title: Neaspilota albidipennis

abstract: Neaspilota albidipennis is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Neaspilota of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Neaspilota albidipennis

***Neaspilota albidipennis*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Neaspilota* of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

United States.

## InfoBox

| *Neaspilota albidipennis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Tephritinae |
| Tribe: | Terelliini |
| Genus: | *Neaspilota* |
| Species: | ***N. albidipennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neaspilota albidipennis***<br>Loew, 1861 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Protoaulacoceras

abstract: Protoaulacoceras is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.

text:
# Protoaulacoceras

***Protoaulacoceras*** is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.

1. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Cephalopoda entry)". *Bulletins of American Paleontology*. **364**: 560. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

## InfoBox

| *Protoaulacoceras* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| (unranked): | Belemnoidea |
| Genus: | ***Protoaulacoceras*** |
|


title: Noron-la-Poterie

abstract: Noron-la-Poterie is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

text:
# Noron-la-Poterie

**Noron-la-Poterie** (French pronunciation: \[nɔʁɔ̃' la pɔtʁi'\]) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 239 |  |
| 1968 | 201 | −15.9% |
| 1975 | 218 | +8.5% |
| 1982 | 266 | +22.0% |
| 1990 | 248 | −6.8% |
| 1999 | 289 | +16.5% |
| 2008 | 308 | +6.6% |

## InfoBox

| Noron-la-Poterie | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Noron-la-Poterie | |
| Location of Noron-la-Poterie | |
| Noron-la-PoterieNoron-la-Poterie | |
| Coordinates: 49°13′38″N 0°46′25″W / 49.2272°N 0.7736°W / 49.2272; -0.7736 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Calvados |
| Arrondissement | Bayeux |
| Canton | Trévières |
| Intercommunality | CC Isigny-Omaha Intercom |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | François Scelles |
| Area**1** | 3.01 km2 (1.16 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 341 |
| Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 14468 /14490 |
| Elevation | 34–76 m (112–249 ft)
(avg. 55 m or 180 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Pasiphilodes subtrita

abstract: Pasiphilodes subtrita is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on the Marshall Islands, Woodlark Island, Tahiti, in Tonga and on Fiji, Rotuma, Samoa, Borneo, the Andamans, the Cocos-Keeling Islands, the Seychelles and Aldabra.

text:
# Pasiphilodes subtrita

***Pasiphilodes subtrita*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on the Marshall Islands, Woodlark Island, Tahiti, in Tonga and on Fiji, Rotuma, Samoa, Borneo, the Andamans, the Cocos-Keeling Islands, the Seychelles and Aldabra.

## InfoBox

| *Pasiphilodes subtrita* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Pasiphilodes* |
| Species: | ***P. subtrita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pasiphilodes subtrita***<br>(Walker, 1866) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eupithecia subtrita* Walker, 1866 * *Chloroclystis oceanica* Herbulot, 1962 * *Pasiphilodes oceanica* * *Chloroclystis aeneta* Prout, 1958 * *Chloroclystis aucta* Herbulot, 1963 * *Chloroclystis fluctuosa* Prout, 1934 * *Pasiphila lepta* Meyrick, 1886 * *Chloroclystis mempta* Prout, 1928 * *Chloroclystis rotumensis* Robinson, 1975 * *Chloroclystis woodjonesi* Prout, 1958 | |


abstract: The International League Pitcher of the Year Award is an annual award given to the best pitcher in Minor League Baseball's International League based on their regular-season performance as voted on by league managers. Broadcasters, Minor League Baseball executives, members of the media, coaches, and other representatives from the league's clubs have previously voted as well. Though the circuit was founded in 1884, it did not become known as the International League on a consistent basis until 1912. The first Most Valuable Pitcher Award, as it was originally known, was not issued until 1953. After the cancellation of the 2020 season, the league was called the Triple-A East in 2021 before reverting to the International League name in 2022. The award became known as the Pitcher of the Year Award in 2021. From 1932 to 1952, pitchers were eligible to win the International League Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) as no award was designated for pitchers. Four pitchers won the MVP Award: Mike Ryba (1940), Fred Hutchinson (1941), Red Barrett (1942), and Tom Poholsky (1950). Nine pitchers have also won the league's Top MLB Prospect Award: Bob Trice (1953), Jim Owens (1954), Fred Kipp (1956), Walt Craddock (1957), Jason Isringhausen (1995), Brian Rose (1997), Brandon Duckworth (2001), Francisco Liriano (2005), and Julio Teherán (2011). Trice, Isringhausen, Rose, Duckworth, and Teherán each won the Most Valuable Pitcher and Rookie of the Year Awards in the same season. Seven players from the Pawtucket Red Sox and Rochester Red Wings have each been selected for the Pitcher of the Year Award, more than any other teams in the league, followed by the Columbus Clippers, Norfolk Tides, and Syracuse Mets (6); the Indianapolis Indians and Toronto Maple Leafs (5); the Lehigh Valley IronPigs (4); the Charlotte Knights, Columbus Jets, and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders (3); the Durham Bulls, Nashville Sounds, Richmond Braves, Richmond Virginians, and Toledo Mud Hens (2); and the Charleston Charlies, Gwinnett Stripers, Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp, Louisville Bats, Montreal Royals, Omaha Storm Chasers, and Ottawa Athletics (1). Twelve players from the New York Yankees Major League Baseball (MLB) organization have won the award, more than any other, followed by the Boston Red Sox organization (8); the Pittsburgh Pirates organization (7); the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies organizations (6); the Baltimore Orioles organization (5); the Chicago White Sox organization (4); the Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Brewers, and Toronto Blue Jays organizations (3); the Cleveland Guardians, Minnesota Twins, and Tampa Bay Rays organizations (2); and the Cincinnati Reds, Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Royals, Los Angeles Dodgers, Oakland Athletics, and St. Louis Cardinals organizations (1). Three award winners played for teams that were not affiliated with any MLB organization.

text:
# International League Pitcher of the Year Award

The **International League Pitcher of the Year Award** is an annual award given to the best pitcher in Minor League Baseball's International League based on their regular-season performance as voted on by league managers. Broadcasters, Minor League Baseball executives, members of the media, coaches, and other representatives from the league's clubs have previously voted as well. Though the circuit was founded in 1884, it did not become known as the International League on a consistent basis until 1912. The first **Most Valuable Pitcher Award**, as it was originally known, was not issued until 1953. After the cancellation of the 2020 season, the league was called the Triple-A East in 2021 before reverting to the International League name in 2022. The award became known as the Pitcher of the Year Award in 2021.

From 1932 to 1952, pitchers were eligible to win the International League Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) as no award was designated for pitchers. Four pitchers won the MVP Award: Mike Ryba (1940), Fred Hutchinson (1941), Red Barrett (1942), and Tom Poholsky (1950). Nine pitchers have also won the league's Top MLB Prospect Award (formerly the Rookie of the Year Award): Bob Trice (1953), Jim Owens (1954), Fred Kipp (1956), Walt Craddock (1957), Jason Isringhausen (1995), Brian Rose (1997), Brandon Duckworth (2001), Francisco Liriano (2005), and Julio Teherán (2011). Trice, Isringhausen, Rose, Duckworth, and Teherán each won the Most Valuable Pitcher and Rookie of the Year Awards in the same season.

Seven players from the Pawtucket Red Sox and Rochester Red Wings have each been selected for the Pitcher of the Year Award, more than any other teams in the league, followed by the Columbus Clippers, Norfolk Tides, and Syracuse Mets (6); the Indianapolis Indians and Toronto Maple Leafs (5); the Lehigh Valley IronPigs (4); the Charlotte Knights, Columbus Jets, and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders (3); the Durham Bulls, Nashville Sounds, Richmond Braves, Richmond Virginians, and Toledo Mud Hens (2); and the Charleston Charlies, Gwinnett Stripers, Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp, Louisville Bats, Montreal Royals, Omaha Storm Chasers, and Ottawa Athletics (1).

Twelve players from the New York Yankees Major League Baseball (MLB) organization have won the award, more than any other, followed by the Boston Red Sox organization (8); the Pittsburgh Pirates organization (7); the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies organizations (6); the Baltimore Orioles organization (5); the Chicago White Sox organization (4); the Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Brewers, and Toronto Blue Jays organizations (3); the Cleveland Guardians, Minnesota Twins, and Tampa Bay Rays organizations (2); and the Cincinnati Reds, Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Royals, Los Angeles Dodgers, Oakland Athletics, and St. Louis Cardinals organizations (1). Three award winners played for teams that were not affiliated with any MLB organization.

## Winners

Key
| **Record** | The pitcher's win–loss record during the regular season |
| --- | --- |
| **Saves** | The number of saves earned by the pitcher, if any, during the regular season |
| **ERA** | The pitcher's earned run average (ERA) during the regular season |
| **SO** | The number of strikeouts recorded by the pitcher during the regular season |

