title: Mendoza PM-1

abstract: Mendoza PM-1 is a series of handguns that includes two models of pistols manufactured in Mexico by Productos Mendoza: The MXIK in.380 ACP caliber and the AZTK in 9mm caliber.

text:
# Mendoza PM-1

**Mendoza PM-1** is a series of handguns that includes two models of pistols manufactured in Mexico by Productos Mendoza: The **MXIK** (pronounced as "meh-shee-kah") in .380 ACP caliber and the **AZTK** (pronounced as "az-teh-kah") in 9mm caliber.

## Design and development

Productos Mendoza began working on the design of this weapon in 2014, seeking to create a light and high-strength handgun. Its first physical appearances began in 2018 in different exhibitions, the following year being in which it would begin its sale to the public.

The handle is made of polymer with interchangeable handle covers according to the size of the user's hand, it also has an ambidextrous safety lever, manual slide stop and laser sight rail. It has a metal slide, which, like the bolt and barrel of the weapon, is subjected to Tenifer QPQ treatment, which improves its surface hardness and resistance to oxidation and corrosion, also allowing a less gloss finish to avoid discomfort when shooting.

Additionally, the weapon has a supply "witness" bolt on the slide, which rises when there is a cartridge in the chamber. It also has a fall arrester on the firing needle to prevent accidental firing.

It has a "dovetail" type fixed rear sight with white lines, likewise, the front sight is also fixed with a white dot. The 9 mm Parabellum version called AZTK has an 18-round magazine plus 1 in the chamber, while the .380 ACP version called MXIK has a 19-round magazine plus one in the chamber. both versions have a 4-rifling barrel.

## InfoBox

| Mendoza PM-1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Semi-automatic pistol |
| Place of origin | Mexico |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 2014 |
| Manufacturer | Productos Mendoza |
| Unit cost | $10,170°° MXN ($499°° USD) at july 2022 |
| Produced | 2018-present |
| Variants | AZTK
MXIK |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 0.77 kg (1.7 lb) |
| Length | 204 mm (8.0 in) |
| Barrel length | 116 mm (4.6 in) |
| Width | 35 mm (1.4 in) |
| Height | 138 mm (5.4 in) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | **AZTK:** 9 mm Parabellum
**MXIK:** .380 ACP |
| Action | Blowback |
| Feed system | **AZTK:** 18 rounds magazine
**MXIK:** 19 rounds magazine |
| Sights | fixed |
| References | specs posted on FB
Price given by SEDENA |


title: Merades

abstract: Merades is an ancient abandoned village located in the Montsià comarca, Catalonia, Spain.

text:
# Merades

**Merades** is an ancient abandoned village located in the Montsià comarca, Catalonia, Spain.

## History and description

The town is now uninhabited. Most of the houses in Merades are in an advanced state of ruin, especially towards its northern end, which is totally covered in bush and of difficult access.

The ruins of the village are located on a low hill, at a height of 187 m over sea level, in the western slopes of the Serra de Godall mountain range. In the 19th century Pascual Madoz referred to Merades as a "village that had been destroyed".

Administratively Merades belongs to the Godall municipality. It is very close to the TV-3313 road between Godall and Ulldecona.

The last inhabited building of the village was a masia, a traditional Catalan farmhouse, known as Mas de Merades, located at the southwest end of the ancient village.

40°38′22″N 00°26′27″E / 40.63944°N 0.44083°E / 40.63944; 0.44083


title: WTPX-TV

abstract: WTPX-TV is a television station licensed to Antigo, Wisconsin, United States, broadcasting the Ion Television network to the Wausau–Rhinelander market. Owned and operated by the Ion Media subsidiary of the E. W. Scripps Company, the station maintains transmitter facilities near Glandon, Wisconsin. Until 2021, the station's public file was maintained at studios on North Flint Road in Glendale, where WPXE-TV, the Ion station in the Milwaukee market, was based. In October of that year with the 2019 repeal of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s Main Studio Rule, Ion Media officially registered its studio facility as the Scripps Center in Cincinnati. The same month, Green Bay sister station WGBA-TV launched Ion as its fifth subchannel, with the affiliation moving from WBAY-TV.

text:
# WTPX-TV

**WTPX-TV** (channel 46) is a television station licensed to Antigo, Wisconsin, United States, broadcasting the Ion Television network to the WausauRhinelander market. Owned and operated by the Ion Media subsidiary of the E. W. Scripps Company, the station maintains transmitter facilities near Glandon, Wisconsin.

Until 2021, the station's public file was maintained at studios on North Flint Road in Glendale, where WPXE-TV, the Ion station in the Milwaukee market, was based. In October of that year with the 2019 repeal of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s Main Studio Rule, Ion Media officially registered its studio facility (along with most Ion-owned stations) as the Scripps Center in Cincinnati. The same month, Green Bay sister station WGBA-TV launched Ion as its fifth subchannel, with the affiliation moving from WBAY-TV.

## Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:

Subchannels of WTPX-TV
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 46.1 | 720p | 16:9 | ION | Ion Television |
| 46.2 | | 480i | Grit | Grit |
| | | 46.3 | Mystery | Ion Mystery |
| | | 46.4 | Laff | Laff |
| | | 46.5 | Bounce | Bounce TV |
| | | 46.6 | Scripps | Scripps News |
| | | 46.7 | Jewelry | Jewelry Television |
| | | 46.8 | HSN | HSN |
| | | 46.9 | QVC2 | QVC2 |

Paxson Communications/Ion Media chose to run WTPX-TV as a digital-only station upon signing on in 2001, and held no analog license for the station. Thus, WTPX-TV never had any digital transition channel, flash-cut or analog transition period. It moved from its original physical channel 46 to channel 19 during the FCC's spectrum repack in June 2018, but continues to use channel 46 as its virtual channel position.

1. https://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station\_search&callsign=776263#station

## InfoBox

WTPX-TV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Antigo, Wisconsin |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | Ion |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations |  |
| History | |
| Founded | May 15, 1998 |
| First air date | November 23, 2001 (2001-11-23) |
| Former call signs | * WAZW (1998–1999) * WTPX (1999–2009) |
| Former channel number(s) | **Digital:** 46 (UHF, 2002–2018) |
| Call sign meaning | Network's former name, Pax TV, transposed |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 86496 |
| ERP | 24.5 kW |
| HAAT | 279 m (915 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 45°3′33″N 89°26′10″W / 45.05917°N 89.43611°W / 45.05917; -89.43611 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | iontelevision.com |


title: WTQT-LP

abstract: WTQT-LP is a low-power FM (LPFM) radio station offering gospel music. The station began on May 8, 2003, and is licensed to Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It broadcasts with an ERP of 71 watts and is available on the Internet.

text:
# WTQT-LP

**WTQT-LP** (106.1 FM) is a low-power FM (LPFM) radio station offering gospel music. The station began on May 8, 2003, and is licensed to Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It broadcasts with an ERP of 71 watts and is available on the Internet.

1. "Facility Technical Data for WTQT-LP". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.

## InfoBox

WTQT-LP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Baton Rouge |
| Frequency | 106.1 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Urban gospel music |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Louisiana Community Development Capital Fund |
| History | |
| First air date | 2003 |
| Former frequencies | 94.9 MHz (2005–2013) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 124366 |
| Class | L1 |
| ERP | 71 watts |
| HAAT | 35.5 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 30°26′58.00″N 91°9′24.00″W / 30.4494444°N 91.1566667°W / 30.4494444; -91.1566667 |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | WTQT official website |


title: WTPT

abstract: WTPT is an active rock station licensed to Forest City, North Carolina, and serving the Upstate South Carolina and Western North Carolina regions, including Greenville, South Carolina, and Asheville, North Carolina. The Audacy, Inc. outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast with an ERP of 93 kW. The station goes by the name 93.3 The Planet Rocks and is the home station of the nationally syndicated The Rise Guys Morning Show with Matthew "Mattman" Harris, James "Nine" MacDonell, Jeremy "Fat Boy" Ellenburg. The station broadcasts from near Columbus, North Carolina, with studios in Greenville, South Carolina. However, it is licensed to Forest City, North Carolina.

text:
# WTPT

**WTPT** (93.3 FM) is an active rock station licensed to Forest City, North Carolina, and serving the Upstate South Carolina and Western North Carolina regions, including Greenville, South Carolina, and Asheville, North Carolina. The Audacy, Inc. outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast with an ERP of 93 kW. The station goes by the name **93.3 The Planet Rocks** and is the home station of the nationally syndicated **The Rise Guys Morning Show** with Matthew "Mattman" Harris, James "Nine" MacDonell, Jeremy "Fat Boy" Ellenburg.

The station broadcasts from near Columbus, North Carolina, with studios in Greenville, South Carolina. However, it is licensed to Forest City, North Carolina.

## History

The station, then known as WBBO-FM and WBBO (780 AM) ("We Build Business Opportunities"), signed on September 10, 1947, in Forest City, North Carolina. The station was owned by the Anderson family, which also owned the "Forest City Courier" newspaper and WPNF in nearby Brevard, North Carolina. Both stations simulcasted with each other on a full-time basis until the late 60s. WBBO-FM featured a variety of formats throughout the next decade, including country and adult contemporary. On January 1, 1988, after building a tower on Tryon Peak near Columbus, North Carolina, to improve its signal range, WBBO-FM switched to a satellite smooth jazz format, distributed from St. Paul, Minnesota, and began calling itself "The Breeze". artists included James Taylor, Sade, Sting, Stevie Wonder, Ramsey Lewis, as well as Windham Hill performers, and artists playing the music of Cole Porter. Listeners tended to be very educated and also enjoyed classical music and soft rock. WBBO-FM planned to move to Greenville, South Carolina in 1989. One listener described the music as "lasting quality ... not something that will be a big hit for six months and then fade away."

On February 14, 1991 (Valentines Day), WBBO-FM flipped to contemporary hit radio as "Power 93". This move brought back the format to the nearby Greenville-Spartanburg market that the former WANS (now WJMZ) had before they abandoned it for adult contemporary. Initially, ratings were very good, but quickly fizzled out to 9th place, where it stayed throughout much of its existence. In August of next year, the Power 93 moniker was dropped for "93.3 WBBO" as the station became more Dance-oriented. Again, ratings had shown little improvement and was re-adjusted toward Mainstream CHR within a year.

In mid-1994, the station was re-branded as "Q-93" and adopted a more uptempo-ed CHR format sprinkled with plenty of alternative rock. Ratings started to slowly tick upward, but the station was sold to Benchmark Communications (then-owners of WESC and WESC-FM) and the format was dropped altogether on January 1, 1995, for a younger-skewing country format as "93-Q Country" under the WFNQ call letters. The station began the format with 19,095 songs in a row commercial-free, the most ever on a commercial radio station up to that time. The idea was to use WFNQ as a flanker against then-rival country outlet WSSL-FM so that WESC-FM could be the #1 station in the market. This strategy failed miserablely as WFNQ went to the bottom of the ratings within several months.

