title: Eugen Mogk

abstract: Eugen Mogk was a German academic specialising in Old Norse literature and Germanic mythology. He held a professorship at the University of Leipzig.

text:
# Eugen Mogk

**Eugen Mogk** (19 July 1854  4 May 1939) was a German academic specialising in Old Norse literature and Germanic mythology. He held a professorship at the University of Leipzig.

## Life and career

Mogk was born in Döbeln. He studied Germanic studies and history at the University of Leipzig from 1875 to 1883, earning his doctorate in 1878 with a dissertation on the *Gylfaginning* section of the *Prose Edda*. In 1889 he earned his habilitation in Scandinavian philology with an edition and translation of "The So-Called Second Grammatical Tractate of the *Snorra Edda*". He taught Scandinavian philology at the university from 1888 until his retirement in 1925: until 1893 as a *privatdozent*, from 1893 to 1901 as professor (*nichtplanmäßiger außerordentlicher Professor*), from 1901 to 1923 as full professor (*planmäßiger außerordentlicher Professor*) and from 1923 to 1925 as chair (*ordentlicher Professor*). Among his students were Bernhard Kummer and Konstantin Reichardt. In November 1933 he was a signatory to the statement of college and university faculty in support of Hitler and the Nazi regime. He died in Leipzig.

Mogk married Margarete Scheer; they had three sons. His son Helmut Mogk became head of the University of Leipzig library.

## Memberships and honours

Mogk was a member of the Royal Danish Society of Antiquaries, the Finno-Ugrian Society, the Saxonian Academy of Sciences and the Association for Saxon Folklore, whose *Publications* he edited from 1897 on. He also belonged to the Leoniden, an association of artists and intellectuals in Leipzig founded in 1909.

In 1924 he was honoured with a festschrift.

## Publications and views

For the reference series *Pauls Grundriß der germanischen Philologie*, Mogk wrote both the survey of Old Norse literature (*Norwegisch-isländische Literatur*, 1889) and that of Norse mythology (*Mythologie*, 1891). The latter was replaced in 193537 by Jan de Vries' *Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte*. He also edited a three-volume collection called *Altnordische Textbibliothek* and was one of the editors of the *Altnordische Sagabibliothek* collection of the Icelandic sagas that began publication in 1891.

Mogk focussed on the Old Norse texts as literature, and in a number of publications argued that Snorri Sturluson was a mythographer, who composed stories of the Germanic gods to explain poetic allusions rather than reporting pre-existing myths. For example, he argued that in the passage in the Eddic poem "Völuspá" usually taken as referring to the Æsir–Vanir War, the Vanir were initially within the stronghold with the Æsir and that after the wall was breached, they fought against not the Æsir but the gods' common enemy, the giants; he interpreted Gullveig as a giantess, not one of the Vanir. Georges Dumézil argued forcefully against Mogk's viewpoint, accusing him of character assassination and a "war" and "sterilisation" of the traditional sources in the field. Mogk's view on Snorri can be seen as the culmination of the evolutionary view that stages of development can be discerned in Old Norse religion, and that some of the gods, such as Thor and Odin, were later developments than agricultural deities such as Freyr.

Mogk also wrote about folklore, for example a 1929 study of the medieval conciliation crosses, and exerted influence on the development of the field of folklore studies in Germany; he argued for an emphasis on authenticity in studying folklore and that folk materials were characterised by unthinking reflex, rather than conscious invention.

## Selected works

* *Untersuchungen über die Gylfaginning: 1. Teil. Das Handschriftenverhältnis der Gylfaginning*, 1879
* (Publisher) *Altnordische Texte. 1: Gunnlaugssaga Ormstungn*, 1886
* (Publisher) *Gunlaugssaga ormstungu*, 1886
* *Kelten und Nordgermanen im 9. und 10. Jahrhundert*, 1896
* *Die Menschenopfer bei den Germanen*, 1909
* *Der Ursprung der mittelalterlichen Sühnekreuze*, 1929
* *Zur Bewertung der Snorra-Edda als religionsgeschichtliche und mythologische Quelle des nordgermanischen Heidentums*, 1932

## Further reading

* Elisabeth Karg-Gasterstädt. "Eugen Mogk und die Volkskunde". *Mitteldeutsche Blätter für Volkskunde* 16 (1941) 96104 (in German)
* Gustaf Cederschiöld: *Briefe an Hugo Gering und Eugen Mogk*. Unter Mitarbeit v. Birgit Hoffmann hrsg. v. Hans Fix (Saarbrücken, AQ-Verlag, 2016, 630 S. ISBN 978-3-942701-23-5)

## InfoBox

| Eugen Mogk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1854-07-19)19 July 1854
Döbeln, Germany |
| Died | 4 May 1939(1939-05-04) (aged 84)
Leipzig, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater |  |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Germanic studies |
| Sub-discipline | Old Norse studies |
| Institutions | * University of Leipzig |
| Notable students |  |
| Main interests |  |
|  | |


title: USS SC-632

abstract: USS SC-632 was a SC-497 class submarine chaser that served in the United States Navy during World War II. She was laid down on 23 February 1942 by the Mathis Yacht Building Co. in Camden, New Jersey and launched on 25 June 1942. She was commissioned on 2 September 1942. She foundered on 16 September 1945 off the coast of Okinawa. Her hulk was destroyed on 9 March 1948.

text:
# USS SC-632

**USS *SC-632*** was a *SC-497* class submarine chaser that served in the United States Navy during World War II. She was laid down on 23 February 1942 by the Mathis Yacht Building Co. in Camden, New Jersey and launched on 25 June 1942. She was commissioned on 2 September 1942. She foundered on 16 September 1945 off the coast of Okinawa. Her hulk was destroyed on 9 March 1948.

## InfoBox

| USS *SC-661*, a fellow *SC-497* class submarine chaser. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Laid down | 23 February 1942 |
| Launched | 25 June 1942 |
| Commissioned | 2 September 1942 |
| Fate | Foundered off the coast of Okinawa on 16 September 1945, hulk destroyed on 9 March 1948. |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 148 tons |
| Length | 110 ft 10 in (34 m) |
| Beam | 17 ft (5 m) |
| Draft | 6 ft 6 in (2 m) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × 1,540bhp General Motors 16-184A diesel engines * 2 × shafts. |
| Speed | 21 knots |
| Complement | 28 |
| Armament |  |


title: Eucereon marica

abstract: Eucereon marica is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Pieter Cramer in 1775. It is found in the Amazon region.

text:
# Eucereon marica

***Eucereon marica*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Pieter Cramer in 1775. It is found in the Amazon region.

## InfoBox

| *Eucereon marica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Eucereon* |
| Species: | ***E. marica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucereon marica***<br>(Cramer, \[1775\]) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sphinx marica* Cramer, \[1775\] * *Euchromia grylloides* Walker, 1854 * *Eucerea thalassina* Felder, 1874 * *Acridopsis virescens* Möschler, 1878 | |


title: Zonitoides

abstract: Zonitoides is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Gastrodontidae.

text:
# Zonitoides

***Zonitoides*** is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Gastrodontidae.

## Distribution

The distribution of *Zonitoides* includes North America, eastern and northern Asia, and Europe. Also in Australia (Queensland, Victoria, New South Wales, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island).

## Species

Species within the genus *Zonitoides* include:

## Anatomy

Species in this genus of snails make and use love darts.

* Lehmann, R. 1862. Ueber eine neve Heliceen-Gattung. Malakozoologische Blätter 9: 111-112
* Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Academy of Natural Sciences Philadadelphia, Monograph 2(2): 521-1113
* Bishop, M.J. 1978. Zonitoides arboreus (Say) (Pulmonata : Zonitidae) introduced into Australia and the identity of Alienator Iredale. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 4: 7-8

Media related to Zonitoides at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Zonitoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Two individuals of *Zonitoides arboreus* on orchid plants | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Infraorder: | Limacoidei |
| Superfamily: | Gastrodontoidea |
| Family: | Gastrodontidae |
| Genus: | *Zonitoides*<br>Lehmann, 1862 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Alienitor* Iredale, 1937 (junior synonym) * *Hyalina (Zonitoides)* Lehmann, 1862 superseded combination * *Hyalinia (Zonitoides)* Lehmann, 1862 (superseded generic combination) * *Zonitellus* H. B. Baker, 1928 * *Zonitoides (Elliottius)* Pilsbry, 1946 · alternate representation * *Zonitoides (Pseudohyalus)* H. B. Baker, 1929 · alternate representation * *Zonitoides (Ventricallus)* Pilsbry, 1946 · alternate representation * *Zonitoides (Ventridens)* W. G. Binney & Bland, 1869 · alternate representation * *Zonitoides (Zonitellus)* H. B. Baker, 1928 (junior synonym) * *Zonitoides (Zonitoides)* Lehmann, 1862 · alternate representation | |


title: World Soundtrack Awards 2012

abstract: The 12th World Soundtrack Awards were given on 20 October 2012 at the Kuipke Events Centre in Ghent, Belgium.

text:
# World Soundtrack Awards 2012

**12th World Soundtrack Awards**

October 20, 2012

---

Best Original Soundtrack:
**Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy**

The **12th World Soundtrack Awards** were given on 20 October 2012 at the Kuipke Events Centre in Ghent, Belgium.

## Awards

### World Soundtrack of the Year

***Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy*** by Alberto Iglesias

### Soundtrack Composer of the Year

**Alberto Iglesias** for *Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy*, *The Skin I Live In* & *The Monk*

### Best Original Song Written for Film

**Glenn Close** (lyrics), **Sinéad O'Connor** (performer), **Brian Byrne** (music) for "Lay Your Head Down" in *Albert Nobbs*

### Discovery of the Year

***Albert Nobbs*** by Brian Byrne

### Public Choice Award

**Abel Korzeniowski** for *W.E.*

### Lifetime Achievement Award

**Pino Donaggio**


title: Volvarina yolandae

abstract: Volvarina yolandae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina yolandae

***Volvarina yolandae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 6 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Costa Rica.

* Espinosa J. & Ortea J. 2000. Descripción de un género y once especies nuevas de Cystiscidae y Marginellidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) del Caribe de Costa Rica. Avicennia, 12/13: 95-114
* Cossignani, T. (2006). Marginellidae & Cystiscidae of the World. L'Informatore Piceno. 408 pp

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina yolandae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. yolandae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina yolandae***<br>Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 | |
|


title: Leonardo Mantelli

abstract:
Leonardo Mantelli is an Italian rugby union player.
His usual position is as a Fly-Half and he currently plays for Colorno in Top12. For 2019–20 Pro14 season, he named like Additional Player for Zebre in Pro 14. In 2016 Mantelli was named in the Italy Under 20 squad and in 2017, he also was named in the Emerging Italy squad.

text:
# Leonardo Mantelli

**Leonardo Mantelli** (born Prato, 7 December 1996) is an Italian rugby union player. His usual position is as a Fly-Half and he currently plays for Colorno in Top12.

