title: New Jersey Route 47

abstract: Route 47 is a state highway in the southern part of New Jersey. It runs 75.2 mi (121.02 km) from Atlantic Avenue in Wildwood, Cape May County, north to US 130 in Brooklawn, Camden County. It is also referred to as Delsea Drive, as it connects the Delaware River near Brooklawn to the Atlantic Ocean in Wildwood. This name was assigned by the New Jersey Legislature in 1933. The route runs through rural areas of Cape May and southern Cumberland counties as a two-lane road. Traffic jams along this portion of Route 47 are commonplace in the summer vacation season and can stretch for miles due to the missing southern section of Route 55, where all Jersey Shore-bound traffic enters the small two-lane road. North of here, the route runs through the cities of Millville and Vineland before entering Gloucester County, where it passes through more rural areas as well as Clayton and Glassboro. Past Glassboro, it heads through suburban areas in Washington and Deptford townships before running through Westville and Brooklawn. Route 47 is the longest signed state route in New Jersey. What is now Route 47 was originally designated as part of pre-1927 Route 15 between Rio Grande in 1917 and as a branch of pre-1927 Route 20 between Millville and Westville in 1923. In 1927, Route 47 was designated to run from Tuckahoe to Brooklawn, following current Route 49 south of Millville. Meanwhile, current Route 47 was a part of Route 49 between South Dennis and Millville and Route S49 between Rio Grande and South Dennis. The latter was extended to Wildwood in 1938. Route 47 and Route 49 were shifted onto their current alignments south of Millville in 1953. Since then, Route 47 has seen a few improvements and modifications including realignment in Millville and the reconstruction of the intersection with Route 83 in Dennis Township.

text:
# New Jersey Route 47

**Route 47** is a state highway in the southern part of New Jersey. It runs 75.2 mi (121.02 km) from Atlantic Avenue in Wildwood, Cape May County, north to US 130 in Brooklawn, Camden County. It is also referred to as **Delsea Drive**, as it connects the Delaware River near Brooklawn to the Atlantic Ocean (the sea) in Wildwood. This name was assigned by the New Jersey Legislature in 1933. The route runs through rural areas of Cape May and southern Cumberland counties as a two-lane road. Traffic jams along this portion of Route 47 are commonplace in the summer vacation season and can stretch for miles due to the missing southern section of Route 55, where all Jersey Shore-bound traffic enters the small two-lane road. North of here, the route runs through the cities of Millville and Vineland before entering Gloucester County, where it passes through more rural areas as well as Clayton and Glassboro. Past Glassboro, it heads through suburban areas in Washington and Deptford townships before running through Westville and Brooklawn. Route 47 is the longest signed state route in New Jersey.

What is now Route 47 was originally designated as part of pre-1927 Route 15 between Rio Grande in 1917 and as a branch of pre-1927 Route 20 between Millville and Westville in 1923. In 1927, Route 47 was designated to run from Tuckahoe to Brooklawn, following current Route 49 south of Millville. Meanwhile, current Route 47 was a part of Route 49 between South Dennis and Millville and **Route S49** between Rio Grande and South Dennis. The latter was extended to Wildwood in 1938. Route 47 and Route 49 were shifted onto their current alignments south of Millville in 1953. Since then, Route 47 has seen a few improvements and modifications including realignment in Millville and the reconstruction of the intersection with Route 83 in Dennis Township.

## Route description

### Cape May County

Route 47 begins at a traffic light with Atlantic Avenue in the Jersey Shore city of Wildwood in Cape May County, heading to the northwest on Rio Grande Avenue, a four-lane divided highway that is municipally-maintained. From this intersection, Rio Grande Avenue continues southeast a block to an intersection of Ocean Avenue near the Wildwood Boardwalk. The road passes through residential and commercial areas before crossing the intersection of Ocean Drive/New Jersey Avenue (CR 621), where it becomes a four-lane undivided county-maintained road that is designated as **County Route 661** (**CR 661**). Upon crossing the intersection of Park Boulevard, the route gains a center left-turn lane and passes businesses, intersecting with Susquehanna Avenue. Here, Route 47 becomes signed and maintained by the New Jersey Department of Transportation, turning into a divided highway again a short distance later at the intersection of West Rio Grande Boulevard (CR 624). At this intersection, the route enters Lower Township, becoming Wildwood Boulevard and crosses over the Grassy Sound via the George Redding Bridge, which is a drawbridge. The road turns more to the west-northwest and runs through wetlands with some homes to the south of the road, with the Wildwoods Welcome Center next to the southbound lanes; the welcome center is accessible via a direct southbound ramp and via a left turn northbound. Route 47 enters Middle Township and continues past more marshland as well as some marinas next to the Richardson Sound on the south side of the road. The route turns northwest again and comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with the Garden State Parkway. Past this interchange, Route 47 heads into a commercial district in the Rio Grande section of Middle Township. At the intersection of 5th Street, the route becomes a three-lane undivided road with a center left-turn lane and continues to an intersection of Shore Road (US 9).

Past the US 9 intersection, Route 47 becomes Delsea Drive and continues past more businesses, crossing the Cape May Seashore Lines railroad before intersecting with Railroad Avenue (CR 626). Here, the route becomes a two-lane road and heads into more residential areas with some commercial establishments. At the intersection of Fulling Mill Road (CR 654), Route 47 turns north and leaves the Rio Grande area, heading into woods with some farm fields. It passes homes again and intersects with Bayshore Road (CR 603) in Green Creek. From here, the road continues past homes with some areas of forests and farms. Route 47 comes to an intersection of Indian Trail Road (CR 618) which, along with Route 147, provides an alternate route to The Wildwoods. Past this intersection, the road passes more rural dwellings and enters the community of Dias Creek, where it intersects with Dias Creek Road (CR 612). The route crosses over Bidwell Creek near wetlands and heads into forests. It reaches the residential community of Goshen, where there is an intersection of Goshen-Swainton Road (CR 615). Past Goshen, Route 47 turns northeast and heads through rural woods and farms with some homes and wetlands.

Upon crossing Sluice Creek, the route enters Dennis Township and heads into residential areas in the community of South Dennis. Here, the road intersects with Court House-Dennisville Road (CR 657) and turns to the north. Route 47 briefly widens into a two-lane divided highway as it intersects with the western terminus of Route 83. Past this intersection, the road heads through marshland and crosses over the Dennis Creek. It continues into Dennisville, where the route intersects with Petersburg Road (CR 610) before turning west near Johnson Pond and intersecting with Tyler Road (CR 611). Route 47 passes more homes before coming to the intersection of Washington Avenue (CR 557). Past the intersection of Washington Avenue (CR 557), the road runs through woodland before coming to the southern terminus of Route 347. Here, Route 47 turns to the west and passes a mix of residences, woods, and fields. It turns northwest and crosses over the East Creek before coming to an intersection of Paper Mill Road (CR 550 Spur). Past this intersection, the road intersects with Old State Highway, a connector road to CR 550 Spur, before turning west into wooded areas.

### Cumberland County

Upon crossing over the West Creek, Route 47 enters Maurice River, Cumberland County and continues west through more forests. It enters a mix of residences and woodland as it makes a turn to the north past the intersection of Hands Mill Road (CR 651). The route runs through more woods, with a clearing for Bayside State Prison to the east of the road. The road comes to an intersection of Leesburg-Belleplain Road (CR 550) and Station Road (CR 710) to the east of Leesburg and continues north. Route 47 reaches an intersection of Mauricetown Road (CR 670) in a commercial area prior to Route 347 merging back into the route. Here, Route 47 splits into a brief one-way pair with the northbound direction heading east on CR 670 and north on Route 347, and the southbound direction remaining on Delsea Drive. From here, Route 47 continues north on Delsea Drive through forested areas with some homes before crossing over the Muskee Creek. It continues into the community of Port Elizabeth, where it meets the intersection of Broadway (CR 548). Just past this intersection, the route crosses the Manumuskin River and continues north through woodland with some development. The route intersects with the southern terminus of Route 55, where that route continues north along the road and Route 47 turns off at a jughandle. South of the intersection of Route 55, Route 47 is part of a major road linking the Philadelphia metro area with the Jersey Shore resorts of Cape May County. During the summer months, it sees regular traffic jams from traffic coming off Route 55. A proposal to extend Route 55 south to Cape May County, on hold for decades due to environmental concerns, would relieve traffic along Route 47.

From here, Route 47 continues through a mix of trees and residences, intersecting with Schooner Landing Road, which provides access to the northbound direction of Route 55. Just past this intersection, the route crosses the Manantico Creek into Millville, where it becomes South 2nd Street, and continues past more woodland containing residences. As the route continues north, residential development increases along with commercial and industrial establishments. Route 47 reaches the commercial downtown of Millville, where it crosses the intersection of East Main Street (Route 49/CR 555) and becomes North 2nd Street. CR 555 parallels Route 47 a block to the east as the road crosses a Winchester and Western Railroad line and intersects with East Broad Street (CR 552 Spur). Past this intersection, CR 555 heads farther to the east and Route 47 crosses the Winchester and Western Railroad line a second time, passing a mix of residences, businesses, and industrial buildings. The road becomes three lanes with a center-left turn lane as it heads through commercial areas in the northern part of Millville. Upon intersecting with High Street, the route widens to five lanes before entering Vineland, where the name becomes Delsea Drive again and comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with Route 55.

Past this interchange, Route 47 passes the Cumberland Mall on the east side of the road as a six-lane divided highway. Past the mall, the route becomes a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane again and passes more commercial establishments in the southern part of Vineland, before heading into wooded residential areas with some farmland. It crosses the intersection of West Sherman Avenue (CR 552) and becomes a two-lane road, running through business areas with some homes. As Route 47 continues north through the city, it comes to an intersection of West Chestnut Avenue, where it gains a center left-turn lane. From here, it passes more commercial buildings before crossing the intersection of West Landis Avenue, which heads to the west as Route 56. Past this intersection, the road crosses a Winchester and Western Railroad line before intersecting with West Park Avenue (CR 540). Route 47 continues north through a mix of dwellings and businesses in the northern part of Vineland, narrowing back into a two-lane road at the intersection of West Oak Road (CR 681). The road heads through predominantly residential areas as it comes to an intersection of West Garden Road (CR 674). Past this intersection, the route passes near Kroelinger Airport and continues through mostly rural inhabited areas with some businesses. It crosses the intersection of West Weymouth Road (CR 690) before passing through wooded sectors with some homes and farms.

