title: Patna Museum

abstract: Patna Museum is the state museum of the Indian state of Bihar. Founded on 3 April 1917 during the British Raj to house the historical artefacts found in the vicinity of Patna, it is constructed in the style of Mughal and Rajput architecture, and is known locally as the Jadu Ghar. Artefacts from the ancient India era to 1764 have now been transferred to Bihar Museum. The KP Jayaswal Research Institute (KPJRI) which carries out research in the field of history and archaeology also operates out of Patna Museum and was established by the Bihar Government.

text:
# Patna Museum

**Patna Museum** is the state museum of the Indian state of Bihar. Founded on 3 April 1917 during the British Raj to house the historical artefacts found in the vicinity of Patna, it is constructed in the style of Mughal and Rajput architecture, and is known locally as the **Jadu Ghar**. Artefacts from the ancient India era to 1764 have now been transferred to Bihar Museum.

The KP Jayaswal Research Institute (KPJRI) which carries out research in the field of history and archaeology also operates out of Patna Museum and was established by the Bihar Government.

## History

The museum was constructed by the British to conserve and display the historical artifacts found in the vicinity of the state capital. The concept of having a museum arose in 1912, after Bihar and Bengal were separated. Patna Museum started functioning in 1915 from the commissioner's bungalow, on the campus of A. N. Sinha Institute.

The artifacts were then shifted to new rooms at the Patna High Court building before being taken to the present building in 1929. The land that was selected for the museum, in 1925, was on Patna-Gaya road (now Budh Marg). The two-storeyed building, designed by Rai Bahadur Bishnu Swarup, was completed in 1928. It was opened as the first museum of Bihar and Orissa Province by then Governor of Bihar and Orissa, Sir Hugh Lansdown Stephenson.

## Collections

Items on display in the multipurpose museum include archaeological objects, coins, art objects, paintings, instruments, textiles, paintings, thankas, bronze images and sculptures and terra cotta images by Hindu and Buddhist artists. It has a rare collection of British-period paintings depicting day-to-day life, as well as a fine collection related to the first President of India, Rajendra Prasad. It also houses a World War I cannon.

The fossil of a tree said to be more than 200 million years old is on display, as is a casket — unearthed in 1958 by archaeologist, A. S. Altekar, at the Relic Stupa of Vaishali — said to contain the sacred ashes (relics) of Gautama Buddha. A Didarganj Yakshi statue, discovered on a Ganges riverbank in 1917, was the museum's most prized collection, which was later shifted to Bihar Museum. The artefacts from ancient India era to 1764 are kept in Bihar Museum and those of post-1764 period are kept at Patna Museum. Rahul Sankrityayan donated 10,000 manuscripts that are written in gold and silver on handmade papers and books on Buddhist philosophy that were once in the library of ancient Nalanda and Vikramshila universities. These manuscript were taken to Tibet dating back of around 700 years ago before the destruction of these universities. These manuscripts were brought by him. Beginning November 2009, a project was started to build a replacement museum in Patna to enable the display of larger collections.

## Heritage tunnel to Bihar Museum

In January 2023, Government of Bihar appointed Delhi Metro Railway Corporation Ltd as consultant for the construction of a 1.4-km-long proposed subway (heritage tunnel) between Bihar Museum and Patna Museum. In August 2023, cabinet of Bihar Government approved the construction of heritage tunnel at the revised cost of  542 crore.

## K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute

The K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute in Patna was established by the Government of Bihar in 1950 with the object of promoting "historical research, archaeological excavation and investigations and publication of works of permanent value to scholars". The institute is currently based out of Patna Museum.

Notable publications include:

* Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha, Ed.: *Comprehensive History of Bihar*, Volume 1, Part 1 (1974)
* Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha, Ed.: *Comprehensive History of Bihar*, Volume 1, Part 2 (1974)
* S. H. Askari and Q. Ahmad, Ed.: *Comprehensive History of Bihar*, Volume 2, Part 1 (1983)
* S. H. Askari and Q. Ahmad, Ed.: *Comprehensive History of Bihar*, Volume 2, Part 2 (1987)
* K. K. Datta and J. S. Jha, Ed.: *Comprehensive History of Bihar*, Volume 3, Part 1 (1976)
* K. K. Datta and J. S. Jha, Ed.: *Comprehensive History of Bihar*, Volume 3, Part 2 (1976)

1. "Patna Museum". *patna.bih.nic.in*. Archived from the original on 29 December 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
2. "Museum fun plan to woo kids". Telegraphindia.com. 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
3. "Patna Museum to turn 100 today". *The Times of India*. 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
4. "Exhibition on 100 yrs of museum concludes". *The Times of India*. 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
5. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
6. Bhushan, Sudanshu (2021). *Governance of Higher Education in Bihar: Influence of Power Centers*. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 9781000379839. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
7. "Townscript | Online Event Registration and Ticketing Platform". *www.townscript.com*. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
8. Abhay Kumar, Patna, 21 December 2013 (21 December 2013). "Museum artefacts find place in Belgium festival". Deccanherald.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2014.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
9. "This museum in Bihar houses a 2300-year-old sculpture carved out of a single stone". Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
10. "Destinations :: Patna ::Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation". *Bstdc.bih.nic.in*. Archived from the original on 18 September 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
11. Pranava K. Chaudhary, "Holy ashes fail to attract pilgrims" in *Times of India*, 1 March 2003.
12. "CM turns attention to Patna museum".
13. "Renovation of century-old Patna Museum to begin from next month". Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
14. "CM for expansion of old Patna Museum". *The Times of India*. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
15. "DMRC named consultant for tunnel between Patna museums". *The Times of India*. 24 January 2023. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
16. "Nitish Kumar asks officials to develop proposed subway between Bihar Museum and Patna Museum as a 'world-class heritage tunnel'". *The Times of India*. 17 November 2021. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
17. "Rs 542cr for 1.5-km-long tunnel to connect 2 museums in Patna".
18. Tripathi, Piyush (2021). "Upgraded Patna Museum to be magnificent: Bihar CM Nitish Kumar". Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
19. "Publications". *K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna*.

## InfoBox

Patna Museum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Patna MuseumPatna Museum (Bihar) | |
| Established | 3 April 1917 (1917-04-03) |
| Location | Buddha Marg, Patna, Bihar |
| Coordinates | 25°36′45″N 85°07′59″E / 25.61250°N 85.13306°E / 25.61250; 85.13306 |
| Type | Archaeological & Natural |
| Key holdings | Lohanipur torso |
| Visitors | 800,119 (2007) |
| Director | JPN Singh |


title: Rhodopteriana rungwana

abstract: Rhodopteriana rungwana is a moth in the family Eupterotidae. It was described by Philippe Darge in 2013. It is found in Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya.

text:
# Rhodopteriana rungwana

***Rhodopteriana rungwana*** is a moth in the family Eupterotidae. It was described by Philippe Darge in 2013. It is found in Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya.

## InfoBox

| *Rhodopteriana rungwana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Eupterotidae |
| Genus: | *Rhodopteriana* |
| Species: | ***R. rungwana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhodopteriana rungwana***<br>Darge, 2013 | |
|


title: Joe O'Meara

abstract: Daniel Joseph "Brum" O'Meara was an Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy and South Melbourne in the VFL during the 1930s.

text:
# Joe O'Meara

**Daniel Joseph "Brum" O'Meara** (16 September 1907 – 7 November 1985) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy and South Melbourne in the VFL during the 1930s.

## Football

O'Meara played as a centreman and half forward and debuted for South Melbourne in their premiership year of 1933, after being recruited from West Australia. The collection of players recruited from interstate in 1932/1933 became known as South Melbourne's "Foreign Legion".

He played on the half forward flank in the Grand Final and remained with the club until partway through the 1936 season when he crossed to Fitzroy.

## InfoBox

| Joe O'Meara | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Daniel Joseph O'Meara | | |
| Date of birth | 16 September 1907 | | |
| Place of birth | Perth, Western Australia | | |
| Date of death | 7 November 1985(1985-11-07) (aged 78) | | |
| Place of death | Adelaide, South Australia | | |
| Original team(s) | East Perth / Kalgoorlie Railways | | |
| Height | 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 75 kg (165 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1933–1936 | South Melbourne | 47 (36) |
| 1936–1937 | Fitzroy | 10 0(6) |
| Total |  | **57 (42)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1937. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: National Forest Adventure Pass

abstract: The National Forest Adventure Pass is a recreation fee pass issued by the United States Forest Service that permits bearers in designated regions of four National Forests in Southern California to park their cars for the purpose of recreation. Though it was introduced during the "Recreation Fee Demonstration Program" (Fee-Demo) which ended on November 21, 2004, the Forest Service continues to administer the program, nearly unchanged, under the Federal Lands and Recreation Enhancement Act. This act, derisively dubbed by some as the "Recreation Access Tax" (RAT), was passed in December 2004 as part of the Omnibus Appropriations Bill. The four national forests it applies to are the Angeles National Forest, Cleveland National Forest, Los Padres National Forest and San Bernardino National Forest. It is the local element of the controversial national Recreational Fee Demonstration Program system that imposes fees on the public to use public lands. The Legislative Counsel of California has determined that the Forest Service may not cite cars for parking on state highways within national forests unless there is evidence that the occupants have used the forest for recreational purposes. The Forest Service invites those who feel they have been cited unjustly to write to an address on the citation to appeal. This determination was made after a large number of incidents occurred where property owners were cited for parking on their own property, in communities completely contained in the San Bernardino National Forest. Passes may be purchased for annual or day use online or from visitor centers and local merchants. Violators usually receive a "Notice of Noncompliance" and may clear the notice by purchasing a pass after the violation, paying online, or sending in a check or money order to the address in the envelope provided. Punishment of noncompliant individuals has been rare. In theory, use of the forests for non-recreational, First Amendment purposes does not require an Adventure Pass. In addition, using the restroom, stretching, or taking a picture is not a violation. After passage of the Recreational Enhancement Act in 2004, Adventure Passes are now only required at designated High Impact Recreational Areas. However, in fact most areas that previously required a parking pass still require one. To avoid a fine, a wise hiker will telephone a Forest Service office or check the maps of High Impact Recreational Areas online of the individual forests to determine in advance his or her permit needs, since adequate signage pertaining to the need for an Adventure Pass is not yet common. Although supposedly many areas do not require the pass, most of these locations are less convenient to populated areas and can be accessed only from areas that do require a pass. Fees collected via purchases of the Adventure Pass/Notice of Required Fee help directly fund the recreation program on each of the forests involved which includes purchasing trash bags, toilet paper, paint, wood for picnic tables, campfire rings, stoves, etc as well as salary funding to hire rangers to care for the forest, clean bathrooms, pick up trash, answer visitor questions, enforce regulations, and serve the public. The proceeds from these fees stay local and do not go back into a central, national fund.

text:
# National Forest Adventure Pass

The **National Forest Adventure Pass** is a recreation fee pass issued by the United States Forest Service that permits bearers in designated regions of four National Forests in Southern California to park their cars for the purpose of recreation. Though it was introduced during the "Recreation Fee Demonstration Program" (Fee-Demo) which ended on November 21, 2004, the Forest Service continues to administer the program, nearly unchanged, under the Federal Lands and Recreation Enhancement Act. This act, derisively dubbed by some as the "Recreation Access Tax" (RAT), was passed in December 2004 as part of the Omnibus Appropriations Bill. The four national forests it applies to are the Angeles National Forest, Cleveland National Forest, Los Padres National Forest and San Bernardino National Forest.

