title: Marina Weisband

abstract: Marina Weisband is a German politician. From May 2011 until April 2012 she was a member of the senior leadership of the Pirate Party Germany. In 2018 she joined the Green Party of Germany.

text:
# Marina Weisband

**Marina Weisband** (born 4 October 1987 in Kyiv) is a German politician. From May 2011 until April 2012 she was a member of the senior leadership of the Pirate Party Germany. In 2018 she joined the Green Party of Germany.

## Life and career

Weisband was born and raised in Kyiv to a Jewish family. In 1994, she and her family moved to Wuppertal in Germany under a program permitting Jews leaving the former Soviet Union to apply for refugee status in Germany. She finished school in 2006 and studied psychology at the University of Münster. In 2013, she gained her diploma.

Weisband joined the German Pirate Party in 2009. The Pirate Party won its first seats in a regional election in Berlin on 18 September 2011, gaining around 9% of the vote.

In April 2012, with support from other senior Pirate Party figures, she called on members of her party to tackle antisemitism and right-wing extremism within their own ranks. Der Spiegel suggested that the Pirate Party needed to dispel a perception that it was a sympathetic environment for radical extremists. Shortly afterwards Weisband announced she would not be seeking re-election next month, citing the need to focus on studying for her degree in psychology. She did not rule out a return to politics after graduating.

Weisband was the Pirate Party's most recognised face, appealing particularly to younger voters with her "laid-back style". In 2013 she published a book advocating direct, "liquid" democracy.

She revealed in September 2016 that she had left the Pirate Party the previous year and was focussing on the Aula project, an initiative to facilitate children's participation in politics using software she had developed that was being tested in four German cities. She lamented that the party had become dominated by conservatives. In 2018 she became member of the party Alliance 90/The Greens.

Weisband was a Pirate Party delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2017.

Since 2014 Weisband is head of the student participation/democracy project "Aula".

## Personal life

Weisband describes herself as a believing, but not as an orthodox Jew. In June 2013 she married Marcus Rosenfeld. She lives in Münster.

## Sources

*This article was abridged and translated from its equivalent in the German Wikipedia on 13 January 2012.*


title: WBBD

abstract: WBBD is a commercial radio station licensed to Wheeling, West Virginia, United States, carrying a sports format. Owned by iHeartMedia, WBBD serves both the Wheeling metropolitan area and nearby St. Clairsville, Ohio, as the market's Fox Sports Radio affiliate. WBBD's studios are currently located at the Capitol Theatre in downtown Wheeling, while its transmitter resides in the city's northern end. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WBBD is relayed over low-power FM translator W280EW and is available online via iHeartRadio. WBBD was established in 1941 as WKWK, which aired network programming in the 1940s and 1950s before emerging as a Top 40 station in the 1960s and 1970s. Later operating various oldies and adult standards formats, it has broadcast Fox Sports Radio since 2014 after a brief period airing comedy radio.

text:
# WBBD

**WBBD** (1400 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Wheeling, West Virginia, United States, carrying a sports format. Owned by iHeartMedia, WBBD serves both the Wheeling metropolitan area and nearby St. Clairsville, Ohio, as the market's Fox Sports Radio affiliate. WBBD's studios are currently located at the Capitol Theatre in downtown Wheeling, while its transmitter resides in the city's northern end. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WBBD is relayed over low-power FM translator W280EW (103.9 FM) and is available online via iHeartRadio.

WBBD was established in 1941 as WKWK, which aired network programming in the 1940s and 1950s before emerging as a Top 40 station in the 1960s and 1970s. Later operating various oldies and adult standards formats, it has broadcast Fox Sports Radio since 2014 after a brief period airing comedy radio.

## History

On July 10, 1940, Community Broadcasting applied with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to build a new radio station at 1370 kHz in Wheeling. This application was approved on November 26 of that year, and after being changed to 1400 kHz as part of NARBA reallocation in March 1941, WKWK began broadcasting on May 2 of that year as an affiliate of CBS. It operated with 100 watts of power, raised to 250 later that year, from studios at the corner of 16th and Market streets. Its owner was Joe L. Smith, Jr., son of Joe L. Smith, a Democratic U.S. representative for the state; its first general manager was John B. Reynolds, who resigned from his post as assistant secretary of the FCC to run the new Wheeling outlet. The station remained with CBS until 1947, when it traded network affiliations with the more powerful WWVA (1170 AM) and became an ABC outlet. The next year, it expanded to the FM band with the launch of WKWK-FM 97.3 on March 17, 1948; the region's third FM outlet in operation, it initially served as a simulcaster for the AM output.

Smith Jr. sold his stake in WKWK-AM-FM in 1951 to Reynolds, who had held 49 percent of the business. The AM transmitter was relocated from its existing site to be co-sited with the FM transmitter on Glenwood Road in 1958.

Reynolds died after a long illness on March 22, 1959; he was 62. Reynolds's estate wasted little time in selling the WKWK stations, reaching a deal in August with Lewis W. Dickey, who had been an advertising salesman for WWVA. It was the first station owned by Dickey, the father of later Cumulus Media president Lew Dickey, who was credited with turning around the new acquisition; also during his tenure as owner, the station increased its power to 1,000 watts.

The WKWK stations were sold again in 1965 to WK, Inc., a company owned by the Resources and Facilities Corporation (REFAC)—a company controlled by Eugene Lang—and Victor Oristano, for $575,000. Four years later, the pair were purchased by Publishers Broadcasting Corporation, a subsidiary of the Washington-based Publishers Co., for $649,000. The contract printing and binding concern was making an incursion into broadcasting by buying stations to build what it hoped would be a maximum-size group; prior to acquiring the outlets in Wheeling, it had purchased an AM-FM combo in Tallahassee, Florida. The company renamed itself Camptown Industries in December 1972; having not bought any additional stations beyond those in Wheeling and Tallahassee, it had instead diversified into owning the Uline Arena in Washington, D.C., and the namesake Camptown at East Lake Toho in Osceola, Florida. During this time, WKWK was a Top 40 outlet, complete with "Good Guys" disc jockeys and a large teenage listening audience.

Community Service Broadcasting, owned by the Glassman family of Illinois, acquired the WKWK stations in 1975. It attempted to sell its Wheeling operation to Price Communications Corporation in 1981, but the deal fell apart, and Price ultimately bought WWVA and WCPI (98.7 FM) in late 1982. Meanwhile, the station was shifting to target an older audience. It adopted the Music of Your Life syndicated adult standards format in 1982.

Community Service sold all of its stations—including WKWK-AM-FM—in 1986 to CR Broadcasting, a partnership of two men from Virginia and Maryland. WKWK switched to an oldies format the following year. The entire CR portfolio was repurchased by the Glassman family in 1992.

Wheeling radio would be hit by successive rounds of change in the late 1990s as deregulation led to rapid industry consolidation. Osborn Communications Corporation acquired the WKWK stations from the Glassmans in February 1996, paying $2.75 million. In April 1996, WKWK, having by this point become a sports talk station, became WBBD after dropping most of its sports programming to return to standards; the WBBD call letters had previously been on 1600 kHz until 1995, when that station became Radio AAHS affiliate WOHZ. Three months later, Osborn and its 17 radio stations were purchased by Capstar Broadcasting Partners in a $100 million transaction; by this time, the Wheeling cluster of stations had grown to six. Capstar merged with Chancellor Media, which renamed itself AMFM, Inc., in the summer of 1999, then merged into Clear Channel Communications in a deal that closed in 2000.

The station's "Real Oldies" format was dropped in 2012, when WBBD became an affiliate of the 24/7 Comedy Network as part of a 12-station flip of mostly AM stations in various markets. This lasted until June 2014, when the station adopted its current sports format. The comedy format had been a failure in the local ratings, registering a zero share among listeners 12 and up in the fall 2013 Nielsen report.

## Taking over for WWVA

On August 4, 2010, a downburst event generating strong winds pushed through the Wheeling area, knocking the three–tower array used by WWVA, located in nearby St. Clairsville, Ohio, to the ground. The station was knocked completely off the air; in the immediate wake of the storm, WBBD was pressed into service to carry all of WWVA's programming. On August 5, 2010, at 10:30 p.m., WWVA began to broadcast from a temporary facility, allowing WBBD to resume its existing programming. Similarly, in 2000, WBBD was used as a temporary substitute for WWVA during tower work.

## FM translator

WBBD rebroadcasts its signal to the following low-power FM translator:

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP () | HAAT | Class | Transmitter coordinates | FCC info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W280EW | 103.9 FM | Wheeling, West Virginia | 140908 | 250 | 99  (325 ft) | D | 40°03′41″N 80°45′07″W / 40.06139°N 80.75194°W / 40.06139; -80.75194 | LMS |

## InfoBox

WBBD
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Wheeling metro area |
| Frequency | 1400 kHz |
| Branding | Fox Sports AM 1400 |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Format | Sports |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations |  |
| History | |
| First air date | May 2, 1941 (1941-05-02) |
| Former call signs | WKWK (1941–1996) |
| Call sign meaning | "Big band" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 73192 |
| Class | C |
| Power | 1,000 watts |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°5′49.0″N 80°42′6.0″W / 40.096944°N 80.701667°W / 40.096944; -80.701667 |
| Translator(s) | 103.9 W280EW (Wheeling) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live (via iHeartRadio) |
| Website | foxsports1400wheeling.iheart.com |


abstract: The General Authority for Foreign Trade is a government agency in Saudi Arabia was established on 1 January 2019 and responsible for enhancing the international commercial and investment activities of the Kingdom.

text:
# General Authority for Foreign Trade (Saudi Arabia)

The **General Authority for Foreign Trade** is a government agency in Saudi Arabia was established on 1 January 2019 and responsible for enhancing the international commercial and investment activities of the Kingdom.

## Structure

The authority is governed by a board of directors headed by the Minister of Commerce and Investment. The board of directors includes representatives from other ministries and governmental agencies. The current governor of the authority is Abdulrahman Al Harbi who was appointed by a royal decree issued on 23 March 2019.

## Responsibilities

The authority has primary duties, including :

* Enabling Saudi non-oil exports to target markets.
* Supporting the private sector to participate in foreign trade effectively.
* Eliminating any obstacles facing foreign trade.

1. "Saudi Arabia to set up general authority for foreign trade". *ArgaamPlus*. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
2. "Who's Who: Abdulrahman Al-Harbi, governor of KSA's General Authority for Foreign Trade". *Arab News*. 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
3. Department, Knowledge Management. "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Ministry of Commerce and Investment". *mci.gov.sa*. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
4. "New head of foreign trade thanks King for his trust". *Saudigazette*. 2019-03-24. Retrieved 2019-07-09.

