title: Qingyuan

abstract: Qingyuan, formerly romanized as Tsingyun, is a prefecture-level city in northern Guangdong province, China, on the banks of the Bei or North River. During the 2020 census, its total population was 3,969,473, out of whom 1,738,424 lived in the built-up area made of urbanized Qingcheng and Qingxin districts. The primary spoken language is Cantonese. Covering 19,015 km⁲ (7,342 sq mi), Qingyuan is Guangdong's largest prefecture-level division by land area, and it borders Guangzhou and Foshan to the south, Shaoguan to the east and northeast, Zhaoqing to the south and southwest, and Hunan province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to the north. The urban core is surrounded by mountainous areas but is directly connected with Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta by Highway 107.

text:
# Qingyuan

| Qingyuan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| "Qingyuan" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters | |
| Simplified Chinese | 清远 |
| Traditional Chinese | 清遠 |
|  | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Qīngyuǎn |
| Cantonese Yale | Chīngyúhn |
|  | |
| Postal | Tsingyun |
| Literal meaning | Clear-&-Distant |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Qīngyuǎn  Gwoyeu Romatzyh Chingyeuan  Wade–Giles Chʻing1-yüan3  IPA \[tɕʰíŋ.ɥɛ̀n\]  Hakka  Romanization Chhîn-yén  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Chīngyúhn  Jyutping Cing1jyun5  IPA \[tsʰɪŋ˥.jyn˩˧\]  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Chheng-oán  Tâi-lô Tshing-uán | |
|  | |

**Qingyuan**, formerly romanized as **Tsingyun**, is a prefecture-level city in northern Guangdong province, China, on the banks of the Bei or North River. During the 2020 census, its total population was 3,969,473, out of whom 1,738,424 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of urbanized Qingcheng and Qingxin districts. The primary spoken language is Cantonese. Covering 19,015 km2 (7,342 sq mi), Qingyuan is Guangdong's largest prefecture-level division by land area, and it borders Guangzhou and Foshan to the south, Shaoguan to the east and northeast, Zhaoqing to the south and southwest, and Hunan province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to the north. The urban core is surrounded by mountainous areas but is directly connected with Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta by Highway 107.

## History

Qingyuan was a prefecture during Northern and Southern dynasties. However, the administration status of Qingyuan was downgraded to a county in the tenth year of the Kaihuang Era of the Sui dynasty (A.D. 590). Since then, until the formation of the Republic of China in 1911, Qingyuan was governed by Guangzhou prefecture (廣州府).

Under the Qing, the area was known as **Qingyuan County**. It was later promoted to prefecture-level city status.

## Geography

Qingyuan's administrative area ranges in latitude from 23° 26' 56" to 25° 11' 40" N, and in longitude from 111° 55' 17" to 113° 55' 34" E; its urban area is located just north of the Tropic of Cancer, about 60 km (37 mi) from the urban area of Guangzhou and 200 km (120 mi) from both Hong Kong and Macau. Its area of over 19,000 km2 (7,300 sq mi) accounts for 10.6% of the total provincial area. Qingyuan contains part of the southern Nan Ling, and more than half of the area is mountainous, and elevations increase from southeast to northwest. Bordering prefectures are Guangzhou and Foshan to the southeast, Zhaoqing to the southwest, Shaoguan to the north and northeast, Hezhou (Guangxi) to the west, and Yongzhou and Chenzhou (Hunan) to the north.

Qingyuan has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 20.7 °C (69.3 °F), 1,900 mm (75 in) of rainfall, 1662.2 hours of sunshine, and a frost-free period of 314.4 days.

## Economy

Qingyuan is a major economic and transportation hub. The Beijing–Guangzhou Railway, National Highways 106 and 107, and the Bei or North River cross through the city. The maritime infrastructure in Qingyuan plays a vital role in transporting goods to other regional centers in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao. The major ports are Qingyuan Port, Yingde Port, Lianzhou Port, and Yangshan Port.

## Demographics

According to the 2010 Census, Qingyuan has a population of 3,698,394 inhabitants, 550,715 more than in 2000 (an annual growth rate of 1.63%). Han Chinese comprise over 95% of the entire population, while there are some areas inhabited by the Zhuang and Yao minorities.

## Notable people

## Attractions

Qingyuan's attractions include Niuyuzui, Feilai Temple, Feixia Scenic Spots, Baojing Palace of Yingde, Taihe Ancient Cave of Qingxin, Sankeng Hot Spring in Qingxin County, Huanghua Lake in Fogang, Little Biejiang of Lianyang, Peak Shikengkong in Yangshan County, Underground River of Lianzhou, Huangteng Gorge, Three Gorges of Huangchuan and Yinzhan Hot Springs.

## Administration

The provincial and municipal administration is located in Qingcheng District. It oversees one other district, two county-level cities, four counties, and one economic development district.

| Map | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | |
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Population
(2010 census) | Area
(km2) | Density
(/km2) |
| Qingcheng District | 清城区 | Qīngchéng Qū | 811,233 | 927.22 | 875 |
| Qingxin District | 清新区 | Qīngxīn Qū | 698,811 | 2,725.07 | 256 |
| Fogang County | 佛冈县 | Fógāng Xiàn | 302,906 | 1,292.92 | 234 |
| Yangshan County | 阳山县 | Yángshān Xiàn | 356,095 | 3,418.37 | 104 |
| Lianshan Zhuang and
Yao Autonomous County | 连山壮族
瑶族自治县 | Liánshān Zhuàngzú
Yáozú Zìzhìxiàn | 90,515 | 1,164.84 | 78 |
| Liannan Yao
Autonomous County | 连南瑶族
自治县 | Liánnán Yáozú
Zìzhìxiàn | 129,258 | 1,239.38 | 100 |
| Yingde | 英德市 | Yīngdé Shì | 941,952 | 5,671.02 | 166 |
| Lianzhou | 连州市 | Liánzhōu Shì | 367,642 | 2,664.09 | 138 |

## Climate

| Climate data for Qingyuan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.6
(83.5) | 30.0
(86.0) | 33.4
(92.1) | 33.5
(92.3) | 35.0
(95.0) | 38.1
(100.6) | 39.0
(102.2) | 38.7
(101.7) | 38.2
(100.8) | 36.4
(97.5) | 33.2
(91.8) | 28.7
(83.7) | 39.0
(102.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.5
(63.5) | 18.9
(66.0) | 21.0
(69.8) | 25.7
(78.3) | 29.7
(85.5) | 31.9
(89.4) | 33.4
(92.1) | 33.4
(92.1) | 32.0
(89.6) | 29.0
(84.2) | 24.7
(76.5) | 19.8
(67.6) | 26.4
(79.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.1
(55.6) | 14.9
(58.8) | 17.5
(63.5) | 22.1
(71.8) | 25.7
(78.3) | 27.8
(82.0) | 28.9
(84.0) | 28.8
(83.8) | 27.4
(81.3) | 24.3
(75.7) | 19.8
(67.6) | 15.0
(59.0) | 22.1
(71.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.2
(50.4) | 12.1
(53.8) | 14.9
(58.8) | 19.4
(66.9) | 22.8
(73.0) | 24.9
(76.8) | 25.7
(78.3) | 25.6
(78.1) | 24.2
(75.6) | 20.9
(69.6) | 16.3
(61.3) | 11.7
(53.1) | 19.1
(66.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.5
(34.7) | 2.1
(35.8) | 2.8
(37.0) | 8.7
(47.7) | 13.9
(57.0) | 18.8
(65.8) | 21.9
(71.4) | 21.8
(71.2) | 15.5
(59.9) | 10.2
(50.4) | 4.6
(40.3) | 1.1
(34.0) | 1.1
(34.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 59.0
(2.32) | 61.3
(2.41) | 144.6
(5.69) | 227.1
(8.94) | 348.9
(13.74) | 397.0
(15.63) | 259.8
(10.23) | 238.7
(9.40) | 146.5
(5.77) | 59.1
(2.33) | 50.9
(2.00) | 43.7
(1.72) | 2,036.6
(80.18) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.2 | 11.6 | 18.5 | 18.0 | 19.9 | 20.3 | 18.0 | 16.5 | 11.6 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 161.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 70 | 75 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 84 | 81 | 80 | 76 | 67 | 67 | 64 | 76 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 105.6 | 76.6 | 60.0 | 69.9 | 109.1 | 133.1 | 193.3 | 196.6 | 198.7 | 201.9 | 167.2 | 152.3 | 1,664.3 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 31 | 24 | 16 | 18 | 26 | 33 | 47 | 49 | 54 | 57 | 51 | 46 | 38 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Transportation

Qingyuan is served by Qingyuan railway station, opened in 2009 on the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway. It is located some distance east of the city.

Qingyuan Maglev is expected to open in December 2020.

### Citations

1. 清远概况 (in Simplified Chinese). Qingyuan People's Government. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
2. "China: Guăngdōng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
3. 广东省统计局、国家统计局广东调查总队 (August 2016). *《广东统计年鉴－2016》*. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-7837-7. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22.
4. Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "China", *Encyclopædia Britannica*, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
5. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kwang-Tung". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. XV (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6. Gutzlaff (1838), p. 564.
7. "China: Guăngdōng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
8. 清远 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Simplified Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
9. (in Chinese) Compilation by LianXin website. Data from the Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China Archived April 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
10. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
11. "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Qingyuan 清远市 | |
| --- | --- |
| Prefecture-level city | |
| Qingcheng District | |
|  | |
| Location of Qingyuan in Guangdong | |
| QingyuanLocation in China | |
| Coordinates (Qingyuan municipal government): 23°40′55″N 113°03′22″E / 23.682°N 113.056°E / 23.682; 113.056 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Guangdong |
| County-level divisions | 9 |
| Township-level divisions | 53 |
| City seat | Qingcheng District |
| Area | |
| Prefecture-level city | 19,152.9 km2 (7,395.0 sq mi) |
| Urban | 3,652.3 km2 (1,410.2 sq mi) |
| Metro | 3,652.3 km2 (1,410.2 sq mi) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 190 km (120 mi) |
| Width | 230 km (140 mi) |
| Elevation | 14 m (45 ft) |
| Population (2020 Census) | |
| Prefecture-level city | 3,969,473 |
| Density | 210/km2 (540/sq mi) |
| Urban | 1,738,424 |
| Urban density | 480/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
| Metro | 1,738,424 |
| Metro density | 480/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
| GDP | |
| Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 200.7 billion
US$ 31.1 billion |
| Per capita | CN¥ 50,459
US$ 7,821 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Area code | 0763 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-GD-18 |
| Licence plate prefixes | 粤R |
| Major Nationalities | Han, Zhuang and Yao |
| Website | www.gdqy.gov.cn |


title: Gyula Rubinek

abstract: Gyula Rubinek de Zsitvabesenyő was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Agriculture between 1919 and 1920. He was also Minister of Trade from 19 July to 16 December 1920. Rubinek was the creator of the land reform which connected to István Szabó de Nagyatád.

text:
# Gyula Rubinek

**Gyula Rubinek de Zsitvabesenyő** (10 September 1865 – 8 January 1922) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Agriculture between 1919 and 1920. He was also Minister of Trade from 19 July to 16 December 1920. Rubinek was the creator of the land reform which connected to István Szabó de Nagyatád.

