title: Roger Dawson

abstract: Roger Dawson is a jazz percussionist, conga drummer, bandleader, and jazz composer. He was a leading jazz and salsa disc jockey in the US and was acknowledged as being at the forefront of New York's salsa music explosion of the seventies and early eighties. He was the creator of the long-running "Salsa Meets Jazz" concert series at New York's Village Gate club.

text:
# Roger Dawson

**Roger Dawson** (born March 19, 1940) is a jazz percussionist, conga drummer, bandleader, and jazz composer. He was a leading jazz and salsa disc jockey in the US and was acknowledged as being at the forefront of New York's salsa music explosion of the seventies and early eighties. He was the creator of the long-running "Salsa Meets Jazz" concert series at New York's Village Gate club.

## Early life

At fourteen, he was influenced by the jazz and Latin music radio shows of Gene Norman over KFI and Chico Sesma, respectively, on radio station KALI. Roger recalls going to Gene Norman's concerts at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium to see Erroll Garner, Miles Davis with John Coltrane, and the "West Coast jazz" sounds of Howard Rumsey's Lighthouse All Stars, Shorty Rogers and the Giants, Gerry Mulligan, and the Chet Baker Quartet. Gene Norman also owned "The Crescendo" jazz club on the Sunset Strip in Hollywood, where on his fourteenth birthday Roger met vibraphonist Cal Tjader and the great Cuban conguero Armando Peraza, who so impressed Roger that he pleaded for Peraza to begin teaching him Afro-Cuban conga drum technique.

Dawson transferred to John Muir High School in Pasadena, California, where he met fellow students Vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, Bassist Herbie Lewis, and pianist Nat Brown. With Roger on drums, they formed a quartet called "The Jazz Monitors" and performed at venues in the Los Angeles area until they graduated from John Muir in 1958.

## Early radio career

Following high school, Dawson served in the U.S. Army and was an announcer for the Armed Forces radio network in Europe. On leave in Amsterdam, Roger ran into Bob Whitlock, the original bassist for the Gerry Mulligan Quartet, who had received a scholarship to the Sorbonne in Paris. Bob and Roger travelled to Paris, where Bob brought Dawson to the Blue Note Jazz Club, where they performed with bebop pianist Bud Powell.

Leaving the service in 1961, Dawson returned to California and the La Jolla/San Diego area, where he went to work for jazz radio station KFMX as a deejay and account executive. In 1963, Roger became the General Manager of San Diego radio station KJLM, which he changed to a 24-hour "straight ahead" jazz format, changing the call letters to KDIG, and won the *Billboard* Jazz Station award in June 1965.

## Jazz and salsa musician

In November 1966, after a conversation with John Coltrane at the "It Club" in Los Angeles in 1965, Dawson gave up his General Manager radio position and went to New York to play jazz, joining his high school pals Herbie Lewis and Bobby Hutcherson who had moved to New York while he had been in the service. He lived on Harlem's Sugar Hill and pursued his studies of the conga drum and Afro Cuban percussion with Jose Valiente, Carlos Valdes (Patato), Jose Mangual, Frankie Malabe and Milton Cardona. He joined Frankie Dante's Orquesta Flamboyan Salsa group on congas and performed with many of the top salsa bands from Tito Puente (see photo). Machito, Típica 73, Fajardo, Orquesta Broadway, Angel Canales, Dave Valentin, Joe Cuba, Cortijo just to name a few. He co-composed the salsa tune "Iguales" with Rubén Blades that was recorded by Orquesta Guarere.

Dawson continued to be active with respect to his jazz roots performing with jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal, Ray Nance, the Gil Evans Orchestra, McCoy Tyner, Roy Haynes, Hannibal Marvin Peterson, Kenny Barron, Billy Harper, Cedar Walton, Herbie Lewis, Freddie Hubbard, Bobby Hutcherson, Sam Rivers, Rashied Ali, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Hilton Ruiz with George Coleman and toured with jazz saxophonist Archie Shepp in several of Archie's avant-garde bands that featured such players as Jimmy Garrison, Beaver Harris, Dave Burrell, Grachan Moncur III, Walter Davis Jr., Art Taylor, Hilton Ruiz, John Betsch and Santi Debriano; recording with Carla Bley and the Jazz Composers' Orchestra (the epic *Escalator over the Hill*) with Don Cherry, Charlie Haden, Gato Barbieri, Paul Motian and many others.

## Development of an original conga style

Having started his musical training as a post-bop trap player upon arriving in New York in 1965, Dawson combined authentic Afro-Cuban technique, which he had learned from his studies with Patato Valdes, Armando Peraza, Frankie Malabe, Milton Cardona, Tommy Lopez, and others, into the jazz idioms of the 1960s and 1970s, including the Free Jazz Avant Garde movement started in early 1960s Los Angeles by Ornette Coleman.

The now defunct Slug's, located on East 3rd Street, was the Mecca for these New York avant-garde musicians, and Dawson's long association with Archie Shepp's band at Slug's, together with drummer Beaver Harris aggressive high-energy percussive forays, took the band into exploration of improvised non-traditional "rolling" or "rubato" tempos that could surge or recede based upon interaction with the improvisation of the other players. This led Roger to pursue further experimental "free" playing with Sam Rivers, The Jazz Composers Orchestra, and the Ted Danial Energy Big Band, which performed weekly at Rashied Ali's SoHo Jazz Club, "Ali's Alley," during the late 1970's.

Dawson adapted non-traditional tempos such as 7/4 and 9/4, creating patterns incorporating the elements of authentic Afro-Cuban conga technique into these non-traditional rhythms. He utilized mixtures of 4/4, 6/8, 12/8, 7/4 and 9/4 in many of his own compositions with his own group and with close friend Hilton Ruiz, who was also interested in expanding the "typical" jazz or Afro-Cuban rhythm structures.

## New York radio years

In 1975, while continuing to perform on congas, Dawson returned to jazz broadcasting as a jazz deejay and account executive on New York's WRVR where he hosted the highest rated New York jazz radio show on the station on Saturday (Fall '75 Arbitron New York radio ratings). Because of his knowledge of Latin music, he created *Roger Dawson's Sunday Salsa Show* which began on May 18, 1975 and, according to the Arbitron Radio Ratings Service, became the highest rated Sunday radio show in the New York market with over one quarter of a million listeners every Sunday from 10:00 am to 6:00 pm. The show could be heard from one end of Central Park to the other, Brooklyn's Coney Island and Prospect Park, Orchard Beach in the Bronx, the New Jersey Shore and north to Bridgeport and Stamford, Connecticut.

Due to his multiethnic audience, salsa album sales began to soar. While Roger Dawson was on WRVR the New York salsa club scene flourished with clubs located in every borough of New York, nearby New Jersey's Latin metro areas and most of these clubs often competed by featuring multiple live 11 and 12 piece name salsa bands most nights of the week. Many critics feel he was responsible for putting salsa on the map as he was the only deejay on New York commercial FM radio playing this music at that time. (John J O'Connor and Robert Palmer, *N.Y. Times*) In addition to playing historical cuts of vintage Cuban (Antonio Arcano, Benny Moré, Orquesta Aragón, Sonora Matancera, Cachao, Los Papines), and Puerto Rican music and Bomba and Plena rhythms (Ramito, Mon Rivera, and others) while explaining the evolution of modern salsa, he also broke the new albums of New York's emerging roster of Salsa performers.

Dawson created a blend of Latin jazz cuts by artists such as Cal Tjader, Dizzy Gillespie, Chico O’Farrill, Mongo Santamaría, Mark Weinstein (who contributed one of his originals as one of Roger's themes), Dave Valentin, Clare Fischer, Poncho Sanchez, Grover Washington and others mixed with the more "tipico" singer dominated Salsa bands. Often called "Rogelio" (Roger in Spanish), Chino y su Conjunto Melao wrote one of his theme songs: "Rogelio Tiene La Salsa" which became a salsa standard at the time. Dawson also pressured the record companies to produce quality product. For example, to save a few bucks some record companies had produced albums where the piano was out of tune which Dawson refused to give air play. He was also instrumental in exposing new and innovative salsa performers and projects such as "Grupo Folklorico Y Experimental Nuevayorquino", Manny Oquendo's Conjunto Libre, the sophisticated work of pianist arranger Jorge Millet, and the original bilingual approach of Angel Canales who could not get airplay on other commercial stations until his exposure on Roger's show broke his albums.

The readers of *Latin New York Magazine*, New York's monthly magazine for salsa enthusiasts, voted Roger Dawson "The best Radio Show and Deejay" for four years in a row from 1976 to 1979. (Latin New York Music Awards) He was awarded a "Citation" by Manhattan Borough President Andrew Stein for his work "in support of numerous vital community projects" such as Johnny Colon's East Harlem Music School which took Hispanic kids off the streets of Spanish Harlem and taught them how to play Salsa.

In the early sixties Symphony Sid Torin had a Latin show on late night AM radio and hosted Latin music Monday night concerts at The Village Gate. Because of his jazz background, Dawson came up with an updated concept of having a jazz soloist sit in with a salsa band and created the name "Salsa Meets Jazz". He then took this concept to the Village Gate as host for his weekly Monday night concerts in which he often participated on congas. Roger's "Salsa Meets Jazz" concert series featured such legendary jazz figures as Dexter Gordon, Sonny Stitt, Dizzy Gillespie, James Moody, Frank Wess, Pharoah Sanders, Slide Hampton, Dawson's high school pal Bobby Hutcherson and at that time, the young Wynton Marsalis. The weekly concert series at the "Gate" ran from the late seventies well into the eighties. Although originated by Roger Dawson, the name "Salsa Meets Jazz" can still be seen as promoters "borrow" his term to promote concerts or albums.

Dawson was often the host at Salsa Festivals and Fania All-Stars concerts at Madison Square Garden and in one of the concerts he was featured as a guest soloist on congas with Johnny "Dandy" Rodriguez Jr and his Típica 73 all star conga section featuring Johnny, Cachete Maldonado and Jose Grajales. He also hosted several Latin jazz concerts at the Beacon Theatre with Cal Tjader that featured Cal reunited with Willie Bobo and Mongo Santamaría.

In 1979, Dawson was aboard a private chartered jet to Havana, Cuba to participate in the historic "Havana Jam" cultural exchange concerts held at the Karl Marx Theater in Havana. He accompanied the CBS Jazz All Stars, Dexter Gordon, Stan Getz, Woody Shaw, Tony Williams, Willie Bobo, Percy Heath, Hubert Laws, Cedar Walton, Jimmy Heath, Arthur Blythe, Bobby Hutcherson, John McLaughlin, Eric Gale, Weather Report with Wayne Shorter, Joe Zawinul, Jaco Pastorius and Peter Erskine, The Fania All-Stars, with Johnny Pacheco, Héctor Lavoe, Rubén Blades, Pete "El Conde" Rodriguez, Roberto Roena and Papo Lucca, along with Billy Joel, Kris Kristofferson, Rita Coolidge and Stephen Stills.

