title: Méduse (opera)

abstract: Méduse, tragédie en musique (Medusa) is an opera by the French composer Charles-Hubert Gervais (1671-1744), ordinaire de la Musique of the Duc de Chartres. The opera was first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique on 13 January 1697. It takes the form of a tragédie en musique in a prologue and five acts. The libretto, by the dramatist Abbé Claude Boyer (1618-1688), concerns the Greek myth of Medusa.

text:
# Méduse (opera)

***Méduse, tragédie en musique*** (*Medusa*) is an opera by the French composer Charles-Hubert Gervais (1671-1744), *ordinaire de la Musique* of the Duc de Chartres. The opera was first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opera) on 13 January 1697. It takes the form of a *tragédie en musique* in a prologue and five acts. The libretto, by the dramatist Abbé Claude Boyer (1618-1688), concerns the Greek myth of Medusa.

## Synopsis

The opera consists of five acts and a prologue.

**Prologue**

The theater represents a beautiful countryside from which one can see the Temple de l'Amour in the distance. Shepherds and shepherdesses are in the midst of preparations for *la fête de l'Amour.* The shepherdess Iris, however, has decided to leave the celebrations early because she has abandoned love for "happy and wise indifference." Before leaving, she announces that the shepherds and shepherdesses are about to see a performance of a story in which jealous love curses Medusa with a horrible transformation. The shepherds and shepherdesses break into a chorus celebrating Louis XIV, who grants peace to his kingdom, as long as his enemies do not force him to wage war.

**Act I**

The theater represents a seaport. Méduse and her confidants, Orphise and Melante, discuss preparations for a beauty contest between Méduse and Minerve. Orphise and Melante question Méduse's agitated demeanor, assuring her of her fortune in the fact that Neptune has promised to defend her beauty against Minerva's. Medusa admits that she is upset that Persée, the Greek prince, is defending Minerve. She argues that, even if she appears to show signs of falling in love with Persée, she is in fact only intent on bribing him away from his defense of Minerve. At the end of the act, Palemon and troupes of Tritons, Nereids, and maritime people arrive to celebrate Méduse's beauty and Neptune's declaration to defend Méduse against Minerve.

**Act II**

The scene is set at the Temple of Minerve. Persée reveals to Arcas that the reason for his frequent visits to Minerve's temple is an excuse to see Princess Ismenie, who has retreated to the temple in her effort to escape Méduse's jealousy. Ismenie arrives onstage and confesses that she is frightened that Minerve will punish their love because it distracts Persée from his duty to glory. When Minerve arrives, however, Persée convinces the goddess that his love only adds to his glory. Neptune, Méduse, and her supporters arrive at the temple to defend Méduse's claim to beauty. Before the argument grows out of hand, Jupiter appears and destroys the temple to mark Minerve's fury. Persée and Ismenie decide to leave the city to find a safe haven under Minerve's protection.

**Act III**

The scene begins on the seashore, where Ismenie waits to board a ship with Persée. Ismenie worries that her situation puts her personal *gloire* in danger. As soon as she and Persée board their vessel, sea monsters who support Méduse create a tempest that causes the ship to strike a rock. Meanwhile, Neptune informs Méduse that Persée loves Ismenie. On hearing this, Méduse expresses her terrible rage and jealousy.

**Act IV**

The scene takes place in the garden of the Hesperides, where the trees carry golden apples. Neptune has captured Persée and Ismenie. Méduse orders her sisters, the Hesperides, to try to convince Persée to love Méduse when Neptune brings him to the garden. Despite the Hesperides's enticements, Persée's love for Ismenie is unchanged. Angered, Méduse threatens to kill Ismenie. Meanwhile, Neptune, who has been in love with Méduse all along, grows increasingly jealous of Méduse's love for Persée. He vows to avenge himself of his unrequited love.

**Act V**

The scene changes to a frightening desert in which lies the cave of the Gorgons. Méduse brings Persée and Ismenie to the cave, declaring that Ismenie must renounce her love for Persée or perish. Jupiter appears in the clouds, however, and announces that Minerve has punished Méduse by transforming her into a terrible monster. Méduse looks at Ismenie and transforms her to stone with her new powers. Fortunately, Minerve reverses the transformation and brings Persée and Ismenie to her palace to celebrate their marriage.

## Sources

* Jean-Paul C. Montagnier, “Claude Boyer librettiste: remarques sur *Méduse*,” *Revue d’histoire du théâtre* 191 (1996), pp. 303-320.
* Jean-Paul C. Montagnier,*Charles-Hubert Gervais (1671-1744), un musicien au service du Régent et de Louis XV*. Paris: CNRS Editions, 2001.

(in French) Libretto at "Livrets baroques"


title: Quantum clustering

abstract: Quantum Clustering (QC) is a class of data-clustering algorithms that use conceptual and mathematical tools from quantum mechanics. QC belongs to the family of density-based clustering algorithms, where clusters are defined by regions of higher density of data points. QC was first developed by David Horn and Assaf Gottlieb in 2001.

text:
# Quantum clustering

**Quantum Clustering** (QC) is a class of data-clustering algorithms that use conceptual and mathematical tools from quantum mechanics. QC belongs to the family of density-based clustering algorithms, where clusters are defined by regions of higher density of data points.

QC was first developed by David Horn and Assaf Gottlieb in 2001.

## Original Quantum Clustering Algorithm

Given a set of points in an n-dimensional data space, QC represents each point with a multidimensional Gaussian distribution, with width (standard deviation) sigma, centered at each point’s location in the space. These Gaussians are then added together to create a single distribution for the entire data set. (This step is a particular example of kernel density estimation, often referred to as a Parzen-Rosenblatt window estimator.) This distribution is considered to be the quantum-mechanical wave function for the data set. Loosely speaking, the wave function is a generalized description of where there are likely to be data points in the space.

QC next introduces the idea of a quantum potential; using the time-independent Schrödinger equation, a potential surface is constructed which has the data set’s wave function as a stable solution. Details in the potential surface are more robust to changes in sigma (the width of the Gaussians) than the corresponding details in the wave function; this advantage is one of the initial motivations for the development of QC.

The potential surface is considered to be the ‘landscape’ of the data set, where 'low' points in the landscape correspond to regions of high data density. QC then uses gradient descent to move each data point ‘downhill’ in the landscape, causing points to gather together in nearby minima, thus revealing clusters within the data set.

QC has a single main hyperparameter, which is the width sigma of the Gaussian distribution around each data point. For sufficiently small sigma, every data point will define its own depression in the landscape, and no points will move, thus creating no clusters. For sufficiently large sigma, the landscape becomes a single smooth bowl, and every data point will cluster together at the single global minimum in the landscape. Exploring the range of sigma values between these extremes yields information about the inherent structure of the data set, including hierarchy of structure; smaller sigma values reveal more fine-grained local structure, and larger sigma values reveal overall global structure. The QC algorithm does not specify a preferred or ‘correct’ value of sigma.

## Dynamic Quantum Clustering

Developed by Marvin Weinstein and David Horn in 2009, **Dynamic Quantum Clustering** (DQC) extends the basic QC algorithm in several ways.

### Quantum evolution, non-local gradient descent, and tunneling

DQC uses the same potential landscape as QC, but it replaces classical gradient descent with quantum evolution. To do this, each data point is again represented by its individual wave function (a multidimensional Gaussian distribution with width sigma). The time-dependent Schrödinger equation is then used to compute each wave function's evolution over time in the given quantum potential. More precisely, a small time-step value is introduced, and the evolution of the wave function is calculated repeatedly at each time step, with a new expected location for the data point calculated after each step. This process builds a trajectory through the data space for each point; the evolution continues until all points have stopped moving.

Importantly, the Ehrenfest theorem from quantum mechanics states that this quantum evolution does, in fact, equate to the point moving downhill in the potential landscape, in expectation. The “in expectation” part is important because, unlike in classical physics, the point’s motion is not influenced only by the gradient of the potential at the point’s location; instead, the point’s wave function extends over the entire landscape (with the Gaussian centered at the point’s location), and a complex interaction between the wave function and the potential determines the point’s motion. As a loose analogy: regions of the landscape that are below the point's current location 'attract' the point—the more so the lower the region is, but the less so the farther away from the point it is. In the same way, higher regions of the landscape 'repel' the point.

Thus, quantum evolution for each point acts as a form of non-local gradient descent in the potential. This non-locality creates the possibility of tunneling, where a point will seem to ignore or pass through a potential barrier on its way toward some lower minimum. The biggest problem in non-convex gradient descent is often the existence of many small and uninteresting local minima where points can get stuck as they descend. (This problem tends to get worse as the number of dimensions increases, which is part of the curse of dimensionality.) DQC’s use of non-local gradient descent and tunneling presents a solution to this problem.

DQC introduces two new hyperparameters: the time step, and the mass of each data point (which controls the degree of tunneling behavior). Whereas tuning of sigma is integral to understanding any new data set, both time step and mass can usually be left at reasonable default values and still produce useful results.

An important downside of the quantum-evolution approach is that the time complexity of the evolution is now $O(n^{3})$ in the number of data points, since interacting with the entire potential landscape is $O(n^{2})$ for each point. For large data sets, the computation time would quickly become intractable. When needed, DQC addresses this problem by selecting a limited number of points from the data set to act as a basis (see next section).

