title: Witold Kosiński

abstract: Witold Kosiński was a Polish mathematician and computer scientist. He was the lead inventor and main propagator of Ordered Fuzzy Numbers. For many years Professor Witold Kosiński was associated with the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He has also worked as the Vice-Chancellor of the Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology - PJIIT in Warsaw and the Head of the Artificial Systems Division at the PJIIT. Finally, he was a lecturer at the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Sciences, the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz. Professor Kosiński was a researcher specialising in continuum mechanics, thermodynamics, and wave propagation as well as in mathematical foundations of information technology and particularly in artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic and evolutionary algorithms. His fields of research have also comprised applied mathematics and partial differential equations of hyperbolic type as well as neural networks and computational intelligence. He was a scientist, mentor to scientific staff and several generations of students, as well as an active athlete.

text:
# Witold Kosiński

**Witold Kosiński** (August 13, 1946 in Kraków – March 14, 2014 in Warsaw) was a Polish mathematician and computer scientist. He was the lead inventor and main propagator of Ordered Fuzzy Numbers (now named after him: Kosiński's Fuzzy Numbers).

For many years Professor Witold Kosiński was associated with the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He has also worked as the Vice-Chancellor of the Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology - PJIIT (now called Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology) in Warsaw and the Head of the Artificial Systems Division at the PJIIT. Finally, he was a lecturer at the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Sciences, the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz.

Professor Kosiński was a researcher specialising in continuum mechanics, thermodynamics, and wave propagation as well as in mathematical foundations of information technology and particularly in artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic and evolutionary algorithms. His fields of research have also comprised applied mathematics and partial differential equations of hyperbolic type as well as neural networks and computational intelligence.

He was a scientist, mentor to scientific staff and several generations of students, as well as an active athlete.

## Education and career

Professor Kosiński defended his Master's Thesis, "*On the existence of functions of two variables satisfying some differential inequality*", at the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics at the University of Warsaw in 1969.

Three years later, in 1972, he obtained a Doctor of Science degree and then in 1984 a further dr hab. ("doktor habilitowany") degree (see: Habilitation) at the Institute of the Fundamental Technological Research in the Polish Academy of Sciences (IPPT PAN). He was elevated to the degree of Professor in 1993 through a formal nomination by the President of the Republic of Poland.

Over 25 years (1973–1999) he has worked at the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research in the Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw; first as an Assistant, later as an Associate Professor and finally (in 1993) as a Full Professor. Between 1986 and 1999 he headed the Division of Optical and Computer Methods in Mechanics IPPT PAN (SPOKoMM).

In 1999 he obtained the position of Vice-Chancellor (scientific affairs) (“Vice-Rektor”) at the Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology (PJIIT) in Warsaw, a position that he held till 2005. At the PJIIT he was also the Head of Artificial Systems Division and of the Research Center. In addition he was a member of the PJIIT Senate and of the Council of the Faculty of Information Technology PJIIT.

In 1996 he joined the Department of Environmental Mechanics at The Higher Pedagogical School in Bydgoszcz. In 2005, with the establishment of the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Kosiński became a Head of the Department of Database Systems and Computational Intelligence at the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Sciences at the Institute of Mechanics and Applied Computer Science at that University. In 2009, he became a Chairman of the Council of this Institute.

He managed several scientific projects financed by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN). He participated in numerous international conferences and worked as a contract lecturer in Poland (e.g. at Bialystok University of Technology and Warsaw University of Life Sciences) and abroad.

## International collaboration

Between 1975–1976 he was in the US as a National Science Foundation post-doctoral research fellow at the Division of Materials Engineering, the University of Iowa. Later as a research fellow of Alexander von Humboldt Foundation he undertook several research visits to numerous German scientific institutes, incl. Institute for Applied Mathematics of the University of Bonn (1983–1985), Institute for Applied Mathematics of the Heidelberg University and Institute of Mechanics of the Technische Universität Darmstadt (1988).

Subsequently, he became a visiting professor at the following institutions: LMM, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), at Universite d'Aix – Marseille III, France, Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, USA, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland, Nagoya University, Japan, and departments of mathematics of the following universities: Genova, Ferrara, Catania, Napoli, Potenza, Univ. Roma "La Sapienza" and Terza, Italy and Rostock, Germany.

In addition, he was a research fellow of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and participated in several research and training programs in Japan.

## Books and work as a supervisor

Kosiński was an editor of many volumes of collective works and conference materials and an author of two monographs:

1. W. Kosiński: *Field Singularities and Wave Analysis in Continuum Mechanics. Ellis Horwood Series: Mathematics and Its Applications*, Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, Halsted Press: a Division of John Wiley & Sons, New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto, PWN – Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw (1986)
2. W. Kosiński: *Wstęp do teorii osobliwości pola i analizy fal*. PWN, Warsaw – Poznań (1981)

as well as over 230 of other scientific publications.

He was a supervisor of 11 Ph.D. theses (10 of which dealt with informatics) and a number of Engineering Diploma works and Master Theses. He was a member of editorial boards of several journals as well as a member of numerous Polish and international scientific associations. Between 2000–2011 he was an Editor-in-Chief of the Annales Societatis Mathematicae Polonae Series III. Mathematica Applicanda (a journal of the Polish Mathematical Society).

1. Prokopowicz P.: The Directed Inference for the Kosinski‘s Fuzzy Number Model. In: Ajith, A., Wegrzyn-Wolska, K., Hassanien, E.A., Snasel, V., Alimi, M.A.(eds). Proc. of AECIA 2015, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 427, pp. 493-503, Springer International Publishing Switzerland (2016) Prokopowicz P., Pedrycz W.: The Directed Compatibility Between Ordered Fuzzy Numbers – A Base Tool for a Direction Sensitive Fuzzy Information Processing. In: Rutkowski, L., Korytkowski, M., Scherer, R., Tadeusiewicz, R., Zadeh, L.A., Zurada, J.M. (eds.) Proc. of ICAISC 2015, Part I LNAI, vol. 9119 pp. 249-259. Springer International Publishing Switzerland (2015).
2. "List of publications". *Encyclopedia of Things*. Google Scholar. Retrieved April 16, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Witold Kosiński | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1946-08-13)August 13, 1946
Kraków, Poland |
| Died | 14 March 2014(2014-03-14) (aged 67)
Warsaw, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Warsaw |
|  | |


title: Money in the Bank (2022)

abstract: The 2022 Money in the Bank was the 13th annual Money in the Bank professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on Saturday, July 2, 2022, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada; it was originally scheduled to be held at the city's Allegiant Stadium. This was the first Money in the Bank to be held on a Saturday, and it also elevated Money in the Bank to be regarded as one of WWE's five biggest events of the year, alongside the traditional "big four" of the Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series. This was also the final WWE pay-per-view and livestreaming event to take place before WWE owner Vince McMahon, who had served as chairman and chief executive officer of the company since 1982, announced his retirement on July 22, although he did return as Executive Chairman on January 10, 2023. Seven matches were contested at the event. In the main event, unannounced entrant Theory, who lost the United States Championship to Bobby Lashley earlier in the night, won the men's Money in the Bank ladder match while Liv Morgan won the women's ladder match in the opening bout. In other prominent matches, Ronda Rousey defeated Natalya to retain the SmackDown Women's Championship, after which, Morgan cashed in her Money in the Bank contract and defeated Rousey to win the championship, and The Usos defeated The Street Profits to retain the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship.

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# Money in the Bank (2022)

The 2022 **Money in the Bank** was the 13th annual Money in the Bank professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on Saturday, July 2, 2022, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada; it was originally scheduled to be held at the city's Allegiant Stadium. This was the first Money in the Bank to be held on a Saturday, and it also elevated Money in the Bank to be regarded as one of WWE's five biggest events of the year, alongside the traditional "big four" of the Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series. This was also the final WWE pay-per-view and livestreaming event to take place before WWE owner Vince McMahon, who had served as chairman and chief executive officer of the company since 1982, announced his retirement on July 22, although he did return as Executive Chairman on January 10, 2023.

Seven matches were contested at the event. In the main event, unannounced entrant Theory, who lost the United States Championship to Bobby Lashley earlier in the night, won the men's Money in the Bank ladder match while Liv Morgan won the women's ladder match in the opening bout. In other prominent matches, Ronda Rousey defeated Natalya to retain the SmackDown Women's Championship, after which, Morgan cashed in her Money in the Bank contract and defeated Rousey to win the championship, and The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defeated The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) to retain the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship.

## Production

### Background

Money in the Bank is an annual gimmick event, produced by WWE since 2010, generally held between May and July. The concept of the show comes from WWE's established Money in the Bank ladder match, in which multiple wrestlers use ladders to retrieve a briefcase hanging above the ring. The briefcase contains a contract that guarantees the winner a match for a any championship of their choosing at any time within the next year. The 2022 event featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brand divisions; male wrestlers competed for a contract to grant them a match for a championship of their choosing, while female wrestlers competed for a Raw Women's Championship or SmackDown Women's Championship match contract. The 2022 event also reduced the number of participants in the women's match to seven with an uneven division of wrestlers between the Raw and SmackDown brand divisions—it featured four wrestlers from Raw and three from SmackDown; the men's match was originally announced with just seven, but during the event, it was expanded to eight participants, evenly divided between the two brands.

The 2022 event was announced during SummerSlam on August 21, 2021, which was held at the Allegiant Stadium in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada. Money in the Bank was announced to be held at the same venue on Saturday, July 2, 2022, which would have marked the first time that a Money in the Bank event would have been held in a National Football League stadium. On May 26, 2022, however, it was announced that the event had been moved to the nearby MGM Grand Garden Arena, with no change to the date, subsequently making it the first Money in the Bank to take place on a Saturday. Tickets originally purchased for Allegiant Stadium were refunded with those fans getting first access to purchase tickets for MGM Grand on June 1 before tickets went on sale to the general public on June 3. In addition to airing on traditional pay-per-view (PPV), it was available to livestream on Peacock in the United States and the WWE Network in international markets.

Money in the Bank had been established as one of WWE's monthly pay-per-views held between their "Big Four" shows (Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series). In August 2021, WWE President and Chief Revenue Officer Nick Khan referred to Money in the Bank as one of the company's "five annual tentpoles", thus elevating its status as one of WWE's five biggest events of the year, colloquially referred to as the "Big Five". On February 24, 2022, WWE announced a partnership with On Location, a company known for providing premium hospitality experiences for marquee events. Through the partnership, spectators have access to hospitality packages for WWE's biggest events. The 2022 Money in the Bank was WWE's first event to offer these premium hospitality packages. These ticket and travel packages included premier seating, premium hospitality offerings, and meet-and-greets with current WWE wrestlers and legends. Additionally, from June 30 through July 2, WWE had a dedicated Money in the Bank merchandise store at the MGM Grand.

