title: Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand

abstract:
The Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand governed New Zealand from 26 July 1984 to 2 November 1990. It was the first Labour government to win a second consecutive term since the First Labour Government of 1935 to 1949. The policy agenda of the Fourth Labour Government differed significantly from that of previous Labour governments: it enacted major social reforms and economic reforms. The economic reforms became known as "Rogernomics", after Finance Minister Roger Douglas. According to one political scientist:
Between 1984 and 1993, New Zealand underwent radical economic reform, moving from what had probably been the most protected, regulated and state-dominated system of any capitalist democracy to an extreme position at the open, competitive, free-market end of the spectrum. The Labour government also enacted nuclear-free legislation, which led to the United States suspending its treaty obligations to New Zealand under the ANZUS alliance. David Lange led the government for most of its two three-year terms in office. Lange and Douglas had a falling-out that divided the party. The government suffered a defeat at the 1990 general election, but the incoming National government retained most of the reforms.

text:
# Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand

The **Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand** governed New Zealand from 26 July 1984 to 2 November 1990 (the period up to 8 August 1989 is also called the **Lange Government**). It was the first Labour government to win a second consecutive term since the First Labour Government of 1935 to 1949. The policy agenda of the Fourth Labour Government differed significantly from that of previous Labour governments: it enacted major social reforms (such as legalising homosexual relations) and economic reforms (including corporatisation of state services and reform of the tax system).

The economic reforms became known as "Rogernomics", after Finance Minister Roger Douglas. According to one political scientist:

> Between 1984 and 1993, New Zealand underwent radical economic reform, moving from what had probably been the most protected, regulated and state-dominated system of any capitalist democracy to an extreme position at the open, competitive, free-market end of the spectrum.

The Labour government also enacted nuclear-free legislation, which led to the United States suspending its treaty obligations to New Zealand under the ANZUS alliance. David Lange led the government for most of its two three-year terms in office. Lange and Douglas had a falling-out that divided the party. The government suffered a defeat at the 1990 general election, but the incoming National government retained most of the reforms.

## Significant policies

### Economic

### Foreign policy

The government's most notable foreign policy initiative concerned nuclear weapons and the ANZUS alliance. Many New Zealanders (especially within the Labour Party) wanted to make New Zealand a nuclear-free zone. An opinion poll conducted by the Defence Committee showed that 92% of the population opposed the presence of nuclear weapons entering New Zealand. However this would ultimately require the banning of all American warships from entering New Zealand waters as it was US policy to 'neither confirm nor deny' whether individual ships were nuclear armed. The warships had been visiting New Zealand as part of the ANZUS alliance, and most people hoped that the alliance could be preserved even if the nuclear ban took effect. The issue came to a head shortly after the 1984 election, as a proposed visit by the USS Buchanan was on the cards. Lange announced that the Buchanan would not be welcome, and the US suspended its treaty obligations to New Zealand under the ANZUS alliance. The issue became a *cause célèbre* in New Zealand, perhaps primarily because small countries rarely stand up to larger and more powerful countries in such a way. In America, those on the right called for trade sanctions against New Zealand while those on the left idealised the country. New Zealand's diplomatic relations with America have never returned to their pre-1984 status, although the nuclear issue is becoming less important. The government also reinstated a diplomatic representative resident in India (Muldoon had closed the High Commission there) and appointed Edmund Hillary to the post.

### Defence

* In 1989, New Zealand withdraws all forces of the 1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment from Dieppe Barracks, Singapore.

### Constitutional

The government's constitutional reforms were primarily the work of Geoffrey Palmer, a constitutional lawyer who for many years had been concerned about New Zealand's lack of a written constitution and the 'unbridled power' of the executive. These concerns came to the fore when the Government was elected to office, and led to the Official Committee on Constitutional Reform, which reported back to Parliament in February 1986 and led to the 1986 Constitution Act. Ironically, Palmer's government would provide a key example of the executive abusing its power, as one faction in cabinet exerted power disproportionate to its numbers (see Division over Rogernomics, below). Palmer's plan for a written constitution and entrenched Bill of Rights was derailed partly by public indifference but mostly by opposition from Māori who believed that the Treaty of Waitangi would be sidelined in the process.

### Social policy

#### Justice

#### Social development and welfare

* Spending on education and health was significantly increased from 1985/86 to 1988/89, by 24% and 9.6% respectively.
* Disability benefits were increased, with the 1985 budget raising the Handicapped Child's Allowance by 31% and the disability allowance by 80%. A special earnings exemption of $20 per week was also introduced for severely disabled beneficiaries as an incentive to personal effort.
* A new family support benefit (introduced as the family care benefit in 1984) raised the incomes of some poor families.
* The Social Assistance programme was reformed (1986) with the introduction of a guaranteed minimum family benefit. This fixed an income floor above the statutory minimum wage for persons with dependant children in full-time employment. Known as the Guaranteed Minimum Family Income, it guaranteed working families roughly 80% of the average post-tax wage, although its impact on participation rates was limited by rising unemployment and high effective marginal tax rates.
* The abatement level for most benefits was raised to make it easier for social security beneficiaries to enter the workforce without fear of losing their benefits until they were more established.
* Social assistance programmes were expanded and consolidated.
* A Ministry of Women's Affairs (now the Ministry for Women) was established (1986) to promote equality for women; the first minister was Ann Hercus.
* The Parental Leave and Employment Protection Act 1987 extended coverage to women and their partners or spouses to take unpaid leave from their employment.
* Skills training programme were continuously developed, as characterised by the Access programme, which trained 60,000 people a year by 1990.
* The 1985 Tax Reform Package reduced the tax burden for low and middle-income households and left most New Zealanders better off.
* The 1985 Budget made the benefits system fairer by introducing more generous income exemption limits and benefit abatement. Although benefits became taxable, the budget also gave price compensation to beneficiaries for the introduction of GST and included them in Family Support payments. Altogether, these measures meant that beneficiaries were actually better off on the introduction of GST and this in turn reduced inequalities.
* Liberalised immigration to New Zealand in 1987, particularly for skilled migrants.
* The government set out to encourage the Broadcasting Corporation to provide appropriate facilities and to recruit and train sufficient staff already fluent in the use of Maori and Pacific Island languages. TVNZ's commitment to the development and strengthening of an independent and indigenous production presence on screen was demonstrated "in the appointment of a Commissioning Editor to pursue an increase in the acquisition of independent productions, and in the setting up of a Maori Programmes Department whose Head had a special involvement in establishing a training scheme for Maori broadcasters." Similar encouragement was also provided for Pacific Island broadcasting with Tagata Pasifika first screening in 1987 with Pacific Island staff involved in its production.
* Accommodation Benefit was increased (1985).
* Superannuation and other benefits were increased (1984).
* Universal payment of the Family Benefit was abolished to target families most in need.
* Family Benefit capitalisation limits for first-home seekers were increased (1985).
* Changes were made to National Superannuation (1988) by ensuring that "all new superannuitants would be paid the same rate, regardless of age of spouse".
* Increased assistance was provided to veteran pensioners and single superannuitants (1990).
* Annual indexation of war-related pensions, social security benefits, and National Superannuation was restored due to falling inflation (1988).
* A Special Accommodation Benefit for low-income earners struggling with rents was introduced (1985).
* Tax concessions were introduced for low-income families within the Guaranteed Family Income and Family Support schemes (1986).
* Income limits for Family Benefit capitalisation were increased for modest-income earners (1985).
* New policies were developed to address the needs of women and senior citizens, together with general diverse housing needs (1989).

#### Industrial relations

* The 1987 Labour Relations Act was passed with the intention of increasing unions' relative power while at the same time decentralising bargaining to the 'enterprise' (firm) level. Unions were bolstered by the passing of this legislation.
* The closed shop for private sector unions was reinstated.
* Social service spending for public sector unions was expanded.

