title: Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway

abstract: The Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway was the result of the unification of all city and suburban streetcar lines serving Utica, New York, on November 27, 1901. The railway operated city streetcar service as well as a double-track interurban railway between Rome and Little Falls via Utica. The Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway was merged into New York State Railways in 1912. At its peak, the Utica Lines consisted of 17 transit routes operated with more than 100 cars. The line ceased operation in 1933, except for the section between Utica and Whitesboro that survived until 1938. The last city streetcars operated on May 31, 1941. The remaining transit routes were operated with buses and the franchise would be reorganized as the Utica Transit Corporation in 1948.

text:
# Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway

The **Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway** was the result of the unification of all city and suburban streetcar lines serving Utica, New York, on November 27, 1901. The railway operated city streetcar service (with the acquisition of the **Rome City Street Railroad** in 1907) as well as a double-track interurban railway between Rome and Little Falls via Utica. The Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway was merged into New York State Railways in 1912. At its peak, the Utica Lines consisted of 17 transit routes operated with more than 100 cars. The line ceased operation in 1933, except for the section between Utica and Whitesboro that survived until 1938. The last city streetcars operated on May 31, 1941. The remaining transit routes were operated with buses and the franchise would be reorganized as the **Utica Transit Corporation** in 1948.

## Rome City Street Railroad

The **Rome City Street Railroad** was founded in 1885, and the first sections were opened for service in 1887. Three routes made up the 6.7-mile system, including Dominic Street, Floyd Avenue, and the Belt Line. In 1900, trolleys powered by compressed air replaced horses for propulsion, and the lines were rebuilt to handle the heavier cars. The experimental compressed air cars were retired in 1902, and horses made a brief return in 1903 while the line was electrified. The Rome City Street Railroad was acquired by the Utica and Mohawk Valley Railroad in 1907, which was subsequently merged into New York State Railways in 1912 and became part of the Utica Lines division. Some extensions were made to the city lines between 1911 and 1914 which resulted in the establishment of the Floyd Avenue line, and a connection was established with the interurban line at Whitesboro Street. Belt Line service was discontinued in 1923 in favor of operating separate lines on James, Madison, and Expense streets. One-man operation of trolleys was implemented in 1924, and the line that crossed the New York Central Railroad tracks was replaced with a bus because it required the use of a two-man trolley. The Rome city lines were never very profitable, and the James Street line was suspended in 1927, followed by the Madison Street line a year later. The remainder of the Rome streetcar lines were closed in 1930.

## Footnotes

* King, Shelden S. (1975). *The New York State Railways*. Elmira, NY: Whitehall Mail Service. OCLC 2165126.

## InfoBox

Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Utica, New York |
| Dates of operation | 19011938 |
| Predecessor | Utica Suburban Railway Company |
| Successor | New York State Railways |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) |
| Electrification | 650v DC |
| Length | 45 miles |


title: No Hook

abstract: "No Hook" is a hardcore hip hop song written and performed by American rappers Shaquille O'Neal, RZA and Method Man. It was released on February 6, 1995 via Jive Records as the second single off of Shaq's second studio album Shaq Fu: Da Return. Production was handled by RZA. The song peaked at number 66 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 16 on the Hot Rap Songs in the United States. An accompanying music video was directed by Lionel C. Martin.

text:
# No Hook

"**No Hook**" is a hardcore hip hop song written and performed by American rappers Shaquille O'Neal, RZA and Method Man. It was released on February 6, 1995 via Jive Records as the second single off of Shaq's second studio album *Shaq Fu: Da Return*. Production was handled by RZA.

The song peaked at number 66 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 16 on the Hot Rap Songs in the United States.

An accompanying music video was directed by Lionel C. Martin.

## Track listing

12" vinyl
| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "No Hook" (Radio Version) | RZA |  |
| 2. | "No Hook" (Niles Flip DaScrip Mix) | RZA |  |
| 3. | "No Hook" (Waterbed Remix) | RZA |  |
| 4. | "No Hook" (RZA's Remix) | RZA |  |
| 5. | "No Hook" (Niles Radio Remix) | RZA |  |
| 6. | "(So U Wanna Be) Hardcore" | Chyskillz |  |

## Charts

| Charts (1995) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 66 |
| US Hot Rap Songs (*Billboard*) | 16 |

## InfoBox

| "No Hook" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Shaquille O'Neal featuring RZA and Method Man | |
| from the album  *Shaq Fu: Da Return* | |
| Released | February 6, 1995 (1995-02-06) |
| Recorded | 1994 |
| Genre | Horrorcore |
| Length | 3:17 |
| Label | Jive |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | RZA |
| Shaquille O'Neal singles chronology | |
| "Biological Didn't Bother"
(1994) "**No Hook**"
(1995) "You Can't Stop the Reign"
(1996) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "No Hook" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Wonder Woman: Gods and Mortals

abstract: "Gods and Mortals" is a seven issue comic book story arc plotted and drawn by George Pérez, with scripting by Greg Potter and Len Wein. Released in 1987, this was the first arc of the relaunched Wonder Woman series.

text:
# Wonder Woman: Gods and Mortals

"**Gods and Mortals**" is a seven issue comic book story arc plotted and drawn by George Pérez, with scripting by Greg Potter and Len Wein.

Released in 1987, this was the first arc of the relaunched *Wonder Woman* series.

## Story

### The Princess and the Power

A tale of the Amazons from 30,000 BC to now. A cavewoman, and her unborn daughter, are murdered by her mate. On Mount Olympus, Ares opposes Artemis' plans to create a new race of female mortals to set an example to other mortals, and Zeus does not care. Artemis and four other Goddesses, Athena, Hestia, Demeter, and Aphrodite, go to the Cavern of Souls where they use all the souls of perished, except for one, to create reborn, ageless Amazons. With their queens, Queen Hippolyta and Queen Antiope, the Amazons are successful but there is jealously from Greek kings. Ares manipulates Heracles to create anger towards the Amazons and under the guise of allies to the female warriors, Hercules drugs and chains the Amazons and burns down their home. Praying, Athena frees Hippolyta with the promise of no revenge, but the Amazons ignore the promise and murder the men who had chained them. In the end, Antiope leaves with half of the Amazons while Hippolyta and the remaining half are taken by Athena to be eternal jailers of evil on their new island home, Themyscira. Centuries later, Hippolyta prays for a daughter and after making a baby out of clay, the last soul is reborn as a new Amazon blessed with gifts from the gods named Diana. When she is an adult, the Gods cry to the Amazons to choose a champion to face Ares against his plans for the outside world. Diana is forbidden to enter the contest, but thanks to Athena, she enters masked like all the rest. At the end, Diana is revealed and while her mother is against it, Diana is chosen. Receiving her bulletproof bracelets, and her Warrior's garb, she is now prepared to protect the world.

### A Fire in the Sky

General Kohler, working for Ares, gives Steve Trevor a mission. Back on Themyscira, Diana is given by Hermes the lasso of truth and is taken to see Harmonia, Ares' daughter, who gives her an amulet and is taken back home. Above Themyscira, Steve's co-pilot, also working for Ares, attacks him planning to bomb the island. Diana flies toward the plane just as the bomb is dropped, but Diana throws it back to the plane where it explodes and Diana saves Steve. Etta Candy checks in with General Kohler to find him dead and melted. Steve is being cared for at Themyscira when Athena appears to tell Diana that she needs the other half of the amulet to defeat. With Steve in her arms, Diana says farewell to her sisters and is transported by Hermes to Man's World.

### Deadly Arrival

Diana sees what Man's World is like as she drops Steve Trevor in the base where he is found and is placed under arrest for the so-called mission and the murder of General Kohler. At Harvard University, Diana meets the mentor she was told who will help her, Professor Julia Kapatelis, who agrees to help Diana after she sees the Talisman even though she doesn’t understand Diana's Ancient Themysciran language. Phobos, one of Ares' sons, forms a statuette out of blood from a Gorgon. His brother, Deimos, manipulates the militaries of the U.S. and Russia to fight one another. Steve Trevor is questioned by General Tolliver, who then prepares to kill him but Steve escapes. Etta is told by his escape just as Steve enters to tell her that someone is trying to kill him. Julia's daughter, Vanessa Kapatelis, receives a package to her mother. Later, Julia arrives with Diana and her and Vanessa meet. By midnight, Diana has learned English quickly and the statue starts to glow. Vanessa screams and the whole house goes into total disarray. Vanessa has now rapidly aged and Decay (the statue) destroys the house.

### A Long Day’s Journey into Fright

The three escape from the house and Diana goes after Decay as a crowd appears. Watching, Athena questions their trust in Diana just as Demeter arrives and announces that the Ark to take them to oblivion for failing with the Amazons. Etta searches through Tolliver's office and finds "Ares Project" folder. Press and Television gather as Diana and Decay begin to fight. Diana charges at Decay and struggles her to the ground. Strangling Diana, she feels weak but realizes the Earth might help and uses her lasso around Decay's neck and the monster is finally dead. Publicist Myndi Mayer hears the news and by using the "W" on her costume, Diana is named "Wonder Woman" by the media. In a hideout, Steve sees Diana's face and realizes she saved her from the plane crash. Doctors can not reverse Vanessa's aging process. Julia cries as Diana arrives and the two women arrive at Julia's Winter Home so they can continue studying the Amulet. Diana sees someone outside and turns out to be Steve. He tells her that he needs her help just as Etta screams for Steve.

### The Ares Assault

Ares's influence grows as great military powers are preparing to fight. Colonel Michaelis explains that he followed Steve and Etta in hopes to help them and Etta slipped and fell. Etta is resting as she shows all of them "The Ares Project" file. With no luck on the Talisman, Diana realizes the pattern on the Talisman matches the chart from the Ares File. She explains that when the Talisman pattern is laid over the map, it marks the sites of various nuclear bases of the world, the target of the Ares Project. Just as she speaks, Tolliver leads renegade troops to take over one of the bases; World War III is about to start! Diana also figures out that the second half she is looking for is through the mirror's reflection of the Talisman. Diana prepares to go, along with Julia, Steve, Michaelis and Etta. Steve tells Etta that Diana reminds him of his mother. The five are taken to Ares' sons' domain, where Deimos sends several massive snakes at Diana and Phobos has Diana's friends experience their fears: Etta is buried alive, Steve fights spiders, Julia drowns and Michaelis' is attacked by wild cats. Diana disposes the last serpent and attacks the fears and each sons' attacks are defeated. But Diana's hair turns into serpents and inject venom into her. Removing her tiara, Diana kills Deimos, her hair goes back to normal and Phobos flees dropping the second half of the Amulet. Combining the two, Diana and her friends are transported to the control room Tolliver took over.