## InfoBox

| Gyula Rubinek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Agriculture of Hungary | |
| **In office**
27 August 1919  15 August 1920 | |
| Preceded by | István Szabó de Nagyatád |
| Succeeded by | István Szabó de Nagyatád |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1865-09-10)10 September 1865
Ohaj, Kingdom of Hungary |
| Died | 8 January 1922(1922-01-08) (aged 56)
Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary |
| Political party | National Smallholders and Agrarian Workers Party (OKGFP) |
| Profession | politician |
|  | |


title: Melica imperfecta

abstract: Melica imperfecta is a species of grass known by the common name smallflower melic and little California melic. It is native to the Arizona, California, and Nevada in the United States and Baja California in Mexico. It grows in chaparral, woodlands, montane regions, and other dry areas.

text:
# Melica imperfecta

***Melica imperfecta*** is a species of grass known by the common name **smallflower melic** and **little California melic**.

It is native to the Arizona, California, and Nevada in the United States and Baja California in Mexico. It grows in chaparral, woodlands, montane regions, and other dry areas.

## Description

*Melica imperfecta* is a perennial grass growing up to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) in maximum height, and is classified as a bunchgrass by lacking rhizomes and corms. The inflorescence is a narrow or spreading series of spikelets which are green in color with areas of purple.

## Cultivation

*Melica imperfecta* is cultivated in the specialty horticulture trade and available as an ornamental grass for: natural landscape, native plant, drought tolerant water conserving, and habitat gardens.

## InfoBox

| *Melica imperfecta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | *Melica* |
| Species: | ***M. imperfecta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melica imperfecta***<br>Trin. | |
|


title: Missinko

abstract: Missinko is an arrondissement in the Kouffo department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Toviklin. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 6,422.

text:
# Missinko

**Missinko** is an arrondissement in the Kouffo department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Toviklin. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 6,422.

6°53′02″N 1°49′02″E / 6.8839°N 1.8173°E / 6.8839; 1.8173

## InfoBox

| Missinko | |
| --- | --- |
| Arrondissement | |
| Country | Benin |
| Department | Kouffo Department |
| Commune | Toviklin |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 6,422 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |


abstract: Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly who served in the 35th parliament held their seats from 1947 to 1950. They were elected at the 1947 state election, and at by-elections. The Speaker was Bill Lamb.

text:
# Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1947–1950

**Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly** who served in the 35th parliament held their seats from 1947 to 1950. They were elected at the 1947 state election, and at by-elections. The Speaker was Bill Lamb.

| Name | Party | | Electorate | Term in office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| John Adamson |  | Liberal | Concord | 1950–1953 |
| Joshua Arthur |  | Labor | Hamilton | 1935–1953 |
| Jack Baddeley |  | Labor | Cessnock | 1922–1949 |
| Jeff Bate |  | Liberal | Wollondilly | 1938–1949 |
| Jack Beale |  | Independent/Liberal | South Coast | 1942–1973 |
| Ivan Black |  | Liberal | Neutral Bay | 1945–1951, 1951–1962 |
| George Booth |  | Labor | Kurri Kurri | 1925–1960 |
| George Brain |  | Liberal | Willoughby | 1943–1968 |
| Michael Bruxner |  | Country | Tenterfield | 1920–1962 |
| Fred Cahill |  | Labor | Young | 1941–1959 |
| Joseph Cahill |  | Labor | Cook's River | 1925–1959 |
| Robert Cameron |  | Labor | Waratah | 1927–1956 |
| Bill Carlton |  | Labor | Concord | 1935–1949 |
| Bill Chaffey |  | Country | Tamworth | 1940–1973 |
| Jim Chalmers |  | Labor | Hartley | 1947–1956 |
| Daniel Clyne |  | Labor | King | 1927–1956 |
| John Crook |  | Labor | Cessnock | 1949–1959 |
| Douglas Cross |  | Liberal | Kogarah | 1948–1953, 1956–1970 |
| Lou Cunningham |  | Labor | Coogee | 1941–1948 |
| William Currey |  | Labor | Kogarah | 1941–1948 |
| Charles Cutler |  | Country | Orange | 1947–1975 |
| Douglas Darby |  | Liberal | Manly | 1945–1978 |
| Mat Davidson |  | Labor | Cobar | 1918–1949 |
| Billy Davies |  | Labor | Wollongong-Kembla | 1917–1949 |
| Robert Dewley |  | Liberal | Drummoyne | 1947–1953 |
| Doug Dickson |  | Country | Temora | 1938–1960 |
| Edgar Dring |  | Labor | Ashburnham | 1941–1955 |
| David Drummond |  | Country | Armidale | 1920–1949 |
| Bill Dunn |  | Labor | Mudgee | 1910–1911, 1911–1932, 1935–1950 |
| Kevin Dwyer |  | Labor | Redfern | 1949–1950 |
| Kevin Ellis |  | Liberal | Coogee | 1948–1953, 1956–1962, 1965–1973 |
| George Enticknap |  | Labor | Murrumbidgee | 1941–1965 |
| Clive Evatt |  | Labor | Hurstville | 1939–1959 |
| Frank Finnan |  | Labor | Hawkesbury | 1941–1953 |
| Ray Fitzgerald |  | Independent/Country | Gloucester | 1941–1962 |
| Lilian Fowler |  | Lang Labor | Newtown | 1944–1950 |
| Howard Fowles |  | Labor | Illawarra | 1941–1968 |
| John Freeman |  | Labor | Blacktown | 1945–1959 |
| William Frith |  | Country | Lismore | 1933–1953 |
| James Geraghty |  | Labor/Independent Labor | North Sydney | 1941–1953 |
| George Gollan |  | Liberal | Parramatta | 1932–1953 |
| William Gollan |  | Labor | Randwick | 1941–1962 |
| Bob Gorman |  | Labor | Annandale | 1933–1950 |
| Eddie Graham |  | Labor | Wagga Wagga | 1941–1957 |
| Raymond Hamilton |  | Labor | Namoi | 1941–1950 |
| Frank Hawkins |  | Labor | Newcastle | 1935–1968 |
| Eric Hearnshaw |  | Liberal | Ryde | 1945–1965 |
| Roy Heferen |  | Labor/Independent Labor | Barwon | 1940–1950 |
| Robert Heffron |  | Labor | Botany | 1930–1968 |
| Walter Howarth |  | Liberal | Maitland | 1932–1956 |
| Davis Hughes |  | Country | Armidale | 1950–1953, 1956–1973 |
| David Hunter |  | Liberal | Croydon | 1940–1976 |
| Gordon Jackett |  | Liberal | Burwood | 1935–1951 |
| Joseph Jackson |  | Liberal | Nepean | 1922–1956 |
| Les Jordan |  | Country | Oxley | 1944–1965 |
| Gus Kelly |  | Labor | Bathurst | 1925–1932, 1935–1967 |
| Laurie Kelly |  | Labor | Bulli | 1947–1955 |
| Ebenezer Kendell |  | Country | Corowa | 1946–1950 |
| Hamilton Knight |  | Labor | Hartley | 1927–1947 |
| Bill Lamb |  | Labor | Granville | 1938–1962 |
| Abe Landa |  | Labor | Bondi | 1930–1965 |
| Chris Lang |  | Lang Labor | Auburn | 1946–1950 |
| Joe Lawson |  | Country | Murray | 1932–1973 |
| Carlo Lazzarini |  | Labor | Marrickville | 1917–1952 |
| Clarrie Martin |  | Labor | Waverley | 1930–1932, 1939–1953 |
| Claude Matthews |  | Labor | Leichhardt | 1934–1954 |
| Ken McCaw |  | Liberal | Lane Cove | 1947–1975 |
| James McGirr |  | Labor | Bankstown | 1922–1952 |
| John McGrath |  | Labor | Rockdale | 1941–1959 |
| Robert Medcalf |  | Country | Lachlan | 1947–1953 |
| Pat Morton |  | Liberal | Mosman | 1947–1972 |
| Brice Mutton |  | Liberal | Concord | 1949 |
| George Noble |  | Labor | Redfern | 1947–1949 |
| Roger Nott |  | Labor | Liverpool Plains | 1941–1961 |
| Maurice O'Sullivan |  | Labor | Paddington | 1927–1959 |
| Doug Padman |  | Liberal | Albury | 1947–1965 |
| Blake Pelly |  | Liberal | Wollondilly | 1950–1957 |
| Baden Powell |  | Labor | Wollongong-Kembla | 1950 |
| Mary Quirk |  | Labor | Balmain | 1939–1950 |
| John Reid |  | Country | Casino | 1930–1953 |
| Jack Renshaw |  | Labor | Castlereagh | 1941–1980 |
| Athol Richardson |  | Liberal | Ashfield | 1935–1946, 1946–1952 |
| Clarrie Robertson |  | Labor | Dubbo | 1942–1950, 1953–1959 |
| Murray Robson |  | Liberal | Vaucluse | 1936–1957 |
| D'Arcy Rose |  | Country | Upper Hunter | 1939–1959 |
| John Seiffert |  | Labor/Independent Labor | Monaro | 1941–1965 |
| Tom Shannon |  | Labor | Phillip | 1927–1954 |
| Bill Sheahan |  | Labor | Yass | 1941–1973 |
| Fred Stanley |  | Labor/Independent Labor | Lakemba | 1927–1950 |
| Stanley Stephens |  | Country | Byron | 1944–1973 |
| Sydney Storey |  | Liberal | Hornsby | 1941–1962 |
| Arthur Tonge |  | Labor | Canterbury | 1926–1932, 1935–1962 |
| Vernon Treatt |  | Liberal | Woollahra | 1938–1962 |
| Laurie Tully |  | Labor | Goulburn | 1946–1965 |
| Harry Turner |  | Liberal | Gordon | 1937–1952 |
| Roy Vincent |  | Country | Raleigh | 1922–1953 |
| William Wattison |  | Labor | Sturt | 1947–1968 |
| George Weir |  | Labor | Dulwich Hill | 1941–1953 |
| Ernest Wetherell |  | Labor | Cobar | 1949–1965 |
| Arthur Williams |  | Labor | Georges River | 1940–1956 |
| Cecil Wingfield |  | Country | Clarence | 1938–1955 |

1. Green, Antony. "1947 District List". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
2. Green, Antony. "1947-1950 By elections". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
3. "Part 5B – Members returned for each electorate" (PDF). *New South Wales Parliamentary Record*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
4. "Former members of the New South Wales Parliament, 1856–2006". Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
5. "Part Ten – Officers of Parliament" (PDF). *NSW Parliamentary Record*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 14 May 2020.


title: Paolo Vallaresso

abstract: Paolo Vallaresso was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Concordia (1693–1723).

text:
# Paolo Vallaresso

**Paolo Vallaresso** (5 March 1660 – 23 November 1723) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Concordia (1693–1723).

