title: Pseurotin A

abstract: Pseurotin A is a secondary metabolite of Aspergillus.

text:
# Pseurotin A

**Pseurotin A** is a secondary metabolite of *Aspergillus*.

## Biosynthesis

The gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of Pseurotin A was predicted by deletion and overexpression of polyketide synthase nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrid enzyme gene, PsoA. While it is unknown how the azaspirocyclic core of the pseurotin family of natural products is made, the post polyketide synthase modifications are known. In-vivo and in-vitro studies showed the unique mechanism involved in the modification enzymes PsoC, PsoD, PsoE, and PsoF. PsoD codes for a cytochrome P450, which is responsible for oxidizing the benzyl carbon (C17) to the conjugated ketone. PsoC codes for a methyltransferase, which methylates the tertiary alcohol closest to the benzoyl moiety on C8. PsoE is predicted to be a glutathione S-transferase gene, and isomerizes the C=C bond furthest down the tail from the E stereoisomer to the Z stereoisomer. PsoF is unique in that its gene is encoded separate from the pseurotin gene cluster and is responsible for the epoxidation of the trans double bond that remains in the tail. This epoxide is spontaneously hydrolyzed by either an SN2 mechanism to form pseurotin A, or by an SN2’ mechanism to form pseurotin D.

## InfoBox

Pseurotin A
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name (5*S*,8*S*,9*R*)-8-Benzoyl-2-\[(1*S*,2*S*,3*Z*)-1,2-dihydroxyhex-3-en-1-yl\]-9-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxa-7-azaspiro\[4.4\]non-2-ene-4,6-dione | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C22H25NO8/c1-4-5-11-14(24)15(25)16-12(2)17(26)21(31-16)19(28)22(30-3,23-20(21)29)18(27)13-9-7-6-8-10-13/h5-11,14-15,19,24-25,28H,4H2,1-3H3,(H,23,29)/b11-5-/t14-,15-,19+,21+,22+/m0/s1Key: SLYDIPAXCVVRNY-UOWMTANKSA-N | |
| SMILES * CC/C=C\\\[C@@H\](\[C@@H\](C1=C(C(=O)\[C@@\]2(O1)\[C@H\](\[C@@\](NC2=O)(C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)OC)O)C)O)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C22H25NO8 |
| Molar mass | 431.441 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Pskovavia

abstract: Pskovavia was a passenger and cargo airline based in Pskov, Russia. It operated international and domestic charter passenger and cargo services as well as regular scheduled flights between Pskov and Moscow. Its main base was Pskov Airport.

text:
# Pskovavia

**Pskovavia** was a passenger and cargo airline based in Pskov, Russia. It operated international and domestic charter passenger and cargo services as well as regular scheduled flights between Pskov and Moscow. Its main base was Pskov Airport.

## History

The airline was established and started operations in 1944. It was formerly Aeroflot Pskov Division.

The Federal Agency for Air Transport (Rosaviatsia) suspended the Pskovavia airline flight certificate on April 4, 2018. Pskovavia was replaced by the airline Azimuth.

## Destinations

Pskovavia carried out scheduled flights between Pskov (Pskov Airport) and Moscow (Domodedovo Airport) on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. On 20 June 2013 Pskovavia announced St Petersburg (Pulkovo Airport) flights would resume, starting in August 2013.

As of July 2013 Pskovavia served the following destinations:

### Russia

Bryansk Oblast  Karelia  Kursk Oblast  Moscow /  Moscow Oblast  Murmansk Oblast  Pskov Oblast  Saint Petersburg /  Leningrad Oblast  Tambov Oblast  Vladimir Oblast  Vologda Oblast

Pskovavia's AN-26 also frequently visits Helsinki-Vantaa airport during early evenings.

## Fleet

As of July 2019 the Pskovavia fleet included:

## InfoBox

Pskovavia
| IATA ICAO Call sign  PSW PSKOVAVIA | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1944 (1944) |
| Ceased operations | 2018 |
| Hubs | Pskov |
| Fleet size | 0 |
| Destinations | 22 (scheduled) |
| Headquarters | Pskov |
| Website | pskovavia.ru |


title: Pueblo V Period

abstract: The Pueblo V Period is the final period of ancestral puebloan culture in the American Southwest, or Oasisamerica, and includes the contemporary Pueblo peoples. From the previous Pueblo IV Period, all 19 of the Rio Grande valley pueblos remain in the contemporary period. The only remaining pueblo in Texas is Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, and the only remaining pueblos in Arizona are maintained by the Hopi Tribe. The rest of the Pueblo IV pueblos were abandoned by the 19th century. The Pueblo V Period is similar to the "Regressive Pueblo Period."

text:
# Pueblo V Period

The **Pueblo V Period** (AD 1600 to present) is the final period of ancestral puebloan culture in the American Southwest, or Oasisamerica, and includes the contemporary Pueblo peoples. From the previous Pueblo IV Period, all 19 of the Rio Grande valley pueblos remain in the contemporary period. The only remaining pueblo in Texas is Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, and the only remaining pueblos in Arizona are maintained by the Hopi Tribe. The rest of the Pueblo IV pueblos were abandoned by the 19th century.

The Pueblo V Period (Pecos Classification) is similar to the "Regressive Pueblo Period."

## History

Considerable change occurred during the Pueblo V Period due to Spanish colonization of the Americas beginning in the 16th century and the United States westward expansion of the 19th and 20th centuries. These influences resulted in:

The Crow Canyon Archaeological Center notes, "Today, Pueblo people live in the modern world while maintaining their distinct culture and rich traditional heritage."

## Cultural groups and periods

The cultural groups of this period include:

## Notable abandoned sites

The people from the following sites abandoned their pueblos and generally blended into Puebloans societies in the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico:

Map of Ancient Pueblo People in the American Southwest and Mexico.
During the Pueblo IV period, Four Corners pueblo settlements were abandoned (northern and central portion of the Anasazi region.)Colorado River tributariesPueblos in the Rio Grande valley

## Federally recognized Pueblos

There are 21 federally recognized Pueblos that are home to Pueblo people.

| Arizona | New Mexico | Texas |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hopi Tribe
\- Awatovi Ruins
\- Oraibi | Acoma Pueblo
Cochiti Pueblo
Isleta Pueblo
Jemez Pueblo
Kewa Pueblo (Santa Domingo Pueblo)
Laguna Pueblo
Nambé Pueblo
Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo (San Juan Pueblo)
Picuris Pueblo
Pojoaque Pueblo
San Felipe Pueblo
San Ildefonso Pueblo
Sandia Pueblo
Santa Ana Pueblo
Santa Clara Pueblo
Tesuque Pueblo
Taos Pueblo
Zia Pueblo
Zuni Pueblo | Ysleta del Sur Pueblo |
|

1. Pueblo Indian History Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Retrieved 10-14-2011.
2. Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998) *Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia.* Routledge. pp. 14, 408. ISBN 0-8153-0725-X.
3. "Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs; Notice" *Federal Register* 12 July 2002, Part IV, Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs


title: Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum

abstract: The Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum, is a history museum specialized on the life of Suharto, the former second president of Indonesia and a powerful political figure in modern Indonesian history. It is located in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII), Jakarta, Indonesia. The museum houses and displays the large amount of Suharto's collections; mostly valuable objects, artworks and souvenirs, received from various world leaders and Indonesian people, accumulated during the 32 years of his administration in Indonesia. The museum is a modern building designed with the shapes of tumpeng, a traditional Javanese cone-shaped rice dish which symbolizes gratitude.

text:
# Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum

The **Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum**, is a history museum specialized on the life of Suharto, the former second president of Indonesia and a powerful political figure in modern Indonesian history. It is located in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII), Jakarta, Indonesia. The museum houses and displays the large amount of Suharto's collections; mostly valuable objects, artworks and souvenirs, received from various world leaders and Indonesian people, accumulated during the 32 years of his administration in Indonesia. The museum is a modern building designed with the shapes of tumpeng, a traditional Javanese cone-shaped rice dish which symbolizes gratitude.

## History

Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum was built on the initiative of Madame Tien Suharto, as an expression of gratitude to God Almighty and high appreciation in honor of Indonesian and international community for their attention and support for Suharto. It was built by Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Foundation for 5 years between 1987 and 1992 on an area of 19.73 ha. On August 23, 1993, the museum was inaugurated by President Suharto.

## Collections

The complex of Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum consists of main building, supporting buildings, landscape, and house of painting. The cone-shaped main building with a floor space approximately 18,605 square metres, consists of: Struggle Hall, Main Hall, Special Hall, Asthabrata Hall, and Library. It stores historical objects of Suharto's life, dating from the struggle of Indonesian independence to the era of Indonesian development.

The main room stores various souvenirs given by the Soeharto's state visitors, friends and acquaintances, among of whom are the Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen and Malaysian Prime Minister Mahatir Mohammad. They both presented the silver betel case. The Dutch Prime Minister, Lubbers, presented a silver pigeon statue, the Mexican President, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, gave the silver gourd-shape handicraft and the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, granted a set of the silver plates. Many more stately gifts were displayed.

The gifts collections also presented by Indonesian bureaucrats, political figures and businessman, such as an engraved-stone bowl was from the wife of the Tulungagung Regent. The note on the bowl says “kindly presented to Mrs. Tien Soeharto from Mrs. Hardjanti Poernanto”. And the famous Indonesian businessman, Sudwikatmono, presented the Johar wood (Cassia Siamea) engraved with parents outflanked by their 11 children. The note on the wood which is named Membrayut work of I Ketut Modern says “Old People Believe that many children, many fortunes.” The main room also stores the replica of the Chinese princess bed (Peraduan). It was made of the green jade-jadeite from the Yunan province, China. It is said that the bed with 2.77 meter in length, 2.14 meter in width, imitated the Chinese girl bed in the Sung Dynasty (960-1279) and the Ming Dynasty.

The special hall stores the military decorations and medal of honors once granted to Suharto, some of which are Bintang RI Adipura I (1968), Bintang Mahaputra Adipurna (1968), and Bintang Gerilya (1965). The honors were also from Arab Emirate Union, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, Japan etc. Besides, the honor swords from PLO leader Yasser Arafat and the Croatian President, Franjo Tudman are also stored in the special room. Tudman presented the crystal sword.

The **Asthabrata** hall displays the philosophy of the leadership of Suharto. It is chronologically visualized in form of wayang. The hall also displays the story of *Wahyu Makutha Rama*, as well as literatures from different disciplines.

## Museum design

The architectural concept is reflected in the building and floor plan design. The cone-shaped form of the main building is derived from the shape of the tumpeng, a traditional Javanese cone-shaped rice particularly important during *slametan* or *syukuran* thanks-giving ceremony, symbolized gratitude to God. The conical shape also symbolized the kalpataru tree of life, other symbolic patterns such as *Jayakusuma* flower, *Cakra Manggilingan* batik pattern, reflected in museum design.

The supporting buildings consist of receiving gates, a gift shop, a small mosque, office management building, minibus shelter, multipurpose hall, a playground, and an aviary for white peafowl. Exterior landscape functions as recreational area with greenery, cultivated with various flower and rare plants of Indonesia. In addition, on the yard displayed the Indonesian Navy torpedo boat KRI Harimau, a historical Jaguar-class fast attack craft of Indonesian West Irian (West Papua) campaign back in 1962.

## InfoBox

Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum
**Museum Purna Bhakti Pertiwi**
| Facade of Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | August 23, 1993 |
| Location | Jl. Taman Mini I, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta 13560, Indonesia |
| Type | Specialized political figure history museum |


title: Ptychohyla zophodes

abstract: Ptychohyla zophodes is a species of frogs in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Mexico and known from the Atlantic slopes of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca in northern Oaxaca and adjacent central-western Veracruz. Before being described as a new species in 2000, it was mixed with Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei. The specific name zophodes is a Greek word meaning "dusky" or "gloomy" and refers to the distinctive dark coloration of the species as well as its cloud forest habitat. Common name gloomy mountain stream frog has been coined for it.

text:
# Ptychohyla zophodes

***Ptychohyla zophodes*** is a species of frogs in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Mexico and known from the Atlantic slopes of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca in northern Oaxaca and adjacent central-western Veracruz. Before being described as a new species in 2000, it was mixed with *Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei*. The specific name *zophodes* is a Greek word meaning "dusky" or "gloomy" and refers to the distinctive dark coloration of the species as well as its cloud forest habitat. Common name **gloomy mountain stream frog** has been coined for it.

