title: Ottos, St. John's

abstract: Ottos is a settlement in Saint John Parish, Antigua and Barbuda.

text:
# Ottos, St. John's

**Ottos** is a settlement in Saint John Parish, Antigua and Barbuda.

## History

### Otto's Estate

The capitulation paper that ended the French and British conflict, as well as letters that were exchanged between the two after the war, bear Colonel Sebastiaen's prominent signature, who is of Dutch descent. He immigrated to Antigua from Holland at the beginning of the island's colonization. He died in London in 1704, and his will, dated 17 June 1701 (proved by the executors on 26 October 1704 and recorded in Antigua on 17 June 1705), bequeathed *"to my nephew, Bastiaen Otto Baijer, the eldest son of my nephew John Otto Baijer, a moiety of my plantation of 588 acres in St. John's Division."* Also, his will stipulated that his remains should be buried in the Dutch church's crypt in Austin Friars. Many of his offspring died and bequeathed their inheritance to the person who took his name. They often spent a year or two living on the island. Letters written by Johann Otto Baijer, the estate manager and agent for William Crosbie, are included in the William Crosbie Estate Records (#2). (1792-1816).

Otto's Bluff was located on the hill known as Michael's Hill, south of St. John's, where the Mt. St. John Hospital is now, and it was above Garling's territory. It had a view of Country Pond.

On the estate hill where the Antigua and Barbuda Archives are now situated, a place of worship called the Scotch Kirk was first constructed. It was never regarded as a very spectacular structure from an architectural standpoint.

Due to what appears to have been the lack of interest in the Presbyterian religion at the time, the church was destroyed in the middle of the 1800s and was never rebuilt. The bell was handed to the Anglican Church and is probably still there. The tower's North tower is home to the carillon, a collection of 13 antique bells that includes one from the Golden Grove estate (#23). The clock strikes the hour with the help of one huge bell. Given by W. H. Thompson and A. Coltart to the Presbyterian Church in Antigua, Thomas Mears the Founder, London 1842, is written on it. The bell has a base diameter of 40 inches and is around 30 inches high without the bracket on top. It is bronze die-cast. Two bells, one for weddings and one for funerals, are located in the south tower.

The British Parliament awarded Otto's a legacy payment of £2,549 in 1833 for liberating 175 slaves. Langford Lovell, who at the time owned the estate, was the lone recipient of the prize.

Another extremely powerful earthquake struck Antigua in 1833 between eight and nine in the evening. Between twelve at night and five in the morning, there were twenty-one different shocks. Many believed that a meteor impacting a wooden structure was what caused the fire that started at Otto's estate. Credence was given to this when the Otto's estate counsel saw a meteor land upon and ignite a branch of a coco-nut tree that was close to his home.

Richard Abbott is listed as the manager at Otto's Plantation in an 1844 census; Alfred Nanton is listed as the overseer.

About 1804, if not before, Daniel Burr Garling seems to have landed in Antigua. Blue Records indicate that Daniel served as acting assistant superintendent of agriculture in 1804 and acting second outdoor officer in the Treasury in 1805. In 1807 and 1809, he served as acting harbormaster and first outdoor officer in the Treasury. He had worked for 27 years until he died. The Colonial Office granted the government's recommendation to provide his wife a £50 yearly stipend. He contributed 59 letters from Antigua to the Bible Society between 1818 and 1856. He was also actively involved in Nathaniel Gilbert's preaching and the Wesleyan-Methodist Church. In 1837, he was present when the cornerstone was laid.

"Six Months Trip in Antigua & Jamaica," by James A. Thomas and Horace Kimball. In the 1822 committee for the English Harbour Sunday School Society for Boys and Girls, Daniel's name can be found. John Gilbert, Esq. served as vice chairman, while Mrs. Gilbert oversaw the girls' school and served as book steward. He was listed as the representative for 39 estates in 1849. His 1830 letters demonstrate his freedom support and state *"The Gang of Slaves that were at Crawford's are to be freed in the year 1833 — around 150 individuals, old and young — and I believe a plot of land will be obtained for them to live and maintain themselves upon. As a result, Antigua is probably going to receive free peasantry first. No free people have ever worked in the field before, which has caused a lot of difficulty for planters. However, if these people occasionally hired themselves out as a Gang to dig holes by the acre or perform other tasks to which they are accustomed, there will undoubtedly be some support for a new and better system of things. I hope you occasionally pray for Slaves and the people of Antigua - you should, as most of your ease & comfort spring from thence.”*

Before purchasing Otto's land in 1858, Daniel Burr Garling worked as an attorney for a number of the proprietors of sugar plantations in Antigua. He gave his son Samuel Henry Garling, whose wife was Harriet Maria (née Caddy), and Caroline Sophia Garling, his daughter, the estate. He was the author's great-great-great-grandfather, and numerous letters he wrote to a Mr. Charles Curtis have been discovered.

Daniel Garling's son, Samuel Henry, established himself as a businessman in St. John's and lost the family's riches and estate in gambling, leaving only "Garling's Land," a tiny sliver of property between Mount Saint John Medical Center and the bay. Harriet Maria Garling, his wife, eventually received the title to that land. In 1868, Samuel boarded a ship for Antigua and never returned. Samuel Henry Garling's death notice was recorded in the Parramatta District Post Office Directory in Grevilles, 258 miles north of Sydney (Index 10851/1892), Macquarie. "Unknown parents" are listed. After renting a horse, which returned to the livery stables without him, he was discovered shot to death in a ditch. The author's great-grandmother, Margaret Furlong Conacher (née McSevney), recalls having to ride in a buggy with Harriet Garling every Saturday in the early 1900s to collect rent from the underprivileged people living on Garling's property. Even though the rent at the time was only one or two shillings, many struggled to make ends meet.

The Garlings' inheritance was settled by selling the remaining of the land to private buyers in 1948, with £3,870 going to each of the heirs, Mrs. Goodall, Mr. N. Garling, Mrs. A. Goodwin, Mrs. Duncan, and Mrs. M. Conacher. It was mentioned that Lot 10 sold for $890, Lot 11A sold for $1200, and Lot 11B sold for $1440 at the property's sale. The value of a dollar in Antigua at the time was equal to 100 English halfpennies, or 4 shillings and one penny.

Otto's cane returns to the Antigua Sugar Plant Ltd. were estimated at 1,585 tons from 68 acres in 1941. Actual canning weight: 822 tons at a density of 9.72 tons per acre.

## Demographics

Ottos has two enumeration districts.

* 14000 Ottos School
* 14100 Ottos (West)

Ethnic
| Q48 Ethnic | Counts | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| African descendent | 487 | 89.71% |
| East Indian/India | 2 | 0.39% |
| Mixed (Other) | 28 | 5.24% |
| Hispanic | 21 | 3.88% |
| Other | 3 | 0.58% |
| Don't know/Not stated | 1 | 0.19% |
| Total | 543 | 100.00% |

Religion
| Q49 Religion | Counts | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Adventist | 69 | 12.67% |
| Anglican | 116 | 21.44% |
| Baptist | 24 | 4.48% |
| Church of God | 13 | 2.34% |
| Evangelical | 1 | 0.19% |
| Jehovah Witness | 9 | 1.75% |
| Methodist | 39 | 7.21% |
| Moravian | 55 | 10.14% |
| None/no religion | 43 | 7.99% |
| Pentecostal | 38 | 7.02% |
| Rastafarian | 5 | 0.97% |
| Roman Catholic | 61 | 11.31% |
| Weslyan Holiness | 7 | 1.36% |
| Other | 44 | 8.19% |
| Don't know/Not stated | 16 | 2.92% |
| Total | 541 | 100.00% |
| NotApp : | 2 |  |

Country of birth
| Q58. Country of birth | Counts | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Africa | 1 | 0.19% |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 382 | 70.29% |
| Other Caribbean countries | 6 | 1.17% |
| Dominica | 28 | 5.24% |
| Dominican Republic | 24 | 4.47% |
| Guyana | 44 | 8.16% |
| Jamaica | 34 | 6.21% |
| Monsterrat | 1 | 0.19% |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | 1 | 0.19% |
| St. Lucia | 2 | 0.39% |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 1 | 0.19% |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 1 | 0.19% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | 0.19% |
| USA | 11 | 1.94% |
| USVI United States Virgin Islands | 1 | 0.19% |
| Not Stated | 4 | 0.78% |
| Total | 543 | 100.00% |

Country of Citizenship
| Q71 Country of Citizenship 1 | Counts | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 438 | 80.78% |
| Other Caribbean countries | 3 | 0.58% |
| Dominica | 17 | 3.11% |
| Dominican Republic | 13 | 2.33% |
| Guyana | 30 | 5.44% |
| Jamaica | 31 | 5.63% |
| Monsterrat | 1 | 0.19% |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 1 | 0.19% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | 0.19% |
| USA | 5 | 0.97% |
| Not Stated | 3 | 0.58% |
| Total | 543 | 100.00% |

Country of Second/Dual Citizenship
| Q71 Country of Citizenship 2 (Country of Second/Dual Citizenship) | Counts | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Other Caribbean countries | 5 | 10.00% |
| Dominica | 9 | 18.00% |
| Dominican Republic | 7 | 14.00% |
| Guyana | 14 | 26.00% |
| Jamaica | 3 | 6.00% |
| St. Lucia | 2 | 4.00% |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 1 | 2.00% |
| United Kingdom | 2 | 4.00% |
| USA | 7 | 14.00% |
| Other countries | 1 | 2.00% |
| Total | 53 | 100.00% |
| NotApp : | 490 |  |

*

## InfoBox

| Ottos | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Antigua and Barbuda |
| Island | Antigua |
| Civil parish | Saint John Parish |
| Government | |
| Type | Village Council (possibly dissolved) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 543 |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (AST) |


title: Eupithecia contexta

abstract: Eupithecia contexta is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Costa Rica.

text:
# Eupithecia contexta

***Eupithecia contexta*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia contexta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. contexta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia contexta***<br>Schaus, 1913 | |
|


title: Eupithecia cordata

abstract: Eupithecia cordata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in south-western China. The wingspan is about 16–17 mm. The fore- and hindwings are pale buff-brown.

text:
# Eupithecia cordata

***Eupithecia cordata*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in south-western China (Yunnan, Tibet).

The wingspan is about 16–17 mm. The fore- and hindwings are pale buff-brown.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia cordata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. cordata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia cordata***<br>Mironov & Galsworthy, 2004 | |
|


title: Eupithecia conterminata

abstract: Eupithecia conterminata is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species can be found from Fennoscandia and the mountains of central Europe, through the Caucasus to southern Siberia. The wingspan is 14–17 mm. There are two generations per year with adults on wing from the mid May to June. The larvae feed on Picea abies. Larvae can be found from the end of July to mid August. It overwinters as a pupa.

text:
# Eupithecia conterminata

***Eupithecia conterminata*** is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species can be found from Fennoscandia and the mountains of central Europe, through the Caucasus to southern Siberia.