Programming also included the Christian music program *Face to Face* from Right Turn Radio.

On September 13, 1996, WFNQ dropped Young Country for active rock as "93.3 The Planet". The call letters of WTPT were adopted by the end of the year. After being acquired by Clear Channel Communications in the late 1990s, Barnstable Broadcasting purchased the station in 1999, along with WROQ. The company sold WTPT as well as WROQ and WGVC to Entercom Communications in 2005.

## HD Radio

**WTPT-HD2** carries a simulcast of WHQA's southern gospel format, known as *The Life FM*, and is simulcast on the following translator:

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | HAAT | Class | Transmitter coordinates | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W290BW | 105.9 FM | Greenville, South Carolina | 156090 | 99 | 299  (981 ft) | D | 34°56′5″N 82°24′15″W / 34.93472°N 82.40417°W / 34.93472; -82.40417 (W290BW) | LMS |

**WTPT-HD3** carries Audacy's BetQL Network, which was added on February 23, 2022.

## InfoBox

WTPT
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area |  |
| Frequency | 93.3 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | 93.3 The Planet Rocks |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Format | Active rock |
| Subchannels |  |
| Affiliations | United Stations Radio Networks |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations |  |
| History | |
| First air date | September 10, 1947 (1947-09-10) (as WBBO-FM) |
| Former call signs | * WBBO-FM (1947–1994) * WFNQ (1994–1996) |
| Call sign meaning | "The Planet" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 4677 |
| Class | C |
| ERP |  |
| HAAT | 619 meters (2,031 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 35°16′19.4″N 82°13′59.4″W / 35.272056°N 82.233167°W / 35.272056; -82.233167 (WTPT) |
| Translator(s) | See § Translator |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast |  |
| Website | www.audacy.com/933theplanetrocks |


title: Walter Haddon

abstract: Walter Haddon LL.D. (1515–1572) was an English civil lawyer, much involved in church and university affairs under Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Elizabeth I. He was a University of Cambridge humanist and reformer, and was highly reputed in his time as a Latinist. He sat as an MP during the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth. His controversial exchange with the Portuguese historian Jerónimo Osório attracted international attention partly on account of the scholarly reputations of the protagonists.

text:
# Walter Haddon

**Walter Haddon** LL.D. (1515–1572) was an English civil lawyer, much involved in church and university affairs under Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Elizabeth I. He was a University of Cambridge humanist and reformer, and was highly reputed in his time as a Latinist. He sat as an MP during the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth. His controversial exchange with the Portuguese historian Jerónimo Osório attracted international attention partly on account of the scholarly reputations of the protagonists.

## Early life

Walter Haddon was the son of William Haddon and Dorothy Young, the daughter of John Young of Croome d'Abitot, Worcestershire. He was the maternal half-brother of Francis Saunders and the brother of James Haddon. Haddon was educated at Eton College under Richard Cox, and in 1533 he was elected from Eton to King's College, Cambridge. He declined an invitation to Cardinal College, at Oxford, and proceeded B.A. at Cambridge in 1537. He was one of the scholars who about this period attended the Greek lectures read in the university by Thomas Smith. He commenced M.A. in 1541, and read lectures on civil law for two or three years.

## Under Edward VI

He was created Doctor of both laws at Cambridge in 1549, and served the office of vice-chancellor in 1549–1550. A reformer in religion, with Matthew Parker, then master of Benet College, he acted as an executor of his friend Martin Bucer, and both delivered orations at his funeral in March 1551. He was appointed Regius Professor of civil law, in accordance with a petition from the university, drawn up by his friend Roger Ascham. Haddon and John Cheke were chiefly responsible for the reform of the ecclesiastical laws, prepared under Thomas Cranmer's superintendence, and with the advice of Peter Martyr, in accordance with an Act of Parliament of 1549. The Act directed that the scheme should be completed by 1552, but the work was not finished within the specified time. A bill introduced into the parliament of 1552 for the renewal of the commission was not carried, and Edward's death put an end to the scheme, but Haddon and Cheke's *Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum* did eventually appear in print in 1571.

On the refusal of Stephen Gardiner, Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, to comply with the request of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector, to amalgamate the college with Clare Hall, the king in February 1552 appointed Haddon to the mastership. On 8 April 1552 he, Parker, Ralph Aynsworth, then master of Peterhouse, and Thomas Lever, master of St. John's College, Cambridge, were commissioned to settle a disputed claim to the mastership of Clare Hall. When Cheke was ill in 1552, he recommended Haddon to the king as his successor in the provostship of King's College.

At Michaelmas 1552 the king and council removed Owen Oglethorpe, President of Magdalen College, Oxford, who was opposed to further religious changes, and Haddon was appointed to succeed him. The fellows in vain petitioned the king against this breach of the college statutes. Oglethorpe, finding the council inflexible, made an arrangement with Haddon, and resigned on 27 September; Haddon was admitted President by royal mandate on 10 October. Haddon as President sold valuables from the college chapel. Some libellous verses against the president, affixed to various parts of the college, were attributed to Julins Palmer, who was expelled on the ground of "popish pranks".

## Under Mary

On Mary's accession, in August 1553 Haddon wrote some Latin verses congratulating Her Majesty, but on 27 August he obtained leave of absence from Magdalen for a month on urgent private affairs. The following day letters were received from the Queen commanding that all injunctions contrary to the founder's statutes issued since the death of Henry VIII should be abolished; Haddon having retired, Oglethorpe was re-elected president on 31 October.

A commission for Haddon's admission to practise as an advocate in the arches court of Canterbury was taken out on 9 May 1555. He was elected MP for Reigate in October that year. He was admitted a member of Gray's Inn in 1557 and was MP for Thetford, Norfolk, in the parliament which assembled 20 January 1558, for Poole in 1559 and for Warwick from 1563 to 1567.

In 1557 he translated into Latin a supplicatory letter to Pope Paul IV from the parliament of England, to dissuade him from revoking Cardinal Pole's authority as legate.

## Under Elizabeth

His sympathy with Protestantism had been displayed in a consolatory Latin poem addressed to the Princess Elizabeth on her afflictions. On her accession in 1559 he was in favour and was summoned to attend her at Hatfield. He congratulated her in Latin verse, and was immediately constituted one of the two Masters in Ordinary of the Court of Requests (until 1571), together with Thomas Seckford. In spite of his own Protestant opinions, he admired the learning of Bishop Cuthbert Tunstal, and composed the epitaph placed on his tomb when he died that year. On 20 June he was appointed one of the commissioners for the visitation of the University of Cambridge and the college of Eton; and on 18 September following the queen granted him a pension. He was in the commission for administering oaths to ecclesiastics (20 October 1559); was also one of the ecclesiastical commissioners; and received from his friend, Archbishop Parker, the office of judge of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury.

In 1560 a Latin prayer-book, prepared under the superintendence of Haddon, who took a former translation by Alexander Alesius as a model, was authorised by the queen's Letters Patent for the use of the colleges in both universities and those of Eton and Winchester. On 22 January 1561 he was one of the royal commissioners appointed to look at the order of lessons throughout the year, to cause new calendars to be printed, to provide remedies for the decay of churches, and to prescribe some good order for collegiate churches in the use of the Latin service. He was one of those recommended by Edmund Grindal in December 1561 for the provostship of Eton College, but the queen's choice was William Day. In June 1562 he and Parker, at the request of the senate, induced William Cecil to abandon his intention of resigning the chancellorship of the University of Cambridge.

In August 1564 Haddon accompanied the Queen to Cambridge, and determined the questions in law in the disputations in that faculty held in her presence. In the same year the queen granted him lands at the site of Wymondham Abbey, Norfolk. He was at Bruges in 1565 and 1566 with Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu and Nicholas Wotton, in negotiations for restoring the commercial relations between England and the Netherlands. In November 1566 he was a member of the joint committee of both houses of parliament appointed to petition the queen about her marriage.

## Controversy with Osório

In 1563 Jerónimo Osório, a Portuguese priest known as a historian, published in French and Latin an epistle to Queen Elizabeth, exhorting her to return to the communion of the Catholic Church. Haddon, by direction of the government, wrote an answer, which was printed at Paris in 1563 through the agency of Sir Thomas Smith, the English ambassador. This polemical exchange has been called the most famous religious controversy of the second half of the sixteenth century.

Osório, now bishop of Silves, published a reply in 1567. Haddon began a rejoinder, but this was left unfinished at the time of his death, and it was ultimately completed and published by John Foxe. There appeared, probably at Antwerp, without date, *Chorus alternatim canentium*, a satire in verse on the controversy between Haddon and Osório, attached to a caricature in which Haddon, Bucer, and Pietro Martire Vermigli are represented as dogs drawing a car on which Osório is seated in triumph.

According to Edward Nares, English Jesuits at Leuven sought to deter Haddon from proceeding with his second confutation of Osório, by intimidation; Nares claimed wrongly that Haddon died in Flanders, and that this had raised suspicions of foul play. Similar claims are in the biography of John Foxe published in the 1840s by George Townsend (1788–1857).

## Death and family

Haddon died in London on 21 January 1572, and was buried on 25 January at Christ Church, Newgate Street. Until the Great Fire of London, there was a monument to his memory, with a Latin inscription preserved by Weever. So states the old *D.N.B.*, but the verses recorded by Weever over the name of Walter Haddon are in Weever's entry for St. Anne's, Aldersgate, and are an Epigram reflecting on the dualities of God and Satan, Life and Death, Heaven and Hell.

He married, first, Margaret, daughter of Sir John Clere of Ormesby, Norfolk, by whom he had a son, Clere Haddon, who was drowned in the river Cam, probably in 1571; and secondly Anne, daughter of Sir Henry Sutton, who survived him and remarried Sir Henry Cobham, whom she also survived.

Attribution


title: Walter Hadler

abstract: Walter Hadler is an American playwright and theater director. Hadler was a resident playwright at Theatre Genesis during the 1960s, along with Murray Mednick, Sam Shepard, and Tony Barsha. Hadler and Mednick became co-directors of the theater in 1969, and Hadler continued to operate it from 1974 to 1978 following Mednick's departure. Hadler later wrote and directed productions for Padua Playwrights, a Los Angeles theater company founded by Mednick.

text:
# Walter Hadler

**Walter Hadler** is an American playwright and theater director. Hadler was a resident playwright at Theatre Genesis during the 1960s, along with Murray Mednick, Sam Shepard, and Tony Barsha. Hadler and Mednick became co-directors of the theater in 1969, and Hadler continued to operate it from 1974 to 1978 following Mednick's departure.

