title: Fiji at the 1968 Summer Olympics

text:
# Fiji at the 1968 Summer Olympics

Fiji competed with only one person at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. Fiji returned to the Summer Olympic Games after missing the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

## Athletics

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Viliame Liga | Men's javelin throw | 62.32 | 25 | did not advance | |

## InfoBox

| Fiji at the<br>1968 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | FIJ |
| NOC | Fiji Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.fasanoc.org.fj |
| in Mexico City | |
| Competitors | 1 in 1 sport |
| Flag bearer | Viliame Liga |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Michael Köhler

abstract: Michael Köhler was an East German luger who competed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He won two medals in the men's doubles event at the FIL World Luge Championships with a silver in 1970 and a bronze in 1969.

text:
# Michael Köhler

**Michael Köhler** (born 26 February 1944) was an East German luger who competed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He won two medals in the men's doubles event at the FIL World Luge Championships with a silver in 1970 and a bronze in 1969.

## InfoBox

Michael Köhler
| Köhler at the East-German championships in 1964 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1944-02-26) February 26, 1944<br>Zwikau, Germany |
| Occupation | Luger |
| Medal record      Luge  Representing  East Germany  World Championships  1965 Davos  Men's doubles  1970 Königssee  Men's doubles  1969 Königssee  Men's doubles | |


title: Rhynchocystinae

abstract: The Rhynchocystinae are a subfamily of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa.

text:
# Rhynchocystinae

The **Rhynchocystinae** are a subfamily of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa.

## Taxonomy

There are three genera in this subfamily: *Dirhynchocystis*, *Grayallia* and *Rhynchocystis*.

## History

This subfamily was created by Bhatia and Stena in 1939.

## Description

## InfoBox

| Rhynchocystinae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | Sar |
| (unranked): | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Conoidasida |
| Subclass: | Gregarinasina |
| Order: | Eugregarinorida |
| Suborder: | Aseptatorina |
| Family: | Monocystidae |
| Subfamily: | **Rhynchocystinae** |
|
| Genera | |
| *Dirhynchocystis*
*Grayallia*
*Rhynchocystis* | |


title: Painter Run

abstract: Painter Run is a tributary of West Branch Fishing Creek in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 4.5 miles (7.2 km) long and flows through Davidson Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of 5.20 square miles (13.5 km⁲). It has one named tributary, which is known as Oxhorn Run and one unnamed tributary. Painter Run is slightly acidic, with pH values ranging from 5.99 to 6.88. The stream is in a narrow valley with several ridges nearby. Sandstone of the Pocono Formation occurs near it. At least two bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its unnamed tributary is considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters.

text:
# Painter Run

**Painter Run** (also known as **Painter's Run**) is a tributary of West Branch Fishing Creek in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 4.5 miles (7.2 km) long and flows through Davidson Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of 5.20 square miles (13.5 km2). It has one named tributary, which is known as Oxhorn Run and one unnamed tributary. Painter Run is slightly acidic, with pH values ranging from 5.99 to 6.88. The stream is in a narrow valley with several ridges nearby. Sandstone of the Pocono Formation occurs near it. At least two bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its unnamed tributary is considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters.

## Course

Painter Run begins in a small pond in a shallow valley in Davidson Township. It flows southeast for a few tenths of a mile and receives an unnamed tributary from the right. It then turns east for several tenths of a mile and its valley becomes deeper and narrower. The stream gradually turns south and receives an unnamed tributary from the left. After several tenths of a miles, it receives another unnamed tributary from the right. The stream then turns southeast for some distance and its valley continues to become deeper. It then receives another unnamed tributary from the left and turns southeast for approximately a mile, flowing alongside State Route 2003. It then gradually turns south-southeast and receives its only named tributary, Oxhorn Run, from the right. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it reaches its confluence with West Branch Fishing Creek.

Painter Run joins West Branch Fishing Creek 6.12 miles (9.85 km) upstream of its mouth.

### Tributaries

Painter Run has one named tributary, which is known as Oxhorn Run. It also has one unnamed tributary. Oxhorn Run joins Painter Run 0.58 miles (0.93 km) upstream of its mouth. The watershed of Oxhorn Run has an area of 0.87 square miles (2.3 km2). The unnamed tributary joins Painter Run 2.2 miles (3.5 km) upstream of its mouth.

## Hydrology

Between June 2010 and April 2011, the water temperature of Painter Run was measured four times. On June 18, the temperature was 59.6 °F (15.3 °C) and on November 13, it was 40.7 °F (4.8 °C). On April 9, 2011, the temperature was 39.6 °F (4.2 °C) and on January 4, 2011, it was 32.6 °F (0.3 °C). The specific conductance of the stream's waters was 37, 21, 15, and 20 micro-siemens per centimeter, respectively.

Between June 2010 and April 2011, the pH of Painter Run was measured four times. The lowest pH was 5.99 on January 4, 2011 and the highest pH was 6.88 on June 18, 2010. The pH of the stream was 6.598 on November 13, 2010 and 6.20 on April 9, 2011.

Painter Run is designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection for use for aquatic life. It attains the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection's standards. However, its tributary Oxhorn Run does not meet the standards and is considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired.

## Geography and geology

The elevation near the mouth of Painter Run is 1,296 feet (395 m) above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between 2,200 and 2,220 feet (670 and 680 m) above sea level.

Painter Run is in a narrow valley between two mountains. There is also a ridge to the north of the stream. Another ridge lies between the stream and West Branch Fishing Creek.

Sandstone of the Pocono Formation occurs near the headwaters of Painter Run. In most of the stream's valley, alluvium, alluvial terrace, alluvial fan, and a glacial till known as the Wisconsinan Till can be found. The Wisconsinan Bouldery Till occurs on the eastern side of the stream's valley in its lower reaches. Bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale can also be found in the vicinity of the stream.

During the Wisconsinan Glaciation, tongues of ice flowed northwest up Painter Run.

## Watershed

The watershed of Painter Run has an area of 5.20 square miles (13.5 km2). The stream is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Elk Grove.

An unnamed tributary of Painter Run is considered by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission to be Class A Wild Trout Waters from its source to its mouth. The headwaters of Painter Run are in a pond.

## History

Painter Run was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1183207.

In 1864, it was alleged that an organization known as the Fishing Creek Confederacy constructed a fort in the upper reaches of the Fishing Creek watershed. The supposed remains of the fort are in the vicinity of Painter Run. Approximately a thousand soldiers searched the watersheds of East Branch Fishing Creek and West Branch Fishing Creek for deserters and any sign of a fort. However, they were unable to find any evidence of a fort and returned to Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania.

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge was constructed over Painter Run in 1930. It is 26.9 feet (8.2 m) long and carries State Route 2003. Another bridge of the same type was built over the stream 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Elk Grove in 1957. This bridge is 44.0 feet (13.4 m) long and carries State Route 2003. The latter bridge was listed as structurally deficient by 2012. In June 2012, there were plans to repair it in early July 2012.

## InfoBox

| Painter Run
Painter's Run | |
| --- | --- |
| Painter Run looking upstream near its mouth | |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | small pond in a shallow valley in Davidson Township, Sullivan County, Pennsylvania |
| elevation | between 2,200 and 2,220 feet (670 and 680 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | West Branch Fishing Creek in Davidson Township, Sullivan County, Pennsylvania |
| coordinates | 41°18′16″N 76°26′07″W / 41.3045°N 76.4354°W / 41.3045; -76.4354 |
| elevation | 1,296 ft (395 m) |
| Length | 4.5 mi (7.2 km) |
| Basin size | 5.20 sq mi (13.5 km2) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | West Branch Fishing Creek → Fishing CreekSusquehanna RiverChesapeake Bay |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | one unnamed tributary |
| right | one unnamed tributary, Oxhorn Run |


title: Gyula Prassler

abstract: Gyula Prassler was a Romanian football forward who played for Romania in the 1938 FIFA World Cup.

text:
# Gyula Prassler

**Gyula Prassler** (also known as **Iuliu Iosif Prassler**; 1916–1942) was a Romanian football forward who played for Romania in the 1938 FIFA World Cup.

## InfoBox

Gyula Prassler
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Gyula Prassler / Iuliu Iosif Prassler | | |
| Date of birth | 1916 | | |
| Place of birth | Uioara, Alba, Romania | | |
| Date of death | 1942 (aged 2526) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1933–1936 | Phoenix Baia Mare |  |  |
| 1936–1938 | AMEF Arad | 37 | (18) |
| 1938–1940 | FC Juventus București | 40 | (21) |
| 1940–1941 | SE Baia Mare |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1938 | Romania | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Jim Kamp

abstract: James Kamp was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Boston Redskins and Staten Island Stapletons. He played college football at Oklahoma City University.

text:
# Jim Kamp

**James Kamp** (December 5, 1907 – July 4, 1953) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Boston Redskins and Staten Island Stapletons. He played college football at Oklahoma City University.

## InfoBox

Jim Kamp
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1907-12-05)December 5, 1907<br>El Reno, Oklahoma, United States |
| Died: | June 4, 1953(1953-06-04) (aged 45) |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 210 lb (95 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Oklahoma City |
| Position: | Offensive lineman |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Radio Gree Night

abstract: Kana Hanasawa and Sora Amamiya's Radio Gree Night is a Japanese radio program broadcast by Nippon Cultural Broadcasting.

text:
# Radio Gree Night

***Kana Hanasawa and Sora Amamiya's Radio Gree Night*** (Japanese: 花澤香菜・雨宮天のRADIO GREE NIGHT, Hepburn: *Hanazawa Kana, Amamiya Sora no Radio Gree Night*) is a Japanese radio program broadcast by Nippon Cultural Broadcasting.

## Summary

The program is sponsored by GREE. The program itself and a short bonus evaluation program are available on the YouTube channel of the same company as well.

This is the first radio program hosted together by Kana Hanazawa and Sora Amamiya.

1. 花澤香菜＆雨宮天、日曜深夜のラジオ10月から ナタリー 2014年9月22日、同10月23日閲覧。
2. 花澤香菜＆雨宮天によるラジオ番組の反省会の配信がスタート おた☆スケ 2014年10月7日、同23日閲覧。
3. 花澤香菜＆雨宮天がMCを務めるラジオがYouTubeでフル公開 おた☆スケ 2014年10月7日、同23日閲覧。
4. 声優の花澤香菜＆雨宮天がラジオで初共演！文化放送で10月5日放送スタート クランクイン!! 2014年9月24日、同10月23日閲覧。


title: Michelle Hinnigan

abstract: Michelle Hinnigan is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder for Everton. She has represented England on the under-17, under-19, under-20 and under 23 national teams.

text:
# Michelle Hinnigan

**Michelle Hinnigan** (born 12 June 1990) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder for Everton. She has represented England on the under-17, under-19, under-20 and under 23 national teams.