The wingspan is 14–17 mm. There are two generations per year with adults on wing from the mid May to June.

The larvae feed on *Picea abies*. Larvae can be found from the end of July to mid August. It overwinters as a pupa.

## Subspecies

* *Eupithecia conterminata conterminata*
* *Eupithecia conterminata idiopusillata* Inoue, 1979

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia conterminata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. conterminata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia conterminata***<br>(Lienig, 1846) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Larentia conterminata* Lienig & Zeller, 1846 * *Eupithecia manniaria* Herrich-Schaffer, 1848 | |


title: Ouham

abstract: Ouham is one of the 20 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bossangoa.

text:
# Ouham

**Ouham** is one of the 20 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bossangoa.

## Geography

The prefecture is in the north-west of the Central African Republic. In the north it has a border with Chad. In the south is the prefecture Ombella-Mpoko, in the west the prefecture Ouham-Pendé and in the east the prefectures Nana-Grébizi and Kémo.

7°00′N 18°00′E / 7.000°N 18.000°E / 7.000; 18.000

## InfoBox

| Ouham | |
| --- | --- |
| Prefecture | |
| Ouham, prefecture of Central African Republic | |
| Sub-prefectures of Ouham | |
| Country | Central African Republic |
| Capital | Bossangoa |
| Government | |
| Prefect | Barthelemy Wilikon |
| Area | |
| Total | 50,250 km2 (19,400 sq mi) |
| Population (2003 census) | |
| Total | 210,021 |
| Density | 4.2/km2 (11/sq mi) |


title: Ougney-Douvot

abstract: Ougney-Douvot is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

text:
# Ougney-Douvot

**Ougney-Douvot** (French pronunciation: \[uɲɛ duvo\]) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 235 |  |
| 1968 | 260 | +10.6% |
| 1975 | 212 | −18.5% |
| 1982 | 168 | −20.8% |
| 1990 | 159 | −5.4% |
| 1999 | 150 | −5.7% |
| 2008 | 183 | +22.0% |
| 2012 | 208 | +13.7% |

## InfoBox

| Ougney-Douvot | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The weir on the river Doubs in Ougney-Douvot | |
| Location of Ougney-Douvot | |
| Ougney-DouvotOugney-Douvot | |
| Coordinates: 47°18′43″N 6°15′32″E / 47.3119°N 6.2589°E / 47.3119; 6.2589 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Doubs |
| Arrondissement | Besançon |
| Canton | Baume-les-Dames |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Francis Trouillot |
| Area**1** | 6.56 km2 (2.53 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 253 |
| Density | 39/km2 (100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 25439 /25640 |
| Elevation | 255–589 m (837–1,932 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Ougrée-Marihaye

abstract: The Belgian iron and steel producing company Ougrée-Marihaye was formed in 1835 by the merger of the iron and steel works in Ougrée in Liège Province, and the coal mines of Marihaye. The company merged with the Société anonyme John Cockerill in 1955 to form Cockerill-Ougrée.

text:
# Ougrée-Marihaye

The Belgian iron and steel producing company **Ougrée-Marihaye** was formed in 1835 by the merger of the iron and steel works in Ougrée (nr. Seraing) in Liège Province, and the coal mines of Marihaye. The company merged with the *Société anonyme John Cockerill* in 1955 to form Cockerill-Ougrée.

## History

In 1809 the *Fabrique de Fer d'Ougrée* (English: Iron factory of Ougree) was founded, and in 1834 converted into an integrated works. In 1835 the *Société des Charbonnages et Hauts-Fourneaux d'Ougrée* (English: Coal and blast furnace company of Ougree) was founded.

In 1892 the two companies merged to form the *Sociéte anonyme Ougrée*, this then merged with the *Société des Charbonnages de Marihaye* (English: Coal company of Marihaye) in 1900 to form the **Sociéte anonym Ougrée-Marihaye**.

In 1905 it merged with the *Sociéte anonyme des Hauts forneaux de Rodange* (Rodange, Luxembourg). In 1929 it took over the *SA des Charbonnages de Fontaine-l'Évêque* (English: Coal company of Fontaine-l'Évêque), and in 1931 *Alliance Monceau* based in Monceau-sur-Sambre.

It was one of the primary metal producers in Belgium; by 1914 it operated 8 blast furnaces, and had a steel production capacity of 500,000 tonnes, producing semi and finished products such as bar, plate, beams and rails. German occupation during the First World War brought much damage to the plant at Ougrée, after the war only two blast furnaces were operational; rebuilding took place between 1919 and 1924. Also between 1905 and 1928 the company operated an industrial rack railway at one of its factories in Ougrée.

In 1923 in association with the *Société de l'Air Liquide* the company founded the *Société Belge de l'Azote*, based in Ougrée which produced synthetic ammonia. The negative effects of the 1930s depression caused the company to require financial assistance; restructuring followed; in 1936 the company's facilities in Hainaut became a separate company  *Aciéries et Minières de la Sambre* (AMS), and in 1937 the Rodange plant became an independent entity as *Minière et Métallurgique de Rodange* (MMR)

In 1955 the company merged with the *Société anonyme John Cockerill* to form Cockerill-Ougrée.

### Legacy

The factory in Ougrée became one of the primary hot production sites of the ArcelorMittal Liège division along with works at Seraing and Chertal. Due to the economic downturn caused by the financial crisis of 2007–2010 blast furnace B temporarily stopped production from spring 2009 to April 2010.

In 2011, all liquid steel production in the ArcelorMittal Liège division was ended, resulting in protests, strikes, and the temporary encapsulation of several ArcellorMittal executives as protest against the closure. The company cited overcapacity, and uncompetitiveness as reasons for the closure; a report by Syndex commissioned by trade unions contradicted the claims of un-competitiveness, claiming ArcelorMittal's reports used biased accounting unions officials called for the liegeois steel industry to be taken into ownership outside ArcellorMittal to protect it.

1. Actually based in Seraing not Ougrée.
2. Later to form *Thy-Marcinelle et Monceau*, a predecessor of *Hainaut-Sambre*

### Sources

## InfoBox

Sociéte anonyme Ougrée-Marihaye
|
|  |
| Industry | Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys
metal industry |
| Predecessor | Sociéte anonyme Ougrée
Société des Charbonnages de Marihaye |
| Founded | 1900 |
| Successor | Cockerill-Ougrée (1955)
*current* ArcelorMittal Liège hot products division (Ougrée) |


title: Otford railway tunnel

abstract: The Otford railway tunnel is a heritage-listed former railway tunnel on the Illawarra railway line at Otford, City of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by the New South Wales Government Railways, and built by W. Rowe and W. Smith (tunnel) and Mr. McDonald. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

text:
# Otford railway tunnel

The **Otford railway tunnel** is a heritage-listed former railway tunnel on the Illawarra railway line at Otford, City of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by the New South Wales Government Railways, and built by W. Rowe and W. Smith (tunnel) and Mr. McDonald (vent shaft). The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

The Otford Railway Tunnel was constructed in 1888 by the firm Rowe and Smith, who built 7 of the 8 original tunnels on the Illawarra line from Waterfall to Clifton. The Otford Railway Tunnel, the seventh after Waterfall, was the final major engineering project which permitted the linking up of the northern part of the Illawarra Line to the isolated southern part in 1888. The Otford Railway Tunnel opened on 3 October 1888. The single line connection was made at (old) Stanwell Park Station (now bypassed by the 1915 Stanwell Park Deviation).

The tunnel was built of brick arched form and when built was the largest and steepest (5,985 feet or 1,824 metres long and 1 in 40 gradient) on the system.

Of the 8 original tunnels in the Waterfall to Clifton section of the Illawarra line, the Otford tunnel and the Metropolitan tunnel were notorious for hot and suffocating conditions experienced by the crew of steam trains climbing to Waterfall from Thirroul. There were cases of enginemen burnt by the heat. Due to these conditions, the single line section became an operational bottleneck. To negotiate the steep terrain, train loads were reduced by up to 50% of capacity. This was partly solved in 1891 by building of a brick circular ventilation shaft 7 feet (2.1 m) in diameter down 200 feet (61 m) into the tunnel. Due to the ongoing ventilation problems in the tunnel, the use of electric locomotives in the tunnel was considered, however by 1904 plans for a new set of tunnels (known as the "Helensburgh Deviation") were well advanced, so make-do measures were introduced to minimise the smoke problem. With the use of longer or double headed trains, smoke problems necessitated installation in 1908 of a forced air fan at the northern end of the tunnel.

In 1915 the Helensburgh deviation was under construction to create a set of new tunnels deviating around the Stanwell Park amphitheatre: the duplicated line was able to fully bypass the Otford tunnel and it was closed on 10 October 1920.

The Otford Tunnel was subsequently used as a pedestrian access from Otford to Stanwell Park.

In 1942/43, as part of a war-time explosives programme, the Army detonated a section of roof approximately 1,630 to 1,643 m (5,348 to 5,390 ft) into the tunnel.

In 1959 the tunnel was used by Eden Industries to farm mushrooms. The debris created by the 1942/43 explosion was cleared away, and a 13 m (43 ft) box-like reinforced concrete section was built to replace the brick walls demolished in the explosion and support the tunnel structure.

The tunnel was closed for public access in 2000. RailCorp has placed security gates at the southern portal at Stanwell Park to deter vandalism.

## Description

The precinct includes the tunnel (including entrance and approaches) (1888) and the vent shaft to the tunnel (1891). The tunnel is accessed from its southern portal at Stanwell Park, at the end of Chellow Dene Avenue (Lawrence Hargrave Memorial Park). The northern portal is located approximately 440m south-west of Otford Railway Station.

Otford Railway Tunnel (1888)

This is a disused concrete and brick arched 1824m long single track tunnel. The tunnel originally had a sandstone dish drain running through it, covered by large sandstone slabs, however much of the sandstone has been removed. The track bed and drain are estimated to be approximately 1.3 m below the current surface. The 1891 brick vent shaft is located halfway along the length of the tunnel.

Northern portal: the northern portal is located approximately 440m south of Otford Railway Station.

Archaeological potential

Remains of buildings, foundations etc for ventilating plant, near the northern portal of the tunnel.

Condition and integrity

It was reported to be in moderate condition as at 26 October 2010, as the southern portal needed new steel security gates to prevent wildlife and public entry, The condition of the track bed, ballast and central sandstone draining varies along the length of the tunnel.

