title: Willis Cuttell

abstract: Willis Robert Cuttell was an English cricketer. Along with Albert Hallam, his support for Briggs and Mold gave Lancashire its first official County championship victory in 1897. His bowling was also important to Lancashire's Championship win seven years later, in which they went through the whole season without being beaten. Cuttell was a slow right-arm bowler who possessed the unusual ability to turn the ball from leg without throwing it up enough to encourage risk-taking batsmen to attack him. He was very accurate in length and also possessed the characteristic break-back of most bowlers of his time, which made him as unplayable as any bowler when the pitch helped him. He was very slow to move into first-class cricket. Cuttell's early cricket was played for the Accrington Club in the Lancashire League. Having been born in Yorkshire and his father William Cuttell having played for them in the 1860s, he decided to try for a place in the Yorkshire eleven. However, his form in a couple of matches against opposition that was not recognised as first-class was not encouraging, so that Willis returned to league cricket. From 1891 he shifted to the Nelson Club and proved himself the best bowler in league cricket. In 1895 he took 106 wickets for 8½ runs apiece and in 1893 as many as 118 wickets fell to his bowling in league games. Cuttell, long qualified by residence for Lancashire, was finally engaged by them for the season of 1896. He played only two games and then was dropped, but the following year, after a rather slow start, Cuttell showed himself right up to the standard of first-class county cricket. On hard pitches he was never especially difficult, but on the softer pitches at the end of the season he was frequently deadly, taking twelve for 81 in the last match against Nottinghamshire. His work on soft pitches was deadly enough for him to head the Lancashire averages for all first-class games and was chosen as Cricketer of the Year by Wisden. In 1898, with Hallam ill, Mold injured more than once, and Briggs terribly out of form, Cuttell became the mainstay of Lancashire cricket. Although his wickets were very expensive considering the many rain-affected wickets, his batting advanced so much that he accomplished the "double" of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets. He achieved his best haul of eight for 105 against Gloucestershire on a good pitch in July. He toured South Africa because the matting wickets were expected to suit his style, but did nothing of remarkable quality in his only Tests. The following year, with very few pitches to help him, Cuttell was less successful as a bowler and could not gain a place against Australia, but he batted very well, scoring 137 against Nottinghamshire and scoring more runs than in any other season. 1900 saw Cuttell re-assert himself as one of the best bowlers in England, but with Rhodes and Haigh establishing themselves as the deadliest bowlers on sticky wickets Cuttell's days as a representative player were over. 1901 to 1903 were very disappointing both in batting and bowling, but in 1904 Cuttell's bowling on several sticky wickets in May was decisive in giving Lancashire a surprise championship win after losing Sydney Barnes. Despite a dreadful 1905, Cuttell bowled with deadly effect in 1906, being ahead even of Haigh in the national bowling averages despite taking over 100 fewer wickets. However, aged 43, he had already decided on the post of coach at Rugby School, which he held right through to 1926. At the age of 63, he then became an umpire in county matches, but could carry out this role for only two years before his health deteriorated too much.

text:
# Willis Cuttell

**Willis Robert Cuttell** (13 September 1863 – 9 December 1929) was an English cricketer. Along with Albert Hallam, his support for Briggs and Mold gave Lancashire its first official County championship victory in 1897. His bowling was also important to Lancashire's Championship win seven years later, in which they went through the whole season without being beaten.

Cuttell was a slow right-arm bowler who possessed the unusual ability to turn the ball from leg without throwing it up enough to encourage risk-taking batsmen to attack him. He was very accurate in length and also possessed the characteristic break-back of most bowlers of his time, which made him as unplayable as any bowler when the pitch helped him.

He was very slow to move into first-class cricket. Cuttell's early cricket was played for the Accrington Club in the Lancashire League. Having been born in Yorkshire and his father William Cuttell having played for them in the 1860s, he decided to try for a place in the Yorkshire eleven. However, his form in a couple of matches against opposition that was not recognised as first-class was not encouraging, so that Willis returned to league cricket. From 1891 he shifted to the Nelson Club (later famous as where Ted McDonald played when qualifying for Lancashire) and proved himself the best bowler in league cricket. In 1895 he took 106 wickets for 8½ runs apiece and in 1893 as many as 118 wickets fell to his bowling in league games.

Cuttell, long qualified by residence for Lancashire, was finally engaged by them for the season of 1896. He played only two games and then was dropped, but the following year, after a rather slow start, Cuttell showed himself right up to the standard of first-class county cricket. On hard pitches he was never especially difficult, but on the softer pitches at the end of the season he was frequently deadly, taking twelve for 81 in the last match against Nottinghamshire. His work on soft pitches was deadly enough for him to head the Lancashire averages for all first-class games and was chosen as *Cricketer of the Year* by *Wisden*.

In 1898, with Hallam ill, Mold injured more than once, and Briggs terribly out of form, Cuttell became the mainstay of Lancashire cricket. Although his wickets were very expensive considering the many rain-affected wickets, his batting advanced so much that he accomplished the "double" of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets. He achieved his best haul of eight for 105 against Gloucestershire on a good pitch in July. He toured South Africa because the matting wickets were expected to suit his style, but did nothing of remarkable quality in his only Tests. The following year, with very few pitches to help him, Cuttell was less successful as a bowler and could not gain a place against Australia, but he batted very well, scoring 137 against Nottinghamshire and scoring more runs than in any other season. 1900 saw Cuttell re-assert himself as one of the best bowlers in England, but with Rhodes and Haigh establishing themselves as the deadliest bowlers on sticky wickets Cuttell's days as a representative player were over. 1901 to 1903 were very disappointing both in batting and bowling, but in 1904 Cuttell's bowling on several sticky wickets in May was decisive in giving Lancashire a surprise championship win after losing Sydney Barnes.

Despite a dreadful 1905, Cuttell bowled with deadly effect in 1906, being ahead even of Haigh in the national bowling averages despite taking over 100 fewer wickets. However, aged 43, he had already decided on the post of coach at Rugby School, which he held right through to 1926. At the age of 63, he then became an umpire in county matches, but could carry out this role for only two years before his health deteriorated too much.

## InfoBox

Willis Cuttell
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 13 September 1863
Sheffield, Yorkshire |
| Died | 9 December 1929 (aged 66)
Nelson, Lancashire |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm slow |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut | 14 February 1899 v South Africa |
| Last Test | 1 April 1899 v South Africa |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test First-class  Matches 2 227  Runs scored 65 5,938  Batting average 16.25 20.90  100s/50s 0/0 5/21  Top score 21 137  Balls bowled 285 44,372  Wickets 6 792  Bowling average 12.16 19.59  5 wickets in innings 0 50  10 wickets in match 0 8  Best bowling 3/17 8/105  Catches/stumpings 2/– 141/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 6 November 2022 | |


abstract: Willis Creek is a 1.90 mi (3.06 km) long 2nd order tributary to the Cape Fear River in Cumberland County, North Carolina.

text:
# Willis Creek (Cape Fear River tributary)

**Willis Creek** is a 1.90 mi (3.06 km) long 2nd order tributary to the Cape Fear River in Cumberland County, North Carolina.

## Course

Willis Creek rises on the west side of Fayetteville, North Carolina in Fort Bragg. Cross Creek then flows southeast through Fayetteville to join the Cape Fear River on the east side of Fayetteville.

## Watershed

Cross Creek drains 13.53 square miles (35.0 km2) of area, receives about 48.7 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 560.85 and is about 19% forested.

## InfoBox

| Willis Creek
Tributary to Cape Fear River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Willis Creek mouthWillis Creek (Cape Fear River tributary) (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | Cumberland |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | confluence of Swans Creek and Kirks Mill Creek |
| location | about 5 miles northeast of Tobermory, North Carolina |
| coordinates | 34°51′31″N 078°51′03″W / 34.85861°N 78.85083°W / 34.85861; -78.85083 |
| elevation | 80 ft (24 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Cape Fear River |
| location | about 1.5 miles southwest of Elease, North Carolina |
| coordinates | 34°51′05″N 078°49′38″W / 34.85139°N 78.82722°W / 34.85139; -78.82722 |
| elevation | 33 ft (10 m) |
| Length | 1.90 mi (3.06 km) |
| Basin size | 13.53 square miles (35.0 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Cape Fear River |
| average | 15.07 cu ft/s (0.427 m3/s) at mouth with Cape Fear River |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Cape Fear RiverAtlantic Ocean |
| River system | Cape Fear River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Swans Creek |
| right | Kirks Mill Creek |
| Bridges | Crittercreek Road |


title: Willis Curdy

abstract: Willis Curdy is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the 98th district in the Montana House of Representatives from 2015 to 2023. Curdy was born in Bitterroot Valley in 1947 and currently resides in Missoula, Montana. He also attended the University of Montana, once from 1967 to 1971, and once in 1987.

text:
# Willis Curdy

**Willis Curdy** (born October 30, 1947) is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the 98th district in the Montana House of Representatives from 2015 to 2023.

Curdy was born in Bitterroot Valley in 1947 and currently resides in Missoula, Montana. He also attended the University of Montana, once from 1967 to 1971, and once in 1987.

## InfoBox

| Willis Curdy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Montana House of Representatives
from the 98th district | |
| **In office**
January 5, 2015  January 2, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Jenifer Gursky |
| Succeeded by | Bob Carter |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-10-30) October 30, 1947
Bitterroot Valley |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Gloria Curdy |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | University of Montana |
| Profession | Businessman, teacher |
|  | |


title: Wimmeria montana

abstract: Wimmeria montana is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to Mexico.

text:
# Wimmeria montana

***Wimmeria montana*** is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Wimmeria montana* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Celastrales |
| Family: | Celastraceae |
| Genus: | *Wimmeria* |
| Species: | ***W. montana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Wimmeria montana***
Lundell | |
|


abstract: William Watts was a British official with the East India Company. He was involved in the overthrow of the last independent ruler of Bengal, leading directly to the consolidation of Company rule in Bengal and his own personal enrichment. Through his wife Begum Johnson, he had notable descendants, including a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

text:
# William Watts (East India Company official)

**William Watts** (c.1722 – 4 August 1764) was a British official with the East India Company. He was involved in the overthrow of the last independent ruler of Bengal, leading directly to the consolidation of Company rule in Bengal and his own personal enrichment. Through his wife Begum Johnson, he had notable descendants, including a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

## Early life and marriage

Watts was born about 1722, a son of William Watts of London, an academy master (teacher), and his first wife Mary Hills.

On 24 March 1749 in Calcutta, William married Frances Altham, née Croke (10 April \[1725\] 1728 – 3 February 1812), a well-connected widow. She is known to history as Begum Johnson and lived most of her remarkably long life in Calcutta, which in 1772 became the *de facto* capital of British India. This connected William Watts to the Governors of Fort St. David and of Calcutta.

