title: Greater coucal

abstract: The greater coucal or crow pheasant, is a large non-parasitic member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes. A widespread resident in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, it is divided into several subspecies, some being treated as full species. They are large, crow-like with a long tail and coppery brown wings and found in a wide range of habitats from jungle to cultivation and urban gardens. They are weak fliers, and are often seen clambering about in vegetation or walking on the ground as they forage for insects, eggs and nestlings of other birds. They have a familiar deep resonant call which is associated with omens in many parts of its range.

text:
# Greater coucal

The **greater coucal** or **crow pheasant** (***Centropus sinensis***), is a large non-parasitic member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes. A widespread resident in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, it is divided into several subspecies, some being treated as full species. They are large, crow-like with a long tail and coppery brown wings and found in a wide range of habitats from jungle to cultivation and urban gardens. They are weak fliers, and are often seen clambering about in vegetation or walking on the ground as they forage for insects, eggs and nestlings of other birds. They have a familiar deep resonant call which is associated with omens in many parts of its range.

## Description

This is a large species of cuckoo at 48 cm. The head is black, upper mantle and underside are black glossed with purple. The back and wings are chestnut brown. There are no pale shaft streaks on the coverts. The eyes are ruby red. Juveniles are duller black with spots on the crown and there are whitish bars on the underside and tail. There are several geographic races and some of these populations are sometimes treated as full species. Earlier treatments included the brown coucal (*C. (s.) andamanensis*) under this name. Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) suggest that the race *parroti* may be a full species – the southern coucal which is found in peninsular India (northern boundary unclear). The race *intermedius* of the Assam and Bangladesh region is smaller than the nominate race found in the sub-Himalayan zone. Songs of the races are said to vary considerably. Race *parroti* of southern India has a black head and the underparts glossed blue and has the forehead, face and throat more brownish. The sexes are similar in plumage but females are slightly larger.

Leucistic specimens have been observed.

### Subspecies and distribution

The nominate race is found from the Indus Valley through the sub-Himalayan and Gangetic plains to Nepal, Assam and the Bhutan foothills into southern China (Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian).

* Race *parroti* Stresemann, 1913 is found in Peninsular India (Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and southwards). The upper back is black and the juvenile has unbarred wings.
* Race *intermedius* Hume, 1873 is smaller in size and found in Bangladesh, west Cachar and into Myanmar and the Chin Hills into China (Yunnan, Hainan), Thailand, Indochina and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula.
* Race *bubutus* Horsfield, 1821 is found in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula into the islands of Sumatra, Nias, Mentawai Islands, Java, Bali, Borneo, western Philippines (Balabac, Cagayan Sulu and Palawan). The wing is paler rufous in this race.
* Race *anonymus* Stresemann, 1913 is found in the southwestern Philippines (Basilan, Sulu Islands) and is shorter and darker winged than *bubutus*.
* Race *kangeangensis* Vorderman, 1893 is found in the Kangean Islands. This has pale and dark plumage phases.

The young when hatched have black skin and white hairy feathers (termed as trichoptiles) forming a fringe over the eye and beak. The centre of the belly is pinkish and the upper mandible is black with a pink edge. The iris is brown, gape yellow and feet dark brown-gray. The juvenile of race *parroti* is unmarked dull black on the underside (contra barred in the northern races) and much darker, dusky chestnut on the wings. Race *bubutus* found in Southeast Asia has a distinct call. Individuals from the Western Ghats are very similar in size to the lesser coucal *Centropus bengalensis* but the latter has a stubbier bill, shorter tail, wing tips extending beyond the tertials and a chestnut wing lining, dark eyes and a tail with green/bronze sheen. Females of the race *parroti* develop dusky or sooty wing coverts between November and January and the northern boundary of the race is along the Punjab plains where it forms intermediates with the northern forms.

## Behaviour and ecology

The greater coucal is a large bird which takes a wide range of insects, caterpillars, snails and small vertebrates such as the saw-scaled vipers. They are also known to eat bird eggs, nestlings, fruits and seeds. In Tamil Nadu they were found to feed predominantly on snails *Helix vittata*. They are also known to feed on the toxic fruits of *Cascabela thevetia* (Yellow Oleander). In oil palm cultivation, they have been noted as an avian pest due to their habit of eating the fleshy mesocarps of the ripe fruits.

They sunbathe in the mornings singly or in pairs on the top of vegetation with their wings spread out. The territory of a nesting pair has been found in southern India to be 0.9 to 7.2 ha (mean 3.8 ha). They are most active in the warm hours of the morning and in the late afternoon.

The calls are a booming low *coop-coop-coop*s repeated and with variations and some duets between individuals. When duetting the female has a lower pitched call. Other calls include a rapid rattling "lotok, lotok ..." and a harsh scolding "skeeaaaw" and a hissing threat call.

### Breeding

The breeding season is after the monsoon in southern India but varies in other parts of its range but chiefly June to September. Greater coucals are monogamous, and the courtship display involves chases on the ground and the male brings food gifts for the female. The female lowers her tail and droops her wings to signal acceptance. The nest is built mostly by the male over about three to eight days. The nest is a deep cup with a dome in dense vegetation inside tangles of creepers, bamboo clump or *Pandanus* crowns. They can be built as high as 6m above the ground and the typical clutch is 3–5 eggs. The eggs (of size 36–28 mm weighing 14.8 g ) are chalky white with a yellow glaze when laid that wears off. Both the male and the female take part in nest building. They lay 2 to 4 eggs that hatch after 15–16 days of incubation. The chicks take 18–22 days to fledge. A study in southern India found that 77% of the eggs hatched and 67% fledged. Nests with eggs were sometimes abandoned or marauded by the Indian jungle crow *Corvus macrorhynchos culminatus*.

Haemosporidia closely related to those that cause malaria have been found in their red blood cells. One species, *Haemoproteus centropi*, is described from cuckoos such as *Clamator jacobinus* and *Centropus sinensis* and is spread by mosquitoes. Immature *Haemaphysalis* ticks have been found feeding on greater coucals.

## In culture

The bird is associated with many superstitions and beliefs. The deep calls are associated with spirits and omens. In Bengal, there was a belief that monocled cobras (known as *keutia*) had no males and that they mated with male greater coucals.

In British India, it was noted that new-recruits to India often mistook it for a pheasant and shot it to find it "evil flavoured" giving it the nickname of "Griff's pheasant".

The flesh was once eaten as a folk cure for tuberculosis and pulmonary ailments.

## Other sources

* Bhujle, BV; Nadkarni, VB (1977) Steroid synthesizing cellular sites in the testis of Crow Pheasant *Centropus sinensis* (Stephens). Pavo 14(1&2), 61–64.
* Bhujle, BV; Nadkarni, VB (1980) Histological and histochemical observations on the adrenal gland of four species of birds, *Dicrurus macrocercus* (Vieillot), *Centropus sinensis* (Stephens), *Sturnus pagodarum* (Gmelin) and *Columba livia* (Gmelin). Zool. Beitrage 26(2):287–295.
* Khajuria, H (1975) The Crow-pheasant, *Centropus sinensis* (Stevens) (Aves: Cuculidae) of central and eastern Madhya Pradesh. All-India Congr. Zool. 3:42.
* Khajuria, H (1984) The Crow-Pheasant, *Centropus sinensis* (Stephens) (Aves: Cuculidae) of central and eastern Madhya Pradesh. Rec. Z.S.I. 81(1–2):89–93.
* Natarajan, V (1993). "Awakening, roosting and vocalisation behavioiur of the Southern Crow-Pheasant (*Centropus sinensis*) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu". In Verghese, A; Sridhar, S; Chakravarthy, AK (eds.). *Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond*. Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore. pp. 158–160.
* Natarajan, V (1990) The ecology of the Southern Crow-Pheasant *Centropus sinensis parroti* Stresemann (Aves: Cuculidae) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay.

## InfoBox

| Greater coucal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Cuculiformes |
| Family: | Cuculidae |
| Genus: | *Centropus* |
| Species: | ***C. sinensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Centropus sinensis***
(Stephens, 1815) | |
|


# Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

Throughout the Second Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945), Japanese dissidents and Japanese prisoners of war (POWs) joined the Chinese in the war against the Empire of Japan.

An IJNAF A5M fighter pilot who was shot down on 26 September 1937, had along with other captured Japanese combatants, become convinced to join the Chinese side, and helped the Chinese break Japanese tactical codes and other information that provided a huge intelligence windfall for the newly established cryptanalyst unit headed by Dr. Chang Chao-hsi.

The education of Japanese captives by the Eighth Route Army began in 1938. In November 1940 the Peasants' and Workers' School was established. It reeducated Japanese POWs who afterwards were involved in propaganda.

Sanzo Nosaka, and Kaji Wataru joined the Chinese resistance. They reeducated Japanese POWs. Several organizations emerged during the war. The Anti-War League, the Japanese People's Emancipation League and a communist league.

## List of Japanese in the Chinese resistance

### Work cited

* Cheung, Raymond. Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 126: *Aces of the Republic of China Air Force*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2015. ISBN 978 14728 05614.

## Further reading

* Saotome, Katsumoto (1991). *母と子でみる延安からの手紙 : 日本軍の反戦兵士たち* \[*Letter from Yan'an as Seen by Mother and Child: Japanese Anti-War Soldiers*\] (Shohan ed.). Tokyo: Kusanone Shuppankai. ISBN 978-4-87648-079-1. OCLC 27387265.
* Kagawa Takashi, Maeda Mitsushige (1984). *Japanese soldiers of the Eighth Route Army*. Saimaru Shuppankai.
* Pingchao Zhu (2015). *Wartime Culture in Guilin, 1938–1944: A City at War*. Lexington Books.
* Israel Epstein. *My China Eye: Memoirs of a Jew and a Journalist*.
* Ariyoshi, Koji (2000). *From Kona to Yenan: The Political Memoirs of Koji Ariyoshi*. University of Hawaii Press.
* Kushner, Barak. *The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda*. pp. 137, 141–143.
* Agnes Smedley (1972). *Great Road*. NYU Press. p. 388.
* Xiaoyuan Liu. A Partnership for Disorder: China, the United States, and Their Policies for the Postwar Disposition of the Japanese Empire, 1941–1945.


title: Proctoporus iridescens

abstract: Proctoporus iridescens is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is endemic to Peru.

text:
# Proctoporus iridescens

***Proctoporus iridescens*** is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is endemic to Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Proctoporus iridescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gymnophthalmidae |
| Genus: | *Proctoporus* |
| Species: | ***P. iridescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Proctoporus iridescens***<br>Goicoechea, Padial, Chaparro, Castroviejo-Fisher, & De la Riva, 2013 | |
|


title: Wungngayam Muirang

abstract: Wungngayam Muirang is an Indian footballer who plays as a defender for Indian Super League club Jamshedpur.

text:
# Wungngayam Muirang

**Wungngayam Muirang** (born 16 February 1999) is an Indian footballer who plays as a defender for Indian Super League club Jamshedpur.

