title: Mastocytoma in dogs

abstract: A mastocytoma in dogs is a neoplasm (neoplasia) originating from mast cells in the domestic dog, which occurs mainly in the skin and subcutis. Mastocytoma are not only extremely common in dogs, but also tend to be much more malignant in them than in other animal species. The average survival time for malignant tumors is only four months, whereas for benign tumors it is over two years. Mast cells are cells of the immune system that play a role in the innate immune response. They produce a number of biologically active substances, including primarily histamine. Mastocytoma account for about one-fifth of all skin tumors in dogs. They present as nodules or raised patches, and about one-fifth of affected animals have ulcers and bleeding in the stomach and duodenum. Metastasis in malignant mastocytoma occur primarily in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Any lump in the skin or subcutaneous tissue can be a mastocytoma. Detection is only possible by taking tissue with a fine needle followed by staining and microscopic examination (cytopathology). Although the classifications according to the clinical appearances and cell appearance in cytodiagnostics give indications of the biological behavior and thus the prospect of cure, this tumor disease is unpredictable and should be treated at an early stage. The treatment of choice is complete surgical removal, possibly combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Tumors for which surgical removal is not possible or only incompletely possible can also be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Mastocytoma are also more common in domestic horses, ferrets, and domestic cats, but usually behave benignly in these species. In other animal species and in humans, mastocytomas are very rare.

text:
# Mastocytoma in dogs

A **mastocytoma in dogs** (or **mast cell tumor in dogs**) is a neoplasm (neoplasia) originating from mast cells in the domestic dog, which occurs mainly in the skin and subcutis. Mastocytoma are not only extremely common in dogs, but also tend to be much more malignant in them than in other animal species. The average survival time for malignant tumors is only four months, whereas for benign tumors it is over two years.

Mast cells are cells of the immune system that play a role in the innate immune response. They produce a number of biologically active substances, including primarily histamine. Mastocytoma account for about one-fifth of all skin tumors in dogs. They present as nodules or raised patches, and about one-fifth of affected animals have ulcers and bleeding in the stomach and duodenum. Metastasis in malignant mastocytoma occur primarily in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Any lump in the skin or subcutaneous tissue can be a mastocytoma. Detection is only possible by taking tissue with a fine needle (fine needle biopsy) followed by staining and microscopic examination (cytopathology).

Although the classifications according to the clinical appearances and cell appearance in cytodiagnostics give indications of the biological behavior (benign or malignant) and thus the prospect of cure, this tumor disease is unpredictable and should be treated at an early stage. The treatment of choice is complete surgical removal, possibly combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Tumors for which surgical removal is not possible or only incompletely possible can also be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Mastocytoma are also more common in domestic horses, ferrets, and domestic cats, but usually behave benignly in these species. In other animal species and in humans, mastocytomas are very rare.

## Mast cell

Mast cells (mastocytes) are cells of the immune system and represent an important link between the innate and acquired immune response. They arise from precursor cells in the bone marrow and migrate as immature cells to many tissues, especially those in close contact with the outside world, where they differentiate.

Mature mast cells are roundish cells in connective tissue whose cytoplasm contains granules with deviating staining behavior (metachromasia). The granules are stored histamine, heparin as well as cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a. On the cell surface, mast cells bear binding sites (receptors), two of which are functionally most important: The stem cell factor receptor (tyrosine kinase KIT) regulates mast cell differentiation, proliferation, activation and lifespan via stem cell factor binding. The immunoglobulin receptor FcεRI (high-affinity IgE receptor) binds immunoglobulin E (IgE) with high binding strength (affinity). Not only stem cell factor, but also a number of interleukins and ultraviolet radiation lead to activation and proliferation of mast cells. When mast cells are activated, they either release inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and proteases from the granules or produce and release new ones in a short period of time.

The function of mast cells is best understood in allergies, and they are also involved in autoimmune diseases and in enhancing inflammatory responses in bacterial infections. On the other hand, mast cells may also have anti-inflammatory effects by protecting against damaging factors such as bacteria and parasites. In addition, mast cells may contribute to the development and growth of other skin tumors due to their large repertoire of biologically active substances.

## Occurrence and origin

Mastocytomas in dogs occur mainly in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Very rarely, they are found in internal organs such as the small intestine, the mucosa of the mouth, the nasal mucosa or the conjunctiva. About 20% of all skin tumors and 6% of all tumors in dogs are mastocytomas. They occur more frequently in some breeds: German Boxer and related short-headed breeds, Golden Retriever, Beagle, Irish Setter, Dachshund and Bernese Mountain Dog. There is no dependence on the sex of the animal. The median age of affected dogs is eight years, but a mastocytoma can develop in dogs as young as four months old or at a very advanced age.

In humans, a number of mutations and chromosomal alterations are known to lead to pathological proliferation of mast cells (mastocytoses). Mutations of the gene for the stem cell factor receptor (c-KIT) lead to prolonged cell life and increased formation of new mast cells. The D816V mutation is the most common of these c-KIT mutations and occurs in 80% of patients with mastocytosis. However, there are also mastocytosis patients without alterations in the stem cell factor receptor. In total, there are over 20 known chromosomal alterations in humans that can lead to mastocytosis, with chromosomes 2, 7, 12, 13, 14, and X being most commonly affected.

In dogs, c-KIT alterations also appear to play a role. Both increased gene expression and a mutation with phosphorylation of the stem cell factor receptor leading to activation without binding of the stem cell factor (ligand-independent) can occur. More than 30 such mutations are now known, the most common of which is a duplication (tandem mutation) of exon 11, which encodes the portion of the stem cell factor receptor located directly on the inside of the cell membrane (juxtamembrane domain). However, mastocytomas without c-KIT mutations also occur in dogs; in contrast to US studies, almost no relevant c-KIT mutations were even detected in mastocytomas of German dogs. Whether this was coincidental or methodological or reflects genetic differences in breeding lines needs to be clarified by further investigations. The causes for the clustered occurrence of mastocytoma in dogs are so far unexplained, presumably there are several causes (multifactorial events).

## Clinical image

Mastocytomas of the skin present as nodules (papules), raised patches (plaques), or nodules (nodus), which may be superficially ulcerated. Their consistency ranges from soft to coarse-nodular. Locally, redness and itching may occur (Darier's sign). Occasionally, satellite nodules occur, i.e., metastasis of the tumor via lymphatic vessels into neighboring skin areas; in about 10% of cases, multiple mastocytomas are formed from the outset (primary multiplicity).

Mastocytomas can form daughter tumors (metastases) to the (regional) lymph nodes responsible for the area as well as to other organs such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; other locations are very rare.\[9\] The metastasis rate for benign mastocytomas is less than 10%; for malignant tumors, it is more than 50%.

Even without the formation of daughter tumors, a mastocytoma can trigger severe general disorders (paraneoplastic syndrome). These are triggered by the release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. The production of heparin by the mast cells can lead to an increased tendency to bleed, and as a result of the production of fibroblast-inhibiting cytokines (especially FGF-2), to the disruption of wound healing processes. In about one fifth of the dogs with a mastocytoma, feeding instability, vomiting, tarry stools and anemia occur as a result of gastric or duodenal ulcers, in autopsies such ulcers are even detected in more than 80% of patients. About 80% of the dogs with such ulcers are euthanized due to poor general condition. In particularly severe cases, these ulcers can lead to a life-threatening gastric or intestinal rupture. In addition, a clinical picture reminiscent of a malignant disease of the hematopoietic system can occur. This systemic mastocytosis is observed mainly in animals in which a mastocytoma has previously been removed. It is accompanied by lassitude, aversion to feeding, vomiting, weight loss, pallor, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.

According to the clinical picture, mastocytomas are classified into four stages according to the criteria of the World Health Organization:

| Stage 1 | a tumor confined to the skin without lymph node involvement a) without general disturbances
b) with general disturbances |
| --- | --- |
| Stage 2 | a tumor confined to the skin with lymph node metastasis a) without general disturbances
b) with general disturbances |
| Stage 3 | multiple tumors or infiltrative large single tumors with or without lymph node involvement a) without general disturbances
b) with general disturbances |
| Stage 4 | Tumor with distant metastasis or recurrence with metastasis |

## Diagnostics

A visual or palpatory diagnosis is not possible, since neither appearance nor consistency allow differentiation from other skin tumors.

The diagnostic tool of choice is fine needle biopsy, since sufficient cells can be obtained from mastocytomas. In the cytological preparation, mast cells can be distinguished relatively easily from other cell types on the basis of their granules, although certain rapid staining solutions stain mast cell granules only unreliably, and cells of poorly differentiated mastocytomas may contain very few granules.

Changes are rarely observed in the blood count; occasionally, an increase in a subtype of white blood cells (eosinophilia) may occur. In systemic mastocytosis, a decrease in white blood cells (leukopenia) often occurs. Circulating mast cells in the blood are usually not observed.

According to the histopathological cellular pattern, mastocytomas in dogs are classified into different grades. The most widely used classification of mastocytomas is based on the scheme of Patnaik and coworkers from 1984:

| Tumor grade 1 (well differentiated) | * well defined cell borders * round to oval, uniform cell nuclei * hardly any mitoses * granules numerous, large and well stained |
| --- | --- |
| Tumor grade 2 (moderately differentiated) | * unclear cell boundaries * few mitoses * granules reduced in number, size and staining |
| Tumor grade 3 (anaplastic) | * cell boundaries hardly recognizable * cell size and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio strongly varying * many mitoses * few, small, poorly stained granules |

However, a 2011 study challenges this classification. Identical specimens of 95 mastocytomas, of which the outcome of the disease was also known, were sent to 28 pathologists in 16 different institutions. While the agreement between the different investigators was 75% for grade 3 tumors, it was less than 63% for grades 1 and 2, and the predictions derived from them also showed little agreement with the outcome of the disease. Kiupel and coworkers therefore proposed a new system with only two grades: low-grade and high-grade. Tumors are judged to be high-grade (high grade, malignant) if one or more of the following criteria are met in ten fields of view at high magnification (objective 40x):

* at least seven mitoses
* at least three multinucleated cells (three or more nuclei)
* at least three abnormal nuclei (retractions, segmentation, irregular shape)
* Nucleus enlargement (karyomegaly, the nucleus diameters of 10% of mast cells vary at least twofold).