It is relatively intact apart from the damaged and reshored section from 1942/43 explosion and some loss of sandstone from dish drain.

### Modifications and dates

* 1891: Vent shaft constructed
* 1907: Speed indicator
* 1908: Fan
* 1919: Wind indicator

## Heritage listing

The Otford Railway Tunnel - including the tunnel structure, sandstone dish drain and ventilation stack - is of State heritage significance. It was the longest and steepest single line tunnel to be built at the time (1824m long with a 1 in 40 gradient) as part of a major engineering work built in 1888 to connect the Illawarra line to Sydney. It is part of a notoriously steep section of the Illawarra line south of Waterfall used in the late 19th century by steam trains and bypassed by the Helensburgh deviation in 1919. The Otford tunnel is of technical significance as an important engineering work in the early construction of the Illawarra line and was also used during the second world war as part of an explosives program. Its elaborate system of venting is an important historical remnant of the problems encountered in working this tunnel.

Otford railway tunnel was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**

The Otford tunnel is of historical significance as a major engineering work built 1888 to connect the Illawarra line to Sydney. It is part of a notoriously steep section of the Illawarra line south of Waterfall used in the late 19th century by steam trains, and bypassed by the Helensburgh deviation in 1919.

**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**

The Otford tunnel is of technical significance as an important engineering work in the early construction of the Illawarra line. It was the longest and steepest single line tunnel to be built at the time (5,985 ' -1824m) long, with a 1 in 40 gradient). Its elaborate system of venting is an important historical remnant of the problems encountered in working this tunnel.

**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The tunnel has research potential for its ability to reveal late 19th century tunnel construction techniques, including early industrial use of concrete.

**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The tunnel is rare as a relatively intact 1888 tunnel built for the operation of steam trains on the Illawarra line through the difficult Waterfall to Clifton terrain.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**

Representative of late 19th century tunnels built by Rowe & Smith for the Illawarra line from Waterfall to Clifton.

### Bibliography

* Priority Sewerage Program (Alliance) (2003). *Priority Sewerage Program Heritage Management Plan*.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on Otford railway tunnel (former), entry number 01219 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018.

## InfoBox

Otford railway tunnel
| View inside | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Location | Illawarra railway, Otford, City of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates | 34°12′48″S 151°00′01″E / 34.213221°S 151.000269°E / -34.213221; 151.000269 (North Portal)
34°13′14″S 150°59′52″E / 34.220500°S 150.997667°E / -34.220500; 150.997667 (Vent)
34°13′19″S 150°59′50″E / 34.2220°S 150.9971°E / -34.2220; 150.9971 (Bald Hill)
34°13′32″S 150°59′43″E / 34.225496°S 150.995338°E / -34.225496; 150.995338 (South Portal) |
| Status | heritage |
| Start | Otford |
| End | Stanwell Park |
| Operation | |
| Opened | 1888 |
| Closed | 1915 |
| Technical | |
| Length | 78 chains (5,100 ft; 1,600 m) |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
| Highest elevation | 105 metres (344 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 60 metres (197 ft) |
| Grade | 1:40 (2.5 %) |
|  | |
| Architect | NSW Government Railway |
| Owner | Transport Asset Holding Entity |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Otford railway tunnel (former) |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 2 April 1999 |
| Reference no. | 1219 |
| Type | Railway Tunnel |
| Category | Transport - Rail |
| Builders | Tunnel - W. Rowe & W. Smith, Vent shaft-Mr. Mc Donald |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: Chapel of Our Lady Help of Christians, also known as the Maria Hilf Chapel, is a historic Roman Catholic church located at Cheektowaga in Erie County, New York. It is part of the Diocese of Buffalo.

text:
# Our Lady Help of Christians Chapel (Cheektowaga, New York)

**Chapel of Our Lady Help of Christians**, also known as the **Maria Hilf Chapel**, is a historic Roman Catholic church located at Cheektowaga in Erie County, New York. It is part of the Diocese of Buffalo.

## Description

The Chapel of Our Lady Help of Christians was constructed in 1853, in the Greek Revival style, as a religious center for the rural Alsatian community and pilgrimage site for urban Alsatian, German, Polish, and Italian immigrants to Our Lady Help of Christians. The interior features a barrel vault ceiling, wooden church mobiliary, frescos, paintings, and other features that reflect an Alsatian village church.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

## Further reading

Atwell, Glenn R. and Batt, Ronald E. (1979). *The Chapel: A Comprehensive History of the Chapel and Pilgrimage of Our Lady Help of Christians, Cheektowaga, New York and of the Alsatian Immigrant Community at Williamsville, New York.* Buffalo, NY, The Holling Press, Inc.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Chapel of Our Lady Help of Christians | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 4125 Union Rd., Cheektowaga, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°55′34″N 78°45′14″W / 42.92611°N 78.75389°W / 42.92611; -78.75389 |
| Built | 1853 |
| Architect | Batt, Joseph; Foit & Baschnagel |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 78001851 |
| Added to NRHP | December 14, 1978 |


title: Eutermina

abstract: Eutermina is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

text:
# Eutermina

***Eutermina*** is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Eutermina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Calpinae |
| Genus: | ***Eutermina***<br>Hampson, 1926 |
|


title: Eutely

abstract: Eutelic organisms have a fixed number of somatic cells when they reach maturity, the exact number being relatively constant for any one species. This phenomenon is also referred to as cell constancy. Development proceeds by cell division until maturity; further growth occurs via cell enlargement only. This growth is known as auxetic growth. It is shown by members of the now obsolete phylum Aschelminthes. In some cases, individual organs show eutelic properties while the organism itself does not.

text:
# Eutely

**Eutelic** organisms have a fixed number of somatic cells when they reach maturity, the exact number being relatively constant for any one species. This phenomenon is also referred to as cell constancy. Development proceeds by cell division until maturity; further growth occurs via cell enlargement only. This growth is known as auxetic growth. It is shown by members of the now obsolete phylum Aschelminthes. In some cases, individual organs show eutelic properties while the organism itself does not.

## Background

In 1909, Eric Martini coined the term eutely to describe the idea of cell constancy and to introduce a term literature sources would be able to use to identify organisms with a fixed amount and arrangement of cells and tissues. Since the introduction of eutely in the early 1900s, textbooks and theories of cytology and ontogeny have not used the term consistently. Advancements in the field of eutely has been developed by morphologists.

Studying of eutelic organisms has proved challenging, as most eutelic organisms are microscopic. Additionally, there is potential for mistakes in cell counting (often completed via an automated cell counter) and observation when larger organisms have numerous cells. In organisms of small size, errors in the examination and explanation of units may entirely negate reconstructions and deductions. Therefore, investigation of most eutelic organisms is done with intense scrutiny and review.

There are two distinct classes of organisms which display eutely:

1. Eutelic organisms whose somatic cells show a fixed, or complete pattern of cell and tissue number and arrangement
2. Eutelic organisms whose somatic cells show a limited, or incomplete pattern of cell and tissue number and arrangement

## Examples

Eutely has been confirmed to certain degrees in various forms of diversity and sections of the tree of life. Examples include rotifers, many species of nematodes (including ascaris and the organism *Caenorhabditis elegans* whose male individuals have 1,033 cells), tardigrades, larvaceans and dicyemida. Additionally, examples of cell constancy have been seen among arthropods, specifically within sensory and nervous organs. Circumstances of partial cell consistency has been discovered in various insects and larvae. Annelids have been observed to provide evidence demonstrating constancy in the amount and arrangement of cells in larva of various species and in certain nervous cells of leeches. The phyla Rotifera and Gastrotricha are thought to show absolute cell constancy.

Preliminary studies of nematodes led scientists to believe only single organs of nematodes showed eutely. However, later evidence proved complete cell constancy for the tissues of multiple nematode forms. Within the Acanthocephalan phylum, various degrees of constancy have been studied but cell number and arrangement constancy has been seen in at least one family. Within the Platyhelminthes, subphylum Turbellaria display evidence of constancy. Organisms within class Trematoda display constant gland cell number as do epithelial cells in a few Miracidia.

### Phylogeny

Since eutelic organisms have displayed such wide variety and diversity in lineage and ancestry, there is yet to be an attempt to establish a phylogenetic relationship. Previous researchers have made efforts to determine the relationship between trematodes and rotifers as their complete constancy qualities suggest a close relatedness. In the most primitive Protozoa species, close to where animals differentiated from plants, certain microscopic flagellates might provide clues to how cell constancy in animals developed. These organisms have the ability to establish colonies with distinct amounts of cells. This quality is assumed to have been passed on to all subsequent metazoan groups: the development of constant cell numbers. However, this trait is thought to have been lost when new conditions or more influential genes were introduced to the developmental program.

### *Hydatina senta*

Until 2001, roundworm species *Caenorhabditis elegans* was considered to be the model organism for complete cell constancy. However, research has unveiled that in the epidermis of these organisms, as the mean cell number increased, as did the variance in cell number within that species. These studies revealed that variability in most taxa assumed to be eutelic is not abnormally low. A relationship between mean cell number and cell number variation was established following a law possessing an exponent of 2 upon a variety of multicellular eutelic taxa.

*Hydatina senta* (Phylum Rotifera, Order Bdelloidea) is a species of rotifers which demonstrate the most complete cell constancy of any species studied before 1912. Studies have revealed 958 somatic cells in female *Hydatina*. *Hydatina* somatic cell nuclei have spatial zones and are easily counted and compared to other counts from that of the same species. The cells from gastric glands and the vitellarium of *Hydatina* were examined, counted, and statistically analyzed. These cells were chosen because of their prominent nuclei which aided in counting. All gastric glands contained six nuclei with no variation from that value, and of 770 vitellaria studied, 767 showed eight nuclei, with two showing ten nuclei and one showing twelve. However, it was concluded that these variants were in a phase of senescence before they returned to their original complete cell count.

## Incomplete constancy

Most examples of eutelic organisms display no certain proof for absolute cell number and arrangement constancy or inconstancy. In many species, the number of cells differs slightly between some organisms.