## Career

### Gokulam Kerala

In October 2018, it was announced that Wungngayam Muirang signed for Gokulam Kerala in the I-League.

## International

On 13 February 2019, Muirang was called up to the India under-23 side which participated in the 2020 AFC U-23 Championship qualifiers.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 30 March 2024*

| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Pune City B | 2017–18 | I-League 2nd Division | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 7 | 0 |
| Gokulam Kerala | 2018–19 | I-League | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 5 | 0 |
| | 2019–20 | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| | Total | | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| Bengaluru | 2020–21 | Indian Super League | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 2 | 0 |
| | 2021–22 | | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1 |  | | 10 | 1 |
| | 2022–23 | | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 2 | 0 |
| | Total | | 7 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 1 |
| Jamshedpur | 2023–24 | Indian Super League | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 |  | | 8 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 30 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 42 | 1 |

## Honours

**Gokulam Kerala**

**Bengaluru**

1. "9 Keralites in Gokulam Kerala FC squad for Durand Cup". *english.mathrubhumi.com*. 7 August 2019.
2. Sportstar, Team (8 March 2019). "Indian U-23 football team to play Qatar in friendly, squad announced". *Sportstar*.
3. Wungngayam Muirang at Soccerway
4. "Durand Cup: Gokulam Kerala beats Mohun Bagan 2-1 to win title". *sportstar.thehindu.com*. 24 August 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2022.

## InfoBox

Wungngayam Muirang
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1999-02-16) 16 February 1999 | | |
| Place of birth | Ukhrul, Manipur | | |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Jamshedpur | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2017–2018 | Pune City B | 7 | (0) |
| 2018–2020 | Gokulam Kerala | 11 | (0) |
| 2020–2023 | Bengaluru | 7 | (0) |
| 2023– | Jamshedpur | 5 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2018– | India U23 | 0 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12:56, 30 March 2024 (UTC) | | | |


title: Gun laws in Wisconsin

abstract: Gun laws in Wisconsin regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.

text:
# Gun laws in Wisconsin

**Gun laws in Wisconsin** regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.

## Summary table

| Subject / law | Long guns | Handguns | Relevant statutes | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| State permit required to purchase? | No | No | Wis. Stat. § 175.35 | A purchaser is prohibited from receiving a handgun from a FFL dealer until they’ve been approved through the state de-facto permitting scheme which is to pay a State background check fee to the state DOJ for it to conduct an additional background check (over and above the Federal 4473). |
| Firearm registration? | No | No |  |  |
| Assault weapon law? | No | No |  |  |
| Magazine capacity restriction? | No | No |  |  |
| Owner license required? | No | No |  |  |
| Permit required for concealed carry? | N/A | Yes | Wis. Stat. § 175.60
Wis. Stat. § 941.23 | Wisconsin is a "shall issue" state for citizens and lawful permanent residents who are 21 years or older. |
| Permit required for open carry? | No | No | Wis. Stat. § 947.01 | May carry openly without permit. |
| Castle Doctrine/Stand Your Ground law? | Yes | Yes | Wis. Stat. § 895.62
Wis. Stat. § 939.48 |  |
| State preemption of local restrictions? | Yes | Yes | Wis. Stat. § 66.0409 |  |
| NFA weapons restricted? | No | No | Wis. Stat. § 941.27 | Machine guns may not shoot pistol cartridges and may not be possessed aggressively or offensively. |
| Peaceable Journey laws? | No | No | Wis. Stat. § 167.31 |  |
| Background checks required for private sales? | No | No |  |  |

## Constitutional protection

The Constitution of Wisconsin protects the right to bear arms in Article 1, Section 25 – "The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security, defense, hunting, recreation or any other lawful purpose."

## Preemption

Wisconsin has state preemption laws which generally forbid cities from passing firearms or knife ordinances stricter than that of state law. Localities may impose a sales or use tax, and may restrict the discharge of firearms (except for self-defense).

On March 8, 2017, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that Madison's Metro Transit rule forbidding firearms on public buses violated the state's preemption law, and that people who are lawfully carrying arms must be allowed to carry on public buses.

## Concealed carry

Wisconsin is a shall-issue state for concealed carry licensing. As of November 1, 2011, Wisconsin residents may apply for a concealed carry license through the Wisconsin Department of Justice. The law allows Wisconsin to become the 49th state in the Union to make some provision for the concealed carry of firearms by normal citizens.

## Open carry

Open carry is legal without a permit anywhere concealed carry is legal. It is legal for all adults unless they are prohibited from possession of firearms. Wisconsin state law 948.60(2)(a) states: "Any person under 18 years of age who possesses or goes armed with a dangerous weapon is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor." However, the exceptions are: “when a person under 18 possesses a rifle or shotgun” and "when the dangerous weapon is being used in target practice under the supervision of an adult or in a course of instruction in the traditional and proper use of the dangerous weapon under the supervision of an adult." Wisconsin statute 948.60(3)(c) states: "This section applies only to a person under 18 years of age who possesses or is armed with a rifle or a shotgun if the person is in violation of s. 941.28 or is not in compliance with ss. 29.304 and 29.593." Statute 29.304(3)(b) states: "No person 14 years of age or older but under 16 years of age may have in his or her possession or control any firearm" with added exceptions listed. Children over 12 and under 16 are allowed to use rifles and shotguns under very limited, supervised situations. A license for adults is not required unless in a taxpayer-owned building or within 1000 feet of school property and not on private property.

In the past, some jurisdictions have tried to prosecute open-carry by equating the open carry of handguns with disorderly conduct. On April 20, 2009, the Wisconsin Attorney General's office released a memorandum to all law enforcement agencies stating that mere open carry of a firearm was not disorderly conduct, and instructed both law enforcement and the district attorneys to cease this practice.

In 2011 a subsection was added to the Disorderly Conduct statute (947.01 ) reading *"Unless other facts and circumstances that indicate a criminal or malicious intent on the part of the person apply, a person is not in violation of, and may not be charged with a violation of, this section for loading, carrying, or going armed with a firearm, without regard to whether the firearm is loaded or is concealed or openly carried."* This codified open carry, ending any debate as to its legality.

Loading, or having a loaded, uncased handgun inside a vehicle was legalized beginning November 1, 2011. The firearm must not be "hidden from ordinary observation" while inside the vehicle unless the citizen has a license. However, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that a license is required to have a concealed loaded handgun within reach in a vehicle, regardless of the Safe Transport Statute removing restrictions on transporting loaded handguns.

## Castle doctrine

On December 7, 2011, Governor Scott Walker signed a bill passing a castle doctrine for Wisconsin. The bill provides criminal immunity (WI statute 939.48(1m)) and protection from civil suits (WI statute 895.62 ) for homeowners or business owners who use a gun in self-defense while on their property, with the presumption that any action is justified. The law is a "stand your ground" law, which does not contain a duty to retreat. This applies at the user's private vehicle, business, and at their home. Protection extends to improvements only (driveway, sidewalk, patio, fence, garage, house...), not bare ground. Also, the criminal must have forcibly entered, or be in the process of attempting to forcibly enter, and the defender must be present in the home, car, or business. The Washington County DA ruled that opening a door counts as forcible entry.

The law does not apply if force is used against police while in the line of duty if the shooter knows or should have known that the victim was a police officer or other public safety worker. (WI statute 895.62(4)(b)) The law also does not protect those who are engaged in criminal activity. (WI statute 939.48(1m)(b)(1))

## No duty to inform

Wisconsin is not a "must notify" state. If an officer is "acting in an official capacity and with lawful authority", and the citizen is carrying a concealed weapon, the citizen must show both a carry license and photographic identification only upon demand.

WI statute 175.60(2g)(c)

## Guns in vehicles

The Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that a license is required to have a concealed loaded handgun within reach in a vehicle, regardless of the Safe Transport Statue removing restrictions on transporting loaded handguns.

Beginning November 1, 2011, it is legal to load a handgun, or to transport a loaded handgun cased or uncased, in a vehicle without a license. NOTE: This does NOT apply to long guns; they still must be unloaded, but now may be uncased. There is still some confusion as to whether or not an encased gun is concealed, so if it is cased, best practice is to keep the long gun out of reach. Long guns must be "discernable to ordinary observation", since a conceal carry license does not apply. Previously all firearms had to be unloaded and encased (per the transport statute), and out of reach (derived from the concealed carry statute). Those with a concealed carry license may conceal a pistol in a vehicle.

WI statute 167.31

### Boats

Pistols may be carried openly without a license, or concealed with a license. Long guns must be unloaded while the motor is running; they are not required to be encased, but must be in plain sight.

### Aircraft

Firearms are prohibited on commercial aircraft except in checked baggage.

Carry is legal on a private aircraft. With a license a user may carry openly or concealed. Without a license, only open carry is legal.

### Exceptions

Exceptions to carrying concealed include anyone on their own property, on-duty law enforcement officers, military personnel on active duty, landowners and their family and employees on farm tractors inside CWD eradication zones, and disabled hunters with special permits meeting all the requirements.

## Buying and selling

Private sales are legal. No background check or governmental permission / registration are necessary. A sales receipt is recommended in case the buyer needs to prove ownership (as when retrieving firearms which have been confiscated by police).

As of July 24, 2015, there is no longer a 48-hour waiting period on handgun purchases from an FFL (Federal Firearms License) (does not apply to private sales). However, a purchaser is prohibited from receiving a handgun from a FFL dealer until they've paid a permitting fee and the state DOJ conducts an additional background check (over and above the Federal 4473). The background check and the release of the handgun to the purchaser may take up to five days as per Wisconsin s.175.35.