#### Education

* In tertiary education, the Fourth Labour Government introduced charges equalling 10 percent of tuition costs, although students on low incomes were compensated with targeted allowances.
* Public funding of day care was increased substantially and maternity and paternity leave were extended (feminists inside and outside the New Zealand Labour Party helped bring about these developments).
* Improvements in education were made, as demonstrated by the expansion and strengthening of early childhood education, significant increases of teaching staff at kindergarten, enhancement of teacher education, attention to special education and support for Taha Maori, and funding for a measure which allowed for the universalisation of three year integrated childcare and kindergarten teacher training.
* The Education Amendment (No.2) Act 1987 amended the 1964 Education Act so that persons with special educational needs (whether by reason of disability or otherwise)had the same rights to enrol and receive education at institutions established under the Act as persons without such needs.
* Multi-cultural education was encouraged via increased levels of recruitment of teachers from minority cultures, and this policy resulted in a considerable increase in the number of applicants accepted for training as well as in more minority teachers for primary, secondary, and multicultural schools.
* Access to extramural study was significantly expanded.
* The fee for overseas students was reduced from $1,500 to $1,000 in 1984 and then abolished in 1987.
* Vocational opportunities for school leavers were significantly expanded, as characterised by the merging of various vocational programmes into a single Training Assistance Programme (1985).
* Early childhood teacher training was extended.
* The University Entrance (UE) examination was abolished, which had a far-reaching significance for the education of students in the senior forms of secondary schools. "Instead of being seen solely as preparation for university study, the courses leading to Sixth Form Certificate (SFC) provided a wider and more general education. This award more satisfactorily accommodated the diverse needs of students in Form 6, and thus recognised the changing, broader composition of the student population at that level".
* In 1985, the National Film Library initiated "a video cassette loan service alongside its traditional 16 mm film services.\* This measure provided schools with "access to the wide range of programmes being produced in video and television format".
* Funding was allocated to early childhood education, which allowed for the universalisation of three-year integrated childcare and kindergarten teacher training.
* The Education Amendment (No.2) Act 1987 altered the 1964 Education Act so that persons with special educational needs (whether by reason of disability or otherwise) had the same rights to enrol and receive education at institutions established under the Act as persons without such needs.
* Four-minute reading and reading recovery, the teaching procedure which reduces the incidence of reading failure among 6-year-old children, was extended to a further 200 schools between 1985 and 1986.
* Five new Kura Kaupapa schools were commissioned as a means of raising Maori educational achievement (1990).
* Spending on full-time primary, secondary, polytechnic and area sector school teaching/tutoring/teachers college positions was increased (1987).
* Spending on preschool education was increased (1989).
* Extra funding was provided for the mainstreaming of special education students (1990).

#### Health

* The Nurses Amendment Act (1990) ensured that midwives regained autonomy as independent practitioners and provided them with the same levels of pay as doctors who practised obstetrics.
* The government subsidy of general practitioner care was increased in 1988 and again in 1990 for the elderly, children, and the chronically ill. From September 1990 onwards, practitioners were provided with the option of joining "a contract scheme which offered an inflation-adjusted subsidy for all consultations in return for limits on user charges and the provision of patient information for a national database". This scheme was abandoned by the Fourth National Government
* Spending on the General Medical Services and immunisation benefits was increased (1985).

#### Housing

* The Homestart programme (introduced in 1986) gave families and individuals on low to middle incomes a first home start with subsidised assistance to bridge the deposit gap.
* The housing package in the November 1984 budget introduced flexible loans levels which reflected individual family circumstances and regional differences in house prices thus granting access to mortgage finance on a fairer basis.
* The housing package in the November 1984 budget introduced flexible loans levels "reflecting individual family circumstances and regional differences in house prices thus granting access to mortgage finance on a fairer basis".
* Changes to loan and formal experience requirements for settlement and other land purchase made it easier for young and new farmers to acquire land.
* A pilot fund was put aside for financing housing projects aimed to help low-income women and families.
* Encouragement was given to local authorities to purchase existing homes for modernisation and re-sale. Purchase and rehabilitation loans authorised for local authorities increased by over 3465% between 1985–7.
* The government proposed to lodge bond money with an independent authority which would invest it in authorised institutions rather than it being held by landlords, and claimed that: "Interest on this money will be used to cover the costs of the tenancy tribunal." The subsequent Residential Tenancies Act 1986 "legislated for all interest paid out of the bond fund to be used in payment of all salaries, wages, fees, allowances, expenses, costs, and disbursements payable to the Tenancy Tribunal".
* The Residential Tenancies Act (1986) provided new guarantees for tenants.
* The income tax abatement scheme for interest payments on first homes was abolished (1984).
* Income-related mortgage repayments were introduced (1984).
* Expenditure was increased for Maori Affairs department lending, Housing Corporation loans, refinancing of home loans (in extreme difficulty), and the construction of state rental units (1984).
* A new housing package was introduced, designed to target housing assistance to those in greatest need (1984).
* More flexible Housing Corporation lending was introduced, with interest rates adjusted to take into account a person's ability to pay (1985).
* Increased expenditure was allocated to increasing the construction or acquisition of the Housing Corporation's rental units (1985).
* Family Benefit capitalisation for modest-income first-home seekers was increased (1985).
* A Special Accommodation Benefit for wage and salary earners having problems with paying their rent was introduced (1985).
* The Rent Limitation Regulations were abolished to encourage new investment in the private rental sector (1985).
* Income-related rates and rents were introduced (1985).
* The Old People's Home Regulations (1987) required that bathrooms, kitchens, sanitary fittings and laundries in Old People's Homes have an approved sink with an adequate supply of hot and cold water.
* Expenditure was allocated for New Zealanders unable to find accommodation in the private sector, together with expenditure for state housing rental stock (1989).
* The special lending programme was expanded to help community and welfare organisations to provide support housing (1989).

#### Institutional reform

* The Department of Conservation was established (1987) to "…manage endangered, vulnerable, rare, and protected plants, animals, and ecosystems to ensure their long term viability".
* A Ministry of Consumer Affairs was established (1986) "to advise the Government on matters affecting consumers; to promote and participate in the review of consumer related legislation, policies and programmes; to promote awareness among consumers and the business sector of their rights and obligations in the market place; and to support and co-ordinate non-Government involvement in consumer issues".
* Government departments were required to meet the "demand for the placement of people with disabilities in the Public Service." Sixty places were "allocated for the Employment of Disabled Persons scheme" and by the end of the government's first term, 57 had been filled.
* The government introduced ‘A New Deal in Training and Employment Opportunities’ (1985) which represented a shift "to an active longer term labour market approach, centred on training and skill development and integration into the workforce".
* Government departments were required to meet the "demand for the placement of people with disabilities in the Public Service." Sixty places were "allocated for the Employment of Disabled Persons scheme" and by the end of the Fifth labour Government's first term, fifty-seven had been filled.
* In 1988/89, OSH (Occupational Safety and Health) sought to emphasise health in the workplace by "enforcing compliance with the standards established by regulation or in Codes of Practice."
* The 1988 State Sector Act and the 1989 Public Finance Act established private sector-style wage and work disciplines in the traditional welfare state and in those ‘non-commercial’ agencies still overseen by the State Services Commission, leading to "more customer-friendly service delivery in many instances".

### Treaty of Waitangi and Maori policy

* Enabling the Waitangi Tribunal to investigate Treaty claims dating back to 1840 (Treaty of Waitangi Amendment Act 1985).
* Making Te Reo Māori (the Māori language) an official language of New Zealand, with the Māori Language Act. The act also established the Maori Language Commission, which amongst its objectives include the maintenance and promotion of the Māori language.
* Responded to the 1987 *New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General* ruling of the Court of Appeal by setting out its own principles of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1989.
* The Papakainga housing scheme was introduced, which enabled people to borrow money to construct or purchase housing on Maori land in multiple ownership.
* The Maori attestation scheme, He Tohu Matauranga, was extended to the primary service (1988). The attestation process was administered by the trustees of a marae. It confirmed the candidate's fluency in the Māori language and understanding of Maori culture. Applicants for primary teacher training could use attestation as an additional criterion for entry to a three-year training course. As a result, "Maori enrollments at colleges of education increased by 175 (41%) from 1988 to 1989".
* The Runanga Iwi Act of 1990 empowered tribal authorities to deliver government programmes. It was repealed by the incoming National government.
* The Māori Loan Affair (about a proposed unauthorised overseas loan) was exposed by Winston Peters on 16 December 1986, and continued into January and February 1987.

### Environmental policy

The Fourth Labour Government made significant reforms to resource management, conservation, planning and mining legislation and local government as well as the state sector. Significant new legislation included:

Geoffrey Palmer initiated the Resource Management Law Reform process which later resulted in the enactment of the Resource Management Act 1991 and the Crown Minerals Act 1991, after Labour lost office in the 1990 election.

In 1988, the Fourth Labour Government initiated the first work programme for developing policy for climate change. This was in response to the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The policy programme was coordinated between agencies by the Ministry of the Environment.

## Formation

The fourth Labour government was brought into office by a landslide victory in the 1984 election. This was a snap election called by Prime Minister Robert Muldoon after he lost confidence in his ability to command a majority of Parliament. The very short lead-up time to the election meant that Labour had no time to put together a formal manifesto, and this gave it licence to enact many policies which it had not told voters about before the election. Muldoon was extremely unpopular by this time, and most voters had become disillusioned with his economic policies, so it is entirely likely that Labour would have won this election even if they had announced their programme in advance. There was also a major run on the New Zealand Dollar caused by the constitutional crisis following the election, when outgoing Prime Minister Robert Muldoon refused to devalue the New Zealand dollar.

