# Green Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election

The Green Party of Canada ran a full slate of 308 candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election. Some of these candidates have separate biography pages; relevant information about other candidates may be found here.

The candidates are listed by province and riding name.

## Prince Edward Island

### Sharon Labchuk (Malpeque)

She previously ran for the Green Party in the 2004 federal election, also in Malpeque, but lost to Wayne Easter of the Liberal Party of Canada. Labchuk received 1,037 votes to Easter's 9,782.

## Nova Scotia

### Chris Milburn (Sydney—Victoria)

Milburn is a physician. He was born in Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, and trained in emergency and family medicine at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. He held several medical positions in and around the Kingston area after graduating, including a stint as a clinic doctor in Lansdowne after the small community lost its previous doctor (*KWS*, 22 November 2000). Milburn is also a skilled athlete, and has participated in several triathlons. He was a member of the *Kingston Whig-Standard'*s community editorial board in the late 1990s, and frequently contributed to its columns (*KWS*, 11 October 2000).

Milburn joined the Green Party shortly before the 2000 federal election, and campaigned in the Ontario riding of Kingston and the Islands. He emphasized health issues, and wrote against the privatisation of prescription medicine (*KWS*, 1 November 2000). He received 2,652 votes (5.18%), the best showing for a Green candidate outside of British Columbia. Milburn defeated Fred Perel to win the Green Party of Ontario nomination for Kingston and the Islands in the 2003 provincial election (*KWS*, 9 October 2002), but left for a job in New Brunswick shortly before the campaign (*KWS*, 8 September 2003).

At the time of the 2004 election, Milburn was a physician with the emergency unit at Cape Breton Regional Hospital (*Medical Post*, 15 June 2004). He had recently purchased the historic site of the old City Hospital, where he planned to build a "green" neighbourhood. He was 34 years old. He received 855 votes, finishing fourth.

As of 2005, Milburn is the GPC's Healthcare Advocate.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 federal | Kingston and the Islands | Green | 2,652 | 5.18 | 5/5 | Peter Milliken, Liberal |
| 2004 federal | Sydney—Victoria | Green | 855 |  | 4/6 | Mark Eyking, Liberal |
| 2006 federal | Sydney—Victoria | Green | 1,336 |  | 4/4 | Mark Eyking, Liberal |

### Nick Wright (Halifax)

Nick Wright ran in the Halifax riding and received 1948 votes, 3.9% of the popular vote in a riding dominated by long-time NDP candidate Alexa McDonough.

## Quebec

### Adam Sommerfeld (Longueuil—Pierre-Boucher)

Sommerfeld is both a young politician and a veteran environmental activist. While in high school, he started the LEAF (Lisgar Environmental Action Force) organization and affiliated it with the Sierra Youth Coalition. He was also active with the OPIRG-affiliated group Enviro-Action while attending the University of Ottawa. He holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Concordia University in Montreal.

He joined the Green Party of Canada in 2000 at age eighteen, and campaigned under its banner in the 2000 federal election. The 2006 campaign was his third for the party.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 federal | Ottawa—Vanier | Green | 1,083 | 2.25 | 5/9 | Mauril Bélanger, Liberal Party of Canada |
| 2004 federal | Mount Royal | Green | 1,046 | 2.8 | 5/7 | Irwin Cotler, Liberal Party of Canada |
| 2006 federal | Longueuil—Pierre-Boucher | Green | 1,995 | 4.0 | 5/6 | Caroline St-Hilaire, Bloc Québécois |

## Ontario

### Beaches—East York: Jim Harris

Jim Harris was the leader of the Green Party of Canada.

### Brampton—Springdale: Ian Raymond Chiocchio

Chiocchio holds a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from Brock University, and completed a two-year management training program with a Fortune 500 company. He was assistant manager of the Brock University pub, and as of 2006 is the co-owner of a landscaping business. He received 1,853 votes (3.93%), finishing fourth against Liberal incumbent Ruby Dhalla.

### Brant: Adam King

**Adam King** was born in London, Ontario. He spent most of his childhood and teenage years in Bangladesh, where his family worked for a Baptist non-governmental organization, and he became interested in social issues at an early age. King's family returned to Canada in 1999, and he later took a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from York University (2007). He was twenty-three years old during the 2006 campaign.

King has also run for the Brantford city council. He served on the City of Brantford's heritage committee, planning department, and cultural network from 2006 to 2008, and in 2007 he started an ethical coffee chain.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 federal | Brant | Green | 2,729 | 4.57 | 4/6 | Lloyd St. Amand, Liberal |
| 2006 municipal | Brantford, Council Ward Five | n/a | 774 | 9.52 | 4/6 | Marguerite Ceschi-Smith and John K. Bradford |

### Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound: Shane Jolley

Shane Jolley ran the most successful Green Party campaign in the 2006 election.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 federal | Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound | Green | 6,735 | 12.91% | 3/4 | Larry Miller, Conservative |

### Carleton—Mississippi Mills: Jake Cole

Jake Cole has lived in Kanata with his wife and two children for over 28 years. He is an active member of the local community, volunteering with the Scouts Canada Kanata branch, the Canadian Mental Health Association, the Earl of March Secondary School Parent's Council, and coaching community baseball, soccer and hockey.

Educated as a civil engineer in Ottawa, Jake has spent more than thirty years working as a public servant for the federal government. In that time, he has led the Canadian contingent on the International Energy Agency's projects in solar, wind, and renewable energy. He also led Canada's R-2000 Home Energy Program, created and led a unique health and well-being program for 11,000 federal employees and currently manages the Canadian Coast Guard's environmental program.

As a long-standing community member, Jake has been very active in a variety of campaigns and grass roots political movements. In 1990, Jake Cole helped form the first Green Party of Canada chapter in Kanata. Jake has been an active campaigner against cosmetic pesticides use on lawns and playing fields. Jake is the communication advisor for the Canadian Organic Growers. Jake made submissions to the Kirby and Romanow Health Commissions. Jake actively campaigns for health promotion programs.

### Eglinton—Lawrence: Patrick Metzger

Metzger holds an Honours Bachelor of Arts degree in French and English literature from the University of Western Ontario, and a Master of Business Administration from the Richard Ivey School of Business. He worked fifteen years in the banking and brokerage industry, including experience with Merrill Lynch in Hong Kong. After returning to Canada in 2001, he changed careers and became a writer and television producer. He received 2,520 votes (5.12%), finishing fourth against Liberal incumbent Joe Volpe.

### Etobicoke–Lakeshore: Philip Ridge

Philip Ridge ran against Michael Ignatieff who later became the leader of the Liberal Party.

Philip comes from a diverse background of engineering and marketing and currently owns Ridge Energy Consultants Inc www.ridge.ca and The Energy Store www.theenergystore.ca

Philip successfully increased Green Party votes by a high percentage. His main thrust was educating the voters on the amount of toxins produced in the riding - the highest in Toronto.

### Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock: Andy Harjula

**Andy Harjula** was born in Finland and moved to Ontario as a child. He has a diploma in forestry from Lakehead University in Thunder Bay and a Master's Degree in forestry from Colorado State University. He moved to Cavan, Ontario, in 1988.

Harjula worked for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources for twenty-seven years, accepting retirement when Mike Harris's government made cutbacks to the department. He has co-ordinated the establishment and operations of provincial parks and done landscape work. In 2006, he was a director of the Victoria Lands and Water Stewardship Council and the Otonbee Conservation Foundation. He was sixty-three years old when he was nominated as a Green Party candidate in 2005.

He was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada and its antecedents before joining the Greens. Himself a gun owner, he supported the Canadian Firearms Registry in the 2006 election, saying "If (they) are stolen \[...\] I'd like (them) returned."

After the 2006 federal election, Harjula said that he would not seek federal office again. He ran for a council seat in Cavan in 2006 and 2010, finishing a close second both times.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 federal | Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock | Green | 3,017 | 5.02 | 4/4 | Barry Devolin, Conservative |
| 2006 Cavan-Millbrook-North Monaghan municipal | Council, Cavan Ward | n/a | 610 | 31.38 | 2/3 | Jim C. Chaplin |
| 2010 Cavan-Monaghan municipal | Council, Cavan Ward | n/a | 749 | 36.18 | 2/4 | Jim C. Chaplin |

### Hamilton Centre: John Livingstone

Livingstone was born in Hamilton. He is a 22-year veteran of the Canadian Army and has served overseas in Germany and the Golan Heights, where he saw two tours of duty with the United Nations Disengagement Observer force. He was fifty-two years old at the time of the election, and was operations director for a local branch of the Canadian Corps of Commissionaires. Before joining the Green Party, he volunteered for the Liberals (*Hamilton Spectator*, 13 January 2006). He received 2,022 votes (4.23%), finishing fourth against New Democratic Party incumbent David Christopherson.

### Kingston and the Islands: Eric Walton

Walton was born in Ottawa, and grew up in the Middle East, Asia and Europe (*Kingston Whig-Standard*, 21 January 2006). He received an Honours Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Studies from Queen's University in 1983. He is a co-founder of Odyssey Travel and Logkit Inc., both of which he later sold. In 1992, he co-produced and directed "Ancient Futures-Learning From Ladakh", filmed on site in northern India.

Walton was the part-time Agency Director of the Kingston Environmental Action Project from 1986 to 1994 (*KWS*, 7 January 2006), and was active in community affairs. He helped to re-launch the Kingston branch of the Green Party in 1992 (*KWS*, 23 November 1992), and was drafted to campaign for the Green Party of Ontario in 2003 when designated candidate Chris Milburn moved to Nova Scotia.

Walton won the 2006 GPC nomination in late 2004, over George Clark and Queen's Law student Danny Gold (*KWS*, 10 November 2004). He was endorsed by the *Kingston Whig-Standard* newspaper during the campaign (21 January 2006). As of 2007, he is the business manager of a medical clinic and the Green Party of Canada Shadow Cabinet Advocate/Critic for Industry and Entrepreneurship.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 provincial | Kingston and the Islands | Green | 3,137 | 6.55 | 4/5 | John Gerretsen, Liberal |
| 2006 federal | Kingston and the Islands | Green | 5,006 | 8.04 | 4/6 | Peter Milliken, Liberal |
| 2011 federal | Kingston and the Islands | Green | 2,561 | 4.23 | 4/4 | Ted Hsu, Liberal |

### Kitchener Centre: Tony Maas

**Tony Maas** was the federal Green Party candidate for the Kitchener Centre electoral district in Ontario in the 2006 elections. He received 5.6% of the vote in 2822 of 50194 votes cast.

### Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington: Mike Nickerson

Nickerson (born 1951) is a longtime environmental activist. He was a co-director of the Institute for the Study of Cultural Evolution in the 1970s, and helped produce its Guideposts for a Sustainable Future in 1974. In 1977, the background studies which led to the Guideposts were published as *Change the World I Want to Stay On*.

