title: Jean-Toussaint Bernard

abstract: Jean-Toussaint Bernard is a French actor and screenwriter.

text:
# Jean-Toussaint Bernard

**Jean-Toussaint Bernard** (August 8, 1980) is a French actor and screenwriter.

## Education

He studied at the Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique.

## Theater

* 2003: Le Nouvel Appartement de Carlo Goldoni, by Muriel Mayette-Holtz, Studio-Théâtre de la Comédie-Française.
* 2004: Le Balcon ou à peu près (Jean Genet), by Jean-Michel Rabeux, Théâtre du Conservatoire.
* 2005: Songe, Tempête (William Shakespeare), by Georges Lavaudant, Théâtre du Conservatoire.
* 2005: *Le Condamné à mort* (Jean Genet), by Julie Brochen, Auditorium du Louvres.
* 2006: *Histoire vraie de la Perichole* (Jacques Offenbach), by Julie Brochen, Aix-en-Provence Festival and théâtre de l'Aquarium.
* 2006: *L'Objecteur* (Michel Vinaver), by Claude Yersin, Nouveau théâtre d'Angers.
* 2007: *Variations / Jean-Luc Lagarce*, by Julie Brochen, Théâtre de l'Aquarium.
* 2007: *L'Architecte* (David Greig), by Matthew Jocelyn, Ateliers du Rhin, CDN de Colmar.
* 2008: *Good Canary* (Zach Helm), by John Malkovich.
* 2009: *On ne payera pas pour l'oxygène* (Artistide Tarnagda), mise en scène d'Eva Doumbia, Théâtre des Bernardines.
* 2011: *S.A.R.L. faits divers* (Benjamin Bellecour and Antoine Durand), by Jonathan Cohen and Benjamin Bellecour, Ciné 13 Théâtre.

## Filmography

### Cinema

### Television

* 2010: *Mission sacrée* by Daniel Vigne.
* 2010: *Dame de cœur* by Charlotte Brandström.
* 2010: *Bienvenue à Bouchon* by Luc Béraud.
* 2010: *Dame de pique* by Philippe Venault.
* 2011: *Dame de carreau* by Alexis Lecaye.
* 2012: *Un crime oublié* by Patrick Volson.
* 2012: *Dame de trèfle* by Philippe Venault.
* 2012: *Dame de sang* by Alexis Lecaye.
* 2013: *Zygomatiques* by Stephen Cafiero.
* 2013: *The Tunnel* (season 1) by Philip Martin, Thomas Vincent, Udayan Prasad.
* 2013: *Dame d'atout* by Alexis Lecaye et Camille Bordes-Resnais.
* 2013: *Lazy Company* (season 2) by Samuel Bodin.
* 2013: *France Kbek* (season 1) by Jonathan Cohen and Jérémie Galan.
* 2013: *Dame de cendres* by Patrice Martineau.
* 2014: *Dame de feu* by Camille Bordes-Resnais.
* 2015: *France Kbek* (season 2) by Jonathan Cohen and Jérémie Galan.
* 2015: *Dame de glace* by Camille Bordes-Resnais.
* 2017: *Missions* by Julien Lacombe (TV series).
* 2017: *Robin* by Alice Douard.

### Scenario

* 2015: *Mon amour* by Liova Jedlicki.

## InfoBox

| Jean-Toussaint Bernard | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Bernard
August 8, 1980
France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, Scenarist |
| Years active | 2003-present |
| Known for | On Tour
The Squad
Brèves de comptoir
The Tunnel (TV series) |


title: My Theodosia

abstract: My Theodosia is a novel written by the American author Anya Seton which was first published in 1941. It is a fictional interpretation of the life of Theodosia Burr Alston, set against a historical background of Aaron Burr's Vice Presidency of the United States, and his subsequent years. The book focuses on the life of Theodosia: her marriage to Joseph Alston; her suggested romance with Meriwether Lewis; and ultimately her unwavering devotion to her father Aaron Burr, and his devotion to her.

text:
# My Theodosia

***My Theodosia*** is a novel written by the American author Anya Seton which was first published in 1941.

It is a fictional interpretation of the life of Theodosia Burr Alston, set against a historical background of Aaron Burr's Vice Presidency of the United States, and his subsequent years.

The book focuses on the life of Theodosia: her marriage to Joseph Alston; her suggested romance with Meriwether Lewis; and ultimately her unwavering devotion to her father Aaron Burr, and his devotion to her.

## Plot summary

The story begins on Theodosia's seventeenth birthday in the year 1800, where her father Aaron Burr introduces Theodosia to her soon to be husband Joseph Alston. Theodosia is not keen on her father's choice for a husband, for she does not realise that her father hopes the marriage will increase his political support in the southern states, as well as lead to financial gain. During Theodosia and Joseph's official courtship, by chance Theodosia meets Meriwether Lewis, and the two are instantly attracted to each other. However Aaron Burr spots the two together, and eliminates any chance of a romance before it begins.

Reluctantly but dutifully, Theodosia capitulates to her father's wishes and marries Joseph Alston in February 1801. The couple then settle in Joseph's home state of South Carolina, and Theodosia soon gives birth to her first and only child. However Theodosia is never happy in the South and constantly longs for the company of her father (and a reunification with Meriwether Lewis).

The story moves on through Aaron Burr's time as Vice President: his controversial actions dueling Alexander Hamilton; his working to take over Mexico, naming himself as king; and his subsequent trial. Theodosia is always behind her father, even if it is at the cost of her marriage to Joseph, and her romance with Meriwether.

## Reception

*Kirkus Reviews* noted, "The author, while making the most of her material, has managed to sustain an objective viewpoint towards her characters (at some sacrifice of the sympathy she might have claimed)".

Though reviewers frequently comment on the meticulous research Seton put into her books, Richard N. Cote claims there are historical inaccuracies with *My Theodosia*. Both the putative romance with Meriwether Lewis and the depiction of the Alston marriage as unhappy are examples of fiction, not fact.

1. "Book Review: My Theodosia". *Kirkus Reviews*. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
2. Cote, Richard N., *Theodosia Theodosia Burr Alston: Portrait of Prodigy*, (2002).

## InfoBox

My Theodosia
| 1941 Grosset & Dunlap edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Anya Seton |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Historical Romance |
| Publisher | Houghton Mifflin |
| Publication date | 1941 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 314 pp |


title: Pwll y wrach

abstract: Pwll y wrach or Pwll-y-wrach is a feature on the River Ennig near Talgarth in south Powys, Wales. The river plunges in two separate streams over a lip of hard rock into a pool scoured in the softer mudstones of the underlying Raglan Mudstone formation. The feature occurs within Cwm Pwll-y-wrach, a deep wooded valley that is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a nature reserve managed by the Brecknock Wildlife Trust. The trust has established trails within the wood to enable public access. It is suggested that the name derives from the ancient practice of ducking witches in the plunge pool.

text:
# Pwll y wrach

**Pwll y wrach** or **Pwll-y-wrach** (Welsh for "pool of the witch") is a feature on the River Ennig near Talgarth in south Powys, Wales. The river plunges in two separate streams over a lip of hard rock (Bishop's Frome Limestone, formerly known as Psammosteus Limestone) into a pool scoured in the softer mudstones of the underlying Raglan Mudstone formation.

The feature occurs within Cwm Pwll-y-wrach, a deep wooded valley that is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a nature reserve managed by the Brecknock Wildlife Trust. The trust has established trails within the wood to enable public access.

It is suggested that the name derives from the ancient practice of ducking witches in the plunge pool.

51°59′11″N 3°13′03″W / 51.9865°N 3.2176°W / 51.9865; -3.2176


title: Medical Board of California

abstract: The Medical Board of California (MBC) is a state government agency which licenses and disciplines physicians, surgeons and certain allied healthcare professionals in California. The Board provides two principal types of services to consumers: (1) public-record information about California-licensed physicians, and (2) investigation of complaints against physicians. The Board is part of the California Department of Consumer Affairs and has headquarters in Sacramento. It has an annual budget of $65.277 million. The MBC is the oldest component of DCA, dating back to the 1878 revision of the Medical Practice Act of 1876. MBC is a member of the Federation of State Medical Boards. The members of the Board are eight physicians and five public members appointed by the Governor, one public member appointed by the Speaker of the Assembly, and one public member appointed by the Senate Rules Committee. In fiscal year 2016-2017, the Board had 137,967 physician licenses in effect, and issued 6,802 new physician licenses. In FY 2016-17, the Board received 9,619 complaints and opened 1,465 investigations. The outcome in FY 2016-17 was 42 license revocations, 101 license surrenders, six probations with suspension, 171 probations, 86 public reprimands, and 43 criminal referrals. In fiscal year 2017-2018, the Board had 140,748 physician licenses in effect, and issued 6,694 new physician licenses. In FY 2017-18, the Board received 10,888 complaints and opened 1,627 cases. The outcome in FY 2017-18 was 59 license revocations, 98 license surrenders, 5 probations with suspension, 139 probations, 133 public reprimands, and 14 convictions of crimes.

text:
# Medical Board of California

The **Medical Board of California** (**MBC**) is a state government agency which licenses and disciplines physicians, surgeons and certain allied healthcare professionals in California. The Board provides two principal types of services to consumers: (1) public-record information about California-licensed physicians, and (2) investigation of complaints against physicians.

The Board is part of the California Department of Consumer Affairs and has headquarters in Sacramento. It has an annual budget of $65.277 million. The MBC is the oldest component of DCA, dating back to the 1878 revision of the Medical Practice Act of 1876. MBC is a member of the Federation of State Medical Boards.

The members of the Board are eight physicians and five public members appointed by the Governor, one public member appointed by the Speaker of the Assembly, and one public member appointed by the Senate Rules Committee.

In fiscal year 2016-2017, the Board had 137,967 physician licenses in effect, and issued 6,802 new physician licenses.

In FY 2016-17, the Board received 9,619 complaints and opened 1,465 investigations. The outcome in FY 2016-17 was 42 license revocations, 101 license surrenders, six probations with suspension, 171 probations, 86 public reprimands, and 43 criminal referrals.

In fiscal year 2017-2018, the Board had 140,748 physician licenses in effect, and issued 6,694 new physician licenses.

In FY 2017-18, the Board received 10,888 complaints and opened 1,627 cases. The outcome in FY 2017-18 was 59 license revocations, 98 license surrenders, 5 probations with suspension, 139 probations, 133 public reprimands, and 14 convictions of crimes.

