d}{dx}\\,\left\[{\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}\right\]={\frac {g(x)f\\,'(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{\[g(x)\]^{2}.}}}$

The quotient rule can be proved by writing

$\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}=f(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)}}$

and then first applying the product rule, and then applying the reciprocal rule to the second factor.

$\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}\left\[{\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}\right\]&={\frac {d}{dx}\left\[f(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)}\right\]\\\&=f'(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)}+f(x)\cdot {\frac {d}{dx}\left\[{\frac {1}{g(x)}\right\]\\\&=f'(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)}+f(x)\cdot \left\[{\frac {-g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}\right\]\\\&={\frac {f'(x)}{g(x)}-{\frac {f(x)g'(x)}{\[g(x)\]^{2}\\\&={\frac {f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{\[g(x)\]^{2}.\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

## Application to differentiation of trigonometric functions

By using the reciprocal rule one can find the derivative of the secant and cosecant functions.

For the secant function:

$\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}\sec x&={\frac {d}{dx}\\,\left({\frac {1}{\cos x}\right)={\frac {-{\frac {d}{dx}\cos x}{\cos ^{2}x}={\frac {\sin x}{\cos ^{2}x}={\frac {1}{\cos x}\cdot {\frac {\sin x}{\cos x}=\sec x\tan x.\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}$

The cosecant is treated similarly:

$\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}\csc x&={\frac {d}{dx}\\,\left({\frac {1}{\sin x}\right)={\frac {-{\frac {d}{dx}\sin x}{\sin ^{2}x}=-{\frac {\cos x}{\sin ^{2}x}=-{\frac {1}{\sin x}\cdot {\frac {\cos x}{\sin x}=-\csc x\cot x.\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}$


title: Reciprocal socialization

abstract:
Reciprocal socialization "is a socialization process that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children". For example, the interaction of mothers and their infants is sometimes symbolized as a dance or dialogue in which following actions of the partners are closely coordinated. This coordinated dance or dialogue can assume the form of mutual synchrony, or it can be reciprocal in a more precise sense. The actions of the partners can be matched, as when one partner imitates the other or when there is mutual smiling. When reciprocal socialization has been investigated in infancy, mutual gaze or eye contact has been found to play an important role in early social interaction. "In one investigation, the mother and infant engaged in a variety of behaviors while they looked at each other; by contrast, when they looked away from each other, the rate of such behaviors dropped considerably". "In short, the behaviors of mothers and infants involve substantial interconnection and synchronization. And in some investigations, synchrony in parent-child relationships was positively related to children’s social competence.
One example of parental response to children’s behavior is the elicitation of scaffolding behavior, which in turn affects the level of behavior children show in the future. Scaffolding refers to parental behavior that serves to support children’s efforts, allowing them to be more skillful than they would if they relied only on their own abilities. For example, in the game peek-a-boo, parents initially cover their babies, then remove the covering, and finally register "surprise" at the babies' reappearance. As infants become more skilled at peek-a-boo, infants gradually do some of the covering and uncovering. Parents try to time their actions in such a way that the infant takes turns with the parent. In addition to peek-a-boo, pat-a-cake and "so-big" are other caregiver games that exemplify scaffolding and turn-taking sequences. Scaffolding can be used to support children's efforts at any age". "In one investigation, infants who had more extensive scaffolding experiences with their parents, especially in the form of turn taking, were more likely to engage in turn taking as they interacted with their peers". Note: Studies concerning the relationship of culture and reciprocal socialization could not be found.

text:
# Reciprocal socialization

**Reciprocal socialization** "is a socialization process that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children". For example, the interaction of mothers and their infants is sometimes symbolized as a dance or dialogue in which following actions of the partners are closely coordinated. This coordinated dance or dialogue can assume the form of mutual synchrony, or it can be reciprocal in a more precise sense. The actions of the partners can be matched, as when one partner imitates the other or when there is mutual smiling.

When reciprocal socialization has been investigated in infancy, mutual gaze or eye contact has been found to play an important role in early social interaction. "In one investigation, the mother and infant engaged in a variety of behaviors while they looked at each other; by contrast, when they looked away from each other, the rate of such behaviors dropped considerably".