He was a founding member of the Green Party of Canada in 1983, and campaigned under its banner in the 1984 federal election. His mother, Betty Nickerson, was the first ever GPC candidate in a 1983 by-election (*Ottawa Citizen*, 2 January 2006). In 1988, he spoke out against the proposed Canada-United States free trade agreement (*Toronto Star*, 19 November 1988).

He completed production of the Guideposts for a Sustainable Future video in 1990, and published his second book, *Planning for Seven Generations* , in 1993. He is near completion of a third book entitled *Life, Money and Illusion*, and has composed several articles on environmentalism and economics. In 2001, Nickerson collaborated with Liberal Member of Parliament Joe Jordan to create the Canada Well-being Measurement Act (*Kingston Whig-Standard*, 21 February 2001).

In 2002, he wrote an article criticizing the provincial government of Ernie Eves for imposing a freeze on hydro rates. Nickerson supported the energy policies of the previous government of Mike Harris, which he argued encouraged conservation by forcing consumers to pay higher rates.

Nickerson is a woodworker in private life.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984 federal | Leeds—Grenville | Green | 348 |  | 4/5 | Jennifer Cossitt, Progressive Conservative |
| 2006 federal | Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington | Green | 3,115 | 5.24 | 4/7 | Scott Reid, Conservative |

### Leeds—Grenville: David Lee

David Lee was born on February 18, 1968. David was raised in Barrie and Peterborough, Ontario, where he served as an infantry scout, and later, still seventeen, as a squad leader in the Hastings & Prince Edward Mechanized Infantry Regiment. He then put himself through school as a door-to-door salesman earning a B.A. in literature, history, and critical theory from Trent University. After graduation he travelled and then became a tradesman. At the age of twenty-six David spent a year with two friends deep in the woods of the Smoky Mountains of northern Georgia building a log cabin from scratch, living off the land without electricity, and farming its adjacent field.

Upon his return David earned a diploma in script writing from Algonquin College. His first screenplay (the autobiographical story of two young men who embark on an adventure-filled road trip in search of J.D. Salinger) was optioned by CTV. In 1999 David was a government conference reporter, a screenwriter, and a semi-pro lacrosse player. In a pre-season (and pre-contract/insurance) game, David's lower back was permanently damaged. After his surgery he returned to school to earn an M.A. in political science.

David has lived all over North America before settling in Nepean-Carleton on a farm south of Ottawa in the mid-1990s. Since 2001, David has done contract work for several government ministries. Most recently he has worked as a communications officer covering Russia, and the Iraq war for the Department of Foreign Affairs. When David was recovering from his surgeries he taught himself how to sing, play harmonica, and sketch. He has replaced athletics and camping with political philosophy and analysis, song-writing, and other indoor intellectual and artistic pursuits. He also volunteers for moderate environmental groups, disability advocates, and his church, where he sings in the choir. He is currently writing his first novel.

In 2005 David rebuilt the Leeds-Grenville Federal Green Party Association, and won the nomination for the 2006 election. A rookie and parachute candidate, he still managed a top 40 result, increasing his party's 2004 vote by over forty percent.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 Federal | Leeds—Grenville | Green Party of Canada | 3,008 | 5.8 | 4/4 | Gord Brown, Conservative |

### Nepean—Carleton: Lori Gadzala

She is a businesswoman from Manotick, Ontario having lived there for 10 years, and previously lived in Gloucester, Ontario.

A graduate of Algonquin College, Lori runs her own private company South River Partners, a technology marketing writing and communications firm. She has previously worked for Cisco Systems, Nokia, Alcatel, and Gandalf Technologies.

Lori and her husband have received honourable mentions from the Rideau Valley Conservation Authority, and Lori is a brownie leader in her hometown, in addition to other community activities.

### Newmarket—Aurora: Glenn Hubbers

**Glenn Hubbers** is a professional engineer and project manager who has been working in the energy industry since 1989 after graduating from McMaster University with a Bachelor of Engineering. Glenn was instrumental in founding the Newmarket—Aurora Federal Green Party Association  Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine in 2005. The 39th Canadian General Election was Glenn's first time running for federal office. Glenn earned 4.74% of the popular vote, placing 4th to Liberal incumbent Belinda Stronach. Glenn won the nomination contest in 2007 and earned 8.2% of the popular vote in the 40th Canadian General Election Glenn maintains a personal blog which can be found at http://www.hubbers.ca.

Federal election results

| 2008 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Conservative | Lois Brown | 24,873 | 46.73% | +8.68% |
|  | Liberal | Tim Jones | 18,250 | 34.29% | -11.93% |
|  | New Democratic | Mike Seaward | 4,508 | 8.47% | -1.12% |
|  | Green | Glenn Hubbers | 4,381 | 8.23% | +3.46% |
|  | Progressive Canadian | Dorian Baxter | 1,004 | 1.89% | +0.65% |
|  | Christian Heritage | Ray Luff | 211 | 0.40% | N/A |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Liberal | | Swing | |  |

| 2006 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Belinda Stronach | 27,176 | 46.22% | +5.14% |
|  | Conservative | Lois Brown | 22,371 | 38.05% | -4.37% |
|  | New Democratic | Ed Chudak | 5,639 | 9.59% | -0.34% |
|  | Green | Glenn Hubbers | 2,805 | 4.77% | +0.30% |
|  | Progressive Canadian | Dorian Baxter | 729 | 1.24% | -0.86% |
|  | Canadian Action | Peter Maloney | 79 | 0.13% | N/A |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | **Swing** | −4.8 |  |

### Ottawa West—Nepean: Neil Adair

Adair is a businessman, chemist and web designer. Raised in Ottawa, he attended Carleton University and worked for eight years at the Canadian Conservation Institute as an analytical chemist. He then worked for Vickers Instruments for four years, including three years in Santa Clara, California. Desiring a change in life, he moved to the Dominican Republic to begin a windsurfing business. He remained in that country for ten years, starting three businesses and one charity. His windsurfing business was operated by solar panels and a wind generator.

Adair returned to Ottawa in 2001, and expressed an interest in working with solar and wind power. Since then, he has undertaken extensive web design work for the Green Party. Adair has campaigned for the federal party twice, and has also been a candidate of the Green Party of Ontario.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 provincial | Ottawa West—Nepean | Green | 1,309 | 2.66 | 4/5 | Jim Watson, Liberal |
| 2004 federal | Ottawa West—Nepean | Green | 2,748 | 4.79 | 4/7 | Marlene Catterall, Liberal |
| 2006 federal | Ottawa West—Nepean | Green | 2,941 | 4.95 | 4/6 | John Baird, Conservative |

### Peterborough: Brent Wood

**Brent Wood** born in Burlington, Ontario. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Guelph, a Master of Arts degree from Trent University, and a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto. He has taught English at Toronto and Trent, with a focus on Canadian writers, and has also served on the executive of the Canadian Union of Public Employees Local 3908 at Trent. In 2004, he was a member of Peterborough's parks and recreation board. He ran for the Peterborough city council in 2003, opposing the extension of a local parkway. He has been a Green Party candidate in two federal elections.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 municipal | Peterborough Council, Ward Three | n/a | 787 | 11.19 | 4/11 | Bernard Cahill and Bill Juby |
| 2004 federal | Peterborough | Green | 3,182 | 5.52 | 4/2 | Peter Adams, Liberal |
| 2006 federal | Peterborough | Green | 3,205 | 5.05 | 4/6 | Dean Del Mastro, Conservative |

### Richmond Hill: Tim Rudkins

Tim Rudkins won 2379 votes (4.57%)

### St. Catharines: Jim Fannon

*See article on Jim Fannon.*

### Simcoe—Grey: Peter Ellis

Ellis is a businessman and teacher. He holds a Master of Science degree from McGill University in Montreal, began his career as a Biology teacher, and was a school principal for two years at Baffin Island in the Northwest Territories. Ellis has been president of Peachtree Manufacturing Ltd. in 1986, and has served on the CNIB Simcoe/Muskoka District Board and the Halton Regional Conservation Authority.

He first campaigned for the Green Party in Simcoe—Grey in the 2004 election.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 federal | Simcoe—Grey | Green | 2,668 | 4.82 | 4/5 | Helena Guergis, Conservative |
| 2006 federal | Simcoe—Grey | Green | 3,372 | 5.57 | 4/5 | Helena Guergis, Conservative |

### Scarborough Southwest: Valery Philip

Philip is a graduate of the Marketing and Business Program at Seneca College, and worked for a number of years in the corporate world. She is now an aromatherapist, treating patients with AIDS and other serious diseases.

She received 1,827 votes (4.38%), finishing fourth against Liberal incumbent Tom Wappel.

### Scarborough-Guildwood: Mike Flanagan

Flanagan is a graduate of the University of Waterloo, with a degree in Psychology, and minors both in History and Criminology/Legal Studies. He received 1,235 votes (3%), finishing fourth against Liberal incumbent John McKay (politician). He currently serves as a director for the Toronto Vegetarian Association.

### Sudbury: Joey Methé

**Joey Methé** was eighteen years old at the time of the election, and was in his first year of public relations studies at Cambrian College. He is bilingual in English and French, and has promoted youth events focused on Franco-Ontarian culture. During the election, he described Pierre Trudeau as his favourite Canadian politician. He received 1,301 votes (2.73%), finishing fourth against Liberal incumbent Diane Marleau.

### Thornhill: Lloyd Helferty

Lloyd Helferty was born in 1972 in Windsor and grew up in Richmond Hill, where he lived until moving to Thornhill in December 2003. Lloyd graduated from the RCC School of Electronics Technology as an Honours Electronics Technologist in 1995. Lloyd Helferty sits on the Executive of the Green Party of Ontario as Central Representative. He also sits on the Executive of the Richmond Hill Naturalists club. In 2004, Helferty received 1,622 votes (3.0%). His main opponent was Liberal incumbent Susan Kadis.

### Toronto Centre: Chris Tindal

**Chris Tindal** (born June 3, 1981) was a candidate for Ward 27 in the 2010 Toronto municipal election. He was the Green Party of Canada's candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in Toronto Centre in the 2006 federal election and again in a March 17, 2008 by-election in which he placed 3rd with 13.6% of the vote, ahead of the Conservative candidate.

He holds a Bachelor of Arts in Radio and Television from Ryerson University. He is also a musician with two albums to his credit.

Tindal is an interactive media producer and former vice president of the Ontario Recreational Canoeing Association, and has lived in Toronto Centre since 2000. He serves on the board of directors of a boys and girls residential summer camp, and is a contributor to *Torontoist*, a community blog. Tindal was the Democratic Reform Advocate for the Green Party of Canada until August 2008.

Tindal is a coauthor of *A Realistic Energy Plan for Toronto*.