Roger and fellow conguero Eddie Montalvo, who was with the Fania All-Stars, were invited to join in during an epic conga jam hosted by the Cuban band Irakere led by Chucho Valdés which at that time featured Paquito D'Rivera and Arturo Sandoval before they were eventually able to defect from Cuba and move to the United States. (D'Rivera in 1981 and Sandoval in 1990) Roger was also able to play with the Abreu brothers (Los Papines) during the trip.

The trip had to be arranged in secret under very tight security as the right-wing Cuban community in the U.S. had threatened those that would participate in cultural exchanges with the Castro government at that time. The U.S. State Department had also warned that those who traveled to Cuba did so at their own risk as there were no formal relations between the U.S. and Cuba. After arrival in Havana, Cuban authorities maintained tight surveillance and control of the Americans. Care had to be exercised in conversations with many Cuban musicians who confided that they wanted to defect to the U.S.

In September 1980 without any notice Viacom changed the format of WRVR from jazz to country music with the famous segue of September eighth at 10:00 am of Charlie Mingus to Waylon Jennings and that was the end of Roger Dawson's successful jazz and salsa shows on WRVR-FM which had often been sold out of 15 commercial spots per hour at the highest rates on the station. Hoping to acquire some of that revenue, Dawson was hired by all Spanish-language AM radio station WJIT as the only "bilingual" program at that station with Dawson continuing to play his salsa hits. However the low quality of AM non-stereo radio music never generated the ratings of his FM show and his show was discontinued by WJIT in 1982.

## Bandleader

Dawson continued to play and compose and appeared at George Wien's 1983 Kool Jazz Festival in New York with his own jazz septet, playing his compositions featuring Hilton Ruiz, piano, Claudio Roditi, brass, John Purcell, reeds, Anthony Cox, bass, John Betsch, drums, and Milton Cardona on percussion. (Reviewed by Jon Pareles, *N.Y. Times,* and Tony Sabournin, *Latin N.Y.*) This group was featured on his album Roger Dawson Septet "New York Time," recorded by Rudy Van Gelder at his Englewood, New Jersey studio.

## Retirement

In the mid-eighties, Roger Dawson returned to the business side of broadcasting as an account executive in national radio sales with Katz Radio (now Katz Communications) for ten years. He then moved to CBS Radio Representatives as the New York office team manager, where he was hired away by Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation to be the director of marketing for its two New York radio properties.

Recently, Dawson moved to Metairie, Louisiana, adjacent to New Orleans. He still composes, plays the piano, and plans to become involved with jazz education and the development of jazz public broadcasting in New Orleans.

* *Billboard*, March 19, 1966, "KJLM's Hard Jazz is the Ticket"
* *The SoHo Weekly News*, Thursday, November 6, 1975, "The DJ as Loner" by Pablo Guzmán
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, July 1976, "Roger Dawson" by Izzy Sanabria
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, December 1976, Annual Latin New York Music awards-Roger Dawson by Max Salazar
* *New York Times*, Sunday, Jan. 23, 1977; "TV-Radio Weekend", by John J. O’Connor
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, December 1977, Annual Latin New York Music Awards-Best Radio Show and DJ
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, July 1978, "Roger Dawson, Spinning Salsa into Gold" by Jose Tapia
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, December 1978, Annual Latin New York Music Awards-Best Radio Show and DJ
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, June 1979, "Jazz Marries Salsa at the Gate" by Tony Sabournin
* *New York Times*, July 8, 1979, "The Beat That's Latinizing Disco and Pop" by Robert Palmer- ()
* *Village Voice*, November 12, 1979, page 78 and 79
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, December 1979, Annual Latin New York Music Awards-Best Radio Show and DJ
* *New York Times*, June 4, 1980, "Salsa Meets Jazz" by Robert Palmer-()
* *The Village Voice*, September 17, 1980, "WRVR Pulls a Fast One" by Gary Giddins
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, September 1980, "Roger Dawson's Gone" by Izzy Sanabria
* *The Soho News*, September 24, 1980, "Sunday, Bloody Sunday" by Enrique Fernandez
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, October 1980, "Bring Back Salsa to WRVR" by Izzy Sanabria
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, May 1983, "Roger Dawson Two Years After The Sunday Salsa Show" by Izzy Sanabria
* *Village Voice*, June 14, 1983, page 110, "Roger Dawson Septet at Swing Plaza"
* *New York Daily News*, June 10, 1983, "Que Pasa" by Miguel Perez
* *New York Times*, June 15, 1983, "Concert, The McLean's and the Roger Dawson Septet" by Jon Pareles- ()
* *Staten Island Advance*, Friday June 24, 1983, "Funny, he doesn't look Latin" by Mike Hammer
* *Latin N.Y. Magazine*, September 1983, "Dawson Swings" by Tony Sabournin
* The Village Gate
* *Escalator over the Hill*
* Salsa music

## InfoBox

| Roger Dawson | |
| --- | --- |
| Roger Dawson 1976 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Roger Ward Dawson |
| Born | (1940-03-19)March 19, 1940 |
| Origin | St. Louis, Missouri, USA |
| Genres | Mainstream jazz
Post-bop
Avant-garde jazz
Free jazz
Latin jazz
Salsa music |
| Occupation(s) | Conga player, Jazz percussionist, Jazz composer, Bandleader, Disc jockey, Broadcast executive |
| Instrument(s) | Conga, Percussion |
| Years active | 1961–1985 |


title: Petr Atoyan Stadium

abstract: Petr Atoyan Stadium is a football stadium in Oral, Kazakhstan. It is the home stadium of FC Akzhayik of the Kazakhstan Premier League and was opened 1927. The stadium holds 8,320 spectators. In 1996 it was renamed Petr Atojan, an honorary citizen of Uralsk.

text:
# Petr Atoyan Stadium

**Petr Atoyan Stadium** is a football stadium in Oral, Kazakhstan. It is the home stadium of FC Akzhayik of the Kazakhstan Premier League and was opened 1927. The stadium holds 8,320 spectators.

In 1996 it was renamed Petr Atojan, an honorary citizen of Uralsk.

## History

The stadium is the oldest of all currently active stadiums in Kazakhstan. It opened on 29 May 1927 with a game between the city team and the cavalry regiment team. All Urals football clubs that took part in the USSR championship and later in Kazakhstan played their home games in this stadium. The stadium also hosts athletics competitions at city and regional level. Ball hockey, basketball and handball tournaments have been held at the stadium at various times. The biggest event hosted was the World Junior Ice Hockey Championship in 1998.

## Reconstruction

In 2003 the stadium was refurbished. The refurbished stadium was planned in accordance with global standards, but later this decision was reversed. Today, the stadium's turf is considered one of the best in the country.

1. "Уральскому стадиону имени Атояна исполнилось 80 лет!". sports.kz. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
2. "Map of Petr Atoyan Stadium". footballgroundmap.com. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
3. "Сегодня исполняется 100 лет со дня рождения Петра Александровича Атояна". korabel.ru. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
4. "Стадион имени П.Атояна". turbina.ru. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
5. "Наш стадион". akzhajik.ucoz.kz. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2021.

## InfoBox

Petr Atoyan Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Oral, Kazakhstan |
| Coordinates | 51°12′43″N 51°21′3″E / 51.21194°N 51.35083°E / 51.21194; 51.35083 |
| Owner | FC Akzhayik |
| Operator | FC Akzhayik |
| Capacity | 8,320 |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 1927 |
| Renovated | 2003 |
| Tenants | |
| FC Akzhayik | |


title: Robotics suite

abstract: A robotics suite is a visual environment for robot control and simulation. They are typically an end-to-end platform for robotics development and include tools for visual programming and creating and debugging robot applications. Developers can often interact with robots through web-based or visual interfaces. One objective of a robotics suite is to support a variety of different robot platforms through a common programming interface. The key point about a robotics suite is that the same code will run either with a simulated robot or the corresponding real robot without modification. Some robotic suites are based in free software, free hardware and both free software and hardware.

text:
# Robotics suite

A **robotics suite** is a visual environment for robot control and simulation. They are typically an end-to-end platform for robotics development and include tools for visual programming and creating and debugging robot applications. Developers can often interact with robots through web-based or visual interfaces.

One objective of a robotics suite is to support a variety of different robot platforms through a common programming interface. The key point about a robotics suite is that the same code will run either with a simulated robot or the corresponding real robot without modification.

Some robotic suites are based in free software, free hardware and both free software and hardware.

## Suites

* Jones, M. Tim (5 September 2006). "Open source robotics toolkits". *IBM developerWorks*. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
* Linux Devices (29 July 2008). "Updated review of robotics software platforms". *Linux for Devices*. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.


title: Phyllonorycter nevadensis

abstract: Phyllonorycter nevadensis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in Spain. The larvae feed on Adenocarpus decorticans. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Phyllonorycter nevadensis

***Phyllonorycter nevadensis*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in Spain.

The larvae feed on *Adenocarpus decorticans*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter nevadensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. nevadensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter nevadensis***<br>Walsingham, 1908 | |
|


title: Musgrove Park Hospital

abstract: Musgrove Park Hospital is a large NHS hospital located in Taunton, Somerset, England, run by Somerset NHS Foundation Trust. Originally a US Army General Hospital during the Second World War, it became an NHS hospital in 1951.

text:
# Musgrove Park Hospital

**Musgrove Park Hospital** is a large NHS hospital located in Taunton, Somerset, England, run by Somerset NHS Foundation Trust. Originally a US Army General Hospital during the Second World War, it became an NHS hospital in 1951.

## History

The 67th General Hospital was authorised on 3 March 1941, during the Second World War, and activated 1 September 1942 as an American Army Hospital and occupied by the U.S. Army Medical Corps. After the war, it continued in use as a Ministry of Pensions Hospital and only became a General Hospital within the National Health Service in 1951.

Early royal visits included those by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 1959 and by Princess Anne in 1970, when she opened the Intensive Therapy Unit. Following an operation on his foot in 1977, Somerset cricketer Ian Botham mistakenly walked into a children's ward at Musgrove Park. He gives this as his inspiration for raising millions of pounds for leukaemia charities.

During the great snow of February 1978, the helicopter became a familiar sight, bringing in patients with head injuries, transporting mothers in labour and supplying smaller hospitals. This was followed by the Taunton train fire of July 1978, which also affected staff and patients.

