title: Ramón Olalquiaga

abstract: Ramón Olalquiaga Borne, sometimes spelled as Ramón Olalkiaga, was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward for Athletic Madrid, and later a coach, engineer and professor of agronomy.

text:
# Ramón Olalquiaga

**Ramón Olalquiaga Borne** (30 August 1898 – 31 January 1990), sometimes spelled as **Ramón Olalkiaga**, was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward for Athletic Madrid, and later a coach, engineer and professor of agronomy.

## Club career

Born in Gipuzkoa to a local veterinarian, he studied Marianist studies in San Sebastián and later studied agronomic engineering in Madrid. As a student in Madrid, he played for Atlético Madrid for 6 seasons. Together with Sansinenea, Miguel Mieg, Cosme Vázquez and Monchín Triana, Mieg was part of the great Athletic side of the early 20s that won the 1920–21 Centro Championship, the club's first-ever piece of silverware, and then reached the 1921 Copa del Rey Final, where they were beaten 4–1 by Athletic Bilbao. He played his entire career at Atlético Madrid, thus being part of the so-called one-club men group.

## International career

Being an Athletic Madrid player, he was eligible to play for the 'Centro' (Madrid area) representative team\], and in May 1918, he was a member of the team that won the Prince of Asturias Cup in 1918, an inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF. In the tournament, he only played the second leg of the decisive tie against Cantabric, and in his only appearance in the competition he managed to imprint his name in the competition's history by netting the two goals that sealed a 3–1 victory that sealed Madrid's second title in a row. With these two goals, he was the top scorer of the tournament alongside Senén Villaverde and fellow teammate José María Sansinenea.

## Managerial career

As a coach, he managed Athletic Madrid for one season, 1924–25, leading his side to victory in the 1924–25 central championship, hence qualifying to the 1925 Copa del Rey, where they were eliminated in the semi-finals by Arenas Club. But, nevertheless, science prevailed over football and Olalquiaga dedicated the later years of his life to agronomy teaching agronomy in Madrid for many years. He became the author of many scientific works. Ramón Olalquiaga received an Order of Merit in the field of agriculture, fisheries and food.

## Honours

**Athletic Madrid**

**Madrid XI**

## InfoBox

Ramón Olalquiaga
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ramón Olalquiaga Borne | | |
| Date of birth | (1898-08-30)30 August 1898 | | |
| Place of birth | Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain | | |
| Date of death | 31 January 1990(1990-01-31) (aged 91) | | |
| Place of death | Madrid, Spain | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1917–1923 | Athletic Madrid |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1918 | Madrid | 1 | (2) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1924–1925 | Athletic Madrid | | |
| Medal record      Madrid  Prince of Asturias Cup  1918 Prince of Asturias Cup Team | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Mes chères études

abstract: Mes chères études is a 2008 autobiographical book by an anonymous author known as "Laura D.", a modern language student at a university in Paris. The book has drawn national attention in France with its controversial contents, in which the author claimed that she had to go into prostitution to financially support her studies. In 2010, a French film titled Mes chères études was made based on the book. It was directed by Emmanuelle Bercot and starred Déborah François.

text:
# Mes chères études

****Mes chères études**** (*My Dear Studies* in English) is a 2008 autobiographical book by an anonymous author known as "Laura D.", a modern language student at a university in Paris. The book has drawn national attention in France with its controversial contents, in which the author claimed that she had to go into prostitution to financially support her studies.

In 2010, a French film titled **Mes chères études** (English title: *Student Services*) was made based on the book. It was directed by Emmanuelle Bercot and starred Déborah François.


title: No. 197 Squadron RAF

abstract: No. 197 Squadron RAF was a Royal Air Force Squadron formed in World War I and reformed as a fighter-bomber unit in World War II.

text:
# No. 197 Squadron RAF

**No. 197 Squadron RAF** was a Royal Air Force Squadron formed in World War I and reformed as a fighter-bomber unit in World War II.

## History

### Formation and World War I

**No. 197 Squadron Royal Flying Corps** was formed in Egypt on 9 August 1917, but it disbanded on 17 November 1917 upon re-designation as an artillery observation school, having not received any aircraft.

### Reformation in World War II

The squadron reformed on 21 November 1942 at RAF Turnhouse and was supplied with Typhoons. It then operated from RAF Manston, RAF Tangmere and RAF Hurn. It supported the Normandy landings in June 1944 and re-located to France where it followed the Allied advance across Europe seeking targets of opportunity. On 3 May 1945 the squadron took part in the attack that resulted in the sinking of the SS *Cap Arcona*. It disbanded at Hildesheim, Germany, on 31 August 1945.

## Aircraft operated

Aircraft operated by No. 197 Squadron RAF
| From | To | Aircraft | Variant |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nov 1942 | Jan 1943 | Hawker Typhoon | IA |
| Nov 1942 | Aug 1945 | Hawker Typhoon | IB |

## InfoBox

| No. 197 Squadron RAF | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 9 August 1917 – 17 November 1917
21 November 1942 – 31 August 1945 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Motto(s) | Latin: *Findimus caelum*
("We cleave the sky") |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron Badge | A sabre held by a gauntlet. |
| Squadron Codes | **OV** (Nov 1942 - Aug 1945) |


title: Gosder Cherilus Foundation

abstract: The Gosder Cherilus Foundation is a registered 501(c)(3) American non-profit charitable organization. Prior to receiving 501(c)(3) status, the entity was first founded and incorporated as a charity in September 2009 by American football player Gosder Cherilus. According to its mission statement, the foundation's primary goal is to engage in efforts which work to "improve the lives of underserved and underprivileged populations in the United States and Haiti." Since its creation the foundation has engaged and continues to pursue several charitable projects, most notably a rescue and relief effort to Haiti in response to the Haitian earthquake of 2010. The organization continues to fund efforts in Haiti and holds two annual youth football camps.

text:
# Gosder Cherilus Foundation

The **Gosder Cherilus Foundation** is a registered 501(c)(3) American non-profit charitable organization. Prior to receiving 501(c)(3) status, the entity was first founded and incorporated as a charity in September 2009 by American football player Gosder Cherilus. According to its mission statement, the foundation's primary goal is to engage in efforts which work to "improve the lives of underserved and underprivileged populations in the United States and Haiti." Since its creation the foundation has engaged and continues to pursue several charitable projects, most notably a rescue and relief effort to Haiti (along with Haiti Outreach Mission) in response to the Haitian earthquake of 2010. The organization continues to fund efforts in Haiti and holds two annual youth football camps.

## Sources


title: Pyotr Kondrashev

abstract: Pyotr Ivanovich Kondrashev is a former industrial manager and entrepreneur, oligarch and billionaire of Russian origin.

text:
# Pyotr Kondrashev

**Pyotr Ivanovich Kondrashev** (Russian: Пётр Иванович Кондрашев; born 16 July 1949 in Armavir) is a former industrial manager and entrepreneur, oligarch and billionaire of Russian origin.

## Career

Kondrashev earned an engineering degree in mining and metallurgy, specializing in underground mining, from Magnitogorsk State Technical University.

In 1972, he began working at the *Silvinit* potash plant in Solikamsk as a foreman. Until 1990, he worked there in this position, as chief engineer and as deputy production manager. In 1990, the workforce elected him general director. Kondrashev initiated privatization and became one of the main shareholders of *Silvinit*. In 2007, he retired as head of the company, but remained a member of the board of directors.

In late 2010, Kondrashev, owner of 14 percent of the *Silvinit*, and his partners sold their shares to competitor *Uralkali*. The driving force behind this transaction, worth nearly $3 billion for a combined 44 percent of all shares, was considered to be pro-Kremlin *Duma* member Suleyman Kerimov, who held shares in both companies, also *Duma* member Zelimkhan Mutsoev, and billionaire Anatoly Skurov. This transaction created what was then the world's second-largest producer of potash fertilizer.

In 2014, Kondrashev bought the *Solikamsk Magnesium Plant* (SMZ) from the conglomerate owned by Suleyman Kerimov. SMZ mines and processes Rare-earth elements: 60% of Russian magnesium is produced at this plant.

Kondrashev invested in *Meyer Burger* in 2016, saving the Swiss solar equipment manufacturer, according to *Neue Zürcher Zeitung* and *Berner Zeitung*. His calls for personnel changes at the top and a new direction for the company met with resistance until March 2020. By the fall of 2022, he held about 10 percent of the company's shares.

## Expropriation

In 2019, the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia demanded the cancellation of the purchase of SMZ, claiming that the transaction was illegal in 2014 because SMZ, as a strategically important company for Russia, had been transferred to foreign investors without the approval of government agencies. In October 2020, a court in Perm upheld the authority. Already at the beginning of July 2020, Mikhail Dvorkovich, brother of former Deputy Chairman in the Government of Russia Arkady Dvorkovich, had claimed in the Russian newspaper *Kommersant* that SMZ majority shareholders led by Kondrashev had sold goods to "suppliers of the military-industrial complex of NATO countries", potentially threatening Russia's security. *Intelligence online* said of the expropriation that Kondrashev, as a Russian living abroad, was the first to lose out in a wave of internal Russian nationalization accelerated by the Russo-Ukrainian War. The expropriation was executed by decree of Vladimir Putin at the end of January 2023.

## Controversies

In 2021, Russian blogs claimed that Kondrashev was one of the "secret owners" of *Ecoprombank*, a Russian financial company that filed for bankruptcy in 2014. Corresponding posts spoke of various criminal acts. Kondrashev initiated legal action in Austria and Switzerland against these allegations and their dissemination. *Neue Zürcher Zeitung* and *Handelsblatt*, respectively, reported that there were no criminal proceedings against Kondrashev, referring to statements by Russian authorities.

## Assets, private life, honors

As of August 2022, *Forbes* estimated Kondrasev's net worth at $1.5 billion.

Kondrashev has lived in Vienna since 2008, is married, and has two children.

He has received several awards, including honorary citizenship of the city of Solikamsk. In 2004, he received the Peter the Great National Award for his achievements as a manager.


title: JVG (band)

abstract: JVG is a Finnish rap duo made up of Jare Joakim Brand and Ville-Petteri Galle. Their style is often referred to as sport rap. Both Jare and Ville are passionate athletes and originally became famous for their unique and comical sports-themed songs, where they rapped about ice hockey, soccer, doping, Finnish sportspeople, snus and playing NHL video games. Some of their comedic lyrics are thought to be incomprehensible to those not from East Helsinki as much of their music adopts slang from the Eastern part of the Finnish capital. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, JVG held a virtual reality concert on the first of May in a simulated version of Helsinki, with estimated attendance somewhere from 700,000 to over 1,000,000.

text:
# JVG (band)

**JVG** (Finnish pronunciation: \[ˈjiːˌʋeːˌɡeː\]; formerly known as **Jare & VilleGalle**) is a Finnish rap duo made up of **Jare Joakim Brand** (born 8 October 1987) and **Ville-Petteri Galle** (born 4 October 1987).

Their style is often referred to as sport rap. Both Jare and Ville are passionate athletes and originally became famous for their unique and comical sports-themed songs, where they rapped about ice hockey, soccer, doping, Finnish sportspeople (such as Jari Litmanen and Teemu Selänne), snus and playing NHL video games. Some of their comedic lyrics are thought to be incomprehensible to those not from East Helsinki as much of their music adopts slang from the Eastern part of the Finnish capital.