## Description

Adult males in the type series measure 35–37 mm (1.4–1.5 in) and adult females 42–44 mm (1.7–1.7 in) in snout–vent length. The snout is rounded in dorsal view and truncate in profile. The supratympanic fold is well developed and covers the upper edge of the tympanum. The forelimbs are moderately robust; the fingers are moderately long, have large discs, and are about one-third webbed. The hind limbs are moderately long and slender. The toe discs are only slightly smaller than those on the fingers; the toes are about three-fourths webbed. The dorsal ground color is deep brown, grading into purplish brown on the sides. There is irregular black mottling and two irregular black transverse bars on the shanks; these markings are not conspicuous in all specimens. Females are slightly paler than males.

The male advertisement call is a deep "wraack".

The largest tadpoles (Gosner stage 40) measure 14.5 mm (0.57 in) in body length and 44.2 mm (1.74 in) in total length.

## Habitat and conservation

*Ptychohyla zophodes* occurs in cloud forests and lower montane rainforests at elevations of 400–1,500 m (1,300–4,900 ft) above sea level. It typically occurs in vegetation close to streams. The tadpoles develop in streams. Adults are mostly seen at night. The species is threatened by habitat loss from small-scale farming and wood extraction and by chytridiomycosis.

## InfoBox

| *Ptychohyla zophodes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | *Ptychohyla* |
| Species: | ***P. zophodes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptychohyla zophodes***
Campbell and Duellman, 2000 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Hyla zophodes* (Campbell and Duellman, 2000) | |


title: Psychiatric Times

abstract: Psychiatric Times is a medical trade publication written for an audience involved in the profession of psychiatry. It is published monthly by MJH Associates and is distributed to about 50,000 psychiatrists monthly. The download of the journal is free of charge.

text:
# Psychiatric Times

***Psychiatric Times*** is a medical trade publication written for an audience involved in the profession of psychiatry. It is published monthly by MJH Associates and is distributed to about 50,000 psychiatrists monthly. The download of the journal is free of charge.

## History

The periodical was first published in January 1985 as a 16-page bimonthly publication. It was founded by psychiatrist John L. Schwartz and originally edited by Ronald Pies. The current editor-in-chief is Ronald W. Pies.

## InfoBox

*Psychiatric Times*
| Discipline | Clinical Psychiatry |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Ronald W. Pies |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1985–present |
| Publisher | MJH Life Sciences (United States) |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Psychiatr. Times* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0893-2905
 |
| OCLC no. | 53834993 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Puyang

abstract: Puyang is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Located on the northern shore of the Yellow River, it borders Anyang in the west, Xinxiang in the southwest, and the provinces of Shandong and Hebei in the east and north respectively. As of the 2020 census, its total population was 3,772,088 and its built-up area made of Hualong district, Puyang County and Qingfeng County largely being conurbated, was home to 2,524,658 inhabitants.

text:
# Puyang

| Puyang | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Simplified Chinese | 濮阳 |
| Traditional Chinese | 濮陽 |
|  | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Púyáng |
|  | |
| Postal | Puyang |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Púyáng | |
|  | |

**Puyang** is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Located on the northern shore of the Yellow River, it borders Anyang in the west, Xinxiang in the southwest, and the provinces of Shandong and Hebei in the east and north respectively.

As of the 2020 census, its total population was 3,772,088 and its built-up (*or metro*) area made of Hualong district, Puyang County and Qingfeng County largely being conurbated, was home to 2,524,658 inhabitants.

## Administration

The prefecture-level city of Puyang administers 1 district and 5 counties.

| Map |
| --- |
|  |

## Climate

Affected by the south-east Asian monsoon circulation around the year and located in the mid-latitude region, the city has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate featuring clearly demarcated seasons. In spring, it is usually dry, windy and sandy. High temperatures and heavy rainfall mark the whole summer. In autumn there are plenty of sunny days as well as long periods of sunshine. In winter, it is characterized by less snow and rainfall. The adequate sunshine meets the needs for growing crops. The annual average temperature stands at 13.72 °C (56.7 °F); the extreme maximum is 43.1 °C (110 °F), while the extreme minimum is −21 °C (−6 °F). The non-frost period lasts 205 days. The annual precipitation is around 502.3mm～601.3mm.

| Climate data for Puyang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.5
(63.5) | 24.6
(76.3) | 28.4
(83.1) | 33.4
(92.1) | 36.6
(97.9) | 41.4
(106.5) | 41.0
(105.8) | 37.0
(98.6) | 36.8
(98.2) | 34.7
(94.5) | 27.0
(80.6) | 22.9
(73.2) | 41.4
(106.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.5
(40.1) | 8.7
(47.7) | 14.9
(58.8) | 21.3
(70.3) | 26.8
(80.2) | 31.9
(89.4) | 31.9
(89.4) | 30.5
(86.9) | 27.0
(80.6) | 21.4
(70.5) | 13.0
(55.4) | 6.3
(43.3) | 19.9
(67.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.0
(30.2) | 2.7
(36.9) | 8.7
(47.7) | 15.1
(59.2) | 20.7
(69.3) | 25.7
(78.3) | 27.1
(80.8) | 25.7
(78.3) | 21.0
(69.8) | 14.9
(58.8) | 7.1
(44.8) | 0.9
(33.6) | 14.1
(57.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.0
(23.0) | −1.8
(28.8) | 3.5
(38.3) | 9.4
(48.9) | 15.0
(59.0) | 20.2
(68.4) | 23.2
(73.8) | 22.0
(71.6) | 16.5
(61.7) | 9.9
(49.8) | 2.5
(36.5) | −3.2
(26.2) | 9.4
(48.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20.0
(−4.0) | −16.7
(1.9) | −8.5
(16.7) | −2.0
(28.4) | 3.8
(38.8) | 11.6
(52.9) | 16.1
(61.0) | 11.3
(52.3) | 4.1
(39.4) | −1.9
(28.6) | −18.4
(−1.1) | −15.8
(3.6) | −20.0
(−4.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.8
(0.19) | 9.3
(0.37) | 15.0
(0.59) | 30.7
(1.21) | 50.5
(1.99) | 68.5
(2.70) | 162.9
(6.41) | 117.5
(4.63) | 59.9
(2.36) | 30.1
(1.19) | 22.7
(0.89) | 5.7
(0.22) | 577.6
(22.75) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.5 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 11.1 | 9.6 | 7.3 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 2.7 | 69.2 |
| Average snowy days | 3.1 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 10.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 63 | 60 | 65 | 67 | 65 | 80 | 83 | 78 | 72 | 71 | 68 | 70 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 128.5 | 140.9 | 193.1 | 217.5 | 237.3 | 222.2 | 187.1 | 188.6 | 170.3 | 170.0 | 145.9 | 140.5 | 2,141.9 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 41 | 45 | 52 | 55 | 54 | 51 | 42 | 46 | 46 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 48 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## History

The burial site of Yangshao culture features a depiction believed to be an ancient cosmogram depicting the round Heaven and the square Earth.

Puyang abounds with its historical and cultural heritage, and is widely acclaimed as one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation. The *Classic of Poetry*, the earliest collection of verses in China, includes many poems that depict the countryside of Puyang. Famous historical figures from Puyang include Wu Qi, a military strategist, Shang Yang, a statesman, and Lü Buwei, a great thinker.

### Three Kingdoms

During the Three Kingdoms era, Puyang served as Cao Cao's headquarters from 191 until 196 CE in Yan Province and served as the battlefield for the Battle of Yan Province from 194-195 CE.

### Qing Dynasty and Republic of China

Puyang was a county of Daming Prefecture, Zhili province. In 1928, Zhili was abolished and Puyang was incorporated into Henan province.

### People's Republic of China

In August 1949 Puyang was taken back from Henan and included in the experimental province Pingyuan. In November 1953 it was finally reinstated under the Henan administration.

In 1987 a historical relic, made up of a series of clams arranged in dragon patterns, was unearthed. The valuable discovery, which could be dated back to more than 6,400 years ago, had pushed forward the history of Chinese civilization for over 1,400 years, and therefore earned itself an international reputation of "the First Dragon of China". The Chinese Yanhuang Culture Researching Association has accordingly named Puyang "the Hometown of Chinese Dragons”. Abundant heritage along with a long history has endowed Puyang with plenty of tourism resources, which is certainly of great investment value. Chinese scholars therefore regard Puyang as one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization.

## Tourist sites

Until the end of 2012, Puyang has 4 national cultural relics protection units: Qicheng Relics, Tangwu Gong Tablet, the former sites of the revolutionary armies which is including Yancunpu revolutionary site and Shanguai former revolutionary base; 25 provincial cultural relics protection units: Xishuiipo Relics, Huiluan Tablet, the memorial site of the revolutionary armies crossing the river, Chengzhuang site, Tieqiu site, Mazhuang site, Xiancheng Relics, Sipai Pavilion (including the nearby folk houses), the tombstone of Wei's family, Puyang Christ church (including the former site of Huamei school), the Martyrs' Cemetery of Weihe county, the former headquarters of PLA, Balimiao Yellow River –controlling memorial (including the iron beast), Nanle Confucius temple, Kuaikui platform site, Cangjie mausoleum site, Danzhu Tomb, zilu Mausoleum, the headquarters site of the field army, the Puzhao Temple, Gaocheng Relics, Xiaqiu site, the anti-Japanese martyrs' shrine in Qingfeng county, the former administration site of Zhinan CPC, Puyang Catholic church. The key cultural relics protection units of city and county level have 201 sites.

The main tourist attractions in the city area are Zhongyuan Green Manor, Qicheng Relics, Pushang Park, Cangjie Tomb, Zhanghui Mausoleum, Emperor Shun's Palace, Huiluan Tablet, Imperial Well, Sipai Pavilion, the four street of Ming & Qing dynasties, the hometown of Emperor Shun, Yancunpu revolutionary site, Shanguai former revolutionary base, the museum of the Liu-Deng Army crossing Yellow River, Puyang Science and Technology Museum etc. In 1994, the line of Confucius traveling around the world 2500 years ago had been approved by China National Tourism Administration and State Administration of Cultural Heritage as the first Chinese tourism special line of cultural relics and historic sites, including Puyang Qicheng Relics, Zilu Tomb, Huiluan Tablet etc. After 1999, Puyang opened up another five special tourism lines. In 2005, puyang one-day red tour, two-day tour had been launched and the PLA sites tour containing Shanguai, Sunkou had been recommended by Henan Tourism Administration as a provincial red tourism line. After 2006, relying on the abundant history and culture resources and its morden city landscape, Puyang developed its tourism deeply and greatly. Till now, Puyang has successfully developed and created a series of tourist brands: the city scenery tour represented by the city squares, gardens and parks, and the water system; the ecological environment tour represented by Zhongyuan Green Manor and Pushang Park; the historical and cultural tour by Qicheng Relics and Cangjie Tomb; the Yellow River scenery tour by Maolou Ecological Tourism Zone; the surname & root seeking tour by Zhanghui Mausoleum and Emperor Shun's Palace; the leisure acrobatics tour by Dongbei village's original acrobatics and modern "Water show" acrobatics; the scientific knowledge tour by Puyang Science and Technology Museum, the efficient agriculture tour by Shijin Park; the classical red tour by Shanguai former revolutionary base and the museum of the Liu-Deng Army crossing the Yellow River; and the modern industry tour by Zhongyuan Oilfield, Zhongyuan Ethylene Plant and Zhongyuan Dahua Group Ltd. etc.

## Natural resources

Puyang is a petrol-chemical city. The major mineral resources include petroleum, natural gas, coal, etc. especially rich reserve of high-quality petroleum and natural gas. As an important national petrol-chemical energy base, large-sized enterprises such as Zhongyuan Oilfield, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Zhongyuan Dahua Group and so on have been established there. The petrol-chemical industry has become the support of Puyang's economy.

