title: Zeadmete physomon

abstract: Zeadmete physomon is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

text:
# Zeadmete physomon

***Zeadmete physomon*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 13.1 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Fiji.

* Bouchet P. & Petit R.E. (2008). New species and new records of southwest Pacific Cancellariidae. The Nautilus 122(1): 1-18.

## InfoBox

| *Zeadmete physomon* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Zeadmete physomon* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Cancellariidae |
| Genus: | *Zeadmete* |
| Species: | ***Z. physomon*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zeadmete physomon***<br>Bouchet & Petit, 2008 | |
|


title: National Forest Commission

abstract: The National Forest Commission is a non-ministerial government department responsible for the assessment of policy in India regarding publicly owned forests and laws relating to both public and private Forestry in India. The commission was set up in 2003 to review and assess India's policy and law and their effect on India's forests. It was given instructions to make recommendations on ways India could achieve sustainable forest and ecological security. The report made over 300 recommendations to the Indian Board of Wildlife.

text:
# National Forest Commission

The **National Forest Commission** is a non-ministerial government department responsible for the assessment of policy in India regarding publicly owned forests and laws relating to both public and private Forestry in India. The commission was set up in 2003 to review and assess India's policy and law and their effect on India's forests. It was given instructions to make recommendations on ways India could achieve sustainable forest and ecological security. The report made over 300 recommendations to the Indian Board of Wildlife.

## History

The National Forest Commission of India was recommended on 21 January 2002 during a meeting of the Indian Board of Wild Life. The objective was to look into the restructuring, reform and strengthening the institutions affiliated with the forests of India. The board was initially made up of seven forestry commissioners and was chaired by former Chief Justice of India, Bhupinder Nath Kirpal. The commission was formally established on the 7th February 2003 based on the need for efficient management of forests, wood for commercial and industrial purposes and for medicinal plants. The recommendations were aimed at positively affecting poverty, environmental protection, with gender equity in the better management of the forest resources.

## InfoBox

National Forest Commission
| Agency overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Formed | 2003 (2003) |
| Type | Non-ministerial government department |
| Jurisdiction | India |
| Agency executive |  |
| Parent department |  |
| Child agencies |  |


abstract: The National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH) was established under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 to advise the Secretaries of Labor and Health and Human Services on occupational safety and health programs and policies. Members of the twelve-person advisory committee are chosen on the basis of their knowledge and experience in occupational safety and health. The twelve-member NACOSH has two members representing management, two members representing labor, two members representing the occupational health professions, two members representing the occupational safety professions and four members representing the public. Two of the health representatives and two of the public members are designated by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, although actual appointment of these members, as well as all other members, is by the Secretary of Labor. The members serve two-year terms.

text:
# National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health

The **National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health** (**NACOSH**) was established under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 to advise the Secretaries of Labor and Health and Human Services on occupational safety and health programs and policies. Members of the twelve-person advisory committee are chosen on the basis of their knowledge and experience in occupational safety and health.

The twelve-member NACOSH has two members representing management, two members representing labor, two members representing the occupational health professions, two members representing the occupational safety professions and four members representing the public. Two of the health representatives and two of the public members are designated by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, although actual appointment of these members, as well as all other members, is by the Secretary of Labor. The members serve two-year terms.


abstract: The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was a United States federal agency that was founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. On October 1, 1958, the agency was dissolved and its assets and personnel were transferred to the newly created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NACA is an initialism, i.e., pronounced as individual letters, rather than as a whole word. Among other advancements, NACA research and development produced the NACA duct, a type of air intake used in modern automotive applications, the NACA cowling, and several series of NACA airfoils, which are still used in aircraft manufacturing. During World War II, NACA was described as "The Force Behind Our Air Supremacy" due to its key role in producing working superchargers for high altitude bombers, and for producing the laminar wing profiles for the North American P-51 Mustang. NACA also helped in developing the area rule that is used on all modern supersonic aircraft, and conducted the key compressibility research that enabled the Bell X-1 to break the sound barrier.

text:
# National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

The **National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics** (**NACA**) was a United States federal agency that was founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. On October 1, 1958, the agency was dissolved and its assets and personnel were transferred to the newly created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NACA is an initialism, i.e., pronounced as individual letters, rather than as a whole word (as was NASA during the early years after being established).

Among other advancements, NACA research and development produced the NACA duct, a type of air intake used in modern automotive applications, the NACA cowling, and several series of NACA airfoils, which are still used in aircraft manufacturing.

During World War II, NACA was described as "The Force Behind Our Air Supremacy" due to its key role in producing working superchargers for high altitude bombers, and for producing the laminar wing profiles for the North American P-51 Mustang. NACA also helped in developing the area rule that is used on all modern supersonic aircraft, and conducted the key compressibility research that enabled the Bell X-1 to break the sound barrier.

## Origins

NACA was established on March 13, 1915, by the federal government through enabling legislation as an emergency measure during World War I to promote industry, academic, and government coordination on war-related projects. It was modeled on similar national agencies found in Europe: the French *L'Etablissement Central de l'Aérostation Militaire* in Meudon (now *Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales*), the German Aerodynamic Laboratory of the University of Göttingen, and the Russian Aerodynamic Institute of Koutchino (replaced in 1918 with the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), which is still in existence). The most influential agency upon which the NACA was based was the British Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

In December 1912, President William Howard Taft had appointed a National Aerodynamical Laboratory Commission chaired by Robert S. Woodward, president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Legislation was introduced in both houses of Congress early in January 1913 to approve the commission, but when it came to a vote, the legislation was defeated.

Charles D. Walcott, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1907 to 1927, took up the effort, and in January 1915, Senator Benjamin R. Tillman, and Representative Ernest W. Roberts introduced identical resolutions recommending the creation of an advisory committee as outlined by Walcott. The purpose of the committee was "to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight with a view to their practical solution, and to determine the problems which should be experimentally attacked and to discuss their solution and their application to practical questions". Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote that he "heartily \[endorsed\] the principle" on which the legislation was based. Walcott suggested the tactic of adding the resolution to the Naval Appropriations Bill.

According to one source, "The enabling legislation for the NACA slipped through almost unnoticed as a rider attached to the Naval Appropriation Bill, on March 3, 1915." The committee of 12 people, all unpaid, were allocated a budget of $5,000 per year.

President Woodrow Wilson signed it into law the same day, thus formally creating the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, as it was called in the legislation, on the last day of the 63rd Congress.

The act of Congress creating NACA, approved March 3, 1915, reads, "...It shall be the duty of the advisory committee for aeronautics to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight with a view to their practical solution. ... "

## Research

On January 29, 1920, President Wilson appointed pioneering flier and aviation engineer Orville Wright to NACA's board. By the early 1920s, it had adopted a new and more ambitious mission: to promote military and civilian aviation through applied research that looked beyond current needs. NACA researchers pursued this mission through the agency's impressive collection of in-house wind tunnels, engine test stands, and flight test facilities. Commercial and military clients were also permitted to use NACA facilities on a contract basis.

Facilities

In 1922, NACA had 100 employees. By 1938, it had 426. In addition to formal assignments, staff were encouraged to pursue unauthorized "bootleg" research, provided that it was not too exotic. The result was a long string of fundamental breakthroughs, including "thin airfoil theory" (1920s), "NACA engine cowl" (1930s), the "NACA airfoil" series (1940s), and the "area rule" for supersonic aircraft (1950s). On the other hand, NACA's 1941 refusal to increase airspeed in their wind tunnels set Lockheed back a year in their quest to solve the problem of compressibility encountered in high speed dives made by the Lockheed P-38 Lightning.

The full-size 30-by-60-foot (9.1 m × 18.3 m) Langley wind tunnel operated at no more than 100 mph (87 kn; 160 km/h) and the then-recent 7-by-10-foot (2.1 m × 3.0 m) tunnels at Moffett could only reach 250 mph (220 kn; 400 km/h). These were speeds Lockheed engineers considered useless for their purposes. General Henry H. Arnold took up the matter and overruled NACA objections to higher air speeds. NACA built a handful of new high-speed wind tunnels, and Mach 0.75 (570 mph (495 kn; 917 km/h)) was reached at Moffett's 16-foot (4.9 m) wind tunnel late in 1942.

### Wind tunnels

NACA's first wind tunnel was formally dedicated at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory on June 11, 1920. It was the first of many now-famous NACA and NASA wind tunnels. Although this specific wind tunnel was not unique or advanced, it enabled NACA engineers and scientists to develop and test new and advanced concepts in aerodynamics and to improve future wind tunnel design.

1. Atmospheric 5-ft wind tunnel (1920)
2. Variable Density Tunnel (1922)
3. Propeller Research Tunnel (1927)
4. High-speed 11-in wind tunnel (1928)
5. Vertical 5-ft wind tunnel (1929)
6. Atmospheric 7- by 10-ft wind tunnel (1930)
7. Full-scale 30- by 60-ft tunnel (1931)

## Influence on World War II technology

In the years immediately preceding World War II, NACA was involved in the development of several designs that served key roles in the war effort. When engineers at a major engine manufacturer were having issues producing superchargers that would allow the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress to maintain power at high altitude, a team of engineers from NACA solved the problems and created the standards and testing methods used to produce effective superchargers in the future. This enabled the B-17 to be used as a key aircraft in the war effort. The designs and information gained from NACA research on the B-17 were used in nearly every major U.S. military powerplant of the Second World War. Nearly every aircraft used some form of forced induction that relied on information developed by NACA. Because of this, U.S.-produced aircraft had a significant power advantage above 15,000 feet, which was never fully countered by Axis forces.

After the war had begun, the British government sent a request to North American Aviation for a new fighter. The offered P-40 Tomahawk fighters were considered too outdated to be a feasible front line fighter by European standards, and so North American began development of a new aircraft. The British government chose a NACA-developed airfoil for the fighter, which enabled it to perform dramatically better than previous models. This aircraft became known as the P-51 Mustang.