WI statute 175.35

Rifles and shotguns can be purchased in another state as long as the purchase complies with Federal law and the laws of both states. There is no longer a requirement that the other state be contiguous.

WI statute 175.30

## Title II firearms

Machine guns (fully automatic firearms) are legal if the firearm is registered with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives (BATFE), **and** the owner has received permission from the local sheriff or chief of police (941.26), **and** the weapon is not adapted to use pistol cartridges for a purpose manifestly not aggressive or offensive (941.26(5)) or is exempted per statute 941.27.

Short-barrel rifles and shotguns are legal if they are registered with ATF, state statute 941.28

Suppressors are legal if they are registered with ATF, statute 941.298

## State parks, fish hatcheries, and wildlife refuges

Statute 29.091 and 29.089 once required firearms to be encased and unloaded in state wildlife refuges and fish hatcheries. Those who have a concealed carry permit were not subject to these restrictions on handguns.

As of January 2013, anyone who is legal to possess a firearm may openly carry a pistol in a state park without a license. (The law once stated that to possess in a state park, one must be a licensee. That law was removed.) The restriction still applies to fish hatcheries and long guns, and in order to enter a taxpayer-owned building anywhere (including a park) one must be a licensee.

## Other laws

Possession of a firearm while intoxicated, or "materially impaired", shooting within 100 yards of a home without permission, pointing a weapon at anyone except in self-defense, and negligent handling of a weapon are all crimes.

Carrying a concealed weapon without a valid license is a class A misdemeanor. This is any "weapon", not just firearms. This restriction does not apply in one's own home or business. A concealed carry license only covers handguns, tasers, billy clubs, and knives.

WI statute 941.23

Carrying a handgun without a concealed carry license where alcohol is sold AND consumed (the class B establishment – a "tavern", a place which sells alcohol for on-premises consumption) is generally a class A misdemeanor unless you have permission from the owner, manager, or agent of the establishment.

Exceptions are having a license, and that the owner or manager of can give permission for someone (without a license) to carry openly. When carrying (openly or concealed) on a license, alcohol may not be consumed on the premises. When carrying openly with permission of the owner or manager, it is legal to consume alcohol as long as you do not become "materially impaired". It is legal to carry a handgun into a store that sells alcohol for the express purpose of being consumed elsewhere (a liquor or grocery store).

WI statute 941.237

Armor-piercing ammunition when committing a crime upgrades the crime to a Class H felony.

WI statute 941.296

"No person may carry or display a facsimile firearm in a manner that could reasonably be expected to alarm, intimidate, threaten or terrify another person", unless on your own property or business, or that of another person with their consent.

WI statute 941.2965

Committing a crime while possessing a dangerous weapon is a penalty enhancer.

WI statute 939.63

It is a felony to possess a firearm or ammunition if one:

* Has been convicted of a felony
* Adjudicated delinquent for an act committed on or after April 21, 1994, that if committed by an adult would be a felony
* Has been found not guilty of a felony by reason of mental disease or defect
* Has been committed under mental health laws and ordered not to possess a firearm
* Is the subject of a restraining order
* Is ordered not to possess firearms as a subject of a restraining order or as a condition of bond or parole

Any person who knowingly provides a firearm to a prohibited person is party to a felony crime.

It is a class I felony to possess a firearm on school grounds.

This statute does not apply to:

* unloaded and encased firearms
* individuals with firearms for use in a school-approved program
* individuals with school contract to possess firearm
* on-duty law enforcement acting in official capacity
* off-duty officers or retired law enforcement who maintain their certification per Federal Law HR218.
* unloaded firearms when traversing school grounds to gain access to hunting land, if the entry is approved by the school.

It is a forfeiture (fine) to possess a usable firearm on public property within 1000 feet of a school unless the carrier is a licensee. (If the gun is unloaded and encased, it is not a crime.) Wisconsin only issues resident licenses, and the ATF has interpreted federal law to mean that only licenses issued by the state in which the school is located are sufficient to void the "gun-free" school zone.

It is a class G felony to discharge or attempt to discharge a firearm in a school zone. Exceptions for self-defense, private property not part of school grounds, school programs, and on-duty law enforcement.

Some counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions.

## Firearms and minors

Leaving a firearm within reach of a child under 14 is generally a misdemeanor if that child points it at anyone, harms anyone, or shows it to anyone in a public place. Defenses include having the gun locked in a gun safe or container, having it holstered on their person, having a trigger lock on the gun, removal of a key operating part, illegal entry by anyone to obtain the firearm, or a reasonable belief a juvenile could not access the firearm. WI statute 948.55

Firearms retailers are required to provide every buyer with a written warning stating, "If you leave a loaded firearm within the reach or easy access of a child, you may be fined or imprisoned or both if the child improperly discharges, possesses or exhibits the firearm." WI statute 175.37

Upon the retail commercial sale or retail commercial transfer of any firearm, the seller or transferor shall provide to the buyer or transferee the following written warning in block letters not less than one-fourth inch in height: “IF YOU LEAVE A LOADED FIREARM WITHIN THE REACH OR EASY ACCESS OF A CHILD YOU MAY BE FINED OR IMPRISONED OR BOTH IF THE CHILD IMPROPERLY DISCHARGES, POSSESSES OR EXHIBITS THE FIREARM." (2) Any person who violates sub. (1) may be fined not more than $500 or imprisoned for not more than 30 days or both. WI statute 948.60

Defenses to prosecution under this statute:

* Target practice under the supervision of an adult
* Members of armed forces or police under 18 in the line of duty
* Hunting (either with an adult or having passed hunter's safety)
* No person 14 years of age or older but under 16 years of age, not in violation of laws on short-barreled rifles or shotguns, and was in compliance with regulations on hunting, if hunting.

For hunting purposes, the following exceptions to the age limit apply, as specified in statute 29.304 for shotguns with barrels 12" or longer and rifles with barrels 16" or longer.

* Under 10 may hunt with a firearm or a bow under Wisconsin Mentored Hunting Law passed into law in Act 62 in 2017
* Under 10 can only possess firearm/bow in Hunter Safety class, or while cased/unloaded and under adult supervision while going to/from Hunter Safety class, or while under adult supervision while at a target range.
* Anyone of any age may hunt when accompanied by an adult (within arms reach, both must be licensed, only *one* firearm/bow between the adult and mentor (no hunter safety course requirement for the mentored hunter).
* 12–13 may hunt when accompanied by an adult and the child has successfully completed a Hunter Safety class.
* 12–13 may possess firearm when accompanied by an adult, or while transporting cased/unloaded firearm to/from Hunter Safety class, or in Hunter Safety class.
* 14–16 is the same as 12–13, except Hunter Safety graduates can hunt and possess firearms (rifles/shotguns) without adult supervision.

School students shall be suspended until their expulsion hearing if they possess a firearm in school or during a school event (except if the student is participating in a Hunter Safety class). State law requires a minimum one-year expulsion for this offense. Statute 120.13(1)(bm) and 120.13(1)(c)2m. In addition, the student's driver's license may be suspended for two years under Statute 938.34(14q). This suspension also applies to students who make bomb threats or having CCW violations in taxpayer-owned buildings. § The age range has changed for minors. Link included to Wisconsin statute.

## School zones

“School” means a public, parochial or private school which provides an educational program for one or more grades between grades 1 and 12 and which is commonly known as an elementary school, middle school, junior high school, senior high school or high school.

“School zone” means any of the following: 1. In or on the grounds of a school. 2. Within 1000' from the grounds of a school.

WI statute 948.605(1)(c)

Any individual who knowingly possesses a firearm at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is in or on the grounds of a school is guilty of a Class I felony unless one of the exemptions applies.

WI statute 948.605(2)(a)

Possession in the 1000' zone is a forfeiture (ticket), unless an exception applies. The most common of those are: private property, licensee, unloaded and encased.

WI statute 948.605(2)(b) references 18USC922(q)(2)(b) (i), (iv), (v), (vi), & (vii).