The median survival time was four months in animals with high-grade mastocytomas, whereas it was over two years in animals with low-grade mastocytomas. In addition, recurrences and metastases were significantly more frequent in high-grade mastocytomas. Furthermore, there seems to be a correlation between the type of c-KIT mutation on the one hand and the biological behavior or tumor grade on the other hand. Immunohistochemical detection of cell division markers such as Ki-67 or the argyrophilic nucleolus organizer region (AgNOR) also shows correlations with the biological behavior of mastocytomas. More than 23 Ki-67-positive cells per cm2 or more than four AgNOR per nucleus are considered to be prognostically unfavorable.

Thus, the biological behavior of mastocytomas in dogs is highly variable and only predictable to a limited extent, which is why the term mastocytoma is preferable to the terms mastocytoma (benign) and mastosarcoma (malignant) in dogs. The clinical stage, histopathological grade, c-KIT expression pattern, and cell division markers provide clues but do not allow precise conclusions. Apparently, mastocytomas in dogs are molecularly heterogeneous neoplasms. Mastocytomas in the German Boxer, one of the most commonly affected breeds, usually show a benign course. The localization of the tumor also seems to play a role. For example, mastocytomas of the toes, perineum, groin, and mucous membranes are more prone to metastasis than those of other regions. In contrast, mastocytomas of the conjunctiva are rarely prone to recurrence or metastasis, regardless of grade. Apparently, epigenetic factors, immediate environmental conditions (microenvironment), vascularization, and growth factors may influence biological behavior.

Differentially, any other skin tumor of the dog can be considered: In the skin especially histiocytomas, basaliomas, melanomas and T-cell lymphomas, in the subcutis especially lipomas, hemangiopericytomas and hemangiosarcomas. However, the differentiation of these tumors hardly causes any problems in cytodiagnostics.

## Treatment

Although the classifications based on clinical appearances and cellular appearance in cytodiagnostics provide clues to the biological behavior, a mastocytoma remains unpredictable and is potentially to be considered malignant. The first-line treatment method is surgical removal of the tumor at the earliest possible stage. Concomitant chemotherapy and radiation may be necessary, especially if complete removal is not possible or unsafe for anatomic reasons. For inoperable tumors, treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be attempted. In general, the prospect of cure is best in well-differentiated mastocytomas (low-grade or grade 1) and in animals without general signs (substages a). Young dogs (\<1 year of age) also have a better prognosis than older dogs.

### Surgery

Surgical removal (resection) should be performed as early as possible, i.e. before lymph nodes or even other organs are affected (stage 1). Mastocytomas have a pseudocapsule of compressed tumor cells and usually fine extensions into the surrounding tissue that extend beyond the palpable tumor tissue. For this reason, a safe distance of about 3 cm beyond the palpable margin is recommended. Removal is performed, even in the case of mastocytomas in the subcutaneous tissue, with the entire skin and in depth, including the subcutaneous fascia. On the limbs, it can be difficult to close the resulting skin defect, so skin grafting may also be necessary. Biopsies should be taken from the margins and the remaining tissue in depth (tumor bed) to check for the presence of residual tumor tissue.

Particularly on the limbs, these basic tumor surgery rules cannot always be fully implemented because this would result in the loss of nerves, vessels and tendons, so that amputation must also be considered. In some circumstances, the use of H₁\- and H₂-receptor antagonists prior to surgery may attempt to reduce tumor size. The administration of these agents is also indicated in cases of incomplete excision to reduce the number of tumor cells (cytoreductive resection), as the procedure may lead to degranulation of mast cells and consequent release of inflammatory factors.

For well-differentiated mastocytomas smaller than 5 cm, the prospect of cure (prognosis) is very good with proper surgical excision, but poor for recurrence. Therefore, planning the surgical approach at the time of initial surgery is crucial. For tumors smaller than 2.5 cm, survival is very high, even for high-grade tumors.

### Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy is mainly used as an adjuvant therapy for mastocytomas that cannot be completely removed and is considered the treatment of choice. Mast cells are very sensitive to ionizing radiation. For grade 2 mastocytomas, various studies show freedom from disease after one year in about 95% of patients, and between the second and fifth year after treatment in about 90% of patients. For grade 3 tumors without lymph node involvement, the one-year survival rate in one study was 71%. Radiation therapy can also be used as a neoadjuvant or palliative treatment, as it usually leads to significant shrinkage of the tumor. A study of brachytherapy for grade 2 and 3 tumors after surgical excision also showed good success and good tolerability.

### Chemotherapy

Various agents are used for chemotherapy. Glucocorticoids have a direct inhibitory effect on the proliferation of mast cells. Direct injection into the tumor is no longer recommended, but systemic administration is often combined with the administration of cytostatic drugs. The cytostatic agents used are vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, hydroxycarbamide, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and L-asparaginase, although combinations of different agents are more promising. According to the 2012 European consensus paper, chemotherapy is always indicated when the tumor has already spread throughout the body or when neither reoperation nor radiation are possible in cases of incomplete surgical removal.

Hydroxycarbamide responded in 28% of treated dogs in one study, and 4% (two animals) showed complete cure (complete remission). Side effects were primarily blood count changes such as anemia and neutropenia. The combination of hydroxycarbamide with prednisolone in incompletely removed grade 2 tumors resulted in death from liver failure in two cases; of the remaining dogs, all survived the first year and 77% survived the second year. With the combination of hydroxycarbamide, vinblastine, and prednisolone, a response rate of 65% was achieved in unremovable or incompletely removable mastocytomas, and the median survival time was significantly higher in grade 2 than in grade 3 tumors (954 versus 190 days). Side effects (neutropenia, increase in liver enzymes) were moderate.

### Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

In the meantime, with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, there are active substances that act specifically on the stem cell receptor of the mast cells. Since 2009, two tyrosine kinase inhibitors - masitinib (trade name Masivet) and toceranib (trade name Palladia) - have been approved for the treatment of mastocytomas in dogs in the EU.

Masitinib is approved for the treatment of unresectable grade 2 and 3 (or high-grade) mastocytomas with c-KIT mutation. Side effects are primarily vomiting, diarrhea, neutropenia, anemia, and proteinuria, but most are mild. Median survival increased from 75 to 118 days in a study of dogs with grade 2 and 3 tumors without metastases, and to 253 days when the agent was used for initial treatment.

Toceranib has multiple targets (multitarget drug): It acts not only at the stem cell receptor but also at the vascular (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, making it applicable to mastocytomas without a c-KIT mutation. Side effects are similar to those of masitinib, but occur very frequently and are severe in over one-third of animals.

There is also positive experience with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, which is approved for human medicine.

### Tigilanoltiglat

In 2019, a new treatment option became available by injecting tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46), an active ingredient from the blushwood fruit, directly into the tumor. Tigilanol tiglate activates protein kinase C and causes necrosis of tumor cells by damaging blood vessels. One study was able to achieve complete tumor remission in 75% of animals with a single injection, with no recurrence in 93%. When injected twice, the success rate increased to 88%. A drug (trade name Stelvonta, Virbac) is now approved in the EU for the treatment of mastocytomas. Tigilanol tiglate is suitable for the treatment of mastocytomas of the skin and subcutaneous tissue up to a volume of 8 cm3, and the treatment is accompanied by the administration of an antihistamine, a corticosteroid, and an analgesic.

## Mastocytomas of other species

### Mastocytomas in humans

An abnormal proliferation of mast cells is called mastocytosis in human medicine. The increased storage of

| Classification according to ICD-10 | |
| --- | --- |
| C94.3 | Mast cell leukemia |
| C96.2 | Malignant mastocytomas Malignant mastocytosis |
| Q82.2 | congenital mastocytosis Urticaria pigmentosa |
| ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019) | |

mast cells in the skin (cutaneous mastocytosis) is a rare disease with an incidence of less than ten new cases per 1 million population. The most common form of these skin mastocytoses is the benign urticaria pigmentosa ("pigmented nettle rash"). In about 20% of young children, other organs are also affected, and in adults, the figures vary between 40% and 90%.

Isolated mastocytomas as in dogs, on the other hand, are very rare in humans. Benign mastocytomas (mastocytoma, mast cell nevus) usually develop in young children under two years of age and appear as single or multiple, reddish or reddish-brown raised spots or nodules of the skin. In response to mechanical stimuli or spontaneously, they may swell like hives (Darier's sign) and cause itching. There is no tendency for degeneration or involvement of other organs. Mastocytomas usually regress without treatment, but this may take years. Malignant mastocytomas (mast cell sarcomas) are extremely rare in humans\[46\] and are controversial as a disease entity in their own right.

### Mastocytomas in other animal species

Mastocytomas are also relatively common in horses, cats, and ferrets, although less so than in dogs. In the domestic horse, they occur primarily in older animals in the head and neck region and lower limb sections. The recurrence rate is low with proper surgical removal. In the domestic cat, mastocytomas of the skin are mostly benign. Histologic grading, as in the dog, has not been shown to be useful. Surgical excision is also the treatment of choice in the cat, in combination with radiation if resection is incomplete. If numerous mastocytomas occur, palliative treatment with glucocorticoids may also be attempted. A special form of mastocytoma occurs in Siamese cats. Here, the mast cells resemble histiocytes and collections of lymphocytes and eosinophilic granulocytes are interspersed in the tumor. In older cats, mastocytomas occasionally occur in the small intestine and can lead to intestinal intussusception or perforation and exhibit aggressive biological behavior. In ferrets, mastocytomas account for approximately 16% of skin tumors, but also usually behave benignly.