Winners
| Year | Winner | Team | Organization | Record | Saves | ERA | SO | Ref(s). |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1953 | Bob Trice | Ottawa Athletics | Philadelphia Athletics | 21–10 | 0 | 3.10 | 57 |  |
| 1954 | Tony Jacobs | Rochester Red Wings | St. Louis Cardinals | 13–1 | 0 | 2.91 | 48 |  |
| 1955 | Jack Crimian | Toronto Maple Leafs |  | 19–6 | 0 | 2.10 | 84 |  |
| 1956 | | | Lynn Lovenguth | 24–12 | 0 | 2.68 | 153 |  |
| 1957 | | | Don Johnson | 17–7 | 0 | 2.96 | 92 |  |
| 1958 | Tommy Lasorda | Montreal Royals | Los Angeles Dodgers | 18–6 | 0 | 2.50 | 126 |  |
| 1959 | Bill Short | Richmond Virginians | New York Yankees | 17–6 | 0 | 2.48 | 133 |  |
| 1960 | Al Cicotte | Toronto Maple Leafs | Cleveland Indians | 16–7 | 0 | 1.79 | 158 |  |
| 1961 | Diomedes Olivo | Columbus Jets | Pittsburgh Pirates | 11–7 | 0 | 2.01 | 118 |  |
| 1962 | Joe Schaffernoth | Jacksonville Suns | Cleveland Indians | 18–11 | 0 | 2.67 | 160 |  |
| 1963 | Fritz Ackley | Indianapolis Indians | Chicago White Sox | 18–5 | 0 | 2.76 | 138 |  |
| 1964 | Mel Stottlemyre | Richmond Virginians | New York Yankees | 13–3 | 0 | 1.42 | 95 |  |
| 1965 | Sam Jones | Columbus Jets | Pittsburgh Pirates | 12–4 | 0 | 3.04 | 65 |  |
| 1966 | Gary Waslewski | Toronto Maple Leafs | Boston Red Sox | 18–11 | 0 | 2.52 | 165 |  |
| 1967 | Dave Leonhard | Rochester Red Wings | Baltimore Orioles | 15–3 | 0 | 2.61 | 108 |  |
| 1968 | Dave Roberts | Columbus Jets | Pittsburgh Pirates | 18–5 | 0 | 3.17 | 133 |  |
| 1969 | Ron Klimkowski | Syracuse Chiefs | New York Yankees | 15–7 | 0 | 2.18 | 57 |  |
| 1970 | | | Rob Gardner | 16–5 | 2 | 2.53 | 126 |  |
| 1971 | Roric Harrison | Rochester Red Wings | Baltimore Orioles | 15–5 | 0 | 2.81 | 182 |  |
| 1972 | Gene Garber | Charleston Charlies | Pittsburgh Pirates | 14–3 | 0 | 2.26 | 103 |  |
| 1973 | Dick Pole | Pawtucket Red Sox | Boston Red Sox | 12–9 | 0 | 2.03 | 158 |  |
| 1974 | Scott McGregor | Syracuse Chiefs | New York Yankees | 13–10 | 0 | 3.44 | 124 |  |
| 1975 | Craig Swan | Tidewater Tides | New York Mets | 13–7 | 2 | 2.24 | 111 |  |
| 1976 | Dennis Martínez | Rochester Red Wings | Baltimore Orioles | 14–8 | 0 | 2.50 | 140 |  |
| 1977 | | | Mike Parrott | 15–7 | 0 | 3.42 | 146 |  |
| 1978 | Juan Berenguer | Tidewater Tides | New York Mets | 10–7 | 0 | 3.67 | 130 |  |
| 1979 | Rick Anderson | Columbus Clippers | New York Yankees | 13–3 | 21 | 1.63 | 72 |  |
| 1980 | | | Bob Kammeyer | 15–7 | 0 | 2.91 | 72 |  |
| 1981 | Bob Ojeda | Pawtucket Red Sox | Boston Red Sox | 12–9 | 0 | 2.13 | 113 |  |
| 1982 | Craig McMurtry | Richmond Braves | Atlanta Braves | 17–9 | 0 | 3.81 | 96 |  |
| 1983 | Walt Terrell | Tidewater Tides | New York Mets | 10–1 | 0 | 3.12 | 58 |  |
| 1984 | Brad Havens | Toledo Mud Hens | Minnesota Twins | 11–10 | 0 | 2.61 | 169 |  |
| 1985 | Tom Henke | Syracuse Chiefs | Toronto Blue Jays | 2–1 | 18 | 0.88 | 60 |  |
| 1986 | John Mitchell | Tidewater Tides | New York Mets | 12–9 | 0 | 3.39 | 83 |  |
| 1987 | Brad Arnsberg | Columbus Clippers | New York Yankees | 12–5 | 0 | 2.88 | 83 |  |
| 1988 | Steve Searcy | Toledo Mud Hens | Detroit Tigers | 13–7 | 0 | 2.59 | 176 |  |
| 1989 | Alex Sanchez | Syracuse Chiefs | Toronto Blue Jays | 13–7 | 0 | 3.13 | 141 |  |
| 1990 | Dave Eiland | Columbus Clippers | New York Yankees | 16–5 | 0 | 2.87 | 96 |  |
| 1991 | Mike Mussina | Rochester Red Wings | Baltimore Orioles | 10–4 | 0 | 2.87 | 107 |  |
| 1992 | Sam Militello | Columbus Clippers | New York Yankees | 12–2 | 0 | 2.29 | 152 |  |
| 1993 | Aaron Sele | Pawtucket Red Sox | Boston Red Sox | 8–2 | 0 | 2.19 | 87 |  |
| 1994 | Brad Woodall | Richmond Braves | Atlanta Braves | 15–6 | 0 | 2.42 | 137 |  |
| 1995 | Jason Isringhausen | Norfolk Tides | New York Mets | 9–1 | 0 | 1.55 | 75 |  |
| 1996 | | | Mike Fyhrie | 15–6 | 0 | 3.04 | 103 |  |
| 1997 | Brian Rose | Pawtucket Red Sox | Boston Red Sox | 17–5 | 0 | 3.02 | 116 |  |
| 1998 | Shannon Withem | Syracuse SkyChiefs | Toronto Blue Jays | 17–5 | 0 | 3.27 | 113 |  |
| 1999 | Ed Yarnall | Columbus Clippers | New York Yankees | 13–4 | 0 | 3.47 | 146 |  |
| 2000 | Jon Garland | Charlotte Knights | Chicago White Sox | 9–2 | 0 | 2.26 | 63 |  |
| 2001 | Brandon Duckworth | Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons | Philadelphia Phillies | 13–2 | 0 | 2.63 | 150 |  |
| 2002 | | | Joe Roa | 14–0 | 0 | 1.86 | 74 |  |
| 2003 | Bronson Arroyo | Pawtucket Red Sox | Boston Red Sox | 12–6 | 0 | 3.43 | 155 |  |
| 2004 | Ben Hendrickson | Indianapolis Indians | Milwaukee Brewers | 11–3 | 0 | 2.02 | 93 |  |
| 2005 | | Zach Duke | Pittsburgh Pirates | 12–3 | 0 | 2.92 | 66 |  |
| 2006 | Heath Phillips | Charlotte Knights | Chicago White Sox | 13–5 | 0 | 2.96 | 102 |  |
| 2007 | Kevin Slowey | Rochester Red Wings | Minnesota Twins | 10–5 | 0 | 1.89 | 107 |  |
| 2008 | Charlie Zink | Pawtucket Red Sox | Boston Red Sox | 14–6 | 0 | 2.84 | 106 |  |
| 2009 | Justin Lehr | Lehigh Valley IronPigs
Louisville Bats | Philadelphia Phillies
Cincinnati Reds | 13–3 | 0 | 3.31 | 60 |  |
| 2010 | Jeremy Hellickson | Durham Bulls | Tampa Bay Rays | 12–3 | 0 | 2.45 | 123 |  |
| 2011 | Julio Teherán | Gwinnett Braves | Atlanta Braves | 15–3 | 0 | 2.55 | 122 |  |
| 2012 | Tyler Cloyd | Lehigh Valley IronPigs | Philadelphia Phillies | 12–1 | 0 | 2.35 | 93 |  |
| 2013 | J. D. Martin | Durham Bulls | Tampa Bay Rays | 16–4 | 0 | 2.75 | 116 |  |
| 2014 | Anthony Ranaudo | Pawtucket Red Sox | Boston Red Sox | 14–4 | 0 | 2.61 | 111 |  |
| 2015 | Erik Johnson | Charlotte Knights | Chicago White Sox | 11–8 | 0 | 2.37 | 136 |  |
| 2016 | Jake Thompson | Lehigh Valley IronPigs | Philadelphia Phillies | 11–5 | 0 | 2.50 | 87 |  |
| 2017 | Steven Brault | Indianapolis Indians | Pittsburgh Pirates | 10–5 | 0 | 1.94 | 109 |  |
| 2018 | Cole Irvin | Lehigh Valley IronPigs | Philadelphia Phillies | 14–4 | 0 | 2.57 | 131 |  |
| 2019 | Mitch Keller | Indianapolis Indians | Pittsburgh Pirates | 7–5 | 0 | 3.56 | 123 |  |
| 2020 | *None selected (season cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic)* | | | | | | |  |
| 2021 | Jackson Kowar | Omaha Storm Chasers | Kansas City Royals | 9–4 | 0 | 3.46 | 115 |  |
| 2022 | Greg Weissert | Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders | New York Yankees | 2–1 | 18 | 1.69 | 70 |  |
| 2023 | Robert Gasser | Nashville Sounds | Milwaukee Brewers | 9–1 | 0 | 3.79 | 166 |  |
| 2024 | | | Chad Patrick | 14–1 | 0 | 2.90 | 145 |  |

## Wins by team

*Active International League teams appear in **bold**.*

| Team | Award(s) | Year(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pawtucket Red Sox | 7 | 1973, 1981, 1993, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2014 |
| | **Rochester Red Wings** | 1954, 1967, 1971, 1976, 1977, 1991, 2007 |
| **Columbus Clippers** | 6 | 1979, 1980, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1999 |
| | **Norfolk Tides** (Tidewater Tides) | 1975, 1978, 1983, 1896, 1995, 1996 |
| | **Syracuse Mets** (Syracuse Chiefs/SkyChiefs) | 1969, 1970, 1974, 1985, 1989, 1998 |
| **Indianapolis Indians** | 5 | 1963, 2004, 2005, 2017, 2019 |
| | Toronto Maple Leafs | 1955, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1966 |
| **Lehigh Valley IronPigs** | 4 | 2009, 2012, 2016, 2018 |
| **Charlotte Knights** | 3 | 2000, 2006, 2015 |
| | Columbus Jets | 1961, 1965, 1968 |
| | **Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders** (Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons) | 2001, 2002, 2022 |
| **Durham Bulls** | 2 | 2010, 2013 |
| | **Nashville Sounds** | 2023, 2024 |
| | Richmond Braves | 1982, 1994 |
| | Richmond Virginians | 1969, 1964 |
| | **Toledo Mud Hens** | 1984, 1988 |
| Charleston Charlies | 1 | 1972 |
| | **Gwinnett Stripers** (Gwinnett Braves) | 2011 |
| | **Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp** (Jacksonville Suns) | 1962 |
| | **Louisville Bats** | 2009 |
| | Montreal Royals | 1958 |
| | **Omaha Storm Chasers** | 2021 |
| | Ottawa Athletics | 1953 |