The first major development of the hospital, the Queen's Building, which provides accident and emergency, orthopaedics, endoscopy and ophthalmics as well as therapy services, was opened by Elizabeth II in 1987. The Duchess Building, which provides medical and care of the elderly, outpatients, oral surgery and orthodontics, dermatology, diagnostic imaging, pharmacy and paramedical support, was opened by the Duchess of Gloucester in 1995.

In October 2006, a new multi-storey car park was opened, provided under a 25-year public-private partnership (PPP). The Cedars car park was built with 736 spaces, operated by Dutch company Q-Park. A new cardiac extension to the hospital was built at this time, providing primary angioplasty facilities.

On 1 December 2007, Taunton and Somerset NHS Trust became a Foundation Trust. As a Foundation Trust, the hospital was given greater freedoms over its finances and the 5,200 people who have registered as members were given a greater role to play in the future direction of the hospital. The Beacon Centre for cancer services opened in May 2009.

Between February and May 2010, a new helipad was constructed directly outside the accident and emergency department reducing patient transfer times.

In 2014, the Jubilee Building, which replaced part of the old building was completed.

In 2020, the building of a new maternity building and surgical centre was announced.

## Services

Musgrove Park serves a population of 340,000 - primarily living in the area served by NHS South West. Each year 41,000 patients are admitted as emergencies; 9,000 patients are admitted for elective surgery; 34,000 are seen for day case surgery; 315,500 outpatient appointments are held; 75,000 attend Accident and Emergency, 3,400 babies are born in the Maternity Department and 235,000 diagnostics tests are carried out.

The hospital has 640 beds as well as 16 operating theatres. Musgrove Park is also home to an Intensive Care and High Dependency Unit, an Acute Medical Unit, a fully equipped Diagnostic Imaging department and a specialised Children’s Department including a Paediatric High Dependency Bay. The trust also provides Neonatal Intensive Care for all of Somerset. The trust employs about 4,000 staff.

Musgrove Park has a Community Radio station housed on its campus, Apple FM, presented and run by volunteers. The station is broadcast on 97.3 MHz FM throughout Taunton Deane and beyond and to all patients and staff on the internal bedside entertainment units.

## Television

In 2007, the accident and emergency department of Musgrove Hospital was the subject of a TV fly-on-the-wall series known as *Emergency: Medics*.

## InfoBox

| Musgrove Park Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| Somerset NHS Foundation Trust | |
| Entrance to Musgrove Park Hospital | |
| Shown in Somerset | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Taunton, Somerset, England, United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 51°00′44″N 3°07′14″W / 51.0123°N 3.1205°W / 51.0123; -3.1205 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | Public NHS |
| Type | District General |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | Yes Accident & Emergency |
| Beds | 640 |
| Helipad | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | 1949 |
| Links | |
| Website | somersetft.nhs.uk/musgrove-park-hospital/ |
| Lists | Hospitals in England |


title: Music of the Isle of Man

abstract: The music of the Isle of Man reflects Celtic, Norse and other influences, including those from its neighbours, Scotland, Ireland, England and Wales. The Isle of Man is a small island nation in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland. A wide range of music is performed on the island, such as rock, blues, jazz and pop. However, its traditional folk music has undergone a revival since the 1970s, starting with a music festival called Yn Chruinnaght in Ramsey. This was part of a general revival of the Manx language and culture, after the death of the last native speaker of Manx in 1974. Musicians of the Manx musical revival include King Chiaullee, Skeeal, The Mannin Folk, Mactullagh Vannin, Moot and many others. Culture Vannin provides a central resource for Manx music and dance through the manxmusic.com website, which has links to most performers. Other artists who have produced CDs include Emma Christian,, and harpist and producer Charles Guard, formerly an administrator at Culture Vannin. Many of the web entries about Manx music stem from Cliff McGann's 1996 article which is now somewhat out of date.

text:
# Music of the Isle of Man

The **music of the Isle of Man** reflects Celtic, Norse and other influences, including those from its neighbours, Scotland, Ireland, England and Wales. The Isle of Man is a small island nation in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland (and not part of the United Kingdom).

A wide range of music is performed on the island, such as rock, blues, jazz and pop. However, its traditional folk music has undergone a revival since the 1970s, starting with a music festival called *Yn Chruinnaght* in Ramsey. This was part of a general revival of the Manx language and culture, after the death of the last native speaker of Manx in 1974.

Musicians of the Manx musical revival include King Chiaullee, Skeeal, The Mannin Folk, Mactullagh Vannin, Moot and many others. Culture Vannin provides a central resource for Manx music and dance through the manxmusic.com website, which has links to most performers. Other artists who have produced CDs include Emma Christian (*Ta'n Dooid Cheet**Beneath the Twilight*), (voice, harp and recorder), and harpist and producer Charles Guard (*Avenging and Bright*), formerly an administrator at Culture Vannin. Many of the web entries about Manx music stem from Cliff McGann's 1996 article which is now somewhat out of date.

## Early history

Little can be determined about the character of music on the Isle of Man prior to the 15th century. There are many carved crosses from this era, but they depict a total of two musicians, one lur player and a harpist. Songs from this era may have had Scandinavian origins; some also bear similarities to Irish and Scottish music. The song *Reeaghyn dy Vannin* (the Manx sword dance) is very similar to a lullaby from the Hebrides and is also said to have been a ritual dance during the Scandinavian era.

The earliest written evidence describes fiddle music and a variety of folk dances. There was no harp tradition as was otherwise prevalent in Celtic music. English folk songs were very popular, later including broadside ballads, jigs and reels. Also extant were traditional Gaelic psalm-singing and other church music.

According to Fenella Bazin, "...\[E\]vidence from written sources shows that the Manx were enthusiastic dancers and musicians, often appearing in the ecclesiastical courts on charges on making music on Saturday nights or after church on Sundays." A traditional Manx melody is *Mylecharane* (The Manx National Air).

### Carvals

In 1891, Manx antiquarian and folklorist Arthur William Moore published a collection of *Manx Carols*. The *carval* is related to the medieval English carol and sung to popular Manx tunes. These carols were formerly sung in the parish churches on Christmas Eve, or *Oie'l Verrey* (a corruption of Oie Feaill Voirrey (the eve of Mary's Feast, i.e. Christmas Eve), as it was called. It was the custom for the people on this night to bring their own candles, so that the church was brilliantly illuminated. Decorations mainly consisted of branches of holly and festoons of ivy. After the prayers were read and a hymn sung, the parson usually went home, leaving the clerk in charge. Then each one who had a carol to sing would do so in turn, so that the proceedings were continued till a very late hour, and sometimes also became of a rather riotous character, as it was a custom for the female part of the congregation to provide themselves with peas, which they flung at their bachelor friends. On the way home a considerable proportion of the congregation would probably visit the nearest inn, where they would partake of the traditional drink on such occasions, viz. hot ale, flavoured with spice, ginger, and pepper. It was traditional to sing *Arrane Oie Vie* (Good-night Song) on the way home.

### Ballads

The ballad *Ushtey Millish 'sy Garee* relates to the old practice of summoning a jury of 24 men to decide questions connected with water-courses, boundaries, etc. and is dated to sometime prior to 1777. A *bardoon* was a locally composed song about the loss of a loved one at sea. *Yn Chenn Dolphin* (The Old Dolphin) is a tale about a shipwreck.

## 19th century

Church music is the most documented Manx music of the 19th century. Lining out was a common technique, as it was throughout Great Britain and Ireland. West gallery musicians performed for special occasions, using locally composed or well-known compositions. Organs were a later importation that became standard in most of the island's churches. The first mention of an organ on the island is associated with St George's church, Douglas in September 1781. The first collection of Manx church songs was printed in 1799, and was followed by many other collections, though it was not until the 1870s and 1880s that Manx music began to be published in any great quantity, as drawing-room ballads, religious songs, and choral arrangements all became popular. The proliferation of this music coincided with a boom in the tourism industry for the island, and Manx music-hall and dance-hall songs and dances saw increased demand. Manx language songs, in particular, benefited from the Gaelic revival from the 19th century onwards.

## 20th century

A notable musical episode in the Isle of Man was the imprisonment between 1940 and 1941 of many German musicians of Jewish extraction in Hutchinson Internment Camp on the island. These included Hans Gál (who composed there works for performance by the camp orchestra), Egon Wellesz, and Marjan Rawicz.

Though West Gallery music continued into the 1950s, by the 20th century instrumental music accompanied most worship on the Isle of Man. Later in the 20th century, Manx church musical traditions slowly declined. The legacy of immigration, from England and elsewhere, has brought in many new styles of music to the island.

Some of the last native Manx speakers, including Ned Maddrell, were recording singing traditional songs. In 1909, the Austrian ethnologist Rudolf Trebitsch made several recordings, as did the Irish Folklore Commission in 1948.

## Future

Culture Vannin has a dedicated Manx Music Development Team comprising a Manx music specialist, who works with the island's Department of Education, Sport and Culture to encourage the development of Manx music in the school curriculum, and a Manx Music Development Officer, who works to promote Manx music and dance in the wider community. CDs by bands, soloists and Gaelic choirs are produced.

## Manx Music Festival

The Manx Music Festival is an annual music festival held at the end of each April in Douglas. It was founded in 1892 by the "Mother of Manx Music" M. L. Wood after music classes were included in the Fine Arts and Industrial Guild, after which the festival gets its colloquial name of "The Guild". Local people and visitors are invited to take part in various singing, instrumental, drama and public speaking classes. At the close of the festival, winners of the individual voice categories compete to win the **Cleveland Medal**, first donated in 1923 by the Cleveland Manx Society. The first performance of the **Manx National Anthem** occurred at The Guild in 1907, accompanied by Harry Wood's Orchestra.

## Special projects

In November 2014 Culture Vannin, a government sponsored entity, brought together musicians from Norway and the Isle of Man to produce the Norwegian-Manx Collaboration featuring traditional music and providing an educational tour around the Isle of Man. The collaboration featured Manx musicians Tom Callister, Ruth Keggin and David Kilgallon, as well as Norwegian musicians Erlend Apneseth and Margit Myhr.

## Further reading

* Kennedy, Peter, ed. (1975) *Folksongs of Britain and Ireland*; edited by Peter Kennedy, et al. IV: Songs in Manx Gaelic: (introduction; songs 73–84; bibliography). London: Oak Publications (pp. 177–202: the bibliography is very detailed and the songs have their airs)


title: Alinea (lizard)

abstract: Alinea is a genus of skinks endemic to the Lesser Antilles. This genus may be extinct, as one species, A. luciae, is considered extinct by the IUCN Red List, while the other, A. lanceolata, is also feared extinct due to the lack of recent sightings, although potential refuges may exist. However, there is some controversy over whether Alinea is a separate genus or synonymous with Mabuya. If it is distinct, introduced predators like the Javan mongoose may have contributed to this genus's extinction.

text:
# Alinea (lizard)

***Alinea*** is a genus of skinks endemic to the Lesser Antilles. This genus may be extinct, as one species, *A. luciae*, is considered extinct by the IUCN Red List, while the other, *A. lanceolata*, is also feared extinct due to the lack of recent sightings, although potential refuges may exist. However, there is some controversy over whether *Alinea* is a separate genus or synonymous with *Mabuya*. If it is distinct, introduced predators like the Javan mongoose may have contributed to this genus's extinction.