## Biography

Paolo Vallaresso was born in Venice, Italy on 5 March 1660. He was ordained a deacon on 21 April 1685 and ordained a priest on 23 November 1692. He held the degree of *Doctor in utroque iure* from the University of Padua.

On 9 March 1693, he was appointed Bishop of Concordia by Pope Innocent XII. On 15 March 1693, he was consecrated bishop by Gasparo Carpegna, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere, with Petrus Draghi Bartoli, Titular Patriarch of Alexandria, and Michelangelo Mattei, Titular Archbishop of *Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto*, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of Concordia until his death on 23 November 1723.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Paolo Vallaresso | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Concordia | |
| Paolo Vallaresso | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Concordia |
| In office | 1693–1723 |
| Predecessor | Agostino Premoli |
| Successor | Jacopo Maria Erizzo |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 23 November 1692 |
| Consecration | 15 March 1693
by Gasparo Carpegna |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 5 March 1660
Venice, Italy |
| Died | 23 November 1723 (age 63)
Concordia, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |


title: Otohiko Kaga

abstract: Otohiko Kaga was a Japanese author.

text:
# Otohiko Kaga

**Otohiko Kaga** (加賀 乙彦, *Kaga Otohiko*, April 22, 1929 – January 12, 2023) was a Japanese author.

## Biography

Kaga was born in Tokyo, and studied psychiatry and criminology at the University of Tokyo Medical School. He worked in a hospital and then prison before going to France in 1957 for further studies. After returning to Japan in 1960, Kaga took up university teaching, and was a psychology professor at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University (1965-1969) and Sophia University (1969 - 1979).

Kaga wrote several novels based on his time in France, including *Arechi o tabi suru monotachi* (Travelers through the Wasteland) and *Furandoru no fuyu* (Winter in Flanders) which won the Minister of Education Award for New Artists in 1968. His 1973 novel *Kaerazaru natsu* (帰らざる夏, A Summer Long Gone), on the tragic consequences of a young man's military indoctrination during World War II received the Tanizaki Prize. His 1982 historical fiction about World War II, *Ikari no nai fune* (Riding the East Wind), has been translated to English to good reviews.

Kaga a full-time writer from 1979. In 1987 he converted to Catholicism at the age of 58 through the influence of Shusaku Endo.

Kaga died on January 12, 2023, at the age of 93.

## Major awards

* 1968 Minister of Education Award for New Artists for *Furandoru no fuyu* (Winter in Flanders)
* 1974 Tanizaki Prize for *Kaerazaru natsu* (帰らざる夏, A Summer Long Gone)
* 1979 Japan Literature Grand Prize for *Senkoku* (The Verdict)
* 1985 Osaragi Jiro Prize for *Shitsugen* (The Marsh)
* 2011 Person of Cultural Merit

## Selected works in translation

* *Riding the East Wind: A Novel of War and Peace* (*Ikari no nai fune*), trans. Ian Hideo Levy, Kodansha America, 2002. ISBN 4-7700-2856-3.
* *Marshland* (*Shitsugen*), trans. Albert Novick, Dalkey Archive, 2022. ISBN 9781628974041.

## InfoBox

| Otohiko Kaga | |
| --- | --- |
| Kaga in 2017 | |
| Born | Sadataka Kogi
(1929-04-22)April 22, 1929
Tokyo, Japan |
| Died | January 12, 2023(2023-01-12) (aged 93) |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Occupation | Writer |


title: Gunnar Aasland

abstract: Gunnar Aasland is a Norwegian judge. He was born in Oslo, and graduated from the University of Oslo as cand.jur. in 1961. He worked in the Office of the Attorney General of Norway from 1967 to 1968 and 1972 to 1979 and as a lawyer from 1969 to 1972. He was a Supreme Court Justice from 1979 to 2006. In 2006 he was decorated as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav. He resides at Nadderud.

text:
# Gunnar Aasland

**Gunnar Aasland** (born 15 April 1936) is a Norwegian judge.

He was born in Oslo, and graduated from the University of Oslo as cand.jur. in 1961. He worked in the Office of the Attorney General of Norway from 1967 to 1968 and 1972 to 1979 and as a lawyer from 1969 to 1972. He was a Supreme Court Justice from 1979 to 2006. In 2006 he was decorated as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav.

He resides at Nadderud.


abstract: The Administration Building in Alamogordo, New Mexico, at 1900 N. White Sands Boulevard, is a building of the New Mexico School for the Blind and Visually Impaired which was built in 1918. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It was designed by architects Trost & Trost. According to its 1988 National Register nomination:The Administration Building is a one-story brick mediterranean style building with a hipped roof of French tile and soffitted wood overhang decorated with built-up dentil course. Windows are metal casement with a concrete sill and lintel that forms a continuous banding around the building. Entry has flat roof with concrete coping over metal casement windows with fan lites and 24 lite metal door. Each brick arch over windows share concrete springer bases. The building was renovated in 1941 and 1980. The windows may have been changed in 1941 remodel. There is a brick soldier course added to form a wainscot from grade to just below window sills in 1980 remodel. A handicapped ramp has been added at the entrance. The building has a rectangular shape. This building was designed by the architectural firm of Trost and Trost in 1918. It was originally a hospital and teacher's cottage that was changed to administration in the mid 1960s. The Administration Building is one of four buildings constructed on the campus of the New Mexico School of the Visually Handicapped between 1918 and 1935, and the only building remaining from the period built in the Mediterranean Style. The Administration building is significant because it is the only building of five remaining from the period 1912 to 1919 designed by the architectural firm of Trost and Trost. It is a good example of the style that Trost and Trost had set for the campus during this period. Since the Mediterranean and Decorative Brick Styles are similar, the Administration Building fits in with the other buildings on campus. The overall impression of the campus is one of having a uniform style with individual variations among the buildings. When listed in 1988 it was owned by the Regents of the New Mexico School for the Visually Handicapped (NMSVH).

text:
# Administration Building (Alamogordo, New Mexico)

The **Administration Building** in Alamogordo, New Mexico, at 1900 N. White Sands Boulevard, is a building of the New Mexico School for the Blind and Visually Impaired which was built in 1918. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

It was designed by architects Trost & Trost. According to its 1988 National Register nomination:

> The Administration Building is a one-story brick mediterranean style building with a hipped roof of French tile and soffitted wood overhang decorated with built-up dentil course. Windows are metal casement with a concrete sill and lintel that forms a continuous banding around the building. Entry has flat roof with concrete coping over metal casement windows with fan lites and 24 lite metal door. Each brick arch over windows share concrete springer bases. The building was renovated in 1941 and 1980. The windows may have been changed in 1941 remodel. There is a brick soldier course added to form a wainscot from grade to just below window sills in 1980 remodel. A handicapped ramp has been added at the entrance. The building has a rectangular shape. This building was designed by the architectural firm of Trost and Trost in 1918. It was originally a hospital and teacher's cottage that was changed to administration in the mid 1960s.

> The Administration Building is one of four buildings constructed on the campus of the New Mexico School of the Visually Handicapped between 1918 and 1935, and the only building remaining from the period built in the Mediterranean Style. The Administration building is significant because it is the only building of five remaining from the period 1912 to 1919 designed by the architectural firm of Trost and Trost. It is a good example of the style that Trost and Trost had set for the campus during this period. Since the Mediterranean and Decorative Brick Styles are similar, the Administration Building fits in with the other buildings on campus. The overall impression of the campus is one of having a uniform style with individual variations among the buildings.

When listed in 1988 it was owned by the Regents of the New Mexico School for the Visually Handicapped (NMSVH).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Administration Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1900 N. White Sands Blvd., NMSVH, Alamogordo, New Mexico |
| Coordinates | 32°54′51″N 105°57′33″W / 32.91417°N 105.95917°W / 32.91417; -105.95917 (Administration Building) |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| Built | 1918 |
| Architect | Trost & Trost |
| Architectural style | Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals, Mediterranean |
| MPS | New Mexico Campus Buildings Built 1906--1937 TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 88001564 |
| Added to NRHP | May 16, 1989 |


title: Mytilaria

abstract: Mytilaria is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Hamamelidaceae. Its native range is Southern China to Northern Indo-China.

text:
# Mytilaria

***Mytilaria*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Hamamelidaceae.

Its native range is Southern China to Northern Indo-China.

## Species

Species:

* *Mytilaria laosensis* Lecomte

## InfoBox

| *Mytilaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Hamamelidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Mytilarioideae |
| Genus: | *Mytilaria*<br>Lecomte |
|


title: Qingyi River (Anhui)

abstract: Qingyi River is a major tributary of lower Yangtze River. It is the longest tributary river of lower Yangtze River valley, as well as the longest river originated in Anhui Province. The source of Qingyi River is in Huang Mountains. It has about 30 tributaries, including Hui River, Machuan River, Gufeng River and Yangxi River.

text:
# Qingyi River (Anhui)

**Qingyi River** (Chinese: 青弋江) is a major tributary of lower Yangtze River. It is the longest tributary river of lower Yangtze River valley, as well as the longest river originated in Anhui Province. The source of Qingyi River is in Huang Mountains. It has about 30 tributaries, including Hui River, Machuan River, Gufeng River and Yangxi River.

31°19′29″N 118°21′43″E / 31.3247°N 118.3619°E / 31.3247; 118.3619

## InfoBox

| Qingyi River | |
| --- | --- |
| Qingyi River in Taohuatan | |
| Native name | *Qing-Yi-Jiang* (Chinese) |
| Location | |
| Country | China |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Yixian, Anhui Province, China |
| elevation | 709 m (2,326 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Wuhu, Anhui Province, China |
| elevation | 11 m (36 ft) |
| Length | 291 km (181 mi) |
| Basin size | 8,178 km2 (3,158 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Yangtze River
Qingyi - Shuiyang River System |


title: Rena McLean

abstract: Rena Maude McLean was a Canadian nurse who volunteered during World War I. She helped set up the first hospital in France staffed exclusively by Canadians, and also served in the UK and Greece. She died when the Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed off the coast of Ireland.

text:
# Rena McLean

**Rena Maude McLean** (June 14, 1879 – June 27, 1918) was a Canadian nurse who volunteered during World War I. She helped set up the first hospital in France staffed exclusively by Canadians, and also served in the UK and Greece. She died when the Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed off the coast of Ireland.

## Early life and education

McLean was born in Souris on Prince Edward Island, Canada in 1879. Her parents were John McLean, a businessman and Conservative politician, and Matilda Jane McLean (née Jury). She studied at the Mount Allison Ladies' College in Sackville, New Brunswick, and the Halifax Ladies' College, graduating in 1896. McLean completed her training as a nurse in 1908 at Newport Hospital in Newport, Rhode Island, in the United States.