### Powerplay

Etta, Steve and Michaelis attack Tolliver's men as Diana counters Tolliver at the control room. His troops rush her, but with her strength, she throws them off. Steve attacks an evil-spirited Tolliver corpse just as the key is yet to be turned. Diana vanishes and finally meets Ares, showing her his influence growing stronger. Diana attacks, but Ares blasts her into agony with his enjoyment. Grabbing her by the throat, Diana slams the Amulet on Ares' head and cries in pain as he ignites Diana. With her last strength, Diana uses her lasso on Ares and he screams and his world goes mad and Diana is knocked and is alive, but barely. Ares sees everything he wants: death, destruction, but misses something. Because of the war he created and the deaths of many, his influence falls and feels alone. Diana has shown him the ultimate consequences of his actions. Ares agrees on Diana's request to end the madness, and the balance is restored. Before sending her back, Ares tells Diana that she must save mankind from itself. Medics attend to the wounded Julia and Etta, and Colonel Michaelis is dead. Steve appears carrying the body of Diana.

### Rebirth

On Mount Olympus, Zeus goes into celebration over Ares' defeat, and the Goddesses’ oblivion is canceled. On Themyscira, however, the Amazons take the wounded Diana to the Island of Healing in the ancient ritual of revival. Artemis pleads with Zeus and he calls on the God Poseidon to save Diana. Thanks to him, Diana's body is healed and she is alive. Days later, Hippolyta and Diana discuss what Ares said to her and her mother does not want her to return to Man's World after she almost died. Athena gives Diana, as a sign of their support, a pair of winged sandals that Diana can wear from Themyscira to Man's World. Her mother then agrees. Etta and Colonel Hillary head to Vanessa's room to see Diana present with the cure to save her. Julia gets a call on her daughter’s recovery and heads there where she sees Vanessa back to normal and Diana. Diana needs help in her mission to spread her message and Julia helps her by taking her to see Myndi Mayer, who decides to refer Diana as Wonder Woman to avoid confusion to the Diana, Princess of Wales. In an epilogue, archaeologist Barbara Minerva hears about Wonder Woman and wants her lasso.

## Publication history

By the 1980s, DC Comics felt that their continuity was too difficult and complex for new readers to understand. To address this issue, the company published the *Crisis on Infinite Earths* limited series in 1985. The first *Wonder Woman* series ended with #329 (February 1986) and the character was killed in the last issue of *Crisis* (March 1986). Because the crossover wiped the slate clean by erasing all of continuity, the stage was now set for a complete relaunch and reboot of the title.

Writer Greg Potter, who previously created the *Jemm, Son of Saturn* series for DC, was hired to rework the character. He spent several months working with editor Janice Race on new concepts, before being joined by writer/artist George Pérez. Inspired by John Byrne and Frank Miller's work on refashioning Superman and Batman, Pérez came in as the plotter and penciler of *Wonder Woman*. The Wonder Woman character, the supporting cast, the villains, and the stories, were now much more firmed in Greek mythology. The drama was on concerning Diana's explorations of modern society, and the book had more realism than the pre-*Crisis* version in showing an innocent young Amazon entering *our* world and the issues she would face.

Race left DC before the first issue of the new series was published to return to book publishing and was replaced by Karen Berger. Potter left DC as well after completing the second issue of the new series and was replaced by Len Wein. Pérez was originally set for six months but ended up staying on the book for five years. His relaunch of the character was a critical and sales success.

## Post-Crisis alterations to Wonder Woman's history

* Wonder Woman first leaves Themyscira and arrives in the United States during the events of the 1986 *Legends* crossover rather than at the dawn of the Silver Age. Within the DC Universe timeline, this has Wonder Woman appear in the DCU several years later than Superman, Batman, Green Lantern Hal Jordan, et al., as well as several years after the formation of the Justice League, invalidating her status as a founding member despite her presence in the original series. This retcon also erased virtually all Wonder Woman stories and appearances from the Golden Age, Silver Age, and up through the *Crisis on Infinite Earths* from canon continuity. In order to compensate for her absence from Justice League continuity, Black Canary was retroactively inserted into the roster in Wonder Woman's place as a founding member.
* In her updated origin, Wonder Woman arrives in the United States with absolutely no knowledge of the English language, having been raised in a society secluded from the rest of the world for some 3,000 years. This differs from all previous Wonder Woman origin stories in which Diana arrives in the United States already fluent in English. A fast learner, Diana picks up a solid proficiency in the language with the help of Julia Kapatelis by the time of her first confrontation with Ares in *Gods and Mortals*, and is fluent within a few months of living in America.
* Steve Trevor, who was previously seen as a younger man of comparable age to Wonder Woman and who had acted as a romantic interest for Wonder Woman throughout her entire comic's history since her first appearance in 1940 (including all television adaptations and even in the 2009 animated movie), was re-written to be in his forties, some twenty years older than Diana, and, rather than a suitor, would come to act as more of a brotherly figure to Diana. He later marries Etta Candy.
* Pre-*Crisis*, the name "Wonder Woman" was a title by the Amazons for the greatest Amazon warrior. Post-*Crisis*, the name was given to Diana by the U.S. media shortly after her first public appearance after a reporter takes note of her breastplate insignia resembling a double-W.
* In her pre-Crisis origin, Wonder Woman's star-spangled American-themed costume is deliberately designed by the Amazons to mimic the American flag in order to aid her in gaining the trust and support of the American people. In her post-crisis origin, revealed in "Challenge of the Gods", the costume was created years before Diana's birth as ceremonial armor inspired by WWII U.S. Air Force pilot Diana Rockwell Trevor, who by an ironic twist of fate happened to be the mother of Steve Trevor. Diana Trevor had crash landed on Themyscira decades before Diana's birth and sacrificed her life to save her Amazon sisters who were being attacked by the Cottus, who had broken through Doom's Doorway, the barrier jailing numerous mythical monsters beneath Themyscira. In order to pay tribute to the unknown woman who had saved their lives, the Amazons created two costumes based on the patches and badges worn on Trevor's jacket - one that was worn by Trevor at her cremation, and the other which would only be worn by a champion worthy of the armor. This would be given to Diana after she won the contest to go face Ares in 'Man's World'.
* Pre-Crisis, Diana had the standard compunction against killing as most superheroes of the DC Universe. This version is a classically trained warrior with a corresponding practicality in battle and is perfectly willing to use deadly force when the situation calls for it.

## Collected editions

* *Wonder Woman Vol. 1: Gods and Mortals* collects *Wonder Woman* vol. 2 #1–7, 192 pages, March 2004, ISBN 978-1401201975
* *Wonder Woman: Gods & Mortals Book & DVD Set* collects *Wonder Woman* vol. 2 #1–7, 192 pages, August 2015, ISBN 978-1401260026
* *Wonder Woman by George Perez Omnibus* includes *Wonder Woman* vol. 2 #1–24 and *Annual* #1, 640 pages, August 2015, ISBN 978-1401255473

## In other media

The 2009 DC Universe Animated Original Movies film *Wonder Woman* is loosely based on the story arc.

## InfoBox

| "Gods and Mortals" | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of *Wonder Woman* vol. 2, 1 (February 1987), art by George Pérez | |
| Publisher | DC Comics |
| Publication date | February – August 1987 |
| Genre |  |
| Title(s) | *Wonder Woman* vol. 2 #1–7 |
| Main character(s) | Wonder Woman
Queen Hippolyta
Ares
Hercules |
| Creative team | |
| Writer(s) | George Pérez
Greg Potter
Len Wein |
| Penciller(s) | George Pérez |
| Inker(s) | Bruce D. Patterson |
| Editor(s) | Janice Race
Karen Berger |


title: Giulio Setti

abstract: Giulio Setti was an Italian choral conductor.

text:
# Giulio Setti

**Giulio Setti** (born Treviglio, October 3, 1869 - died Turin, October 2, 1938) was an Italian choral conductor.

## Biography

He served as chorus master of opera houses in Italy, Cairo, Cologne, and Buenos Aires prior to coming to the United States in 1908; there he was engaged as chorus master of the Metropolitan Opera. He remained in the post twenty-seven years before retiring, after which he returned to Italy.

* David Ewen, *Encyclopedia of the Opera: New Enlarged Edition*. New York; Hill and Wang, 1963.


title: National Airways Corporation

abstract: National Airways Corporation (NAC) is a commercial aviation company with its head office on the grounds of Lanseria Airport in Johannesburg, South Africa. The company offers a range of products and services for fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter markets, including aircraft sales, maintenance, parts, value-added products, aircraft charter, international operations, and pilot training. NAC Operations is the flight operations and charter division. NAC operates a South African network of offices, its main base is Lanseria Airport, with office hubs at Cape Town's V&A Waterfront, Durban, Ultimate Heliport in Midrand and Rand Airport. NAC also has shareholding in Discovery Jets based in Fort Lauderdale, USA.

text:
# National Airways Corporation

**National Airways Corporation (NAC)** is a commercial aviation company with its head office on the grounds of Lanseria Airport in Johannesburg, South Africa. The company offers a range of products and services for fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter markets, including aircraft sales, maintenance, parts, value-added products, aircraft charter, international operations, and pilot training. *NAC Operations* is the flight operations and charter division. NAC operates a South African network of offices, its main base is Lanseria Airport, with office hubs at Cape Town's V&A Waterfront, Durban, Ultimate Heliport in Midrand and Rand Airport. NAC also has shareholding in Discovery Jets based in Fort Lauderdale, USA.