Electoral record

| Canadian federal by-election, March 17, 2008: Toronto Centre | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Bob Rae | 14,187 | 59.2 | +7.0 |
|  | New Democratic | El-Farouk Khaki | 3,299 | 13.8 | −9.9 |
|  | Green | Chris Tindal | 3,263 | 13.6 | +8.4 |
|  | Conservative | Donald Meredith | 2,982 | 12.5 | −5.7 |
|  | Animal Alliance | Liz White | 123 | 0.5 | +0.4 |
|  | Canadian Action | Doug Plumb | 97 | 0.4 | - |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | +8.5 |

| 2006 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Bill Graham | 30,874 | 52.2% | -4.30% |
|  | New Democratic | Michael Shapcott | 14,036 | 23.74% | -0.01% |
|  | Conservative | Lewis Reford | 10,763 | 18.21% | +3.42% |
|  | Green | **Chris Tindal** | 3,080 | 5.21% | +1.30% |
|  | Communist | Johan Boyden | 120 | 0.20% | +0.01% |
|  | Not affiliated | Michel Prairie | 101 | 0.17% | -0.02% |
|  | Animal Alliance | Liz White | 72 | 0.12% | align=right |
|  | Marxist–Leninist | Philip Fernandez | 66 | 0.11% | -0.01% |
|
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −2.1 |  |

### Wellington—Halton Hills: Brent Bouteiller

Bouteiller received a Bachelor of Engineering degree from Carleton University in 1990, and has been involved in a variety of focus groups concerned with transportation issues. He is an entrepreneur, and has operated a model train shop near Fergus, Ontario since 1998.

He joined the Green Party in 1999, and has campaigned for both its federal and provincial wings. In 2003, he campaigned for municipal office. Bouteiller is 37 years old as of 2005, and lives outside of Fergus. He was the GPC's candidate for the 2006 federal election.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 provincial | Waterloo—Wellington | Green | 566 |  | 5/5 | Ted Arnott, Progressive Conservative |
| 2000 federal | Waterloo—Wellington | Green | 432 | 0.96 | 5/6 | Lynn Myers, Liberal |
| 2003 municipal | Council, Centre Wellington, Ward 6 | Ind. | 95 | 10.15 | 3/3 | Ron Hallman |
| 2004 federal | Wellington—Halton Hills | Green | 2,725 | 5.43 | 4/5 | Michael Chong, Conservative |
| 2006 federal | Wellington—Halton Hills | Green | 3,362 | 6.10 | 4/6 | Michael Chong, Conservative |

(The 2003 municipal result is taken from the *Kitchener-Waterloo Record*, 12 November 2003, B8. The final official results were not significantly different.)

### Whitby—Oshawa: Ajay Krishnan

Krishnan was born in India and raised in Kuwait, and moved to Canada with his family at the start of the 1991 Gulf War. He holds a degree in Engineering Science from the University of Toronto, and is a co-founder and Vice-President of Engineering for Savvica Inc., an e-learning software company. He was twenty-three years old during the election, and describes his political background as "centre-right". He received 2,407 votes (3.60%), finishing fourth against Conservative candidate Jim Flaherty.

### Windsor Tecumseh: Catherine Pluard

Catherine was born in Sarnia Ontario, in 1972, and graduated from Lambton College with a diploma in Early Childhood Education in 2000. She moved to Windsor four-years ago to attend university, and at the time of the election was completing a joint BSW degree program in Social Work and Women's Studies. Catherine also served as a substitute educator at a community day nursery, and was a single mother of an eight-year-old daughter.

Catherine is a community activist who is often involved in women's and environmental issues. In previous years Catherine had contributed to the organizing of the December 6 memorial vigil, assisted with organizing "Take Back the Night" marches and other consciousness-raising activities. She was a student representative on both the Women's Studies Curriculum Committee and the Women's Studies Advisory Committee. She was also the representative for joint majors in her degree program in both the Social Work Students Association (SWSA) and the Women's Studies Student Association (WSSA).

### Windsor West: Jillana Bishop

Bishop was born in Windsor, and graduated with Honours from Massey Secondary School (*Windsor Star*, 19 December 2005). She was twenty-four years old during the election, and worked as a machine operator at Haas Precision Corporation (*Windsor Star*, 10 January 2006). She declined to use campaign signs, arguing that they consume resources and pollute the landscape (*Star*, 9 December 2005). She received 1,444 votes (3.03%), finishing fourth against New Democratic Party incumbent Brian Masse.

## Manitoba

### Mike Johannson (Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia)

Johannson (born in St. James, Manitoba) is the son of Joan Johannson, an anti-poverty activist and former Green Party of Manitoba candidate, and Robert Johannson, a former Winnipeg city councillor. He worked at New World Technology for five years, and has been a supervisor at Southern Produce since the early 2000s (decade).

According to a *Winnipeg Free Press* article, he chose to campaign in the 2006 election out of concern for the health of Lake Winnipeg and the Red River.He received 1,700 votes (3.84%), finishing fourth against Conservative incumbent Steven Fletcher.

### Jeff Fountain (Churchill)

Fountain holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology and Environmental Science from the University of Winnipeg. He has worked as an operator trainee with Inco, and previously taught English as a Second Language in Japan (*Winnipeg Free Press*, 3 January 2006). Fountain has reached nidan rank in Judo and Kendo, is a brown belt in Jujutsu, and teaches wrestling in Thompson.

He received 401 votes (1.61%), finishing fifth against Liberal candidate Tina Keeper.

### Tanja Hutter (Elmwood—Transcona)

**Tanja Hutter** has a Bachelor of Arts degree in International Relations, Political Science and German from the University of Manitoba, and works as a researcher, writer, editor and web designer. She has been web editor for Canada's National History Society and *The Beaver*, and was an associate editor for the Encyclopedia of Natural Health. She received 1,211 votes (3.63%), finishing fourth against New Democratic Party incumbent Bill Blaikie.

### Charlie Howatt (Portage—Lisgar)

Howatt holds an Agriculture degree from the University of Manitoba. He was twenty-five years old as of the 2006 election, working in a family farm business with his father and grandfather. The family enterprise grows grain and forages, and raises hogs. Howatt has argued that farmers can reverse a recent trend toward rural decline by adopting environmentally sound policies. He is active with the Pembina Soil and Crop Management Association, and often performs as a guitarist.

Howatt defended the Canadian Wheat Board in the 2006 campaign, and criticized the packing industry for profiteering during western Canada's BSE crisis. He received 1,880 votes (5.10%) in 2006, finishing fourth against Conservative incumbent Brian Pallister.

### Janine Gibson (Provencher)

Gibson was educated at the University of Manitoba and the University of Winnipeg, and has worked as an independent organic inspector since 1993. She is president of Canadian Organic Growers, and has worked toward the adoption of a national organic standard for Canada (*Winnipeg Free Press*, 4 February & 8 June 2004, *Globe and Mail*, 21 April 2005). Gibson teaches other inspectors through the Independent Organic Inspectors Association.

She lives in a solar and wind-powered village known as Northern Sun Farm Cooperative in southeastern Manitoba, and attracted national attention during the 2005-06 campaign when she was forced to live without electricity for twenty-two days in a period of cloudy skies and mild winds. Gibson cited global warming as being responsible for the weather patterns, though she also claims the lack of electricity did not seriously affect her campaign schedule global warming (*Broadcast News*, 17 January 2006; ).

She supported Tom Manley for the leadership of the Green Party in 2004.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 federal | Provencher | Green | 1,100 | 3.05 | 4/4 | Vic Toews, Conservative |
| 2006 federal | Provencher | Green | 1,830 | 4.77 | 4/4 | Vic Toews, Conservative |

### Marc Payette (St. Boniface)

Payette has a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Manitoba, and is a graduate of Red River College's Communication Engineering Technology Program. He was employed for many years with Via Rail, and has been a Meteorological Technician for Environment Canada in Saskatchewan, Ontario and the Northwest Territories. Since 1997, he has worked as a programmer analyst at St. Boniface College in Winnipeg. Payette became president of the Manitoba Government and General Employees Union Local 147 in January 2003, and has volunteered for Festival du Voyageur, the Winnipeg Folk Festival and Big Brothers Big Sisters of Winnipeg. The 2006 election was his second as a candidate.

In 2002, Payette wrote a Letter to the Editor in the *Winnipeg Free Press* endorsing wind power and solar power as energy sources (*WFP*, 4 July 2002).

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 federal | Portage—Lisgar | Green | 856 | 2.46 | 5/6 | Brian Pallister, Conservative |
| 2006 federal | St. Boniface | Green | 1,640 |  | 4/5 | Raymond Simard, Liberal |

### David Michael Carey (Winnipeg North)

Carey has served in the Canadian military, and holds diploma certification as a welder/fitter and an aircraft maintenance engineer. He moved to Manitoba from Ontario in the early 2000s (decade), and worked for Air Canada at the time of the election (*Winnipeg Free Press*, 2 January 2006). He was planning to build an "eco-friendly rammed-earth tire home" in 2006. He received 779 votes (2.86%), finishing fourth against New Democratic Party incumbent Judy Wasylycia-Leis. He campaigned for the leadership of the Green Party of Manitoba in November 2006, and lost to Andrew Basham.

### Wesley Owen Whiteside (Winnipeg South)

Whiteside was twenty-six years old at the time of the election (*Winnipeg Sun*, 15 January 2006 ), and according to a Green Party biography has lived in Winnipeg for his entire life. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Politics and Administrative Studies from the University of Winnipeg, and is working toward the completion of a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Manitoba as of early 2006. He plans to article with the Manitoba government after his graduation. Whiteside also volunteers with the Royal Canadian Air Cadet Program as an Officer in the Reserves.

He received 1,289 votes (3.08%), finishing fourth against Conservative Rod Bruinooge.

### Vere H. Scott (Winnipeg South Centre)

Scott has studied agriculture at the University of Manitoba, and is a retired wildlife biologist. During the 1980s, he served on the provincial Minister of the Environment's advisory committee concerning mosquito control and other matters. He is a veteran environmental activist in Winnipeg, and encouraged composting in the early 1990s. Scott was a founding member of the Green Party of Manitoba, and has served as the party's policy expert. He co-authored the Manitoba Clean Environment Commission's hearings into the City of Winnipeg's polluting sewage collection and treatment system in 2003, and in the 2006 campaign called for cities to stop dumping their sewage (treated or not) into river systems.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 provincial | Lord Roberts | Green | 442 | 6.30 | 4/5 | Diane McGifford, New Democratic Party |
| 2006 federal | Winnipeg South Centre | Green | 1,848 |  | 4/7 | Anita Neville, Liberal |

## Saskatchewan

### Rick Barsky (Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar)

Barsky ran in the federal election of 1993 in Canada for election to the House of Commons of Canada as a candidate for Mel Hurtig's National Party of Canada. He ran again in the federal election of 1997 for the Canadian Action Party, and was a candidate for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in 1999 for the New Green Alliance.

