title: Paul Starke

abstract: Paul Simon Starke is a motorcycle speedway rider from England.

text:
# Paul Starke

**Paul Simon Starke** (born 18 November 1990) is a motorcycle speedway rider from England.

## Career

Born in Hereford, Starke started his career with the Buxton Hitmen in 2007, before going on to have spells at a variety of different clubs during his development into an Elite League rider. Starke's most successful period to date was his two years with the Cradley Heathens in the National League from 2013 to 2014. It was here that he won two league titles, forming a formidable partnership with Steve Worrall during the second year and he was part of the Dudley/Cradley team that won the National League Fours in 2013 and 2014.

His first spell in the Elite League in 2014, was a disappointing one. After being selected by the Birmingham Brummies in the reserve rider draft the club closed midway through the season due to financial problems. Despite this disappointment Starke said he 'enjoyed his time at Birmingham' and described their downfall as a "crying shame."

The following season in 2015, Starke was back in the Elite League, this time being selected in the draft by reigning champions the Poole Pirates.

He was part of the Peterborough Panthers team that won the SGB Championship Fours, which was held on 6 August 2017, at the East of England Arena.

He spent two years with Glasgow Tigers in 2018 and 2019 and had a short spell with Belle Vue Aces in the SGB Premiership 2018.

In 2021, he signed for the Ipswich Witches in the SGB Premiership and Kent Kings in the SGB Championship. The following season in 2022, he raced again for Ipswich and joined Newcastle Diamonds from Kent but following the demise of Newcastle he switched to the Oxford Cheetahs for the SGB Championship 2022 season. The Cheetahs were returning to action after a 14-year absence from British Speedway.

In 2023, he signed for Plymouth Gladiators for the SGB Championship 2023. He had previously ridden for the Plymouth when they were known as the Devils from 2008 to 2010. However, he was released by the club in June. The following season he re-signed for Glasgow for the 2024 season but was released in July.

## InfoBox

Paul Starke
| Born | (1990-11-18) 18 November 1990<br>Hereford, Herefordshire, England |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British (English) |
| Career history | |
| 2007 | Buxton |
| 2008–2010, 2023 | Plymouth |
| 2010 | Rye House |
| 2010–2012 | Isle of Wight |
| 2013 | Berwick |
| 2013–2014 | Cradley |
| 2014 | Birmingham |
| 2014–2017 | Somerset |
| 2015, 2017 | Poole |
| 2016 | Leicester |
| 2017 | Peterborough |
| 2018–2019, 2024 | Glasgow |
| 2018 | Belle Vue |
| 2020–2021 | Kent |
| 2022 | Newcastle |
| 2022 | Ipswich |
| 2022 | Oxford |
| 2024 | Workington |
|  | |
| Team honours | |
| 2013, 2014 | Speedway National League |
| 2015 | Elite League |
| 2013, 2014 | National League Fours |
| 2017 | SGB Championship Fours |
|  | |


title: Murphys Estates, South Carolina

abstract: Murphys Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Edgefield County, South Carolina, part of the larger Augusta metropolitan area. The population was 1,719 as of the 2020 census. The community is notable for having the largest number of Irish Traveller Americans in the United States.

text:
# Murphys Estates, South Carolina

**Murphys Estates** (also commonly known as **Murphy Village**) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Edgefield County, South Carolina, part of the larger Augusta metropolitan area. The population was 1,719 as of the 2020 census. The community is notable for having the largest number of Irish Traveller Americans in the United States.

## Geography

Murphys Estates is located along the southern border of Edgefield County at 33°35′41″N 81°56′28″W / 33.59472°N 81.94111°W / 33.59472; -81.94111 (33.594591, -81.940999). U.S. Route 25 passes through the community, leading south 8 miles (13 km) into North Augusta and north 17 miles (27 km) to Edgefield, the county seat. The community is 2 miles (3 km) north of Interstate 20 from Exit 5, labeled as the Edgefield/Johnston exit.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km2), all land.

## Culture

### Irish Traveller community

Having emigrated from Ireland to various parts of the United States, a large number of Catholic Travellers began to congregate at the Parish of Our Lady of Peace in North Augusta after its construction in 1948. The church's Irish priest, Rev. Fr. Joseph John Murphy, encouraged the Travellers to settle to the north of North Augusta, and so the community of Murphy Village was formed during the 1960s and 1970s. St. Edward Catholic Church was constructed in Murphy Village in 1964 to serve the Travellers.

In the 2020 census, 7.1% of the population of Murphys Estates listed their ancestry as 'Irish', the largest ancestry group reported in the CDP; however, the total number of Travellers has been estimated at 1,500. Due to cultural differences, relations between the community and non-Travellers are sometimes tense; the group has been stereotyped by "outsiders" as being involved in criminal activity, forced marriages, and child abuse.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 1,518 |  |  |
| 2010 | 1,441 |  | −5.1% |
| 2020 | 1,719 |  | 19.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

Murphys Estates racial composition
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 1,350 | 78.53% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 183 | 10.65% |
| Native American | 6 | 0.35% |
| Asian | 12 | 0.7% |
| Other/Mixed | 92 | 5.35% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 76 | 4.42% |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,719 people, 461 households, and 355 families residing in the CDP. English was spoken at home by 97% of the population, and Spanish by 3%.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,518 people, 534 households, and 410 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 757.2 inhabitants per square mile (292.4/km2). There were 595 housing units at an average density of 296.8 per square mile (114.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.30% White, 7.64% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.13% Asian, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.13% of the population.

There were 534 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.2% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.2% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,972, and the median income for a family was $26,528. Males had a median income of $38,750 versus $15,450 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $11,358. About 24.7% of families and 30.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.7% of those under age 18 and 35.9% of those age 65 or over.

### Footnotes

### Notes

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
2. "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
3. "Murphys Estates SC ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
5. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
6. "Murphys Estates CDP, South Carolina". *United States Census Bureau*.
7. Egan, Casey (July 10, 2020). "Who are the Irish Travellers in the US?". *IrishCentral*.
8. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
9. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Murphys Estates CDP, South Carolina". *American Factfinder*. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
10. "Short History of Irish Travellers". Retrieved January 5, 2023.
11. "The Irish Traveller community of Murphy Village, South Carolina, USA". *Travellers Times*.
12. "St. Edward Catholic Church". *St. Edward*. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
13. Duke, Lynne (October 20, 2002). "Unwelcome Stares at Quiet Clan". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
14. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
15. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved December 15, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Murphys Estates, South Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| U.S. Route 25 in Murphys Estates | |
| Location of Murphys Estates in Edgefield County, South Carolina | |
| Murphys EstatesLocation in South CarolinaMurphys EstatesLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 33°35′41″N 81°56′28″W / 33.59472°N 81.94111°W / 33.59472; -81.94111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| County | Edgefield |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.06 sq mi (5.32 km2) |
| Land | 2.05 sq mi (5.31 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 571 ft (174 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,719 |
| Density | 837.72/sq mi (323.48/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 29860 |
| Area code | 803 |
| FIPS code | 45-48900 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1852679 |


title: Phalaenopsis difformis

abstract: Phalaenopsis difformis, also known as the dark brown Phalaenopsis, is a species of epiphytic orchid native to Assam, Borneo, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam and West Himalaya.

text:
# Phalaenopsis difformis

***Phalaenopsis difformis***, also known as the dark brown *Phalaenopsis*, is a species of epiphytic orchid native to Assam, Borneo, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam and West Himalaya.

## Taxonomy

This species has a complex taxonomic history and has been previously assigned to several genera. Within this species two variations, *Phalaenopsis difformis* var. *difformis* and *Phalaenopsis difformis* var. *kinabaluensis* (J.J.Wood, A.L.Lamb & Shim) Kocyan & Schuit., are formally recognized.

## Description

The very short-stemmed plants bear few, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, flat, spreading leaves between 7-16 cm in length and 3-4 cm in width. The flowers are of unusual shape for the genus and arise between late June to early July from pendulous, many-flowered, 20-30 cm long inflorescences, which exceed the leaves in length. The many-flowered inflorescences resemble a flying swarm of insects. The greenish-yellow flowers with brown bands are 1.2 cm wide. The most striking feature is the unusual shape of the labellum. It is much longer than the sepals and the recurved side lobes have a pectinate (i.e. comb-like) margin. This species has often been found growing on *Glochidion heyneanum var. heyneanum* (syn. *Glochidion velutinum*) trees at altitudes of 20 m in evergreen forests.

## Ecology

This species are lithophytes or epiphytes.

## Etymology

The specific epithet *difformis* is derived from Latin meaning misshapen or illformed. This refers to the highly unusual labellum.

## Conservation

The IUCN has not assessed this species conservation status. It is however protected unter the CITES appendix II regulations of international trade.

## InfoBox

| *Phalaenopsis difformis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flower detail | |
| Conservation status | |
| CITES Appendix II (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Genus: | *Phalaenopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. difformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phalaenopsis difformis***
(Wall. ex Lindl.) Kocyan & Schuit. | |
|
| Varieties | |
| * *Phalaenopsis difformis* var. *difformis* * *Phalaenopsis difformis* var. *kinabaluensis* (J.J.Wood, A.Lamb & Shim) Kocyan & Schuit. | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aerides difformis* Wall. ex Lindl. * *Ornithochilus difformis* (Wall. ex Lindl.) Schltr. * *Sarcochilus difformis* (Wall. ex Lindl.) Tang & F.T.Wang * *Trichoglottis diformis* (Wall. ex Lindl.) T.B.Nguyen & D.H.Duong  **Synonyms of *Phalaenopsis difformis* var. *difformis***
* *Ornithochilus delavayi* Finet * *Ornithochilus doritoides* (Guillaumin) R.Rice * *Ornithochilus eublepharon* Hance * *Ornithochilus fuscus* Wall. ex Lindl. * *Vanda doritoides* Guillaumin  **Synonyms of *Phalaenopsis difformis* var. *kinabaluensis***
* *Ornithochilus difformis* var. *kinabaluensis* J.J.Wood, A.L.Lamb & Shim * *Ornithochilus kinabaluensis* (J.J.Wood, A.L.Lamb & Shim) R.Rice & A.L.Lamb | |


title: Patrice Douglas

abstract: Patrice Douglas is an American Republican politician from the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Patrice Douglas was appointed by Governor Mary Fallin to fill the vacancy created when Commissioner Jeff Cloud from the Oklahoma Corporation Commission in September 2011. In 2012, she was elected without opposition to complete the term of office created by Jeff Cloud's resignation. Instead of running for re-election in 2014 for her seat on the OCC, she ran for the U.S. House seat in Oklahoma's 5th congressional district, losing to Steve Russell in the primary.

text:
# Patrice Douglas

**Patrice Douglas** (born **Patrice Raye Dills**) is an American Republican politician from the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Patrice Douglas was appointed by Governor Mary Fallin to fill the vacancy created when Commissioner Jeff Cloud from the Oklahoma Corporation Commission in September 2011. In 2012, she was elected without opposition to complete the term of office created by Jeff Cloud's resignation. Instead of running for re-election in 2014 for her seat on the OCC, she ran for the U.S. House seat in Oklahoma's 5th congressional district, losing to Steve Russell in the primary.