## InfoBox

| Puyang 濮阳市 | |
| --- | --- |
| Prefecture-level city | |
|  | |
| Puyang in Henan | |
| PuyangLocation on the North China PlainPuyangPuyang (China) | |
| Coordinates (Puyang municipal government): 35°45′46″N 115°01′45″E / 35.7627°N 115.0292°E / 35.7627; 115.0292 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Henan |
| Municipal seat | Hualong District |
| Government | |
| Party Secretary | He Xiong (何雄) |
| Mayor | Zhao Ruidong (赵瑞东) |
| Area | |
| Prefecture-level city | 4,188 km2 (1,617 sq mi) |
| Urban | 310 km2 (120 sq mi) |
| Metro | 2,520 km2 (970 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census) | |
| Prefecture-level city | 3,772,088 |
| Density | 900/km2 (2,300/sq mi) |
| Urban | 963,512 |
| Urban density | 3,100/km2 (8,000/sq mi) |
| Metro | 2,524,658 |
| Metro density | 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi) |
| GDP | |
| Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 145.0 billion
US$ 21.8 billion |
| Per capita | CN¥ 40,059
US$ 6,031 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 457000 |
| Area code | 0393 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HA-09 |
| Ethnicities |  |
| County-level divisions | 6 |
| Township-level divisions | 89 |
| Average Temperature | 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) |
| License Plate Prefix | J |
| Website | puyang.gov.cn |


title: Utricularia appendiculata

abstract: Utricularia appendiculata is a medium-sized, probably perennial, terrestrial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia and is the only member of Utricularia sect. Oliveria. U. appendiculata is endemic to Africa, where it can be found in Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. It grows as a terrestrial plant in wet Sphagnum bogs, damp sandy savannas, or in peaty marshes at altitudes from 1,500 m (4,921 ft) to 1,860 m (6,102 ft), but as low as 700 m (2,297 ft) in the Central African Republic. It flowers mostly in the wet season. It was originally published and described by Eileen Adelaide Bruce in 1933 and was placed in its own section, Oliveria, in 1986 by Peter Taylor.

text:
# Utricularia appendiculata

***Utricularia appendiculata*** is a medium-sized, probably perennial, terrestrial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia* and is the only member of ***Utricularia* sect. *Oliveria***. *U. appendiculata* is endemic to Africa, where it can be found in Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. It grows as a terrestrial plant in wet *Sphagnum* bogs, damp sandy savannas, or in peaty marshes at altitudes from 1,500 m (4,921 ft) to 1,860 m (6,102 ft), but as low as 700 m (2,297 ft) in the Central African Republic. It flowers mostly in the wet season. It was originally published and described by Eileen Adelaide Bruce in 1933 and was placed in its own section, *Oliveria*, in 1986 by Peter Taylor.

## InfoBox

| Utricularia appendiculata | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Utricularia* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Oliveria*
P.Taylor |
| Species: | ***X. appendiculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylopia appendiculata***
E.A.Bruce | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: X Japan Returns 1993.12.30

abstract: X Japan Returns 1993.12.30 is an X Japan live DVD, released on February 29, 2008. It contains the band's performance at the Tokyo Dome on December 30, 1993. A DVD containing the concert from the following night was released on the same day, along with a limited edition containing both concerts and additional material.

text:
# X Japan Returns 1993.12.30

**X Japan Returns 1993.12.30** is an X Japan live DVD, released on February 29, 2008. It contains the band's performance at the Tokyo Dome on December 30, 1993. A DVD containing the concert from the following night (*X Japan Returns 1993.12.31*) was released on the same day, along with a limited edition containing both concerts and additional material (see *X Japan Returns Complete Edition*).

## Track listing

**Disc one**

1. "Prologue (~ World Anthem) (S.E.)"
2. "Silent Jealousy"
3. "Sadistic Desire"
4. "Standing Sex"
5. "Week End"
6. "Heath Solo"
7. "Yoshiki Drum Solo"
8. "hide no Heya"

**Disc two**

1. "Yoshiki Piano Solo"
2. "Art of Life"
3. "Celebration"
4. "Orgasm"

**Disc three**

1. "Tears"
2. "Kurenai"
3. "X"
4. "Endless Rain"
5. "Say Anything (S.E.)"

## InfoBox

| X Japan Returns 1993.12.30 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Video by X Japan | |
| Released | February 29, 2008 |
| Recorded | Tokyo Dome, December 30, 1993 |
| Genre | Heavy metal, speed metal, power metal, symphonic metal |
| Length | 200 |
| Label | Geneon |
| X Japan chronology | |
| *Aoi Yoru Shiroi Yoru Complete Edition*
(2007) ***X Japan Returns 1993.12.30***
(2008) *X Japan Returns 1993.12.31*
(2008) | |


title: Nigel Coan

abstract: Nigel Coan is a British animator, director, and writer who contributed to the television series The Mighty Boosh and Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy as well as the film Bunny and the Bull. Coan first met Noel Fielding and fellow Boosh actor Dave Brown at Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, where they lived and attended art school together. Along with his partner Ivana Zorn and their production company Nipple, Coan has produced work for companies such as Canon, Volvo, and Honda. Coan was responsible for the animated sequences in The Mighty Boosh. With the Luxury Comedy series he not only contributes animation but shares in the writing and directs episodes as well. He also directed the music video 'Can't Wait For Christmas' by The Loose Tapestries featuring Noel Fielding and Serge Pizzorno.

text:
# Nigel Coan

**Nigel Coan** is a British animator, director, and writer who contributed to the television series *The Mighty Boosh* and *Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy* as well as the film *Bunny and the Bull*.

Coan first met Noel Fielding and fellow Boosh actor Dave Brown at Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College (now Buckinghamshire New University), where they lived and attended art school together. Along with his partner Ivana Zorn and their production company *Nipple*, Coan has produced work for companies such as Canon, Volvo, and Honda.

Coan was responsible for the animated sequences in *The Mighty Boosh*. With the *Luxury Comedy* series he not only contributes animation but shares in the writing and directs episodes as well. He also directed the music video 'Can't Wait For Christmas' by The Loose Tapestries featuring Noel Fielding and Serge Pizzorno.


title: Pansy, West Virginia

abstract: Pansy is an unincorporated community in Grant County, West Virginia, USA. Located on U.S. Route 220 6.45 miles (10.38 km) south-southwest of Petersburg, the community most likely was named after the garden pansy.

text:
# Pansy, West Virginia

**Pansy** is an unincorporated community in Grant County, West Virginia, USA. Located on U.S. Route 220 6.45 miles (10.38 km) south-southwest of Petersburg, the community most likely was named after the garden pansy.

## InfoBox

| Pansy, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| PansyPansy | |
| Coordinates: 38°53′48″N 79°11′52″W / 38.89667°N 79.19778°W / 38.89667; -79.19778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Grant |
| Elevation | 1,093 ft (333 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 304 & 681 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1554906 |


title: Paul Austin Kelly

abstract: Paul Austin Kelly is an American singer. A former rock musician who has sung opera, the tenor also writes, records and performs music for children.

text:
# Paul Austin Kelly

**Paul Austin Kelly** (born 1960) is an American singer. A former rock musician who has sung opera, the tenor also writes, records and performs music for children.

## Musical beginnings

Kelly attended Rondout Valley High School in Accord, New York, and the Hartt School of Music in West Hartford, Connecticut. When he began his music career he fronted bands with names such as Legend, Black Dog and Guilded Spice. Kelly sang an eclectic mix of rock, pop music, folk and jazz. It wasn't until he went to music school that the operatic potential of his voice was discovered.

## Opera performances

Kelly has sung with the Metropolitan Opera, the Royal Opera at Covent Garden, and La Scala in Milan, Italy. The role of Count Almaviva in Rossini's *The Barber of Seville* has become his signature role.

Kelly has also made numerous live performances on BBC Radio.

## Recording

Kelly is an artist on the Opera Rara music label, the Telarc label and the Decca label.

In 2003 he launched the Walking Oliver children's music label. The label won the National Parenting Publications Award (NAPPA) in the children's music category for the CD *Hello Michael Rosen*. The recording featured the poetry of children's literature icon Michael Rosen set to original music by Kelly. On the Walking Oliver CD titled *Dreams*, Kelly provided music and vocals for poems composed by primary school children from across the UK who had been chosen as winners of the first Walking Oliver Poetry in Song Contest.

In 2008 Kelly recorded the CD "The Song Is You" with British jazz pianist and producer Kenny Clayton. The CD contains popular music from the Great American Songbook by such composers as Rodgers and Hart, Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II.

In 2009 Kelly recorded "Where Did The Dinosaurs Go?" a CD recorded on the Walking Oliver label. The CD won an iParenting Media Award for Outstanding Audio.

## Personal life

Kelly lives in Lewes in southern England. It was while performing with the nearby Glyndebourne Opera early in his career that he became enamored of the local area and decided to settle there with his wife, Carol. He still returns to his native country.


title: Never Ending Tour 2006

abstract: The Never Ending Tour is the popular name for Bob Dylan's endless touring schedule since June 7, 1988.

text:
# Never Ending Tour 2006

The **Never Ending Tour** is the popular name for Bob Dylan's endless touring schedule since June 7, 1988.

## Tour

The tour started off in Reno, Nevada at the Reno Events Center and the first leg came to an end on May 10, in Hollywood, Florida after 29 concerts.

The European leg of the tour started June 24 in Kilkenny, Ireland and came to an end on July 20 in Cosenza, Italy. Dylan and his band performed at several festivals during the tour including Live At The Marquee in Cork, Ireland and Roskilde Festival in Roskilde, Denmark. Dylan also performed his only concert in England of the year which was in Bournemouth at the Bournemouth International Centre.

After completing the European Tour Dylan returned to the United States to perform 21 concerts in ballparks across the States excluding one concert at the Bryce Jordan Center in University Park, Pennsylvania. Dylan also performed a private concert on **Genentech Campus** at University of California, San Francisco.

Dylan once again toured North America in the fall of 2006 performing 24 concerts in the United States and five concerts in Canada. This leg of the tour started on October 11 in Vancouver, British Columbia and ended in New York City on November 20.