### Gloucester and Camden counties

Route 47 crosses into Franklin Township, Gloucester County, where it passes more farms, woods, and homes before coming to an intersection of Harding Highway (US 40) in the community of Malaga. Here, US 40 and Route 47 form a concurrency and head northeast through populated areas as a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane, crossing over the Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Vineland Secondary railroad line. Immediately after this crossing, US 40 splits from Route 47 by heading southeast on Harding Highway while Route 47 turns northwest to continue along Delsea Drive, a two-lane road. Route 47 leaves Malaga and passes through a mix of dwellings and businesses with some areas of farms and woods, running a short distance to the east of the railroad line. The road heads into more forested areas before it comes to an intersection of Williamstown Road (CR 612) in the residential and business community of Iona. Route 47 continues past homes and commercial establishments as it comes to a crossroads with Coles Mill Road/Swedesboro Road (CR 538), where it turns to the north. The route passes more development with some farmland before it enters Clayton.

Here, the road heads through residential areas with some commercial establishments, crossing the intersection of Academy Street (CR 610) in the center of town. As the road continues north, it heads through a mix of homes and farmland with a few commercial areas. Route 47 enters inhabited areas again as it crosses into Glassboro. The road continues north and enters business areas before heading into neighborhoods and coming to an intersection of High Street, which runs east as US 322 and west as CR 641. Here, US 322 joins Route 47 for a concurrency. The two routes head through commercial areas before US 322 turn to the west on West Street. Past this intersection, Route 47 continues north as a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane, passing more buildings. The route intersects with Donald Barger Boulevard (CR 553). Route 47 forms a concurrency with that route which lasts until CR 553 turns north onto Woodbury Road. Along this concurrency, the road widens to five lanes as it passes a couple shopping centers. Past the concurrency, Route 47 runs north through suburban localities as a two-lane road and becomes a border between Pitman to the west and Glassboro to the east and enters Washington Township at the crossing of Kressey Lake. In Washington Township, the road passes more populated areas as well as businesses. Route 47 runs to the east of Bethel Mill County Park before entering more residential areas, crossing the intersection of Lambs Road/Hurrfville-Grenloch Road (CR 635). The road passes through a mix of homes and commercial establishments with some farmland and wooded areas as it continues through more of Washington Township.

At the border with Deptford, Route 47 reaches an intersection known as Five Points. Here, the road meets the intersection of Hurrfville Road (Route 41), Blackwood-Barnsboro Road (CR 603), and Egg Harbor Road (CR 630). Route 47 turns northwest as this intersection and runs through wooded areas with some dwellings, with Route 55 intersecting the route at a cloverleaf interchange a short distance later. Past this interchange, the road continues through wooded inhabited areas, eventually turning due north. It comes to an intersection of Cooper Street (CR 534) as the route heads past more suburban homes along with businesses. Past this intersection, Route 47 passes businesses before crossing over the New Jersey Turnpike without an interchange. From here, it heads through more inhabited areas before entering Westville. Upon entering Westville, the route has a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-295. Past this interchange, the road runs through neighborhoods, intersecting with Almonesson Road (CR 621) and Broadway (CR 551). The latter forms a concurrency with Route 47 and these two routes run northeast through commercial areas as a four-lane undivided road, crossing the Big Timber Creek into Brooklawn, Camden County. Here, it comes to a traffic circle with US 130 and Creek Road (CR 753), where Route 47 ends and CR 551 continues into Camden, forming a brief concurrency with US 130 and continues northeast on Broadway.

## History

The portion of Route 47 south of Port Elizabeth was a part of the Cohanseu trail, a Lenape trail running from Swedesboro to Cape May. North of Port Elizabeth, the road was maintained by several turnpikes: the **Westville and Glassboro Turnpike**, chartered in 1852, following Tanyard Road and Woodbury Road south of New Sharon; the **Glassboro and Malaga Turnpike**, chartered in 1851; the **Millville and Malaga Turnpike**, chartered in 1852; and the **Port Elizabeth and Millville Turnpike**, chartered in 1852. The modern road north of Port Elizabeth and from Dennisville to Goshen was incorporated into the Cape May Way, an auto trail running from Camden to Cape May.

The road was originally designated as a segment of pre-1927 Route 15 between Rio Grande and Millville in 1917, and as one of two branches of pre-1927 Route 20 between Millville and Westville in 1923. In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering, Route 47 was legislated to run from Route 50 in Tuckahoe to Brooklawn, following present-day Route 49 between Tuckahoe and Millville and its current alignment north of Millville. Meanwhile, the present-day alignment of Route 47 between the current intersection of Route 83 in South Dennis and Millville was designated a part of Route 49 while the current alignment between South Dennis and US 9/Route 4 in Rio Grande became Route S49, a spur of Route 49. In 1933, the New Jersey Legislature named Route 47 Delsea Drive after a reporter for the *Woodbury Times* joked how the road connected the DELaware River to the Atlantic SEA. Route S49 was extended from Rio Grande to Park Boulevard in Wildwood in 1938. In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, Route 47 and Route 49 switched alignments south and east of Millville and Route 47 replaced Route S49 south to Wildwood.

By the 1980s, Route 47 was moved from High Street to North 2nd Street through the northern part of Millville. An alternate route of Route 47 was eventually created to the east along county routes in Cape May and Cumberland counties; this eventually became Route 347 by the 1990s.

In the 2000s, Rio Grande Avenue in Wildwood received improvements to make it reminisce the doo wop atmosphere the beach resort is known for.

The Route 47 bridge over Dennis Creek in Dennis Township and the intersection of Route 83 received improvements that were completed in July 2007. The Route 47 bridge over the creek was structurally deficient and in need of replacing. The job was completed with wider shoulders and a wider sidewalk on the new bridge. The intersection between Route 47 and Route 83 was also realigned and had signals installed.

In 2018, a $10 million construction project began to improve the section of Route 47 along Rio Grande Avenue at the entrance to Wildwood, which added a center left-turn lane, raised the road by 30 inches (76 cm), and added new lighting and signs. The project was completed in 2020. A dedication ceremony marking the completion of the project was held on July 1, 2020, with local officials in attendance. As part of the project, Rio Grande Avenue leading into Wildwood was to be renamed to Beach Ball Boulevard following a contest to rename the roadway. However, on July 10, 2020, it was announced that the Wildwood city commissioners decided to keep the road name as Rio Grande Avenue after receiving input from residents that the road name should not change.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cape May | Wildwood | 0.0 | 0.0 | Atlantic Ave / Rio Grande Ave | Southern terminus |
| | | 0.2 | 0.32 | CR 621 / Ocean Drive (New Jersey Avenue) |  |
| | Middle Township | 3.0–
3.1 | 4.8–
5.0 |

G.S. Parkway to A.C. Expressway | Exits 4 A-B (Garden State Parkway) |
| | 3.7 | 6.0 | US 9 (Shore Rd) Cape May, Cape May Court House |  |
| | Dennis Township | 17.5 | 28.2 |
Route 83 east Clermont, Sea Isle City, Avalon | Western terminus of Route 83 |
| | 20.2 | 32.5 |
CR 557 north (Washington Ave) Woodbine | Southern terminus of CR 557 |
| | 20.9 | 33.6 |
Route 347 north Millville, Camden | Southern terminus of Route 347 |
| | 23.4 | 37.7 |

CR 550 Spur east (Paper Mill Rd) | Western terminus of CR 550 Spur |
| Cumberland | Maurice River Township | 29.5 | 47.5 |
CR 550 east (Leesburg-Belleplain Rd) Belleplain | Western terminus of CR 550 |
| | | 31.9 | 51.3 |
Route 347 south Wildwood, Cape May | Northern terminus of Route 347 |
| | | 33.8 | 54.4 |
CR 548 east (Broadway) Tuckahoe | Western terminus of CR 548 |
| | | 35.0 | 56.3 |
Route 55 north Vineland, Deptford | Southern terminus of Route 55 |
| | Millville | 40.2 | 64.7 | Route 49 / CR 555 (E Main St) |  |
| | 40.6 | 65.3 |

CR 552 Spur east (E Broad St) | Western terminus of CR 552 Spur |
| | Vineland | 42.4–
42.5 | 68.2–
68.4 | Route 55 Malaga, Cape May, Wildwood | Exit 27 (Route 55) |
| | 43.7 | 70.3 |
CR 552 (W Sherman Ave) to Route 55 Bridgeton, Milmay |  |
| | 46.5 | 74.8 |

Route 56 west (W Landis Ave) to Route 55 | Eastern terminus of Route 56 |
| | 46.9 | 75.5 | CR 540 (W Park Ave) Centerton, Richland |  |
| Gloucester | Franklin Township | 52.5 | 84.5 |

US 40 west (Harding Hwy) to Route 55 Elmer, Del Mem Br | South end of the overlap with US 40 |
| | | 53.0 | 85.3 |

US 40 east (Harding Hwy) to A.C. Expressway Atlantic City | North end of the overlap with US 40 |
| | | 56.5 | 90.9 | CR 538 (Coles Mill Rd/Swedesboro Rd) Monroeville, Cecil |  |
| | Glassboro | 62.4 | 100.4 |

US 322 east (High St) to A.C. Expressway Atlantic City | South end of the overlap with US 322 |
| | 62.8 | 101.1 |

US 322 west (West St) to N.J. Turnpike Rowan Univ, Del Mem Br | North end of the overlap with US 322 |
| | 63.8 | 102.7 |

CR 553 south (Donald Barger Blvd) to CR 553 Alt. Mantua | South end of the overlap with CR 553 |
| | 64.1 | 103.2 |
CR 553 north (Woodbury Rd) Pitman, Woodbury | North end of the overlap with CR 553 |
| | Deptford Township | 68.3 | 109.9 |
Route 41 north (Hurffville Rd) Runnemede | Southern terminus of Route 41 |
| | 69.3 | 111.5 | Route 55 Glassboro, Bellmawr | Exit 56 (Route 55) |
| | 71.9 | 115.7 | CR 534 (Cooper St) Clementon |  |
| | Westville | 74.0 | 119.1 |

I-295 north to I-76 Walt Whitman Bridge | Exit 25 (I-295); access to northbound I-295 and access from southbound I-295 |
| | 74.9 | 120.5 |
CR 551 south (Broadway) | South end of the overlap with CR 551 |
| Camden | Brooklawn | 75.2 | 121.0 |
US 130 / CR 551 north | Brooklawn East Circle; northern terminus; north end of the overlap with CR 551 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/New Jersey Route 47KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Route 47 | |
| --- | --- |
| Delsea Drive | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NJDOT, Cape May County, and City of Wildwood | |
| Length | 75.2 mi (121.0 km) |
| Existed | 1927–present |
| Tourist
routes | Bayshore Heritage Byway
Pine Barrens Byway |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Atlantic Avenue in Wildwood |
| Major intersections | Route 49 in Millville
 |
| North end | US 130 / CR 551 / CR 753 in Brooklawn |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Jersey |
| Counties | Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester, Camden |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 46   Route 48 | |
| CR 660   CR 662 | |


title: PC Open Architecture Developers' Group

abstract: PC Open Architecture Developers' Group is a consortium of the major Japanese personal computer manufacturers. Sponsored by IBM during the 1990s, it successfully guided Japan's personal computer manufacturing companies at that time into standardising to an IBM PC-compatible and open architecture.

text:
# PC Open Architecture Developers' Group

**PC Open Architecture Developers' Group** (**OADG**, Japanese: PCオープン・アーキテクチャー推進協議会) is a consortium of the major Japanese personal computer manufacturers. Sponsored by IBM during the 1990s, it successfully guided Japan's personal computer manufacturing companies at that time into standardising to an IBM PC-compatible and open architecture.