In other mammals, mastocytomas are very rare. There are single case reports in domestic cattle, domestic donkeys, domestic pigs, llamas, Richardson's gopher, hamsters and African hedgehogs. In mice, spontaneous mastocytomas are very rare, but the mouse mast tumor cell line P 815 is widely used in research.

In birds and reptiles, mastocytomas are very rare; isolated cases have been described in the domestic chicken, the chain snake, and a Galápagos giant tortoise.

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36. K. M. Rassnick et al.: *A phase II study to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of alternating CCNU and high-dose vinblastine and prednisone (CVP) for treatment of dogs with high-grade, metastatic or nonresectable mast cell tumours.* In: *Veterinary and comparative oncology.* Band 8, Nummer 2, Juni 2010, pp. 138–152, ISSN 1476-5829. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00217.x. PMID 20579327.
37. Österreichische Apotheker-Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H.: *Austria-Codex Schnellhilfe 2016/17*. Hrsg.: Österreichische Apotheker-Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H. Wien 2016, ISBN 978-3-85200-244-6, p. 1015.
38. "Fachinformation für Palladia Filmtabletten für Hunde" (PDF) (in German). Retrieved 2017-01-02.
39. K. A. Hahn et al.: *Masitinib is safe and effective for the treatment of canine mast cell tumors.* In: *Journal of veterinary internal medicine* Band 22, Nummer 6, 2008 Nov–Dec, S. 1301–1309, ISSN 0891-6640. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0190.x. PMID 18823406.
40. Eintrag zu *Toceranib* bei Vetpharm, retrieved July 29, 2012.
41. O. Yamada et al.: *Imatinib elicited a favorable response in a dog with a mast cell tumor carrying a c-kit c.1523A\>T mutation via suppression of constitutive KIT activation.* In: *Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.* Band 142, Nummer 1–2, Juli 2011, pp. 101–106, ISSN 1873-2534. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.04.002. PMID 21561667.
42. Isabelle Devillers und Laura Meyer: *Therapie von Mastzelltumoren beim Hund mit Tigilanoltiglat – Erfahrungen mit besonderen Fällen.* In: *Kleintiermedizin* Band 24, 2021, Nummer 3, pp. 1–7.
43. T.T. De Ridder et al.: *Randomized controlled clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of intratumoral treatment of canina mast cell tumors with Tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46).* In: *J. Vet. Intern. Med.* 2020, doi:10.1111/jvim.15806.
44. *Leitlinie Mastozytose* (PDF; 313 kB) der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft
45. Heiko Traupe, Henning Hamm: *Pädiatrische Dermatologie*. 2. Auflage, Springer, Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 978-3-540-25646-5, pp. 215–223.
46. Gerd Plewig, P. Thomas: *Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie 2006*. Band 20 von *Fortschritte Der Praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie*. Springer, Heidelberg 2007, ISBN 3-540-30514-9, p. 391.
47. Otto Braun-Falco et al.: *Dermatologie und Venerologie*. 5. Auflage, Springer, Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 978-3-540-40525-2, p. 1396.
48. Wolfgang Remmele: *Pathologie. 1. Rechtsfragen in der Pathologie; Einführung in die bioptische Diagnostik; Herz und Gefäßsystem; Hämatologie; Milz; Thymus*. 2. Auflage, Springer, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-540-61095-2, pp. 507–508.
49. Hanns-Jürgen Wintzer: *Krankheiten des Pferdes: ein Leitfaden für Studium und Praxis.* 3. Auflage, Parey, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-8263-3280-6, p. 483.
50. Laura Marconato und Giuliano Bettini: *Darmtumoren bei der Katze.* In: *Veterinary Focus* 23 (2013), pp. 39–45.
51. G. A. Parker, C. A. Picut: *Histopathologic features and post-surgical sequelae of 57 cutaneous neoplasms in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo L.).* In: *Veterinary pathology.* Band 30, Nummer 6, November 1993, pp. 499–504, ISSN 0300-9858. PMID 8116142. (Review).
52. B. I. Smith und L. A. Phillips: *Congenital mastocytomas in a Holstein calf.* In: *The Canadian veterinary journal.* Band 42, Nummer 8, August 2001, pp. 635–637, ISSN 0008-5286. PMID 11519274. PMC 1476568.
53. G. Kay et al.: *Grade III mastocytoma in a donkey.* In: *The Veterinary record.* Band 152, Nummer 9, März 2003, pp. 266–267, ISSN 0042-4900. PMID 12638914.
54. G. Migaki, K. A. Langheinrich: *Mastocytoma in a pig.* In: *Pathologia veterinaria.* Band 7, Nummer 4, 1970, pp. 353–355, ISSN 0031-2975. PMID 4998946.
55. T. Y. Lin et al.: *Mast cell tumors in a llama (Lama glama).* In: *Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation.* Band 22, Nummer 5, September 2010, pp. 808–811, ISSN 1040-6387. PMID 20807950.
56. X. J. He et al.: *Spontaneous cutaneous mast cell tumor with lymph node metastasis in a Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii).* In: *Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation.* Band 21, Nummer 1, Januar 2009, pp. 156–159, ISSN 1040-6387. PMID 19139521.
57. K. Nishizumi, K. Fujiwara, A. Hasegawa: *Cutaneous mastocytomas in Djungarian hamsters.* In: *Experimental animals.* Band 49, Nummer 2, April 2000, pp. 127–130, ISSN 1341-1357. PMID 10889951.
58. J. T. Raymond, M. R. White, E. B. Janovitz: *Malignant mast cell tumor in an African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris).* In: *Journal of wildlife diseases.* Band 33, Nummer 1, Januar 1997, pp. 140–142, ISSN 0090-3558. PMID 9027702.
59. D. J. Lewis, J. M. Offer: *Malignant mastocytoma in mice.* In: *Journal of comparative pathology.* Band 94, Nummer 4, Oktober 1984, pp. 615–620, ISSN 0021-9975. PMID 6439762.
60. G. M. Patnaik, D. Mohanty: *A case of avian mastocytoma.* In: *The Indian veterinary journal.* Band 47, Nummer 4, April 1970, pp. 298–300, ISSN 0019-6479. PMID 4987390.
61. J. Schumacher, R. A. Bennett, L. E. Fox, S. L. Deem, L. Neuwirth, J. H. Fox: *Mast cell tumor in an eastern kingsnake (Lampropeltis getulus getulus).* In: *Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation.* Band 10, Nummer 1, Januar 1998, pp. 101–104, ISSN 1040-6387. PMID 9526872.
62. M. Santoro et al.: *Mast cell tumour in a giant Galapagos tortoise (Geochelone nigra vicina).* In: *Journal of comparative pathology.* Band 138, Nummer 2–3, 2008 Feb–Apr, pp. 156–159, ISSN 0021-9975. doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.11.004. PMID 18308330.

## Bibliography

* Martin Kessler: *Kleintieronkologie: Diagnose und Therapie von Tumorerkrankungen bei Hunden und Katzen*. 2. Auflage, Parey Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-8304-4103-8, pp. 210–215.
* Martin Kessler: *Mastzelltumoren, Mastozytom (Mastzellsarkom).* In: Hans Georg Niemand, Peter F. Suter (Hrsg.): *Praktikum der Hundeklinik.* 10. Auflage, Parey Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-8304-4141-0, pp. 1135–1136.
* Anthony S. Stannard und L. Thoma Pulley: *Mastocytoma of the dog*. In: Jack E. Moulton (Hrsg.): *Tumors in domestic animals*. 2. Auflage, University of California Press, Berkeley \[u. a.\] 1978, ISBN 0-520-02386-2, pp. 26–31.
* C. Guillermo Couto: *Mast cell tumors in dogs and cats.* In: Richard W. Nelson und C. Guillermo Couto (Hrsg.): *Small animal internal medicine.* 3. Auflage, Mosby, St. Louis 2003, ISBN 0-323-01724-X, pp. 1146–1149.
* 55. Österreichische Apotheker-Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H: Austria-Codex Schnellhilfe 2016/17. Druckerei Berger, Horn 2016, p. 1015, ISBN 978-3-85200-244-6


title: Masłońskie

abstract: Masłońskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poraj, within Myszków County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Myszków and 46 km (29 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.

text:
# Masłońskie

**Masłońskie** \[maˈswɔɲskʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poraj, within Myszków County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Myszków and 46 km (29 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.

## InfoBox

| Masłońskie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Masłońskie | |
| Coordinates: 50°38′N 19°14′E / 50.633°N 19.233°E / 50.633; 19.233 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Myszków |
| Gmina | Poraj |
| Population | 600 |


title: Wen Zhanli

abstract: Wen Zhanli is a Chinese composer living in Beijing.

text:
# Wen Zhanli

**Wen Zhanli** (Chinese: 温展力; pinyin: *Wēn Zhǎnlì*; born 1981) is a Chinese composer living in Beijing.

## Life

Wen Zhanli was born in Beijing and studied music since childhood. He admitted to the composition department at China Conservatory of Music and studied composition in 1999. In 2006, he studied at Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music in Germany. He attained a doctor's degree in 2010 from China Conservatory of Music and starting working as a teacher at the composition department.

His music is a variety of styles and genres, including opera, symphony, chamber music, electronic music, chorus, film music, pop song, performance art, conceptual art and new media art. In 2005 and 2007, he held a personal concert twice and won favorable reception. Some of his works premiered and were selected into national and international concert and music festivals including the 2008 Shanghai Spring International Music Festival, 2008 Young China Music Festival in Frankfurt Germany and 2011 Young Composer Project of National Centre for the Performing Arts (China) etc. In 2008 and 2013, he won the excellent prize of music composition of *Wenhua Award* twice, which is a governmental award conferred by the ministry of culture of China.

