title: Jamiroquai discography

text:
# Jamiroquai discography

Jamiroquai are a British funk and acid jazz band formed in 1992. Fronted by lead singer Jay Kay, Jamiroquai were initially the most prominent component in the early 1990s London-based acid jazz movement. Subsequent albums have explored other musical directions such as pop, rock, disco and electronica. Their best-known track is "Virtual Insanity", which won four awards at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards. Jamiroquai have sold more than 26 million albums worldwide and won a Grammy Award in 1998.

## Albums

### Studio albums

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | AUS
 | AUT
 | CAN
 | FRA
 | GER
 | ITA
 | NLD
 | SWI
 | US
 | |
| *Emergency on Planet Earth* | 1993 | 1 | 21 | 11 |  | 7 | 17 | 19 | 15 | 5 |  |  |
| *The Return of the Space Cowboy* | 1994 | 2 | 42 | 22 |  | 4 | 37 | 19 | 37 | 9 |  |  |
| *Travelling Without Moving* | 1996 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 37 | 2 | 9 | 6 | 16 | 3 | 24 |  |
| *Synkronized* | 1999 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 28 |  |
| *A Funk Odyssey* | 2001 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 44 |  |
| *Dynamite* | 2005 | 3 | 3 | 10 |  | 2 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 145 |  |
| *Rock Dust Light Star* | 2010 | 7 | 13 | 6 |  | 2 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 2 |  |  |
| *Automaton* | 2017 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 19 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 94 |  |
| "—" denotes albums that did not chart or were not released. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Compilation albums

| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | AUS
 | ITA
 | JPN
 | |
| *Jay's Selection* | * Released: 1996 * Label: Sony Music Japan |  | | | | |
| *In Store Jam* | * Released: 1997 * Label: Sony Music * Note: Promotional release |  | | | | |
| *1999 Remixes* | * Released: September 1999 * Label: S2 |  | | | | |
| *An Online Odyssey* |  |  | | | | |
| *Late Night Tales: Jamiroquai* | * Released: 10 November 2003 * Label: Azuli |  | | | | |
| *High Times: Singles 1992–2006* | * Released: 6 November 2006 * Label: Sony BMG | 1 | 11 | 5 | 4 | * BPI: 3× Platinum * ARIA: Platinum |
| *Multiquai* | * Released: 14 November 2006 * Label: Sony BMG |  | | | | |

### Video albums

| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | AUS
DVD
 | |
| *Corner of the Earth* | * Released: 8 July 2002 | 31 |  |  |
| *Live in Verona* | * Released: 11 November 2002 * Label: Sony Soho | 7 | 2 | * ARIA: 2× Platinum |
| *High Times: Singles 1992–2006* | * Released: 6 November 2006 * Label: Sony Soho |  | 14 |  |
| *Jamiroquai – Live at Montreux 2003* | * Released: 22 October 2007 * Label: Sony Soho |  | 40 |  |

## Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | AUS
 | BEL
(WA)
 | FRA
 | GER
 | NLD
 | NZL
 | SWE
 | SWI
 | US | |
| "When You Gonna Learn" | 1992 | 28 | 105 |  | 32 |  | 92 | 15 |  |  |  | *Emergency on Planet Earth* |
| "Too Young to Die" | 1993 | 10 | 53 |  | 33 |  | 41 |  | 30 | 21 | |  |
| | "Blow Your Mind" | 12 |  |  |  | 33 | 40 | 43 |  |  | |  |
| | "Emergency on Planet Earth" | 32 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Space Cowboy" | 1994 | 17 | 109 |  | 22 |  |  |  |  | 28 |  | *The Return of the Space Cowboy* |
| | "Half the Man" | 15 | 198 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Light Years" | 1995 |  | 112 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Stillness in Time" | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Do U Know Where You're Coming From"
(with M-Beat) | 1996 | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 58 | 49 |  | *Travelling Without Moving* |
| | "Virtual Insanity" | 3 | 75 | 15 | 16 | 63 |  |  | 32 | 19 | |  |
| | "Cosmic Girl" | 6 | 33 | 34 | 23 | 55 | 78 | 29 | 45 |  | |  |
| "Alright" | 1997 | 6 | 84 | 38 |  | 98 |  |  |  |  | | 78 |
| | "High Times" | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Deeper Underground" | 1998 | 1 | 46 | 20 | 24 | 30 | 18 | 33 | 44 | 9 |  | *Godzilla* |
| "Canned Heat" | 1999 | 4 | 20 | 39 | 30 | 28 | 31 | 26 | 35 | 9 |  | *Synkronized* |
| | "Supersonic" | 22 | 104 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | |  |
| | "King for a Day" | 20 |  |  |  |  | 89 |  |  | 51 | |  |
| "I'm in the Mood for Love" (with Jools Holland) | 2001 | 29 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Kevin and Perry Go Large* |
| | "Little L" | 5 | 14 | 17 | 22 | 50 | 51 | 44 | 42 | 14 |  | *A Funk Odyssey* |
| | "You Give Me Something" | 16 | 34 | 43 | 30 |  | 86 |  |  | | 61 |  |
| "Love Foolosophy" | 2002 | 14 | 19 | 44 |  | 82 | 85 |  |  | | 32 |  |
| | "Corner of the Earth" | 31 | 52 |  |  |  |  |  |  | | 94 |  |
| "Feels Just Like It Should" | 2005 | 8 | 27 | 45 |  | 69 | 88 |  | 60 | 33 |  | *Dynamite* |
| | "Seven Days in Sunny June" | 14 | 56 | 50 |  | 78 | 49 |  |  | 79 | |  |
| | "(Don't) Give Hate a Chance" | 27 |  |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 82 | |  |
| "Runaway" | 2006 | 18 |  | 47 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 12 |  | *High Times: Singles 1992–2006* |
| "White Knuckle Ride" | 2010 | 39 | 96 | 34 |  | 49 | 15 |  |  | 20 |  | *Rock Dust Light Star* |
| | "Blue Skies" | 76 |  | 52 |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | |  |
| "Lifeline" | 2011 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Smile" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| "Automaton" | 2017 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Automaton* |
| | "Cloud 9" |  |  | 62 | 157 |  |  |  |  | 80 | |  |
| | "Superfresh" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Everybody's Going to the Moon" | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| "—" denotes singles that did not chart or were not released. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Music videos

List of music videos, showing year released and directors
| Title | Year | Director(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Too Young to Die" | 1993 | W.I.Z. |
| | "When You Gonna Learn" | Morgan Lawley |
| | "Blow Your Mind" | Vaughan Arnell and Anthea Benton |
| | "Emergency on Planet Earth" | W.I.Z. |
| "If I Like It, I Do It" | 1994 | N/A |
| | "Space Cowboy" | Vaughan Arnell and Anthea Benton |
| | "Half the Man" | Paul Boyd |
| "Light Years" | 1995 | Christian Stevenson, Jim Wedlake and Jack Bibbo |
| | "Stillness in Time" | Earle Sebastian |
| "Do U Know Where You're Coming From" (with M-Beat) | 1996 | Steven Picks |
| | "Virtual Insanity" | Jonathan Glazer |
| | "Cosmic Girl" | Adrian Moat |
| "Alright" | 1997 | Vaughan Arnell |
| | "High Times" | Cassius Coleman |
| "Deeper Underground" | 1998 | Mike Lipscombe |
| "Canned Heat" | 1999 | Jonas Åkerlund |
| | "Black Capricorn Day" | John McFarlane |
| | "Supersonic" | Cassius Coleman |
| | "King for a Day" | Dawn Shadforth |
| "I'm in the Mood for Love" (with Jools Holland) | 2001 | unknown |
| | "Little L" | Stéphane Sednaoui |
| | "You Give Me Something" | Dawn Shadforth |
| | "Love Foolosophy" | Jason Smith |
| | "Corner of the Earth" | 2002 |
| "Feels Just Like It Should" | 2005 | Joseph Kahn |
| | "Seven Days in Sunny June" | Mat Kirkby |
| | "(Don't) Give Hate a Chance" | Alex and Martin |
| "Runaway" | 2006 | unknown |
| "White Knuckle Ride" | 2010 | Howard Greenhalgh |
| | | "Blue Skies" |
| "Lifeline" | 2011 | Charlie Lightening |
| "Automaton" | | 2017 |
| | | "Cloud 9" |
| | | "Superfresh" |
| | | "Summer Girl" |
| | "Nights Out in the Jungle" | Jason Smith |

1. McLean, Craig (23 October 2010). "Jamiroquai Goes Back to Basics on 'Rock Dust Light Star'". *Billboard*.
2. "Official Charts \> Jamiroquai". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
3. Australian (ARIA) chart peaks:
4. "Discographie Jamiroquai". austriancharts.at. 22 March 2006. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
5. Peak positions for Jamiroquai's albums on Canadian Albums Chart:
6. "Discographie Jamiroquai". *lescharts.com*. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
7. "Offizielle Deutsche Charts \> Suchen nach: Jamiroquai" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 2 June 2020. N.B. Select the Album tab to display albums chart peaks.
8. "Discography Jamiroquai". *italiancharts.com*. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
9. "Discografie Jamiroquai". dutchcharts.nl. 22 March 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
10. "Jamiroquai". swisscharts.com. 22 March 2006. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
11. "Jamiroquai Chart History: Billboard 200". *Billboard*. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
12. "British certifications – Jamiroquai". British Phonographic Industry. *Type* Jamiroquai *in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.*
13. "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Jamiroquai". *swisscharts.com*. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
14. "Dutch album certifications – Jamiroquai" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 26 June 2019. *Enter* Jamiroquai *in the "Artiest of titel" box.*
15. "French certifications – Jamiroquai" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
16. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1997 Albums". ARIA. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
17. "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank: Jamiroquai" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
18. "Gold & Platin" (in German). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
19. "Gold Platinum Database: Jamiroquai". Canadian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
20. "American certifications – Jamiroquai". Recording Industry Association of America.
21. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Albums". ARIA. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
22. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2002 Albums". ARIA. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
23. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2005 Albums". Aria.com.au. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
24. Minsker, Evan (27 January 2017). "Jamiroquai Announce New Album Automaton, Share Video for New Song: Watch". *Pitchfork*. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
25. "ジャミロクワイの作品". Oricon. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
26. "Discographie Jamiroquai". Ultratop. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
27. "Discography Jamiroquai". *charts.nz*. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
28. "Discography Jamiroquai". *swedishcharts.com*. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
29. https://funkin.com/music/music\_videos/

## InfoBox

| Jamiroquai discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Jamiroquai performing in Turin, Italy, in 2003 | |
| Studio albums | 8 |
| Live albums | 0 |
| Compilation albums | 5 |
| Video albums | 4 |
| Singles | 29 |
| Remix albums | 1 |


title: Precision Group

abstract: Precision Group is an Australian private property investment and management company based in Sydney. Founded in the 1990s by Shaun Bonétt, it owns property in Australia and New Zealand.

text:
# Precision Group

**Precision Group** is an Australian private property investment and management company based in Sydney. Founded in the 1990s by Shaun Bonétt, it owns property in Australia and New Zealand.

