title: Wu Xiuquan

abstract: Wu Xiuquan was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, military officer, and diplomat. He studied in the Soviet Union, enlisted in the Chinese Red Army, and participated in the Long March. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, China's first ambassador to Yugoslavia, and Vice Minister of the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party. After being imprisoned for eight years during the Cultural Revolution, Wu was appointed Deputy Chief of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department in 1975 and later served as vice president of the special court that tried and convicted the Gang of Four and the Lin Biao clique of numerous crimes during the Cultural Revolution.

text:
# Wu Xiuquan

| Wu Xiuquan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 伍修權 |
| Simplified Chinese | 伍修权 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wǔ Xiūquán  Wade–Giles Wu3 Hsiu1-ch'üan2  IPA \[ù ɕjóʊ.tɕʰwǎn\] | |
|  | |

**Wu Xiuquan** (Chinese: 伍修权; Wade–Giles: ***Wu Hsiu-ch'üan***; 6 March 1908 – 9 November 1997) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, military officer, and diplomat. He studied in the Soviet Union, enlisted in the Chinese Red Army, and participated in the Long March. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, China's first ambassador to Yugoslavia, and Vice Minister of the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party. After being imprisoned for eight years during the Cultural Revolution, Wu was appointed Deputy Chief of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department in 1975 and later served as vice president of the special court that tried and convicted the Gang of Four and the Lin Biao clique of numerous crimes during the Cultural Revolution.

## Early life and education

Wu was born on 6 March 1908 in Wuchang, Hubei, toward the end of the Qing dynasty, with his ancestral home in Yangxin County. While studying at Wuhan Middle School, he was active in the student movement and became a member of the Socialist Youth League of China under the influence of Chen Tanqiu and Dong Biwu.

In October 1925, he was sent to the Soviet Union to study international politics at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. After the 1927 Shanghai massacre, the Chinese Communist Party established its own military force, and Wu transferred to Moscow Infantry School to receive military training. He worked in the Russian Far East after 1929.

## Wartime career

Wu returned to China in May 1931, when the Communist movement was at its nadir. He enlisted in the Red Army and participated in the Long March. At the crucial Zunyi Conference in 1935, Wu served as the interpreter for the Comintern advisor Otto Braun (Li De), but opposed Braun and supported Mao Zedong's strategy, unlike other returnees from the Soviet Union who supported Comintern's orthodox line.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Wu was appointed head of the Eighth Route Army's Lanzhou office, which he developed into a hub for receiving and transporting military aid from the Soviet Union for China's war effort. After the surrender of Japan at the end the war, Wu was appointed Chief of Staff of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in the formerly Japanese-occupied Northeast China. He became Chairman of the Shenyang Military Control Commission after the PLA seized the city in November 1948, and a member of the Northeast People's Government when it was founded in August 1949.

## Early People's Republic of China

When the People's Republic of China was founded in October 1949, Wu was appointed head of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Department of the Foreign Ministry and accompanied Mao Zedong on his visit to the Soviet Union in January 1950. In November 1950, Wu attended a United Nations Security Council meeting as the PRC representative. He made a long speech condemning the United States for its "armed aggression" in Taiwan and "armed intervention" in the Korean War, and called for the UN to demand the withdrawal of U.S. forces from both Taiwan and Korea.

In 1951, Wu was promoted to Vice Foreign Minister of the PRC. In March 1953, he visited Moscow again, as a member of the Chinese delegation led by Premier Zhou Enlai, to attend the funeral of Joseph Stalin.

In September 1954, Wu was elected a member of the Sichuan delegation to the 1st National People's Congress. In March 1955, he was appointed the PRC's first ambassador to Yugoslavia. He was elected a member of the 8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in 1956. In 1958, he attended the Seventh Congress of Yugoslavian Communist Party, after which Sino-Yugoslavian relations almost broke because China harshly criticized Yugoslavia for its disobedience against Soviet Union. From October 1958 to April 1967, he served as Vice Minister of the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party. In December 1962 and January 1963, Wu visited Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and East Germany to attend each country's party congresses, the last of which attended by Khrushchev. Wu exchanged fierce remarks with local communists and meanwhile, the Sino-Soviet dispute worsened.

## Cultural Revolution and aftermath

During the Cultural Revolution, Wu resisted Kang Sheng's attempt to persecute the senior leader Wang Jiaxiang. On 8 April 1967, after he posted a big-character poster condemning the chaos created by the radicals at the International Liaison Department, Kang Sheng and Lin Biao arrested Wu as a foreign spy and imprisoned him for eight years.

In April 1975, Marshal Ye Jianying worked to rehabilitate Wu and appointed him Deputy Chief of the PLA General Staff Department. After the end of the Cultural Revolution, Wu was appointed vice president of the special court for the trials of the Gang of Four and the Lin Biao clique. He presided over 16 trials and participated in 14 others. He was elected a member of the 11th Central Committee and a standing committee member of the 12th and 13th Central Advisory Commission. He was also a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

In October 1979, Wu became the founding chairman of the newly established Beijing Institute for International Strategic Studies, which in October 1992 was renamed the China Institute for International Strategic Studies (CIISS).

Wu published several memoirs, including *My Life's Journey*, *Reminiscences of Wu Xiuquan*, and *Eight Years in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs*.

On 9 November 1997, Wu died in Beijing at the age of 89.

## Family

Wu had four daughters and a son with his first wife. After her death, Wu married Xu He (徐和) in 1948 in Dalian, and she gave birth to another daughter. Xu He was the third of five children of the educator Xu Yibing. Xu Chi, a renowned writer, and Xu Shunshou, a founder of China's aircraft manufacturing industry, were Wu's brothers-in-law.

## InfoBox

| Wu Xiuquan | |
| --- | --- |
| 伍修权 | |
| Wu in 1946 | |
|  | |
| Chinese Ambassador to Yugoslavia | |
| **In office**
26 February 1955  1 September 1958 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | *Chargé d'affaires* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1908-03-06)6 March 1908
Wuchang, Hubei, Qing China |
| Died | 3 November 1997(1997-11-03) (aged 89)
Beijing, China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Spouse | Xu He |
| Alma mater | Moscow Sun Yat-sen University |
|  | |


title: Exalphus simplex

abstract: Exalphus simplex is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1998.

text:
# Exalphus simplex

***Exalphus simplex*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1998.

## InfoBox

| *Exalphus simplex* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Exalphus* |
| Species: | ***E. simplex*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Exalphus simplex***<br>(Galileo & Martins, 1998) | |
|


title: Maraq (dish)

abstract: Maraq is a Yemeni dish. It originated in Yemen. This dish is also found in Somalia, Oman and Indonesia.

text:
# Maraq (dish)

***Maraq*** (Arabic: مرق) is a Yemeni dish. It originated in Yemen. This dish is also found in Somalia, Oman and Indonesia.

## Etymology

The word itself simply means "broth" in Arabic.

## Preparation

The process of cooking *maraq* would usually begin by boiling some meat with some spices and onions. After the meat is tender and cooked, it is served on a bed of rice. The resulting *maraq* broth would be served in a bowl on the side. It is also common to squeeze fresh lime into the *maraq* as it cools down for additional flavor. *Maraq* can also be found in Somalia, Ethiopia, Oman, Yemen and other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region. It can also be found in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

Maraq
| Alternative names | *Marak* |
| --- | --- |
| Course | Lunch or dinner |
| Place of origin | Yemen |
| Region or state | East Africa/Arabian Peninsula/Southeast Asia |
| Main ingredients | Lamb, chicken, seafood, water, spices |


title: P.S. Burn This Letter Please

abstract: P.S. Burn This Letter Please is a 2020 documentary film about gay life in New York City among 1950s drag queens. The title is taken verbatim from a letter recounting the autumn 1958 theft of 33 luxurious wigs from the Metropolitan Opera House. The film is based on a trove of correspondence found in a storage unit in 2014, and includes archival footage of cross-dressing balls.

text:
# P.S. Burn This Letter Please

***P.S. Burn This Letter Please*** is a 2020 documentary film about gay life in New York City among 1950s drag queens. The title is taken verbatim from a letter recounting the autumn 1958 theft of 33 luxurious wigs from the Metropolitan Opera House. The film is based on a trove of correspondence found in a storage unit in 2014, and includes archival footage of cross-dressing balls.

## InfoBox

| P.S. Burn This Letter Please | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Michael Seligman
Jennifer Tiexiera |
| Screenplay by | Michael Seligman
Jennifer Tiexiera |
| Based on | Correspondence among 1950s drag queens |
| Produced by | Michael Seligman
Jennifer Tiexiera
Craig Olsen |
| Cinematography | Zachary Shields |
| Edited by | Jennifer Tiexiera
Alex Bohs |
| Music by | Jonathan Kirkscey |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 106 minutes |
| Country | United States |


title: Potters Bar War Memorial

abstract: Potters Bar war memorial is located in St John's Churchyard in High Street, Potters Bar, England. The memorial was designed by the Arts and Crafts architect and designer C.F.A. Voysey and originally stood at the junction of Hatfield Road and The Causeway. It has been Grade II listed on the National Heritage List for England since it was moved to its present location in December 1973. Voysey's only other free standing war memorial, the Malvern Wells War Memorial, was erected in 1920 in Malvern Wells in Worcestershire. The memorial is on the site of the former St. John's Church which was replaced by St. Mary's Church, The Walk, in 1915 after St. John's became dilapidated.

text:
# Potters Bar War Memorial

**Potters Bar war memorial** is located in St John's Churchyard in High Street, Potters Bar, England. The memorial was designed by the Arts and Crafts architect and designer C.F.A. Voysey and originally stood at the junction of Hatfield Road and The Causeway. It has been Grade II listed on the National Heritage List for England since it was moved to its present location in December 1973. Voysey's only other free standing war memorial, the Malvern Wells War Memorial, was erected in 1920 in Malvern Wells in Worcestershire.

The memorial is on the site of the former St. John's Church which was replaced by St. Mary's Church, The Walk, in 1915 after St. John's became dilapidated.

51°41′43″N 0°10′34″W / 51.69538°N 0.17615°W / 51.69538; -0.17615


title: Prabhadevi

abstract: Prabhadevi is a small up-scale southern neighbourhood of Mumbai, situated between Dadar to the north, Worli to the south and the Arabian Sea to the west. The area derives its name from the 300-year-old Prabhavati temple located in the locality. Prabhadevi starts at Sayani Road Junction and ends at Babasaheb Worlikar Chowk.

text:
# Prabhadevi

**Prabhadevi** (Pronunciation: \[pɾəbʱaːd̪eʋiː\]) is a small up-scale southern neighbourhood of Mumbai, situated between Dadar to the north, Worli to the south and the Arabian Sea to the west. The area derives its name from the 300-year-old Prabhavati temple located in the locality. Prabhadevi starts at Sayani Road Junction and ends at Babasaheb Worlikar Chowk.