"In short, the behaviors of mothers and infants involve substantial interconnection and synchronization. And in some investigations, synchrony in parent-child relationships was positively related to children’s social competence. One example of parental response to children’s behavior is the elicitation of scaffolding behavior, which in turn affects the level of behavior children show in the future. Scaffolding refers to parental behavior that serves to support children’s efforts, allowing them to be more skillful than they would if they relied only on their own abilities. For example, in the game peek-a-boo, parents initially cover their babies, then remove the covering, and finally register "surprise" at the babies' reappearance. As infants become more skilled at peek-a-boo, infants gradually do some of the covering and uncovering. Parents try to time their actions in such a way that the infant takes turns with the parent. In addition to peek-a-boo, pat-a-cake and "so-big" are other caregiver games that exemplify scaffolding and turn-taking sequences. Scaffolding can be used to support children's efforts at any age". "In one investigation, infants who had more extensive scaffolding experiences with their parents, especially in the form of turn taking, were more likely to engage in turn taking as they interacted with their peers".

Note: Studies concerning the relationship of culture and reciprocal socialization could not be found.

1. Santrock, John W. (2007). *Life-Span Development: Third Edition*. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Stern, D. N., Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., & Bennett, S.L. (1977). The infant's stimulus world during social interaction: A study of caregiver behaviors with particular reference to repetition and timing. In H.R. Schaffer (ED.), *Studies in mother-infant interaction.* London: Academic press.
3. Vandell, D. L., & Wilson, K. S. (1988). Infants' interactions with mother, sibling, and peer: Contrasts and relations between interaction systems. *Child Development, 48,* 176-186.
* Vandell, D. L., & Wilson, K. S. (1987). Infants' interactions with mother, sibling, and peer: Contrasts and relations between interaction systems. Child Development, 58, 176-186.


title: Regent's Park College Boat Club

abstract: Regent's Park College Boat Club is the boat club of Regent's Park College, Oxford, a permanent private hall of the University of Oxford. It is based in New College Boat House which it shares with New College Boat Club. The club was established shortly after Regent's Park became a permanent private hall of the university in 1957 and currently owns two boats, one named "Regent's Shark", in which the men's team row, and a more-lightweight women's eight named 'Bond Girls.' The club competes in a number of inter-collegiate races in both the male and the female categories.

text:
# Regent's Park College Boat Club

**Regent's Park College Boat Club** is the boat club of Regent's Park College, Oxford, a permanent private hall of the University of Oxford. It is based in New College Boat House which it shares with New College Boat Club.

The club was established shortly after Regent's Park became a permanent private hall of the university in 1957 and currently owns two boats, one named "Regent's Shark", in which the men's team row, and a more-lightweight women's eight named 'Bond Girls.' The club competes in a number of inter-collegiate races in both the male and the female categories.

## History

The boat club has competed in most Torpids and Eights competitions throughout its history and occasionally puts out a boat for the Christ Church Regatta. In 2014, the women's novice boat that entered the Christ Church Regatta proceeded to win the overall competition – among the biggest achievements for any Regent's Park sports team in history. Both the men's and women's boat have won blades on a number of occasions and in 1979 the boat club undertook a charity row from Oxford back to the college's origins in Regent's Park, London, which was filmed by the BBC for a special documentary.

In 2005, a joint Regent's Park-LMH women's crew took part in the Oxford-Cambridge Channel Challenge, setting a new record for a women's crew rowing across the English Channel.

Between 2005 and 2010, the Men's VIII established a record of thirty-four consecutive starts in a bumps race without being bumped once itself. The Men's VIII has currently gone sixteen days of racing, or four years, without being bumped in the Summer Eights competition (as well as nine days in Torpids), the third-best record of crews currently on the water.

Double blades (blades in Torpids and Eights in the same year) have been achieved three times in boat club history – by the Men's crews of 1979 and 2006, and the Women's crews of 2015 and 2016.

After a sustained period of success, both the Men's and Women's boats are in historically high positions: the Men are at their highest position since 1982 in Torpids and their highest ever position in Summer Eights, while the Women's winning of Trophy Blades in the 2019 Summer Eights propelled them to their highest position since 2000.

## Governance

The club is governed by a committee of students, who are all elected in Trinity Term. The Executive Committee consists of a President, Treasurer, and the Men's and Women's Captains, along with the Senior Member.

Most of the club's funding comes from the JCR and from its sponsors.

