title: German submarine U-79 (1941)

abstract: German submarine U-79 was a Type VIIC U-boat of the Kriegsmarine built by the Bremer Vulkan-Vegesacker Werft, Bremen-Vegesack. Her keel was laid down on 17 April 1940, by Bremer Vulkan of Bremen-Vegesack, Germany as yard number 7. She was launched on 25 January 1941 and commissioned on 13 March, with Kapitänleutnant Wolfgang Kaufmann in command until the U-boat's loss. The boat was sunk on 23 December 1941 north of Sollum, by two British warships.

text:
# German submarine U-79 (1941)

**German submarine *U-79*** was a Type VIIC U-boat of the *Kriegsmarine* built by the Bremer Vulkan-Vegesacker Werft, Bremen-Vegesack. Her keel was laid down on 17 April 1940, by Bremer Vulkan of Bremen-Vegesack, Germany as yard number 7. She was launched on 25 January 1941 and commissioned on 13 March, with *Kapitänleutnant* Wolfgang Kaufmann in command until the U-boat's loss.

The boat was sunk on 23 December 1941 north of Sollum, by two British warships.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-79* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN 6-cylinder 4-stroke M 6 V 40/46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-79* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

*U-79* conducted three patrols whilst serving with 1st U-boat Flotilla from 13 March 1941 to 30 September. She was then reassigned to the 23rd U-boat Flotilla from 1 October until she was sunk.

### First patrol

The boat's first patrol began with her departure from Kiel on 5 June 1941. Her route took her north 'up' the North Sea and through the gap separating Iceland and the Faroe Islands toward the Atlantic Ocean.

She sank the *Havtor* west of Iceland on the 11th and damaged the *Tibia* at 59°55′N 39°00′W / 59.917°N 39.000°W / 59.917; -39.000 (southwest of the island), on the 27th.

*U-79* then docked at the newly captured port of Lorient on the French Atlantic coast on 5 July.

### Second and third patrols

The boat's second foray was further south than her first. She was with a group of seven other U-boats that attacked Convoy OG 69 and sank the British freighter *Kellwyn* about 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) northwest of Cape Finisterre in Spain on 27 July 1941.

She was unsuccessfully attacked with depth charges by convoy escorts near the Portuguese coast on 12 August.

*U-79*'s third sortie hardly left the Bay of Biscay and only lasted five days (14–18 September 1941).

### Fourth and fifth patrols

Patrol number four necessitated the boat getting past the heavily defended British base at Gibraltar to reach the Mediterranean Sea which she had by 5 October 1941. She then negotiated the Straits of Messina \[between Sicily and the Italian mainland\] and moved toward the North African coast. There she encountered the British gunboat HMS *Gnat* and sank her 30 nmi (56 km; 35 mi) northeast of Bardia (Al Burdi) on 21 October. She reached Salamis in Greece on 23 October 1941. However HMS *Gnat* was salved and returned to serve as a gun platform.

*U-79* returned to the North African coast for her fifth patrol at the end of November but her luck had deserted her. She returned to Salamis with nothing to show for her efforts on 8 December.

### Sixth patrol and loss

Leaving Salamis for the last time on 21 December 1941, she was sunk a couple of days later (on the 23rd), by depth charges dropped by the British destroyers HMS *Hasty* and *Hotspur* in position 32°15′N 25°19′E / 32.250°N 25.317°E / 32.250; 25.317. All *U-79*'s crewmembers (44 men) survived the attack.

### Wolfpacks

*U-79* took part in one wolfpack, namely:

* Goeben (28 September – 5 October 1941)

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship | Nationality | Tonnage | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11 June 1941 | *Havtor* | Norway | 1,524 | Sunk |
| 27 June 1941 | *Tibia* | Netherlands | 10,356 | Damaged |
| 27 July 1941 | *Kellwyn* | United Kingdom | 1,459 | Sunk |
| 21 October 1941 | HMS *Gnat* | Royal Navy | 625 | Total loss |

### Notes

### Citations

1. Kemp 1999, p. 77.
2. Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type VIIC boat U-79". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
3. Gröner 1991, pp. 43–46.
4. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-79". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 29 December 2014.

## Bibliography

* Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type VIIC boat U-79". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
* Hofmann, Markus. "*U 79*". *Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de* (in German). Retrieved 26 December 2014.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-79* |
| Ordered | 25 January 1939 |
| Builder | Bremer Vulkan-Vegesacker Werft, Bremen-Vegesack |
| Yard number | 7 |
| Laid down | 17 April 1940 |
| Launched | 25 January 1941 |
| Commissioned | 13 March 1941 |
| Fate | Sunk on 23 December 1941 by HMS *Hasty* and *Hotspur* |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40–56 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 31 936 |
| Commanders: | * *Kptlt.* Wolfgang Kaufmann * 13 March – 23 December 1941 |
| Operations: | * 6 patrols: * 1st patrol: * 5 June – 5 July 1941 * 2nd patrol: * 21 July – 16 August 1941 * 3rd patrol: * 14 – 18 September 1941 * 4th patrol: * 28 September – 23 October 1941 * 5th patrol: * 29 November – 8 December 1941 * 6th patrol: * 21 – 23 December 1941 |
| Victories: | * 2 merchant ships sunk
(2,983 GRT) * 1 warship total loss
(625 tons) * 1 merchant ship damaged
(10,356 GRT) |


title: Mir-390 microRNA precursor family

abstract: In molecular biology mir-390 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.

text:
# Mir-390 microRNA precursor family

In molecular biology **mir-390 microRNA** is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.

## InfoBox

| mir-390 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | mir-390 |
| Rfam | RF00689 |
| miRBase family | MIPF0000101 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | microRNA |
| Domain(s) | *Eukaryota;* |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Purgatory (drama)

abstract: Purgatory is a drama by the Irish writer William Butler Yeats. It was first presented in at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, on 19 August 1938, a few months before Yeats' death.

text:
# Purgatory (drama)

***Purgatory*** is a drama by the Irish writer William Butler Yeats. It was first presented in at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, on 19 August 1938, a few months before Yeats' death.

## Story

It tells a family saga of decline and fall through its two remaining members: an Old Man (the father) and a Boy (his sixteen-year-old son). It is set outside the former family home, which the Old Man's father had drunkenly burned down, leading him to kill his father as the building perished. The Boy is skeptical about tales of his family's former grandeur, and is repelled by the Old Man's story of losing his own mother as she gave birth to him, and the decline subsequent events wrought on the family. Tonight, the Old Man tells the Boy, is the anniversary of his mother's wedding night. This was the night on which he was conceived after a bout of drunken carousing by his father, and thus when his mother's fate was sealed. At this point a ghostly figure appears illuminated in a window of the wrecked house. In an attempt to wrest his mother's soul from purgatory, he suddenly stabs and kills the Boy. However it appears to be in vain: approaching hoof beats of his ghostly father returning to the bridal bed signal that no spirits have left the place, and the grim cycle begins again...

## Background

Yeats had been strongly influenced by Japanese Noh theatre in the later years of his life (via Ezra Pound), and Yeats' use of the spirits of the Old Man's parents as a metaphor for the family's decline and of death and rebirth is Noh's clearest influence on the drama. Similarly, the sparseness of the setting, the use of only two characters and the play's relative brevity (conventionally lasting well under an hour) are more immediate influences. However the story itself affected Yeats even more profoundly. As he wrote *Purgatory* he admitted in a letter that the scenario troubled him:

> I have a one-act play in my head, a scene of tragic intensity... I am so afraid of that dream. My recent work has greater strangeness and I think greater intensity than anything I have done. I never remember the dream so deep.

## Critical reception

*Purgatory* received (and continues to receive) mixed responses. Several critics noted the discomforting implications of reading, as Yeats himself suggested, the Old Man's murder of the Boy as an exercise in eugenics and as such perceive the conclusion as somewhat tendentious. T. S. Eliot took a similar line, attacking the play's title from a Christian perspective, arguing that murder does not sit with any notion of purgation.

## Operas

### Gordon Crosse

The English composer Gordon Crosse set Yeats' drama as a one-act opera. Premièred at the 1966 Cheltenham International Festival, it includes virtually all of Yeats' original text. It also retains the minimalism of the play, and the spiritual element, but Crosse avoids using Japanese musical motifs associated with Noh, unlike Benjamin Britten, whose contemporaneous parables beginning with *Curlew River* are more obviously musically inspired by Noh. Two additional operatic settings include one by Hugo Weisgall written in 1958, and Mark Lanz Weiser's setting (1990) premièring at the Peabody Institute in Baltimore in 1991.

### Ed Di Lello

Ed Di Lello composed, orchestrated, conducted and staged *Purgatory* as an opera on a double bill with Yeats' *The Cat and the Moon* produced by Philip Meister and Maurice Edwards at The Cubiculo in New York City in March 1974. An unreleased recording of Purgatory is found in the Billy Rose Collection of the New York Public Library. A television version of *Purgatory* was featured on University Broadcast Lab on WNYC-TV in 1974.

1. Quoted in liner notes for Lyrita recording of the one-act opera, SRCD.313
2. "Contextual notes on Yeats' "Purgatory"". *ibiblio.org*. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
3. Imhoff, Ernest F. (16 September 1991). "Overflow crowd hears young composer's 'Purgatory'". *baltimoresun.com*. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
4. "New Chamber Opera at Peabody". *Wayback Machine*. Archived from the original on 5 July 2004. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
5. Karel, Anastasia (November 2004). "William Elliott collection, at pg. 19" (PDF). *The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts*. Retrieved 2021-06-18.