## History

Before the advent of the IBM PC in 1981 in the United States, there were many different varieties and designs of personal computer. Examples from that era include the Tandy RadioShack and Commodore. These machines were each based upon a different computer architecture and the software programs that ran on them were compatible only with the machine they had been designed for. In Japan, except for the MSX, this situation continued well into the early 1990s, because three of Japan's major electronics manufacturers (NEC, Sharp and Fujitsu) had also designed their own unique personal computers; although NEC with its NEC 9801 was at that time the most successful.

The American computer manufacturer IBM had entered the Japanese market with its own IBM 5550 computer. Japanese-language-capable computers at the time, however, had special requirements in terms of processor capability and screen size, and IBM's JX project, emphasizing compatibility with the IBM PC, enjoyed limited success. The whole situation was felt by many to be hindering the healthy growth of the Japanese computer industry, particularly since domestic and overseas software vendors had to develop, test and support many different software programs to run on the many different kinds of personal computers sold in Japan.

IBM developed the operating software DOS/V in Japan, and licensed it to other Japanese PC manufacturers. To promote the IBM PC architecture on which DOS/V worked, IBM sponsored a consortium which was named the PC Open Architecture Developers' Group (OADG) in 1991 and made public its internal architecture and interfaces. At the height of this enterprise, the consortium included amongst its members the major Japanese PC manufactures, such as Toshiba and Hitachi, and overseas manufacturers such as Acer of Taiwan and Dell of the United States. Together, they not only strove to develop a unified architecture, but also produced a number of DOS/V-compatible application software programs and participated in the major computer shows. By the time Microsoft's computer operating system Windows 95 had arrived in 1995, the IBM PC architecture, using DOS/V, was already a predominant force in Japan.

## Members

In 2003, membership included the following companies:

## InfoBox

PC Open Architecture Developers' Group
|
|  |
| Native name | PCオープン・アーキテクチャー推進協議会 |
| Company type | Consortium |
| Founded | 1991 (1991) in Japan |
| Founder | IBM |


title: In Pursuit of the 13th Note

abstract: In Pursuit of the 13th Note is the debut album by United Kingdom acid jazz group Galliano. It was released on Gilles Peterson's Talkin' Loud record label on 25 March 1991. Although a studio album, the performances were recorded live.

text:
# In Pursuit of the 13th Note

***In Pursuit of the 13th Note*** is the debut album by United Kingdom acid jazz group Galliano. It was released on Gilles Peterson's Talkin' Loud record label on 25 March 1991. Although a studio album, the performances were recorded live.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writing credit | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Leg in the Sea of History" | Rob Galliano | 3:50 |
| 2. | "Welcome to the Story" | Galliano | 4:13 |
| 3. | "Coming on Strong" | Galliano, Chris Bangs | 4:14 |
| 4. | "Sweet Like Your Favourite Gears" | Galliano | 2:05 |
| 5. | "Cemetary \[*sic*\] of Drums (Theme From Buhaina)" | Galliano | 2:30 |
| 6. | "Five Sons of the Mother" | Galliano, Bangs | 4:27 |
| 7. | "Storm Clouds Gather" | Galliano, Bangs | 4:20 |
| 8. | "Nothing has Changed" | Galliano, Bangs | 4:46 |
| 9. | "57th Minute of the 23rd Hour" | Galliano | 3:54 |
| 10. | "Power and Glory" | Galliano | 4:41 |
| 11. | "Stoned Again" | Galliano | 4:20 |
| 12. | "Reviewing The Situation" | Galliano, Crispin "Spry" Robinson | 3:21 |
| 13. | "Little Ghetto Boy" | Galliano | 4:24 |
| 14. | "Me My mike My lyrics" | Galliano, Bangs | 4:19 |
| 15. | "Love Bomb" | Galliano | 1:31 |
| 16. | "Power and Glory (Live Jazz Mix)" | Galliano | 4:18 |
| 17. | "Welcome to the Story (A Good Mix)" | Galliano | 6:08 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *In Pursuit of the 13th Note*
| Chart (1993) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 177 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 25 March 1991 | Talkin' Loud (Phonogram Records) | CD | 848493-2 |

## InfoBox

| In Pursuit of the 13th Note | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Galliano | |
| Released | 25 March 1991 (1991-03-25) |
| Recorded | May–June 1990 |
| Genre | Acid jazz |
| Length | 66:47 |
| Label | Talkin' Loud |
| Producer | Chris Bangs (Thin Air Productions) |
| Galliano chronology | |
| ***In Pursuit of the 13th Note***
(1991) *A Joyful Noise Unto The Creator*
(1992) | |


title: Populus

abstract: Populus is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar, aspen, and cottonwood. The western balsam poplar was the first tree to have its full DNA code determined by DNA sequencing, in 2006.

text:
# Populus

***Populus*** is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include **poplar** (/ˈpɒplər/), **aspen**, and **cottonwood**.

The western balsam poplar (*P. trichocarpa*) was the first tree to have its full DNA code determined by DNA sequencing, in 2006.

## Description

The genus has a large genetic diversity, and can grow from 15–50 m (49–164 ft) tall, with trunks up to 2.5 m (8 ft) in diameter.

The bark on young trees is smooth and white to greenish or dark gray, and often has conspicuous lenticels; on old trees, it remains smooth in some species, but becomes rough and deeply fissured in others. The shoots are stout, with (unlike in the related willows) the terminal bud present. The leaves are spirally arranged, and vary in shape from triangular to circular or (rarely) lobed, and with a long petiole; in species in the sections *Populus* and *Aigeiros*, the petioles are laterally flattened, so that breezes easily cause the leaves to wobble back and forth, giving the whole tree a "twinkling" appearance in a breeze. Leaf size is very variable even on a single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots. The leaves often turn bright gold to yellow before they fall during autumn.

The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping, sessile or pedunculate catkins produced from buds formed in the axils of the leaves from the previous year. The flowers are each seated in a cup-shaped disk which is borne on the base of a scale which is itself attached to the rachis of the catkin. The scales are obovate, lobed, and fringed, membranous, hairy or smooth, and usually caducous. The male flowers are without calyx or corolla, and comprise a group of four to 60 stamens inserted on a disk; filaments are short and pale yellow; anthers are oblong, purple or red, introrse, and two-celled; the cells open longitudinally. The female flower also has no calyx or corolla, and comprises a single-celled ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk. The style is short, with two to four stigmata, variously lobed, and numerous ovules. Pollination is by wind, with the female catkins lengthening considerably between pollination and maturity. The fruit is a two- to four-valved dehiscent capsule, green to reddish-brown, mature in midsummer, containing numerous minute, light-brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs aiding wind dispersal.

## Classification

The genus *Populus* has traditionally been divided into six sections on the basis of leaf and flower characters; this classification is followed below. Recent genetic studies have largely supported this, confirming some previously suspected reticulate evolution due to past hybridisation and introgression events between the groups. Some species (noted below) had differing relationships indicated by their nuclear DNA (paternally inherited) and chloroplast DNA sequences (maternally inherited), a clear indication of likely hybrid origin. Hybridisation continues to be common in the genus, with several hybrids between species in different sections known. There are currently 57 accepted species in the genus.

### Phylogeny

Some of the most easily identifiable fossils of this genus belongs to *Poplus wilmattae*, which come from the Late Paleocene of North America about 58 million years ago. However, fossils from the Cretaceous of this genus have been found in Tibet and Heilongjiang, China.

### Selected species

## Ecology

Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees.

Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species. *Pleurotus populinus*, the aspen oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of *Populus* trees in North America.

Several species of *Populus* in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe have experienced heavy dieback; this is thought in part to be due to *Sesia apiformis* which bores into the trunk of the tree during its larval stage.

## Cultivation

Many poplars are grown as ornamental trees, with numerous cultivars used. They have the advantage of growing to a very large size at a rapid pace. Almost all poplars take root readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground (they also often have remarkable suckering abilities, and can form huge colonies from a single original tree, such as the famous *Pando* forest made of thousands of *Populus tremuloides* clones).

Trees with fastigiate (erect, columnar) branching are particularly popular, and are widely grown across Europe and southwest Asia. However, like willows, poplars have very vigorous and invasive root systems stretching up to 40 metres (130 ft) from the trees; planting close to houses or ceramic water pipes may result in damaged foundations and cracked walls and pipes due to their search for moisture.

A simple, reproducible, high-frequency micropropagation protocol in eastern cottonwood *Populus deltoides* has been reported by Yadav et al. 2009.

### India

In India, the poplar is grown commercially by farmers, mainly in the Punjab region. Common poplar varieties are:

* G48 (grown in the plains of Punjab, Haryana, UP)
* w22 (grown in mountainous regions, e.g., Himachal Pradesh, Pathankot, Jammu)

The trees are grown from *kalam* or cuttings, harvested annually in January and February, and commercially available up to 15 November.

Poplars are most commonly used to make plywood: Yamuna Nagar in Haryana state has a large plywood industry reliant upon poplar. It is graded according to sizes known as "over" (over 24 inches (610 mm)), "under" (18–24 inches (460–610 mm)), and "sokta" (less than 18 inches (460 mm)).

## Uses

Although the wood from *Populus* is known as poplar wood, a common high-quality hardwood "poplar" with a greenish colour is actually from an unrelated genus *Liriodendron*. *Populus* wood is a lighter, more porous material.

Its flexibility and close grain make it suitable for a number of applications, similar to those of willow. The Greeks and Etruscans made shields of poplar, and Pliny the Elder also recommended poplar for this purpose. Poplar continued to be used for shield construction through the Middle Ages and was renowned for a durability similar to that of oak, but with a substantial reduction in weight.

### Food

In addition to the foliage and other parts of *Populus* species being consumed by animals, the starchy sap layer (underneath the outer bark) is edible to humans, both raw and cooked.