## Traditions

Members of the club who have rowed in at least one university race (and, usually, who have won trophy blades in that race) are entitled to wear the boat club blazer, especially at the college's annual Final Fling ball. Club members who have competed in at least one race (but not won trophy blades) are entitled to wear the boat club tie.

On the final day of each regatta, the Men's and Women's crews all down a small Smirnoff ice or non-alcoholic alternative.

## Results

### Summer Eights Blades (since 1980)

* Men: 1986, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2000, 2006
* Women: 1994, 2007, 2015, 2016, 2019

### Torpids Blades (since 1980)

* Men: 1991, 2006, 2012
* Women: 2013, 2015, 2016

## InfoBox

Regent's Park College Boat Club
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Regent's Boathouse (right, shared with New College) and rowing blade colours | |
| Home water | River Thames (known in Oxford as the Isis) |
| Founded | 1969 |
| Key people | * Sam Seaborn (President) Tina Macaulay (Treasurer) Kyle Kirkpatrick (Men's Captain) Emily Meixner (Women's Captain) Minori Kojima-Morgan (Captain of Coxes) Jeffrey Chan (Social Secretary) |
| University | University of Oxford |
| Colours |  |
| Affiliations | British Rowing (boat code RPC) |
| Website | regentsjcr.com/boatclub |


title: Regent's Park Estate

abstract: Regent's Park Estate is a large housing estate in the London Borough of Camden. The estate consists of nearly 2,000 homes across 49 buildings and lies on either side of Robert Street, between Albany Street and Hampstead Road. It is immediately to the east of the Regent's Park estate owned by the Crown Estate. The estate includes the sites of Cumberland Market, Munster Square and Clarence Gardens. The estate mainly comprises council housing built in the 1950s by the leading architects of the day such as Frederick MacManus and owned or formerly owned by the London Borough of Camden. It stands on land sold in 1951 by the Crown Estate to the Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras, following the destruction of most of the John Nash designed public housing in the area during the London Blitz. New blocks are planned to be built on-site to replace the 182 homes that are to be lost with the demolition of the Eskdale, Ainsdale, and Silverdale blocks located on the northwestern edge of the estate next to the railway line as part of the construction of the new London-Birmingham high-speed rail line and an expanded Euston Station. Camden Council, which consistently objected to the demolition, has produced area plans for regeneration that include a mix of infill development of new tower blocks and creating additional floors on existing buildings, as well as the replacement of local amenities such as a local pub and shops that will be lost to demolition in the area. The estate will house a total of 94 replacement units, while the nearby Netley development will provide 70 replacement homes; Regent's Park Estate will also see 22 units built in addition to the replacement scheme. Among the total 116 new homes on Regent's Park Estate, 84 will be for social rent, 34 "intermediate", and 10 will be market rate homes. The estate is served by two state primary schools adjoining the estate: Netley Primary School and Christ Church School Most of the Estate is named after places in the Lake District such as Windermere, Cartmel, Rydal Water.

text:
# Regent's Park Estate

**Regent's Park Estate** is a large housing estate in the London Borough of Camden. The estate consists of nearly 2,000 homes across 49 buildings and lies on either side of Robert Street, between Albany Street and Hampstead Road. It is immediately to the east of the Regent's Park estate owned by the Crown Estate. The estate includes the sites of Cumberland Market, Munster Square and Clarence Gardens.

The estate mainly comprises council housing built in the 1950s by the leading architects of the day such as Frederick MacManus and owned or formerly owned by the London Borough of Camden. It stands on land sold in 1951 by the Crown Estate to the Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras, following the destruction of most of the John Nash designed public housing in the area during the London Blitz.

New blocks are planned to be built on-site to replace the 182 homes (136 for social rent and 24 privately owned under Right to Buy) that are to be lost with the demolition of the Eskdale, Ainsdale, and Silverdale blocks (possibly followed by the demolition Langdale, Coniston, and Cartmel blocks) located on the northwestern edge of the estate next to the railway line as part of the construction of the new London-Birmingham high-speed rail line (known as HS2) and an expanded Euston Station. Camden Council, which consistently objected to the demolition, has produced area plans for regeneration that include a mix of infill development of new tower blocks and creating additional floors on existing buildings, as well as the replacement of local amenities such as a local pub and shops that will be lost to demolition in the area. The estate will house a total of 94 replacement units, while the nearby Netley development will provide 70 replacement homes; Regent's Park Estate will also see 22 units built *in addition* to the replacement scheme. Among the total 116 new homes on Regent's Park Estate (counting both "replacement" and "new" homes), 84 will be for social rent, 34 "intermediate" (London Affordable Rent or London Living Rent), and 10 will be market rate homes.