## History

Precision Group was founded in 1994 by Shaun Bonett. Bonett originally worked closely with Ross Makris, who owned a separate company of a similar name. It made its first major acquisition in 1998 with Port Canal Shopping Centre along with the adjacent Customs House office building in Port Adelaide, South Australia from a syndicate managed by Babcock & Brown.

## Timeline

In 1999, Precision then acquired Adelaide Central Plaza as a development project for $85 million from David Jones Limited, which was completed in 2000.

In 2006 Precision acquired MacArthur Central in Brisbane via a property swap transaction with Investa Property Group. The total value of the swap transaction was $186 million.

Following the Global financial crisis in 2009, Precision refinanced over $250 million of its loan facilities with the Bank of China.

In January 2014, Precision developed Apple's largest retail flagship store in Australia in Precision Group's MacArthur Central in Brisbane. Roger joined precision group around the same time.

In 2015 Precision purchased the Chevron Renaissance Shopping Centre in Surfers Paradise on the Gold Coast of Queensland for $74 million from Arena Investment Management.

In May 2016, Precision Group purchased Shore City Shopping Centre in Auckland, New Zealand for NZ$90 million.

In November 2017, Precision acquired a 9 percent share in the data analytics technology startup SkyFii. In June 2018, the group began a $45 million redevelopment of the Port Adelaide Plaza mall.

In May 2017, it announced it would sell two stakes worth $800 million from two of its properties in search of a joint venture partner.

The company is also an investor for Prezzee, a gift card company that became a financial "unicorn" in late 2021.

## InfoBox

Precision Group
|
|  |
|
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Property Investment & Management |
| Founded | 1994 |
| Founder | Shaun Bonétt |
| Headquarters | Level 25, 9 Castlereagh Street Sydney, Australia |
| Key people | Shaun Bonétt, (CEO & Managing director) |
| Website | www.precision.com.au |


title: Wombat (rapper)

abstract: Samuel Phillips aka Wombat is an Australian singer and rapper from Glenorchy, Tasmania. His debut studio album What Death Tastes Like was released in September 2022 and peaked at #2 on the overall ARIA Charts and peaked at #1 for Hip-Hop albums ARIA Charts. The Underrated single released with Wombat and frequent collaborator Chillinit was certified gold by ARIA.

text:
# Wombat (rapper)

**Samuel Phillips** aka **Wombat** is an Australian singer and rapper from Glenorchy, Tasmania. His debut studio album *What Death Tastes Like* was released in September 2022 and peaked at #2 on the overall ARIA Charts and peaked at #1 for Hip-Hop albums ARIA Charts.

The *Underrated* single released with Wombat and frequent collaborator Chillinit was certified gold by ARIA.

## Artistic style and influence

Wombat's music style is deeply influenced by grime, attributing significant influence to Necro in terms of production and lyrical style. His lyrics frequently explore themes of mental health, personal struggle, cultural identity, and community.

## Community and cultural impact

Wombat has openly discussed the cultural and social challenges facing Tasmania, particularly its youth. In his candid remarks, he highlights the lack of opportunities and activities for young people in Tasmania, which he suggests contributes to the popularity of rap as an outlet and form of expression. "I've noticed that raps are a big thing in Tasmania... because there's nothing to do down there," Wombat explains, indicating a significant void in local entertainment and career paths, which in turn drives the youth towards music as a creative escape and potential career path.

He also addresses the isolation felt by Tasmanians, especially those pursuing artistic careers, with a poignant reminder to his fellow islanders: "If you're from Tasmania, don't let the island hold you back." This statement reflects his desire to inspire and empower local talent to overcome geographical and psychological barriers, aiming to redefine what is possible for those from the region. Wombat's commentary not only sheds light on the socio-economic conditions in Tasmania but also serves as a call to action for the youth to transcend local limitations through the arts.

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of studio albums, with selected details and chart positions
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| *What Death Tastes Like* |  | 12
 |
| *Chainsaw Man* | * Released: 24 December 2021 * Label: ADA, Warner * Format: Digital download, streaming |  |

### Extended plays

List of extended plays, with selected details
| Title | EP details |
| --- | --- |
| *Night Shift*
(with Nerve) | * Released: 27 September 2017 * Label: Nerve Productions * Format: Digital download, streaming |
| *Helo EP* | * Released: 8 July 2009 * Format: Digital download, streaming |

### Singles

List of singles, with year released and album name
| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Wombat (triple j Bars Of Steel)* | 2022 | Non-album single |
| *Russian Roulette (feat. Complete)* | 2022 | *What Death Tastes Like* |
| *Rumours (feat. Chillinit)* | 2022 | *What Death Tastes Like* |
| *Falling* | 2022 | *What Death Tastes Like* |
| *Merch Money* | 2021 | *Chainsaw Man* |
| *Ramen Noodles* | 2021 | *Chainsaw Man* |
| *Figure 8* | 2021 | Non-album single |
| *Bad Words* | 2020 | Non-album single |
| *Adrenaline* | 2020 | Non-album single |
| *Kebabs* | 2020 | Non-album single |
| *Swine Flu* | 2019 | Non-album single |
| *Rise Up* | 2019 | Non-album single |
| *Black Sheep* | 2019 | Non-album single |
| *Watch Out* | 2019 | Non-album single |
| *Gassed Up* | 2019 | Non-album single |
| *Zombie!!* | 2019 | Non-album single |
| *Language of Light* | 2018 | Non-album single |
| *Strong Warning (feat. Nerve)* | 2017 | Non-album single |
| *Slow Release Remixes Digital EP* | 2007 | Non-album single |

## InfoBox

| Wombat | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Glenorchy, Tasmania, Australia |
| Origin | Tasmania, Australia |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Singer * rapper |
| Instrument | * Vocals |
| Years active | 2017–present |
| Labels | * Warner Brothers |


title: Marshall Wilborn

abstract: Marshall Wilborn is an American bluegrass music bass player and composer best known for his work with the Johnson Mountain Boys, Longview, Michael Cleveland and Flamekeeper, and the Lynn Morris Band.

text:
# Marshall Wilborn

**Marshall Wilborn** is an American bluegrass music bass player and composer best known for his work with the Johnson Mountain Boys, Longview, Michael Cleveland and Flamekeeper, and the Lynn Morris Band.

## Biography

### Early years

Wilborn was raised in Austin, Texas. He first played banjo, but because so many of his friends also preferred the banjo, Wilborn learned to play the bass.

In 1981, Wilborn met Lynn Morris at a jam session in Austin. In 1982, when the bassist position opened in Morris's Pennsylvania band Whetstone Run, Wilborn took the job. Besides Morris and Wilborn, the band included Lee Olsen (mandolin) and Mike Gorrell (guitar). Wilborn stayed with Whetstone Run until 1986.

In 1986, Wilborn spent several months playing in Jimmy Martin's Sunny Mountain Boys. Then he received an invitation to join the Johnson Mountain Boys, replacing bassist Larry Robbins.

### Lynn Morris Band

Wilborn co-founded the Lynn Morris band in 1988, and in 1989 Wilborn and Morris wed. The group had to disband following Lynn Morris’ stroke in 2003. They released their first album *Lynn Morris Band* in 1990; *Bramble and the Rose* in 1992; *Mama’s Hand* in 1995, *You’ll Never Be the Sun* in 1999, and *Shape of a Tear* in 2003. Morris suffered a stroke in 2003, effectively disbanding the group. Her recovery has been slow but steady, and she reunited with her band on stage in 2011.

### Root 5

In 1999, Wilborn released *Root 5*, an album of bass instrumentals accompanied by banjo. Wilborn played bass and banjo, and was accompanied by Morris, David McLaughlin, Tom Adams, Tony Furtado, Alan Munde, Craig Smith, Ron Stewart, Scott Vestal, and Pete Wernick. *Root 5* was nominated for Instrumental Recording of the Year by the International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA).

### Longview

In 1994, Wilborn formed Longview with Don Rigsby (mandolin), Dudley Connell (guitar), Joe Mullins (banjo), James King (guitar), and Glen Duncan (fiddle).

### Seneca Rocks!

Wilborn, Dudley Connell, Tom Adams, David McLaughlin, and Sally Love Connell formed the band Seneca Rocks! in 2006. All members except Love Connell were previously members of the Johnson Mountain Boys.

### Flamekeeper

Wilborn joined Michael Cleveland and Flamekeeper in 2007, and performed with them until 2011.

### Springfield Exit

Wilborn currently performs with the band Springfield Exit, which also includes vocalist Linda Lay, guitarist David Lay, David McLaughlin on mandolin, and Tom Adams on banjo. Their debut album, *That Was Then* was released in 2015.

### Chris Jones & The Night Drivers

Wilborn joined Chris Jones & The Night Drivers in late 2019 and is currently playing with them.

### Music instruction

Wilborn has taught the Murphy Method of instruction on DVD for Mel Bay.

### Awards

1998, he was voted Bass Player of the Year by Bluegrass Now Magazine’s Fan’s Choice awards.

Wilborn won the IBMA award for Bass Player of the Year in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012.