### Use of a limited basis

For a data set of *n* points, DQC creates a set of *n* quantum eigenstates for use in its underlying calculations; the eigenstates are orthonormal, and each one is a linear combination of the Gaussian distributions representing each data point.

For large *n*, the use of *n* eigenstates becomes computationally intractable, since the creation of the potential and the evolution of individual points are both $O(n^{3})$. To solve this problem, DQC allows for the selection of a more limited basis, as follows. To act as the basis, *b* data points (*b* \< *n*) are chosen such that the basis points span the space occupied by the data set. (This can be done in multiple ways; the essential goal is to choose the basis points to be as far away from each other as possible.) DQC then constructs b eigenstates using these *b* basis points. These eigenstates represent the basis points perfectly; they are also used to represent all non-basis points, but those representations will be imperfect. The loss of information is relative to sigma; for a given basis, sigma must be chosen large enough that the basis can be used to represent the non-basis points to some reasonable degree of accuracy. In a sense, the size of the chosen basis can be thought of as the ‘resolution’ that is used to ‘view’ the structure of the data.

The largest reasonable basis size depends on available computing resources, and on how long one is willing to wait for results. As of 2020, without access to enterprise-level computing resources, the largest tractable basis size is typically in the range of 1,500–2,000 points.

### Use of dynamic visualization

DQC calculates a trajectory for each data point, which allows for the creation of an animated ('dynamic') visualization in which all data points move along their trajectories simultaneously. These animations present information not just in the final destination of each point, but in each entire trajectory along the way. Notably, animations can reveal the existence of channels leading to a given cluster. (In the landscape metaphor, these structures can be thought of as riverbeds and lakes.) Although a given visualization is limited to at most 3 spatial dimensions, the appearance of channels and other structures creates the ability to ‘see’ what is happening in more than 3 dimensions.

Use of a PCA coordinate system is helpful for these visualizations; viewing the trajectories in the first 3 PCA dimensions packs as much information as possible into a single visualization.

A given 3D visualization of these trajectories is *not* an embedding of the trajectories in 3 dimensions. The trajectories have the same dimensionality as the data space, which is often much larger than 3; the visualization is simply a 3D view into a higher-dimensional motion.

The channels ('riverbeds') can have meaning in two different ways. First, they can be treated as subclusters, where different subclusters join the main cluster from different directions. Second, they can be treated as regressions: position along the channel at a given time (or, equivalently, order of arrival at the cluster center) may be correlated with some metadata of interest.

## Applications

Variants of QC have been applied to real-world data in many fields, including biology, geology, physics, finance, engineering, and economics. With these applications, a comprehensive mathematical analysis to find *all* the roots of the quantum potential has also been worked out.


title: MendelssohnKammerChor

abstract: The MendelssohnKammerChor Berlin was named in September 2006 by Volkher Häusler, who had founded the choir in 1986 as Kreuzberger Kantorei. It is a semi-professional mixed choir which is located in Berlin. Volkher Häusler is its artistic director. The repertoire ranges from early music to 20th-century classical music. Emphasis is made to the vocal music of the members of the Mendelssohn family, Fanny Hensel, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy and Arnold Mendelssohn. The MendelssohnKammerChor Berlin was involved in many commercial audio recordings for broadcasting, film und recording media and is member of the Chorverband Berlin. The choir performs regularly in the chamber music hall of the Berliner Philharmonie and has performed several world premieres of the German composer Volker Wangenheim. The choir also contributes to theatre projects, for example with artists such as Helge Leiberg. The choir mainly gives concerts in the Berlin-Brandenburg area, but also has made concert tours to foreign countries. The German pharmacologist Bruno Müller-Oerlinghausen is patron of the choir.

text:
# MendelssohnKammerChor

The **MendelssohnKammerChor Berlin** (English: MendelssohnChamberChoir Berlin) was named in September 2006 by Volkher Häusler, who had founded the choir in 1986 as **Kreuzberger Kantorei**. It is a semi-professional mixed choir which is located in Berlin. Volkher Häusler is its artistic director.

The repertoire ranges from early music to 20th-century classical music. Emphasis is made to the vocal music of the members of the Mendelssohn family, Fanny Hensel, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy and Arnold Mendelssohn.

The MendelssohnKammerChor Berlin was involved in many commercial audio recordings for broadcasting, film und recording media and is member of the *Chorverband Berlin* (English: *Choir Association of Berlin*). The choir performs regularly in the chamber music hall of the Berliner Philharmonie and has performed several world premieres of the German composer Volker Wangenheim. The choir also contributes to theatre projects, for example with artists such as Helge Leiberg. The choir mainly gives concerts in the Berlin-Brandenburg area, but also has made concert tours to foreign countries.

The German pharmacologist Bruno Müller-Oerlinghausen is patron of the choir.


title: White Pass & Yukon Route 73

abstract: White Pass & Yukon Route 73 is an operating narrow-gauge 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotive. It was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the White Pass and Yukon Route in May 1947. After retirement on June 30, 1964, the locomotive was moved to Bennett, British Columbia, in 1968 for static display. In 1979, the locomotive was moved again to Whitehorse, Yukon, this time to be restored to operating condition. Restoration was completed in 1982 and the locomotive has been back in service since then. It is currently the larger of two operating steam locomotives on the line.

text:
# White Pass & Yukon Route 73

**White Pass & Yukon Route 73** is an operating narrow-gauge 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotive. It was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the White Pass and Yukon Route in May 1947. After retirement on June 30, 1964, the locomotive was moved to Bennett, British Columbia, in 1968 for static display. In 1979, the locomotive was moved again to Whitehorse, Yukon, this time to be restored to operating condition. Restoration was completed in 1982 and the locomotive has been back in service since then. It is currently the larger of two operating steam locomotives on the line.

## InfoBox

| White Pass & Yukon Route 73 | |
| --- | --- |
| WP&YR narrow gauge locomotive No. 73 at Skagway, Alaska in August 2006 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Builder Baldwin Locomotive Works  Serial number 73352  Model 12 28¼ E  Build date May 1947 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 2-8-2  UIC 1′D1′ h2  Gauge 3 ft (914 mm)  Driver dia. 44 in (1.118 m)  Wheelbase 55 ft 8+12 in (16.98 m)  Height 12 ft 7 in (3.84 m)  Adhesive weight 108,000 lb (49.0 t)  Loco weight 145,000 lb (65.8 t)  Total weight 248,400 lb (112.7 t)  Fuel type Oil  Fuel capacity 2,500 US gal (9,500 L; 2,100 imp gal)  Water cap. 5,000 US gal (19,000 L; 4,200 imp gal)  Firebox:   Grate area 36 sq ft (3.3 m2)  Boiler 64 in (1.63 m) diameter  Boiler pressure 220 lbf/in2 (1.52 MPa)  Heating surface:   Firebox 114 sq ft (10.6 m2)  Tubes 993 sq ft (92.3 m2)  Flues 555 sq ft (51.6 m2)  Total surface 1,676 sq ft (155.7 m2)  Cylinders Two, oudside  Cylinder size 17 in × 22 in (432 mm × 559 mm) | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 25,200 lbf (112.1 kN)  Factor of adh. 4.24 | |
| Career  Operators White Pass and Yukon Route  Numbers * WP&YR 73  Retired 1964 (revenue service)  Restored 1982  Current owner White Pass and Yukon Route (for tourist excursion service)  Disposition Operational, based in Skagway, Alaska | |
|  | |


title: Meledonus californicus

abstract: Meledonus californicus is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Meledonus californicus

***Meledonus californicus*** is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

Canada, United States.

## InfoBox

| *Meledonus californicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Voriini |
| Genus: | *Meledonus* |
| Species: | ***M. californicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Meledonus californicus***<br>(Coquillett, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


abstract: February 19 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 21 All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 5 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For February 20th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 7.

text:
# February 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

February 19 \- Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar \- February 21

All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 5 (March 4 on leap years) by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For February 20th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 7.

## Saints

## Pre-Schism Western saints

## Post-Schism Orthodox saints

* Hieromonk Titus,
* Schemamonk Tikhon,
* Monks Gelasius, Sergius, Varlaam, Sabbas, Conon, Sylvester, Cyprian, Pimen, John, Samonas, Jonah, David, Cornelius, Niphon, Athanasius, and Serapion; and novices Varlaam, Athanasius, Anthony, Luke, Leontius, Thomas, Dionysius, Philip, Ignatius, Basil, Pachomius, Basil, Theophilus, John, Theodore, and John.