More recently, Rick was the candidate in Saskatoon-Rosetown-Biggar for the Green Party of Canada in the federal elections of 2004 and 2006.

### Don Cameron (Saskatoon—Wanuskewin)

Cameron was born in northeastern Saskatchewan, and attended the University of Saskatchewan. He moved to Ottawa to accept a job in the federal civil service, and later opened a consulting firm. His campaign emphasized a tax on junk food to combat the rising health care expenditures (*Saskatoon Star-Phoenix*, 9 January 2006). He received 1,292 votes (3.59%), finishing fourth against Conservative incumbent Maurice Vellacott.

## Alberta

### Juliet Burgess (Calgary—Nose Hill)

At 18 years of age, Juliet was the youngest candidate running in this election. Burgess is a born and raised Calgarian, an activist and arts worker. She worked with the Rock The Vote youth action committee, spoke for the decriminalization of marijuana and sex work, advocated for more public transit investments in Calgary. Burgess ran the following year in the Alberta Provincial election for the Alberta Greens and has continued to be a social advocate, presently working as a Social Worker with survivors of domestic violence and LGBTQ2S+ populations.

### Kim Warnke (Calgary Southwest)

Warnke is a lifelong resident of Calgary, and was listed as twenty-four years old at the time of the election. She had six years experience on the Calgary Health Authority, and spent a year on the Emergency Department Advisory board as a representative of Nursing Attendants. Warnke has criticized Canada's First Past The Post electoral system, and rejects the accusation that the Green Party was responsible for vote-splitting on the left in the 2004 federal election.

Warnke argued for expanded mass transit services in the 2004 provincial election. In the 2006 campaign, she argued that Alberta needs to use its oil revenues wisely to benefit future generations, and was quoted as saying, "We don't want Alberta to be without oil like Atlantic Canada without cod" (*Calgary Herald*, 21 December 2005).

On September 30, 2006, Warnke was elected as Deputy Leader South for the Alberta Greens.

**Electoral record**
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 provincial | Calgary Currie | Green | 813 |  | 3/5 | Dave Taylor, Liberal |
| 2006 federal | Calgary Southwest | Green | 4,407 | 7.68 | 4/5 | Stephen Harper, Conservative |

### Lynn Lau (Edmonton—Sherwood Park)

## British Columbia

### Karan Bowyer (Okanagan—Coquihalla)

Bowyer is a mother of three who was born and raised in the Kootenays. She graduated from the University of British Columbia and now works for an e-learning company.

### Phil Brienesse(Skeena—Bulkley Valley)

Brienesse is a 32 year old retail manager. He has served on the Town of Smithers, British Columbia Planning and Design Committee since 2002 and was a Director of the Smithers Chamber of Commerce between 2004 and 2005.

### Alex Bracewell (Cariboo—Prince George)

Bracewell is a politician and eco-tourism businessman in West Chilcotin, near Williams Lake, British Columbia. He was elected Director of Electoral Area "J" in the Cariboo Regional District in 2002, and acclaimed in 2005. He was born in Williams Lake but raised in nearby Tatlayoko Lake Valley.

### Hilary Crowley (Prince George—Peace River)

Crowley is a retired physiotherapist from Prince George, British Columbia. She ran unsuccessfully in the 2000 and 2004 federal elections in this riding.

### Matt Greenwood (Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo)

Greenwood is a 25-year-old university student, born in Vancouver and raised in Kamloops. He is working towards a bachelor's degree with a double major in political science and economics, and a minor in philosophy, at Thompson Rivers University. He helped found the Kamloops chapter of the BC Sustainable Energy Association.

### Scott Janzen (Burnaby—New Westminster)

Janzen is a Green Party politician in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. He graduated from the University of Saskatchewan with degrees in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

### Ariel Lade (Victoria)

Ariel Lade (b. 1975 in White Rock) is a Green politician and economist in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. He has earned a master's degree in economics and philosophy at the London School of Economics and toured Eastern Europe.

Lade majored in economics and political science at University of Victoria. He earned a master's degree in economics and philosophy at the London School of Economics.

### Scott Leyland (British Columbia Southern Interior)

Leyland is a 55-year-old physiotherapist from Trail, British Columbia. He also works as a clinical instructor at the University of British Columbia's School of Rehabilitation Sciences.

### Harry Naegel (Okanagan—Shuswap)

Naegel is a horticultural consultant/contractor. He ran unsuccessfully in the 1997, 2000 and 2004 federal elections in the Okanagan—Coquihalla riding. Has run in every federal, provincial and municipal election since 1993.

### Clements Verhoeven (Kootenay—Columbia)

Verhoeven is a 52-year-old born and raised in London, Ontario. He is a high school teacher in Creston, British Columbia. He is bilingual and a published novelist.

## Footnotes


title: Green Party of Colorado

abstract: The Green Party of Colorado (GPCO) is the affiliate of the Green Party of the United States for the state of Colorado.

text:
# Green Party of Colorado

The **Green Party of Colorado** (**GPCO**) is the affiliate of the Green Party of the United States for the state of Colorado.

## Overview

The Green Party of Colorado first attempted to qualify for statewide ballot status in 1994. While the party was unsuccessful in gaining ballot access, the party did qualify for Qualified Political Organization status. This made it possible to register as a Green in Colorado.

The Green Party of Colorado qualified for statewide ballot status in July 1998 and has retained its ballot status ever since.

In 2000, the Green Party of Colorado hosted the 2000 national convention of the Green Party of the United States in Denver.

In the 2006 mid-term elections, Tom Kelly running for U.S. House of Representatives District 1 received 20.2% of the vote, the best finish of any Green running for Congress in 2006.

In 2016, the party's candidate for president was Dr. Jill Stein.

## Elected officials

Current public officeholders:

* Merrily Mazza, City Council, Lafayette
* Bryan Williams, Director School Board District R-1, Ouray County
* Becky Elder, Councillor, City of Manitou Springs

Former public officeholders:

* Art Goodtimes, Board of Commissioners (San Miguel County)
* Scott Chaplin, Board of Trustees, Carbondale
* Jeffery Bergeron, Town Council, Breckenridge (Summit County)
* Wendy Mimiaga, Town Board, Dolores (Cortez County)
* Matt Keefauver, Town Council, Cortez (Montezuma County)
* Charlie Green, School Board, District E, Fremont RE-3
* Peter Gleichman, Mayor, Ward, CO (Boulder County)
* Tanya Ishikawa, Federal Heights City Council, Ward I
* Michelle Haynes, Town Board, Norwood
* Andrea Mérida Cuéllar, Denver Board of Education, Denver Public Schools District 2

## Active chapters and caucuses

* Adams County Green Party
* Arapahoe County Green Party
* Denver Green Party
* Poudre Valley Green Party
* Mesa County Green Party
* Longmont Green Party
* Youth Caucus
* Latinx Caucus
* Formerly-Incarcerated Persons Caucus

## InfoBox

| Green Party of Colorado | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Founded | 1994 (1994) |
| Headquarters | P.O.Box 11171, Denver, Colorado 80211 |
| Membership (2020) | 8,292 |
| Ideology | Green politics |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| National affiliation | Green Party of the United States |
| Colors | Green |
| Seats in the U.S. Senate | 0 / 2 |
| Seats in the U.S. House | 0 / 8 |
| Colorado Senate | 0 / 35 |
| Colorado House of Representatives | 0 / 65 |
| Other elected officials | 2 (February 2024) |
| Website | |
| www.coloradogreenparty.org | |
|  | |


title: Ramiro Amarelle

abstract: Ramiro Figueiras Amarelle is a Spanish former beach soccer player and currently the head coach of China national beach soccer team. He was the captain of the Spain national beach soccer team. Before he began to play beach soccer he played for Deportivo de La Coruña B. In 2019, the magazine France Football placed Amarelle third in an article named "10 Legends of Beach Soccer".

text:
# Ramiro Amarelle

**Ramiro Figueiras Amarelle** (born December 17, 1977) is a Spanish former beach soccer player and currently the head coach of China national beach soccer team. He was the captain of the Spain national beach soccer team. Before he began to play beach soccer he played for Deportivo de La Coruña B. In 2019, the magazine France Football placed Amarelle third in an article named "10 Legends of Beach Soccer".

## Honours

### Football

### Beach Soccer

#### Club

#### Country

#### Individual

## InfoBox

Ramiro Amarelle
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ramiro Figueiras Amarelle | | |
| Date of birth | (1977-12-17) December 17, 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | Ponteceso, Galicia, Spain | | |
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1993–1996 | RC Deportivo (Football) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1996–1997 | RC Deportivo B (Football) |  |  |
| 1997–1998 | Imperator Oar SF |  |  |
| 2006–2010 | Milano Beach Soccer | 200 | (191) |
| 2010–2015 | FC Barcelona |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1997–2013 | Spain | 309 | (303) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2017–2021 | China | | |
| 2021– | Trinidad and Tobago | | |
| Medal record      Representing  Spain  Men's Beach Soccer  FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup  2000 Brazil   **Runner-up** 2003 Brazil   **Runner-up** 2004 Brazil   2008 France   **Runner-up** 2013 Tahiti | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Ramgarh Tal Lake

abstract: Ramgarh Tal is a lake located in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. In 1970, at its largest size, the lake covered an area of 723 hectares with a circumference of 18 kilometres (11 mi). Today, it covers about 678 hectares.

text:
# Ramgarh Tal Lake

**Ramgarh Tal** is a lake located in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. In 1970, at its largest size, the lake covered an area of 723 hectares (1,790 acres) with a circumference of 18 kilometres (11 mi). Today, it covers about 678 hectares (1,680 acres).

## History

According to historian and author Rajbali Pandey, Gorakhpur was called Ramgram in the sixth century B.C. It was in Ramgram where the Kolian Republic was established. During this period, the Rapti River passed through the site of the present-day Ramgarh Tal. However, the direction of the Rapti River was later changed, and Ramgarh Tal came into existence from its remains.

The lake was under the possession of the prominent zamindar Rai Kamlapati Ray in Gorakhpur. Following the suppression of zamindari, it was taken over by the Government of India, although some portion of the Ramgarh Tal is still under the Rai family's possession today.

It is believed that there was a village named Ramgarh that collapsed due to a disaster, creating a big hole that eventually got filled with water.

## Development and Maintenance

In 1985, Vir Bahadur Singh became Chief Minister and formulated a plan to develop Ramgarh Tal as a tourist center. This plan was later abandoned following his death in 1989.

When Yogi Adityanath took over the role of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 2017, he unveiled plans to develop the lake into an 'international-level' tourist spot. The UP government also unveiled plans to notify the lake under the Wetland Management Rules.

At present, the NGT (National Green Tribunal) manages upkeep and protection of the lake. Due to the activism of the NGT, construction work has been banned within a radius of 500 meters.