## History

The general aviation company was established in 1946 and started operations on 25 May 1946 as **National Air Charters** and in 1962 acquired **United Air Services**; the following year National Air Charter was renamed to National Airways Corporation (NAC) In 1986 NAC acquired **Wings Airways** and united with **Namakwaland Lugdiens**.

On 1 July 1999, Imperial Holdings, a mobility group listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, purchased 62% NAC share.

In 2011, Naturelink Aviation was merged into National Airways Corporation.

The company is owned by a consortium of shareholders, including the Directors of NAC."/\>

## Dealerships and representation

NAC is an authorised dealer and representative for a variety of manufacturers and service providers in the aviation industry.

### Aircraft manufacturers

## Charter Fleet

As of February 2023 the National Airways charter fleet includes:

**National Airways Fleet**
| Aircraft | In Fleet | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Boeing 737-500 |  |  |
| Global XRS |  |  |
| Gulfstream G550 |  |  |
| Gulfstream 650ER |  |  |
| Falcon 7X |  |  |
| Hawker 4000 |  |  |
| Challenger 350 |  |  |
| Bombardier Learjet 60 |  |  |
| Bombardier Learjet 45XR |  |  |
| Hawker 800XP |  |  |
| Citation Mustang |  |  |
| Learjet 35A |  |  |
| King Air 200 |  |  |
| B1900D |  |  |
| Embraer 120 |  |  |
| PC12 |  |  |
| Cessna 208B |  |  |
| Cessna 402C |  |

## InfoBox

National Airways Corporation
| IATA ICAO Call sign  LFI AEROMED | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1946 |
| Fleet size | 34 |
| Headquarters | Lanseria Airport<br>Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Website | http://www.nac.co.za |


title: Wattston

abstract: Wattston is a village on the B803, west of Greengairs in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. Between them Wattston and Greengairs have about 1,190 residents. It is around 4 km south of Cumbernauld, and 4 km north of Airdrie. Other places nearby include Caldercruix, Longriggend, Riggend and Slamannan. There is still open cast mining in this former mining village. The village was badly affected by the Stanrigg Mining Disaster where, in July 1918, a collapse led to the deaths of 19 local mine workers, 3 of whom were from Wattston and 6 others from nearby Greengairs. The 98th corps of the Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers was headquartered at Wattston.

text:
# Wattston

**Wattston** is a village on the B803, west of Greengairs in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. Between them Wattston and Greengairs have about 1,190 residents. It is around 4 km south of Cumbernauld, and 4 km north of Airdrie. Other places nearby include Caldercruix, Longriggend, Riggend and Slamannan.

There is still open cast mining in this former mining village. The village was badly affected by the Stanrigg Mining Disaster where, in July 1918, a collapse led to the deaths of 19 local mine workers, 3 of whom were from Wattston and 6 others from nearby Greengairs.

The 98th corps of the Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers was headquartered at Wattston.

## InfoBox

| Wattston | |
| --- | --- |
| Wattston from Stanrigg Memorial Park | |
| WattstonLocation within North Lanarkshire | |
| Population | 560 (2022) |
| Council area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
|


title: Let's Stick Together (film)

abstract: Let's Stick Together is a 1952 animated short film featuring Donald Duck. It was released by Walt Disney Productions.

text:
# Let's Stick Together (film)

***Let's Stick Together*** is a 1952 animated short film featuring Donald Duck. It was released by Walt Disney Productions.

## Plot

An aged Donald Duck is working as a park custodian. An elderly Spike lives in a tree, where he is sitting on his rocking chair smoking a pipe. Spike recalls that years ago he actually worked with Donald, then flashes back to a time when both were young and struggling. Spike had been perusing help wanted ads of a discarded newspaper when Donald claims it for litter. The spiked stick Donald uses to collect garbage inspires Spike to try something, remarking "I had a talent I never knew" and realized he could use his own stinger to do the same. Spike does Donald's work, which inspires Donald to try new ideas. Donald then sells balloons to children at a carnival while telling Spike to then pop them for unnecessary repeat business, but this comes to an end when Spike also ruins a balloon dance sideshow. Donald then takes his business to Navy boys when the ship pulls in, where Spike uses his stinger to tattoo them. Realizing Spike can rapidly switch colors with his stinger, Donald is inspired to try his grand idea of textile production, where Spike is hooked up to a multi-spooler and makes various cloth items. The huge demand wears out Spike, who requests a vacation "somewhere in the country". Donald grants this by providing a greenhouse, to which Spike recalls "that man was a genius, he brought the country to me!" When a female bee is frolicking in the greenhouse, Spike falls in love with her, prompting him to deface all the clothes with hearts and messages of love. Angered that his business is ruined, Donald decudes the cause of the problem and attempts to swat the girl bee. Spike then recalls "the thing that brought us together was about to rift us apart" and aims his stinger at Donald. The scene returns to the present, where Donald approaches Spike about a job. Spike has no interest in that, saying how he has enjoyed wedded bliss for years. Spike's wife then throws pots and pans in a rage, shrewishly ranting how Spike does nothing at home except sit in that rocking chair while she cooks and cleans. Spike then answers Donald "Well, what are you waiting for?" as both run off to resume their business partnership.

## Voice cast

## Home media

The short was released on November 11, 2008 on *Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume Four: 1951-1961*.

## InfoBox

| Let's Stick Together | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Jack Hannah |
| Story by | Nick George
Al Bertino |
| Produced by | Walt Disney |
| Starring | Clarence Nash
June Foray
Bill Thompson |
| Music by | Oliver Wallace |
| Animation by | Bob Carlson
Volus Jones
Bill Justice
George Kreisel
Marvin Woodward |
| Layouts by | Yale Gracey |
| Backgrounds by | Thelma Whitmer |
| Production
company | Walt Disney Productions |
| Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures, Inc. |
| Release date | * April 25, 1952 (1952-04-25) |
| Running time | 7 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Leptosteges nigricostella

abstract: Leptosteges nigricostella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1895. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.

text:
# Leptosteges nigricostella

***Leptosteges nigricostella*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1895. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Leptosteges nigricostella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Leptosteges* |
| Species: | ***L. nigricostella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leptosteges nigricostella***<br>(Hampson, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Brihaspa nigricostella* Hampson, 1895 | |


title: Les Jackson (ice hockey)

abstract: Les Jackson is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player, coach, scout and current senior advisor to the Florida Panthers. He previously held the position of co-general manager of the Dallas Stars.

text:
# Les Jackson (ice hockey)

**Les Jackson** (born December 21, 1952) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player, coach, scout and current senior advisor to the Florida Panthers. He previously held the position of co-general manager of the Dallas Stars.

## Career

Jackson was selected in the 4th round of the 1972 NHL Amateur Draft, 64th overall, by the Boston Bruins.

After a brief minor league playing career, Jackson retired following the 1976–77 season, and was named head coach of the Great Falls Americans of the WHL prior to the 1979–80 season, his team going 2–25–1, until it folded on December 26, 1979. For the next two seasons, Jackson coached the Brandon Wheat Kings, and then served as their general manager for two seasons following that. Before the 1985–86 season Jackson joined the Minnesota North Stars as an assistant coach, and stayed with the franchise until September 1, 1999, when he joined the Atlanta Thrashers as assistant general manager.

On July 6, 2000, Jackson rejoined the Dallas Stars, and was named interim co-general manager (along with Brett Hull) on November 13, 2007, and on May 22, 2008, the "interim" was removed from their title as both were signed to a 3-year deal to be co-general managers. On May 31, 2009, Jackson and Hull were replaced by Joe Nieuwendyk as general manager, and reassigned to other roles within the Dallas Stars organization.

Jackson's contract was not renewed by the Stars after its expiration on June 30, 2020, ending what was the longest tenure of any employee in the franchise's history at 33 years. He was also the final team employee in any capacity who still had a direct connection to the franchise's time in Minnesota.

Jackson won a Stanley Cup as an executive with the Florida Panthers in 2024.

## InfoBox

| Les Jackson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1952-12-21) December 21, 1952<br>Manning, Alberta, Canada |
| Known for | coach, scout and co-general manager of the Minnesota North Stars/Dallas Stars franchise |


title: Lest We Forget (1918 film)

abstract: Lest We Forget is a 1918 American World War I espionage drama silent film directed by Leonce Perret and produced by and starring Rita Jolivet. The film was released by the Metro Pictures company. While the picture is essentially a spy film, it may also be considered a propaganda film popular during World War I.

text:
# Lest We Forget (1918 film)

***Lest We Forget*** is a 1918 American World War I espionage drama silent film directed by Leonce Perret and produced by and starring Rita Jolivet. The film was released by the Metro Pictures company. While the picture is essentially a spy film, it may also be considered a propaganda film popular during World War I.

## Plot

The film was a live action film about the 1915 *Lusitania* sinking (as opposed to Windsor McKay's animated film *The Sinking of the Lusitania* (1918)). Actress Rita Jolivet was a survivor of the sinking and much of what is known about the last moments of her producer/employer Charles Frohman is related from her. This film made famous his last words, "..Why fear death for it is the most beautiful adventure in life."

## Cast

## Reception

Like many American films of the time, *Lest We Forget* was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors required cuts of, in Reel 1, the intertitle "Why marry her?", Reel 3, that part of the scene in the telegraph office where officer throws young woman over table and is shown bending over her, Reel 4, the intertitle "Go, all of you — I will avenge this", and, Reel 7, the cutting of telephone wires.

## Preservation status

The film survives in a fragment at George Eastman House Motion Picture Collection with more complete copies at the Library of Congress and Cinémathèque Française.