Money in the Bank was held on the same night as *UFC 276*, which took place at the nearby T-Mobile Arena during its 10th International Fight Week, just as was the case with Manny Pacquiao vs. Yordenis Ugás that took place on the same night as the previous year's SummerSlam.

### Storylines

The event included seven matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, *Monday Night Raw* and *Friday Night SmackDown*.

Qualifying matches for the men's Money in the Bank ladder match began on the June 10 episode of *SmackDown*. A qualifier between Drew McIntyre and Sheamus ended in a double disqualification after both men attacked each other with steel chairs, thus neither qualified. The following week, WWE official Adam Pearce announced that both McIntyre and Sheamus would be in the match. However, the following week, Roman Reigns' special counsel, Paul Heyman, convinced the WWE Board of Directors to remove McIntyre and Sheamus from the match, and Pearce said that they would qualify for the match if they defeated Undisputed WWE Tag Team Champions The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) in a non-title match, which they subsequently did. Seth "Freakin" Rollins became the first to qualify from Raw after he defeated AJ Styles on the June 13 episode of *Raw*. The following week, Omos and Sami Zayn became the fourth and fifth qualified entrant after defeating Riddle and Shinsuke Nakamura, respectively. The following week on *Raw*, Riddle won a Last Chance Battle Royal by last eliminating The Miz to be the sixth qualified entrant, while Madcap Moss won a fatal four-way match also involving Ezekiel, Happy Corbin, and The Miz on the July 1 episode of *SmackDown* to win the seventh and what was believed to be final spot in the match.

On the June 3 episode of *SmackDown*, Natalya won a six-pack challenge to become the number one contender for Ronda Rousey's SmackDown Women's Championship, while on the June 6 episode of *Raw*, Rhea Ripley won a fatal four-way match to determine the next contender for Bianca Belair's Raw Women's Championship. Both title matches were subsequently set for Money in the Bank. On the June 20 episode of *Raw*, it was revealed that Ripley was not medically cleared to compete at the event, and a new contender would be decided in a fatal five-way match, which was won by Carmella.

Qualifying matches for the women's Money in the Bank ladder match also began on the June 10 episode of *SmackDown*. Lacey Evans became the first qualified entrant by defeating Xia Li. The following week on *Raw* and *SmackDown*, Alexa Bliss and Liv Morgan defeated Doudrop and Nikki A.S.H. in a tag team qualifier to win two spots in the match, and Raquel Rodriguez defeated Shayna Baszler to earn the fourth spot in the match. The following week on *Raw* and *SmackDown*, Asuka and Shotzi became the fifth and sixth qualified entrants after defeating Becky Lynch and Tamina, respectively. The following week on *Raw*, Lynch won a Last Chance Elimination match by defeating Doudrop, Nikki A.S.H, Baszler, Tamina, and Li to become the last qualified entrant.

On the June 13 episode of *Raw*, United States Champion Theory and Bobby Lashley had a pose-down. Lashley originally won, but afterwards, Theory blinded him with baby oil and stood tall as the show ended. The following week, Theory had his pose-down, but it was interrupted by Lashley, who laid him out with a spear. Later that night, Lashley defeated Chad Gable, Otis, and Theory in a gauntlet match to become the number one contender for the U.S. title at Money in the Bank.

On the June 6 episode of *Raw*, The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) defeated Undisputed WWE Tag Team Champions The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) via count-out in a Championship Contender's match to earn a title match at a future date. On June 17, the match was made official for Money in the Bank.

## Event

**Other on-screen personnel**
| Role: | Name: |
| --- | --- |
| English commentators | Michael Cole (SmackDown) |
| | Pat McAfee (SmackDown) |
| | Jimmy Smith (Raw) |
| | Corey Graves (Raw) |
| | Byron Saxton (Raw) |
| Portuguese commetators | Maroc Alfaro |
| | Roberto Figueroa |
| Spanish commentator | Marcelo Rodriguez |
| Ring announcers | Mike Rome (Raw) |
| | Samantha Irvin (SmackDown) |
| Referees | Danilo Anfibio |
| | Jason Ayers |
| | Jessika Carr |
| | Dan Engler |
| | Daphanie LaShaunn |
| | Eddie Orengo |
| | Ryan Tran |
| | Rod Zapata |
| Interviewer | Sarah Schreiber |
| Pre-show panel | Kayla Braxton |
| | Kevin Patrick |
| | John "Bradshaw" Layfield |
| | Peter Rosenberg |
| | Booker T |

### Preliminary matches

The pay-per-view opened with the women's Money in the Bank ladder match, featuring Alexa Bliss, Asuka, Becky Lynch, and Liv Morgan from Raw and Lacey Evans, Raquel Rodriguez, and Shotzi from SmackDown. During the match, Rodriguez performed a double suplex on Lynch and Bliss atop a ladder. As Asuka ascended the ladder, she was thwarted by Evans, who also scaled the ladder. Lynch then tipped the ladder over, however, Asuka and Evans landed on their feet. Evans and Shotzi then scaled the ladder where Evans performed a women's right on Shotzi. Rodriguez and Morgan thwarted Evans' attempts. Morgan performed a sunset bomb on Evans off the ladder. Lynch, who was atop a ladder, climbed down and repositioned the ladder, giving Shotzi ample time to recover and pull Lynch down. Shotzi attempted a senton on Lynch, who was lying in the ring, but Lynch avoided it. Outside the ring, Rodriguez set up a ladder supported by the announce table and the ring. After tussling with Asuka at ringside, Lynch then kicked Rodriguez onto a ladder after which, Lynch climbed a ladder and performed a leg drop on Asuka, who was lying atop the ladder previously set up by Rodriguez. Back in the ring, Lynch tipped another ladder over, taking out most of the opponents. In the climax, both Lynch and Morgan scaled ladders where Lynch tipped Morgan's ladder toward the ring ropes, but Morgan placed her foot on the ring rope to balance the ladder and knocked Lynch out with a knee to the face. Morgan then unhooked the briefcase to win the match.

Next, Theory defended the United States Championship against Bobby Lashley. In the end, as Theory attempted A-Town Down on Lashley, Lashley escaped and forced Theory to submit to the Hurt Lock to win the title.

After that, Bianca Belair defended the Raw Women's Championship against Carmella. During the match, Carmella avoided a charging Belair, who crashed into the ring post. Carmella then performed a superkick on Belair for a nearfall. In the end, Belair performed the Kiss of Death on Carmella to retain the title. Following the match, as Belair celebrated her victory on a turnbuckle, Carmella returned and attacked Belair.

In the fourth match, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defended the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship against The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford). As The Usos attempted the 1D on Ford, Ford countered into a hurricanrana and sent The Usos to ringside. Ford performed a Frog Splash on Jey, however, Jimmy broke up the pin attempt. In the end, The Usos performed a double superkick and a 1D on Ford to retain the titles. Following the match, a replayed footage of the pinfall showed that Ford's shoulder was off the mat, thus the pinfall should not have been counted.

In the penultimate match, Ronda Rousey defended the SmackDown Women's Championship against Natalya. During the match, Rousey applied her own sharpshooter on Natalya, who made it to the rope to escape. Natalya then sent Rousey outside the ring, which caused Rousey to injure her knee. Natalya then applied the sharpshooter on Rousey while on the ring apron, but Rousey escaped and sent Natalya into the ring post. In the climax, Rousey attempted an armbar, but Natalya countered with a sharpshooter attempt, which Rousey countered with an ankle lock. Natalya attempted the sharpshooter again, but Rousey countered into an armbar on Natalya, who submitted, to retain the title. Following the match, Liv Morgan ran to the ring and cashed in her Money in the Bank contract. Rousey applied the ankle lock on Morgan, however, Morgan countered by kicking Rousey's knee and rolling up Rousey to win the title. This was Morgan's first championship victory in her career.

### Main event

Liv Morgan and Theory were the respective winners of the women's and men's Money in the Bank ladder matches.

The main event was the men's Money in the Bank ladder match, featuring Omos, Riddle, and Seth "Freakin" Rollins from Raw and Drew McIntyre, Madcap Moss, Sami Zayn, and Sheamus from SmackDown. Before the match officially began, WWE official Adam Pearce came out and announced that Theory, from Raw, would participate in the match, thus eight participants completed the match (four from each brand). During the match, Theory dove off the top rope at Omos, who caught Theory and chokeslammed him. Riddle and Sheamus beat Omos with ladders at ringside and knocked him down, after which, all the participants pilled numerous ladders on Omos to keep him down. Riddle performed a Hangman's DDT on Sheamus, whose legs were on a ladder. Outside the ring, all men ganged up on Omos and powerbombed him through the announce table. As McIntyre ascended the ladder, Butch ran out and attacked McIntyre. Sheamus placed the ladder over McIntyre and climbed the other side, but McIntyre pressed the ladder and knocked Sheamus down. McIntyre then performed a Claymore Kick on Butch. McIntyre and Sheamus were on top of the ladder when Zayn tipped it over, causing them to crash onto another ladder. Moss then prevented Zayn from retrieving the briefcase, only to be knocked out with The Stomp by Rollins. In the climax, as Rollins ascended the ladder, Riddle performed an RKO on Rollins off the ladder. Riddle then climbed the ladder until Theory made it up the other side. After the two traded punches, Theory shoved Riddle down and unhooked the briefcase to win the match.

## Reception

The Usos vs. The Street Profits received a 4.5-star rating from Dave Meltzer, the highest of the night. The lowest would be Bianca Belair vs. Carmella, which received 2 stars. The United States, SmackDown Women's title, and the women's money in the bank matches received 3.25 stars, and the men's money in the bank match received 4.25 stars.

## Aftermath

The 2022 Money in the Bank would be the final WWE pay-per-view and livestreaming event in which WWE owner Vince McMahon served as the company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO), as he announced his retirement on July 22. His daughter, Stephanie McMahon, and WWE President Nick Khan took over as co-CEOs, and the former also took over as Chairwoman of WWE. However, on January 10, 2023, Stephanie announced her resignation as co-CEO and Chairwoman, with Khan being named the sole CEO and Vince returning as Executive Chairman.

### Raw

On the following episode of *Raw*, Mr. Money in the Bank Theory announced he was granted a rematch against Bobby Lashley for the United States Championship at SummerSlam. Theory claimed that in addition to winning back the United States Championship at the event, he would also cash-in his Money in the Bank contract that same night on the Undisputed WWE Universal Champion. After a couple of failed attempts to cash-in on the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship, as well as a tease of cashing in on the NXT Championship, Theory finally cashed in the contract on the November 7 episode of *Raw*, challenging Seth "Freakin" Rollins for the United States Championship, but failed to win the title due to an attack by Lashley. This made Theory the first wrestler to use the contract on a non-world championship.