## InfoBox

General Authority for Foreign Trade
| Formation | 1 January 2019 |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Government of Saudi Arabia |
| Purpose | Foreign Trade |
| Parent organization | Ministry of Commerce and Investment |


title: Pisonia siphonocarpa

abstract: Pisonia siphonocarpa is a species of plant in the Nyctaginaceae family. It is endemic to French Polynesia.

text:
# Pisonia siphonocarpa

***Pisonia siphonocarpa*** is a species of plant in the Nyctaginaceae family. It is endemic to French Polynesia.

## InfoBox

| *Pisonia siphonocarpa* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Nyctaginaceae |
| Genus: | *Pisonia* |
| Species: | ***P. siphonocarpa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pisonia siphonocarpa***
(Heimerl) Stenmerik | |
|


title: Science attaché

abstract: A science attaché is a member of a diplomatic mission, usually an embassy. A science attaché traditionally had three primary functions: advise the ambassador on scientific and technical matters, report on scientific and technological events, and represent their country in scientific and technical matters to foreign scientific and technical academies; to industry; to intergovernmental organizations and agencies; and to international non-governmental organizations. In 1998, the National Academy of Sciences called for the appointment of more science-savvy diplomats to the State Department to improve the quality of the scientific advice available to foreign policymakers. The panel also emphasized the need to encourage general foreign service staff to acquire scientific skills. Science attachés could help scientists understand the host nation's science culture and practices. Formerly, being appointed science attaché was viewed as the "kiss of death" for advancement within the foreign service. Though the perception may change from scientific issues such as global warming, global infectious diseases, and bioterrorism to foreign policymaking and diplomacy.

text:
# Science attaché

A **science attaché** (also known as a **scientific attaché** or a **technical attaché**) is a member of a diplomatic mission, usually an embassy. A science attaché traditionally had three primary functions: advise the ambassador on scientific and technical matters, report on scientific and technological events, and represent their country in scientific and technical matters to foreign scientific and technical academies; to industry; to intergovernmental organizations and agencies; and to international non-governmental organizations.

In 1998, the National Academy of Sciences called for the appointment of more science-savvy diplomats to the State Department to improve the quality of the scientific advice available to foreign policymakers. The panel also emphasized the need to encourage general foreign service staff to acquire scientific skills. Science attachés could help scientists understand the host nation's science culture and practices.

Formerly, being appointed science attaché was viewed as the "kiss of death" for advancement within the foreign service. Though the perception may change from scientific issues such as global warming, global infectious diseases, and bioterrorism to foreign policymaking and diplomacy.

## Historical functions

The role of science attachés of the United States was first outlined in 1950 in a report entitled *Science and Foreign Relations*, issued by the United States State Department. It listed the primary duties of science attachés as:

1. Reporting on significant scientific and technological developments
2. Assistance in the exchange of scientific information
3. Assistance in the exchange of scientific persons
4. Assistance in the procurement of scientific apparatus, chemicals, and biologicals
5. Cooperation with all United States groups abroad having programs with scientific and technological aspects
6. General representations of United States science
7. Scientific and technical advice to the Embassy staff
8. Arrangements for collaborative research projects between the United States and foreign scientists
9. General promotion of better understanding between the United States and foreign science

## Notes and references


title: Phlox caespitosa

abstract: Phlox caespitosa is a species of phlox known by the common name tufted phlox. It is native to western North America from British Columbia through the Great Basin to New Mexico, where it grows in scrub, woodland, and other open plateau habitat. It is one of several cushion-forming species that occur in the same region and require careful observation to distinguish. In the past, this species and Phlox douglasii have been erroneously lumped together.

text:
# Phlox caespitosa

***Phlox caespitosa*** is a species of phlox known by the common name **tufted phlox**. It is native to western North America from British Columbia through the Great Basin to New Mexico, where it grows in scrub, woodland, and other open plateau habitat. It is one of several cushion-forming species that occur in the same region and require careful observation to distinguish. In the past, this species and *Phlox douglasii* have been erroneously lumped together.

## Description

It is a mat-forming perennial herb growing in patches of short, hairy, glandular stems. The stems are lined with pairs of very narrow, sharp-tipped linear leaves each under a centimeter in length. The inflorescence is a solitary flower or cluster of up to three flowers at the tip of each stem. The flower is white or light pink or lavender with five rounded lobes. It is around a centimeter long.

## InfoBox

| *Phlox caespitosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Polemoniaceae |
| Genus: | *Phlox* |
| Species: | ***P. caespitosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phlox caespitosa***<br>Nutt. | |
|


title: Okoliyte

abstract: Okoliyte is a village in Tryavna Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.

text:
# Okoliyte

**Okoliyte** is a village in Tryavna Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Okoliyte | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Okoliyte | |
| Coordinates: 42°53′N 25°28′E / 42.883°N 25.467°E / 42.883; 25.467 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Gabrovo Province |
| Municipality | Tryavna |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Nam Suk Lee

abstract: Nam Suk Lee born in the city of Yeo Joo, is credited with co-founding the traditional Korean martial art of Chang Moo Kwan in the mid-1940s, and then promoting and expanding it globally. Chang Moo Kwan was one of the five original Kwans which became Tae Kwon Do in the mid 1950s. In his later life Nam Suk Lee was to make the seaside community of San Pedro, California his home, where he reestablished his traditional roots in Chang Moo Kwan. He was 75 and still actively teaching Chang Moo Kwan through the San Pedro YMCA. Nam Suk Lee died in the neighboring Southern California community of Torrance on August 29, 2000, due to a stroke.

text:
# Nam Suk Lee

**Nam Suk Lee** (June 28, 1925 – August 29, 2000) born in the city of Yeo Joo, is credited with co-founding the traditional Korean martial art of Chang Moo Kwan in the mid-1940s, and then promoting and expanding it globally. Chang Moo Kwan was one of the five original Kwans which became Tae Kwon Do in the mid 1950s. In his later life Nam Suk Lee was to make the seaside community of San Pedro, California his home, where he reestablished his traditional roots in Chang Moo Kwan. He was 75 and still actively teaching Chang Moo Kwan through the San Pedro YMCA. Nam Suk Lee died in the neighboring Southern California community of Torrance on August 29, 2000, due to a stroke.

## Early life

After Nam Suk Lee was born in Yeo Joo, a Korean city 40 miles of Seoul, the Lee family moved to Seoul, Korea in the 1930s during Imperialistic Japanese occupation of the Korean Peninsula. Nam Suk Lee had lost a younger brother to an illness prior to relocating to Seoul; he was just a year old. Nam Suk Lee's "favorite sport was soccer and he was known to be a dominant player. He loved to study and he assumed leadership position in classroom activities."

Nam Suk Lee was born leader and this inclination would later facilitating the gathering of several students to train in what was to become the roots of Chang Moo Kwan. In an interview with his student Jon Wiedenman, Nam Suk Lee relayed the story of the inception, "point zero," of Chang Moo Kwan. Nam Suk Lee stumbled upon a martial arts book, a Chinese translation of Gichin Funakoshi's "Karate Jutsu". If teenage Nam Suk Lee would have been discovered training by the unforgiving Japanese soldiers, death could have been the penalty. Jon Wiedenman presented a republished copy of "Karate Jutsu" to Nak Suk Lee by Kodansha Publications for his birthday.

Putting things in historical perspective, this was a few short years before World War II, and the Japanese troops were gearing up for total domination of Korea and the Far East. In spite of the clear and present danger, young Nam Suk Lee secretively pored over the many black and white photographs of Gichin Funikoshi and soon sifted and extrapolated what he could of the one-dimensional forms and techniques to make the beginnings of his martial art, what would become Chang Moo Kwan.

A born leader, Nam Suk Lee, driven to teach, rallied up several recruits to practice his new art. Clandestine, they would diligently practice in a local junior high school playground, behind a high wall, out of eye-shot of the watchful "enemy." Nam Suk Lee shared this with Jon Wiedenman in an interview shortly before his death. Nam Suk Lee offered many stories of his trials and tribulations during their time together. One of Wiedenman's favorites was of Nam Suk Lee's students practicing breaking techniques by removing roof tiles from local buildings, Japanese occupied of course, and defiantly demolishing them with various kicks and punches. They did this, of course, to develop focus and penetration targeting.

## Role in forming Chang Moo Kwan

In 1945, WWII ended and Korea was again free to the practice martial arts. In 1946 in Seoul, Korea, Byung In Yoon established a Taekkyeon Club at the Kyung Sung Agricultural School. Chang Moo Kwan was introduced to the YMCA and Nam Suk Lee was the first instructor. In a 2000 interview between Jon Wiedenman and Nam Suk Lee, he was asked how Byung In Yoon became the first Grandmaster of Chang Moo Kwan, and Lee answered, "He was two years older than me.

It has been established the late Byung In Yoon, had significant roots in Chuan-Fa which he learned as a youth growing up in Manchuria. Wiedenman notes "while training with Nam Suk Lee, I asked him several times where Byung In Yoon's influence could be recognized in our forms. I don't think I ever got an exact answer. Byung In Yoon had trained extensively in Japan under Kanken Toyama in Shudokan. Lee had been self-taught in Funikoshi's Shotokan. I believe it was just an understanding the harder system prevailed."

The earliest known photo of Nam Suk Lee and Byung In Yoon is from November 3, 1948 (See Right Hand Photo). It is taken after the 3rd Regular Promotion Test held at the YMCA in Seoul, Korea. At that time a "Regular Promotion Test" was held twice a year with an intermediate test in-between. One fascinating thing about this photo is the students are wearing "Chinese style" button up tops. This is most probably indicative of Byung In Yoon's Manchurian Chuan-Fa influence.

Another photo taken December 21, 1948 shows the participants attending the 1st Chang Moo Kwan Promotion Test at the Ministry of Communications Department. This was a likely site for Nam Suk Lee's main school as it was also his place of employment. In this photo, students are garbed in doboks similar to Japanese "gis." This picture may indicate Lee was applying his personal interpretation of the philosophies, skills, and traditions of Shotokan roots to Chang Moo Kwan.

In a photo depicting the 2nd Chang Moo Kwan Demonstration at the YMCA in Seoul, Korea, the participating students and Nam Suk Lee are wearing traditional uniforms. The Chinese style attire is nonexistent. This would seem to indicate Lee's Shotokan roots dominate, as his forms would later reflect. Understandably, having been subjected to the often harsh tyranny of the Japanese occupied forces in Korea, Lee shined away from things of Japan. Why, one might wonder, would he base his Chang Moo Kwan on an apparently Japanese, Shotokan? Upon closer examination Gichin Funikoshi was an Okinawan expatriate living in Japan teaching an Okinawan martial art. This seemed to work for Nam Suk Lee. Chang Moo Kwan was in no small part responsible for "returning normalcy to Korea after WWII."