## Works

* *Trumpet Sonata* -for trumpet and piano (2002)
* *Wind Horse Cattle* -for dizi, erhu and pipa (2003)
* *Walking Moon* -song for tenor and orchestra (2003)
* *Another Space* -for double bass solo (2004)
* *December 16th* -conceptual art (2005)
* *For Many Hands* -performing art (2005)
* *Arts Must Come From\____Life, Arts Must Beyond\____Life* -electronic music (2006)
* *π* -opera in tow scene for soloists and karaoke (2006)
* *He and They Look the God of Doorway* -electronic music (2007)
* *Just What Is It That Makes Our Life So Harmonious* -for orchestra (2007)
* *I Want Cola, Sir* -for string quartet (2008)
* *Tiananmen Square, the Sunny Square* -for mix choir (2008)
* *Symphony No.1 “Superstar”* -for orchestra (2010)

1. "China Conservatory of Music - Department of Composition - Faculty - Wen Zhanli". *China Conservatory of Music* (in Chinese). Retrieved 21 January 2021.
2. Young China: New Music from the Middle Kingdom


title: Old Bridge, Makurdi

abstract: The Old Bridge, Makurdi is a combined rail and road bridge over the Benue River at Makurdi, Nigeria. The structure was completed in 1932.

text:
# Old Bridge, Makurdi

The **Old Bridge, Makurdi** is a combined rail and road bridge over the Benue River at Makurdi, Nigeria. The structure was completed in 1932.

## Construction

Construction of the bridge started in 1928, and it was opened by Donald Cemeron on 24 May 1932 to coincide with the celebration of Empire Day. The span of the bridge is about half a mile, and the distance between abutments is 2,584 feet (788 m). The bridge was built to replace the Nigerian railway's ferry service that conveyed passengers across the Benue at Makurdi. The cost of the bridge was about £1,000,000, and it was constructed by Sir William Arrol & Co. At the time of its construction, it was one of the largest undertakings by the British in Africa and the longest bridge in Africa. The track spacing is 3 ft 6 in gauge. The site was chosen because of the narrowness of the river and the elevation of the land above the river (about 200 feet \[61 m\]) at this point.

7°44′31″N 8°32′27″E / 7.7419°N 8.5407°E / 7.7419; 8.5407


title: Pacorus of Media Atropatene

abstract: Pacorus of Media Atropatene was a Parthian prince who ruled Media Atropatene in the mid 1st-century. Pacorus was a son of Vonones II. When Vonones II died in 51, his son Vologases I became the new Parthian king. Vologases I sought to continue the policies of the prominent former Parthian king Artabanus II (r. 12–38/41), and thus, one of his first objectives was to strengthen the bolster the Parthian position in strategically and politically unstable regions which had served for decades as the source of war with the Romans. He gave the kingship of Media Atropatene to Pacorus, while the even more politically important kingship of Armenia was given to Vologases I's brother Tiridates. Little is known of Pacorus' rule in Media Atropatene, except that, in 72, a group of Alans invaded his kingdom and forced him to flee into the mountains. Pacorus was forced to pay the Alans to have his wife and concubines released from captivity. The Alans also invaded Armenia, and nearly captured Tiridates in battle; he was lassoed from a distance and caught, but he quickly managed to whip out his sword and slash the rope in time. The Alans then withdrew with a lot of booty after plundering Armenia and Media Atropatene.

text:
# Pacorus of Media Atropatene

**Pacorus of Media Atropatene** (also spelled **Pakorus**) was a Parthian prince who ruled Media Atropatene in the mid 1st-century.

Pacorus was a son of Vonones II (r. 51). When Vonones II died in 51, his son Vologases I became the new Parthian king. Vologases I sought to continue the policies of the prominent former Parthian king Artabanus II (r.12–38/41), and thus, one of his first objectives was to strengthen the bolster the Parthian position in strategically and politically unstable regions which had served for decades as the source of war with the Romans. He gave the kingship of Media Atropatene to Pacorus, while the even more politically important kingship of Armenia was given to Vologases I's brother Tiridates.

Little is known of Pacorus' rule in Media Atropatene, except that, in 72, a group of Alans invaded his kingdom and forced him to flee into the mountains. Pacorus was forced to pay the Alans to have his wife and concubines released from captivity. The Alans also invaded Armenia, and nearly captured Tiridates in battle; he was lassoed from a distance and caught, but he quickly managed to whip out his sword and slash the rope in time. The Alans then withdrew with a lot of booty after plundering Armenia and Media Atropatene.

## Sources

* Alemany, Agustí (2000). *Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation*. BRILL. ISBN 9789004114425.
* Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". *Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol*. London et al.`{{cite encyclopedia}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Chaumont, M. L. (1986). "Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period". *Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4*. pp. 418–438.
* Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "Balāš". *Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6*. pp. 574–580.
* Dąbrowa, Edward (2007). "The Parthian Kingship": 123–134. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* Dąbrowa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). *The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History*. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7. Archived from the original on 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
* Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2013). "Vologases I and Pakoros II in Parthia". **7**: 280–286. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* Schippmann, K. (1987). "Azerbaijan iii. Pre-Islamic History". *Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2*. pp. 221–224.


title: Raffaele Contigiani

abstract: Raffaele Contigiani (1920–2008) was an Italian architect and painter. He qualified as an architect in 1947 and designed pavilions for the Italian Chamber of Commerce in the 1950s and 1960s. He was a consultant for the Italian television broadcaster RAI in the 1960s but is best known for his design for Hotel du Lac (1970–1973) in Tunis which he designed in the brutalist style.

text:
# Raffaele Contigiani

**Raffaele Contigiani** (1920–2008) was an Italian architect and painter. He qualified as an architect in 1947 and designed pavilions for the Italian Chamber of Commerce in the 1950s and 1960s. He was a consultant for the Italian television broadcaster RAI in the 1960s but is best known for his design for Hotel du Lac (1970–1973) in Tunis which he designed in the brutalist style.

## Early life

Contigiani was born in Turin in 1920. He served in the military during the Second World War and was a prisoner of war in Germany.

## Career

Contigiani qualified as an architect from the Faculty of Architecture at Rome in 1947. He designed buildings in Italy, Eastern Europe, and in North Africa. Among these were pavilions for the Italian Chamber of Commerce in Libya and Tunisia in the 1950s and three at the Zagreb trade fair in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

He was a consultant to the Italian television broadcaster RAI and with Mario de Renzi and Renato Avolio de Martino designed the RAI Auditorium in Naples which was built between 1958 and 1963.

Among his notable works is the Hotel du Lac in Tunis (1970–1974) which he designed in a brutalist style and has been seen as symbolic of the modernisation of Tunisia in the 1970s. Its distinctive shape has been described as the inspiration for the sandcrawler vehicle of the *Star Wars* films, as significant parts of the first trilogy were filmed in the country. However, British director and set designer Roger Christian has said that the sandcrawler was designed by Ralph McQuarrie before *Star Wars* director George Lucas visited Tunisia. As of April 2019, the hotel is unoccupied and being considered for demolition.

Contigiani also painted scenes from prisoner of war camps in Germany and published a number of collections of his paintings.

## Death

Contigiani died in 2008.

## Selected publications

* *Ecologia e Urbanistica*. Edizioni Mediterranee, Rome, 1978. (Paintings)
* *Invito Alla Bici*. Edizioni Mediterranee, Rome, 1981. (Paintings)

## InfoBox

| Raffaele Contigiani | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1920 (1920)<br>Turin, Italy |
| Died | 2008 (aged 8788) |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Alma mater | Faculty of Architecture at Rome |
| Occupation | Architect |
|  | |
| Buildings | Hotel du Lac, Tunis |
|  | |


title: Probe (parlor game)

abstract: Probe is a parlor game or board game introduced in the 1960s by Parker Brothers. It is reminiscent of the simple two-person game Hangman, whose object is to guess a word chosen by another player by revealing specific letters. Probe extends the number of players to a maximum of four and introduces additional game elements that increase the levels of both skill and chance. Like Hangman, each player has a secret chosen word. But unlike Hangman, the game ends when the last word, not the first word, is revealed. All players remain in the game until the end. It was created by Ted Leavitt and licensed by him to Parker Brothers.

text:
# Probe (parlor game)

**Probe** is a parlor game or board game introduced in the 1960s by Parker Brothers. It is reminiscent of the simple two-person game Hangman, whose object is to guess a word chosen by another player by revealing specific letters. Probe extends the number of players to a maximum of four and introduces additional game elements that increase the levels of both skill and chance. Like Hangman, each player has a secret chosen word. But unlike Hangman, the game ends when the last word, not the first word, is revealed. All players remain in the game until the end. It was created by Ted Leavitt and licensed by him to Parker Brothers.

## Description

The original game set includes four plastic display racks and four decks of 96 cards. Each card has either one letter or a blank on it. Each deck has 5 each of A, S, blank;  3 each of B, H, P, W, Y;  2 each of J, Q, V, X, Z;  and 4 each of all the other letters.  Each display rack can hold up to twelve cards, with a point value assigned to each card position: 5-10-15-15-10-5-5-10-15-15-10-5. The cards are used to spell out each player's secret word face-down on one of the racks. For words less than 12 letters, blank cards may be used at one or both ends of the word to disguise its true length.  Game version #202, introduced in 1976, replaces the letter cards with strips of paper on which the letters are written, and doors snap into place to cover them.

In the most basic form of the game, the turn-holding player asks any other player if he has a particular letter of the alphabet hidden on his display rack. If the answer is "no", play simply passes to the next player in sequence. Otherwise, the player turns up any one card showing that letter, and play continues for the turn-holder, who may address another question to the same player or switch to a different player. His turn ends when he finally gets a "no" answer. If any cards were turned up, the point values underneath them are added to turn-holder's score. If any were the last card of a word, a 50-point bonus is added. If the turn ended by asking for a blank (and hearing "no"), a 50-point penalty is assessed.