## Nursing career

At the outbreak of the war, McLean had been working as head nurse of the operating room at a hospital in Gardner, Massachusetts. She enlisted and was assigned to the Canadian Army Medical Corps on September 28, 1914, leaving soon after for Britain. By November 1914, she was in France. She was one of a group of Canadian nurses who converted a hotel into a hospital in Le Touquet. In 1915, 1,100 Canadian soldiers were treated there after they had been gassed.

She served in France, the UK and Greece. She died when the Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed off the south coast of Ireland. Even after the *Llandovery Castle* had sunk, the U boat continued to kill survivors in the water either by ramming their lifeboats or machine-gunning them.

## Legacy

A soldiers' hospital in Charlottetown was named for her in the year after her death, but it closed quite soon. There is a plaque in her memory at Charlottetown's Queen Elizabeth Hospital in their radiography department. Two other plaques recorded her life: one is at St James United Church in her home town and the other was in Mount Allison's Memorial Library, which was demolished in 2011.

## InfoBox

| Rena Maude McLean | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | June 14, 1879
Souris, Prince Edward Island |
| Died | June 27, 1918
At sea |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Occupation | nursing sister |
| Known for | volunteer nurse |


title: Melissa Wiik

abstract: Lindy Melissa Løvbræk Wiik is a Norwegian footballer who plays for Urædd FK and the Norway national team.

text:
# Melissa Wiik

**Lindy Melissa Løvbræk Wiik** (born 7 February 1985) is a Norwegian footballer who plays for Urædd FK and the Norway national team.

## Career

Asker played in the elite Toppserien league in Norway, and Wiik was the league's top scorer of the 2007 season, with 22 goals from 22 matches. At the start of 2009 Wiik with most of the other Asker players joined the newly formed Stabæk Fotball Kvinner, continuing in the Toppserien. In January 2010 Wiik signed to play for the German club VfL Wolfsburg, and scored her first three goals for her new club at an indoor tournament on 23 January with over 4000 spectators.

In 2011 Wiik returned to Stabæk FK. In early May she suffered a damaged anterior cruciate ligament, surgery followed in June. Her goal to recover quickly materialized with her in Football training by early October.

## Career statistics

*Statistics accurate as of match played 10 August 2013*

| Club | Season | Division | League | | Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 2003 | Asker | Toppserien | 13 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 3 |
| 2004 | | | 16 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 19 | 15 |
| 2005 | | | 18 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 23 | 17 |
| 2007 | | | 20 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 22 |
| 2008 | | | 16 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 15 |
| 2009 | Stabæk | | 21 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 18 |
| 2009–10 | Wolfsburg | Bundesliga | 11 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 7 |
| 2010–11 | | | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 4 |
| 2011 | Stabæk | Toppserien | 7 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 5 |
| 2012 | | | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
| 2013 | | | 18 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 23 | 5 |
| 2014 | | | 12 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 6 |
| 2015 | | | 17 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 20 | 7 |
| 2016 | Urædd | | 22 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 24 | 5 |
| Career Total | | | 204 | 109 | 25 | 21 | 229 | 130 |

## International career

She is a member of the Norway national team. She was named on 9 June to the bronze medalist team Norway at the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing, China. At the opening match on 6 August she scored Norway's second goal in the fourth minute, which ended Norway 2 – USA 0.

## International goals

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 9 March 2005 | Lagos, Portugal | China | **2**–1 | 2–1 | 2005 Algarve Cup |
| 2. | 7 March 2007 | Faro, Portugal | Germany | **2**–1 | 2–1 | 2007 Algarve Cup |
| 3. | 14 March 2007 | Lagoa, Portugal | Finland | **1**–0 | 2–0 | |
| 4. | 17 June 2007 | Ramat Gan, Israel | Israel | **3**–0 | 3–0 | UEFA Women's Euro 2009 qualifying |
| 5. | 21 June 2007 | Lillestrøm, Norway | Austria | **2**–0 | 3–0 | |
| 6. | 27 October 2007 | Stavanger, Norway | Russia | **1**–0 | 3–0 | |
| 7. | 7 March 2008 | Albufeira, Portugal | China | **3**–1 | 3–1 | 2008 Algarve Cup |
| 8. | 12 March 2008 | Vila Real de Santo António, Portugal | Germany | **1**–0 | 2–0 | |
| 9. | 3 May 2008 | Kristiansand, Norway | Israel | **1**–0 | 7–0 | UEFA Women's Euro 2009 qualifying |
| 10. | | | | **3**–0 | | |
| 11. | 7 May 2008 | Stavanger, Norway | Poland | **3**–0 | 3–0 | |
| 12. | 6 August 2008 | Qinhuangdao, China | United States | **2**–0 | 2–0 | 2008 Summer Olympics |
| 13. | 9 AUgust 2008 | | New Zealand | **1**–0 | 1–0 | |
| 14. | 24 March 2010 | Vila Real de Santo António, Portugal | Sweden | **1**–0 | 2–2 | 2010 Algarve Cup |
|

## Personal life

She has a relationship with Péter Kovács.

## Honours

### Club

Stabæk

### Individual

## InfoBox

Melissa Wiik
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Lindy Melissa Løvbræk Wiik | | |
| Date of birth | (1985-02-07) 7 February 1985 | | |
| Place of birth | Oslo, Norway | | |
| Height | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Urædd FK | | |
| Number | 10 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 19992000 | Slemmestad IF | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 20012008 | Asker | 83 | (61) |
| 2009 | Stabæk | 21 | (18) |
| 20102011 | VfL Wolfsburg | 20 | (10) |
| 20112015 | Stabæk | 58 | (15) |
| 2016 | Urædd FK | 22 | (5) |
| International career | | | |
| 20042012 | Norway | 63 | (15) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 23:14, 27 August 2016 (UTC) | | | |


title: Mendipathar College

abstract: Mendipathar College, established in 1971, is a general degree college situated at Mendipathar, in Meghalaya. This college is affiliated with the North Eastern Hill University.

text:
# Mendipathar College

**Mendipathar College**, established in 1971, is a general degree college situated at Mendipathar, in Meghalaya. This college is affiliated with the North Eastern Hill University.

## Departments

### Arts

* Garo
* English
* Asamese
* History
* Geography
* Education
* Economics
* Philosophy
* Political Science

## InfoBox

Mendipathar College
| Type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1971 |
| Location | Mendipathar, Meghalaya, India<br>25°54′54″N 90°38′46″E / 25.915°N 90.646°E / 25.915; 90.646 |
| Affiliations | North Eastern Hill University |
| Website | http://mendipatharcollege.blogspot.com |


title: Faruk Mercan

abstract: Faruk Mercan is a Turkish journalist and writer. He is a journalist for Aksiyon and the author of a number of books on the Turkish deep state, including books on Üzeyir Garih, Nesim Malki and the Susurluk scandal. He has worked at Dünya Radyo and the Zaman newspaper. Mercan graduated from Ankara University, Law School in 1993.

text:
# Faruk Mercan

**Faruk Mercan** (born 1971) is a Turkish journalist and writer. He is a journalist for *Aksiyon* and the author of a number of books on the Turkish deep state, including books on Üzeyir Garih, Nesim Malki and the Susurluk scandal. He has worked at Dünya Radyo and the *Zaman* newspaper.

Mercan graduated from Ankara University, Law School in 1993.

## Books

* *Fethullah Gülen* (2008), Doğan Kitap
* *Niso, Nesim Malki Cinayeti* (2007), Doğan Kitap
* *Boğazın Şövalyesi, Üzeyir Garih Cinayeti* (2007), Doğan Kitap
* *Onlar Başroldeydi* (2007), Doğan Kitap
* *Savaşçının Dönüşü* (2006)
* *Apolet, Kılıç ve İktidar* (2004)
* *Susurluk Prensleri, Bir Gizli Savaşın Perde Arkası* (1999)
* *Üzeyir Garih'in Son Randevusu* (2002)
* *Niso: Nesim Malki'nin Sıradışı Hikâyesi* (2001)


title: Osmond Fraenkel

abstract: Osmond Fraenkel was an American attorney who served as general counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union.

text:
# Osmond Fraenkel

**Osmond Fraenkel** (Oct. 17, 1888-May 17, 1983) was an American attorney who served as general counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union.

## Background

Osmond Kessler Fraenkel was born on October 17, 1888, in New York City. His parents were Joseph E. Fraenkel and Emily Kessler.

He attended the Horace Mann School. In 1908, he received an A.B. magna cum laude as well as an A.M. from Harvard College. In 1911, he received an LL.B. from Columbia Law School.

## Career

In 1910, Fraenkel was admitted to New York State bar. and entered private practice.

### Private practice

In 1916, Fraenkel joined and became a partner in Goldsmith & Fraenkel. In 1928, the firm became Goldsmith, Jackson & Brock through 1942. In 1942, the firm became Fraenkel, Jackson & Levitt through 1945. In 1945, he became counsel to Hays, St. John, Abramson & Schulman, later Hays, St. John, Abramson & Heilbron through 1981. In 1982, he joined Rabinowitz, Boudin, Standard, Krinsky & Lieberman through his death in 1983.

### Public practice

He served co-counsel to the New York Civil Liberties Committee from 1934 (or 1935 ) through 1955, at which time he became general counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union through 1977.

He served as chair of the New York City Welfare Department Hearing Board from 1936 to 1951.

In the 1930s, Fraenkel came to notoriety, first as attorney for the Scottsboro boys, then as attorney for Harry Bridges and Bertrand Russell. In *De Jonge v. Oregon* he defended a client accused of criminal syndicalism after this person had spoken at a meeting of the communist party.

He defended Consumers Union's pamphlet on contraception from Frank Comerford Walker's opinion that it was obscene.

Other cases argued include:

In *United States v. Richardson*, Fraenkel argued against Solicitor General Robert H. Bork.

He opposed the McCarthyism of Joseph McCarthy. He did legal work for the cases around Japanese American internment, the Pentagon Papers, and school prayer in the United States.

### National Lawyers Guild

Fraenkel was a co-founder of the National Lawyers Guild and was present at pre-formation meeting in New York City on December 1, 1936.

## Personal life and death

On December 11, 1913, Fraenkel married Helene Esberg; they had three children: Nancy (Mrs. James A. Wechsler), Carol (Mrs. Mack Lipkin), and George K.

In addition to the National Lawyers Guild, Fraenkel was also a member of Association of the Bar of the City of New York and the American Arbitration Association.

Fraenkel died age 94 on May 17, 1983, in New York City while walking to work.

## Quote

* Undated: "People should do whatever they wanted as long as they didn't hurt anyone else." –

## Legacy

Norman Dorsen and Ira Glasser called Fraenkel "one of the giants in contemporary life."

## Awards

* 1973: Florina Lasker Award from the New York Civil Liberties Union

## Works

He authored more than 100 books an articles, including a book on the Sacco and Vanzetti case.

