title: Megillat Taanit

abstract: Megillat Taanit, lit. "the Scroll of Fasting," is an ancient text, in the form of a chronicle, which enumerates 35 eventful days on which the Jewish nation either performed glorious deeds or witnessed joyful events. Despite the name of the scroll, these days were celebrated as feast-days. Public mourning was forbidden on 14 of them, and public fasting on all. The work was probably written late in the Second Temple period, perhaps from 40–70 CE in the 1st century. The last event dated without dispute is Emperor Caligula's order to place a statue of himself in the Second Temple. A few scholars think it references events after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, but references to it in other literature suggest it certainly existed by the 2nd century. The author of the work is unknown, although various rabbinic works speculate on how it was composed.

text:
# Megillat Taanit

***Megillat Taanit*** (Hebrew: מגילת תענית), lit. *"the Scroll of Fasting,"* is an ancient text, in the form of a chronicle, which enumerates 35 eventful days on which the Jewish nation either performed glorious deeds or witnessed joyful events. Despite the name of the scroll, these days were celebrated as feast-days. Public mourning was forbidden on 14 of them, and public fasting on all.

The work was probably written late in the Second Temple period, perhaps from 4070 CE in the 1st century. The last event dated without dispute is Emperor Caligula's order to place a statue of himself in the Second Temple (c.39 CE). A few scholars think it references events after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, but references to it in other literature suggest it certainly existed by the 2nd century. The author of the work is unknown, although various rabbinic works speculate on how it was composed.

## History of the feast days

The events described therein date to several time periods: the pre-Hasmonean period, the Hasmonean era, the early Roman period and the period of the Great War against Rome, with the majority of the entries relating to the Hasmonean period. Almost half of theses events cannot be conclusively identified. Nearly all commemorate victories in battle, especially those events centered around the Hasmonean period.

The days are enumerated, not in the chronological order of the events they commemorate, but in the sequence of the calendar. Megillat Taanit contains twelve chapters, each chapter contains the memorial days of a single month, beginning with Nisan (the first calendar month), and ending with Adar.

While J. Schmilg argued that these memorial days become festivals by being incorporated and recorded in Megillat Taanit, later scholarship has concluded that the days had been known and celebrated by the people long before that time (as Schmilg himself was forced to admit in the case of some of them). The celebration of these festivals or semi-festivals evidently existed as early as the time of Judith. The compilers of Megillat Taanit merely listed the memorial days, and at the same time determined that the less important should be celebrated by a mere suspension of fasting, while public mourning was to be forbidden on the more important ones.

## Structure

In most editions *Megillat Taanit* consists of two parts, which are distinct in language and in form, namely:

* The text or Megillat Taanit proper, written in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic and containing merely brief outlines in a concise style. It dates to the Tannaitic period.
* The *scholium* or commentary on the text, written in Hebrew. This was written much later - in the seventh century or later, as shown by its author having before him the text of both the Talmuds as well as that of Bereshit Rabbah.

The many quotations from Megillat Taanit in the Talmud are all taken from the Aramaic text and are introduced by the word "ketib" = "it is written". This text, which had been committed to writing and was generally known, was explained and interpreted in the same way as the Bible. The Talmud does not include a single quotation from the scholium. Although the comments found in the scholium are mentioned in the Talmud, they are not credited to Megillat Taanit, but are quoted as independent baraitot, so that the scholium took them from the Talmud, and not vice versa. Schmilg provides references intended to prove an earlier origin for the scholium; however, these sources merely prove that the scholiast intended to make his work pass for a product of the tannaitic period.

As the text and the scholium of Megillat Taanit are distinct in form and in language, so do they differ also in historical accuracy. The text is an actual historical source, whose statements may be regarded as authentic, while its dates are reliable if interpreted independently of the scholium. The scholium, on the other hand, is of very doubtful historical value and must be used with extreme caution. Although it contains some old baraitot which are reliable, the compiler has mixed them with other, unhistorical, accounts and legends, so that even those data whose legendary character has not been proved can be credited only when they are confirmed by internal and external evidence.

In some editions, a third section appears: the "final discourse" (Hebrew *ma'amar aharon*) which lists days on which one *should* fast (in contrast to the rest of Megillat Taanit, which lists days on which fasting is forbidden). This section dates to the period of the Geonim.

## Authorship of the Aramaic text

The Talmud, and the scholium to Megillat Taanit itself, provide slightly different accounts of the authorship of Megillat Taanit:

* According to an old baraita in the Talmud, "Hananiah ben Hezekiah of the Garon family, together with a number of others who had assembled for a synod at his house, compiled Megillat Ta'anit." According to *Halakot Gedolot, Hilkot Soferim*, the members of this synod were "The elders of Bet Shammai" and "The elders of Bet Hillel." Megillat Taanit must have been composed, therefore, about the year 7 CE, when Judea was made a Roman province to the great indignation of the Jews. This calendar of victories was intended to fan the spark of liberty among the people and to fill them with confidence and courage by reminding them of the victories of the Maccabees and the divine aid granted to the Jewish nation against the heathen.
* The scholium to Megillat Taanit says: "Eleazar ben Hanania of the family of Garon together with his followers compiled Megillat Taanit." This Eleazar took a noteworthy part in the beginning of the revolt against the Romans, vanquishing the garrison at Jerusalem, as well as Agrippa's troops, and Menahem's Sicarian bands. According to this account, therefore, Megillat Taanit was composed by the Zealots after the year 66 CE, during the revolution.

Modern scholarship rejects Schmilg's view that the scholium is incorrect, since there is both internal and external evidence in favor of its authenticity.

The account in the Talmud and that in the scholium may both be accepted, since not only Hananiah the father, but also Eleazar the son, contributed to the compilation of the work. Eleazar, one of the central figures in the war against the Romans, endeavored to strengthen the national consciousness of his people by continuing his father's work, and increased the number of memorial days in the collection, to remind the people how God had always helped them and had given them the victory over external and internal enemies.

### Interpolations

Eleazar did not, however, complete the work, and several days were subsequently added to the list which was definitively closed in Usha, as is proved by the fact that the 12th of Adar is designated as "Trajan's Day," and the 29th of that month as "the day on which the persecutions of Hadrian ceased". Furthermore, Simeon ben Gamaliel II, who was nasi at Usha, says that "If we should turn all the days on which we have been saved from some danger into holidays, and list them in Megillat Ta'anit, we could not satisfy ourselves; for we should be obliged to turn nearly every day into a festival." This indicates that the work was definitely completed at Usha in the time of R. Simon, in order that no further memorial days might be added.

## The scholion

The scholion is written in Mishnaic Hebrew combined with some more ancient terminology; there are also some influences from later Babylonian Aramaic. Some stories in the scholion are ancient and reliable, mentioning historical facts nowhere else appearing in Tannaic literature; while others are *midrashim* taken from a variety of sources.

Vered Noam has shown that the scholion currently printed is a medieval hybrid of two independently written commentaries, nicknamed "Scholion O" and "Scholion P", after the Oxford and Parma manuscripts in which they are found. Often these two commentaries contradict each other, offering entirely different stories for the origin of a holiday. In general Scholion O has more overlap with Genesis Rabbah, the Talmud Yerushalmi, and other sources from Israel; while Scholion P is closer to Babylonian sources. The current Scholion, nicknamed the "Hybrid Version", was created in the 9th or 10th centuries by combining Scholia O and P.

Scholia O and P may be just two examples of a genre of commentaries on *Megillat Taanit*, with a partial scholion in the Babylonian Talmud being a third example, and the other examples not surviving.

## Editions and commentaries

Megillat Taanit is extant in many editions, and has had numerous commentaries. The best edition of the Aramaic and Hebrew text is that of Vered Noam, which has supplanted A. Neubauer's as the authoritative work in the field. In addition to meticulous philological scholarship, Noam's edition includes rich annotation and a groundbreaking interpretation of the stemmatic history.

Of commentaries the following may be mentioned: Abraham ben Joseph ha-Levi, double commentary (Amsterdam, 1656); Judah ben Menahem, double commentary (Dyhernfurth, 1810); Johann Meyer, Latin language translation published in his *Tractatus de Temporibus,* etc. (Amsterdam, 1724). Derenbourg and Schwab have made French versions of the Aramaic text.

## Selected entries

Among the dates penned in *Megillat Taanit* and which were all forbidden to fast thereon, and for others also forbidden to lament the dead thereon, are to be noted the following:

* "And from the eighth day thereof (i.e. the lunar month of Nisan) until the end of the \[last\] festival day \[of Passover\], the *Feast of Weeks* (Shavu'ot) was restored, \[being days on which\] it is prohibited to mourn" \[Original Aramaic: ומתמניא ביה ועד סוף מועדא איתותב חגא דשבועייא די לא למספד\]

\[**Excursus:** This episode has been explained by Rashi in Babylonian Talmud (*Taanit* 17b, s.v. מתמניא ביה) to mean the vindication of the Pharisees over the Boethusians in the days of Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai, when the Boethusians held the errant view that the people of Israel are to only begin counting the seven weeks, or 49 days of the Counting of the Omer, after the first Sabbath that follows the first Festival Day of Passover, which method would invariably cause a delay in the counting, and push back further the *Feast of Weeks* (*Shavu'ot*) which falls on the 50th day. According to the Pharisees, on the other hand, whose opinion is Halacha, the Counting of the Omer begins immediately following the first Festival Day of Passover, which happens to be the Sabbath day of rest spoken of in Leviticus 23:15, that is to say, Passover itself, and they begin the counting on the following day, on the 16th day of the lunar month Nisan, in which case the festival day known as the *Feast of Weeks* will always fall on the 6th day of the lunar month Sivan. When Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai prevailed over the Boethusians at this time, the days were commemorated as a semi-holiday; *Shavu'ot* being restored to its former time of observance.\] * "On the twenty-third day of the same (i.e. the lunar month of Iyar), the inhabitants of the Citadel (Acra) departed from Jerusalem" \[Original Aramaic: בעשרים ותלתא ביה נפקו בני חקרא מירושלים\]

\[**Excursus:** The appended date recollects an event that happened in the second year of the high priesthood of Simon Thassi, son of Mattathias, in the year 171 of the Seleucid era (141/140 BCE), in which the Jewish nation, by order of King Demetrius the son of Demetrius from Crete, evicted from the residential area of Jerusalem, known as the "Citadel" or Acra, those who had taken-up residence in that part of the city and who had been allied with the enemies of Israel, and who had long waged a cultural war with the Jewish nation, killing them, and rejecting Jewish mores and manners. After these had been evicted, among whom were Jewish apostates, the residential area known as the "Citadel" was resettled by Torah-abiding citizens. The event is mentioned in the First Book of Maccabees (13:49–52): *"... And they entered into it on the three and twentieth day of the second month, in the year 171 \[Seleucid era\] with thanksgiving, and branches of palm trees, and harps, and cymbals, and psalteries, and hymns, and canticles, because the great enemy was destroyed out of Israel."*\] * "On the seventeenth day of \[the lunar month\] Sivan, \[they took\] possession of Migdal Ṣur" \[Original Aramaic: בשבעה עשר בסיון אחידת מגדל צור\]