## Wins by organization

*Active International League–Major League Baseball affiliations appear in **bold**.*

| Organization | Award(s) | Year(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **New York Yankees** | 12 | 1959, 1964, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1979, 1980, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1999, 2022 |
| **Boston Red Sox** | 8 | 1966, 1973, 1981, 1993, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2014 |
| **Pittsburgh Pirates** | 7 | 1961, 1965, 1968, 1972, 2005, 2017, 2019 |
| **New York Mets** | 6 | 1975, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1995, 1996 |
| | **Philadelphia Phillies** | 2001, 2002, 2009, 2012, 2016, 2018 |
| **Baltimore Orioles** | 5 | 1967, 1971, 1976, 1977, 1991 |
| **Chicago White Sox** | 4 | 1963, 2000, 2006, 2015 |
| **Atlanta Braves** | 3 | 1982, 1994, 2011 |
| | **Milwaukee Brewers** | 2004, 2023, 2024 |
| | **Toronto Blue Jays** | 1985, 1989, 1998 |
| **Cleveland Guardians** (Cleveland Indians) | 2 | 1960, 1962 |
| | **Minnesota Twins** | 1984, 2007 |
| | **Tampa Bay Rays** | 2010, 2013 |
| **Cincinnati Reds** | 1 | 2009 |
| | **Detroit Tigers** | 1988 |
| | **Kansas City Royals** | 2021 |
| | Los Angeles Dodgers | 1958 |
| | Oakland Athletics (Philadelphia Athletics) | 1953 |
| | **St. Louis Cardinals** | 1954 |

**Specific**

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56. "Mike Fyhrie Minor, Japanese & Korean Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
57. "Brian Rose Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
58. "Shannon Withem Minor & Japanese Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
59. "Ed Yarnall Minor, Japanese, Mexican & Independent Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
60. "Jon Garland Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
61. "Brandon Duckworth Minor & Japanese Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
62. "Joe Roa Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
63. "Bronson Arroyo Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
64. "Ben Hendrickson Minor, Fall & Winter Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
65. "Zach Duke Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
66. "Heath Phillips Minor, Winter & Independent Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
67. "Kevin Slowey Minor, Fall & Winter Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
68. "Charlie Zink Independent, Minor & Fall Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
69. "Justin Lehr Stats, Fantasy & News". *Minor League Baseball*. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
70. "Justin Lehr Minor, Winter, Korean & Mexican Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
71. "Jeremy Hellickson Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
72. "Julio Teheran Minor, Winter & Independent Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
73. "Tyler Cloyd Minor, Fall, Korean & Independent Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
74. "J.D. Martin Minor, Korean & Independent Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
75. "Anthony Ranaudo Amateur, Minor, Winter & Korean Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
76. "Erik Johnson College & Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
77. "Jake Thompson Minor, Winter, Korean & Mexican Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
78. "Steven Brault Amateur, College, Minor & Fall Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
79. "Cole Irvin College & Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
80. "Mitch Keller Minor & Fall Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
81. "Postseason All-Stars". *Minor League Baseball*. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
82. "Jackson Kowar College & Minor Leagues Statistics & History". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
83. "Greg Weissert College, Amateur & Minor Leagues Statistics". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
84. Terranova, Rob (October 4, 2023). "The 2023 Triple-A All-Stars and Award Winners". *Minor League Baseball*. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
85. "Robert Gasser College & Minor Leagues Statistics". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
86. Avallone, Michael (October 2, 2024). "Here are the 2024 Triple-A All-Stars and Award Winners". *Major League Baseball*. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
87. "Chad Patrick College, Amateur, Minor & Fall Leagues Statistics". *Baseball-Reference*. Sports Reference. Retrieved October 2, 2024.

**General**

## InfoBox

International League
Pitcher of the Year Award
| Sport | Baseball |
| --- | --- |
| League | International League |
| Awarded for | Best regular-season pitcher in the International League |
| Country | United States
Canada |
| Presented by | International League |
| History | |
| First award | Bob Trice (1953) |
| Most recent | Chad Patrick (2024) |


title: Vojin G. Oklobdzija

abstract: Vojin G. Oklobdzija is a computer and electronics engineer, scientist, author, and academic. He is professor emeritus of the University of California, Life Fellow of IEEE and past President of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society.

text:
# Vojin G. Oklobdzija

**Vojin G. Oklobdzija** (Cyrillic: Војин Г. Оклобџија) is a computer and electronics engineer, scientist, author, and academic. He is professor emeritus of the University of California, Life Fellow of IEEE and past President of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society.

## Education

Oklobdzija obtained his Dipl. Ing. in electronics and telecommunications from the University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1971, and subsequently worked as a research physicist in plasma physics pursuing his graduate degree. He became a Faculty Member in the Electrical Engineering Department there in 1974 serving until 1976. Later, he earned his MSc in 1978 and PhD in Computer Science in 1982 from the University of California Los Angeles. While pursuing his doctorate, he worked at the Microelectronics Division of Xerox Corporation until 1982, where he was involved in chip development for the early Alto workstation. He holds the highest USA Ham-Radio category, Extra, and call sign WF1A.

## Career

From 1982 to 1991 Oklobdzija was a research staff member at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, where he contributed to the development of RISC processors, super-scalar, and supercomputer designs. He obtained several patents on early RISC machine organization, including one on register-renaming, which he co-holds with John Cocke and Greg Grohoski. This patent described a key feature of the IBM RS/6000.

In 1988 Oklobdzija started his academic career as a Visiting Faculty Member at the University of California, Berkeley, transitioning from his role at IBM. He later served as a Chair Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Sydney University in Australia. Receiving Fulbright Professorships twice, in Peru in 1990 and Argentina in 2012, he helped establish internet connectivity in Peru in 1991 and developed academic courses in Computer Engineering. He has provided expert witness services, testifying at the International Trade Commission Court and in civil court.

At Siemens, which later became Infineon, he served as a Principal Architect and patent holder for the Infineon TriCore processor, an automotive control processor used in vehicles. He also contributed to the original conceptual development of the PlayStation at Sony.

## Research

Oklobdzija's work focuses on VLSI chip engineering: low-power digital circuits optimizing the energy-speed relationship, machine learning, computer arithmetic, media signal processing, and system architecture; he has obtained 25 U.S. patents throughout his career.

## Personal life

His son is social scientist Stan N. Oklobdzija.

## Awards and honors

* 1971–1973 – National Science Fellowship on Plasma Physics, National Science Foundation
* 1976 – Fulbright Scholarship to USA, Fulbright Program
* 1985 – Patent Award, IBM
* 1985 – Invention Plateau Award, IBM
* 1991 – Fulbright Professorship to Peru, Fulbright Program
* 1995 – Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* 2000–2003 – Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society
* 2000–2007 – Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society
* 2002 – Outstanding Academic Title for The Computer Engineering Handbook, Choice Magazine
* 2012 – Fulbright Professorship to Argentina, Fulbright Program
* 2014 – Life Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

## Bibliography

### Selected books

### Selected articles

* Oklobdzija, V. G. (1994). An algorithmic and novel design of a leading zero detector circuit: Comparison with logic synthesis. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2(1), 124–128.
* Oklobdzija, V. G., Maksimovic, D., & Lin, F. (1997). Pass-transistor adiabatic logic using single power-clock supply. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 44(10), 842–846.
* Oklobdzija, V. G., Villeger, D., & Liu, S. S. (1996). A method for speed optimized partial product reduction and generation of fast parallel multipliers using an algorithmic approach. IEEE Transactions on computers, 45(3), 294–306.
* Stojanovic, V., & Oklobdzija, V. G. (1999). Comparative analysis of master-slave latches and flip-flops for high-performance and low-power systems. IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits, 34(4), 536–548.
* Nikolic, B., Oklobdzija, V. G., Stojanovic, V., Jia, W., Chiu, J. K. S., & Leung, M. M. T. (2000). Improved sense-amplifier-based flip-flop: Design and measurements. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 35(6), 876–884.

## InfoBox

| Vojin G. Oklobdzija | |
| --- | --- |
| Војин Г. Оклобџија | |
| Pronunciation | Vo-in Oklob-j-ia |
| Occupation(s) | Computer and electronics engineer, scientist, author and academic |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | B.S.E.E. electronics and telecommunications graduate studies in physics
M.S.E.E. electronics and telecommunications
MSc computer science
PhD computer science |
| Alma mater | University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia
University of California, Los Angeles |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, New York City
Xerox Corporation, Connecticut
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of Sydney, Australia
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland |
|  | |


title: Precious International School of Davao

abstract: Precious International School of Davao (PISD) is a private academic institution in Matina, Davao City, Philippines.

text:
# Precious International School of Davao

**Precious International School of Davao** (**PISD**) is a private academic institution in Matina, Davao City, Philippines.

## History

Founded by Perla Pichon Kwan in June 1999 as the Davao Precious Child Academy, the school began with three faculty members, one secretary and 46 enrolees. By the 2015–2016 school year, enrolment had increased to 2000.

In 2005, the school was named "The Most Effective Private Elementary School" in Region XI by the Philippines' Department of Education. The following year, a high school campus was completed and in 2015 a preschool campus was opened.

In 2017, a senior high school opened. The school offers three tracks; the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) track; Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) track; and the Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) track. The school is affiliated with the Davao Association of Private Schools and Administrators.

1. Canedo, Karina V. (2016-05-08). "A teacher and a mom". *Sunstar*. Retrieved 2018-10-13.
2. "Precious International School of Davao | BRIEF HISTORY". *Precious International School of Davao*. Retrieved 2019-01-02.
3. Mindanews. "DepEd in Davao says it was "70% ready" to implement K-12". *MindaNews*. Retrieved 2018-10-13.
4. "Precious International School of Davao | BRIEF HISTORY". *Precious International School of Davao*. Retrieved 2018-10-13.
5. Morrell, Adam B. (2017-09-22). "PSC head to attend Daprisa sports fest". *Sunstar*. Retrieved 2018-10-13.