### New martyrs and confessors

* New Hieromartyr Nicholas Rozov, Priest (1938)

1. February 20 / March 5. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).
2. March 5 / February 20. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
3. *The Roman Martyrology.* Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 53-54.
4. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Δίδυμος, Νεμέσιος καὶ Ποτάμιος οἱ Μάρτυρες ἐκ Κύπρου.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
5. (in Greek) Συναξαριστής. *20 Φεβρουαρίου.* Ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια τησ Ελλαδοσ).
6. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Εὐτρόπιος.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
7. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Σαδὼκ ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἐπίσκοπος Περσίδος καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι ὀκτὼ τελειωθέντες.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
8. *Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
9. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀνιανός.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
10. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Βησσαρίων ὁ Θαυματουργός.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
11. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀγάθων Πάπας Ρώμης.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
12. *St Agathon the Pope of Rome.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
13. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Λέων ὁ Θαυματουργός Ἐπίσκοπος Κατάνης.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
14. *St Leo the Bishop of Catania in Sicily.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
15. February 20. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
16. *The Great Horologion or Book of Hours.* Transl. from the Greek by the Holy Transfiguration Monastery. Boston, Massachusetts, 1997. p. 426.
17. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Κινδέος Ἐπίσκοπος Πισιδίας.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
18. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Πλωτίνος.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
19. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Olcan, B. of Derkan. (About 500.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 349-350.
20. Very Rev. John O'Hanlon. "Article II.—St. Olcan or Bolcan, Bishop of Armoy, County of Antrim. \[Fifth Century\]." In: *Lives of the Irish Saints: With Special Festivals, and the Commemorations of Holy Persons.* Vol. II. Dublin, 1875. pp. 643-648.
21. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Eleutherius of Tournai, B. M. (A.D. 531.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 350-353.
22. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ὁσία Μιλδρέδη ἐκ Βρετανίας.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
23. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Mildred, V. Abss. (End of 7th Cent.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. p. 354.
24. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Eucher, B. of Orleans. (A.D. 743.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. p. 355.
25. Very Rev. John O'Hanlon. "Article VIII.—St. Colga, or Colcho, Surnamed the Wise, Lector of Clonmacnoise, King's County. \[Eighth Century\]." In: *Lives of the Irish Saints: With Special Festivals, and the Commemorations of Holy Persons.* Vol. II. Dublin, 1875. pp. 649-655.
26. (in Russian) 20 февраля (ст.ст.) 5 марта 2014 (нов. ст.) Archived 2014-11-08 at the Wayback Machine. Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR).
27. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἀγάθων ὁ Θαυματουργός.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
28. *Venerable Agathon the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
29. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Κορνήλιος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας ἐκ Ρωσίας.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
30. *Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
31. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Μακάριος ὁ Ὁσιομάρτυρας καὶ ὁ σὺν αὐτῷ ἀναιρεθέντες.* 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.

## Sources

### Greek Sources

### Russian Sources


title: Otter Tail Lake

abstract: Otter Tail Lake is a 21-square-mile (54 km⁲) lake in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the largest lake in Otter Tail County.

text:
# Otter Tail Lake

**Otter Tail Lake** is a 21-square-mile (54 km2) lake in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the largest lake in Otter Tail County.

## Geography

Adjoining the city of Ottertail, it is a part of the Otter Tail River chain of lakes. Upstream from the lake are Big Pine, Little Pine and Rush lakes, while downstream are East Lost, West Lost and Deer lakes. Lake Blanche (Minnesota) also flows into Otter Tail Lake. The maximum depth is 120 feet (37 m), but 57% of the lake is 15 feet (4.6 m) deep or less. The shore of the lake and at least the shallower areas are composed of sand and gravel. The water clarity is 10.5 feet (3.2 m), which is considered good. A prominent feature of Otter Tail is the "point" which essentially divides the lake into eastern and western halves.

Otter Tail lake is ringed with a tall, mostly deciduous tree line. In general, the tree line goes back around 300 yards from the shore and acts as a windbreak, keeping the shoreline calm compared to the center of the lake.

The waters of Otter Tail Lake ultimately flow north into Hudson Bay through the Red River of the North.

At 13,725 acres it is the tenth largest lake completely within the borders of Minnesota.

## Recreation

It is a recreational destination, with the majority of its shores surrounded by residential and commercial development. The lake is known for fishing; walleye and Northern pike are most prevalent and the most sought after by anglers. The lake is also a popular destination for boating, power-boats and jet-skis, but also sailing. Because of the lake's large size, winds can pick up enough in the center of the lake for fairly challenging sailing. The heyday of sailing on the lake was the late 1960s through the mid-1980s, when the lake held annual sailing races. Especially popular at this time was the hobie cat.

Ottertail Lake is also the home of the Reel Country Classic, a two-day fishing tournament that has taken place every May since 2005.

## InfoBox

| Otter Tail Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial view of the frozen Otter Tail Lake | |
| Otter Tail LakeOtter Tail Lake | |
| Location | Otter Tail County, Minnesota,
United States |
| Coordinates | 46°24′1.45″N 95°39′46.65″W / 46.4004028°N 95.6629583°W / 46.4004028; -95.6629583 |
| Primary inflows | Otter Tail River, Dead River |
| Primary outflows | Otter Tail River |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 21 sq mi (54 km2) |
| Max. depth | 120 ft (37 m) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Ottertail, Minnesota |


title: Record Hill

abstract: Record Hill is the highest hill on North Island in the Houtman Abrolhos. It is located in the southwest of the island; its gazetted location is 28°18′19″S 113°35′29″E, but in fact it is located about 150 metres north of there at 28°18′15″S 113°35′29″E. It is about 13 metres (42 ft) high. Record Island was discovered on 22 May 1840 by John Clements Wickham, Commander during the third voyage of HMS Beagle: "The highest hill on the south-west point, measuring 42 feet, received the name of Record Hill, from our leaving a paper in a bottle, giving an account of our cruise."

text:
# Record Hill

**Record Hill** is the highest hill on North Island in the Houtman Abrolhos. It is located in the southwest of the island; its gazetted location is 28°18′19″S 113°35′29″E / 28.30528°S 113.59139°E / -28.30528; 113.59139, but in fact it is located about 150 metres north of there at 28°18′15″S 113°35′29″E / 28.30417°S 113.59139°E / -28.30417; 113.59139. It is about 13 metres (42 ft) high.

Record Island was discovered on 22 May 1840 by John Clements Wickham, Commander during the third voyage of HMS *Beagle*: "The highest hill on the south-west point, measuring 42 feet, received the name of Record Hill, from our leaving a paper in a bottle, giving an account of our cruise."


title: Adoxophyes molybdaina

abstract: Adoxophyes molybdaina is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Micronesia (Ponape).

text:
# Adoxophyes molybdaina

***Adoxophyes molybdaina*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Micronesia (Ponape).

## InfoBox

| *Adoxophyes molybdaina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Adoxophyes* |
| Species: | ***A. molybdaina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Adoxophyes molybdaina***<br>Clarke, 1976 | |
|


title: Médus

abstract: Médus, roi des Mèdes is an opera by the French composer François Bouvard, first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique on 23 July 1702. It takes the form of a tragédie en musique in a prologue and five acts. The libretto is by François Joseph Lagrange-Chancel.

text:
# Médus

***Médus, roi des Mèdes*** (*Medus, King of the Medes*) is an opera by the French composer François Bouvard, first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opera) on 23 July 1702. It takes the form of a *tragédie en musique* in a prologue and five acts. The libretto is by François Joseph Lagrange-Chancel.

1. Félix Clément and Pierre Larousse *Dictionnaire des Opéras*, Paris, 1881, page 448.

## Sources


title: Quasimode (band)

abstract: Quasimode is a four-piece jazz band formed in Tokyo in 2002. Their sound is influenced by the cool jazz of the 1950s and 1960s. They recorded their album The Land of Freedom with guest vocalist Carmen Lundy.

text:
# Quasimode (band)

**Quasimode** is a four-piece jazz band formed in Tokyo in 2002. Their sound is influenced by the cool jazz of the 1950s and 1960s.

They recorded their album *The Land of Freedom* with guest vocalist Carmen Lundy.

## Discography

* 2006 *Oneself-likeness*
* 2007 *The Land of Freedom*
* 2008 *Straight to the Land of Freedom: Live at Liquidroom*
* 2008 *Sounds of Peace*
* 2009 *Mode of Blue*
* 2009 *Golden Works*
* 2010 *Daybreak*
* 2011 *Magic Ensemble*
* 2012 *Four Pieces: The Best Selection*
* 2013 *Soul Cookin'*
* 2014 *My Favorite Songs*

## InfoBox

| Quasimode | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Tokyo, Japan |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Labels | Geneon Universal Entertainment |
|  | |
| Members | * Yusuke Hirado * Takahiro "Mattz" Matsuoka * Kazuhiro Sunaga * Sohnosuke Imaizumi |


title: Rendezvous (fur trade)

abstract: In North American history, a rendezvous was a larger meeting held typically once per year in the wilderness. All types included a major transfer of furs and goods to be traded for furs. Variations included a mix of other types of trading, business transactions, business meetings, and revelry.

text:
# Rendezvous (fur trade)

In North American history, a **rendezvous** was a larger meeting held typically once per year in the wilderness. All types included a major transfer of furs and goods to be traded for furs. Variations included a mix of other types of trading, business transactions, business meetings, and revelry.

## In canoe-based fur trade areas

One type of rendezvous is associated with the voyageur and canoe-based fur trade business which was largely in Canada during the times of the year when the waterways were not frozen, and provided opportunities for new friends and foes. These were generally at a transportation transfer point on a wilderness route that could not be traversed in one season run by and including the fur trade of only a single company. The transfer was the dominant reason for holding the rendezvous although they included other meetings and revelry.

## In the western part of what is now the United States

Rendezvous held in the western part of what is now the United States included a more diverse range of activities than their northern counterparts. Such a rendezvous might include several fur trading companies, and array of fur traders and mountain men. However, the majority of participants were Native American. A substantial amount of deal-making and trading occurred at these rendezvous. These were often a temporary "town" of sorts with businesses which offered the fur trade workers and participants ways to spend their money on supplies and revelry. The emblematic type was a large annual rendezvous held in the Rocky mountains from 1825 until 1840. One of the largest of these was the rendezvous of 1832. Much of the attendance of these consisted of mountain men who were fur trade participants who were experienced at living in the mountain back country.