It is the local element of the controversial national Recreational Fee Demonstration Program system that imposes fees on the public to use public lands.

The Legislative Counsel of California has determined that the Forest Service may not cite cars for parking on state highways within national forests unless there is evidence that the occupants have used the forest for recreational purposes (for example, the occupants have been observed entering the forest). The Forest Service invites those who feel they have been cited unjustly to write to an address on the citation to appeal. This determination was made after a large number of incidents occurred where property owners were cited for parking on their own property, in communities completely contained in the San Bernardino National Forest.

Passes may be purchased for annual or day use online or from visitor centers and local merchants. Violators usually receive a "Notice of Noncompliance" and may clear the notice by purchasing a pass after the violation, paying online, or sending in a check or money order to the address in the envelope provided. Punishment of noncompliant individuals has been rare. In theory, use of the forests for non-recreational, First Amendment purposes does not require an Adventure Pass. In addition, using the restroom, stretching, or taking a picture is not a violation.

After passage of the Recreational Enhancement Act in 2004, Adventure Passes are now only required at designated High Impact Recreational Areas. However, in fact most areas that previously required a parking pass still require one. To avoid a fine, a wise hiker will telephone a Forest Service office or check the maps of High Impact Recreational Areas online of the individual forests to determine in advance his or her permit needs, since adequate signage pertaining to the need for an Adventure Pass is not yet common. Although supposedly many areas do not require the pass, most of these locations are less convenient to populated areas and can be accessed only from areas that do require a pass.

Fees collected via purchases of the Adventure Pass/Notice of Required Fee help directly fund the recreation program on each of the forests involved which includes purchasing trash bags, toilet paper, paint, wood for picnic tables, campfire rings, stoves, etc as well as salary funding to hire rangers to care for the forest, clean bathrooms, pick up trash, answer visitor questions, enforce regulations, and serve the public. The proceeds from these fees stay local and do not go back into a central, national fund.

## Controversy

The continued collection of fees for use of the National Forest Lands remains controversial since the 9th circuit court of appeals ruled in February 2012 in the case Adams v. U.S. Forest Service, that "The Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act ("REA")", the authority under which the fee structure was enacted, "prohibits the United States Forest Service from charging fees "\[s\]olely for parking". In spite of this clear prohibition, what many consider to be "parking only" fees are still required at numerous locations in the San Bernardino and Angeles National Forests as well as other National Forest Locations.

The ruling stated that while fees are allowed in certain instances, the "fee" sites must conform to the following requirements as listed below:

* (A) that provides significant opportunities for outdoor recreation;
* (B) that has substantial Federal investments;
* (C) where fees can be efficiently collected; and
* (D) that contains all of the following amenities:
* (i) Designated developed parking.
* (ii) A permanent toilet facility.
* (iii) A permanent trash receptacle.
* (iv) Interpretive sign, exhibit, or kiosk.
* (v) Picnic tables.
* (vi) Security services.

The Forest Service "maintains that the latter part of § 6802(d)(1)(A), which prohibits fees "solely for . . . picnicking along roads or trailsides," clearly permits fees for road or trailside picnics that take place within a larger area (delineated by the Forest Service) if that larger area offers amenities".

The Court rejected such an interpretation of the REA statute stating:

"Because this reading is so illogical, we will consider another interpretation of the agency's position. Perhaps the Forest Service is really saying that a fee is "\[s\]olely for parking" when imposed in a location where a visitor has no option to do something else, whether or not that "something else" is an amenity required by the statute."

The Court further went on to illustrate:

"Consider what would happen if a restaurant-goer inspected his bill and noticed an unexpected charge. If told that the fee was for ten bottles of wine that the patron's group neither ordered nor drank, the patron would rightly be outraged. He would not find much solace in a waiter's explanation that the wine cellar contained ten bottles, which the patron could have ordered if he wished."

The Court clarified the motive behind such reasoning:

"By ignoring the plain text, the Forest Service arrives at an interpretation that would enable an end-run around the clear statutory restrictions. If the REA gave the agency complete discretion to dictate a fee's so-called purpose, then the agency could entirely evade the prohibition on parking fees by simply declaring that its fees are "for" something else too. At any of the places where subsection (f) contemplates recreation fees, it is possible for a visitor to do something more than park a car—take photos of a volcano, make a cell phone call, chew a piece of gum—and a visitor must use a facility or service to be subject to a subsection (g) fee. Therefore, the agency could simply say that its parking fee is also "for" those other activities. Because the REA has a plain meaning that does not lead to an absurd result, we have no need to afford deference to the agency's competing, nonsensical interpretation."

The court then concluded:

"...the REA unambiguously prohibits the Forest Service from charging fees... for recreational visitors who park a car, then camp at undeveloped sites, picnic along roads or trailsides, or hike through the area without using the facilities and services."

In spite of this ruling the fees continue to be collected.


title: Minister Faust

abstract: Malcolm Azania, is a Kenyan-Canadian novelist, teacher, writer, and journalist. He is primarily known by his pen name, Minister Faust. In addition to writing science fiction, he is a playwright, journalist, teacher, and poet. He has also written video games. He was writer in residence at the University of Alberta, 2014-2015.

text:
# Minister Faust

**Malcolm Azania** (born 1969), is a Kenyan-Canadian novelist, teacher, writer, and journalist. He is primarily known by his pen name, **Minister Faust**. In addition to writing science fiction, he is a playwright, journalist, teacher, and poet. He has also written video games. He was writer in residence at the University of Alberta, 2014-2015.

## Personal life

Born in Edmonton, Alberta, Malcolm Azania is the son of a Kenyan and a Canadian. He attended local schools and started writing from an early age, showing an interest in science fiction.

## Career

Azania's first published work was his science fiction play, *The Undiscovered Country* (1986), for Montreal's Creations Etc.

He is the current writer in residence at the University of Alberta. Writing in the science fiction and fantasy genres, he refers to his subgenre of writing as imhotep-hop. Imhotep-hop is an Africentric subgenre that draws inspiration from numerous ancient African civilizations and focuses on a future in which people struggle for justice.

Most of his works deal with political themes in some way, with the most notable works being the ongoing War & Mir series.

### Novels

#### *The Coyote Kings*

Azania's debut novel, *The Coyote Kings, Book One: Space Age Bachelor Pad* (2004), was a finalist for the Philip K. Dick award, The Locus Best First Novel Award, and The Compton-Cook Award. The novel follows Sherem, an Ethiopian savant, and Hamza and Yehat through a story filled with action, pop culture and Africentric themes.

#### *From the Notebooks of Dr. Brain*

His second book, *From the Notebooks of Dr. Brain* (2007), was the winner of the Carl Brandon Society Kindred Award and the runner-up for the Philip K. Dick Prize. The story explores around six fictional super heroes in therapy and their revelations of the difficulties of being a celebrity.

#### *The Alchemists of Kush*

*The Alchemists of Kush* (2011) follows the paths of two Sudanese boys as they attempt to change the world.

*The Alchemists of Kush* is a Science Fiction Afrofuturist novel written under Malcom Azania’s pen name: Minister Faust. This novel is broken up into four sections each containing their own collection of chapters. The chapters in this novel switch back and forth from “The Book of Then” and “The Book of Now.” There is a third book called “The Book of the Golden Falcon,” which can be found at the end of the novel before the Falconic Glossary and map of Ancient and Modern Kush. In “The Book of Then,” *The Alchemists of Kush*’s setting is in the Savage Lands and the Blacklands of Africa. “The Book of Now” takes place in Canada. *The Alchemists of Kush* was published in July 2011. Each one of the three books contains 10 chapters.

In the Author’s Note, Minister Faust gives some suggestions on how to read his work. Minister Faust writes “certainly, feel free to read the novel in the path that it’s printed… But you could also read all the “Then’’s as a group, followed by “Now’’s together, ending with “The Book of the Golden Falcon”… or read the first chapters of every “Falcon,” “Then,” and “Now,” all the way through to each one’s tenth chapter.”

Minister Faust incorporates the ancient practice of Alchemy, and Egyptian hieroglyphics, numerology, and mythology within *The Alchemists of Kush*. Minister Faust puts a heavy emphasis on past lives and reincarnation as well as following those karmic patterns within each spirit. In his own words, Minister Faust, in a YouTube interview, introduces the Alchemical system as “a mystical system; a knowledge system.” Faust fused “Ancient Egyptian history” and “modern African realities” together to create *The Alchemists of Kush*, an Africentric novel.

The setting for *The Alchemists of Kush* “The Book of Now” is in Kush located in E-Town (Edmonton), Canada. In his YouTube book trailer, Minister Faust describes E-Town as a “Somali, Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Sudanese district.” “The Book of Then” takes place in Africa, in the Savage lands and the Blacklands over seven thoughts and years before “The Book of Now” (modern day time) takes place. For the 2017 published version of *The Alchemists of Kush*, the summary on the back of the novel reads “two Sudanese “Lost Boys.” Both fathers murdered during civil war. Both mothers forced into exile through lands where the only law was violence. To survive, they became ruthless loners and child soldiers. Before finding mystic mentors who transformed them to achieve their destinies. Separated by seven thousand years, and connected by immortal truth… One, known to the streets as Supreme Raptor: the other, known to the Greeks as Horus, son of Osiris. Both born in fire. Both baptized with blood. Both brutalized by the wicked. Both sworn to transform the world and themselves by the power… of Alchemy.”

ISBN No. 978-1737227748

#### War & Mir

His War and Mir series consists of two novels, *War & Mir, Volume I: Ascension* (2011), and *War & Mir, Volume II: The Darkold* (2014), with a third novel currently being written. The story centers on Taharqa Douglass, a man with a unique trait that marks him as a prime target for drafting into an interstellar war.

### Video games

#### *Mass Effect 2 DLC*

Azania co-wrote Mass Effect 2's Kasumi DLC (Downloadable Content). It was initially released on April 6, 2010, for the PC and Xbox, and released on January 18 for the PS3. The DLC introduces a new character and several new outfits, as well as an original quest line.