## The 1987 election

Although the government gained one seat, two extra seats had been created since the previous election and its majority remained unchanged at 17. Its share of the vote rose from 43% in 1984 to 48%, although voter turnout was down slightly. It had lost votes from traditional strongholds but gained them in formerly National-leaning seats. According to Lange, this alerted him to the fact that the Labour Party was drifting away from its traditional support base. He was particularly alarmed that Labour had nearly won the wealthy seat of Remuera, traditionally a National stronghold. Public support of the government's stand on the ANZUS issue probably also won it votes.

Despite internal divisions, the government managed to maintain a united front before and during the 1987 election. On election night, Lange raised Douglas' hand in a boxing-style victory pose, to convey unity.

However divisions had already emerged in January and February 1987 over the Māori loan affair, with only two other ministers supporting the proposal of Lange and Palmer that Koro Wētere should resign as Minister of Maori Affairs and from his seat in Parliament, with a consequent election-year by-election.

## Division over Rogernomics

The Labour Party was founded on socialist principles and traditionally favoured state regulation of the economy and strong support for disadvantaged members of society. The First Labour Government made major Keynesian reforms along these lines, and subsequent governments continued this system. By the 1970s, the system of regulation, protectionism and high taxes was no longer functioning properly, and required ever more regulation to stabilise it. Meanwhile, the Labour Party, once dominated by working-class and trade unionists, had attracted many middle-class people with its liberal social and independent foreign policies. These new members were interested in international issues such as the apartheid system in South Africa and nuclear weapons, and domestic 'identity politics' issues such as the Treaty of Waitangi and feminism. This group held a very wide range of economic views, but the majority had little interest in or knowledge of economics.

When the Fourth Labour government took office, most members accepted the need for some economic reform. Finance Minister Roger Douglas and his supporters felt that a complete overhaul of the New Zealand economic system was required. Initially most of the government supported this, although a number of traditionalists were already suspicious of Douglas. Gradually more and more MPs, including Prime Minister David Lange became alarmed at the extent and speed of the reforms. Those in the government who wanted to slow or stop the reforms found it difficult to do so. This is partially because few of them knew much about economics, and were thus unable to convincingly rebut the "Douglas" proposals. In 1984, David Caygill and Richard Prebble had been made associate ministers to Douglas, with Douglas, Caygill and Prebble, known as the "Troika" or the "Treasury Troika", becoming the most powerful group in Cabinet.

The "Douglas" faction, which supported the reforms, dominated Cabinet. The doctrine of Cabinet collective responsibility under the "Westminster system" requires all Cabinet members to support Cabinet policy, even if they do not agree with it. Since the Cabinet had a slight majority in the Labour caucus, the Douglas faction was able to dominate caucus even though they were a minority. It was later alleged that Douglas and his supporters had used underhand tactics such as introducing important motions at the last minute, preventing serious debate. David Lange also complained in his autobiography about the "Backbone club", a ginger group chaired by Ron Bailey which supported Douglas and Rogernomics.

The divisions within the government came to a head in 1988. Lange felt that New Zealand had experienced enough change in a short period, and that the country needed time to recover from the reforms and from the effects of the 1987 stock market crash and the resulting economic recession. Douglas wanted to press on with reforms, and put forward a proposal for a flat tax. Lange initially supported this, but then realised it would inevitably lead to cuts in social services. Without informing his colleagues, he held a press conference announcing that the flat tax scheme would not go ahead. Douglas released a letter and press statement stating a lack of confidence in Lange, and Lange treated it as a resignation. He was replaced as Minister of Finance by David Caygill, who said in an *Eyewitness* special that he stood for a continuation of Rogernomics.

The next year saw even greater fracturing. After being defeated in his bid for the party presidency, Jim Anderton quit the party to form NewLabour; which stood for Labour's traditional socialist values. Douglas was re-elected to Cabinet, leading to Lange's resignation. He was replaced with Geoffrey Palmer, a Lange supporter and constitutional lawyer. However he lacked the charisma to attract voters, and shortly before the 1990 election he was replaced by Mike Moore.

The Labour Party took several years to recover from the damage of these years and to regain the trust of their former supporters. In the 1990 election, Labour lost many votes to NewLabour, the Greens, and in 1993 to the Alliance Party, which had been formed by NewLabour, the Greens and several other small left-wing political parties.

Douglas did not stand at the 1990 election, and several of his supporters were defeated. He went on to form the ACT Party, which aimed to continue his reforms. He was later joined by Richard Prebble, who became leader.

## Defeat and legacy

By the time of the 1990 general election the government was in chaos. Lange had resigned and Mike Moore had taken over from Lange's successor Geoffrey Palmer just eight weeks before the election. Jim Anderton had quit the party to form NewLabour, which represented the Labour Party's traditional values.

The election was a disaster for Labour. The party lost nearly half its seats, including one to Anderton. Anderton's NewLabour Party and the Greens took many votes from Labour, although the first-past-the-post electoral system meant that their share of the vote was not reflected in the division of seats. Michael Bassett commented that the government "whimpered away unlamented, a victim of low commodity prices that delayed economic recovery, but more particularly of catastrophically poor leadership in its second term".

The National Party won the election, forming the Fourth National Government. Labour would not regain power until 1999. Jim Bolger said after inheriting two financial crisis from Labour (a budget deficit not a surplus, and the need to bail out the Bank of New Zealand) that Labour had lied during the campaign: he was still angry because *the lie was so big*. Despite campaigning on the promise of delivering a "Decent Society" following Rogernomics, Bolger's Fourth National Government essentially advanced the free-market reforms of the Fourth Labour Government—this continuation of Rogernomics was called Ruthanasia. The economic structure introduced by Roger Douglas has remained essentially unchanged since the 1980s.

The disillusionment of the electorate was also reflected in referendums in 1992 and 1993 which resulted in electoral reform in the form of a change from first-past-the-post to mixed-member proportional (MMP), a form of proportional representation.

The Fourth Labour Government's nuclear-free zone policy is still occasionally debated as of 2018 and has been a subject of controversy in New Zealand. Don Brash (National Party leader from 2003 to 2006) talked about repealing the anti-nuclear Act to six visiting United States senators in May 2004, even going so far as to say the ban on nuclear-ship visits would be "gone, by lunchtime even". He and his party received much criticism for promising foreign politicians to ban something so ingrained in New Zealand political culture.

## Election results

| Election | Parliament | Seats | Total votes | Percentage | Gain (loss) | Seats won | Change | Majority |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984 | 41st | 95 | 829,154 | 42.98% | +3.97% | 56 | +13 | 17 |
| 1987 | 42nd | 97 | 878,448 | 47.96% | +4.98% | 57 | +1 | 17 |
| 1990 | 43rd | 97 | 640,915 | 35.14% | -12.82% | 29 | -28 |  |

## Prime ministers

David Lange was Prime Minister for most of this Government's term. In 1989 he resigned and Geoffrey Palmer replaced him. A little over a year later, Mike Moore replaced Palmer, only eight weeks before the 1990 election:

## Cabinet ministers

| Portfolio | Minister | Start | End |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister | David Lange | 26 July 1984 | 8 August 1989 |
| | Geoffrey Palmer | 8 August 1989 | 4 September 1990 |
| | Mike Moore | 4 September 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Geoffrey Palmer | 26 July 1984 | 8 August 1989 |
| | Helen Clark | 8 August 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Agriculture | Colin Moyle | 26 July 1984 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Jim Sutton | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Attorney-General | Geoffrey Palmer | 26 July 1984 | 8 August 1989 |
| | David Lange | 8 August 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage | Peter Tapsell | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Michael Bassett | 24 August 1987 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Margaret Austin | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Broadcasting | Jonathan Hunt | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Richard Prebble | 24 August 1987 | 5 November 1988 |
| | Jonathan Hunt | 5 November 1988 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Civil Defence | Peter Tapsell | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Michael Bassett | 24 August 1987 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Margaret Austin | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Commerce | David Butcher | 24 August 1987 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Conservation | Russell Marshall | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Helen Clark | 24 August 1987 | 30 January 1989 |
| | Philip Woollaston | 30 January 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Customs | Margaret Shields | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Trevor de Cleene | 24 August 1987 | 14 December 1988 |
| | Margaret Shields | 14 December 1988 | 8 August 1989 |
| | Peter Neilson | 8 August 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Defence | Frank O'Flynn | 26 July 1984 | 24 July 1987 |
| | Bob Tizard | 24 July 1987 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Peter Tapsell | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Education | Russell Marshall | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | David Lange | 24 August 1987 | 8 August 1989 |
| | Geoffrey Palmer | 8 August 1989 | 14 August 1989 |
| | Phil Goff | 14 August 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Employment | Kerry Burke | 26 July 1984 | 6 April 1987 |
| | Phil Goff | 6 April 1987 | 14 August 1989 |
| | Annette King | 14 August 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Energy | Bob Tizard | 26 July 1984 | 16 September 1987 |
| | David Butcher | 16 September 1987 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister for the Environment | Russell Marshall | 26 July 1984 | 17 February 1986 |
| | Phil Goff | 17 February 1986 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Geoffrey Palmer | 24 August 1987 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Finance | Roger Douglas | 26 July 1984 | 14 December 1988 |
| | David Caygill | 14 December 1988 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Fisheries | Colin Moyle | 26 July 1984 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Ken Shirley | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | David Lange | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Russell Marshall | 24 August 1987 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Mike Moore | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Forestry | Koro Wētere | 26 July 1984 | 24 July 1987 |
| | Peter Tapsell | 24 July 1987 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Jim Sutton | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Health | Michael Bassett | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | David Caygill | 24 August 1987 | 30 January 1989 |
| | Helen Clark | 30 January 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Housing | Phil Goff | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Helen Clark | 24 August 1987 | 14 August 1989 |
| | Jonathan Hunt | 14 August 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Immigration | Kerry Burke | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Stan Rodger | 24 August 1987 | 14 August 1989 |
| | Roger Douglas | 14 August 1989 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Annette King | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | Peter Tapsell | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Michael Bassett | 24 August 1987 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Margaret Austin | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Justice | Geoffrey Palmer | 26 July 1984 | 8 August 1989 |
| | Bill Jeffries | 8 August 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Labour | Stan Rodger | 26 July 1984 | 8 August 1989 |
| | Helen Clark | 8 August 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Leader of the House | Geoffrey Palmer | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Jonathan Hunt | 24 August 1987 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Local Government | Michael Bassett | 26 July 1984 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Philip Woollaston | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Maori Affairs | Koro Wētere | 26 July 1984 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Police | Ann Hercus | 26 July 1984 | 16 September 1987 |
| | Peter Tapsell | 16 September 1987 | 8 August 1989 |
| | Roger Douglas | 8 August 1989 | 10 July 1990 |
| | Richard Prebble | 10 July 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Postmaster-General | Jonathan Hunt | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Richard Prebble | 24 August 1987 | 5 November 1988 |
| | David Butcher | 5 November 1988 | 14 August 1989 |
| Minister of Railways | Richard Prebble | 26 July 1984 | 4 November 1988 |
| | Stan Rodger | 4 November 1988 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Richard Prebble | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Revenue | Roger Douglas | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Trevor de Cleene | 24 August 1987 | 15 December 1988 |
| | David Caygill | 15 December 1988 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Peter Neilson | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister for Social Welfare | Ann Hercus | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Michael Cullen | 24 August 1987 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister for Sport and Recreation | Mike Moore | 26 July 1984 | 24 July 1987 |
| | Peter Tapsell | 24 July 1987 | 10 July 1990 |
| | Noel Scott | 10 July 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister for State Owned Enterprises | Richard Prebble | 26 July 1984 | 4 November 1988 |
| | David Lange | 4 November 1988 | 8 November 1988 |
| | Stan Rodger | 8 November 1988 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Richard Prebble | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister for State Services | Stan Rodger | 26 July 1984 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Clive Matthewson | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Statistics | Bob Tizard | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Margaret Shields | 24 August 1987 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Tourism | Mike Moore | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Phil Goff | 24 August 1987 | 10 January 1988 |
| | Jonathan Hunt | 10 January 1988 | 24 August 1989 |
| | Fran Wilde | 24 August 1989 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Trade | Mike Moore | 26 July 1984 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Trade and Industry | David Caygill | 26 July 1984 | 10 October 1988 |
| | David Butcher | 10 October 1988 | 11 July 1989 |
| Minister of Transport | Richard Prebble | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Bill Jeffries | 24 August 1987 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister of Works | Fraser Colman | 26 July 1984 | 15 August 1987 |
| | Richard Prebble | 15 August 1987 | 8 November 1988 |
| | Bill Jeffries | 8 November 1988 | 9 February 1990 |
| | Peter Neilson | 9 February 1990 | 2 November 1990 |
| Minister for Women | Ann Hercus | 26 July 1984 | 24 August 1987 |
| | Margaret Shields | 24 August 1987 | 2 November 1990 |
|

## Further reading

* Bassett, Michael (2008). *Working with David: Inside the Lange Cabinet*. Auckland: Hodder Moa. ISBN 978-1-86971-094-1.
* Brooking, Tom (1999) \[1988\]. *Milestones: Turning Points in New Zealand History* (2 ed.). Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. ISBN 0-908722-30-3.
* Chambers, John H (2007) \[2004\]. *A Traveller's History of New Zealand and the South Pacific Islands* (2 ed.). New York: Interlink. ISBN 978-1-56656-506-6.
* Easton, Brian ed (1989). *The Making of Rogernomics*. Auckland University Press. ISBN 1-86940-041-0. `{{cite book}}`: `|first=` has generic name (help)
* Harvey, John; Edwards, John (2019). *Annette King: The Authorised Biography*. Auckland: Upstart Press. ISBN 978-1-988516-37-0.
* Holland, Martin, and Boston, Jonathan eds. *The Fourth Labour Government: Radical Politics in New Zealand* (1988)
* Lange, David (2005). *My Life*. Auckland, NZ: Viking. ISBN 0-670-04556-X.
* Mein Smith, Philippa (2012) \[2005\]. *A Concise History of New Zealand* (2 ed.). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-40217-1.
* McQueen, Harvey (1991). *The Ninth Floor: Inside the Prime Minister's Office – A Political Experience*. Auckland: Penguin Books.
* Pope, Margaret (2011). *At the turning point: my political life with David Lange*. Auckland: AM Publications. ISBN 978-0-473-190255.
* Russell, Marcia (1996). *Revolution: New Zealand From Fortress To Free Market*. Auckland: Hodder Moa Beckett. ISBN 1-86958-428-7.
* Sheppard, Simon (1999). *Broken Circle: The Decline and Fall of the Fourth Labour Government*. Wellington: PSL Press. ISBN 0-9582063-1-7.
* Vowles, Jack, and Peter Aimer. *Voters' Vengeance: The 1990 Election in New Zealand and the fate of the Fourth Labour Government* (1993, Auckland University Press) ISBN 1-86940-078-X

## InfoBox

| Fourth Labour Government | |
| --- | --- |
| <br>Ministries of New Zealand | |
| 1984–1990 | |
| Date formed | 26 July 1984 |
| Date dissolved | 2 November 1990 |
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Prime Minister | David Lange (1984–1989)<br>Geoffrey Palmer (1989–1990)<br>Mike Moore (1990) |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Geoffrey Palmer (1984–1989)<br>Helen Clark (1989–1990) |
| Member party | Labour Party |
| Opposition party | National Party |
| Opposition leader |  |
| History | |
| Elections |  |
| Predecessor | Third National Government of New Zealand |
| Successor | Fourth National Government of New Zealand |


# Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt

The fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt as president of the United States was held on Saturday, January 20, 1945. This was the 40th inauguration and marked the commencement of the fourth and final term of Franklin D. Roosevelt as president and the only term of Harry S. Truman as vice president. This is the only time a president was inaugurated for a fourth term; after the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1951, no person can be elected president more than twice. Roosevelt died 82 days into this term, and Truman succeeded to the presidency.

Due to austerity measures in effect during World War II, the inauguration was held on the South Portico of the White House, rather than the Capitol. The parade and other festivities were canceled as well. The oath was administered by Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone and the subsequent address was one of the shortest on record. This was also the most recent inauguration in which an outgoing vice president swore in his successor, which had previously been the practice. Roosevelt's presidency was, and remains, the longest in American history.

## InfoBox

Fourth presidential inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | January 20, 1945 (1945-01-20) |
| Location | White House,
Washington, D.C. |
| Organized by | Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies |
| Participants | Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd president of the United States
*— Assuming office*
---  Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice of the United States
*— Administering oath*
---  Harry S. Truman
34th vice president of the United States
*— Assuming office*
---  Henry A. Wallace
33rd vice president of the United States
*— Administering oath* |
|  | |


title: Frances Longden Almshouses

abstract: The Frances Jane Longden Almshouses were erected in 1852 in Bramcote, Nottinghamshire, for 4 poor women. The patron was Frances Jane Longden, the sister of John Sherwin Gregory of Bramcote Manor. She endowed the almshouses to provide accommodation for four poor women of the parish who were to receive two shillings weekly and two tons of coal each year. The datestone is located just off centre of the building with the wording “Almshouses erected by Frances Jane Longden 1852” The almshouses are situated at the top of Cow Lane, Bramcote. Nottingham Community Housing Association assumed ownership in 2007, and the independent charity 244900 which had formerly managed the housing was closed.

text:
# Frances Longden Almshouses

The **Frances Jane Longden Almshouses** were erected in 1852 in Bramcote, Nottinghamshire, for 4 poor women.