7°3′28.5264″N 125°34′41.3724″E / 7.057924000°N 125.578159000°E / 7.057924000; 125.578159000

## InfoBox

Precious International School of Davao
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Former name | Davao Precious Child Academy |
| Motto | Precious in the eyes of God |
| Type | Private International School |
| Established | June 1999 |
| Principal | Perla Pichon Kwan |
| Address | Santos Cuyugan Rd, Talomo, Davao City, Davao del Sur, 8000, Philippines |
| Language | English, Filipino |
| Affiliations | Davao Association of Private Schools and Administrators |
| Website | pisdavao.com |


title: Miller Airport (Ohio)

abstract: Miller Airport is a privately owned, public-use airport six miles northeast of Alliance, in Mahoning County, Ohio. It is closed indefinitely.

text:
# Miller Airport (Ohio)

40°58′54″N 081°02′31.7″W / 40.98167°N 81.042139°W / 40.98167; -81.042139

**Miller Airport** (FAA LID: **4G3**) is a privately owned, public-use airport six miles northeast of Alliance, in Mahoning County, Ohio. It is closed indefinitely.

## Facilities

Miller Airport covers 225 acres (91 ha); its one asphalt runway, 9/27, is 2,912 x 50 ft (888 x 15 m).

There is no Fixed-base operator, but Grade 100LL Gasoline (low lead blue) is available. Tie-down, and hangars are accessible, and glider service, flight instruction, aircraft rental, and glider towing service.

In the year ending June 24, 2011 the airport had 3,484 aircraft operations, average 67 per week: 71% local general aviation and 29% transient general aviation.

## Incidents and accidents

* On 1 September 2007 a Schweizer SGS 2-33A glider, N65832, was damaged beyond repair due to its pilot's inattentiveness during preflight. This caused the altimeter to be incorrectly reset, causing the pilot to release tow 1,000 feet lower than where he thought he was. The glider struck the tops of trees upon final approach.

## InfoBox

| Miller Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public, Closed indefinitely |
| Owner | Bill & Nancy Barrett |
| Serves | Alliance, Ohio |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,071 ft / 326 m |
| Coordinates | 40°58′54″N 081°02′32″W / 40.98167°N 81.04222°W / 40.98167; -81.04222 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  9/27 2,912 888 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2011) | |
| Aircraft operations 3484 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Ginseng tea

abstract:
Ginseng tea, or insam-cha, is a traditional Korean tea made with ginseng. While it is called a tea, ginseng tea does not contain tea leaves. It is a herbal tea infusion made out of the ginseng plant's root.
Ginseng is a perennial herb derived from the aromatic root of Panax Ginseng Meyer, also known as Korean ginseng. Ginseng grows in shady forests that are cool and damp. It is a slow-growing plant and is difficult to cultivate. It can take four to six years before the root is ready to be harvested. Ginseng roots have a forked and twisted appearance that somewhat resembles the human body. Ginseng roots have been used in East Asian countries for more than 2,000 years. The roots can be used fresh; however, there are various forms which can be processed in different ways for different uses. Fresh roots can be processed into red ginseng by steaming and drying, or into white ginseng by a simpler process of air-drying.

text:
# Ginseng tea

**Ginseng tea**, or ***insam-cha*** (Korean: 인삼차; Hanja: 人蔘茶; *insam* means ginseng and *cha* means tea in Korean), is a traditional Korean tea made with ginseng. While it is called a tea, ginseng tea does not contain tea leaves. It is a herbal tea infusion made out of the ginseng plant's root. Ginseng is a perennial herb derived from the aromatic root of Panax Ginseng Meyer, also known as Korean ginseng. Ginseng grows in shady forests that are cool and damp. It is a slow-growing plant and is difficult to cultivate. It can take four to six years before the root is ready to be harvested. Ginseng roots have a forked and twisted appearance that somewhat resembles the human body.

Ginseng roots have been used in East Asian countries for more than 2,000 years. The roots can be used fresh; however, there are various forms which can be processed in different ways for different uses. Fresh roots can be processed into red ginseng (홍삼, hongsam) by steaming and drying, or into white ginseng (백삼, paeksam) by a simpler process of air-drying.

## Preparation

Ginseng roots are often ground or powdered but also can be soaked to make an extract or herbal tincture. Tea can be made from the ground ginseng.

Ginseng tea is traditionally prepared with Korean ginseng along with jujubes and dried Korean chestnuts. These are decocted for several hours over a low heat, sweetened with honey, and served with Korean pine nuts floating on top. Either fresh ginseng (수삼; 水蔘; *susam*) or red ginseng (홍삼; 紅蔘; *hongsam*) can be used.

Ginseng tea can be found in a fine dry-powder packaged form or a dried grated form.

## History

Ginseng was sought after in the ancient East Asian world. During the Warring States period of China (475–221 BC), the preparation of ginseng tea was associated with good health and high status. During the Ming era (1368—1644), Li Shizen documented Korean ginseng tea in his "Great Compendium of Herbs". The 21st monarch of the Joseon Dynasty, King Yeongju, drank Geongongtang—a ginseng-infused tea—to preserve his health. In the Annals of King Jeongjo (1776–1800) which is part of the Joseon Dynasty Annals, the term "red ginseng" was recorded. The popularity of ginseng reached the western world according to text written as early as 1274 referencing Marco Polo canonizing it in different forms such as syrups, powders, roots, and as a tea.

During the Goryeo dynasty, ginseng tea is documented as a way to strengthen the body of the user to resist stress-related illnesses or complications.

## Risks

A medical professional should be consulted before taking ginseng. Ginseng may cause interactions with blood thinning and anti-coagulant medications such as dalteparin (Fragmin), ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumodin), clopidogrel (Plavix), aspirin; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and blood pressure medications. Since ginseng can lower blood sugar levels, people with type 2 diabetes and those taking insulin or other medications that also lower blood sugar, should be monitored if they start taking ginseng. It is not recommended to give ginseng to children or adolescents.

## Benefits

As a widely popular natural health item amongst Koreans, red ginseng in particular is available in various forms such as liquid, capsule, powder, round root, and even candies like jelly. Fans of this supplement consume it to relieve fatigue, increase natural immunity, and improve blood circulation. Currently at least two trials have been run to test the effectiveness of ginseng on memory cognition and in both trials, adults who were given ginseng showed a significant increase in memory function compared to their placebo groups. One trial was conducted by Professor Kim Man-ho at Seoul National University College of Medicine and the other was conducted under Professor David Ormonde Kennedy at Northumbria University.

According to the *Journal of Ethnopharmacology*, ginseng, regardless of where it is grown or cultivated from is believed to provide tonic rejuvenation, antioxidation, antifatigue, and neuroprotective properties to the consumer; implying the location ginseng is grown should have no effect on the probable benefits.

However, all research and claims still lack extensive research and trials and a medical professional should be consulted prior to beginning treatment or supplementary care utilizing red ginseng in any form or quantity.

## InfoBox

| **Korean name** | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 인삼차 |
| Hanja | 人蔘茶 |
| Revised Romanization | *insam-cha* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *insam-ch'a* |
| IPA | \[in.sam.tɕʰa\] |
| Ginseng root hair tea | |
| Hangul | 미삼차 |
| Hanja | 尾蔘茶 |
| Revised Romanization | *misam-cha* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *misam-ch'a* |
| IPA | \[mi.sam.tɕʰa\] |
| Red ginseng tea | |
| Hangul | 홍삼차 |
| Hanja | 紅蔘茶 |
| Revised Romanization | *hongsam-cha* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *hongsam-ch'a* |
| IPA | \[hoŋ.sam.tɕʰa\] |


title: Protorthodes curtica

abstract: Protorthodes curtica is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by Smith in 1890. It is found in North America from the interior of southern British Columbia southward in the West Coast states, mainly to the east of the Cascades and Coastal ranges, to southern California. It occurs in the Rocky Mountains in Idaho and Montana and in the Ruby Mountains of Nevada. The habitat consists of dry forested areas. The length of the forewings is 12–16 mm. The forewings have a dark reddish tint and a pale, curved subterminal line that follows the wing margin. There is an even band of dark shading along the inner edge of the subterminal line and the reniform is faintly outlined by a pale line. Adults are on wing from late June to mid-October. The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, including Asteraceae, Scrophulariaceae and Rosaceae and species.

text:
# Protorthodes curtica

***Protorthodes curtica*** is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by Smith in 1890. It is found in North America from the interior of southern British Columbia southward in the West Coast states, mainly to the east of the Cascades and Coastal ranges, to southern California. It occurs in the Rocky Mountains in Idaho and Montana and in the Ruby Mountains of Nevada. The habitat consists of dry forested areas.

The length of the forewings is 12–16 mm. The forewings have a dark reddish tint and a pale, curved subterminal line that follows the wing margin. There is an even band of dark shading along the inner edge of the subterminal line and the reniform is faintly outlined by a pale line. Adults are on wing from late June to mid-October.

The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, including Asteraceae (including *Ericameria* species), Scrophulariaceae and Rosaceae and species.

## InfoBox

| *Protorthodes curtica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Protorthodes* |
| Species: | ***P. curtica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protorthodes curtica***<br>(Smith, 1890) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Taeniocampa curtica* Smith, 1890 * *Taeniocampa bostura* Smith, 1908 | |


title: Neede

abstract: Neede is a former municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. On 1 January 2005 the municipality of Neede merged with the municipalities of Eibergen, Borculo and Ruurlo into the municipality of Berkelland.

text:
# Neede

**Neede** is a former municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands.

On 1 January 2005 the municipality of Neede merged with the municipalities of Eibergen, Borculo and Ruurlo into the municipality of Berkelland.

## History

It was first mentioned between 1164 and 1176 as "de Nede", and means "the low-lying". It developed on the southern flank of a hill along the Deventer to Vreden road. De Kamp is former *havezate* was built in 1636 for Otto Gansneb. It was redesigned in 1789. In 1840, Neede was home to 864 people.

## Former population centres

Achterveld, Broeke, Hoonte, Lochuizen, Neede, Noordijk, Noordijkerveld and Rietmolen.

