title: Museum of Italian Art

abstract: The Museum of Italian Art is a public museum in Lima, Peru, under the administration of the National Culture Institute. It's the only European arts museum in Peru.

text:
# Museum of Italian Art

The **Museum of Italian Art** (Spanish: Museo de Arte italiano) is a public museum in Lima, Peru, under the administration of the National Culture Institute. It's the only European arts museum in Peru.

## History

The Museum of Italian Art was the gift from the Italian community in Peru, for the 100th Anniversary of the Independence, in 1921. Its official inauguration occurred on November 11, 1923.

After many years working, the museum passed to be administrated by the National Culture Institute in 1972. The institution received donations from contemporary Italian artists, and the permanent collection was increased with another 35 art works, in 1989 and 1990. Since 1991, major efforts have been made to recover the museum itself -building and collection- and to revalue it. So far, the steps have been made thanks to the Italian embassy' constant support and the Association of Friends of the Museum of Italian Art.

## Museum

The building has remained open since the inauguration. The project was given to the Italian architect Gaetano Moretti, who also designed **The Chinese Fount**, a gift from the Chinese community for the independence celebration. It's located in the second block of Avenue Paseo de la República in the Historic Centre of Lima. It has a big yard, parking lots and 6 rooms for the exhibition of its permanent collection and for the temporary exhibitions that are held there. In the second room there's a big stained glass inspired in Botticelli's Primavera.

Through the building, as in design and decorative elements, ancient Italian art is represented: elements from Bramante's architecture; reliefs and decorative details inspired in Donatello, Ghiberti, Michelangelo and Botticelli. The façade is completed by the emblems of the principal Italian cities and by two Venetian mosaics with the most famous men in Italy's history.

## Permanent collection

The first selection of the art works that'd belong to the museum's permanent collection was in charged of Mario Vannini Parenti. That's how he acquired a collection of more than 200 original art works, including sculptures, paintings, drawings, prints and ceramics. So, in the museum, the art of all Italian regions is represented. Most of the collection is from the beginnings of the 20th Century, although avant garde movement is not present.

## Services

The museum has an important **library**, with several information and books about the Italian artists in the museum and also about its history. there is some audiovisual material about its collection. Another service is the Catalogue, with more than 300 pages, with full information about the 313 art works that belong to the permanent collection, as well as the biographies of the Italian artists which art works are exhibited there.

## Guided visits for blind people

Since 1998, the museum offers **guided visits for blind people**. This unique service is part of the museum's philosophy to bring art and culture for all people. With special gloves they can touch the collection of bronze and marble sculptures, which is a unique experience that only they can feel, because touching the artworks is forbidden to the general public.

## Association of Friends of the Museum of Italian Art

The Museum, as well as its collection, requires constant care and restoration, the expenses or which are quite significant. That is why, in order to contribute with it and maintain the museum in its original splendor, the Association of friends of the Museum of Italian Art was created in 1991, under the initiative of the Italian Ambassador in Peru. Its principal purpose is to promote all the activities that help to preserve, renew, revive and stimulate the museum's life.

## News, temporary exhibitions

The museum, besides having one of the most important collection in Peru, has also held several important temporary exhibitions, like "Giotto en Padua", in 2004, that included the official replica of the Scrovegni Chapel, that had toured other European and South American countries before. And *Del mito al sueño. Rodin... Dalí*, in 2008 and 2009, that included 30 sculptuters that belong to Museo Soumaya in Mexico City, from six European masters: Auguste Rodin, Salvador Dalí, Edgar Degas, Emile-Antoine Bourdelle, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Giorgio de Chirico.

## "A collection"

The new temporary exhibition at the museum, entitled "A collection" will be open to public during May, 2010. It will exhibit the private collection of the Italian ambassador in Lima, Francesco Rausi. In the exhibition, 40 art works -between sculptures and paintings- will be shown to public, and will include the work of avant-garde Russian art, and the contemporary plastic expressions from artist from Italy, Brazil, Canada, Corea, and the United States. From Peru, some work of Fernando de Szyszlo will be exhibited in the show.

12°03′30″S 77°02′12″W / 12.05846°S 77.0368°W / -12.05846; -77.0368

## InfoBox

Museum of Italian Art
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abstract: Sir Philip Euen Mitchell, was a British Colonial administrator who served as Governor of Uganda (1935–1940), Governor of Fiji (1942–1944) and Governor of Kenya (1944–1952).

text:
# Philip Mitchell (colonial administrator)

**Sir Philip Euen Mitchell**, GCMG, MC (1 May 1890 – 11 October 1964) was a British Colonial administrator who served as Governor of Uganda (1935–1940), Governor of Fiji (1942–1944) and Governor of Kenya (1944–1952).

## Birth and education

Philip Euen Mitchell was born on 1 May 1890 in London to a Scottish family. His father, Captain Hugh Mitchell (1849–1937) had served in the Royal Engineers and, after retiring, studied law at the Inner Temple and became a barrister. His father played for the Royal Engineers team in the 1872 FA Cup Final. His mother, Mary Catherine née Creswell, died when he was two years old, and his father moved to Gibraltar where he built up his legal practice, living at Campamento in Spain. Philip was educated by a French tutor, becoming equally fluent in English, French and Spanish. He won a scholarship to St Paul's School, London.

From St Paul's, he won a classical scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford. While at university he was a friend of Joyce Cary. His behaviour was often wild, risking encounters with the police or the university proctors. He was physically strong and good at most games, particularly golf. He dropped out of university after two years and after losing his scholarship could not afford to return.

## Early career

Mitchell joined the Colonial Administrative Service in 1913. He was sent to Zomba District in Nyasaland as an assistant resident. While there he learned the Nyanja language, with some difficulty since it is a Bantu language completely unrelated to European languages. He served in the King's African Rifles during World War I (1914–1918). During this period he became completely fluent in the Swahili language. In 1922 he was promoted to District Commissioner at Tanga, a seaport on the coast of Tanganyika near the Kenyan border. In 1925, while on leave in South Africa, he married Margery Tyrwhitt-Drake.

As Tanganyika Secretary for Native Affairs, in 1929 Mitchell supported cooperatives, and claimed that "in a sense every Bantu village is in fact a co-operative society". The Tanganyika government did not act on his recommendation, using lack of staff and budget as the reason. Some members of the colonial office decried him as being "too much of a native sympathizer," however the British governor of Tanganyika Donald Charles Cameron, said that this made him "very effective" and that "men of his sentiments are precisely what is needed."

## Colonial governor

### Uganda

Mitchell was appointed Governor of Uganda in 1935. During the depression, capital expenditure in Uganda had been slashed, and public infrastructure and services had deteriorated. In 1936, Mitchell appointed a committee to set priorities for development and to provide for financing. He saw a need to completely review the relationship between Buganda and the government of the Protectorate. He was concerned with political reform, recognising that the eventual goal was self-government. In 1937 he implemented reforms that increased the planning and budgetary capacity of the Secretariat, and introduced district-level planning teams working with the District Commissioners. All these changes had little time to show results when World War II (1939–1945) began.

In mid-1940 Sir Philip was transferred to Nairobi to co-ordinate the East African war effort. In January 1941 he was appointed Chief Political Officer to General Sir Archibald Wavell, the Commander in Chief Middle East. He was given the delicate job of administering the Italian African colonies that had fallen to the British. In January 1942, as Chief Political Officer for the Commander in Chief, East Africa, Major-General Sir Philip Euen Mitchell signed a treaty with the Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. The reconquest of that country from the Italians had recently been completed.

### Fiji

Mitchell became Governor of Fiji on 22 July 1942. He arrived there a day earlier. Mitchell was also British High Commissioner in the Western Pacific, and a large part of his job was to smooth out differences between the allied forces in the struggle with Japan. Fiji had a mixed-race population of 210,518 of whom about 100,000 were Fijians and 90,000 Indians. Although the white and Fijian people were on good terms and often intermarried, there were tensions with the large Indian population, most of whom were descendants of indentured labourers. Another issue was that, while the Fijian people were happy to belong to the British Empire, many of the Indians were in sympathy with the independence movement in India and could not be called loyal subjects. A further source of tension was that between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian community.

Mitchell proposed that the islanders should be given greater power, but to his surprise found that the Fijians preferred the status quo, at least for the time being. Their reason was that they needed more time to develop experience in local government, or they would be dominated by the Indians. Mitchell nevertheless intended that Fiji should be put on course towards self-government, and wrote to the Colonial Office describing his views on how this would be achieved, and on the program for post-war reconstruction. Nothing was done about his recommendations during his term in office.

Even while the Gilbert and Ellice Islands were under Japanese occupation, Mitchell was in charge of planning for the colony's future after the British regained control. At first, he was in favour of merging the colony with Fiji, since he felt it was too small to be viable on its own. The Colonial Office would not accept this proposal. Later he moved to the idea that the Gilbert and Ellice Islands would have to remain as a Native Territory, but wanted the islanders to be trained so they could take on their own administration as far as possible.

### Kenya

Mitchell was Governor of Kenya from 11 December 1944 until 1952. In February 1952, he received Princess Elizabeth on a visit just before her father died and she ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. He has been described as having been "particular insensitive to African unrest in Kenya during his tenure in the years before the Emergency." Mitchell also served as the Chairperson of the Board of Governors (BoG) of The Kenya High School from 1960 - 1963.

## Death

Mitchell died at the Royal Naval Hospital in Gibraltar on 11 October 1964 from heart failure, aged 74.