### Manufacturing

In Pakistan, poplar is grown on a commercial level by farmers in Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provinces. However, all varieties are seriously susceptible to termite attack, causing significant losses to poplar every year. Logs of poplar are therefore also used as bait in termite traps for biocontrol of termites in crops.

### Energy

Interest exists in using poplar as an energy crop for biomass, in energy forestry systems, particularly in light of its high energy-in to energy-out ratio, large carbon mitigation potential, and fast growth.

In the United Kingdom, poplar (as with fellow energy crop willow) is typically grown in a short rotation coppice system for two to five years (with single or multiple stems), then harvested and burned - the yield of some varieties can be as high as 12 oven-dry tonnes per hectare every year. In warmer regions like Italy this crop can produce up to 13.8, 16.4 oven-dry tonnes of biomass per hectare every year for biannual and triennial cutting cycles also showing a positive energy balance and a high energy efficiency.

### Fuel

Biofuel is another option for using poplar as bioenergy supply. In the United States, scientists studied converting short rotation coppice poplar into sugars for biofuel (e.g. ethanol) production. Considering the relative cheap price, the process of making biofuel from SRC can be economically feasible, although the conversion yield from short rotation coppice (as juvenile crops) were lower than regular mature wood. Besides biochemical conversion, thermochemical conversion (e.g. fast pyrolysis) was also studied for making biofuel from short rotation coppice poplar and was found to have higher energy recovery than that from bioconversion.

### Art

Poplar was the most common wood used in Italy for panel paintings; the *Mona Lisa* and most famous early Italian Renaissance paintings are on poplar. The wood is generally white, often with a slightly yellowish colour.

Some stringed instruments are made with one-piece poplar backs; violas made in this fashion are said to have a particularly resonant tone. Similarly, though typically it is considered to have a less attractive grain than the traditional sitka spruce, poplar is beginning to be targeted by some harp luthiers as a sustainable and even superior alternative for their sound boards: in these cases another hardwood veneer is sometimes applied to the resonant poplar base both for cosmetic reasons, and supposedly to fine-tune the acoustic properties.

### Land management

Lombardy poplars are frequently used as a windbreak around agricultural fields to protect against wind erosion.

### Agriculture

Logs from the poplar provide a growing medium for shiitake mushrooms.

### Phytoremediation

Poplar represents a suitable candidate for phytoremediation since it has the ability to remove and store harmful pollutants in its trunk while also removing air pollution. This plant has been successfully used to target many types of pollutants including trace element (TEs) in soil and sewage sludge, Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs), Trichloroethylene (TCE), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs).

## Culture

Two notable poems in English lament the cutting down of poplars, William Cowper's "The Poplar Field" and Gerard Manley Hopkins' "Binsey Poplars felled 1879".

In Billie Holiday's "Strange Fruit", she sings "Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze/Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees…".

The Odd Poplars Alley, in Iași, Romania, is one of the spots where Mihai Eminescu sought inspiration in his works (the poem "Down Where the Lonely Poplars Grow"). In 1973, the 15 white poplars still left (with age ranges between 233 and 371 years) were declared natural monuments.

In Ukraine, one of neighborhoods of Kyiv is named after *Populus nigra* as Osokorky, a local name.

* Media related to Populus at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Populus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Leaf of *Populus tremula* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Subfamily: | Salicoideae |
| Tribe: | Saliceae |
| Genus: | *Populus*
L. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Populus tremula*
L. | |
| Sections and species | |
| See text | |


title: Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy

abstract: Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy is a 1909 five-minute silent trick film directed by J. Stuart Blackton. In the film, a smoker falls asleep and is visited by two fairies. Audiences marveled at the special effects featuring the fairies interacting with objects much larger than themselves. Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy was the first instance of tobacco product placement in the movies. In 2003, it was among the 25 films added to the Library of Congress National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant."

text:
# Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy

***Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy*** is a 1909 five-minute silent trick film directed by J. Stuart Blackton.

In the film, a smoker (Paul Panzer) falls asleep and is visited by two fairies (one of which is played by Gladys Hulette). Audiences marveled at the special effects featuring the fairies interacting with objects much larger than themselves.

*Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy* was the first instance of tobacco product placement (for Sweet Corporal cigarettes and cigars) in the movies.

In 2003, it was among the 25 films added to the Library of Congress National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant."

## Production

The film was produced and most likely directed by J. Stuart Blackton, an illustrator and one of the most important figures in early film history. Blackton specialized in "trick films" and sharpened his skill with early special effects making fake footage of the Spanish-American War and animated films. *Princess Nicotine* was shot by Tony Gaudio, who used mirrors to achieve a deep depth of field. The film was probably inspired by Émile Cohl's *The Animated Matches* (1908), which had previously featured stop-motion matches that appeared to move by themselves. Blackton and Gaudio also employed hidden wires, double exposures, giant props, and smoke to make the film appear magical and dreamlike. The film's special effects astonished audiences, and *Scientific American* dedicated an article to explaining how the film was made.

## Reception

Frederick A. Talbot, in *Moving Pictures: How They Are Made and Worked*, proclaims that "*Princess Nicotine* ranks as one of the finest trick films ever made in the United States", and explains the production's "tricks" in great detail.

## InfoBox

| Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | J. Stuart Blackton |
| Produced by | J. Stuart Blackton |
| Cinematography | Tony Gaudio |
| Distributed by | Vitagraph Studios |
| Release date | * August 10, 1909 (1909-08-10) |
| Running time | 5 mins. |
| Country | United States |


title: Michael Puleo

abstract: Michael Puleo is an American dancer, currently ballet master at the Compagnia Virgilio Sieni Danza, Florence, and assistant choreographer at Compagnia del Teatro Nuovo, Turin, Italy. He received his dance training at the Richard Andros Theater Art Center, the New York Performing Arts High School, and the School of American Ballet, and danced with the New York City Ballet, where he performed in the premieres of George Balanchine's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme and Jerome Robbins' Eight Lines, as well as with the Armitage Ballet Love's End in Armitage 'Contempt' and at the Metropolitan Opera.

text:
# Michael Puleo

**Michael Puleo** is an American dancer, currently ballet master at the Compagnia Virgilio Sieni Danza, Florence, and assistant choreographer at Compagnia del Teatro Nuovo, Turin, Italy. He received his dance training at the Richard Andros Theater Art Center, the New York Performing Arts High School, and the School of American Ballet, and danced with the New York City Ballet, where he performed in the premieres of George Balanchine's *Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme* and Jerome Robbins' *Eight Lines*, as well as with the Armitage Ballet Love's End in Armitage 'Contempt' and at the Metropolitan Opera.


title: Pondera County, Montana

abstract: Pondera County is a county in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,898. Its county seat is Conrad.

text:
# Pondera County, Montana

**Pondera County** (/ˌpɒndəˈr/ *POND-ə-RAY*) is a county in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,898. Its county seat is Conrad.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,640 square miles (4,200 km2), of which 1,623 square miles (4,200 km2) is land and 17 square miles (44 km2) (1.0%) is water.

### Adjacent counties

### National protected area

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 5,741 |  |  |
| 1930 | 6,964 |  | 21.3% |
| 1940 | 6,716 |  | −3.6% |
| 1950 | 6,392 |  | −4.8% |
| 1960 | 7,653 |  | 19.7% |
| 1970 | 6,611 |  | −13.6% |
| 1980 | 6,731 |  | 1.8% |
| 1990 | 6,433 |  | −4.4% |
| 2000 | 6,424 |  | −0.1% |
| 2010 | 6,153 |  | −4.2% |
| 2020 | 5,898 |  | −4.1% |
| 2022 (est.) | 6,078 |  | 3.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
1790–1960 1900–1990
1990–2000 2010–2020 | | | |

### 2020 census

As of the 2020 census, there were 5,898 people living in the county.

### 2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 6,153 people, 2,285 households, and 1,528 families residing in the county. The population density was 3.8 inhabitants per square mile (1.5/km2). There were 2,659 housing units at an average density of 1.6 units per square mile (0.62 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 82.7% white, 14.5% American Indian, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.2% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 31.9% were German, 14.7% were Norwegian, 13.2% were Irish, 9.3% were English, 5.7% were Dutch, and 5.6% were American.

Of the 2,285 households, 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.1% were non-families, and 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.01. The median age was 42.8 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,419 and the median income for a family was $47,656. Males had a median income of $34,259 versus $26,903 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,989. About 14.9% of families and 21.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.5% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

## Politics

From its creation until 1964, voters of Pondera County were fairly balanced; they selected Democratic Party candidates in 58% of national elections. Since 1964, the Republican presidential candidate has garnered the county's vote in every election.

United States presidential election results for Pondera County, Montana
| Year | Republican | | Democratic | | Third party(ies) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| **2020** | 2,031 | **67.81%** | 903 | 30.15% | 61 | 2.04% |
| **2016** | 1,799 | **66.07%** | 738 | 27.10% | 186 | 6.83% |
| **2012** | 1,673 | **61.53%** | 975 | 35.86% | 71 | 2.61% |
| **2008** | 1,588 | **55.04%** | 1,223 | 42.39% | 74 | 2.56% |
| **2004** | 1,853 | **64.79%** | 956 | 33.43% | 51 | 1.78% |
| **2000** | 1,948 | **67.27%** | 792 | 27.35% | 156 | 5.39% |
| **1996** | 1,438 | **48.53%** | 1,123 | 37.90% | 402 | 13.57% |
| **1992** | 1,252 | **39.56%** | 1,046 | 33.05% | 867 | 27.39% |
| **1988** | 1,795 | **57.64%** | 1,245 | 39.98% | 74 | 2.38% |
| **1984** | 2,239 | **67.52%** | 1,039 | 31.33% | 38 | 1.15% |
| **1980** | 2,270 | **66.14%** | 897 | 26.14% | 265 | 7.72% |
| **1976** | 1,666 | **52.89%** | 1,413 | 44.86% | 71 | 2.25% |
| **1972** | 1,890 | **57.41%** | 1,215 | 36.91% | 187 | 5.68% |
| **1968** | 1,530 | **52.98%** | 1,149 | 39.79% | 209 | 7.24% |
| **1964** | 1,110 | 38.58% | 1,759 | **61.14%** | 8 | 0.28% |
| **1960** | 1,452 | 46.76% | 1,653 | **53.24%** | 0 | 0.00% |
| **1956** | 1,651 | **53.45%** | 1,438 | 46.55% | 0 | 0.00% |
| **1952** | 1,719 | **57.45%** | 1,246 | 41.64% | 27 | 0.90% |
| **1948** | 902 | 35.37% | 1,555 | **60.98%** | 93 | 3.65% |
| **1944** | 890 | 37.70% | 1,448 | **61.33%** | 23 | 0.97% |
| **1940** | 1,038 | 34.83% | 1,899 | **63.72%** | 43 | 1.44% |
| **1936** | 658 | 22.43% | 2,213 | **75.43%** | 63 | 2.15% |
| **1932** | 930 | 32.35% | 1,805 | **62.78%** | 140 | 4.87% |
| **1928** | 1,324 | **57.99%** | 944 | 41.35% | 15 | 0.66% |
| **1924** | 764 | 37.67% | 414 | 20.41% | 850 | **41.91%** |
| **1920** | 1,654 | **62.49%** | 893 | 33.74% | 100 | 3.78% |