## Career

Watts was chief of the Cossimbazar factory (trading post) of the East India Company. Robert Clive made Watts the company's representative to the Nawab's court at Murshidabad. Clive engaged Watts to work out a secret plan for the final overthrow of Siraj ud-Daulah and to install a favourable ruler instead. Watts thus set up contact with the dissident *emirs* (nobles, commanders) of the Murshidabad *durbar* (court), including Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan. Watts played a role in forging the grand conspiracy against Siraj Ud Daulah which led to the Battle of Plassey. On 5 June 1757, he visited Mir Jafar and obtained his oath of allegiance.

In recognition of his services, Watts was given £114,000 from the Nawab's treasury and made the governor of Fort William on 22 June 1758, in place of Roger Drake, who had deserted the fort when it was attacked and captured earlier that month. This had been the location of the Black Hole of Calcutta on 20 June 1756. Four days later Watts resigned in favour of Robert Clive to return to England.

## Later life and death

On his return to England he built the South Hill Park mansion, which lies to the south of Bracknell, Berkshire; the building is now an arts centre.

In 1759 he was offered government backing to fight Ipswich but he refused what was likely to be a competitive election saying that he was "quite unfit for a bustle" but ready to pay for a seat "where no kind of opposition can be.

In June 1764, he was in the process of buying Hanslope Park, in Buckinghamshire, but died that August. The sale was completed for his son Edward, who became Lord of the Manor.

Watts died in August 1764 and is buried in the Watts vault in Hanslope parish church. His *Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal* was published in the year of his death.

## Family

He had three surviving children (one child, William, died in infancy). These were also the only surviving children of Frances. All had notable descendants in politics and empire-building.

Their daughter Amelia married George III's close adviser Charles Jenkinson, later the first Earl of Liverpool. An early portrait by Joshua Reynolds is thought to have been of her. She died aged 19, shortly after giving birth to Robert, who grew up to be Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Their daughter Sophia married George Poyntz Ricketts of Midgham, Jamaica (named after Midgham, Berkshire, the family seat of the Poyntz) and Grove Place in Nursling, Hampshire. He became governor of Tobago in 1793 and of Barbados the following year, a post he held till his death in 1800. Their son Charles Milner Ricketts (1776–1867) (presumed to be named after Sir William Milner, 2nd Baronet) spent most of his working life in India as a respected administrator, married a sister of Michael Prendergast (MP), and on his retirement became an MP himself.

Their son Edward stayed in Hanslope Park. On 26 March 1778 he married Florentia, daughter of Alexander Wynch, sometime Governor of Madras, who had retired to Harley Street, London.


title: Mother Bombie

abstract: Mother Bombie is an Elizabethan era stage play, a comedy by John Lyly. It is unique in Lyly's dramatic canon as a work of farce and social realism; in Mother Bombie alone, Lyly departs from his dream world of classical allusion and courtly comedy to create a "vulgar realistic play of rustic life" in a contemporaneous England.

text:
# Mother Bombie

***Mother Bombie*** is an Elizabethan era stage play, a comedy by John Lyly. It is unique in Lyly's dramatic canon as a work of farce and social realism; in *Mother Bombie* alone, Lyly departs from his dream world of classical allusion and courtly comedy to create a "vulgar realistic play of rustic life" in a contemporaneous England.

## Publication and performance

*Mother Bombie* was entered into the Stationers' Register on 18 June 1594, and was published later that year, in a quarto printed by Thomas Scarlet for the bookseller Cuthbert Burby. Burby issued a second quarto in 1598, the printing done by Thomas Creede. The play was next printed in 1632, when it was included in *Six Court Comedies,* the initial collection of Lyly's works published by Edward Blount.

No specific early performances of the play are known; the title page of the first edition states that *Mother Bombie* was "sundry times" acted by the Children of Paul's, Lyly's regular company – performances that must have occurred prior to that company's cessation of activity in 1591. The play's date of authorship is uncertain and conjectural; given the complexity of the play's plot (atypical for Lyly), some critics have regarded *Mother Bombie* as the last and most technically mature of the dramatist's plays, and have dated it to c. 1590.

Thomas Nashe praised *Mother Bombie* in his 1596 pamphlet *Have With You to Saffron-Walden* as a popular and merry comedy. Modern critics have compared *Mother Bombie* with *The Comedy of Errors,* Shakespeare's similar classically shaped comedy; both plays feature comic servants named "Dromio."

The play was the subject of a pair of staged readings in recent years: one on 5 December 2010 at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London, coordinated by James Wallace and another on 11 March 2012 at the American Shakespeare Center's Blackfriars Playhouse in Staunton, Virginia, directed by Brett Sullivan Santry, featuring a cast of students from Stuart Hall School.

## Source, style, and influence

Unlike Lyly's other plays, which can be described as lightly plotted, *Mother Bombie* has a tight and complex plot. The influence of Terence is obvious – "This is Lyly's single exploration into the Terentian mode of comedy." Except for the title character and one servant, all the characters in the play have Latin names. Yet no specific source for the plot has been determined; the story, apparently, is largely original with Lyly. Commonalities with the contemporary Italian novels that supplied so much plot material to English Renaissance drama are too vague and general to support direct linkages.

"Mother Bumbey" is a folklore figure in the traditional ballad literature; Lyly did not invent her, though he clearly added to her fame. She is mentioned by other writers in subsequent plays: by Thomas Heywood in *The Wise Woman of Hogsdon* (c. 1604), and in *The Witch of Edmonton* (1621), by Dekker, Ford, and Rowley.

## Synopsis

Set in Rochester in Kent, the play's plot turns on the marital fortunes of two young couples, and the complicating opposition of their four respective fathers. Memphio and Stellio are two rich old men; they want to arrange an advantageous marriage between their two children, Accius and Silena. Each of the two fathers knows that his child is a simpleton – what the Elizabethans succinctly called a "fool" – but neither knows that his child's prospective partner is also a simpleton. Each father is trying to take advantage of the other, in the same way.

A pair of young lovers named Candius and Livia are the closest the play offers to a hero and heroine; their love is true, but their marriage is opposed by their fathers, Sperantus and Prisius, who want to arrange more lucrative matches for their children. Sperantus, in fact, wants his son Candius to marry the wealthy Silena, while Prisius wants his daughter Livia to wed the rich heir Accius. And of course, since this is the dramatic world of Lyly, each of the four old men has a young page – and all the pages (Dromio, Riscio, Lucio, and Halfpenny) conspire together to manipulate the outcome of their masters' schemes.

Each of the wealthy fathers tries to hide his child's foolishness by disguising them as their poorer but more sensible counterparts – Accius as Candius, Silena as Livia; but the plan falls through and the mutual folly of the two young people is exposed. Conversely, Candius and Livia manage to fool their fathers and marry – by disguising themselves as Accius and Silena. Their fathers, Sperantus and Prisius, eventually reconcile themselves to the idea of their children's marriage. The wealthy fathers, Memphio and Stellio, come close to accepting the same realization, and allowing their foolish children to marry – the idea being that such a marriage is better than no marriage at all.

Yet the foolish marriage is forestalled when the old nurse Vicinia reveals that the two fools are actually her children, and so are brother and sister. Long years before, Vicinia exchanged her children for the rich men's real offspring, who are now called Maestius and Serena. These two, thinking themselves siblings, have been struggling against what they think is a mutual incestuous passion; once they learn that they are not actually related, they can legitimately wed. The rich old men, pleased to have their natural children restored to them, magnanimously agree to provide support for their false imbecilic children; and a happy ending is engineered all around.

Mother Bombie, the local cunning woman, functions rather like a dramatic chorus in all this; characters consult her for advice and she predicts the outcomes of particular situations in doggerel verse. ("Mother Bombie told me my father knew me not, my mother bore me not, falsely bred, truly begot....") She has relatively little direct effect on events, except for convincing Vicinia to expose her secret and thus resolve the plot's difficulties.

## Characters

In order of appearance:

* Memphio - wealthy man; believes he is the father of Accius; actually the father of Maestius
* Dromio - Memphio's page
* Stellio - wealthy man; believes he is the father of Silena; actually the father of Serena
* Riscio - Stellio's page
* Prisius - father of Livia
* Sperantus - father of Candius
* Livia - daughter of Priscius
* Candius - son of Sperantus
* Halfpenny - Sperantus' page
* Lucio - Prisius' page
* Silena - simple daughter of Stellio; actually Vicinia's daughter
* Mother Bombie - wise woman
* Maestius - believes he is the brother of Serena and son of Vicinia; actually the son of Memphio
* Serena - believes she is the sister of Maestius and daughter of Vicinia; actually the daughter of Stellio
* Accius - simple son of Memphio; actually Vicinia's son
* Rixula - acquaintance of the pages
* Hackneyman - man who has horses for hire
* Sergeant - enforcer of the law
* Scrivener - scribe
* Vicinia - wet nurse and pseudo-mother for Maestius and Serena; real mother of Accius and Silena
* Synis - fiddler
* Nasutus - fiddler
* Beduneus - fiddler

## "Cunning woman"

In *Mother Bombie,* the title character specifically denies that she is a witch, and calls herself a "cunning woman." The play has attracted the attention of modern scholars interested in feminism, women's studies, the witchcraft controversy, and related issues.


title: Moroka Swallows F.C.

abstract: Moroka Swallows Football Club is a South African professional football club based in Soweto, Johannesburg, in the Gauteng province. Founded in 1947, Swallows are one of the original two Soweto clubs, together with Orlando Pirates, thus contest what is known as the Original Soweto Derby. Until relegation in the 2014–15 season, the club had played every season of the Premier Soccer League. They won the 2019–20 National First Division and competed in the 2020–21 South African Premier Division, they finished 6th in what was their first season back in top-flight football league system and qualified for 2021 MTN 8 competition. They play their home matches at Dobsonville Stadium.

text:
# Moroka Swallows F.C.

**Moroka Swallows Football Club** (often referred to as **Swallows** or **The Birds**) is a South African professional football club based in Soweto, Johannesburg, in the Gauteng province.

Founded in 1947, Swallows are one of the original two Soweto clubs, together with Orlando Pirates, thus contest what is known as the Original Soweto Derby.

Until relegation in the 2014–15 season, the club had played every season of the Premier Soccer League.

They won the 2019–20 National First Division and competed in the 2020–21 South African Premier Division, they finished 6th in what was their first season back in top-flight football league system and qualified for 2021 MTN 8 competition. They play their home matches at Dobsonville Stadium.

## History

The club was founded in the 1940s by a trio of football lovers, Ishmael Lesolang, Strike Makgatha, and Johnny Kubheka.