## Attitudes

Talking, after his retirement, of the lack of planning in the early days in East Africa, Mitchell said "there was no colonial policy, for Secretaries of State changed every eighteen months or so; so no one ever disciplined a Governor and no Secretary of State would ever force a row with settlers". However, Mitchell had a paternalistic attitude towards Africans, considering that they needed help from white settlers to become civilised. In *The Agrarian Problem in Kenya* he said of Africans: "They are a people who, however much natural ability and however admirable attributes they may possess, are without a history, culture or religion of their own and in that they are, as far as I know, unique in the modern world." Once progressive, by 1947 Mitchell had become highly conservative. In May that year he wrote to Arthur Creech Jones, Secretary of State for the Colonies, saying Britain's task was "to civilise a great mass of human beings who are at present in a very primitive moral, cultural and social state".

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| SirPhilip Euen Mitchell | |
| --- | --- |
| Sir Philip Euen Mitchell in Kenya, talking to tribal chiefs in 1952 | |
|  | |
| 7th Governor of Uganda | |
| **In office**
1935–1940 | |
| Monarchs | George V
Edward VIII
George VI |
| Preceded by | Bernard Henry Bourdillon |
| Succeeded by | Charles Dundas |
| 16th Governor of Fiji | |
| **In office**
22 July 1942  December 1944 | |
| Monarch | George VI |
| Preceded by | Harry Luke |
| Succeeded by | Alexander Grantham |
| 18th Governor of Kenya | |
| **In office**
11 December 1944  21 June 1952 | |
| Monarchs | George VI
Elizabeth II |
| Preceded by | Henry Monck-Mason Moore |
| Succeeded by | Sir Evelyn Baring |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1890-05-01)1 May 1890
London, United Kingdom |
| Died | 11 October 1964(1964-10-11) (aged 74)
Gibraltar |
| Citizenship | British |
| Spouse | Margery Tyrwhitt-Drake |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Oxford |
|  | |


title: Nucleate boiling

abstract: In fluid thermodynamics, nucleate boiling is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature is higher than the saturation temperature (TS) by between 10 and 30 °C. The critical heat flux is the peak on the curve between nucleate boiling and transition boiling. The heat transfer from surface to liquid is greater than that in film boiling. Nucleate boiling is common in electric kettles and is responsible for the noise that occurs before boiling occurs. It also occurs in water boilers where water is rapidly heated.

text:
# Nucleate boiling

In fluid thermodynamics, **nucleate boiling** is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature is higher than the saturation temperature (TS) by between 10 and 30 °C (18 and 54 °F). The critical heat flux is the peak on the curve between nucleate boiling and transition boiling. The heat transfer from surface to liquid is greater than that in film boiling.

Nucleate boiling is common in electric kettles and is responsible for the noise that occurs before boiling occurs. It also occurs in water boilers where water is rapidly heated.

## Mechanism

Two different regimes may be distinguished in the nucleate boiling range. When the temperature difference is between approximately 4 to 10 °C (7.2 to 18.0 °F) above TS, isolated bubbles form at nucleation sites and separate from the surface. This separation induces considerable fluid mixing near the surface, substantially increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux. In this regime, most of the heat transfer is through direct transfer from the surface to the liquid in motion at the surface and not through the vapor bubbles rising from the surface.

Between 10 and 30 °C (18 and 54 °F) above TS, a second flow regime may be observed. As more nucleation sites become active, increased bubble formation causes bubble interference and coalescence. In this region the vapor escapes as jets or columns which subsequently merge into plugs of vapor.

Interference between the densely populated bubbles inhibits the motion of liquid near the surface. This is observed on the graph as a change in the direction of the gradient of the curve or an inflection in the boiling curve. After this point, the heat transfer coefficient starts to reduce as the surface temperature is further increased although the product of the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature difference (the heat flux) is still increasing.

When the relative increase in the temperature difference is balanced by the relative reduction in the heat transfer coefficient, a maximum heat flux is achieved as observed by the peak in the graph. This is the critical heat flux. At this point in the maximum, considerable vapor is being formed, making it difficult for the liquid to continuously wet the surface to receive heat from the surface. This causes the heat flux to reduce after this point. At extremes, film boiling commonly known as the Leidenfrost effect is observed.

The process of forming steam bubbles within liquid in micro cavities adjacent to the wall if the wall temperature at the heat transfer surface rises above the saturation temperature while the bulk of the liquid (heat exchanger) is subcooled. The bubbles grow until they reach some critical size, at which point they separate from the wall and are carried into the main fluid stream. There the bubbles collapse because the temperature of bulk fluid is not as high as at the heat transfer surface, where the bubbles were created. This collapsing is also responsible for the sound a water kettle produces during heat up but before the temperature at which bulk boiling is reached.

Heat transfer and mass transfer during nucleate boiling has a significant effect on the heat transfer rate. This heat transfer process helps quickly and efficiently to carry away the energy created at the heat transfer surface and is therefore sometimes desirable—for example in nuclear power plants, where liquid is used as a coolant.

The effects of nucleate boiling take place at two locations:

* the liquid-wall interface
* the bubble-liquid interface

The nucleate boiling process has a complex nature. A limited number of experimental studies provided valuable insights into the boiling phenomena, however these studies provided often contradictory data due to internal recalculation (state of chaos in the fluid not applying to classical thermodynamic methods of calculation, therefore giving wrong return values) and have not provided conclusive findings yet to develop models and correlations. Nucleate boiling phenomenon still requires more understanding.

## Boiling heat transfer correlations

The nucleate boiling regime is important to engineers because of the high heat fluxes possible with moderate temperature differences. The data can be correlated by an equation of the form

$\mathrm {Nu} \_{b}=C\_{fc}(\mathrm {Re} \_{b},\mathrm {Pr} \_{L})$

Where Nu is the Nusselt number, defined as:

$\mathrm {Nu} \_{b}={\frac {(q/A)D\_{b}{(T\_{s}-T\_{\mathrm {sat} })k\_{L}}}}$

where:

* *q*/*A* is the total heat flux,
* Db is the maximum bubble diameter as it leaves the surface,
* *Ts**T*sat is the excess temperature,
* kL is the thermal conductivity of the liquid,
* Pr*L* is the Prandtl number of the liquid,
* Re*b* is the bubble Reynolds number, $\mathrm {Re} \_{b}={\tfrac {D\_{b}G\_{b}{\mu \_{L},}}}$ where:
    + Gb is the average mass velocity of the vapor leaving the surface
    + μL is the liquid viscosity.

Rohsenow has developed the first and most widely used correlation for nucleate boiling,

$\frac {q}{A}=\mu \_{L}h\_{fg}\left\[{\frac {g(\rho \_{L}-\rho \_{v})}{\sigma }\right\]^{\frac {1}{2}\left\[{\frac {c\_{pL}\left(T\_{s}-T\_{\mathrm {sat} }\right)}{C\_{sf}h\_{fg}\mathrm {Pr} \_{L}^{n}\right\]^{3}}}}}$

where:

* cpL is the specific heat of the liquid,
* Csf is the surface fluid combination and vary for various combinations of fluid and surface,
* σ is the surface tension of the liquid-vapor interface.

The variable n depends on the surface fluid combination and typically has a value of 1.0 or 1.7. For example, water and nickel have a Csf of 0.006 and n of 1.0.

Values of $C\_{sf}$ for various surface fluid combinations
| Surface fluid combinations | $C\_{sf}$ |
| --- | --- |
| Water/copper | 0.013 |
| Water/nickel | 0.006 |
| Water/platinum | 0.013 |
| Water/brass | 0.006 |
| Water/stainless steel, mechanically polished | 0.0132 |
| Water/stainless steel, chemically etched | 0.0133 |
| Water/stainless steel, ground and polished | 0.0080 |
| CCl4/copper | 0.013 |
| Benzene/chromium | 0.0101 |
| n-Pentane/chromium | 0.015 |
| Ethyl alcohol/chromium | 0.0027 |
| Isopropyl alcohol/copper | 0.0025 |
| n-Butyl alcohol/copper | 0.003 |

## Departure from nucleate boiling

If the heat flux of a boiling system is higher than the critical heat flux (CHF) of the system, the bulk fluid may boil, or in some cases, *regions* of the bulk fluid may boil where the fluid travels in small channels. Thus large bubbles form, sometimes blocking the passage of the fluid. This results in a **departure from nucleate boiling** (**DNB**) in which steam bubbles no longer break away from the solid surface of the channel, bubbles dominate the channel or surface, and the heat flux dramatically decreases. Vapor essentially insulates the bulk liquid from the hot surface.

During DNB, the surface temperature must therefore increase substantially above the bulk fluid temperature in order to maintain a high heat flux. Avoiding the CHF is an engineering problem in heat transfer applications, such as nuclear reactors, where fuel plates must not be allowed to overheat. DNB may be avoided in practice by increasing the pressure of the fluid, increasing its flow rate, or by utilizing a lower temperature bulk fluid which has a higher CHF. If the bulk fluid temperature is too low or the pressure of the fluid is too high, nucleate boiling is however not possible.

DNB is also known as **transition boiling**, **unstable film boiling**, and **partial film boiling**. For water boiling as shown on the graph, transition boiling occurs when the temperature difference between the surface and the boiling water is approximately 30 to 130 °C (54 to 234 °F) above the TS. This corresponds to the high peak and the low peak on the boiling curve. The low point between transition boiling and film boiling is the Leidenfrost point.