## Early life and education

Born and raised in Oklahoma City, Douglas graduated from Putnam City North High School and earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the Oklahoma Christian University College of Business in 1983 and a juris doctor from the University of Oklahoma College of Law.

## Career

Upon graduation from law school, she worked in her father's construction company before going to work in banking.

In 2009, she was elected the mayor of Edmond, Oklahoma and was re-elected in 2011 without opposition. She ran for Congress in 2014 but lost to Steve Russell, giving up her Corporation Commission seat in the process.

In March 2015, Douglas was hired as President of Emerging Markets at Premier Consulting Partners in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She is on the board of Bank SNB.

In June 2016, she was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Oklahoma Tobacco Settlement Endowment Trust at a salary of $250,000.00, earning over $100,000.00 more than the Governor of the State of Oklahoma. She later declined the appointment.

## Personal life

She is married to Brent Douglas and they have two sons.

## InfoBox

| Patrice Douglas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Oklahoma Corporation Commission | |
| **In office**
2011–2015 | |
| Governor | Mary Fallin |
| Preceded by | Jeff Cloud |
| Succeeded by | Todd Hiett |
| 32nd Mayor of Edmond, Oklahoma | |
| **In office**
2009–2011 | |
| Preceded by | Dan O'Neil |
| Succeeded by | Charles Lamb |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Patrice Raye Dills
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


abstract: The North American Cartographic Information Society (NACIS) is a US-based cartographic society founded in 1980. It was founded by specialists in cartography, which included government mapmakers, map librarians, cartography professors and cartography lab directors. It now represents a broad mixture of academic, government and commercial interests, with a sizeable proportion of working cartographers. Many NACIS members come from related vocations NACIS offers both volunteer opportunities and travel grants for students and members of the community.

text:
# North American Cartographic Information Society

The **North American Cartographic Information Society** (**NACIS**) is a US-based cartographic society founded in 1980. It was founded by specialists in cartography, which included government mapmakers, map librarians, cartography professors and cartography lab directors. It now represents a broad mixture of academic, government and commercial interests, with a sizeable proportion of working cartographers. Many NACIS members come from related vocations (e.g. art, design, information visualization, GIS, historical research, and software development.) NACIS offers both volunteer opportunities and travel grants for students and members of the community.

## Objectives

To improve communication, coordination and cooperation among the producers, disseminators, curators, and users of cartographic information.
To support and coordinate activities with other professional organizations and institutions involved with cartographic information.
To improve the use of cartographic materials through education and to promote graphicacy.
To promote and coordinate the acquisition, preservation, and automated retrieval of all types of cartographic material.
To influence government policy on cartographic information.

## Membership

The membership is largely from the United States and Canada, with a small but steady number from other countries. In recent years, NACIS has focused on increasing membership in Latin America and the Caribbean.

## Conference

NACIS hosts an annual conference in the fall at a variety of locations around North America.

1980: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1981: Gatlinburg, Tennessee
1982: Arlington, Virginia
1983: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1984: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1985: Chicago, Illinois
1986: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1987: Atlanta, Georgia
1988: Denver, Colorado
1989: Ann Arbor, Michigan
1990: Orlando, Florida
1991: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1992: St. Paul, Minnesota
1993: Silver Spring, Maryland
1994: Ottawa, Ontario
1995: Wilmington, North Carolina
1996: San Antonio, Texas
1997: Lexington, Kentucky
1998: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1999: Williamsburg, Virginia
2000: Knoxville, Tennessee
2001: Portland, Oregon
2002: Columbus, Ohio
2003: Jacksonville, Florida
2004: Portland, Maine
2005: Salt Lake City, Utah
2006: Madison, Wisconsin
2007: St Louis, Missouri
2008: Missoula, Montana
2009: Sacramento, California
2010: Madison, Wisconsin
2011: St. Petersburg, Florida
2012: Portland, Oregon
2013: Greenville, South Carolina
2014: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2015: Minneapolis, Minnesota
2016: Colorado Springs, Colorado
2017: Montréal, Quebec
2018: Norfolk, Virginia
2019: Tacoma, Washington
2020: Null Island (Virtual Conference)
2021: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and hybrid virtual
2022: Minneapolis, Minnesota
2023: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2024: Tacoma, Washington

## Publications

NACIS publishes a triannual journal, *Cartographic Perspectives* (available online as open-access) and the *Atlas of Design*, a biennial publication showcasing innovative maps designed by cartographers from around the world.

## Initiatives

The organization is a sponsor of Natural Earth, a public domain cartographic dataset available at 1:10 million, 1:50 million, and 1:110 million scales.

## InfoBox

North American Cartographic Information Society
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | NACIS |
| Established | 1980 (1980) |
| Region | North America |
| Fields | Cartography |
| Website | nacis.org |


title: University council

abstract: A university council may be the executive body of a university's governance system, an advisory body to the university president, or something in between in authority. In the United Kingdom and many other countries, the council is responsible for all financial matters, the buildings and the appointment of the vice-chancellor. Academic affairs are the business of the university senate. In some cases the senate and council have equal status under the legislation that established the university. In other cases, such as Australia, the senate is technically responsible to the council, although the council is normally reluctant to enter into a discussion on academic issues. The membership of university councils consists of people from outside the university, often appointed by governments, along with some staff and, in some cases, students. The council is chaired by the university chancellor or a pro-chancellor or deputy chancellor.

text:
# University council

A **university council** may be the executive body of a university's governance system, an advisory body to the university president, or something in between in authority.

In the United Kingdom and many other countries, the council is responsible for all financial matters, the buildings and the appointment of the vice-chancellor. Academic affairs are the business of the university senate. In some cases the senate and council have equal status under the legislation that established the university. In other cases, such as Australia, the senate is technically responsible to the council, although the council is normally reluctant to enter into a discussion on academic issues. The membership of university councils consists of people from outside the university, often appointed by governments, along with some staff and, in some cases, students. The council is chaired by the university chancellor or a pro-chancellor or deputy chancellor.

## United Kingdom

In most pre-1992 universities in the United Kingdom, Council is the governing body. (In post-1992 universities this is the Board of Governors; in the Ancient universities of Scotland this is the Court.) According to the Higher Education Code of Governance, the primary responsibilities of Council include appointing the executive head of the institution (normally titled the vice-chancellor), delegate powers of management to them, and monitor their performance. The council is also the principal financial and business authority and the legal authority of the university, and the members of Council are the trustees of the university, thus Council may sometimes also be known as the Board of Trustees (e.g. the University of Bristol).

Council will normally have an independent chair and (except for Oxford and Cambridge) a majority of "lay" members, not employed by the university. There is also "an expectation" in the Code of Governance that Council will contain representatives of staff and students (often the President of the Student Union) in addition to the lay members and the university's senior management. At some universities there are external *ex officio* members, reflecting their institutional history (e.g. the Dean of Durham at Durham University).

In the Ancient Universities of Scotland, the General Council is the consultative assembly of the graduates and academic staff, created by the Scottish Universities Act (1858). These are completely different from the governing body Councils of other British universities, being equivalent to the Convocations of the Universities of Oxford and Durham and the Senate of the University of Cambridge.

## United States

In the United States, the university council takes the form of a board of regents or trustees.

### University of Pennsylvania

A different model is provided by the University of Pennsylvania. Its *Bylaws of University Council*, revised February 28, 2007, say "The University Council of the University of Pennsylvania is a deliberative and representative forum which exists to consider the activities of the university in all its phases, with particular attention to those matters that affect the common interests of faculty, staff, and students. It shall recommend general policies and otherwise advise the President, the provost, and officers of the university. It is authorized to initiate policy proposals as well as to express its judgment on those submitted to it by the administrative officers of the university and its various academic divisions. It is also empowered to request information through appropriate channels from any member of the university administration.

"In its deliberative role, as it undertakes to reach collective decisions on policies initiated or evaluated for recommendations to officers of the University, an important function of the University Council is to transform the interests of its various constituency groups into forms congruent with the interest of the University as a whole. In such a case, a majority decision should be articulated in terms of the University's general welfare and constructed to advance this welfare. In its representative role, an important function of the University Council is to inform officers of the University--as well as the citizens of the University at-large--of the views and strength of views held by members of the University community. In this public expression of a heterogeneity of views, without their resolution into an agreement for action, may serve the University Council's advisory purpose authentically, and especially when such a diversity of discourse increases understanding among constituencies in addition to revealing the breadth of considered opinion as a ground for accommodation in subsequent University decision-making....

"Membership on the Council requires a readiness to attend meetings of the Council regularly and to participate fully in its business, including the work of its committees. It is the continuous obligation of the members of the Council to report to the members of their constituencies about the discussions, the decisions, and recommendations of the Council and to solicit questions and suggestions for presentation to the Council."

The President of the University of Pennsylvania is the presiding officer of the University Council. The President, or in the absence of the President, the provost, turns the conduct of the meeting over to a moderator, who is a Presidential appointee and a non-voting member of the council. The President also appoints a Parliamentarian, in consultation with the Steering Committee. The Secretary of the university shall be the Secretary of the Council and the Secretary of the Steering Committee.

