title: Happiness Not Included

abstract: *Happiness Not Included is the fifth studio album by British synth-pop duo Soft Cell, released on 6 May 2022 through BMG Rights Management. It is their first studio album in 20 years, following Cruelty Without Beauty (2002). It was preceded by the release of the single "Bruises on All My Illusions" in 2021 as well as "Purple Zone" in 2022, the latter a collaboration with fellow British synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys. In 2023 two companion albums were released to accompany the album. 'Happiness now completed' features additional tracks and remixes recorded during the album sessions & 'Happiness now extended' features extended versions of all the original album tracks.

text:
# Happiness Not Included

****Happiness Not Included*** is the fifth studio album by British synth-pop duo Soft Cell, released on 6 May 2022 through BMG Rights Management. It is their first studio album in 20 years, following *Cruelty Without Beauty* (2002). It was preceded by the release of the single "Bruises on All My Illusions" in 2021 as well as "Purple Zone" in 2022, the latter a collaboration with fellow British synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys.

In 2023 two companion albums were released to accompany the album. 'Happiness now completed' features additional tracks and remixes recorded during the album sessions & 'Happiness now extended' features extended versions of all the original album tracks.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 78/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *The Independent* |  |
| *The Line of Best Fit* | 7/10 |
| *Mojo* |  |
| *musicOMH* |  |
| *The Telegraph* |  |
| *Uncut* | 8/10 |

On review aggregator Metacritic, **Happiness Not Included* received a score of 78 out of 100 based on nine reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reception. Dave Simpson of *The Guardian* called it a "wryly hopeful record" with "some trademark electro bangers". Writing for *The Line of Best Fit*, Chris Todd summarised the "flavour" of the album as "one of world weariness peppered with salacious reflections of tales of past". Roisin O'Connor of *The Independent* remarked on the downbeat nature of the lyrics, writing that while Soft Cell "were hardly upbeat to begin with, \[...\] this is downright miserable" although acknowledging that they "have good reason to be" and concluding that "it's not all hopeless – at least the music is good".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Marc Almond and David Ball except where noted.

*\*Happiness Not Included* CD track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Happy Happy Happy" | 4:46 |
| 2. | "Polaroid" | 4:41 |
| 3. | "Bruises on All My Illusions" | 4:45 |
| 4. | "Purple Zone" (with Pet Shop Boys) | 3:11 |
| 5. | "Heart Like Chernobyl" | 3:24 |
| 6. | "Light Sleepers" | 4:41 |
| 7. | "\*Happiness Not Included" | 4:55 |
| 8. | "Nostalgia Machine" | 4:34 |
| 9. | "Nighthawks" | 5:14 |
| 10. | "I'm Not a Friend of God" | 4:34 |
| 11. | "Tranquiliser" | 3:50 |
| 12. | "New Eden" | 6:29 |
| Total length: | | 55:04 |

## Charts

Chart performance for **Happiness Not Included*
| Chart (2022) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 51 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 175 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 55 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 12 |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 5 |
| Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) | 37 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 86 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 7 |
| UK Dance Albums (OCC) | 1 |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 2 |

## InfoBox

| \*Happiness Not Included | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Soft Cell | |
| Released | 6 May 2022 (2022-05-06) |
| Recorded | January 2020 – March 2021 |
| Studio | Dean Street, London |
| Genre | Synth-pop |
| Length | 55:04 |
| Label | BMG |
| Producer |  |
| Soft Cell chronology | |
| *The Bedsit Tapes*
(2005) ***\*Happiness Not Included***
(2022) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *\*Happiness Not Included* | |
| 1. "Bruises on All My Illusions"
Released: 17 November 2021 2. "Purple Zone"
Released: 22 March 2022 3. "Nostalgia Machine"
Released: November 2022 4. "Light Sleepers"
Released: December 2022 | |
|  | |


title: Robert Chrząszcz

abstract: Robert Józef Chrząszcz is a Polish Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków.

text:
# Robert Chrząszcz

| Styles of
**Robert Józef Chrząszcz** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style |  |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Bishop |

**Robert Józef Chrząszcz** is a Polish Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków.

## Vocation

A native from Southern Poland, he entered the Higher Theological Seminary of the Archdiocese of Krakow in 1988, and was ordained a deacon in 1993. After his priestly ordination, held at the Wawel Cathedral in 1994, he began his work as a parish priest. His missionary work in Brazil began in 2005, as a *fidei donum* priest in Rio de Janeiro. His tenure at the head of Santa Luzia Parish (2006-2019) was marked by the construction of its new church, a large temple dedicated in 2011. In 2019, he was chosen to succeed his fellow countryman, Zdzisław Stanisław Błaszczyk, as the head of São Pedro do Mar Parish, following the later's appointment as Auxiliary Bishop of Rio de Janeiro. Besides his function as a parish priest, he acted also as Episcopal vicar of Jacarepaguá vicariate and coordinator of the archdiocesan Commission for Altar Servers and Acolytes.

## Bishop

On 11 October 2020, Father Józef Chrząszcz was appointed Titular Bishop of Forconium and Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków. The same day, the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil issued a statement of welcome to the new bishop, praising his missionary work in Rio de Janeiro.

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Robert Chrząszcz | |
| --- | --- |
| Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków
Titular Bishop of Forconium | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Kraków |
| Appointed | 11 November 2020 |
| Previous post(s) | Episcopal vicar of Jacarepaguá, Parish priest of Santa Luzia (Rio de Janeiro) and Parish priest of São Pedro do Mar (Rio de Janeiro) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 14 May 1994
by Franciszek Macharski |
| Consecration | 6 February 2021
by Marek Jędraszewski |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert Józef Chrząszcz
(1969-10-07) 7 October 1969
Wadowice, Wadowice County, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Alma mater | Pontifical Academy of Theology in Kraków |
| Motto | "Christo portas aperite" |
| Coat of arms |  |


abstract: Hans-Ulrich Klose was a German politician. A member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, he served in the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1985 to 2005. He died in Korschenbroich on 7 February 2022, at the age of 86.

text:
# Hans-Ulrich Klose (politician, born 1935)

**Hans-Ulrich Klose** (29 March 1935 – 7 February 2022) was a German politician. A member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, he served in the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1985 to 2005. He died in Korschenbroich on 7 February 2022, at the age of 86.

## InfoBox

| Hans-Ulrich Klose | |
| --- | --- |
| Klose in 1994 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia | |
| **In office**
30 May 1985  8 June 2005 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1935-03-29)29 March 1935
Rüdersdorf, Brandenburg, Prussia, Germany |
| Died | 7 February 2022(2022-02-07) (aged 86)
Korschenbroich, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany |
| Political party | CDU |
|  | |


title: Hans-Ulrich Thomale

abstract: Hans-Ulrich Thomale is a German football manager and former player.

text:
# Hans-Ulrich Thomale

**Hans-Ulrich Thomale** (born 6 December 1944) is a German football manager and former player.

## Career

Thomale played as a defensive midfielder and defender for 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and BSG Stahl Riesa in the DDR-Oberliga.

Thomale has been the manager and sporting director for former club 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. He also managed Chinese Jia-B League club Chengdu Wuniu in 1998.

## InfoBox

Hans-Ulrich Thomale
| Thomale in 1987 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1944-12-06) 6 December 1944 | | |
| Place of birth | Sörnewitz, Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | BSG Motor Sörnewitz |  |  |
|  | BSG Aufbau Meißen |  |  |
|  | FSV Lokomotive Dresden |  |  |
|  | Stahl Riesa |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1981–1985 | Wismut Aue | | |
| 1985–1990 | Lokomotive Leipzig | | |
| 1990–1992 | Hessen Kassel | | |
| 1992 | FC Homburg | | |
| 1993–1996 | Grazer AK | | |
| 1996–1997 | KFC Uerdingen | | |
| 1998 | Chengdu Wuniu | | |
| 1998–1999 | VfB Leipzig | | |
| 1999–2000 | VFC Plauen | | |
| 2000–2001 | Rot-Weiß Erfurt | | |
| 2004 | Hessen Kassel | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Robert Gilmor Jr.

abstract: Robert Gilmor Jr. (1774–1848) was an American merchant, shipowner, East-India importer and art collector from Baltimore. He was regarded as "one [of] the most significant art collectors and patrons in the United States before 1850." His collection included art, antiquities, rare books, autographs, coins, stamps, rocks, and minerals. His collection included 14th century Old Masters and 17th century Dutch and Flemish works. He was a son of Revolutionary War leader, Robert Gilmor, Sr. (1748-1822). He married Sarah Reeve Ladson in 1807; his second wife was a daughter of South Carolina lieutenant-governor James Ladson and Judith Smith. Portraits by Thomas Sully of both Gilmor and his wife are owned by the Gibbes Museum of Art. Gilmor and Sarah Ladson had no biological children, but they raised her niece Isabel Ann Baron and "treated her as a daughter," and later supported the business endeavours of her husband John McPherson Brien. Isabel Ann Baron's daughter Isabel Ann Brien was married to Major William Henry Ladson, the son of James H. Ladson, Sarah Ladson's brother.

text:
# Robert Gilmor Jr.

**Robert Gilmor Jr.** (1774–1848) was an American merchant, shipowner, East-India importer and art collector from Baltimore. He was regarded as "one \[of\] the most significant art collectors and patrons in the United States before 1850." His collection included art, antiquities, rare books, autographs, coins, stamps, rocks, and minerals. His collection included 14th century Old Masters and 17th century Dutch and Flemish works.

He was a son of Revolutionary War leader, Robert Gilmor, Sr. (1748-1822). He married Sarah Reeve Ladson in 1807; his second wife was a daughter of South Carolina lieutenant-governor James Ladson and Judith Smith. Portraits by Thomas Sully of both Gilmor and his wife are owned by the Gibbes Museum of Art.