The estate is served by two state primary schools adjoining the estate: Netley Primary School and Christ Church School

Most of the Estate is named after places in the Lake District such as Windermere, Cartmel, Rydal Water (see also Street names of Regent's Park).

1. Irish architectural archive, Ref. 93/112
2. Topham, Gwyn (19 January 2019). "All stations to regeneration? Work on HS2 begins in earnest". *The Observer*. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
3. London Borough of Camden Council; Tibbalds Planning and Urban Design. "Regent's Park Estate- HS2 replacement homes" (PDF).`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. "Green light for Regent's Park Estate regeneration". *Tibbalds Planning and Urban Design*. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
5. Greater London Authority (6 August 2015). "Planning Report D&P/3609/01 for Regent' Park Estate in the London Borough of Camden" (PDF).

51°31′43″N 0°08′28″W / 51.5285°N 0.1412°W / 51.5285; -0.1412


title: Reckless Disregard

abstract: Reckless Disregard is a 1985 American film that was directed by Harvey Hart. It stars Tess Harper as a lawyer that must defend a physician against claims of selling prescriptions. After accepting the part Harper commented that the role was different from those she'd played in the past such as "rural mothers". The film has drawn comparisons to the 1983 Galloway lawsuit against Dan Rather as well as the case of Westmoreland vs. CBS.

text:
# Reckless Disregard

***Reckless Disregard*** is a 1985 American film that was directed by Harvey Hart. It stars Tess Harper as a lawyer that must defend a physician against claims of selling prescriptions. After accepting the part Harper commented that the role was different from those she'd played in the past such as "rural mothers". The film has drawn comparisons to the 1983 Galloway lawsuit against Dan Rather as well as the case of Westmoreland vs. CBS.

## Synopsis

Meredith Craig is a small-time lawyer that must defend Edward Lucas, a physician whose practice was ruined after a television show claimed that he sold illegal drug prescriptions. Edward wants Meredith to sue the show, stating that its host Bob Franklin was guilty of libel, as Edward claims innocence.

## Cast

## Reception

The *Los Angeles Times* reviewed the film and drew parallels to the 1983 Galloway lawsuit against Dan Rather. *The New York Times* made similar comments, stating that "The way reality has been rendered into fiction with ''*Reckless Disregard*'' illustrates how film makers try to heighten drama by sharpening and simplifying murky issues." *People* panned the film, writing that "In the wake of Westmoreland vs. CBS, there's a compelling movie to be made about how TV news works, how the producers do all the work and the anchors get all the credit, how interviews are edited, how news and entertainment merge on TV. But this isn't that movie."

## InfoBox

| Reckless Disregard | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Harvey Hart |
| Written by | Charles S. Haas |
| Starring | Tess Harper
Leslie Nielsen
Ronny Cox
Henry Ramer
Kate Lynch
Sean McCann |
| Cinematography | René Verzier |
| Edited by | Tony Lower |
| Music by | Gil Goldstein |
| Production
company | Telecom Entertainment Inc. |
| Distributed by | Showtime |
| Release date | * March 17, 1985 (1985-03-17) |
| Running time | 120 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Redbird Smith

abstract: Redbird Smith (1850–1918) was a traditionalist and political activist in the Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory. He helped found the Nighthawk Keetoowah Society, whose members revitalized traditional spirituality among the Cherokee from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century.

text:
# Redbird Smith

**Redbird Smith** (born *To-Juwah Sequanitah*, Cherokee) (1850–1918) was a traditionalist and political activist in the Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory. He helped found the Nighthawk Keetoowah Society, whose members revitalized traditional spirituality among the Cherokee from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century.

## Early life

Redbird Smith was born into a Cherokee family on July 19, 1850, in Indian Territory, near the current city of Fort Smith, Arkansas. His father was Pig Redbird Smith, who was given his surname by European Americans, after they noted that he worked as a blacksmith. Redbird Smith's mother was Lizzie (Hildebrand) Smith. His parents had been removed from Georgia to Indian Territory. Both his parents were ardent traditionalists. When Redbird Smith was ten, his "father dedicated him to the services and cause of the Cherokee people in accordance with ancient customs and usages."