The syndicated television anthology series *Death Valley Days* offered a 1958 episode, "The Big Rendezvous" about the 1825 gathering. Peter Walker (born 1927) was cast as the historical Kit Carson, Gardner McKay as the villainous Pierre Shunar, and Iron Eyes Cody as a trapper. Laurie Carroll (born 1933) was cast as the young Indian woman, Waa-Nibe, for whom Carson is smitten. The 1980 Western *The Mountain Men* (1980), starring Charlton Heston and Brian Keith, featured the rendezvous of 1838 and 1839.

## Modern rendezvous

Historical fur trade rendezvous are the basis or inspiration for rendezvous that are held today. Some of these (such as those held by buckskinners) are historical re-enactments to varying degrees; others are not reenactments but are inspired by elements of historical rendezvous.


title: Melanoplus militaris

abstract: Melanoplus militaris, the military spur-throat grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Melanoplus militaris

***Melanoplus militaris***, the **military spur-throat grasshopper**, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Melanoplus militaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Genus: | *Melanoplus* |
| Species: | ***M. militaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanoplus militaris***<br>Scudder, 1897 | |
|


title: White Park (Concord, New Hampshire)

abstract: White Park is a 25-acre (10 ha) public park on the west side of central Concord, New Hampshire. It occupies a roughly polygonal parcel of land surrounded by predominantly residential streets, with the University of New Hampshire School of Law located across White Street from the park's eastern corner. Its west side is characterized by a steep, rocky rise of about 40 feet (12 m) above an otherwise relatively flat landscape. The park's major features include a large man-made pond, and there are active recreational facilities, including basketball and handball courts, and a baseball diamond. The traditional main gate is located at the junction of Washington and Centre streets, with a wall section that includes a built-in structure originally used as a covered shelter for a streetcar stop. The pond is transformed into an outdoor skating rink in winter. The park is also home to the city's largest playground, called the Monkey Around Playground. The park was established by a donation from Armenia White, a local philanthropist, and designed by Charles Eliot. Most of its basic landscaping, including the construction of two ponds, was completed in the 1890s. A number of the plantings lining the park's Washington Street boundary date to the initial period of development, and include several specimen trees and shrubs. The park's recreational facilities were expanded in the 1930s with funding from the Works Progress Administration, at which time the smaller of the two ponds was filled in, and replaced by a swimming pool. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# White Park (Concord, New Hampshire)

**White Park** is a 25-acre (10 ha) public park on the west side of central Concord, New Hampshire. It occupies a roughly polygonal parcel of land surrounded by predominantly residential streets, with the University of New Hampshire School of Law located across White Street from the park's eastern corner. Its west side is characterized by a steep, rocky rise of about 40 feet (12 m) above an otherwise relatively flat landscape. The park's major features include a large man-made pond, and there are active recreational facilities, including basketball and handball courts, and a baseball diamond. The traditional main gate is located at the junction of Washington and Centre streets, with a wall section that includes a built-in structure originally used as a covered shelter for a streetcar stop. The pond is transformed into an outdoor skating rink in winter. The park is also home to the city's largest playground, called the Monkey Around Playground.

The park was established by a donation from Armenia White, a local philanthropist, and designed by Charles Eliot. Most of its basic landscaping, including the construction of two ponds, was completed in the 1890s. A number of the plantings lining the park's Washington Street boundary date to the initial period of development, and include several specimen trees and shrubs. The park's recreational facilities were expanded in the 1930s with funding from the Works Progress Administration, at which time the smaller of the two ponds was filled in, and replaced by a swimming pool. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| White Park | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| White Park Pond | |
|  | |
| Location | Bounded by Washington, Centre, High, Beacon, and White Sts., Concord, New Hampshire |
| Coordinates | 43°12′23″N 71°32′53″W / 43.20639°N 71.54806°W / 43.20639; -71.54806 |
| Area | 25 acres (10 ha) |
| Built | 1884 (1884) |
| Architect | Eliot, Charles |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000623 |
| Added to NRHP | November 9, 1982 |


title: Meridian (horse)

abstract: Meridian (1908–1935) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1911 Kentucky Derby, setting a new record by running 11⁄4 miles in 2 minutes, 5 seconds. The previous record of 2:061⁄4 had been set by Lieut. Gibson in the 1900 Derby. Meridian was determined to be the historical Champion Three-Year Old and Horse of the Year of 1911.

text:
# Meridian (horse)

**Meridian** (1908–1935) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1911 Kentucky Derby, setting a new record by running 114 miles in 2 minutes, 5 seconds. The previous record of 2:0614 had been set by Lieut. Gibson in the 1900 Derby. Meridian was determined to be the historical Champion Three-Year Old and Horse of the Year of 1911.

## Pedigree

Meridian was foaled at Charles L. Harrison's farm in Bellevue, Kentucky in 1908. Charles Harrison (1856–1912) was a civil engineer by trade and was a designer of the Cincinnati and Eastern Railway. Meridian's dam was Sue Smith, winner of the 1905 Astoria Stakes, who was sired by the imported British stallion Masetto. Meridian's sire was Broomstick, son of 1896 Kentucky Derby winner Ben Brush, who was then standing at Samuel Brown's Senorita Stock Farm in Lexington, Kentucky.

## Racing career

Meridian won three of his 12 starts as a two-year-old, gaining third place in the 1910 Foam Stakes and second place in the Sheepshead Bay Double Event Stakes while racing for Harrison in New York. Harrison had consigned the Thoroughbred to be sold in a July 1910 sale at the Sheepshead Bay Race Track but withdrew him because the bidding was not high enough. Richard Carman was also at the auction and purchased a horse called The Turk.

Meridian was bought by New Yorker Richard F. Carman as a three-year-old who was eligible to run in the May 13, 1911 Kentucky Derby. Up against a field of seven horses, Meridian started from the fifth post position. A steady contender for most of the race, he was able to outrun a rapidly advancing Governor Gray to earn the win. Racing opportunities were very limited for owners as a result of the Hart–Agnew anti-betting legislation that led to a complete shutdown of racing in New York State in 1911 and 1912. As such, Carman headed north to Canada where at Hamilton, Ontario he ran second in the June 17th Hamilton Derby to the August Belmont Jr. colt Whist. One week later at the same track, Meridian won the National Handicap while setting a new track record for a mile and one-eighth on dirt.

Meridian continued to race until he was six years old before being retired from racing to be used as a breeding stallion by Richard Carman.

## Stud career

Richard Carman retired Meridian to his stud farm, called Carmandale, in Silver Spring, Maryland in 1915. His most notable offspring for Carman was the colt Carmandale (b. 1917, out of Daruma) who won the 1919 Whirl Stakes and Wakefield Handicap. Carmandale was a fast runner, but was injured in the Climax Handicap at Havre de Grace Race Track in Maryland on April 21, 1923 and had to be euthanized.

Carmandale Stud was destroyed by an October 3, 1922 fire in which Carman lost 15 pregnant broodmares and 10 foals, which amounted to $95,000. Meridian, The Turk and three mares survived the fire because they were housed in a separate barn. The fire was suspected to be arson, due to Richard Carman disrupting the activities of local rum runners.

Carman sold Meridian in 1923 to horse trainer William Garth, who owned Inglecrest Farm in Charlottesville, Virginia. Paul Jones, the winner of the 1920 Kentucky Derby, was also owned by Garth and was kept at the farm. During the late 1920s, Meridian sired Glen Wild (b. 1926), who won the Riggs Handicap and North Shore Handicap. Meridian died in 1935.

Pedigree of Meridian (bay, 1908)
| Sire
Broomstick
b. 1901 | Ben Brush
b. 1893 | Bramble | Bonnie Scotland |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Ivy Leaf |
| | Roseville | Reform |
| | Albia |
| | Elf
ch. 1893 | Galliard | Galopin |
| | | Mavis |
| | Sylvabelle | Bend Or |
| | Saint Editha |
| Dam
Sue Smith
ch. 1903 | Masetto
b. 1888 | St. Simon | Galopin |
| | | Saint Angela |
| | Lady Abbess | Cathedral |
| | Lady Sophie |
| | Ethel Lee
b. 1894 | Whistle Jacket | Hermit |
| | | Fortress |
| | Marmora | Falsetto |
| | Marmoset |

## InfoBox

| Meridian | |
| --- | --- |
| Meridian with R.F. Carman and jockey Archibald at 1911 Kentucky Derby. | |
| Sire | Broomstick |
| Grandsire | Ben Brush |
| Dam | Sue Smith |
| Damsire | Masetto |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1908 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Charles Leonard Harrison |
| Owner | 1. Charles L. Harrison
2. Richard F. Carman
3. William M. Garth |
| Trainer | Albert Ewing |
| Record | 66: 20-15-10 |
| Earnings | $26,491 |
| Major wins | |
| National Handicap (1911)
Frontier Stakes (1911)
Washington's Birthday Handicap (1912)
Argyle Hotel Handicap (1912)
Kentucky Stakes (1912)
Excelsior Handicap (1913)
**American Classics wins:**
Kentucky Derby (1911) | |
| Awards | |
| American Champion Three-Year-Old Colt (1911)
American Horse of the Year (1911) | |
| Last updated on March 25, 2020 | |


abstract: February 21 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 23 All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 7 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For February 22nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 9.

text:
# February 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

February 21 \- Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar \- February 23

All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 7 (March 6 on leap years) by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For February 22nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 9.