During transition boiling of water, the bubble formation is so rapid that a vapor film or blanket begins to form at the surface. However, at any point on the surface, the conditions may oscillate between film and nucleate boiling, but the fraction of the total surface covered by the film increases with increasing temperature difference. As the thermal conductivity of the vapor is much less than that of the liquid, the convective heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux reduces with increasing temperature difference.


title: Pegonites

abstract: Pegonites, plural Pegonitai, was a Byzantine family name between the 11th and 13th centuries. Its etymology is uncertain, but it may be related to the Greek for "chin". The first recorded member of the family was Niketas Pegonites, the duke of Dyrrachium who defeated the Bulgars in 1018. He may be the same person as the Niketas, strategetes of Dyrrachium, the father of Irene, wife of the caesar John Doukas, whose epitaph was written by Michael Psellos. Two other 11th-century Pegonitai are known. A Leo Pegonites was the strategos of Preslav and around 1065 a Theodore Pegonites was the duke of Edessa. The family seems to have been reduced in prominence in the 12th century. Before 1157, a Pegonites was the praktor of Samos and around 1180 a Constantine Pegonites was a tax collector, probably on the Cimmerian Bosporus. These were fiscal positions, but by 1180 there were Pegonitai again holding military posts. An Alexios Pegonites was duke of Thessaloniki in 1180 and another Alexios Pegonites held the same post in about 1230. Another Constantine Pegonites was the duke of Berroia around 1220.

text:
# Pegonites

**Pegonites** (Greek: Πηγωνίτης), plural **Pegonitai**, was a Byzantine family name between the 11th and 13th centuries. Its etymology is uncertain, but it may be related to the Greek for "chin" (πηγούνι, *pegouni*).

The first recorded member of the family was Niketas Pegonites, the duke of Dyrrachium who defeated the Bulgars in 1018. He may be the same person as the Niketas, *strategetes* of Dyrrachium, the father of Irene, wife of the caesar John Doukas, whose epitaph was written by Michael Psellos. Two other 11th-century Pegonitai are known. A Leo Pegonites was the *strategos* of Preslav and around 1065 a Theodore Pegonites was the duke of Edessa.

The family seems to have been reduced in prominence in the 12th century. Before 1157, a Pegonites was the *praktor* of Samos and around 1180 a Constantine Pegonites was a tax collector, probably on the Cimmerian Bosporus. These were fiscal positions, but by 1180 there were Pegonitai again holding military posts. An Alexios Pegonites was duke of Thessaloniki in 1180 and another Alexios Pegonites held the same post in about 1230. Another Constantine Pegonites was the duke of Berroia around 1220.

## Bibliography

* Grégoire, Henri (1937). "Du nouveau sur l'histoire bulgaro-byzantine: Nicétas Pégonitès vainqueur du roi bulgare Jean Vladislav". *Byzantion*. **12** (1): 283–291. JSTOR 44169716.
* Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Pegonites". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). *The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium*. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
* Mango, Cyril (1966). "A Byzantine Inscription Relating to Dyrrhachium". *Archäologischer Anzeiger*. **81**: 410–414.


title: Vladimir González

abstract: Vladimir González Martínez is a male road cyclist from Colombia.

text:
# Vladimir González

**Vladimir González Martínez** (born October 16, 1978) is a male road cyclist from Colombia.

## Career

2001 3rd in  Colombia National Championships, Road, ITT, Elite, Colombia (COL) 2003 1st in Clasica Independencia Ciudad de Flandes (COL) 2005 1st in Stage 6 Vuelta a Colombia, Santa Rosa Cabal (COL)

## InfoBox

Vladimir González
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1978-10-16) October 16, 1978<br>Colombia |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Road cycling |
| Role | Rider |
| Major wins | |
| 1st in the Flemish Classic (2003) | |
|  | |


title: Hékanmè

abstract: Hékanmè is a town and arrondissement in the Atlantique Department of southern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Zè. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 8,159.

text:
# Hékanmè

**Hékanmè** is a town and arrondissement in the Atlantique Department of southern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of . According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 8,159.

6°43′42″N 2°19′07″E / 6.7283°N 2.3187°E / 6.7283; 2.3187

## InfoBox

| Hékanmè | |
| --- | --- |
| Arrondissement and town | |
| Country | Benin |
| Department | Atlantique Department |
| Commune |  |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 8,159 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |


title: Perotrochus tosatoi

abstract: Perotrochus tosatoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pleurotomariidae.

text:
# Perotrochus tosatoi

***Perotrochus tosatoi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pleurotomariidae.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 75 mm and 90 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off French Guiana at a depth of 200 m.

* Anseeuw, P., Y. Goto and M. Abdi. 2005. *Description of a new pleurotomariid (Gastropoda: Pleurotomariidae) from French Guiana: Perotrochus tosatoi sp. nov*. Visaya 1(4): 4-14

* "*Perotrochus tosatoi*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Perotrochus tosatoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Pleurotomariida |
| Family: | Pleurotomariidae |
| Genus: | *Perotrochus* |
| Species: | ***P. tosatoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perotrochus tosatoi***<br>Anseeuw, Goto & Abdi, 2005 | |
|


title: Urstromtal

abstract: An urstromtal is a type of broad glacial valley, for example, in northern Central Europe, that appeared during the ice ages, or individual glacial periods of an ice age, at the edge of the Scandinavian ice sheet and was formed by meltwaters that flowed more or less parallel to the ice margin. Urstromtäler are an element of the glacial series. The term is German and means "ancient stream valley". Although often translated as "glacial valley", it should not be confused with a valley carved out by a glacier. More accurately some sources call them "meltwater valleys" or "ice-marginal valleys".

text:
# Urstromtal

An ***urstromtal*** (plural: *Urstromtäler*) is a type of broad glacial valley, for example, in northern Central Europe, that appeared during the ice ages, or individual glacial periods of an ice age, at the edge of the Scandinavian ice sheet and was formed by meltwaters that flowed more or less parallel to the ice margin. *Urstromtäler* are an element of the glacial series. The term is German and means "ancient stream valley". Although often translated as "glacial valley", it should not be confused with a valley carved out by a glacier. More accurately some sources call them "meltwater valleys" or "ice-marginal valleys".

## Emergence and structure

Important for the emergence of the *Urstromtäler* is the fact that the general lie of the land on the North German Plain and in Poland slopes down from south to north. Thus the ice sheet that advanced from Scandinavia flowed into a rising terrain. The meltwaters could therefore only flow for a short distance southwards over the sandurs (outwash plains) before having to find a way to the North Sea basin that was parallel to the ice margin. At that time, the area that is now the North Sea was dry as a result of the low level of the sea.

As elements of the glacial series, *Urstromtäler* are intermeshed with sandur areas for long stretches along their northern perimeters. It was over these outwash plains that the meltwaters poured into them. *Urstromtäler* are relatively uniformly composed of sands and gravels; the grain size can vary considerably, however. Fine sand dominates especially in the upper sections of the *Urstromtal* sediments. The thickness of the *Urstromtal* sediments also varies a great deal, but is mostly well over ten metres.

*Urstromtäler* have wide and very flat valley bottoms that are between 1.5 and 20 kilometres wide. The valley sides, by contrast are only a few to a few dozen metres high. The bottom and the edges of an *Urstromtal* may have been significantly altered by more recent processes, especially the thawing of dead ice blocks or the accumulation of sand dunes. In the post-glacial period, many *Urstromtäler* became bogs due to their low lying situation and the high water table.

## Central Europe

In Central Europe, there are several *Urstromtäler* from various periods.

* Breslau-Magdeburg-Bremen *Urstromtal*; (Poland, Germany); formed during the Saale glaciation
* Glogau-Baruth *Urstromtal*; (Poland, Germany); formed during the Weichselian
* Warsaw-Berlin *Urstromtal*; (Poland, Germany); formed during the Weichselian
* Thorn-Eberswalde *Urstromtal*; (Poland, Germany); formed during the Weichselian
* The term Elbe *Urstromtal* refers to the Elbe valley roughly at the height of Genthin to the Elbe estuary at Cuxhaven. The meltwaters of the three above-mentioned Weichselian *Urstromtäler* flowed successively through this valley towards the North Sea basin.
* The term Rhine *Urstromtal* for the Rhine valley from Düsseldorf to its mouth on the North Sea is disputed. The Rhine was certainly a route for meltwaters during the Saale glaciation. The structure of the valley is however clearly older and was formed by recent tectonics.
* In the Alpine glaciation zone of Central Europe the term *Urstromtal* is not used. In this region, the Danube and, periodically, the Rhine carried the meltwaters away.

Some sections of the aforementioned main valleys have been given their own names. The Lusatian *Urstromtal* and the Aller *Urstromtal* are parts of the Breslau-Magdeburg-Bremen *Urstromtal*. The Baruth, Berlin and Eberswalde *Urstromtäler* are common short names for the associated sections of the *Urstromtal* in Brandenburg.

In addition to the large main valleys there are also numerous smaller meltwater valleys (*Urstromtalungen*). Their appearance is similar to that of the great *Urstromtäler*, but they are considerably shorter. They are also not linked to a sandur and a terminal moraine.

*Urstromtäler* of Central Europe (Poland, Germany and Denmark especially) were directly connected to the North Atlantic Ocean, via the Channel River, during Pleistocene maximum glaciations, i.e. at times of confluence of the British and Fennoscandian ice-sheets in the intervening North Sea.

## Features

*Urstromtäler* should not be confused with tunnel valleys. The latter are formed beneath, not in front of, the ice mass. In addition most tunnel valleys run from north to south. The principal direction of *Urstromtäler* is from east to west. Today *Urstromtäler* are only partly used by rivers, because the majority have found shorter routes to the sea (like the Oder and Vistula). The straight troughs of the *Urstromtäler* between the rivers were used for canal routes due to their low gradient, for example for the Elbe–Havel Canal or the Oder–Havel Canal.