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, JVG held a virtual reality concert on the first of May in a simulated version of Helsinki, with estimated attendance somewhere from 700,000 to over 1,000,000.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album | Charts | Certification | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FIN
 | | |
| 2011 | *Mustaa kultaa*
(credited as Jare & VilleGalle) | 1 | Gold | In CD and LP versions |
| 2012 | *jvg.fi* | 1 |  |  |
| 2014 | *Voitolla yöhön* | 1 |  |  |
| 2015 | *247365* | 2 |  |  |
| 2017 | *Popkorni* | 1 |  |  |
| 2019 | *Rata/raitti* | 1
 |  |  |
| 2022 | *Mun tapa pelata* | 1
 |  |  |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Charts | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FIN
 | |
|  | | | | | |
| Credited as **Jare & VilleGalle** | | | | |
| 2010 | "Epoo"
(featuring Heikki Kuula) |  | *Mustaa kultaa* |
| 2011 | "Nelisilmä"
(featuring Heikki Kuula) | 17 | |
| | "Häissä" | 1 | |
|  | | | | | |
| Credited as **JVG** | | | | |
| 2011 | "Mitä sä siit tiiät (Heeeyyy)"
(featuring Ruudolf & Karri Koira) | 18 | *Mustaa kultaa* (LP version) |
| 2012 | "Karjala Takaisin"
(featuring Freeman) | 5 | *jvg.fi* |
| | "Kran Turismo"
(featuring Raappana) | 1 | |
| 2013 | "Voitolla yöhön" | 3 | *Voitolla yöhön* |
| 2014 | "Huominen on huomenna"
(featuring Anna Abreu) | 1 | |
| | "Etenee"
(featuring Pete Parkkonen) | 11 | |
| 2015 | "Mauton jasso" | 3 | *247365* |
| | "Tuulisii"
(featuring Pete Parkkonen) | 3 | |
| | "Tarkenee" | 1 | |
| | "Takajeejee"
(featuring Evelina) | 2 | |
| 2016 | "Paluu tulevaisuuteen" | 1 |  |
| | "Hehkuu" | 1 |  |
| | "Mist sä tuut, Part. 2" | 4 |  |
| 2017 | "Sitä säät mitä tilaat"
(featuring Elli-Noora) | 1 |  |
| | "Urheiluhullu" | 3 |  |
| | "Älä jätä roikkuu" | 1 | *Popkorni* |
| | "Hombre"
(featuring Vesala) | | 3
 |
| | "Matti & Teppo" | | 4 |
| | "Lähen menee"
(featuring Reino Nordin) | | 6
 |
| | "Kruunu tikittää"
(featuring Tippa-T) | | 11
 |
| | "Tappiolla tappiin"
(featuring Märkä-Simo) | | 12
 |
| | "En sun kaa"
(featuring Bizi) | | 15
 |
| | "Pitkät päällä" | | 17 |
| 2018 | "Popkorni" | | 1 |
| | "Roska silmäs"
(with Tippa) | 2
 | Non-album singles |
| | "Mitä mä Malagas?"
(with Gasellit) | | 2
 |
| 2019 | "Ikuinen vappu" | 1 | *Rata/raitti* |
| | "Frisbee" | 1 | |
| | "Rahan takii" | 8
 | *Vain elämää kausi 10* |
| | "Rakastuit looseriin (Rakastuin mä looseriin)" | | 2
 |
| 2020 | "Villi länsi" | 1
 | Non-album singles |
| 2021 | "Liike on lääke" | 3
 | |
| 2022 | "Vamos" | 1
 | *Mun tapa pelata* |
| | "Syssymmäl" | 13
 | |
| | "Niin siin vaan kävi"
(with SMC Lähiörotat) | 19
 | Non-album single |
| | "Amatimies" | 1
 | *Mun tapa pelata* |
| | "Viikonloppu" | | 5
 |
| | "Verkkareis"
(featuring Ege Zulu and Costi) | | 4
 |
| | "Mun tapa pelata"
(featuring Gasellit, Gracias, Juno, Kube, Paperi T, Stepa and Särre) | | 16
 |
| | "Pojatki itkee"
(featuring Lauri Haav) | | 4
 |
| 2023 | "Purjeissa"
(with Samu Haber) | 10
 | Non-album singles |
| | "Oisko tää täs" | 5
 | |
| | "Popinpelko" | 30
 | |
| 2024 | "Rallikansa" | 1
 | |

**Featured in**

VilleGalle was also featured in on:

* 2008: "Katkerat savut" by Hulabaloo (*Sirkusteltta* album)
* 2009: "Siivoo suu poika" by Juno (*Kettoteippi* album)
* 2009: "Raybanit" by Juno (*Kettoteippi* album, also featuring ink)
* 2010: "Kuka on lämmittäny mun uunii?" by Gasellit (*Gasellit* EP, also featuring Juno)
* 2010: "Suomileffas" by Juno (*J.K x 2 Tunti terapiaa* album)
* 2010: "Hameen alle" by Matinpoika (*Vasta kohta* album, also featuring Juno, Okku, Jessica & Linda)
* 2010: "Marraskuu" by X23 (*X23-12X* album, also featuring Kassumato)
* 2011: "Feel Free (Remix)" by Gracias (*Gracias EP*, also featuring Juno & Paperi T)
* 2012: "Hiki" by Gasellit (*Kiittämätön* album)
* 2012: "Tytöt (Uusi Fantasia Remix)" by PMMP ("Tytöt" single)
* 2013: "Syö mun suklaata" by Teflon Brothers (*Valkoisten dyynien ratsastajat* album)
* 2013: "Täs sitä ollaa" by Juno (*050187* album, also featuring Matinpoika)
* 2014: "Flexaa" by Cheek (single)
* 2015: "Keinutaan" by Antti Tuisku (single)

### Other charted songs

| Year | Title | Charts | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FIN
 | |
| 2019 | "Ehdottomasti ehkä" | 3 | *Rata/raitti* |
| | "Kalenterist tilaa"
(featuring Evelina) | 4 | |
| | "Lite bättre" | 5 | |
| | "Netti ei unohda"
(featuring Ibe) | 7 | |
| | "Rata/raitti" | 8 | |
| | "Spagettipyssyt" | 12 | |
| | "Huoli pois"
(featuring Pete Parkkonen) | 14 | |
| | "Häikäsee"
(featuring Reino Nordin) | 16 | |

## Discography: VilleGalle

Singles

| Year | Single | Charts | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FIN
 | |
| 2015 | "Lähtisitkö"
(VilleGalle featuring Sanni) | 1 |  |
| | "Puistossa"
(VilleGalle featuring Alexandra Babitzin & Jare) | 9 |  |
| 2016 | "Peto on irti" | 16 |  |
|

Featured in

| Year | Single | Charts | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FIN
 | |
| 2013 | "Levikset repee"
(Sini Sabotage featuring VilleGalle) | 1 |  |
| 2015 | "Keinutaan"
(Antti Tuisku featuring VilleGalle) | 3 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| JVG | |
| --- | --- |
| Jare & VilleGalle performing in 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Jare & VilleGalle |
| Origin | Helsinki, Finland |
| Genres | Pop-rap, comedy hip hop, trap, EDM |
| Years active | 2009–present |
|  | |
| Members | Jare Joakim Brand
VilleGalle |
|  | |
| Website | jvg.fi |


title: Pierre-Auguste Vafflard

abstract: Pierre Antoine Augustin Vafflard was a French painter who specialized in history, genre scenes and portraits. His later paintings are in the Troubadour style.

text:
# Pierre-Auguste Vafflard

**Pierre Antoine Augustin Vafflard** (19 December 1777 – 7 September 1837) was a French painter who specialized in history, genre scenes and portraits. His later paintings are in the Troubadour style.

## Life and work

Vafflard was born in Paris. He was a student of Jean-Baptiste Regnault.

He exhibited at the Salon beginning in 1800 and won the Gold Medal in 1824 for "Dernière bénédiction de l'évêque Bourlier" (The last blessing of Bishop Bourlier). Under the July Monarchy, he was responsible for pictorial restorative work at the galleries in the Château de Versailles and the "Galerie de Diane" at the palais des Tuileries. He also did church decorations. In 1834, he was a major exhibitor at the "Exposition d'objets d'arts et d'industrie anciens et modernes" in Bordeaux, from which all profits were distributed to the poor. He died in Paris in 1837.

Vafflard's works are in museums throughout France as well as the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

One of his most often reproduced images is *Young et sa fille*, exhibited at the Salon of 1804 and currently in the Musée d'Angoulême. It depicts the English poet, Edward Young carrying the body of his daughter-in-law, Elizabeth Temple, to bury her in the Swiss Protestant cemetery after it had been refused at the Catholic cemetery. Vafflard changed it to the poet's daughter, to make it more dramatic. It has been used as a cover illustration for *The Lady of the Shroud* by Bram Stoker and *Frankenstein*.

## Further reading

* Charles Gabet : *Dictionnaire des artistes de l'école française au XIXe siècle* (Paris, 1831) p. 668.

Media related to Pierre-Auguste Vafflard at Wikimedia Commons


title: Mordella albodispersa

abstract: Mordella albodispersa is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1933.

text:
# Mordella albodispersa

***Mordella albodispersa*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordella* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1933.

## InfoBox

| *Mordella albodispersa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordella* |
| Species: | ***M. albodispersa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordella albodispersa***<br>Píc, 1933 | |
|


title: Rajasaurus

abstract: Rajasaurus is a genus of carnivorous abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of India, containing one species: Rajasaurus narmadensis. The bones were excavated from the Lameta Formation in the Gujarat state of Western India, probably inhabiting what is now the Narmada River Valley. It was formally described by palaeontologist Jeffrey A. Wilson and colleagues in 2003 based on a partial skeleton comprising the braincase, spine, hip bone, legs, and tail–a first for an Indian theropod. The dinosaur likely measured 6.6 metres (22 ft), and had a single horn on the forehead which was probably used for display and head-butting. Like other abelisaurids, Rajasaurus was probably an ambush predator. India at this time was an island, due to the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana, though it is possible animals still were able to migrate to and from nearby continents. The creation of the subfamily Majungasaurinae, and its inclusion of abelisaurids from India, Madagascar, and Europe–including Rajasaurus–further reiterates this. The Lameta Formation has yielded several other dinosaur species, including abelisaurids and titanosaurian sauropods, similar to other Gondwanan landmasses. The area during the Cretaceous was probably forested, and served as nesting grounds for several creatures.

text:
# Rajasaurus

***Rajasaurus*** (meaning "King lizard") is a genus of carnivorous abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of India, containing one species: *Rajasaurus narmadensis*. The bones were excavated from the Lameta Formation in the Gujarat state of Western India, probably inhabiting what is now the Narmada River Valley. It was formally described by palaeontologist Jeffrey A. Wilson and colleagues in 2003 based on a partial skeleton comprising the braincase, spine, hip bone, legs, and tail–a first for an Indian theropod. The dinosaur likely measured 6.6 metres (22 ft), and had a single horn on the forehead which was probably used for display and head-butting. Like other abelisaurids, *Rajasaurus* was probably an ambush predator.