## Saints

* Guram, Adarnasе, Baqar, Vache, Bardzim, Dachi, Dzhuansher, Ramaz, and Parsman.

## Pre-Schism Western saints

## Post-Schism Orthodox saints

### New martyrs and confessors

* New Hieromartyr Michael Lisitsyn, priest, of Ust-Labinskaya (1918)
* New Hieromartyrs Joseph Smirnov, Protopresbyter, and Vladimir Ilinsky, Priest (1918)
* New Hieromartyrs John Kastorsky, Deacon, and John Perebaskin, of Kostroma-Galich (1918)
* New Martyr Blessed Theoktista Mikhailovna, Fool-for-Christ, of Voronezh (1936)
* New Hieromartyrs Michael Gorbunov, John Orlov, Victor Morigerovsky, John Parushnikov, Sergius Belokurov, Andrew Yasenev, and Paul Smirnov, Priests (1938)
* New Hieromartyrs Sergius Bukashkin and Antipas Kirillov, Hieromonks (1938)
* Virgin-martyrs Elizabeth Timokhin, Irene Smirnov, and Barbara Losev (1938)
* Virgin-martyr Parasceva Makarov (1938)
* Martyrs Stephen Frantov and Nicholas Nekrasov (1938)
* Martyrs Leonid Salkov and Peter Antonov, of Alma-Ata (1938)
* Martyr Andrew Gnevishev of Tver (1941)
* New Hieromartyr Philaret (Pryakhin), Abbot, of Trubino, Tver (1942)

## Other commemorations

1. February 22 / March 7. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).
2. March 7 / February 22. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
3. *The Roman Martyrology.* Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. p. 55.
4. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Τελεσφόρος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἐπίσκοπος Ρώμης.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
5. (in Greek) Συναξαριστής. *22 Φεβρουαρίου.* Ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια τησ Ελλαδοσ).
6. February 22. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
7. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Papias, B. C. (Beginning of 2nd Cent.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 366-367.
8. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Συνετὸς ὁ Μάρτυρας.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
9. *Martyr Maurice at Apamea in Syria.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
10. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ἁγία Ἀνθοῦσα μετὰ τῶν δώδεκα οἰκετῶν αὐτῆς.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
11. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀρίστων ὁ Θαυματουργός Ἐπίσκοπος Ἀρσινόης Κύπρου.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
12. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Aristion, Disciple of Christ. (1st Cent.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. p. 366.
13. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Βαραδάτος.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
14. *Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
15. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Baradatus, H. (About A.D. 460.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 368-369.
16. *Venerable Thalassius Hermit of Syria.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
17. *Venerable Limnaeus Hermit of Syria.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
18. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ὅσιοι Θαλάσσιος καὶ Λιμναῖος.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
19. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "SS. Thalassius and Limnæus, HH. (5th Cent.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 367-368.
20. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἐννέα Μάρτυρες τῆς Κολὰ ἐν Γεωργίᾳ.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
21. *9 Martyred brothers of Kola.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
22. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἀθανάσιος ὁ Ὁμολογητής ὁ ἐν Παυλοπετρίῳ.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
23. *St Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
24. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Βλάσιος.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
25. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. Maximian of Ravenna, B.C. (A.D. 556.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 369-370.
26. *The Twenty-Second Day of the Month of February.* Orthodoxy in China.
27. Rev. Richard Stanton. *A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries.* London: Burns & Oates, 1892. p. 81.
28. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Γερμανὸς ἐκ Ρωσίας.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
29. The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. *St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004.* St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 17.
30. (in Russian) 22 февраля (ст.ст.) 7 марта 2014 (нов. ст.) Archived 2014-11-08 at the Wayback Machine. Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR).
31. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ὁσία Θεοκτίστη ἡ Νεομάρτυς.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
32. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Εὕρεσις Τιμίων Λειψάνων Ἁγίων Ἀποστόλων Ἀνδρονίκου καὶ Ἰουνίας.* 22 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
33. *Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
34. *The Great Horologion or Book of Hours.* Transl. from the Greek by the Holy Transfiguration Monastery. Boston, Massachusetts, 1997. p. 427.

## Sources

**Greek Sources**

**Russian Sources**


title: Ostiano

abstract:
Ostiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,054 and an area of 19.4 square kilometres (7.5 sq mi). Ostiano borders the following municipalities: Gabbioneta-Binanuova, Gambara, Pessina Cremonese, Pralboino, Seniga, Volongo. Among the churches in the territory are:
  - Oratory of the Disciplini
  - Pieve di San Gaudenzio former abbey church
  - San Michele Arcangelo parish church
  - Chiesa di Torricella Romanesque oratory

text:
# Ostiano

**Ostiano** (Brescian: *Üstià*) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,054 and an area of 19.4 square kilometres (7.5 sq mi).

Ostiano borders the following municipalities: Gabbioneta-Binanuova, Gambara, Pessina Cremonese, Pralboino, Seniga, Volongo.

Among the churches in the territory are:

## Demographic evolution

## InfoBox

| Ostiano *Üstià* (Lombard) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Ostiano | |
| Location of Ostiano | |
| OstianoLocation of Ostiano in ItalyOstianoOstiano (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°13′N 10°15′E / 45.217°N 10.250°E / 45.217; 10.250 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Province of Cremona (CR) |
| Area | |
| Total | 19.4 km2 (7.5 sq mi) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 3,054 |
| Density | 160/km2 (410/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 26032 |
| Dialing code | 0372 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Reconstruction military districts

abstract: Following the end of the American Civil War, five Reconstruction Military Districts of the U.S. Army were established as temporary administrative units of the U.S. War Department in the American South. The districts were stipulated by the Reconstruction Acts during the Reconstruction period following the American Civil War.

text:
# Reconstruction military districts

Following the end of the American Civil War, five **Reconstruction Military Districts** of the U.S. Army were established as temporary administrative units of the U.S. War Department in the American South. The districts were stipulated by the Reconstruction Acts during the Reconstruction period following the American Civil War.

## Creation of the military districts

In March 1867, Radical Republicans in Congress became frustrated with President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction policies, which, they believed, allowed too many former Confederate officials to hold public office in the South. Politically empowered Democratic Party politicians who were former Confederates would obstruct the civil rights of newly freed African Americans. For Republicans these rights, which would allow the prewar ideology of abolition to translate to real freedom, were critical.

In response, Congressional Republicans passed a multitude of bills furthering strict Reconstruction policies known as the Reconstruction Acts, the most important of which being "An Act to provide for the more efficient Government of the Rebel States". This act, passed on March 2, 1867, divided the former Confederate States (except for Tennessee, after it ratified the 14th Amendment) into five separate military districts. The Reconstruction Acts required that each former Confederate state hold a Constitutional Convention, adopt a new State Constitution, and ratify the 14th Amendment before rejoining the Union. The five districts and the states within them were:

Each of these districts fell under the command of former Union Army general officers to supervise the replacement of undesirable former Confederate officials and use military force to guarantee the safety of liberated African Americans and maintain peace. However, it soon became apparent that the appointed army commanders could only act as peacekeepers until the president unveiled a proper Reconstruction policy.


title: Mégiscane Lake

abstract: The Mégiscane Lake sits in the municipality of Senneterre (parish), in La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality (RCM), in the administrative region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, in Quebec, in Canada.

text:
# Mégiscane Lake

The **Mégiscane Lake** sits in the municipality of Senneterre (parish), in La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality (RCM), in the administrative region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, in Quebec, in Canada.

## Geography

Lake Mégiscane is located in forest in Abitibi, between Lebel-sur-Quévillon and the Gouin Reservoir. The main lakes surrounding are: * north, Cherrier Lake,
* to the east, the lakes Canusio, Ouiscatis and Dumont,
* in the West, Kamiskonamebanikâk, Kâmâkociwak, Maricourt and Berthelot lakes.

The shape of Lake Mégiscane is very complex. This lake is made in length (from south-west to north-east), with three important enlargements:

* the southern part of the lake is 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) (including the strait connecting it to the central part) and its maximum width is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi). The Bay of Wolves is located on the west shore;
* the central part has a length of 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) by 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) of maximum width. It has a large island of 32 kilometres (20 mi) with 18 kilometres (11 mi) at its center;
* the northern part has a length of 9.0 kilometres (5.6 mi), with a maximum width of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). Lake Arlette flows into the northern part.

Lake Mégiscane flows through the north of its central part, into the river of the same name.

## Toponymy

The toponym "Mégiscane" is of Algonquin origin and refers to a river, a lake, a dam and a locality. This Algonquin term translates as fish hook or bait. Testimonies of the time reveal that the Algonquins were fishing at the line intensively on the Mégiscane River. This toponym includes several spellings according to the explorers' reports: Megiskan, Métiskan and Métiscan.