## InfoBox

| Purgatory | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | William Butler Yeats |
| Place premiered | Abbey Theatre, Dublin, Ireland |
| Genre | Drama |


title: Pseudochromis flavivertex

abstract: Pseudochromis flavivertex, the sunrise dottyback, is a species of ray-finned fish from the Western Indian Ocean which is a member of the family Pseudochromidae. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 7.2 -7.5 cm in length as male, and 6.5 cm as a female. It eats various benthic worms and crustaceans.

text:
# Pseudochromis flavivertex

***Pseudochromis flavivertex***, the **sunrise dottyback**, is a species of ray-finned fish from the Western Indian Ocean which is a member of the family Pseudochromidae. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 7.2 -7.5 cm in length as male, and 6.5 cm as a female. It eats various benthic worms and crustaceans.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudochromis flavivertex* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Family: | Pseudochromidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudochromis* |
| Species: | ***P. flavivertex*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudochromis flavivertex***<br>Rüppell, 1835 | |
|


abstract:
Íñigo López de Mendoza was the second son of famous Spanish Poet and nobleman Íñigo López de Mendoza y Lasso de la Vega, marquis of Santillana, (1398–1458), and the cadet brother of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 1. duque of l'Infantado,, the brother also of Archbishop and Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza,, named by his contemporaries "the third king of Spain". He married Leonese lady Elvira de Quiñones, fighting in 1438, aged 19, in the conquest of Huelma, in the Nasri kingdom of Granada, near the border with the Jaén Christian territories and in 1445 in the First Battle of Olmedo, May 1445. When his father, Íñigo, 1st marquis of Santillana died in 1458, he received the village of Tendilla as well as Aranzueque, Armuña de Tajuña and Fuentelviejo being awarded in 1470 the title of Señor, (Sieur) of Huete, buying in 1475 Loranca de Tajuña to the count of Medinaceli, Luis de la Cerda, 1st duke of Medinaceli, dukedom awarded to his neighbor by ruling Queen Isabel I of Castile and her ruling husband Fernando II de Aragón on 31 October 1479. He had two sons :
  - Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones,, 2nd Count of Tendilla and 1st Marquis of Mondéjar, in 1512
  - Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y Quiñones, Archbishop of Sevilla, no new nomination till May 1503,. Both names were much used for centuries along the complicated Mendoza's family.

text:
# Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Count of Tendilla

**Íñigo López de Mendoza** (1419 – 17 February 1479 in Tendilla, province of Guadalajara, Spain) was the second son of famous Spanish Poet and nobleman Íñigo López de Mendoza y Lasso de la Vega, marquis of Santillana, (1398–1458), and the cadet brother of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 1. duque of l'Infantado, (1417 - title awarded 22 July 1475 - 1479), the brother also of Archbishop and Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza, (May 3, 1428 – January 11, 1495), named by his contemporaries "the third king of Spain".

He married Leonese lady Elvira de Quiñones, fighting in 1438, aged 19, in the conquest of Huelma, in the Nasri kingdom of Granada, near the border with the Jaén Christian territories and in 1445 in the First Battle of Olmedo, May 1445. When his father, Íñigo, 1st marquis of Santillana died in 1458, he received the village of Tendilla as well as Aranzueque, Armuña de Tajuña and Fuentelviejo being awarded in 1470 the title of Señor, (Sieur) of Huete, buying in 1475 Loranca de Tajuña to the count of Medinaceli, Luis de la Cerda, 1st duke of Medinaceli, dukedom awarded to his neighbor by ruling Queen Isabel I of Castile and her ruling husband Fernando II de Aragón on 31 October 1479.

He had two sons :

Both names were much used for centuries along the complicated Mendoza's family.

## More about his eldest son

It is perhaps worth saying that the Leonese mother Elvira de Quiñones brought to her marriage half of the village of Mondéjar, province of Guadalajara and that her eldest son, later Governor of the Alhambra Palace in conquered Granada, relatively tolerant for a few years with the Spanish Berbers settled there, would be awarded in 1512 by newly married king Fernando II of Aragón, the title of Marquis of Mondéjar, his mother apport to her marriage.

The 2nd count of Tendilla, his eldest son, later 1st marquis of Mondéjar, was named also Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones, and is not to be confused with his cousin Íñigo López de Mendoza y Luna, 2nd Duke of the Infantado (1438–1500).

Later in history, there was also Íñigo López de Mendoza, 4th Duke of the Infantado (1493–1566), and his grandson Íñigo López de Mendoza, 5th Duke of the Infantado (1536–1601).


title: Psychrogeton

abstract:
Psychrogeton is a genus of plants in the tribe Astereae within the family Asteraceae. It is native to Iran, Central Asia, and Anatolia.
  - Species
  - Psychrogeton aellenii
  - Psychrogeton alexeenkoi
  - Psychrogeton amorphoglossus
  - Psychrogeton cabulicus
  - Psychrogeton candidissimus
  - Psychrogeton capusi
  - Psychrogeton chionophilus
  - Psychrogeton drabiformis
  - Psychrogeton lumbricoides
  - Psychrogeton nabidshonii
  - Psychrogeton nigromontanus
  - Psychrogeton olgae
  - Psychrogeton persicus
  - Psychrogeton pseudoerigeron
  - Psychrogeton rotundifolius
  - Psychrogeton shahrestanicus
  - Psychrogeton sphaeroxylus
  - Psychrogeton turkestanicus
  - formerly included several species transferred to other genera: Erigeron Rhinactinidia

text:
# Psychrogeton

***Psychrogeton*** is a genus of plants in the tribe Astereae within the family Asteraceae.

It is native to Iran, Central Asia, and Anatolia.

Species formerly included

several species transferred to other genera: *Erigeron Rhinactinidia*

## InfoBox

| *Psychrogeton* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Astereae |
| Subtribe: | Asterinae |
| Genus: | *Psychrogeton*<br>Boiss. |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Novopokrovskia*  Tzvelev | |


title: Patricia Randall Tindale

abstract: Patricia Randall Tindale was an English architect and civil servant. She joined the Civil Service at the Ministry of Education in 1949, and moved to its development group to develop prototypes for school buildings. Tindale moved to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government in 1960 and was a founder member of its housing research & development group the following year. She joined the merged Department of the Environment's Housing Development Directorate in 1970 before leaving the research sector to lead the Building Regulations Professional Division in 1972. Between 1982 and 1986 she served as the Department of the Environment's chief architect and then retired from the Civil Service. The Royal Society of Arts established a lecture series and an award and named a meeting room in her honour.

text:
# Patricia Randall Tindale

**Patricia Randall Tindale** (11 March 1926 – 13 May 2011) was an English architect and civil servant. She joined the Civil Service at the Ministry of Education in 1949, and moved to its development group to develop prototypes for school buildings. Tindale moved to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government in 1960 and was a founder member of its housing research & development group the following year. She joined the merged Department of the Environment's Housing Development Directorate in 1970 before leaving the research sector to lead the Building Regulations Professional Division in 1972. Between 1982 and 1986 she served as the Department of the Environment's chief architect and then retired from the Civil Service. The Royal Society of Arts established a lecture series and an award and named a meeting room in her honour.

## Biography

### Early life

Tindale was born at 9 Hill View, Bell's Hill, Chipping Barnet, Hertfordshire on 11 March 1926. She was the only child of the Inland Revenue tax officer Thomas John Tindale and his wife Princess May, *née* Uttin. At the registration of her birth, Tindale's name was not recorded but her naming certificate had her name as Sheila Randall Patricia. She was taught at Blatchington Court School in Seaford, East Sussex, and then the Architectural Association School of Architecture from 1943 to 1948.

### Career

In 1949 Tindale joined the Civil Service in the Ministry of Education. She worked in the ministry's architects and building branch for vetting schools being built in Wales and was the first territorial appointment of her former Hertfordshire boss Stirrat Johnson-Marshall. In 1951 Tindale moved to the ministry's development group to develop prototypes for the new generation of spacious school buildings for quick reconfiguration site wide by sliding partitions. Such schools she designed included the Parks School, Belper with the use of the Brockhouse system, the Arnold Grammar School, Nottinghamshire, and the Finmere Primary School with David Medd and Mary Medd. Considered one of the Civil Service's rising employees, Tindale transferred to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government in 1960, and was a founding member of its housing research & development group a year later.

She was instrumental in bringing about the introduction of an alternative smaller-scale prefabricated building systems after her group advised against the government putting families into tower blocks. Tindale was heavily involved in the 5M programme adopting the building system Consortium of Local Authorities Special Programme (CLASP) for residential housing rather than the college and school buildings in Nottinghamshire. For most of 1964 she went to the United States on a scholarship from the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) to study prefabricated timber housing. Tindale's 1967 report *Housebuilding in the USA* inspired the imperative to move forward alternatives to sub-standard residential tower blocks following the 1968 Ronan Point gas explosion disaster that killed four people.

After the Department of Transport and the Ministry of Housing and Local Government were merged to become the Department of the Environment in 1970, she joined its Housing Development Directorate. In 1972 Tindale left the research sector to lead the Building Regulations Professional Division. As a consequence of her work, the government adopted the CLASP building system for residential housing, with 250,000 homes built by this method by 1975. Tindale oversaw the construction of Wokingham's Gorse Ride South estate in Finchampstead, a first of its kind inspired by research into 100% timber framed and clad properties, and Bethnal Green's Granby Street, which were published by her department.

In 1982 she was appointed the Department of the Environment's chief architect, a position created by Michael Heseltine after lobbying from the RIBA. During her time in the post, Tindale steadied the decline in public housing construction and affected government policy on design after a controversial competition for the National Gallery. This was the final time an architect in the civil service was influential in architectural education and design and built a team of architect advisers. In 1986 she retired from the civil service, and her position was abolished as government interest in building and the influence of public service architects declined. In retirement Tindale continued to promote architecture through the RIBA committees, and chaired the Housing Design Awards from 1984 to 1993. She served on the Building Regulations Advisory Committee and the board of the Anchor Housing Association. Tindale was active in the Reform Club and the Weavers Guild.

## Personal life

She had a massive stroke in 1997 and spent the next 14 years in the Clapham nursing home Minnie Kidd House, where she died of ischemic colitis on 13 May 2011. Tindale was unmarried; she worked at the Civil Service at a time when married women were expected to leave it.

## Legacy

Noel Wurr, a fellow architect, described Tindale as "a great administrator but she was also very into the artistic side of architecture", and David Birkbeck, the director of Design for Homes, said of her "she’s the last time that an architect had such an influential position in the civil service" when the government was serious about concept design.

As a 20-year fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (RSA), the organisation established the Tindale lecture series in her honour and created the Tindale room for Fellows at the House. The RSA also founded the Patricia Tindale Legacy Award which "challenges students to design an element of the built environment that can be easily reconfigured to meet different functional requirements, helping to eliminate construction waste."

## InfoBox

| Patricia Tindale | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Patricia Randall Tindale
(1926-03-11)11 March 1926
Chipping Barnet, Hertfordshire, England |
| Died | 13 May 2011(2011-05-13) (aged 85)
Clapham, London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Architectural Association School of Architecture |
| Occupations | * Architect * Civil servant |
| Years active | 1949–1986 |


title: Nouvelle Biographie Générale

abstract: The Nouvelle Biographie Générale was a 46-volume, French-language, biographical reference work, compiled between 1852 and 1866 by Ferdinand Hoefer, French physician and lexicographer. The first nine volumes were entitled Nouvelle Biographie Universelle.

text:
# Nouvelle Biographie Générale

The ***Nouvelle Biographie Générale*** ("New General Biography") was a 46-volume, French-language, biographical reference work, compiled between 1852 and 1866 by Ferdinand Hoefer, French physician and lexicographer.