## Club career

Hinnigan joined Everton Ladies as a junior and progressed to the first team squad. Her real breakthrough came in the 200708 season when manager Mo Marley put Hinnigan in the first team after a number of injuries to then first-team regulars.

## International career

Hinnigan has represented England at Under-17, Under-19, Under-20 and Under-23 levels. In July 2009, Hinnigan captained the England Under-19 side as they beat Sweden to win the European Championship.

## Personal life

Hinnigan attends Loughborough University on the Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme. Michelle attended All Saints Catholic High School in Kirkby, Liverpool.

## Honours

### Everton

## InfoBox

Michelle Hinnigan
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-06-12) 12 June 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Kirkby, England | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2007–2017 | Everton | 55 | (5) |
| International career | | | |
| 2008–2009 | England U-19 | 9 | (0) |
| 2010 | England U-20 | 3 | (0) |
| 2010–2013 | England U-23 | 15 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 8 June 2017<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 8 June 2017 | | | |


title: William I. Bowditch

abstract: William Ingersoll Bowditch was an American lawyer, writer, abolitionist, and suffragist from Massachusetts. The landmarked William Ingersoll Bowditch House in Brookline, Massachusetts, was a station on the Underground Railroad prior to the American Civil War. One historian has argued that "From 1835 to 1860 the history of the moral movement against slavery in America is the history of William Lloyd Garrison and his great coadjutors like Wendell Phillips, Theodore D. Weld, Parker Pillsbury, Frederick Douglass, Theodore Parker, Lucretia Mott, Stephen and Abby Kelly Foster, the sisters Grimké, Samuel E. Sewall, Ellis Gray Loring, Maria Weston Chapman, David Lee and Lydia Maria Child, Francis Jackson, Samuel J. May, Samuel May, Edmund Quincy, Henry I. and William I. Bowditch, and Lucy Stone." Another history describes Bowditch as the "leading Constitutional scholar" among the abolitionists. In 1849 Bowditch wrote that the U.S. Constitution was a radically pro-slavery document.

text:
# William I. Bowditch

**William Ingersoll Bowditch** (August 5, 1819  January 24, 1909) was an American lawyer, writer, abolitionist, and suffragist from Massachusetts. The landmarked William Ingersoll Bowditch House in Brookline, Massachusetts, was a station on the Underground Railroad prior to the American Civil War. One historian has argued that "From 1835 to 1860 the history of the moral movement against slavery in America is the history of William Lloyd Garrison and his great coadjutors like Wendell Phillips, Theodore D. Weld, Parker Pillsbury, Frederick Douglass, Theodore Parker, Lucretia Mott, Stephen and Abby Kelly Foster, the sisters Grimké, Samuel E. Sewall, Ellis Gray Loring, Maria Weston Chapman, David Lee and Lydia Maria Child, Francis Jackson, Samuel J. May, Samuel May, Edmund Quincy, Henry I. and William I. Bowditch, and Lucy Stone." Another history describes Bowditch as the "leading Constitutional scholar" among the abolitionists. In 1849 Bowditch wrote that the U.S. Constitution was a radically pro-slavery document.

## Life and career

Bowditch was the seventh of the eight children of astronomer, mathematician, and actuary Nathaniel Bowditch and his wife Mary Ingersoll. His older brother Henry Ingersoll Bowditch (1808–1891) was a doctor and Harvard Medical School professor who also heavily involved in the abolitionist movement. William I. Bowditch graduated Harvard, class of 1838 (along with James Russell Lowell and W. W. Story), and graduated Harvard Law in 1841. He spent most of his professional life as a conveyancer (a subfield of real estate law), and as an estate trustee. In 1844 he married Sarah Rhea Higginson, who was said to always be "in hearty sympathy with her husband's reform work."

Bowditch began his involvement in the abolitionist movement around 1841 when he got to know Ellis Gray Loring, Samuel Philbrick, and William P. Atkinson. When Ellen and William Craft escaped north in 1848, the first place they stayed in Brookline was Bowditch's house, before they had to be relocated for their own security. In 1854, Bowditch, Loring, and Martin Kennard were among the members of the Boston Vigilance Committee, which was devoted to protecting fugitive slaves. For example, "When a slave rescued from the brig *Cameo* and hid in Lewis Hayden's house in Boston was reported discovered, Mr. Bowditch drove in with his carryall, helped to disguise the fugitive in women's clothes and with Austin Bearse drove the frightened Negro to Concord at night. There he was entrusted to Judge Brooks, a sympathizer, and Mr. Bowditch returned to Brookline for breakfast. Many another runaway passed through his hands, aided by friendly counsel, money, and heroic personal exertion. His efforts were, however, by no means confined to furthering escape, for he was active in winning public support for the abolitionist cause. Frequent meetings were held between 1854 and 1860, announced by notices which Mr. Bowditch tacked up along Walnut Street and near Coolidge Corner...in the hope that as many as half of them would survive the efforts of the vandals who sought to tear them down." During this period he was also the author of *Slavery and the Constitution* (1849), *The Rendition of Anthony Burns* (1854), and shorter pamphlets published by the American Anti-Slavery Society, including *The anti-slavery reform: its principle and method*.

After the raid on Harper's Ferry, one of John Brown's surviving sons "sought and found refuge at the home of Mr. Bowditch in Brookline. It is said that his extensive armament frightened the maid servant, and that Mr. Bowditch assured Brown that such defenses were not needed. 'Perhaps not,' he answered, 'but it is safer. I am resolved never to be taken alive.' He was unmolested while he remained in Brookline." In 1860, Bowditch served one term on the executive board of the American Anti-Slavery Society. In 1893 he responded to a letter inquiring about the history of the Underground Railroad in Massachusetts, writing:

> Dear Sir: In reply to the question contained in your letter of Mar. 28, last, I would say: We had no regular route and no regular station in Massachusetts. I have had several fugitives in my house. Generally I passed them on Wm. Jackson at Newton. His house being on the Worcester Railroad, he could easily forward any one. One person, I (with others) drove to Concord in a two horse carry-all, and deposited him with Mrs. Brooks, the mother of Judge Geo. M. Brooks. Sometimes we rescued them from the ships in the harbor. I have had in my house Wm. and Ellen Craft, John Brown Jr., Henry (Box) Brown, and others ... Respectfully yours, Wm. I. Bowditch

Bowditch was perennially selected as moderator of Brookline town meetings for many years. Beginning in the 1870s, Bowditch worked to promote votes for women. His pamphlet *Taxation of Women in Massachusetts* (1875) is described as an "impressive document" that makes "no taxation without representation" arguments in favor of woman suffrage. Another pamphlet was called *The Right to Govern Ourselves*, and together they showed "that about 16 percent of the real estate of the commonwealth" was then owned by women, who did not have commensurate political power; at the time of his death a eulogist commented, "He wrote a spirited appeal against this injustice, entitled, 'How long shall we rob and enslave women?' A question not yet answered." He also served as president of the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association from 1878 to 1891, according to *History of Woman Suffrage, 1883–1900*. Another account lists him as successor to Rev. Dr. James Freeman Clarke as president of the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association, serving for seven years. According to a history of Brookline, "Far-seeing William I. Bowditch moved the annual meeting in 1881, 'That the town ask the Legislature to extend to women who are citizens the right to hold office and to vote in town affairs on the same terms as male citizens.'" The motion was apparently unsuccessful. Bowditch was further confounded by the electoral slate for the 1882 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, stating, "I cannot vote for Bishop, because he is opposed to woman suffrage; I cannot vote for Almy, because I am opposed to prohibition; and I will not vote for Butler, because I would as soon vote for the devil."

Bowditch died at his home in Massachusetts in 1909 after an illness of about three months. Bowditch was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery. Bowditch was survived by his wife and five children. His will included cash bequests to Alice Stone Blackwell and Booker T. Washington. He was remembered by Henry Browne Blackwell in *Woman's Journal*: "With strong convictions and emphatic expression, Mr. Bowditch was a man of sterling integrity and warm affections. My daughter and myself once had the privilege of being the guests of Mr. and Mrs. Bowditch for ten days, at their beautiful woodland home on Lake Chateaugay, in the heart of the Adirondacks, where we greatly enjoyed their reminiscences of 'the times that tried men's souls.'"

## Selected works

* Bowditch, William I. (September 1848). Emerson, Ralph Waldo; Parker, Theodore; Cabot, J. Elliot (eds.). "Constitutionality of Slavery". *Massachusetts Quarterly Review* (IV). Boston: Coolidge & Wiley: 463–508.

## InfoBox

| William I. Bowditch | |
| --- | --- |
| *Boston Globe*, Jan. 25, 1909 | |
| Born | (1819-08-05)August 5, 1819
Salem, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | January 24, 1909(1909-01-24) (aged 89)
Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Lawyer, writer |


title: Fingerpost, Worcestershire

abstract: Fingerpost is a hamlet and road junction in north Worcestershire, England, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Bewdley. It is located at the junction of the A456 and A4117 roads, on the edge of the Wyre Forest and is named for a notable fingerpost that once existed at this historic junction. Fingerpost is in the civil parish of Rock and the Wyre Forest District. The parish council erected a large commemorative stone near the Fingerpost junction for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. Further along the A4117 is Far Forest, beyond which is Shropshire.

text:
# Fingerpost, Worcestershire

**Fingerpost** is a hamlet and road junction in north Worcestershire, England, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Bewdley.

It is located at the junction of the A456 and A4117 roads, on the edge of the Wyre Forest and is named for a notable fingerpost that once existed at this historic junction.

Fingerpost is in the civil parish of Rock and the Wyre Forest District. The parish council erected a large commemorative stone near the Fingerpost junction for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.

Further along the A4117 is Far Forest, beyond which is Shropshire.

52°21′47″N 2°23′17″W / 52.363°N 2.388°W / 52.363; -2.388


title: Michelle Konkoly

abstract: Michelle Konkoly is a Paralympic swimmer from Pennsylvania who trains in Naples, Florida. She earned four medals including two gold medals at the 2016 Summer Paralympics and three silver medals at the 2015 IPC Swimming World Championships.

text:
# Michelle Konkoly

**Michelle Konkoly** (born February 20, 1992) is a Paralympic swimmer from Pennsylvania who trains in Naples, Florida. She earned four medals including two gold medals at the 2016 Summer Paralympics and three silver medals at the 2015 IPC Swimming World Championships.

## Injury

In January 2011, Konkoly had a serious spinal cord injury after she tried to open a window and accidentally fell out of a five-storey dorm window and landed onto a sidewalk below when she attended Georgetown University. She shattered her L2 vertebrae, broke some of her ribs and her right foot and damaged her spinal cord and had very limited movement below her waist. She had three major surgeries and six months of rehab and she relearned to walk however she has permanent weakness in her legs.