## InfoBox

| Neede | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Neede church | |
|  | |
| NeedeLocation in the province of GelderlandNeedeNeede (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 52°7′59″N 6°36′50″E / 52.13306°N 6.61389°E / 52.13306; 6.61389 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Gelderland |
| Municipality | Berkelland |
| Area | |
| Total | 46.26 km2 (17.86 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 19 m (62 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 10,380 |
| Density | 220/km2 (580/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 7161 |
| Dialing code | 0545 |


title: Prototheora monoglossa

abstract: Prototheora monoglossa is a species of moth of the family Prototheoridae. It is found in South Africa.

text:
# Prototheora monoglossa

***Prototheora monoglossa*** is a species of moth of the family Prototheoridae. It is found in South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Prototheora monoglossa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Prototheoridae |
| Genus: | *Prototheora* |
| Species: | ***P. monoglossa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prototheora monoglossa***<br>Meyrick, 1924 | |
|


title: Northeast Texas Trail

abstract: The Northeast Texas Trail (NETT) is a planned 130+-mile multi-use trail along the route, following alongside U.S. Highway 82 and Texas State Highway 34. When complete, the trail will connect 19 cities spread over seven counties, stretching from the edge of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex to the Texarkana metropolitan area along the Arkansas border. When completed the Northeast Texas Trail will be the longest hike/bike and equestrian trail in Texas and the fourth longest in the United States. The trail is being designed to provide access for hikers, mountain bicyclists, and in some sections, equestrians. It will be accessible by trailheads running through cities along the trail, while the trail will extend into more remote areas between the cities. The first trail section, the 2.36 multi-use portion "Trail de Paris" was dedicated in 2004. Scattered along the trail are several creeks and over one hundred rail bridges, including a crossing of the Sulphur River and many branches of Kickapoo Creek.

text:
# Northeast Texas Trail

The **Northeast Texas Trail** (**NETT**) is a planned 130+-mile multi-use trail along the route, following alongside U.S. Highway 82 and Texas State Highway 34. When complete, the trail will connect 19 cities spread over seven counties, stretching from the edge of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex to the Texarkana metropolitan area along the Arkansas border.

When completed the Northeast Texas Trail will be the longest hike/bike and equestrian trail in Texas and the fourth longest in the United States. The trail is being designed to provide access for hikers, mountain bicyclists, and in some sections, equestrians. It will be accessible by trailheads running through cities along the trail, while the trail will extend into more remote areas between the cities. The first trail section, the 2.36 multi-use portion "Trail de Paris" was dedicated in 2004.

Scattered along the trail are several creeks and over one hundred rail bridges, including a crossing of the Sulphur River and many branches of Kickapoo Creek.

## History

In the late 1990s, two railroads—the Union Pacific Railroad and the Chaparral Railroad decided to cease active service and publicized their railroad corridors availability for rail banking through the Surface Transportation Board of the United States Department of Transportation. Three private organizations Rails-to-Trails Conservancy (RTC) 1997, Greater Paris Development Foundation (GPDF) 1996, and Chaparral Rails to Trails Inc. (CRT) 1995.

Farmersville to Paris, TX. The Famersville to Paris, Texas, right-of-way was constructed in 1886 by the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway to connect the railroad with a northern connection: the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway in Paris, TX. GC&SF became a Texas-based subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad in the same year, 1886. In 1990, the Kiamichi Railroad, a regional company with a presence in nearby states of Arkansas and Oklahoma, desired access into Dallas from their mainline in Purcell, OK. This segment of railway would provide the connection, and thus, they purchased this line from the AT&SF and created a subsidiary company, the Chaparral Railroad, to operate it. The railroad was not profitable and the line was railbanked\* in 1995 and "transferred" to the Chaparral Rails to Trails, Inc. Today, the right-of-way serves as the 62-mile Chaparral Rails to Trails section of the Northeast Texas Trail, (NETT), connecting Farmersville with Paris, TX. The Audie Murphy Trailhead Park and Santa Fe Farmersville Onion Shed are located at the western terminus of the trail in Farmersville, TX.

Paris to New Boston, TX. The Paris to New Boston, Texas, line was constructed in 1876 by the Texas & Pacific Railway Company. It was a part of Jay Gould's Transcontinental Branch of the T&P Railway, connecting Texarkana, Texas, with Sherman, Texas. The line reached Paris, TX in 1876. MP took control of the T&P in, 1976. UP took control of the MP in 1997. Union Pacific decided to cease active service of the line in the late 1990s. The right-of-way was railbanked\* and transferred to the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy in 1997. Today, the right-of-way serves as the Northeast Texas Trail, (NETT), connecting the 68 miles between Paris, Texas, and New Boston, Texas, at the T&P Trailhead Park.

* Railbanking. Rather than abandoning railroad routes and losing the right-of-way easements, railroads agree to a legal process called railbanking, which allows for the use of the right-of-way as trails, until and if they are needed for rail service in the future.

Sources: http://www.trainweb.org/texasandpacific/history.html http://mopac.org/corporate-history/74-timeline-mp-and-predecessors https://www.texasmonthly.com/travel/traveling-130-miles-along-northeast-texas-trail/

This adaptive re-use of unused railroad tracks unifies many northeast Texas counties and cities and provides a major recreational amenity for the more than 47,500 people who live and work within a mile of the Trail. The new, partly completed trail attracts pedestrians and nature-lovers, both Texas residents and visitors.

## Trail by County

The section of the trail that runs through Collin, Hunt and Fannin counties, from the western trailhead, Farmersville to Pecan Gap is open, as is a large section from Lamar County to Red River County (Paris to Clarksville) has been cleared, and currently parts of the NETT trail are being rerouted to pass around uncleared portions of the trail. Large sections of the trail through Collin, Fannin, Hunt, Lamar and Red River counties have been cleared. Much of the remaining mileage requires additional work clearing the trail over overgrowth.

**Collin County**

* Farmersville (Western Trailhead) to Merit - 5 miles - Open

**Hunt County**

**Fannin County**

* Wolfe City to Ladonia - 8.6 miles - Open
* Ladonia to Pecan Gap - 5.8 miles - Open
* Pecan Gap to Ben Franklin - 5.4 miles - Closed, bypass on FM 128

**Lamar County**

* Ben Franklin to Roxton - 5.6 miles - Closed, due to collapsed bridge, bypass on FM 38
* Roxton to Paris - 14.4 miles - Closed, bypass on FM 137
* Paris to Reno - 5.9 miles - Open
* Reno to Blossom - 1.8 miles - Open
* Blossom to Detroit - 6.6 miles - Open

**Red River County**

* Detroit to Bagwell - 6.2 miles - Open
* Bagwell to Clarksville - 7.0 miles - Open
* Clarksville to Annona - 8.2 miles - Closed, bypass on US 82
* Annona to Avery - 8.4 miles - Closed, bypass on US 82, FM 4305

**Bowie County**

* Avery to DeKalb - 10.3 miles - Open
* DeKalb to Malta to New Boston (Eastern Trailhead) - Closed, bypass on US 82

## Northeast Texas Trail Coalition

The Northeast Texas Trail Coalition is the 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization working on the Northeast Texas Trail. It partners with governments, nonprofit land trusts, and volunteer organizations in all seven Northeast Texas counties to help protect and preserve, plan, construct, and promote the Northeast Texas Trail. The coalition aims to complete clearing and grading of the entire 130 miles of the NETT in 2015.

Five of the seven expansions have been the result of the Friends of the Trail partnering with Lamar County, City of Reno, City of Blossom and 3 times with the City of Paris to write the application and be awarded Texas Parks and Wildlife's (TPWD) Texas Recreational Trails Fund grants. The Cities of Farmersville, Clarksville, and New Boston have also been successful in obtaining a TPWD grants to construct trails on their sections of the NETT corridor.

The Council meets monthly and quarterly rotating between cities along and supporting the trail.

## InfoBox

| Northeast Texas Trail | |
| --- | --- |
| Bridge along NETT near Roxton, Texas | |
| Length | 130 mi (210 km) |
| Location | Northeast Texas, United States |
| Established | 2011 |
| Trailheads | Eastern: New Boston, Texas<br>Western: Farmersville |
| Use | Bicycling, hiking |
| Difficulty | Moderate |
| Hazards | Severe weather, Poison ivy |
| Website | northeasttexastrail.org |


title: Park (2006 film)

abstract: Park is a 2006 American independent comedy film, written and directed by Kurt Voelker in his feature directorial debut. It stars William Baldwin, Anne Dudek, Trent Ford, Dagney Kerr, Ricki Lake, Melanie Lynskey, Izabella Miko, Cheri Oteri, Maulik Pancholy, Francesco Quinn, and Treach. Its plot revolves around a group of colorful characters whose lives intertwine over the course of one day in a Los Angeles public park. It was released theatrically in the United States on February 8, 2007.

text:
# Park (2006 film)

***Park*** is a 2006 American independent comedy film, written and directed by Kurt Voelker in his feature directorial debut. It stars William Baldwin, Anne Dudek, Trent Ford, Dagney Kerr, Ricki Lake, Melanie Lynskey, Izabella Miko, Cheri Oteri, Maulik Pancholy, Francesco Quinn, and Treach. Its plot revolves around a group of colorful characters whose lives intertwine over the course of one day in a Los Angeles public park. It was released theatrically in the United States on February 8, 2007.

## Premise

A dozen people and their myriad problems descend upon a quiet Los Angeles park at lunch hour: April comes to commit suicide but can't quite get it right; Peggy and best friend Claire seek to humiliate Dennis, Peggy's philandering husband; while co-workers Babar and Nathan are determined to convince their colleagues, Meredith and Sheryl, that eating lunch in the nude can be a fun and liberating pastime.

## Cast

## Release and reception

*Park* was given the Audience Award at the 8th annual CineVegas Festival, where it premiered in June 2006. It went on to receive a limited theatrical run the following year. The film received a mixed reception from critics and holds a 33% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 12 reviews.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Kurt Voelker |
| Written by | Kurt Voelker |
| Starring | William Baldwin
Ricki Lake
Cheri Oteri |
| Release date | February 8, 2007 (limited) |
| Running time | 86 minutes |
| Language | English |


abstract: The Higher Institute of Agronomic Sciences of Chott Mariem is an Institution of Higher education in Tunisia. It was founded in 1975. It is under supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture (IRESA), and the Ministry for Higher education and Scientific Research. It was founded in 1975 and is associated with the University of Sousse. It offers preparatory courses, an undergraduate degree, and Master's and doctoral programs.

text:
# Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem

The **Higher Institute of Agronomic Sciences of Chott Mariem** is an Institution of Higher education in Tunisia. It was founded in 1975. It is under supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture (IRESA), and the Ministry for Higher education and Scientific Research. It was founded in 1975 and is associated with the University of Sousse.