## Political activism

In the late 19th century the Dawes Commission was established under the Dawes Act. It was ordered to carry out registration of members of Indian tribes, in order to identify heads of households for the allotments of communal lands to individual families. This was to be a means to convert Native Americans to the European-American model of subsistence farming. Any lands remaining after such allotment were to be declared "surplus", and the United States government would put them up for sale, including to non-natives. Redbird Smith led a political resistance movement to the Dawes Allotment Act and sought to return to traditional Cherokee religious nationalism and values.

In 1887 and 1889, Smith served as a tribal councilor from the Illinois District of the Cherokee Nation.

Smith said in the early 1900s:

> "I have always believed that the Great Creator had a great design for my people, the Cherokees. I have been taught that from my childhood up and now in my mature manhood I recognize it as a great truth. Our forces have been dissipated by the external forces, perhaps it has been just a training, but we must now get together as a race and render our contribution to mankind. We are endowed with intelligence, we are industrious, we are loyal and we are spiritual but we are overlooking the Cherokee mission on earth, for no man nor race is endowed with these qualifications without a designed purpose... Our pride in our ancestral heritage is our great incentive for handing something worthwhile to our posterity. It is this pride in ancestry that makes men strong and loyal for their principal in life. It is this same pride that makes men give up their all for their Government.

Smith repatriated wampum belts belonging to his tribe. In 1910 he was selected as chief of the Nighthawk Keetoowahs. Previously he had served as their chairman. Also in 1910, Smith and fellow Nighthawks traveled to Mexico with an 1820 document supporting Cherokee lands claims from when bands had lived there, but the Mexican government did not support their claims. In 1914, he petitioned President Woodrow Wilson to create a Keetoowah reservation, but the US government rejected the idea, believing that reservations hindered its assimilation policy for Native Americans. In 1921, one hundred Cherokee from 35 families moved together to the southeastern corner of Cherokee County, Oklahoma, to create a traditional community. This was "the brainchild of Redbird Smith."

## Family

Redbird Smith married Lucy Fields, born in Braggs, Indian Territory in 1852. She was the daughter of Richard Fields and Eliza (née Brewer) Fields. Together the Smiths had ten children who survived into adulthood, including eight sons and two daughters.

Among their descendants is great-grandson Chad Smith, former Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

## Death and legacy

After falling ill for 48 hours, Redbird Smith died on November 8, 1918. He is buried in the Redbird Smith Cemetery in Sequoyah County, Oklahoma.

He served as chief of the Nighthawk Keetoowahs until his death and was succeeded for a short period by Levi Gritts. His son Sam Smith became chief of the Nighthawk Keetowahs on April 7, 1919.

The Redbirth Smith ground is an active ceremonial ground. Redbird Smith, Oklahoma, Sequoyah County, was named for him. Smith's birthday on July 19 is celebrated annually at the ceremonial ground.

* Conley, Robert. "The Dawes Commission and Redbird Smith." *The Cherokee Nation: A History.* Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005: 193-199. ISBN 978-0-8263-3235-6.
* Starr, Emmet. *History of the Cherokee Indians and Their Legends and Folklore.* Oklahoma City: The Warden Company, 1921.

## InfoBox

| Redbird Smith | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chief of the Nighthawk Keetoowahs; Tribal councilor from the Illinois District of the Cherokee Nation, 1887, 1889 leader | |
| Succeeded by | Levi Gritts |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | July 19, 1850<br>Near Fort Smith, Arkansas |
| Died | November 8, 1918 |
| Resting place | Redbird Smith Cemetery, Sequoyah County, Oklahoma |
| Spouse | Lucy Fields Smith |
| Relations | Great-grandson, Chad "Corntassel" Smith |
| Children | Sam Smith; eight sons, two daughters |
| Parent(s) | Pig Redbird Smith, Lizzie Hildebrand Smith |
| Known for | Cherokee traditionalist and political activist, who helped found the Nighthawk Keetoowah Society and revitalized traditional spirituality; opposed the Dawes Allotment Act |
|  | |


title: Reema Worah

abstract: Reema Worah is an Indian actress who primarily work in Hindi television and Kannada films. Worah is known for playing Sanjana in Shaka Laka Boom Boom, Vaidehi Singh in Na Aana Is Des Laado, Gauhar Jaan in Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap, Anjali Tiwari in Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2, Dr. Aastha Brar in Dil Diyaan Gallaan and Ajanta Agarwal in Mehndi Wala Ghar. She has also played the lead in films such as Murali Meets Meera and Manjunatha BA LLB.