## Broadcasting career

Konkoly retired from competitive swimming in 2018. She remains involved as a broadcaster and worked for NBC Sports as an analyst and on-air commentator for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games.

## InfoBox

Michelle Konkoly
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1992-02-20) 20 February 1992<br>Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Home town | Eagleville, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Sport | |
| Country | United States |
| Sport | Paralympic swimming |
| Disability | Spinal cord injury |
| Disability class | S10 |
| Club | Georgetown Hoyas |
| Medal record      Paralympic swimming  Representing  United States  Paralympic Games  2016 Rio de Janeiro 50m freestyle S9  2016 Rio de Janeiro 100m freestyle S9  2016 Rio de Janeiro 4x100m freestyle relay 34pts  2016 Rio de Janeiro 4x100m medley relay 34pts  World Championships  2015 Glasgow 50m freestyle S9  2015 Glasgow 100m freestyle S9  2015 Glasgow 4x100m freestyle relay 34pts | |


title: Ribbons and Sugar

abstract: Gatsbys American Dream released their second album, Ribbons and Sugar, in 2003. As indicated by the title, the album is based loosely around the George Orwell fable Animal Farm.

text:
# Ribbons and Sugar

Gatsbys American Dream released their second album, ***Ribbons and Sugar***, in 2003. As indicated by the title, the album is based loosely around the George Orwell fable *Animal Farm*.

## Album details

*Ribbons and Sugar* is notably different from the group's debut album, *Why We Fight*, which according to guitarist Bobby Darling is due to their unusual time signatures and a lack of choruses led to critical acclaim, however, it also led to various feuds with multiple record labels. "Cut the Strings" and later "The Dragon of Pendor" (featured on *In the Land of Lost Monsters*) dealt specifically with the integrity issues they faced when told to write choruses for their songs.

During the recording sessions of *Ribbons and Sugar*, the band consisted of Nic Newsham on vocals, Bobby Darling and Ryan Van Wieringen on both guitar and backup vocals, Kirk Huffman on bass, and Rudy Gajadhar on drums. The line up changed, however, before the recording of *In the Land of Lost Monsters* (for LLR Records) when Van Wieringen left the band to pursue a college education.

## Album title meaning

In the beginning of the novel (Animal Farm), a horse named Mollie who lives on the animal farm chews lumps of sugar and wears red ribbons in her white mane.

Excerpt from *Animal Farm*:

> "Will there still be sugar after the Rebellion?"
> "No," said Snowball firmly. "We have no means of making sugar on this farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay you want."
> "And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?" asked Mollie.
>
> "Comrade," said Snowball, "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons?"

After the animals take over the farm, these two things are forbidden for animals to wear or eat, as they are determined to be things for humans and not for animals. Before long, Mollie runs away to another farm where she can eat sugar and wear ribbons in her mane. Near the end of the fable, the pigs who are the rulers and leaders of the Animal Farm begin to act more and more like humans, and even begin eating sugar and wearing ribbons.

## Track listing

1. "The Taming" – 1:22
2. "We're Not Orphans" – 2:45
3. "Epilogue" – 2:48
4. "Work, Lies, Sex, Love, Fear, Hate, Friendship" – 1:57
5. "A Manifesto of Tangible Wealth" – 2:07
6. "Snicker at the Swine" – 2:52
7. "Apparition" – 2:18
8. "Cut the Strings" – 3:20
9. "The Horse You Rode In On" – 2:17
10. "Recondition, Reprogram, Reactivate" – 2:27
11. "Counterfeit Language" – 4:51

## Personnel

* Nic Newsham - vocals
* Bobby Darling - guitar, vocals
* Ryan van Wieringen - guitar
* Kirk Huffman - bass, vocals
* Rudy Gajadhar - drums

### Additional personnel

* Darrick Bourgeois - executive producer
* James Paul Wisner - producer; engineer; additional keyboards, guitars, and vocals
* Mark Green - assistant producer
* Yaeger Rosenberg - design, art direction
* Norma Mendoza - vocal coach

## InfoBox

| Ribbons and Sugar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gatsbys American Dream | |
| Released | July 1, 2003 |
| Genre | Progressive rock, pop punk, indie rock |
| Length | 29:34 |
| Label | Rocketstar Recordings |
| Producer | James Paul Wisner |
| Gatsbys American Dream chronology | |
| *Why We Fight*
(2002) ***Ribbons and Sugar***
(2003) *In the Land of Lost Monsters*
(2004) | |


title: Painter Creek, Ohio

abstract: Painter Creek is an unincorporated community in Darke County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

text:
# Painter Creek, Ohio

**Painter Creek** is an unincorporated community in Darke County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

## History

Painter Creek was platted in 1870. The community took its name from nearby Painter Creek. A post office called Painter Creek was established in 1852, and remained in operation until 1903. Besides the post office, Painter Creek had a tile factory, schoolhouse, and town hall.

40°02′08″N 84°28′10″W / 40.03556°N 84.46944°W / 40.03556; -84.46944


title: Rena Murakami

abstract: Rena Murakami is a Japanese actress and former AV idol.

text:
# Rena Murakami

**Rena Murakami** (Japanese: 村上 麗奈, Hepburn: *Murakami Rena*, Cantonese Yale: Chyun1 Seung5 Lai6 Noi6) is a Japanese actress and former AV idol.

## Life and career

After beginning her career as a gravure idol, which included modeling for Akira Gomi, Murakami made her adult video (AV) debut in the March 1988 h.m.p. Miss Christine release, *Hatsujō Kansen* (発情感染). In December of her debut year she also had a role in Toei's mainstream drama release, *Koiko no mainichi* (恋子の毎日).

In addition to continuing her AV career, Murakami had another role in a mainstream drama, appearing in Bandai Visual's *Shin dōtei monogatari: Hong Kong virgin boy* (新・童貞物語 ホンコンバージンボーイ) in March 1990. Also in 1990 she appeared in pioneering *pink film* director/producer Kan Mukai's *Code Name 348: Onna keiji sashiba* (コードネーム348 女刑事 サシバ). She also had roles in a number of V-Cinema films.

Her work became popular in Hong Kong, and led to her getting roles in several Category III films of Hong Kong cinema, starting around 1991. Her most significant film there was the 1991 cult favorite, *Sex and Zen*. In a review of the DVD release of *Sex and Zen*, a reviewer described her as one of "Asian cinema's most beautiful actresses". Her last film in Hong Kong, *1/3 Lover*, was released in 1993.

There was a minor scandal when news leaked that she might have had sex with the Sultan of Brunei during his visit to Japan in 1993. For several years starting in the late 1990s, she toured various strip theaters around Japan, such as the famous Asakusa Rokku-za (ロック座).

In 1997, she produced and starred in the *pink film* *Murakami Rena: kyūkyoku meigizuma* (村上麗奈 究極名器妻), through Runa Films. The film was distributed theatrically by XCes, scripted by *pink film* actress Kiyomi Itō, and directed by Satoru Kobayashi, director of the first *pink film*, *Flesh Market* (1962). The film was re-issued in June 2003 as 村上麗奈 極上けいれん妻.

Later, Murakami had a small part in the 2008 Japanese comedy, *Serial Dad*.

Since 2018, Rena Murakami has been a radio personality on a talk radio program in Osaka.

## Partial filmography

### Adult Videos (AV)

| Title | Release date | Director | Studio | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Hatsujō Kansen***
発情感染 | 1988-03 |  | h.m.p. Miss Christine | AV Debut |
| ***Private***
私小説 彩られた肉肌 | 1988-06-17 |  | VIP
5C-034 |  |
| ***Rena Murakami Final Ecstacy***
村上麗奈ラスト・インサート 東京淫女 | 1988 | Ryuichi Hiroki | Athena Eizou
AS-113 |  |
| ***Completely Lewd***
淫熟 | 1989-01-10 |  | Alice Japan
KA-1221 |  |
| ***Reiko Kiyomi Rena - Triple Horny Girls Can Not Be Patient***
レイコ･清美･麗奈のガマンできない娘たち トリプルエッチ | 1989 |  | h.m.p. Miss Christine
SMC-016 | With Reiko Hayama & Kiyomi Azuma |
| ***Rena Murakami***
村上麗奈 | 1993 |  |  | Hong Kong |
| ***Kozenwaisetsu 4 Rena Murakami***
口全ワイセツ 4 村上麗奈 | 1993 |  | h.m.p. Samm
DSV-030 |  |
| ***History of Rena Murakami***
村上麗奈HISTORY | 2006-09-22 | Taro Matsumoto | Atlas21
RDA06-091 | Compilation of two of her VIP videos from 1988 |

### Hong Kong films

| Title | Release date | Director | Studio | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Hidden Desire***
我為卿狂 | 1991-11-15 | Ho Fan
何藩 | Golden Harvest |  |
| ***Sex and Zen***
玉蒲團之偷情寶鑑 | 1991-11-30 | Michael Mak | Golden Harvest |  |
| ***Escape from Brothel***
花街狂奔 | 1992-02-29 | Wang Lung-wei | Chinachem Cinema Circuit
華懋 |  |
| ***Unforgetful Holiday***
三級七日情 | 1992-10-01 | Sherman Wong
黃靖華 | Imperial
京都 |  |
| ***All Over the World***
大昅野 | 1993-01-07 |  | Regal
永高 | cameo/herself |
| ***1/3 Lover***
1/3情人 | 1993 | Tommy Wong
王振仰 |  | Released in Japan as KEDAMONO 獣 |
| ***Dream Lovers***
青春夢裡人 | 1994 |  |  |  |
|

### Japanese V-cinema and films

| Title | Release date | Director | Studio | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Koiko no mainichi***
恋子の毎日 | 1988-12-17 | Kanji Amao
 | Toei |  |
| ***Strawberry Times 2: Santa ga koishi niyattekita***
ストロベリータイムス2 サンタが恋しにやってきた | 1989-11 | Kazuhiro Onohara | Bandai Visual | V-Cinema |
| ***Shin dōtei monogatari: Hong Kong virgin boy***
新・童貞物語 ホンコンバージンボーイ | 1990-03-10 | Tomioka Tadahumi | Bandai Visual |  |
| ***Code Name 348: Onna keiji sashiba***
コードネーム348 女刑事 サシバ | 1990-12-10 | Kan Mukai | Shochiku Video | V-Cinema |
| ***Kyonyū Hunter 2: Adventure Summer***
巨乳ハンター2 アドベンチャー・サマー | 1990-12-25 | Toshio Kobayashi | Tohokushinsha Film | V-Cinema |
| ***Murakami Rena: kyūkyoku meigizuma***
村上麗奈 究極名器妻 レナ・フィルム | 1997-08-01 | Satoru Kobayashi | Runa Films
XCes | produced and starred |
| ***Serial Dad***
小森生活向上クラブ
*Komori seikatsu kōjō kurabu* | 2008-11-08 | Ikki Katashima | Phantom Film
(ファントム・フィルム) |  |

## Magazine appearances

* *Goro*
    + November 24, 1988 (#23, nude, with Reiko Hayama)
    + December 8, 1988 (#24, nude)
* *Heibon Punch*
    + May 5, 1988 (4 p., nude)
* *Weekly Playboy*
    + 1988
        - April 5, 1988 (5 p., nude)
        - July 19, 1988 (3 p., swimming suit)
        - September 20, 1988 (4p., nude)
    + 1989
        - March 21, 1989 (6 p., nude)
        - August 15, 1989 (7 p., nude)
    + 1992
        - November 24, 1992 (nude)

## Bibliography

### English

* Rena Murakami at IMDb
* "RENA MURAKAMI". Complete Index to World Film. Retrieved 2009-08-08.