Gilmor and Sarah Ladson had no biological children, but they raised her niece Isabel Ann Baron and "treated her as a daughter," and later supported the business endeavours of her husband John McPherson Brien. Isabel Ann Baron's daughter Isabel Ann Brien was married to Major William Henry Ladson, the son of James H. Ladson, Sarah Ladson's brother.


title: Hans Ernst Pinsker

abstract: Hans Pinsker (1909–1987) was an Austrian linguist. He was Professor and Chair at the Department of English at the University of Vienna. Pinsker is perhaps best known for his introduction to English historical grammar, which appeared in multiple editions. He is also noted as an accomplished member of the Vienna School of English Linguistics ("Anglistik") and held the "Luick Chair" before Herbert Koziol and Herbert Schendl. Pinsker worked on Indo-European in addition to English historical linguistics. Pinsker received a festschrift for his 70th birthday and other dedications for his 65th. After his death, the Hans-Pinsker-Fund, administered by the "Luick" Chair, was instituted to support student research in English Historical Linguistics.

text:
# Hans Ernst Pinsker

**Hans Pinsker** (1909–1987) was an Austrian linguist.

He was Professor and Chair at the Department of English at the University of Vienna. Pinsker is perhaps best known for his introduction to English historical grammar (written in German), which appeared in multiple editions (e.g. 2nd, rev. ed. 1963. 3rd ed. 1974 edition). He is also noted as an accomplished member of the Vienna School of English Linguistics ("Anglistik") and held the "Luick Chair" before Herbert Koziol and Herbert Schendl. Pinsker worked on Indo-European in addition to English historical linguistics.

Pinsker received a festschrift for his 70th birthday and other dedications for his 65th. After his death, the Hans-Pinsker-Fund, administered by the "Luick" Chair, was instituted to support student research in English Historical Linguistics.

## Notable students

Notable students of Pinsker include:

* Peter Krämer, a German linguist
* Nikolaus Ritt, an English historical linguist
* Herbert Schendl, an English historical linguist

## Publications

* Pinsker, Hans. 1974. *Historische Englische Grammatik: Elemente der Laut-, Formen- und Wortbildungslehre*. 3rd ed. Munich: Hueber.

## InfoBox

| Hans Pinsker | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1909 |
| Died | 1987 |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Occupation | Linguist |
|  | |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Vienna |
| Notable students | Nikolaus Ritt Herbert Schendl<br>Barbara Seidlhofer |
| Notable works | *Historische Englische Grammatik: Elemente der Laut-, Formen- und Wortbildungslehre* (in German) |
|  | |


title: Road racing

abstract: Road racing is a North American term to describe motorsport racing held on a paved road surface. The races can be held either on a closed circuit or on a street circuit utilizing temporarily closed public roads. The objective is to complete a predetermined number of circuit laps in the least amount of time, or to accumulate the most circuit laps within a predetermined time period. Originally, road races were held almost entirely on public roads. However, public safety concerns eventually led to most races being held on purpose-built racing circuits. Road racing's origins were centered in Western Europe and Great Britain as motor vehicles became more common in the early 20th century. After the Second World War, automobile road races were organized into a series called the Formula One world championship sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), while motorcycle road races were organized into the Grand Prix motorcycle racing series and sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). The success and popularity of road racing has seen the sport spread across the globe with Grand Prix road races having been held on six continents. Other variations of road racing include; open-wheel racing, sports car racing, touring car racing, stock car racing, superbike racing, truck racing, kart racing and endurance racing.

text:
# Road racing

**Road racing** is a North American term to describe motorsport racing held on a paved road surface. The races can be held either on a closed circuit or on a street circuit utilizing temporarily closed public roads. The objective is to complete a predetermined number of circuit laps in the least amount of time, or to accumulate the most circuit laps within a predetermined time period. Originally, road races were held almost entirely on public roads. However, public safety concerns eventually led to most races being held on purpose-built racing circuits.

Road racing's origins were centered in Western Europe and Great Britain as motor vehicles became more common in the early 20th century. After the Second World War, automobile road races were organized into a series called the Formula One world championship sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), while motorcycle road races were organized into the Grand Prix motorcycle racing series and sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). The success and popularity of road racing has seen the sport spread across the globe with Grand Prix road races having been held on six continents. Other variations of road racing include; open-wheel racing, sports car racing, touring car racing, stock car racing, superbike racing, truck racing, kart racing and endurance racing.

## History of road racing

### Early road racing

The first organized automobile race was held on July 22, 1894, from Paris to Rouen, France. The first held in the United States was a 54-mile competition from Chicago to Evanston, Illinois and return, held on November 27, 1895. By 1905, the Gordon Bennett Cup, organized by the Automobile Club de France, was considered the most important race in the world. In 1904, the *Association Internationale des Automobiles Clubs Reconnus* was formed by several European automobile clubs. In 1904 the FIM created the international cup for motorcycles. The first international motorcycle road race took place in 1905 at Dourdan, France.

After disagreeing with Bennett Cup organizers over regulations limiting the number of entrants, the French automobile manufacturers responded in 1906 by organizing the first French Grand Prix race held at Le Mans. During the 1910s, the Elgin National Road Races held on public roads around Elgin, Illinois attracted competitors from around the country and drew large crowds of spectators. The first 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race was held in 1923. The Automobile Racing Club of America was founded in 1933 and became the Sports Car Club of America in 1944.

### Race course evolution

The great majority of road races were run over a lengthy circuit of closed public roads, not purpose-built racing circuits. This was true of the Le Mans circuit of the 1906 French Grand Prix, as well as the Targa Florio (run on 93 miles (150 km) of Sicilian roads), the 75 miles (121 km) German Kaiserpreis circuit in the Taunus mountains, the 48 miles (77 km) French circuit at Dieppe, used for the 1907 Grand Prix and, the Isle of Man TT motorcycle road circuit first used in 1907. The exceptions were the steeply banked egg-shaped near oval circuit of Brooklands in England, completed in 1906, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, and the oval, banked speedways constructed in Europe at Monza in 1922 and at Montlhéry in 1924.

Road racing on public roads was banned in Great Britain in 1925 when a spectator was injured at the Kop Hill Climb event. The Royal Automobile Club (R.A.C.) and the Auto-Cycle Union (A.C.U.) stopped issuing permits for races on public roads, a policy that has not changed to this day. Donington Park was the first permanent park circuit in the United Kingdom and held its first motorcycle race in 1931. As automobile and motorcycle technology improved, racers began to achieve higher speeds that caused an increasing number of accidents on roads not designed for motorized vehicles. Public safety concerns ultimately caused the number of road racing events on public roads in Europe to decrease over the years. Notable exceptions are the Mille Miglia which was allowed to continue until 1957 and, the Pau Grand Prix which has been held on the city streets of Pau, France since 1933.

After the First World War, automobile and motorcycle road racing competitions in Europe and in North America went in different directions. Automobile and motorcycle racing in the United States was typically oval track racing on paved tracks such as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the Milwaukee Mile track, or on dirt tracks using widely available horse racing circuits. Automobile dirt track racing would develop into stock car racing. American racing also branched out into drag racing.

Road racing traditions in Europe, South America, Great Britain and the British Commonwealth nations grew around races held on paved, public roads such as the Circuit de la Sarthe circuit near the town of Le Mans, France, the Spa-Francorchamps Circuit in Belgium and the Mount Panorama Circuit in Australia. Certain European race circuits were situated in mountainous regions where the topography meant that the roads featured numerous curves and elevation changes, allowing the creation of sinuous and undulating race courses such as the Nürburgring in the Eifel mountains of Germany and the Circuit de Charade in the Chaîne des Puys in the Massif Central of France. These circuits presented such a challenge that they were both feared and respected by racers. The 20.8 km (12.9 mi) long Nurburgring with more than 300 metres (1,000 feet) of elevation change from its lowest to highest points, was nicknamed "The Green Hell" by Jackie Stewart, due to its challenging nature. The sinuous track layout of the Charade circuit caused some drivers like Jochen Rindt in the 1969 French Grand Prix to complain of motion sickness, and wear open face helmets just in case.

### Post-war era

In 1949 the FIM introduced the Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championship with the 1949 Isle of Man TT being the inaugural event. With the exception of the Monza circuit, all the Grand Prix races were held on street circuits. The Association Internationale des Automobiles Clubs Reconnus was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile in 1946 and, plans were developed for a road racing world championship. In 1950, the FIA created the Formula One world championship, a competition of seven rounds that included the Indianapolis 500. A Formula I manufacturers' championship was begun in 1955.

The success of American racers such as Phil Hill and Dan Gurney in Formula One in the late 1950s sparked to a renewal of interest in road racing in the United States and, led to the construction of new road racing circuits such as Riverside International Raceway, Road America and Laguna Seca. The 1964 United States motorcycle Grand Prix was held at the Daytona International Speedway and led to increased international prominence for the Daytona 200 road race which peaked in 1974 with the victory by 15-time world champion Giacomo Agostini.

### Racing hazards and safety

The dangers associated with the increasing speeds at road races were highlighted by the 1955 Le Mans disaster. With spectators seated near the edges of the circuit, two race cars came into contact causing one of the vehicles to crash into the embankment, where it exploded in a ball of flames and then plowed through the crowd of spectators. In addition to the driver of the race car, 83 spectators were killed and 120 were injured. Auto racing was temporarily banned in several countries after the Le Mans disaster until safety was improved for spectators. Switzerland would not allow circuit racing until the Zürich ePrix in 2018.

The Formula One championship experienced its worst tragedy during the 1961 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, when driver Wolfgang von Trips lost control of his Ferrari and crashed into a stand full of spectators, killing 15 and himself. In 1970, Jochen Rindt won the Formula One drivers' championship posthumously, the only man to do so, underlining the continuing risks associated with road racing. The tragedies highlighted the need for improved safety standards for both drivers and spectators; safety would continue to be an issue throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

When motorcycle racer Gilberto Parlotti was killed while competing in the 1972 Isle of Man TT, it sparked a rider's boycott of the event led by multi-time world champion, Giacomo Agostini, a close friend of Parlotti. Once the most prestigious race of the year, the event was increasingly boycotted by the top riders, and in 1976, the Isle of Man TT finally succumbed to pressure for increased safety in racing events and had its world championship status revoked by the FIM.

Another motorcycle racing incident occurred at Monza during the 1973 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix when a racing accident claimed the lives of world champion Jarno Saarinen and Renzo Pasolini. After the von Trips accident in 1961, the Monza Circuit had been lined with steel barriers as a result of demands by automobile racers. Most auto racers believed steel barriers would improve safety for auto racers and spectators, but they had the opposite effect for motorcyclists and proved fatal for Saarinen and Pasolini.

The dangers of street circuits was further exposed at the 1975 Spanish Grand Prix held on the twisty, tree-lined Montjuich circuit in Barcelona. The racing drivers found that the circuit's safety barriers had been shoddily installed and threatened to strike if the barriers were not brought up to standard. Under pressure from race organizers, the race was started only to be stopped after 29 laps when the car of Rolf Stommelen plowed into the crowd, killing four spectators.