The Library of Congress catalog lists the following works:

* *The Sacco-Vanzetti Case* (1931, 1969)
* *Curse of bigness: miscellaneous papers of Louis D. Brandeis*, edited by Osmond K. Fraenkel (1934, 1965)
* *Judicial interpretation of labor laws* (1939)
* *One hundred and fifty years of the Bill of rights* (1939, 1941)
* *Supreme court and civil liberties: How far has the court protected the Bill of rights?* (1941, 1949 1952, 1955, 1960, 1963)
* *Our civil liberties* (1944, 1969)
    + *Bürgerliche Freiheiten; grundrechte und verfassungsmässige Freiheiten in den USA*, translated by Otto Schütte (1950)
* *Our civil liberties*
* *Rights we have* (1971, 1974)
* *Rights you have* (1972)

Harvard's catalog on Fraenkel's papers lists three books:

* *The Sacco-Vanzetti Case* (1931)
* *Our Civil Liberties* (1945)
* *The Supreme Court and Civil Liberties* (1966)


title: Guillermo Bonfil Batalla

abstract: Guillermo Bonfil Batalla was a Mexican writer who was also trained as an ethnologist and anthropologist. He was director of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), General Director of Popular Cultures. He founded the National Museum of Popular Cultures. At the time of his death, he served as national coordinator of the Seminar for Cultural Studies of the National Council for Culture and the Arts (Conaculta). For Bonfil Batalla, ethnological research was inextricably linked to the transformation of social reality. He was co-founder of the INAH Center for Higher Research, today the Center for Research and Higher Studies in Social Anthropology. In his honor the library of the National School of Anthropology and History bears his name.

text:
# Guillermo Bonfil Batalla

**Guillermo Bonfil Batalla** (July 29, 1935 - July 19, 1991) was a Mexican writer who was also trained as an ethnologist and anthropologist. He was director of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), General Director of Popular Cultures. He founded the National Museum of Popular Cultures. At the time of his death, he served as national coordinator of the Seminar for Cultural Studies of the National Council for Culture and the Arts (Conaculta).

For Bonfil Batalla, ethnological research was inextricably linked to the transformation of social reality. He was co-founder of the INAH Center for Higher Research, today the Center for Research and Higher Studies in Social Anthropology. In his honor the library of the National School of Anthropology and History bears his name.

## Education

He graduated from Mexico's National School of Anthropology and History (Spanish: *Escuela Nacional de Antropoloía e Historia)* (ENAH) in 1957. He received his doctorate from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1967 with the thesis "Modernization and traditionalism. Dialectics of Development in Cholula de Rivadavia".

## Professional career

He served as head of the Urban Social Welfare Center of the SSA (1957), published the journal *Problems of Agriculture and Industry of Mexico*, was co-editor of *Problems of Mexico* (1958-1959), carried out anthropology work at the National Institute of Nutrition , Mexico (1960-1963), worked as an anthropologist in the Department of Anthropological Research of the INAH (1962-1968), and was interim head of the Sub-regional Office for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean of the Latin American Center for Research in Social Sciences (1965-1966).

In the late 1970s, he was a visiting professor at the graduate program in Social Anthropology and the National Museum at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He held several chairs: head and director of several seminars at the ENAH (1962-1969) and Technical Advisor of the Ethnology career (1967-1968); in those same years he was also a professor at the School of Anthropology and at the Graduate School of the Universidad Iberoamericana. He served in the Division of Higher Studies of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences of the UNAM, and was advisor of Anthropology of the Division of Higher Studies of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the UNAM (1971-1972). He also was professor at the ENAH with the Interethnic Relations course (1977-1978), of the Master's Course at the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) (1978)

He was director of the National Institute of Anthropology and History from 1972 to 1976 and of the INAH Center for Higher Research (1976-1980) and was the founder and director of the National Museum of Popular Culture (Spanish: *Museo Nacional de Culturas Populares*) in Mexico City from 1982 to 1985. He was also the co-founder of the Center for Research and Higher Studies in Social Anthropology (Spanish: *Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social*).

He was head of the Directorate of Popular Cultures of the Mexican Secretariat of Public Education (Spanish: *Secretaría de Educación Pública* or SEP). He was part of the Mexican Society of Anthropology and the Academy of Scientific Research (Mexico), the Latin American Council of Social Sciences and the Mexican Council of Social Sciences. In 1980, he participated in the fourth Russell Tribunal on the Rights of the Indians of the Americas, held in Rotterdam. In 1986, he was bestowed the Palms of Academic Merit in France.

He was part of the Mexican Society of Anthropology and the Academy of Scientific Research (Mexico), the Latin American Council of Social Sciences and the Mexican Council of Social Sciences.

He carried out field research work related to problems of nutrition, housing, religious organization, trade, identity, interethnic relations and economic development in rural communities and indigenous areas in Cholula, Puebla, and in the Cuautla-Amecameca-Chalco region, among others.

In the last two years of his life, he worked as the coordinator of the Seminars on the Study of Culture (Spanish: *Seminario de Estudios sobre Cultura),* and assumed a position as the director of the Directorate General of Popular Cultures in the National Council for Culture and the Arts (Spanish: *Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes*). He died July 19, 1991, aged 55 in Coyoacán Borough, Distrito Federal, Mexico.

## Contributions to Mexican cultural institutions

For Bonfil Batalla, ethnological research was inextricably linked to anthropology, specifically the ways social realities change. Bonfil Batalla worked with other intellectuals such as Rodolfo Stavenhagen, Lourdes Arizpe, Néstor García Canclini and Carlos Monsiváis, in an attempt to promote pluri-ethnic, pluricultural, and popular cultural politics in the Mexican government. His writing and political works often denounced Mexican discourse, politics, and national institutions that attempted to construct a homogeneous national and popular culture. Bonfil Batalla believed that the project of constructing a singular popular culture occurs at the expense of excluding indigenous cultures and other minority groups in Mexico. This exclusion and suppression of indigeneity in the country led Bonfil Batalla to observe that there were political mobilizations that called for increased democracy and cultural plurality. He called on national institutions to respond to this demand through the creation and renovation of the institutions themselves.

As an extension of the desire to recreate national cultural institutions, during his time as the director of the INAH Bonfil Batalla promoted the renovation of the museum system by encouraging direct participation with rural and urban communities. He continued this work through the development of the National Museum of Popular Culture. Bonfil Batalla's efforts to create a museum as an anti-hegemonic space through ethnographic methods was based on his belief that museums were in a generalized crisis of cultural elitism. The museum space, according to Bonfil Batalla, produced and reinforced hegemonic power dynamics. Bonfil Batalla believed in the potential for the museum space to foster popular mobilizations and encourage different ways of conceptualizing political action.

## *México Profundo: Reclaiming a Civilization*

One of Bonfil Batalla’s most notable works is *México Profundo: Reclaiming a Civilization* (Spanish: *El México Profundo, una civilización negada).* In this book, he explores the permanence and resilience of non-colonial cultures which colonialism sought to eradicate in Mexico as well as the concept and effects of detribalization, which he refers to as "de-Indianization." Bonfil Batalla demonstrates the existence of two different symbolic Mexicos resulting from colonial intrusions and hegemony.

The first México is deep Mexico (Spanish: *México Profundo*), defined by the persistence of Mesoamerican civilization that reveals itself to national society in a variety of ways and forms together with contemporary Indigenous communities. *México Profundo* has permanently existed despite mainstream and nationalistic efforts in Mexico to conceal and erase its presence. Through the denial of *México Profundo* by mainstream Mexican society, Mesoamerican civilization has been detached from the identity of Mexicans as "something apart from ourselves, something that happened long ago in the same place where we, the Mexicans, live today. The only connection is based on the fact of *them* and *us* occupying the same territory, but in different time periods."

> *México Profundo* is formed by a great diversity of peoples, communities, and social sectors that constitute the majority of the population of the country. What unifies them and distinguishes them from the rest of Mexican society is that they are bearers of ways of understanding the world and of organizing human life that have their origins in Mesoamerican civilization and that have been forged here in Mexico through a long and complicated historical process. The contemporary expressions of that civilization are quite diverse: from those indigenous peoples who have been able to conserve an internally cohesive culture of their own, to a multitude of isolated traits distributed in different ways in urban populations. The civilization of Mesoamerica has been denied but it is essential to recognize its continuing presence.

The other Mexico is named the "Imaginary Mexico." It is referred to as "imaginary" because it does not actually exist, but rather has functioned as a national project of constructing a unified or "imagined" homogeneous Mexican identity. According to Bonfil Batalla, the *mestizo* is the embodiment of the Imaginary Mexico, as Indigenous cultures are experienced in his everyday life from the philosophical, to the ontological, and fundamentally the spiritual realms of his being yet he assumes a non-Indigenous identity. It draws inspiration from distant lands with dissimilar cultures distinct from any ‘real’ or ‘profound’ Mexican culture. The ultimate project of "Imaginary Mexico" is to uphold the dominant civilizational program geared towards Westernization.

Throughout the past 500 years of history, these two Mexicos have existed in a state of ongoing confrontation. At one pole are those that align with the "Imaginary Mexico" ideology and seek to direct the country to a Western civilization program. While, at the other pole, exist those who exhibit resistance tactics rooted in Mesoamerican ancestries, whether through silent resistance or open revolt. Bonfil Batalla asserted that this resistance can be attributed to the fact that "certain social groups have illegitimately held political, economic, and ideological power from the European invasion to the present." The illegitimate domination of these social groups emerged from "the stratified order of colonial society" and has expressed itself in the centuries since through upholding "an ideology that conceives of the future only in terms of development, progress, advancement, and the Revolution itself, all concepts within the mainstream of Western civilization."

As such, *México Profundo* and the "Imaginary Mexico" are not merely two different alternatives "within the framework of a common civilization," but rather are two entirely different paradigms "which are built on different ways of conceiving the world, nature, society, and humankind." Any attempt at "unification" of these two opposing frameworks has only been historically characterized by the pursuit to erase *México Profundo* and its inherent connections to Mesoamerican civilization while disseminating ideologies upholding the "Imaginary Mexico" and Westernization. This was historically carried about by various genocidal means, such as the complete obliteration of entire groups of Indigenous people as well as, "where the labor force of the Indians was required," their social and cultural segregation. This segregation meant that some Indigenous groups were able to retain continuity despite "the brutal decline in population during the first decades of the \[Spanish\] invasion."

For Bonfil Batalla, indigenous cultures have, in many ways, such an omnipresent and continuous presence in Mexico that rarely are they seen for their deep and complex meanings in the scheme of historical processes that made possible their presence in social sectors that assume a non-indigenous identity. This is the result of the symbolic process of constructing the Imaginary Mexico, that works to deny and conceal Indigeneity and permanently confront the reality of *México Profundo*. Bonfil Batalla believed that the role of indigenous peoples is so definitive in the ways it shapes Mexican culture, and will play an important role in shaping a new Mexican society.