The surge of Chang Moo Kwan growth came to a violent halt as North Korea and South Korea entered a war in 1950, one which has never officially ended. When the Korean War ended in 1953 the country was divided at the 38th parallel in 1953, and Byung In Yoon was missing. The human cost of the Korean War (June 25, 1950 to June 27, 1953) was high and many prominent Korean martial artists served and were MIA or killed, often as commandos or spies. It was up to Nam Suk Lee to carry the torch forward. He did. Once again using the principles and practices of Chang Moo Kwan to help revitalize the spirit of war-torn Korea.

## Role in expansion of Chang Moo Kwan

In 1953 immediately after the end of the Korean War, Nam Suk Lee hit the ground running with Chang Moo Kwan, implementing his art as a way to help rebuild the Korean spirit, student by student. An employee at the Ministry of Communications, it would make sense this was where he continued teaching Chang Moo Kwan. In December 1953, the 13th Regular Promotion Test was held. Hundreds of students were already embracing and reaping the mental, physical, and emotional benefits of Chang Moo Kwan. The 1950s saw an explosion of dojangs, demonstrations, and recognition.

In the mid 1955 several Korean martial arts masters got together and unified several different "kwans" or schools under the common name "The Art of the China Hand" which a few years later became Tae Kwon Do, the "art of kicking and punching." At this point Nam Suk Lee's Chang Moo Kwan was frequently referred to as Tae Kwon Do, and may very well have begun to lose some of its uniqueness. In September 1961 the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association was formed (KTA). Nam Suk Lee was appointed to the Chair of General Director to the KTA in 1961; however, in January 1962 he resigned. In 1965 the KTA was reorganized by the Korean government, and by original design, it would allow each school or "kwan" to maintain some control over their individualism, including technique, philosophies, and forms. Wiedenman maintains "I don't think Grandmaster Nam Suk Lee was entirely comfortable with watering down anything with his homespun traditional art."

Nam Suk Lee rejoined the newly reformed Korean Tae Kwon Do Association by serving as its General Director in 1967 and then Vice President in January 1969; moreover, he was reappointed to this post in 1971. May 28, 1973 marked the formation of the World Tae Kwon Do Association (WTF). Nam Suk Lee was appointed as an Executive Council Member of the WTF in 1973, concurrently he was appointed as the Vice Chairman Council of Techniques by the KTA.

During the early 1970s Nam Suk Lee traveled extensively visiting Chang Moo Kwan studios both in Korea and outside Korea. At its pinnacle, 1976, the distribution of Chang Moo Kwan was made up of about 900 studios or dojangs, and almost 400 of them were overseas. During the late 1960s and early 1970s Nam Suk Lee entertained visitors from all over the world as he traveled globally to many countries including Germany, Brazil, Venezuela, and extensively in the United States. The "Green Book", as it is nicknamed, is a yearbook of sorts titled "On the Occasion of the 30th Anniversary of founding (Sept 1 1946-Sept 1 1976)." It is a snapshot of "the way things were at Chang Moo Kwan's apex." It contains a directory of studios across the United States and world including Australia, Canada, Central America, South America, The Caribbean, Europe, and the Middle and Far East.

## Chang Moo Kwan's Revival

In the mid 1980s Nam Suk Lee joined the rest of his family, four sons and one daughter, settling in the USA in Southern California in the seaside community of San Pedro. In 1997, Nam Suk Lee met up with three traditional Chang Moo Kwan instructors Jon Wiedenman, George Fullerton, Tony Barnes. All three had trained for a quarter century each in Traditional Chang Moo Kwan. Wiedenman first asked if Lee could attend one of Wiedenman's black belt promotion tests. Lee agreed to do so. Next, Wiedenman asked Lee to visit his adult class at the San Pedro YMCA. Lee obliged. Seizing the opportunity, Lee stood up in the middle of class, walked to the front and began teaching. Wiedenman's students were overwhelmed. Immediately after class Wiedenman and Fullerton pleaded with Lee to teach them on a regular basis. Having not instructed in over 30 years, and now in his early 70s, Nam Suk Lee was reluctant at first. Lee told Wiedenman and Fullerton that he had not trained in a long time and had no uniform or belt. Wiedenman and Fullerton bought him a uniform, had the Korean and American flag sewn on it, and even presented him with and custom embroidered belt. Lee agreed to teach Wiedenman privately, every week, and an adult class every two weeks.

At that point in time Wiedenman and Fullerton made an agreement with Lee that they would embrace whatever Lee had to offer. This was no small promise, as both Wiedenman and Fullerton had a total of almost 200 students and 40 black belts. All of the students were asked to adopt Lee's teaching and traditions. The students excitedly embraced this change. Wiedenman had told Lee that he and his students would "empty their cups" and unconditionally accept his teachings. Lee now had his first dojang in many, many years.

Wiedenman and Fullerton urged Lee to simply teach them the roots of Chang Moo Kwan which he wanted to prevail over time. Until his death, Nam Suk Lee worked diligently with Wiedenman and Fullerton. During this time, Nam Suk Lee was able to present many forms, fighting techniques, and one-steps which were the foundation of traditional Chang Moo Kwan. Wiedenman noted, "It was a very great relationship. He passed on what he felt was important of his beloved art of Chang Moo Kwan. We respectfully followed his lead without question." What was in it for Lee was the dignity and satisfaction of passing on his art to a group who appreciated and cherished it. Lee trained in the art he founded and love until four days before he fell ill. Chang Moo Kwan's inception was in 1946 at the Seoul, Korea YMCA came full circle, rekindling at the YMCA in Lee's hometown of San Pedro, regenerated and stronger than ever before.

Wiedenman spent a considerable about of non-training time with Nam Suk Lee in which the redesigned the logo to his satisfaction and solidified some of the traditional Chang Moo Kwan philosophy. Wiedenman videotaped many classes and a few interviews. These may be the only tapes of Nam Suk Lee that exist today. In one interview, Nam Suk Lee reaffirmed his desire for a revival of Traditional Chang Moo Kwan and the desire for it to be its own entity and not to be a part of any outside organization. When Wiedenman asked Lee what he most wanted students and instructors to keep in the forefront of their minds when training, "cultivate capability" is simply what Lee said.

Nam Suk Lee died in his sleep August 29, 2000. He suffered a massive stroke after a relatively routine surgery earlier that year in May of that year. Upon his death, Wiedenman, as his last and highest ranking student, declared his teacher "Supreme Grandmaster" and awarded him his 10th Dan Black Belt. Wiedenman and the handful of instructors who trained with Nam Suk Lee still carry out traditional classes at several locations in Southern California and Arizona. George Fullerton, Tony Barnes, David Johns, Rome Saura, Wilson Wong, Cosmo Magiliozzi, and Darrell Cook are a few of his students still actively carrying on Nam Suk Lee's traditional teachings and forms.

## InfoBox

| Nam Suk Lee | |
| --- | --- |
| Nam Suk Lee teaching Traditional Chang Moo Kwan at the San Pedro YMCA | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1925-06-28)June 28, 1925
Yeo Joo, Korea |
| Died | August 29, 2000(2000-08-29) (aged 75)
Torrance, California |
|  | |


title: Philip Burton (politician)

abstract: Philip Burton was an Irish Fine Gael politician, farmer and auctioneer. He was born in the townland of Curragh, Kanturk, County Cork, the son of Francis Burton, a farmer, and Anne Guiney. His maternal uncles were All-for-Ireland League MPs for North Cork Patrick Guiney and John Guiney. He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork North-East constituency at the 1961 general election. He was re-elected at the 1965 and 1969 general elections, but lost his seat at the 1973 general election. He was subsequently elected to the 13th Seanad on the Administrative Panel. He retired from politics in 1977.

text:
# Philip Burton (politician)

**Philip Burton** (26 July 1908 – 3 January 1995) was an Irish Fine Gael politician, farmer and auctioneer.

He was born in the townland of Curragh, Kanturk, County Cork, the son of Francis Burton, a farmer, and Anne Guiney. His maternal uncles were All-for-Ireland League MPs for North Cork Patrick Guiney and John Guiney.

He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork North-East constituency at the 1961 general election. He was re-elected at the 1965 and 1969 general elections (for Cork Mid from 1969), but lost his seat at the 1973 general election. He was subsequently elected to the 13th Seanad on the Administrative Panel. He retired from politics in 1977.

## InfoBox

| Philip Burton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Senator | |
| **In office**
1 June 1973  27 October 1977 | |
| Constituency | Administrative Panel |
| Teachta Dála | |
| **In office**
June 1969  February 1973 | |
| Constituency | Cork Mid |
| **In office**
October 1961  June 1969 | |
| Constituency | Cork North-East |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1908-07-26)26 July 1908
Kanturk, County Cork, Ireland |
| Died | 3 January 1995(1995-01-03) (aged 86)
County Cork, Ireland |
| Political party | Fine Gael |
| Relatives |  |
|  | |


title: Yekaterina Sariyeva

abstract: Yekaterina Sariyeva is a track and field athlete from Azerbaijan. A multiple-time national champion, she is the national record holder in the triple jump.

text:
# Yekaterina Sariyeva

**Yekaterina Sariyeva** (born 18 December 1995) is a track and field athlete from Azerbaijan. A multiple-time national champion, she is the national record holder in the triple jump.

## Career

Sariyeva was selected to compete at the 2023 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's triple jump. In June 2023, she won the triple jump at the European Team Championships third division competition in Chorzów, Silesia with a jump of 13.38m. The following month, Sariyeva won at the Gosanov Memorial competition held in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Her jump of 13.89m was a new personal best and new Azerbaijani national record. In July 2023, she also won the Charlottenburger Mittsommernacht competition in Berlin, part of the World Athletics Continental Tour, with a jump of 13.33m.

She competed at the 2024 European Athletics Championships in Rome in June 2024.

## InfoBox

Yekaterina Sariyeva
| Yekaterina Sariyeva in 2022 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Azerbaijan |
| Born | (1995-12-18) 18 December 1995<br>Baku, Azarbaijan |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Triple Jump |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal bests | **Triple Jump** 13.89 (Almaty, 2023) NR |


abstract: Van Buren Township is one of eleven townships in Fountain County, Indiana. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,919 and it contained 1,306 housing units.

text:
# Van Buren Township, Fountain County, Indiana

**Van Buren Township** is one of eleven townships in Fountain County, Indiana. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,919 and it contained 1,306 housing units.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 2,492 |  |  |
| 1900 | 3,271 |  | 31.3% |
| 1910 | 3,241 |  | −0.9% |
| 1920 | 2,930 |  | −9.6% |
| 1930 | 2,890 |  | −1.4% |
| 1940 | 3,103 |  | 7.4% |
| 1950 | 3,031 |  | −2.3% |
| 1960 | 3,074 |  | 1.4% |
| 1970 | 3,004 |  | −2.3% |
| 1980 | 3,266 |  | 8.7% |
| 1990 | 3,081 |  | −5.7% |
| 2000 | 3,121 |  | 1.3% |
| 2010 | 2,972 |  | −4.8% |
| 2020 | 2,919 |  | −1.8% |
| Source: US Decennial Census | | | |

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 37.52 square miles (97.2 km2), of which 37.48 square miles (97.1 km2) (or 99.89%) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.078 km2) (or 0.08%) is water.