The toponym "Lac Mégiscane" was inscribed on December 5, 1968, at the Bank of Place Names of the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Mégiscane Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Watershed of Nottaway River | |
| Mégiscane Lake | |
| Location | Senneterre |
| Coordinates | 48°35′07″N 75°51′57″W / 48.58528°N 75.86583°W / 48.58528; -75.86583 |
| Type | Reservoir lake |
| Primary inflows | Mégiscane River, Closse River |
| Primary outflows | Mégiscane River |
| Basin countries | Canada |
|  | |
| Max. length | 22.7 kilometres (14.1 mi) |
| Max. width | 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 385 metres (1,263 ft) |


title: Pérola Byington

abstract: Pérola Ellis Byington was a Brazilian philanthropist and social activist. She was an advocate for mother and children's health assistance in Brazil during the first half of 20th century.

text:
# Pérola Byington

**Pérola Ellis Byington** (3 December 1879 – 6 November 1963) was a Brazilian philanthropist and social activist. She was an advocate for mother and children's health assistance in Brazil during the first half of 20th century.

## Early life

On 3 December 1879, Byington was born as Pearl Ellis McIntyre in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, São Paulo, Brazil. Byington's parents were Mary Elisabeth Ellis and Robert Dickson McIntyre, American Confederado immigrants who settled in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste. She adopted the Portuguese form of her name (Pérola) and in 1894 when Pérola was fourteen years old, she completed the preparation for the Normal School, but was not admitted because the minimum age requirement was sixteen years old.

## Education

Byington received private lessons in education, except Latin, which she took at a boys' school , where Pérola had to hide behind a folding screen so as not to attract the attention of the teacher and the boys. In 1897, Pérola took the entrance exams for the annex course of the Law Academy of São Paulo. She didn't pass the geography test and neither was well received by the academics, who did not want to admit women. In 1899, at the age of 19, Byington finished the normal course.

## Career

During the First World War, Byington was in the United States, where she was responsible for a section of the Red Cross. Upon returning to Brazil, she continued participating in philanthropic activities. From the 1930s, Byington alongside the teacher Maria Antonieta de Castro led a campaign to combat child mortality, called "Cruzada Pró-Infância", (*Crusade for Childhood)* a task which she held for 33 years. She also dedicated herself to several other programs in defense of the disadvantaged, especially children, having been awarded several commendations of merit.

## Personal life

On 4 July 1901, Byington married Albert Jackson Byington, an electrical engineer who imported the first electric motor to Brazil. They had two children.

On 6 November 1963, Byington died in New York City, New York, United States.

### Legacy

In her honor, a hospital dedicated to women's health in São Paulo is named after her.

Pérola, a municipality of the state of Paraná, was named after her; Alberto Byington Júnior, Pérola's son, was one of the partners of the Companhia Byington de Colonização Ltda., the company that bought land and settled in the region.

Byington is the great-grandmother of actress Bianca Byington and singer Olivia Byington. She is also the great-great-grandmother of the actor Gregório Duvivier.

## InfoBox

| Pérola Byington | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Pearl Ellis McIntyre
(1879-12-03)3 December 1879
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Died | 6 November 1963(1963-11-06) (aged 83)
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | Brazilian–American |
| Occupation | Philanthropist |
| Spouse | Albert Jackson Byington |


title: Rendezvous (Sandy Denny album)

abstract: Rendezvous is the fourth and final studio album by English folk rock singer-songwriter Sandy Denny, released on Island Records in May 1977, and the final album released during her lifetime.

text:
# Rendezvous (Sandy Denny album)

***Rendezvous*** is the fourth and final studio album by English folk rock singer-songwriter Sandy Denny, released on Island Records in May 1977, and the final album released during her lifetime.

## Background

Sandy Denny and Trevor Lucas left Fairport Convention at the end of 1975 and Denny embarked on *Rendezvous* in the spring of 1976. Trevor Lucas produced the album with a contemporary rock sound designed to turn Denny into a mainstream act. The album is now generally thought to be overproduced with an excess of strings, backing vocals and instrumental overdubs. Despite this the album is felt to contain some of her finest compositions, and showed someone continuing to widen and deepen their songwriting craft, and who was responsive to new influences: "Gold Dust" with its Caribbean feel; the soulful torch songs "Take Me Away" and "I'm A Dreamer"; and, most ambitious of all, a seven-minute orchestral tribute to the English pastoral symphony in the style of Vaughan Williams called "All Our Days" recorded live at CBS Studios.

The punishing world tour with Fairport Convention throughout 1974 and 1975, coupled with Denny's heavy drinking and smoking, inevitably took a toll on her voice and by now much of its bell-like purity had gone, but the control and power were still there along with her subtle phrasing and characteristic grace notes. For the first time in years Denny recorded portions of the album live including an extraordinary session at Basing Street on 25 April, where "Full Moon," "No More Sad Refrains," and "I'm A Dreamer" were cut live with the band and strings in a single day. A selection of cover versions were recorded for the album: "I Wish I Was a Fool for You (For Shame of Doing Wrong)" by Richard Thompson, the only post-Fairport recording she made of a song by her former bandmate; "Silver Threads and Golden Needles," which had been attempted years earlier for the first Fotheringay album in 1970; "Losing Game" by The Flying Burrito Brothers; and "Easy to Slip" by Lowell George; the latter two were discarded from the final record. Several Denny originals were also recorded and not used, including '"Full Moon," "By the Time It Gets Dark," and "Still Waters Run Deep."

The majority of the album was recorded in a week of sessions between 23 April and 7 June at Basing Street and Island Studios; further sessions from the 9th to the 18th of June were largely devoted to extensive mixing and overdubs. The album, originally entitled *Gold Dust*, was finished by July and due to come out in October 1976, but Island repeatedly delayed the release and it finally came out in May 1977 when Denny was pregnant and unable to undertake a promotional tour. During this delay Denny returned to the studio to record a cover version of Elton John's "Candle in the Wind," which was added to the album in place of her own composition "Still Waters Run Deep." Both tracks were later released on a single. One last session, to record Bryn Haworth's "Moments," took place days before the album's release, and this was Denny's final studio recording.

The album was the only solo album of Denny's not to be issued in a gatefold. However, there was a black card inner sleeve with the lyrics reproduced in white type. The cover image was a composite of a location shot of Denny waiting on a street and a close-up studio portrait of her with heavy eye make up and wearing an auburn wig.

Having relocated to the village of Byfield in Northamptonshire in the mid-seventies, Sandy gave birth to her only child, a daughter called Georgia, in July 1977. A UK tour to promote *Rendezvous* was undertaken in the autumn and marked her final public appearances. The closing night at the Royalty Theatre in London on 27 November 1977 was recorded for an intended live album, *Gold Dust*, which was eventually released in 1998. Sandy Denny died the following year in April 1978 following complications after a fall.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

In 2005 AllMusic's reviewer Brett Hartenbach was less than enthusiastic about Trevor Lucas' production, saying "use of cumbersome strings, backup singers and bloated lead guitars weigh things down and bury some otherwise fine writing." His summation was that *Rendezvous* was "a flawed attempt at gaining a wider audience, by an artist who deserved better and was capable of the best." However, he did give the album a three-star rating of a possible five.
*Rolling Stone'*s 2004 assessment was that having left her folk roots behind, "casting her as pop singer didn't quite work on *Rendezvous*."

## Track listing

All songs credited to Sandy Denny except where noted.

### Side one

1. "I Wish I Was a Fool for You (For Shame of Doing Wrong)" (Richard Thompson) – 4:25
2. "Gold Dust" – 3:54
3. "Candle in the Wind" (Elton John, Bernie Taupin) – 4:08
4. "Take Me Away" – 4:23
5. "One Way Donkey Ride" – 3:34

### Side two

1. "I'm a Dreamer" – 4:45
2. "All Our Days" – 7:25
3. "Silver Threads and Golden Needles" (Jack Rhodes, Dick Reynolds) – 3:40
4. "No More Sad Refrains" – 2:48

### Bonus track on the 1991 Hannibal Records CD issue *(deleted)*

1. "Full Moon" – 4:30

### Bonus tracks on 2005 Island Records remastered re-issue

1. "Still Waters Run Deep" – 2:54 (B-side of the single "Candle in the Wind")
2. "Full Moon" – 4:28
3. "I'm a Dreamer" (demo) – 4:14
4. "Easy to Slip" (Lowell George, Martin Kibbee) – 3:25
5. "Moments" (Bryn Haworth) – 3:43

## Personnel

* Sandy Denny - lead vocals, acoustic guitar (5), piano (6/9)
* Jerry Donahue \- electric guitar (1/6/8-9)
* Junior Murvin \- electric guitar (2)
* Richard Thompson \- electric guitar (3)
* Bob Weston \- electric guitar (4)
* Trevor Lucas - acoustic guitar (6/9)
* John (Rabbit) Bundrick \- organ (1), synthesizer (1), piano (8)
* Steve Winwood \- organ (2/4/5), clavinet (2), piano (4), electric piano (5)
* John Gillespie - piano (3)
* Pat Donaldson \- bass (1-2/4-6/8-9)
* Dave Pegg \- bass (3)
* Dave Mattacks \- drums (1-4/6/9), tambourine (1)
* Timi Donald - drums (5/8)
* Brother James - congas (2)
* Dick Cuthell \- flugelhorn (2)
* Benny Gallagher & Graham Lyle - backing vocals (3)
* Sue Glover & Sunny Leslie - backing vocals (4/5)
* Kay Garner & Clare Torry \- backing vocals (6)
* The Ladybirds - backing vocals (8)
* The Silver Band: John Hudson, Alan Holmes, Ray Grand, Gordon Bland, David White, Robert Richards, Peter Lockett & Philip Goodwin
* Harry Robinson \- orchestral arrangements (3/6/7)
* Steve Gregory \- brass arrangements (4)
* Robert Kirby \- silver band arrangement (8)