## Tour dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| **North America (First Leg)** | | | |
| April 1, 2006 | Reno | United States | Reno Events Center |
| April 3, 2006 | Stockton | | Stockton Arena |
| April 4, 2006 | Santa Rosa | | J. T. Grace Pavilion |
| April 5, 2006 | Bakersfield | | Rabobank Arena |
| April 7, 2006 | Paradise | | Theatre for the Performing Arts |
| April 8, 2006 | Sun City West | | Maricopa County Events Center |
| April 10, 2006 | Tucson | | Tucson Convention Center |
| April 11, 2006 | Albuquerque | | Tingley Coliseum |
| April 12, 2006 | El Paso | | Don Haskins Center |
| April 14, 2006 | San Antonio | | Municipal Auditorium |
| April 15, 2006 | Grand Prairie | | Verizon Theater |
| April 17, 2006 | Kansas City | | Midland Theatre |
| April 18, 2006 | | |
| April 20, 2006 | St. Louis | | Fox Theatre |
| April 21, 2006 | Des Moines | | Val Air Ballroom |
| April 22, 2006 | Springfield | | Shrine Auditorium |
| April 24, 2006 | Memphis | | Orpheum Theater |
| April 25, 2006 | | |
| April 28, 2006\[A\] | New Orleans | | Fair Grounds Race Course |
| April 29, 2006 | Jackson | | Mississippi Coliseum |
| April 30, 2006 | Birmingham | | Birmingham–Jefferson Arena |
| May 2, 2006 | Davidson | | John M. Belk Arena |
| May 4, 2006 | Knoxville | | Tennessee Theatre |
| May 5, 2006 | Atlanta | | Chastain Park Amphitheater |
| May 6, 2006 | Asheville | | Asheville Civic Center |
| May 7, 2006 | Savannah | | Savannah Civic Center |
| May 9, 2006 | Orlando | | TD Waterhouse Centre |
| May 10, 2006 | Tampa | | USF Sun Dome |
| May 11, 2006 | Hollywood | | Hard Rock Live |
| **Europe** | | | |
| June 24, 2006\[B\] | Kilkenny | Ireland | Nowlan Park |
| June 25, 2006\[C\] | Cork | | The Docklands |
| June 27, 2006 | Cardiff | Wales | Cardiff International Arena |
| June 28, 2006 | Bournemouth | England | Bournemouth International Centre |
| June 30, 2006\[D\] | Roskilde | Denmark | Roskilde Dyrskueplads |
| July 2, 2006 | Gelsenkirchen | Germany | Amphitheatre |
| July 3, 2006 | Lille | France | Zénith de Lille |
| July 4, 2006 | Cournon-d'Auvergne | | Zénith d'Auvergne |
| July 6, 2006\[E\] | Palafrugell | Spain | Jardins De Cap Roig |
| July 7, 2006 | Valencia | | Jardines De Viveros |
| July 8, 2006 | Vilalba | | Campo De Futbol Municipal |
| July 9, 2006 | Valladolid | | Pabellón Polideportivo Pisuerga |
| July 10, 2006\[F\] | San Sebastián | | Playa De La Zurriola |
| July 12, 2006\[G\] | Perpignan | France | Campo Santo |
| July 13, 2006 | Le Cannet | | La Palestre |
| July 15, 2006\[H\] | Pistoia | Italy | Piazza Duomo |
| July 16, 2006 | Rome | | Auditorium Parco della Musica |
| July 17, 2006 | Paestum | | Teatro dei Templi |
| July 19, 2006 | Foggia | | Teatro Mediterraneo |
| July 20, 2006 | Cosenza | | Stadio San Vito |
| **North America (Second Leg)** | | | |
| August 12, 2006 | Comstock Park | United States | Fifth Third Ballpark |
| August 13, 2006 | Columbus | | Cooper Stadium |
| August 15, 2006 | Lexington | | Applebee's Park |
| August 17, 2006 | Augusta | | Lake Olmstead Stadium |
| August 18, 2006 | Winston-Salem | | Ernie Shore Field |
| August 19, 2006 | Frederick | | Harry Grove Stadium |
| August 20, 2006 | Washington | | Falconi Field |
| August 23, 2006 | Reading | | FirstEnergy Stadium |
| August 24, 2006 | Pawtucket | | McCoy Stadium |
| August 26, 2006 | Pittsfield | | Wahconah Park |
| August 27, 2006 | Manchester | | Northeast Delta Dental Stadium |
| August 29, 2006 | New Britain | | New Britain Stadium |
| August 30, 2006 | Rochester | | Frontier Field |
| September 1, 2006 | Fishkill | | Dutchess Stadium |
| September 2, 2006 | Cooperstown | | Doubleday Field |
| September 3, 2006 | University Park | | Bryce Jordan Center |
| September 5, 2006 | Fort Wayne | | Memorial Stadium |
| September 7, 2006 | Rochester | | Mayo Field |
| September 8, 2006 | Sioux Falls | | Howard Wood Field |
| September 9, 2006 | Fargo | | Newman Outdoor Field |
| September 18, 2006\[I\] | San Francisco | | Genentech Campus |
| **North America (Third Leg)** | | | |
| October 11, 2006 | Vancouver | Canada | Pacific Coliseum |
| October 13, 2006 | Seattle | United States | KeyArena |
| October 14, 2006 | Portland | | Portland Memorial Coliseum |
| October 16, 2006 | San Francisco | | San Francisco Civic Auditorium |
| October 17, 2006 | | |
| October 18, 2006 | Sacramento | | ARCO Arena |
| October 20, 2006 | Inglewood | | The Forum |
| October 21, 2006 | Long Beach | | Long Beach Arena |
| October 22, 2006 | San Diego | | Cox Arena |
| October 24, 2006 | Denver | | Fillmore Auditorium |
| October 25, 2006 | Lincoln | | Pershing Auditorium |
| October 27, 2006 | Hoffman Estates | | Sears Centre |
| October 28, 2006 | | |
| October 29, 2006 | Saint Paul | | Xcel Energy Center |
| October 31, 2006 | Madison | | Kohl Center |
| November 2, 2006 | Auburn Hills | | The Palace of Auburn Hills |
| November 3, 2006 | London | Canada | John Labatt Centre |
| November 5, 2006 | Ottawa | | Scotiabank Place |
| November 7, 2006 | Toronto | | Air Canada Centre |
| November 8, 2006 | Montreal | | Bell Centre |
| November 9, 2006 | Portland | United States | Cumberland County Civic Center |
| November 11, 2006 | Boston | | Agganis Arena |
| November 12, 2006 | | |
| November 13, 2006 | Uniondale | | Nassau Coliseum |
| November 15, 2006 | Amherst | | Mullins Center |
| November 16, 2006 | East Rutherford | | Continental Airlines Arena |
| November 17, 2006 | Fairfax | | Patriot Center |
| November 18, 2006 | Philadelphia | | Wachovia Spectrum |
| November 20, 2006 | New York City | | New York City Center |

Festivals and other miscellaneous performances  **A** This concert was a part of "New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival". **C** This concert was a part of "Kilkenny Source Festival". **C** This concert was a part of "Live At The Marquee". **D** This concert was a part of "Roskilde Festival". **E** This concert was a part of "Cap Roig Gardens Festival". **F** This concert was a part of "Concierto Por La Paz". **G** This concert was a part of "Les Estivales de Perpignan". **H** This concert was a part of "Pistoia Blues Festival". **I** This concert was a private concert. Cancellations and rescheduled shows

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 27, 2006 | Baton Rouge, Louisiana | Unknown Club Venue | Cancelled |
| April 27, 2006 | Lafayette, Louisiana | Unknown Club Venue | Cancelled |

### Box office score data

| Venue | City | Tickets Sold / Available | Gross Revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Events Center | Reno | 4,584 / 4,584 (100%) | $295,427 |
| Maricopa Events Center | Sun City West | 5,479 / 6,305 (87%) | $293,041 |
| Convention Center | Tucson | 6,020 / 7,397 (81%) | $315,768 |
| Nowlan Park | Kilkenny | 23,312 / 25,000 (93%) | $1,613,043 |
| Continental Airlines Arena | East Rutherford | 9,838 / 14,309 (69%) | $663,570 |
| Patriot Center | Fairfax | 8,000 / 8,000 (100%) | $452,000 |
|
| **TOTAL** | | **57,233 / 65,595 (87%)** | **$3,632,849** |

## InfoBox

Never Ending Tour 2006
| Tour by Bob Dylan | |
| --- | --- |
| Dylan performing on tour in 2006 | |
| Associated album | *Modern Times* |
| Start date | April 1, 2006 |
| End date | November 20, 2006 |
| Legs | 4 |
| No. of shows | * 79 in North America * 20 in Europe * 99 in total |
| Bob Dylan concert chronology | |


title: List of cities in Idaho

abstract: Idaho is a state located in the Western United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, Idaho is the 13th least populous state with 1,839,106 inhabitants but the 11th largest by land area spanning 82,643.12 square miles (214,044.7 km⁲) of land. Idaho is divided into 44 counties and contains 201 municipalities legally described as cities.

text:
# List of cities in Idaho

Idaho is a state located in the Western United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, Idaho is the 13th least populous state with 1,839,106 inhabitants but the 11th largest by land area spanning 82,643.12 square miles (214,044.7 km2) of land. Idaho is divided into 44 counties and contains 201 municipalities legally described as cities.