#### *Gift of the Yeti*

Azania wrote BioWare's *Gift of the Yeti*, an app for Facebook which was released in 2009, with the intent of raising $10,000 for Childs Play, a charity that funds hospitals for children. In the game, the player controls a yeti who must take Santa's place for one year, and deliver presents to everyone while evading the police.

#### *Darkspore*

Azania wrote maxis' *Darkspore*, which was released on April 26, 2011. The game involves creating an avatar and fighting across various worlds in an attempt to save the galaxy.

### Stage writing and sketch comedy

Azania's stage writing career began at 17 when he wrote the science fiction play *The Undiscovered Country* for Montreal's Creations Etc. His play *The Wonderful World of Wangari* is about the Kenyan Nobel Peace laureate Dr. Wangari Maathi. Azania also has written sketches for local television shows, the *11:02 Show* and *Gordon’s Big Bald Head*.

Azania's short stories and poems appear in a multitude of collections, and his articles have been included in numerous publications such as i09, and Adventure Rocketship: Let's all Go To the Science Fiction Disco.

### Radio and television

#### Africentric radio

Azania founded *Africentric Radio* in 1991, and continued with it until 2012. It was also called *The Terrodome: Black Radio In the Hour Of Chaos* and later *The Terrordome: The Afrika All World News Service*. During its time on the air, Africentric Radio featured many prominent political and artistic figures, including Americans Noam Chomsky and Ice-T.

#### HelpTV

During the years 2007-2008, Azania was the host and associate producer for *HelpTV*, a Canadian national daily program.

#### Book TV's 3 Day Novel Contest

Azania was the celebrity Judge on Book TV's 3 Day Novel Contest for two seasons.

## Politics

Azania was a candidate in the 2004 Canadian federal election, representing the New Democratic Party in Edmonton Strathcona. He placed third, but increased the NDP's support in the riding by over 3,000 votes.

## Bibliography

### Books

## Video games

### Stage writing

* *The Wonderful World of Wangari*
* *The Undiscovered Country*

## Electoral record

| 2004 Canadian federal election: Edmonton—Strathcona | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
|  | Conservative | Rahim Jaffer | 19,089 | 39.40 | −2.60 | $67,449 |
|  | Liberal | Debby Carlson | 14,057 | 29.01 | −2.88 | $67,910 |
|  | New Democratic | **Malcolm Azania** | 11,535 | 23.80 | +9.02 | $46,100 |
|  | Green | Cameron Wakefield | 3,146 | 6.49 |  | $2,353 |
|  | Marijuana | Dave Dowling | 519 | 1.07 | −0.38 |  |
|  | Marxist–Leninist | Kevan Hunter | 103 | 0.21 | −0.08 | $26 |
| Total valid votes | | | 48,449 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 150 | 0.31 |
| Turnout | | | 48,599 | 65.66 |

## InfoBox

| Malcolm Azania | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1969 (age 5455)<br>Edmonton, Alberta |
| Pen name | Minister Faust |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Years active | 1986-Present |
|  | |
| Political party | New Democratic Party |
|  | |


title: Willie Kamm

abstract: William Edward Kamm was an American professional baseball player. He played as a third baseman in Major League Baseball from 1923 to 1935. Kamm played most of his career for the Chicago White Sox before finishing his playing days with the Cleveland Indians. He was the dominant defensive third baseman in the American League for most of his career.

text:
# Willie Kamm

**William Edward Kamm** (February 2, 1900 – December 21, 1988) was an American professional baseball player. He played as a third baseman in Major League Baseball from 1923 to 1935. Kamm played most of his career for the Chicago White Sox before finishing his playing days with the Cleveland Indians. He was the dominant defensive third baseman in the American League for most of his career.

## Major league career

Born in San Francisco, California, Kamm was the first player in major league baseball history to be contracted from the minor leagues for $100,000. He made his major league debut at the age of 23 with the Chicago White Sox in 1923, hitting 39 doubles with 89 runs batted in. He increased his runs batted in total to 93 in 1924, and led American League third basemen in putouts, assists and fielding percentage.

Kamm had his best season offensively in 1928 when he posted a .308 batting average along with 84 runs batted in. He finished fifth in the 1928 American League Most Valuable Player Award voting, despite the fact that the White Sox finished the year in fifth place. He was traded to the Cleveland Indians in the middle of the 1931 season, where he continued to perform well in the field. In 1933, Kamm set a single-season record for third basemen with a .984 fielding percentage, which stood for fourteen years until it was surpassed by Hank Majeski in 1947. He retired as a player after the 1935 season.

Kamm was considered a master of the hidden ball trick. On April 30, 1929, in a game against the Cleveland Indians, Kamm was involved in a rare triple play that involved a hidden ball trick. The Indians had baserunners on second and third bases when Carl Lind grounded out to the shortstop, who then threw to first base to retire the batter. Johnny Hodapp, who had been the baserunner on second base, erroneously thought the runner on third base, Charlie Jamieson had scored, so he advanced to third base on the ground out. Kamm retrieved the ball from the first baseman and tagged both runners at third base, whereupon the umpire ruled Hodapp out. Kamm then hid the ball under his arm and waited for Jamieson to step off the base. When he did so, Kamm tagged him out to complete the triple play.

## Career statistics

In a thirteen-year major league career, Kamm played in 1,693 games, accumulating 1,643 hits in 5,851 at bats for a .281 career batting average along with 29 home runs and 827 runs batted in. At the time of his retirement, only Heinie Groh had a higher career fielding percentage among retired major league third basemen, and as of 2010, his .967 career fielding percentage is the 15th highest by a third baseman in major league baseball history. Kamm led the league in fielding average eight times, including six times in a row, and in putouts seven times. Kamm still holds the American League single-season record for putouts by a third baseman with 243 set in 1928, and ranks eighth overall in putouts by third basemen. He also led American League third basemen four times in assists and twice in range factor.

Kamm is one of only 18 players in major league baseball history to have more than 60 runs batted in during a season, without hitting a home run. He is the only player to have ever accomplished the feat twice, with 62 runs batted in during the 1926 season, and 75 runs batted in during the 1931 season.

Sabermetrician Bill James, in his baseball reference book *The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract*, noted that after trading Willie Kamm, the Chicago White Sox did not stabilize the third base position until 1989—a period of 58 years.

## Career as manager

After his retirement as a player, Kamm became the manager of the Mission Reds in the Pacific Coast League from 1936 to 1937.

Kamm died at age 88 in Belmont, California.

## InfoBox

| Willie Kamm | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Third baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1900-02-02)February 2, 1900
San Francisco, California, U.S. | |
| **Died:** December 21, 1988(1988-12-21) (aged 88)
Belmont, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 18, 1923, for the Chicago White Sox | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 21, 1935, for the Cleveland Indians | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .281 |
| Home runs | 29 |
| Runs batted in | 827 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Milton K. Ozaki

abstract: Milton K. Ozaki was an American writer.

text:
# Milton K. Ozaki

**Milton K. Ozaki** (June 14, 1913 – November 7, 1989) was an American writer.

## Life

Ozaki was born in Racine, Wisconsin to a Japanese father (Jingaro Ozaki, who later changed his name to Frank) and an American mother, Augusta Rathbun. He lost a leg as a young child. In addition to his work as a writer and journalist, he operated a beauty parlor (the Monsieur Meltoine beauty salon, in the Gold Coast section of Chicago). Ozaki and his wife Dolores B. Ozaki lived at 6314 Fifth Avenue in Kenosha, Wisconsin. In the 1970s, he operated phony mail-order colleges, including the Colorado State Christian College and Hamilton State University, and he was also involved in a company marketing a device fraudulently claimed to increase gas mileage. He died in Reno, Nevada.

## Writing

Ozaki was the author of approximately two dozen popular mid-20th century detective novels under both his given name and the pseudonym **Robert O. Saber**, and was one of the first American mystery writers of Japanese descent. His novels are set in the fictional, mid-sized southeastern-Wisconsin city of Stillwell, Wisconsin, which is actually a barely disguised Kenosha.

## Novels

* *The Cuckoo Clock* (1946) – Also published under the title "Too Many Women" (1947)
* *A Fiend in Need* (1947)
* *The Ram of Aries* (1947)
* *The Black Dark Murders* (1949) – Also published under the title "Out Of The Dark" (1954)
* *The Affair of the Frigid Blonde* (1950) – Also published under the title "The Deadly Blonde" (1953)
* *The Deadly Lover* (1951)
* *The Scented Flesh* (1951)
* *The Dummy Murder Case* (1951)
* *The Dove* (1951) – Also published under the title "Chicago Woman" (1953)
* *No Way Out* (1952) – Also published under the title "Borrowed Time" (1955)
* *Murder Doll* (1952)
* *The Deadly Pickup* (1953)
* *Murder Honeymoon* (1953)
* *City of Sin* (1952)
* *Dressed to Kill* (1954)
* *Too Young to Die* (1954)
* *Shake Hands With The Devil* (1954)
* *Maid For Murder* (1955)
* *A Dame Called Murder* (1955)
* *Marked For Murder* (1955)
* *Model for Murder* (1955)
* *Sucker Bait* (1955)
* *Never Say Die* (1956)
* *A Time For Murder* (1956)
* *Case of the Deadly Kiss* (1957)
* *The Case of the Cop's Wife* (1958)
* *Wake Up and Scream* (1959)
* *Inquest* (1960)
* *Too Cute To Kill* (Publish date unknown)

## Games

Milton K. Ozaki also designed a dice game, Murder Dice, which was similar to Yahtzee and was based on the events in a murder trial.

## InfoBox

| Milton K. Ozaki | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1913-06-14)June 14, 1913
Racine, Wisconsin |
| Died | November 7, 1989(1989-11-07) (aged 76)
Reno, Nevada |
| Pen name | Robert O. Saber |
| Occupation | Author |


title: Richard de Belmeis I

abstract: Richard de Belmeis I was a medieval cleric, administrator, judge and politician. Beginning as a minor landowner and steward in Shropshire, he became Henry I's chief agent in the Welsh Marches and in 1108 was appointed Bishop of London. He founded St Osyth's Priory in Essex and was succeeded by a considerable dynasty of clerical politicians and landowners.

text:
# Richard de Belmeis I

**Richard de Belmeis I** (or **de Beaumais**) (died 1127) was a medieval cleric, administrator, judge and politician. Beginning as a minor landowner and steward in Shropshire, he became Henry I's chief agent in the Welsh Marches and in 1108 was appointed Bishop of London. He founded St Osyth's Priory in Essex and was succeeded by a considerable dynasty of clerical politicians and landowners.