India at this time was an island, due to the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana, though it is possible animals still were able to migrate to and from nearby continents. The creation of the subfamily Majungasaurinae, and its inclusion of abelisaurids from India, Madagascar, and Europe–including *Rajasaurus*–further reiterates this. The Lameta Formation has yielded several other dinosaur species, including abelisaurids and titanosaurian sauropods, similar to other Gondwanan landmasses. The area during the Cretaceous was probably forested, and served as nesting grounds for several creatures.

## Discovery and naming

class=notpageimage|*Rajasaurus* type locality in Temple Hill, Rahioli, Gujarat, India

The Lameta Formation was first discovered in 1981 by geologists working for the Geological Survey of India (GSI), G. N. Dwivedi and Dhananjay Mahendrakumar Mohabey, after being given limestone structures–later recognised as dinosaur eggs–by workers of the ACC Cement Quarry in the village of Rahioli near the city Balasinor in the Gujarat state of western India. The remains of *Rajasaurus* were found in this fossil-rich limestone bed to which GSI geologist Suresh Srivastava was assigned to excavate on two separate trips from 1982–1983 and 1983–1984. In 2001, teams from the American Institute of Indian Studies and the National Geographic Society, with the support of the Panjab University, joined the study in order to reconstruct the excavated remains. Fragments of *Rajasaurus* were also found near Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh in the northern part of the Lameta Formation, namely a piece of the upper jaw. *Rajasaurus* was then formally described in 2003 by geologist Jeffrey A. Wilson and colleagues.

The holotype specimen of *Rajasaurus* comprises a partial skeleton, GSI Type No. 21141/1-33, which includes the maxillae, premaxillae, braincase, and quadrate bone on the skull; and spine, hip bone, legs, and tail in post-cranial remains. It is the first Indian theropod to have preserved these post-cranial remains. It is possible *Rajasaurus*, *Lametasaurus*, and *Indosaurus* are synonymous, though this cannot be confirmed due to fragmentary remains, and the *Lametasaurus* specimen has been lost.

The generic name *Rajasaurus* derives from the Sanskrit *rāja*, meaning 'king, sovereign, chief, or best of its kind' and Ancient Greek *sauros*, meaning 'lizard'; and its specific name *narmadensis* refers to the Narmada River in central India near where it was discovered.

## Description

In 2010, palaeontologist Gregory S. Paul estimated the body length of *Rajasaurus* at 11 metres (36 ft) and weight at 4 metric tons (4.4 short tons). In 2016, its length was estimated to be 6.6 metres (22 ft), with the known vertebrae significantly smaller in size than those of *Pycnonemosaurus*, *Carnotaurus* and *Ekrixinatosaurus*. *Rajasaurus* closely resembled the Madagascan abelisaurid *Majungasaurus*. *Rajasaurus* typically had four fingers, short arms, and, to compensate, a heavily-constructed head which was the primary tool for hunting; however, the skull was short, they probably had modest jaw musculature, and the teeth were short. *Rajasaurus* probably had a bite force similar to *Allosaurus* at around 3,500 newtons (790 lbf). The pelvis and hindlimb bones of the contemporaneous *Lametasaurus* have been suggested to belong to *Rajasaurus,* based on shared features in the ilium. It also appears to be from a larger specimen than the holotype.

On the braincase, only the left sides of the parietal and frontal bones are preserved. The braincase is thick, with the frontals achieving a maximum thickness of 4 centimetres (1.6 in) above the eye socket. On the frontals near the midline is a path for the olfactory tract which is a part of smelling. The rims of the supratemporal fossae, depressions on either side of the top of the skull, form a low sagittal crest along the middle of the top of the skull. The front rims of the fossae are unusually steep. Abelisaurids, typically, had elongated fenestrae (holes in the skull) below the quadrate bone near the bottom of the skull, but *Rajasaurus* had elongated supratemporal fenestrae near the top of the skull. Unlike in other theropods but similar to *Majungasaurus*, the crista prootica, which is typically a ridge along the otic capsule bone in the ear, more so juts outward as a stump.

*Rajasaurus* had a low horn on its forehead that is primarily made of nasal bone more than frontal, unlike the horn on *Majungasaurus*. The horn in life was probably the same size as the fossilised horn, unlike in *Carnotaurus* where in life the horn was extended by a thickened layer skin. Though *Rajasaurus*, like *Majungasaurus*, did have a thickened layer of skin, it probably did not add to the overall length of the horn. A trough-like groove bordered by a raised wall is present where the frontal meets the nasal, decreasing in height and width towards the midline, serving to support the horn on the nasal.

Only one neck vertebra–likely a middle vertebra–is preserved, and it is proportionally shorter than that of other ceratosaurs, broader than is tall, and spool-shaped. Like in other ceratosaurs, the back face of the vertebra where it connects to another vertebra is very concave; however, unlike in other ceratosaurs, the front face is also concave. Like other ceratosaurs, the neck vertebra has two air pockets, though they are unusually close to the head. Eleven partial spool-shaped dorsal vertebrae were found, but only one–most likely the fourth thoracic vertebra–is well preserved; the faces are concave, and more deeper than broad, in contrast to the neck vertebra which is the opposite. These vertebrae contain many air pockets. The bottom-side of six sacral vertebrae are preserved; they are elongated and have a decreasing width towards the ends, and have no arching. Three partial tail vertebrae were found, likely from the middle-section of the tail, and they also have concave faces, but are more cylindrical than spool-shaped.

The part of the hip that juts out to attach to the ischium, the ischial peduncle, projects farther out than the pubic peduncle, which causes the hip-joint to be farther down on the back-underside of the hip. The iliac crests, on the other side of the hip from the ischium and pubic bone, are thin compared to the hip-joint area, 1 and 8 centimetres (0.39 and 3.15 in) respectively in thickness. The fibula, on the outside portion of the lower leg below the knee, decreases in width from top to bottom and is slightly concave. Similar to *Ceratosaurus*, the second metatarsal bone which connects the ankle bone to the second toe, is robust, has an oval-shaped and slightly concave joint between it and the ankle, and the width does not decrease as it gets nearer the toes. The fourth metatarsal bone has similar proportions to the second metatarsal. Both second metatarsals are preserved and only the left fourth metatarsal is preserved.

## Classification

Wilson, in 2003, assigned *Rajasaurus* to the subfamily Carnotaurinae, being more closely related to abelisaurids like *Majungasaurus* and the South American *Carnotaurus* than to African abelisaurids–as Africa, he believed, had separated from Gondwana first, and South America, India, and Madagascar were connected via Antarctica–on the basis of several similarities such as the presence of a sagittal crest, neck vertebrae with two air pockets, the configuration of the nasal bones, a fleshy growth ("excrescence") on the frontal bone, and a thick skull roof. However, if this were the case, then African abelisaurids would display endemism and not *Rajasaurus*. In 2008, palaeontologist Matthew Carrano created the subfamily Brachyrostra for South American abelisaurids as a sister taxon to Carnotaurinae, with the abelisaurids migrating through the Gondwanan continents via small land connections as they broke apart until they were completely separated in the Middle Cretaceous.

In 2014, the subfamily Majungasaurinae was erected by palaeontologist Thierry Tortosa to separate the newly discovered European *Arcovenator*, *Majungasaurus*, *Indosaurus*, *Rahiolisaurus*, and *Rajasaurus* from South American abelisaurids based on physical characteristics such as elongated antorbital fenestrae in front of the eye sockets, and a sagittal crest that widens into a triangular surface towards the front of the head. Despite large oceanic barriers, it has been suggested that a migration of abelisaurids took place in the Late Cretaceous between Africa, Europe, Madagascar, and India which ultimately isolated South American abelisaurids; it is possible that migration occurred between Europe and India across Africa given its proximity to both, and the volcanic Dras-Kohistan island arc may have allowed island hopping and an indirect path to Asia, though these are still questionable explanations.

The following cladogram was recovered by Tortosa (2014):

*Rajasaurus* is distinguished from other genera by its single forehead horn (though *Majungasaurus* also only has one), the elongated supratemporal fenestrae (holes in the upper rear of the skull), and the ilia bones on the hip which feature a ridge separating the brevis shelf from the hip joint.

## Palaeobiology

The horn of *Rajasaurus* could have been used for display or head-butting with other *Rajasaurus* individuals. Head-butting, inferred from the lack of shock-absorbing cancellous bone in the skull, could have been both or either low-motion shoving matches like modern day marine iguanas (*Amblyrhynchus cristatus*), or focused on the neck and the flank like giraffes (*Giraffa* spp.). The neck muscles, though, in abelisaurids were adapted for withstanding high stress. The horn could have been used for defending territory or for mating matches.

Abelisaurids may have been ambush predators, using a bite-and-hold tactic to hunt large prey. The leg bones of *Majungasaurus* are comparatively short to other similarly-sized theropods, suggesting the dinosaur was comparatively slower–this same condition is seen in *Rajasaurus*. However, ceratosaurs may have been able to rapidly accelerate.

## Palaeoecology

*Rajasaurus* has been found in the Lameta Formation, a rock unit radiometrically dated to the Maastrichtian age of the latest Cretaceous representing an arid or semi-arid landscape with a river flowing through it–probably providing shrub cover near the water–which formed between episodes of volcanism in the Deccan Traps. *Rajasaurus* likely inhabited what is now the Narmada River Valley. The formation is known for being a sauropod nesting site, yielding several dinosaur eggs, and sauropod herds likely chose sandy soil for nesting; though eggs belonging to large theropods have been found, it is unknown if they belong to *Rajasaurus*. Sauropod coprolite remains indicate they lived in a forested landscape, consuming plants such as Podocarpus, Araucaria, and Cheirolepidiaceae conifers; cycads; palm trees; early grass; and Caryophyllaceae, Sapindaceae, and Acanthaceae flowering plants. The prehistoric snake *Sanajeh* mainly raided the nests of sauropods for eggs, though it is possible it also targeted smaller theropod eggs.

India, by the Late Cretaceous, had separated from Madagascar and South America during the break-up of Gondwana, and *Rajasaurus* lived on an isolated island, likely causing endemism and unique characteristics not seen in other abelisaurids. However, despite being an island, there is no evidence of endemic animals with unique traits from Late Cretaceous India, perhaps indicating a continued connection to other parts of the world, likely Africa due to its proximity. The similarity between European and Indian sauropod egg taxa suggests an inter-continental migration of animals between India, Europe, and South America during the Cretaceous, despite water barriers.

Several dinosaurs have been described from the Lameta Formation, such as the noasaurid *Laevisuchus*; abelisaurids *Indosaurus*, *Indosuchus*, *Lametasaurus*, and *Rahiolisaurus*; and the titanosaurian sauropods *Jainosaurus*, *Titanosaurus*, and *Isisaurus*. The diversity of abelisauroid and titanosaurian dinosaurs in Cretaceous India indicates they shared close affinities to the dinosaur life of the other Gondwanan continents, which had similar inhabitants.

The dinosaurs in India probably all went extinct due to volcanic activity around 350,000 years before the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Dinosaurs probably avoided areas with volcanic fissure vents and lava flows.

## Cultural significance

The Gujarat state has declared the fossil site in Balasinor a "dinosaur park," sometimes called the "Jurassic Park of India" in reference to the 1993 film, in response to the massive rush of tourism, with the crowning attraction being *Rajasaurus*. In Rahioli, a life-sized statue was erected in honour of its discovery. The Indian theme park Adlabs Imagica features the Rajasaurus River Adventure, a water ride following the fictional "Dr. Roy" through prehistoric times. *Rajasaurus* also appeared in the "Badlands" episode of Prehistoric Planet, where at least two individuals are shown hunting down *Isisaurus* hatchlings as they pass through the volcanic fields of the Deccan Traps.