An optional way to start each turn is for the turn-holder to first draw from a deck of "activity" cards, which adds an element of luck, such as "Take an additional turn" or "Triple the value of your first guess". Another option is to designate one player to keep track of the "no" answers that occur during play, so that turns aren't wasted on redundant inquiries, and there are no disputes at the end.

At any time during the game, a player can interrupt the game and ask another player (who has at least five unexposed cards) if his word is a specific word. If successful, the inquiring player earns the point value of all unexposed cards, plus 100 bonus points. If incorrect, the inquiring player loses 50 points.

When only one player has unexposed cards, the game continues for two rounds, excluding the player with unexposed cards. If that fails to reveal the word, the values of the remaining cards and the 50-point bonus go to the excluded player.

If two people play the game and each uses two display racks, then a player can turn up a requested letter in either word.

Words are required to be regular words of the language played by the participants, and not include proper names or trademarks. The rules are similar to Scrabble. The 1972 retail price was approximately US$6.00.

## History

Ted Leavitt, a sometime salesman, ship's purser, actor, World War II Marine veteran, and theatrical producer, became frustrated with some of the limitations he saw in Scrabble and devised Probe specifically to get around them. To bring his finished creation to the attention of Parker Brothers, he enlisted the services of his uncle, the notable French conductor Pierre Monteux. A vice president of Parker Brothers was an aficionado of classical music; Leavitt enticed him that summer to Maine, where his uncle was conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, by offering him a chance to meet Monteux. Eighteen years later, in 1981, annual sales were 200,000 units per year, and Leavitt had lived in Spain for 15 years from the royalty income, which was $0.225 per game sold. Some years his annual royalties came to $45,000 ($151,000 in 2023 dollars).

## Reception

*Games* magazine included *Probe* in their "Top 100 Games of 1980", praising it as "a classic" even though at that time players wrote words on paper "instead of using the handsomely printed deck of cards to form words as in the original Probe (1964)".

*Games* magazine included *Probe* in their "Top 100 Games of 1982", noting that "The equipment has been improved since last year."

## Reviews

## InfoBox

Probe
| 4 different boxes for the same game | |
| --- | --- |
| #201, #112, #200, #202 | |
| Manufacturers | Parker Brothers |
| Publication | 1964 (#112 and #200), 1974 (#201), 1976 (#202) |
| Years active | 1964 to 1982 |
| Players | Best for 3 or 4.
Rule variations for 2. |
| Setup time | 5 minutes |
| Playing time | 30-60 minutes, depending on number of players |
| Chance | Low/medium (guessing)
High, with optional use of random "activity" cards |
| Age range | 8 and up |
| Skills | Spelling, vocabulary |
| Website | *Probe* at BoardGameGeek |


title: Accidental Family

abstract: Accidental Family is an American sitcom broadcast on NBC during the first part of the 1967–68 U.S. television season. The show ran for sixteen episodes, from September 15, 1967, to January 5, 1968. The show aired on Fridays at 9:30pm, sandwiched between the non-sitcoms Star Trek before it, and documentaries after, which was not considered an auspicious timeslot. The program consistently lost in the Nielsen ratings to both the CBS Friday Night Movies and the ABC Western The Guns of Will Sonnett, and as a result was cancelled midseason. It was initially replaced by the first prime time run of the game show Hollywood Squares. Van Dyke publicly groused about the show's timeslot, complaining that nobody watched the show because of its competition. By October 13 — the airdate of the fourth episode — Van Dyke was already declaring defeat in the Arizona Daily Star. "In this business you've got to have such confidence," he said, "and I never did, so I'm beginning to wonder about myself. I'll tell you; I could use a success about now, and I believe this is a good show, but we've got to get out of that Friday night."

text:
# Accidental Family

***Accidental Family*** is an American sitcom broadcast on NBC during the first part of the 1967–68 U.S. television season. The show ran for sixteen episodes, from September 15, 1967, to January 5, 1968.

The show aired on Fridays at 9:30pm, sandwiched between the non-sitcoms *Star Trek* before it, and documentaries after, which was not considered an auspicious timeslot. The program consistently lost in the Nielsen ratings to both the *CBS Friday Night Movies* and the ABC Western *The Guns of Will Sonnett,* and as a result was cancelled midseason. It was initially replaced by the first prime time run of the game show *Hollywood Squares*.

Van Dyke publicly groused about the show's timeslot, complaining that nobody watched the show because of its competition. By October 13 — the airdate of the fourth episode — Van Dyke was already declaring defeat in the *Arizona Daily Star*. "In this business you've got to have such confidence," he said, "and I never did, so I'm beginning to wonder about myself. I'll tell you; I could use a success about now, and I believe this is a good show, but we've got to get out of that Friday night."

## Synopsis

The series starred Jerry Van Dyke as a widowed comedian, Jerry Webster, who bought a farm in the San Fernando Valley to serve as a place for him to raise his son, Sandy, when he was not touring or working in Las Vegas. When he was on the road, Sandy was under the care of the farm's manager, divorcee Sue Kramer (Lois Nettleton), who had a daughter the same age as Webster's son.

## Reception

The *Pasadena Star-News* published a post-mortem about the show in November 1967, "Accidental Family: Cancellation Was No Accident", which praised the show and its potential, and laid the blame for cancellation on television networks' lack of interest in producing high-quality programs. "Critics were quite favorable to the show in their first reviews," the piece claimed. "And the series deserved the praise. It had a low-key, slapstick humor; a touching but non-cloying evolvement of the father-son relationship; some clever, knowing conversations between the two adults, both in the same marital and parental boat; it had an almost hip quality." The piece also said, "It was different in several ways from the current crop of comedies — it didn't hang itself on a gimmick — no witches with twitches, no defrosted ancestors, no broadly slapstick broads-in-law. Just two kids, two parents, farm life contrasted with a touch of Las Vegas life, and the human, humorous situations thereof."

In April 1968, Jerry Van Dyke was a guest on *Dick Van Dyke*, a comedy/variety special hosted by his more famous brother. The special joked about the recent demise of *Accidental Family*; when Jerry asked Dick if he saw the show, Dick said, "No, I was out of town that week."

## Cast

| Actor | Role |
| --- | --- |
| Jerry Van Dyke | Jerry Webster |
| Lois Nettleton | Sue Kramer |
| Teddy Quinn | Sandy Webster |
| Susan Benjamin | Tracy Kramer |
| Larry D. Mann | Marty Warren |
| Ben Blue | Ben McGrath |

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Everywhere a Chick Chick" | Sheldon Leonard | Melville Shavelson | September 15, 1967 (1967-09-15) |
| 2 | "Hot Kid in a Cold Town" | Bob Sweeney | *Story by*: Richard Sale & Mary Loos
*Teleplay by*: James L. Brooks & Richard Sale & Mary Loos | September 22, 1967 (1967-09-22) |
| 3 | "If You Knew Martha" | Bob Sweeney | Saul Turtletaub & Bernie Orenstein | October 6, 1967 (1967-10-06) |
| 4 | "Minnesota Tracey" | Unknown | Unknown | October 13, 1967 (1967-10-13) |
| 5 | "It Hurts Me More Than It Hurts You" | Bob Sweeney | Saul Turteltaub & Bernie Orenstein | October 20, 1967 (1967-10-20) |
| 6 | "Halloween's on Us" | Earl Bellamy | *Story by*: Barry E. Blitzer & Ray Brenner
*Teleplay by*: Joseph Bonaduce | October 27, 1967 (1967-10-27) |
| 7 | "The Making of a Vegetarian" | Bob Sweeney | Jim Brooks | November 3, 1967 (1967-11-03) |
| 8 | "The Secret Life of Jerry Webster" | Earl Bellamy | Jack Sher | November 10, 1967 (1967-11-10) |
| 9 | "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Playground" | Bob Sweeney | Treva Silverman & Peter Meyerson | November 17, 1967 (1967-11-17) |
| 10 | "What Is This - Thanksgiving or a Nightmare?" | Gary Nelson | Peggy Elliott & Ed Scharlach | November 24, 1967 (1967-11-24) |
| 11 | "The Woodsman" | Bob Sweeney | Sam Bobrick & Bill Idelson | December 1, 1967 (1967-12-01) |
| 12 | "The Return of Mr. Ex" | Robert Day | *Story by*: Dale McRaven & Carl Kleinschmitt
*Teleplay by*: Joseph Bonaduce | December 8, 1967 (1967-12-08) |
| 13 | "The Lush Life" | Unknown | Unknown | December 15, 1967 (1967-12-15) |
| 14 | "The Treasure of San Fernando Valley" | Gary Nelson | Sydney Zelinka | December 22, 1967 (1967-12-22) |
| 15 | "Sandy Gets Tough" | George Tyne | Dick Bensfield & Perry Grant | December 29, 1967 (1967-12-29) |
| 16 | "Who's Been Sleeping in Daddy's Bed?" | Don Appell | Bill Idelson & Harvey Miller | January 5, 1968 (1968-01-05) |

1. Dern, Marian (November 19, 1967). "Accidental Family: Cancellation Was No Accident". *Pasadena Star-News*. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
2. Humphrey, Hal (October 13, 1967). "Lady Luck Snubs Jerry Van Dyke: Hardly Anybody Sees His Shows". *Arizona Daily Star*. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
3. Harris, Harry (April 7, 1968). "Van Dyke Brothers Collaborate in a Special". *Philadelphia Inquirer*. Retrieved 21 December 2020.