The patron was Frances Jane Longden, the sister of John Sherwin Gregory of Bramcote Manor. She endowed the almshouses to provide accommodation for four poor women of the parish who were to receive two shillings weekly and two tons of coal each year. The datestone is located just off centre of the building with the wording “Almshouses erected by Frances Jane Longden 1852”

The almshouses are situated at the top of Cow Lane, Bramcote.

Nottingham Community Housing Association assumed ownership in 2007, and the independent charity 244900 which had formerly managed the housing was closed.

## InfoBox

| Frances Longden Almshouses | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Bramcote, Nottinghamshire, England |
| Coordinates | 52°55′58.3″N 1°14′41.74″W / 52.932861°N 1.2449278°W / 52.932861; -1.2449278 |
| Built | 1852 |
| Restored | 1984 |
| Restored by | Broxtowe Borough Council |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
|  | |
| Location of Frances Longden Almshouses in Nottinghamshire | |


title: People v. Rizzo

abstract: People v. Rizzo, Court of Appeals of New York, 246 N.Y. 334, 158 N.E. 888 (1927), is a criminal case that set precedent for what constitutes an attempt to commit a crime.

text:
# People v. Rizzo

***People v. Rizzo***, Court of Appeals of New York, 246 N.Y. 334, 158 N.E. 888 (1927), is a criminal case that set precedent for what constitutes an attempt to commit a crime.

## Facts

Charles Rizzo, Anthony J. Dorio, Thomas Milo and John Thomasell planned to rob a courier carrying payroll. Rizzo told the others that he could identify the courier. They drove around looking for the courier but they failed to locate the courier before police stopped and arrested them.

## Prior History

Charles Rizzo was convicted of attempted robbery in the first degree by the Bronx County Court on February 17, 1927. He appealed to the Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division which affirmed the conviction on June 27, 1927.

## Conclusion

Actions must be dangerously close to the commission of a crime to satisfy the action for an attempt. Having failed to find his target, Rizzo could not have completed a substantial step toward commission of robbery to be found guilty of attempting robbery.

Text of *People v. Rizzo* is available from: vLex

## InfoBox

| People v. Rizzo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | New York Court of Appeals |
| Full case name | *The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Charles Rizzo, Appellant, Impleaded with Others.* |
| Decided | November 22, 1927 (1927-11-22) |
| Citation | 246 N.Y. 334; 158 N.E. 888 |
| Case history | |
| Appealed from | Bronx County Court; Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Frederick E. Crane, Henry T. Kellogg, John F. O'Brien |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Crane, joined by Kellogg, O'Brien |


title: People v. Schmidt

abstract: People v Schmidt, 216 N.Y. 324 (1915), is a criminal case interpreting "wrong" in the M'Naghten rule for an insanity defense. The M'naghten rule included that a person was not guilty because of insanity if, because of a mental disorder, the defendant was not able to know her act was wrong. The court interpreted "wrong" to refer to knowledge the act was morally wrong, not knowledge that it was legally wrong. The court wrote, "The [M'Naghten] court expressly held that a defendant who knew nothing of the law would nonetheless be responsible if he know that the act was wrong, by which, therefore they must have meant, if he knew it was morally wrong... There is nothing to justify the belief that the words right and wrong, when they became limited by M'Naghten's case to the right and wrong of a particular act, cast off their meaning in terms of morals, and became terms of pure legality." The court also wrote on knowledge of moral wrongness in the case of a delusion of a deific decree, that God ordered a criminal act, when defendant knows the act is morally and legally wrong, "It seems a mockery to say that, within the meaning of the statute, she knows that the act is wrong." The court wrote that if a person has an insane delusion that "he has a command from the Almighty to kill, it is difficult to understand how such a man can know that it is wrong for him to do so."

text:
# People v. Schmidt

***People v Schmidt***, 216 N.Y. 324 (1915), is a criminal case interpreting "wrong" in the M'Naghten rule for an insanity defense.

The M'naghten rule included that a person was not guilty because of insanity if, because of a mental disorder, the defendant was not able to know her act was wrong. The court interpreted "wrong" to refer to knowledge the act was morally wrong, not knowledge that it was legally wrong. The court wrote, *"The \[M'Naghten\] court expressly held that a defendant who knew nothing of the law would nonetheless be responsible if he know that the act was wrong, by which, therefore they must have meant, if he knew it was morally wrong... There is nothing to justify the belief that the words right and wrong, when they became limited by M'Naghten's case to the right and wrong of a particular act, cast off their meaning in terms of morals, and became terms of pure legality."*

The court also wrote on knowledge of moral wrongness in the case of a delusion of a deific decree, that God ordered a criminal act, when defendant knows the act is morally and legally wrong, *"It seems a mockery to say that, within the meaning of the statute, she knows that the act is wrong."* The court wrote that if a person has an insane delusion that *"he has a command from the Almighty to kill, it is difficult to understand how such a man can know that it is wrong for him to do so."*


title: Frances Murphy Draper

abstract: Frances Murphy Draperalso known as Toni, is an American teacher, newspaper executive and pastor. She was President of the Baltimore Afro-American from 1988 to 1999, and subsequently pastor of Freedom Temple African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in Baltimore. In 2018 she became chairman of the board and publisher of AFRO-American Newspapers.

text:
# Frances Murphy Draper

**Frances Murphy Draper**also known as **Toni**, is an American teacher, newspaper executive and pastor. She was President of the *Baltimore Afro-American* from 1988 to 1999, and subsequently pastor of Freedom Temple African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in Baltimore. In 2018 she became chairman of the board and publisher of AFRO-American Newspapers.

## Life

Frances Mary Draper was born on 18 December 1947 in Baltimore. Her great-grandfather, John H. Murphy Sr., founded the *Baltimore Afro-American* in 1892, and established the Murphy family as a Baltimore newspaper clan. Draper's grandfather Carl J. Murphy edited the paper from 1922 to 1967; her grandmother Vashti Turley Murphy was one of the founding members of Delta Sigma Theta; and her aunt Elizabeth Murphy Moss was the first black woman to be certified as an overseas war correspondent in World War II. Her mother, Frances L. Murphy II, served as publisher and chairman of the AFRO-American board in the 1970s.

After a BA in Spanish education at Morgan State University in 1969, Draper worked as a teacher, gaining a M.Ed. from Johns Hopkins University in 1973. From 1973 to 1976 she managed the New Jersey edition of the *Afro-American*. From 1976 to 1978 she worked as an account executive at Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, before joining Morgan State University in 1978 as an assistant vice president of development. In 1986 she rejoined the *Afro-American* as the paper's president. She remained in that role until 1999, combining her newspaper activity with further study. She earned an M.B.A. from the University of Maryland, Baltimore in 1981, and an M.S. in pastoral counseling in 1996 from Loyola College in Maryland.

Draper left the paper again in 1999. In 2002 she became pastor of the John Wesley AME Zion Church in Baltimore, later renamed the Freedom Temple African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. In 2006 she gained a D.Min. from United Theological Seminary. In 2018 she returned to AFRO-American Newspapers as chairman of the board.

## Works

* *Relationship Theology: a Model for Producing Healthy Marriages in the African American Context*. United Theological Seminary, 2006.
* *No Ordinary Hook Up: The Courtship of Vashti Turley and Carl Murphy 1915-1916*. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Frances Murphy Draper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | December 18, 1947 <br>Baltimore |
| Alma mater |  |
| Employer |  |


title: Per tutta la vita

abstract: "Per tutta la vita" is the third single by Italian singer Noemi. The song participated in the 60th Sanremo Music Festival, competing in the section "Artisti". It was written by Diego Calvetti and Marco Ciappelli, and produced by Diego Calvetti. On 24 May 2010, Noemi received a Wind Music Award for "Per tutta la vita". In March 2010, "Per tutta la vita" was certified Platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry.

text:
# Per tutta la vita

"**Per tutta la vita**" is the third single by Italian singer Noemi. The song participated in the 60th Sanremo Music Festival, competing in the section "Artisti".

It was written by Diego Calvetti and Marco Ciappelli, and produced by Diego Calvetti. On 24 May 2010, Noemi received a Wind Music Award for "Per tutta la vita". In March 2010, "Per tutta la vita" was certified Platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry.

## Track listing

Digital download

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Per tutta la vita" | Diego Calvetti, Marco Ciappelli | Diego Calvetti | 3:21 |

## Music video

The music video produced for "Per tutta la vita" was directed by Gaetano Morbioli.

