title: Noida Sector 146 metro station

abstract: The Noida Sector 146 is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the Aqua Line of Noida Metro in the city of Noida, Uttar Pradesh. It was opened on 25 January 2019.

text:
# Noida Sector 146 metro station

The **Noida Sector 146** is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the Aqua Line of Noida Metro in the city of Noida, Uttar Pradesh. It was opened on 25 January 2019.

## Station layout

| Noida Sector 146 track layout |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| Station with two tracks and two side platforms |

| **G** | Street level | Exit/Entrance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **L1** | Mezzanine | Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
 |
| **L2** | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| | **Platform 2**
**Southbound** | Towards → Depot
**Next Station:** Noida Sector 147 |
| | **Platform 1**
**Northbound** | Towards ← Noida Sector 51
**Next Station:** Noida Sector 145 |
| | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| **L2** |  |  |
| |

## InfoBox

|
Noida Sector 146 | |
| --- | --- |
| Noida Metro station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Sector 146, Noida, Jhatta, Uttar Pradesh 201310 |
| Coordinates | 28°28′08″N 77°27′18″E / 28.468877°N 77.454964°E / 28.468877; 77.454964 |
| Line(s) | Aqua Line |
| Platforms | Side platform
Platform-1 → Noida Sector 51
Platform-2 → Depot |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Other information | |
| Website | http://nmrcnoida.com |
| History | |
| Opened | 25 January 2019 (2019-01-25) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Noida Metro Following station  Noida Sector 145towards Noida Sector 51  Aqua Line  Noida Sector 147towards Depot | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: No Kidding (film)

abstract: No Kidding is a 1960 British comedy film directed by Gerald Thomas featuring Leslie Phillips, Geraldine McEwan and Irene Handl, Noel Purcell and Julia Lockwood. The film is adapted from the book Beware of Children, a 1958 memoir by Verily Anderson, who also wrote the screenplay.

text:
# No Kidding (film)

***No Kidding*** (U.S. title: ***Beware of Children***) is a 1960 British comedy film directed by Gerald Thomas featuring Leslie Phillips, Geraldine McEwan and Irene Handl, Noel Purcell and Julia Lockwood. The film is adapted from the book *Beware of Children*, a 1958 memoir by Verily Anderson, who also wrote the screenplay.

## Plot

David and Catherine Robinson have inherited a large but rundown country house. David suggests they now have room to increase their family beyond their son, but, after a number of his previous business ventures have failed, his wife demurs. However, she does agree to his idea to use the house as a summer holiday home for the children of the wealthy. By advertising in *The Times*, they attract a number of customers, and hire a matron and a cook, but immediately fall foul of a local councillor, Mrs Spicer, who wants the local authority to compulsorily purchase the house for a project of her own.

The children arrive, and while some are polite, scared and helpful, others are wild, spoilt, and rebellious, including an American brother and sister, and an English girl who insists (falsely) that she has been maltreated by her parents.

As the children grow increasingly ill-disciplined, the Robinsons and the staff struggle to keep them under control. David advocates a tough approach, while Catherine believes that the children should be allowed their freedom, but they are both undermined by a cook who is drunk most of the time.

After an illicit midnight trip out to a nearby café, the children are grounded for two days. Then the Robinsons hear that the local council is sending an inspector, who may close them down if they fail the test. They rally the staff and children, who all behave correctly when the inspector and Mrs Spicer visit.

When the time arrives for the children's parents to come to collect them, David tells them that the children are refusing to leave unless their parents promise to spend more time with them and not send them away to holiday homes and boarding schools. After the parents agree, all the children depart. Impressed by what she has seen, Mrs Spicer says she will no longer oppose the holiday home business. When their son protests at having lost his playmates, Catherine tells David that perhaps they should now have more children of their own.

## Cast

## Critical reception

*The Monthly Film Bulletin* wrote: "A rag-bag of hackneyed situations thrown together with an almost demented lack of consequence, *No Kidding* shifts the basis of the Peter Rogers-Gerald Thomas brand of comedy from slapstick to sentiment, losing pace, construction and edge in the process. A piquant Geraldine McEwan and a subdued Leslie Phillips do what they can to bolster up the more limp and feeble aspects of the plot, but the film remains little more than a calculated tug at the sloppiest of heart-strings. "

The film has been interpreted by film scholar Wheeler Dixon as "a gentle critique" of A. S. Neill's Summerhill School theories, published in America in the same year as the film's release.

*Harrison's Reports* gave it a good review, calling it an "uneven but well-enacted comedy by the 'Carry On ...' series film-makers ... Unobjectionable for all."

## InfoBox

| No Kidding | |
| --- | --- |
| Original British quad poster | |
| Directed by | Gerald Thomas |
| Written by | Verily Anderson
Robin Estridge
Norman Hudis |
| Produced by | Peter Rogers |
| Starring | Leslie Phillips
Geraldine McEwan
Joan Hickson |
| Cinematography | Alan Hume |
| Edited by | John Shirley |
| Music by | Bruce Montgomery |
| Production
company | Peter Rogers Productions |
| Distributed by | Anglo-Amalgamated Film Distributors |
| Release date | * 1960 (1960) |
| Running time | 86 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: No Justice (band)

abstract: No Justice was an Australian rock synth band who were signed to Molly Meldrum's label Melodian. Their single "Lately" made the Australian singles chart. The three piece No Justice were fronted by Chook who was a reporter on Countdown Revolution. Their debut single "lately" reached the top 100 on the Australian singles chart, and was performed with an appearance on the Australian sitcom "Home and Away". That was followed up with a second single "More Than a Girlfriend" performing on "Hey Hey it's Saturday" and "Steve Vizard". The band added three members for a tour of Australia's East Coast. Both singles found moderate radio play in Melbourne and Brisbane, where both singles reached number one on the popular fans based top 8 at 8 radio program. The first single lately was notoriously famous for having more than 20 mixes. Lately was recorded and mixed at Metropolis in South Melbourne and featured Brendan O'Keefe on Lead Vocals, Backing Vocals, Keyboards and Programming, Mark Rachelle on Backing Vocals, Keyboards, Programming and Guitars, and Chook Chalhoub on drums. Alternate mixes included additional performances from Dragon Stanic (Guitar) of Melbourne Hard Rock Band and label mates Roxus, and Nikki Bennet for lead female vocals on the dance remixes. More Than A Girlfriend was recorded at Metropolis and mixed at Gotham Studios, this time Chook Chalhoub was out front on lead rap vocals, Brendan O'Keefe on Lead Vocals and Mark Rachelle on Backing Vocals, Keyboards and Guitar. Post No Justice Chook Chaloub continued to promote at night clubs and fronted Melbourne Indy Bands Brendan O'Keefe continued with his songwriting and collaborations, independently releasing tracks through many platforms Mark Rachelle went on to set up Back Beach Recording Company where many dance hits of the late 90s and early 2000s were mixed, Notably Aria award winning tracks "Coma" by "Pendulum" and the world wide Dance hit single "Don't Call Me Baby" by Madison Avenue, Later Rachelle with business partner Ashley Gay (Woodford) founded Australian Music Distributor Xelon Entertainment. Philanthropically Mark went on to create the app and benevolent crypto currencies "Myubi" and "Myubi Gold" both delivering a combined 10m USD in crypto funds to recipients in impoverished nations.

text:
# No Justice (band)

**No Justice** was an Australian rock synth band who were signed to Molly Meldrum's label Melodian. Their single "Lately" made the Australian singles chart.

The three piece No Justice were fronted by Chook (Andrew Chalhoub) who was a reporter on Countdown Revolution. Their debut single "lately" reached the top 100 on the Australian singles chart, and was performed with an appearance on the Australian sitcom "Home and Away" . That was followed up with a second single "More Than a Girlfriend" performing on "Hey Hey it's Saturday" and "Steve Vizard". The band added three members for a tour of Australia's East Coast.

Both singles found moderate radio play in Melbourne and Brisbane, where both singles reached number one on the popular fans based top 8 at 8 radio program.

The first single lately was notoriously famous for having more than 20 mixes.

Lately was recorded and mixed at Metropolis in South Melbourne and featured Brendan O'Keefe on Lead Vocals, Backing Vocals, Keyboards and Programming, Mark Rachelle on Backing Vocals, Keyboards, Programming and Guitars, and Chook Chalhoub on drums. Alternate mixes included additional performances from Dragon Stanic (Guitar) of Melbourne Hard Rock Band and label mates Roxus, and Nikki Bennet for lead female vocals on the dance remixes.

More Than A Girlfriend was recorded at Metropolis and mixed at Gotham Studios, this time Chook Chalhoub was out front on lead rap vocals, Brendan O'Keefe on Lead Vocals and Mark Rachelle on Backing Vocals, Keyboards and Guitar.

Post No Justice

Chook Chaloub continued to promote at night clubs and fronted Melbourne Indy Bands

Brendan O'Keefe continued with his songwriting and collaborations, independently releasing tracks through many platforms

Mark Rachelle went on to set up Back Beach Recording Company where many dance hits of the late 90s and early 2000s were mixed, Notably Aria award winning tracks "Coma" by "Pendulum" and the world wide Dance hit single "Don't Call Me Baby" by Madison Avenue, Later Rachelle with business partner Ashley Gay (Woodford) founded Australian Music Distributor Xelon Entertainment. Philanthropically Mark went on to create the app and benevolent crypto currencies "Myubi" and "Myubi Gold" both delivering a combined 10m USD in crypto funds to recipients in impoverished nations.

## Discography

### Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions
| Title | Year | Chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| "Lately" | 1990 | 91 |
| "More Than a Girlfriend" | 1991 |  |

## InfoBox

| No Justice | |
| --- | --- |
| Genres | Rock synth-pop Dance down beat |
| Years active | 1989-1991 |
| Labels | RCA Records
Melodian Records |
|  | |
| Past members | Chook Chalhoub
Brendan O'Keefe
Mark Rachelle (Heggart) |


title: Non-financial risk

abstract: Non-financial risks (NFR) are all of the risks which are not covered by traditional financial risk management. This negative definition resembles the initial definition of operational risk, and it depends on the bank or corporation whether or not they use the term operational risk synchronously with NFR. Since 2019, the new term NFR became popular in the risk management sector

text:
# Non-financial risk

**Non-financial risks** (NFR) are all of the risks which are not covered by traditional financial risk management. This negative definition resembles the initial definition of operational risk, and it depends on the bank or corporation whether or not they use the term operational risk synchronously with NFR. Since 2019, the new term NFR became popular in the risk management sector

## Examples

Non-financial risks include:

* **Operational risk (Op risk).** In case that Op risk is considered a part of NFR (and not as equivalent), Op risk summarizes e.g. those risks which can be quantified by the use of scenario models. Examples are pandemics, floods and other weather events.
* **Conduct risk** means that the behavior of the cooperation's employees leads to losses
* **Cyber risk** and IT risk are possible losses due to security breaches.
* **Compliance risks** are risks related to Governance, risk management, and compliance. Managing the compliance risk means putting a price tag on potential failures of adhering to self-given rules of the bank as well as Regulatory compliance.
* **Regulatory risk** are possible losses due to changes of the law and regulations.
* **Reputational Risk** is potential loss caused by the damage to a firm's reputation.