## Species

The following 2 species, listed alphabetically by specific name, are recognized as being valid:

*Nota bene*: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than *Alinea*.

Data related to Alinea (lizard) at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Alinea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Scincidae |
| Subfamily: | Mabuyinae |
| Genus: | *Alinea*<br>Hedges & Conn, 2012 |
|
| Species | |
| 2 species, see text | |


title: Mycobacterium fortuitum

abstract: Mycobacterium fortuitum is a nontuberculous species of the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.

text:
# Mycobacterium fortuitum

***Mycobacterium fortuitum*** is a nontuberculous species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus *Mycobacterium*.

## Background

*Mycobacterium fortuitum* is a fast-growing species that can cause infections. The term "fast growing" is a reference to a growth rate of 3 or 4 days, when compared to other Mycobacteria that may take weeks to grow out on laboratory media. Pulmonary infections of *M. fortuitum* are uncommon, but *Mycobacterium fortuitum* can cause local skin disease, osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone), joint infections and infections of the eye after trauma. *Mycobacterium fortuitum* has a worldwide distribution and can be found in natural and processed water, sewage, and dirt.

Bacteria classified as Mycobacteria, include the causative agents for tuberculosis and leprosy. Mycobacteria are sometimes referred to as “acid-fast bacteria,” a term referencing their response to a laboratory staining technique. This simply means that when microscopic slides of these bacteria are rinsed with an acidic solution, they retain a red dye. *Mycobacterium fortuitum* is one of the many species of nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) that are commonly found in the environment. These are not involved in tuberculosis. This does not mean, however, that they will not cause an infection in the right circumstances.

*M. fortuitum* infection can be a nosocomial (hospital acquired) disease. Surgical sites may become infected after the wound is exposed directly or indirectly to contaminated tap water. Other possible sources of *M. fortuitum* infection include implanted devices such as catheters, injection site abscesses, and contaminated endoscopes.

## Description

Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods (1-3 μm x 0.2-0.4 μm). Sometimes long rods with occasional beaded or swollen cells having non-acid-fast ovoid bodies at one end.

**Colony characteristics**

* Smooth hemispheric colonies, usually off-white or cream colored. May be butyrous, waxy, multilobate and even rosette clustered (dilute inocula).
* On Malachite green containing media, such as Löwenstein-Jensen media, colonies can absorb the green dye.

**Physiology**

* Rapid growth on Löwenstein-Jensen media within 2–4 days.
* No growth at 45 °C, but grows on MacConkey agar.

**Differential characteristics**

## Pathogenesis

## Treatment

The 2007 guideline “Official American Thoracic Society (ATS) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of non-tuberculosis mycobacterial diseases”, notes that M. fortuitum isolates are usually susceptible to multiple oral antimicrobial agents, including the macrolides, quinolones, some tetracyclines, and sulfonamides, as well as the intravenous carbapenems (e.g. imipenem). Ondansetron HCL (Zofran) is an antiemetic often given to offset the nausea and vomiting that are a common side effect of Imipenem. Severe infections require IV treatment combined with oral antibiotics for a prolonged period, up to several months. The guideline recommends “for serious skin, bone, and soft tissue M fortuitum disease, a minimum of 4 months of therapy with at least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate is necessary to provide a high likelihood of cure. Surgery is generally indicated with extensive disease, abscess formation, or where drug therapy is difficult.”

## Type strain

Strain ATCC 6841 = CCUG 20994 = CIP 104534 = DSM 46621 = IFO (now NBRC) 13159 = JCM 6387 = NCTC 10394.

Subsequently, this species has been divided into subspecies *M. fortuitum* subsp. *acetamidolyticum*

## Further reading

* National Institutes of Health, Office of Rare Disease Research, Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/Condition/9773/Mycobacterium\_fortuitum.aspx
* **Da Costa Cruz, J.** 1938. Mycobacterium fortuitum um novo bacillo acido-resistente patogênico para o homem. Acta Medica (Rio de Janeiro), 1, 297-301.\]
* Kothavade, RJ; Dhurat, RS; Mishra, SN; Kothavade, UR (2013). "Clinical and laboratory aspects of the diagnosis and management of cutaneous and subcutaneous infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria". *European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases*. **32** (2): 161–88. doi:10.1007/s10096-012-1766-8. PMID 23139042. S2CID 207052079.

## InfoBox

| *Mycobacterium fortuitum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A scanning electron micrograph of *Mycobacterium fortuitum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Mycobacteriales |
| Family: | Mycobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Mycobacterium* |
| Species: | ***M. fortuitum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mycobacterium fortuitum***<br>Da Costa Cruz 1938, ATCC 6841 | |
|


title: Mecyclothorax perkinsi

abstract: Mecyclothorax perkinsi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Sharp in 1903.

text:
# Mecyclothorax perkinsi

***Mecyclothorax perkinsi*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Sharp in 1903.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyclothorax perkinsi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyclothorax* |
| Species: | ***M. perkinsi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyclothorax perkinsi***<br>(Sharp, 1903) | |
|


title: İsmet Miroğlu

abstract: İsmet Miroğlu (1944–1997) was a Turkish academic. He was a full professor at the Department of History of Istanbul University. Professor Miroğlu was born in the Bayburt province of Turkey. He was a graduate of the Department of History of Istanbul University in 1969 and was recruited as a research assistant within the same department. In 1974 he gained a degree of doctor of history (PhD) by his dissertation titled "The Sandjak of Bayburt in the 16th Century". In 1981, Miroğlu became an associate professor of history by his dissertation on the Sandjak of Kemah. In 1989 he became a full professor. Between 13 May 1987 and 31 December 1990, Professor İsmet Miroğlu was the Director General of the Turkish State Archives, an institution attached to the Prime Minister's office of the Republic of Turkey. He led the modernization and re-organization of state archives, which cover both the Ottoman and the Republic periods of Turkey. On 31 December 1990 he left his position at the State Archives and returned to academic life at the Istanbul University. Besides his academic career, he was the founder and consultant of a monthly history journal in Turkish entitled Tarih ve Medeniyet. The first issue of this journal was published in March 1994. He spoke 4 languages including Ottoman Turkish, French, Persian and English. Professor İsmet Miroğlu died on 23 October 1997, after cancer treatment, in Istanbul. To keep his memory alive, BKY-Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı, a publishing house based in Istanbul, published a book on behalf of Miroğlu which is titled Bin Atlının Akınları. The book contains some short articles of Professor Miroğlu on Ottoman history.

text:
# İsmet Miroğlu

**İsmet Miroğlu** (1944–1997) was a Turkish academic. He was a full professor at the Department of History of Istanbul University.

Professor Miroğlu was born in the Bayburt province of Turkey. He was a graduate of the Department of History of Istanbul University in 1969 and was recruited as a research assistant within the same department. In 1974 he gained a degree of doctor of history (PhD) by his dissertation titled "The Sandjak of Bayburt in the 16th Century" (*16. Yüzyılda Bayburt Sancağı*, in Turkish). In 1981, Miroğlu became an associate professor of history by his dissertation on the Sandjak of Kemah. In 1989 he became a full professor.

Between 13 May 1987 and 31 December 1990, Professor İsmet Miroğlu was the Director General of the Turkish State Archives, an institution attached to the Prime Minister's office of the Republic of Turkey. He led the modernization and re-organization of state archives, which cover both the Ottoman and the Republic periods of Turkey.

On 31 December 1990 he left his position at the State Archives and returned to academic life at the Istanbul University. Besides his academic career, he was the founder and consultant of a monthly history journal in Turkish entitled *Tarih ve Medeniyet* (History and civilization). The first issue of this journal was published in March 1994. He spoke 4 languages including Ottoman Turkish, French, Persian and English.

Professor İsmet Miroğlu died on 23 October 1997, after cancer treatment, in Istanbul.

To keep his memory alive, BKY-Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı, a publishing house based in Istanbul, published a book on behalf of Miroğlu which is titled *Bin Atlının Akınları* (Campaigns of 1000 cavaliers). The book contains some short articles of Professor Miroğlu on Ottoman history.


title: Hasselbach (Dürre Holzminde)

abstract: Hasselbach is a small river of Lower Saxony, Germany. It flows into the Dürre Holzminde near Holzminden.

text:
# Hasselbach (Dürre Holzminde)

**Hasselbach** is a small river of Lower Saxony, Germany. It flows into the Dürre Holzminde near Holzminden.

## InfoBox

| Hasselbach | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| States | Lower Saxony |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Dürre Holzminde |
| coordinates | 51°49′15″N 9°29′11″E / 51.82083°N 9.48639°E / 51.82083; 9.48639 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Dürre HolzmindeHolzmindeWeserNorth Sea |


title: Freak show fight

abstract: In kickboxing and mixed martial arts (MMA), "freak show fight" is an idiom for a bout featuring a deep disparity in skill, experience or weight between the fighters. This kind of matchup was common in the early period of mixed martial arts history, but it has become increasingly rare due to the regulation of athletic commissions and the implementation of official weight classes. However, freak show fights remain particularly associated in popular culture to Japanese promotions, where they are still occasionally hosted. Those bouts are usually a source of controversy among pundits, as they are perceived to elevate spectacle over true competition, but they retain a measure of acceptance among wide audiences due to their entertainment value.

text:
# Freak show fight

In kickboxing and mixed martial arts (MMA), "**freak show fight**" is an idiom for a bout featuring a deep disparity in skill, experience or weight between the fighters. This kind of matchup was common in the early period of mixed martial arts history, but it has become increasingly rare due to the regulation of athletic commissions and the implementation of official weight classes. However, freak show fights remain particularly associated in popular culture to Japanese promotions, where they are still occasionally hosted. Those bouts are usually a source of controversy among pundits, as they are perceived to elevate spectacle over true competition, but they retain a measure of acceptance among wide audiences due to their entertainment value.

## History

Early MMA promotions usually held little to no control over ability and weight, which resulted in heavily unbalanced openweight matchups. The first events of Ultimate Fighting Championship are acknowledged to have featured recurrent freak show fights, with the most famous being possibly the fight between 200lbs kenpo fighter Keith Hackney and 600lbs sumo wrestler Emmanuel Yarbrough. The promotion itself would not completely close itself against them until the end of the 1990s.