> County seat
> ††  State capital and county seat

| 2020 Rank | City | 2020 Census | 2010 Census | Change | County |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Boise †† | 235,684 | 205,671 | +14.59% | Ada |
| 2 | Meridian | 117,635 | 75,092 | +56.65% | Ada |
| 3 | Nampa | 100,200 | 81,557 | +22.86% | Canyon |
| 4 | Idaho Falls † | 64,818 | 56,813 | +14.09% | Bonneville |
| 5 | Caldwell † | 59,996 | 46,237 | +29.76% | Canyon |
| 6 | Pocatello † | 56,320 | 54,255 | +3.81% | Bannock |
| 7 | Coeur d'Alene † | 54,628 | 44,137 | +23.77% | Kootenai |
| 8 | Twin Falls † | 51,807 | 44,125 | +17.41% | Twin Falls |
| 9 | Rexburg † | 39,409 | 25,484 | +54.64% | Madison |
| 10 | Post Falls | 38,485 | 27,574 | +39.57% | Kootenai |
| 11 | Lewiston † | 34,203 | 31,894 | +7.24% | Nez Perce |
| 12 | Eagle | 30,346 | 19,908 | +52.43% | Ada |
| 13 | Moscow † | 25,435 | 23,800 | +6.87% | Latah |
| 14 | Kuna | 24,011 | 15,210 | +57.86% | Ada |
| 15 | Ammon | 17,694 | 13,816 | +28.07% | Bonneville |
| 16 | Mountain Home † | 15,979 | 14,206 | +12.48% | Elmore |
| 17 | Chubbuck | 15,570 | 13,922 | +11.84% | Bannock |
| 18 | Hayden | 15,570 | 13,294 | +17.12% | Kootenai |
| 19 | Jerome † | 12,349 | 10,890 | +13.40% | Jerome |
| 20 | Blackfoot † | 12,346 | 11,899 | +3.76% | Bingham |
| 21 | Garden City | 12,316 | 10,972 | +12.25% | Ada |
| 22 | Burley † | 11,704 | 10,345 | +13.14% | Cassia |
| 23 | Star | 11,117 | 5,793 | +91.90% | Ada |
| 24 | Middleton | 9,425 | 5,524 | +70.62% | Canyon |
| 25 | Rathdrum | 9,211 | 6,826 | +34.94% | Kootenai |
| 26 | Hailey † | 9,161 | 7,960 | +15.09% | Blaine |
| 27 | Sandpoint † | 8,639 | 7,365 | +17.30% | Bonner |
| 28 | Payette † | 8,127 | 7,433 | +9.34% | Payette |
| 29 | Emmett † | 7,647 | 6,557 | +16.62% | Gem |
| 30 | Rupert † | 6,082 | 5,554 | +9.51% | Minidoka |
| 31 | Fruitland | 6,072 | 4,684 | +29.63% | Payette |
| 32 | Weiser † | 5,630 | 5,507 | +2.23% | Washington |
| 33 | Preston † | 5,591 | 5,204 | +7.44% | Franklin |
| 34 | Rigby † | 5,038 | 3,945 | +27.71% | Jefferson |
| 35 | Shelley | 4,785 | 4,409 | +8.53% | Bingham |
| 36 | Kimberly | 4,626 | 3,264 | +41.73% | Twin Falls |
| 37 | American Falls † | 4,568 | 4,457 | +2.49% | Power |
| 38 | Buhl | 4,558 | 4,122 | +10.58% | Twin Falls |
| 39 | Gooding † | 3,707 | 3,567 | +3.92% | Gooding |
| 40 | Heyburn | 3,700 | 3,089 | +19.78% | Minidoka |
| 41 | McCall | 3,686 | 2,991 | +23.24% | Valley |
| 42 | St. Anthony † | 3,606 | 3,542 | +1.81% | Fremont |
| 43 | Ketchum | 3,555 | 2,689 | +32.21% | Blaine |
| 44 | Grangeville † | 3,308 | 3,141 | +5.32% | Idaho |
| 45 | Orofino † | 3,239 | 3,142 | +3.09% | Clearwater |
| 46 | Soda Springs † | 3,133 | 3,058 | +2.45% | Caribou |
| 47 | Salmon † | 3,119 | 3,112 | +0.22% | Lemhi |
| 48 | Wendell | 2,917 | 2,782 | +4.85% | Gooding |
| 49 | Homedale | 2,881 | 2,633 | +9.42% | Owyhee |
| 50 | Filer | 2,738 | 2,508 | +9.17% | Twin Falls |
| 51 | Iona | 2,717 | 1,803 | +50.69% | Bonneville |
| 52 | Montpelier | 2,643 | 2,597 | +1.77% | Bear Lake |
| 53 | Bellevue | 2,560 | 2,287 | +11.94% | Blaine |
| 54 | Dalton Gardens | 2,537 | 2,335 | +8.65% | Kootenai |
| 55 | Bonners Ferry † | 2,520 | 2,543 | −0.90% | Boundary |
| 56 | St. Maries † | 2,357 | 2,402 | −1.87% | Benewah |
| 57 | Spirit Lake | 2,337 | 1,945 | +20.15% | Kootenai |
| 58 | Kellogg | 2,314 | 2,120 | +9.15% | Shoshone |
| 59 | Malad City † | 2,299 | 2,095 | +9.74% | Oneida |
| 60 | Victor | 2,157 | 1,928 | +11.88% | Teton |
| 61 | Parma | 2,096 | 1,983 | +5.70% | Canyon |
| 62 | Driggs † | 1,984 | 1,660 | +19.52% | Teton |
| 63 | Sun Valley | 1,783 | 1,406 | +26.81% | Blaine |
| 64 | Aberdeen | 1,756 | 1,994 | −11.94% | Bingham |
| 65 | Sugar City | 1,715 | 1,514 | +13.28% | Madison |
| 66 | Priest River | 1,696 | 1,751 | −3.14% | Bonner |
| 67 | Pinehurst | 1,679 | 1,619 | +3.71% | Shoshone |
| 68 | Shoshone † | 1,653 | 1,461 | +13.14% | Lincoln |
| 69 | Wilder | 1,597 | 1,533 | +4.17% | Canyon |
| 70 | Osburn | 1,567 | 1,555 | +0.77% | Shoshone |
| 71 | New Plymouth | 1,494 | 1,538 | −2.86% | Payette |
| 72 | Ponderay | 1,289 | 1,137 | +13.37% | Bonner |
| 73 | Glenns Ferry | 1,282 | 1,319 | −2.81% | Elmore |
| 74 | Marsing | 1,229 | 1,031 | +19.20% | Owyhee |
| 75 | Paul | 1,195 | 1,169 | +2.22% | Minidoka |
| 76 | Lapwai | 1,169 | 1,137 | +2.81% | Nez Perce |
| 77 | Ucon | 1,160 | 1,108 | +4.69% | Bonneville |
| 78 | Kamiah | 1,117 | 1,295 | −13.75% | Lewis |
| 79 | Hansen | 1,086 | 1,144 | −5.07% | Twin Falls |
| 80 | Genesee | 1,030 | 955 | +7.85% | Latah |
| 81 | Franklin | 1,025 | 641 | +59.91% | Franklin |
| 82 | Plummer | 1,015 | 1,044 | −2.78% | Benewah |
| 83 | Cascade † | 1,005 | 939 | +7.03% | Valley |
| 84 | Hagerman | 968 | 872 | +11.01% | Gooding |
| 85 | Ashton | 949 | 1,127 | −15.79% | Fremont |
| 86 | Kootenai | 941 | 678 | +38.79% | Bonner |
| 87 | Grace | 920 | 915 | +0.55% | Caribou |
| 88 | Challis † | 902 | 1,081 | −16.56% | Custer |
| 89 | Troy | 890 | 862 | +3.25% | Latah |
| 90 | Arco † | 879 | 995 | −11.66% | Butte |
| 91 | Council † | 867 | 839 | +3.34% | Adams |
| 92 | McCammon | 825 | 809 | +1.98% | Bannock |
| 93 | Cottonwood | 822 | 900 | −8.67% | Idaho |
| 94 | Moyie Springs | 822 | 718 | +14.48% | Boundary |
| 95 | Greenleaf | 812 | 846 | −4.02% | Canyon |
| 96 | Hazelton | 803 | 753 | +6.64% | Jerome |
| 97 | Inkom | 792 | 854 | −7.26% | Bannock |
| 98 | Wallace † | 791 | 784 | +0.89% | Shoshone |
| 99 | Teton | 787 | 735 | +7.07% | Fremont |
| 100 | Oakley | 786 | 763 | +3.01% | Cassia |
| 101 | Potlatch | 763 | 804 | −5.10% | Latah |
| 102 | Hauser | 761 | 678 | +12.24% | Kootenai |
| 103 | Dover | 752 | 556 | +35.25% | Bonner |
| 104 | Horseshoe Bend | 715 | 707 | +1.13% | Boise |
| 105 | Menan | 715 | 741 | −3.51% | Jefferson |
| 106 | Athol | 709 | 692 | +2.46% | Kootenai |
| 107 | Carey | 685 | 604 | +13.41% | Blaine |
| 108 | Smelterville | 670 | 627 | +6.86% | Shoshone |
| 109 | Ririe | 667 | 656 | +1.68% | Jefferson |
| 110 | Hayden Lake | 649 | 574 | +13.07% | Kootenai |
| 111 | Mullan | 646 | 692 | −6.65% | Shoshone |
| 112 | Juliaetta | 624 | 579 | +7.77% | Latah |
| 113 | Notus | 609 | 531 | +14.69% | Canyon |
| 114 | Melba | 572 | 513 | +11.50% | Canyon |
| 115 | Downey | 571 | 625 | −8.64% | Bannock |
| 116 | Paris † | 541 | 513 | +5.46% | Bear Lake |
| 117 | Firth | 517 | 477 | +8.39% | Bingham |
| 118 | New Meadows | 517 | 496 | +4.23% | Adams |
| 119 | Kooskia | 514 | 607 | −15.32% | Idaho |
| 120 | Clark Fork | 513 | 536 | −4.29% | Bonner |
| 121 | Dubois † | 511 | 677 | −24.52% | Clark |
| 122 | Weston | 511 | 437 | +16.93% | Franklin |
| 123 | Dayton | 510 | 463 | +10.15% | Franklin |
| 124 | Deary | 508 | 506 | +0.40% | Latah |
| 125 | Georgetown | 503 | 476 | +5.67% | Bear Lake |
| 126 | Roberts | 500 | 580 | −13.79% | Jefferson |
| 127 | Pierce | 467 | 508 | −8.07% | Clearwater |
| 128 | Idaho City † | 466 | 485 | −3.92% | Boise |
| 129 | Craigmont | 458 | 501 | −8.58% | Lewis |
| 130 | Nezperce † | 458 | 466 | −1.72% | Lewis |
| 131 | Fairfield † | 441 | 416 | +6.01% | Camas |
| 132 | Grand View | 440 | 452 | −2.65% | Owyhee |
| 133 | Mackay | 439 | 517 | −15.09% | Custer |
| 134 | Richfield | 431 | 482 | −10.58% | Lincoln |
| 135 | Lewisville | 421 | 458 | −8.08% | Jefferson |
| 136 | Clifton | 413 | 259 | +59.46% | Franklin |
| 137 | Culdesac | 413 | 380 | +8.68% | Nez Perce |
| 138 | Weippe | 400 | 441 | −9.30% | Clearwater |
| 139 | Eden | 393 | 405 | −2.96% | Jerome |
| 140 | Riggins | 372 | 419 | −11.22% | Idaho |
| 141 | Lava Hot Springs | 358 | 407 | −12.04% | Bannock |
| 142 | Basalt | 357 | 394 | −9.39% | Bingham |
| 143 | Winchester | 356 | 340 | +4.71% | Lewis |
| 144 | Arimo | 354 | 355 | −0.28% | Bannock |
| 145 | Declo | 338 | 343 | −1.46% | Cassia |
| 146 | Newdale | 337 | 323 | +4.33% | Fremont |
| 147 | Cambridge | 335 | 328 | +2.13% | Washington |
| 148 | Mud Lake | 321 | 358 | −10.34% | Jefferson |
| 149 | Tetonia | 308 | 269 | +14.50% | Teton |
| 150 | Parker | 302 | 305 | −0.98% | Fremont |
| 151 | Bancroft | 299 | 377 | −20.69% | Caribou |
| 152 | Kendrick | 288 | 303 | −4.95% | Latah |
| 153 | Dietrich | 284 | 332 | −14.46% | Lincoln |
| 154 | Irwin | 259 | 219 | +18.26% | Bonneville |
| 155 | Bliss | 258 | 318 | −18.87% | Gooding |
| 156 | Worley | 253 | 257 | −1.56% | Kootenai |
| 157 | Donnelly | 249 | 152 | +63.82% | Valley |
| 158 | Hollister | 243 | 272 | −10.66% | Twin Falls |
| 159 | Rockland | 242 | 295 | −17.97% | Power |
| 160 | Albion | 234 | 267 | −12.36% | Cassia |
| 161 | Harrison | 233 | 203 | +14.78% | Kootenai |
| 162 | East Hope | 229 | 210 | +9.05% | Bonner |
| 163 | Swan Valley | 225 | 204 | +10.29% | Bonneville |
| 164 | Oldtown | 221 | 184 | +20.11% | Bonner |
| 165 | Castleford | 215 | 226 | −4.87% | Twin Falls |
| 166 | Bloomington | 199 | 206 | −3.40% | Bear Lake |
| 167 | Onaway | 196 | 187 | +4.81% | Latah |
| 168 | Island Park | 193 | 286 | −32.52% | Fremont |
| 169 | Midvale | 193 | 171 | +12.87% | Washington |
| 170 | Wardner | 192 | 188 | +2.13% | Shoshone |
| 171 | Bovill | 191 | 260 | −26.54% | Latah |
| 172 | Stites | 171 | 221 | −22.62% | Idaho |
| 173 | Malta | 167 | 193 | −13.47% | Cassia |
| 174 | Peck | 166 | 197 | −15.74% | Nez Perce |
| 175 | Fernan Lake Village | 164 | 169 | −2.96% | Kootenai |
| 176 | Moore | 162 | 189 | −14.29% | Butte |
| 177 | St. Charles | 161 | 131 | +22.90% | Bear Lake |
| 178 | Crouch | 154 | 162 | −4.94% | Boise |
| 179 | Elk River | 139 | 125 | +11.20% | Clearwater |
| 180 | Ferdinand | 133 | 159 | −16.35% | Idaho |
| 181 | Acequia | 131 | 124 | +5.65% | Minidoka |
| 182 | Stanley | 116 | 63 | +84.13% | Custer |
| 183 | Murtaugh | 114 | 115 | −0.87% | Twin Falls |
| 184 | Huetter | 104 | 100 | +4.00% | Kootenai |
| 185 | Hope | 98 | 86 | +13.95% | Bonner |
| 186 | Leadore | 98 | 105 | −6.67% | Lemhi |
| 187 | Minidoka | 86 | 112 | −23.21% | Minidoka |
| 188 | Tensed | 84 | 123 | −31.71% | Benewah |
| 189 | Hamer | 83 | 48 | +72.92% | Jefferson |
| 190 | White Bird | 83 | 91 | −8.79% | Idaho |
| 191 | Butte City | 78 | 74 | +5.41% | Butte |
| 192 | Placerville | 48 | 53 | −9.43% | Boise |
| 193 | Reubens | 46 | 71 | −35.21% | Lewis |
| 194 | Lost River | 42 | 68 | −38.24% | Custer |
| 195 | Oxford | 42 | 48 | −12.50% | Franklin |
| 196 | Atomic City | 41 | 29 | +41.38% | Bingham |
| 197 | State Line | 39 | 38 | +2.63% | Kootenai |
| 198 | Spencer | 31 | 37 | −16.22% | Clark |
| 199 | Drummond | 13 | 16 | −18.75% | Fremont |
| 200 | Clayton | 10 | 7 | +42.86% | Custer |
| 201 | Warm River | 4 | 3 | +33.33% | Fremont |
|


title: Wang Mengjie

abstract: Wang Mengjie is a Chinese volleyball player. She is part of the China women's national volleyball team. On club level she played for Shandong in 2015. She was part of the China team in 2017 who took part in the FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix in Macao. The team who included Zhu Ting, Qian Jingwen, Zheng Yixin, Wang Yunlu played against the USA, Turkey and Italy. The final part of the competition was in Nanjing in China where the team came fourth.

text:
# Wang Mengjie

**Wang Mengjie** (Chinese: 王梦洁; pinyin: *Wang Mengjie*; born 14 November 1995) is a Chinese volleyball player. She is part of the China women's national volleyball team. On club level she played for Shandong in 2015.

She was part of the China team in 2017 who took part in the FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix in Macao. The team who included Zhu Ting, Qian Jingwen, Zheng Yixin, Wang Yunlu played against the USA, Turkey and Italy. The final part of the competition was in Nanjing in China where the team came fourth.

## Clubs

1. "Team Roster – China". *FIVB.org*. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
2. "Sports Bureau of Macao SAR Government". *www.sport.gov.mo*. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
3. "Bošković leads Serbia over China for bronze". FIVB.org. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.

## InfoBox

| Wang Mengjie | |
| --- | --- |
| 2017 | |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Born | (1995-11-14) 14 November 1995<br>Jinan, Shandong, China |
| Height | 172 cm (68 in) |
| Weight | 65 kg (143 lb) |
| Spike | 289 cm (114 in) |
| Block | 280 cm (110 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Libero |
| Current club | Shandong |
| Number | 18 (NT) 10 (Club) |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2013 - present Shandong | |
| National team | |
| 2015 - present China | |
| Honours      Representing  China  World Championship  2018 Japan Team  World Cup  2019 Japan  Team  2015 Japan Team  World Grand Champions Cup  2017 Japan Team  Volleyball Nations League  2023 Arlington Team  2018 Nanjing Team  Asian Games  2018 Jakarta-Palembang   2022 Hangzhou Team  Montreux Volley Masters  2016 Switzerland   2017 Switzerland Team | |


title: Nigeria–United Arab Emirates relations

text:
# Nigeria–United Arab Emirates relations

Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates's diplomatic relations date to 2007.