Bianca Belair and Carmella had a rematch for the Raw Women's Championship on the July 11 episode of *Raw*. The match ended in a count-out win for Carmella after Belair was distracted by Becky Lynch outside the ring, but Belair retained. Lynch opened the following *Raw* to talk about her issues about not getting a rematch against Belair for the Raw Women's Championship, and that whoever was the Raw Women's Champion by the end of the night would defend against Lynch at SummerSlam. Afterward, Lynch and Carmella attacked Belair, with Lynch ending the attack with a Manhandle Slam on Belair. The Raw Women's Championship match occurred immediately afterward with a stipulation that Carmella could win the title by count out, however, Belair pinned Carmella to retain the title, keeping her as the defending champion heading into her match against Lynch at SummerSlam.

### SmackDown

With her win of the SmackDown Women's Championship, Liv Morgan was officially transferred to the SmackDown brand. On the following episode of *SmackDown*, Morgan delivered a heartfelt message for her win but was interrupted by Natalya, who tried to take credit for Morgan's win since she had hurt Rousey's leg. Rousey came out and congratulated Morgan but said she wanted a rematch. After Rousey defeated Natalya in a rematch, it was announced that Morgan would defend the title in a rematch against Rousey at SummerSlam.

Due to the controversial finish of the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship match, a rematch between The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) and The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) was announced for SummerSlam. On the July 15 episode of *SmackDown*, after Dawkins defeated Jimmy despite Jimmy's shoulder being off the mat, WWE official Adam Pearce announced that WWE Hall of Famer and Nashville area native Jeff Jarrett would be the special guest referee for the match.

Also on the following *SmackDown*, Drew McIntyre was scheduled to face Sheamus to determine the number one contender for the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship at Clash at the Castle. As Sheamus feigned illness, the match did not occur. The match would later be scheduled to the July 29 episode as a Good Old Fashioned Donnybrook match, which McIntyre won.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Liv Morgan defeated Alexa Bliss, Asuka, Becky Lynch, Lacey Evans, Raquel Rodriguez, and Shotzi | Money in the Bank ladder match for a women's championship match contract | 16:35 |
| 2 | Bobby Lashley defeated Theory (c) by submission | Singles match for the WWE United States Championship | 11:05 |
| 3 | Bianca Belair (c) defeated Carmella by pinfall | Singles match for the WWE Raw Women's Championship | 7:10 |
| 4 | The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) (c) defeated The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) by pinfall | Tag team match for the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship | 23:00 |
| 5 | Ronda Rousey (c) defeated Natalya by submission | Singles match for the WWE SmackDown Women's Championship | 12:30 |
| 6 | Liv Morgan defeated Ronda Rousey (c) by pinfall | Singles match for the WWE SmackDown Women's Championship<br>This was Morgan's Money in the Bank cash-in match. | 0:35 |
| 7 | Theory defeated Drew McIntyre, Madcap Moss, Omos, Riddle, Sami Zayn, Seth "Freakin" Rollins, and Sheamus | Money in the Bank ladder match for a men's championship match contract | 25:25 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match | | | |

## InfoBox

| Money in the Bank | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster featuring Seth "Freakin" Rollins and Becky Lynch | |
| Promotion | WWE |
| Brand(s) | Raw<br>SmackDown |
| Date | July 2, 2022 |
| City | Paradise, Nevada |
| Venue | MGM Grand Garden Arena |
| Attendance | 12,076 |
| WWE Network event chronology | |
| **Previous**<br>Hell in a Cell **Next** <br>SummerSlam | |
| Money in the Bank chronology | |
| **Previous**<br>2021 **Next** <br>2023 | |


title: Natá District

abstract: Natá is a district (distrito) of Coclé Province in Panama. The population according to the 2000 census was 17,811. The district covers a total area of 608 km⁲. The capital lies at the city of Natá.

text:
# Natá District

**Natá** is a district (*distrito*) of Coclé Province in Panama. The population according to the 2000 census was 17,811. The district covers a total area of 608 km2. The capital lies at the city of Natá.

## Administrative divisions

Natá District is divided administratively into the following *corregimientos*:

8°19′48″N 80°31′12″W / 8.33000°N 80.52000°W / 8.33000; -80.52000

## InfoBox

| Natá | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
| NatáLocation of the district capital in Panama | |
| Coordinates: 8°19′48″N 80°31′12″W / 8.33000°N 80.52000°W / 8.33000; -80.52000 | |
| Country | Panama |
| Province | Coclé |
| Capital | Natá |
| Area | |
| Total | 608 km2 (235 sq mi) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 17,811 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (ETZ) |


title: Mkhedrioni

abstract: The Mkhedrioni was a paramilitary group in the Republic of Georgia, known for its high-profile involvement in the Georgian Civil War and the War in Abkhazia. It was outlawed since 1995 but subsequently reconstituted as the Union of Patriots political party. However, failing to secure registration, it soon faded into obscurity.

text:
# Mkhedrioni

The **Mkhedrioni** was a paramilitary group in the Republic of Georgia, known for its high-profile involvement in the Georgian Civil War and the War in Abkhazia. It was outlawed since 1995 but subsequently reconstituted as the **Union of Patriots** political party. However, failing to secure registration, it soon faded into obscurity.

## Background

Founded in 1989 by Jaba Ioseliani, the Mkhedrioni presented itself as the heir to historic Georgian guerrilla groups who fought Iranian and Ottoman occupiers. The group's name literally means "horsemen", but in Georgian it has a meaning closer to "knights" (this alternative translation has occasionally been used). Each member of the organization would take an oath to defend Georgia's people, the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church and Georgia's land, and wore a medallion with a scene of Saint George slaying the dragon on one side and the bearer's name and blood type on the other.

The establishment of the Mkhedrioni took place as Georgia moved towards independence in the final years of the Soviet Union. Relations between Georgian nationalists and the country's national minorities, especially the Abkhaz and Ossetians, were difficult at best even during Soviet rule and grew more tense during the rise to power of the nationalist dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia. The Mkhedrioni was one of a number of nationalist paramilitary groups established during this period as a counterbalance to similar paramilitary organisations set up by rival nationalists elsewhere in Georgia.

The Mkhedrioni's members gained an unpleasant reputation as heavily armed thugs who engaged in violent intimidation of their rivals. They were highly visible, wearing what amounted to a uniform of jeans, sweaters and jackets, topped off by sunglasses (even worn indoors). Leaders wore Armani suits bulging with guns, according to one author. Mkhedrioni relied on illegal sources of income (targeting gasoline supplies) and exploited connections with Moscow's Georgian underworld. Mkhedrioni members were often accused of criminal activity, extorting "protection money" from businesses in areas which they effectively controlled, operating roadblocks where drivers would be "fined", smuggling drugs and committing robberies. By 1991, the Mkhedrioni was claimed to have had about 1,000 fighters and 10,000 associate members – considerably more than the official state National Guard.

Despite Gamsakhurdia and Ioseliani sharing a broadly similar nationalist outlook, the two men fell out badly shortly after Gamsakhurdia came to power in November 1990. In February 1991, Ioseliani was imprisoned without trial, along with many of his supporters, and the Mkhedrioni was banned. In August 1991, just after the Soviet coup attempt, Gamsakhurdia sacked Tengiz Kitovani, the commander of Georgia's National Guard, and his Prime Minister Tengiz Sigua resigned around the same time. Kitovani soon formed an anti-Gamsakhurdia alliance with Sigua and the imprisoned Ioseliani. In December 1991, Kitovani's supporters released Ioseliani from jail and launched a violent coup d'état against the Gamsakhurdia government in alliance with the Mkhedrioni. Intense gun battles took place in the streets of Tbilisi between the rebels and "Zviadists" holed up in the state parliament building during December 1991 – January 1992, which ended with Gamsakhurdia fleeing to the breakaway Russian republic of Chechnya. At least 100 people were killed in the fighting.

## The Mkhedrioni after Gamsakhurdia

The Mkhedrioni played a crucial role in suppressing the remaining "Zviadists" after the downfall of Gamsakhurdia. Eduard Shevardnadze, a former Soviet foreign minister, was brought in to provide a respectable face for the new government, but it remained dependent on the Mkhedrioni: even inside the parliament building, Mkhedrioni gunmen had a constant presence as "bodyguards" for Jaba Ioseliani, who was now a member of parliament. Mkhedrioni were given the role of the interior forces under the new government.

In 1993, worsening civil strife in Abkhazia prompted the Mkhedrioni and National Guard to launch a joint operation in the region to root out separatists and Gamsakhurdia supporters. This resulted in a disastrous defeat for the pro-government forces, who were driven out of Abkhazia along with virtually the entire ethnic Georgian population of the region: over 10,000 people were killed in the fighting. In September 1993, Gamsakhurdia took the opportunity to launch an armed uprising in western Georgia in an attempt to return to power. The Mkhedrioni played an important role in suppressing the uprising and were for a while given semi-official status as the "Georgian Rescue Corps". Russian intervention ensured Gamsakhurdia's defeat and on December 31 he reportedly committed suicide, though it has also been stated, and widely believed within Georgia, that he was murdered. Mkhedrioni forces were alleged in press reports to be responsible for his death, but they denied this.

The Mkhedrioni were subsequently given responsibility for rooting out "Zviadists" in western Georgia, which they did with a brutal efficiency that was widely criticised by foreign governments and international human rights organisations. Shevardnadze responded by gradually limiting the organisation's power. Although Ioseliani remained head of the supposedly civilianised organisation, it continued to function as a private army. In early 1995, Shevardnadze ordered it to disarm, accusing it of deep involvement in organised crime. He narrowly escaped assassination in a bomb attack on August 29, 1995, which he blamed on a shadowy coalition of "mafia forces" including Ioseliani and others. Other acts of political violence were also blamed on the Mkhedrioni. The organisation was outlawed and Ioseliani imprisoned, although many regarded the claim that it had been involved in the bombing as being inconclusively proven.

In spite of its banning, the Mkhedrioni continues to have a somewhat shadowy existence in Georgian politics. A number of members, led by Tornike Berishvili, recreated it in 1999 as an ostensibly political rather than paramilitary organisation. It has been claimed that the Mkhedrioni has had relations with Chechen separatists and continues to be involved in criminal and paramilitary activities, including continued guerrilla attacks in Abkhazia. Jaba Ioseliani was released from prison in an amnesty in April 2000 and resumed his post as head of the Mkhedrioni, declaring his intention to run for president and participate in the November 2003 parliamentary elections. However, Ioseliani died of a heart attack in March 2003.