All these risk types are closely related. In the case of a data leak (which is a cyber risk incident), the reputation of the company as a whole might be at stake.


title: Noreena Downs Station

abstract: Noreena Downs Station, often referred to as Noreena Downs, is a pastoral lease that has been used as both a sheep station and a cattle station. It is located about 127 kilometres (79 mi) north of Newman and 135 kilometres (84 mi) south of Marble Bar in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The property was pioneered by A.W. Townshend and comprised 800,000 acres (323,749 ha); Townsend used it to graze cattle. Townshend and Jarman put the property on the market in 1910 then in 1911 it was purchased by Hardie, Walker, McLarty and Haynes. They introduced sheep to the property and by 1914 had a flock of 7,000 sheep and 3,000 cattle. In 1916 the station was stocked with 9,000 sheep. By the 1930s Noreena Downs was owned by Hardie and Middleditch and was a million acre sheep station running about 30,000 sheep. Currently the property is owned by the Paull family and occupies an area of 910,128 acres (368,316 ha). The Paulls have been at Noreena Downs since 1981, when Tex and Tub Paull acquired it in partnership. By 1983 the Paulls owned the property outright although it was run down with no paddocks, working water points or homestead. They introduced a mixed herd of cattle, mostly Brahman and Droughtmaster.

text:
# Noreena Downs Station

Noreena Downsclass=notpageimage|Location in Western Australia

22°17′31″S 120°10′36″E / 22.292°S 120.1768°E / -22.292; 120.1768 (Noreena Downs)

**Noreena Downs Station**, often referred to as **Noreena Downs**, is a pastoral lease that has been used as both a sheep station and a cattle station.

It is located about 127 kilometres (79 mi) north of Newman and 135 kilometres (84 mi) south of Marble Bar in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

The property was pioneered by A.W. Townshend and comprised 800,000 acres (323,749 ha); Townsend used it to graze cattle. Townshend and Jarman put the property on the market in 1910 then in 1911 it was purchased by Hardie, Walker, McLarty and Haynes. They introduced sheep to the property and by 1914 had a flock of 7,000 sheep and 3,000 cattle. In 1916 the station was stocked with 9,000 sheep. By the 1930s Noreena Downs was owned by Hardie and Middleditch and was a million acre sheep station running about 30,000 sheep.

Currently the property is owned by the Paull family and occupies an area of 910,128 acres (368,316 ha). The Paulls have been at Noreena Downs since 1981, when Tex and Tub Paull acquired it in partnership. By 1983 the Paulls owned the property outright although it was run down with no paddocks, working water points or homestead. They introduced a mixed herd of cattle, mostly Brahman and Droughtmaster.


title: Norape foliata

abstract: Norape foliata is a moth of the family Megalopygidae. It was described by Walter Hopp in 1927. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Norape foliata

***Norape foliata*** is a moth of the family Megalopygidae. It was described by Walter Hopp in 1927. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Norape foliata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Megalopygidae |
| Genus: | *Norape* |
| Species: | ***N. foliata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Norape foliata***<br>Hopp, 1927 | |
|


title: Norfolk Waterside Marriott

abstract: Norfolk Waterside Marriott is one of the major distinctive and recognizable features of Downtown Norfolk, Virginia, United States. The tower houses a 397-room Marriott Hotel.

text:
# Norfolk Waterside Marriott

**Norfolk Waterside Marriott** is one of the major distinctive and recognizable features of Downtown Norfolk, Virginia, United States. The tower houses a 397-room **Marriott Hotel**.

## InfoBox

| Norfolk Waterside Marriott | |
| --- | --- |
| View of the tower from across the Elizabeth River | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Hotel |
| Location | 235 East Main Street<br>Norfolk, Virginia 23510 |
| Coordinates | 36°50′44″N 76°17′25.8″W / 36.84556°N 76.290500°W / 36.84556; -76.290500 |
| Completed | 1991 |
| Height | |
| Roof | 285 ft (87 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 23 |


title: Norm Chisholm

abstract: Norm Chisholm was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Originally from Spotswood, Chisholm played three seasons with Williamstown in the VFA from 1939-41 before the recess in respect of World War II. He returned to Williamstown in 1945 and played a further three seasons, finishing up in 1947 after 91 games and 19 goals. He played on the wing in both Williamstown's 1939 and 1945 premiership victories and took out the Club best and fairest award in 1940 and the most consistent player trophy in 1945. He went to Newport as coach during 1947.

text:
# Norm Chisholm

**Norm Chisholm** (17 October 1914 – 13 June 1979) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Originally from Spotswood, Chisholm played three seasons with Williamstown in the VFA from 1939-41 before the recess in respect of World War II. He returned to Williamstown in 1945 and played a further three seasons, finishing up in 1947 after 91 games and 19 goals. He played on the wing in both Williamstown's 1939 and 1945 premiership victories and took out the Club best and fairest award in 1940 and the most consistent player trophy in 1945. He went to Newport as coach during 1947.

## InfoBox

| Norm Chisholm | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Norm Chisholm | | |
| Date of birth | (1914-10-17)17 October 1914 | | |
| Date of death | 13 June 1979(1979-06-13) (aged 64) | | |
| Original team(s) | Williamstown | | |
| Height | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) | | |
| Weight | 66 kg (146 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1942–43 | Footscray | 29 (2) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1943. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Noric language

abstract: The Noric language, or Eastern Celtic, was an unclassified Continental Celtic language. It is attested in only two fragmentary inscriptions from the Roman province of Noricum. These do not provide enough information to draw conclusions about the language. However, it was probably similar to other Celtic languages near to it, such as Gaulish. No evidence yet shows when it became extinct.

text:
# Noric language

The **Noric language**, or **Eastern Celtic**, was an unclassified Continental Celtic language. It is attested in only two fragmentary inscriptions from the Roman province of Noricum (one in Grafenstein, Carinthia, Austria, the other in Ptuj, Slovenia). These do not provide enough information to draw conclusions about the language. However, it was probably similar to other Celtic languages near to it, such as Gaulish. No evidence yet shows when it became extinct.

## Ptuj inscription

The Ptuj inscription, discovered in 1894, is written right to left in a northern Italic alphabet and reads:

This is interpreted as two personal names: *Artebudz* \[son\] of *Brogduos*. The name *Artebudz* may mean "bear penis" (compare Welsh *arth* "bear" and Irish *bod* "penis"), while *Brogduos* may contain the element *brog-, mrog-* "country" (compare Welsh *bro* "region, country"). Alternatively, the inscription may be interpreted as *Artebudz* \[made this\] for *Brogdos*, with the second name in the dative case.

## Grafenstein inscription

The Grafenstein inscription, on a tile from the 2nd century AD that was discovered in a gravel pit in 1977, is incomplete, but the extant part has been transcribed as follows:

> MOGE · ES\[
>
> P· II- LAV · EX\[
> ṆE · SAḌỊÍES\[
> OLLO · SO · VILO\[
> ỌNẠ C\[…\]
>
> OLLO · SO · ? \[
>
> P LṾGNṾ · SI

Here, *Moge* seems to be a personal name or an abbreviation of one, *P· II- lav* a Latin abbreviation indicating a weight, *ne sadiíes* a verbal form possibly meaning "you (singular) do not set", *ollo so* perhaps "this amount", and *Lugnu* another personal name. The text may therefore be a record of some sort of financial transaction.

Other readings of the inscription have also been proposed, including:

> MOGE · ES+\[---\]
>
> PET(?) LAV · EX\[---\]
> NE · SAMES\[---\]
> OLLO · SO · VILO ·\[---\]
> ONA O(?) + ++
>
> OLLO · SO ·+
>
> \+ LVGNI · SI

and

> MOGV · CISS \[---
>
> PETILAV · IEX\[---
> NE · SADIIES\[---
> OLLO · SO · VILO ·\[---
> ONA DOM...OC\[
>
> OLLO · SO · VIA .\[
>
> ILVGNV.SI\[

## InfoBox

| Noric | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Austria, Slovenia |
| Ethnicity | Taurisci |
| Era | attested 2nd century AD |
| Language family | Indo-European |
| Writing system | Old Italic |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `nrc` |
| Linguist List | `nrc` |
| *Glottolog* | `nori1240` |


title: Norolles

abstract: Norolles is a commune in the Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

text:
# Norolles

**Norolles** (French pronunciation: \[nɔʁɔl\] ) is a commune in the Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 198 |  |
| 1968 | 169 | −14.6% |
| 1975 | 191 | +13.0% |
| 1982 | 236 | +23.6% |
| 1990 | 241 | +2.1% |
| 1999 | 272 | +12.9% |
| 2008 | 262 | −3.7% |

## InfoBox

| Norolles | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Norolles | |
| Location of Norolles | |
| NorollesNorolles | |
| Coordinates: 49°12′00″N 0°14′29″E / 49.2°N 0.2414°E / 49.2; 0.2414 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Calvados |
| Arrondissement | Lisieux |
| Canton | Pont-l'Évêque |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Pierre Avoyne |
| Area**1** | 6.52 km2 (2.52 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 340 |
| Density | 52/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 14466 /14100 |
| Elevation | 27–157 m (89–515 ft)
(avg. 100 m or 330 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Noron-l'Abbaye

abstract: Noron-l'Abbaye is a commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

text:
# Noron-l'Abbaye

**Noron-l'Abbaye** (French pronunciation: \[nɔʁɔ̃ labei\] ) is a commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

## Geography

The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, **La Bruyère**, **Le Jageolet**, **Le Haut Vallon**, **Miette** and **Noron-l'Abbaye**.

The river Ante runs through the commune, along with five streams The Manque-Souris, The Noron, The Cassis, The Château de Long Pré and The Frégis.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 232 |  |
| 1968 | 192 | −17.2% |
| 1975 | 182 | −5.2% |
| 1982 | 184 | +1.1% |
| 1990 | 211 | +14.7% |
| 1999 | 220 | +4.3% |
| 2008 | 300 | +36.4% |

## Points of interest

### National heritage sites

The Commune has two buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique

* **Old priory** 12th century former priory that was listed as a monument in 1928.
* **Church of Saint-Cyr** 13th century church listed as a monument in 1928.