## Whistleblower lawsuit against the Medical Board of California, 2021

TJ Watkins, a public board member of The Medical Board of California, filed a whistleblower lawsuit against the board with the state auditor's office urging the agency to investigate the inner workings of the board and its decisions, which are largely cloaked under the law. Watkins said the board is designed to silence aggrieved patients. "It's one thing to not feel heard; it's another to be dismissed and ignored," said Watkins. "The main thing that people who write to me want is for this not to happen again. They have made peace that nothing will happen with their particular case, but they fight because they don't want this to happen to anyone else. I feel that."

## InfoBox

Medical Board of California
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| <br>Headquarters in Sacramento | |
| Board overview | |
| Jurisdiction | California |
| Headquarters | Sacramento, California |
| Board executives | * Randy W. Hawkins, M.D., President * Laurie Rose Lubiano, J.D., Vice President * James M. Healzer, M.D., Secretary * Reji Varghese, Executive Director |
| Parent department | California Department of Consumer Affairs |
| Website | www.mbc.ca.gov |


title: Reef House

abstract: The Reef House is a historic house located at 411 S. Poplar St. in Carbondale, Illinois. William A. Reef built the house for his family circa 1892. The Queen Anne-style cottage may have been designed by local carpenter A. M. Etherton, though records of its designer do not exist. The house features fishscale shingle siding on its second floor and clapboard siding on its first; the clapboard siding is adorned with stickwork. A gable on the south side of the house features half-timbering at its top. The house's front porch features turned posts, a typical Queen Anne feature. The house is one of the only Queen Anne homes in Carbondale which largely retains its original condition. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 1985.

text:
# Reef House

The **Reef House** is a historic house located at 411 S. Poplar St. in Carbondale, Illinois. William A. Reef built the house for his family circa 1892. The Queen Anne-style cottage may have been designed by local carpenter A. M. Etherton, though records of its designer do not exist. The house features fishscale shingle siding on its second floor and clapboard siding on its first; the clapboard siding is adorned with stickwork. A gable on the south side of the house features half-timbering at its top. The house's front porch features turned posts, a typical Queen Anne feature. The house is one of the only Queen Anne homes in Carbondale which largely retains its original condition.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 1985.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Reef House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The south side of the house | |
|  | |
| Location | 411 S. Poplar St., Carbondale, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 37°43′23″N 89°13′17″W / 37.72306°N 89.22139°W / 37.72306; -89.22139 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c. 1892 (1892) |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002839 |
| Added to NRHP | November 14, 1985 |


title: Mehmet Tevfik Gerçeker

abstract: Mehmet Tevfik Gerçeker was a Turkish scholar.

text:
# Mehmet Tevfik Gerçeker

**Mehmet Tevfik Gerçeker** (born **Mehmed Tawfiq**; 1898 – 28 January 1982) was a Turkish scholar.

## Biography

In his hometown, he studied religion and astronomy for his education. After this period, he moved to Istanbul where he completed higher education in a Madrasah. He was a founding member of the Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs, and served at a high position in that department. He then served as Deputy Head of the Council of State from 1952 until his retirement in 1963. He was appointed President of the Directorate of Religious Affairs in 1964.

## InfoBox

| Mehmet Tevfik Gerçeker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the Directorate of Religious Affairs | |
| **In office**
15 October 1964  16 December 1965 | |
| Preceded by | Hasan Hüsnü Erdem |
| Succeeded by | İbrahim Bedreddin Elmalılı |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mehmed Tawfiq
1898
Bursa Province, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 28 January 1982 (aged 83–84)
Ankara, Turkey |
|  | |


title: Why Do I Do?

abstract: "Why Do I Do?" is the debut single by British singer-songwriter Tyler James, released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 1 November 2004. The song is from his debut album studio album The Unlikely Lad (2005). It peaked at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Why Do I Do?

"**Why Do I Do?**" is the debut single by British singer-songwriter Tyler James, released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 1 November 2004. The song is from his debut album studio album *The Unlikely Lad* (2005). It peaked at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listings

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Why Do I Do?" (Radio Edit) | 3:43 |
| 2. | "My Time" (Mushtaq Version) | 2:56 |
| 3. | "Why Do I Do?" (Grant Nelson Club Remix) | 6:03 |
| 4. | "Why Do I Do?" (Ruff & Jam Remix) | 7:09 |

## Chart performance

| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 25 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 1 November 2004 | Digital download | Island Records |
| | | CD | |

## InfoBox

| "Why Do I Do?" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Tyler James | |
| from the album  *The Unlikely Lad* | |
| Released | 1 November 2004 |
| Recorded | 2003 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:43 |
| Label | Island Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Tyler James, Blair MacKichan, Justin Gray |
| Producer(s) | Blair MacKichan, Anders Kallmark |
| Tyler James singles chronology | |
| "Wilder"
(2001) "**Why Do I Do?**"
(2004) "Foolish"
(2005) | |


title: Papaver

abstract: Papaver is a genus of 70–100 species of frost-tolerant annuals, biennials, and perennials native to temperate and cold regions of Eurasia, Africa and North America. It is the type genus of the poppy family, Papaveraceae.

text:
# Papaver

***Papaver*** /pəˈpvər/ is a genus of 70–100 species of frost-tolerant annuals, biennials, and perennials native to temperate and cold regions of Eurasia, Africa and North America. It is the type genus of the **poppy** family, Papaveraceae.

## Description

The flowers have two sepals that fall off as the bud opens, and four (or up to six) petals in red, pink, orange, yellow, or lilac. There are many stamens in several whorls around a compound pistil, which results from the fusion of carpels. The stigmas are visible on top of the capsule, and the number of stigmas corresponds to the number of fused carpels.

The ovary later develops into a dehiscing capsule, capped by the dried stigmas. The opened capsule scatters its numerous, tiny seeds as air movement shakes it, due to the long stem.

The typical *Papaver* gynoecium is superior (the flower is hypogynous) with a globular ovary. The style is characteristically absent for the type species opium poppy, and several others, although those with a style do exist. The sessile plate-like stigmata lies on top of the ovary. Pollen-receptive surfaces. The characteristic fruit type of *Papaver* is the unilocular capsule. The stigmatic disc rests on top of the capsule, and beneath it are dehiscent pores or valves.

## Taxonomy

Divided into a number of sections by Kiger (1973, 1985), the following are lectotypified with their lectotype species. Subsequent cladistic classification by Carolan *et al.* (2006) suggested *Papaver* was not monophyletic.

The following are lectotypified with their lectotype species:

*Papaver* sect. *Argemonidium* includes four annual, half-rosette species, *P. argemone*, *P. pavonium*, *P. apulum*, and *P. hybridum* (Kadereit 1986a). *Papaver apulum,* *P. argemone* and *P. pavonium* occur allopatrically from the Adriatic Sea to the Himalayan range. *P. hybridum* is distributed widely from the Himalayas to Macaronesian Islands. These species are easily distinguished in petal and capsule characters, but are clearly closely related according to molecular analysis. *Argemonidium* is a sister group to all other *Papaver* sections, with characteristic indels. Morphological characters also support this distinction, including the presence of an apical plug in the capsules, long internodes above the basal leaf rosette, bristly capsules and polyporate pollen grains. Carolan et al. (2006) supported Kadereit et al. (1997)’s suggestions that *Argemonidium* and *Roemeria* are in fact sister taxa. They share some morphological characters that distinguish them from *Papaver*, including polyporate pollen grains, and long internodes superior the basal leaf rosette. Previous taxonomies of the Old World clade did include the close relationship between *Argemonidium* and *Roemeria*, nor *Argemonidium*’s distinctness from *Papaver* s.s. Carolan suggest *Argemonidium* be elevated to genus status, with *Roemeria* a sub-genus.

*Papaver* sect. *Meconella* is widely distributed, with populations spanning central, inner and eastern Asia, Siberia, Scandinavia, northern Greenland, Canada, the Rocky Mountains, and regions of Europe. It has been distinguished from other *Papaver* sections morphologically by its bristly, valvate capsules, pinnatisect leaves, pale stamen, and white, orange or yellow corolla. Older taxonomies divided *Meconella* into two groups based on degree of leaf dissection (finely dissected leaves vs. broad leaf lobes). Kadereit (1990) and Kadereit and Sytsma (1992) regarded finely dissected leaves as a derived character, and suggested that *Meconella* formed a group with *Argemonidium* as sister to other *Papaver* sects. Bittkau and Kadereit (2002) demonstrated that for *P. alpinum* s.l. broad leaf lobes were ancestral. Carolan et al. (2006) resolved *Meconopsis* as sister to sect. *Meconella*, forming a sister clade to the rest of *Papaver*, excluding *Argemonidium*. *Meconella* possesses a sessile stigmatic disc, similar to the typical discs of *Papaver* sect. *Papaver*., yet differences in the disc and other morphological characters have led to suggestions that this feature may not be homologous. The results of the Carolan *et al.* (2006) analysis present a major problem to previous taxonomy of the genera *Meconopsis*, and *Papaver*. As several species of *Meconopsis* (excluding *M. cambrica*) and *P. Meconella* resolved as a monophyletic group, sister to other *Papaver* sects., either *Meconella* must be elevated to genus status, or combined with the Asian species of *Meconopsis*, as a subgenus of *Papaver*.

*Papaver* sects. *Californicum* and *Horrida* have unique geographic distributions in relation to the rest of the genus. *Horrida* is represented by a single species *Papaver aculeatum* of, an annual flower native to South Africa. The capsule is glabrous narrow, long and poricidal. The vegetative parts are covered with setae, and the growth form is a rosette with rarely branching axes, and narrowly elliptical incised leaves. P. sect. californicum, is also represented by a single annual species, of the same name. As the name implies, it is native to western North America, and is characterized by a slender, ribbed, glabrous capsule, a racemose inflorescence, yellow anthers and filaments, and valvate capsule dehiscece. Previous morphological-based taxonomies of these species have led to unreliable groupings. *Horrida* and *Pilosa* have racemose inflorescences, pale filiform filaments and long capsules with flat stigmatic discs, while *P. californicum* and sect. *Meconidium* share valvate capsule dehiscence and pale filaments, but geographically these species are distinct, and do not follow molecular evidence. Commonality among these features is therefore hypothesized to be a result of convergence. In Carolan et al.’s (2006) combined ITS, trnL-F trees, both *Horrida* and *Californicum* attach to basal nodes within the main clade *Papaver*. Kadereit *et al.* (1997) postulated that *Stylomecon heterophylla* arose from within *Papaver* and should not be relegated as a separate genus. *S. heterophylla* and *P. californicum* are both native to southwestern North America, and share habitats. They are also morphologically similar, sharing glabrous buds, bright orange corollas, and yellow anthers. Their capsules are different, with *S. heterophylla* possessing a distinct style that is reminiscent of those in many *Meconopsis* species. However, Carolan et al.’s (2006) analysis strongly supports a monophyletic group for *S. heterophylla* and *P. californicum*, sister to the core *Papaver* sects, with *Horrida*, basal to that grouping. They recommended that both sects. *Californicum* and *Horrida* be elevated to “subgenera” within *Papaver*. The authors reject the genus status of *Stylomecon*.