### Japanese

## InfoBox

| Rena Murakami | |
| --- | --- |
| 村上 麗奈 | |
| Born | (1967-11-25) 25 November 1967
Tokyo, Japan |
| Other names | Tomoko Ino |
| Occupations |  |
| Height | 1.59 m (5 ft 2+12 in) |


title: Jess (novel)

abstract: Jess is a novel by British writer H. Rider Haggard, set in South Africa.

text:
# Jess (novel)

***Jess*** is a novel by British writer H. Rider Haggard, set in South Africa.

## Background

Haggard wrote the book in 1885, primarily in his chambers where he was working as a barrister. *King Solomon's Mines* had been an enormous success but Haggard says he had been "somewhat piqued by the frequent descriptions of myself as 'a mere writer of romances and boys’ books'". The book is named after Jess, one of the two orphaned nieces of a farmer in the Transvaal.

## Reception

The book was highly successful.

## Adaptations

The book was filmed in 1912, 1914, and 1917 (as *Heart and Soul* starring Theda Bara in the title role).

## InfoBox

Jess
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | H. Rider Haggard |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Adventure novel |
| Publisher | Smith, Elder & Co. |
| Publication date | 1887 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |


title: Rafael Palma

abstract: Rafael Palma y Velásquez was a Filipino politician, Rizalian, writer, educator and a famous Freemason. He was a senator from 1916 to 1921 and was the fourth president of the University of the Philippines.

text:
# Rafael Palma

**Rafael Palma y Velásquez** (Spanish: \[rafaˈel ˈpalma\]: October 24, 1874    May 24, 1939) was a Filipino politician, Rizalian, writer, educator and a famous Freemason. He was a senator from 1916 to 1921 and was the fourth president of the University of the Philippines.

## Biography

Palma was born in Manila on October 24, 1874, to *Don* Hermógenes Palma, a clerk at the *Intendencia* Office, and Hilaria Velásquez. His younger brother was the soldier-poet José Palma, the author of the Spanish poem *Filipinas*, which is, along with its subsequent translations, used in the Philippine National Anthem.

In 1885, he began his studies at the Ateneo de Manila and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1892, he began his law studies at the University of Santo Tomas. While enrolled in the university, he was employed in the Office of the Bureau of Lands.

He was also a reporter in *La Independencia*, the first Filipino daily newspaper, founded and directed by Antonio Luna. When Luna died in 1899, Palma assumed the paper's editorship. Aside from *La Independencia*, he was also involved in other papers, writing for *La Patria*, among others; and co-founding, along with Sergio Osmeña and Jaime de Veyra, *El Nuevo Día*, the first daily newspaper in Cebu.

In 1901, he passed the bar examinations. That same year, he founded the newspaper *El Renacimiento,* which was first published on September 3. He married Carolina Ocampo in February 1902. He left the newspaper work in 1903 and practiced law while also teaching at the *Escuela de Derecho.*

He started politics when he became a member and secretary of the Association of Peace. In the 1907 Philippine Assembly elections, he ran and subsequently won as an assemblyman representing the province of Cavite. On July 6, 1908, Governor-General James A. Smith appointed him as a member of the second Philippine Commission, becoming the youngest member to serve up to 1916. In the 1916 Philippine Senate elections, he was elected as a senator, representing the 4th district.

In September 1916, he was appointed by Governor-General Francis B. Harrison, through Executive Order No. 64, as Secretary of the Interior and served until his resignation in July 1920. In July 1925, he was inaugurated as the fourth president of the University of the Philippines. He served as UP president up until 1933 when he resigned due to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting bill controversy wherein then-Senate president Manuel Quezon threatened to cut the university's appropriations due to Palma's championing of the law. He then again ran for senator but lost to Juan Sumulong. In 1934, Palma was elected to the 1934 Constitutional Convention.

In the later years of his life, Palma was appointed by President Quezon as chairman of the National Board of Education. He held that position until his death in Manila on May 24, 1939, at the age of 64.

## Honors

### Books

* *The Pride of the Malay Race*, the English translation by Justice Román Ozaeta of Palma's biography of Filipino national hero José Rizal.
* *The Woman and the Right to Vote*
* *The New Mentality*, 1929.

### Places named after him

## InfoBox

| Rafael Palma | |
| --- | --- |
| Palma in c. 1915 | |
|  | |
| 4th President of the University of the Philippines | |
| **In office**
1925–1933 | |
| Preceded by | Guy Potter Benton |
| Succeeded by | Jorge Bocobo |
| Senator of the Philippines from the 4th Senatorial District | |
| **In office**
October 16, 1916  June 6, 1922Serving with Pedro Guevara | |
| Preceded by | *Post created* |
| Succeeded by | Emiliano Tría Tirona |
| Secretary of the Interior | |
| **In office**
January 11, 1917  July 7, 1920 | |
| Appointed by | Francis Burton Harrison |
| Preceded by | Winfred Thaxter Denison
Francis Burton Harrison (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Teodoro Kalaw |
| Member of the Second Philippine Commission | |
| **In office**
July 6, 1908  October 16, 1916 | |
| Appointed by | James Francis Smith |
| Member of the Philippine Assembly from Cavite | |
| **In office**
October 16, 1907  July 1, 1908 | |
| Preceded by | *Post created* |
| Succeeded by | Emiliano Tría Tirona |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Rafael Palma y Velásquez
(1874-10-24)October 24, 1874
Tondo, Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines |
| Died | May 24, 1939(1939-05-24) (aged 64)
Manila, Philippine Commonwealth |
| Political party | Nacionalista |
| Spouse | Carolina Ocampo |
| Education | Ateneo de Manila University
University of Santo Tomas |
|  | |


title: Yukinobu

abstract: Yukinobu Hoshino Yukinobu is a masculine Japanese given name.

text:
# Yukinobu

**Yukinobu** is a masculine Japanese given name.

## Possible writings

**Yukinobu** can be written using different combinations of kanji characters. Here are some examples:

* 幸信, "happiness, believe"
* 幸伸, "happiness, extend"
* 幸延, "happiness, extend"
* 行信, "to go, believe"
* 行伸, "to go, extend"
* 行延, "to go, extend"
* 之信, "of, believe"
* 之伸, "of, extend"
* 之宣, "of, announce"
* 志信, "determination, believe"
* 志伸, "determination, extend"
* 志延, "determination, extend"
* 恭信, "respectful, believe"
* 恭伸, "respectful, extend"
* 雪信, "snow, believe"

The name can also be written in hiragana ゆきのぶ or katakana ユキノブ.

## Notable people with the name

## InfoBox

Yukinobu
| Yukinobu Shimabukuro. Japanese karateka. | |
| --- | --- |
| Pronunciation | jɯkʲinobɯ (IPA) |
| Gender | Male |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Japanese |
| Meaning | Different meanings depending on the kanji used |
| Other names | |
| Alternative spelling | Yukinobu (Kunrei-shiki) Yukinobu (Nihon-shiki)<br>Yukinobu (Hepburn) |


title: Michihiro Sato

abstract: Michihiro Sato (佐藤通弘, Satō Michihiro; surname Sato; name sometimes listed as Sato Michihiro;, is a prominent Japanese player of the Tsugaru-jamisen. Born in Machida, Tokyo, Japan, his mother was a traditional dancer and musician. He became interested in the Tsugaru-jamisen at an early age after hearing it on a radio broadcast and began intensive study of the instrument in 1970, at the age of 13. At that time, few young people were interested in this instrument; indeed, most of the other students were elderly. When he was a junior in college he moved to Hirosaki, Aomori to become an apprentice to master musician Chisato Yamada. In 1982 and 1983 he won first prize in the national Tsugaru-jamisen competition, becoming the first performer to win in two consecutive years. He eventually left his sensei to pursue his interest in free improvised music. In 1986 Sato was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation grant, with which he pursued collaborations with musicians in New York. Since the mid-1980s he has recorded with John Zorn, Bill Frisell, Fred Frith, Tenko, Mark Miller, Nicolas Collins, Christian Marclay, Steve Coleman, Toh Ban Djan, Semantics, Tom Cora, Joey Baron, Mark Dresser, and Gerry Hemingway. He has performed in Japan, New York City, Canada, and Europe. He is married to the koto player Sachiko Kaiho. His son, Michiyoshi Sato, also plays the Tsugaru-jamisen.

text:
# Michihiro Sato

**Michihiro Sato** (佐藤通弘, *Satō Michihiro*; surname **Sato**; name sometimes listed as **Sato Michihiro**; (born 1957), is a prominent Japanese player of the *Tsugaru-jamisen*.

Born in Machida, Tokyo, Japan, his mother was a traditional dancer and musician. He became interested in the *Tsugaru-jamisen* at an early age after hearing it on a radio broadcast and began intensive study of the instrument in 1970, at the age of 13. At that time, few young people were interested in this instrument; indeed, most of the other students were elderly. When he was a junior in college he moved to Hirosaki, Aomori to become an apprentice to master musician Chisato Yamada. In 1982 and 1983 he won first prize in the national *Tsugaru-jamisen* competition, becoming the first performer to win in two consecutive years. He eventually left his sensei to pursue his interest in free improvised music.

In 1986 Sato was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation grant, with which he pursued collaborations with musicians in New York. Since the mid-1980s he has recorded with John Zorn, Bill Frisell, Fred Frith, Tenko, Mark Miller, Nicolas Collins, Christian Marclay, Steve Coleman, Toh Ban Djan (Ikue Mori and Luli Shioi), Semantics (Elliott Sharp, Samm Bennett, and Ned Rothenberg), Tom Cora, Joey Baron, Mark Dresser, and Gerry Hemingway. He has performed in Japan, New York City, Canada, and Europe.