### Safety improvements

By the late 1970s, the popularity of Grand Prix road racing attracted corporate sponsors and lucrative television contracts which, led to an increased level of professionalism. Road racers organized to demand that stricter safety regulations be adopted by sanctioning bodies in relation to race track safety and race organizers requirements. Race circuits that had originally been public roads were widened and modified to include chicanes and run-off areas while, some circuits were shortened to reduce the number of safety personnel required. These changes saw a dramatic decrease in deaths and accidents.

### Modern road racing on public roads

By the 1980s, motorcycle Grand Prix and the Formula One races were held on purpose built race circuits with the exception of the Monaco Grand Prix held on the city streets of Monaco. Street circuits such as the Montjuïc circuit and the Opatija Circuit with their numerous unmovable roadside obstacles, such as trees, stone walls, lampposts and buildings, were gradually removed from world championship competition.

Although events held on closed public roads such as the Isle of Man TT, lost their world championship status due to their considerable safety risk, their popularity continued to flourish leading to a branch of road racing known as Traditional Road Racing. Traditional road racing on closed public roads is popular in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and parts of Europe. The Duke Road Racing Rankings was established in 2002 to establish rider classifications in traditional road racing events such as the North West 200 and the Ulster Grand Prix.

In Formula One, street circuits have made a comeback with the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and the Baku City Circuit joining the Circuit de Monaco as part of the world championship. There are no street circuits being used in MotoGP racing.. In North America, racing on public streets takes place at the Grand Prix of Long Beach, the Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, the Detroit Grand Prix, and the Honda Indy Toronto.

## Road racing proliferation

The popularity of Formula One and motorcycle Grand Prix racing led to the formation of road racing world championships for other types of vehicles. In 1953, the FIA sanctioned a world championship for sports car racing which combined the Le Mans 24 Hours, the Mille Miglia, the 12 Hours of Sebring, the 24 Hours of Spa and the 1000km of the Nurburgring. NASCAR held its first road race in 1957 at the Watkins Glen International circuit with Buddy Baker as the winner. The FIA launched the European Touring Car Championship in 1963.

The FIA created the International Karting Commission (CIK) in 1962 and, in 1964, the first CIK Karting World Championship was won by Guido Sala. Karting has become a significant step in the development of road racers including Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton. The European Truck Racing Championship was founded in 1985. A Superbike World Championship for road-going production motorcycles was created in 1988.

As road racing grew in popularity it eventually expanded across the globe with Grand Prix road races having been held on six continents. Expansion of the Formula One and MotoGP series has resulted in many dedicated tracks being built, like in Qatar in the Middle East, Sepang in Malaysia, and Shanghai in China.


title: Robakowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Robakowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kórnik, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kórnik and 14 km (9 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Robakowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Robakowo** \[rɔbaˈkɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kórnik, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kórnik and 14 km (9 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Robakowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Saint Joseph of Tradesman church in Robakowo | |
| Robakowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°19′N 17°4′E / 52.317°N 17.067°E / 52.317; 17.067 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Poznań |
| Gmina | Kórnik |
| Elevation | 80 m (260 ft) |
| Population | 860 |


title: Robert H. Gray

abstract: Robert Hansen Gray was an American data analyst, author, and astronomer, and author of The Elusive Wow: Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.

text:
# Robert H. Gray

**Robert Hansen Gray** (March 7, 1948 - December 6, 2021) was an American data analyst, author, and astronomer, and author of *The Elusive Wow: Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence*.

## Education

Gray attended Shimer College, a Great Books school then located in Mount Carroll, Illinois, where he received a bachelor's degree in 1970. He went on to obtain a master's in urban planning and policy analysis from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1980.

## Career

### Data analysis

In 1984, Gray founded the company Gray Data in Chicago, which provided data analysis research services and published reference cards for microcomputer software. He continued to work as a data analyst through his company Gray Consulting.

### Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)

Gray is best known for his work as an independent SETI researcher. *The Atlantic* called Gray "the 'Wow!' signal's most devoted seeker and chronicler, having traveled to the very ends of the earth in search of it."

The Wow! signal was detected by the Ohio State University Radio Observatory (also known as Big Ear) on August 15, 1977. The signal was so pronounced in the data, and so similar to a radio signal rather than a natural source, that SETI scientist Jerry R. Ehman circled it on the computer printout in red ink and wrote "Wow!" next to it. After hearing about the Wow! signal a few years after its detection, Gray contacted the Ohio team, visited Big Ear, and spoke with Ehman, Robert S. Dixon (director of the SETI project) and John D. Kraus (the telescope's designer).

In 1980, Gray began scanning the skies from his backyard in Chicago, using a 12-foot commercial telecommunications dish. He operated his small SETI radio observatory regularly beginning in 1983 and for the next 15 years, but did not find a trace of the Wow! signal. In 1987 and 1989 he led searches for the signal using the Harvard/Smithsonian META radio telescope at the Oak Ridge Observatory in Harvard, Massachusetts. In September 1995 and again in May 1996, Gray and Kevin B. Marvel reported searches for the signal using the Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope in New Mexico (which is an array of 27 dishes simulating a single dish with a diameter of up to 22 miles), becoming the first amateur astronomer to use the VLA, and the first individual to use it to search for extraterrestrial signals. The VLA was, until the end of the twentieth century, the most powerful radio telescope ever built. In 1998, he and University of Tasmania professor Simon Ellingsen conducted searches using the 26-meter dish at the Mount Pleasant Radio Observatory in Hobart, Tasmania. Gray and Ellingsen made six 14-hour observations where the Big Ear was pointing when it found the Wow! signal, searching for intermittent and possibly periodic signals, rather than a constant signal. No signals resembling the Wow! were detected.

### Writing

Gray and Marvel published a 2001 paper in *The Astrophysical Journal* detailing his use of the VLA in search of the signal. Gray and Ellingsen published "A Search for Periodic Emissions at the Wow Locale" in the October 2002 issue of *The Astrophysical Journal*, reporting on searches for the Wow! signal. In 2011, Gray published the book *The Elusive Wow: Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence*, summarizing what is known about the Wow! signal, covering his own search for the signal, and offering an overview of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

In 2016, Gray published an article in *Scientific American* about the Fermi paradox, which claims that if extraterrestrials existed, we would see signs of them on Earth, because they would certainly colonize the galaxy by interstellar travel. Gray argued that the Fermi paradox, named after Nobel Prize-winning physicist Enrico Fermi, does not accurately represent Fermi's views. Gray stated that Fermi questioned the feasibility of interstellar travel, but did not say definitively whether or not he thought extraterrestrials exist.

## Personal life

Gray lived in Chicago, Illinois, with his wife, photographer Sharon A. Hoogstraten. He died on December 6, 2021, from complications from lung cancer in Chicago.

## Bibliography

### Books

* Robert H. Gray, *The Elusive Wow: Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence* (Palmer Square Press, 2012)

### Articles

## InfoBox

| Robert Hansen Gray | |
| --- | --- |
| Gray in 2012. | |
| Born | March 7, 1948
Fort Sill, Oklahoma |
| Died | December 6, 2021(2021-12-06) (aged 73)
Chicago, Illinois |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Shimer College
University of Illinois at Chicago |
| Occupation(s) | Data analyst, writer, astronomer |
| Years active | 1982-2021 |
| Spouse | Sharon A. Hoogstraten |


title: Hapalopeza

abstract: Hapalopeza is an Asian genus of praying mantis in the family Gonypetidae. Two species, previously placed here, are now in the genus Spilomantis.

text:
# Hapalopeza

***Hapalopeza*** is an Asian genus of praying mantis in the family Gonypetidae. Two species, previously placed here, are now in the genus *Spilomantis*.

## Species

The *Mantodea Species File* lists:

1. Stal C (1877) *Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl.* 4(10): 23.
2. Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2011). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
3. Mantodea Species File (Version 5.0/5.0: retrieved 13 July 2020)

## InfoBox

| *Hapalopeza* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Hapalopeza* sp., Malaysia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mantodea |
| Family: | Gonypetidae |
| Subfamily: | Iridopteryginae |
| Genus: | *Hapalopeza*<br>Stal, 1877 |
|


title: Hapalomys gracilis

abstract: Hapalomys gracilis is a fossil rodent from the genus Hapalomys found in Longgupo in South China. The species designation gracilis is Latin for 'thin'. Only a first subchase of this species is known. This molar is smaller than that of all other types of Hapalomys. The molar also has smaller labial nodules than all species except H. angustidens and differs from all species except H. angustidens in the absence of the posterolabial cingulum.

text:
# Hapalomys gracilis

***Hapalomys gracilis*** is a fossil rodent from the genus *Hapalomys* found in Longgupo in South China. The species designation *gracilis* is Latin for 'thin'. Only a first subchase of this species is known. This molar is smaller than that of all other types of *Hapalomys*. The molar also has smaller labial nodules than all species except *H. angustidens* and differs from all species except *H. angustidens* in the absence of the posterolabial cingulum.

## InfoBox

| *Hapalomys gracilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Muridae |
| Genus: | *Hapalomys* |
| Species: | ***H. gracilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hapalomys gracilis***<br>Zheng, 1993 | |
|


title: Hard Enough Getting Over You

abstract: "Hard Enough Getting Over You" is a song written by Michael Bolton and Doug James. It was first recorded by Cher for her 1987 self-titled album. In 1993, Laura Branigan released a cover of the song, retitled "It's Been Hard Enough Getting Over You", as the second single from her final studio album, Over My Heart. Branigan promoted the release with several television appearances including an interview on Good Day L.A., where she also performed the song live. However, despite this, the song, along with the other two singles and the album itself, was largely overlooked by critics and the general public.

text:
# Hard Enough Getting Over You

**"Hard Enough Getting Over You"** is a song written by Michael Bolton and Doug James. It was first recorded by Cher for her 1987 self-titled album. In 1993, Laura Branigan released a cover of the song, retitled "It's Been Hard Enough Getting Over You", as the second single from her final studio album, *Over My Heart*. Branigan promoted the release with several television appearances including an interview on *Good Day L.A.*, where she also performed the song live. However, despite this, the song, along with the other two singles and the album itself, was largely overlooked by critics and the general public.