## Details

The two countries enjoy economic trade of $1.61B a year. Trade between the two has two top products, the UAE exports refined petroleum while Nigeria exports gold to the UAE.

In July 2024, the UAE lifted the ban on visas for Nigerians. In July 2024, the countries resumed flights after a two year break. Emirates airline had stopped flights in 2022 because the Nigerians did not pay $137m in foreign exchange due to the Emirati airline.

1. "Embassy of Nigeria, Abu Dhabi". *Embassy of Nigeria, Abu Dhabi*.
2. "United Arab Emirates (ARE) and Nigeria (NGA) Trade". *The Observatory of Economic Complexity*. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
3. Singh, Marisha (2024-07-16). "Nigerians can now apply for UAE visa". Retrieved 2024-09-08.
4. Onuah, Felix (15 July 2024). "Nigeria, UAE to resume flights between both countries, minister says". *Reuters*.

## InfoBox

Nigeria - United Arab Emirates relations relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
Nigeria |
United Arab Emirates |
|  | |


title: Nikki Coghill

abstract: Nicola Vicars Coghill is an Australian actress. She is best known for playing the roles of Sister Jackie Crane in The Flying Doctors, and Miranda Parker in Neighbours.

text:
# Nikki Coghill

**Nicola Vicars Coghill** (born 4 January 1964) is an Australian actress. She is best known for playing the roles of Sister Jackie Crane in *The Flying Doctors*, and Miranda Parker in *Neighbours*.

## Career

Coghill was born in Melbourne. She has appeared in many Australian television series and movies. Her television roles include:

In 2007, Coghill joined the cast of long-running Australian soap *Neighbours*, as Miranda Parker, who is the wife of Steve Parker, and the mother of Bridget Parker and Riley Parker. In 2009, Coghill, as well as Eloise Mignon and Steve Bastoni, made public that they were leaving *Neighbours*.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984 | *Annie's Coming Out* | University Girl | Feature film |
| 1985 | *Rebel* | All Girl Band | Feature film |
| 1986 | *Playing Beatie Bow* | Dovey | Feature film |
| 1986 | *Twelfth Night* | Party Guest | Feature film |
| 1987 | *Dark Age* | Cathy Pope | Feature film |
| 1987 | *The Time Guardian* | Annie | Feature film |
| 1987 | *Uncle Sam's at the Door* |  | Film short |
| 1987 | *Running from the Guns* | Jill | Feature film |
| 1994 | *Point of No Return* | Kate Maguire | Feature film |
| 2013 | *Noble Silence* | Shell | Film short |
| 2017 | *Six Steps to Eternal Death* | Mother | Film short |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | *The Sullivans* |  | TV series |
| 1983 | *Starting Out* | Margot Fallon-Smith | TV series, 85 episodes |
| 1983 | *Waterloo Station* |  | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1984 | *Six of the Best* |  | TV series |
| 1984 | *Sons and Daughters* | Nikki Holland | TV series, 3 episodes |
| 1984 | *Soldiers* |  | TV film |
| 1986 | *A Fortunate Life* | Evelyn | TV miniseries, 1 episode |
| 1986 | *Sword of Honour* | Vivienne | TV miniseries, 4 episodes |
| 1987 | *Rock 'N' Roll Cowboys* | Teena Tungsten | TV film |
| 1987 | *Willing and Abel* |  | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1988 | *The Fremantle Conspiracy* | Hanna | TV miniseries, 2 episodes |
| 1988 | *Mike Willesee's Australians* | Lilly Molloy | TV anthology series, 1 episode 'Les Darcy' |
| 1988 | *Stringer* |  | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1988-89 | *All the Way* | Terry O'Rourke | TV series, 8 episodes |
| 1988 | *Life Education Television Appeal* | Herself | TV special |
| 1989; 1992 | *The Flying Doctors* | Jackie Crane | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1989 | *Rafferty's Rules* | Jenny Burns | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1989 | *The Saint in Australia* (aka *Fear in Fun Park*) | Felicity | TV film |
| 1990 | *All the Rivers Run II* | Philadelphia 'Delie' Edwards | TV miniseries, 2 episodes |
| 1991 | *Hey Hey It's Saturday* | Contestant ("Red Faces" segment) | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1992 | *The Flying Doctors* | Sandra Wetherby | TV series |
| 1992; 1994 | *What's Cooking* | Guest | TV series, 2 episodes |
| 1991 | *Acropolis Now* | Rebecca | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1992 | *Hey Dad..!* | Yolande Le Clerc | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1992 | *Tonight Live with Steve Vizard* | Guest | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1992 | *The Morning Show* | Guest | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1992 | *In Sydney Today* | Guest | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1992 | *What's Cooking Christmas Special* | Guest | TV special |
| 1993 | *Minder in Australia* | Sandra Hamilton | TV series, 2 episodes |
| 1993-99 | *Good Morning Australia* | Guest | TV series, 6 episodes |
| 1993 | *Time Trax* | Katherine Vickers | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1994 | *Hey Hey It's Saturday* | Guest | TV series, 2 episodes |
| 1994 | *The Bob Morrison Show* | Lizzy Morrison | TV series, 26 episodes |
| 1994 | *Ernie and Denise* | Guest | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1994 | *Sale of the Century* | Contestant | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1996 | *G.P.* |  | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1997 | *Blue Heelers* | Felicity McMurtrie | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1999 | *Thunderstone* | Liz Daniels | TV series, 45 episodes |
| 2001 | *The Pretender* |  | TV series, 1 episode |
| 2002 | *Guinevere Jones* | Faerie Queen | TV series |
| 2002 | *McLeod's Daughters* | Gabi Harding | TV series, 1 episode |
| 2007-09 | *Neighbours* | Miranda Parker | TV series, 230 episodes |
| 2007 | *9am with David & Kim* | Guest | TV series, 1 episode |
| 2008 | *Neighbours' on Five* | Herself | TV documentary, UK |
| 2010 | *City Homicide* | Heather Worthington | TV series, 1 episode |
| 2013 | *It's a Date* | Pauline | TV series, 1 episode |
| 2017 | *Offspring* | Christine Edmund | TV series, 1 episode |
| 2019 | *Bad Mothers* | Jo | TV series, 1 episode |

## Personal life

Nikki Coghill has two daughters and lives in Melbourne with her husband.

## InfoBox

| Nikki Coghill | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nicola Vicars Coghill
(1964-01-04) 4 January 1964
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1982–present |


title: Nicolae David

abstract: Nicolae David was a Romanian football midfielder.

text:
# Nicolae David

**Nicolae David** (9 August 1915 – 3 December 1977) was a Romanian football midfielder.

## International career

Nicolae David played two games at international level for Romania at the 1934–35 Balkan Cup, the first one was a 2–2 against Greece and the second was a 3–2 victory against Bulgaria.

## Honours

**Mica Brad**

1. Nicolae David at WorldFootball.net
2. "Nicolae David profile" (in Romanian). 4everucluj.ro.
3. Nicolae David at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian)
4. Nicolae David at National-Football-Teams.com
5. "Nicolae David". European Football. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
6. "Greece - Romania 2:2". European Football. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
7. "Bulgaria - Romania 2:3". European Football. Retrieved 3 October 2020.

## InfoBox

Nicolae David
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1915-08-09)9 August 1915 | | |
| Place of birth | Panticeu, Austria-Hungary | | |
| Date of death | 3 December 1977(1977-12-03) (aged 62) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1932–1939 | Universitatea Cluj | 115 | (4) |
| 1940–1942 | Mica Brad | 19 | (0) |
| Total |  | **134** | **(4)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1934 | Romania | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Nicolae Cristea (priest)

abstract: Nicolae Cristea was an Austro-Hungarian ethnic Romanian Orthodox priest, professor, journalist and political activist. A protégé of Andrei Șaguna, he studied in Germany before returning to edit the church's newspaper for nearly two decades, a period during which he also taught at the theological seminary in Sibiu. He was politically active, a stance that culminated in the early 1890s with his signing of the Transylvanian Memorandum and subsequent imprisonment.

text:
# Nicolae Cristea (priest)

**Nicolae Cristea** (October 26 \[O.S. October 14\] 1834 – February 7, 1902) was an Austro-Hungarian ethnic Romanian Orthodox priest, professor, journalist and political activist. A protégé of Andrei Șaguna, he studied in Germany before returning to edit the church's newspaper for nearly two decades, a period during which he also taught at the theological seminary in Sibiu. He was politically active, a stance that culminated in the early 1890s with his signing of the Transylvanian Memorandum and subsequent imprisonment.

## Biography

### Origins and education

Born to peasant parents in Ocna Sibiului, in the Transylvania region, he began primary school in his native village before continuing at a Roman Catholic school in nearby Sibiu. He attended the state high school there, also Catholic in orientation: from 1848 to 1850, his courses were in Latin, and then in German until graduation. In 1857, he became a student at the city's theological academy, remaining there until 1859. While enrolled at the school, he met his eventual patron, Archbishop Andrei Șaguna. The latter appreciated Cristea's qualities and in 1859 advised him to enter the law faculty. He consented, and at the same time became a clerk at the archbishop's chancery.

Sent by Șaguna to the University of Leipzig in order to deepen his studies of philosophy and political economy, his 1861–1863 stay of two years was too brief for a doctorate, and Cristea remained with two undergraduate degrees in theology and law. While in Leipzig, he was a church singer at the local Romanian chapel. He also corrected some erroneous information presented by Heinrich von Treitschke, for which the professor publicly apologized.

### Teaching and journalism

In 1870, he married Eleftera Manole, the sister of a Brașov businessman, and was ordained a priest later that year. Teaching church history and canon law, he was a substitute professor at the theological academy from 1863 to 1865 and a full professor of homiletics and moral theology from 1870 to 1873. At that point, he was named an archdiocesan advisor, remaining as such until his death. In 1865, he was named director of *Telegraful Român* newspaper, remaining until 1883, when he was dismissed by Metropolitan Miron Romanul after writing a scathing critique of Prime Minister Kálmán Tisza.

During a period that saw the loss of Transylvania's autonomy as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and a concerted Magyarization effort, Cristea consistently defended the rights of the province's Romanians. Like his mentor, he promoted an activist stance through polemical articles, and the widely read newspaper turned a profit for the first time. In 1877–1878, he paid close attention to the ongoing Romanian War of Independence, devoting entire editions to the topic. He protested against the 1879 law that made Hungarian a required subject in Romanian church schools. After *Tribuna* newspaper was founded in 1884, he occasionally contributed articles there. He took part in the 1881 national conference of Romanian electors, where he delivered a fiery speech that emphasized the lack of political training for local Romanians.

### Memorandum and aftermath

A member of the Romanian National Party, and part of its leadership for a decade beginning in 1884, he helped draft the 1892 Transylvanian Memorandum. Indicted the following year, he and party president Ioan Rațiu vowed to speak only Romanian at their trial, held in May 1894. Cristea defended himself energetically, refusing to disavow his role. He was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment, which he carried out at Vác with the majority of fellow signatories. While there, he wrote a brochure detailing his political convictions. He was granted a furlough in order to bury his son. The court costs were considerable for Cristea, who already had to support four children and received supplemental income from Romanian political circles. Upon being released, his advisor's salary was not paid for months; he was clearly not liked by Metropolitan Miron, whose behavior he criticized vehemently in his diary.

Begun in prison in March 1895, this diary was kept until November 1901, with lengthy and frequent interruptions; it was published in 1999. Dry in tone and rarely treating exceptional events, it reflects the aloof personality of Cristea, marked by political battles. Other topics include the Romanian-language press of Transylvania, his disappointment at Dimitrie Sturdza's suddenly conciliatory policy toward Austria-Hungary upon becoming Prime Minister of Romania, criticism of the new metropolitan Ioan Mețianu, his own gradual withdrawal from politics and his May 1898 visit to the Romanian Old Kingdom. There, he was deeply moved upon seeing the Black Sea at Constanța and impressed by the Anghel Saligny Bridge.