## Identity

Richard's toponymic byname is given in modern accounts as *de Belmeis*. Occasionally the form *de Beaumais* is encountered. This is based on the modern spelling of the village from which his family perhaps originated: Beaumais-sur-Dive, which is east of Falaise, in the Calvados region of Normandy. The attribution is now regarded as not fully proven. It is made up of two very common French toponym elements, meaning “attractive estate”: there is a village called Aubermesnil-Beaumais elsewhere in Normandy.

Whatever the form of his name, Richard is easily confused with his namesake and nephew, Richard de Belmeis II, who was also a 12th-century Bishop of London. Tout refers to Richard I by the surname *Rufus*, which creates further confusion. His epitaph shows that he was called Rufus, but the name, in the form Ruffus, is now generally reserved for an Archdeacon of Essex a brother of Richard Belmeis II and thus another nephew of Richard Belmeis I. A further, later, Richard Ruffus may have been a son of the archdeacon. The family tree below attempts to clarify the relationships, which are still not beyond doubt.

## Background and early life

Richard's background seems to lie in the lower reaches of the Norman landowning class. He is thought to be the Richard whom the Domesday enquiry found holding the very small manor of Meadowley, due west of Bridgnorth in Shropshire. This he held as a tenant of Helgot, who held it of Roger Montgomery, the great territorial magnate who dominated the Welsh Marches. Meadowley was 6 ploughlands in extent and was populated by just five families: 3 slaves and 2 bordars. However, there were evidently signs of revival in Richard's hands. In Edward the Confessor's time it had been worth 30 shillings, but it had sunk to only 2 shillings by the time Richard acquired it, since when it had risen again to 11 shillings. Richard also held three hides worth of land as a tenant of Helgot at Preen, to the north-west of Meadowley. Here he let a hide to Godebold, a priest who was a crony of Earl Roger. Godebold at this time was much wealthier than Richard and held a large number of properties that had been intended as prebends of the collegiate church of St Alkmund in Shrewsbury.

Richard seems to have become steward of Earl Roger and appears as a witness in charters, both genuine and spurious, granted by Roger and his son, Hugh to Shrewsbury Abbey, and in one is described as *dapifer* for Shropshire. Richard also seems to have been employed in Sussex, where the Montgomery earls had substantial holdings.

## Viceroy of Shropshire

Richard seems to have avoided entanglement in the revolt of Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury, and consequently emerged in Henry I's favour. Probably in autumn 1102, Henry ordered “Richard de Belmes”, Robert of Falaise and all the barons of Sussex to secure for Ralph de Luffa, the Bishop of Chichester, lands near the town of Chichester. It seems, therefore, that Richard was not in Shropshire at that time, but in Sussex. He was probably sent to Shrewsbury late in 1102, after Henry had dealt with Robert of Bellême's Welsh allies, imprisoning Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, a powerful Welsh leader who had played a prominent but equivocal part in events. Henry continued to treat Shropshire as a marcher lordship but was determined not to install another earl who might threaten the monarchy. Probably at Christmas, Henry ordered Richard to help secure some land for the Abbey of Saint-Remi, which had a daughter house at Lapley Priory in Staffordshire and estates in Shropshire. This would indicate that he was fully in charge of Shropshire by the end of the year. However, the sequence of events is not certain.

Henry allowed Richard to take effective control of the county as a royal agent. He was described by Ordericus Vitalis as the *vicecomes* or “viscount” of Shropshire, a term sometimes translated as Viceroy. It is possible that he was addressed on occasion as the Sheriff of Shropshire. He had a reputation as an expert on legal matters. Hence he served as the justiciar for the king at Shrewsbury, where his brief also included oversight of Welsh affairs. He was given substantial holdings in the county to support him in appropriate style. The priest Godebold had been succeeded by a son, Robert, and it seems likely that he had supported the rebels, as his estates were turned over to Richard. Other estates he acquired were Tong and Donington, both of which had been retained as demesne by the Montgomery earls themselves. Despite his focus on Shropshire, the king seems to have continued regarding Richard as a Sussex magnate: as late as 1107 he heads a list of Sussex notables informed of the king's confirmation of the right of Chichester Cathedral to hold a fair in the town.

As Henry's viceroy, Richard made a considerable impact on the county. On occasion he convened and presided over ecclesiastical synods: Even after he became Bishop of London, he had no obvious authority for doing this, as Shropshire fell within the Diocese of Lichfield. His decisions at assemblies at Wistanstow in 1110 and Castle Holdgate in 1115 greatly increased the powers and privileges of Wenlock Priory by recognising it as the mother church of an extensive parish and made it an important force in the region. Richard granted his land at Preen to Wenlock Priory and this was later used to found a daughter house.

## Bishop of London

### Election and consecration

Richard was elected to the see of London and invested with its temporalities on 24 May 1108. The date is known from Eadmer, the contemporary historian and biographer of Anselm, who places Richard's election at Pentecost: 24 May in that year, according to the Julian Calendar, in which Easter was on 5 April. The king's confirmation affirms that he is granted “the see of London with the lands and men pertaining to it, and the castle of Stortford.” Shortly afterwards, Henry restored to the canons of St Paul's a range of judicial powers and privileges they had enjoyed in the reign of Edward the Confessor.

It appears that he had so far been ordained only as a deacon. Ordination as a priest was required before Richard could proceed to ordination as a bishop. Eadmer makes clear that he was ordained as a priest with many others by Anselm, the Archbishop of Canterbury, at his manor of Mortlake. Anselm had only recently returned from a long exile after he and the king came to a resolution of their Investiture Controversy, and it seems that there was a backlog of ordinations. Eadmer does not give a date as such but says that Anselm carried out these ordinations during *jejunio quarti mensis* \- the “fast of the fourth months,” i.e. the Ember Days, which were the Wednesday, Friday and Saturday following Pentecost. Eyton reasoned that the ordination would therefore have been on 27, 29 or 30 May. However, *Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicani* gives the probable date as 14 June 1108, nevertheless citing Eadmer as evidence.

Richard was fairly typical of the men made bishops, even after Henry had made substantial concessions to the Church. Citing Richard as an example, Poole comments: “Piety in matters of religion was seldom the primary qualification in the election of bishops; the continued to be normally men of affairs, administrators, chosen for their experience in conducting the king's business.” What followed made clear that Richard was essentially a royal nominee, not really known, much less congenial, to Anselm and the supporters of Gregorian Reform. Eadmer says that the king went to embark for Normandy and waited until he received a blessing from Anselm, who then became very ill and was confined to his quarters. The king then sent William Giffard, the Bishop of Winchester and William Warelwast, the Bishop of Exeter, who had taken opposite sides in the investiture dispute, to urging Anselm to look after his son and the kingdom and to make sure that Richard was soon ordained bishop at Chichester. The reason he gave was that Richard was a man of great ability for whom he had important business in the far west of the country. Anselm did expedite Richard's consecration as a bishop, which took place on 26 July 1108. However, he demurred at using Chichester Cathedral, preferring instead to use his own chapel at Pagham, assisted by the bishops of Winchester, Chichester and Exeter, together with Roger of Salisbury, the Bishop of Salisbury.

### Primacy dispute

One of Richard's concerns was to promote the interests of the Archdiocese of Canterbury, of which his own see formed a part. A dispute over the primacy between Canterbury and York had already dragged on for some years. Anselm had been granted a personal primacy over the whole English church by the Papacy. However, Thomas, archbishop-elect of York since May 1108 had used various stratagems to delay his own consecration, as it was clear Anselm was near to death. In May 1109, Anselm died and at Pentecost the king convened his court in London, where the bishops demanded that Thomas accept consecration. This was a unanimous call, including even Samson, the Bishop of Worcester, who was Thomas's father. Accordingly, Thomas was brought to consecration at St Paul's, Richard's seat, on 27 June. Seven bishops were scheduled to take part: Richard himself, William Giffard of Winchester, Ralph d'Escures, the Bishop of Rochester, Herbert de Losinga, the Bishop of Norwich, Ralph of Chichester, Ranulf Flambard, the Bishop of Durham, and Hervey le Breton, the king's confessor, currently unable to fulfil his role as Bishop of Bangor but a bishop nevertheless. However, Richard refused to participate until Thomas had made a written profession of subordination. According to Eadmer, this was a comprehensive surrender of the primacy to Canterbury:

However, doubt was to return later about the wording. Once the required formalities had been carried out, Richard pronounced himself satisfied and the consecration went ahead, with Thomas subsequently receiving a pallium from the Papal legate.

Richard was still determined to pursue his campaign against Thomas, and raised the issue of who should say mass before the king at the Christmas court of 1109, which was held in London. Still an archbishop and a primate, Thomas claimed to be the senior bishop in the country because of the continuing vacancy at Canterbury. However, Richard claimed to be the senior bishop and dean of the Province of Canterbury, and thus the archbishop's deputy. Moreover, his predecessor Maurice had been the one to crown Henry in 1100, when there was no Archbishop of Canterbury available. Richard celebrated the mass but the argument was pursued with renewed vigour, actually at the king's dinner table, until Henry sent both bishops home and remitted the issue to the future archbishop of Canterbury. Tout thought that Richard himself had aspirations to become archbishop, although it was not to be. Ralph d'Escures was already acquiring administrative authority within the province and, after prolonged wrangling, was to emerge as the next archbishop.

### Episcopal business

Richard took part in settling numerous ecclesiastical and secular matters of his day. He was a witness to the king's writ recognising the establishment of the Diocese of Ely: this had been discussed for some time and adopted as policy by Anselm, but papal approval arrived only in 1109. Hervey le Breton, displaced from Bangor by the resurgence of the Kingdom of Gwynedd, was translated to the new see, which was created by the partition of the Diocese of Lincoln.

Richard attended the king when he was waiting to embark for Normandy in 1111 and 1114. On 27 June 1115 he was at the enthronement of Ralph d'Escures as Archbishop of Canterbury. On 28 December that year he accompanied the king and queen to the consecration of St Albans Abbey. He participated in the consecration of several other bishops. On 4 April 1120 it was when David the Scot, a new Bishop of Bangor agreed upon by Henry I and Gruffudd ap Cynan, was consecrated at Westminster Abbey; on 16 January 1121, when Richard de Capella was consecrated Bishop of Hereford at Lambeth; and on 2 October that year, in the same church, when Gregory or Gréne was consecrated Bishop of Dublin. On 6 February 1123 he was prevented by paralysis from officiating when his protégé William de Corbeil was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury.

William de Corbeil or Curboil had been for some years the Prior of St Osyth's Priory, an Augustinian house founded by Richard at the village of Chich in Essex. The king confirmed Richard's grant of the manor to the priory around 1117-9. The priory was dedicated to a legendary Anglo-Saxon nun and martyr. It was only one of his great building projects, although important to him personally and intended to provide a mausoleum and chantry for himself. The rebuilding of St Paul's was a much bigger project he inherited with the see of London from Maurice, his predecessor, as the previous building had been destroyed by fire. Ordericus Vitalis portrays his efforts as enthusiastic and determined, very nearly bringing the work to completion. This was possibly true initially. However, William of Malmesbury believed that Maurice had committed the diocese to a scheme that was too ambitious and that Richard was damaged not only in wealth but in mental health by the enormity of the task, ultimately despairing of the burden. Nevertheless he is celebrated as the founder of St Paul's Cathedral School, which was to provide an education for its choristers in the succeeding centuries, slowly evolving into distinct choral and grammar schools.

