title: Martin Knutzen

abstract: Martin Knutzen was a German philosopher, a follower of Christian Wolff and teacher of Immanuel Kant, to whom he introduced the physics of Isaac Newton.

text:
# Martin Knutzen

**Martin Knutzen** (14 December 1713 – 29 January 1751) was a German philosopher, a follower of Christian Wolff and teacher of Immanuel Kant, to whom he introduced the physics of Isaac Newton.

## Biography

Martin Knutzen was born in Königsberg (the present Kaliningrad) in 1713.

Knutzen studied philosophy, mathematics and physics at the University of Königsberg (the present Kaliningrad), gaining his M.A. degree in 1733 with *Dissertatio metaphysica de aeternitate mundi impossibili* and becoming a Professor Extraordinary of logic and metaphysics there in 1735 on the basis of his 1734 doctoral thesis *Commentatio de commercio mentis et corporis per influxum physicum*. A follower of Christian Wolff, in the rationalist school, Knutzen was also interested in natural sciences, and taught physics, astronomy and mathematics, besides philosophy. The study of the doctrines of Newton induced him to question Leibniz' and Wolff's theory of pre-established harmony, defending the concept of mechanical causality in the movement of physical objects; his lessons on the matter would influence the later work of Kant, who sought to reconcile the autonomy of the spiritual with the reality of the mechanical in the *Critique of Judgement.*

Knutzen would be an important figure in the formation of his Königsberg University students Immanuel Kant and Johann Georg Hamann (proponent of the *Sturm und Drang* literary movement).

Knutzen died in Königsberg in 1751.

### Influence on Kant

As a young extraordinary professor at the University of Königsberg, Knutzen, who had a strong personality, influenced Kant strongly during the latter's studies, planting in him the seed of philosophy and sciences.

Kant kept in close contact with Knutzen. Knutzen introduced him to the study of mechanics and optics, besides discussing faith extensively. Knutzen's ample private library on natural sciences constituted an invaluable resource for the writing of the first treatise of Kant, *Thoughts on the True Estimation of Vital Forces* (*Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte*), a mathematical text, and exerted a powerful influence on Kant's thought.

It was Knutzen who introduced Kant to the scientific literature of the era and especially the works of Isaac Newton, who had such a powerful influence on the development of Kant's own philosophy. Knutzen, however, did not consider Kant to be one of his best students, and favoured Friedrich Johann Buck (1722–1786) or Johann Friedrich Weitenkampf (1726–1758). Moreover, the name of Kant never appeared in the profuse correspondence between Knutzen and Leonhard Euler, which is evidence of in what little esteem Knutzen held Kant.

Knutzen was 10 years Kant's senior and reached professorship at the early age of 21 years. His advancedness did not, however, lead him on to greater responsibilities. External pressures prevented him from ever receiving an ordinary professorship. Like his disciple Kant, Knutzen led a life removed from worldly noise and dedicated to study. His sedentarism meant that he never ventured more than thirty miles from his native town of Königsberg.

On 29 January 1751, Flottwell wrote that although Knutzen had inherited first 10,000 then a further 15,000 Thaler, "this philosopher was always in a bad mood, had no social contacts and lived in absolute isolation". Only three days after Flottwell wrote this, Knutzen was dead (Kuehn, 2001). Indeed, his temperament, given as he was to impetuousness and academic overexertion, brought his life to an early end at the age of 37 years. At the time of his death, he enjoyed a magnificent reputation and was greatly admired by his students, among whom he numbered Kant. Knutzen acquainted Kant with both the latest scientific advances and discoveries and British empiricism.

Knutzen's widow remarried a close friend of Kant's, a doctor of jurisprudence and young lawyer, Johann Daniel Funk (1721–1764). Kant felt quite at home with Funk, and they kept in close contact with each other. Funk had an extremely fascinating personality and led what one might describe as an exceedingly dissolute life. He gave lectures on jurisprudence and, as Hippet said (Borowski, 1804), "Precisely because he could live without the income from his lectures, Funk was by far the best of the professors (Magister). Even at that time it was evident to me that gentlemen that had other income had one or more concubines apart from their official spouse. My dear old Funk, who had married the widow of professor Knutzen, a very famous person at the time, did not deprive himself of other diversions apart from the conjugal act, but his lectures were as chaste as the bed of an elegy".

## Thought

Knutzen sought to strike a balance between Pietist Lutheranism and Christian Wolff's dogmatic philosophy, trying to compatibilize the teachings of Pietism with the hypotheses of Wolff's illustrated philosophy. Knutzen saw philosophy not merely as a propaedeutic for gaining access to theology, but as a separate science that established its own postulates. This is patent from one of his writings, published in 1740, the year in which Kant joined the university, titled "Philosophical Proof of the Truth of the Christian Religion" (Knutzen, 1740). This volume, which was to become his most famous work and built him a reputation in the 18th century, stated that philosophy is the depository of rational proof, even of religion itself. In writing this book, not only did Knutzen show how strongly rooted his thinking was in Königsberg's theological debate, but he also revealed his intimate knowledge of what had until then been an unknown aspect of British philosophy. The book also offers a good picture of Knutzen's theological standpoint. This work originally appeared as a series of articles in the "Königsberger Intelligenzblätter" (Knutzen, 1745). This way, Knutzen brought a breath of fresh, modern and advanced air into the Prussian cultural milieu dominated by Franz Albert Schultz's Pietist theology.

Philosophically speaking, Knutzen took an anti-Leibnizian standpoint, sustaining that the theory of pre-established harmony was as wrong, just like occasionalism, and that the only reasonable theory was that of physical influx, as suggested by Locke and corpuscularism. In fact, Leibniz' theory of pre-established harmony in its strictest form was unacceptable for Knutzen on theological grounds. There were also differences and controversy between what Knutzen, Kant, Leibniz, Descartes and Newton thought about the concept of living force, dead pressure and momentum. And yet again, Newton was right in the end. Accordingly, Knutzen's standpoints were closer to British than German philosophers. A similar thing can be said about his epistemology. Indeed, death surprised him when he was translating Locke's treatise entitled *Of the Conduct of the Understanding*.

In 1744, an important controversy shook the scientific and academic media of the time. Years earlier, in 1738, Knutzen had predicted that a comet that had been observed in 1698 would reappear in the winter of 1744. This prediction was, apparently, based on Newton's theory about the course of periodic comets with elliptical orbits of the Sun. (Waschkies, 1987). When a comet actually did appear in that year, Knutzen became an instant celebrity in the town and gained a reputation as a great astronomer well beyond the confines of Königsberg. In 1744, Knutzen published a book titled "Rational thoughts on the comets, in which is examined and represented their nature and their character, as well as the causes of their motion, and at the same time given a short description of the noteworthy comet of this year". This book was, according to Christian Jacob Kraus (1753–1807), Kant's most intelligent disciple, responsible for awakening Kant's interest in this science, and it was this book that led him to write his own "Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens" (Kant, 1755), which appeared eleven years later. Like other students, Kant may have viewed Knutzen as a hero.

However, doubts were soon raised and by none other than the great and prolific mathematician, Leonhard Euler. In fact, Euler showed, in letters to Knutzen and in an article that appeared at the end of 1744, that Knutzen's prediction had not come true. The reason was clear: the 1744 comet was not identical to the 1698 comet. This meant that Knutzen did not know enough physics (Waschkies, 1987). Euler sustained that it would be at least four to five hundred years before the 1698 comet could be seen again. But this refutation did not seem to matter much to most of the people of Königsberg and even less so to Knutzen and his students. They never acknowledged that their master's prediction had been wrong. In fact, in a poem written for the occasion of Knutzen's burial, he was compared with Newton, Descartes, Leibniz, Locke and Boyle.

Knutzen's work on comets was in any case largely motivated by theological concerns. It was written in part as a response to a tract, penned by Johann Heyn and entitled "Attempt of a Consideration of the Comet, the Deluge and the Prelude of the Final Judgement; in Accordance with Astronomical Reasons and the Bible…", which appeared in Berlin and Leipzig in 1742. Heyn argued that the fear of comets as a bad omen was well founded. Knutzen, referencing Newton, objected to this view and concluded that Heyn was an alarmist and obscurantist. In return, Heyn accused Knutzen of plagiarism, as the prediction had been made a year earlier in the "Leipziger Gelehrte Anzeigen". He also suggested that Knutzen had not sufficiently proved the respective identities of the 1698 and 1744 comets. Knutzen and his students ignored Heyn's reference to Euler, just as they did Euler's original criticism.

Knutzen's understanding of scientific and mathematical matters was inadequate for advancing the discussion of the more technical aspects of physics. Knutzen did not belong to that "small elite" of scientists on the continent who understood the details of Newtonian physics. His knowledge of calculus was far from perfect. Relying more on mechanical models than on rigorous calculations, he had some understanding of Newton's *Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica* but was unable to make any original contribution to science. Nor was he willing to draw a sharp line between science and metaphysics. Theological and apologetic concerns dictated what was and was not acceptable at least as much as scientific views did. As a scientist, he was rather limited even by 18th century standards.

Of Knutzen it was said that, as a student, he approached not the Aristotelians but "the men who were qualified enough to be able to instruct him in the most recent philosophy, mathematics". Knutzen taught himself calculus and appears to have studied algebra from Wolf's work in Latin (Buck, 1768). Although perhaps Knutzen's most important contribution to mathematics, or, to be more precise, number theory, is more of a historical sort. In fact, Knutzen, in his exceptional essay entitled "Von dem Wahren Auctore der Arithmeticae Binariae, …", in English "On the True Author of Binary Arithmetic, also known as Leibniz' Dyadic" (Knutzen, 1742), rightly claims that the binary number system credited by many, including the man himself, to Leibniz, was actually attributable to the Spanish bishop Juan Caramuel de Lobkowitz (Caramuel, 1670), and outlined in the "Meditatio Proemialis" of his work, entitled, true to the Baroque style of the time, "Mathesis bíceps vetrus et nova. In omnibus, et singulis veterum, et recientorum placita examinantur; interdum corriguntur, semper dilucidantur…".