The water quality of Ramgarh Tal Lake has decreased over time due to it being used as a dumping ground for sewage by nearby residential colonies.

"THE MARINE DRIVE OF PURVANCHAL": Due to its latest development and construction of driveway across the lake, it is also being popularized as marine drive along with Nauka Vihar.

The new name is certainly attracting tourists.

## InfoBox

| Ramgarh Tal Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| रामगढ़ ताल (Bhojpuri) | |
| Ramgarh Tal Lake | |
| Location | Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Coordinates | 26°44′N 83°25′E / 26.733°N 83.417°E / 26.733; 83.417 |
| Type | lake |


title: Ramgarh Coalfield

abstract: Ramgarh Coalfield are located in Ramgarh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

text:
# Ramgarh Coalfield

**Ramgarh Coalfield** are located in Ramgarh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

## Overview

In 1917, L.S.S.O’Malley described the coalfields in the upper reaches of the Damodar as follows: “Near the western boundary of Jharia field is that of Bokaro, covering 220 square miles (570 km2), with an estimated content of 1,500 million tons; close by is the Ramgarh field of (40 square miles), but the coal is believed to be of inferior quality. A still larger field in the same district is the Karanpura, which extends over 544 square miles (1,410 km2) and has an estimated capacity of 9,000 million tons.”

## The Coalfield

5km
3miles Bhera River Damodar River Maa Chhinamasta
TempleH Rajrappa
WaterfallH ChitarpurCT CCL Rajrappa Area OfficeA Rajrappa washeryW Rajrappa collieryO  Burakhap collieryO  Karma collieryO**Collieries in the CCL Ramgarh Coalfield**
U: Underground colliery, O: Open Cast colliery, M: Mixed colliery, W: Washery, S: Facility, A: Administrative headquarters, CT: census town, H: historical, religious, tourist centre
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

Ramgarh Coalfield covers an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi) and has total coal reserves of 1,059.20 million tonnes.

### Reserves

Geological reserves in the Ramgarh Coalfield in million tonnes as on 1/4/2010:

| Type of Coal | Proved | Indicated | Inferred
(exploration) | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Medium coking coal | 267.20 | 87.40 |  | 354.60 |
| Semi-coking coal | 171.94 | 431.55 | 53.45 | 656.94 |
| Non-coking coal | 7.13 | 26.20 | 4.60 | 37.90 |
| Total | 446.27 | 545.15 | 58.05 | 1049.47 |
|

## Projects

| CCL Operational Area | Projects |
| --- | --- |
| Rajrappa Area | Rajrappa OCP and Rajrappa Washery. The area office is at Rajrappa 829101. |
| Kuju Area | Karma opencast.The area office is at Hesagarha, Kuju 825316. |
| Non-CCL mines | Jharkhand State Mineral Development Corporation: Sugia, Rauta, Burakhap |

## Transport

In 1927, Bengal Nagpur Railway opened the 72-mile (116 km) Barkakana-Muri-Chandil line to traffic. In the same year the Central India Coalfields Railway opened the Gomoh-Barkakana line. It was extended to Daltonganj in 1929. Later, these lines were amalgamated with East Indian Railway.

Ramgarh district

## InfoBox

Ramgarh Coalfield
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Ramgarh CoalfieldLocation in Jharkhand | |
| State | Jharkhand |
| Country | India |
| Coordinates | 23°35′53″N 85°40′34″E / 23.59806°N 85.67611°E / 23.59806; 85.67611 |
| Owner | |
| Company | Central Coalfields Limited |
| Website | http://ccl.gov.in/ |
| Year of acquisition | 1975 |


title: Ramgarh Sardaran

abstract: Ramgarh Sardaran is a village in Punjab state of India. It is situated 18 km from its tehsil Payal and approx. 40 km from its district ludhiana. As per 2014 stats, Ramgarh Sardaran village is also a gram panchayat.

text:
# Ramgarh Sardaran

**Ramgarh Sardaran** is a village in Punjab state of India. It is situated 18 km from its tehsil (sub-district headquarter) Payal and approx. 40 km from its district ludhiana. As per 2014 stats, Ramgarh Sardaran village is also a gram panchayat.

## Geography

The village is located near to Malaudh and just 2 km from patiala-ludhiana highway. The total geographical area of village is approx. 851 hectares.

## Climate

Ramgarh Sardaran experiences three main seasons. They are:

* Hot season (mid-April to the end of June)
* Rainy season (early July to the end of September)
* Cold season (early December to the end of February).

Apart from these three, this village experiences transitional seasons like:

* Pre-summer season (March to mid-April): This is the period of transition between winter and summer.
* Post-monsoon season (September to end of November): This is the period of transition between monsoon and winter seasons.

### Summer

It starts experiencing mildly hot temperatures in February. However, the actual summer season commences in mid-April. The area experiences pressure variations during the summer months. The atmospheric pressure of the region remains around 987 millibar during February and it reaches 970 millibar in June.

### Rainy season

The monsoon brings joy to the agricultural sector as farmers become very busy. The rainy season begins in first week of July as monsoon currents generated in the Bay of Bengal bring rain to the region.

### Winter

Temperature variation is minimal in January. The mean night and day temperatures fall to 5 °C (41 °F) and 12 °C (54 °F), respectively.

### Post-Monsoon transitional season

The monsoon begins to reduce by the second week of September. This brings a gradual change in climate and temperature. The time between October and November is the transitional period between monsoon and winter seasons. Weather during this period is generally fair and dry.

### Post-Winter transitional season

The effects of winter diminish by the first week of March. The hot summer season commences in mid-April. This period is marked by occasional showers with hail storms and squalls which cause extensive damage to crops. The winds remain dry and warm during the last week of March, commencing the harvest period.

## Rainfall

* Monsoon Rainfall

Monsoon season provides most of the rainfall for the region. Ramgarh Sardaran receives rainfall from the monsoon current of the Bay of Bengal. This monsoon current enters the state from the southeast in the first week of July.

* Winter Rainfall

The winter season remains very cool with temperatures falling below freezing at some places. Winter also brings in some western disturbances. Rainfall in the winter provides relief to the farmers.

## Connectivity of Ramgarh Sardaran

Public Bus service - Direct private buses from malerkotla, Rara Sahib, Ahmedgarh Mandi, Payal.

## Demographics

The population is approximately 4426 people living in 813 households.

| Ramgarh | Sardaran |
| --- | --- |
| Area (total) | 851 hectares |
| Area (village) | 108 hectares |
| Area (agricultural) | 743 hectares |
| Population (as per 2011 census) | 4426 |
| Male's (as per 2011 census) | 2284 |
| Female's (as per 2011 census) | 2142 |
| Literates (as per 2011 census) | 3152 |
| Language | Punjabi |
| Religion's | Sikh, Hindu, Muslim |
| Voters total (list as for 2012 assembly elections) | 2851 |
| Pin Code | 141119 |
| Coordinates | 30°38'25"N 75°54'12"E |

## Religious sites

* Guruduwara Baba Sidhsar Sahib
* Guruduwara Guru Ravidass Ji
* Guruduwara Sahib in main bazaar
* Mandir Baba Tota Puri Ji
* Mandir Ram Leela
* The Mosque
* Shiv Duwala
* Dargah Peer Lutaf Shah Ji
* Dargah Peer Baba Lalan Wala ji
* Baba Gugga Marri
* Mandir Hanumaan Ji
* Mandir Maata Rani Ji

## Education

* Govt. Elementary School Ramgarh Sardaran
* Govt. High School Ramgarh Sardaran
* Baba Deep singh girls college.


title: Great Flood of 1771

abstract: The Great Flood of 1771 affected several rivers, including the Tyne, Tees, Wear and Eden and settlements across Northern England from 16 and 17 November 1771. Its cause was a sudden thaw of the ice in upper Teesdale, a cloud burst over the Pennines and a continuous period of rain. At Newcastle upon Tyne the middle arch and two of the arches near the Gateshead side of the Tyne Bridge collapsed in the early hours of November 17. Like many bridges of the time there had been houses and shops on the bridge. Upstream, most of the village of Styford on the north bank was destroyed. In total, 25 people died and thirteen or fourteen bridges, including Hexham Bridge, were destroyed on the North, South and main Tyne rivers. On the River Wear in the city of Durham three arches of Elvet Bridge were destroyed, and Prebends Bridge of 1574 was swept away. Further downstream the city's Corn Mill was badly damaged and needed to be rebuilt. On the River Tees mills and houses were lost, and the river was reportedly 0.5 miles (0.8 km) wide at Low Coniscliffe. Yarm was one of the areas worst affected, as the river burst its banks in several places. Some stretches of the High Street were submerged in 20 feet (6.1 m) of water. According to reports, the whole of Yarm lay underwater, every building was affected, six houses were destroyed and many more left uninhabitable. The Shambles was washed away and the town's main church was also damaged. Nine of the townspeople also died. To the west, the River Eden also rose and affected Carlisle and Botcherby Mill, flooding the church, as did Solway Moss, flooding local farms and settlements.

text:
# Great Flood of 1771

The **Great Flood of 1771** affected several rivers, including the Tyne, Tees, Wear and Eden and settlements across Northern England from 16 and 17 November 1771. Its cause was a sudden thaw of the ice in upper Teesdale, a cloud burst over the Pennines and a continuous period of rain.

At Newcastle upon Tyne the middle arch and two of the arches near the Gateshead side of the Tyne Bridge collapsed in the early hours of November 17. Like many bridges of the time there had been houses and shops on the bridge. Upstream, most of the village of Styford on the north bank was destroyed. In total, 25 people died and thirteen or fourteen bridges, including Hexham Bridge, were destroyed on the North, South and main Tyne rivers.

On the River Wear in the city of Durham three arches of Elvet Bridge were destroyed, and Prebends Bridge of 1574 was swept away. Further downstream the city's Corn Mill was badly damaged and needed to be rebuilt.

On the River Tees mills and houses were lost, and the river was reportedly 0.5 miles (0.8 km) wide at Low Coniscliffe. Yarm was one of the areas worst affected, as the river burst its banks in several places. Some stretches of the High Street were submerged in 20 feet (6.1 m) of water. According to reports, the whole of Yarm lay underwater, every building was affected, six houses were destroyed and many more left uninhabitable. The Shambles was washed away and the town's main church was also damaged. Nine of the townspeople also died.

To the west, the River Eden also rose and affected Carlisle and Botcherby Mill, flooding the church, as did Solway Moss, flooding local farms and settlements.

## Further reading


title: Raptoheptagenia

abstract: Raptoheptagenia is a genus of mayflies in the family Heptageniidae.

text:
# Raptoheptagenia

***Raptoheptagenia*** is a genus of mayflies in the family Heptageniidae.

* Chinery, Michael (1986). *Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe*. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-219170-9.