The first nine volumes were entitled ***Nouvelle Biographie Universelle*** ("New Universal Biography").

The volumes of the *Nouvelle Biographie Générale* (pub. Firmin Didot fréres etc.) in various file formats in the Internet Archive:

*Nouvelle Biographie Générale*
| Volume | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Volume 1 | AA | Alfez |
| Volume 2 | Alfieri | Aragona |
| Volume 3 | Aragonèse | Azzubeydi |
| Volume 4 | Baaden-Durlach | Beaumanoir |
| Volume 5 | Beaumarchais | Biccius |
| Volume 6 | Bichat | Boulduc |
| Volume 7 | Boulen | Bzovius |
| Volume 8 | Cabacius | Caselles |
| Volume 9 | Casenave | Charost |
| Volume 10 | Charpentier | Cochran |
| Volume 11 | Cochrane | Cortès |
| Volume 12 | Cortèse | Danrémont |
| Volume 13 | Dans | Dewlet |
| Volume 14 | Dexbach | Duchesnois |
| Volume 15 | Duchy | Emmery de Sept-Fontaines |
| Volume 16 | Emmet | Faes |
| Volume 17 | Faesch | Floris |
| Volume 18 | Florus | Fryxell |
| Volume 19 | Fuad-Effendi | Geoffrin |
| Volume 20 | Geoffrin | Goerres |
| Volume 21 | Goertz | Grevile |
| Volume 22 | Grévin | Gyulay |
| Volume 23 | Haag | Hennequin |
| Volume 24 | Hennert | Holophira |
| Volume 25 | Holst | Irwin |
| Volume 26 | Isaac | Joséphine |
| Volume 27 | Josépin | Koegler |
| Volume 28 | Koehler | La laure |
| Volume 29 | La Liborlière | Lavoisien |
| Volume 30 | Lavoisier | Lettsom |
| Volume 31 | Leu. | Louis-Napoléon |
| Volume 32 | Louise se Savoie | Maldeghem |
| Volume 33 | Maldonado | Martial |
| Volume 34 | Martialis Gargilius | Mérard de Sainte-Juste |
| Volume 35 | Mérat | Monnier |
| Volume 36 | Monniotte | Murr |
| Volume 37 | Murray | Nicolini |
| Volume 38 | Nicolle | Ozerof |
| Volume 39 | Paaw | Philopémen |
| Volume 40 | Philoponus | Preval |
| Volume 41 | Prévalaye | Renouard |
| Volume 42 | Renoult | Saint-André |
| Volume 43 | Saint-Ange | Simiane |
| Volume 44 | Simler | Testa |
| Volume 45 | Teste | Vermond |
| Volume 46 | Verne (La) | Zyll. |

A list of contributors appears at the end of volume 46, the final volume.


title: Shenandoah County Courthouse

abstract:
Shenandoah County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building located at Woodstock, Shenandoah County, Virginia. It was built about 1790, as a single-pile,
two-story, seven-bay, structure with a facade of rough-hewn coursed limestone ashlar. A projecting
tetrastyle Tuscan portico was added in 1929 to the central three bays. Atop the gable roof is a handsome hexagonal cupola with ogee-shaped roof above the belfry and surmounted by a short spire topped by a ball finial. A one-story Greek Revival style rear wing was added about 1840; a one-story clerk's office was added in 1880. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The Shenandoah County Historical Society and County Tourism office operate the Visitor Center and Courthouse Museum in the historic courthouse.

text:
# Shenandoah County Courthouse

**Shenandoah County Courthouse** is a historic courthouse building located at Woodstock, Shenandoah County, Virginia. It was built about 1790, as a single-pile, two-story, seven-bay, structure with a facade of rough-hewn coursed limestone ashlar. A projecting tetrastyle Tuscan portico was added in 1929 to the central three bays. Atop the gable roof is a handsome hexagonal cupola with ogee-shaped roof above the belfry and surmounted by a short spire topped by a ball finial. A one-story Greek Revival style rear wing was added about 1840; a one-story clerk's office was added in 1880.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

The Shenandoah County Historical Society and County Tourism office operate the Visitor Center and Courthouse Museum in the historic courthouse.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Shenandoah County Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Shenandoah County Courthouse, November 2011 | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location of Shenandoah County Courthouse | |
| Location | W. Court and S. Main Sts., Woodstock, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 38°52′55″N 78°30′20″W / 38.88194°N 78.50556°W / 38.88194; -78.50556 |
| Area | 9 acres (3.6 ha) |
| Built | c. 1790 (1790), c. 1840, 1880, 1929 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 73002060 |
| VLR No. | 330-0002 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | June 19, 1973 |
| Designated VLR | June 19, 1973 |


title: Vuniuci Tikomaimereke

abstract: Vuniuci Tikomaimereke is a Fijian footballer who mainly plays as a left-back for Fijian club Rewa and the Fiji national team.

text:
# Vuniuci Tikomaimereke

**Vuniuci Tikomaimereke** (born 7 June 1990) is a Fijian footballer who mainly plays as a left-back for Fijian club Rewa and the Fiji national team.

## Club career

Tikomaimereke started his career with Nadi. In 2017 he moved to Rewa In 2019 he moved to Labasa.

## National team

In 2017 Tikomaimereke was called up by coach Christophe Gamel for the Fiji national football team. He made his debut on May 25, 2017, in a 1–1 draw against the Solomon Islands. He played from the start of the game and was subbed after 55 minutes of play for Ilaitia Tuilau.

## InfoBox

Vuniuci Tikomaimereke
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Vuniuci Tikomaimereke | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-06-07) 7 June 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Rotuma, Fiji | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Rewa | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| –2017 | Nadi |  |  |
| 2017– | Rewa |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2017– | Fiji | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Gerhard Franke

abstract: Gerhard Franke was a German painter.

text:
# Gerhard Franke

**Gerhard Franke** (24 April 1926 – 22 October 2002) was a German painter.

## Biography

Franke was born in Lugau in Sachsen and grew up in Chemnitz. After completing his Abitur, he studied art in Leipzig at the Staatlichen Akademie für graphische Künste und Buchgewerbe, where he was a student of Elisabeth Voigt and then cello at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig. After a wrist injury that ended his music career, he dedicated himself to painting but soon came into conflict with the repressive East German regime, wanting to do abstract painting, instead of the state sanctioned Socialist Realism. After years of teaching art at small country schools in Thuringia, Franke and his wife, Ute, established a successful ceramics business in 1966. Freed from relying on any official Communist support, his abstract work from the 1960s and 70s was often critical of the Stasi and depicted primitive, abstract creatures caught in a web of state oppression, thus he never exhibited in the GDR. After German Reunification, Franke turned toward figurative paintings set in the countryside around the castle of Arnshaugk, near Neustadt an der Orla, where he had lived as a recluse until his death in 2002.

1. "Gerhard Franke, Landschaften. Burgkapelle Arnshaugk Ausstellung vom 12. Mai bis 17. Juni 2007 (2007)"


title: Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau

abstract: The pursuit of Goeben and Breslau was a naval action that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea at the outbreak of the First World War when elements of the British Mediterranean Fleet attempted to intercept the German Mittelmeerdivision consisting of the battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau. The German ships evaded the British fleet and passed through the Dardanelles to reach Constantinople, where they were eventually handed over to the Ottoman Empire. Renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim and Midilli, the former Goeben and Breslau were ordered by their German commander to attack Russian positions, in doing so bringing the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers. Though a bloodless "battle," the failure of the British pursuit had enormous political and military ramifications. In the short term it effectively ended the careers of the two British admirals who had been in charge of the pursuit. Writing several years later, Winston Churchill—who had been First Lord of the Admiralty—expressed the opinion that by forcing Turkey into the war, Goeben had brought "more slaughter, more misery, and more ruin than has ever before been borne within the compass of a ship."

text:
# Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau

The **pursuit of *Goeben* and *Breslau*** was a naval action that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea at the outbreak of the First World War when elements of the British Mediterranean Fleet attempted to intercept the German *Mittelmeerdivision* consisting of the battlecruiser SMS *Goeben* and the light cruiser SMS *Breslau*. The German ships evaded the British fleet and passed through the Dardanelles to reach Constantinople, where they were eventually handed over to the Ottoman Empire. Renamed ***Yavuz Sultan Selim*** and ***Midilli***, the former *Goeben* and *Breslau* were ordered by their German commander to attack Russian positions, in doing so bringing the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers.

Though a bloodless "battle," the failure of the British pursuit had enormous political and military ramifications. In the short term it effectively ended the careers of the two British admirals who had been in charge of the pursuit. Writing several years later, Winston Churchill—who had been First Lord of the Admiralty—expressed the opinion that by forcing Turkey into the war, *Goeben* had brought "more slaughter, more misery, and more ruin than has ever before been borne within the compass of a ship."

## Prelude

Dispatched in 1912, the *Mittelmeerdivision* of the *Kaiserliche Marine* (Imperial Navy), comprising only the *Goeben* and *Breslau*, was under the command of *Konteradmiral* Wilhelm Souchon. In the event of war, the squadron's role was to intercept French transports bringing colonial troops from Algeria to France.

When war broke out between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on 28 July 1914, Souchon was at Pola in the Adriatic where *Goeben* was undergoing repairs to her boilers. Not wishing to be trapped in the Adriatic, Souchon rushed to finish as much work as possible, but then took his ships out into the Mediterranean before all repairs were completed. He reached Brindisi on 1 August, but Italian port authorities made excuses to avoid coaling the ship. This was because Italy, despite being a co-signatory to the Triple Alliance, had decided to remain neutral. *Goeben* was joined by *Breslau* at Taranto and the small squadron sailed for Messina where Souchon was able to obtain 2,000 short tons (1,800 t) of coal from German merchant ships.

Meanwhile, on 30 July Winston Churchill, then the First Lord of the Admiralty, had instructed the commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet, Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne, to cover the French transports taking the XIX Corps from North Africa across the Mediterranean to France. The Mediterranean British Fleet—based at Malta—comprised three fast, modern battlecruisers (HMS *Inflexible*, *Indefatigable*, and *Indomitable*), as well as four armoured cruisers, four light cruisers and a flotilla of 14 destroyers.

Milne's instructions were "to aid the French in the transportation of their African Army by covering, and if possible, bringing to action individual fast German ships, particularly *Goeben*, who may interfere in that action. You will be notified by telegraph when you may consult with the French Admiral. Do not at this stage be brought to action against superior forces, except in combination with the French, as part of a general battle. The speed of your squadrons is sufficient to enable you to choose your moment. We shall hope to reinforce the Mediterranean, and you must husband your forces at the outset." Churchill's orders did not explicitly state what he meant by "superior forces." He later claimed that he was referring to "the Austrian Fleet against whose battleships it was not desirable that our three battle-cruisers should be engaged without battleship support."