## Works (selection)

* *Philosophischer Beweis von der Wahrheit der christlichen Religion*, 1740
* *Von dem Wahren Auctore der Arithmeticae Binariae, oder sogennanten Leibnitzianischen Dyadic*, 1742
* *Philosophische Abhandlung von der immateriellen Natur der Seele*, 1744
* *Vernünftige Gedanken von den Cometen*, 1744
* *Systema causarum efficientium seu commentatio philosophica de commercio mentis et corporis per influxum physicum explicando*, 1745
* *Philosophischer Beweiß von der Wahrheit der Christlichen Religion, Darinnen die Nothwendigkeit der Christlichen Insbesondere aus Ungezweifelten Gründen der Vernunft nach Mathematischer Lehrart dargethan und behauptet wird*, Königsberg: Härtung, 1747
* *Elementa philosophiae rationalis seu logicae cum generalis tun specialioris mathematica methodo demonstrata*, 1747 (reprint: Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1991)
* *Vertheidigte Wahrheit der Christlichen Religion gegen den Einwurf: Daß die Christliche Offenbahrung nich allgemein sey: Wobey besonders die Scheingründe des bekannten Englischen Deisten Mattüi Tindal, Welche in deßen Beweise, Daß das Christentum so alt wie die Welt sey, enthalten, erwogen und winderlegt werden*. Königsberg: Härtung, 1747 (reprint: Verlag Traugott Bautz GmbH, 2005)

## References and further reading

* *Macmillan's Encyclopedia of Philosophy*, 2nd edition (Donald M. Borchert, chief editor), 2006, ISBN 0-02-865780-2.
* Beck, L. W.: *Early German Philosophy: Kant and His Predecessors*. Belknap Press of Hardward University Press. Cambridge. 1960.
* Borowski, L. E.: *Darstellung des Leben und Charakters Inmanuel Kants*. Königsberg. 1804.
* Buck, J. F.: *Lebensbeschreibungen derer verstorbenen preussischen Mathematizer*. 1764.
* Caramuel, J.: *Mathesis biceps vetus et nova*. 2 vols. L. Annison. Campaniae. 1670.
* Erdmann, B.: *Martin Knutzen und Seine Zeit. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Wolffischen Schule und Insbesondere Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte Kants*. Leipzig. 1876. Reprint: Hildesheim. 1973.
* Fehr, James Jakob: *"Ein wunderlicher nexus rerum." Aufklärung und Pietismus in Königsberg unter Franz Albert Schultz*. Hildesheim, 2005.
* Kant, I.: *Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels oder Versuch von der Verfassung dem Mechanischen Ursprunge des ganzen Weltgebäudes, nach Newtonischen Grundsätzen abgehandelt*. Petersen. Königsberg und Leipzig. 1755.
* Kuehn, M.: *Kant. A Biography*. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 2001.
* Waschkies, H.-J.: *Physik und Physikotheologie des Jungen Kant. Die Vorgeschichte seiner allgemeinen Weltgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels*. Gruner. Amsterdam. 1987.

## InfoBox

| Martin Knutzen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1713-12-14)14 December 1713
Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) |
| Died | 29 January 1751(1751-01-29) (aged 37)
Königsberg, Prussia |
| Education | University of Königsberg
(MA, 1733; PhD, 1734) |
|  | |
| Era | 18th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Age of Enlightenment
Rationalism |
| Institutions | University of Königsberg |
| Notable ideas | Synthesis of religious Pietism, Wolffian metaphysics, and Lockean epistemology |
|  | |


title: 1859 in Chile

abstract: Events in the year 1859 in Chile.

text:
# 1859 in Chile

Events in the year **1859 in Chile**.

## Incumbents

## Events

* January 5–21 - Revolution of 1859
* March 14 - Revolution of 1859: Battle of Los Loros
* April 12 - Revolution of 1859: Battle of Maipon
* April 29 - Revolution of 1859: Battle of Cerro Grande

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: Wuzhou Xijiang Airport

abstract: Wuzhou Xijiang Airport is an airport serving the city of Wuzhou in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. It is located south of the Xijiang river in the town of Tangbu in Teng County, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the city center. The airport received approval from the State Council of China on 29 June 2014. Construction began in 2016 and the airport was opened on 23 January 2019, replacing the older Wuzhou Changzhoudao Airport. The airport cost 1.765 billion yuan to build.

text:
# Wuzhou Xijiang Airport

| Wuzhou Xijiang Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Simplified Chinese | 梧州西江机场 |
| Traditional Chinese | 梧州西江機場 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wúzhōu Xījiāng Jīchǎng | |
|  | |

**Wuzhou Xijiang Airport** (IATA: **WUZ**, ICAO: **ZGWZ**) is an airport serving the city of Wuzhou in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. It is located south of the Xijiang river in the town of Tangbu in Teng County, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the city center.

The airport received approval from the State Council of China on 29 June 2014. Construction began in 2016 and the airport was opened on 23 January 2019, replacing the older Wuzhou Changzhoudao Airport. The airport cost 1.765 billion yuan to build.

## Facilities

The airport has a 2,600-metre (8,500 ft) runway (class 4C) and an 8,000-square-metre (86,000 sq ft) terminal building. It is projected to handle 750,000 passengers and 6,000 tons of cargo annually by 2025.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| Chengdu Airlines | Chengdu–Tianfu, Fuzhou |
| China United Airlines | Beijing–Daxing |
| Shanghai Airlines | Changsha, Shanghai–Pudong |

## InfoBox

| Wuzhou Xijiang Airport<br>梧州西江机场 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Serves | Wuzhou, Guangxi, China |
| Location | Tangbu Town, Teng County |
| Opened | 23 January 2019 |
| Elevation AMSL | 89 ft / 27 m |
| Coordinates | 23°24′05″N 111°05′55″E / 23.40139°N 111.09861°E / 23.40139; 111.09861 |
| Map | |
| **WUZ**Location of airport in Guangxi | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  04/22 2,500 8,202 | |
| Statistics (2021) | |
| Passengers 262,592  Aircraft movements 108,008  Cargo (metric tons) 51.6 | |
| Source: | |


title: Vishwa Vikhyatharaya Payyanmar

abstract: Vishwa Vikhyatharaya Payyanmar is a 2017 Indian Malayalam-language film written and directed by Rajesh Kannankara, starring Deepak Parambol, Aju Varghese, and Sudhi Koppa. It was released worldwide on 27 October 2017 by Eros International.

text:
# Vishwa Vikhyatharaya Payyanmar

***Vishwa Vikhyatharaya Payyanmar*** is a 2017 Indian Malayalam-language film written and directed by Rajesh Kannankara, starring Deepak Parambol, Aju Varghese, and Sudhi Koppa. It was released worldwide on 27 October 2017 by Eros International.

## Plot

The friendship of five fun-loving youngsters and spreads the message that "the goodness in your heart never goes unrewarded".

## Cast

## Release

The film was released worldwide on 27 October 2017 by Eros International.

## InfoBox

| Vishwa Vikhyaatharaya Payyanmar | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Rajesh Kannankara |
| Screenplay by | Rajesh Kannankara |
| Story by | V. Dileep |
| Produced by | Rejimon Kappaparambil |
| Starring | Deepak Parambol
Aju Varghese
Sudhi Koppa
Leema Babu |
| Cinematography | Prasanth Krishna |
| Edited by | V. Sajan |
| Music by | Anand Madhusoodanan |
| Production
company | Kirthana Movies |
| Distributed by | Eros International |
| Release date | * 27 October 2017 (2017-10-27) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


abstract: This is a list of the members of the Dewan Negara (Senate) of the First Parliament of the Federation of Malaya. There were 38 senators in this initial parliament, increasing to 50 senators after the establishment of the Parliament of Malaysia.

text:
# Members of the Dewan Negara, 1st Malayan Parliament

This is a list of the members of the Dewan Negara (Senate) of the First Parliament of the Federation of Malaya (known as the Parliament of Malaysia after 2 November 1963). There were 38 senators (22 are elected by the state legislative assemblies, with two senators for each state in the Federation, while the other 16 are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King)) in this initial parliament, increasing to 50 senators (28 are elected by the state legislative assemblies, with two senators for each state in the Federation, while the other 22 are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King)) after the establishment of the Parliament of Malaysia.

## Elected by the State Legislative Assembly

| Senator | Party | State | Term start |  | Term end |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abbas Mohamed | **PMIP** | Trengganu | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Abdul Rahman Ahmad | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 15 March 1963 |  | 14 March 1969 |
| Abdul Rahman Mohamed Yasin (President) | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Johore | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Abdul Wahab Idus | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Negri Sembilan | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Abdullah Ishak | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 21 December 1960 |  | 20 December 1966 |
| Ahmad Abdullah | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Penang | 15 October 1962 |  | 14 October 1968 |
| Ahmad Said | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perak | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Ahmad Taff | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Singapore | 2 November 1963 |  | 8 August 1965 |
| Amaluddin Darus | **PMIP** | Kelantan | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Chan Kwong Hon | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Selangor | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Cheah Seng Khim | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Penang | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Da Abdul Jalil Awang | **PMIP** | Trengganu | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Hashim Awang | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Penang | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Hoh Chee Cheong | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Pahang | 15 October 1962 |  | 14 October 1968 |
| Joseph Augustine Angian Andulag |  | Sabah | 2 November 1963 |  | 1 November 1969 |
| Ko Teck Kin |  | Singapore | 2 November 1963 |  | 8 August 1965 |
| Koh Kim Leng | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Malacca | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Lee Foong Yee | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Negri Sembilan | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Mohamed Adib Omar | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu | 15 October 1962 |  | 14 October 1968 |
| Mohamed Salleh Mohamed Ariff | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Malacca | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Mohamed Zahir Ismail | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Nik Mohamed Adeeb Nik Mohamed | **PMIP** | Kelantan | 11 September 1959 |  | 4 April 1964 |  |
| Oyong Lawai Jau | **SNAP** | Sarawak | 2 November 1963 |  | 1 November 1969 |
| Pengiran Mohamed Digadong Galpam |  | Sabah | 2 November 1963 |  | 1 November 1969 |
| Raja Rastam Shahrome Raja Said Tauphy | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Selangor | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Sheikh Abu Bakar Yahya | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Johore | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Syed Ahmad Syed Mahmud Shahabuddin | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Syed Bahaldin Syed Noh | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 11 September 1959 |  | 1962 |  |
| Tuanku Bujang Tuanku Othman | **Sarawak Alliance** (**BARJASA**) | Sarawak | 2 November 1963 |  | 1 November 1969 |
| Wan Ahmad Wan Daud | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Wan Ibrahim Wan Tanjong | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Pahang | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Yap Khen Van | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Pahang | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Yeoh Kian Teik | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Perak | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |

## Nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong

| Senator | Party | Term start |  | Term end |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A. M. Abu Bakar | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Abang Mustapha Abang Moasili |  | 27 December 1963 |  | 26 December 1969 |
| Abdul Hamid Mahmud | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Aishah Ghani | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | 15 October 1962 |  | 14 October 1968 |
| Athi Nahappan | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | 5 December 1959 |  | 4 December 1965 |
| Cheah Toon Lok | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Choo Kok Leong | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| E. E. C. Thuraisingham |  | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Engku Muhsein Abdul Kadir | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| G. Shelley |  | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| J. E. S. Crawford |  | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Khaw Kai Boh | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | 15 March 1963 |  | 14 March 1969 |
| Leong Yew Koh | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 12 January 1963 |  |
| Lim Hee Hong | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Mohamed Ghazali Jawi | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | 3 June 1963 |  | 2 June 1969 |
| Nik Hassan Nik Yahya | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Pandak Hamid Puteh Jali | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| S. O. K. Ubaidulla | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| S. P. S. Nathan | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| Tan Tong Hye | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | 11 September 1959 |  | 10 September 1965 |
| William Tan Ho Choon | **Sarawak Alliance** (**SCA**) | 27 December 1963 |  | 26 December 1969 |

## Death in office

* Leong Yew Koh (d. 12 January 1963)
* Nik Mohamed Adeeb Nik Mohamed (d. 4 April 1964)

## Footnotes

1. "Senate Archive List of Senators". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
2. "Hansard Majlis Mengangkat Sumpah". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.