In the 1996 English version of Bonfil Batalla's work, translator Philip A. Dennis cites the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) uprising in Chiapas as an event which brought *México Profundo* "into national consciousness," as Bonfil Batalla's conceptualization was "brought to life for millions of television viewers in Mexico and throughout the world."


title: Jenkins Place

abstract: Jenkins Place are two historic homes and, together, a national historic district located at Orleans, Orange County, Indiana. The Rock and Lucie Jenkins House was built in 1908, and is a 2+1⁄2-story, American Foursquare brick dwelling., with Prairie School influences. The Ralph and Margaret Jenkins House was built in 1912, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, Bungalow / American Craftsman style frame dwelling. It has a steeply pitched roof covered in green tile. Other contributing resources include a garage, concrete corner posts, fencing, former goldfish pond, and two cisterns. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

text:
# Jenkins Place

**Jenkins Place** are two historic homes and, together, a national historic district located at Orleans, Orange County, Indiana. The Rock and Lucie Jenkins House was built in 1908, and is a 2+12-story, American Foursquare brick dwelling., with Prairie School influences. The Ralph and Margaret Jenkins House was built in 1912, and is a 1+12-story, Bungalow / American Craftsman style frame dwelling. It has a steeply pitched roof covered in green tile. Other contributing resources include a garage, concrete corner posts, fencing, former goldfish pond, and two cisterns.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Jenkins Place | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Rock Jenkins House, November 2011 | |
|  | |
| Location | 448-488 Liberty Rd., Orleans, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 38°39′25″N 86°26′52″W / 38.65694°N 86.44778°W / 38.65694; -86.44778 |
| Area | 4 acres (1.6 ha) |
| Built | 1908 (1908), 1912 |
| Architect | Chatham, Ralph C.; Ochs, Charles |
| Architectural style | Prairie School, Bungalow/craftsman |
| NRHP reference No. | 10000127 |
| Added to NRHP | March 31, 2010 |


title: Yarmouth, Isle of Wight

abstract: Yarmouth is a town, port and civil parish in the west of the Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England. The town is named for its location at the mouth of the small Western Yar river. The town grew near the river crossing, originally a ferry, which was replaced with a road bridge in 1863.

text:
# Yarmouth, Isle of Wight

**Yarmouth** is a town, port and civil parish in the west of the Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England. The town is named for its location at the mouth of the small Western Yar river. The town grew near the river crossing, originally a ferry, which was replaced with a road bridge in 1863.

## History

Yarmouth has been a settlement for over a thousand years, and is one of the earliest on the island. The first account of the settlement is in Æthelred the Unready's record of the Danegeld tax of 991, when it was called **Eremue**, meaning "muddy estuary". The Normans laid out the streets on a grid system, a plan which can still be seen today. It grew rapidly, being given its first charter as a town in 1135. The town became a parliamentary borough in the Middle Ages, and the Yarmouth constituency was represented by two members of Parliament until 1832.

Until the castle was built, raids by the French hurt the town; in 1544 the it was reputed to have been burned down. Legend has it that the church bells were carried off to Cherbourg or Boulogne.

Yarmouth Castle was built in 1547, and is now in the care of English Heritage. It is effectively a gun platform, built by Henry VIII to fortify the Solent and protect against any attempted invasion of England.

For many years Yarmouth was the seat of the Governor of the Island. Yarmouth Town Hall was built in 1763.

In St. James's Church, there is a monument to the 17th century admiral Sir Robert Holmes who was at Yarmouth. He obtained it in a raid on a French ship, when he seized an unfinished statue of Louis XIV of France and forced the sculptor to finish it with his own head rather than the king's.

In 1784, most of Yarmouth's ancient charters were lost: A ship's captain, drunk after a court dinner, stole what he thought was a case of wine, as he returned to his ship. When he discovered it was a case of books, he threw it overboard.

Yarmouth Pier was opened in 1876. It received Grade 2 listed status in 1975. Originally 685 ft (207.5m) long, it's now 609 ft (186m) but is still the longest timber pier in England open to the public, and also a docking point for the MV Balmoral and PS Waverley.

Several Sites of Special Scientific Interest lie close to Yarmouth, including Yar Estuary SSSI & Bouldnor And Hamstead Cliffs SSSI.

## Commerce

As a port and market town Yarmouth has had local commercial significance. It still has some boat yards and chandlery, and although relatively small it still supports a number of shops, hotels, pubs and restaurants, supported partly by passing trade from the ferry terminal and visiting boat owners.

## Transport

The Wightlink car ferry sails from Yarmouth to Lymington (Lymington Pier) in Hampshire.

Southern Vectis operate bus services from Yarmouth bus station, a small building near the ferry terminal, the main route being route 7 serving Totland, Alum Bay, Freshwater, Newport and Shalfleet as well as Yarmouth. To reach Yarmouth, route 7 uses Pixley Hill, which has caused some controversy amongst local residents who do not believe the road is large enough for buses. The controversy was initially started by former route 11 being extended to serve Yarmouth and using the lane in September 2008.

In the spring and summer, Southern Vectis also operate an open top bus called "The Needles Breezer" that runs through Freshwater Bay to Alum Bay and onto the Needles Battery down a bus and pedestrian-only road along the cliff edge; returning to Yarmouth via Totland and Colwell. For the more athletic, Yarmouth is on the Isle of Wight Coastal Path.

The parish was once served by Yarmouth railway station, with services to Newport. Passenger services ended in 1953, and the track has long since been removed; the trackbed between Yarmouth and Freshwater has been converted into a bridleway. In August 2014 the converted and expanded railway station opened as a restaurant.

## Size and population

Yarmouth is one of the smallest towns in the United Kingdom. The 2011 census reported the parish of Yarmouth having 865 usual residents. In 2001, the population was just 791 (compared with about 600 at the beginning of the 19th century).

## Today

Yarmouth hosted the popular biannual Old Gaffers festival which included several days of entertainment and shows, but in September 2018 it was announced that the event would no longer be held.

Yarmouth marina is the landing point for the Royal Navy's Solent Amphibious Challenge, held in June each year.

## InfoBox

| Yarmouth | |
| --- | --- |
| Yarmouth town centre | |
| YarmouthLocation within the Isle of Wight | |
| Population | 865 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SZ356896 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | YARMOUTH |
| Postcode district | PO41 |
| Dialling code | 01983 |
|  | |
| Police | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Ambulance | Isle of Wight |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Pythium graminicola

abstract: Pythium graminicola is a plant pathogen infecting cereals.

text:
# Pythium graminicola

***Pythium graminicola*** is a plant pathogen infecting cereals.

## Host and symptoms

*Pythium graminicola* infects a wide range of hosts, including: bent grass, turmeric, cotton, barley, wheat, rice, beans, peas, and sugarcane. In particular *Pythium graminicola* is an important pathogen of graminaceous plants. As with many *Pythium* diseases, the most common symptom of *Pythium graminicola* is root/seed rot, which can then cause damping off. However, *Pythium graminicola* can also infect above ground tissue causing stalk rot in maize, foot rot of beans, leaf blight of grasses and feeder root necrosis in rice, sugarcane and maize. Diagnosis of *Pythium graminicola* can be made through observation of the above symptoms and the presence of oomycete structures, such as sporangia.

## Disease cycle

The life cycle of *Pythium graminicola* is essentially the same as the generalized *Pythium*, soil borne pathogen life cycle. In the sexual state of *Pythium graminicola* an antheridium and an oogonium combine to make an oospore. An oospore has a thick cell wall and can survive and overwinter either in the soil or on plant debris. These oospores act as the primary innoculum by remaining dormant for up to ten years and the germinating when conditions are right. Oospores can be disseminated by wind, or, if in the soil, can infect host seedlings causing systemic infection. The oospores that infect plants then create sporangia, the asexual state of *Pythium graminicola*, which acts as a secondary innoculum, making the disease cycle polycyclic. Sporangia can be disseminated by wind and produce zoospores, which act as the infection agent. Zoospores can swim a short distance in water using flagellum helping them to reach the host plant. Zoospores infect the host plant by adhering to the plant surface and then germinating into the host plant with hyphae. *Pythium* infects and spreads through roots very fast. Penetration occurs quickly, and the cell wall does not act as an important barrier to keep *Pythium graminicola* from infecting the plant.

## Management

There are several current practices used to manage *Pythium graminicola*, including: chemical control, biological control, use of genetic resistance, and control through cultural practices. Chemical control involves using specific pesticides such as benomyl, captafol, captan, carboxin, metalaxyl, propamocarb hydrochloride, and etridiazole to try and kill surviving oospores in the soil. Seeds can also be dipped into chemicals to protect them from seed rot and avoid damping off. Biological control involves using microorganisms that protect the plant roots by producing antifungal metabolites and competing with the pathogen for nutrients. There are already commercially available biological control products for *Pythium* root rot created from isolates of *Trichoderma* spp. and *Gliocladium* spp., which are antagonists of *Pythium*-induced soil-borne diseases. Genetic resistance involves finding species of plant that are not susceptible to *Pythium graminicola*. Cultural practice is a broad category that essential includes any practice that does not use the above controls methods. An example of cultural practice is avoiding growing crops in environments that the disease thrives in. Another example would be using composts with specific compositions, such as composts prepared from brewery sludge, Endicott biosolids, and some animal manures, to suppress damping-off and root rot.

## InfoBox

| *Pythium graminicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Oomycota |
| Order: | Peronosporales |
| Family: | Pythiaceae |
| Genus: | *Pythium* |
| Species: | ***P. graminicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pythium graminicola***<br>Subraman., (1928) | |
|


title: Renata Nielsen

abstract:
Renata Pytelewska-Nielsen is a Polish-born former Danish long jumper. She was born on 18. May 1966 in Otwock, Mazowieckie, Poland. She participated in the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics.
Her personal long jump record is 6.96 meter set in 1994.
In Denmark Pytelewska Nielsen was associated with the club Århus 1900 and she won most Danish golds in long jumps between 1990 and 2001.
In Denmark she also participated in 60 metres, 100 metres and triple jump. In 1983 as Renata Pytelewska she met Lars Nielsen, a Danish pole vaulter. She moved to Denmark and in 1988 she gave birth to their twins.
She got Danish citizenship in 1992. Since retiring from athletics she has been physical coach for the Denmark women's national football team, Dansk Sejlunion and the football team of AGF.

text:
# Renata Nielsen

**Renata Pytelewska-Nielsen** is a Polish-born former Danish long jumper.

She was born on 18. May 1966 in Otwock, Mazowieckie, Poland. She participated in the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics. Her personal long jump record is 6.96 meter set in 1994. In Denmark Pytelewska Nielsen was associated with the club *Århus 1900* and she won most Danish golds in long jumps between 1990 and 2001. In Denmark she also participated in 60 metres, 100 metres and triple jump.

In 1983 as Renata Pytelewska she met Lars Nielsen, a Danish pole vaulter. She moved to Denmark and in 1988 she gave birth to their twins. She got Danish citizenship in 1992.

Since retiring from athletics she has been physical coach for the Denmark women's national football team, Dansk Sejlunion and the football team of AGF.