It offers preparatory courses, an undergraduate degree, and Master's and doctoral programs.


title: Max Thornburg

abstract: Max Weston Thornburg was an American petroleum executive and government adviser. He was a petroleum adviser to the United States Department of State and a senior oil executive for the Standard Oil of California (SOCAL) and California-Texas Oil Company, Ltd. (Caltex) in the Middle East including Bahrain and Iran. He was a special assistant to the Undersecretary of State from 1941 to 1943 during World War II.

text:
# Max Thornburg

**Max Weston Thornburg** (October 10, 1892 – September 21, 1962) was an American petroleum executive and government adviser. He was a petroleum adviser to the United States Department of State and a senior oil executive for the Standard Oil of California (SOCAL) and California-Texas Oil Company, Ltd. (Caltex) in the Middle East including Bahrain and Iran. He was a special assistant to the Undersecretary of State from 1941 to 1943 during World War II.

## Early life and education

Thornburg was born in Long Beach, California to Eva Louise (*née* Holbrook) and Charles Hix Thornburg. He married Leila Baldwin Berry on March 30, 1918 in Lynchburg, Virginia. Leila's father, Rufus Albert Berry, was in the real estate business and also the postmaster in Berkeley, California.

Thornburg received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1917, and then a Bachelor of Science (1921), and a degree in chemical engineering (1933), both from UC Berkeley. He also did post-graduate work at the University of Grenoble in 1919. He served in the United States Army from 1917 to 1920, stationed at Camp Lewis, Washington, and in France. He was discharged with the rank of captain.

## Career

In June 1936 the Standard Oil Company of California (SOCAL; later Chevron) and the Texas Corporation (Texaco) formed a new entity called California-Texas Oil Company, Ltd. (CALTEX), to market and distribute the crude oil produced by SOCAL east of the Suez Canal and the refined products produced at their new refinery being built on Bahrain Island. Thornburg was named a vice-president of the new entity, CALTEX. James Andrew Moffett, II., was named the chairman, as well as a director, and Howard M. Herron was president. In the 1930s, the ruler of Bahrain lent Umm as Sabaan island as a gift to Thornburg. He cultivated the northern part of the island and lived with his wife there many months every year. In 1958, the Thornburgs returned the island.

Thornburg was named as a "special consultant on international petroleum matters," by Secretary of State Cordell Hull, in August 1941, to serve under Harold L. Ickes, Secretary of the Interior and defense oil coordinator. Thornburg was to keep Ickes informed of the international aspects and problems of petroleum, which was crucial to the war effort both overseas and domestically to keep supplies flowing.

Thornburg died in Santa Monica, California at age 69. He was survived by his wife, Leila (*née* Berry) Thornburg (September 21, 1893 – October 13, 1969). They had three children, Roann (1919-1983), Priscilla (1922-1988), and Russell (1927-1989).


title: Pressurizer (nuclear power)

abstract: A pressurizer is a component of a pressurized water reactor. The basic design of the pressurized water reactor includes a requirement that the coolant (water) in the reactor coolant system must not boil. Put another way, the coolant must remain in the liquid state at all times, especially in the reactor vessel. To achieve this, the coolant in the reactor coolant system is maintained at a pressure sufficiently high that boiling does not occur at the coolant temperatures experienced while the plant is operating or in any analyzed possible transient state. To pressurize the coolant system to a higher pressure than the vapor pressure of the coolant at operating temperatures, a separate pressurizing system is required. This is in the form of the pressurizer.

text:
# Pressurizer (nuclear power)

A **pressurizer** is a component of a pressurized water reactor. The basic design of the pressurized water reactor includes a requirement that the coolant (water) in the reactor coolant system must not boil. Put another way, the coolant must remain in the liquid state at all times, especially in the reactor vessel. To achieve this, the coolant in the reactor coolant system is maintained at a pressure sufficiently high that boiling does not occur at the coolant temperatures experienced while the plant is operating or in any analyzed possible transient state. To pressurize the coolant system to a higher pressure than the vapor pressure of the coolant at operating temperatures, a separate pressurizing system is required. This is in the form of the pressurizer.

## Design

In a pressurized water reactor plant, the pressurizer is basically a cylindrical pressure vessel with hemispherical ends, mounted with the long axis vertical and directly connected by a single run of piping to the reactor coolant system. It is located inside the reactor containment building. Although the water in the pressurizer is the same reactor coolant as in the rest of the reactor coolant system, it is basically stagnant, i.e. reactor coolant does not flow through the pressurizer continuously as it does in the other parts of the reactor coolant system. Because of its innate incompressibility, water in a connected piping system adjusts equally to pressure changes anywhere in the connected system. The water in the system may not be at the same pressure at all points in the system due to differences in elevation but the pressure at all points responds equally to a pressure change in any one part of the system. From this phenomenon, it was recognized early on that the pressure in the entire reactor coolant system, including the reactor itself, could be controlled by controlling pressure in a small interconnected area of the system and this led to the design of the pressurizer. The pressurizer is a small vessel compared to the other two major vessels of the reactor coolant system, the reactor vessel itself and the steam generator(s).

## Pressure control

Pressure in the pressurizer is controlled by varying the temperature of the coolant in the pressurizer. Water pressure in a closed system tracks water temperature directly; as the temperature goes up, pressure goes up and vice versa. To increase the pressure in the reactor coolant system, large electric heaters in the pressurizer are turned on, raising the coolant temperature in the pressurizer and thereby raising the pressure. To decrease pressure in the reactor coolant system, sprays of relatively cool water are turned on inside the pressurizer, lowering the coolant temperature in the pressurizer and thereby lowering the pressure.

## Secondary functions

The pressurizer has two secondary functions.

### Water backup and pressure change moderation

One is providing a place to monitor water level in the reactor coolant system. Since the reactor coolant system is completely flooded during normal operations, there is no point in monitoring coolant level in any of the other vessels. But early awareness of a reduction of coolant level (or a loss of coolant) is important to the safety of the reactor core. The pressurizer is deliberately located high in the reactor containment building such that, if the pressurizer has sufficient coolant in it, one can be reasonably certain that all the other vessels of the reactor coolant system (which are below it) are fully flooded with coolant. There is therefore, a coolant level monitoring system on the pressurizer and it is the one reactor coolant system vessel that is normally not full of coolant. The other secondary function is to provide a "cushion" for sudden pressure changes in the reactor coolant system. The upper portion of the pressurizer is specifically designed to NOT contain liquid coolant and a reading of full on the level instrumentation allows for that upper portion to not contain liquid coolant. Because the coolant in the pressurizer is quite hot during normal operations, the space above the liquid coolant is vaporized coolant (steam). This steam bubble provides a cushion for pressure changes in the reactor coolant system and the operators ensure that the pressurizer maintains this steam bubble at all times during operations. Allowing liquid coolant to completely fill the pressurizer eliminates this steam bubble, and is referred to in industry as letting the pressurizer "go hard". This would mean that a sudden pressure change can provide a hammer effect to the entire reactor coolant system. Some facilities also call this letting the pressurizer "go solid," although solid simply refers to being completely full of liquid and without a "steam bubble."

### Over-pressure relief system

Part of the pressurizer system is an over-pressure relief system. In the event that pressurizer pressure exceeds a certain maximum, there is a relief valve called the pilot-operated relief valve (PORV) on top of the pressurizer which opens to allow steam from the steam bubble to leave the pressurizer in order to reduce the pressure in the pressurizer. This steam is routed to a large tank (or tanks) in the reactor containment building where it is cooled back into liquid (condensed) and stored for later disposition. There is a finite volume to these tanks and if events deteriorate to the point where the tanks fill up, a secondary pressure relief device on the tank(s), often a rupture disc, allows the condensed reactor coolant to spill out onto the floor of the reactor containment building where it pools in sumps for later disposition.

* Glasstone, Samuel; Sesonkse, Alexander (1994). *Nuclear Reactor Engineering*. Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-98521-7.


title: Minimum Fisher information

abstract: In information theory, the principle of minimum Fisher information (MFI) is a variational principle which, when applied with the proper constraints needed to reproduce empirically known expectation values, determines the best probability distribution that characterizes the system.

text:
# Minimum Fisher information

In information theory, the principle of **minimum Fisher information (MFI)** is a variational principle which, when applied with the proper constraints needed to reproduce empirically known expectation values, determines the best probability distribution that characterizes the system. (See also Fisher information.)

## Measures of information

Information measures (IM) are the most important tools of information theory. They measure either the amount of positive information or of "missing" information an observer possesses with regards to any system of interest. The most famous IM is the so-called Shannon-entropy (1948), which determines how much additional information the observer still requires in order to have all the available knowledge regarding a given system S, when all he/she has is a probability density function (PDF) defined on appropriate elements of such system. This is then a "missing" information measure. The IM is a function of the PDF only. If the observer does not have such a PDF, but only a finite set of empirically determined mean values of the system, then a fundamental scientific principle called the Maximum Entropy one (MaxEnt) asserts that the "best" PDF is the one that, reproducing the known expectation values, maximizes otherwise Shannon's IM.

## Fisher's information measure

Fisher's information (FIM), named after Ronald Fisher, (1925) is another kind of measure, in two respects, namely,

1) it reflects the amount of (positive) information of the observer,
2) it depends not only on the PD but also on its first derivatives, a property that makes it a local quantity (Shannon's is instead a global one).

The corresponding counterpart of MaxEnt is now the FIM-minimization, since Fisher's measure grows when Shannon's diminishes, and vice versa. The minimization here referred to (MFI) is an important theoretical tool in a manifold of disciplines, beginning with physics. In a sense it is clearly superior to MaxEnt because the later procedure yields always as the solution an exponential PD, while the MFI solution is a differential equation for the PD, which allows for greater flexibility and versatility.

## Applications of the MFI

### Thermodynamics

Much effort has been devoted to Fisher's information measure, shedding much light upon the manifold physical applications. As a small sample, it can be shown that the whole field of thermodynamics (both equilibrium and non-equilibrium) can be derived from the MFI approach. Here FIM is specialized to the particular but important case of translation families, i.e., distribution functions whose form does not change under translational transformations. In this case, Fisher measure becomes shift-invariant. Such minimizing of Fisher's measure leads to a Schrödinger-like equation for the probability amplitude, where the ground state describes equilibrium physics and the excited states account for non-equilibrium situations.