### Other Credits

* Engineered - John Wood
* Mastering - John Marino, Sterling Sounds
* Sleeve Design - Bloomfield/Travis

## InfoBox

| Rendezvous | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sandy Denny | |
| Released | May 1977 |
| Recorded | April – June 1976 |
| Studio | Island Studios (Basing Street and Hammersmith), CBS (London), Strawberry Studios (Stockport), Sound Techniques (Chelsea) |
| Genre | folk rock |
| Length | 39:02 |
| Label | UK: Island, 1977 (ILPS 9433)
US: Hannibal, 1986 (HNBL 4422) |
| Producer | Trevor Lucas |
| Sandy Denny chronology | |
| *Like an Old Fashioned Waltz*
(1973) ***Rendezvous***
(1977) *Who Knows Where the Time Goes?*
(1985) | |


title: Meriones (rodent)

abstract: Meriones is a rodent genus that includes the gerbil most commonly kept as a pet, Meriones unguiculatus. The genus contains most animals referred to as jirds, but members of the genera Sekeetamys, Brachiones, and sometimes Pachyuromys are also known as jirds. The distribution of Meriones ranges from northern Africa to Mongolia. Meriones jirds tend to inhabit arid regions including clay desert, sandy desert, and steppe, but are also in slightly wetter regions, and are an agricultural pest. The genus was named by Illiger in 1811, deriving from the Greek word μηρος (femur). However the name is shared with Greek warrior Meriones in Homer's Iliad which has brought confusion to the meaning of the scientific names, specially for the popular pet Mongolian gerbil.

text:
# Meriones (rodent)

***Meriones*** is a rodent genus that includes the gerbil most commonly kept as a pet, *Meriones unguiculatus*. The genus contains most animals referred to as **jirds**, but members of the genera *Sekeetamys*, *Brachiones*, and sometimes *Pachyuromys* are also known as jirds. The distribution of *Meriones* ranges from northern Africa to Mongolia. *Meriones* jirds tend to inhabit arid regions including clay desert, sandy desert, and steppe, but are also in slightly wetter regions, and are an agricultural pest.

The genus was named by Illiger in 1811, deriving from the Greek word *μηρος* (femur). However the name is shared with Greek warrior Meriones in Homer's *Iliad* which has brought confusion to the meaning of the scientific names, specially for the popular pet Mongolian gerbil.

## Description

Adult *Meriones* species range in size from 9 to 18 cm (head and body), with tails equal to or slightly longer than the rest of the animals. Weights vary widely by species, but is generally between 30 and 200 grams.

They are more rat-like in appearance than many other gerbillines, but are still capable of leaping. They have strong front claws, used to dig their burrows.

## Natural history

They construct burrows to aid in food storage, temperature regulation and water retention. The burrows of some species are rather simple, but others can be quite complex. *Meriones crassus* adults have been reported to have burrows with a combined length of over 30 meters and have 18 entrances. Food is stored in chambers of the burrows. As with other arid adapted rodents, stored food has the capacity to reabsorb moisture given off by the animal during respiration. Jirds can go their entire lives without drinking, relying instead on water generated during metabolism. These rodents feed on roots, seeds, fruits, and insects.

Members of the genus range from being social to rather solitary. Even in solitary species, home ranges often overlap. Females give birth to one to 12 young after a gestation period of about 20–30 days. Sexual maturity is reached after about 9–15 weeks. Longevity in the wild is usually less than six months, but the record for a captive animal is over five years.

## Classification

Pavlinov *et al.* considered the genus to belong to the (sub)tribe Rhombomyina, a group of mostly Asian gerbils. Tong's hypothesized relationship is consistent, and the taxonomy of Pavlinov *et al.* was adopted by Musser and Carleton. McKenna and Bell (1997) use the subtribe name Merionina (presumably arguing it has priority) for the same group.

In particular, *Meriones* is thought by Pavlinov et al. (1990) to be sister (cladistically closest) to the genus *Brachiones*. Tong (1989), however, suggests *Psammomys* is its sister genus.

The 17 species of *Meriones* jirds are divided into four subgenera.

Genus ***Meriones***

## InfoBox

| *Meriones*
Temporal range: Early Pleistocene – Recent | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mongolian gerbil (*Meriones unguiculatus*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Subtribe: | Gerbillina |
| Genus: | *Meriones*
Illiger, 1811 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Mus tamariscinus*
 | |
| Subgenera | |
|  | |


title: Whitton Bridge Pasture

abstract: Whitton Bridge Pasture is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in the unitary authority of Stockton-on-Tees, England. At 3.18 hectares (7.9 acres) it lies to the south of Whitton village and north west of Stockton-on-Tees. SSSIs are chosen by Natural England, and Whitton Bridge Pasture was designated in 2004 because of its biological interest. It is one of 18 SSSIs in the Cleveland area of search. The biological interest is focused on the species-rich mesotrophic grassland found across the site, which is actively maintained by grazing. The species present are predominantly grasses, although herbs and orchids are also found. The area has been classified as MG5 under the British National Vegetation Classification because of the species composition. The site is small and isolated, and therefore requires careful management to avoid damage caused by activity on neighbouring land.

text:
# Whitton Bridge Pasture

**Whitton Bridge Pasture** is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in the unitary authority of Stockton-on-Tees, England. At 3.18 hectares (7.9 acres) it lies to the south of Whitton village and north west of Stockton-on-Tees. SSSIs are chosen by Natural England, and Whitton Bridge Pasture was designated in 2004 because of its biological interest. It is one of 18 SSSIs in the Cleveland area of search.

The biological interest is focused on the species-rich mesotrophic grassland found across the site, which is actively maintained by grazing. The species present are predominantly grasses, although herbs and orchids are also found. The area has been classified as MG5 under the British National Vegetation Classification because of the species composition. The site is small and isolated, and therefore requires careful management to avoid damage caused by activity on neighbouring land.

## Reason for notification

SSSIs are designated by Natural England, previously English Nature, which uses the 1974–1996 county system. This means there is no grouping of SSSIs by Stockton-on-Tees unitary authority, or County Durham which is the relevant ceremonial county. As such Whitton Bridge Pasture is one of 18 SSSIs in the Cleveland area of search.

Whitton Bridge Pasture is nationally important for its species-rich grassland which is unimproved by fertilisers. This type of grassland—once common in the Tees lowland—is becoming increasingly rare with its associated species also becoming scarce. Whitton Bridge Pasture is one of only two remaining examples of this habitat in the Tees lowland area. The other example is Briarcroft Pasture, an SSSI about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the south, which was designated at the same time but is significantly smaller.

Under the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC) Whitton Bridge Pasture is considered as mesotrophic grassland because it represents well-drained and permanent pasture. In particular it is considered to be an MG5 community because of the species present. MG5 is widespread in many lowland areas in England, Wales, and Scotland, particularly in the Midlands. Whitton Bridge Pasture is predominantly subcommunity MG5c (*Danthonia decumbens*), however subcommunity MG5a (*Lathyrus pratensis*) is present with a substantially different species composition.

## Site description

### Abiotic

Located north-west of Stockton-on-Tees and 500 metres (550 yd) south of the village of Whitton, it is a small site of 3.18 hectares (7.9 acres) between a sewage works and Whitton Beck. Topographically the site slopes north towards the stream from a height of 40 metres (130 ft) to less than 30 metres (98 ft). The underlying geology of Whitton Bridge Pasture is responsible for shaping the species-rich community found on the surface. Glacial tills and sands are the prominent geological features resulting in a relatively base-poor soil, characteristic of glacial drift geology. The soils of MG5c (*Danthonia decumbens*) subcommunity are typically acidic.

Because Whitton Bridge Pasture is located in North East England it experiences a climate that is different from the UK average. The North East receives on average 370 millimetres (15 in) less rainfall than the UK over a year. Similarly the North East has roughly 129 days each year with more than 1 millimetre (0.039 in) of rainfall, more than 25 days fewer than UK average. Despite these differences the temperature is similar for both the North East and the UK, although the North East does have fewer days with air frost and more hours of sunshine per year.

### Biotic

The majority of the site is made up of species-rich grassland (subcommunity MG5c), which comprises three dominant species of grass and several other grass species at lower abundances. The dominant species are Red Fescue (*Festuca rubra*), Common Bent (*Agrostis capillaris*) and Yorkshire Fog (*Holcus lanatus*). The less abundant species of grass include, Crested Dog's-tail (*Cynosurus cristatus*), Heath-grass (*Danthonia decumbens*) and Cocksfoot (*Dactylis glomerata*). The subcommunity also has many broad-leaved herbs including Common Knapweed (*Centaurea nigra*), Tormentil (*Potentilla erecta*), Devils-bit scabious (*Succisa pratensis*) and Betony (*Stachys officinalis*).