## Additional Wisconsin laws table

| **Subject** | **Long Gun** | **Handgun** | **Reference** | **Remarks** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Permit required to purchase a firearm? | No | No |  |  |
| Permit required to open carry? | No | No | 175.60(2)(c) |  |
| Permit required to conceal carry? | Yes | Yes | 175.60(2g)(a) |  |
| Are permits issued to non-residents? |  | No | 175.60(3)(f) | No, but active duty military assigned within WI may apply with their assignment orders. |
| What is the permit cost? |  |  |  | $40 New $22 Renewal |
| How long is permit processing time? |  |  | 175.60(9)(b) | Within 21 Days |
| How many years is the permit valid? |  |  | 175.60(15)(a) | 5 years |
| Firearm registration required? | No | No | 175.35(2k)(ar)2. | If the transfer is cleared by the WI DOJ the department shall destroy all records regarding that firearms restrictions record search within 30 days after receiving the notification form. |
| State requirement to issue permit? |  | Yes | 175.60(2)(a) | Shall issue |
| Castle doctrine? | Yes | Yes | 939.48(1m)(ar)1 | No requirement to retreat in home or place of residence, business or vehicle. |
| Stand Your Ground law? | No | No |  | WI law does not address this outside of the "castle doctrine." However, jury instruction can include consideration of the opportunity to retreat. |
| Required to carry CCW permit and ID while concealed carrying? | Yes | Yes | 175.60(2g)(b)1 175.60(2g)(b)2 | WI statute defines photographic ID as an operator's (driver's) license or a state-issued identification card. |
| Must you inform an officer that you are carrying upon contact? | No | No | 175.60(2g)(c) |  |
| Does the permit cover weapons other than firearms? | - | - | 175.60(1)(j) | Yes. Electric weapons & "billy clubs" are included. |
| Can you carry in restaurants that serve alcohol? |  | Yes | 941.237(3)(cx) | Yes, but you may not consume alcohol. |
| Carrying on snowmobiles and ATVs | Yes | Yes |  | Long guns must be unloaded when in or on a vehicle, but no longer need to be cased. Handguns may be carried loaded and uncased without a permit if on your own property. If NOT on your own property you must have a permit to carry concealed. |
| State preemption of local restrictions? | Yes | Yes | 66.0409(2) | No political subdivision may enact or enforce an ordinance or adopt a resolution that regulates the sale, purchase..., ownership, use, keeping, possession, bearing, ... of any firearm..., unless the ordinance or resolution is the same as or similar to, and no more stringent than, a state statute. However, 943.13 does allow private owners and government entities to restrict carry on their properties. |
| Assault Weapons law? | No | No |  |  |
| Magazine capacity restriction? | No | No |  |  |
| Owner license required | No | No |  |  |
| National Firearms Act (NFA) Restrictions? | Yes | Yes | 941.26 941.298 |  |
| Background checks required for private sales? | No | No |  |  |
| Does this state recognize other state's carry permits? |  | Yes | 175.60(1)(f) | Wisconsin recognizes other states based on their qualification requirements, primarily background checks. WI DOJ is designated to maintain a list of states with which WI maintains reciprocity. |
| Do private business "No Guns Allowed" signs have force of law? |  | Yes | 175.60(17)(b) 943.13(2)(bm) |  |  |
| **Can you carry a firearm at this place based on Wisconsin statutes?** | | | | |
| Schools & school grounds | No | No/Yes | 948.605(2) | School means public, private, parochial or tribal, 1st through 12th grade. NO when IN school building or on the grounds. Very limited exceptions. (Class I Felony) YES within 1,000 feet of the school grounds (not ON grounds) IF in possession of the CCW license. (Class B Forfeiture) |
| Law enforcement stations/offices (Police, Sheriff, State Patrol, etc.) | No | No | 175.60(16)(a)1. | No licensee may knowingly carry a weapon, openly or concealed, or a firearm that is not a weapon, in any of these places. (Class C Misdemeanor) |
| Prisons, jails, houses of correction, etc. | No | No | 175.60(16)(a)2. |  |
| Secure mental health facilities | No | No | 175.60(16)(a)5. |  |
| Federal, state, county courthouses & municipal courtrooms when court in session | No | No | 175.60(16)(a)6.&7. |  |
| Beyond TSA security checkpoints in airports (State offense vs Federal) | No | No | 175.60(16)(a)8. |  |
| Trespass to Land (includes residences, businesses, government buildings, universities & colleges, churches, special events (State Fair, Summer Fest, etc.), grounds/land (if separately posted) | No | No | 943.13(2)(bm)2. | No person may enter or remain on any land (includes structures) of another after having been notified by the owner, occupant, manager or organizer not to enter or remain on the premises when in possession of a weapon. A person has received notice from the owner or occupant if he or she has been notified personally, either orally or in writing, or if the property is posted. Property is considered to be posted with a sign that states a restriction imposed, that is at least 5 inches by 7 inches. No specific verbiage or graphics are specified in WI statute. (Class I Misdemeanor) |
| Parking Lots | Yes\* | Yes | 175.60(16)(b)1. | The prohibitions listed in this section do not apply to a weapon in a vehicle driven or parked in a parking facility. (\*Long guns must be unloaded.) HOWEVER, this parking lot exception does NOT apply to FEDERAL facilities. |
| **Can you carry a firearm at this place based on federal law?** | | | | |
| Post offices | No | No | 39 C.F.R. § 232.1(l) | This includes the parking lot and the facility |
| Any federal facility | No | No | 18 USC § 930 | This means a building or any part of one whether owned or leased by the Federal Government where Federal employees are regularly present for the purpose of performing their official duties |
| IRS offices | No | No | 18 USC § 930 | See above |
| Federal court houses | No | No | 18 USC § 930 | See above |
| Ranger stations | No | No | 18 USC § 930 | See above |
| Federal buildings in federal parks | No | No | 18 USC § 930 | See above |
| Airports behind the secure area | No | No | 18 USC § 930 | Wisconsin has its own state statute covering this, as well. See above. |


title: Maupertus-sur-Mer Airfield

abstract: Maupertus-sur-Mer Airfield is a former World War II military airfield, which is located near the city of Cherbourg-Octeville in the Manche department of Lower Normandy in northwestern France. The facility was built as a French military airfield in 1937 before World War II. Used by the Germans during the Occupation of France, it was seized by the United States Army on 27 June 1944 during the Normandy Campaign. Reconstructed by the IX Engineering Command, 850th Engineer Aviation Battalion, it was used as a combat airfield. After the war, it was returned to the French government, and today it is the civil Cherbourg – Maupertus Airport.

text:
# Maupertus-sur-Mer Airfield

**Maupertus-sur-Mer Airfield** is a former World War II military airfield, which is located near the city of Cherbourg-Octeville in the Manche department of Lower Normandy in northwestern France.

The facility was built as a French military airfield in 1937 before World War II. Used by the Germans during the Occupation of France, it was seized by the United States Army on 27 June 1944 during the Normandy Campaign.

Reconstructed by the IX Engineering Command, 850th Engineer Aviation Battalion, it was used as a combat airfield. After the war, it was returned to the French government, and today it is the civil Cherbourg – Maupertus Airport.

## History

The airfield was built by the French Air Force in 1937 as an annex to the military airfield at Querqueville. It consisted of a 1,000m grass runway. In 1939, a concrete perimeter track was added, and on 9 May 1940, it was equipped with Bloch MB.155 fighter aircraft.

During the 1940 Battle of France, the aircraft assigned did not engage in any combat, and it was seized by the occupying German Army in June. It was turned over to the Luftwaffe which assigned Junkers Ju 87 attack aircraft of Jagdgeschwader 2 (JG-2) to the field. During the Dieppe Raid of August 1942, Ju 87s from Maupertus attacked the raiding Allied forces. In the fall of 1942, the Luftwaffe moved the aircraft to the east, and replaced them with six 88mm flak guns, used for anti-aircraft defense of the area.

After the Allied landings in France during June 1944, the United States Army VII Corps reached the airfield on 21 June. The 4th Infantry Division, with the support of the 70th Tank Battalion captured the airfield on 27 June. The 4th's 22nd Regiment moved on the airport from the south and east at 1100 hours on D+20 (June 26), with the three battalions abreast and a troop of cavalry protecting each flank. Heavy fire from enemy antiaircraft guns held up all three battalions for several hours, but, with the aid of supporting fire from the 44th Field Artillery Battalion, the 1st Battalion took a series of positions south of the airport and captured Gonneville, the 2nd Battalion occupied the western edge of the field, and the 3rd Battalion captured Maupertus and the defenses along the northern side of the field.

The enemy, however, continued to offer determined resistance and not until the following day was the airfield finally taken. Designated ALG (Advanced Landing Ground) A-15, the airport became operational a few days later by the 834th Aviation Engineers, IX Engineer Command. 850th Engineer Aviation Battalion and 877th Airborne Engineer Aviation Battalion.

Known as Advanced Landing Ground "A-15", the airfield consisted of a 6000' (1800m) Pierced Steel Planking (PSP) runway aligned 11/29. A secondary PSP 5000' (1500m) runway was also laid down aligned 17/35. In addition, tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure; a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting.

The 363d Fighter Group with P-47 Thunderbolts moved into Maupertus on 9 July. Planes began taking off and landing despite the fact that stacked along the main runway was a pile of bombs, live shells, duds, and 600 mines lifted from the airfield. The fighter planes flew support missions during the Allied invasion of Normandy, patrolling roads in front of the beachhead; strafing German military vehicles and dropping bombs on gun emplacements, anti-aircraft artillery and concentrations of German troops in Normandy and Brittany when spotted. The bombers also attacked bridges and German-controlled airfields in occupied areas.

Prime Minister Churchill landed at A-15 on July 20 as did General Charles de Gaulle on August 20. Eisenhower and Lee used it frequently.

On 22 August, the B-26 Marauder 387th Bombardment Group replaced the 363d. In addition to the bombers the 422d Night Fighter Squadron, equipped with the P-61 Black Widow night interceptor used the airfield until the end of August 1944.

After the Americans moved east into Central France with the advancing Allied Armies, the airfield was used as a resupply and casualty evacuation airfield for several months, before being closed on 22 December 1944. It was then turned over to French authorities.

## Major units assigned

380th (A8), 381st (B3), 382d (C3) Fighter Squadrons (P-51D) 556th (FW), 557th (KS), 558th (KX), 559th (TQ) Bombardment Squadrons (B-26)

## Postwar use

During the reconstruction of France in the late 1940s, a civil airport was established at the site. During the Cold War, in the 1950s, a modern concrete jet runway for NATO aircraft was laid down by the United States using French contractors, along with a circular marguerite system of dispersal hardstands that could be revetted later with earth for added protection. The Cold War air base was never used and was abandoned when France pulled out of the NATO central command structure in 1967.

The remains of the World War II main (11/29) runway are still visible just to the south of the current airport runway. Also a part of the secondary runway was reused as a taxiway to the now aircraft parking area to the south of the runway. The Cold War-era marguerite hardstands appear to be well-maintained, their use being undetermined.

A memorial to the men and units that were stationed at Maupertus-sur-Mer Airfield is located at the front of the terminal building at Cherbourg-Maupertus Airport. It has the shape of an obelisk, on each of its faces are identified land built at that time (A1 to A26), the Fighters wings, groups Fighters, Bombs groups, Liaison Squadron who were based in Normandy, and the Air Engineers Battalions who participated in the construction of land.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| Maupertus-sur-Mer Airfield
Advanced Landing Ground (ALG) A-15 | |
| --- | --- |
| Manche, Basse-Normandie Region, France | |
| A P-61 Black Widow (serial number 42-5565) nicknamed "Double Trouble" of the 422nd Night Fighter Squadron over Cherbourg, France | |
| Maupertus-sur-Mer Airfield | |
| Coordinates | 49°39′03″N 001°28′31″W / 49.65083°N 1.47528°W / 49.65083; -1.47528 (A-15 Maupertus) |
| Type | Military Airfield |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | French Air Force
Luftwaffe
United States Army Air Forces |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1937 |
| Built by | French Air Force
Rebuilt by: IX Engineering Command |
| In use | 1937 July–September 1944 |
| Materials | Grass
Later: Prefabricated Hessian Surfacing (PHS) |
| Battles/wars |
World War II - EAME Theater * Battle of France (1940) * Occupation of France (1940-1944) * Normandy Campaign * Northern France Campaign |
| Garrison information | |
| Garrison | Ninth Air Force |
| Occupants | * 422d Night Fighter Squadron * 387th Bombardment Group * 363d Fighter Group |
| Airfield information | |
| Elevation | 459 ft / 140 m AMSL |
| Runways  Direction Length and surface  17/35 5,000 feet (1,520 m) SMT/PSP  10/28 6,000 feet (1,830 m) SMT/PSP | |
| Two Runways, 4 alert pads, 50 hardstands | |


abstract: Wer sucht die Pracht, wer wünscht den Glanz, BWV 221, is a cantata by an unknown composer, formerly attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach. The event for which it was written is also unknown.

text:
# Wer sucht die Pracht, wer wünscht den Glanz, BWV 221

****Wer sucht die Pracht, wer wünscht den Glanz**** (Who seeks the splendour, who desires the radiance), **BWV 221**, is a cantata by an unknown composer, formerly attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach. The event for which it was written is also unknown.