They originally named the side *Congregated Rovers* after the firm in which most of the players and officials worked, later changing it to *Moroka Rovers*.

But then, on 10 October 1947, the trio decided to change the name again to *Moroka Swallows*, basing themselves in the township formally known as Masakeng.

The name has lasted for the best part of 55 years, a period which has seen consistent success both on the field and off it.

The name 'moroka' means 'rain maker' in Setswana and the township was probably named after Chief Moroka of Barolong boo-Seleka who became the president of the African National Congress in 1940s. It is hardly surprising therefore that the club was renamed the 'rain bird'.

The 1950s and 1960s were a successful time for the club, culminating in their greatest ever achievement, winning the South African League title in 1965.

Off the field, the club was becoming a business and in 1971 they became the first ever football team to register as a public company.

That same year they were also the first to receive an official sponsorship when Teljoy began their association with the club. The decade between 1982 and 1992 was a successful one for the team, culminating in four pieces of silverware.

In 2007, the club celebrated its 60th anniversary. Two years later Swallows won the Nedbank Cup, the club's first piece of silverware for five years.

The club narrowly avoided relegation in the 2013–14 season, finishing thirteenth. The 2014–15 season saw them relegated for the first time in their history, finishing 15th, and failing to retain their position after being defeated in the promotion-relegation playoffs.

Following their first relegation from the top level, the club finished bottom of the log in the National First Division, and were relegated again to the SAFA Second Division, subsequently being liquidated.

Prior to the start of the 2018–19 season, Swallows purchased the franchise of National First Division team Maccabi for R8 million, and competed in the 2019–20 National First Division under the name Swallows F.C.

At the end 2019–20 National First Division season, the club gained promotion to the Premier Soccer League following a 3–0 win against third-placed Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila F.C., then competed in the 2020–21 South African Premier Division.

After being officially named Swallows F.C. in the aftermath of their bankruptcy and a FIFA ban, they renamed themselves to Moroka Swallows F.C. prior to the start of the 2023–24 season.

The club experienced financial difficulties during the 2023–24 season, with the club failing to honour their final two fixtures of 2023. This was blamed in part due to the PSL blocking Swallow's sponsorship by Telkom, claiming that it was in competition with MTN, sponsors of their MTN 8 competition.

Swallows sold their Premiership franchise to Marumo Gallants prior to the start of the 2024-25 season.

## Honours

## Club records

Source:

### League positions

#### South African Premiership

#### National First Division

#### SAFA Second Division (Gauteng)

#### National First Division

#### South African Premiership

## First team squad

*Updated 26 January, 2024*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  2 DF  RSA Sipho Sibiya  4 DF  RSA Keegan Allan  5 DF  RSA Wandisile Letlabika  6 MF  RSA Tlakusani Mthethwa  7 MF  RSA Lindokuhle Mtshali  8 MF  RSA Lantshene Phalane  11 FW  MWI Gabadinho Mhango  15 MF  RSA Andile Jali  16 FW  RSA Moeketsi Makhanya  18 DF  RSA Gregory Damons  23 DF  RSA Mthokozisi Shwabule  24 DF  RSA Vusi Sibiya  25 FW  RSA Thabang Maponya | No. Pos. Nation Player  27 DF  RSA Keenan Phillips  31 GK  RSA Thakasani Mbanjwa  33 DF  RSA Givemore Khupe  34 DF  RSA Junaid Sait  38 FW  TAN David Uromi  42 FW  RSA Dumisani Zuma  44 DF  RSA Kwanda Mngonyama  47 MF  RSA Mbulelo Wambi  49 MF  RSA Thandolwethu Ngwenya  55 GK  NGA Daniel Akpeyi  66 DF  RSA Bongani Sam *(on loan from Orlando Pirates)*  72 MF  RSA Ntsako Makhubela  MF  CIV Yao Léonard Djaha |
| --- | --- |

## Notable players

* Brad Norman (2019): He converted into the first South African to play in Paraguay following his stint with Moroka Swallows.

## Notable former coaches

## InfoBox

Moroka Swallows FC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Moroka Swallows Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | The Dube Birds, Amaswaiswai, The Beautiful Birds |
| Founded | 1947 (1947) |
| Ground | Volkswagen Dobsonville Stadium, Soweto, <br>Johannesburg |
| Capacity | 24,000 |
| Chairman | David Mogashoa |
| Manager | Vacant |
| League | Motsepe Foundation Championship |
| 2023–24 | DStv Premiership, 14th |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Morris Sigman

abstract: Morris Sigman (1881–1931) was president of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union from 1923 to 1928.

text:
# Morris Sigman

**Morris Sigman** (1881–1931) was president of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union from 1923 to 1928.

## Biography

### Early life

Born in Akkerman (then in Bessarabia Province of the Russian Empire), Morris Sigman spent his youth working as a lumberjack before moving to London in 1902. In 1903, Sigman emigrated to New York City and began work as a presser in the cloak industry. He organized the Independent Cloak and Skirt Pressers' Union (1904) and allied it with the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance. In 1905, the Independent Cloak and Skirt Pressers' Union was one of the founding unions of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), but by 1908, the union had left the IWW and joined the ILGWU.

### Work with the ILGWU

Shortly after joining the ILGWU, Morris Sigman began to hold local and national roles within the union. Sigman had been heavily involved in the garment workers' strikes of 1910, and was later arrested for murder in what became known as the "Trial of Seven Cloakmakers." With Morris Hillquit as their defense attorney, he and other cloakmakers were found not guilty in 1915. Sigman served as the manager of Local 35 New York Cloak Pressers Union (1913), and then general manager of the Joint Board of Cloakmakers in New York City (1917–1921). At the international level, Sigman was a vice president of the ILGWU (1910–1913), before becoming Secretary-Treasurer (1914–1915) and first vice president (1920–1923). He was elected president of the ILGWU in 1923.

In 1923, the ILGWU president Benjamin Schlesinger resigned and the convention elected Morris Sigman, who had served as the Secretary Treasurer of the ILGWU. Sigman had served as Secretary Treasurer before resigning after a dispute with Schlesinger. As a former IWW member and anti-communist, Sigman immediately began to remove Communist Party members from leadership positions in prominent cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston. Consequently, Sigman was unable to regain control of the New York locals, including Dressmakers’ Local 22, where the Communist Party membership support prevailed.. As a result, the left wing allies, which included many anarchists, and socialists rallied to prevent the ILGWU from physically retaking their union hall. Sigman then proposed an agreement that he later negotiated with the industry in 1925, but the defiant unions led a campaign to reject the proposal. This union-led campaign resulted in more than 30,000 union members gathering at Yankee Stadium to call for a single day work stoppage on August 10, 1925. As the union leadership battled internally, the manufacturers hired gangsters to break the long 1926 general strike on the part of a New York local led by Communist Party members. This ended negotiations with the employers and kept the strike going another four months, at the end of which the union was nearly bankrupt and the left-wing leadership almost fully discredited. Morris Sigman took over negotiations, settled the strike and then proceeded to prevent the Communist Party from obtaining any positions of influence within the ILGWU.

Morris Sigman then called for a truce in the internal dispute with the rallied left-wing members. The agreement followed up with a reform of the ILGWU's internal governance system, which gave proportional influence to locals based on the sizes of their memberships, despite the left-wing of the union growing increasingly stronger. With the election at the 1925 convention, Sigman increasingly relied on the support of David Duninsky's cutters union, Italian locals, and many ‘out-of-town’ locals’ to hold on to his presidency. He declared that elections by the membership at this time would be undesirable, although he stated in reply to a question that he had favored the idea in principle at the Philadelphia convention. "What the workers of New York want," Sigman claimed, "is bread, not referenda. What they want are jobs, not referenda." Sigman also attributed the decreasing union standards in New York to not be from ILGWU officials, but instead a result of general industrial depression complicated by Communists. In addition, Sigman alleged that it was the duty of the New York Joint Board, which his opponents control, to improve conditions, secure the jobs for workers and protect union standards. Sigman announced his intention to be a candidate for re-election, marking the first time in his association with the ILGWU that he had done so. His efforts proved inadequate as the failed 1926 strike had nearly bankrupted the ILGWU, and consequently the International also lost a proportion of the locals that had decided to follow their expelled leaders out of the ILGWU rather than stay within the union. Morris Sigman's preference toward the right-wing within the ILGWU led David Dubinsky to suggest in 1928 that the union bring back Benjamin Schlesinger. In response, Morris Sigman did not support the proposal, but acceded to it and resigned in a dispute with the union's executive board. Benjamin Schlesinger later replaced Morris Sigman and David Dubinsky was named Secretary-Treasurer. Following Schlesinger's death in 1932, Dubinsky succeeded in gaining the presidency. Dubinsky later became the longest serving president of the ILGWU (1932-1966). Dubinsky had previously been a supportive advocate in Sigman's efforts to keep the Communist Party influence out of the union's leadership.

### Legacy

Sigman's tenure as president of the ILGWU was a tempestuous one in which the union faced a long and bitter internal struggle with Communist members for control of the organization. A lengthy strike of New York Cloakmakers in 1926 proved to be another costly battle for the union during this period. But Sigman's term was also marked by some significant accomplishments, including a reform effort that made possible substantial union contributions to the restructuring of the garment industry.

## Sources

Biography of Morris Sigman

http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/ILGWU/presidents/BenjaminSchlesinger.html http://www.jta.org/1928/05/16/archive/sigman-group-victorious-on-question-of-election-by-national-referendum http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/ILGWU/presidents/MorrisSigman.html http://womenshistory.about.com/od/worklaborunions/a/ilgwu.htm Archived 2016-06-09 at the Wayback Machine


title: William Wilson (defender)

abstract: William Wilson was an English professional footballer who played as a right back.

text:
# William Wilson (defender)

**William Wilson** was an English professional footballer who played as a right back.

## Career

Born in South Shields, Wilson played for South Shields, Newcastle United and Bradford City. For Newcastle United, he made 4 appearances in the Football League. For Bradford City, he made 58 appearances in the Football League; he also made 5 FA Cup appearances.

## Sources

* Frost, Terry (1988). *Bradford City A Complete Record 1903-1988*. Breedon Books Sport. ISBN 0-907969-38-0.