\[**Excursus:** The event is alluded to in the Babylonian Talmud (*Megillah* 6a), as well as detailed by Josephus (*Antiquities* 13.12.4; 13.15.4.), referring to the time when the nation of Israel captured Straton's Tower (Caesarea), "the daughter of Edom, which is situated among the sand-dunes," and which city along with Dor had, formerly, been under foreign rule and had been compared to a "peg driven into Israel," until the day that Alexander Jannaeus with the assistance of Ptolemy, captured her king, Zoilus, and drove out the inhabitants of the coastal town while settling Jews within the city. Dor is mentioned in the 3rd-century Mosaic of Rehob as being a place exempt from tithes, seeing that it was not settled by Jews returning from the Babylonian exile in the 6th century BCE. Straton's Tower (Caesarea) seems to have had the same status, as Rabbi Judah the Prince exempted fruits and vegetables that were grown in Caesarea from being tithed (Jerusalem Talmud, *Demai* 2:1), since the nation of Israel had not initially settled in that part of the country during the exiles' return, until the days of Alexander Jannaeus. Schürer suggests that Dor, along with Caesarea, may have initially been built towards the end of the Persian period.\] * "On the fifteenth day thereof and on the sixteenth day thereof (i.e. the lunar month\] Sivan), the inhabitants of Beth-shean (Scythopolis) and the inhabitants of the valley \[of Jezreel\] were deported" \[Original Aramaic: בחמשה עשר ביה ובשיתא עשר ביה גלו אנשי בית שאן ואנשי בקעתה\]

\[**Excursus:** The event is alluded to in the Midrash Rabba (*Canticles Rabba* 8:7 \[11\], and where *Antioch* is to be read as *Antiochus*), in the Jerusalem Talmud (*Soṭah* 9:13 \[45b\]), in the Babylonian Talmud (*Soṭah* 33a), in Josephus (*Antiquities* 13.10.2–3.), as well as in Ishtori Haparchi's *Kaftor ve-ferach* (vol. 1, ch. 7), as referring to the sons of the high priest John Hyrcanus who waged war against the inhabitants of those places and against their protector Antiochus Cyzicenus and who eventually took from them their cities and expelled them. After laying siege to Scythopolis for one year, the city was taken and demolished. On the very same day on which John Hyrcanus's sons fought with Antiochus Cyzicenus, John Hyrcanus had gone into the Temple to offer incense, when he heard a divine voice discourse with him that his sons had just then overcome Antiochus.\] * "On the twenty-fifth day of the same (i.e. the lunar month of Sivan), the farmers of public revenues were removed from Judea and from Jerusalem" \[Original Aramaic: בכ"ה ביה איתנטלו דימסנאי מיהודא ומירושלים\]

\[**Excursus:** The date transcribed here is alluded to in Babylonian Talmud (*Sanhedrin* 91a), where the lunar month of this event is said there to have happened in Nisan instead of Sivan. In any rate, the event refers to the days of Alexander the Great who, when he passed through the Levant, was greeted by Jews, Canaanites (Phoenicians), Ismaelites and Egyptians, the latter three of these groups demanding of Alexander to adjudicate in cases involving themselves and the nation of Israel, from whom they had traditionally collected the public tax. When Alexander heard their arguments and saw that they had no real basis of merit, he released the nation of Israel from having to pay monies (taxes) to these public officials.\] * "On the fourteenth day of \[the lunar month of\] Tammuz, the book of decrees had been taken away, \[a day on which\] it is prohibited to mourn" \[Original Aramaic: בארבעה עשר בתמוז עדא ספר גזרתא דלא למספד\]

\[**Excursus:** On the 14th day of the lunar month Tammuz, a book of decrees relayed by the Sadducees and the Boethusians had been taken away, who would, in all cases, show proof from a written text concerning the four modes of capital punishment, rather than from an orally transmitted tradition and which tradition had previously prevailed and been received by the people, as evinced by the Pharisees. Some have explained here that the Sadducees had formerly possessed a book of decrees outlining which punishments are to be inflicted for the various offences and which thing was not permitted to have transcribed in writing, since the matter was wholly committed to oral tradition. The vindication of the Pharisees over the Sadducees and Boethusians gave rise to this date being held in honor, until the *Scroll of Fasting* was cancelled altogether.\] * "On the twenty-fourth day thereof (i.e. the lunar month of Av) we returned to our former judgment" \[Original Aramaic: בעשרים וארבעה ביה תבנא לדיננא\]

\[**Excursus:** This date is explained by Rashi in the Babylonian Talmud (*Baba Bathra* 115b–116a), although with the variant lunar month of Tevet, as well as alluded to in the Jerusalem Talmud (*Baba Bathra* 8:1 \[21b–22a), and revolves around the Jewish laws of inheritance, where the property of a deceased man is inherited by his sons, but if the man had only daughters, his property is inherited by his daughters upon his death (Numbers 27:8). The Sadducees, however, in defiance of Jewish tradition, whenever dividing the inheritance among the relatives of the deceased, such as when the deceased left no issue, would perfunctorily seek for familial ties, regardless and irrespective of gender, so that the near of kin to the deceased and who inherits his property could, hypothetically, be his paternal aunt. The Sadducees would justify their practice by *A fortiori*, an inference from minor to major premise, saying: "If the daughter of his son's son can inherit him (i.e. such as when her father left no male issue), is it not then fitting that his own daughter inherit him?!" (i.e. who is more closely related to him than his great granddaughter). Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai tore down their argument, saying that the only reason the daughter was empowered to inherit her father was because her father left no male issue. However, a man's daughter – where there are sons, has no power to inherit her father's estate. Moreover, a deceased man who leaves no issue has always a distant male relative, unto whom is given his estate. The Sadducees eventually agreed with the Pharisaic teaching. The vindication of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai and the Pharisees over the Sadducees gave rise to this date being held in honor.\] There are variants in the textual transmission, some texts writing כ"ז= "twenty-seventh" of said month, instead of כ"ד= "twenty-fourth", the result of a similarity in the letters' shape. * "On the seventeenth day thereof (i.e. the lunar month Elul), the Romans were taken out of Judea and out of Jerusalem" \[Original Aramaic: בשבעה עשר ביה איתנטילו רומאי מיהודה ומירושלים\]

\[**Excursus:** The event here referenced is briefly alluded to in *The Jewish War* of Josephus. During the first year of the outbreak of the war with Rome, in c. 64 CE, in the month *Gorpiaios* (lunar month Elul), the Roman army that was stationed in Jerusalem, under their commander Metilius, sought refuge in the towers that were built in the Upper City of Jerusalem when the Zealots had come together in anger over the mistreatment by the Roman Procurator, Florus. The Zealots descended upon the Roman army in great numbers and surrounded them and would have killed them, had it not been for Eleazar b. Jair, the leader of a party of Zealots, who gave to the Roman commander assurances under oath that they would be allowed to leave the city, without harm. Although the oath was later breached and some of the Romans were killed, according to Josephus, "there being no more than a few slain out of an immense army \[that had been given a safe egress out of the city\]." The departure of the Romans from the city was received with great gladness and declared a day of rejoicing.\] * "On the third day of \[the lunar month\] Tishri, the attributes given to denote God's Name were taken out of the legal deeds" \[Original Aramaic: בג' בתשרי איתנטלית אדכרתא מן שטריא\]

\[**Excursus:** The date transcribed in *Megillat Taanit* is explained in Babylonian Talmud (*Rosh Hashanah* 18b), and represents the date in which the Sages of Israel reversed an earlier decree made by the Hasmoneans. During Macedonian hegemony over Israel, the wicked kingdom had prohibited Jews from mentioning the Name of God in their written transactions or by word of mouth. When the Hasmoneans eventually overcame their enemies, they decreed that all of Israel should thenceforth transcribe the Name of God in their legal documents; for example: "In the year such-and-such of Johanan, the High Priest of the Most-High God." However, when the Sages had fully come to understand this ruling's implication, they reasoned among themselves that if we permit common people to inscribe the Name of God in their ordinary bills of sale and promissory notes, once the debt had been paid-off and the bill of sale no longer applicable, the commoners would tear-up the bill and discard it by casting it into the dunghill, thereby showing utmost disrespect unto God's Name. For this reason they reversed the earlier decree, but not without declaring a day of merriment on the day's anniversary.\] * "On the twenty-second day thereof (i.e. the lunar month of Shevat) there was cancelled the work that had been decreed by the enemy to be brought against the Temple Sanctuary, \[a day on which\] it is prohibited to mourn" \[Original Aramaic: בעשרים ותרין ביה בטילת עבידתא דאמר סנאה להיתאה להיכלא דלא למספד\]

\[**Excursus:** The event here is alluded to in Tosefta *Sotah* 13:6, the Babylonian Talmud (*Sotah* 33a), and fully expanded and explained by Josephus (*Antiquities* 18, entire 8th chapter) and by Philo (*de Leg.* 249). The event revolves around Caius Caligula who revered himself as a god and who had decreed that a statue of his own likeness be dedicated and set up in the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. To affect his plan, he ordered Petronius the Roman governor of Syria to carry the image to Jerusalem, and to erect it there, but if the Jews would not admit of such an image, to presently make war with them. This act, being known, caused a great consternation among the Jews, so that when Petronius had arrived in Ptolemais to spend the winter with his troops before proceeding on to Jerusalem at the Caesar's bidding, he was met there by members of the Jewish nation who went out to placate him and to dissuade him from erecting Caesar's image in the Temple. Meanwhile, one of the Jewish High Priests heard a Divine voice proceeding out of the Holy of holies, whereby it said in the Aramaic tongue: "The work that had been decreed by the enemy to be brought against the Temple Sanctuary is now cancelled." While Petronius was deliberating on what to do, with respect to Caesar's orders, a dispatch came to him with a letter informing him that Caesar Caius had been assassinated in Rome. With his assassination, the ill-designs of the Roman emperor came to an abrupt end. When an inquiry was made as to when the Divine voice was heard, in retrospect it was learned that the Divine voice and the Caesar's demise happened on the very same day, namely, the 22nd day of the lunar month Shevat (a date corresponding to 26 January *anno* 37 of the Common Era).\] * "On the twelfth day thereof (i.e. the lunar month of Adar) is the day of Trajan" \[Original Aramaic: בתרין עשר ביה יום טוריינוס\]

\[**Excursus:** The sense here is explained in the Babylonian Talmud (*Taanit* 18b) and in the Jerusalem Talmud (*Taanit* 12a) as having the meaning of the day in which vengeance was taken against the executioner of Lulianos and Paphos who were killed in Laodicea. Lulianos and Paphos were righteous men of the Hebrew nation who had, willfully, put themselves in harms way, in order to prevent the massacre of the innocent and unsuspecting community of Israel whom they served, and who had been wrongly accused of murdering a Gentile child. According to a rabbinic source retrieved from the Cairo Geniza, they had been killed on the 5th day of the lunar month Adar, a day in which public fasting was later made on their account. Their wrongful deaths were swiftly vindicated by the Roman authority in one week, when the executioner was himself killed, and the date being made into a day of public celebration. This day was the first day of the days mentioned in the *Scroll of Fasting* that was cancelled, after it had become known that the day also marked a day of sadness, when Abtalion and Shamaiah were executed some years earlier on that very day.\] * "On the thirteenth day thereof (i.e. the lunar month of Adar) is the day of Nicanor" \[Original Aramaic: בתליסר ביה יום נקנור\]