## Charts

### Weekly chart

| Chart (2009) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Italian Singles Chart | 1 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Italian Singles Chart | 6 |

## InfoBox

| "Per tutta la vita" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Noemi | |
| from the album  *Sulla mia pelle (Deluxe Edition)* | |
| Released | 17 February 2010 (2010-02-17)
(Italy) |
| Recorded | 2010  Platinum Studio |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:14 |
| Label | Sony Music |
| Songwriter(s) | Diego Calvetti, Marco Ciappelli |
| Producer(s) | Diego Calvetti |
| Noemi singles chronology | |
| "L'amore si odia"
(2009) "**Per tutta la vita**"
(2010) "Vertigini"
(2010) | |


title: Perdekop

abstract: Perdekop,, is a small town situated on top of a 1,889 m peak in the Mpumalanga province, in South Africa. It is a village 38 km north of Volksrust and 47 km south of Standerton.

text:
# Perdekop

**Perdekop**, (Afrikaans for *horses hill)*, is a small town situated on top of a 1,889 m peak in the Mpumalanga province, in South Africa. It is a village 38 km north of Volksrust and 47 km south of Standerton.

## History

Formerly Paardekop, ‘horses hill’, from the practice of keeping horses there when horse-sickness prevailed in lower lying areas.

The town was established during an equine sickness epidemic when farmers found that when they brought their horses to the top of this hill they were protected from the sickness. During the Second Boer War the British operated a lookout balloon here to monitor Boer activities.

## InfoBox

| Perdekop | |
| --- | --- |
| PerdekopPerdekop | |
| Coordinates: 27°10′S 29°38′E / 27.167°S 29.633°E / -27.167; 29.633 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Mpumalanga |
| District | Gert Sibande |
| Municipality | Pixley Ka Seme |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.73 km2 (2.98 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,889 m (6,198 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 5,081 |
| Density | 660/km2 (1,700/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 97.4% |
| Coloured | 0.3% |
| Indian/Asian | 1.7% |
| White | 0.4% |
| Other | 0.2% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Zulu | 82.3% |
| Sotho | 9.9% |
| English | 1.7% |
| S. Ndebele | 1.5% |
| Other | 4.6% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 2465 |
| PO box | 2465 |
| Area code | 017 |


title: Francisco-Javier Lozano Sebastián

abstract: Francisco-Javier Lozano Sebastián is a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church who has spent his career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See. He has been an archbishop since 1994 and held the title of Apostolic Nuncio to several countries until his resignation in 2015.

text:
# Francisco-Javier Lozano Sebastián

| Styles of
**Francisco-Javier Lozano Sebastián** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style |  |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Archbishop |

**Francisco-Javier Lozano Sebastián** (born November 28, 1943) is a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church who has spent his career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See. He has been an archbishop since 1994 and held the title of Apostolic Nuncio to several countries until his resignation in 2015.

## Biography

He was born to a farming family in Villaverde de Íscar on November 28, 1943. He studied at the seminary in Seville and at the Pontifical University of Salamanca. He earned his licentiate in theology in 1966 from the Pontifical Gregorian University. He was ordained a priest on March 19, 1968, by Cardinal Antonio Samorè

## Diplomatic career

In 1977 he obtained a doctorate in canon law from Lateran University, while already working in the Nunciature in Nigeria. His other early postings in the diplomatic service of the Holy See included South Africa, Zimbabwe, Yugoslavia, and Guatemala.

On July 25, 1994, Pope John Paul II appointed him titular archbishop of Penafiel and Apostolic Nuncio to Tanzania. He received his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Angelo Sodano on July 25. John Paul made him Nuncio to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on March 20, 1999, during the Second Congo War, where in 2000 he criticized the shelling of Kisangani as a "tragic and unjustified" targeting of the Christian population.

He returned to Rome in 2001 and worked in the Section for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State and in December was also made a member of the administrative council of Vatican Television.

John Paul made him Nuncio to Croatia on August 4, 2003, and he received his next posting from Pope Benedict XVI as Nuncio to both Romania and Moldova on December 10, 2007.

Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Nuncio on July 20, 2015.

## Prize and awards

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, The Most Reverend
Francisco-Javier Lozano Sebastián | |
| --- | --- |
| Apostolic Nuncio emeritus to Romania and Moldova
Titular Archbishop of Penafiel | |
| Appointed | 10 December 2007 |
| Retired | 20 July 2015 |
| Predecessor | Jean-Claude Périsset |
| Successor | Miguel Maury Buendía |
| Other post(s) | Titular Archbishop of Penafiel |
| Previous post(s) |  |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 19 March 1968
by Antonio Samorè |
| Consecration | 25 July 1994
by Angelo Sodano, Josip Uhac, and Carlos Amigo Vallejo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1943-11-28) November 28, 1943
Villaverde de Íscar, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Motto | In Veritate Libertas |


title: Pental Island

abstract: Pental Island is an island and rural locality in Victoria, Australia, bordering Swan Hill, Victoria in the north. The island is bounded by the Murray River in the north and the Little Murray River in the south; the Little Murray diverging from the Murray at Fish Point and converging at Swan Hill. Pental Island is also a parish of the County of Tatchera and the boundaries of the three entities are identical. At the 2016 census, Pental Island had a population of 135, down from 380 ten years earlier. The indigenous Wemba Wemba name for the island is Pakaruk. Two bridges allow access to the island from within Victoria, on Pental Island Road at Swan Hill in the west, and on Fish Point Road at Fish Point in the east. There are no crossings to the island over the Murray from New South Wales.

text:
# Pental Island

**Pental Island** is an island and rural locality in Victoria, Australia, bordering Swan Hill, Victoria in the north. The island is bounded by the Murray River in the north and the Little Murray River in the south; the Little Murray diverging from the Murray at Fish Point and converging at Swan Hill. Pental Island is also a parish of the County of Tatchera and the boundaries of the three entities are identical. At the 2016 census, Pental Island had a population of 135, down from 380 ten years earlier. The indigenous Wemba Wemba name for the island is *Pakaruk*.

Two bridges allow access to the island from within Victoria, on Pental Island Road at Swan Hill in the west, and on Fish Point Road at Fish Point in the east. There are no crossings to the island over the Murray from New South Wales.

## Boundary dispute

Pental Island is one of two areas (the other is Beveridge Island) which were the subject of border disputes between the states of Victoria and New South Wales. When the Murray was opened for navigation the question arose as to whether all navigable channels were part of New South Wales, as claimed by that state, or whether the Little Murray River was a continuation of the Loddon River enclosing Pental Island as claimed by Victoria. The dispute was raised in 1871 and was resolved in favour of Victoria by the Judicial Committee, with no detailed reasons given.

* County of Tatchera, Cadastral map showing county and parish boundaries, categories of lands holdings and reserves., 1880s. National Library of Australia

## InfoBox

| Pental Island<br>Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Pental Island Bridge at Swan Hill | |
| Pental Island | |
| Coordinates | 35°25′S 143°45′E / 35.417°S 143.750°E / -35.417; 143.750 |
| Population | 135 (2016 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 3586 |
| LGA(s) | Rural City of Swan Hill |
| **Localities around Pental Island:**  Swan Hill *New South Wales* *New South Wales*  Castle Donnington Pental Island *New South Wales*  Lake Boga Fish Point Benjeroop | |


title: Pentalene

abstract:
Pentalene is a polycyclic hydrocarbon composed of two fused cyclopentadiene rings. It has chemical formula C8H6. It is antiaromatic, because it has 4n π electrons where n is any integer. For this reason it dimerizes even at temperatures as low as −100 °C. The derivative 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylpentalene was synthesized in 1973. Because of the tert-butyl substituents this compound is thermally stable. Pentalenes can also be stabilized by benzannulation for example in the compounds benzopentalene and dibenzopentalene. Dilithium pentalenide was isolated in 1962, long before pentalene itself in 1997. It is prepared from reaction of dihydropentalene with n-butyllithium in solution and forms a stable salt. In accordance with its structure proton NMR shows 2 signals in a 2 to 1 ratio. The addition of two electrons removes the antiaromaticity; it becomes a planar 10π-electron aromatic species and is thus a bicyclic analogue of the cyclooctatetraene (COT) dianion C8H2−8.
  - The dianion can also be considered as two fused cyclopentadienyl rings, and has been used as a ligand in organometallic chemistry to stabilise many types of mono- and bimetallic complexes, including those containing multiple metal-metal bonds, and anti-bimetallics with extremely high levels of electronic communication between the centers.

text:
# Pentalene

**Pentalene** is a polycyclic hydrocarbon composed of two fused cyclopentadiene rings. It has chemical formula C8H6. It is antiaromatic, because it has 4*n* π electrons where *n* is any integer. For this reason it dimerizes even at temperatures as low as −100 °C. The derivative 1,3,5-tri-*tert*-butylpentalene was synthesized in 1973. Because of the *tert*-butyl substituents this compound is thermally stable. Pentalenes can also be stabilized by benzannulation for example in the compounds benzopentalene and dibenzopentalene.

**Dilithium pentalenide** was isolated in 1962, long before pentalene itself in 1997. It is prepared from reaction of dihydropentalene (pyrolysis of an isomer of dicyclopentadiene) with *n*-butyllithium in solution and forms a stable salt. In accordance with its structure proton NMR shows 2 signals in a 2 to 1 ratio. The addition of two electrons removes the antiaromaticity; it becomes a planar 10π-electron aromatic species and is thus a bicyclic analogue of the cyclooctatetraene (COT) dianion C8H2−8.