For 2019–20 Pro14 season, he named like *Additional Player* for Zebre in Pro 14.

In 2016 Mantelli was named in the Italy Under 20 squad and in 2017, he also was named in the Emerging Italy squad.

## InfoBox

Leonardo Mantelli
| Date of birth | (1996-12-07) 7 December 1996 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Prato, Italy |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 82 kg (12 st 13 lb; 181 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Fly-Half  **Current team** Colorno  Youth career  GIPSI Prato  UR Prato Sesto  I Cavalieri Prato  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2014−2015 F.I.R. Academy   ()  2015−2019 Rovigo Delta  68  (400)  2019−2020 Colorno  12  (79)  2019 Zebre  2  (0)  2020− I Cavalieri Prato   ()  Correct as of 23 May 2020  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2016 Italy Under 20  10  (46)  2017 Emerging Italy  2  (7)  Correct as of 23 May 2020 | |


title: Euler number (physics)

abstract:
The Euler number (Eu) is a dimensionless number used in fluid flow calculations. It expresses the relationship between a local pressure drop caused by a restriction and the kinetic energy per volume of the flow, and is used to characterize energy losses in the flow, where a perfect frictionless flow corresponds to an Euler number of 0. The inverse of the Euler number is referred to as the Ruark Number with the symbol Ru. The Euler number is defined as
  - E u = pressure forces inertial forces = (pressure)(area) (mass)(acceleration) = L 2 = p u − p d ρ v 2 where
  - ρ is the density of the fluid.
  - p u is the upstream pressure.
  - p d is the downstream pressure.
  - v is a characteristic velocity of the flow. An alternative definition of the Euler number is given by Shah and Sekulic
  - E u = pressure drop dynamic head = Δ p ρ v 2 / 2 where
  - Δ p is the pressure drop = p u − p d

text:
# Euler number (physics)

The **Euler number** (**Eu**) is a dimensionless number used in fluid flow calculations. It expresses the relationship between a local pressure drop caused by a restriction and the kinetic energy per volume of the flow, and is used to characterize energy losses in the flow, where a perfect frictionless flow corresponds to an Euler number of 0. The inverse of the Euler number is referred to as the **Ruark Number** with the symbol **Ru**.

The Euler number is defined as

$$\mathrm {Eu} ={\dfrac {\mbox{pressure forces}{\mbox{inertial forces}={\dfrac {\mbox{(pressure)(area)}{\mbox{(mass)(acceleration)}={\frac {(p\_{u}-p\_{d})\\,L^{2}{(\rho L^{3})(v^{2}/L)}={\frac {p\_{u}-p\_{d}{\rho v^{2}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

where

* $\rho $ is the density of the fluid.
* $p\_{u}$ is the upstream pressure.
* $p\_{d}$ is the downstream pressure.
* $v$ is a characteristic velocity of the flow.

An alternative definition of the Euler number is given by Shah and Sekulic

$$\mathrm {Eu} ={\dfrac {\mbox{pressure drop}{\mbox{dynamic head}={\dfrac {\Delta p}{\rho v^{2}/2}}}}}$$

where

* $\Delta p$ is the pressure drop $=p\_{u}-p\_{d}$

## Further reading

* Batchelor, G. K. (1967). *An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-09817-3.


title: Polecat, Tennessee

abstract: Polecat is an unincorporated community in Humphreys County, Tennessee, United States.

text:
# Polecat, Tennessee

**Polecat** is an unincorporated community in Humphreys County, Tennessee, United States.

## InfoBox

| Polecat, Tennessee | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| PolecatPolecat | |
| Coordinates: 35°57′24″N 87°52′50″W / 35.95667°N 87.88056°W / 35.95667; -87.88056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| County | Humphreys |
| Elevation | 397 ft (121 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 931 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1315750 |


title: Hasselbach, Altenkirchen

abstract: Hasselbach is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.

text:
# Hasselbach, Altenkirchen

**Hasselbach** is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.

## InfoBox

| Hasselbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location of Hasselbach within Altenkirchen district | |
| Hasselbach Hasselbach | |
| Coordinates: 50°42′45″N 7°31′41″E / 50.71250°N 7.52806°E / 50.71250; 7.52806 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Altenkirchen |
| Municipal assoc. | Altenkirchen-Flammersfeld |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Hans-Jürgen Staats |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.76 km2 (2.22 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 265 m (869 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 330 |
| Density | 57/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 57635 |
| Dialling codes | 02686 |
| Vehicle registration | AK |
| Website | vg-altenkirchen-flammersfeld.de |


title: Eucalyptus ancophila

abstract: Eucalyptus ancophila is a tree endemic to a small area of New South Wales in eastern Australia. It has grey "ironbark", glossy green, lance-shaped leaves, flower buds arranged in a branching inflorescence with seven oval to diamond-shaped buds in each umbel, white flowers and conical or barrel-shaped fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus ancophila

***Eucalyptus ancophila*** is a tree endemic to a small area of New South Wales in eastern Australia. It has grey "ironbark", glossy green, lance-shaped leaves, flower buds arranged in a branching inflorescence with seven oval to diamond-shaped buds in each umbel, white flowers and conical or barrel-shaped fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus ancophila* is a tree with rough, grey "ironbark" that grows to a height of 35 m (100 ft), sometimes with smooth pale grey bark on its thinner branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have four-sided stems and egg-shaped, later lance-shaped leaves, that are a paler shade of green on the lower side. The blade of the adult leaves are lance-shaped 90–200 mm (4–8 in) long and 18–4.8 mm (0.7–0.2 in) wide and only slightly paler on the lower side. The flower buds are arranged in a branching inflorescence, each branch with an umbel of seven buds. The groups have a peduncle 3–14 mm (0.1–0.6 in) long and the individual flowers a pedicel 3–6 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long. The buds are oval to diamond-shaped, 6–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long and 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide with a beaked to conical operculum that is shorter and narrower than the flower cup. Flowering has been recorded in November and the flowers are white. The fruit is a cone-shaped or barrel-shaped capsule 5–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide on a pedicel 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Eucalyptus ancophila* was first formally described in 1990 by Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill and the description was published in *Telopea* from a specimen collected near Kempsey. The specific epithet (*ancophila*) is from the Ancient Greek words *ankos* meaning "mountain glen" or "valley" and *philos*, meaning "dear one" or "friend" referring to this species' habitat.

## Distribution and habitat

This eucalypt usually grows along creeks or in the bottom of valleys in the Kempsey and Bellingen districts.

## InfoBox

| *Eucalyptus ancophila* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucalyptus ancophila* in the Waite Arboretum | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. ancophila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus ancophila***
L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill | |
|


title: USS SC-696

abstract: USS SC-696 was an SC-497-Class Submarine chaser of the United States Navy during World War II. She was sunk on 23 August 1943 by German dive bombers.

text:
# USS SC-696

**USS *SC-696*** was an SC-497-Class Submarine chaser of the United States Navy during World War II. She was sunk on 23 August 1943 by German dive bombers.

## Ship History

She was ordered on 16 February 1942, laid down at Daytona Beach, Florida on 26 March 1942 by Daytona Beach Boat Works Inc. and launched on 6 August 1942. On 25 November 1942 she was commissioned as **USS *PC-696***. In April, she was re-designated as USS *SC-696*. On 23 August 1943, off Palermo, Italy, *SC-696* and USS *SC-694* came under attack by Junkers Ju 88 dive bombers. Both were sunk. 18 men were killed aboard the *696*.

### Decorations

*SC-696* received one battle star for her service.

## InfoBox

USS *SC-696*
| The *SC-696* two days before her commissioning. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *SC-696* |
| Ordered | 16 February 1942 |
| Builder | Daytona Beach Boat Works Inc. |
| Laid down | 26 March 1942 |
| Launched | 6 August 1942 |
| Commissioned | 25 November 1942 |
| In service | 1942 |
| Out of service | 1943 |
| Fate | Sunk by German Aircraft, 23 August 1943 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 148 tons |
| Length | 110 feet, 10 inches |
| Beam | 17 feet |
| Draft | 6 feet, 6 inches |
| Propulsion | 2 x General Motors 8-268A diesel engines or 2 x General Motors 16-184A diesel "pancake" engines, two screws. |
| Speed | 15.6 knots |
| Range | 1,500 nautical miles at 12 knots |
| Complement | 3 Officers, 24 Enlisted |
| Armament | * One 40mm mount * two .50 Caliber Machine Guns * two "Y" Gun Depth Charges |
| Aircraft carried | None |
| Aviation facilities | None |


title: Ncue

abstract: Ncue is a town in Equatorial Guinea. It is located in the province of Kié-Ntem, and it had a population of 1,683 as of 2005.

text:
# Ncue

**Ncue** is a town in Equatorial Guinea. It is located in the province of Kié-Ntem, and it had a population of 1,683 as of 2005.

2°01′N 10°28′E / 2.017°N 10.467°E / 2.017; 10.467

## InfoBox

| Ncue | |
| --- | --- |
| NcueLocation in Equatorial Guinea | |
| Coordinates: 2°01′N 10°28′E / 2.017°N 10.467°E / 2.017; 10.467 | |
| Country | Equatorial Guinea |
| Province | Kié-Ntem |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 1,683 |


title: Wustermark station

abstract: Wustermark station is a railway station in the town of Wustermark in the Havelland region of the German state of Brandenburg, to the west of Berlin. The station is located on the Berlin–Lehrte railway and is connected with the Jüterbog–Nauen railway, part of which became part of the Berlin outer ring in the 1950s. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.

text:
# Wustermark station

**Wustermark station** is a railway station in the town of Wustermark in the Havelland region of the German state of Brandenburg, to the west of Berlin. The station is located on the Berlin–Lehrte railway and is connected with the Jüterbog–Nauen railway (originally built as part of a freight bypass), part of which became part of the Berlin outer ring in the 1950s. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.

## Location

The station is located at the km 30.5 of the Berlin–Lehrte railway on the northern outskirts of Wustermark, about 500 metres north of the centre of the town. About two kilometres to its east the Berlin outer ring crosses the Lehrte railway. Four kilometres to the east, beyond the outer ring, is the Wustermark marshalling yard (*Rangierbahnhof*), which is often colloquially referred to as "Wustermark", but it is not to be confused with Wustermark station.

## History

The station was opened in 1871 with the Lehrte railway. The section of the Jüterbog–Nauen railway from Nauen to Wildpark (part of an early freight bypass railway around Berlin), which used part of the Lehrte railway through Wustermark station, was opened in 1902, making the station into a small junction. The large Wustermark marshalling yard to the east of Wustermark went into operations in 1909. In order to cope with the traffic to the new yard, the Lehrte railway from Spandau to Wustermark was quadrupled and the railway between Wustermark and Nauen was duplicated as far as the Berlin–Hamburg Railway.