\[**Excursus:** According to the Jerusalem Talmud (*Taanit* 2:11 \[12a\]), the thirteenth day of the lunar month Adar marked the day in which revenge was meted out on Nicanor, the general of Demetrius' army, who had passed through Jerusalem while *en route* to Alexandria in Egypt, and when he saw the strongholds of Jerusalem he began to rail on the city, lifting up his hand in defiance and casting vehement affronts and reproaches at the city, vowing to raze her towers when he returned. When Nicanor returned as governor of Judea, he engaged the men of Israel in battle who were then put under the command of Judas Maccabeus, and when the two forces met on the battlefield, Nicanor was eventually smitten and died. Seeing that their governor had been killed, Nicanor's soldiers hastily retreated and threw down their arms while in flight. The advancing army under Judas Maccabeus, when they saw that Nicanor had been killed, cut-off Nicanor's right hand and severed his head, which were then put on a pole and carried to Jerusalem, where they were set up on display before the city for all to see. Beneath the severed limbs, a script was posted which read: "\[Here hangeth\] the mouth that spoke in accusation; \[and\] the hand that was stretched out in arrogance." The event is also relayed in Josephus (*Antiquities* 12.10.4–5), whose account is a redaction of the account written in the Book of Maccabees (7:26–50). According to Josephus, "the Jews therein celebrate this victory every year, and esteem it as a festival day" (*ibid*.).\] * "On the twenty-eighth day thereof (i.e. the lunar month of Adar) good tidings came unto the Jews that they are not to let the words of the Divine Law (Torah) pass from them, \[a day on which\] it is prohibited to mourn" \[Original Aramaic: בעשרין ותמניא ביה אתת בשורתא טבתא ליהודאי דלא יעדון מפתגמי אוריתא דילא למספד\]

\[**Excursus:** This episode is explained in the Babylonian Talmud (*Taanit* 18a) where it is noted that there was a time when prohibitions were decreed against the people of Israel, making it forbidden to study the Divine Law (Torah) bequeathed to them by Moses, and forbidden to perform circumcision on their sons, and that they were to profane the Sabbath day, until Judah ben Shammua and his companions came along, who, considering the condition of the Jewish people, went to a wealthy Gentile woman who was known among the principal men of Rome and petitioned her, asking her what they ought to do. She counselled them to stage a demonstration at night, which they did, and where the people shouted their complaint, saying: "Alas! By the heavens, are we not your brothers? Are we not the sons of one father? Are we not the sons of one mother? Why, then, are we discriminated against above every other nation and tongue, so that you decree against us harsh decrees?" Upon hearing this, the ruling power cancelled the decrees made against their religion, permitting them to study their Torah, circumcise their sons and to keep the holy Sabbath. The Sages declared this day as a kind of festival day, in which it was prohibited to fast and mourn.\]

## Scroll of Fasts

The Scroll of Fasting should not be confused with the similarly-named "Scroll of Fasts", an obscure work extant in a Babylonian version and a Palestinian one. It is a list of 2226 days where fasting should be observed, generally due to the death of Biblical figures or sages. It does not appear to have been a very influential work.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "MEGILLAT TA'ANIT ("Scroll of Fasting")". *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Its bibliography:

* Grätz, Gesch. iii., notes 1, 26;
* J. Derenbourg, Hist. pp. 439–446;
* J. Schmilg, Ueber Entstehung und Historischen Werth des Siegeskalenders Megillat Ta'anit, Leipsic, 1874;
* J. Wellhausen, Die Pharisäer und die Sadducäer, pp. 56–63, Greifswald, 1874;
* Joel Müller, Der Text der Fastenrolle, in Monatsschrift, 1875, pp. 43–48, 139-144;
* M. Brann, Entstehung und Werth der Megillat Ta'anit, pp. 375–384, 410-418, 445-460, ib. 1876;
* P. Cassel, Messianische Stellen des Alten Testaments, Appendix, Berlin, 1885;
* Weiss, Dor, ii. 254-257;
* B. Rattner, in Rabbinowitz, Ha-Meassef, 1902, pp. 91–105;
* M. Schwab, La Megillath Taanith, in Actes du Onzième Congrès International des Orientalistes, Section 4, pp. 199–259, Paris, 1898.

## Further reading


title: Megan Williams case

abstract: The Megan Williams case involves a 20-year-old African American woman from West Virginia, who was kidnapped, raped and tortured by six people, including several members of one family in a racist attack. Among other things, the suspects were charged with stabbing Williams, dousing her with hot water, and forcing her to eat rat, dog, and human feces. In addition, the suspects were alleged to have hurled racial slurs at her while doing so. The torture and sexual assault was said to have been carried out for about a week. At the time of Williams' removal from the residence, widely circulated photos of Williams in the hospital showed stab wounds on her legs and her hair seemingly pulled from its roots. Civil rights leaders, community activists and others asserted that the racial motive made the incident subject to prosecution under hate crimes statutes. Authorities did not initially file hate crime charges in the attack, but prosecutors did not rule out such a move down the road. When pressed on the possibility of such charges, authorities said that they were focused on the charges with the toughest penalties, noting that the maximum sentence for a hate crime was just 10 years. One defendant was convicted of a hate crime in the incident. In October 2009, Williams recanted many of the accusations, including the accusation that the attack was racially motivated, against five of the defendants. However, she maintained that she was held against her will, sexually and physically abused, accusing Bobby Ray Brewster, whom Williams knew and had visited on occasion before the incident, of abuse. She was not charged with filing false charges.

text:
# Megan Williams case

The **Megan Williams case** involves a 20-year-old African American woman from West Virginia, who was kidnapped, raped and tortured by six people, including several members of one family in a racist attack.

Among other things, the suspects were charged with stabbing Williams, dousing her with hot water, and forcing her to eat rat, dog, and human feces. In addition, the suspects were alleged to have hurled racial slurs at her while doing so. The torture and sexual assault was said to have been carried out for about a week. At the time of Williams' removal from the residence, widely circulated photos of Williams in the hospital showed stab wounds on her legs and her hair seemingly pulled from its roots.

Civil rights leaders, community activists and others asserted that the racial motive made the incident subject to prosecution under hate crimes statutes. Authorities did not initially file hate crime charges in the attack, but prosecutors did not rule out such a move down the road. When pressed on the possibility of such charges, authorities said that they were focused on the charges with the toughest penalties, noting that the maximum sentence for a hate crime was just 10 years. One defendant was convicted of a hate crime in the incident.

In October 2009, Williams recanted many of the accusations, including the accusation that the attack was racially motivated, against five of the defendants. However, she maintained that she was held against her will, sexually and physically abused, accusing Bobby Ray Brewster, whom Williams knew and had visited on occasion before the incident, of abuse. She was not charged with filing false charges.

## Background

Williams had a "social relationship" with Bobby Ray Brewster, one of the six initial suspects. Brewster was previously arrested on July 18, 2008, in connection with a domestic battery charge involving Williams. According to investigators, Williams may have been kidnapped immediately after he was released from jail August 2, when Williams visited his home to see him.

Williams claimed she was set up to be held by the six suspects under the assumption that she was going to a party. "When I first went up there, a girl I knew named Christa, she took me up there, she said we were going to a party. She said she had to make a run and she would be right back. She didn’t come back."

Bobby Ray Brewster and five other suspects including his mother, Frankie Lee, 49, Danny Combs, 20, George Messer, 27, Karen Burton, 46, and her daughter Alisha, 23 were all charged with kidnapping, the most serious charge that can carry up to life in prison upon conviction. They were all also charged with at least one count each of first-degree sexual offense, which if convicted, could carry a sentence of up to 35 years in prison.

On October 11, 2007, charges against Karen Burton were sent to a grand jury. Charges included kidnapping, first degree sexual assault, malicious wounding, assault during the commission of a felony and 13 counts of battery. Charges against the other five suspects are expected to reach the grand jury in January.

In February 2008, Alisha Burton and George Messer both pleaded guilty to assault and kidnapping and were sentenced to 10 years each.

On March 13, 2008, Karen Burton, one of the women involved in the attack, was given one 10-year sentence for violation of civil rights and two 2-10 year sentences for assault. She was the only person involved who was charged with a hate crime. Frankie Brewster received 10–25 years for second-degree sexual assault. They had both pleaded guilty in exchange for reduced sentences. Carmen Williams, Megan's mother, expressed frustration that they had not received life sentences, which is the maximum penalty for kidnapping.

Bobby Brewster pleaded guilty to second-degree sexual assault, conspiracy to commit kidnapping and malicious assault. He was sentenced to 13 to 40 years in prison in July 2008. Danny Combs will serve 20 years for conspiracy to commit kidnapping. He pleaded guilty to sexual assault, assault during the commission of a felony, and conspiracy to commit kidnapping or holding hostage in September 2008.


title: Mladen Vulić

abstract: Mladen Vulić is a Croatian actor. He has appeared in more than thirty films since 1996.

text:
# Mladen Vulić

**Mladen Vulić** (born 1 September 1969) is a Croatian actor. He has appeared in more than thirty films since 1996.

## Selected filmography

Film
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | *Will Not End Here* |  |  |
| 2006 | *The Ghost in the Swamp* |  |  |
| 2005 | *Pušća Bistra* |  |  |
| | *First Class Thieves* |  |  |
| 2004 | *A Wonderful Night in Split* |  |  |
| 2003 | *Horseman* |  |  |

TV
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Zora dubrovačka* |  |  |
| 2011 | *Larin izbor* |  |  |
| 2006 | *Balkan Inc.* |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Mladen Vulić | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1969-09-01) 1 September 1969<br>Vinkovci, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1996-present |


title: Fayan (book)

abstract: The Fayan, also known in English as the Model Sayings or Exemplary Figures, is a Classical Chinese text by the Han dynasty writer and poet Yang Xiong that was completed c. AD 9. It comprises a collection of dialogues and aphorisms in which Yang gives responses to a wide variety of questions relating to philosophy, politics, literature, ethics, and scholarship.

text:
# Fayan (book)

| Fayan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese |  |
| Literal meaning | Model sayings |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Fǎyán  Gwoyeu Romatzyh Faa Yan  Wade–Giles Fa Yen  IPA \[fà ̌n\]  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Faat Yìhn  Jyutping Faat3 jin4  IPA \[fat̚˧ jin˩\]  Southern Min  Tâi-lô Huat Giân  Middle Chinese  Middle Chinese Pjop ngjon | |
|  | |

The ***Fayan***, also known in English as the ***Model Sayings*** or ***Exemplary Figures***, is a Classical Chinese text by the Han dynasty writer and poet Yang Xiong that was completed c.AD 9. It comprises a collection of dialogues and aphorisms in which Yang gives responses to a wide variety of questions relating to philosophy, politics, literature, ethics, and scholarship.