Around the same time, in turn, Japanese company Pride Fighting Championships embraced the concept, initiating the custom of creating matchups based on the idea of "technique vs. size" or "David vs. Goliath." Former Pancrase fighter Ikuhisa Minowa became a usual participant against superheavyweight fighters of diverse backgrounds, as did 400lbs professional wrestler Giant Silva from the opposite side. This trend was adopted by Japanese kickboxing promotion K-1, pushing the fighting careers of highly publicized superheavyweights like Bob Sapp, Akebono and Choi Hong-Man, who also competed at Pride. Freak show fighters usually drew large TV ratings in Japan, with a special match pitting Sapp against Akebono breaking historical records.

In 2010, due to a series of challenges, boxer James Toney fought former UFC Heavyweight champion Randy Couture in a mixed martial arts bout despite not having any mixed martial arts experience, being quickly submitted. UFC president Dana White criticized the match, calling it a freak show fight. Also, after her debut in 2015, Gabi Garcia's career for Rizin Fighting Federation (a promotion successor to Pride) has been criticized by its abundance of freak show fights.


title: Pill A.F.C.

abstract: Pill Football Club is an association football club based in the Pillgwenlly area of the city of Newport, South Wales. The team currently play in the Gwent County League Premier Division.

text:
# Pill A.F.C.

**Pill Football Club** is an association football club based in the Pillgwenlly area of the city of Newport, South Wales. The team currently play in the Gwent County League Premier Division.

## History

The club was formed in May 2018 by the merger of former Welsh Football League club, *Newport YMCA* who were then playing in the Gwent County League Division One and *Pill AFC* who were in Division Two.

The club finished fifth and seventh in their first two seasons as a new club.

For the 2022–23 season the club reverted to 'Pill AFC' as the club's name.

## InfoBox

Pill
| Founded | 2018 |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | The YMCA Ground<br>Mendalgief Road, Newport |
| League | Gwent County League Premier Division |
| 2023–24 | Gwent County League Premier Division, 3rd of 16 |


title: Xtra Mile Recordings

abstract: Xtra Mile Recordings are a British independent record label based in London, England. The label was founded in 2003 by Charlie Caplowe and they release an eclectic mix of genres with a focus on rock and folk.

text:
# Xtra Mile Recordings

**Xtra Mile Recordings** are a British independent record label based in London, England. The label was founded in 2003 by Charlie Caplowe and they release an eclectic mix of genres with a focus on rock and folk.

## History

The label first signed the artists Million Dead and Reuben in 2003 and subsequently released Frank Turner's solo albums after the split of Million Dead in 2005. While signed with Xtra Mile, Frank Turner has gone on to perform at the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics and sell out Wembley Arena.

On 8 August 2011 Xtra Mile were badly affected by the 2011 England riots, when the Sony Music warehouse that stored their records was set on fire.

Since the label's inception it has continued to support and break new artists and bands. Xtra Mile has released numerous charting albums from acts including Skinny Lister and Will Varley. In recent years the label has announced distribution deals outside the UK in countries such as the US & Canada.

On 4 July 2017, Xtra Mile were featured on BBC Radio 1's Independents' Day Takeover hosted by Huw Stevens.

## Artists

### Current

List of artists on Xtra Mile Recordings:

### Alumni

List of artists no longer with Xtra Mile Recordings:

## InfoBox

| Xtra Mile Recordings | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Founded | 2003 |
| Founder | Charlie Caplowe |
| Distributor(s) | ADA, Proper Music Distribution |
| Genre | Rock music |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Location | London |
| Official website | XtraMileRecordings.com |


title: Alinea (restaurant)

abstract: Alinea is a restaurant in Chicago, Illinois, United States. In 2010, Alinea was awarded three stars by the Michelin Guide. Since the closing on December 20, 2017, of Grace, Alinea remains one of only two Chicago restaurants, with the other one being Smyth, added in 2023, with three Michelin stars. Alinea charges $175–225 for its second-floor salon menu, and $285–345 for its first floor gallery menu.

text:
# Alinea (restaurant)

**Alinea** is a restaurant in Chicago, Illinois, United States. In 2010, Alinea was awarded three stars by the *Michelin Guide*. Since the closing on December 20, 2017, of Grace, Alinea remains one of only two Chicago restaurants, with the other one being Smyth, added in 2023, with three Michelin stars. Alinea charges $175–225 for its second-floor salon menu (10–12 courses), and $285–345 for its first floor gallery menu.

## History

The restaurant opened on May 4, 2005, and takes its name from the symbol alinea, which is featured as a logo. Co-owner Nick Kokonas wrote of the restaurant's name, Alinea literally means "off the line". The restaurant's symbol, more commonly known as the pilcrow, indicates the beginning of a new train of thought, or a new paragraph. The symbol has a double meaning: on one hand, Alinea claims to represent a new train of thought about food, but as a restaurant, everything still has to come "off the line".

In October 2008, chef and owner Grant Achatz and co-author Kokonas published *Alinea*, a hardcover coffee-table book featuring more than 100 of the restaurant's recipes.

In January 2016, the Alinea Group, the owner of Alinea, bought Moto restaurant in Chicago.

On January 1, 2016, Alinea closed temporarily for renovations. The restaurant planned to operate pop-up restaurants worldwide before reopening on May 20, 2016 after an extensive remodel and overhaul of the menu.

In May 2016, Alinea and its chef and owner Grant Achatz were featured in the Netflix show *Chef's Table*. The innovative food of Alinea and the journey of Achatz to renowned chef were highlighted.

In 2020, Alinea served diners from a rooftop when all indoor dining was closed in Illinois during the coronavirus pandemic. The menu included a canapé shaped like the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus. Alinea Group co-owner Nick Kokonas stated the appetizer was "meant to provoke discomfort, conversation, and awareness" but some diners described it as "tacky", "disrespectful", and "insensitive".

## Awards and honors

Alinea received the AAA Five Diamond Award, the highest level of recognition given by the AAA, from 2007 to 2017. It ranked ninth on the S. Pellegrino World's 50 Best Restaurants List, second only to Eleven Madison Park in the US. Up to 2023, Alinea was the only *Michelin Guide* 3-star restaurant in Chicago. Alinea received the 2016 James Beard Foundation Award for Outstanding Restaurant.

In 2016, Alinea was ranked 15th among the World's 50 Best Restaurants, an increase of 11 spots from 2015. In October 2016, TripAdvisor named it the number one fine dining restaurant in the United States, and one of the 10 best restaurants in the world.

In the 2017 list of the World's 50 Best Restaurants, Alinea was ranked 21st in the world. In the 2018 list of the World's 50 Best Restaurants, Alinea was ranked 34th in the world. In the 2019 list, Alinea was ranked 37th in the world.

## InfoBox

| Alinea | |
| --- | --- |
| The exterior of the restaurant is nondescript. | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | May 4, 2005 (2005-05-04) |
| Owner(s) | Grant Achatz<br>Nick Kokonas |
| Head chef | Grant Achatz |
| Food type | Molecular gastronomy |
| Rating | (Michelin Guide) |
| Street address | 1723 North Halsted St. |
| City | Chicago |
| State | Illinois |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 41°54′48″N 87°38′54″W / 41.9134°N 87.6482°W / 41.9134; -87.6482 |
| Website | www.alinearestaurant.com |


title: Mycobacterium duvalii

abstract: Mycobacterium duvalii is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.

text:
# Mycobacterium duvalii

***Mycobacterium duvalii*** is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus *Mycobacterium*.

## Description

Gram-positive, nonmotile and pleomorphic acid-fast rods.

**Colony characteristics**

**Physiology**

**Differential characteristics**

* Characterised by the possession of 6 species-specific antigens demonstrable in immunodiffusion tests.

Pathogenicity.

## Pathogenesis

Not pathogenic, but evidence insufficient. Biosafety level 1.

## Type strain

First isolated from cases of human leprosy by C. W. Duval. Strain ATCC 43910 = CCUG 41352 = CIP 104539 = DSM 44244 = JCM 6396 = NCTC 358.

* **Stanford, J. et al.** 1971. A study of some fast-growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria including species descriptions of Mycobacterium gilvum (new species) and Mycobacterium duvalii (new species). British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 52, 627–637.\] PMID 5002706

## InfoBox

| *Mycobacterium duvalii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Mycobacteriales |
| Family: | Mycobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Mycobacterium* |
| Species: | ***M. duvalii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mycobacterium duvalii***<br>Stanford and Gunthorpe 1971, ATCC 51304 | |
|


title: Mecyclothorax parovalipennis

abstract: Mecyclothorax parovalipennis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Perrault in 1988.

text:
# Mecyclothorax parovalipennis

***Mecyclothorax parovalipennis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Perrault in 1988.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyclothorax parovalipennis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyclothorax* |
| Species: | ***M. parovalipennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyclothorax parovalipennis***<br>Perrault, 1988 | |
|


title: New Meadows River

abstract: The New Meadows River is a 12-mile-long (19 km) tidal embayment in Maine at the northern end of Casco Bay. It serves as the boundary between Cumberland and Sagadahoc counties for its entire length. It begins in a marsh on the boundary between Brunswick and Bath, less than 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Merrymeeting Bay, and proceeds southward. West Bath soon becomes the municipality to the east of the river. It passes under three bridges within its first 2 miles (3 km): Old Bath Road/Old Brunswick Road, U.S. Route 1, and Bath Road/State Road. 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of the last bridge, Gurnet Strait branches off to the west, separating Sebascodegan Island from the mainland. The New Meadows River continues south, with the island town of Harpswell now to the west. 3.7 miles (6.0 km) south of Gurnet Strait, Winnegance Bay branches to the northeast, and the town of Phippsburg begins to occupy the east shore of the river. The river passes Cundys Harbor to the west, then reaches Casco Bay between East Cundy Point to the west and Bear Island to the east. The river is the southern terminus of the region known as Midcoast Maine. The waters are home to Bowdoin College's club rowing team who practice out of Smith Boathouse.

text:
# New Meadows River

The **New Meadows River** is a 12-mile-long (19 km) tidal embayment in Maine at the northern end of Casco Bay. It serves as the boundary between Cumberland and Sagadahoc counties for its entire length.

It begins in a marsh on the boundary between Brunswick and Bath, less than 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Merrymeeting Bay, and proceeds southward. West Bath soon becomes the municipality to the east of the river. It passes under three bridges within its first 2 miles (3 km): Old Bath Road/Old Brunswick Road, U.S. Route 1, and Bath Road/State Road. 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of the last bridge, Gurnet Strait branches off to the west, separating Sebascodegan Island from the mainland. The New Meadows River continues south, with the island town of Harpswell now to the west. 3.7 miles (6.0 km) south of Gurnet Strait, Winnegance Bay branches to the northeast, and the town of Phippsburg begins to occupy the east shore of the river. The river passes Cundys Harbor (within the town of Harpswell) to the west, then reaches Casco Bay between East Cundy Point to the west and Bear Island to the east.