After the Second World War, passenger services on the Lehrte railway to West Berlin was first partially and later completely stopped. Both the Lehrte railway and the Jüterbog–Nauen railway were reduced to only one track to provide material for war reparations. A section of the Berlin outer ring, which was built as a ring around West Berlin, was built on a viaduct over the Lehrte Railway near the station in 1953 and the two lines were connected via connecting curves. Wustermark became a point for transferring between the passenger trains on the outer ring and the Lehrte railway. In 1983, the Berlin outer ring and the two branches from the ring to Wustermark station and the Wustermark marshalling yard were electrified. Subsequently, electric and diesel locomotives were exchanged at Wustermark station on express trains between Berlin and Stendal.

The section of the line between Wustermark and Nauen was electrified in 1993 and used for several years by long distance traffic between Berlin and Hamburg, as the direct route of the Berlin–Hamburg railway, which was broken by the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, had still not been restored. After the reopening of the missing section of the Berlin–Hamburg line in 1995, passenger traffic between Wustermark and Nauen ended and the section of line was closed in 1996 and partially dismantled. In the second half of the 1990s the Lehrte railway was partially rebuilt as the Hanover–Berlin high-speed railway. As a result, Wustermark station was rebuilt. The earthworks of the line to Nauen were completely eliminated.

Today the station is primarily used for regional traffic towards Berlin, Rathenow and Potsdam.

### Passenger services

The station was originally a passenger stop for trains on the Lehrte railway between Berlin, Rathenow and Stendal. Express and semi-fast trains did not stop at the station. In 1905 the station was served by seven pairs of passenger trains which usually ran from Berlin to Hanover stopping at all or almost all stations.

After the First World War a denser suburban service was introduced between Berlin and Wustermark with trains on this section running about every half-hour. In addition, through passenger trains between Berlin and Rathenow stopped at the station. Since 1921, Berlin suburban fares have extended to Wustermark.

Suburban trains were not restored at the end of the Second World War. The rail service to Berlin was interrupted in Staaken at the city limits, but until the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 it was still possible to change to the Berlin S-Bahn. After the construction of the Wall, Wustermark became a transfer point for tourist traffic towards East Berlin. Train services from 1960 to 1990 continued to be approximately constant. For example, the 1985/86 timetable was as follows:

| Train class | Route | Frequency |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Express | StendalRathenow**Wustermark**Potsdam HauptbahnhofFlughafen Berlin-SchönefeldBerlin-Schöneweide | 3 pairs daily |
| Local | (Stendal) – Rathenow – **Wustermark**Wustermark Rangierbahnhof | 11 pairs daily |
| Local | Nauen – **Wustermark** – Priort – Potsdam Hauptbahnhof (or Potsdam Stadt) | Nauen – Wustermark ca. 15 pairs daily (some to Staaken)
Wustermark – Priort 5–7 pairs daily, some with change in Priort |
| Local | Falkenhagen (Kr Nauen)**Wustermark** – Wustermark Rangierbahnhof – Staaken | approximately every hour |

After German reunification in 1990, direct services to West Berlin were resumed. From 1991 a service ran between Nauen and Berlin, which stopped at Wustermark station every two hours. There was also a service between Nauen and Potsdam, also running every two hours, and some services each day to Rathenow. The express service from Berlin on the Lehrte Railway was also resumed, but the trains passed through Wustermark station without stopping. Services towards the northern half of the Berlin outer ring were abandoned.

Construction began on the Hanover–Berlin high-speed railway in 1995. During its construction, passenger services was suspended towards Rathenow and Nauen and replaced by buses running every two hours towards Berlin from December 1995. Passenger services on the Lehrte Railway were resumed in 1998 and services to Nauen were permanently discontinued. The current timetable (as of 2013) is as follows:

| Service | Route | Frequency |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **RE 4** | Rathenow**Wustermark** – Dallgow-Döberitz – Berlin JungfernheideBerlin Südkreuz – Ludwigsfelde – Jüterbog | Hourly |
| **RB 13** | **Wustermark**Elstal – Dallgow-Döberitz – Berlin-Spandau
service runs only Mon–Fri during peak hours | About hourly |
| **RB 21** | **Wustermark** – Priort – GolmPotsdam Park SanssouciPotsdamGriebnitzsee (– Berlin Zoologischer GartenBerlin Friedrichstr)
service runs Sat–Sun Wustermark-Potsdam
Griebnitzsee – Friedrichstraße only during peak hours | Hourly(Mon–Fri)
every 2 hours (Sat–Sun) |

## Infrastructure

The station building on the Lehrte Railway was south of the tracks. The line from Nauen that opened in 1902 passed under the Lehrte Railway about two kilometres east of the station and then ran parallel with it to Wustermark station; the junction between two lines was originally in the eastern part of the station. After the Second World War, a connecting curve was built from the Nauen line towards Rathenow. The Berlin outer ring built in 1953/54 had both northbound and southbound connecting curves to/from Wustermark. East of the platform on the Lehrte Railway were tracks for local freight traffic. The Nauen line had a separate platform on the northern side of the tracks which was connected by a pedestrian bridge. Immediately afterwards, the Nauen line separated from the Lehrte Railway towards Nauen. Thus, while the platform of the Lehrte Railway was to the west of the bridge, the platform on the Nauen line was to the east of it.

With the construction of the high-speed line after 1995, the station was completely rebuilt and the infrastructure of the bypass railway including the link towards Nauen were demolished. The connection to the outer ring to the north was also taken out of use and dismantled.

Today the station is located on the original tracks of the Lehrte Railway and consists of an island platform with two tracks; it also has a through track without a platform. To the north lies the double-track of the high-speed line. West of the station there is a connection between the old tracks and the high-speed line. The Regional-Express services stopping at Wustermark station change tracks on to the high-speed line, since the old line is not electrified west of Wustermark. East of the station, the old line is single track to the Havel Canal out and then branches to form two separate parallel tracks towards Wustermark marshalling yard and has a connection to the outer ring running south.

The platform can be reached via a pedestrian bridge from the forecourt to the south of the tracks, but it no longer has a station building.

At the end of 2013, two lifts were put into operation on the pedestrian bridge so that the platform is accessible for the disabled. The construction cost of around €1 million was mainly financed from the federal infrastructure acceleration program.

## Train services

The station is serves by the following service(s):

* Regional services RE 4 *Rathenow - Wustermark - Berlin - Ludwigsfelde - Jüterbog*
* Peak hour services RB 13 *Wustermark - Berlin-Spandau*
* Local services RB 21 *Wustermark - Golm - Potsdam (- Griebnitzsee - Berlin)*

## InfoBox

| Wustermark | |
| --- | --- |
| Wustermark station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Neue Bahnhofstraße, Wustermark, Brandenburg
Germany |
| Coordinates | 52°33′05″N 12°56′43″E / 52.55139°N 12.94528°E / 52.55139; 12.94528 |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 6957 |
| DS100 code | BWUS |
| Category | 5 |
| Fare zone | VBB: Berlin C/5448 |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
| History | |
| Opened | 1871 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 51200 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn Following station  Buschowtowards Rathenow  RE 4  Elstaltowards Falkenberg (Elster)  Preceding station  DB Regio Nordost Following station  Priorttowards Potsdam Hbf  RB 21  Elstaltowards Berlin Gesundbrunnen | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  WustermarkLocation within BrandenburgWustermarkLocation within GermanyWustermarkLocation within Europe | |


title: Poison Ivy (1992 film)

abstract: Poison Ivy is a 1992 American erotic thriller film directed by Katt Shea. It stars Drew Barrymore, Sara Gilbert, Tom Skerritt and Cheryl Ladd. The original music score is composed by David Michael Frank. The film was shot in Los Angeles. It premiered at Sundance on January 21, 1992, where it was nominated for the Grand Jury prize of Best Film. Although it did not fare very well at the box office, grossing $1,829,804 with its limited theatrical release to 20 movie theaters, the film received favorable word-of-mouth, and became a success on cable and video in the mid-1990s. It has since gained status as a cult film, and is the first installment in a Poison Ivy film series that includes three direct-to-video sequels.

text:
# Poison Ivy (1992 film)

***Poison Ivy*** is a 1992 American erotic thriller film directed by Katt Shea. It stars Drew Barrymore, Sara Gilbert, Tom Skerritt and Cheryl Ladd. The original music score is composed by David Michael Frank. The film was shot in Los Angeles.

It premiered at Sundance on January 21, 1992, where it was nominated for the Grand Jury prize of Best Film. Although it did not fare very well at the box office, grossing $1,829,804 with its limited theatrical release to 20 movie theaters, the film received favorable word-of-mouth, and became a success on cable and video in the mid-1990s. It has since gained status as a cult film, and is the first installment in a *Poison Ivy* film series that includes three direct-to-video sequels.

## Plot

Sylvie Cooper is a student at an expensive private school. On the day she first meets Ivy, a poor street-smart girl, she witnesses her mercy-killing a badly wounded dog.

When they next meet, Sylvie's father Darryl comes to pick her up, Ivy asks for a ride, and he reluctantly agrees. She sits in the front with him, puts her feet on the dashboard and deliberately shows him her legs by allowing her mini-skirt to fall back onto her hips, which Darryl notices.

A few weeks later, Sylvie invites Ivy home. She explains that Darryl adopted her and that her biological father is African-American. Sylvie also admits she once tried to kill herself. They meet Sylvie's sickly mother, Georgie, whom Ivy wins over by talking about her scholarship and helping her unblock her oxygen tank.

Soon after, as both of Sylvie's parents enjoy Ivy's company, Ivy practically moves in. The girls share clothes and Sylvie's bed. As they have similar figures, Georgie lends Ivy some of her clothes.

Darryl throws a party at the house to improve his failing career, and enlists Sylvie to help him. However, Ivy ensures that she must work on the night of the party, so she can assist Darryl. After the party, she dances with him in the kitchen and they embrace. Georgie walks in on them and storms upstairs.

Ivy apologizes, claiming that Darryl was under stress and she was only comforting him. Georgie believes her, accepts a glass of champagne drugged with sleeping pills, and falls asleep. Ivy sits on the bed next to her and begins to massage Darryl's crotch with her foot. It is implied that he performs oral sex on her and she climaxes.

Over the next few days, Ivy continues changing her appearance, wearing Georgie's clothing more often. Sylvie becomes increasingly irritated with Ivy's growing presence in her family. Her anger reaches a breaking point when even her dog chooses Ivy over her, which is because Ivy has dog treats in her pockets.

Sylvie skips school to spend some time alone. Darryl picks Ivy up and drives them into the forest, where they drink and have sex.

The next morning, Georgie plays the cassette tape Sylvie made for her and walks out onto her balcony. Ivy walks up behind her, talks to her and without warning, pushes her off the balcony to her death. As Georgie is known to be mentally ill, and has threatened to commit suicide previously, Ivy is not suspected.