## Critical reception

Larry Flick from *Billboard* wrote, "Branigan easily musters the drama required to make this Michael Bolton composition work. In fact, her roof-raising soprano shoulders against the song' parameters, soaring to a satisfying climax. It is little wonder that AC programmers are frothing over this one. Strong enough to bring the singer back onto mainstream top 40 playlists."

## Track listing

| CD single No. Title Length  1. "It's Been Hard Enough Getting Over You" 3:41  2. "Didn't We Almost Win It All" 5:09 |
| --- |

## InfoBox

| "It's Been Hard Enough Getting Over You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Laura Branigan | |
| from the album  *Over My Heart* | |
| B-side | "Didn't We Almost Win It All" |
| Released | 1993 |
| Recorded | 1993 |
| Genre | Pop rock |
| Length | 3:41 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Phil Ramone |
| Laura Branigan singles chronology | |
| "Didn't We Almost Win It All"
(1993) "**It's Been Hard Enough Getting Over You**"
(1993) "How Can I Help You to Say Goodbye"
(1993) | |


title: Hard Eight (novel)

abstract: Hard Eight is the eighth novel by Janet Evanovich featuring the bounty hunter Stephanie Plum. It was written in 2002. Hard Eight revolves around a child custody bond, rather than a criminal bail bond, and marks the departure of the series from Stephanie chasing bad guys to Stephanie being stalked by bad guys. The ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth volumes likewise revolve around Stephanie having a stalker.

text:
# Hard Eight (novel)

***Hard Eight*** is the eighth novel by Janet Evanovich featuring the bounty hunter Stephanie Plum. It was written in 2002.

*Hard Eight* revolves around a child custody bond, rather than a criminal bail bond, and marks the (sometimes repeated) departure of the series from Stephanie chasing bad guys to Stephanie being stalked by bad guys. The ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth volumes likewise revolve around Stephanie having a stalker.

## Plot

Stephanie is asked by her parents' next-door neighbor, Mabel Markowitz, to find her granddaughter, Evelyn and great-granddaughter, Annie, who have disappeared. During a messy divorce with her ex-husband, Steven Soter, Evelyn was forced to post a child custody bond, and Mabel used her house as collateral. If Evelyn is not found, then the bond company will foreclose on her house, and the money will be forfeited to Steven. Mabel asks for Stephanie's help, since as a bounty hunter she is the closest thing Mabel knows to a detective. Stephanie is unable to refuse, even though she is not a private investigator.

After interviewing Evelyn's bondsman, Les Sebring, and Steven Soter, Stephanie is baffled; Steven was domineering and abusive, and Evelyn had no friends or other family members she might go to in an emergency, and no one has any idea where she might have gone. Steven seems to be less concerned about Annie's well-being than he is eager to get his hands on the bond money.

While snooping through Evelyn's apartment, Stephanie encounters her landlord, a local crime boss named Eddie Abruzzi. He warns Stephanie that if she knows where Evelyn is, she should tell him, or else he will "declare war" and she will be "the enemy." Stephanie's mentor, Ranger Manoso, explains to her that Abruzzi is an avid wargamer, and tends to frame everything in quasi-military terms.

At the Plum home, a new crisis arises when Stephanie's "perfect" sister, Valerie, gets fired from her job at the bank. Stephanie's mother turns to her in desperation, and Stephanie improvises, setting Valerie up with Albert Kloughn, Evelyn's hapless divorce lawyer. Kloughn's practice has been slow in taking off, so he soon becomes attached to Stephanie, following her and Lula around in trying to apprehend fugitives and investigate Evelyn's whereabouts.

As she is trying to track down Evelyn, Stephanie is unnerved to realize that she is being stalked. First, someone leaves a bag of wild snakes attached to her apartment door, then a large tarantula on the seat of her car. Worse, men dressed in animal costumes are following her around. An attack by one of the men destroys Stephanie's car, then a second. When the men try to kidnap her, her mother sees them and impulsively runs over one with her car.

Finally, Stephanie comes home one night and finds Steven Soter on her living room couch, shot through the head. The police investigate, and when she asks Joe Morelli how the body got into her apartment without any of her neighbors noticing, she is horrified by his answer: Soter's body was sawed in half at the waist, and the pieces were carried in with two large bags, then taped back together.

Stephanie realizes that Abruzzi is "conducting psychological warfare" against her, believing that she knows where Evelyn is. Ranger asks around and finds out that Abruzzi is searching obsessively for his most prized possession: a medal that once belonged to Napoleon. Abruzzi, besides being a wargamer, is an avid collector of military memorabilia, and believes the medal is a lucky talisman. Ranger admits he doesn't know why Abruzzi would think Evelyn has the medal, but obviously he does.

Then Ranger informs her that he is collecting on her "debt" to him, and, since Stephanie is on a "break" from her relationship with Morelli, she consents to have sex with Ranger.

With Soter's death, the child custody bond is no longer necessary, and Mabel is relieved to be told that her house is safe, but Evelyn does not resurface. Stephanie eventually tracks her to the airport, before she is about to leave for Miami with Annie. Evelyn explains that Steven was in debt to Abruzzi, and was scared of him, but Abruzzi considered Steven a member of his "command", and so invited Steven and all of his "troops" with small children to Abruzzi's daughter's birthday party. While she was there, Annie wandered into Abruzzi's office and palmed the medal, thinking it was a party favor.

Now that Evelyn is finally free of Steven, she has arranged to sell the medal to a collector in Miami for enough money to start a new life. She knew Abruzzi was threatening Mabel, but she couldn't come out of hiding or go to the police, knowing that *"the law moves too slowly for a guy like Abruzzi."* Stephanie, seeing how scared and desperate Evelyn is, lets her and Annie go.

When Stephanie returns to her apartment, Abruzzi's men appear in a van, holding Valerie at gunpoint, telling Stephanie to come with them or they'll kill her sister. Stephanie complies, and Valerie is released. Stephanie is brought to Abruzzi at a safe house, and he begins torturing her - searing her arm with a hot poker - for Evelyn's exact location in Miami, which she doesn't know. Before he can do more, Valerie, who has followed them, jumps into the van and drives it through the wall of the house, allowing both her and Stephanie to escape.

Running home, Stephanie calls both Morelli and Ranger. After listening to her story, Ranger excuses himself, and a short time later, Abruzzi is found dead in his car, with a note saying that he has killed himself over some recent business failures. Stephanie is unnerved to know that Ranger has killed Abruzzi to keep her and Evelyn safe, but she and Morelli silently agree not to pursue it any further.

### Car deaths

1. Honda CR-V - Fire bombed by a rabbit-costumed man
2. Honda CR-V - Doused with lighter fluid and lit up with a match
3. Ranger's truck - Set on fire when a package was thrown in the bed

### FTAs

* Andy Bender
* Martin Paulson
* Laura Minello

## Notable events

* The novel introduces Albert Kloughn, a struggling attorney and later Stephanie's brother-in-law.
* Stephanie, on a "break" from her relationship with Joe Morelli, has sex with Ranger.

* Evanovich, Janet (2002). *Hard Eight*.

## InfoBox

Hard Eight
| First cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Janet Evanovich |
| Language | English |
| Series | Stephanie Plum |
| Genre | Crime novel |
| Publisher | St. Martin's Press |
| Publication date | June 18, 2002 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover, Paperback) |
| Pages | pp |
| ISBN | 0-312-26585-9 |
| OCLC | 49406167 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 21 |
| LC Class | PS3555.V2126 H37 2002b |
| Preceded by | *Seven Up* |
| Followed by | *Visions of Sugar Plums,<br>To the Nines* |


title: Hard Electric Tour

abstract: Hard Electric Tour is a first-of-its-kind annual international winter music festival in India. The tour is the brainchild of John Maram, the founder of Re-Invent Clock. The 2009 tour would see bands from the US and UK along with renowned Indian bands. The tour would consist of all genres of music and would last for a week starting December 12 and ending December 19. The idea of the tour is to attract and entertain the youth while at the same time educating and bringing awareness about drug abuse and HIV/AIDS campaign.

text:
# Hard Electric Tour

**Hard Electric Tour** is a first-of-its-kind annual international winter music festival in India. The tour is the brainchild of John Maram, the founder of Re-Invent Clock.

The 2009 tour would see bands from the US and UK along with renowned Indian bands. The tour would consist of all genres of music and would last for a week starting December 12 and ending December 19. The idea of the tour is to attract and entertain the youth while at the same time educating and bringing awareness about drug abuse and HIV/AIDS campaign.

## Tour Venues

1. Delhi
2. Bangalore
3. Dimapur
4. Shillong

## Lineups

* Shadows Chasing Ghosts
* Rampazze
* Pot FM
* Barefaced Liars
* Recycle
* Blakc
* Divine Connection

## InfoBox

| Hard Electric Tour | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | rock music |
| Dates | December 12 to December 19 |
| Location(s) | Delhi, Bangalore, Dimapur, Shillong |
| Founders | John Maram and Paul Hongkung |
| Website | Official Site |


title: Robert J. Hoffmeister

abstract: Robert J. Hoffmeister is associate professor emeritus and former director of the Center for the Study of Communication & Deafness at Boston University. He is most known for his book, Journey into the Deaf World. He is also known for supporting the American deaf community and deaf education.

text:
# Robert J. Hoffmeister

**Robert J. Hoffmeister** is associate professor emeritus and former director of the Center for the Study of Communication & Deafness at Boston University. He is most known for his book, *Journey into the Deaf World*. He is also known for supporting the American deaf community and deaf education.

## Biography

Hoffmeister grew up at the residential American School for the Deaf in West Hartford, Connecticut. His parents were both teachers at the school and were both deaf. Hoffmeister attended the University of Connecticut, graduating in 1970 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology and Language. He received his master's degree in Deaf Education from the University of Arizona in the following year and his doctorate in psychology, and Language and the Deaf in 1978 from the University of Minnesota.

In 1980 at Boston University he created the first university major and specialization in Deaf Studies. He was a director of Programs in Deaf Studies until 2008. From 1979 to 2008, he was also director for the Graduate Program for Education of the Deaf and ASL/ Deaf Studies.

He is an associate professor emeritus and the former director of the Center for the Study of Communication and Deafness at Boston University. According to Boston University he has done studies in the following areas:"the acquisition of American Sign Language (ASL) by Deaf children; Deaf people as a bilingual/bicultural minority group; problems in the education of the Deaf; the effects of implementing public laws on Deaf children; and the improvement of interactions between Hearing parents and their Deaf children" His most well known written work is the book *Journey Into the Deaf-World,* which he coauthored with Harlan Lane and Ben Bahan.