Members of the University Council include forty-five members of the executive committee of the Faculty Senate, one full-time lecturer, one full-time member of the research faculty, eleven administrative officers of the university, fifteen graduate and professional students, fifteen undergraduate students, two representatives of the Penn Professional Staff Assembly, one representative of the Librarians Assembly, two representatives of the Weekly-Paid Professional Staff Assembly, and one representative of the United Minorities Council. All representatives are elected by their respective constituencies except for the eleven administrative officers, who are appointed by the President.


title: Pierre Pascau

abstract: Pierre Pascau was a Mauritian-Canadian journalist.

text:
# Pierre Pascau

**Pierre Pascau** (10 May 1938 – 28 February 2017) was a Mauritian-Canadian journalist.

## Early life and career

Pascau was born in 1938 in Mauritius. At the age of nineteen he joined the Mauritius Broadcasting Service. For his work at the MBS, Pascau was awarded a three-year scholarship to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. While at Guildhall, he worked as a freelance reporter for the British Home Office.

## Canadian broadcasting career

### Early work

In 1965, Pascau moved to Montreal, where he established himself as the host of a popular call-in talk show. He also worked as a reporter for CBC Radio's *Cross Country Checkup* and CBC Television's *Hourglass*. He later moved to CFCF-TV, Montreal's CTV affiliate. While in Montreal, Pascau established himself as one of the city's leading investigative reporters.

During the October Crisis Pascau, who was then working for CKLM, was contacted by the members of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) responsible for kidnapping British diplomat James Cross and served as an intermediary between them and the government.

In 1974, Pascau was chosen to co-host *Canada AM*. According to co-host Helen Hutchinson, Pascau was "all wrong" for the job because as someone who did not grow up in the country, he "couldn't ad-lib all sorts of facts about Canada to keep the conversation going". He was replaced by Norm Perry in 1975.

### CKAC

Pascau then moved to CKAC, where he hosted *L'Informateur*, a midday show that combined phone calls and interviews. *L'Informateur* spent ten years as the highest rated show in Montreal and attracted many politicians and newsmakers. He also gained a reputation as a "fiery Quebec nationalist". In May 1990, Pascau suddenly left the station, citing an ongoing dispute with fellow CKAC personality Suzanne Levesque. Pascau, a non-smoker, was upset that Levesque smoked in the studio while hosting the program that preceded his. However, station management claimed that Pascau was using this as an excuse to leave the station for CKVL. He was replaced by André Arthur.

### CKVL

In June 1990, Pascau began hosting *Le Point du Jour*, a three-hour morning program on CKVL. Unlike *L'Informateur*, *Le Point du Jour* contained news, weather, sports, and traffic reports in addition to phone calls and interviews. Crime reporter Claude Poirier and La Presse sports columnist Rejean Tremblay contributed to the show. In 1996, Raymond Villeneuve, the leader of the Mouvement de Libération Nationale du Québec, made some extreme comments against Jews and anglophones, including that bombs or Molotov cocktails could be used against Anglophone activist Howard Galganov. The interview led Alliance Quebec to file a complaint with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, which ruled that Pascau almost stepped over the line when he urged Villeneuve to repeat warnings about firebombings against Jews, but they fell just short of "the line of acceptable comment in a democratic society". On 2 May 1997, Pascau left CKVL at the end of his contract. According to station general manager Pierre Arcand, Pascau tired of waking up at 4 a.m. to do his morning show and had become disillusioned by the trend of politicians bypassing serious interviews in favour of photo ops and appearances on lighter shows. His final program included tributes from Roger Landry, Liza Frulla, and Francois Bourassa, who recalled his father, Robert Bourassa's, admiration for Pascau's interview skills. He was replaced by Jean-François Bertrand.

## Retirement

After leaving broadcasting, Pascau left Canada for Australia to lived his final years in Brisbane, where he died in 2017.

## InfoBox

| Pierre Pascau | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1938-05-10)10 May 1938
Mauritius |
| Died | 28 February 2017(2017-02-28) (aged 78)
Brisbane, Australia |
| Alma mater | Guildhall School of Music and Drama |
| Occupation | Journalist |


title: Moriscos, Salamanca

abstract: Moriscos is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2014 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 325.

text:
# Moriscos, Salamanca

**Moriscos** is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2014 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 325.

## InfoBox

| Moriscos | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church of San Pedro Apostle in Moriscos | |
| Location in Salamanca | |
| MoriscosLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 41°00′30″N 5°35′00″W / 41.00833°N 5.58333°W / 41.00833; -5.58333 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Comarca | La Armuña |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.08 km2 (4.66 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 848 m (2,782 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 384 |
| Density | 32/km2 (82/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Hylomecon

abstract: Hylomecon is a genus of flowering plants in the family Papaveraceae. Its species are native to China, Korea, Japan and the Russian Far East.

text:
# Hylomecon

***Hylomecon*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Papaveraceae. Its species are native to China, Korea, Japan and the Russian Far East.

## Species

As of February 2024, Plants of the World Online accepted two species:

* Christopher Grey-Wilson, *Poppies* (Portland: Timber Press, 2000) ISBN 0-88192-503-9 pp. 40–41

## InfoBox

| *Hylomecon* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Hylomecon japonica* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Papaveraceae |
| Subfamily: | Papaveroideae |
| Tribe: | Chelidonieae |
| Genus: | *Hylomecon*<br>Maxim. |
|


title: Viola arvensis

abstract: Viola arvensis is a species of violet known by the common name field pansy. It is native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, and it is known on other continents as an introduced species and a weed of disturbed and cultivated areas. Viola arvensis was shown to contain cyclotides, a class of peptides found in plants. The peptide cycloviolacin O2 in particular has shown to possess cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells and is therefore looked at as a potential drug lead.

text:
# Viola arvensis

***Viola arvensis*** is a species of violet known by the common name **field pansy**. It is native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, and it is known on other continents as an introduced species and a weed of disturbed and cultivated areas.

*Viola arvensis* was shown to contain cyclotides, a class of peptides found in plants. The peptide cycloviolacin O2 in particular has shown to possess cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells and is therefore looked at as a potential drug lead.

## Description

It is an herbaceous annual plant with serrated leaves, and usually flowers with white all over, except the bottom petal (Although there are actually flowers with a tinge of purple at the top) and dehiscent capsules. It reproduces by seed. It grows 20 centimeters tall.

## InfoBox

| Field pansy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | *Viola* |
| Species: | ***V. arvensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Viola arvensis***<br>Murray | |
|


title: Pazopanib

abstract: Pazopanib, sold under the brand name Votrient, is an anti-cancer medication marketed worldwide by Novartis. It is a potent and selective multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks tumour growth and inhibits angiogenesis. It has been approved for renal cell carcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma by numerous regulatory administrations worldwide.

text:
# Pazopanib

**Pazopanib**, sold under the brand name **Votrient**, is an anti-cancer medication marketed worldwide by Novartis. It is a potent and selective multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks tumour growth and inhibits angiogenesis. It has been approved for renal cell carcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma by numerous regulatory administrations worldwide.

## Medical uses

It is approved by numerous regulatory administrations worldwide, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (19 October 2009), the European Union's European Medicines Agency (EMA) (14 June 2010), the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) (14 June 2010) and Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) (30 June 2010), for use as a treatment for advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma and advanced soft tissue sarcomas. In Australia and New Zealand, it is subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and by Pharmac respectively, under a number of conditions, including:

* The medication is used to treat clear cell renal cell carcinoma, the most common histological subtype.
* The treatment phase is continuing treatment beyond three months.
* The patient has been issued an authority prescription for pazopanib.
* The patient must have stable or responding disease according to the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (RECIST).
* This treatment must be the sole tyrosine kinase inhibitor subsidised for this condition.

Pazopanib has also demonstrated initial therapeutic properties in patients with aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumor), ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer. However, plans to apply to the EMA for a variation to include advanced ovarian cancer have been withdrawn and a license will not be sought in any country.

## Contraindications

The only contraindication is hypersensitivity to pazopanib or any of its excipients. Cautions include:

It has one black box warning by the US FDA, namely severe hepatotoxicity including fatalities.

## Adverse effects

The most common side effects of pazopanib are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea (occurs in about half of patients), changes in hair colour, hypertension (which usually occurs during the first few weeks of treatment), appetite loss, hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, electrolyte abnormalities (including hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia), laboratory anomalies (including increased AST, ALT and protein in the urine), oedema, hair loss or discolouration, taste changes, abdominal pain, rash, fatigue and bone marrow suppression (including leucopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia). It has been associated with a low, but real risk of potentially fatal liver damage.

## Overdose

The treatment for overdose is purely supportive and the symptoms include grade 3 hypertension and fatigue.

## Interactions

Drug interactions include:

* Co-administration with strong inhibitors of the liver enzyme CYP3A4 (e.g. ketoconazole, ritonavir, clarithromycin, grapefruit juice) may increase pazopanib serum levels as it is a CYP3A4 substrate.
* CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. rifampin, carbamazepine) decrease pazopanib serum levels.
* It is a p-glycoprotein (PGP) substrate and hence PGP inhibitors such as quinidine may interact with pazopanib.
* Pazopanib is not a substrate for either of the liver enzymes OATP1B1 and OATP1B3.
* Pazopanib has inhibitory potency towards OATP1B1 but not for OATP1B3.

## Pharmacology

### Mechanism of action

Pazopanib is a multiple kinase inhibitor that limits tumor growth by targeting angiogenesis via inhibition of enzymes including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), c-KIT and FGFR.

### Pharmacokinetics

After oral intake of a single tablet, pazopanib has a bioavailability of 21% with a range of 14–39% between people. It reaches highest concentrations in the blood plasma after median 3.5 hours; the range in studies was 1.0 to 11.9 hours. When taken regularly, the area under the curve (AUC) increases 1.23- to 4-fold as compared to a single dose. Taking the drug together with food approximately doubles the AUC as well as the highest plasma concentrations (Cmax); and crushing the tablet increases the AUC 1.46-fold, as well doubling the Cmax.

When in the bloodstream, more than 99.5% of the substance are bound to plasma proteins. The liver enzyme mainly responsible for metabolizing the drug is CYP3A4; and there are minor contributions from CYP1A2 and CYP2C8. Metabolites identified in tests with human liver cells and microsomes include various hydroxyl derivatives and possibly a carboxylic acid. Only 6% of the circulating substance is in the form of metabolites, and all but one of them are 10- to 20-fold less active than pazopanib itself. Consequently, the metabolites are not considered important for the drug's therapeutic effect.