When the Mkhedrioni failed to secure registration to stand in elections under its own name, it reconstituted itself in November 2002 as a political party called the *Union of Patriots* in alliance with former Gamsakhurdia supporters. It was again refused registration by the government. Its leader Badri Zarandia was assassinated on January 8, 2003.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Mkhedrioni | |
| --- | --- |
| მხედრიონი | |
|
| Leaders | Jaba Ioseliani |
| Dates of operation | 1989–1995 |
| Active regions | Georgia |
| Size | 1,000–7,000 (1991) |
| Opponents | Gamsakhurdia's government in exile
Abkhazia
Bagramyan Battalion
Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus |
| Battles and wars | Georgian Civil War
War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
1991–1992 South Ossetia War
War in Abkhazia (1998) |


title: Pedrerasaurus

abstract: Pedrerasaurus is an extinct genus of scincogekkonomorph lizard from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation of Spain. The type species is P. latifrontalis. It is similar in appearance to Meyasaurus, a widespread Early Cretaceous lizard that is also known from the Iberian Peninsula. Both genera have bicuspid (two-cusped) teeth, but unlike Meyasaurus, Pedrerasaurus has frontal bones that are not fused or constricted.

text:
# Pedrerasaurus

***Pedrerasaurus*** is an extinct genus of scincogekkonomorph lizard from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation of Spain. The type species is *P. latifrontalis*. It is similar in appearance to *Meyasaurus*, a widespread Early Cretaceous lizard that is also known from the Iberian Peninsula. Both genera have bicuspid (two-cusped) teeth, but unlike *Meyasaurus*, *Pedrerasaurus* has frontal bones that are not fused or constricted.

## InfoBox

| *Pedrerasaurus*
Temporal range: Barremian
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| *Clade*: | Scincogekkonomorpha |
| Genus: | *Pedrerasaurus*
Bolet & Evans, 2010 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Pedrerasaurus latifrontalis***
Bolet & Evans, 2010 | |


abstract: For the Term of His Natural Life is a 1927 Australian film based on the 1874 novel by Marcus Clarke, directed, produced and co-written by Norman Dawn. It was the most expensive Australian silent film ever made and remains one of the most famous Australian films of the silent era.

text:
# For the Term of His Natural Life (1927 film)

***For the Term of His Natural Life*** is a 1927 Australian film based on the 1874 novel by Marcus Clarke, directed, produced and co-written by Norman Dawn. It was the most expensive Australian silent film ever made and remains one of the most famous Australian films of the silent era.

## Plot

After an argument, Ellinor Devine reveals to her husband, Sir Richard, that he is not actually the father of their son, also named Richard, but that he was fathered by her cousin, Lord Bellasis. Sir Richard throws his son out and storms off in a rage. Shortly afterwards, Richard Junior finds his biological father dead in the forest. Only the viewer and an unidentified witness know that Lord Bellasis has actually been killed by his own son, known as John Rex. However, it is Richard Devine who is found next to the body and arrested. Thinking that his father killed Bellasis, Richard wants to protect his mother's reputation and gives his name as Rufus Dawes.

The convict ship that brings Dawes to Van Diemen's Land also carries the new governor Vickers and his wife and his daughter Sylvia. The commander of the ship is a brutal man by the name of Maurice Frere. With the Vickers is a young girl, Sarah Purfoy, as a nurse to the child. However, she really is the fiancée of John Rex, convicted for forgery, and tries to help the convicts take the ship. The rebellion is led by a murderer named Gabbett. They fail when Dawes overhears their plans and manages to warn an officer while being brought to a quarantine room for the sick. Gabbett decides to claim that Dawes was the actual ringleader.

A few years later, Frere comes to visit Vickers and shows interest in Sylvia, who has grown to be a beautiful young woman. Gabbett has come back after an escape and hints that he cannibalized his comrades to survive. Dawes, who is kept in solitary confinement on an island before the coast, attempts to drown himself. Frere has brought Vickers the order to give up the settlement and move to Port Arthur. Vickers embarks the convicts and sails with them. A smaller boat is supposed to carry Frere, Mrs Vickers and Sylvia, but is taken by John Rex, who maroons the three on the abandoned shore. Dawes finds them there a few days later and manages to inspire in them a new will to live. Sylvia especially takes to him very much and convinces him to make a boat, but Mrs Vickers dies before they can leave and makes Dawes promise to look after her daughter. The three survivors are found later by Vickers who has started to search for them. Frere takes the credit for saving Sylvia, who is herself unable to remember a thing after waking. Dawes is put back into prison.

Later again, it is shortly before the wedding of Sylvia and Frere. John Rex has been captured and Sarah Purfoy begs Frere to save his life by saying that he left them food and weapons. She threatens to reveal his past with some of the women in the settlement to Sylvia and Frere complies. Dawes, who also testifies, is shocked to find that Sylvia cannot remember him. He escapes on the night of the wedding to speak to Sylvia but is apprehended. The next day, a young convict named Cranky Brown is sentenced to a flogging for escape despite the protest of the reverend North and Dawes is ordered to carry out the punishment. He refuses to do so after Brown faints and is flogged himself. Upon finding that Brown is dead, Dawes curses Frere.

John Rex has planned another escape with the help of Gabbett. Dawes refuses to leave with them but asks Rex to post a letter for him. John Rex manages to escape with Sarah's help, while Gabbett and five other man get lost in the wilderness. Gabbett again starts killing and eating his comrades to survive. When he arrives at the shore, he is found by a group of sailors, who kill him. Rex reads Dawes letter in Sydney and understands his striking resemblance to Dawes, since they have the same father. He returns to England, where Ellinor Devine first accepts him as her son, but begins to become suspicious when he starts spending the family fortune. She confronts him with the fact that Richard was illegitimate, and Rex confesses to what happened.

Some years later again, Dawes is on Norfolk Island. Frere is on his way there to restore order. He quickly finds out that Dawes is the core of a rebellious "ring" whose members avenge every punishment through violence. The heavy punishments to which he sentences Dawes break him after some days. Reverend North becomes a close friend of Sylvia and when he visits Dawes in the hospital, the latter begs him to talk to Sylvia. Frere quickly learns about their friendship and after North infuriates him, he revenges it by punishing Dawes. One evening, he finds North and Sylvia in an embrace and suspects his wife to cheat on him. After he strikes her, Sylvia takes the next boat to the mainland; to her father. North goes to visit Dawes and confesses to him that he witnessed the murder of Lord Bellasis but did not tell anyone because Lord Bellasis held banknotes that North had forged. He gives Dawes his coat and tells him to go and see Sylvia. A storm breaks loose. The ship is about to sink as North frees the Norfolk Island convicts, who go after Frere. Sylvia recognises Dawes shortly before the ship sinks; at the same time, the convicts kill Frere. The next morning finds Dawes and Sylvia on a plank in calm waters.

## Cast

* George Fisher as Rufus Dawes / John Rex
* Eva Novak as Sylvia Vickers
* Dunstan Webb as Maurice Frere
* Jessica Harcourt as Sarah Purfoy
* Arthur McLaglen as Gabbett
* Katherine Dawn as Mrs. Vickers
* Gerald Kay Souper as Major Vickers
* Marion Marcus Clarke as Lady Devine
* Arthur Tauchert as Warden Troke
* Beryl Gow as Sylvia Vickers as child
* Compton Coutts as Reverend Meekin
* Mayne Lynton as Reverend North
* Carlton Stuart as Commandant Burgess
* William O'Hanlon as The Crow
* Arthur Greenaway as Lord Bellasis
* Edward Howell as Kirkpatrick
* Fred Twitcham as Surgeon Pine
* Charles Weatherby as Captain Blunt
* Steve Murphy as Jeremy Vetch
* Jimmy McMahon as convict boy 1
* Hartney Arthur as convict boy 2

## Production

### Pre-production

The novel had previously been filmed in 1908 and 1911. Australasian Films had made five films since reactivating production in the mid 1920s but none of them had made much international impact. They thought a big budget version of the classic novel might prove popular with overseas as well as Australian audiences.

The project was originally budgeted at £15,000 to be directed by Raymond Longford and starring Frank Harvey. Australasian, however, wanted an American release, and accordingly hired an American director, Norman Dawn, and imported American stars. Australasian promised Longford work on other films, but soon allowed his contract to lapse.

Norman Dawn was in Australia to make a series of scenic shorts and was offered the job by William Gibson of Australasian. The budget was raised to £40,000.

During pre-production, questions were asked in the Commonwealth Parliament whether the film should be exported because it depicted Australia's convict past. Hollywood was making an increasing number of films on location around this time such as *Chang*, *The Trail of '98* and *The Covered Wagon*, and *For the Term of His Natural Life* was grouped with these.

### Differences from novel

* The end was changed to a slightly more optimistic one. In the book, Dawes and Sylvia are already dead the next morning.
* In the book, Maurice Frere is Richard Devine's cousin.
* In the movie, North gives Dawes his coat and tells him to see Sylvia. In the book, he simply drops his coat and hat in Dawes' cell, who manages to escape because the guard is drunk.
* Frere is not killed in the book.
* "The Crow" is James "Jemmy" (not Jeremy) Vetch's nickname. In the movie, they are two different persons.
* Sylvia is still a child (eleven years old) at the time of the mutiny, whereas in the movie, she is already a young lady.
* In the book, Peter "Cranky" Brown is a twelve-year-old child, who suicides himself. The person named Cranky Brown in the movie is called Kirkland in the book.
* John Rex's death after a stroke is left out in the book.

### Casting

Gibson claimed he tested Australian actors to play the leads but was unable to find people of sufficient quality. Accordingly, four main roles were given to Americans, Eva Novak, George Fisher, Steve Murphy and Katherine Dawn, who arrived in Australia in August 1926. The cast also included:

### Shooting

Filming began on 10 August 1926. Great attempts were made to ensure the authenticity of sets and costumes with period costumes being borrowed from Hobart museum and duplicated. After some studio scenes shot at Australasian's Bondi studio, the unit shifted to Port Arthur. Dawn had originally planned to film the Hells Gates and Grummet Island scenes at their original locations in Macquarie Harbour, but his plans changed during the shoot. According to the Hobart Mercury, "he said the cliffs at the Gate, and the general appearance, were not such as he had visualised for his picture...In regard to the scene where Rufus Dawes is chained to Grummett Rock, this could be got close to his base of operations." Instead, several establishing shots were taken of Macquarie Harbour and the town of Strahan.