Richard was the recipient of significant small tokens of royal favour. Probably in 1114 the king notified Hugh de Bocland that Richard was henceforth to receive the tithe of venison from Essex that had previously been a royal prerogative. Rather later was a grant to Richard and his cathedral of “the whole of the great fish caught on their land, except the tongue, which he reserves for himself.” Apparently this referred to porpoises.

## Welsh affairs

Richard's best-documented interventions in Wales date from the period immediately after his elevation to the episcopate in 1108. Richard's meddling in the complex dynastic politics of Wales was not always successful and Lloyd comments that “Bishop Richard was cynically indifferent to the crimes of Welshmen against each other.” The imprisonment of Iorwerth had left a partial power vacuum in Powys, which his brother Cadwgan ap Bleddyn was unable to fill. Initially these were precipitated by Owain ap Cadwgan's abduction of Nest ferch Rhys in 1109, which had profound repercussions across Wales, as she was both the wife of Gerald de Windsor, the most powerful Norman baron in South Wales and the daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, the last Welsh ruler of Deheubarth. The widespread sense of outrage created a coalition of Welsh leaders against Owain and Cadygan. Richard was able to use this groundswell to send his forces and their allies across Central Wales, driving Owain and Cadwgan back into Ceredigion, then further into exile in Ireland. Richard partitioned the fugitives' land among his allies and in 1110 Iorwerth was released from seven years' captivity to create a new centre of power and authority.

However, Richard ordered one of his allies, Madog ap Rhiryd, to surrender some English criminals whom he was sheltering, alienating him from the new order. When Owain returned from exile, Madog immediately defected to his side and accompanied him in pillaging along the border. This led to hostilities with Iorwerth, who kept his bargain with Richard and the king, driving the outlaws from his realms. However, Owain continued his depredations from further west and Madog returned to corner and kill Iorwerth, driving him at spear-point into his blazing home. Richard dealt with each disaster by restoring relations with the perpetrators. Initially he reinstated Cadwgan in power, accepting Owain's return. When Madog murdered Cadwgan, Richard responded by granting substantial lands to him. Owain seems to have sidestepped the local conflict by making contact with the king personally. Succeeding his father in Powys, he was able in 1113 to blind Madog in revenge for his father's murder and to survive a full-scale royal invasion in the following year. Eyton comments on Richard's part in these events: “The grossest treachery seems to have pervaded this part of his policy.”

## Death

Richard seems to have given up his political functions in his last years. Eyton thought it likely he retired to his Priory of St Osyth in Essex. Certainly he died there.

On his deathbed, Richard confessed that he had lied about his tenure of a manor, previously testifying that he held it in fee, when in reality he had it under a lease. This was the manor of Betton in Berrington, to the south of Shrewsbury, which had been given to Shrewsbury Abbey soon after its foundation by Robert de Limesey, then Bishop of Chester Richard cleared up the matter through his confessors: William de Mareni, his own nephew and Dean of St Paul's, and Fulk, the prior of St Osyth's. Fulk clarified the situation in letters to the king, the Archbishop and other notables. Although Richard directed that the estate be restored to the abbey, its status was contested by his successors for decades: by Philip de Belmeis in 1127, although he quickly defaulted; a few decades later by his younger son, Ranulph, who ultimately recognised the abbey's rights in return for acceptance into its fraternity; in 1212 by Roger de la Zouche, who continued his suit for years unsuccessfully. Richard also restored to the abbey the advowson of the churches at Donington and Tong: these too were to be contested in the future.

Richard died in 1127, with his death being commemorated on 16 January, so he probably died on that date. He was buried at the Priory of St Osyth. His epitaph, on a marble tomb, read:

## Family

Richard became the originator of both ecclesiastical and secular dynasties. He had at least two sons, Walter and William. Walter was a canon of London, holding the prebend of Newington, and William was Archdeacon of London.

However, his nephews, heirs who could be legally acknowledged, were recipients of much greater benefits. The sons of two sisters, Ralph de Langford and William de Mareni, both pursued distinguished careers in the Diocese of London and in turn became Dean of St Paul's. Sons of his brother Robert received still more. Philip became his secular heir in the Midlands, receiving the substantial and lucrative estates at Tong and Donington. Philip's younger brother, Richard de Belmeis II received a royal grant of his prebends of St Alkmund's church, Shrewsbury, and the pair were able to found and endow another great Augustinian house: Lilleshall Abbey in Shropshire. However, both Philip's sons died young, after successively inheriting the estates, which then passed through their sister Adelicia and her husband, Alan de la Zouche, to the Barons Zouche. Richard later became Bishop of London. Richard Ruffus, their brother, apparently sharing his uncle's complexion, was archdeacon of Essex in the diocese of London, and had two sons who were canons of St Paul's. Another brother, Robert seems to have been the ancestor of the later Belmeis landowning dynasty. His son, William, was a canon of St Paul's and prebendary of St Pancras, but it is unclear whether he or a brother was Robert's temporal heir.

### Family tree

| The Belmeis family |
| --- |
| Based on genealogy given by Eyton, corrected and supplemented by reference to *Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae*.<br>Unknown de Belmeis   Unknown de Langford  Unknown de Belmeis  Unknown de Mareni  Avelina de Belmeis  **Richard de Belmeis I**, Bishop of London 1108-1127      Robert de Belmeis  Unknown   Ralph de Langford, Dean of St Paul's, died 1150s      William de Mareni, Dean of St Paul's, died 1138  William de Belmeis I, Archdeacon of London.  Walter de Belmeis, Canon of St Paul's, Prebendary of Newington  Robert de Belmeis  **Richard de Belmeis II**, Archdeacon of Middlesex, Dean of St Alkmund's, Bishop of London 1152-62  **Philip de Belmeis**, Lord of Tong, Shropshire died c.1154  Matilda  Richard Ruffus I, Archdeacon of Essex, died 1167   William de Belmeis II, Canon of St Paul's, Prebendary of St Pancras, died c.1185  Philip de Belmeis II, died c.1159 *sine prole*  Ranulf de Belmeis, died c.1167 *sine prole*  Adelicia de Belmeis  Alan de la Zouche  Richard Ruffus II, Canon of St Paul's, died c.1201  Richard Junior, Canon of St Paul's, died 1214   Belmeis family, Shropshire landowners            Zouche family and Barons Zouche, major landowners in the Midlands |

## Citations

* Crouch, David *The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154* Harlow, Essex: Longman Pearson 2000 ISBN 0-582-22657-0
* Crouch, David (Spring 2002). "The Troubled Deathbeds of Henry I's Servants: Death, Confession, and Secular Conduct in the Twelfth Century". *Albion*. **43** (1): 24–36. doi:10.2307/4053439. JSTOR 4053439.
* Eyton, Robert William (1854–60). *The Antiquities of Shropshire*, John Russell Smith, London, accessed 18 December 2014 at Internet Archive.

Volume 1 (1854) Volume 2 (1855) Volume 3 (1856)

Tout, Thomas Frederick (1885). "Belmeis, Richard de (d.1128)". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 04. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

## InfoBox

| Richard de Belmeis | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of London | |
| Elected | 24 May 1108 |
| Term ended | 1127 |
| Predecessor | Maurice |
| Successor | Gilbert Universalis |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 14 June 1108 |
| Consecration | 26 July 1108 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 16 January 1127<br>St Osyth |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |


title: Path (topology)

abstract: In mathematics, a path in a topological space X is a continuous function from a closed interval into X. Paths play an important role in the fields of topology and mathematical analysis. For example, a topological space for which there exists a path connecting any two points is said to be path-connected. Any space may be broken up into path-connected components. The set of path-connected components of a space X is often denoted π 0. One can also define paths and loops in pointed spaces, which are important in homotopy theory. If X is a topological space with basepoint x 0, then a path in X is one whose initial point is x 0. Likewise, a loop in X is one that is based at x 0.

text:
# Path (topology)

In mathematics, a **path** in a topological space $X$ is a continuous function from a closed interval into $X.$

Paths play an important role in the fields of topology and mathematical analysis. For example, a topological space for which there exists a path connecting any two points is said to be path-connected. Any space may be broken up into path-connected components. The set of path-connected components of a space $X$ is often denoted $\pi \_{0}(X).$

One can also define paths and loops in pointed spaces, which are important in homotopy theory. If $X$ is a topological space with basepoint $x\_{0},$ then a path in $X$ is one whose initial point is $x\_{0}$. Likewise, a loop in $X$ is one that is based at $x\_{0}$.

## Definition

A *curve* in a topological space $X$ is a continuous function $f:J\to X$ from a non-empty and non-degenerate interval $J\subseteq \mathbb {R} .$ A ***path*** in $X$ is a curve $f:\[a,b\]\to X$ whose domain $\[a,b\]$ is a compact non-degenerate interval (meaning $a\<b$ are real numbers), where $f(a)$ is called the ***initial point*** of the path and $f(b)$ is called its ***terminal point***. A ***path from $x$ to $y$*** is a path whose initial point is $x$ and whose terminal point is $y.$ Every non-degenerate compact interval $\[a,b\]$ is homeomorphic to $\[0,1\],$ which is why a ***path*** is sometimes, especially in homotopy theory, defined to be a continuous function $f:\[0,1\]\to X$ from the closed unit interval $I:=\[0,1\]$ into $X.$

An ***arc*** or **C0*-arc*** in $X$ is a path in $X$ that is also a topological embedding.

Importantly, a path is not just a subset of $X$ that "looks like" a curve, it also includes a parameterization. For example, the maps $f(x)=x$ and $g(x)=x^{2}$ represent two different paths from 0 to 1 on the real line.

A **loop** in a space $X$ based at $x\in X$ is a path from $x$ to $x.$ A loop may be equally well regarded as a map $f:\[0,1\]\to X$ with $f(0)=f(1)$ or as a continuous map from the unit circle $S^{1}$ to $X$

$$f:S^{1}\to X.$$

This is because $S^{1}$ is the quotient space of $I=\[0,1\]$ when $0$ is identified with $1.$ The set of all loops in $X$ forms a space called the loop space of $X.$

## Homotopy of paths

Paths and loops are central subjects of study in the branch of algebraic topology called homotopy theory. A homotopy of paths makes precise the notion of continuously deforming a path while keeping its endpoints fixed.