### Cities and towns

### Unincorporated towns

(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Major highways

### Cemeteries

The township contains three cemeteries: Bonebrake, Cold Springs and Rock Field.

1. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
4. "Township Census Counts: STATS Indiana".
5. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Van Buren Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location of Van Buren Township in Fountain County | |
| Coordinates: 40°07′48″N 87°15′16″W / 40.13000°N 87.25444°W / 40.13000; -87.25444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Fountain |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 37.52 sq mi (97.2 km2) |
| Land | 37.48 sq mi (97.1 km2) |
| Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2) |
| Elevation | 587 ft (179 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,919 |
| Density | 78/sq mi (30/km2) |
| FIPS code | 18-78452 |
| GNIS feature ID | 453945 |


title: WBBE (disambiguation)

abstract:
WBBE may refer to:
  - WBBE, a radio station licensed to Heyworth, Illinois
  - WRDF, a radio station licensed to Columbia City, Indiana which held the call sign WBBE in 1990
  - WWTF, a radio station licensed to Georgetown, Kentucky, which held the call sign WBBE from 1992 to 1995
  - WPHR-FM, a radio station licensed to Gifford, Florida which held the call sign WBBE from 1994 to 1998
  - WCZR, a radio station licensed to Vero Beach, Florida which held the call sign WBBE from 1998 to 1999

text:
# WBBE (disambiguation)

**WBBE** may refer to:

* WBBE, a radio station (97.9 FM) licensed to Heyworth, Illinois
* WRDF, a radio station (106.3 FM) licensed to Columbia City, Indiana which held the call sign WBBE in 1990
* WWTF, a radio station (1580 AM) licensed to Georgetown, Kentucky, which held the call sign WBBE from 1992 to 1995
* WPHR-FM, a radio station (94.7 FM) licensed to Gifford, Florida which held the call sign WBBE from 1994 to 1998
* WCZR, a radio station (101.7 FM) licensed to Vero Beach, Florida which held the call sign WBBE from 1998 to 1999


abstract:
The Geelong & Melbourne Railway Company operated a total of 1 locomotive that fell under the Whyte notation of 0-4-0T, with a Vertical boiler, between 1855 and 1860. Later it was operated by the Victorian Railways between 1860 and 1893.
This was the second locomotive manufactured in Australia.

text:
# Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company 0-4-0T (1855)

The Geelong & Melbourne Railway Company operated a total of 1 locomotive that fell under the Whyte notation of 0-4-0T, with a Vertical boiler, between 1855 and 1860. Later it was operated by the Victorian Railways between 1860 and 1893. This was the second locomotive manufactured in Australia (Note, the first was MHBR's 2-2-2WT the year before).

## History

The Geelong & Melbourne Railway Company never numbered their locomotives, but instead gave them individual names, the 0-4-0VBT was named Ariel. It was used as an inspection engine. It was sold to Victorian Railways on 3 September 1860, where it would carry no number and no class name, as was the standard for Victorian Railways until 1886. Converted to pumping engine c.1864. It was noted as still in existence by the Engineer-in-Chief's correspondence 11 July 1892 and was proposed to be convert to a tram motor for the St Albans line. Noted as sold to John Danks & Co., a machinery and engineering supplies merchant of Melbourne, c.1893. The Ballarat Historical Society wrote to the Railways Department 17 June 1897 asking on what terms they could have 'Ariel'.

* Cave, Norman; Buckland, John; Beardsell, David (2002). *Steam Locomotives of the Victorian Railways*. Vol. 1: The First Fifty Years. Melbourne, Vic: ARHS Victoria Division. pp. 9–11, 15, 94. ISBN 1876677384.

### Specific

## InfoBox

| Geelong and Melbourne Railway 0-4-0T | |
| --- | --- |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Builder Walker & Munro, Geelong  Build date 1855  Total produced 1 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 0-4-0VBT  Gauge 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) Victorian broad gauge  Fuel type Coke  Fuel capacity 52 long cwt (2.6 t) | |
| Career  Operators Geelong & Melbourne Railway Company, Victorian Railways  Number in class 1  Numbers Ariel  First run December 1855  Last run c.1864
(8.8 years)  Scrapped c.1893  Disposition Sold | |


title: Pisonia donnellsmithii

abstract: Pisonia donnellsmithii is a species of plant in the family Nyctaginaceae. It is found in El Salvador and Guatemala. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Pisonia donnellsmithii

***Pisonia donnellsmithii*** is a species of plant in the family Nyctaginaceae. It is found in El Salvador and Guatemala. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Pisonia donnellsmithii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Nyctaginaceae |
| Genus: | *Pisonia* |
| Species: | ***P. donnellsmithii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pisonia donnellsmithii***
Heimerl ex Standl. | |
|


title: Science book

abstract: A science book is a work of nonfiction, usually written by a scientist, researcher, or professor like Stephen Hawking, or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson. Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training, as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have, and are therefore referred to as popular science. As such, they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to people who are totally new to the subject, and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing. In the UK, the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing. In the US, the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s, but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction. There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books. A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy, Jared Diamond on geography, Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology, David Eagleman on neuroscience, Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology, Steven Pinker, Noam Chomsky, and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science, Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology, and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology, and Fulvio Melia on black holes. The roots of popular science writing can be traced back to the didactic poetry of Greek and Roman antiquity. During the Age of Enlightenment, many books were written that spread the new science to both experts and the educated public, but Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences was arguably the first book in the modern genre of popular science.

text:
# Science book

A **science book** is a work of nonfiction, usually written by a scientist, researcher, or professor like Stephen Hawking (*A Brief History of Time*), or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson (*A Short History of Nearly Everything*). Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training, as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have, and are therefore referred to as popular science. As such, they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to people who are totally new to the subject, and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing. In the UK, the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing. In the US, the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s, but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction.

There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books. A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy, Jared Diamond on geography, Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology, David Eagleman on neuroscience, Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology, Steven Pinker, Noam Chomsky, and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science, Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology, and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology, and Fulvio Melia on black holes.

The roots of popular science writing can be traced back to the didactic poetry of Greek and Roman antiquity. During the Age of Enlightenment, many books were written that spread the new science to both experts and the educated public, but Mary Somerville's *On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences* (first edition 1834) was arguably the first book in the modern genre of popular science.

## Notable examples


title: Oldenburg G 4.2

abstract: The Oldenburg G 4.2 steam locomotives were goods train engines built for the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways between 1895 and 1909 in several series.

text:
# Oldenburg G 4.2

The **Oldenburg G 4.2** steam locomotives were goods train engines built for the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways (*Großherzoglich Oldenburgische Staatseisenbahnen*) between 1895 and 1909 in several series.

## History

They were compound locomotives manufactured by Hanomag based on a Prussian design, the Prussian G 4.2. Of the total of 27 examples, 19 were to have been taken over in 1923 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn as **DRG class 53.10** with numbers 53 1001–1011 and 53 1051–1058. In the 1925 DRG renumbering plan for steam locomotives, however, only eleven engines were listed: numbers 53 1001–1003 and 53 1051–1058. Numbers 53 1001 and 1002 (previously 53 1004 and 1005) came from the first series, number 53 1003 (previously 53 1011) from the second and 53 1051-1058 from the third.

## Description

The first vehicles were equipped with an outside valve gear of the Allan type. The 15 engines delivered from 1907 had an outside Walschaerts valve gear. The latter were also fitted with a *Ranafier* steam dryer and a steam dome.

On a line with a 0.5% incline, the engines attained a speed of 30 km/h when hauling a 500 tonne train.

* Hütter, Ingo (2012). *Die Dampflokomotiven der Baureihen 50 bis 53 der DRG, DRB, DB, und DR* (in German). Werl: DGEG Medien. p. 421. ISBN 978-3-937189-63-5.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Oldenburg G 4.2
DRG Class 53.10 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type and origin  Builder Hanomag  Build date 1895–1909  Total produced 27 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 0-6-0  Driver dia. 1,330 mm (52+38 in)  Length:
   Over beams 15,136 mm (49 ft 8 in)  Axle load * 102…166: 13.4 t (13.2 long tons; 14.8 short tons) * 179…193: 13.5 t (13.3 long tons; 14.9 short tons)  Adhesive weight * 102…166: 40.2 t (39.6 long tons; 44.3 short tons) * 179…193: 41.7 t (41.0 long tons; 46.0 short tons)  Empty weight * 102…166: 34.6 t (34.1 long tons; 38.1 short tons) * 179…193: 36.4 t (35.8 long tons; 40.1 short tons)  Service weight * 102…166: 40.2 t (39.6 long tons; 44.3 short tons) * 179…193: 41.7 t (41.0 long tons; 46.0 short tons)  Tender type 3 T 12  Fuel capacity * 102…122: 4 t (8,820 lb) coal * 155…193: 5 t (11,000 lb) coal  Water cap. 12 m3 (2,600 imp gal; 3,200 US gal)  Boiler pressure 12 kgf/cm2 (1.18 MPa; 171 lbf/in2)  Heating surface:   Firebox 1.53 m2 (16.5 sq ft)  Evaporative * 102…166: 117.46 m2 (1,264.3 sq ft) * 179…193: 112.66 m2 (1,212.7 sq ft)  Cylinders 2, compound  High-pressure cylinder 460 mm (18+18 in)  Low-pressure cylinder 650 mm (25+916 in)  Piston stroke 630 mm (24+1316 in)  Valve gear | |
| Performance figures  Maximum speed 45 km/h (28 mph) | |
| Career  Numbers * GOE: 102–106, 117–122, 155–159, 165–166, 179–184, 191–193 * DRG: 53 1001–1003, 53 1051–1058  Retired 1927 | |


title: Phlegmariurus talpiphilus

abstract: Phlegmariurus talpiphilus is a species of plant in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Phlegmariurus talpiphilus

***Phlegmariurus talpiphilus*** is a species of plant in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Phlegmariurus talpiphilus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Lycophytes |
| Class: | Lycopodiopsida |
| Order: | Lycopodiales |
| Family: | Lycopodiaceae |
| Genus: | *Phlegmariurus* |
| Species: | ***P. talpiphilus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phlegmariurus talpiphilus***
(B.Øllg.) B.Øllg. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Huperzia talpiphila* B.Øllg. | |


title: Valerie Khoo

abstract: Valerie Khoo is the National Director of the Australian Writers' Centre which she established in 2005. The centre offers writing courses to the public in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth. She is also a writer, podcaster, visual artist and former journalist. In 2018, Khoo was appointed the City of Sydney's Curator of the Sydney Lunar Festival. Khoo is the co-host of the long-running podcasts So You Want to be a Writer and So You Want to be a Photographer. She also hosts the podcast series New stories, Bold Legends: Stories from Sydney Lunar Festival. Graduating from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Economics in 1991, Khoo has since worked as an accountant, in public relations, as a features writer for magazines, and as a freelance journalist. She is the author of six books. In 2000, she was awarded a Graduate Diploma in Communication from the University of Technology Sydney. Khoo was born in Singapore and migrated to Sydney with her parents when she was four years old.

text:
# Valerie Khoo

**Valerie Khoo** is the National Director of the Australian Writers' Centre which she established in 2005. The centre offers writing courses to the public in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth. She is also a writer, podcaster, visual artist and former journalist.