Because the land in North America and on the Russian Plain tilts towards the south, the formation of *Urstromtäler* there during the ice age did not take place. The Mississippi River and its tributaries carried the meltwaters of the North American ice sheet away. In Eastern Europe the meltwaters flowed down the river basins of the Dnieper, Don and Volga.

*Urstromtäler*, whether sandy or boggy, posed considerable obstacles to movement in the Middle Ages. As a result, the trade routes converged on points where the valley could be crossed comparatively easily. These hubs thus became favourite sites for the founding of towns or castles. Examples from the German state of Brandenburg include Berlin, Fürstenwalde, Luckenwalde and Baruth/Mark, and from Lower Saxony the town of Vorsfelde and Wolfsburg Castle.

## Literature

* H. Liedtke: *Die nordischen Vereisungen in Mitteleuropa*. 2nd ed., Trier 1981, ISBN 3-87994-204-8, 307 p.
* H. Liedtke, J. Marcinek (ed.): *Physische Geographie Germanys*. 3rd ed., Gotha 2002, ISBN 3-623-00860-5, 786 p.
* Johannes H. Schroeder (ed.): *Führer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg, No. 2, Bad Freienwalde – Parsteiner See*. 2nd improved edition. Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg e. V., Selbstverlag, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-928651-03-X, ISSN 0941-2980
* Johannes H. Schroeder (ed.): *Führer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg, No. 5, Nordwestlicher Barnim – Eberswalder Urstromtal*. Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg e. V., Selbstverlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-928651-06-4, ISSN 0941-2980
* Johannes H. Schroeder (ed.): *Führer zur Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg, No. 9, Oderbruch – Märkische Schweiz – Östlicher Barnim*. Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg e. V., Selbstverlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-928651-11-0, ISSN 0941-2980


title: Ganbarion

abstract: Ganbarion is a Japanese video game company founded on August 13, 1999. Their function is the development of home video game software. Two of Ganbarion's major clients are Bandai Namco Entertainment and Nintendo. Their most notable works are games based on the popular manga and anime One Piece, Jump Super Stars, Jump Ultimate Stars, and Pandora's Tower. They also co-developed Wii Fit U with Nintendo EAD.

text:
# Ganbarion

**Ganbarion** (ガンバリオン; *Ganbarion*) is a Japanese video game company founded on August 13, 1999. Their function is the development of home video game software. Two of Ganbarion's major clients are Bandai Namco Entertainment and Nintendo. Their most notable works are games based on the popular manga and anime *One Piece*, *Jump Super Stars*, *Jump Ultimate Stars*, and *Pandora's Tower*. They also co-developed *Wii Fit U* with Nintendo EAD.

## Games developed

## InfoBox

Ganbarion Co., Ltd.
|
|  |
| Native name | ガンバリオン |
| Industry | Video games |
| Founded | August 13, 1999 |
| Headquarters | Chūō-ku, Fukuoka, Japan |
| Key people | Chikako Yamakura |
| Number of employees | 121 |
| Website | www.ganbarion.co.jp |


title: Matti Oravisto

abstract: Matti Kustavi Oravisto was a Finnish actor who appeared in theatre, film and television. Oravisto started to work as an actor in the Finnish National Theatre immediately after graduating from theatre school in 1947. Around the same time, he also began to receive small parts in films. His breakthrough role came with the award-winning Valentin Vaala film Ihmiset suviyössä (1948). In the late 1950s, Oravisto returned to the National Theatre, but continued to act in films, although less frequently than in the past. Since the 1960s, Oravisto starred in numerous television productions. Oravisto made his final film role in a Taru Mäkelä film Pikkusisar (1999). He died in November 2001.

text:
# Matti Oravisto

**Matti Kustavi Oravisto** (23 October 1921 – 15 November 2001) was a Finnish actor who appeared in theatre, film and television.

Oravisto started to work as an actor in the Finnish National Theatre immediately after graduating from theatre school in 1947. Around the same time, he also began to receive small parts in films. His breakthrough role came with the award-winning Valentin Vaala film *Ihmiset suviyössä* (1948).

In the late 1950s, Oravisto returned to the National Theatre, but continued to act in films, although less frequently than in the past. Since the 1960s, Oravisto starred in numerous television productions.

Oravisto made his final film role in a Taru Mäkelä film *Pikkusisar* (1999). He died in November 2001.

## Selected filmography


title: Mauldin-Hall House

abstract: The Mauldin-Hall House, at 501 S. Roselawn Ave. in Artesia, New Mexico, was built in 1909. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is a one-and-a-half-story L-shaped house with elements of Queen Anne style. It was built of artificial stone.

text:
# Mauldin-Hall House

The **Mauldin-Hall House**, at 501 S. Roselawn Ave. in Artesia, New Mexico, was built in 1909. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

It is a one-and-a-half-story L-shaped house with elements of Queen Anne style. It was built of artificial stone.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mauldin-Hall House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 501 S. Roselawn Ave., Artesia, New Mexico |
| Coordinates | 32°50′16″N 104°23′56″W / 32.83778°N 104.39889°W / 32.83778; -104.39889 (Mauldin-Hall House) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1909 |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne |
| MPS | Artificial Stone Houses of Artesia TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 84002930 |
| Added to NRHP | March 2, 1984 |


title: Pirwal

abstract: Pirwal is a village in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°6'0N 72°36'11E with an altitude of 386 metres.

text:
# Pirwal

**Pirwal** is a village in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°6'0N 72°36'11E with an altitude of 386 metres (1,269 feet).

33°6′0″N 72°36′11″E / 33.10000°N 72.60306°E / 33.10000; 72.60306

## InfoBox

| Pirwal | |
| --- | --- |
| Pirwal | |
| Coordinates: 33°04′N 72°22′E / 33.06°N 72.36°E / 33.06; 72.36 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Punjab |
| Elevation | 386 m (1,266 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: Pennsylvania Route 504

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 504 is a 24.5-mile-long (39.4 km) state highway located in Centre County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 53/PA 350 in Philipsburg. The eastern terminus is at US 220 Alternate/PA 144 in Wingate. It roughly follows a portion of the path of the historic 1799 State Road from "Bald Eagle's Nest" (Milesburg) to Fort Le Boeuf, which was laid out and cleared under contract with the Pennsylvania Assembly and opened for travel by 1802. The State Road was an important thoroughfare during the War of 1812, and was for many years the primary route for mail, goods and travelers between Philadelphia and Erie. Many of the original, 19th-century stone mileposts are preserved along the northern side of the highway.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 504

**Pennsylvania Route 504** (**PA 504**) is a 24.5-mile-long (39.4 km) state highway located in Centre County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 53/PA 350 in Philipsburg. The eastern terminus is at US 220 Alternate/PA 144 in Wingate.

It roughly follows a portion of the path of the historic 1799 State Road from "Bald Eagle's Nest" (Milesburg) to Fort Le Boeuf (Waterford, PA), which was laid out and cleared under contract with the Pennsylvania Assembly and opened for travel by 1802. The State Road was an important thoroughfare during the War of 1812, and was for many years the primary route for mail, goods and travelers between Philadelphia and Erie. Many of the original, 19th-century stone mileposts are preserved along the northern side of the highway.

## Route description

PA 504 begins at an intersection with PA 53 and PA 350 at the square in the center of the borough of Philipsburg, heading east-northeast on two-lane undivided East Presqueisle Street. West of the square, the road continues as a part of PA 53. The route passes through residential areas, passing woods to the south as it forms the border between Philipsburg to the north and Rush Township to the south. PA 504 fully enters Philipsburg again and passes more homes before coming to an intersection with US 322. Following this, the road heads into Rush Township and becomes Black Moshannon Road, curving east through rural residential areas. The route passes through a mix of farmland and woodland prior to entering Moshannon State Forest. PA 504 continues into Black Moshannon State Park, where it passes over Black Moshannon Creek and runs through the former community of Antes. Once leaving the park, the road becomes Rattlesnake Pike and continues through more of the Moshannon State Forest.

The route heads into Union Township. It leaves the state forest, then passes through more woodland with some agricultural clearings and local housing, making a few curves. PA 504 turns southeast and passes through more rural areas before crossing into the borough of Unionville and becoming Allegheny Street, passing homes and intersecting US 220 Alternate. At this point, PA 504 turns northeast to form a concurrency with US 220 Alternate on Union Street, running past more residences. The road leaves Unionville for Union Township once again, becoming South Eagle Valley Road and running through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes. The two routes continue into Boggs Township and reach an intersection with PA 144, Runville Road, and Davidson Road in the community of Wingate. Here, PA 504 ends and PA 144 turns northeast to join US 220 Alternate.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Centre County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Philipsburg | 0.000 | 0.000 |
PA 53 / PA 350 south (Centre Street / West Presqueisle Street) Coalport, Clearfield | Western terminus; northern terminus of PA 350 |
| | 0.597 | 0.961 | US 322 (Railroad Street) Clearfield, State College |  |
| Unionville | 20.765 | 33.418 |

US 220 Alt. south (Union Street) Tyrone | Western end of US 220 Alt. concurrency |
| Boggs Township | 24.540 | 39.493 |

US 220 Alt. north / PA 144 (South Eagle Valley Road / Runville Road) Milesburg, Bellefonte, Snow Shoe | Eastern terminus; eastern end of US 220 Alt. concurrency |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 504KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 504 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 24.540 mi (39.493 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | PA 53 / PA 350 in Philipsburg |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end |  |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Centre |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 503   PA 505 | |


title: Pirg

abstract: Pirg is a village and a former municipality in the Korçë County, southeastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Maliq. The population at the 2011 census was 7,652. The municipal unit consists of the villages Pirg, Gurishtë, Zvirinë, Leminot, Qershizë, Kakaç, Shqitas, Veliternë, Sovjan, Novoselë and Bubuq. The etymology of this village comes from a southern Slavic language, meaning “Tower” in English. This means this village must’ve had an important tower, to be named as it.

text:
# Pirg

**Pirg** is a village and a former municipality in the Korçë County, southeastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Maliq. The population at the 2011 census was 7,652. The municipal unit consists of the villages Pirg, Gurishtë, Zvirinë, Leminot, Qershizë, Kakaç, Shqitas, Veliternë, Sovjan, Novoselë and Bubuq. The etymology of this village comes from a southern Slavic language, meaning “Tower” in English. This means this village must’ve had an important tower, to be named as it.