## Contents

The text of the *Fayan* is divided into 13 chapters. It is presented in the form of dialogues between Yang and an anonymous interlocutor, whose questions which Yang responds with terse, authoritative pronouncements that rely more on wit and puns than on logical exposition. The style is deliberately modeled on the *Analects*, and was intended to counter the ideas of the "syncretic" philosophical school, which Yang believed was contrary to the orthodox teachings of Confucianism and the ancient Chinese sages.

## Translations

* 法言 (in Japanese), translated by Suzuki, Yoshikazu, Tokyo: Meitoku shuppansha, 1972
* "Yang Hsiungs Fa-yen (Worte Strenger Ermahnung)" \[Yang Xiong's Fayan (Words of Strict Admonition)\], *Sinologische Beitrage* \[*Sinological contributions*\] (in German), vol. 4, pt. 1, translated by von Zach, Erwin, 1939
* *Exemplary Figures: Fayan* 法言, translated by Nylan, Michael, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-295-99289-1
* *Yang Xiong, Philosophy of the Fa Yan: A Confucian Hermit in the Han Imperial Court*, translated by Bullock, Jeffrey S., Mountain Mind Press, 2011  via Chinese Text Project

### Citations

### Works cited

* Knechtges, David R. (1993), "Fa yen" 法言, in Loewe, Michael (ed.), *Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide*, Society for the Study of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley, pp. 100–104, ISBN 1-557-29043-1
* (2010), "Fa yan" 法言, in Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.), *Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One*, Leiden: Brill, pp. 213–217, ISBN 978-9-004-19127-3

## InfoBox

Fayan
| Author | Yang Xiong |
| --- | --- |
| Original title | *法言* |
| Language | Classical Chinese |
| Genre | Philosophy |
| Publication date | c.AD 9 |
| Publication place | China |


title: OrthoCAD Network Research Cell

abstract: OrthoCAD Network Research Cell is a federally funded research and development facility in the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India. The Laboratory's primary function is the design and development of reconstruction systems for orthopaedic and other applications, the current focus is on mega-implants for limb-saving surgery, mainly for children affected by bone cancer. The Cell later led to the establishment of Biomedical Engineering and Technology (incubation) Centre (BETiC).

text:
# OrthoCAD Network Research Cell

**OrthoCAD Network Research Cell** is a federally funded research and development facility in the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India. The Laboratory's primary function is the design and development of reconstruction systems for orthopaedic and other applications, the current focus is on mega-implants for limb-saving surgery, mainly for children affected by bone cancer. The Cell later led to the establishment of Biomedical Engineering and Technology (incubation) Centre (BETiC).

## Mission

The mission of the OrthoCAD group is to develop indigenous research and development capabilities on medical implants, surgical instruments (Armamentarium), testing protocol, and surgery planning and navigation system. This is expected to respond to the growing medical needs of Indian patients, to provide affordable and available devices, and to train graduates as well as research scientists in the area of Biomedical engineering and manufacturing.

## Research partners

The OrthoCAD Network Research Cell was established in January 2007 in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at IIT Bombay. It is supported by the Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India, New Delhi. In 2017, a follow-on funding was released by the Office to NFTDC for pilot production and human clinical trials.

The R&D team comprises mechanical engineers, orthopaedic surgeons and materials scientists from

## Facilities

The Centers at IIT Bombay and NFTDC together have appropriate equipment and instrumentation, including computing facilities.

* Rapid prototyping system for feasibility studies
* Knee simulator and testing machine for loosening and fatigue studies
* Computerized Universal Testing Machine for static testing of implants
* Stereo optical microscope for analyzing wear and fracture of implants
* Photoelasticity test setup for FEM (virtual testing of implants) validation
* Analytical balance (implant wear particle study)
* Surgery navigation system for linking with a 3D planning software
* Medical modelling system for CT to 3D model conversion and surgery planning
* Haptic system for mock surgery
* High-end computing facilities for CAD and FEM analysis
* Precision CNC manufacturing

## Collaboration

The OrthoCAD group is collaborating with other similar groups in India and abroad in specific area of mutual interest.

1. OrthoCAD Network Research Cell, IIT Bombay, http://orthocad.iitb.ac.in
2. "Welcome to Prof. B. Ravi's Lab at IIT Bombay". Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
3. Development of Biomaterials, Devices and Implants for Orthopaedic applications in India, http://psa.gov.in/writereaddata/12420536351\_progress\_report.pdf, pp.56-59 (accessed on 10 Nov.'09)
4. "Subburaj Karupppasamy | Medical Engineering and Design Laboratory | Singapore University of Technology and Design".
5. Subburaj, K.; Ravi, B.; Agarwal, M.G. (2009). "Automated identification of anatomical landmarks on 3D bone models reconstructed from CT scan images". *Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics*. **33** (5): 359–368. doi:10.1016/j.compmedimag.2009.03.001. PMID 19345065.
6. K. Subburaj, B. Ravi, and M.G. Agarwal, "Automated 3D geometric reasoning in computer assisted joint reconstructive surgery," IEEE Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, Bangalore, India, 22-25 Aug, (2009), 367-372, PDF
7. Subburaj, K; Ravi, B; Agarwal, Manish (2010). "Computer-aided methods for assessing lower limb deformities in orthopaedic surgery planning". *Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics*. **34** (4): 277–288. doi:10.1016/j.compmedimag.2009.11.003. PMID 19963346.
8. B. Ravi, Anip Sharma and Manish Agarwal, "Haptic Solid Modeling for Pelvic Bone Tumor Resection Planning and Prosthesis Development," International CAD Conference (CAD'05), Bangkok, 20–24 June 2005.
9. B. Ravi and Manish Agarwal, "Computer-aided Development of Mega Endo-Prostheses," chapter in the book, Bio-Materials and Prototyping Applications in Medicine, (Eds.) Bopaya Bidanda and Paolo Bartolo, Springer, USA, ISBN 978-0-387-47682-7 (2007). doi:10.1007/978-0-387-47683-4\_10
10. Medical Engineering and Design Laboratory at SUTD http://people.sutd.edu.sg/~subburaj/

## InfoBox

OrthoCAD Network Research Cell
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2007 |
| President | Prof. B. Ravi |
| Location | Mumbai, Maharashtra |
| Operating agency | Indian Institute of Technology Bombay |
| Website | http://orthocad.iitb.ac.in/ |


title: Guilt (1931 film)

abstract: Guilt is a 1931 British romance film directed by Reginald Fogwell and starring James Carew, Anne Grey, Harold Huth and James Fenton. In the film, the wife of a playwright has an affair with an actor. It was shot at Isleworth Studios as a quota quickie for release by Paramount Pictures.

text:
# Guilt (1931 film)

***Guilt*** is a 1931 British romance film directed by Reginald Fogwell and starring James Carew, Anne Grey, Harold Huth and James Fenton. In the film, the wife of a playwright has an affair with an actor.

It was shot at Isleworth Studios as a quota quickie for release by Paramount Pictures.

## Cast

* James Carew as James Barrett
* Anne Grey as Anne Barrett
* Harold Huth as Tony Carleton
* James Fenton as Roy
* Rex Curtis as Jack
* Anne Smiley as Phyllis
* Ernest Lester as Jennings

## Bibliography

* Chibnall, Steve. *Quota Quickies: The Birth of the British 'B' Film*. British Film Institute, 2007.
* Low, Rachael. *Filmmaking in 1930s Britain*. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
* Wood, Linda. *British Films, 1927-1939*. British Film Institute, 1986.

## InfoBox

| Guilt | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Reginald Fogwell |
| Written by | Reginald Fogwell |
| Produced by | Reginald Fogwell |
| Starring |  |
| Production<br>company | Reginald Fogwell Productions |
| Distributed by | Paramount British Pictures |
| Release date | * January 1931 (1931-01) |
| Running time | 65 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung

abstract: Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) of the lung —previously included in the category of "bronchioloalveolar carcinoma" (BAC)—is a subtype of lung adenocarcinoma. It tends to arise in the distal bronchioles or alveoli and is defined by a non-invasive growth pattern. This small solitary tumor exhibits pure alveolar distribution and lacks any invasion of the surrounding normal lung. If completely removed by surgery, the prognosis is excellent with up to 100% 5-year survival. Although the entity of AIS was formally defined in 2011, it represents a noninvasive form of pulmonary adenocarcinoma which has been recognized for some time. AIS is not considered to be an invasive tumor by pathologists, but as one form of carcinoma in situ (CIS). Like other forms of CIS, AIS may progress and become overtly invasive, exhibiting malignant, often lethal, behavior. Major surgery, either a lobectomy or a pneumonectomy, is usually required for treatment.

text:
# Adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung

**Adenocarcinoma in situ** (**AIS**) of the lung —previously included in the category of "**bronchioloalveolar carcinoma**" (BAC)—is a subtype of lung adenocarcinoma. It tends to arise in the distal bronchioles or alveoli and is defined by a non-invasive growth pattern. This small solitary tumor exhibits pure alveolar distribution (lepidic growth) and lacks any invasion of the surrounding normal lung. If completely removed by surgery, the prognosis is excellent with up to 100% 5-year survival.

Although the entity of AIS was formally defined in 2011, it represents a noninvasive form of pulmonary adenocarcinoma which has been recognized for some time. AIS is not considered to be an invasive tumor by pathologists, but as one form of carcinoma in situ (CIS). Like other forms of CIS, AIS may progress and become overtly invasive, exhibiting malignant, often lethal, behavior. Major surgery, either a lobectomy or a pneumonectomy, is usually required for treatment.

## Causes

The genes mutated in AIS differ based on exposure to tobacco smoke. Non-smokers with AIS commonly have mutations in EGFR (a driver) or HER2 (an important oncogene), or a gene fusion with ALK or ROS1 as one of the elements.

## Mechanism

Nonmucinous AIS is thought to derive from a transformed cell in the distal airways and terminal respiratory units, and often shows features of club cell or Type II pneumocyte differentiation. Mucinous AIS, in contrast, probably derives from a transformed glandular cell in distal bronchioles.

A multi-step carcinogenesis hypothesis suggests a progression from pulmonary atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) through AIS to invasive adenocarcinoma (AC), but to date this has not been formally demonstrated.

Type-I cystic adenomatoid malformation (CAM) has recently been identified as a precursor lesion for the development of mucinous AIS, but these cases are rare.

Rarely, AIS may develop a rhabdoid morphology due to the development of dense perinuclear inclusions.