*Meconopsis* is composed of mostly Asian dwelling species, and a single European representative, *M. cambrica*. Kadereit et al. (1997) first provided evidence that this relationship is not monophyletic. Carolan et al. (2006) confirmed the separation of *M. cambrica* from the rest of *Meconopsis*. In fact, it forms a well-supported sister-group to the core sections of *Papaver*, excluding *Argemonidium*, *Californicum*, *Horrida* and *Meconella*.

The core sections of *Papaver* s.s. form a well-supported clade, consisting of *Pseudopilosa*, *Pilosa*, *Papaver*, *Carinatae*, *Meconidium*, *Oxytona*, and *Rhoeadium*. *Pseudopilosa* spp. have a subscapose growth habit, and their distribution includes south-western Asia, northern Africa and southern Spain. There are some leaves on the lower part of the flower axis carrying a single flower. Carolan et al.’s (2006) analysis placed *Pseudopilosa* as sister to the remaining *Papaver* s.s. sections. *Pilosa* is a single species, *P. pilosum*, found mostly in western Turkey Sects. *Pilosa* and *Pseudopilosa* are separated based on morphological and chemical differences.

The monophyly of *Carinatae*, *Papaver* and *Rhoeadium* is questionable based on current molecular evidence. *Papaver* sect. *Rhoeadium* comprises seventeen annual species. Carolan et al. (2006) use three representative species, *P. commutatum*, *P. dubium*, and *P. rhoeas* for their genetic analysis. The geographic center of *Rhoeadium*’s diversity is in south-western Asia and the Aegean area. They have poricidal capsules and usually dark filaments. This section is morphologically diverse however, leading Kadereit (1989) to recognize three distinct groups. The first comprises species with tetraploid and hexaploid genomes, with long capsules. The second group contains diploid species and diverse morphologies. The third group consists of diploid species and uniform morphologies. Carolan et al. (2006) showed some incongruences between their trnL-F and ITS maximum parsimony trees, showing weak support for Kadereit's (1989) groupings. Further analyses with more species and more samples will be necessary to resolve the phylogeny at this level.

*Papaver* has traditionally been characterized by the absence of a stigma, and the presence of a sessile stigmatic disc. Carolan et al. (2006) demonstrated that several species with this trait however are closely related to taxa possessing a style e.g. *S. heterophylla* and *P. californicum*, and P. sect. *Meconella* and Asian *Meconopsis*. This evidence, in combination with morphological differences among the discs suggests convergent evolutionary pathways. *Papaver* has long been considered the most derived clade within Papaveroideae, due to the belief that the stigmatic disc was an apomorphous characteristic. Sections *Meconella* and *Californicum* exhibit valvate dehiscence, and their basal position within *Papaver* suggest this may be an ancestral form. Its presence in *Meconidium*, however, suggests it is also a synapomorphy within that group.

Note: *Meconella* (not to be confused with the genus *Meconella*) has an alpine and circumpolar arctic distribution and includes some of the most northerly-growing vascular land plants.

## Species

There are 70–100 species, including:

## History and uses

Poppies have been grown as ornamental plants since 5000 BC in Mesopotamia. They were found in Egyptian tombs. In Greek mythology, the poppy was associated with Demeter, goddess of fertility and agriculture. The origin of the cultural symbol was probably Minoan Crete, because a figurine known as the "poppy goddess" was found at a Minoan sanctuary in Crete.

In the course of history, poppies have always been attributed important medicinal properties. The stems contain a milky latex that may cause skin irritation, and the latex in the opium poppy (*Papaver somniferum*) contains several narcotic alkaloids, including morphine and codeine. The alkaloid rhoeadine, derived from the flowers of the corn poppy (*Papaver rhoeas*), is used as a mild sedative. Poppy seeds are used in baking and cooking, and poppyseed oil is used in cooking and pharmaceuticals, and as a radiocontrast agent.

The ancient Greeks portrayed Hypnos, Nyx and Thanatos, the gods of sleep, night and death, with the symbol of the poppy. The earliest written record appeared in the eighth century BC. Early Greek accounts seem to indicate the plant was used for euthanasia; on some Greek islands, women used it in old age to shorten the time left until natural death. Hippocrates (460–377 BC) was one of the first to emphasize the medicinal uses of the poppy and outline several methods of preparation. He described poppy juice as narcotic, hypnotic, and cathartic. He also recognized the plant's uses as food, particularly the seeds. By the first century AD, Dioskorides wrote down the first poppy taxonomy. He distinguished between several different kinds, the first of which was the "cultivated" or "garden" poppies. He further distinguished two types within this category, ones with black and others with white seeds. Both had elongated capsules and the black-seeded variety was involuted. Historians speculate this variety was *Papaver somniferum*. Other species were in use, as well. Dioskorides named the “flowering” poppy as a type with strong hypnotic properties. This is believed to be *Papaver hybridum*. Finally, the “wild” poppy he described is believed to be *Papaver orientale*. Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian, later mentioned an “intermediate” type between the wild and cultivated poppy, likely *Papaver rhoeas*. He wrote about medical applications of the plant; the leaves and capsules were boiled in water to create juice, pressed and rubbed to create tablets, and the dried latex was used to form opium. These products were used in much the same way they are in many cultures today, to promote sleep and to relieve indigestion and respiratory problems.

A century later, Galen wrote even more extensively about the diverse applications of various poppy products. He wrote that opium was the strongest known drug for dulling the senses and for inducing sleep. He wrote about its use to treat a variety of ailments, including eye and lung inflammation.

The First (18391842) and Second Opium Wars (18561860) between China and Great Britain resulted from attempts by successive Chinese emperors to suppress increasing imports of opium into the country. In the first half of the 19th century, poppy seed oil was an important food crop, but large-scale production did not begin until Europe began to manufacture morphine in the mid-19th century. While 800–1000 tons of Indian opium are processed legally each year, this represents only an estimated 5% of total opium production worldwide; the majority is produced illegally. The first factory specializing in dry capsule processing was built in 1928.

Today, morphine and codeine are common alkaloids found in several poppy varieties, and are important drugs for much of the world. Australia, Turkey and India are the most important producers of poppy for medicinal use, while the US, the UK, France, Australia and Hungary are the largest processors. In the United States, opium is illegal, as is possession or cultivation of the flower itself. However, the law is seldom enforced when poppies are grown for culinary or ornamental use. The Opium Poppy Control Act Of 1942 led to the “Poppy Rebellion”, and a battle between California farmers and the federal government. Today, the law and its enforcement remain vague and controversial, even inciting episodes between gardeners and "the poppy police".

They are also sold as cut flowers in flower arrangements, especially the Iceland poppy.

## InfoBox

| *Papaver* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Papaver setigerum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Papaveraceae |
| Subfamily: | Papaveroideae |
| Tribe: | Papavereae |
| Genus: | *Papaver*
L. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Papaver somniferum*
L. | |


title: Ray-sur-Saône

abstract: Ray-sur-Saône is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Ray-sur-Saône

**Ray-sur-Saône** (French pronunciation: \[ʁɛ syʁ son\], literally *Ray on Saône*) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Ray-sur-Saône | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| An aerial view of the chateau in Ray-sur-Saône | |
|  | |
| Location of Ray-sur-Saône | |
| Ray-sur-SaôneRay-sur-Saône | |
| Coordinates: 47°35′13″N 5°49′41″E / 47.5869°N 5.8281°E / 47.5869; 5.8281 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Haute-Saône |
| Arrondissement | Vesoul |
| Canton | Dampierre-sur-Salon |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Michel Albin |
| Area**1** | 7.88 km2 (3.04 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 213 |
| Density | 27/km2 (70/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 70438 /70130 |
| Elevation | 197–263 m (646–863 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Jean-Thomas Taschereau (politician)

abstract: Jean-Thomas Taschereau was a son of Gabriel-Elzéar Taschereau and Marie-Louise-Élizabeth Bazin. He was a seigneur, lawyer, judge and politician. He studied at the Petit Séminaire of Quebec and began his legal training as an assistant to his father in 1799 and studied law with Jonathan Sewell. He became a lawyer in 1801. He successfully ran for elected office a number of times, to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. He spent a short time in prison in 1810 on the order of the governor, James Henry Craig. More political success followed and in 1821 he was appointed as a judge in Sainte-Marie. He held increasingly important judicial positions including the Court of Kings Bench for the district of Quebec until his death. He married Marie Panet May 19, 1806, and had at least two sons, Jean-Thomas Taschereau and Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau, the first Canadian cardinal. He was the grandfather of Louis-Alexandre Taschereau and Edward Routh, and the great-grandfather of Robert Taschereau. He and his brother Thomas-Pierre-Joseph Taschereau were involved with the development of the paternal seigniory of Sainte-Marie-de-la-Nouvelle-Beauce.

text:
# Jean-Thomas Taschereau (politician)

**Jean-Thomas Taschereau** (November 26, 1778  June 14, 1832) was a son of Gabriel-Elzéar Taschereau and Marie-Louise-Élizabeth Bazin. He was a seigneur, lawyer, judge and politician.

He studied at the Petit Séminaire of Quebec and began his legal training as an assistant to his father in 1799 and studied law with Jonathan Sewell. He became a lawyer in 1801. He successfully ran for elected office a number of times, to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. He spent a short time in prison in 1810 on the order of the governor, James Henry Craig. More political success followed and in 1821 he was appointed as a judge in Sainte-Marie. He held increasingly important judicial positions including the Court of Kings Bench for the district of Quebec until his death.

He married Marie Panet May 19, 1806, and had at least two sons, Jean-Thomas Taschereau and Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau, the first Canadian cardinal. He was the grandfather of Louis-Alexandre Taschereau and Edward Routh, and the great-grandfather of Robert Taschereau. He and his brother Thomas-Pierre-Joseph Taschereau were involved with the development of the paternal seigniory of Sainte-Marie-de-la-Nouvelle-Beauce (now Sainte-Marie).