## InfoBox

| 1st Parliament of the Federation of Malaya | |
| --- | --- |
| 2nd Parliament | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | Parliament of the Federation of Malaya |
| Jurisdiction | Federation of Malaya |
| Meeting place | Tunku Abdul Rahman Hall |
| Term | 11 September 1959 – 1 March 1964 |
| Election | Indirect election and appointments |
| Website | www.parlimen.gov.my |
| Dewan Negara | |
| Members | 38 (until 2 November 1963)
50 |
| President | Abdul Rahman Mohamed Yasin |
| Secretary | Ramli Abdul Hamid (until 1960)
Abdul Ghani Mohd Don (until 1961)
Shamsuddin Mohd Sidin (until 1962)
Ahmad Abdullah |
| Party control | Alliance |
| Sovereign | |
| Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Tuanku Abdul Rahman (until 1 April 1960)
Tuanku Hisamuddin Alam Shah (until 1 September 1960)
Tuanku Syed Putra |
| Sessions | |
| 1st 11 September 1959  ??  2nd 19 April 1960  ??  3rd 19 April 1961  ??  4th 25 April 1962 – 15 March 1963  5th 22 May 1963 – 13 January 1964 | |


title: Martin Lee Stephenson

abstract: Martin Lee Stephenson is a British experimental sound artist, musician, producer and songwriter from London. He is one half of the experimental act Spooncurve and the composer/producer for the occult/hermetic inspired dark ambient project Apollon (apollon93). He also records under the names of Doppler 20:20 and Vulse. At the end of 2012, he had released more than 150 recordings. The primary labels of these releases were recording companies Sony, BMG, EMI, AVEX and independent labels D.O.R., Copasetic, Better, Reel 2 Reel, Law and Auder, Sub and Bleep, Slammin', Quirky, 3MV, Pro One, Squat, Keda and Offspring Records. Remixes have included work for Pigface, Genesis P-Orridge, Patricia Kass, Kuljit Bhamra MBE and a wide range of experimental acts in the electronica genre. His music has been included on films Winter of Love, Flash, A Quiet Desperation, Better Than Chocolate, SLC Punk, TV shows in the UK, Germany, France and the US and avant-garde experimental films both of his own and other directors creations. With visuals, he tends to work with the retro super-8 genre, but has also been known to produce short digital films. He is a member of the FONO art collective. Stephenson is the grandson of music hall entertainer Leslie Harris and the great grandson of lyric writer and bohemian concert arranger Phillip Harris.

text:
# Martin Lee Stephenson

**Martin Lee Stephenson** is a British experimental sound artist, musician, producer and songwriter from London. He is one half of the experimental act Spooncurve (with Faye Rochelle) and the composer/producer for the occult/hermetic inspired dark ambient project Apollon (apollon93). He also records under the names of Doppler 20:20 and Vulse. At the end of 2012, he had released more than 150 recordings. The primary labels of these releases were recording companies Sony, BMG, EMI, AVEX and independent labels D.O.R., Copasetic, Better, Reel 2 Reel, Law and Auder, Sub and Bleep, Slammin', Quirky, 3MV, Pro One, Squat, Keda and Offspring Records.

Remixes have included work for Pigface, Genesis P-Orridge, Patricia Kass, Kuljit Bhamra MBE and a wide range of experimental acts in the electronica genre.

His music has been included on films *Winter of Love*, *Flash*, *A Quiet Desperation*, *Better Than Chocolate*, *SLC Punk*, TV shows in the UK, Germany, France and the US and avant-garde experimental films both of his own and other directors creations. With visuals, he tends to work with the retro super-8 genre, but has also been known to produce short digital films. He is a member of the FONO art collective.

Stephenson is the grandson of music hall entertainer Leslie Harris and the great grandson of lyric writer and bohemian concert arranger Phillip Harris.

## Early career

After several minor rock bands and song writing partnerships, Lee-Stephenson started his career as a programmer and record producer within the UK acid house scene in the late 80's, evolving into techno and early jungle. There was a return to this evolved format with early drum and bass recordings that led to extensive work including over 40 record releases with London labels Law and Auder {law and order}, pro one {as Utomica} and sub and bleep records. The hardcore releases "rockabye" and "Pumpkin" by Utomica {rockabye with Lee-Stephenson's piano line} were released in 1993. During this time, Lee-Stephenson also had a short term recording contract through BMG records as singer/bass with Gothic act Randeshka Jane, which featured various musicians at different times: Irmgard Pilshofer, Nick Chown {The Bolshoi}, Chris Clarke {nosferatu}, Thunderstick {Iron Maiden, Samson}, Donna Bailey, JJ Marauder, Chris Kelly. Lee-Stephenson was also working through various studios from the start to the mid-1990s, and working alongside Larry Lush and Phillip Earle of Rising High Records, Bobbi Style {including live performance} and session bass playing. He remixed over 50 releases for other artists in a two-year period.

Stephenson occasionally released cassette releases through Buba recordings, and white label acid house, techno and early industrial 12inch pressings early in his career. In 1988, a white label pressing of Stephenson's "Hello Orgasm" with the b-side "Goodbye World" was played through the acid house sunrise circuit and at events: biology, 2000a.d. and shoom in the South of England, and on center force radio. Another buba pressing "Panther Hips/Poison Lips xxx" was released in 1989. In 1992 Stephenson began to re-master and occasionally remix the Trojan records reggae and ska catalogue.

Working from Dynamic Studios in Dalston, London, Notting Hill Studios, pro one studios in Walthamstow, London and Descript {UK}, M L Stephenson began a period of ambient/chill out works which occasionally continues to present. The Utomica singles were released on Pro One in 1992. In 1993 Blue Water School was formed with David Salvi and the album "physics" was released on December Dawn, in the UK, Germany, France and the USA. This was followed later that year by the dark ambient work Vulse and the album *Inside*. Vulse also contributed a track "Phobos" to the compilation "Earth" for D.O.R. (Infinity) in 1995.

In 1994, Martin Lee Stephenson began work as producer for Moondogg, with Westworld's Bob Andrews {from Generation X fame} and Elizabeth Westwood. They were joined as guest musician by Rat Scabies of the Damned. The first album "Fat Lot of Good" was released through Better in the UK and Avex in Japan. A single from the album "Wonderfool" was nominated "single of the week" in the UK publication Melody Maker, and the band received extensive press across Europe. Two other singles were taken from the album: "Silver Lining" and "Black Pain". The follow-up album *God's Wallop* was released on D.O.R.. During this time, Stephenson began work with Isolationist/experimental Label D.O.R., after previously having involvement with similar isolationist label Sentrax. This relationship has continued to present, with the majority of the Apollon releases being through D.O.R. , both full albums and compilation tracks. December Dawn and D Script recordings were also formed at this time and in collaboration with D.O.R., released the first recordings by Doppler 20:20 album {árt Electrique}, an electronic, dub influenced experimental work, Sundew, Vulse and Lemon Ensemble. At this time, Lee Stephenson was working mainly from the Law and Auder studios in both Hoxton and the Oval, London, and Descript studios.

The early Law and Order {lauren auder} drum and bass 12" "Num Yo Ho" was released in 1993 by Pro One that looped a Buddhist mantra over a 170bpm breakbeat pattern, followed by "Who Run Tings?", a dark techno inspired drum and bass track which featured Stephenson, Elliot-Potter {of Friends Lovers and Family} and Pearl. Elliot-Potter {later Larry Lush} and Stephenson later collaborated on an early "trip hop" release on white label through Pro One under the name of "Martin and Lawrence". Law and Auder continued a high output of early techno, ambient, jungle and drum and bass recordings for labels: Rising High Records, Cantankerous, Slammin', Pro One, Sub and Bleep. The 1994 e.p. "Technology Works" was pressed for Pro One, along with another white label release "Futures Dance". In 1995 Law and Auder released the amen heavy "Gimme the Weed", followed with "Sunshine", and "Can't Tekkit" for sub and bleep records. "Can't Tekkit" also appeared alongside a Law and Order/G-Fource track "Jungle Move" on the "Jungle Combat" 1995 Sub and Bleep CD compilation. "Too Right", "Feel It" and "My Time" for G-Fource recordings and "It's Alright" "Street Knowledge" "Touch me", "exorcist" and "Bust the Nu Jam" for Slammin' Wrecx were released the same year. The Ragga/jungle "All Junglist" was also released on white label through G-Fource in 1995, featuring Leslie Lyrics {Dr William Lez Henry, Ph.D} on vocal. Stephenson also collaborated with DJ Hustler for Choice FM in 1995.

## Later career

Spooncurve were formed in 1996 and released their first trip hop inspired work through Copasetic records, Quirky, Cantankerous and later Better, releasing mainly one off 12-inch singles with minor hits in the UK and French dance scenes, with radio broadcasts including the BBC, Choice and Kiss FM.

Spooncurve recorded a mini album for Better in 1997. The act joined D.O.R in 2000, preferring the artistic freedom of the label and allowing time for the act to evolve. Spooncurve have released two full albums, "Are Friends Symmetric" in 2005 and "Clairsentience" in 2009, plus three singles with D.O.R. to date.

Spooncurve share a co-writing credit with Kate Bush on the single " Meaning of Lovers". A version of "meaning of lovers" appears on the "triphopricy" compilation on Squat recordings in 1997.