### Scale-invariant phenomena

More recently, Zipf's law has been shown to arise as the variational solution of the MFI when scale invariance is introduced in the measure, leading for the first time an explanation of this regularity from first principles. It has been also shown that MFI can be used to formulate a thermodynamics based on scale invariance instead of translational invariance, allowing the definition of the scale-free ideal gas, the scale invariant equivalent of the ideal gas.

1. Frieden, B. R. (2004). *Science from Fisher information : a unification*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00911-9. OCLC 53325064.
2. Frieden, B. Roy (1989). "Fisher information as the basis for the Schrödinger wave equation". *American Journal of Physics*. **57** (11). American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT): 1004–1008. Bibcode:1989AmJPh..57.1004F. doi:10.1119/1.15810. ISSN 0002-9505.
3. Frieden, B.Roy (1992). "Fisher information and uncertainty complementarity". *Physics Letters A*. **169** (3). Elsevier BV: 123–130. Bibcode:1992PhLA..169..123F. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(92)90581-6. ISSN 0375-9601.
4. B. R. Frieden, in Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, edited by P. W. Hawkes, Academic, New York, 1994, Vol. 90, pp. 123204.
5. Frieden, B.Roy (1993). "Estimation of distribution laws, and physical laws, by a principle of extremized physical information". *Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications*. **198** (1–2). Elsevier BV: 262–338. Bibcode:1993PhyA..198..262F. doi:10.1016/0378-4371(93)90194-9. ISSN 0378-4371.
6. Frieden, B. Roy; Hughes, Roy J. (1994-04-01). "Spectral 1/f noise derived from extremized physical information". *Physical Review E*. **49** (4). American Physical Society (APS): 2644–2649. Bibcode:1994PhRvE..49.2644F. doi:10.1103/physreve.49.2644. ISSN 1063-651X. PMID 9961526.
7. Nikolov, B.; Frieden, B. Roy (1994-06-01). "Limitation on entropy increase imposed by Fisher information". *Physical Review E*. **49** (6). American Physical Society (APS): 4815–4820. Bibcode:1994PhRvE..49.4815N. doi:10.1103/physreve.49.4815. ISSN 1063-651X. PMID 9961798.
8. Frieden, B. Roy (1990-04-01). "Fisher information, disorder, and the equilibrium distributions of physics". *Physical Review A*. **41** (8). American Physical Society (APS): 4265–4276. Bibcode:1990PhRvA..41.4265F. doi:10.1103/physreva.41.4265. ISSN 1050-2947. PMID 9903619.
9. Frieden, B. Roy; Soffer, Bernard H. (1995-09-01). "Lagrangians of physics and the game of Fisher-information transfer". *Physical Review E*. **52** (3). American Physical Society (APS): 2274–2286. Bibcode:1995PhRvE..52.2274F. doi:10.1103/physreve.52.2274. ISSN 1063-651X. PMID 9963668.
10. Frieden, B. Roy (1991). "Fisher information and the complex nature of the Schrödinger wave equation". *Foundations of Physics*. **21** (7). Springer Nature: 757–771. Bibcode:1991FoPh...21..757F. doi:10.1007/bf00733343. ISSN 0015-9018.
11. R. N. Silver, in E. T. Jaynes: Physics and Probability, edited by W. T. Grandy, Jr. and P. W. Milonni, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1992.
12. Plastino, A.; Plastino, A.R.; Miller, H.G.; Khanna, F.C. (1996). "A lower bound for Fisher's information measure". *Physics Letters A*. **221** (1–2). Elsevier BV: 29–33. Bibcode:1996PhLA..221...29P. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(96)00560-9. ISSN 0375-9601.
13. Plastino, A. R.; Plastino, A. (1996-10-01). "Symmetries of the Fokker-Planck equation and the Fisher-Frieden arrow of time". *Physical Review E*. **54** (4). American Physical Society (APS): 4423–4426. Bibcode:1996PhRvE..54.4423P. doi:10.1103/physreve.54.4423. ISSN 1063-651X.
14. R. Plastino, A.; Miller, H. G.; Plastino, A. (1997-10-01). "Minimum Kullback entropy approach to the Fokker-Planck equation". *Physical Review E*. **56** (4). American Physical Society (APS): 3927–3934. Bibcode:1997PhRvE..56.3927R. doi:10.1103/physreve.56.3927. ISSN 1063-651X.
15. Plastino, A.; Plastino, A.R.; Miller, H.G. (1997). "On the relationship between the Fisher-Frieden-Soffer arrow of time, and the behaviour of the Boltzmann and Kullback entropies". *Physics Letters A*. **235** (2). Elsevier BV: 129–134. Bibcode:1997PhLA..235..129P. doi:10.1016/s0375-9601(97)00634-8. ISSN 0375-9601.
16. Frieden, B. R.; Plastino, A.; Plastino, A. R.; Soffer, B. H. (1999-07-01). "Fisher-based thermodynamics: Its Legendre transform and concavity properties". *Physical Review E*. **60** (1). American Physical Society (APS): 48–53. Bibcode:1999PhRvE..60...48F. doi:10.1103/physreve.60.48. ISSN 1063-651X. PMID 11969735.
17. Frieden, B. R.; Plastino, A.; Plastino, A. R.; Soffer, B. H. (2002-10-22). "Schrödinger link between nonequilibrium thermodynamics and Fisher information". *Physical Review E*. **66** (4). American Physical Society (APS): 046128. arXiv:cond-mat/0206107. Bibcode:2002PhRvE..66d6128F. doi:10.1103/physreve.66.046128. ISSN 1063-651X. PMID 12443280.
18. Hernando, A.; Puigdomènech, D.; Villuendas, D.; Vesperinas, C.; Plastino, A. (2009). "Zipf's law from a Fisher variational-principle". *Physics Letters A*. **374** (1). Elsevier BV: 18–21. arXiv:0908.0501. Bibcode:2009PhLA..374...18H. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2009.10.027. ISSN 0375-9601.
19. Hernando, A.; Vesperinas, C.; Plastino, A. (2010). "Fisher information and the thermodynamics of scale-invariant systems". *Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications*. **389** (3): 490. arXiv:0908.0504. Bibcode:2010PhyA..389..490H. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2009.09.054.


title: Ging̱olx

abstract: Ging̱olx is a Nisg̱a’a Village in the Nass River valley in British Columbia, Canada. The village population is approximately 400 people. Ging̱olx is one of four Nisg̱a’a villages that make up the Nisg̱a’a Nation. The community itself has four clans which are Killer Whale, Eagle, Raven and Wolf. Ging̱olx village's government consists of 1 chief and 5 councillors. The name Ging̱olx comes from the Nisg̱a’a language words meaning "scalp givers." Gin means "to give" and golx means "scalps". When attacked by another nation or when the land was intruded upon, the people of Ging̱olx fought back and won. They hung their enemies' scalps on sticks, lining them up along the river as a warning.

text:
# Ging̱olx

**Ging̱olx** (/ˈɡɪnɡɒlx/; **Gingolx** or **Kincolith**) is a Nisg̱a’a Village in the Nass River valley in British Columbia, Canada. The village population is approximately 400 people. Ging̱olx is one of four Nisg̱a’a villages that make up the Nisg̱a’a Nation. The community itself has four clans which are Killer Whale, Eagle, Raven and Wolf. Ging̱olx village's government consists of 1 chief and 5 councillors.

The name Ging̱olx comes from the Nisg̱a’a language words meaning "scalp givers." *Gin* means "to give" and *golx* means "scalps". When attacked by another nation or when the land was intruded upon, the people of Ging̱olx fought back and won. They hung their enemies' scalps on sticks, lining them up along the river as a warning.

## Modern history

Ging̱olx was founded as a permanent settlement in 1867 by Christian missionaries who came down river by raft. The founder of the mission was the Rev. Robert Tomlinson, an Anglican medical missionary who succeeded the Rev. Robert A. Doolan, who had begun the Anglican Nass mission at Greenville, also known as Lax̱g̱altsʼap. Ging̱olx's first European type buildings (including houses, a school, and a church) were all built in 1879.

Ging̱olx was originally inhabited by two clans pre-contact. The first clan was Daaxan of the Killerwhale clan, they inhabited the eastern side of the village, and the second clan was Gitxun, the eagle clan, they inhabited the western side of the village.

In the 1890s the Rev. William Henry Collison joined Tomlinson at the mission. He died there in 1922, and his memoirs describe the community in detail.

### Isolation

Because of its location on the Nass River near the Alaska Panhandle, Ging̱olx was once an isolated village, the only ways able to get in being boat or plane. This isolation combined with the surrounding mountains meant Ging̱olx would often suffer power outages due to snow during the winter months. Residents could go as long as 3 weeks without power until helicopters could be flown in to fix the lines.

In 2003, a 28 km road from Ging̱olx to Greenville was completed, which connected Ging̱olx to the other three Nisg̱a’a communities. This road, the Kincolith Extension Highway, links Ging̱olx to the Nisga'a Highway with connections to the Yellowhead, and Cassiar Highways and cost $34 million to build.

In 2010, the Supreme Court of Canada released a landmark decision in the case of Tercon Contractors Ltd. v. British Columbia (Transportation and Highways), awarding $3 million in damages to Tercon. The subject of that case was the tendering process, in which the court found the government had improperly awarded the contract to a company which was not an authorized bidder: the contract in question was the contract to build this road from Ging̱olx to Lax̱g̱altsʼap.

## Economy

Ging̱olx's geographic location means fishing, forestry, and tourism are its main sources of revenue.

## Education

The community is served by School District 92 Nisga'a and hosts Nathan Barton Elementary School. The secondary school is in Gitlakdamix.

## Culture and recreation

Ging̱olx has its own concert band and Ging̱olx Ceremonial Dancers, who perform at weddings, funerals, and other occasions such as Crabfest, Seafest, River Boat Days, and the Nisg̱a’a New Year celebration, Hobiyee. Hobiyee is an annual celebration, in the older days, when the moon was shaped like a bowl, the first person to see it would shout, Hoobixim Yee. It was a celebration and recognition that wildlife would be in abundance again.