## Eutelic response to injury

In all organisms displaying cell constancy, nuclei division by mitosis in mature cells is not achieved. Embryonic cells are able to undergo mitosis, however, this function is lost when cells become differentiated. There is no evidence showing that this ability is ever regained, even after injury which normally functions to trigger mitosis and cell regeneration. In 1927, a scientist named Jurczik observed that upon removing the arms of the rotifer Stephanoceros, they were unable to regenerate and grow back. Jurczik attributed this to the failure of the cells to mitotically divide. A study of *Hydatina senta* and Acanthocephala in 1922 by histologist Harley J. Van Cleave at the University of Illinois revealed physiological and morphological corrections of nucleus-cytoplasm intracellular protein interactions. Some of the nuclei studied showed abnormal and elongate shapes. Van Cleave concluded that the change in shape and form of the nuclei is attributed to morphological readjustments of nuclear surface proteins to make up for changes in physiology leading to a phase of senescence. This nuclear surface change has been proposed to be caused by mechanical division or fragmentation of the vitellaria's original cells by microscopic mechanisms yet to be discovered. This state of senescence is presumed to be a readjustment stage on the organism's way back to its absolute constancy state or before cell death.


title: Zooom Air

abstract: Zexus Air Services, doing business as Zooom Air, is an Indian low-cost regional airline headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana, India. It operates from its base at Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, with a fleet of 5 aircraft.

text:
# Zooom Air

**Zexus Air Services**, doing business as **Zooom Air**, is an Indian low-cost regional airline headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana, India. It operates from its base at Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, with a fleet of 5 aircraft.

## History

Zooom Air was established in April 2013 as "Zexus Air" by Zexus Air Services Pvt. Ltd. The Ministry of Civil Aviation issued it a No Objection Certificate (NOC) along with five other airline startups in July 2014. In September 2016, the airline took delivery of its first aircraft, a Bombardier CRJ200. The airline received its air operator's certificate (AOC) on 3 February 2017, and began flight operations on 15 February from Delhi to Kolkata, with a stop at Durgapur.

### Operational difficulties and cessation of operations

Although the airline initially started its operations with a considerable response under the government's UDAN Scheme, it could not last longer due to declining passengers and patronage. So, in July 2018, the operating license of the airline was suspended by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) due to safety concerns. The DGCA then revived the airline's AOC in December 2018, and it was expected that the airline will restart operations in January 2019. All operations were suspended until 31 October 2019, when the airline restarted operations. However, all operations were grounded indefinitely in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The airline was supposed to resume operations again in January 2021, with no success. It began to be involved with insolvency over unpaid dues due to grounding, because an expatriate pilot associated with the company filed an application in the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) court as an operational creditor. The NCLT considered the report on 25 March 2022, along with appointing an interim resolution professional, All operational and financial creditors were asked to submit their claims before 8 April of the same year. The insolvency proceedings were completed after 180 days from the date of commencement of the proceedings, i.e., on 21 September 2022.

### Restart

On 14 September 2023, the DGCA received its AOC again to restart operations normally. Hence, in December 2023, the airline announced it would start flights from the first week of January 2024 in the Delhi–AyodhyaLucknow–Ayodhya–Delhi route. Finally, it restarted operations on 31 January 2024, by starting direct flights from Delhi to Ayodhya, while flights to Amritsar, Chandigarh and Lucknow will be launched in the coming months. The airline again stopped bookings for its Delhi-Ayodhya route in June 2024.

## Corporate affairs

Zooom Air is the brand name for Zexus Air Services. The company is headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana, India, and its CEO is Atul Gambhir. The airline had been funded with ₹ 20 crore equity. As of February 2024, the airline has 125 employees, with 75 more to be recruited by March 2024, thus taking the overall number to 200.

## Destinations

As of February 2024, Zooom Air operates to the following destinations:

| State | City | Airport | Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assam | Tezpur | Tezpur Airport | Terminated |  |
| | Jorhat | Jorhat Airport | Terminated |  |
| Delhi | New Delhi | Indira Gandhi International Airport | Hub |  |
| Punjab | Amritsar | Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport | Terminated |  |
| | Chandigarh | Chandigarh Airport | Terminated |  |
| Rajasthan | Jaisalmer | Jaisalmer Airport | Terminated |  |
| Uttar Pradesh | Agra | Agra Airport | Terminated |  |
| | Ayodhya | Ayodhya Airport | Terminated |  |
| | Lucknow | Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport | Terminated |  |
| West Bengal | Kolkata | Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport | Terminated |  |
| | Durgapur | Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport | Terminated |  |

## Fleet

### Current fleet

As of February 2024, Zooom Air consisted of the following aircraft:

**Zooom Air Fleet**
| Aircraft | In service | Orders | Passengers | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bombardier CRJ200ER | 5 | 0 | 50 |  |
| Total | 5 | 0 |  | | | |

### Fleet development

After the airline restarted regular operations on 31 January 2024, the CEO of the airline, Atul Gambhir, announced that the airline's existing fleet of five Bombardier CRJ200ER aircraft will fully become operational, and that the company is considering to place an order for new narrowbody as well as freighter aircraft, by choosing either Airbus or Boeing aircraft types, in the coming months. The airline will have a fleet of 20 aircraft in two years, so that it can begin international flights.

## InfoBox

Zooom Air
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| IATA ICAO Call sign  ZO ZOM ZOOM | |
| Founded | April 2013 (2013-04) (as Zexus Air) |
| Commenced operations | 15 February 2017 (2017-02-15) |
| Operating bases | Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi) |
| Fleet size | 5 |
| Destinations | 1 |
| Parent company | Zexus Air Services |
| Headquarters | Gurugram, Haryana, India |
| Key people | Atul Gambhir, CEO |
| Employees | 125 |
| Website | www.zooom.aero |


title: Majda Chebaraka

abstract: Majda Chebaraka is an Algerian swimmer. She competed at the 2016 Arab Swimming Championships and the 2018 African Swimming Championships. She represented Algeria at the 2015 African Games and won two gold medals, one silver medal and three bronze medals. She won six bronze medals at the 2019 African Games.

text:
# Majda Chebaraka

**Majda Chebaraka** (born 17 April 2000) is an Algerian swimmer.

She competed at the 2016 Arab Swimming Championships and the 2018 African Swimming Championships.

She represented Algeria at the 2015 African Games and won two gold medals, one silver medal and three bronze medals. She won six bronze medals at the 2019 African Games.

## InfoBox

Majda Chebaraka
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (2000-04-17) 17 April 2000 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
| Medal record      Women's swimming  Representing  Algeria  African Games  2015 Brazzaville  800 m freestyle  2015 Brazzaville  1500 m freestyle  2015 Brazzaville  400 m freestyle  2015 Brazzaville  200 m freestyle  2015 Brazzaville  4×200 m freestyle  2015 Brazzaville  4×100 m mixed freestyle  2019 Rabat  200 m freestyle  2019 Rabat  400 m freestyle  2019 Rabat  800 m freestyle  2019 Rabat  4×100 m freestyle  2019 Rabat  4×200 m freestyle  2019 Rabat  4×100 m mixed freestyle  African Championships  2024 Luanda 4×100 m freestyle  2024 Luanda 4×200 m freestyle  2024 Luanda 4×100 m medley | |


title: Ponte Nuovo, Ivrea

abstract: The Ponte Nuovo is an arch bridge over the Dora Baltea in Ivrea, Italy.

text:
# Ponte Nuovo, Ivrea

The **Ponte Nuovo** is an arch bridge over the Dora Baltea in Ivrea, Italy.

## History

The construction of the bridge, designed by engineer Guallini and inaugurated in 1860, was carried out by the Meazza company. Its realization was part of a broader project to modernize the city of Ivrea, which until then had only one bridge, the Ponte Vecchio, which dated back to Roman times. The new bridge absorbed the majority of the traffic, as it was located along the axis connecting the city center to the Ivrea railway station.

In 1917, the bridge was expanded with the construction of a sidewalk on the downstream side. In the 1950s, a sidewalk on the upstream side was also added.

On October 15, 1926, with a resolution of the city council the bridge was dedicated to Princess Isabella of Bavaria, Prince Tommaso, Duke of Genoa's wife. On December 18, 2010, on the fiftieth anniversary of his death, the bridge was then named after Adriano Olivetti.

## Description

The bridge is located at a point where the course of the Dora Baltea river is particularly narrow, just before the riverbed widens again, about a hundred meters downstream from the Ponte Vecchio and about fifty meters upstream from the Ivrea Railway Bridge. The structure consists of a single-arch bridge.

Media related to Ponte Nuovo (Ivrea) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Ponte Nuovo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 45°27′53″N 7°52′20″E / 45.464692°N 7.872291°E / 45.464692; 7.872291 |
| Crosses | Dora Baltea |
| Locale | Ivrea, Italy |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | arch bridge |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Nello Petrucci

abstract: Aniello Petrucci, known professionally as Nello Petrucci is an Italian artist and film director. He specializes in painting, street art, and sculpture, and works in both collage and halftone. Petrucci lives and works in Pompei and New York City.

text:
# Nello Petrucci

**Aniello Petrucci**, known professionally as **Nello Petrucci** (born 26 January 1981) is an Italian artist and film director. He specializes in painting, street art, and sculpture, and works in both collage and halftone. Petrucci lives and works in Pompei and New York City.

## Biography

Petrucci was born on January 26, 1981, in Castellammare di Stabia, a comune within the Naples metropolitan area. In the early 2000s, he studied cinema in Rome. He attained a degree in scenography from the Academy of Fine Arts in Naples in 2010.

## Career

Petrucci often includes social and environmental issues in his works. An example of this is his installation *Plastic River*, which depicts a whale made of recycled plastic. *Plastic River* was exhibited in Pompei in 2019 to highlight the environmental impacts of excessive plastic use. In 2019, Petrucci also participated in the third rendition of Subscatti "Il Golfo di Plastica", an exhibition highlighting the impact of ocean plastic pollution. His contribution was exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Herculaneum.

Petrucci is the artistic director of the *Pompei Street Festival* and *Stabiae Street*, inviting about 40 international street artists to Pompei, including C215, M-City, Francisco Bosoletti, Ledania, Gianpiero, Mr.Kas, Maxi Bagnasco and others.

### Collections and sculptures

Petrucci has exhibited numerous works at institutional venues, including *L'arte come il film della vita* at Palazzo Orsini di Gravina in Naples in 2010, *La Grande Illusione* at the Central Archives of the State in Rome in 2012, *Convergenze Parallele* at the Ex Polverificio Bourbon in Scafati in 2013, *Kairos* in 2017 at the Agora Gallery in New York, curated by Marcello Francolini. *Pompei e i misteri dell’eterna bellezza* at the Archaeological Park of Pompeii in 2019, *Over the Sky* at the Embassy of United States in Rome in 2019, which was reviewed by art critics Lara Caccia, Maria Letizia Paiato, Mary Angela Schroth and Mario Sesti, *Il Canto di Circe* in the San Domenico Maggiore in Naples in 2020, and in several galleries in New York and Shanghai.

In 2018, Petrucci exhibited the largest collage installation at the 3 World Trade Center in New York for the Silverstein Foundation Project, commissioned by Larry Silverstein. The installation involved international street artists such as Ron English, WhlsBe, Lauren YS, Layercake, and Chris RWK. His piece, *The Essence of Lightness*, is on permanent display in the building.