## Supersonic research

After early experiments by Opel RAK with rocket propulsion leading to the first public flight of a rocket plane, the Opel RAK.1, in 1929 and eventual military programs at Heinkel and Messerschmitt by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, the US entered the race to supersonic planes and spaceflight in the 1940s. Although the Bell X-1 was commissioned by the Air Force and flown by Air Force test pilot Chuck Yeager, when it exceeded Mach 1 NACA was officially in charge of the testing and development of the aircraft. NACA ran the experiments and data collection, and the bulk of the research used to develop the aircraft came from NACA engineer John Stack, the head of NACA's compressibility division. Compressibility is a major issue as aircraft approach Mach 1, and research into solving the problem drew heavily on information collected during previous NACA wind tunnel testing to assist Lockheed with the P-38 Lightning.

The X-1 program was first envisioned in 1944 when a former NACA engineer working for Bell Aircraft approached the Army for funding of a supersonic test aircraft. Neither the Army nor Bell had any experience in this area, so the majority of research came from the NACA Compressibility Research Division, which had been operating for more than a year by the time Bell began conceptual designs. The Compressibility Research Division also had years of additional research and data to pull from, as its head engineer was previously head of the high speed wind tunnel division, which itself had nearly a decade of high speed test data by that time. Due to the importance of NACA involvement, Stack was personally awarded the Collier Trophy along with the owner of Bell Aircraft and test pilot Chuck Yeager.

In 1951, NACA Engineer Richard Whitcomb determined the area rule that explained transonic flow over an aircraft. The first uses of this theory were on the Convair F-102 project and the F11F Tiger. The F-102 was meant to be a supersonic interceptor, but it was unable to exceed the speed of sound, despite the best effort of Convair engineers. The F-102 had actually already begun production when this was discovered, so NACA engineers were sent to quickly solve the problem at hand. The production line had to be modified to allow the modification of F-102s already in production to allow them to use the area rule. (Aircraft so altered were known as "area ruled" aircraft.) The design changes allowed the aircraft to exceed Mach 1, but only by a small margin, as the rest of the Convair design was not optimized for this. As the F-11F was the first design to incorporate this during initial design, it was able to break the sound barrier without having to use afterburner.

Because the area rule was initially classified, it took several years for Whitcomb to be recognized for his accomplishment. In 1955 he was awarded the Collier Trophy for his work on both the Tiger and the F-102.

The most important design resulting from the area rule was the B-58 Hustler, which was already in development at the time. It was redesigned to take the area rule into effect, allowing greatly improved performance. This was the first US supersonic bomber, and was capable of Mach 2 at a time when Soviet fighters had only just attained that speed months earlier. The area rule concept is now used in designing all transonic and supersonic aircraft.

NACA experience provided a model for World War II research, the postwar government laboratories, and NACA's successor, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

NACA also participated in development of the first aircraft to fly to the "edge of space", North American's X-15. NACA airfoils are still used on modern aircraft.

## Chairmen

| No. | Portrait | Name | Term | President
serving under | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Brig. Gen. George P. Scriven
(United States Army) | 1915–1916 |  | Woodrow Wilson |
| 2 |  | William F. Durand
(Stanford University) | 1916–1918 | | |
| 3 |  | John R. Freeman
(Consultant) | 1918–1919 | | |
| 4 |  | Charles Doolittle Walcott
(Smithsonian Institution) | 1920–1927 | | |
| | | | |  | Warren G. Harding |
| | | | |  | Calvin Coolidge |
| | | 5 |  | Joseph Sweetman Ames
(Johns Hopkins University) | 1927–1939 |
| | | | |  | Herbert Hoover |
| | | | |  | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| | | 6 |  | Vannevar Bush
(Carnegie Institution) | 1940–1941 |
| | | 7 |  | Capt. Jerome C. Hunsaker
(Navy, MIT) | 1941–1956 |
| | | | |  | Harry S. Truman |
| | | | |  | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| | | 8 |  | Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle
(Shell Oil Company) | 1957–1958 |

## Transformation into NASA

### Special Committee on Space Technology

On November 21, 1957, Hugh Dryden, NACA's director, established the Special Committee on Space Technology. The committee, also called the Stever Committee after its chairman, Guyford Stever, was a special steering committee that was formed with the mandate to coordinate various branches of the federal government, private companies as well as universities within the United States with NACA's objectives and also harness their expertise in order to develop a space program.

Wernher von Braun, technical director at the US Army's Ballistic Missile Agency would have a Jupiter C rocket ready to launch a satellite in 1956, only to have it delayed, and the Soviets would launch *Sputnik 1* in October 1957.

On January 14, 1958, Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology", which stated:

> It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge (Sputnik) be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space. ...
>
> It is accordingly proposed that the scientific research be the responsibility of a national civilian agency working in close cooperation with the applied research and development groups required for weapon systems development by the military. The pattern to be followed is that already developed by the NACA and the military services. ...
>
> The NACA is capable, by rapid extension and expansion of its effort, of providing leadership in space technology.

On March 5, 1958, James Killian, who chaired the President's Science Advisory Committee, wrote a memorandum to the President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Titled, "Organization for Civil Space Programs", it encouraged the President to sanction the creation of NASA. He wrote that a civil space program should be based on a "strengthened and redesignated" NACA, indicating that NACA was a "going Federal research agency" with 7,500 employees and $300 million worth of facilities, which could expand its research program "with a minimum of delay".

#### Members

As of their meeting on May 26, 1958, committee members, starting clockwise from the left of the above picture:

| Committee member | Title |
| --- | --- |
| Edward R. Sharp | Director of the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory |
| Colonel Norman C Appold | Assistant to the Deputy Commander for Weapons Systems, Air Research and Development Command: US Air Force |
| Abraham Hyatt | Research and Analysis Officer Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy |
| Hendrik Wade Bode | Director of Research Physical Sciences, Bell Telephone Laboratories |
| William Randolph Lovelace II | Lovelace Foundation for Medication Education and Research |
| S. K Hoffman | general manager, Rocketdyne Division, North American Aviation |
| Milton U Clauser | Director, Aeronautical Research Laboratory, The Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation |
| H. Julian Allen | Chief, High Speed Flight Research, NACA Ames |
| Robert R. Gilruth | Assistant Director, NACA Langley |
| J. R. Dempsey | Manager. Convair-Astronautics (Division of General Dynamics) |
| Carl B. Palmer | Secretary to Committee, NACA Headquarters |
| H. Guyford Stever | Chairman, Associate Dean of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Hugh L. Dryden | (ex officio), director, NACA, Namesake of future Dryden Research Center |
| Dale R. Corson | Department of Physics, Cornell University |
| Abe Silverstein | Associate Director, NACA Lewis |
| Wernher von Braun | Director, Development Operations Division, Army Ballistic Missile Agency |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
| The official seal of NACA, depicting the *Wright Flyer* and the Wright brothers' first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | March 3, 1915 (1915-03-03) |
| Dissolved | October 1, 1958 (1958-10-01) |
| Superseding agency |  |
| Jurisdiction | Federal government of the United States |


title: Zajeziorze, Gmina Skępe

abstract: Zajeziorze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skępe, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.

text:
# Zajeziorze, Gmina Skępe

**Zajeziorze** \[zajɛˈʑɔʐɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skępe, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Zajeziorze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zajeziorze | |
| Coordinates: 52°51′15″N 19°22′7″E / 52.85417°N 19.36861°E / 52.85417; 19.36861 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Lipno |
| Gmina | Skępe |


title: National Highway 114 (India)

abstract: National Highway 114 is a National Highway in India. It links Mallarpur, Sainthia, Ahmedpur, Bolpur, Bhedia, Guskara, Talit and Barddhaman in the state of West Bengal.

text:
# National Highway 114 (India)

**National Highway 114** (**NH 114**) is a National Highway in India. It links Mallarpur, Sainthia, Ahmedpur, Bolpur, Bhedia, Guskara, Talit and Barddhaman in the state of West Bengal.

## InfoBox

| National Highway 114 | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of National Highway **114** in red | |
| Schematic map of National Highways in India | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 109 km (68 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| From | Mallarpur |
| To | Barddhaman |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| NH 14   NH 114 | |


abstract: The National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) is a study conducted every four years by the National Center for Education Statistics, a division of the Institute of Education Sciences in the U.S. Department of Education. This study captures data regarding how students pay for postsecondary education, with special attention to how families fund higher education. The NPSAS, which has been conducted periodically since 1987, has a complex design, utilizing sampling and weighting to achieve a sample that represents college students nationwide.

text:
# National Postsecondary Student Aid Study

The **National Postsecondary Student Aid Study** (NPSAS) is a study conducted every four years by the National Center for Education Statistics, a division of the Institute of Education Sciences in the U.S. Department of Education. This study captures data regarding how students pay for postsecondary education, with special attention to how families fund higher education. The NPSAS, which has been conducted periodically since 1987, has a complex design, utilizing sampling and weighting to achieve a sample that represents college students nationwide.

## Survey content

The NPSAS collects data from a variety of sources:

* Institutional student records are collected for each student enrolled in the study. These include student information such as major, admission test scores, grades, and financial data as well as institutional information such as the cost of tuition and institution type.
* Student interviews ask about such things as language spoken in participants' childhood homes, expenses while attending college, employment, race/ethnicity.
* Parents are surveyed regarding topics such as marital status, income, age, occupation, and the types of financing used to pay for their child's postsecondary education.
* Financial Aid (FAFSA) records are collected from the National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS). This data contains information about financial need (in the form of expected family contributions), loans granted, total debt, and repayment status.

In addition, an element called the non-traditional student risk index is calculated using risk factors for dropping out of college. This index includes factors that have been correlated with low persistence such as working full-time, being a single parent, and being enrolled part-time.

## Use of NPSAS data in research

Aggregate NPSAS data is made available to the public via the Department of Education's website. Data containing personally identifiable information is only available to researchers who apply for and obtain a restricted use license from the Department of Education.

NPSAS data is used by researchers to identify trends, for example in student loan repayments and the demographics of postsecondary students. This trend data is used in a variety of ways, for example identifying best practices in decreasing inequalities in higher education and means of increasing student persistence.

Selected examples of NPSAS data research include:

* A 2019 Pew Research Center report identified a rise in student poverty, particularly at less selective institutions.
* An article published in the 2019 volume of the journal *Educational Researcher,* which discusses the differences in student borrowing across race and ethnicity.
* An Urban Institute report published in 2022 studying the impacts of inflation and financial aid borrowing limits on postsecondary students.
* A 2022 article in the journal *Harvard Educational Review* outlines the impact of the post-9/11 GI bill on the college choices of Veterans.