Milne assembled his force at Malta on 1 August. On 2 August, he received instructions to shadow *Goeben* with two battlecruisers while maintaining a watch on the Adriatic, ready for a sortie by the Austrians. *Indomitable*, *Indefatigable*, five cruisers and eight destroyers commanded by Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge were sent to cover the Adriatic. *Goeben* had already departed but was sighted that same day at Taranto by the British Consul, who informed London. Fearing the German ships might be trying to escape to the Atlantic, the Admiralty ordered that *Indomitable* and *Indefatigable* be sent west towards Gibraltar. Milne's other task of protecting French ships was complicated by the lack of any direct communications with the French navy, which had meanwhile postponed the sailing of the troop ships. The light cruiser HMS *Chatham* was sent to search the Straits of Messina for *Goeben*. However, by this time, on the morning of 3 August, Souchon had departed from Messina, heading west.

## First contact

Without specific orders, Souchon had decided to position his ships off the coast of Africa, ready to engage when hostilities commenced in order to attack French transport ships, which were headed toward Toulon. He planned to bombard the embarkation ports of Bône and Philippeville in French Algeria. *Goeben* was heading for Philippeville, while *Breslau* was detached to deal with Bône. At 18:00 on 3 August, while still sailing west, he received word that Germany had declared war on France. Then, early on 4 August, Souchon received orders from Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz reading: "Alliance with government of CUP concluded 3 August. Proceed at once to Constantinople." So close to his targets, Souchon ignored the order and pushed on, flying the Russian flag as he approached, in order to evade detection. He carried out a shore bombardment at dawn before breaking off and heading back to Messina for more coal.

Under a pre-war agreement with Britain, France was able to concentrate her entire fleet in the Mediterranean, leaving the Royal Navy to ensure the security of France's Atlantic coast. Three squadrons of the French fleet were covering the transports. However, assuming that *Goeben* would continue west to Gibraltar, the French commander, Admiral de Lapeyrère, sent the "Groupe A" of his fleet to the west in order to make contact, but Souchon was heading east and so was able to slip away.

At 09:30 on 4 August Souchon made contact with the two British battlecruisers, *Indomitable* and *Indefatigable*, which passed the German ships in the opposite direction. Neither force engaged as, unlike France, Britain had not yet declared war with Germany (the declaration would not be made until later that day, following the start of the German invasion of neutral Belgium). The British started shadowing *Goeben* and *Breslau* but were quickly outpaced by the Germans. Milne reported the contact and position, but neglected to inform the Admiralty that the German ships were heading east. Churchill therefore, still expecting them to threaten the French transports, authorised Milne to engage the German ships if they attacked. However, a meeting of the British Cabinet decided that hostilities could not start before a declaration of war, and at 14:00 Churchill was obliged to cancel his attack order.

## Pursuit

The rated speed of *Goeben* was 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph), but her damaged boilers meant she could only manage 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph), and this was only achieved by working men and machinery to the limit; four stokers were killed by scalding steam. Fortunately for Souchon, both British battlecruisers were also suffering from problems with their boilers and were unable to keep *Goeben*′s pace. The light cruiser HMS *Dublin* maintained contact, while *Indomitable* and *Indefatigable* fell behind. In fog and fading light, *Dublin* lost contact off Cape San Vito on the north coast of Sicily at 19:37. *Goeben* and *Breslau* returned to Messina the following morning, by which time Britain and Germany were at war.

The Admiralty ordered Milne to respect Italian neutrality and stay outside a 6-nautical-mile (11 km; 6.9 mi) limit from the Italian coast—which precluded entrance into the passage of the Straits of Messina. Consequently, Milne posted guards on the exits from the Straits. Still expecting Souchon to head for the transports and the Atlantic, he placed two battlecruisers—*Inflexible* and *Indefatigable*—to cover the northern exit (which gave access to the western Mediterranean), while the southern exit of the Straits was covered by a single light cruiser, HMS *Gloucester*. Milne sent *Indomitable* west to coal at Bizerte, instead of south to Malta.

For Souchon, Messina was no haven. The Italian authorities insisted that he depart within 24 hours and delayed supplying coal. Provisioning his ships required ripping up the decks of German merchant steamers in harbour and manually shovelling their coal into his bunkers. By the evening of 6 August, despite the help of 400 volunteers from the merchantmen, he had only taken on 1,500 short tons (1,400 t) which was insufficient to reach Constantinople. Further messages from Tirpitz made his predicament even more dire. He was informed that Austria would provide no naval aid in the Mediterranean and that the Ottoman Empire was still neutral and therefore he should no longer make for Constantinople. Faced with the alternative of seeking refuge at Pola, and probably remaining trapped for the rest of the war, Souchon chose to head for Constantinople anyway, his purpose being "to force the Ottoman Empire, even against their will, to spread the war to the Black Sea against their ancient enemy, Russia."

Milne was instructed on 5 August to continue watching the Adriatic for signs of the Austrian fleet and to prevent the German ships joining them. He chose to keep his battlecruisers in the west, dispatching *Dublin* to join Troubridge's cruiser squadron in the Adriatic, which he believed would be able to intercept *Goeben* and *Breslau*. Troubridge was instructed "not to get seriously engaged with superior forces," once again intended as a warning against engaging the Austrian fleet. When *Goeben* and *Breslau* emerged into the eastern Mediterranean on 6 August, they were met by *Gloucester*, which, being outgunned, began to shadow the German ships.

Troubridge's squadron consisted of the armoured cruisers HMS *Defence*, *Black Prince*, *Warrior*, *Duke of Edinburgh* and eight destroyers armed with torpedoes. The cruisers had 9.2 in (230 mm) guns versus the 11 in (280 mm) guns of *Goeben* and had armour a maximum of 6 in (15 cm) thick compared to the battlecruiser's 11 in (28 cm) armour belt. This meant that Troubridge's squadron was not only outranged and vulnerable to *Goeben*′s powerful guns, but it was unlikely that his cruiser's guns could seriously damage the German ship at all, even at short range. In addition, the British ships were several knots slower than *Goeben*, despite her damaged boilers, meaning that she could dictate the range of the battle if she spotted the British squadron in advance. Consequently, Troubridge considered his only chance was to locate and engage *Goeben* in favourable light, at dawn, with *Goeben* east of his ships, and ideally launch a torpedo attack with his destroyers; however, at least five of the destroyers did not have enough coal to keep up with the cruisers steaming at full speed. By 04:00 on 7 August, Troubridge realised he would not be able to intercept the German ships before daylight and after some deliberation he signalled Milne with his intentions to break off the chase, mindful of Churchill's ambiguous order to avoid engaging a "superior force." No reply was received until 10:00, by which time he had withdrawn to Zante to refuel.

## Escape

Milne ordered *Gloucester* to disengage, still expecting Souchon to turn west, but it was apparent to *Gloucester*′s captain that *Goeben* was fleeing. *Breslau* attempted to harass *Gloucester* into breaking off—Souchon had a collier waiting off the coast of Greece and needed to shake his pursuer before he could rendezvous. *Gloucester* finally engaged *Breslau*, hoping this would compel *Goeben* to drop back and protect the light cruiser. According to Souchon, *Breslau* was hit, but no damage was done. The action then broke off without further hits being scored. Finally, Milne ordered *Gloucester* to cease pursuit at Cape Matapan.

Shortly after midnight on 8 August Milne took his three battlecruisers and the light cruiser HMS *Weymouth* east. At 14:00 he received an incorrect signal from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria; war would not be declared until 12 August and the order was countermanded four hours later, but Milne chose to guard the Adriatic rather than seek *Goeben*. Finally, on 9 August, Milne was given clear orders to "chase *Goeben* which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north-east." Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles, and so he resolved to guard the exit from the Aegean, unaware that *Goeben* did not intend to come out.

Souchon had replenished his coal off the Aegean island of Donoussa on 9 August, and the German warships resumed their voyage to Constantinople. At 17:00 on 10 August, he reached the Dardanelles and awaited permission to pass through. Germany had for some time been courting the Committee of Union and Progress of the imperial government, and it now used its influence to pressure the Turkish Minister of War, Enver Pasha, into granting the ship's passage, an act that would outrage Russia, which relied on the Dardanelles as its main all-season shipping route. In addition, the Germans managed to persuade Enver to order any pursuing British ships to be fired on. By the time Souchon received permission to enter the straits, his lookouts could see smoke on the horizon from approaching British ships.

Turkey was still a neutral country bound by treaty to prevent German warships from passing the straits. To get around this difficulty it was agreed that the ships should become part of the Turkish navy. On 16 August, having reached Constantinople, *Goeben* and *Breslau* were transferred to the Turkish Navy in a small ceremony, becoming respectively *Yavuz Sultan Selim* and *Midilli*, though they retained their German crews with Souchon still in command. The initial reaction in Britain was one of satisfaction, that a threat had been removed from the Mediterranean. On 23 September, Souchon was appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman Navy.

## Consequences

In August, Germany—still expecting a swift victory—was content for the Ottoman Empire to remain neutral. The mere presence of a powerful warship like *Goeben* in the Sea of Marmara would be enough to occupy a British naval squadron guarding the Dardanelles. However, following German reverses at the First Battle of the Marne in September, and with Russian successes against Austria-Hungary, Germany began to regard the Ottoman Empire as a useful ally. Tensions began to escalate when the Ottoman Empire closed the Dardanelles to all shipping on 27 September, blocking Russia's exit from the Black Sea—that accounted for over 90 percent of Russia's import and export traffic.

Germany's gift of the two modern warships had an enormous positive impact on the Turkish population. At the outbreak of the war, Churchill had caused outrage when he "requisitioned" two almost completed Turkish battleships in British shipyards, *Sultan Osman I* and *Reshadieh*, which had been financed by public subscription at a cost of £6,000,000. Turkey was offered compensation of £1,000 per day for so long as the war might last, provided she remained neutral. (These ships were commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS *Agincourt* and HMS *Erin* respectively.) The Turks had been neutral, though the navy had been pro-British (having purchased 40 warships from British shipyards) while the army was in favour of Germany, so the two incidents helped resolve the deadlock and the Ottoman Empire would join the Central Powers.