## Communities

### City

### Town

### Census-designated places

### Other unincorporated communities

## Notable people

48°14′N 112°13′W / 48.24°N 112.22°W / 48.24; -112.22

## InfoBox

| Pondera County | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
| Pondera County Courthouse | |
| Location within the U.S. state of Montana | |
| Montana's location within the U.S. | |
| Coordinates: 48°14′N 112°13′W / 48.24°N 112.22°W / 48.24; -112.22 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| Founded | April 1, 1919 |
| Named for | Pend d'Oreilles people |
| Seat | Conrad |
| Largest city | Conrad |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,640 sq mi (4,200 km2) |
| Land | 1,623 sq mi (4,200 km2) |
| Water | 17 sq mi (40 km2)  1.0% |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 5,898 |
| Estimate (2022) | 6,078 |
| Density | 3.6/sq mi (1.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−7 (Mountain) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−6 (MDT) |
| Congressional districts | 1st, 2nd |
| Website | www.ponderacountymontana.org |
| * Montana county number 26 | |


abstract: The National Center for Engineering and Technology Education is a partnership of four land-grant research universities, five technology teacher education universities and fifteen K–12 school districts. The center was funded by the National Science Foundation in 2004 under NSF program award 0426421.

text:
# National Center for Engineering and Technology Education

The **National Center for Engineering and Technology Education** is a partnership of four land-grant research universities (Utah State University, the University of Minnesota, the University of Illinois and the University of Georgia), five technology teacher education universities (Brigham Young University, California State University at Los Angeles, University of Wisconsin–Stout, Illinois State University and North Carolina A&T State University) and fifteen K–12 school districts. The center was funded by the National Science Foundation in 2004 under NSF program award 0426421.

## Goals

The ultimate goal of the center is to rethink the pedagogy of technology education programs to include more engineering content and design, problem solving, and analytical skills and to implement those changes in technology teacher education programs around the United States. This will be accomplished through the teaming of engineering and technology education faculty at NCETE sites in a three pronged approach:

* Graduate student fellowships will create educational leaders engaged in technology teacher preparation and professional development with the skills required to integrate engineering and technology education.
* Research on how students learn technological concepts, problem solving and how technology teachers can best be prepared for teaching engineering concepts and how such programs can be evaluated will be conducted
* Professional development for 9–12 grade teachers will be conducted and will focus on instructions techniques that support the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) initiative.


title: Ponderia canalifera

abstract: Ponderia canalifera is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Ponderia canalifera

***Ponderia canalifera*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Ponderia canalifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Ponderia* |
| Species: | ***P. canalifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ponderia canalifera***
(Sowerby, 1841) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Murex canalifera* Sowerby, 1841
*Pterynotus (Pterochelus) zealandica iredalei* Fleming, 1962 | |


title: New York's 32nd State Assembly district

abstract: New York's 32nd State Assembly district is one of the 150 districts in the New York State Assembly in the United States. It has been represented by Democrat Vivian Cook since 1991.

text:
# New York's 32nd State Assembly district

**New York's 32nd State Assembly district** is one of the 150 districts in the New York State Assembly in the United States. It has been represented by Democrat Vivian Cook since 1991.

## Geography

District 32 is located in Queens, comprising the neighborhoods of Jamaica, Rochdale, and parts of Richmond Hill and South Ozone Park.

## Recent election results

### 2024

2024 New York State Assembly election, District 32
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Vivian Cook (incumbent) |  |  |
|  | Write-in | |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  | **100.0** |

### 2022

2022 New York State Assembly election, District 32
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Vivian Cook (incumbent)** | **4,384** | **56.8** |
|  | Democratic | Anthony Andrews Jr. | 3,307 | 42.9 |
|  | Write-in | | 20 | 0.3 |
| Total votes | | | **7,711** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | **Democratic** | **Vivian Cook (incumbent)** | **18,385** | **85.1** |
|  | Republican | Marilyn Miller | 1,766 | 8.2 |
|  | Working Families | Anthony Andrews Jr. | 1,446 | 6.7 |
|  | Write-in | | 16 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **21,613** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2020

2020 New York State Assembly election, District 32
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Vivian Cook (incumbent)** | **42,061** | **99.8** |
|  | Write-in | | 99 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **42,160** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2018

2018 New York State Assembly election, District 32
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Vivian Cook (incumbent)** | **29,991** | **99.8** |
|  | Write-in | | 52 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **30,043** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2016

2016 New York State Assembly election, District 32
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Vivian Cook (incumbent)** | **4,021** | **77.6** |
|  | Democratic | Rodney Reid | 1,141 | 22.0 |
|  | Write-in | | 17 | 0.3 |
| Total votes | | | **5,179** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | **Democratic** | **Vivian Cook (incumbent)** | **39,305** | **99.8** |
|  | Write-in | | 87 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **39,392** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2014

2014 New York State Assembly election, District 32
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Vivian Cook (incumbent)** | **14,086** | **99.8** |
|  | Write-in | | 33 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **14,119** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2012

2012 New York State Assembly election, District 32
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Vivian Cook (incumbent)** | **34,415** | **99.9** |
|  | Write-in | | 19 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **34,434** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

| New York's 32nd
State Assembly district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Assemblymember | Vivian Cook
Jamaica |
| Registration | 78.5% Democratic
3.5% Republican
15.7% No party preference |
| Demographics | 2% White
56% Black
19% Hispanic
13% Asian
0% Native American
0% Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
6% Other |
| Population (2020) | 133,941 |
| Registered voters | 77,215 |


title: Outside Mullingar

abstract: Outside Mullingar is a play by John Patrick Shanley, which ran on Broadway in 2014.

text:
# Outside Mullingar

***Outside Mullingar*** is a play by John Patrick Shanley, which ran on Broadway in 2014.

## Production

*Outside Mullingar* premiered on Broadway at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre in a Manhattan Theatre Club production on January 3, 2014 (previews), officially on January 23, 2014. Directed by Doug Hughes, the cast stars Brían F. O'Byrne, Debra Messing, Dearbhla Molloy and Peter Maloney.

The play ended its limited engagement on March 16, 2014.

*Outside Mullingar* marked the Broadway debut of Debra Messing.

The play was commissioned by the Manhattan Theatre Club through the U.S. Trust New American Play Commissioning Program, and received the Edgerton Foundation New American Plays Award.

## Background

Shanley wrote about how he came to write the play, noting that he had his 60th birthday, and decided to write about the family farm. He also said that he wanted to write about love. "I found a strange relief in the play."

## Overview

The play is set in the Midlands of Ireland, and involves two farmers, Anthony and Rosemary, who live next to each other. Rosemary has been romantically interested in Anthony her entire life. Anthony, who is shy and unaware of Rosemary's feelings, dislikes farming, so his father intends to leave the farm to a nephew.

## Critical response

Charles Isherwood for *The New York Times* wrote: "*Outside Mullingar*...represents Mr. Shanley’s finest work since *Doubt*...Mr. Shanley’s lyrical writing, and the flawless production, directed by Doug Hughes... give such consistent pleasure that even though we know the equations that define romcoms will add up to the familiar sums, we are happy to watch as they do."

The reviewer for *USA Today* wrote: "Had Shanley made Anthony and Rosemary, say, career-obsessed urbanites still living with their folks in the same apartment building, the story would seem ridiculously contrived. But by placing them in a rural setting where dating options are considerably more limited — not just by a less-dense population, but by cultural and religious mores...he makes their plight more credible and, despite some hokum, intriguing...if Shanley is raising less-complicated questions this time, there are flecks of wisdom in his sweetly diverting study."

The play was less well reviewed by Irish publications, with Fintan O'Toole of *The Irish Times* describing it as "mystifyingly awful" and "beyond the edge of awfulness." Similarly, it was described as an "overwrought comic romance" which "contains uncontrolled blarney, overwrought symbolism and emotional bogginess" by Lyn Gardner at *The Guardian* in the United Kingdom.

## Awards and nominations

*Outside Mullingar* was nominated for two 2014 Outer Critics Circle Award nominations, for Outstanding New Broadway Play and Outstanding Actor in a Play (Brían F. O’Byrne). The play received two 2014 Drama Desk Award nominations: Outstanding Play and Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play (Peter Maloney).

The play received one 2014 Tony Award nomination, for Best Play.

## Film adaptation

Shanley wrote and directed a film adaptation of his play titled *Wild Mountain Thyme*. It stars Emily Blunt and Jamie Dornan and was released on December 11, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Outside Mullingar | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | John Patrick Shanley |
| Characters | Anthony Reilly, Tony Reilly, Rosemary Muldoon, Aoife Muldoon |
| Date premiered | January 23, 2014 |
| Place premiered | Samuel J. Friedman Theatre |
| Setting | Irish countryside |
| Official site | |


title: Impregnated (film)

abstract: Impregnated is a 2022 Peruvian-Argentine romantic comedy film directed by Gianfranco Quattrini and written by Quattrini and Mariana Silva. It stars Magdyel Ugaz, Ximena Palomino and Benjamín Amadeo. It premiered on May 26, 2022, in Peruvian theaters, and on September 10, 2022, in Argentine theaters.

text:
# Impregnated (film)

***Impregnated*** (Spanish: ***Encintados***, lit.'Tied ups') is a 2022 Peruvian-Argentine romantic comedy film directed by Gianfranco Quattrini and written by Quattrini and Mariana Silva. It stars Magdyel Ugaz, Ximena Palomino and Benjamín Amadeo. It premiered on May 26, 2022, in Peruvian theaters, and on September 10, 2022, in Argentine theaters.

## Synopsis

Martina wants to be a mother, but she does not have the financial resources for an insemination. With the support of her girlfriend, she decides to seduce an Argentine tourist into getting her pregnant. When the involuntary donor discovers the plan, he returns to Peru to assume his paternity... and to make Martina fall in love with him.