## Scoring and structure

The cantata is scored for tenor and bass soloists, bassoon, three violins, viola, cello and organ.

It has nine movements:

1. Sinfonia
2. Recitative (tenor): **Wer sucht die Pracht, wer wünscht den Glanz**
3. Duet aria (tenor and bass): **Seele suchst du dein Vergnügen**
4. Recitative (bass): **Umsonst ist hier die Kunst, nur Schatten**
5. Aria (tenor): **Felsenfest muß der Grund von Herzen Stehen**
6. Recitative (bass): **So ist denn das dein einziges Bemühen**
7. Aria (bass): **Entfernet euch, Vergänglichkeiten**
8. Recitative (tenor): **O schöner Schluß, o wohl**
9. Duet aria (tenor and bass): **Der Himmel selbst zerfällt, sein Glanz**

## Recording

* Alsfelder Vokalensemble / Steintor Barock Bremen, Wolfgang Helbich. *The Apocryphal Bach Cantatas*. CPO, 1991.

1. "Cantata BWV 221 Wer sucht die Pracht, wer wünscht den Glanz". *Bach Cantatas Website*. Archived from the original on 2017-05-14. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
2. "Cantates 217–224" (in French). Université du Québec. Retrieved 18 May 2013.


title: Oligolepis

abstract: Oligolepis is a genus of fish in the goby family Gobiidae, native to marine, fresh and brackish waters of the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Oligolepis

***Oligolepis*** is a genus of fish in the goby family Gobiidae, native to marine, fresh and brackish waters of the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.

## Species

There are currently 6 recognized species in this genus:

The genera *Oligolepis* and *Oxyurichthys* were rearranged by Larsson and Pezold in 2015 and *O. keiensis* was moved to *Oxyurichthys* while two other species *Oligolepis formosanus* and *Oligolepis nijsseni* were added to this genus.

## InfoBox

| *Oligolepis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Oligolepis acutipennis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gobiiformes |
| Family: | Oxudercidae |
| Subfamily: | Gobionellinae |
| Genus: | *Oligolepis*
Bleeker, 1874 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Gobius melanostigma*
Bleeker, 1849 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Aparrius* Jordan & Richardson, 1908
*Waitea* Jordan & Seale, 1906 | |


title: Greater city movements

abstract: A greater city movement refers to various reform efforts—both contemporary and historical—to expand the municipal boundaries of a primate central city to incorporate all, or part, of the surrounding metropolitan population. Historically, greater city movements were proposed as a solution to the problem of metropolitan planning and administration. Today, the concept has been largely discredited for political reasons Historically, examples of cities that have successfully expanded their boundaries to include the entire metropolitan population are extremely rare, and as a general principle few, if any cities worldwide have been able to maintain a continuous process of boundary adjustment to include surrounding areas of population growth. The greater city movements of the early twentieth century grew out of concern for improving urban health, efficiency and aesthetics. They also reflected the longstanding historical understanding of cities as a politically unified entity. Larger municipal governments with greater resources were seen as a means for implementing the ideas of municipal socialism, City beautiful and the garden city. Greater city movements are distinct from "regionalism" movements, which seek to create an additional tier of regional metropolitan government.

text:
# Greater city movements

A **greater city movement** refers to various reform efforts—both contemporary and historical—to expand the municipal boundaries of a primate central city to incorporate all, or part, of the surrounding metropolitan population. Historically, greater city movements were proposed as a solution to the problem of metropolitan planning and administration. Today, the concept has been largely discredited for political reasons Historically, examples of cities that have successfully expanded their boundaries to include the entire metropolitan population are extremely rare, and as a general principle few, if any cities worldwide have been able to maintain a continuous process of boundary adjustment to include surrounding areas of population growth.

The greater city movements of the early twentieth century grew out of concern for improving urban health, efficiency and aesthetics. They also reflected the longstanding historical understanding of cities as a politically unified entity. Larger municipal governments with greater resources were seen as a means for implementing the ideas of municipal socialism, City beautiful and the garden city.

Greater city movements are distinct from "regionalism" movements, which seek to create an additional tier of regional metropolitan government (Such as Grand Paris in 2016).

## Examples

### Australia

In Australia the movement led to the creation of a greater Brisbane (1925) which is considered the only true implantation of the "greater city" model. More limited successes were achieved in Newcastle (1938) and Perth (1914–1917). Elsewhere, including Melbourne and Sydney, the movement was entirely unsuccessful and today, the idea of large, metropolitan local authorities coordinating development, infrastructure, financing is rarely identified as a model for urban and regional planning. Examples of successful and partially successful movements include the following:

* Perth: The amalgamation of several inner city municipalities occurred between 1914 and 1917, but was reversed by the state government in 1993. Efforts to encourage an amalgamation of the City of Perth and the City of Vincent failed in 2013 although the City of Perth was expanded to include the University of Western Australia and surrounding neighbourhood.
* Brisbane (1924): The only truly successful implementation of the greater city movement in Australia.
* Newcastle (1937)
* Wollongong (1947)

### Canada

### United Kingdom

### United States

1. "The Greater Sydney Movement". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. 12 April 1900. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
2. "Greater Adelaide". *Port Pirie Recorder and North Western Mail*. 18 March 1911. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
3. Robson, William A. (1972). *Great Cities of the World: Their Government, Politics and Planning*. Vol. 1. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
4. Minnery, John (July 14, 2004). *'The wonderful possibilities of the future’: Political and administrative influences on urban planning in Greater Brisbane Archived 6 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine*. International Planning History Conference Barcelona.
5. Minnery, John (November 2014). "Off the Shelf or Tailor Made? Sources of Ideas for the Creation of Greater Brisbane in 1924". *International Journal of Regional and Local History*. **9** (2): 107–122. doi:10.1179/2051453014Z.00000000018. S2CID 129775406.


title: Japanese independent Churches

text:
# Japanese independent Churches

The first Japanese independent church movement began in 1901, when Uchimura Kanzo formed the Mukyokai. His main message was the need for complete and ultimate independence from all human forces and entire reliance on God.

## State-enforced independence

### United Church of Christ in Japan

As the outbreak of the Pacific War was imminent, the Japanese wartime regime planned to sever the Japanese church from its Western connections. The United Church of Christ in Japan (Kyōdan) is a collection of diverse Protestant religious bodies forcibly united by the Japanese wartime government in 1941. In accordance with the 1939 Religious Organizations Law, Christian churches were required to comply with conditions set by the Ministry of Education in order to receive official recognition or legal status. Indicating that it would only recognize one Protestant denomination, the Ministry directed the various churches to form one organization.

In 1941, as a government-directed union of thirty four denominations, the UCCJ absorbed all transplanted Protestant mission church (with the exception of a section of the Anglican Church, the Seventh-day Adventists, and few small evangelical churches who refused to cooperate).

With the establishment of religious freedom by the Allied occupation forces in 1946, many groups left the Kyōdan to reestablish their prewar denominational identities. The most significant departures were the Anglican Church in Japan, the Japan Lutheran Church, Japan Baptist Convention, Japan Holiness Church, and Japan Assemblies of God.

## The extra-mission indigenous sector

### Nonchurch movement

The Nonchurch movement is the most widely known and respected expression of independent Japanese Christianity. this is due largely to the fact that Uchimura Kanzo was a prolific writer respected by many individuals both within and outside Christian circles. The complete works of Uchimura consists of some fifty volumes. The Nonchurch movement was a lay reform movement and described by writers as an indigenous form of Japanese Christianity totally independent of Western influence.

### Living Christ One Ear of Wheat Church

The Living Christ One Ear of Wheat Church was founded by Matsubara Kazuhito in 1939. This is an independent and indigenous church, but the evangelical and holiness mission traditions provide the primary theological foundations for the church. Like the holiness traditions, the church emphasized baptism of the Holy Spirit and healing; speaking in tongues, however, is not recognized as a legitimate practice for public worship, although some members exercise the gift in private. The founder emphasized divine healing and often anointed individuals with oil and held special healing services. This is much less common today, but occasionally a healing service is held. The church observes both baptism and the Lord's Supper.

### Japan Eccelsia of Christ

The founder of the Japan Ecclesia of Christ, Koike Tasuo, was born in 1904 and educated in Tokyo Imperial University. He became attracted to Christianity as a young man as a result of attending the Bible lectures of Uchimura Kanzō, the well-known founder of the Nonchurch movement. After his conversion, he attended a Nonchurch Bible study group led by Takeshi Fujii, one of Uchimura's disciples, for a period of five years (1925–1930).

### Holy Ecclesia of Jesus

Founded in 1946 by Ōtsuki Takeji, The Holy Ecclesia of Jesus is a movement aimed at recovering apostolic Christianity and entrusted with a special mission regarding the nation of Israel in these "last days." Ōtsuki was attracted to the faith through the evangelistic preaching of Kanamori Michinori during the daily chapel program and went on to receive baptism. Ōtsuki found his way into the Japan Holiness Church in 1930. The leader of the Holiness Church, Nakada Jūji, was a charismatic individual whose impact on Ōtsuki was enormous. Indeed, to this day Ōtsuki refers to Nakada as his teacher and great prophet, adding that before meeting him he had understood nothing of the Bible's teaching's regarding personal sanctification, the restoration of Israel, and the Second Coming of Christ.