## InfoBox

| *Raptoheptagenia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Ephemeroptera |
| Family: | Heptageniidae |
| Genus: | *Raptoheptagenia*<br>Whiting & Lehmkuhl, 1987 |
|


title: Raptor (Gardaland)

abstract: Raptor is a steel roller coaster at the Gardaland amusement park in Lake Garda, Italy. The ride is a prototype Wing Coaster design by Swiss roller coaster manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard. Raptor opened to the public on April 1, 2011. The ride begins from an underground station and features two water splash elements. The layout features several roll overs. The trains hang over both sides of the track like X2 at Six Flags Magic Mountain but the seats do not spin.

text:
# Raptor (Gardaland)

**Raptor** is a steel roller coaster at the Gardaland amusement park in Lake Garda, Italy. The ride is a prototype Wing Coaster design by Swiss roller coaster manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard. Raptor opened to the public on April 1, 2011. The ride begins from an underground station and features two water splash elements. The layout features several roll overs. The trains hang over both sides of the track like X2 at Six Flags Magic Mountain but the seats do not spin.

## Ride experience

After departing from the underground station, the train makes a left turn into the lift hill. After reaching the top of the 108.3-foot (33.0 m) lift, the train drops back to the ground before making a sharp left over-banked turn. The train then enters a corkscrew followed by a slight upward left turn. Next, the train goes back down slightly, also going through a set of trim brakes. The train then makes another sharp left turn leading into a 55.8-foot (17.0 m) zero-gravity-roll. After a sharp left turn, and right turn, the train enters a 32.8-foot (10.0 m) inline twist, going through the supports of the track, a fake tree and a steel rectangle. The train then makes a left turn into the final brake run where the train then enters the station and the next riders board.

The ride lasts about 1 minute and 30 seconds.

## InfoBox

| Raptor | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Raptor's layout | |
| Gardaland Italy | |
| Location | Gardaland Italy |
| Coordinates | 45°27′25″N 10°42′43″E / 45.457056°N 10.711949°E / 45.457056; 10.711949 |
| Status | Operating |
| Opening date | April 1, 2011 (2011-04-01) |
| General statistics | |
| Type | Steel Wing Coaster |
| Manufacturer | Bolliger & Mabillard |
| Model | Wing Coaster |
| Track layout | Twister |
| Lift/launch system | Chain lift hill |
| Height | 108.3 ft (33.0 m) |
| Length | 2,526.3 ft (770.0 m) |
| Speed | 90 km/h (56 mph) |
| Inversions | 3 (Corkscrew, Zero-G Roll, Inline Twist) |
| Duration | 1 minute and 30 seconds |
| Max vertical angle | 65° |
| Height restriction | 140–195 cm (4 ft 7 in – 6 ft 5 in) |
| Trains | 2 trains with 7 cars. Riders are arranged 4 across in a single row for a total of 28 riders per train. |
| Raptor at RCDB | |


title: Greg Dalby

abstract: Greg Dalby is an American soccer coach and former player who is head coach of the Oregon State Beavers men's soccer program.

text:
# Greg Dalby

**Greg Dalby** (born November 3, 1985) is an American soccer coach and former player who is head coach of the Oregon State Beavers men's soccer program.

## Youth and college career

Dalby was born in Newport Beach, California. For eight seasons through his teen years, he played on several San Diego clubs, including San Diego Soccer Club (1996–98), Rancho Bernardo Select (1996–98), La Jolla Nomads (1999–2000), San Diego Surf (1998–99, 2000–03). He was named the 2003 MVP of the San Diego Surf.

He attended Poway High School, near San Diego, where his skills were recognized at a national level. In his senior year, he was given the highest U.S. award for any high school player, the Gatorade National High School Player of the Year. He was chosen from hundreds of thousands of males for that award, and given a spot on the under-18 U.S. National Team. From there he was recruited by the University of Notre Dame, where he was team captain in the last two seasons. He was named first team All-American in 2005 and 2006.

## Club career

On January 12, 2007, Dalby was chosen by Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer as the number 17 overall pick in the 2007 MLS SuperDraft. Instead of signing with the Rapids he chose to go to Europe to play.

Dalby had interest from Siena, Celtic and Preston North End but work permit issues led him to sign with Charleroi of the Belgian Jupiler League on August 5, 2007. He made no appearances for Charleroi and at end of the season was let go by the club. At that time he returned to the States and signed with Colorado. Dalby was waived by Colorado on March 19, 2010, and subsequently signed for Charlotte Eagles in the USL Second Division.

## International career

In 2005, Dalby was named captain of the United States U20 national team, who played that year in the FIFA World Youth Championship.

## InfoBox

Greg Dalby
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Gregory Mark Dalby | | |
| Date of birth | (1985-11-03) November 3, 1985 | | |
| Place of birth | Newport Beach, California, United States | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2003–2006 | Notre Dame Fighting Irish |  |  |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2007–2008 | Charleroi | 0 | (0) |
| 2008–2009 | Colorado Rapids | 14 | (0) |
| 2009 | Carolina RailHawks (loan) | 1 | (0) |
| 2010–2011 | Charlotte Eagles | 40 | (2) |
| Total |  | **55** | **(2)** |
| International career | | | |
| 2005 | United States U20 | 16 | (0) |
| 2008 | United States U23 | 4 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2012–2014 | Notre Dame Fighting Irish (assistant) | | |
| 2015–2018 | Davidson Wildcats (assistant) | | |
| 2018–2022 | Penn State Nittany Lions (assistant) | | |
| 2023– | Oregon State Beavers | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Ranjana Ash

abstract: Ranjana Ash was an Indian-born writer, literary critic, academic and activist, who was a leading advocate of south Asian and African writing. She moved in the 1950s to England, where she married American-born writer and broadcaster Bill Ash.

text:
# Ranjana Ash

**Ranjana Ash** (6 December 1924 – 10 August 2015) was an Indian-born writer, literary critic, academic and activist, who was a leading advocate of south Asian and African writing. She moved in the 1950s to England, where she married American-born writer and broadcaster Bill Ash.

## Biography

Born Ranjana Sidhanta in Birbhum, West Bengal, she spent her early years in Lucknow, attending the local women's college. Graduating from Lucknow University, where she studied political science, she won an Indian government scholarship in 1947 to Iowa University. On completing her doctorate she returned in 1949 to India, and became a lecturer at Aligarh University, before moving back to Lucknow, teaching at the university there between 1951 and 1954.

She had also begun broadcasting to schools, and meeting a BBC correspondent to India would change her life, as described by Alastair Niven in *The Guardian*: "In 1952, while on a riding holiday in Kashmir, she met William Ash, a leftwing American broadcaster who had been a pilot and war hero, and was one of the originals for Steve McQueen's character in the 1963 film *The Great Escape*. He had settled in the UK and she followed him on a scholarship in May 1954, studying for an MA in sociology at the Institute of Education. In 1955 they married."

Living in London, England, she wrote for the pacifist magazine *Peace News*, was active in the Movement for Colonial Freedom, joined, with her husband, the Communist Party of Britain Marxist-Leninist, and joined with such activists as Marion Glean, David Pitt and C. L. R. James in the 1960s Campaign Against Racial Discrimination (CARD). She taught part-time in schools, and took an MA in African studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London University, becoming an authority particularly on the writing of Chinua Achebe. Her writings appeared in such publications as the journal of postcolonial writing *Kunapipi*, *Wasafiri* and *PN Review*, and she was a contributor to Susheila Nasta's *Motherlands: Black Women's Writing from Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia* (The Women's Press, 1991). Ash was particularly concerned with translation from South Asian languages, publishing *Short Stories from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh* in 1980. In 1982 she founded the South Asian Literary Society, continuing to promote authors from the Indian sub-continent.

Ash died in 2015 in London, aged 90.

## Selected bibliography

* (With Joan Goody, Leslie Stratta, Hugh Knight, Jean Mills, Rob Jeffcote) "English in a Multicultural Society", *English in Education* vol. 11, No. 1, Spring 1977.
* *Short Stories from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh*, Harrap, 1980, ISBN 978-0245535710.
* "Growing up with Tagore: Finding the Personal and Political in Rabindranath's Works", *Performing Arts and South Asian Literature*, Volume 5, Number 2.
* "Introducing Tagore in Multicultural Education in Britain". In: Lago, M., and R. Warwick (eds), *Rabindranath Tagore*. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09133-1\_10.
* *Writers from India*, Book Trust, 1990, ISBN 978-0853534372.
* "Indian Women's Writing in English", *Kunapipi*, Vol. 16, issue 1, 1994.
* "Two Early-Twentieth-Century Women Writers". In Arvind Krishna Mehrotra (ed.), *A History of Indian Literature in English*, New York: Columbia University Press, 2003, pp. 126–34.
* "Introducing South Asian Literature into the English Curriculum", *English in Education* 11(1), June 2008, pp. 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-8845.1977.tb00236.x

## InfoBox

| Ranjana Ash | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ranjana Sidhanta
(1924-12-06)6 December 1924
Birbhum, West Bengal, India |
| Died | 10 August 2015(2015-08-10) (aged 90)
London, England |
| Other names | Ranjana Sidhanta Ash |
| Alma mater | Lucknow University;
Iowa University |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, literary critic, academic and activist |
| Spouse | Bill Ash (m. 1955) |


title: Rarohenga

abstract: Rarohenga is the subterranean realm where spirits of the deceased dwell after death, according to Māori oral tradition. The underworld is ruled by Hine-nui-te-pō, the goddess of death and night. Additional occupants include guardians, gods, goddesses, holy chiefs and nobles (rangatira), and the tūrehu, who are described as celestial, fairy-like people. Rarohenga is predominantly depicted as a place of peace and light. As articulated by Māori ethnographer Elsdon Best: It is a place where darkness is unknown. "This is the reason why, of all spirits of the dead since the time of Hine-ahuone…, not a single one has ever returned hither to dwell in this world". In contemporary Māori society, Rarohenga continues to hold a collective, cultural significance. This is a result of several prominent rituals that originate from the underworld, that are still commonly practiced today. This includes facial tattooing, finger twining (taniko), tribal woodcarving, and the art of weaving (raranga). It is recorded that these art forms were first introduced to the human world by figures who travelled into Rarohenga and were bestowed with the sacred techniques to improve the secular world. Contemporary texts suggest that traditional records and accounts of Māori mythological sites, like Rarohenga, experienced substantial modification to accommodate the dominant missionary scriptures that were introduced during 19th century colonisation of New Zealand. It is argued that these alterations occurred during translation by non-Māori authors, resulting in variations of Māori mythology to be extremely common. The geography of Rarohenga incorporates several different non-physical, immaterial locations that are recorded in myth. There are also several material locations scattered across both the North and South Islands of New Zealand.

text:
# Rarohenga

**Rarohenga** is the subterranean realm where spirits of the deceased dwell after death, according to Māori oral tradition. The underworld is ruled by Hine-nui-te-pō, the goddess of death and night. Additional occupants include guardians, gods, goddesses, holy chiefs and nobles (rangatira), and the tūrehu, who are described as celestial, fairy-like people. Rarohenga is predominantly depicted as a place of peace and light. As articulated by Māori ethnographer Elsdon Best: It is a place where darkness is unknown. "This is the reason why, of all spirits of the dead since the time of Hine-ahuone…, not a single one has ever returned hither to dwell in this world".