One of the most significant trends identified by studies of NPSAS data is the rise of nontraditional undergraduate students enrolled in higher education. The term "nontraditional student" refers to a student with one or more of the following characteristics:

* Considered independent when applying for federal financial aid (FAFSA)
* Having one or more dependent children
* Not having a high school diploma
* Delayed enrollment in higher education
* Being employed full-time

Some researchers also use being over the age of 24 at the start of enrollment as a non-traditional characteristic, although this is one of the criteria for FAFSA independent status. The rise in nontraditional students enrolled in colleges and universities was first brought to light by Susan Choy, who published a study in 2002 finding that 73% of college students had at least one non-traditional characteristic during the 1999–2000 school year. This finding prompted postsecondary institutional leaders to reassess student needs and to a review of policies related to financial aid.

A 2011 follow-up study using 2007-2008 NPSAS data found a similar percentage of nontraditional learners (70%) and identified several key segments of college students that overlapped with this group.

* Working learners are students employed while attending school, with those who worked at least 40 hours per week being more likely to attend college part-time and/or to be financially independent than non-working students
* Service member learners includes those with active, reserve, and veteran status. These students are automatically considered financially independent and were more likely to attend college part-time
* Single parent learners are also all financially independent for FAFSA. This group was more likely to attend school part-time and to work 26 hours per week or more
* Minority learners includes college students who are Black/African-American, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, Native Hawaiian, or who have multiple racial identities. A large proportion of these students (70%-85%) indicated working at least part-time while attending college

## Criticisms of the NPSAS

The most recently released full NPSAS data set is from 2019 to 2020, about four years out-of-date at the time of this writing, and researchers have emphasized the importance of a more timely release of data, especially given the turbulence of higher education policy.

Researchers have also critiqued the level of aggregation of NPSAS data sets made available without expensive and difficult-to-obtain restricted data use licenses, and have commented on limitations of the PowerStats online data analysis tool to group students by multiple variables and to create new variables.

Others have found that useful variables are not included in the NPSAS, for example the status of tax return filings and high school grades. Another criticism is that the data collection cycle necessarily discounts students who drop out early in their studies or who enroll in a semester other than Fall. Similarly, Pell Grant data is not available by semester, making it difficult to calculate eligibility for part-time students. At other times, the differences in data collection between the NPSAS and other government entities makes it difficult to make direct comparisons.

1. "National Postsecondary Student Aid Study". *RTI*. 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
2. Addo, Fenaba R. (2017). *Ensuring a More Equitable Future: Exploring and Measuring the Relationship Between Family Wealth, Education Debt, and Wealth Accumulation* (PDF). Postsecondary Value Commission.
3. Mitchell, Travis (2019-05-22). "A Rising Share of Undergraduates Are From Poor Families, Especially at Less Selective Colleges". *Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project*. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
4. Kofoed, Michael S. (2017-02-01). "To Apply or Not to Apply: FAFSA Completion and Financial Aid Gaps". *Research in Higher Education*. **58** (1): 1–39. doi:10.1007/s11162-016-9418-y. ISSN 1573-188X. S2CID 254990855.
5. Skira, Aaron Michael (2018). *Consequences of Postsecondary Education Institution Policies and Practices: A Structural Model of Tuition Costs, Student Financial Aid, Selectivity, Proximity, and Enrolled Undergraduate Students' Aggregate Capital (Dissertation)*.
6. Murphy, Kevin B. (2004). "Identifying Additional Layers of Diversity at Public Urban Universities by Using Data from the 2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study". *Metropolitan Universities*. **15** (4): 23–37.
7. Reeves, Tamara J.; Miller, Leslie A.; Rouse, Ruby A. (2011). *Reality Check: A Vital Update to the Landmark 2002 NCES Study of Nontraditional College Students* (PDF). Apollo Research Institute.
8. White, Paul M. (2007). *Assessing the Factors that Affect the Persistence and Graduation Rates of Native American Students in Postsecondary Education (Dissertation)*. Bowling Green State University.
9. Cadena, Brian C.; Keys, Benjamin J. (2013). "Can Self-Control Explain Avoiding Free Money? Evidence from Interest-Free Student Loans". *The Review of Economics and Statistics*. **95** (4): 1117–1129. doi:10.1162/REST\_a\_00321. ISSN 0034-6535. JSTOR 43554817. PMC 4021586. PMID 24839312.
10. Wladis, Claire; Hachey, Alyse C.; Conway, Katherine M. (2015). "The Representation of Minority, Female, and Non-Traditional STEM Majors in the Online Environment at Community Colleges: A Nationally Representative Study". *Community College Review*. **43** (1): 89–114. doi:10.1177/0091552114555904. S2CID 147497596.
11. Scott-Clayton, Judith (2018-01-11). "The Looming Student Loan Default Crisis is Worse than we Thought". *Brookings*. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
12. Herbaut, Estelle; Geven, Koen (2020-02-01). "What works to reduce inequalities in higher education? A systematic review of the (quasi-)experimental literature on outreach and financial aid". *Research in Social Stratification and Mobility*. Experimental methods in social stratification research. **65**: 100442. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2019.100442. hdl:10986/31497. ISSN 0276-5624.
13. Kelchen, Robert (2019). "Exploring the Relationship Between Performance-Based Funding Design and Underrepresented Student Enrollment at Community Colleges". *Community College Review*. **47** (4): 382–405. doi:10.1177/0091552119865611. ISSN 0091-5521. S2CID 201392053.
14. Castleman, Benjamin L.; Page, Lindsay C. (2015-07-01). "Summer nudging: Can personalized text messages and peer mentor outreach increase college going among low-income high school graduates?". *Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization*. Behavioral Economics of Education. **115**: 144–160. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.12.008. ISSN 0167-2681.
15. Castleman, Benjamin L.; Page, Lindsay C. (2016). "Freshman Year Financial Aid Nudges: An Experiment to Increase FAFSA Renewal and College Persistence". *The Journal of Human Resources*. **51** (2): 389–415. doi:10.3368/jhr.51.2.0614-6458R. ISSN 0022-166X. JSTOR 24736027. S2CID 155814000.
16. Fry, Richard; Cilluffo, Anthony (2019). "A Rising Share of Undergraduates are From Poor Families, Especially at Less Selective Colleges" (PDF). Retrieved April 12, 2023.
17. Chan, Monnica; Kwon, Jihye; Nguyen, David J.; Saunders, Katherine M.; Shah, Nilkamal; Smith, Katie N. (2019). "Indebted Over Time: Racial Differences in Student Borrowing". *Educational Researcher*. **48** (8): 558–563. doi:10.3102/0013189X19864969. ISSN 0013-189X. S2CID 200039771.
18. Delisle, Jason; Blagg, Kristin (2022). "Federal Undergraduate Loan Limits and Inflation: What Borrowing Patterns and Evidence Reveal about Current Policy" (PDF). Retrieved April 12, 2023.
19. Zhang, Liang (2022). "How Did the Post-9/11 GI Bill Affect Veteran Students' Undergraduate College Choices? An Application of Propensity Scores in Difference-in-Differences Models". *Harvard Educational Review*. **92** (1): 1–31. doi:10.17763/1943-5045-92.1.1. S2CID 247991353.
20. Radford, Alexandria Walton; Cominole, Melissa; Skomsvold, Paul (2015). "Demographic and Enrollment Characteristics of Nontraditional Undergraduates: 2011-12. Web Tables. NCES 2015-025" (PDF). Retrieved April 12, 2023.
21. Choy, Susan (2002). "Nontraditional Undergraduates, NCES 2009-012" (PDF). Retrieved April 12, 2023.
22. Hines, Mary (2009). "Serving Adult Students: Challenges and Committments" (PDF). Retrieved April 12, 2023.
23. Nicholas, S. (2008). "Nontraditional Older Students". *EBSCO Researcher Starter*. **1** (7).
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25. Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality (2021). "Obstacles to Opportunity: Accompanying Methodology Note" (PDF). Retrieved April 12, 2023.
26. St. John, Edward P.; Starkey, Johnny B.; Paulsen, Michael B.; Mbaduagha, Loretta A. (1995). "The Influence of Prices and Price Subsidies on Within-Year Persistence by Students in Proprietary Schools". *Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis*. **17** (2): 149–165. doi:10.3102/01623737017002149. JSTOR 1164558. S2CID 145592780.
27. Dynarski, Susan; Scott-Clayton, Judith; Wiederspan, Mark (2013). "Simplifying Tax Incentives and Aid for College: Progress and Prospects". *Tax Policy and the Economy*. **27** (1): 161–202. doi:10.1086/671247. ISSN 0892-8649. S2CID 154841134.
28. "Publication of the National Center on Secondary Education and Transition". *www.ncset.org*. Retrieved 2023-04-12.


title: Zamojsce

abstract: Zamojsce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Radymno, within Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Radymno, 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Jarosław, and 59 km (37 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.

text:
# Zamojsce

**Zamojsce** \[zaˈmɔi̯st͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Radymno, within Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Radymno, 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Jarosław, and 59 km (37 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.

