title: Photon upconversion

abstract: Photon upconversion (UC) is a process in which the sequential absorption of two or more photons leads to the emission of light at shorter wavelength than the excitation wavelength. It is an anti-Stokes type emission. An example is the conversion of infrared light to visible light. Upconversion can take place in both organic and inorganic materials, through a number of different mechanisms. Organic molecules that can achieve photon upconversion through triplet-triplet annihilation are typically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Inorganic materials capable of photon upconversion often contain ions of d-block or f-block elements. Examples of these ions are Ln3+, Ti2+, Ni2+, Mo3+, Re4+, Os4+, and so on.

text:
# Photon upconversion

**Photon upconversion** (**UC**) is a process in which the sequential absorption of two or more photons leads to the emission of light at shorter wavelength than the excitation wavelength. It is an anti-Stokes type emission. An example is the conversion of infrared light to visible light. Upconversion can take place in both organic and inorganic materials, through a number of different mechanisms. Organic molecules that can achieve photon upconversion through triplet-triplet annihilation are typically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Inorganic materials capable of photon upconversion often contain ions of d-block or f-block elements. Examples of these ions are Ln3+, Ti2+, Ni2+, Mo3+, Re4+, Os4+, and so on.

## Physical mechanisms

There are three basic mechanisms for photon upconversion in inorganic materials and at least two distinct mechanisms in organic materials. In inorganic materials photon upconversion occurs through energy transfer upconversion (ETU), **excited-state absorption** (**ESA**) and **photon avalanche** (**PA**). Such processes can be observed in materials with very different sizes and structures, including optical fibers, bulk crystals or nanoparticles, as long as they contain any of the active ions mentioned above. Organic molecules can upconvert photons through sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (sTTA) and energy pooling.

Upconversion should be distinguished from two-photon absorption and second-harmonic generation. These two physical processes have a similar outcome to photon upconversion (emission of photons of shorter wavelength than the excitation) but the mechanism behind is different. An early proposal (a solid-state IR quantum counter) was made by Nicolaas Bloembergen in 1959 and the process was first observed by François Auzel in 1966.

A thermal upconversion mechanism is also possible. This mechanism is based on the absorption of photons with low energies in the upconverter, which heats up and re-emits photons with higher energies. To improve this process, the density of optical states of the upconverter can be carefully engineered to provide frequency- and angularly-selective emission characteristics. For example, a planar thermal upconverting platform can have a front surface that absorbs low-energy photons incident within a narrow angular range, and a back surface that efficiently emits only high-energy photons. These surface properties can be realized through designs of photonic crystals, and theories and experiments have been demonstrated on thermophotovoltaics and passive radiative cooling. Under best criterion, energy conversion efficiency from solar radiation to electricity by introducing up-converter can go up to 73% using AM1.5D spectrum and 76% considering sun as a black body source at 6,000 K for a single-junction cell.

### Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation

Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (sTTA) based photon upconversion is a bimolecular process that through a number of energy transfer steps, efficiently combines two low frequency photons into one photon of higher frequency. TTA systems consist of one absorbing species, the sensitizer, and one emitting species, the emitter (or annihilator). Emitters are typically polyaromatic chromophores with large singlet-triplet energy splitting, such as anthracene and its derivatives.

The first step in sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation is absorption of a low energy photon by the sensitizer. The sensitizer then populates its first triplet excited state (3Sen\*) after intersystem crossing (ISC). The excitation energy on the sensitizer then transfers through a Dexter type triplet energy transfer (TET) to a ground state emitter, generating a triplet excited emitter (3Em\*). Two triplet excited emitters then interact in a second energy transfer process, known as triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA). Upon TTA the triplet energies are fused leaving one emitter in its excited singlet state (1Em\*) and the other emitter in its ground state. From the singlet excited state the emitter returns to the ground state through the emission of a photon. In this way two low energy photons are converted into one photon of higher energy. The principle relies on long lived triplet states to temporarily store the photon energy. Since molecular oxygen effectively quenches triplet states it is important that samples are thoroughly degassed or encapsulated to function efficiently.

Photon upconversion through sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation has the advantage of being efficient even at low excitation intensities making it potentially useful for converting sun light to enhance solar cell efficiencies.

## Upconverting nanoparticles

Although photon upconversion was first studied in bulk crystals and optical fibers, it became better known with the development of nanomaterials. This happened due to the many ways in which nanostructures with photon upconversion properties can be applied. This new class of materials may broadly be referred to as upconverting nanoparticles or UCNPs.

### Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles

Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles emerged in the late 1990s owing to the increasing focus on nanotechnology. Although their optical transitions essentially resemble those in bulk materials, the nanostructure amenable to surface modifications results in improved or new characteristics. Besides, the small size of the particles allow their use as alternatives to molecular fluorophores for biological applications. Their unique optical properties, such as large Stokes shift and the lack of blinking, have enabled them to rival conventional luminescent probes in challenging tasks including single-molecule tracking and deep tissue imaging. In the case of bioimaging, as lanthanide-doped nanoparticles can be excited with near-infrared light, they can reduce autofluorescence of biological samples and thus improve the contrast of the image.

Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles are nanocrystals of a transparent material (more often the fluorides NaYF4, NaGdF4, LiYF4, YF3, CaF2 or oxides such as Gd2O3) doped with lanthanide ions. The most common lanthanide ions used in photon upconversion are the pairs erbium-ytterbium (Er3+,Yb3+) or thulium-ytterbium (Tm3+, Yb3+). In such combinations ytterbium ions are added as antennas, to absorb light at around 980 nm and transfer it to the upconverter ion. If this ion is erbium, then a characteristic green and red emission is observed, while when the upconverter ion is thulium, the emission includes near-ultraviolet, blue and red light.

Despite the promising aspects of these nanomaterials, one urgent task that confronts materials chemists lies in the synthesis of nanoparticles with tunable emission, which is essential for applications in multiplexed imaging and sensing. The development of a reproducible, high yield synthetic route that allows controlled growth of rare earth halide nanoparticles has enabled the development and commercialization of upconversion nanoparticles in many different bioapplications. The recent progress in this direction includes the synthesis of structured nanocrystals crystals, such as particles with a core/shell structure, allowing upconversion through **interfacial energy transfer (IET)**.

### Semiconductor nanoparticles

Semiconductor nanoparticles or quantum dots have often been demonstrated to emit light of shorter wavelength than the excitation following a two-photon absorption mechanism, not photon upconversion. However, recently the use of semiconductor nanoparticles, such as CdSe, PbS and PbSe as sensitizers combined with molecular emitters has been shown as a new strategy for photon upconversion through triplet-triplet annihilation. They have been used to upconvert 980 nm infrared light to 600 nm visible light; green light to blue light; and blue light to ultraviolet. This technique benefits from a very high upconverting capability. Especially, these materials can be used to capture the infrared region of sunlight to electricity and enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells.

### Upconversion nanocapsules for differential cancer bioimaging in vivo

Early diagnosis of tumor malignancy is crucial for timely cancer treatment aimed at imparting desired clinical outcomes. The traditional fluorescence-based imaging is unfortunately faced with challenges such as low tissue penetration and background autofluorescence. Upconversion (UC)-based bioimaging can overcome these limitations as their excitation occurs at lower frequencies and the emission at higher frequencies. Kwon et al. developed multifunctional silica-based nanocapsules, synthesized to encapsulate two distinct triplet-triplet annihilation UC chromophore pairs. Each nanocapsule emits different colors, blue or green, following a red light excitation. These nanocapsules were further conjugated with either antibodies or peptides to selectively target breast or colon cancer cells, respectively. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental results demonstrated cancer-specific and differential-color imaging from single wavelength excitation as well as far greater accumulation at targeted tumor sites than that due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect. This approach can be used to host a variety of chromophore pairs for various tumor-specific, color-coding scenarios and can be employed for diagnosis of a wide range of cancer types within the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment.


title: Photon statistics

abstract: Photon statistics is the theoretical and experimental study of the statistical distributions produced in photon counting experiments, which use photodetectors to analyze the intrinsic statistical nature of photons in a light source. In these experiments, light incident on the photodetector generates photoelectrons and a counter registers electrical pulses generating a statistical distribution of photon counts. Low intensity disparate light sources can be differentiated by the corresponding statistical distributions produced in the detection process. Three regimes of statistical distributions can be obtained depending on the properties of the light source: Poissonian, super-Poissonian, and sub-Poissonian. The regimes are defined by the relationship between the variance and average number of photon counts for the corresponding distribution. Both Poissonian and super-Poissonian light can be described by a semi-classical theory in which the light source is modeled as an electromagnetic wave and the atom is modeled according to quantum mechanics. In contrast, sub-Poissonian light requires the quantization of the electromagnetic field for a proper description and thus is a direct measure of the particle nature of light.

text:
# Photon statistics

**Photon statistics** is the theoretical and experimental study of the statistical distributions produced in photon counting experiments, which use photodetectors to analyze the intrinsic statistical nature of photons in a light source. In these experiments, light incident on the photodetector generates photoelectrons and a counter registers electrical pulses generating a statistical distribution of photon counts. Low intensity disparate light sources can be differentiated by the corresponding statistical distributions produced in the detection process.

Three regimes of statistical distributions can be obtained depending on the properties of the light source: Poissonian, super-Poissonian, and sub-Poissonian. The regimes are defined by the relationship between the variance and average number of photon counts for the corresponding distribution. Both Poissonian and super-Poissonian light can be described by a semi-classical theory in which the light source is modeled as an electromagnetic wave and the atom is modeled according to quantum mechanics. In contrast, sub-Poissonian light requires the quantization of the electromagnetic field for a proper description and thus is a direct measure of the particle nature of light.

## Poissonian light

In classical electromagnetic theory, an ideal source of light with constant intensity can be modeled by a spatially and temporally coherent electromagnetic wave of a single frequency. Such a light source can be modeled by,

$$E(x,t)=E\_{0}\sin(kx-\omega t+\phi )$$

where $\omega $ is the frequency of the field and $\phi $ is a time independent phase shift.

The analogue in quantum mechanics is the coherent state

$$|\alpha \rangle =\sum \_{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {{\alpha }^{n}{\sqrt {n!}e^{\frac {{-\left\vert {\alpha }\right\vert }^{2}{2}|n\rangle }}}}}$$

By projecting the coherent state onto the Fock state $|n\rangle $, we can find the probability $P\_{n}$ of finding $n$ photons using the Born rule, which gives

$$P\_{n}={\frac {{\left\vert \alpha \right\vert }^{2n}{n!}e^{{-\left\vert \alpha \right\vert }^{2}={\frac {{\langle n\rangle }^{n}{n!}e^{-\langle n\rangle }}}}}}$$

The above result is a Poissonian distribution with $\Delta n}^{2}=\langle n\rangle $ which is a distinct feature of the coherent state.

## Super-Poissonian light

Light that is governed by super-Poissonian statistics exhibits a statistical distribution with variance $\Delta n}^{2}\>\langle n\rangle $. An example of light that exhibits super-Poissonian statistics is thermal light. The intensity of thermal light fluctuates randomly and the fluctuations give rise to super-Poissonian statistics, as shown below by calculating the distribution of the intensity fluctuations. Using the intensity distribution together with Mandel's formula which describes the probability of the number of photon counts registered by a photodetector, the statistical distribution of photons in thermal light can be obtained.

Thermal light can be modeled as a collection of $N$ harmonic oscillators. Suppose the $j$-th oscillator emits an electromagnetic field $E\_{j}(t)=E\_{0}e^{-i\omega t}e^{i\phi \_{j}(t)}$ with phase $\phi \_{j}(t)$. Using the theory of superposition of fields, the total field produced by the $N$ oscillators is

$$E(t)=\sum \_{j=1}^{N}E\_{j}(t)=\sum \_{j=1}^{N}E\_{0}e^{-i\omega t}e^{i\phi \_{j}(t)}$$

After pulling out all the variables that are independent of the summation index $j$, a random complex amplitude can be defined by

$$\beta (t)=\sum \_{j=1}^{N}e^{i\phi \_{j}(t)}=b(t)e^{i\Phi (t)}$$

where $\beta (t)$ was rewritten in terms of its magnitude $b(t)=\left\vert \beta \right\vert $ and its phase $e^{i\Phi (t)}$. Because the oscillators are uncorrelated, the phase of the superposed field will be random. Therefore, the complex amplitude $\beta (t)$ is a stochastic variable. It represents the sum of the uncorrelated phases of the oscillators which models the intensity fluctuations in thermal light. On the complex plane, it represents a two dimensional random walker with $N$ representing the steps taken. For large $N$ a random walker has a Gaussian probability distribution. Thus, the joint probability distribution for the real and imaginary parts of the complex random variable $\beta (t)$ can be represented as,

$$p(\beta (t))=\left\[{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi \sigma ^{2}e^{\frac {-{Re(\beta (t))}^{2}{2\sigma ^{2}\right\]\left\[{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi \sigma ^{2}e^{\frac {-{Im(\beta (t))}^{2}{2\sigma ^{2}\right\]}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

$$={\frac {1}{2\pi \sigma ^{2}e^{\frac {-\left({Re(\beta (t))}^{2}+{Im(\beta (t))}^{2}\right)}{2\sigma ^{2}={\frac {1}{2\pi \sigma ^{2}e^{\frac {-{\left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert }^{2}{2\sigma ^{2}}}}}}}}}}$$

After $N$ steps, the expectation value of the radius squared is $\langle {\left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert }^{2}\rangle =2\sigma ^{2}=N$. The expectation value $\langle \left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert \rangle =0$ which can be thought of as all directions being equally likely. Rewriting the probability distribution in terms of $N$ results in

$$p(\beta (t))={\frac {1}{\pi N}e^{\frac {-{\left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert }^{2}{N}}}}$$

With the probability distribution above, we can now find the average intensity of the field (where several constants have been omitted for clarity)

$$\langle I(t)\rangle =\langle E^{\*}(t)E(t)\rangle $$

$$={E\_{0}^{2}{\langle \left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert }^{2}\rangle =N{E\_{0}^{2}}}$$

The instantaneous intensity of the field $I(t)$ is given by

$$I(t)=E^{\*}(t)E(t)=E\_{0}^{2}{\left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert }^{2}$$

Because the electric field and thus the intensity are dependent on the stochastic complex variable $\beta (t)$. The probability of obtaining an intensity in between $I$ and $I+dI$ is

$$p(I(t))dI=p(I(\beta (t)))d^{2}\beta $$

where $d^{2}\beta $ is the infinitesimal element on the complex plane. This infinitesimal element can be rewritten as

$$d^{2}\beta =2\pi \left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert d\left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert $$

The above intensity distribution can now be written as

$$p(I(t))=p(\left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert )2\pi \left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert {\left({\frac {dI}{d\left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert }\right)}^{-1}}$$

$$={\frac {1}{\pi N}e^{\frac {-{\left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert }^{2}{N}2\pi \left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert {\left(2E\_{0}^{2}\left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert \right)}^{-1}}}}$$

$$={\frac {1}{NE\_{0}^{2}e^{\frac {-E\_{0}^{2}{\left\vert \beta (t)\right\vert }^{2}{NE\_{0}^{2}={\frac {1}{\langle I(t)\rangle }e^{\frac {-I(t)}{\langle I(t)\rangle }}}}}}}}$$

This last expression represents the intensity distribution for thermal light. The last step in showing thermal light satisfies the variance condition for super-Poisson statistics is to use Mandel's formula. The formula describes the probability of observing n photon counts and is given by

$$P(n)=\int \_{0}^{\infty }{\frac {{\left(\epsilon I\right)}^{n}{n!}e^{-\epsilon I}P(I)dI}}$$

The factor $\epsilon ={\frac {\eta }{h\nu }}$ where $\eta $ is the quantum efficiency describes the efficiency of the photon counter. A perfect detector would have $\eta =1$. $I$ is the intensity incident on an area A of the photodetector and is given by

$I=\iint \limits \_{A}\int \_{t}^{t+\tau }\\,I(x,y,t')dt'\\,dx\\,dy$

On substituting the intensity probability distribution of thermal light for P(I), Mandel's formula becomes

$$P(n)=\int \_{0}^{\infty }{\frac {{\left(\epsilon I\right)}^{n}{n!}e^{-\epsilon I}{\frac {e^{\frac {-I}{\langle I\rangle }{\langle I\rangle }dI={\frac {{\epsilon }^{n}{n!\langle I\rangle }\int \_{0}^{\infty }{I}^{n}e^{-\left(\epsilon +{\frac {1}{\langle I\rangle }\right)I}dI}}}}}}}}$$

Using the following formula to evaluate the integral

$\int \_{0}^{\infty }x^{n}e^{-ax}dx={\frac {n!}{a^{n+1}\quad \left(n=0,1,2,..a\>0\right)}}$

The probability distribution for n photon counts from a thermal light source is

$$P(n)={\frac {1}{\left(\langle n\rangle +1\right)}{\left({\frac {\langle n\rangle }{\langle n\rangle +1}\right)}^{n}}}$$

where $\langle n\rangle =\epsilon I$ is the average number of counts. This last distribution is known as the Bose-Einstein distribution. The variance of the distribution can be shown to be

$$\Delta n}^{2}=\langle n\rangle +{\langle n\rangle }^{2$$

In contrast with the Poisson distribution for a coherent light source, the Bose-Einstein distribution has $\Delta n}^{2}\>\langle n\rangle $ characteristic of thermal light.

## Sub-Poissonian light

Light that is governed by sub-Poisson statistics cannot be described by classical electromagnetic theory and is defined by $\Delta n}^{2}\<\langle n\rangle $. The advent of ultrafast photodetectors has made it possible to measure the sub-Poissonian nature of light. An example of light exhibiting sub-Poissonian statistics is squeezed light. Recently researchers have shown that sub-Poissonian light can be induced in a quantum dot exhibiting resonance fluorescence. A technique used to measure the sub-Poissonian structure of light is a homodyne intensity correlation scheme. In this scheme a local oscillator and signal field are superimposed via a beam splitter. The superimposed light is then split by another beam splitter and each signal is recorded by individual photodetectors connected to correlator from which the intensity correlation can be measured. Evidence of the sub-Poissonian nature of light is shown by obtaining a negative intensity correlation as was shown in.


title: Photonectes barnetti

abstract: Photonectes barnetti is a species of deep-sea fish in the genus Photonectes. The species is distributed across the Pacific Ocean, and adults can reach a maximum length of about 4.2 cm (1.7 in).

text:
# Photonectes barnetti

***Photonectes barnetti*** is a species of deep-sea fish in the genus *Photonectes*. The species is distributed across the Pacific Ocean, and adults can reach a maximum length of about 4.2 cm (1.7 in).

## InfoBox

| *Photonectes barnetti* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Stomiiformes |
| Family: | Stomiidae |
| Genus: | *Photonectes* |
| Species: | ***P. barnetti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Photonectes barnetti***
Klepadlo, 2011 | |
|


title: Pickaxe Pete

abstract: Pickaxe Pete is a video game released in 1982 as cartridge number 43 for the Philips Videopac console. It was published in North America for the Magnavox Odyssey² as Pick Axe Pete!. In Brazil, it was re-branded as Didi na Mina Encantada for the Odyssey. Pickaxe Pete is a platform game that followed in the wake of Donkey Kong before the term existed; a 1982 issue of Joystik magazine labeled it a "climbing game". It was designed and programmed by Ed Averett, who wrote the majority of the games for the system. A U.S. national competition, "The Pick Axe Pete Pick-Off," was held at the World's Fair in October 1982.

text:
# Pickaxe Pete

***Pickaxe Pete*** is a video game released in 1982 as cartridge number 43 for the Philips Videopac console. It was published in North America for the Magnavox Odyssey² as ***Pick Axe Pete!***. In Brazil, it was re-branded as ***Didi na Mina Encantada*** (*Didi in the Enchanted Mine*) for the Odyssey. *Pickaxe Pete* is a platform game that followed in the wake of *Donkey Kong* before the term existed; a 1982 issue of *Joystik* magazine labeled it a "climbing game". It was designed and programmed by Ed Averett, who wrote the majority of the games for the system.

A U.S. national competition, "The *Pick Axe Pete* Pick-Off," was held at the World's Fair in October 1982.

## Gameplay

The player controls a miner named Pickaxe Pete who starts in the middle of the screen with a pick-axe. There are three doors from which boulders are coming, bouncing down the mine-shafts; every time Pete destroys one of these he gains 3 points, although the axe wears out after a while and disappears. When two boulders collide, they explode, and out comes either a pick-axe which floats to the bottom of the screen, a key which floats to the top, or nothing. If Pete has no axe, the player can either jump over boulders (gaining him 1 point), or get to the bottom of the mine to retrieve a new axe (gaining a 5-point bonus). If Pete collects a key then he can enter the doors, which lead him to the next level.

## Reception

In a December 1982 review, US magazine *Joystik* called the game "Odyssey's new entry in the *Donkey Kong* lookalike contest". The reviewer gave it a 3/10 for graphics and 7/10 for gameplay and concluded:

> We're not overly thrilled by the graphics of this game—there's just nothing spectacular about the way it looks. But we think most "level game" fans will enjoy *Pick Axe Pete*'s challenging game play.

## InfoBox

| Pickaxe Pete (Europe)
Pick Axe Pete! (US) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Publisher(s) | Philips
Magnavox |
| Designer(s) | Ed Averett |
| Platform(s) | Philips Videopac (EU)
Magnavox Odyssey² (US) |
| Release | 1982 |
| Genre(s) | Platform |


title: Pied-billed grebe

abstract: The pied-billed grebe is a species of the grebe family of water birds primarily found in ponds throughout the Americas.

text:
# Pied-billed grebe

The **pied-billed grebe** (***Podilymbus podiceps***) is a species of the grebe family of water birds primarily found in ponds throughout the Americas.

## Taxonomy and name

The pied-billed grebe was described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his *Systema Naturae* in 1758 as *Colymbus podiceps*. The binomial name is derived from Latin *Podilymbus*, a contraction of *podicipes* ("feet at the buttocks", from *podici-*, "rump-" + *pes*, "foot")—the origin of the name of the grebe order—and Ancient Greek *kolymbos*, "diver", and *podiceps*, "rump-headed", from *podici-* \+ Neo-Latin *ceps*.

Other names of this grebe include **American dabchick**, **rail**, **dabchick**, **Carolina grebe**, **devil-diver**, **dive-dapper**, **dipper**, **hell-diver**, **pied-billed dabchick**, **pied-bill**, **thick-billed grebe**, and **water witch**.

Since the extinction of the Atitlán grebe (*Podilymbus gigas*), the pied-billed grebe has become the sole extant member of the genus *Podilymbus*. Outside its own genus, the closest relatives of the pied-billed grebe are the small grebes of the genus *Tachybaptus*.

### Subspecies

## Description

Pied-billed grebes are small, stocky, and short-necked. They are 31–38 cm (12–15 in) in length, with a wingspan of 45–62 cm (18–24 in) and weigh 253–568 g (8.9–20.0 oz). They are mainly brown, with a darker crown and back. Their brown color serves as camouflage in the marshes they live in. They do not have white visible under their wings when flying, like other grebes. Their undertail is white and they have a short, blunt chicken-like bill that is a light grey color, which in summer is encircled by a broad black band (hence the name). In the summer, its throat is black. There is no sexual dimorphism. Juveniles have black and white stripes and look more like winter adults. This grebe does not have webbed feet. Its toes have lobes that come out of the side of each toe. These lobes allow for easy paddling. When flying, the feet appear behind the body due to the feet's placement in the far back of the body. Because of the feet placement, they are not able to walk on land.

These grebes may be confused with the least grebe, although that species is much smaller and has a thinner bill. Other similarly sized grebes are very distinct in plumage, i.e. the eared grebe and horned grebe. Both species bear much more colorful breeding plumage, with rufous sides, golden crests along the side of the head against contrasting slaty color (also a rufous neck in the horned); while in winter, both the eared and horned grebes are pied with slaty and cream color and have red eyes. Because of the pied-billed grebe's duck-like habits, some inexperienced observers may confuse it with a duck. However, pied-billed grebes have a very different bill shape (shorter, pointed at the tip, and flattened along the sides), as well as being shorter-necked and shorter-bodied than a duck. Also, unlike ducks, the closest living relatives of the grebe family are flamingos.

### Vocalization

Its call is unique, loud and sounds like a "whooping *kuk-kuk-cow-cow-cow-cowp-cowp*." Its call is similar to the yellow-billed cuckoo.

## Distribution and habitat

They are most commonly found throughout North and Central America, the Caribbean, and South America year round. During the summer breeding season, they are most prevalent in central, northern and northeastern Canada. If they live in an area where the water freezes in the winter they will migrate. Migrating birds generally meet with year-round birds in September and October. They migrate at night. Most migratory birds leave in March or April. They make occasional appearances in Europe and Hawaii. In the United Kingdom, pied-billed grebe visits have numbered 45 sightings as of 2019, appearing generally in October to January. One bird in England bred with a little grebe, producing hybrid young. It is the only grebe on record to have visited the Galapagos Islands.

Pied-billed grebes are found in freshwater wetlands with emergent vegetation, such as cattails. They are occasionally found in salt water. When breeding they are found in emergent vegetation near open water, and in the winter they are primarily found in open water due to the lack of nests to maintain. They may live near rivers, but prefer still water. They may be found in higher elevations when migrating. They will breed in restored and man-made wetlands.

Pied-billed grebes live approximately 10–12 years.

## Behaviour

Pied-billed grebes rarely fly. They make a slow dive frequently, especially when in danger, diving to about 20 ft (6.1 m) or less. They dive for about 30 seconds and may move to a more secluded area of the water, allowing only the head to be visible to watch the danger dissipate. This frequency in diving has earned them the description of being reclusive or shy in nature. It has also earned them nicknames like "hell-diver." Pied-billed grebes can trap air in their feathers, which controls their buoyancy. They rarely spend time in flocks. Their courtship include calling and sometimes duets. Males will show territorial behaviour if another male is at the edge of his territory. They face each other and then turn their heads and bills up. Then they turn away and start calling. Then they turn back around to look at one another.

### Breeding

The pied-billed grebe breeds in south-central Canada, throughout the United States, Central America, the Caribbean, and temperate South America. These grebes may lay up to two sets of eggs a year. Their nests sit on top of the water, their eggs sitting in vegetation that resides in the water. Grebes lay between three and ten bluish white smooth elliptical eggs with the female starting the incubation process. They are incubated for around 23 days by both parents, with the female taking over incubation duties towards the end of that time period. They will cover the nest with nesting material if they have to leave it for an extended period of time.

Young grebes may leave the nest within one day of hatching. They are downy at birth. Yellow skin is seen between the lore and top of the head. They do not swim well and stay out of the water. They sleep on their parents' backs. Within four weeks they start swimming. When alerted they will climb on the back of a parent grebe and eventually mature to dive under the water like their parents. Both parents share the role of raising the young – both feeding and carrying them on their backs. Sometimes the parents will dive underwater to get food with the chicks on their backs.

### Diet

Pied-billed grebes feed mainly on aquatic invertebrates, and also on small fish and amphibians (frogs, tadpoles). They dive to obtain food. Their bills allow them to crush crustaceans, like crawfish. They may also eat plants. They have been shown to eat their own feathers, like other grebes, to aid in digestion (prevent injury from small bones). They will also feed their feathers to their young.

### Threats

They are extremely sensitive to disturbances, especially by humans. While breeding, if scared, adults may abandon their nests without protecting the eggs. The waves from boats can destroy the nests and their sounds easily frighten the birds.

## In culture

Pied-billed grebe feathers are thick and soft. Their feathers were formerly used as decorations on hats and earmuffs and they were hunted in the eastern United States, in the 19th century.

## Status

The status of pied-billed grebes in the Northeastern United States is dire; they are declining in New England. The reasons are unknown. The states of Connecticut and New Hampshire have declared the pied-billed grebe as endangered. In New Jersey and Massachusetts, they have been declared threatened. In Vermont they are of "special concern." In Rhode Island they are extirpated. Pied-billed grebes are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.

Habitat loss is the grebe's biggest threat. The draining, filling, and general destruction of wetlands causes a loss in their breeding habitats. However, they are still common in the majority of their distribution areas.

## InfoBox

| Pied-billed grebe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *P. p. podiceps*, Summer plumage | |
|  | |
| *P. p. antarcticus*, Colombia | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Podicipediformes |
| Family: | Podicipedidae |
| Genus: | *Podilymbus* |
| Species: | ***P. podiceps*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Podilymbus podiceps***
(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|
|  | |
| Approximate distribution map   Breeding   Year-round   Nonbreeding | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Colymbus podiceps* Linnaeus, 1758 | |


title: Pierre Vésinier

abstract: Pierre Vésinier was a prominent figure in the Paris Commune.

text:
# Pierre Vésinier

**Pierre Vésinier** (1824 in Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire) - 1902 in Paris) was a prominent figure in the Paris Commune.

## Career

A journalist in Mâcon and later in Paris, Vésinier was exiled after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état on December 2, 1851. He settled in Geneva, from where he was expelled, then moved to Brussels and finally to London. He published caricatures targeting Napoleon III, Empress Eugénie, and Pope Pius IX. In 1867, he was sentenced to eighteen months in prison by a Belgian court. In 1864, he joined the International Workingmen's Association.

He returned to Paris after the proclamation of the Republic on September 4, 1870. During the siege of Paris by the Germans (September 1870 - March 1871), he was elected commander of a National Guard battalion. He participated in the 1870 uprising against the policies of the Government of National Defense. After the proclamation of the Commune on March 26, 1871, he launched the newspaper "*Paris libre*." In the supplementary elections of April 16, 1871, he was elected to the Commune Council by the 1st arrondissement. He served on the Public Services commission and became director of the Official Journal on May 12. He voted for the establishment of the Committee of Public Safety. After the Bloody Week, he sought refuge in London. In 1871, he published a *Histoire de la Commune de Paris*, where he settled scores with his former comrades.

## Publications

* *Les Amours de Napoléon III*, 1863
* *Le Martyr de la liberté des nègres, ou John Brown, le Christ des noirs*, 1864
* *La Vie du nouveau César, étude historique. L'écrivain, le publiciste et le réformateur*, 1865
* *L'Histoire du nouveau César, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte conspirateur : Strasbourg et Boulogne*, 1865
* *L'Histoire du nouveau César, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte représentant et président*, 1866
* *Le Mariage d'une espagnole*, 1866
* *Mœurs impériales, royales et papales. Le mariage de la cousine de l'Espagnole*, 2 vol., 1868
* *Histoire de la Commune de Paris*, 1871


title: Pierre Laborie

abstract: Pierre Laborie was a French historian who was best known for his studies of French public opinion during World War II.

text:
# Pierre Laborie

**Pierre Laborie** (4 January 1936  16 May 2017) was a French historian who was best known for his studies of French public opinion during World War II.

## Biography

Pierre Laborie was born in Bagnac-sur-Célé, Lot on 4 January 1936. The area was profoundly marked by the violent repression of the resistance activity by German forces during World War II. He initially taught history and geography at school level while also conducting his own research with the support of the Comité d’histoire de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. He later gained a doctorate in History in 1978 with a thesis on public opinion in the Lot during the conflict which drew heavily on linguistics. He was a professor at the Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail and was active within the Institut d'histoire du temps présent (IHTP). He was appointed director of studies at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) in 1990. In his later research, he became increasingly interested in the historical memory of the conflict.

His most notable publication was *L'Opinion française sous Vichy* (1990) which was hailed as "pioneering". His work was critical of the old historiography of Henri Michel and the revisionist school of Robert Paxton. He was critical of the idea of a shared public opinion. He placed more emphasis on *attentisme* and wartime swings in attitudes towards the Vichy regime and Free French. He emphasised the continuities in the "social imaginary)" between the crisis of identity in the 1930s and the establishment of the Vichy regime in 1940.

## InfoBox

| Pierre Laborie | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1936-01-04)4 January 1936
Bagnac-sur-Célé, Lot, France |
| Died | 16 May 2017(2017-05-16) (aged 81)
Cahors, Lot, France |
| Nationality | French |
|  | |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | French history |
| Institutions | Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail
EHESS |
| Main interests | Public opinion in Vichy France |
|  | |


title: Piedade dos Gerais

abstract: Piedade dos Gerais is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

text:
# Piedade dos Gerais

**Piedade dos Gerais** is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Piedade dos Gerais | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Piedade dos GeraisLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 20°28′15″S 44°13′37″W / 20.47083°S 44.22694°W / -20.47083; -44.22694 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Mesoregion | Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 5,009 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Phyllonorycter nigristella

abstract: Phyllonorycter nigristella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found on the islands of Hokkaidō, Honshū and Shikoku in Japan and in the Russian Far East. The larvae feed on Quercus dentata, Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Phyllonorycter nigristella

***Phyllonorycter nigristella*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found on the islands of Hokkaidō, Honshū and Shikoku in Japan and in the Russian Far East.

The larvae feed on *Quercus dentata*, *Quercus mongolica* and *Quercus serrata*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter nigristella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. nigristella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter nigristella***<br>(Kumata, 1957) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lithocolletis nigristella* Kumata, 1957 | |


title: Pierre Monneret

abstract: Pierre Monneret was a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from France. His best year was in 1956 when he finished in fourth place in the 500cc world championship. Monneret won two Grand Prix races during his career. He was the son of former motorcycle racer George Monneret.

text:
# Pierre Monneret

**Pierre Monneret** (12 January 1931 – 3 March 2010) was a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from France. His best year was in 1956 when he finished in fourth place in the 500cc world championship. Monneret won two Grand Prix races during his career.

He was the son of former motorcycle racer George Monneret.

## InfoBox

| Pierre Monneret | |
| --- | --- |
| Pierre Monneret in 1951 | |
| Nationality | French |
| Motorcycle racing career statistics  Grand Prix motorcycle racing  Active years 19531956  First race 1953 350cc French Grand Prix  Last race 1956 500cc Nations Grand Prix  First win 1954 350cc French Grand Prix  Last win 1954 500cc French Grand Prix  Team(s) Gilera   Starts Wins Podiums Poles F. laps Points  10 2 8 N/A 2 45 | |


title: Pierre Mollier

abstract:
Pierre Mollier is a French historian and freemason, born in Lyon in 1961. A graduate of Sciences Po, he holds a master's degree in Religious Studies, and is the director of the library, archives, and museum for the Grand Orient de France. He is a specialist in the history of Freemasonry, covering both social and political fields, as well as philosophical and spiritual topics. He has researched the links between Freemasonry and the power in France under Napoleon (1800–1815) and during the Third Republic (1870–1940). As an expert in the history of Masonic rites, he has also researched the various aspects of the symbolic imagery.
Editor-in-chief of the symbolic and Masonic review, Renaissance Traditionnelle, of the on-line Journal Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society he co-directs the Chroniques d’Histoire Maçonnique. He also contributes to several other reviews, including Politica Hermetica and La Phalère. Furthermore, he is an expert on and biographer of French painter François-Jean Garneray (1755–1837), one of Jacques-Louis David’s first students.
He was named officer in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture.

text:
# Pierre Mollier

**Pierre Mollier** is a French historian and freemason, born in Lyon in 1961. A graduate of Sciences Po (Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris), he holds a master's degree in Religious Studies (École pratique des hautes études, section V, La Sorbonne), and is the director of the library, archives, and museum for the Grand Orient de France (Musée de la Franc-Maçonnerie).

He is a specialist in the history of Freemasonry, covering both social and political fields, as well as philosophical and spiritual topics. He has researched the links between Freemasonry and the power in France under Napoleon (1800–1815) and during the Third Republic (1870–1940). As an expert in the history of Masonic rites, he has also researched the various aspects of the symbolic imagery (guild marks, heraldry, emblems). Editor-in-chief of the symbolic and Masonic review, *Renaissance Traditionnelle*, of the on-line Journal *Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society* he co-directs the *Chroniques d’Histoire Maçonnique*. He also contributes to several other reviews, including *Politica Hermetica* and *La Phalère*. Furthermore, he is an expert on and biographer of French painter François-Jean Garneray (1755–1837), one of Jacques-Louis David’s first students. He was named officer in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture.

## Books

* *Le Régulateur du Maçon (1785-«1801»), la fixation des grades symboliques du Rite Français : histoire et documents*, éditions « A l’Orient », Paris, 2004, 300 pp.
* *La Chevalerie Maçonnique : Franc-maçonnerie, imaginaire chevaleresque et légende templière au siècle des Lumières*, Dervy, Collection *Renaissance Traditionnelle*, Paris, 2005, 230. pp.
* *L’Etat-major maçonnique de Napoléon, dictionnaire biographique des dirigeants du Grand Orient de France sous le Premier Empire*, avec Pierre-François Pinaud, préface de Charles Napoléon, Éditions « A l’Orient », Orléans, 2009, 312 pp.

## Selection of articles in English

* The social impact of French Freemasonry through three centuries: a global approach, dans *The Social Impact of Freemasonry on the Modern Western World*, Canonbury Masonic Research Centre, Londres, 2002, pp. 135–143.
* An American – Freemason – in Paris, Benjamin Franklin, *The Chain of Union*, n°2, special issue, 2003, pp. 41–49.
* News from the "Russian Archives", about the early history of the high degrees: The *Scottish Order* in Berlin from 1742 to 1752, *The Chain of Union*, n°2, special issue, 2003, pp. 59–64.
* The Double-Headed Eagle: iconographic sources of the masonic symbol, *The Chain of Union*, n°3, special issue, 2004, pp. 5–15.
* Rebuilding the Sanctuaries of Memphis: Egypt in Masonic Iconography and Architecture, with John Hamill, in *Imhotep Today: Egyptianizing Architecture*, UCL Press, Londres, 2003, pp. 207–220.
* Neo-Templar Traditions, article in *Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism*, edited by Wouter J. Hanegraaf, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, Boston, 2005, T. II, pp. 849–853.
* Chrétien-Guillaume Riebesthal: From the Religions of the Revolution to Paramasonic Ceremonies,, in *Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society*, Volume 1, Issue , Spring 2013, Policy Studies Organization, p. 46-50.
* The Masonic Degree of Rose-Croix and Christianity: The Complex Links between Religion and Freemasonry during the Enlightenment, in *Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society*, Volume 1, Issue 2, Winter 2013, Policy Studies Organization, p. 14-24.
* Mollier, Pierre (2014). "Freemasonry and Templarism". In Bodgan, Henrik; Snoek, Jan A. M. (eds.). *Handbook of Freemasonry*. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 8. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 82–99. doi:10.1163/9789004273122\_007. ISBN 978-90-04-21833-8. ISSN 1874-6691.


title: Pinch pot

abstract: A pinch pot is a simple form of hand-made pottery produced from ancient times to the present. The pinching method is to create pottery that can be ornamental or functional, and has been widely employed across culture. The method used is to simply have a lob of clay, then pinch it to the shape desired. Pinch pots are the simplest and fastest way of making pottery, simply by pinching the clay into shape by using thumb and fingers. Simple clay vessels such as bowls and cups of various sizes can be formed and shaped by hand using a methodical pinching process in which the clay walls are thinned by pinching them with thumb and forefinger. It is a basic pot making method often taught to young children or beginners. The process begins with a ball of clay. Thumbs are pushed into the center, and then rudimentary walls are created by pinching and turning the pot. The pot is then pushed on a flat surface to create a flat surface, thereby creating the base. A base can be made by rolling three coils and pressing them together, and then onto the bottom of the pot. Pinched, compressed clay may also be used as a base for building coil pots. The base of the pot is less prone to cracking when formed this way.

text:
# Pinch pot

A **pinch pot** is a simple form of hand-made pottery produced from ancient times to the present. The pinching method is to create pottery that can be ornamental or functional, and has been widely employed across culture. The method used is to simply have a lob of clay, then pinch it to the shape desired.

Pinch pots are the simplest and fastest way of making pottery, simply by pinching the clay into shape by using thumb and fingers. Simple clay vessels such as bowls and cups of various sizes can be formed and shaped by hand using a methodical pinching process in which the clay walls are thinned by pinching them with thumb and forefinger. It is a basic pot making method often taught to young children or beginners.

The process begins with a ball of clay. Thumbs are pushed into the center, and then rudimentary walls are created by pinching and turning the pot. The pot is then pushed on a flat surface to create a flat surface, thereby creating the base. A base can be made by rolling three coils and pressing them together, and then onto the bottom of the pot. Pinched, compressed clay may also be used as a base for building coil pots. The base of the pot is less prone to cracking when formed this way.

## Thumb pot

In gardening, a **thumb pot** is a small pinch pot about the size of a plum, traditionally made from a small ball of clay into which the potter has pushed a single thumb to form the interior of the pot. Thumb pots are now also made commercially in large quantities with machinery instead of by hand. They are typically used to grow plants from seed, to be replanted later in the ground or a larger pot.


abstract: Piercetown is a civil parish in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located about 18.69 kilometres (12 mi) west–north–west of Mullingar. It was formerly often spelled Pierstown. Piercetown is one of 9 civil parishes in the barony of Rathconrath in the Province of Leinster. The civil parish covers 3,695.8 acres (14.956 km⁲). Piercetown civil parish comprises 16 townlands: Aghnabohy, Ballincurra, Ballymaglavy, Curraghboy, Fiveacres, Glebe, Kilgawny, Kilphierish, Malthousepark, Piercetown, Rath (Malone), Rathcogue, Relick (Longworth), Relick (Malone), Williamstown and Williamstown New. The neighbouring civil parishes are: Kilmacnevan to the north, Rathconrath to the east, Ballymorin to the south, Templepatrick to the south–west and Abbeyshrule and Forgney to the north–west.

text:
# Piercetown, County Westmeath (civil parish)

**Piercetown** (Irish: *Baile Phiarais*) is a civil parish in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located about 18.69 kilometres (12 mi) west–north–west of Mullingar. It was formerly often spelled **Pierstown**.

Piercetown is one of 9 civil parishes in the barony of Rathconrath in the Province of Leinster. The civil parish covers 3,695.8 acres (14.956 km2).

Piercetown civil parish comprises 16 townlands: Aghnabohy, Ballincurra, Ballymaglavy, Curraghboy, Fiveacres, Glebe, Kilgawny, Kilphierish, Malthousepark, Piercetown, Rath (Malone), Rathcogue, Relick (Longworth), Relick (Malone), Williamstown and Williamstown New.

The neighbouring civil parishes are: Kilmacnevan to the north, Rathconrath to the east, Ballymorin to the south, Templepatrick to the south–west and Abbeyshrule and Forgney (both County Longford) to the north–west.

## InfoBox

| Piercetown *Baile Phiarais* | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
| PiercetownLocation of Piercetown within County Westmeath in the Republic of Ireland | |
| Coordinates: 53°33′40″N 7°37′14″W / 53.56111°N 7.62056°W / 53.56111; -7.62056 | |
| Country | Ireland |
| Province | Leinster |
| County | County Westmeath |
| Irish grid reference | N251568 |


title: Pierceville, Kansas

abstract: Pierceville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Finney County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 98. It is located along U.S. Routes 50 and 400, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Garden City.

text:
# Pierceville, Kansas

**Pierceville** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Finney County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 98. It is located along U.S. Routes 50 and 400, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Garden City.

## History

The Western Trail (a cattle trail) played a part in the founding of this town. The Barton Brothers drove a herd of 3,000 cattle over the trail, and the cattle were the first to feed on the government lands in western Kansas. In the fall of 1872, they came to the area and established a ranch along the Arkansas River. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway was laying track in southwestern Kansas, and they chose the Barton Ranch as headquarters for the town site. It was named Pierceville in honor of Chas. W. and Carlos Pierce, who were members of the original Atchison & Topeka Railroad company.

The post office was established on June 10, 1873, and the town began to grow with a store and dugouts. Then tragedy struck on July 3, 1874. Indians who had been defeated in a fight in Texas were heading north and were looking for settlements along the Santa Fe Railroad. Once they got to Pierceville, they set fire to the store and chased the train that came through the town firing their arrows at the train and into the windows. It was learned later that this was the same group of Indians who had attacked the German family and killed the parents, a son and a small child before kidnapping the four daughters. The girls were with the Indians during the attack on Pierceville but were rescued later.

It was not until 1878 that a house and a store were built and the post office was reestablished on July 24. The town was platted in 1886 and the population was 400. There was a newspaper, hotel and a hardware store. By 1930, the population was 166.

Pierceville had a post office with ZIP code 67868, but it was disestablished April 11, 1992.

A few houses, a community building, an empty elementary school, a grain elevator, and a church are all that remain of the community.

## Geography

### Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Pierceville has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 98 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

The 2020 United States census counted 98 people, 31 households, and 26 families in Pierceville. The population density was 47.7 per square mile (18.4/km2). There were 39 housing units at an average density of 19.0 per square mile (7.3/km2). The racial makeup was 75.51% (74) white or European American (70.41% non-Hispanic white), 0.0% (0) black or African-American, 0.0% (0) Native American or Alaska Native, 0.0% (0) Asian, 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 9.18% (9) from other races, and 15.31% (15) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 27.55% (27) of the population.

Of the 31 households, 48.4% had children under the age of 18; 48.4% were married couples living together; 22.6% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 12.9% of households consisted of individuals and 0.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 0.0% of the population.

33.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 85.7 males.

## Education

The community is served by Garden City USD 457 public school district.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Pierceville, Kansas | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| KDOT map of Finney County (legend) | |
| PiercevillePierceville | |
| Coordinates: 37°52′42″N 100°40′37″W / 37.87833°N 100.67694°W / 37.87833; -100.67694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Finney |
| Named for | Chas. & Carlos Pierce |
| Elevation | 2,749 ft (838 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 98 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 67868 |
| Area code | 620 |
| FIPS code | 20-55775 |
| GNIS ID | 471624 |


title: Pietro Vidoni

abstract: Pietro Vidoni was an Italian cardinal who served from 1652 to 1660 as the papal legate and nuncio to Poland.

text:
# Pietro Vidoni

**Pietro Vidoni** (8 November 1610 – 5 January 1681) was an Italian cardinal who served from 1652 to 1660 as the papal legate and nuncio to Poland.

## Personal life

Vidoni was born 8 November 1610 in Cremona into Italian noble family. He studied at several Italian colleges, including the Collegio Nazareno in Rome, and received his doctorate, before moving to Rome and pursuing an ecclesiastical career.

## Ecclesiastical service

During the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII, Vidoni was appointed as the governor of Rimini, Tivoli, Sabina, Orvieto and Spoleto.

On 30 May 1652, Vidoni was appointed Apostolic Nuncio from Pope Innocent X to King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland, a position he held until his elevation to Cardinal in 1660. He was caught in the invasion of Poland by King Gustavus Adolfus of Sweden.

He conducted the holy mass in the Latin Cathedral of Lwów, during which Polish King John II Casimir had taken the Lwów Oath.

## Cardinalate

Returning to Italy, he was elevated to cardinal by pope Alexander VII, in the consistory of 5 April 1660. In 1661 he was given the titular church of San Callisto. In 1662 he was a legate in Bologna.

In 1667 he participated in the papal conclave which elected Pope Clement IX. He also participated in the conclave of 1669-1670 which elected Pope Clement X and the conclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI.

Between 1675 and 1676 he served a term as the Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals.

## Death and burial

He died in Rome on 5 January 1681 and was buried in the basilica of Santa Maria della Vittoria.


title: Pigeoneer (United States Navy)

abstract: Pigeoneer, or Pigeon Trainer was a rating in the United States Navy which emerged in the early twentieth century. Pigeoneers were charged with training pigeons to carry messages, as well as feeding and caring for the pigeons. The rating's necessity diminished with the emergence of radio communication; however, the rating remained in the United States Navy until 1961 to provide an emergency communication system. The rating was designated as a Specialist X

text:
# Pigeoneer (United States Navy)

**Pigeoneer**, or **Pigeon Trainer** was a rating in the United States Navy which emerged in the early twentieth century. Pigeoneers were charged with training pigeons to carry messages, as well as feeding and caring for the pigeons. The rating's necessity diminished with the emergence of radio communication; however, the rating remained in the United States Navy until 1961 to provide an emergency communication system. The rating was designated as a Specialist X

## History

The use of pigeons as a communication medium goes back centuries. In fact, the use of homing pigeons can be traced all the way back to ancient Egypt. Due to the difficult nature of tracing a pigeon's origin and a pigeon's innate ability to navigate, pigeons became widely adopted in many armed services as a means of communication. In World War I, pigeons were used in conjunction with radio and telegraph messages. The Germans even tried affixing a small camera to pigeons for aerial surveillance. The British used pigeons in World War II by dropping spy kits into France for the purpose of enabling citizens to report on German military activities. The kit included paper and a single pigeon and instructions for affixing the message onto the pigeon. The ancient Romans used pigeons to inform chariot owners of the results of chariot races.

## Duties of naval pigeon trainers

Pigeon trainers conducted various administrative and operational duties. Pigeon trainers were required to construct and maintain immaculately clean pigeon lofts. Upon arrival of a new shipment of birds, pigeon trainers sorted strong, healthy birds from sickly ones. Healthy birds were placed into the lofts, while sickly birds remained under isolate care until they regained their health. Pigeon trainers maintained a strict feeding routine for their birds, feeding the birds as much as they could eat in ten minute increments twice a day. Birds were fed only in the lofts. Due care was taken that no extra food remained in the loft for cleanliness reasons, and birds were never to be fed before a flight. Trainers also maintained a strict confinement schedule (4–6 days) depending on the birds' age. After confinement, birds were slowly let free for flight and training periods. All flight periods were meticulously logged by the trainers. Trainers banded their birds according to a navy-provided serialization scheme based on the birds home base.

## Cher Ami

The United States Army also utilized carrier pigeons, creating a pigeon corp in 1917. During World War I, one bird, Cher Ami, delivered twelve mission essential messages in France. Cher Ami was shot down during the mission, which resulted in her being blinded in one eye, wounded in the chest, and her leg being so wounded that it dangled by a tendon. Cher Ami died later due to complications from her injuries. Her stuffed remains can now be viewed at the National Museum of American History. Cher Ami was awarded the Croix de Guerre and was also inducted into the Racing Pigeon Hall of Fame.

*
*
*
*


title: Pigeonholing

abstract: Pigeonholing is a process that attempts to classify disparate entities into a limited number of categories. The term usually carries connotations of criticism, implying that the classification scheme referred to inadequately reflects the entities being sorted, or that it is based on stereotypes.

text:
# Pigeonholing

**Pigeonholing** is a process that attempts to classify disparate entities into a limited number of categories (usually, mutually exclusive ones).

The term usually carries connotations of criticism, implying that the classification scheme referred to inadequately reflects the entities being sorted, or that it is based on stereotypes.

## Pitfalls

Various classification schemes often suffer from pitfalls such as these:

* The categories may be poorly defined, inadequately described, or subjective.
    + Example: A poor person and a rich person may have different ideas about what counts as "too expensive".
* A single entity may be suited to more than one category.
    + Example: Rhubarb is both "poisonous" (the leaves) and "safe to eat" (the stem).
* Entities may not fit into any available category.
    + Example: A person who is moving from one city to another does not live in either city.
* Entities may change over time, so they no longer fit the category in which they have been placed.
    + Example: Certain species of fish may change from male to female during their life.
    + Example: A child who is categorized as "unable to read" may learn to read soon afterwards.
* Some properties are better viewed as a continuum than as separate categories.
    + Example: There are people of every height, so categorizing all of them as "short", "average", and "tall" can result in people of almost exactly the same height being put in different categories. The tallest "short" person and the shortest "average" person will be almost the same height.

An example of pigeonholing in everyday conversation occurs when a person making an apolitical or barely political comment is assumed to have a certain political belief, without ascertaining their political stance. Such an erroneous designation is especially erroneous when assigning it to people who live in places where the left–right dichotomy is not present.


title: Pietro Maggi

abstract: Pietro Maggi was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque period.

text:
# Pietro Maggi

**Pietro Maggi** (Milan, circa 1680 - Milan, before 1738) was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque period.

## Biography

He was influenced by Carlo Francesco Nuvolone (died 1702) but studied and worked with Filippo Abbiati. Together they painted frescoes (1707) for the cupola of San Nazaro in Brolo (Milan). His other fresco was the *Night of Hercules (or Heracles) and Hebe* (*Le nozze di Ercole e Ebe*) at the upper hall in the Palazzo Durini in Milan. Other works of Maggi include a *Madonna and St Joseph* (1713) for the church of San Guadenzio in Varallo Sesia an *Assumption of the Virgin* for the church of Santa Maria dei Crociferi in Milan, and a *Resurrection* for the church of Santa Maria di Canepanova in Pavia.

* Simonetta Coppa, "La pittura del Seicento e del Settecento", R. Conti, Monza. *Il duomo e i suoi tesori*, vol. II, Milan 1989, p. 245, 259.
* Simonetta Coppa, "Il rinnovamento artistico del duomo di Monza dall'età dei Borromei alla fine dell'ancien régime. Le fonti, lo stato degli studi e le nuove prospettive di ricerca", R. Cassanelli - R. Conti, *Il duomo di Monza* (*Monza Cathedral*). Itinerario barocco, Milan 1995, p. 59.
* Simonetta Coppa, "Il Seicento e il Settecento", C. Capponi, S. Ambrogio Basilica, Milan, Milan 1997, p. 84-93.
* V. Caprara, "Pietro Maggi", R. Cassanelli - R. Cont, Il duomo di Monza (*Monza Cathedral*). Itinerario barocco, Milan 1995, p. 162.


title: Pietro Lunardi

abstract: Pietro Lunardi is an Italian politician and engineer.

text:
# Pietro Lunardi

**Pietro Lunardi** (born 19 July 1939) is an Italian politician and engineer.

## Career

Born in Parma, he took his degree in civil engineering and transportation at the University of Padua in 1966.

He was Italian Minister for Infrastructure and Transportation from 2001 to 2006, and is the author of more than 130 publications.

* La Repubblica.it, Le biografie inglesi di Palazzo Chigi
* Pietro Lunardi, Design and construction of tunnels: analysis of controlled deformation in rocks and soils (ADECO-RS), シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Pietro Lunardi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Infrastructures and Transports | |
| **In office**
11 June 2001  17 May 2006 | |
| Prime Minister | Silvio Berlusconi |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-07-19) 19 July 1939
Parma, Kingdom of Italy |
| Political party | Forza Italia (until 2009)
PdL (2009-2013) |
| Alma mater | University of Padua |
| Occupation | Civil engineer |
| Profession | Politician, Entrepreneur |
| Website | www.pietrolunardi.it |
|  | |


title: Neapolitan piastra

abstract: The piastra was the most common silver coin of the mainland Kingdom of Sicily, also known as the Kingdom of Naples.

text:
# Neapolitan piastra

The **piastra** was the most common silver coin of the mainland Kingdom of Sicily, also known as the Kingdom of Naples.

## History

In order to distinguish it from the piastra issued on the island of Sicily, it is referred to as the "Neapolitan piastra" as opposed to the "Sicilian piastra". These two piastra were equal, but were subdivided differently. The Neapolitan piastra was divided into 120 *grana* (singular: *grano*), each of 2 *tornesi* (singular: *tornese*) or 12 *cavalli* (singular: *cavallo*). There were also the *carlino* worth 10 grana and the *ducato* worth 100 grana.

In 1812, the Neapolitan lira was introduced by the occupying French in an attempt to decimalize the Neapolitan currency units. However, the attempt failed, and the decimalization was limited to changing the value of the *cavallo* to one tenth of a *grano*. After the restoration of Bourbon control, a single currency was issued for the whole of the Two Sicilies, the Two Sicilies piastra. This new piastra was subdivided in the same way as the Neapolitan piastra.

## Coins

In the late 18th century, coins circulated in denominations of 3, 4, 6, 9 and 12 cavalli, 3, 5, 8 and 10 tornesi, 10 (*carlino*), 20 (*tarì*), 60 (*mezza piastra*) and 120 grana (*piastra*) and 2, 3 and 6 ducati. On occasion also a 50 and 100 grana silver pieces had been struck, but not in the 18th century. The cavalli and tornesi denominations were struck in copper, with the grana denominations up to the *piastra* struck in silver and the higher denominations in gold.

In 1799, the short-lived Neapolitan Republic issued copper 4 and 6 tornesi, and silver 6 and 12 carlini. The restored kingdom resumed coin production, issuing many of the earlier denominations, plus copper 4 and 6 tornesi. In 1810, a gold 40 *franchi* coin was issued, a prelude to the introduction of the lira three years later.

* Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1978). *Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1979 Edition*. Colin R. Bruce II (senior editor) (5th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873410203.


title: Robert Eagar

abstract: Robert Eagar is a retired Irish judge who served as a Judge of the High Court from 2014 to 2023.

text:
# Robert Eagar

**Robert Eagar** is a retired Irish judge who served as a Judge of the High Court from 2014 to 2023.

## Early life

Eagar was educated at University College Dublin from where he graduated with a BCL degree in 1977. He attended the Law Society of Ireland and was added to the Roll of Solicitors in 1978.

He began his career as a solicitor at the Office of the Chief State Solicitor, a constituent part of the Office of the Attorney General, working there until 1984. In 1982, he was involved in proceedings in the Circuit Court involving a licensing request by the owner of the Stardust nightclub. He was the prosecuting solicitor in a case against Vinnie Doyle and the *Irish Independent* for a breach of the Official Secrets Act.

He joined the law firm of Garrett Sheehan in 1984, becoming a partner in 1995. His expertise as a solicitor was in criminal law, extradition, asylum law, human rights law and child law. He has represented an anti-war activist convicted of damage to US military property, fugitive solicitor Michael Lynn, the former company secretary of Anglo Irish Bank on trial for tax offences, and a Christian Brother accused of 110 charges of indecent assault. He has also acted as a solicitor for clients accused of murder and fraud. He has acted in cases involving judicial review in the Supreme Court of Ireland and cases in the Court of Criminal Appeal.

In 2008, he called for the Minister for Justice Brian Lenihan Jnr to fund an independent forensic laboratory.

He was a member of the Law Society's Criminal Law Committee and a lecturer in criminal law. He is a former chair of the Dublin Simon Community, a founder of the Irish Refugee Council and board member of the Ranelagh Multi-Denominational School.

## Judicial career

Eagar was appointed a Judge of the High Court in October 2014. He has been the presiding judge in cases involving criminal law, defamation law, equality law, medical negligence, judicial review, and refugee law.

He has presided over cases in the Special Criminal Court. He was the judge in bail hearings involving Lisa Smith and those accused of the murder of Ana Kriégel and the kidnapping of Kevin Lunney.

He was a designated judge to report to the Taoiseach on the operation of the Criminal Justice (Surveillance) Act 2009.

He retired as judge in January 2023.

## Personal life

Eagar is married to Monica and has two daughters.

## InfoBox

| Robert Eagar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the High Court | |
| **In office**<br>30 October 2014  17 January 2023 | |
| Nominated by | Government of Ireland |
| Appointed by | Michael D. Higgins |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Alma mater |  |
|  | |


title: One in Three Hundred

abstract: One in Three Hundred is a science fiction novel by British writer J. T. McIntosh. It was originally published as three novellas in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction in 1953-54, and was then published by Doubleday & Company, Inc. During 1956 the novel was reissued by Ace as Ace Double D-113, in a dos-à-dos binding with Dwight V. Swain's The Transposed Man. The original novellas were "One in 300", "One in a Thousand", and "One Too Many". The first novella was included in the anthology Best SF of 1954.

text:
# One in Three Hundred

***One in Three Hundred*** is a science fiction novel by British writer J. T. McIntosh. It was originally published as three novellas in *The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction* in 1953-54, and was then published by Doubleday & Company, Inc. During 1956 the novel was reissued by Ace as *Ace Double D-113*, in a dos-à-dos binding with Dwight V. Swain's *The Transposed Man*.

The original novellas were "One in 300" (February 1953), "One in a Thousand" (January 1954), and "One Too Many" (September 1954). The first novella was included in the anthology *Best SF of 1954*.

## Plot

Set in the near future when a scientific principle has been discovered allowing exceptionally accurate predictions of solar flares and the occurrence of the Sun increasing its solar output. Applying this principle, worldwide consensus has determined which day, hour, and minute the Sun will brighten so much as to boil away the Earth's seas. Realizing that the heightened insolation will destroy life as we know it, the world's nations debate what to do when the Sun "goes off." Since the Earth's rotation continues at 360 degrees in 24 hours, it will take only one day to cause all of the Earth's oceans to boil away. Terrific hurricanes and tidal waves will also occur, causing all buildings to be destroyed. If there are any survivors, they will be in hardened bunkers deep underground, and they will only be able to last as long as their food lasts.

The unavoidability of the impending doom has caused some technologically advanced countries to look for sanctuary on another planet, such as Mars.

This is all scheduled to happen in a few years, and the exact minute and hour of the Sun's increase in radiance does not give the human race much time to devise a way of navigating space to an orbit as far away as Mars.

Nevertheless, massive building programs are initiated, and hundreds of spaceships are raised, many of them unfit for flight.

A series of national lotteries are established with grand prize being a ticket to ride a spaceship off the Earth, and possibly make it as far as Mars. Many spaceships, however, were built without landing gear. Although many ships were supposed to have shortwave radios to communicate with each other, many of the shortwave radios were simply empty cases as the tubes and wires had been left out.

The protagonist of the story has been elected into a position of authority, and must choose which people to take with him to Mars. He has only a limited number of tickets, and knows there will come a time when people with guns will storm their way on board, rather than stand in line until the tickets are depleted. The book is titled "One in Three Hundred" because only one in three hundred people in the United States will get a ticket to leave the Earth, and there is still a question whether the spaceships will have enough air, or even be able to travel to Mars in time, and nobody is certain whether the atmosphere of Mars is breathable, or whether Mars will even be habitable when they get there.

## Critical reception

Damon Knight wrote a scathing review of the novel, condemning both its tone and plausibility. *Galaxy* reviewer Groff Conklin more charitably described the novel as "a thrilling and tragic story." Anthony Boucher, who had published the original stories in *The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction*, reviewed the novel as "McIntosh's best work and one of the most human science fiction stories by anyone." P. Schuyler Miller noted the popularity of the original stories and termed McIntosh "a writer to watch."

## InfoBox

One in Three Hundred
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | J. T. McIntosh |
| Cover artist | Mel Hunter |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Doubleday |
| Publication date | 1953 |
| Publication place | UK |
| Media type | Hardback, Paperback |


title: Začarani krug

abstract: Začarani krug is the sixteenth studio album by pop-folk singer Lepa Brena. It was released in presale on 20 July 2011 and for regular sale on 20 August 2011 through the record label Grand Production. The record was primarily produced by Željko Joksimović, Kiki Lesendrić, Atelje Trag, Nikša Bratoš and Dejan Abadić.

text:
# Začarani krug

***Začarani krug*** is the sixteenth studio album by pop-folk singer Lepa Brena. It was released in presale on 20 July 2011 and for regular sale on 20 August 2011 through the record label Grand Production. The record was primarily produced by Željko Joksimović, Kiki Lesendrić, Atelje Trag, Nikša Bratoš and Dejan Abadić.

## Release

Brena first announced on May 27, 2011 that her sixteenth album would be titled Začarani krug and released on July 20, 2011. The album's lead single, "Metak sa posvetom", was released three days later. On June 7, Brena released a second single "Biber". On July 15, Brena released a third single "Ne bih ja bila ja" and promote in show Veče sa Ivanom Ivanovićem. All three videos were directed by Dejan Milićević.

## Background

Brena wanted the new album to have a specific Balkan sound. That's why she gathered a team of 7 authors from all parts the Balkans and started preparing for the new album. *"The new album "Začarani krug" is a true Balkan concept. I wanted on this album to make a true Balkan concept and I succeeded in that. I am extremely pleased with the new album and I hope that I will soon share this opinion with the public. said Lepa Brena at a press conference, at which her were presented new songs."* The authors of the new Brena's songs are: Petar Grašo, Antonija Šola, Željko Joksimović, Pera Zdravkovic, Hari Mata Hari, Kiki Lesendrić, Dragan Brajović Braja, Vladimir Graić, Aleksandar Perišić Romario and a group of arranger "Atelje Trag". Lepa Brena signed the contract with the Deputy General Director of the company Lukoil Constantin Polovtsev in ... Lepa Brena signed a cooperation agreement with Lukoils's Managing Director Konstantin Polovcev, expressing satisfaction with cooperation with one of the most successful oil companies, which is "a blend of beautiful, smart and useful". It was agreed that the album will be sold at 180 Lukoil Pumps stores, with a benefit card, which will enable customers to buy cheaper fuel.