A single from Spooncurve's first album *Hurt Me, I'm Yours* and the video for the track has become popular among the BDSM scene on the internet. Faye Rochelle's voice has appeared on many of Stephenson's recordings, including "Seed" and "The Avantgardist" by doppler 20:20, "Lemon Ensemble" and "Sunshine" by Law and Order. Faye Rochelle also appeared alongside Lol Gellor on "Koan" a collaboration with Kuljit Bhamra MBE. The following artists have remixed Spooncurve's work: Muslimgauze, Pearl, Friends Lovers and Family, Tasha Killer Pussies, DJ Hustler, Future Forces, Doppler 20:20, Apollon, Hopa, Funkturm, Moondogg. Faye Rochelle and Stephenson appeared on "So?" by Oyster, a track released on Law and Order's "Avant-gardism" compilation, along with Spooncurve's "Pray for my soul" in 1997. Stephenson worked with Dave Milae on some remix work for the act Talk Talk in this year, along with Stephenson's remix work for Pigface.

In 1997 and 1998, Apollon collaborated on two full albums with Muslimgauze: *Dark Thoughts* and *Year Zero* and also compiled the Muslimgauze remix album "Abu Dis" for D.O.R. This collaboration may have influenced Stephenson's interest towards middle eastern percussion and style, which has been used on album's such as Koan's "Prana and Drum" {alongside drummer Lol Gellor of Desmond Decker/Speedometers fame} and later Apollon works.

A hip hop album with Bandulu members Sons of the Subway, *Ruff Rugged and Real*, features Stephenson's bass playing, and was recorded by Stephenson and David Salvi, released on Infonet in 1997.

In 1998 Stephenson produced, mixed and played bass on the Transatlantic Freejazz Collective's "Lemon Ensemble". It also featured musicians Jerry Judd, Derwood Andrews, Faye Rochelle, Eric Mingus, Lol Gellor, Swampdog, Jon Martin {Pizzaman}, Darius and Lawrence Steel. He also worked within the folk music, neo-folk and World music genres with notable musicians Kuljit Bhamra, Faye Rochelle, Stefan Hannigan, Michael Garrick, Ben Clark {sine}, Ray Hearn,Henry Thomas, Nick Beggs, Chi2, Eduardo,Gary Crosby, Saskia Tomkins and Nigel Eaton.

Stephenson provided technical assistance on the 1999 release by Chemical Plant, *The Cold Store Tapes*. Doppler 20:20 collaborated with Pearl on both "The Searchers" for the No Bones "artifacts" compilation in 1998 and "Suck My Phat One" for Law and Orders's "Minimalism: More or Less" in 1999. Doppler 20:20's experimental electronica second album "Klangfarbenmelodie" was released on D.O.R. in 1998, along with the 12" "Where's the Funk?" featuring Jon Martin on vocals.

Late in the 1990s, work began with Muslimgauze, Kuljit Bhamra, Nigel Eaton, Peter Gabriel Real World artists and Steafan Hannigan from the folk/World Folk/world genre, increasing his own percussion playing.

His collaboration with Kuljit Bhamra led to other work between the two producers, including tracks and bass playing for Bhangra star Sangeeta on the *Time to Dance* album released on Keda in 1998, Bhamra's solo album *Burning at Melting Point* featuring Julian Clary, Balbir Bittul, Mike Lindup, Russell Churney and John Mccoy, the film *Winter of Love* and the compilation *Birth of Southall Bhangra* released in 2010. Live performances in and around London followed these collaborations, and also a doppler 20:20 performance in 1998 at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, England. featuring Muslimgauze as a guest performer.

In 2000 the Koan album *Prana and Drum* featuring Stephenson, Bhamra, Gellor, Faye Rochelle, Anita Masih and Persian Music exponent Christoph Bracher was released on D.O.R.. A Koan Track "Don't Kill the Wail" was released on Law and Order's "East-Westercism" compilation, and "Sati" was released for D.O.R.

Stephenson appears in 2001 as "Martin Lee-Stephenson" on the classically inspired "Prelude au Sommeil" and "Melodies Douceurs" released by Belgium label Music avenue. Three tracks are by Stephenson on the compilations: "Waltz for the Last Man", "Figment in D" and "Clouds and Falls".

The Apollon album *Nox* was released on Vuzh in 2002.

Stephenson co-wrote and arranged "Country and Eastern", a Faye Rochelle mini album released on descript in 2000. The sound art compilation "Drift" was mastered for D.O.R. in 2003. In 2003, Stephenson co-wrote and produced Faye Rochelle's "Reflections" solo album, released on Offspring Records in 2004.

A further collaboration with Bob Derwood Andrews resulted in the "American Commentary" album under the name of Bowleg/MLS, and released on Rubbercheese records in 2006.

Doppler 20:20's "Musica Liquida" was released in 2007 through DOR infinity.

## 2008-present

Stephenson began a period of circuit bending using old electronic equipment and children's toys, and incorporating them into both Apollon93 and Doppler 20:20 recordings. A "stretch work" series of recordings also began.

In 2008, an album with US act "Temple of Inner Light" was recorded for Advaita Audio using split stereo channeling and evp recordings. *Crowned and Conquering Child* was also released on D.O.R.

In 2009, *Metabelief* was released on net label EMP. "The Whore" by Apollon was released via DOR/Infinity, and in 2010 "...and the Beast She Rides Upon" was also released by DOR, to complete a trilogy along with the earlier "Crowned".

*Made in India* a compilation on Keda was released in 2011 and features M L Stephenson's bass on the track and short film *Not Pyramid Selling*.

Doppler 20:20's fourth album *Sonido Quebrado* was released on DOR *infinity* in 2012.

At the start of 2012, Stephenson and Faye Rochelle began two more projects, a neo-folk "unplugged" album for Faye Rochelle and another Spooncurve album. He also continues the Doppler 20:20 act and the extensive output of the Apollon works. Apollon often utilises retro tape looping techniques, field recordings, middle eastern percussion and mantra, shifting through harsh noise experiments to dark ambient soundscapes and drones. In 2012, "Emerald Tablet" was released on DOR. At the end of 2012, Apollon has released ten albums to date.

In 2012, Apollon collaborated on an album with Palestinian musician Dirar Kalash. In December 2012 the sound art work "clockwork mouse" and ambient works "Blue Star", "essense of time" and "Spiral and Rose" were recorded for the musique concrete net label IFAR, under Stephenson's own name. An Apollon collaboration with Shaun Robert "Still burning well" under the name of "Apollon Db pit 93" was also released by the label. Stephenson has recently announced a series of Apollon "dissonance works" with an album collaboration between 9Apollon3/Secret Chiefs "Archons for Lilith" and the Apollon album "Kybalion" for D.O.R./infinity, heavily featuring dissonant hermetic inspired drone works and "stream of consciousness" sound collages.

In 2013, Stephenson announced that another Doppler 20:20 album *Fragments for a Broken Culture* is completed and will be released through DOR/Infinity. An album by Bobbi Style 'Eighties' featuring Stephenson on Bass guitar, was released late 2013. In 2014, more "Scarlet Temple" recordings were made for Spooncurve, and another album for 9Apollon3/Secret chiefs was recorded. The doppler 20:20 recording "PR99" was released in the summer of 2014 on the IFAR "Musique Concrète tape manipulations" compilation. In 2015, a biography was published, IBRAHIM KHIDER – Muslimgauze: Chasing The Shadow Of Bryn Jones – book + CD features an interview with Stephenson.In 2018, Stephenson had begun further work with THee Secret Chiefs/Apollon93. 'Modulation is Key', a Doppler 20:20 album was released on DOR for 2020, along with Apollon93 albums "Ninth Arch*Gnostic*Testament*Scripture*The Hermit' and 'Outside The circles of Time'. A digital Album by Apollon23 'Electric Swarm in Hell' was released in 2020 by Basementcorner/Bandcamp, and two other Apollon93/23 digital albums 'The Amon' and 'Through The Veil' were released by Gates of Hypnos/Bandcamp. In 2021, Stephenson partnered with Chris Abbot of the early techno label Infonet to form 'Infonet Electronic' an art based NFT music label focusing on early 1990s Experimental dance music.Stephenson re-mixed the Moondogg Generation x cover 'love like fire' in 2023.

## Recording techniques

Stephenson uses a mixture of retro tape manipulation, tape mastering, looping, old synthesizers and pedals with digital mastering and editing. On most occasions he uses Logic Pro and Pro Tools for the final editing, or even within the initial compositions. As his first instrument is Bass Guitar {following initial 'cello training} he often uses his vintage fretless Rickenbacker 4001 within his recordings, but often manipulates the sound to such a degree that it is used as a texture within the recordings. He has also used circuit bending using children's toys and old sound equipment, found sound and field recording. With Stephenson's more acoustic work he sometimes uses middle eastern percussion and European stringed folk instruments. As his approach is experimental, he does not confine himself to one technique and has used high end studios, live recordings and more minimalist, self-contained home studios. Recording process is as eclectic as the various genres Stephenson uses, and locations outside of studios have included churches, factories, offices, asylums, hospitals, clubs, sports arena, EVP recordings inside "haunted" locations, electrical pylons, concerts, markets, public transport alongside outside field recordings.

Instruments Stephenson has played on recordings includes Bass guitar, guitar, cello, drums, dumbek, dulcimer, tumbak, bongos, tambura, recorder, tar, congas, dholak, djembe, bodhran, tumbi, ukulele, sitar, synthesiser, piano, chapman stick, harmonium, violin.

## InfoBox

| Martin Lee Stephenson | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Martin Lee Stephenson |
| Also known as | Apollon, Doppler 20:20, Vulse |
| Origin | London, England |
| Instrument(s) | bass guitar, cello, percussion, electronic instruments |
| Labels | Sony, BMG, EMI, AVEX, D.O.R., Copasetic, Better, Reel 2 Reel, Law and Auder, Sub and Bleep, Slammin', Quirky, 3MV, Pro One, Squat, Keda, Offspring Records |


title: Michael Nnachi Okoro

abstract: Michael Nnachi Okoro is a Nigerian clergyman who was the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Abakaliki from 19 February 1983 until his retirement on 6 July 2021.

text:
# Michael Nnachi Okoro

**Michael Nnachi Okoro** (born 1 November 1940) is a Nigerian clergyman who was the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Abakaliki from 19 February 1983 until his retirement on 6 July 2021.