The river is the southern terminus of the region known as Midcoast Maine.

The waters are home to Bowdoin College's club rowing team who practice out of Smith Boathouse.

43°46′17″N 69°53′13″W / 43.77147°N 69.88699°W / 43.77147; -69.88699

## InfoBox

| New Meadows River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Maine |
|  | |


title: Rolling stock of the Swanage Railway

text:
# Rolling stock of the Swanage Railway

The Swanage Railway is a railway branch line in Dorset, England, opened in 1885 and now operated as a heritage railway.

1. The locomotive can haul trains on Network Rail, only between River Frome and Wareham.
2. Certified for full mainline use on the National Network.

## Steam locomotives

### Operational

| Number and name | Origin | Wheel
arrangement | Class | Mainline Certified | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 31806 | SR | 2-6-0 | SR U class | Yes, 2019-2025 (2) | Built in 1928 and arrived in 2014. Returned to service following a major bottom end overhaul in 2019. Gained a new 'ten year' boiler insurance ticket after a boiler swap with N class 31874 at start of 2021. Main line certified. |  |
| 34070 *Manston* | SR | 4-6-2 | Battle of Britain Class | No | Built in 1947. Boiler Ticket Expired in July 2018. Effectively withdrawn due to damage sustained in low-speed collision with 80104, due to other locomotive commitments by the owning group, Southern Locomotives Ltd, and the necessary repair taking the loco beyond her boiler expiration in July 2018. The locomotive was at Tyseley where repairs to the front end were completed. 34070 arrived back on the railway in November 2022. |  |
| 34028 *Eddystone* | SR | 4-6-2 | West Country Class | No | Built in 1946. Arrived at the Swanage Railway in 1999 and owned by Southern Locomotives Limited. Arrived back at the line on Monday 26 April 2021 after overhaul at Herston Works |  |
| 563 | LSWR | 4-4-0 | T3 Class | No | Built 1893. Arrived April 2017 after being transferred from the National Railway Museum to the Swanage Railway Trust. The locomotive is currently at the Flour Mill workshops in the Forest of Dean, where her restoration to working order is in progress. It was used for the stage productions of The Railway Children in Toronto in 2011 and at Kings Cross in 2014–17. Return to traffic on the Swanage Railway was scheduled for 2023. |  |

### Undergoing overhaul, repair or restoration

| Number and name | Origin | Wheel
arrangement | Class | Mainline Certified | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 30053 | LSWR | 0-4-4 | M7 Class | No | Built in 1905. Arrived at the Swanage Railway in 1987 and returned to service following restoration in 1992. It is owned by Drummond Locomotives Limited. Boiler ticket expired October 2017, but was withdrawn early due to necessary repairs which would take the loco past the boiler expiration date. The loco has been stripped and has now moved into Herston works. Its boiler is currently at the North Norfolk Railway undergoing overhaul. |  |
| 31874 | SR | 2-6-0 | SECR N class | No, to be certified (2) | Built in 1925 and arrived in 2014. Has been under overhaul at Herston Works, was awaiting the arrival of its overhauled boiler. However the boiler when it returned in January 2021 from the boiler contractors, was placed on to U class 31806 instead, to allow that locomotive back in to service more quickly. 31874 currently awaits work to be started on 31806's previous boiler. The N was intended be mainline certified upon its return. March 2023 edition of Trackside Magazine lists the overhaul of this engine has have being paused. |  |
| 34010 *Sidmouth* | SR | 4-6-2 | West Country Class | No | Built in 1945. Arrived at the Swanage Railway in 2006 and owned by Southern Locomotives Limited. Under restoration in conjunction with 34028's overhaul. |  |
| 35025 *Brocklebank Line* | SR | 4-6-2 | SR Merchant Navy Class | No | Built 1948. Arrived in 2020. Under restoration. Became custodianship of the Southern Locomotives Ltd. |  |
| 80104 | BR | 2-6-4 | Standard Class 4 | No | Built in 1955. Arrived at the Swanage Railway in 1984 and owned by Southern Locomotives Limited. Returned to service after overhaul in March 2015 with a new seven year ticket. Boiler ticket expires in May 2021. Returned to Swanage in September 2016 after undergoing axlebox repairs at Tyseley Locomotive Works, She suffered some damage as a result of a collision with 34070 in July 2017 but returned to service a few weeks later. Boiler ticket expired May 2021. Currently undergoing overhaul at Tyseley Locomotive Works. |  |
| 69 *Norman* | Hunslet Austerity | 0-6-0ST | Austerity 0-6-0ST | No | Built in 1943. Arrived at the Swanage Railway in 2009 and owned by Southern Locomotives Limited. Its boiler ticket expired at the end of 2017. The overhaul is being undertaken by Bryn Engineering and once complete Norman will be heading off to the Spa Valley railway |  |

### Stored

| Number and name | Origin | Wheel
arrangement | Class | Mainline Certified | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 31625 | SR | 2-6-0 | SR U class | No | Built 1928. Arrived August 2014 and is currently stored. Privately owned. Overhaul will commence after 31874. |  |
| 30120 | LSWR | 4-4-0 | LSWR T9 Class | No | Awaiting overhaul. On loan from the National Railway Museum. 30120 is planned to be sent to the Flour Mill workshops in the Forest of Dean for an assessment ahead of a planned overhaul. It is expected that the overhaul will include the replacement of its cylinder block. |  |

### Former Swanage locomotives based elsewhere

| Number and name | Origin | Wheel
arrangement | Class | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 34053 *Sir Keith Park* | SR | 4-6-2 | Battle of Britain Class | Built in 1947. Arrived at the Swanage Railway in 2009 and owned by Southern Locomotives Limited. Following the completion of her restoration in 2012 she was moved to the Severn Valley Railway originally as a visitor. It later became her home due to her not being needed at Swanage as two fellow light pacific engines were being used at that time. She returned to Swanage in January 2018 when her contract agreement at the SVR came to an end. SKP entered service at the March 2018 'Works Outing' gala. SKP is now based at the Spa Valley Railway. Boiler expired in 2022.SKP returned to the Swanage Railway for a short time in 2022 for storage before entering Herston works in November 2022 for the start of her overhaul. |  |
| 34072 *257 Squadron* | SR | 4-6-2 | Battle of Britain Class | Built in 1948. Arrived at the Swanage Railway in 1990 and owned by Southern Locomotives Limited. Recently returned to steam following completion of her overhaul at Herston works. Returned to the railway in August 2017 and after having final work completed and running in trials completed, she returned to service on 26 September 2018. Out of traffic most of 2021 due to failed main steam pipe; returned to traffic 2022. Went on hire to Spa Valley Railway in November 2022 for use on the railways "Polar Express" trains. A decision was later made to have 34072 become a permanent resident of the Spa Valley Railway following the withdrawal of 34053 Sir Keith Park for overhaul earlier in 2022. |  |

## Diesel locomotives

### Operational

| Number and name | Origin | Wheel
arrangement | Class | Mainline Certified (1) | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| D3551 | BR | 0-6-0DE | Class 08 | No | Painted in LSWR lined black. Bodywork overhaul completed in summer 2017. Operational. |  |
| D3591 | BR | 0-6-0DE | Class 08 | No | Painted in British Railways green |  |
| 33111 | British Rail | Bo-Bo | Class 33 | No | Built in 1960 and owned by the 33/1 Preservation company limited. Returned to service in October 2015 after an overhaul. |  |
| D6515 "Lt Jenny Lewis RN" | British Rail | Bo-Bo | Class 33 | Yes | Built in 1960, Named in 2014 and owned by the 71A Locomotive Group. Certified for mainline running. Bodywork overhaul at Eastleigh completed April 2022. |  |

### Undergoing overhaul, repair or restoration

| Number and name | Origin | Wheel
arrangement | Class | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4210132 "May" |  | 0-4-0DM | Fowler 0-4-0DM | Built in 1957 and owned by the Swanage Railway. |  |
| "Beryl" |  | 4wPM | F.C.Hibberd Planet | Petrol Shunter. First loco to arrive at Swanage Station. Currently on static display at Corfe castle after restoration to static condition. |  |

### DMUs

| Origin | Number | Class | Mainline Certified | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| British Rail | Unit 55028 Set No L128 | Class 121 | Yes, mainline registered in 2022 | Built in 1960. Arrived at the Swanage Railway in 2009. The unit has been completely overhauled externally at Eastleigh and was returned to Swanage in July 2019 in preparation for undertaking services to Wareham. |  |
| British Rail | Unit 51346, 51388 and Trailer Car 59486 Set No - | Class 117 | Yes, mainline registered in 2022 | Built in 1960. Arrived at the Swanage Railway in 2003, Trailer car 59846 in 2011. The 3 cars were returned to the railway in February 2020 for future use on the mainline connection to Wareham. |  |
| British Rail | Unit 51356, 51392 and Trailer Car 59492 Set No L702 | Class 117 | No | Built 1959/60. Moved to the railway December 2014, to provide spares for Project Wareham, the unit was returned from Eastleigh in February 2020 and is now stored. Units, DMS 51398 Scrapped January 2012 |  |

## Electric Motive Power

### Stored or on display

| Origin | Number | Class | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| British Rail | Unit 76298, 70855, 70824 and 76275 Set No 413 | 438 | Owned by the Swanage 4-TC Group. 4 vehicles have now returned to the railway after full or partial restoration and await the next vehicles to be completed before being entered into service. |  |

## Carriages

### Pre-grouping coaches

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LSWR | 49 / 2296 | 6-Wheeled 5 Compartment Composite (Body Only) | Stored awaiting major restoration. Built in 1891, originally the carriage contained 1 second class compartment but was downgraded to third and numbered 2296 it was withdrawn in 1922 and arrived at the railway in 1983. |  |
| LSWR | 911 / 0695 | 6-Wheeled Third (Body Only) | Stored awaiting major restoration. Built in 1885, it was withdrawn in 1921 and arrived at the railway in 1976. |  |
| LSWR | 1512 / 4550 | 6-Wheeled 5 Compartment Second (Body Only) | Stored awaiting major restoration. Built in 1891, it was converted to third class in 1909, it was withdrawn and converted to a fruit van and renumbered 2296, it was finally with drawn in 1922 and arrived at the railway in 1983. |  |
| LSWR | 733 | Inspection Saloon (Body Only) | Stored awaiting major restoration. The carriage was part of the LSWR F9 class called 'the Bug' due to its appearance. |  |
| LSWR | 74 | Ironclad Third Corridor | Stored awaiting restoration off main site. Built in 1923, it ran with set 438 or 435 until withdrawal in 1959. It was then converted to breakdown staff van becoming no.70011 being modified losing its interior and double doors cut into the body side, it was finally withdrawn in 1988 before arriving at the railway in 2001, it is hoped to be restored to its departmental condition and work with the railways SR 45 ton steam crane. |  |