In 2018, Khoo was appointed the City of Sydney's Curator of the Sydney Lunar Festival. Khoo is the co-host of the long-running podcasts *So You Want to be a Writer* (with children's author Allison Tait) and *So You Want to be a Photographer* (with photographer Gina Milicia). She also hosts the podcast series *New stories, Bold Legends: Stories from Sydney Lunar Festival*.

Graduating from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Economics in 1991, Khoo has since worked as an accountant, in public relations, as a features writer for magazines, and as a freelance journalist. She is the author of six books. In 2000, she was awarded a Graduate Diploma in Communication from the University of Technology Sydney.

Khoo was born in Singapore and migrated to Sydney with her parents when she was four years old.

## Writing

As a journalist and editor, Khoo worked for various publishing houses including Pacific Magazines, Fairfax and ACP Magazines (now Bauer) in both Sydney and Singapore. She was a regular contributor to Fairfax's Enterprise site, writing on small to medium-sized business and entrepreneurs.

She is the author of several books, mostly focused on small business and career advice. Her most recent book was *Power Stories: The 8 Stories You Must Tell to Build an Epic Business* (Richmond, Vic. : John Wiley & Sons, 2013).

More recently, Khoo has worked as a visual artist.

## Social Enterprise

In 2002, with her friend Kylie Taylor, Khoo established Taylor & Khoo, a charity to assist Sunrise Angkor Children's Village, an orphanage in Cambodia. The social enterprise sold products manufactured in Cambodia, with proceeds going towards the orphanage. The venture wound down in 2008.

## Awards

Awards received by Khoo or her businesses/ventures/art:

* 2004 Family Circle Women Who Dare Awards
* 2005 Australian Humanitarian Award (Business category)
* 2005 Australia Post Small Business Awards Special Judges Commendation
* 2006 Anthill 10 Coolest Companies in Australia.
* 2008 Finalist Small Business Champion Awards (NSW)
* 2009 Australian Finalist in the Dell Small Business Excellence Awards
* 2010 Winner NSW Telstra Business Awards Micro-Business Category
* 2018 Finalist Kangaroo Valley Art Prize


title: Melanoplinae

abstract: The Melanoplinae are a subfamily of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. They are distributed across the Holarctic and Neotropical realms. They are one of the two largest subfamilies in the Acrididae. As of 2001 the Melanoplinae contained over 800 species in over 100 genera, with more species being described continuously.

text:
# Melanoplinae

The **Melanoplinae** are a subfamily of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. They are distributed across the Holarctic and Neotropical realms. They are one of the two largest subfamilies in the Acrididae. As of 2001 the Melanoplinae contained over 800 species in over 100 genera, with more species being described continuously.

## Tribes and genera

The genera of the Melanoplinae are classified in 6 tribes, that include: Conalcaeini (Nearctic), Dactylotini (Nearctic), Dichroplini (mostly Neotropical), Jivarini (Neotropical), Melanoplini (Nearctic) and Podismini (synonym Prumnini: widespread in northern hemisphere).

These genera belong to the subfamily Melanoplinae:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net. s = Orthoptera Species File

## InfoBox

| Melanoplinae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult male of *Parapodisma tanzawaensis* from the Podismini | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Infraorder: | Acrididea |
| *Informal group*: | Acridomorpha |
| Superfamily: | Acridoidea |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Melanoplinae<br>Scudder, 1897 |
|
| Tribes | |
| See text | |


title: Pinacopteryx

abstract: Pinacopteryx is a monotypic genus of pierid butterflies found in Africa containing Pinacopteryx eriphia, the zebra white. The wingspan is 40–55 mm in males and 42–47 mm in females. Its flight period is year-round. Larvae feed on Maerua cafra, Boscia species, Capparis oleoides, and Maerua triphylla.

text:
# Pinacopteryx

***Pinacopteryx*** is a monotypic genus of pierid butterflies found in Africa containing ***Pinacopteryx eriphia***, the **zebra white**.

The wingspan is 40–55 mm in males and 42–47 mm in females. Its flight period is year-round.

Larvae feed on *Maerua cafra*, *Boscia* species, *Capparis oleoides*, and *Maerua triphylla*.

## Subspecies

* *Pinacopteryx eriphia eriphia* (Godart, \[1819\]) (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique, Malawi, southern Tanzania)
* *Pinacopteryx eriphia mabillei* (Aurivillius, \[1898\]) (Madagascar)
* *Pinacopteryx eriphia melanarge* (Butler, 1886) (southern Sudan, southern Ethiopia, central Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, northern Uganda, northern Tanzania)
* *Pinacopteryx eriphia tritogenia* (Klug, 1829) (Mauritania to Senegal, Upper Volta, Niger, Chad, Sudan, northern Ethiopia, Arabia)
* *Pinacopteryx eriphia wittei* Berger, 1940 (western Uganda, north-eastern DRC)

## InfoBox

| Zebra white | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Both *Pinacopteryx eriphia tritogenia*, in Senegal | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pieridae |
| Tribe: | Teracolini |
| Genus: | ***Pinacopteryx***
Wallengren, 1857 |
| Species: | ***P. eriphia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pinacopteryx eriphia***
(Godart, \[1819\]) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pieris eriphia* Godart, \[1819\] * *Herpaenia eriphia* var. *nyassae* Lanz, 1896 * *Herpaenia eriphia* var. *mabillei* Aurivillius, \[1899\] * *Pieris \[Herpaenia\] callianira* Mabille, 1899 * *Herpaenia melanarge* Butler, 1886 * *Herpaenia iterata* Butler, 1888 * *Pontia tritogenia* Klug, 1829 * *Herpaenia lacteipennis* Butler, 1876 * *Herpaenia eriphia* var. *straminea* Aurivillius, 1904 * *Pinacopteryx eriphia wittei* Berger, 1940 | |


title: Sea-Airport Cuxhaven/Nordholz

abstract: Sea-Airport Cuxhaven/Nordholz is a joint public and military airport serving Cuxhaven and Northern Germany. It is mainly used for general aviation and cargo traffic as the international seaports of Cuxhaven and Bremerhaven are only a few minutes away.

text:
# Sea-Airport Cuxhaven/Nordholz

**Sea-Airport Cuxhaven/Nordholz** (IATA: **FCN**, ICAO: **ETMN**) is a joint public and military airport serving Cuxhaven and Northern Germany. It is mainly used for general aviation and cargo traffic as the international seaports of Cuxhaven and Bremerhaven are only a few minutes away.

## History

Nordholz is one of the oldest airports in Germany, dating to 17 December 1912. Construction of the airport installations started a year later and was finished in 1914. Until 2016, it was in military use. For the naval airbase, see Nordholz Naval Airbase.

In order to replace Bremerhaven-Luneort Airport effective February 2016, a new Sea-Airpark Cuxhaven/Nordholz was established with an area of up to more than 40ha / 100 acres for industrial or commercial investments offers direct airfield-access and targets aviation-affine as well as other companies looking for cost-effective and clever solutions. The Sea-Airpark is open for a variety of investment projects dealing with logistics, industrial production, service facilities or aircraft maintenance.

In November 2016, German leisure airline Germania announced seasonal flights to Palma de Mallorca beginning in September 2017. The first international commercial flight from Cuxhaven, ST6094 by Germania, took place on 29 September 2017. However, after only one operated service, the route has been forbidden indefinitely by the authorities due to unfulfilled safety regulations by the airport.

## Facilities

The airport operates a runway with 2,439m x 45m and two 275m overruns. At this time, there seems to be a small general aviation terminal on the southeast side, also to be used for scheduled and charter flights. On the other (northwest) side of the airport, there is Flugplatz Nordholz-Spieka used for private aviation featuring a 875x30m grass runway.

## Airlines and destinations

As of May 2021, there are currently no scheduled or charter flights at the airport.

## Ground transportation

The airport can be reached via nearby A27 motorway (*Nordholz* exit) which leads from Bremen to Cuxhaven. Currently there is no public transportation available, the only way to reach the airport is by car or taxi. The next train station is Nordholz (4 km) on the train link Bremerhaven-Cuxhaven.