### Okinawa Christian Gospel

The founder of the Okinawa Christian Gospel, Nakahara Masao, had moved to Kyoto and enrolled in a professional school in order to obtain credentials as a radiologist. It was while he was in Kyoto that he began to attend services at a Plymouth Brethren Church. Within three months he converted to the Christian faith and received baptism. Nakahara returned to Okinawa to work as a radiologist in a local hospital. In 1977 an experience of divine healing and revelation from God led him to resign from his position as an X-ray technician to devote the remainder of his life to evangelistic work. His independent Christian fellowship grew rapidly and in less than twenty years had six branch churches, two mission outreach centers, and a membership of approximately 1,500.

### Zion Christian Church

In 1934, Reverend Kishida Aiji founded the Zion Christian Church began work in Tokyo's Ōta ward. and since then, church planting has spread to the Kanagawa and Ibaraki Prefectures.

## Quasi-Christian sector

As noted earlier, Japan is known as a fertile ground for new forms of religion. The Christian tradition is no exception, and there exist in fact many independent groups that claim a Christian label.

### The Way

The Way was founded by Matsumura Kaiseki. Matsumura initially called his movement the One Heart Association but in 1907 renamed it to the "Church of Japan", to create a new Japanese Christianity independent of Western control. As his religious beliefs and convictions gradually came to be systematized, it became increasingly apparent that it was misleading to refer to his movement as a "Church". Ironically, it was his most sympathetic Japanese colleague who forced him to recognize that he had clearly departed from the Christian faith.

### Christ Heart Church

The Christ Heart Church was formed in 1927. Its founder, Kawai Shinsui (川合信水, 1867–1962), reinterpreted the faith through the lenses of Confucian and Buddhist traditions by claiming that Christianity offers a more complete path of self-cultivation and advocates traditional Buddhist disciplines of meditation to achieve a Christian satori (enlightenment). Zen meditation and *kyokenjutsu* (強健術) became important means of development in the Christ Heart Church. In sharp contrast to Protestant missionary policy, the Christ Heart Church allow its members to maintain the traditional Buddhist altar in the home. They also see no conflict between Christian faith and ancestor veneration. In fact, their members are encouraged to show proper respect toward traditional customs, and their participation in Buddhist ancestral rites with non-Christian family members is not regarded as problematic.

### Spirit of Jesus Church

The Spirit of Jesus Church was organized before the Pacific War by Murai Jun, and named in accordance with a 'heavenly vision' he reportedly received in 1941. This church became an incorporated religious organization in 1953. It is one of the fastest growing Christian bodies in Japan, having increased its membership from 34,477 in 1970 to 433,108 at the end of the 1980s. At the outset of the 1980s, the vernacular “Christian yearbook” ceased adding its membership figures to the total Christian population.

The Spirit of Jesus Church links salvific work in the spirit world and the notion of "household" salvation to the supposed ritual of vicarious baptism referred to in 1 Cor. 15:29. This church claims that through the ritual of vicarious baptism (先祖の身代わり洗礼) that the blessings of individual salvation can be extended to past generations as well. Members of this church can request that ancestors be baptized at the same time they are, or whenever they become concerned about the salvation of those who have gone before. A member simply states the ancestor's name, announces his or her relationship to the deceased, and then undergoes baptism by immersion on their behalf. It is significant to note here that this church also performs baptism for *mizuko* (水子, aborted and stillborn children). They claim that "through this ritual the good news of the forgiveness of sins is communicated to the dead, and their spirits are transported from hades to heaven."

### Original Gospel Tabernacle

The Original Gospel Tabernacle, also known as Makuya (幕屋), was founded by Ikurō Teshima. It represents another Japanese effort to recover Apostolic Christianity. In 1948 Teshima began publishing his own magazine

Teshima's "Christianization of the pre-Christian past" included his interpretation that the ancient Japanese fellowship with the gods referred to in Kojiki and Nihon Shoki was in fact communication with the heavenly spirits referred to as angels in the Bible. These Japanese forebears not only provided exemplary models of spirituality and dependence on God, but also revealed what true humanity was intended to be. This is also what the life of Jesus in the gospel reveals to us. It is the aim of the Original Gospel movement, Teshima explains, to join in Jesus' mission to restore this true humanity to all people. Teshima also recognized the valuable contributions of Japanese Buddhists, such as Kōbo Daishi, Hōnen, Nichiren, and Hakuin and refers to this heritage as the Old Testament for Japanese.

### Life-Giving Christ

Founded by Imahashi Atsushi in 1966, this movement is essentially an independent version of the Makuya movement. Following a one-year period of study in Israel as a Makuya member, Imahashi returned to Japan in 1964 and began his ministry as an evangelist under the direction of Teshima Ikuro. A serious disagreement with Teshima forced him out of Makuya and he began his own independent ministry in 1966. The Life-Giving Christ movement today consists of seven small ecclesia under the direction of Imahashi. Like Makuya, they also taught that the spirits of the deceased could be 'saved' by Christ in the spirit world if members prayed for them.


title: Proctoporus guentheri

abstract: Proctoporus guentheri, also known commonly as Günther's lightbulb lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. The species occurs in South America.

text:
# Proctoporus guentheri

***Proctoporus guentheri***, also known commonly as **Günther's lightbulb lizard** , is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. The species occurs in South America.

## Etymology

The specific name, *guentheri*, is in honor of German-born British herpetologist Albert Günther.

## Geographic range

*P. guentheri* is found in Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, and Santa Cruz departments) and Peru (Cuzco Region).

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of *P. guentheri* is forest, at altitudes of 825–3,362 m (2,707–11,030 ft).

## Reproduction

*P. guentheri* is oviparous.

## Further reading

* Barbour T, Noble GK (1921). "Amphibians and reptiles from southern Peru collected by the Peruvian Expedition of 1914–1915 under the auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society". *Proceedings of the United States National Museum* **58**: 609–620. (*Oreosaurus anomalus*, new species, pp. 614–616).
* Boettger O (1891). "*Reptilien und Batrachier aus Bolivia*". *Zoologischer Anzeiger* **14**: 343–347. (*Oreosaurus guentheri*, new species, p. 345). (in German).
* Boulenger GA (1902). "Descriptions of new Batrachians and Reptiles from the Andes of Peru and Bolivia". *Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Seventh Series* **10**: 394–402. (*Oreosaurus ocellifer*, new species, pp. 400–401).
* Dirksen L, De la Riva I (1999). "The lizards and amphisbaenians of Bolivia (Reptilia, Squamata): checklist, localities, and bibliography". *Graellsia* **55**: 199–215. (*Oreosaurus guentheri)*.

## InfoBox

| *Proctoporus guentheri* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gymnophthalmidae |
| Genus: | *Proctoporus* |
| Species: | ***P. guentheri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Proctoporus guentheri***
(Boettger, 1891) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Matrix management

abstract: Matrix management is an organizational structure in which some individuals report to more than one supervisor or leader—relationships described as solid line or dotted line reporting. More broadly, it may also describe the management of cross-functional, cross-business groups and other work models that do not maintain strict vertical business units or silos grouped by function and geography. Matrix management, developed in U.S. aerospace in the 1950s, achieved wider adoption in the 1970s.

text:
# Matrix management

**Matrix management** is an organizational structure in which some individuals report to more than one supervisor or leader—relationships described as solid line or dotted line reporting. More broadly, it may also describe the management of cross-functional, cross-business groups and other work models that do not maintain strict vertical business units or silos grouped by function and geography.

Matrix management, developed in U.S. aerospace in the 1950s, achieved wider adoption in the 1970s.

## Overview

There are different types of matrix management, including *strong*, *weak*, and *balanced*, and there are hybrids between functional grouping and divisional or product structuring.

For example, by having staff in an engineering group who have marketing skills and who report to both the engineering and the marketing hierarchy, an engineering-oriented company produced "many ground-breaking computer systems." This is an example of *cross-functional* matrix management, and is not the same as when, in the 1980s, a department acquired PCs and hired programmers.

Often senior employees, these employees are part of a product-oriented project manager's team but also report to another boss in a functional department. A senior employee who may have worked previously for an advertising agency, designing ads for computers, may now be part of a marketing department at a computer company, but be working with an engineering group. This is often called cross-functional matrix management.

Companies that have multiple business units and international operations, upon closer inspection may apply matrix structures in different ways.

Even function-based organizations may apply this arrangement for limited projects.

## In practice

Examples of using matrix management:

* Digital Equipment Corporation founder Ken Olsen spawned and popularized Matrix Management.
* ABB, formed from a 1988 merger and followed by "an ambitious acquisition program." Guiding this was a corporate structure whereby "local operations were organized within the framework of a two-dimensional matrix."

As for why the term is not publicly and formally affiliated with large numbers of corporations, a 2007 book about how "matrix management made a big splash in the 1970s" said that, "for the most part ... companies using matrix structures tend to keep quiet about it."

### Scaling back

Two decades after pioneering in matrix management, Digital Equipment Corporation backed out, citing it as a source of "sapped energy and efficiency from product-development efforts."

Regarding earlier years, when it worked, *The New York Times* praised "consensus building that may have once helped Digital become the nation's second-largest computer maker" (after IBM). The same article noted the cutting of 20,000 jobs, and that what worked with the PC market didn't work as well with larger systems, such as DEC Alpha.

This does not take away from what, a week earlier, the same author wrote: "It fostered internal competition and resulted in many ground-breaking computer systems like the PDP and VAX lines."

#### Matrix Management 2.0

In 2004, despite matrix management having become disfavored, Nokia made an attempt at using a form of it, later described as "matrix management 2.0". The focus is intended to be "leading without authority" so that "no one functional leader is in charge."