In contemporary Māori society, Rarohenga continues to hold a collective, cultural significance. This is a result of several prominent rituals that originate from the underworld, that are still commonly practiced today. This includes facial tattooing (ta moko), finger twining (taniko)*,* tribal woodcarving (moko whakatara), and the art of weaving (raranga). It is recorded that these art forms were first introduced to the human world by figures who travelled into Rarohenga and were bestowed with the sacred techniques to improve the secular world.

Contemporary texts suggest that traditional records and accounts of Māori mythological sites, like Rarohenga, experienced substantial modification to accommodate the dominant missionary scriptures that were introduced during 19th century colonisation of New Zealand. It is argued that these alterations occurred during translation by non-Māori authors, resulting in variations of Māori mythology to be extremely common. The geography of Rarohenga incorporates several different non-physical, immaterial locations that are recorded in myth. There are also several material locations scattered across both the North and South Islands of New Zealand.

## Cultural significance of Rarohenga

According to the traditional Māori mythology, the art of carving, weaving, and tattooing were not born of the human world.\[6\] It was only through the “heroes” that climbed into the heavens or descended into Rarohenga, that humanity would learn the now honoured, cultural practices.\[6\] In ‘The Lore of the Warewananga’ (1913), the translated teachings of two distinguished Tohunga, state how the generous offerings of celestial wisdom represent the tender connection of the Māori to this spiritual world.\[5\] This conveys the deep significance of Rarohenga and its apparent influence on the quintessential Māori identity and culture observed today.\[5\] In the folklore, Māori culture is continuously inundated with different forms of enlightenment from Rarohenga. The incentive of these acts was to develop and elevate the human experience “through ethical behaviour and creative enterprise”.\[7\] This is represented in the myth of Mataora, as the story emphasises the importance of the underworld's Gods and spirits (atua) to modern Māori culture.\[8\]

### Tā Moko

The tā moko (or ‘kauae’ for women) is a sacred facial tattoo still frequently practiced in Māori society. Its name is derived from the mythological figure ‘Atua Rūaumoko’ – the unborn child of Ranginui and Papatūānuku of Rarohenga. The origin of the art is recorded in several variations. However, its conception is most commonly regarded as derivative of the Mataora myth. In this famous legend, the wisdom and knowledge of the permanent tattoo (tā moko) was gifted to humankind by the celestial Rangatira, Uetonga. It is explained that up until that point, Māori civilisation had only practiced the application of temporary tattoo. This was known as hopara makaurangi’, and was achieved with soot, blue clay or red ochre. Uetonga would explain to Mataora the “worthlessness” of his temporary tattoo by wiping his hand across it and embarrassing Mataora by declaring it had no “mana” – meaning no honour, prestige, or authority. Mataora would then beg for the permanent tattoo, so he could bring such insight to the human world. Uetonga agreed and taught Mataora the underworld's design of the nostrils (pōngiangia)*,* the line tattooing of the eyebrows (tīwhana), the designs encompassing the mouth (pīhere), and the upper part of the nose (ngu). In result, when Mataora returned from the underworld he would incite the national spread of the practice across the North and South Islands.

### Weaving, ornamental patterns, and finger-twining

Like the *tā moko*, the art of weaving was another artistic gift received from Rarohenga. This gift came in the form of a cloak called ‘Te Rangi-Hau-Papa’. Its original creator was Hine-rau-wharangi (the daughter of Hine-nui-te-po and Tāne), who would provide the pattern to Niwareka, who would then create it for humanity. The cloak itself was developed primarily as a replacement and “consummation of Mataora’s acceptance of tattoo from the underworld” to substitute the now obsolete artform of the painted ‘tā moko’ in the human world. Ornamental patterns and finger-twinning were also acquired from Mataora's time in Rarohenga, and would too circulate heavily into Māori culture, art, and design.

### Tribal woodcarving

Although the narrative of ‘Ruatepupuke’ is the most commonly accepted origin story of tribal woodcarving (whakairo) – Māori ethnographer Elsdon Best’s translations of the Mataora myth suggest the influence of Rarohenga’s entities in the cultural and artistic development of woodcarving practiced today. Uetonga reiterated to Mataora the necessary adaption of painting and “carving”. His insight expressed that the temporary tattoo seen on Mataora's face, should be used for woodcarving and design found in buildings.

## Myth and origin

### Origin

The origin of Rarohenga, like many other Māori rituals and beliefs, is derivative of Polynesian mythology. According to such mythology, Hawaiki represents the origin of all Polynesian people and where they return after death. Variations, such as Rarohenga, came to be after this traditional mythology dispersed across the numerous islands of the central and southern Pacific Ocean, whereupon it was adapted and redeveloped into new settings.

### Pre-European

Prior to colonisation, the “innate belief in the immortality of the soul” held by the Māori was directed into the belief of Rarohenga. Unlike the biblical systems of heaven and hell, the underworld and its key spiritual figures were not characterised as evil and malevolent beings. Rather they were embodied as instigators of positive, cultural development. These mythical entities are recorded as cultivators of humankind through spiritual intervention. Who regularly conducted humanitarian acts of sharing knowledge and wisdom, as the realm and its inhabitants did not seek to punish or disturb the dead. Traditional accounts of Rarohenga characterise its two realms (Upper or Lower) as both being restful places of peace and light, where the ultimate destination and residence of each spirit is entirely up to them. Each individual spirit is said to retain the executive agency to decide to make their home in Rarohenga or The Sky World (also known as The Summit of the Heavens or Toi-o-ngā-rangi). However, the Sky World or The Summit of Heavens is not as widely known or recorded as Rarohenga in traditional accounts.

### Post-colonisation

When examining the mythology of Rarohenga, it is common for inconsistencies to arise between the oral stories, written accounts, and contemporary knowledge. This is the result of 19th century colonisation in New Zealand that allowed the solely oral history, tradition, and mythology of the Māori to become susceptible to erasure through unqualified translation, ethnocentrism, and assimilative motivations of colonisers. Various critics argue the inconsistencies are derivative of translators who would freely translate Māori to English and rewrite substantial passages. Herbert Williams commented on this action, in reference to the famous Māori translator John White, as an academic act of “unpardonable recklessness”.

As stated by Māori ethnographer Elsden Best: “Māori folk adapted the myths and teachings of Christianity. This is where ideas of the spirits of the evil person going to the underworld, and those good ascending to the heavens, crept into statements. Such beliefs were unbeknown to the Māori in pre-missionary days”.

This “transcultural interlocution” can be witnessed when examining the historical works of writers such as S. Percy Smith. Smith recorded that spirits who conducted evil would be eternally punished and presided over by malicious spirits (Whiro-te-tipua) in Rarohenga. Whereas the “good” spirits would ascend to the mountain of ‘Tawhiti-nui’ and enter a realm of eternal reward.

Critics such as Jahnke argue this as an example of cultural accommodation and assimilation to the Eurocentric belief of the afterlife that divides souls as good or evil. Critic Buck too maintains this is a loss of “cultural integrity”, where the translation of oral history and culture has been destroyed by Western influence: “The cosmogony of separating life from darkness… appears to have been post European additions made after the knowledge was acquired of the biblical story of ‘Creation’. The separation of the spirits through the East door to ascend to the supernatural realms, and the ‘sinners’ through the South door to the underworld is contrary to the Māori and Polynesian concepts of the future world”.

## Primary deities

Within Rarohenga, several Guardians, Gods and Goddesses have been recorded to occupy the realm. This includes:

| Primary Deity | Description |
| --- | --- |
| **Hinenuitepō** | Hinenuitepō is one of the most well-known mythical figures of Rarohenga. She is the controller of human fate and destiny in death. She is also referred to as Hine-tītama or ‘The Dawn Maid’, which was her identity before fleeing to the underworld upon finding out her husband Tāne was also her father. |
| **Makeatutara** | Makeatutara is the father of Māui and executive Guardian of the Underworld. Makeatutara is acknowledged for making humankind mortal. |
| **Uetonga** | Uetonga is recognised as the celestial Chief or Noble, who gifted man with the wisdom and knowledge of the permanent tattoo and other significant artforms. |
| **Niwareka** | Niwareka is recorded as a ‘tūrehu’ (fairy-like individual), the daughter of Uetonga and the wife of Mataora. Niwareka would lead Mataora into Rarohenga after Mataora struck her during a disagreement, where he would discover the artistry of tattoo and weaving. |
| **Te Kuwatawata** | Te Kuwatawata is the Guardian who holds the entrance to the underworld of the spirits at Poutere-rangi. |
| **Tiwaiwaka** | Tīwaiwaka is the Guardian of the base of the spirits ascent. |
| **Whiro** | Whiro is regarded as the personified form of darkness, evil, and death who dwells in the underworld. |

## Geography

The Māori hold a deep connection to the land (whenua), which is evident in the continued, spiritual significance of real-world locations because of their role in the soul's journey to Rarohenga.

Cape Reinga *(*Te Rerenga Wairua*)* is one of the most well-known spiritual sites in New Zealand. Mythology proposes that here the spirit descends into the underworld by sliding down the root of a tree into the sea. The spirit then travels underwater to the Three Kings Islands, where they climb the highest point of the island and bid their last goodbye to the human world.