1. "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). pp. 6372–6373. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
2. 2011 census results Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
3. Greece – Albania Neighbourhood Programme Archived 2012-03-27 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Pirg | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal unit | |
| Leminot reservoir lake in Pirg | |
| Pirg | |
| Coordinates: 40°47′N 20°42′E / 40.783°N 20.700°E / 40.783; 20.700 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Korçë |
| Municipality | Maliq |
| Population (2011) | |
| Municipal unit | 7,652 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal Code | 7016 |
| Area Code | (0)865 |


title: Pit Crew Panic!

abstract: Pit Crew Panic! is a WiiWare game by Hudson Soft. It was released in North America on December 1, 2008, in Europe on December 5, 2008, and in Japan on December 2, 2008.

text:
# Pit Crew Panic!

***Pit Crew Panic!*** is a WiiWare game by Hudson Soft. It was released in North America on December 1, 2008, in Europe on December 5, 2008, and in Japan on December 2, 2008.

## Gameplay

Described by Hudson as an "action panic" game, *Pit Crew Panic!* sees players controlling a team of six pit crew girls in attempting to fix different objects. The game involves the player directing their pit crew with the pointer of the Wii Remote to fix broken parts on a variety of vehicles, such as racing cars and motorcycles, against a time limit. In addition, players must also fix more unusual objects termed "WHATSITs"; these include items such as toilets, cakes and a bed of flowers, right up to huge objects like castles, aircraft carriers, the Golden Gate Bridge and the International Space Station. In order to speed up repair players can jump in and help the girls out by picking a part and miming their repair action with the Remote.

The game gives players the option of playing in a normal time attack mode, an "abnormal mode" (a competitive mode involving two teams fixing the same WHATSIT) and a training mode. Each mode supports up to four players playing simultaneously. Players will also have the option to customize the rules, the WHATSITs that show up and the time limit they are set before starting the game. In addition, *Pit Crew Panic!* also features local and online multiplayer modes, and players will also be able to upload their best times onto an online leaderboard.

## Reception

WiiWare World gave *Pit Crew Panic!* a 6/10, finding the game playable but ultimately "rather repetitive" and suffering from some interface issues and visuals that are "all over the map". IGN gave the game 3.9/10, highlighting the game's unique concept but also noting shallow gameplay, limited lasting appeal and frustrating controls.

## InfoBox

| Pit Crew Panic! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Hudson Soft |
| Publisher(s) | Hudson Soft |
| Composer(s) | Makoto Igarashi
Kazunori Takahara
Yuzo Takahashi
Chiemi Takano
Yuki Watanabe |
| Platform(s) | WiiWare |
| Release | * NA: December 1, 2008 * JP: December 2, 2008 * EU: December 5, 2008 |
| Genre(s) | Puzzle |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Hélas pour moi

abstract: Hélas pour moi is a 1993 French film directed by Jean-Luc Godard and starring Gérard Depardieu. This film is inspired by the legend of Alcmene and Amphitryon and attempts to show the desire of a god to experience the truth of human desire, suffering and pleasure.

text:
# Hélas pour moi

***Hélas pour moi*** (English: *Alas for Me* or *Oh Woe Is Me*) is a 1993 French film directed by Jean-Luc Godard and starring Gérard Depardieu. This film is inspired by the legend of Alcmene and Amphitryon and attempts to show the desire of a god to experience the truth of human desire, suffering and pleasure.

## Plot

Abraham Klimt arrives in a small Swiss village to investigate an incident that occurred on July 23, 1989 involving Rachel and Simon Donnadieu, a local couple. He interviews several of the townsfolk and enlists the aid of a poet, Aude Amiel. In flashback, the story of Rachel and Simon unfolds. Per the Greek myth on which the film is based, God, or a god, comes to earth with his assistant, Max Mercury. He decides he wants to possess Rachel Donnadieu, so he takes the form of Simon Donnadieu when Simon leaves home on a business trip. God-as-Simon returns to Rachel while Simon is away, and the two have an encounter.

Or not. Rachel is not talking about the incident, and Simon, in a brief encounter with Klimt at the end of the film, denies that it happened. The evidence provided by the flashbacks is contradictory. Ultimately, Klimt concludes, "There is nothing left to say concerning Simon and Rachel. The rest occurs beyond images and beyond stories."

## Cast

## Background

Cinematographer Caroline Champetier said that the original scenario began with God riding a train through France and Switzerland, observing all the battles of humanity through the window. This sequence required expensive special effects and Godard finally gave up on the idea after visiting a company that demonstrated for him the effects they achieved for Jean-Pierre Jeunet's *Delicatessen*.

## InfoBox

| Hélas pour moi | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Jean-Luc Godard |
| Starring | Gérard Depardieu |
| Cinematography | Caroline Champetier |
| Release date | * 8 September 1993 (1993-09-08) |
| Running time | 84 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Pilling Always Pays

abstract: Pilling Always Pays is a 1954 family saga novel by the British writer Thomas Armstrong. It is the second in the Crowther Chronicles and the sequel to his 1940 bestseller The Crowthers of Bankdam. It follows the further adventures of the Crowther family of mill owners now led in the 1930s by Sam Pilling, the grandson of Simeon Crowther. A review in News Chronicle described it as being "as good as The Crowthers of Bankdam". Two further novels in the series Sue Crowther's Marriage and Our London Office were published. It was named as a best seller for the week in The West Australian newspaper on 24 December 1954.

text:
# Pilling Always Pays

***Pilling Always Pays*** is a 1954 family saga novel by the British writer Thomas Armstrong. It is the second in the Crowther Chronicles and the sequel to his 1940 bestseller *The Crowthers of Bankdam*. It follows the further adventures of the Crowther family of mill owners now led in the 1930s by Sam Pilling, the grandson of Simeon Crowther. A review in *News Chronicle* described it as being "as good as *The Crowthers of Bankdam*". Two further novels in the series *Sue Crowther's Marriage* and *Our London Office* were published.

It was named as a best seller for the week in The West Australian newspaper on 24 December 1954.

## Bibliography

* Alfred, Thomas. *Sequels: Incorporating Aldred & Parker's 'Sequel Stories'*. Association of Assistant Librarians , 1955.
* Snell, Keith. *The Bibliography of Regional Fiction in Britain and Ireland, 1800–2000*. Routledge, 2017.

## InfoBox

Pilling Always Pays
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Thomas Armstrong |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Drama |
| Publisher | Collins |
| Publication date | 1954 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 447 |
| Preceded by | *The Crowthers of Bankdam* |
| Followed by | *Sue Crowther's Marriage* |


title: Sasiny, Zambrów County

abstract: Sasiny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zambrów, within Zambrów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Zambrów and 67 km (42 mi) west of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Sasiny, Zambrów County

**Sasiny** \[saˈɕinɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zambrów, within Zambrów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Zambrów and 67 km (42 mi) west of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Sasiny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sasiny | |
| Coordinates: 52°54′N 22°14′E / 52.900°N 22.233°E / 52.900; 22.233 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Zambrów |
| Gmina | Zambrów |


title: Pennsylvania Route 505

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 505 is a 2.8-mile-long (4.5 km) state highway located in northwest Pennsylvania. The route is a continuation of PA 97 along the Perry Highway and ends at U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in Erie as Glenwood Park Avenue.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 505

**Pennsylvania Route 505** (**PA 505**) is a 2.8-mile-long (4.5 km) state highway located in northwest Pennsylvania. The route is a continuation of PA 97 along the Perry Highway and ends at U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in Erie as Glenwood Park Avenue.

## Route description

PA 505 is a continuation of the Perry Highway from PA 97 in Millcreek Township. In the suburbs of the city of Erie, PA 505 runs northward as Perry Highway (named for Oliver Hazard Perry, hero of the Battle of Lake Erie) and Glenwood Park Avenue through residential areas, between PA 97 and US 19. In Glenwood Park, the route passes by the Erie Zoo, running towards downtown Erie. North of the park, the highway runs through residential areas and ends in the downtown district of the city, at an intersection with US 20.

## History

PA 505 was formed in the late 1920s along what is now the northernmost segment of PA 97. By 1940, the route was moved to its current designation.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Erie County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Millcreek Township | 0.000 | 0.000 |
PA 97 (Perry Highway/Old French Road) to I-90 | Southern terminus; former designation of US 6 |
| Erie | 2.847 | 4.582 |
US 20 (26th Street) to US 19 / State Street | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 505KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 505 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 2.847 mi (4.582 km) |
| Existed | 1932–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | PA 97 in Millcreek Township |
| North end | US 20 in Erie |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Erie |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 504   PA 507 | |


title: Héctor Magnetto

abstract: Héctor Horacio Magnetto is an Argentine executive CEO of the Clarín Group, the country's largest media company.

text:
# Héctor Magnetto

**Héctor Horacio Magnetto** (born 9 July 1944) is an Argentine executive CEO of the Clarín Group, the country's largest media company.