## Diagnosis

The criteria for diagnosing pulmonary adenocarcinoma have changed considerably over time. The 2011 IASLC/ATS recommendations, adopted in the 2015 WHO guidelines, use the following criteria for adenocarcinoma in situ:

* tumor ≤3 cm
* solitary tumor
* pure "lepidic" growth\*
* No stromal, vascular, or pleural invasion
* No histologic patterns of invasive adenocarcinoma
* No spread through air spaces
* Cell type mostly nonmucinous
* Minimal/absent nuclear atypia
* ± septal widening with sclerosis/elastosis

* lepidic = (i.e. scaly covering) growth pattern along pre-existing airway structures

By this standard, AIS cannot be diagnosed according to core biopsy or cytology sampling. Recommended practice is to report biopsy findings previously classified as nonmucinous BAC as *adenocarcinoma with lepidic pattern*, and those previously classified as mucinous BAC as *mucinous adenocarcinoma*.

### Classification

The most recent 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) and 2011 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) / American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines refine pulmonary adenocarcinoma subtypes in order to correspond to advances in personalized cancer treatment.

AIS is considered a pre-invasive malignant lesion that, after further mutation and progression, is thought to progress into an invasive adenocarcinoma. Therefore, it is considered a form of carcinoma *in situ* (CIS).

There are other classification systems that have been proposed for lung cancers. The Noguchi classification system for small adenocarcinomas has received considerable attention, particularly in Japan, but has not been nearly as widely applied and recognized as the WHO system.

AIS may be further subclassified by histopathology, by which there are two major variants:

* **mucinous** (20–25% of cases)
* **non mucinous** (75–80% of cases)

## Treatment

*This information is mostly in reference to the now outdated entity of BAC, which included some invasive forms of disease.*

The treatment of choice in any patient with BAC is complete surgical resection, typically via lobectomy or pneumonectomy, with concurrent ipsilateral lymphadenectomy.

Non-mucinous BAC are highly associated with classical EGFR mutations, and thus are often responsive to targeted chemotherapy with erlotinib and gefitinib. K-ras mutations are rare in nm-BAC.

Mucinous BAC, in contrast, is much more highly associated with K-ras mutations and wild-type EGFR, and are thus usually insensitive to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In fact, there is some evidence that suggests that the administration of EGFR-pathway inhibitors to patients with K-ras mutated BAC may even be harmful.

## Prognosis

*This information is mostly in reference to the now outdated entity of BAC, which included some invasive forms of disease.*

Taken as a class, long-term survival rates in BAC tend to be higher than those of other forms of NSCLC. BAC generally carries a better prognosis than other forms of NSCLC, which can be partially attributed to localized presentation of the disease. Though other factors might play a role. Prognosis of BAC depends upon the histological subtype and extent at presentation but are generally same as other NSCLC.

Recent research has made it clear that nonmucinous and mucinous BAC are very different types of lung cancer. Mucinous BACis much more likely to present with multiple unilateral tumors and/or in a unilateral or bilateral pneumonic form than nonmucinous AIS . The overall prognosis for patients with mucinous AIS is significantly worse than patients with nonmucinous AIS .

Although data are scarce, some studies suggest that survival rates are even lower in the mixed mucinous/non-mucinous variant than in the monophasic forms.

In non-mucinous BAC, neither club cell nor type II pneumocyte differentiation appears to affect survival or prognosis.

### Recurrence

When BAC recurs after surgery, the recurrences are local in about three-quarters of cases, a rate higher than other forms of NSCLC, which tends to recur distantly.

## Epidemiology

Information about the epidemiology of AIS is limited, due to changes in definition of this disease and separation from BAC category.

Under the new, more restrictive WHO criteria for lung cancer classification, AIS is now diagnosed much less frequently than it was in the past. Recent studies suggest that AIS comprises between 3% and 5% of all lung carcinomas in the U.S.

### Incidence

The incidence of bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma has been reported to vary from 4–24% of all lung cancer patients. An analysis of Surveillance epidemiology and End results registry ( SEER) by Read *et al.* revealed that although the incidence of BAC has increased over the past two decade it still constitutes less than 4% of NSCLC in every time interval. This difference in the incidence has been attributed to complex histopathology of cancer. While pure BAC is rare, the increase in incidence as seen in various studies can be due to unclear histological classification till WHO came up with its classification in 1999 and then in 2004. Another distinguishing feature about BAC is that it afflicts men and women in equal proportions, some recent studies even suggest slightly higher incidence among women.

## History

The criteria for classifying lung cancer have changed considerably over time, becoming progressively more restrictive.

In 2011, the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification recommended discontinuing the BAC classification altogether, as well as the category of *mixed subtype adenocarcinoma*. This change was made because the term BAC was being broadly applied to small solitary noninvasive tumors, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, mixed subtype invasive adenocarcinoma, and even widespread disease. In addition to creating the new AIS and minimally-invasive categories, the guidelines recommend new terminology to clearly denote predominantly-noninvasive adenocarcinoma with mild invasion (*lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma*), as well as *invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma* in place of *mucinous BAC*.

## Additional images

**Mucinous BAC**

**Non-mucinous BAC**

## InfoBox

| Adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Detail of a CT thorax showing a mixed solid and ground glass lung lesion consistent with an adenocarcinoma of the lung. | |
| Specialty | Oncology |


title: Myrcia pseudomarlierea

abstract: Myrcia pseudomarlierea is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to coastal rainforest habitats in southern Bahia, Brazil. The tree was first described in 2010, grows to between 4 and 20 metres tall, and produces red fruits between 12 and 15mm in diameter.

text:
# Myrcia pseudomarlierea

***Myrcia pseudomarlierea*** is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to coastal rainforest habitats in southern Bahia, Brazil. The tree was first described in 2010, grows to between 4 and 20 metres tall, and produces red fruits between 12 and 15mm in diameter.

## InfoBox

| *Myrcia pseudomarlierea* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Myrcia* |
| Species: | ***M. pseudomarlierea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myrcia pseudomarlierea***
Sobral | |
|


title: Pure Soul (album)

abstract: Biribiri Crashmen Pure Soul is the fifth released album from the Japanese rock band Glay. The album was a slight departure from the rock and power ballad sound the band sported with their previous albums. Pure Soul brought forth a faster alt-rock sound. The album contains such hits as "Yuuwaku", "Soul Love", the concert classic "I'm in Love", and the title track "Pure Soul". The album peaked at #1 on Oricon charts and sold about 2,430,000. It was certified "Triple million" by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ).

text:
# Pure Soul (album)

***Pure Soul*** is the fifth released album from the Japanese rock band Glay. The album was a slight departure from the rock and power ballad sound the band sported with their previous albums. *Pure Soul* brought forth a faster alt-rock sound. The album contains such hits as "Yuuwaku", "Soul Love", the concert classic "I'm in Love", and the title track "Pure Soul". The album peaked at #1 on Oricon charts and sold about 2,430,000. It was certified "Triple million" by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ).

## Track listing

1. You May Dream - 5:15
2. Biribiri Crashmen (ビリビリクラッシュメン) \- 4:33
3. May Fair - 4:58
4. Soul Love - 4:30
5. Deatte Shimatta Futari (出会ってしまった２人) \- 3:56
6. Pure Soul - 6:24
7. Yuuwaku (誘惑) \- 4:16
8. Come On!! - 3:23
9. FriedChicken & Beer - 4:37
10. 3 Years Later (３年後) \- 7:33
11. I'm in Love - 6:28

* All music and lyrics by Takuro, except for #2 (music by Jiro), all arrangements by Glay and Masahide Sakuma. Luna Sea guitarist Sugizo appears on #7 as a guest.

## Covers

"Yuuwaku" was covered by Hero on the compilation *Crush! 2 -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-*, which was released on November 23, 2011 and features current visual kei bands covering songs from bands that were important to the 1990s visual kei movement. It was also covered by Fantôme Iris, a fictional visual kei band from multimedia franchise Argonavis from BanG Dream! on the franchise first omnibus mini album *Gin no Yuri/Banzai Rizing!!!/Hikari no Akuma* released on December 9, 2020.

## Album chart information

Oricon Top Ranking: #1
Weeks on: 41
Overall Glay Ranking: #3
(NOTE: Overall Glay Ranking is how it is ranked against Glay's other albums according to the Oricon)

1. "Aoi, Moran, and more to release '90s Visual Kei cover album". *tokyohive.com*. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
2. "「銀の百合/バンザイRIZING!!!/光の悪魔」 | Music | ARGONAVIS（アルゴナビス） from BanG Dream! 公式ポータルサイト". *ARGONAVIS（アルゴナビス） from BanG Dream! 公式ポータルサイト* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-06-04.

## InfoBox

| Pure Soul | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Glay | |
| Released | July 29, 1998 |
| Genre | Power pop, pop rock |
| Length | 55:56 |
| Label | PolyGram
Mustard/Unlimited records |
| Producer | Masahide Sakuma
Glay |
| Glay chronology | |
| *Review*
(1997) ***Pure Soul***
(1998) *Heavy Gauge*
(1999) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Pure Soul* | |
| 1. "Yuuwaku"
Released: April 29, 1998 2. "Soul Love"
Released: April 29, 1998 | |
|  | |


title: Registro Nacional de Estrangeiros

abstract: The Registro Nacional de Estrangeiros, known since 2018 as Registro Nacional Migratório due to the New Immigration Law enacted on May 24th, 2017 by Brazilian former ex-president Michel Temer, is, next to the Registro Diplomático, the main identification registry provided by Brazil to foreign citizens in Brazilian territory. The Cédula de Identidade de Estrangeiro, known since 2018 as Carteira de Registro Nacional Migratório was instituted as its result by Brazilian former ex-president Getúlio Vargas on May 4th, 1938 through the Decree-Law No. 406. The New Immigration Law lists several cases in which foreign citizens in Brazilian territory can apply for their Migratory National Registry by faculty or by obligation. Citizens with low income, such as applicants for the Provisional Document of Migratory National Registry, may apply for its fee exemption. The RNM/CRNM is issued by Regional Superintendences of Federal Police from Federative Units. Applicants have to fill out a form and provide documentation including travel document, visa granted by a Brazilian Embassy and birth certificate. Documents shall be translated by a sworn translator.

text:
# Registro Nacional de Estrangeiros

The ***Registro Nacional de Estrangeiros*** (**RNE**, *National Registry of Foreigners*), known since 2018 as ***Registro Nacional Migratório*** (**RNM**, *National Migratory Registry*) due to the New Immigration Law (No. 13445) enacted on May 24th, 2017 by Brazilian former ex-president Michel Temer, is, next to the **Registro Diplomático** (**RD**, *Diplomatic Registry*), the main identification registry provided by Brazil to foreign citizens in Brazilian territory. The **Cédula de Identidade de Estrangeiro** (**CIE**, *Foreigner's Identity Card*), known since 2018 as **Carteira de Registro Nacional Migratório** (**CRNM**, *National Migratory Registry Card*) was instituted as its result by Brazilian former ex-president Getúlio Vargas on May 4th, 1938 through the Decree-Law No. 406. The New Immigration Law lists several cases in which foreign citizens in Brazilian territory can apply for their Migratory National Registry by faculty or by obligation (most of the cases involves immigration, work or residency for undefined time). Citizens with low income, such as applicants for the Provisional Document of Migratory National Registry (refugees, asylum seekers, unaccompanied minors, victims of human trafficking and human slavery in particularly vulnerable conditions), may apply for its fee exemption.