## InfoBox

| Zamojsce | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zamojsce | |
| Coordinates: 49°55′12″N 22°48′0″E / 49.92000°N 22.80000°E / 49.92000; 22.80000 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Subcarpathian |
| County | Jarosław |
| Gmina | Radymno |
| Elevation | 200 m (700 ft) |
| Population | 290 |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Crittenden County, Arkansas. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Crittenden County, Arkansas, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 17 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Crittenden County, Arkansas

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Crittenden County, Arkansas**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Crittenden County, Arkansas, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 17 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

**Contents: Counties in Arkansas**
|  |
| --- |

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Crittenden County Bank and Trust Company |  | April 19, 1984
(#84000662) | Military Road
35°12′51″N 90°11′44″W / 35.214167°N 90.195556°W / 35.214167; -90.195556 (Crittenden County Bank and Trust Company) | Marion |  |
| 2 | Crittenden County Courthouse |  | August 3, 1977
(#77000251) | 85 Jackson Street
35°12′57″N 90°11′45″W / 35.215833°N 90.195833°W / 35.215833; -90.195833 (Crittenden County Courthouse) | Marion |  |
| 3 | Dabbs Store |  | May 17, 1982
(#82002112) | 1320 South Avalon
35°07′47″N 90°11′36″W / 35.129722°N 90.193333°W / 35.129722; -90.193333 (Dabbs Store) | West Memphis |  |
| 4 | Hamilton Apartments |  | June 3, 1998
(#98000618) | 113 West Danner Street
35°09′00″N 90°11′08″W / 35.15°N 90.185556°W / 35.15; -90.185556 (Hamilton Apartments) | West Memphis |  |
| 5 | Highway A-7, Gilmore to Turrell |  | May 12, 2009
(#09000313) | Old U.S. Highway 63 between Acwin Street in Gilmore and ditch No. 2 in Turrell
35°24′35″N 90°16′43″W / 35.409747°N 90.278536°W / 35.409747; -90.278536 (Highway A-7, Gilmore to Turrell) | Gilmore |  |
| 6 | Johnson-Portis House |  | September 21, 2017
(#100001648) | 400 N. Avalon St.
35°09′02″N 90°11′37″W / 35.150533°N 90.193586°W / 35.150533; -90.193586 (Johnson-Portis House) | West Memphis |  |
| 7 | Lawrie House |  | March 28, 1996
(#96000330) | 600 North 7th Street
35°09′11″N 90°10′36″W / 35.153056°N 90.176667°W / 35.153056; -90.176667 (Lawrie House) | West Memphis |  |
| 8 | Marion Colored High School |  | March 23, 1995
(#95000349) | West of Highway 77
35°13′17″N 90°12′05″W / 35.221389°N 90.201389°W / 35.221389; -90.201389 (Marion Colored High School) | Sunset |  |
| 9 | Memphis and Arkansas Bridge |  | February 16, 2001
(#01000139) | Interstate 55
35°07′47″N 90°04′45″W / 35.129722°N 90.079167°W / 35.129722; -90.079167 (Memphis and Arkansas Bridge) | West Memphis | Extends into Shelby County, Tennessee |
| 10 | Missouri Pacific Depot |  | March 6, 1986
(#86000383) | Main and Commerce Streets
35°16′10″N 90°27′59″W / 35.269444°N 90.466389°W / 35.269444; -90.466389 (Missouri Pacific Depot) | Earle | Currently the Crittenden County Museum |
| 11 | Old Earle High School |  | September 27, 2003
(#03000956) | Junction of Ruth Street and High Second Street (U.S. Highway 64B)
35°16′15″N 90°28′17″W / 35.270833°N 90.471389°W / 35.270833; -90.471389 (Old Earle High School) | Earle |  |
| 12 | Old Turrell City Hall |  | September 19, 2007
(#07000962) | 160 Eureka Street
35°22′42″N 90°15′21″W / 35.378333°N 90.255833°W / 35.378333; -90.255833 (Old Turrell City Hall) | Turrell |  |
| 13 | Riverside Speedway |  | January 21, 2010
(#09001243) | 151 Legion Road
35°08′44″N 90°08′02″W / 35.145511°N 90.133858°W / 35.145511; -90.133858 (Riverside Speedway) | West Memphis |  |
| 14 | George Berry Washington Memorial |  | August 11, 1994
(#94000824) | Highway 149, north of Earle
35°17′50″N 90°28′01″W / 35.297222°N 90.466944°W / 35.297222; -90.466944 (George Berry Washington Memorial) | Earle |  |
| 15 | West Memphis City Hall |  | July 8, 2010
(#10000444) | 100 Court Street
35°08′43″N 90°11′09″W / 35.145278°N 90.185833°W / 35.145278; -90.185833 (West Memphis City Hall) | West Memphis |  |
| 16 | West Memphis Commercial Historic District |  | July 24, 2008
(#08000704) | 700, 800, and 900 blocks of East Broadway
35°08′48″N 90°10′26″W / 35.146539°N 90.173967°W / 35.146539; -90.173967 (West Memphis Commercial Historic District) | West Memphis |  |
| 17 | Wilson Power and Light Company Ice Plant |  | January 21, 2010
(#09001244) | 120 East Broadway
35°08′48″N 90°11′05″W / 35.146536°N 90.184631°W / 35.146536; -90.184631 (Wilson Power and Light Company Ice Plant) | West Memphis |  |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Cross County, Arkansas. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Cross County, Arkansas, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 19 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark. There are two formerly listed properties.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Cross County, Arkansas

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Cross County, Arkansas**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Cross County, Arkansas, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 19 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark. There are two formerly listed properties.

**Contents: Counties in Arkansas**
|  |
| --- |

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Isaac Block House |  | July 15, 1998
(#98000851) | 404 E. Hamilton St.
35°13′35″N 90°47′19″W / 35.226389°N 90.788611°W / 35.226389; -90.788611 (Isaac Block House) | Wynne |  |
| 3 | East Hamilton Avenue Historic District |  | June 8, 2011
(#11000330) | E. Hamilton Ave. between N. Falls Blvd. & N. Killough Rd.; Eldridge Ct.
35°13′31″N 90°48′51″W / 35.225278°N 90.814167°W / 35.225278; -90.814167 (East Hamilton Avenue Historic District) | Wynne |  |
| 4 | Giboney-Robertson-Stewart House |  | June 5, 1998
(#98000585) | 734 Hamilton Ave.
35°13′32″N 90°47′05″W / 35.225556°N 90.784722°W / 35.225556; -90.784722 (Giboney-Robertson-Stewart House) | Wynne |  |
| 5 | Grace Episcopal Church |  | March 5, 1992
(#92000106) | 614 E. Poplar St.
35°13′40″N 90°47′12″W / 35.227778°N 90.786667°W / 35.227778; -90.786667 (Grace Episcopal Church) | Wynne |  |
| 6 | John H. Johnston Cotton Gin Historic District |  | June 1, 2005
(#05000490) | Junction of U.S. Route 64 and Highway 163
35°15′01″N 90°42′48″W / 35.250278°N 90.713333°W / 35.250278; -90.713333 (John H. Johnston Cotton Gin Historic District) | Levesque |  |
| 7 | Memphis to Little Rock Road-Strong's Ferry Segment |  | May 15, 2012
(#12000274) | Address Restricted
 | Jennette vicinity | part of the Cherokee Trail of Tears Multiple Property Submission |
| 8 | Memphis to Little Rock Road-Village Creek Segment |  | April 11, 2003
(#03000193) | East of Lake Austell within Village Creek State Park
35°08′48″N 90°43′00″W / 35.146667°N 90.716667°W / 35.146667; -90.716667 (Memphis to Little Rock Road-Village Creek Segment) | Newcastle | A segment of the Trail of Tears |
| 9 | New Hope School |  | November 12, 2008
(#08001037) | 3762 Highway 284
35°12′26″N 90°43′56″W / 35.207139°N 90.732144°W / 35.207139; -90.732144 (New Hope School) | Wynne |  |
| 10 | Northern Ohio School |  | May 23, 2014
(#14000247) | 60 Highway 84N
35°16′47″N 90°33′28″W / 35.2797°N 90.5578°W / 35.2797; -90.5578 (Northern Ohio School) | Parkin |  |
| 11 | Servetus W. Ogan House |  | September 28, 2015
(#15000624) | 504 E. Forrest Ave.
35°13′42″N 90°47′15″W / 35.2283°N 90.7875°W / 35.2283; -90.7875 (Servetus W. Ogan House) | Wynne |  |
| 12 | Parkin Indian Mound |  | October 15, 1966
(#66000200) | Junction of U.S. Route 64 and Highway 184
35°16′38″N 90°33′27″W / 35.277139°N 90.557406°W / 35.277139; -90.557406 (Parkin Indian Mound) | Parkin |  |
| 13 | South Elementary School |  | May 24, 2006
(#06000419) | 711 E. Union Ave.
35°13′31″N 90°47′09″W / 35.225278°N 90.785833°W / 35.225278; -90.785833 (South Elementary School) | Wynne |  |
| 14 | Wittsburg Fortification |  | December 31, 2002
(#02001626) | Address Restricted
 | Wittsburg |  |
| 15 | Wittsburg Store and Gas Station |  | November 22, 2000
(#00001386) | County Road 739
35°13′05″N 90°42′00″W / 35.218056°N 90.7°W / 35.218056; -90.7 (Wittsburg Store and Gas Station) | Wittsburg |  |
| 16 | Woman's Progressive Club |  | March 27, 1990
(#90000430) | Rowena St. and Merriman Ave.
35°13′25″N 90°47′21″W / 35.223611°N 90.789167°W / 35.223611; -90.789167 (Woman's Progressive Club) | Wynne |  |
| 17 | Wynne Commercial Historic District |  | December 22, 2009
(#09001115) | Roughly bounded by Front St., Commercial Ave., Terry St., Wilson St., and Pecan Ave.
35°13′23″N 90°47′30″W / 35.223172°N 90.791717°W / 35.223172; -90.791717 (Wynne Commercial Historic District) | Wynne |  |
| 18 | Wynne Post Office |  | August 14, 1998
(#98000914) | 402 E. Merriman Ave.
35°13′27″N 90°47′21″W / 35.224167°N 90.789167°W / 35.224167; -90.789167 (Wynne Post Office) | Wynne |  |
| 19 | Wynne Wholesale Commercial Historic District |  | January 25, 2010
(#09000772) | Corner of W. Merriman and Martin Luther King Dr.
35°13′28″N 90°47′38″W / 35.224536°N 90.793917°W / 35.224536; -90.793917 (Wynne Wholesale Commercial Historic District) | Wynne |  |

## Former listing

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Date removed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | Capt. Isaac N. Deadrick House |  | September 16, 1993
(#93000964) | September 1, 2022 | Northwest of the junction of U.S. Route 64 and Highway 163
35°15′02″N 90°42′44″W / 35.250556°N 90.712222°W / 35.250556; -90.712222 (Capt. Isaac N. Deadrick House) | Levesque |  |
| 1 | Missouri Pacific Depot |  | June 11, 1992
(#92000623) | September 17, 1999 | Southwest of the junction of N. Front St. and E. Hamilton Ave.
 | Wynne |  |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Crenshaw County, Alabama. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Crenshaw County, Alabama, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a Google map. There are 3 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Crenshaw County, Alabama

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Crenshaw County, Alabama**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Crenshaw County, Alabama, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a Google map.