Pazopanib is eliminated with a biological half-life of 30.9±4 hours on average (range 21–51 hours) mainly via the faeces. Less than 4% are eliminated via the urine.

## InfoBox

Pazopanib
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Pronunciation | /pæˈzpənɪb/ *paz-OH-pə-nib* |
| Trade names | Votrient |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a610013 |
| License data |  |
| Pregnancy
category | * AU: D |
| Routes of
administration | By mouth (tablets) |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 21% (14–39%) |
| Protein binding | \>99.5% |
| Metabolism | Liver: CYP3A4 (major), 1A2 and 2C8 (minor) |
| Elimination half-life | 30.9±4 hours |
| Excretion | Faeces (primary), urine (\<4%) |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 5-({4-\[(2,3-Dimethyl-2*H*-indazol-6-yl)methylamino\]pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C21H23N7O2S |
| Molar mass | 437.52 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O=S(=O)(N)c1c(ccc(c1)Nc2nccc(n2)N(c4ccc3c(nn(c3C)C)c4)C)C | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C21H23N7O2S.ClH/c1-13-5-6-15(11-19(13)31(22,29)30)24-21-23-10-9-20(25-21)27(3)16-7-8-17-14(2)28(4)26-18(17)12-16;/h5-12H,1-4H3,(H2,22,29,30)(H,23,24,25);1H Y * Key:MQHIQUBXFFAOMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Murphys Hotel

abstract: The Murphys Hotel in Murphys, California, is one of the oldest hotels still operating in California. First called the Sperry and Perry Hotel, it was opened by James L. Sperry and John Perry on August 20, 1856. The town of Murphys was a popular stopping point along the stagecoach route from Milton to the Calaveras Big Trees. Thought to be fireproof due to its stone construction and iron shutters, the hotel was damaged in the fire of 1859 that destroyed most of the downtown area. However, it was quickly restored and reopened by spring of 1860. The new Sperry and Perry Hotel was considered one of the finest hotels outside of San Francisco, and was host to many famous people over the years. Copies of the original register show such signatures as Mark Twain, John Jacob Astor, Ulysses S. Grant, John Bidwell, Charles Bolles, Henry Ward Beecher, Horatio Alger, J.P. Morgan and Thomas Lipton. Renamed the Mitchler Hotel in 1882, and the Murphys Hotel in 1945 by the McKimins family, it has since had several owners. The hotel is registered as California Historical Landmark #267 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-1971000134). Gordon Ramsay's Hotel Hell covered the hotel in an episode of the series, broadcast on September 9, 2014, on the U.S. Fox television network. It also appeared in the public television series Road Trip with Huell Howser episode on the Mother Lode.

text:
# Murphys Hotel

The **Murphys Hotel** in Murphys, California, is one of the oldest hotels still operating in California.

First called the **Sperry and Perry Hotel**, it was opened by James L. Sperry and John Perry on August 20, 1856. The town of Murphys was a popular stopping point along the stagecoach route from Milton to the Calaveras Big Trees. Thought to be fireproof due to its stone construction and iron shutters, the hotel was damaged in the fire of 1859 that destroyed most of the downtown area. However, it was quickly restored and reopened by spring of 1860.

The new Sperry and Perry Hotel was considered one of the finest hotels outside of San Francisco, and was host to many famous people over the years. Copies of the original register show such signatures as Mark Twain, John Jacob Astor, Ulysses S. Grant, John Bidwell, Charles Bolles (alias Black Bart), Henry Ward Beecher, Horatio Alger, J.P. Morgan and Thomas Lipton.

Renamed the **Mitchler Hotel** in 1882, and the Murphys Hotel in 1945 by the McKimins family, it has since had several owners. The hotel is registered as California Historical Landmark #267 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-1971000134).

Gordon Ramsay's *Hotel Hell* covered the hotel in an episode of the series, broadcast on September 9, 2014, on the U.S. Fox television network. It also appeared in the public television series *Road Trip with Huell Howser* episode on the Mother Lode.

1. "Pioneering brothers: Murphys struck gold and built town". October 2004.
2. California State State Historical Resources Commission. "Mitchler Hotel Historical Marker". Retrieved August 19, 2009.
3. "Murphys Hotel". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
4. Gordon Ramsay's *Hotel Hell* Comes to Calaveras County

## InfoBox

| Murphys Hotel | |
| --- | --- |
| Murphys Hotel | |
| Murphys HotelLocation within CaliforniaMurphys HotelMurphys Hotel (the United States) | |
| Alternative names | Sperry and Perry Hotel
Mitchler Hotel
Murphys Historical Hotel |
| General information | |
| Location | 457 Main St
Murphys, California
United States |
| Coordinates | 38°08′15″N 120°28′02″W / 38.1374446°N 120.4671844°W / 38.1374446; -120.4671844 |
| Opening | August 20, 1856 |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 2 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| California Historical Landmark No. 267 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000134 |
| CHISL No. | 267 |
| Added to NRHP | November 23, 1971 |
|  | |


title: Philena McKeen

abstract: Philena McKeen was an American educator and the 11th principal of Abbot Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. During her thirty-year tenure, she managed the school in its "Golden Age" and established a curriculum that "educated for life."

text:
# Philena McKeen

**Philena McKeen** (June 13, 1822 – May 13, 1898) was an American educator and the 11th principal of Abbot Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. During her thirty-year tenure, she managed the school in its "Golden Age" and established a curriculum that "educated for life."

## Early life

Philena McKeen was born on June 13, 1822, to Silas McKeen, a minister, and his second wife Hannah Johnston, in Bradford, Vermont. She was one of seven children, four of whom died of tuberculosis during childhood. Her home was a stop on the Underground Railroad for much of the 19th century. Her father homeschooled her and provided a more thorough education than the local schools.

## Career

McKeen taught at Mount Holyoke College and schools in Brighton, Maine and College Hill, Ohio in her early career. In 1855, she and her sister Phebe McKeen accepted jobs at the newly founded Western Female Seminary in Oxford, Ohio. Meanwhile, Abbot Academy in Andover, Massachusetts was struggling to find a new principal. The trustees, all men, wanted a female principal, and one that would stay for a long time. Philena and Phebe McKeen's careers were young and they made good candidates. In September 1859, they moved to Andover to become principal and assistant principal of Abbot Academy.

Philena McKeen's colleagues at Abbot Academy encouraged her to maintain the status quo, but she saw a school that was in desperate need of improvement. The library was small, the buildings were worn out and lacked decoration, and students had few supplies. The campus sat on just one acre. To raise money, she sold waste paper from students and organized lectures and other events with entrance fees. Boys from nearby Phillips Academy and Andover Theological Seminary were invited to perform in plays and participate in games. Some funds came from members of the trustees. McKeen soon had the funds to clean buildings, add carpets and wall pictures, and purchase new silverware for the dining hall.

As the Civil War ensued, Abbot Academy supported Abraham Lincoln and the North. Students knit socks, rolled bandages, and sent letters to soldiers. The school experienced considerable growth during that time. McKeen reinvested profits into enlarging and improving the campus buildings and grounds. In charge of admissions, she created entrance exams to manage a large number of applications. According to Susan Lloyd, McKeen had brought the school into a "Golden Age".

### Curriculum

McKeen's curriculum was influenced by her homeschooling as a child in Vermont. She believed Abbot Academy could be a college in its own right as a "healthful, refined, safe *home*" where students became "fit for teaching, for travel, for educated society, for church work, for literary clubs, and more than all, for cultivated Christian homes".

In language, French and German were "the mark of a sophisticated woman" according to McKeen. She had a personal interest in the history of the Christian church and art and added classes in these areas, too. While her curriculum could be considered unique, she was conservative when it came to English literature. She only taught from classic, accepted writers like Milton and ignored modern figures like Emerson and Thoreau. Meanwhile, other subjects were left at the wayside. Abbot had a weak science department, having to rely on Phillips Academy for supplies. Nonetheless, McKeen continued to improve the school's reputation. It wasn't until the 1870s when Cecil Bancroft became the new principal of Phillips Academy after the death of Samuel Harvey Taylor that they began to catch up with Abbot's curriculum.

Abbot teachers stayed longer and became more invested in the school. They advocated for improvements that would fill in the gaps left by McKeen in the early years of her tenure. She welcomed these changes. Samuel Morse Downs, a music teacher, secured twelve pianos for the school. Additionally, she worked with colleagues to raise money for her own ideas. She purchased specimens for botany and zoological courses. McKeen worked with Edwards Amasa Park to purchase a statue for art history. In 1875, McKeen purchased a telescope and observatory with funds raised by Mary Belcher, a Latin and astronomy teacher.

McKeen provided her students with a wealth of resources. Abbot students had access to not only the books of their own school but those of Phillips Academy and the Andover Theological Seminary, too. Naturally, this would have led to social intermingling between students if it weren't for the strict rules set upon them. McKeen believed the ideal husband was a minister and furthermore that women rushed too quickly into marriage. Phillips Academy instructors agreed and helped her with her cause. She severely limited interaction with Phillips Academy boys with the hope of controlling what is described by a historian as an "ominous sexual awakening". McKeen constructed fences, recruited student spies, and expelled at least two students for flirting. Regardless, students mingled anyway and it was nearly impossible for her to exert complete control. McKeen considered coeducation but preferred to remain separate in light of a new wave of Victorian thinking that called for the protection of the qualities considered superior in women.

### Semicentennial

In 1879, Abbot Academy celebrated its semicentennial. McKeen organized a great event for the occasion attended by about two thousand guests on a lawn near the South Church of Andover. The following year she and her sister Phebe authored a semicentennial history of the school published by Warren F. Draper, a fellow trustee.

## Later life

In 1880 Phebe McKeen, her sister and longtime friend, died of tuberculosis. Philena was devastated but eventually recovered and continued her duties.

As principal, she worked to allow women to take on a greater role in society, in response to the increasing uncertainty of gender roles in the late 19th century. In addition to academics, McKeen considered herself the religious leader of the school, although the two were often intertwined. Women were not allowed to take on leadership roles in the church, and she actively criticized the Congregational church for enforcing these rules. McKeen also added women to the previously all-male board of trustees.