## InfoBox

| Noron-l'Abbaye | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Noron-l'Abbaye | |
| Location of Noron-l'Abbaye | |
| Noron-l'AbbayeNoron-l'Abbaye | |
| Coordinates: 48°53′41″N 0°14′41″W / 48.8947°N 0.2447°W / 48.8947; -0.2447 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Calvados |
| Arrondissement | Caen |
| Canton | Falaise |
| Intercommunality | Pays de Falaise |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-René Gieszczyk |
| Area**1** | 7.62 km2 (2.94 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 319 |
| Density | 42/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 14467 /14700 |
| Elevation | 154–229 m (505–751 ft)
(avg. 180 m or 590 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: North Fork Embarras River

abstract: The North Fork Embarras River is a 64.0-mile-long (103.0 km) stream which originates in Edgar County, Illinois, and flows through Clark, Crawford and Jasper counties. Its confluence with the Embarras River is located near the town of Ste. Marie in Jasper County. It is a major tributary to the Embarras River. The North Fork's main tributary is Panther Creek, located in Jasper County. The area has seen extensive agriculture and is also an area rich in oil. There are many oil wells and pumps along the river although the peak of oil production in the area occurred in the 1930s. The surrounding area is largely agricultural, and river stages change dramatically due to agricultural runoff. It flows through a mostly wooded corridor and some river bottom farmland. The stream bed is composed mostly of sand with some glacial till, hard clay, and mud. Fallen trees and log jams are common. Pools and rivers may change drastically after heavy flooding. Large sandbars are not uncommon. There is some siltation and mild to extreme bank erosion in areas due to agriculture. There are very isolated occurrences of sandstone outcroppings along the stream bed and banks. The mean daily discharge for the North Fork is 698 cu ft/s (19.8 m⁳/s), although it may reach a flow rate of over 6,000 cu ft/s (170 m⁳/s) during floodstage.

text:
# North Fork Embarras River

The **North Fork Embarras River** is a 64.0-mile-long (103.0 km) stream which originates in Edgar County, Illinois, and flows through Clark, Crawford and Jasper counties. Its confluence with the Embarras River is located near the town of Ste. Marie in Jasper County. It is a major tributary to the Embarras River. The North Fork's main tributary is Panther Creek, located in Jasper County.

The area has seen extensive agriculture and is also an area rich in oil. There are many oil wells and pumps along the river although the peak of oil production in the area occurred in the 1930s.

The surrounding area is largely agricultural, and river stages change dramatically due to agricultural runoff. It flows through a mostly wooded corridor and some river bottom farmland. The stream bed is composed mostly of sand with some glacial till, hard clay, and mud. Fallen trees and log jams are common. Pools and rivers may change drastically after heavy flooding. Large sandbars are not uncommon. There is some siltation and mild to extreme bank erosion in areas due to agriculture. There are very isolated occurrences of sandstone outcroppings along the stream bed and banks.

The mean daily discharge for the North Fork is 698 cu ft/s (19.8 m3/s), although it may reach a flow rate of over 6,000 cu ft/s (170 m3/s) during floodstage.

## Ecology

There is a diversity of wildlife along the North Fork Embarras River. Deer, turkey, coyotes, foxes, squirrels and raccoons are common along the corridor, and there have been sightings of bobcats.

Several mountain lion sightings have been reported over the years, though no evidence has been found to support such claims. A widely popular story among the locals is of the "Wild Woman of North Fork" which can be heard screaming sometimes late at night. This may in fact be the call of a mountain lion which often sounds like a woman crying, although bobcats and foxes may make similar noises. The North Fork's main tributary is named Panther Creek, suggesting that at one time mountain lions may have inhabited the area.

Beaver, otter and mink were nearly trapped out in the 1950s and 60s, but all three have made successful comebacks due to less trapping, habitat recovery and reintroductions. Common birds include waterfowl such as wood ducks and wading birds such as great blue herons and sandpipers. The river corridor and surrounding wetlands are important for migrating geese. There are numerous woodpeckers and songbirds. There are several common birds of prey including red-tailed hawks, great horned owls and barred owls. Bald eagles have been sighted.

Due to the North Fork's variety of stream bed substrates and gradients, there is a wider variety of fish species than may be found in other streams in the region. Several species of Darters (genus *Etheostoma* and *Percina*) are common. Minnows include sand shiners, steelcolor shiners, silverjaw minnows and brook silversides. Blackstripe topminnows and mosquitofish are very common along the margins. Madtoms, bullhead and channel catfish are also common. Several sunfish species including long-eared sunfish, crappie, largemouth bass and spotted bass are also found. Non-game fish such as white suckers, common carp, and long-nosed and short-nosed gar are numerous.

The dominant trees along the river's edge are sycamore and cottonwood, along with silver maple, sugar maple, sassafras and mulberry. The surrounding bottomland is dominated by shagbark hickory and white oak.

## Conservation

Over the past few years efforts have been made to cut back on erosion due to agriculture. Less productive bottomland fields are being reverted to brush land and wetlands, and shallow ponds have been created for migrating waterfowl. These improvements to the surrounding landscape will ultimately improve the overall condition and diversity of the system.

## InfoBox

| North Fork Embarras River | |
| --- | --- |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Edgar County southeast of Kansas, Illinois |
| coordinates | 39°31′03″N 87°54′00″W / 39.5175351°N 87.9000326°W / 39.5175351; -87.9000326 (North Fork Embarras River origin) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Confluence with the Embarras River southeast of Ste. Marie, Illinois |
| coordinates | 38°55′00″N 87°59′18″W / 38.9167108°N 87.9883675°W / 38.9167108; -87.9883675 (North Fork Embarras River mouth) |
| elevation | 459 ft (140 m) |
| Length | 64 mi (103 km) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Oblong, Illinois |
| average | 316 cu/ft. per sec. |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | North Fork Embarras River → Embarras → Wabash → Ohio → Mississippi → Gulf of Mexico |
| GNIS ID | 414596 |


abstract: The North Fork Dam is on the Clackamas River, about five miles upriver from Estacada, Oregon. It was built in 1958. The North Fork Reservoir is behind it.

text:
# North Fork Dam (Clackamas County, Oregon)

The **North Fork Dam** is on the Clackamas River, about five miles upriver from Estacada, Oregon. It was built in 1958. The North Fork Reservoir is behind it.

## Construction

It is a concrete arched dam, 206 feet high and 676 feet long, is thin-shell of variable thickness. It varies in thickness from 32 feet at the base to 8 feet wide at the top.

## The fish ladder

North Fork's construction entailed the building of the 1.9-mile-long North Fork Fish Ladder, one of the longest in the world. It also required a complex system to provide for downstream fish passage around the dam.

## InfoBox

| North Fork Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of North Fork Dam in Oregon | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Clackamas, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°14′36″N 122°16′47″W / 45.24333°N 122.27972°W / 45.24333; -122.27972 |


title: Norma Sharp

abstract: Norma Sharp is an American operatic soprano. She is known for singing Mozart and Richard Strauss, but also sang Wagner roles at the Bayreuth Festival. She worked mostly in Germany, made an international career, and has been a professor of voice at the Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler" from 1992.

text:
# Norma Sharp

**Norma Sharp** (born July 20, 1943) is an American operatic soprano. She is known for singing Mozart and Richard Strauss, but also sang Wagner roles at the Bayreuth Festival. She worked mostly in Germany, made an international career, and has been a professor of voice at the *Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler"* from 1992.

## Career

Sharp was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, and studied voice and musicology at the University of Kansas. She continued her studies on a scholarship at the *Musikhochschule Hamburg* with Helmut Melchert and at the *Musikhochschule Köln* with Peter Witsch. She was a member of the *Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe*. Her voice, termed lyric and "*jugendlich-dramatisch*" (spinto), led to preferred interpretation of roles in operas by Mozart and Richard Strauss.

She appeared in London at Covent Garden, in Glasgow at the Scottish Opera and in 1978 at the Glyndebourne Festival as Donna Anna in Mozart's *Don Giovanni*. She sang the part of the countess in Mozart's **Le nozze di Figaro** at her debut at La Scala in Milan.

Sharp performed at the Bayreuth Festival from 1977 to 1981, singing parts in the *Jahrhundertring*, the centenary performance of Wagner's **Der Ring des Nibelungen** staged by Patrice Chéreau in 1976. She appeared as the Rhine Maiden Woglinde in **Das Rheingold** and **Götterdämmerung**, and *Waldvogel* (Voice of a forest bird) in *Siegfried*, also in the version filmed in 1980. In *Parsifal*, she sang one of the flower maidens.

In recital, she is focused on German romantic and contemporary Lieder, accompanied by pianists such as Irwin Gage, Wilhelm von Grunelius and Wolfram Rieger.

From 1992 she has been a professor of voice at the *Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler"* in Berlin.

## Selected recordings

Sharp appeared in her Bayreuth performances on film – the *Ring* cycle filmed in 1980 and *Parsifal* in 1982. She sang Waldvogel and Gutrune in the 1983 *Ring* digital recording with Marek Janowski conducting the *Staatskapelle Dresden*, with Theo Adam as Wotan, Jessye Norman as Sieglinde, Siegfried Jerusalem as Siegmund, and René Kollo as Siegfried.

## InfoBox

| Norma Sharp | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1943-07-20) July 20, 1943<br>Shawnee, Oklahoma, US |
| Education |  |
| Occupations | * Operatic soprano * Academic voice teacher |
| Organizations |  |


title: Niigata Nisai Stakes

abstract: The Niigata Nisai Stakes is a Grade 3 horse race for two-year-old Thoroughbreds run in August over a distance of 1600 metres at Niigata Racecourse. The race was first run in 1981 and was promoted to Grade 3 status in 1984. Originally run over 1200 metres the race was increased in distance to 1400 metres 1997 and to its current distance in 2002. It was run over 1200 metres at Nakayama Racecourse in 1996 and 2000.

text:
# Niigata Nisai Stakes

The **Niigata Nisai Stakes** (Japanese **新潟2歳ステークス**) is a Grade 3 horse race for two-year-old Thoroughbreds run in August over a distance of 1600 metres at Niigata Racecourse.

The race was first run in 1981 and was promoted to Grade 3 status in 1984. Originally run over 1200 metres the race was increased in distance to 1400 metres 1997 and to its current distance in 2002. It was run over 1200 metres at Nakayama Racecourse in 1996 and 2000.