## Life and career

Magnetto was born in Chivilcoy in 1944, and enrolled at the University of La Plata, where he earned a degree in accountancy with honors. He became affiliated with the Integration and Development Movement (MID), a pro-industry political party, and on March 2, 1972, was hired as an advisor to Ernestina Herrera de Noble, the director and majority owner of *Clarín*, the most widely circulated newspaper in the Hispanic world. Despite its large circulation, *Clarín* suffered financial difficulties when Mrs. Noble, widow of founder Roberto Noble, inherited the director's post. She turned to one of the latter's most prominent allies, economist and wholesaler Rogelio Julio Frigerio, who lent *Clarín* US$10 million in 1971. The paper continued to endorse Frigerio's centrist MID platform, which centered on government support for infrastructure investment and import substitution industrialization. On Frigerio's advice, Mrs. Noble brought in Magnetto, who later took charge of the newspaper's finances. The young accountant persuaded Mrs. Noble to shed superfluous assets such as a company helicopter, and to begin negotiations with the owners of *La Nación* (Mitre family), *La Prensa* (Pas family) and *La Razón* (Peralta Ramos family) to take part in a federally sponsored establishment of a newsprint manufacturer. The plan, to cut costs by eliminating the need for imported newsprint, culminated in the inauguration of the *Papel Prensa* newsprint facility in 1978. Magnetto served as CEO of Papel Prensa, alternating with the directorship of *La Nación*, during subsequent years. He displaced most of his fellow MID-oriented colleagues at the newspaper in 1981, and afterwards became President and CEO. Keen to political trends, Magnetto spearheaded Clarín's vocal opposition to the administration of the populist-turned-conservative President, Carlos Menem, after the latter's re-election in 1995. He nevertheless maintained cordial relations with the runner-up of that campaign, Justicialist Party Governor Eduardo Duhalde, who was appointed President by the Argentine Congress following the December 2001 riots in Argentina that led to the resignation of his predecessor, Fernando De la Rua. Magnetto was able to parlay this understanding into Duhalde's support for a "Law of Preservation of Cultural Patrimony," which limited foreign ownership of local media to 30%, thereby protecting the Clarín Group's core businesses. The group had suffered steep losses during the 1999-2002 crisis, and the bill (passed in July 2003, dubbed the "Clarín Law" by detractors), helped solidify its finances. The company recovered alongside the Argentine economy in subsequent years, and by 2006, had acquired Cablevisión, its Multicanal cable unit's leading competitor. Magnetto had worsening health problems, chief among them esophageal cancer in early 2007, which for a time led to speculation as to his continuity as CEO of the Clarín group, as well as to a possible dispute over his 30% share in the company. Magnetto reacted positively to treatment, and underwent subsequent speech therapy.

He was on hand for the October 22, 2007, Clarín IPO in the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, and continued to preside over the group. Former Argentine President Néstor Kirchner alleged that, during the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, Magnetto offered a supportive spin on the administration's case for higher export tariffs, in exchange for an amenable treatment of the media group's acquisition of a significant stake in Telecom Argentina (a potential anti-trust law violation); the hitherto cordial relations between Kirchnerism and the Clarín Group soured during the conflict. Subsequently, Magnetto was one of 200 individuals investigated by the government for money laundering, mainly related to tax evasion.

Magnetto was named in a 2010 testimony by Lidia Papaleo, whose husband David Graiver owned Papel Prensa from 1973 until his death in 1976, as a key instigator of her torture by the police in 1977; Papaleo cited this as the reason for her selling her shares in *La Opinión* and Papel Prensa at the time. The newspaper Clarin published that Papaleo "recanted her testimony," violating every ethical standard of journalism. In fact, Papaleo confirmed in the trial that she and her family were under great psychological pressure and forced to sell Papel Prensa. Magnetto was found innocent in 2016.

## InfoBox

| Héctor Horacio Magnetto | |
| --- | --- |
| Magnetto in 1978 | |
| Born | (1944-07-09) 9 July 1944<br>Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Alma mater | University of La Plata |
| Occupation | CEO |


title: Gambling in Russia

abstract: Gambling in Russia is legal in four regional subject areas, and in 2009 was made illegal in all other areas of Russia.

text:
# Gambling in Russia

**Gambling in Russia** is legal in four regional subject areas, and in 2009 was made illegal in all other areas of Russia.

## History

### In Soviet Union

At the end of 1927, the People’s Commissar of the Interior presented a report devoted to gambling and the gaming business existing at that time to the RSFSR SPC. The main idea voiced through the report was that its incompatibility of an idle, bourgeois pastime with the true spirit of the working proletariat. And, regardless of the rather modest figures in the gaming sector (for example, only 4 small gaming houses operated in Leningrad at that time), the key prohibitive provisions in the report were approved.

All this led to a ban on the opening of gambling houses in worker districts, it was followed by a ban on gambling in the entire districts, and later, on May 8, 1928, by the resolution of the USSR SPC, all Soviet Republics were instructed, the reasons not being explained, "to take measures on the immediate closure of any facilities for card games, roulette, lotto and other kinds of gambling". The closure of gaming houses and the gambling ban were pushed by the penal policy course shaped by the Soviet state, providing for overall reinforcement of criminal sanctions in the country and the modification of the state's penitentiary policy upon the whole. Later, lotteries were also restricted. On June 6, 1928, the Workers-Peasants’ Government of the RSFSR issues the resolution, "On Banning the Draw of Liquors in Lotteries". First, on January 1, 1930, the USSR SPC issues the resolution "On the Procedure of Issuing Permits for Lottery Arrangement", and then, on August 31, 1932, another USSR SPC Resolution #1336 was announced, "On the Regulation of the Lottery Business".

### Perestroika and casinos boom

The first slot machines which appeared in the country quite lawfully, were installed only in 1988 in hotels which were part of the USSR State Committee of Foreign Tourism (Goscomintourist). Within the system, the All-Russian Business External Trade Union (VHVO) "Intourservice" is set up, developing new kinds of additional services for foreign tourists, payable in free convertible currency. And private businesses have no access to gambling operations. Despite an eagerness to deal with slot machine installation and operation, the Soviete authorities allowed it only within its state structures, only as an experiment. To be on the safe side, there was a legal reminder that the business still cannot be entered. On December 29, 1988, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued another resolution, this time "On the Regulation of Certain Activities of Cooperatives According to the Law on Cooperation in the USSR", which, in particular, stressed that cooperatives are not entitled to perform gambling operations.

On August 23, 1989, the Soviet government lifted its ban on gambling and opened the first gambling house in Moscow. The first slot machines began to be installed in 1988 in the hotels of the USSR State Committee for Tourism. In the first year, 226 slot machines with cash prizes were installed in Intourist hotels in Moscow, Leningrad, Sochi, Yalta, Minsk, Tallinn, Vyborg and Pyatigorsk. The first casino in the USSR, Astoria Palace, opened in the Estonian SSR in the spring of 1989 at the Palace Hotel in Tallinn. The second casino was opened in Moscow on August 23, 1989 at the Savoy Hotel.

## Current status

In 2009, gambling was banned almost everywhere in Russia. The only exceptions are four specific arranged zones, namely "Altai Palace" in the Altai Republic, "Sobranie" in Kaliningrad, "Casino Sochi" in Krasnaya Polyana near Sochi and "Shambala" and "Tigre de Cristal" in Artyom near Vladivostok. The Azov City gambling complex in Krasnodar was closed in 2015.

## 2007 gambling law

Gambling may be arranged solely by registered legal entities according to the set procedure within the Russian Federation.

The law contemplates that four gaming zones will be created within the Russian Federation; meanwhile no more than one gaming zone may be created within one and the same constituent entity. Gaming zones are to be set up within the Altay, Primorie and Kaliningrad regions and on the border between the Krasnodar region and Rostov region.

The names of the territories are "**Siberian Coin**" (Altay), "**Yantarnaya**" (Kaliningrad region), "**Azov-city**" (Rostov region), "**Primorie**" (Primorie region), and "**Crimea**" (Crimea region).

The gambling operator should submit the data needed for exercising control of compliance with the legislative requirements. The net assets of the gambling operator cannot be less than: 600 million roubles (for operators of casinos and slot halls) and 100 million roubles (for operators of bookmakers' offices and totalisators).

Bookmakers' offices and totalisators, apart from those opened within gaming zones, may be opened solely based on licences, the procedure of issuing which will be determined by the government The customer service area for gamblers in casinos cannot be less than 800 square metres. The customer service area in a casino shall feature at least ten gaming tables. Should slot machines be installed in the casino customer service area, the area of the slot machine zone cannot be less than 100 square metres and the zone shall feature at least 50 slot machines. The technically implied average winnings (payback) from a slot machine cannot be less than 90 percent.

The law came into effect as of January 1, 2007. The gambling facilities which comply with the above-mentioned requirements may continue their operations till June 30, 2009, without obtaining permits for activities on gambling organisation and arrangement in gaming zones. Any gambling facilities that fail to comply with the requirements set out by the law shall be closed by July 1, 2007. Gambling operations using information and telecommunication networks, including the Internet, and communication means, including mobile communications, are prohibited.

Gaming business licensing was also changed. In fact, there remained only one activity to be licensed – the organisation and arrangement of gambling in bookmakers’ offices and totalisators. In legal terms, gambling operations in casinos and slot halls will exist only on a pro forma basis as of July 1, 2007 and as of July 1, 2009, licensing will be completely substituted with a system of permits and shift to a regional level from a federal one. The latest edition of the law on gambling business falls on March 28, 2017. This Act regulates the legal framework of state control over the activities of institutions that organize gambling. The Act introduces restrictions on the exercise of this activity in order to protect citizens' morals and the legitimate interests of the population.

The legal gambling age in Russia is 18.