## Cast

The actors participating in this film are:

* Magdyel Ugaz as Sofía
* Ximena Palomino as Martina
* Benjamín Amadeo as Facundo
* Sergio Galliani as Julián
* Jely Reátegui as Arlette
* Katia Condos as Úrsula
* Candela Vetrano as Belén
* Victorio D'Alessandro as Ramiro
* Job Mansilla as Charly
* Luis Ramírez as Inti Gabriel
* Santiago Suárez as Yeison
* Gerardo Vázquez as Manuel
* Daniel Menacho as Diego
* Alessandra Ottazzi as Motta
* Joaquín Escobar as Gérman

## Controversy

When the first trailer was released, it received a barrage of criticism from users due to the poor representation of lesbian and bisexual people featured in the trailer. Through the film's official social networks, the director and one of the protagonists of the film, Magdyel Ugaz, publicly apologized and regretted the confusion.

## InfoBox

| Impregnated | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Gianfranco Quattrini |
| Written by | Gianfranco Quattrini, Mariana Silva |
| Produced by | Alejandro Cacetta
Juan Pablo García
Fernanda Perez
Gianfranco Quattrini
Rocio Taboada
Alex Zito
Pola Zito |
| Starring | Magdyel Ugaz
Ximena Palomino
Benjamín Amadeo |
| Cinematography | Massimo Ruggieri |
| Edited by | Vanesa Ferrario |
| Production
companies | AZ Films
Film Tonic
Planta Madre Cine |
| Distributed by | BF Distribution |
| Release date | * May 26, 2022 (2022-05-26) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Countries | Peru
Argentina |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Geometric terms of location

abstract: Geometric terms of location describe directions or positions relative to the shape of an object. These terms are used in descriptions of engineering, physics, and other sciences, as well as ordinary day-to-day discourse. Though these terms themselves may be somewhat ambiguous, they are usually used in a context in which their meaning is clear. For example, when referring to a drive shaft it is clear what is meant by axial or radial directions. Or, in a free body diagram, one may similarly infer a sense of orientation by the forces or other vectors represented.

text:
# Geometric terms of location

**Geometric terms of location** describe directions or positions relative to the shape of an object. These terms are used in descriptions of engineering, physics, and other sciences, as well as ordinary day-to-day discourse.

Though these terms themselves may be somewhat **ambiguous**, they are usually used in a context in which their meaning is clear. For example, when referring to a drive shaft it is clear what is meant by axial or radial directions. Or, in a free body diagram, one may similarly infer a sense of orientation by the forces or other vectors represented.

## Examples

Common geometric terms of location are:

* **Collinear** – in the same line
* **Parallel** – in the same direction.
* **Transverse** – intersecting at any angle, i.e. not parallel.
* **Orthogonal** (or **perpendicular**) – at a right angle (at the point of intersection).

* **Elevation** – along a curve from a point on the horizon to the zenith, directly overhead.
* **Depression** – along a curve from a point on the horizon to the nadir, directly below.

* **Vertical** – spanning the height of a body.
* **Longitudinal** – spanning the length of a body.
* **Lateral** – spanning the width of a body. The distinction between width and length may be unclear out of context.

* **Adjacent** – next to
* **Lineal** – following along a given path. The shape of the path is not necessarily straight (compare to linear). For instance, a length of rope might be measured in lineal meters or feet. See arc length.

* **Projection** / **Projected** \- in architecture, facade sticking out; convex.
* **Recession** / **Recessed** \- the action of receding; away from an observer; concave.


title: German Ferry Road

abstract: The Deutsche Fährstraße, established in May 2004, is a theme route similar to the American National Scenic Byways. It connects various places between Bremervörde and Kiel with relation to the history of ferries and crossing of rivers, like the historic transporter bridges in Rendsburg and Osten. It is 250 km long and connects 50 bridges, sluices, barrages and ferries and demonstrates all variations of methods crossing water. It contains parts of the rivers Oste, Elbe, the Kiel Canal and the Bay of Kiel.

text:
# German Ferry Road

The **Deutsche Fährstraße** (*German Ferry Street*), established in May 2004, is a theme route similar to the American National Scenic Byways. It connects various places between Bremervörde and Kiel with relation to the history of ferries and crossing of rivers, like the historic transporter bridges in Rendsburg and Osten.

It is 250 km long and connects 50 bridges, sluices, barrages and ferries and demonstrates all variations of methods crossing water. It contains parts of the rivers Oste, Elbe, the Kiel Canal and the Bay of Kiel.

53°47′41″N 9°24′11″E / 53.79472°N 9.40306°E / 53.79472; 9.40306


title: Michael W. Bevan

abstract: Michael Webster Bevan is a professor at the John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.

text:
# Michael W. Bevan

**Michael Webster Bevan** OBE FRS (born 5 June 1952) is a professor at the John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.

## Education

Bevan was educated at the University of Auckland where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science in 1973 and a Master of Science in 1974. He went on to study at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he was awarded a PhD in 1979 for work on differentiation in plant tissue cultures.

## Research and career

Following his PhD, Bevan did postdoctoral research with Mary-Dell Chilton at Washington University in St. Louis where he identified ways to make functional chimaeric genes based on knowledge of gene function.

Bevan returned to the UK at the Plant Breeding Institute, Cambridge in 1980, part of the Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC). This became the John Innes Centre of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) where he has worked since 1988.

As of 2014, Bevan's laboratory focus on the molecular control of plant growth.

## Awards and honours

Bevan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2013. His nomination reads:

> Michael Bevan's work laid the foundations of modern day plant molecular biology and genetics. He pioneered plant transformation and expression technologies, developing the most widely used vector and gene expression systems. He played a major role in the multi-national efforts to sequence the Arabidopsis and Brachypodium genomes, which provide key foundations for plant biology. He has capitalised on this by his analyses of gene function and growth control in plants. He has recently completed the first analysis of the large, complex and important genome of bread wheat, aiming to develop resources for molecular breeding and improvement of this globally important crop.

He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to plant genomics.

## InfoBox

| Mike Bevan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Michael Webster Bevan<br>(1952-06-05) 5 June 1952 |
| Alma mater |  |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions |  |
| Thesis | *Differentiation in plant tissue cultures* (1979) |
|  | |
| Website |  |


title: Port of Pittsburgh

abstract: The Port of Pittsburgh is a vast river traffic region in southwestern Pennsylvania. It spans a thirteen-county area including Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Blair, Butler, Cambria, Clarion, Fayette, Greene, Indiana, Lawrence, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties. It encompasses more than 200 miles of commercially navigable waterways in southwestern Pennsylvania, including the three major rivers in this region: the Allegheny, the Monongahela, and the Ohio. These waterways are made navigable by a system of seventeen locks and dams. The Port of Pittsburgh supports nearly 200 river terminals and barge industry service suppliers, including privately owned public river terminals. The port complex is served by the CSX and Norfolk Southern railroads and by four interstate highways. The Port of Pittsburgh Commission acts as a comprehensive service for shippers and industries seeking information on the river system. Unlike the Port of Miami, for example, the Port of Pittsburgh does not refer to a specific geographic location but to the broader geographical context under which the Pittsburgh port industry conducts its broad scope of activity.

text:
# Port of Pittsburgh

The **Port of Pittsburgh** is a vast river traffic region in southwestern Pennsylvania. It spans a thirteen-county area including Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Blair, Butler, Cambria, Clarion, Fayette, Greene, Indiana, Lawrence, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties.

It encompasses more than 200 miles of commercially navigable waterways in southwestern Pennsylvania, including the three major rivers in this region: the Allegheny, the Monongahela, and the Ohio. These waterways are made navigable by a system of seventeen locks and dams. The Port of Pittsburgh supports nearly 200 river terminals and barge industry service suppliers, including privately owned public river terminals. The port complex is served by the CSX and Norfolk Southern railroads and by four interstate highways. The Port of Pittsburgh Commission acts as a comprehensive service for shippers and industries seeking information on the river system.

Unlike the Port of Miami, for example, the Port of Pittsburgh does not refer to a specific geographic location but to the broader geographical context under which the Pittsburgh port industry conducts its broad scope of activity.

## Port of Pittsburgh Commission

The **Port of Pittsburgh Commission** is a government agency of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that manages the Port of Pittsburgh, which is the second-largest inland port in the United States.

Pittsburgh's port ranks as the 26th largest port in the United States overall, with almost 27 million short tons of river cargo for 2015. The port ranked 15th largest in the U.S. when measured in domestic trade.

### M-70

The Commission has responsibility for Ohio River shipping within Pennsylvania and the navigable portions of the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River. The federal Maritime Administration designated the Ohio River as part of a new federal marine highway, called M-70, with the name taken from I-70, a major highway used by trucks in the region.

## InfoBox

Port of Pittsburgh Commission
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 1992 |
| Motto | Good things flow from here. |
| Agency executive | * Mary Ann Bucci, Executive Director |
| Parent agency | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |
| Website | https://www.portpitt.com/ |


abstract:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 400 metres W45 division of Masters athletics.
  - Key
  -   Incomplete information
  Pending

text:
# Masters W45 400 metres world record progression

This is the progression of world record improvements of the 400 metres W45 division of Masters athletics.

Key

*Incomplete information*   *Pending*

| Hand | Auto | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 56.14 | Angee Henry-Nott | United States | 21 December 1975 | Ames: Video on YouTube | 23 July 2021 |
|  | 56.15 | Marie Lande Mathieu | Puerto Rico | 26 November 1956 | Carolina | 12 July 2003 |
|  | 56.82 | Mary Libal | United States | 28 June 1950 | Buffalo | 22 July 1995 |
| 57.8 |  | Jan Hynes | Australia | 3 April 1944 | Brisbane | 1 March 1989 |
|  | 59.68 | Colleen Mills | New Zealand | 23 November 1933 | Christchurch | 10 January 1981 |

Masters Athletics 400 m list


title: Porto Alegre, São Tomé and Príncipe

abstract: Porto Alegre is a village in Caué District on São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 795. Porto Alegre lies 2.5 km northeast of the southernmost point of São Tomé Island, Ponta Homem da Capa. It is 1.5 km west of Ponta Baleia, 17 km southwest of São João dos Angolares and 40 km southwest of the capital São Tomé. Across the Canal das Rolas lies the Ilhéu das Rolas. On the east side of Ponta Homem da Capa is the beach Praia Inhame. The plantation complex Roça de Porto Alegre was established around 1890 by Jacinto Carneiro de Sousa e Almeida. The oldest preserved building dates from 1918.

text:
# Porto Alegre, São Tomé and Príncipe

**Porto Alegre** (Portuguese for "Happy Port") is a village in Caué District on São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 795 (2012 census). Porto Alegre lies 2.5 km northeast of the southernmost point of São Tomé Island, Ponta Homem da Capa. It is 1.5 km west of Ponta Baleia, 17 km southwest of São João dos Angolares and 40 km southwest of the capital São Tomé.

Across the Canal das Rolas lies the Ilhéu das Rolas.

On the east side of Ponta Homem da Capa is the beach Praia Inhame. The plantation complex Roça de Porto Alegre was established around 1890 by Jacinto Carneiro de Sousa e Almeida. The oldest preserved building dates from 1918.