## InfoBox

William Wilson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Place of birth | South Shields, England | | |
| Position(s) | Right back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | South Shields |  |  |
| 1900–1903 | Newcastle United | 4 | (0) |
| 1903–1905 | Bradford City | 58 | (1) |
| Total |  | **62** | **(1)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Morro da Boa Vista

abstract: Morro da Boa Vista is the highest mountain in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, the highest at Serra Geral and the third highest in Southern Brazil, after Pico Paraná and Pico Caratuva, at 1,823.6 metres (5,983 ft). The peak can get quite cold during winter, with the possibility of snowfall. It is about 91 km north-east of Pico do Monte Negro, another Brazilian state record holder. It is 21 km south-east of Bom Retiro, Santa Catarina.

text:
# Morro da Boa Vista

**Morro da Boa Vista** (Portuguese pronunciation: \[ˈmoʁu  ˈboɐ ˈvistɐ\]) is the highest mountain in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, the highest at Serra Geral and the third highest in Southern Brazil, after Pico Paraná and Pico Caratuva, at 1,823.6 metres (5,983 ft). The peak can get quite cold during winter, with the possibility of snowfall. It is about 91 km north-east of Pico do Monte Negro, another Brazilian state record holder. It is 21 km south-east of Bom Retiro, Santa Catarina.

## InfoBox

| Morro da Boa Vista | |
| --- | --- |
| Morro da Boa VistaBrazil | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,823.6 m (5,983 ft) |
| Listing | Brazilian state high point |
| Coordinates | 27°54′31″S 49°19′16″W / 27.90861°S 49.32111°W / -27.90861; -49.32111 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Santa Catarina, Brazil |
| Parent range | Serra Geral |


title: Mount Duckabush

abstract: Mount Duckabush is a 6,254-foot (1,906 m) peak located in Olympic National Park in the Olympic Mountains of Washington state. The headwaters of the Duckabush River include the northwest slopes of Mount Duckabush.

text:
# Mount Duckabush

**Mount Duckabush** is a 6,254-foot (1,906 m) peak located in Olympic National Park in the Olympic Mountains of Washington state. The headwaters of the Duckabush River include the northwest slopes of Mount Duckabush.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Duckabush is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Olympic Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Olympic Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall (Orographic lift). As a result, the Olympics experience high precipitation, especially during the winter months. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer.

## InfoBox

| Mount Duckabush | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount Duckabush seen from Mount Skokomish | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 6,254 ft (1,906 m)NAVD 88 |
| Prominence | 1,250 ft (380 m) |
| Coordinates | 47°37′50″N 123°21′42″W / 47.630462°N 123.361639°W / 47.630462; -123.361639 |
| Geography | |
| Mount DuckabushOlympic National Park
Jefferson County
Washington, U.S.Mount DuckabushMount Duckabush (the United States) | |
| Parent range | Olympic Mountains |
| Topo map | USGS Mount Duckabush |


title: Mosaics (Mark Heard album)

abstract: Mosaics is an album by Mark Heard, released in 1985 on Home Sweet Home Records. According to the liner notes in Ashes and Light, this album was recorded first but delayed by the record company who wanted the less rock-oriented Ashes released first. Consequently, this was the first album recorded in Heard's own Fingerprint Recording Studio.

text:
# Mosaics (Mark Heard album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Mosaics*** is an album by Mark Heard, released in 1985 on Home Sweet Home Records. According to the liner notes in *Ashes and Light*, this album was recorded first but delayed by the record company who wanted the less rock-oriented *Ashes* released first. Consequently, this was the first album recorded in Heard's own Fingerprint Recording Studio.

## Album cover

The cover art included a mosaic of a photo of Heard. The photo was cut up into tiny squares. The sections were then sent to friends, musicians and onlookers to paint or scribble on. The pieces were brought back together and reassembled in a computer for the final album cover. The cover artists were Tim Alderson, Bill Batstone, Christian Benz, T-Bone Burnett, Tim Chandler, Nancy Clark, Dave de Coup-Crank, Terry Currin, Vernettie Currin, Alex Disch, David Edwards, Rowena Emmett-Stelmach, Maria Finch Chandler, Margrit Geissler, Peter Geissler, Hansruedi Graf, Heard's wife Janet, Heard's parents Jean and John Heard, Mark Heard, Susan Heard, actor Jerry Houser, Tom Howard, Tonio K., Barry Miller Kaye, Martin Kurz, L'Abri volunteers, Christa Laderach, Peter Laderach, Angy von Lerber, Jean Daniel von Lerber, Ed McTaggart, John Mehler, Lynda Mehler, Sye and Ina Mitchell, Leslie Phillips, Gian Sandri, Prisca Sandri, Edith Schaeffer, David Stelmach, Randy Stonehill, Terry Scott Taylor, Pam Terry, Pat Terry, Christie Tickner, David Tickner, Ray and Sue Ware.

## Track listing

All songs written by Mark Heard, except "Power of Love" by T-Bone Burnett and "Miracle" by Mark Heard and Tonio K.

**Side one**

1. "With Broken Wings" - 4:18
2. "Schizophrenia" - 3:46
3. "All Is Not Lost" - 2:54
4. "Heart On the Line" - 4:11
5. "He Plays the Game" - 3:09

**Side two**

1. "The Golden Age" - 4:11
2. "The Power of Love " - 3:46
3. "I Want You" - 3:52
4. "It Will Not Be Like This Forever" - 4:21
5. "Miracle" - 4:53

## Personnel

**The band**

* Mark Heard - electric 6- and 12-string guitars, acoustic guitars, lead guitar, bass guitars, vocals, assorted sounds, backing vocals ("Miracle", "Schizophrenia")
* John Mehler \- drums
* David McSparran \- Simmons drums on "Power of Love" and "Miracle"
* David Mansfield \- lead guitar on "Heart of Hearts", "Schizo", "I Want You", and "Forever".
* Bill Batstone \- bass guitar on "Forever", general hanging out
* Harry Stinson \- percussion, Simmons drums
* Buddy Rufus Greene \- harmonica on "All is Not Lost" and "The Golden Age"
* Tom Howard \- synthesizer on "Golden Age", "Schizo" and "All is Not Lost"
* Barry Miller Kaye \- organ on "Forever"
* Leslie Phillips \- backing vocals except on "Schizophrenia" and "Miracle"
* Dave de Coup-Crank - backing vocals ("Miracle")
* Dori Howard - backing vocals ("Schizophrenia")

**Production notes**

* Mark Heard - producer, engineer, mixing at Fingerprint Recorders, arranger, cover design, computer art
* Janet Heard - punch-ins
* Dave de Coup Crank - punch-ins
* Nick van Maarth - punch-ins
* Tim Alderson - punch-ins, front cover concept
* Stewart Ivester - photography

## InfoBox

| Mosaics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mark Heard | |
| Released | 1985 |
| Studio | Fingerprint Recorders, Montrose, California |
| Genre | Folk, rock |
| Label | Home Sweet Home |
| Producer | Mark Heard |
| Mark Heard chronology | |
| *Ashes and Light*
(1984) ***Mosaics***
(1985) *Tribal Opera*
(1987) | |


title: Willow Grove, Kentucky

abstract: Willow Grove is an unincorporated community in Bracken County, Kentucky, United States.

text:
# Willow Grove, Kentucky

**Willow Grove** is an unincorporated community in Bracken County, Kentucky, United States.

## InfoBox

| Willow Grove, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Willow Grove, Kentucky | |
| Coordinates: 38°47′18″N 84°10′19″W / 38.78833°N 84.17194°W / 38.78833; -84.17194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Bracken |
| Elevation | 538 ft (164 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 859 |
| GNIS feature ID | 509377 |


title: William White (bishop of the Southeast)

abstract: William Joseph White is an American Anglican bishop who served as bishop ordinary of the Reformed Episcopal Church's Diocese of the Southeast.

text:
# William White (bishop of the Southeast)

**William Joseph White** (born 1947) is an American Anglican bishop who served as bishop ordinary of the Reformed Episcopal Church's Diocese of the Southeast.

## Biography

White was born in St. Stephen, South Carolina. He received his M.Div. from Cummins Theological Seminary in Summerville, South Carolina. He served several churches in the Diocese of the Southeast as a presbyter before being elected as suffragan bishop in the diocese.

On January 17, 2009, White was consecrated as the suffragan bishop of the Diocese of the Southeast at New Israel Reformed Episcopal Church in Charleston. REC Presiding Bishop Leonard W. Riches was the chief consecrator, joined by Sanco K. Rembert, Alphonza Gadsden, Royal U. Grote Jr., David L. Hicks, and Ray R. Sutton.

White was elected bishop coadjutor in 2015, and on December 12, 2020, he succeeded Gadsden as the eighth bishop ordinary of the Southeast. In September 2022, White retired. Bishop co-adjutor Willie J. Hill Jr. was installed to succeed White as the ninth bishop ordinary during the diocese's annual synod.

## Personal life

White married Vivian Jenkins in 1970; she died in 2018. They have two surviving children and one deceased child. In 2020, White was remarried to Gail Wilson.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
William J. White | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of the Southeast | |
| Church | Anglican Church in North America
Reformed Episcopal Church |
| Diocese | REC Southeast |
| In office | 2020–2022 |
| Predecessor | Alphonza Gadsden |
| Successor | Willie J. Hill Jr. |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | January 17, 2009
by Leonard W. Riches |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1947 (age 7677)
St. Stephen, South Carolina |


title: Mott Haven Herald

abstract: The Mott Haven Herald is an online news site that covers the Mott Haven, Port Morris, and Melrose sections of the Bronx in New York City. Founded in the spring of 2009 as a monthly newspaper, the Herald's news stories range from crime, arts, entertainment, and politics to the activities of local people and institutions. The newspaper's editor is Joe Hirsch. The reporters are students at the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York. The newspaper's partner publication is the Hunts Point Express, which is also edited by Hirsch and staffed by Newmark students. The Herald was founded by Bernard L. Stein, former editor of the Riverdale Press, as was The Express, which began publication in 2006.

text:
# Mott Haven Herald

The ***Mott Haven Herald*** is an online news site that covers the Mott Haven, Port Morris, and Melrose sections of the Bronx in New York City. Founded in the spring of 2009 as a monthly newspaper, the *Herald's* news stories range from crime, arts, entertainment, and politics to the activities of local people and institutions.

The newspaper's editor is Joe Hirsch. The reporters are students at the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York.

The newspaper's partner publication is the *Hunts Point Express*, which is also edited by Hirsch and staffed by Newmark students. The *Herald* was founded by Bernard L. Stein, former editor of the Riverdale Press, as was *The Express*, which began publication in 2006.

## InfoBox

Mott Haven Herald
| Type | Monthly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Owner(s) | Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York |
| Founder(s) | Bernard L. Stein |
| Publisher | Joe Hirsch |
| Editor | Joe Hirsch |
| Staff writers | 15 students |
| Launched | 2009 (2009) |
| Language | English |
| City | Bronx, New York City |
| Country | United States |
| Circulation | 4000 |
| Sister newspapers | Hunts Point Express |
| Website | motthavenherald.com |
|  | |


title: William de Percy, 6th Baron Percy

abstract: William de Percy, sixth feudal baron of Topcliffe, was an English noble. His father Henry de Percy was a son of Joscelin of Louvain and Agnes de Percy, while his mother Isabel de Brus was the daughter of Adam II de Brus, 3rd Lord of Skelton and great-granddaughter of Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, belonging to an English branch of the same family that yielded Clan Bruce of Scotland. He died in 1245 and was buried at Sawley Abbey.

text:
# William de Percy, 6th Baron Percy

**William de Percy** (died 1245), sixth feudal baron of Topcliffe, was an English noble.

His father Henry de Percy was a son of Joscelin of Louvain and Agnes de Percy, while his mother Isabel de Brus was the daughter of Adam II de Brus, 3rd Lord of Skelton and great-granddaughter of Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, belonging to an English branch of the same family that yielded Clan Bruce of Scotland. He died in 1245 and was buried at Sawley Abbey.

## Marriages and issue

He married firstly married Joan, daughter of William de Briwere and Beatrice de Vaux. They are known to have had the following known issue.

* Anastasia de Percy, married Ralph FitzRandolph, had issue.
* Joan de Percy, married the lord of Farlington.
* Agnes de Percy, married Eustace de Balliol, had issue.
* Alice de Percy, married Ralph Bermingham, had issue.

William married secondly Ellen, daughter of Ingram de Balliol and Agnes de Berkeley, they are known to have had the following known issue.

* Henry de Percy, Master of Topcliffe (father of Henry Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Alnwick)
* Ingram de Percy, married Joan de Fortibus, without issue.
* William de Percy, Canon of St. Peter's, York
* Walter de Percy
* Galfrid de Percy
* Alan de Percy
* Josceline de Percy
* Ellen de Percy

* Sanders, I.J. English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086-1327, Oxford, 1960.


title: William de Gelsey

abstract: Baron William de Gelsey of Gelse and Beliscse, internationally known as William de Gelsey, was a British banker and economist of Hungarian origin. He was chief adviser of the Board of Directors of UniCredit CAIB Securities and chairman of the board of directors at the pharmaceutical company Richter Gedeon Nyrt.

text:
# William de Gelsey

**Baron William de Gelsey** of Gelse and Beliscse (17 December 1921, Vienna – 26 February 2021, London), internationally known as William de Gelsey, was a British banker and economist of Hungarian origin. He was chief adviser of the Board of Directors of UniCredit CAIB Securities and chairman of the board of directors at the pharmaceutical company Richter Gedeon Nyrt.

## Family background

De Gelsey was the son of Dr. Henrik de Gelsey (1890–†?), lawyer and landowner, and Marguerite Lieser, a scion of the Gutmann family of Gelse and Beliscse. His mother was Austrian. His father's family lost their Croatian estates after the First World War. His paternal great-grandfather, Henrik Gutmann (1805–1890) of Gelse, was the president of the Nagykanizsa Savings Bank, founder and president of the Nagykanizsa Trade and Industry Bank shareholders' association, a citizen of Nagykanizsa, who was granted nobility and the noble predicate of Gelse from King Franz Joseph I of Hungary on 26 December 1869; his paternal great-grandmother was Nanette Strasser (1819–1878). His paternal grandfather, Baron Vilmos Gutmann of Gelse and Beliscse (1847–1921), a resident of Nagykanizsa, was appointed a royal councillor on 25 February 1882 and was subsequently granted the rank of Baron as well as the predicate of Beliscse on 16 September 1904. In 1895, the generous Vilmos Gutmann of Gelse established the 'Vilmos Gutmann of Gelse Scholarship Foundation', which was intended for untiring students of exemplary conduct at the main grammar school of Nagykanizsa. Baron William de Gelsey's paternal grandmother, was the noble Krausz Rozália of Megyer (1854–1932). His maternal great-grandfather, Krausz Mayer (1809–1894), was a landowner and distiller, who had been granted nobility and the noble predicate of megyeri by the King on 3 September 1882. Baron William de Gelsey's aunt was Baroness Lilly Amália Gutmann of Gelse and Beliscse (1882–1954), whose husband, Baron Iván Skerlecz of Lomnica (1873–1951), was the Ban of Croatia-Slavonia.

## Career

After studying at the Royal Catholic University High School in Budapest, he followed in his father's footsteps to obtain an MA in Natural Sciences from Trinity College, Cambridge. At that time he wanted to be a chemist.

After gaining experience at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), he turned to management consulting when it became apparent that as a Hungarian he had little chance of becoming head of the international division. In 1960 he turned to investment banking. First as managing director of Hill Samuel & Co, he later became managing director and then vice-chairman of Orion Royal Bank, a major international consortium (NatWest/Chase/WestLB/Royal Bank of Canada/Credito Italiano/Mitsubishi Tr). Gelsey's nickname at Orion was Wandervogel, 'world traveller'.

He visited Hungary only twice during the communism. In 1974, he represented Orion Royal Bank at the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Hungarian National Bank.

In 1988 he moved to Vienna, where he became an adviser to what is now UniCredit Bank (formerly Creditanstalt).

The Hungarian subsidiary of Creditanstalt acted as the advisor to the privatisation of Gedeon Richter after which, in 1995 Gelsey was elected as a member of the Richter board. Four years later, he became chairman of the board, a position he has held ever since 2011.

## Charitable works

Together with his brother Alexander de Gelsey, they played an instrumental role in returning the more than 300-year-old Royal University Catholic High School (which was closed in 1948) to its original building. It took three years of litigation to get the building back from the capital's municipality. The brothers set up the Catholic University High School Foundation, which contributed more than 100 million forints to the modernisation of the building. William de Gelsey personally secured the application for the 'EEA and Norwegian Financial Mechanisms' tender as well as co-financed 15% of the project (€150,000).

## Honours and awards

| Ribbon | Name | Year | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary | 2010 | Awarded for the establishment of the Catholic University High School Foundation and in recognition of its multifaceted, supportive activities to raise the quality of Hungarian public education. |
| - | Hungarian Economy Award (*Magyar Gazdaságért Díj*) | 2009 |  |
|  | Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (KCSG) | 2005 | Awarded for services to the Hungarian Catholic Church. |

## Arms

Coat of arms of William de Gelsey
|  | Granted1904 CoronetHungarian Baron's coronet HelmTwo crowned helmets; in dexter, for a crest a natural Oak tree. In sinister, for a crest a lion rampant or, lomgued gules, swinging a hatchet handled sable, blades silver in his dexter paw. Mantling in dexter vert doubled or, in sinister gules doubled or. EscutcheonQuarterly; 1 and 4 a bendy of 7 vert and or. In 2 and 3 or, two natural bees bendwise. An Inescutcheon a chequey of nine; 2, 4, 6, 8 gules a fleur de lis argent, in 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or, an acorn proper. SupportersTwo lions rampant or longued gules CompartmentBronze arabesque MottoOr on gules "Labore et Perseverantia" (Hard work and Persistence) OrdersKnight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| BaronWilliam de GelseyKCSG | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 17 December 1921
Vienna |
| Died | 26 February 2021(2021-02-26) (aged 99)
London |
| Citizenship | British |


title: William de Ferrers School

abstract: William de Ferrers School is a co-educational British secondary school in the town of South Woodham Ferrers, in the English county of Essex. It is an academy school and has 1,520 pupils on roll, aged between 11 and 18. It has been awarded specialist sports, maths and computing college status. In 2011, it won the BBC Essex best sports school award.

text:
# William de Ferrers School

**William de Ferrers School** is a co-educational British secondary school in the town of South Woodham Ferrers, in the English county of Essex. It is an academy school and has 1,520 pupils on roll, aged between 11 and 18. It has been awarded specialist sports, maths and computing college status. In 2011, it won the BBC Essex best sports school award.

## History

William de Ferrers was founded in 1982 and was opened in 1983 by Sir Keith Joseph (Secretary of State for Education and Science). The school bears the name of the Norman knight who was granted the land of the local area for his role in the Norman Conquest; the badge is his shield.

The school has had 4 headteachers since its creation:

* Dennis Parry from 1982 to his retirement in 2007
* Russell Ayling from 2007 to 2013
* Neal McGowan from 2013 to 2016, when he was charged with sexual offences against boys at the school
* Mike Applewhite from 2016 to July 2024

## Accommodation

The School has houses that are purpose-built that opened 1982, which has been upgraded over the years. The school houses have been built to look traditional in order to blend in with the residential and commercial buildings in the town that have been also built to look characterful and old. The newest addition to the school to date is the new Sixth Form Block which was completed in 2011 and officially opened in September 2011 by guests including the mayor and mayoress of Chelmsford.

## Extracurricular Activities

The school has been praised for providing several extracurricular activities by Ofsted saying "Provision is greatly enhanced by extra-curricular activities, especially in sport. A major success through excellent care, guidance and support systems".

Activities range from the Duke of Edinburgh Award, sports, music, dance and drama. The school also offers a number of trips away both in the UK and within Europe with more recently trips to North and South America, China and Iceland being organised.

1. "William de Ferrers School". *Find and compare schools in England*. GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
2. "{title}". Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
3. Alexander, Stian (27 April 2017). "Scottish headteacher charged with sexual abuse of teenage boy". *The Daily Record*. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

51°38′46″N 0°37′12″E / 51.6461°N 0.6199°E / 51.6461; 0.6199

## InfoBox

| William de Ferrers School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Trinity Square
South Woodham Ferrers, Essex, CM3 5JU
England | |
| Information | |
| Type | Academy |
| Established | 1982 (1982) |
| Local authority | Essex |
| Trust | William de Ferrers School |
| Specialists | Sports, maths and computing |
| Department for Education URN | 136605 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Head teacher | Mike Applewhite (Retired) |
| Gender | Mixed |
| Age | 11 to 18 |
| Enrolment | 1520 |
| Capacity | 2076 |
| Website | http://www.williamdeferrers.essex.sch.uk |


title: William de Goldcliff

abstract: William de Goldcliff, was Bishop of Llandaff from 1219 until his death in 1229. He had formerly been the Prior of Goldcliff Priory from around 1190 to 1219. He was elected Bishop before 11 July 1219, and resigned from his position as Prior of Goldcliff. He received royal assent and the temporalities on 16 July, and was consecrated Bishop of Llandaff on 27 October. He died in office on 28 January 1229.

text:
# William de Goldcliff

**William de Goldcliff** (died 12 January 1229), was Bishop of Llandaff from 1219 until his death in 1229. He had formerly been the Prior of Goldcliff Priory from around 1190 to 1219. He was elected Bishop before 11 July 1219, and resigned from his position as Prior of Goldcliff. He received royal assent and the temporalities on 16 July, and was consecrated Bishop of Llandaff on 27 October. He died in office on 28 January 1229.


title: William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle

abstract: William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle was an English nobleman. He is described by William Stubbs as "a feudal adventurer of the worst type".

text:
# William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle

**William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle** (c. 1190 − 26 March 1242) was an English nobleman. He is described by William Stubbs as "a feudal adventurer of the worst type".