A few weeks later, Ivy talks Sylvie into taking out her mother's sports car. When Sylvie becomes suspicious of her involvement in Georgie's death, Ivy crashes the car, then moves the unconscious Sylvie into the driver's seat.

In the hospital, Sylvie hallucinates that her mother visits her, inspiring her to return home to save her father from Ivy. When she arrives there is a raging storm, so she hurries inside, experiencing hallucinations the whole way. Once inside, she sees Darryl and Ivy having sex, and flees.

As Darryl hurries out to look for Sylvie, Ivy follows him. Accidentally showing the bruising on her chest from the steering wheel, revealing that she was behind the wheel, she claims that it was to protect him. As Darryl drives off to find Sylvie, Ivy goes up to Georgie's old room. Playing the tape Sylvie made for Georgie, she wears Georgie's robe and walks out to the balcony.

Sylvie sees Ivy and, because of her head injury, believes that it is her mother so makes her way to the balcony. Sylvie tells Georgie that she loves her and Georgie says she loves her too. When they kiss, Ivy begins to use her tongue, which breaks Sylvie out of her hallucination.

Ivy says Georgie wanted to die and now the three of them can be a family. Sylvie rejects her delusion, pushing her over the balcony. Ivy grabs onto her necklace in an attempt to take her with her, but she fails. As the chain breaks, a screaming Ivy falls to her death alone. Darryl returns to see Ivy's corpse on the ground with Sylvie above.

The film ends with Sylvie narrating that she still loves and misses "her", following the parallel between Ivy and Georgie.

## Cast

## Production

Producers Melissa Goddard and Peter Morgan brought the original idea to New Line. The studio then hired Katt Shea who had made a number of movies for Roger Corman; according to head of production Sara Risher, the studio wanted "a teenage *Fatal Attraction*".

The film developed greatly from this premise. There were three different drafts of the script and four different endings. According to Shea, the original ending had Ivy getting away with her crimes and hitch-hiking along a road. However, New Line insisted that Ivy be punished and made her shoot a new ending where Ivy died. New Line then wanted Shea to revive the character for sequels which the director refused to do; Shea now says she regrets the decision.

Shea says that she never regarded Ivy as villainous, but rather as a tragic character who just wants to be loved. She credits this for the film's popularity.

## Reception

### Critical response

The film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival where, according to *The New York Times*, viewers were "either enraptured or insulted". At the Seattle International Festival of Women Directors it was perceived to be politically incorrect. Shea stated:

> I always told New Line it was going to be different from what they thought. I'm out to prove it's possible to make a film that's really artistic, that's an honest expression that comes from me and that can still be commercial. I told them I can only make movies for myself. I just know that if I really love it there's going to be a market for it.

On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 39% rating based on 33 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads, "An unpleasant thriller that lacks the self-awareness to dilute its sordid undertones, *Poison Ivy* is liable to give audiences a rash." On Metacritic it has a score of 51 out of 100 based on reviews from 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Variety wrote: "Suicide, hints of lesbianism, murder, staged accidents and every other applicable melodramatic contrivance is dragged in. Unfortunate thesps take it all very seriously, while technical aspects are emptily polished." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2.5 out of 4 and wrote "Here the casting is so wrong that nothing quite works."

Janet Maslin of *The New York Times* wrote: "Katt Shea, who directed and co-wrote "Poison Ivy," displays a gleeful enthusiasm for the B-movie genre to which her film essentially belongs, as well as a grasp of the form's more delicate possibilities. "Poison Ivy" never resorts to overt malice when something more quietly sinister will do."

The character Ivy was ranked at number six on the list of the top 26 "bad girls" of all time by *Entertainment Weekly*.

## Sequels

*Poison Ivy* spawned three sequels: *Poison Ivy II: Lily* in 1996, *Poison Ivy: The New Seduction* in 1997 and *Poison Ivy: The Secret Society* in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Poison Ivy | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Katt Shea |
| Screenplay by | * Andy Ruben * Katt Shea |
| Story by | Melissa Goddard |
| Produced by | Andy Ruben |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Phedon Papamichael |
| Edited by | Gina Mittelman |
| Music by | David Michael Frank |
| Production<br>company | MG Entertainment |
| Distributed by | New Line Cinema |
| Release dates | * January 21, 1992 (1992-01-21) (Sundance) * May 8, 1992 (1992-05-08) (United States) |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $3 million |
| Box office | $1.8 million |


title: Polyene

abstract: In organic chemistry, polyenes are poly-unsaturated, organic compounds that contain at least three alternating double (C=C) and single (C−C) carbon–carbon bonds. These carbon–carbon double bonds interact in a process known as conjugation, resulting in some unusual optical properties. Related to polyenes are dienes, where there are only two alternating double and single bonds. The following polyenes are used as antimycotics for humans: amphotericin B, nystatin, candicidin, pimaricin, methyl partricin, and trichomycin.

text:
# Polyene

In organic chemistry, **polyenes** are poly-unsaturated, organic compounds that contain at least three alternating double (C=C) and single (C−C) carbon–carbon bonds. These carbon–carbon double bonds interact in a process known as conjugation, resulting in some unusual optical properties. Related to polyenes are dienes, where there are only two alternating double and single bonds.

The following polyenes are used as antimycotics for humans: amphotericin B, nystatin, candicidin, pimaricin, methyl partricin, and trichomycin.

## Optical properties

Some polyenes are brightly colored, an otherwise rare property for a hydrocarbon. Normally alkenes absorb in the ultraviolet region of a spectrum, but the absorption energy state of polyenes with numerous conjugated double bonds can be lowered such that they enter the visible region of the spectrum, resulting in compounds which are coloured (because they contain a chromophore). Thus many natural dyes contain linear polyenes.

## Chemical and electrical properties

Polyenes tend to be more reactive than simpler alkenes. For example, polyene-containing triglycerides are reactive towards atmospheric oxygen. Polyacetylene, which partially oxidized or reduced, exhibits high electrical conductivity. Most conductive polymers are polyenes, and many have conjugated structures. Poly(aza)acetylenes are readily prepared from pyridine precursors without the necessity of a controlled atmosphere, simply by ultraviolet irradiation of a mixture of pyridine and poly(4-vinyl) pyridine. Recent research at the Weizmann Institute and Aix-Marseille University showed a clear transition between ionic and electronic conductivity with increasing UV dose over 30 hours.

## Occurrence

A few fatty acids are polyenes. Another class of important polyenes are polyene antimycotics,


title: Poorter

abstract: Poorter is an historical term for a type of Dutch, or Flemish, burgher who had acquired the right to live within the walls of a city with city rights. In the Dutch Republic, this poorterrecht or poorterschap (citizenship) could be gained by paying 40, later 50 guilders, and registering with the magistrate of the city. The payment of money was to prove that one was not poor, and that one could maintain a household. There were also religious restrictions, and numerous cities forbade Jews from attaining citizenship. An oath was also taken. Some cities also had grootburgers, who received more rights than normal citizens, but had to pay a higher price to acquire it. The privileges were abolished after the French invasion of the Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch Republic in 1794-1795. There was a distinction between the ordinary inhabitants of the city (residents) and the poorters, who enjoyed a higher status because of their origin, education, income, craftsmanship and so on. The city would be surrounded by a city wall, and a moat, which offered safety, and protection, of a certain level, to its citizens. At nightfall, the city gates would be closed by the gate watch. The Keys to the city were handed to the Burgemeester, and returned again the next day. The entire citizenry of a city was sometimes called the Poorterij.

text:
# Poorter

**Poorter** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈpoːrtər\]) is an historical term for a type of Dutch, or Flemish, burgher who had acquired the right to live within the walls of a city with city rights.

In the Dutch Republic, this *poorterrecht* or *poorterschap* (citizenship) could be gained by paying 40, later 50 guilders, and registering with the magistrate of the city. The payment of money was to prove that one was not poor, and that one could maintain a household. There were also religious restrictions, and numerous cities forbade Jews from attaining citizenship. An oath was also taken. Some cities also had *grootburgers* (grand burghers), who received more rights than normal citizens, but had to pay a higher price to acquire it. The privileges were abolished after the French invasion of the Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch Republic in 1794-1795. There was a distinction between the ordinary inhabitants of the city (residents) and the poorters, who enjoyed a higher status because of their origin, education, income, craftsmanship and so on.

The city would be surrounded by a city wall, and a moat, which offered safety, and protection, of a certain level, to its citizens. At nightfall, the city gates would be closed by the gate watch. The Keys to the city were handed to the Burgemeester, and returned again the next day.

The entire citizenry of a city was sometimes called the *Poorterij*.

* Media related to Poorters at Wikimedia Commons


title: Polycera hummi

abstract: Polycera hummi is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Polyceridae.

text:
# Polycera hummi

***Polycera hummi*** is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Polyceridae.

## Distribution

This species was described from the Gulf of Mexico, Florida. It also occurs in North Carolina.

## InfoBox

| *Polycera hummi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Nudibranchia |
| Superfamily: | Polyceroidea |
| Family: | Polyceridae |
| Genus: | *Polycera* |
| Species: | ***P. hummi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polycera hummi***<br>Abbott, 1952 | |
|


title: Popowo, Augustów County

abstract: Popowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bargłów Kościelny, within Augustów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

text:
# Popowo, Augustów County

**Popowo** \[pɔˈpɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bargłów Kościelny, within Augustów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Popowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Popowo | |
| Coordinates: 53°47′19″N 22°43′52″E / 53.78861°N 22.73111°E / 53.78861; 22.73111 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Augustów |
| Gmina | Bargłów Kościelny |


title: Neocicindela tuberculata

abstract: Neocicindela tuberculata is a species of tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae, endemic to New Zealand. Its common names include common tiger beetle, moeone, and papapa, and in its larval stage penny doctor, butcher boy, kapuku, kui, kurikuri, moeone, and muremure. Neocicindela tuberculata was the first carabid beetle described from New Zealand. The species can run as fast as 5 miles per hour and are considered to be the fastest running beetles. Adult species prefer clay banks in summer and are good predators when in comes to insects. N. tuberculata are found throughout New Zealand and can be seen on hot sunny days on clay tracks or sandy areas. As well as running it can also fly. The adult beetle is approximately 2.5 cm long, and is greenish in colour with yellow markings on the side of the elytra. It eats other insects as food.

text:
# Neocicindela tuberculata

***Neocicindela tuberculata*** is a species of tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae, endemic to New Zealand. Its common names include **common tiger beetle**, **moeone**, and **papapa**, and in its larval stage **penny doctor**, **butcher boy**, **kapuku**, **kui**, **kurikuri**, **moeone**, and **muremure**. *Ne*oc*icindela tuberculata* was the first carabid beetle described from New Zealand. The species can run as fast as 5 miles per hour and are considered to be the fastest running beetles. Adult species prefer clay banks in summer and are good predators when in comes to insects.