He is currently director emeritus of the Center for Research and Training, a department of The Learning Center for Deaf in Framingham, Massachusetts.

## Publications

His most well known book, *A Journey into the Deaf World,* is written by two scholars, one of whom is deaf and one hearing, and Hoffmeister himself, who is a child of a deaf adult. Applying modern social theories, Hoffmeister and his coauthors offer insights into the deaf world, the community that it is made up of, and the benefits brought to the community by the language it uses (American Sign Language). The book also refers to the topics of education of deaf children, how deaf people assimilated into wider society, the natural development of ASL, the pros and cons of technology for deaf individuals, what can be learned from deaf societies in other countries, and what the deaf world holds in the future. This book is very popular for those who want to learn about the deaf world.

Another notable written work that Hoffmeister is known for is the chapter that he contributed in the book called *Manual Communication Implications for Education*, where he explains the ups and downs of the use of ASL in the education of deaf children, as well as the structure of ASL: its phonological and morphological components, classifiers and sentence level structure. Lastly, the chapter explains bilingual and bicultural programs in deaf education.

In the book *Cross-Cultural Misinformation: What Does Special Education Say About Deaf People* Hoffmeister shows how society views deafness. This book explains the information presented in special education text books to determine how issues surrounding deaf persons are presented. He evaluates thirteen special education text books to analyze whether it presents a pathological view or cultural view on deaf children. The majority of the text books focused on the idea that deaf people need to be cured, rather than focusing on the fact that deaf people have their own language and culture. From Hoffmeister's viewpoint, there is no input in these textbooks from the deaf community, and in some cases there is active avoidance to include the viewpoints of deaf people.

Hoffmeister co-wrote the article *Language and Theory of Mind: A Study of Deaf Children* with Brenda Schick, Peter De Villers and Jill De Villers. The article summarized their study on Theory of mind (ToM) abilities in deaf children. 176 deaf children of varying ages participated in the study, with some as old as eight years of age and some as young as three. The children either used American Sign Language (ASL) or oral English, and some had hearing parents, while others had deaf parents. The study concluded that "there was a significant delay on ToM tasks in deaf children of hearing parents, who typically demonstrate language delays, regardless of whether they used spoken English or ASL. In contrast, deaf children from deaf families performed identically to same-aged hearing controls (N=42)." Moreover, both understanding of syntactic and vocabulary were predictors of verbal and low-verbal ToM tasks success.

In the book *Language Acquisition by Eye* Hoffmeister explains how deaf children learn literacy skills, including reading skills as well as literacy skills in American Sign Language (ASL), which have only recently been identified. According to Hoffmeister, language and literacy skills in ASL in deaf education have not been recognized as having the potential impact of helping deaf children acquire English literacy skills, despite the fact that ASL is the most widely used language among deaf people in the US and Canada. Furthermore, the support of using ASL in the class room has not been agreed on because there is no shared written form of the language.

In *Why Schools for Deaf Children Should Hire Deaf Teachers: A Preschool Issue* Hoffmeister, along with his coauthor Courtney Shantie, determines that bilingual education for deaf children is the best way for them to learn. He argues that the best role models for deaf children are those who use American Sign Language (ASL) in early education, which means that deaf students' preschool teachers should be native signers. Additionally, he discusses the problems that exist using manual codes of English for the education of deaf children.

In the book *Open Your Eyes: Deaf Studies Talking,* Hoffmeister explains the lives of hearing children of deaf parents (HCDP). He relates HCDP's lives to living on the "border", and also examines the lives of minority groups in the US and their managing of two cultures. Hoffmeister explains that the concept of border refers to a Venn diagram, where the deaf and HCDP are not exclusive to each other, but have both overlapping and separate components.

## Research

Hoffmeister studies how deaf children think using ASL, as well as how hearing people acquire ASL as a second language, and the most difficult environments for learning ASL. He also developed the American Sign Language Assessment Instrument (ASLAI), which began in 1988. This is used to measure the different levels of signing skills in children who are deaf. Lastly, he studies how deaf children use ASL to learn English.

## Honors

Hoffmeister has received several awards. In 2010, he received "The Frederick C. Schreiber Award" from the National Association for the Deaf, presented in memory of Frederick C. Schreiber, their first executive director, for the advancement of civil rights, human rights, and linguistic rights of Americans who are deaf and hard of hearing. He also received "The Distinguished Service Award" and "The Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet Award" in recognition of his commitment to the deaf community.


title: Robert J. Hirsch

abstract: Robert J. Hirsch is an American artist, curator, educator, historian, and author. He is best known for his writing about color and digital imaging and about the history of photography, and as an advocate for photographers who offer a haptic, expressionist interpretation of their subject matter.

text:
# Robert J. Hirsch

**Robert J. Hirsch** (born 1949) is an American artist, curator, educator, historian, and author. He is best known for his writing about color and digital imaging and about the history of photography, and as an advocate for photographers who offer a haptic, expressionist interpretation of their subject matter.

## Biography and career

Born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1949, Hirsch has a BFA from Rochester Institute of Technology (1971) and an MFA from Arizona State University (1974). He is a former executive director and chief curator of CEPA Gallery in Buffalo; a founder of Southern Light Gallery; and a co-founder of Northlight Gallery, and has curated numerous exhibitions and public art projects. Previously, he was a professor of photography at Amarillo College, SUNY Buffalo, and SUNY Brockport, where he was also the director of graduate studies in the visual arts and associate director of the Visual Studies Workshop. Since 2000, he has led Light Research, a Buffalo-based consulting firm that provides professional services in the photographic arts field.

Hirsch's work has been shown in over 200 solo and group exhibitions in North America and Europe, including at the Albright–Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York; the Burchfield Penney Art Center in Buffalo; the Noorderlicht Photofestival in Groningen, the Netherlands; and the Stefan Stux Gallery in New York City. During the past decade, Hirsch's visual projects—such as *World in a Jar: War & Trauma*; *Manifest Destiny & the American West*; *Unseen Terror: A Culture of Fear*; *The Sixties Cubed*; and *Ghosts: French Holocaust Children*—have explored the interrelationship of historical images with memory and time. Hirsch has rephotographed and recontextualized images into three-dimensional installations in order to investigate ethnic violence, genocide, religious intolerance, and war.

In December 2019 - January 2020, Hirsch presented his new visual project "Mugs: Anthropometric Portraits and The Blurring of Social Identity" at the Indigo Art Gallery (Buffalo), which is said to "address the intersections of self-awareness with visual rituals, technological change, and justice in our digitally mediated world".

## Writings

Hirsch's books include *Transformational Imaging: Handmade Photography Since 1960*; *Exploring Color Photography: From Film to Pixels*; *Photographic Possibilities: The Expressive Use of Equipment, Ideas, Materials, and Processes*; *Seizing the Light: A Social & Aesthetic History of Photography*; and *Light and Lens: Photography in the Digital Age. Light and Lens* has been published in Chinese- and German-language editions. His work, both visual and written, is signed as Robert Hirsch.

Hirsch has published scores of articles about visual culture and interviewed numerous eminent photographers and curators. He has been the associate editor of *Photovision* and *Digital Camera* (UK), and a contributing writer for *Afterimage, CEPA Journal, Light Work's Contact Sheet, Digital Camera, Exposure, The Encyclopedia of 19th-Century Photography, The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, Fotophile, The Handmade Photograph, History of Photography, Photo Ed* (Canada), *The Photo Review, Photovision, Photo Technique, World Book Encyclopedia*, and numerous regional publications, including *Buffalo Spree* and *FY*.

## Critique

The photography journal *Afterimage* stated, "Robert Hirsch clearly pitches *Light and Lens: Photography in the Digital Age* as an introductory college-level photography textbook that is foremost an idea book rather than a software or camera manual. In line with this philosophy, Hirsch ensures that critical seeing and aesthetic values are amply addressed alongside the technical. Thus, chapters on the history of photography, visual foundations, and symbolism lead off the book, and he closes with thoughtful chapters concerning seeing with a camera and thinking and writing about images. This emphasis is a refreshing and stimulating approach for a photographic textbook.

Of *World in a Jar,* Richard Huntington, an art critic at *The Buffalo News*, wrote: “In the jar installation, even with its staggering array of images, no image has prominence. That's because Hirsch levels the cultural playing field. Whether he's dealing with a Nazi atrocity, some appalling medical procedure, Frankenstein or Bart Simpson, he gives every image visual parity. But—and this is key—it is done with no cynicism, no black irony, no post-mod reductionism. He lays out these images as equals to jolt the mind into emotional attention. In Hirsch's hands the mixing of the trivial and the serious, the accidental and horrifyingly deliberate, make it seem that every piece is part and parcel of some overarching human drama larger than the sum of these parts.”

Of an earlier work, *The Architecture of Landscape*, Jeffrey Hoone, executive director of Light Work, wrote: “Hirsch gives the viewer a variety of issues, concerns, and techniques to think about and digest. He massages meaning out of every nuance in the series from the choice of subject to the scale of the images, and each decision that he has made seems to open up opportunities for further investigation.”

Of Hirsch's recent exhibition *The Sixties Cubed*, critic and artist Bruce Adams wrote: “At the core of this work—and perhaps of all Hirsch’s art in recent memory—is \[Brion\] Gysin's cut-up technique, which utilizes the element of chance in its random rearrangement of sentence fragments." Hirsch, Adams wrote, created "a free-flowing account of a decade as seen through the images it produced, resulting in fragmented nonlinear multiple narratives. Hirsch sees this as a metaphor for 'how we live in a world of assembled fragments that unfold over time.' Of course, each time the work is mounted it results in a different random arrangement presumably evoking a multitude of spontaneous associations."

*


title: Hans Martin Seip

abstract: Hans Martin Seip is a Norwegian chemist. He is professor emeritus at the University of Oslo and Senior Research Scientist at CICERO.

text:
# Hans Martin Seip

**Hans Martin Seip** (born 14 June 1937) is a Norwegian chemist. He is professor emeritus at the University of Oslo and Senior Research Scientist (part-time position) at CICERO.