## InfoBox

| *Rajasaurus*
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reconstructed skull, Regional Museum of Natural History, Bhopal | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Saurischia |
| *Clade*: | Theropoda |
| Family: | Abelisauridae |
| Subfamily: | Majungasaurinae |
| Genus: | *Rajasaurus*
Wilson *et al.*, 2003 |
| Species: | ***R. narmadensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rajasaurus narmadensis***
Wilson *et al.*, 2003 | |
|


title: Random (G-Eazy song)

abstract:
"Random" is a song by American rapper G-Eazy. It was released on October 29, 2015 as a promotional single off his second studio album, When It's Dark Out.
The song was produced by OZ.

text:
# Random (G-Eazy song)

"**Random**" is a song by American rapper G-Eazy. It was released on October 29, 2015 as a promotional single off his second studio album, *When It's Dark Out*. The song was produced by OZ.

## Track listing

* **Digital download**

1. "Random"  3:00

## Music video

On October 30, 2015 G-Eazy uploaded the audio for "Random" on his YouTube and Vevo account.

## Charts

| Chart (2015) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 94 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 31 |
|

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Random" | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional single by G-Eazy | |
| from the album  *When It's Dark Out* | |
| Released | October 29, 2015 (2015-10-29) |
| Recorded | 2015 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 3:00 |
| Label | RCA |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | OZ |


title: Wardite

abstract: Wardite is a hydrous sodium aluminium phosphate hydroxide mineral with formula: NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4·2(H2O). Wardite is of interest for its rare crystallography. It crystallizes in the tetragonal trapezohedral class and is one of only a few minerals in that class. Wardite forms vitreous green to bluish green to white to colorless crystals, with pyramidal {102} or {114} faces and with {001} usually present masses. Also appears as fibrous encrustations. It has a Mohs hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 2.81–2.87. Wardite was named for Henry Augustus Ward (1834–1906) of the University of Rochester in New York. It first described in 1896 for an occurrence in Clay Canyon, Fairfield, Utah County, Utah, US.

text:
# Wardite

**Wardite** is a hydrous sodium aluminium phosphate hydroxide mineral with formula: NaAl3(4)2(O)4·2(H2O). Wardite is of interest for its rare crystallography. It crystallizes in the tetragonal trapezohedral class and is one of only a few minerals in that class. Wardite forms vitreous green to bluish green to white to colorless crystals, with pyramidal {102} or {114} faces and with {001} usually present masses. Also appears as fibrous encrustations. It has a Mohs hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 2.81–2.87.

Wardite was named for Henry Augustus Ward (1834–1906) of the University of Rochester in New York. It first described in 1896 for an occurrence in Clay Canyon, Fairfield, Utah County, Utah, US.

## Occurrence

It occurs with variscite in phosphate nodules and occurs uncommonly in pegmatites and phosphate deposits through alteration of amblygonite.

Wardite is a rare mineral, which has been found in approximately 70 locations worldwide, but generally on a microscopic scale, with only a few occurrences of significant specimens. The finest specimens, boasting crystals up to 4 cm in size, originate from Rapid Creek and the Big Fish River in the Dawson mining district, Alaska (USA). Good quality specimens, measuring up to 1 cm, have also been discovered in Lavra da Ilha, Taquaral, Itinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil. In Spain, it appears in the form of crystals up to 1 cm found in cavities within montebrasite at the Tita mine in Golpejas, Salamanca.

## InfoBox

| Wardite | |
| --- | --- |
| Wardite from Rapid Creek – Yukon, Canada | |
| General | |
| Category | Phosphate minerals |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4·2(H2O) |
| IMA symbol | Wd |
| Strunz classification | 8.DL.10 |
| Crystal system | Tetragonal |
| Crystal class | Trapezohedral (422)
H-M symbol: (4 2 2) |
| Space group | *P*41212 |
| Unit cell | a = 7.03(1), c = 19.04(1) Å;
Z = 4 |
| Identification | |
| Color | White, colorless, pale green, blue-green, yellow-green, pale yellow, yellow pink. |
| Crystal habit | Dipyramidal pseudo-octahedral crystals, striated; radial, fibrous, encrustations |
| Cleavage | Perfect on {001} |
| Mohs scale hardness | 5 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to opaque |
| Specific gravity | 2.81–2.87 |
| Optical properties | Uniaxial (+) |
| Refractive index | nω = 1.586 – 1.594 nε = 1.595 – 1.604 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.009 |
| 2V angle | 0.0 |
| References |  |


title: No. 190 Squadron RAF

abstract: No. 190 Squadron was a Royal Air Force squadron with a relatively short existence, but a very broad career. It served as a trainer squadron during the first World War and as convoy escort, airborne support and transport squadron during World War II.

text:
# No. 190 Squadron RAF

**No. 190 Squadron** was a Royal Air Force squadron with a relatively short existence, but a very broad career. It served as a trainer squadron during the first World War and as convoy escort, airborne support and transport squadron during World War II.

## History

### Formation in World War I

No 190 Squadron was formed at Rochford, England on 24 October 1917 as a night training squadron operating amongst others the Royal Aircraft Factory BE.2e and the Airco DH.6. The squadron moved to RAF Newmarket, Suffolk on 14 March 1918 and was disbanded a year later at RAF Upwood in April 1919.

### Reformation with Coastal Command

The squadron was re-formed on 1 March 1943 at Sullom Voe, Scotland. The squadron operated the Consolidated Catalina to patrol the North Atlantic. The first U-boat was sunk in the first month of operations. The main role of the squadron was protecting the convoys to and from Russia ("Operation Locomotive"). The squadron disbanded on 31 December 1943, when it was re-numbered to 210 Squadron.

### Airborne Forces squadron

The squadron was re-formed again five days later, on 5 January 1944 at RAF Leicester East as an airborne support unit flying the Short Stirling. It became part of 38 Group on 6 November 1943. On 6 June 1944 the squadron first carried 426 paratroopers to Caen, France. The squadron then returned and the next night towed 18 Airspeed Horsa gliders into France. It moved to RAF Fairford and carried out supply-dropping missions to the advancing troops and SOE operatives. The squadron involvement in supply drops at Battle of Arnhem caused 11 aircraft losses in 3 days. The next move was to RAF Great Dunmow where it towed gliders for the Rhine crossing and paratroopers into the Netherlands to disrupt the German retreat.

### On Halifaxes as Transport Squadron

As the war ended the squadron re-equipped with the Handley Page Halifax which it used as a freighter for Transport Command until the end of 1945. It was disbanded at Great Dunmow on 21 January 1946 by being renumbered to 295 Squadron.

## Aircraft operated

Aircraft operated by No 190 Squadron RAF, data from
| From | To | Aircraft | Variant |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 1917 | January 1919 | Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 | c |
| October 1917 | January 1919 | Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 | e |
| October 1917 | January 1919 | Airco DH.6 |  |
| October 1917 | January 1919 | AVRO 504 | K |
| February 1943 | December 1943 | Consolidated Catalina | Mk.Ib |
| October 1943 | December 1943 | Consolidated Catalina | Mk.IV |
| January 1944 | June 1945 | Short Stirling | Mk.IV |
| May 1945 | January 1946 | Handley Page Halifax | Mks.III and VII |

## Squadron stations

Stations and airfields used by No 190 Squadron RAF, data from
| From | To | Base |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2 October 1917 | 14 March 1918 | RFC Rochford, Essex |
| 14 March 1918 | 5 October 1918 | RAF Newmarket, Suffolk |
| 5 October 1918 | April 1919 | RAF Upwood, Cambridgeshire |
| 1 March 1943 | 31 December 1943 | RAF Sullom Voe, Shetland Islands, Scotland |
| 5 January 1944 | 25 March 1944 | RAF Leicester East, Leicestershire |
| 25 March 1944 | 14 October 1944 | RAF Fairford, Gloucestershire |
| 14 October 1944 | 21 January 1946 | RAF Great Dunmow, Essex |

## Commanding officers

Officers commanding No 190 Squadron, data from
| From | To | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 March 1943 | 31 December 1943 | W/Cdr. P.H. Alington, DFC |
| 5 January 1944 | 21 September 1944 | W/Cdr. G.E. Harrison, DFC, SS(US) |
| 2 October 1944 | 20 April 1945 | W/Cdr. R.H. Bunker, DSO, DFC & Bar |
| 24 April 1945 | 1 July 1945 | W/Cdr. G.H. Briggs, DFC |
| 1 July 1945 | 21 January 1946 | W/Cdr. L.C. Bartram |

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Bowyer, Michael J.F.; Rawlings, John D.R. (1979). *Squadron Codes, 1937–56*. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
* Flintham, Vic; Thomas, Andrew (2003). *Combat Codes: A Full Explanation and Listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied Air Force Unit Codes since 1938*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
* Halley, James J. (1988). *The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
* Jefford, C.G. (2001). *RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912* (2nd ed.). Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
* Rawlings, John D.R. (1982). *Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft*. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd. ISBN 0-7106-0187-5.
* Sturtivant, Ray, ISO; Hamlin, John (2007). *RAF Flying Training And Support Units since 1912*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-365-X.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Wynn, Humphrey (1996). *Forged in War: A History of Royal Air Force Transport Command, 1943–1967*. London: The Stationery Office. ISBN 0-11-772756-3.

## InfoBox

| No. 190 Squadron RAF | |
| --- | --- |
| Official squadron badge | |
| Active | 24 Oct 1917 – Apr 1919
1 Mar 1943 – 31 Dec 1943
5 Jan 1944 – 21 Jan 1946 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Role | Convoy escort
Airborne forces
Transport |
| Part of | No. 38 Group RAF |
| Motto(s) | Latin: *Ex Tenebris*
(Translation: "Through darkness") |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Geoffrey Harry "Buster" Briggs |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron Badge heraldry | A cloak charged with a double-headed eagle displayed |
| Squadron Codes | **G5** (Jan 1944 – Dec 1945)
**L9** (Jan 1944 – Dec 1945) |


title: Operation Nightingale

abstract: Operation Nightingale was the codename of the Singapore Armed Forces' (SAF) humanitarian mission to the 1991 Gulf War.

text:
# Operation Nightingale

**Operation Nightingale** was the codename of the Singapore Armed Forces' (SAF) humanitarian mission to the 1991 Gulf War.

## Background

Following the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on 2 August 1990, a massive international coalition was formed to deter and repel Iraqi forces in Kuwait. A request was made by the British Government for medical assistance. In response, a 30-strong SAF medical team led by MAJ (Dr) Tan Chi Chiu of the 205th General Hospital was assembled and flown to Saudi Arabia in a mission codenamed Operation Nightingale on 20 January 1991.