## InfoBox

| Lest We Forget | |
| --- | --- |
| period poster | |
| Directed by | Léonce Perret
Clifford Saum (2nd director) |
| Written by | Leonce Perret (scenario)
Tom Bret (subtitles editor) |
| Produced by | Rita Jolivet
Count Giuseppe de Cippico (Jolivet's husband)
J. L. Kempner |
| Starring | Rita Jolivet |
| Cinematography | Lucien Andriot |
| Edited by | Charles A. Taylor |
| Distributed by | Metro Pictures (picture branded A Metro Special) |
| Release date | * January 27, 1918 (1918-01-27) |
| Running time | 7-8 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


abstract: Lest Darkness Fall [and] To Bring the Light is an anthology of time travel alternate history stories by American writers L. Sprague de Camp and David Drake. It was first published in paperback by Baen Books in August 1996. The book has been translated into Italian.

text:
# Lest Darkness Fall and To Bring the Light

***Lest Darkness Fall \[and\] To Bring the Light*** is an anthology of time travel alternate history stories by American writers L. Sprague de Camp and David Drake. It was first published in paperback by Baen Books in August 1996. The book has been translated into Italian.

## Summary

The book collects de Camp's classic timeslip novel *Lest Darkness Fall*, in which a modern man is transported to the past and uses his knowledge of history to change events, together with a new novella on a similar theme by Drake, in which a woman from a past era finds herself in an even earlier one, and users her knowledge of legend to ensure the events that gave rise to her own world actually take place. The book includes an introduction by Harry Turtledove.

## Contents

* ***Lest Darkness Fall*** by L. Sprague de Camp. A shorter version first appeared in the magazine *Unknown* v. 11, no. 4, December 1939; expanded to novel length, it was first published in book form by Henry Holt and Company in 1941. There have been numerous editions since. Martin Padway, an American archeologist visiting Rome in 1938, is struck by lightning at the Pantheon and finds himself transported back in time to the Rome of 535 AD. In that period the Western Roman Empire has long since fallen, and for nearly sixty years Italy has been ruled by barbarians, currently the Ostrogoths. However, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire is poised to invade and reconquer the peninsula in a ruinous war Padway knows from history will devastate the country and mark the onset of the Dark Ages. To ensure his own survival and prevent the impending collapse of civilization, he sets out to introduce technical innovations from his own time. As Italy is invaded, he also becomes involved in political and military affairs, becoming the power behind the Ostrogothic throne and defeating the Byzantines. By the end of the novel Padway has stabilized the Italo-Gothic kingdom and consolidated his reforms. Due to his actions, Europe will not experience the Dark Ages, and darkness will not fall.
* **"To Bring the Light"** by David Drake, published here for the first time. This story features Flavia Herosilla, a well-educated woman living in Imperial Rome, watching a procession headed by the Emperor Philip the Arab \- when a sudden thunderstorm breaks out. Like Padway, she is sent back in time by a lightning strike, in her case to the era of Rome's beginnings around 751 BC. It takes her some time to understand that the rolling green hills she sees are the Seven Hills of Rome, which she had known completely built up and covered with palaces and tenements. Among the rude shepherds living in a tiny village on top of Palatine Hill are people which she always considered as myth and whose historical veracity she had doubted. But they are all too real, one of them trying to rape her and needing to be fought off by tricks she had learned from a Bactrian wrestler. Finding her feet in this archaic setting, Flavia is able to use her sophisticated urban knowledge to manipulate and overawe the villagers, and is soon in a position to organize and implement a bloody regime change in Alba Longa \- a minor provincial town by Flavia's Imperial Roman standards, but the crucial hub of local power in the here-and-now. Unlike Padway, who tried to change history, Flavia simply seeks to make sure that the Founding of Rome would take place on schedule and that the legends that she knows would come true. But there is one detail she does want to change. The legends tell that on the day of Rome's founding, Romulus killed his brother Remus \- and while in the process of making sure that Rome will be founded, Flavia Herosilla had fallen in love with Remus ...

## InfoBox

Lest Darkness Fall \[and\] To Bring the Light
| Cover of first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | L. Sprague de Camp, David Drake |
| Cover artist | Ken Tunnell |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Baen Books |
| Publication date | 1996 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (paperback) |
| Pages | xi, 336 |
| ISBN | 0-671-87736-4 |


title: Lepturges fuchsi

abstract: Lepturges fuchsi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gilmour in 1962.

text:
# Lepturges fuchsi

***Lepturges fuchsi*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gilmour in 1962.

## InfoBox

| *Lepturges fuchsi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Lepturges* |
| Species: | ***L. fuchsi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lepturges fuchsi***<br>Gilmour, 1962 | |
|


title: Lesley Mahmood

abstract: Lesley Elizabeth Mahmood is a British politician. She was active in Militant and Liverpool politics along with her brother Roy Farrar in the 1970s and 1980s. Mahmood was prominent in the Liverpool District Labour Party's campaign for more money for the city from the government of Margaret Thatcher, and was elected to the Liverpool City Council as part of the Liverpool 29 who replaced the Liverpool 47 when they were surcharged in 1986. She was also prominent in the campaign against the Poll Tax and was put forward to be the Labour candidate in the Liverpool Walton by-election caused by the death of Eric Heffer in 1991. Although she won a majority of 92 out of 140 Walton Labour Party members, once the union votes were counted, Peter Kilfoyle became the Labour Party candidate. In the ensuing by-election, Kilfoyle won with 21,317 (53.1%) votes while Mahmood, standing as Walton Real Labour, came third with 2,613 and 6.5% of the vote. The Walton by-election was a factor in the decision by Militant to leave the Labour Party, setting up first Militant Labour and then the Socialist Party. Mahmood was later active in support of the sacked Liverpool Dockers. She left the Socialist Party in 1998 in disputes over the Euro, trade unions, and the relevance of democratic centralism to modern socialist politics and became a supporter of the Socialist Solidarity Network.

text:
# Lesley Mahmood

**Lesley Elizabeth Mahmood** is a British politician. She was active in Militant and Liverpool politics along with her brother Roy Farrar in the 1970s and 1980s.

Mahmood was prominent in the Liverpool District Labour Party's campaign for more money for the city from the government of Margaret Thatcher, and was elected to the Liverpool City Council as part of the Liverpool 29 who replaced the Liverpool 47 when they were surcharged in 1986.

She was also prominent in the campaign against the Poll Tax and was put forward to be the Labour candidate in the Liverpool Walton by-election caused by the death of Eric Heffer in 1991. Although she won a majority of 92 out of 140 Walton Labour Party members, once the union votes were counted, Peter Kilfoyle became the Labour Party candidate. In the ensuing by-election, Kilfoyle won with 21,317 (53.1%) votes while Mahmood, standing as Walton Real Labour, came third with 2,613 and 6.5% of the vote. The Walton by-election was a factor in the decision by Militant to leave the Labour Party, setting up first Militant Labour and then the Socialist Party.

Mahmood was later active in support of the sacked Liverpool Dockers. She left the Socialist Party in 1998 in disputes over the Euro, trade unions, and the relevance of democratic centralism to modern socialist politics and became a supporter of the Socialist Solidarity Network.


title: Lesley Lokko

abstract: Lesley Naa Norle Lokko is a Ghanaian-Scottish academic, and novelist. From 2019 to 2020, she was a professor and served as dean of the Bernard and Anne Spitzer School of Architecture in New York, in addition to holding teaching and other positions in Johannesburg, London, Accra and Edinburgh. In 2015, Lokko established the Graduate School of Architecture (GSA) at University of Johannesburg – an African school dedicated to postgraduate architecture education. She returned to Accra, Ghana, in 2021 and established the African Futures Institute, a postgraduate school of architecture and public events platform. In January 2024, Lokko was announced by the Royal Institute of British Architecture (RIBA) as recipient of the Royal Gold Medal, one of the world's highest honours for architecture. She was named on TIME magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People of 2024.

text:
# Lesley Lokko

**Lesley Naa Norle Lokko** OBE (born 1964) is a Ghanaian-Scottish academic, and novelist. From 2019 to 2020, she was a professor and served as dean of the Bernard and Anne Spitzer School of Architecture in New York, in addition to holding teaching and other positions in Johannesburg, London, Accra and Edinburgh.

In 2015, Lokko established the Graduate School of Architecture (GSA) at University of Johannesburg – an African school dedicated to postgraduate architecture education. She returned to Accra, Ghana, in 2021 and established the African Futures Institute, a postgraduate school of architecture and public events platform.

In January 2024, Lokko was announced by the Royal Institute of British Architecture (RIBA) as recipient of the Royal Gold Medal, one of the world's highest honours for architecture. She was named on *TIME* magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People of 2024.

## Early life and education

Lesley Lokko was born in 1964 in Dundee, the daughter of a Ghanaian surgeon and a Scottish Jewish mother, and grew up in Ghana and Scotland. Aged 17, she attended a private boarding school in England. She began studying Hebrew and Arabic at Oxford University, but left the programme to go to the United States. She graduated from the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, with a BSc(Arch) degree in 1992, and a MArch in 1995, and went on to earn a PhD in architecture from the University of London in 2007.

## Career

### As writer and editor

Much of Lokko's writing contains themes about cultural and racial identity. She has frequently lectured in South Africa, and has also taught in the United Kingdom and the United States. She also writes regularly for *The Architectural Review*. She was editor of *White Papers, Black Marks: Race, Culture, Architecture* (University of Minnesota Press, 2000), and editor-in-chief of *FOLIO: Journal of Contemporary African Architecture*, as well as being on the editorial board of *ARQ* (Cambridge), and a series editor of *Design Research in Architecture* (UCL Press).

In 2004, Lokko published her first novel, *Sundowners*, a Guardian top 40 bestseller, following up with 11 further novels, including *Saffron Skies* (2005), *Bitter Chocolate* (2008), *One Secret Summer* (2010), *A Private Affair* (2011) and *Little White Lies* (2014). As characterised by *The Scotsman* in 2012, what Lokko writes "is 'glam lit' with women in high flying, exciting jobs who jet around the globe rubbing shoulders and other parts with devious men from the upper ranks of high society in twisting, intelligently spun tales." In 2020, she moved from Orion to PanMacmillan with her novel *Soul Sisters*.

She contributed an essay entitled "No more than three, please!" to the 2019 anthology *New Daughters of Africa* (edited by Margaret Busby).