## Background and early life

Okoro is from Unwana in Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. He was born in Adiabo in Calabar, Cross River State. His is the last of 8 children. His father worked as the manager of a palm oil plantation in Calabar at the peak of his career. For his primary education, he attended St Mary's Adiabo, Calabar from 1946 to 1952. His education in the above-mentioned school was halted following the retirement of his father and the subsequent relocation of his family to his hometown, Unwana, Afikpo. He continued his primary education in Unwana attending St Mary's Afikpo, St. Patrick's Ndibe and St Brigid's Ozizza in 1952, 1953 and 1954 respectively. He began his secondary education in St. Patrick's College, SPC, Calabar, briefly between 1955 and 1956. On making his intentions about wanting to become a priest, known to his mother who subsequently informed Right Reverend Thomas McGettrick, his transfer was processed to Queen of Apostles Junior Seminary, Afaha Obong, Akwa-Ibom State, where he stayed from 1957 till 1959. He wrote the West Africa Senior Secondary School Examination in 1958 and then proceeded to attending Bigard Memorial Seminary, Enugu.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, Most Reverend (Dr)
Michael Nnachi Okoro
Ph.D. | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Abakaliki | |
| Church | St. Theresa’s Cathedral, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State |
| Archdiocese | Archdiocese of Onitsha |
| Province | Onitsha Ecclesiastical province |
| Metropolis | Archbishop of Onitsha |
| Diocese | Diocese of Abakaliki |
| Appointed | 19 February 1983 |
| Term ended | 6 July 2021 |
| Predecessor | Thomas McGettrick |
| Successor | Peter Nworie Chukwu |
| Previous post(s) | * Auxiliary Bishop of Abakaliki, Nigeria Titular Bishop of Catabum Castra Titular Bishop of Catabum Castra |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 19 December 1965 |
| Consecration | 27 November 1977
by Archbishop Girolamo Prigione |
| Rank | Bishop |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1940-11-01) 1 November 1940
Calabar, Nigeria |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Denomination | Catholicism |
| Parents | Alphonsus Okoro †
Charlotte Okoro † |


title: Pitcairn Supreme Court

abstract: The Pitcairn Supreme Court is the supreme court of the Pitcairn Islands, a British Overseas Territory. It is a superior court of record. Provisions for a supreme court were set out in amendments to the Old Constitution Order in the 1990s. The court first sat for the Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004, and its powers were further elaborated on in the Constitution Order 2010. There are currently three judges appointed to the court, including Chief Justice Charles Blackie, all of whom are judges in New Zealand. An agreement between the British and New Zealand governments was signed at Wellington on 11 October 2002 which provided for Pitcairn court cases to be heard in New Zealand. This was later reinforced by legislation passed in New Zealand and the Pitcairn Islands, being the Pitcairn Trials Act 2002 and the Judicature Amendment Ordinance respectively. Hearings of the court may also be held in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Pitcairn Supreme Court

The **Pitcairn Supreme Court** is the supreme court of the Pitcairn Islands, a British Overseas Territory. It is a superior court of record. Provisions for a supreme court were set out in amendments to the Old Constitution Order in the 1990s. The court first sat for the Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004, and its powers were further elaborated on in the Constitution Order 2010.

There are currently three judges appointed to the court, including Chief Justice Charles Blackie, all of whom are judges in New Zealand. An agreement between the British and New Zealand governments was signed at Wellington on 11 October 2002 which provided for Pitcairn court cases to be heard in New Zealand. This was later reinforced by legislation passed in New Zealand and the Pitcairn Islands, being the Pitcairn Trials Act 2002 and the Judicature Amendment Ordinance respectively. Hearings of the court may also be held in the United Kingdom.

## Judges

Judges are appointed by the Governor of the Pitcairn Islands under instruction from King Charles III. There must be, at all time, one Chief Justice and up to four other judges or acting judges. The current judges are:

| Pitcairn Islands | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Portrait | Date Appointed | Date Retired | Other Judicial Offices | Notes | Incumbent Governor | Monarch |
| **Charles Blackie** Chief Justice (until 2022) |  | 2004 | 2022 | District Court of New Zealand |  | **Iona Thomas** (2022–present) | **Elizabeth II** (1952–2022) |
| **Jane Lovell-Smith** |  | 2004 | ? | District Court of New Zealand |  | | |
| **Russell Johnson (judge)** |  | 2004 | 2011 | District Court of New Zealand |  | | |
| **Paul Heath** Chief Justice (since 2022) |  | 2022 | Current | Court of Appeal of Tonga |  | | **Charles III** (2022–present) |

## Cases

### Sexual assault trial

The court first sat to try the Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004. The tribunal's first decision was whether to accept the defence claim that the Pitcairn Islands were not in fact legally British territory and had not been such since at least the time that the original settlers, the mutineers of the *Bounty*, burned the vessel in a symbolic (and, from the defence viewpoint, actual) rejection of further British sovereignty and rule. The Supreme Court ruled that the Pitcairns were in fact British territory and were generally internationally recognised to be such and that the trial was thus legal.

The Court later (October 23) found the defendants to be guilty of the sexual offences alleged against them, which created turmoil as the defendants included the islands' mayor, Steve Christian, direct descendant of leading *Bounty* mutineer Fletcher Christian. Steve Christian's sister was then installed as mayor until a new election could be held for a new island government.

### Child pornography trial

In 2010, then-mayor of the islands Mike Warren was charged with possession of child pornography. In 2016 he was found guilty of downloading more than 1000 images and videos of child sexual abuse. Warren began collecting child pornography after the 2004 Pitcairn child sex abuse trial, where six islanders were found guilty of various sexual crimes against children.

## InfoBox

| Pitcairn Supreme Court | |
| --- | --- |
| The coat of arms of the Pitcairn Islands | |
| Jurisdiction | Pitcairn Islands |
| Location | Pitcairn Islands, New Zealand or the United Kingdom |
| Composition method | Appointed by the Governor of the Pitcairn Islands on the instructions of His Majesty The King |
| Authorized by | Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010 |
| Appeals to | Pitcairn Court of Appeal or the Privy Council |
| Chief Justice of the Pitcairn Islands | |
| Currently | Charles Blackie VRD |
| Since | 2004 |


title: Martin Knold

abstract: Martin Knold is a former Norwegian ice hockey player. Knold began his career with Västra Frölunda, playing for them at junior and under-20 level. He later signed with Linköpings HC of Division 1, ultimately helping the team win promotion to Elitserien. In 2004, Knold joined the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. In 2007, he signed for the Herning Blue Fox in the Oddset Ligaen in Denmark for one season but was unable to play due to injury. Knold also played for the Norwegian national ice hockey team in eight World Championships.

text:
# Martin Knold

**Martin Knold** (born January 14, 1976, in Fredrikstad, Norway) is a former Norwegian ice hockey player.

Knold began his career with Västra Frölunda, playing for them at junior and under-20 level. He later signed with Linköpings HC of Division 1, ultimately helping the team win promotion to Elitserien. In 2004, Knold joined the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. In 2007, he signed for the Herning Blue Fox in the Oddset Ligaen in Denmark for one season but was unable to play due to injury.

Knold also played for the Norwegian national ice hockey team in eight World Championships.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1994–95 | Västra Frölunda HC J20 | J20 Superelit | | 20 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1995–96 | Västra Frölunda HC J20 | J20 Superelit | | 30 | 8 | 15 | 23 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1996–97 | Linköping HC | Division 1 | | 22 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 | | 13 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 1997–98 | Linköping HC | Division 1 | | 29 | 8 | 12 | 20 | 6 | | 10 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 1998–99 | Linköping HC | Division 1 | | 42 | 7 | 12 | 19 | 20 | | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 1999–00 | Linköping HC | Elitserien | | 26 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2000–01 | Linköping HC | HockeyAllsvenskan | | 34 | 6 | 10 | 16 | 30 | | 9 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
| 2001–02 | Linköping HC | Elitserien | | 44 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 32 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | Linköping HC | Elitserien | | 37 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 26 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | Linköping HC J20 | J20 Superelit | | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | Linköping HC | Elitserien | | 34 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 20 | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2004–05 | Iserlohn Roosters | DEL | | 50 | 16 | 20 | 36 | 18 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–06 | Iserlohn Roosters | DEL | | 32 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 34 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Iserlohn Roosters | DEL | | 18 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
|| |
| Elitserien totals | | | | 141 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 94 | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|| |
| DEL totals | | | | 100 | 20 | 32 | 52 | 64 | |  |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Martin Knold | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1976-01-14) January 14, 1976
Fredrikstad, NOR | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) | | |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Linköpings HC
Iserlohn Roosters
Herning Blue Fox | | |
| National team | Norway | | |
| Playing career | 19962008 | | |


title: Metepeira comanche

abstract: Metepeira comanche is a species of orb weaver in the spider family Araneidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

text:
# Metepeira comanche

***Metepeira comanche*** is a species of orb weaver in the spider family Araneidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Metepeira comanche* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Araneidae |
| Genus: | *Metepeira* |
| Species: | ***M. comanche*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metepeira comanche***<br>Levi, 1977 | |
|


title: Murcia (Vino de la Tierra)

abstract: IGP Murcia is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Murcia. Vino de la Tierra is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder, and mirrors the Vins de pays of French wine. It acquired its Vino de la Tierra status in 2011. The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Abanilla, Bullas, Cartagena, Cehegín, Fortuna, Fuente Álamo, Jumilla, La Unión, Mula, Pliego, Ricote, Torre Pacheco, and Yecla in Murcia.

text:
# Murcia (Vino de la Tierra)

**IGP Murcia** is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Murcia. *Vino de la Tierra* is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder, and mirrors the Vins de pays of French wine. It acquired its *Vino de la Tierra* status in 2011.

The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Abanilla, Bullas, Cartagena, Cehegín, Fortuna, Fuente Álamo, Jumilla, La Unión, Mula, Pliego, Ricote, Torre Pacheco, and Yecla in Murcia.

## Authorised Grape Varieties

The authorised grape varieties are:

38°28′22.3″N 1°19′24.9″W / 38.472861°N 1.323583°W / 38.472861; -1.323583

## InfoBox

IGP Murcia
| **Wine region** | |
| --- | --- |
| Official name | Indicación Geográfica Protegida Murcia / Vino de la Tierra Murcia |
| Type | Indicación Geográfica Protegida / Vino de la Tierra |
| Year established | 2011 |
| Country | Spain |
| No. of wineries | 11 |


abstract: The 1892 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on 8 November 1892 in order to elect the Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. Democratic nominee Joseph B. Gill defeated Republican nominee and incumbent Lieutenant Governor Lyman Beecher Ray and other third party candidates.

text:
# 1892 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election

The **1892 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election** was held on 8 November 1892 in order to elect the Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. Democratic nominee Joseph B. Gill defeated Republican nominee and incumbent Lieutenant Governor Lyman Beecher Ray and other third party candidates.

## Results

Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election, 1892
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Democratic** | **Joseph B. Gill** | **424,707** | **48.72** |
| Republican | Lyman Beecher Ray | 399,957 | 45.88 |
| Prohibition | James Lamont | 25,626 | 2.94 |
| People's | Charles G. Dixon | 21,409 | 2.46 |

## InfoBox

1892 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Candidate Joseph B. Gill Lyman Beecher Ray  Party Democratic Republican  Popular vote 424,707 399,957  Percentage 48.72% 45.88% | |
| ---  **Lieutenant Governor before election**
Lyman Beecher Ray
Republican **Elected Lieutenant Governor**
Joseph B. Gill
Democratic | |


title: Louis Marshall (educator)

abstract: Louis Marshall was an American educator.

text:
# Louis Marshall (educator)

**Louis Marshall** (Fauquier County, Virginia, 7 October 1773 – Buckpond, Kentucky, April 1866) was an American educator.