## Winners since 2000

| Year
 | Winner
 | Jockey
 | Trainer
 | Time
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Daiwa Rouge | Hiroshi Kitamura | Hiroyuki Uehara | 1:11.1 |
| 2001 | Balance of Game | Hatsuhiro Kowata | Yoshitada Munakata | 1:21.7 |
| 2002 | Wana | Katsuharu Tanaka | Yoshitada Munakata | 1:33.8 |
| 2003 | Daiwa Bandit | Masayoshi Ebina | Sueo Masuzawa | 1:35.0 |
| 2004 | Meiner Recolte | Hiroki Goto | Masahiro Horii | 1:34.8 |
| 2005 | Shonan Tachyon | Katsuharu Tanaka | Hiroyuki Uehara | 1:35.0 |
| 2006 | Gold Aguli | Katsumi Ando | Hirofumi Toda | 1:35.2 |
| 2007 | F T Maia | Masayoshi Ebina | Susumu Yano | 1:34.1 |
| 2008 | Seiun Wonder | Yasunari Iwata | Masazo Ryoke | 1:35.4 |
| 2009 | Shimmei Fuji | Yasunari Iwata | Takayuki Yasuda | 1:34.4 |
| 2010 | Meine Isabel | Masami Matsuoka | Takahiro Mizuno | 1:34.5 |
| 2011 | Monstre | Yoshitomi Shibata | Tomohito Ozaki | 1:33.8 |
| 2012 | Sarastro | Masami Matsuoka | Yoshinori Muto | 1:33.5 |
| 2013 | Harp Star | Yuga Kawada | Hiroyoshi Matsuda | 1:34.5 |
| 2014 | Musee Sultan | Yoshitomi Shibata | Satoshi Oehara | 1:33.4 |
| 2015 | Lord Quest | Hironobu Tanabe | Shigeyuki Kojima | 1:33.8 |
| 2016 | Vous Etes Jolie | Yuichi Fukunaga | Mitsumasa Nakauchida | 1:34.3 |
| 2017 | Frontier | Yasunari Iwata | Mitsumasa Nakauchida | 1:34.6 |
| 2018 | Cadence Call | Shu Ihibashi | Takayuki Yasuda | 1:35.5 |
| 2019 | Woman's Heart | Kota Fujioka | Katsuichi Nishiura | 1:35.0 |
| 2020 | Shock Action | Keita Tosaki | Ryuji Okubo | 1:34.6 |
| 2021 | Serifos | Yuga Kawada | Mitsumasa Nakauchida | 1:33.8 |
| 2022 | Kita Wing | Keita Tosaki | Shigeyuki Kojima | 1:35.9 |
| 2023 | Ascoli Piceno | Hiroshi Kitamura | Yoichi Kuroiwa | 1:33.8 |
| 2024 | Total Clarity | Yuichi Kitamura | Manabu Ikezoe | 1:34.2 |

## Earlier winners

* 1984 - Dyna Shoot
* 1985 - Dyna Acorn
* 1986 - Cool Heart
* 1987 - Green Molly
* 1988 - Meiner Mut
* 1989 - Daikatsu Ryusei
* 1990 - Big Fight
* 1991 - Uto Jane
* 1992 - Pegasus
* 1993 - Excellence Robin
* 1994 - Tosho Phenoma
* 1995 - Tayasu Da Vinci
* 1996 - Personality One
* 1997 - Courir Cyclone
* 1998 - Rosado
* 1999 - Gaily Funky

## InfoBox

Niigata Nisai Stakes
新潟2歳ステークス
| Grade 3 race | |
| --- | --- |
| Harp Star wins the Niigata Nisai Stakes in 2013 | |
| Location | Niigata Racecourse |
| Inaugurated | 1981 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred Flat racing |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1600 metres |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | Right-handed |
| Qualification | 2-y-o |
| Weight | 55 kg |
| Purse | 66,860,000 (as of 2024)
**1st:** ¥ 31,000,000
**2nd:** ¥ 12,000,000
**3rd:** ¥ 8,000,000 |


title: Yatarō

abstract: Yataro Iwasaki Yatarō, Yataro or Yatarou is a masculine Japanese given name.

text:
# Yatarō

**Yatarō**, **Yataro** or **Yatarou** is a masculine Japanese given name.

## Possible writings

**Yatarō** can be written using different combinations of kanji characters. Here are some examples:

The characters used for "taro" (太郎) literally means "thick (big) son" and usually used as a suffix to a masculine name, especially for the first son. The "ya" part of the name can use a variety of characters, each of which will change the meaning of the name ("矢" for arrow, "野" for field, "弥" and so on).

* 矢太郎, "arrow, big son"
* 野太郎, "field, big son"
* 弥太郎, "more and more, big son"
* 彌太郎, "more and more, big son"
* 八太郎, "eight, big son"
* 夜太郎, "night, big son"

Other combinations...

* 矢太朗, "arrow, thick, bright"
* 矢多朗, "arrow, many, bright"
* 勇汰朗, "bravery, excessive, bright"
* 野太朗, "field, thick, bright"
* 弥太朗, more and more, thick, bright"

The name can also be written in hiragana やたろう or katakana ヤタロウ.

## Notable people with the given name Yatarō

* Yataro Iwasaki (岩崎 弥太郎, 1835–1885), Japanese businessman
* Yataro Kojima (小島 弥太郎, 1522–1582), Japanese samurai
* Yataro Kurokawa (黒川 弥太郎, 1910–1984), Japanese actor
* Yataro Mishima (三島 彌太郎, 1867–1919), Japanese businessman and banker
* Yataro Tsuda (津田 弥太郎, born 1952), Japanese politician

## InfoBox

Yatarō
| Yataro Iwasaki (1835–1885), Japanese businessman, founder of Mitsubishi financial combine | |
| --- | --- |
| Pronunciation | jataɾoɯ (IPA) |
| Gender | Male |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Japanese |
| Meaning | Different meanings depending on the kanji used |
| Other names | |
| Alternative spelling | Yataro (Kunrei-shiki) Yataro (Nihon-shiki)<br>Yatarō, Yataro, Yatarou (Hepburn) |


title: Marsha Mateyka Gallery

abstract: Marsha Mateyka Gallery is a fine arts gallery in Washington, DC. The gallery was established in 1983 by art historian Marsha Perry Mateyka. The gallery focuses generally on national and regional contemporary artists. The gallery is located at 2012 R Street NW,  Washington DC 20009.

text:
# Marsha Mateyka Gallery

**Marsha Mateyka Gallery** is a fine arts gallery in Washington, DC. The gallery was established in 1983 by art historian Marsha Perry Mateyka. The gallery focuses generally on national and regional contemporary artists. The gallery is located at 2012 R Street NW, Washington DC 20009.

## Artists represented

As one of the oldest art galleries in the city, the gallery represents approximately 20 well-known contemporary artists, including Jae Ko, Jim Sanborn, Athena Tacha, William T. Wiley, Christopher French, Sam Gilliam, and the Estates of Gene Davis and Nathan Oliveira.

## Critical reception

Exhibitions at the gallery have been widely reviewed over the years by both local newspapers such as *The Washington Post,* *Washington City Paper,* and *The Washington Times,* as well as by national art magazines. The gallery can also be credited with playing a pivotal part in the revival in the interest in the work of major American artist Sam Gilliam, whom the gallery has represented for several decades.

38°54′45″N 77°02′45″W / 38.91240°N 77.04590°W / 38.91240; -77.04590


title: London Film Critics Circle Awards 2000

abstract: The 21st London Film Critics Circle Awards, honouring the best in film for 2000, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 15 February 2001.

text:
# London Film Critics Circle Awards 2000

**21st London Film Critics Circle Awards**

15 February 2001

---

Film of the Year:
**Being John Malkovich**

---

British Film of the Year:
**Billy Elliot**

The **21st London Film Critics Circle Awards**, honouring the best in film for 2000, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 15 February 2001.

## Winners and nominees

### Film of the Year

***Being John Malkovich***

### British Film of the Year

***Billy Elliot***

### Foreign Language Film of the Year

***Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon*Taiwan/Hong Kong/United States/China**

### Director of the Year

**Spike Jonze*Being John Malkovich***

### British Director of the Year

**Stephen Daldry*Billy Elliot***

### Screenwriter of the Year

**Charlie Kaufman*Being John Malkovich***

### British Screenwriter of the Year

**Christopher Nolan*Memento***

### Actor of the Year

**Russell Crowe*Gladiator* and *The Insider***

### Actress of the Year

**Julia Roberts*Erin Brockovich***

### British Actor of the Year

**Jim Broadbent*Topsy-Turvy***

### British Actress of the Year

**Julie Walters*Billy Elliot***

### British Supporting Actor of the Year

**Albert Finney*Erin Brockovich***

### British Supporting Actress of the Year

**Samantha Morton*Sweet and Lowdown***

### British Newcomer of the Year

**Jamie Bell*Billy Elliot***

### British Producer of the Year

**Greg Brenman and Jonathan Finn – *Billy Elliot***

### Dilys Powell Award


title: Myrcia polyneura

abstract: Myrcia polyneura is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Cuba.

text:
# Myrcia polyneura

***Myrcia polyneura*** is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Cuba.

## InfoBox

| *Myrcia polyneura* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Myrcia* |
| Species: | ***M. polyneura*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myrcia polyneura***
(Urb.) Borhidi | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Calyptranthes polyneura* Urb. | |


title: Mike Giles

abstract: Michael Bryce Giles is a British mathematician and computer scientist. He is a Professor of Numerical Analysis at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. He is best known for developing Multilevel Monte Carlo methods.

text:
# Mike Giles

**Michael Bryce Giles** (born 27 December 1959) is a British mathematician and computer scientist. He is a Professor of Numerical Analysis at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. He is best known for developing Multilevel Monte Carlo methods.

## Education

Giles studied mathematics as an undergraduate at the University of Cambridge, graduating in 1981 as senior wrangler. He then moved to MIT as a Kennedy Scholar, where he received his PhD in aeronautics in 1985.

## Career and research

After obtaining his PhD, Giles became a professor in MIT’s Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In 1992, he joined the University of Oxford’s Department of Computer Science, before moving to the Mathematical Institute in 2008. He was Head of Department at the Mathematical Institute from 2018 to 2023.

In the earlier part of his career, Giles worked on computational fluid dynamics applied to the analysis and design of gas turbines. More recently, he has focused on computational finance and the development of Multilevel Monte Carlo methods.

## InfoBox

| Mike Giles | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1959-12-27) 27 December 1959 |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | Multilevel Monte Carlo method |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions |  |
| Thesis | *Newton Solution of Steady Two-Dimensional Transonic Flow* |
| Doctoral students | Niles Pierce |
|  | |
| Website | www.maths.ox.ac.uk/people/mike.giles |


title: Realitymine

abstract: RealityMine is a technology company headquartered in Manchester, England, United Kingdom which provides passive research into consumer behavior. The company was founded in April 2012 by mobile veteran Garry Partington and market research expert Rolfe Swinton, to understand the huge gap in understanding consumer behaviour: what are people actually doing on their mobile phones? Today, RealityMine enables many of the world's largest market research and media organisations to monitor real consumers on multiple devices, across all major platforms, revealing unique insights from real life consumer behaviour. The firm's "RealityMeter" can be deployed across Android, iOS and desktop platforms. RealityMine has offices in New York, London, Manchester, and Sydney.

text:
# Realitymine

**RealityMine** is a technology company headquartered in Manchester, England, United Kingdom which provides passive research into consumer behavior. The company was founded in April 2012 by mobile veteran Garry Partington and market research expert Rolfe Swinton, to understand the huge gap in understanding consumer behaviour: what are people actually doing on their mobile phones?

Today, RealityMine enables many of the world's largest market research and media organisations to monitor real consumers on multiple devices, across all major platforms, revealing unique insights from real life consumer behaviour. The firm's "RealityMeter" can be deployed across Android, iOS and desktop platforms. RealityMine has offices in New York, London, Manchester, and Sydney.

## History

The company was founded in April 2012 by Garry Partington and Rolfe Swinton. In December 2013, RealityMine acquired the assets of the Media Behaviour Insights, including the TouchPoints USA brand.

From 2012, the business has grew from 5 employees to 75 in 2015. In 2015 RealityMine joined the London Stock Exchange's Elite programme for high growth businesses. In January 2015 the business announced $2.5m investment to support its rapid growth strategy.

In 2018, former Research Now co-founder, Chris Havemann, was named CEO.

## Honors and awards

RealityMine has won awards including "2015 Top 100 Startups", "2015 Mobile Research Agency of the Year" by MRMW, "2015 Top 100 Europe" by *Red Herring*, "2015 Northern Tech Rising Star" by GP Bullhound, "2016 Queens Award for International Export", and was a "Best Innovation Finalist" in the 2016 MRS Awards by the Market Research Society.

## InfoBox

RealityMine
| Company type | Privately held |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Market Research |
| Founded | Manchester, England 2012 |
| Founder | Garry Partington, Rolfe Swinton |
| Headquarters | Manchester, England, United Kingdom |
| Key people | Chris Havemann, CEO; Shelagh Rogan, CFO; Chris Shaw, COO; Graham Dean, CTO; Luke Biggins, Senior Director Business Development; Jonathan Briggs, Managing Director APAC; Edward Chatham, Senior Director Business Development; Ewan Leith, Head of Engineering; Phil Austin, Head of Data Services;<br>Will Byers, Financial Controller |
| Number of employees | 50+ |
| Website |  |


title: Reconstruction in South Carolina

text:
# Reconstruction in South Carolina

Reconstruction in the state of South Carolina was unique compared to other southern states due to heavy political involvement of both scalawags and newly freed African American slaves.

Land ownership was seen as an important aspect of freedom for African-Americans in South Carolina. Therefore, the South Carolina Land Commission was created during the 1868 South Carolina Constitutional Convention. The 1868 convention was unique because over half of the 124 delegates were African-American. Beyond the African-American influence on the 1868 Constitution, there were also 180 black politicians in public office throughout South Carolina. A couple influential scalawags from South Carolina during reconstruction were Franklin J. Moses Jr. and Thomas J Coghlan.

South Carolina was a prominent area for the Ku Klux Klan during reconstruction. The Klan and their involvement in reconstruction led to violence between political parties and races.

## Land Commission

### Sea Islands and William Sherman

Initial experiments with African-American land ownership began during the Civil War with the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina. At the end of 1861, these islands were controlled by Federal soldiers. White landowners had abandoned their slaves and their land on these islands. The United States Department of the Treasury decided to allow the slaves of the Sea Islands to farm and cultivate the land in an experiment of citizenship and landownership. The Sea Island experiment did not in the end produce land ownership for the former slaves, due to complications with the way the Treasury Department ended up selling and distributing the land. However, in January 1865, Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman issued Special Field Order No. 15 to provide land to the African Americans who followed in his wake. Field Order No. 15 provided all the Sea Islands, encompassing 485,000, to 40,000 African Americans in South Carolina. At the end of the Civil War, these new freedmen held only possessory titles to the land granted to them by General Sherman. President Andrew Johnson cancelled the possessory titles and granted the land back to southerners who paid the Direct Tax Commission and took an oath of allegiance.

### South Carolina Land Commission

The conversation regarding opportunity and land ownership for newly freed African-Americans became a central issue of the 1868 Constitutional Convention of South Carolina. Black delegate, Richard H. Cain, put forward a notion asking the state to petition the United States Congress for funds to purchase land for the freedmen of South Carolina. Cain specifically petitioned for one million dollars, and that the land purchased for African Americans would be loaned and eventually be paid back. The proposal was voted on and 101 of 124 delegates voted in favor. Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts advised that Congress would not accept the South Carolina petition. In response, the convention decided to establish a state land commission to acquire lands for the freedmen.

The South Carolina Land Commission was created on March 27, 1869. Specifics were put into place regarding the distribution of the land and the terms of the loan. The tracts of land distributed by the Land Commission were to be between 25–100 acres. The land was provided on loan to freedmen. The loan required only payment of land taxes, plus 6% interest on the principal, for the first three years. The freedmen would then have eight years to pay the loan, plus 6% interest, to receive the title to the land received from the commission. The South Carolina Land Commission was afflicted with mismanagement and corruption during its existence. Despite this, by 1876, an estimated 14,000 families/70,000 African Americans had received tracts of land distributed by the Land Commission. By 1890 the Land Commission was bankrupt and its remaining lands were distributed to white southerners.

## African American influence

### 1868 Constitutional Convention

The 1865 South Carolina constitution created after the Civil War did not provide newly freed African-Americans suffrage. This was in conflict with the Reconstruction Act of 1867 and led South Carolina to need a new constitution. At the 1868 South Carolina constitutional convention, among the 124 delegates present, 76 of them were African American. The African American delegates were influential in the construction of the new constitution for South Carolina.

Black delegate Robert B. Elliott, fought for the removal of a literacy test that he believed would discourage African Americans from voting. Some 90.6% of the 124 delegates voted to remove the literacy test.

The issue of women’s suffrage was debated at this convention as well. Among the foremost of those advocating for women’s right to vote was black delegate William J Whipper. His position was that if women were affected by the laws of the state, they should then have a vote to influence those laws. Women's suffrage did not pass at this convention.

Another proposal brought before the convention was to make public schools in South Carolina open to all races. There was concern from the white delegates, specifically B. O. Duncan, who worried that this would lead to racial integration of all schools. When the vote was placed for opening public schools to all races it was passed with almost 81% of the total delegate vote, including 64.71% from the white delegates. The passage of this school proposal provided the right for a child of any race to attend any public school, but it didn't require racial integration or prohibit racial segregation.

### African-American women poom

New freedwomen fought against the obligation of field labor. Many freedwomen in South Carolina refused to labor in the fields as they had formerly done as slaves. These freedwomen wanted to turn their efforts and labor from the fields to a more domestic setting and work in the home. African-American women who worked in homes had to establish themselves as paid employees and not former slaves. Freedwomen did this through focusing their efforts on their work tasks, not their employers' personal needs.

### Politics

South Carolina had the most representation of African-Americans in politics during the reconstruction period. Of the 234 total Black politicians 110 (47%) of them lived in Charleston, South Carolina. Another 70 of the remaining 124 were spread throughout the rest of the state. The term black, used to describe skin color, was used very loosely, since the census did not give a completely accurate definition of who that included. Black was used to describe those who had darker-color skin but may not have been African-American and may have been free even before the Civil War. The 234 black politicians included both black men who were freed before the war and those who had been slaves. Black politicians were usually associated with the Republican party, however, it was not unknown for them to associate with the Democrats.

African-Americans and other colored politicians had a variety of reasons for entering politics. Life in the south for African Americans was not great and they sought a better life for themselves and their families. They were involved in politics to make change and obtain hope for themselves and others. One area that they were particularly concerned with was economics, due to their circumstances.

Although politics was a great way to make a difference in the community, it wasn't the only way that a majority of African American politicians were involved in making change. There was a wide range and diversity. Politicians often held multiple responsibilities in other areas of government, while others had a big influence in their churches.

## Scalawags

Scalawags was a derogatory term applied to white southerners who were involved in, and contributed to, Reconstruction laws. Many white southern politicians became Republican scalawags due to the high influx of African-American voters after the Civil War. Appealing to the new freedmen was a priority for continued service in public office. An example of this is Alexander Stuart Wallace. He had previously been a slave owner and a popular Democrat prior to the Civil War. In 1866 he voted against black codes. Then in 1868, he joined the Republican party during the 1868 South Carolina Constitutional Convention. Democrats saw Wallace as someone who flip-flopped on issues to stay elected. At the same convention, white southerner Thomas J. Coghlan fought to establish a hate-speech law which would have prohibited racial slurs against African Americans. Prior to the Civil War, Coghlan had not been an ardent supporter of black rights.

### Franklin J. Moses

Franklin Moses was involved in the community in many ways including politics. He was a newspaper editor, lawyer and church leader. However, religion was not of big importance to him. The newspaper he worked for had conservative views and ideas. When Moses began to have political views that differed from those of the newspaper, he was asked to leave. Moses set out to make a difference for those around him, specifically those of color, which led to his career in politics. Moses, a recent scalawag, ran for Speaker of the House and took office as he set out to help minorities. Moses made a huge difference with his efforts, however this did not come without mistakes and downfalls. Moses had a problem with money, which led to bankruptcy. After filing for bankruptcy he became involved in stealing and borrowing money he could not pay back.

## Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is believed to have come to South Carolina in 1868. At the behest of prior Confederate Civil War general and Tennessee Klan member, George W. Gordon, RJ Brunson was ordered to start a Klan chapter in South Carolina of 1868. The South Carolina Klan members were sworn to secrecy, by penalty of death, according to their constitution.

South Carolina was one of the more prominent states for the KKK post civil war. KKK members were motivated by politics and were associated very closely with the Democratic party. KKK members were known to come a good majority of the time from lower social class areas. They would often use force at the voting polls to prevent African-Americans from voting or to sway their vote. Democrats were worried about how African Americans would vote and sought white supremacy. South Carolina Klan members were ordered to report to their leadership of any meetings or gatherings of republicans or African Americans.

The KKK and other Democrats who owned real-estate caused great economic struggle for African Americans. They used motivation in which they would refuse to rent, refuse services, and even evict African-Americans, and other Republicans, if they would not vote Democratic. The KKK would even destroy ballots of those who voted Republican. Northern republican journalist James Shepherd Pike, regarding his observations of South Carolina, believed that involvement of the Klan would be helpful against the "ignorant" leadership of African Americans.

After anti-Klan legislation was introduced in 1871-1872, many other clubs were formed by white men. Some of these clubs were secret and not known to many people, and others were considered social clubs where friends would get together to shoot their guns. These clubs however had a history of violence towards blacks. Their goals were often the same as their predecessor the KKK: preventing blacks from having political involvement. With this hate towards African Americans, violence followed. A couple of black individuals were accused of a crime against a white woman. A group of blacks rallied together against their accusers, however, they were outnumbered 1,000 to 100. This was not the only case in which African Americans were accused and attacked by whites.


title: Red eye (medicine)

abstract: A red eye is an eye that appears red due to illness or injury. It is usually injection and prominence of the superficial blood vessels of the conjunctiva, which may be caused by disorders of these or adjacent structures. Conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage are two of the less serious but more common causes. Management includes assessing whether emergency action is needed, or whether treatment can be accomplished without additional resources. Slit lamp examination is invaluable in diagnosis but initial assessment can be performed using a careful history, testing vision, and carrying out a penlight examination.

text:
# Red eye (medicine)

A **red eye** is an eye that appears red due to illness or injury. It is usually injection and prominence of the superficial blood vessels of the conjunctiva, which may be caused by disorders of these or adjacent structures. Conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage are two of the less serious but more common causes.

Management includes assessing whether emergency action (including referral) is needed, or whether treatment can be accomplished without additional resources.

Slit lamp examination is invaluable in diagnosis but initial assessment can be performed using a careful history, testing vision (visual acuity), and carrying out a penlight examination.

## Diagnosis

Particular signs and symptoms may indicate that the cause is serious and requires immediate attention.

Seven such signs are:

The most useful is a smaller pupil in the red eye than the non-red eye (opposite eye) and sensitivity to bright light.

### Reduced visual acuity

A reduction in visual acuity in a 'red eye' is indicative of serious ocular disease, such as keratitis, iridocyclitis, and glaucoma, and never occurs in simple conjunctivitis without accompanying corneal involvement.

### Ciliary flush

Ciliary flush is usually present in eyes with corneal inflammation, iridocyclitis or acute glaucoma, though not simple conjunctivitis. A ciliary flush is a ring of red or violet spreading out from around the cornea of the eye.

### Corneal abnormalities

The cornea is required to be transparent to transmit light to the retina. Because of injury, infection or inflammation, an area of opacity may develop which can be seen with a penlight or slit lamp. In rare instances, this opacity is congenital. In some, there is a family history of corneal growth disorders which may be progressive with age. Much more commonly, misuse of contact lenses may be a precipitating factor. Whichever, it is always potentially serious and sometimes necessitates urgent treatment and corneal opacities are the fourth leading cause of blindness. Opacities may be keratic, that is, due to the deposition of inflammatory cells, hazy, usually from corneal edema, or they may be localized in the case of corneal ulcer or keratitis.
Corneal epithelial disruptions may be detected with fluorescein staining of the eye, and careful observation with cobalt-blue light. Corneal epithelial disruptions would stain green, which represents some injury of the corneal epithelium. These types of disruptions may be due to corneal inflammations or physical trauma to the cornea, such as a foreign body.

### Pupillary abnormalities

In an eye with iridocyclitis, (inflammation of both the iris and ciliary body), the involved pupil will be smaller than the uninvolved, due to reflex muscle spasm of the iris sphincter muscle. Generally, conjunctivitis does not affect the pupils. With acute angle-closure glaucoma, the pupil is generally fixed in mid-position, oval, and responds sluggishly to light, if at all.

Shallow anterior chamber depth may indicate a predisposition to one form of glaucoma (narrow angle) but requires slit-lamp examination or other special techniques to determine it. In the presence of a "red eye", a shallow anterior chamber may indicate acute glaucoma, which requires immediate attention.

### Abnormal intraocular pressure

Intraocular pressure should be measured as part of a routine eye examination. It is usually only elevated by iridocyclitis or acute-closure glaucoma, but not by relatively benign conditions. In iritis and traumatic perforating ocular injuries, the intraocular pressure is usually low.

### Severe pain

Those with conjunctivitis may report mild irritation or scratchiness, but never extreme pain, which is an indicator of more serious disease such as keratitis, corneal ulceration, iridocyclitis, or acute glaucoma.

### Differential diagnosis

Of the many causes, conjunctivitis is the most common. Others include:

#### Usually nonurgent

* airborne eye irritants
* blepharitis – a usually chronic inflammation of the eyelids with scaling, sometimes resolving spontaneously
* drugs: medications or recreational drug use
* dry eye syndrome – caused by either decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation which may lead to irritation and redness
* subconjunctival hemorrhage – a sometimes dramatic, but usually harmless, bleeding underneath the conjunctiva most often from spontaneous rupture of the small, fragile blood vessels, commonly from a cough or sneeze
* inflamed pterygium – a benign, triangular, horizontal growth of the conjunctiva, arising from the inner side, at the level of contact of the upper and lower eyelids, associated with exposure to sunlight, low humidity and dust. It may be more common in occupations such as farming and welding.
* inflamed pinguecula – a yellow-white deposit close to the junction between the cornea and sclera, on the conjunctiva. It is most prevalent in tropical climates with much UV exposure. Although harmless, it can occasionally become inflamed.
* tiredness
* episcleritis – most often a mild, inflammatory disorder of the 'white' of the eye unassociated with eye complications in contrast to scleritis, and responding to topical medications such as anti-inflammatory drops.

#### Usually urgent

* acute closed-angle glaucoma – implies injury to the optic nerve with the potential for irreversible vision loss which may be permanent unless treated quickly, as a result of increased pressure within the eyeball. Not all forms of glaucoma are acute, and not all are associated with increased intraocular pressure.
* eye injury
* keratitis – a potentially serious inflammation or injury to the cornea (window), often associated with significant pain, light intolerance, and deterioration in vision. Numerous causes include virus infection. Injury from contact lenses can lead to keratitis.

* iritis – together with the ciliary body and choroid, the iris makes up the uvea, part of the middle, pigmented, structures of the eye. Inflammation of this layer (uveitis) requires urgent control and is estimated to be responsible for 10% of blindness in the United States.
* scleritis – a serious inflammatory condition, often painful, that can result in permanent vision loss, and without an identifiable cause in half of those presenting with it. About 30–40% have an underlying systemic autoimmune condition.
* tick-borne illnesses like Rocky Mountain spotted fever – the eye is not primarily involved, but the presence of conjunctivitis, along with fever and rash, may help with the diagnosis in appropriate circumstances.

## InfoBox

| Red eye | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Subconjunctival hemorrhage causing red coloration as result of ruptured blood vessel in the eye | |
| Specialty | Ophthalmology |


title: Gurgura (woreda)

abstract: Gurgura is a woreda in the chartered city of Dire Dawa in Ethiopia.

text:
# Gurgura (woreda)

**Gurgura** is a woreda in the chartered city of Dire Dawa in Ethiopia.

## Naming

It is named after the Gurgura clan which traces its genealogy to the Dir clan family of the Somalis.

## History

The woreda of Gurgura was in existence as early as 1964, when its administrative center was at Kersa.

## Demographics

Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 116,250, of whom 58,004 are men and 58,246 are women; 14,250 or 12.26% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the average for entire chartered city of 74.4. With an estimated area of 1,195.52 square kilometers, Gurgura has an estimated population density of 97.2 people per square kilometer, which is less than the average for the administrative region of 328.

The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 87,013 in 15,827 households, of whom 45,098 were men and 41,915 were women; 8,337 or 9.58% of its population were urban dwellers. The three largest ethnic groups reported in Gurgura were the Oromo (81.48%), the Somali (16.53%), and the Amhara (1.24%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.75% of the population. Oromiffa is spoken as a first language by 82.29%, 15.77% Somali and 1.39% speak Amharic; the remaining 0.55% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 98.34% of the population reporting that as their faith, while 1.48% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. Concerning education, 7.98% of the population were considered literate. Concerning sanitary conditions, 90% of the urban houses and 31% of all houses had access to safe drinking water at the time of the census; 37% of the urban and about 7% of the total had toilet facilities.

Censuses record that Oromo are the greatest percentage of the Gurgura woreda, based on the number who speak the Oromo language. But the Gurgura clan share both Somali and Oromo identities, speaking the Oromo language and tracing their genealogy to the Dir, a Somali clan family. Gurgura are mentioned in the *Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia* as source dating back as far as the 16th century as Somalis who fought alongside Ahmed Gran. So most inhabitants are of the Gurgura clan.


title: Red Cloak

abstract: Red Cloak is an industrial area of Stonehaven, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The site's settlement history is associated with events at the nearby Chapel of St. Mary and St. Nathalan. In current times Red Cloak is primarily an industrial dominated land use that includes Aberdeenshire Council recycling and refuse disposal functions. Earliest area prehistory is evidenced by Bronze Age finds at Fetteresso Castle and Ury House.

text:
# Red Cloak

56°57′54″N 2°13′55″W / 56.965°N 2.232°W / 56.965; -2.232

**Red Cloak** is an industrial area of Stonehaven, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The site's settlement history is associated with events at the nearby Chapel of St. Mary and St. Nathalan. In current times Red Cloak is primarily an industrial dominated land use that includes Aberdeenshire Council recycling and refuse disposal functions. Earliest area prehistory is evidenced by Bronze Age finds at Fetteresso Castle and Ury House.


title: Red Cliffs railway station

abstract: Red Cliffs is a closed railway station in the town of Red Cliffs, on the Mildura line, in Victoria, Australia. It was established as a passenger station in 1920, with a loop siding being provided around this time. In 1922, a railmotor service commenced between Mildura and Red Cliffs, and a railmotor turntable was provided. The service ended in 1928. In April 1924, the Red Cliffs – Werrimull branch line opened, heading west, and was later extended to Meringur and Morkalla. By 1938, the station had a four-road yard with a goods shed, and private sidings serving a fruit co-op and the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission of Victoria. A new platform and station building were also provided, on the Melbourne side of the previous one. In 1975, flashing light signals were provided at the Fitzroy Avenue level crossing, located nearby in the down direction of the station. In 1988, the branch line to Meringur was closed. A number of track alterations took place in 1991, and two years later, the interlocking was abolished, and the station became a plain siding. In early 1994, the station was leased to the Shire of Mildura for a period of 10 years.

text:
# Red Cliffs railway station

**Red Cliffs** is a closed railway station in the town of Red Cliffs, on the Mildura line, in Victoria, Australia. It was established as a passenger station in 1920, with a loop siding being provided around this time. In 1922, a railmotor service commenced between Mildura and Red Cliffs, and a railmotor turntable was provided. The service ended in 1928. In April 1924, the Red Cliffs – Werrimull branch line opened, heading west, and was later extended to Meringur and Morkalla.

By 1938, the station had a four-road yard with a goods shed, and private sidings serving a fruit co-op and the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission of Victoria. A new platform and station building were also provided, on the Melbourne side of the previous one.

In 1975, flashing light signals were provided at the Fitzroy Avenue level crossing, located nearby in the down direction of the station. In 1988, the branch line to Meringur was closed. A number of track alterations took place in 1991, and two years later, the interlocking was abolished, and the station became a plain siding.

In early 1994, the station was leased to the Shire of Mildura for a period of 10 years.

## Demolition of station building

In 2011, VicTrack was given permission to demolish the station building, despite local protests. That was completed in April of that year, with the passenger platform being retained.

## InfoBox

| Red Cliffs | |
| --- | --- |
| Red Cliffs station building in 2009, now demolished | |
| General information | |
| Coordinates | 34°18′28″S 142°11′10″E / 34.3077°S 142.1861°E / -34.3077; 142.1861 |
| Line(s) | Mildura |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Closed |
| History | |
| Opened | 1920 |
| Closed | 12 September 1993 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station   Disused railways   Following station  Ouyen   Mildura line   Irymple  **Junction**   Morkalla line   West to Morkalla  **List of closed railway stations in Victoria** | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Red CliffsLocation within Victoria | |


title: Guo Qi

abstract: Guo Qi is a Chinese chess player. She holds the titles of International Master (IM) and Woman Grandmaster (WGM), which FIDE awarded her in 2014 and 2011 respectively. She won the World Junior Girls Chess Championship in 2012. This achievement earned her the qualification for the Women's World Championship 2014, which was eventually postponed to 2015. Guo competed in the Women's World Chess Championship 2012 as FIDE president nominee. She was eliminated in the first round by Natalia Zhukova. Guo was a member of the Chinese team that won the silver medal in the 2013 Women's World Team Chess Championship in Astana, Kazakhstan. In 2014, she won both team and individual silver medals in the Women's 2014 Chess Olympiad. She took part in the Women's World Chess Championship 2015, where she was knocked out in the first round by the eventual runner-up, Natalija Pogonina. In 2016, Guo won the Chinese women's championship. In the same year, she played on the gold medal-winning Chinese team at the Women's Asian Nations Cup in Abu Dhabi and at the Women's Chess Olympiad in Baku. In both events, she also won the gold medal for the best performance on the reserve board.

text:
# Guo Qi

**Guo Qi** (Chinese: 郭琦; pinyin: *Guō Qí*; born January 27, 1995) is a Chinese chess player. She holds the titles of International Master (IM) and Woman Grandmaster (WGM), which FIDE awarded her in 2014 and 2011 respectively.