The RNM/CRNM is issued by Regional Superintendences of Federal Police from Federative Units. Applicants have to fill out a form and provide documentation including travel document, visa granted by a Brazilian Embassy and birth certificate (or marriage certificate, when married or divorced). Documents shall be translated by a sworn translator.

## History

The alien's ID was previously known as *modelo 19*, created in 1938 by former Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas during the Third Brazilian Republic. It was enacted by executive order law No. 406 on May 4, 1938. It required all foreigners under 60 years old to register and those under 60 were exempted from it. Records of those registrations are available at the Brazilian National Archives.

The police was responsible for registering the foreigners on ports of disembarkation and police stations.

Due to the Equality Statute between Brazil and Portugal, Portuguese nationals are issued a Brazilian identity card, citing their nationality and the statute.

## Physical Appearance

The information contained on the current National Migratory Identity Card is given only in Portuguese.

The "Residente" (Resident) card is also valid as a travel document for MERCOSUR countries.

### Front Side

The front side shows the words "República Federativa Do Brasil" (Federal Republic Of Brazil) and "Carteira De Registro Nacional Migratório". It contains the following information:

* 3X4CM photo of the bearer;
* Migratory National Registry number (works as National Civil Identification);
* Classification type (provisional, borderer or resident);
* Surname of the bearer;
* Name of the bearer;
* Birth date (DD/MM/YYYY);
* Expiry date (DD/MM/YYYY);
* Filiation of the bearer;
* Nationality of the bearer;
* Expiry date (DD/MM/YYYY);
* Signature of the bearer (illiterate or stunted receive specific observation).

### Rear Side

It contains the following information:

* CPF number;
* Residency authorization deadline (DD/MM/YYYY);
* Issue date (DD/MM/YYYY);
* Card issuer (may come as CGPI/DIREX/PF or as SR/PF/UF);
* Right thumb fingerprint;
* Legal protection;
* *Quick Responsive Code*;
* *Machine Readable Zone Code*.

1. "Ministry Of Foreign Affairs - Ordinance Nº 841 (2018)". *Ministério das Relações Exteriores* (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-07-30.
2. "Federal Law Nº 13445 (2017)". *www.planalto.gov.br* (in Portuguese) (published August 25, 2017). May 24, 2017. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
3. "DECRETO-LEI Nº 406, DE 4 DE MAIO DE 1938". *Diário Oficial da União* (in Portuguese) (published May 6, 1938): 8494. May 4, 1938  via Portal da Câmara dos Deputados.
4. "GOV.BR (PT) - Register As A Foreigner In Brazil". *Portal da Polícia Federal* (in Portuguese).
5. "Living in Brazil - Detailed guidance". *GOV.UK*. 30 December 2022.
6. "Entrada de Estrangeiros". *Arquivo Nacional* (in Portuguese). Brazil. March 30, 2016. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017.
7. "DECRETO Nº 3.010, DE 20 DE AGOSTO DE 1938". *Diário Oficial da União* (in Portuguese) (published August 22, 1938): 16792. August 20, 1938  via Portal da Câmara dos Deputados.
8. "LEI Nº 7.116, DE 29 DE AGOSTO DE 1983". *Diário Oficial da União* (in Portuguese). Brasília (published August 30, 1983). August 29, 1983  via Presidência da República.
9. "DECRETO No 70.391, DE 12 DE ABRIL DE 1972". *Presidência da República* (in Portuguese). April 12, 1972  via Presidência da República.
10. Nacional, Imprensa (April 16, 2018). "ACORDO SOBRE DOCUMENTOS DE VIAGEM E DE RETORNO DOS ESTADOS PARTES DO MERCOSUL E ESTADOS ASSOCIADOS". *Imprensa Nacional* (in Brazilian Portuguese). p. 49. Retrieved 2024-08-19.


title: Whose Vote Counts, Explained

abstract: Whose Vote Counts, Explained is a 2020 docuseries in Vox Media's Explained franchise. The series is narrated by Leonardo DiCaprio, Selena Gomez, and John Legend.

text:
# Whose Vote Counts, Explained

***Whose Vote Counts, Explained*** is a 2020 docuseries in Vox Media's *Explained* franchise. The series is narrated by Leonardo DiCaprio, Selena Gomez, and John Legend.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Narrator | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "The Right to Vote" | Leonardo DiCaprio | September 28, 2020 (2020-09-28) |
| 2 | "Can You Buy an Election?" | Selena Gomez | September 28, 2020 (2020-09-28) |
| 3 | "Whose Vote Counts" | John Legend | September 28, 2020 (2020-09-28) |

## Release

*Whose Vote Counts, Explained* was released on September 28, 2020, on Netflix.

## InfoBox

| *Whose Vote Counts, Explained* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Documentary |
| Narrated by |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 3 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 21–25 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | Netflix |
| Release | September 28, 2020 (2020-09-28) |
| Related | |
| *Explained* | |


title: Pantano Grande

abstract: Pantano Grande is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

text:
# Pantano Grande

**Pantano Grande** is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Pantano Grande | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location within Rio Grande do Sul | |
| Pantano GrandeLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 30°11′S 52°22′W / 30.183°S 52.367°W / -30.183; -52.367 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| State | Rio Grande do Sul |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 9,083 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: OrthoGeorgia Park

abstract: OrthoGeorgia Park at Claude Smith Field is a 1,500-seat baseball stadium on the campus of Mercer University in Macon, Georgia, United States. The facility has a press box, concession stands, and additional berm seating along the right field fence. On November 11, 2014, Mercer announced plans to renovate and expand the stadium, which will include new seating areas, concession areas, press box, dugouts, and a new entrance plaza. Significant funding will be provided by OrthoGeorgia in return for future naming rights. The facility is named for Claude Smith, Mercer baseball coach from 1948–77. The field was named for him upon his retirement in 1977; Smith won 405 games as Mercer's coach and is the winningest coach in university history. The field is located adjacent to Mercer's other athletic facilities including the University Center, Moye Complex, and Sikes Field (softball). There is a 101-room Hilton Garden Inn on university-owned land adjacent to the field. Large parking lots are available for visitors-spectators arriving via the Mercer University Drive exit off of Interstate 75.

text:
# OrthoGeorgia Park

**OrthoGeorgia Park at Claude Smith Field** is a 1,500-seat baseball stadium on the campus of Mercer University in Macon, Georgia, United States. The facility has a press box, concession stands, and additional berm seating along the right field fence. On November 11, 2014, Mercer announced plans to renovate and expand the stadium, which will include new seating areas, concession areas, press box, dugouts, and a new entrance plaza. Significant funding will be provided by OrthoGeorgia in return for future naming rights.

The facility is named for Claude Smith, Mercer baseball coach from 1948–77. The field was named for him upon his retirement in 1977; Smith won 405 games as Mercer's coach and is the winningest coach in university history.

The field is located adjacent to Mercer's other athletic facilities including the University Center (basketball arena and athletic department offices), Moye Complex (football and lacrosse), and Sikes Field (softball). There is a 101-room Hilton Garden Inn on university-owned land adjacent to the field. Large parking lots are available for visitors-spectators arriving via the Mercer University Drive exit off of Interstate 75.

1. "Claude Smith Field (baseball)". *mercerbears.com*. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
2. "Claude Smith Field". *The Baseball Cube*. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
3. "OrthoGeorgia Provides Significant Commitment Toward Construction of New Baseball Park at Mercer University". Mercer Bears. November 11, 2014. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
4. "History of Mercer Baseball". *Craig Gibson Baseball*. Archived from the original on 2011-04-17. Retrieved 11 May 2011.

## InfoBox

OrthoGeorgia Park at Claude Smith Field
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | Bear Field (1962–1976)
Claude Smith Field (1977–2016) |
| Location | Adams Street, Macon, GA, USA |
| Coordinates | 32°49′42″N 83°39′12″W / 32.828471°N 83.653437°W / 32.828471; -83.653437 |
| Owner | Mercer University |
| Capacity | 1,500 |
| Field size | Left Field: 330 ft
Left Center Field: 370 ft
Center Field: 400 ft
Right Center Field: 350 ft
Right Field: 320 ft |
| Surface | Natural grass with artificial turf halo around home plate |
| Scoreboard | Electronic |
| Construction | |
| Renovated | 2003, 2017 |
| Tenants | |
| Mercer Bears baseball
A-Sun Tournament (1994) | |


title: Jeffrey Solow

abstract: Jeffrey Solow is an American cellist.

text:
# Jeffrey Solow

**Jeffrey Solow** (born January 3, 1949) is an American cellist.

## Biography

Born in Los Angeles, Solow began cello lessons at the age of 7 with Gregory Aller, the grandfather of Leonard Slatkin, and had further studies with Gabor Rejto. He studied with and was assistant to Gregor Piatigorsky while pursuing a degree in Philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles. In 1969 he won the Young Concert Artists International Auditions which led to his New York City recital debut at Carnegie Recital Hall. Since then he has appeared as a soloist with many orchestras including the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Japan Philharmonic, the Seattle Symphony, the Milwaukee Symphony, the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra and the American Symphony Orchestra, the latter of which he has also recorded with. Two of his recordings were nominated for Grammy Awards and he has made recordings on the Columbia Records, ABC Records, Centaur Records, Delos Records, Kleos Records, Everest Records and Telefunken music labels.

Solow has also worked actively as a chamber musician and is a former member of The Amadeus Trio as well as the American Chamber Players. He has performed as a chamber musician at music festivals including the Spoleto Festival, the Newport Music Festival, the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival, the Sitka Summer Music Festival, the Summit Music Festival, the Montecito Music Festival, the Park City International Music Festival and the Marlboro Festival. He also spent eight summers teaching cello and chamber music at the Chautauqua Institute in New York.

## InfoBox

| Jeffrey Solow | |
| --- | --- |
| Solow in Homer, Alaska | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1949-01-03) January 3, 1949<br>Los Angeles, California |
| Genres | Classical |
| Occupation | Cellist |
| Instrument | Cello |
| Years active | 1960's-present |
| Labels | ABC, Capstone, Centaur, Columbia, Delos, Everest, Kleos, Laurel, New World, Telefunken |
|  | |
| Website | www.jeffreysolow.com |


title: Pusztaberki

abstract: www.pusztaberki.hu Pusztaberki is a village in Nógrád county, Hungary. Pusztaberki is located 10 min from Bánk, where you have a great beach. While in Bánk you can enjoy ice cream made by a world champion. 45 min to Mogyorod, the F1 track and 40 min to Budapest. To "Felvidék" you have a 15 min drive.

text:
# Pusztaberki

www.pusztaberki.hu

**Pusztaberki** is a village in Nógrád county, Hungary.

Pusztaberki is located 10 min from Bánk, where you have a great beach. While in Bánk you can enjoy ice cream made by a world champion.

45 min to Mogyorod, the F1 track and 40 min to Budapest. To "Felvidék" you have a 15 min drive.