## Academic overview

* Christopher A. Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal writing on matrix management in the Harvard Business Review, quoted a line manager saying “The challenge is not so much to build a matrix structure as it is to create a matrix in the minds of our managers”.
* “Designing Matrix Organizations That Actually Work” Jay R. Galbraith says “Organization structures do not fail, but management fails at implementing them successfully.” He argues that strategy, structure, processes, rewards and people all need to be aligned in a successful matrix implementation.
* “Making the Matrix Work: How Matrix Managers Engage People and Cut through Complexity”, Kevan Hall identifies a number of specific matrix management challenges in an environment where accountability without control, and influence without authority, become the norm:
    + Context – ensure that people understand the reasoning behind the matrix
    + Cooperation – improve cooperation across the silos, but avoid bureaucracy and having too many people involved
    + Control – avoid centralization, build trust, empower people
    + Community – focus on the "soft structure" of networks, communities, teams and groups


title: Mauritius at the 2012 Summer Olympics

abstract: Mauritius competed its eighth consecutive Olympiad at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, from 27 July to 12 August 2012. This Olympiad had a contingent of 11 athletes, 4 men and 7 women, to represent the nation in 7 different sports. Mauritius distinctions of this Olympiad were : the repeat of sending more female than male athletes, the nation's debut at Olympic triathlon and beach volleyball, and breaking its medals streak started at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Beach volleyballer Natacha Rigobert was the eldest team member at 32 and was honored as their inaugural female flag bearer at an opening ceremony.

text:
# Mauritius at the 2012 Summer Olympics

**Mauritius** competed its eighth consecutive Olympiad at the **2012 Summer Olympics** in London, from 27 July to 12 August 2012.

This Olympiad had a contingent of 11 athletes, 4 men and 7 women, to represent the nation in 7 different sports. Mauritius distinctions of this Olympiad were : the repeat of sending more female than male athletes, the nation's debut at Olympic triathlon and beach volleyball, and breaking its medals streak started at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Beach volleyballer Natacha Rigobert was the eldest team member at 32 and was honored as their inaugural female flag bearer at an opening ceremony.

## Athletics

Key * **Note**–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* **NR** = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Quarterfinal | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Fabrice Coiffic | 100 m | 10.62 | 1 **Q** | 10.59 | 7 | Did not advance | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Annabelle Lascar | 800 m | 2:05.45 | 5 | Did not advance | | | |

## Boxing

Mauritius has qualified boxers for the following events.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Oliver Lavigilante | Flyweight | Micah (GHA)
**L** 14–18 | Did not advance | | | | |
| Richarno Colin | Light welterweight | Aatakni (MAR)
**W** 16–10 | Mönkh-Erdene (MGL)
**L** 12–15 | Did not advance | | | |

## Cycling

### Road

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aurelie Halbwachs | Women's road race | Did not finish | |

## Judo

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Christiane Legentil | Women's −52 kg | Bye | Kelmendi (ALB)
**W** 1001–0101 | Heylen (BEL)
**L** 0002–0020 | Did not advance | Müller (LUX)
**L** 0002–0101 | Did not advance | 7 |

## Swimming

Mauritius has gained two "Universality places" from the FINA.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Mathieu Marquet | 200 m freestyle | 1:58.91 | 39 | Did not advance | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Heather Arseth | 200 m freestyle | 2:07.81 | 34 | Did not advance | | | |

## Triathlon

Mauritius has qualified the following athletes.

| Athlete | Event | Swim (1.5 km) | Trans 1 | Bike (40 km) | Trans 2 | Run (10 km) | Total Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fabienne St. Louis | Women's | 19:51 | 0:39 | 1:06:54 | 0:35 | 39:38 | 2:07:37 | 42 |

## Volleyball

### Beach

| Athlete | Event | Preliminary round | Standing | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Elodie Li Yuk Lo
Natacha Rigobert | Women's | *Pool A*
JulianaLarissa (BRA)
**L** 0 – 2 (5–21, 10–21)
HáječkováKlapalová (CZE)
**L** 0 – 2 (10–21, 11–21)
HoltwickSemmler (GER)
**L** 0 – 2 (11–21, 10–21) | 4 | Did not advance | | | | 19 |

## InfoBox

| Mauritius at the
2012 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | MRI |
| NOC | Mauritius Olympic Committee |
| in London | |
| Competitors | 11 in 7 sports |
| Flag bearer | Natacha Rigobert |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Wells Independent School District

abstract:
Wells Independent School District is a public school district based in Wells, Texas (USA). Located in southern Cherokee County, the district extends into a small portion of Angelina County. Wells ISD has two campuses – Wells High School and Wells Elementary. In 2010, the school district was rated "recognized" by the Texas Education Agency. Wells ISD is a member of the UIL and has a rich history in both boys' and girls' basketball teams. Both programs having made the state playoffs 7 times over the past 10 years. Additionally, Wells High School has an emerging baseball and softball programs. In 2012 WISD residents voted to approve a $4,000,000.00 bond to construct a new HS, Basketball Coliseum and Administration wing. Leadership at Wells ISD
Superintendent= Jim Moore,
High School Principal= Dr. Gary Applewhite,
Elementary Principal= Blake Smith,
Curriculum Director= Leslie Brown,
Athletic Director= Chad Collins,
Counselor= Kathy Ford,
Business Manager= Jana O'Quinn,
Chief of Maintenance= Mike Petty.

text:
# Wells Independent School District

**Wells Independent School District** is a public school district based in Wells, Texas (USA).

Located in southern Cherokee County, the district extends into a small portion of Angelina County.

Wells ISD has two campuses  Wells High School (Grades 7-12) and Wells Elementary (Grades PK-6).

In 2010, the school district was rated "recognized" by the Texas Education Agency.

Wells ISD is a member of the UIL and has a rich history in both boys' and girls' basketball teams. Both programs having made the state playoffs 7 times over the past 10 years. Additionally, Wells High School has an emerging baseball and softball programs.

In 2012 WISD residents voted to approve a $4,000,000.00 bond to construct a new HS, Basketball Coliseum and Administration wing.

Leadership at Wells ISD Superintendent= Jim Moore, High School Principal= Dr. Gary Applewhite, Elementary Principal= Blake Smith, Curriculum Director= Leslie Brown, Athletic Director= Chad Collins, Counselor= Kathy Ford, Business Manager= Jana O'Quinn, Chief of Maintenance= Mike Petty.


title: Pact of Torreon

abstract: In the history of Mexico, the Pact of Torreón was a plan drawn up during the Mexican Revolution in early July 1914 by generals of the Constitutionalist Army in the important northern city of Torreón, Coahuila. The pact was framed as a modification of Venustiano Carranza’s 1913 Plan of Guadalupe, which was a narrow political plan. The pact called for a constitutional convention to revise the 1857 Mexican Constitution. It excluded commanders in the Constitutionalist Army from running for the presidency of the republic in the future. It called for the end of the Federal Army, at the time commanded by former general, now president of Mexico, Victoriano Huerta. The Pact of Torreón added to Plan of Guadalupe language that was more radical than Carranza’s, prompting Carranza to issue "Additions to the Plan of Guadalupe".

text:
# Pact of Torreon

In the history of Mexico, the **Pact of Torreón** was a plan drawn up during the Mexican Revolution in early July 1914 by generals of the Constitutionalist Army in the important northern city of Torreón, Coahuila. The pact was framed as a modification of Venustiano Carranza’s 1913 Plan of Guadalupe, which was a narrow political plan. The pact called for a constitutional convention to revise the 1857 Mexican Constitution. It excluded commanders in the Constitutionalist Army from running for the presidency of the republic in the future. It called for the end of the Federal Army, at the time commanded by former general, now president of Mexico, Victoriano Huerta. The Pact of Torreón added to Plan of Guadalupe language that was more radical than Carranza’s, prompting Carranza to issue "Additions to the Plan of Guadalupe".

## Background

Governor of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza had supported Francisco I. Madero, who was elected President of Mexico in 1911 after the ouster of long-time President, Porfirio Díaz, in 1910-11. In February 1913 a right-wing coup forced Madero and his vice president to resign and they were murdered shortly thereafter. General Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army assumed power as President of Mexico. In March 1913, Carranza issued his Plan of the Hacienda of Guadalupe (later simply called the Plan of Guadalupe). In it he denounced Huerta as a usurper and his government illegitimate, calling for his ouster. Carranza designated himself as the First Chief (*Primer Jefe*) of the Constitutionalist Army, urging on others opposing Huerta to join the fight. A civilian himself, Carranza attracted first-rate leaders of men, particularly Pancho Villa and Alvaro Obregón. From March 1913 through June 1914 the northern coalition grew in size and power, poised to defeat the Federal Army. Villa, commander of the Constitutionalist Army’s Division of the North, was increasingly at odds with Carranza, who saw Villa as his rival and sought to sideline him. The Pact of Torreón was a short-term compromise between the generals of the Constitutionalist Army and Carranza, laying out the terms of the transition following the expected Constitutionalist victory. The commander of the Division of the Northeast, Pablo González Garza, suggested to Pancho Villa that the generals meet and forge an agreement so that they could remain united as revolutionaries at this key juncture.

Villa agreed to meet and emissaries, four from the Division of the North and four from the Division of the Northeast, met in Torreón, Coahuila in July 1914. "The agreement amounted to a kind of armistice between the two factions" of Villa and Carranza, but neither felt bound by it. Villa later described the pact as a way to convince foreign governments, meaning the U.S., that the northern revolutionaries were united.

## The Pact

In the short term, Villa reaffirmed Carranza as the First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army. Carranza had tried to slow Villa’s string of victories by cutting off coal supplies, necessary to fuel railway transport of his troops, as well as ammunition. The pact called on Carranza to resume coal deliveries and ammunition supplies, which did not occur.

More important were the pact’s articulation of long-term goals after the Federal Army’s defeat. Article 7 of the pact calls for the surrender of the Federal Army and its complete dissolution and punishment of the Roman Catholic Church for its support of the Huerta government.

> The Divisions of the North and the Northeast, understanding that the present \[conflict\] is the struggle of the disinherited against the powerful, pledge themselves to fight until the ex-Federal Army completely disappears and the Constitutionalist Army shall take its place; to promote the democratic regime in our country; to punish and subdue the Roman Catholic clergy which ostensibly allied itself with Huerta, and to emancipate economically the proletariat by making equitable distribution of lands and by promoting the well-being of the workers.

Article 8 goes further with its sharp ideological language, in contrast to Carranza’s Plan of Guadalupe.

> 8th. The present conflict being a struggle of the disinherited against the abuses of the powerful, and understanding the causes of the misfortunes which afflict the country emanate from a praetorianism, from a plutocracy and from the clergy, the Divisions of the North and Northeast solemnly pledge themselves to fight until the ex-Federal Army shall disappear completely; to implant in our nation a democratic regime; to promote the well-being of the workers; to emancipate economically the rural workers by making an equitable distribution of lands, or by other means toward the resolution of the agrarian problem, and to admonish, punish, and to demand the proper responsibilities of the members of the Roman Catholic clergy, who both materially and intellectually have aided the usurper, Victoriano Huerta.