The semicentennial celebration of 1879 fueled a new push for updated facilities. McKeen made plans for a $150,000 project for a set of new buildings. In charge of fundraising, she tapped into a growing alumnae network but had trouble meeting her goal. She nearly resigned in 1888 when funding fell short and increasingly suffered from rheumatism, but renewed financial support from Warren Draper allowed construction to begin. The new building, named Draper Hall, was completed in 1890. Further campus improvements included electric lighting and better food. She hoped amenities like these would allow Abbot Academy to compete with some of the leading colleges for women at the time such as Smith and Wellesley College.

McKeen retired in 1892. On April 9, over 350 people attended a banquet in Boston hosted by trustees and alumnae. The trustees renovated a house on the Abbot campus nicknamed "Sunset Lodge" for her. During retirement, she wrote a sequel to her semicentennial history, published in 1897.

Outside of Abbot Academy, McKeen was involved in the Andover November Club and the Andover Village Improvement Society (AVIS). She was a director of AVIS and worked to preserve and beautify a triangle of land, known as the Manse Green, opposite the South Church at a street intersection. She spent her summers at York Beach, Maine.

## Legacy

On May 13, 1898, she died suddenly. She was never married. She was buried in her hometown of Bradford, Vermont. A memorial was published and funds were raised to construct a new building in honor of her and her sister. McKeen Hall was dedicated in June 1904, the 75th anniversary of the school. The building contained classrooms, a study hall, and an assembly and gym hall. The building fell out of use after Abbot Academy was acquired by Phillips Academy in 1973. The building was used for storage until a renovation in the early 1990s. Today it has administrative offices and a community daycare center.

Abbot Academy continued to compete with colleges into the twentieth century as McKeen had in the nineteenth. She did not want Abbot to become a preparatory school. It could not last, however, and the school created a four-year college preparatory curriculum in the early twentieth century to appeal to a new generation of women.

1. Lloyd 1979, p. 88.
2. Roberts 2019.
3. Lloyd 1979, p. 84.
4. McKean 1902, pp. 37–38.
5. Lloyd 1979, p. 140.
6. Downs 1898, p. 19.
7. Lloyd 1979, p. 81.
8. McKeen & McKeen 1880, p. 59.
9. McKeen & McKeen 1880, p. 58.
10. McKeen 1897, p. 159.
11. Lloyd 1979, p. 83.
12. Lloyd 1979, p. 84-86.
13. Lloyd 1979, p. 86.
14. McKeen 1897, p. 161.
15. Lloyd 1979, p. 88-90.
16. Lloyd 1979, p. 91-93.
17. Lloyd 1979, p. 119-20.
18. Sklar 1976, p. 321.
19. Lloyd 1979, p. 120-122.
20. Lloyd 1979, p. 128.
21. Lloyd 1979, p. 108.
22. Lloyd 1979, p. 139-141.
23. Lloyd 1979, p. 137.
24. Lloyd 1979, p. 455.
25. Lloyd 1979, p. 155-159.
26. Lloyd 1979, p. 160-161.
27. McKean 1902, p. 43.
28. Lloyd 1979, p. 161.
29. Downs 1898, p. 24-25.
30. Mofford 1980, p. 41.
31. Downs 1898.
32. Domingue 1990.
33. McKeen 1897, p. 160.

## Bibliography

* Domingue, Robert A. (1990). "Chapter IX: Abbot Academy". *Phillips Academy Andover, Massachusetts: An Illustrated History of the Property (Including Abbot Academy)*. RAD Publishing Co. ISBN 9780962072628. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
* Downs, Annie Sawyer, ed. (1898). *Memorial: Philena McKeen, June 13, 1822, May 13, 1898*. Andover, MA: n.p. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
* Lloyd, Susan McIntosh (1979). *A Singular School: Abbot Academy 1828-1973*. Andover, MA, Hanover, NH: Phillips Academy, The University Press of New England. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
* McKean, Cornelius (1902). *McKean Genealogies from the Early Settlement of McKeans or McKeens in America to the Present Time, 1902*. Des Moines: The Kenyon Printing & Mfg. Co. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
* McKeen, Philena; McKeen, Phebe (1880). *Annals of Fifty Years: A History of Abbot Academy, Andover, Mass., 1829-1879*. Andover, MA: Warren F. Draper. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
* McKeen, Philena (1897). *Sequel to Annals of Fifty Years: A History of Abbot Academy, Andover, Mass., 1879-1892*. Andover, MA: Warren F. Draper. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
* Mofford, Juliet Haines (1980). *AVIS: A History in Conservation*. Andover, MA: Andover Village Improvement Society.
* Roberts, Paige (December 5, 2019). "McKeen Memorial Hall, 1903-1904, at Phillips Academy". *Clio: Your Guide to History*. The Clio. Archived from the original on September 11, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish (1976). *Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity*. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393008128. Retrieved December 5, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Philena McKeen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 11th Principal of Abbot Academy | |
| **In office**
1859–1892 | |
| Preceded by | Emma L. Taylor |
| Succeeded by | Laura Sophia Watson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Philena McKeen
(1822-06-13)June 13, 1822
Bradford, Vermont, US |
| Died | June 13, 1898(1898-06-13) (aged 76)
Andover, Massachusetts, US |
| Resting place | Upper Plain Cemetery, Bradford, Vermont |
| Parent(s) | Rev. Dr. Silas McKeen
Hannah Johnston |
|  | |


title: Patrick William Forbes

abstract: Major Patrick William Forbes was a British South Africa Police officer who commanded a British South Africa Company force which invaded Matabeland during the First Matabele War.

text:
# Patrick William Forbes

Major **Patrick William Forbes** (1861 – 1918) was a British South Africa Police officer who commanded a British South Africa Company force which invaded Matabeland during the First Matabele War.

## Life

Forbes was born in 1861 at Whitechurch, England, the son of A. O. Forbes, of Whitchurch. He was educated at Rugby, Warwickshire and commissioned to the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons. In 1880, he went to Cape Colony and in 1889 he was made second-in-command of the British South Africa Police. Promoted to Major in 1890, Forbes went on to command the Salisbury Column in Mashonaland, and later he was selected by the British South Africa Company (BSAC) as the Mashonaland Magistrate.

### Matabele war

In 1893, the First Matabele War broke out and Forbes was selected to command all forces in the region against the Ndebele (Matabele). He gathered a force of around 700 men from the BSAC. It advanced towards Bulawayo, capital of Matabeleland. In addition to rifles, the column was equipped with five Maxim guns, three other rapid-fire guns, two cannon, and 200 rifles. On 25 October 1893, the BSAC camped in a laager formation. That night, at around 2.15 AM, a large force of Matabele warriors attacked. At the Battle of the Shangani, the Maxim guns proved crucial to defeating them. Around 1,500 Matabele died. Others committed suicide rather than return defeated. Forbes advanced towards Bulawayo, encountering another large force a week later, on 1 November. 2,000 Matabele riflemen and 4,000 warriors attacked Forbes at Bembezi, about 30 miles (48 km) north-east of Bulawayo, but again they were no match for the crushing firepower of the major's Maxims: about 2,500 more Matabele were killed. At this point the Matabele king Lobengula evacuated Bulawayo and burned it.

### Shangani Patrol

Cecil Rhodes and Leander Starr Jameson hoped to capture Lobengula and quickly end the 1893 war in Matabeleland. Jameson arrived at Bulawayo, following Forbes' capture of the town. Jameson then sent Forbes with a combined force of 200 men to find Lobengula. He received a tip about the whereabouts of the Ndebele King. Indecisive and reluctant to risk his men in unknown territory, he sent Major Allan Wilson and 12 men to pursue and capture Lobengula. Wilson's patrol found Lobengula, but they also found themselves greatly outnumbered—the small patrol had been led into a trap. On the night of 3 December 1893, knowing the Ndebele would not attack in the dark, Wilson sent back Captain Napier with 2 men with an urgent message requesting that Forbes come to his aid immediately and bring his 2 Maxim guns before daybreak. But Forbes again hesitated. He refused to move his column until daylight and instead sent only Capt Borrow and 21 men to Wilson as reinforcements.

The next morning, Wilson and his men discovered that the Shangani river was now completely flooded due to rains and it could not be navigated without extensive fire cover, and Forbes was nowhere to be seen. The patrol was cut off from the main column and Wilson had no choice but to make a last stand. In desperation, Wilson sent the Americans Frederick Russell Burnham and Pete Ingram, and an Australian named Gooding, to cross the Shangani and seek reinforcements. Miraculously, the 3 scouts succeeded, but when they reached Forbes the battle raging at the main column was just as intense as the one they had just left. There was no hope of anyone reaching Wilson in time and all 34 men were killed by the Ndebele warriors. The Shangani Patrol incident achieved a lasting, prominent place in Rhodesian colonial history and is considered to be roughly the British equivalent to Custer's Last Stand.

Forbes, running out of supplies, retreated to Bulowayo, his column harassed continuously by the Ndebele. Forbes handed *de facto* control of the retreat to Piet Raaff, a veteran of the Anglo-Zulu War. He reached Bulawayo on 18 December 1893. Raaff died of a stomach condition shortly after arrival.

### Later life

He was a member of Legion of Frontiersmen.

Forbes was criticised for being an indecisive leader who tried to compensate his shortcomings with a "by the book" attitude. Nonetheless, Forbes later became Commissioner to the BSAC territory in North-Eastern Rhodesia (now Zambia), from July 1895 to June 1897.

He married in the Foundling chapel on 21 January 1903 Beatrice Grey, daughter of Robert Grey, Treasurer of the Foundling Hospital.

Forbes died in 1918.