### Maunsell coaches

The carriages designed by Richard Maunsell for the Southern Railway had a restrained elegance. In preservation terms they provide a superb vintage experience for the passenger, For more information see SR Maunsell carriage

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SR | 6699 | Brake Corridor Composite | Built in 1935. Awaiting Restoration. Restriction '4' originally in set 198 before going to set 619 in 1960, loose in 1963 withdrawn later that year. Converted to Push/Pull carriage in 1959, stored off main site, To form Push-Pull Set no.619 with 1323 when restored to working order., |  |
| SR | 6697 | Brake Corridor Composite | Built in 1935. Awaiting restoration . Restriction '4' originally in set 196 before going to set 618 in 1960, loose in 1963 withdrawn later that year. Converted to Push/Pull carriage in 1959. |  |
| SR | 2768 | Brake Third Corridor (Underframe Only) | Built in 1932. Awaiting rebuild of body. Restriction '4' originally in set 232 it was withdrawn in 1962. |  |
| SR | 1323 | Open Third | Built in 1932. Awaiting Restoration. Restriction '4' originally loose before going to set 611 in 1960 withdrawn in 1964. Converted to Push/Pull carriage in 1959, stored off main site, To form Push-Pull Set No.619 with 6699 when restored to working order. |  |
| SR | 1381 | Open Third | Built in 1930. Returned to service in June, 2019 Restriction '4' originally loose it was withdrawn in 1961. Externally restored at Ramparts, Derby. |  |
| SR | 1346 | Open Third | Built in 1933. Operational. Restriction '4' originally loose before going to set 269 in 1954, loose again in 1959 it was withdrawn in 1961. Restoration took place at Ramparts, the coach has now returned the railway. After fitting out the coach returned to service in October 2022. |  |

### Bulleid carriages

The 1940s Southern Railway designs of Oliver Bulleid produced a very clean, modern-looking carriage, many of the features of which were perpetuated in the BR standard (Mk. I) designs.

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SR | 1457 | Open Third | Built in 1948. Awaiting restoration, currently used as stores / workshop for carriage restoration. |  |
| SR | 5761 | Corridor Composite | Built in 1947. Operational, entered service in 2014. |  |
| SR | 4366 | Semi-Open Brake Third | Built in 1948. Restoration has started now that 1346 has been released into traffic October 2022. |  |
| SR | 4365 | Semi-Open Brake Third | Built in 1948. Now stored in Margate. |  |

### Pullman cars

| Origin | Number | Name | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pullman Car Company | 14 | - | Kitchen Third (Rebuilt as Observation Car) | Operational, Exported with the Flying Scotsman to the US in 1969 and repatriated in 2007. The coach was overhauled in 2022 and has now returned to service. |  |
| Pullman Car Company | 278 | Bertha | Kitchen Composite | Operational, Originally a 6-PUL EMU, Stored away from the Railway at a private location |  |
| Pullman Car Company | 246 | Lydia | Kitchen First | Operational, part of Winston Churchill's funeral train in 1965. Exported with the Flying Scotsman to the US in 1969 and repatriated in 2000. Relocated to West Somerset Railway in March 2017 pending investigation into work required for recommissioning into service. |  |
| Pullman Car Company | 247 | Isle of Thanet | Parlour First | Operational, part of Winston Churchill's funeral train in 1965. Exported with the Flying Scotsman to the US in 1969 and repatriated in 2000. Stored away from the Railway at a private location. |  |

### British Railways standard steam stock (Mk.I)

The Backbone of most preserved railways, They are a durable design, representing in many ways the culmination of traditional carriage design in the UK, prior to the introduction of monocoque techniques.

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BR | 4803 | Second Open | Operational, built in 1957, painted in Crimson and Cream for the Wessex Belle Wine and Dine Trains. |  |
| BR | 4416 | Tourist Second Open | Operational, built in 1956. |  |
| BR | 4349 | Tourist Second Open | Operational, built in 1956. |  |
| BR | 4055 | Tourist Second Open (Now Bar Car) | Operational, built in 1955, painted in Crimson and Cream for the Wessex Belle Wine and Dine Trains. |  |
| BR | 3090 | First Open | Operational, built in 1959, painted in Crimson and Cream for the Wessex Belle Wine and Dine Trains. |  |
| BR | 4983 | Tourist Second Open | Operational, built in 1961. |  |
| BR | 9015 | Brake Second Open | Operational, built 1955. |  |
| BR | 1947 | Unclassed Restaurant Car | Operational, built in 1960, Used as Birds Nest Buffet in the museum siding at Corfe Castle railway station. |  |
| BR | 81410 | Gangwayed Full Brake | Operational, built in 1957, painted in Crimson and Cream. |  |
| BR | 4842 | Tourist Second Open | Operational, built in 1959. |  |
| BR | 4981 | Tourist Second open | Operational, built in 1962. |  |
| BR | 4961 | Tourist Second Open | Operational, built in 1962. |  |
| BR | 21205 | Brake Corridor Composite | undergoing overhaul, built in 1958, it was painted in Crimson and Cream for the Wessex Belle dining train. |  |
| BR | 24127 | Corridor Second (Now Disabled Vehicle) | stored on railway, but out of use. Built in 1951. |  |
| BR | 35059 | Brake Corridor Second | Operational, built in 1956. |  |
| BR | 35464 | Brake Corridor Second | Operational, built in 1963. |  |
| BR | 4945 | Tourist Second Open | Operational, built in 1961. |  |
| BR | 1865 | Restaurant Miniature Buffet | Stored, built in 1961, Used as Birds Nest Buffet at Norden Station, will close in November 2015 to allow a better line of sight for locomotives leaving the station. |  |
| BR | 1937 | Unclassed Restaurant Car | Operational, built in 1959, painted in Crimson and Cream for the Wessex Belle Wine and Dine Trains. |  |
| British Railways | 4899 | Tourist Second Open | Operational, built in 1959. |  |

### British Railways standard stock (Mark 3)

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BR | 10619 | Mark 3a Convertible Sleeper | Stored, built in 1983, Used as sleeper car for volunteers spending the night at the railway. |  |

## Non-passenger coaching stock

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LMS | 5291 / 44013 | 6-Wheel Milk Tank | Operational, built in 1929, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |
| BR | 87675 | Blue Spot Fish Van | Operational, built in 1959, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |

## Goods wagons

### Brake vans

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SR | 360329 | 25ton "Pillbox" Brake Van | Operational, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |
| SR | 56400 | 25ton "Pillbox" Brake Van | Operational, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |

### Covered goods vans

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SR | 49445 | Ventilated Goods Van | Operational, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |
| LNER | 775832 | Non-Ventilated Goods Van | Operational, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |

### Open goods wagons

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SR | 37064 | 8 Plank Wagon | Operational, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |
| BR | 732027 | 5 Plank Tube Wagon | Operational, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |
| SR | 59342 | 8 Plank Wagon | Operational, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |
| - | 121 | Match Wagon | Operational, part of Crane No.1 Set. |  |
| - | 128 | Match Wagon | Operational, part of Crane No.2 Set. |  |
| BR | 740044 | 5 Plank Pipe Wagon | Operational, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |
| SR | 63002 | Ling 4 Plank Wagon | Operational, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |

### Flat wagons, bolster wagons and Rail and Sleeper wagons

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LNER | 274569 | Dolphin Bogie Flat Rail/Sleeper Wagon | Operational, part of the Permanent way train. |  |
| BR | 738836 | Conflat L Container Flat | Operational, part of the demonstration goods train. |  |
| SR | 61095 | Machinery Flat | Operational, part of Crane No.1 Set. |  |
| BR | 738507 | Conflat L Container Flat | Operational, part of Crane No.2 Set. |  |

### Ballast wagons

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BR | 992784 | Dogfish Steel Hopper | Operational, part of the Permanent way train. |  |
| BR | 978059 | Turbot Bogie Steel Open | Operational, part of the Permanent way train. |  |
| BR | 972750 | Rudd Ballast Wagon | Operational, part of the Permanent way train. |  |
| BR | 978683 | Turbot Bogie Steel Open | Operational, part of the Permanent way train. |  |
| BR | 983030 | Dogfish Steel Hopper | Operational, on loan. |  |
| BR | 992287 | Dogfish Steel Hopper | Operational, on loan. |  |

### Cranes and other special use wagons

| Origin | Number | Type | Notes | Photograph |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SR | CB5968 | 15t Stothert & Pitt Diesel Electric Crane | Operational, part of Crane No.1 Set. |  |
| SR | 3095 | Crane Jib Runner | Operational, part of Crane No.3 Set. |  |
| SR | CC1011 | 10t Stothert & Pitt Diesel Electric Crane | Operational, part of Crane No.2 Set. |  |
| SR | 95210 | 45t Steam Crane | Operational, part of Crane No.3 Set. |  |

## Narrow gauge rolling stock

Most of the narrow gauge rolling stock is based at Norden Station. For a list of rolling stock, see Purbeck Mineral and Mining Museum.


title: Robert Wilberforce

abstract: Robert Isaac Wilberforce was an English clergyman and writer.

text:
# Robert Wilberforce

**Robert Isaac Wilberforce** (19 December 1802  3 February 1857) was an English clergyman and writer.

## Early life and education

He was second son of abolitionist William Wilberforce, and active in the Oxford Movement. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, taking a double first in 1823.

## Career

In 1826, he was chosen fellow of Oriel and was ordained, among his friends and colleagues being Newman, Pusey and Keble. Though Robert is perhaps lesser known, all were prominent figures within the Oxford Movement and involved in the publication of the Tracts for the Times.

For a few years he was one of the tutors at Oriel. The provost Edward Hawkins disliked his religious views, and in 1831 Wilberforce resigned and left Oxford. His release from Oxford gave him the opportunity to study in German areas; his familiarity with German theology and competency as a German scholar being one of the things for which he was most revered among his contemporaries.

In 1832 he obtained the living of East Farleigh, Kent, which in 1840 he exchanged for that of Burton Agnes, near Hull.

In 1841, he was appointed archdeacon of the East Riding of Yorkshire. About this time Wilberforce became close with Henry Manning, and they exchanged many letters on theological and ecclesiastical questions. They were deeply involved in re-examining the relationship between the Church of England and Roman Catholicism. On 27 March 1848, Robert Wilberforce and his brother Samuel joined the Canterbury Association.