text:
# Reema Worah

**Reema Worah** is an Indian actress who primarily work in Hindi television and Kannada films. Worah is known for playing Sanjana in *Shaka Laka Boom Boom*, Vaidehi Singh in *Na Aana Is Des Laado*, Gauhar Jaan in *Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap*, Anjali Tiwari in *Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2*, Dr. Aastha Brar in *Dil Diyaan Gallaan* and Ajanta Agarwal in *Mehndi Wala Ghar*. She has also played the lead in films such as *Murali Meets Meera* and *Manjunatha BA LLB*.

## Television

| Year | Serial | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000–2004 | *Shaka Laka Boom Boom* | Sanjana |
| 2006–2008 | *Ssshhhh...Koi Hai* |  |
| 2008 | *Bhaago KK Aaya* |  |
| 2008 | *Saath Saath Banayenge Ek Aashiyaan* | Lajwanti "Lamita" Uday Singh |
| 2009–2010 | *Na Aana Is Des Laado* | Vaidehi Singh |
| 2013 | *Do Dil Ek Jaan* |  |
| 2014 | *Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap* | Gauhar Jaan |
| 2014 | *Yam Kisi Se Kam Nahin* | Jigna |
| 2017 | *Crime Patrol* |  |
| 2018 | *Mariam Khan - Reporting Live* |  |
| 2018–2019 | *Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara* | Yamini Arjun Singh |
| 2020 | *Nazar 2* | Hema Singh Chaudhary |
| 2020 | *Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2* | Anjali Vijay Tiwari |
| 2020 | *Kasautii Zindagii Kay* | Priyanka |
| 2021 | *Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani* | Kanchan Sabherwal |
| 2022 | *Naagin 6* | Radha Gujral |
| 2022 | *Shubh Laabh - Aapkey Ghar Mein* | Maya Toshniwal |
| 2022–2023 | *Dil Diyaan Gallaan* | Dr. Aastha Mandeep Brar |
| 2024 | *Mehndi Wala Ghar* | Ajanta Manoj Agarwal |
| | *Mata Ki Mahima* | Maa Sherawali |
|

## Films

| Year | Film | Role | Language |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *Chal Chalein* | Sona | Hindi |
| 2010 | *Shourya* | Vidya | Kannada |
| | *Gubbi* | Ramya | |
| 2011 | *Murali Meets Meera* | Meera | |
| 2012 | *Manjunatha BA LLB* | Sneha | |
|

## InfoBox

| Reema Worah | |
| --- | --- |
| Worah in 2018 | |
| Born | Reema Worah
Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2000–2014
2017–present |


title: Reema Sathe

abstract: Reema Sathe is an Indian social activist and entrepreneur. She created a food company that shares its profits more fairly with small farmers. She was awarded the Nari Shakti Puraskar for her work in 2017. She has been Featured by the Forbes Magazine for her work in 2018 and by the World Bank Group and United Nations Development Program in 2019.

text:
# Reema Sathe

**Reema Sathe** (born 5 September) is an Indian social activist and entrepreneur. She created a food company that shares its profits more fairly with small farmers. She was awarded the Nari Shakti Puraskar for her work in 2017. She has been Featured by the Forbes Magazine for her work in 2018 and by the World Bank Group and United Nations Development Program in 2019.

## Life

Sathe was trained as a chemical engineer.

She started her social enterprise, "Happy Roots" after working for seven years in the food and beverage industry. She left her steady job in 2014 to become self employed. Sathe was deeply moved by the challenges small and marginal farmers afec, especially women, while she was working for a new company named "Krishi Star" as a General Manager, Marketing.

Sathe has built farm-to-market supply chains both Nationally and Internationally focusing on indigenous cereals and grains, indigenous variety of livestock benefiting more than 30,000 small & marginal farmers across four states in India. Her company incentivised farmers for producing high quality, indigenous grains by paying them 50% more than usual market price and creating healthy, nutritious snack food from these grains which would appeal to urban customers. In the case of women farmers in Ahmednagar their income has tripled as they grew buckwheat for Sathe's business. Her product range includes crackers and cookies made from wheat, buckwheat, Amarnath seeds, Flax seed and barley.