* *History of Rhodesia*, by Howard Hensman (1900) – the full-text of the book can be found online for free PDF
* *Scouting on Two Continents,* by Major Frederick Russell Burnham, D.S.O., Autobiography. LC call number: DT775 .B8 1926. (1926)
* *Shangani Patrol*, a feature film, docudrama by David Millin. Filmed on location by RPM Film Studios. Stars Brian O'Shaughnessy as Major Allan Wilson and co-stars Will Hutchins as Fred Burnham. Adrian Steed plays Major Patrick Forbes. Internet Movie DataBase(1970)
* *A Time To Die*, by Robert Carey, the story of the Patrol.
* 35mm copies and publicity stills of this film are preserved at the South African National Film, Video and Sound Archives, Pretoria.


title: North Alberta Regiment

abstract: The North Alberta Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia of the Canadian Militia. In 1936, the regiment was disbanded as a result of a country-wide reorganization of the Canadian Militia.

text:
# North Alberta Regiment

**The North Alberta Regiment** was an infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia of the Canadian Militia (now the Canadian Army). In 1936, the regiment was disbanded as a result of a country-wide reorganization of the Canadian Militia.

## Lineage

### The North Alberta Regiment

## Perpetuations

### Great War

After the reorganization of The Alberta Regiment in 1924, the perpetuation of the 31st Battalion, CEF was shared by both The North Alberta Regiment and The South Alberta Regiment.

## History

The North Alberta Regiment was first authorized on 15 March 1924 when The Alberta Regiment was reorganized and split into two separate regiments, The North Alberta Regiment and The South Alberta Regiment (now part of the South Alberta Light Horse). The perpetuations of CEF units granted to The Alberta Regiment were split among both new regiments.

It was headquartered at Killam and had companies at Camrose, Killam, Hardisty and Sedgewick.

On 1 February 1936, The North Alberta Regiment was disbanded along with 13 other regiments as part of the 1936 Canadian Militia reorganization.

## Organization

### 1st Battalion, The North Alberta Regiment (15 May 1924)

* Regimental Headquarters
* A Company
* B Company
* C Company
* D Company

### Reserve battalions

The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Battalions existed only on paper.

## Battle Honours

1. "Guide to Sources Relating to the Canadian Militia (Infantry, Cavalry, Armored)" (PDF). *Library and Archives Canada*.
2. "The North Alberta Regiment \[Canada\]". 2007-08-17. Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
3. Defence, National (2018-11-29). "The South Alberta Light Horse". *www.canada.ca*. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
4. Defence, National (2018-02-16). "Perpetuations". *www.canada.ca*. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
5. "www.canadiansoldiers.com". *www.canadiansoldiers.com*. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
6. "The Minute Book". *www.regimentalrogue.com*. Retrieved 2021-12-29.

## InfoBox

| North Alberta Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1924–1936 |
| Country | Canada |
| Branch | Canadian Militia |
| Type | Line infantry |
| Role | Infantry |
| Size | 4 battalions (1 active, 3 on paper) |
| Part of | Non-Permanent Active Militia |
| Garrison/HQ | Killam, Alberta |
| Battle honours | See #Battle Honours |


title: Marco Dente

abstract: Marco Dente da Ravenna (1493–1527), usually just called Marco Dente, was an Italian engraver born in Ravenna in the latter part of the 15th Century. He was a prominent figure within the circle of printmakers around Marcantonio Raimondi in Rome, and is known for the imitative nature of the reproductive prints or close copies of other prints that were most of his output. His prints in specific cases are also of certain interest in that we can see the impact and design of sculptural restorations. Marco Dente was killed in the tumult of the Sack of Rome in 1527. He used the accompanying monogram, D-B; albeit sparingly. Marco Dente is not a well-known figure in the Renaissance. The reproductive nature of his works contributed to the subversion of his identity. There was much debate surrounding the attribution of artists within Marcantonio Raimondi's School, and their respective plates. Also contributing to the subversion of his identity was that every plate in Dente's studio was destroyed during the Sack of Rome. Marco Dente was killed in the same war; and very few of his plates were later reissued by publishers.

text:
# Marco Dente

**Marco Dente da Ravenna** (1493–1527), usually just called **Marco Dente**, was an Italian engraver born in Ravenna in the latter part of the 15th Century. He was a prominent figure within the circle of printmakers around Marcantonio Raimondi in Rome, and is known for the imitative nature of the reproductive prints or close copies of other prints that were most of his output. His prints in specific cases are also of certain interest in that we can see the impact and design of sculptural restorations. Marco Dente was killed in the tumult of the Sack of Rome in 1527. He used the accompanying monogram, D-B; albeit sparingly.

Marco Dente is not a well-known figure in the Renaissance. The reproductive nature of his works contributed to the subversion of his identity. There was much debate surrounding the attribution of artists within Marcantonio Raimondi's School, and their respective plates. Also contributing to the subversion of his identity was that every plate in Dente's studio was destroyed during the Sack of Rome. Marco Dente was killed in the same war; and very few of his plates were later reissued by publishers.

## Early life and career

The artist was a member of a patrician family who grew up and lived in Ravenna for the majority of his life. He was an integral member of Marcantonio Raimondi's school of art, joining in 1516; Dente was likely an apprentice alongside Agostino di Musi, another Italian engraver. Dente and Agostino di Musi formed the first generation of Marcantonio's school. However, between the two artists, Dente was considered to have come closest to mastering the technique of engraving.

The characteristic that defines Marco Dente's work is the reproductive nature of his works. The reproductive nature of Dente's work served three functions. The first was to replicate an event in history; the second was to advance financially; the third was to produce with an intent to distribute the print, and as an extension, the print's conceptual elements too. There was a growing demand for depictions of antique relief in the middle of the sixteenth century. The school's commercial function was facilitated by the markets within La Bottega del Cartolaio; this is largely where prints by Marcantonio and Marco Dente were able to be exchanged or acquired.

## Works

Marco Dente's most notable work is his depiction of the Laocoön and his two sons. However, the majority of his known pieces like his depiction of *The Massacre of the innocents*, and *The Judgement of Paris*, are all reproductive in nature. Dente and the other members of Raimondi's school were specifically influenced by the works of Raphael. The workshop frequently used preliminary drawings from Raphael's studio to inform its practice, his studies of the city's archaeological remains were specifically influential. Both Raphael and Dente had 'mutual interests in the ruins of Rome' - mirroring the general trend of Roman and the Greek classical antiquity becoming more influential throughout the Renaissance.

### Laocoon

One of the most notable of Dente's pieces, and the one which seems to define the relatively unknown printmaker, is his version of the *Laocoon.* (**Fig. 1**) The Laocoon is described in Virgil's passage in The Aeneid. This print by Dente is significant in that it was engraved just after he witnessed the excavation of an ancient statue of the same subject in 1506. Dente was heavily influenced by classical antiquity. His pieces *Hercules and Antaeus,* and *Entellus and Dares*, also depict figures based on ancient sculptures. The sculpture of *Laocoon and His Sons* that was uncovered (**Fig. 2**) served as the foundation for Dente's subsequent print. Dente's print contributed to establishing a genre of reproductive engravings in the Renaissance depicting antiquity.

The Laocoon is the only plate on which the engraver inscribed his name, 'Mrcus Ravenas'. Adolfo Venturi, an Italian art historian has argued Dente's print was based on a lost Raphael drawing. The link suggesting Raphael's influence is clear. Dente's effort to reintegrate the sculpture with the ruins of Ancient Rome is a commentary on the restoration of Rome that was likely dictated by Raphael himself. Dente's engraving of the Laocoon was completed before the restorations occurred on the excavated sculpture in 1530. It is the discrepancy in Dente's depiction of a complete sculpture, and the fact restorations occurred on the sculpture after Dente's death, that links Raphael, whose long-standing involvement with the Laocoon is known, to co-operating with regard to ideas for this specific plate. The engraving attempts to combine the narrative and visual aspects of the Laocoon. Dente was also a member of Raphael's social circle.

Raphael's involvement with the conceptual production of the plate is further corroborated by the fact that Il Baviera, Raphael's publisher, retained Marco Dente's plate for the Laocoon - evidence that Dente's print, or the design for it, belonged to Raphael. The piece was not like other works executed by Raimondi's School, which were usually copies of other artists' preliminary drawings for paintings or frescoes. This piece was intentionally created to be distributed through the medium of print.

The engraving attempts to illustrate a glimpse of the history of the subject, but also convey Raphael's commentary on the restorations of antiquity. In Dente's print of the Laocoon and his Sons, he uses the 'R S' monogram to record a different version of the fate of the Trojan priest. Raphael wanted to see Rome restored to its former glory. The piece seeks to 'harmonize the Plinian sculpture with the Virgilian narrative'. Evidenced by the inscription of an excerpt from Book II of the Aeneid, and the inscription of text from Pliny's Natural History. The evidence of Rome is seen through architectural structures and fragments; the depiction of an obelisk, as well as the style of the temple on the hill is equally iconically Roman.

Two of Dente's other famous works are his 'Battle of the Innocents', produced from a piece of the same title by Baccio Bandinelli, and his 'Judgment of Paris', an engraving he imitated from a piece completed by Marcantonio, who had based his after Raphael.

## Imitation in Works

Marco Dente's skill as an imitator was clear. The artist is said to have 'forged so precisely' in so many of his prints. It is common to see evidence of Dente's precision through his replication of arduously minute details of the master copy. Michael Bryan, in his Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, portrays Dente as a professional forger, with deceptive intents of his imitation. This portrayal has merit. Many of Dente's works were copied line by line; others have inscriptions and signatures that directly correspond to originals by Marcantonio.

However, the artist's dedication to accuracy in his reproductive method had a purpose. It was not to deceive the buyer, who could be fooled with less effort; it also was not to deceive Marcantonio, who as an experienced engraver, would have been able to identify it is a forgery regardless of Dente's efforts. Il Baviera was the keeper of all the original plates made by Marcantonio and his colleagues; the accuracy of Dente's imitation was fore mostly intended to mislead Il Baviera, the keeper of the original plates. The marketing of Dente's works as masterpieces by Il Baviera would have meant both Dente and Baviera would have profited from the forgery.


title: Claiborne Gregory

abstract: Claiborne Duncan Gregory was an American politician from Virginia. He served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1956 to 1957.

text:
# Claiborne Gregory

**Claiborne Duncan Gregory** (January 12, 1920 – December 20, 2006) was an American politician from Virginia. He served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1956 to 1957.

## Early life

Claiborne Duncan Gregory was born on January 12, 1920, to Henry Claiborne Gregory. His father was a reverend. His grandfather was Richard Claiborne Gregory. He graduated from Randolph–Macon College with a Bachelor of Arts in 1943. He was a member of Kappa Sigma. He was commissioned as a naval officer by United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Northwestern University.