He is married to the *koto* player Sachiko Kaiho. His son, Michiyoshi Sato, also plays the *Tsugaru-jamisen*.

## Discography

### As leader

* 1989 - *Rodan* (Hat Hut)
* *Works Of* (PSF)
* *On a Cold, Cold Night* (PSF)

### As sideman

**With John Zorn**

### Contributing artist

## Films


title: William I. Cole House

abstract: The William I. Cole House is located in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

text:
# William I. Cole House

The **William I. Cole House** is located in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

## History

This house was the home of William I. Cole, the Vice-President of the Cole Savings Bank, in the early twentieth century. The house was added to the State Register of Historic Places in 2001 and to the National Register of Historic Places the following year.

This two-story Italianate house has a hip roof, wide eaves, paired brackets, and a paneled frieze. The house also features clapboard siding and broad corner pilasters. Windows are generally single light sashes, and some on the second story have been enclosed somewhat. They are decorated with elaborate wooden surrounds. The front entrance features a double wood door with an arched transom that is decorated with a hood, brackets, and pilasters. The front porch has a flat roof supported by grouped thin square posts and brackets. On one of the side, walls are a two-story bay and oriel, both decorated with brackets and friezes. This house is a fine example of the Italianate style. The hip roof bracketed eves, frieze, and porch with thin posts are all typical elements of the style. This house also has the square form and massing seen on most Italianate houses. The corner pilasters are somewhat unusual, but overall, this house is a fine and well-built example of the style.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William I. Cole House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| William I. Cole House | |
| Location | 303 Gillett St., Fond du Lac, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 43°46′41″N 88°26′09″W / 43.77806°N 88.43583°W / 43.77806; -88.43583 (William I Cole House) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1857 (1857) |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| NRHP reference No. | 02000283 |
| Added to NRHP | March 28, 2002 |


title: Parthasarathy Iyengar

abstract: K. S. Parthasarathy Iyengar, also spelled Parthasarathi Ayyangar was a lawyer and police commissioner in the state of Tamil Nadu in India, known for his erudition and writing ability.

text:
# Parthasarathy Iyengar

**K. S. Parthasarathy Iyengar**, also spelled **Parthasarathi Ayyangar** (1 May 1903 – 13 July 1983) was a lawyer and police commissioner in the state of Tamil Nadu in India, known for his erudition and writing ability.

## Early life

Iyengar was the second son of K. C. Srinivasa Iyengar, B.A., a leading *mirasudar* of Kulumani, which is a suburb of the town of Trichy. He studied at the Madras Law College where he received his BL and ML degrees winning several gold medals.

## Career

Iyengar began his career as an apprentice under the lawyer Sir Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer. He then took the Imperial Police Examination and was selected for the Imperial Police Service in 1926. He was posted to Thanjavur Thereon, where he rose in rank from Superintendent of Police (SP) to Deputy Inspector General of Police (IG) and later to Commissioner of Police for Madras.

He was seconded to the Travancore state as the Inspector General of police and worked there from 1944 to 1947. There he worked with the Dewan to suppress the Punnapra-Vayalar uprising of workers in Travancore. When India gained independence from British rule, however, he opted to return to Madras State, declining an offer of the British authorities to serve in the Commonwealth.

In 1958, he moved to Delhi and was appointed to the post of Inspector General of Railway Protection Force and formed the organization. He was also the Director of Vigilance - Railway Board, as well as a part-time member of the Union Public Service Commission.

## Retirement

Upon retirement he decided to return to Madras to devote himself to social service. Parthasarathy died on 13 July 1983, at the age of 80.


title: Michelle Beling

abstract: Michelle Beling-Pretorius, is a South African actress. She is best known for her roles in the popular serials Isidingo, Egoli: Place of Gold.

text:
# Michelle Beling

**Michelle Beling-Pretorius**, is a South African actress. She is best known for her roles in the popular serials *Isidingo*, *Egoli: Place of Gold*.

## Personal life

She was born and grew in Eastern Cape, South Africa.

## Career

She started acting career at very young age. She first joined South African theater and performed in several stage plays throughout the country. In 1999, she moved to Gauteng to pursue a professional career. During her life in Gauteng, she made her first public performance in *Girl Talk 2000*. Then she appeared as painful 'Patty' in *Grease Stadium Spectacular*.

She made television debut with the serial *Egoli: Place of Gold* in 2009. In the serial, she played the role 'Candice (Candy) Botha Smith' from Seasons 10 to 18. The she made a guest appearance in the serial *Generations*. She played the supportive role 'Janine Cullanan' in the series *High Rollers* and then joined the popular television soap opera *Isidingo* where she played the role 'Wendy'.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Michelle Beling | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Michelle Beling-Pretorius<br>Eastern Cape, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1999–present |
| Height | 5 ft 4 in (163 cm) |


title: Rhapsody: Child of Blood

abstract: Rhapsody: Child of Blood is a fantasy novel by American writer Elizabeth Haydon, the first book in The Symphony of Ages. It was first published in 1999 by Tor Books. The story is continued in Prophecy: Child of Earth.

text:
# Rhapsody: Child of Blood

***Rhapsody: Child of Blood*** is a fantasy novel by American writer Elizabeth Haydon, the first book in The Symphony of Ages. It was first published in 1999 by Tor Books. The story is continued in *Prophecy: Child of Earth*.

## Plot summary

The main story begins in Easton, when the protagonist Rhapsody finds herself in jeopardy, having refused the advances of Michael, the self-titled Wind of Death. In her attempt to get away, she falls in with two mysterious men named Grunthor and Achmed and soon finds herself the unwilling accomplice in their own escape. Though they run from their pasts, they eventually realize that no one can outrun their destinies.

## Main characters

* Rhapsody – Child of Sky, Namer and Singer. A young woman of human and Lirin descent, she is a talented musician who uses music as a force to change the world around her. Having suffered a great deal of trauma, she's become self-sufficient by necessity but is prone to bouts of melancholy when she thinks about all she has lost. Rhapsody is also unnaturally beautiful as a consequence of her journey, a fact that she refuses to acknowledge and brings her more trouble than fortune.
* Achmed the Snake – Child of Blood, Assassin. A man of unknown age and mixed Dhracian and Firbolg heritage who leads Rhapsody and Grunthor on their journey, and who ultimately (by the climax of this book) unites the Firbolg race in the nation of Ylorc.
* Grunthor – Child of Earth, Warrior. A gigantic man of mixed Firbolg and Bengard descent who is Rhapsody's first protector even before their journey begins. He is Achmed's loyal sergeant and follows him without question.

## Miscellaneous

* F'dor – Race of evil demons born of Fire
* Serendair – Island where Time first began
* Sagia – Oak of Deep Roots
* Daystar Clarion – Legendary Star Sword from Serendair

## Reviews

* Review by Avril Brown (2001) in Vector 215
* Review by Chris Gilmore (2001) in Interzone, #164 February 2001
* Review by uncredited (2002) in Vector 221

1. "Rhapsody: Child of Blood". *Kirkus Reviews*. 1999-07-15. ProQuest 917028820  via ProQuest.
2. "Haydon, Elizabeth. Rhapsody: Child of Blood". *Library Journal*. 1999-09-15.
3. "Title: Rhapsody: Child of Blood".

*Rhapsody: Child of Blood* title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database


title: Pakistani textbooks controversy

abstract: The Pakistani textbooks controversy refers to claimed inaccuracies and historical denialism. The inaccuracies and myths promote religious intolerance and Indophobia and lead to calls for curriculum reform. According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Pakistan's school textbooks have systematically inculcated anti-Indian discrimination through historical omissions and deliberate misinformation since the 1970s. The revisionism can be traced back to the rule of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who instituted a program of Islamization of the country. His 1979 education policy stated that the highest priority would be given to the revision of the curricula with a view of reorganizing the entire content around Islamic thought and giving education an ideological orientation so that Islamic ideology permeates the thinking of the younger generation to help them with the necessary conviction and ability to transform society according to Islamic tenets. In March 2016, Senate Chairman Raza Rabbani from the upper house of the Pakistani Parliament addressed that since then, Pakistani textbooks have taught children more about the benefits of dictatorship than a democracy. According to Dr. Naazir Mahmood, textbooks on journalism in Pakistan fail to cover the subjects of critical thinking, knowledge development, freedom of speech, gender studies, minority rights, human rights, developmental studies, democracy and constitutionalism. He suggests that instead of engaging in critical inquiry, Pakistani journalists end up parroting jingoistic, insular and narrow-minded narratives. Such journalists end up condoning or even promoting hate speech and sectarian violence toward religious minorities in Pakistan.

text:
# Pakistani textbooks controversy

The **Pakistani textbooks controversy** refers to claimed inaccuracies and historical denialism. The inaccuracies and myths promote religious intolerance and Indophobia and lead to calls for curriculum reform. According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Pakistan's school textbooks have systematically inculcated anti-Indian discrimination through historical omissions and deliberate misinformation since the 1970s.

The revisionism can be traced back to the rule of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who instituted a program of Islamization of the country. His 1979 education policy stated that the highest priority would be given to the revision of the curricula with a view of reorganizing the entire content around Islamic thought and giving education an ideological orientation so that Islamic ideology permeates the thinking of the younger generation to help them with the necessary conviction and ability to transform society according to Islamic tenets. In March 2016, Senate Chairman Raza Rabbani from the upper house of the Pakistani Parliament addressed that since then, Pakistani textbooks have taught children more about the benefits of dictatorship than a democracy.

According to Dr. Naazir Mahmood, textbooks on journalism in Pakistan fail to cover the subjects of critical thinking, knowledge development, freedom of speech, gender studies, minority rights, human rights, developmental studies, democracy and constitutionalism. He suggests that instead of engaging in critical inquiry, Pakistani journalists end up parroting jingoistic, insular and narrow-minded narratives. Such journalists end up condoning or even promoting hate speech and sectarian violence toward religious minorities in Pakistan.