## InfoBox

| *Accidental Family* | |
| --- | --- |
| Jerry Van Dyke as Jerry Webster. | |
| Genre | Sitcom |
| Created by | Melville Shavelson |
| Starring |  |
| Composer | Earle Hagen |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 16 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Sheldon Leonard |
| Producer | Sy Gomberg |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 2224 minutes |
| Production companies | Sheldon Leonard Productions, in association with NBC |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | September 15, 1967 (1967-09-15)
January 5, 1968 (1968-01-05) |


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (novel)

abstract: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium is a 2007 novelization of the film of the same name. The novelization was written by American fantasy author Suzanne Weyn. The novel, or "Magical Movie Novel", as it is named on its cover, was released on October 1, 2007. The film was written and directed by Zach Helm.

text:
# Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (novel)

***Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium*** is a 2007 novelization of the film of the same name. The novelization was written by American fantasy author Suzanne Weyn. The novel, or "Magical Movie Novel", as it is named on its cover, was released on October 1, 2007. The film was written and directed by Zach Helm.

## Plot introduction

When a young pianist named Molly Mahoney inherits a magical toy store from her eccentric 243-year-old boss, Mr. Magorium, she struggles with self-doubt. But through the friendship of a charismatic little boy named Eric Applebaum and a buttoned-up accountant named Henry Weston, she learns to believe in herself, and finds that she does possess enough magic to run Mr. Magorium's shop by finding herself in places she's never imagined.

## InfoBox

Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Suzanne Weyn |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Children's fantasy novel |
| Publisher | Scholastic |
| Publication date | 1 October 2007 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 126 pp |
| ISBN | 978-0-439-91250-1 |
| OCLC | 149000015 |


title: Grønvatnet

abstract: Grønvatnet is a lake in Skjåk Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 3-square-kilometre (1.2 sq mi) lake lies within the Tafjordfjella mountain range, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the village of Grotli. The mountain lake lies in a low area surrounded by mountains, just west of Vulueggi, north of Krosshø, and south of Tordsnose.

text:
# Grønvatnet

**Grønvatnet** is a lake in Skjåk Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 3-square-kilometre (1.2 sq mi) lake lies within the Tafjordfjella mountain range, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the village of Grotli. The mountain lake lies in a low area surrounded by mountains, just west of Vulueggi, north of Krosshø, and south of Tordsnose.

## InfoBox

| Grønvatnet | |
| --- | --- |
| GrønvatnetLocation of the lakeGrønvatnetGrønvatnet (Norway) | |
| Location | Skjåk Municipality, Innlandet |
| Coordinates | 62°06′41″N 7°37′21″E / 62.11135°N 7.62256°E / 62.11135; 7.62256 |
| Basin countries | Norway |
|  | |
| Max. length | 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) |
| Max. width | 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) |
| Surface area | 3.098 km2 (1.196 sq mi) |
| Shore length1 | 10.6 kilometres (6.6 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 1,273 metres (4,177 ft) |
|  | |
| References | NVE |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Mastocytosis

abstract: Mastocytosis, a type of mast cell disease, is a rare disorder affecting both children and adults caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells and CD34+ mast cell precursors. People affected by mastocytosis are susceptible to a variety of symptoms, including itching, hives, and anaphylactic shock, caused by the release of histamine and other pro-inflammatory substances from mast cells.

text:
# Mastocytosis

**Mastocytosis**, a type of mast cell disease, is a rare disorder affecting both children and adults caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells (also called *mastocytes*) and CD34\+ mast cell precursors.

People affected by mastocytosis are susceptible to a variety of symptoms, including itching, hives, and anaphylactic shock, caused by the release of histamine and other pro-inflammatory substances from mast cells.

## Signs and symptoms

When mast cells undergo degranulation, the substances that are released can cause a number of symptoms that can vary over time and can range in intensity from mild to severe. Because mast cells play a role in allergic reactions, the symptoms of mastocytosis often are similar to the symptoms of an allergic reaction. They may include, but are not limited to

There are few qualitative studies about the effects of mastocytosis on daily life. However, a Danish study from 2018 describes the multidimensional impact of the disease on everyday life.

## Pathophysiology

Mast cells are located in connective tissue, including the skin, the linings of the stomach and intestine, and other sites. They play an important role in the immune defence against bacteria and parasites. By releasing chemical "alarms" such as histamine, mast cells attract other key players of the immune defense system to areas of the body where they are needed.

Mast cells seem to have other roles as well. Because they gather together around wounds, mast cells may play a part in wound healing. For example, the typical itching felt around a healing scab may be caused by histamine released by mast cells. Researchers also think mast cells may have a role in the growth of blood vessels (angiogenesis). No one with *too few* or no mast cells has been found, which indicates to some scientists we may not be able to survive with too few mast cells.

Mast cells express a cell surface receptor, *c-kit* (CD117), which is the receptor for stem cell factor (*scf*). In laboratory studies, *scf* appears to be important for the proliferation of mast cells. Mutations of the gene coding for the *c-kit* receptor (mutation KIT(D816V)), leading to constitutive signalling through the receptor is found in \>90% of patients with systemic mastocytosis.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis of *urticaria pigmentosa* (cutaneous mastocytosis, see above) can often be done by seeing the characteristic lesions that are dark brown and fixed. A small skin sample (biopsy) may help confirm the diagnosis.

In case of suspicion of systemic disease the level of serum tryptase in the blood can be of help. If the base level of s-tryptase is elevated, this implies that the mastocytosis can be systemic. In cases of suspicion of SM help can also be drawn from analysis of mutation in KIT(D816V) in peripheral blood using sensitive PCR-technology

To set the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis, certain criteria must be met. Either one major + one minor criterion **or** three minor criteria has to be fulfilled:

### Major criterion

* Dense infiltrates of \>15 mast cells in the bone marrow or an extracutaneous organ

### Minor criteria

* Aberrant phenotype on the mast cells (pos. for CD2 and/or CD25)
* Aberrant mast cell morphology (spindle-shaped)
* Finding of mutation in KIT(D816V)
* S-tryptase \>20 ng/ml

### Other mast cell diseases

Other types of mast cell disease include:

* Monoclonal mast cell activation, defined by the World Health Organization definitions 2010, also has increased mast cells but insufficient to be systemic mastocytosis (in World Health Organization Definitions)
* Mast cell activation syndrome – has normal number of mast cells, but all the symptoms and in some cases the genetic markers of systemic mastocytosis
* Another known but rare mast cell proliferation disease is mast cell sarcoma.

### Classification

Mastocytosis can occur in a variety of forms:

#### Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM)

* The most common cutaneous mastocytosis is maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis, previously named papular *urticaria pigmentosa* (UP), more common in children, although also seen in adults. *Telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans* (TMEP) is a much rarer form of cutaneous mastocytosis that affects adults.\[2\] MPCM and TMEP can be a part of indolent systemic mastocytosis. This should be considered if patients develop any systemic symptoms
* Generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis (adult type) is the most common pattern of mastocytosis presenting to the dermatologist, with the most common lesions being macules, papules, or nodules that are disseminated over most of the body but especially on the upper arms, legs, and trunk
* Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis has diffuse involvement in which the entire integument may be thickened and infiltrated with mast cells to produce a peculiar orange color, giving rise to the term *homme orange*.

Cutaneous mastocytosis in children usually presents in the first year after birth and in most cases vanishes during adolescence.

#### Systemic mastocytosis (SM)

Systemic mastocytosis involves the bone marrow in the majority of cases and in some cases other internal organs, usually in addition to involving the skin. Mast cells collect in various tissues and can affect organs where mast cells do not normally inhabit such as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes, and organs which have normal populations but where numbers are increased. In the bowel, it may manifest as mastocytic enterocolitis. However, normal ranges for mast cell counts in the gastrointestinal tract mucosa are not well established in the literature, and depend upon the exact location (e.g. right versus left colon), gender, and patient populations (such as asymptomatic patients versus patients with chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology). Quantitative mast cell stains may yield little diagnostic information, and further research studies are warranted to determine whether "mastocytic enterocolitis" truly represents a distinct entity.

There are five types of systemic mastocytosis:

* Indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM). The most common SM (\>90%)
* Smouldering systemic mastocytosis (SSM)
* Systemic mastocytosis with associated hematological neoplasm (SM-AHN)
* Aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM)
* Mast cell leukemia (MCL)

## Treatment

There is no cure for mastocytosis, but there are a number of medicines to help treat the symptoms:

### Anti-mediator therapy

* Antihistamines block receptors targeted by histamine released from mast cells. Both H1 and H2 blockers may be helpful, often in combination.
* Leukotriene antagonists block receptors targeted by leukotrienes released from mast cells.
* Mast cell stabilizers help prevent mast cells from releasing their chemical contents. Cromoglicic acid is the only medicine specifically approved by the FDA for the treatment of mastocytosis. Ketotifen is available in Canada and Europe and more recently in the U.S. It is also available as eyedrops (Zaditor).
* Proton-pump inhibitors help reduce production of gastric acid, which is often increased in patients with mastocytosis. Excess gastric acid can harm the stomach, esophagus, and small intestine.
* Epinephrine constricts blood vessels and opens airways to maintain adequate circulation and ventilation when excessive mast cell degranulation has caused anaphylaxis.
* Salbutamol and other beta-2 agonists open airways that can constrict in the presence of histamine.
* Corticosteroids can be used topically, inhaled, or systemically to reduce inflammation associated with mastocytosis.
* Drugs to prevent/treat osteoporosis include Calcium-Vitamine D, bisphosphonates and in rare cases inhibitors of RANK-L

Antidepressants are an important and often overlooked tool in the treatment of mastocytosis. Depression and other neurological symptoms have been noted in mastocytosis. Some antidepressants, such as doxepin and mirtazapine, are themselves potent antihistamines and can help relieve physical as well as cognitive symptoms.

### Cytoreductive therapy

In cases of advanced systemic mastocytosis or rare cases with indolent systemic mastocytosis with very troublesome symptoms, cytoreductive therapy can be indicated.