## Taxation

In 2004, the Law #142-FZ “On Gambling Tax” being in effect for a sixth year, Chapter 29 “Gambling Tax” of the Russian Federation's Tax Code came into effect. A new and the most complicated stage in the area of gambling taxation began. As of January 1, 2004, gambling tax became regional and its receipts are transferred to the budgets of the Federation's constituent entities. As of 2004, each region was entitled to independently determine the gambling tax rate within the limits provided for by the Law #142-FZ “On Gambling Tax”. The taxation rate for slot machines with cash winnings was 1,500 to 7,500 roubles and for gaming tables, totalisator cash desks and bookmaker cash desks – 25,000 to 125,000 roubles. Any previous privileges with regard to the gambling tax were cancelled.

Online casino tax rate: fixed amount, monthly 2,500,000 – 3,000,000 RUB (payable by online sports betting licence holders, the only kind of online gambling licence available in Russia).

## Poker and online gambling

Poker in Russia was very popular during the collapse of the USSR, when people started being interested in Western culture and values. In the Soviet Union it was possible to play poker only in cellar clubs or the casino. In addition, players often gathered in private flats. By the end of the 90s it was the first attempt to hold poker tournaments, but it did not get the widespread popularity at the time.

In 2010, the Russian Masters Poker Cup was held in one of the legal poker zones, Azov City. This event did not cause much popularity, since the location of the gambling zone was unsuccessful, two casinos were in an empty field. The hotel in the casino had only 14 rooms. The zone became popular with players from Rostov-on-Don, while the rest preferred to play via the Internet, or traveled to the CIS countries, where live poker was not prohibited.


title: Penpont

abstract: Penpont is a village about 2 miles (3 km) west of Thornhill in Dumfriesshire, in the Dumfries and Galloway region of Scotland. It is near the confluence of the Shinnel Water and Scaur Water rivers in the foothills of the Southern Uplands. It has a population of about 400 people.

text:
# Penpont

**Penpont** is a village about 2 miles (3 km) west of Thornhill in Dumfriesshire, in the Dumfries and Galloway region of Scotland. It is near the confluence of the Shinnel Water and Scaur Water rivers in the foothills of the Southern Uplands. It has a population of about 400 people.

## Archaeology

There are several archaeological sites nearby, including Late Bronze Age hill forts on Tynron Doon and Grennan Hill and a long cairn at Capenoch Loch dating from the 2nd or 3rd century.

## History

The toponym *Penpont* means "bridge-head" in the Cumbric language once spoken in the region.

The A702 road passes through Penpont. West of Thornhill it crosses the River Nith on a two-arched stone bridge in Penpont parish. It was built in the 1760s after the presbytery of Penpont raised £680 toward the cost. Work started about 1774, but in 1776 the bridge collapsed. The bridge was completed in 1778 and strengthened in 1930–31. It is a Category A listed building.

Penpont's Church of Scotland parish church is a Gothic Revival building completed in 1867. It is a Category B listed building. It has an Art Nouveau Communion table made in 1923.

Penpont's war memorial was made by Glasgow sculptor William Kellock Brown and installed in 1920. It is a bronze statue of an infantryman, with his rifle pointing downwards, his hands resting on the butt and his head slightly bowed.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Penpont | |
| --- | --- |
| Crossroads at the centre of Penpont | |
| PenpontLocation within Dumfries and Galloway | |
| OS grid reference | NX8494 |
| Civil parish | * Penpont |
| Council area |  |
| Lieutenancy area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Thornhill |
| Postcode district | DG3 |
| Dialling code | 01848 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
|


title: I'll Have to Let Him Go

abstract: "I'll Have to Let Him Go" is a 1962 song and single written, composed and produced by William "Mickey" Stevenson and issued on the Gordy (Motown) label. it is notable for being one of two singles that marked the Motown debut of Martha and the Vandellas. The song is about ending a romantic relationship, as its narrator, after seeing her lover kissing and holding another, realizing its over and decides she going “to set him free” even though "it's gonna hurt (her) so". Originally recorded when the group was just renamed the Vels, the song was one of the first of many recordings led by Martha Reeves; original member Gloria Williams was the group's lead singer up until this point. The song was intended for Mary Wells, but when Wells could not make the session, Martha, then an assistant and secretary to Stevenson, was asked to sing it in her place as a demo record, and she recruited her groupmates Rosalind Ashford, Gloria Williams and Annette Beard to back her. The performance so impressed Stevenson and label president Berry Gordy that they signed the group to the label, decided to release the song as a single, and recorded another single for release, the Williams led "You'll Never Cherish A Love So True('Til You Lose It)" / "There He Is". But by the time of its release the Vels would become first "the Vandellas" and then finally "Martha and the Vandellas". Also around this time, Williams would leave the quartet, deciding that show business was too rigorous, making them a trio from then onward. The Williams-led single was released at the same time as this one, but on the Mel-O-Dy subsidiary and still credited to "the Vells" [sic]. Neither singles charted, but five months later they would release their first hit single, "Come and Get These Memories". The flip side "My Baby Won't Come Back" was co-written by Reeves and Stevenson, and produced by the latter. It was recorded by the Marvelettes on the same day as Reeves and her group' version, May 8, 1962, but their version would not be released until 2011.

text:
# I'll Have to Let Him Go

"**I'll Have to Let Him Go**" is a 1962 song and single written, composed and produced by William "Mickey" Stevenson and issued on the Gordy (Motown) label. it is notable for being one of two singles that marked the Motown debut of Martha and the Vandellas. The song is about ending a romantic relationship, as its narrator, after seeing her lover kissing and holding another, realizing its over and decides she going “to set him free” even though "it's gonna hurt (her) so".

Originally recorded when the group was just renamed the **Vels** (from the Del-Phis), the song was one of the first of many recordings led by Martha Reeves; original member Gloria Williams was the group's lead singer up until this point. The song was intended for Mary Wells, but when Wells could not make the session, Martha, then an assistant and secretary to Stevenson, was asked to sing it in her place as a demo record, and she recruited her groupmates Rosalind Ashford, Gloria Williams and Annette Beard to back her. The performance so impressed Stevenson and label president Berry Gordy that they signed the group to the label, decided to release the song as a single, and recorded another single for release, the Williams led "You'll Never Cherish A Love So True('Til You Lose It)" / "There He Is (At My Door)". But by the time of its release the Vels would become first "**the Vandellas**" and then finally "**Martha and the Vandellas**". Also around this time, Williams would leave the quartet, deciding that show business was too rigorous, making them a trio from then onward. The Williams-led single was released at the same time as this one, but on the Mel-O-Dy subsidiary and still credited to "***the Vells***"  \[*sic*\]. Neither singles charted, but five months later they would release their first hit single, "Come and Get These Memories".

The flip side "My Baby Won't Come Back" was co-written by Reeves and Stevenson, and produced by the latter. It was recorded by the Marvelettes on the same day as Reeves and her group' version, May 8, 1962, but their version would not be released until 2011.

## Personnel

1. The Complete Motown Singles Vol. 2: 1962 \[liner notes\]. New York: Hip-O Select/Motown/Universal Records
2. 50th Anniversary: The Singles Collection 1962-1972 \[CD liner notes\]. New York: Hip-O Select/Motown/Universal Records
3. "The Vandellas". *History-of-rock.com*. 1972-12-21. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
4. Warner, Jay, ed. (2006). *American Singing Groups: A History, From 1940 to Today*. Hal Leonard. p. 584. ISBN 0-634-09978-7. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
5. "Don't Forget the Motor City". *Dftmc.info*. Retrieved 2016-09-26.

## InfoBox

| "I'll Have to Let Him Go" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Martha and the Vandellas | |
| from the album  *Come and Get These Memories* | |
| B-side | "My Baby Won't Come Back" |
| Released | September 27, 1962 (U.S.) |
| Recorded | August 1, 1962, Hitsville U.S.A. (Studio A), Detroit, Michigan |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:04 |
| Label | Gordy
G 7011 |
| Songwriter(s) | William "Mickey" Stevenson |
| Producer(s) | William "Mickey" Stevenson |
| Martha and the Vandellas singles chronology | |
| "I'll Let You Know"
(1961) "**I'll Have to Let Him Go**"
(1962) "Come and Get These Memories"
(1963) | |


title: Perryville Regional Airport

abstract: Perryville Regional Airport is a city-owned public-use airport located nine nautical miles (17 km) north of the central business district of Perryville, a city in Perry County, Missouri, United States.

text:
# Perryville Regional Airport

**Perryville Regional Airport** (FAA LID: **PCD (formerly K02)**) (also known as McBride Airport / Perryville Municipal Airport) is a city-owned public-use airport located nine nautical miles (17 km) north of the central business district of Perryville, a city in Perry County, Missouri, United States.

## Facilities and aircraft

Perryville Regional Airport covers an area of 351 acres (142 ha) at an elevation of 372 feet (113 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 2/20 with a concrete surface measuring 7,003 by 100 feet (2,135 x 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending June 30, 2011, the airport had 5,900 total aircraft operations, an average of 16 per day: 86% general aviation, 8% military and 5% air taxi. At that time there were nine aircraft based at this airport: eight single-engine and one helicopter.

## History

The airport was built in 1942 by the United States Army Air Forces as a primary (stage 1) pilot training airfield assigned to AAF Flying Training Command, Southeast Training Center (later Eastern Flying Training Command). It was named **Chester Army Airfield** and consisted of two parallel 2000' runways aligned NNE/SSW (02/20).

Flight training was provided by Anderson Air Activities to the aviation cadets assigned to the airfield and Fairchild PT-19s were the primary trainer used. Pilot training at the airfield apparently ended on 30 May 1944, with the drawdown of AAFTC's pilot training program. The airfield was turned over to civil control at the end of the war though the War Assets Administration (WAA).