## Landmarks

**Prabhadevi** is largely a residential area, consisting mostly of newly built apartments and high rises.

One of Prabhadevi's most important landmarks is Siddhivinayak Temple, which attracts thousands of devotees every day, Tuesday being the main day of prayer.

## Transportation

Numerous BEST buses ply in the Prabhadevi region. Prabhadevi is not directly served by the local train; the nearest station is Prabhadevi on the Western line and Parel on the Central line; which was previously known as Parel-Elphinstone Road railway station. Prabhadevi is excellently connected to Bandra via the Bandra-Worli Sea Link, facilitating easy travel to neighboring regions.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| **Prabhadevi** | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| Skyline of Prabhadevi | |
| **Prabhadevi**Location within Mumbai | |
| Coordinates: 19°01′00″N 72°49′46″E / 19.0166°N 72.8295°E / 19.0166; 72.8295 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Mumbai City |
| City | Mumbai |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipal Corporation |
| Body | Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (MCGM) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 400025 |
| Area code | 022 |
| Vehicle registration | MH 01 |
| Civic agency | BMC |


title: Portland NORML

abstract: Portland NORML is the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) affiliate for Portland, Oregon, in the United States. The chapter was established in January 2015 by Portland-based radio host and cannabis activist Russ Belville. Scott Gordon serves as its executive director. In 2015, Portland NORML organized the Burnside Burn in celebration of the legalization of recreational marijuana use in Oregon. In 2016, Portland NORML treasurer, Randy Quast was appointed interim director of national NORML, replacing outgoing director Allen St. Pierre.

text:
# Portland NORML

**Portland NORML** is the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) affiliate for Portland, Oregon, in the United States. The chapter was established in January 2015 by Portland-based radio host and cannabis activist Russ Belville. Scott Gordon serves as its executive director.

In 2015, Portland NORML organized the Burnside Burn in celebration of the legalization of recreational marijuana use in Oregon.

In 2016, Portland NORML treasurer, Randy Quast was appointed interim director of national NORML, replacing outgoing director Allen St. Pierre.

## InfoBox

Portland NORML
|
|  |
|
| Location |  |
| Executive Director | Scott Gordon |
| Parent organization | National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) |
| Website | portlandnorml.org |


title: Port Lincoln railway station

abstract: Port Lincoln railway station is located on the Eyre Peninsula Railway in the South Australian city of Port Lincoln.

text:
# Port Lincoln railway station

**Port Lincoln railway station** is located on the Eyre Peninsula Railway in the South Australian city of Port Lincoln.

## History

The original Port Lincoln station opened in 1908 with a timber building. It was replaced by a two-storey stone and reinforced concrete building in 1927. As well as serving as the South Australian Railways' Eyre Peninsula Railway divisional headquarters, the Adelaide Steamship Company had an office and waiting room within the station. The station closed in 1968 with the cessation of passenger services. It was added to the South Australian Heritage Register in 1993.

## Current use of building

The Eyre Peninsula Railway Preservation Society opened in September 1999 on the ground floor with the freight shed opening as an extension in December 2004. It does have some former South Australian Railways and Coffin Bay Tramway wagons as well as an 830 class locomotive, number 850.

Media related to Port Lincoln railway station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Port Lincoln | |
| --- | --- |
| Port Lincoln station in August 2005 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Railway Place, Port Lincoln |
| Coordinates | 34°43′27″S 135°52′02″E / 34.7242°S 135.8671°E / -34.7242; 135.8671 |
| Owned by | Department of Planning, Transport & Infrastructure |
| Operated by | South Australian Railways |
| Line(s) | Eyre Peninsula Railway |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Closed |
| History | |
| Opened | 1908 |
| Closed | 1968 |
| Rebuilt | 1927 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Poznań Aviation Circle Motyl

abstract: The Motyl was an early Polish glider constructed by the Poznań Aviation Circle of the Heavy machinery School under the supervision of Michal Bohattrew. The Motyl was entered in the Second Polish Glider Contest, held in 1925, at Oksywie near Gdynia on the Baltic coast, with contest number 20, piloted by Gorzke. The Motyl had a span of 10m, length of 6.7 m (22 ft), wing area of 17m⁲ (183 ft⁲) and an aspect ratio of 5.9 with a plywood covered rectangular section fuselage. Little is known of its achievements or detail of the structure.

text:
# Poznań Aviation Circle Motyl

The **Motyl** (Polish: "Butterfly") was an early Polish glider constructed by the Poznań Aviation Circle of the Heavy machinery School under the supervision of Michal Bohattrew. The Motyl was entered in the Second Polish Glider Contest, held in 1925, at Oksywie near Gdynia on the Baltic coast, with contest number 20, piloted by Gorzke. The Motyl had a span of 10m (32 ft 9¾in), length of 6.7 m (22 ft), wing area of 17m2 (183 ft2) and an aspect ratio of 5.9 with a plywood covered rectangular section fuselage. Little is known of its achievements or detail of the structure.

* Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. Studio Editions: London. p. 29
* Cynk, Jerzy B.. “Polish Aircraft 1893 – 1939”. London, Putnam. 1971. ISBN 0-370-00085-4


abstract: Íñigo López de Mendoza y Mendoza was the 5th Duke of the Infantado from 1566 until his death in 1601. He was the son of Diego Hurtado De Mendoza Y Aragón, who predeceased his father Íñigo López de Mendoza, 4th Duke of the Infantado.

text:
# Íñigo López de Mendoza y Mendoza, 5th Duke of the Infantado

**Íñigo López de Mendoza y Mendoza** (b. 1536 - d. 1601) was the 5th Duke of the Infantado from 1566 until his death in 1601.

He was the son of Diego Hurtado De Mendoza Y Aragón, who predeceased his father Íñigo López de Mendoza, 4th Duke of the Infantado.

## Biography

A favorite of Philip II of Spain, Íñigo accompanied the king to England for his marriage with Mary Tudor in 1556. As a big patron of the art's, and due to his perpetual, but friendly competition with the king, Íñigo boasted that his palace was every bit as splendid as El Escorial, hiring some of the same painters to paint its walls and ceilings. The remodeling of the palace was carried out by Acacio de Orejón on the orders of Íñigo.

Íñigo later hosted the king's marriage to Elisabeth of Valois at his palace in Guadalajara in 1560.

## Descendants

In 1552 he married Luisa Enriquez de Cabrera, and together they had 3 daughters.

He married his eldest daughter and successor, Ana de Mendoza y Enríquez de Cabrera (1554-1633) with his brother, Rodrigo de Mendoza so as to avoid problems over succession of the Dukedom.

His two other daughters

* Los Mendoza
* The information on this page was mostly translated from its Spanish equivalent.


title: Melbourne Magistrates' Court

abstract: The Melbourne Magistrates' Court is the largest venue at which the Magistrates' Court of Victoria sits. It is a court in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia that deals with, and dispenses of, a range of criminal and civil matters, including criminal prosecutions, money claims and disputes up to $100,000, and family violence and family law proceedings.

text:
# Melbourne Magistrates' Court

The **Melbourne Magistrates' Court** is the largest venue at which the Magistrates' Court of Victoria sits. It is a court in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia that deals with, and dispenses of, a range of criminal and civil matters, including criminal prosecutions, money claims and disputes up to $100,000, and family violence and family law proceedings.

## Current Location – William and Lonsdale Street Building

In 1995, the Melbourne Magistrates Court was relocated to 233 William Street, Melbourne which it remains to date. The building is divided into eight floors, the first six of which are accessible to the public. Court hours are 9:00am through 4:30pm, with a one hour lunch break between 1:00pm to 2:00pm. The court is also open on weekends and after hours for limited urgent police matters.

### Floors

Ground Floor – Upon passing through security, the ground floor hosts 2 of the largest courtrooms in the building, often used to hear matters featuring accused persons in custody. The ground floor also features a General Enquiries counter.

* First Floor – Intervention order counter and waiting room.
* Second Floor – Multiple registries and counters for different court matters, including civil and criminal registry, and committal and diversion coordinator.
* Third Floor – Courts 3 to 10 inclusive; hundreds of criminal cases heard daily.
* Fourth Floor – Various specialist courtrooms and Court Integrated Services Programme registry.
* Fifth Floor – Multiple courtrooms generally reserved for civil matters and miscellaneous prosecutions.
* Sixth Floor – Variety of courtrooms, including Courtroom 27 which is host to intervention order applications Monday through Friday.

### Melbourne Custody Centre

A battery of police cells are situated on floors beneath the court building. Limited public access is allowed only by appointment. Legal practitioners are permitted to speak with persons being held in custody.

### Travel Directions

* Tram – Tram stop outside front of building on Williams Street, route 58 Toorak to West Coburg.
* Train – Short walk from Flagstaff Station.
* Bus – Bus stop on corner of William and Lonsdale Street.
* Parking – Metered street parking and various multi-level carparks nearby. No visitor parking on premises.

### Visitor Recommendations

Visitors and parties are advised to arrive well in advance of their scheduled court time, to allow for delays proceeding through security and to account for elevator wait-time. Visitors are expected to surrender all loose items and bags to an x-ray scan, and pass their bodies through a metal detector upon entry. Bathrooms are located on all floors – caution recommended for those located on the busier floors (i.e. 1 and 3). The Court often takes a lunch break between 1:00pm to 2:00pm. Wait-times are a regular criticism, as a case may be called at any time between 9:00am to 4:30pm, reading materials are recommended. The court features 4 busy elevators commonly ferrying visitors among the multiple floors, along with a stairwell. Smoking is not permitted in the stairwell, or anywhere else inside or within 5 metres of the building – ash-trays are located on public bins along William Street. Public water fountains and vending machines situated on each floor.

## History – Former buildings

Although the current court was established by the *Magistrates' Court Act 1989* (Victoria), Victoria has had magistrates since 1836, when the people of Melbourne elected an arbitrator of the city to resolve minor disputes. Captain William Lonsdale, a police magistrate, was appointed in 1836 and the first case was heard at a location near the present site of Southern Cross station.

In 1838, a third court, the Court of Petty Sessions was created. By 1890, all three types of courts were held at 235 locations throughout Victoria.

On 20 January 1914, the new City Court was opened at Russell Street in Melbourne and Phillip Blashki JP was the first Chairman of the City Court Bench. The then Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin, presented Blashki with an illuminated address signed by 30 of the court's solicitors when he retired, aged 70.

### La Trobe and Russell Street buildings

On January 20, 1914, three courts were opened on the corners of LaTrobe and Russell streets: the City Court, the District Court, and a third Emergency Court. A feature of the District Court is a wooden canopy over the seat upon which the Magistrate sits. This canopy was taken from old Supreme Court which had originally been located at the site.

The Court relocated to its current address on William Street in 1995. Since then, the Old Magistrates' Court Building has been annexed as part of RMIT University, as Building 20, and is used for lectures.

37°48′48″S 144°57′23″E / 37.813365°S 144.956403°E / -37.813365; 144.956403


abstract: The Schnaittach Valley Railway is a single-tracked, branch line in the Bavarian province of Middle Franconia in southern Germany. It branches off at Neunkirchen am Sand from the Nuremberg–Cheb railway and runs from there in a northerly direction through the valley of the Schnaittach to its terminal station at Simmelsdorf-Hüttenbach.

text:
# Neunkirchen am Sand–Simmelsdorf-Hüttenbach railway

The **Schnaittach Valley Railway** (German: ***Schnaittachtalbahn***) is a single-tracked, branch line in the Bavarian province of Middle Franconia in southern Germany. It branches off at Neunkirchen am Sand from the Nuremberg–Cheb railway and runs from there in a northerly direction through the valley of the Schnaittach to its terminal station at Simmelsdorf-Hüttenbach.

## History

The stub line was opened on 5 December 1895, after connexion of Schnaittach to the railway line from Nuremberg to Bayreuth was dropped in favour a route through the Pegnitz Valley. An extension to the village of Betzenstein 12 km away was never established due to disagreements over the course of the line and the outbreak of the First World War. Train crossings took place in the former station of *Schnaittach Markt*.

Since 27 September 1987 the line has been integrated into the Greater Nuremberg Transport Network (VGN) and has been given a line number of *R31*.

## Operations

Since 15 September 2008 the line has been worked exclusively by Class 648 diesel multiple units these having gradually replaced earlier stock in anticipation of the introduction of DB Regio Mittelfranken's Middle Franconian Railway after the 2008/2009 timetable change. Since 14 December 2008 an hourly services has been implemented; in addition all trains runs through to Nuremberg. Previously Class 614 diesel multiples and operated along with school trains comprising Class 218-hauled Silberling coaches.

## Future

With the planned electrification of the Nuremberg Cheb railway there are plans to likewise electrify this branch line and include it into the Nuremberg S-Bahn network.

1. "S-Bahn-Ausbau - Bahnausbau Nordostbayern". *www.bahnausbau-nordostbayern.de*. Archived from the original on 2020-06-04.

## InfoBox

| Neunkirchen am Sand–Simmelsdorf-Hüttenbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Line number | 5925 |
| Service | |
| Route number | 891.3 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 9.8 km (6.1 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |
| Route map | |


title: Wuzhoulong

abstract: Wuzhoulong Motors is a bus and coaches manufacturer in Shenzhen, China. Founded in 2000, it has divisions in Chongqing, Shenyang and Guangdong. Wuzhoulong has the capacity to manufacture up to 30,000 buses annually, with 5,000 employees. The company produces buses with plug-in electric, hybrid and combustion engines. In October 2002, China's first hybrid bus prototype "China No. 1" was successfully developed by Fidelity Enterprises Group. In December 2003, Zhang Jingxin moved the Fidelity Enterprise Group from Jieyang to Shenzhen and registered it as Shenzhen Wuzhoulong Automobile Co., Ltd. In November 2005, with the special permission of the Shenzhen Municipal Government, seven Wuzhoulong hybrid buses were put into operation in Pingshan, Longgang District, Shenzhen, marking the beginning of the commercial demonstration operation of new energy vehicles in China. In August 2011, during the 26th Universiade, Shenzhen launched 2,011 new energy vehicles of various types, of which Wuzhoulong Company launched 1,511 vehicles, accounting for 75% of the total.

text:
# Wuzhoulong

**Wuzhoulong Motors** is a bus and coaches manufacturer in Shenzhen, China. Founded in 2000, it has divisions in Chongqing, Shenyang and Guangdong. Wuzhoulong has the capacity to manufacture up to 30,000 buses annually, with 5,000 employees. The company produces buses with plug-in electric, hybrid and combustion engines.

In October 2002, China's first hybrid bus prototype "China No. 1" was successfully developed by Fidelity Enterprises Group.

In December 2003, Zhang Jingxin moved the Fidelity Enterprise Group from Jieyang to Shenzhen and registered it as Shenzhen Wuzhoulong Automobile Co., Ltd.

In November 2005, with the special permission of the Shenzhen Municipal Government, seven Wuzhoulong hybrid buses were put into operation in Pingshan, Longgang District, Shenzhen, marking the beginning of the commercial demonstration operation of new energy vehicles in China.

In August 2011, during the 26th Universiade, Shenzhen launched 2,011 new energy vehicles of various types, of which Wuzhoulong Company launched 1,511 vehicles, accounting for 75% of the total.

## Models

### City Buses

* Wuzhoulong Coaster Mini Bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG5140 City bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG6101CNG City bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG6101G City bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG6101HEVG City bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG6111HEVG City bus (Hybrid)
* Wuzhoulong FDG6111NG City bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG6113EVG City bus (Electric)
* Wuzhoulong FDG6115HEVG City bus (Hybrid)
* Wuzhoulong FDG6121G City bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG6121GC3 City bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG6128A CNG City bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG6751EVG City bus (Electric)
* Wuzhoulong FDG6801EVG City bus (Electric)
* Wuzhoulong FDG6910GC3 City bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG6921NG City bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG6951G City bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6100EVG City bus (Electric)
* Wuzhoulong WZL6100NG4 City bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6100PHEVGEG3 City bus (Electric)
* Wuzhoulong WZL6123NG4 City bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6123PHEVGEG4 City bus (Hybrid)
* Wuzhoulong WZL6731NGT4 City bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6780NGT4 City bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6848NGT4 City bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6870NG4 City bus

### Coaches

* Wuzhoulong FDG6110DC3 Coach
* Wuzhoulong FDG6110EC3 Coach
* Wuzhoulong FDG6116 Coach
* Wuzhoulong FDG6128 Coach
* Wuzhoulong FDG6128A CNG Coach
* Wuzhoulong FDG6701 Coach
* Wuzhoulong FDG6803 Coach
* Wuzhoulong FDG6810 Coach
* Wuzhoulong FDG6810C3-1 Coach
* Wuzhoulong FDG6860C3 Coach
* Wuzhoulong REAUFDG6128 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6110A4 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6110NA5 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6600AT3 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6661AT4 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6720AT3 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6820A4 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6820NA4 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6890A4 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6781AT4 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6781NAT4 Coach
* Wuzhoulong WZL6890NA4 Coach

### School buses

* Wuzhoulong WZL6601AT4-X School bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6661AT4-X School bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6740AT4-X School bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6800AT4-X School bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6930AT4-X School bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6661AT4-X School bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6930AT4-X School bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6990A4 School bus
* Wuzhoulong WZL6990AT4-X School bus

### Other

* Wuzhoulong FDG5105XTJ1 Medical bus
* Wuzhoulong FDG5140XTJ1 RV

## InfoBox

Wuzhoulong Motors
|
|  |
| Founded | 2000 |
| Headquarters | Shenzhen, China |
| Products | buses |
| Production output | 30,000 annually |
| Number of employees | 5,000 |
| Divisions | Shenyang Wuzhoulong New Energy Motors Co., Ltd.
Chongqing Wuzhoulong New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd.
Guangdong Wuzhoulong Power Technology Co., Ltd. |
| Website | http://www.wzlmotors.cn/ |


title: Exalphus malleri

abstract: Exalphus malleri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1955.

text:
# Exalphus malleri

***Exalphus malleri*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1955.

## InfoBox

| *Exalphus malleri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Exalphus* |
| Species: | ***E. malleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Exalphus malleri***<br>(Lane, 1955) | |
|


title: Maraq, Azerbaijan

abstract: Maraq is a village in the Goygol Rayon of Azerbaijan.

text:
# Maraq, Azerbaijan

40°38′52″N 46°07′46″E / 40.64778°N 46.12944°E / 40.64778; 46.12944

**Maraq** (also, **Mairik** and **Marak**) is a village in the Goygol Rayon of Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| Maraq | |
| --- | --- |
| Maraq | |
| Coordinates: 40°38′52″N 46°07′46″E / 40.64778°N 46.12944°E / 40.64778; 46.12944 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Goygol |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: P.S. 157

abstract: P.S. 157 is a historic school building located at 327 St. Nicholas Avenue between West 126th and West 127th Streets in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was built from 1896 to 1899 and was designed by C. B. J. Snyder in the Renaissance Revival style. It ceased being a school in 1975, and was converted to rental apartments in 1993.

text:
# P.S. 157

**P.S. 157** is a historic school building located at 327 St. Nicholas Avenue between West 126th and West 127th Streets in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was built from 1896 to 1899 and was designed by C. B. J. Snyder in the Renaissance Revival style. It ceased being a school in 1975, and was converted to rental apartments in 1993.

## History

P.S. 157  "P.S." stands for "Public School"  signified a philosophical change in school design from what the *Real Estate Record and Guide* described as a tradition of "the school life of a child as a grinding, manufacturing process to which the factory style of building is eminently suitable." In 1891 Snyder took over as chief architect for the city's schools from George Debevois, whose buildings the *Guide* called "warehouses" that were a "civic disgrace." Work on the school began in 1896, and it opened in 1899 to 1,974 students in 45 classrooms.

Unlike Debevois' "factories", P.S. 157's design is derived from French and Flemish civic architecture. The limestone, brick and terra cotta building features dormers and a red tile roof, and could pass for a group of row houses if it was smaller in scale.

The building functioned as a school until 1975, when it became vacant, and was subject to vandalism. The drive to rehabilitate the building and covert it into apartments for low- and middle-income families began in the late 1970s, led by New York state's Harlem Urban Development Corporation and the city's Department of Housing, Preservation and Development. Work began on the project c.1989 and was completed in 1993. The building now consists of 73 rental apartments, some of them rent stabilized, on five floors.

P.S. 157 was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 1982.

**Notes**

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| P.S. 157 | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| (2009) | |
|  | |
| Location | 327 St Nicholas Avenue<br>Harlem. New York City |
| Coordinates | 40°48′42″N 73°57′9″W / 40.81167°N 73.95250°W / 40.81167; -73.95250 |
| Built | 1896-99 |
| Architect | C. B. J. Snyder |
| Architectural style | Renaissance Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 82003387 |
| Added to NRHP | December 10, 1982 |


abstract: "Everything's Alright" is a song written by John D. Loudermilk and performed by The Newbeats. It reached #6 in Canada, #16 on the Billboard Hot 100, and #53 in Australia in 1964. The song was also released in the United Kingdom as a single, but it did not chart. The song was featured on their 1964 album, Bread & Butter. The song was re-released as the B-side to the group's 1972 single, "Love Gets Sweeter".

text:
# Everything's Alright (The Newbeats song)

"**Everything's Alright**" is a song written by John D. Loudermilk and performed by The Newbeats. It reached #6 in Canada, #16 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, and #53 in Australia in 1964. The song was also released in the United Kingdom as a single, but it did not chart. The song was featured on their 1964 album, *Bread & Butter*.

The song was re-released as the B-side to the group's 1972 single, "Love Gets Sweeter".

## InfoBox

| "Everything's Alright" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by The Newbeats | |
| from the album  *Bread & Butter* | |
| B-side | "Pink Dally Rue" |
| Released | August 1964 (CAN)
October 1964 (US)
November 1964 (UK) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 2:10 |
| Label | Hickory 1269 |
| Songwriter(s) | John D. Loudermilk |
| The Newbeats singles chronology | |
| "Bread and Butter"
(1964) "**Everything's Alright**"
(1964) "Break Away (from That Boy)"
(1965) | |


title: Eye of Sauron (disambiguation)

abstract:
The Eye of Sauron is the image most often associated with Sauron in The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. Eye of Sauron or Sauron's Eye may also refer to:
  - M 1-42, "Eye of Sauron" nebula, a planetary nebula with an eye-like appearance, nicknamed due to the similarity with the theatrical eye.
  - Helix Nebula, "Eye of Sauron", a planetary nebula with an eye-like appearance also called "The Eye of God"
  - HR 4796, "Sauron's Eye", a star system with a bright dust ring whose alignment appears similar to the theatrical eye, and thus nicknamed.
  - NGC 4151, "The Eye of Sauron", an intermediate spiral Seyfert galaxy, whose configuration appears similar to the theatrical eye, and thus nicknamed.
  - Fomalhaut, 18th-brightest star in Earth's sky, likewise surrounded by a debris ring, with its resulting telescopic appearance causing some to nickname it "Great Eye of Sauron"

text:
# Eye of Sauron (disambiguation)

The **Eye of Sauron** is the image most often associated with Sauron in *The Lord of the Rings* by J. R. R. Tolkien.

**Eye of Sauron** or **Sauron's Eye** may also refer to:

* M 1-42, "Eye of Sauron" nebula, a planetary nebula with an eye-like appearance, nicknamed due to the similarity with the theatrical eye.
* Helix Nebula, "Eye of Sauron", a planetary nebula with an eye-like appearance also called "The Eye of God"
* HR 4796, "Sauron's Eye", a star system with a bright dust ring whose alignment appears similar to the theatrical eye, and thus nicknamed.
* NGC 4151, "The Eye of Sauron", an intermediate spiral Seyfert galaxy, whose configuration appears similar to the theatrical eye, and thus nicknamed.
* Fomalhaut, 18th-brightest star in Earth's sky, likewise surrounded by a debris ring, with its resulting telescopic appearance causing some to nickname it "Great Eye of Sauron"


title: Ex Nihilo (comics)

abstract: Ex Nihilo is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

text:
# Ex Nihilo (comics)

**Ex Nihilo** is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

## Publication history

Ex Nihilo first appeared in *Avengers* vol. 5 #1 (December 2012) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña.

## Fictional character biography

Ex Nihilo was one of the Gardeners carried along with his sister Abyss as an egg by an Aleph (a species of robotic creatures created by the Builders). In accordance with their mission as creations of the Builders, Aleph taught them to transform into perfect creatures any species they encountered. Ex Nihilo, Abyss, and their Aleph arrived on Mars where they terraformed it to contain a breathable atmosphere and vegetation. After Ex Nihilo shot an Origin Bomb at Earth to accelerate the evolution of mankind, which affected almost two million people, the Avengers scrambled a response team. Not interested in fighting, Ex Nihilo tried to accelerate Iron Man's evolution so that he no longer needed an exoskeleton. When Black Widow and Hawkeye retaliated, Ex Nihilo became angry and attacked them. During the brawl, Ex Nihilo, Abyss, and the Aleph defeated the Avengers and imprisoned them. A helpless Captain America was sent back to Earth as a message. Awakening three days later, Captain America implemented the Avengers initiative called "Wake The World" which initiated the team's most massive assemblage to date. Ex Nihilo's intervention started being "world-razing" for the Aleph which would force him to destroy the Earth if Ex Nihilo failed to polish this planet. Captain America and those that are part of the "Wake the World" initiative arrived as soon as Ex Nihilo's first human was fully developed. He and his allies fought the Avengers until they noticed the presence of the latest Captain Universe. Ex Nihilo and his allies recognized her as a power beyond them they must obey. Captain Universe ordered Ex Nihilo and Abyss to stop their crossing to transform and/or destroy "imperfect" worlds. However, the Aleph resisted and was finally destroyed by the heroine. Before returning to Earth, the Avengers established that Ex Nihilo could reform Mars as he pleased as long as he did not interfere with Earth.

Ex Nihilo creates Nightmask, an artificial human, on the terraformed surface of the planet Mars. After a fierce battle with the Avengers, Nightmask is taken to Earth and given residence in Avengers Tower.

Nightmask and Star Brand later head to Mars to confront Ex Nihilo.

Omega Flight is sent in by Department H to investigate one of the Origin Bomb sites left by Ex Nihilo in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Validator is changed by the Origin Bomb site while the rest of the Omega Flight members are killed in action.

Some children of the Zebra People in the Savage Land have gotten exposed to the Origin Site placed by Ex Nihilo and had been evolved by it.

Ex Nihilo reveals that in the case of Earth, he did not just transform the life inhabiting it but attempted to rouse the consciousness of the planet itself.

In a prelude to the *Infinity* storyline, Ex Nihilo, Abyss, Nightmask, and Star Brand join the Avengers. After the fight against the Builders and Thanos, Ex Nihilo joins his brethren who endeavor to recreate life on worlds ravaged by the war of the Builders.

During the *Time Runs Out* storyline, Ex Nihilo and his fellow Gardeners attempted to fix the decaying universe that was the result of the contraction of the Multiverse. Once on Earth, Ex Nihilo and the Gardeners were able to see its whole system and find that Earth has scars. They were offered by Sunspot a one-way trip to help his branch of the Avengers investigate the origin of this decay by using A.I.M. technology and travel across the Multiverse. Sunspot's Avengers branch traveled across numerous universes navigating the map left by the Mapmakers. After one last jump across universes that cost Nightmask's life, Sunspot's Avengers branch found themselves face to face with a fissure in time and space. From it, two Beyonders emerged and demanded the heroes to fall back. Upon denying their request, Sunspot's Avengers faced the Beyonders. In an attempt to reprogram one of the Beyonders, Ex Nihilo, Abyss, and rest of the Gardeners sacrificed themselves.

## Powers and abilities

Ex Nihilo has the power to create new life and modify existing life forms on a planetary scale like control the movement and growth of the plants and transform organic life. Ex Nihilo can also fire energy blasts, exhale fire from his mouth, and has advanced longevity.

## Other versions

In "What If...Thanos had joined the Avengers", Ex Nihilo appears with the Avengers fighting the Builders.

## In other media

### Merchandise

Hasbro released an Ex Nihilo action figure as part of Guardians of the Galaxy Marvel Legends line.

## InfoBox

| Ex Nihilo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| First appearance | *Avengers* vol. 5 #1 (December 2012) |
| Created by | Jonathan Hickman
Jerome Opeña |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Ex Nihilo |
| Species | Gardeners |
| Team affiliations | Builders
Gardeners
Avengers |
| Abilities | Chlorokinesis
Organic transformation
Energy blasts
Pyrokinesis
Advanced longevity |


title: Ex Oratorio del Montirone

abstract: The former Oratorio del Montirone is a small chapel dating back to the 18th century, deconsecrated since the 1950s. It is located in Abano Terme (Padua) in via Pietro d'Abano 51, in front of the Montirone hill and park, from which it takes its name. It is also known as the former Oratorio del Cerato or former Oratorio di San Giovanni.

text:
# Ex Oratorio del Montirone

The former **Oratorio del Montirone** is a small chapel dating back to the 18th century, deconsecrated since the 1950s. It is located in Abano Terme (Padua) in via Pietro d'Abano 51, in front of the Montirone hill and park, from which it takes its name. It is also known as the former **Oratorio del Cerato** (from the name of the architect who designed it) or former **Oratorio di San Giovanni** (from the titular saint).

## History

The Chapel was built in the 18th century, as a place of cult for guests undergoing treatment at the Abano thermal baths. Its project and building is attributed to the Paduan architect Domenico Cerato. An inscription on the front dates it to 1779.

It soon became known as a monument of particular interest and was mentioned by Salvatore Mandruzzato in his *Trattato sui Bagni di Abano* of 1789, where he listed it among the buildings located on the Montirone hill "...and a church built by the sovereign munificence in 1779 for the benefit of those Catholic patients who contribute to our baths". Sometimes cited as the "Oratorio della Beata Vergine" or "Oratorio del Sacro Cuore", it is nevertheless listed among the protected heritage with the name "Oratorio di San Giovanni". It was used for the rite until the middle of the last century. It is said that blessed Liduina Meneguzzi used to stop here to pray before going to work in the nearby hotel. Due to the expansion of the thermal area after World War II and the inadequacy of the small oratory for the new large number of visitors and inhabitants, plans were made to build a larger church in the immediate vicinity. In 1956 the rite was transferred to the new "Oratorio del Sacro Cuore" while waiting for the construction of the larger and more modern "Sacro Cuore Church", which was completed and opened for worship in 1958. The Oratorio del Montirone was then deconsecrated. It is now privately owned and used as an exhibition space.

## Description

It is a small chapel with a rectangular plan, a double-pitched roof and a tympanum decorated with a cornice and a central rose window.

It is shown for the first time in a view by Marco Moro, which depicts it together with the contiguous hotel and the overlooking Montirone gardens, which had just been reorganised and renovated by Giuseppe Japelli as part of a wider urban planning project.

Above the portal, on the façade, there is an inscription stating the year it was built and who commissioned it:

D.O.M.

AEGROTANTIUM COMMODO

IIIVIRI LITTERARII

EX S.C.

CIɔIɔCCLXXIX

*D(omino) O(ptimo) M(aximo) / aegrotantium commodo / triumviri litterarii / ex S(enatus) C(onsulto) / MDCCLXXIX*

On the tympanum is a rose window framing a Lion of Venice walking, in sandstone of Vicenza. This sculptural element was found and brought to light during a restoration in 1987-88. It was in a serious state of deterioration, partially chiselled and obliterated by a brick tamponade of the rose window, documented in the old photos of the Oratory (first half of XX century).

The door has jambs and architrave in Nanto stone. Inside, there is an 18th-century altar in stucco and red Verona marble. Nothing remains of the furnishings, which were almost completely transferred to the new "Sacro Cuore" church between the late 1950s and the 1980s.

1. *Mazza 1981* p. 11. The Oratory was commissioned in 1779 to Domenico Cerato by the nobleman Domenico Michiel, on behalf of the "Riformatori dello Studio". In 1780 it was completed. www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/domenico-cerato\_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ Archived 2016-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
2. *Mandruzzato 1789*, parte I, pp. 38-39.
3. Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per l'Area Metropolitana di Venezia e le Province di Belluno, Padova e Treviso: id 56703, cod. reg. 05, n. cat. gen. 00142888. http://vincoliinrete.beniculturali.it/VincoliInRete/vir/bene/dettagliobene56703
4. *Roncolato, Pontarin 2008*, p. 5.
5. *Roncolato, Pontarin 2008*, pp. 5-14.
6. *Marco Moro 1855*, (veduta di) Abano.
7. See photo of the Oratorio del Montirone mid-20th century. It is probable that the chiselling of the sculptural element and the covering by tamponade date back to the time of the Napoleonic occupation, when the "Comitato di salute pubblica" ordered the destruction of most of the winged lions, symbol of the Venetian Republic. See Lion of Venice.

## Bibliography

* Barbara Mazza (1981). *Interventi di Giuseppe Japelli ad Abano Terme*. Abano Terme. p. 11.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Salvatore Mandruzzato (1789). *Dei Bagni di Abano, trattato del dottor Salvatore Mandruzzato*. Padova. pp. 38-39 (parte I).
* Marco Moro (1855). "Abano Terme". *Album di dodici vedute di Padova e suoi dintorni disegnate da Marco Moro*. Litografia Kyrchmayr Venezia. Padova: Felice Rossi.
* Angelo Roncolato; Antonio Pontarin (2008). *Pietre e Persone Diario di un cammino: 1958-2008*. Abano Terme. pp. 5–14.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* (Dizionario-Biografico)/ www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/domenico-cerato\_(Dizionario-Biografico)/

## InfoBox

| Ex Oratorio del Montirone | |
| --- | --- |
| Oratorio di San Giovanni | |
| Oratorio del Montirone, Abano Terme (Padova) | |
|  | |
| 45°21′07″N 11°46′40″E / 45.351908°N 11.777813°E / 45.351908; 11.777813 | |
| Location | Abano Terme, Veneto, Italy |
| History | |
| Status | deconsecrated |
| Dedication | San Giovanni |
| Architecture | |
| Groundbreaking | 1779 |
| Completed | 1780 |


title: POC21 innovation camp

abstract: POC21 was an innovation camp that took place in Chateau de Millemont near Paris. It lasted for five weeks from August 15, 2015, until September 20, 2015. POC21 innovation camp hosted 100 makers, designers and innovators to develop a Proof of Concept of a truly sustainable society. The scope of such an innovation camp was unseen before. The 'accelerator' program developed 12 open source hardware projects from energy production and monitoring to living, mobility, communication and food production and preservation. POC21 innovation camp was a cooperation between the German collective Open State and the French network OuiShare.

text:
# POC21 innovation camp

**POC21** was an innovation camp that took place in Chateau de Millemont near Paris. It lasted for five weeks from August 15, 2015, until September 20, 2015. **POC21 innovation camp** hosted 100 makers, designers and innovators to develop a Proof of Concept of a truly sustainable society. The scope of such an innovation camp was unseen before. The 'accelerator' program developed 12 open source hardware projects from energy production and monitoring to living, mobility, communication and food production and preservation.

**POC21 innovation camp** was a cooperation between the German collective *Open State* and the French network *OuiShare*.

## Principles

**POC21 innovation camp** brought together the startup world, DIY scene and environmentalist ideas to show solutions to fight climate change. The main principles of POC21 innovation camp derive from sustainable design, open source and zero waste.

## Structure

**POC21 innovation camp** focused on the development of technology and on creative processes. The creative processes involved a.o. workshops, keynotes, mentoring (with a.o. Bruce Sterling and Michel Bauwens from P2P Foundation), reality checks with external business and science experts and regular retrospectives. The twelve project teams could use the knowledge and experience from 200 trainers, marketing experts, product designers and engineers to further develop their prototype in five weeks.

The camp was a temporary commune. In the five weeks of the camp a living prototype of a sustainable society was established and concepts like Coworking, Coliving, non-hierarchical structures and consensus principles were used and put into practice.

The infrastructure of Chateau de Millemont was basic with a community kitchen, compost toilets and a tent camp. The FabLab provided high tech tools, 3D printer, laser cutter and CNC machines. The camp itself was a prototype for a local micro factory.

40% of the financial budget of 1M € was donated by both business companies and foundations, 20% originated from public subsidies.

## 12 projects

* **$30 Wind Turbine:** low-cost and easy-to-build recycling solution for individual energy harvesting
* **Aker:** Kits for urban gardening
* **Kitchen B:** modular kitchen reducing energy and waste
* **Bicitractor:** pedal driven tractor as a fuel less alternative for big industrial machines
* **Faircap:** reusable water filter for bottles
* **Nautile:** energy saving kettle
* **Open Energy Monitor:** tool for visualizing domestic energy consumption
* **Myfood:** permaculture and aquaponics greenhouse
* **SolarOSE:** solar concentrator to provide thermal energy
* **Showerloop:** real-time shower looping system minimizing water and energy usage
* **Sunzilla:** modular and portable solar-powered generators to power remote areas
* **Velo M2:** multi-functional cargo bike capsules

All twelve projects are open source and can be built, modified and distributed. The blueprints are available online.

## Media coverage

From November 30 until December 12, 2015, Paris hosted the UN climate conference COP21. The POC21 innovation camp was a grassroots movement complementary to the political narrative and therefore reached an international audience and gained much critical acclaim. The media coverage was especially big in France and in Germany.

The documentary movie premiered on November 29, 2015, in Berlin and is available online.

## Events

The results of the POC21 innovation camp were featured on many events along the UN climate conference COP21.

* Finissage at Chateau de Millemont, September 19 & 20, 2015
* Expo Paris de L'avenir, November 18 until December 13, 2015
* COY11, November 26 until 28th 2015
* PlaceToB, November 29 until December 4, 2015
* ICI Montreuil, December 5, 2015
* Climate Action Zone, December 7 until December 11, 2015

1. Bintily Diallo (2015-08-24). "POC 21: Un camp d'innovation pour le développement durable" (in French). Radio France. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
2. Birgit Holzer (2015-09-10): Innovationscamp "Proof of concept 21" - Zukunft selbstgemacht \- in TAZ (in German), retrieved 2016-09-16
3. Max Biederbeck (2015-08-04). "Open-Source-Evangelisten und DIY-Bastler tun sich zusammen, um die Welt zu retten". *Wired* (in German). Retrieved 2016-09-20.
4. Suzanne Krause (2015-08-24). "UN-Klimagipfel - Grüne Alltagsprodukte für die Zukunft". *Deutschlandfunk* (in German). Retrieved 2016-09-20.
5. Olivier Tesquet (2015-11-03). "COP21 : les bidouilleurs de POC21 ont des plans pour la planète". *Télérama* (in French). Retrieved 2016-09-20.
6. Dans les Yvelines, des éco-hackeurs au service du climat, in der Le Monde 16 September 2015, retrieved 16 September 2016.
7. Audrey Garric (2015-09-16). "Dans les Yvelines, des éco-hackeurs au service du climat". *Le Monde.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2016-09-20.
8. Alexander Merz (2015-07-20). "POC 21: Nachhaltiges Basteln im Barockschloss - Golem.de" (in German). Golem Media GmbH. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
9. Birgit Holzer (2015-08-15). "Innovationscamp: Werkstatt für eine bessere Welt - Stuttgarter Nachrichten" (in German). Stuttgarter Nachrichten. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
10. Marius Hasenheit. "Zur Klimakonferenz: Open-Source-Treffen POC21 will grüne Innovationen schaffen". *www.wiwo.de* (in German). Retrieved 2016-09-20.
11. Tristan Copley Smith (2015-09-21), "Eco-geeks hold open source alternative to UN climate talks", *The Guardian* (in German), ISSN 0261-3077, retrieved 2016-09-20
12. Clara Potier (2015-09-16). "POC21 : la bidouille contre le réchauffement climatique". *Libération* (in French). Retrieved 2016-09-20.
13. Chris O'Brien (2015-08-18). "This 16th century French castle is the temporary home to 100 makers trying to save the planet". *VentureBeat*. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
14. "POC 21, le bricolage comme solution au réchauffement climatique". *LCI* (in French). 19 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
15. Aurélien Acquier, Valentina Carbone und Damien Demailly (2016-06-30). "L'économie collaborative est-elle source de progrès environnemental ?". *La Tribune* (in French). Retrieved 2016-09-20.
16. Birgit Holzer (10 September 2015), "Innovationscamp "Proof of concept 21": Zukunft selbstgemacht", *Die Tageszeitung* (in German), retrieved 2016-09-20
17. PROOF OF CONCEPT: 100 Geeks, 5 Weeks, 1 Future - Der POC21 Film, Kino Babylon program, Berlin, retrieved September 16th 2016.
18. "Conférence des Jeunes Paris 2015" (PDF). 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
19. "ICI Montreuil". *www.icimontreuil.com* (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
20. "VENEZ FAIRE VIVRE LA ZAC! | Coalition Climat 21". *coalitionclimat21.org* (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
21. Prisma Media (2015-12-08). "Les astucieux inventeurs de POC21 s'exposent à Paris" (in German). Retrieved 2016-09-20.

Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de:POC21 Innovationscamp; see its history for attribution.

## InfoBox

POC21 innovation camp
| The POC21 crew and the geodesic dome where the final exhibition took place. | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | August 15th - September 20th 2015 |
| Location | Chateau de Millemont, near Paris, France |
| Type | Innovation Camp |
| Theme | Open Source Technology |
| Cause | Climate Change |
| Budget | 1M € |
| Organised by | Open State & OuiShare |
| Website | www.poc21.cc |


title: POCOP

abstract: POCOP is a type of pincer ligand. Pincer type ligands are tridentate ligands that bind three sites on one plane of a metal complex. POCOP forms complexes with one M-C(aryl) bond and two phosphinite ligands. The term POCOP is used both for the ligand, with formula C6H4(OPPh2)2, and its complexes, with formula C6H3(OPPh2)2]− (Ph = C6H5)

text:
# POCOP

**POCOP** is a type of pincer ligand. Pincer type ligands are tridentate ligands that bind three sites on one plane of a metal complex. POCOP forms complexes with one M-C(aryl) bond and two phosphinite ligands. The term POCOP is used both for the ligand, with formula C6H4(OPPh2)2, and its complexes, with formula C6H3(OPPh2)2\] (Ph = C6H5)

## Synthesis and structure

Interest in POCOP arises from its easy synthesis, which accommodates many substituents on phosphorus and results in higher yields than other PCP analogues. The parent POCOP ligand is prepared by treating resorcinol with chlorodiphenylphosphine:

C6H4(OH)2 \+ 2 ClPPh2 → C6H4(OPPh2)2 \+ 2 HCl

Related ligands can be prepared from chlorodiisopropylphosphine.

Representative complexes are of the type Ni(POCOP)X (X = halide, alkyl, thiolate). The halides arise by direct reaction of the ligand and a nickel halide and offer a relatively cheap, nontoxic and readily available option of the ligand for various applications. There can also be variable conformations of POCOP pertaining to the various R groups branching off of the donor atoms.

In most cases the MPOCOP center features a planar MC3O2P2 core. The rigid conformation and square planar geometry of the POCOP ligand allow for systematic changes over the steric and electronic environment at the metal center. The geometry of metal compounds formed with POCOP ligands can be seen through the P-Ni-P (164.01 Å ) and C-Ni-Cl (178.31Å) bond angles found for (POCOP)NiCl. The bond angles of this compound are representative of angles found for several other pocop metal compounds. Because of relatively small P-Ni-P bond angle the otherwise Ni complexes exhibit a slight tetrahedral distortion.

## Catalytic reaction

Pincer ligands participate in a variety of organic transformation, such as the hydrosilylation, and ethylene oligomerizations, and homocoupling of benzyl halides. Ni PCP pincer complexes promote sulfur-carbon forming reactions.

1. Morales-Morales, David; Jensen, Craig (2007), *The Chemistry of Pincer Compounds*, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-444-53138-4
2. Morales-Morales, D. (2004). "Pincer Complexes. Applications in Catalysis". *Rev. Soc. Quím. Méx*. **48** (4): 338–346.
3. Bedford, Robin B.; Draper, Sylvia M.; Noelle Scully, P.; Welch, Samantha L. (2000). "Palladium bis(phosphinite) 'PCP'-pincer complexes and their application as catalysts in the Suzuki reaction". *New Journal of Chemistry*. **24** (10): 745–747. doi:10.1039/B004793G.
4. Pandarus, V; Zargarian, D (2007), "New Pincer-Type Diphosphinito (POCOP) Complexes of Nickel", *Organometallics*, **26** (17): 4321–4334, doi:10.1021/om700400x
5. Chen, Tao; Yang, Limin; Li, Liang; Huang, Kuo-Wei (2012). "Homocoupling of benzyl halides catalyzed by POCOP–nickel pincer complexes". *Tetrahedron*. **68** (31): 6152–6157. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.075.

## InfoBox

POCOP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name 1,3-Bis\[(diphenylphosphino)oxy\]benzene | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 1,3-Phenylene bis(diphenylphosphinite) | |
| Other names Resorcinolbisphosphinite; 1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphinooxy)benzene | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C30H24O2P2/c1-5-16-27(17-6-1)33(28-18-7-2-8-19-28)31-25-14-13-15-26(24-25)32-34(29-20-9-3-10-21-29)30-22-11-4-12-23-30/h1-24HKey: PFCIJALLGNUKRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * O(c3cccc(OP(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2)c3)P(c4ccccc4)c5ccccc5 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C30H24O2P2 |
| Molar mass | 478.468 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Yellow solid |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: PODFather

abstract: PODFather Ltd. is a privately held software company based in Edinburgh, Scotland. It develops electronic Proof of Delivery systems for the logistics, field service, healthcare and construction industries.

text:
# PODFather

**PODFather Ltd.** is a privately held software company based in Edinburgh, Scotland. It develops electronic Proof of Delivery systems for the logistics, field service, healthcare and construction industries.

## History

The company was founded as Valley Technology in 2000 by information technology professional Alastair Broom.

Valley Technology provided IT services and technical support to UK retail businesses, including several bespoke software systems such as a warehouse management system called toniq.

The initial PODFather product was developed with customer Neil Williams Haulage to solve the problem of lost receipts, launching in 2007.

PODFather soon became the company's core product, with ambitious plans for international growth and use on national construction projects such as Crossrail and Tideway.

In 2017, Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust deployed PODFather to track transportation of health records.

In 2023, Podfather announced new branding.

## Product

**PODFather** is a cloud-based software as a service (SaaS) electronic Proof of Delivery system, allowing businesses to manage their operations in real-time, removing the problems associated with paper-based processes.

## InfoBox

PODFather
|
|  |
| Formerly | Valley Technology (2000-2013) |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Software Industry |
| Founded | 2000 |
| Founder | Alastair Broom |
| Headquarters | Edinburgh, Scotland, UK |
| Key people |  |
| Products | PODFather Proof of Delivery |
| Number of employees | 35+ (2017) |
| Website | thepodfather.com |


title: Oğuz Akbulut

abstract: Oğuz Akbulut is a Turkish Paralympian athlete competing in the T12 and T13 disability classes sprint and middle-distance events.

text:
# Oğuz Akbulut

**Oğuz Akbulut** (born 6 May 1992) is a Turkish Paralympian athlete competing in the T12 and T13 disability classes sprint and middle-distance events.

## Personal life

Akbulut was born in Sivas, Turkey on 6 May 1992. He had sight loss rom birth.

He is married to middle-distance visual-impaired para-athlete Oznur Alumur.

## Sport career

Akbulut was admitted to the Turkey national team in 2012. He participated at the 2012 IPC Athletics European Championships held in Stadskanaal, Netherlands, and won the bronze medal in the 800m T13 evemt. His participation in the 1500m T13 (4th place) and 5000m T13 (5th place) events at the 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships in Swansea, Wales remained without a medal. He won the bronze medal in the 400m B2-B3 event at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games in Baku, Azerbaijan. He became bronze medalist in the 400m T12 event at the 2017 World Para Athletics Championships in London, United Kingdom. At the 2018 World Para Athletics European Championships in Berlin, Germany, he took the gold medal in the 400m T12 event, and set a championship record with 49.92. He won the bronze medal in the 400m T12 event at the 2019 World Para Athletics Championships in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

He qualified to compete in the 400m T12 event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

## InfoBox

Oğuz Akbulut
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1992-05-06) 6 May 1992<br>Sivas, Turkey |
| Sport | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Sport | Paralympic athletics |
| Disability class | T12, T13 |
| Event(s) | 400m, 800m |
| Medal record      Track and field  Representing  Turkey  World Championships  2019 Dubai 400m T12  2023 Paris 400m T12  European Championships  2018 Berlin  400m T12  2017 London  400m T12  2012 Stadskanaal  800m T13  Islamic Solidarity Games  2017 Baku 400m B2-B3 | |


title: Exchange to exchange

abstract: Exchange to exchange is integration, between certain pairs of computer systems. To qualify as E2E, each of the paired systems must have a primary use of acting as an exchange, or gateway, among its own customers. A common example is a connection between stock brokerage firms' internal systems and systems of a stock market in which the broker trades. These connections are often facilitated by middleware services, such as object request brokers. Each E2E partner system has a primary function to its own clients of allowing them to transfer information or conduct other transactions, This is a form of the business to business (B2B) commerce model, as each E2E partner is a B2B gateway for its clients, and in turn exchanges information with at least one other B2B gateway. The connection between the two B2B systems (exchanges) is then an exchange to exchange integration. E2E is an alternative to direct application to application integration (A2A), though some A2A can be classified as E2E.

text:
# Exchange to exchange

**Exchange to exchange** (sometimes **Exchange-to-exchange**, abbreviated **E2E**) is integration, between certain pairs of computer systems. To qualify as E2E, each of the paired systems must have a primary use of acting as an exchange, or gateway, among its own customers.

A common example is a connection between stock brokerage firms' internal systems and systems of a stock market in which the broker trades. These connections are often facilitated by middleware services, such as object request brokers.

Each E2E partner system has a primary function to its own clients of allowing them to transfer information or conduct other transactions, This is a form of the business to business (B2B) commerce model, as each E2E partner is a B2B gateway for its clients, and in turn exchanges information with at least one other B2B gateway. The connection between the two B2B systems (exchanges) is then an exchange to exchange integration.

E2E is an alternative to direct application to application integration (A2A), though some A2A can be classified as E2E.


title: Ezra Gilliland

abstract: Ezra Torrance Gilliland was an inventor who designed the telephone switchboard and the magneto bell. Gilliland had a laboratory in his home and "kept seven expert electricians employed" as he worked on his ideas. He built the first telephone exchange in Indianapolis in the 1870s under the name Gilliland Telephone Manufacturing Company and later worked for the Bell Telephone Company. Gilliland was a friend and colleague of Thomas Edison and the two worked together on many projects. They met as young men and called each other "Damon and Pythias" because of their close friendship. Edison met his second wife at Gilliland's home. Gilliland wrote frequently in trade journals promoting Edison's inventions. The two were business partners, even occupying adjacent vacation homes in Fort Myers, Florida, until 1889 when they had a falling out over business dealings.

text:
# Ezra Gilliland

**Ezra Torrance Gilliland** (June 17, 1845 – May 13, 1903) was an inventor who designed the telephone switchboard and the magneto bell. Gilliland had a laboratory in his home and "kept seven expert electricians employed" as he worked on his ideas. He built the first telephone exchange in Indianapolis in the 1870s under the name Gilliland Telephone Manufacturing Company and later worked for the Bell Telephone Company.

Gilliland was a friend and colleague of Thomas Edison and the two worked together on many projects. They met as young men and called each other "Damon and Pythias" because of their close friendship. Edison met his second wife at Gilliland's home. Gilliland wrote frequently in trade journals promoting Edison's inventions. The two were business partners, even occupying adjacent vacation homes in Fort Myers, Florida, until 1889 when they had a falling out over business dealings.

## Personal life

Gilliland married Lillian M. Johnson. They moved to Pelham, New York in the early 1890s.

## InfoBox

| Ezra Gilliland | |
| --- | --- |
| Image of Ezra T Gilliland from *Telegraph and Telephone Age* (1903) | |
| Born | Ezra Torrance Gilliland
June 17, 1845
Cuba, New York, U.S. |
| Died | May 13, 1903(1903-05-13) (aged 57) |


title: Ezequiel Mechoso

abstract: Ezequiel Martín Mechoso Reyes is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Uruguayan Primera División club Progreso.

text:
# Ezequiel Mechoso

**Ezequiel Martín Mechoso Reyes** (born 23 March 2000) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Uruguayan Primera División club Progreso.

## Club career

A former youth academy player of Defensor Sporting, Mechoso joined Peñarol in October 2018 on a three-year deal. He made his professional debut for the club on 25 March 2021 in a 2–0 league win against Progreso.

## International career

Mechoso is a former Uruguay youth international. He was part of national youth team squads at 2015 South American U-15 Championship and 2017 South American U-17 Championship.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 7 December 2021*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Peñarol | 2020 | Uruguayan Primera División | 1 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |  | | 1 | 0 |
| | 2021 | | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Ezequiel Mechoso
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ezequiel Martín Mechoso Reyes | | |
| Date of birth | (2000-03-23) 23 March 2000 | | |
| Place of birth | Montevideo, Uruguay | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Progreso | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Defensor Sporting | | |
|  | Peñarol | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2021 | Peñarol | 1 | (0) |
| 2022–2023 | Racing Montevideo | 11 | (0) |
| 2024– | Progreso | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2014–2015 | Uruguay U15 | 22 | (3) |
| 2016–2017 | Uruguay U17 | 11 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 10 September 2022 | | | |


title: P-y method

abstract:
In geotechnical civil engineering, the p–y is a method of analyzing the ability of deep foundations to resist loads applied in the lateral direction. This method uses the finite difference method and p-y graphs to find a solution. P–y graphs are graphs which relate the force applied to soil to the lateral deflection of the soil. In essence, non-linear springs are attached to the foundation in place of the soil. The springs can be represented by the following equation:
  - p = k y where k is the non-linear spring stiffness defined by the p–y curve, y is the deflection of the spring, and p is the force applied to the spring. The p–y curves vary depending on soil type. The available geotechnical engineering software programs for the p–y method include FB-MultiPier by the Bridge Software Institute, DeepFND by Deep Excavation LLC, PileLAT by Innovative Geotechnics, LPile by Ensoft, and PyPile by Yong Technology.

text:
# P-y method

In geotechnical civil engineering, the **py** is a method of analyzing the ability of deep foundations to resist loads applied in the lateral direction. This method uses the finite difference method and p-y graphs to find a solution. Py graphs are graphs which relate the force applied to soil to the lateral deflection of the soil. In essence, non-linear springs are attached to the foundation in place of the soil. The springs can be represented by the following equation:

$$p=ky$$

where $k$ is the non-linear spring stiffness defined by the py curve, $y$ is the deflection of the spring, and $p$ is the force applied to the spring.

The py curves vary depending on soil type.

The available geotechnical engineering software programs for the py method include FB-MultiPier by the Bridge Software Institute, DeepFND by Deep Excavation LLC, PileLAT by Innovative Geotechnics, LPile by Ensoft, and PyPile by Yong Technology.


title: P-type calcium channel

abstract: The P-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Similar to many other high-voltage-gated calcium channels, the α1 subunit determines most of the channel's properties. The 'P' signifies cerebellar Purkinje cells, referring to the channel's initial site of discovery. P-type calcium channels play a similar role to the N-type calcium channel in neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic terminal and in neuronal integration in many neuronal types.

text:
# P-type calcium channel

The **P-type calcium channel** is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Similar to many other high-voltage-gated calcium channels, the α1 subunit determines most of the channel's properties. The 'P' signifies cerebellar Purkinje cells, referring to the channel's initial site of discovery. P-type calcium channels play a similar role to the N-type calcium channel in neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic terminal and in neuronal integration in many neuronal types.

## History

The calcium channel experiments that led to the discovery of P-type calcium channels were initially completed by Llinás and Sugimori in 1980. P type calcium channels were named in 1989 because they were discovered within mammalian Purkinje neurons. They were able to use an *in vitro* preparation to examine the ionic currents that account for Purkinje cells' electrophysiological properties. They found that there are calcium dependent action potentials which rise slowly and fall quickly then undergo hyperpolarization. The action potentials were voltage dependent and the afterhyperpolarizing potentials were connected to the spike bursts, located within the dendrites of the Purkinje cells. Without calcium flux in the Purkinje cells, action potentials fire sporadically at a high frequency.

## Basic features and structure

P-type calcium channels are voltage-dependent calcium channels that are classified under the high voltage activated class channel, along with L-, N-, Q- and R-type channels. These channels require a strong depolarization in order to be activated. They are found at axon terminals, as well as in somatodendritic areas of neurons within the central and peripheral nervous system. P-type calcium channels are also critical to vesicle release, specifically neurotransmitters and hormones at synaptic terminals of excitatory and inhibitory synapses.

Voltage-gated P-type calcium channels consist of a main pore-forming α1 subunit (which is more specifically referred to as CaV2.1), an α2δ subunit and a β subunit. There can be γ subunits found in calcium channels of skeletal muscles. The α1 subunit is encoded specifically by the *CACNA1A* gene and is composed of four domains, each containing six transmembrane (S1-S6) spanning α helices. The S1-S2 loop and the S6 region are thought to be responsible for the channel's inactivation, the S4 region serves as the voltage sensor and S5-S6 loop forms the pore. There are seven subunits within the α1 subunit. The A subunit, called α1ACa2+, corresponds to what is functionally defined as the P-type and Q-type isoforms. P-type and Q-type calcium channels are closely related as they are produced from the same gene via alternative splicing. As a complication of the alternative splicing, P-type and Q-type channels may have different subunit compositions. The β subunit regulates the kinetics and expression of the channel, along with the α2δ subunit.

## Channel distribution

The majority of P-type calcium channels are located in the nervous system and heart. Antibody labeling is the primary method used to identify channel location.

Areas of high expression in mammalian systems include:

## Channel blockers

P-type calcium channel blockers act to impede the flow of calcium. The blocking of calcium currents may cause the organism to experience impaired functioning and viability. These effects can lead to various diseases which are described in more detail in the section below.

The pore of P-type calcium channels are sensitive to compounds that can be divided into three groups:

1. Peptide ion channel blockers
2. Low molecular weight compounds
3. Therapeutics

There are only two peptide toxins that selectively block P-type channels: ω-agatoxin IVA and ω-agatoxin IVB. The other blockers mentioned, such as the low molecular weight and therapeutic blockers, are nonselective. This means they act can act on P-type channels as well as other channels.

### Selective peptide toxin ω-agatoxin

The two known blockers which are specific to P-type calcium channels are peptides derived from the spider venom of *Agelenopsis aperta*. The toxins from this venom which show selectivity for P-type channels are ω-agatoxin IVA and ω-agatoxin IVB. Each of these peptide toxins are made of 48 amino acids which are bound by four disulfide bonds. Although ω-agatoxin IVA and ω-agatoxin IVB have the same affinity and selectivity for P-type channels, their kinetics are different. The ω-agatoxin IVA effects the gating mechanism of the P-type channel. When there is a strong depolarization to activate the channel, ω-agatoxin IVA can no longer block the channel. Therefore, ω-agatoxin IVA has a very low affinity for the channel when it is open. It binds to the α1A subunit on the outside of the pore. The ω-agatoxin IVA receptor on the P-type channel is located at the S3-S4 linker. On the other hand, channel blocking by ω-agatoxin IVB occurs much more slowly. Yet, similar to ω-agatoxin IVA, ω-agatoxin IVB cannot bind to the channel upon a strong depolarization.

### Non-selective peptide toxins

### Low molecular weight P-type channel blockers

Low molecular weight channel blockers have advantages over peptide blockers in drug development. One advantage of low molecular weight channel blockers is that they can penetrate tissue, which is important for crossing the blood–brain barrier. There is no specific low molecular weight channel blocker for P-type channels. However, there are a number of these blocker compounds which can effect the activity of the P-type channels. These include:

### Therapeutics

There are therapeutics used clinically which can effect the activity of P-type calcium channels. However, the primary target of these therapeutics are not thought to be P-type channels. For example, calcium antagonists, which are used to treat coronary heart disease, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmia, act by inhibiting L-type or T-type calcium channels. Some of these calcium antagonists include verapamil, diltiazem, amlodipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, nicardipine, and barnidipine. Although their main target is not P-type channels, these calcium antagonists also act to block the function of P-type channels. Moreover, flunarizine is another calcium antagonist which is used to treat migraines. Its main targets are voltage-gated calcium channels and sodium channels. Flunarizine inhibits the P-type channels that are located in the neocortical slices. It works to inhibit the inward flux of calcium. The migraines that it helps to prevent are due to mutations within the "cacna1a" gene of the P-type channel subunit. Also, compounds that block P-type channels are shown to help with seizures. Epileptic seizures are caused by increased neurotransmission, which is partially a result of P-type channels. Compounds such as levetiracetam, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine are known to block the P-type channels, which have helped to decrease the occurrence of seizures. Overall, there are various non-selective calcium channel blockers that help alleviate symptoms of hypertension, schizophrenia, cardiac arrhythmia, epilepsy, pain, asthma, bradycardia, angina pectoris and Alzheimer's disease. Although many of the therapeutic compounds' main target is not P-type channels, further research needs to determine if the clinical effects of these compounds are also influenced by the P-type channel blockage.

There are a number of neurological diseases that have been attributed to malfunctioning or mutated P/Q type channels.

### Alzheimer's disease

In Alzheimer's disease, there is a progressive accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) in brain. Amyloid plaques develop which result in the key symptoms of Alzheimer Disease. Aβ globulomer protein is an artificial substance used in research experiments that has similar properties to Aβ oligomer which is present in the body. Aβ oligomer directly regulates P/Q type calcium channels. The α1A subunit is the responsible for the conduction of calcium current. When only P/Q type calcium channels are present with Aβ globulomer protein, there is a direct effect on the α1A subunit and results in an increased calcium current through the P/Q type calcium channel. The response is dose dependent as concentrations of 20nM and 200nM of Aβ globulomer are necessary for significant increase of calcium current through channel in *Xenopus* oocytes, showing that a certain buildup of Aβ globulomer is necessary before the effects are seen. When the calcium current is increased, neurotransmitter release also rises, offering a possible cause for the toxicity in Alzheimer's disease patients.