## Biography

He was the son of Thomas Marshall, and brother of U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall. He was educated at home, studied medicine in Edinburgh, and spent several years in Paris, participating in the attack upon the Bastille. He was arrested during the Reign of Terror and condemned to death, but was rescued by the intervention of his elder brothers. He attained note as a physician, but his taste for literature and languages caused him to abandon his profession, and he then established an academy in Woodford County, Kentucky. He was president of Washington College, Virginia, in 1838, and afterward of Transylvania University, Kentucky. He died in Woodford County, Kentucky, in 1866, one year after the end of the American Civil War.

## Family

His sons Thomas Francis Marshall, Edward C. Marshall and Alexander Keith Marshall all served single terms in the United States House of Representatives at various times and representing different districts.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Marshall, Thomas (planter)". *Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography*. New York: D. Appleton.


# Members of the Dewan Negara, 5th Malaysian Parliament

This is a list of the members of the Dewan Negara (Senate) of the Fifth Parliament of Malaysia.

## Elected by the State Legislative Assembly

| Senator | Party | State | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abdul Hamid Tahir | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Abdullah Salleh | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 9 October 1978 | 8 October 1981 |
| Ahmad Arshad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Johore | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Chin Kim Yoong | **BN** (**MCA**) | Perak | 22 June 1981 | 21 June 1984 |
| Chong Foo Khin | **BN** (**MCA**) | Negri Sembilan | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Chua Ching Cheng | **BN** (**MCA**) | Malacca | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1974 |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Chua Song Lim | **BN** (**MCA**) | Johore | 17 April 1978 | 16 April 1981 |
| | | |  |  |
| Fadzil Ahmad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 23 October 1978 | 22 October 1981 |
| | | |  |  |
| Fadzil Mahmood | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 9 December 1981 | 8 December 1984 |
| Gan Kong Seng | **BN** (**MCA**) | Negri Sembilan | 22 June 1981 | 21 June 1984 |
| Hasnah Fatimah Mohd Kasim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu |  |  |
| Ibrahim Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perak | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Ishak Abdul Rahman | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Penang | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Ismail Hashim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Malacca |  |  |
| Ismail Hassan | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Johore | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Ismail Sheikh Ibrahim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perlis |  |  |
| | | |  | 17 June 1981 |
| James Willie |  | Sabah | 22 April 1981 | 21 April 1984 |
| Joseph Unting Umang |  | Sarawak | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Kenneth Kanyan Temenggong Koh |  | Sarawak | 9 December 1981 | 8 December 1984 |
| Khoo Kay Por | **BN** (**Gerakan**) | Penang | 11 January 1982 | 10 January 1985 |
| Lee Loy Seng | **BN** (**MCA**) | Appointed |  |  |
| | | Appointed | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | Perak |  |  |
| Loh Kee Peng | **BN** (**MCA**) | Malacca | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Loo Swee Mok | **BN** (**MCA**) | Pahang | 13 April 1981 | 12 April 1984 |
| Mahimon Harun | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Pahang | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Mahmoud Salim Mohamad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Mohamed Nasir | **BN** (**BERJASA**) | Kelantan | 17 April 1978 | 16 April 1981 |
| | | |  |  |
| Mohd Amin Yaakub | **BN** (**PAS**) | Kelantan | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Nordin Pesah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Negri Sembilan |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| Oh Siew Aun | **BN** (**Gerakan**) | Penang | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Pengiran Othman Pengiran Rauf |  | Sabah | 9 October 1978 | 8 October 1981 |
| Phua Cheng Leong | **BN** (**MCA**) | Pahang | 11 May 1979 | 10 May 1982 |
| Raja Nong Chik Raja Ishak | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Selangor | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Syed Hassan Aidid | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Penang | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Syed Kamarulzaman Syed Bahaldin Aljamlud | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Selangor | 5 January 1981 | 4 January 1984 |
| Ting Ming Hia @ Ting Ming Hoi |  | Sarawak | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1974 |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Tom Saudah Othman | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Yaacob Engku Yunus | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Kelantan | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Yap Pian Tau | **BN** (**MCA**) | Selangor | 18 January 1978 | 17 January 1981 |
| | | |  |  |
| Yeh Pao Tzu | **SCA** | Sabah | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 23 April 1981 | 22 April 1984 |
| Zawiah Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |

## Nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong

| Senator | Party |  | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abdul Hamid Bidin (Deputy President) | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Appointed | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| | | |  |  |
| Abdul Latip Idris | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 8 April 1979 | 7 April 1982 |
| Abdul Razak Abu Samah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 April 1979 | 5 April 1982 |
| Abdul Razak Hussin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 10 May 1972 | 9 May 1975 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Abdul Samad Said | **BN** (**UMNO**) | |  |  |
| Abu Bakar Titingan Damsani | **BN** (**USNO**) | | 22 January 1976 | 21 January 1979 |
| | | |  | 20 January 1980 |
| Ahmad Ithnin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 April 1979 | 5 April 1982 |
| Alexander Y. L. Lee | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 11 May 1979 | 10 May 1982 |
| Ariffin Salleh | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 8 April 1979 | 7 April 1982 |
| Azlan Kinjawan @ Philip Meja |  | | 6 April 1979 | 5 April 1982 |
| Basharon Hanapiah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 9 December 1981 | 8 December 1984 |
| C. Sinnadurai | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Choo Ching Hwa | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Choo Kooi Fook | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 6 April 1979 | 5 April 1982 |
| Daim Zainuddin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Dasimah Dasir | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1974 |
| | | |  | 7 October 1980 |
| Fatimah Salim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | |  |  |
| G. Pasamanickam | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Hussein Mohd. Nordin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| | | |  |  |
| Ibrahim Salleh | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Ibrahim Yaacob | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 27 January 1969 | 26 January 1972 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Ismail Khan (President) | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Kam Woon Wah | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Kamarul Ariffin Mohd Yassin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1974 |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Khalid Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 5 January 1976 | 4 January 1979 |
| | | |  |  |
| Kumaran Kanugaran | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 10 December 1979 | 9 December 1982 |
| Law Hieng Ding | **BN** (**MCA**) | |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 12 December 1979 | 11 December 1982 |
| Lee Boon Chim |  | |  |  |
| Lee Jong Ki | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 14 April 1981 | 13 April 1984 |
| M. Mahalingam | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| M. Muthu Palaniappan | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Michael Wong Kuan Lee | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Mohamed Ghazali Jawi | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Mohd Din Jaafar | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 April 1980 | 6 April 1983 |
| Mohd Nor Mohamad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Mohd Tahir Abdul Majid | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Mustapha Abdul Jabar | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 14 December 1978 | 13 December 1981 |
| | | |  |  |
| Omar Ong Yoke Lin (President) | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 18 May 1964 | 17 May 1967 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  | 31 December 1980 |
| Othman Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 12 August 1973 | 11 August 1976 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Pandak Hamid Puteh Jali | **BN** (**UMNO**) | |  | 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1968 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Rahmah Othman | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 April 1979 | 5 April 1982 |
| Rogayah Ariff | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| | | | 13 April 1981 | 12 April 1984 |
| S. I. Rajah | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 6 April 1979 | 5 April 1982 |
| S. O. K. Ubaidulla (Deputy President) | **BN** (**MIC**) | |  | 1968 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  | 31 December 1980 |
| Salleh Jafaruddin | **BN** (**PBB**) | |  |  |
| Salmah Sheikh Hussein | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| | | |  |  |
| Samad Idris | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 9 April 1979 | 8 April 1982 |
| Subramaniam Sinniah | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 6 April 1979 | 5 April 1982 |
| Sulaiman Ninam Shah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 April 1979 | 5 April 1982 |
| T. S. Gabriel | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Tan Chang Soong | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 15 December 1980 | 14 December 1983 |
| Tengku Perang Tengku Razlan | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 9 April 1979 | 8 April 1982 |
| V. V. Aboo | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 9 August 1976 | 8 August 1979 |
| | | |  |  |
| V. Ponnusamy Pillai | **BN** (**MIC**) | |  |  |
| | | |  |  |
| Wee Khoon Hock | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 6 January 1975 | 5 January 1978 |
| | | |  |  |
| Wong Kee Nai | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 18 April 1977 | 17 April 1980 |
| | | | 9 November 1977 | 8 November 1980 |
| | | |  |  |
| Zaiton Ibrahim Ahmad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 5 January 1981 | 4 January 1984 |

## Death in office

* Abu Bakar Titingan Damsani (d. 20 January 1980)
* Dasimah Dasir (d. 7 October 1980)
* Ismail Sheikh Ibrahim (d. 17 June 1981)

## Footnotes

1. "Senate Archive List of Senators". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
2. "Hansard Majlis Mengangkat Sumpah". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.

## InfoBox

| 5th Parliament of Malaysia | |
| --- | --- |
| 4th Parliament 6th Parliament | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | Parliament of Malaysia |
| Jurisdiction | Malaysia |
| Meeting place | Malaysian Houses of Parliament |
| Term | 31 July 1978 – 29 March 1982 |
| Election | Indirect election and appointments |
| Website | www.parlimen.gov.my |
| Dewan Negara | |
| Members | 58 (until 31 December 1978)
68 |
| President | Omar Yoke Lin Ong (until 31 December 1980)
Ismail Khan |
| Deputy President | S. O. K. Ubaidulla (until 31 December 1980)
Abdul Hamid Bidin |
| Secretary | Ahmad Hasmuni Hussein |
| Party control | Barisan Nasional |
| Sovereign | |
| Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Tuanku Yahya Petra (until 29 March 1979)
Tuanku Ahmad Shah |
| Sessions | |
| 1st 9 October 1978 – 18 January 1980  2nd 17 March 1980 – 9 January 1981  3rd 16 March 1981 – 18 January 1982  4th 8 March 1982 – 26 March 1982 | |


title: Vishwa Mangal Gou Gram Yatra

abstract: Vishwa Mangal Gou Gram Yatra is the largest ever cow protection movement in India. The yatra (journey) began on 30 September 2009 from Kurukshetra in Haryana and ended on 17 January 2010 at Nagpur, covering 20,000 kilometres (12,000 mi) in these 108 days.

text:
# Vishwa Mangal Gou Gram Yatra

**Vishwa Mangal Gou Gram Yatra** (Devanagari:विश्व मंगल गौ-ग्राम यात्रा) is the largest ever cow protection movement in India. The *yatra* (journey) began on 30 September 2009 from Kurukshetra in Haryana and ended on 17 January 2010 at Nagpur, covering 20,000 kilometres (12,000 mi) in these 108 days.