There are 3 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Brantley Historic District |  | June 2, 2004
(#04000558) | Roughly bounded by Sasser St., Fulton Ave., Peachtree St., and Wyatt, and the former Central of Georgia railroad line
31°34′57″N 86°15′26″W / 31.582401°N 86.257193°W / 31.582401; -86.257193 (Brantley Historic District) | Brantley |  |
| 2 | Kirkpatrick House |  | February 25, 1975
(#75000309) | West of Highland Home on U.S. Route 331
31°57′10″N 86°18′52″W / 31.952778°N 86.314444°W / 31.952778; -86.314444 (Kirkpatrick House) | Highland Home | Circa 1869 |
| 3 | Luverne Historic District |  | January 14, 2005
(#04000926) | Bounded by 1st, 6th Sts., Legrande, Glenwood, Folmar, and Hawkins Aves.
31°42′55″N 86°15′50″W / 31.715312°N 86.263801°W / 31.715312; -86.263801 (Luverne Historic District) | Luverne |  |


title: Zapote Bobal

abstract: Zapote Bobal is the modern name for a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site located south of the San Pedro Martir river in the Petén department of Guatemala. The name Zapote Bobal was coined by archaeologist Ian Graham, who discovered the site in the 1970s. It refers to the large number of Zapote Bobo trees, which grow near abundant sources of water in the Petén Basin. The site languished in archaeological obscurity until 2003, when epigrapher David Stuart connected the archaeological site of Zapote Bobal with a name repeatedly mentioned in the inscriptions of sites like Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan. That name was the toponym Hix Witz, or "Jaguar Hill" Scholars had recognized this name for over 20 years, and its connection to a real place prompted the creation of an archaeological project at Zapote Bobal in 2003, the Proyecto Peten Noroccidente (PNO). It is currently directed by James Fitzsimmons and Laura Gamez.

text:
# Zapote Bobal

**Zapote Bobal** is the modern name for a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site located south of the San Pedro Martir river in the Petén department of Guatemala. The name *Zapote Bobal* was coined by archaeologist Ian Graham, who discovered the site in the 1970s. It refers to the large number of Zapote Bobo (*Pachira aquatica*) trees, which grow near abundant sources of water in the Petén Basin. The site languished in archaeological obscurity until 2003, when epigrapher David Stuart connected the archaeological site of Zapote Bobal with a name repeatedly mentioned in the inscriptions of sites like Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan. That name was the toponym ***Hix Witz***, or "Jaguar Hill" Scholars had recognized this name for over 20 years, and its connection to a real place prompted the creation of an archaeological project at Zapote Bobal in 2003, the Proyecto Peten Noroccidente (PNO). It is currently directed by James Fitzsimmons (Middlebury College) and Laura Gamez (University of Pittsburgh).

## Archaeology and architecture

Built atop a leveled natural hill 1 kilometer long and 700 meters wide, the center of the site is characterized by a royal palace, several temple-pyramids, and elite residences. The site is noteworthy for its numerous monuments to the ancient Maya kings. Immediately outside this center are several mound groups, including one characterized by a pyramid 35 meters in height.

Although the general scale of construction at Zapote Bobal is quite large and would normally be characteristic of a long-lived ancient Maya center, it is clear that the city center was occupied for a brief period of time. The royal dynasty at Zapote Bobal seems to have flourished for only 200 years, disintegrating by A.D. 800. This is in marked contrast to most ancient Maya sites of the Classic Period (A.D. 200-900), which typically had long histories of occupation prior leading to the general collapse of Maya civilization in the 9th century.

Recent archaeological evidence suggests that the peripheral areas of Zapote Bobal were densely occupied before the site’s fluorescence and the construction of its central monumental core. Over 400 buildings have been discovered within a radius of 2.5 kilometers from the city center. According to Fitzsimmons, there was an “imposition of a relatively new center upon an older sociopolitical landscape.” Compounding this with the site's short occupational history suggests a rapid program of construction and raises questions about how and why the central core of Zapote Bobal was built in the first place. The fact that the surrounding area was previously occupied "calls to mind dynastic splits or other social upheavals at Late Classic sites elsewhere in the Maya lowlands, particularly those based in the Petexbatún."

## Connections

For the majority of the Late Classic (AD 600-900), Zapote Bobal was the center of a kingdom that included the sites of Pajaral and (probably) La Joyanca. It was ruled by a succession of kings, the majority of which bore variations on the name Chan Ahk ("Sky/Serpent Turtle"). Unlike the majority of Late Classic kings, who bear the title *k'uhul ajaw* or "holy lord" in their names (a title indicating the relative divinity of the ruler), the kings of Zapote Bobal only used *ajaw*. It is unclear why this was the case, although it is possible that, as a "new" center under military and diplomatic pressure from established sites, the lords of Zapote Bobal did not have the power (real or perceived) to add *k'uhul* to their list of accomplishments on Maya stelae.

Zapote Bobal seems to have had ties to several major sites in the ancient Maya world. Some of these relationships are transparent, while others remain obscure. Sites like Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan, for example, mention capturing, killing, and even marrying the nobility at Zapote Bobal. But not all images of Zapote Bobal are negative: King B'alaj Chan K'awiil of Dos Pilas, a major site in the Petexbatún river drainage, appears to have fled to Zapote Bobal for temporary refuge in the 8th century. He may have even taken part in the building of several monuments there, as the dates of his arrival and the largest monumental program at Zapote Bobal seem to coincide. The greatest influence on this nascent dynasty, however, may have been its northern neighbor, El Perú: some research at Zapote Bobal suggests a connection between these two ancient Maya cities.

## Future research

The picture of Zapote Bobal as reflected in Maya hieroglyphs and archaeology is one of a "crossroads" city, one that had to frequently negotiate with—and probably fend off—several more powerful kingdoms. Such constant pressure was likely a factor in the rapid rise and fall of its royal dynasty. The ongoing archaeology at Zapote Bobal, as well as the decipherment of its royal inscriptions, will doubtless shed light on these issues.

* Breuil, Véronique, Laura Gamez, James L. Fitzsimmons, Jean-Paul Metailie, Edy Barrios, and Edwin Roman (2004) Primeras noticias de Zapote Bobal, una ciudad maya clasica del norocidente de Peten, Guatemala. *Mayab* 17: 61-83.
* Fitzsimmons, James (2006a) *The discovery of a Classic Maya kingdom*. Invited paper given at the Peabody Museum for the Department of Anthropology, Harvard University.
* Fitzsimmons, James (2006b) *Kings of Jaguar Hill: Monuments and Caches at Zapote Bobal, Guatemala*. Report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies (FAMSI)
* Martin, Simon and Grube, Nikolai (2000) *Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya*. London: Thames and Hudson, p. 122. ISBN 0-500-05103-8.
* Stuart, David (2003) *La identificacion de Hixwitz*. Paper presented at the XV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueologicas en Guatemala, Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia de Guatemala.

17°18′24″N 90°18′23″W / 17.3066°N 90.3064°W / 17.3066; -90.3064


title: National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument

abstract: The National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Nationaldenkmal) was a memorial structure in Berlin dedicated to Wilhelm I, first Emperor of Imperial Germany. It stood in front of the Berlin Palace from 1897 to 1950, when both structures were demolished by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) government. The monument featured an imposing equestrian statue of Emperor Wilhelm I. The memorial was built in front of the Eosander portal on the west side of the Berlin Palace. The design of the memorial was commissioned by Wilhelm I's grandson, Kaiser Wilhelm II, in the Baroque Revival style and cast by the sculptor Reinhold Begas, who had also designed the Siegesallee and the Bismarck Memorial in Tiergarten. The planned Monument to Freedom and Unity is to be located on the base originally constructed for the monument.

text:
# National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument

The **National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument** (*Kaiser-Wilhelm-Nationaldenkmal*) was a memorial structure in Berlin dedicated to Wilhelm I, first Emperor of Imperial Germany. It stood in front of the Berlin Palace from 1897 to 1950, when both structures were demolished by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) government.

The monument featured an imposing equestrian statue of Emperor Wilhelm I. The memorial was built in front of the Eosander portal on the west side of the Berlin Palace. The design of the memorial was commissioned by Wilhelm I's grandson, Kaiser Wilhelm II, in the Baroque Revival style and cast by the sculptor Reinhold Begas, who had also designed the Siegesallee and the Bismarck Memorial in Tiergarten.

The planned Monument to Freedom and Unity is to be located on the base originally constructed for the monument.

## Competitions and the intervention of the Emperor

After the death of Wilhelm I in the Year of Three Emperors (1888) an open competition for the establishment of a national monument in his memory was tendered the next year. The first competition, in which the architect Bruno Schmitz with the draft "Imperial Forum" was chosen, did not bring the desired results. So in 1891 a second, limited bid to only eight selected artists was tendered. The construction base of the monument was laid down on the west side of the City Palace, along the Spree Canal. The design of Reinhold Begas and Gustav Halmhuber was eventually chosen.

When it became known that the Emperor desired to have one of his favorite artists, Reinhold Begas, added to the list of the original eight artists invited to submit designs for the second competition, four of the artists withdrew. As might be expected, Begas won the competition and contracted sculptor Wilhelm von Rümann and his students to assist with creating the statues for the memorial design. The architectural part of the design was devised by the Stuttgart architect Gustav Halmhuber, who won the competition with his collaborator Begas, even against the design submitted by favored court architect Ernst von Ihne.

In June 1894, construction began with the demolition of the houses that lined the street between the canal and Eosander Portal of the Berlin Palace. On August 18, 1895, the 25th anniversary of the Battle of Gravelotte, the foundation stone for the memorial was laid. During a ten-day centennial celebration held for the 100th anniversary of Wilhelm I's birth, the monument was inaugurated on the late Emperor's birthday, 22 March 1897. The construction cost was four million marks, and represented a considerable sum when compared with the soon to be built Old Town Hall, which cost only seven million marks to construct.

## Description of the memorial design

The focal point of the 21-meter-high (69 ft) monument was the 9-meter-high (30 ft) equestrian statue of the Emperor, to the left accompanied by a female representation of Peace holding the reins of his horse. The orientation of the equestrian statue was directly facing the Eosander portal (Portal III), which was the main entrance of the Berlin Palace. This followed a similar pattern of older statues around the palace, such as the monument of the Great Elector on the Elector Bridge which was aligned to face toward the palace's Portal I; and the monument to Wilhelm I's father, King Frederick William III in the Lustgarten, which was aligned with the palace's Portal IV.