## Operation

The medical team was based in the British Army Rear Hospital at King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh and treated a total of 210 casualties. The mission ended on 13 March 1991 after a total of 54 days.


title: Glavica (Paraćin)

abstract: Glavica is a village situated in Paraćin municipality in Serbia.

text:
# Glavica (Paraćin)

**Glavica** is a village situated in Paraćin municipality in Serbia.

43°51′47″N 21°26′59″E / 43.86306°N 21.44972°E / 43.86306; 21.44972

## InfoBox

| Glavica Главица | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Glavica | |
| Coordinates: 43°51′47″N 21°26′59″E / 43.86306°N 21.44972°E / 43.86306; 21.44972 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| Municipality | Paraćin |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/52

abstract: The Piano Sonata in E-flat major, Hob. XVI/52, L. 62, was written in 1794 by Joseph Haydn. It is the last of Haydn's piano sonatas, and is widely considered his greatest. It has been the subject of extensive analysis by distinguished musicological personages such as Heinrich Schenker and Sir Donald Tovey, largely because of its expansive length, unusual harmonies and interesting development. The sonata is sometimes referred to as number 62 based on the numbering of Landon instead of the numbering of Hoboken.

text:
# Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/52

The **Piano Sonata in E-flat major**, Hob. XVI/52, L. 62, was written in 1794 by Joseph Haydn. It is the last of Haydn's piano sonatas, and is widely considered his greatest. It has been the subject of extensive analysis by distinguished musicological personages such as Heinrich Schenker and Sir Donald Tovey, largely because of its expansive length, unusual harmonies and interesting development. The sonata is sometimes referred to as number 62 based on the numbering of Landon instead of the numbering of Hoboken.

## History

Haydn wrote the work for Therese Jansen, an outstanding pianist who lived in London at the time of Haydn's visits there in the 1790s. Haydn served as a witness at her wedding to Gaetano Bartolozzi (16 May 1795). Haydn also dedicated three demanding piano trios (H. XV:27–29) and another two piano sonatas (H. XVI:50 and 51) to Jansen.

With regard to the E-flat sonata, Jansen was evidently the dedicatee of the autograph (hand-written) score but not the first published version. On the title page of the autograph Haydn wrote in Italian, "*Sonata composta per la Celebre Signora Teresa de Janson ... di me giuseppe Haydn mpri* Lond. 794," which means "Sonata composed for the celebrated Miss Theresa Jansen ... by myself Joseph Haydn in my own hand, London 1794."

Daniel Heartz implies that Haydn may have left the sonata unpublished for some time so that Jansen could have the work for her exclusive use. Ultimately, Haydn had the work published in Vienna in 1798, three years after he had returned there from London. The publisher was Artaria, and the dedicatee for the published version was the pianist Magdalena von Kurzbeck (1767–1845). A London edition, perhaps instigated by Jansen, appeared with Longman and Clementi in 1800 with the title "A grand new sonata for the piano forte composed expressly for Mrs. Bartolozzi, Op. 78."

## Structure

The work has three movements:

1. Allegro (Moderato) ()
2. Adagio (**3**
**4**)
3. Finale: Presto (**2**
**4**)

The first movement takes approximately 7 to 8 minutes to perform with the repeat (without, it is approximately 5 minutes), the second movement 6.5 to 7.5 minutes, and the third movement 5 to 6 minutes.

The first movement, in sonata form, opens with an expansive theme derived from the form of the French overture and has a contrasting second theme in the upper "music box" register that has been identified with the **wie aus der Ferne** (as in the distance) trope of the nineteenth century. Its harmonic exploration is unusually broad for Haydn's solo piano writing. It has a strong rhythmic character and forward momentum.

The second movement, an adagio in ternary form, is in the key of E major, a distant key to the key of the piece (E-flat major). Throughout the movement, Haydn uses improvisatory figures such as repeated notes increasing in speed, wide arpeggios, and scalar runs.

The third movement is a lively sonata form. Haydn’s use of fermatas, a minor section in the middle of the movement, and the perpetual motion passages again show the improvisatory and virtuosic nature of this whole piece.

### Bibliography

* Brown, A. Peter (1986). *Joseph Haydn's Keyboard Music*. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253331823.
* Caldwell, John (1985). *English Keyboard Music Before the Nineteenth Century*. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24851-8.
* Heartz, Daniel (2009). *Haydn, Mozart, and Early Beethoven*. New York: Norton.
* Sisman, Elaine (2007). "Genre Tertiary Rhetoric and the Opus 76 Quartets". In Tom Beghin; Sander M. Goldberg (eds.). *Haydn and the Performance of Rhetoric*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.


title: Mordella albonotata

abstract: Mordella albonotata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1875.

text:
# Mordella albonotata

***Mordella albonotata*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordella* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1875.

## InfoBox

| *Mordella albonotata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordella* |
| Species: | ***M. albonotata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordella albonotata***<br>Maeklin, 1875 | |
|


title: Rajasaheb Pet

text:
# Rajasaheb Pet

Rajasaheb Pet is a small village in Kadapa district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Porumamilla mandal of Rajampeta revenue division.

## Education facilities

There is an elementary school in RajasahebPet. Zilla Parishad High School is a high school for studying high school near Tekurpeta

## Medical facilities

The village has a primary health center for healing near Tekurpeta

## InfoBox

| Rajasaheb Pet | |
| --- | --- |
| Dynamic map | |
| Rajasaheb PetLocation in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 14°58′50″N 79°01′54″E / 14.980425°N 79.031789°E / 14.980425; 79.031789 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Kadapa |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 516505 |
| Telephone code | 08569 |
| Vehicle registration | AP 04 |


title: Random subspace method

abstract: In machine learning the random subspace method, also called attribute bagging or feature bagging, is an ensemble learning method that attempts to reduce the correlation between estimators in an ensemble by training them on random samples of features instead of the entire feature set.

text:
# Random subspace method

In machine learning the **random subspace method**, also called **attribute bagging** or **feature bagging**, is an ensemble learning method that attempts to reduce the correlation between estimators in an ensemble by training them on random samples of features instead of the entire feature set.

## Motivation

In ensemble learning one tries to combine the models produced by several *learners* into an *ensemble* that performs better than the original learners. One way of combining learners is bootstrap aggregating or *bagging*, which shows each learner a randomly sampled subset of the training points so that the learners will produce different models that can be sensibly averaged. In bagging, one samples training points with replacement from the full training set.

The random subspace method is similar to bagging except that the features ("attributes", "predictors", "independent variables") are randomly sampled, with replacement, for each learner. Informally, this causes individual learners to not over-focus on features that appear highly predictive/descriptive in the training set, but fail to be as predictive for points outside that set. For this reason, random subspaces are an attractive choice for high-dimensional problems where the number of features is much larger than the number of training points, such as learning from fMRI data or gene expression data.

The random subspace method has been used for decision trees; when combined with "ordinary" bagging of decision trees, the resulting models are called random forests. It has also been applied to linear classifiers, support vector machines, nearest neighbours and other types of classifiers. This method is also applicable to one-class classifiers. The random subspace method has also been applied to the portfolio selection problem showing its superiority to the conventional resampled portfolio essentially based on Bagging.

To tackle high-dimensional sparse problems, a framework named Random Subspace Ensemble (RaSE) was developed. RaSE combines weak learners trained in random subspaces with a two-layer structure and iterative process. RaSE has been shown to enjoy appealing theoretical properties and practical performance.

## Algorithm

An ensemble of models employing the random subspace method can be constructed using the following algorithm:

1. Let the number of training points be *N* and the number of features in the training data be *D*.
2. Let *L* be the number of individual models in the ensemble.
3. For each individual model *l*, choose *nl (nl \< N)* to be the number of input points for l. It is common to have only one value of nl for all the individual models.
4. For each individual model l, create a training set by choosing *dl* features from D with replacement and train the model.

Now, to apply the ensemble model to an unseen point, combine the outputs of the *L* individual models by majority voting or by combining the posterior probabilities.

## Footnotes

1. Ho, Tin Kam (1998). "The Random Subspace Method for Constructing Decision Forests" (PDF). *IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence*. **20** (8): 832–844. doi:10.1109/34.709601. S2CID 206420153. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-14.
2. Bryll, R. (2003). "Attribute bagging: improving accuracy of classifier ensembles by using random feature subsets". *Pattern Recognition*. **36** (6): 1291–1302. doi:10.1016/s0031-3203(02)00121-8.
3. Kuncheva, Ludmila; et al. (2010). "Random Subspace Ensembles for fMRI Classification" (PDF). *IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging*. **29** (2): 531–542. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.157.1178. doi:10.1109/TMI.2009.2037756. PMID 20129853.
4. Bertoni, Alberto; Folgieri, Raffaella; Valentini, Giorgio (2005). "Bio-molecular cancer prediction with random subspace ensembles of support vector machines" (PDF). *Neurocomputing*. **63**: 535–539. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2004.07.007. hdl:2434/9370.
5. Ho, Tin Kam (1995). *Random Decision Forest* (PDF). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Montreal, QC, 14–16 August 1995. pp. 278–282.
6. Skurichina, Marina (2002). "Bagging, boosting and the random subspace method for linear classifiers". *Pattern Analysis and Applications*. **5** (2): 121–135. doi:10.1007/s100440200011.
7. Tao, D. (2006). "Asymmetric bagging and random subspace for support vector machines-based relevance feedback in image retrieval" (PDF). *IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence*. **28** (7): 1088–99. doi:10.1109/tpami.2006.134. PMID 16792098.
8. Ho, Tin Kam (1998). "Nearest neighbors in random subspaces". *Advances in Pattern Recognition*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1451. pp. 640–648. doi:10.1007/BFb0033288. ISBN 978-3-540-64858-1. `{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored (help)
9. Tremblay, G. (2004). *Optimizing Nearest Neighbour in Random Subspaces using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm* (PDF). 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. pp. 208–211. doi:10.1109/ICPR.2004.1334060. ISBN 978-0-7695-2128-2.
10. Nanni, L. (2006). "Experimental comparison of one-class classifiers for online signature verification". *Neurocomputing*. **69** (7): 869–873. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2005.06.007.
11. Cheplygina, Veronika; Tax, David M. J. (2011-06-15). "Pruned Random Subspace Method for One-Class Classifiers". In Sansone, Carlo; Kittler, Josef; Roli, Fabio (eds.). *Multiple Classifier Systems*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 6713. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 96–105. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21557-5\_12. ISBN 9783642215568.
12. Varadi, David (2013). "Random Subspace Optimization (RSO)". *CSS Analytics*.
13. Gillen, Ben (2016). "Subset Optimization for Asset Allocation". *CaltechAUTHORS*.
14. Shen, Weiwei; Wang, Jun (2017), "Portfolio Selection via Subset Resampling", *Proceedings of AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI2017)*
15. Shen, Weiwei; Wang, Bin; Pu, Jian; Wang, Jun (2019), "The Kelly growth optimal portfolio with ensemble learning", *Proceedings of AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI2019)*, **33**: 1134–1141, doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011134
16. Tian, Ye; Feng, Yang (2021). "RaSE: Random Subspace Ensemble Classification". *Journal of Machine Learning Research*. **22** (45): 1–93. ISSN 1533-7928.
17. Tian, Ye; Feng, Yang (2021). "R Package "RaSEn": Random Subspace Ensemble Classification and Variable Screening". *CRAN*.


title: Water Witch Club Historic District

abstract: The Water Witch Club Historic District is a 50-acre (20 ha) historic district located in the Monmouth Hills section of Middletown Township in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is near the Waterwitch section of the borough of Highlands. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 12, 2004, for its significance in architecture, entertainment, landscape architecture, and community planning and development. It has 23 contributing buildings, including the individually listed Water Witch Club Casino.

text:
# Water Witch Club Historic District

The **Water Witch Club Historic District** is a 50-acre (20 ha) historic district located in the Monmouth Hills section of Middletown Township in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is near the Waterwitch section of the borough of Highlands. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 12, 2004, for its significance in architecture, entertainment, landscape architecture, and community planning and development. It has 23 contributing buildings, including the individually listed Water Witch Club Casino.