In October, the unit returned to Sydney to film prison interiors at the studio. An old sailing ship, the *Inca*, had been reconditioned and was used for scenes in Sydney Harbour. The prison escape scene was shot on the banks of the Parramatta River near Ryde at a cost of £1,200 for one day's shooting. Other scenes were shot at the convict-built gaol at Berrima and Wombeyan Caves. Throughout production, a trio of musicians played mood music on the set to help the cast with their performances.

The budget eventually blew out to a reported £60,000. Some have even claimed it went as high as £70,000 although Stuart F. Doyle of Australasian put the official figure at £50,000.

## Release

The movie was an enormous success at the Australian box office but did poorly overseas, in part due to the emergence of talking films in 1928.

### US release

The presence of American stars and directors meant the film was publicized in the US but was not released there until 1929. It was estimated the combined losses of this film and Norman Dawn's follow-up, *The Adorable Outcast* (1928), came to £30,000. Cinesound Productions announced plans to remake it with sound in 1932 but this never seems have been seriously pursued.

## Restoration

The movie was restored by Graham Shirley and screened at the 1981 Sydney Film Festival.

It was based primarily on an incomplete Australian release, comprising less than half of the original film; an American release, provided by the American Film Institute, consisting "almost entirely of variant takes and out-takes" which were usually of lesser quality; images reused in the 1933 Cinesound Productions travelogue *Ghosts of Port Arthur*; outtakes and stills from the National Film and Sound Archive; and new intertitles for the remaining gaps.

## InfoBox

| For the Term of His Natural Life | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Norman Dawn |
| Written by | Norman Dawn
Gayne Dexter (titles) |
| Based on | novel by Marcus Clarke |
| Produced by | Norman Dawn |
| Starring | George Fisher
Eva Novak
Dunstan Webb |
| Cinematography | Bert Cross
Len Roos
John William Trerise |
| Edited by | Katherine Dawn
Norman Dawn
Mona Donaldson |
| Production
companies | Australasian Films
A Union Master Picture |
| Distributed by | Union Theatres (Australia)
Standard Film (USA) |
| Release dates | * 20 June 1927 (1927-06-20) (Australia) * 1 October 1927 (1927-10-01) (UK) * 4 June 1929 (1929-06-04) (U.S.) |
| Running time | 102 minutes |
| Country | Australia |
| Language | English |
| Budget | £50,000 or £60,000 |
| Box office | £40,000 (by 1928) or £50,000 (by Dec 1928) |


title: Hackerspace Global Grid

abstract: The Hackerspace Global Grid is aiming at building and establishing a distributed sensor and communication network. It was started in 2011 by Armin Bauer (shackspace), Andreas Horning, and Gregor Jehle (shackspace) after a call for participation in the Hackers in Space programme at the Chaos Communication Camp, 2011 to create a global community-driven communication network. The long-term technical goal is to establish a system for tracking and communicating with amateur satellites in near Earth orbit, but the system is kept open for a variety of sensors, i.e. earthquake detection, radiation or weather data. Currently, the project is in a state where it is possible to receive data from commercial aeroplanes via ADS-B. A stated but misinterpreted aim of the project is to produce a communication system, 'free from Internet censorship'.

text:
# Hackerspace Global Grid

The **Hackerspace Global Grid** is aiming at building and establishing a distributed sensor and communication network. It was started in 2011 by Armin Bauer (shackspace), Andreas Horning (Constellation Platform), and Gregor Jehle (shackspace) after a call for participation in the *Hackers in Space* programme at the Chaos Communication Camp, 2011 to create a global community-driven communication network.

The long-term technical goal is to establish a system for tracking and communicating with amateur satellites in near Earth orbit, but the system is kept open for a variety of sensors, i.e. earthquake detection, radiation or weather data. Currently, the project is in a state where it is possible to receive data from commercial aeroplanes via ADS-B.

A stated but misinterpreted aim of the project is to produce a communication system, 'free from Internet censorship'.


title: Martha High

abstract: Martha High is an American vocalist.

text:
# Martha High

**Martha High** (born Martha Harvin in 1945, Victoria, Virginia) is an American vocalist.

## Biography

Harvin grew up in Washington, D.C., attending Roosevelt High School and singing in Trinity AME Zion Church. She began singing in The Four Jewels (whose members attended the same church and school) after the departure of Carrie Mingo. After Martha joined the group, they changed their name simply to The Jewels and released their best-known hit, "Opportunity". After a follow-up single, "But I Do" b/w "Smokey Joe", flopped, they were dropped from Dimension Records.

The Jewels went on tour with James Brown in 1964, with a demanding nightly schedule. They visited the studios of Motown Records on the Detroit leg of the tour, hoping to record, but the building was closed that day. They did record two singles while they toured with Brown, but after a year and a half with Brown the group split up. Not ready to leave the tour, Harvin asked Brown if she could stay. Brown agreed, but he required her name change from Harvin to the stage name High. She continued singing with Brown for the next 30-plus years. Among her appearances with Brown are on the track "Summertime" and on the *Original Funky Divas* album.

High also recorded a self-titled disco album in 1979, released on Salsoul Records. In January 2000, she stopped performing with Brown and went on tour with Maceo Parker.

In 2004, High teamed up with the Soulpower organization, which is also behind the comebacks of Soul artists like Marva Whitney, Lyn Collins, Bobby Byrd, Gwen McCrae and RAMP. During her collaboration with Soulpower, High performed all across Europe and even performed in Africa, backed by the Soulpower Allstars. In February 2005, High embarked on the "James Brown's Funky Divas Tour" in Europe, sharing the stage with her friend Lyn Collins.

In 2016, High released her solo album on Blind Faith Records, with 11 original tunes produced and recorded by Italian soul man Luca Sapio and his crew.

In 2017, High recorded a single titled "We are one" with DJ Toner, released on Enlace Funk (Spain). Fred Thomas (The J.B.´s musician) also collaborated playing bass.

In 2021, High recorded an album titled "Got My Senses Back" with Grey and the Hit Me Band, released on Only One Records with 9 tracks arranged, produced and recorded by Michael Edell.

## Single discography

| No. | Song titles (Artist) | Label and no. | Release | Format |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Georgy Girl" b/w "Try Me" | People 611 | 1972 | 7" |
| 2 | "Take Me Higher And Groove Me" (James Brown)
b/w Summertime (Martha And James) | Polydor 14433 | 1977 | 7" |
| 3 | "Spank Georgia Disco" Parts 1&2 (as Martha And The Lazers) | Polydor 14498 | 1978 | 7" |
| 4 | "He's My Ding Dong Man" b/w "Wallflower" | Salsoul 2097 | 1979 | 7" |
| 5 | "Showdown" b/w "He's My Ding Dong Man" | Salsoul 2110 | 1979 | 7" |
| 6 | "He's My Ding Dong Man" b/w "Wallflower" | Salsoul 306 | 1979 | 12" |
| 7 | "Showdown" b/w "He's My Ding Dong Man" | Salsoul 317 | 1979 | 12" |
| 8 | "The Big Payback" | Diaspora Connections | 2007 | CD |
| 9 | "The Shakedown (Say Yeah)"
b/w "Dragging Me Down" (as Speedometer ft. Martha High) | Freestyle 7072 | Feb. 2012 | 7" |
| 10 | "I'd Rather Go Blind" b/w "No More Heartaches"
(as Martha High & Speedometer) | Freestyle 7074 | Sept. 2012 | 7" |
| 11 | "We are one" (as Martha High & DJ Toner) | Enlace Funk EF-67 | 2017 | 7" |

## Album discography

* *High* (Salsoul 8526) released 1979
* *Live at Quai Du Blues* (Austerlitz Music 5978012) released 2003
* *W.O.M.A.N.* by Martha High With Shaolin Temple Defenders (Soulbeats 004\[CD\]/005\[LP\]) released 2008
* *It's High Time* (Diaspora Connections 90101) released 2009
* *Soul Overdue* by Martha High & Speedometer (Freestyle FSRCD096\[CD\]/FSRLP096\[LP\]) released 2012
* *Singing For The Good Times* by Martha High (Blind Faith Records BF01002 \[CD\]/\[LP\]) released 2016
* *Tribute To My Soul Sisters* by Martha High (Rekord Kicks Records RKX 067 \[CD\]/\[LP\]) released 2017
* *Nothing's Going Wrong* by Martha High & The Italian Royal Family, released 2020
* *Got My Senses Back* by Martha High & Grey and the Hit Me Band (Only One Records \[Digital\]) released 2021

## Other appearances

* *Presenting… The James Brown Show* (LP by various artists, 1967) Smash 27087 (mono) & 67087 (stereo)

"This Is My Story" and "Something's Got A Hold On Me" by The Jewels

* *James Brown's Original Funky Divas* (CD compilation, 1998) PolyGram 314 537 709-2

"This Is My Story" by The Jewels
"Summertime" by Martha And James

* *Love Over-Due* (album by James Brown, 1991) Scotti Bros. 72392 75225-1

"Later For Dancing" (duet with James Brown)

* *Martha High* (CD, 2014) on Octave-lav/Ultra-Vybe inc. 5067)
* Reissue of Salsoul 8526 with 4 bonus-tracks

## InfoBox

| Martha High | |
| --- | --- |
| Photo: Lasse Brown | |
| Background information | |
| Born | Victoria, Virginia, U.S. |
| Origin | Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Genres | Soul, R&B, funk |
|  | |
| Website | www.facebook.com/originalfunkydiva/ |


title: Rita Zeqiri

abstract: Rita Zeqiri is a Kosovan swimmer. She competed in the women's 100 metre backstroke event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She currently works for STEP swimming center as a trainer. She also is the sister of olympian Eda Zeqiri, who represented Kosovo in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

text:
# Rita Zeqiri

**Rita Zeqiri** (born 8 December 1995) is a Kosovan swimmer. She competed in the women's 100 metre backstroke event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She currently works for STEP swimming center as a trainer. She also is the sister of olympian Eda Zeqiri, who represented Kosovo in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

## InfoBox

Rita Zeqiri
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Kosovo |
| Born | (1995-12-08) 8 December 1995 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Club | STEP |
|  | |


title: Mount Iino

abstract: Mount Iino is a 422-metre-high (1,385 ft) mountain on the border of Sakaide and Marugame in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

text:
# Mount Iino

**Mount Iino** (飯野山, *Iino-yama*) is a 422-metre-high (1,385 ft) mountain on the border of Sakaide and Marugame in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

## Outline

Mount Iino is also called Sanuki Fuji because of its resemblance to Mount Fuji.

This mountain is one of the Continued 100 Famous Japanese Mountains.

## Access

By bus or walk from Sakaide Station or Marugame Station.