*N. tuberculata* are found throughout New Zealand and can be seen on hot sunny days on clay tracks or sandy areas. As well as running it can also fly. The adult beetle is approximately 2.5 cm long, and is greenish in colour with yellow markings on the side of the elytra. It eats other insects as food.

## Identification

### Adults

Tiger beetle genera are very similar in colour and because of this they can be hard to identify, with the main difference between species being in the proportions of their body parts. The adult *Neocicindela tuberculata* has long legs, much like other tiger beetles, and its tarsal claws are about half the length of tarsal segment 5. The beetle is about 9–12 mm in length with a dark brown head and pronotum. The elytra (wing coverings or hardened for wings) are dark brown with some tinges of velvet black and moderately wide, pale yellow markings on the outer sides of the elytra. The elytra also have dark areas and are “densely covered with minute green punctures”. The dark areas of the elytra are moderately shiny and have a lustre that is metallic and bronze or green in colour. The elytra also begin to widen behind the middle. They have dark antennae and femurs, but pale tibias and tarsi. The first antennal segment also has anywhere between five or nine setiferous pores.

### Larvae

The larvae look quite different to the adult in the fact that they are almost grub like. They have a 13-segmented abdomen that is slender and elongate. The larvae also has paired sub-apical cerci and prominent dorsal hooks on the 5th segment of the abdomen that are used to keep them in place in their burrow. The tarsi of the larvae also contains one or two claws. There are also lateral ocelli (eyes) on the larvae and these are constructed in such a way that they can scan a wide field of vision as well as look in different directions for prey. The labrum of the larvae is well developed and projects from the head of the insect. The larvae slowly widens after segment five and segment 9 will have a pronounced dorsal hump.

## Life cycle/Phenology

Mating for *N. tuberculata* occurs during February and after this occurs the female lays her eggs in the soil by drilling many holes with her ovipositor, and laying one egg in each hole. These holes are initially big enough for the larvae, however as the larvae grow, so too must the hole. As they develop and grow in size, the larvae will make the hole bigger, therefore the size of the burrow will determine the age of the larvae. The larval stage depends on not only the species of *Cicindela*, but also the frequency of food, and the climate, however the larval stage will generally only last for one to two years depending on these resources. Once the larvae are ready to pupate they do so and this stage is very brief, beginning in February, which is when the larval population declines to a point where they are no longer seen. When it is pupating, the larvae plugs the hole of its burrow and descends to the bottom of the burrow where it digs a side cavity to pupate in. The adults will emerge in spring or early summer, where they will mate and die before autumn is finished.

## Geographic Distribution and habitat

### Natural global range

There are two endemic genera of tiger Beetles in New Zealand and these are represented by 16 different species, of which *Neoicindela tuberculata* is one.

### New Zealand range

*Neocicindela tuberculata* is found across all regions of the North Island and is also found in the Marlborough and Tasman regions of the South Island. It is most often found on the lowland areas of these regions.

### Habitat preferences

*N. tuberculata* is found in most habitats but generally prefers open areas. *N. tuberculata* is a diurnal (active in daylight/sunshine) insect so would be most benefited by areas with large amounts of sunlight. They are also generally found in physiological and ecologically uncomplicated areas. The larvae of *N. tuberculata* prefer to dig their burrows in on dry soil, particularly exposed sand or peaty soil as well as clay banks.

## Diet and foraging

Both the adult and the larvae of *Neocicindela tuberculata* are predators of other insects. The adults of *N. tuberculata* eat mainly caterpillars and flies, and it has been said that the “mean mandible length (chord) is directly related to mean size of prey captures by tiger beetles throughout the world”. Food data and mouthpart morphology of the tiger Beetle genera, shows that they are opportunistic predators that can feed on a variety of small prey. The adults use their long legs, and therefore running capabilities, to catch their prey, along with their short flight capabilities. The larvae dig vertical burrows in the ground which can be up to 15 cm deep and are kept constantly clean and smooth by the larvae. Once the larvae have burrowed into their holes, they sit at the entrance in such a way that their head is at the entrance of the hole and their body fills the rest of their hole. Once the larvae spots prey they determine the best way to catch it based on its size, by either going back into their burrow and seizing it when it falls in, or by darting out and seizing the prey that way. The larvae generally feed on flies and other small invertebrates, similar to what the adult feeds on.

## Predators, Parasites, and Diseases

*Neocicindela tuberculata* is preyed on by a number of different birds such as kiwis and magpies. It is also preyed on by Asilids, better known as Assassin flies or Robber flies. To protect itself from these predators the adult emits a musky smell when it is disturbed. *C. tuberculata* is also part of the only beetle family (tiger beetles) that are capable of instantaneous flight and there is a possibility that they also use this to evade predators. The tiger beetle family are generally the fastest running beetles because of their long legs. This could also be used as a method of evasion from predators.

## Other information

*Neocicindela tuberculata* was the first carabid beetle to be described from New Zealand in 1775.

## InfoBox

| Common tiger beetle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Genus: | *Neocicindela* |
| Species: | ***N. tuberculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neocicindela tuberculata***<br>Fabricius, 1775 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cicindela tuberculata* Fabricius, 1775 * *Cicindela tuberculosa* Olivier, 1790a * *Cicindela tuberculata tuberculata* Chaudoir, 1865a * *Cicindela huttoni* Broun, 1877b * *Neocicindela tuberculata* Rivalier, 1963 | |


title: Vunilagi v. The Queen

abstract: Vunilagi v The Queen is a significant decision of the High Court of Australia concerning the nature of the laws of the self-governing Territories. It is relevant to Australian constitutional law due to its application of the Kable doctrine, as well as for its finding that section 80 of the Australian Constitution does not require indictable offences under the laws of the ACT to be tried by jury. The appeal concerned the constitutional validity of a provision in the Supreme Court Act 1933 (ACT). In reaction to the pandemic the ACT Supreme Court had suspended jury trials. The following day the legislative section s68BA was added to the act, empowering the court to order trial by judge alone without consent of the accused; for the duration of the pandemic. Vulnilagi was convicted and argued on appeal that these provisions were invalid. His appeal was dismissed by the ACT Court of Appeal. He then appealed to the High court, which held that the Kable doctrine did not render the legislation invalid. This was in part because the legislation required judges to exercise discretion in deciding whether or not to force a jury trial; and because the exercise of that discretion allowed for the accused to submit arguments about how it should be exercised, meaning that procedural fairness was given to the accused. The court additionally held that the legislation did not infringe s80 of the constitution. The basis for this finding was that the section did not apply as the laws weren't Commonwealth indictable offences; and instead were laws of the ACT.

text:
# Vunilagi v. The Queen

***Vunilagi v The Queen*** is a significant decision of the High Court of Australia concerning the nature of the laws of the self-governing Territories.

It is relevant to Australian constitutional law due to its application of the *Kable* doctrine, as well as for its finding that section 80 of the Australian Constitution does not require indictable offences under the laws of the ACT to be tried by jury.

The appeal concerned the constitutional validity of a provision in the *Supreme Court Act 1933* (ACT). In reaction to the pandemic the ACT Supreme Court had suspended jury trials. The following day the legislative section s68BA was added to the act, empowering the court to order trial by judge alone without consent of the accused; for the duration of the pandemic.

Vulnilagi was convicted and argued on appeal that these provisions were invalid. His appeal was dismissed by the ACT Court of Appeal.

He then appealed to the High court, which held that the Kable doctrine did not render the legislation invalid. This was in part because the legislation required judges to exercise discretion in deciding whether or not to force a jury trial; and because the exercise of that discretion allowed for the accused to submit arguments about how it should be exercised, meaning that procedural fairness was given to the accused.

The court additionally held that the legislation did not infringe s80 of the constitution. The basis for this finding was that the section did not apply as the laws weren't Commonwealth indictable offences; and instead were laws of the ACT.

## InfoBox

| Vunilagi v. The Queen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | High Court of Australia |
| Citation | \[2023\] HCA 24 |
| Case history | |
| Prior actions | *Vunilagi v The Queen* \[2021\] ACTCA 12, 17 ACTLR 72 |
| Case opinions | |
| Section 68BA of the Supreme Court Act 1933 (ACT) was not invalid due to section 80 of the Constitution or the rule in *Kable*. Accordingly, a trial held under that provision before a judge sitting alone for an indictable offence against a law made by the Legislative Assembly of the Australian Capital Territory was valid. | |


title: Leone J. Peters

abstract: Leone J. Peters was an American businessman and an owner-breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses.

text:
# Leone J. Peters

**Leone J. Peters** (September 16, 1911 – June 4, 1988) was an American businessman and an owner-breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses.

## Real Estate

Peters, a prominent Manhattan real estate broker and consultant, was the archetype of the modern commercial real estate broker. He joined the property management company Cushman & Wakefield in 1929 as a bookkeeper. With the exception of World War II military service, where he enlisted as a buck private and achieved the rank of captain, he spent his entire business career at the firm, remaining an active broker until his death. He rose to the position of president and chief executive officer of Cushman & Wakefield in 1960, became chairman of the board of directors and its chief executive officer in 1970, and honorary chairman in 1976, closing many of the industry's most notable transactions along the way. He oversaw an expansion of the business into a nationwide force and was credited with transforming Cushman & Wakefield from a family-owned building management concern into a leading real estate services organization. As agent or consultant, Peters represented almost every major investment builder, as well as many large institutional owners in the industrial, banking and insurance fields around the U.S. and abroad. He was also instrumental in the development of several of America's most prominent office towers, including the Bank of America Building in San Francisco, Arco Towers in Los Angeles, and 4 New York Plaza, among many others.

## Thoroughbred horse racing

An avid horseman, Leone J. Peters partnered with Arthur B. Hancock III, of the renowned Kentucky breeding operation, Claiborne Farm. At Hancock's Stone Farm in Paris, Kentucky they bred and raced Gato Del Sol, winner of the 1982 Kentucky Derby. Among other horses the two bred were multiple stakes race winner Tap Shoes and Risen Star, winner of the 1988 Preakness and Belmont Stakes who was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Male Horse.

## Other activities

Peters was active in many civic organizations, serving as a patron of the New York Metropolitan Opera, a director of Tiro A Segno and the Columbus Citizens Committee, and a member of the board of the Real Estate Council for Lincoln Center. He supported many charitable organizations and institutions, including the Chemotherapy Foundation of New York, the American Cancer Society, the Boy Scouts of America, Skidmore College, Lehigh University, and the University of Pennsylvania. Leone J. Peters died at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in 1988 following open-heart surgery.

He was married to the former Betty Martone (1914–1998) with whom he had a son, Paul Leone Peters (1946-), also in the real estate business, and a daughter who also became involved Thoroughbred racing, Gail Peters Beitz. He is survived as well by four grandsons: Adam Paul Peters, Jaime Martone Peters, Jonathan Bradley Beitz, and Drew Travers Beitz.

