abstract: The West Indian cricket team in England in 1991 played three one day internationals and five Tests, under the captaincy of Viv Richards, as part of an extensive tour in which they also played first-class matches against 11 first-class county teams, the combined Minor Counties, the Combined Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and a World XI to finish, plus 55-over one-day matches against one more first-class county (Gloucestershire) and the Duchess of Norfolk's Invitation XI. Of the non-international matches, West Indies defeated Kent, Middlesex and Leicestershire in the longer matches, and Gloucestershire over 55 overs, and lost only the opening match against the Duchess of Norfolk's XI: all the other matches were drawn, although some were close to a finish. England, by contrast with the previous disastrous tour of 1988, were a far more settled side, and gave a far better account of themselves under the captaincy of Graham Gooch. The ODI series was won 3-0 by England: the Test series was drawn 2-2.

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# West Indian cricket team in England in 1991

The **West Indian cricket team in England in 1991** played three one day internationals and five Tests, under the captaincy of Viv Richards, as part of an extensive tour in which they also played first-class matches against 11 first-class county teams, the combined Minor Counties, the Combined Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and a World XI to finish, plus 55-over one-day matches against one more first-class county (Gloucestershire) and the Duchess of Norfolk's Invitation XI. Of the non-international matches, West Indies defeated Kent, Middlesex and Leicestershire in the longer matches, and Gloucestershire over 55 overs, and lost only the opening match against the Duchess of Norfolk's XI: all the other matches were drawn, although some were close to a finish. England, by contrast with the previous disastrous tour of 1988, were a far more settled side, and gave a far better account of themselves under the captaincy of Graham Gooch.

The ODI series was won 3-0 by England: the Test series was drawn 2-2.

## West Indian squad

The West Indies of 1988 had been thought to be quite a mixture, of aging batsmen with only Hooper as a real newcomer, and younger bowlers with only Marshall as a veteran. The basic core of the squad was almost the same, three years later: Gordon Greenidge promising that this time really would be his final tour, as did Viv Richards and wicketkeeper Jeff Dujon, while Desmond Haynes was also aging but would hang around a few years yet, Gus Logie had the intention to do likewise, Richie Richardson had matured into one of the best batsmen in the world - throughout the tour he fought with England's Gooch and Smith over this designation, the actual ranking changing hands several times - and Carl Hooper also now sure of his place. Phil Simmons, the reserve opening batsman who had suffered a serious head injury in a county match three years before, was hoping to get a chance most likely in the county or one-day matches, and Brian Lara, the only left-hander in the squad, was already being talked about as the next big thing in West Indian batting. Reserve wicketkeeper David Williams was there mainly to be tried out in the county matches, with a view to taking over after Dujon's retirement. For the bowlers, Malcolm Marshall was already planning to join Richards, Greenidge and Dujon in retirement after the tour, but Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh, both fairly new in 1988, were now seasoned regulars with many more years in the side ahead of them. But after those three, the picture was less clear. Pat Patterson, fast but erratic, had never quite cemented a place in the team: but Winston Benjamin, often his rival for the last position, had been left behind. Instead, the last three places had gone to Ian Bishop, brilliant but as it turned out injury-prone (he was forced to pull out of the tour before it set off), and to two rookies, Ian Allen and Hamish Anthony \- both fairly unproven even at first-class level. There had been some talk of giving a place to Ezra Moseley, who had played when England toured the West Indies in 1989-90; if Moseley, as one of the rebel tourists of South Africa in the early 1980s, could be forgiven, then a case could have been made to invite another such rebel tourist, Franklyn Stephenson. Stephenson was now regularly producing brilliance with both bat and ball for Nottinghamshire, but the selectors decided that both were aging, and opted for youth. They also did not select a specialist spin bowler in the squad, deciding that Hooper and the aging Richards would be most likely all the spin bowling they would need.

## England players

England had, if not a fully settled team, then at least a much more solid nucleus of regulars since the 1988 series. Graham Gooch, although nearly 40, was captain, opening batsman, and in the form of his life: having only the previous year scored 333 against India. His long search for a reliable opening partner seemed to have been ended by the emergence of Michael Atherton, who had made the position his own over the previous year with centuries against New Zealand, India and Australia. In the middle order, Allan Lamb was still highly regarded as a fine player of fast bowling, and his record against the West Indies ensured him a place in the team at the start of the summer: while Robin Smith, the only one of many debutants in the disastrous 1988 series to emerge with credit, was utterly fearless against fast bowling, and already recognised as world-class. Internal squabbles - and a belief that, despite having a better average than many of his competitors, he was still definitely aging (although younger than Gooch) - kept David Gower out of the side: but at the younger end of the scale, two highly regarded newcomers were coming through. Graeme Hick, Zimbabwean-born and having gone through a long residency qualification, had not only been breaking records all over the place in county cricket, but had thumped a magnificent 172\* off the full West Indian attack for Worcestershire the only time he had faced them in 1988, was now qualified for England, and was rushed into the side: and not far behind his county record, came Mark Ramprakash of Middlesex. In the one-day matches they would be joined by Neil Fairbrother, regarded as a brilliant specialist in the shorter format but not quite technically sound enough for Tests. Jack Russell, equally eccentric in manners and mannerisms both on and off the pitch, was widely thought of as one of the best wicket-keepers in the world, as well as being a more than handy nuisance with the bat: an alternative wicketkeeper was Alec Stewart, not as fine a keeper but a good enough batsman to be selected for that alone. For bowling, the picture was considerably less clear: especially because Angus Fraser, far and away England's best bowler of the past two years, had broken down injured on the winter tour of Australia, and would miss the series (and indeed the next two years). Devon Malcolm, as fast a bowler as any of the West Indians but not always reliably accurate - perhaps best compared to Patterson - had mostly cemented a place in the team, although he was being pushed hard for it by the bulky David Lawrence of Gloucestershire - both being regarded as sufficiently risky that there was not room for both in the team. England, unlike West Indies, would at least consider selecting a specialist spin bowler, and the choice was between two slow left-armers: Phil Tufnell who had bowled well in his debut series but had severe off-pitch disciplinary issues, and moreover was a hopeless batsman and fielder, or Richard Illingworth, who spun the ball less but was more accurate on the pitch and reliable off it, and moreover was a fine enough lower-order batsman to have scored first-class centuries. The lively fast-medium swing of Phil DeFreitas had made him a first choice pick in English conditions: Chris Lewis was of similar repute, but untried, as a bowler with pretensions to batting, while the military-medium of Derek Pringle had slowed down recently but become more accurate, and Steve Watkin of Glamorgan had been taking wickets by the hatful in county cricket. The trouble was, as usual, deciding which of them deserved a place above the others, all being good but few having made a truly compelling claim to a permanent position. And waiting in the wings was that old warhorse of an all-rounder Ian Botham, now portly, aging and far slower than he had been, out of the team for two years, but still wanting one last crack at the only team he had never really done himself justice against.

## Recent form

After the disasters of the 1988 and 1989 home series against West Indies and Australia, and the loss of a squad of players to the rebel 1989 tour of South Africa, England had rebuilt under Gooch. The 1989-90 tour of the West Indies had surprised everybody, because England won the first match, and were denied a 2-0 lead only by poor light and flagrant time-wasting in the Third Test, before two heavy West Indian victories in the last two matches turned the series around (and even in the first of those, they left it late, a draw having looked odds-on before a brilliant spell by Ambrose in the final session.) England's home summer of 1990 had seen 1-0 victories over India and New Zealand, with Gooch's own batting being particularly magnificent, and Atherton's emergence not far behind. Fraser and Malcolm had been stars with the ball. Sadly the 1990-1 Ashes tour of Australia had seen a significant reversal of fortune, with Fraser lost to injury, Malcolm losing his accuracy when asked to bowl long spells in an attack that was one man light, regular middle-order batting collapses undoing good starts, Gower (despite two centuries) and the promising John Morris jettisoned for off-pitch issues: and even the promising start of Tufnell in which his bowling nearly won the 3rd Test at Sydney was undone by disciplinary shortcomings. But still, England expected a better showing back at home. And in one-day matches, they were heavy favourites to beat the Windies, whose form in ODIs had not matched their Test form for several years now: while England had been capable of beating any team in ODIs even when their Test team was falling apart, and were among the favourites for the next winter's World Cup in Australia and New Zealand.

West Indies, meanwhile, had some creaking at the seams. After the surprisingly narrow victory over England in 1989-90, they had toured Pakistan and finished with their third successive 1-1 series draw against those opponents, followed by a 2-1 home victory over Australia in the months after the Ashes series. But some players had trouble with form, others with fitness, others with discipline: Gordon Greenidge, already saying that the England tour would be his last, almost didn't make the tour, a long spell of poor form with the bat resulting in talk of dropping him, but he saved his place with a double-century in the second innings of the 4th Test against Australia. Ian Bishop, just on the point of making the fourth fast-bowling position his own, broke down injured, missed the Australian series, worked hard to get himself fit for the England tour but broke down injured again: and there were even suggestions that Richards himself was playing more on his past than his present. And while Lara with the bat, and Bishop with the ball - if he could keep fit - were undeniably the class of the next generation, and there were other fine batsmen who had to be left behind, the cupboard was beginning to look a little threadbare for other replacements with the ball and particularly with the keeper's gloves. Nevertheless, West Indies \*had\* beaten Australia, who had beaten England, so they had some reason to be confident, and they at least were more settled in the choice of their first team than England.

## ODI series

### 1st ODI

* England won the toss and elected to field.
* Reserve day used. England were 98/4 (27 overs) at the close of the first day.
* GA Hick and RK Illingworth (both ENG) made their ODI debuts.

The ODI series began, in the first match at Edgbaston, with England handing a recall to the aging Ian Botham \- a reward for a magnificent 161\* against them for Worcestershire in the county match. Hick made his debut, and Fairbrother a recall, with the bat. For the West Indies, Haynes was injured and missed the entire ODI series, Greenidge opening with Simmons. The latter was dismissed quickly: and when Botham came on to bowl, he wrecked the West Indies' batting with his best bowling figures in ODIs of 4/45 including the wicket of Richardson in his first over. DeFreitas, Lewis, Pringle, Illingworth (on debut) and even Gooch backed him up superbly with the ball, Richards was the only man to reach 30, and it took some unlikely slogging from Walsh and Ambrose to raise a semi-respectable total of 173/8. In response, England looked set fair at 80/2 despite poor weather and bad light causing frequent delays, but Lamb and Fairbrother fell unexpectedly to Hooper before play was abandoned for the night, the match spilling into a second day. On that second day, Atherton played a lone hand with the bat for a magnificent 69\*, as Botham tore a hamstring (he would miss the remaining ODIs and the first two Tests with this), unwisely carried on but was dismissed next ball, and wickets fell in a procession at the other end till Atherton was left with last man Illingworth and 20 runs still to get. But Windies' bowling strategy betrayed them: as usual, they had selected four specialist bowlers for 11 overs each, and looked to have part-timers make up the remaining 11 overs. And the specialist bowlers threw everything they could at Atherton and Illingworth, but could not break through, and with 48 overs gone, the four specialists had bowled their maximum 44 and Richards had to turn to his part-timers to finish. Shortly afterwards, Illingworth hit the winning boundary and showed the value of a no. 11 batsman who had scored first-class centuries.