## Cow slaughtering

* 1760 : Robert Clive established in Calcutta the first abattoir of the country.
* 1861 : Queen Victoria wrote to Viceroy of India prompting to hurt the Indian sentiments towards cows.
* 1947 : At the time of independence, India had a little more than 300 abattoirs. Today there are more than 35,000 approved ones. There are thousands of unapproved slaughter houses.
* The cow-breeds have fallen from 70 to 33. Even among the remaining breeds, some are at the verge of extinction.
* Cow population has reduced by 80% after independence.
* 1993-94 : India exported 1,01,668 ton beef, with a target of 2,00,000 tons for 1994-95.
* We slaughter cow for its hide to make vanity bags and belts, bone-meal for tooth paste, blood for vitamin tablets and intestines (especially of calves) for making gold and silver wafers to stick on sweets.
* 17th Indian Livestock Census reports that the number of cattle in India is continuously decreasing, with 430 per 1000 humans in 1951 to 110 per 1000 humans in 2001. The estimated figure in 2011 is 20 cattle per 1000 humans. One can imagine what will be the situation of milk and milk-products if this becomes a reality.


title: Vaughan Berry

abstract: Sir Henry Vaughan Berry was a British financier, intelligence officer and military administrator, noted for his close association with senior figures in the Labour Party prior to World War II and for his role as Regional Commissioner of Hamburg in British-occupied Germany afterwards.

text:
# Vaughan Berry

Sir **Henry Vaughan Berry** (28 March 1891 – 27 February 1979) was a British financier, intelligence officer and military administrator, noted for his close association with senior figures in the Labour Party prior to World War II and for his role as Regional Commissioner of Hamburg in British-occupied Germany afterwards.

## Background and early career

Vaughan Berry was born in India in 1891, the son of a banker based in Madras (now Chennai). His paternal family originated from Melksham, Wiltshire, and he spent part of his childhood in nearby Bath, Somerset. He was educated at the City of London School, where he was head boy, and in 1909 won a *Daily Mail* scholarship which allowed him to live for a year abroad in Germany and Paris. Upon his return to Britain he won a further scholarship to read French and German at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, graduating in 1913 with a second class in the medieval and modern languages tripos.

On coming down from Cambridge, Berry obtained a commission in the Royal Army Service Corps. During World War I, he spent two years with the Somerset Light Infantry before being transferred to the Intelligence Corps, and was wounded in France shortly before the war's end in 1918. Following a chance encounter with his college tutor, from 1919 to 1925 he was on the staff of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission, which had been established by the Treaty of Versailles to oversee the occupation of the Rhineland. During his service in the Commission he held the temporary rank of captain, reaching the regular rank of lieutenant in 1922. His experiences as a District Officer for the village of Benrath, near Düsseldorf, led him to sympathise with the Germans rather than the French, and foresee that the penury and hunger he witnessed could become a breeding ground for xenophobic, nationalist politics.

After re-entering civilian life Berry became a manager, and later a director, of the Union Discount Company Ltd., a joint-stock discount house with offices at Cornhill in the City of London. There he maintained the habits of an archetypal "City gent", walking to work every day wearing a top hat. When he took early retirement from the company in December 1945, *The Times* reported that the news was met with "regret in discount market circles... his wide knowledge had brought him many friendships."

## The XYZ Club

Although his career as a City financier was a reasonably successful one, it was in the political milieu that Berry made arguably the greatest impact during this period of his life. Unusually for a man of his education and background, he had joined the Labour Party in the aftermath of World War I. As the world lurched into economic depression in the early 1930s, however, he became increasingly dissatisfied with the orthodox economic policy then being pursued by the Labour Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, and his Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Snowden. Believing the party to be "woefully short on expert knowledge of the City's financial institutions", in January 1932 Berry launched the XYZ Club, a discussion group devoted to supplying an "intelligence service on City activities" that would shape the party's economic doctrines. As he later recalled:

> I invited a few men to dinner to discuss the possibility of forming a small group which would meet regularly to discuss financial problems from a socialist point of view, and be ready to offer its help to the Labour Party... I had been horrified by the Labour Party's ignorance of the city machinery and their complete lack of contacts with the banking world. I felt that something must be done to break this apartheid.

The name ‘XYZ Club’ was adopted to “preserve anonymity” in an environment hostile to socialist values. Although its membership was never large – many initial meetings were hosted in a room above a pub – the Club hosted a number of eminent Labour politicians and supporters: original patrons included the senior parliamentary figures Hugh Dalton and Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, the stockbroker C. F. Chance, financial journalist Francis Williams, and George Strauss of Strauss & Co., metal merchants. They were joined in 1934 by several ambitious young socialist intellectuals, most notably Hugh Gaitskell (a future leader of the party), Douglas Jay and Evan Durbin, who were at the forefront of attempts by Labour's "revisionist" social-democratic wing to introduce Keynesian economic thinking to the party. The Club's influence steadily grew throughout the 1930s and early 1940s, and when Labour was returned to power in 1945 its members advised Dalton during his time as Chancellor, providing assistance in the implementation of the Treasury's economic proposals (such as the bill that nationalised the Bank of England in 1946, which Gaitskell's biographer Philip Williams alleges was drafted on the Club's premises).

## Regional Commissioner of Hamburg, 1946–49

During World War II, Berry was appointed chairman of the Southern Region Manpower Board. This experience, although relatively short in duration, proved an invaluable introduction to the demands of wartime administration. Following his retirement from the Union Discount Company in 1945, he hoped to be made a director of the Bank of England; instead, he was recruited by the Attlee Government to become one of the four new heads of the Regional Commissions it had established to govern the British occupation zone in Germany prior to returning it to fully democratic control. Berry insisted that such an opportunity had come about purely by chance: bumping into the secretary of the Labour Party, Morgan Phillips, following a meeting of the XYZ Club in Westminster, he was first offered the governorship of an unidentified "small colony" and then, when he demurred, was asked by Phillips if he would "like to be a Commissioner in Germany?"

Assigned in May 1946 to the province of Westphalia, when that small and under-populated region was absorbed into the new state (*Land*) of North Rhine-Westphalia a few months later Berry was redeployed to Hamburg. He arrived in the city at a time of great crisis: there had already been widespread protest at the continuing military requisitioning of houses in the area, and the oncoming winter was to be the worst in living memory. Although eager, above all else, to keep order and represent British interests, Berry was also anxious to develop good relations with the citizenry. The municipal elections in October 1946 were, in this respect, rather fortuitous, for they resulted in a victory for the Social Democratic Party (SPD), thereby allowing Berry to work closely with the city's new reformist mayor (*burgomaster*), Max Brauer, and assist his administration in bequeathing to post-war Hamburg what they viewed as the complementary political traditions of liberal democracy and moderate socialism.

Although not always successful in conquering the afflictions of a city ravaged by warfare, Berry navigated his way through many of the problems he faced and was by most accounts a highly popular "Gouverneur". Patricia Meehan described the nature of his appeal thus:

> His performance in his post was impressive. Publicly loyal to British policy, when he disagreed with it he would challenge the authorities in forthright terms. He was much respected by the Germans for his capability, common sense, compassion and absolute integrity.

The Hamburg newspaper *Die Zeit*, in an encomium following Berry's departure from the city in 1949, demonstrated this respect when it described him as "an Englishman who embodies all the proverbial but not always encountered characteristics of his compatriots: fairness, humour, simplicity, objectivity and prudence". A similar assessment was made years later by the future West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, who had as a student once been invited by Berry to attend an informal discussion on economics at the latter's home. Confessing to a youthful "attachment to Britain" in a 1983 article for *The Times*, Schmidt recalled that it was his

> ... experience in postwar Hamburg under British occupation that confirmed my childhood impressions. A distinguished military governor, Sir Henry Vaughan Berry, did much to introduce young Hamburg politicians into the British tradition of democracy, fairness and pragmatism.

In 1949, Berry was made an honorary senator of the University of Hamburg, where an academic prize still exists in his name. That same year, he was knighted in the King's Birthday Honours for "services as Regional Commissioner, Hansestadt Hamburg, Control Commission for Germany, British Element". He was also a founding member of the Anglo-German Club in Hamburg, and was the Club's first chairman.

## Later years

Back in England, Berry was the British delegate to the International Authority for the Ruhr, and became a full-time member of the Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain for three years. In retirement, he frequently wrote letters to *The Times*, where he expressed his long-standing aversion to currency speculation, his objection to criticisms of the Labour Party made by the apostate former MP Ronald Chamberlain, and his solutions to the problems of Northern Ireland in the wake of The Troubles.

With his first wife, Dorothy Loveday, Berry had two sons, both of whom died at the end of World War II. Dorothy herself died in 1959, and in the following year Berry remarried, to Joan Ogilvie Kirke. Having lived for some years in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, he latterly returned to Bath. There he died in February 1979, to be commemorated in a *Die Welt* obituary as the man who had led Hamburg "safely through the ravages of the post-war period". Lady Berry died in Bath on 20 May 1980.

1. "Papers of Sir (Henry) Vaughan Berry". *Bath & North-East Somerset Record Office*. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
2. "University Intelligence", *The Times*, 12 June 1913, p. 12.
3. Christopher Knowles, "Winning the Peace: the British in Occupied Germany, 1945-1948" (PhD thesis, Department of History, King's College London, 2014), p. 167.
4. "No. 31797". *London Gazette* (Supplement). His Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), London. 24 February 1920, p. 2323.
5. "No. 32723". *London Gazette*. HMSO, London. 27 June 1922, p. 4830.
6. Knowles, "Winning the Peace", p. 168.
7. "Union Discount Company". *Claxity*. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
8. Douglas Jay, *Change and Fortune: a Political Record* (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 66.
9. "Discount Market Retirement", *The Times*, 27 December 1945, p. 9.
10. H. V. Berry, "Parting with Labour", *The Times*, 23 January 1971, p. 13.
11. Ben Pimlott, *Labour and the Left in the 1930s* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 37.
12. Brian Brivati, *Hugh Gaitskell* (London: Richard Cohen Books, 1996), p. 32.
13. Jay, *Change and Fortune*, p. 60.
14. Noel W. Thompson, *Political Economy and the Labour Party: the Economics of Democratic Socialism, 1884-1995* (London: UCL Press, 1996), p. 88.
15. Philip M. Williams, *Hugh Gaitskell* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 71.
16. "BERRY, Sir (Henry) Vaughan". *Who's Who & Who Was Who*. Vol. 2024 (online ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
17. Knowles, "Winning the Peace", p. 170.
18. 85 people were to freeze to death in January and February 1947 alone. See Knowles, "Winning the Peace", pp. 173-4.
19. Knowles, "Winning the Peace", pp. 171-3.
20. Patricia Meehan, *A Strange Enemy People: Germans under the British, 1945-1950* (London: Peter Owen, 2001), p. 62.
21. (in German) "Gouverneur Berry", *Die Zeit*, 5 May 1949. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
22. Meehan, *A Strange Enemy People*, p. 157.
23. Helmut Schmidt, "Time to forget the British problem", *The Times*, 3 January 1983, p. 8.
24. "Anglo-German Club". *anglogermanclub.de*. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
25. "No. 38628". *London Gazette* (Supplement). HMSO, London. 3 June 1949, p. 2793.
26. "Letters to the Editor: Consequences of the Government's decision to float the pound", *The Times*, 27 June 1972, p. 17.
27. H. V. Berry, "Problem of Ulster", *The Times*, 14 September 1971, p. 13.
28. "Mr Martin Gillett", *The Times*, 27 May 1980, p. 17.