## Context

In the first decade after Pakistan gained independence following the partition of India, Pakistan "considered its history to be a part of larger India, a common history, a joint history, and in fact Indian textbooks were in use in the syllabus in Pakistan." The government under Ayub Khan, however, wished to rewrite the history of Pakistan to exclude any reference to India and tasked the historians within Pakistan with manufacturing a nationalist narrative of a "separate" history that erased the Indian past. According to Hussain Haqqani, only officially published textbooks have been used in Pakistani schools and colleges since the era of Ayub Khan. These textbooks are used by the Pakistani government to create a standard narrative of Pakistan's history. Elizabeth A. Cole of the George Mason University School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution noted that Pakistani textbooks eliminate the country's Hindu and Buddhist past while referring to Muslims as a monolithic entity and focusing solely on the advent of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. During the rule of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, a "program of Islamization" of the country including the textbooks started. General Zia's 1979 education policy stated that "the highest priority would be given to the revision of the curricula with a view to reorganizing the entire content around Islamic thought and giving education an ideological orientation so that Islamic ideology permeates the thinking of the younger generation and helps them with the necessary conviction and ability to refashion society according to Islamic tenets". Since 21st century, the contributions of Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, Ambedkar, Patel and Bose to the Indian independence movement have been largely reduced from Pakistani textbooks.

According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute, since the 1970s Pakistan's school textbooks have systematically inculcated prejudice towards India and Hindus through historical revisionism. The textbooks incite strong emotions among students and foster extremism and fanaticism within the impressionable minds of Pakistani youth.

### Undermining of democratic values and constitutionalism

In March 2016, Senate Chairman Raza Rabbani from the upper house of the Pakistani Parliament acknowledged that in the curriculum that was created under Zia's ruling, Pakistani textbooks still teach children about twelve benefits of dictatorship compared with just eight benefits of democracy.

## Textbooks of religious education

In Pakistan, since the 1980s Islamiyat (Islam) is a compulsory subject at every educational level. Since 2018 Punjab province of Pakistan provided for Nazrah Quran (recitation of the Arabic text) to be taught from class I to V and reading translation of the Quran for classes VI-XII has been made mandatory, as per the Punjab Compulsory Teaching of the Holy Quran Act 2018.

In Punjab, a board representing the Islamic clergy known as the *Muttahida Ulema Board* already had the right to censor educational content; a Curriculum and Textbook Board (Amendment) Bill passed unanimously in 2020 which gave them additional rights to pre-screen any Islamic-related content in all Pakistani textbooks including those of Islamiat, Pakistan Studies, History, and Urdu Literature. In June 2020, another Governor's decree made passing of Quranic examination mandatory before receiving any University degree. According to Baela Raza Jamil, June 2020 legislative changes in Punjab Pakistan would compromise education based on freedom of inquiry and critical thinking in Pakistan. Huma Yusuf expressed surprise over misplaced priorities in Pakistani education wherein right-wing-washing of educational content is being prioritized over education in science, technology, engineering, mathematics and critical thinking.

A voluntary body of educators, Working Group on Inclusive Education (WGIE), expressed its serious reservations about legislative measures in Punjab Pakistan compromising diversity and religious freedom.

According to a study by Muhammad Azeem Ashraf at Hunan University in Changsha, most teaching faculty in Pakistan believe that since Pakistan is an Islamic country, Islam has to be associated with nationalism. As such, Islam can only be introduced through religious education, which practically includes only Sunni Islam, and leads to the exclusion of minority religious thought from education, Pakistani citizenship, and human rights.

The discoveries highlight the pervasive influence of radical Islam in Pakistan, shedding light on the reasons behind the country's tendency to support, tolerate, or condone terrorism. The educational materials used in Pakistani schools contribute to the promotion of prejudice and intolerance towards Hindus and other religious minorities. Moreover, a significant number of teachers perceive non-Muslims as "enemies of Islam." Pakistani textbooks depict non-Muslim citizens of Pakistan in a biased manner, often characterizing Pakistani Christians as representatives of Western or British colonial powers and Pakistani Hindus as minorities within the Muslim-majority population with affiliations to India. This portrayal fosters hostility and animosity. These history books are contaminating and indoctrinating the minds of the youth with a deliberate propagation of false narratives and rigid ideologies.

## Textbooks of journalism in Pakistan

According to Dr Naazir Mahmood, textbooks on journalism in Pakistan fail to cover critical thinking, knowledge development, freedom of speech, gender studies, minority rights, human rights, democracy, and constitutionalism, as well as health education and other developmental studies. Mahmood says that, as a result, Pakistani journalists promote rather than question jingoistic, insular, narrow minded narratives, condoning and even promoting hate speech and sectarianism against religious minorities in Pakistan. Many senior journalists, and observers of the media in Pakistan often complain about new or younger media professionals who have become self-styled promoters of chauvinism, jingoism and sectarian tendencies in the country.

## Criticism

In a 1995 paper published in the *International Journal of Middle East Studies*, that focused on a newly invented subject of 'Pakistan studies', historian Ayesha Jalal notes a large extent of creative imagination in the creation of the state historiography, to carve out a national past based on hegemonic values. She remarked on Pakistan's history textbooks as being an example of the relationship between power and bigotry, in regards to the rigid state-controlled education system and curriculum which promoted revisionist history to satisfy its national ideology.

Authors vary widely in establishing the history of the Pakistani nation-state. Jalal deems this an example of narrative confusion resulting from tensions between the ideology of Muslim nationalism and the geographical limitations of the Pakistani nation-state. While some pan-Islamic ideologists locate the time-frame to correspond with the birth of Islam on the Arabian Peninsula and choose to ignore the spatial and temporal distance between the two non-concerted happenings, others opt for a sub-continental approach. *An Introduction to Pakistan Studies*, (a popular text-book which is compulsory reading for first and second year college students studying for an F.A degree in history), claims that Pakistan is an Islamic State which is governed by *Allah* and is not a mere geographical entity but an ideology reflecting a unique civilization and culture that was borne of an effort to resist the imposition of Hindu Nationalism on Muslim masses and ward the unethical practices of Hinduism. Another textbook – *A Text Book of Pakistan Studies* claims that Pakistan "came to be established for the first time when the Arabs under Muhammad bin Qasim occupied Sindh and Multan'" and thereafter equates the Indian Subcontinent with Pakistan, whose greatest ruler is subsequently deemed to be Aurangzeb. Anti-Indian sentiments, coupled with anti-Hindu prejudices compound these issues. K. Ali's two volume history designed for B.A. students, even whilst tracing the pre-history of the 'Indo-Pakistan' subcontinent to the Paleolithic and discussing the Dravidian peoples and the Aryans, consistently refers to the post-1947 frontiers of Pakistan. At the end, he supports the existence of the nation-state, based on a religious ideology, in light of a need to immunize themselves from (alleged) Hindu hostility displayed to the Muslims during the independence movement, and the fact that the subcontinent was ruled by *Muslims* for centuries.

Scholars like Jameel Jalibi question the validity of any national history that mentions Pakistan's "pre-Islamic past". Jalal notes Ali's assertions to establish reactive religious bigotry as a basis of Pakistan's statehood. Secularism, Communism et al. are painted as evil threats to the state and Jalal notes a textbook wherein Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was described as a drunkard, characterless, and an un-Islami-minded man, courtesy of his sociopolitical leanings towards communism *but* Zia ul Hak and his dictatorial martial regime is extensively praised for his abidance by Islamic ideologies. In light of the Balochs, Sindhis et al. being increasingly vocal about their regional culture, one textbook identifies regionalism as a "very dangerous episode". It goes on to mention that efforts to advance 'regional dialects and lores' was an attack on the very foundations of the state and that Punjabism shall never be allowed to replace the Islamic culture, because its patron figures had waged wars against Islamic rulers. Textbooks frequently denote Urdu to be superior to regional dialects; a flag-bearer of collective Islamic identity.

All these narratives, though offering arguments of varying dimensions and scope, ultimately support the national policy for the Islamization of the state and the principle of the two-nation theory, wherein the trifecta of Muslims, Islam and Pakistan cannot be challenged. Jalal accuses them of discarding Jinnah's calls for secularism, the opposition of numerous Muslims to the partition and subjugation of regional communities per their own convenience. She notes a broader purpose in educating the future generations to reject anything in their regional cultures that fails to qualify as 'Islamic' and strive for a spiritual and cultural hegemony, in the name of Islam. Anti-Indian sentiments, coupled with anti-Hindu prejudices compound these issues.

According to Tufts University professor Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Indophobia in Pakistan increased with the ascendancy of the militant Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami under Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi. Indophobia, together with Anti-Hinduism and racist ideologies, such as the martial race theory, were the driving factors behind the re-writing of school textbooks in Pakistan (in both "secular" schools and Islamic madrassahs) in order to promote a biased and revisionist historiography of the Indian subcontinent that promulgated Indophobic and anti-Hindu prejudices. These narratives are combined with Islamist propaganda in the extensive revising of Pakistan's history. By propagating concepts such as jihad, the inferiority of non-Muslims, India's perceived ingrained enmity with Pakistan, etc., the textbook board publications used by all government schools promote an obscurantist mindset.

According to the historian Professor Mubarak Ali, textbook "reform" in Pakistan began with the introduction of Pakistan Studies and Islamic studies by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1971 into the national curriculum as a compulsory subject. Former military dictator Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, under a general drive towards Islamization, started the process of historical revisionism in earnest and exploited this initiative. "The Pakistani establishment taught their children right from the beginning that this state was built on the basis of religion – that's why they don't have tolerance for other religions and want to wipe-out all of them." states an opinion piece from The Guardian, written by Afnan Khan

According to Pakistani physicist, Pervez Hoodbhoy, the Islamist revisionism of Pakistan's schools began in 1976 when an act of parliament required all government and private schools (except those teaching the British O-levels from Grade 9) to follow a curriculum that includes learning outcomes for the federally approved Grade 5 social studies class such as: 'Acknowledge and identify forces that may be working against Pakistan,' 'Make speeches on Jihad,' 'Collect pictures of policemen, soldiers, and national guards,' and 'India's evil designs against Pakistan.'. Likewise, Yvette Rosser criticizes Pakistani textbooks for propagating jingoist and irredentist beliefs about Pakistan's history and culture, and being negationist in its depiction of political Islam and the treatment of minorities in Pakistan, such as Hindus and Christians. Irredentism is manifested through claims of "eternal Pakistan" (despite the country being created from British India only in 1947), narrow and sectarian interpretation of Islam, downplaying the tolerant aspects of the religion and focusing on Islamic Fundamentalist interpretations (such as all banking being un-Islamic), and making accusations of dual loyalty on minority Hindus and Christians in Pakistan.

According to Pakistani professor Tariq Rahman, Pakistani textbooks cannot mention Hindus without calling them cunning, scheming, deceptive, or something equally insulting. The textbooks ignore the pre-Islamic history of Pakistan except to put the Hindu predecessors in a negative light.

Another Pakistani historian Khursheed Kamal Aziz similarly has criticised Pakistani history textbooks. He stated that textbooks were full of historical errors and suggested that mandatory study amounted to teaching "prescribed myths". After examining 66 textbooks used at various levels of study Aziz argued that the textbooks supported military rule in Pakistan, promoted hatred for Hindus, glorified wars, and distorted the pre-1947 history of Pakistan.