### 2nd ODI

* West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
* MR Ramprakash (ENG) made his ODI debut.

In the second match at Old Trafford, the injured Botham was replaced by Mark Ramprakash, for his debut: with Gooch taking Botham's place with an 11-over spell with the ball. Ramprakash was expected to strengthen the batting, but had little chance to bat, coming in only in the last couple of overs, as Gooch, Atherton and Lamb all scored fifties in England's 270/4, Lamb's being the fastest. West Indies fell nine runs short: many of their batsmen getting in, but only two, Hooper (48) and Richards (78) passing 30. All England's bowlers contributed: only Illingworth missed out on a wicket, but was the most economical. Greenidge had sustained an injury after the match began, but before West Indies batted: he came in at number 8 but failed to achieve anything in what would be his last ever international match, Dujon joining Simmons as makeshift opener.

### 3rd ODI

* England won the toss and elected to field.
* DV Lawrence and DA Reeve (both ENG) made their ODI debuts.

West Indies fared better with the bat in the third match at Lord's - only the makeshift Simmons/Dujon opening partnership failed outright, Lara coming in during the middle order to replace Greenidge. Logie, however, was the batting hero with 82. England, meanwhile, rested Lamb and dropped Lewis, bringing in all-rounder Dermot Reeve and fast bowler David Lawrence. The latter, true to his reputation and previous form, was expensive (67 runs) but took four wickets as Windies reached 264/9. In response, England won at a canter despite the early dismissals of Gooch and Atherton, as Fairbrother (113) and Hick (86\*) knocked off the runs almost without breaking a sweat, with nearly ten overs to spare. Once again Ramprakash managed to get onto the field but only for a few minutes, not even facing one ball this time as Hick smashed the winning runs.

## Test series

### 1st Test

In the early season, up at Headingley in Yorkshire, with plenty of rain and overcast conditions forecast, it was to nobody's surprise that neither side selected a spinner. England gave Test debuts to Hick and Ramprakash: dropping Fairbrother, who had been pigeonholed as an ODI player, made room for the return of Robin Smith who had missed the ODI series. Devon Malcolm returned to the bowling attack, joining Pringle and DeFreitas, and a debut was also handed to Steve Watkin, it being thought that the conditions would suit the tall seam-up Glamorgan bowler (and he was the closest like-for-like replacement for Fraser, for whom this pitch could have been tailor-made had he not been out with his long-term injury.) For Windies, Haynes was fit to return as opener, while Greenidge's injury forced him to return home, Simmons taking over permanently as Haynes's opening partner. The rest of the team largely picked itself, with the only doubt being whether the young and promising Lara would get a chance at the expense of Logie: but the latter had long since established his credentials in English conditions.

On a pitch and weather conditions clearly favouring the bowlers, with multiple interruptions forecast (correctly) over all five days, England won the toss and batted first - reasoning that, awkward though things seemed, they would likely get worse rather than better. Atherton, Hick and Lamb all fell early: Gooch was soon to join them, though having shown more aggression, he had scored over 30. Ramprakash, on debut, hung around obdurately for 27, while Smith put together a fine half-century to rescue England from a precarious position before being narrowly run-out for 54. Some late resistance from Pringle and DeFreitas saw England reach 174/7 at the close, and 198 all out on the second day: a total which looked very small when Simmons took off like a tornado, clouting boundaries off both Malcolm and Watkin. The latter, however, got rid of a strangely out-of-sorts Haynes, and then DeFreitas and Pringle came on and brought the scoring rate down. Ramprakash pulled off a spectacular catch in the gully to get rid of Simmons, then an equally spectacular run-out to dismiss Hooper: Richardson was also run out, unwisely going for a third: and thereafter only Richards offered any resistance with a quickfire 73 as Windies collapsed to 166/8 at the end of an interrupted second day. They closed at 173 all out on day 3, giving England a slender first-innings lead - one which looked insignificant when England lost their first three wickets even faster than they had on the first day. Gooch and Ramprakash (27) steadied the ship with a fine partnership of 78, but then the next three wickets - Ramprakash, Smith (first ball) and Russell fell for only eight more runs, all six wickets having fallen to Ambrose. England finished the third day on a precarious 143/6.

The fourth day, although the most shortened of all by rain, was the crucial day of the match. At one end were England's tail-enders, desperately clinging on for their lives: at the other end was Gooch, sublimely biffing the bowling around as if it was a sunny late August day at The Oval rather than a rainy early June at Headingley. Pringle, the other not-out overnight batsmen, could hardly get a run but managed to hang in there for ages - of the 98-run partnership, his share was 27, matching Ramprakash for second top score (no other batsman got more than 6). After Pringle finally fell, the last three hung around long enough for Gooch to add 30 more to the score: when England were all out for 252, Gooch had carried his bat for a magnificent 154 not out - rated as one of the finest innings of all time both for the quality of the bowling, the state of the weather and pitch, the context of the match at the time, and the comparison to how the other batsmen in the innings had fared, Gooch's share being among the highest percentage shares by a single batsman of a completed innings. There was just time for West Indies to bat a couple of overs before the close: and they began disastrously, Simmons chopping his first ball straight on to his stumps.

The final day dawned with West Indies needing 267 more runs to win, or, more realistically, rain to save a draw in those conditions. Haynes and Richardson started promisingly, but after the former fell to Pringle, Watkin took out the middle order with three wickets in three overs, and only Dujon's 33 joined Richardson's 68 in offering further resistance. Halfway through the afternoon session, Walsh skied a delivery from Malcolm, Atherton took a running catch, and England were 1-0 up in the series. Gooch's 154\* made him obvious man of the match: DeFreitas, with four wickets in each innings, was pick of the bowlers.

### 2nd Test

* West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
* There was no play on the fourth day.
* IBA Allen (WIN) made his Test debut.

England were unchanged for the Second Test at Lords, and only one change was made by the Windies: Patterson having sustained an injury, West Indies replaced him with debutant Ian Allen. It was clear that the Windies had been severely rattled by their defeat in the opening match, and were up for a fight: and they certainly showed it. Meanwhile, the very differing conditions at Lords suggested that England would have done better to drop one of their medium pacers for a spinner, although the argument of keeping a winning team together was raised. West Indies came out of the blocks like a train, bashing their way to 317/3 on the first day with Haynes, Richardson, Hooper and Richards all passing 50: England's only bright spot being an unexpected bonus from the occasional off-spin of Hick, dismissing Simmons in his first over right on the stroke of lunch, and Richardson near the end of the second session. After a start like that, things could only get better for England, and they did: although Hooper reached his century, nobody else offered much resistance to Pringle's five-for on the second day, and England felt they had been handed a lifeline by restricting the Windies to "only" 419 by lunch.

This was put very much in perspective only a few overs later, when Atherton, Hick and Lamb all failed again, leaving England at 16 for 3. Once again Ramprakash ground his way to the mid-twenties but failed to go further: and when Gooch was deceived by Walsh, offering no stroke to a delivery which seamed up the famous Lord's slope and took out his off stump, England were a disastrous 84/5. The Windies bowlers had their tails very much up, and threw everything they had at Smith and Russell: both struggled at first, but both hung on, to reach 110/5 by the end of the second day, barely half the way towards the follow-on target. The third day of the match saw Smith produce a heroic innings - particularly featuring his already-famous square cuts - to almost match Gooch's Headingley effort: again with obdurate support from the tail, who succeeded where the top order had failed. Russell continued to make 46, Pringle 35, DeFreitas 29, even Watkin hung around for ages for his 6, and when Malcolm finally fell, Smith was left on 148\* and England's total of 354 was much closer to the Windies' first innings than anyone had had any right to expect. When West Indies in turn crashed to 12 for 2, now just 77 runs ahead, the position was pretty much level with all to play for, but the last two days of the match were washed out by persistent rain and the game finished as a draw. To nobody's surprise, Smith was named Man of the Match.

### 3rd Test

* England won the toss and elected to bat.
* 7 July was taken as a rest day.
* RK Illingworth (ENG) made his Test debut.

West Indies were unchanged for the Third Test, at Trent Bridge. England made two changes: the first was to replace Malcolm, who had misfired erratically in both previous tests, with Lawrence - also fast and sometimes erratic, but he had at least taken wickets in the ODI. The other was to drop Watkin, who had been spanked all over Lord's, by selecting the first specialist spinner of the series: and, thanks partly to his being seen as more reliable - and the fact that the West Indies had a reputation for being more vulnerable to the ball turning away than turning in, which had been previously exploited by such as Qadir, Hirwani and even Border - the spot was given to Richard Illingworth. They had also considered recalling Botham, fit again after his torn hamstring in the first ODI, but it was not clear who was to be left out to replace him: in any event he saved them the bother by getting injured again and being unavailable for both this match and the next.

England batted first: and this time their top three did not let them down. Hick with 43 made his best score of the series, Atherton's 32 was at least adequate, and both Gooch and Smith passed 60. Lamb, unfortunately, failed again, as did Ramprakash for once, and the tail were unable to repeat their heroics of previous matches, England closing at a round 300 with five wickets to Ambrose. In response, once again West Indies were batting right on the stroke of lunch: once again the ball was thrown to a spinner for the last over before lunch: and once again Simmons was the victim of a spinner's first over, in fact Illingworth's very first delivery in Tests. Lawrence and DeFreitas also took wickets, West Indies were 118/4, and England were looking optimistically at the chance of a lead. However Richards and Logie batted superbly, scoring 80 and 87 respectively: both fell before the England score was overtaken, but Marshall also got in on the act, spanking a quickfire 67 from number eight in the order. The rest of the Windies tail supported him, and England's dreams of a lead faced instead the reality of a deficit of 97.

This seemed to knock the morale right out of England - all their batting collapsed at once, to 115/8. Lamb made his own highest score of the series: unfortunately it was only 29, and even more unfortunately, no other Englishman was able to match it - at least, not until some unexpected late-order slogging from DeFreitas (55), obduracy from Illingworth (13) and more slogging from Lawrence (34). A score of 211 and target of 115 was never going to be enough, and although Lawrence dismissed the hapless Simmons with his first ball, he was hit all around the ground by Haynes and Richardson who knocked off the runs with no further loss. Ambrose, with eight wickets in the match, was named Man of the Match.

### 4th Test

* West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
* The match was scheduled for five days but completed in four.
* H Morris (ENG) made his Test debut.