Petrucci has created several sculptures, mainly using iron and weathering steel. *Margine*, built in 2020, was installed at the Punta Campanella Lighthouse on the Gulf of Naples. *Trame*, which was built in 2021, is on permanent exhibition at the Venetian Arsenal, a museum which includes works from artists such as Michelangelo Pitoletto, Jean Fabre, Beverly Pepper, and others. On 8 February 2023, he inaugurated a sculpture dedicated to Chico Forti, on the occasion of his 64th birthday, created in marble and presented in Trento, in the presence of the authorities, and in connection with the tenor Andrea Bocelli.

### Street art

Petrucci has produced numerous pieces of street art, including *Sweet Home*, which was created in Pompei in 2020, *La Mano de Dios*, which was painted inside the Stadio Diego Armando Maradona, and *Red Zone*, which was created in Pompei in 2021. In 2021, Petrucci painted *Restiamo Umani* in remembrance of Vittorio Arrigoni, who died in 2011. In 2021, *Imago*, a mural on display in Castellammare di Stabia, was vandalized three days after it was unveiled. While repairing the piece, Petrucci inserted the vandals into the artwork. Petrucci also painted *Maschere* in Castellammare di Stabia in 2021, which was dedicated to local poet and artist Raffaele Viviani. This mural inspired the art initiative *Stabiae Street*, which Petrucci is the art director of.

In the United States, Petrucci unveiled *Attesa* in Miami in 2022. The mural is dedicated to Chico Forti, who is detained in the United States and awaiting extradition back to Italy. Forti received the mural well, saying on his website, "if a photograph is worth a hundred words, a mural is worth a million".

### Cinema

Petrucci has made various independent film projects, such as *La Grande Illusione* in 2013, *Lost Love* in 2017, and *L’ultimo whisky con il cappellaio matto* in 2020, for which he won the Silver Award for Best Fantasy Short Film at the Independent Short Awards, and was nominated for Best Short Film at the 2021 Globo d'oro Awards.


title: Voorhees Township Public Schools

abstract: The Voorhees Township Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district serving students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Voorhees Township, in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprising five schools, had an enrollment of 2,976 students and 228.6 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 13.0:1. The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend the Eastern Camden County Regional High School District, a limited-purpose, public regional school district that serves students at Eastern Regional High School from the constituent communities of Berlin Borough, Gibbsboro and Voorhees Township. As of the 2019–20 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,928 students and 140.4 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 13.7:1.

text:
# Voorhees Township Public Schools

The **Voorhees Township Public Schools** is a comprehensive community public school district serving students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Voorhees Township, in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprising five schools, had an enrollment of 2,976 students and 228.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.0:1.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend the Eastern Camden County Regional High School District, a limited-purpose, public regional school district that serves students at Eastern Regional High School from the constituent communities of Berlin Borough, Gibbsboro and Voorhees Township. As of the 2019–20 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,928 students and 140.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.7:1.

## Awards and recognition

For the 2003-04 school year, Edward T. Hamilton Elementary School was recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education, one of 233 selected nationwide.

## Schools

Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:

Elementary schools * Edward T. Hamilton Elementary School with 384 students in grades K-5
    + Mary Tadley, principal as of 2024
* Kresson Elementary School with 382 students in grades K-5
    + Stacey Morris, principal
* Osage Elementary School with 684 students in grades K-5
    + Robert A. Cranmer, principal
* Signal Hill Elementary School with 485 students in grades PreK-5
    + Sharon Stallings, principal

Middle school * Voorhees Middle School with 1,018 students in grades 6-8
    + Kris Calabria, principal

## Administration

Core members of the district's administration are:

* Neely Hackett, superintendent
* Helen Haley, business administrator and board secretary

## Board of education

The district's board of education is comprised of nine members who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.

## InfoBox

| Voorhees Township Public Schools | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 329 Route 73 Voorhees Township, Camden County, New Jersey, 08043 | |
| Coordinates | 39°50′49″N 74°57′35″W / 39.84699°N 74.959679°W / 39.84699; -74.959679 |
| District information | |
| Grades | PreK- |
| Superintendent | Neely Hackett, Andrew Moskowitz |
| Business administrator | Helen Haley |
| Schools | 5 |
| Students and staff | |
| Enrollment | 2,976 (as of 2019–20) |
| Faculty | 228.6 FTEs |
| Student–teacher ratio | 13.0:1 |
| Other information | |
| District Factor Group | I |
| Website | www.voorhees.k12.nj.us |
| Ind. Per pupil District
spending Rank
(\*) K-8
average  %± vs.
average  **1A** **Total Spending** $17,502 47 $18,891 −7.4%   **1** **Budgetary Cost** 14,438 46 14,159 2.0%   **2** **Classroom Instruction** 9,614 74 8,659 11.0%   **6** **Support Services** 1,896 28 2,167 −12.5%   **8** **Administrative Cost** 1,299 15 1,547 −16.0%   **10** **Operations & Maintenance** 1,505 41 1,612 −6.6%   **13** **Extracurricular Activities** 117 62 104 12.5%   **16** **Median Teacher Salary** 76,510 80 61,136  Data from NJDoE 2014 Taxpayers' Guide to Education Spending.
\*Of K-8 districts with more than 750 students. Lowest spending=1; Highest=84 | |


title: Leon Plantinga

abstract: Leon B. Plantinga is an American musicologist specializing in music of the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. His writings have influenced scholarship on Clementi, Beethoven, and Schumann, and his textbook Romantic Music continues to serve as a standard textbook on nineteenth-century music in American universities. Having served as a faculty member of the Department of Music at Yale University from 1963 to 2005, he is now a member of the emeritus faculty. He is the brother of philosopher Alvin Plantinga and theologian Cornelius Plantinga. He is the author of Beethoven's Concertos: History, Style, Performance.

text:
# Leon Plantinga

**Leon B. Plantinga** is an American musicologist specializing in music of the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. His writings have influenced scholarship on Clementi, Beethoven, and Schumann, and his textbook *Romantic Music* continues to serve as a standard textbook on nineteenth-century music in American universities. Having served as a faculty member of the Department of Music at Yale University from 1963 to 2005, he is now a member of the emeritus faculty. He is the brother of philosopher Alvin Plantinga and theologian Cornelius Plantinga.

He is the author of *Beethoven's Concertos: History, Style, Performance.* (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999. \[xi, 403 p. + 1 booklet of music examples, 108 p. ISBN 0-393-04691-5)

## List of books

* *Schumann As Critic* (Yale University Press, 1967)
* *Clementi: His Life and Music* (Oxford University Press, 1977)
* *Romantic Music* (W.W. Norton, 1984)
* *Beethoven's concertos: History, style, performance* (W.W. Norton, 1999)


title: Euphemia Bridges Bowes

abstract: Euphemia Bridges Bowes (1816–1900) was a suffragette and social activist, who campaigned for the temperance movement and helped to raise the age of consent and fight against child prostitution.

text:
# Euphemia Bridges Bowes

**Euphemia Bridges Bowes** (*née* **Allen**) (1816–1900) was a suffragette and social activist, who campaigned for the temperance movement and helped to raise the age of consent and fight against child prostitution.

## Early life

Euphemia Bridges Allen was born in Edinburgh in 1816 to Joseph and Eliza Allen. She was well-educated for a female in the early 19th century, and was able to read and write. Allen was selected to come to Australia as part of the Bounty Immigrants Scheme (1835-1941), under which new immigrants could be selected for employment by colonists who would pay for their passage. After arriving on 6 December 1838 upon the Fairlie, Euphemia worked as a house servant.

Allen married John Bowes, a baker and Wesleyan lay preacher, on 13 September 1842 in Parramatta. In 1848, the family moved to Wollongong where John was accepted into the Wesleyan Ministry. Euphemia gave birth to eleven children, with eight surviving into adulthood. After living in various rural townships as part of John's ministerial work, he and Euphemia returned to Stanmore in 1880.

## Social activism

Bowes was a driving member of the Sydney, and, New South Wales branches of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, which was founded in 1882. This Union was the first to adopt the cause of female suffrage in Australia. Bowes was president from 1885-1892, and remained active until her death eight years later. She was regarded as a powerful and engaging speaker. She felt that giving women voting rights would be an excellent means of establishing control over the sale and consumption of liquor. Bowes used contacts from her time in rural districts to set up new regional unions. Thanks to her substantial contribution to the movement, Bowes was voted honorary life president in 1893 and she was succeeded by Sara Susan Nolan.

Bowes was also a productive campaigner for a variety of measures to decrease alcohol consumption in the colony. She had success in the development of licensing restrictions and the limitation of Sunday trading. Despite vigorous campaigning, she was unable to ban the use of barmaids. Some of her other contributions include practical programs such as a home for inebriate women, which was opened in 1892.

In 1886, Bowes was one of five women who founded a ladies' committee as an offshoot of the New South Wales Social Purity Society. As part of their agenda to promote morality in the colony, the committee secured several pieces of legislation to better protect women. Bowes was able to help with the elevation of the age of consent from 14 to 18. She was also instrumental in new measure against solicitation, brothels, and child prostitution.

## Later life

After the death of her husband in 1891, Euphemia ran the ladies' college that he established in Marrickville. She died on 12 November 1900 and is buried at Rookwood Cemetery; she was survived by three sons and four daughters. Her granddaughter Ruby Board (daughter of educationist Peter Board) was a prominent women's activist.

## InfoBox

| Euphemia Bridges Bowes | |
| --- | --- |
| Euphemia Bridges Bowes | |
| Born | Euphemia Bridges Allen
1816 (1816)
Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Died | 12 November 1900 (1900-11-13) (aged 83–84)
Marrickville, Australia |
| Resting place | Old Wesleyan Section, Rookwood Cemetery |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation | Civil activist |
| Spouse | Rev. John Bowes |
| Relatives | Ruby Board (granddaughter)
Peter Board (son-in-law) |


title: Wólka Tanewska

abstract: Wólka Tanewska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ulanów, within Nisko County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) east of Nisko and 55 km (34 mi) north of the regional capital Rzeszów. Wólka Tanewska is home to the football club Dolina-Tanew Wólka Tanewska.

text:
# Wólka Tanewska

**Wólka Tanewska** \[ˈvulka taˈnɛfska\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ulanów, within Nisko County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) east of Nisko and 55 km (34 mi) north of the regional capital Rzeszów.

Wólka Tanewska is home to the football club Dolina-Tanew Wólka Tanewska.