He died in Sibiu; his funeral was officiated by Mețianu and attended by an imposing crowd that included fellow Memorandum signer Rubin Patiția. Cristea was buried at the parish church in the Iosefin neighborhood.

* Mircea Păcurariu, *Cărturari sibieni de altădată*. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Dacia, 2002. ISBN 978-973-3514-63-3


title: Nils Herlitz

abstract: Nils Herlitz (1888–1978) was a Swedish historian, legal scholar and politician of the Moderate Party. He served as the third President of the Nordic Council in 1955. He served as a member of the upper house of the Swedish parliament from 1939 to 1955. Herlitz was elected a corresponding fellow of the British Academy in 1971.

text:
# Nils Herlitz

**Nils Herlitz** (1888–1978) was a Swedish historian, legal scholar and politician of the Moderate Party. He served as the third President of the Nordic Council in 1955. He served as a member of the upper house of the Swedish parliament from 1939 to 1955.

Herlitz was elected a corresponding fellow of the British Academy in 1971.

## Awards and decorations

## Honours

1. *Sveriges dödbok 1947–2006, Sveriges Släktforskarförbund*
2. "Nils Herlitz". *Vem är det 1957*  via Project Runeberg.
3. Sköldenberg, Bengt, ed. (1969). *Sveriges statskalender. 1969* (PDF) (in Swedish). Stockholm: Fritzes offentliga publikationer. p. 151. SELIBR 3682754.
4. Wasberg, Gunnar Christie (2017-04-05), "Nils Herlitz", *Store norske leksikon* (in Norwegian), retrieved 2018-10-14


title: Nikola Mituljikić

abstract: Nikola Mituljikić is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Serbian club OFK Beograd on loan from Red Star Belgrade.

text:
# Nikola Mituljikić

**Nikola Mituljikić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Митуљикић; born 20 January 2003) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Serbian club OFK Beograd on loan from Red Star Belgrade.

## Personal life

Nikola's twin brother Jovan is also a professional footballer.

## Honours

Red Star Belgrade

## InfoBox

Nikola Mituljikić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Nikola Mituljikić | | |
| Date of birth | (2003-01-20) 20 January 2003 | | |
| Place of birth | Negotin, FR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Right winger | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | OFK Beograd
(on loan from Red Star Belgrade) | | |
| Number | 11 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| –2021 | Red Star Belgrade | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2021– | Red Star Belgrade | 9 | (0) |
| 2021–2022 | Grafičar (loan) | 39 | (7) |
| 2023–2024 | OFK Beograd (dual) | 19 | (6) |
| 2024– | OFK Beograd (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2021–2022 | Serbia U19 | 9 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 25 May 2024
‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 3 June 2022 | | | |


title: Nikola Mitrović

abstract: Nikola Mitrović is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Hungarian club BVSC-Zugló.

text:
# Nikola Mitrović

**Nikola Mitrović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Митровић; born 2 January 1987) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Hungarian club BVSC-Zugló.

## Club career

### Early years

In 1997, aged 10, Mitrović joined the youth system of his hometown club Napredak Kruševac. He was promoted to the senior squad in 2004. Over the next three seasons, Mitrović amassed over 100 competitive appearances for the side, as they were promoted to the top flight in 2007.

### Partizan

On 23 July 2007, Mitrović agreed to a three-year contract with Partizan. He served mainly as a backup to Brazilian defensive midfielder Juca throughout the season, making 18 appearances (league and cup), as the club won the double. Due to strong competition in his position, Mitrović was loaned to his parent club Napredak Kruševac in the 2008 summer transfer window. He was transferred to Russian club Volga Nizhny Novgorod six months later, spending the entire year there, before again returning to Napredak Kruševac in early 2010.

### Újpest and Videoton

In the summer of 2010, Mitrović moved abroad for the second time and joined Hungarian club Újpest. He missed just one out of 30 league games, managing to score once in a 6–0 victory over Újpest's fierce rivals Ferencváros. On 28 June 2011, Mitrović joined Hungarian champions Videoton, signing a two-year contract. He was a regular in his debut season at the club, helping them win the League Cup. In the next 2012–13 campaign, Mitrović collected 50 appearances and netted nine goals in all competitions, both career-highs.

### Maccabi Tel Aviv

On 4 August 2013, Mitrović moved to Israeli champions Maccabi Tel Aviv on a one-year deal with an extension option. He was signed by his former Videoton manager Paulo Sousa who joined the club earlier that summer. After defending the league title with Maccabi in his debut season, Mitrović helped the side win the domestic treble in the following 2014–15 campaign. He subsequently made his UEFA Champions League debut in 2015–16, collecting four appearances in the group stage under his countryman Slaviša Jokanović. On 10 January 2016, it was announced that Mitrović would be leaving the club upon his request.

### Later years

Just a few days following his departure from Maccabi, Mitrović joined China League One club Shanghai Shenxin. He stayed in Asia for only six months, before returning to Israel and signing for Bnei Yehuda in late August 2016. In January of the following year, Mitrović moved to Cypriot club Anorthosis.

In September 2017, Mitrović returned to his homeland and joined his parent club Napredak Kruševac on a free transfer. He scored the winning goal in a 1–0 home league win over Red Star Belgrade on 1 October 2017, chipping the ball from outside the box over Milan Borjan in the sixth minute of injury time.

In January 2018, Mitrović moved to Poland and joined Ekstraklasa club Wisła Kraków for six months.

In August 2018, Mitrović signed a one-year contract with Azerbaijani club Keşlə.

In July 2019, Mitrović returned to Hungary after six years and signed with Zalaegerszeg.

## International career

In April 2010, Mitrović made his full international debut for Serbia, coming on as a substitute for Ljubomir Fejsa in a friendly against Japan, an eventual 3–0 success.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 27 June 2020*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | National cup | | League cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Napredak Kruševac | 2004–05 | 31 | 1 |  |  |  | |  | |  | | 31 | 1 |
| | 2005–06 | 37 | 3 |  | |  | |  | |  | | 37 | 3 |
| | 2006–07 | 35 | 1 |  |  |  | |  | |  |  | 35 | 1 |
| | Total | 103 | 5 |  |  |  | |  | |  |  | 103 | 5 |
| Partizan | 2007–08 | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |  | | 18 | 0 |
| Napredak Kruševac (loan) | 2008–09 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 18 | 2 |
| Volga Nizhny Novgorod | 2009 | 20 | 2 | 1 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 21 | 2 |
| Napredak Kruševac | 2009–10 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 14 | 2 |
| Újpest | 2010–11 | 29 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | | 34 | 3 |
| Videoton | 2011–12 | 28 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 46 | 2 |
| | 2012–13 | 27 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 50 | 9 |
| | Total | 55 | 7 | 11 | 0 | 15 | 4 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 96 | 11 |
| Maccabi Tel Aviv | 2013–14 | 33 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |  | | 41 | 2 |
| | 2014–15 | 34 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  | | 41 | 4 |
| | 2015–16 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| | Total | 81 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 108 | 6 |
| Shanghai Shenxin | 2016 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 4 | 0 |
| Bnei Yehuda | 2016–17 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | |  | | 18 | 0 |
| Anorthosis | 2016–17 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 18 | 1 |
| Napredak Kruševac | 2017–18 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 13 | 2 |
| Wisła Kraków | 2017–18 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 15 | 0 |
| Keşlə | 2018–19 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |  | | 27 | 2 |
| Zalaegerszeg | 2019–20 | 31 | 3 | 1 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 32 | 3 |
| Újpest | 2020–21 | 30 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |  | | 34 | 4 |
| Career total | | 480 | 35 | 37 | 3 | 23 | 5 | 30 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 573 | 43 |

### International

Appearances and goals by national team and year
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Serbia | 2010 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | | 1 | 0 |

## Honours

Partizan Videoton Maccabi Tel Aviv   1. "Mitrović novo pojačanje Partizana!" (in Serbian). partizan.rs. 23 July 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
2. "Megalázó verést kapott Újpesten a Fradi" (in Hungarian). origo.hu. 11 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
3. "Nikola Mitrovics is nálunk folytatja" (in Hungarian). vidi.hu. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
4. "MTA SIGN SERBIAN MIDFIELDER NIKOLA MITROVIC". maccabi-tlv.co.il. 4 August 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
5. "NIKOLA MITROVIC LEAVING". maccabi-tlv.co.il. 10 January 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
6. "בני יהודה: ניקולה מיטרוביץ' חתם לעונה עם אופציה לעונה נוספת" (in Hebrew). walla.co.il. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
7. "Ανορθωσιάτης ο Νίκολα Μίτροβιτς (δηλώσεις)" (in Greek). anorthosisfc.com.cy. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
8. "Mitrović lobom u 96' kaznio Zvezdu!" (in Serbian). b92.net. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
9. "Zvezda na kolenima: Napredak do pobede u 96!" (in Serbian). mondo.rs. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
10. "Nikola Mitrović piłkarzem Wisły" (in Polish). wisla.krakow.pl. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
11. "Keşlə FK növbəti transfer reallaşdırdı" (in Azerbaijani). keshlafc.az. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
12. "Mitrovic, Nikola" (in Hungarian). nela.hu. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
13. "MITROVIC NIKOLA" (in Hungarian). mlsz.hu. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
14. "ניקולה מיטרוביץ'" (in Hebrew). football.org.il. Retrieved 31 March 2017.

## InfoBox

Nikola Mitrović
| Mitrović playing for Újpest in 2010 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1987-01-02) 2 January 1987 | | |
| Place of birth | Kruševac, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | BVSC-Zugló | | |
| Number | 18 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1997–2004 | Napredak Kruševac | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2004–2007 | Napredak Kruševac | 103 | (5) |
| 2007–2008 | Partizan | 15 | (0) |
| 2008 | Napredak Kruševac (loan) | 16 | (2) |
| 2009 | Volga Nizhny Novgorod | 20 | (2) |
| 2010 | Napredak Kruševac | 14 | (2) |
| 2010–2011 | Újpest | 29 | (1) |
| 2011–2013 | Videoton | 55 | (7) |
| 2013–2016 | Maccabi Tel Aviv | 81 | (4) |
| 2016 | Shanghai Shenxin | 4 | (0) |
| 2016–2017 | Bnei Yehuda | 16 | (0) |
| 2017 | Anorthosis | 14 | (1) |
| 2017 | Napredak Kruševac | 12 | (2) |
| 2018 | Wisła Kraków | 15 | (0) |
| 2018–2019 | Keşlə | 25 | (2) |
| 2019–2020 | Zalaegerszeg | 31 | (3) |
| 2020–2022 | Újpest | 62 | (5) |
| 2022–2023 | Budapest Honvéd | 29 | (0) |
| 2023– | BVSC-Zugló | 15 | (1) |
| International career | | | |
| 2004 | Serbia and Montenegro U17 | 3 | (0) |
| 2010 | Serbia | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 21 December 2023 | | | |


title: Nishikan-ku, Niigata

abstract: Nishikan-ku is one of the eight wards of Niigata City, Niigata Prefecture, in the Hokuriku region of Japan. As of 1 June 2016, the ward had an estimated population of 55,963 in 20,369 households and a population density of 320 persons per km². The total area of the ward was 176.55 square kilometres (68.17 sq mi).

text:
# Nishikan-ku, Niigata

**Nishikan-ku** (西蒲区, *Nishikan-ku*) is one of the eight wards of Niigata City, Niigata Prefecture, in the Hokuriku region of Japan. As of 1 June 2016, the ward had an estimated population of 55,963 in 20,369 households and a population density of 320 persons per km². The total area of the ward was 176.55 square kilometres (68.17 sq mi).

## Geography

Nishikan-ku is located in southwestern Niigata City, bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west. Mount Yahiko is on the border of Nishikan-ku with the neighbouring city of Nagaoka.