### Ottoman engagement

Continued diplomacy from France and Russia attempted to keep the Ottoman Empire out of the war, but Germany was agitating for a commitment. In the aftermath of Souchon's daring dash to Constantinople, on 15 August 1914 the Ottomans canceled their maritime agreement with Britain and the Royal Navy mission under Admiral Limpus left by 15 September.

Finally, on 29 October, the point of no return was reached when Admiral Souchon took *Goeben*, *Breslau* and a squadron of Turkish warships and launched the Black Sea Raid against the Russian ports of Novorossiysk, Feodosia, Odessa, and Sevastopol. The ensuing political crises brought the Ottoman Empire into the war.

### Royal Navy

While the consequences of the Royal Navy's failure to intercept *Goeben* and *Breslau* had not been immediately apparent, the humiliation of the "defeat" resulted in Admirals de Lapeyrère, Milne and Troubridge being censured. Milne was recalled from the Mediterranean and did not hold another command until retirement at his own request in 1919, his planned assumption of the Nore command having been cancelled in 1916 due to "other exigencies." The Admiralty repeatedly stated that Milne had been exonerated of all blame. For his failure to engage *Goeben* with his cruisers, Troubridge was court-martialled in November on the charge that "he did forbear to chase His Imperial German Majesty's ship *Goeben*, being an enemy then flying." The charge was not proved on the grounds that he was under orders not to engage a "superior force." However, he was never given another sea-going command but did valuable service, co-operating with the Serbs on the Balkan and being given command of a force on the Danube in 1915 against the Austro-Hungarians. He eventually retired as a full Admiral.

### Long-term consequences

Although a relatively minor 'action' and perhaps not widely known historical event, the escape of *Goeben* to Constantinople and its eventual annexation to Turkey ultimately precipitated some of the most dramatic naval chases of the 20th century. It also assisted in helping to shape the eventual splitting up of the Ottoman Empire into the many states we know today.

General Ludendorff stated in his memoirs that he believed the entry of the Turks into the war allowed the outnumbered Central Powers to fight on for two years longer than they would have been able on their own, a view shared by historian Ian F.W. Beckett.

The war was extended to the Middle East with main fronts of Gallipoli, the Sinai and Palestine, Mesopotamia, and the Caucasus. The course of the war in the Balkans was also influenced by the entry of the Ottoman Empire on the side of the Central Powers. Had the war ended in 1916, some of the bloodiest engagements, such as the Battle of the Somme, would have been avoided. The United States might not have been drawn from the policy of isolation to intervene in a foreign war.

The Gallipoli campaign is considered to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness, an event which would not have taken place without the Ottoman entry into the war. The anniversary of the landings, 25 April, is known as Anzac Day, the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in the two countries, surpassing Remembrance Day (Armistice Day).

In allying with the Central Powers, Turkey shared their fate in ultimate defeat. This gave the allies the opportunity to carve up the collapsed Ottoman Empire to suit their political whims. Many new nations were created including Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Iraq.

## Bibliography

Barbara Tuchman \- As a very young child, the author of The Guns of August was on an Italian passenger ship that witnessed the Gloucester's action against Goeben and Breslau.

43°00′00″N 15°00′00″E / 43.0000°N 15.0000°E / 43.0000; 15.0000

## InfoBox

| Naval Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of World War I | |
| <br>*SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau bombarding Phillipeville on the French-Algerian coast* (W. Malchin, 1915) | |
| Date 4 – 10 August 1914  Location Mediterranean Sea  Result German victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United Kingdom <br>France | German Empire |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Berkeley Milne<br>Ernest Troubridge<br>A. B. de Lapeyrère | Wilhelm Souchon |
| Strength | |
| 3 battlecruisers<br>4 armoured cruisers<br>4 light cruisers<br>14 destroyers | 1 battlecruiser<br>1 light cruiser |
| Casualties and losses | |
| none | 4 sailors |


title: Irfan Sajjad

abstract: Irfan Sajjad is a Bangladeshi model and actor. His break came when he won the 2013 season of reality show Fair and Handsome – The Ultimate Man. Since then he has appeared in numerous TV programs and several films.

text:
# Irfan Sajjad

**Irfan Sajjad** (born 5 January 1989) is a Bangladeshi model and actor. His break came when he won the 2013 season of reality show *Fair and Handsome – The Ultimate Man*. Since then he has appeared in numerous TV programs and several films.

## Career

After winning reality show *Fair and Handsome – The Ultimate Man*, in 2013, Sajjad started his career as an actor in the last scene of telefilm *Bhalobashar Golpo* by Mabrur Rashid Bannah. He went on to act in many other telefilms and drama serials.

Sajjad made his big screen debut in director Alvi Ahmed's 2015 film *U-Turn*. His second film, released in 2016, was Mushfiqur Rahman Gulzar's low-budget *Mon Jane Na Moner Thikana*. He co-starred with Bidya Sinha Mim in Tania Ahmed's *Bhalobasha Emoni Hoy*, which was released on 27 January 2017.

## Works

### Television

* *Unmarried (2016)*
* *Bideshi Bou* (2016)
* *Amar Biye* (2017)
* *Shada Kagoje Shajano Onuvuti* (2017)
* *Betar Bhalobasha*
* *Bachelor Point* (2018)
* *Rider Love Story* (2022)
* *Mon Poray* (2022)
* *Tabiz Kora Premik* (2022)
* *Poriname Tumi* (2022)
* *Colony Lover* (2022)
* *Nayok* (2022)
* *Ami Bhalobashi Toke* (2022)
* *Biye Korlei Shob Thik* (2022)
* *Songhar* (2022)
* *Notun Thikanay* (2022)
* *Seasonal Chor* (2022)
* *Good Night* (2022)
* *Ghurni* (2022)
* *Ki Kore Toke Bolbo* (2022)
* *Mohila Sublet Abosshok* (2022)
* *Social Media Syndrome* (2022)
* *Bhangoner Por* (2022)
* *Being Woman* (2022)
* *Prem Korite Icchuk* (2022)
* *Daring Wife Fearing Husband* (2022)
* *One Way* (2022)
* *Takar Machine* (2022)
* *Love and War* (2022)
* *Nila Dekechilo* (2022)
* *Sokal Bikal Ratri* (2022)
* *Tomake* (2022)
* *Shesh Bikeler Meye* (2022)
* *Sweet Sixteen* (2022)
* *Tomar Kacha Kachi* (2022)
* *Rupkothar Pathsaala* (2022)
* *Ebar Pujoy* (2022)
* *Aghaat* (2022)
* *Bhoy Korona* (2022)
* *Charulotar Nikhoj Songbad* (2022)
* *Shesher Agey* (2022)
* *Ex Jokhon Husband* (2022)
* *Naamhin Shomprko* (2022)
* *English Rana* (2022)
* *Ekti Pore Live A Ashchi* (2022)
* *Only Bou Is Real* (2022)
* *Rocky Bhai* (2022)
* *Bharprapto Boyfriend* (2022)
* *Moner Moto* (2022)
* *Ghumhin Rater Golpo* (2022)

### Films

| Year | Title | Role | Director | Notes |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *U-Turn* |  | Alvi Ahmed | Debut film |  |
| 2016 | *Mon Jane Na Moner Thikana* |  | Mushfiqur Rahman Gulzar |  |  |
| 2017 | *Tumi Robe Nirobe* |  | Mahbuba Islam Sumi |  |  |
| 2017 | *Valobasha Emoni Hoy* | Sajjad | Tania Ahmed |  |  |
| 2018 | *Iti, Tomari Dhaka* |  | Nuhash Humayun |  |  |
|

### Web series

| Year | Title | Character | OTT | Director | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | *Eternal Gift* |  | Bioscope | Nazrul Islam Delgir |  |

### Short films

* *Commitment* (2020)
* *Ek Bhai Chompa* (2021)
* *Ki Ekta Obostha* (2021)
* *Proxy* (2021)
* *Jhilik* (2021)
* *Ar Theko Na Durey* (2022)
* *Oprokashito* (2022)

## InfoBox

| Irfan Sajjad | |
| --- | --- |
| ইরফান সাজ্জাদ | |
| Born | (1989-01-05) 5 January 1989<br>Chittagong, Bangladesh |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Education | Government Commerce College Chittagong |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, model |
| Years active | 2013–present |
| Spouse | Sharmin Sajjad |


title: Privacy protocol

abstract: Privacy protocols are guidelines intended to allow computation while still protecting the individuals involved. It can be developed from just two individuals trying to discover if they both know the same secret, without leaking information about the secret itself. In this case, after the protocol runs, both individuals will either know that they share the secret, or know that they do not share it; they will have gained no additional information about the other's secret.

text:
# Privacy protocol

**Privacy protocols** are guidelines intended to allow computation while still protecting the individuals involved. It can be developed from just two individuals trying to discover if they both know the same secret, without leaking information about the secret itself. In this case, after the protocol runs, both individuals will either know that they share the secret, or know that they do not share it; they will have gained no additional information about the other's secret.

## Examples of privacy protocols

For example, say the secret is a name of a person. One protocol is to use a random phone number, such as 555-111-2222, then replace the last n digits of the phone number with the secret such as 555-111-JOHN. Then the first person calls the number and leaves a message with the person on the other end for the second person. Next the second person calls the number of their secret and asks if there are any messages for him. One issue with this protocol is that the phone number created might not exist.

Another protocol without this issue is to designate an airline, destination and date, and have the first person make a reservation using the name of their secret, then the second person goes and cancels the reservation using the name of their secret. If the second person is not successful, then they don't share the secret.

A simple protocol that does not rely on a human third party involves password changing. This works anywhere one has to type in new passwords the same twice before the password is changed. The first individual will type their secret in the first box, and the second person will type their secret in the second box, if the password is successfully changed then the secret is shared. However the computer is still a third party and must be trusted not to have a key logger.

A more involved protocol that does not involve any reliance on a third party, human or machine, involves *n* cups, each with a label of the name of a person that could be the secret. Each individual will then place a slip of paper under each cup, one slip of paper will say 'yes' on it and will go under the cup with the name of the secret on it, all the other slips will say 'no'. Then the labels will be removed, the cups shuffled, then flipped over to reveal the slips of paper. If there is a cup with both slips of paper saying 'yes' on them then they share the secret.