## Competitions record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Denmark | | | | | |
| 1990 | European Championships | Split, Yugoslavia | 11th | Long jump | 6.35 m |
| 1991 | World Indoor Championships | Seville, Spain | 10th | Long jump | 6.49 m |
| | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan |  | Long jump | NM |
| 1992 | European Indoor Championships | Genoa, Italy | 10th | Long jump | 6.14 m |
| | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | 11th | Long jump | 6.06 m |
| 1993 | World Indoor Championships | Toronto, Canada | 9th | Long jump | 6.54 m |
| | World Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | 3rd | Long jump | 6.76 m |
| | | 20th (q) | Triple jump | 12.96 m |
| 1994 | European Indoor Championships | Paris, France | 11th | Long jump | 6.26 m |
| | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 4th | Long jump | 6.82 m |
| 1995 | World Indoor Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 5th | Long jump | 6.77 m |
| | World Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 22nd (q) | Long jump | 6.42 m |
| 1996 | European Indoor Championships | Stockholm, Sweden | 1st | Long jump | 6.76 m |
| | Olympic Games | Atlanta, United States |  | Long jump | NM |
| 1997 | World Indoor Championships | Paris, France | 14th (q) | Long jump | 6.42 m |
| | World Championships | Athens, Greece | 19th (q) | Long jump | 6.49 m |

## InfoBox

Renata Nielsen
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Women's Athletics | | |
| Representing  Denmark | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1993 Stuttgart | Long jump |


title: Meixi River Expressway Bridge

abstract: The Meixi River Expressway Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge near Fengjie, Chongqing, China. The bridge opened in 2010 carrying traffic on the G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway across and spans 386 metres (1,266 ft) across the Meixi River. The bridge sits 145 metres (476 ft) above the original river level but the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water below the bridge and the full clearance is no longer visible.

text:
# Meixi River Expressway Bridge

The **Meixi River Expressway Bridge** is a cable-stayed bridge near Fengjie, Chongqing, China. The bridge opened in 2010 carrying traffic on the G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway across and spans 386 metres (1,266 ft) across the Meixi River. The bridge sits 145 metres (476 ft) above the original river level but the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water below the bridge and the full clearance is no longer visible.

## InfoBox

| Meixi River Expressway Bridge<br>梅溪河大桥 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 31°04′15″N 109°30′16″E / 31.070833°N 109.504528°E / 31.070833; 109.504528 |
| Carries | G42 Hurong Expressway |
| Crosses | Meixi River |
| Locale | Fengjie, Chongqing, China |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Cable-stayed |
| Material | Steel/concrete |
| Total length | 821 metres (2,694 ft) |
| Height | 193 metres (633 ft) |
| Longest span | 386 metres (1,266 ft) |
| Clearance above | 145 metres (476 ft) |
| History | |
| Opened | 2010 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Wilkinson Peaks

abstract: The Wilkinson Peaks, also known as Langnabbane, is a group of peaks in the Napier Mountains standing 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southeast of Mount Griffiths and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northeast of Mount Elkins in Enderby Land.

text:
# Wilkinson Peaks

The **Wilkinson Peaks**, also known as **Langnabbane**, is a group of peaks in the Napier Mountains standing 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southeast of Mount Griffiths and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northeast of Mount Elkins in Enderby Land.

## Discovery and naming

The Wilkinson Peaks were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition of 1936–37 and were called Langnabbane (the long peaks). They were visited in 1961 by an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) sledge party and renamed by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for Brian Geoffrey Wilkinson, the assistant diesel mechanic at Mawson Station in 1961.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Wilkinson Peaks". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.   66°37′S 54°15′E / 66.617°S 54.250°E / -66.617; 54.250

## InfoBox

| Wilkinson Peaks | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of Antarctica indicating Australian claim | |
| Naming | |
| Native name | *Langnabbane* (Bokmål) |
| Geography | |
| Continent | Antarctica |
| Region | Enderby Land, East Antarctica |
| Parent range | Napier Mountains |


title: Faruk Myrtaj

abstract: Faruk Myrtaj is an Albanian novelist, poet, translator and engineer. Myrtaj was born in a small mining town in Vlora. He was deprived the right for higher education (University) because of the communist regime, then in power. Only after 9 year was given to him the possibility to continue University, in the Mining Engineering Faculty of the University of Tirana, where he graduated in 1988. Since his first book, published in 1985, he has constantly written poetry, short stories, novels, essays and translated different Canadian authors. His book "Nudo zyrtare" has won the Prize "Best short stories book for 1996", given by the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Albania in 1997. Among others Myrtaj has worked as a journalist and professional translator. Since 2003 he lives in Canada with his family. Faruk Myrtaj is member of The Writers’ Union of Canada.

text:
# Faruk Myrtaj

**Faruk Myrtaj** (born 4 March 1955 in Selenicë, Vlora, Albania) is an Albanian novelist, poet, translator and engineer. Myrtaj was born in a small mining town in Vlora. He was deprived the right for higher education (University) because of the communist regime, then in power. Only after 9 year was given to him the possibility to continue University, in the Mining Engineering Faculty of the University of Tirana, where he graduated in 1988.

Since his first book, published in 1985, he has constantly written poetry, short stories, novels, essays and translated different Canadian authors. His book "*Nudo zyrtare*" ("*Official Nudo*") has won the Prize "*Best short stories book for 1996*", given by the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Albania in 1997. Among others Myrtaj has worked as a journalist and professional translator. Since 2003 he lives in Canada with his family. Faruk Myrtaj is member of The Writers’ Union of Canada.

## Works

### Poetry

* "*Dielli i nëntokës*" (1985)
* "*Rroba e fjalëve gjithnjë ngushtë më rri*" (1991) - Tirana, Albania. "Naim Frashëri" Publishing House

### Short stories

* "*Njerëz që kam njohur*" (1987)
* "*Marrëveshje për të jetuar*" (1989)
* "*Nudo Zyrtare*" (1996) – Tirana, Albania.
* "*Njerëzit janë tepër*" (2000) - Shkup, Macedonia. "Vatra" Publishing House
* "*Luftëtarët vriten në paqe*" (2003) – Prishtinë, Kosovo. "Dukagjini" Publishing House
* "*Hijet e Virgjëreshave*" (2006) – Tirana, Albania. "Arbëria" Publishing House

### Novels

* "*Qyteti i Ministrave*"(1998) – Tirana, Albania. "Toena" Publishing House.
* "*Atdhè Tjetër*" (2012)

### Essays

* "*Përse druhemi nga nacionalizmi*" (1995)
* "*Markezë shqiptarë*" (2002)
* "*How I discovered Canada through its Literature*"; "*Speaking in Tongues*", PEN Canada and Writers in Wxile, BANFF Center Press, 2005.

## Translations into Albanian

## InfoBox

| Faruk Myrtaj | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1955-03-04) 4 March 1955<br>Vlora, Albania |
| Occupation | * Novelist * poet * translator * journalist * engineer |
| Nationality | Albanian |
| Period | 1985–present |


title: Otto Nicodemus

abstract: Otto Nicodemus was a German international footballer.

text:
# Otto Nicodemus

**Otto Nicodemus** (21 June 1886 – 2 December 1966) was a German international footballer.

## InfoBox

Otto Nicodemus
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1886-06-21)21 June 1886 | | |
| Date of death | 2 December 1966(1966-12-02) (aged 80) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | SV Wiesbaden |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1909 | Germany | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


abstract: The Jenkins House, at 815 Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard, West Palm Beach, Florida, was built in 1946 and was the home of pharmacist Joseph Wiley Jenkins and his family. The city of West Palm Beach acquired it in 1966. It 1989 it became the Artists Showcase of the Palm Beaches, a venue, according to its web site, "to showcase multicultural artists of color and their talents".

text:
# Jenkins House (West Palm Beach, Florida)

The **Jenkins House**, at 815 Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard, West Palm Beach, Florida, was built in 1946 and was the home of pharmacist Joseph Wiley Jenkins and his family. The city of West Palm Beach acquired it in 1966. It 1989 it became the Artists Showcase of the Palm Beaches, a venue, according to its web site, "to showcase multicultural artists of color and their talents".


title: Mysidopsis

abstract: Mysidopsis is a genus of mysid shrimps in the family Mysidae. The sensitivity of these shrimps to water quality makes them suitable for bioassays. Mysidopsis bahia and Mysidopsis almyra, which are used frequently to test for pesticides and other toxic substances, are now classified as Americamysis bahia and Americamysis almyra.

text:
# Mysidopsis

***Mysidopsis*** is a genus of mysid shrimps in the family Mysidae. The sensitivity of these shrimps to water quality makes them suitable for bioassays. *Mysidopsis bahia* and *Mysidopsis almyra*, which are used frequently to test for pesticides and other toxic substances, are now classified as *Americamysis bahia* and *Americamysis almyra*.

## Species

The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Mysidopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Mysida |
| Family: | Mysidae |
| Subfamily: | Leptomysinae |
| Genus: | *Mysidopsis*<br>G.O. Sars, 1864 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Renhe, Xiajiang County

abstract: Renhe is a town in Xiajiang County, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China.

text:
# Renhe, Xiajiang County

**Renhe** is a town in Xiajiang County, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China.

## InfoBox

| Renhe 仁和镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Renhe Town | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Jiangxi |
| Prefecture-level City | Ji'an |
| County | Xiajiang County |
| Area | |
| Total | 132 km2 (51 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 14,339 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard Time) |


title: White Park cattle

abstract: The White Park is a modern British breed of cattle. It was established in 1973 to include several herds or populations of colour-pointed white cattle – white-coated, with points of either red or black on the ears and feet. Such cattle have a long history in the British Isles, and the origins of some herds go back to the Middle Ages. In the twenty-first century it is an endangered breed, and in 2023 was listed as 'at risk' on the watchlist of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Two semi-feral populations of these cattle were later given separate breed status as the Chillingham Wild Cattle in Northumbria and the Vaynol herd from Gwynedd in North Wales,. In the United States it is known as the Ancient White Park; the American White Park is a different breed.

text:
# White Park cattle

The **White Park** is a modern British breed of cattle. It was established in 1973 to include several herds or populations of colour-pointed white cattle – white-coated, with points of either red or black on the ears and feet. Such cattle have a long history in the British Isles, and the origins of some herds go back to the Middle Ages.

In the twenty-first century it is an endangered breed, and in 2023 was listed as 'at risk' on the watchlist of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Two semi-feral populations of these cattle were later given separate breed status as the Chillingham Wild Cattle in Northumbria and the Vaynol herd from Gwynedd in North Wales, .

In the United States it is known as the **Ancient White Park**; the American White Park is a different breed.

## History

In 1225, as a result of legislation passed by Henry III, several parks were enclosed and several herds, including those at Chartley and Chillingham in England, and Cadzow in Scotland, were "emparked".  There were more than a dozen white Park Cattle herds in Britain in the early 19th century, but most of these were exterminated by the turn of the next century.