## Population history

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | 461 |  |
| 2008 | 525 | +13.9% |
| 2012 | 795 | +51.4% |

## Climate

Porto Alegre has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with heavy to very heavy rainfall in all months except June, July and August.

| Climate data for Porto Alegre | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.1
(84.4) | 29.5
(85.1) | 29.8
(85.6) | 29.6
(85.3) | 29.0
(84.2) | 27.6
(81.7) | 26.9
(80.4) | 27.2
(81.0) | 28.4
(83.1) | 28.4
(83.1) | 28.7
(83.7) | 28.5
(83.3) | 28.6
(83.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.7
(78.3) | 26.1
(79.0) | 26.1
(79.0) | 26.2
(79.2) | 25.7
(78.3) | 24.4
(75.9) | 23.5
(74.3) | 23.8
(74.8) | 24.8
(76.6) | 25.0
(77.0) | 25.3
(77.5) | 25.3
(77.5) | 25.2
(77.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.3
(72.1) | 22.7
(72.9) | 22.5
(72.5) | 22.8
(73.0) | 22.5
(72.5) | 21.3
(70.3) | 20.1
(68.2) | 20.5
(68.9) | 21.2
(70.2) | 21.7
(71.1) | 21.9
(71.4) | 22.2
(72.0) | 21.8
(71.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 292
(11.5) | 249
(9.8) | 347
(13.7) | 390
(15.4) | 344
(13.5) | 77
(3.0) | 12
(0.5) | 64
(2.5) | 209
(8.2) | 493
(19.4) | 431
(17.0) | 330
(13.0) | 3,238
(127.5) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Porto Alegre | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Porto AlegreLocation on São Tomé Island | |
| Coordinates: 0°2′N 6°32′E / 0.033°N 6.533°E / 0.033; 6.533 | |
| Country | São Tomé and Príncipe |
| Island | São Tomé |
| District | Caué |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 795 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |


title: New York's 32nd congressional district

abstract: New York's 32nd congressional district was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. It was eliminated as a result of the 1990 census. It was last represented by John LaFalce who was redistricted into the 29th district.

text:
# New York's 32nd congressional district

**New York's 32nd congressional district** was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. It was eliminated as a result of the 1990 census. It was last represented by John LaFalce who was redistricted into the 29th district.

## Past components

New York's 32nd Congressional District was first formed in 1832. The district was abolished in 1862.

It was reestablished in 1872 and then consisted of Chautauqua County, New York and Cattaraugus County, New York. In 1874, the congressional districts of New York were redrawn and the 32nd district was moved to Erie County, the location of Buffalo, New York. With 178,699 residents it was the most populous district in New York, with its closest competitor being the 153,000 population of the 1st district on Long Island.

When district boundaries were again redrawn in 1885, the 32nd district was reduced to just covering Buffalo.

By 1892 even just Buffalo was too populous for a single district, and the city was split, with the southern portion being put in the 32nd district.

In the 1902 redistricting the 32nd district was moved to Monroe County, which is dominated by the city of Rochester.

1913–1945:

All of Jefferson, Lewis, Madison, Oswego

1945–1953:

All of Albany Parts of Rensselaer

1953–1963:

All of Fulton, Hamilton, Montgomery, Otsego, Schenectady

1963–1971:

All of Herkimer, Madison, Oneida

1971–1973:

All of Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Lewis, Oneida

1973–1983:

All of Chenango, Cortland, Madison Parts of Delaware, Onondaga, Otsego

1983–1993:

All of Niagara, Orleans Parts of Erie, Monroe

## List of members representing the district

| Member | Party | Years | Cong
ress | Electoral history |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| District established March 4, 1833 | | | | |
|
**Millard Fillmore**
(Buffalo) | Whig | March 4, 1833 –
March 3, 1835 | 23rd | Elected in 1832.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Thomas C. Love**
(Buffalo) | Anti-Jacksonian | March 4, 1835 –
March 3, 1837 | 24th | Elected in 1834.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Millard Fillmore**
(Buffalo) | Whig | March 4, 1837 –
March 3, 1843 | 25th
26th
27th | Elected in 1836.
Re-elected in 1838.
Re-elected in 1840.
\[*data missing*\] |
| **William A. Moseley**
(Buffalo) | Whig | March 4, 1843 –
March 3, 1847 | 28th
29th | Elected in 1842.
Re-elected in 1844.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Nathan K. Hall**
(Buffalo) | Whig | March 4, 1847 –
March 3, 1849 | 30th | Elected in 1846.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Elbridge G. Spaulding**
(Buffalo) | Whig | March 4, 1849 –
March 3, 1851 | 31st | Elected in 1848.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Solomon G. Haven**
(Buffalo) | Whig | March 4, 1851 –
March 3, 1855 | 32nd
33rd
34th | Elected in 1850.
Re-elected in 1852.
Re-elected in 1854.
\[*data missing*\] |
| | Opposition | March 4, 1855 –
March 3, 1857 | | |
|
**Israel T. Hatch**
(Buffalo) | Democratic | March 4, 1857 –
March 3, 1859 | 35th | Elected in 1856.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Elbridge G. Spaulding**
(Buffalo) | Republican | March 4, 1859 –
March 3, 1863 | 36th
37th | Elected in 1858.
Re-elected in 1860.
\[*data missing*\] |
| District dissolved March 4, 1863 | | | | |
| District re-established March 4, 1873 | | | | |
|
**Walter L. Sessions**
(Panama) | Republican | March 4, 1873 –
March 3, 1875 | 43rd | Redistricted from the 31st district and re-elected in 1872.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Lyman K. Bass**
(Buffalo) | Republican | March 4, 1875 –
March 3, 1877 | 44th | Redistricted from the 31st district and re-elected in 1874.
.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Daniel N. Lockwood**
(Buffalo) | Democratic | March 4, 1877 –
March 3, 1879 | 45th | Elected in 1876.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Ray V. Pierce**
(Buffalo) | Republican | March 4, 1879 –
September 18, 1880 | 46th | Elected in 1878.
Resigned. |
| *Vacant* | | September 19, 1880 –
November 11, 1880 | |  |
|
**Jonathan Scoville**
(Buffalo) | Democratic | November 12, 1880 –
March 3, 1883 | 46th
47th | Elected to finish Pierce's term and seated December 6, 1880.
Re-elected in 1880.\[*data missing*\] |
|
**William F. Rogers**
(Buffalo) | Democratic | March 4, 1883 –
March 3, 1885 | 48th | Elected in 1882.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**John M. Farquhar**
(Buffalo) | Republican | March 4, 1885 –
March 3, 1891 | 49th
50th
51st | Elected in 1884.
Re-elected in 1886.
Re-elected in 1888.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Daniel N. Lockwood**
(Buffalo) | Democratic | March 4, 1891 –
March 3, 1895 | 52nd
53rd | Elected in 1890.
Re-elected in 1892.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Rowland B. Mahany**
(Buffalo) | Republican | March 4, 1895 –
March 3, 1899 | 54th
55th | Elected in 1894.
Re-elected in 1896.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**William H. Ryan**
(Buffalo) | Democratic | March 4, 1899 –
March 3, 1903 | 56th
57th | Elected in 1898.
Re-elected in 1900.
Redistricted to the 35th district. |
|
**James B. Perkins**
(Rochester) | Republican | March 4, 1903 –
March 11, 1910 | 58th
59th
60th
61st | Redistricted from the 31st district and re-elected in 1902.
Re-elected in 1904.
Re-elected in 1906.
Re-elected in 1908.
Died. |
| *Vacant* | | March 12, 1910 –
April 18, 1910 | 61st |  |
|
**James S. Havens**
(Rochester) | Democratic | April 19, 1910 –
March 3, 1911 | | Elected to finish Perkins's term
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Henry G. Danforth**
(Rochester) | Republican | March 4, 1911 –
March 3, 1913 | 62nd | Elected in 1910.
Redistricted to the 39th district. |
|
**Luther W. Mott**
(Oswego) | Republican | March 4, 1913 –
July 10, 1923 | 63rd
64th
65th
66th
67th
68th | Redistricted from the 28th district and re-elected in 1912.
Re-elected in 1914.
Re-elected in 1916.
Re-elected in 1918.
Re-elected in 1920.
Re-elected in 1922.
Died. |
| *Vacant* | | July 11, 1923 –
November 5, 1923 | 68th |  |
|
**Thaddeus C. Sweet**
(Phoenix) | Republican | November 6, 1923 –
May 1, 1928 | 68th
69th
70th | Elected to finish Mott's term.
Re-elected in 1924.
Re-elected in 1926.
Died. |
| *Vacant* | | May 2, 1928 –
November 5, 1928 | 70th |  |
|
**Francis D. Culkin**
(Oswego) | Republican | November 6, 1928 –
August 4, 1943 | 70th
71st
72nd
73rd
74th
75th
76th
77th
78th | Elected to finish Sweet's term.
Re-elected in 1928.
Re-elected in 1930.
Re-elected in 1932.
Re-elected in 1934.
Re-elected in 1936.
Re-elected in 1938.
Re-elected in 1940.
Re-elected in 1942.
Died. |
| *Vacant* | | August 5, 1943 –
November 1, 1943 | 78th |  |
|
**Hadwen C. Fuller**
(Parish) | Republican | November 2, 1943 –
January 3, 1945 | | Elected to finish Culkin's term.
Redistricted to the 35th district. |
|
**William T. Byrne**
(Loudonville) | Democratic | January 3, 1945 –
January 27, 1952 | 79th
80th
81st
82nd | Redistricted from the 28th district and re-elected in 1944.
Re-elected in 1946.
Re-elected in 1948.
Re-elected in 1950.
Died. |
| *Vacant* | | January 28, 1952 –
March 31, 1952 | 82nd |  |
|
**Leo W. O'Brien**
(Albany) | Democratic | April 1, 1952 –
January 3, 1953 | | Elected to finish Byrne's term.
Redistricted to the 30th district. |
|
**Bernard W. Kearney**
(Lake Pleasant) | Republican | January 3, 1953 –
January 3, 1959 | 83rd
84th
85th | Redistricted from the 31st district and re-elected in 1952.
Re-elected in 1954.
Re-elected in 1956.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**Samuel S. Stratton**
(Schenectady) | Democratic | January 3, 1959 –
January 3, 1963 | 86th
87th | Elected in 1958.
Re-elected in 1960.
Redistricted to the 35th district. |
|
**Alexander Pirnie**
(Utica) | Republican | January 3, 1963 –
January 3, 1973 | 88th
89th
90th
91st
92nd | Redistricted from the 34th district and re-elected in 1962.
Re-elected in 1964.
Re-elected in 1966.
Re-elected in 1968.
Re-elected in 1970.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**James M. Hanley**
(Syracuse) | Democratic | January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1981 | 93rd
94th
95th
96th | Redistricted from the 35th district and re-elected in 1972.
Re-elected in 1974.
Re-elected in 1976.
Re-elected in 1978.
\[*data missing*\] |
|
**George C. Wortley**
(Fayetteville) | Republican | January 3, 1981 –
January 3, 1983 | 97th | Elected in 1980.
Redistricted to the 27th district. |
|
**John LaFalce**
(Tonawanda) | Democratic | January 3, 1983 –
January 3, 1993 | 98th
99th
100th
101st
102nd | Redistricted from the 36th district and re-elected in 1982.
Re-elected in 1984.
Re-elected in 1986.
Re-elected in 1988.
Re-elected in 1990.
Redistricted to the 29th district. |
| District dissolved January 3, 1993 | | | | |