Specifically, a homotopy of paths, or **path-homotopy**, in $X$ is a family of paths $f\_{t}:\[0,1\]\to X$ indexed by $I=\[0,1\]$ such that

* $f\_{t}(0)=x\_{0}$ and $f\_{t}(1)=x\_{1}$ are fixed.
* the map $F:\[0,1\]\times \[0,1\]\to X$ given by $F(s,t)=f\_{t}(s)$ is continuous.

The paths $f\_{0}$ and $f\_{1}$ connected by a homotopy are said to be **homotopic** (or more precisely **path-homotopic**, to distinguish between the relation defined on all continuous functions between fixed spaces). One can likewise define a homotopy of loops keeping the base point fixed.

The relation of being homotopic is an equivalence relation on paths in a topological space. The equivalence class of a path $f$ under this relation is called the **homotopy class** of $f,$ often denoted $\[f\].$

## Path composition

One can compose paths in a topological space in the following manner. Suppose $f$ is a path from $x$ to $y$ and $g$ is a path from $y$ to $z$. The path $fg$ is defined as the path obtained by first traversing $f$ and then traversing $g$:

$$fg(s)={\begin{cases}f(2s)&0\leq s\leq {\frac {1}{2}\\g(2s-1)&{\frac {1}{2}\leq s\leq 1.\end{cases}}}}$$

Clearly path composition is only defined when the terminal point of $f$ coincides with the initial point of $g.$ If one considers all loops based at a point $x\_{0},$ then path composition is a binary operation.

Path composition, whenever defined, is not associative due to the difference in parametrization. However it *is* associative up to path-homotopy. That is, $\[(fg)h\]=\[f(gh)\].$ Path composition defines a group structure on the set of homotopy classes of loops based at a point $x\_{0}$ in $X.$ The resultant group is called the fundamental group of $X$ based at $x\_{0},$ usually denoted $\pi \_{1}\left(X,x\_{0}\right).$

In situations calling for associativity of path composition "on the nose," a path in $X$ may instead be defined as a continuous map from an interval $\[0,a\]$ to $X$ for any real $a\geq 0.$ (Such a path is called a Moore path.) A path $f$ of this kind has a length $|f|$ defined as $a.$ Path composition is then defined as before with the following modification:

$$fg(s)={\begin{cases}f(s)&0\leq s\leq |f|\\g(s-|f|)&|f|\leq s\leq |f|+|g|\end{cases}}$$

Whereas with the previous definition, $f,$ $g$, and $fg$ all have length $1$ (the length of the domain of the map), this definition makes $|fg|=|f|+|g|.$ What made associativity fail for the previous definition is that although $(fg)h$ and $f(gh)$have the same length, namely $1,$ the midpoint of $(fg)h$ occurred between $g$ and $h,$ whereas the midpoint of $f(gh)$ occurred between $f$ and $g$. With this modified definition $(fg)h$ and $f(gh)$ have the same length, namely $|f|+|g|+|h|,$ and the same midpoint, found at $\left(|f|+|g|+|h|\right)/2$ in both $(fg)h$ and $f(gh)$; more generally they have the same parametrization throughout.

## Fundamental groupoid

There is a categorical picture of paths which is sometimes useful. Any topological space $X$ gives rise to a category where the objects are the points of $X$ and the morphisms are the homotopy classes of paths. Since any morphism in this category is an isomorphism this category is a groupoid, called the fundamental groupoid of $X.$ Loops in this category are the endomorphisms (all of which are actually automorphisms). The automorphism group of a point $x\_{0}$ in $X$ is just the fundamental group based at $x\_{0}$. More generally, one can define the fundamental groupoid on any subset $A$ of $X,$ using homotopy classes of paths joining points of $A.$ This is convenient for Van Kampen's Theorem.

* Ronald Brown, Topology and groupoids, Booksurge PLC, (2006).
* J. Peter May, A concise course in algebraic topology, University of Chicago Press, (1999).
* James Munkres, Topology 2ed, Prentice Hall, (2000).


title: Rhyncogonus bryani

abstract: Rhyncogonus bryani is an extinct species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. It was endemic to Laysan in the Hawaiian Islands

text:
# Rhyncogonus bryani

***Rhyncogonus bryani*** is an extinct species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. It was endemic to Laysan in the Hawaiian Islands

## InfoBox

| *Rhyncogonus bryani* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Extinct  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Rhyncogonus* |
| Species: | ***R. bryani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhyncogonus bryani***
Perkins, 1919 | |
|


title: Aki Hoshino

abstract: Aki Hoshino is a Japanese bikini idol. She has appeared in various men's magazines, such as Sabra and television shows. In 2010, she was named one of the "7 most irresistibly cute Japanese idols" by the Thailand version of the men's magazine FHM.

text:
# Aki Hoshino

**Aki Hoshino** (ほしの あき, *Hoshino Aki*) is a Japanese bikini idol. She has appeared in various men's magazines, such as *Sabra* and television shows. In 2010, she was named one of the "7 most irresistibly cute Japanese idols" by the Thailand version of the men's magazine FHM.

## Biography

### Personal life

Hoshino married horse racing jockey Kōsei Miura (三浦 皇成) on September 25, 2011. On April 12, 2012, she gave birth to their daughter.

### Book

Hoshino authored a book, published in 2010, called *Hoshino Body*. In the book Hoshino gave advice to female readers on how to apply makeup and "retain one's body shape".

## Films

## DVDs

Aki Hoshino has featured in the following DVDs:

* *I am Hoshino Aki* (August 2002)
* *Play H* (February 2003)
* *H School* (October 2003)
* *AAA - Triple A* (December 2003)
* *G Girl Private 001* (January 2004)
* *Milk* (March 2004)
* *Darn-Tarn* (May 2004)
* *Se-jo! Series B: Aki Hoshino* (September 2004)
* *Mangekyō* (October 2004)
* *Silky Collection Se-jo!!* (November 2004)
* *Kekkō Kamen Returns* (November 2004)
* *Yaju no Shori Join 1316* (December 2004)
* *Star* (January 2005)
* *Kekkō Kamen Surprise* (February 2005)
* *Beach Angels in Hawaii* (April 2005)
* *Honey Angel* (May 2005)
* *With you -Aki Hoshino* (August 2005)
* *NyaaA!* (CD+DVD) *(September 2005)*
* *I Wish You Love* (September 2005)
* *Gekkan Aki Hoshino* (December 2005)
* *Kachikomi Keiji Ondorya! Daisōsasen Shinsaibashi o Fūsa seyo* (Japanese movie) (January 2006)
* *Portfolio* (January 2006)
* *Girls love live* (April 2006)
* *Aki-Time* (June 2006)
* *Play H* (July 2006)
* *Watashi Tonjaimashita* (July 2006)
* *Hoshino Expo* (July 2006)
* *Gekkan Aki Hoshino Special* (August 2006)
* *Bengoshi no Kuzu DVD Box* (Japanese TV series) (September 2006)
* *Finder Love Guide DVD* (September 2006)
* *Koibito Gokko* (October 2006)
* *Marriage Life* (December 2006)
* *Kensa Nyuin* (February 2007)
* *Star-revealed* (February 2007)
* *Gokusen 3* (April 2008) - Ayukawa Sakura (school nurse)
* *Sneaker Lover* (March 2008)

## Video game

Aki Hoshino has featured in the following video game:

* *Finder Love:* **Hoshino Aki** \- *Nankoku Trouble Rendez-vous* (ファインダーラブ ほしのあき 南国トラブル ランデブー, *Finder Love: Aki Hoshino - Trouble Randezvous in the South*) (June 29, 2006)

## Clothing

Aki Hoshino is known globally for her numerous collaborations with Japanese fashion brand Kiks Tyo. From 2006 to 2008, Hoshino was the brand's muse, appearing on photo print t-shirts, jackets, caps, Kubricks, and in many related print editorials, interviews and advertisements. Collaborative work with the brand paired Hoshino with additional collaborators including Hello Kitty, G-shock, Medicom Toy and photographer Yasumasa Yonehara.

* DVD and product listing at www.CDJapan.co.jp accessed October 6, 2006.

## InfoBox

| Aki Hoshino | |
| --- | --- |
| Aki Hoshino | |
| Born | (1977-03-14) March 14, 1977<br>Tokyo, Japan |
| Occupation | Bikini idol |
| Spouse | Kosei Miura (m. 2011) |
| Children | 1 |
| **Modeling information** | |
| Hair color | Brown |
| Eye color | Brown |
|  | |


title: National Advisory Committee for Women

abstract: The National Advisory Committee for Women (NACW) was a presidential commission established by President Jimmy Carter in 1978. It was renamed the President's Advisory Committee for Women (PACFW), with a reduced mandate, in 1979. It was the successor to the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year, with many of the outgoing members of that commission serving on the advisory committee. It was replaced by the Task Force on Legal Equity for Women, launched in December 1981 by President Ronald Reagan with Executive Order 12336.

text:
# National Advisory Committee for Women

The **National Advisory Committee for Women** (NACW) was a presidential commission established by President Jimmy Carter in 1978. It was renamed the **President's Advisory Committee for Women** (PACFW), with a reduced mandate, in 1979.

It was the successor to the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year, with many of the outgoing members of that commission serving on the advisory committee. It was replaced by the Task Force on Legal Equity for Women, launched in December 1981 by President Ronald Reagan with Executive Order 12336.

## History

The first body appointed by the U.S. president to focus on the status of women in the United States was the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, appointed by President John F. Kennedy and chaired by former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Since then, each president to date had formed an appointed body of some form.

President Gerald Ford established the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year (IWY Commission) in 1975, as connected to the United Nations' declaration of 1975 as International Women's Year. This commission participated in the World Conference on Women, 1975, and then became the statutory body by congressional legislation to organize the 1977 National Women's Conference.

The IWY commission, extended by congressional statute rather than presidential order, was then limited in its mandate to finish its work within six months of the 1977 conference. It published *The Spirit of Houston*, which engrossed the 26 planks adopted by delegates at the conference and included provisions around the Equal Rights Amendment, abortion rights, child care, and sexual orientation.

## Original mission

The committee was constituted as an extension of the IWY Commission's work. It included the promotion of the United Nations Decade for Women as part of its mandate and included a number of members from the previous commission in its membership. However, the committee found little success in its early days and did not meet with President Carter until January 1979, nearly nine months after the committee's appointment. A 15-minute opportunity was offered by the White House in November 1978, tentatively accepted by Abzug before the committee overruled her decision and canceled the meeting.

### Membership

The co-chairs of the committee were Bella Abzug, the outgoing chair of the IWY Commission, and Carmen Delgado Votaw, also an outgoing member of the Carter-era IWY Commission. Another ten commission members returned to the advisory committee:

The membership of the advisory committee included a number of other members, including a number of advocates from minority and religious groups and from the labor movement. These members are:

### Extension of the Equal Rights Amendment

One of the few political victories of the committee was the three-year extension of the Equal Rights Amendment's ratification deadline from March 1979 to June 1982. During this extension, no further states ratified or rescinded their ratification of the amendment.