Hadler later wrote and directed productions for Padua Playwrights, a Los Angeles theater company founded by Mednick.

1. Bottoms, Stephen (2004). *Playing Underground: A Critical History of the 1960s Off-Off-Broadway Movement*. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11400-X.
2. Roudane, Matthew Charles (2002). *The Cambridge Companion to Sam Shepard*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77766-7.


title: Waliso (woreda)

abstract: Waliso is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of former Walisona Goro Aanaa what was separated for Goro (Aanaa) and Waliso Aanaa and Waliso Town. Part of the Southwest Shewa Zone, it was bordered on the south by the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the west by Amaya, on the northwest by Wonchi, on the north by Dawo, on the northeast by Becho and on the east by Saden Soddo. Towns in Waliso include Waliso and Dilala. Although coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda, less than 2,000 hectares is planted with this crop.

text:
# Waliso (woreda)

**Waliso** is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of former Walisona Goro Aanaa what was separated for Goro (Aanaa) and Waliso Aanaa and Waliso Town. Part of the Southwest Shewa Zone, it was bordered on the south by the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the west by Amaya, on the northwest by Wonchi, on the north by Dawo, on the northeast by Becho and on the east by Saden Soddo. Towns in Waliso include Waliso and Dilala.

Although coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda, less than 2,000 hectares is planted with this crop.

## Demographics

The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 143,391, of whom 71,567 were men and 71,824 were women; 2,584 or 1.8% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 67.05% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 22.31% of the population were Muslim, and 9.42% were Protestant.

Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 262,700, of whom 134,655 are men and 128,045 are women; 53,612 or 20.41% of its population are urban dwellers, which is greater than the Zone average of 12.3%. With an estimated area of 1,115.01 square kilometers, Walisona Goro has an estimated population density of 235.6 people per square kilometer, which is greater than the Zone average of 152.8.

The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 182,184, of whom 88,913 were men and 93,271 women; 30,017 or 16.48% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The five largest ethnic groups reported in Walisona Goro were the Oromo (77.51%), Sebat Bet Gurage (12.63%), the Amhara (3.75%), the Silte (3.71%), and the Soddo Gurage (0.99%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.41% of the population. Oromiffa was spoken as a first language by 76.12%, 10% spoke Sebat Bet Gurage, 9.22% spoke Amharic, 2.97% spoke Silte, and 0.79% spoke Soddo; the remaining 0.9% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 67.43% of the population reporting they practiced that belief, while 30.93% of the population said they were Muslim, and 1.37% were Protestant.

8°25′N 38°05′E / 8.417°N 38.083°E / 8.417; 38.083


title: Waliszew Dworski

abstract: Waliszew Dworski is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bielawy, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of Łowicz and 30 km (19 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Waliszew Dworski

**Waliszew Dworski** (Polish pronunciation: \[vaˈliʂɛv ˈdvɔrskʲi\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bielawy, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of Łowicz and 30 km (19 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Waliszew Dworski | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Waliszew Dworski | |
| Coordinates: 52°2′N 19°37′E / 52.033°N 19.617°E / 52.033; 19.617 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Łowicz |
| Gmina | Bielawy |


title: Mercuer

abstract: Mercuer is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

text:
# Mercuer

**Mercuer** (French pronunciation: \[mɛʁkɥe\]) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 383 |  |
| 1968 | 432 | +12.8% |
| 1975 | 564 | +30.6% |
| 1982 | 695 | +23.2% |
| 1990 | 938 | +35.0% |
| 1999 | 1,010 | +7.7% |
| 2008 | 1,186 | +17.4% |

## InfoBox

| Mercuer | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Mercuer | |
| Location of Mercuer | |
| MercuerMercuer | |
| Coordinates: 44°37′55″N 4°21′31″E / 44.6319°N 4.3586°E / 44.6319; 4.3586 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Ardèche |
| Arrondissement | Largentière |
| Canton | Aubenas-2 |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Didier Beral |
| Area**1** | 7.57 km2 (2.92 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,280 |
| Density | 170/km2 (440/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 07155 /07200 |
| Elevation | 257–535 m (843–1,755 ft)
(avg. 380 m or 1,250 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Walterosteus

abstract: Walterosteus is an extinct genus of small selenosteid arthrodire placoderms known from the Upper Frasnian Kellwasserkalk facies of Late Devonian Germany and Morocco. Walterosteus is very similar to the other Kellwasserkalk selenosteids. This similarity lead Denison (1978) to synonymize the genus, together with Ottonosteus, into Enseosteus, claiming that the former two genera are too similar to Enseosteus to merit separate genus status. Rücklin (2011) agrees with Denison's synonymizing of Ottonosteus, but rejects Denison's synonymization of Walterosteus, claiming how Walterosteus has a contact between the rostral plate and the pineal plate, which Enseosteus does not.

text:
# Walterosteus

***Walterosteus*** is an extinct genus of small selenosteid arthrodire placoderms known from the Upper Frasnian Kellwasserkalk facies of Late Devonian Germany and Morocco.

*Walterosteus* is very similar to the other Kellwasserkalk selenosteids. This similarity lead Denison (1978) to synonymize the genus, together with *Ottonosteus* (*O. jaekeli* = *E. hermanni*), into *Enseosteus*, claiming that the former two genera are too similar to *Enseosteus* to merit separate genus status. Rücklin (2011) agrees with Denison's synonymizing of *Ottonosteus*, but rejects Denison's synonymization of *Walterosteus*, claiming how *Walterosteus* has a contact between the rostral plate and the pineal plate, which *Enseosteus* does not.

## Etymology

The genus was named by Erik Stensiö to commemorate the contributions done by Walter Gross, a German specialist on Paleozoic fishes, and his important contributions to the understanding of the overall anatomy of arthrodire placoderms.

## InfoBox

| *Walterosteus*
Temporal range: Late Frasnian | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *W. lelievrei* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Placodermi |
| Order: | Arthrodira |
| Suborder: | Brachythoraci |
| Infraorder: | Coccosteina |
| Superfamily: | Dinichthyloidea |
| Family: | Selenosteidae |
| Genus: | ***Walterosteus*** |
|
| Type species | |
| *Walterosteus pachyostoides*
Stensiö 1959 | |
| Species | |
| * *W. pachyostoides* Stensiö 1959 * *W. grossi* (Maish, 1998) * *W. lelievrei* Rücklin 2011 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Wildungenichthys grossi* Maish, 1998 | |


title: Mepitiostane

abstract: Mepitiostane, sold under the brand name Thioderon, is an orally active antiestrogen and anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) group which is marketed in Japan as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of breast cancer. It is a prodrug of epitiostanol. The drug was patented and described in 1968.

text:
# Mepitiostane

**Mepitiostane**, sold under the brand name **Thioderon**, is an orally active antiestrogen and anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) group which is marketed in Japan as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of breast cancer. It is a prodrug of epitiostanol. The drug was patented and described in 1968.

## Medical uses

Mepitiostane is used as an antiestrogen and antineoplastic agent in the treatment of breast cancer. It is also used as an AAS in the treatment of anemia of renal failure. A series of case reports have found it to be effective in the treatment of an estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent meningiomas as well.

## Side effects

Mepitiostane shows a high rate of virilizing side effects such as acne, hirsutism, and voice changes in women.

## Pharmacology

### Pharmacodynamics

Mepitiostane is described as similar to tamoxifen as an antiestrogen, and through its active form epitiostanol, binds directly to and antagonizes the ER. It is also an AAS.

### Pharmacokinetics

Mepitiostane is converted into epitiostanol in the body.

## Chemistry

Mepitiostane, also known as epitiostanol 17β-(1-methoxy)cyclopentyl ether, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a derivative of DHT. It is the C17β (1-methoxy)cyclopentyl ether of epitiostanol, which itself is 2α,3α-epithio-DHT or 2α,3α-epithio-5α-androstan-17β-ol. A related AAS is methylepitiostanol (17α-methylepitiostanol), which is an orally active variant of epitiostanol similarly to mepitiostane, though also has a risk of hepatotoxicity.

## Society and culture

### Generic names

*Mepitiostane* is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name.

## InfoBox

Mepitiostane
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Thioderon |
| Other names | 10364-S; Epitiostanol 17β-(1-methoxy)cyclopentyl ether; 17β-\[(1-Methoxycyclopentyl)oxy\]-2α,3α-epithio-5α-androstane |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Routes of
administration | By mouth |
| Drug class | Androgen; Anabolic steroid; Androgen ether; Antiestrogen |
| ATC code | * None |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * In general: ℞ (Prescription only) |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (1*S*,2*S*,4*R*,8*S*,11*R*,12*S*,15*S*,16*S*)-15-\[(1-methoxycyclopentyl)oxy\]-2,16-dimethyl-5-thiapentacyclo\[9.7.0.02,8.04,6.012,16\]octadecane | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C25H40O2S |
| Molar mass | 404.65 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * C\[C@\]12CC\[C@H\]3\[C@H\](\[C@@H\]1CC\[C@@H\]2OC4(CCCC4)OC)CC\[C@@H\]5\[C@@\]3(C\[C@@H\]6\[C@H\](C5)S6)C | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C25H40O2S/c1-23-13-10-19-17(7-6-16-14-20-21(28-20)15-24(16,19)2)18(23)8-9-22(23)27-25(26-3)11-4-5-12-25/h16-22H,4-15H2,1-3H3/t16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21+,22-,23-,24-/m0/s1 N * Key:IVDYZAAPOLNZKG-KWHRADDSSA-N N | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Wang Dazhong

abstract: Wang Dazhong is a Chinese nuclear reactor engineer who was president of Tsinghua University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

text:
# Wang Dazhong

**Wang Dazhong** (Chinese: 王大中; pinyin: *Wáng Dàzhōng*; born 2 March 1935) is a Chinese nuclear reactor engineer who was president of Tsinghua University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

## Biography

Wang was born in Changli County, Hebei, on 2 March 1935. during the Republic of China. After graduating from Tianjin Nankai High School in 1953, he enrolled in Tsinghua University, where he majored in nuclear reactor. After university, he stayed at the university and worked in the Nuclear Energy Institute. In 1980, he pursued advanced studies in Federal Germany, earning a doctor's degree from RWTH Aachen University in 1982.

He returned to China in October 1982 and continued to work at Tsinghua University as deputy director of the Nuclear Energy Institute. He moved up the ranks to become its president in 1994, a position at vice-ministerial level.