## History and description

The Water Witch Club was founded in 1895 by Ferdinand Fish, a New York City developer. The name comes from *The Water-Witch*, an 1830 novel by James Fenimore Cooper. The Water Witch Club Casino was built in 1905 and expanded in 1911. The two-story Lavinia Anna Erbacher House, built around 1905, was designed by architect Frederick P. Hill and features Shingle Style and Colonial Revival architecture.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Water Witch Club Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
| New Jersey Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Lavinia Anna Erbacher House | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by NJ 36, Water Wich Drive, Sea View Terrace, Park Way, Windlass Path and Serpentine Drive, Middletown Township, New Jersey |
| Coordinates | 40°24′2″N 73°59′49″W / 40.40056°N 73.99694°W / 40.40056; -73.99694 |
| Area | 50 acres (20 ha) |
| Built | 1895 |
| Architectural style | Shingle Style, Tudor Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 04000147 |
| NJRHP No. | 4111 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | March 12, 2004 |
| Designated NJRHP | December 24, 2003 |


title: No. 191 Squadron RAF

abstract: No. 191 Squadron was a Royal Air Force squadron. During World War I it was a non-operational night training unit, while during World War II it was engaged in maritime reconnaissance.

text:
# No. 191 Squadron RAF

**No. 191 Squadron** was a Royal Air Force squadron. During World War I it was a non-operational night training unit, while during World War II it was engaged in maritime reconnaissance.

## History

### Formation in World War I

No. 191 Squadron was formed at RAF Marham on 6 November 1917 as a night training squadron, operating amongst others the Royal Aircraft Factory FE.2bs and FE.2ds. The squadron moved to RAF Upwood in 1918 and was disbanded there in January 1919.

### Reformation in World War II

The squadron was re-formed on 13 May 1943 at Korangi Creek, India. The squadron operated the Consolidated Catalina to patrol the Persian Gulf and the western Indian Ocean. The squadron moved to Red Hills Lake, India in November 1944. The Catalina's continued to carry out anti-submarine patrols and meteorological flights. The squadron disbanded on 15 June 1945 at RAF Koggala, Ceylon.

## Aircraft operated

|
|  |
Aircraft operated by No. 191 Squadron RAF
| From | To | Aircraft | Variant |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nov 1917 | Jan 1919 | Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 | 2b and 2d |
| May 1943 | Jun 1945 | Consolidated Catalina | Mk.Ib |
| May 1944 | Jun 1945 | Consolidated Catalina | Mk.IVb |

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Halley, James J. *The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918–1988*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
* Jefford, C.G. *RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
* Rawlings, John D.R. *Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft*. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0187-5.
* Sturtivant, Ray, ISO and John Hamlin. *RAF Flying Training And Support Units since 1912*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2007. ISBN 0-85130-365-X.
* Thomas, Andrew (6–19 November 1992). "Indian Ocean Escorts: No 191 Squadron, Royal Air Force". *Aviation News*. Vol. 21, no. 13. pp. 608–610.

## InfoBox

| No. 191 Squadron RAF | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 6 Nov 1917 – Jan 1919
17 May 1943 – 15 Jun 1945 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Motto(s) | Latin: *Vidi Vici*
("I saw, I conquered") |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Arthur Travers Harris |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron Badge heraldry | A dolphin |
| Squadron Codes | No codes known to have been used |


title: Gose, Nara

abstract: Gose is a city located in Nara Prefecture, Japan. The city was founded on March 31, 1958. As of September 1, 2014, the city has an estimated population of 27,950 and estimated population density of 440 persons per km⁲. The total area is 60.58 km⁲.

text:
# Gose, Nara

**Gose** (御所市, *Gose-shi*) is a city located in Nara Prefecture, Japan. The city was founded on March 31, 1958. As of September 1, 2014, the city has an estimated population of 27,950 and estimated population density of 440 persons per km2. The total area is 60.58 km2.

## Neighboring municipalities

## Education

* Gose Higashi High School
* Gose Technology High School
* Seishou High School

## Transportation

### Rail

### Roads

## Notable locations

* Gose-machi town
* Kamotsuwa Shrine
* Kamoyamaguchi Shrine
* Katsuragi Hitokotonushi Shrine
* Takakamo Shrine
* Sankogan, herbal medicine producer founded in 1319
* Mount Yamato-Katsuragi (959.2 m)

## InfoBox

| Gose 御所市 | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Gose City | |
|  | |
| Location of Gose in Nara Prefecture | |
| GoseLocation in Japan | |
| Coordinates: 34°28′N 135°44′E / 34.467°N 135.733°E / 34.467; 135.733 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kansai |
| Prefecture | Nara Prefecture |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Yu Azuma (since June 2008) |
| Area | |
| Total | 60.65 km2 (23.42 sq mi) |
| Population (October 1, 2016) | |
| Total | 26,522 |
| Density | 440/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 (JST) |
| City hall address | 1-3 Gose-shi, Nara-ken
639-2298 |
| Website | www.city.gose.nara.jp |
|  | |
| Symbols | |
|  | |
| Flower | Azalea |
| Tree | Camphor Laurel |
|  | |


abstract: An ordinariate for the faithful of Eastern rite is a geographical ecclesiastical structure for Eastern Catholic communities in areas where no eparchy of their own particular Church has been established. This structure was introduced by the apostolic letter Officium supremi Apostolatus of 15 July 1912. In the Annuario Pontificio the eight existing ordinariates of this kind are listed together with the fifteen (pre-diocesan) apostolic exarchates. Of these ordinariates, four are generically for all Eastern Catholics who lack a 'proper' diocesan jurisdiction of their own rite in the particular country and who are therefore entrusted to the care of a Latin Archbishop in the country. The one in Austria is for Catholics belonging to any of the fourteen particular Churches that use the Byzantine Rite. The other three are exclusively for members of the Armenian Catholic Church.

text:
# Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful

An **ordinariate for the faithful of Eastern rite** is a geographical ecclesiastical structure for Eastern Catholic communities in areas where no eparchy of their own particular Church has been established. This structure was introduced by the apostolic letter *Officium supremi Apostolatus* of 15 July 1912.

In the *Annuario Pontificio* the eight existing ordinariates of this kind are listed together with the fifteen (pre-diocesan) apostolic exarchates. Of these ordinariates, four (in Argentina, Brazil, France and Poland) are generically for all Eastern Catholics who lack a 'proper' diocesan jurisdiction of their own rite in the particular country and who are therefore entrusted to the care of a Latin Archbishop in the country. The one in Austria is for Catholics belonging to any of the fourteen particular Churches that use the Byzantine Rite. The other three (Ex-Soviet 'Eastern Europe', Greece and Romania) are exclusively for members of the Armenian Catholic Church.

## Existing ordinariates

| Ordinariate | Geographical area | Jurisdiction | Cathedral see | Ordinary | Date(s) of founding |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Argentina | Argentina | All Eastern Catholics | now Buenos Aires | Metropolitan Archbishop of Buenos Aires | 1959-02-19 |
| Ordinariate for Catholics of Byzantine Rite in Austria | Austria | Byzantine Rite Catholics | Vienna | vested in the Metropolitan Archbishop of Vienna | 1945-10-03 and 1956-06-13 |
| Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Brazil | Brazil | All Eastern Catholics | presently Belo Horizonte | Metropolitan Archbishop of Belo Horizonte | 1951-11-14 |
| Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe | only Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Poland and Ukraine | Armenian Rite Catholics | Gyumri (Armenia) | Armenian bishop of a titular see | 1991-07-13 |
| Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in France | France | All Eastern Catholics | Paris | vested in the Metropolitan Archbishop of Paris | 1954-06-16 |
| Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Greece | Greece | Armenian Rite Catholics | Athens | vacant (under an apostolic administrator) | 1925-12-21 |
| Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Poland | Poland | All Eastern Catholics | Warsaw | vested in the Metropolitan Archbishop of Warsaw | 1991-01-16 |
| Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Romania | Romania | Armenian Rite Catholics | Gherla | vacant (under an apostolic administrator) | 1930-06-05 |
| Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Spain | Spain | All Eastern Catholics | none yet | Metropolitan Archbishop of Madrid | 2016-06-09 |

## Former ordinariates


title: A. James Rudin

abstract: A. James Rudin is an American rabbi noted for his work in inter-religious affairs. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is a 1955 graduate of George Washington university Rudin was ordained by the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in 1960. He joined the staff of the American Jewish Committee in 1968 and retired in 2000 after serving for many years as 2000 National Interreligious Affairs Director. In January 1987, Rudin was one of several civil rights activists who participated in a large march through Forsyth County, Georgia, as part of civil rights protests in the area. He was appointed distinguished visiting professor of religion and Judaica at Saint Leo University in 2002.

text:
# A. James Rudin

**A. James Rudin** is an American rabbi noted for his work in inter-religious affairs.

He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is a 1955 graduate of George Washington university Rudin was ordained by the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in 1960.

He joined the staff of the American Jewish Committee in 1968 and retired in 2000 after serving for many years as 2000 National Interreligious Affairs Director. In January 1987, Rudin was one of several civil rights activists who participated in a large march through Forsyth County, Georgia, as part of civil rights protests in the area.

He was appointed distinguished visiting professor of religion and Judaica at Saint Leo University in 2002.

## Awards

* "Person of Reconciliation" Award from the Polish Council of Christians and Jews in Warsaw, 1997
* Joseph Award given by the Villa Nazareth, a Pontifical Institution, 1997
* International Council of Christians and Jews awarded him its Interfaith Medallion, 1999
* Eternal Light Award, St. Leo University, 2007


title: Pierre Even (composer)

abstract: Pierre Even is a Luxembourgish composer. He is a descendant of the Even family from Beaufort, Luxembourg and Metz (France). He studied piano and composition in Wiesbaden with Karl-Wilhelm Brühl from 1959 to 1965, and religious music in Mainz with Diethard Hellmann from 1969 to 1973. Since 1966 performances of orchestra music, chamber music and religious music, among others: Tango para los oídos (2005), Dithyrambus for Strings (1966), Concertino for viola and string orchestra, Op.11, Trio for Flute, Clarinet and Bassoon (2001), Neuf caractères pour violon et piano (2004), Sonata for Cello and Piano (2004), different works for organ and for choir, two cantatas (1971/1972), Pastorale for four Trombones (2002).

text:
# Pierre Even (composer)

**Pierre Even** (born 4 December 1946 in Wiesbaden) is a Luxembourgish composer.

He is a descendant of the Even family from Beaufort, Luxembourg and Metz (France). He studied piano and composition in Wiesbaden with Karl-Wilhelm Brühl from 1959 to 1965, and religious music in Mainz with Diethard Hellmann from 1969 to 1973.

Since 1966 performances of orchestra music, chamber music and religious music, among others: *Tango para los oídos* (2005), *Dithyrambus for Strings* (1966), Concertino for viola and string orchestra, Op.11 (1970, 2004), Trio for Flute, Clarinet and Bassoon (2001), *Neuf caractères pour violon et piano* (2004), Sonata for Cello and Piano (2004), different works for organ (since 1966) and for choir (since 1971), two cantatas (1971/1972), *Pastorale for four Trombones* (2002).