### Dismissal of Abzug and fallout

On January 12, 1979, following the first meeting with the advisory committee, Abzug was invited to additional private meeting with Hamilton Jordan and Robert J. Lipshutz, where Abzug was dismissed as the co-chair. This was done in response to a press release distributed by the advisory committee that was critical of President Carter's economic policies. Later evidence suggests that the decision to fire Abzug was already agreed internally by the White House before the NACW meeting even took place.

In the following days, a majority of the committee's members – at least 26 of the original 40 – resigned in solidarity with Abzug, including co-chairperson Delgado Votaw. This included all committee members who also served on the IWY Commission. Presidential assistant Sarah Weddington, despite characterizing the January 12 meeting as "excellent", recognized the public relations damage of the resignations. Two members, Tin Myaing Thein and Billie Nave Masters, each a spokesperson for minority group caucuses within the Democratic Party, later returned and stayed with the President's Advisory Committee.

This episode of the committee's history was dramatized in the final episode of the FX on Hulu miniseries *Mrs. America*.

## Reform to President's Advisory Committee

After the dismissal of Bella Abzug and the collective resignation of 26 of the committee's 40 members, President Jimmy Carter reconstituted the committee and appointed Lynda Bird Johnson Robb as the new chairperson. Robb would serve in that capacity for the remainder of the committee's duration.

### Criticisms

Critics, such as Abzug and Steinem, said that the reformed committee was "seriously impaired by the President" in terms of its independence. The PACFW had two key changes in its mandate from the NACW: it lost its mandate on the promotion of the United Nations Decade for Women, now limited to "advice on appropriate ways to promote" it, and it had its mandate to disseminate related materials limited to "newsletters or other appropriate means, to the Executive Branch and to interested members of the public." These changes were confirmed in a legal opinion from the DOJ Office of Legal Counsel, which confirmed that the 1979 reconstitution of the committee "removed its nonadvisory functions."

### Final report and decommissioning

The committee formally ended its work in line with its 1979 mandate with the December 1980 publication of the Voices for Women report. The report dedicates its entire second chapter to the Equal Rights Amendment and focuses the remaining chapters on its report on education (Chapter 3), health (Chapter 4), human services (Chapter 5), and work and income security (Chapter 6).

## Legacy and impact

Much of the committee's work, closely aligned with second-wave feminism in United States politics, did not see continuation. With the 1980 presidential election and as Ronald Reagan took office, his administration pursued a number of more socially conservative policies and the transition of feminist policies as a partisan issue. The Equal Rights Amendment, a key part of the committee's foundations, did not meet its original ratification date and remains a political debate today. Instead, at the 1980 Republican National Convention, the party would abandon its support of the Equal Rights Amendment for the first time in four decades. The party would also harden its position against abortion.

The committee's tumultuous and short history sits in the context of a history of Carter's administration underwhelming feminist activists. The ERA would fail to add any additional ratifications during his presidency. The Hyde Amendment, which prohibited federal funds from being used to enable access to abortion for low-income women, was passed by Congress and with public, personal support from Carter. Feminist activist Midge Costanza would resign her position in the White House in August 1978, with critics suggesting she was fired from her role.

It also marked the maturation of feminist organizations as independent political forces. Women's issues would remain a dominant political issue for the Democratic Party. At its 1980 national convention, the plank around the Equal Rights Amendment was subject to fierce debate between feminists, organized by the National Organization for Women and the National Women's Political Caucus, and the Carter administration. Feminists would emerge victorious in part because of the support of delegates from the National Education Association.

Four years later in 1984 and encouraged by the very same critical organizations whose members resigned in great numbers with Abzug's dismissal, Democratic presidential candidate Walter Mondale would select U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro as his vice presidential running mate. This would mark the first woman from a major U.S. political party to be part of a presidential ticket.

1. Exec. Order No. 12050 (April 4, 1978) *President of the United States*. Retrieved on July 29, 2020.
2. Exec. Order No. 12135 (May 9, 1979) *President of the United States*. Retrieved on July 29, 2020.
3. Exec. Order No. 12336 (December 21, 1981) *President of the United States*. Retrieved on July 29, 2020.
4. President's Advisory Committee for Women (1980). *Voices for Women: 1980 Report of the President's Advisory Committee for Women*. Washington, DC: GPO. hdl:2027/uiug.30112105193947.
5. After Kennedy's PCSW, Nixon had the White House Task Force on Women's Rights and Responsibilities and Ford established the IWY Commission.
6. Exec. Order No. 11832 (January 9, 1975) *President of the United States*. Retrieved on July 29, 2020.
7. An Act to direct the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year, 1975, to organize and convene a National Women's Conference, and for other purposes (Act H.R. 9924). U.S. Congress. December 23, 1975.
8. National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year (1978). *The Spirit of Houston, The First National Women's Conference: A Report to the President, the Congress, and the People of the United States*. Washington, DC: GPO. LCCN 78108694.
9. National Advisory Committee for Women (January 12, 1979). "President Carter Challenged on Social Priorities by National Advisory Committee for Women" (PDF) (Press release). Page 46.
10. Mattingly, Doreen (April 2015). *Token Feminists and the Unhappy Relationship between the Carter Administration and Washington Feminism* (PDF). Western Political Science Association.
11. Costanza, Midge (May 16, 1978). "List of Persons to Service on the National Advisory Committee for Women" (PDF) (Memorandum). Letter to President Jimmy Carter. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
12. Joint resolution extending the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment (Resolution H.J.Res.638). U.S. Congress. October 20, 1978.
13. Halloran, Richard (January 14, 1979). "23 Leave Committee Over Abzug Dismissal; 23 on Carter's Committee Resign Over His Ouster of Mrs. Abzug; Questions His 'Rationality'; In Support of Carter; No Endorsement Now". *New York Times*. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
14. Smith, Terence (January 13, 1979). "Carter, in Angry Exchange, Ousts Bella Abzug From Women's Unit". *New York Times*. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
15. Zarnow, Leandra Ruth (2019). *Battling Bella: The Protest Politics of Bella Abzug*. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. p. 291. ISBN 9780674737488.
16. Dullea, Georgia (January 20, 1979). "White House Fails to Mend Fences With Key Women's Groups". *New York Times*. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
17. McNeil Jr, Donald G. (January 15, 1979). "Three More Resign from Women's Unit". *New York Times*. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
18. Weddington, Sarah (January 14, 1979). "The National Advisory Committee for Women" (PDF). Letter to White House Senior Staff.
19. de Witt, Karen (May 10, 1979). "New Head of Carter's Advisory Panel on Women". *New York Times*. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
20. Steinem, Gloria (1994). "Revaluing Economics". *Moving Beyond Words*. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 202–203.
21. Lawton, Mary C. (June 27, 1979). "Memorandum Opinion for Counsel to the President re. Advisory Committees—Application of the Russell Amendment". Letter to President Jimmy Carter.
22. Rosenfeld, Sam (February 3, 2018). "How Feminists Became Democrats". *Politico Magazine*. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
23. Feller, Madison (May 8, 2020). "Who Is Jill Ruckelshaus, the Republican Feminist Played by Elizabeth Banks in Mrs. America?". *ELLE Magazine*. Retrieved July 29, 2020. \[Ruckelshaus:\] My party has endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment for 40 years. Dwight Eisenhower endorsed ERA. Richard Nixon endorsed ERA. Gerald Ford endorsed the ERA. But something happened in Detroit last week. Give me back my party.
24. Carter, Jimmy (August 2, 1978). "Exchange of Letters on the Resignation of Margaret Costanza". Letter to Midge Costanza.
25. Brinkley, Douglas (1994). "Chapter One". *The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House*. New York: Viking Press.
26. Freeman, Jo (August 27, 1980). "Feminist Coalition Faces Down the Carter Campaign". *In These Times*. Vol. 4, no. 33. p. 2. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
27. Morrow, Lance (June 4, 1984). "Why Not a Woman?". *TIME Magazine*. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

## InfoBox

National Advisory Committee for Women
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| President Jimmy Carter (bottom right) meets with NACW members, including Bella Abzug (center right, in hat) and others. Abzug would be dismissed shortly after this meeting, and the committee would completely change within days. | |
| History | |
| Status | Defunct |
| Established by | Jimmy Carter on April 4, 1978 |
| Disbanded | December 31, 1980 |
| Related Executive Order number(s) | 12050, 12135 |
| Membership | |
| Chairperson | Bella Abzug and Carmen Delgado Votaw (1978-9, co-chairs); Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (1979-1980) |
| Jurisdiction | |
| Purpose | Advise the President on a regular basis of initiatives needed to promote full equality for American women; assist in reviewing the applicability of such initiatives, including recommendations of the 1977 National Women's Conference, to particular programs and policies; and promote the national observance of the United Nations Decade for Women. |
| Policy areas | Women's rights, Equal Rights Amendment, 1977 National Women's Conference |


title: Regent's Harmonic Institution

abstract: Regent's Harmonic Institution (RHI), also known as Royal Harmonic Institution, Welsh and Hawes at the Royal Harmonic Institution, and Welsh and Hawes, was a 19th-century English firm of music publishers as a well as a purveyor of music instruments. The firm was notably the first press to publish Ludwig van Beethoven's Hammerklavier in an edition authorized by the composer in September 1819.

text:
# Regent's Harmonic Institution

**Regent's Harmonic Institution** (RHI), also known as **Royal Harmonic Institution**, **Welsh and Hawes at the Royal Harmonic Institution**, and **Welsh and Hawes**, was a 19th-century English firm of music publishers as a well as a purveyor of music instruments. The firm was notably the first press to publish Ludwig van Beethoven's *Hammerklavier* in an edition authorized by the composer in September 1819.

## History

Founded as Regent's Harmonic Institution in London in 1818, the organization was a joint-stock company created for the express purpose of raising funds to finance the reconstruction of the Argyll Rooms, the home of the Royal Philharmonic Society (RPS). Spearheaded by Regent Street architect John Nash and the board of the RPS, the firm was made up of several composer members who invested money into the organization as well as agreeing to publish their music through the firm. Investors in this organization recouped their money through the sale of music and music instruments, such as harps and pianos, sold by the firm. In 1820 the firm was renamed the Royal Harmonic Institution.