Hiking and mountaineering is common, and one of the nearby mountains has a "look-out" which offers brilliant views from three stages on the trail.

In 1947, the Sons of Kincolith won the inaugural All Native Basketball Tournament.

### Crabfest

This annual summer outdoor music festival was started in 2004 by Community Development Worker Ellen Torng, with the assistance of local resident Nadine Clayton until the end of 2005. Crabfest has since been coordinated by Michele Stevens along with the Ging̱olx Arts Society Board. It has attracted many tourists due to its eye-catching headliners and entertaining musicians. The festival is two days in length and has featured such well-known names as Trooper, Chilliwack, Prairie Oyster, Doc Walker, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show, Jeff Healey, Tom Lavin of the Powder Blues Band, Nazareth, Tom Cochrane, Murray Porter, 54-40, and the Legends of London among other local bands, and tribute bands from across Canada, and the United States.

The festival is centered on the medium-sized stage set up and is accompanied by the many vendors lining the streets. The stage itself is monitored by professional sound and lighting crews.

Crabfest has been a success for the small town of Ging̱olx bringing in tourists from around the world, boosting the economy greatly with the effects felt well after the festival is over.

There have been negative effects of the festival itself. The abundant supply of Chinook salmon in the river bordering the town was largely untapped by tourists until the lure of the music festival led to the discovery of the large salmon and has caused the number of spawning salmon to drop below natural levels. This has led to the closure of fishing on the river which may lead to a large drop in tourism apart from the crabfest.

## Ging̱olx Village government

* Chief councillor - George Moore
* Deputy chief councillor - Claude Barton
* Councillor - John Moore
* Councillor - Arlene V. Lincoln
* Councillor - Henry Stephens
* Councillor - Gwen L. Nelson

## Prominent people of Ging̱olx

## Bibliography

* Collison, W. H. (1915) *In the Wake of the War Canoe: A Stirring Record of Forty Years' Successful Labour, Peril and Adventure amongst the Savage Indian Tribes of the Pacific Coast, and the Piratical Head-Hunting Haida of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.* Toronto: Musson Book Company. Reprinted by Sono Nis Press, Victoria, B.C. (ed. by Charles Lillard), 1981.
* Neylan, Susan (2003) *The Heavens Are Changing: Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity.* Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
* Tomlinson, George, and Judith Young (1993) *Challenge the Wilderness: A Family Saga of Robert and Alice Tomlinson, Pioneer Medical Missionaries.* Seattle: Northwest Wilderness Books.

55°00′00″N 129°57′00″W / 55.000°N 129.950°W / 55.000; -129.950

## InfoBox

| Ging̱olx Kincolith | |
| --- | --- |
| Approaching Ging̱olx from the east | |
| Ging̱olxLocation of Ging̱olx in British Columbia | |
| Coordinates: 54°59′N 129°57′W / 54.983°N 129.950°W / 54.983; -129.950 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | British Columbia |
| Indigenous territories | Nisg̱a'a |
| Established | 1867 |
| Government | |
| Governing body | Nisg̱a’a Lisims Government |
| Population | |
| Total | 341 |
| Time zone | UTC−8 (PST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−7 (PDT) |
| Postal code span | V0V 1B0 |
| Area code | 250 |


title: Prostanthera wilkieana

abstract: Prostanthera wilkieana is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to the more arid areas of Australia. It is an erect, densely-branched shrub with elliptic to narrow egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base and mauve to pale violet or white flowers with deep purple streaks and yellowish brown dots inside the petal tube.

text:
# Prostanthera wilkieana

***Prostanthera wilkieana*** is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to the more arid areas of Australia. It is an erect, densely-branched shrub with elliptic to narrow egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base and mauve to pale violet or white flowers with deep purple streaks and yellowish brown dots inside the petal tube.

## Description

*Prostanthera wilkieana* is an erect, densely-branched shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.3–1.2 m (1 ft 0 in – 3 ft 11 in) and has its branches, leaves and sepals appearing silvery to grey due to a dense covering of hairs. The leaves are elliptic to narrow egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) long, 1.5–5.5 mm (0.059–0.217 in) wide and sessile. The flowers are arranged in groups of eight to fourteen near the ends of branchlets, each flower on a pedicel 1–3.5 mm (0.039–0.138 in) long. The sepals form a tube 2.6–4.3 mm (0.10–0.17 in) long with two lobes, the lower lobe 3.6–6.5 mm (0.14–0.26 in) long and the upper lobe 2.1–4 mm (0.083–0.157 in) long. The petals are mauve to pale violet or white, 7.5–17 mm (0.30–0.67 in) long, forming a tube 3.3–7.5 mm (0.13–0.30 in) long with deep purple streaks and yellowish brown dots inside. The middle lower lobe is spatula-shaped, 3–6.5 mm (0.12–0.26 in) long and wide, the side lobes are 5.2–8.5 mm (0.20–0.33 in) long. The upper lip is 5.5–10.5 mm (0.22–0.41 in) long and 8.5–13.8 mm (0.33–0.54 in) wide with a central notch 3–4.6 mm (0.12–0.18 in) deep. Flowering occurs from July to November.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Prostanthera wilkieana* was first formally described in 1874 by Ferdinand von Mueller in *Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae* from specimens collected by Ernest Giles. The specific epithet (*wilkieana*) honour's von Mueller's friend David Elliot Wilkie, a senator in the government of the Colony of Victoria.

## Distribution and habitat

This mint-bush occurs in arid areas of central Western Australia, the far south-west of the Northern Territory and the north-west of South Australia where it grows in spinifex sandplain communities.

## Conservation status

*Prostanthera wilkieana* is listed as "near threatened" by the Northern Territory Government *Parks and Wildlife Commission Act* but as "not threatened" in Western Australia by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## InfoBox

| *Prostanthera wilkieana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Prostanthera* |
| Species: | ***P. wilkieana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prostanthera wilkieana***<br>F.Muell. | |
|
|  | |
| Occurrence data from AVH | |


title: Zoop (TV series)

abstract: Zoop was a Dutch youth-oriented TV series about eight young adults working in the Ouwehands Dierenpark zoo in Rhenen. The series was sold to Brazil, France, India and Sweden. The series has had three seasons since 2004, all on the Dutch Nickelodeon channel. The series also spawned three spinoff films. Episodes continued to be broadcast up until 2014.

text:
# Zoop (TV series)

***Zoop*** was a Dutch youth-oriented TV series about eight young adults working in the Ouwehands Dierenpark zoo in Rhenen. The series was sold to Brazil, France, India and Sweden.

The series has had three seasons since 2004, all on the Dutch Nickelodeon channel. The series also spawned three spinoff films. Episodes continued to be broadcast up until 2014.

## Cast

Rangers
| Actor | Character | Years | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Juliette van Ardenne | Sira Schilt | 2004 | 2006 |
| Viviënne van den Assen | Elise Pardoel | 2004 | 2006 |
| Erwan van Buuren | Alwin Bendorff | 2004 | 2005 |
| Nicolette van Dam | Bionda Kroonenberg | 2004 | 2006 |
| Ewout Genemans | Bastiaan van Diemen | 2004 | 2006 |
| Jon Karthaus | Moes Brinksma | 2004 | 2006 |
| Sander Jan Klerk | Aaron Zomerkamp | 2005 | 2006 |
| Patrick Martens | Mike Bosboom | 2004 | 2006 |
| Monique van der Werff | Taffie Arends | 2004 | 2006 |
|

Mentors
| Actor | Character | Years | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sabine Koning | Gaby Meerman Berenger | 2004 | 2006 |
| Raymi Sambo | Bowey Berenger | 2005 | 2006 |
| Thomas Sykora | Fabian de Beurre | 2004 | 2005 |
|

## Movies

The spinoff movies followed the characters to countries where they continued their education in zoology.

## Awards

* "Gouden Stuiver" (*Golden Nickel*), an award for best Dutch youth program.
* "Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Award", an award for the best TV series.
* "Kinderkast Televisieprijs", an award for the best youth TV series.

## Fan days

Zoop "fan days" were organised, where cast members would sign autographs. An average of 11,000 people showed up at each event. After several public appearances almost got out of hand (because the actors were overwhelmed by hundreds of fans), Nijenshuis announced in 2006 that the security details provided to the actors would be enlarged.

Media related to ZOOP at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Zoop* | |
| --- | --- |
| Zoop Cast | |
| Genre | Family
Comedy
Drama |
| Created by | Marcel Boekhoorn |
| Written by | Sander Donker
Johan Nijenhuis |
| Directed by | Johan Nijenhuis
Jamel Aattache |
| Starring | Juliette van Ardenne
Vivienne van den Assem
Nicolette van Dam
Jon Karthaus
Sander Jan Klerk |
| Theme music composer | Martijn Schimmer |
| Country of origin | Netherlands |
| Original language | Dutch |
| No. of seasons | 3 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Alain De Levita
Johan Nijenhuis |
| Production locations | Ouwehands Dierenpark, Rhenen, Gelderland, Netherlands |
| Editor | Sandor Soeteman |
| Running time | 10 minutes |
| Production company | Nijenhuis & de Levita Film & TV B.V. |
| Original release | |
| Network | Dutch Nickelodeon |
| Release | 5 April 2004 (2004-04-05)
2007 (2007) |


title: Prozor, Croatia

abstract: Prozor is a settlement (naselje) in the valley of river Gacka in Croatia, just south of Otočac and a part of the Town of Otočac municipality. It is the site of the ancient Iapodian and Roman settlement of Arupium.

text:
# Prozor, Croatia

**Prozor** is a settlement (naselje) in the valley of river Gacka in Croatia, just south of Otočac and a part of the Town of Otočac municipality.

It is the site of the ancient Iapodian and Roman settlement of *Arupium*.

## InfoBox

| Prozor | |
| --- | --- |
| Naselje | |
|  | |
| ProzorLocation of Prozor in Croatia | |
| Coordinates: 44°50′55″N 15°16′7″E / 44.84861°N 15.26861°E / 44.84861; 15.26861 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Lika-Senj County |
| Town | Otočac |
| Area | |
| Total | 32.1 km2 (12.4 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 830 |
| Density | 26/km2 (67/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 53220 |
| Area code | +385-53 |
| Vehicle registration | GS |