## Career

He was born in Oslo, and became civil engineer at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH- now NTNU) in 1961 and received the dr.philos. degree at the University of Oslo with the thesis *Studies on the failure of the first Born approximation in electron diffraction*. He was a research fellow at NTH from 1965 to 1969, worked as a university lecturer from 1969 to 195, researcher at Central Institute for Industrial Research (later SINTEF) from 1976 to 1988. He was appointed professor of chemistry in 1979. Hans Martin Seip is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. and the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters.

Seip started his work in chemistry with studies on structural chemistry, later he turned his interests to environmental chemistry. He did several studies, and participated in the scientific debate on acid rain and its impact on forests and waters, during the 1970s and 1980s. There, he emphasized the impact of acid rain on acidification of waters and on fish mortality. However, he was also open to the effects of changing soil quality and the influence of changes in watershed vegetation. The work within this field started in Norway, but was then extended to Poland and China He has subsequently made major contributions to the effects of pollutants on the human population. He is a spokesperson for the importance of co-benefits, that is, abatement measures for climate will also reduce other types of pollutants, like SO2, NOx and particulates. Most of this work has been in China.

## Public services

Hans Martin Seip has also participated in the public debate about many issues, mostly on themes related to his research.


title: Hans Martin Pippart

abstract: Leutnant Hans Martin Pippart Iron Cross was a pioneer aircraft manufacturer and early pilot. As a World War I German fighter ace he was credited with 22 victories.

text:
# Hans Martin Pippart

*Leutnant* **Hans Martin Pippart** (14 May 1888 – 11 August 1918) Iron Cross was a pioneer aircraft manufacturer and early pilot. As a World War I German fighter ace he was credited with 22 victories.

## Early life

**Hans Martin Pippart** was born on 14 May 1888 in Mannheim, Grand Duchy of Baden.

Pippart had built airplanes and become a pilot before the beginning of World War I. He was a principal in the aeronautical firm of *Pippart und Noll*, which produced *Eindekker* airplanes. In 1913, he set an aviation endurance record.

He joined the German air forces at the start of the war. His initial assignment was as an instructor. Beginning 1 February 1916, he served some time flying artillery coordination missions in two-seaters with *Flieger-Abteilung (Artillerie) 220* in Galicia on the Eastern Front. Single seater scouts were also available to him. On 11 April, he was awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class.

On 19 November 1916, he was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class. On the 21st, he was raised from the enlisted ranks to become an officer. Both Baden and Austria also decorated him.

## Aerial victories

Pippart scored his first win on 25 May 1917, after he had been assigned to *Kampfstaffel 1* on 18 April. They were operating Roland D.IIs on the Eastern Front against the Russians.

By the end of 1917, despite flying on a quiet sector, he had six victories to his credit—two planes and four observation balloons—and was transferred to *Jagdstaffel 13* on the Western Front on 4 December. On 21 February 1918, he took up his balloon busting again, downing a gas bag. On 30 March, a bullet through his craft's engine brought him down unharmed. By the time he left *Jagdstaffel 13*, he was a double ace. His six victories over balloons made him an ace on them alone. He had been decorated by both his native Baden and by Austria.

On 18 April 1918, he was reassigned to take the command of the Royal Prussian *Jagdstaffel 19*. However, it seems there must have been some lag in his transfer, as victory number ten is scored to his old squadron on 20 April. On 2 May, he scored his first victory flying a Fokker D.VII for his new squadron. That same day, he was decorated with the Knight's Cross with Swords of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern. With four wins in May, one in June, and six in August, his score had soon grown to 21.

## His death

By now, Pippart was anxious to receive Germany's highest decoration, the *Pour le Merite*, as 20 victories made a fighter pilot eligible for the award. He was also eager to go on leave to get married. While waiting, he continued to fly combat. Pippart ended his career on 11 August 1918. He shot down a balloon, but was hit by anti-aircraft fire and found he had to abandon his airplane at an altitude of 150 feet. His parachute failed to open.

In his victory log, he was credited with seven enemy observation balloons destroyed, eight opposing fighter planes vanquished, and seven reconnaissance aircraft shot down.

Hans Martin Pippart was buried in his native Mannheim.

## Sources of information

## InfoBox

| Hans-Martin Pippart | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 14 May 1888
Mannheim, German Empire |
| Died | 11 August 1918(1918-08-11) (aged 30)
near Noyon, France |
| Allegiance | German Empire |
| Service/branch | Flying service |
| Years of service | 1914–1918 |
| Rank | *Leutnant* |
| Unit | *Flieger-Abteilung (Artillerie) 220*;
*Kampfstaffel 1*;
*Jagdstaffel 13* |
| Commands | *Jagdstaffel 19* |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Awards | Iron Cross |


title: Robert Perillo

abstract: Robert Perillo is an American master voice teacher, and has trained actors for over thirty years. He has worked at Binghamton University, Marymount Manhattan College, The National Shakespeare Conservatory, New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, and the Stella Adler Studio of Acting where he was head of the Voice Department. Perillo trains and coaches actors privately both for performance and auditions; he has worked extensively with businessmen and women, writers, politicians and singers and has given seminars and workshops to choral groups, readers of scripture, deacons, priests and to other teachers of voice and speech. Perillo is a stage director and has directed works by playwrights as varied as William Shakespeare, Noël Coward, John Patrick Shanley, Tom Stoppard, and Charles Ludlam.

text:
# Robert Perillo

**Robert Perillo** is an American master voice teacher, and has trained actors for over thirty years. He has worked at Binghamton University, Marymount Manhattan College, The National Shakespeare Conservatory, New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, and the Stella Adler Studio of Acting where he was head of the Voice Department. Perillo trains and coaches actors privately both for performance and auditions; he has worked extensively with businessmen and women, writers, politicians and singers and has given seminars and workshops to choral groups, readers of scripture, deacons, priests and to other teachers of voice and speech. Perillo is a stage director and has directed works by playwrights as varied as William Shakespeare, Noël Coward, John Patrick Shanley, Tom Stoppard, and Charles Ludlam.

## Career

He recently directed the musical *The Spitfire Grill*, and served as both dramaturg and director for Aldo Pisano's one man show *Judgement*. He was vocal coach to writer and performer Lawrence Wright for his play *The Human Scale*, directed by Oskar Eustis. In 2011, he was vocal and text coach for the New York Public Theater’s production of *Love’s Labour’s Lost*.

In addition to serving on the faculty of the Public Theater’s Shakespeare Lab, he has been a Visiting Lecturer at Stanford University; at Stanford he was voice and text coach on three Shakespeare plays produced collaboratively by Stanford and the Public Theater.


title: Robert Beckett

abstract: Robert Beckett was an English-born Australian politician.

text:
# Robert Beckett

**Robert Beckett** (28 November 1862 – 2 June 1917) was an English-born Australian politician.

## Early life

He arrived in Melbourne, Australia in 1867 aged five, and settled with his family in Surrey Hills, Victoria.

His father died when he was ten, after which he assumed the role of father in his family.

He initially worked for a printer while continuing his studies, qualifying as a solicitor in his late twenties. Joseph Hood (of Malleson, England & Stewart) secured him articles with Abbott & Eales.

Beckett married Ethel Anna Wells in Sydney, New South Wales on 30 April 1903.

## Political career

Becket was a Boroondara shire Councillor from 1892 to 1902, Camberwell shire councillor from 1902 to 1905 and mayor from 1907 to 1908.

Beckett was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council representing East Yarra as a Non-Labor member from June 1913 to June 1917 and died while in office.

## Posts held

Becket held the following posts:

* President of the Law Institute 1908-1909
* Commissioner Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works 1904-1916
* Vice-president Swinburne Technical College
* Chairman Municipal Building Regulations conference
* Methodist Sunday School superintendent for 30 years/

## Other information

Beckett St and Beckett Park in Balwyn, Victoria are named after him. He is buried in Box Hill cemetery.


title: Ma Fuxing

abstract: Ma Fuxing was a Hui born in Yunnan, in Qing dynasty China. He was an ex-convict. During Yang Zengxin's reign in Xinjiang, Ma was appointed as a military commander, and then Titai of Kashgar. Ma Fuxing served as a general for the Qing dynasty. He joined the Kansu Braves during the Boxer Rebellion, under the command of Gen. Ma Fulu and fought against the foreign forces during the Siege of the International Legations and Battle of Peking. After the fall of the Qing dynasty he started working for Yang Zengxin and recruited Dungan troops for him in 1911, and was posted in 1916 to Kashgar. In 1924 Yang intercepted some correspondence between Ma and the Zhili clique and became suspicious. Ma Fuxing was appointed as the commander of 2,000 Hui soldiers by Yang Zengxin.

text:
# Ma Fuxing

| Ma Fuxing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 馬福興 |
| Simplified Chinese | 马福兴 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Mǎ Fúxīng  other Mandarin  Xiao'erjing ﻣَﺎ ﻓُﻮْ سٍ | |
|  | |

**Ma Fuxing** (Chinese: 馬福興; Ma Fu-hsing in Wade Giles; 1864–1924) was a Hui born in Yunnan, in Qing dynasty China. He was an ex-convict. During Yang Zengxin's reign in Xinjiang, Ma was appointed as a military commander, and then Titai of Kashgar.

Ma Fuxing served as a general for the Qing dynasty. He joined the Kansu Braves during the Boxer Rebellion, under the command of Gen. Ma Fulu and fought against the foreign forces during the Siege of the International Legations (Boxer Rebellion) and Battle of Peking.

After the fall of the Qing dynasty he started working for Yang Zengxin and recruited Dungan troops for him in 1911, and was posted in 1916 to Kashgar. In 1924 Yang intercepted some correspondence between Ma and the Zhili clique and became suspicious.

Ma Fuxing was appointed as the commander of 2,000 Hui soldiers by Yang Zengxin.

## Reign

His reign was notorious for its repressiveness and his excesses. He kept a harem of Uighur wives, and a hay cutting machine for severing the limbs of his victims. The limbs were put on display, along with notices on why they were severed, on the city walls. He also established government monopolies over industries such as petroleum, and made people purchase paraffin wax. In addition, he demanded that people call him padishah (meaning 'King').

## Downfall

Yang Zengxin decided that Ma's excesses were too great, and sent Ma Shaowu, another Hui military commander, to attack and replace him. Ma Shaowu attacked Ma Fuxing, and then personally executed him by shooting him after receiving a telegram from Yang Zengxin. Ma Fuxing's body was tied to a cross to be put on display. Ma Shaowu then was appointed Daotai of Kashgar.