1. "Eladó házak Pusztaberki - ingatlan.com". *ingatlan.com* (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2019-03-15.
2. "Pusztaberki Map: Detailed map of Pusztaberki - ViaMichelin". *www.viamichelin.co.uk*. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
3. "Pusztaberki temető, Pusztaberki, Rétsági, Nograd, Hungary | BillionGraves Cemetery and Images". *BillionGraves*. Retrieved 2019-03-15.

## InfoBox

| Pusztaberki | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Nógrád county in Hungary | |
| PusztaberkiLocation of Pusztaberki | |
| Coordinates: 47°58′35″N 19°09′51″E / 47.97643°N 19.16417°E / 47.97643; 19.16417 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Nógrád |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.85 km2 (2.64 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 140 |
| Density | 20.43/km2 (52.9/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 2658 |
| Area code | 35 |


title: Göscheneralpsee

abstract: Göscheneralpsee is a reservoir in the municipality of Göschenen, Canton of Uri, Switzerland. The volume of the reservoir is 76 million cubic metres (62,000 acre⋅ft) and its surface area 1.32 km⁲ (0.51 sq mi).

text:
# Göscheneralpsee

**Göscheneralpsee** is a reservoir in the municipality of Göschenen, Canton of Uri, Switzerland. The volume of the reservoir is 76 million cubic metres (62,000 acre⋅ft) and its surface area 1.32 km2 (0.51 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Göscheneralpsee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| GöscheneralpseeGöscheneralpseeGöscheneralpsee | |
| Location | Göschenen, Canton of Uri |
| Coordinates | 46°38′43″N 8°29′4″E / 46.64528°N 8.48444°E / 46.64528; 8.48444 |
| Type | reservoir |
| Primary inflows | glacial runoff |
| Catchment area | 42.3 km2 (16.3 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Switzerland |
|  | |
| Max. length | 2.73 kilometres (1.70 mi) |
| Max. width | 0.83 kilometres (0.52 mi) |
| Surface area | 1.32 km2 (0.51 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 106 m (348 ft) |
| Water volume | 0.076 cubic kilometres (62,000 acre⋅ft) |
| Surface elevation | 1,792 m (5,879 ft) |
|  | |
| Frozen | November–April |
|  | |


title: Mei Yasaka

abstract: Mei Yasaka is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for WE League club AC Nagano Parceiro Ladies.

text:
# Mei Yasaka

**Mei Yasaka** (born 5 December 1996) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for WE League club AC Nagano Parceiro Ladies.

## Club career

Yasaka made her WE League debut on 12 September 2021.

## InfoBox

Mei Yasaka
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1996-12-05) 5 December 1996 | | |
| Place of birth | Oita Prefecture, Japan | | |
| Height | 1.59 m (5 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | AC Nagano Parceiro | | |
| Number | 7 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | AC Nagano Parceiro |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Meldrick Lewis

abstract: Meldrick Lewis is a fictional character on the television series Homicide: Life on the Street, played by Clark Johnson. The character is loosely based on Baltimore detective Donald Waltemeyer and appeared in the series for its entire run. Lewis had the very first and last lines of the series. Born on September 10, 1962, Lewis was raised in Baltimore's Lafayette Court housing project. In 1996, he watched its demolition and kept a brick from the rubble as a memento. He attended Lake Clifton High School from 1976 to 1980. It is indicated he was raised Baptist, but his wedding was performed by a member of the Universal Life Church. Lewis joined the homicide unit in April 1990. His first partner in the series was Steve Crosetti, who occasionally irritated him with his arcane historical interests and demeanor. The two usually got along well, however, so Crosetti's later suicide deeply unnerved Lewis. At first he refused to even believe it could be a suicide, reasoning that Crosetti, a devout Catholic and devoted father, would never violate his faith and abandon his child. In time he accepted Crosetti's suicide but still felt a certain dismay that he had never known Crosetti was "in that kind of pain" and apparently felt he could not tell Lewis about his problems. Stan Bolander comforted Lewis by saying that in giving up his prized vintage yo-yo as a gift to Lewis, Crosetti was in his own way saying goodbye. Lewis remained without a partner for a time until partnering with Mike Kellerman, who transferred into Homicide from the arson unit at the start of Season 4. This partnership initially worked reasonably well, but had some strains as Kellerman slid toward alcoholism and humiliation when he was falsely accused of having taken bribes while in his previous position. As Kellerman kept his problems less secret than Crosetti, Lewis was able to stop a potential suicide attempt. Lewis and Kellerman had earlier found themselves arguing with each other over a Nation of Islam group acting as a private security force in a Baltimore City housing project. During a homicide investigation, the Muslims baited Kellerman with racial remarks, and it did not help when Lewis agreed with the Muslims' presence in the projects as because of them, there were fewer homicides in the projects. Lewis nonetheless forced the Muslims' leader to answer both him and Kellerman during an attempt at turning the two against each other. When Kellerman and Lewis were finally able to snare drug kingpin Luther Mahoney for drug trafficking and murder, Lewis beat up Mahoney until he grabbed Lewis' gun. However, Kellerman and Terri Stivers showed up in time to prevent Mahoney from killing Lewis, and Kellerman shot and killed Mahoney during an ambiguous standoff. Although Lewis initially approved of Kellerman's actions, he later decided they could no longer be partners. During Season 6, Lewis got into an altercation with Mahoney's sister Georgia Rae and was suspended. He persuaded fellow detective Paul Falsone to feed him information about the organization, which he used to start an internal war that eventually led to a bloodbath for both the police and the criminals. Kellerman finally admitted the truth about the Mahoney shooting - that the man had not been pointing Lewis' weapon at anyone when Kellerman shot him - and resigned in order to keep Lewis and Stivers from losing their jobs. Kellerman then asked to borrow Lewis' gun so he could commit suicide, but Lewis quietly says "I can't do that, Mikey" and leaves him by himself. In Season 7, Lewis developed problems with his new partner, Rene Sheppard, when she suffered a brutal beating and had her gun taken from her by a suspect, who shot at Lewis and nearly killed him. Lewis refused to partner with any of the female detectives in the unit until the final episode, in which he and Sheppard achieved a reconciliation of sorts and began to work a crime scene together. According to the Season 4 episode "I've Got a Secret," Lewis had a mentally ill brother named Anthony, who was institutionalized roughly 20 years earlier as he was a danger to himself and others. Lewis confessed to Kellerman that he did not intervene on one of Anthony's suicide attempts, and even briefly hoped it might succeed as it would end Anthony's suffering and the hardships he put on the rest of the family. Lewis estimated that he last visited Anthony in 1978; he tried to do so again during this episode, but Anthony refused to see him. Lewis had a harshly realistic view of the job, and was openly critical of Tim Bayliss for putting so much of his emotional energy into the unforgiving field of police work. In 1996, Lewis married Barbara Shivers on extremely short notice. The couple eventually split up. Those who knew Lewis were unsurprised at the breakup; in fact, up to the moment of the wedding many of his co-workers assumed the engagement was a hoax. In October 2013, Lewis attended a roast for Munch in New York City following his retirement from the NYPD. Lewis jokingly told the attendees that "we [Munch's former colleagues] ran his butt outta B-more."

text:
# Meldrick Lewis

**Meldrick Lewis** is a fictional character on the television series *Homicide: Life on the Street*, played by Clark Johnson. The character is loosely based on Baltimore detective Donald Waltemeyer and appeared in the series for its entire run. Lewis had the very first and last lines of the series.

Born on September 10, 1962, Lewis was raised in Baltimore's Lafayette Court housing project. In 1996, he watched its demolition and kept a brick from the rubble as a memento. He attended Lake Clifton High School from 1976 to 1980. It is indicated he was raised Baptist, but his wedding was performed by a member of the Universal Life Church.

Lewis joined the homicide unit in April 1990. His first partner in the series was Steve Crosetti, who occasionally irritated him with his arcane historical interests and demeanor. The two usually got along well, however, so Crosetti's later suicide deeply unnerved Lewis. At first he refused to even believe it could be a suicide, reasoning that Crosetti, a devout Catholic and devoted father, would never violate his faith and abandon his child. In time he accepted Crosetti's suicide but still felt a certain dismay that he had never known Crosetti was "in that kind of pain" and apparently felt he could not tell Lewis about his problems. Stan Bolander comforted Lewis by saying that in giving up his prized vintage yo-yo as a gift to Lewis, Crosetti was in his own way saying goodbye.

Lewis remained without a partner for a time until partnering with Mike Kellerman, who transferred into Homicide from the arson unit at the start of Season 4. This partnership initially worked reasonably well, but had some strains as Kellerman slid toward alcoholism and humiliation when he was falsely accused of having taken bribes while in his previous position. As Kellerman kept his problems less secret than Crosetti, Lewis was able to stop a potential suicide attempt.

Lewis and Kellerman had earlier found themselves arguing with each other over a Nation of Islam group acting as a private security force in a Baltimore City housing project. During a homicide investigation, the Muslims baited Kellerman with racial remarks, and it did not help when Lewis agreed with the Muslims' presence in the projects as because of them, there were fewer homicides in the projects. Lewis nonetheless forced the Muslims' leader to answer both him and Kellerman (the leader would only speak to Black homicide detectives about the identity of a murder suspect) during an attempt at turning the two against each other.

When Kellerman and Lewis were finally able to snare drug kingpin Luther Mahoney for drug trafficking and murder, Lewis beat up Mahoney until he grabbed Lewis' gun. However, Kellerman and Terri Stivers showed up in time to prevent Mahoney from killing Lewis, and Kellerman shot and killed Mahoney during an ambiguous standoff. Although Lewis initially approved of Kellerman's actions, he later decided they could no longer be partners.

During Season 6, Lewis got into an altercation with Mahoney's sister Georgia Rae and was suspended. He persuaded fellow detective Paul Falsone to feed him information about the organization, which he used to start an internal war that eventually led to a bloodbath for both the police and the criminals. Kellerman finally admitted the truth about the Mahoney shooting - that the man had not been pointing Lewis' weapon at anyone when Kellerman shot him - and resigned in order to keep Lewis and Stivers from losing their jobs. Kellerman then asked to borrow Lewis' gun so he could commit suicide, but Lewis quietly says "I can't do that, Mikey" and leaves him by himself.

In Season 7, Lewis developed problems with his new partner, Rene Sheppard, when she suffered a brutal beating and had her gun taken from her by a suspect, who shot at Lewis and nearly killed him (the bullet nicked the crown of his trademark hat). Lewis refused to partner with any of the female detectives in the unit until the final episode, in which he and Sheppard achieved a reconciliation of sorts and began to work a crime scene together.

According to the Season 4 episode "I've Got a Secret," Lewis had a mentally ill brother named Anthony, who was institutionalized roughly 20 years earlier as he was a danger to himself and others. Lewis confessed to Kellerman that he did not intervene on one of Anthony's suicide attempts, and even briefly hoped it might succeed as it would end Anthony's suffering and the hardships he put on the rest of the family. Lewis estimated that he last visited Anthony in 1978; he tried to do so again during this episode, but Anthony refused to see him.