## Contributions

Wang participated in the construction of the shielding test reactor "No. 200" with a power of 2000 kW, which is the first nuclear reactor independently designed and built in China. In 1985, he decided to choose the route of shell integrated natural circulation water-cooled reactor and planned to build a 5 MW low-temperature nuclear heating reactor, which is the first integrated natural circulation water-cooled reactor in the world. In 1995, he presided over the construction of "Tsinghua No. 200" 10MW high temperature gas cooled experimental reactor, which is the world's first modular spherical bed high temperature gas cooled reactor and marks that China has mastered the key core technology of modular spherical bed high temperature gas cooled reactor.

## Honours and awards

## InfoBox

| Wang Dazhong | |
| --- | --- |
| 王大中 | |
|  | |
| President of Tsinghua University | |
| **In office**
January 1994  April 2003 | |
| Party Secretary | Fang Huijian
He Meiying |
| Preceded by | Gu Binglin |
| Succeeded by | Zhang Xiaowen |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1935-03-02) 2 March 1935
Changli County, Hebei, Republic of China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Alma mater | Tsinghua University
RWTH Aachen University |
|  | |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Nuclear reactor |
| Institutions | Tsinghua University |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: WWOV-LP

abstract: WWOV-LP is a Classic Country, Country Gospel, Southern Gospel, and Bluegrass formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Martins Ferry, Ohio, serving Bridgeport, Ohio and Wheeling, West Virginia. WWOV-LP is owned and operated by Wheeling Jamboree, Inc.

text:
# WWOV-LP

**WWOV-LP** is a Classic Country, Country Gospel, Southern Gospel, and Bluegrass formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Martins Ferry, Ohio, serving Bridgeport, Ohio and Wheeling, West Virginia. WWOV-LP is owned and operated by Wheeling Jamboree, Inc.

## InfoBox

WWOV-LP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Bridgeport, Ohio
Wheeling, West Virginia |
| Frequency | 101.1 FM MHz |
| Branding | *"101.1 WWOV"* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic Country
Country Gospel
Southern Gospel
Bluegrass |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Wheeling Jamboree, Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | October 23, 2014 |
| Call sign meaning | **W**heeling, **W**est Virginia and the **O**hio **V**alley |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 195531 |
| Class | L1 |
| Power | 6 Watts |
| HAAT | 116.1 meters (381 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°3′15.0″N 80°45′34.0″W / 40.054167°N 80.759444°W / 40.054167; -80.759444 |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |
| Webcast | WWOV-LP Webstream |
| Website | WWOV-LP Online |


title: WWOW

abstract:
WWOW is an oldies formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Conneaut, Ohio, serving Northwest Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. WWOW is owned and operated by Matthew Jarvi, through licensee Lake Effect Media.
Transmitter facilities are located on Middle Road in Conneaut, Ohio.

text:
# WWOW

**WWOW** (1360 AM) is an oldies formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Conneaut, Ohio, serving Northwest Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. WWOW is owned and operated by Matthew Jarvi, through licensee Lake Effect Media. Transmitter facilities are located on Middle Road in Conneaut, Ohio.

## History

WWOW first launched in 1959 with the original call letters still used to this day. The station operated at that time with a daytime-only power of 500 watts, with studios and offices at 211 Main Street in Conneaut, Ohio. The construction permit for WWOW was first issued in November 1957. In 1967, WWOW applied for pre-sunrise authorization, allowing it to sign on two hours prior to local sunrise. This petition was challenged by Jupiter Broadcasting, licensee of WSAI. The challenge was denied by the FCC.

This station started out as a rock 'n' roll, top 40s station and had a lot of following with Kenneth Vaughn as veteran news director for 33 yrs. Early DJs were names like Larry "Spyder" Snyder, Paul Allen, Bud "Stinky" Steiger and numerous others. Many locals also had their chance at being a DJ too, and filled in on weekends, holidays, etc.

Original owner was Lew Skully, from Youngstown, Ohio. In July 1970, Skully sold the station to Contemporary Media. The five shareholders of Contemporary Media transferred control of the license to Doyle Flurry and Tom Childs in October 1979. The FCC approved the transfer by the end of the year. By 1985, studios had moved from the Main Street location to Conneaut Plaza on Route 20 west and the station adopted a country format. By 1990, the station moved back to downtown Conneaut at 239 Broad Street (near its present location) and began adding oldies and farm programming to its country music format.

The station has switched from talk, to oldies, to Catholic religious and back to oldies since May 27, 2005.

Since 2011, WWOW has been operating as Boomer Tunes Radio, "The Music of a Generation" on 1360 WOW. 1360 WOW has also expanded its sports coverage significantly by carrying the Columbus Blue Jackets and Conneaut Spartans football and boys basketball.

1. "Facility Technical Data for WWOW". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.

## InfoBox

WWOW
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Erie, Pennsylvania
Ashtabula, Ohio |
| Frequency | 1360 kHz |
| Branding | *1360 WOW!* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Oldies |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Matthew Jarvi * (Lake Effect Media) |
| History | |
| First air date | 1959 |
| Call sign meaning | "Walking on Water" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 13724 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 5,000 watts daytime
35 watts nighttime |
| Transmitter coordinates | 41°55′32.0″N 80°32′32.0″W / 41.925556°N 80.542222°W / 41.925556; -80.542222 |
| Translator(s) | 102.9 W275CU (Avonia, PA) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | 1360wwow.com |


title: Xylota flavifrons

abstract: Xylota flavifrons,, commonly known as the northern leafwalker, is an uncommon species of syrphid fly observed in the northeastern United States and all across Canada. Syrphid flies are also known as hover flies or flower flies because the adults are frequently found hovering around flowers from which they feed on nectar and pollen. Adults are 9.4–14.7 mm (0.37–0.58 in) long. The larvae of this genus live under bark in sap runs.

text:
# Xylota flavifrons

***Xylota flavifrons***, (Walker, 1849), commonly known as the **northern leafwalker**, is an uncommon species of syrphid fly observed in the northeastern United States and all across Canada. Syrphid flies are also known as hover flies or flower flies because the adults are frequently found hovering around flowers from which they feed on nectar and pollen. Adults are 9.4–14.7 mm (0.37–0.58 in) long. The larvae of this genus live under bark in sap runs.

## Distribution

The species is found in across Canada and the northeastern United States.

## InfoBox

| *Xylota flavifrons* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Milesiini |
| Subtribe: | Xylotina |
| Genus: | *Xylota* |
| Species: | ***X. flavifrons*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylota flavifrons***<br>Walker, 1849 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Winners of the West (1940 serial)

abstract: Winners of the West is a 1940 American Western film serial from Universal Pictures, directed by Ford Beebe and Ray Taylor. It stars Dick Foran and Anne Nagel in a plot about the construction of a railroad and a local ganglord, who opposes it. It was Universal's 115th serial release. The studio had used the name for an earlier silent serial, but there are no plot similarities between the two versions. Columbia's Roar of the Iron Horse is very similar to this serial, however, and the writer George H. Plympton worked on both.

text:
# Winners of the West (1940 serial)

***Winners of the West*** is a 1940 American Western film serial from Universal Pictures, directed by Ford Beebe and Ray Taylor. It stars Dick Foran and Anne Nagel in a plot about the construction of a railroad and a local ganglord, who opposes it. It was Universal's 115th serial release (the 47th with sound).

The studio had used the name for an earlier silent serial, but there are no plot similarities between the two versions. Columbia's *Roar of the Iron Horse* is very similar to this serial, however, and the writer George H. Plympton worked on both.

## Plot

The Southwest Central Railroad Company is attempting to build a railroad through "Hell's Gate Pass". However, King Carter, the self-appointed ruler of the land beyond the pass, does not want this to happen. He sends henchmen, including local Indians, to disrupt the construction anyway they can, from sabotage to kidnapping Claire Hartford, the daughter of the company President. The President's assistant, Jeff Ramsay, and his sidekicks stop King Carter's schemes at every point and, eventually, defeat him entirely. This opens the area up to new settlers, the first of which is Jeff himself and his new wife, Claire.

## Cast

## Production

### Stunts

## Chapter titles

Source for chapter names:

## InfoBox

| Winners of the West | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Ford Beebe
Ray Taylor |
| Written by | George H. Plympton
Basil Dickey
Charles R. Condon |
| Produced by | Henry MacRae |
| Starring | Dick Foran
Anne Nagel
Tom Fadden
James Craig
Harry Woods
Charles Stevens |
| Cinematography | Jerome Ash
John Hickson
William A. Sickner |
| Edited by | Saul A. Goodkind *(supervising)*
Joseph Gluck
Louis Sackin
Alvin Todd |
| Music by | Hans J. Salter |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * July 2, 1940 (1940-07-02) |
| Running time | 13 chapters (247 min) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: NZASM 19 Tonner 0-4-2T

abstract: The NZASM 19 Tonner 0-4-2T of 1891 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal. In 1891 and 1892, the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek placed 24 tank locomotives with a 0-4-2 wheel arrangement in service. Between 1906 and 1909, ten of them were converted to railmotor engines by the Central South African Railways, for use on suburban passenger services.

text:
# NZASM 19 Tonner 0-4-2T

The **NZASM 19 Tonner 0-4-2T** of 1891 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal.

In 1891 and 1892, the *Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij* of the *Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek* (Transvaal Republic) placed 24 tank locomotives with a 0-4-2 wheel arrangement in service.

Between 1906 and 1909, ten of them were converted to railmotor engines by the Central South African Railways, for use on suburban passenger services.

## Manufacturers

The first ten of eventually twenty-four tank locomotives with a 0-4-2 wheel arrangement, built in two batches of five by Emil Kessler's *Maschinenfabrik Esslingen* in 1890, were placed in service by the *Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij* (NZASM) in 1891 and numbered in the range from 21 to 30. Since the NZASM classified its locomotives according to their weight, these engines were known as 19 Tonners.

Since they proved to be useful locomotives, an order for six more of the type was placed with *Machinefabriek Breda voorheen Backer & Rueb* (Breda machine factory, formerly Backer & Rueb). They were built in 1891 and 1892 and were numbered in the range from 15 to 20. For some reason, possibly their delivery sequence, their numbering was not in the same sequence as their works numbers.

Eight more 19 Tonners were delivered from *Maschinenfabrik Esslingen* in 1892, numbered in the range from 31 to 38.

## Characteristics

The locomotive's trailing wheels were positioned below the firebox. The cylinders were arranged outside the frames, with flat Murdoch's D slide valves arranged at an incline above the cylinders and actuated by Allan straight link valve gear, driven by eccentric sheaves which were mounted on a return crank. The brakes were actuated by hand screw from the cab. The engine had 4 inches (102 millimetres) thick wooden buffer beams and was equipped with cowcatchers.