## Family background

Forz was the son of William de Forz (died 1195), and Hawise, Countess of Aumale (died 11 March 1214), a daughter of William le Gros, 1st Earl of Albemarle. His father was a minor nobleman from the village of Fors in Poitou; the toponymic is variously rendered as Fors and Forz, or else Latinised to *Fortibus*.

## Estate holdings

Soon after 1213, Albemarle was established by King John in the territories of the Earldom of Albemarle, and in 1215 the whole of his mother's estates were formally confirmed to him. The Earldom of Albemarle which he inherited from his mother, included a large estate in Yorkshire, notably the wapentake of Holderness, including the castle of Skipsea, and the honour of Craven, as well as estates in Lincolnshire and elsewhere. It had also included the county of Aumale, but this had recently been lost to the French, along with the rest of Normandy. Albemarle was the first holder of his earldom to see it as wholly English.

## Involvement in military actions

Albemarle was actively engaged in the struggles of the Norman barons against both King John and King Henry III. He was generally loyal to King John during the baronial revolt, although he did eventually join the barons after the leaders of the City of London joined them and the king's cause looked hopeless.

Albemarle was one of the twenty-five executors of Magna Carta, but among them he was probably the least hostile to the king. The barons made him constable of Scarborough Castle, but when soon after fighting began between the barons and the king, he went over to John's side, the only executor to do so. He fought for the king until the French capture of Winchester in June 1216, when again the king's cause looked hopeless. He then stayed on the barons' side until their cause fell apart. He sided with John, then subsequently changed sides as often as it suited his policy.

After John's death, Albemarle supported the new king, Henry III, fighting in the siege of Mountsorrel and at the Battle of Lincoln.

His real object was to revive the independent power of the feudal barons, and he co-operated to this end with Falkes de Breauté and other foreign adventurers established in the country by John. This brought him into conflict with the great justiciar, Hubert de Burgh, who was effectively regent. In 1219 he was declared a rebel and excommunicated for sponsoring a forbidden tournament in Brackley. In 1220 matters were brought to a crisis by his refusal to surrender the two royal castles of Rockingham and Sauvey of which he had been made constable in 1216. Henry III marched against them in person, the garrisons fled, and they fell without a blow. In the following year, however, Albemarle, in face of further efforts to reduce his power, rose in revolt.

## Excommunication and loss of power

Albemarle was now again excommunicated by the legate Pandulf Verraccio at a solemn council held in St Paul's, and the whole force of the kingdom was set in motion against him, a special scutage—the *scutagium de Bihan*—being voted for this purpose by the Great Council. The capture of his Castle of Bytham broke his power; he sought sanctuary and, at Pandulph's intercession, was pardoned on condition of going for six years to the Holy Land. He remained in England, however, and in 1223 was once more in revolt with Falkes de Breauté and other turbulent spirits. A reconciliation was again patched up; but it was not until the fall of Falkes de Breauté that Albemarle finally settled down as an English noble.

He eventually gave in when the cause was lost in 1224, and was thenceforth loyal to Henry III.

## Revived influence

In 1225 Albemarle witnessed Henry's third re-issue of the Great Charter; in 1227 he went as English ambassador to Antwerp; and in 1230 he accompanied Henry on his expedition to Brittany. In 1241 he set out for the Holy Land, but died at sea, on his way there, on 26 March 1242.

## Family

By his wife Aveline de Montfichet (Modern English: Avelina), a sister of Richard de Montfichet's, William left a son, William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle, who succeeded him in the Earldom.

## Sources

* Turner, Ralph V. (1971). "William de Forz, Count of Aumale: An early thirteenth-century English baron". *Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society*. **115** (3 (17 June)): 221–249.


title: Mount Shimen

abstract: The Mount Shimen is a mountain in Ren'ai Township, Nantou County and Xiulin Township, Hualien County of Taiwan.

text:
# Mount Shimen

The **Mount Shimen** (traditional Chinese: 石門山; simplified Chinese: 石门山; pinyin: *Shímén Shān*) is a mountain in Ren'ai Township, Nantou County and Xiulin Township, Hualien County of Taiwan.

## Geology

The peak of the mountain stands at an elevation of 3,237 meters above sea level.

## InfoBox

| Mount Shimen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,237 m (10,620 ft) |
| Coordinates | 24°09′08.9″N 121°17′04.3″E / 24.152472°N 121.284528°E / 24.152472; 121.284528 |
| Naming | |
| Native name | 石門山 (Chinese) |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Ren'ai, Nantou County and Xiulin, Hualien County of Taiwan |
| Parent range | Central Mountain |


title: Williams family of painters

abstract: The Williams family of painters, also known as the Barnes School, is a family of prominent 19th-century Victorian landscape artists known for their paintings of the British countryside, coasts and mountains. They are represented by the artist Edward Williams (1781–1855), his six sons, and several grandchildren.

text:
# Williams family of painters

The **Williams family of painters**, also known as the **Barnes School**, is a family of prominent 19th-century Victorian landscape artists known for their paintings of the British countryside, coasts and mountains. They are represented by the artist Edward Williams (1781–1855), his six sons, and several grandchildren.

## Barnes School

### Origins and style

Edward Williams (1781–1855), the patriarch of the *Williams family of painters* and founder of the *Barnes School* of artists, was a successful landscape artist, who became very popular during the Victorian era for painting moonlit scenes of the English countryside. He was followed as a landscape artist by his six sons and several of his many grandchildren. Over the years, this artist family became known as the *Barnes School*, so called because from 1846 until about the turn of the century, Williams, several of his sons, and some of his grandchildren worked out of neighboring studios in the then rural setting of Barnes, London, on the south side of the Thames River.

The Williams family was probably first referred to as a school by the Athenaeum magazine, whose July 14, 1855 obituary for Edward Williams wrote that, *"\[he\] trained what must almost be called a school of landscape painters in his sons . . . whose works . . . do credit to him who trained them."* This same journal in 1886, and subsequently the Dictionary of National Biography, wrote that Williams' son Sidney Richard Percy was *"founder of the so-called School of Barnes"*. Nonetheless, the role of Edward Williams as patriarch and mentor of Percy and his brothers is undeniable. Percy specialized in painting landscape scenes with cattle, and if the description "Barnes School" implies just this style of landscape, then certainly it is Percy who developed that theme to a greater degree than any in his family. However, if the Barnes School implies a style employed by the family as a whole wherein the natural setting of the landscape, not the figures in it, sets the mood for the painting, then Percy's father Edward Williams must be considered the founder of the Barnes School.

Paintings of the Williams family are characterized by farm and village settings, cloudy mountain vistas, boats plying marshes along the Thames, and cattle grazing in meadow wetlands, usually painted in soft earth tones and subtle greens, and often displaying a complex interplay of light and shadow. Edward Williams was a master at creating scenes with complex lighting in which the figures, often people and boats, were subordinate to the scenery, in an age when landscape painters were considered subordinate to figure painters. His sons developed this style further, each adding their own variations. Their paintings were extremely popular in Victorian England and remain so today. Examples of the work of Edward Williams and all six of his sons, as well as several of his grandchildren hang today in prominent museums, and some Williams family paintings, especially those of Henry John Boddington and Sidney Richard Percy, command impressive prices at auction.

### Family members

The best-known members of the Williams Family (Barnes School) are the six sons of Edward Williams, who is sometimes called *Old Williams* to avoid confusion with his oldest son. Unlike many popular Victorian artists, the Williams generally enjoyed a fair degree of success during their lifetimes. They exhibited prolifically with the Royal Academy, the British Institution, the Suffolk Street Gallery of the Society of British Artists, and many other Victorian art venues of the time. *Old Williams'* sons follow.

1. Edward Charles Williams (1807–1881)
2. Henry John Boddington (1811–1865)
3. George Augustus Williams (1814–1901)
4. Arthur Gilbert (1819–1895)
5. Sidney Richard Percy (1821–1886)
6. Alfred Walter Williams (1824–1905)

Edward Williams, Sr. also had a daughter Emily Ann Williams (1816–1857). Though she did not become a painter like her brothers, she was the mother of the landscape artist Charles Leslie, who is considered a member of the Williams family.

Sidney Richard Percy is the best known of Edward Williams' sons, and arguably was the most successful. His paintings are also the most sought after today. However, Henry John Boddington was well known in his lifetime as well, and he was even elected a member (RBA) of the prestigious Royal Society of British Artists, a recognition not achieved by any of his brothers.

Several of *Old Williams'* grandchildren became landscape painters and exhibited paintings with the Royal Academy, which was considered the most prestigious of the London exhibitions. They exhibited with the other major art venues as well, particularly at the Suffolk Street Gallery of the Society of British Artists. Shown below are those grandchildren whose names appear in the exhibition catalogs, and who, with the exception of Amy Dora Percy, are listed in Wood's (1995) *Dictionary of Victorian Painters*.

Charles Leslie, Caroline Fanny Williams, and Herbert Sidney Percy are probably the best known of the grandchildren of Edward Williams, and their paintings show up regularly at auctions and in galleries. Edwin Henry Boddington had the most works exhibited at the Royal Academy, which indicates his talent, but his success and subsequent recognition was limited, some say by a lack of industry and perhaps a tendency to rest on the accomplishments of his father. All four of these grandchildren have works displayed in one or more British museums.

Though he is seldom identified with the Barnes School, the figure painter William Shayer (1787–1879) nonetheless collaborated on occasion with several of the Williams brothers, especially with Edward Charles Williams and sometimes with Edwin Henry Boddington and Sidney Richard Percy. Said to somehow be related to the family by marriage, Shayer would add figures, usually people or farm animals, to Williams landscapes otherwise barren of this ornamentation. *Near Wantage, Berkshire* is an oil on canvas that is one well-known example of such a collaboration between Shayer and Edward Charles Williams. *The Old Roadside Inn* shown here is another example of a Shayer and Williams collaboration. Shayer, a contemporary of Edward Williams senior, had four sons who followed him as a painter and are known collectively as the Shayer family of painters, a parallel to the Williams family.