Around the equestrian statue's bronze pedestal, at the corners floated four Goddesses of Victory on balls. At the front, the pedestal bore the inscription "William the Great, German Emperor, King of Prussia 1861-1888" and on the back was the inscription "in gratitude and true love, the German people." On the granite steps of the substructure on the north was a colossal statue of War and to the south one of Peace, created by Eugen Boermel. On the four projecting corners were four guardian lion statues. From the north, the rear part of the monument was the Spree Canal. The design was mockingly known by the nickname *Wilhelm in the lions' den*. This alluded to the compositional appeal of the central figure in a semicircle, which was similar to Briton Rivière‘s recent painting *Daniel's Answer to the King*.

Preserved today, there is still the jetty which was used for barges on the canal. Except for some ventilation shafts, there are no other entrances from the jetty to the monument’s vault under-structure.

The entire memorial complex stood on a raised base of polished red granite from Sweden. This raised platform was nine steps up from the sidewalk and was suitable for national celebrations of all kinds.

The equestrian statue was enclosed on three sides facing away from the palace by a sandstone hall formed by coupled Ionic columns, which were enclosed at the ends by two corner pavilions. To emphasize the terraced rise of the square even more, the hall was increased in height by four meters. In the open and light design of the hall, only the corner pavilions were formed in a massive style. This allowed a good view on all sides of the equestrian statue and the palace beyond. The floor of the hall was covered by a sandstone mosaic floor.

On the ledge of the front four groups of figures embodied the Kingdoms of Prussia (by Peter Breuer), Bavaria (by August Gaul), Saxony (by August Kraus) and Württemberg (by Peter Christian Breuer). The four groups on the back against the Spree represented trade and shipping (by Ludwig Cauer), art (by Hermann Hidding), science (by Karl Begas) and agriculture and industriousness (by Ludwig Cauer). The southern corner pavilion was crowned by the bronze quadriga of Bavaria, the work of Karl Hans Bernewitz. The counterpart on the northern corner pavilion, the four horse quadriga representing Borussia, created by John Goetz.

## History until removal

During the November Revolution of 1918, the monument was damaged in parts. During the early days of the Weimar Republic the government decided to restore the monument instead of removing it. The monument came through The Second World War relatively undamaged. In the winter of 1949/50, the GDR's ruling party, the SED decided to demolish the monument to its base. The demolition was politically motivated, as was the case a short time later with the decision to demolish the City Palace. The base still exists today on the southwestern edge of the castle square and is a listed building. The base floor is partially decorated with mosaics that are now protected under a layer of asphalt from the elements.

In the underground vaults of the pedestal, street artists are known to leave their works, which can be visited at irregular intervals at one's own risk on descending a steep ladder into a revision shaft.

From the actual monument, the four lions survived and now are on display outside the lion house at the Berlin Zoo. Furthermore, one remaining eagle statue by August Gaul is now owned by the Mark Brandenburg Museum.

52°30′59″N 13°24′00″E / 52.51639°N 13.40000°E / 52.51639; 13.40000

1. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-07-07.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. Architektenverein zu Berlin und Vereinigung Berliner Architekten \[Herausgeber\]: Berlin und seine Bauten, II. Band, Verlag Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1896, pp. 36–38.
3. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2014-07-07.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Media related to Kaiser-Wilhelm-Nationaldenkmal at Wikimedia Commons


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lowndes County, Alabama. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lowndes County, Alabama, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map. There are 6 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Lowndes County, Alabama

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Lowndes County, Alabama**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lowndes County, Alabama, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.

There are 6 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Calhoun School Principal's House |  | March 26, 1976
(#76000340) | County Road 33
32°03′28″N 86°32′58″W / 32.057778°N 86.549444°W / 32.057778; -86.549444 (Calhoun School Principal's House) | Letohatchee | Founded in 1892, the Calhoun Colored School was a private boarding and day school developed according to the "Hampton-Tuskegee Model". The principal's house on County Route 33 is the last remaining structure from the original school. |
| 2 | Campsite 2: Rosie Steele Property |  | November 6, 2023
(#100009549) | 5892-5876 Highway 80 W
32°16′04″N 86°42′23″W / 32.2679°N 86.7063°W / 32.2679; -86.7063 (Campsite 2: Rosie Steele Property) | White Hall vicinity |  |
| 3 | Campsite 3: The Gardner Farm |  | July 12, 2023
(#100009120) | 2342 Frederick Douglass Rd.
32°15′56″N 86°32′06″W / 32.2655°N 86.5350°W / 32.2655; -86.5350 (Campsite 3: The Gardner Farm) | Lowndesboro vicinity |  |
| 4 | Lowndes County Courthouse |  | June 24, 1971
(#71000100) | Washington St.
32°11′01″N 86°34′47″W / 32.18371°N 86.57977°W / 32.18371; -86.57977 (Lowndes County Courthouse) | Hayneville |  |
| 5 | Lowndesboro Historic District |  | December 12, 1973
(#73000356) | North of U.S. Route 80
32°17′14″N 86°36′11″W / 32.287222°N 86.603056°W / 32.287222; -86.603056 (Lowndesboro Historic District) | Lowndesboro | The Lowndesboro Historic District covers 1,800 acres, spread over the entire town, and contains 20 contributing properties, including Meadowlawn Plantation (pictured). Architectural styles include the Gothic Revival, Greek Revival, and other Victorian styles. |
| 6 | James Spullock Williamson House |  | January 5, 1989
(#88003123) | U.S. Route 31
32°01′29″N 86°27′06″W / 32.024722°N 86.451667°W / 32.024722; -86.451667 (James Spullock Williamson House) | Sandy Ridge | Greek Revival-style plantation home built in 1850. Also known as "Merry Oaks Farm". |


title: National Slum Dwellers Federation

abstract: The National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF) in India was established by Jockin Arputham when he fought on behalf of a community of 70,000 to appeal a 1976 eviction order. It is a national organization which brings together multiple communities and their leaders who live in slum settlements around India. NSDF along with Mahila Milan are one of the oldest members of the Urban Poor Fund International Network. Due to the efforts of NSDF, around 90 buildings and 300 toilet blocks have been constructed in Mumbai, providing houses and sanitation to over 35,000 families. Additionally, around 100 toilet blocks have been constructed in Pune. In the 1980s, NSDF formed an alliance with Mahila Milan and SPARC, and this alliance became the basis for establishing Slum Dwellers International in 1996. In 1999, National Slum Dwellers Federation won the UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award.

text:
# National Slum Dwellers Federation

The **National Slum Dwellers Federation** (NSDF) in India was established by Jockin Arputham when he fought on behalf of a community of 70,000 to appeal a 1976 eviction order. It is a national organization which brings together multiple communities and their leaders who live in slum settlements around India. NSDF along with Mahila Milan are one of the oldest members of the Urban Poor Fund International Network. Due to the efforts of NSDF, around 90 buildings and 300 toilet blocks have been constructed in Mumbai, providing houses and sanitation to over 35,000 families. Additionally, around 100 toilet blocks have been constructed in Pune.

In the 1980s, NSDF formed an alliance with Mahila Milan and SPARC, and this alliance became the basis for establishing Slum Dwellers International in 1996.

In 1999, National Slum Dwellers Federation won the UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award.

## Background

The National Slum Dwellers Federation was started after the demolition of the Janata Colony in Mumbai. It was one of the largest slums in Mumbai and had mostly a South Indian population. In 1967, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre gave an eviction notice to all residents to vacate the land. Jockin Arputham, who was 18 years old then, was also a resident. To contest the eviction, the residents had to prove that they were permanent residents and have the right to live there. This colony was formed in 1947 and the rent was anywhere between 50 Indian Paise to 2 Indian Rupees. The documentation proved that this was a permanent settlement and a legal settlement thus the residents were not illegally staying there. By 1970, Jockin was travelling all around Mumbai and India to meet other slum leaders and dwellers to help fight the eviction order. All the activists involved worked to make sure that eviction notices could not be served. However, when the eviction notices were finally ordered, the activists went to the district court and won. The Atomic Energy Commission took it to the High Court and won. Finally, the case was taken to the Supreme Court and the activists won. However, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was personally interested in that land and one Supreme Court judge, while speaking to Jockin, mentioned how it is too late to stop the eviction due to the Prime Minister. After a long while, a meeting was conducted with Indira Gandhi and a conclusion was reached that there will be no demolition of the slums without the consultation of the slum dwellers and their leaders. Yet, due to the National Emergency declared by Indira Gandhi, fresh eviction orders were given and an arrest warrant for the slum leaders was also issued. A huge demolition took place, and all 70,000 people were moved to Cheetah camp.

In 1975, the NSDF was formed and multiple slums around India followed this example and formed their own committees.


title: Zhang Limin

abstract:
Zhang Limin is a Chinese ambassador.
  - From 1985 to 1986 he was director of the General Office of Beijing Personnel Service Corporation for Diplomatic Missions.
  - From 1987 to 1992 he was deputy General-Manager of the Beijing International Club Corporation Limited.
  - From 1992 to 1995 he was General-Manager of the Beijing International Club Corporation Limited.
  - From 1995 to 2002 he was Director-General of the Beijing Service Bureau for Diplomatic Missions.
  - From March 2003 to October 2005 he was ambassador in Nikosia (Cyprus).
  - From November 2005 July 2008 he was ambassador in Riga (Latvia).
  - On 19 August 2008 he was designated ambassador in Wellington where he was from August 2008 to August 2010 accredited and coaccredited to Avarua and Alofi, Niue (Niue).
  - From December 2012 to January 2017 he was ambassador in Georgetown (Guyana). Currently he is a member of the Council for Promoting South–South Cooperation as well as the special consultant to the Research Center for Latin America at Southwestern University of Finance and Economics.

text:
# Zhang Limin

**Zhang Limin** (born March 1950) is a Chinese ambassador.

* From 1985 to 1986 he was director of the General Office of Beijing Personnel Service Corporation for Diplomatic Missions.
* From 1987 to 1992 he was deputy General-Manager of the Beijing International Club Corporation Limited.
* From 1992 to 1995 he was General-Manager of the Beijing International Club Corporation Limited.
* From 1995 to 2002 he was Director-General of the Beijing Service Bureau for Diplomatic Missions.
* From March 2003 to October 2005 he was ambassador in Nikosia (Cyprus).
* From November 2005 July 2008 he was ambassador in Riga (Latvia).
* On 19 August 2008 he was designated ambassador in Wellington (New Zealand) where he was from August 2008 to August 2010 accredited and coaccredited to Avarua (Cook Islands) and Alofi, Niue (Niue).
* From December 2012 to January 2017 he was ambassador in Georgetown (Guyana).