There are many other protocols that involve two individuals.


title: Nouvelle AI

abstract: Nouvelle artificial intelligence (AI) is an approach to artificial intelligence pioneered in the 1980s by Rodney Brooks, who was then part of MIT artificial intelligence laboratory. Nouvelle AI differs from classical AI by aiming to produce robots with intelligence levels similar to insects. Researchers believe that intelligence can emerge organically from simple behaviors as these intelligences interacted with the "real world", instead of using the constructed worlds which symbolic AIs typically needed to have programmed into them.

text:
# Nouvelle AI

**Nouvelle artificial intelligence** (**AI**) is an approach to artificial intelligence pioneered in the 1980s by Rodney Brooks, who was then part of MIT artificial intelligence laboratory. Nouvelle AI differs from classical AI by aiming to produce robots with intelligence levels similar to insects. Researchers believe that intelligence can emerge organically from simple behaviors as these intelligences interacted with the "real world", instead of using the constructed worlds which symbolic AIs typically needed to have programmed into them.

## Motivation

The differences between nouvelle AI and symbolic AI are apparent in early robots Shakey and Freddy. These robots contained an internal model (or "representation") of their micro-worlds consisting of symbolic descriptions. As a result, this structure of symbols had to be renewed as the robot moved or the world changed.

Shakey's planning programs assessed the program structure and broke it down into the necessary steps to complete the desired action. This level of computation required a large amount time to process, so Shakey typically performed its tasks very slowly.

Symbolic AI researchers had long been plagued by the problem of updating, searching, and otherwise manipulating the symbolic worlds inside their AIs. A nouvelle system refers continuously to its sensors rather than to an internal model of the world. It processes the external world information it needs from the senses when it is required. As Brooks puts it, "the world is its own best model--always exactly up to date and complete in every detail."

A central idea of nouvelle AI is that simple behaviors combine to form more complex behaviors over time. For example, simple behaviors can include elements like "move forward" and "avoid obstacles." A robot using nouvelle AI with simple behaviors like collision avoidance and moving toward a moving object could possibly come together to produce a more complex behavior like chasing a moving object.

### The frame problem

The frame problem describes an issue with using first-order logic (FOL) to express facts about a robot in the world. Representing the state of a robot with traditional FOL requires the use of many axioms (symbolic language) to imply that things about an environment do not change arbitrarily.

Nouvelle AI seeks to sidestep the frame problem by dispensing with filling the AI or robot with volumes of symbolic language and instead letting more complex behaviors emerge by combining simpler behavioral elements.

### Embodiment

The goal of traditional AI was to build intelligences without bodies, which would only have been able to interact with the world via keyboard, screen, or printer. However, nouvelle AI attempts to build embodied intelligence situated in the real world. Brooks quotes approvingly from the brief sketches that Turing gave in 1948 and 1950 of the "situated" approach. Turing wrote of equipping a machine "with the best sense organs that money can buy" and teaching it "to understand and speak English" by a process that would "follow the normal teaching of a child." This approach was contrasted to the others where they focused on abstract activities such as playing chess.

## Brooks' robots

### Insectoid robots

Brooks focused on building robots that acted like simple insects while simultaneously working to remove some traditional AI characteristics. He created insect-like robots called Allen and Herbert.

Brooks's insectoid robots contained no internal models of the world. Herbert, for example, discarded a high volume of the information received from its sensors and never stored information for more than two seconds.

#### Allen

Allen, named after Allen Newell, had a ring of twelve ultrasonic sonars as its primary sensors and three independent behavior-producing modules. These modules were programmed to avoid both stationary and moving objects. With only this module activated, Allen stayed in the middle of a room until an object approached and then it ran away while avoiding obstacles in its way.

#### Herbert

Herbert, named after Herbert A. Simon, used infrared sensors to avoid obstacles and a laser system to collect 3D data over a distance of about 12 feet. Herbert also carried a number of simple sensors in its "hand." The robot's testing ground was the real world environment of the busy offices and workspaces of the MIT AI lab where it searched for empty soda cans and carried them away, a seemingly goal-oriented activity that emerged as a result of 15 simple behavior units combining. As a parallel, Simon noted that an ant's complicated path is due to the structure of its environment rather than the depth of its thought processes

#### Other insectoid robots

Other robots by Brooks' team were Genghis and Squirt. Genghis had six legs and was able to walk over rough terrain and follow a human. Squirt's behavior modules had it stay in dark corners until it heard a noise, then it would begin to follow the source of the noise.

Brooks agreed that the level of nouvelle AI had come near the complexity of a real insect, which raised a question about whether or not insect level-behavior was and is a reasonable goal for nouvelle AI.

### Humanoid robots

Brooks' own recent work has taken the opposite direction to that proposed by Von Neumann in the quotations "theorists who select the human nervous system as their model are unrealistically picking 'the most complicated object under the sun,' and that there is little advantage in selecting instead the ant, since any nervous system at all exhibits exceptional complexity."

#### Cog

In the 1990s, Brooks decided to pursue the goal of human-level intelligence and, with Lynn Andrea Stein, built a humanoid robot called Cog. Cog is a robot with an extensive collection of sensors, a face, and arms (among other features) that allow it to interact with the world and gather information and experience so as to assemble intelligence organically in the manner described above by Turing.

The team believed that Cog would be able to learn and able to find a correlation between the sensory information it received and its actions, and to learn common sense knowledge on its own. As of 2003, all development of the project had ceased.


title: Weserflug P.1003

abstract: The Weserflug P.1003, was a two-seat German aircraft designed in 1938 by Weserflug. The aim of the project was to construct a military tilt rotor aircraft with VTOL characteristics for use in World War II. At the beginning of 1938 plans for a tilt rotor aircraft were drawn up, and the project, named P.1003, was supported by the Air Ministry. The aircraft was a monoplane featuring a fairly conventional fuselage. The aircraft was built with high mounted wings that could be hinged halfway along, and with a propeller at each wing tip. A single Daimler-Benz DB 600 engine was mounted in the middle of the fuselage, and drive shafts connected the engine to the propellers, which were abnormally large with a diameter of 4 metres, where for a similar aircraft the propellers would have had a diameter of 2 metres. The initial plans included the aircraft being fitted with retractable landing gear. For takeoff, the entire outer part of the wing could be rotated 90 degrees so that the propellers pointed straight up, lifting the aircraft off the ground in a manner similar to that of a helicopter. Once in the air, the wing and the propeller would be rotated to a horizontal position, so the plane could go into horizontal flight. The aircraft was never constructed due to the complexity of the VTOL system.

text:
# Weserflug P.1003

The **Weserflug P.1003**, was a two-seat German aircraft designed in 1938 by Weserflug. The aim of the project was to construct a military tilt rotor aircraft with VTOL characteristics for use in World War II.

At the beginning of 1938 plans for a tilt rotor aircraft were drawn up, and the project, named P.1003, was supported by the Air Ministry. The aircraft was a monoplane featuring a fairly conventional fuselage. The aircraft was built with high mounted wings that could be hinged halfway along, and with a propeller at each wing tip. A single Daimler-Benz DB 600 engine was mounted in the middle of the fuselage, and drive shafts connected the engine to the propellers, which were abnormally large with a diameter of 4 metres, where for a similar aircraft the propellers would have had a diameter of 2 metres. The initial plans included the aircraft being fitted with retractable landing gear.

For takeoff, the entire outer part of the wing could be rotated 90 degrees so that the propellers pointed straight up, lifting the aircraft off the ground in a manner similar to that of a helicopter. Once in the air, the wing and the propeller would be rotated to a horizontal position, so the plane could go into horizontal flight.

The aircraft was never constructed due to the complexity of the VTOL system.

## InfoBox

| P.1003 | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | VTOL Tilt-rotor |
| National origin | Nazi Germany |
| Manufacturer | Weser Flugzeugbau |
| Status | Project only |
| Number built | 0 |


title: Pteris parkeri

abstract: Pteris parkeri, the silver ribbon fern, is a species of evergreen fern in the family Pteridaceae, native to Japan, Taiwan and Korea.

text:
# Pteris parkeri

***Pteris parkeri***, the **silver ribbon fern**, is a species of evergreen fern in the family Pteridaceae, native to Japan, Taiwan and Korea.

## InfoBox

| *Pteris parkeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Pteridaceae |
| Genus: | *Pteris* |
| Species: | ***P. parkeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pteris parkeri***<br>J.J.Parker | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pteris cretica subsp. nipponica* (Shieh) Jotani & Ohba * *Pteris cretica var. albolineata* auct., non Hooker * *Pteris nipponica* Shieh | |


title: Vungi

abstract: Vungi is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.

text:
# Vungi

**Vungi** is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.

## InfoBox

| Vungi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 57°38′19″N 27°02′24″E / 57.638611111111°N 27.04°E / 57.638611111111; 27.04 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Võru County |
| Parish | Rõuge Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Patrik Zackrisson

abstract: Patrik Zackrisson is a professional Swedish ice hockey centre. He is currently playing for Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

text:
# Patrik Zackrisson

**Patrik Zackrisson** (born March 27, 1987) is a professional Swedish ice hockey centre. He is currently playing for Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

## Playing career

Zackrisson spent his junior career with Frölunda HC before moving to play one season with Rögle BK in the HockeyAllsvenskan, and then signing with Linköpings HC, where he spent four seasons. Zackrisson was drafted 165th overall in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft by the San Jose Sharks.

Zackrisson scored his first goal in Elitserien on 27 September 2007 against Luleå HF. In the 2008 Swedish Championship finals against HV71 he was noted for three goals and one assist, his only points in the playoffs. In February 2009, Zackrisson signed a two-year contract with Linköping solidifying a place in the team until 2011. In 2011 Zackrisson signed a two-year contract with KHL club Atlant Moscow Oblast.

On August 20, 2013, Zackrisson signed for HC Lev Praha. After one season with Lev Praha, Zackrisson returned to Sweden and signed with Skellefteå AIK. In his two years at Skellefteå, the team reached the SHL finals twice, but did not clinch the title. In May 2016, he signed a deal with HC Lugano of the Swiss top-flight National League A (NLA).

In returning to the KHL for the 2017–18 season, Zackrisson made a quick transition to HC Sibir Novosibirsk, securing a top-line role in leading the club in scoring with 42 points in 56 games. He left as a free agent to sign a lucrative two-year contract with HC Dynamo Moscow on May 2, 2018.