## InfoBox

| Ma Fuxing
馬福興 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Tao-yin of Kashgar | |
| **In office**
1916–1924 | |
| Succeeded by | Ma Shaowu |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1864
Yunnan |
| Died | 1924
Kashgar, Xinjiang |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Political party | Xinjiang clique |
| Spouse | Harem of Wives |
| Children | Many |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Qing Dynasty
Republic of China |
| Years of service | 1916–1924 |
| Rank | Military commander |
| Unit | Kansu Braves, Kashgar Garrison |
| Commands | Military commander |
| Battles/wars | Boxer Rebellion, Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang |
|  | |


title: 1981 Defence White Paper

abstract: The 1981 Defence White Paper was a major review of the United Kingdom's defence policy brought about by the Conservative government under the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The main author was the then Secretary of State for Defence, John Nott. The aim of the review was to reduce expenditure during the early 1980s recession and to focus on supporting NATO rather than out of area operations. It was ultimately judged however to have been extremely detrimental to the United Kingdom's defence posture, being one of the contributing factors that led to the outbreak of the Falklands War.

text:
# 1981 Defence White Paper

The **1981 Defence White Paper** (titled "The UK Defence Programme: The Way Forward") was a major review of the United Kingdom's defence policy brought about by the Conservative government under the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The main author was the then Secretary of State for Defence, John Nott. The aim of the review was to reduce expenditure during the early 1980s recession and to focus on supporting NATO rather than out of area operations. It was ultimately judged however to have been extremely detrimental to the United Kingdom's defence posture, being one of the contributing factors that led to the outbreak of the Falklands War.

## Royal Navy

This review proposed extensive cuts to the Royal Navy's surface fleet, including the sale of the new aircraft carrier *Invincible* to Australia thereby reducing the carrier fleet to just two vessels. Under the review, the Royal Navy was focused primarily on anti-submarine warfare under the auspices of NATO. Any out-of-area amphibious operations were considered unlikely. The entire Royal Marine amphibious force was in jeopardy of being disbanded and the review announced an intent to phase out both assault ships, *Intrepid* and *Fearless*, by 1984. Although an additional Type 22 frigate was confirmed ordered, Nott stated that nine of the navy's 59 escorts would be decommissioned, mainly from the County, Leander, and Rothesay classes. This decision was attributed to the growing cost of refitting and maintaining older warships. Several of the older destroyers and frigates would be placed on stand-by/reserve. Alongside the proposed hull cuts, Nott revealed that the navy would incur a manpower reduction of between 8,000 and 10,000 people.

Nott announced the intent to order five additional nuclear-powered attack submarines, eventually increasing the total to 17 and placing greater emphasis on the fleet's sub-surface forces. A new class of conventionally-powered attack submarines (the Type 2400) was also to be ordered. The Royal Navy's existing building programme of 20 surface warships was to be unaffected by the cuts, though the surface fleet would be downsized as ships were withdrawn from service at a faster rate than their replacements entered service. The White Paper also confirmed that the navy's acquisition of the Trident submarine-launched ballistic missile would move forward as part of the Government's plan to modernize the British nuclear deterrent.

The ice patrol ship *Endurance* was also due to be withdrawn from the South Atlantic. This was interpreted as a sign of weakness by the Argentine Government, encouraging the invasion of the Falkland Islands. Chatham Dockyard was also to be closed as an operational base. Feasibility studies for the Type 43 and Type 44 destroyers were also cancelled, together with the Sea Dart MkII surface-to-air missile.

## British Army

The regular army was to be reduced by 7,000 men (out of a total of 165,000), which was to be partly offset by the gradual expansion of the Territorial Army by a figure of 16,000 (from 70,000 to 86,000). In Germany, Britain's NATO land commitment was to be reduced by about 2,000, giving a total of 55,000. This was to be achieved by the withdrawal of a divisional headquarters.

In Nott's statement, it was announced that four armoured regiments would be equipped with the Challenger tank, while there would be an increase in the order of the MILAN anti-tank missile.

## Royal Air Force

Manpower losses for the Royal Air Force would amount to 2,500, but the white paper committed to retaining all of the RAF's projects, and confirmed the procurement of the AV-8B Harrier in collaboration with the United States. Two F-4 Phantom squadrons were to be retained for the air defence mission in the U.K. (together with two additional Phantom squadrons deployed in Germany) rather than being phased out with the introduction of the Panavia Tornado ADV, while the number of refitted Nimrod Mk II maritime patrol aircraft would be increased by three to 34.

Reflecting the white paper's emphasis on air defence, the number of Hawk trainers equipped with the AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile would be doubled to 72 with the intention of augmenting the Royal Air Force's front-line fighter squadrons.

## Controversy

In a 1982 live interview about the White Paper for the BBC 2 television programme *Newsnight*, during the interview by broadcaster Robin Day, taking umbrage at a perceived insult when Day made the comment on the lines that the public might question the judgement of a "here-today, gone-tomorrow politician" on the best long term defence interests of the country, Nott stood up, took off his microphone, and walked out on the interview.

## Impact of the Falklands War: December 1982 White Paper

In the aftermath of the Falklands War, many of the assumptions inherent in the 1981 defence review were re-visited. The December 1982 Defence White Paper introduced a number of initiatives "to increase the mobility and flexibility of our Armed Forces for future operations in the NATO area and elsewhere". These initiatives incorporated several measures to strengthen the Royal Navy including:

* Confirmation that three aircraft carriers would be retained in service, normally encompassing two active carriers with the third in refit or on stand-by;
* Confirmation that the assault ships, Fearless and Intrepid, would be retained (a decision already announced prior to the start of the Falklands War);
* Replacement of the Landing Ship RFA Sir Galahad, lost in the war, and the repair of RFA Sir Tristram, damaged in the war;
* Order of two additional Batch II and two Batch III Type 22 frigates to replace destroyers and frigates lost in the War;
* The intent to retain 55 destroyers and frigates in the active fleet and none on stand-by up to the mid-1980s (significantly modifying the decision in the 1981 review which aimed to reduce the destroyer and frigate fleet to 50 ships, with a number of these - up to eight - on stand-by/inactive);
* Incorporation of improved point air defence capabilities in the aircraft carriers, assault ships, Type 82-class destroyer and Type 42-class destroyers;
* Provision of an organic airborne early warning capability, based on the Searchwater radar, for each of the operational aircraft carriers;
* Replacement of all naval aircraft lost in the war plus the order of seven additional Sea Harrier fighters and six additional Sea King helicopters;
* Order of two additional Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessels;
* Retention of the ice patrol ship, HMS Endurance, in the South Atlantic.

Further initiatives were undertaken to also improve the "out-of-area" capabilities of the Army and Royal Air Force, including:

* Strengthening of 5 Brigade for future out-of-area operations and fitting of station-keeping equipment to a number of Hercules transport aircraft to provide the brigade a parachute assault capability by 1985;
* Acquisition of six Tristar aircraft for conversion into air-refueling tankers/strategic transports;
* Replacement of RAF Harriers and Chinook heavy-lift helicopters lost in the conflict, plus the purchase of five additional Chinooks;
* Purchase of at least 12 additional F-4 Phantom fighters from the United States to replace the Phantoms already in RAF service now assigned to the air defence of the Falkland Islands. These additional Phantom F4J(UK) aircraft made sure there would not be a gap in the air defence of the UK mainland;
* Purchase of 24 additional Rapier surface-to-air missile launchers for the Army and the RAF Regiment;
* Enhancement - by investing at least £10 million — of the number and range of items in the war stockpile specifically earmarked for the support of operations outside the NATO area.

1. 1981 Defence White Paper: The War Forward. https://c59574e9047e61130f13-3f71d0fe2b653c4f00f32175760e96e7.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/991284B4011C44C9AEB423DA04A7D54B.pdf
2. Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins: The Battle for the Falklands, chapter 5: "Task Force": "In the previous decade, the very existence of the marines had come into question." and "both the assault ships *Fearless* and *Intrepid* were at that time threatened with sale to foreign powers"
3. 1981 Defence White Paper: The War Forward. https://c59574e9047e61130f13-3f71d0fe2b653c4f00f32175760e96e7.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/991284B4011C44C9AEB423DA04A7D54B.pdf
4. *The Times* (60964), p. 1: "Nott axes warships, 19,500 men and Chatham dockyard". 26 June 1981.
5. "Armed Forces (Strength) Volume 18: debated on Tuesday 23 February 1982". *UK Parliament*. 23 February 1982.
6. Parliamentary Statement on the 1982 Defence White Paper. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/dec/14/falkland-islands-white-paper
7. "HMS "Fearless" and "Intrepid" (Hansard, 8 March 1982)".
8. 1981 Defence White Paper: The Way Forward. https://c59574e9047e61130f13-3f71d0fe2b653c4f00f32175760e96e7.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/991284B4011C44C9AEB423DA04A7D54B.pdf
9. Parliamentary Statement on the 1982 Defence White Paper. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/dec/14/falkland-islands-white-paper


title: Opaline Deveraux Wadkins

abstract: Opaline Deveraux Wadkins (1912–2000) organized the first school to train black nurses in Oklahoma City, fought for desegregation of the College of Nursing at the University of Oklahoma and founded the School of Nursing at Langston University. She was the first African American nurse to earn a master's degree from the University of Oklahoma. She was honored in 1987 by the Oklahoma Public Health Association and inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 1993.

text:
# Opaline Deveraux Wadkins

**Opaline Deveraux Wadkins** (1912–2000) organized the first school to train black nurses in Oklahoma City, fought for desegregation of the College of Nursing at the University of Oklahoma and founded the School of Nursing at Langston University. She was the first African American nurse to earn a master's degree from the University of Oklahoma. She was honored in 1987 by the Oklahoma Public Health Association and inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 1993.

## Biography

Opaline Deveraux was born on March 26, 1912, in Carthage, Texas, to Henry and Effie (née Roquemore) Davereaux. Deveraux, a registered nurse, was hired by the Department of Public Health in 1938 to recruit black nurses. In 1940 in Oklahoma City, she married Bert V. Wadkins of Fayetteville, Tennessee. She and the Oklahoma Negro Medical Society lobbied University Hospital to admit African Americans and in 1945, the first hospital in Oklahoma City to treat black patients was established as the University Hospital South Ward. The regents of the University of Oklahoma also approved establishing a school to train African American nurses. In 1948, Wadkins, who was a nursing supervisor, was granted a pay raise and by 1949 she was the organizer of the first school for African American nurses in Oklahoma City. She trained over 200 LPNs between 1949 and 1953. During the same time frame, she participated in the annual Youth Negro Aquatic School held at Lake Murray.