## InfoBox

| Sea-Airport Cuxhaven/Nordholz<br>*Flughafen Cuxhaven/Nordholz* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public / Military |
| Operator | Flughafen-Betriebsgesellschaft Cuxhaven/Nordholz mbH |
| Serves | Cuxhaven, Nordholz and Bremerhaven |
| Location | Nordholz, Germany |
| Elevation AMSL | 74 ft / 23 m |
| Coordinates | 53°46′06″N 008°39′51″E / 53.76833°N 8.66417°E / 53.76833; 8.66417 |
| Website | sea-airport.de |
| Map | |
| **FCN**Location of Sea-Airport Cuxhaven/Nordholz | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  08/26 2,439 8,002 Concrete | |
| Source Sea-Airport | |


title: Phylogenetic invariants

abstract: Phylogenetic invariants are polynomial relationships between the frequencies of various site patterns in an idealized DNA multiple sequence alignment. They have received substantial study in the field of biomathematics, and they can be used to choose among phylogenetic tree topologies in an empirical setting. The primary advantage of phylogenetic invariants relative to other methods of phylogenetic estimation like maximum likelihood or Bayesian MCMC analyses is that invariants can yield information about the tree without requiring the estimation of branch lengths of model parameters. The idea of using phylogenetic invariants was introduced independently by James Cavender and Joseph Felsenstein and by James A. Lake in 1987. At this point the number of programs that allow empirical datasets to be analyzed using invariants is limited. However, phylogenetic invariants may provide solutions to other problems in phylogenetics and they represent an area of active research for that reason. Felsenstein stated it best when he said, "invariants are worth attention, not for what they do for us now, but what they might lead to in the future." (p. 390) If we consider a multiple sequence alignment with t taxa and no gaps or missing data (i.e., an idealized multiple sequence alignment), there are 4t possible site patterns. For example, there are 256 possible site patterns for four taxa (fAAAA, fAAAC, fAAAG, … fTTTT), which can be written as a vector. This site pattern frequency vector has 255 degrees of freedom because the frequencies must sum to one. However, any set of site pattern frequencies that resulted from some specific process of sequence evolution on a specific tree must obey many constraints. and therefore have many fewer degrees of freedom. Thus, there should be polynomials involving those frequencies that take on a value of zero if the DNA sequences were generated on a specific tree given a particular substitution model. Invariants are formulas in the expected pattern frequencies, not the observed pattern frequencies. When they are computed using the observed pattern frequencies, we will usually find that they are not precisely zero even when the model and tree topology are correct. By testing whether such polynomials for various trees are 'nearly zero' when evaluated on the observed frequencies of patterns in real data sequences one should be able infer which tree best explains the data. Some invariants are straightforward consequences of symmetries in the model of nucleotide substitution and they will take on a value of zero regardless of the underlying tree topology. For example, if we assume the Jukes-Cantor model of sequence evolution and a four-taxon tree we expect: f A C A T − f C G C A = 0 This is a simple outgrowth of the fact that base frequencies are constrained to be equal under the Jukes-Cantor model. Thus, they are called symmetry invariants. The equation shown above is only one of a large number of symmetry invariants for the Jukes-Cantor model; in fact, there are a total of 241 symmetry invariants for that model. Symmetry invariants are non-phylogenetic in nature; they take on the expected value of zero regardless of the tree topology. However, it is possible to determine whether a particular multiple sequence alignment fits the Jukes-Cantor model of evolution (i.e., by testing whether the site patterns of the appropriate types are present in equal numbers). More general tests for the best-fitting model using invariants are also possible. For example Kedzierska et al. 2012 used invariants to establish the best-fitting model out from a specific model set. The asterisk after the JC69, K80, and K81 models is used to emphasize the non-homogeneous nature of the models that can be examined using invariants. These non-homogeneous models include the commonly used continuous-time JC69, K80, and K81 models as submodels. The SSM (strand-specific model), also called the CS05 model, is a generalized non-homogeneous version of the HKY (Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano) model constrained to have equal distribution of the pairs of bases A,T and C,G at each node of the tree and no assumption regarding a stable base distribution. All models listed above are submodels of the general Markov model (GMM). The ability to perform tests using non-homogeneous models represents a major benefit of the invariants methods relative to the more commonly used maximum likelihood methods for phylogenetic model testing. Phylogenetic invariants, which are defined as the subset of invariants that take on a value of zero only when the sequences were (or were not) generated on a specific topology, are likely to be the most useful invariants for phylogenetic studies.

text:
# Phylogenetic invariants

Phylogenetic invariants are polynomial relationships between the frequencies of various site patterns in an idealized DNA multiple sequence alignment. They have received substantial study in the field of biomathematics, and they can be used to choose among phylogenetic tree topologies in an empirical setting. The primary advantage of **phylogenetic invariants** relative to other methods of phylogenetic estimation like maximum likelihood or Bayesian MCMC analyses is that invariants can yield information about the tree without requiring the estimation of branch lengths of model parameters. The idea of using phylogenetic invariants was introduced independently by James Cavender and Joseph Felsenstein and by James A. Lake in 1987.

At this point the number of programs that allow empirical datasets to be analyzed using invariants is limited. However, phylogenetic invariants may provide solutions to other problems in phylogenetics and they represent an area of active research for that reason. Felsenstein stated it best when he said, "invariants are worth attention, not for what they do for us now, but what they might lead to in the future." (p. 390)

If we consider a multiple sequence alignment with *t* taxa and no gaps or missing data (i.e., an *idealized multiple sequence alignment*), there are 4*t* possible site patterns. For example, there are 256 possible site patterns for four taxa (*f*AAAA, *f*AAAC, *f*AAAG, … *f*TTTT), which can be written as a vector. This site pattern frequency vector has 255 degrees of freedom because the frequencies must sum to one. However, any set of site pattern frequencies that resulted from some specific process of sequence evolution on a specific tree must obey many constraints. and therefore have many fewer degrees of freedom. Thus, there should be polynomials involving those frequencies that take on a value of zero if the DNA sequences were generated on a specific tree given a particular substitution model.

Invariants are formulas in the expected pattern frequencies, not the observed pattern frequencies. When they are computed using the observed pattern frequencies, we will usually find that they are not precisely zero even when the model and tree topology are correct. By testing whether such polynomials for various trees are 'nearly zero' when evaluated on the observed frequencies of patterns in real data sequences one should be able infer which tree best explains the data.

Some invariants are straightforward consequences of symmetries in the model of nucleotide substitution and they will take on a value of zero regardless of the underlying tree topology. For example, if we assume the Jukes-Cantor model of sequence evolution and a four-taxon tree we expect:

$f\_{ACAT}-f\_{CGCA}=0$

This is a simple outgrowth of the fact that base frequencies are constrained to be equal under the Jukes-Cantor model. Thus, they are called *symmetry invariants*. The equation shown above is only one of a large number of symmetry invariants for the Jukes-Cantor model; in fact, there are a total of 241 symmetry invariants for that model.

Symmetry invariants for the Jukes-Cantor model of DNA evolution (adapted from Felsenstein 2004)
| Site pattern category | Example of site pattern | Number of pattern types | Number of patterns | Total invariants that result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4x | xxxx (e.g., AAAA, CCCC, ...) | 1 | 4 | 3 |
| 3x, 1y | xxxy (e.g., AAAC, AACA, ...) | 4 | 12 | 44 |
| 2x, 2y | xxyy (e.g., AACC, ACCA, ...) | 3 | 12 | 33 |
| 2x, 1y, 1z | xxyz (e.g., AACG, ACGA, ...) | 6 | 24 | 138 |
| 1x, 1y, 1z, 1w | xyzw (e.g., ACGT, CGTA, ...) | 1 | 24 | 23 |
| Totals = |  | 15 |  | 241 |

Symmetry invariants are non-phylogenetic in nature; they take on the expected value of zero regardless of the tree topology. However, it is possible to determine whether a particular multiple sequence alignment fits the Jukes-Cantor model of evolution (i.e., by testing whether the site patterns of the appropriate types are present in equal numbers). More general tests for the best-fitting model using invariants are also possible. For example Kedzierska et al. 2012 used invariants to establish the best-fitting model out from a specific model set.

Models of DNA evolution that can be tested using the Kedzierska et al. (2012) invariants method
| Model abbreviation | Full model name |
| --- | --- |
| JC69\* | Jukes-Cantor |
| K80\* | Kimura two-parameter |
| K81\* | Kimura three-parameter |
| SSM (CS05) | Strand-specific model |
| GMM | General Markov model |

The asterisk after the JC69, K80, and K81 models is used to emphasize the non-homogeneous nature of the models that can be examined using invariants. These non-homogeneous models include the commonly used continuous-time JC69, K80, and K81 models as submodels. The SSM (strand-specific model), also called the CS05 model, is a generalized non-homogeneous version of the HKY (Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano) model constrained to have equal distribution of the pairs of bases A,T and C,G at each node of the tree and no assumption regarding a stable base distribution. All models listed above are submodels of the general Markov model (GMM). The ability to perform tests using non-homogeneous models represents a major benefit of the invariants methods relative to the more commonly used maximum likelihood methods for phylogenetic model testing.

*Phylogenetic invariants*, which are defined as the subset of invariants that take on a value of zero only when the sequences were (or were not) generated on a specific topology, are likely to be the most useful invariants for phylogenetic studies.

## Lake's linear invariants

Lake's invariants (which he called "evolutionary parsimony") provide an excellent example of phylogenetic invariants. Lake's invariants involve quartets, two of which (the incorrect topologies) yield values of zero and one of which yields a value greater than zero. This can be used to construct a test based on following invariant relationship, which holds for the two incorrect trees when sites evolve under the Kimura two-parameter model of sequence evolution:

$f\_{1133}+f\_{1234}=f\_{1233}+f\_{1134}$

The indices of these site pattern frequencies indicate the bases scored relative to the base in the first taxon (which we call taxon A). If base 1 is a purine, then base 2 is the other purine and bases 3 and 4 are the pyrimidines. If base 1 is a pyrimidine, then base 2 is the other pyrimidine and. bases 3 and 4 are the purines.

We will call three possible quartet trees TX \[TX is ((A,B),(C,D)); in newick format\], TY \[TY is ((A,C),(B,D)); in newick format\], and TZ \[TZ is ((A,D),(B,C)); in newick format\]. We can calculate three values from the data to identify the best topology given the data:

$X=N\_{1133}-N\_{1233}-N\_{1134}+N\_{1234}$

$Y=N\_{1313}-N\_{1323}-N\_{1314}+N\_{1324}$

$Z=N\_{1331}-N\_{1332}-N\_{1341}+N\_{1342}$

Lake broke these values up into a "parsimony-like term" ( $P=N\_{1133}+N\_{1234}$ for TX) the "background term" ( $B=N\_{1233}+N\_{1134}$ for TX) and suggests testing for deviation from zero by calculating $\chi ^{2}=(P-B)^{2}/(P+B)$ and performing a χ2 test with one degree of freedom. Similar χ2 tests can be performed for Y and Z. If one of the three values is significantly different from zero the corresponding topology is the best estimate of phylogeny. The advantage of using Lake's invariants relative to maximum likelihood or neighbor joining of Kimura two-parameter distances is that the invariants should hold regardless of the model parameters, branch lengths, or patterns of among-sites rate heterogeneity.

A classic study by John Huelsenbeck and David Hillis found that Lake's invariants converges on the true tree over all of the branch length space they examined when the underlying model of evolution is the Kimura two-parameter model. However, they also found that Lake's invariants are very inefficient (large amounts of data are necessary to converge on the correct tree). This inefficiency has caused most empiricists to abandon the use of Lake's invariants. Also, because Lake's invariants are based on the Kimura two-parameter model phylogenetic estimation using Lake's invariants may not yield the true tree when the model that generated the data strongly violates that model.

## Modern approaches using phylogenetic invariants

The low efficiency of Lake's invariants reflects the fact that it used a limited set of generators for the phylogenetic invariants. Casanellas et al. introduced methods to derive a much larger set of set of generators for DNA data and this has led to the development of invariants methods that are as efficient as maximum likelihood methods. Several of these methods have implementations that are practical for analyses of empirical datasets.