* ɑ-interferon. Given as subcutaneous injections. Side effects include fatigue and influenza-like symptoms
* Cladribine (CdA). Chemotherapy which is given as subcutaneous injections. Side effects include immunodeficiency and infections.
* Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI)
    + Midostaurin. TKI acting on many different tyrosine kinases, approved by FDA and EMA for advanced mastocytosis
    + Imatinib. Can have effect in rare cases without mutation in KIT(D816V)
    + Masitinib. Is being tested in trials. Not approved.
    + Midostaurin \- 60% respond.
    + Avapritinib in trials; currently being tested but showing promise in reduction of tryptase levels.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation has been used in rare cases with aggressive systemic mastocytosis in patients deemed to be fit for the procedure.

### Other

Treatment with ultraviolet light can relieve skin symptoms, but may increase the risk of skin cancer.

## Prognosis

Patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis have a normal life expectancy. The prognosis for patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis differs depending on type of disease with MCL being the most serious form with short survival.

## Epidemiology

The true incidence and prevalence of mastocytosis is unknown, but mastocytosis generally has been considered to be an "orphan disease"; orphan diseases affect 200,000 or fewer people in the United States. Mastocytosis, however, often may be misdiagnosed, as it typically occurs secondary to another condition, and thus may occur more frequently than assumed.

## Research

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases scientists have been studying and treating patients with mastocytosis for several years at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center.

Some of the most important research advances for this rare disorder include improved diagnosis of mast cell disease and identification of growth factors and genetic mechanisms responsible for increased mast cell production. Researchers are currently evaluating approaches to improve ways to treat mastocytosis.

Scientists also are focusing on identifying disease-associated mutations (changes in genes). NIH scientists have identified some mutations, which may help researchers understand the causes of mastocytosis, improve diagnosis, and develop better treatments.

In Europe the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (ECNM) coordinates studies, registries and education on mastocytosis.

## History

*Urticaria pigmentosa* was first described in 1869. The first report of a primary mast cell disorder is attributed to Unna, who in 1887 reported that skin lesions of *urticaria pigmentosa* contained numerous mast cells. Systemic mastocytosis was first reported by French scientists in 1936.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Mastocytosis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | **Clonal bone marrow disorder** |
|  | |
| Micrograph of mastocytosis. Skin biopsy. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Oncology, hematology |


title: Mathilde Wesendonck

abstract: Agnes Mathilde Wesendonck was a German poet and author. The words of five of her verses were the basis of Richard Wagner's Wesendonck Lieder; the composer was infatuated with her, and his wife Minna blamed Mathilde for the break-up of their marriage.

text:
# Mathilde Wesendonck

**Agnes Mathilde Wesendonck** (née **Luckemeyer**; 23 December 1828  31 August 1902) was a German poet and author. The words of five of her verses were the basis of Richard Wagner's *Wesendonck Lieder*; the composer was infatuated with her, and his wife Minna blamed Mathilde for the break-up of their marriage.

## Biography

Agnes Mathilde Luckemeyer was born in Elberfeld (now part of Wuppertal) in the Rhineland of Germany in 1828. In 1848 she married the silk merchant Otto Wesendonck. Otto was a great admirer of Wagner's music, and after he and Mathilde met the composer in Zurich in 1852, he placed a cottage on his estate at Wagner's disposal. By 1857, Wagner had become infatuated with Mathilde. It is not known whether she returned his affections to the same degree, or if the affair - if there was one - was ever consummated. Nevertheless, the episode inspired Wagner to put aside his work on *Der Ring des Nibelungen* (which would not be resumed for the next twelve years) and begin work on *Tristan und Isolde*.

In 1858, Wagner's wife Minna intercepted a romantic letter from Wagner to Mathilde. After the resulting confrontation, Wagner left Zürich alone, for Venice. Minna went to Dresden to stay with her family. She wrote to Mathilde before departing for Dresden:

> *"I must tell you with a bleeding heart that you have succeeded in separating my husband from me after nearly twenty-two years of marriage. May this noble deed contribute to your peace of mind, to your happiness."*

In her autobiographical reminiscences Mathilde later wrote about Wagner's stay in Zürich, but made no mention of troubles with Minna.

In 1866 Mathilde met with Johannes Brahms in Zürich and enabled him to study some of Wagner's manuscripts.

Mathilde Wesendonck died in Altmünster (Austria) in 1902, and she is buried at the Alter Friedhof with the Wesendonck family in Bonn, Germany.

## Selected works

* *Gedichte, Volkslieder, Legenden, Sagen* (ca. 1864)
* *Märchen u. Märchen Spiele* (1864)
* *Natur-Mythen: Mai 1865* (1865)
* *Genovefa: Trauerspiel in 3 Aufzügen* (1866)
* *Gudrun. Schauspiel in 5 Akten* (1868), online at Internet Archive
* *Deutsches Kinderbuch in Wort und Bild* (1869)
* *Friedrich der Grosse: dramatische Bilder nach Franz Kugler* (1871)
* *Edith, oder, Die Schlacht bei Hastings: ein Trauerspiel* (1872)
* *Gedichte, Volksweisen, Legenden und Sagen* (1874)
* *Der Baldur-Mythos* (1875)
* *Odysseus: ein dramatisches Gedicht in zwei Theilen und einem Vorspiel* (1878)
* *Alte und neue Kinder-Lieder und Reime* (1890)
* *Alkestis: Schauspiel in vier Aufzügen.* (1891)

## In film

Mathilde Wesendonck was portrayed by Valentina Cortese in the 1955 film *Magic Fire*, and by Marthe Keller in the 1983 film *Wagner*.

Notes Sources * Musgrave, Michael (2000). *A Brahms Reader.* New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300068042.

Media related to Mathilde Wesendonck at Wikimedia Commons


abstract: The women's 69 kilograms event at the 1998 Asian Games took place on 11 December 1998 at Thunder Dome, Maung Thong Thani Sports Complex. The weightlifter from China won the gold, with a combined lift of 245 kg.

text:
# Weightlifting at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's 69 kg

The **women's 69 kilograms** event at the 1998 Asian Games took place on 11 December 1998 at Thunder Dome, Maung Thong Thani Sports Complex.

The weightlifter from China won the gold, with a combined lift of 245 kg.

## Results

Legend * **NM** — No mark

| Rank | Athlete | Body weight | Snatch | Cl&Jerk | Total (kg) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Sun Tianni (CHN) | 66.40 | 111.0 | 135.0 | **245.0** |
|  | Win Win Maw (MYA) | 67.95 | 95.0 | 130.0 | **225.0** |
|  | Wu Mei-yi (TPE) | 67.85 | 97.5 | 127.5 | **225.0** |
| 4 | Kang Mi-suk (KOR) | 68.95 | 90.0 | 112.5 | **202.5** |
| 5 | Kumi Haseba (JPN) | 68.65 | 85.0 | 105.0 | **190.0** |
|  | Pawina Thongsuk (THA) | 65.10 | 95.0 |  | **NM** |
|  | Jon Myong-hui (PRK) | 68.15 |  | 120.0 | **NM** |

## InfoBox

| Women's 69 kg <br>at the 1998 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Thunder Dome |
| Date | 11 December |
| Competitors | 7 from 7 nations |
| Medalists | |
| China  Myanmar  Chinese Taipei | |
|


title: Okatyali Constituency

abstract: Okatyali Constituency is an electoral constituency in the Oshana Region of Namibia. It had 2,815 inhabitants in 2004 and 2,051 registered voters in 2020. Its district capital is the settlement of Okatyali.

text:
# Okatyali Constituency

**Okatyali Constituency** (also: **Okatjali**) is an electoral constituency in the Oshana Region of Namibia. It had 2,815 inhabitants in 2004 and 2,051 registered voters in 2020. Its district capital is the settlement of Okatyali.

## Politics and governance

Okatyali constituency is traditionally a stronghold of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) party. The first regional councillor for this constituency was Paulus Kapia. He served until 1998. In the 2004 regional election SWAPO candidate Joseph Mupetami received 1,105 of the 1,109 votes cast.

In the 2015 local and regional elections the SWAPO candidate won uncontested and became councillor after no opposition party nominated a candidate. The SWAPO candidate won the 2020 regional election by a landslide. Josef Mupetami obtained 992 votes, followed by Aveli Nambili of the Independent Patriots for Change (IPC), an opposition party formed in August 2020, with 80 votes, and Silvanus Nakale of the Popular Democratic Movement with 33 votes.

18°3′S 15°57′E / 18.050°S 15.950°E / -18.050; 15.950


title: FIBT World Championships 1947

abstract: The FIBT World Championships 1947 took place in St. Moritz, Switzerland for the record sixth time after hosting the event previously in 1931 (Four-man), 1935 (Four-man), 1937 (Four-man), 1938 (Two-man), and 1939 (Two-man). It marked the first time both bobsleigh events were competed at the same venue in the championships and was also the first event held after the end of World War II.

text:
# FIBT World Championships 1947

The **FIBT World Championships 1947** took place in St. Moritz, Switzerland for the record sixth time after hosting the event previously in 1931 (Four-man), 1935 (Four-man), 1937 (Four-man), 1938 (Two-man), and 1939 (Two-man). It marked the first time both bobsleigh events were competed at the same venue in the championships and was also the first event held after the end of World War II.

## Two man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Switzerland (Fritz Feierabend, Stephan Waser) |  |
| Silver | Switzerland (Felix Endrich, Fritz Waller) |  |
| Bronze | Belgium (Max Houben, Jacques Mouvet) |  |

## Four man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Switzerland (Fritz Feierabend, Heinz Cattani, Alphonse Hörning, Joseph Beerli) |  |
| Silver | Belgium (Max Houben, Claude Houben, Albert Lerat, Jacques Mouvet) |  |
| Bronze | France (Achille Fould, Henri Evrot, Robert Dumont, William Hirigoyen) |  |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Switzerland (SUI) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 2 | Belgium (BEL) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 | France (FRA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (3 entries) | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

## InfoBox

| 1947 World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | St. Moritz, Switzerland<br>Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy |
|


title: Rahim Omar

abstract: Rahim Omar was a Singaporean football player who played as a striker.

text:
# Rahim Omar

**Rahim Omar** (1934 - 19 February 1990) was a Singaporean football player who played as a striker.

## Early life

Rahim studied at St Andrew School in Singapore.