## InfoBox

| Leone J. Peters | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September 16, 1911
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Died | June 4, 1988
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Real estate executive
Thoroughbred racehorse owner-breeder |
| Spouse | Betty Martone |
| Children | **Son:** Paul Leone Peters
**Daughter:** Gail Peters Beitz |


title: Eucithara grata

abstract: Eucithara grata is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae. According to Kilburn (1992) this species is very doubtfully referred to the genus Eucithara.

text:
# Eucithara grata

***Eucithara grata*** is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

According to Kilburn (1992) this species is very doubtfully referred to the genus *Eucithara*.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 6.7 mm, its diameter 2.8 mm.

## Distribution

* Dautzenberg P. 1932. *Mollusques testacés marins de Madagascar*. Supplement.J. Conchyliol. 76(1); 4-119, pI. 1.

## InfoBox

| *Eucithara grata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Mangeliidae |
| Genus: | *Eucithara* |
| Species: | ***E. grata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucithara grata***<br>(E. A. Smith, 1884) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Pleurotoma (Mangilia) grata* E. A. Smith, 1884 | |


title: Much More (album)

abstract: Much More is the fifth studio album by Swedish singer Carola Häggkvist. The album contains, among others, the winning song from the Eurovision Song Contest 1991, "Fångad av en stormvind".

text:
# Much More (album)

***Much More*** is the fifth studio album by Swedish singer Carola Häggkvist. The album contains, among others, the winning song from the Eurovision Song Contest 1991, "Fångad av en stormvind".

## Track listings

### Swedish release

1. "Every Beat of My Heart" (E Johnson / P Gessle)
2. "The Girl Who Had Everything" (S Diamond)
3. "When I Close My Eyes" (T Norell / Oson)
4. "State of Grace" (S Diamond / S Sheridan)
5. "One More Chance" (E Johnson / R Hampton / S Berg / Carola)
6. "The Innocence Is Gone" (P S Bliss / M Stone)
7. "Declaration of My Independence" (J Friedman/ A R Scott)
8. "I'll Live" (E Wolff / R Daniels)
9. "Best Shot" (S Berg / R Hampton)
10. "All the Reasons to Live" (S Berg / R Hampton)
11. "Stop Running Away from Love" (S Berg / R Hampton)
12. "You Are My Destiny" (?)

### International release

1. "Captured by a Lovestorm"
2. "Every Beat of My Heart"
3. "The Girl Who Had Everything"
4. "When I Close My Eyes"
5. "State of Grace"
6. "I'll Live"
7. "Declaration of My Independence"
8. "The Innocence Is Gone"
9. "Best Shot"
10. "All the Reasons to Live"

## Charts

| Chart (1990-1991) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 16 |

## Release history

| Country | Date |
| --- | --- |
| Europe | May 1991 |
| Sweden | October 9, 1990 |

## InfoBox

| Much More | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Carola Häggkvist | |
| Released | 9 October 1990 |
| Recorded | 1990 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Label | Virgin Records |
| Producer | Lasse Lindbom,
Anders Herrlin,
Greg Walsh,
Stephan Berg |
| Carola Häggkvist chronology | |
| *Runaway*
(1986) ***Much More***
(1990) *Carola Hits*
(1991) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Much More* | |
| 1. "The Girl Who Had Everything" 2. "I'll Live" 3. "Every Beat of My Heart" 4. "Captured by a Lovestorm" 5. "All the Reasons to Live" | |
|  | |


title: World Federation of Music Therapy

abstract: The World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT) is an international, non-profit music therapy corporation, headquartered in North Carolina in the USA. It aims to promote global awareness of both the scientific and artistic nature of the profession and advocates for the recognition of music therapy as an evidence-based profession. History In 2010, the WFMT celebrated its 25th anniversary. The seeds for the development of the World Federation of Music Therapy were sown during the second World Congress of Music Therapy in Buenos Aires in 1976. A group of American, European, and South American music therapists met and started to develop a plan for unity and standards in the international arena of music therapy. Among the ten founding members were Rolando Benenzon (Argentina), Giovanna Mutti (Italy), Jacques Jost (France), Barbara Hesser (USA), Amelia Oldfield (UK), Ruth Bright (Australia), Heinrich Otto Moll (Germany), Rafael Colon, Clementina Nastari (Brazil), and Tadeusz Natanson (Poland). The Federation was formally established during the 5th World Congress of Music Therapy in Genoa, Italy, in 1985. Anecdotal reports about the beginnings of WFMT as well as the founder’s motivation can be found at the online journal, Voices. WFMT leadership WFMT leadership consists of 21 individuals serving in a volunteer capacity as officers, commissioners, or regional liaisons.[5] The officers are the President, Past President, Secretary, Treasurer, and the Executive Assistant. The commissioners oversee committees related to one of eight areas: education, clinical practice, global crises intervention, publications, research & ethics, public relations, dei, and world congress organization. Regional liaisons reside in the eight WFMT global regions they represent and collect and disseminate information related to developments in the profession.The Assembly of Student Delegates consists of student leaders representing each of WFMT's global regions and is facilitated by the Executive Assistant. World Congresses of Music Therapy The World Congress of Music Therapy is held every three years in a different country. Music therapy professionals and experts in related fields from around the world gather at the congress to share ideas, experiences, trends, and research outcomes. Formats include symposia, panels, and roundtables. The World Congress of Music Therapy is hosted by a WFMT organizational member in conjunction with a local host. Previous congress locations include: 1. Paris, France (1974) 2. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1976) 3. San Juan, Puerto Rico (1981) 4. Paris, France (1983) 5. Genoa, Italy (1985) - Founding of the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT) 6. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1990) 7. Vitoria, Spain (1993) 8. Hamburg, Germany (1996) 9. Washington, D.C., USA (1999) 10. Oxford, England (2002) 11. Brisbane, Australia (2005) 12. Buenos Aires, Argentina (2008) 13. Seoul, South Korea (2011) 14. Vienna and Krems, Austria (2014) 15. Tsukuba, Japan (2017) 16. Pretoria, South Africa (2020) 17. Vancouver, Canada (2023)

text:
# World Federation of Music Therapy

The **World Federation of Music Therapy** (WFMT) is an international, non-profit music therapy corporation, headquartered in North Carolina in the USA. It aims to promote global awareness of both the scientific and artistic nature of the profession and advocates for the recognition of music therapy as an evidence-based profession.

**History**

In 2010, the WFMT celebrated its 25th anniversary. The seeds for the development of the World Federation of Music Therapy were sown during the second World Congress of Music Therapy in Buenos Aires in 1976. A group of American, European, and South American music therapists met and started to develop a plan for unity and standards in the international arena of music therapy. Among the ten founding members were Rolando Benenzon (Argentina), Giovanna Mutti (Italy), Jacques Jost (France), Barbara Hesser (USA), Amelia Oldfield (UK), Ruth Bright (Australia), Heinrich Otto Moll (Germany), Rafael Colon (Puerto Rico), Clementina Nastari (Brazil), and Tadeusz Natanson (Poland). The Federation was formally established during the 5th World Congress of Music Therapy in Genoa, Italy, in 1985. Anecdotal reports about the beginnings of WFMT as well as the founder’s motivation can be found at the online journal, *Voices.*

**WFMT leadership**

WFMT leadership consists of 21 individuals serving in a volunteer capacity as officers, commissioners, or regional liaisons.\[5\] The officers are the President, Past President, Secretary, Treasurer, and the Executive Assistant. The commissioners oversee committees related to one of eight areas: education , clinical practice, global crises intervention, publications, research & ethics, public relations, dei, and world congress organization. Regional liaisons reside in the eight WFMT global regions they represent and collect and disseminate information related to developments in the profession.The Assembly of Student Delegates consists of student leaders representing each of WFMT's global regions and is facilitated by the Executive Assistant.

**World Congresses of Music Therapy**

The World Congress of Music Therapy is held every three years in a different country. Music therapy professionals and experts in related fields from around the world gather at the congress to share ideas, experiences, trends, and research outcomes. Formats include symposia, panels, and roundtables. The World Congress of Music Therapy is hosted by a WFMT organizational member in conjunction with a local host.

Previous congress locations include:

1. Paris, France (1974)

2. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1976)

3. San Juan, Puerto Rico (1981)

4. Paris, France (1983)

5. Genoa, Italy (1985) - Founding of the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT)

6. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1990)

7. Vitoria, Spain (1993)

8. Hamburg, Germany (1996)

9. Washington, D.C., USA (1999)

10. Oxford, England (2002)

11. Brisbane, Australia (2005)

12. Buenos Aires, Argentina (2008)

13. Seoul, South Korea (2011)

14. Vienna and Krems, Austria (2014)

15. Tsukuba, Japan (2017)

16. Pretoria, South Africa (2020)

17. Vancouver, Canada (2023)

* WFMT (official webpage)

1. World Federation of Music Therapy, (2013). *About WFMT.* Retrieved from http://www.wfmt.info/WFMT/About\_WFMT.html
2. Wheeler, B. (2010). 5th World Congress of Music Therapy, Genoa 1985: An interview with Giovanna Mutti Calcinai. *Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 10*(1). Retrieved from https://normt.uib.no/index.php/voices/index
3. Wheeler, B. (2010). Memories from 5th World Congress of Music Therapy, 1985, Genoa. *Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 10*(1). Retrieved from https://normt.uib.no/index.php/voices/index


title: Murad Ahmad

abstract: Tan Sri Murad bin Ahmad was the 4th Commissioner General of Prison. He retired in 1977, succeeded by Ibrahim Mohamed.

text:
# Murad Ahmad

Tan Sri **Murad bin Ahmad** (born 24 July 1921) was the 4th Commissioner General of Prison. He retired in 1977, succeeded by Ibrahim Mohamed.

## Honour

### Honour of Malaysia

## InfoBox

| Yang Berbahagia Tan SriMurad AhmadPSM | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Commissioner General of Prison | |
| **In office**
3 October 1957  24 July 1977 | |
| Prime Minister | Tunku Abdul Rahman
Abdul Razak Hussein |
| Minister | Tunku Abdul Rahman (Minister of Home Affairs)
Ismail Abdul Rahman (Minister of Home Affairs)
Ghazali Shafie (Minister of Home Affairs) |
| Deputy Commissioner General of Prison | |
| **In office**
1956–1957 | |
| Prime Minister | Tunku Abdul Rahman (Minister of Home Affairs) |
| Minister | Tunku Abdul Rahman (Minister of Home Affairs) |
| Succeeded by | Ibrahim Mohamed |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1921-07-24)24 July 1921
Kedah, Unfederated Malay States, British Malaya |
| Citizenship | Malaysian |
| Nationality | Malaysian |
| Alma mater | Sultan Abdul Hamid College, Alor Setar |
| Occupation | Prison Officer |
|  | |


title: Multi-attribute utility

abstract: In decision theory, a multi-attribute utility function is used to represent the preferences of an agent over bundles of goods either under conditions of certainty about the results of any potential choice, or under conditions of uncertainty.

text:
# Multi-attribute utility

In decision theory, a **multi-attribute utility** function is used to represent the preferences of an agent over bundles of goods either under conditions of certainty about the results of any potential choice, or under conditions of uncertainty.