## Impact

Carranza’s 1913 Plan of Guadalupe was invoked in the Pact of Torreón, and was framed as updating that plan in light of the current situation in 1914. Carranza was pushed to draft his "Additions to the Plan of Guadalupe" in December 1914 as it became clear that he had to counter and undermine the more radical rhetoric of Villa and those supporting him.

## Further reading

* Katz, Friedrich. ‘’The Life and Times of Pancho Villa’’. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998.


title: Raleigh plot

abstract: Raleigh plots, or Rayleigh plots, are statistical graphics that serve as graphical representations for a Raleigh test that map a mean vector to a circular plot. Raleigh plots have many applications in the field of chronobiology, such as in studying butterfly migration patterns or protein and gene expression, and in other fields such as geology, cognitive psychology, and physics.

text:
# Raleigh plot

**Raleigh** **plots**, or **Rayleigh plots** (also called circlegrams and closely related to circular histograms, phasor diagrams, and wind roses), are statistical graphics that serve as graphical representations for a Raleigh test that map a mean vector to a circular plot. Raleigh plots have many applications in the field of chronobiology, such as in studying butterfly migration patterns or protein and gene expression, and in other fields such as geology, cognitive psychology, and physics.

## History/Origin

Raleigh plots was first introduced by Lord Rayleigh. The concept of Raleigh plots evolved from Raleigh tests, also introduced by Lord Rayleigh in 1880. The Rayleigh test is a popular statistical test used to measure the concentration of data points around a circle, identifying any unimodal bias in the distribution. Rayleigh plots emerged from this analysis as a means to illustrate the nature of the distribution.

## General interpretation

In a Raleigh plot, each individual is assigned a unit vector with a corresponding angle. These unit vectors are averaged together in a Raleigh plot into the mean vector. The length of the mean vector is determined by *r* (or *R*), the mean resultant length. *r* is a measure of concentration, ranging in value between 0 and 1. If the individual angles of the unit vectors are tightly clustered, then the *r* value will be closer to 1 while if they are widely scattered, then *r* will be closer to zero. The mean vector is positioned in the center of a circle. Dashes along the circumference of this circle denote desired values. Examples include angles from magnetic north (zero degrees) going clockwise (e.g., 90 degrees from magnetic north, or eastward); times of day, which can also be described in zeitgeber time and circadian time; and phase. Dots on the circumference are usually used to indicate individual unit vectors and their respective angle in regard to the values being measured. Raleigh plots can also use more than one mean vector, particularly if one wants to display the mean vector for different tested groups in the study or to compare mean vectors between groups.

### Examples

The example to the left is a Raleigh plot that has a high *r* value. Blue and yellow dots indicate individuals from different groups being tested, and the position of the dots indicate in which angle from magnetic north each tested individual is traveling. Due to the high overall concentration of individuals going at an angle between zero degrees and ninety degrees, the mean vector is much longer. Compare the figure to the left with the figure below:

In this second example (to the right), the Raleigh plot has a low *r* value. Both yellow and blue dots are spread along the circumference of the circle, indicating many individuals are traveling at different angles. The largest cluster of individuals, a group traveling between 180 degrees and 270 degrees, causes the mean vector to be pointed at an angle in that direction. Notably, due to the variability in the direction within this group, the mean vector is much smaller.

## Uses in chronobiology studies

### Butterfly migration studies

Raleigh plots have been used in chronobiology studies on the biological clocks behind monarch butterfly migration patterns. They are particularly relevant for studying sun compass orientation in migrating butterflies.

In butterfly migration studies, the Raleigh plot maps the orientation of the butterfly when allowed to fly, where the circumference is marked as a compass, with north (N) at the top position. Given the plotted data points, a mean *r* vector is drawn to indicate the mean orientation of the butterflies in a particular condition.

In his studies on the neurobiology of butterfly migration, Steven M. Reppert observes the oriented flight behavior of monarch butterflies. Reppert explains how Raleigh plots are used to handle butterfly orientation data and as tools for the data analysis.

In a 2012 study by Reppert and colleagues on the sufficiency of an antenna for proper time compensation and sun compass orientation in the monarch butterfly, Raleigh plots were used to present the mean flight orientation of butterflies subjected to different study conditions. Along the edge of the circle, degrees 0º (magnetic north) through 360º are shown, the orientation of each butterfly is marked with a dot, and a mean vector is drawn to represent the mean flight orientation recorded. In a 2016 annual review on the neurobiology of monarch butterfly migration, Reppert, Guerra, and Merlin also use Raleigh plots to present butterfly orientation data. The plots were used in the study of the time-compensated sun compass in monarch butterflies. A 2018 review by Reppert and de Roode on the mechanisms of monarch butterfly migration also used Raleigh plots, or circlegrams, to represent butterfly orientation data. Each dot indicates the orientation in which a butterfly individual flew continuously for 5 minutes or longer, and the vector points in the mean direction (some degrees from north) with a magnitude proportional to the mean orientation.

### Protein and gene expression studies

Raleigh plots can be used to visualize circadian rhythms in protein or gene expression, and how their phases are affected by other variables or induced conditions.

Jennifer Mohawk, then a postdoc at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, used multiple Raleigh plots to illustrate PER2::LUC expression in her 2013 paper "Methamphetamine and Dopamine Receptor D1 Regulate Entrainment of Murine Circadian Oscillators." Specifically, Mohawk investigated how injections of methamphetamine and D1 antagonist SCH-23390 would shift the peak time of PER2 expression in the liver, lung, pituitary gland, and salivary gland. In these plots, the Raleigh plot can be interpreted as a 24 hour clock with CT 0 at the top of the circle and CT 12 at the bottom of the circle. Each arrow represents the average peak phase of PER2::LUC expression of each group. The strength of the phase clustering is symbolized by the length of the arrow, meaning stronger clustering or closer data points resulting in longer arrows. The individual data points are plotted on the outside of the circle and their unique color and shape resemble the different groups of conditions. At ZT 7 is a pink box that shows the timing of the methamphetamine injection. Mohawk and collaborators compared the angle of the vector, or the mean phase, between the different groups in order to determine if methamphetamine injections induced statistically significant phase changes of PER2::LUC expression within the different glands and organs.

Similarly, Tsedey Mekbib, then a PhD student at the Morehouse School of Medicine, utilized Raleigh plots to depict how the knockdown of SIAH2 impacted the rhythmic expression of all other genes in both males and females. After profiling the entire transcriptome via RNA sequence on the liver at frequent time intervals, the expression of peak timing for all rhythmically expressed genes was plotted on Raleigh plots for each group. These Raleigh plots contain vectors that represent the average peak phase. However, instead of differing the length of the vectors to illustrate the variability in the data points, Mekbib and the other collaborators added a +/- 95% confidence interval that is represented by red range along the circle. In addition to the typical Raleigh plot, the left half of the circle is shaded darker to better visualize the night phase occurring between CT 12 and CT 24.

### Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) studies

Raleigh plots can be used to visualize the circadian rhythms in protein or gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) specifically, and how they might influence other peripheral tissues.

Raleigh plots were used by Elizabeth Maywood, an English researcher at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, to visualize how pacemaking activity and synchrony between host SCN cells lacking vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) can be restored with a wild-type SCN graft. These plots show vectors that represent the phase of the host SCN cells, measured by PER2::LUC expression. Each plot has a value representing the mean vector length with time points where the cell phases are closer in sync having a value closer to 1. Maywood and collaborators showed that VIP-null host SCN cells synchrony deteriorated over time based on the mean vector length of the Raleigh plots decreasing, and concluded that paracrine signaling from an introduced wild-type SCN graft is sufficient to restore the synchrony between SCN cell pacemakers based on the mean vector length increasing after the graft was introduced.

Mariko Izumo, while working at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, used Raleigh plots to assess the effect of knocking out BMAL1 in the SCN on the circadian expression of PER2, measured using PER2::LUC expression, in the SCN and in peripheral tissues. Izumo and others found that knocking out BMAL1 led to the desynchronization and dampening of PER2 expression in peripheral tissues with Raleigh plots showing different mean phases of the rhythm of PER2 expression. They also show that light/dark cycles and feeding can restore synchrony in peripheral tissues with Raleigh plots showing the same mean phases of the rhythm of PER2 expression.

Similarly, Yongli Shan, also while working at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, used Raleigh plots to show that BMAL1 knockout AVP SCN neurons and VIP SCN neurons show a loss in rhythm in expression of PER2. BMAL1 knockout neurons have data points around the circular diagram and a small mean vector *r*, while wild-type neurons have a larger mean vector *r* and data points closer together. Additionally, Shan and others show that intercellular connections to the rest of the SCN was sufficient in restoring rhythmicity in BMAL1 knockout VIP neurons but not AVP neurons with an increase in the mean vector *r* in VIP neurons but not in AVP neurons.

## Uses in other non-chronobiology fields

Raleigh plots or variations on Raleigh plots are used in fields beyond chronobiology. While Raleigh plots visualize a mean vector for data, the variational plots that are closely related to Raleigh plots may visualize histogram data in spokes on a circular chart.

In geology, circular histogram plots or rose diagrams can be used to characterize tectonic plate movements. For example, they may be used to visualize the frequency and direction of fault line motion. In meteorology and climate studies, wind roses are used to present data on the direction, duration, and speed of winds that occurred at a given location. For example, in wind roses released by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center, the length of a spoke in a particular direction, representing a histogram bin, is proportional to the duration of time for which the wind was blowing in that direction, with different colors to show wind speed categories.

Additionally, Raleigh plots can be used in cognitive psychology. Joëlle Provasi, professor at École pratique des hautes études, used them to explain the response of children with or without a lesion in their cerebellum due to surgically removed tumor to a rhythmic stimulus. Provasi and others show a Raleigh plot depicting responses that are close to the stimulus as data points around the top at 0 degrees with a mean vector value close to 1, and a Raleigh plot depicting responses that are irregular with dots spread around the circular plot and a mean vector value closer to 0.