After three seasons abroad, Zackrisson return home to Sweden, agreeing to a four-year contract with newly promoted Leksands IF of the SHL on 5 July 2019.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2002–03 | Skå IK | Div.1 | | 17 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 4 | | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| 2003–04 | Västra Frölunda HC | J18 Allsv | | 14 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 4 | | 7 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0 |
| 2003–04 | Västra Frölunda HC | J20 | | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | Frölunda HC | J18 Allsv | | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 29 | | 6 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 4 |
| 2004–05 | Frölunda HC | J20 | | 32 | 16 | 9 | 25 | 22 | | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| 2005–06 | Frölunda HC | J20 | | 39 | 26 | 19 | 45 | 34 | | 7 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 4 |
| 2005–06 | Frölunda HC | SEL | | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Rögle BK | Allsv | | 29 | 16 | 18 | 34 | 28 | | 9 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 4 |
| 2007–08 | Linköpings HC | SEL | | 55 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 35 | | 16 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 12 |
| 2008–09 | Linköpings HC | SEL | | 54 | 15 | 19 | 34 | 12 | | 7 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 2009–10 | Linköpings HC | SEL | | 45 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 20 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010–11 | Linköpings HC | SEL | | 55 | 16 | 15 | 30 | 8 | | 7 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 0 |
| 2011–12 | Atlant Moscow Oblast | KHL | | 54 | 8 | 14 | 22 | 36 | | 12 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 8 |
| 2012–13 | Linköpings HC | SEL | | 25 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 10 | | 10 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 |
| 2013–14 | HC Lev Praha | KHL | | 54 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 20 | | 22 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 4 |
| 2014–15 | Skellefteå AIK | SHL | | 52 | 10 | 25 | 35 | 20 | | 15 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 4 |
| 2015–16 | Skellefteå AIK | SHL | | 52 | 15 | 33 | 48 | 68 | | 16 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 6 |
| 2016–17 | HC Lugano | NLA | | 35 | 5 | 14 | 19 | 14 | | 9 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 8 |
| 2017–18 | Sibir Novosibirsk | KHL | | 56 | 13 | 29 | 42 | 18 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018–19 | Dynamo Moscow | KHL | | 38 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 6 | | 11 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 2 |
| 2019–20 | Leksands IF | SHL | | 51 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 45 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | Leksands IF | SHL | | 44 | 8 | 21 | 29 | 57 | | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 2021–22 | Leksands IF | SHL | | 42 | 11 | 25 | 36 | 8 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022–23 | Leksands IF | SHL | | 49 | 5 | 14 | 19 | 4 | | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| SHL totals | | | | 534 | 111 | 201 | 312 | 287 | | 80 | 18 | 29 | 47 | 32 |
| KHL totals | | | | 202 | 33 | 59 | 92 | 80 | | 45 | 9 | 18 | 27 | 14 |

| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Sweden | | |
| Ice hockey | | |
| World U18 Championship | | |
|  | 2005 Plzeň |  |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Sweden | WJC18 |  | | 7 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0 |
| 2007 | Sweden | WJC | 4th | | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 12 |
| 2018 | Sweden | OG | 5th | | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 14 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 12 |
| Senior totals | | | | | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |

## InfoBox

| Patrik Zackrisson | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1987-03-27) March 27, 1987
Ekerö, Sweden | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) | | |
| Weight | 187 lb (85 kg; 13 st 5 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shoots | Right | | |
| SHL team
Former teams | *Leksands IF*
Frölunda HC
Linköpings HC
Atlant Moscow Oblast
HC Lev Praha
Skellefteå AIK
HC Lugano
Sibir Novosibirsk
Dynamo Moscow | | |
| National team | Sweden | | |
| NHL draft | 165th overall, 2007
San Jose Sharks | | |
| Playing career | 2005present | | |


title: Pursuit of Happiness (film)

abstract: Pursuit of Happiness is a 2001 American romantic comedy film written by John Zaring, directed by John Putch and starring Frank Whaley, Annabeth Gish and Amy Jo Johnson.

text:
# Pursuit of Happiness (film)

***Pursuit of Happiness*** is a 2001 American romantic comedy film written by John Zaring, directed by John Putch and starring Frank Whaley, Annabeth Gish and Amy Jo Johnson.

## Plot

## Cast

## Reception

Robert Koehler of *Variety* gave the film a negative review, describing it as "weak and banal."

Kevin Crust of the *Los Angeles Times* also gave the film a negative review and wrote, "Unfortunately, the film also shares that most common of mainstream flaws, a malnourished script."

Doug Brunell of *Film Threat* gave the film a positive review and wrote, "This is the real deal, and it is perfect for people tired of the clichés and Hollywood-perfect endings."

## InfoBox

| Pursuit of Happiness | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | John Putch |
| Screenplay by | John Zaring |
| Produced by | Alex Hyde-White
John Zaring |
| Starring | Frank Whaley
Annabeth Gish
Amy Jo Johnson |
| Cinematography | Ross Berryman |
| Edited by | Vanick Moradian |
| Music by | Alexander Baker
Clair Marlo |
| Production
company | Martindale Group |
| Distributed by | Showcase Entertainment |
| Release date | * 2001 (2001) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Nei District, Toyama

abstract: Nei was a district located in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 61,601 with a density of 159.56 persons per km⁲. The total area is 386.06 km⁲.

text:
# Nei District, Toyama

**Nei** (婦負郡, *Nei-gun*) was a district located in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 61,601 with a density of 159.56 persons per km2. The total area is 386.06 km2.

## Municipalities

Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of two towns and two villages:

## History

### District Timeline

### Recent mergers

1. "総務省｜令和2年版 地方財政白書｜資料編 〔附属資料〕 昭和60年度以降の市町村合併の実績" \[Record of Municipal Mergers Since Showa 60\]. *総務省* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-02-28.


title: Psyche (album)

abstract: Psyche is the debut studio album released by British recording duo PJ & Duncan, now better known as Ant & Dec. Recording on the album began in 1993, following the release of a track the duo performed during their time on Byker Grove, "Rip it Up". The song was then re-worked into their debut single, "Tonight I'm Free", which was released in December 1993 on Telstar Records. The album includes the duo's best known track, "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble", which topped the UK Singles Chart almost two decades after its initial release. The track would however go on to top the singles chart in 2013, nearly nineteen years after its release, after an impromptu performance of it by the duo on their show Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway. The singles "Why Me" and "If I Give You My Number" were also released prior to the album, which was made available on 4 November 1994. Seven singles were released from the album over the course of eighteen months. The album peaked at no. 5 on the UK Albums Chart, and was certified Platinum in the UK by the BPI. The album was reissued in Singapore in 1995, under the title Eternal Love, containing bonus remixes of "Eternal Love" itself and "Our Radio Rocks". The album was also reissued in Japan in 1995, under the title Our Radio Rocks, with the additional of remixes of "Our Radio Rocks" itself, "If I Give You My Number" and "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble". Aside from a heavy number of remixes, alternate versions, and continuations of the spoken-word eulogy "The PJ and Duncan Show", three new songs were issued as B-sides: "Style with a Smile", "So Many Questions" and "I'm a Loser", which were all written by album composers Nicky Graham, Deni Lew and Mike Olton.

text:
# Psyche (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Smash Hits* | 2/5 |

***Psyche*** is the debut studio album released by British recording duo PJ & Duncan, now better known as Ant & Dec. Recording on the album began in 1993, following the release of a track the duo performed during their time on Byker Grove, "Rip it Up". The song was then re-worked into their debut single, "Tonight I'm Free", which was released in December 1993 on Telstar Records. The album includes the duo's best known track, "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble", which topped the UK Singles Chart almost two decades after its initial release.

The track would however go on to top the singles chart in 2013, nearly nineteen years after its release, after an impromptu performance of it by the duo on their show *Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway*.

The singles "Why Me" and "If I Give You My Number" were also released prior to the album, which was made available on 4 November 1994. Seven singles were released from the album over the course of eighteen months.

The album peaked at no. 5 on the UK Albums Chart, and was certified Platinum in the UK by the BPI. The album was reissued in Singapore in 1995, under the title *Eternal Love*, containing bonus remixes of "Eternal Love" itself and "Our Radio Rocks". The album was also reissued in Japan in 1995, under the title *Our Radio Rocks*, with the additional of remixes of "Our Radio Rocks" itself, "If I Give You My Number" and "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble". Aside from a heavy number of remixes, alternate versions, and continuations of the spoken-word eulogy "The PJ and Duncan Show", three new songs were issued as B-sides: "Style with a Smile", "So Many Questions" and "I'm a Loser", which were all written by album composers Nicky Graham, Deni Lew and Mike Olton.

## Track listing

* All songs except "Tonight I'm Free" composed and produced by Nicky Graham, Deni Lew and Mike Olton
* "Tonight I'm Free" written by Richie Wermerling and produced by Nicky Graham

*Psyche*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble" | 4:00 |
| 2. | "One Look" | 4:03 |
| 3. | "Why Me?" | 3:33 |
| 4. | "She Scores a Perfect Ten" | 4:12 |
| 5. | "Tonight I'm Free 94" (featuring Lily Gonzales and the cast of Byker Grove) | 3:48 |
| 6. | "Eternal Love" | 3:58 |
| 7. | "If I Give You My Number" | 3:16 |
| 8. | "Talk About It" | 3:48 |
| 9. | "Girlfriend" | 4:11 |
| 10. | "Our Radio Rocks" | 4:04 |
| 11. | "I Want You" | 4:29 |
| 12. | "Free as a Bird" | 4:24 |
| 13. | "The PJ & Duncan Show: Psyche!" (Hidden track) | 4:03 |

*Our Radio Rocks*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Our Radio Rocks" ('95 Radio Remix) | 4:01 |
| 2. | "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble" | 4:00 |
| 3. | "One Look" | 4:03 |
| 4. | "Why Me?" | 3:33 |
| 5. | "She Scores a Perfect Ten" | 4:12 |
| 6. | "Tonight I'm Free" ('94 Remix) (featuring Lily Gonzales and the cast of Byker Grove) | 3:48 |
| 7. | "Eternal Love" | 3:58 |
| 8. | "If I Give You My Number" | 3:16 |
| 9. | "Talk About It" | 3:48 |
| 10. | "Girlfriend" | 4:11 |
| 11. | "Our Radio Rocks" | 4:04 |
| 12. | "I Want You" | 4:29 |
| 13. | "Free as a Bird" | 4:24 |
| 14. | "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble" (Housey Housey Mix) | 8:16 |
| 15. | "If I Give You My Number" (Toon Army House Mix) | 4:18 |
| 16. | "Our Radio Rocks" (Super Mix) | 5:17 |

*Eternal Love*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Eternal Love" (100% Pure Love Remix) | 3:58 |
| 2. | "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble" | 4:00 |
| 3. | "One Look" | 4:03 |
| 4. | "Why Me?" | 3:33 |
| 5. | "She Scores a Perfect Ten" | 4:12 |
| 6. | "Tonight I'm Free" ('94 Remix) (featuring Lily Gonzales and the cast of Byker Grove) | 3:48 |
| 7. | "Eternal Love" | 3:58 |
| 8. | "If I Give You My Number" | 3:16 |
| 9. | "Talk About It" | 3:48 |
| 10. | "Girlfriend" | 4:11 |
| 11. | "Our Radio Rocks" | 4:04 |
| 12. | "I Want You" | 4:29 |
| 13. | "Free as a Bird" | 4:24 |
| 14. | "Eternal Love" (Slow Groove Dance Mix) | 3:58 |
| 15. | "Our Radio Rocks" ('95 Radio Remix) | 4:04 |