## Promotion

On July 14, 2011 Brena announced concert in Belgrade Arena and promised that she going on a big world tour. *"We will make Brena's big concert in the Belgrade Arena on October 20, when she is also her birthday. It will be a real spectacle after so many years. And then all major cities from Skopje to Ljubljana will be operating."* said the organizer of the concert, Bane Obradović.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Metak sa posvetom" (Bullet With My Name On It) | Antonija Šola, Petar Grašo, Nikša Bratoš | 4:45 |
| 2. | "Biber" (Pepper) | Marina Tucaković, Željko Joksimović | 4:05 |
| 3. | "Ne bih ja bila ja" (I Wouldn't Be Myself) | Dejan Ivanović, Željko Joksimović | 4:13 |
| 4. | "Još sam živa" (I'm Still Alive) | Darija Marić, Perica Zdravković | 3:18 |
| 5. | "Briši me" (Forget (lit. Erase) Me) | Hajrudin "Hari" Varešanović, Fayo | 4:09 |
| 6. | "Stakleno zvono" (Glass Bell) | Dragan Brajović, Dejan Abadić | 4:03 |
| 7. | "Valja se" (It Matters) | Marina Tucaković, Kiki Lesandrić | 4:13 |
| 8. | "Ćutim k'o stvar" (Silent As An 'Object') | Marina Tucaković, Kiki Lesandrić | 3:58 |
| 9. | "Uradi to" (Do It!) | Marina Tucaković, Romario, Atelje Trag | 4:27 |
| Total length: | | | 37:12 |

## Personnel

### Crew

* Accordion – Željko Joksimović, Vladimir Milenković
* Acoustic Guitar, Electric Guitar – Nikša Bratoš, Petar Trumbetaš, Vasilije Stanković, Miro Asotić, Srđan Marković
* Backing Vocals – Dragan Brnas, Ivana Čabraja, Jadranka Krištof, Vladimir Pavelić, Ivana Peters
* Bass – Miroslav Tovirac
* Bouzouki – Petar Trumpetaš, Srđan Marković
* Engineer – Siniša Kokerić, Boris Gavrilović, Perica Kaluđerović
* Flute, Flute \[Fife\] – Nebojša Brdarić
* Kaval, duduk – Nebojša Brdarić
* Keyboards – Perica Kaluđerović, Predrag Milanović, Kiki Lesendrić, Nikola Miljković
* Percussion – Željko Joksimović, Zoran Kiki Čaušević
* Photography By – Nebojša Babić
* Producer – Nikša Bratoš, Željko Joksimović, Perica Zdravković, Hari Varešanović, Dejan Abadić, Kiki Lesendrić, Atelje Trag
* Drums – Željko Joksimović, Petar Radmilović, Zoran Kiki Čaušević
* Piano – Željko Joksimović, Perica Kaluđerović
* Violin – Tijana Milošević
* Saxophone, Trombone – Oliver Ereš
* Trumpet – Antonio Geček
* Lute \[Šargija\] – Srđan Marković

## Music videos

* Metak sa posvetom (Dejan Milićević / Zoran Shurbevski / Veljko Spasić)
* Ne bih ja bila ja (Dejan Milićević / Zoran Shurbevski)
* Briši me (Dejan Milićević / Zoran Shurbevski / Boško Jakovljević)
* Uradi to (Dejan Milićević / Zoran Shurbevski / Veljko Spasić)
* Stakleno zvono (Dejan Milićević / Nena Ilić, Zoran Shurbevski / Zoran Shurbevski, Aleksandar Kaprish)
* Biber (Dejan Milićević / Nena Ilić, Zoran Shurbevski / Aleksandar Kaprish)

## InfoBox

| Začarani krug | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lepa Brena | |
| Released | July 20, 2011 (2011-07-20) |
| Recorded | 2010–2011 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 37:12 |
| Label | Grand Production |
| Producer | (also Kiki Lesendrić, Atelje Trag, Nikša Bratoš, Dejan Abadić) |
| Lepa Brena chronology | |
| *Uđi slobodno...*
(2008) ***Začarani krug***
(2011) *Izvorne i novokomponovane narodne pesme*
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Začarani krug* | |
| 1. "Metak sa posvetom"
Released: May 30, 2011 2. "Biber"
Released: June 7, 2011 3. "Ne bih ja bila ja"
Released: July 15, 2011 4. "Briši me"
Released: July 21, 2011 5. "Uradi to"
Released: July 27, 2011 6. "Stakleno zvono"
Released: October 8, 2011 | |
|  | |


title: Virtual manufacturing network

abstract:
A Virtual Manufacturing Network is a manufacturing network which is not owned by a simple company, but it is built with the use of ICT for bringing together different suppliers and alliance partners creating in such a way a virtual network which is able to operate as a solely owned supply network. A Virtual Manufacturing Network is in this way a Collaborative network of manufacturing enterprises, which are connected by means of ICT for configuring, managing and monitoring the manufacturing process. Many companies have adopted a philosophy of acquiring worldwide resources through a virtual network for minimizing expenses in their whole operation, focusing on core competences and relying to other companies with specific expertise to take over the parts of the manufacturing process they cannot perform by themselves.
The evolution of a Virtual Manufacturing Network is a Dynamic Manufacturing Network, which describes a more flexible and agile manufacturing network, that is able to be instantiated or dissolved quite rapidly, in order to meet emerging market needs and business opportunities.

text:
# Virtual manufacturing network

A Virtual Manufacturing Network is a manufacturing network which is not owned by a simple company, but it is built with the use of ICT for bringing together different suppliers and alliance partners creating in such a way a virtual network which is able to operate as a solely owned supply network. A Virtual Manufacturing Network is in this way a Collaborative network of manufacturing enterprises (from OEMs to Suppliers), which are connected by means of ICT for configuring, managing and monitoring the manufacturing process.

Many companies have adopted a philosophy of acquiring worldwide resources through a virtual network for minimizing expenses in their whole operation, focusing on core competences and relying to other companies with specific expertise to take over the parts of the manufacturing process they cannot perform by themselves. The evolution of a Virtual Manufacturing Network is a Dynamic Manufacturing Network, which describes a more flexible and agile manufacturing network, that is able to be instantiated or dissolved quite rapidly, in order to meet emerging market needs and business opportunities.


title: Optogan

abstract: The Optogan group is a producer of high-brightness LED lights based in St. Petersburg, Russia. Optogan is also active in Finland and Germany. Founded in 2004 by three graduates of the Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Optogan is owned by various private and government investment funds.

text:
# Optogan

The **Optogan** group is a producer of high-brightness LED lights based in St. Petersburg, Russia. Optogan is also active in Finland and Germany. Founded in 2004 by three graduates of the Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Optogan is owned by various private and government investment funds.

## History

Optogan was founded in 2004 in Espoo, Finland, by Maxim Odnoblyudov, Vladislav Bougrov, and Alexey Kovsh, graduates of the chair of Nobel Prize laureate Zhores Alferov. They have received several rounds of financing from various European venture capital investment funds. After the development stage, the company's research and development and pilot production line were expanded to the MST Factory site in Dortmund, Germany.

In 2008, the Russian private equity group Onexim acquired the company. In 2009, Russian government investment funds Rusnano and RIK joined Onexim as investors to develop a full-scale production facility for HB LEDs in the Strelna free-economic zone near St. Petersburg, Russia.

## Technology

Optogan has developed LEDs with gallium nitride. The Optogan chain of technologies includes semiconductor wafers by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition technique and LED chip design, packaging (including phosphor coating), and lens molding. The multichip LEDs were mounted on a printed circuit board.

Optogan technologies have a patented LED epilayer structure with enhanced light generation capability, with the f-PowerTM chip being able to distribute over 300 A/cm2. The LEDs can output as high as 110 lm/W. Optogan intellectual property and technologies are covered by 35 granted and pending patents.

1. "Home". *optogan.com*.
2. Голодные львы инноваций//Эксперт, 21 сентября 2009г.
3. Россия заменит лампы накаливания на светодиоды// Forbes, 23.03.2010
4. "Optogan - High Brighness Led Technology". *www.optogan.com*. Archived from the original on 2010-03-23.
5. LED Applications&Lighting Systems//The technology of tomorrow for general lighting applications, March-April 2010
6. New results from Lumileds indicate an output of 136 lm at 350 mA for white LEDs, corresponding to 115 lm/W efficacy// LEDs Magazine, 23 January 2007

## InfoBox

Optogan
| Industry | LED |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2004 |
| Products | LED chips
Packaged LEDs
LED Matrixes (standard light engines consisting of surface mounted LEDs)
Lumminaires |
| Website | optogan.ru |


title: Mott School and Second Street School

abstract: The Mott School and Second Street School are historic former school buildings in Trenton, New Jersey. Together they cover the continuum of education in the area. The Second Street School, formerly known as the Nottingham Township School, was built in 1854 when public education was voluntary and non-standardized. The Mott School was built in stages from 1876-1911 during the era of institutionalization and centralization of public schooling. It continued in use until 1980.

text:
# Mott School and Second Street School

The **Mott School** and **Second Street School** are historic former school buildings in Trenton, New Jersey. Together they cover the continuum of education in the area. The Second Street School, formerly known as the **Nottingham Township School**, was built in 1854 when public education was voluntary and non-standardized. The Mott School was built in stages from 1876-1911 during the era of institutionalization and centralization of public schooling. It continued in use until 1980.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mott School and Second Street School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| New Jersey Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Mott School | |
|  | |
| Location | 643-645 Second Street, 660 Centre Street Trenton, New Jersey |
| Coordinates | 40°12′03.9″N 74°45′25.3″W / 40.201083°N 74.757028°W / 40.201083; -74.757028 |
| Area | less than 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) |
| Built | 1854 (Second Street School), 1876-1911 (Mott School) |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| NRHP reference No. | 86000809 |
| NJRHP No. | 1783 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 15, 1986 |
| Designated NJRHP | March 5, 1986 |


title: Mount Shiomi

abstract: Mt. Shiomi is a mountain located in the centre of the Akaishi Mountains−Southern Alps, within Minami Alps National Park, Japan. It is on the border of Shizuoka and Nagano Prefectures. It is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains. At 3,047 m tall, it is the 16th tallest mountains and hills of Japan. There is the mountaineering route on from a ridge in Akaishi Mountains.

text:
# Mount Shiomi

**Mt. Shiomi** (塩見岳, *Shiomi-dake*) is a mountain located in the centre of the Akaishi Mountains−Southern Alps, within Minami Alps National Park, Japan. It is on the border of Shizuoka and Nagano Prefectures. It is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains.