Lewis had a harshly realistic view of the job, and was openly critical of Tim Bayliss for putting so much of his emotional energy into the unforgiving field of police work.

In 1996, Lewis married Barbara Shivers on extremely short notice. The couple eventually split up. Those who knew Lewis were unsurprised at the breakup; in fact, up to the moment of the wedding many of his co-workers (particularly John Munch) assumed the engagement was a hoax.

In October 2013, Lewis attended a roast for Munch in New York City following his retirement from the NYPD. Lewis jokingly told the attendees that "we \[Munch's former colleagues\] ran his butt outta B-more."

## Behind the scenes

Clark Johnson regularly improvised during filming and made up his own jokes and dialogue; writer and producer James Yoshimura called him "the king of the ad lib."

## InfoBox

| Meldrick Lewis | |
| --- | --- |
| Meldrick Lewis | |
| First appearance | January 31, 1993
(1x01, "Gone for Goode") |
| Last appearance | May 21, 1999
(7x22, Forgive Us Our Trespasses") (*H:LOTS*)
February 13, 2000
*Homicide: The Movie*
October 16, 2013
(15x05, "Wonderland Story") (*SVU*) |
| Created by | Tom Fontana |
| Portrayed by | Clark Johnson |
| In-universe information | |
| Gender | Male |
| Title | Detective |
| Occupation | Homicide Detective |
| Family | Eleanor Lewis (mother)
Medea (grandmother)
Anthony (brother) |
| Spouse | Barbara Shivers-Lewis (divorced) |
| Nationality | American |


title: Pantanos de Centla

abstract: The Pantanos de Centla are wooded wetlands along the coast in state of Tabasco in Mexico. They have been protected since 2006 with the establishment of the Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve. It is also a World Wildlife Fund ecoregion.

text:
# Pantanos de Centla

| Designations | |
| --- | --- |
| Ramsar Wetland | |
| Official name | Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de Centla |
| Designated | 22 June 1995 |
| Reference no. | 733 |
|  | |

The **Pantanos de Centla** (Centla swamps) are wooded wetlands along the coast in state of Tabasco in Mexico. They have been protected since 2006 with the establishment of the Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve. It is also a World Wildlife Fund ecoregion.

## WWF Ecoregion

The ecoregion covers an area of 17,200 square kilometers (6,600 sq mi) in the states of Tabasco and Campeche. The Centla swamps occupy the delta of the Usumacinta and Grijalva rivers, which empty into the Gulf of Mexico and the Laguna de Términos through numerous distributaries. The ecoregion includes year-round wetlands, and freshwater swamp forests which are inundated during the summer rainy season.

The Usumacinta mangroves lie in the brackish-water zone between the Centla swamps and the open water of the Laguna de Términos and the Gulf. The Petén–Veracruz moist forests lie to the west and south, and the Yucatan moist forests lie to the east.

A 2017 assessment found that 5,644 km2, or 33%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. The largest protected area is **Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve**.

## Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve

### Flora

In the Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve (*Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de Centla*) was established in 2006. The reserve mostly contains semi-evergreen forest habitat. The predominant trees in the semi-evergreen forest include black olive tree (*Bucida buceras*) and logwood (*Haematoxylum campechianum*), with *Spondias mombin, Tabebuia rosea, Lonchocarpus hondurensis*, bitter angelim (*Vatairea lundelii*), gumbo-limbo (*Bursera simaruba*), guanandis (*Calophyllum brasiliense*), mahogany (*Swietenia macrophylla*), and cedar (*Cedrela odorata*). Wetland plant communities, including marshlands and freshwater swamp forests, cover over a third of the reserve. Species recorded growing in the riparian vegetation along a stream found the free-floating hydrophytes *Eichhornia crassipes*, *Pistia stratiotes* and *Salvinia auriculata*; emergents such as espadaño (*Typha latifolia*) and carrizo (*Gynerium saggitatum*); riparian shrubs and trees such as muco (*Dalbergia browni*) anona (*Anona glabra*), water zapote (*Pachira aquatica*), bolchiche (*Coccoloba barbadensis*, worm tree (*Lonchocarpus hondurensis*), tucuy (*Pithecelobium lanceolatum*) and guano palms (*Sabal mexicana*) as well as some non-native grasses.

### Fauna

Some large animals in the Biosphere Reserve include Morelet's crocodile (*Crocodylus moreleti*), jaguar (*Panthera onca*), mantled howler monkey (*Alouatta palliata*), and tropical gar or *pejelagarto* (*Atractosteus tropicus*).

230 species of birds have been recorded in the Biosphere Reserve, of which 63% are permanent residents, 23% winter residents, 4% transitory, and 10% do not have a defined seasonality. The ecoregion's wetlands are home to many water birds, including jabiru stork (*Jabiru mycteria*), Maguari stork (*Ciconia maguari*), boat-billed heron or páspaque (*Cochlearius cochlearius*), ruddy ground dove (*Columbina talpacoti*), Muscovy duck (*Cairina moschata*), black-bellied whistling duck (*Dendrocygna autumnalis*), pied-billed grebe (*Podilymbus podiceps*), peregrine falcon (*Falco peregrinus*), and white ibis (*Eudocimus albus*).

Central American river turtles (*Dermatemys mawii*) occur in the reserve.

18°20′N 92°30′W / 18.333°N 92.500°W / 18.333; -92.500

## InfoBox

| Pantanos de Centla | |
| --- | --- |
| Brown basilisk (*toloque rayado*) in the Pantanos de Centla | |
| Location map of the Pantanos de Centla | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Neotropical |
| Biome | tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests |
| Borders |  |
| Geography | |
| Area | 17,028 km2 (6,575 sq mi) |
| Country | Mexico |
| States |  |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/endangered |
| Protected | 5,644 km2 (33%) |


title: Orthogonius adoriae

abstract: Orthogonius adoriae is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.

text:
# Orthogonius adoriae

***Orthogonius adoriae*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.

## InfoBox

| *Orthogonius adoriae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Orthogonius* |
| Species: | ***O. adoriae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthogonius adoriae***<br>Tian & Deuve, 2006 | |
|


title: Rave Down

abstract: Rave Down is the second EP by English alternative rock band Swervedriver. Produced and recorded by Anjali Dutt and the band, it was released in November 1990, through Creation and A&M Records. The title track of the EP was included in the band's debut album, Raise (1991).

text:
# Rave Down

***Rave Down*** is the second EP by English alternative rock band Swervedriver. Produced and recorded by Anjali Dutt and the band, it was released in November 1990, through Creation and A&M Records. The title track of the EP was included in the band's debut album, *Raise* (1991).

## Background

*Rave Down* is the second of a string of EPs that was released in early 1990s by Swervedriver, following *Son of Mustang Ford* (1990) and preceding *Sandblasted* (1991). It was recorded and mixed at Jam Studios.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

Andy Kellman of Allmusic wrote: "The bulldozing, bass-driven, Dinosaur Jr.-meets-Stooges onslaught continues in fine form." On the title track, he commented that "it is undeniably one of Swervedriver's all-time career highs, churning and chugging with that effortless flair they often possessed." Nevertheless, he also wrote that "B-sides are anything but afterthoughts or gap fillers," further explaining that "Afterglow" is the best of the extra material on the EP. NME critic Mary Anne Hobbs called its title track "a cyclone of wild, swollen riff machinery that sounds like it's been played with dislocated shoulder joints," and stated that the track "She's Beside Herself" is the only one \[track\] in which any other influence - an almost distinguished Costello-like vocal quality, oddly- is really discernible through Swervedriver's shredder-static."

The EP was made single of the week by a heavy metal magazine, which prompted band's bassist Adi Vines to describe their style as "ethereal metal."

## Track listing

All tracks written by Swervedriver.

1. "Rave Down" – 5:07
2. "She's Beside Herself" – 5:51
3. "Afterglow" – 3:03
4. "Zedhead" – 4:42

## Personnel

### Swervedriver

* Adam Franklin – vocals, guitar
* Jimmy Hartridge – guitar
* Adi Vines – bass guitar
* Graham Bonnar – drums

### Other personnel

* Amp Art – artwork
* Anjali Dutt – production, engineering
* Nick Taylor – additional guitar

## InfoBox

| Rave Down | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Swervedriver | |
| Released | November 1990 |
| Recorded | Jam Studios |
| Genre | Alternative rock, shoegazing |
| Length | 18:43 |
| Label | Creation, A&M |
| Producer | Anjali Dutt, Swervedriver |
| Swervedriver chronology | |
| *Son of Mustang Ford*
(1990) ***Rave Down***
(1990) *Sandblasted*
(1991) | |


title: Jean Morin (ice hockey)

abstract: Jean Morin is a Canadian retired National Hockey League linesman who wore uniform number 97.

text:
# Jean Morin (ice hockey)

**Jean Morin** (born August 10, 1963) is a Canadian retired National Hockey League linesman who wore uniform number 97.

## Career

Morin joined the NHL as an official at the start of the 1991–92 season. During his career, he officiated in the Stanley Cup Finals in 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and the 2010 Winter Olympics. He is a vice president of the National Hockey League Officials Association.

1. "Jean Morin | NHLOA Alumni | NHL Officials Association". *NHLOA*. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
2. "Jean Morin's last game – LHJMQ". Retrieved 2023-03-03.

## InfoBox

| Jean Morin | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1963-08-10) August 10, 1963<br>Sorel-Tracy, Quebec, Canada | | |
| Position | Linesman | | |
| Playing career | 19912015 | | |


title: Pyropteron triannuliformis

abstract: Pyropteron triannuliformis is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found from most of Europe to the Near East and Central Asia. The wingspan is 14–20 mm. Adults are on wing in June and July. The larvae feed on the roots of Rumex species as well as Geranium sanguineum.

text:
# Pyropteron triannuliformis

***Pyropteron triannuliformis*** is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found from most of Europe (except Ireland, Great Britain, the Iberian Peninsula, the Benelux, Denmark and Fennoscandia) to the Near East and Central Asia.

The wingspan is 14–20 mm. Adults are on wing in June and July.

The larvae feed on the roots of *Rumex* species (including *Rumex acetosella*, *Rumex acetosa*, *Rumex crispus*, *Rumex palustris* and *Rumex conglomeratus*) as well as *Geranium sanguineum*.

## InfoBox

| *Pyropteron triannuliformis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyropteron* |
| Species: | ***P. triannuliformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyropteron triannuliformis***<br>(Freyer, 1843) Synonyms * *Sesia triannuliformis* Freyer, 1843 * *Synansphecia triannuliformis* * *Pyropteron triannuliforme* * *Sesia braconiformis* Herrich-Schäffer, 1846 * *Sesia armeniaca* Bartel, 1906 * *Chamaesphecia balcanica* Zukowsky, 1929 * *Bembecia ljiljanae* Toševski, 1986 * *Pyropteron pungeleri* Špatenka, 1987 * *Chamaesphecia rangnowi* Zukowsky, 1929 * *Sesia meriaeformis* Assmann, 1845 (nec Boisduval, 1840) * *Sesia philanthiformis* Lederer, 1853 (nec Laspeyres, 1801) | |
|