## InfoBox

| Mount Iino | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount Iino | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 422 m (1,385 ft) |
| Coordinates | 34°16′27″N 133°50′45″E / 34.27417°N 133.84583°E / 34.27417; 133.84583 |
| Geography | |
| Mount IinoLocation on the island of Shikoku | |
| Country | Japan |
| Prefecture | Kagawa |
| Cities | Sakaide and Marugame |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Butte |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | unknown |


title: Naum Sluszny

abstract: Naum Sluszny was a Swiss-born concert and chamber pianist.

text:
# Naum Sluszny

**Naum Sluszny** (30 March 1914 – 17 November 1979) was a Swiss-born concert and chamber pianist.

## Career

Sluszny's reputation rose after World War II. He was a student of Stefan Askenase and lived and taught in Brussels.

In 1967, he joined the Brussels Masonic lodge "Le Ciment" for which he composed and recorded 10 pieces for initiation ceremonies in 1977.

On 24 October 1967 in The Town Hall in New York City he gave a recital of four Beethoven sonatas. On 17 August 1973 he gave a concert in the Casino-Kursaal in Ostend.

He was part of the Trio Reine Elisabeth with the violinist Carlo Van Neste and with cellist Éric Feldbusch. Among Sluszny's compositions is a set of six préludes for piano.

## Selected discography

* *Le Ciment* (1977) Vinyl LP
* *Recital de Piano* (1967) Vinyl LP
* *Chefs-d'oeuvre pour piano* (1978) Vinyl LP

## InfoBox

| Naum Sluszny | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 30 March 1914<br>Switzerland |
| Died | 17 November 1979 (1979-11-18) (aged 65) |
| Genres | Classical music |
| Occupation(s) | Pianist, composer |
| Instrument | Piano |


abstract: The former Mizpah Presbyterian Church is a building in southeast Portland, Oregon. This Carpenter Gothic style church is on the National Register of Historic Places and is the oldest structure in Ladd’s Addition.

text:
# Mizpah Presbyterian Church of East Portland

The former **Mizpah Presbyterian Church** is a building in southeast Portland, Oregon.

This Carpenter Gothic style church is on the National Register of Historic Places and is the oldest structure in Ladd’s Addition.

## History

Mizpah Presbyterian Church was built in 1902, and moved to its current location in Ladd’s Addition in 1911. An addition at the east end was added to the main structure in 1924, and was used for classrooms and meeting rooms.

The church's wood-frame structure features a design from the mid-1800's. Above the prominent entryway staircase rises a Basilican bell tower adjacent to the main structure. In the bell tower is the original bell cast in 1888 by Vanduzen and Tift at the Buckeye Bell Foundry in Cincinnati, Ohio.

It served the Presbyterian community as a church and community center until 1961. From 1961 to 1978, the structure was rented to several other congregations and organizations, each of which had a short life.

After 17 years of neglect, it was purchased by Artur Lind in 1978 who converted it over the next three years for use as four residential units. Lind completed the design work himself, used the 20-foot pews to make railings, staircases, furniture, and accent pieces, and obtained the National Register of Historic Places designation in 1983.

In 1996, Ross Regis purchased the property and has made many improvements to the interior and exterior of the building while maintaining architectural integrity and Artur Lind’s legacy.

### 2010’s renovations

During 2016-17, the front and rear basement apartments were renovated, and the seismic retrofit was completed. In 2018, the upper rear apartment was renovated, and in 2019 the former sanctuary was renovated.

### 2020’s renovations

In 2020, the front porch columns and floor were replaced. During 2021-22, the stained-glass windows were rebuilt. The building exterior was painted in 2023.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mizpah Presbyterian Church of East Portland | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Portland Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| The building’s exterior in 2024 | |
| Location in Portland | |
| Location | 2456-2462 SE Tamarack Ave.<br>Portland, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°30′19″N 122°38′48″W / 45.505226°N 122.646800°W / 45.505226; -122.646800 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1902 |
| Architect | Lawrence B. Valk |
| Architectural style | Carpenter Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 83002174 |
| Added to NRHP | May 19, 1983 |


title: Pedreira River

abstract: Pedreira River is a river of Amapá state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Amazon River.

text:
# Pedreira River

**Pedreira River** is a river of Amapá state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Amazon River.

1. "Pedreira, River". *Database for Hydrological Time Series of Inland Waters*. Retrieved 3 April 2021.

## InfoBox

| Pedreira River | |
| --- | --- |
| Santo Antônio da Pedreira Bridge over the Pedreira River | |
| Location | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Amapá state |
| coordinates | 0°13′02″N 50°46′12″W / 0.21722°N 50.77000°W / 0.21722; -50.77000 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| elevation | Amazon River |


title: Fort Belgica

abstract: Fort Belgica is a 17th-century fort in Banda Neira, Banda Islands, Maluku Islands, Indonesia; administratively in Central Maluku Regency, Maluku. The fort acted as a fortification system for the islands of Banda which was the only place in the world during that period where nutmeg was produced.

text:
# Fort Belgica

**Fort Belgica** is a 17th-century fort in Banda Neira, Banda Islands, Maluku Islands (the Moluccas), Indonesia; administratively in Central Maluku Regency, Maluku. The fort acted as a fortification system for the islands of Banda which was the only place in the world during that period where nutmeg was produced.

## History

Before Fort Belgica, there was a 16th-century Portuguese fort standing on a hill in Banda Neira. On September 4, 1611, Pieter Both, the first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, instructed the construction of a new fort to fortify the hill which dominated the original Dutch fortress, Fort Nassau. This fort was to be named either *Belgica* or *Nederland*, and it became Fort Belgica. Fort Belgica was a modest square fort on top of a hill. In 1662, Jan Pieterszoon Coen ordered the renovation of the original fort, so it was replaced with a more solid redoubt that could accommodate 40 men.

By the mid-seventeenth century earthquakes, the tropical monsoonal climate, and poor original construction materials and techniques had resulted in the structure becoming dilapidated. In 1667, Governor Cornelis Speelman instructed Engineer Adriaan de Leeuw to redesign and reconstruct the fort. The result was the present "castle", the major modification works started in 1672 and was completed by 1673. The new Fort Belgica was built from stone shipped to the island. The new design consisted of a low outer pentagonal structure with five angled corner bastions and a higher inner pentagon with five tall circular towers. It is the only fort of this kind throughout the Banda Islands.

Despite over 300,000 Guilders spent on the modifications, an armament of 50 guns and a garrison of 400 men Fort Belgica surrendered to a British fleet in 1796 without a shot fired. Returned to Dutch control in 1803, it was again taken by the British in 1810, when it was stormed by a naval force under Captain Christopher Cole.

Partially demolished in 1904, it was incompletely rebuilt in 1919. In 1991, following the order of General Benny Moerdani, at the time the Minister of Defense and Security of Indonesia, the fort was thoroughly restored.

## Layout

Fort Belgica sits on top of a hill on the southwestern part of the island Banda Neira. The fort overlooks Fort Nassau, lower on the foot of the hill to the south.

Fort Belgica is pentagonal in form. It consists of a low outer pentagonal structure and a higher inner pentagonal structure. A stairs access on the southernmost wall of the outer pentagon provides the sole point of entry to the fort. The lower pentagonal structure is equipped with five bastions, from the left-hand side of the access point: *Galge punt*, *Moorsche punt*, *Leugenaar punt*, *Metaale punt*, and *Klokke punt*, each equipped with a bartizan. The higher inner pentagonal structure housed several rooms which were arranged surrounding a pentagonal-shaped inner courtyard. Stairs in one of these rooms provide access to the top level.

## World Heritage Status

In January 2015, Belgica Fort was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List as part of the Historic and Marine Landscape of the Banda Islands.

## Citations

### References

### Bibliography

* Gagas Ulung (2011). *Extremely Beautiful Maluku*. Backpacking and Traveling (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 9789792268089.
* Groll, Coenraad Liebrecht Temminck (2002). *Dutch overseas: architectural survey: mutual heritage of four centuries in three continents*. Cultuurhistorische studies (illustrated ed.). Waanders. ISBN 9789040087431.
* Hanna, Willard Anderson (1991). *Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and Its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands*. Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira.
* "The Historic and Marine Landscape of the Banda Islands". UNESCO. 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
* van de Wall, V.I. (1928). *De Nederlandsche Oudheden in de Molukken* \[*Dutch Antiquities in the Moluccans*\] (in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.

4°31′34″S 129°53′56″E / 4.52611°S 129.89889°E / -4.52611; 129.89889

## InfoBox

| Fort Belgica | |
| --- | --- |
| Fort Belgica in Banda Neira | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Dutch colonial |
| Location | Banda Neira |
| Construction started | 1611 |


title: Halocoryza

abstract:
Halocoryza is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:
  - Halocoryza acapulcana D. R. Whitehead, 1966
  - Halocoryza arenaria
  - Halocoryza maindroni Alluaud, 1919
  - Halocoryza whiteheadiana Erwin, 2011

text:
# Halocoryza

***Halocoryza*** is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:

## Halocoryza Acapulcana

"The *Halocoryza Acapulcana* beetles can be found shores of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Sea of Cortés, Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico, primarily in inter-tidal lagoons on the edge of mangroves. Acapulcana adults are most commonly found in March and August. Acapulcana are capable of flight, but are slow runners. Adults are attracted to light, and are nocturnal predators.

## Halocoryza Arenria

The *Halocoryza arenaria* can be found on the shores of Barbados, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Mexico(Qatar, Colombia), Panama, Puerto Rico, United States(Florida), Virgin Islands(St. John, St. Thomas). These beetles are possibly capable of flight, however this is unsure, and they are slow runners. Arenaria is a nocturnal predaceous species and often take cover in sand and seaweed piles. Most likely to be found March–April, July, and October.

## Halocoryza Maindroni

Halocoryza Maindroni are found low on shores of Comoros(Mayotte), Djibouti, Madagascar, Mauritius, Saudi Arabia, and Somalia. Adults live on the ground on coralline sands near coral reefs. Possibly has the ability of flight, however its main mode of transportation is walking despite being a slow running species. Found in January and October. Adults are nocturnal predators who take cover under seaweed just above high tide during the day.

## Halocoryza Whiteheadiana

Named after Donald R. Whitehead, who had a keen interest in this species. This beetle can be found on Isla del Carmen(Baja California) in Mexico. possibly a flying species, however they are slow runners and strong burrowers.

## Appearance

The Halocoryza are often red in color(the deepness of the color varies depending on species). They also have small mandibles and small antennae. The genus is typically small in size, shiny throughout whole body, and have small eyes.