* "Biography". *Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours* (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
* Laval U.
* the Canadian Encyclopedia
* "Jean-Thomas Taschereau". *Dictionary of Canadian Biography* (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2016.


title: Pun Wai-yan

abstract: Pun Wai-yan is a Hong Kong rugby union player. She competed for Hong Kong at the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup in Ireland.

text:
# Pun Wai-yan

**Pun Wai-yan** (born 6 April 1995) is a Hong Kong rugby union player. She competed for Hong Kong at the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup in Ireland.

## Rugby career

Pun featured for Hong Kong in two matches against Japan at the 2017 Asia Rugby Championship. She was part of Hong Kong's historic side that debuted at the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup.

In 2018, she toured Europe and played in tests against Wales and Spain. The 2019 Asia Pacific Championship saw her play Fiji and Samoa in Lautoka.

In 2024, she was named in the starting line-up for the opening match against Japan at the Asia Rugby Championship.

## InfoBox

Pun Wai-yan
| Date of birth | (1995-04-06) 6 April 1995 |
| --- | --- |
| Height | 1.64 m (5 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 67 kg (148 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Flanker  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Hong Kong | |


title: Mehar Chand Dhawan

abstract: Mehar Chand Dhawan was an Indian sprinter and triple jumper. He placed 14th in the triple jump and was eliminated in the first round of the 4 × 100 m relay competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Mehar Chand Dhawan

**Mehar Chand Dhawan** was an Indian sprinter and triple jumper. He placed 14th in the triple jump and was eliminated in the first round of the 4 × 100 m relay competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Mehar Chand Dhawan
| Dhawan at the 1932 Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 3 June 1912<br>Shimla, India |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event(s) | Triple jump, 100 m |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | TJ – 14.29 m (1935) |
| Medal record      Men's Athletics  Representing  India  Western Asiatic Games  1934 Delhi Hop, Step and Jump  1934 Delhi Javelin Throw | |


title: Reinhardtia

abstract: Reinhardtia is a genus in the palm family native to the northern Neotropics. It is a primarily Central American genus with five species distributed between southern Mexico and the extreme north of Colombia, and one isolated species, Reinhardtia paiewonskiana in the southwest of the Dominican Republic.

text:
# Reinhardtia

***Reinhardtia*** is a genus in the palm family native to the northern Neotropics. It is a primarily Central American genus with five species distributed between southern Mexico and the extreme north of Colombia, and one isolated species, *Reinhardtia paiewonskiana* in the southwest of the Dominican Republic.

## Species

* "*Reinhardtia* Liebm., Overs. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. Medlemmers Arbeider 1845: 9 (1846)". *Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families*. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2007-02-16.

## InfoBox

| *Reinhardtia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Reinhardtia paiewonskiana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Arecaceae |
| Subfamily: | Arecoideae |
| Tribe: | Reinhardtieae |
| Genus: | *Reinhardtia*<br>Liebm. |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Malortiea* H.Wendl. | |


title: Papaung

abstract: Papaung is a village in Bhamo Township in Bhamo District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.

text:
# Papaung

**Papaung**  is a village in Bhamo Township in Bhamo District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.

1. Maplandia world gazetteer

## InfoBox

| Papaung | |
| --- | --- |
| PapaungLocation in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 24°18′N 97°10′E / 24.300°N 97.167°E / 24.300; 97.167 | |
| Country | Burma |
| State | Kachin State |
| District | Bhamo District |
| Township | Bhamo Township |
| Population | |
| Religions | Buddhism |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (UTC \+ 6:30) |


title: Oronero (song)

abstract: "Oronero" is a song recorded by Italian singer Giorgia. The song was released on 30 September 2016 through Sony Music Italy, as the lead single from her tenth studio album Oronero.

text:
# Oronero (song)

"**Oronero**" is a song recorded by Italian singer Giorgia. The song was released on 30 September 2016 through Sony Music Italy, as the lead single from her tenth studio album *Oronero*.

## Background and composition

After her ninth studio album *Senza paura*, published in 2013, Giorgia took her three years of break from recording new music. In September 2016, Giorgia announced the new song "Oronero" and her upcoming studio album. The song was written and composed by the singer's fiancé Emanuel Lo, with Michele Canova as producer.

## Music video

The music video for the song, directed by Emanuel Lo, was released on October 18, 2016, through the singer's YouTube channel.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Oronero"
| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Italy (FIMI) | 18 |
| Italy Airplay (EarOne) | 3 |
|

## Certifications

Certifications for "Oronero"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Italy (FIMI) | Platinum | 50,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Oronero" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Giorgia | |
| from the album  *Oronero* | |
| Language | Italian |
| Released | 30 September 2016 |
| Recorded | 2016 |
| Genre | Pop soul |
| Length | 3:29. |
| Label | Sony Music |
| Songwriter(s) | * Emanuel Lo |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Giorgia singles chronology | |
| "La mia stanza"
(2014) "**Oronero**"
(2016) "Vanità"
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Oronero" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Große Lößnitz

abstract: The Große Lößnitz is a river in Saxony, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Flöha, which it joins near Oederan. It is 17.8 kilometres long and the second longest tributary of the Flöha. It rises near Großwaltersdorf at about 540 metres above sea level and runs in a west-nordwesterly direction. From below Eppendorf to its mouth the waterbody has cut a roughly 100 metre deep valley into the terrain. Between the Lößnitz valley and the former halt of Metzdorf on the Hetzdorf and Großwaltersdorf narrow gauge railway, the river meanders markedly in a relatively wide and visibly waterlogged river meadow. The adjoining section to the mouth, on the other hand has a significantly steeper gradient and only a narrow floodplain. Roughly 400 metres above its confluence with the Flöha and southwest of Görbersdorf, the Kleine Lößnitz empties into it from the right at 465 metres above sea level.

text:
# Große Lößnitz

The **Große Lößnitz** is a river in Saxony, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Flöha, which it joins near Oederan. It is 17.8 kilometres long and the second longest tributary of the Flöha.

It rises near Großwaltersdorf at about 540 metres above sea level and runs in a west-nordwesterly direction. From below Eppendorf to its mouth the waterbody has cut a roughly 100 metre deep valley into the terrain. Between the Lößnitz valley and the former halt of Metzdorf on the Hetzdorf and Großwaltersdorf narrow gauge railway, the river meanders markedly in a relatively wide and visibly waterlogged river meadow. The adjoining section to the mouth, on the other hand has a significantly steeper gradient and only a narrow floodplain.

Roughly 400 metres above its confluence with the Flöha and southwest of Görbersdorf, the Kleine Lößnitz empties into it from the right at 465 metres above sea level .

## InfoBox

| Große Lößnitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Große Lößnitz (2018) | |
| Location | |
| Location | Saxony, Germany |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | source region: near Großwaltersdorf |
| elevation | ca. 540 m above sea level (NN) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | between Metzdorf and Hetzdorf into the Flöha |
| coordinates | 50°49′54.41″N 13°8′8.98″E / 50.8317806°N 13.1358278°E / 50.8317806; 13.1358278 |
| Length | 17.8 km |
| Basin size | 65.3 km² |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Flöha Zschopau Freiberger Mulde Mulde Elbe North Sea |
| River system | Elbe |
| Landmarks | Villages: Eppendorf |
| Tributaries |  |
| right | Kleine Lößnitz |


title: YWCA (Muncie, Indiana)

abstract: YWCA is a historic YWCA building located at Muncie, Delaware County, Indiana. It was built in 1925, and is a three-story, five bay by three bay, restrained Colonial Revival style brick building with limestone detailing. It has swimming pool in the basement, meeting and recreation rooms on the first floor, and sleeping rooms on the second and third floors. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# YWCA (Muncie, Indiana)

**YWCA** is a historic YWCA building located at Muncie, Delaware County, Indiana. It was built in 1925, and is a three-story, five bay by three bay, restrained Colonial Revival style brick building with limestone detailing. It has swimming pool in the basement, meeting and recreation rooms on the first floor, and sleeping rooms on the second and third floors.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| YWCA | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Muncie YWCA, January 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 310 E. Charles St., Muncie, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 40°11′28″N 85°23′2″W / 40.19111°N 85.38389°W / 40.19111; -85.38389 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1925 (1925) |
| Architect | Kibele & Girard; Monroe, Charles P. |
| MPS | Downtown Muncie MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 88002117 |
| Added to NRHP | February 17, 1989 |


title: Meganola varia

abstract: Meganola varia is a species of moth in the family Nolidae and superfamily Noctuoidea. The species was first described by William Barnes and Arthur Ward Lindsey in 1921. It is found naturally in North America, where it has been recorded throughout Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. While some moths of its species have reportedly been photographed in California, Meganola varia is not found on the California Moth Checklist. Its wingspan ranges from 26–32 millimeters. Adults typically have dark gray or brownish gray coloration with a white speckling (irroration) that occurs as a result of the white tips on some its scales. Adults have a flight period of June to October. The MONA (Hodges) number for Meganola varia is 8987.

text:
# Meganola varia

***Meganola varia*** is a species of moth in the family Nolidae and superfamily Noctuoidea.

The species was first described by William Barnes and Arthur Ward Lindsey in 1921. It is found naturally in North America, where it has been recorded throughout Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. While some moths of its species have reportedly been photographed in California, *Meganola varia* is not found on the California Moth Checklist.

Its wingspan ranges from 26–32 millimeters. Adults typically have dark gray or brownish gray coloration with a white speckling (irroration) that occurs as a result of the white tips on some its scales. Adults have a flight period of June to October.

The MONA (Hodges) number for *Meganola varia* is 8987.

## Further reading

* Lafontaine, J. Donald & Schmidt, B. Christian (2010). "Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico". *ZooKeys*, vol. 40, 1-239.
* Arnett, Ross H. (2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. CRC Press.

## InfoBox

| *Meganola varia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Nolidae |
| Genus: | *Meganola* |
| Species: | ***M. varia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Meganola varia***<br>(Barnes & Lindsey, 1921) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Roeselia varia* Barnes & Lindsey, 1921 * *Roeselia extusata* Dyar, 1923 | |


title: Reinhardt Strydom

abstract: Reinhardt Strydom is a South African-born Irish international cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-fast bowler. He made his ODI debut for Ireland during their tour of Bangladesh in March 2008.

text:
# Reinhardt Strydom

**Reinhardt Strydom** (born 16 June 1977) is a South African-born Irish international cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-fast bowler. He made his ODI debut for Ireland during their tour of Bangladesh in March 2008.