### Migraine headaches

The *CACNA1A gene* codes for the alpha subunit of the P/Q type calcium channel. The R192Q mutation of the CACNA1A gene is a gain of function mutation for P2X3 receptors. P2X3 receptors are present in trigeminal ganglion neurons and are believed to be a main contributor to familial hemiplegic migraine. By using a knockin experiment, this mutation could be expressed in mice so research could be conducted. The mutant mouse has a significantly higher P2X3 receptor activity than the wild type mouse due to increased channel open probability and channel activation at lower voltages. This increased receptor activity results in a higher flux of calcium through the P/Q type calcium channel. The increased intracellular calcium concentration may contribute to the acute trigeminal pain that typically results in a headache. Evidence supports that migraines are a disorder of brain excitability characterized by deficient regulation of the cortical excitatory–inhibitory balance.

### Seizures

Levetiracetam is an anti-epileptic drug than can be used to treat partial and generalized seizures. Levetiracetam inhibits P/Q channel-mediated glutamate release and decreases the excitatory post synaptic currents of both AMPA and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, specifically the dentate gyrus, which is known to propagate seizure activities. The inhibition of glutamate release results in an anti-epileptic response in patients because it decreases the excitatory postsynaptic current. There are many different types of calcium channels, so to prove that the P/Q type calcium channels are directly involved, a P/Q type voltage gated calcium channel inhibitor, omega-agatoxin TK, was used to block the channel. When blocked, patients no longer benefited from the anti-epileptic effects from the drugs. When blockers for L type and N type calcium channels were used, the effects of Levetiracetam were still seen. This is strong evidence that the P/Q type calcium channels are involved in the Levetiracetam treatment which allow for relief from seizures.

## Mutation studies

Many P-type calcium channels mutations result in a decreased level of intracellular free calcium. Maintaining calcium homeostasis is essential for normally functioning neurons. Changing the cellular calcium ion concentration acts as a trigger for multiple diseases, in severe cases these diseases can result in mass neuronal death.

Mutation studies allow experimenters to study genetically inherited channelopathies. A channelopathy is any disease that results from an ion channel with malfunctioning subunits or regulatory proteins. One example of a P-type calcium channel channelopathy is shown in homozygous ataxic mice, who are recessive for both the *tottering* and *leaner* genes. These mice present with mutations in the alpha1A subunit of their P/Q type channels. Mutations in these channels result in deficiencies within the cerebellar Purkinje cells that dramatically reduce the channels current density.

The tottering mutations within mice result from a missense mutation and causes delayed-onset of seizures and ataxia. The *tottering* mutation substitutes a single proline instead of a leucine within the P-region of the channel. The P-region is responsible for the formation of the ion channel pore. The *leaner* mutation, which results in more severe symptoms than the *tottering* mutation, has been shown to result from a single nucleotide substitution that causes splicing failures within the channels open reading frame. Mutations in the pore forming subunit of P type calcium channels cause ataxia, severely altered respiration, by decreasing minute ventilation and producing symptoms associated with atelectasis. Mutations to CaV2.1 have also been shown to affect transmission within the pre-Bötzinger Complex, a cluster of interneurons in the brainstem which help to regulate breathing.

## InfoBox

| calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CACNA1A |
| Alt. symbols | Cav2.1, CACNL1A4, SCA6, MHP1, MHP |
| IUPHAR | 532 |
| NCBI gene | 773 |
| HGNC | 1388 |
| OMIM | 601011 |
| RefSeq | NM\_000068 |
| UniProt | O00555 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 19 *p13* |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |


title: Exoribonuclease II

abstract:
Exoribonuclease II is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
  - Exonucleolytic cleavage in the 3'- to 5'-direction to yield nucleoside 5'-phosphates This enzyme has preference for single-stranded RNA.

text:
# Exoribonuclease II

**Exoribonuclease II** (EC 3.1.13.1, *ribonuclease II*, *ribonuclease Q*, *BN ribonuclease*, *Escherichia coli exo-RNase II*, *RNase II*, *exoribonuclease (misleading)*, *5'-exoribonuclease*) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

Exonucleolytic cleavage in the 3'- to 5'-direction to yield nucleoside 5'-phosphates

This enzyme has preference for single-stranded RNA.

## InfoBox

| Exoribonuclease II | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.1.13.1 |
| CAS no. | 37288-24-7 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
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title: Exorcist steps

abstract: The Exorcist steps are concrete stairs, continuing 36th Street, descending from the corner of Prospect St and 36th St NW, down to a small parking lot, set back from the intersection of M Street NW, Canal Rd NW, and Whitehurst Freeway NW in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., famous for being featured in the 1973 film The Exorcist. The steps were built in 1895 by George Killeen, a prominent local Democratic figure, during construction of the adjacent Capital Traction Company Barn for cable cars, serving as a lightwell and public right of way. There is a family legend of George Killeen that the wall's construction was a handshake agreement and that Killeen was never paid for its completion. Before the Exorcist association, the stairs were informally called "Hitchcock steps" for famed suspense and horror film director Alfred Hitchcock. For The Exorcist, the steps were padded with half-inch-thick (13 mm) rubber to film the fall of the character Father Damien Karras. Because the house from which Karras falls was set back slightly from the steps, the film crew constructed an eastward extension with a false front to the house in order to film the scene. In a ceremonial Halloween weekend in 2015 that featured the film's director William Friedkin and screenwriter William Peter Blatty, the Exorcist steps were recognized as a D.C. landmark and official tourist attraction by Mayor of the District of Columbia Muriel Bowser, with a plaque unveiled at the base of the steps recognizing its importance to Washington, D.C. and film history.

text:
# Exorcist steps

38°54′19.96″N 77°4′12.59″W / 38.9055444°N 77.0701639°W / 38.9055444; -77.0701639

***The Exorcist* steps** are concrete stairs, continuing 36th Street, descending from the corner of Prospect St and 36th St NW, down to a small parking lot, set back from the intersection of M Street NW, Canal Rd NW, and Whitehurst Freeway NW in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., famous for being featured in the 1973 film *The Exorcist*. The steps were built in 1895 by George Killeen, a prominent local Democratic figure, during construction of the adjacent Capital Traction Company Barn for cable cars, serving as a lightwell and public right of way. There is a family legend of George Killeen that the wall's construction was a handshake agreement and that Killeen was never paid for its completion. Before the *Exorcist* association, the stairs were informally called "Hitchcock steps" for famed suspense and horror film director Alfred Hitchcock.

For *The Exorcist*, the steps were padded with half-inch-thick (13 mm) rubber to film the fall of the character Father Damien Karras. Because the house from which Karras falls was set back slightly from the steps, the film crew constructed an eastward extension with a false front to the house in order to film the scene.

In a ceremonial Halloween weekend in 2015 that featured the film's director William Friedkin and screenwriter William Peter Blatty (who also wrote the book on which the film is based), the *Exorcist* steps were recognized as a D.C. landmark and official tourist attraction by Mayor of the District of Columbia Muriel Bowser, with a plaque unveiled at the base of the steps recognizing its importance to Washington, D.C. and film history.

Other staircases famous for their use in films:


title: Exorcist Vengeance

abstract: Exorcist Vengeance is a 2022 supernatural horror film directed and produced by Scott Jeffrey and Rebecca Matthews. It stars "Charles Bronson lookalike" Robert Bronzi, alongside Steven Berkoff, Sarah Alexandra Marks, Nicola Wright, Simon Furness, Nicole Nabi, Anna Liddell, and Ben Parsons. Mark L. Lester served as executive producer on the film. Exorcist Vengeance was released on DVD and video-on-demand (VOD) on February 8, 2022, by Uncork'd Entertainment.

text:
# Exorcist Vengeance

***Exorcist Vengeance*** is a 2022 supernatural horror film directed and produced by Scott Jeffrey and Rebecca Matthews. It stars "Charles Bronson lookalike" Robert Bronzi, alongside Steven Berkoff, Sarah Alexandra Marks, Nicola Wright, Simon Furness, Nicole Nabi, Anna Liddell, and Ben Parsons. Mark L. Lester served as executive producer on the film.

*Exorcist Vengeance* was released on DVD and video-on-demand (VOD) on February 8, 2022, by Uncork'd Entertainment.

## Cast

## Reception

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 0% based on five reviews.

Andrew Stover of *Film Threat* gave the film a score of 5 out of 10, writing that its "uneven tone and underdeveloped suspense prevent the supernatural horror mystery from reaching success" although did praise the score for "sustaining some much-needed suspense" while there is a "unique family dynamic" in the acting. Kelly Vance, writing for the *East Bay Express*, called the film "insultingly stupid", and unfavorably compared Bronzi's performance to that of "Tommy Wiseau, star of the midnight-movie favorite *The Room*."

## InfoBox

| Exorcist Vengeance | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional release poster | |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by | * Matthew B.C. * Jeff Miller |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Music by | Mike Ellaway |
| Production<br>companies | * Millman Productions * Proportion Productions * Titan Global Entertainment |
| Distributed by | Uncork'd Entertainment |
| Release date | * February 8, 2022 (2022-02-08) |
| Language | English |


title: Outline of trigonometry

abstract: The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to trigonometry: Trigonometry – branch of mathematics that studies the relationships between the sides and the angles in triangles. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves.

text:
# Outline of trigonometry

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to trigonometry:

**Trigonometry**  branch of mathematics that studies the relationships between the sides and the angles in triangles. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves.

## Basics

* Geometry  mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, the relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Geometry is used extensively in trigonometry.
* Angle  the angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. Angles formed by two rays lie in a plane, but this plane does not have to be a Euclidean plane.
* Ratio  a ratio indicates how many times one number contains another

## Content of trigonometry

## Scholars

## History

## Fields

Uses of trigonometry

### Physics

### Astronomy

### Chemistry

### Geography, geodesy, and land surveying

### Engineering

### Analog devices

## Calculus

## Other areas of mathematics

## Geometric foundations

## Trigonometric functions

## Trigonometric identities

Trigonometric identity (list)

## Solution of triangles

Solution of triangles

## More advanced trigonometric concepts and methods

## Numerical mathematics

### Trigonometric tables

Trigonometric tables

### Spherical trigonometry

Spherical trigonometry

## Mnemonics

mnemonics in trigonometry

## Lists


title: Outline of transportation planning

abstract: The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to transportation planning. Transportation planning – process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations.

text:
# Outline of transportation planning

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to transportation planning.

**Transportation planning**  process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations.

## Context

## Tools and inputs

## Purpose and implementation

### Theories

### Sustainable transport

#### Cycling infrastructure

## Outcomes and impacts

### Social

## Measurements of planning outcomes

## Notable publications and government reports

## People

## Organizations