Eriksson proposed an invariants method for the general Markov model based on singular value decomposition (SVD) of matrices generated by "flattening" the nucleotides associated with each of the leaves (i.e., the site pattern frequency spectrum). Different flattening matrices are produced for each topology. However, comparisons of the original Eriksson SVD method (ErikSVD) to neighbor joining and the maximum likelihood approach implemented in the PHYLIP program dnaml were mixed; ErikSVD underperformed the other two methods when used with simulated data but it appeared to perform better than dnaml when applied to an empirical mammalian dataset based on an early release of data from the ENCODE project. The original ErikSVD method was improved by Fernández-Sánchez and Casanellas, who proposed a normalization they called Erik+2. The original ErikSVD method is statistically consistent (it converges on. the true tree. as the empirical distribution approaches the theoretical distribution); the Erik+2 normalization improves the performance of the method given finite datasets. It has been implemented in the software package PAUP\* as an option for the SVDquartets method.

"Squangles" (**s**tochastic **qu**artet t**angles**) represents another example of an invariants method hat has been implemented in software package that is practical to be used with empirical datasets. Squangles permit the choice among the three possible quartets assuming that DNA sequences have evolved under the general Markov model; the quartets can then be assembled using a supertree method. There are three squangles that are useful for differentiating among quartets, which can be denoted as *q*1(f), *q*2(f), and *q*3(f) (f is a 256 element vector containing the site frequency spectrum). Each *q* has 66,744 terms and together they satisfy the linear relation *q*1 \+ *q*2 \+ *q*3 = 0 (i.e., up to linear dependence there are only two *q* values). Each possible quartet has different expected values for *q*1, *q*2, and *q*3:

Expected values for *q*1, *q*2, and *q*3 (adapted from Holland et al. 2013)
| Tree topology (newick format) | Quartet | *E*(*q1*) | *E*(*q2*) | *E*(*q3*) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ((A,B),(C,D)); | AB|CD (or 12|34) | 0 | -*u* | *u* |
| ((A,C),(B,D)); | AC|BD (or 13|24) | *v* | 0 | -*v* |
| ((A,D),(B,C)); | AD|BC (or 14|23) | -*w* | *w* | 0 |

The expected values *q*1, *q*2, and *q*3 are all zero on the star topology (a quartet with an internal branch length of zero). For practicality, Holland et al. used least squares to solve for the *q* values. Empirical tests of the squangles method have been limited but they appear to be promising.

1. Allman, E. S. and. Rhodes, J. A., "Phylogenetic invariants,'' in *Reconstructing Evolution: New Mathematical and Computational Advances*, ed. by O. Gascuel and M. Steel. Oxford University Press, 2007, 108--147
2. Cavender, James A.; Felsenstein, Joseph (March 1987). "Invariants of phylogenies in a simple case with discrete states". *Journal of Classification*. **4** (1): 57–71. doi:10.1007/BF01890075. ISSN 0176-4268. S2CID 121832940.
3. Lake, J. A. (March 1987). "A rate-independent technique for analysis of nucleic acid sequences: evolutionary parsimony". *Molecular Biology and Evolution*. **4** (2): 167–191. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040433. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 3447007.
4. Felsenstein, Joseph. (2004). *Inferring phylogenies*. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-177-5. OCLC 52127769.
5. Kedzierska, A. M.; Drton, M.; Guigo, R.; Casanellas, M. (2012-03-01). "SPIn: Model Selection for Phylogenetic Mixtures via Linear Invariants". *Molecular Biology and Evolution*. **29** (3): 929–937. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr259. hdl:2117/14907. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 22009060.
6. Casanellas M, Sullivant S. (2005) "The strand symmetric model," in Algebraic statistics for computational biology, ed. Pachter L, Sturmfels B., Cambridge University Press (Chapter 16, pp. 305-321)
7. Pachter L, Sturmfels B. (2005) "Biology," in Algebraic statistics for computational biology, ed. Pachter L, Sturmfels B., Cambridge University Press (Chapter 4, pp. 125-159)
8. Hasegawa, Masami; Kishino, Hirohisa; Yano, Taka-aki (October 1985). "Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA". *Journal of Molecular Evolution*. **22** (2): 160–174. doi:10.1007/BF02101694. ISSN 0022-2844. PMID 3934395. S2CID 25554168.
9. Barry, D., & Hartigan, J. A. (1987). Statistical analysis of hominoid molecular evolution. *Statistical Science*, *2*(2), 191-207.
10. Huelsenbeck, J. P.; Hillis, D. M. (1993-09-01). "Success of Phylogenetic Methods in the Four-Taxon Case". *Systematic Biology*. **42** (3): 247–264. doi:10.1093/sysbio/42.3.247. ISSN 1063-5157.
11. Casanellas M, Sullivant S. Pachter L, Sturmfels B. (2005) Catalog of small trees, Algebraic statistics for computational biology. Chapter 15, Cambridge (UK) Cambridge University Press
12. Casanellas, M; Fernández-Sánchez, J (January 2007). "Performance of a New Invariants Method on Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Quartet Trees". *Molecular Biology and Evolution*. **24** (1): 288–293. arXiv:q-bio/0610030. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl153. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 17053050.
13. Eriksson N. (2005) "Tree construction using singular value decomposition," in Algebraic statistics for computational biology, ed. Pachter L, Sturmfels B., Cambridge University Press (Chapter 19, pp. 347-358)
14. Fernández-Sánchez, Jesús; Casanellas, Marta (March 2016). "Invariant Versus Classical Quartet Inference When Evolution is Heterogeneous Across Sites and Lineages". *Systematic Biology*. **65** (2): 280–291. arXiv:1405.6546. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syv086. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 26559009.
15. Sumner J.G.. Entanglement, invariants, and phylogenetics, 2006 \[Ph.D. thesis\] University of Tasmania. Available from: URL http://eprints.utas.edu.au/709/
16. Holland, Barbara R.; Jarvis, Peter D.; Sumner, Jeremy G. (2013-01-01). "Low-Parameter Phylogenetic Inference Under the General Markov Model". *Systematic Biology*. **62** (1): 78–92. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys072. ISSN 1076-836X. PMID 22914976.
17. Reddy, Sushma; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Pandey, Akanksha; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Michael J.; Hackett, Shannon J.; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Kingston, Sarah; Marks, Ben D. (September 2017). "Why Do Phylogenomic Data Sets Yield Conflicting Trees? Data Type Influences the Avian Tree of Life more than Taxon Sampling". *Systematic Biology*. **66** (5): 857–879. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx041. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 28369655.


title: Olcott (crater)

abstract: Olcott is a relatively fresh crater on the far side of the Moon. It was named after American astronomer William Tyler Olcott. It lies to the south-southeast of the craters Seyfert and Polzunov, and to the north of Kostinskiy. This crater lacks any significant appearance of erosion from subsequent impacts, and its features are relatively well-defined. The rim edge is generally circular, with a slight outward bulge to the northeast and a larger bulge to the south. It has an outer rampart and some terraces and slumped edges along the inner wall. Several low ridges lie near the interior midpoint, with the western pair near the center and the eastern peaks offset towards the eastern rim. The satellite craters Olcott M and Olcott L form an overlapping pair along the southern outer rampart of Olcott, with the smaller member of the pair Olcott L overlapping Olcott M. The satellite crater Olcott E is partly overlain by the eastern rim of Olcott. Prior to naming in 1970 by the IAU, this crater was known as Crater 209.

text:
# Olcott (crater)

**Olcott** is a relatively fresh crater on the far side of the Moon. It was named after American astronomer William Tyler Olcott. It lies to the south-southeast of the craters Seyfert and Polzunov, and to the north of Kostinskiy.

This crater lacks any significant appearance of erosion from subsequent impacts, and its features are relatively well-defined. The rim edge is generally circular, with a slight outward bulge to the northeast and a larger bulge to the south. It has an outer rampart and some terraces and slumped edges along the inner wall. Several low ridges lie near the interior midpoint, with the western pair near the center and the eastern peaks offset towards the eastern rim.

The satellite craters Olcott M and Olcott L form an overlapping pair along the southern outer rampart of Olcott, with the smaller member of the pair Olcott L overlapping Olcott M. The satellite crater Olcott E is partly overlain by the eastern rim of Olcott.

Prior to naming in 1970 by the IAU, this crater was known as *Crater 209*.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Olcott.

| Olcott | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| E | 20.9° N | 119.8° E | 59 km |
| L | 18.3° N | 118.6° E | 36 km |
| M | 17.9° N | 117.6° E | 46 km |

## InfoBox

Olcott
| Oblique Apollo 16 image, facing northwest | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 20°36′N 117°48′E / 20.6°N 117.8°E / 20.6; 117.8 |
| Diameter | 81 km |
| Colongitude | 243° at sunrise |
| Eponym | William T. Olcott |


title: NWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship

abstract: The NWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship is the top professional wrestling title in the NWA Midwest promotion. The title has been in use since 2001. On November 1, 2011, the title was renamed Zero1 Pro Wrestling USA Midwest Heavyweight Championship, when NWA Midwest left the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA).

text:
# NWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship

The **NWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship** is the top professional wrestling title in the NWA Midwest promotion. The title has been in use since 2001. On November 1, 2011, the title was renamed **Zero1 Pro Wrestling USA Midwest Heavyweight Championship**, when NWA Midwest left the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA).