A second subcommunity (MG5a) is present and is characterised by the legume Meadow vetchling (*Lathyrus pratensis*). Other species present in this subcommunity include Salad burnet (*Sanguisorba minor*), Quaking grass (*Briza media*), Pignut (*Conopodium majus*) and the Orchid species: Common Twayblade (*Neottia ovata*) and Early Purple Orchid (*Orchis mascula*). The subcommunity also contains Meadow barley (*Hordeum secalinum*), a perennial grass, which is a characteristic species of the Tees Lowland.

The two subcommunities of MG5, characterised by species rich grassland form a belt across the site, but they do not cover the whole site. Towards the north there is a community dominated by False oat-grass (*Arrhenatherum elatius*), a constant species in the MG1 and MG2 communities of the British NVC and therefore not typical of an MG5 community. At Whitton Bridge Pasture it is growing on alluvial soils located at the northern edge of the site, which have most likely been formed by Whitton Beck just to the north. A number of springs at the site are associated with flushes of the Pale sedge (*Carex pallescens*), which form small populations.

## Management

Natural England's role is to advise and help the owners manage Whitton Bridge Pasture effectively. To achieve this Natural England provides guidelines for each SSSI. Species-rich grassland, such as that found at Whitton Bridge, requires careful management for it to retain its high species diversity. This means many activities are not allowed at the site including: ploughing, drainage and the use of fertilisers, pesticides or herbicides.

Management of the site requires moderate grazing during the summer and autumn to help maintain the species diversity. This is because grazing removes each year's new growth which helps stop the site becoming dominated by vigorously growing grasses. Such grasses would allow a buildup of dead organic matter, which together with the increased growth, would reduce the growth of less vigorous species. The overall effect would be a reduction in species diversity, which was one of the reasons for the SSSI designation. Trampling can be of benefit because it breaks up accumulated dead organic matter.

The small and isolated nature of the site makes it susceptible to damage from the surrounding area. For example, herbicides, thought to be generally damaging for the species richness, could get onto the site from the drift of spray from surrounding fields. To help combat this the maintenance of mature hedgerows around the perimeter is encouraged. As of 2006 the condition of Whitton Bridge Pasture is described as favourable, which means that the land is being adequately conserved and any conservation objectives are being met, but that there is scope for enhancement of the site. The condition of the site was also described as favourable in 2004 and 2005 assessments. In the future it is hoped that the grazing regime will become more regularised and will be of high priority.

## InfoBox

| Whitton Bridge Pasture | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, England |
| Coordinates | 54°35′38″N 01°24′12″W / 54.59389°N 1.40333°W / 54.59389; -1.40333 |
| Area | 3.18 ha (7.9 acres) |
| Established | 2004 |
| Governing body | Natural England |
| Website | Map of site |


title: Melissa Neeley

abstract: Melissa Neeley is an American broadcast journalist, actress, and film producer. She started out as the weekend news anchor on WHIO-FM in Dayton, Ohio. She then became News Director at Monticello Media in Charlottesville, Virginia, on November 1, 2007. Neeley anchored the morning news on Newstalk WCHV 1260 AM and 107.5 FM. She also produced and hosted "Charlottesville This Week", which airs weekends on WCHV, WCHV-FM, WCYK, WHTE, WHUK and WKAV. Under her direction, in 2009 WCHV received the runner-up award for Most Outstanding Newscast by Virginia Association of Broadcasters. In January 2012, Neeley resigned her position with Monticello Media and became employed with Clear Channel Media And Entertainment, now IHeartMedia, in Cincinnati, Oh. Since January 9, 2012, Neeley has been a News Anchor and Reporter for WLW and WKRC (AM). Neeley has been a guest reporter on HLN's Nancy Grace show since 2010, giving information about news stories from Virginia and the Ohio Valley. She is also a former member of The Bent Theatre, a comedy improv group in Charlottesville, Virginia. She has worked with film director John Johnson in both the 2011 film Shadowhunters:Lost and in the 2015 film "Plan 9". Neeley played the store clerk's wife in Shadowhunters:Lost. She was an associate producer and a zombie extra in the movie Plan 9. She is credited as Melissa Renee Neeley in both films.

text:
# Melissa Neeley

**Melissa Neeley** (born September 1, 1972) is an American broadcast journalist, actress, and film producer. She started out as the weekend news anchor on WHIO-FM in Dayton, Ohio. She then became News Director at Monticello Media in Charlottesville, Virginia, on November 1, 2007. Neeley anchored the morning news on Newstalk WCHV 1260 AM and 107.5 FM. She also produced and hosted "Charlottesville This Week", which airs weekends on WCHV, WCHV-FM, WCYK, WHTE, WHUK and WKAV. Under her direction, in 2009 WCHV received the runner-up award for Most Outstanding Newscast by Virginia Association of Broadcasters. In January 2012, Neeley resigned her position with Monticello Media and became employed with Clear Channel Media And Entertainment, now IHeartMedia, in Cincinnati, Oh. Since January 9, 2012, Neeley has been a News Anchor and Reporter for WLW and WKRC (AM). Neeley has been a guest reporter on HLN's Nancy Grace show since 2010, giving information about news stories from Virginia and the Ohio Valley.

She is also a former member of The Bent Theatre, a comedy improv group in Charlottesville, Virginia. She has worked with film director John Johnson in both the 2011 film *Shadowhunters:Lost* and in the 2015 film "Plan 9". Neeley played the store clerk's wife in *Shadowhunters:Lost*. She was an associate producer and a zombie extra in the movie *Plan 9*. She is credited as Melissa Renee Neeley in both films.


title: Paraganglion

abstract: A paraganglion is a group of non-neuronal cells derived of the neural crest. They are named for being generally in close proximity to sympathetic ganglia. They are essentially of two types: (1) chromaffin or sympathetic paraganglia made of chromaffin cells and (2) nonchromaffin or parasympathetic paraganglia made of glomus cells. They are neuroendocrine cells, the former with primary endocrine functions and the latter with primary chemoreceptor functions. Chromaffin paraganglia are connected with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and the ganglia of the celiac, renal, adrenal, aortic and hypogastric plexuses. They are concentrated near the adrenal glands and essentially function the same way as the adrenal medulla. They are sometimes found in connection with the ganglia of other sympathetic plexuses. None have been found with the sympathetic ganglia associated with the branches of the trigeminal nerve. The largest chromaffin paraganglion is the organ of Zuckerkandl, it is probably the largest source of circulating catecholamines in the fetus and young infants, and gradually atrophies to microscopic loci. Nonchromaffin paraganglia include carotid bodies and aortic bodies, some are distributed in the ear, along the vagus nerve, in the larynx and at various other places.

text:
# Paraganglion

A **paraganglion** (pl. paraganglia) is a group of non-neuronal cells derived of the neural crest. They are named for being generally in close proximity to sympathetic ganglia. They are essentially of two types: (1) chromaffin or sympathetic paraganglia made of chromaffin cells and (2) nonchromaffin or parasympathetic paraganglia made of glomus cells. They are neuroendocrine cells, the former with primary endocrine functions and the latter with primary chemoreceptor functions.

Chromaffin paraganglia (also called chromaffin bodies) are connected with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and the ganglia of the celiac, renal, adrenal, aortic and hypogastric plexuses. They are concentrated near the adrenal glands and essentially function the same way as the adrenal medulla. They are sometimes found in connection with the ganglia of other sympathetic plexuses. None have been found with the sympathetic ganglia associated with the branches of the trigeminal nerve. The largest chromaffin paraganglion is the organ of Zuckerkandl, it is probably the largest source of circulating catecholamines in the fetus and young infants, and gradually atrophies to microscopic loci.

Nonchromaffin paraganglia include carotid bodies and aortic bodies, some are distributed in the ear, along the vagus nerve, in the larynx and at various other places.

## Clinical significance

Tumors of the paraganglionic tissues are known as paragangliomas, though this term tends to imply the nonchromaffin type, and can occur at a number of sites throughout the body.

Chromaffin paragangliomas are issued from chromaffin cells, and are known as pheochromocytomas. Adrenal pheochromocytomas are usually benign while extra-adrenal ones are more malignant. They are most of the time in the adrenals, and only rarely outside of the abdomen. They usually secrete hormones and estimates of a familial history vary.

Nonchromaffin paragangliomas are usually benign. They are generally present at the head and neck, most often at carotid body or jugulo-tympanic, they rarely secrete hormones and commonly have a familial history.

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1277 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

## InfoBox

| Paraganglion | |
| --- | --- |
| Paraganglion of gallbladder | |
| Identifiers | |
| TH | H3.08.02.8.00001 |
| FMA | 15648 |
| Anatomical terms of microanatomy | |


title: Otto Strandman's second cabinet

abstract: Otto Strandman's second cabinet was in office in Estonia from 9 July 1929 to 12 February 1931, when it was succeeded by Konstantin Päts' third cabinet.

text:
# Otto Strandman's second cabinet

**Otto Strandman's second cabinet** was in office in Estonia from 9 July 1929 to 12 February 1931, when it was succeeded by Konstantin Päts' third cabinet.

## Members

This cabinet's members were the following:

| Name | Portrait | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Otto Strandman |  | Prime Minister |
| Tõnis Kalbus |  | Minister of the Interior and Minister of Justice |
| Jaan Lattik |  | Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| August Kerem |  | Minister of Agricultural Affairs |
| August Jürman |  | Minister of Roads |
| Jaan Hünerson |  | Minister of Education and Social Affairs |