## Service

### NZASM

At the time the 19 Tonners entered service, the Randtram line and the extensions towards the east to Springs and towards the west to Roodepoort were open. The extension from Roodepoort to Krugersdorp was opened on 10 February 1891, while the extension from Germiston to Pretoria was still in progress and would only be completed in December 1892. These are the lines on which the 19 Tonners entered service.

### Imperial Military Railways

All railway operations in the two Boer Republics, the *Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek* (ZAR) and the *Oranje-Vrijstaat* (OVS), were taken over by the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) in 1899 during the Second Boer War. The IMR renumbered the 19 Tonners in the range from 612 to 635.

### Central South African Railways

At the end of the war, when the IMR was transformed into the Central South African Railways (CSAR), 22 of the 19 Tonners had survived the hostilities. Five, IMR numbers 613 and 631 and three more, had been sold by the IMR. The other seventeen were renumbered by the CSAR in the letter range from F to V, following on from the 18 Tonner renumbering.

Three 19 Tonners were retired from CSAR service and converted to stationary boilers, numbered in the range from 1735 to 1737. Between 1906 and 1909, ten of them were converted to railmotor engines for use on suburban passenger services. This entailed being semi-permanently coupled to a modified side-door suburban passenger carriage which contained a driving cab at the rear, with the regulator, reversing gear and brake controls arranged so that the push-pull unit could be driven from either vehicle. These railmotor engines were renumbered M1 and in the range from M3 to M11.

Railmotor coach no. M1 seated 28 1st Class and 24 2nd Class passengers. It was 86 feet 9+34 inches (26,460 millimetres) long between couplers, with a tare of 58,200 pounds (26,399 kilograms). The total weight of the engine and coach was 45 long tons (45,720 kilograms).

The skipped railmotor engine number was allocated to a Kitson-built railmotor with a 56-seat passenger capacity which was placed in service in 1907. In service, the imported railmotor no. M2 was found to be less satisfactory than the home-built railmotor engine no. M1, which was considered to be superior in aspects like design, passenger comfort, economy in running and convenience in working. Since the imported railmotor was a single vehicle, the carriage was unusable while the engine had to be withdrawn for service or repairs. The Pretoria-built modified carriage was still readily detachable from the locomotive and both engine and carriage were still complete units which could be used independently of each other.

The initial service on the Pretoria-Rissik and Pretoria-Wonderboom sections attracted so many passengers that it soon became necessary to run a three-coach train. Since several 19 Tonners were standing idle, no more railmotors were ordered and, instead, another nine 19 Tonners were converted to railmotor engines and renumbered in the range from M3 to M11. Between 1906 and 1909, steam railmotor services were expanded to operate on four routes:

* Hatherley-Pretoria-Wonderboom.
* Elsburg-Germiston-Rietfontein Mine.
* Luipaardsvlei-Krugersdorp-Randfontein.
* Germiston-Geduld.

### South African Railways

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (Cape Government Railways, Natal Government Railways and CSAR) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways was only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.

In 1912, the ten railmotor engines were taken onto the SAR roster as unclassified locomotives, since they were considered obsolete. Since they were excluded from the SAR renumbering schedules, they retained their CSAR engine numbers, but at some stage their boilers were allocated SAR boiler numbers in the range 4000 and 4002 to 4010. The skipped no. 4001 was used for the Kitson railmotor's boiler. All of them were withdrawn from service by 1921.

### Industry

At least five 19 Tonners were sold to industry before the formation of the CSAR. Known locomotives in industrial service were one at Coronation Colliery, one at Douglas Colliery and one at Transvaal Coal Trust in Brakpan, which later went to Ogies Colliery. The one at Ogies was only scrapped c. 1930 and may have been the last survivor.

The Douglas Colliery locomotive was their no. 1 and was named *Douglas*. It bore a Breda works plate and was therefore one of the batch from the NZASM number range from 15 to 20. Since, out of the Breda group, NZASM no. 16 is the only one which definitely did not pass to the CSAR, and since there is uncertainty over whether or not NZASM no. 20 became one of CSAR numbers J, K or L, it follows that either no. 16 or no. 20 became Douglas Colliery no. 1.

## Works numbers and renumbering

The 19 Tonner NZASM numbers, builders, works numbers, years built, IMR renumbering, CSAR renumbering, CSAR railmotor engine conversion date or stationary boiler renumbering, and SAR boiler numbering are listed in the table.

## Illustration

## InfoBox

| NZASM 19 Tonner 0-4-2T
CSAR Railmotor Engine 0-4-2T
South African Railmotor Engine 0-4-2T | |
| --- | --- |
| 19 Tonner no. 34 at Johannesburg Station on the first train to reach Johannesburg from Cape Town, 15 September 1892 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Designer Maschinenfabrik Esslingen  Builder Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
Machinefabriek Breda v/h Backer & Rueb  Serial number Esslingen 2366-2370, 2408-2412 & 2506-2513, Breda 83-88  Build date 1890-1892  Total produced 24  Rebuilder Central South African Railways  Rebuild date 1906, 1908-1909  Number rebuilt 10 to railmotor engines | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 0-4-2T (Olomana)  UIC B1n2t  Driver 2nd coupled axle  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Coupled dia. 43+716 in (1,103 mm)  Trailing dia. 30 in (762 mm)  Wheelbase 8 ft 2+12 in (2,502 mm)   Coupled 4 ft 6+38 in (1,381 mm)  Length:
   Over couplers 25 ft 1+18 in (7,649 mm)  Height 11 ft 8+116 in (3,558 mm)  Frame type Plate  Axle load:   1st coupled 6 LT 5 cwt (6,350 kg)  2nd coupled 6 LT 5 cwt (6,350 kg)  Trailing 6 LT 10 cwt (6,604 kg)  Adhesive weight 12 LT 10 cwt (12,700 kg)  Loco weight 19 LT (19,300 kg)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 1 LT 10 cwt (1.5 t)  Water cap. 550 imp gal (2,500 L)  Firebox:   Type Round-top  Grate area 7.2 sq ft (0.67 m2)  Boiler:
   Pitch 5 ft 6+34 in (1,695 mm)  Diameter 3 ft 2+12 in (978 mm) outside  Tube plates 8 ft 18 in (2,442 mm)  Small tubes **95:** 1+34 in (44 mm)  Boiler pressure 160 psi (1,103 kPa)  Safety valve Salter  Heating surface:   Firebox 38.2 sq ft (3.55 m2)  Tubes 388.4 sq ft (36.08 m2)  Total surface 426.6 sq ft (39.63 m2)  Cylinders Two  Cylinder size 11 in (279 mm) bore
21+2132 in (550 mm) stroke  Valve gear Allan  Valve type Murdoch's D slide  Couplers Johnston link-and-pin | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 7,744 lbf (34.45 kN) @ 75% | |
| Career  Operators NZASM
Imperial Military Railways
Central South African Railways
South African Railways  Class NZASM 19 Tonner  Number in class 24  Numbers NZASM 15-38
IMR 612-635
CSAR F-V, then M1 & M3-M11  Official name 19 Tonner  Delivered 1891  First run 1891 | |


title: Purple Threads

abstract: Purple Threads is a 2011 short story collection by Jeanine Leane. Based on Leane's childhood, the stories are about Sunny, a Wiradjuri girl, growing up in the Gundagai district during the 1960s and 1970s.

text:
# Purple Threads

***Purple Threads*** is a 2011 short story collection by Jeanine Leane. Based on Leane's childhood, the stories are about Sunny, a Wiradjuri girl, growing up in the Gundagai district during the 1960s and 1970s.

## Contents

* Women and Dogs in a Working Man's Paradise;
* God's flock;
* Waiting for Petal;
* Lilies of the Field;
* Coming Home;
* Marching with Hannibal;
* Purple Threads;
* Lying Dogs;
* Land Grab;
* The National Sheep Dip Alliance Party;
* Epilogue - Country Turns.

## Reception

Anita Heiss, writing in *Meanjin*, " — fell in love with the story of strong capable women living without fear on the land, protecting their home and kin, saving young dying farm animals —while offering readers pearls of wisdom told in their own bush English."

*Purple Threads* has also been reviewed by *mETAphor*, *Reviews in Australian Studies*, and *Outskirts*.

## Awards and nominations

## InfoBox

Purple Threads
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jeanine Leane |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Short story collection, Historical fiction |
| Published | 2011 (University of Queensland Press) |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Print (paperback) |
| Pages | 157 |
| ISBN | 9780702238956 |
| OCLC | 703219318 |


title: Minamoto no Tsunemoto

abstract: Minamoto no Tsunemoto was a samurai and Imperial Prince during Japan's Heian period, one of the progenitors of the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan. He was a son of Sadazumi-shinnō and grandson of Emperor Seiwa. Legend has it that Tsunemoto, in his childhood, was called Rokusonnō (六孫王), with "roku" meaning that his father was the sixth son of Emperor Seiwa, and "son" meaning that he was a grandson of the Emperor. Tsunemoto took part in a number of campaigns for the Imperial Court, including those against Taira no Masakado in 940 and against Fujiwara no Sumitomo the following year. He held the title of Chinjufu-shōgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and was granted the clan name of Minamoto by the Emperor in 961, the year he died. Tsunemoto was the father of Minamoto no Mitsunaka.

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# Minamoto no Tsunemoto

**Minamoto no Tsunemoto** (源 経基, 894961) was a samurai and Imperial Prince during Japan's Heian period, one of the progenitors of the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan. He was a son of Sadazumi-shinnō and grandson of Emperor Seiwa. Legend has it that Tsunemoto, in his childhood, was called Rokusonnō (六孫王), with "roku" (六, six) meaning that his father was the sixth son of Emperor Seiwa, and "son" (孫, "grandson") meaning that he was a grandson of the Emperor.

Tsunemoto took part in a number of campaigns for the Imperial Court, including those against Taira no Masakado in 940 and against Fujiwara no Sumitomo the following year.

He held the title of *Chinjufu-shōgun*, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and was granted the clan name of Minamoto by the Emperor in 961, the year he died.

Tsunemoto was the father of Minamoto no Mitsunaka.

## Family

* **Father:** Sadazumi-shinnō (貞純親王, 873?-916), "*Prince Sadazumi*", son of Emperor Seiwa
* **Mother:** Minamoto no Harako (源柄子), daughter of Minamoto no Yoshiari (源能有), son of Emperor Montoku
    + **Wife:** daughter of Tachibana no Shigefuru (橘繁古女) or daughter of Fujiwara no Toshinari (藤原敏有女)
    + **Son:** Minamoto no Mitsunaka (源満仲, 912–997)

## Honours

## Further reading

* Papinot, Edmond (1910). Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha.


title: Nabbed (TV series)

abstract: Nabbed is a New Zealand reality television show, produced with the assistance of the New Zealand Police Traffic Division for Television New Zealand's TV2. The show profiles and follows the work of traffic police officers in their patrols and other police duties. A single series of nine episodes ran between 11 February 2014 and 8 April 2014.