Explorer, Māori scholar and interpreter, Edward Shortland describes this location as a place where the spirit arrives at two hills after travelling northward. These hills are ‘Wai-hokimai’ and ‘Wai-otioti’, where the spirit strips off its worldly clothes, and finally turn its back on the land of the living. Shortland states*,* “there are two long straight roots, the lower extremities of which are concealed in the sea, while the upper ends cling to a pohutukawa tree. The spirit stands by the upper end of these roots, awaiting an opening in the seaweed floating on the water. The moment an opening is seen, it flies down to the Reinga. Reaching the Reinga, there is a river and a sandy beach. The spirit crosses the river. The name of the newcomer is shouted out. He is welcomed, and food is set before him. If he eats the food, he can never return to life” . Additionally, there are several immaterial sites that are central to the geography of Rarohenga. This includes checkpoints such as Pou-tere-rangi, which is described as the Guard House and entry to the underworld. This site is manned by Te Ku-Watawata, and divides Rarohenga to humankind. Original texts express that humans were once able to journey through this point and between worlds. However, after a heated disagreement between Te Ku-Watawata and Mataora, the passage was closed to humans forever. Te Ku-Watawata declared “never again will the door of the lower world be opened to the upper world, but only downward to the underworld; only spirits shall traverse both realms”.


title: Gregory Prest

abstract: Gregory Prest is a Canadian actor, playwright and theatre director. He is most noted for his role as Simon in the comedy television series Pillow Talk, for which he and his castmates received an ensemble nomination for Best Performance in a Variety or Sketch Comedy Program or Series at the 11th Canadian Screen Awards in 2023, and as a Dora Mavor Moore Award winner for Best Direction in a Musical in 2019 for Soulpepper's musical Rose. In 2012, he collaborated with Ins Choi, Raquel Duffy, Ken MacKenzie and Mike Ross on a theatrical adaptation of Dennis Lee's children's poetry book Alligator Pie, for which they received ensemble Dora nominations for Outstanding New Play and Outstanding Direction in the Theatre for Young Audiences division in 2013. He has also been a two-time Dora nominee as an actor, receiving nods for Best Leading Actor, General Theatre in 2014 for Of Human Bondage at Soulpepper, and Best Actor in a Featured Performance in 2022 for the Mirvish Productions staging of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. His credits as a director have included productions of Anita Majumdar's Fish Eyes, Simon Stephens's Punk Rock, Michel Tremblay's Hosanna, and Wendy Wasserstein's The Heidi Chronicles. He is in a relationship with actor Paolo Santalucia, who was one of his costars in Pillow Talk. The couple first became known for their performances in Soulpepper Theatre's 2018 production of Mark Crawford's Bed and Breakfast, in which Santalucia and Prest played all 22 of the play's characters themselves.

text:
# Gregory Prest

**Gregory Prest** is a Canadian actor, playwright and theatre director. He is most noted for his role as Simon in the comedy television series *Pillow Talk*, for which he and his castmates received an ensemble nomination for Best Performance in a Variety or Sketch Comedy Program or Series at the 11th Canadian Screen Awards in 2023, and as a Dora Mavor Moore Award winner for Best Direction in a Musical in 2019 for Soulpepper's musical *Rose*.

In 2012, he collaborated with Ins Choi, Raquel Duffy, Ken MacKenzie and Mike Ross on a theatrical adaptation of Dennis Lee's children's poetry book *Alligator Pie*, for which they received ensemble Dora nominations for Outstanding New Play and Outstanding Direction in the Theatre for Young Audiences division in 2013. He has also been a two-time Dora nominee as an actor, receiving nods for Best Leading Actor, General Theatre in 2014 for *Of Human Bondage* at Soulpepper, and Best Actor in a Featured Performance in 2022 for the Mirvish Productions staging of *Harry Potter and the Cursed Child*.

His credits as a director have included productions of Anita Majumdar's *Fish Eyes*, Simon Stephens's *Punk Rock*, Michel Tremblay's *Hosanna*, and Wendy Wasserstein's *The Heidi Chronicles*.

He is in a relationship with actor Paolo Santalucia, who was one of his costars in *Pillow Talk*. The couple first became known for their performances in Soulpepper Theatre's 2018 production of Mark Crawford's *Bed and Breakfast*, in which Santalucia and Prest played all 22 of the play's characters themselves.


title: Gregory Poland

abstract: Gregory A. Poland is an American physician and vaccinologist. He is the Mary Lowell Leary professor of medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, as well as the director of the Mayo Clinic's Vaccine Research Group. He is also the editor-in-chief of the medical journal Vaccine.

text:
# Gregory Poland

**Gregory A. Poland** is an American physician and vaccinologist. He is the Mary Lowell Leary professor of medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, as well as the director of the Mayo Clinic's Vaccine Research Group. He is also the editor-in-chief of the medical journal *Vaccine*.

## Education

Poland received his BA in biology from Illinois Wesleyan University in 1977 where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. He received his MD from the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine in 1981. Poland also received an MA in theology from Westminster Theological Seminary.

## Research and activism

Poland is known for researching the immunogenetics of responses to certain vaccines, including smallpox vaccines. He has also written about the negative impacts of the false claim that the MMR vaccine might cause autism, and is an outspoken advocate of mandatory influenza vaccination. After developing tinnitus after his COVID vaccination he has called for better safety studies.

## Department of Defense

In 2007, Poland was named by President George W. Bush to be president of the Health Defense Board. This board answers to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs. Dr. Poland has also been president of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board and worked for over ten years as a consultant to the department.

## Honors and awards

Poland received the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service in 2004 and was named a Master of the American College of Physicians in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Gregory A. Poland | |
| --- | --- |
| Education | Illinois Wesleyan University (BA)
Westminster Theological Seminary (MA)
Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (MD) |
| Occupation(s) | Physician, vaccinologist |
| **Medical career** | |
| Institutions | Mayo Clinic |
| Awards |  |
|  | |


title: Great Hall of the People (Chongqing)

abstract: The Great Hall of the People, also translated as the Chongqing People's Auditorium, located in central Chongqing, China, is a large hall for political meetings and cultural events. The hall is located in Yuzhong District, and serves as one of the architectural symbols of Chongqing. The exterior resembles the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. Construction of the hall began in June 1951 and completed in April 1954, with the involvement of Liu Bocheng, Deng Xiaoping and He Long who were the leaders of the Communist Party's Southwest Bureau (西南局) at the time. The building includes a large auditorium and three adjoining parts to the east, south, and north. It covers a total area of 66,000 m⁲. The auditorium covers 18,500 m⁲. The building is 65 meters (213 ft) high. The circular domed auditorium is 55 meters (180 ft) high and its internal diameter is 46.33 meters. The auditorium is encircled by five storeys of additional viewing areas and has a seating capacity of 4,200 people. The building is symmetric, with colonnades and wings. The building can be viewed from the People's Square below. Opposite is the Three Gorges Museum. It is currently the meeting place of the municipal legislative bodies – the Chongqing Municipal People's Congress (Renda) and People's Political Consultative Conference (Zhengxie).

text:
# Great Hall of the People (Chongqing)

The **Great Hall of the People** (Chinese: 重庆市人民大礼堂), also translated as the **Chongqing People's Auditorium**, located in central Chongqing, China, is a large hall for political meetings and cultural events. The hall is located in Yuzhong District, and serves as one of the architectural symbols of Chongqing. The exterior resembles the Temple of Heaven in Beijing.

Construction of the hall began in June 1951 and completed in April 1954, with the involvement of Liu Bocheng, Deng Xiaoping and He Long who were the leaders of the Communist Party's Southwest Bureau (西南局) at the time. The building includes a large auditorium and three adjoining parts to the east, south, and north. It covers a total area of 66,000 m2. The auditorium covers 18,500 m2. The building is 65 meters (213 ft) high. The circular domed auditorium is 55 meters (180 ft) high and its internal diameter is 46.33 meters (152 ft 0 in). The auditorium is encircled by five storeys of additional viewing areas and has a seating capacity of 4,200 people. The building is symmetric, with colonnades and wings.

The building can be viewed from the People's Square below. Opposite is the Three Gorges Museum. It is currently the meeting place of the municipal legislative bodies – the Chongqing Municipal People's Congress (*Renda*) and People's Political Consultative Conference (*Zhengxie*).

29°33′42″N 106°33′14″E / 29.561555°N 106.553841°E / 29.561555; 106.553841

## InfoBox

| Great Hall of the People | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Simplified Chinese | 重庆市人民大礼堂 |
| Traditional Chinese | 重慶市人民大禮堂 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Chóngqìngshì Rénmín Dà Lǐtáng  Wade–Giles Ch'ung2-ch'ing4-shih4 Jen2-min2 Ta4 Li3-t'ang2 | |
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title: Grinder (sailing position)

abstract: A grinder is a crew member on a yacht whose duties include operating manual winches that raise and trim the sails and move the boom. It is a physically demanding role with a significant impact on a racing yacht's overall performance. The AC50 class yachts used in the America's Cup competition have four positions for grinders. These must be continuously operated to generate the hydraulic pressure needed by the yacht's controls. Until 2017, the machinery was arm operated winches. However, in 2017 Team New Zealand changed their grinding system to pedal operated positions (cyclors) similar to exercise bikes. This change reportedly gained a 40% increase in power delivered to the hydraulic system. In 2018, a decision was made to ban cyclors in the 36th America's Cup (2021) They were subsequently re-allowed for AC37 (2024).

text:
# Grinder (sailing position)

A **grinder** is a crew member on a yacht whose duties include operating manual winches (called "coffee grinders") that raise and trim the sails and move the boom. It is a physically demanding role with a significant impact on a racing yacht's overall performance.

The AC50 class yachts used in the America's Cup competition have four positions (on each side) for grinders. These must be continuously operated to generate the hydraulic pressure needed by the yacht's controls. Until 2017, the machinery was arm operated winches. However, in 2017 Team New Zealand changed their grinding system to pedal operated positions (cyclors) similar to exercise bikes. This change reportedly gained a 40% increase in power delivered to the hydraulic system. In 2018, a decision was made to ban cyclors in the 36th America's Cup (2021) They were subsequently re-allowed for AC37 (2024).


title: Rarities (Ron Sexsmith album)

abstract: Rarities is a 2003 album from Canadian singer-songwriter Ron Sexsmith. It is a compilation of previously recorded but unreleased tracks as well as tracks that were released on international versions of his previous releases.

text:
# Rarities (Ron Sexsmith album)

***Rarities*** is a 2003 album from Canadian singer-songwriter Ron Sexsmith. It is a compilation of previously recorded but unreleased tracks as well as tracks that were released on international versions of his previous releases.

## Track listing

All songs by Ron Sexsmith except where indicated below.

1. "On a Whim" – 2:28
2. "Almost Always" – 4:04
3. "Good Old Desk" (Harry Nilsson) – 2:06
4. "You Were There" – 3:04
5. "Same Old Eyes" – 3:30
6. "Tears Behind the Shades" – 2:36
7. "Blade of Grass" – 2:49
8. "Too Late" – 2:25
9. "Words We Never Use" – 3:25
10. "I Don't Like Mondays" (Bob Geldof) – 4:19
11. "Before We Ever Met" – 3:43
12. "A Kiss for Luck" – 4:08
13. "All the Cherished Things" – 2:01
14. "You Cross My Mind" – 3:08
15. "Gold in Them Hills" (original duet version with Chris Martin) – 3:30
16. "Someway, Somehow" – 2:59

## InfoBox

| Rarities | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Ron Sexsmith | |
| Released | 2003 (2003) |
| Label | Linus Entertainment |
| Producer | Mitchell Froom, Tchad Blake, Martin Terefe, Joe Baldridge, Steve Earle, Ray Kennedy |
| Ron Sexsmith chronology | |
| *Cobblestone Runway*
(2002) ***Rarities***
(2003) *Retriever*
(2004) | |