The name of Perryville Regional Airport and ICAO codes were changed from Perryville Municipal Airport and K02 on March 2, 2017.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* Manning, Thomas A. (2005), *History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002*. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas OCLC 71006954, 29991467
* Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), *Locating Air Force Base Sites, History’s Legacy*, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC. OCLC 57007862, 1050653629

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for PCD PDF, effective 2009-07-02.

## InfoBox

| Perryville Regional Airport<br>Chester Army Airfield | |
| --- | --- |
| 2006 USGS Orthophoto | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | City of Perryville |
| Serves | Perryville, Missouri |
| Location | Perry County, Missouri, near Chester, Illinois |
| Elevation AMSL | 372 ft / 113 m |
| Coordinates | 37°52′07″N 89°51′44″W / 37.86861°N 89.86222°W / 37.86861; -89.86222 |
| Map | |
| **PCD**Location of Perryville Municipal Airport | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  2/20 7,003 2,135 Concrete | |
| Statistics (2008) | |
| Aircraft operations 5,900  Based aircraft 9 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Hạ Lang district

abstract: Hạ Lang is a rural district of Cao Bằng province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 26,330. The district covers an area of 463 km². The district capital lies at Thanh Nhật.

text:
# Hạ Lang district

**Hạ Lang** is a rural district of Cao Bằng province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 26,330. The district covers an area of 463 km². The district capital lies at Thanh Nhật.

22°45′00″N 106°45′00″E / 22.750°N 106.750°E / 22.750; 106.750

## InfoBox

| Hạ Lang district Huyện Hạ Lang | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| View of Minh Long | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Northeast |
| Province | Cao Bằng |
| Capital | Thanh Nhật |
| Area | |
| Total | 179 sq mi (463 km2) |
| Population (2003) | |
| Total | 26,330 |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (Indochina Time) |


title: Perceptual Evaluation of Video Quality

abstract: Perceptual Evaluation of Video Quality (PEVQ) is an end-to-end (E2E) measurement algorithm to score the picture quality of a video presentation by means of a 5-point mean opinion score (MOS). It is, therefore, a video quality model. PEVQ was benchmarked by the Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG) in the course of the Multimedia Test Phase 2007–2008. Based on the performance results, in which the accuracy of PEVQ was tested against ratings obtained by human viewers, PEVQ became part of the new International Standard.

text:
# Perceptual Evaluation of Video Quality

**Perceptual Evaluation of Video Quality** **(PEVQ)** is an end-to-end (E2E) measurement algorithm to score the picture quality of a video presentation by means of a 5-point mean opinion score (MOS). It is, therefore, a video quality model. PEVQ was benchmarked by the Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG) in the course of the Multimedia Test Phase 2007–2008. Based on the performance results, in which the accuracy of PEVQ was tested against ratings obtained by human viewers, PEVQ became part of the new International Standard.

## Application

The measurement algorithm can be applied to analyze visible artifacts caused by a digital video encoding/decoding (or transcoding) process, radio- or IP-based transmission networks and end-user devices. Application scenarios address next generation networking and mobile services and include IPTV (Standard-definition television and HDTV), streaming video, Mobile TV, video telephony, video conferencing and video messaging.

The measurement paradigm is to assess degradations of a decoded video sequence output from the network (for example as received by a TV set top box) in comparison to the original reference picture (broadcast from the studio). Consequently, the setup is referred to as end-to-end (E2E) quality testing.

## Algorithm

The development for picture quality analysis algorithms available today started with still image models which were later enhanced to also cover motion pictures. PEVQ is full-reference algorithm (see the classification of models in video quality) and analyzes the picture pixel-by-pixel after a temporal alignment (also referred to as 'temporal registration') of corresponding frames of reference and test signal. PEVQ MOS results range from 1 (bad) to 5 (excellent) and indicate the perceived quality of the decoded sequence.

PEVQ is based on modeling the behavior of the human visual system. In addition to an overall MOS score, PEVQ quantifies abnormalities in the video signal by a variety of KPIs, including PSNR, distortion indicators and lip-sync delay.

## Further reading

* ITU-T Rec. P.910 Subjective video quality assessment methods for multimedia applications
* Digital Video Quality, Stefan Winkler, Wiley, March 2005, ISBN 0-470-02404-6
* PEVQ Paper MMSP 2007, IEEE 9th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing
* VQEG Multimedia Test Plan and Final Report
* Testing MPEG based IP video QoE/QoS


title: Gambling in Souls

abstract: Gambling in Souls is a 1919 American silent crime drama film directed by Harry F. Millarde and starring Madlaine Traverse, Herbert Heyes, Murdock MacQuarrie, Lew Zehring, Mary McIvor, and Henry A. Barrows. The film was released by Fox Film Corporation on March 9, 1919.

text:
# Gambling in Souls

***Gambling in Souls*** is a 1919 American silent crime drama film directed by Harry F. Millarde and starring Madlaine Traverse, Herbert Heyes, Murdock MacQuarrie, Lew Zehring, Mary McIvor, and Henry A. Barrows. The film was released by Fox Film Corporation on March 9, 1919.

## Plot

## Cast

## Preservation

The film is now considered lost.

## InfoBox

| Gambling in Souls | |
| --- | --- |
| Advertisement for *Gambling in Souls* on pages 1289 of the *Moving Picture World* (March 8, 1919) | |
| Directed by | Harry F. Millarde |
| Written by | Denison Clift |
| Story by | Samuel J. Warshawsky |
| Starring | Madlaine Traverse
Herbert Heyes
Murdock MacQuarrie
Lew Zehring
Mary McIvor
Henry A. Barrows |
| Cinematography | Harry W. Gerstad |
| Production
company | Fox Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Fox Film Corporation |
| Release date | * March 9, 1919 (1919-03-09) |
| Running time | 6 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent film
(English intertitles) |


title: Satin flycatcher

abstract: The satin flycatcher is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. Males stand out with their blue-black feathers contrasting their white bellies, and the females with their bright orange throats. It breeds mostly in south-eastern Tasmania and Australia. It is declining throughout the eastern seaboard due to predation from the introduced Red Fox and habitat loss. It is a vagrant to New Zealand.

text:
# Satin flycatcher

The **satin flycatcher** (***Myiagra cyanoleuca***) is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. Males stand out with their blue-black feathers contrasting their white bellies, and the females with their bright orange throats. It breeds mostly in south-eastern Tasmania and Australia. It is declining throughout the eastern seaboard due to predation from the introduced Red Fox and habitat loss. It is a vagrant to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The satin flycatcher was originally described in the genus *Platyrhynchos*. Alternate names include **satin Myiagra** and **satin Myiagra-flycatcher**. The name *Myiagra* is derived from the Ancient Greek*muia*’, meaning ‘fly’ (insect), and ‘*agreo’*, meaning ‘seize’ (thus, ‘flycatcher’). *Cyanoleuca* is derived from ‘*cyanos’ (*blue) and ‘*leucos*’ (white).

The satin flycatcher is a member of the Monarchidae family, or the Monarchs, which contains around 100 small, passerine, insectivorous birds. The family stretches across much of the planet, with species living in Africa, Asia and the pacific amongst other areas.

The genus *Myiagra* is distinct from other members of the Monarchidae family by their obvious sexual dimorphism, egg patterns, and unpatterned crests. Most have black bills, orange mouths, and the males have glossy, shiny feathers. The *Myiagra* genus are mainly distributed in the Australasia region, existing almost exclusively in Australia, New Zealand, and other pacific islands.

The satin flycatcher is distinct from other flycatchers by the male’s deep blue and white plumage, and the shiny ‘satin’ appearance of it. Other similar flycatchers include the Broad-billed flycatcher (*Myiagra ruficollis*) and the Leaden flycatcher (*Myiagra rubecula).* The broad-billed flycatcher is similar in appearance to the female *Myiagra cyanoleuca* and has less distinct sexual dimorphism*,* while the Leaden flycatcher appears even more similar, having the same colourations of *Myiagra cyanoleuca's* male to female dimorphisms. The distributions of these species sets them apart; the Satin flycatcher is far more common in the south-east, whereas the other two flycatchers are distributed across Queensland and the Northern Territory.

## Description

The satin flycatcher is a small bird, around 17 cm tall, and weighing around 17g. They have a small, sharp, pointed beak used for catching small invertebrates (insects). The species has sexually dimorphic characteristics; the male birds are a glossy black-blue colour, with a white belly and small crest upon their head, while the females are a dusty brown-grey colour with a bright orange chest and throat, and a white belly. They stand upright, and their tail feathers spread out to form a ‘fan’ shape.

## Distribution

The satin flycatcher is most common in south-eastern Australia, where it likes to breed in the warmer months, but will live year-round on the east-coast of Australia in New South Wales, Queensland, and even Papua New Guinea. They also stretch along the southern coast of Australia into South Australia. They are vagrant to New Zealand.

## Breeding

The satin flycatcher migrates to south-east Australia in November and remain there until early January to breed. They mate and remain in pairs over the breeding season, working together to raise their chicks. The Satin flycatcher prefers to lay their eggs in various *Eucalyptus* species in high branches (5-25m high), and often nest in similar areas to previous years. They lay two to three greenish blue with brown spotted eggs in a neat nest made of bark, spider's web and moss.

## InfoBox

| Satin flycatcher | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Monarchidae |
| Genus: | *Myiagra* |
| Species: | ***M. cyanoleuca*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myiagra cyanoleuca***
(Vieillot, 1818) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Platyrhynchos cyanoleucus* | |