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# Nabbed (TV series)

***Nabbed*** is a New Zealand reality television show, produced with the assistance of the New Zealand Police Traffic Division for Television New Zealand's TV2. The show profiles and follows the work of traffic police officers in their patrols and other police duties.

A single series of nine episodes ran between 11 February 2014 and 8 April 2014.

## InfoBox

| *Nabbed* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Observational Documentary Television Series |
| Country of origin | New Zealand |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 9 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 22 minutes (without adverts) |
| Original release | |
| Network | TV2 |
| Release | February 11, 2014 (2014-02-11) |


title: Negishi Station (Kanagawa)

abstract: Negishi Station is a passenger railway station located in Isogo-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company. The station is also a freight terminal on the Japan Freight Railway Company, as well as the terminus for the all-freight Honmoku Line of the Kanagawa Rinkai Railway.

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# Negishi Station (Kanagawa)

**Negishi Station** (根岸駅, *Negishi-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in Isogo-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East). The station is also a freight terminal on the Japan Freight Railway Company, as well as the terminus for the all-freight Honmoku Line of the Kanagawa Rinkai Railway.

## Lines

Negishi Station is served by the Negishi Line from Yokohama to Ōfuna in Kanagawa Prefecture. with through services inter-running to and from the Keihin-Tōhoku Line and also the Yokohama Line. It is 7.1 kilometers from the terminus of the Negishi line at Yokohama, and 66.2 kilometers from the northern terminus of the Keihin-Tōhoku Line at Ōmiya.

## Station layout

The station consists of an island platform serving two tracks for normal passenger operations, and an additional five tracks for freight operations. The station has a "Midori no Madoguchi" staffed ticket office.

### Platforms

| **1** | JK Negishi Line | for Isogo and Ōfuna |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | JK Negishi Line-Keihin-Tohoku Line | for Yokohama, Tokyo, and Ōmiya |
| | JH Yokohama Line | for Yokohama, Nagatsuta, Machida, and Hachiōji |

## History

Negishi Station was opened on May 19, 1964, as a station on the Japan National Railways (JNR) for both passenger and freight services. The Kanagawa Rinkai Railway's Honmoku Line, also for freight-only operations, began operations from Negishi on October 1, 1969. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) in 1987.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 21,998 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

The passenger figures (boarding passengers only) for previous years are as shown below.

| Fiscal year | daily average |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | 19,828 |  |
| 2010 | 20,594 |  |
| 2015 | 21,572 |  |
|

## Surrounding area

* ENEOS Negishi Refinery
* Kanagawa Prefectural Hygiene Nursing College
* Yokohama Municipal Negishi Junior High School
* Yokohama Municipal Negishi Elementary School

Media related to Negishi Station (Kanagawa) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| JK07
Negishi Station
根岸駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Negishi Station, 2021 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Higashi-chō 16-1, Isogo-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken 235-0005
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°24′58″N 139°38′06″E / 35.416°N 139.635°E / 35.416; 139.635 |
| Operated by |  |
| Line(s) | JK Negishi Line |
| Distance | 7.1 km from Yokohama |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Connections | * Bus stop |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed (*Midori no Madoguchi*) |
| Station code | JK07 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | May 19, 1964 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 21,998 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR East Following station  IsogoJK06towards Ōfuna  Negishi Line  YamateJK08towards Yokohama  IsogoOne-way operation  Yokohama LineLocal  YamateJK08towards Hachiōji | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Negishi StationLocation within Kanagawa PrefectureNegishi StationNegishi Station (Japan) | |


title: Neglect of probability

abstract: The neglect of probability, a type of cognitive bias, is the tendency to disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty and is one simple way in which people regularly violate the normative rules for decision making. Small risks are typically either neglected entirely or hugely overrated. The continuum between the extremes is ignored. The term probability neglect was coined by Cass Sunstein. There are many related ways in which people violate the normative rules of decision making with regard to probability including the hindsight bias, the neglect of prior base rates effect, and the gambler's fallacy. However, this bias is different, in that, rather than incorrectly using probability, the actor disregards it. "We have no intuitive grasp of risk and thus distinguish poorly among different threats," Dobelli has written. "The more serious the threat and the more emotional the topic, the less reassuring a reduction in risk seems to us."

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# Neglect of probability

The **neglect of probability**, a type of cognitive bias, is the tendency to disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty and is one simple way in which people regularly violate the normative rules for decision making. Small risks are typically either neglected entirely or hugely overrated. The continuum between the extremes is ignored. The term **probability neglect** was coined by Cass Sunstein.

There are many related ways in which people violate the normative rules of decision making with regard to probability including the hindsight bias, the neglect of prior base rates effect, and the gambler's fallacy. However, this bias is different, in that, rather than incorrectly using probability, the actor disregards it.

"We have no intuitive grasp of risk and thus distinguish poorly among different threats," Dobelli has written. "The more serious the threat and the more emotional the topic (such as radioactivity), the less reassuring a reduction in risk seems to us."

## Studies

### Adults

In a 1972 experiment, participants were divided into two groups, with the former being told they would receive a mild electric shock and the latter told that there was a 50 percent chance they would receive such a shock. When the subjects' physical anxiety was measured, there was no difference between the two groups. This lack of difference remained even when the second group's chance of being shocked was lowered to 20 percent, then ten, then five. The conclusion: "we respond to the expected magnitude of an event...but not to its likelihood. In other words: We lack an intuitive grasp of probability."

Baron (2000) suggests that the bias manifests itself among adults especially when it comes to difficult choices, such as medical decisions. This bias could make actors drastically violate expected-utility theory in their decision making, especially when a decision must be made in which one possible outcome has a much lower or higher utility but a small probability of occurring (e.g. in medical or gambling situations). In this aspect, the neglect of probability bias is similar to the neglect of prior base rates effect.

Cass Sunstein has cited the history of Love Canal in upstate New York, which became world-famous in the late 1970s owing to widely publicized public concerns about abandoned waste that was supposedly causing medical problems in the area. In response to these concerns, the U.S. federal government set in motion "an aggressive program for cleaning up abandoned hazardous waste sites, without examining the probability that illness would actually occur," and legislation was passed that did not reflect serious study of the actual degree of danger. Furthermore, when controlled studies were publicized showing little evidence that the waste represented a menace to public health, the anxiety of local residents did not diminish.

One University of Chicago study showed that people are as afraid of a 1% chance as of a 99% chance of contamination by poisonous chemicals. In another example of near-total neglect of probability, Rottenstreich and Hsee (2001) found that the typical subject was willing to pay $10 to avoid a 99% chance of a painful electric shock, and $7 to avoid a 1% chance of the same shock. They suggest that probability is more likely to be neglected when the outcomes are emotion-arousing.

In 2013, Tom Cagley noted that neglect of probability is "common in IT organizations that are planning and estimating projects or in risk management." He pointed out that there are available techniques, such as the Monte Carlo analysis, to study probability, but too often "the continuum of probability is ignored."

In 2016, Rolf Dobelli presented a choice between two games of chance. In one, you have a one in 100 million chance of winning $10 million; in the other, you have a one in 10,000 chance of winning $10,000. It is more reasonable to choose the second game; but most people would choose the first. For this reason, jackpots in lotteries are growing.

Dobelli has described the United States Food Additives Amendment of 1958 as a "classic example" of neglect of probability. The law – which prohibited carcinogenic substances in food, no matter how low the probability that they would in fact result in cancer – led to the substitution of those substances by ingredients that, while not causing cancer, stood a far greater chance of causing some sort of medical harm.

In 2001, there was widespread panic around the U.S. over shark attacks, even though there was no evidence to show any increase in their occurrence. Legislation was actually enacted to address the issue. Neglect of probability also figures in the purchase of lottery tickets. Cass Sunstein has pointed out that terrorism is effective partly because of probability neglect. "Terrorists show a working knowledge of probability neglect," he wrote in 2003, "producing public fear that might greatly exceed the discounted harm."

### Children

The probability bias is especially pronounced among children. In a 1993 study, Baron, Granato, Spranca, and Teubal presented children with the following situation:

> *Susan and Jennifer are arguing about whether they should wear seat belts when they ride in a car. Susan says that you should. Jennifer says you shouldn't... Jennifer says that she heard of an accident where a car fell into a lake and a woman was kept from getting out in time because of wearing her seat belt, and another accident where a seat belt kept someone from getting out of the car in time when there was a fire. What do you think about this?*

Jonathan Baron (2000) notes that subject X responded in the following manner:

A: Well, in that case I don't think you should wear a seat belt. Q (interviewer): How do you know when that's gonna happen? A: Like, just hope it doesn't! Q: So, should you or shouldn't you wear seat belts? A: Well, tell-you-the-truth we should wear seat belts. Q: How come? A: Just in case of an accident. You won't get hurt as much as you will if you didn't wear a seat belt. Q: OK, well what about these kinds of things, when people get trapped? A: I don't think you should, in that case.

It is clear that subject X completely disregards the probability of an accident happening versus the probability of getting hurt by the seat belt in making the decision. A normative model for this decision would advise the use of expected-utility theory to decide which option would likely maximize utility. This would involve weighing the changes in utility in each option by the probability that each option will occur, something that subject X ignores.

Another subject responded to the same question:

A: If you have a long trip, you wear seat belts half way. Q: Which is more likely? A: That you'll go flyin' through the windshield. Q: Doesn't that mean you should wear them all the time? A: No, it doesn't mean that. Q: How do you know if you're gonna have one kind of accident or the other? A: You don't know. You just hope and pray that you don't.

Again, the subject disregards the probability in making the decision by treating each possible outcome as equal in his reasoning.

## Practical consequences

Cass Sunstein has noted that for a long time after 9/11, many people refused to fly because they felt a heightened sense of fear or peril, even though, statistically, most of them "were not at significantly more risk after the attacks than they were before." Indeed, those who chose to drive long distances instead of flying thereby put themselves at an increased risk, given that driving is the less safe form of transportation.