A study by Iftikhar Ahmad of Long Island University published in *Current Issues in Comparative Education* in 2004 drew five conclusions from content analysis of the social studies textbooks in Pakistan.

1. First, the selection of material and their thematic sequence in the textbooks present Islam not simply as a belief system but a political ideology and a grand unifying worldview that must be accepted by all citizens.
2. Second, to sanctify Islamic ideology as an article of faith, the textbooks distort historical facts about the nation's cultural and political heritage.
3. Third, the main objective of the social studies textbooks on Pakistan studies, civics, and global studies, is to indoctrinate children for a romanticised Islamic state as conceptualized by Islamic theocrats.
4. Fourth, although the vocabulary in the textbooks underscores Islamic virtues, such as piety, obedience, and submission, little is mentioned about critical thinking, civic participation, or democratic values of freedom of speech, equality, and respect for cultural diversity.

A study by Nayyar and Salim of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute concluded in 2003 that there is an increasing trend where children are taught Pakistan Studies as a replacement for the teaching of history and geography as full-fledged disciplines. Previously, children were taught the very early pre-Islamic history of South Asia and its contribution to the rich cultural diversity of modern-day Pakistan. This long historical perspective of Pakistan is absent in the Pakistan Studies textbooks. Instead, children are now taught that the history of Pakistan starts from the day the first Muslim set foot in India. The study reported that the textbooks also had a lot of gender-biased stereotypes and other perspectives that "encourage prejudice, bigotry, and discrimination towards fellow Pakistanis and other nations, especially against religious minorities, as well as the omission of concepts ... that could encourage critical self-awareness among students".

Rubina Saigol, a US educated expert, said, "I have been arguing for the longest time that, in fact, our state system is the biggest Madrassah, we keep blaming madrassahs for everything and, of course, they are doing a lot of things I would disagree with. But the state ideologies of hate and a violent, negative nationalism are getting out there where madrassahs cannot hope to reach."

Referring to NCERT's extensive review of textbooks in India in 2004, Verghese considered the erosion of plural and democratic values in textbooks in India, and the distortion of history in Pakistan to imply the need for coordination between Bangladeshi, Indian, and Pakistani historians to produce a composite history of the subcontinent as a common South Asian reader.

However, international scholars also warn that any attempt at education reform under international pressure or market demands should not overlook the specific expectations of the people at local levels.

### Bangladesh and Balochistan narratives

According to Ali Riaz, South Asian nations curtail academic freedom of expression to secure their respective national identities. Pakistani school curricula hide its history of Bangladesh separation with conspiracy theories and hide the genocide committed by Pakistan's armed forces in Bangladesh. Ali Riaz says curricula about Kashmir and Balochistan provide only a single-sided version.

## Examples

The following excerpts showcase the discriminatory and agitative nature of Pakistani school textbooks:

* The Class III (ages 7–8) book (Punjab Textbook Board) on Urdu teaches that Islam is superior to all other religions.
* The Class VII (ages 11–12) book (Sindh Textbook Board) on Islamic Studies reads: "Most of the \[other\] religions of the world claim equality, but they never act on it."
* The Class VIII (ages 12–13) book (Punjab Textbook Board) on Islamic Studies reads: "Honesty for non-Muslims is merely a business strategy, while for Muslims it is a matter of faith."
* The Class V (ages 9–10) book (Punjab Board) on Social Studies says: "Religion plays a very important role in promoting national harmony. If the entire population believes in one religion, then it encourages nationalism and promotes national harmony."
* The Class VI book (Punjab Board) on Islamic Studies says: "Though being a student, you cannot practically participate in jihad, but you may provide financial support for jihad."
* The Class IV (ages 8–9) book (Punjab Board) on Urdu says: "The better a Muslim we become, the better a citizen we prove to be."

## Controversies about Sectarianism

### Sindh

In spite of a double expert review, one Grade VII book of Social Studies in Sindh came under criticism from MQM since Pro-Pakistan emigrants who came from Bangladesh were being termed as escapees rather than Pakistanis in the textbook. The Sindh provincial Government agreed to remove the controversial content in the next editions.

### Punjab

A matter of sociology books of grade 12th in Punjab province describing Baloch people as "uncivilised people engaged in murder and looting" was criticised in the Pakistani Parliament's upper house in 2016.

## Closure of Iranian schools in Balochistan

In June 2021, the Pakistani government closed down 8 Iranian schools in Quetta despite having a 30-year old Memorandum of Understanding, allegedly for teaching an unauthorized foreign curriculum in the Persian language.

## Textbook Board administrative controversies

In 2018 one of the Sindh Textbook Board's chairmen came under judicial scrutiny for financial mismanagement and contempt of court.

## Pluralistic reform efforts

In 2011, Fazalur Rahim Marwat, the chairman of the textbook board of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, stated that a reform of textbooks was being undertaken in the state. Marwat stated that previously, schoolbooks played a key role in spreading hatred against non-Muslims, particularly against Hindus, and distorted history. Such material had now been removed from the textbooks used in the state. Professor Marwat had previously blamed General Zia for "sowing seeds of discord in society on religious and ethnic lines by stuffing school curricula with material that promoted hatred now manifested in the shape of extremism, intolerance, militancy, sectarianism, dogmatism, and fanaticism". In addition, he stated, "After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, countless lessons and chapters were introduced that spread hatred among the students and portrayed India as the biggest enemy of the Muslims. That stuff should be done away with."

Sindh province has also made efforts to reform its curricula.

## Single National Curriculum Controversy

In August 2018, Prime Minister Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) dispensation came to power in Pakistan and in some state assemblies, with a revivalist promise of making a new Pakistan-like 'State of Medina' (*Riyasat-e-Medina)* which is modeled on governance adopted by Muhammad, and also promised a Single National Curriculum (SNC Urdu: *Yuksaan Taleemi Nizam*) to eliminate Pakistan's old education system. The idea is to remold the education system in Pakistan to make sure that private, public schools, and madrasas follow a single unitary curriculum. The senate of Pakistan approved a law mandating compulsory teaching of the Arabic language in Federal-controlled schools.

According to Huma Yusuf, SNC has caused controversy in a number of issues due to its narrowly defined religio-nationalist identity that poorly understands values of ethnolinguistic diversity and inclusion. Huma says, the narrowly defined religio-nationalist focus of the SNC that includes but is not limited to the conflation of secular and religious subjects, for example health-related life skills such as hygiene which is explained in a religious point of view rather than in a stand alone scientific manner; the constitutionality of federal fiat on provincial subjects, the treatment of language of instruction and STEM topics, depiction of women, lack of essential life skills constitute, and some of other issues.

According to *Farah Adeed, about Pakistan's electoral politics, it is claimed that the far-right does not get popular voter support vis-a-vis their propaganda is a half-truth, and that Pakistan's case reveals that continued monopoly of ulema' over Pakistan's education helps them to create a popular cultural discourse to foster their narrative. Adeed says, If history would be the guide, there have been unremitting efforts to 'forcibly' Islamize the (Muslim) society, and make everyone a 'good' Muslim with results being counterproductive. The clerics refuse to learn from their past mistakes and understand the forceful imposition of Islam to the grassroots of social and political order ironically destabilizes the very foundations on which a stable society stands. Adeed says, in Pakistan's case leaders like Zulfikar Ali Bhutto or Imran Khan having a liberal outlook or past rather than being politically beneficial to liberalism, in their attempts to counter the Ulema by infusing a much more competitive extremist rhetoric in the name of Islam, potentially undermines not only the political discourse, but also the social fabric that ties the entire community.*

The focus on religious studies in Pakistan's education began with the creation of Pakistan in 1947. Islamization of Pakistani education picked up pace in the 1970s under General Zia-ul-Haq's military regime. He brought in religious clerics to every segment of the education sector and patronized them to legitimize his political career. Zainab Akhter says that Imran Khan's educational policy is taking steps which even General Zia did not. Akhter says the new SNC policy fails to take into account the possibility of further radicalization of Pakistani private and public schools because of a curriculum heavily influenced by retrogressive ideological biases and distortions. Adeed says that educational experts are worried that the Prime Minister's policy, though aiming to bring national unity and cohesiveness in an apparently class-wise divided educational system, might end up achieving the opposite. According to Rubina Saigol, a Lahore-based educationist, the "madrassification" of public schools shall have serious ramifications. Saigol says the new curriculum is very likely to generate students with a conservative Islamic global outlook who would view women as subservient beings not deserving of freedom and independence.

As per the constitution of Pakistan, education is primarily a state (provincial) subject, so Sindh and Balochistan have not yet adopted a Single National Curriculum. Khyber Pakhtunkhua clergy have serious misgivings with the teaching of sciences through SNC. The government of Punjab began implementing SNC with a three-tier review mechanism. The first review would be conducted by a five-member External Review Committee. The second review to be performed by the clergy of the Muttahida Ulema Board. The third round of reviews to be conducted by the PCTB's own Internal Review Committee, for a cost of Rs. 15,000 per NOC. The cost of the two reviews were left unspecified by regulations, but as per the Textbook Publishers Association's (TPA) President Fawaz Niaz, it comes to Rs. 45,000 for the Mutahidda Ulema Board (MUB) and Rs. 80,000 for the external review committees, making the total cost going to the tune of Rs. 140,000 per book, causing a likely increase of up to 300 per cent in book prices. Niaz says increased overheads and costs introduced under SNC, far from eradicating the class-based education system, are further leading to strengthening the class-based education system. Niaz further claimed that even science and mathematics books were subjected to evaluation by the Muttahida Ulema Board and their clergy directed publishers to remove the words 'interest' and 'markup' from the textbooks of mathematics. They also directed publishers not to depict any diagrams or sketches in the biology textbooks showing human figures "sans clothes".

Meanwhile, the Federal Education Ministry clarified that media claims and criticism are speculative of religious inspection and correction of science books, since the subject of Biology is taught from grade 9 onwards and SNC is still to be implemented at senior school level. But Zenger News reporter, Furqan Mahmood, Manager of the Lahore-based publisher Urdu Bazar Depot, concurred with the claims of Fawaz Niaz; besides the provincial spokesperson announced that the Ulema Board would review the National Single Curriculum books under the provincial PCTB act, and warned publishers of action against those who would not get NOC from the PCTB, also claiming the MUB would review only religious material included in "any textbook". A PCTB spokesperson asked publishers to pay the book review fee and claimed the book review fee would not have any "considerable" effect on the textbook prices.