Wadkins was the first African American to earn a master's degree in nursing from the University of Oklahoma, becoming instrumental in desegregating the University of Oklahoma College of Nursing. She recognized the needs to provide health services to Native American, as well and developed a health program and well-baby care initiative for Indians in Southwestern Oklahoma. It was the first pediatric service for native infants and effectively decreased infant mortality by 50%. She instituted health and diabetic clinics for black patients through Oklahoma City's African American churches. In the 1970s, developed a prenatal clinic for teenage mothers, naming it the "Stork's Nest" and during the same time frame she established the Langston University School of Nursing.

In November 1976, Wadkins retired. David Boren, then governor of Oklahoma, declared November 14 as Opaline Wadkins Day. She was also honored by a citation from the VA Hospital Nursing Service. She was honored in 1987 by the Oklahoma Public Health Association and inducted into the Oklahoma Women’s Hall of Fame in 1993. In 2000, the Oklahoma City-Norman Chapter of the OU Black Alumni Society granted her their Trail Blazer award. Wadkins died on 11 April 2000 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

## InfoBox

| Opaline Deveraux Wadkins | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Opaline Deveraux
(1912-03-26)March 26, 1912
Carthage, Texas |
| Died | April 11, 2000(2000-04-11) (aged 88)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | nurse |
| Years active | 1938–1976 |
| Known for | establishing black nursing schools in Oklahoma City |


title: Zarabes

abstract: Zarabe is the name given to the Muslim community of Réunion, who migrated in the mid-19th century. Zarabes are mostly South Asian, specifically from the modern state of Gujarat in India.

text:
# Zarabes

**Zarabe** (variants: Zarab or Z'arabe) is the name given to the Muslim community of Réunion, who migrated in the mid-19th century. Zarabes are mostly South Asian, specifically from the modern state of Gujarat in India.

## Etymology

The name is a Réunion Creole word derived from the French words *les arabes* meaning "the Arabs" (cf. Zoreilles derived from French *les oreilles* meaning "the ears"). These South Asian Muslims were not Arabs, but were described as such likely because of their liturgical use of the Arabic language.


title: Viola odorata

abstract: Viola odorata is a species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, native to Eurasia. The small hardy herbaceous perennial is commonly known as wood violet, sweet violet, English violet, common violet, florist's violet, or garden violet.

text:
# Viola odorata

***Viola odorata*** is a species of flowering plant in the family *Violaceae*, native to Eurasia. The small hardy herbaceous perennial is commonly known as **wood violet**, **sweet violet**, **English violet**, **common violet**, **florist's violet**, or **garden violet**.

## Description

*Viola odorata* spreads with stolons (above-ground shoots). The leaves and flowers are all in a basal rosette, and the leaf stalks have downward-pointing hairs. The flowers are normally either dark violet or white and are scented. The style is hooked (and does not end with a rounded appendage). The perennial flowers mature at a height of 4–6 in (10–15 cm) and a spread of 8–24 in (20–61 cm).

### Chemistry

The plant contains the alkaloid violin, about 30 cyclotides, and triterpenoids, mostly as constituents of the essential oil.

## Distribution and habitat

*V. odorata* is native to Europe and Asia and has been introduced to the Americas and Australia.

The species can be found near the edges of forests or in clearings; it is also a common "uninvited guest" in shaded lawns or elsewhere in gardens.

## Uses

Several cultivars have been selected for garden use, of which *V. odorata* 'Wellsiana' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

The sweet scent of this flower has proved popular, particularly in the late Victorian period, and has consequently been used in the production of many cosmetic fragrances and perfumes. There is some doubt as to whether the true extract of the violet flower is still used commercially in perfumes. It was still used in the early 20th century, but by the time Steffen Arctander was writing in the late 1950s and early 1960s, production had "almost disappeared". Violet leaf absolute, however, remains widely used in modern perfumery.

The scent of violet flowers is distinctive with only a few other flowers having a remotely similar odor. References to violets and the desirable nature of the fragrance go back to classical sources such as Pliny and Horace when the name "Ion" was in use to describe this flower from which the name of the distinctive chemical constituents of the flower, the ionones, is derived. In 1923, W.A. Poucher wrote that the flowers were widely cultivated both in Europe and the East for their fragrance, with both the flowers and leaves being separately collected and extracted for fragrance, and flowers also collected for use in confectionery galenical syrup and in the production of medicine.

The leaves are edible. Real violet flower extract is available for culinary uses, especially in European countries. The French are known for their violet syrup, most commonly made from an extract of violets. In the United States, this French violet syrup is used to make violet scones and marshmallows.

The plant contains a cannabinoid peptide called "vodo-C1" that acts in vitro as a selective CB2 receptor agonist without CB1 activity.

## In culture

The violet flower was a favorite in ancient Greece and became the symbol of Athens. The scent suggested sex, so the violet was an emblematic flower of Aphrodite and of her son, Priapus, the deity of gardens and generation.

Iamus was a son of Apollo and the nymph Evadne. He was abandoned by his mother at birth. She left him lying in the Arkadian wilds on a bed of violets where he was fed honey by serpents. Eventually, he was discovered by passing shepherds who named him Iamus after the violet (*ion*) bed.

The goddess Persephone and her companion Nymphs were gathering rose, crocus, violet, iris, lily, and larkspur blooms in a springtime meadow when she was abducted by the god Hades.

## InfoBox

| *Viola odorata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | *Viola* |
| Species: | ***V. odorata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Viola odorata***
L. | |
|


title: Open Hearing (American TV program)

abstract: Open Hearing is a 1957–58 American news-related talk show, with John H. Secondari as the moderator. It was a 60-minute program that aired Sunday evenings from 5:00–6:00 p.m. on the ABC television network. It began on February 3, 1957, as a 30-minute program on Sundays at 8:30 p.m. Richard Stratton was the director. A previous version of Open Hearing had aired in 1954, moderated by John Daly.

text:
# Open Hearing (American TV program)

***Open Hearing*** is a 1957–58 American news-related talk show, with John H. Secondari as the moderator. It was a 60-minute program that aired Sunday evenings from 5:00–6:00 p.m. on the ABC television network. It began on February 3, 1957, as a 30-minute program on Sundays at 8:30 p.m.

Richard Stratton was the director.

A previous version of *Open Hearing* had aired in 1954, moderated by John Daly.

## Critical response

A review of the premiere episode in the trade publication *Variety* called *Open Hearing* "an illuminating and informative half-hour". It complimented Secondari's work as moderator and the "spontaneous quality" of the interviews.

## InfoBox

| *Open Hearing* | |
| --- | --- |
| Publicity photo of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. for his appearance on *Open Hearing*, June 16, 1957. | |
| Presented by | John Secondari |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC |
| Release | 1957 (1957) <br>1958 (1958) |


title: William Robinson (sailor)

abstract: William Albert Robinson was an American sailor and author of travel books who founded the Malardé Institute in French Polynesia. He is the father of French Polynesian dancer and choreographer Tumata Robinson. Robinson was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He was an only child raised by his mother, Ella Huegin. After graduating from polytechnic studies, he took a job in a textile factory in New York City. Between 1928 and 1931 he circumnavigated the world on the small yacht Svaap. Later, on the same ship, he sailed to the Galápagos Islands to shoot a nature film there, but suffered a perforated appendix on the spot. While recuperating, he lost his yacht to Ecuador. He settled in Tahiti in the Ofaipapa valley. He later moved to Ipswich, Massachusetts, where he ran a small shipyard building fishing vessels. During this time, he acquired a brigantine, which he named after his wife Florence C. Robinson. He made voyages on this ship with a small crew between the islands of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. During World War II, he built minesweepers, submarine chasers and landing craft at his shipyard. After the end of the war, he returned to Tahiti and on the yacht Varua, which he built at his shipyard in Ipswich, sailed with a crew of several men to the South Pacific Ocean, calling at the Galapagos and Panama. When he returned to Tahiti, he found his friends there had contracted Elephantiasis. He assisted in founding a medical institution to fight the disease, which later became the Malardé Institute. As a result, he was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French government. He died in Tahiti in 1988.

text:
# William Robinson (sailor)

**William Albert Robinson** (13 August 1902 – 16 January 1988) was an American sailor and author of travel books who founded the Malardé Institute in French Polynesia. He is the father of French Polynesian dancer and choreographer Tumata Robinson.

Robinson was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He was an only child raised by his mother, Ella Huegin. After graduating from polytechnic studies, he took a job in a textile factory in New York City.

Between 1928 and 1931 he circumnavigated the world on the small yacht *Svaap*. Later, on the same ship, he sailed to the Galápagos Islands to shoot a nature film there, but suffered a perforated appendix on the spot. While recuperating, he lost his yacht to Ecuador. He settled in Tahiti in the Ofaipapa valley. He later moved to Ipswich, Massachusetts, where he ran a small shipyard building fishing vessels.

During this time, he acquired a brigantine, which he named after his wife *Florence C. Robinson*. He made voyages on this ship with a small crew between the islands of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. During World War II, he built minesweepers, submarine chasers and landing craft at his shipyard.

After the end of the war, he returned to Tahiti and on the yacht *Varua*, which he built at his shipyard in Ipswich, sailed with a crew of several men to the South Pacific Ocean, calling at the Galapagos and Panama. When he returned to Tahiti, he found his friends there had contracted Elephantiasis. He assisted in founding a medical institution to fight the disease, which later became the Malardé Institute. As a result, he was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French government. He died in Tahiti in 1988.

## Publications

* *10,000 Leagues Over the Sea* (1932)
* *Deep Water and Shoal* (1932)
* *Voyage to the Galapagos* (1936)
* *To the Great Southern Sea*


title: Pentamerista

abstract: Pentamerista is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Tetrameristaceae. The only species is Pentamerista neotropica. Its native range is Colombia to Venezuela and Northern Brazil.

text:
# Pentamerista

***Pentamerista*** is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Tetrameristaceae. The only species is ***Pentamerista neotropica***.

Its native range is Colombia to Venezuela and Northern Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Pentamerista* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Tetrameristaceae |
| Genus: | *Pentamerista*
Maguire |
| Species: | ***P. neotropica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pentamerista neotropica***
Maguire | |
|