In a 2001 paper, Sunstein addressed the question of how the law should respond to the neglect of probability. He emphasized that it is important for government to "create institutions designed to ensure that genuine risks, rather than tiny ones, receive the most concern". While government policies in regard to potential dangers should focus on statistics and probabilities, government efforts to raise public awareness of these dangers should emphasize worst-case scenarios in order to be maximally effective. Moreover, while it seems advisable for government to "attempt to educate and inform people, rather than capitulating to unwarranted public fear", that fear will remain a real phenomenon and may thus cause serious problems, for example leading citizens to undertake "wasteful and excessive private precautions". In such cases, certain kinds of government regulation may be justified not because they address serious dangers but because they reduce fear. At the same time, government should "treat its citizens with respect" and "not treat them as objects to be channeled in government's preferred directions", so focusing on worst-case scenarios that feed on irrational fears would amount to "unacceptable manipulation". In a 2003 article, however, Sunstein concluded that "As a normative matter, government should reduce even unjustified fear, if the benefits of the response can be shown to outweigh the costs."

### Bibliography

* Baron, J. (2000). *Thinking and Deciding* (3d ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 260-261
* Rottenstreich, Y. & Hsee, C.K. (2001). Money, kisses, and electric shocks: on the affective psychology of risk. *Psychological Science, 12*, 185-190.
* Baron, J., Granato, L., Spranca, M., & Teubal, E. (1993). Decision-making biases in children and early adolescents: Exploratory studies. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982-), 22-46.
* Sunstein, C. R. (2002). Probability neglect: Emotions, worst cases, and law. The Yale Law Journal, 112(1), 61-107.


title: Zwolle, Gelderland

abstract: Zwolle is a hamlet in the province of Gelderland, Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Oost Gelre, about 3 km southeast of the town of Groenlo. It was first mentioned in 1234 as Suellen and means "height". The postal authorities have placed it under Groenlo. In 1840, Zwolle was home to 245 people. It has its own place name signs.

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# Zwolle, Gelderland

**Zwolle** is a hamlet in the province of Gelderland, Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Oost Gelre, about 3 km southeast of the town of Groenlo.

It was first mentioned in 1234 as Suellen and means "height". The postal authorities have placed it under Groenlo. In 1840, Zwolle was home to 245 people. It has its own place name signs.

## InfoBox

| Zwolle | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| View of Zwolle from the street *Oude Klaverdijk* | |
| ZwolleLocation in the NetherlandsZwolleZwolle (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 52°1′50″N 6°39′13″E / 52.03056°N 6.65361°E / 52.03056; 6.65361 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Gelderland |
| Municipality | Oost Gelre |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.05 km2 (0.02 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 28 m (92 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 80 |
| Density | 1,600/km2 (4,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 7142 |
| Dialing code | 0544 |


title: Nemophila pedunculata

abstract: Nemophila pedunculata is a common annual wildflower found throughout western North America. Its common names include littlefoot nemophila and meadow nemophila. Nemophila pedunculata grows low to the ground, with a fleshy stem and thick, bristly leaves. The flowers are tiny, only about a centimeter wide. They are a broad bell shape and they vary widely in color. Some are blue, but most are white with a variety of markings, including small blue streaks or speckles, or an eye-catching purple spot at the tip of each petal. Its native habitats include ocean bluffs, moist open places, and grasslands.

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# Nemophila pedunculata

***Nemophila pedunculata*** is a common annual wildflower found throughout western North America. Its common names include **littlefoot nemophila** and **meadow nemophila**.

*Nemophila pedunculata* grows low to the ground, with a fleshy stem and thick, bristly leaves. The flowers are tiny, only about a centimeter wide. They are a broad bell shape and they vary widely in color. Some are blue, but most are white with a variety of markings, including small blue streaks or speckles, or an eye-catching purple spot at the tip of each petal. Its native habitats include ocean bluffs, moist open places, and grasslands.

## InfoBox

| *Nemophila pedunculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Boraginales |
| Family: | Boraginaceae |
| Genus: | *Nemophila* |
| Species: | ***N. pedunculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nemophila pedunculata***<br>Dougl. ex Benth. | |
|


title: Neil Cowie

abstract: Neil Fraser Cowie is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and Wales, and at club level for Rochdale Hornets and Wigan Warriors, as a prop.

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# Neil Cowie

**Neil Fraser Cowie** (born 16 January 1967) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and Wales, and at club level for Rochdale Hornets and Wigan Warriors, as a prop.

## Background

Neil Cowie was born in Todmorden, West Riding of Yorkshire, England on 16 January 1967.

## Playing career

### Club career

Cowie signed for Rochdale Hornets in 1986 and went on to make 16 appearances in his first season. Over the next four seasons he became a regular in the Rochdale Hornets front row, occasionally playing as a second-row. His blockbusting performances caught the attention of Wigan and he signed for them at the end of the 1990–91 season. The transfer fee was set by a tribunal, with Wigan paying an initial £65,000 to Rochdale, plus an additional £15,000 when Cowie made his international debut.

During the 1991–92 season, Cowie played for defending champions Wigan as a substitute in their 1991 World Club Challenge victory against the visiting Penrith Panthers.

During the 1992–93 season, Cowie was a substitute (replacing Steve Hampson) in Wigan's 5–4 victory over St Helens in the 1992 Lancashire Cup Final at Knowsley Road, St Helens on 18 October 1992. He also played in Wigan's 15–8 victory over Bradford Northern in the 1992–93 Regal Trophy Final at Elland Road, Leeds on 23 January 1993,

During the 1993–94 season, Cowie played in the 2–33 defeat by Castleford in the 1993–94 Regal Trophy Final at Elland Road, Leeds on 22 January 1994. Cowie travelled with defending champions Wigan to Brisbane, playing as a prop in their 1994 World Club Challenge victory over Australian premiers, the Brisbane Broncos.

During the 1994–95 season, Cowie played in the 40–10 victory over Warrington in the 1994–95 Regal Trophy Final at Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield on 28 January 1995.

During the 1995–96 season, Cowie played in the 25–16 victory over St Helens in the 1995–96 Regal Trophy Final at Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield on 13 January 1996.

Cowie played for Wigan Warriors from the bench in their 1998 Super League Grand Final victory over Leeds Rhinos.

In June 2000, Cowie converted a drop goal, the only one-pointer he scored in his career, in a 30–18 victory over the Bradford Bulls. He played for Wigan at prop forward in their 2000 Super League Grand Final loss against St Helens.

Cowie played for Wigan Warriors from the bench in their 2001 Super League Grand Final defeat by the Bradford Bulls. This turned out to be his last appearance for the club, as he announced his retirement shortly after the match.

### Representative career

Cowie was selected to go on the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand.

Cowie won caps for Wales while at Wigan in 1995 against England, and France, and in the 1995 Rugby League World Cup against Western Samoa, in 1996 against England, in 1998 against England, and in 1999 against Ireland, and Scotland, and won caps for Great Britain while at Wigan in 1993 against France, and in 1998 against New Zealand (2 matches). Cowie was also selected for the 2000 Rugby League World Cup, but withdrew from the squad due to injury.

## InfoBox

Neil Cowie
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Neil Fraser Cowie |
| Born | (1967-01-16) 16 January 1967<br>Todmorden, West Riding of Yorkshire, England |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Prop |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1986–91 Rochdale Hornets 133 23 0 0 92  1991–01 Wigan Warriors 330 34 0 1 137  Total 463 57 0 1 229  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1995–99 Wales 7 1 0 0 4  1993–98 Great Britain 3 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: | |


title: Édouard de Laveleye

abstract: Baron Édouard-Émile-Albert de Laveleye was a Belgian mining engineer, financier and writer. Laveleye was the first chairman of the Belgian Football Association (1895–1924), and also the first president of the Belgian Olympic Committee (1906–23). He made several investment trips in Latin America. His nephew was Victor de Laveleye, the Belgian government in exile's spokesman in London during World War II.

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# Édouard de Laveleye

Baron **Édouard-Émile-Albert de Laveleye** (Ghent, 22 October 1854 – Brussels, 23 November 1938) was a Belgian mining engineer, financier and writer. Laveleye was the first chairman of the Belgian Football Association (1895–1924), and also the first president of the Belgian Olympic Committee (1906–23).

He made several investment trips in Latin America. His nephew was Victor de Laveleye, the Belgian government in exile's spokesman in London during World War II.

## Early life

Édouard de Laveleye was born on 22 October 1854 as the son of Émile de Laveleye (1822–1892), a famed economist. Laveleye married Florence Ethel Wheeler on 9 December 1879, in Liège.

In his mid-20s, Laveleye made several investment trips in Latin America and wrote everything about his travels in his journal. In 1881, two of Laveleye's travel journals, titled *Les nouveautés de New-York et le Niagara d’hiver* (what's new from New York and winter Niagara) and *Excursion aux nouvelles découvertes minières du Colorado* (Excursion to Colorado's New Mining Discoveries), were published on 1 July 1881, together with several other journals from three authors, in Volume 42 of *Le Tour du Monde, Nouveau Journal des Voyages*, a weekly magazine that brings together more than 900 travel stories, French or foreign, written by more than 500 travelers including around thirty women.

In August 1883, the 29-year-old Laveleye, then the Honorary Secretary of the Association of Engineers from the University of Liège, organized the reception for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, whose summer meeting was being held in Belgium for the first time. The newspapers of the time described him as "the most cordial character".

## Sports

In the 1895–96 season, the 41-year-old Laveleye played a few matches for Léopold FC. When the *Union Belge des Sociétés de Sports Athlétiques* (UBSSA) was established in 1895, Laveleye was elected as the first chairman of the football section, a position he held for nearly 30 years, until 1924. In 1898, when Paul Hanssens resigned as President of the UBSSA, Laveleye succeeded him while also continuing as president of the football section. Back then, the coach as we know him today did not yet exist, so most of the European national teams were selected by the chairman of its National Football Association rather than by a national manager. As such, Laveleye selected the line-ups of Belgium's matches between 1904 and 1909, and then again in 1913 and 1919. He is thus credited by some as Belgium's first-ever manager.

On 22 May 1904, twenty days after Belgium's first-ever match (whose squad was elected by Laveleye), France and five other European football associations founded the *Fédération Internationale de Football Association* (FIFA), but the football associations of the British Home Nations unanimously rejected such a body. However, in early 1905, Laveleye, with great personal efforts, dissipated the last misgivings of the English and was able to convince the representatives of The Football Association to join FIFA rather than remain independent. On 14 April 1905, The Football Association recognized the authority of FIFA. This allowed FIFA to hold its first international football competition. In allying the Football Association in the French FIFA, each of the home nations joined as equal members, a legacy maintained today. For his services, he was made the first honorary member of FIFA.

On 18 February 1906, in the Hotel Ravenstein in Brussels, Laveleye formed the Belgian Olympic Committee, and was elected the group's first president. In this role he posted a bid for Belgium on 27 March 1912 to host the 1920 Olympics. The games were successfully awarded to Antwerp, much because of his influence and the effect World War I had on the nation. This still is the only time they have been held in Belgium.