## InfoBox

Reinhardt Strydom
| Cricket information | |
| --- | --- |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Left-arm medium-fast |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition ODI T20I FC LA  Matches 9 4 2 22  Runs scored 83 6 34 301  Batting average 13.83 6.00 17.00 16.72  100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0  Top score 37 5 33 49  Balls bowled 48  6 132  Wickets 1  0 1  Bowling average 63.00   139.00  5 wickets in innings 0   0  10 wickets in match 0   0  Best bowling 1/63   1/63  Catches/stumpings 3/– 1/– 0/– 4/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 18 May 2009 | |


title: Meg Farquhar

abstract: Margaret Farquhar was the first female professional golfer in Britain when, aged 19, she became assistant to George Smith, the resident Professional at the Moray Golf Club in 1929. As an assistant professional, Farquhar learned all of the skills that a club professional needed. She was the first woman golf professional in Britain to play in a normally all men national championship on her home course at Lossiemouth. This was the Scottish Professional Championship of 1933 finishing ahead of many of her male colleagues. In recognition of her achievement, she was presented by the True Temper Corporation of America, with a set of the recently introduced steel shafted clubs. Farquhar married John Alexander Main in 1946 and was reinstated to the amateur game in 1949 and reached the semi-final of the Scottish Women's Amateur Championship, played at Troon of that same year, losing 8&7 to the eventual winner, Jean Donald. She played in all of the Women's Home Internationals in 1950 played in Newcastle, Co. Down winning all of her matches. Again in 1951 she was selected for Scotland, and repeated her achievements of the previous year by winning all her matches. The selectors did not ask her to play again for Scotland although she still continued to play to a very high standard. She won the Moray championship nine times between 1949 and 1969 while winning the Northern Counties Championship on five occasions.

text:
# Meg Farquhar

**Margaret Farquhar** (April 29, 1910  November 9, 1988) was the first female professional golfer in Britain when, aged 19, she became assistant to George Smith, the resident Professional at the Moray Golf Club in 1929.

As an assistant professional, Farquhar learned all of the skills that a club professional needed. She was the first woman golf professional in Britain to play in a normally all men national championship on her home course at Lossiemouth. This was the Scottish Professional Championship of 1933 finishing ahead of many of her male colleagues. In recognition of her achievement, she was presented by the True Temper Corporation of America, with a set of the recently introduced steel shafted clubs.

Farquhar married John Alexander Main in 1946 and was reinstated to the amateur game in 1949 and reached the semi-final of the Scottish Women's Amateur Championship, played at Troon of that same year, losing 8&7 to the eventual winner, Jean Donald. She played in all of the Women's Home Internationals in 1950 played in Newcastle, Co. Down winning all of her matches. Again in 1951 she was selected for Scotland, and repeated her achievements of the previous year by winning all her matches. The selectors did not ask her to play again for Scotland although she still continued to play to a very high standard.

She won the Moray championship nine times between 1949 and 1969 while winning the Northern Counties Championship on five occasions.


title: Fausto Batignani

abstract: Fausto Batignani was a Uruguayan footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played eleven matches for the Uruguay national team between 1922 and 1928.

text:
# Fausto Batignani

**Fausto Batignani** (2 July 1903 – 2 November 1975) was a Uruguayan footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played eleven matches for the Uruguay national team between 1922 and 1928.

## Career statistics

### International

| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Uruguay | 1922 | 5 | 0 |
| | 1923 | 0 | 0 |
| | 1924 | 0 | 0 |
| | 1925 | 0 | 0 |
| | 1926 | 4 | 0 |
| | 1927 | 0 | 0 |
| | 1928 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | | 11 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Fausto Batignani
| Batignani in 1926 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1903-07-02)2 July 1903 | | |
| Place of birth | Montevideo, Uruguay | | |
| Date of death | 2 November 1975(1975-11-02) (aged 72) | | |
| Place of death | Montevideo, Uruguay | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Liverpool Montevideo |  |  |
|  | Nacional |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1922–1928 | Uruguay | 11 | (0) |
| Medal record      Men's football  Representing  Uruguay  Olympic Games  1928 Amsterdam  Team  South American Championship  **Winner** 1926 Chile   1922 Brazil | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Ortalis aequifera

abstract: Ortalis aequifera is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Ortalis of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Ortalis aequifera

***Ortalis aequifera*** is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus *Ortalis* of the family Tephritidae.

## InfoBox

| *Ortalis aequifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Section: | Schizophora |
| Subsection: | Acalyptratae |
| Superfamily: | Tephritoidea |
| Family: | Ulidiidae |
| Genus: | *Ortalis* |
| Species: | ***O. aequifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ortalis aequifera***<br> | |
|


title: Ray Arnett

abstract: Ray Arnett was an American producer, choreographer and stage director best known for his work with Liberace. Arnett is also known for introducing Liberace to future partner Scott Thorson. Arnett was portrayed by actor Tom Papa in the 2013 HBO film Behind the Candelabra. He died on March 12, 2015, at the age of 97.

text:
# Ray Arnett

**Ray Arnett** (September 17, 1917 – March 12, 2015) was an American producer, choreographer and stage director best known for his work with Liberace.

Arnett is also known for introducing Liberace to future partner Scott Thorson.

Arnett was portrayed by actor Tom Papa in the 2013 HBO film *Behind the Candelabra*.

He died on March 12, 2015, at the age of 97.

## InfoBox

| Ray Arnett | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait taken by Allan Warren in 1968 | |
| Born | (1917-09-17)September 17, 1917
United States |
| Died | March 12, 2015(2015-03-12) (aged 97)
Beverly Hills, California |
| Occupation(s) | Producer, choreographer, stage director |


title: Pyrgulopsis milleri

abstract: Pyrgulopsis milleri is a species of very small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.

text:
# Pyrgulopsis milleri

***Pyrgulopsis milleri*** is a species of very small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.

## Distribution

*Pyrgulopsis milleri* occurs only in water from springs in the upper part of the Tule River in southwestern California.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrgulopsis milleri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Hydrobiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgulopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. milleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgulopsis milleri***<br>Hershler & Liu, 2010 | |
|


title: Meganola spodia

abstract: Meganola spodia, commonly known as the ashy meganola or Franclemont's meganola moth, is a species of nolid moth in the family Nolidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Meganola spodia is 8983.2.

text:
# Meganola spodia

***Meganola spodia***, commonly known as the **ashy meganola** or **Franclemont's meganola moth**, is a species of nolid moth in the family Nolidae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Meganola spodia* is 8983.2.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Meganola spodia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Nolidae |
| Genus: | *Meganola* |
| Species: | ***M. spodia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Meganola spodia***<br>Franclemont, 1985 | |
|


title: Reinhardt Rahr

abstract: Reinhardt Rahr was an American businessman and brewer. Born in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, Rahr served an apprenticeship with a manufacturing chemist, in Chicago, Illinois, and attended classes at the Chicago College of Pharmacy graduating in 1877. He then graduated from University of Michigan in 1881. Rahr was in the beer and malt business in Manitowoc, Wisconsin and was also involved with the banking business. Rahr served on the Manitowoc Common Council. In 1886, he was elected mayor of Manitowoc. In 1887, Rahr was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly and was a Democrat. Rahr died of a heart ailment at his home in Manitowoc, Wisconsin.

text:
# Reinhardt Rahr

**Reinhardt Rahr** (April 22, 1859  October 18, 1921) was an American businessman and brewer.

Born in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, Rahr served an apprenticeship with a manufacturing chemist, in Chicago, Illinois, and attended classes at the Chicago College of Pharmacy graduating in 1877. He then graduated from University of Michigan in 1881. Rahr was in the beer and malt business in Manitowoc, Wisconsin and was also involved with the banking business. Rahr served on the Manitowoc Common Council. In 1886, he was elected mayor of Manitowoc. In 1887, Rahr was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly and was a Democrat. Rahr died of a heart ailment at his home in Manitowoc, Wisconsin.


title: Megalopyge crispata

abstract: Megalopyge crispata, the black-waved flannel moth, crinkled flannel moth or white flannel moth, is a moth of the Megalopygidae family. It is found along the east coast of the United States, and as far inland as Oklahoma. The wingspan of this moth is 25–40 mm. Adults are on the wing from May to October. There is one generation per year in the north, two or more in the south. The caterpillars feed on various trees and shrubs. The caterpillars produce a venom delivered through hollow urticating hairs that can penetrate the skin. This venom can cause pain, a burning sensation, lymphadenopathy, headache and inflammatory dermatitis.

text:
# Megalopyge crispata

***Megalopyge crispata***, the **black-waved flannel moth**, **crinkled flannel moth** or **white flannel moth**, is a moth of the Megalopygidae family. It is found along the east coast of the United States, and as far inland as Oklahoma.

The wingspan of this moth is 25–40 mm. Adults are on the wing from May to October. There is one generation per year in the north, two or more in the south.

The caterpillars feed on various trees and shrubs. The caterpillars produce a venom delivered through hollow urticating hairs that can penetrate the skin. This venom can cause pain, a burning sensation, lymphadenopathy, headache and inflammatory dermatitis.

## InfoBox

| *Megalopyge crispata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Megalopygidae |
| Genus: | *Megalopyge* |
| Species: | ***M. crispata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megalopyge crispata***<br>(Packard, 1864) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lagoa crispata* Packard, 1864 * *Lagoa grisea* (Barnes & McDunnough, 1910) | |


abstract: Wheelchair tennis at the 2018 Asian Para Games was held in Jakarta between 7 and 12 October 2018.

text:
# Wheelchair tennis at the 2018 Asian Para Games

**Wheelchair tennis** at the **2018 Asian Para Games** was held in Jakarta between 7 and 12 October 2018.

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Indonesia)

| Rank | NPC | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Japan (JPN) | 4 | 3 | 3 | 10 |
| 2 | South Korea (KOR) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | China (CHN) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | Chinese Taipei (TPE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Sri Lanka (SRI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Thailand (THA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's singles | Shingo Kunieda
Japan | Takashi Sanada
Japan | Kohei Suzuki
Japan |
| Men's doubles | Shingo Kunieda
and Takashi Sanada (JPN) | Im Ho-won
and Lee Ha-gel (KOR) | Lasantha Ranaweera
and Suresh Dharmasena (SRI) |
|  | | | | |
| Women's singles | Yui Kamiji
Japan | Zhu Zhenzhen
China | Momoko Ohtani
Japan |
| Women's doubles | Huang Huimin
and Zhu Zhenzhen (CHN) | Yui Kamiji
and Manami Tanaka (JPN) | Wanitha Inthanin
and Sakhorn Khanthasit (THA) |
|  | | | | |
| Quad singles | Kim Kyu-seung
South Korea | Koji Sugeno
Japan | Mitsuteru Moroishi
Japan |
| Quad doubles | Mitsuteru Moroishi
and Koji Sugeno (JPN) | Kim Kyu-seung
and Kim Myung-je (KOR) | Huang Chu-yin
and Huang Tzu-hsuan (TPE) |

## InfoBox

| Wheelchair tennis
at the 2018 Asian Para Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Klub Kelapa Gading |
| Location | Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Dates | 7–12 October |
|


title: Fausto 5.0

abstract:
Fausto 5.0 is a 2001 Spanish horror film directed by Alex Ollé, Carlos Padrissa and
Isidro Ortiz. Fausto 5.0 is the last part of a trilogy dedicated to the figure of Faust. The first two instalments were F@ust 3.0 and The Damnation of Faust. All three films were developed for the screen by La Fura dels Baus, an experimental theatre group from Barcelona.

text:
# Fausto 5.0

**Fausto 5.0** is a 2001 Spanish horror film directed by Alex Ollé , Carlos Padrissa and Isidro Ortiz.

Fausto 5.0 is the last part of a trilogy dedicated to the figure of Faust. The first two instalments were F@ust 3.0 (originally a play) and The Damnation of Faust (originally an opera). All three films were developed for the screen by La Fura dels Baus, an experimental theatre group from Barcelona.

## Plot

A doctor – Fausto – on the verge of a nervous breakdown, meets a former patient – Santos Vella – who promises to grant his every wish. Reality starts dissolving and Fausto begins to lose control.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Fausto 5.0 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Alex Ollé
Carlos Padrissa
Isidro Ortiz |
| Written by | Fernando León de Aranoa |
| Based on | Faust legend (Goethe) |
| Produced by | Eduardo Campoy
Alicia Gallardo
Ramón Vidal |
| Starring | Eduard Fernández
Irene Montalà
Juan Fernández
Miguel Ángel Solá
Najwa Nimri
Raquel González |
| Cinematography | Pedro del Rey |
| Edited by | Manel J. Frasquiel |
| Music by | Josep Maria Sanou
Toni M. Mir |
| Distributed by | Lauren Films |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 93 mins |
| Country | Spain |
| Languages | Catalan, Spanish |


title: Oru Park Landscape Conservation Area

abstract: Oru Park Landscape Conservation Area is a nature park which is located in Ida-Viru County, Estonia. The area of the nature park is 75 hectares. The protected area was founded in 1957 to protect Toila-Oru Park. In 1997, the protected area was designated to the landscape conservation area.

text:
# Oru Park Landscape Conservation Area

**Oru Park Landscape Conservation Area** is a nature park which is located in Ida-Viru County, Estonia.

The area of the nature park is 75 hectares (190 acres).

The protected area was founded in 1957 to protect Toila-Oru Park (a part of Saka-Ontika-Toila Limestone Shore). In 1997, the protected area was designated to the landscape conservation area.

## InfoBox

| Oru Park Landscape Conservation Area | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Estonia |
| Coordinates | 59°25′22″N 27°31′48″E / 59.4228°N 27.53°E / 59.4228; 27.53 |
| Area | 75 hectares (190 acres) |
| Established | 1957 (1997) |


title: Raymond Weeks

abstract: Raymond Weeks (1863–1954) was an American linguist and academic. He was Chair of Romance Languages at the University of Missouri from 1895 to 1908, and later taught at Columbia University in New York City.

text:
# Raymond Weeks

**Raymond Weeks** (1863–1954) was an American linguist and academic. He was Chair of Romance Languages at the University of Missouri from 1895 to 1908, and later taught at Columbia University in New York City.

## Early life

Raymond Weeks was born on January 2, 1863, in Tabor, Iowa. He was educated at Price High School in Kansas City, Missouri. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard University in 1890 and a master's degree in 1891.

## Career

Weeks taught French at the University of Michigan from 1891 to 1893. He studied in Paris from 1895 to 1897 on a Harvard Traveling Fellowship. In 1895, he was appointed as Chair of Romance Languages at the University of Missouri, where he served until 1908. During that time, he received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1897. From 1908 to 1909, he was Professor of Romance Languages at the University of Illinois.

Weeks joined the faculty at Columbia University in New York City in 1909. In 1910, he founded, in collaboration with Henry Alfred Todd and other scholars, the *Romanic Review*, and he became general editor of the "Oxford French Series." He wrote numerous articles in Old French Literature, and was assistant editor on the *New Standard Dictionary* (1913).

During World War I, he served in the American Field Service in France for six months. He became a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1919.

## Personal life

He married Mary Arnoldia in 1885.

## Death

He died in 1954.

## Bibliography

* *Origin of the Covenant Vivien* (1902)
* *La Chevalerie Vivien,* facsimile edition (1909)
* *The N.E.A. Phonetic Alphabet* (1912), with J. W. Bright and C. H. Grandent
* *The Hound-Tuner of Callaway,* (1927), By Columbia University Press

## InfoBox

| Raymond Weeks | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | January 2, 1863<br>Tabor, Iowa |
| Died | 1954 |
| Occupation(s) | Academic, scholar |
| Spouse | Mary Arnoldia |


title: Addu Kandu

abstract: Addu Kandu, Dv. for "Addu Channel", is the traditional name of the broad channel between Huvadhu Atoll and Addu Atoll in the south of Maldives. In the British Admiralty charts it is called Equatorial Channel because the Equator passes through its midst. Within Addu Kandu the Equatorial Channel divides to form another important channel named Mulah Kandu. Geographically a part of Addu Kandu, it is located north-east of Addu Atoll, between the eastern end of this atoll and Fuvahmulah at a lat of 0° 17' S, southwards from the centre of the main channel. This channel appeared in old French maps with the name Courant de Addoue.

text:
# Addu Kandu

Equatorial Channel

**Addu Kandu**, Dv. for "Addu Channel", is the traditional name of the broad channel between Huvadhu Atoll and Addu Atoll in the south of Maldives.

In the British Admiralty charts it is called **Equatorial Channel** because the Equator passes through its midst.

Within Addu Kandu the Equatorial Channel divides to form another important channel named Mulah Kandu. Geographically a part of Addu Kandu, it is located north-east of Addu Atoll, between the eastern end of this atoll and Fuvahmulah at a lat of 0° 17' S, southwards from the centre of the main channel.

This channel appeared in old French maps with the name **Courant de Addoue**.

* Divehiraajjege Jōgrafīge Vanavaru. Muhammadu Ibrahim Lutfee. G.Sōsanī.
* Xavier Romero-Frias, *The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom.* 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5

0°10′00″N 73°00′00″E / 0.16667°N 73.00000°E / 0.16667; 73.00000


title: Yam Gong

abstract: Yam Gong is the pseudonym of the Hong Kong poet Lau Yee-ching.

text:
# Yam Gong

**Yam Gong** (Chinese: 飲江; born December 1949) is the pseudonym of the Hong Kong poet **Lau Yee-ching** (Chinese: 劉以正).

## Biography

Born in Hong Kong, Yam Gong began writing poetry in the 1970s. He has received the Hong Kong Youth Literature Award (1983) and the Workers’ Literature Award (1982; 1984), and, in 1998, he received the Hong Kong Biennial Award for Chinese Literature for his first book *And So You Look at Festival Lights along the Street* (1997). In 1987, he co-founded the poetry magazine *One-Ninth* and was involved in editing the first few issues. Lau has been appointed to the juries of several poetry awards in Hong Kong, including the Hong Kong Youth Literature Award, the Workers’ Literature Award, the Qui Ying Poetry Award and the Lee Sing-wah Modern Poetry Award. He has presented his work at various literary festivals, such as the International Poetry Nights in Hong Kong, the Macau Literary Festival, and the Taipei Poetry Festival, among others.

## Published works

His first book of poems, *And So You Look at Festival Lights along the Street*, was published in 1997. He later published an extended edition called *And So Moving a Stone You Look at Festival Lights along the Street* (2010), a collection of more than 130 poems.

His poems have been published in various journals in Hong Kong, including *Pangu*, *Poetry Bi-monthly*, *Hong Kong Literature*, *Ming Pao*, *P-articles,* and *Fleurs des lettres*.

Yam Gong's most recent book *And So Moving a Stone (Hide-and-Seek-Peekaboo) You Look at Festival Lights along the Street*《於是 搬石伏匿匿躲貓貓你沿街看節日的燈飾》(Spicy Fish Cultural Production Ltd, 2022), like his 2010 collection, is a remix of old and new works, including his whimsical pastiche of puns, repetitions, allusions to world literature and popular culture, and his latest experiments with punctuation. The physical book is a dialogue between Yam Gong and his lifelong friend ywc.lyc who designed the book and inserted handmade items for each book, turning each one into an aleatory “exhibition” of allegorical objects that resonate with Yam Gong's poetry.

A selection of Yam Gong's poems published under the name Lau Yee-ching and translated by Canaan Morse appears in the chapbook *Performance Art* (The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2015). *Moving a Stone, Selected Poems of Yam Gong* (Zephyr Press, 2022) is the first book-length collection of Yam Gong's poetry translated into English. Co-translated by James Shea and Dorothy Tse, this bilingual collection includes poems that span the past forty years. In 2022, *Moving A Stone: Selected Poems of Yam Gong* was selected as the featured book for One City One Book Hong Kong, a community reading programme organized by The Education University of Hong Kong.

## InfoBox

| Yam Gong | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1949<br>Hong Kong |
| Occupation | Poet |


title: Punjab Police SWAT Team

abstract: The Punjab Police SWAT Team is the Police Tactical Unit of the Punjab Police.

text:
# Punjab Police SWAT Team

The **Punjab Police SWAT Team** is the Police Tactical Unit of the Punjab Police.

## Overview

Punjab Police *Special Weapons and Tactics* (SWAT) was formed in 2011. They are usually tasked with protection duties. They are highly trained on the lines of National Security Guard by Israel's Mossad through private company Athena Security, deployed by the Punjab Government. All the commandos are under 28 years of age, thus making them fit and capable of tasks meant for commandos. Their main work is to fight against any terrorist attack if it occurs in Punjab State. They have been trained exclusively in Krav Maga, room intervention, close and open techniques and other secret tactics.

## Equipment

The SWAT is provided with:

* Bullet-ressistant transport
* Light weight bullet-ressistant jackets and helmets
* Hands-free radio sets
* Complete anti-trauma body suit with level-2 protection
* Riot control helmet
* Gas masks
* Shock shields
* Laser weapons
* Gas guns and
* Pepper gun launcher

### Weapons

## Major operation

## InfoBox

| Punjab Police SWAT Team | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 2011 (2011)–present |
| Country | India |
| Agency | Punjab Police (India) |
| Operations jurisdiction | The state of Punjab |


title: Medo, West Virginia

abstract: Medo is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States.

text:
# Medo, West Virginia

**Medo** is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States.

## InfoBox

| Medo, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| MedoMedo | |
| Coordinates: 38°3′19″N 80°55′37″W / 38.05528°N 80.92694°W / 38.05528; -80.92694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Fayette |
| Elevation | 2,119 ft (646 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS ID | 1555102 |


title: Melanella attenuata

abstract: Melanella attenuata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae. The species is one of many species known to exist within the genus, Melanella.

text:
# Melanella attenuata

***Melanella attenuata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae. The species is one of many species known to exist within the genus, *Melanella*.

## Distribution

This species occurs off the following locations:

* Iredale, T. 1914. *Report on Mollusca collected at the Monte Bello Islands.* Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1914: 665-675, 3 text figs
* Cotton, B.C. 1957. *Records of uncommon southern Australian Mollusca.* Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 13(1): 117-130

## InfoBox

| *Melanella attenuata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Eulimidae |
| Genus: | *Melanella* |
| Species: | ***M. attenuata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanella attenuata***<br>G.B. Sowerby II, 1866 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eulima attenuata*  G.B. Sowerby II, 1866 * *Eulima rossinsulae*  Preston, 1916 * *Melanella montebelloensis* (Iredale, 1914) * *Melanella rossinsulae*  Preston, 1916 * *Subularia montebelloensis*  Iredale, 1914 | |


title: Mleczna, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

abstract: Mleczna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jordanów Śląski, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

text:
# Mleczna, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

**Mleczna** \[ˈmlɛt͡ʂna\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jordanów Śląski, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

## InfoBox

| Mleczna | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mleczna | |
| Coordinates: 50°50′07″N 16°51′55″E / 50.83528°N 16.86528°E / 50.83528; 16.86528 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Wrocław |
| Gmina | Jordanów Śląski |
| Elevation | 128 m (420 ft) |
| Population | 142 (2,008) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | DWR |


title: Panic of 1930

abstract: The Panic of 1930 was a financial crisis that occurred in the United States which led to a severe decline in the money supply during a period of declining economic activity. A series of bank failures from agricultural areas during this time period sparked panic among depositors which led to widespread bank runs across the country. The increase in the amount of hard cash held in lieu of deposits lowered the money multiplier effect which lowered the money supply and spending, dragging economic growth for the years to come. The lack of expansionary monetary policy by the Federal Reserve Board coupled with such deteriorating financial and economic situation exacerbated the recession into what became known as the Great Contraction and later the Great Depression.

text:
# Panic of 1930

The **Panic of 1930** was a financial crisis that occurred in the United States which led to a severe decline in the money supply during a period of declining economic activity. A series of bank failures from agricultural areas during this time period sparked panic among depositors which led to widespread bank runs across the country.

The increase in the amount of hard cash held in lieu of deposits lowered the money multiplier effect which lowered the money supply and spending, dragging economic growth for the years to come. The lack of expansionary monetary policy by the Federal Reserve Board coupled with such deteriorating financial and economic situation exacerbated the recession into what became known as the Great Contraction and later the Great Depression.

## Bank failures

Failures occurred predominantly among state-chartered banks. National banks accounted for less than 1/6 of the total bank failures and less than 1/4 were members of the Federal Reserve System.

Caldwell and Company, a leading investment bank known as the "Morgan of the South," stands as a notable bank failure. Its half billion dollars worth of financial interests included a number of insurance companies, industrial enterprises, and the region's largest bank chain. When Caldwell collapsed, its correspondent network of financial interests failed as well. Its collapse sparked further demand for currency from banks in affected regions.

## Role of the Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve, created in 1913 in response to the Panic of 1907, did not expand national money supply during this time period. The regional Federal Reserve Banks took different approaches to the panic.

The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis followed the real bills doctrine and did not open the discount window to its member banks in trouble following the collapse of Caldwell and Company. The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta opened the discount window to solvent member banks which had illiquid securities and needed liquidity. Banks under the Atlanta Fed had a lower failure rate than those under the St. Louis Fed, lending credence to the theory that the panic was largely an issue of liquidity rather than solvency.

## Explanations

Illiquidity coupled with a contagion of fear is seen as the major factor in precipitating the financial crisis. A contagion of fear led to higher short-term demand for currency and further strained the liquidity of banks and as a result made them cash flow insolvent. The contagion also led banks to dump their earning assets to build up their reserves which led to the failure of some banks otherwise solvent.

Balance sheet insolvency is seen as another possible explanation for the banking panic. However, data shows that most bank failures due to balance sheet insolvency happened between the panics between 1930 and 1933 while most bank failures due to illiquidity happened during the actual bank panics. Illiquidty shocks were observed by measuring increased hoarding.

## Aftermath

After the ensuing Great Contraction, the Fed began to learn to deal with regional banking panics and started to embrace its role as lender of last resort. The importance of conducting expansionary monetary policy became evident as a result of the consequent Great Depression.

## Further reading


title: Osiniec, Gniezno County

abstract: Osiniec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniezno, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Gniezno and 51 km (32 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Osiniec, Gniezno County

**Osiniec** \[ɔˈɕiɲɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniezno, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Gniezno and 51 km (32 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Osiniec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Osiniec | |
| Coordinates: 52°31′N 17°38′E / 52.517°N 17.633°E / 52.517; 17.633 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Gniezno |
| Gmina | Gniezno |


title: Grønsund Færgegård

abstract: Grønsund Færgegård, situated in the northeastern corner of Falster, approximately 5 km east of Stubbekøbing, was for almost 200 years a hub for the ferries between Falster and Møn in southeastern Denmark. Grønsund is the name of the strait between the two islands but also the name of the locality where Grønsund Færgegård is situated. The main building from 1731 and a stable for travellers from 1750 were both listed in the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1950. It is now used as a privately owned holiday home. A stone with an inscription commemorates that Marie Grubbe lived at the site.

text:
# Grønsund Færgegård

**Grønsund Færgegård**, situated in the northeastern corner of Falster, approximately 5 km east of Stubbekøbing, was for almost 200 years a hub for the ferries between Falster and Møn in southeastern Denmark. Grønsund is the name of the strait between the two islands but also the name of the locality where Grønsund Færgegård is situated. The main building from 1731 and a stable for travellers from 1750 were both listed in the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1950. It is now used as a privately owned holiday home. A stone with an inscription commemorates that Marie Grubbe lived at the site.

## History

The site was already in the Middle Ages used as a hub for ferries to Møn. A sconce was constructed at the site during the Second Northern War in 1660 to protect the strategically important infrastructure. It was renovated in 1716 and again in 1801 in connection with the war with England. The small ferry harbour was also used for the shipment of timber and agricultural products.

A building known as Borrehuset was constructed at the site in 1705. Marie Grybbe lived in the building with her husband Søren Sørensen Møller (or Søren Ladefoged). The ferry service was at this point most likely operated to the jetty in Gårbølle. Ludvig Holberg sought refuge in the building for a few months when Copenhagen was hit by an outbreak of plague in 1711. Ludvig Holberg briefly mentions his encounter with Grubbe and her husband in his *Epistle 89* (1749).

The current building at the site was constructed when Borrehuset burned in 1731. The building served both as residence for the ferryman, inn and post office.

From 1826 to 1900, Det Classenske Fideicommis operated a ferry service between Grønsund Færgegård and Borgsted on Møn. They only took passengers, and only as a one-way service. The ferry rights to transport passengers in the opposite direction and to all freight transportation belonged to Grønsund Færgegård on Møn. was from 1826 to 1923 responsible for operating the ferry service. The use of the building as an inn was discontinued in 1879. The building was from 1910 rented out to visitors from Copenhagen in the summer time.

The ferry was finally superseded by a fixed link when the embankment to Bogø and the Møn Bridge was constructed in 1941–42, allowing for much more efficient automobile travel.

In 1900, the ferry service was taken over by Stubbekøbing Dampskibsselskab. Grønsund Færgegård on Møn went bankrupt in 1929. and the operations were then taken over by Præstø County Council. Oræstø County Council wanted to move the ferry service to Stubbekøbing, but Stubbekøbing Dampskibsselskabm ,which operated a service to Hårbølle, managed to stop this through a lawsuit in 1933.

On October 2, 1943, the old ferry harbor was used by members of the Danish resistance movement to transport fleeing Danish Jews on fisherman boats to Sweden to escape the German attempt to round up the Danish Jews, as detailed in Bo Lidegaard's book Countrymen.

## Architecture

The residential building is oriented east-west and is located on the south side of a yard. It is constructed with timber framing, now lime-washed, and with reed-facing on the two gables and half of the north side. It has a half-hipped, thatched roof. On the south side of the building is a two-winged main entrance.

The stable is orientated north-south and is located on the east side of the yard. It is built in brick and stands on a foundation of granite stone. The walls are finished by a brick cornice. It has a half-hipped thatched roof.

## Today

The house is today used as a holiday home. It has been divided into two units. On a lawn located immediately to the west of the building is a stone with an inscription commemorating that Borrehuset once stood at the site. The inscription mentions that it was constructed in 1705, that the site was subject to archeological excavations in 1942, and that Marie Grubbe used to live in it.