## InfoBox

| *Halocoryza* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Adephaga |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | ***Halocoryza***<br>Alluaud, 1919 |
|


title: Albalat dels Tarongers

abstract: Albalat dels Tarongers is a municipality in the comarca of Camp de Morvedre in the Valencian Community, Spain.

text:
# Albalat dels Tarongers

**Albalat dels Tarongers** is a municipality in the *comarca* of Camp de Morvedre in the Valencian Community, Spain.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Albalat dels Tarongers | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Albalat dels TarongersLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 39°42′10″N 0°20′16″W / 39.70278°N 0.33778°W / 39.70278; -0.33778 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Valencian Community |
| Province | Valencia |
| Comarca | Camp de Morvedre |
| Judicial district | Sagunto |
| Government | |
| Alcalde | Maite Pérez Furió (2015) (PSPV-PSOE) |
| Area | |
| Total | 21.35 km2 (8.24 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 96 m (315 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 1,202 |
| Density | 56/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Demonyms | Albalatà, Albalatana |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 46591 |
| Official language(s) | Valencian |
| Website | Official website |


title: Martha Ellen Auditorium

abstract: The Martha Ellen Auditorium, now the State Theatre, was built 1916 in Central City, the county seat of Merrick County in the state of Nebraska in the midwestern United States. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, as a well-preserved example of a Nebraska opera house.

text:
# Martha Ellen Auditorium

The **Martha Ellen Auditorium**, now the State Theatre, was built 1916 in Central City, the county seat of Merrick County in the state of Nebraska in the midwestern United States. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, as a well-preserved example of a Nebraska opera house.

## History

The early 1900s were a time of relative prosperity in Central City, Merrick County, and Nebraska more generally after the recession of the 1890s; this episode of prosperity culminated with World War I (19141918), which increased the demand and raised the prices for agricultural products. The early 1900s thus marked a period of considerable growth in Central City with a number of buildings built and businesses established. It was a time before radio or television, when silent movies were only beginning to become available in rural Nebraska. Entertainment was available to rural Nebraskans in the form of musical concerts, comic operas, performances by touring companies, and vaudeville performers, but only if there was a suitable venue.

It was in this context that the opera house was built in 1916 by Colonel William C. Shelton, who named it after his daughter. When the *Central City Nonpareil* announced the opening of the theater, it declared:

> Col. C. Shelton deserves the patronage of every resident of our city as renumeration \[sic\] for his progressive spirit in giving the play goers of Central City such a house. The investment was prompted by a spirit of community advancement for the returns cannot possibly pay interest on the investment Mr. Shelton is putting into this building (2 Nov. 1916:1).

The new venue furnished a variety of entertainments. A list of events from 1916 and 1917 includes films, among them D. W. Griffith's *The Birth of a Nation* and *The Avenging Conscience*, operas, lectures, plays, and a heavyweight wrestling match. Both traveling and local performers occupied the stage: in December 1916, for example, the Martha Ellen presented the opera *The Bohemian Girl*, staged by the Aborn Opera Company, and the play *The Dream That Came True*, staged by the local junior class.

Opera-house entertainment went into a decline beginning about the end of World War I. Increases in the cost of rail tickets cut into the profits of traveling companies; even the relatively inexpensive Lyceum Bureau offerings became too costly for small-town halls. The rise in automobile ownership made it possible for more and more people to travel to larger cities for their entertainment rather than making do with what the local venues had to offer. Under these circumstances, the Martha Ellen Auditorium increasingly showed motion pictures, and nothing else, ending its career as a venue for performing arts.

At some point prior to 1988, the name of the establishment was changed to "State Theatre". A marquee bearing that name was added to the building's facade, obscuring the original "Martha Ellen Auditorium" sign. The State Theatre was closed in 2013; the owners cited the cost of changing from film to digital projection equipment as the reason for the closing. The nonprofit State Theater Foundation raised $100,000 to renovate and reopen the theater, using $45,000 of the money to purchase digital projection equipment.

In 1988, the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, under the name "Martha Ellen Auditorium".

## Building

The Martha Ellen Auditorium is located in the center of the Central City, Nebraska business district. The auditorium is a brick One-Part Commercial Block structure approximately 80 × 58 feet (24 × 18 m). The exterior of the building has minimal decorative brick trim and broad inset panels.

It has a flat roof and is divided into bays (three bays on the front and five bays on the side) by full height brick pilasters supporting a wall cornice with parapet wall above. Brick corbeling further characterizes the façades. The original windows on the second still exist but have been boarded up. The retail spaces on the lower level originally housed specialty stores including a barber shop. Alterations were made both to these storefronts and interiors since the auditorium was built. A marquee and sign were added when the building became the State Theater.

The original Martha Ellen Auditorium sign is still on the building but hidden by the State Theatre movie marquee. The auditorium is accessed through doors under the current movie margues. The lobby immediately inside the doors is approximately 13 feet (4.0 m) in depth.

The lobby has been remodeled the original auditorium was built. The auditorium is entered from the lobby and it is approximately 51 × 56 feet (16 × 17 m). It has no windows. The sides of the proscenium walls, outside of the arch are curved. The original boxes there have been covered and the rails hidden behind the covering. The now hiddend stage-left box once functioned as a barber shop.

The horseshoe-shaped balcony is 9.5 feet (2.9 m) deep on the sides and it extends all the way around the auditorium to the proscenium wall. The sides of the balcony have three rows of seats, while the middle-rear has six rows. A 13 feet (4.0 m) deep projection booth is centered behind the middle-rear six rows of seats. Two sets of stairs along the walls of the auditorium lead to the balcony. Pillars are located around the edges of the balcony. Many of the original opera chairs remain in the balcony but on the lower floor, the original seats have been replaced by conventional movie seats. Aisles are carpeted and the pink-tinted peach colored plaster walls maintain their original color scheme.

The proscenium arch is 22 feet (6.7 m) wide and approximately 14 feet (4.3 m) high. The wings (17 feet (5.2 m) long) contain movie speakers. The backstage area is entered through a door to the extreme stage right of proscenium wall. The stage is 15 feet (4.6 m) deep from the curtain line to the back wall. The dressing rooms no longer exist, but they were under the stage. In all other respects, the structural and historical integrity of the building and auditorium have been preserved.

1. "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form" (PDF). Nebraska State Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2013.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
2. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
3. "Nebraska National Register Sites in Merrick County".\[usurped\] Nebraska State Historical Society.\[usurped\] Retrieved 2012-12-31.
4. Kay, John, Lonnie Dickson, Robert Kay, and Kathleen Fimple (1992). "Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey Reconnaissance Survey Final Report of Merrick County, Nebraska" (PDF). Nebraska State Historical Society: State Historic Preservation Office. Archived from the original on November 16, 2006.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
5. Ehlers, D. Layne (2000). "This week at the opera house popular musical entertainment at Great Plains opera houses, 1887–1917". *Great Plains Quarterly*. **20**: 183–195. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
6. "Martha Ellen Auditorium". *Central City Nonpareil*. July 7, 1917.
7. "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Martha Ellen Auditorium" (PDF). Nebraska State Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2013.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
8. The closing was announced August 23, 2013 at the *Republican-Nonpareil* Facebook page. The owners' concerns about the cost of making the transition to digital projection were described in Bob Fischbach, "Theater owners decide: Go digital or go dark", *Omaha World-Herald*, 2012-10-21; retrieved 2013-10-18.

## Further reading

Ehlers, D. Layne (2000). This week at the opera house popular musical entertainment at Great Plains opera houses, 1887–1917. *Great Plains Quarterly*, **20**:183–195.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Martha Ellen Auditorium | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Viewed from the east. | |
|  | |
| Location | 706 C Ave., Central City, Nebraska |
| Coordinates | 41°6′53.0″N 98°0′11.0″W / 41.114722°N 98.003056°W / 41.114722; -98.003056 |
| Built | 1916 |
| Architect | Col. William C. Shelton |
| Architectural style | One-Part Commercial Block |
| MPS | Opera House Buildings in Nebraska 1867-1917 |
| NRHP reference No. | 88000944 |
| Added to NRHP | September 28, 1988 |


title: Hannah Rosenthal

abstract: Hannah Rosenthal is an American Democratic Party political official and Jewish non-profit executive who served as the U.S. Special Envoy for Monitoring and Combating Antisemitism from 2009 until 2012 during the Obama administration. Rosenthal was previously head of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs (JCPA), during which she was named as one of the 50 most influential Jews in America. After serving as Special Envoy, Rosenthal was later appointed by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi to serve as a commissioner of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom from 2014 to 2016. Rosenthal served as president and CEO of the Milwaukee Jewish Federation until her retirement in 2018.

text:
# Hannah Rosenthal

**Hannah Rosenthal** (born 1951) is an American Democratic Party political official and Jewish non-profit executive who served as the U.S. Special Envoy for Monitoring and Combating Antisemitism from 2009 until 2012 during the Obama administration.

Rosenthal was previously head of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs (JCPA), during which she was named as one of the 50 most influential Jews in America.

After serving as Special Envoy, Rosenthal was later appointed by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi to serve as a commissioner of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom from 2014 to 2016. Rosenthal served as president and CEO of the Milwaukee Jewish Federation until her retirement in 2018.

## Biography

Rosenthal's father was a Holocaust survivor, a former prisoner at the Buchenwald concentration camp, and a Reform rabbi. She attended Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts through her sophomore year and then transferred to and graduated from the University of Wisconsin. She then studied for the rabbinate at Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem and Los Angeles, but dropped out in 1975.

Rosenthal served as the founding executive director of the Wisconsin Women's Council from 1985 to 1992. She is featured in the Council's 25th Anniversary Tribute video.

In 1995, Rosenthal was appointed by the Clinton administration to serve as Midwest regional director of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. In 2005, she was named one of the Forward 50, a list of the 50 most influential Jews selected by *The Forward* newspaper.

From August 2000 to 2005, Rosenthal headed the Jewish Council for Public Affairs (JCPA). She was the vice president for community relations for the not-for-profit WPS Health Insurance Corporation. Rosenthal served on the advisory council of J Street and J Street PAC.

During the 2008 presidential election, she supported and contributed to Hillary Clinton. She served on the board of Americans for Peace Now.

## Special Envoy

### Appointment

According to *Jewish Standard*, Rosenthal reportedly did not want to become Special Envoy and "was advocating for someone else in the role", but then State U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL) Michael Posner "was very insistent.”

Together with Farah Pandith, U.S. Special Representative to Muslim Communities, Rosenthal launched the Acceptance, Respect and Tolerance Initiative to promote inter-faith and inter-ethnic understanding. The initiative was criticized by Gregg Rickman, her predecessor as Special Envoy in the George W. Bush administration.