### Architecture

Lokko has taught architecture all over the globe. Before exiting the United States, She was an assistant professor in architecture at Iowa State University from 1997 to 1998 and at University of Illinois at Chicago from 1998 to 2000. In 2000, she became the Martin Luther King Visiting Professor of architecture at the University of Michigan. She then moved back to the United Kingdom for almost a decade, teaching architecture at Kingston University, University of North London and, finally, at the University of Westminster, where she established the current Master of Arts programme in the pathway of Architecture, Cultural Identity and Globalisation (MACIG).

Lokko was first appointed visiting African scholar at the University of Cape Town upon her return to South Africa. Tired of "Europe’s hand-me-downs", Lokko, in partnership with the University of Johannesburg, established the Graduate School of Architecture (GSA) in 2014/2015 and became its director. The GSA, modelled after the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University and London's Architectural Association, is the only school on the continent offering the Unit System way of teaching.

In 2015, Lokko became head of the newly established Graduate School and associate professor of architecture at the University of Johannesburg. She founded the GSA at a time of political imperatives in South Africa and witnessed the large-scale student protests, with the uprising conscious of national identity in postcolonial South Africa.

In June 2019, she was named as dean of the Bernard and Anne Spitzer School of Architecture at the City College of New York, remaining in this position until 2020.

Returning to Ghana, in 2021 she founded and is director of the African Futures Institute (AFI), a postgraduate school of architecture and public events platform in Accra.

In 2021, Lokko was appointed as the curator of the 18th Venice Biennale of Architecture, set to open in 2023. She became the first ever black curator of the Biennale. The exhibition was titled "The Laboratory of the Future", with the twin themes of decolonisation and decarbonisation providing a "a glimpse of future practices and ways of seeing and being in the world", and Lokko said: "It is impossible to build a better world if one cannot first imagine it." The *RIBA Journal*, acknowledging Lokko's intention to "rupture" the prevailing story of architecture that under-represented and excluded many people and places, observed that, with architects and artists from Africa and the African diaspora for the first time comprising the majority of the contributors to the Biennale, and a gender balance of 50-50, "The result is a bold, complex exhibition that seems urgent and deeply felt. It is uncomfortable and uplifting, forcing us to confront violence and environmental destruction in which architecture is complicit."

## Honours, awards and recognition

In 2020, Lokko was awarded the RIBA Annie Spink Award for Excellence in Architectural Education. This was followed in 2021 with the Ada Louise Huxtable Prize for Contribution to Architecture.

In 2023, Lokko was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the New Year Honours for services to architecture and education.

In January 2024, Lokko was announced by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) as the recipient of the Royal Gold Medal, one of the world's highest honours for architecture, given in recognition of a lifetime's work to people who have had a significant influence either directly or indirectly on the advancement of architecture. As noted by Oliver Wainwright in *The Guardian*, she is the first African woman and only the second black architect to be chosen for the award since it was first presented in 1848.

Describing her as "\[a\] fierce champion of equity and inclusion in all aspects of life", RIBA president Muyiwa Oki stated: "Lesley Lokko's progressive approach to architecture education offers hope for the future – a profession that welcomes those from all walks of life, considers the needs of our environment, and acknowledges a broad range of cultures and perspectives. A visionary agent of change, Lesley has dedicated her life to championing these values, not only through academic endeavors, but through her work as an author and curator. She remains a humble revolutionary force, with her ambition and optimism etching an indelible mark on the global architectural stage."

In 2024, Lokko featured on the *Time* 100 list of the top 100 most influential people in the world.

## Selected published works

* 2000: *White Papers, Black Marks: Race, Culture, Architecture*
* 2004: *Sundowners*
* 2005: *Saffron Skies*
* 2008: *Bitter Chocolate*
* 2009: *Rich Girl, Poor Girl*
* 2010: *One Secret Summer*
* 2011: *A Private Affair*
* 2012: *An Absolute Deception*
* 2014: *Little White Lies*
* 2016: *The Last Debutante*
* 2021: *Soul Sisters*

### As editor

* 2000: *White Papers, Black Marks: Architecture, Race, Culture*
* 2017: *FOLIO: Journal of Contemporary African Architecture* Vol. 1
* 2020: *FOLIO: Journal of Contemporary African Architecture* Vol. 2

## InfoBox

| Lesley LokkoOBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Lokko in 2010 | |
| Born | Lesley Naa Norle Lokko
1964 (age 5960)
Dundee, Scotland |
| Nationality | Ghanaian-Scottish |
| Alma mater | University College London |
| Occupation(s) | Academic, novelist |
| Known for | Founder of African Futures Institute |
| Awards | RIBA Annie Spink Award (2020)
Ada Louise Huxtable Prize (2021)
Royal Gold Medal (2024) |
| Website | www.lesleylokko.com |


title: Lex Trebonia (448 BC)

abstract: The Lex Trebonia was a law passed in 448 BC to forbid the tribunes of the plebs from co-opting colleagues to fill vacant positions. Its purpose was to prevent the patricians from pressuring the tribunes to appoint colleagues sympathetic to or chosen from the aristocracy. In 451 BC, Rome's traditional consular government was replaced by a committee of ten senior statesmen, known as the decemvirs, who were tasked with drawing up the complete body of Roman law, based on existing law and tradition, as well as on Greek models reported by a group of Roman envoys who had been sent to study Greek law. Their efforts resulted in the first ten tables of Roman law, but the work was incomplete, and so a second college of decemvirs was appointed for the following year. Appius Claudius Crassus, who had been consul-elect before the decemvirate, was the only member of the first college to participate in the second, and he ensured that his colleagues for the second year were like-minded and easily dominated by himself. The final two tables of Roman law that they drew up imposed harsh restrictions on the plebeians, and forbade the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians. The decemvirs then continued in office the following year, without calling for new elections. Public resentment of the decemvirs and many of the laws they had promulgated, combined with reports of their corruption, and in some cases tolerance of criminal acts committed by their allies, led to the overthrow of the decemvirate. The tribunes of the plebs passed laws restoring the consular government, and making permanent both the right of appeal and the continuance of their own college. The new consuls then achieved what the decemvirs had failed to accomplish, winning military victories over the Sabines and the Aequi, but the Roman Senate refused them a triumph; the tribunes of the plebs then submitted the matter to a popular vote, and won a triumph for the consuls. Flush with their successes against the aristocracy, the tribunes stood for re-election the following year. Fearful that his colleagues were repeating the mistakes of the decemvirs, the tribune Marcus Duilius, who presided over the election, refused to put their names forward for the election, and as a result only five candidates received enough votes for the office. Duilius then directed them to co-opt five colleagues to serve alongside them, frustrating the ambition of the other tribunes of BC 449. According to Livy, the five elected allowed themselves to be guided by the patricians, to the extent that they chose two patricians to serve as tribunes of the plebs: Aulus Aternius Varus and Spurius Tarpeius Montanus Capitolinus, who had been consuls in 454. One of the plebeian members of the college, Lucius Trebonius, then proposed a law forbidding the co-optation of tribunes, but calling for their election to continue until the full number had been elected. The law was passed, and so effective was Trebonius at frustrating the patricians' designs during his year of office that he earned the surname Asper, meaning "prickly". The Trebonian law was not always strictly enforced. When not enough tribunes were elected in 401 BC, the patricians attempted to have some of their number co-opted to the office. In this they failed, but two plebeians were still chosen as tribunes by co-optation, to the great annoyance of their colleague, Gnaeus Trebonius, whose name was attached to the flouted law.

text:
# Lex Trebonia (448 BC)

The ***Lex Trebonia*** was a law passed in 448 BC to forbid the tribunes of the plebs from co-opting colleagues to fill vacant positions. Its purpose was to prevent the patricians from pressuring the tribunes to appoint colleagues sympathetic to or chosen from the aristocracy.

In 451 BC, Rome's traditional consular government was replaced by a committee of ten senior statesmen, known as the decemvirs, who were tasked with drawing up the complete body of Roman law, based on existing law and tradition, as well as on Greek models reported by a group of Roman envoys who had been sent to study Greek law. Their efforts resulted in the first ten tables of Roman law, but the work was incomplete, and so a second college of decemvirs was appointed for the following year. Appius Claudius Crassus, who had been consul-elect before the decemvirate, was the only member of the first college to participate in the second, and he ensured that his colleagues for the second year were like-minded and easily dominated by himself. The final two tables of Roman law that they drew up imposed harsh restrictions on the plebeians, and forbade the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians.

The decemvirs then continued in office the following year, without calling for new elections. Public resentment of the decemvirs and many of the laws they had promulgated, combined with reports of their corruption, and in some cases tolerance of criminal acts committed by their allies, led to the overthrow of the decemvirate. The tribunes of the plebs passed laws restoring the consular government, and making permanent both the right of appeal and the continuance of their own college. The new consuls then achieved what the decemvirs had failed to accomplish, winning military victories over the Sabines and the Aequi, but the Roman Senate refused them a triumph; the tribunes of the plebs then submitted the matter to a popular vote, and won a triumph for the consuls.

Flush with their successes against the aristocracy, the tribunes stood for re-election the following year. Fearful that his colleagues were repeating the mistakes of the decemvirs, the tribune Marcus Duilius, who presided over the election, refused to put their names forward for the election, and as a result only five candidates received enough votes for the office. Duilius then directed them to co-opt five colleagues to serve alongside them, frustrating the ambition of the other tribunes of BC 449. According to Livy, the five elected allowed themselves to be guided by the patricians, to the extent that they chose two patricians to serve as tribunes of the plebs: Aulus Aternius Varus and Spurius Tarpeius Montanus Capitolinus, who had been consuls in 454.

One of the plebeian members of the college, Lucius Trebonius, then proposed a law forbidding the co-optation of tribunes, but calling for their election to continue until the full number had been elected. The law was passed, and so effective was Trebonius at frustrating the patricians' designs during his year of office that he earned the surname *Asper*, meaning "prickly".

The Trebonian law was not always strictly enforced. When not enough tribunes were elected in 401 BC, the patricians attempted to have some of their number co-opted to the office. In this they failed, but two plebeians were still chosen as tribunes by co-optation, to the great annoyance of their colleague, Gnaeus Trebonius, whose name was attached to the flouted law.