The Park Cattle registration programme in Britain was started in the early 1900s, but by 1946 only the Dynevor, Woburn, Whipsnade, and Cadzow herds survived as domesticated herds; the ancient herds at Vaynol (Faenol) and Chillingham having become semi-feral. Registration of White Park Cattle ceased during the Second World War, and recommenced after the formation of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust in 1973. Numbers have increased and now exceed 1000 breeding cows in the UK..

White Park cattle have been exported to several countries. In 1921, animals were exported to Denmark, and from there to Latvia in 1935 and thence to Germany in 1972. In 1987, cattle were exported to Australia. In 1940, one or two pairs of cattle from the Cadzow herd were exported to Canada. Some of their Canadian-born offspring were transferred to the Bronx Zoo, and later moved to the King Ranch in Texas, where they remained for nearly forty years. In the US the breed is known as the Ancient White Park to distinguish from the hornless American White Park, a population of the British White. The genesis of a herd has been established in New Zealand. Fertile embryos were imported in 2014 for IVF to donor cows. The birthed White Park females provided additional eggs for a second round of IVF.

Most national populations of White Park cattle have been DNA tested to verify parentage, to confirm the provenance of products, and to enable assignment of applicant animals to breed and determine the optimum breeding programme to ensure their effective conservation survival. The breeding programme in the UK aims to increase the desirable characteristics of the breed while maintaining genetic diversity, as heterogeneity is low due to inbreeding through much of the twentieth century. Faygate Brace (born 1906) contributed c.40% of the ancestry of the breed by the 1940s, and Whipsnade 281 (born 1956) repeated this pattern in the second half of the twentieth century. His grandson, Dynevor Torpedo is now the dominant influence in the breed. Two herds, Dynevor and Chartley/Woburn, have been the dominant influences throughout this time. The global population now is almost 2,000 purebred females, plus bulls and young stock.

In 2013 a small herd was moved for conservation reasons to the Isle of Man.

In 2023 the breed was reported to DAD-IS by four countries – Australia (where it may be extinct), Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States.

## Characteristics

The White Park is a medium-large, long-bodied bovine. A programme of linear assessment, including 200 bulls and 300 cows, has been carried out in the UK since 1994 to define its size and conformation. The weight of a mature bull varies from 800 to 1,000 kilograms (1,800 to 2,200 lb), depending on the quality of grazing, while adult cows are typically 500 to 700 kilograms (1,100 to 1,500 lb). Their coloration is a distinctive porcelain white with coloured (black or red) points. The horns of the cows can vary in shape, but the majority grow forwards and upwards in a graceful curve. The horns of the bulls are thicker and shorter. In their native environment in Britain, White Park cattle are known for their distinctive appearance and their grazing preference for coarse terrain. White Park cattle are well-suited to non-intensive production. Some herds are kept outside throughout the year on rough upland grazing without shelter or supplementary feed. They are docile, easy-calving, and have a long productive life. Some traits may vary depending on their location.

Until recently, White Park cattle were a triple-purpose breed used for meat, milk and draught. The 3rd Lord Dynevor (1765–1852) kept a team of draught oxen, and the practice continued up to 1914. They were used as dairy cattle even more recently. Some cows were being milked in the Dynevor herd in 1951, but yields were moderate. Beef became the main product during the twentieth century, and gained a reputation as a textured meat, with excellent flavour and marbling, which commanded a significant premium in speciality markets.

> The white park, a breed I’ve never eaten before and had always assumed was purely ornamental, was really excellent: softly chewy, with that strong, distinctive, almost corrupt flavour of proper beef
>
> A.A. Gill, *Table Talk: Sweet and Sour, Salt and Bitter*

Studies of blood type polymorphisms have found the White Park to be fairly distant from other British cattle breeds, and closest to the Scottish Highland.

The colour-pointed coat pattern also appears in other cattle breeds such as the Irish Moiled, the Blanco Orejinegro, the Berrenda, the Nguni and the Texas Longhorn.

## Further reading

* Bahn, Paul; Mutimer, Vera, eds. (2016). *Chillingham: Its Cattle, Castle and Church*. Fonthill Media. ISBN 9781781555224.
* Ritvo, Harriet (2010). "Race, Breed and Myths of Origin: Chillingham Cattle as Ancient Britons". *Noble Cows and Hybrid Zebras: Essays on Animals and History*. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
* Whitehead, G. Kenneth (1953). *The Ancient White Cattle of Britain and their Descendants*. London: Faber & Faber.

## InfoBox

White Park
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status |  |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Distribution | * Australia * Canada * United Kingdom * United States |
| Use | beef |
| Traits | |
| Weight | * Male: 800-1000kg * Female: 500-700kg |
| Coat | colour-pointed – white with black or red points |
| Horn status | horned |
| * Cattle * *Bos (primigenius) taurus* | |


title: Mel Gibson and the Pants

abstract: Mel Gibson and the Pants is an underground hip hop band based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They released three albums in the early 2000s. Band member Ryan Olson is also a member of Digitata and Gayngs.

text:
# Mel Gibson and the Pants

**Mel Gibson and the Pants** is an underground hip hop band based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They released three albums in the early 2000s. Band member Ryan Olson is also a member of Digitata and Gayngs.

## History

Mel Gibson and the Pants released their debut album, *A Mannequin American*, in 2004. Their second album, *W/ Guitar*, was released in 2005.

The band released its third album, *Sea vs. Shining Sea*, in 2007. Ira Sather-Olson of *Missoula Independent* said, "*Sea vs. Shining Sea* proves that a marriage between numerous genres can in fact create lasting results".

## Discography

Albums * *A Mannequin American* (2004)
* *W/ Guitar* (2005)
* *Sea vs. Shining Sea* (2007)

## InfoBox

| Mel Gibson and the Pants | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Eau Claire, Wisconsin |
| Genres | Alternative hip hop, indie rock |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Labels | Totally Gross National Product |
|  | |
| Members | Ryan Olson
Harold Sanders Jr.
Ben Clark
Riley Hartnet
Eric Busse
Drew Christopherson |
|  | |
| Website | tgnp.bandcamp.com |


title: Paralampona

abstract: Paralampona is a genus of Australian white tailed spiders that was first described by Norman I. Platnick in 2000.

text:
# Paralampona

***Paralampona*** is a genus of Australian white tailed spiders that was first described by Norman I. Platnick in 2000.

## Species

As of May 2019 it contains eight species:

## InfoBox

| *Paralampona* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Lamponidae |
| Genus: | *Paralampona*
Platnick, 2000 |
|
| Type species | |
| *P. domain*
Platnick, 2000 | |
| Species | |
| 8, see text | |


title: Otter Rock, Oregon

abstract: Otter Rock is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States. It is located on U.S. Route 101 along the Oregon Coast. Otter Rock is 5.4 miles south of Depoe Bay and 8 miles north of Newport, Oregon. Otter Rock takes its name from a rock located about 1⁄2 mile (0.8 km) offshore and 3.25 miles (5.23 km) north of Yaquina Head where sea otters formerly lived. There are various activities to do around Otter Rock throughout the year such as surfing, wine tasting, whale watching, tide pool exploring, and beach combing. The Devils Punch Bowl State Natural Area is located in Otter Rock. As of 2019 the population of Otter Rock is approximately 225, up from 193 occupants in 2010.

text:
# Otter Rock, Oregon

**Otter Rock** is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States. It is located on U.S. Route 101 along the Oregon Coast. Otter Rock is 5.4 miles south of Depoe Bay and 8 miles north of Newport, Oregon. Otter Rock takes its name from a rock located about 12 mile (0.8 km) offshore and 3.25 miles (5.23 km) north of Yaquina Head where sea otters formerly lived.

There are various activities to do around Otter Rock throughout the year such as surfing, wine tasting, whale watching, tide pool exploring, and beach combing. The Devils Punch Bowl State Natural Area is located in Otter Rock.

As of 2019 the population of Otter Rock is approximately 225, up from 193 occupants in 2010.

## Climate

The Koppen Climate Classification system classifies Otter Rock as having a "dry-summer subtropical" climate, which is also referred to as "Mediterranean." The subtype known for this climate is "csb" or "dry-summer subtropical." The average temperature at Otter Rock is 50.8 °F (10.4 °C). On average the warmest month of the year is August and the coldest is January. The average annual precipitation is 72 inches (1,800 mm) along with 1 inch (25 mm) of snow. The average number of sunny days Otter Rock receives is 157 and the average number of days with precipitation is 110.

## Otter Rock Marine Reserve

Otter Rock Marine Reserve is currently the smallest marine reserve along the Oregon coast. It is approximately 1.2 square miles located from Otter Rock down to Beverly State Beach. Near the north end of the reserve, where the town of Otter Rock is located, are tide pools. Monitoring began in 2010 and harvest restrictions were put in place in 2012. A variety of seaweed, mussels, sea stars, fish, seals, sea anemones, octopuses, and chitons live here. Currently, scientists from Oregon State University, the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), and UC Santa Cruz conduct studies and survey juvenile fish settlement in the area.

## InfoBox

| Otter Rock, Oregon | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Otter Rock fire station | |
| Otter RockOtter Rock | |
| Coordinates: 44°44′50″N 124°03′37″W / 44.74722°N 124.06028°W / 44.74722; -124.06028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Lincoln |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (PST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP codes | 97369 |


title: Jenkins Run (Beaver River tributary)

abstract: Jenkins Run is a tributary of the Beaver River in western Pennsylvania. The stream rises in western Lawrence County and flows east entering the Beaver River south of Moravia, Pennsylvania. The watershed is roughly 60% agricultural, 31% forested and the rest is other uses.

text:
# Jenkins Run (Beaver River tributary)

**Jenkins Run** is a tributary of the Beaver River in western Pennsylvania. The stream rises in western Lawrence County and flows east entering the Beaver River south of Moravia, Pennsylvania. The watershed is roughly 60% agricultural, 31% forested and the rest is other uses.

## InfoBox

| Jenkins Run
Tributary to Beaver River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Jenkins Run mouthJenkins Run (Beaver River tributary) (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States of America |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Lawrence |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | divide between Jenkins Run and North Fork Little Beaver Creek |
| location | about 1 mile SE of Derringer Corners, Pennsylvania |
| coordinates | 40°55′00″N 080°26′49″W / 40.91667°N 80.44694°W / 40.91667; -80.44694 |
| elevation | 1,180 ft (360 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Beaver River |
| location | about 1 mile south of Moravia, Pennsylvania |
| coordinates | 40°54′35″N 080°22′04″W / 40.90972°N 80.36778°W / 40.90972; -80.36778 |
| elevation | 755 ft (230 m) |
| Length | 5.34 mi (8.59 km) |
| Basin size | 5.69 square miles (14.7 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 6.48 cu ft/s (0.183 m3/s) at mouth with Beaver River |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Beaver RiverOhio RiverMississippi RiverGulf of Mexico |
| River system | Beaver River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | unnamed tributaries |
| right | unnamed tributaries |