Sathe gave a TEDx talk at "Serene Meadows" in July 2020 on the power of small changes.

## Awards

Sathe was awarded "Business Today"’s "Most Powerful Women" Award in 2017.

Digital Women Awards, powered by SheThePeople, Facebook, Google, 2017

Sathe was invited to the Presidential Palace (Rashtrapati Bhavan) in New Delhi on International Women’s Day in 2017 to be awarded the 2016 Nari Shakti Puraskar. She was one of 27 women who were recognised and five organisations were also honoured.

## InfoBox

| Reema Sathe | |
| --- | --- |
| on International Women’s Day | |
| Born | 5 September |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | social activist and entrepreneur |


title: Rediu (Bahlueț)

abstract: The Rediu is a right tributary of the river Bahlueț in Romania. It flows into the Bahlueț in Târgu Frumos. Its length is 14 km (8.7 mi) and its basin size is 42 km⁲ (16 sq mi).

text:
# Rediu (Bahlueț)

The **Rediu** is a right tributary of the river Bahlueț in Romania. It flows into the Bahlueț in Târgu Frumos. Its length is 14 km (8.7 mi) and its basin size is 42 km2 (16 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Rediu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Iași County |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Bahlueț |
| coordinates | 47°12′16″N 27°00′51″E / 47.2044°N 27.0141°E / 47.2044; 27.0141 |
| Length | 14 km (8.7 mi) |
| Basin size | 42 km2 (16 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | BahluețBahluiJijiaPrutDanubeBlack Sea |
| River code | XIII.1.15.32.12.4 |


title: Reform of Architects Registration

abstract:
"Reform of Architects Registration" was the title of a UK government consultation paper dated 19 July 1994 which was issued by the Department of the Environment. The introduction stated that in October 1993 the Government had announced that the profession and others would be consulted about measures which could be taken to simplify the then arrangements for the registration of architects under the Architects Registration Acts, and that broad agreement on what those measures would be had been reached with the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). Eventually, Parliament made certain changes to the Architects Registration Acts which now have effect under the Architects Act 1997. The consultation paper went on to state that the current proposals for reform stemmed from a request from ARCUK to the Government in 1992 that the Architects Registration Acts should be reviewed; and that a review had been carried out by Mr E J D Warne CB, whose report had been published by HMSO in 1993. The consultation paper mentioned that the Warne Report had considered the views of architects, architectural bodies and consumers and "agreed with ARCUK" that there were certain weaknesses of its structure: and that the reforms being proposed were aimed at overcoming those weaknesses in a way that would be generally acceptable to the profession and public alike. The main objective of the reforms was stated to be:
  - to create a small, focussed and effective registration body which represents the interests of both the profession and the general public,
  -
    -
      - and its purpose would be to
  - set criteria for admission to the Register; prevent misuse of the title 'architect'; discipline unprofessional conduct, and set fee levels. The punctuation in the document, as reproduced above, seemed to indicate a close connection of some kind between setting fee levels and professional conduct. But in the event the setting of fee levels was later abandoned, while, in respect of professional conduct, statutory powers to inflict fines expressly on a par with criminal penalties were given to a body which would have persons who are not themselves members of the profession in the decisive majority, and who would not be acting under the judicial oath of a judge or a magistrate in a court of criminal or civil jurisdiction, or pursuant to the consensual jurisdiction of an arbitrator, and would not necessarily have the appropriate skill and knowledge to be able to act competently and fairly in respect of hazarding an architect's professional reputation. This could have been seen as an objectionable aberration, but that instead a preponderance of political opinion welcomed such an arrangement, regarding it as a pioneering development, may be explained at least in part by observing that the usage "stakeholders" had gained some currency at the time. Certain issues had been the background to the Warne Report as matters were in the 1990s and had always been, namely, issues concerning the flaws or merits of the case for or against such proposals in theory or in principle or in relation particularly, on the one hand, to the Register of Architects, to restrictions on the use of the word "architect", and to the practice of architecture considered as an art or as a business or as a means of earning a livelihood; and on the other hand, to official accountability, juridical norms and the rule of law: see further, article on Architects Registration in the United Kingdom - background to legislation. One of the proposals mentioned in the consultation document which were later enacted and are now operative was that ARCUK would remain as a legal entity, but its name would be changed to "Architects Registration Board"; and it was stated that although this change, in itself, would have no impact on the status or role of ARCUK it would suggest a smaller, tighter body and would mark the alterations to ARCUK's functions. Another of the proposals was that there should be an office of Registrar whose functions would be to maintain the Register and carry out the instructions of the Board; and it was stated that the Registrar would be a named appointee of the Board which would decide whether the Registrar should be an employee or a contractor.