The Federal Education Ministry, while admitting that Islamic religious studies would remain mandatory to foster their religious learning across Pakistan, denied speculations that their ministry is asking schools to recruit any religious graduates from Madarsa's but said that schools would be free to choose and appoint religious teachers for the religious syllabus as per their own choice. An earlier one-man minority commission of Dr. Shoaib Suddle had recommended the omission of Islamic teachings and Islamic history write-ups from non-religious topic textbooks, but Tahir Ashrafi, Special Representative to the Prime Minister on Interfaith Harmony, demanded action against the minority commission for forwarding such suggestion. Ashrafi said that the educational curriculum approved by the Muttahida Ulema Board just gives a message of peace and tolerance and Islamic Shariah. Educationist Dr. AH Nayyar said that the new textbooks developed under the Single National Curriculum are failing in the development of critical thinking among students, and are also failing to understand the importance of inclusive education, and the policy implementers are adamant in enforcing religious instruction in textbooks with religiously neutral subjects despite the apex court's clear directions.

Dr. Ayesha Razzaque says that publishers also criticized the SNC in Punjab for not allowing l (public or private) schools to deliver above and beyond the SNC. Pakistan's Punjab province has explicitly disallowed the teaching of computer studies, art, music, handwriting, drama, etc. with the reasoning that it should not overburden children and that the SNC prepared by the government was already a well-balanced curriculum and was enough for children at the primary level. Razzaque says the new SNC also restricts the freedom of private schools to teach science to students from an early age. Pervez Hoodbhoy says the new SNC surpasses previous censorship of human evolution from academic studies and in Pakistan, the nation which consumes high levels of pornography and instances of Madrasah teachers engaging in child sexual abuse; scientific teaching of human biology through requisite educational images is being shunned with extended enforcement of religious modesty on the school curriculum. Hoodbhoy says extended claims of religious modesty are hampering medical facilitation to women since Islamist clergy is falsely claiming that men can derive pleasure even from ECG or ultrasound of female bodies. Discussion on breast, ovarian and cervical cancer, and child education against sexual abuse become difficult and over time the PTI SNC school curriculum, supervised by the clergy, will magnify body-related taboos. Hoodbhoy says that unsated curiosity and sexual repression caused by Pakistani clergy pose issues including high consumption of pornography among Pakistani youth. At the same time, government health departments are unable to discuss simple population control mechanisms. Educationist Yasmin Ashraf says she has 20 years of experience in primary education in Pakistan and she is concerned about the newly formed SNC curriculum in primary schools. Yasmin says the SNC's Islamic curriculum is massive, far larger than ever before. The syllabus has been extended from a few siparas to the entire Quran, accompanied by the rote memorisation of several surahs, ahadith, and numerous duas, in addition to Islamiat books. The new Islamiat curriculum is likely to put much more strain on primary students than before. Yasmin says the inclusion of religious matter in every subject, including general knowledge, Urdu, and English, is a cause of concern. Rather than increasing knowledge of respective subject matters, the newly implemented SNC education policy treats other subjects as a supplementary of Islamist religious education and excessive focus on religious content can inadvertently inculcate a biased sense of self-righteousness among students and amounts to be ultra vires of the spirit of Article 22-1 of the Constitution of Pakistan.

Yasmin says all the content chapters in Urdu textbooks of every single educational year are written by one single author in one style and one agenda in a tedious and boring manner; this wipes out diversity and brings in monotony in the content that is neither likely to catch students' interest nor enrich them to their best. Yasmin says the general knowledge textbooks of grade 1 to 3 are repetitive in nature, lacking in creativity, logic, fail to fulfill the curiosity of young children, fail to encourage critical thinking, and ignore the mandatory principle of textual hierarchy which expects that the introductory topic ought to serve as the foundation for the next more complex topic. Missing links or in-between pieces of information lead to students' confusion and is akin to climbing a ladder with missing rungs in order to reach the top of a tall building, hence making it difficult to serve as the foundation course for Science in Grade 4.

As per Dr. Ayesha Razzaque, the SNC along with passed laws and departmental guidelines, have effectively surrendered space to far-right religious clergy, in the name of the Muttahida Ulema Board in case of all the curriculum, the space which will be far difficult to reverse and reclaim. Correcting these wrongs has been left to the most vulnerable communities and civil society activists. The legal fights to correct them in times to come will be dangerous to life and are politically costly.

> 'Any textbook or curriculum on religion with contents or matter related to Islam including Islamiyat, History, Pakistan Studies, Urdu, Literature or any other subject material related to religion shall not be published before taking prior approval from the Muttahida Ulema Board, Punjab and the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board shall be bound to take such approval from Muttahida Ulema Board, Punjab.'
>
> Punjab assembly, Pakistan., Punjab Curriculum and TextBook Board (Amendment) Bill 2020, thenews.com.pk

In an anecdote claimed to be true by Dr. Ayesha Razzaque, in a science textbook picture, scientist Isaac Newton was depicted wearing a long garment and probably long hair or a wig, next to a tree, depicting the scientific legend relating to the moment wherein an apple fell from the tree which inspired him to discover the law of gravitation. One of the comments from the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board (Pakistan) PCTB's review of the book was that "the 'lady' in the picture be edited to add a scarf (hijab) on her head, so as to observe proper purdah."

As per Pervez Hoodbhoy, the Government of Pakistan ends up compromising on the standard of education in an effort to hybridize Private, Public, and Madrasah education in the name of the SNC and introducing rote learning of the Arabic language provides for no technical job skills.

Hoodbhoy says the objectives of Private, Public, and Madrasah education are supposed to be entirely different. Private and public education is supposed to prepare a student for earthly life whereas Madrasah education focuses on the afterlife with rote learning without scope for critical inquiry, hence both cannot be put together. Hoodbhoy says that lack of curiosity leaves Pakistanis and Muslims devoid of a scientific mindset; the traditional mindset considers knowledge to be a corpus of eternal verities to be acquired, stockpiled, disseminated, understood, and applied but not modified or transformed. Whereas the scientific mindset, on the other hand, includes ideas of forming, testing and, if necessary, abandoning hypotheses if they don't work. Comprehension, reasoning, and problem-solving, analytical reasoning, and creativity are important, not simple memorisation.

Hoodbhoy says that while Pakistan needs to invest in educational infrastructure, it is wasting money on the defense machinery. While Arab countries have money and a modern educational setup including that of hiring the best of western brains to teach there, they are still ending up as just being consumers of science and technology but fail to show progress since Arab culture has become self-absorbed and centred on self-congratulation. Hoodbhoy says Muslims are convinced that they possess the only true religion and that Arabic is the most perfect language, it claims eternal monopoly over truth and that amounts to narcissism on a civilisational scale. Hoodbhoy says, in a new form of escapism, Pakistan is busy creating new narcissistic illusions seeking solace through hero-worshipping of the fictionalised Ertugrul drama series and making up a Turkic-Islamic past for itself. Hoodbhoy says evidence for a further closing of the Pakistani mind is very much visible. In the Pakistani school curriculum, the study of world history, philosophy, epistemology, or comparative religions is altogether absent, and Hoodbhoy says PTI's Single National Curriculum, has massively increased religious content and rote learning. The new SNC policy is programming the brains of Pakistani children for a world other than the one they live in.

The practical implementation of a Single National Curriculum (SNC) has been publicized and made a part of the new syllabus of the Punjab School Education Department for Grade-1 to Grade-5. The Government has commenced SNC training for all Primary School Teachers to enhance teaching skills according to the new syllabus. The Punjab Government has given a mandate to the QAED (Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development) for organizing and managing the training of Public and Private teachers on SNC.

**Lack of training in essential life skills**

According to Huma, Pakistan's young population deserves empowerment to keep themselves healthy and safe through essential life skills which the new SNC is lacking. The new SNC needs to be improved upon to include topics such as modules on human rights, equality, hygiene, and practical issues such as sexual health and consent from secondary level education onward.

## Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board controversies

In 2020, the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board (PCTB) banned 100 textbooks, either considering some of them "unethical and illegal" and being "against" the two-nation theory and some other books as blasphemous and against religion.

### Malala Yousafzai

On 12 July 2021, the All Pakistan Private Schools Federation (APPSF), an apex body allegedly representing over 200,000 schools across Pakistan, celebrated 'I am not Malala Day' due to her views against the institution of marriage. On the same day, according to Imran Gabol, PCTB confiscated social studies textbooks of standard 7 published by Oxford University Press allegedly for printing the picture of Malala Yousufzai in the list of important personalities. The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HECP) took exception to the PCTB action whereas the Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting Chaudhry Fawad Hussain distanced his political party from the PCTB decision. The PCTB itself explained away the controversy saying the published books did not obtain their no objection certificate.

## Bibliography

* MADRASA EDUCATION IN THE PAKISTANI CONTEXT: CHALLENGES, REFORMS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ~ Zahid Shahab Ahmed
* Nadia Agha, Ghazal Shaikh. Teachers' Perceptions of Gender Representation in Textbooks: Insights From Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Education, Sage Journals. May 9, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220574221097596

## Further reading

* K.K. Aziz. (2004) *The Murder of History : A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan.* Vanguard. ISBN 969-402-126-X
* Nayyar, A. H. & Salim, Ahmad. (2003) *The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Text-books in Pakistan – Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics.* Sustainable Development Policy Institute. The Subtle Subversion
* Pervez Hoodbhoy and A. H. Nayyar. Rewriting the history of Pakistan, in *Islam, Politics and the state: The Pakistan Experience*, Ed. Mohammad Asghar Khan, Zed Books, London, 1985.
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title: Renata Mauer

abstract: Renata Małgorzata Mauer-Różańska is a Polish sport shooter. She is a two-time Olympic champion, at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, as well as having an Olympic bronze medal. In 1996, she was voted the Polish Sportspersonality of the Year. For her sport achievements, she received the Order of Polonia Restituta: Knight's Cross in 1996, Officer's Cross in 2000.

text:
# Renata Mauer

**Renata Małgorzata Mauer-Różańska** (born 23 April 1969 in Nasielsk) is a Polish sport shooter. She is a two-time Olympic champion, at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, as well as having an Olympic bronze medal. In 1996, she was voted the Polish Sportspersonality of the Year.

For her sport achievements, she received the Order of Polonia Restituta:
Knight's Cross (5th Class) in 1996,
Officer's Cross (4th Class) in 2000.

| Olympic results | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 |
| 50 metre rifle three positions | 14th
577 | Bronze
589+90.8 | Gold
585+99.6 | 17th
573 |
| 10 metre air rifle | 17th
389 | Gold
395+102.6 | 15th
392 | 9th
396 |

## InfoBox

Renata Mauer
|
Renata Mauer | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Medal record | | |
| Women's shooting | | |
| Representing  Poland | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1996 Atlanta | 10 m air rifle |
|  | 2000 Sydney | 50 m rifle 3 pos |
|  | 1996 Atlanta | 50 m rifle 3 pos |