## Preliminaries

A person has to decide between two or more options. The decision is based on the *attributes* of the options.

The simplest case is when there is only one attribute, e.g.: money. It is usually assumed that all people prefer more money to less money; hence, the problem in this case is trivial: select the option that gives you more money.

In reality, there are two or more attributes. For example, a person has to select between two employment options: option A gives him $12K per month and 20 days of vacation, while option B gives him $15K per month and only 10 days of vacation. The person has to decide between (12K,20) and (15K,10). Different people may have different preferences. Under certain conditions, a person's preferences can be represented by a numeric function. The article ordinal utility describes some properties of such functions and some ways by which they can be calculated.

Another consideration that might complicate the decision problem is *uncertainty*. Although there are at least four sources of uncertainty - the attribute outcomes, and a decisionmaker's fuzziness about: a) the specific shapes of the individual attribute utility functions, b) the aggregating constants' values, and c) whether the attribute utility functions are additive, these terms being addressed presently - uncertainty henceforth means only randomness in attribute levels. This uncertainty complication exists even when there is a single attribute, e.g.: money. For example, option A might be a lottery with 50% chance to win $2, while option B is to win $1 for sure. The person has to decide between the lottery \<2:0.5\> and the lottery \<1:1\>. Again, different people may have different preferences. Again, under certain conditions the preferences can be represented by a numeric function. Such functions are called cardinal utility functions. The article Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem describes some ways by which they can be calculated.

The most general situation is that there are *both* multiple attributes *and* uncertainty. For example, option A may be a lottery with a 50% chance to win two apples and two bananas, while option B is to win two bananas for sure. The decision is between \<(2,2):(0.5,0.5)\> and \<(2,0):(1,0)\>. The preferences here can be represented by cardinal utility functions which take several variables (the attributes). Such functions are the focus of the current article.

The goal is to calculate a utility function $u(x\_{1},...,x\_{n})$ which represents the person's preferences on lotteries of bundles. I.e, lottery A is preferred over lottery B if and only if the expectation of the function $u$ is higher under A than under B:

$$E\_{A}\[u(x\_{1},...,x\_{n})\]\>E\_{B}\[u(x\_{1},...,x\_{n})\]$$

## Assessing a multi-attribute cardinal utility function

If the number of possible bundles is finite, *u* can be constructed directly as explained by von Neumann and Morgenstern (VNM): order the bundles from least preferred to most preferred, assign utility 0 to the former and utility 1 to the latter, and assign to each bundle in between a utility equal to the probability of an equivalent lottery.

If the number of bundles is infinite, one option is to start by ignoring the randomness, and assess an ordinal utility function $v(x\_{1},...,x\_{n})$ which represents the person's utility on *sure* bundles. I.e, a bundle x is preferred over a bundle y if and only if the function $v$ is higher for x than for y:

$$v(x\_{1},...,x\_{n})\>v(y\_{1},...,y\_{n})$$

This function, in effect, converts the multi-attribute problem to a single-attribute problem: the attribute is $v$. Then, VNM can be used to construct the function $u$.

Note that *u* must be a positive monotone transformation of *v*. This means that there is a monotonically increasing function $r:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} $, such that:

$$u(x\_{1},...,x\_{n})=r(v(x\_{1},...,x\_{n}))$$

The problem with this approach is that it is not easy to assess the function *r*. When assessing a single-attribute cardinal utility function using VNM, we ask questions such as: "What probability to win $2 is equivalent to $1?". So to assess the function *r*, we have to ask a question such as: "What probability to win 2 units of value is equivalent to 1 value?". The latter question is much harder to answer than the former, since it involves "value", which is an abstract quantity.

A possible solution is to calculate *n* one-dimensional cardinal utility functions - one for each attribute. For example, suppose there are two attributes: apples ( $x\_{1}$) and bananas ( $x\_{2}$), both range between 0 and 99. Using VNM, we can calculate the following 1-dimensional utility functions:

* $u(x\_{1},0)$ - a cardinal utility on apples when there are no bananas (the southern boundary of the domain);
* $u(99,x\_{2})$ - a cardinal utility on bananas when apples are at their maximum (the eastern boundary of the domain).

Using linear transformations, scale the functions such that they have the same value on (99,0).

Then, for every bundle $(x\_{1}',x\_{2}')$, find an equivalent bundle (a bundle with the same *v*) which is either of the form $(x\_{1},0)$ or of the form $(99,x\_{2})$, and set its utility to the same number.

Often, certain *independence* properties between attributes can be used to make the construction of a utility function easier. Some such independence properties are described below.

## Additive independence

The strongest independence property is called *additive independence*. Two attributes, 1 and 2, are called *additive independent*, if the preference between two lotteries (defined as joint probability distributions on the two attributes) depends only on their marginal probability distributions (the marginal PD on attribute 1 and the marginal PD on attribute 2).

This means, for example, that the following two lotteries are equivalent:

* $L$: An equal-chance lottery between $(x\_{1},x\_{2})$ and $(y\_{1},y\_{2})$;
* $M$: An equal-chance lottery between $(x\_{1},y\_{2})$ and $(y\_{1},x\_{2})$.

In both these lotteries, the marginal PD on attribute 1 is 50% for $x\_{1}$ and 50% for $y\_{1}$. Similarly, the marginal PD on attribute 2 is 50% for $x\_{2}$ and 50% for $y\_{2}$. Hence, if an agent has additive-independent utilities, he must be indifferent between these two lotteries.

A fundamental result in utility theory is that, two attributes are additive-independent, if and only if their two-attribute utility function is additive and has the form:

$$u(x\_{1},x\_{2})=u\_{1}(x\_{1})+u\_{2}(x\_{2})$$

PROOF:

$\longrightarrow $

If the attributes are additive-independent, then the lotteries $L$ and $M$, defined above, are equivalent. This means that their expected utility is the same, i.e.: $E\_{L}\[u\]=E\_{M}\[u\]$. Multiplying by 2 gives:

$$u(x\_{1},x\_{2})+u(y\_{1},y\_{2})=u(x\_{1},y\_{2})+u(y\_{1},x\_{2})$$

This is true for *any* selection of the $x\_{i}$ and $y\_{i}$. Assume now that $y\_{1}$ and $y\_{2}$ are fixed. Arbitrarily set $u(y\_{1},y\_{2})=0$. Write: $u\_{1}(x\_{1})=u(x\_{1},y\_{2})$ and $u\_{2}(x\_{2})=u(y\_{1},x\_{2})$. The above equation becomes:

$$u(x\_{1},x\_{2})=u\_{1}(x\_{1})+u\_{2}(x\_{2})$$

$\longleftarrow $

If the function *u* is additive, then by the rules of expectation, for every lottery $L$:

$$E\_{L}\[u(x\_{1},x\_{2})\]=E\_{L}\[u\_{1}(x\_{1})\]+E\_{L}\[u\_{2}(x\_{2})\]$$

This expression depends only on the marginal probability distributions of $L$ on the two attributes.

This result generalizes to any number of attributes: if preferences over lotteries on attributes 1,...,*n* depend only on their marginal probability distributions, then the *n*-attribute utility function is additive:

$$u(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n})=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}{k\_{i}u\_{i}(x\_{i})}$$

where $u$ and the $u\_{i}$ are normalized to the range $\[0,1\]$, and the $k\_{i}$ are normalization constants.

Much of the work in additive utility theory has been done by Peter C. Fishburn.

## Utility independence

A slightly weaker independence property is *utility independence*. Attribute 1 is *utility-independent* of attribute 2, if the conditional preferences on lotteries on attribute 1 given a constant value of attribute 2, do not depend on that constant value.

This means, for example, that the preference between a lottery $\<(x\_{1},x\_{2}):(y\_{1},x\_{2})\>$ and a lottery $\<(x'\_{1},x\_{2}):(y'\_{1},x\_{2})\>$ is the same, regardless of the value of $x\_{2}$.

Note that utility independence (in contrast to additive independence) is *not* symmetric: it is possible that attribute 1 is utility-independent of attribute 2 and not vice versa.

If attribute 1 is utility-independent of attribute 2, then the utility function for every value of attribute 2 is a linear transformation of the utility function for every other value of attribute 2. Hence it can be written as:

$$u(x\_{1},x\_{2})=c\_{1}(x\_{2})+c\_{2}(x\_{2})\cdot u(x\_{1},x\_{2}^{0})$$

when $x\_{2}^{0}$ is a constant value for attribute 2. Similarly, If attribute 2 is utility-independent of attribute 1:

$$u(x\_{1},x\_{2})=d\_{1}(x\_{1})+d\_{2}(x\_{1})\cdot u(x\_{1}^{0},x\_{2})$$

If the attributes are *mutually utility independent*, then the utility function *u* has the following *multi-linear form*:

$$u(x\_{1},x\_{2})=u\_{1}(x\_{1})+u\_{2}(x\_{2})+k\cdot u\_{1}(x\_{1})\cdot u\_{2}(x\_{2})$$

Where $k$ is a constant which can be positive, negative or 0.

* When $k=0$, the function *u* is additive and the attributes are additive-independent.
* When $k\neq 0$, the utility function is multiplicative, since it can be written as:

$$\[ku(x\_{1},x\_{2})+1\]=\[ku\_{1}(x\_{1})+1\]\cdot \[ku\_{2}(x\_{2})+1\]$$

where each term is a linear transformation $k\cdot +1$ of a utility function.

These results can be generalized to any number of attributes. Given attributes 1,...,*n*, if any subset of the attributes is utility-independent of its complement, then the *n*-attribute utility function is multi-linear and has one of the following forms:

$$1+ku(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n})=\prod \_{i=1}^{n}{1+kk\_{i}u\_{i}(x\_{i})}$$

where:

* The $u$ and the $u\_{i}$ are normalized to the range $\[0,1\]$;
* The $k\_{i}$ are constants in $\[0,1\]$;
* $k$ is a constant which is either in $(-1,0)$ or in $(0,\infty )$ (note that the limit when $k\to 0$ is the additive form).

## Comparison of independence concepts

It is useful to compare three different concepts related to independence of attributes: Additive-independence (AI), Utility-independence (UI) and Preferential-independence (PI).

AI and UI both concern preferences on *lotteries* and are explained above. PI concerns preferences on *sure outcomes* and is explained in the article on ordinal utility.

Their implication order is as follows:

AI ⇒ UI ⇒ PI

AI is a symmetric relation (if attribute 1 is AI of attribute 2 then attribute 2 is AI of attribute 1), while UI and PI are not.