The dianion can also be considered as two fused cyclopentadienyl rings, and has been used as a ligand in organometallic chemistry to stabilise many types of mono- and bimetallic complexes, including those containing multiple metal-metal bonds, and *anti*-bimetallics with extremely high levels of electronic communication between the centers.

## InfoBox

Pentalene
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name Pentalene | |
| Other names Bicyclooctatetraene | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1/C8H6/c1-3-7-5-2-6-8(7)4-1/h1-6H | |
| SMILES * C1=CC2=CC=CC2=C1 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C8H6 |
| Molar mass | 102.136 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Percnia longitermen

abstract: Percnia longitermen is a species of moth of the family Geometridae first described by Louis Beethoven Prout in 1914. It is found in Taiwan.

text:
# Percnia longitermen

***Percnia longitermen*** is a species of moth of the family Geometridae first described by Louis Beethoven Prout in 1914. It is found in Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Percnia longitermen* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Percnia* |
| Species: | ***P. longitermen*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Percnia longitermen***<br>Prout, 1914 | |
|


title: Performance-based navigation

abstract: ICAO performance-based navigation (PBN) specifies that aircraft required navigation performance (RNP) and area navigation (RNAV) systems performance requirements be defined in terms of accuracy, integrity, availability, continuity, and functionality required for the proposed operations in the context of a particular airspace, when supported by the appropriate navigation infrastructure.

text:
# Performance-based navigation

ICAO **performance-based navigation** (**PBN**) specifies that aircraft required navigation performance (RNP) and area navigation (RNAV) systems performance requirements be defined in terms of accuracy, integrity, availability, continuity, and functionality required for the proposed operations in the context of a particular airspace, when supported by the appropriate navigation infrastructure.

## Description

Historically, aircraft navigation specifications have been specified directly in terms of sensors (navigation beacons and/or waypoints). A navigation specification that includes an additional requirement for on-board navigation performance monitoring and alerting is referred to as a required navigation performance (RNP) specification. One not having such requirements is referred to as an area navigation (RNAV) specification.

Performance requirements are identified in navigation specifications, which also identify the choice of navigation sensors and equipment that may be used to meet the performance requirements. The navigation specifications provide specific implementation guidance in order to facilitate global harmonisation.

Under PBN, generic navigation requirements are first defined based on the operational requirements. Civil aviation authorities then evaluate options in respect of available technology and navigation services. A chosen solution would be the most cost-effective for the civil aviation authority, as opposed to a solution being established as part of the operational requirements. Technology can evolve over time without requiring the operation itself to be revisited as long as the requisite performance is provided by the RNAV or RNP system.

PBN offers a number of advantages over the sensor-specific method of developing airspace and obstacle clearance criteria:

1. reduces the need to maintain sensor-specific routes and procedures, and their costs. For example, moving a single VOR can impact dozens of procedures, as a VOR can be used on routes, VOR approaches, missed approaches, etc. Adding new sensor-specific procedures would compound this cost, and the rapid growth in available navigation systems would soon make sensor-specific routes and procedures unaffordable;
2. avoids the need for developing sensor-specific operations with each new evolution of navigation systems, which would be cost-prohibitive. The expansion of satellite navigation services is expected to contribute to the continued diversity of RNP and RNAV systems in different aircraft. The original basic global navigation satellite system (GNSS) equipment is evolving due to the development of augmentations such as satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), ground-based augmentation systems (GBAS) and ground-based regional augmentation systems (GBAS), while the introduction of Galileo and the modernisation of the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) will further improve GNSS performance. The use of GNSS/inertial integration is also expanding;
3. allows for more efficient use of airspace (route placement, fuel efficiency and noise mitigation);
4. clarifies how RNAV systems are used; and
5. facilitates the operational approval process for civil aviation authorities by providing a limited set of navigation specifications intended for global use.

Within an airspace, PBN requirements will be affected by the communication, surveillance and air traffic control (ATC) environments, the navaid infrastructure and functional and operational capability needed to meet the ATM application. PBN performance requirements also depend on what reversion, non-RNAV means of navigation are available and what degree of redundancy is required to ensure adequate continuity of operations.

To achieve the efficiency and capacity gains partially enabled by RNAV and RNP, the FAA will pursue use of data communications and enhanced surveillance functionality.

## Background

Area navigation techniques and specifications started to evolve regionally without overall ICAO guidance. This consequently meant that terms and definitions such as "RNAV" and "RNP" had slightly different meanings in different regions of the world, and even other terms could be used locally. An example of this is the term "P-RNAV" (Precision RNAV) that Europe still uses (2019), which elsewhere is called "RNAV 1".

The terms RNAV and RNP was earlier used with little functional difference. RNP *required* a certain level of performance but made no attempt to define how it was to be guaranteed.

**Performance-based navigation (PBN)** is ICAO's initiative to standardise terminology, specifications and meanings. One example is to standardise the terminology used around APVs (Approaches with vertical guidance). All APVs have until recently been designated as RNAV-approaches, while these in fact are RNP-approaches with respect to the PBN implementation. All APVs require on-board performance monitoring and alerting, so the system cannot only be capable of navigation down to the required degree of accuracy, but also needs to continuously monitor the performance and be capable of alerting the pilot if its performance falls below that which is required.

These approaches had some confusing names and designations on charts, and the changeover is currently being conducted across all member states. The two types of RNAV-approaches have traditionally been named *RNAV (GNSS)* and *RNAV (RNP)* respectively, where the former is the traditional straight-in approach from the final approach fix, and the latter is a more complex approach that curves in the horizontal plane after the final approach fix which requires authorization for it to be commenced (*AR = Authorization Required*). The correct naming and designation for these approaches under the PBN implementation are *RNP* and *RNP AR* respectively. The images to the right show the naming of the current charts being used, and what they will look like under PBN.

## Impact on airspace planning

When separation minima and route spacing are determined using a conventional sensor-based approach, the navigation performance data used to determine the separation minima or route spacing depend on the accuracy of the raw data from specific navigation aids such as VOR, DME or NDB. In contrast, PBN requires an RNAV system that integrates raw navigation data to provide a positioning and navigation solution. In determining separation minima and route spacing, this integrated navigation performance "output" is used.

The navigation performance required from the RNAV system is part of the navigation specification. To determine separation minima and route spacing, airspace planners fully exploit that part of the navigation specification which describes the performance required from the RNAV system. Airspace planners also make use of the required performance (accuracy, integrity, availability and continuity) to determine route spacing and separation minima.

In procedurally controlled airspace, separation minima and route spacing on RNP specifications are expected to provide a greater benefit than those based on RNAV specifications. This is because the on-board performance monitoring and alerting function could alleviate the absence of ATS surveillance service by providing an alternative means of risk mitigation.

## Transition to PBN

It is expected that all future RNAV and RNP applications will identify the navigation requirements through the use of performance specifications rather than defining specific navigation sensors.

The Valley of Mexico will be the first in Mexico where the performance-based navigation system is used, which will allow the new Felipe Ángeles International Airport, the Mexico City International Airport, and the Toluca International Airport to operate simultaneously without the operations of one impeding those of the others.

## Scope

For legacy reasons associated with the previous RNP concept, PBN is currently limited to operations with linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints. For this reason, operations with angular lateral performance requirements (i.e. approach and landing operations with GNSS vertical guidance—approach procedure with vertical guidance APV-I and APV-II), as well as instrument landing system (ILS) and microwave landing system (MLS) are not considered. Unlike the lateral monitoring and obstacle clearance, for barometric VNAV systems there is neither alerting on vertical error nor is there a two-times relationship between a 95% required total system accuracy and the performance limit. Therefore, barometric VNAV is not considered vertical RNP.

## On-board performance monitoring and alerting

On-board performance monitoring and alerting is the main element that determines whether a navigation system complies with the required safety level associated with an RNP application. It relates to both lateral and longitudinal navigation performance; and it allows the aircrew to detect that the navigation system is not achieving, or cannot guarantee with 10<sup>−5</sup> integrity, the navigation performance required for the operation.

RNP systems provide improvements on the integrity of operations. This may permit closer route spacing and can provide sufficient integrity to allow only RNAV systems to be used for navigation in a specific airspace. The use of RNP systems may therefore offer significant safety, operational and efficiency benefits.

On-board performance monitoring and alerting capabilities fulfill two needs, one on board the aircraft and one within the airspace design. The assurance of airborne system performance is implicit for RNAV operations. Based upon existing airworthiness criteria, RNAV systems are only required to demonstrate intended function and performance using explicit requirements that are broadly interpreted. The result is that while the nominal RNAV system performance can be very good, it is characterised by the variability of the system functionality and related flight performance. RNP systems provide a means to minimise variability and assure reliable, repeatable and predictable flight operations.