Currently he is a member of the Council for Promoting South–South Cooperation as well as the special consultant to the Research Center for Latin America at Southwestern University of Finance and Economics.

## InfoBox

| Zhang Limin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese Ambassador to Cyprus | |
| **In office**
February 2003  October 2005 | |
| Preceded by | Song Aiguo |
| Succeeded by | Zhao Yali |
| Chinese Ambassador to Latvia | |
| **In office**
November 2005  July 2008 | |
| Preceded by | Ji Yanchi |
| Succeeded by | Yao Peisheng |
| Chinese Ambassador to New Zealand | |
| **In office**
August 2008  August 2010 | |
| Preceded by | Zhang Yuanyuan |
| Succeeded by | Xu Jianguo |
| Chinese Ambassador to Guyana | |
| **In office**
December 2012  January 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Yu Wenzhe |
| Succeeded by | Cui Jianchun |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 1950 (age 74)
Hebei |
| Spouse | Married |
| Children | one daughter. |
| Alma mater | University graduate. |
|  | |


title: Zhanglin railway station

abstract: Zhanglin railway station is a railway station located in Gushan, Jin'an District, in the northeast of the city of Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Built in 1971, it is currently the site of the Fuzhou Depot of Nanchang Railway Bureau. It holds the largest classification yard on the Wenzhou-Fuzhou Railway, having undergone a major station upgrade with the construction of the line. This was marked by the first freight train departure on the new line from this station on the 30th June 2009. It is the largest freight station in Fujian, and handles no passenger services. A project to reduce congestion and to prevent freight services from entering the urban area of Fuzhou has been planned with Zhanglin station as a major hub.

text:
# Zhanglin railway station

**Zhanglin railway station** (Chinese: 樟林站; pinyin: *Zhānglín zhàn*; Foochow Romanized: *Ciŏng-lìng câng*) is a railway station located in Gushan (鼓山镇; *Gǔshān Zhèn*), Jin'an District (晋安区; *Jìn'ān Qū*), in the northeast of the city of Fuzhou, Fujian, China.

Built in 1971, it is currently the site of the Fuzhou Depot of Nanchang Railway Bureau. It holds the largest classification yard on the Wenzhou-Fuzhou Railway, having undergone a major station upgrade with the construction of the line. This was marked by the first freight train departure on the new line from this station on the 30th June 2009. It is the largest freight station in Fujian, and handles no passenger services.

A project to reduce congestion and to prevent freight services from entering the urban area of Fuzhou has been planned with Zhanglin station as a major hub.

## InfoBox

| Zhanglin
樟林站 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Zhanglin, Gushan, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian
China |
| Coordinates | 26°05′05″N 119°21′40″E / 26.084722°N 119.361111°E / 26.084722; 119.361111 |
| Operated by | CR Nanchang |
| Line(s) | Fuzhou–Mawei railway
Fuzhou–Xiamen railway |
| History | |
| Opened | 1971 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Zhangjiawan, Beijing

abstract: Zhangjiawan Town is a town situated in the north of Tongzhou District, Beijing, China. It shares border with Linheli Subdistrict and Yongshun Town to the north, Lucheng Town to the northeast, Xiji and Kuoxian Towns to the east, Yujiawu Hui Township and Majuqiao Town to the south, Taihu, Liyuan Towns and Wenjing Subdistrict to the west. It was home to 127,992 people in 2020. During Yuan dynasty, an official named Zhang Xuan (张瑄) was in charge of overseeing transportation through canals. He built a port on the Grand Canal southeast of Khanbaliq, and the region was later named Zhangjiawan

text:
# Zhangjiawan, Beijing

**Zhangjiawan Town** (Chinese: 张家湾镇; pinyin: *Zhāngjiāwān Zhèn*) is a town situated in the north of Tongzhou District, Beijing, China. It shares border with Linheli Subdistrict and Yongshun Town to the north, Lucheng Town to the northeast, Xiji and Kuoxian Towns to the east, Yujiawu Hui Township and Majuqiao Town to the south, Taihu, Liyuan Towns and Wenjing Subdistrict to the west. It was home to 127,992 people in 2020.

During Yuan dynasty, an official named Zhang Xuan (张瑄) was in charge of overseeing transportation through canals. He built a port on the Grand Canal southeast of Khanbaliq, and the region was later named Zhangjiawan (Chinese: 张家湾; lit. 'Zhang Family's Bay')

## History

Timetable of Zhangjiawan Town
| Year | Status | Under |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1946 - 1948 | Zhangjiawan Township | Tong County |
| 1948 - 1956 | 6th District | |
| 1956 - 1958 | Zhangjiawan Township Tuqiao Township | |
| 1958 - 1972 | Zhangjiawan People's Commune | |
| 1972 - 1983 | Zhangjiawan People's Commune (18 villages on the north was transferred to Liyuan People's Commune) | |
| 1983 - 1990 | Zhangjiawan Township | |
| 1990 - 1997 | Zhangjiawan Town | |
| 1997 - 2001 | | Tongzhou District |
| 2001–present | | Zhangjiawan Town (Integrated Niubaotun Town) |

## Administration divisions

As of 2021, Zhangjiawan Town oversaw 57 villages:

| Administrative Division Code | Subdisvision Names | Name Transliteration |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 110112105201 | 北许场 | Beixuchang |
| 110112105202 | 张辛庄 | Zhangxinzhuang |
| 110112105203 | 上马头 | Shang Matou |
| 110112105204 | 梁各庄 | Lianggezhuang |
| 110112105205 | 土桥 | Tuqiao |
| 110112105206 | 皇木厂 | Huangmuchang |
| 110112105207 | 南许场 | Nanxuchang |
| 110112105208 | 张湾镇 | Zhangwanzhen |
| 110112105209 | 张湾 | Zhangwan |
| 110112105210 | 大高力庄 | Dagaolizhuang |
| 110112105211 | 上店 | Shangdian |
| 110112105212 | 贾各庄 | Jiagezhuang |
| 110112105213 | 东定福庄 | Dong Dingfuzhuang |
| 110112105214 | 西定福庄 | Xi Dingfuzhuang |
| 110112105215 | 立禅庵 | Lichan'an |
| 110112105216 | 宽街 | Kuanjie |
| 110112105217 | 唐小庄 | Tangxiaozhuang |
| 110112105218 | 施园 | Shiyuan |
| 110112105219 | 里二泗 | Li'ersi |
| 110112105220 | 烧酒巷 | Shaojiuxiang |
| 110112105221 | 瓜厂 | Guachang |
| 110112105222 | 马营 | Maying |
| 110112105223 | 何各庄 | Hegezhuang |
| 110112105224 | 牌楼营 | Pailouying |
| 110112105225 | 齐善庄 | Qishanzhuang |
| 110112105226 | 南姚园 | Nanyaoyuan |
| 110112105227 | 大辛庄 | Daxinzhuang |
| 110112105228 | 枣林庄 | Zaolinzhuang |
| 110112105229 | 姚辛庄 | Yaoxinzhuang |
| 110112105230 | 中街 | Zhongjie |
| 110112105231 | 前街 | Qianjie |
| 110112105232 | 后街 | Houjie |
| 110112105233 | 苍头 | Cangtou |
| 110112105234 | 十里庄 | Shilizhuang |
| 110112105235 | 南火垡 | Nanhuofa |
| 110112105236 | 三间房 | Sanjianfang |
| 110112105237 | 样田 | Yangtian |
| 110112105238 | 垡头 | Fatou |
| 110112105239 | 陆辛庄 | Luxinzhuang |
| 110112105240 | 北大化 | Bei Dahua |
| 110112105241 | 大北关 | Da Beiguan |
| 110112105242 | 小北关 | Xiao Beiguan |
| 110112105243 | 南大化 | Nan Dahua |
| 110112105244 | 柳营 | Liuying |
| 110112105245 | 高营 | Gaoying |
| 110112105246 | 坨堤 | Tuodi |
| 110112105247 | 西永和屯 | Xi Yonghetun |
| 110112105248 | 东永和屯 | Dong Yonghetun |
| 110112105249 | 王各庄 | Wanggezhuang |
| 110112105250 | 苍上 | Cangshang |
| 110112105251 | 后坨 | Houtuo |
| 110112105252 | 后青山 | Hou Qingshan |
| 110112105253 | 前青山 | Qian Qingshan |
| 110112105254 | 后南关 | Hou Nanguan |
| 110112105255 | 前南关 | Qian Nanguan |
| 110112105256 | 北仪阁 | Beiyige |
| 110112105257 | 小耕垡 | Xiaogengfa |

## InfoBox

| Zhangjiawan Town 张家湾镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Grand Canal Forest Park at the north of the town, 2022 | |
| Zhangjiawan TownZhangjiawan Town | |
| Coordinates: 39°51′26″N 116°42′51″E / 39.85722°N 116.71417°E / 39.85722; 116.71417 | |
| Country | China |
| Municipality | Beijing |
| District | Tongzhou |
| Village-level Divisions | 57 villages |
| Area | |
| Total | 105.4 km2 (40.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 127,992 |
| Density | 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 101104 |
| Area code | 010 |


title: National Public Administration Prize

abstract: The National Public Administration Prize forms part of the Mexican Honours System. It is, along with its corresponding Medal, the highest decoration that the country confers on its public servants for works that improve the functions of the nation's federal government.

text:
# National Public Administration Prize

The **National Public Administration Prize** (known in Spanish as the **Premio Nacional Administración Pública** or **PNAP**) forms part of the Mexican Honours System. It is, along with its corresponding Medal, the highest decoration that the country confers on its public servants for works that improve the functions of the nation's federal government.