AI implies mutual UI. The opposite is, in general, not true; it is true only if $k=0$ in the multi-linear formula for UI attributes. But if, in addition to mutual UI, there exist $x\_{1},x\_{2},y\_{1},y\_{2}$ for which the two lotteries $L$ and $M$, defined above, are equivalent - then $k$ must be 0, and this means that the preference relation must be AI.

UI implies PI. The opposite is, in general, not true. But if:

* there are at least 3 essential attributes, and:
* all pairs of attributes {1,*i*} are PI of their complement, and:
* attribute 1 is UI of its complement,

then all attributes are mutually UI. Moreover, in that case there is a simple relation between the cardinal utility function $u$ representing the preferences on lotteries, and the ordinal utility function $v$ representing the preferences on sure bundles. The function $u$ must have one of the following forms:

* Additive: $u(x\_{1},...,x\_{n})=v(x\_{1},...,x\_{n})$
* Multiplicative: $u(x\_{1},...,x\_{n})=\[exp(R\cdot v(x\_{1},...,x\_{n}))-1\]/\[exp(R)-1\]$

where $R\neq 0$.

PROOF: It is sufficient to prove that *u* has constant absolute risk aversion with respect to the value *v*.

* The PI assumption with $n\geq 3$ imply that the value function is additive, i.e.:

$$v(x\_{1},\dots ,x\_{n})=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}{\lambda \_{i}v\_{i}(x\_{i})}$$

* Let $x\_{1},z\_{1}$ be two different values for attribute 1. Let $y\_{1}$ be the certainty-equivalent of the lottery $\<x\_{1}:z\_{1}\>$. The UI assumption implies that, for every combination $(w\_{2},\dots ,w\_{n})$ of values of the other attributes, the following equivalence holds:

$$(y\_{1},w)\sim \<(x\_{1},w):(z\_{1},w)\>$$

* The two previous statements imply that for every *w*, the following equivalence holds in the value space:

$$\lambda \_{1}v\_{1}(y\_{1})+\sum \_{i=2}^{n}{\lambda \_{i}v\_{i}(w\_{i})}\sim \<\lambda \_{1}v\_{1}(x\_{1})+\sum \_{i=2}^{n}{\lambda \_{i}v\_{i}(w\_{i})}:\lambda \_{1}v\_{1}(z\_{1})+\sum \_{i=2}^{n}{\lambda \_{i}v\_{i}(w\_{i})}\>$$

* This implies that, adding any quantity to both sides of a lottery (through the term $\sum \_{i=2}^{n}{\lambda \_{i}v\_{i}(w\_{i})}$), increases the certainty-equivalent of the lottery by the same quantity.
* The latter fact implies constant risk aversion.


title: Muromegalovirus

abstract: Muromegalovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Rodents serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: infected peritoneal macrophages, dendritic cells (DC) and hepatocytes, inducing significant pathology in both the spleen and the liver. Murid viruses Murid betaherpesvirus 1 (MuHV-1) and Murid betaherpesvirus 2 (MuHV-2), previously defined as mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV), belong to this genus.

text:
# Muromegalovirus

***Muromegalovirus*** is a genus of viruses in the order *Herpesvirales*, in the family *Herpesviridae*, in the subfamily *Betaherpesvirinae*. Rodents serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: infected peritoneal macrophages, dendritic cells (DC) and hepatocytes, inducing significant pathology in both the spleen and the liver. Murid viruses *Murid betaherpesvirus 1* (MuHV-1) and *Murid betaherpesvirus 2* (MuHV-2), previously defined as mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV), belong to this genus.

## Species

The following 3 species are assigned to the genus in ICTV 2022:

## Structure

Viruses in *Muromegalovirus* are enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical to pleomorphic, and round geometries, and T=16 symmetry. The diameter is around 150-200 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 230kb in length.

| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Muromegalovirus* | Spherical pleomorphic | T=16 | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |

## Life cycle

Viral replication is nuclear, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and budding. Rodents serve as the natural host.

| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Muromegalovirus* | Rodents | Salivary glands | Glycoprotiens | Budding | Nucleus | Nucleus | Contact |

## InfoBox

| *Muromegalovirus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| *Realm*: | *Duplodnaviria* |
| Kingdom: | *Heunggongvirae* |
| Phylum: | *Peploviricota* |
| Class: | *Herviviricetes* |
| Order: | *Herpesvirales* |
| Family: | *Orthoherpesviridae* |
| Subfamily: | *Betaherpesvirinae* |
| Genus: | ***Muromegalovirus*** |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Wyrza

abstract: Wyrza is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mrocza, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Mrocza, 11 km (7 mi) north of Nakło nad Notecią, and 33 km (21 mi) north-west of Bydgoszcz.

text:
# Wyrza

**Wyrza** \[ˈvɨʐa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mrocza, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Mrocza, 11 km (7 mi) north of Nakło nad Notecią, and 33 km (21 mi) north-west of Bydgoszcz.

## InfoBox

| Wyrza | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wyrza | |
| Coordinates: 53°14′N 17°33′E / 53.233°N 17.550°E / 53.233; 17.550 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Nakło |
| Gmina | Mrocza |


title: Hassela

abstract: Hassela is a locality situated in Nordanstig Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 364 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Hassela

**Hassela** (Swedish pronunciation: \[ˈhâsːɛla\]) is a locality situated in Nordanstig Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 364 inhabitants in 2010.

## Sister cities

## InfoBox

| Hassela | |
| --- | --- |
| HasselaHassela | |
| Coordinates: 62°08′N 16°43′E / 62.133°N 16.717°E / 62.133; 16.717 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Hälsingland |
| County | Gävleborg County |
| Municipality | Nordanstig Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.01 km2 (0.39 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 364 |
| Density | 360/km2 (900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Climate | Dfc |


title: Eucalyptus angularis

abstract: Eucalyptus angularis, commonly known as Lesueur phantom mallee, is a rare species of mallee that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has rough bark at the base of the stems, smooth greyish bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves and flower buds in groups of about eleven, but the characteristics of the flowers and fruit have not been recorded.

text:
# Eucalyptus angularis

***Eucalyptus angularis***, commonly known as **Lesueur phantom mallee**, is a rare species of mallee that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has rough bark at the base of the stems, smooth greyish bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves and flower buds in groups of about eleven, but the characteristics of the flowers and fruit have not been recorded.

## Description

*Eucalyptus angularis* is a mallee that typically grows to a height of 3 m (9.8 ft). It has grey rough or flaky bark at the base of the stems, and smooth grey bark above. The branchlets are angular and the adult leaves are glossy green, lance-shaped or curved, 55–100 mm (2.2–3.9 in) long and 15–17 mm (0.59–0.67 in) wide on a petiole 10–18 mm (0.39–0.71 in) long. The flower buds are borne in groups of about eleven on an unbranched peduncle 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long. The mature buds, flowers and fruit have not been recorded.

## Taxonomy

*Eucalyptus angularis* was first formally described by the botanists Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper in 1993 in the journal *Nuytsia* from material they collected on Mount Benia in 1983. The specific epithet (*angularis*) means "angled", referring to the branchlets.

## Distribution

Lesueur phantom mallee is only known from two small stands on lateritic breakaways near Mount Lesueur and the type location in the Wheatbelt region in the south-west of Western Australia.

## Conservation status

This mallee eucalypt is classified as "Priority Two" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations.

## InfoBox

| Lesueur phantom mallee | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Priority Two — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. angularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus angularis***
Brooker & Hopper | |
|


title: Malcham cave

text:
# Malcham cave

31°07′19″N 35°23′00″E / 31.12194°N 35.38333°E / 31.12194; 35.38333

The longest salt cave in the world. located in Mount Sodom, by the Dead Sea, Israel. In March 2019 it has been revealed, by an international team, led by the Israeli geologist professor Amos Frumkin, after a second measurement that its length is almost two times longer than was measured back in the 1980s.

The cave was measured over a period of two years and has a length of over 10 km (6.2 mi) that will continue to increase as more salt dissolves. The salt cave that was previously thought to be the longest was the 6.85 km (4.26 mi)-long Cave of the Three Nudes, located on Qeshm Island in Iran.


title: Ägerisee

abstract: Ägerisee or Lake Aegeri is a glacial lake in the Canton of Zug, Switzerland. The two municipalities along its shore are Oberägeri and Unterägeri. The main tributary is the Hüribach; the Lorze river drains the Ägerisee. Since 1992 the lake has been used as a water reservoir. The Battle of Morgarten took place in 1315 on the shores of the Ägerisee.

text:
# Ägerisee

**Ägerisee** or **Lake Aegeri** is a glacial lake in the Canton of Zug, Switzerland. The two municipalities along its shore are Oberägeri and Unterägeri. The main tributary is the *Hüribach*; the Lorze river drains the Ägerisee. Since 1992 the lake has been used as a water reservoir.

The Battle of Morgarten took place in 1315 on the shores of the Ägerisee.

Media related to Lake Ägeri at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Ägerisee | |
| --- | --- |
| Lake Ägeri | |
| Aerial view of Ägerisee from the east | |
| ÄgeriseeÄgeriseeÄgerisee | |
| Location | Canton of Zug |
| Coordinates | 47°7′12″N 8°36′58″E / 47.12000°N 8.61611°E / 47.12000; 8.61611 |
| Lake type | Glacial lake |
| Primary inflows | Hüribach |
| Primary outflows | Lorze |
| Catchment area | 4.068 km2 (1.571 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Switzerland |
|  | |
| Max. length | 5.4 km (3.4 mi) |
| Max. width | 1.4 km (0.87 mi) |
| Surface area | 7.3 km2 (2.8 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 49 m (161 ft) |
| Max. depth | 83 m (272 ft) |
| Water volume | 0.36 km3 (0.086 cu mi) |
| Residence time | 6.8 years |
| Surface elevation | 724 m (2,375 ft) |
|  | |
| Frozen | January/February in some winters |
| Settlements | Oberägeri, Unterägeri |
|  | |


title: Majda Mehmedović

abstract: Majda Kirmizi née Mehmedović, is a retired Montenegrin handball player and a former player of the Montenegrin national team. She won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Majda Mehmedović

**Majda Kirmizi** née **Mehmedović**, (born 25 May 1990) is a retired Montenegrin handball player and a former player of the Montenegrin national team.

She won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

## International honours

### Club

### National team

## Individual awards

## InfoBox

| Majda Mehmedović | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1990-05-25) 25 May 1990
Bar, SR Montenegro,
SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Nationality | Montenegrin | | |
| Height | 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Playing position | Left wing | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Kastamonu | | |
| Number | 77 | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2007–2016 | ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica | | |
| 2016–2019 | CSM București | | |
| 2019–2021 | ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica | | |
| 2021–2023 | Kastamonu | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008–2021 | Montenegro | 135 | (368) |
| Medal record      Olympic Games  2012 London Team  European Championship  2012 Serbia   Mediterranean Games  2009 Pescara Team  Junior World Championship  2010 South Korea | | | |