At 3,047 m tall, it is the 16th tallest mountains and hills of Japan. There is the mountaineering route on from a ridge in Akaishi Mountains.

## History

## InfoBox

| Mount Shiomi | |
| --- | --- |
| 塩見岳 | |
| Mount Shiomi seen from Mount Aino | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,047 m (9,997 ft) |
| Prominence | 505 m (1,657 ft) |
| Listing | List of mountains and hills of Japan by height |
| Coordinates | 35°34′26″N 138°10′59″E / 35.57389°N 138.18306°E / 35.57389; 138.18306 |
| Geography | |
| Mount ShiomiJapan | |
| Location | Chūbu region, Honshū, Japan |
| Parent range | Akaishi Mountains |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Hiking |


title: Williams pear

abstract: The Williams' bon chrétien pear, commonly called the Williams pear, or the Bartlett pear in the United States and Canada, is a cultivar of the species Pyrus communis, commonly known as the European pear. The fruit has a bell shape, considered the traditional pear shape in the west, and its green skin turns yellow upon later ripening, although red-skinned derivative varieties exist. It is considered a summer pear, not as tolerant of cold as some varieties. It is often eaten raw, but holds its shape well when baked, and is a common choice for canned or other processed pear uses.

text:
# Williams pear

The **Williams' bon chrétien** pear, commonly called the **Williams pear**, or the **Bartlett pear** in the United States and Canada, is a cultivar (cultivated variety) of the species *Pyrus communis*, commonly known as the European pear. The fruit has a bell shape, considered the traditional pear shape in the west, and its green skin turns yellow upon later ripening, although red-skinned derivative varieties exist. It is considered a summer pear, not as tolerant of cold as some varieties. It is often eaten raw, but holds its shape well when baked, and is a common choice for canned or other processed pear uses.

## History

The origins of this variety are uncertain. "Bon Chrétien" (Good Christian) is named after Francis of Paola, a holy man whom King Louis XI of France had called to his deathbed as a healer in 1483. Francis offered the king a pear seed from his native Calabria with instructions to plant and care. Hence the pear tree was called "Good Christian". The Williams pear is thought to date from 1765 to 1770 from the yard of an Aldermaston, England, schoolmaster named John Stair, giving rise to the now-obscure synonyms 'Aldermaston' pear and 'Stairs' pear. A nurseryman named Williams later acquired the variety, and after introducing it to the rest of England, the pear became known as the Williams Pear. However, the pear's full name is Williams' Bon Chretien, or "Williams' good Christian."

In 1799 James Carter imported several Williams trees into the United States, and they were planted on the grounds of Thomas Brewer in Roxbury, Massachusetts. The Massachusetts estate was later acquired by Enoch Bartlett of Dorchester, Massachusetts. Unaware of their origin, Bartlett named the pears after himself and introduced the variety into the United States. It was not realised that Bartlett and Williams Pears were the same until 1828, when new trees arrived from Europe. By that time the Bartlett variety had become vastly popular in the United States, and they are still generally known as Bartlett pears in the US and Canada, although there are about 150 other synonyms worldwide.

## Physical description

The pear exhibits a pyriform "pear shape," with a rounded bell on the bottom half of the fruit, and then a definite shoulder with a smaller neck or stem end. Williams are aromatic pears, and have what many consider the definitive "pear flavour". Colours of the pear vary from green (when unripe), to yellow (ripe) and red. Red Bartletts or Williams are very similar to the traditional Williams, aside from ripening to a reddish colour rather than a yellow colour. Red-skinned mutant clones (i.e. "sports") of the Williams are increasing in popularity, including three major varieties in the US: the Max Red Bartlett, the Sensation Red Bartlett, and the Rosired Bartlett. One study of several macrosatellite loci in 63 European Pear (*Pyrus communis* L.) cultivars did not distinguish Max Red Bartlett and Sensation Red Bartlett from the standard Williams, which was expected since the red mutants were derived from the Williams by mutation. Dozens of other cultivars and hybrids have been created from Williams, created for properties like cold resistance, ripening time, skin colouration, and grafting compatibility.

Best when picked with the internal pressure of the pear is between 110 and 120 kPa (16 and 18 psi), the pear should still be green and relatively hard when picked. Optimum conditions for ripening are in dry shady areas, and ripening usually takes 7 to 10 days from when the pear was picked. As the pear ripens the color will slowly change to a soft yellow and the pear will soften. Commercially produced pears are normally picked and shipped to the stores while green.

## Tree

Pear trees are usually productive for 50 to 75 years though some still produce fruit after 100 years. A Bon Chrétien tree planted around 1630 in Danvers, Massachusetts is still producing fruit today.

**Height:** 4.5–6 m (15–20 ft) with slightly less spread
**Flowers:** White flowers grouped in a corymb
**Blooming time:** April–May (in the Northern Hemisphere)
**Fruit and seeds:** Large, golden yellow skin, brownish red blush, classic shape with smooth, white flesh. Harvest from mid-August to mid-September (Northern Hemisphere).
**Leaves:** The leaves are simple, glossy green leaves that alternate on the twig. They grow up to 8 cm (3 in) long, are thick with slight midrib curves folding the edges inwards. They have fine teeth on the margin.
**Elevation:** 300–1,500 m (1,000–5,000 ft)
**Habitat:** Orchards and landscaping

## Production and uses

### US pear production

In 1985, this variety represented 80% of US pear production while in 2004 it represented 50% of reported pear production, displaced primarily by the continuing growth of d'Anjou and Bosc pears, both winter pears more tolerant of cold than the Bartlett.

While more pears are sold fresh in the US than processed, Bartlett pears are the primary choice for canned halves, puree, and most pear juice and nectar in the US, comprising about two-thirds of Bartlett production. Bartletts are traditionally known as the canning pear due to their "definitive flavor and sweetness," making them well-suited for many forms of processing.

#### Named mutants

List of some "sports" or mutants of the Williams pear.

| **Date** | **Originator/Country** | **Market Name** | **Mutated From** | **Assignee** | **Habit** | **Flavor** | **Texture** | **Color** | **Plant Patent Number** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1908 | /Canada | Russet Bartlett |  |  |  |  |  | Golden russet |  |
| 1924 | Stephen G. Nye/ Oregon, US | Nye Russet Bartlett |  |  |  | more spicy | firmer | deep yellow with golden russet |
| 1940 | /Australia | Sensation Red Bartlett |  |  |  |  |
| 1942 | /US | Eller |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1945 Patented 1 Jul 1947 | Moritz/US | Max-Red Bartlett | Bartlett | MacKelvie | standard | sweeter | finer | red | US plant patent 741 |
| 1948, Introduced 1963 | James W. Sweeney/ California, US | Rosired Bartlett | Bartlett | Fowler Nurseries |  |  |  | Maroon red on picking-ripe fruit. | Plant patent 2012 |
| 27 Dec 1977 | Crisafulli/ Montana, US |  | Bartlett |  | semi-dwarf | good |  | red blush | US plant patent 4169 |
| 14 Apr 1998 | Biehn/ Oregon, US | Cinnamon | Bartlett |  | standard | sweeter |  | russet | US plant patent 10325 |
| 26 Feb 2008 | David Lowry/US | Carolina Gold | Bartlett | Associated Fruit | standard | more tart |  | russet | US plant patent 18515 |

#### Offspring

For several decades, the Williams pear has been used actively as a parent in the production of new varieties:

| **Cross made/Introduced** | **Originator/Country** | '*Marketed/Name* | Parent | **Other Parent** | **Plant Patent Number** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1896 | C.H. Packham / Australia | Packham (Packhams Triumph) | Bartlett | Uvedals St. Germain |  |
| 1901/1913 | Laxton Brothers/Bedfordshire, England | Laxton´s Superb | Bartlett | Beurré Superfin |  |
| 1902/1927 | Laxton Brothers/Bedfordshire, England | Laxton´s Satisfaction | Bartlett | Beurré Superfin |  |
| ?/? | Laxton Brothers/Bedfordshire, England | Laxton´s Progress | Bartlett | Marie Louise |  |
| 1920/? | England | Bristol Cross | Bartlett | Conference |  |
| ?/1923 | US | Gorham | Bartlett | Josephine de Malines |  |
| 1931/1945 | Robert Patterson/California, US | El Dorado | Bartlett | ? |  |
| 1956 | Italy | Butirra Precoce Morettini | Bartlett | Coscia |  |
| ?/1964 | New York, US | Aurora | Bartlett | Marguerite Marillat |  |
| ?/1974 | England | Beth | Bartlett | Beurré Superfin |  |
| 1944/1974 | Robert C. Lamb/New York, US | Highland | Bartlett | Comice |  |
| ?/? | England | Merton Pride | Tetraploid Bartlett | Hardenpont |
| ?/? | Italy | Santa Maria | Bartlett | Coscia |  |
| ?/1974 | F.C. Reimer/Oregon, US | Canal Red | Max Red Bartlett | Forelle |  |
| 1959/1975 Patented 27 Aug 1974 | William H. Griggs/California, US | California | Max Red Bartlett741 | Comice | US plant patent 3599 |
| 1965/? | Canada | Harrow Sweet | Bartlett | Purdue 8051 |  |
| 1974/1990 | South Africa | Rosemary | Bon Rouge | Forelle |  |
| 1985/1997 | S.H. Hjeltnes/Sweden,Norway | Celina(QTee) | Bartlett | Colorée de Juillet |  |
| Patented 9 Aug 1988 | Reimer/US | Reimer | Max Red Bartlett741 | Comice | US plant patent 6245 |
| 1977/2003 | R.L. Bell/Kearneysville, US | Shenandoah | Max Red Bartlett | US 56 112 |  |
| Patented 30 Jan 2007 | White/New Zealand | Prem2P | Max Red Bartlett741 | Nijisseiki | US plant patent 17387 |
| Patented 17 Apr 2007 | Hart/New Zealand | Prem1P | Max Red Bartlett741 | Nijisseiki | US plant patent 17624 |
| 2007/? | J.R. Breach/Great Britain | Misty Rose | Red Williams | Concorde |  |

### Distilled spirits

The Williams pear is used in making both Poire Williams, a fruit brandy, and Belle de Brillet, an infused cognac.

The pear is also very popular in the western Balkans, where it is distilled into a brandy known as viljamovka, similar to Poire Williams but often with a higher alcohol percentage. Some producers of viljamovka include an entire pear inside each bottle. This is achieved by attaching the bottle to a budding pear tree so that the pear will grow inside it.

## InfoBox

| 'Williams' pear | |
| --- | --- |
| The Williams pear. An 1822 print from the Horticultural Society of London | |
| Genus | *Pyrus* |
| Species | *Pyrus communis* |
| Cultivar | 'Williams' |
| Origin | Aldermaston, UK between 1765 and 1770 |