Beginning with Edward Williams the engraver and his brothers-in-law James Ward, William Ward, George Morland and Henry Chalon, the Ward and Williams families represent five generations of engravers and painters (see the family tree below), as both Amy Dora Reynolds (née Percy) and Herbert Sidney Percy had children who followed careers in art. Although both of Walter William's children became painters also, little is known about them. However, none of these fifth-generation descendants were landscape painters in the tradition of the Barnes School. Richard Frederic Reynolds (1888–1918), the oldest son of Amy Dora Reynolds (née Percy) was a pupil of the genre painter Stanhope Forbes, R.A., but his career was cut short when he was killed in France during the First World War. His cousin, Sidney Dolores Percy (1892–1965), the only daughter of Herbert Sidney Percy, received a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Art and studied at St. John's Wood School of Art in London before moving to the United States, where she was a portrait painter in California under her married name of Sidney D. Bunce.

### Family tree

Family tree for the Willams family of painters showing artists descended from Edward Williams the engraver.

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
| |  | |  | |  | | | |  | | | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  || |
|  | |  | | Edward Williams
the engraver
c.1755–1797? | | | | | |  | | Mary Ward | | | | | |  | |  | | William Ward
1762–1826 | | | | | |  | | Ann Ward
*married*
George Morland
1763–1804 | | | | | |  | | James Ward
1769–1859 | | | | | |  | | Sarah Ward
*married*
Henry Bernard Chalon
1770–1849 | | | | | |
| |  | |  | || | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  |  |
| |  | |  |  | |  | |  ||
|  | |  | | Edward Williams
*"Old Williams"*
1781–1855 | | | | | |  | | Ann Hildebrandt | | | | | |
| |  | |  | ||
|  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
| |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  || |
| Edward Charles Williams
1807–1881 | | | | | |  | | Henry John Boddington
1811–1865 | | | | | |  | | George Augustus Williams
1814–1901 | | | | | |  | | Arthur Gilbert
1819–1895 | | | | | |  | | Emily Ann Williams
1816–1857 | | | | | |  | | Sidney Richard Percy
1821–1886 | | | | | |  | | Alfred Walter Williams
1824–1905 | | | | | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | | Edwin Henry Boddington
b. 1836 | | | | | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | | Charles Leslie
1839–1886 | | | | | |  | |  | |  |  |
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  |  |  | |  |  |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  |  |  | |  |  |  | |
| |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  |  |  |  | | | |  | |  | |  |  |  |  | | | |  | | | |  | |  || |
|  | |  | | Walter Williams
1834–1906 | | | | | |  | | Caroline Fanny Williams
1836–1921 | | | | | |  | | Kate Gilbert
1843–1916 | | | | | |  | | Horace Walter Gilbert
1855–1928 | | | | | |  | | Amy Dora Percy
*(Mrs. Fred Reynolds)*
1860–1957 | | | | | |  | | Herbert Sidney Percy
1863–1932 | | | | | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  |  |  | |  |  |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |
| |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Florence Ada Williams
1859–1927 | | | | | |  | | Cyril Stanley Williams
b. 1863 | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Richard Frederic Reynolds
1888–1918 | | | | | |  | | Sidney Dolores Bunce (née Percy)
1892–1965 | | | | | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Art

### Influence of art

The Victorian era (1837–1901) was a time when many Britons raised in the country became wealthy during the industrial revolution and were forced to leave their rural roots and relocate to the City of London. Nostalgic for the beauty and solitude of woodlands and meadows they once knew, with wealth enough to indulge in luxuries such as the arts, many spent large sums of money on country landscapes that reminded them of their childhoods. Painters able to capture on canvas the beauty of rural settings became immensely popular. Although royal recognition and membership in prestigious societies generally went to those artists who painted grand battle scenes and portraits, the public bought landscapes.

The popularity of Victorian landscapes declined in the 1880s with the emergence of Impressionism as an art style, and mirrored a decline in the fortunes of the Williams brothers. *"Williams \[family\] paintings were designed ... to be displayed in homes, rather than museums or galleries, and these gentle landscapes fell into obscurity as tastes changed."* Ultimately the only member of the Barnes School to receive formal recognition was Henry Boddington with his 1842 election to the Society of British Artists (RBA). It would appear that none of the Williams family were ever considered for membership in the Royal Academy (RA), the most prestigious recognition of them all. In fact, of the most popular landscape artists of the Victorian era only Benjamin Williams Leader (1831–1923) was elected an academian to the Royal Academy. Ironically, Leader had been born Williams, but changed his surname to avoid being confused as a son of Edward Williams, to whom he was unrelated.

Despite little critical acclaim during their lifetimes, Sidney Richard Percy, Henry Boddington and Arthur Gilbert were three of the most popular landscape artists of the Victorian era, probably more so than the aforementioned Benjamin Leader. Furthermore, the output from their family was immense, with over 800 paintings exhibited with the Society of British Artists alone. This, plus the enduring popularity of their works today, reflected by the high prices some Williams family paintings bring in auction, demonstrates the importance of the Barnes School in the history of Victorian art.

### Paintings

Examples of paintings by some of the better-known members of the family.


title: Windows-1254

abstract: Windows-1254 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows, to write Turkish that it was designed for. Characters with codepoints A0 through FF are compatible with ISO 8859-9, but the CR range, which is reserved for C1 control codes in ISO 8859, is instead used for additional characters. It matches Windows-1252 except for the replacement of six Icelandic characters with characters unique to the Turkish alphabet. The WHATWG Encoding Standard, which specifies the character encodings which are permitted in HTML5 and which compliant browsers must support, includes Windows-1254, which is used for both the Windows-1254 and ISO-8859-9 labels. Unicode is preferred for modern applications; authors of new pages and the designers of new protocols are instructed to use UTF-8 instead. As of 2023, less than 0.05% of all web pages use Windows-1254, and less than 0.05% use ISO-8859-9, which the WHATWG also requires web browsers to handle as Windows-1254. Since 2.2% of all websites located in Turkey use ISO-8859-9, plus the 1.3% that actually declare Windows-1254 used, in effect, 3.5% of websites there use Windows-1254. IBM uses code page 1254 for Windows-1254.

text:
# Windows-1254

**Windows-1254** is a code page used under Microsoft Windows (and for the web), to write Turkish that it was designed for (and the vast majority of users use it for that language, even though it can also be used for some other languages). Characters with codepoints A0 through FF are compatible with ISO 8859-9, but the CR range, which is reserved for C1 control codes in ISO 8859, is instead used for additional characters (analogous to the relationship between ISO-8859-1 and Windows-1252). It matches Windows-1252 except for the replacement of six Icelandic characters (ð, ý, þ) with characters unique to the Turkish alphabet (ğ, , , ş).

The WHATWG Encoding Standard, which specifies the character encodings which are permitted in HTML5 and which compliant browsers must support, includes Windows-1254, which is used for both the Windows-1254 and ISO-8859-9 labels. Unicode is preferred for modern applications; authors of new pages and the designers of new protocols are instructed to use UTF-8 instead. As of 2023, less than 0.05% of all web pages use Windows-1254, and less than 0.05% use ISO-8859-9, which the WHATWG also requires web browsers to handle as Windows-1254. Since 2.2% of all websites located in Turkey use ISO-8859-9, plus the 1.3% that actually declare Windows-1254 used, in effect, 3.5% of websites there use Windows-1254.

IBM uses code page 1254 (CCSID 1254 and euro sign extended CCSID 5350) for Windows-1254.

## Character set

The following table shows Windows-1254. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent.

Windows-1254
|  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | EOT | ENQ | ACK | BEL | BS | HT | LF | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | DC4 | NAK | SYN | ETB | CAN | EM | SUB | ESC | FS | GS | RS | US |
| 2x | SP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \< |  | \> |  |
| 4x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \[ |  | \] |  |  |
| 6x | \` |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 7x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | DEL |
| 8x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 9x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ax | NBSP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | SHY |  |  |
| Bx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Dx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ex |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Differences from Windows-1252

## InfoBox

Windows-1254
| MIME / IANA | windows-1254 |
| --- | --- |
| Alias(es) | cp1254 (Code page 1254) |
| Language(s) | Turkish |
| Created by | Microsoft |
| Standard | WHATWG Encoding Standard |
| Classification | extended ASCII, Windows-125x |
| Extends | ISO 8859-9 (without single-byte C1 controls) |
|  | |


title: Windows-1251

abstract: Windows-1251 is an 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover languages that use the Cyrillic script such as Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic, Macedonian and other languages. On the web, it is the second most-used single-byte character encoding, and most used of the single-byte encodings supporting Cyrillic. As of January 2024, 0.3% of all websites use Windows-1251. It's by far mostly used for Russian, while a small minority of Russian websites use it, with 94.6% of Russian (.ru) websites using UTF-8, and the legacy 8-bit encoding is distant second. In Linux, the encoding is known as cp1251. IBM uses code page 1251 for Windows-1251. Windows-1251 and KOI8-R are much more commonly used than ISO 8859-5. In contrast to Windows-1252 and ISO 8859-1, Windows-1251 is not closely related to ISO 8859-5. Unicode is preferred to Windows-1251 or other Cyrillic encodings in modern applications, especially on the Internet, making UTF-8 the dominant encoding for web pages.

text:
# Windows-1251

**Windows-1251** is an 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover languages that use the Cyrillic script such as Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic, Macedonian and other languages.

On the web, it is the second most-used single-byte character encoding (or third most-used character encoding overall), and most used of the single-byte encodings supporting Cyrillic. As of January 2024, 0.3% of all websites use Windows-1251. It's by far mostly used for Russian, while a small minority of Russian websites use it, with 94.6% of Russian (.ru) websites using UTF-8, and the legacy 8-bit encoding is distant second. In Linux, the encoding is known as cp1251. IBM uses code page 1251 (CCSID 1251 and euro sign extended CCSID 5347) for Windows-1251.

Windows-1251 and KOI8-R (or its Ukrainian variant KOI8-U) are much more commonly used than ISO 8859-5 (which is used by less than 0.0004% of websites). In contrast to Windows-1252 and ISO 8859-1, Windows-1251 is not closely related to ISO 8859-5.

Unicode (e.g. UTF-8) is preferred to Windows-1251 or other Cyrillic encodings in modern applications, especially on the Internet, making UTF-8 the dominant encoding for web pages. (For further discussion of Unicode's complete coverage, of 436 Cyrillic letters/code points, including for Old Cyrillic, and how single-byte character encodings, such as Windows-1251 and KOI8-R, cannot provide this, see Cyrillic script in Unicode.)

## Character set

The following table shows Windows-1251. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent and its Alt code.