If the Third Test had seen England crash from a promising start, the Fourth saw an awful start, a couple of attempts to retrieve the situation, only to crash again. Smith, who had been batting at six, had sustained an injury in between the Third and Fourth tests: England's response was to drop Atherton down a place in the order - he had looked uncharacteristically fragile this series - also moving Hick, Lamb and Ramprakash down a place, and bring in Glamorgan's opener Hugh Morris for a Test debut (had Smith been fit, Morris would still have played, Lamb would have been dropped instead.) Lawrence was dropped to 12th man to make a place for Chris Lewis, another tall fast bowler with pretensions to all-rounder status. For West Indies, they were able to reverse the change they had been forced into at Lords, Patterson being fit again, and returning to replace Allen. England crashed to 188 all out: only Gooch (45) and Ramprakash (29, his own highest score) passing 20. West Indies, in return, passed England's score with only three wickets down, and reached 253/4 by the end of the second day, the pick of the batsmen being Richardson with a fine century. Even more worryingly, DeFreitas - pick of England's bowlers so far in the series - sustained an injury halfway through an over, was unable to complete it, and limped off.

Chris Lewis tried to inspire a fightback: both overnight batsmen fell quickly to his bowling the next morning, as did the rest of the West Indies, Lewis finishing with six wickets, West Indies on 292. But England, in turn, were wrecked by the returning Patterson, bowling as fast as he had ever bowled, and for once adding gun-barrel accuracy to his pace. England were smashed to 5/3, then 94/5 (Gooch out for 40) and finally 145/8. For a second time Lewis, coming in at number 10, attempted a one-man fightback, smashing his way to 65: and again, as he had done so often this series, Pringle was able to hold out obdurately at the other end when he had someone to support, and made 45. These last two plus Illingworth between them added over a hundred to the score, turning a walkover target into a potentially tricky 152 on a pitch which was becoming itself increasingly tricky: then DeFreitas, bowling despite his injury, blew away three West Indians for 24 runs, and it was game on. Sadly he could not bowl at both ends, nor for long as the earlier injury continued to bother him: Pringle's earlier accuracy in the series deserted him, Lewis was unable to replicate his own first-innings heroics, and Illingworth's consistency also left him, Hooper and Richards finishing the job without further loss. Richards rubbed salt into the wound, finishing the match by belting Illingworth for six when only one run was needed, while Richardson's first innings century gave him the match award.

### 5th Test

* England won the toss and elected to bat.
* CB Lambert (WIN) made his Test debut.

Both sides had to make changes for the 5th test. Logie - whom some said was lucky to have been playing anyway - had sustained an injury towards the end of the 4th test. Unfortunately for the West Indies, Brian Lara - the reserve batsman in the squad - had also been injured shortly before the match. As a consequence, their replacement batsman was the unlikely figure of Clayton Lambert, who had not even been in the initial squad, but had been belatedly called up after Logie's injury simply because he was playing professional league cricket in England at the time and had made an ODI debut a couple of years previously. England made more changes, not just in personnel but in formation since they decided to play five specialist bowlers, owing to the need to bowl Windies out twice if they were to win the match and draw the series. Morris was retained, despite his double failure on debut, but Lamb and Hick both belatedly paid the price for their poor form in the series and were axed for Smith's return - Smith being promoted up the order. Jack Russell, too, was dropped - while his wicket keeping had been excellent, he had produced only one innings of substance with the bat, so for the first time (and, indeed, not the last) he was dropped in favour of an inferior keeper but superior batsman, Alec Stewart, who unlike Russell could bat in the top six. Botham finally returned to make an appearance in the Test series, as all-rounder batting at seven: Lawrence was recalled because it was felt that the faster pitch at The Oval might suit him: Tufnell replaced Illingworth in the spinner's position, since he was thought to be more attacking and mercurial than Illingworth, whose more containing role had proved somewhat anodyne. DeFreitas, Lewis and Pringle were fighting for two places between them: at first it was thought DeFreitas would miss out thanks to his injury at Edgbaston, but he had been England's most consistent bowler all series, and he made a full recovery - Pringle sustaining an injury himself and sparing the selectors the awkward choice between dropping him or Lewis.

England won the toss and batted. Gooch, as usual, got England off to a good start, and Morris managed to stay with him as England put on the only century opening partnership of the series. Both batsmen fell at once, quickly followed by Atherton, but Smith steadied the ship with his second century of the series. Ramprakash, Stewart, Botham and Lewis all put on decent scores in support - although Botham was dismissed in bizarre fashion, when he attempted to hook a short delivery from Ambrose, missed, was hit on the helmet, spun around, toppled towards his stumps, tried to hurdle them and didn't quite make it, to be out hit-wicket, sparking a famous commentary-box giggling fit between Brian Johnston and Jonathan Agnew involving the immortal phrase "he didn't quite manage to get his leg over". Even Lawrence got in on the act, hitting a boundary that somehow went straight over Dujon's head behind the stumps: England finished on 419, matching the Windies' effort at Lords as the highest team total of the series. Viv Richards, in the field, was meanwhile forced to leave the pitch twice for treatment - the first time owing to a bee sting, the second time for a migraine.

West Indies began solidly, despite the now-customary early dismissal of Simmons. Botham almost repeated his own now-customary trick of taking a wicket in the first over of a comeback, but the catch offered by Desmond Haynes was dropped at slip. He could not be kept down for long, though, and removed the dangerous Richardson early on the third morning. West Indies' lucky debutant, Lambert, came in at five, and breezily bashed the ball around for 39 off 49 deliveries, West Indies seeming set for a solid response at 158/3. Then everything changed as Tufnell came on to bowl: Lambert, with an almighty slog that would probably have gone straight into the nearby gasometer or possibly over it had he connected properly, instead whacked the ball almost straight up in the air. Ramprakash was waiting when it came out of orbit: 158/4. The remaining wickets collapsed in a heap, mostly to the delighted Tufnell, most of them off wild, eyes-off-the-ball slogs, leaving the astonished Haynes carrying his bat for 75 not out at the other end. At 176 all-out, England had no hesitation in asking the West Indies to follow on, 243 behind.

Windies batted much more responsibly second time around, to their credit. Botham took the first two wickets (Simmons and the promoted Lambert), Lawrence disposed of Haynes, but was thereafter somewhat wayward, and was well punished by Richardson, Hooper and Richards for his pains. So too was Tufnell, on whom Hooper was particularly severe: although Tufnell had the last laugh in that particular contest when Hooper hit him straight at Gooch to be out for 54. But he was far more expensive in this innings - his previous 6/25 having to contrast with 1/150 this time round. Richards, needing 20 to preserve a career batting average of 50 at his retirement, made 60, and received three standing ovations - one when he got to 21, another for his fifty, and the biggest of all as he left the ground for the last time, dismissed by Lawrence. Dujon also fell cheaply to Lawrence for the second time in the match - with the assistance of a distraction from an annoyingly persistent pigeon, which refused to leave the playing surface - and West Indies finished day 4 on 356/6, Richardson having scored a century and Marshall, potentially dangerous, on 17. However, Marshall went in the first over next morning: Lawrence and DeFreitas polished off the tail - Lawrence finally getting his revenge on Richardson too, and finishing with his first international five-wicket haul, one which confirmed all that was already known about him, that he was wayward and sometimes expensive but had the knack of dismissing good batsmen.

The Windies' final total of 385 left England chasing a comparatively innocuous-looking 143 to chase, on the best batting pitch of the series. It looked easy, but of course the West Indies had other ideas: Morris and Atherton both fell quite cheaply, Gooch and Smith steadied the ship but fell for 29 and 26 respectively, and 80/4 looked worryingly shaky on the scorecard. But Stewart came in and showed no fear, with 38\* off 50 balls, and the scores were level when Richards threw the ball to the luckless Lambert to concede the winning runs. There was time for one final twist in the tale, though, as Ramprakash missed a straight delivery and was LBW, leaving Botham to come in and hit the winning runs off the next delivery - and his only international Test victory over the Windies, since he had been left out of the 1989/90 tour and had missed the Headingley match earlier this year. Somehow they just couldn't keep him out of the headlines. Smith's century gave him the match award: Gooch's consistent batting made him England's Man of the Series, and Ambrose's 28 wickets gave him the same award for the WI.

## InfoBox

| West Indies in England 1991 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|  | West Indies | England |
| Dates | 14 May – 12 August 1991 | | |
| Captains | Viv Richards | Graham Gooch |
| Test series | | | |
| Result | 5-match series drawn 2–2 | | |
| Most runs | Richie Richardson (495) | Graham Gooch (480) |
| Most wickets | Curtly Ambrose (28) | Phillip DeFreitas (22) |
| Player of the series | Curtly Ambrose and Graham Gooch | | |
| One Day International series | | | |
| Results | England won the 3-match series 3–0 | | |
| Most runs | Viv Richards (145) | Michael Atherton (168) |
| Most wickets | Patrick Patterson (4) | Chris Lewis (4)<br>Ian Botham (4)<br>David Lawrence (4) |
| Player of the series | Viv Richards and Michael Atherton | | |


title: YouthSays

abstract: YouthSays is an online youth opinion community that is operated and privately owned by Youth Asia Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. YouthSays works with organisations and businesses to reward youth for collective action. Youths get paid money or prizes for participating in online surveys, advertising campaigns, and campus activities. YouthSays was founded in March 2008 for Malaysian youths only, but recently it has launched local versions for 3 other countries in Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines. YouthSays is widely known for its active participation in youth campaigns and events across the region including SEAChange, Youth '08 and Youth '09, Malaysia National Youth Entrepreneurs Convention (NYEC) 2008 and 2009.

text:
# YouthSays

**YouthSays** is an online youth opinion community that is operated and privately owned by Youth Asia Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. YouthSays works with organisations and businesses to reward youth for collective action. Youths get paid money or prizes for participating in online surveys, advertising campaigns, and campus activities. YouthSays was founded in March 2008 for Malaysian youths only, but recently it has launched local versions for 3 other countries in Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines. YouthSays is widely known for its active participation in youth campaigns and events across the region including SEAChange (Southeast Asia Youths for Change), Youth '08 and Youth '09, Malaysia National Youth Entrepreneurs Convention (NYEC) 2008 and 2009.

## History

The first version of YouthSays originated from the website of Youth Malaysia - a youth NGO started in October 2006 by Joel Neoh. Youth Malaysia organised Malaysia's largest youth festival for the first time, YOUTH'08. It was attended by Khailee Ng, who then collaborated with Joel to come up with the first version of YouthSays.

The YouthSays website then opened for beta testing on 15 March 2008 and officially launched on 2 May 2008 in Malaysia. By the end of 2009, it claimed to have 230,000 members in Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam.

## Features

The current version of YouthSays includes 4 main features:

* Surveys - Users tell the businesses what they think about their products & services by answering online surveys and get rewarded in return.
* Advertising - It is basically an affiliate network. Users can choose to support social or commercial campaigns and get unique links to promote those campaigns. They get rewarded for every unique clicks on these links.
* Campus - Users list their campus events on Youthsays.com & the Youthsays gets sponsors for their campus events. Students might also be selected to become campus ambassadors for certain brands and get rewarded.
* Community - Users get to ask questions & give answers to each other which allows them to increase their knowledge and make more friends.

## Youth Campaigns and Events

YouthSays is widely known for its participation in youths campaigns and events across the region.

### SEAChange (Southeast Asia Youths for Change)

SEAChange is an ongoing movement organised by Youth Asia connecting Southeast Asian Youths to projects, organisations, businesses, and leaders who can help them with the change they want to see. SEAchange used YouthSays as the community organising vehicle to produce the SEAchange Youth Report, where over 180,000 responses from youths from across the region was used to compile a report on change.

500 respondents of the survey were sent to Youth Engagement Summit 2009 (YES2009) where they met business leaders and global change icons including Bob Geldof, Biz Stone, Datuk Seri Tony Fernandes, and Garry Kasparov

### Youth '09

YouthSays.com was the primary community organising vehicle which brought youths to YOUTH'09. Youth Asia claimed to attract 36,720 youths during that 3 day festival.

## Ambiguity

Not-for-profit or for-profit Due to its participation in youths' campaigns and its origin as an NGO, YouthSays is usually mistaken as a non-profit organisation.

## InfoBox

YouthSays
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Online survey/Online Community/Affiliate network |
| Owner | Youth Asia Sdn. Bhd. |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Launched | May 2008 |
| Current status | Active |


title: Norias del Paso Hondo, Aguascalientes

abstract: Norias del Paso Hondo is a town in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. It is located 6 miles east-southeast of the city of Aguascalientes and has a population of 2,539.

text:
# Norias del Paso Hondo, Aguascalientes

**Norias del Paso Hondo** is a town in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. It is located 6 miles east-southeast of the city of Aguascalientes and has a population of 2,539.

## InfoBox

| Norias del Paso Hondo | |
| --- | --- |
| town | |
| Norias del Paso HondoLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 21°51′28.08″N 102°12′21.6″W / 21.8578000°N 102.206000°W / 21.8578000; -102.206000 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Aguascalientes |
| Municipality | Aguascalientes |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 2,539 |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |


title: Renhe Road station

abstract: Renhe Road Station, is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Hongshan District.

text:
# Renhe Road station

**Renhe Road Station** (Chinese: 仁和路站), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Hongshan District.

## Station layout

| **G** | Entrances and Exits | Exits A-D |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **B1** | Concourse | Faregates, Station Agent |
| **B2** | Westbound | Line 4 towards Bailin (Yuanlin Road) |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | Eastbound | Line 4 towards Wuhan Railway Station (Gongye 4th Road) |

## InfoBox

| Renhe Road
仁和路 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei
China |
| Operated by | Wuhan Metro Co., Ltd |
| Line(s) | Line 4 |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| History | |
| Opened | December 28, 2013 (Line 4) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Wuhan Metro Following station  Yuanlin Roadtowards Bailin  Line 4  Gongye 4th Roadtowards Wuhan Railway Station | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Martha Layne Collins High School

abstract: Martha Layne Collins High School is a high school located in Shelbyville, Kentucky, United States and is a part of the Shelby County Public School District. Commonly referred to as Collins High School, the school is named after Martha Layne Collins, the first female governor of Kentucky and a Shelby County native.

text:
# Martha Layne Collins High School

**Martha Layne Collins High School** is a high school located in Shelbyville, Kentucky, United States and is a part of the Shelby County Public School District. Commonly referred to as **Collins High School**, the school is named after Martha Layne Collins, the first female governor of Kentucky and a Shelby County native.

## Athletics

### Football

2021-2022 Football Head Coach Jerry Lucas 20134A State Champions

## Awards and recognition

In 2015, Collins High School was deemed a Distinguished High School by the Kentucky Department of Education and its Biomedical Engineering Program became nationally accredited by Project Lead the Way. In 2014, Collins High School was named the 5th Most Challenging High School in the state of Kentucky by the *Washington Post*. Also in 2014, the Culinary Department at Collins made the Hospitality 100 list released by Sullivan University honoring high schools across the country that excel in culinary arts.

## InfoBox

| Martha Layne Collins High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 801 Discovery Blvd.
Shelbyville, KY 40065
United States | |
| Coordinates | 38°13′27″N 85°16′24″W / 38.22417°N 85.27333°W / 38.22417; -85.27333 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Motto | Inspired Learning, Leading, and Living |
| Established | 2010 |
| School district | Shelby County Public Schools |
| Principal | Nate Jebsen |
| Faculty | 67 |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 1,156 (2020-21) |
| Color(s) | Columbia blue and black
 |
| Nickname | Titans |
| Feeder schools | Shelby County West Middle School, Marnell C. Moorman School |
| Website | www.shelby.kyschools.us/o/chs |


title: Martha Laurens Ramsay

abstract: Martha Laurens Ramsay was an American woman from Charleston, South Carolina. A daughter of Henry Laurens, she was married to Dr. David Ramsay. Her diary and private letters, which were published by her husband after her death under the title Memoirs of the Life of Martha Laurens Ramsay, provide a historically valuable account of a Southern woman's life during the American Revolutionary War and the early years of the nation.

text:
# Martha Laurens Ramsay

**Martha Laurens Ramsay** (November 3, 1759 – June 10, 1811) was an American woman from Charleston, South Carolina. A daughter of Henry Laurens, she was married to Dr. David Ramsay. Her diary and private letters, which were published by her husband after her death under the title *Memoirs of the Life of Martha Laurens Ramsay*, provide a historically valuable account of a Southern woman's life during the American Revolutionary War and the early years of the nation.

## Early life

Martha Laurens was born in Charleston, South Carolina on November 3, 1759, to Eleanor Ball and Henry Laurens. Her father, a wealthy plantation owner and slave trader, was an elected member of the South Carolina Assembly before joining the Second Continental Congress.

She was able to read by the age of three.

In 1770, her mother died and Martha was sent to live with her uncle, James Laurens. In 1775, Martha moved to England with her uncle and his family. However, when the politics became overwhelming, they moved to France. This European sojourn most likely is the reason why Martha's letters reflect so little on the struggles of the Americans during the American Revolution.

During the American Revolutionary War, Henry Laurens became president of the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia, serving from 1777 to 1778. Later in the war, while on a diplomatic mission to Europe, he was captured at sea by the British and imprisoned in The Tower of London. In 1782, after his release, Martha's father joined her and the rest of the family in France. Martha spent 1783 and 1784 with her father, assisting him with treatment of his gout.

## Marriage and family

In 1784, she sailed back to Charleston, where she met her father's physician, David Ramsay. They were married on January 28, 1787; Ramsay had been married twice before. In addition to being a prominent physician, Ramsay was a politician and historian, who wrote the first history of South Carolina in the American Revolution.

As Ramsay's wife, Martha experienced financial hardship; David Ramsay declared insolvency in the late 1790s, and was sued by Martha's brother in bankruptcy proceedings. She felt that her faith was being tested, leading her to a sense of religious resignation. She took it upon herself to take responsibility for the "kins-keeping" of the Laurens family; she and her husband adopted her niece Frances Eleanor Laurens, the daughter of her late brother John Laurens, after his death as one of the last casualties of the Revolutionary War and his wife's death in Europe.

Martha Laurens Ramsay died in 1811 in Charleston, at the age of 51. She was buried in the churchyard of the Circular Congregational Church in Charleston.

Six weeks after her death, her diary and private letters were published by her husband, under the title *Memoirs of the Life of Martha Laurens Ramsay*. Her memoirs remain historically valuable as a chronicle of the life of an educated privileged Southern woman during the American Revolutionary War and the early years of the nation.

## Children

Martha Laurens Ramsay and David Ramsay had eleven children, of whom eight survived to adulthood. Her children and stepchildren included:

* John Witherspoon Ramsay (1784–1813), Ramsay's son from his previous marriage.
* Eleanor Henry Laurens Ramsay (1787–1857)
* Martha Henry Laurens Ramsay (1789–1844)
* Frances Henry Laurens Ramsay (1790-1791)
* Catharine Henry Laurens Ramsay (1792–1876)
* Sabina Elliot Ramsay (1794–1853), who married Henry Laurens Pinckney (son of Charles Pinckney).
* David Laurens Ramsay (1795–1826), who married Mary Eleanor Laurens Pinckney (daughter of Charles Pinckney).
* Jane Montgomery Ramsay (born 1796)
* James Ramsay (1797–1832)
* Jane Montgomery Ramsay (born 1799)
* Nathaniel Ramsay (born 1801)
* William Ramsay (born 1802)

## InfoBox

| Martha Laurens | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Martha Laurens as a child, painted c.1767 by John Wollaston | |
| Born | (1759-11-03)November 3, 1759
Charleston, Province of South Carolina |
| Died | June 10, 1811(1811-06-10) (aged 51)
Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Spouse | David Ramsay  (m. 1787) |
| Parents |  |
| Relatives | John Laurens (brother) |


title: Martin Koukal

abstract: Martin Koukal is a Czech cross-country skier and mountaineer who has been competing since 1996. He won two medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with gold in 50 km (2003) and a bronze in the team sprint (2005). Koukal's best finish at the Winter Olympics was a seventh in the 50 km freestyle mass start in 2006. He also won eight other events in his career from 1998 to 2005 in distances up to 15 km. He has some mountaineering successes, like his Cho Oyu, Huascarán and Kangchenjunga expeditions. His younger brother, Petr, plays ice hockey for HC Pardubice in Czech Extraliga and in 2010 also became world champion of his own.

text:
# Martin Koukal

**Martin Koukal** (Czech pronunciation: \[ˈmarcɪn ˈkoukal\]) (born 25 September 1978 in Nové Město na Moravě) is a Czech cross-country skier and mountaineer who has been competing since 1996. He won two medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with gold in 50 km (2003) and a bronze in the team sprint (2005). Koukal's best finish at the Winter Olympics was a seventh in the 50 km freestyle mass start in 2006. He also won eight other events in his career from 1998 to 2005 in distances up to 15 km. He has some mountaineering successes, like his Cho Oyu, Huascarán and Kangchenjunga expeditions. His younger brother, Petr, plays ice hockey for HC Pardubice in Czech Extraliga and in 2010 also became world champion of his own.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

* 1 medals – (1 bronze)

| Year | Age | 10 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | 50 km | Sprint | 4 × 10 km
relay | Team
sprint |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | *19* | 35 |  | 37 |  |  |  | 15 |  |
| 2002 | *23* |  |  | 44 | 20 |  | 10 |  |  |
| 2006 | *27* |  |  | 21 |  |  | 15 |  | 10 |
| 2010 | *31* |  | 18 | DNF |  |  |  | **Bronze** |  |
|

### World Championships

* 2 medals – (1 gold, 1 bronze)

| Year | Age | 10 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | 50 km | Sprint | 4 × 10 km
relay | Team
sprint |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | *18* | 79 |  | 37 | 27 |  |  |  |  |
| 1999 | *20* | 46 |  | 23 | 22 |  |  | 8 |  |
| 2001 | *22* |  | 51 | 37 |  | 38 | 14 | 14 |  |
| 2003 | *24* |  |  | 6 |  | **Gold** | 5 | 7 |  |
| 2005 | *26* |  | 52 | 27 |  |  |  |  | **Bronze** |
| 2007 | *28* |  | 26 | DNF |  | 21 |  |  |  |
| 2009 | *30* |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  |
| 2011 | *32* |  |  | 51 |  | 23 | 23 |  |  |
|

### World Cup

#### Season standings

| Season | Age | Discipline standings | | | | | Ski Tour standings | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Overall | Distance | Long Distance | Middle Distance | Sprint | Nordic
Opening | Tour de
Ski | World Cup
Final |
| 1997 | *18* | 94 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1998 | *19* | NC |  | NC |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999 | *20* | 31 |  | 28 |  | 51 |  |  |  |
| 2000 | *21* | 50 |  | 66 | 52 | 25 |  |  |  |
| 2001 | *22* | 52 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  |
| 2002 | *23* | 41 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  |
| 2003 | *24* | 23 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |
| 2004 | *25* | 48 | NC |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |
| 2005 | *26* | 59 | 50 |  |  | 31 |  |  |  |
| 2006 | *27* | 86 | 69 |  |  | 60 |  |  |  |
| 2007 | *28* | 42 | 22 |  |  | NC |  | DNF |  |
| 2008 | *29* | 33 | 38 |  |  | 48 |  | 12 | 34 |
| 2009 | *30* | 45 | 36 |  |  | NC |  |  | 9 |
| 2010 | *31* | 55 | 75 |  |  | 27 |  | 28 |  |
| 2011 | *32* | 114 | NC |  |  | 66 | DNF | DNF |  |
|

#### Individual podiums

* 3 podiums – (2 WC, 1 SWC)

| No. | Season | Date | Location | Race | Level | Place |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **1999–00** | 28 December 1999 | Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany | 1.0 km Sprint F | World Cup | 3rd |
| 2 | **2003-04** | 25 October 2003 | Düsseldorf, Germany | 1.5 km Sprint F | World Cup | 2nd |
| 3 | **2008–09** | 20 March 2009 | Falun, Sweden | 3.3 km Individual F | Stage World Cup | 3rd |
|

#### Team podiums

* 1 victory – (1 RL)
* 4 podiums – (3 RL, 1 TS)

| No. | Season | Date | Location | Race | Level | Place | Teammate(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **2001–02** | 3 March 2002 | Lahti, Finland | 6 × 1.5 km Team Sprint F | World Cup | 3rd | Bauer |
| 2 | **2006–07** | 19 November 2006 | Gällivare, Sweden | 4 × 10 km Relay C/F | World Cup | 3rd | Bauer / Magál / Šperl |
| 3 | **2007–08** | 9 December 2007 | Davos, Switzerland | 4 × 10 km Relay C/F | World Cup | **1st** | Jakš / Bauer / Šperl |
| 4 | | 24 February 2008 | Falun, Sweden | 4 × 10 km Relay C/F | World Cup | 3rd | Jakš / Bauer / Magál |
|

## InfoBox

| Martin Koukal | |
| --- | --- |
| Martin Koukal in January, 2010 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Born | (1978-09-25) 25 September 1978
Nové Město na Moravě, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic |
| Ski club | Dukla Liberec |
| World Cup career | |
| Seasons | 19972011 |
| Starts | 171 |
| Podiums | 3 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Overall titles | 0 – (23rd in 2003) |
| Discipline titles | 0 |
| Medal record      Men's cross-country skiing  Representing  Czech Republic  Olympic Games  2010 Vancouver 4 × 10 km relay  World Championships  2003 Val di Fiemme 50 km freestyle  2005 Oberstdorf Team sprint  Junior World Championships  1998 Pontresina 4 × 10 km relay  1997 Canmore 30 km freestyle  1998 Pontresina 10 km freestyle | |


title: Marsden Grotto

abstract: The Marsden Grotto, locally known as The Grotto, is a gastropub located on the coast at Marsden in South Shields, Tyne & Wear, England. It is partly dug into the cliff face and fronted with a more conventional building opening onto the beach. The pub is one of the very few "cave bars" in Europe, another being Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham. The venue includes a large bar, the inside cave with another bar and pool room, a bistro, a heated terrace on the beach and a seafood restaurant upstairs. Access is either by lift from the car park or by a zigzag staircase on the cliff at the side of the building. The lift is housed in a brick shaft rising from the front of the building.

text:
# Marsden Grotto

**The Marsden Grotto**, locally known as **The Grotto**, is a gastropub located on the coast at Marsden in South Shields, Tyne & Wear, England. It is partly dug into the cliff face and fronted with a more conventional building opening onto the beach. The pub is one of the very few "cave bars" in Europe, another being Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham.

The venue includes a large bar, the inside cave with another bar and pool room, a bistro, a heated terrace on the beach and a seafood restaurant upstairs. Access is either by lift from the car park or by a zigzag staircase on the cliff at the side of the building. The lift is housed in a brick shaft rising from the front of the building.

## History

### Jack the Blaster

A lead miner from Allendale, Jack Bates and his wife Jessie moved to the area in 1782. It is said that he moved into a small cave at Marsden Rock either after refusing to pay rent on his house in Allendale or simply having nowhere to live. Using explosives from a local quarry, he blasted the small cave into a much larger one, earning his nickname "Jack the Blaster" in the process and creating a rent-free and landlord-free home. The dwelling was accessed by zigzag stairs down the cliff, thought to be built by Jack Bates. The unusual and eccentric choice of dwelling attracted visitors, to whom the couple sold refreshments. He may have become involved in smuggling  offering refreshment to smugglers using caves of the coastline to hide contraband.

### Peter Allan

A local man (although originally from Scotland) and pub landlord, Peter Allan took over the Marsden Grotto and developed it with money supposedly won at the races. His father was the gamekeeper of Sir Hedworth Williamson. Allan restored and extended the caves into a 15-room home including a ballroom and kitchen, turning Jack's house into an inn.

In 1848 John Clay, who later became the first mayor of the County Borough of South Shields, bought The Leas and claimed that the land gave him rights to The Grotto. Allan battled with Clay in court and was forced to pay £50 costs and £10 annual rent for 20 years. Allan sank into depression and died in 1849 leaving his wife and eight children. Both his father and mother also survived him.

After Allan’s death his family continued to run The Grotto for another 35 years. In this time many improvements were made, along with further excavations implemented by Allan's children. A catastrophic cliff fall in 1865 almost destroyed the inn. Large retaining walls were built to protect the internal structure.

### Harton Coal Company

The Harton Coal Company acquired The Grotto in the latter half of the 19th century. It had substantial success during this period, but it was also allowed to fall into disrepair.

### Vaux Breweries

Vaux took over The Grotto in 1898. They decided to clean the place up as it was littered with empty beer barrels that draymen would not collect. In 1938 Vaux purchased The Grotto and set upon a large refurbishment program. The buildings joined onto the caves were rebuilt to a high standard. A lift was also added to the surface.

In 1999 Vaux decided to concentrate more on their hotel and leisure business rather than operate as a brewery. A buyer could not be found for the Marsden Grotto and it closed down.

### After Vaux

The Sunderland restaurant firm, Tavistock, purchased The Grotto in a poor condition. The premises were totally refurbished and The Grotto opened as a high class seafood restaurant and bar. Following its purchase of the Roker Hotel in Sunderland, Tavistock sold The Grotto to London Inns & Restaurants in 2003. The Grotto later passed to Oxford Hotels and Inns Management Ltd. In September 2007, South Tyneside Council, who are responsible for the stairs adjacent to the pub, closed them off due to a damaged step, pending repair. Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service ordered the pub to be temporarily closed to the public until the stairs reopened as they are the only means of safe evacuation from the pub, especially at high tide. The Grotto reopened on 21 March 2008.

## Ghosts

There have long been tales of hauntings at The Grotto, mainly relating to a smuggler named John the Jibber who was reputedly murdered by his fellow criminals after selling information to HM Customs. It is said that he was hung in a barrel in a cave close to the present lift shaft and left to starve. Until the pub was sold by Vaux, it was said that the landlord would leave out a special tankard of ale each night after closing and, in the morning, it would be empty. Local DJ and TV presenter Alan Robson drank from the tankard during one of his live Metro Radio shows, allegedly sparking off a series of supernatural phenomena that eventually forced the then landlord to quit. This included flying ashtrays smashing against the wall and flooding in the cellar after all the beer taps were inexplicably turned on.

The original tankard was lost during refurbishment. A replacement is on display, but is no longer filled up each night for the ghost. The pub was also the venue for a UKTV investigation in 2001, where paranormal researchers claimed to have identified at least seven different ghosts.

## In fiction

The novel *Schoolfrenz* by Ray Crowther is set mainly on Tyneside. The Marsden Grotto is mentioned several times and is the location for the climax of the book. The author's website contains an extract from *Schoolfrenz* about Marsden Grotto, and has additional photographs of the Grotto and the surrounding area.

## Further reading

* Crowther, Ray, *Schoolfrenz*, Panglossian Books, 2005

54°58′37″N 1°22′39″W / 54.977°N 1.37745°W / 54.977; -1.37745


title: Marsden Medal

abstract: The Marsden Medal is a yearly award given by the New Zealand Association of Scientists. It is named after Sir Ernest Marsden and honours "a lifetime of outstanding service to the cause or profession of science, in recognition of service rendered to the cause or profession of science in the widest connotation of the phrase." It rivals the Rutherford Medal from the Royal Society of New Zealand.

text:
# Marsden Medal

The **Marsden Medal** is a yearly award given by the New Zealand Association of Scientists. It is named after Sir Ernest Marsden and honours "a lifetime of outstanding service to the cause or profession of science, in recognition of service rendered to the cause or profession of science in the widest connotation of the phrase." It rivals the Rutherford Medal from the Royal Society of New Zealand.

## Recipients

| Year | Recipient | Institution | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1974 | Lucy Moore | DSIR |  |
|  | | | |
| 1977 | Jim Brodie | New Zealand Oceanographic Institute |  |
|  | | | |
| 1997 | Jennifer Hartley | AgResearch |  |
| 1998 | Rodger Sparks | Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences |  |
| 1999 | Graeme Wake | University of Canterbury |  |
| 2000 | David Penny | Massey University |  |
| 2001 | Ian Speden | Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences |  |
| 2002 | Howard Wearing | HortResearch |  |
| 2003 | Roger Green | University of Auckland |  |
| 2004 | Peter Barrett | Victoria University of Wellington |  |
| 2005 | Kevin Tate | Landcare Research |  |
| 2006 | Tim Haskell | Industrial Research Limited |  |
| 2007 | Ailsa Goulding | University of Otago |  |
| 2008 | Yeap Foo | Industrial Research Limited |  |
| 2009 | Fred Davey | Geological and Nuclear Sciences |  |
| 2010 | Brian Robinson | University of Otago |  |
| 2011 | Geoffrey B. Jameson | Massey University |  |
| 2012 | Lionel Carter | Victoria University of Wellington |  |
| 2013 | Barry Scott | Massey University |  |
| 2014 | Mick Clout
Keith Hunter | University of Auckland
University of Otago |  |
| 2015 | Mike Andrews | Industrial Research Limited |  |
| 2016 | Margaret Brimble | University of Auckland |  |
| 2017 | Carolyn Burns | University of Otago |  |
| 2018 | John Montgomery
Warren Tate | University of Auckland
University of Otago |  |
| 2019 | Paula Jameson | University of Canterbury |  |
| 2020 | Martha Savage | Victoria University of Wellington |  |
| 2021 | Virginia Braun | University of Auckland |  |
| 2022 | Wickliffe Abraham | University of Otago |  |
| 2023 | Richie Poulton | University of Otago |  |


title: Venta (establishment)

abstract: A venta, ventorro or ventorrillo is an establishment or building of ancient tradition in Spain and some other Hispanic countries located near paths or unpopulated areas, and later near roads or service stations. They can be considered as an equivalent to inns, though their main characteristic feature is the fact that they are almost always isolated, contrary to mesones and posadas which are located near or inside towns and villages. Throughout their history, ventas have offered food and accommodation to travellers. In Spain, their antiquity is well referenced and documented by literature, like in The Book of Good Love or Don Quixote (1615), or in paintings like La riña en la Venta Nueva of Francisco Goya. Use of the term has also been registered in some Hispanic-American countries, like the Venta de Aguilar, the first one established in the Mexico-Veracruz road, or the popular Venta de Perote, both in Mexico.

text:
# Venta (establishment)

A **venta**, **ventorro** or **ventorrillo** is an establishment or building of ancient tradition in Spain and some other Hispanic countries located near paths or unpopulated areas, and later near roads or service stations. They can be considered as an equivalent to inns, though their main characteristic feature is the fact that they are almost always isolated, contrary to *mesones* and *posadas* which are located near or inside towns and villages.

Throughout their history, ventas have offered food and accommodation to travellers. In Spain, their antiquity is well referenced and documented by literature, like in *The Book of Good Love* (*ca.* 1330) or *Don Quixote* (1615), or in paintings like *La riña en la Venta Nueva* of Francisco Goya. Use of the term has also been registered in some Hispanic-American countries, like the Venta de Aguilar, the first one established in the Mexico-Veracruz road, or the popular Venta de Perote, both in Mexico.

## Description

Although the architectural structure may vary according to the popular models of each region or country, the ventas (which can be traced back to the Middle Ages), have in common their location, almost always isolated, in royal crossroads, paths, etc. Other similarities are: a big wooden door made accessible for carriages, which sometimes was the only access to the building; the stables and pens to accommodate the transiting livestock; haystacks to accommodate the muleteers and rooms, usually quite primitive, for traders, dealers and travellers. There were also a big kitchen and dining room in the first floor, a walled courtyard (sometimes more than one, and usually paved) with a well, troughs and a staircase to access the gallery and second floor, along with other storage rooms.

Taking as a reference the famous Venta de Quesada, that travellers, chroniclers and investigators have often identified as the venta-castle in which Alonso Quijano became knight, we have to consider its location in the *Camino Real de Madrid a Sevilla*, and as a provisioning point for the ventas of the Cañada Real Soriana Oriental. Although this venta of La Mancha, in ruins already in the 19th century, disappeared in the middle of the 20th century and there only remain some material remnants and the toponym in old maps, many scholars have studied its structure based on documents like the description by the traveller Alexandre Dumas *circa* 1846:

> As to the venta de Quesada, it is a sort of half-ruined castle, whose two angular turrets are eaten away by the hand of time, and whose main body has a unique door like a melancholic eye, which leads to a forecourt covered with manure and straw. In the turrets, or rather in the middle of those turrets, because the time that has eaten away the angles has also cracked the center; in the middle of those turrets, there is a row of embrasures.
> In the venta de Quesada I counted two windows that announce a second floor. Three other picturesquely disordered small openings illuminate the low room. A fourth hole overlooks a small room that may have been the one that housed the chivalric library that the good priest burned down without more mercy than Caliph Omar when he burned down the Library of Alexandria.
>
> Alexandre Dumas (ca. 1846).

### In Navarre and the Basque Country

Along the *cornisa cantábrica* and with a renewed tradition in Navarre and the Basque Country –on both sides of the Pyrenees–, ventas ("bentas" in Basque or "ventes" in French) have been conserved as establishments with a varied traditional architecture, almost always located in crossroads. During the 21st century they still function as hostels, restaurants and shops. They are also used as places of celebrations and gastronomical gatherings. Their antiquity, as in the rest of Spain, is made patent by the frequency with which toponyms including the word "venta" (or "benta") are found.

### Heritage protection

The ventas of Castilla-La Mancha are a part of the cultural heritage of the region, and they are accordingly protected by law. The ventas of Borondo (Daimiel, Ciudad Real) and de la Inés (Almodóvar del Campo, Ciudad Real) have also been declared as goods of cultural interest.

In paintings, drawings, prints and engravings, the iconography of the ventas is usually associated with costumbrist themes or historical events.

## Literary references

### The ventas of Don Quixote

The ventas, as typical constructions of the vernacular architecture of La Mancha, are described in various chapters by Cervantes as the scenery of various adventures and misadventures of the ingenious gentleman Don Quixote de la Mancha; among them, one of the most descriptive episodes may be the one in the second and following chapters of the first part of the novel.

> ...he was on the road all day, and towards nightfall his hack and he found themselves dead tired and hungry, when, looking all around to see if he could discover any castle or shepherd's shanty where he might refresh himself and relieve his sore wants, he perceived not far out of his road a venta, which was as welcome as a star guiding him to the portals, if not the palaces, of his redemption; and quickening his pace he reached it just as night was setting in.
>
> Miguel de Cervantes (1605).

### The venta of the Archpriest of Hita

Various excerpts of *The Book of Good Love* (1330 and 1343), recount the vicissitudes of Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita in the medieval Venta de Cornejo, establishment in which –according to the author– he slept on various occasions in 1329.

### The Andalusian venta of Bécquer

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer extensively describes an Andalusian venta in his account titled *La Venta de los Gatos*, published in November 1862, in the newsapaper *El Contemporáneo*.

> In Seville (...) there is among other famous ventorrillos one that, by the place in which it is located and by its special circumstances, may be said that it was, if it is not already, the most neat and characteristic of all Andalusian ventorrillos. Imagine a house as white as snow is, with its roof of some reddish tiles, others being dark green, and between which grows an endless number of dandelions and reseda bushes. A wooden shed bathes the door lintel in shade, on whose sides there are two brick and mortar benches. Embedded in the wall broken by several small windows open at will to give light to the interior, of which some are lower and others higher, this one in a quadrangular shape, the other imitating a mullioned window or a skylight, one can see at certain intervals some stakes and iron rings used to tie the horses. A very old vine, which twists its blackish trunks through the structure of timbers that supports it, dressing them with branches and wide green leaves, covers like a canopy the dais, which consists of three pine benches, half a dozen rickety cattail chairs and up to six or seven wobbly tables made of badly joined boards. (...)
>
> Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer (1862).

### The venta de Cidones

In the second edition of *Campos de Castilla*, Antonio Machado published in 1917 a poem that takes place in the primitive Soriana Venta de Cidones, titled "Al maestro «Azorín» por su libro Castilla". It is considered as one of the defining texts of the most national aspect of the *noventayochismo*.

> The venta de Cidones is on the road
> between Soria and Burgos. Leonarda, the ventera,
> whom they call "la Ruipérez", is a little old woman
> who stokes the fire on which a pot is boiling.
>
> Ruipérez, the ventero, a tiny little oldster
> —who has two shrewd eyes under his grey eyebrows—
> is gazing silently at the glowing fire.
>
> The pot can be heard bubbling over the flame. (...)
>
> It gets dark inside the venta. The glowing fire smokes.
> The wick of a musty oil lamp flames and splutters (...)
>
> Night has now fallen. In the distance can be heard the clatter
> and gallop of an approaching vehicle. It is the post-chaise.
>
> Antonio Machado (1917).

## Non-exhaustive list of ventas

### Andalusia

* Venta de la Mascareta

### Aragon

* Venta de la Jaquesa

### Castilla-La Mancha

### Castile and León

* Venta Cornejo

### Basque Country and Navarre

1. Often translated in the English versions as "inn".
2. Again often translated as "inn" in English versions.
3. Ventero and ventera refer to the tenants of a venta. It is loosely translated in the text as "the owner's wife".
4. Translated as "the husband".


title: Vattakkali

abstract: Vattakkali is a dance form seen among the Vattuvar community in the Kerala, India. In this dance participants make extremely fast moves while making vigorous ring forms in tune to the music or song sung by the group. Both men and women participate in the dance. Twelve different types of 'steps' are executed. The beauty of the intricate footwork is heightened by the tinkling of anklets and bells and also by the rhythmic clapping of hand. The whirling movements become faster as the dancing reaches a climax. This dance is performed during the Onam festival season very often. The dance is also called Chuvadukali or Chavittukali.

text:
# Vattakkali

**Vattakkali** is a dance form seen among the Vattuvar community in the Kerala, India. In this dance participants make extremely fast moves while making vigorous ring forms in tune to the music or song sung by the group. Both men and women participate in the dance. Twelve different types of 'steps' are executed. The beauty of the intricate footwork is heightened by the tinkling of anklets and bells and also by the rhythmic clapping of hand. The whirling movements become faster as the dancing reaches a climax. This dance is performed during the Onam festival season very often. The dance is also called *Chuvadukali* or *Chavittukali*.


title: Martins Creek (Kentucky)

abstract:
Martins Creek is creek that is a tributary of Goose Creek in Clay County, Kentucky that used to have a Martins Creek post office.
It is 4.5 miles (7.2 km) long and named for early settler Salathiel Martin.

text:
# Martins Creek (Kentucky)

**Martins Creek** (a.k.a. **Martin Creek**) is creek that is a tributary of Goose Creek in Clay County, Kentucky that used to have a Martins Creek post office. It is 4.5 miles (7.2 km) long and named for early settler Salathiel Martin.

## Tributaries and post offices

The Creek is 9.5 miles (15.3 km) from Manchester at altitude 830 feet (250 m) above sea level.