## Football career

Omar played for the Singapore national football team.

## Outside of football

Rahim worked at the Singapore Telephone Board.

## Personal life

Rahim was married to Hamidah with three children.

On 19 February 1990, Rahim died of a heart attack at the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital.

## InfoBox

Rahim Omar
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Rahim Omar | | |
| Date of birth | 1934 | | |
| Place of birth | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | | |
| Date of death | 19 February 1990(1990-02-19) (aged 55–56) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| ????–1954 | Star Soccerites |  |  |
| 1955 | Argonauts |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | Singapore |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Principle of permanence

abstract: In the history of mathematics, the principle of permanence, or law of the permanence of equivalent forms, was the idea that algebraic operations like addition and multiplication should behave consistently in every number system, especially when developing extensions to established number systems. Before the advent of modern mathematics and its emphasis on the axiomatic method, the principle of permanence was considered an important tool in mathematical arguments. In modern mathematics, arguments have instead been supplanted by rigorous proofs built upon axioms, and the principle is instead used as a heuristic for discovering new algebraic structures. Additionally, the principle has been formalized into a class of theorems called transfer principles, which state that all statements of some language that are true for some structure are true for another structure.

text:
# Principle of permanence

In the history of mathematics, the **principle of permanence**, or **law of the permanence of equivalent forms**, was the idea that algebraic operations like addition and multiplication should behave consistently in every number system, especially when developing extensions to established number systems.

Before the advent of modern mathematics and its emphasis on the axiomatic method, the principle of permanence was considered an important tool in mathematical arguments. In modern mathematics, arguments have instead been supplanted by rigorous proofs built upon axioms, and the principle is instead used as a heuristic for discovering new algebraic structures. Additionally, the principle has been formalized into a class of theorems called transfer principles, which state that all statements of some language that are true for some structure are true for another structure.

## History

The principle was described by George Peacock in his book *A Treatise of Algebra* (emphasis in original):

> 132. Let us again recur to this principle or law of the *permanence of equivalent forms*, and consider it when stated in the form of a *direct* and *converse* proportion.
>
> "*Whatever form is Algebraically equivalent to another, when expressed in general symbols, must be true, whatever those symbols denote.*"
>
> *Conversely, if we discover an equivalent form in Arithmetical Algebra or any other subordinate science, when the symbols are general in form though specific in their nature, the same must be an equivalent form, when the symbols are general in their nature as well as in their form.*

The principle was later revised by Hermann Hankel and adopted by Giuseppe Peano, Ernst Mach, Hermann Schubert, Alfred Pringsheim, and others.

Around the same time period as *A Treatise of Algebra*, Augustin-Louis Cauchy published *Cours d'Analyse*, which used the term "generality of algebra" to describe (and criticize) a method of argument used by 18th century mathematicians like Euler and Lagrange that was similar to the Principle of Permanence.

## Applications

One of the main uses of the principle of permanence is to show that a functional equation that holds for the real numbers also holds for the complex numbers.

As an example, the equation $e^{s+t}-e^{s}e^{t}=0$ hold for all real numbers *s*, *t*. By the principle of permanence for functions of two variables, this suggests that it holds for all complex numbers as well.

For a counter example, consider the following properties

* commutativity of addition: $x+y=y+x$ for all $x,y$,
* left-cancellative property of addition: if $x+y=x+z$, then $y=z$, for all $x,y,z$.

Both properties hold for all natural, integer, rational, real, and complex numbers. However, when following Georg Cantor's extensions of the natural numbers beyond infinity, neither satisfies both properties simultaneously.

* In ordinal arithmetic, addition is left-cancellative, but no longer commutative. For example, $3+\omega =\omega \neq \omega +3$.
* In cardinal arithmetic, addition is commutative, but no longer left-cancellative, since $x+y=max\\{x,y\\}$ whenever $x$ or $y$ is infinite. For example, $\aleph \_{0}+1=\aleph \_{0}=\aleph \_{0}+2$, but $1\neq 2$.

Hence both of these, the early rigorous infinite number systems, violate the principle of permanence.


title: Abu'l-Qasim Darguzini

abstract: Abu'l-Qasim Darguzini, commonly known as Darguzini was a Persian bureaucrat and one of the leading figures of the Seljuk Empire in the early 12th century.

text:
# Abu'l-Qasim Darguzini

**Abu'l-Qasim Darguzini**, commonly known as **Darguzini** (also spelled **Dargazini**; died August 1133) was a Persian bureaucrat and one of the leading figures of the Seljuk Empire in the early 12th century.

## Biography

Of local peasant origin, Darguzini was from the village Anasabad in Persian Iraq, and was thus also known as al-Anasabadi. However, he connected himself to the adjacent town of Darguzin due its prestige and importance. Nothing is known about the life of Darguzini before his administrative career, except that he was educated in the capital Isfahan. His aspirations and schemes led to his rise within the Seljuk administration, gaining the office of *ariz al-jaysh* (head of the military department). In 1124, he became vizier of the Seljuk sultan of Iraq and western Iran, Mahmud II (r.1118–1131), thus succeeding Shams al-Mulk Uthman, a son of the prominent vizier Nizam al-Mulk. Darguzini was defamed by his rival Anushirvan ibn Khalid for his low-class background, hostility to Turkic military commanders, and supposed tenderness toward the Isma'ilis. Due to the efforts of Anushirvan, Darguzini was dismissed as vizier in 1127, but was later restored to his post, serving in 1128–1131. After he was dismissed a second time, Darguzini convinced the principal Seljuk sultan Ahmad Sanjar (r.1118–1157) to appoint him as the vizier of Mahmud's brother Tughril, who temporarily ruled Azerbaijan, before becoming sultan (as Tughril II) of Iraq in 1132.

## Sources

* Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). *The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
* Bosworth, C. Edmund (1994). "Dargazīnī". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). *Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/1: Dārā(b)–Dastūr al-Afāżel*. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1-56859-019-6.
* Peacock, A. C. S. (2015). *The Great Seljuk Empire*. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–378. ISBN 978-0-7486-3826-0.
* Shoarian-Sattari, Naser; Rezaee, Maryam; Negahban, Farzin (2008). "Abū al-Qāsim al-Dargazīnī". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). *Encyclopaedia Islamica Online*. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
* Tetley, Gillies (2008). *The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History*. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-08438-8.


title: Muhammad Naqib-ur-Rahman

abstract: Muhammad Naqeeb-ur-Rahman is a Pakistani Islamic Sufi scholar and leader. He is also Custodian of the Holy Shrine of Eidgah Sharif, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. He opposes terrorism.

text:
# Muhammad Naqib-ur-Rahman

**Muhammad Naqeeb-ur-Rahman** is a Pakistani Islamic Sufi scholar and leader. He is also Custodian of the Holy Shrine of Eidgah Sharif, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. He opposes terrorism.

1. "Paigham-e-Hazrat Imam Hussain Conference". *The News International*. 16 October 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
2. "Pir Naqeeb felicitates Saudi Arabia on National Day". *Pakistan Observer*. 22 September 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
3. "No room for terrorism in Islam: Pir Naqeeb". *The Nation*. 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.

## InfoBox

| Muhammad Naqeeb Ur Rahman | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal | |
| Born | January 4<br>Eidgah Sharif, Rawalpindi |
| Religion | Islam, specifically the Naqshbandi Sufi order |
| Senior posting | |
| Based in | Eidgah Sharif |
| Predecessor | Hazrat Khawaja Habib Ur Rehman |


title: Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker

abstract: Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker was a Norwegian company based at Raufoss, established in 1896 as Rødfoss Patronfabrik. Initially the company manufactured ammunition, and later also other products, such as aluminium parts to the automotive industry. Until 1948 the company was a subordinate to the Norwegian Ministry of Defence. In the 1990s the automobile division was split off as Raufoss Automotive and eventually taken over by Norsk Hydro. In 1998 the ammunition division was merged with the Swedish company Celsius and the Finnish company Patria, forming the new company Nammo.

text:
# Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker

**Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker** was a Norwegian company based at Raufoss, established in 1896 as *Rødfoss Patronfabrik*. Initially the company manufactured ammunition, and later also other products, such as aluminium parts to the automotive industry. Until 1948 the company was a subordinate to the Norwegian Ministry of Defence. In the 1990s the automobile division was split off as *Raufoss Automotive* and eventually taken over by Norsk Hydro. In 1998 the ammunition division was merged with the Swedish company Celsius and the Finnish company Patria, forming the new company Nammo.

## 1956 explosion

In the morning of 19 October 1956 an explosion occurred underground in the factory in hall 15. This hall was over 100 metres long where people filled cartridges with gunpowder. At the time of the explosion, there were around 100 people in the hall. Due to the explosion the roof was torn apart, the hall collapsed and people were buried in debris. Due to the explosion five people died and at least 21 people were hospitalized. Four were seriously injured. According to a doctor they were so badly injured that they had difficulties to determine whether they were still alive. The rescue work was seriously hampered because due to the explosion all lights had gone out in the whole underground factory.

The explosion has been listed by Dutch newspaper *Het Huisgezin* as one of the main international disasters of 1956.


title: Maszewice

abstract: Maszewice is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Wronki, within Szamotuły County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Maszewice

**Maszewice** \[maʂɛˈvit͡sɛ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Wronki, within Szamotuły County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Maszewice | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Maszewice | |
| Coordinates: 52°45′04″N 16°14′59″E / 52.75111°N 16.24972°E / 52.75111; 16.24972 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Szamotuły |
| Gmina | Wronki |
| Population | 7 |