## History

The Prize was established by decree of President José López Portillo following an Act of the Mexican Congress in 1980 and is governed by the country's federal law on awards. Since then, it has been Mexico's highest recognition to civil servants that have contributed substantially to improve federal services.

## Classes

The classes are :

1. *1er Grado* ("1st Class"), with gold medal;
2. *2ndo Grado* ("2nd Class"), with silver medal;
3. *3er Grado* ("3rd Class"), with bronze medal.

Recipients of all grades receive a diploma, a lump sum determined annually by the President of Mexico, and have their names recorded on the Prize's Book of Honor.

## Design

As of the XXXIII award, all three classes of the medal feature the Coat of arms of Mexico engraved on the obverse and the grade, year and name of the serving President of Mexico on the reverse.

## Award Criteria

Award of the Prize is outlined by Mexico's *Norma para otorgar el Premio Nacional de Administración Pública*. Presently, the jury is presided by the head of Mexico's Ministry of Public Administration and is composed of representatives from the Office of the President and the National Institute of Public Administration.

The evaluating committee invites academics and specialized researchers from the country's higher education institutions to evaluate the works submitted by the public servants. In the 2013 edition, the institutions that participated in this process were the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), the Latin American Social Sciences Institute (FLACSO), the Universidad Iberoamericana (UIA) and the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM).

The invitation to participate is issued by each of the government ministries in July of each year, with works due by the last day of August. The Prize is traditionally awarded 5 December to commemorate the signing of the first charter of federal workers, but it has also been awarded on different dates, notably the 2013 edition.

## Recipients

A complete list of winners can be found at the Public Administration Ministry's website:Participantes ganadores del PNAP

The most recent winners have been:

## Additional Sources

## InfoBox

| National Public Administration Prize | |
| --- | --- |
| 1st Class medal box of the XXXIII edition | |
| Type | 3-grade state decoration |
| Awarded for | Improvement and innovation in government services |
| Presented by | Mexico |
| Eligibility | Mexican Civil Servants |
| Status | Currently awarded |
| Established | 1980 |
| First awarded | Lázaro Barajas Gutiérrez |
| Last awarded | Alfonso de Alba Aguayo |
| Total | 33 of each of three classes |
| Website | http://www.usp.funcionpublica.gob.mx/PNAP/ |
|  | |
| Obverse of the 1st Class medal awarded in the XXXIII edition to Alfonso de Alba | |
|  | |


abstract: The National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration is a deputy-cabinet level agency directly under the State Council of China. It is the national ombudsman office of the People's Republic of China. The office has its roots in the Bureau of Letters and Calls, founded in 1977 under the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). A State Council equivalent was established in 1980, and both offices were merged in 1986. Further reforms led to the establishment of the National Bureau of Letters and Calls in 2000, which assumed its current name in 2016. The office is responsible for hearing public complaints and proposals against various levels of government agencies nationwide. It is under the leadership of the Social Work Department of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee since March 2023. The current director of NPCPA is Li Wenzhang, one of the Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council.

text:
# National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration

The **National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration** (Chinese: 国家信访局) is a deputy-cabinet level agency directly under the State Council of China. It is the national ombudsman office of the People's Republic of China.

The office has its roots in the Bureau of Letters and Calls, founded in 1977 under the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). A State Council equivalent was established in 1980, and both offices were merged in 1986. Further reforms led to the establishment of the National Bureau of Letters and Calls in 2000, which assumed its current name in 2016.

The office is responsible for hearing public complaints and proposals against various levels of government agencies nationwide. It is under the leadership of the Social Work Department of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee since March 2023. The current director of NPCPA is Li Wenzhang, one of the Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council.

## History

In 1977, the Bureau of Letters and Calls (Chinese: 中央办公厅信访局) was founded under the CCP General Office in order to overhaul the petitioning system of China. This was followed by the establishment of the Bureau of Letters and Calls of the General Office of the State Council (Chinese: 国务院办公厅信访局) in 1980. In 1986, both offices were merged, and further reforms led to the creation of the National Bureau of Letters and Calls in 2000, which was renamed to the National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration in English in 2016.

In 2023, the Administration was placed directly under the State Council, previously being subordinate to its General Office. It was also placed under the "unified leadership" of the newly-established Social Work Department of the CCP.

## Functions

The National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration is the main petitioning office of China, responsible for hearing public complaints and proposals against various levels of government agencies nationwide. In addition to the national level, the agency includes provincial, city and county-level offices.

## Leadership

### Directors

| Name | Chinese name | Took office | Left office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Zhou Zhanshun | 周占顺 | July 2000 | February 2004 |
| Wang Xuejun | 王学军 | February 2004 | March 2013 |
| Shu Xiaoqin | 舒晓琴 | April 2013 | April 2020 |
| Li Wenzhang | 李文章 | 9 April 2020 | *Incumbent* |

## InfoBox

National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration
| 国家信访局
*Guójiā Xìnfǎngjú* | |
| --- | --- |
|
Headquarters of the Bureau | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 13 February 2000 |
| Headquarters | Xicheng, Beijing, China |
| Agency executive |  |
| Parent agency | State Council |
| Website | www.gjxfj.gov.cn |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, Montana. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, Montana

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, Montana**. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Listings county-wide

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Beaverhead Rock-Lewis and Clark Expedition |  | February 11, 1970
(#70000359) | About 14 miles northeast of Dillon
45°23′18″N 112°27′29″W / 45.388333°N 112.458056°W / 45.388333; -112.458056 (Beaverhead Rock-Lewis and Clark Expedition) | Dillon |  |
| 2 | Dr. Don L. Byam House |  | March 1, 2002
(#02000103) | Main St.
45°18′27″N 111°58′04″W / 45.3075°N 111.967778°W / 45.3075; -111.967778 (Dr. Don L. Byam House) | Nevada City |  |
| 3 | Christ Episcopal Church and Rectory |  | January 22, 1987
(#86003672) | 304 S. Main St.
45°27′13″N 112°11′45″W / 45.453611°N 112.195833°W / 45.453611; -112.195833 (Christ Episcopal Church and Rectory) | Sheridan |  |
| 4 | Doncaster Round Barn |  | April 14, 2015
(#15000150) | Riverside Dr.
45°34′12″N 112°18′49″W / 45.570118°N 112.313718°W / 45.570118; -112.313718 (Doncaster Round Barn) | Twin Bridges vicinity |  |
| 5 | Ferris-Hermsmeyer-Fenton Ranch |  | January 9, 2008
(#07001364) | 144 Duncan District Rd.
45°26′59″N 112°14′03″W / 45.4498°N 112.2341°W / 45.4498; -112.2341 (Ferris-Hermsmeyer-Fenton Ranch) | Sheridan | Ranch established by Jane Ferris, a widow, in 1872. |
| 6 | Finney House |  | March 1, 2002
(#02000104) | Junction of Main and California Sts.
45°18′28″N 111°58′05″W / 45.307778°N 111.968056°W / 45.307778; -111.968056 (Finney House) | Nevada City |  |
| 7 | Hutchins Bridge |  | March 18, 1999
(#99000344) | across the Madison River
44°53′19″N 111°34′50″W / 44.888738°N 111.580618°W / 44.888738; -111.580618 (Hutchins Bridge) | Cameron vicinity | Triple-span Pratt through truss bridge built in 1902. |
| 8 | Madison County Fairgrounds |  | August 3, 1984
(#84002500) | Montana Highway 41
45°32′31″N 112°20′08″W / 45.541944°N 112.335556°W / 45.541944; -112.335556 (Madison County Fairgrounds) | Twin Bridges |  |
| 9 | William O'Brien House |  | October 23, 1986
(#86002933) | 114 E. Poppleton
45°27′16″N 112°11′40″W / 45.454444°N 112.194444°W / 45.454444; -112.194444 (William O'Brien House) | Sheridan |  |
| 10 | Pony Historic District |  | August 4, 1987
(#87001264) | Community of Pony, southwest of Harrison
45°39′25″N 111°53′50″W / 45.656944°N 111.897222°W / 45.656944; -111.897222 (Pony Historic District) | Pony |  |
| 11 | Powder House |  | August 3, 1987
(#87001266) | ½ mile southeast of Pony on Potosi Rd.
45°39′22″N 111°52′33″W / 45.656111°N 111.875833°W / 45.656111; -111.875833 (Powder House) | Pony |  |
| 12 | Robbers Roost |  | January 1, 1976
(#76001124) | 5 miles north of Alder at Montana Highway 387A
45°23′33″N 112°08′49″W / 45.3925°N 112.146944°W / 45.3925; -112.146944 (Robbers Roost) | Alder |  |
| 13 | H.D. Rossiter Building |  | March 7, 1994
(#94000138) | 115 S. Main St.
45°27′21″N 112°11′46″W / 45.455833°N 112.196111°W / 45.455833; -112.196111 (H.D. Rossiter Building) | Sheridan |  |
| 14 | Saint Mary of the Assumption |  | October 24, 1985
(#85003380) | Off Montana Highway 287
45°21′15″N 112°07′15″W / 45.354167°N 112.120833°W / 45.354167; -112.120833 (Saint Mary of the Assumption) | Laurin |  |
| 15 | Strawberry Mine Historic District |  | August 4, 1987
(#87001265) | Roughly bounded by Strawberry Ridge, Pony Rd., and Pony Creek
45°39′50″N 111°56′14″W / 45.663889°N 111.937222°W / 45.663889; -111.937222 (Strawberry Mine Historic District) | Pony |  |
| 16 | Thexton Ranch |  | May 12, 2006
(#06000426) | 335 Varney Rd.
45°16′53″N 111°45′44″W / 45.28132°N 111.76214°W / 45.28132; -111.76214 (Thexton Ranch) | Ennis |  |
| 17 | Union City |  | February 26, 1999
(#99000261) | Southeast of Virginia City
45°12′30″N 111°56′03″W / 45.208333°N 111.934167°W / 45.208333; -111.934167 (Union City) | Virginia City | An abandoned mining camp |
| 18 | Virginia City Historic District |  | October 15, 1966
(#66000435) | Wallace St.
45°17′27″N 111°56′35″W / 45.290833°N 111.943056°W / 45.290833; -111.943056 (Virginia City Historic District) | Virginia City |  |