* Its major tributaries are:
    + **Moses Branch** 1.75 miles (2.82 km) upstream at an altitude of 905 feet (276 m)

### Martin Creek post office

Its eponymous postoffice was established on July 10, 1876, by postmasters Marshall Corum and George D. Mahan, and closed on September 20, 1878. It was located just downstream on Goose Creek from the mouth of Martins.

### Wages post office

The **Wages** postoffice was established on February 6, 1884, by William Wages, and closed in November 1885. It was located 3 miles (4.8 km) upstream along the creek from its mouth. His first choice of name had actually been Martins Creek.

In 1918, Silas Wages had a mine 0.25 miles (0.40 km) upstream on Moses Branch.

### Plank post office

The **Plank** postoffice was established on December 7, 1906, by postmaster George W. Walker, and closed in September 1992. It was located 2 miles (3.2 km) upstream along the creek from its mouth. It served several lumber mills and the store of J. B. Walker, and local oral history is that its name was taken from a plank of wood propped against the wall of one of the aforementioned mills, a lumbermill practice that was used to boast that it had sawn the longest plank in the area.

### General

J. B. Walker's mine was 0.5 miles (0.80 km) upstream on Moses Branch, and his house was 2 miles (3.2 km) upstream on Martin Creek itself.

## Sources

* Hodge, James Michael (1918). *The coals of Goose Creek and its tributaries*. Reports of the Kentucky Geological Survey 4th series 19121918. Vol. 4. Frankfort, Kentucky: The State Journal Company. (The coals of Goose Creek and its tributaries at the Internet Archive)
* Rennick, Robert M. (2000c). "Clay County  Post Offices". *County Histories of Kentucky* (176). Morehead State University.

## Further reading

* Rennick, Robert M.; United States Geological Survey (January 1954). "Ogle Quadrangle (1954)". *Robert M. Rennick Topographical Map Collection* (560). Morehead State University.

## InfoBox

| Martins Creek<br>Martin Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Martin Creek headwaters |
| coordinates | 37°03′36″N 83°37′33″W / 37.06007°N 83.62592°W / 37.06007; -83.62592 (Martin Creek headwaters) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Goose Creek |
| coordinates | 37°04′33″N 83°41′13″W / 37.07574°N 83.68696°W / 37.07574; -83.68696 (mouth of Martins Creek) |
| elevation | 830 feet (250 m) |


abstract: Martins Creek is a 20.4-mile-long (32.8 km) tributary of Tunkhannock Creek in northeastern Pennsylvania in the United States. Martins Creek begins just west of New Milford and flows south to the Tunkhannock at Nicholson. It flows through a deep, narrow valley and is paralleled by U.S. Route 11 for its entire length. Martins Creek has three named tributaries: Hop Bottom Creek, Dry Creek, and East Branch Martins Creek.

text:
# Martins Creek (Tunkhannock Creek tributary)

**Martins Creek** is a 20.4-mile-long (32.8 km) tributary of Tunkhannock Creek in northeastern Pennsylvania in the United States.

Martins Creek begins just west of New Milford and flows south to the Tunkhannock at Nicholson. It flows through a deep, narrow valley and is paralleled by U.S. Route 11 for its entire length.

Martins Creek has three named tributaries: Hop Bottom Creek, Dry Creek, and East Branch Martins Creek.

41°37′13″N 75°47′04″W / 41.62020°N 75.78436°W / 41.62020; -75.78436


title: Martin Lejsal

abstract: Martin Lejsal is a Czech football goalkeeper who is currently unattached. He played in several countries, but mostly at home for FC Zbrojovka Brno. In July 2005 he was banned for 6 months due to Caso Genoa.

text:
# Martin Lejsal

**Martin Lejsal** (born 16 September 1982 in Kyjov) is a Czech football goalkeeper who is currently unattached. He played in several countries, but mostly at home for FC Zbrojovka Brno.

In July 2005 he was banned for 6 months due to Caso Genoa.

## InfoBox

Martin Lejsal
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1982-09-16) 16 September 1982 | | |
| Place of birth | Kyjov, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1987–1993 | FC Vracov | | |
| 1993–1995 | Baník Ratíškovice | | |
| 1995–2001 | Tescoma Zlín | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1999–2001 | Tescoma Zlín | 29 | (0) |
| 2001–2003 | Reggina Calcio | 2 | (0) |
| 2004 | Slovan Liberec | 2 | (0) |
| 2004 | Reggina Calcio | 2 | (0) |
| 2004–2005 | Venezia | 10 | (0) |
| 2005 | Padova | 0 | (0) |
| 2006–2009 | 1. FC Brno | 73 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | SC Heerenveen | 10 | (0) |
| 2010 | FC Zbrojovka Brno | 11 | (0) |
| 2011 | FC Rostov | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2000–2001 | Czech Republic U-18 | 8 | (0) |
| 2002–2003 | Czech Republic U-21 | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 9 August 2011<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of August 2008 | | | |


title: Martin Lefebvre

abstract: Martin Lefebvre is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for Kunlun Red Star in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Lefebvre has previously played for Porin Ässät of the SM-liiga, Krefield Pinguine of the DEL, Aalborg Pirates of the Metal Ligaen and Stavanger Oilers of the Fjordkraftligaen. His achievements in said teams include Danish Championship, Danish Cup Championship, Danish League All-Star Team selection, two Norwegian Championships and Fjordjraftligaen Player of the Year award.

text:
# Martin Lefebvre

**Martin Lefebvre** (born June 23, 1992) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for Kunlun Red Star in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Lefebvre has previously played for Porin Ässät of the SM-liiga, Krefield Pinguine of the DEL, Aalborg Pirates of the Metal Ligaen and Stavanger Oilers of the Fjordkraftligaen. His achievements in said teams include Danish Championship, Danish Cup Championship, Danish League All-Star Team selection, two Norwegian Championships and Fjordjraftligaen Player of the Year award.

## Playing career

### Junior

During the 2007–08 season Martin Lefebvre played for Crabtree Draveurs in the QMAAA as a 15 year old. Lefebvre put up 5 goals and 13 assists in 44 games. Lefebvre played 3 playoff games with 2 points.

The next season Lefebvre continued to represent the Collège Esther-Blondin Draveurs in the QMAA. Lefebvre put up 30 points in 34 games. Lefebvre played 15 playoff games with 11 points and won the QMAA Top Defenceman award. He moved to he Quebec Remparts of the QMJHL before the season ended and played 7 games without any points. Lefebvre got to represent the Canada Québec team at the 2009 WHC-17 for 5 games where he scored 6 points.

In the 2013–14 season Lefebvre moved to the Gwinnett Gladiators of the ECHL but he only got to play 14 games before moving to play for UQTR Patriotes in the CIS men's ice hockey league. Lefebvre played 7 games with 8 points.

In the 2016–17 season Lefebvre played for the UQTR Patriotes in the U Sports men's ice hockey league for 22 games putting up 25 points. Lefebvre moved to play for the Cincinnati Cyclones of the ECHL in the middle of the season. Lefebvre played 11 games and put up 7 points. Lefebvre represented Canada at the 2017 Winter Universidade for 6 games where he scored 8 points.

### Professional

In the 2017–18 season Lefebvre moved to Denmark to play for the Aalborg Pirates. Lefebvre played 48 regular season games and put up 36 points. Lefebvre won the Danish Championship and the Danish Cup with the Pirates while also being chosen to the All-Star team.

In the 2018–19 season Lefebvre played for the Krefeld Pinguine in the DEL for 52 games to put up 23 points.

Martin Lefebvre moved to Norway to play for the Stavanger Oilers in the Fjordkraftligaen for the 2021–22 season. Lefebvre put up 39 points in 47 total games. The Oilers went on to win the Norwegian Championship.

Lefebvre was supposed to play for the Bratislava Capitals of the ICEHL for the 2022–23 season, but after the Slovakian team decided to not take part in the league, Lefebvre continued to play for the Oilers. Lefebvre had a successful season as he put up 71 points in 59 total games, playoffs included. The Stavanger based team went on to win their 9th championship and the 2nd in a row. Lefebvre himself won the player of the year award as he led all defencemen in regular season assists (35), goals (17) and points (52). Lefebvre also played 6 Champions Hockey League (CHL) games with the Oilers.

Martin Lefebvre signed a one-year contract with the Porin Ässät for the 2023–24 SM-liiga season. Lefebvre's playing surprised many, as he had scored 12 points in his first 15 SM-liiga games. He was called the most surprising player of the season start by news outlets.

For 2024–25, Lefebvre left Porin Ässät, signing with Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2007–08 | Crabtree Draveurs | QMAAA | | 44 | 5 | 13 | 18 | 36 | | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| 2008–09 | Collège Esther-Blondin Draveurs | QMAAA | | 34 | 15 | 15 | 30 | 26 | | 15 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 8 |
| 2008–09 | Quebec Remparts | QMJHL | | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2009–10 | Quebec Remparts | QMJHL | | 55 | 5 | 23 | 28 | 20 | | 9 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 2010–11 | Quebec Remparts | QMJHL | | 65 | 10 | 45 | 55 | 20 | | 14 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 8 |
| 2011–12 | Quebec Remparts | QMJHL | | 66 | 12 | 39 | 51 | 31 | | 11 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 10 |
| 2012–13 | Quebec Remparts | QMJHL | | 56 | 7 | 33 | 40 | 16 | | 11 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0 |
| 2013–14 | Gwinnett Gladiators | ECHL | | 14 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2013–14 | U. of Québec-Trois-Rivières | CIS | | 7 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | U. of Québec-Trois-Rivières | CIS | | 14 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 4 | | 7 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
| 2015–16 | U. of Québec-Trois-Rivières | CIS | | 28 | 9 | 24 | 33 | 20 | | 7 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 2 |
| 2016–17 | U. of Québec-Trois-Rivières | USports | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Cincinnati Cyclones | ECHL | | 11 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017–18 | Aalborg Pirates | DEN | | 48 | 9 | 27 | 36 | 12 | | 17 | 10 | 6 | 16 | 4 |
| 2018–19 | Krefeld Pinguine | DEL | | 52 | 3 | 20 | 23 | 20 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019–20 | Aalborg Pirates | DEN | | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | Aalborg Pirates | DEN | | 19 | 7 | 13 | 20 | 2 | | 16 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 4 |
| 2021–22 | Stavanger Oilers | NOR | | 35 | 7 | 23 | 30 | 14 | | 12 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 0 |
| 2022–23 | Stavanger Oilers | NOR | | 44 | 17 | 35 | 52 | 6 | | 15 | 4 | 15 | 19 | 6 |
| 2023–24 | Ässät | Liiga | | 46 | 4 | 23 | 27 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Norway totals | | | | 79 | 24 | 58 | 82 | 20 | | 27 | 7 | 21 | 28 | 6 |
| Liiga totals | | | | 46 | 4 | 23 | 27 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | Canada Quebec | U17 | 5th | | 5 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 5 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 |

Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or The Internet Hockey Database

## InfoBox

| Martin Lefebvre | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lefebvre with Porin Ässät in 2023 wearing the top scorer's golden helmet | | | |
| Born | (1992-06-23) June 23, 1992
Terrebonne, Quebec, Canada | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) | | |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| KHL team
Former teams | *Kunlun Red Star*
Gwinnett Gladiators
Cincinnati Cyclones
Aalborg Pirates
Krefeld Pinguine
Stavanger Oilers
Porin Ässät | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 2017present | | |


title: Vaughan Allison

abstract: Vaughan Allison is a cafe owner, model, teacher, music promoter, and coffee personality based in Tokyo, Japan. He is best known for his work touring international artists throughout Japan, writing about coffee and modeling and for co-founding Mia Mia cafe in Higashi Nagasaki.

text:
# Vaughan Allison

**Vaughan Allison** (born 1983) is a cafe owner, model, teacher, music promoter, and coffee personality based in Tokyo, Japan. He is best known for his work touring international artists throughout Japan, writing about coffee and modeling and for co-founding Mia Mia cafe in Higashi Nagasaki.

## Early life

Vaughan was born on February 11, 1983, at Saint Vincent's Private Hospital in Melbourne, where he grew up with his parents and brother, musician Martin Martini.

He first came to Japan in 2001, where he studied an accelerated program at Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University where he obtained a Bachelor of Business Administration and graduated in 2003.

## Career

In 2003 Vaughan returned to Australia and started his own music management company Red Balloon Artist Management. Through Red Balloon Artist Management, worked with his brother's outfit Martin Martini and The Bone Palace Orchestra, which saw the team go on three Australian national tours, make appearances at the Corner Hotel, National Gallery of Victoria, Sydney Opera House, and perform an overseas season at London's Soho Theatre in 2008. In 2009 he returned to Japan and started working in the music industry, modeling and teaching at Tokyo fashion college Bunka.

### Music industry

His work as a promoter and booker has seen him tour various Australian artists throughout Japan, including The Lagerphones, Grand Salvo, The Twoks, The Harpoons, Sunnyside (who played Fuji Rock 2019), Owl Eyes, and Oliver Mann.

He has also worked as an on-site, Japan-based fixer for artists such as Hiatus Kaiyote and Blue King Brown, among others, and booked a debut Australia tour for Kyoto outfit Zahatorte in 2019. The tour with Zahatorte included shows at Northcote Social Club and Mona Museum and appearances on live radio ABC Hobart, SBS Sydney, and 3CR Melbourne.

In August 2021, Vaughan invited Kyoto-based artist YeYe (10 million hits on YouTube) to hold two sold-out shows at Mia Mia and one show at Convenience Store Takahashi.

Vaughan regularly holds intimate live music shows at his cafe Mia Mia, often unplugged, with artists such as TennisCoats, Strange Reitaro, Yuga, and Alfred Beach Sandal.

### Coffee industry

Vaughan has long been an enthusiastic and leading member of Tokyo's coffee community. He's worked as a commentator, writer, event organizer, emcee, and judge for competitions showcasing Japan's coffee community.

As a writer and curator, he's promoted various coffee shops and baristas through multiple media channels, including Casa BRUTUS Magazine and online media like lifestyle web magazine Harumari and Signpost, where he published pieces on Koffee MameyaA and Chatei Hatou. Vaughan was also invited to curate and write the Tokyo City Profile for specialty coffee magazine Standart.

Working with Good Coffee online magazine, he built the @goodcoffeeme Instagram's following from 100 to 50,000 followers in three years. He was also one of the Tokyo Coffee Festival's key members - producing the 2018 spring festival, which was one of the most attended (40,000 attendees over two days) Tokyo Coffee Festivals in history.

In 2016, Vaughan released a limited edition book titled 29 cafes 23 photographers 5 baristas 1 illustrator and a lot of coffee with Vaughan.

He worked with Miki Suzuki as her English coach during her time at the World Barista Championship in Seoul in 2017, in which she placed 2nd in the world. He's also been the emcee at the Latte Art Championships in 2018 and 2019, as well as a judge at other competitions like the Tokyo Matcha Latte Art Competition in 2019.

From 2021, Vaughan started working with Bushmills Whiskey to promote their presence in the café industry.

Vaughan is also the regular Emcee of the Free Pour Latte Art Grand Prix held at Tokyo Big Sight, which brings 64 baristas together from Japan and around the world to compete in the 3 day competition.

### Modeling

As a model, Vaughan has worked with Wrangler, Kishin Shinoyama, Tomoki Sukezane, Uniqlo UT (wearing Jean-Michel Basquiat), Takashi Kumagai, and Kashiyama. He's made regular appearances in magazines such as UOMO, Houyhnhnm, Brutus, Popeye, Tokyo Calendar, and Fukuoka's Bond Magazine. He has done catalog work for Beams, United Arrows, Urban Research, Phlannel and Espionage (Korea), promotional work for Zoff, and mobile phone company au. Since 2013 he's worked as a lecturer at Bunka Fashion College.

In 2023, Vaughan modeled for Muji as well as being one of the main models for Family Mart’s Convenience Wear nationwide campaign with his wife Rie.

## Mia Mia Cafe

In 2020, Vaughan opened cafe Mia Mia with his wife, architect Rie Allison. Mia Mia is located in the Tokyo neighborhood of Higashi Nagasaki, Toshima, on Seibu Ikebukuro Line. The cafe specializes in local and Australian import coffee and wine.

Mia Mia was featured on the cover of Popeye Magazine's May 2021 Tokyo Annai issue which included a two-page feature on Vaughan's guide to Higashi Nagasaki. Vaughan was featured once again in Popeye's November 2021 issue, "coffee and travel." The issue featured two shops that inspired Vaughan and Mia Mia, Shozo in Tochigi, and Senkiya in Kawaguchi. The magazine also created a tie up promotion with H&M.

Mia Mia was featured in the Monocle book of entrepreneurs (released November 2021) as one of 100 successful businesses worldwide, and on the cover of Coffee Time (コーヒ時間) Magazine, issue winter 2021.

Vaughan and Mia Mia have also been featured in a tie-up promotion with Audio Technica earphones. The video by Yoko Takahashi, has around 500,000 hits on Youtube. In September 2021, Casa Brutus also featured Mia Mia in a promotional shoot with Mini Cooper. In 2022, shoe brand TeVa did a tie up campaign with Vaughan at MIA MIA for their Autumn Winter campaign.

Vaughan, together with his wife Rie Alison, Vaughan opened I AM, a cultural gallery in the Higashi Nagasaki area. They work with Australian artists in showcasing their work. They worked with artists overseas artists Sophia Emmett, Sherry Olsen and Elnaz Nourizadeh as well as Japanese artists Mayumi Yamase, Yumiko Iihoshi, Yoshinori Takemura, and Hibiki Iwano.

## Coffee Time with Vaughan Brand

In April 2021, Vaughan launched his official handkerchief brand, Coffee Time With Vaughan. Produced in collaboration with 100-year-old handkerchief company Intermode Kawabe, and Japanese artists Mariya Suzuki and Yuko Saeki, the first series featured Koffee Mameya and 100-year old Kyoto kissaten Rokuyosha. The brand officially launched at Isetan Shinjuku 1st floor, with pop-up stores around the country, including Kyoto Daimaru and nationwide select shops such as Loft.

The second volume 2022/April - features a collaboration with Blue Bottle Coffee (designed by Ryuto Miyake) and Chatei Hatou (designed by Yosuke Kinoshita).

In 2023, Vaughan teamed up with Kyoto based artist Shingo to capture Ogawa Coffee, and legendary illustrator Satoshi Hashimoto to produce the Coffee Lawn handkerchief. Both shops celebrate their 70th anniversaries in this year.

In the summer of 2024 Vaughan will launch the fourth season of his brand working with coffee industry heavyweight Leaves Coffee and Kyoto’s hidden gem NijoKoya.

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2. "Coffee blogger Vaughan's cafe opens, hand drip with rare beans imported for the first time in Japan". *Fashion Snap*. 2 April 2020.
3. Dayman, Lucy (20 November 2017). "The Coffeeshop Dungeon Tour Circuit". *Metropolis*.
4. Williamson, Claire (13 April 2019). "Vaughan Allison: Transforming nonessentials into essentials". *Japan Times*.
5. "The Lagerphones Homepage".
6. "Sunnyside Japan Tour". *Time Out Tokyo*. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
7. "Zahatorte: Australian tour PR campaign". *Y+L Projects*.
8. Schlage, Theresa. "Best specialty coffee shops in Japan". *The Way To Coffee*.
9. Wade, Charlie (25 April 2019). "Coffee Conversations With Vaughan". *Sow Coffee Project*.
10. Allison, Vaughan. "KOFFEE MAMEYA". *Signpost*. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
11. Allison, Vaughan. "Coffee Filtering Through Time: Charming Chatei Hatou Hidden In The Heart Of Tokyo". *Signpost*.
12. "Good Coffee Homepage". *Good Coffee*.
13. Allison, Vaughan. "Author: Vaughan Good Coffee".
14. "Good Coffee Instagram". Retrieved 7 September 2020.
15. "Tokyo Coffee Festival". *Tokyo Coffee Festival Spring 2018*. 2 December 2017.
16. 青山鼓 (20 September 2016). "Famous coffee blogger Vaughan to publish his first book". *GQ Japan*.
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18. "World Barista Championships". *World Barista Championships Homepage*.
19. "World's First Matcha Latte Art Competition To Be Held In Tokyo". *Grapee*.
20. Yamada, Takayasu. "Vaughan: my denim style is ..." *Wrangler*.
21. "Bond Magazine Homepage". *Bond Magazine*.
22. "Zoff Homepage". *Zoff*.
23. Uematsu, Hiromasa. "Bon: Specialist Coffee in Shinjuku". *Matcha*.
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25. https://www.i-am.tokyo/


title: Marsh Motorcycle Company

abstract: The Marsh Motorcycle Company is a veteran era American motorcycle maker founded in Brockton, Massachusetts. The company was formed by the Marsh brothers in Brockton in 1899. In 1905, it was combined with Charles Metz's Metz Motorcycle Company to create the American Motorcycle Company. The Marsh brothers also created the Marsh Motor Carriage Company in 1899. Steam and gasoline runabouts were built on a limited basis.

text:
# Marsh Motorcycle Company

The **Marsh Motorcycle Company** is a veteran era American motorcycle maker founded in Brockton, Massachusetts.

The company was formed by the Marsh brothers in Brockton in 1899. In 1905, it was combined with Charles Metz's Metz Motorcycle Company to create the American Motorcycle Company.

The Marsh brothers also created the Marsh Motor Carriage Company in 1899. Steam and gasoline runabouts were built on a limited basis.

## Sources