* Wengler, Marcel: *L'Histoire du Tango. Dans le cadre du 25e Anniversaire de la LGNM*. Luxembourg: Luxembourg Music Information Centre, 2008. pp. 18–19.
* Even, Pierre: *Nassau oblige. Musicalia aus der Grossherzoglichen Hofbibliothek Schloss Berg, gewidmet den Herrschern und Herrscherinnen der Häuser Nassau und Luxemburg*. Wiesbaden: Hessische Landesbibliothek, 2008. pp. 128–129.


title: Morehouse, New York

abstract: Morehouse is a town in Hamilton County, New York, United States. The population was 92 at the 2020 census. The name is that of an early developer, Andrew K. Morehouse. The town is in the Adirondack Park. It is in the southwestern corner of the county and is northeast of Utica.

text:
# Morehouse, New York

**Morehouse** is a town in Hamilton County, New York, United States. The population was 92 at the 2020 census. The name is that of an early developer, Andrew K. Morehouse.

The town is in the Adirondack Park. It is in the southwestern corner of the county and is northeast of Utica.

## History

Morehouse was formed from part of the town of Lake Pleasant in 1835. Morehouse ("Morehouseville") was created by land developer and entrepreneur Andrew King Morehouse (1805-1884); the post office there opened on April 9, 1834. (Morehouse owned 60,000 acres (240 km2) of wilderness in Hamilton, Herkimer and Saratoga counties, but ultimately ended up dying in a poorhouse.) Part of the town was later taken and added to the town of Long Lake. An additional part of Morehouse was taken for Long Lake in 1861. In 1901, the town of Inlet was formed from the northern end of Morehouse.

One of the most newsworthy events to occur in town was the crash landing of an American Airways Curtis Condor in December 1934 and daring rescue of the crew by locals on snowshoes in the southern end of town.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 194.7 square miles (504 km2), of which 191.1 square miles (495 km2) is land and 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2) (1.86%) is water.

The western and southern town lines of Morehouse are the border of Herkimer County.

The West Canada Creek flows out the western town line, and other tributaries of that stream flow through the town. The Moose River marks the northern town line.

New York State Route 8, an east–west highway in the southern part of the town, is the only significant road in Morehouse, passing through the hamlets of Morehouseville and Hoffmeister.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1840 | 169 |  |  |
| 1850 | 242 |  | 43.2% |
| 1860 | 228 |  | −5.8% |
| 1870 | 186 |  | −18.4% |
| 1880 | 181 |  | −2.7% |
| 1890 | 182 |  | 0.6% |
| 1900 | 319 |  | 75.3% |
| 1910 | 149 |  | −53.3% |
| 1920 | 109 |  | −26.8% |
| 1930 | 85 |  | −22.0% |
| 1940 | 91 |  | 7.1% |
| 1950 | 104 |  | 14.3% |
| 1960 | 65 |  | −37.5% |
| 1970 | 113 |  | 73.8% |
| 1980 | 102 |  | −9.7% |
| 1990 | 106 |  | 3.9% |
| 2000 | 151 |  | 42.5% |
| 2010 | 86 |  | −43.0% |
| 2020 | 92 |  | 7.0% |

As of the census of 2020, there were 92 people and 21 households residing in the town. The population density was 0.48 inhabitants per square mile (0.19/km2). There were 280 housing units at an average density of 1.5 per square mile (0.58/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.65% White, 0.00% Native American, 4.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.00% of the population. The median age was 59.5 years.

The median income for a household in the town was $58,125.

## Communities and locations in Morehouse

### Communities

* Hoffmeister  A hamlet on NY-8 east of Morehouse, named after an early settler. This community is little more than a thin scattering of houses.
* Morehouseville  A hamlet, also called "Morehouse" and previously known as "Bethunville," is on NY-8, east of the county line. This is the principal community in the town.
* Mountain Home  A location north of Hoffmeister, on Mountain Home Road.

### Geographical features

* Beaver Lake  A lake by the northern town line.
* Bochen Lake  A lake located south of Morehouseville.
* The Floe  An artificial lake between Mountain Home and Hoffmeister, on the South Branch of West Canada Creek.
* Fort Noble Mountain  An elevation at the western town line, northwest of Morehouseville (Altitude: 2,310 feet/700 meters).
* Indian Lake  A Lake in the northern part of Morehouse, south of Squaw Lake.
* Jerseyfield Lake  A lake at the southern town line.
* Metcalf Lake  A lake located northeast of Hoffmeister.
* Moose River  A river marking the northern town line.
* Morehouse Lake  A small lake south of Morehouse Mountain.
* Morehouse Mountain  A mountain near the eastern town line, south of NY-8.
* Pine Lake  A lake by the eastern town line, northeast of Hoffmeister.
* Squaw Lake  A lake in the northern part of the town, south of Beaver Lake.
* South Branch West Canada Creek  A small river flowing west, to the north of NY-8.
* West Creek Lake  A lake located east of Jerseyfield Lake.
* Wilmurt Lake  A lake north of NY-8.

1. "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
2. "Geographic Identifiers: table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?g=060XX00US3604148340: Morehouse town, Hamilton County, New York". *US Census Bureau*. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
3. "Warbird Information Exchange • View topic - Curtiss Condor restoration". *www.warbirdinformationexchange.org*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 18, 2024.

## InfoBox

| Morehouse, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location in Hamilton County and the state of New York | |
| Coordinates: 43°26′N 74°44′W / 43.433°N 74.733°W / 43.433; -74.733 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Hamilton |
| Established | 1835 |
| Government | |
| Type | Town Council |
| Town Supervisor | Anthony Fernandez () |
| Town Council | Members' List |
| Area | |
| Total | 194.77 sq mi (504.45 km2) |
| Land | 191.06 sq mi (494.85 km2) |
| Water | 3.71 sq mi (9.60 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,287 ft (697 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 92 |
| Density | 0.48/sq mi (0.19/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 36-041-48340 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0979237 |
| Website | morehousenewyork.com |


title: Rajas

abstract: Rajas is one of the three guṇas, a philosophical and psychological concept developed by the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. The other two qualities are sattva and tamas. Rajas is innate tendency or quality that drives motion, energy and activity. Rajas is sometimes translated as passion, where it is used in the sense of activity, without any particular value and it can contextually be either good or bad. Rajas helps actualize the other two guṇa.

text:
# Rajas

***Rajas*** (Sanskrit: रजस्) is one of the three *guṇas* (tendencies, qualities, attributes), a philosophical and psychological concept developed by the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. The other two qualities are *sattva* (goodness, balance) and *tamas* (lethargy, violence, disorder). *Rajas* is innate tendency or quality that drives motion, energy and activity.

*Rajas* is sometimes translated as passion, where it is used in the sense of activity, without any particular value and it can contextually be either good or bad. *Rajas* helps actualize the other two *guṇa*.

## Description

In Samkhya philosophy, a *guṇa* is one of three "tendencies, qualities": *sattva*, *rajas* and *tamas*. This category of qualities have been widely adopted by various schools of Hinduism for categorizing behavior and natural phenomena. The three qualities are:

* *Sattva* is the quality of balance, harmony, goodness, purity, universalizing, holistic, constructive, creative, building, positive attitude, luminous, serenity, being-ness, peaceful, virtuous.
* *Rajas* is the quality of passion, activity, neither good nor bad and sometimes either, self-centeredness, egoistic, individualizing, driven, moving, dynamic.
* *Tamas* is the quality of imbalance, disorder, chaos, anxiety, impure, destructive, delusion, negative, dull or inactive, apathy, inertia or lethargy, violent, vicious, ignorant.

In Indian philosophy, these qualities are not considered as present in either-or fashion. Rather, everyone and everything has all three, only in different proportions and in different contexts. The living being or substance is viewed as the net result of the joint effect of these three qualities.

According to Samkhya school, no one and nothing is either purely *sattvic* or purely *rajasic* or purely *tamasic*. One's nature and behavior is a complex interplay of all of these, with each *guna* in varying degrees. In some, the conduct is *rajasic* with significant influence of *sattvic guṇa*, in some it is *rajasic* with significant influence of *tamasic guna*, and so on.

In the fourteenth chapter of the Bhagavad Gita, *rajas* is described as being of a passionate nature, driving desire, attachment, and action. When rajas is dominant, it manifests as greed, restlessness, agitation, and constant engagement in actions, which obscure wisdom and keep one bound to the cycle of worldly pursuits.

## Discussion

*Rajas* is that quality or attribute in a substance (prakriti) or individual which promotes or upholds the activity of the other aspects of nature (prakriti) such as one or more of the following:

1. action;famous
2. change, mutation;
3. passion, excitement;
4. birth, creation, generation.

If a person or thing tends to be extremely active, excitable, or passionate, that person or thing could be said to have a preponderance of *rajas*. It is contrasted with the quality of *tamas*, which is the quality of inactivity, darkness, and laziness, and with *sattva*, which is the quality of purity, clarity, calmness and creativity. *Rajas* is viewed as being more positive than *tamas*, and less positive than *sattva*, except, perhaps, for one who has "transcended the gunas" and achieved equanimity in all fields of relative life.


title: Random subcube model

abstract: In statistical mechanics, the random-subcube model (RSM) is an exactly solvable model that reproduces key properties of hard constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) and optimization problems, such as geometrical organization of solutions, the effects of frozen variables, and the limitations of various algorithms like decimation schemes. The RSM consists of a set of N binary variables, where solutions are defined as points in a hypercube. The model introduces clusters, which are random subcubes of the hypercube, representing groups of solutions sharing specific characteristics. As the density of constraints increases, the solution space undergoes a series of phase transitions similar to those observed in CSPs like random k-satisfiability (k-SAT) and random k-coloring (k-COL). These transitions include clustering, condensation, and ultimately the unsatisfiable phase where no solutions exist. The RSM is equivalent to these real CSPs in the limit of large constraint size. Notably, it reproduces the cluster size distribution and freezing properties of k-SAT and k-COL in the large-k limit. This is similar to how the random energy model is the large-p limit of the p-spin glass model.

text:
# Random subcube model

In statistical mechanics, the **random-subcube model (RSM)** is an exactly solvable model that reproduces key properties of hard constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) and optimization problems, such as geometrical organization of solutions, the effects of frozen variables, and the limitations of various algorithms like decimation schemes.

The RSM consists of a set of *N* binary variables, where solutions are defined as points in a hypercube. The model introduces clusters, which are random subcubes of the hypercube, representing groups of solutions sharing specific characteristics. As the density of constraints increases, the solution space undergoes a series of phase transitions similar to those observed in CSPs like random k-satisfiability (k-SAT) and random k-coloring (k-COL). These transitions include clustering, condensation, and ultimately the unsatisfiable phase where no solutions exist.

The RSM is equivalent to these real CSPs in the limit of large constraint size. Notably, it reproduces the cluster size distribution and freezing properties of k-SAT and k-COL in the large-k limit. This is similar to how the random energy model is the large-p limit of the p-spin glass model.

## Setup

### Subcubes

There are $N$ particles. Each particle can be in one of two states $-1,+1$.

The state space $\\{-1,+1\\}^{N}$ has $2^{N}$ states. Not all are available. Only those satisfying the constraints are allowed.