text:
# Reform of Architects Registration

"**Reform of Architects Registration**" was the title of a UK government consultation paper dated 19 July 1994 which was issued by the Department of the Environment. The introduction stated that in October 1993 the Government had announced that the profession and others would be consulted about measures which could be taken to simplify the then arrangements for the registration of architects under the Architects Registration Acts, and that broad agreement on what those measures would be had been reached with the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). Eventually, Parliament made certain changes to the Architects Registration Acts which now have effect under the Architects Act 1997.

The consultation paper went on to state that the current proposals for reform stemmed from a request from ARCUK to the Government in 1992 that the Architects Registration Acts should be reviewed; and that a review had been carried out by Mr E J D Warne CB, whose report had been published by HMSO in 1993.

The consultation paper mentioned that the Warne Report had considered the views of architects, architectural bodies and consumers and "agreed with ARCUK" that there were certain weaknesses of its structure: and that the reforms being proposed were aimed at overcoming those weaknesses in a way that would be generally acceptable to the profession and public alike.

The main objective of the reforms was stated to be:

*to create a small, focussed and effective registration body which represents the interests of both the profession and the general public*, and its purpose would be to *set criteria for admission to the Register; prevent misuse of the title 'architect'; discipline unprofessional conduct, and set fee levels.*

The punctuation in the document, as reproduced above, seemed to indicate a close connection of some kind between setting fee levels and professional conduct. But in the event the setting of fee levels was later abandoned, while, in respect of professional conduct, statutory powers to inflict fines expressly on a par with criminal penalties were given to a body which would have persons who are not themselves members of the profession in the decisive majority, and who would not be acting under the judicial oath of a judge or a magistrate in a court of criminal or civil jurisdiction, or pursuant to the consensual jurisdiction of an arbitrator, and would not necessarily have the appropriate skill and knowledge to be able to act competently and fairly in respect of hazarding an architect's professional reputation. This could have been seen as an objectionable aberration, but that instead a preponderance of political opinion welcomed such an arrangement, regarding it as a pioneering development, may be explained at least in part by observing that the usage "stakeholders" had gained some currency at the time.

Certain issues had been the background to the Warne Report as matters were in the 1990s and had always been, namely, issues concerning the flaws or merits of the case for or against such proposals in theory or in principle or in relation particularly, on the one hand, to the Register of Architects, to restrictions on the use of the word "architect", and to the practice of architecture considered as an art or as a business or as a means of earning a livelihood; and on the other hand, to official accountability, juridical norms and the rule of law: see further, article on Architects Registration in the United Kingdom \- background to legislation.

One of the proposals mentioned in the consultation document which were later enacted and are now operative was that ARCUK would remain as a legal entity, but its name would be changed to "Architects Registration Board"; and it was stated that although this change, in itself, would have no impact on the status or role of ARCUK it would suggest a smaller, tighter body and would mark the alterations to ARCUK's functions.

Another of the proposals was that there should be an office of Registrar whose functions would be to maintain the Register and carry out the instructions of the Board; and it was stated that the Registrar would be a named appointee of the Board which would decide whether the Registrar should be an employee or a contractor.

*Extent and citation of the Acts* *Formation and duties of ARCUK* *Architects Act 1997* *Regulations and rules* *Penal restriction*. *Nomination and appointment* *Statutory nomenclature*. *Use of title* *Background to legislation, cc19-20* *Three aspects* *1931 regime* *From 1990s* *Chronology 1834-1997* *The present legislation* *Summary of legislative history* *The "burdens" and "choices"* *Side effects* *Membership of the Board* *Duties of the Board* *"Architecture" and "architectural services"* Links to the Architects Act 1997