## Sources


title: Lesser masked weaver

abstract: The lesser masked weaver is a species of bird in the family Ploceidae. It builds its nests in large colonies, often alongside the village weaver and sometimes the red-billed buffalo weaver. This species is commonly parasitised by the Diederik cuckoo. It is found in eastern, south-eastern and southern Africa.

text:
# Lesser masked weaver

The **lesser masked weaver** (*Ploceus intermedius*) is a species of bird in the family Ploceidae. It builds its nests in large colonies, often alongside the village weaver and sometimes the red-billed buffalo weaver. This species is commonly parasitised by the Diederik cuckoo. It is found in eastern, south-eastern and southern Africa.

## Taxonomy and systematics

There are two subspecies:

* *P. i. intermedius* Rüppell, 1845 – From Djibouti to central Tanzania
* *P. i. cabanisii* (W. K. H. Peters, 1868) – African west coast and southern Africa

Synonyms are *P. i. beattyi* in Angola and *P. i. luebberti* in Namibia

## InfoBox

| Lesser masked weaver | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male *P. i. intermedius*, Kenya | |
|  | |
| Female *P. i. cabanisii*, South Africa | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Ploceidae |
| Genus: | *Ploceus* |
| Species: | ***P. intermedius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ploceus intermedius***
Rüppell, 1845 | |
|


title: Let Me Live

abstract: "Let Me Live" is a 1996 song by Queen, from the album Made in Heaven. Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor and Brian May share lead vocals, with Mercury singing the first verse, Taylor singing the second verse and bridge, and May singing the last verse. During the choruses, all of the band members sing, as well as a background choir, giving it a gospel sound reminiscent of the band's 1976 single "Somebody to Love". The single reached No. 9 in the UK Single Charts, becoming the band's last Top 10 hit in that country.

text:
# Let Me Live

"**Let Me Live**" is a 1996 song by Queen, from the album *Made in Heaven*. Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor and Brian May share lead vocals, with Mercury singing the first verse, Taylor singing the second verse and bridge, and May singing the last verse. During the choruses, all of the band members sing (except for John Deacon), as well as a background choir, giving it a gospel sound reminiscent of the band's 1976 single "Somebody to Love". The single reached No. 9 in the UK Single Charts, becoming the band's last Top 10 hit in that country.

## History

Freddie Mercury stated in an interview that this song was originally recorded with Rod Stewart in 1983. It is rumoured that this song was intended to be on Queen's *The Works* album in 1984. Some backing lyrics in the version intended for release on *Made in Heaven* had to be changed due to copyright problems, because it resembled a line from "Piece of My Heart". The first Mexican and Dutch pressings of the album, however, had the original version. The song peaked at No. 9 on the UK singles chart. According to the Queen website, BBC Radio 1 did not playlist this song.

## Track listing

CD single – part one: *1994 digital remaster*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Let Me Live" | 4:46 |
| 2. | "Fat Bottomed Girls" | 4:15 |
| 3. | "Bicycle Race" | 3:00 |
| 4. | "Don't Stop Me Now" | 3:30 |

CD single – part two: *BBC session, February 1973*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Let Me Live" | 4:46 |
| 2. | "My Fairy King" | 4:07 |
| 3. | "Doing All Right" | 4:13 |
| 4. | "Liar" | 6:30 |

CD single (from *The Singles Collection 4*): *Live at Wembley '86*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Let Me Live" | 4:46 |
| 2. | "We Will Rock You" | 2:57 |
| 3. | "We Are the Champions" | 4:04 |

## Personnel

Queen * Freddie Mercury — lead vocals on first verse, piano
* Brian May — lead vocals on final verse, backing vocals, electric guitar, organ
* Roger Taylor — lead vocals on second verse and bridge, backing vocals, drums, percussion
* John Deacon — bass guitar

Additional musicians

## Alternate version

* *Made in Heaven* – The Film's Edit (0:29) (on the DVD only, on the 'Song Select' screen) (an edit of the album version from 0:25 to 0:55, fading out over three seconds)

## Charts

| Chart (1996) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 67 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 36 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 28 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 9 |
| UK Rock & Metal (OCC) | 1 |

## InfoBox

| "Let Me Live" | |
| --- | --- |
| Artwork for UK release | |
| Single by Queen | |
| from the album  *Made in Heaven* | |
| B-side |  |
| Released | 17 June 1996 |
| Recorded | 1983, 19931995 |
| Genre | Rock, gospel |
| Length | 4:45 |
| Label | Parlophone (Europe) |
| Songwriter(s) | Queen |
| Producer(s) | Queen |
| Queen singles chronology | |
| "Too Much Love Will Kill You"
(1996) "**Let Me Live**"
(1996) "You Don't Fool Me"
(1996) | |


title: Leuciscus lindbergi

abstract: Leuciscus lindbergi is a species of cyprinid fish described from the Talas River, Turkestan.

text:
# Leuciscus lindbergi

***Leuciscus lindbergi*** is a species of cyprinid fish described from the Talas River, Turkestan.

## InfoBox

| *Leuciscus lindbergi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Leuciscinae |
| Genus: | *Leuciscus* |
| Species: | ***L. lindbergi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leuciscus lindbergi***<br>Zanin & Eremejev, 1934 | |
|


title: Leuciscus dzungaricus

abstract: Leuciscus dzungaricus is a species of cyprinid fish, known from Bulgan Gol river in Mongolia.

text:
# Leuciscus dzungaricus

***Leuciscus dzungaricus*** is a species of cyprinid fish, known from Bulgan Gol river in Mongolia.

## InfoBox

| *Leuciscus dzungaricus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Leuciscinae |
| Genus: | *Leuciscus* |
| Species: | ***L. dzungaricus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leuciscus dzungaricus***<br>Paepke & F. Koch, 1998 | |
|


title: Leyte Normal University

abstract: Leyte Normal University is a university in the province of Leyte, Philippines. It is mandated to provide higher professional and special instructions for special purposes and to promote research and extension services, advanced studies, and progressive leadership in education and other related fields. Its campus is situated in Tacloban City.

text:
# Leyte Normal University

**Leyte Normal University** (also abbreviated as **LNU**) is a university in the province of Leyte, Philippines. It is mandated to provide higher professional and special instructions for special purposes and to promote research and extension services, advanced studies, and progressive leadership in education and other related fields. Its campus is situated in Tacloban City.

## History

The history of Leyte Normal University dates back to the pre-war years. It came into being in 1921 as the Provincial Normal School, a mere adjunct of the Leyte High School. It eventually outgrew its base becoming a two-year collegiate training institution in 1938. It became a degree-granting four-year college complete with a training department in 1952. It was then known as Leyte Normal School.

On June 14, 1976, it was converted into the Leyte State College by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 944, signed by then Pres. Ferdinand Marcos. In 1993, the late Cong. Cirilo Roy Montejo filed House Bill No. 22 in the House of Representatives proposing the conversion of the college into a university. This bill was sponsored by former Sen. Letecia Ramos-Shahani in the Senate. On February 23, 1995, the college was converted into the Leyte Normal University though R.A. 7910.

Sometime in April 1996, the university was proclaimed by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) as the Center of Excellence for Teacher Education in Region VIII from 1996 to 2001. Then in August 2008, CHED again awarded LNU as Center of Excellence for Teacher Education from 2008 to 2011.

## Officials

(Effective until April 2016)

| President | Dr. Evelyn B. Aguirre |
| --- | --- |
| Vice Presidents | Name |
| Academic Affairs | Dr. Ma. Rocini E. Tenasas |
| Administration and Finance | Dr. Generoso N. Mazo |
| Research and Extension | Dr. Gil Nicetas B. Villarino |
| Student Development and Auxiliary Services | Dr. Cleofe L. Lajara |

| Deans | Name |
| --- | --- |
| College of Education | Dr. Lina G. Fabian |
| College of Arts and Sciences | Dr. Joyce M. Magtolis |
| College of Management and Entrepreneurship | Dr. Solomon Faller, Jr. |
| Graduate School | Dr. Josephine Pelingon |

## InfoBox

Leyte Normal University
| *Pamantasang Normal ng Leyte* (Filipino) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | * Leyte Provincial Normal School (1921–1952) * Leyte Normal School (1952–1976) * Leyte State College (1976–1995) |
| Motto in English | Integrity. Excellence. Service. |
| Type | State university |
| Established | 1921 (1921) |
| President | Dr. Evelyn B. Aguirre |
| Vice-president | Dr. Ma. Rocini E. Tenasas
(VP for Academic Services)
Dr. Generoso N. Mazo
(VP for Administration & Finance)
Dr. Gil Nicetas B. Villarino
(VP for Research, Innovation & Extension)
Dr. Cleofe L. Lajara
(VP for Student Development & Auxiliary Services)
 |
| Location | Tacloban City, Philippines
11°14′16″N 125°00′05″E / 11.23778°N 125.00139°E / 11.23778; 125.00139 |
| Campus | Tacloban City |
| News Paper | *An Lantawan* |
| Colors | Blue and gold |
| Nickname | LNU |
| Website | www.lnu.edu.ph |
|  | |
| Location in the VisayasLocation in the Philippines | |


title: Letičani

abstract: Letičani is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D43 highway.

text:
# Letičani

**Letičani**  is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D43 highway.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 325.

## InfoBox

| Letičani | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Letičani | |
| Coordinates: 45°56′N 16°54′E / 45.933°N 16.900°E / 45.933; 16.900 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Bjelovar-Bilogora County |
| Municipality | Bjelovar |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.4 sq mi (3.7 km2) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 325 |
| Density | 230/sq mi (88/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Letiště

abstract: Letiště (Airport) is a Czech drama television series that was broadcast by Prima televize in 2006 and 2007. It takes place at two airports, at the Prague airport in Ruzyně, where it tells about the fictitious airline company Central Airlines, and at the small airport Točná. The series premiered on TV Prima on September 4, 2006, and ended after 118 episodes of two series on December 19, 2007, on Prima. The series primarily focused on relationship between flight attendant Anna Holubcová and Václav Schindler. Viola Antošová replaced Anna in the second season after Anna's death. On 17 October 2007, it was confirmed that the series was cancelled after season 2 and will end after 118 episodes.

text:
# Letiště

**Letiště** (Airport) is a Czech drama television series that was broadcast by Prima televize in 2006 and 2007. It takes place at two airports, at the Prague airport in Ruzyně, where it tells about the fictitious airline company Central Airlines, and at the small airport Točná. The series premiered on TV Prima on September 4, 2006, and ended after 118 episodes of two series on December 19, 2007, on Prima.

The series primarily focused on relationship between flight attendant Anna Holubcová and Václav Schindler. Viola Antošová replaced Anna in the second season after Anna's death.

On 17 October 2007, it was confirmed that the series was cancelled after season 2 and will end after 118 episodes.

## Plot

### Season 1

Flight attendant Anna lives a fairly peaceful relationship with steward Karel. Karel is her superior and they cannot avoid minor conflicts, but so far it has worked out quite well for them. But Anna confides in her best friend Lucie that something still draws her to Václav, her former partner with whom she lived for almost 12 years. However, Václav also likes to remember her sometimes, but he can't it too much, because his current partner Martina always recognizes everything about him. Václav is a widower who has a stepson Tomáš, whose mother died in one of the tragic accidents. Václav used to take care of his son together with Anna. His best friend and co-worker is Pavel Kučera who owns a plane and hangars at Točná, but he doesn't really feel like a boss and manages the airport together with Václav.

### Season 2

Anna died tragically. Václav is having a hard time recovering from her death. He has to be brave for his one-year-old daughter Anežka, whom he cares deeply about, even though she is not his biological daughter. He solves this situation by turning to alcohol. In this difficult time, young and beautiful Viola joins Central Airlines as a pilot, and Václav fall in love with her. However, this love is not accepted by several people and both have to fight for it.

## Cast

1. Gráfová, Jitka (25 July 2007). "Šiškovou v Letišti nahradí ambiciózní Rybová". *Aktuálně.cz* (in Czech). Retrieved 11 August 2024.
2. "Do Vánoc a dost! Seriál Letiště končí". *iDNES.cz* (in Czech). 17 October 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2024.

## InfoBox

| *Letiště* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Drama |
| Starring | Anna Šišková
Maroš Kramár
David Matásek
Vojtěch Dyk
Matouš Ruml
Jitka Schneiderová
Bohumil Klepl
Zuzana Norisová
Pavel Zedníček
Zuzana Bydžovská
Linda Rybová
Pavel Řezníček |
| Country of origin | Czech Republic |
| Original language | Czech |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 118 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Prima televize |
| Release | September 4, 2006 (2006-09-04)
December 19, 2007 (2007-12-19) |


title: Lewis Browne

abstract: Lewis Browne was a writer, philosopher, lecturer and world traveller. A rabbi, Browne turned to writing popular histories and biographies including This Believing World (1926), The Graphic Bible, and The Wisdom of Israel (1945). His 1943 novel See What I Mean? was regarded as a counterpart to It Can't Happen Here by Sinclair Lewis, Browne's frequent debate partner on the 1940s lecture circuit. Browne was considered one of the foremost authorities on the problems of comparative religion.

text:
# Lewis Browne

**Lewis Browne** (1897  January 3, 1949) was a writer, philosopher, lecturer and world traveller. A rabbi, Browne turned to writing popular histories and biographies including *This Believing World* (1926), *The Graphic Bible* (1928, illustrations by Mark Rothko), and *The Wisdom of Israel* (1945). His 1943 novel *See What I Mean?* was regarded as a counterpart to *It Can't Happen Here* by Sinclair Lewis, Browne's frequent debate partner on the 1940s lecture circuit. Browne was considered one of the foremost authorities on the problems of comparative religion.

## Life and career

Browne was born in London, England, in 1897. In 1912 his family emigrated to the United States via the Canadian Pacific Railway from Banff and settled in Portland, Oregon.

Browne received a bachelor of arts degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1919, and a bachelor of Hebrew degree from Hebrew Union College in 1920. Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise ordained Browne rabbi of Temple Israel in Waterbury, Connecticut. Browne's first book, *Stranger Than Fiction*, was a one-volume history of the Jews published in 1925. His second book, *This Believing World* (1926), was a survey of world religions that received an honorable mention from AIGA for its design and became the most popular book on religions in American libraries. Its success made Browne one of the foremost humanists of the day, and an interesting speaker known for his philosophical turn of mind and warm sense of humor.

Browne left the rabbinate in April 1926 to concentrate on writing, and spent much of the year in Russia, studying the effect of Soviet rule on the practice of religion. In the U.S., he labored in lumber camps and steel mills, and travelled with migrant workers.

His third book, *The Graphic Bible* (1928), was first serialized in newspapers throughout the U.S. before it was released as a limited-edition book. Browne commissioned Marcus Rothkowitz—who later shortened his name to Mark Rothko—to illustrate the book, intended for young readers. Rothko's bitter experience with *The Graphic Bible* led him to sue Browne and his publisher; the lawsuit was unsuccessful.

As well as his many books, Browne wrote for *The Nation*, *The New Republic*, and other magazines.

Browne was married to Myna Lissner of Los Angeles, California in 1930; the marriage was dissolved in 1941.

By 1941 Browne was ranked among America's most popular lecturers. In the 1940s he toured nationwide with author Sinclair Lewis, debating such questions as "Has the Modern Woman Made Good?", "The Country Versus the City" and "Can Fascism Happen Here?" before audiences of as many as 3,000 people. The pair was described as "the Gallagher and Shean of the lecture circuit" by Sinclair Lewis biographer Richard Lingeman.

Because of their frequent appearances together, Browne's anti-fascist 1943 novel *See What I Mean?* drew comparison to Lewis's *It Can't Happen Here* (1935).

Browne died January 3, 1949, at his home in Santa Monica, California, at age 51. His death was ruled an apparent suicide by poison.

Browne's papers were purchased by the Lilly Library in 1969.

## Books

* 1925: *Stranger Than Fiction: A Short History of the Jews from Earliest Times to the Present Day*. New York: Macmillan, 1925.
* 1926: *This Believing World: A Simple Account of the Great Religions of Mankind*. New York: Macmillan, 1926.
* 1928: *The Graphic Bible from Genesis to Revelation in Animated Maps & Charts*. New York: Macmillan, 1928.
* 1929: *That Man Heine: A Biography by Lewis Browne, with the Collaboration of Elsa Weihl*. New York: Macmillan, 1929.
* 1930: *The Story of the Jews: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day with Maps and Chronological Tables*. New York: Macmillan, 1930.
* 1931: *Since Calvary: An Interpretation of Christian History*. New York: Macmillan, 1931.
* 1932: *Blesséd Spinoza; A Biography of the Philosopher*. New York: Macmillan, 1932.
* 1934: *How Odd of God; An Introduction to the Jews*. New York: Macmillan, 1934.
* 1935: *All Things Are Possible: An Apocryphal Novel*. New York: Macmillan, 1935.
* 1937: *Oh, Say, Can You See!: A Novel*. New York: Macmillan, 1937.
* 1942: *Something Went Wrong; A Summation of Modern History*. New York: Macmillan, 1942.
* 1943: *See What I Mean?* New York: Random House, 1943.
* 1945: *The Wisdom of Israel: An Anthology*. New York: Random House, 1945. One of the AIGA Fifty Books of the Year; design by Stefan Salter.
* 1946: *The World's Great Scriptures; An Anthology of the Sacred Books of the Ten Principal Religions*. New York: Macmillan, 1946.


title: Leucocoprinus austrofragilis

abstract: Leucocoprinus austrofragilis is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

text:
# Leucocoprinus austrofragilis

| *Leucocoprinus austrofragilis*Mycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Gills** on hymenium |
|  | Cap is **convex** |
|  | Hymenium is **free** |
|  | Stipe has a **ring** |
|  | Spore print is **white** to **cream** |
|  | Ecology is **saprotrophic** |
|  | Edibility is **unknown** |

***Leucocoprinus austrofragilis*** is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

## Taxonomy

It was first described in 1992 by the Australian mycologist John Errol Chandos Aberdeen who classified it as *Leucocoprinus austrofragilis.*

## Description

*Leucocoprinus austrofragilis* is a cream or very pale brown dapperling mushroom known from Australia.

**Cap:** 1-2.5cm wide, convex and flattening with membranous flesh. The surface is cream or very light brown with a dark brown umbo at the centre and minute brown scales across the entire surface which quickly vanish. The cap edges have striations. **Stem:** 3-3.5cm long and 1.5-2mm thick tapering upwards from the 2-3mm thick base. It is smooth and whitish with a slightly brown tint. The membranous stem ring is located below the middle of the stem (inferior) but is not persistent and may vanish. **Gills:** Free, crowded and white but discolouring slightly when dry. **Spore print:** Pale whitish, nearly white. **Spores:** Elliptical with a pore. Dextrinoid. 7-9 x 5.5-6 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

*L. austrofragilis* is scarcely recorded and little known. The specimens studied by Aberdeen were collected by A.B. Cribb in March 1963 who found them growing in grass during wet weather in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The GBIF and the Atlas of Living Australia only have the single record submitted by Aberdeen as well as some unconfirmed observations from iNaturalist.

1. "Species Fungorum - Leucocoprinus austrofragilis Aberdeen, Lepiotoid Genera (Agaricales) in South-Eastern Queensland (Queensland): 11 (1992)". *www.speciesfungorum.org*. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
2. "Mycobank Database - Leucocoprinus austrofragilis".
3. Aberdeen, J. E. C. (1992). *Lepiotoid genera (Agaricales) in south-eastern Queensland*. Gailes, Qld.: L.E. Aberdeen. ISBN 0-9596526-4-7. OCLC 27617715.
4. "Leucocoprinus austrofragilis Aberdeen". *www.gbif.org*. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
5. "Search: species: Leucocoprinus austrofragilis | Occurrence records | Atlas of Living Australia". *biocache.ala.org.au*. Retrieved 2022-07-26.

## InfoBox

| *Leucocoprinus austrofragilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Agaricaceae |
| Genus: | *Leucocoprinus* |
| Species: | ***L. austrofragilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leucocoprinus austrofragilis***<br>Aberdeen (1992) | |
|


title: Libby Komaiko

abstract: Libby Ann Komaiko was an American classical dancer and educator, whose career spanned 50 years in culturally specific art, dance, and education. She is the founder of the Ensemble Español Spanish Dance Theater in residence at Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago, Illinois.

text:
# Libby Komaiko

**Libby Ann Komaiko** (June 30, 1949 – February 2, 2019) was an American classical dancer and educator, whose career spanned 50 years in culturally specific art, dance, and education. She is the founder of the Ensemble Español Spanish Dance Theater in residence at Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago, Illinois.

## Early life

Born in Chicago to Dorothy, a concert pianist and educator, and Robert, a music educator who served as the fine arts coordinator at Kaplan Jewish Community Center, Libby Komaiko's passion for dance began at the age of nine after seeing a performance of *The Nutcracker*. She began her dance training with Elisa Stigler at the Chicago Musical College of Roosevelt University. At 18, after an invitation to audition for a scholarship, Komaiko earned the opportunity to train and perform with the legendary Jose Greco's Spanish Dance Company.

## Career

Komaiko put aside her dream of being on Broadway and continued to commit herself to Spanish dance. She studied in Spain and the U.S. with Maria Alba, Nana Lorca, Lola Montes, José Greco, and Edo, as well as her partner for several years, Roberto Lorca. Teaching ballet, modern dance, and creative movement across Chicago, Komaiko became part of the Artists in Residence program at Northeastern Illinois University in 1974. Eventually advancing from instructor to full professorship, Komaiko (B.A. ’78 University Without Walls) founded the Ensemble Español Spanish Dance Theater in residence at Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago in 1975. As a dance professor in the school's department of music and dance, she created, developed, directed, and taught the first complete academic program for classical, folkloric, and flamenco dance and music. In 1983, she was granted the Lazo de Dama de la Orden de Isabel la Católica.

In 1985, committed to bringing this art form and education to a range of students across the city to change lives, Komaiko and Lillian Hemnover, executive director of the Frederick Funston School, launched the Ensemble Español's youth company. With a mission to preserve, promote, and present the flamenco, folkloric, classical, and contemporary dance and music traditions of Spain, Ensemble Español grew from seven students to over 40 dancers, singers, and musicians. It presents over one hundred Spanish dance educational programs a year, reaching nearly 20,000 students in arts education programming, and has performed hundreds of concerts worldwide.

Komaiko contributed flamenco, ballet, folkloric, and classical choreography to over 60 of the company's 125 original works and collaborated with founding members of the National Ballet of Spain, Juan Mata and Ana Gonzales, as well as other Spanish dancers Paco Alonso, Manolete, and Juanjo Linares.

Komaiko retired from dancing in 1994. In 2011, she became professor emerita of Northeastern's Department of Music and Dance. Komaiko recorded an in-depth oral history interview with the Chicago Dance History Project in 2015. She died on February 2, 2019, at the age of 69.

## Honors


title: Liar's Poker (film)

abstract: Liar's Poker is a 1998 American crime drama film directed by Jeff Santo, starring Richard Tyson, Caesar Luisi, Jimmy Blondell and Flea.

text:
# Liar's Poker (film)

***Liar's Poker*** is a 1998 American crime drama film directed by Jeff Santo, starring Richard Tyson, Caesar Luisi, Jimmy Blondell and Flea.

## Cast

## Release

The film premiered at the Chicago Alt.film Fest on 10 June 1998.

## Reception

Michael Speier of *Variety* wrote that while the film " gets more creative toward its finale", it "can’t atone" for "narrative inconsistencies", "very bland acting" and the "lack of personality development".

Derek Armstrong of *TV Guide* wrote that "The viewer will give up on the plot ten minutes in, not because it's too complex, but because the script never bothers even to lay the groundwork", and Santos' "amateurish, pointless cross-cutting takes over from there."

Eric Harrison of the *Los Angeles Times* wrote that the film "plays like a young filmmaker’s attempt to see how much he could strip from his story without losing the audience" and that "Character, motivation, most of the plot--this movie’s been boiled so hard they all dropped from its bones."

## InfoBox

| Liar's Poker | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Jeff Santo |
| Written by | Jeff Santo |
| Produced by | Jeff Santo
Carlos H. Sánchez |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Giles Dunning |
| Edited by | Kathryn Himoff |
| Music by | Peter Himmelman |
| Production
company | Savino Brothers |
| Distributed by | North Branch Entertainment |
| Release date | * 10 June 1998 (1998-06-10) (Chicago Alt.film Fest) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


abstract: Several political groupings functioned in the Dominion of Newfoundland under the name Liberal Party of Newfoundland from the granting of responsible government to the island in the 1850s until its suspension in 1934 when the Commission of Government was instituted. During that period, Newfoundland was an independent dominion within the British Empire, responsible for its own internal affairs. The original Liberal Party was originally a coalition of Catholics and Methodists who opposed the Anglican-dominated political establishment. This party agitated for the granting of 'responsible government' to the island. Shortly after responsible government was instituted in 1854, the Methodists left the party to join the Anglicans in the Conservative Party, leaving the Liberals as a predominantly Irish Catholic party. Political parties in the dominion were thus divided along sectarian lines for the next thirty years - a situation that resulted in periodic riots and other political violence. This division also reflected class differences: most Catholics were working class or farmers, and most members of the middle and business classes were Protestant. In the 1880s, a denominational compromise was reached and political parties realigned with a new Liberal Party being formed by former Conservative Premier William Whiteway. Whiteway launched the new Liberal Party as a vehicle to promote the construction of a cross-island railway. Under Robert Bond, the Liberals suffered a split when Edward Patrick Morris left to form the Newfoundland People's Party. The NPP won the 1909 and 1913 elections. In 1919, Richard Squires merged his Liberal Party with the Fishermen's Protective Union to form the Liberal Reform Party. The Liberal Reform Party won the 1919 election, but collapsed prior to the 1924 election due to a crisis over corruption. This crisis toppled both Squires and his successor, William Warren. In 1923, some members of the Liberal Reform Party joined with Albert Hickman and John Robert Bennett to form a new Liberal-Progressive Party. Many former supporters of William Warren joined in alliance with former Conservative leader William J. Higgins to form the Liberal-Conservative Progressive Party. This party emerged as a conservative opposition to the Liberals and won the 1924 election. It later changed its name to the United Newfoundland Party. By 1928, Squires had formed a new Liberal Party, which won the 1928 election. This second Squires government was again beset by corruption and scandal. The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression compounded these problems, and led to riots in 1932. Squires's government was toppled by the conservative United Newfoundland Party. The UNP was elected on a promise to consider suspending responsible government. Responsible government was suspended in 1934, and a Commission of Government appointed by the British government took over the administration of Newfoundland. Newfoundland's status as an independent dominion came to an end, along with party politics. Party politics returned to Newfoundland when it joined Canadian confederation in 1949 and a new Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador was formed under the leadership of Joseph Smallwood. The pre-Commission of Government Liberals, both in their early incarnation and their relaunching under Whiteway, tended to be identified more with poorer Newfoundlanders, while the Conservatives tended to be the party of the business establishment.

text:
# Liberal parties in pre-confederation Newfoundland

Several political groupings functioned in the Dominion of Newfoundland under the name **Liberal Party of Newfoundland** from the granting of responsible government to the island in the 1850s until its suspension in 1934 when the Commission of Government was instituted. During that period, Newfoundland was an independent dominion within the British Empire, responsible for its own internal affairs.

The original **Liberal Party** was originally a coalition of Catholics and Methodists who opposed the Anglican-dominated political establishment. This party agitated for the granting of 'responsible government' to the island. Shortly after responsible government was instituted in 1854, the Methodists left the party to join the Anglicans in the Conservative Party, leaving the Liberals as a predominantly Irish Catholic party. Political parties in the dominion were thus divided along sectarian lines for the next thirty years - a situation that resulted in periodic riots and other political violence. This division also reflected class differences: most Catholics were working class or farmers, and most members of the middle and business classes were Protestant.

In the 1880s, a denominational compromise was reached and political parties realigned with a new **Liberal Party** being formed by former Conservative Premier William Whiteway. Whiteway launched the new Liberal Party as a vehicle to promote the construction of a cross-island railway.

Under Robert Bond, the Liberals suffered a split when Edward Patrick Morris left to form the Newfoundland People's Party. The NPP won the 1909 and 1913 elections. In 1919, Richard Squires merged his Liberal Party with the Fishermen's Protective Union to form the **Liberal Reform Party**. The Liberal Reform Party won the 1919 election, but collapsed prior to the 1924 election due to a crisis over corruption. This crisis toppled both Squires and his successor, William Warren. In 1923, some members of the Liberal Reform Party joined with Albert Hickman and John Robert Bennett to form a new **Liberal-Progressive Party**.

Many former supporters of William Warren joined in alliance with former Conservative leader William J. Higgins to form the Liberal-Conservative Progressive Party. This party emerged as a conservative opposition to the Liberals and won the 1924 election. It later changed its name to the United Newfoundland Party.

By 1928, Squires had formed a new **Liberal Party**, which won the 1928 election. This second Squires government was again beset by corruption and scandal. The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression compounded these problems, and led to riots in 1932. Squires's government was toppled by the conservative United Newfoundland Party.

The UNP was elected on a promise to consider suspending responsible government. Responsible government was suspended in 1934, and a Commission of Government appointed by the British government took over the administration of Newfoundland. Newfoundland's status as an independent dominion came to an end, along with party politics.

Party politics returned to Newfoundland when it joined Canadian confederation in 1949 and a new Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador was formed under the leadership of Joseph Smallwood. The pre-Commission of Government Liberals, both in their early incarnation and their relaunching under Whiteway, tended to be identified more with poorer Newfoundlanders, while the Conservatives tended to be the party of the business establishment.

## Leaders

**Liberal Party of Newfoundland**

**Liberal Reform Party**

**Liberal-Progressive Party**

**Liberal Party of Newfoundland**