Each constraint is a subset $A\_{i}$ of the state space. Each $A\_{i}$ is a "subcube", structured like $A\_{i}=\prod \_{j\in 1:N}A\_{ij}$ where each $A\_{ij}$ can be one of $\\{-1\\},\\{+1\\},\\{-1,+1\\}$.

The available states is the union of these subsets: $S=\cup \_{i}A\_{i}$

### Random subcube model

Each random subcube model is defined by two parameters $\alpha ,p\in (0,1)$.

To generate a random subcube $A\_{i}$, sample its components $A\_{ij}$ IID according to $\begin{aligned}Pr(A\_{ij}&=\\{-1\\})&=p/2\\Pr(A\_{ij}&=\\{+1\\})&=p/2\\Pr(A\_{ij}&=\\{-1,+1\\})&=1-p\end{aligned}$

Now sample $2^{(1-\alpha )N}$ random subcubes, and union them together.

### Entropies

The entropy density of the $r$-th cluster in bits is $s\_{r}:={\frac {1}{N}\log \_{2}|A\_{r}|}$

The entropy density of the system in bits is $s:={\frac {1}{N}\log \_{2}|\cup \_{r}A\_{r}|}$

## Phase structure

### Cluster sizes and numbers

Let $n(s)$ be the number of clusters with entropy density $s$, then it is binomially distributed, thus $\begin{aligned}E\[n(s)\]&=2^{(1-\alpha )N}P\to 2^{N\Sigma (s)+o(N)}\\Var\[n(s)\]&=2^{(1-\alpha )N}P(1-P)\\\{\frac {Var\[n(s)\]}{E\[n(s)\]^{2}&\to 2^{-N\Sigma (s)}\end{aligned}}}$ where $\begin{aligned}P&:={\binom {N}{sN}p^{(1-s)N}(1-p)^{sN},\\\Sigma (s)&:=1-\alpha -D\_{KL}(s\\|1-p)\\D\_{KL}(s\\|1-p)&:=s\log \_{2}{\frac {s}{1-p}+(1-s)\log \_{2}{\frac {1-s}{p}\end{aligned}}}}$

By the Chebyshev inequality, if $\Sigma \>0$, then $n(s)$ concentrates to its mean value. Otherwise, since $E\[n(s)\]\to 0$, $n(s)$ also concentrates to $0$ by the Markov inequality.

Thus, $n(s)\to {\begin{cases}2^{N\Sigma (s)+o(N)}\quad &{\text{if }\Sigma (s)\>0\\0\quad &{\text{if }\Sigma (s)\<0\end{cases}}}}$ almost surely as $N\to \infty $.

When $\Sigma =0$ exactly, the two forces exactly balance each other out, and $n(s)$ does not collapse, but instead converges in distribution to the Poisson distribution $Poisson(1)$ by the law of small numbers.

### Liquid phase

For each state, the number of clusters it is in is also binomially distributed, with expectation $2^{(1-\alpha )N}(1-p/2)^{N}=2^{N(\log \_{2}(2-p)-\alpha )}$

So if $\alpha \<\log \_{2}(2-p)$, then it concentrates to $2^{N(\log \_{2}(2-p)-\alpha )}$, and so each state is in an exponential number of clusters.

Indeed, in that case, the probability that *all* states are allowed is $\[1-\[1-(1-p/2)^{N}\]^{2^{(1-\alpha )N}\]^{2^{N}\sim e^{-e^{-2^{N(\log \_{2}(2-p)-\alpha )}+N\ln 2}\to 1}}}$

Thus almost surely, all states are allowed, and the entropy density is 1 bit per particle.

### Clustered phase

If $\alpha \>\alpha \_{d}:=\log \_{2}(2-p)$, then it concentrates to zero exponentially, and so most states are not in any cluster. Those that do are exponentially unlikely to be in more than one. Thus, we find that almost all states are in zero clusters, and of those in at least one cluster, almost all are in just one cluster. The state space is thus roughly speaking the disjoint union of the clusters.

Almost surely, there are $n(s)=2^{N\Sigma (s)}$ clusters of size $2^{Ns}$, therefore, the state space is dominated by clusters with optimal entropy density $s^{\*}=\arg \max \_{s}(\Sigma (s)+s)$.

Thus, in the clustered phase, the state space is almost entirely partitioned among $2^{N\Sigma (s^{\*})}$ clusters of size $2^{Ns^{\*}}$ each. Roughly, the state space looks like exponentially many equally-sized clusters.

### Condensation phase

Another phase transition occurs when $\Sigma (s^{\*})=0$, that is, $\alpha =\alpha \_{c}:={\frac {p}{(2-p)}+\log \_{2}(2-p)}$When $\alpha \>\alpha \_{c}$, the optimal entropy density becomes unreachable, as there almost surely exists zero clusters with entropy density $s^{\*}$. Instead, the state space is dominated by clusters with entropy close to $s\_{c}$, the larger solution to $\Sigma (s\_{c})=0$.

Near $s\_{c}$, the contribution of clusters with entropy density $s=s\_{c}-\delta $ to the total state space is $\underbrace {2^{Ns} \_{\text{size of clusters}\times \underbrace {2^{N\Sigma (s)} \_{\text{number of clusters}=2^{N(s+\Sigma (s))}=2^{N(s\_{c}-\delta -\Sigma '(s\_{c})\delta )}}}}}$ At large $N$, the possible entropy densities are $s\_{c},s\_{c}-1/N,s\_{c}-2/N,\dots $. The contribution of each is $2^{Ns\_{c},2^{Ns\_{c}2^{-(1+\Sigma '(s\_{c}))},2^{Ns\_{c}2^{-2(1+\Sigma '(s\_{c}))},\dots }}}$

We can tabulate them as follows:

| $s$ | $s\_{c}$ | $s\_{c}-1/N$ | $s\_{c}-2/N$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #clusters | $1$ | $2^{\Sigma '(s\_{c})}$ | $2^{2\Sigma '(s\_{c})}$ |
| contributes | $\frac {1}{1-2^{-(1+\Sigma '(s\_{c}))}}$ | $\frac {2^{-(1+\Sigma '(s\_{c}))}{1-2^{-(1+\Sigma '(s\_{c}))}}}$ | $\frac {2^{-2(1+\Sigma '(s\_{c}))}{1-2^{-(1+\Sigma '(s\_{c}))}}}$ |

Thus, we see that for any $\epsilon \>0$, at $N\to \infty $ limit, over $1-\epsilon $ of the total state space is covered by only a finite number of clusters. The state space looks partitioned into clusters with exponentially decaying sizes. This is the condensation phase.

### Unsatisfiable phase

When $\alpha \>1$, the number of clusters is zero, so there are no states.

## Extensions

The RSM can be extended to include energy landscapes, allowing for the study of glassy behavior, temperature chaos, and the dynamic transition.

* Mora, Thierry; Zdeborová, Lenka (2008-06-01). "Random Subcubes as a Toy Model for Constraint Satisfaction Problems". *Journal of Statistical Physics*. **131** (6): 1121–1138. arXiv:0710.3804. Bibcode:2008JSP...131.1121M. doi:10.1007/s10955-008-9543-x. ISSN 1572-9613.
* Zdeborová, Lenka (2008-06-25). "Statistical Physics of Hard Optimization Problems". *Acta Physica Slovaca*. **59** (3): 169–303. arXiv:0806.4112. Bibcode:2008PhDT.......107Z.
* Mézard, Marc; Montanari, Andrea (2009-01-22). *Information, Physics, and Computation*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-154719-5.


title: Mesothelial hyperplasia

abstract: Mesothelial hyperplasia is a reactive, benign disease that has no chance of becoming cancerous and is linked to several acute and chronic mesothelial surface injuries. Mesothelial hyperplasia is typically discovered by accident when examining peritoneal washings, ascites, or biopsy specimens taken during a laparotomy or laparoscopy.

text:
# Mesothelial hyperplasia

**Mesothelial hyperplasia** is a reactive, benign disease that has no chance of becoming cancerous and is linked to several acute and chronic mesothelial surface injuries.

Mesothelial hyperplasia is typically discovered by accident when examining peritoneal washings, ascites, or biopsy specimens taken during a laparotomy or laparoscopy.

## Causes

The triggering injury may affect the superficial mesothelial cells directly or indirectly and may be inflammatory, infectious, or neoplastic in nature. Mesothelial hyperplasia is frequently seen in the following conditions: ovarian neoplasms (benign or malignant), peritoneal effusion from cardiac, renal, or hepatic insufficiency, and inflammatory pelvic disease with tubo-ovarian abscess.

## Diagnosis

Mesothelial hyperplasia is typified, if grossly apparent, by the presence of tiny white nodules as well as flat plaques on the peritoneal surface. Numerous architectural patterns, including solid, papillary, as well as tubular-papillary ones, can be observed at the microscopic level.

## Treatment

Mesothelial hyperplasia is benign. The underlying condition directly affects the course of treatment and prognosis, and neither clinical nor surgical intervention is necessary.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Mesothelial hyperplasia | |
| --- | --- |


title: Nina Danino

abstract: Nina Danino is an experimental filmmaker and academic from Gibraltar, known for work that incorporates aspects of psychoanalysis and art and draws on the cultural heritage of Gibraltar.

text:
# Nina Danino

**Nina Danino** (born 1955) is an experimental filmmaker and academic from Gibraltar, known for work that incorporates aspects of psychoanalysis and art and draws on the cultural heritage of Gibraltar.

## Early life and education

Danino was born in Gibraltar in 1955. She moved to London, England for post-secondary studies at the St. Martin's School of Art (Foundation, 1973–74; BA Hons Fine Art, 1974–77), later pursuing her MA in Environmental Media at the Royal College of Art (1979–81).

## Career

Nina Danino worked for a number of years as a film and video editor and assistant for documentary programmes at the BBC and elsewhere. Her films have been screened at venues such as the Lux Prize and National Film Theatre. In addition to her filmmaking, Danino has worked as a writer, educator and sound artist, creating soundtracks to a number of films. She was co-editor of the experimental film journal *Undercut* from 1986 to 1990 and edited an anthology based on writings from the journal in 2003. Danino has taught at Sheffield Hallam University, Camberwell College of Art, and the Architectural Association School of Architecture. She has been a Reader in Fine Art at Goldsmiths College, University of London since 2000. In 2016, Danino's work was featured in a series of screenings at Tate Modern focusing on women filmmakers of the London Film-makers’ Co-op.

## Works

* *Maria* (2023)
* *Solitude* (2022)
* *I Die of Sadness Crying for You* (2019)
* *Jennifer* (2015)
* *Temenos* (1998)
* *Stabat Mater* (1990)
* *"Now I am yours"* (1992)

## Further reading

* Poole, Susanna. "Film, the Body, the Fold" in *Experimental film and video : an anthology*. Jackie Hatfield and Stephen Littman, eds. Eastleigh, UK : John Libbey Pub. ; Bloomington, IN : Distributed in North America by Indiana University Press, 2006, pp. 93–101.

## InfoBox

| Nina Danino | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1955 (age 6869)<br>Gibraltar |
| Education | St. Martin's School of Art, Royal College of Art |
| Known for | Experimental filmmaking |
| Notable work | *Temenos* (1998), *Stabat Mater* (1990), *"Now I am yours"* (1992) |
| Website | http://www.ninadanino.co.uk |