At the 1913 IOC Session in Lausanne, Laveleye was co-opted onto the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in May 1913, but his seat "should not be considered permanent". However, when Belgium hosted the 1920 Antwerpen Olympics, the nation became entitled to two IOC members (hence why later IOC records list Laveleye's co-option as occurring in 1919), so Laveleye remained a member until his death in November 1938, at the age of 84.

## Writings

* *Chicago et la traversée du continent - Notes d'un voyage aux États-Unis* 1880
* *Les nouveautés de New-York et le Niagara d’hiver* 1881
* *Excursion aux nouvelles découvertes minières du Colorado* 1881

## Book quotations

1. "Édouard-Émile, Baron de Laveleye". *www.olympedia.org*. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
2. Topalov, Christian (2002). Les divisions de la ville \[*The City divisions*\] (in French). Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. p. 277. ISBN 2735116654.
3. Dutry-Soinne, Tinou (2006). Les méconnus de Londres: Journal de guerre d'une Belge, 1940-1945 - Volume 1 \[*The unknowns of London: War diary of a Belgian, 1940-1945 - Volume 1*\] (in French). Racine Lannoo. p. 189. ISBN 2873864834.
4. La Noblesse belge – Partie 2 \[*The Belgian Nobility – Part 2*\] (in French). Nabu Press. 1923. p. 97. ISBN 1272580393.
5. Warlomont, Maurice (1882). La Jeune Belgique – Volume 1 \[*The Young Belgium – Volume 1*\] (in French). Legare Street Press. p. 64. ISBN 1391948572.
6. "Mariage Edouard Emile Albert De Laveleye & Florence Ethel Wheeler". *www.openarchieven.nl* (in French). Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
7. "Le Tour du monde, nouveau journal des voyages – Deuxième semestre de l'année 1881" \[Around the world, new travel journal – Second semester of the year 1881\]. *www.nature.com* (in French). 9 August 1883. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
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## InfoBox

| Édouard de Laveleye | |
| --- | --- |
| Édouard De Laveleye | |
|  | |
| 1st President of the Belgian Football Association | |
| **In office**
1895–1924 | |
| Succeeded by | Joseph d'Oultremont |
| 1st President of Belgian Olympic Committee | |
| **In office**
1906–1923 | |
| Succeeded by | Henri de Baillet-Latour |
|  | |
|  | |
| Born | Baron Édouard Emile Albert de Laveleye
(1854-10-22)22 October 1854
Ghent, Belgium |
| Died | 23 November 1938(1938-11-23) (aged 84)
City of Brussels, Belgium |
| Citizenship | Spanish |
| Occupations | * Football executive * Banker |
| Known for | 1st President of the Belgian Football Association |
| Relatives | Marguerite de Laveleye (sister) |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Neocicada hieroglyphica

abstract: Neocicada hieroglyphica, the hieroglyphic cicada, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Neocicada hieroglyphica

***Neocicada hieroglyphica***, the **hieroglyphic cicada**, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is found in North America.

## Subspecies

These two subspecies belong to *N. hieroglyphica*:

* *N. h. hieroglyphica* (Say, 1830) i
* *N. h. johannis* (Walker, 1850) i c g

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Neocicada hieroglyphica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Family: | Cicadidae |
| Genus: | *Neocicada* |
| Species: | ***N. hieroglyphica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neocicada hieroglyphica***
(Say, 1830) | |
|


title: Çamlıca, Keşan

abstract: Çamlıca is a village in the Keşan District of Edirne Province in Turkey. Its population is 663 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).

text:
# Çamlıca, Keşan

**Çamlıca** is a village in the Keşan District of Edirne Province in Turkey. Its population is 663 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (*belde*).

## InfoBox

| Çamlıca | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ÇamlıcaLocation in TurkeyÇamlıcaÇamlıca (Marmara) | |
| Coordinates: 40°45′43″N 26°40′27″E / 40.7619°N 26.6741°E / 40.7619; 26.6741 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Edirne |
| District | Keşan |
| Population (2022) | 663 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Ó Cobhthaigh

abstract: Ó Cobhthaigh is a Gaelic-Irish surname, generally anglicised as Coffey, Cofer, Coffer, Copher, Caughey, Coffee, Coffie, Coughey, Cauffey, Cauffy, Cauffie, Coffy, Coughay, Coffay, Coffeye, Couhig and many more.

text:
# Ó Cobhthaigh

**Ó Cobhthaigh** is a Gaelic-Irish surname, generally anglicised as Coffey, Cofer, Coffer, Copher, Caughey, Coffee, Coffie, Coughey, Cauffey, Cauffy, Cauffie, Coffy, Coughay, Coffay, Coffeye, Couhig and many more.

## Overview

Ó Cobhthaigh was the name of an Irish Brehon family from County Westmeath and County Longford. They were known as the chief ollamhs or filí of Uisneach, where there is a Tuar Uí Cobhthaigh, Toorcoffey (Coffey's Tower).

"There are several families in Ireland who derive their surnames from the hereditary professions of their ancestors, and especially of the bardic order......Thus we find in several passages in the Annals (of the Four Masters) that the O'Coffeys, O'Higgins, and O'Dalys were chief professors of poetry over the schools of Ireland; and many of those assumed the title of chief professors of the men of Ireland and Scotland, in Brehonism, Bardism, Minstrelsy etc" Transaction of the Ossianic Society 1860

The Annals of the Four Masters record the deaths of members of the family in 1415 and 1452. In 1546 Tadhg Ó Cobhthaigh, called ‘chief preceptor of Ireland and Scotland in poetry’, was arrested by the Dublin administration ‘for his attachment to the Irish’, ‘and confined for eighteen weeks in the King's castle’. It was ‘intended that he should be put to death’, but he managed to escape. He died in 1554. Another member of the family, Uaithne, son of Uilliam Ó Cobhthaigh, ‘the most learned in Ireland in poetry’, ‘was treacherously slain at night \[along with his wife\] . . . but it is not known by whom’.

The poem beginning "*Dá néll orchra os iath Uisnigh*" (Two clouds of woe over Uisneach's land), which is 150 verses long, deals with the murder of the poet Uaithne Ó Cobhthaigh and his wife in 1556

There were at least three other families of the name, located in the regions of Limerick-Kerry, Down, west Cork, and Galway.

Acclaimed celtic scholar Kuno Meyer named at least two O'Cobhthaighs in his list of irish poets (filidh) over the past 2000 years. Some scholars point to this being evidence of a heritary druidic lineage.

## Genealogy

Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh preserved an Ó Cobhthaigh genealogy in *Leabhar na nGenealach*:

* *Genealach Uí Chobthaigh: Tadhg m. Cobthaig m. Balldair m. Niocoil m. Conchabhair m. Maghnusa m. Aeda m. Donnchuidh an Daingin m. Fearguil in Dúin m. Diarmada m. Conchabhair m. Mathghamna m. Conchabhair Cearmna m. Mec-Raith m. Domnuill m. Don\[n\]chuidh Moir m. Cobhthaigh finn, o ttaid Ui Chobthaigh* (**from whom are Uí Chobthaigh**) *m. Dunghalaigh m. Mec-Con m. Connadh Chilline m. Feargusa mc. Ailealla,* p670;

A genealogy on pp. 660–61 picks up from Fearghus mac Oilill: *Fearghusa m. Ailealla m. Mec-Rithe m. Conaill Claoín m. Gearain m. Duach* tracing the family back to Íoth mac Breogán.

According to historian C. Thomas Cairney, the O'Coffeys were chiefly a family of the Corca Laoghdne who in turn came from the Erainn who were the second wave of Celts who settled in Ireland from 500 to 100 BC.

According to John O'Hart, Pedigrees of the Irish Nation, the O'Cobhthaigh are descendents of the Line of Ith or Ithe.

## Notable family members

* *Ó Cobhthaigh family*, pp. 435–436, in *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, volume 41, Norbury-Osbourne, September 2004.
* *Genealach Uí Chobthaigh*/*Genealogy of Ó Cobhthaigh*, pp. 670–71, *Leabhar na nGenealach. The Great Book of Irish Genealogies*, Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh (eag./ed. Nollaig Ó Muraíle, De Burca, Dublin, 2004–05.


title: Ó Conghalaigh

abstract: Ó Conghalaigh is a Gaelic-Irish surname. It derives from the forename Conghal, meaning "fierce as a hound". It is often anglicised as Connolly, Connally, Connelly and occasionally as Conley. In modern Irish it may be spelled as Ó Conghaile.

text:
# Ó Conghalaigh

**Ó Conghalaigh** is a Gaelic-Irish surname. It derives from the forename *Conghal*, meaning "fierce as a hound". It is often anglicised as Connolly, Connally, Connelly and occasionally as Conley. In modern Irish it may be spelled as *Ó Conghaile*.

## Overview

A number of distinct and unrelated families bore the surname in Gaelic Ireland, and with a number of spelling variants. They included:

In 1890 the surname was the twenty-third most common in Ireland, with three hundred and eighty-one births of the name, mostly in Ulster. By 1996, the ranking had slipped to thirty-third.

The variant Conneely was found exclusively in Connacht in 1890, with most occurrences in County Galway, giving Ballyconneely its name.

## County Monaghan

The Ó Conghalaighs of Airgíalla were either a branch of the Southern Uí Néill who removed to Airgíalla, or a branch of the Mac Mathghamna, kings of Airgíalla from the mid-13th century to 1590.

John Grenham says of them "They are first noted as coming to prominence in the fifteenth century and are recorded as having "Chiefs of the Name" up to the 17th century. They were instrumental in organising the native Irish Rebellion of 1641 and, following its failure, lost their power and possessions." Descendants of this family included William Conolly (1662–1729), James Connolly (1870–1916) and Paudge Connolly (born 1953).

## County Galway

Descendants of the Ó Conghalaigh of Iar Connacht include TG4 presenter Eibhlín Ní Chonghaile; musicians John Conneely and Johnny Óg Connolly; sportspersons Aislinn Connolly, Joe Connolly, Michael Conneely and Seamus Conneely; Mayors of Galway Catherine Connolly, Martin Connolly and Pádraig Conneely; scribe Micheál Ó Conghaile; writers Micheál Ó Conghaile (writer) and Seán Ó Conghaile.

* *Speaker Connolly and his connections*, privately printed, 1907.
* *Clogerici: The Connollys of Fermanagh and Co. Monaghan*, P. O Gallachair, *Clogher Record* II, Clogher Diocesan Historical Society, Drogheda, 1953.
* *The Dickson and Connolly families of Ballyshannon*, J. M. McWilliam, *Donegal Annual* IV, 1959.

* "Irish Ancestors/ Surnames". irishtimes.com. Retrieved 2 August 2015.