Several successful 19th century English composers were investing members of the RHI and published their music through the RHI; including Thomas Attwood, William Beale, James Calkin, Johann Baptist Cramer, George Eugene Griffin, William Hawes, Charles Neate, Thomas Augustus Rawlings, Ferdinand Ries (who was German), George Thomas Smart, Thomas Forbes Walmisley, Thomas Welsh, and Samuel Wesley. Eventually internal struggles led many of the investing composers as well as the RPS to divest of their interests in the firm, at which point Thomas Welsh and William Hawes became the controlling members of the organization and it was renamed Welsh and Hawes at the Royal Harmonic Institution or simply Welsh and Hawes in September 1825. The firm was in operation until May 1833.

The RHI mainly published art songs, glees, arrangements of opera arias or other opera excerpts, and works for the piano. The most well known composition published by the firm was the first publication of Ludwig van Beethoven's *Hammerklavier* in September 1819; a publication authorized by the composer.


title: Ministry of Public Management Reforms

abstract: The Ministry of Public Management Reforms is the Sri Lankan government ministry responsible “to ensure application of modern technologies and practices for results based Public Management through people’s friendly reform initiatives.”

text:
# Ministry of Public Management Reforms

The **Ministry of Public Management Reforms** is the Sri Lankan government ministry responsible “to ensure application of modern technologies and practices for results based Public Management through people’s friendly reform initiatives.”

## List of ministers

| Minister of Public Management Reforms of Sri Lanka | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Incumbent
Navin Dissanayake
since 22 November 2010 | |
| Ministry of Public Management Reforms | |
| Appointer | Mahinda Rajapaksa |
| Website | reformsmin.gov.lk |

The **Minister of Public Management Reforms** is an appointment in the Cabinet of Sri Lanka.

Parties

Sri Lanka Freedom Party   United National Party

| Name | | Portrait | Party | Tenure | President | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Navin Dissanayake |  | United National Party | 22 November 2010 – Present |  | Mahinda Rajapaksa |

## InfoBox

Ministry of Public Management Reforms
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 22 November 2010 (2010-11-22) |
| Jurisdiction | Sri Lanka |
| Employees | 138 |
| Annual budget | Rs .223,450 Billion |
| Minister responsible |  |
| Agency executive |  |
| Website | reformsmin.gov.lk |


title: Mother Bernard Morin

abstract: Bernarda Morin (1832–1929) was the Mother Superior and founder of the Congregation of the Sisters of Providence in Chile, an autonomous congregation of the Sisters of Providence (Montreal) Roman Catholic order founded in Canada on March 25, 1843, by Emilie Gamelin.

text:
# Mother Bernard Morin

**Bernarda Morin** (1832–1929) (born Venerance Morin Rouleau) was the Mother Superior and founder of the *Congregation of the Sisters of Providence in Chile*, an autonomous congregation of the Sisters of Providence (Montreal) Roman Catholic order founded in Canada on March 25, 1843, by Emilie Gamelin.

## Life

She was born on December 29, 1832, in Saint-Henri-de-Lévis, a rural village of Québec, Canada, and baptised Venerance Morin Rouleau. She entered the novitiate of the order of the formerly called *Sisters of Charity of Providence* on May 11, 1850, in Montreal, Canada. Six months afterwards, on November 21, she took the habit. On August 22, 1852, she pronounced her permanent vows. From then, she was known as Sister Bernarda.

In October 1852, with 4 other sisters, she is designated to go to Oregon to found an establishment of Providence. Once in Oregon City, they found out that the situation was not favourable to the practice of the Community works. They decided, as a faster way to communicate with their Superiors in Montreal, to sail from San Francisco on March 30, 1853, in a Chilean vessel. After an agitated trip of 78 days, the "Elena" docked in Valparaiso on June 17. Practically incapable of returning to Canada because of health issues, they put themselves at the disposal of the Archbishop of Santiago, Valentín Valdivieso, who missioned them for the administration of an orphanage while expecting the approval of their Canadian Superiors.

With the permission of their Superiors, the Sisters of Providence opened a novitiate in Santiago on January 3, 1857. Mother Victoire Larroque, cofounder of the Community of Montreal, served as the Superior. When Larroque died the following month, Sister Bernarda Morin became Superior of the Mother House of Santiago. The congregation received the help of the president Manuel Montt for their support to the abandoned children. On March 12, 1880, Pope Leo XIII decreed that the Chilean province be transformed into an autonomous order, with the name of Congregation of the Sisters of Providence of Chile. The constitutions were approved by the Pope Pío X, on January 7, 1905.

On June 27, 1925, Mother Bernarda Morin received the highest decoration of the country, the Medal of the Merit, from the hands of the president Arturo Alessandri. She died the on October 4, 1929, in Santiago of Chile. She is buried in the Mother Church of the Congregation of the Sisters of Providence in Santiago, in the Providencia neighbourhood. It is the Church that she had built herself in 1892.

## Cause Bernarda Morin-Rouleau

In 1995, the process of her beatification and canonization Cause resumed. After finalising the diocesan process in April 2010, the Cause was studied in Rome.

## Legacy

In its 148 years of existence in Chile, the Congregation of the Sisters of Providence has founded high schools, elementary schools, homes for young children, teenage and elderly and has attended house of orphans and hospitals. The sisters also assisted the patients and prisoners. On January 24, 2011, a fire burned the Mother House, the interior of the church, the museum, the novitiate and the women home. Mother Bernarda Morin and Mother Joseph Pariseau contributed to the expansion of the Congregation of the Sisters of Providence around the world.

The first day of June 1970, the Chilean sisters incorporated themselves back with the Congregation of Montreal. The sisters of Chile and Argentina now form the Bernarda Morin Province.

## Bibliography

* ALIAGA ROJAS, fernando, La entrega sin retorno, Santiago de Chile: Congregación Hermanas de la Providencia – Chile, 2002.


title: Pauleo jubatus

abstract: Pauleo jubatus is a species of sea slug, specifically an aeolid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae. It is the only species in the genus Pauleo.

text:
# Pauleo jubatus

***Pauleo jubatus*** is a species of sea slug, specifically an aeolid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae. It is the only species in the genus *Pauleo*.

## Distribution

The holotype of this species was found at Taino Beach, Grand Bahama, Bahamas, 26°29′58″N 78°36′45″W / 26.49944°N 78.61250°W / 26.49944; -78.61250. Additional localities mentioned in the description include Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Jamaica, Eleuthera, Belize and Honduras.

## Ecology

This species feeds on the gorgonian coral *Plexaurella dichotoma*. Feeding on soft corals instead of hydroids is typical of the genus *Phyllodesmium* but in *Phyllodesmium* there are no functional cnidosacs, possibly because the cnidae of soft corals are not useful in defence of the nudibranchs. *Pauleo* differs from *Phyllodesmium* in having functional cnidosacs.

## InfoBox

| *Pauleo jubatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Nudipleura
clade Nudibranchia
clade Dexiarchia
clade Cladobranchia

clade Aeolidida |
| Superfamily: | Aeolidioidea |
| Family: | Facelinidae |
| Genus: | *Pauleo* |
| Species: | ***P. jubatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pauleo jubatus***
Millen & Hamann, 1992 | |
|


title: Milton Jones (racing driver)

abstract: Milton Jones was an American racing driver.

text:
# Milton Jones (racing driver)

**Milton Jones** (often seen as **M. C. Jones**, August 4, 1894 – May 27, 1932) was an American racing driver.

## Biography

Jones was born in Plymouth, Pennsylvania. Jones was a motorcycle rider and toured the country in a motordrome act with his wife Molly "the Mile-a-Minute Girl"; Jones was known by the nickname "Dare Devil Jones". They had a son, Milton Jones Jr.

Jones was killed in a crash at Indianapolis, Indiana, during a practice run for the 1932 Indianapolis 500.

Jones lived in Cleveland at the time of his death. He was buried in Acacia Masonic Memorial Park in Mayfield Heights, Ohio.

## InfoBox

| Milton Jones | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Milton Jones
(1894-08-04)August 4, 1894
Plymouth, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | May 27, 1932(1932-05-27) (aged 37)
Speedway, Indiana, U.S. |
|  | |
| Champ Car career | |
| 4 races run over 2 years | |
| Best finish | 17th (1931) |
| First race | 1931 Altoona 100 (Altoona) |
| Last race | 1931 25-mile Race (Altoona) |
| Wins Podiums Poles  0 1 0 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Parotis ankaratralis

abstract: Parotis ankaratralis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hubert Marion in 1954. It is found on the Comoros and on Madagascar.

text:
# Parotis ankaratralis

***Parotis ankaratralis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hubert Marion in 1954. It is found on the Comoros (Mohéli, Mayotte) and on Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Parotis ankaratralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Parotis* |
| Species: | ***P. ankaratralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parotis ankaratralis***<br>(Marion, 1954) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Diaphana ankaratralis* Marion, 1954 | |


title: Ric-Tic Records

abstract: Ric-Tic Records was a record label set up in the 1960s in Detroit, Michigan, United States by Joanne Bratton and Eddie Wingate. Twinned with the Golden World label, Ric-Tic featured many soul music artists and was seen as an early competitor for fellow Detroit label Motown. Motown's owner, Berry Gordy was unhappy with the success of Ric-Tic and in 1968 paid $1 million for the signature of many of the label's artists. In 2003, it was established that Ric-Tic was named for the deceased son of co-founder Bratton and her then husband, boxer Johnny Bratton. The boy, named Derek and known to his family as Ricky, Ric, or Ric-Tic, died at the age of 11 in 1962.

text:
# Ric-Tic Records

**Ric-Tic Records** was a record label set up in the 1960s in Detroit, Michigan, United States by Joanne Bratton and Eddie Wingate. Twinned with the Golden World label, Ric-Tic featured many soul music artists and was seen as an early competitor for fellow Detroit label Motown. Motown's owner, Berry Gordy was unhappy with the success of Ric-Tic and in 1968 paid $1 million for the signature of many of the label's artists.

In 2003, it was established that Ric-Tic was named for the deceased son of co-founder Bratton and her then husband, boxer Johnny Bratton. The boy, named Derek and known to his family as Ricky, Ric, or Ric-Tic, died at the age of 11 in 1962.

## Recording artists

Many early recordings on the Ric-Tic label by artists such as Freddie Gorman, Edwin Starr, and J. J. Barnes were re-released in the 1970s by Motown to coincide with the popularity of the Northern soul music scene in the UK. The group The Fantastic Four were also signed to the Ric-Tic, and became the label's best-selling act, outselling Edwin Starr in the United States. Much like Starr, they continued to record under Motown when Ric-Tic was absorbed by the record company. The Detroit Emeralds (having just moved to Detroit and added the word "Detroit" to their group name) recorded briefly for Ric-Tic, achieving their first R&B Chart (#22) success with "Show Time", released in 1967. They then joined Westbound Records in 1970.

## InfoBox

| Ric-Tic Records | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1962 |
| Founder | Joanne Bratton<br>Ed Wingate |
| Status | Defunct |
| Genre | R&B, Soul, Northern Soul |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Location | Detroit, Michigan |