## InfoBox

| Vaughan Berry | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Henry Vaughan Berry |
| Born | 28 March 1891
Madras, British Raj, India |
| Died | 27 February 1979(1979-02-27) (aged 87)
Bath, Somerset |
| Alma mater | Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge |
| Spouse(s) | *   Dorothy Loveday  (m. 1921; died 1959) *   Joan Ogilvie Kirke (m. 1960) |


title: Murcia (deity)

abstract: Murcia was a little-known goddess in ancient Rome. Her name occurs as an epithet of Venus. According to Livy she had a temple at the foot of the Aventine Hill near to the Palatine Hill. Murcus is said to have been an old name for the Aventine Hill itself; hence the adjective murtius was applied to the turning-posts of the Circus Maximus, which was also situated in a valley between the Aventine and the Palatine Hills. The name Murcia was linked to the name of the myrtle tree by folk etymology; hence the spellings Murtia and Murtea. This association with myrtle, which was a sign of Venus, led to her naming as "Venus of the Myrtles". Christian writers, in their turn, connected Murcia with the adjective murcus or murcidus "lazy, inactive", thus interpreting her as a "goddess of sloth and laziness".

text:
# Murcia (deity)

**Murcia** was a little-known goddess in ancient Rome. Her name occurs as an epithet of Venus.

According to Livy she had a temple at the foot of the Aventine Hill near to the Palatine Hill. *Murcus* is said to have been an old name for the Aventine Hill itself; hence the adjective *murtius* (= *murcius*) was applied to the turning-posts of the Circus Maximus, which was also situated in a valley between the Aventine and the Palatine Hills.

The name Murcia was linked to the name of the myrtle tree (Latin *myrtus*) by folk etymology; hence the spellings Murtia and Murtea. This association with myrtle, which was a sign of Venus, led to her naming as "Venus of the Myrtles". Christian writers, in their turn, connected Murcia with the adjective *murcus* or *murcidus* "lazy, inactive", thus interpreting her as a "goddess of sloth and laziness".

## Sources

* Humphrey, John H. (1986). *Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing*. University of California Press.


title: Louis Markos

abstract: Louis Markos is Professor in English at Houston Baptist University, where he holds the Robert H. Ray Chair in Humanities.

text:
# Louis Markos

**Louis Markos** is Professor in English at Houston Baptist University, where he holds the Robert H. Ray Chair in Humanities.

## Education

Markos earned his B.A. in English and History from Colgate University and his M.A. and Ph.D. in English from the University of Michigan. While at the University of Michigan, he specialized in British Romantic Poetry (his dissertation was on Wordsworth), Literary Theory, and the Classics.

## Career

At Houston Baptist University (where he has taught since 1991), Markos offers courses in poetry, including Victorian Poetry and Prose, 17th-century Poetry and Prose, Mythology, Epic and Film. He also teaches classes on Ancient Greece and Rome for HBU’s Honors College along with courses on C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien and the Classics.

He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and won Outstanding Teaching Assistant Award at the University of Michigan and was named the Opal Goolsby Teacher of the Year at the Houston Baptist University. In 1994, he was selected to attend an NEH Summer Institute on Virgil’s Aeneid. In addition to presenting several papers at scholarly conferences, Dr. Markos has become a popular speaker in Houston, Texas, where he has presented five lectures at the Museum of Printing History Lyceum (three on film, two on ancient Greece), a three-lecture series on film at the Houston Public Library, a class on film for Leisure Learning Unlimited, a class on the Odyssey for a retirement center and a lecture on Homer and the Oral Tradition for a seniors group. He has produced two lecture series with the Teaching Company ("The Life and Writings of C. S. Lewis"; "Plato to Postmodernism: Understanding the Essence of Literature and the Role of the Author") and has also published articles and reviews in journals including *Christianity Today*, *Touchstone*, *Theology Today*, *Christian Research Journal*, *Mythlore*, *Christian Scholar’s Review*, *Saint Austin Review*, *American Arts Quarterly*, and *The City*.

## Personal life

Markos lives in Houston, Texas, with his wife, Donna, his son and daughter.

## Scholarly works

* Markos, Louis (2003). *Lewis Agonistes: How C. S. Lewis can Train us to Wrestle with the Modern and Postmodern World*. Broadman & Holman Publishers. ISBN 978-0805427783.
* Markos, Louis (2007). *Pressing Forward: Alfred, Lord Tennyson and the Victorian Age*. Notre Dame, Indiana: Ave Maria Press. ISBN 978-1932589368.
* Markos, Louis (2011). *The Eye of the Beholder: How to See the World like a Romantic Poet*. Hamden, Connecticut: Winged Lion Press. ISBN 978-1936294015.
* Markos, Louis (2012). *From Achilles to Christ: Why Christians Should Read the Pagan Classics*. Westmont, Illinois: Read How You Want. ISBN 978-1458726797.
* Markos, Louis (2010). *Restoring Beauty: The Good, the True, and the Beautiful in the Writings of C.S. Lewis*. Milton Keynes: Authentic Media. ISBN 978-1606570982.
* Markos, Louis (2010). *Apologetics for the Twenty-First Century*. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway. ISBN 978-1433514487.
* Markos, Louis (2012). *On the Shoulders of Hobbits: The Road to Virtue in Tolkien and Lewis*. Chicago, Illinois: Moody Publishers. ISBN 978-0802443199.
* Markos, Louis (2013). *Heaven and Hell: Visions of the Afterlife in the Western Poetic Tradition*. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books. ISBN 978-1498216357.
* Markos, Louis (2018). *Atheism on Trial: Refuting the Modern Arguments Against God*. Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers. ISBN 978-0736973076.
* Markos, Louis (2021). *The Myth Made Fact: Reading Greek and Roman Mythology through Christian Eyes*. Camp Hill, Pennsylvania: Classical Academic Press. ISBN 978-1600514548.
* Markos, Louis (2021). *From Plato to Christ: How Platonic Thought Shaped Christian Faith*. Westmont, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0830853045.
* Markos, Louis (2022). *C.S. Lewis for Beginners*. Danbury, Connecticut: For Beginners. ISBN 978-1939994806.

## Plays

Markos has had his modern adaptation of Euripides’ *Iphigenia in Tauris* performed off-Broadway in the Fall of 2011 and adaptations of Euripides’ *Helen* and Sophocles’ *Oedipus* were performed in 2012. He is also the co-author of a script on C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien, "The Lion Awakes".


abstract: The Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force Steel Orchestra (TTDFSO) is a specialized military band that is part of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force. It has its roots in British traditions for military bands, all while also uniquely using unconventional instruments such as steelpans and other native Trinidadian instruments. The 40-member band is currently the only military steel band in the world. The Trinidad and Tobago Regiment provides the majority of the musicians who are assigned to the orchestra. Following a brief attempt create a similar type of marching band the 1960s, the TTDFSO was created on 2 June 1995 on the initiative of Chief of Defence Staff Carlton A. Alfonso and Sergeant Cecil James. The regiment had its own brass band at one point, which followed French and African music styles. Today the band follows Afro-Caribbean music Calypso music rhythms in its repertoire.

text:
# Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force Steel Orchestra

The **Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force Steel Orchestra (TTDFSO)** is a specialized military band that is part of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force. It has its roots in British traditions for military bands, all while also uniquely using unconventional instruments such as steelpans and other native Trinidadian instruments. The 40-member band is currently the only military steel band in the world.

The Trinidad and Tobago Regiment provides the majority of the musicians who are assigned to the orchestra. Following a brief attempt create a similar type of marching band the 1960s, the TTDFSO was created on 2 June 1995 on the initiative of Chief of Defence Staff Carlton A. Alfonso and Sergeant Cecil James. The regiment had its own brass band at one point, which followed French and African music styles. Today the band follows Afro-Caribbean music Calypso music rhythms in its repertoire.

## Competitions

* 1996  The orchestra entered the *Pan Is Beautiful* Music Festival as a conventional band and won the prize for the best calypso and placing third overall.
* 1997  Entered the National Panorama Competition for traditional Steel Orchestras, placing first for its performance of *Mirror Mirror*.
* 1996-1999  The band participated in the St. Peter's Day competition in the traditional band category where a gospel song was required to be arranged.
* 2004  The orchestra placed 3rd at the Trinidad and Tobago National Panorama Competition
* 2005  The band performed at the World Steel Band Music Festival which was held in Madison Square Garden, New York, coming in 3rd place.
* 2013  Participated at the Siparia Fest Steel Band competition performing in three categories; Calypso, Gospel and Pan on the Move. The TTDFSO placed 2nd in the first category while placing 3rd in the latter two

## Timeline

### Solo performances

* In the mid-90s the orchestra was invited by the French Army's 33rd Regiment in the Antilles to perform during the anniversary celebrations for Martinique. It was the first in what became an annual event for the TTDFSO, having returned to Martinique in 1998, 1999 and 2000.
* In June 2006, the orchestra formed part of a national contingent that performed at the World Cup 2006 in Germany. The members of the band played in Nuremberg, Kaiserslautern and Dortmund.
* In October of that same year, the orchestra performed at the 25th anniversary of Independence of Antigua and Barbuda.
* The band became the first steel orchestra to lead an armed contingent of troops on a ceremonial parade, when on its return from Scotland in 1997 it made its first appearance at the annual Independence Day Parade.
* In April 2006, the orchestra played in Washington, D.C. at the request of the Delaware National Guard. In appreciation of the Band's performances, the members were awarded the status of honorary citizens of the City of Baltimore.

### Joint-performances