It was during his time in Burton Agnes, and his correspondence with Manning, that Robert’s real struggle with his religion began. The slow pace of life ensured much of his time was spent mulling over the same arguments over and over again. His growing disillusionment was centred on what he perceived to be an untidy boundary between the State and the Church which caused his allegiance to the Church of England to gradually wane until it disappeared altogether.

In 1851, Manning joined the Roman Catholic Church, and three years later Wilberforce took the same step. His conversion came as a reaction to the so-called Gorham Judgement. The effects of which seemed to affirm Robert’s doubts and consequently his conviction that the Church of England was a heretical body to which he could no longer belong with a clear conscience, turning his loyalty away from Canterbury and York, towards Rome for good.

It is also thought that the controversy excited following the publication of his Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist - the third in a series of such doctrines which re-examined sacramental teaching and were published in the years 1848 to 1853 – may have propelled him towards the Roman Catholic Church, forcing him to finally make the decision he had struggled with for so many years. So extreme were his views on the Eucharist that they were considered heretical and once rumours of prosecution began to reach him in the summer of 1854 Robert’s mind was made up. On 30 August he recalled his subscription to the Oath of Supremacy and submitted his resignation from all his posts to the Archbishop and in October made the trip to Paris where he was to be received into the Church of Rome on All Saints’ Eve.

He was preparing for his (Roman Catholic) ordination when he died at Albano on 3 February 1857. He is buried in Rome at the Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, near the Pantheon. His tomb is situated just outside the right transept of the church.

## Family

Wilberforce was pre-deceased by his first wife Agnes Everilda Frances Wrangham (1800–1834) and second wife Jane Legard (d. 1854).

He was survived by two sons, William Francis Wilberforce (1833–1905), Vicar of Brodsworth and president of the Oxford Union, and Edward Wilberforce (1834–1914), who became one of the masters of the Supreme Court of Judicature. Edward's son, Lionel Robert Wilberforce, (1861–1944) was, in 1900, appointed professor of physics in the University of Liverpool, and his other children were:

R. I. Wilberforce assisted his brother, Samuel Wilberforce to write the *Life* and to edit the *Correspondence* of his father.

## Writings

* *Church Courts and Church Discipline* (1843);
* *Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist* (1853);
* *Doctrine of the Incarnation in Relation to Mankind and the Church* (1848 and later editions);
* *The Five Empires, a Sketch of Ancient History* (1840);
* *The Doctrine of Holy Baptism* (1849);
* *A Sketch of the History of Erastianism* (1851); and
* *An Enquiry into the Principles of Church Authority* (1854)

His first published work was a romance, *Rutilius and Lucius* (1842).

Robert was regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the Oxford Movement and his knowledge of Christian doctrine not easily matched by his contemporaries. The contents of his library are testament to this with known collections surviving at Wilberforce House Museum, Hull and within the University of York’s Rare Books Library. The subject matter contained within these libraries is wide-ranging, reflecting the interests, passions and religious devotion of the Wilberforce family and are thought to have been actively used for self-improvement and religious inspiration as evidenced through the many examples of handwritten notes and annotations that can be found.

Attribution


title: Pierson Limestone

abstract: The Pierson Limestone is a geologic formation in southwestern Missouri. It preserves fossils of the Mississippian subperiod including brachiopods and coral.

text:
# Pierson Limestone

The **Pierson Limestone** is a geologic formation in southwestern Missouri. It preserves fossils of the Mississippian subperiod including brachiopods and coral.

## InfoBox

| Pierson Limestone | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: Mississippian | |
| Type | Formation |
| Unit of | Chouteau Group basal unit of the Osagean Series |
| Underlies | Reeds Spring Formation and Elsey Formation |
| Overlies | Northview Formation |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Limestone |
| Other | Chert, dolomite |
| Location | |
| Region | Missouri |
| Country | United States |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Pierson Creek, Greene County, Missouri |
| Named by | Stuart Weller (1901) |


title: Museum of American Heritage

abstract: The Museum of American Heritage (MOAH) is a museum in Palo Alto, California. It is dedicated to the preservation and display of electrical and mechanical technology and inventions from the 1750s through the 1950s. The museum has a large collection of artifacts that are generally not accessible to the public. Selections from the collection are displayed in a historic house at 351 Homer Ave, Palo Alto, California. MOAH is a 501 (c) (3) non profit organization and a member of the American Alliance of Museums.

text:
# Museum of American Heritage

The **Museum of American Heritage** (MOAH) is a museum in Palo Alto, California. It is dedicated to the preservation and display of electrical and mechanical technology and inventions from the 1750s through the 1950s. The museum has a large collection of artifacts that are generally not accessible to the public. Selections from the collection are displayed in a historic house at 351 Homer Ave, Palo Alto, California. MOAH is a 501 (c) (3) non profit organization and a member of the American Alliance of Museums.

## History

The Museum of American Heritage was originally opened to the public on September 20, 1990. Prior to that it was the private collection of Frank Livermore (1919-2000). The museum was originally located at 275 Alma St., Palo Alto (9/1990 through 11/1994). From 1995 through 1998 the museum occupied a former BMW dealership at 3401 El Camino Real in Palo Alto. The current location on Homer Ave., in Palo Alto, was opened to the public in 1998.

At the time of his death, the Livermore Collection of consisted of approximately 1,000 artifacts. A trust was established by Frank Livermore to preserve and display this collection to the public. As of 2021, the MOAH collection has over 8,000 accessioned artifacts.

## Exhibits

Five rooms contain rotating exhibits that change several times per year. Exhibits contain artifacts selected from the museum collection and/or from local collectors. Prior exhibits include:

* *Frank's Cabinet of Curiosities: Celebrating 30 Years* (March 2020 - August 8, 2021)
* *Cointraptions: Classic Coin-Operated Machines* (September 20, 2019 - February 16, 2020)
* *The Happy Homemaker: History of Household Appliances* (March 22, 2019 - August 18, 2019)
* *Vintage Toys: It's Child's Play!* (September 28, 2018 - February 17, 2019)
* *In the Groove: A History of Record Players* (March 23, 2018 - August 19, 2018)
* *Thomas Edison and His Rivals: Bringing Electricity to America* (Fall 2017: September 22, 2017 - February 18, 2018)
* *Open for Business: Office Success Before Computers* (March 24, 2017 to August 20, 2017)
* *The Evolution of Film* (September 2016 - February 2017)
* *Pinball! An Exhibition of Vintage Pinball Machines* (February 19, 2016 - August 21, 2016)
* *25 Years of the Museum of American Heritage: A Retrospective* (April 2015 - January 2016)
* *Museum of American Heritage A to Z* (October 2015 - March 2015)
* *Time Machines: Clocks & Timekeeping* (April 2014 to September 2014)
* *Television, A History* (Fall, 2013)
* *Inventing the 20th Century* (Summer, 2012)
* *Antique Toys, 1870-1930* (Winter, 2010)

Permanent exhibits in six rooms of the Williams House include:

* An early 20th Century Kitchen
* A 1920s General Store displaying the contents from a single Chicago store
* Functioning Print Shop with 4 letterpress printers and one Intertype printer (Intertype Corporation)
* Early Automobile Garage and Workshop

## Collection

The museum has a mission to collect and preserve artifacts, electrical and mechanical in nature, that were invented or built from the 1750s through to the end of the 1950s. The museum accepts donated artifacts that meet these criteria for inclusion in the collection.

The MOAH collection is housed in a remote warehouse and is seldom open to the public. Categories typical to the collection include: sewing machines, mechanical typewriters, cameras, radios and televisions, clocks, toys, adding machines and mechanical calculators, and kitchen appliances. There are over 8,000 accessioned artifacts in the collection and many more that are display items, extras, or permanent loan items. It is reported to be one of the largest collections of its kind in the United States.

Items from the collection are used for MOAH permanent and rotating exhibits. Other museums and institutions are able to borrow items from the MOAH collection for their exhibits or other displays. Organizations that have borrowed exhibit materials from MOAH include the San Francisco International Airport museum, the Los Altos History Museum, San Jose State University theater department, and the Stanford Federal Credit union.

The museum collection database is currently only accessible during public hours at the main museum location in Palo Alto.

## House

### Former home of Dr. Thomas Williams

The Museum of American Heritage is currently open to the public in the Williams House on Homer Ave. in Palo Alto. This house was custom built in 1907 by Dr. Thomas Williams for his residence and private medical practice. Dr. Williams is noted for having opened the first doctor's office in the Palo Alto area, which eventually grew to become the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. The house is a Tudor Revival design, and the architect was Ernest Coxhead. The house was owned by the Williams family until the death of the last living daughter of Thomas and Dora Williams, Rhona Williams. The house was bequeathed to the city of Palo Alto to be used for the community benefit.

### Home for the Museum of American Heritage

In 1997, Palo Alto asked for request for proposals of how to use the property. The city selected the Museum of American Heritage proposal, and after a significant restoration the museum opened its doors to public in 1998. Significant features of the Williams house include:

* Two story portion for the family living quarters with extensive built in cabinetry (the upstairs is currently not open to the general public)
* Single story section designed specifically for Dr. Williams medical practice including an operating room with a large skylight for illumination
* A large detached garage which housed one of the first automobiles in Palo Alto (this building was substantially altered during the 1997 restoration).

The Williams house is currently on the Palo Alto Historic Inventories list as a Category II on the Palo Alto Historic Building Inventory. The building behind the main house (named the "Livermore Learning Center") is a new structure and is located where a small family orchard was originally located.

## The Williams House Gardens

Early photographs of the Williams' property show an open vista with an unobstructed view of the house, the beginnings of landscape, and only a few native trees. But Dora Williams' interest and proficiency in gardening developed along with her garden until it reached a height of complexity in the 1920s and 1930s. Her extensive notes on the garden document the garden development over the years, and have allowed the garden to be restored to its original state.

Unlike many public specimen gardens, this garden was (and remains) representative of an early 20th Century residential landscape. Featuring "outdoor rooms" delineated by rock walls and border plantings and punctuated by ornamental fountains and ponds.

At the same time the garden area served the more utilitarian functions required by the Williams family, such as a vegetable garden, a medicinal plants garden, clothes drying, and composting. It is attributed to be the only historically preserved landscape in Palo Alto, and one of the few in California. The Museum of American Heritage is currently preserving the Williams House Garden.

## InfoBox

Museum of American Heritage
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| Established | 1990 |
| Location | 351 Homer Avenue <br>Palo Alto, California |
| Coordinates | 37°26′40″N 122°09′27″W / 37.444411°N 122.157543°W / 37.444411; -122.157543 |
| Visitors | 10,000+ |
| Director | Michelle Fabian |
| Website | www.moah.org |