## Career

Gregory served in the U.S. Navy from 1943 to 1956. He served in World War II and served in the Pacific Theater, the Okinawa Campaign and in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. He also served in the Korean War. He attained the rank of lieutenant commander.

Gregory was a Democrat. He succeeded Edmund T. DeJarnette as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, representing Hanover and King William counties. He served from 1956 to 1957. He was a director of the Virginia Petroleum Industries from 1958 to 1975.

## Personal life

Gregory married Norine Dickson Campbell, daughter of Leslie Dunlop Campbell, on September 1, 1945, at Fork Church. They had two daughters and a son, Fleet, Anne and Claiborne Jr. He was a vestryman and senior warden of Fork Church.

Gregory died on December 20, 2006. He was buried in Fork Church Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Claiborne Gregory | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Virginia House of Delegates for Hanover and King William | |
| **In office**
January 11, 1956  January 8, 1958 | |
| Preceded by | Edmund T. DeJarnette |
| Succeeded by | Robert R. Gwathmey III |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Clairborne Duncan Gregory
(1920-01-12)January 12, 1920 |
| Died | December 20, 2006(2006-12-20) (aged 86) |
| Resting place | Fork Church Cemetery |
| Spouse | Norine Dickson Campbell  (m. 1945) |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | Randolph–Macon College (BA) |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service |  |
| Years of service | 1943–1956 |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |


title: Morisco Kiosk

abstract: The Morisco Kiosk is a kiosk structure in Colonia Santa María la Ribera in Mexico City, Mexico. It is situated in the Alameda Park in the center of the Colonia neighborhood, at the intersection of Dr. Atl and Salvador Miron Streets, near Metro Buenavista. The kiosk is built in the neo-Mudejar architectural style that was prevailing in Spain in the 19th century. It is completely made of wrought iron with a glass cupola dome at the top. The kiosk is made of panels that can be disassembled and moved if needed.

text:
# Morisco Kiosk

The **Morisco Kiosk** (*Local*: Kiosco Morisco, *English*: Moorish Kiosk) is a kiosk structure in Colonia Santa María la Ribera in Mexico City, Mexico. It is situated in the Alameda Park in the center of the Colonia neighborhood, at the intersection of Dr. Atl and Salvador Miron Streets, near Metro Buenavista. The kiosk is built in the neo-Mudejar architectural style that was prevailing in Spain in the 19th century. It is completely made of wrought iron with a glass cupola dome at the top. The kiosk is made of panels that can be disassembled and moved if needed.

## History

The Morisco Kiosk was built by José Ramón Ibarrola as the Mexico Pavilion at the 1884 World’s Fair in New Orleans. It was then used for the Saint Louis Exposition in 1902. The Kiosk was brought back to Mexico after the events, and first installed on the south side of the Alameda Central in Mexico City. During the Centennial of the Mexican War of Independence it was decided to be moved to make way for the Benito Juárez Monument. Colonia residents petitioned for it to be moved to its present location.

## Architecture

The kiosk is built in the neo-Mudejar architectural style which was popular in Spain when this Kiosk was designed in the 19th century. Its neo-Mudejar style is a revival of the older Moorish influenced Mudejar architectural style. The Kiosk made of wrought iron with a glass cupola dome at top. The kiosk is designed for disassembling and moving when needed.

19°26′58.8″N 99°9′24.7″W / 19.449667°N 99.156861°W / 19.449667; -99.156861


title: Hyloidea

abstract: Hyloidea is a superfamily of frogs. Hyloidea accounts for 54% of all living anuran species. The superfamily Hyloidea branched off from its closest relative, the Australobatrachia, during the mid-Cretaceous. The fossil evidence found during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event could not determine the effects upon the frogs, due to the lack of fossils. Increased forestation erupted after this extinction, possibly leading to more arboreal adaptations of these anurans to be best suited for this habitat.

text:
# Hyloidea

**Hyloidea** is a superfamily of frogs. Hyloidea accounts for 54% of all living anuran species. The superfamily Hyloidea branched off from its closest relative, the Australobatrachia, during the mid-Cretaceous. The fossil evidence found during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event could not determine the effects upon the frogs, due to the lack of fossils. Increased forestation erupted after this extinction, possibly leading to more arboreal adaptations of these anurans to be best suited for this habitat.

## Taxonomy

Hyloidea contains the following subgroups:

### Phylogenetic relationships

Anurans all share a number of morphological characteristics, so researchers have had to use DNA testing to understand their relationships. ML and Bayesian analyses using a nuclear marker toolkit have resolved some of the relations of the anurans in Hyloidea. 53 out of the 55 previously established nodes on the phylogenetic tree were supported by this DNA testing. Analysis supports the Hyloidea being the sister group to the Australobatrachia, a clade of frogs containing species in Chile, Australia, and New Guinea. The common ancestor of both groups inhabited South America during the Early Cretaceous.

## Shared characteristics

Hyloidea is the largest superfamily of anurans due to scientists placing frogs into this family when the relationships to others are unknown. Therefore, Hyloidea has the highest species diversity. Hyloidea are all tailless, have shortened bodies, large mouths and muscular hind legs. Most anurans in the superfamily have a lateral‐bender which is a type of pelvis morphology found in walking, hopping and burrowing frogs. Some species that appear later in the taxon have a sagittal‐hinge pelvis found in aquatic frogs as well as walking, hopping and burrowing frogs and some have a fore–aft slider pelvis found in terrestrial frogs. Hyloidea anurans lack ribs, have complex mouthparts, and their pectoral girdle can be arciferal or firmisternal. They reproduce via axillary amplexus, and their larvae usually have a single spiracle. The average snout-vent length (SVL) of Hyloidea species vary widely, from 10 mm in one species of *Diasporus* to 320 mm in female *Calyptocephalella gayi*.

## Distribution

It is believed that Hyloidea frogs first evolved on the Gondwanan supercontinent in what is now southern South America. They soon spread throughout the world and resulted in many varities and species of frogs that adapted to their new environments. Due to the nature of their original environment, Hyloidea frogs are more associated with higher temperatures no matter where they are found in the world. Today, they can be found in every continent except Antarctica, although in 2020 a roughly 40 million year old fossil from the hyloid family Calyptocephalellidae was discovered on Seymour Island in the Antarctic Peninsula. The distribution of Hyloidea species is highly correlated with climate, with most species found in areas with higher annual mean temperatures.

## Conservation

As of March 2024, out over 50000 Hyloidea frogs represented on the IUCN Red List, 3866 were listed as critically endangered (4.5%), 5910 as endangered (6.8%), and 6774 as vulnerable (7.8%). However, there is still a great deal of the frogs, about 49000, that are considered as 'Least concern' and not being threatened. Most of the frogs of greater concern are all undergoing habitat loss that contributes to their dwindling numbers. Some of the reasons why are due to urbanization, farming, mining, and deforestation.

## InfoBox

| Hyloidea
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eleutherodactylus jasperi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Suborder: | Neobatrachia |
| Superfamily: | Hyloidea
Stannius, 1856 |
|
| Families | |
| See text | |


title: Viola bakeri

abstract: Viola bakeri is a species of violet known by the common name Baker's violet. It is native to the Western United States, from Washington and Oregon, to the mountains of northern Nevada, and in California to the southern High Sierra Nevada. The plant occurs in openings in coniferous forest habitats.

text:
# Viola bakeri

***Viola bakeri*** is a species of violet known by the common name **Baker's violet**. It is native to the Western United States, from Washington and Oregon, to the mountains of northern Nevada, and in California to the southern High Sierra Nevada.

The plant occurs in openings in coniferous forest habitats.

## Description

*Viola bakeri* is an herb that grows from a woody taproot, reaching a maximum height of a few centimeters to around 30 centimetres (12 in). The leaves have lance-shaped blades up to 5 or 6 centimeters long which are borne on petioles. They are usually hairless, but may have hairs along the veins and edges.

A solitary flower is borne on an upright stem. It has five yellow petals, the lowest three marked with brown veining and the upper pair sometimes tinged with brown or purple on the outer surface.

## InfoBox

| *Viola bakeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Baker's violet | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | *Viola* |
| Species: | ***V. bakeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Viola bakeri***<br>Greene | |
|


title: Pazo dos Deportes de Riazor

abstract: Pazo dos Deportes de Riazor is a multi-purpose sports arena in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain. Located at Riazor's sports complex, the venue has 4,425 seats and a maximum capacity of 5,000 people. The arena is owned by the A Coruña City Hall and faces Estadio Riazor.

text:
# Pazo dos Deportes de Riazor

**Pazo dos Deportes de Riazor** is a multi-purpose sports arena in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain. Located at Riazor's sports complex, the venue has 4,425 seats and a maximum capacity of 5,000 people. The arena is owned by the A Coruña City Hall and faces Estadio Riazor.

## History

Construction started in November 1968 and finished with its opening on August 1, 1970, hosting a roller hockey match between Spain and a World Team composed of several players.

Riazor hosted the Roller Hockey World Cups of 1972 and 1988. In 2018, Riazor was the venue for one of that season's Women's Flat Track Derby Association Playoffs, featuring roller derby teams from the United States, Argentina, England, France, Finland and Sweden. The tournament was held from August 31 through September 2, and won by Arch Rival Roller Derby from St. Louis, United States.

The arena was renovated in 2011.

Currently, it is the home court of roller hockey team HC Liceo and basketball team Básquet Coruña.