On-board performance monitoring and alerting allow the air crew to detect whether or not the RNP system satisfies the navigation performance required in the navigation specification. On-board performance monitoring and alerting relate to both lateral and longitudinal navigation performance.

On-board performance monitoring and alerting is concerned with the performance of the area navigation system.

* "on-board" explicitly means that the performance monitoring and alerting is affected on board the aircraft and not elsewhere, e.g. using a ground-based route adherence monitor or ATC surveillance. The monitoring element of on-board performance monitoring and alerting relates to flight technical error (FTE) and navigation system error (NSE). Path definition error (PDE) is constrained through database integrity and functional requirements on the defined path, and is considered negligible.
* "monitoring" refers to the monitoring of the aircraft's performance as regards its ability to determine positioning error and/or to follow the desired path.
* "alerting" relates to the monitoring: if the aircraft's navigation system does not perform well enough, this will be alerted to the air crew.

## RNAV and RNP specific functions

Performance-based flight operations are based on the ability to assure reliable, repeatable and predictable flight paths for improved capacity and efficiency in planned operations. The implementation of performance-based flight operations requires not only the functions traditionally provided by the RNAV system, but also may require specific functions to improve procedures, and airspace and air traffic operations. The system capabilities for established fixed radius paths, RNAV or RNP holding, and lateral offsets fall into this category.

### Fixed radius paths

Fixed radius paths (FRP) take two forms:

1. the radius to fix (RF) leg type is one of the leg types that should be used when there is a requirement for a specific curved path radius in a terminal or approach procedure. The RF leg is defined by radius, arc length and fix. RNP systems supporting this leg type provide the same ability to conform to the track-keeping accuracy during the turn as in straight line segments. Bank angle limits for different aircraft types and winds aloft are taken into account in procedure design.
2. the fixed radius transition (FRT) is intended to be used in en-route procedures. These turns have two possible radii, 22.5 NM for high altitude routes (above FL195) and 15 NM for low altitude routes. Using such path elements in an RNAV route enables improvement in airspace usage through closely spaced parallel routes.

### Fly-by turns

Fly-by turns are a key characteristic of an RNAV flight path. The RNAV system uses information on aircraft speed, bank angle, wind and track angle change to calculate a flight path turn that smoothly transitions from one path segment to the next. However, because the parameters affecting the turn radius can vary from one plane to another, as well as due to changing conditions in speed and wind, the turn initiation point and turn area can vary.

### Holding pattern

The RNAV system facilitates the holding pattern specification by allowing the definition of the inbound course to the holding waypoint, turn direction and leg time or distance on the straight segments, as well as the ability to plan the exit from the hold. For RNP systems, further improvement in holding is available. These RNP improvements include fly-by entry into the hold, minimising the necessary protected airspace on the non-holding side of the holding pattern, consistent with the RNP limits provided. Where RNP holding is applied, a maximum of RNP 1 is suggested since less stringent values adversely affect airspace usage and design.

### Offset flight path

RNAV systems may provide the capability for the flight crew to specify a lateral offset from a defined route. Generally, lateral offsets can be specified in increments of 1 NM up to 20 NM. When a lateral offset is activated in the RNAV system, the RNAV aircraft will depart the defined route and typically intercept the offset at a 45° or less angle. When the offset is cancelled, the aircraft returns to the defined route in a similar manner. Such offsets can be used both strategically i.e. fixed offset for the length of the route, or tactically i.e. temporarily. Most RNAV systems discontinue offsets in the terminal area or at the beginning of an approach procedure, at an RNAV hold, or during course changes of 90° or greater.

## Minimum navigation performance specifications

Aircraft operating in the North Atlantic airspace are required to meet a minimum navigation performance specification (MNPS). The MNPS specification has intentionally been excluded from PBN because of its mandatory nature and because future MNPS implementations are not envisaged.

## Future developments

It is likely that navigation applications will progress from 2-dimensional to 3-dimensional/4-dimensional applications, although time-scales and operational requirements are currently difficult to determine. Consequently, on-board performance monitoring and alerting is still to be developed in the vertical plane (vertical RNP) and ongoing work is aimed at harmonising longitudinal and linear performance requirements. Angular performance requirements associated with approach and landing will be included in the scope of PBN in the future. Similarly, specifications to support helicopter-specific navigation and holding functional requirements may also be included.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Federal Aviation Administration.


title: Periptera

abstract: Periptera is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Malvaceae. Its native range is Mexico to Guatemala.

text:
# Periptera

***Periptera*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Malvaceae.

Its native range is Mexico to Guatemala.

## Species

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Periptera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | *Periptera*<br>DC. |
|


title: Perhexiline

abstract: Perhexiline (Pexsig) is a prophylactic antianginal agent used primarily in Australia and New Zealand. Perhexiline is thought to act by inhibiting mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. This shifts myocardial metabolism from fatty acid to glucose utilisation which results in increased ATP production for the same O2 consumption and consequently increases myocardial efficiency. Its clinical use has been limited by its narrow therapeutic index and high inter- and intra-individual pharmacokinetic variability. It was outlawed in many countries due to its adverse effects on poor metabolisers (PM). The product has been reintroduced for patients who have contraindications, or have not responded to other treatments for angina.

text:
# Perhexiline

**Perhexiline** (**Pexsig**) is a prophylactic antianginal agent used primarily in Australia and New Zealand. Perhexiline is thought to act by inhibiting mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. This shifts myocardial metabolism from fatty acid to glucose utilisation which results in increased ATP production for the same O2 consumption and consequently increases myocardial efficiency. Its clinical use has been limited by its narrow therapeutic index and high inter- and intra-individual pharmacokinetic variability. It was outlawed in many countries due to its adverse effects on poor metabolisers (PM). The product has been reintroduced for patients who have contraindications, or have not responded to other treatments for angina.

## Perhexiline metabolism

The major route of perhexiline metabolism in humans is hydroxylation by microsomal CYP2D6. The two main metabolites of perhexiline are the cis and trans isomers of hydroxyperhexiline. CYP2D6 accounts for only a small percentage of total hepatic CYP450s but it is one of the main pathways for phase one metabolism of xenobiotics. The limited availability of CYP2D6 means perhexiline metabolism is a saturable process.

## Poor metabolisers

It is estimated that 7–10% of Caucasians are CYP2D6 poor metabolisers (PMs). Most PMs have an autosomal recessive polymorphism in the CYP2D6 locus which results in the severely compromised metabolism of at least 25 drugs. It is believed that there are hundreds of potential polymorphism which will result in a PM, some result in functionally deficient CYP2D6, while others cause the absence of CYP2D6.

## Hydroxyperhexiline:perhexiline ratio

Cis-hydroxyperhexiline is the primary determinant of perhexiline clearance and there is relatively little interindividual variability in the clearance of Cis-hydroxyperhexiline; therefore, the Cis-hydroxyperhexiline/perhexiline concentration ratio may be useful for optimizing individual patient treatment with the antianginal agent perhexiline. There is a segment of the population with very low hydroxyperhexiline/perhexiline ratios, this subpopulation contains those patients with the PM phenotype. It has been suggested that those with ratios ≤0.3 should be considered PMs; thus, providing a simple method for identifying PMs.

## Perhexiline toxicity

The adverse effects of perhexiline have been seen in more than 60% of recipients in some clinical trials. The most commonly reported adverse effects include headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Plasma perhexiline concentrations as low as 0.6mg/L\> are known to cause nausea and dizziness; however, perhexiline is also known to cause hepatotoxicity and peripheral neuropathy at plasma concentrations \>0.6mg/L. The symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include weakness or sensory loss and pain in the arms, hand, legs, and feet. Histological investigations indicate the development of phospholipoidosis, with scaly inclusions in hepatocytes, Schwann cells and other tissues which could point to the cause of peripheral neuropathy. The peripheral neuropathy is often but not always permanent. The risk of perhexiline toxicity is reduced by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).

The simplest way to rectify the problem of perhexiline toxicity is to stop administering the drug and allowing the plasma concentration to fall; once the concentration has reached the desired level resume the treatment at a lower dose. Most PMs should receive doses of no more than 50mg/week of perhexiline.

## InfoBox

Perhexiline
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Routes of
administration | Oral |
| ATC code |  |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Dose Dependent |
| Metabolism | Saturable Hepatic |
| Elimination half-life | Dose Dependent |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 2-(2,2-dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.026.881 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C19H35N |
| Molar mass | 277.496 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * N3C(CC(C1CCCCC1)C2CCCCC2)CCCC3 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C19H35N/c1-3-9-16(10-4-1)19(17-11-5-2-6-12-17)15-18-13-7-8-14-20-18/h16-20H,1-15H2 Y * Key:CYXKNKQEMFBLER-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| (verify) | |