## Election results

The following chart shows historic election results. **Bold type** indicates victor. *Italic type* indicates incumbent.

| Year | Democratic | Republican | Other |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | Newton S. Beebe: 20,085 | ***Luther W. Mott*** (Incumbent): 53,249 |  |
| 1922 | M. J. Daley: 22,279 | ***Luther W. Mott*** (Incumbent): 44,091 | John Seitz (Socialist): 1,039
James Corbett (Farmer-Labor): 308 |
| 1924 | Charles R. Lee: 23,715 | ***Thaddeus C. Sweet***: 52,506 |  |
| 1926 | John M. Reynolds: 21,007 | ***Thaddeus C. Sweet*** (Incumbent): 46,232 | Thomas H. Lynch (Socialist): 900 |
| 1928 | Frank Browman: 30,201 | **Francis D. Culkin**: 65,009 | James A. Manson (Socialist): 1,159 |
| 1930 | Walter W. Wilcox: 20,905 | ***Francis D. Culkin*** (Incumbent): 43,625 | James A. Manson (Socialist): 1,000 |
| 1932 | John C. Purcell: 34,199 | ***Francis D. Culkin*** (Incumbent): 56,654 | James A. Manson (Socialist): 751 |
| 1934 | Annie D. Mills: 22,959 | ***Francis D. Culkin*** (Incumbent): 49,055 | George Arnold (Socialist): 1,237 |
| 1936 | Paul J. Woodard: 32,318 | ***Francis D. Culkin*** (Incumbent): 65,761 | Orley N. Tooley (Socialist): 1,389 |
| 1938 | Virginia A. Spencer: 19,631 | ***Francis D. Culkin*** (Incumbent): 60,947 | Orley N. Tooley (Socialist): 191 |
| 1940 | Frank M. McCormack: 30,105 | ***Francis D. Culkin*** (Incumbent): 71,782 | Clarence Stuber (American Labor): 2,483 |
| 1942 | Vanche F. Milligan: 17,631 | ***Francis D. Culkin*** (Incumbent): 50,970 | Raymond K. Bull (American Labor): 1,064 |
| 1944 | ***William T. Byrne***: 85,147 | Miles A. McGrane, Jr.: 63,603 |  |
| 1946 | ***William T. Byrne*** (Incumbent): 79,042 | William K. Sanford: 64,325 |  |
| 1948 | ***William T. Byrne*** (Incumbent): 88,476 | Lawrence J. Collins: 65,341 | Margaret L. Wheeler (American Labor): 5,354 |
| 1950 | ***William T. Byrne*** (Incumbent): 90,420 | John T. Casey: 60,087 | Janet Scott (American Labor): 3,261 |
| 1952 | David C. Prince: 50,307 | ***Bernard W. Kearney***: 111,025 | Herbert M. Merrill (Liberal): 3,504 |
| 1954 | David C. Prince: 48,808 | ***Bernard W. Kearney*** (Incumbent): 77,891 |  |
| 1956 | R. Joseph Giblin: 52,064 | ***Bernard W. Kearney*** (Incumbent): 107,959 |  |
| 1958 | **Samuel S. Stratton**: 73,384 | Walter C. Shaw: 62,443 |  |
| 1960 | ***Samuel S. Stratton*** (Incumbent): 98,990 | W. Clyde Wright: 59,890 |  |
| 1962 | Virgil C. Crisafulli: 57,414 | ***Alexander Pirnie***: 77,875 |  |
| 1964 | Robert Castle: 75,660 | ***Alexander Pirnie*** (Incumbent): 86,717 |  |
| 1966 | Robert Castle: 36,195 | ***Alexander Pirnie*** (Incumbent): 94,331 |  |
| 1968 | Anthony J. Montoya: 43,254 | ***Alexander Pirnie*** (Incumbent): 95,793 | Albert J. Bushong (Conservative): 10,393 |
| 1970 | Joseph Simmons: 47,306 | ***Alexander Pirnie*** (Incumbent): 90,884 |  |
| 1972 | ***James M. Hanley***: 111,481 | Leonard C. Koldin: 83,451 |  |
| 1974 | ***James M. Hanley*** (Incumbent): 88,660 | William E. Bush: 61,379 |  |
| 1976 | ***James M. Hanley*** (Incumbent): 101,419 | George C. Wortley: 81,597 | Earl W. Colvin (Liberal): 2,124 |
| 1978 | ***James M. Hanley*** (Incumbent): 76,251 | Peter Del Giorno: 67,071 | Lillian E. Reiner (Liberal): 2,149 |
| 1980 | Jeffrey S. Brooks: 56,535 | **George C. Wortley** (Incumbent): 108,128 | Peter Del Giorno (Right to Life): 11,978
James Northrup (Libertarian): 2,316 |
| 1982 | ***John J. LaFalce***: 116,386 |  | Raymond R. Walker (Conservative): 8,638
Timothy J. Hubbard (Right to Life): 2,359 |
| 1984 | ***John J. LaFalce*** (Incumbent): 139,979 | Anthony J. Murty: 61,797 |  |
| 1986 | ***John J. LaFalce*** (Incumbent): 99,745 |  | Dean L. Walker (Conservative): 6,234
Anthony J. Murty (Right to Life): 3,678 |
| 1988 | ***John J. LaFalce*** (Incumbent): 133,917 | Emil K. Everett: 50,299 |  |
| 1990 | ***John J. LaFalce*** (Incumbent): 68,367 | Michael T. Waring: 39,053 | Kenneth J. Kowalski (Conservative): 16,853 |

* Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). *The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress*. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
* Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). *The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts*. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
* Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
* Election Statistics 1920–present Clerk of the House of Representatives

## InfoBox

| New York's 32nd congressional district | |
| --- | --- |
| *Obsolete district* | |
| Created | 1830
1870 |
| Eliminated | 1860
1990 |
| Years active | 1833–1863
1873–1993 |


title: Oxalis truncatula

abstract: Oxalis truncatula, the hairyback sorrel, is a species of flowering plant in the family Oxalidaceae. It is native to the southwestern Cape Provinces of South Africa. A tuberous geophyte, it is typically found in hard, rocky soils, and infrequently on the slopes of mountains.

text:
# Oxalis truncatula

***Oxalis truncatula***, the **hairyback sorrel**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Oxalidaceae. It is native to the southwestern Cape Provinces of South Africa. A tuberous geophyte, it is typically found in hard, rocky soils, and infrequently on the slopes of mountains.

## InfoBox

| *Oxalis truncatula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Oxalidaceae |
| Genus: | *Oxalis* |
| Species: | ***O. truncatula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxalis truncatula***<br>Jacq. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acetosella holosericea* Kuntze * *Acetosella truncatula* (Jacq.) Kuntze * *Oxalis crassifolia* Eckl. & Zeyh. * *Oxalis cruentata* Eckl. & Zeyh. * *Oxalis holosericea* Sond. * *Oxalis sonderi* R.Knuth | |


title: In Two Minds

abstract: "In Two Minds" is a television play by David Mercer commissioned for The Wednesday Play anthology drama series. First transmitted on 1 March 1967, it was directed by Ken Loach and produced by Tony Garnett and features Anna Cropper in the lead role.

text:
# In Two Minds

"**In Two Minds**" is a television play by David Mercer commissioned for *The Wednesday Play* (BBC 1) anthology drama series. First transmitted on 1 March 1967, it was directed by Ken Loach and produced by Tony Garnett and features Anna Cropper in the lead role.

## Outline and production

The play depicts the experiences of Kate Winter, a young woman with schizophrenia, and her experiences with the medical professionals who attempt to care for her in a mental hospital. She is shown being given Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a clinical treatment and being discussed at a lecture for medical students.

*In Two Minds* was influenced by the ideas of R. D. Laing expressed in his co-authored book, *Sanity and Madness in the Family*. Attempting to demonstrate that schizophrenia lacks an organic basis in the brain, Laing believed that the family had the potential to make people mentally ill. Mercer and producer Tony Garnett were introduced to Laing and his colleague David Cooper, by the theatre critic Kenneth Tynan; Laing and Cooper served as official consultants on the project.

It is the earliest of Loach's television works to be shot entirely on location, without any use of the television studio. Loach's previous *Wednesday Play*, *Cathy Come Home*, contains five brief scenes which were shot electronically. By the time *In Two Minds* was in production, an agreement had been reached between Equity, the actors' union, and the BBC to allow the shooting of drama entirely on film in the conventional manner.

## Cast

## Response

The play gained mixed response from psychiatrists at the time of its first broadcast, with some arguing that Kate is depressed and hysterical rather than truly schizophrenic.

In his review for *The Listener*, the novelist Anthony Burgess felt the play had not found a resolution for Kate's problems and found the form of the play problematic. Despite accusing the whole *Wednesday Play* series as being 'anti-art,' he wrote that *In Two Minds* "was better than art because it was so real".

Conversely, within the BBC Drama department, the play had led to intense discussions between producer Tony Garnett and department head Sydney Newman over its status as drama and its veracity.

Television critic Anthony Hayward wrote that Cropper displayed "a rollercoaster of emotions, from breaking down on pondering her dilemma to giving a beaming smile, eyes sparkling, while recalling an ex-boyfriend. At times, she talks as if 'Kate' is another person."

## Legacy

*In Two Minds* won the Writers' Guild Award for the Best Television Play of 1967. It is included in the *Ken Loach at the BBC* 6 DVD box set.

*Family Life* (1971), again directed by Loach and with a screenplay by Mercer, is a feature film remake of this television play.

## InfoBox

| "**In Two Minds**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Wednesday Play* episode | |
| Opening title | |
| Episode no. | Season 6<br>Episode 17 |
| Directed by | Ken Loach |
| Written by | David Mercer |
| Original air date | 1 March 1967 (1967-03-01) |