### Surrounding municipalities

### Climate

| Climate data for Nishikan-ku (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1978−present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.8
(58.6) | 21.6
(70.9) | 23.2
(73.8) | 29.2
(84.6) | 32.2
(90.0) | 33.2
(91.8) | 36.9
(98.4) | 38.9
(102.0) | 38.6
(101.5) | 32.4
(90.3) | 24.8
(76.6) | 18.9
(66.0) | 38.9
(102.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.2
(41.4) | 5.9
(42.6) | 9.9
(49.8) | 16.0
(60.8) | 21.4
(70.5) | 24.8
(76.6) | 28.3
(82.9) | 30.2
(86.4) | 26.4
(79.5) | 20.4
(68.7) | 14.2
(57.6) | 8.2
(46.8) | 17.6
(63.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.1
(35.8) | 2.2
(36.0) | 5.3
(41.5) | 10.7
(51.3) | 16.4
(61.5) | 20.4
(68.7) | 24.3
(75.7) | 25.6
(78.1) | 21.6
(70.9) | 15.6
(60.1) | 9.7
(49.5) | 4.6
(40.3) | 13.2
(55.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.7
(30.7) | −1.1
(30.0) | 1.0
(33.8) | 5.6
(42.1) | 12.1
(53.8) | 16.8
(62.2) | 21.0
(69.8) | 21.9
(71.4) | 17.7
(63.9) | 11.2
(52.2) | 5.6
(42.1) | 1.4
(34.5) | 9.4
(48.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.1
(8.4) | −12.0
(10.4) | −7.5
(18.5) | −3.2
(26.2) | 4.0
(39.2) | 8.8
(47.8) | 13.4
(56.1) | 12.7
(54.9) | 7.1
(44.8) | 1.8
(35.2) | −5.4
(22.3) | −12.2
(10.0) | −13.1
(8.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 165.2
(6.50) | 99.8
(3.93) | 99.9
(3.93) | 90.9
(3.58) | 85.2
(3.35) | 117.0
(4.61) | 213.3
(8.40) | 154.2
(6.07) | 130.4
(5.13) | 136.1
(5.36) | 190.2
(7.49) | 222.8
(8.77) | 1,704.1
(67.09) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 20.1 | 16.2 | 15.9 | 11.8 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 12.5 | 10.1 | 11.7 | 13.6 | 17.5 | 20.6 | 170.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 47.9 | 71.2 | 129.9 | 171.5 | 195.0 | 174.9 | 157.8 | 182.4 | 139.1 | 126.0 | 85.4 | 49.6 | 1,530.7 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## History

The area of present-day Nishikan-ku was part of ancient Echigo Province. The town of Sone and the village of Iwamuro were established on April 1, 1889 within Nakakanbara District, Niigata with the establishment of the municipalities system. The town of Maki was created on April 10, 1891 by the merger of 14 hamlets, and expanded on January 1, 1955 by annexing five neighbouring villages. The town of Nishikawa was founded on January 1, 1955 by the merger of Sone with the village of Masugata. The city of Niigata annexed the towns of Maki and Masugata and the villages of Iwamuro, Katahigashi and Nakanokuchi on March 21, 2005. Niigata became a government-designated city on April 1, 2007 and was divided into wards, with the new Nishikan Ward consisting of these areas.

## Education

Nishikan-ku has 13 public elementary schools and six public middle schools operated by the Niigata city government. The ward has three public high schools operated by the Niigata Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operates two special education schools.

## Transportation

### Railway

JR East \- Echigo Line

### Highways

## Local attractions

### Notes

1. location in former Maki town

Media related to Nishikan-ku, Niigata at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Nishikan 西蒲区 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| Nishikan Ward | |
| Haza Tree in Nishikan-ku | |
| Location of Nishikan-ku in Niigata City | |
| Nishikan | |
| Coordinates: 37°45′37.8″N 138°53′21.6″E / 37.760500°N 138.889333°E / 37.760500; 138.889333 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kōshin'etsu, Hokuriku (Chūbu) |
| Prefecture | Niigata |
| City | Niigata |
| Area | |
| Total | 176.55 km2 (68.17 sq mi) |
| Population (September 1, 2016) | |
| Total | 55,963 |
| Density | 320/km2 (820/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| Address | 2690-1 Maki-kō, Nishikan-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata 953-8666 |
| Phone number | 0256-73-1000 |
| Climate | Cfa |
| Website | Official website |


title: Nitrogen-15 tracing

abstract: Nitrogen-15 (ⁱ⁵N) tracing is a technique to study the nitrogen cycle using the heavier, stable nitrogen isotope ⁱ⁵N. Despite the different weights, ⁱ⁵N is involved in the same chemical reactions as the more abundant ⁱ⁴N and is therefore used to trace and quantify conversions of one nitrogen compound to another. ⁱ⁵N tracing is applied in biogeochemistry, soil science, environmental science, environmental microbiology and small molecule activation research.

text:
# Nitrogen-15 tracing

**Nitrogen-15 (15N) tracing** is a technique to study the nitrogen cycle using the heavier, stable nitrogen isotope 15. Despite the different weights, 15N is involved in the same chemical reactions as the more abundant 14N and is therefore used to trace and quantify conversions of one nitrogen compound to another. 15N tracing is applied in biogeochemistry, soil science, environmental science, environmental microbiology and small molecule activation research.

## Applications

15N tracing allows researchers to distinguish specific nitrogen conversions from a network of simultaneous reactions; e.g. ammonium can at the same time be oxidised by autotrophic microorganisms, produced by mineralisation of organic matter, produced by dissimilatory nitrate reduction and assimilated by microbes and plants. In this case, quantifying the absolute amounts of ammonium does not explain how it is produced or consumed. However, the conversion of one 15N labelled compound to another can directly be linked through the isotopic signature.

15N tracing has been applied to quantify rates of nitrogen transformations in soil and to distinguish the sources of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide under different environmental conditions.

## Methodical approaches

The two main approaches are natural abundance and enrichment techniques.

### Natural abundance techniques

Natural abundance techniques can be applied without artificial disturbance. The natural 15N abundances are expressed in delta (δ) notation relative to the 15N concentration in the air. Due to enzymatic discrimination, natural 15N abundances change slightly in microbially mediated reactions in soil. Apart from δ values, the site preference of 15N and 14N (isotopomers) for the inner or outer position within the nitrous oxide molecule has been used to determine its sources (nitrification or denitrification).

### Enrichment techniques

When nitrogen substrates are artificially enriched (labeled) with 15N, the product of a reaction can directly be linked to its substrate. In contrast to natural abundance techniques, 15N labeling allows to precisely calculate reaction rates. The amendment of additional nitrogen can also be a bias by changing natural nitrogen transformations. In agricultural soil, however, application of 15N enriched tracers, such as ammonium and nitrate, resembles conventional fertilisation practise.

A way to calculate nitrogen transformation rates in soil can be achieved by numerical approximation that takes different, simultaneous nitrogen transformations into account. A numerical tool to study the nitrogen cycle is the ***Ntrace*** model based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation.

*
*
*
*


title: Nitrogen assimilation

abstract: Nitrogen assimilation is the formation of organic nitrogen compounds like amino acids from inorganic nitrogen compounds present in the environment. Organisms like plants, fungi and certain bacteria that can fix nitrogen gas (N2) depend on the ability to assimilate nitrate or ammonia for their needs. Other organisms, like animals, depend entirely on organic nitrogen from their food.

text:
# Nitrogen assimilation

**Nitrogen assimilation** is the formation of organic nitrogen compounds like amino acids from inorganic nitrogen compounds present in the environment. Organisms like plants, fungi and certain bacteria that can fix nitrogen gas (N2) depend on the ability to assimilate nitrate or ammonia for their needs. Other organisms, like animals, depend entirely on organic nitrogen from their food.

## Nitrogen assimilation in plants

Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4+). In aerobic soils where nitrification can occur, nitrate is usually the predominant form of available nitrogen that is absorbed. However this is not always the case as ammonia can predominate in grasslands and in flooded, anaerobic soils like rice paddies. Plant roots themselves can affect the abundance of various forms of nitrogen by changing the pH and secreting organic compounds or oxygen. This influences microbial activities like the inter-conversion of various nitrogen species, the release of ammonia from organic matter in the soil and the fixation of nitrogen by non-nodule-forming bacteria.

Ammonium ions are absorbed by the plant via ammonia transporters. Nitrate is taken up by several nitrate transporters that use a proton gradient to power the transport. Nitrogen is transported from the root to the shoot via the xylem in the form of nitrate, dissolved ammonia and amino acids. Usually (but not always) most of the nitrate reduction is carried out in the shoots while the roots reduce only a small fraction of the absorbed nitrate to ammonia. Ammonia (both absorbed and synthesized) is incorporated into amino acids via the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase (GS-GOGAT) pathway. While nearly all the ammonia in the root is usually incorporated into amino acids at the root itself, plants may transport significant amounts of ammonium ions in the xylem to be fixed in the shoots. This may help avoid the transport of organic compounds down to the roots just to carry the nitrogen back as amino acids.

Nitrate reduction is carried out in two steps. Nitrate is first reduced to nitrite (NO2) in the cytosol by nitrate reductase using NADH or NADPH. Nitrite is then reduced to ammonia in the chloroplasts (plastids in roots) by a ferredoxin dependent nitrite reductase. In photosynthesizing tissues, it uses an isoform of ferredoxin (Fd1) that is reduced by PSI while in the root it uses a form of ferredoxin (Fd3) that has a less negative midpoint potential and can be reduced easily by NADPH. In non photosynthesizing tissues, NADPH is generated by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.

In the chloroplasts, glutamine synthetase incorporates this ammonia as the amide group of glutamine using glutamate as a substrate. Glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT) transfer the amide group onto a 2-oxoglutarate molecule producing two glutamates. Further transaminations are carried out make other amino acids (most commonly asparagine) from glutamine. While the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) does not play a direct role in the assimilation, it protects the mitochondrial functions during periods of high nitrogen metabolism and takes part in nitrogen remobilization.

### pH and Ionic balance during nitrogen assimilation

Every nitrate ion reduced to ammonia produces one OH ion. To maintain a pH balance, the plant must either excrete it into the surrounding medium or neutralize it with organic acids. This results in the medium around the plants roots becoming alkaline when they take up nitrate.

To maintain ionic balance, every NO3 taken into the root must be accompanied by either the uptake of a cation or the excretion of an anion. Plants like tomatoes take up metal ions like K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ to exactly match every nitrate taken up and store these as the salts of organic acids like malate and oxalate. Other plants like the soybean balance most of their NO3 intake with the excretion of OH or HCO3.

Plants that reduce nitrates in the shoots and excrete alkali from their roots need to transport the alkali in an inert form from the shoots to the roots. To achieve this they synthesize malic acid in the leaves from neutral precursors like carbohydrates. The potassium ions brought to the leaves along with the nitrate in the xylem are then sent along with the malate to the roots via the phloem. In the roots, the malate is consumed. When malate is converted back to malic acid prior to use, an OH is released and excreted. (RCOO \+ H2O -\> RCOOH +OH) The potassium ions are then recirculated up the xylem with fresh nitrate. Thus the plants avoid having to absorb and store excess salts and also transport the OH.

Plants like castor reduce a lot of nitrate in the root itself, and excrete the resulting base. Some of the base produced in the shoots is transported to the roots as salts of organic acids while a small amount of the carboxylates are just stored in the shoot itself.

## Nitrogen use efficiency

**Nitrogen use efficiency** (NUE) is the proportion of nitrogen present that a plant absorbs and uses. Improving nitrogen use efficiency and thus fertilizer efficiency is important to make agriculture more sustainable, by reducing pollution (fertilizer runoff) and production cost and increasing yield. Worldwide, crops generally have less than 50% NUE. Better fertilizers, improved crop management, selective breeding, and genetic engineering can increase NUE.

Nitrogen use efficiency can be measured at various levels: the crop plant, the soil, by fertilizer input, by ecosystem productivity, etc. At the level of photosynthesis in leaves, it is termed **photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency** (PNUE).


title: Niki King

abstract: Niki King is a Scottish singer and songwriter. Her accolades include winning the UK Perrier Jazz Vocalist Award, The Scottish Style Award and The Spirit Of Scotland Music Medal. Currently King is in the studio her sixth studio album, due for release in 2023.

text:
# Niki King

**Niki King** is a Scottish singer and songwriter. Her accolades include winning the UK Perrier Jazz Vocalist Award, The Scottish Style Award and The Spirit Of Scotland Music Medal.

Currently King is in the studio her sixth studio album, due for release in 2023.

Media related to Niki King at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Nikki King | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Edinburgh, United Kingdom |
| Website | https://www.nikiking.com/ |