## InfoBox

| Grønsund Ferry House | |
| --- | --- |
| Grønsund Færgegård | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Gamle Færgevej 6 <br>4850 Stubbekøbing |
| Country | Denmark |
| Coordinates | 54°53′8.99″N 12°7′9.59″E / 54.8858306°N 12.1193306°E / 54.8858306; 12.1193306 |
| Completed | 1731 |


title: Adductome

abstract: At its simplest, the adductome is the totality of chemical adducts that are present in particular cellular macromolecules such as DNA, and RNA, or proteins found within the organism. These adducts can detrimentally alter the chemical properties of these macromolecules and are therefore also referred to as damage. Adducts may arise as a consequence of the chemical reaction between a given "physicochemical agent to which an organism is exposed across the lifespan". These physicochemical agents can be exogenous in origin, and include ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, the diet, lifestyle factors, pollution, and xenobiotics. They made damage the macromolecules directly, or indirectly e.g., some xenobiotic substances require metabolism of the xenobiotic to produce a chemically reactive metabolite which can then form a covalent bond with the endogenous macromolecule. Agents that damage macromolecules can also arise from endogenous sources, such as reactive oxygen species that are a side product of normal respiration, leading to the formation of oxidatively damaged DNA etc., or other reactive species e.g., reactive nitrogen, sulphur, carbon, selenium and halogen species. The term "adductome" first appeared in a journal article in 2005. Although originally the term related to adducts of DNA, the adductomic approach has now been adopted by protein chemists in their attempts to identify protein adducts. More recently, this has been extended by Kanaly's group to include RNA adducts. Most recently, nucleic acid adductomics has been reported, which has to potential to study a range of DNA and RNA adducts.

text:
# Adductome

At its simplest, the **adductome** is the totality of chemical adducts that are present in particular cellular macromolecules such as DNA, and RNA, or proteins found within the organism. These adducts can detrimentally alter the chemical properties of these macromolecules and are therefore also referred to as damage. Adducts may arise as a consequence of the chemical reaction between a given "physicochemical agent to which an organism is exposed across the lifespan" (sometimes referred to as the exposome). These physicochemical agents can be exogenous in origin, and include ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, the diet, lifestyle factors, pollution, and xenobiotics. They made damage the macromolecules directly, or indirectly e.g., some xenobiotic substances require metabolism of the xenobiotic to produce a chemically reactive metabolite which can then form a covalent bond with the endogenous macromolecule. Agents that damage macromolecules can also arise from endogenous sources, such as reactive oxygen species that are a side product of normal respiration, leading to the formation of oxidatively damaged DNA etc., or other reactive species e.g., reactive nitrogen, sulphur, carbon, selenium and halogen species.

The term "adductome" first appeared in a journal article in 2005. Although originally the term related to adducts of DNA, the adductomic approach has now been adopted by protein chemists in their attempts to identify protein adducts. More recently, this has been extended by Kanaly's group to include RNA adducts. Most recently, nucleic acid adductomics has been reported, which has to potential to study a range of DNA and RNA adducts.

## DNA and RNA

DNA adducts arise from compounds that bind to DNA, that covalently modify the DNA, resulting in damage. This damage can result in mutations. These mutations can result in a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer and birth defects in multicellular organisms. The science of **adductomics** seeks to identify and measure all DNA, RNA or protein adducts, identify their origins, and determine their role in health and disease.

*Cellular DNA and/or RNA adductomics* is performed after the target nucleic acid has been extracted from the cells (e.g., from cultured cells, or tissues). *Urinary DNA adductomics* non-invasively evaluates DNA adducts that are present in urine, following their DNA repair.

## Nucleic acid

Nucleic acid (NA) adductomics brings together DNA-, RNA- and, to some extent, protein adductomics to provide a more comprehensive view of the adduct burden to these molecules. NA adductomics builds upon previous DNA adductomics and DNA crosslinkomics (which aims to analyze the totality of DNA-DNA crosslinks ) assays and encompasses the analysis of modified (2′-deoxy)ribonucleosides (2′-dN/rN), modified nucleobases (nB), plus: DNA-DNA, RNA-RNA, DNA-RNA, DNA-protein, and RNA-protein crosslinks. Interestingly, many of these types of adducts are seen in urine from healthy humans, using *urinary NA adductomics*. Confirmation of the presence of DNA-RNA crosslinks in urine came from a recent study that demonstrated the presence of cellular DNA-RNA crosslinks, arising from formaldehyde exposure.


title: Yang Bo (gymnast)

abstract: Yang Bo is a Chinese gymnast. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest gymnasts ever on the balance beam, for which she created a move known as the "Yang Bo", which is rated as a D element in the Code of Points. Although widely renowned for her work on beam, Yang often had difficulty with consistency which prevented her from medalling at several major competitions. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, placing 25th in the all-around and 7th on the beam. She won the 1990 World Cup Final on Balance Beam and won the bronze medal with her team at the 1989 World Championship. At the 1989 World Championships in Stuttgart, Yang performed an innovative beam routine during the team and individual all-round competitions, where she placed 5th. In the event finals, she under-rotated her dismount and placed 7th with a score of 9.800. In 1990, she competed at the Asian Games in Beijing, finishing 6th in the All-Around, 3rd on beam, and won the team all-around gold. Later that year, she won the beam title at the World Cup Final in Brussels. At the 1991 World Championships, she placed 5th in the balance beam with a score of 9.887 after taking multiple steps on her dismount. Yang was on the Chinese 1992 Summer Olympic team. The Chinese team placed 4th. Individually, she placed 13th in the all-around after a fall on bars. She also qualified in 6th place to the balance beam finals, where she fell during her layout series, though was able to stick the landing of her dismount. She placed 7th in that event with a score of 9.300. Her teammate, Lu Li and American gymnast Shannon Miller tied with a 9.912 to win a silver medal while Tatiana Lysenko won gold with a 9.975. Yang retired from gymnastics in 1993 and pursued her university studies in journalism. She went on to enter show business and has been seen in TV shows with singing and acting performances in the 2000s.

text:
# Yang Bo (gymnast)

**Yang Bo** (simplified Chinese: 杨波; traditional Chinese: 楊波; pinyin: *Yáng Bō*; born July 8, 1973, in Ningbo, Zhejiang) is a Chinese gymnast. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest gymnasts ever on the balance beam, for which she created a move known as the "Yang Bo", which is rated as a D element in the Code of Points. Although widely renowned for her work on beam, Yang often had difficulty with consistency which prevented her from medalling at several major competitions. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, placing 25th in the all-around and 7th on the beam. She won the 1990 World Cup Final on Balance Beam and won the bronze medal with her team at the 1989 World Championship.

At the 1989 World Championships in Stuttgart, Yang performed an innovative beam routine during the team and individual all-round competitions, where she placed 5th. In the event finals, she under-rotated her dismount and placed 7th with a score of 9.800.

In 1990, she competed at the Asian Games in Beijing, finishing 6th in the All-Around, 3rd on beam, and won the team all-around gold. Later that year, she won the beam title at the World Cup Final in Brussels. At the 1991 World Championships, she placed 5th in the balance beam with a score of 9.887 after taking multiple steps on her dismount.

Yang was on the Chinese 1992 Summer Olympic team. The Chinese team placed 4th. Individually, she placed 13th in the all-around after a fall on bars. She also qualified in 6th place to the balance beam finals, where she fell during her layout series, though was able to stick the landing of her dismount. She placed 7th in that event with a score of 9.300. Her teammate, Lu Li and American gymnast Shannon Miller tied with a 9.912 to win a silver medal while Tatiana Lysenko won gold with a 9.975.

Yang retired from gymnastics in 1993 and pursued her university studies in journalism. She went on to enter show business and has been seen in TV shows with singing and acting performances in the 2000s.

## Eponymous skill

Yang has one eponymous skill listed in the Code of Points.

| Apparatus | Name | Description | Difficulty |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Balance beam | Yang Bo | From cross stand - jump to over split with body arched and head dropped backward | D |

## Competition history

| Year | Event | TF | AA | VT | UB | BB | FX |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1987** | World Sports Fair |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |
| **1988** | Catania Cup |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Pacific Championships |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Moncada Cup |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **1989** | Australian Grand Prix |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Beijing International |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | World Championships |  | 5 |  | 6 | 7 | 7 |
| | Chunichi Cup |  | 12 |  |  |  |  |
| | Tokyo Cup |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Konica Cup |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **1990** | French International |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | World Cup Final |  | 4 | 5 | 4 |  | 6 |
| | China Cup |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Asian Games |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |
| **1991** | Chinese Championships |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | World Championships | 4 |  |  |  | 5 |  |
| **1992** | Massilia Gym Cup |  | 32 |  |  |  |  |
| | **Olympic Games** | 4 | 25 |  |  | 7 |  |
|

1. "Barcelona 1992 Gymnastics Artistic - Results & Videos". *International Olympic Committee*. 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
2. "2022-2024 Code of Points Women's Artistic Gymnastics" (PDF). *International Gymnastics Federation*. pp. 123, 209. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
3. "Yang Bo (CHN)". *Themedalcount*. Retrieved 10 July 2024.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Yang Bo | |
| --- | --- |
| Yang Bo at the World Championships in Paris-Bercy, 1992 | |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Yang Bo |
| Country represented | China |
| Born | (1973-07-08) July 8, 1973<br>Ningbo, Zhejiang |
| Discipline | Women's artistic gymnastics |
| Level | Senior |
| Eponymous skills | "Yang Bo" (balance beam) |
| Retired | 1993 |
| Medal record      Representing  China  World Championships  1989 Stuttgart Team  World Cup Final  1990 Brussels Balance Beam  Asian Games  1990 Beijing Team  1990 Beijing Floor Exercise  1990 Beijing Balance Beam | |


title: Punjab Police College Sihala

abstract: Punjab Police College Sihala is a training institution of the Punjab Police in Sihala, Pakistan. The police college sihala established in 1959 to providing the training to all the police officials of all ranks. Sihala is the oldest and largest training college of police in Pakistan.

text:
# Punjab Police College Sihala

**Punjab Police College Sihala** is a training institution of the Punjab Police in Sihala, Pakistan. The police college sihala established in 1959 to providing the training to all the police officials of all ranks. Sihala is the oldest and largest training college of police in Pakistan.

## Training courses

The college runs eight courses for various ranks of the punjab police.

* Probationer Course (Course for ASIs)
* Advance Course (Course for Inspectors)
* Upper School Course
* Intermediate School Course
* Lower School Course
* ICITAP and ATA Programme Courses
* Junior Commandant Course (Course for DSPs)
* Traffic Wardens Course

## InfoBox

Punjab Police College Sihala
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | PPC Sihala |
| Formation | 1959 |
| Type | Police Training College |
| Location |  |
| Membership | All Federal & Provincial Police & Law enforcement agencies in Pakistan |
| Commandant | DIG Ashfaq Ahmad Khan (PSP) Since June 2022 |
| Main organ | Punjab Police (Pakistan) |
| Parent organization | Government of Pakistan |
| Affiliations | Punjab Police (Pakistan) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Megachile inyoensis

abstract: Megachile inyoensis is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Mitchell in 1942.

text:
# Megachile inyoensis

***Megachile inyoensis*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Mitchell in 1942.

## InfoBox

| *Megachile inyoensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Megachile* |
| Species: | ***M. inyoensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megachile inyoensis***<br>Mitchell, 1942 | |
|