## InfoBox

| Wólka Tanewska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wólka Tanewska | |
| Coordinates: 50°30′N 22°16′E / 50.500°N 22.267°E / 50.500; 22.267 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Subcarpathian |
| County | Nisko |
| Gmina | Ulanów |


title: Hazardous seas watch

abstract: A Hazardous Seas Watch is issued by the National Weather Service of the United States when there is an increased threat of high wave heights and/or wave steepness values reach a certain criteria, but the occurrence, timing, and/or location are still uncertain, though the area of concern is known. The criteria are set by the local forecast offices. It is normally accompanied with strong winds, and occasionally even cyclonic activity. Such tall waves can pose a serious threat to vessels that do not seek shelter, as well as vehicles and property very close to concerned waters.

text:
# Hazardous seas watch

A **Hazardous Seas Watch** is issued by the National Weather Service of the United States when there is an increased threat of high wave heights and/or wave steepness values reach a certain criteria, but the occurrence, timing, and/or location are still uncertain, though the area of concern is known. The criteria are set by the local forecast offices. It is normally accompanied with strong winds, and occasionally even cyclonic activity. Such tall waves can pose a serious threat to vessels that do not seek shelter, as well as vehicles and property very close to concerned waters.

## Example

The following is an example of a Hazardous Seas Watch issued by the National Weather Service office in Medford, Oregon.

```
316
WHUS76 KMFR 102325
MWWMFR

URGENT - MARINE WEATHER MESSAGE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEDFORD OR
325 PM PST WED DEC 10 2008

PZZ356-376-120000-
/O.EXT.KMFR.SW.Y.0107.081211T1200Z-081213T0000Z/
/O.CON.KMFR.SI.Y.0119.081211T1200Z-081212T1200Z/
/O.NEW.KMFR.GL.A.0027.081213T0000Z-081213T1200Z/
/O.NEW.KMFR.SE.A.0025.081213T0000Z-081214T1200Z/
COASTAL WATERS FROM CAPE BLANCO OR TO PT. ST. GEORGE CA OUT 20 NM-
WATERS FROM CAPE BLANCO OR TO PT. ST. GEORGE CA FROM 20 TO 60 NM-
325 PM PST WED DEC 10 2008

...SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY FOR HAZARDOUS SEAS NOW IN EFFECT FROM
4 AM THURSDAY TO 4 PM PST FRIDAY...
...SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY FOR WINDS REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 4 AM
THURSDAY TO 4 AM PST FRIDAY...
...GALE WATCH IN EFFECT FROM FRIDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH LATE FRIDAY
NIGHT...
...HAZARDOUS SEAS WATCH IN EFFECT FROM FRIDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH
LATE SATURDAY NIGHT...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN MEDFORD HAS ISSUED A GALE WATCH...
WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM FRIDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH LATE FRIDAY
NIGHT. A HAZARDOUS SEAS WATCH HAS ALSO BEEN ISSUED. THIS
HAZARDOUS SEAS WATCH IS IN EFFECT FROM FRIDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH
LATE SATURDAY NIGHT. THE SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY FOR HAZARDOUS SEAS
IS NOW IN EFFECT FROM 4 AM THURSDAY TO 4 PM PST FRIDAY. A SMALL
CRAFT ADVISORY FOR WINDS REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 4 AM THURSDAY TO
4 AM PST FRIDAY.

COMBINED SEAS WILL BUILD TO 10 TO 11 FEET THURSDAY THROUGH FRIDAY.
NORTH WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 15 TO 25 KT THURSDAY AND THURSDAY NIGHT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY FOR HAZARDOUS SEAS MEANS THAT WAVES WILL
BE STEEP ENOUGH TO CREATE A POTENTIAL HAZARD TO SMALL CRAFT.

SMALL CRAFT CONDITIONS FOR WIND MEANS THAT WIND SPEEDS OF 23 TO
33 KNOTS ARE EXPECTED. INEXPERIENCED MARINERS...ESPECIALLY THOSE
OPERATING SMALLER VESSELS SHOULD AVOID NAVIGATING IN THESE
CONDITIONS.

A GALE WATCH IS ISSUED WHEN THE RISK OF GALE FORCE WINDS OF 34 TO
47 KNOTS HAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED...BUT THE SPECIFIC TIMING
AND/OR LOCATION IS STILL UNCERTAIN. IT IS INTENDED TO PROVIDE
ADDITIONAL LEAD TIME FOR MARINERS WHO MAY WISH TO CONSIDER
ALTERING THEIR PLANS.

A HAZARDOUS SEAS WATCH IS ISSUED WHEN THE RISK OF HAZARDOUS SEAS
HAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED...BUT THE SPECIFIC TIMING AND/OR
LOCATION IS STILL UNCERTAIN.  IT IS INTENDED TO PROVIDE
ADDITIONAL LEAD TIME FOR MARINERS WHO MAY WISH TO CONSIDER
ALTERING THEIR PLANS.

&&

$$

```


title: Nello Pazzafini

abstract: Giovanni "Nello" Pazzafini was an Italian actor who appeared in a very large number of Peplum movies, Spaghetti Westerns and Poliziotteschi.

text:
# Nello Pazzafini

**Giovanni** "**Nello**" **Pazzafini** (15 May 1933 – 9 January 1996) was an Italian actor who appeared in a very large number of Peplum movies, Spaghetti Westerns and Poliziotteschi.

## Life and career

Born in Rome from parents originally from Ferrara, at young age Pazzafini was a footballer and in 1958 he attended the first school for stunt men opened in Italy. Initially an often uncredited stunt performer in peplum films, starting from mid-1960s he gradually got bigger roles, specializing in villain characters.

## Partial filmography

## InfoBox

| Nello Pazzafini | |
| --- | --- |
| Pazzafini in *Elena sì... ma di Troia* (1973) | |
| Born | Giovanni Pazzafini
15 May 1933 (1933-05-15)
Rome, Italy |
| Died | 9 January 1996 (1996-01-10) (aged 62)
Ostia, Italy |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1958–1992 |


title: Neda Krmpotić

abstract: Neda Krmpotić was a Croatian and Yugoslav journalist. She was a contributor and domestic politics editor in Jugopress news agency from 1952 to 1958, before moving on to work in Vjesnik as a contributor and the head of the paper's Belgrade office. In 1963–1966, Krmpotić was the editor-in-chief of Vjesnik, and then a political columnist in Vjesnik and Vjesnik u srijedu. In her column, she supported the reform faction of the ruling League of Communists of Croatia (SKH) and advocated economic and political reforms in Yugoslavia demanded by the SKH leadership during the 1967–1971 Croatian Spring. Following the purge of the SKH reformists in 1971, Krmpotić was compelled to resign. She was banned from further journalistic work and forced to retire in 1972. Krmpotić is the recipient of 1968 Otokar Keršovani Prize – a life achievement award for journalism in Croatia.

text:
# Neda Krmpotić

**Neda Krmpotić** (Senj, 16 October 1921 – Zagreb, 22 June 1974) was a Croatian and Yugoslav journalist. She was a contributor and domestic politics editor in Jugopress news agency from 1952 to 1958, before moving on to work in *Vjesnik* as a contributor and the head of the paper's Belgrade office. In 1963–1966, Krmpotić was the editor-in-chief of Vjesnik, and then a political columnist in *Vjesnik* and *Vjesnik u srijedu*. In her column, she supported the reform faction of the ruling League of Communists of Croatia (SKH) and advocated economic and political reforms in Yugoslavia demanded by the SKH leadership during the 1967–1971 Croatian Spring. Following the purge of the SKH reformists in 1971, Krmpotić was compelled to resign. She was banned from further journalistic work and forced to retire in 1972. Krmpotić is the recipient of 1968 Otokar Keršovani Prize – a life achievement award for journalism in Croatia.

## InfoBox

| Neda Krmpotić | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1921-10-16)16 October 1921
Senj, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
(now Croatia) |
| Died | 22 June 1974(1974-06-22) (aged 52)
Zagreb, Yugoslavia
(now Croatia) |
| Occupation | Journalist |


title: Özgür

abstract:
Özgür is a unisex Turkish given name and a surname meaning "free" and independent. Notable people with the name include: Given name:
  - İsmail Özgür Göktaş, Turkish footballer
  - Özgür Bayer, Turkish football player
  - Özgür Buldum, Turkish music producer
  - Özgür Çek, Turkish professional footballer
  - Özgür Çevik, Turkish singer and actor
  - Özgür Dengiz, Turkish serial killer and cannibal
  - Özgür Gürbulak, Turkish wheelchair basketballer
  - Özgür İleri, Turkish professional footballer
  - Özgür Kart, Turkish football player
  - Özgür Öçal, Turkish football player
  - Özgür Özata, Turkish-German actor
  - Ozgur Uyanik, Turkish film director
  - Özgür Varlık, Turkish sport shooter
  - Özgür Yasar, Swedish footballer
  - Özgür Yılmaz, Turkish footballer
  - Özgür Yılmaz, Turkish judoka Surname:
  - Alaattin Özgür, Turkish former wrestler
  - Erman Özgür, Turkish footballer
  - Mesut Özgür, Turkish footballer
  - Nesim Özgür, Turkish-Bulgarian footballer
  - Özker Özgür, leading Turkish-Cypriot politician
  - Semavi Özgür, Turkish football player
  - Veysel Özgür (1877–1931), officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army

text:
# Özgür

**Özgür** (pronounced \[ˈœzɟyɾ\]) is a unisex Turkish given name and a surname meaning "free" and *independent*. Notable people with the name include:

**Given name:**

**Surname:**

* *Özgür Gündem* (English: "Free Agenda"), Turkish newspaper
* Ozgur Parti, Freedom and Reform Party, in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

## InfoBox

Özgür
| Gender | unisex |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | |
| Meaning | free and independent |


title: Neosminthurus richardsi

abstract: Neosminthurus richardsi is a species of globular springtail in the family Sminthuridae.

text:
# Neosminthurus richardsi

***Neosminthurus richardsi*** is a species of globular springtail in the family Sminthuridae.

## InfoBox

| *Neosminthurus richardsi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subclass: | Collembola |
| Order: | Symphypleona |
| Family: | Sminthuridae |
| Genus: | *Neosminthurus* |
| Species: | ***N. richardsi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neosminthurus richardsi***<br>Snider, 1978 | |
|


title: Nee Venunda Chellam

abstract: Nee Venunda Chellam is a 2006 Indian Tamil-language romantic action film, written and directed by L. Venkatesan, starring Ramesh, Gajala and Namitha in lead roles, with Thilakan, Vivek and Vincent Asokan playing supporting roles. The music is composed by Dhina. The film was released on 17 August 2006.

text:
# Nee Venunda Chellam

***Nee Venunda Chellam*** (transl.I want you, dear) is a 2006 Indian Tamil-language romantic action film, written and directed by L. Venkatesan, starring Ramesh, Gajala and Namitha in lead roles, with Thilakan, Vivek and Vincent Asokan playing supporting roles. The music is composed by Dhina. The film was released on 17 August 2006.

## Plot

The movie begins with Kannan falling in love with Geetha, a girl living in his neighborhood. Her father Viswanathan, a government employee, learns of Kannan's crushes on his daughter and plays all tricks and prevents Kannan from reaching out to his daughter.

Anjali also resides in the same locality. Ashok, a dreaded gangster and Anjali's uncle, makes plans to marry her. He ends up bashing all those who try to propose Anjali.

The turn of events results in Anjali mistaking Kannan of loving her. This results in Ashokan's men go behind Kannan's trail. Meanwhile, Kannan manages to meet Geetha and opens his heart. Learning of this, Anjali manages to kidnap Geetha and threatens Kannan to marry her.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

Soundtrack was composed by Dhina.

| Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Ennada Athisayam" | Jassie Gift, Mahathi | Pa. Vijay |
| "Eppadiyum" | Mahathi, Silambarasan | Snehan |
| "Ethanai Jenmam" | Sadhana Sargam, Harish Raghavendra | Pa. Vijay |
| "Kallathoni" | Suchitra, Karthik | Yugabharathi |
| "Kannanai" | Chinmayi | Kabilan |
| "Kanniponnu" | Tippu | Snehan |
||

## Critical reception

*Indiaglitz* wrote "The movie has an interesting storyline, but the director seems to have lost his focus towards the second-half that takes the sheen away from it". *Rediff.com* wrote "When you have 'Jithan' Ramesh, Gajala and Namitha in the star cast, you can expect nothing but a potboiler like Nee venunda Chellam. However, except for Gajala and Thilakan, the actors all compete for a Most Wooden Performance award, with Ramesh clearly emerging as the winner". *Sify* wrote "There is nothing new in the story and director L.Venkatesan makes it too long at 2 hours 35 min, while the film loses its steam in 15 minutes after the first scene!".

## InfoBox

| Nee Venunda Chellam | |
| --- | --- |
| Title card | |
| Directed by | L. Venkatesan |
| Written by | L. Venkatesan |
| Produced by | * A. Palanivel * V. C. Anandan |
| Starring |  |
| Music by | Dhina |
| Production<br>company | AP Film Garden |
| Release date | * 17 August 2006 (2006-08-17) |
| Running time | 145 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Íngrid Cruz

abstract: Ingrid Elena Cruz Toro is a Chilean actress, known for her roles in Brujas (2005), Somos los Carmona (2013–2014), Pituca sin lucas (2014–2015) and Demente (2021).

text:
# Íngrid Cruz

**Ingrid Elena Cruz Toro** (born 1 July 1975 in Antofagasta) is a Chilean actress, known for her roles in *Brujas* (2005), *Somos los Carmona* (2013–2014), *Pituca sin lucas* (2014–2015) and *Demente* (2021).

## Biography

Born as Ingrid Elena Cruz Toro, in Antofagasta, on 1 July 1975, she is the daughter of Norman Cruz, a notary and real estate conservator in the city, and Sara Toro, a secretary. Her father is from El Salvador, he came to Chile after the war. He studied as a lawyer in Antofagasta.

Her studies were carried out at the Experimental Artistic Lyceum and at the Colegio Instituto Santa María Antofagasta. She later moved to Santiago to study acting at the Fernando González Mardones Theater Club Academy, graduating in 1998. In 2007, she had her first daughter with Leo Scheinffelt, Emilia Scheinffelt. In 2014, she separated from Leo, staying alone with Emilia.

## Career

Ingrid Cruz made her television debut with the telenovela *Marparaíso* (1998) on Canal 13, sharing credits with Cristián Campos and Jorge Zabaleta. Next, she worked for ten years at Canal 13, under the orders of Verónica Saquel.

During this period, she appeared in commercially successful telenovelas such as *Machos* in 2003, *Brujas* in 2005 and *Lola* in 2007, in which she became known despite not having a leading role. In 2009, Canal 13 decided not to renew Cruz's contract, because they preferred to promote actresses with greater prominence in the television industry, as was the case with Tamara Acosta and Blanca Lewin.

After a time without many appearances on television, María Eugenia Rencoret gives her the opportunity to antagonize the daytime soap opera *Esperanza* (2011), with great success. Since then, she has been directing her career towards a more commercial side, becoming an advertising face. She would continue on TVN in the evening *Reserva de familia* (2012) and with the evening show *Somos los Carmona* (2013).

In 2014, Cruz emigrated to Mega together with Rencoret, who forms a new dramatic area for the channel. Íngrid gets the main antagonist in the evening *show Pituca sin lucas* (2014), which ends up being a hit for the timeslot. She would continue to be linked to Mega in various productions; She also served as a judge on the show *The Switch* on the same channel. She recently starred in Mega's Demente, as Javiera Cáceres alongside Patricia Rivadeneira, who played Flavia Betantcourt.

## Personal life

Ingrid has a daughter, Emilia.

## Filmography

### Series

| Year | Title | Role | Channel |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | *Dinastía Sa Sá* |  | Canal 13 |
| 2007 | *Héroes* | Agustina | Canal 13 |
| 2020 | *Historias de cuarentena* |  | Mega |

### Programs

| Year | Title | Role | Channel |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | *Sin mochila* | Driver | Canal 13 |
| 2015; 2017–2018 | *The Switch* | Jury | Mega |
| 2021 | *Sana Tentación* | Conductor | Mega |

### Films

| Year | Title | Role | Director |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *The Chosen One* | Inés | Nacho Argiró & Gabriel López |
| 2013 | *VideoClub* | Wanda | Pablo Illanes |
| | *Barrio Universitario* | Ejecutiva | Esteban Vidal |
| | *El vuelo del Manutara* |  |  |
| 2016 | *Prueba de actitud* | Cecilia |

### Television

#### Telenovelas

| Year | Title | Role | Channel |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | *Marparaíso* | Sofía Carrasco | Canal 13 |
| 1999 | *Cerro Alegre* | Karina Astudillo | Canal 13 |
| 2001 | *Corazón Pirata* | Cynthia Cáceres | Canal 13 |
| 2003 | *Machos* | Belén Cruchaga | Canal 13 |
| 2004 | *Hippie* | Catalina Villalobos | Canal 13 |
| 2005 | *Brujas* | Gretel Schmidt | Canal 13 |
| 2006 | *Descarado* | Caroline Martínez | Canal 13 |
| 2007–2008 | *Lola* | Grace Fernández | Canal 13 |
| 2009 | *Cuenta Conmigo* | Lídia Peña | Canal 13 |
| 2011 | *Esperanza* | Beatriz Solovera | TVN |
| 2012 | *Reserva de familia* | Ema Ruiz-Tagle | TVN |
| 2013 | *Los Carmona* | Isabel Durán | TVN |
| 2014 | *Pituca Sin Lucas* | Stella González | Mega |
| 2016 | *Pobre Gallo* | Carola García del Río | Mega |
| 2017 | *Tranquilo papá* | Pamela Morales | Mega |
| 2019 | *Juegos de poder* | Karen Franco | Mega |
| 2021 | *Demente* | Javiera Cáceres | Mega |

## Music Videos

| Year | Title | Artist | Director |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Es muy tarde | Jorge Gonzalez | Esteban Vidal |

## Theatre

## Advertising

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Production | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | APES Awards | Best Supporting Actress | *Brujas* | Nominated |
| 2008 | APES Awards | Best Supplementary Performance | *Lola* | Nominated |
| 2015 | Reina Guachaca | Most Popular Actress | *Pituca sin lucas* | Nominated |
| | Golden Copihue | Best Popular Actress | | Winner |
| 2016 | Premios Caleuche | Best Leading Actress | | Nominated |
| 2018 | Golden Copihue | Best Popular Actress | *Tranquilo papá* | Nominated |
| 2019 | Golden Copihue | Best Popular Actress | *Juegos de poder* | Nominated |
|
| 2022 | Premios Caleuche | Best Supporting Actress | *Demente* | Nominated |

## Acknowledgements

### Sources

Ingrid Cruz at IMDb

## InfoBox

| Íngrid Cruz | |
| --- | --- |
| Cruz in 2018 | |
| Born | Ingrid Elena Cruz Toro
(1975-07-01) 1 July 1975
Antofagasta, Chile |
| Alma mater | Academy Theater Club |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1998–present |
| Parent(s) | Norman Cruz (Father)
Sara Toro (Mother) |


title: Neozana

abstract: Neozana is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. It contains the single species Neozana germana, which is found in Peru.

text:
# Neozana

***Neozana*** is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. It contains the single species ***Neozana germana***, which is found in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Neozana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Neozana*
Hampson, 1914 |
| Species: | ***N. germana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neozana germana***
(Rothschild, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Odozana germana* Rothschild, 1913 | |


title: Neozatrephes schausi

abstract: Neozatrephes schausi is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Trinidad.

text:
# Neozatrephes schausi

***Neozatrephes schausi*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Trinidad.

## InfoBox

| *Neozatrephes schausi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Neozatrephes* |
| Species: | ***N. schausi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neozatrephes schausi***<br>(Rothschild, 1909) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Baritius schausi* Rothschild, 1909 | |


title: Örmekuyu, Sandıklı

abstract: Örmekuyu is a village in the Sandıklı District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 91 (2021).

text:
# Örmekuyu, Sandıklı

**Örmekuyu** is a village in the Sandıklı District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 91 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Örmekuyu | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ÖrmekuyuLocation in TurkeyÖrmekuyuÖrmekuyu (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 38°18′N 30°19′E / 38.300°N 30.317°E / 38.300; 30.317 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Afyonkarahisar |
| District | Sandıklı |
| Population (2021) | 91 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Ülle Aaskivi

abstract: Ülle Aaskivi was an Estonian lawyer, politician, and public official. Aaskivi was elected a member of the Estonian Supreme Soviet in 1990 and the Estonian Constitutional Assembly, as well as one of the ratifiers of the Constitution of Estonia who voted for the Estonian restoration of Independence. She was elected to the Riigikogu for the Social Democratic Party of Estonia.

text:
# Ülle Aaskivi

**Ülle Aaskivi** (née **Kiin**; 5 December 1950 – 17 January 2007) was an Estonian lawyer, politician, and public official. Aaskivi was elected a member of the Estonian Supreme Soviet in 1990 and the Estonian Constitutional Assembly, as well as one of the ratifiers of the Constitution of Estonia who voted for the Estonian restoration of Independence. She was elected to the Riigikogu for the Social Democratic Party of Estonia.

## Biography

Aaskivi was born on 5 December 1950 in Viljandi as Ülle Kiin. Sirje Kiin (:et) was her sister. She graduated from Viljandi 1st Secondary School in 1968 and from the University of Tartu Faculty of Law. She worked at the prosecutor's office and later as a government adviser.

Aaskivi started her political career in Viljandi County by organizing a local branch of the Popular Front of Estonia and was elected to the Supreme Soviet of Estonia along with Jaak Allik, Uno Anton, and Jüri Rätsep.

In 2002, on the tenth anniversary of the ratification of the Constitution of Estonia, a collection of articles, memoirs and documents, "Põhiseaduse tulek", was published by Aaskivi and Eve Pärnaste.

### Term at the Riigikogu

Prior to the 2006 presidential election, the Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE) and Estonian Centre Party leaders mandated a ban on their party members from voting in the presidential election. Opinions on the decision were controversial: EKRE's chairman Villu Reiljan said that the decision was made on possible attempts to acquire money, while Tõnis Lukas, the co-chairman of Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, expressed his opinion that the EKRE would undermine the free will of the MEPs. According to Aaskivi, this was an undemocratic step that she could not accept as a citizen.

On 28 August 2006, at the session of the Riigikogu, Aaskivi, after serving as a representative of the government, a presentation of the government's draft before the first extraordinary personal statement of the presidential election (which she said as a citizen of the Republic of Estonia and as a member of the 20 August Club), invited all members of the Riigikogu to participate in the presidential elections in the Riigikogu. She condemned the absence of the presidential election of EKRE and the Centre Party, and called on the ambassadors to serve the country of Estonia.

There was a lot of reactions to the presentation by Aaskivi. According to then Speaker of the Riigikogu, Centre Party member Toomas Varek, Aaskivi abused her position. "It would have been correct if she would have asked for the permission of the Riigikogu to give prior permission and also showed her statement," Varek commented in an interview with *Postimees*. "Without such a statement, I certainly would not have allowed it." On the other hand, Chancellor of Justice Allar Jõks found that "it was a sincere and courageous performance." Ain Seppik, head of the central faction of the Riigikogu, told *Eesti Päevaleht*: "She behaved very boldly and with inner conviction as a woman, and she had a reason to show her respect."

## Death and legacy

Aaaskivi died on 17 January 2007 after a period of illness. In a short in memoriam post on *Eesti Päevaleht* written after her death, former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves called her "a big little woman", remarking her influence during her time on the Riigikogu. She had three children: daughters Birgit and Signe, and son Urmas.

## Awards

## Writings and speeches

* "Põhiseaduse tulek". Written by Eve Pärnaste and Ülle Aaskivi (designer-consultant). Kirjastus SE & JS 2002, ISBN 9985-854-42-X (binding), ISBN 9985-854-41-1
* "Ülle Aaskivi kõne Riigikogus 28. augustil 2006" Jevgeni Krištafovitš

## InfoBox

| Ülle Aaskivi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ülle Kiin
(1950-12-05)5 December 1950
Viljandi, Estonia |
| Died | 17 January 2007(2007-01-17) (aged 56) |
| Alma mater | University of Tartu |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Known for | Voter for the Estonian restoration of Independence. |


title: Needlework

abstract: Needlework is decorative sewing and textile arts handicrafts. Anything that uses a needle for construction can be called needlework. Needlework may include related textile crafts such as crochet, worked with a hook, or tatting, worked with a shuttle. Similar abilities often transfer well between different varieties of needlework, such as fine motor skill and knowledge of textile fibers. Some of the same tools may be used in several different varieties of needlework. According to the Ladies' Needlework Penny Magazine: There are many women who persuade themselves that the occupations particularly allotted to their sex are extremely frivolous; but it is one of the common errors of a depraved taste to confound simplicity with frivolity. The use of the needle is simple, but not frivolous.

text:
# Needlework

**Needlework** is decorative sewing and textile arts handicrafts. Anything that uses a needle for construction can be called needlework. Needlework may include related textile crafts such as crochet, worked with a hook, or tatting, worked with a shuttle.

Similar abilities often transfer well between different varieties of needlework, such as fine motor skill and knowledge of textile fibers. Some of the same tools may be used in several different varieties of needlework.

According to the *Ladies' Needlework Penny Magazine*:

> There are many women who persuade themselves that the occupations particularly allotted to their sex are extremely frivolous; but it is one of the common errors of a depraved taste to confound simplicity with frivolity. The use of the needle is simple, but not frivolous.

## Background

Needlework was an important fact of women's identity during the Victorian age, including embroidery, netting, knitting, crochet, and Berlin wool work. A growing middle class had more leisure time than ever before; printed materials offered homemakers thousands of patterns. Women were still limited to roles in the household, and under the standards of the time a woman working on needle work while entertaining the parlor was considered beautiful. According to one publication from 1843: "Never is beauty and feminine grace so attractive as, when engaged in the honorable discharge of household duties, and domestic cares."

Fancy work was distinguished from plain sewing and it was a mark of a prosperous and well-managed home to display handmade needlework. While plain sewing was often handed over to servants, even in middle class households, fancy work would often be done while entertaining guests, in the afternoons, evenings, or on Sundays. The types of goods that could be decorated with needlework techniques was limited only by the imagination: knitted boots, embroidered book covers, footstools, lampshades, sofa cushions, fans and on and on.

## Types


title: Neoregelia farinosa

abstract: Neoregelia farinosa is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Neoregelia farinosa

***Neoregelia farinosa*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Neoregelia*. This species is endemic to Brazil.

## Cultivars

* *Neoregelia* 'Angela Espinosa'
* *Neoregelia* 'Electric Red'
* *Neoregelia* 'ExEx Three'
* *Neoregelia* 'Far Superior'
* *Neoregelia* 'Far-Fost'
* *Neoregelia* 'Fire Bird'
* *Neoregelia* 'Fost-Far'
* *Neoregelia* 'George'
* *Neoregelia* 'Green Rosette'
* *Neoregelia* 'Lavender Mist'
* *Neoregelia* 'Lemon Blush'
* *Neoregelia* 'Lolita'
* *Neoregelia* 'Margaret'
* *Neoregelia* 'Morrisoniana'
* *Neoregelia* 'Painted Lady'
* *Neoregelia* 'Red Devil'
* *Neoregelia* 'Rojizo'
* *Neoregelia* 'Rose Apple'
* *Neoregelia* 'Rosea Striata'
* *Neoregelia* 'Russell Lively'
* *Neoregelia* 'Sharon's Delight'
* *Neoregelia* 'Spotted Fire Bird'
* *Neoregelia* 'Ti Di'
* × *Neomea* 'Flame'

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.
* BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009

## InfoBox

| *Neoregelia farinosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Neoregelia* |
| Subgenus: | *Neoregelia subg. Neoregelia* |
| Species: | ***N. farinosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neoregelia farinosa***<br>(Ule) L.B.Sm. | |
|


title: Neoregelia fosteriana

abstract: Neoregelia fosteriana is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Neoregelia fosteriana

***Neoregelia fosteriana*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Neoregelia*. This species is endemic to Brazil.

## Cultivars

* *Neoregelia* 'Bingo'
* *Neoregelia* 'Blythe Spirit'
* *Neoregelia* 'City Lights'
* *Neoregelia* 'Fair Lady'
* *Neoregelia* 'Far Superior'
* *Neoregelia* 'Far-Fost'
* *Neoregelia* 'Fost Prince'
* *Neoregelia* 'Fost-Far'
* *Neoregelia* 'Frank Sinatra'
* *Neoregelia* 'Green Rosette'
* *Neoregelia* 'Harmony'
* *Neoregelia* 'Hot Spice'
* *Neoregelia* 'Marvelous Party'
* *Neoregelia* 'Orchid'
* *Neoregelia* 'Powder Puff'
* *Neoregelia* 'Prince Fost'
* *Neoregelia* 'Purple Fancy'
* *Neoregelia* 'Rose Apple'
* *Neoregelia* 'Secret Heart'

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.
* BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009

## InfoBox

| *Neoregelia fosteriana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Neoregelia* |
| Subgenus: | *Neoregelia subg. Neoregelia* |
| Species: | ***N. fosteriana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neoregelia fosteriana***<br>L.B.Sm. | |
|


title: Neoregelia hoehneana

abstract: Neoregelia hoehneana is a species of bromeliad in the genus Neoregelia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Neoregelia hoehneana

***Neoregelia hoehneana*** is a species of bromeliad in the genus *Neoregelia*. This species is endemic to Brazil.

## Cultivars

* *Neoregelia* 'Antlers'
* *Neoregelia* 'Daddy Long Legs'
* *Neoregelia* 'Tiger Stripes'

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.
* BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009

## InfoBox

| *Neoregelia hoehneana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Neoregelia* |
| Subgenus: | *Neoregelia subg. Neoregelia* |
| Species: | ***N. hoehneana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neoregelia hoehneana***<br>L.B.Sm. | |
|


title: × Aranda

abstract: × Aranda, abbreviated in trade journals Aranda, is an intergeneric hybrid between the orchid genera Arachnis and Vanda.

text:
# × Aranda

× ***Aranda***, abbreviated in trade journals ***Aranda***, is an intergeneric hybrid between the orchid genera *Arachnis* and *Vanda* (Arach x V).

## InfoBox

| *× Aranda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Tribe: | Vandeae |
| Subtribe: | Aeridinae |
| Genus: | *× Aranda*<br>hort. |
|


title: Čremušnica

abstract: Čremušnica is a village in central Croatia, in the municipality of Gvozd, Sisak-Moslavina County. It is connected by the D6 highway.

text:
# Čremušnica

**Čremušnica** (Serbian Cyrillic: Чремушница) is a village in central Croatia, in the municipality of Gvozd, Sisak-Moslavina County. It is connected by the D6 highway.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the village of Čremušnica has 103 inhabitants. This represents 26.41% of its pre-war population according to the 1991 census.

According to the 1991 census, 92.56% of the village population were ethnic Serbs (361/390), 6.41% were ethnic Croats (25/390), 0.77% were Yugoslavs (3/390), while 0.26% were of other ethnic origin (1/390).

*Population change 1857-2011* **Sources**: Croatian Bureau of Statistics

## InfoBox

| Čremušnica Чремушница (Serbian) | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ČremušnicaLocation of Čremušnica in Croatia | |
| Coordinates: 45°26′46″N 15°55′42″E / 45.44611°N 15.92833°E / 45.44611; 15.92833 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| Region | Continental Croatia |
| County | Sisak-Moslavina |
| Municipality | Gvozd |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.5 km2 (2.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 180 m (590 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 72 |
| Density | 9.6/km2 (25/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 44410 Gvozd |
| Area code | (+385) 44 |