### Tenure

In December 2009 Rosenthal criticized Israel's ambassador to the United States Michael Oren for his "most unfortunate" remarks regarding J Street. In response, the Israeli Embassy in Washington requested clarification from the Obama administration. Alan Solow, chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, was also critical of Rosenthal.

Rosenthal met with a number of foreign officials regarding antisemitism, including Ilmar Reepalu then mayor of Malmö, Sweden. Reepalu has been criticized for his comments about antisemitism and Jews but he has responded by saying that "antisemitism is an abomination" and that Jews in Malmö have nothing to do with Israel's actions and should not be called to account for that. After the meeting, Rosenthal described Reepalu's language as antisemitic. Rosenthal also met with the Swedish Minister for Integration, Erik Ullenhag. Ullenhag released a statement after the meeting, saying that Reepalu's comments "obstructs the fight against antisemitism".

Rosenthal also confronted Saudi officials regarding antisemitism in their textbooks and requested that Jordanian officials teach about the Holocaust in their schools.

### Successes of tenure

During her tenure, Rosenthal and her staff established a mandatory 90-minute course on antisemitism at the Foreign Service Institute, which is the training school for diplomats, along with a 341-word definition of antisemitism, which includes newer forms of antisemitism, including Holocaust denial. The United States State Department human rights reports have been reporting anti-Semitism with more frequency, which Rosenthal has been praised, and she said that "our reporting has improved many times over — 300 percent in the three years I've been here."

## Political controversies

Rosenthal was criticized by ADL president Abraham Foxman in an open letter for saying that the speakers of the Israel solidarity rally "espoused narrow, ultra-conservative views of what it means to be pro-Israel". The list of speakers included Harry Reid, Dick Gephardt, and Natan Sharansky. In response to Foxman's letter, Rosenthal said in an interview to *Tablet*: "I have worked with Abe in the past and I consider Abe a friend of mine. ... we mostly agree." Foxman was supportive of Rosenthal's appointment; in a statement issued by the Anti-Defamation League, Foxman wrote: "We look forward to working with Hannah Rosenthal ... ."

Foxman has also criticized Rosenthal for organizing and accompanying a trip by eight American imams and Muslim leaders to the Dachau and Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps, saying that the involvement of the State Department in an intercommunal affair was unwarranted. He explained that "having Muslims speaking out about anti-Semitism, that's our job" and not that of the State Department. However, since then, Foxman and Rosenthal settled their differences, and Foxman has praised Rosenthal for her work, as well as for establishing a mandatory course on antisemitism for diplomats.

## Personal life

Rosenthal is open about how she survived uterine cancer.

## InfoBox

| Hannah Rosenthal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| United States Commission on International Religious Freedom | |
| Commissioner | |
| **In office**
June 17, 2014  2015 | |
| Appointed by | Nancy Pelosi |
| Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism | |
| U.S. Special Envoy | |
| **In office**
November 23, 2009  October 5, 2012 | |
| President | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | Gregg Rickman |
| Succeeded by | Michael Kozak (*acting*) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1951 (age 7273) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | University of Wisconsin–Madison |
|  | |


title: Mr. Michael

abstract: Mr. Micheal is a 1980 Indian Malayalam film, directed by J. Williams. The film stars Prem Nazir, Jose, Sreelatha Namboothiri and Zarina Wahab in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Chakravarthy.

text:
# Mr. Michael

***Mr. Micheal*** is a 1980 Indian Malayalam film, directed by J. Williams. The film stars Prem Nazir, Jose, Sreelatha Namboothiri and Zarina Wahab in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Chakravarthy.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Chakravarthy and the lyrics were written by yusafali & Bichu Thirumala.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Vaasantha Mandaanilan" | K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki | Bichu Thirumala |  |
| 2 | "Veenudanja Veenayil" | K. J. Yesudas | Bichu Thirumala |  |
| 3 | "Naarimani Naadodi" | jayachandran,Ambili | yusafali |  |
| 4 | "sangeetha Marathaka Haram" | Janaki | Yusafali |  |
| 5 | "virinja Marlarithal" | Ambili | Yusafali |  |

## InfoBox

| Mr. Micheal | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | J. Williams |
| Starring | Prem Nazir
Jose
Sreelatha Namboothiri
Zarina Wahab |
| Cinematography | J. Williams |
| Music by | Chakravarthy |
| Production
company | JW International |
| Distributed by | JW International |
| Release date | * 25 April 1980 (1980-04-25) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Mom Soth

abstract: Mom Soth is a Cambodian film actor who has appeared in three films, Rice People (1994), The Last Days of Colonel Savath (1995) and An Ambition Reduced to Ashes (1995).

text:
# Mom Soth

**Mom Soth** is a Cambodian film actor who has appeared in three films, *Rice People* (1994), *The Last Days of Colonel Savath* (1995) and *An Ambition Reduced to Ashes* (1995).

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | *Rice People* | Yong Poeuv, father |  |
| 1995 | *The Last Days of Colonel Savath* |  | Short |
| 1995 | *An Ambition Reduced to Ashes* |  | Short |


title: Zoe Shipperley

abstract: Zoe Shipperley is an English international field hockey player who played as a defender for England and Great Britain. She plays club hockey in the Women's England Hockey League Premier Division for Buckingham. Shipperley competed for England in the women's hockey tournament at the 2014 Commonwealth Games winning a silver medal.

text:
# Zoe Shipperley

**Zoe Shipperley** (born 17 March 1990) is an English international field hockey player who played as a defender for England and Great Britain.

She plays club hockey in the Women's England Hockey League Premier Division for Buckingham.

Shipperley competed for England in the women's hockey tournament at the 2014 Commonwealth Games winning a silver medal.

## InfoBox

Zoe Shipperley
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1990-03-17) 17 March 1990<br>Oxford, England | | |
| Height | 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Weight | 72 kg (159 lb) | | |
| Playing position | Defender | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Buckingham | | |
| Senior career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
|  | Aylesbury HC | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps (Gls)** |  |
| 2014–2018 | England & GB | 58 | (2) |
| Medal record      Representing  England  European Championships  2017 Amstelveen   Commonwealth Games  2014 Glasgow Team | | | |
| Last updated on: 28 October 2020 | | | |


title: Modern Art Museum of Yerevan

abstract: The Modern Art Museum of Yerevan is an art museum in Yerevan, Armenia. It is located on Mashtots Avenue at the central Kentron District of the capital city of Armenia. The museum was founded in 1972 by the efforts of the painter Henrik Igityan, who was the director of the museum for 37 years and a supporter of then-mayor of Yerevan Grigor Hasratyan.

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# Modern Art Museum of Yerevan

The **Modern Art Museum of Yerevan** (MAMY, Armenian: Երևանի Ժամանակակից Արվեստի Թանգարան) is an art museum in Yerevan, Armenia. It is located on Mashtots Avenue at the central Kentron District of the capital city of Armenia.

The museum was founded in 1972 by the efforts of the painter Henrik Igityan, who was the director of the museum for 37 years and a supporter of then-mayor of Yerevan Grigor Hasratyan.

## History

The Modern Art Museum of Yerevan was the first to specialize in contemporary and modern art in the Soviet Union. The first exposition consisted of works from the 1960s, created by artists who originated from Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora. These artists include Minas Avetisian, Ashot Hovhannisian, Martin Petrosian, Hakob Hakobian, Gayane Khachaturian, Vruyr Galstian, Henry Elibekyan, Robert Elibekyan, Haroutiun Galentz, Rudolf Khachatrian, and Ashot Bayandour. The museum currently displays many pieces from this exposition, which were kept as donations from the artists.

The museum grew when the following generation of artists added their works in the 1980s: Sargis Hamalbashian, Artur Sargsian, Ararat Sarkissian, Marine Dilanian, Albert Hakobian, Samvel Baghdasarian, Arevik Arevshatian, Ruben Grigorian, Kamo Nigarian, Armen Gevorgian, Tigran Matulian, Teni Vardanian, Gabriel Manoukian, Nina Kchemchyan and Ayvaz Avoyan.

In the time since its foundation, many famous artists have visited the museum, including the director of the Hermitage Museum Boris Piotrovsky, writer Chingiz Aytmatov, Italian poet writer and screenwriter Tonino Guerra, Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros, Italian film director Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian artist Renato Guttuso, William Saroyan, Tigran Mansuryan, and Aghasi Ayvazian.

Recently, the museum has added works of many modern Armenian and international artists including Taline Zabounian (France), Sam Grigoryan (Germany), Harutyun Jinanyan "Jino" (Russia), Vatche Demirdjian (France), Lorent Nissou Soon (France), Christine Hagopian (France), Dibasar (France), Sharis Garabedian (France), Sebastiano (USA), Ziba Afshar (USA), Michael Gorman (USA), Narine Isajanyon (USA), Garry John (USA), Julienne Margaret Johnson (USA), Karen Bistedt and Chris Brown (USA), Haik Mesropian (Switzerland), and Onik Atamyan (England).

40°10′47″N 44°30′21″E / 40.17972°N 44.50583°E / 40.17972; 44.50583

## InfoBox

Modern Art Museum of Yerevan
| Երևանի Ժամանակակից Արվեստի Թանգարան | |
| --- | --- |
| The museum building | |
|  | |
| Established | 1972 |
| Location | Mashtots Avenue, Yerevan,  Armenia |
| Type | contemporary art museum |
| Director | Nune Avetisyan |
| Website | mamy.am |


title: Pegdinetanib

abstract: Pegdinetanib is an investigational anti-cancer drug that acts as a selective antagonist of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), hindering vascularization of tumors. It is a genetically engineered peptide derivative based on the monobody technology, and is being developed by Adnexus. The drug has entered Phase II clinical trials investigating the treatment of glioblastoma in October 2007. As of August 2012, it is also in Phase II trials for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer.

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# Pegdinetanib

**Pegdinetanib** (USAN; planned trade name **Angiocept**) is an investigational anti-cancer drug that acts as a selective antagonist of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), hindering vascularization of tumors. It is a genetically engineered peptide derivative based on the monobody technology, and is being developed by Adnexus.

The drug has entered Phase II clinical trials investigating the treatment of glioblastoma in October 2007. As of August 2012, it is also in Phase II trials for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer.

## Chemical structure

Pegdinetanib is a peptide consisting of 94 amino acids, with cysteine number 93 carrying a doubly methoxy-PEGylated maleimide derivative with a molecular mass of 40 kDa.

## InfoBox

Pegdinetanib
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Angiocept |
| Other names | CT-322; BMS-844203 |
| Routes of
administration | Intravenous |
| ATC code | * None |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * Investigational |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| ChemSpider | * none |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C468H729N125O139S (un-PEGylated peptide) |
| Molar mass | 10362.78 g·mol−1 |