Windows-1251
|  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | EOT | ENQ | ACK | BEL | BS | HT | LF | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | DC4 | NAK | SYN | ETB | CAN | EM | SUB | ESC | FS | GS | RS | US |
| 2x | SP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \< |  | \> |  |
| 4x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \[ |  | \] |  |  |
| 6x | \` |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 7x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | DEL |
| 8x | Ђ | Ѓ |  | ѓ |  |  |  |  |  |  | Љ |  | Њ | Ќ | Ћ | Џ |
| 9x | ђ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | љ |  | њ | ќ | ћ | џ |
| Ax | NBSP | Ў | ў | Ј | ¤ | Ґ |  |  | Ё |  | Є | « | ¬ | SHY |  | Ї |
| Bx |  |  |  |  | ґ |  |  | · | ё |  | є | » | ј | Ѕ | ѕ | ї |
| Cx | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П |
| Dx | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я |
| Ex | а | б | в | г | д | е | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п |
| Fx | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я |

Differences from Windows-1252

## Kazakh variants

An altered version of Windows-1251 was standardised in Kazakhstan as Kazakh standard STRK1048, and is known by the label `KZ-1048`. It differs in the rows shown below:

KZ-1048 (STRK1048-2002)
|  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8x | Ђ | Ѓ |  | ѓ |  |  |  |  |  |  | Љ |  | Њ | Қ | Һ | Џ |
| 9x | ђ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | љ |  | њ | қ | һ | џ |
| Ax | NBSP | Ұ | ұ | Ә | ¤ | Ө |  |  | Ё |  | Ғ | « | ¬ | SHY |  | Ү |
| Bx |  |  |  |  | ө |  |  | · | ё |  | ғ | » | ә | Ң | ң | ү |

Differences from Windows-1251

**Code Page 1174** is another variant created for the Kazakh language, which matches Windows-1251 for the Russian subset of the Cyrillic letters. It differs from KZ-1048 by moving the Cyrillic letter Shha from 8E/9E to 8A/9A.

Code page 1174
|  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8x | Ђ | Ѓ |  | ѓ |  |  |  |  |  |  | Һ |  | Њ | Қ | Ћ | Џ |
| 9x | ђ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | һ |  | њ | қ | ћ | џ |
| Ax | NBSP | Ұ | ұ | Ә | ¤ | Ө |  |  | Ё |  | Ғ | « | ¬ | SHY |  | Ү |
| Bx |  |  |  |  | ө |  |  | · | ё |  | ғ | » | ә | Ң | ң | ү |

Different from Windows-1251

## Amiga variant

Amiga-1251
| MIME / IANA | Amiga-1251 |
| --- | --- |
| Alias(es) | Ami1251 |
| Language(s) | English, Russian |
| Classification | extended ASCII |
| Based on | Windows-1251, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-15 |
|  | |

Russian Amiga OS systems used a version of code page 1251 which matches Windows-1251 for the Russian subset of the Cyrillic letters, but otherwise mostly follows ISO-8859-1. This version is known as **Amiga-1251**, under which name it is registered with the IANA.

Amiga-1251
|  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8x | XXX | XXX | BPH | NBH | IND | NEL | SSA | ESA | HTS | HTJ | VTS | PLD | PLU | RI | SS2 | SS3 |
| 9x | DCS | PU1 | PU2 | STS | CCH | MW | SPA | EPA | SOS | XXX | SCI | CSI | ST | OSC | PM | APC |
| Ax | NBSP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | SHY |  |  |
| Bx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Different from Windows-1251 to match ISO-8859-1   Different from both Windows-1251 and ISO-8859-1

## References

1. "Historical trends in the usage of character encodings, January 2024". Retrieved 2024-01-01.
2. "Frequently Asked Questions".
3. "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use .ru". *w3techs.com*. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
4. "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Russian". *w3techs.com*. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
5. "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Russian Federation". *w3techs.com*. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
6. "cp1251(7) - Linux manual page". *man7.org*. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
7. "Code page 1251 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
8. "CCSID 1251 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
9. "CCSID 5347 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
10. *Code Page CPGID 01251 (pdf)* (PDF), IBM
11. *Code Page CPGID 01251 (txt)*, IBM
12. *International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-1251\_P100-1995.ucm*, 2002-12-03
13. *International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5347\_P100-1998.ucm*, 2002-12-03
14. "Usage Statistics of Character Encodings for Websites". *w3techs.com*. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30.
15. Steele, Shawn (1998). *CP1251 to Unicode table*. Unicode Consortium. CP1251.TXT.
16. Whistler, Ken (2007). *KZ-1048 to Unicode*. Unicode Consortium. KZ1048.TXT.
17. *ibm-1174\_X100-2007.ucm*, IBM
18. Malyshev, Michael (2003). "Amiga-1251 to Unicode table". *Registration of new charset \[Amiga-1251\]*. IANA.
19. "Character Sets". IANA.

## Further reading

* Kornai, Andras; Birnbaum, David J.; da Cruz, Frank; Davis, Bur; Fowler, George; Paine, Richard B.; Paperno, Slava; Simonsen, Keld J.; Thobe, Glenn E.; Vulis, Dimitri; van Wingen, Johan W. (1993-03-13). "CYRILLIC ENCODING FAQ Version 1.3". Retrieved 2020-06-24.

## InfoBox

Windows-1251
| MIME / IANA | windows-1251 |
| --- | --- |
| Alias(es) | cp1251 (Code page 1251) |
| Language(s) | Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic, Bosnian Cyrillic, Macedonian, Rotokas, Rusyn, English |
| Created by | Microsoft |
| Standard | WHATWG Encoding Standard |
| Classification | extended ASCII, Windows-125x |
| Other related encoding(s) | Amiga-1251, KZ-1048, <br>RFC 1345's "ECMA-Cyrillic" |
|  | |


title: Mottram Tunnel

abstract: The Mottram Tunnel is a tunnel carrying drinking water by gravity from Arnfield Reservoir, Tintwistle, Derbyshire, in the valley of the River Etherow, to Godley, Greater Manchester, in the valley of the River Tame. It was essential to the construction of the Longdendale Chain of reservoirs constructed by John Frederick Bateman. The tunnel was built between August 1848 and October 1850, and the Godley Reservoir was finished in 1851 to receive and filter the water. The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1847 gave permission for the construction of the Woodhead, Hollingworth and Arnfield reservoirs, and the construction of a masonry aqueduct to convey drinking water from the Arnfield and Hollingworth reservoirs to a service reservoir at Godley. The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1848 allowed the construction of Torside and Rhodeswood reservoirs, and an aqueduct to convey the water to the Arnfield reservoir. The tunnel pierces the ridge that lies between the Etherow valley and the Tame valley. It is 3,100 yards (2,800 m) long, and has a gradient of 5 feet per mile (95 cm/km). It is lined in stone, is 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter and can carry 50 million gallons a day.

text:
# Mottram Tunnel

53°27′21″N 2°02′41″W / 53.45570°N 2.04470°W / 53.45570; -2.04470 The **Mottram Tunnel** (Mottram in Longdendale) is a tunnel carrying drinking water by gravity from Arnfield Reservoir, Tintwistle, Derbyshire, in the valley of the River Etherow, to Godley, Greater Manchester, in the valley of the River Tame. It was essential to the construction of the Longdendale Chain of reservoirs constructed by John Frederick Bateman. The tunnel was built between August 1848 and October 1850, and the Godley Reservoir was finished in 1851 to receive and filter the water.

The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1847 (10 & 11 Vict. c. cciii) gave permission for the construction of the Woodhead, Hollingworth and Arnfield reservoirs, and the construction of a masonry aqueduct to convey drinking water from the Arnfield and Hollingworth reservoirs to a service reservoir at Godley. The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1848 allowed the construction of Torside and Rhodeswood reservoirs, and an aqueduct to convey the water to the Arnfield reservoir.

The tunnel pierces the ridge that lies between the Etherow valley and the Tame valley. It is 3,100 yards (2,800 m) long, and has a gradient of 5 feet per mile (95 cm/km). It is lined in stone, is 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter and can carry 50 million gallons a day (230 Ml/d).

1. Quayle, Tom (2006). *Manchester's Water: The Reservoirs in the Hills*. Tempus Publishing. pp. 8, 24. ISBN 0-7524-3198-6.


title: Wintec

abstract: Wintec Saddles was launched in 1986 and is a saddle brand known for the first synthetic saddles.

text:
# Wintec

**Wintec** **Saddles** was launched in 1986 and is a saddle brand known for the first synthetic saddles.

## History

The company is a subsidiary of Saddlery Brands International. (formerly Bates Australia), originally established in 1934,

## Saddles

The Easy Change Gullet System was designed in 1998 to help custom fit a saddle to a horse’s withers, maintaining clearance of the wither as the horse’s shape changes. and help maintain a good saddle fit

The CAIR Panel System, an air filled panel, was developed in 2000 as an alternative to the traditional flocking in saddles, and helps to evenly distribute the rider’s weight.

## Major Affiliations

Wintec Saddles is the Official Saddle of the American Riding Instructors Association and the US Pony Clubs


title: Wintek

abstract: Wintek was a Taiwanese maker of electronic components, mainly touch screens for devices such as Apple's iPhone. Its headquarters was in Taichung, Taiwan.

text:
# Wintek

**Wintek** was a Taiwanese maker of electronic components, mainly touch screens for devices such as Apple's iPhone. Its headquarters was in Taichung, Taiwan.

## History

Wintek was established in 1990 and produces components in Taiwan, India, China and Vietnam.

## Worker illness controversy

In May 2010 it emerged that employees in China producing touchscreens for the iPhone had been poisoned by a cleaning chemical called *n*-hexane, leading to nerve damage and in some cases paralysis. *n*-Hexane was introduced into the production process because it evaporates very quickly, thus speeding the manufacturing. A hospital in Suzhou has treated more than 100 workers who breathed in the hexane vapours. Some workers have been hospitalized for more than six months. While some workers have said that Wintek paid their medical bills and promises to keep their jobs for them while on medical leave, under Chinese law these workers will only get compensation if they leave these jobs.

## Bankruptcy

In October 2014, Wintek filed for bankruptcy protection as it was hit hard by poor sales of panels for personal computers and a marketing offensive by Chinese competitors in the smartphone panel sector.

1. About Wintek
2. Wintek Global Network
3. *Chinese workers link sickness to n-hexane and Apple iPhone screens*, Guardian
4. "N-hexane Poisoning Scare At Apple Supplier In China". China Tech News. 2010-02-22.
5. Dirty Secrets ABC News Broadcast: 26/10/2010
6. YAMASHITA, KAZUNARI (January 23, 2015). "Top 2 panel makers' earnings rise, but windfall might not last". *Nikkei Asia*.

## InfoBox

Wintek
| Native name | 勝華科技股份有限公司 |
| --- | --- |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | TWSE: 2384 |
| Founded | 1990 (1990) |
| Defunct | October 2014 (2014-10) |
| Fate | Bankrupted |
| Headquarters | Taichung, Taiwan |
| Website | www.wintek.com.tw |