## Discography

### Solo albums

### With Whetstone Run

* 1984: *No Use Frettin'* (Red Dog)

### The Johnson Mountain Boys

* 1987: *Let the Whole World Talk* (Rounder)
* 1988: *Requests* (Rounder)
* 2002: *At the Old Schoolhouse* (Rounder)

### With The Lynn Morris Band

* 1990: *The Lynn Morris Band* (Rounder)
* 1992: *The Bramble and the Rose* (Rounder)
* 1995: *Mama's Hand* (Rounder)
* 1999: *You'll Never Be the Sun* (Rounder)
* 2003: *Shape of a Tear* (Rounder)

### With Longview

* 1997: *Longview* (Rounder)
* 1999: *High Lonesome* (Rounder)
* 2002: *Lessons in Stone* (Rebel)
* 2008: *Deep in the Mountains* (Rounder)

### With Michael Cleveland and Flamekeeper

* 2009: *Leavin' Town'* (Rounder)
* 2011: *Fired Up* (Rounder)

### With Springfield Exit

### As composer

### Also appears on

* 1988: Delia Bell and Bill Grant \- *Following a Feeling* (Rounder)
* 1990: Tom Adams \- *Right Hand Man* (Rounder)
* 1993: James King \- *These Old Pictures* (Rounder)
* 1995: Joe Carr - *Windy Days And Dusty Skies* (Flying Fish)
* 1995: James King - *Lonesome and Then Some* (Rounder)
* 1998: Hazel Dickens \- *Heart Of A Singer* (Rounder) with Carol Elizabeth Jones and Ginny Hawker
* 1998: Tony Trischka \- *Glory Shone Around: A Christmas Collection* (Rounder)
* 2000: Ron Spears - *My Time Has Come* (Copper Creek)
* 2001: Ron Stewart \- *Time Stands Still* (Rounder)
* 2002: Jesse Brock \- *Kickin' Grass* (Pinecastle)
* 2007: Patrick McAvinue \- *Grave Run* (Patuxent)
* 2007: Tony Trischka - *Double Banjo Bluegrass Spectacular* (Rounder)
* 2008: James King - *Gardens in the Sky* (Rounder)
* 2011: Bill Emerson \- *Eclipse* (Rural Rhythm)
* 2013: Junior Sisk and Joe Mullins - *Hall of Fame Bluegrass* (Rebel)

### Music instruction

* 2007: *The Murphy Method: Learn Bluegrass by Ear: Beginning Bass* DVD (Mel Bay)
* 2007: *The Murphy Method: Learn Bluegrass by Ear: Intermediate Bass* DVD (Mel Bay)
* 2010: *The Murphy Method: Learn Bluegrass by Ear: Slap Bass* DVD (Mel Bay)

## InfoBox

| Marshall Wilborn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1952-03-12) March 12, 1952<br>Austin, Texas |
| Genres | Bluegrass music |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, composer |
| Instrument(s) | Bass, vocals, banjo |
| Years active | 1982–present |
| Labels | Pinecastle, Rounder |


title: Martha Elizabeth Zitter

abstract: Martha Elizabeth Zitter was a Roman Catholic German nun who later in life converted to Lutheranism. Her letter to her parents regarding her conversion is often cited by present-day Protestants as a powerful argument for Protestantism over Catholicism. She returned to the Catholic faith and life as a nun 3 months after conversion.

text:
# Martha Elizabeth Zitter

**Martha Elizabeth Zitter** (Born in the 17th century) was a Roman Catholic German nun who later in life converted to Lutheranism. Her letter to her parents regarding her conversion is often cited by present-day Protestants as a powerful argument for Protestantism over Catholicism. She returned to the Catholic faith and life as a nun 3 months after conversion.

## Biography

Zitter was sent to the White-Ladies convent of the Ursuline Order in Erfurt by her mother when she was 14 years old. She was sent to the convent under coercion to learn the French language, womanly virtues, and respectable work that was suited for women during this time. At 22 years old Zitter decided that she was unhappy with the Catholic faith and made the decision to leave the church and follow the Protestant reformation, and become a Lutheran. When her mother got word of her leaving the convent and the Catholic Church she made her announce her reasons of conversion publicly through a letter.

Zitter complied with her mother's demand and wrote a letter describing why she had decided to leave the Ursuline order and dedicate her life to professing the “true evangelical religion”, Lutheranism. In her letter, Zitter decried the mortification of the flesh that was practiced at the convent. She believed that this type of worship had no basis in the scriptures. She goes on to tell her mother that the practice of indulgences, praying to saints, and the notion of purgatory contradict the bible and are therefore all ideas adopted by men and not of the Lord. She backs up her claim with the Protestant view of preferring Christian good works as well as keeping the Lord's commandments to show faith.

Already a few months later, in June 1678, she renounced her conversion and returned to Catholicism, joining the St. Ursula convent in Kitzingen in Bavaria. She described the reasons for her return to Catholicism in an autobiographical pamphlet.

## Legacy

To this day some Protestant religions use Zitter's letter to her mother as a document of detailed argumentation of the Protestant faith and views compared to those of the catholic religion, and its persuasive points on converting to the reformed belief.


title: Ward's (restaurant)

abstract: Ward's Restaurant, known colloquially simply as Ward's, is a regional fast food restaurant chain based in Mississippi, United States, founded by Richard and Ed Ward in 1978. As of 2023, there are 38 Ward's locations across central and southern Mississippi. The chain is known for its chili burgers, chili dogs, and root beer.

text:
# Ward's (restaurant)

**Ward's Restaurant**, known colloquially simply as **Ward's**, is a regional fast food restaurant chain based in Mississippi, United States, founded by Richard and Ed Ward in 1978. As of 2023, there are 38 Ward's locations across central and southern Mississippi. The chain is known for its chili burgers, chili dogs, and root beer.

## History

In December 1957, twins Richard and Ed Ward opened a New Orleans–based Frostop franchise in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Frostop served chili dogs, orange soda, and root beer in frosted glass mugs. On May 28, 1978, the Ward brothers opened the first Ward's restaurant at 40th Avenue and Hardy Street in Hattiesburg. By the early 1980s, the first franchised Ward's was opened in nearby Petal. The Ward brothers started Ward's Food Systems, Inc. in 1985 to manage the franchise. In 2004, Glen and Shelley Sullivan became the owners of Ward's and combined the franchise and restaurant companies. Richard Ward passed away in 2019 and Ed died prior to 2017.

## Products and services

After opening their own restaurant, the Ward brothers brought similar items from Frostop to their new menu, including chili burgers, chili dogs, and root beer. Today, Ward's offers chili burgers in two sizes: the larger burger is known as the "Big One" while the smaller option is known as the "Lil' One". Other options include the "Ward's Quarder", (which includes tomato and lettuce), wraps, chicken sandwiches, salads, hot dogs, catfish, and various sides. Various desserts include floats, ice cream, milkshakes, and fruit smoothies. Ward's also serves breakfast, including made-to-order eggs and a variety of biscuits and breakfast wraps.

Ward's is known for its root beer and chili topping. The Frostop restaurant served homemade root beer and Ward's carries on that tradition today. The chili used on the burgers and hot dogs and the root beer in each restaurant is made at each individual location every morning. Frosted glass mugs for root beer are available when dining-in at most restaurants. Root beer is also available by the gallon.

## InfoBox

Ward's
|
|  |
| Company type | Privately held company |
| Industry | Restaurants |
| Genre | Fast food |
| Founded | 1978 (1978) |
| Founders | Richard and Ed Ward |
| Headquarters | Hattiesburg, Mississippi |
| Number of locations | 38 stores |
| Key people | Glen Sullivan (CEO) |
| Products | Hamburgers, chili burgers, chili dogs, French fries, root beer, milkshakes, floats |
| Revenue | US$10 Million (2022) |
| Owner | Ward's Food Systems, Inc. |
| Number of employees | 100 (2022) |
| Website | Ward's Restaurant |


title: Oaia Island

abstract: Oaia Island is an island on the west coast of the Auckland Region, New Zealand, near Muriwai. Home to an Australasian gannet colony, the island was traditionally used as a seasonal food resource for Tāmaki Māori iwi, including Te Kawerau ā Maki. Over the 21st century, the gannet population grew significantly, which had a negative impact on the island's flora, and led to gannets colonising areas of the Muriwai mainland. The island is a known location where the rare korowai gecko has been found.

text:
# Oaia Island

**Oaia Island** is an island on the west coast of the Auckland Region, New Zealand, near Muriwai. Home to an Australasian gannet colony, the island was traditionally used as a seasonal food resource for Tāmaki Māori iwi, including Te Kawerau ā Maki. Over the 21st century, the gannet population grew significantly, which had a negative impact on the island's flora, and led to gannets colonising areas of the Muriwai mainland. The island is a known location where the rare korowai gecko has been found.

## Geography

Oaia Island is located off the west coast of the Auckland Region near Muriwai, approximately 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) due west of Maukatia Bay and Collins Bay. The island is adjacent to Muriwai Regional Park. It is likely an early Miocene eroded remnant of pillow lava flow from the Waitākere volcano.

## Biodiversity

The island is home to an Australasian gannet colony. The population increased by more than five times between 1940 and 1970 to a total of 892 breeding pairs, which had a negative effect on vascular plant life on the island. As the colony expanded, gannets began to settle at the Muriwai gannet colony to the east. The island has been classified as identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International, as a part of the Muriwai and North Auckland Seabird Flyway areas.

Flora on the island includes *Disphyma australe* (New Zealand ice plant), *Chenopodium allanii* and *Coprosma repens* (taupata), with historic records indicating *Lepidium oleraceum* previously was found on the island. Seashore earwigs have been identified on Oaia Island, and New Zealand fur seals are known to visit the island.

The island is a habitat for the rare korowai gecko, which was first identified as living on the island in 1954; then thought to be a different species of gecko, *Woodworthia maculata*.

## History

The traditional Tāmaki Māori name for the island is *Motu-ō-Haea* ("Brilliant White Island"), a reference to gannett and seagull guano colouring the island white. The island was traditionally visited by Te Kawerau ā Maki, as a place where food resources could be collected in calm weather, including birds, bird eggs, and *kekeno* (New Zealand fur seals).

In 1902, politician and later Mayor of Auckland City, Edwin Mitchelson, constructed a wooden mansion at Muriwai which he named Oaia, after the island.

Oaia Island is the subject of Colin McCahon's acrylic landscape *Moby Dick Is Sighted Off Muriwai Beach* (1972), which was featured in a New Zealand Post stamp campaign in 1997.

## InfoBox

Oaia Island
| Native name: Motu-ō-Haea | |
| --- | --- |
| Oaia Island seen from Muriwai Beach | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Auckland |
| Coordinates | 36°50′26″S 174°24′39″E / 36.84056°S 174.41083°E / -36.84056; 174.41083 |
| Adjacent to | Tasman Sea |
| Area | 1,400 m2 (15,000 sq ft) |
| Length | 60 m (200 ft) |
| Width | 30 m (100 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 25 m (82 ft) |
| Administration | |
| **New Zealand** | |


title: Eve Brenner

abstract: Eve Brenner is an American actress. She appeared in various films and television shows such as Baskets, The Sarah Silverman Program, Dragnet, Touched by an Angel, The X-Files, The Twilight Zone and The Bold and the Beautiful.

text:
# Eve Brenner

**Eve Brenner** (born **Evelyn Halpern**; September 24, 1925) is an American actress. She appeared in various films and television shows such as *Baskets*, *The Sarah Silverman Program*, *Dragnet*, *Touched by an Angel*, *The X-Files*, *The Twilight Zone* and *The Bold and the Beautiful*.

## Career

Brenner started her career as "Betty" (under her real name, "Evelyn Halpern") in a 1953 episode ("A Ghost for Scotland Yard") of *Adventures of Superman*. Her next role was not until 1965 in the film *Rat Fink*. Years later, she appeared in other television series and films as well as *The Twilight Zone* (1985–1989), *Murder She Wrote* (1984–1996), *The Bold and the Beautiful* (1987), *The X-Files* (1993–2018), *Touched by an Angel* (1994–2003), *The McCarthys* (2014–2015) and *Baskets* (2016–2019). She voiced The Mouse Queen in Disney animated film *The Great Mouse Detective* (1986).

## Filmography

Films
| Year | Title | Role | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | *South of Heaven: Episode 1- Little Sister* | Mabel | Supporting |
| 2018 | *I'll Be Next Door for Christmas* | Gramma | Supporting |
| 2014 | *Walk of Shame* | Old Lady |  |
| 2012 | *Stand Up Guys* | Anita | Supporting |
| 2009 | *Play the Game* | Maxine Polacheck | Supporting |
| 2002 | *Today I Vote for My Joey* | Sadie | Supporting |
| 2002 | *Monkey Love* | Uncle Vid |  |
| 2001 | *Thank Heaven* | Old Lady |  |
| 2001 | *See Jane Run* | Starlet |  |
| 2000 | *Finding Kelly* | Dorothy Hollings |  |
| 1997 | *On the Line* | Homeless Woman |  |
| 1997 | *The Second Civil War* | Elderly Militia Woman |  |
| 1996 | *The Rockford Files: Godfather Knows Best* | Corky |  |
| 1995 | *Murder in the First* | Withrop's Secretary |  |
| 1991 | *Strays* | Old Woman |  |
| 1986 | *The Great Mouse Detective* | The Mouse Queen | Voice |
| 1986 | *Torment* | Mrs. Courtland |  |
| 1977 | *March or Die* | Singing Girl |  |
| 1965 | *Rat Fink* | Mrs. Dunkirk |  |

Television
| Year | Title | Role | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | *Magnum P.I.* | Helen |  |
| 2016–2019 | *Baskets* | Martha's Mom / Mrs. Brooks | Supporting |
| 2019 | *The Rookie* | Ruth | Supporting |
| 2017 | *The Middle* | Mrs. Perkins |  |
| 2016 | *Grey's Anatomy* | Enid | Supporting |
| 2015 | *Modern Family* | Ander's Mother |  |
| 2014 | *The McCarthys* | Great Aunt Lucy |  |
| 2012 | *The League* | Wanda |  |
| 2010 | *The Mentalist* | Biltmore Nicki |  |
| 2010 | *Rizzoli & Isles* | Mrs. Jones |  |
| 2010 | *I'm in the Band* | Grandma Nana | Supporting |
| 2007 | *The Sarah Silverman Program* | Mrs. Ramstack | Supporting |
| 2006 | *The Unit* | Rose | Uncredited |
| 2006 | *Cold Case* | Johanna Hoffman |  |
| 2005 | *Twins* | Ruth |  |
| 2004 | *Dragnet* | Mrs. Kutler | Supporting |
| 2004 | *Dead Like Me* | Rosie |  |
| 2004 | *Blue Collar TV* |  |  |
| 2003 | *According to Jim* | Old Lady Meier |  |
| 2003 | *Luis* | Mrs. Gallagher |  |
| 2003 | *ER* | Wilma |  |
| 2001 | *The Practice* | Sybil Waters |  |
| 2001 | *Touched by an Angel* | Florence Gibbons | Supporting |
| 2000 | *The X-Files* | Mrs. McKesson | Supporting |
| 2000 | *Just Shoot Me!* | Lillian | Supporting |
| 2000 | *Ann Day Now* | Norma Jean Rayfield |  |
| 2000 | *Good vs. Evil* | Elderly Neighbor |  |
| 2000 | *Ally McBeal* | Old Ally |  |
| 1999 | *Popular* | Nana Julian |  |
| 1999 | *Poltergeist: The Legacy* | Grethchen Dunworth |  |
| 1999 | *Silk Stalkings* | Florence |  |
| 1996-1998 | *Chicago Hope* | Mrs. Gallagher / Patient |  |
| 1998 | *Seinfield* | Lady in Restaurant | Uncredited |
| 1998 | *Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction* | Edith Waterson | Supporting |
| 1997 | *The Visitor* | Hospital Administrator |  |
| 1997 | *Early Edition* | Eve |  |
| 1997 | *Spy Game* | Lab Woman |  |
| 1996 | *Profilier* | Julie Rafer |  |
| 1996 | *Star Trek: Voyager* | Jora Mirell |  |
| 1995 | *Sisters* | Aunt Gigi | Supporting |
| 1995 | *Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman* | Sam Lindsay | Supporting |
| 1994 | *Baywatch* | Diana Sutherland |  |
| 1994 | *Murphy Brown* | Norwegian Woman |  |
| 1993 | *Doogie Howser, M.D.* | Irma Claybourne |  |
| 1992 | *Star Trek: The Next Generation* | Inad |  |
| 1991 | *Parker Lewis Can't Lose* | Housewife |  |
| 1991 | *The Bold and the Beautiful* | Mary / Homeless Woman | Supporting |
| 1991 | *The New Adam-12* | Gloria |  |
| 1989–1992 | *McGee and Me!* | Grandma Martin | Supporting |
| 1990 | *Quantum Leap* | Madeline |  |
| 1989 | *Murder, She Wrote* | Irina | Supporting |
| 1988 | *Hunter* | Lady |  |
| 1985–1989 | *The Twilight Zone* | Old Woman / Neighbor 1 |  |
| 1987 | *Me & Mrs. C.* | Angela |  |
| 1987 | *Highway to Heaven* | Etta |  |
| 1985 | *Hollywood Beat* | Elderly Lady |  |
| 1985 | *George Burns Comedy Week* |  |  |
| 1952–1958 | *Adventures of Superman* | Betty | One episode (1953) |

## InfoBox

| Eve Brenner | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Evelyn Halpern
(1925-09-24) September 24, 1925
San Diego, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1953–2019 |
| Television | *Baskets* (2016–2019)
*Dragnet* (2003–2004)
*Touched by an Angel* (1994–2003) |
| Height | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |


title: Goniaea

abstract: Goniaea is a genus of grasshoppers in the tribe Catantopini from Australia.

text:
# Goniaea

***Goniaea*** is a genus of grasshoppers in the tribe Catantopini from Australia.

## Species

* Media related to Goniaea at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Goniaea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Goniaea* sp. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Catantopinae |
| Tribe: | Catantopini |
| Subtribe: | Goniaeina |
| Genus: | *Goniaea*<br>Stål, 1873 |
|


title: A Welsh Sunset

abstract:
A Welsh Sunset is a one-act comic opera composed by Philip Michael Faraday, with a libretto by Frederick Fenn. It was produced at the Savoy Theatre from 15 July 1908 and played with revivals of H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance until 17 October 1908, and from 2 December 1908 until 24 February 1909, a total of 85 performances. A copy of the vocal score, but no printed libretto, is found in the British Library. The score contains all the dialogue. A lawyer, Faraday composed songs and musical theatre pieces and managed English operetta companies in the years immediately prior to World War I. Two years earlier, he had composed the successful comic opera Amasis (1906) Fenn later adapted into English, with much success, The Girl in the Taxi. A review of A Welsh Sunset in The Times found the piece overly sentimental, especially the ending, but liked Jenny's opening song and the overture. It thought that the rest of the music had "no character". The Manchester Guardian also disliked the piece. The fashion in the late Victorian era and Edwardian era was to present long evenings in the theatre, and so producer Richard D'Oyly Carte preceded his Savoy operas with curtain raisers, like A Welsh Sunset. W. J. MacQueen-Pope commented, concerning such curtain raisers:
  - This was a one-act play, seen only by the early comers. It would play to empty boxes, half-empty upper circle, to a gradually filling stalls and dress circle, but to an attentive, grateful and appreciative pit and gallery. Often these plays were little gems. They deserved much better treatment than they got, but those who saw them delighted in them.... [They] served to give young actors and actresses a chance to win their spurs... the stalls and the boxes lost much by missing the curtain-raiser, but to them dinner was more important.

text:
# A Welsh Sunset

***A Welsh Sunset*** is a one-act comic opera composed by Philip Michael Faraday, with a libretto by Frederick Fenn. It was produced at the Savoy Theatre from 15 July 1908 and played with revivals of *H.M.S. Pinafore* and *The Pirates of Penzance* until 17 October 1908, and from 2 December 1908 until 24 February 1909, a total of 85 performances. A copy of the vocal score (published in 1908 by Metzler), but no printed libretto, is found in the British Library. The score contains all the dialogue.

A lawyer, Faraday composed songs and musical theatre pieces and managed English operetta companies in the years immediately prior to World War I. Two years earlier, he had composed the successful comic opera *Amasis* (1906) Fenn later adapted into English, with much success, *The Girl in the Taxi* (1912; produced by Faraday).

A review of *A Welsh Sunset* in *The Times* found the piece overly sentimental, especially the ending, but liked Jenny's opening song and the overture. It thought that the rest of the music had "no character". *The Manchester Guardian* also disliked the piece.

The fashion in the late Victorian era and Edwardian era was to present long evenings in the theatre, and so producer Richard D'Oyly Carte preceded his Savoy operas with curtain raisers, like *A Welsh Sunset*. W. J. MacQueen-Pope commented, concerning such curtain raisers:

This was a one-act play, seen only by the early comers. It would play to empty boxes, half-empty upper circle, to a gradually filling stalls and dress circle, but to an attentive, grateful and appreciative pit and gallery. Often these plays were little gems. They deserved much better treatment than they got, but those who saw them delighted in them. ... \[They\] served to give young actors and actresses a chance to win their spurs ... the stalls and the boxes lost much by missing the curtain-raiser, but to them dinner was more important.

## Synopsis

Jenny and Griffith are in love. Griffith has a great tenor voice and has been singing an audition for Covent Garden opera. It is evening, Jenny and her mother are waiting outside Mrs. Jones's Cottage on a Welsh hillside for the boys to come home from Bala. They are joined by the other village girls.

Griffith has been successful, and when he arrives he tells Jenny of the wonderful rich and famous life that awaits her in London. Jenny asks her lover to sing to her before he goes home. She says, "I feel tonight as though tomorrow wouldn't come for years and years." Griffith sings to her, saying that it is she in his heart that makes him sing. When the song is over, she appears to be asleep, and he takes her hand, but it is lifeless. He exclaims, "What's the good of fame and money now? It was for her, and now I can give her nothing!"

## Musical numbers

* No. 1. Solo for Jenny -- "Come my love, for I am crying"
* No. 2. Solo for Griffith with chorus -- "Heart of my soul"
* No. 3. Men's trio with chorus -- "In London he will be all the rage"
* No. 4. Solo for Griffith -- "Hush't lies the land"
* No. 5. Chorus -- "Westward where the sunlight dies"

## Cast information

The original cast was:

* Jenny Jones (A girl in weak health, betrothed to Griffith David) – Beatrice Meredith
* Griffith David (A young Welshman) – Strafford Moss
* Mrs. Jones (Jenny's mother) – Ethel Morrison

Village girls * Mary Fewlass – Mabel Graham
* Nancy Raine – Beatrice Boarer
* Gwenny Davis – Bertha Lewis

Griffith's companions   * *A Welsh Sunset* homepage at the G&S Archive
* Farrell, Scott (2009). *The C. H. Workman Productions: A Centenary Review of the Final Savoy Operas*. Scott Farrell.


title: Premio Faenza

abstract: The Premio Faenza is an international prize for contemporary ceramic art. It is awarded by the Museo Internazionale delle Ceramiche in Faenza, in Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, and is the principal Italian prize of its kind.

text:
# Premio Faenza

The **Premio Faenza** is an international prize for contemporary ceramic art. It is awarded by the Museo Internazionale delle Ceramiche in Faenza, in Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, and is the principal Italian prize of its kind.

## History

The prize was established in 1931. In 1938 it became an annual national award and was named "Premio Faenza". The first recipient of the Premio Faenza was Pietro Melandri, who also won it in the following year. The award was not made in some years of the Second World War, and recommenced in 1946. In 1963 it became international in scope – although several foreign artists had already been invited to participate in earlier editions – and from 1989 it became a biennial award.

## Recipients

Among the recipients of the award are the sculptors Angelo Biancini (1946, 1957), Leoncillo Leonardi (1954, 1964) and Carlo Zauli (1953, 1958 and 1962), and the ceramic artists Sueharu Fukami (1985) and Ken Eastman (1995).

## InfoBox

| Premio Faenza | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | contemporary ceramic art |
| Date | 1938 (1938) |
| Location | Faenza |
| Country | Italy |
| Presented by | Museo Internazionale delle Ceramiche |
| Winners | Full list of recipients * 1938: Pietro Melandri * 1939: Pietro Melandri * 1941: Emilio Casadio and Carlo Corvi * 1942: Giuseppe Mazzullo * 1946: Angelo Biancini and Anselmo Bucci * 1949: Anselmo Bucci, Guido Gambone *ex aequo* * 1952: Antonio Scordia and Guerrino Tramonti * 1953: Salvatore Meli, Carlo Zauli *ex aequo* * 1954: Leoncillo Leonardi * 1955: Carlo Negri, Guerrino Tramonti *ex aequo* * 1956: Germano Belletti, Gian Battista Valentini *ex aequo* * 1957: Angelo Biancini * 1958: Carlo Zauli * 1959: Guido Gambone * 1960: Guido Gambone * 1961: Gian Battista Valentini * 1962: Carlo Zauli * 1963: Fulvio Ravaioli, Pompeo Pianezzola *ex aequo* * 1964:Leoncillo Leonardi, Rogier Vandeweghe *ex aequo* * 1965: Berndt Friberg * 1966: Wilhelm and Elly Kuch * 1967: Eduard Chapallaz * 1968: Hilkka Liisa Ahola * 1969: Vlastimil Květenský * 1970: Goffredo Gaeta, Ivo Sassi *ex aequo* * 1971: Panos Tsolakos * 1972: Yasuo Hayashi * 1973: Wilhelm and Elly Kuch * 1974: Georges Blom * 1975: Colin Pearson * 1976: Alfonso Leoni, Paul Donhauser *ex aequo* * 1977: Gian Battista Valentini * 1978: Mirko Orlandini * 1979: Maria Teresa Kuczynska * 1980: Guido Mariani * 1981: Michel Kuipers * 1982: Aki Matsui Toshio * 1983: Jo-Anne Caron Devroey, Emidio Galassi *ex aequo* * 1984: Giuseppe Lucietti * 1985: Sueharu Fukami * 1986: (no award) * 1987: Franz Stähler * 1989: Enrico Stropparo * 1991: Svetlana Nikolaevna Pasechnaya * 1993: Tjok Dessauvage, Aldo Rontini *ex aequo* * 1995: Ken Eastman * 1997: Michael Cleff * 1999: Torbjørn Kvasbø * 2001: Ana Cecilia Hillar * 2003: Jun Nishida * 2005: Silvia Zotta, Tomoko Kawakami *ex aequo* * 2007: Simone Lucietti, Ian Mcdonald *ex aequo* * 2009: Tomonari Kato, Andrea Salvatori *ex aequo* * 2011: Shigeki Hayashi, Eri Dewa, Giovanni Ruggiero *ex aequo* * 2013: Päivi Rintaniemi, Alessandro Neretti * 2015: Silvia Celeste Calcagno, Helene Kirchmair, Thomas Stollar *ex aequo* |
| Website | micfaenza.org |


abstract: The Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs is a governmental agency of the U.S. state of Wisconsin that is responsible for veterans programs. The department is overseen by a secretary who is appointed by the governor after consulting with at least six Wisconsin veterans organizations. The secretary is advised by a nine-member citizen advisory Board of Veterans Affairs. The current Secretary is Mary M. Kolar.

text:
# Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs

The **Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs** is a governmental agency of the U.S. state of Wisconsin that is responsible for veterans programs. The department is overseen by a secretary who is appointed by the governor after consulting with at least six Wisconsin veterans organizations. The secretary is advised by a nine-member citizen advisory Board of Veterans Affairs. The current Secretary is Mary M. Kolar.

## History

In 1919, the state of Wisconsin issued a wartime bonus to service members who served in World War I. After World War II, the state legislature decided that instead of issuing a wartime bonus, they would create programs to provide a better benefit to the veterans. The Department of Veterans Affairs was created in 1945 to oversee these programs, which included:

* The Grand Army Home (now Wisconsin Veterans Home) in King, Wisconsin
* The Grand Army of the Republic Memorial in the state capitol
* Economic and education assistance
* The Veterans Trust Fund

In 1989, the state legislature authorized the Department of Veterans Affairs to build a new museum dedicated to Wisconsin veterans. The Wisconsin Veterans Museum opened across the street from the state capitol in 1993.

In 2001, the Department of Veterans Affairs opened a new veterans home at Union Grove, Wisconsin.

In 2013, the Department of Veterans Affairs opened a new veterans home at Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin at a cost of $20 million, with the ability to house 72 veterans.

## State veteran cemeteries

The Department of Veterans Affairs maintains three veteran cemeteries:

* **Northern Wisconsin Veterans Memorial Cemetery** is located near Spooner, Wisconsin. The cemetery was officially dedicated on June 10, 2001.
* **Central Wisconsin Veterans Memorial Cemetery** is located at the Wisconsin Veterans Home at King. The cemetery was opened in 1888.
* **Southern Wisconsin Veterans Memorial Cemetery** is located near Union Grove, Wisconsin. The cemetery was officially dedicated on May 31, 1998.


title: Marshall Warmington

abstract: Sir Cornelius Marshall Warmington, 1st Baronet QC was an English barrister and Liberal politician. Warmington was born at Colchester, Essex. He became a member of the Middle Temple and was invested as Queen's Counsel in 1882. In 1885 he was elected as Member of Parliament for West Monmouthshire. He held the seat for 10 years, and gave it up in 1895 to make way for William Vernon Harcourt. Warmington was at various times Treasurer and Master of Middle Temple. He was created a baronet, of Pembridge Square, on 28 July 1908, six months before his death. Warmington married Anne Winch daughter of Edward Winch of Chatham and they had a family. His son Denham succeeded to the baronetcy.

text:
# Marshall Warmington

**Sir Cornelius Marshall Warmington, 1st Baronet** QC (5 June 1842  12 December 1908) was an English barrister and Liberal politician.

Warmington was born at Colchester, Essex. He became a member of the Middle Temple and was invested as Queen's Counsel in 1882. In 1885 he was elected as Member of Parliament for West Monmouthshire. He held the seat for 10 years, and gave it up in 1895 to make way for William Vernon Harcourt. Warmington was at various times Treasurer and Master of Middle Temple. He was created a baronet, of Pembridge Square, on 28 July 1908, six months before his death.

Warmington married Anne Winch daughter of Edward Winch of Chatham and they had a family. His son Denham succeeded to the baronetcy.


title: Marnay-sur-Marne

abstract: Marnay-sur-Marne is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Marnay-sur-Marne

**Marnay-sur-Marne** (French pronunciation: \[maʁnɛ syʁ maʁn\], literally *Marnay on Marne*) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Marnay-sur-Marne | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Marnay-sur-Marne | |
| Marnay-sur-MarneMarnay-sur-Marne | |
| Coordinates: 48°00′40″N 5°14′15″E / 48.0111°N 5.2375°E / 48.0111; 5.2375 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Haute-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Chaumont |
| Canton | Nogent |
| Intercommunality | CA Chaumont |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Stéphan Emeraux |
| Area**1** | 10.62 km2 (4.10 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 345 |
| Density | 32/km2 (84/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 52315 /52800 |
| Elevation | 345 m (1,132 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mila Haugová

abstract: Mila Haugová is a Slovak poet.

text:
# Mila Haugová

**Mila Haugová** (born 14 June 1942) is a Slovak poet.

## Life

Haugová was born in Budapest on 14 June 1942, but she moved around with her family as a child living in Vráble, Nitra, Breziny, Zlaté Moravce and Levice. Between 1951 and 1952 her father was a political prisoner and Haugova inherited his politics. She worked as an agronomist after attending college in Nitra, before becoming a secondary school teacher.

She went to Canada following the invading tanks sent into Czechoslovakia in 1968 by the Warsaw Pact. She returned the following year. She published her early poetry book called Rusty Clay (Hrdzavá hlina) in 1980 under the name Mila Srnková. In 1986 she started a decade long stint as editor of the literary magazine *Romboid*. After this she earned her living translating from German and writing and living in Bratislava and Levice. in 1990 she published Čisté dni which was based on, Peter Ondreička, her partners graphical works. Ondreička who was a painter died in the same year. She published Atlas piesku and Genotext in 2011.

## InfoBox

| Mila Haugová | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 14 June 1942<br>Budapest |
| Nationality | Slovak |


title: Oberea annulicornis

abstract: Oberea annulicornis is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini in the genus Oberea, discovered by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1858.

text:
# Oberea annulicornis

***Oberea annulicornis*** is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini in the genus *Oberea*, discovered by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1858.

## InfoBox

| *Oberea annulicornis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Oberea* |
| Species: | ***O. annulicornis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oberea annulicornis***<br>Pascoe, 1858 | |
|


title: Ovayok Territorial Park

abstract: Ovayok Territorial Park is a park situated 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Cambridge Bay, in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. The park is relatively small and covers an area of approximately 16 km⁲ (6.2 sq mi). The park can be accessed by vehicle from the community as a gravel road runs directly to it. The park has a wide variety of wildlife with muskox being predominant; there are also barren-ground caribou, Arctic hare, Arctic fox, and North American brown lemmings. There are several lakes within the park and most contain Arctic char and lake trout. Birds include Arctic terns, ptarmigan, Canada geese, snowy owls and the common raven. There are several archaeological sites within the park and these include tent rings and food caches. Thule and Paleo-Eskimo camp sites and artifacts has also been found nearby, suggesting that the area has been in use for at least a 1,000 years. The predominant feature of the park is the large esker known as Uvayuq that rises to approximately 183 m (600 ft). Behind this are two more eskers called Inuuhuktu and Amaaqtuq. Inuit legend says that the three hills are a family of starving giants. They were crossing Victoria Island looking for food and the father, Uvayuq, died first. Next the son, Inuuhuktu, died and was followed by the mother, Amaaqtuq, who was carrying her baby.

text:
# Ovayok Territorial Park

**Ovayok Territorial Park** (sometimes **Uvajuq**, formerly **Mount Pelly**) is a park situated 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Cambridge Bay, in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. The park is relatively small and covers an area of approximately 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi). The park can be accessed by vehicle from the community as a gravel road runs directly to it.

The park has a wide variety of wildlife with muskox being predominant; there are also barren-ground caribou, Arctic hare, Arctic fox, and North American brown lemmings. There are several lakes within the park and most contain Arctic char and lake trout. Birds include Arctic terns, ptarmigan, Canada geese, snowy owls and the common raven.

There are several archaeological sites within the park and these include tent rings and food caches. Thule and Paleo-Eskimo camp sites and artifacts has also been found nearby, suggesting that the area has been in use for at least a 1,000 years.

The predominant feature of the park is the large esker known as Uvayuq (formerly Mount Pelly) that rises to approximately 183 m (600 ft). Behind this are two more eskers called Inuuhuktu (Baby Pelly) and Amaaqtuq (Lady Pelly).

Inuit legend says that the three hills are a family of starving giants. They were crossing Victoria Island looking for food and the father, Uvayuq, died first. Next the son, Inuuhuktu (English; "teenaged boy"), died and was followed by the mother, Amaaqtuq (English; "packing baby", see amauti), who was carrying her baby.

69°10′27″N 104°42′43″W / 69.17417°N 104.71194°W / 69.17417; -104.71194 (Uvayuq (mountain))

* Nunavut Handbook - Joe Otokiak
* Cambridge Bay Elders

## Further reading

* Pelly, David F., Elsie Anaginak Klengenberg, and Kim Crockatt. *Uvajuq The Origin of Death*. Cambridge Bay, Nunavut: Kitikmeot Heritage Society, 1999. ISBN 0-9690783-8-2


title: Radiarctia melanochoria

abstract: Radiarctia melanochoria is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Erich Hering in 1932. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda.

text:
# Radiarctia melanochoria

***Radiarctia melanochoria*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Erich Hering in 1932. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda.

## InfoBox

| *Radiarctia melanochoria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Radiarctia* |
| Species: | ***R. melanochoria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Radiarctia melanochoria***<br>(Hering, 1932) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Spilosoma melanochroium* Hering, 1932 * *Radiarctia melanochorium* | |


title: Aalsum, Groningen

abstract: Aalsum is a small hamlet in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is located in the municipality of Westerkwartier, about 1.5 km west of Oldehove. The hamlet was located on a wierde, an artificial dwelling hill. The hill was partially excavated in the 20th century; a bow from the ninth century was found. Plans to reconstruct the hill were canceled. According to the 19th-century historian A.J. van der Aa, Aalsum had 80 inhabitants in the middle of the 19th century; presumably, this includes the surrounding countryside.

text:
# Aalsum, Groningen

**Aalsum** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈaːlsʏm\]) is a small hamlet in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is located in the municipality of Westerkwartier, about 1.5 km west of Oldehove.

The hamlet was located on a wierde, an artificial dwelling hill. The hill was partially excavated in the 20th century; a bow from the ninth century was found. Plans to reconstruct the hill were canceled.

According to the 19th-century historian A.J. van der Aa, Aalsum had 80 inhabitants in the middle of the 19th century; presumably, this includes the surrounding countryside.

Media related to Aalsum (Groningen) at Wikimedia Commons

53°18′27″N 6°22′10″E / 53.30750°N 6.36944°E / 53.30750; 6.36944

## InfoBox

| Aalsum | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| AalsumLocation of Aalsum in the province of GroningenAalsumAalsum (Netherlands)AalsumAalsum (Europe) | |
| Coordinates: 53°18′25″N 6°22′12″E / 53.30694°N 6.37000°E / 53.30694; 6.37000 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Groningen |
| Municipality | Westerkwartier |
| Postcode | 9883 |


title: Sitting and Smiling

abstract: Sitting and Smiling is an endurance art performance by Benjamin Bennett. In a typical performance, Bennett looks into a video camera which is recording him while sitting and smiling motionless for four hours. Bennett uploaded his first Sitting and Smiling video on July 28, 2014. Over the next several years, he uploaded similar videos at a rate of about one per week. Currently, his videos have earned more than 31 million views with over 380,000 subscribers. Bennett cites Claire Bishop's 2012 Artificial Hells: Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship as an inspiration for his art.

text:
# Sitting and Smiling

***Sitting and Smiling*** is an endurance art performance by Benjamin Bennett. In a typical performance, Bennett looks into a video camera which is recording him while sitting and smiling motionless for four hours.

Bennett uploaded his first *Sitting and Smiling* video on July 28, 2014. Over the next several years, he uploaded similar videos at a rate of about one per week. Currently, his videos have earned more than 31 million views with over 380,000 subscribers.

Bennett cites Claire Bishop's 2012 *Artificial Hells: Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship* as an inspiration for his art.

## *Walking and Talking*

On February 24, 2019, after reaching 300 *Sitting and Smiling* videos, Bennett began a new video series entitled *Walking and Talking*, in which he walks and talks continuously for four hours, or until his camera battery runs out. He speaks in an extemporaneous and reflexive manner, describing his subjective experience in real time, with subjects such as philosophy of mind, consciousness, and nonduality arising out of his self-reflection.

## Incidents on stream

During the fifth stream, a burglar entered Bennett's home. After opening the door to Bennett's room, the burglar said "Hello?", then proceeded to shut the door and leave. This incident stacked attention online and the video currently has over 8.4 million views.

In a separate incident in his 52nd livestream, Bennett clearly urinates himself, with a wet puddle seeping out from under him and gradually evaporating over the remainder of the footage. He never acknowledges this or breaks his composure and continues to sit and smile to the camera.

During streams 238 and 257, Bennett cries intermittently during the stream. He does seem to break composure a bit and makes sounds while crying, but then returns to sitting and smiling.

## Critical response

> "There isn't really a purpose. My inbox is full of people asking me why I'm doing this, but I don't think that question is really applicable to this type of activity."

Benjamin Bennett, 2015 interview with Vice Media

One reviewer commented that "One of the strangest aspects of this project is its apparent lack of explanation."

Other reviewers said that the performance was "bizarre", "tip of the creepy iceberg", and "bonkers".

Timothy Kennett of *The Atlantic* wrote:

> *Sitting and Smiling* is, therefore, an extreme version of engagement with the present. It takes concepts like mindfulness (it is perhaps not coincidental that Bennett's cross-legged pose recalls the stance of meditation), attention to the present, and discomfort with the speed and busyness of modern life and pushes them to until they are unpleasant, even unbearable. ... By making the videos borderline unwatchable, Bennett suggests that experiencing time in a way that is unmediated, focused, and 'real' is impossible. But, of course, Bennett manages it, smiling the whole time.

## InfoBox

| *Sitting and Smiling* | |
| --- | --- |
| Created by | Benjamin Bennett |
| Presented by | Benjamin Bennett |
| No. of episodes | 326 |
| Original release | |
| Network | YouTube |
| Release | July 28, 2014 (2014-07-28) <br>present |


title: Prime (graffiti artist)

abstract: Jose "Prime" Reza, is an American graffiti artist born and raised in the Pico-Union District of Downtown Los Angeles. Prime is credited with being a founding father of Los Angeles stylized graffiti lettering, a hybrid of Cholo lettering and East Coast style graffiti that is often bold, aggressive, and monochromatic. Prime is considered one of the most influential artists in the history of Los Angeles public wall writing, combining "traditional east coast painting techniques with geometric gangster-style blocks." Complex Magazine included Prime on their list "25 greatest L.A. Graffiti Writers" noting that, "...his pieces from the early 80's still shit on most stuff today." The Vibe History of Hip Hop acknowledges Prime's vital contributions to L.A.'s distinctive graffiti style in a chapter titled "Early Los Angeles Hip Hop" written by Ben Higa.

text:
# Prime (graffiti artist)

**Jose "Prime" Reza**, (b. October 5, 1971) is an American graffiti artist born and raised in the Pico-Union District of Downtown Los Angeles. Prime is credited with being a founding father of Los Angeles stylized graffiti lettering, a hybrid of Cholo lettering and East Coast style graffiti that is often bold, aggressive, and monochromatic.

Prime is considered one of the most influential artists in the history of Los Angeles public wall writing, combining "traditional east coast painting techniques with geometric gangster-style blocks."

Complex Magazine included Prime on their list "25 greatest L.A. Graffiti Writers" noting that, "...his pieces from the early 80's still shit on most stuff today." *The Vibe History of Hip Hop* acknowledges Prime's vital contributions to L.A.'s distinctive graffiti style in a chapter titled "Early Los Angeles Hip Hop" written by Ben Higa.

## Early life and education

His parents immigrated to Los Angeles, California from Tamaulipas, Mexico and settled in Pico-Union, a historic neighborhood once known for its high density, Latino population, gang violence, and illegal drug commerce.

## Work

Prime gained international exposure in 1987 when his work was featured in the seminal book *Spraycan Art,* one of the earliest documentations of graffiti culture and inspired additional movements around the world. In the book, *Graffiti L.A.: Street Styles and Art* Steve Grody writes of Prime, "His battle piece representing K2S crew against WCA crew in 1985 is arguably the single most influential piece in the establishment of L.A. style."

### Collaborative works

Prime is one of the original members of the Kill 2 Succeed (K2S) graffiti crew, established in 1985 by Rick One along with Geo, Alex "Defer" Kizu, and Risco, which created murals throughout Los Angeles.

### Recent Projects

In 2013 Prime designed the cover of The Getty Research Institute's *L.A. Liber Amicorum* (*The Getty Graffiti Black Book*), a modern-day rare manuscript bound together into a single work of art that includes 143 graffiti and tattoo artists from Los Angeles.

The creation of *The Getty Graffiti Black Book*/*L.A. Liber Amicorum* led to "Scratch," an exhibition at the El Segundo Museum of Art which opened in June, 2014. "Scratch" created a live book of friendship in gallery environment, with the gallery walls curated by six different artists and painted with their friends. Prime participated in a wall curated by Alex "Defer" Kizu, titled *Dark Progressivism*.

## Personal life

In 1989, Prime survived a gang-related shooting. The artist was shot at point blank range by two different assailants with two separate firearms, losing full movement of his right hand for many years. Prime responded by training himself to write and paint with his left hand, which is how he primarily paints today, although he has developed ambidextrous skills and at times switches hands.

## Exhibitions

* ”CottonWood”series Solo exhibit, OGalleryLA ,WestHollywood,CA , 2020
* *Roll Call: 11 artists from L.A.*, L.A. Louver Gallery, Venice, CA, 2016
* *Dark Progressivism: Metropolis Rising*, special exhibition, LA Art Show, Los Angeles, CA, 2015
* *Scratch*, El Segundo Museum of Art, El Segundo, CA. 2014
* *Alphabet Soup*, Boathouse Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, 2013
* *Trece*, Boathouse Gallery, Plaza de la Raza, Los Angeles, CA. 2012
* *Records Revisionists Show*, Warner Brothers Studios, Los Angeles, CA. 2012
* *Street Cred: Graffiti Art from Concrete to Canvas*, Pasadena Museum of California Art, Pasadena, CA. 2011
* *Art in the Streets*, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, 2011
* Through The Wormhole", MING Studios, Boise, ID. 2018

## InfoBox

| Prime | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Jose "Prime" Reza
(1971-10-05) October 5, 1971
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |


title: Without Regret (film)

abstract: Without Regret is a 1935 American drama film directed by Harold Young and starring Elissa Landi, Paul Cavanagh and Frances Drake. It also features an early appearance by David Niven. It was based on the play Interference the British writers Roland Pertwee and Harold Dearden which had previously been turned into a 1928 silent film of the same title. The film was released on September 13, 1935, by Paramount Pictures.

text:
# Without Regret (film)

***Without Regret*** is a 1935 American drama film directed by Harold Young and starring Elissa Landi, Paul Cavanagh and Frances Drake. It also features an early appearance by David Niven.

It was based on the play *Interference* the British writers Roland Pertwee and Harold Dearden which had previously been turned into a 1928 silent film of the same title. The film was released on September 13, 1935, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

After returning to England and unwittingly committing bigamy, a young woman is threatened with blackmail.

## Main cast

## Bibliography

* Monaco, James. *The Encyclopedia of Film*. Perigee Books, 1991.
* Munn, Michael. *David Niven: The Man Behind the Balloon*. Aurum Press, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Without Regret | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Harold Young |
| Screenplay by | Roland Pertwee (play)
Harold Dearden (play)
Doris Anderson
Charles Brackett |
| Produced by | B.P. Fineman |
| Starring | Elissa Landi
Paul Cavanagh
Frances Drake
David Niven |
| Cinematography | William C. Mellor |
| Production
company | Paramount Pictures |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * September 13, 1935 (1935-09-13) |
| Running time | 74 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Marshall Warren Nirenberg

abstract: Marshall Warren Nirenberg was an American biochemist and geneticist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for "breaking the genetic code" and describing how it operates in protein synthesis. In the same year, together with Har Gobind Khorana, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.

text:
# Marshall Warren Nirenberg

**Marshall Warren Nirenberg** (April 10, 1927 – January 15, 2010) was an American biochemist and geneticist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for "breaking the genetic code" and describing how it operates in protein synthesis. In the same year, together with Har Gobind Khorana, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.

## Biography

Nirenberg was born in New York City to a Jewish family, the son of Minerva (Bykowsky) and Harry Edward Nirenberg, a shirtmaker. He developed rheumatic fever as a boy, so the family moved to Orlando, Florida to take advantage of the subtropical climate. He developed an early interest in biology. In 1948 he received his BS degree, and in 1952, a master's degree in zoology from the University of Florida at Gainesville where he was also a member of the Pi Lambda Phi Fraternity. His dissertation for the Master's thesis was an ecological and taxonomic study of caddis flies (Trichoptera). He received his PhD in biochemistry from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor in 1957, studying hexose uptake in tumor cells with his advisor James F. Hogg.

He began his postdoctoral work at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1957 as a fellow of the American Cancer Society in what was then called the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases. In 1959 he became a research biochemist at the NIH and began to study the steps that relate DNA, RNA and protein. Nirenberg's groundbreaking experiments advanced him to become the head of the Section of Biochemical Genetics in 1962 in the National Heart Institute (now the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), where he remained a laboratory chief until his death. Fellow laboratory chiefs included Ernst Freese and Daniel Carleton Gajdusek. He was married in 1961 to Perola Zaltzman, a chemist from the University of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, who also worked at NIH and died in 2001. Nirenberg married Myrna Weissman, PhD, Professor of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 2005. He had four stepchildren: Susan Weissman of Evanston, Illinois, Judith Weissman of New York, New York, Sharon Weissman of New Haven, Connecticut, and Jonathan Weissman of San Francisco, California. He was also survived by his sister, Joan Nirenberg Geiger of Dallas, Texas, several nieces and a nephew.

Nirenberg was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1964 and the National Medal of Honor in 1968 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1981, Nirenberg became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. In 1986, Nirenberg's achievements and contributions to the field of biochemistry genetics was recognized at an event honoring Maimonides and Menachem M. Schneerson, in the nation's capital, hosted by Bob Dole and Joe Biden. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2001. He died on January 15, 2010, from cancer after several months of illness.

## Research

By 1958, experiments and analysis such as the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment, the Hershey–Chase experiment, the Watson–Crick structure and the Meselson–Stahl experiment had shown DNA to be the molecule of genetic information. It was not known, however, how DNA directed the expression of proteins, or what role RNA had in these processes. Nirenberg teamed up with Heinrich J. Matthaei at the National Institutes of Health to answer these questions. They produced RNA composed solely of uracil, a nucleotide that only occurs in RNA. They then added this synthetic poly-uracil RNA into a cell-free extract of *Escherichia coli* which contained the DNA, RNA, ribosomes and other cellular machinery for protein synthesis. They added DNase, which breaks apart the DNA, so that no additional proteins would be produced other than that from their synthetic RNA. They then added 1 radioactively labeled amino acid, the building blocks of proteins, and 19 unlabeled amino acids to the extract, varying the labeled amino acid in each sample. Only in the extract containing the radioactively labeled phenylalanine, was the resulting protein also radioactive. This implied that the genetic code for phenylalanine on RNA consisted of a repetition of uracil bases. Indeed, as we know now, it is UUU (three uracil bases in a row). This was the first step in deciphering the codons of the genetic code and the first demonstration of messenger RNA (see *Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment*).

In August 1961, at the International Congress of Biochemistry in Moscow, Nirenberg presented a paper to a small group of scientists, reporting the decoding of the first codon of the genetic code. Matthew Meselson, who was in the audience, spontaneously hugged Nirenberg at the end of the talk and then told Francis Crick about Nirenberg's result. Crick invited Nirenberg to repeat his performance the next day in a talk to a much larger audience. Speaking before the assembled congress of more than a thousand people, Nirenberg electrified the scientific community. He quickly received great scientific attention for these experiments. Within a few years, his research team had performed similar experiments and found that three-base repeats of adenosine (AAA) produced the amino acid lysine, and cytosine repeats (CCC) produced proline. The next breakthrough came when Philip Leder, a postdoctoral researcher in Nirenberg's lab, developed a method for determining the genetic code on pieces of tRNA (see *Nirenberg and Leder experiment*). This greatly sped up the assignment of three-base codons to amino acids so that 50 codons were identified in this way. Khorana's experiments confirmed these results and completed the genetic code translation.

The period between 1961 and 1962 is often referred to as the "coding race" because of the competition between the labs of Nirenberg at NIH and Nobel laureate Severo Ochoa at New York University Medical School, who had a massive staff. Faced with the possibility of helping the first NIH scientist win a Nobel prize, many NIH scientists put aside their own work to help Nirenberg in deciphering the mRNA codons for amino acids. Dr. DeWitt Stetten, Jr., director of the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, called this period of collaboration "NIH's finest hour".

Nirenberg's later research focused on neuroscience, neural development, and the homeobox genes.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Marshall Warren Nirenberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Nirenberg in 2002 | |
| Born | April 10, 1927 (1927-04-10)
New York City, New York |
| Died | January 15, 2010(2010-01-15) (aged 82)
New York City, New York |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | Contribution to solving the genetic code |
| Spouse(s) | Perola Zaltzman-Nirenberg (1961-2001; her death)
Myrna M. Weissman (m. 2005-2010; his death) |
| Awards | NAS Award in Molecular Biology (1962)
National Medal of Science (1964)
Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry (1964)
Gairdner Foundation International Award (1967)
Albert Lasker Award (1968)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1968)
Franklin Medal (1968)
Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (1968)
William H. Nichols Medal (1969) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Biochemistry |
| Institutions | National Institutes of Health |
| Doctoral advisor | James F. Hogg |
|  | |


title: Marnay, Saône-et-Loire

abstract: Marnay is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Marnay, Saône-et-Loire

**Marnay** (French pronunciation: \[maʁnɛ\]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## Geography

The river Grosne flows into the Saône in the commune.

## InfoBox

| Marnay | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
| Location of Marnay | |
| MarnayMarnay | |
| Coordinates: 46°42′09″N 4°55′36″E / 46.7025°N 4.9267°E / 46.7025; 4.9267 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Saône-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Chalon-sur-Saône |
| Canton | Saint-Rémy |
| Intercommunality | CA Le Grand Chalon |
| Area**1** | 5.08 km2 (1.96 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 526 |
| Density | 100/km2 (270/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 71283 /71240 |
| Elevation | 171–180 m (561–591 ft)
(avg. 178 m or 584 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mildura Country Music Festival

abstract:
The Mildura Country Music Festival was an annual Australian country music festival based in Mildura, Victoria. The 1994 event was held in October, which the Australian Country Music Ambassador, Kelly Tassone felt was "fast becoming a favourite festival
with performers." In 2005 it was sponsored by Telstra Countrywide. It focused on independent country music artists. This festival has been virtual since 2020.

text:
# Mildura Country Music Festival

The **Mildura Country Music Festival** was an annual Australian country music festival based in Mildura, Victoria. The 1994 event was held in October, which the Australian Country Music Ambassador, Kelly Tassone felt was "fast becoming a favourite festival with performers." In 2005 it was sponsored by Telstra Countrywide. It focused on independent country music artists (about 95 percent of performers in the Australian country music industry).

This festival has been virtual since 2020.

## Winners

Much of the Festival is free and a live concert and radio presentation of the Australian Independent Country Music Awards, recognising the achievements of independent recording artists. Previous Independent Country Music Awards finalists and winners include:

Performers have included:

## InfoBox

| Mildura Country Music Festival | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Country music |
| Dates | Late September to early October |
| Location(s) | Mildura, Victoria |
| Website | milduracountrymusic.com.au |


title: Oberea atricilloides

abstract: Oberea atricilloides is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini in the genus Oberea, discovered by Breuning in 1964.

text:
# Oberea atricilloides

***Oberea atricilloides*** is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini in the genus *Oberea*, discovered by Breuning in 1964.

## InfoBox

| *Oberea atricilloides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Oberea* |
| Species: | ***O. atricilloides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oberea atricilloides***<br>Breuning, 1964 | |
|


title: Exocentrus ritae

abstract: Exocentrus ritae is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Sama in 1985, and is endemic to Turkey. The beetles inhabit deciduous trees. They measure 3–5 millimetres (0.12–0.20 in) in length, and can live for approximately 1–2 years.

text:
# Exocentrus ritae

***Exocentrus ritae*** is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Sama in 1985, and is endemic to Turkey. The beetles inhabit deciduous trees. They measure 3–5 millimetres (0.12–0.20 in) in length, and can live for approximately 1–2 years.

## InfoBox

| *Exocentrus ritae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Exocentrus* |
| Species: | ***E. ritae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Exocentrus ritae***<br>Sama, 1985 | |
|


title: Government Engineering College, Sheohar

abstract: Government Engineering College, Sheohar is a government engineering college in Sheohar district of Bihar. It was established in the year 2019 under Department of Science and Technology, Bihar. It is affiliated with Bihar Engineering University and approved by All India Council for Technical Education.

text:
# Government Engineering College, Sheohar

**Government Engineering College, Sheohar** is a government engineering college in Sheohar district of Bihar. It was established in the year 2019 under Department of Science and Technology, Bihar. It is affiliated with Bihar Engineering University and approved by All India Council for Technical Education.

## Admission

Admission in the college for four years Bachelor of Technology course is made through UGEAC conducted by Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board. To apply for UGEAC, appearing in JEE Main of that admission year is required along with other eligibility criteria.

## Departments

College have five branches in Bachelor of Technology course with an annual intake of 60 students in each branch.

1. Civil Engineering
2. Mechanical Engineering
3. Electrical Engineering
4. Electronics & Communication Engineering
5. Computer Science and Engineering(Data Science)

## InfoBox

Government Engineering College, Sheohar
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 2019 (2019) |
| Affiliation | Bihar Engineering University |
| Principal | Prof. (Dr.)Shahiruddin |
| Language | English & Hindi |
| Website | www.gecsheohar.ac.in |


title: Abashiri City Museum of Art

abstract: Abashiri City Museum of Art Abashiri City Museum of Art is a registered museum that opened in Abashiri, Hokkaidō, Japan in 1972, as the second art museum, and the first such to be purpose-built, on the island. The collection relates to artists of the Okhotsk region and temporary exhibitions are also held.

text:
# Abashiri City Museum of Art

**Abashiri City Museum of Art** (網走市立美術館, *Abashiri Shiritsu Bijutsukan*) is a registered museum that opened in Abashiri, Hokkaidō, Japan in 1972, as the second art museum, and the first such to be purpose-built, on the island. The collection relates to artists of the Okhotsk region and temporary exhibitions are also held.

## InfoBox

| Abashiri City Museum of Art | |
| --- | --- |
| 網走市立美術館 | |
|  | |
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| General information | |
| Address | 1 Minami 6 Jōnishi |
| Town or city | Abashiri, Hokkaidō |
| Country | Japan |
| Coordinates | 44°01′10″N 144°16′03″E / 44.019449°N 144.267488°E / 44.019449; 144.267488 |
| Opened | 1972 |
| Website | |
| Official website | |


title: Griot Galaxy

abstract: Griot Galaxy was an avant-garde jazz band led by Detroit saxophonist and poet Faruq Z. Bey. The band was founded in 1972 with drummer Tariq Samad, bassist Jaribu Shahid, and saxophonists Bey, Anthony Holland and David McMurray. Their first recorded appearance is often cited as coming from a 1976 album by Phil Ranelin entitled Vibes from the Tribe. Bey is featured with Ranelin on a track called He the One We All Know with drummer Tariq Samad and David Abdul Kahafiz on zeetar. Bey is credited as Faruk Hanif Bey. The first recording by Griot Galaxy proper was 1981's Kins, released on Black and White Records. In 1983, two tracks appeared on an LP called The Montreux Detroit Collection, vol. 3: Motor City Modernists, recorded at Detroit's Montreux Jazz Festival. A 1983 performance at the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA) was recorded, but shelved until it was released by Entropy Stereo in 2003. Throughout 1984, Griot Galaxy toured extensively in Europe. A live recording from Austria was released as Opus Krampus by the German label Sound Aspects. This was the last recording of the group, which officially disbanded in 1989 after Bey was involved in a serious motorcycle accident five years prior.

text:
# Griot Galaxy

**Griot Galaxy** was an avant-garde jazz band led by Detroit saxophonist and poet Faruq Z. Bey. The band was founded in 1972 with drummer Tariq Samad, bassist Jaribu Shahid, and saxophonists Bey, Anthony Holland and David McMurray. Their first recorded appearance is often cited as coming from a 1976 album by Phil Ranelin entitled *Vibes from the Tribe*. Bey is featured with Ranelin on a track called *He the One We All Know* with drummer Tariq Samad and David Abdul Kahafiz on zeetar. Bey is credited as Faruk Hanif Bey.

The first recording by Griot Galaxy proper was 1981's *Kins*, released on Black and White Records. In 1983, two tracks appeared on an LP called *The Montreux Detroit Collection, vol. 3: Motor City Modernists*, recorded at Detroit's Montreux Jazz Festival. A 1983 performance at the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA) was recorded, but shelved until it was released by Entropy Stereo in 2003.

Throughout 1984, Griot Galaxy toured extensively in Europe. A live recording from Austria was released as *Opus Krampus* by the German label Sound Aspects. This was the last recording of the group, which officially disbanded in 1989 after Bey was involved in a serious motorcycle accident five years prior.

## InfoBox

| Griot Galaxy | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Detroit, Michigan, USA |
| Genres | Avant Garde Jazz |
| Years active | 1972–1989 |
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| Past members | Patrice Williams ("Kafi Nassoma"), Sadiq Bey, Mubarak Hakim, Spencer Barefield, Horace Harlaque, Darryl Pierce, Elreta Dodds, Eric Anderson |


title: Mount Binga National Park

abstract: Mount Binga National Park is a national park at Mount Binga in the Toowoomba Region of the Darling Downs region in southern Queensland, Australia. The park lies within the catchment area of Emu Creek, a tributary of the Brisbane River and belongs to the South East Queensland bioregion. Mount Binga National Park was established in 2006 to conserve the natural and scenic values of the area. The park was originally part of Mount Binga State Forest which still exists adjacent to the national park. The landscape is flat with some undulations and contains a wide range of vegetation types. Araucarian vine forest predominate. Five endangered species have been recorded in the park, including the endangered spotted gum. Bird species found at Mount Binga include the black-breasted buttonquail, black-faced monarch, rainbow bee-eater and rufous fantail.

text:
# Mount Binga National Park

**Mount Binga National Park** is a national park at Mount Binga in the Toowoomba Region of the Darling Downs region in southern Queensland, Australia. The park lies within the catchment area of Emu Creek, a tributary of the Brisbane River and belongs to the South East Queensland bioregion.

Mount Binga National Park was established in 2006 to conserve the natural and scenic values of the area. The park was originally part of Mount Binga State Forest which still exists adjacent to the national park.

The landscape is flat with some undulations and contains a wide range of vegetation types. Araucarian vine forest predominate. Five endangered species have been recorded in the park, including the endangered spotted gum. Bird species found at Mount Binga include the black-breasted buttonquail, black-faced monarch, rainbow bee-eater and rufous fantail.

## Facilities

There are no visitor facilities.

## InfoBox

| Mount Binga National Park<br>Queensland | |
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| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Mount Binga National Park | |
| Nearest town or city | Cooyar |
| Coordinates | 27°2′26″S 151°56′54″E / 27.04056°S 151.94833°E / -27.04056; 151.94833 |
| Established | 2006 |
| Area | 1,066.7 hectares (2,636 acres) |
| Managing authorities | Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service |
| See also | Protected areas of Queensland |