## InfoBox

Riazor
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Pazo dos Deportes de Riazor |
| Location | A Coruña, Galicia |
| Coordinates | 43°22′9″N 8°24′57″W / 43.36917°N 8.41583°W / 43.36917; -8.41583 |
| Owner | A Coruña City Hall |
| Capacity | 4,425 (expandable to 5,000) |
| Surface | Parquet Floor |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | November 1968 |
| Opened | 1 August 1970 |
| Renovated | 2011 |
| Architect | Santiago Rey Pedreira |
| Tenants | |
| HC Liceo<br>Básquet Coruña | |


title: Murex somalicus

abstract: Murex somalicus is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the rock snails or murex snails.

text:
# Murex somalicus

***Murex somalicus*** is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the rock snails or murex snails.

## Description

**Original description:** "Very large shell (up to 190 mm.) with 7 loose whorls and 3 weak varices per whorl. The spiral sculpture is made up of 4 distinct cords which, when they go over the varices, form 4 spiny processes pointing in the direction of the apex. The spine of the first adapical cord (towards the shoulder) is shorter, while the other 3 spines clearly increase in length as they get nearer the siphonal canal. This has 5 strong and long spines (the first is near the point of separation between the external and internal lips) which decrease in length towards the end of the canal: among the main spines there are smaller ones which make an angle of about 90 degrees with the stronger spines. Very weak axial sculpture on the last whorls, only on the first whorls radial riblets are visible. The aperture is elongated oval, white, the calliosity of the internal lip reaches the spines of the preceding whorl, the external lip ends in the superior zone in a posterior canal, or anal, very long and wide.
Between the third and the fourth spine is the labral tooth, typical of the genus *Mures s.s.* The colouring is darker in the area of the varices, almost rusty red, while at the centre of the whorls, among the varices it is lighter, tending towards cream.
The protoconch is paucispiral, with 2, 1/2 rounded whorls of a very variable diameter. Operculum unknown."

## Distribution

**Locus typicus:** "Coast of Somalia,
unfortunately without any reliable precision."

## InfoBox

| *Murex somalicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Murex* |
| Species: | ***M. somalicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Murex somalicus***<br>Parth, 1990 | |
|


title: Fritzlar Air Base

abstract: Fritzlar Air Base is a military air field of the German Army Aviation Corps. It is located near the town of Fritzlar in northern Hesse, Germany. The airfield is part of the Georg-Friedrich-Kaserne (Georg-Friedrich-Barracks). Fritzlar is the home of Kampfhubschrauberregiment 36 "Kurhessen", which is flying the MBB Bo 105 in anti-tank and light transport (VBH) version. Currently the PAH version is going to be replaced by the Eurocopter Tiger. Replacement was to be finished in 2012 but is much delayed.

text:
# Fritzlar Air Base

**Fritzlar Air Base** (German: *Heeresflugplatz Fritzlar*, IATA: **FRZ**, ICAO: **ETHF**) is a military air field of the German Army Aviation Corps. It is located near the town of Fritzlar in northern Hesse, Germany. The airfield is part of the Georg-Friedrich-Kaserne (Georg-Friedrich-Barracks).

Fritzlar is the home of Kampfhubschrauberregiment 36 "Kurhessen" (Attack Helicopter Regiment 36 "Kurhessen"), which is flying the MBB Bo 105 in anti-tank (PAH-1 & PAH-1A1) and light transport (VBH) version. Currently the PAH version is going to be replaced by the Eurocopter Tiger. Replacement was to be finished in 2012 but is much delayed.

## History

Construction of the airfield began in September 1935, although the Treaty of Versailles prohibited Germany to have an air force. The roofing ceremony was held on 17 September 1937.

### Luftwaffe use

On 14/16 March 1939, the Staff and the first Group of the Kampfgeschwader 54 "Totenkopf" were established at Fritzlar Airfield. It was equipped with Heinkel He 111 P. With the start of World War II, the KG 54 left Fritzlar in September 1939. It never returned to its home base.

In August 1941, the hangars of the airfield were used by Junkers as maintenance and production site. They constructed barracks between the airfield and the town to house the forced laborers. The bombing of the Eder Dam on 17 May 1943 had no significant effect on the production lines. Only light buildings like barracks were damaged, and a few weeks later the production lines were working like before. In November 1943, the Junkers Ju 352 plane was designed and produced in the hangars. In 1944, after completing 44 planes, production was discontinued because of lack of material. Junkers left the airfield in October 1944.

Between September 1944 and March 1945, the III. Group of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (III./NJG 1) were based at Fritzlar airfield. The group was equipped with Messerschmitt Bf 110 G and Junkers Ju 88 G.

In March 1945, a training squadron of Nachtjagdgeschwader 101 (NJG 101) was based in Fritzlar. The lack of fuel made the school unable to train new pilots, and so the aviation trainers were assigned for combat duty.

### USAAF use

The barely damaged Luftwaffe airfield was captured by parts of the 9th Infantry Division of the US Army on 30 March 1945. A few grounded planes were captured undamaged.

On 12/13 April 1945, parts of the 404th Fighter Group and 365th Fighter Group Hellcats of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) moved to Fritzlar and supported ground troops with their P-47 Thunderbolts until they reached the Elbe river.

After V-E Day, both groups became part of the IX Air Defense Command.

In the postwar years, the following known USAAF units were assigned to **Army Air Force Station Fritzlar**:

USAAF operations were phased out on 14 September 1947, and the air base was transferred from the USAAF to other branches of the United States Army.

### US Army use

In 1946, parts of the 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment (USCON) were based at Fritzlar Kaserne.

The 14th ACR (USCON):

* Headquarters, Fritzlar
* Headquarters Troops, Fritzlar
* 1st Battalion, Fritzlar
* 2nd Battalion, Schweinfurt
* 3rd Battalion, Coburg
* 24th Constabulary Squad, Hersfeld

The 1st Battalion left Fritzlar in 1951 and moved to Bad Hersfeld. In 1952, the HQ of the 14th ACR moved to Fulda, and the presence of US Forces at Fritzlar Kaserne came to an end.

#### Berlin Blockade

During the Berlin Blockade in 1948/49, Fritzlar Air Base served as radio beacon and emergency airfield on route back to Frankfurt and Wiesbaden.

### French Army use

As replacement of the US Forces, the French 5th Hussar Regiment with AMX 13 tanks was based at Fritzlar. They renamed the barracks *Quartier General Lasalle*. With deployment of the Bundeswehr, the French NATO forces left Fritzlar in 1956.

### German Army use

In October 1956, the barracks were transferred to the Bundeswehr and renamed *Flugplatz Kaserne*. In 1964, they were renamed *Georg-Friedrich-Kaserne*, after the Fieldmarshal Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck.

#### Non-flying units

The following non-flying units were based in Fritzlar:

* 1956 Panzergrenadierbataillon 22 (Mechanized Infantry Battalion 22)
* 1958–1972 Feldjägerdienstkommando Fritzlar (MP Command Fritzlar)
* 1959–1992 Panzergrenadierbataillon 53 (former Panzergrenadierbataillon 22) (5th Brigade, 2nd Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr))
* 1961–1971 Flugabwehrbataillon 2 (Anti-Aircraft Battalion 2)
* 1963–1967/1979–1996 Fernspähkompanie 300 (Long Range Reconnaissance Company 300)
* 1967–1994 Verteidigungskreiskommando 441 (Territorial Defense District Command 441)
* 1981–1994 Panzerpionierkompanie 50 (Armored Engineer Company 50)
* 1993–1996 3./Instandsetzungsbattalion 310 (3rd company of Maintenance Battalion 310)

Currently the following non-flying units are based in Fritzlar:

* Standortsanitätszentrum Fritzlar (Local Medic Center Fritzlar), since 1996
* Facharztzentrum Fritzlar (Medical Specialist Center Fritzlar), since 2001

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| Fritzlar Air Base
*Heeresflugplatz Fritzlar*
Advanced Landing Ground Y-86 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Military |
| Owner | Federal Republic of Germany |
| Operator | German Army |
| Location | Fritzlar, Germany |
| Built | 1935–1939 |
| In use | 1939-today |
| Commander | Oberst Krass |
| Occupants | 1939–1945 Luftwaffe, 1941–1944 Junkers, 1945–1947 USAAF, 1947–1951 US Army, 1951–1956 French Army, 1956-today German Army |
| Elevation AMSL | 566 ft / 171 m |
| Coordinates | 51°07′00″N 009°17′14″E / 51.11667°N 9.28722°E / 51.11667; 9.28722 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  12/30 1,043 3,422 Asphalt | |


title: Patrick Wilkinson (soccer)

abstract: Patrick Wilkinson is an American professional soccer player who plays for the Saint Louis Billikens.

text:
# Patrick Wilkinson (soccer)

**Patrick Wilkinson** (born May 19, 1999) is an American professional soccer player who plays for the Saint Louis Billikens.

## Career

Wilkinson signed with United Soccer League side Swope Park Rangers on August 18, 2016. He made his debut on August 22, 2016, as a 68th-minute substitute in a 1–1 draw against Saint Louis FC.

## InfoBox

Patrick Wilkinson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1999-05-19) May 19, 1999 | | |
| Place of birth | Overland Park, Kansas, United States | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender, Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Saint Louis Billikens | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2012–2017 | Sporting Kansas City | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2017– | Saint Louis Billikens | 58 | (0) |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2016 | Swope Park Rangers | 1 | (0) |
| 2019 | Kaw Valley FC | 6 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14 April 2021 | | | |


title: Non-abelian group

abstract: In mathematics, and specifically in group theory, a non-abelian group, sometimes called a non-commutative group, is a group (G, ∗) in which there exists at least one pair of elements a and b of G, such that a ∗ b ≠ b ∗ a. This class of groups contrasts with the abelian groups, where all pairs of group elements commute. Non-abelian groups are pervasive in mathematics and physics. One of the simplest examples of a non-abelian group is the dihedral group of order 6. It is the smallest finite non-abelian group. A common example from physics is the rotation group SO(3) in three dimensions (for example, rotating something 90 degrees along one axis and then 90 degrees along a different axis is not the same as doing them in reverse order). Both discrete groups and continuous groups may be non-abelian. Most of the interesting Lie groups are non-abelian, and these play an important role in gauge theory.

text:
# Non-abelian group

In mathematics, and specifically in group theory, a **non-abelian group**, sometimes called a **non-commutative group**, is a group (*G*, ∗) in which there exists at least one pair of elements *a* and *b* of *G*, such that *a*  *b*  *b*  *a*. This class of groups contrasts with the abelian groups, where all pairs of group elements commute.

Non-abelian groups are pervasive in mathematics and physics. One of the simplest examples of a non-abelian group is the dihedral group of order 6. It is the smallest finite non-abelian group. A common example from physics is the rotation group SO(3) in three dimensions (for example, rotating something 90 degrees along one axis and then 90 degrees along a different axis is not the same as doing them in reverse order).

Both discrete groups and continuous groups may be non-abelian. Most of the interesting Lie groups are non-abelian, and these play an important role in gauge theory.