## Title history

| Wrestler: | Times: | Date: | Location: | Notes: |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mike Samson | 1 | March 17, 2001 | Hillside, Illinois | Defeated Turbo to become the first champion. The two had been the final men remaining in a 20-man battle royal. |
| *Samson was stripped of the title on September 5, 2002.* | | | | |
| Danny Dominion | 1 | October 28, 2002 | Grayslake, IL | Defeated Donovan Morgan. |
| *Dominion was stripped of the title on January 17, 2004 in Green Bay, Wisconsin due to no-showing a title defense.* | | | | |
| Adam Evans | 1 | January 17, 2004 | Green Bay, WI | Defeated Chris Jordan and Eric Priest in a three-way match. |
| Silas Young | 1 | February 22, 2004 | Wheaton, IL |  |
| Ken Anderson | 1 | July 16, 2004 | Milwaukee, WI | Defeated Silas Young and Colt Cabana in a three-way match. |
| Chris Candido | 1 | November 12, 2004 | Milwaukee, WI |  |
| *Title vacated after Chris Candido died on April 28, 2005.* | | | | |
| Johnny Candido | 1 | September 17, 2005 | Streamwood, IL | Defeated Danny Daniels to win the vacant championship. |
| *Title vacated in January 2007.* | | | | |
| Jay Ryan | 1 | May 5, 2007 | Streamwood, IL | Defeated Marek Brave. |
| Silas Young | 2 | August 15, 2008 | Milwaukee, WI | On February 13, 2009 the NWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship was unified with the ICW Midwest Championship. |
| The Sheik | 1 | October 23, 2009 | Ashton, Illinois | Defeated Silas Young |
| Silas Young | 3 | December 4, 2009 | Green Bay, WI |  |
| The Sheik | 2 | December 5, 2009 | Pulaski, WI |  |
| Sadist | 1 | January 14, 2011 | West Allis, WI |  |
| Steve Corino | 1 | August 20, 2011 | West Allis, WI |  |
| Sebastian Rose | 1 | June 23, 2013 | Toledo, OH |  |
| Nitro | 1 | March 23, 2014 | Oregon, OH | Sebastian gave Nitro to win due to his retirement |


title: Phlegmariurus loxensis

abstract: Phlegmariurus loxensis is a species of plant in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador, where it occurs in the páramo and forests of the Andes. It is threatened by fire in its habitat.

text:
# Phlegmariurus loxensis

***Phlegmariurus loxensis*** is a species of plant in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador, where it occurs in the páramo and forests of the Andes. It is threatened by fire in its habitat.

## InfoBox

| *Phlegmariurus loxensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Lycophytes |
| Class: | Lycopodiopsida |
| Order: | Lycopodiales |
| Family: | Lycopodiaceae |
| Genus: | *Phlegmariurus* |
| Species: | ***P. loxensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phlegmariurus loxensis***
(B.Øllg.) B.Øllg. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Huperzia loxensis* B.Øllg. | |


title: Yisroel ben Shmuel of Shklov

abstract: Yisroel ben Shmuel Ashkenazi of Shklov was a Lithuanian Jewish Talmudist, one of a group of Talmudical scholars of Shklov who were attracted to Vilna by Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon Zalman, known as the Vilna Gaon (1720–97). He was one of "the last arrivals," and attended upon the Gaon as a disciple for less than a year. He gained the Vilna Gaon's confidence, and was chosen to arrange for publication the Gaon's commentary to the first two parts of the Shulchan Aruch. That on the Orach Chaim was published in Shklov in 1803. Ashkenazi also published his master's notes to the tractate Shekalim of the Jerusalem Talmud, with a commentary of his own, under the title Tiklin Chadtin. Later he emigrated to Ottoman Syria and became the head of the German and Polish congregations of Safed and then of Jerusalem. He was there surnamed "Ashkenazi", a name applied to all Jews of German extraction, in contradistinction to the Sephardim, who came originally from Spain or Portugal. After a residence of several years in the Holy Land, Ashkenazi went to Europe as a ShaDaR, to collect alms for the poor Palestinian Jews residing at the Yishuv haYashan, and in that capacity he traveled through Lithuania and other parts of what was then Russian Empire. On his return to Palestine he wrote his chief work, Pe'at ha-Shulchan, which is intended as a sort of supplement to the Shulchan Aruch, supplying all the agricultural laws obligatory only in the Holy Land, omitted by rabbi Joseph Caro in his code. He also incorporated in this book the notes of Elijah of Vilna to the tractate Zera'im, the first order of the Mishnah, and gave in addition a voluminous commentary of his own which he called Beit Yisrael. The work was published in Safed in 1836 by the printing-house of Yisrael ben Avraham Back. Ashkenazi is also the author of Nachalah u-Menuchah, a collection of responsa mentioned in the work above. An account of his rabbinate of Jerusalem is given in Mendel ben Aaron's Kore ha-'Ittim. Ashkenazi died at Tiberias on May 22, 1839.

text:
# Yisroel ben Shmuel of Shklov

**Yisroel ben Shmuel Ashkenazi of Shklov** (c. 1770 – May 22, 1839) was a Lithuanian Jewish Talmudist, one of a group of Talmudical scholars of Shklov who were attracted to Vilna by Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon Zalman, known as the Vilna Gaon (1720–97). He was one of "the last arrivals," and attended upon the Gaon as a disciple for less than a year.

He gained the Vilna Gaon's confidence, and was chosen to arrange for publication the Gaon's commentary to the first two parts of the *Shulchan Aruch*. That on the *Orach Chaim* was published in Shklov in 1803. Ashkenazi also published his master's notes to the tractate Shekalim of the Jerusalem Talmud, with a commentary of his own, under the title *Tiklin Chadtin* (Minsk, 1812). Later he emigrated to Ottoman Syria and became the head of the German and Polish congregations of Safed and then of Jerusalem. He was there surnamed "Ashkenazi" (the "German"), a name applied to all Jews of German extraction, in contradistinction to the Sephardim, who came originally from Spain or Portugal.

After a residence of several years in the Holy Land, Ashkenazi went to Europe as a ShaDaR (emissary of the rabbis), to collect alms for the poor Palestinian Jews residing at the Yishuv haYashan, and in that capacity he traveled through Lithuania and other parts of what was then Russian Empire.

On his return to Palestine he wrote his chief work, *Pe'at ha-Shulchan,* which is intended as a sort of supplement to the *Shulchan Aruch*, supplying all the agricultural laws obligatory only in the Holy Land, omitted by rabbi Joseph Caro in his code. He also incorporated in this book the notes of Elijah of Vilna (the Gaon) to the tractate Zera'im, the first order of the Mishnah, and gave in addition a voluminous commentary of his own which he called *Beit Yisrael.* The work was published in Safed in 1836 by the printing-house of Yisrael ben Avraham Back.

Ashkenazi is also the author of *Nachalah u-Menuchah,* a collection of responsa mentioned in the work above. An account of his rabbinate of Jerusalem is given in Mendel ben Aaron's *Kore ha-'Ittim* (Vilna, 1840). Ashkenazi died at Tiberias on May 22, 1839.

Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography * Heschel Lewin,  *'Aliyyat Eliyahu,* p. 74, Wilna, 1854, and Stettin, 1862;
* Fuenn, *Keneset Yisrael,* s.v. Israel ben Samuel;
* Fürst, Bibl. Jud. i. 63;
* Eliezer of Botushan, *Ḳin'at Soferim,* 1892, s.v. Elijah Wilna.

## References

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Israel ben Samuel Ashkenazi of Shklov". *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.


title: Valerie K. Brown

abstract: Valerie K. Brown is an American politician who served as a member of the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors from 2002 to 2012. Brown was previously a member of the California State Assembly from 1992 to 1998.

text:
# Valerie K. Brown

**Valerie K. Brown** (born October 30, 1954) is an American politician who served as a member of the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors from 2002 to 2012. Brown was previously a member of the California State Assembly from 1992 to 1998.

## Early life and education

Brown was born and raised in Kansas City, Missouri. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in secondary education and English from the University of Missouri and a Master of Science in counseling psychology from Lindenwood University.

## Career

After earning her master's degree, Brown moved to Southern California. She later moved to Sonoma, California in 1984. In 1991, she was elected to the Sonoma City Council and later served as mayor.

Brown was first elected to the State Assembly in 1992, after Bev Hansen declined to run for re-election as the 1990 re-districting had made the district significantly more Democratic. Brown defeated Republican former Sonoma County Supervisor Janet Nicholas.

Brown was viewed as a likely candidate for the California State Senate in 1998, as she was unable to seek re-election to the Assembly due to term limits, and Senator Mike Thompson was retiring from the Senate to seek election to the United States House of Representatives. Brown did not run for the Senate, leaving the nomination to California Integrated Waste Management Board member and former Humboldt County Supervisor Wesley Chesbro.

After Mike Cale, who had served on the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors for 10 years, resigned in 2001, Brown was appointed to his place by Governor Gray Davis. Brown was the first woman on the board since the resignation of Janet Nicholas 10 years earlier. She was re-elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2008. From 2009 to 2010, Valerie served as president of the National Association of Counties.

In 2015, Brown sold her home in Kenwood, California and returned to her hometown of Columbia, Missouri, where she works as an independent government affairs consultant.

## InfoBox

| Valerie Brown | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the
Sonoma County Board of Supervisors
from the 1st district | |
| **In office**
2002–2012 | |
| Preceded by | Mike Cale |
| Member of the California State Assembly
from the 7th district | |
| **In office**
December 7, 1992 - November 30, 1998 | |
| Preceded by | David Knowles |
| Succeeded by | Pat Wiggins |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1954-10-30) October 30, 1954
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | University of Missouri (BA)
Lindenwood University (MS) |
|  | |


abstract: Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1, also known as MCH1, is one of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptors found in all mammals. The protein encoded by this gene, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family 1, is an integral plasma membrane protein which binds melanin-concentrating hormone. The encoded protein can inhibit cAMP accumulation and stimulate intracellular calcium flux, and is probably involved in the neuronal regulation of food consumption. Although structurally similar to somatostatin receptors, this protein does not seem to bind somatostatin.

text:
# Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1

**Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1**, also known as **MCH1**, is one of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptors found in all mammals.

The protein encoded by this gene, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family 1, is an integral plasma membrane protein which binds melanin-concentrating hormone. The encoded protein can inhibit cAMP accumulation and stimulate intracellular calcium flux, and is probably involved in the neuronal regulation of food consumption. Although structurally similar to somatostatin receptors, this protein does not seem to bind somatostatin.

## Function

MCH1 is thought to have a number of functions including in the regulation of appetite, and in stress, anxiety and depression.

## Selective ligands

### Agonists

### Antagonists

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| MCHR1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | MCHR1, GPR24, MCH-1R, MCH1R, SLC-1, SLC1, melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 601751; MGI: 2180756; HomoloGene: 21097; GeneCards: MCHR1; OMA:MCHR1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_005297   NM\_145132   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_005288   NP\_660114   Location (UCSC) Chr 22: 40.68 – 40.68 Mb Chr 15: 81.12 – 81.12 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


abstract: The Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) were elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of the 8th Congress.

text:
# Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The **Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)** were elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of the 8th Congress.

## 8th Politburo

## 8th Secretariat

| Name
(birth–death) | Took office | Left office | Duration | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nikolay Krestinsky
(1886–1937) | 29 November 1919 | 5 April 1920 | 128 days | Elected Responsible Secretary, and to the Secretariat, at the 8th Plenary Session. |
| Elena Stasova
(1873–1966) | 25 March 1919 | 5 April 1920 | 1 year, 11 days | Elected Responsible Secretary at the 1st Plenary Session, and relieved of her duties at the 8th Plenary Session to become an ordinary member. |

## InfoBox

| 8th Politburo and Secretariat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| 25 March 1919 – 5 April 1920
 | |
|  | |