She won the World Junior Girls Chess Championship in 2012. This achievement earned her the qualification for the Women's World Championship 2014, which was eventually postponed to 2015.

Guo competed in the Women's World Chess Championship 2012 as FIDE president nominee. She was eliminated in the first round by Natalia Zhukova.

Guo was a member of the Chinese team that won the silver medal in the 2013 Women's World Team Chess Championship in Astana, Kazakhstan. In 2014, she won both team and individual (on the reserve board) silver medals in the Women's 2014 Chess Olympiad.

She took part in the Women's World Chess Championship 2015, where she was knocked out in the first round by the eventual runner-up, Natalija Pogonina. In 2016, Guo won the Chinese women's championship. In the same year, she played on the gold medal-winning Chinese team at the Women's Asian Nations Cup in Abu Dhabi and at the Women's Chess Olympiad in Baku. In both events, she also won the gold medal for the best performance on the reserve board.

## InfoBox

| Guo Qi | |
| --- | --- |
| Guo Qi, World Junior Championship 2012 in Athens | |
| Country | China |
| Born | (1995-01-27) January 27, 1995
Jiangsu, China |
| Title | International Master (2014)
Woman Grandmaster (2011) |
| FIDE rating | 2367 (September 2024) |
| Peak rating | 2462 (March 2014) |


title: Red-bellied parrot

abstract: The red-bellied parrot is a small African parrot about 23 cm (9 in) long of the genus Poicephalus. The genus Poicephalus has the greatest quantity of species and is widely spread in Africa. It is a mostly greenish and grey parrot. Males have a bright orange belly and females have a greenish belly.

text:
# Red-bellied parrot

The **red-bellied parrot** (***Poicephalus rufiventris***) is a small African parrot about 23 cm (9 in) long of the genus *Poicephalus*. The genus Poicephalus has the greatest quantity of species and is widely spread in Africa. It is a mostly greenish and grey parrot. Males have a bright orange belly and females have a greenish belly.

## Description

The red-bellied parrot is a small parrot about 23 cm (9 in) long and weights 140 g (5 oz). It is a mostly greenish and grey bird with the green being more prominent over its lower surfaces and the grey more prominent over its upper surfaces. Adult birds have green feathers covering the upper portions of their legs, red irises and dark grey beaks. The species is sexually dimorphic; Typically, males have a bright orange lower chest and abdomen, whilst adult females are greenish on these lower areas. The dimorphism occurs from a young age and is seen even in young chicks still in the nest. The red-bellied parrot eats seed, fruit kernels, flowers, nectar, and periodically leaves, bark, and juice from hard fruits. Although the name red-bellied parrot implies that the parrot has hints of red, the word for the color orange was not introduced into the English language until after the fruit orange was discovered and named, so some animals which are colored orange by our current definition were named red due to the fact that a word for the color orange didn't exist in English.

## Breeding

The red-bellied parrot nests in tree cavities. The eggs are white and there are usually three in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for about 28 days and the chicks leave the nest about 63 days after hatching.

## InfoBox

| Red-bellied parrot | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male (left) and female (right) | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Psittaciformes |
| Family: | Psittacidae |
| Genus: | *Poicephalus* |
| Species: | ***P. rufiventris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Poicephalus rufiventris***
(Rüppell, 1842) | |
|


title: Gustavia petiolata

abstract: Gustavia petiolata is a species of woody plant in the family Lecythidaceae. It is found only in Colombia.

text:
# Gustavia petiolata

***Gustavia petiolata*** is a species of woody plant in the family Lecythidaceae. It is found only in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Gustavia petiolata* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Lecythidaceae |
| Genus: | *Gustavia* |
| Species: | ***G. petiolata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gustavia petiolata***
Mori | |
|


title: Redgrave, Suffolk

abstract: Redgrave is a village and civil parish in Suffolk, England, just south of the River Waveney that here forms the county boundary with Norfolk. The village is about 4+1⁄2 miles (7 km) west of the town of Diss. The 2011 Census recorded the parish population as 459. Redgrave is in the Rickinghall and Walsham ward of Mid Suffolk District. The village of Redgrave is the descendant of the historic Redgrave Manor which contained Redgrave Hall and currently contains Redgrave Park Farm.

text:
# Redgrave, Suffolk

**Redgrave** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk, England, just south of the River Waveney that here forms the county boundary with Norfolk. The village is about 4+12 miles (7 km) west of the town of Diss. The 2011 Census recorded the parish population as 459.

Redgrave is in the Rickinghall and Walsham ward of Mid Suffolk District.

The village of Redgrave is the descendant of the historic Redgrave Manor (Redgrave Park) which contained Redgrave Hall and currently contains Redgrave Park Farm.

## History

In 1870–72, John Marius Wilson's *Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales* described Redgrave thus:

"REDGRAVE, a village and a parish in Hartismere district, Suffolk. The village stands near the river Waveney at the boundary with Norfolk, 4¼ miles NW of Mellis \[rail\] station, and 7 WNW of Eye; and has a post-office under Scole. The parish contains also the hamlet of Botesdale, and comprises 3,353 acres (13.57 km2). Real property, £7,722. Population in 1851, 1,382; in 1861, 1,266. Houses, 299. The \[Redgrave\] manor was given, by Ulfketel the Dane, to \[the Bury St. Edmunds Abbey\]; passed to Lord Keeper Bacon, Chief Justice Holt, and others; and, with Redgrave Hall, belongs now to G. H. Wilson, Esq. \[Redgrave Hall\] occupies the site of a residence of the Abbots of Bury; was rebuilt in 1770; and has a very fine park. Limetree House is the seat of J. R. Whit-hair, Esq. The living is a rectory, united with the chapelry of Botesdale, in the diocese of Norwich. Value, £889.\* Patron, G. H. Wilson, Esq. The church was restored in 1850. There are a Wesleyan chapel, a national school, an endowed grammar school with £28 a year, and charities £21. Cardinal Wolsey was rector."

## Redgrave Manor/Park/Hall

### Before 1542 (Bury Abbey)

According to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, the Redgrave Manor was given to the Bury St. Edmunds Abbey by Ulfcytel Snillingr, the Earl of East Anglia. He was a leader of local resistance against the invading Danish armies in 1004 and 1010.) By 1211, Abbot Samson of Bury St Edmunds had built a hunting lodge (or Hall) and deer-park (a deer hunting ground enclosed by fence or ditch) which soon included a stable, dairy, chicken house, dove house, goose house, orchard, kitchen, bake house, chapel, and guest house. Redgrave Church was added in the early 14th century. In 1539 King Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries and Redgrave Manor and Park passed into the hands of the King.

### 1542 – 1702 (Bacons)

In 1542 three years after the property had been seized by Henry VIII, Nicholas Bacon (father of philosopher/statesman Sir Francis Bacon) bought Redgrave Manor from the Crown. The Bacon family had possession of the property for the next 160 years. Bacon rebuilt the Hall and made some alterations to the Park. Robert Bacon, the 5th baronet, sold the Redgrave Estate in 1702 to John Holt, the Lord Chief Justice.

### 1702 – 1799 (Holts)

In 1702 Robert Bacon sold the Redgrave Hall Estate to John Holt who was the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales from 17 April 1689 to 11 March 1710. After John Holt, his brother Rowland Holt was Squire of Redgrave, followed by his son, Rowland II, followed by his 16-year-old son Rowland III who remodelled the Hall and Park in the 1760s adding a sinuous, 50-acre (20 ha) lake, "a Palladian 'rotunda' or round house in one corner of the Park, and a 'water house' (later known as the Kennels) beside the Lake. A decorative Orangery and a red brick stable block were built near the Hall. \[...\] He owned a house in London, at 47 Pall Mall. When he died unmarried in 1786 the Estate passed to his brother Thomas. Thomas Holt was Squire of Redgrave until his death in 1799, when the Estate passed to his nephew George Wilson, eldest son of his sister Lucinda, who had married Thomas Wilson in 1752. Thus the Estate passed into the Wilson family."

### 1799 – 1971 (Wilsons)

In 1799, Thomas Holt's nephew Captain George Wilson (later Admiral of the Red) inherited the Redgrave Estate. Admiral Wilson's eldest son, George St Vincent (1806–1852) inherited what King William IV called "the most beautiful combination of land and water in Eastern England".

"George St V.'s youngest brother John Wood Wilson (1812–1872) worked hard to put the management of the Estate on a sounder footing, and to invest in farm improvements. \[...\] In 1898 financial problems forced George Holt Wilson to move out of Redgrave Hall, and he took up residence at Broom Hills house, Rickinghall. He was the last of the Wilsons to live at the Hall. \[...\] In the First World War troops were billeted in the Park. Between 1919 and 1921 George Holt Wilson sold most of the contents of the Muniment Room at the Hall. This was a room on the ground floor which contained Estate and manorial records and legal documents relating to the successive owners of the Estate dating back to the Middle Ages. The bulk of the early material went to the University of Chicago, where it forms a uniquely important collection of documents for studying Mediaeval and Tudor history. \[...\] In 1924 George Holt Wilson died, and his son George Rowland died in 1928. The Estate therefore had to pay two lots of death duties tax in four years. This set the scene for the climate of financial stringency facing John Holt Wilson (1900–1963) when he took over running the Estate. For a few years in the 1930s John Holt Wilson was able to let the Hall as a hotel and country club. \[After World War II he\] decided to demolish the Hall to raise money to plough into the Estate. The interior features – fireplaces, ceilings, staircases – were sold, and then the house itself was taken down brick by brick."

### 1971 – present (Tophams)

In 1971 Redgrave Park was sold out of the Holt-Wilson family to Guy and Elizabeth Topham who turned it into a farm. Of the buildings erected by Brown, only the Roundhouse and the Kennels survive, and are subject to a Grade Two preservation order by the Government to keep them for posterity.

## H5N1 outbreak in Redgrave, 2007

In November 2007, the highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 strain that is considered a flu pandemic threat was discovered at several Redgrave Poultry farms near Diss, Norfolk; including at Redgrave Park where free range turkeys (with access to housing at night) are farmed. DEFRA killed tens of thousands of poultry to stop the spread of this outbreak of H5N1.

## Other notable people

## Sources

## Further reading

Media related to Redgrave, Suffolk at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Redgrave | |
| --- | --- |
| Parish church of St Mary the Virgin | |
| RedgraveLocation within Suffolk | |
| Population | 459 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | TM0478 |
| Civil parish | * Redgrave |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | DISS |
| Postcode district | IP22 |
| Dialling code | 01379 |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Recas

abstract: Recas is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2006 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 3138 inhabitants. The placename is either suggested to be a hydronym of Vasconic origin or derived from Arabic Rakab, via archaic latinized variant Requas. The village is sometimes referred to as La pequeña Mali owing to the substantial share of the population with origins in Mali.

text:
# Recas

**Recas** is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2006 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 3138 inhabitants.

The placename is either suggested to be a hydronym of Vasconic origin (from *Erraka*, 'creek') or derived from Arabic *Rakab*, via archaic latinized variant *Requas*.

The village is sometimes referred to as *La pequeña Mali* ('Little Mali') owing to the substantial share of the population with origins in Mali.

40°03′N 3°59′W / 40.050°N 3.983°W / 40.050; -3.983

## InfoBox

| Recas | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castilla–La Mancha |
| Province | Toledo |
| Area | |
| Total | 31 km2 (12 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 571 m (1,873 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 4,206 |
| Density | 140/km2 (350/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Gunderson Do-All Machine

abstract: The Gunderson Do-All Machine is a colorful, interconnected network of dozens of machines that have been cross-sectioned to reveal their internal operating mechanisms. It was designed by Mark Gunderson to illustrate mechanical concepts.

text:
# Gunderson Do-All Machine

The **Gunderson Do-All Machine** is a colorful, interconnected network of dozens of machines that have been cross-sectioned to reveal their internal operating mechanisms. It was designed by Mark Gunderson to illustrate mechanical concepts.

## History and design

The Gunderson Do-All Machine includes more than 30 individual machines that are linked together by an array of belts, gears, pulleys, and transmissions. Collectively, they operate in a continuous chain reaction on the power of one 10-horsepower (7.5 kW) Whitte gas oil well engine, forming a kinetic sculpture. The entire network is mounted on a 15-foot (4.6 m) flat bed trailer platform, so that it can be transported to engine shows, educational venues, and county fairs. The combined weight of the trailer and all components is about 6000 pounds.

The Do-All's layout and design allows one to follow the chain reaction from machine to machine while observing the internal cogs, gears, and other components that make them work. The variety of machines include an automatically reversing worm gear, a water pump impellar, a governor/gas valve from a 20-horsepower (HP) JC engine, a blacksmith blower/bubble maker, the main line shaft and pulley from an antique corn grinder, a floating gear, a DC 110-volt generator and lights, a 38-to-1 gear reducer, a bicycle light generator, and a fan blower painted to look like a clown. Recent additions include a penny press that creates a commemorative Do-All Machine coin and a rotating satellite dish with sun and moon images painted on opposite sides.

## Major engine components

The Gunderson Do-All includes the following major engines that have been cut away to reveal their inner workings in action:

* Gunderson R. The Do-All Machine. *Gas Engine Magazine*. December, 1999; Vol. 34:12, pages 16–18.


title: Gunderslevholm

abstract: Gunderslevholm is a manor house and estate located 12 km northwest of Næstved in southeastern Denmark. Gunderslevholm has been owned by members of the de Neergaard family since 1803. The main building is located on high ground just west of the Susaa river. It was originally a Baroque-style mansion built in 1729 for Carl Adolph von Plessen but was in 1787 adapted to the Neoclassical style. Gunderslevholm covers 2,020 hectares of land and 276 hectares of lake (2023).

text:
# Gunderslevholm

**Gunderslevholm** is a manor house and estate located 12 km northwest of Næstved in southeastern Denmark. Gunderslevholm has been owned by members of the de Neergaard family since 1803. The main building is located on high ground just west of the Susaa river. It was originally a Baroque-style mansion built in 1729 for Carl Adolph von Plessen but was in 1787 adapted to the Neoclassical style. Gunderslevholm covers 2,020 hectares of land and 276 hectares of lake (2023).

## History

### Early history

In the Middle Ages, Gunderslevholm was located in the village of Gunderslevmagle, The first known owner of the manor was Niels Pedersen. After his death, Gunderslevholm was jointly owned by his sons Peder Nielsen and Jens Nielsen. Jens Nielsen sold the estate to Johannes Mogensen Grubbe, a district judge of Zealand, in 1333. Grubbe constructed a fortified house on the estate, but it was destroyed by king Valdemar IV's troops just a few years later. According to *Sjællandske Krønnike*, Grubbe had sided with Holstein, in their conflict with the Danish king. Johannes Mogensen Grubbe was killed on the third day of the action. other sources suggest that the castle may have been captured by the Holsteins and that Grubbe may have participated in the attempt to take it back. Either way, Gunderslev was then passed on to Johannes Mogensen Grubbe's three sons, Mogens Jens Grubbe, Esbern Rage Grubbe and Bent Biug Grubbe, who had all remained loyal to the king. Bent Biug Grubbe, who later became the sole owner of the estate, served as *hofmeister* for Olaf II of Denmark. His son Jens died without children in 1405. His sister, Cecilie, was married to Tyge Basse. Their daughter was married to Ove Jacobsen Lunge, whose daughter Ellen Ovesdatter Lunge married Axel Lagesen Brok.

### Gøye family

Mogens Gøye's first wife, Mette Bydelsbak, the daughter of Albrecht Engelbrechtsen Bydelsbak and Pernille Brock, was the last surviving member of her family after her brother had died in Dithmarschen. Gunderslevholm therefore passed to Mogens Gøye when Axel Lagesen Brok died in 1498. Mogens Gøye constructed a new main building in circa 1530.

When Mogens Gøye died in 1544, Gunderslevholm was initially passed to his second eldest son, Eskil Gøye, who died without children in 1560. Gunderslevholm was therefore passed on to his elder brother, Christoffer Gøye. who served in the war against Sweden in 1564-65. He was one of the great landowners of his time. His other holdings included Avnsbjerg, Orebygård, Clausholm, Bregentved and Bollerup. He died in Viborg in 1584 but is buried in Gunderslev Church. His son and only child had died back in 1550, and Gunderslevholm was therefore passed to his nephew, Mogens Gøye, a son of his younger brother, Falk Gøye. Mogens Gøye was headmaster of Herlufsholm Boarding School from 1609.

### Krabbe family

Mogens Gøye the Younger's son, Christoffer Gøye, in 1631 sold Gunderslevholm to Ejler Urne. Urne's son-in-law, Flemming Ulfeldt, in 1647 sold Gunderslevholm to Iver Krabbe. King Frederik III (1609–70) made Iver Krabbe Governor-General of Norway. Iver Krabbe died on Gunderslevholm on 30 October 1666. Gunderslevholm remained in the Krabbe family's possession until 1693.

### Changing owners

Birgitte Reedtz, the widow of Markor Rodsteen, purchased Gunderslevholm at an auction in 1693. Reedtz' heir, Christian Rodsteen, a foster son, sold Gunderslevholm to Elisabeth Sophie von Holstein in 1707. She served as lady-in-waiting for the queen. Elisabeth Sophie von Holstein sold Gunderslevholm to a court priest, Hector Gottfried Masius, who died shortly thereafter. The Masius family was ennobled under the name von der Maase in 1712. Christian von der Maase expanded the Gunderslevholm estate with more land.

### Carl Adolph von Plessen

Carl Adolph von Plessen bought Gunderslevholm in 1725. Plessen constructed a new main building in 1729 and expanded the estate through the acquisition of new land. Carl Adolph von Plessen improved the living conditions for the peasants on his estates, *e.g.* through the construction of schools.

Carl Adolph von Plessen later included the estate in the Plessenske Fideikommis. The legal effect of a *fideikommis* was that the estate could not be sold, mortgaged, or divided between heirs. The Plessenske Fideikommis was converted from land to capital when the Plessen estates were sold in 1803.

### de Neergaard family

The new owner of Gunderslevholm was Peter Johansen de Neergaard. He died at Gunderslevholm in 1835 but had already ceded it to his second-oldest son, Carl de Neergaard. Carl de Neergaard had no children and therefore left Gunderslevholm to his nephew Johan Thomas Oluf de Neergaard who was subsequently succeeded by his son Ferdinand Lorenz de Neergaard.

## Architecture

The main building is a two storey building which is nine bays wide and whose facade is tipped by a triangular pediment. Its hipped roof is clad with blue-glazed tile.

## Today

The current owners are chamberlain Claus Johan Thomas de Neergaard and Christoffer Johan Thomas de Neergaard. Gunderslevholm covers 2,020 hectares of land and 276 hectares of lake (2023).

## List of owners

* ( - ) Niels Pedersen
* ( -1333) Peder Nielsen
* ( -1333) Jens Nielsen
* (1333-1345) Johannes Mogensen Grubbe
* (1345-1348) Esbern Rage Grubbe
* (1345-1369) Mogens Jens Grubbe
* (1345-1391) Bent Biug Grubbe
* (1391-1405) Jens Grubbe
* (1391-1408) Tyge Basse
* (1408-1458) Ove Jacobsen Lunge
* (1458-1498) Axel Lagesen Brok
* (1498-1544) Mogens Gøye
* (1544-1560) Eskild Gøye
* (1560-1584) Christoffer Gøye
* (1584-1615) Mogens Gøye
* (1615-1631) Christoffer Gøye
* (1631-1640) Ejler Urne
* (1640-1647) Flemming Ulfeldt
* (1647-1666) Iver Krabbe
* (1666-1676) Tage Krabbe
* (1676-1693) Boet efter Tage Krabbe
* (1693-1699) Birgitte Reedtz, gift Rodsteen
* (1699-1707) Christian Rodsteen
* (1707-1709) Elisabeth Sophie von Holstein
* (1709-1719) The heirs of Hector Gottfried Masius
* (1719-1725) Christian von der Maase
* (1725-1758) Carl Adolph von Plessen
* (1758-1803) Carl Adolph von Plessen
* (1803-1835) Peter Johansen de Neergaard
* (1835-1850) Carl de Neergaard
* (1850-1921) Johan Thomas Oluf de Neergaard
* (1921-1938) Ferdinand Lorenz de Neergaard
* (1938-1947) Marie Henriette Dorothea de Neergaard, née Hansen
* (1947-2006) Rolf Viggo de Neergaard
* (1981-2019) Claus Johan Thomas de Neergaard
* (2019-) Claus Johan Thomas de Neergaard and Christoffer Johan Thomas de Neergaard

## InfoBox

| Gunderslevholm | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Neoclassical |
| Location | Gunderslevvej 13<br>4160 Herlufmagle |
| Country | Denmark |
| Coordinates | 55°17′53.12″N 11°40′16.95″E / 55.2980889°N 11.6713750°E / 55.2980889; 11.6713750 |
| Completed | 1729 |
| Owner | Claus de Neergaard and Christoffer de Neergaard |