## Charts

| Chart (1994) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| European Albums Chart | 26 |
| German Albums Chart | 90 |
| Japanese Albums Chart | 54 |
| Scottish Albums Chart | 8 |
| UK Albums Chart | 5 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 300,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI)
*Video certification* | Gold | 25,000* |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Psyche | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by PJ & Duncan | |
| Released | 4 November 1994
20 September 1995 (Japan) |
| Recorded | 1993–94 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 43:02 |
| Label | Telstar Records |
| Producer |  |
| PJ & Duncan chronology | |
| ***Psyche***
(1994) *Top Katz*
(1995) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Psyche* | |
| 1. "Tonight I'm Free"
Released: 6 December 1993 2. "Why Me?"
Released: 11 April 1994 3. "Let's Get Ready to Rhumble"
Released: 11 July 1994 4. "If I Give You My Number"
Released: 26 September 1994 5. "Eternal Love"
Released: 21 November 1994 6. "Our Radio Rocks"
Released: 13 February 1995 | |
|  | |


abstract: "She Still Comes Around" is a song written by Glenn Sutton and performed by Jerry Lee Lewis. It was released in September 1968 as the lead single from the album, She Still Comes Around. The song peaked at number 2 on both the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.

text:
# She Still Comes Around (To Love What's Left of Me)

"**She Still Comes Around (To Love What's Left of Me)**" is a song written by Glenn Sutton and performed by Jerry Lee Lewis. It was released in September 1968 as the lead single from the album, *She Still Comes Around*. The song peaked at number 2 on both the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles chart and the Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1968) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles | 2 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 2 |

## InfoBox

| "She Still Comes Around (To Love What's Left of Me)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Jerry Lee Lewis | |
| from the album  *She Still Comes Around* | |
| B-side | "Slipping Around" |
| Released | September 1968 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:26 |
| Label | Smash |
| Songwriter(s) | Glenn Sutton |
| Producer(s) | Jerry Kennedy |
| Jerry Lee Lewis singles chronology | |
| "What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)"
(1968) "**She Still Comes Around (To Love What's Left of Me)**"
(1968) "To Make Love Sweeter for You"
(1969) | |


title: Privacy in English law

abstract:
Privacy in English law is a rapidly developing area of English law that considers situations where individuals have a legal right to informational privacy - the protection of personal or private information from misuse or unauthorized disclosure. Privacy law is distinct from those laws such as trespass or assault that are designed to protect physical privacy. Such laws are generally considered as part of criminal law or the law of tort. Historically, English common law has recognized no general right or tort of privacy, and offered only limited protection through the doctrine of breach of confidence and a "piecemeal" collection of related legislation on topics like harassment and data protection.
The introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporated into English law the European Convention on Human Rights. Article 8.1 of the ECHR provided an explicit right to respect for a private life. The Convention also requires the judiciary to "have regard" to the Convention in developing the common law.

text:
# Privacy in English law

**Privacy in English law** is a rapidly developing area of English law that considers situations where individuals have a legal right to informational privacy \- the protection of personal or private information from misuse or unauthorized disclosure. Privacy law is distinct from those laws such as trespass or assault that are designed to protect physical privacy. Such laws are generally considered as part of criminal law or the law of tort. Historically, English common law has recognized no general right or tort of privacy, and offered only limited protection through the doctrine of breach of confidence and a "piecemeal" collection of related legislation on topics like harassment and data protection. The introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporated into English law the European Convention on Human Rights. Article 8.1 of the ECHR provided an explicit right to respect for a private life. The Convention also requires the judiciary to "have regard" to the Convention in developing the common law.

## Definition

The earliest definition of privacy in English law was given by Thomas M. Cooley who defined privacy as "the right to be left alone". In 1972 the Younger Committee, an inquiry into privacy stated that the term could not be defined satisfactorily. Again in 1990 the Calcutt Committee concluded that: "nowhere have we found a wholly satisfactory statutory definition of privacy".

## Common law

There is currently a right to privacy in common law. This point was reaffirmed when the House of Lords ruled in *Campbell v MGN* (a case involving a supermodel who claimed that she had not taken drugs). It has also been stated that the European Convention on Human Rights does not require the development of an independent tort of privacy. In the absence of a common law right to privacy in English law torts such as the equitable doctrine breach of confidence, torts linked to the intentional infliction of harm to the person and public law torts relating to the use of police powers have been used to fill a gap in the law. The judiciary has developed the law in an incremental fashion and have resisted the opportunity to create a new tort.

## Expansion of privacy laws

British Radio Jockey Sara Cox's case against *The People* newspaper in 2003 was one of the first celebrity privacy cases. The media referred to the case as a "watershed". The disc jockey sued after the newspaper printed nude photographs of her taken while on her honeymoon. However the case was settled out of court and so did not establish a precedent. The decision was seen as discrediting the Press Complaints Commission

The expansion of the doctrine of breach of confidence under the Human Rights Act began with the Douglas v Hello! decision in 2005. Section 6 of the Human Rights Act requires English courts to give effect to the rights in the Convention when developing the common law. There is no need to show a pre-existing relationship of confidence where private information is involved and the courts have recognised that the publication of private material represents a detriment in itself. The Human Rights act has horizontal effect in disputes between private individuals meaning that the Human Rights Act is just as applicable as if one party had been a public body. Breach of confidence now extends to private information (regardless of whether it is confidential) so as to give effect to Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Before this breach of confidence afforded "umbrella protection" to both personal and non-personal information.

## ECHR challenge

Following Max Mosley's successful action in 2008 against the *News of the World* newspaper for publishing details of his private life, he announced that he would challenge English law's implementation of the Article 8 right to privacy guaranteed when the Human Rights Act implemented the European Convention on Human Rights into English law. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) was asked to rule on the issue of "prior notification". This would require journalists to approach the subject of any investigation and inform them of the details of any allegations made about them, therefore allowing an injunction to be claimed. The ECHR ruled that domestic law was not in conflict with the convention.

## Debate

The increasing protections afforded to the private lives of individuals has sparked debate as to whether English law gives enough weight to freedom of the press and whether intervention by Parliament would be beneficial. The editor of the satirical magazine *Private Eye* Ian Hislop has argued against the development of English privacy law. He told BBC's *Panorama*: "You don't have to prove it \[an allegation\] isn't true, you just have to prove that it's private by your definition. And in some of the cases the definition of privacy is pretty weak." However, Liberal Democrat politician Mark Oaten has stated that the press were right to expose details of his private life:

"I concluded that however awful it may be, it's better to have a press which can expose MPs' private lives because it means we have a free press… it means we can expose corruption." Max Mosley has argued for the further advancement of the law whereas the editor of the *Daily Mail* newspaper Paul Dacre has accused Mr Justice Eady, the judge in the Mosley case, of bringing in a privacy law by the back door.

## Key cases

### European rulings

## Further reading

* J. Morgan, “Privacy, Confidence and Horizontal Effect: “Hello” Trouble” (2003) 62 (2) *Cambridge Law Journal* 444
* H. Fenwick and G. Phillipson, “Confidence and Privacy: A Re-Examination” \[1996\] *Cambridge Law Journal* 447.
* H. Fenwick and G. Phillipson, “Breach of Confidence as a Privacy Remedy in the Human Rights Act Era” (2000) 63 *Modern Law Review* 660.
* R. Singh and J. Strachan, “Privacy Postponed” \[2003\] *European Human Rights Law Review* Special Issue: Privacy 12-25.

## Notes and references


title: Notion (EP)

abstract: Notion is the second extended play by Australian singer-songwriter Tash Sultana, released on 23 September 2016, through their own record label, Lonely Lands Records. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2017, Notion was nominated for three ARIA Music Awards; Best Independent Release, Breakthrough Artists and Best Blues and Roots Album.

text:
# Notion (EP)

***Notion*** is the second extended play by Australian singer-songwriter Tash Sultana, released on 23 September 2016, through their own record label, Lonely Lands Records (distributed by Sony Music Australia in Australia, and Mom + Pop elsewhere).

At the ARIA Music Awards of 2017, *Notion* was nominated for three ARIA Music Awards; Best Independent Release, Breakthrough Artists and Best Blues and Roots Album.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Tash Sultana

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Synergy" | 4:19 |
| 2. | "Gemini" | 4:09 |
| 3. | "Notion" | 5:41 |
| 4. | "Jungle" | 5:16 |
| 5. | "Big Smoke, Pt.1" (live) | 11:13 |
| 6. | "Big Smoke, Pt.2" (live) | 9:38 |

## Charts

| Chart (2016–17) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 8 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) | 114 |
| Chart (2021) | Peak
position |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 64 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

Album formats and release dates
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Catalogue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | 23 September 2016 |  | Lonely Lands | LLRTS000001 |
| | LP | | LLRTS000003 |
| Various | 2007 | * Digital download * streaming * CD | Mom + Pop | MP280 |

## InfoBox

| Notion | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Tash Sultana | |
| Released | 23 September 2016 (2016-09-23) |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Tash Sultana |
| Tash Sultana chronology | |
| *Yin Yang*
(2013) ***Notion***
(2016) *Flow State*
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Notion* | |
| 1. "Gemini"
Released: 14 April 2016 2. "Notion"
Released: 17 June 2016 3. "Jungle"
Released: 6 September 2016 | |
|  | |


title: Western Courage (1935 film)

abstract: Western Courage is a 1935 American Western film directed by Spencer Gordon Bennet and starring Ken Maynard, Geneva Mitchell and Charles K. French.

text:
# Western Courage (1935 film)

***Western Courage*** is a 1935 American Western film directed by Spencer Gordon Bennet and starring Ken Maynard, Geneva Mitchell and Charles K. French.

## Plot

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Pitts, Michael R. *Western Movies: A Guide to 5,105 Feature Films*. McFarland, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Western Courage | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Spencer Gordon Bennet |
| Written by | Nate Gatzert
Charles F. Royal |
| Produced by | Larry Darmour |
| Starring | Ken Maynard
Geneva Mitchell
Charles K. French |
| Cinematography | Herbert Kirkpatrick |
| Edited by | Dwight Caldwell |
| Music by | Lee Zahler |
| Production
company | Larry Darmour Productions |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * October 29, 1935 (1935-10-29) |
| Running time | 61 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |