title: Michaela Rose

abstract: Michaela Rose is a German singer. She was an original member of the Arabesque disco group that started in 1977, and is the only original member still active in it. As of 2020, she continues to perform with the group, now known as "Arabesque featuring Michaela Rose".

text:
# Michaela Rose

**Michaela Rose** is a German singer. She was an original member of the Arabesque disco group that started in 1977, and is the only original member still active in it. As of 2020, she continues to perform with the group, now known as "Arabesque featuring Michaela Rose".

## Life and career

Rose was born in Switzerland to a German mother and an Uzbekistani father in 1958. Her last name "Rose", comes from her Mexican-American stepfather. When she was 14, she moved from Italy to Switzerland and later worked at a Veruschka boutique and as a model for several years.

Rose later moved to Germany and auditioned for the Young Star Records Starchance '75 contest — where the winner would get the chance to be a member of a new music group. Rose won the audition, signed a contract with the record company, and became a founding member of the Arabesque group, along with Karen Ann Tepperis and Mary Ann Nagel. Michaela Rose and Arabesque found great success from the very beginning with Hello Mr. Monkey and their 1978 Friday Night (Arabesque album). While often providing backing vocals for many of the Arabesque songs, Rose was in charge of the group's fashion, outfits, and costumes for performances. She toured extensively with Arabesque throughout Europe, Asia, and the Far East.

In 1984, Arabesque disbanded and she continued on with colleague Jasmin Vetter in the "Rouge" duo. Rouge had moderate success in the Japanese market. In 1989, Rouge also disbanded due to Vetter's pregnancy and marriage.

During the 1990s, Rose gained a deep interest in metaphysical naturalism. She even obtained a master's degree in USUI, kundalini and diamond Reiki. She is a licensed Tarot reader, Lifecoach, and Reiki Master. After about 17 years of living a private life in Frankfurt, Germany, she announced her intention to make a comeback of the Arabesque trio in December 2006, with 2 new members.

## InfoBox

| Michaela Rose | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Michaela Rose |
| Also known as | Michelle |
| Born | 19 December 1958 <br>Switzerland |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | Singer |
| Years active | 1970s-present |
| Labels | Monopol Records |
|  | |
| Website | https://www.arabesque-music.de/ |


title: Porvoon Salibandyseura

abstract: Porvoon Salibandyseura (PSS) is a Finnish sports club specialized on floorball. It was founded in 2003 when sports clubs Gammelbackan Terä, SaFa and Porvoon Butchers were joined. Women play in nations highest league Naisten Salibandyliiga and men play in the I-division. The club has also boys teams from age groups A to G and girls teams from A to F. In 2008, PSS had 35 teams.

text:
# Porvoon Salibandyseura

**Porvoon Salibandyseura (PSS)** is a Finnish sports club specialized on floorball. It was founded in 2003 when sports clubs *Gammelbackan Terä*, *SaFa* and *Porvoon Butchers* were joined. Women play in nations highest league Naisten Salibandyliiga and men play in the I-division. The club has also boys teams from age groups A to G and girls teams from A to F. In 2008, PSS had 35 teams.

## Women on season 2008-09

## InfoBox

Porvoon Salibandyseura
| Founded | 2003 |
| --- | --- |
| Coach | Kati Eteläpää |
| League | Naisten Salibandyliiga |


title: Vila Viçosa

abstract: Vila Viçosa is a town and a municipality in the District of Évora, Alentejo in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 8,319, in an area of 194.86 km². The municipal holiday is August 16.

text:
# Vila Viçosa

**Vila Viçosa** (Portuguese pronunciation: \[ˈvilɐ viˈsɔzɐ\] ) is a town and a municipality in the District of Évora, Alentejo in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 8,319, in an area of 194.86 km².

The municipal holiday is August 16.

## Parishes

Administratively, the municipality is divided into four civil parishes (*freguesias*):

* Bencatel
* Ciladas
* Nossa Senhora da Conceição e São Bartolomeu
* Pardais

## History

The area of Vila Viçosa has been inhabited since Antiquity, and it was the site of a small settlement in Roman times. The region was part of the Visigoth Kingdom and in the eighth century came under Moorish control after the Muslim conquest of Hispania. Moorish domination ended in 1217, when the region was reconquered by the Order of Aviz, a military order of knighthood that reclaimed large parts of Southern Portugal to the Christians. The order promoted the settlement of Christians in the area during the 13th century. In 1270, King Afonso III granted a *foral* (letter of feudal rights) to the incipient village of Vila Viçosa. In the early 14th century, King Dinis I built a castle in the village, to protect it from potential Castilian incursions.

In 1461, Vila Viçosa came to the hands of the House of Braganza, one of the most important houses of nobility of Portugal. This event was crucial in the history of the village, which became the main base of the Dukes of Braganza in the next centuries. The Dukes had considerable wealth and greatly promoted the economic, urban and artistic development of the village.

In 1502 the building of the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa was begun, sponsored by Jaime, fourth Duke of Braganza. Jaime was a skilled military leader who later led the Portuguese to victory against a Moorish army in the Battle of Azamor, in Morocco. The Ducal Palace was greatly remodelled between the 16th and 17th centuries in a sober late Renaissance (Mannerist) style, and was decorated through the centuries by several artists. The Dukes also sponsored artistic campaigns in several churches and monasteries in the village.

When Duke John became King John IV, in 1640, the House of Braganza moved to the capital Lisbon, and many of the riches of the Ducal Palace were transferred to the Ribeira Palace. Vila Viçosa became a vacation spot for the members of the Braganza family. This marks the beginning of a period of decay for Vila Viçosa.

## Climate

| Climate data for Vila Viçosa, 1985-2021, altitude: 417 m (1,368 ft) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 76.2
(3.00) | 54.7
(2.15) | 49.8
(1.96) | 53.3
(2.10) | 56.1
(2.21) | 12.9
(0.51) | 4.1
(0.16) | 4.3
(0.17) | 29.6
(1.17) | 82.8
(3.26) | 84.7
(3.33) | 89.9
(3.54) | 598.4
(23.56) |
| Source: Portuguese Environment Agency | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Economy

In the 20th century the industries of marble extraction and tourism became the main income sources of the municipality. Agricultural goods are also still important for its economy. Marble extraction and processing are responsible for around 93% of jobs in the municipality. Since the early 2000s,the displacement of material production outside Europe and the decreasing demand for natural stone have weakened local marble industries, starting an inexorable process of urban shrinking and depopulation.

## Population

| Population of Vila Viçosa municipality (1801–2011) | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1801 | 1849 | 1900 | 1930 | 1960 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
| 5697 | 5821 | 7163 | 8444 | 9974 | 8546 | 9068 | 8871 | 8319 |

## Notable citizens

## InfoBox

| Vila Viçosa | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 38°46′35″N 7°25′05″W / 38.77639°N 7.41806°W / 38.77639; -7.41806 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Alentejo |
| Intermunic. comm. | Alentejo Central |
| District | Évora |
| Parishes |  |
| Government | |
| President | Luís Caldeirinha (PS) |
| Area | |
| Total | 194.86 km2 (75.24 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 8,319 |
| Density | 43/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |
| Local holiday | August 16 |
| Website | http://www.cm-vilavicosa.pt |


title: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit

abstract: The National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU) is a multi-disciplinary research unit within the Nuffield Department of Population Health at Oxford University. It is located in the Richard Doll Building on the Old Road Campus, in Headington, east Oxford, England. The unit's work involves randomized controlled trials, national surveillance programs and surveys and other research on maternal and infant health and care in the perinatal period. The early work of the NPEU in developing a register of perinatal trials and methods for synthesizing their results lay the foundations for the Cochrane Collaboration.

text:
# National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit

The **National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit** (**NPEU**) is a multi-disciplinary research unit within the Nuffield Department of Population Health at Oxford University. It is located in the Richard Doll Building on the Old Road Campus, in Headington, east Oxford, England.

The unit's work involves randomized controlled trials, national surveillance programs and surveys and other research on maternal and infant health and care in the perinatal period (before, during and after birth). The early work of the NPEU in developing a register of perinatal trials and methods for synthesizing their results lay the foundations for the Cochrane Collaboration.

## Activities

The mission of the NPEU is "...to produce methodologically rigorous research evidence to improve the care provided to women and their families during pregnancy, childbirth, the newborn period and early childhood as well as promoting the effective use of resources by perinatal health services.” Since its inception, a key area of its activities has been undertaking and supporting randomized controlled trials of the effects of perinatal care, now through the NPEU Clinical Trials Unit.

The NPEU runs the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS), which is a national system studying rare disorders of pregnancy. In 2011, the Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and Care (PRUMC) was established at the NPEU.

## History

The NPEU was established in 1978 by the Department of Health at Oxford University, following a joint request for a national research institute by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the British Paediatric Association. The Department gave the unit the task of providing "information which can promote effective use of resources in the perinatal health services." From the beginning, the first NPEU Director, Iain Chalmers, was guided by the principles for evaluating effectiveness of health care described by Archie Cochrane in his book, *Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services*.

From its early days, the NPEU was a leader in both randomized controlled trials to assess the effects of perinatal care, the retrieval of information, and the development and use of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to synthesize research results. The unit developed extensive national and international collaborations which were to form both the basis of its work and lay the foundations for the development of the Cochrane Collaboration.

Beginning with a card file of references to perinatal trials and both manual and electronic searching for further trials, the NPEU developed first a book, the *Classified Bibliography of Controlled Trials in Perinatal Medicine 1940–1984*, and then the *Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials* (ODPT). This process of developing a register of trials led to others establishing a register of trials in fertility as well as the basis for the development of the *Cochrane Controlled Trials Register* (CCTR) when the NPEU's Director left to establish the UK Cochrane Centre in 1992, from where the Cochrane Collaboration evolved in 1993. By 1989, the synthesis of the results of perinatal research led to the publication of major books. By 1990, ODPT included electronic syntheses called overviews, which were the precursor for the Cochrane Collaboration's *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews*.

In 2013, the NPEU was awarded a silver department Athena SWAN award for its commitment to advancing women's careers in science and medicine.

## Directors


title: Porta San Frediano

abstract: The Porta San Frediano was the westernmost gate in the 13th-century walls of the Oltrarno section of Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. It is located where Borgo San Frediano becomes Via Pisana. This was the access gate to the road to Pisa.

text:
# Porta San Frediano

The **Porta San Frediano** was the westernmost gate in the 13th-century walls of the Oltrarno section of Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. It is located where Borgo San Frediano becomes Via Pisana. This was the access gate to the road to Pisa.

## History

This ancient gate is attributed to the architect Andrea Pisano, and is named after the nearby church of San Frediano, which was rebuilt as the church of San Frediano in Cestello. The gate was finished in 1332. In 1363 the Blessed Paola of the Monastery of the Angioli had a vision of Saint John the Baptist blessing Florence. This vision was interpreted as a premonition that the Florentines would defeat the Pisan army at the Battle of Cascina.

Through this gate, King Charles VIII of France entered Florence. A depiction of the gate in c. 1494 can be seen in a painting by Filippino Lippi, namely the *Madonna and Child with Saint John among Saints Martin of Tours and Catherine of Alexandria* found in the Nerli Chapel of the church of Santo Spirito, Florence. The gate still has its large wooden and metal doors.

43°46′13.68″N 11°14′24.02″E / 43.7704667°N 11.2400056°E / 43.7704667; 11.2400056


title: Newfoundland and Labrador Route 360

abstract: Route 360, also known as Bay d'Espoir Highway, is a provincial highway in Newfoundland and Labrador. It runs from the Bishop's Falls area to Bay d'Espoir and Harbour Breton. The road is very isolated for at least 140 kilometres (87 mi), where there are no communities or stops to refuel. Bishop's Falls and Harbour Breton are the only two settlements of any size along the entire length of Route 360, with other towns and communities being along the other highways it intersects. Cell phone reception along Route 360 is severely limited. In 2022, Route 360 was voted the second Worst Road in Atlantic Canada by the Canadian Automobile Association's Worst Roads list.

text:
# Newfoundland and Labrador Route 360

**Route 360**, also known as **Bay d'Espoir Highway**, is a provincial highway in Newfoundland and Labrador. It runs from the Bishop's Falls area to Bay d'Espoir and Harbour Breton. The road is very isolated for at least 140 kilometres (87 mi), where there are no communities or stops to refuel. Bishop's Falls and Harbour Breton are the only two settlements of any size along the entire length of Route 360, with other towns and communities being along the other highways it intersects.

Cell phone reception along Route 360 is severely limited. In 2022, Route 360 was voted the second Worst Road in Atlantic Canada by the Canadian Automobile Association's Worst Roads list.

## Route description

Route 360 begins as Southside Drive in Harbour Breton at a dead end along the coast of Fortune Bay. It winds its way west through neighbourhoods before bypassing downtown along Canada Drive. The highway now leaves Harbour Breton and winds its way northward up the entire length of the Connaigre Peninsula to have an intersection with Route 364 (Hermitage River Road). Route 360 heads up the Hermitage River Valley to pass by Hardy's Cove and have an intersection with Route 362 (Belleoram Road) before winding its way through remote, scenic, and hilly terrain for the next several kilometres. The highway now passes by Jipujijkuei Kuespem Provincial Park and has intersections with Route 365 (Conne River Road) and Route 361 (St. Alban's Road), where it crosses the Conne River before heading through remote wilderness for the next 140 kilometres (87 mi), where the highway crosses the Northwest Gander River. Route 360 now enters the outskirts of Bishop's Falls, where the comes to an end at an intersection with Route 1 (Trans-Canada Highway).

## Major intersections

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Harbour Breton | 0.0 | 0.0 | Dead End | Southern terminus |
|  | 29.3 | 18.2 | Route 364 south (Hermitage River Road) Hermitage, Seal Cove | Northern terminus of Route 364; provides access to the  Gaultois and McCallum Ferry |
| Hardy's Cove | 34.5 | 21.4 | Hardy's Cove Road - Hardy's Cove |  |
|  | 42.2 | 26.2 | Route 362 south (Belleoram Road) Pool's Cove, Belleoram | Northern terminus of Route 362; provides access to  Rencontre East passenger-service Ferry at Pool's Cove |
|  | 71.1 | 44.2 | Jipujijkuei Kuespem Provincial Park main entrance | Access road into park |
|  | 73.3 | 45.5 | Route 365 south (Conne River Road) Conne River, Miawpukek First Nation | Northern terminus of Route 365 |
|  | 77.0 | 47.8 | Route 361 west (St. Alban's Road) Milltown, St. Alban's | Eastern terminus of Route 361 |
| Bishop's Falls | 204 | 127 | Route 1 (TCH) Grand Falls-Windsor, Gander | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Route 360 | |
| --- | --- |
| Bay d'Espoir Highway | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Infrastructure | |
| Length | 204 km (127 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Harbour Breton |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | Route 1 (TCH) in Bishop's Falls |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Newfoundland and Labrador |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 352   Route 361 | |


title: PTI-1

abstract: PTI-1 (SGT-48) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is one of few synthetic cannabinoids containing a thiazole group and is closely related to PTI-2. These compounds may be viewed as simplified analogues of indole-3-heterocycle compounds originally developed by Organon and subsequently further researched by Merck.

text:
# PTI-1

**PTI-1** (**SGT-48**) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is one of few synthetic cannabinoids containing a thiazole group and is closely related to PTI-2. These compounds may be viewed as simplified analogues of indole-3-heterocycle compounds originally developed by Organon and subsequently further researched by Merck.

## InfoBox

PTI-1
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * *N*,*N*-diethyl-*N*-((2-(1-pentyl-1*H*-indol-3-yl)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)ethanamine | |
| CAS Number |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C21H29N3S |
| Molar mass | 355.54 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CCCCCN1C=C(C2=NC(CN(CC)CC)=CS2)C3=CC=CC=C31.Cl | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C21H29N3S.ClH/c1-4-7-10-13-24-15-19(18-11-8-9-12-20(18)24)21-22-17(16-25-21)14-23(5-2)6-3;/h8-9,11-12,15-16H,4-7,10,13-14H2,1-3H3;1H * Key:NPYOTZAJIONLKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |


title: Ilicínea

abstract: Ilicínea is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

text:
# Ilicínea

**Ilicínea** is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

20°56′S 45°50′W / 20.933°S 45.833°W / -20.933; -45.833

## InfoBox

| Ilicínea | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Mesoregion | Sul/Sudoeste de Minas |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 12,444 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Port-Christmas

abstract: Port-Christmas is a natural and historical site on the Kerguelen Islands, located at the northern tip of the main island, on the east coast of the Loranchet Peninsula. It covers the bottom of Baie de l'Oiseau, the first shelter for sailors approaching the archipelago from the north, and is easily identifiable by the presence at the entrance of a natural arch, now collapsed, known as the Kerguelen Arch. It was here, in 1774, that the explorer Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec took possession of the island on behalf of King Louis XV of France. However, the name of the island, Christmas Harbour, was given by James Cook, whose ships anchored in the bay on Christmas Day back in 1776, during his third circumnavigation. The name appears in some French translations or fictional works such as le Havre de Noël or Port-Noël. Considered to be a safe haven, in the 19th century it regularly welcomed the ships of seal and whale hunters, mainly from Nantucket, who scoured the southern seas and islands. The site is also occasionally used as a research station for geomagnetism investigations. Descriptions of these landscapes by explorers in their travelogues inspired great writers, starting with Edgar Allan Poe (1838), followed by Jules Verne (1897), who incorporated them into their adventure novels, then Valery Larbaud (1933) and Jean-Paul Kaufmann (1993), among others, in their more personal works.

text:
# Port-Christmas

**Port-Christmas** is a natural and historical site on the Kerguelen Islands, located at the northern tip of the main island, on the east coast of the Loranchet Peninsula. It covers the bottom of *Baie de l'Oiseau*, the first shelter for sailors approaching the archipelago from the north, and is easily identifiable by the presence at the entrance of a natural arch, now collapsed, known as the Kerguelen Arch.

It was here, in 1774, that the explorer Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec took possession of the island on behalf of King Louis XV of France. However, the name of the island, Christmas Harbour, was given by James Cook, whose ships anchored in the bay on Christmas Day back in 1776, during his third circumnavigation. The name appears in some French translations or fictional works such as le Havre de Noël or Port-Noël.

Considered to be a safe haven, in the 19th century it regularly welcomed the ships of seal and whale hunters, mainly from Nantucket, who scoured the southern seas and islands. The site is also occasionally used as a research station for geomagnetism investigations.

Descriptions of these landscapes by explorers in their travelogues inspired great writers, starting with Edgar Allan Poe (1838), followed by Jules Verne (1897), who incorporated them into their adventure novels, then Valery Larbaud (1933) and Jean-Paul Kaufmann (1993), among others, in their more personal works.

## Toponymy

The name "Port-Christmas" was established by Raymond Rallier du Baty in 1908 to designate the most isolated part of Baie de l'Oiseau, as shown on the 1⁄228000 map published in 1922. The *Commission territoriale de toponymie des Terres australes françaises* (TAAF Territorial Commission) upheld this designation when the 1⁄100000 IGN map was published in 1973. It also extended the name to the area between the beach and Lake Rochegude, location to a secondary scientific station.

This now-official toponymy puts an end to almost two centuries of debate between the name given to the whole bay by Kerguelen, "*Baie de l'Oiseau*", and the one chosen by Cook, "*Christmas Harbour*".

Indeed, during his second expedition, Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec called this bay after *L'Oiseau*, the frigate he sent there in January 1774 to do reconnaissance. Almost three years later, on December 25, 1776, the ships HMS *Resolution* and HMS *Discovery* anchored in the same location. Captain Cook, in command of the expedition, was well aware of the French navigator's earlier discovery, but was not yet aware of the details, nor that the bay had already been named. He decided to celebrate the holiday's festivities by giving this "Christmas haven" the English name of *Christmas Harbour*.

The predominantly Anglo-American presence of the archipelago in the 19th century, along with its literature, favored the use of the latter name.

However, when France decided to reaffirm its sovereignty by sending the French aviso ship *l'Eure* in 1893 to perform a new take-over ceremony, *Baie de l'Oiseau* formally reverted to its original name.

In the end, the current consensus, instituted by Rallier du Baty, which "semi-francizes" Christmas Harbour as Port-Christmas and reserves its denominations for a particular area of Baie de l'Oiseau, allows us to respect Kerguelen's former discovery while preserving the historical trace of Cook's passage.

## Geography

### Location

From the permanent base at Port-aux-Français, located 115 km to the southeast, Port-Christmas is one of the most isolated and inaccessible areas of the archipelago. Given its distance and, in particular, its mountainous topography, the site is almost never reached by land. It can, however, be reached by sea after sailing at least 100 nautical miles (190 km). *Baie de l'Oiseau*, at the base of which the site is located, forms the first indentation at the northeastern end of the Loranchet peninsula. The bay is closed off to the north by the Cap-Haïtien|Cape-Haïtien and to the south by Kerguelen Arch.

Port-Christmas is towered over by Table de l'Oiseau (403 m) to the north and Mount Havergal (552 m) to the south.

While most of the bay's shores are rocky and often steep, the bottom is occupied by a 350-meter-long black sand beach, formed by the erosion of the surrounding basalt rocks. Here, a stream flows into the sea, after collecting both stormwaters from Mount Havergal and drainage tunnel waters from Lake *Rochegude*. This lake, located approximately 500 m from the shore at an altitude of 40 m, marks the barrier separating Port-Christmas from *Baie Ducheyron* to the west.

The anchorage at Port-Christmas is 11 meters deep (6 fathoms). It offers a relatively safe haven for sailors who frequent this particularly turbulent part of the ocean caused by the Roaring Forties.

### Geology

The geological environment of Port-Christmas, like that of practically the entire Loranchet Peninsula, is dominated by trap-rocks, terraced basaltic piles formed by the superimposition of lava outpourings around twenty-eight to twenty-nine million years ago.

At various points in the bay, between the hard stratum, a few small coal seams emerge. British explorer James Clark Ross noted this as early as 1840. He also noted the presence of fossilized trees, the first of their kind to be spotted in the archipelago. These petrified woods, or simply lignites, found at Port-Christmas and Mount Havergal, mainly belong to the conifer tree families known as *Araucariaceae* and *Cupressaceae*, more specifically the *Araucarites*, *Cupressinoxylon*, and *Cupressoxylon* genera, which are similar to those found today in the southernmost regions of the Southern Hemisphere. They bear witness to widespread ancient vegetation and past climates that were milder, or at least did not undergo intense glacial periods.

### Highlights

From Port-Christmas, the sight of the pillars of the Kerguelen Arch is a must. As soon as the archipelago was discovered, Kerguelen mentioned the imposing rocky arch located at the tip of the southern rim at the entrance to *Baie de l'Oiseau*. It rises to over 100 meters. Named "*le Portail*" by Kerguelen, then "*Arched-Rock*" by James Cook, the arch collapsed between 1908 and 1913, leaving only its two basalt columns standing.

Port-Christmas also has the geographical distinction of being one of the only land-based antipodes with the United States territory. It corresponds to Kevin, a township in Toole County, in the state of Montana, near the border with Canada.

## Natural environment

When the first navigators landed in the archipelago, they were struck by the abundance of a rich variety of birds. On the Port-Christmas shore itself, Kerguelen's lieutenants, like James Cook, noted the presence of "penguins". A nesting colony of king penguins is still found there today, one of the smallest on Kerguelen with just forty breeders. Elephant seals, known at the time as "*sea lions*", also frequent the beach.

Fishing, on the other hand, was disappointing as the net Cook had thrown into the sea brought back only half a dozen fish. Recent samples show that the fish in the area belong to the *Channichthyidae* family, or sometimes to the species *Zanclorhynchus spinifer*, the Antarctic horsefish, of the *Congiopodidae* family. The beach drop-offs at Port-Christmas are notable for their abundance of soft corals (*Onogorgia nodosa*), and the giant seaweed *Macrocystis pyrifera* forms dense seagrass meadow.

Conversely, terrestrial vegetation is poorly developed. While early records describe a verdant, albeit short and treeless, coastal landscape covered with grasses (*Gramineae*), *azorella*, and Kerguelen cabbage, the colonization of the entire main island by rabbits has since led to a considerable weakening of plant formations, which are often reduced to a meager meadow of *Acaena magellanica*.

Generally speaking, the fauna and flora are in accordance with that to be found in *Baie de l'Oiseau* and more widely on the main island of the archipelago, known as *La Grande Terre*.

The entire Port-Christmas area is part of the *Réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes françaises*, which, since 2019, has been classified as World Heritage under the name of "French Southern and Antarctic Lands".

Like the majority of the archipelago, its terrestrial sector benefits from the "classic" protection regime. The area is closed to the introduction of any new animal or plant, any disturbance of living communities, any industrial, commercial or mining activity, and any biological or mineral extraction, with the exception of rare exemptions that may be granted by the Reserve's management or for scientific research purposes. Access to the site is possible, but is regulated and subject to authorization.

The marine section, like all the territorial waters of the Kerguelen Islands, is included in the "*zone de protection renforcée marine*". Any disturbance of the natural environment is prohibited, except for scientific activities duly approved by the authorities. All professional and recreational fishing is prohibited, with no exceptions.

## History

The first sighting of the islands dates back to the second expedition of Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec, aboard the *Roland*, a 64-cannon vessel, with an escort of two smaller ships, *l'Oiseau* and *la Dauphine*. The expedition reached the coast of *Grand-Terre* \[sic\] on December 14, 1773, but adverse weather conditions prevented them from disembarking. During the few days *la Dauphine* was separated from the group, Ferron du Quengo, commander of the Corvette, spotted the entrance to a bay around December 20th, 1773, but was unable to gain entry. On December 25, 1773, Kerguelen delegated to *l'Oiseau* and *la Dauphine* the task of trying to land there. The commander of *l'Oiseau*, Monsieur de Rosnevet, mapped out the bay and named it *Baie de l'Oiseau*, after his frigate. But it wasn't until January 6th, 1774, that he managed to send his lieutenant Henri Pascal de Rochegude ashore in a longboat. The latter attached a bottle to a prominent rock, containing a formal takeover statement:

> « *Ludovico XV. galliarum rege, et d. de Boynes regi a Secretis ad res maritimas annis 1772 et 1773.* »

The fact that the years 1772 and 1773 are mentioned, even though the official parchment was not issued until 1774, means that the land had already been discovered and that this formal takeover merely reiterated the first expedition by Kerguelen, who was led by Lieutenant Charles-Marc du Boisguéhenneuc on February 14, 1772, to "*Baie du Lion-Marin*" (now known as *Anse du Gros Ventre*), forty leagues to the south. James Cook, who stopped off in the archipelago on his "third voyage", dropped the anchors of his ships Discovery and Resolution on Christmas Day, 1776. He called the place Christmas Harbour and realized the previous presence of the French when he found the message they had left. He added a mention of his own berthing and a vintage silver coin, relocating the bottle under a cairn. The British explorer notes the optimal anchorage and water provisioning conditions. The ship's surgeon, William Anderson, noted both the presence of Kerguelen cabbage (*Pringlea antiscorbutica*), which could be used to combat the scurvy often suffered by crews on long voyages, and the abundance of "*oil resources*". It was also from Christmas Harbour that Cook thought of naming the archipelago the "Islands of Desolation", before paying tribute to his first French discoverer by naming them after himself, albeit somewhat mischievously:

> *« I would have called them the Islands of Desolation, if I didn't want to deprive Monsieur de Kerguelen the honor of giving them his name. »*

The expedition set off again on December 31 to explore the surrounding eastern coasts all the way to the present-day Gulf of Morbihan, which James Cook named "*Royal Sound*".

It only took a few years for the previously untouched Desolation Islands to become a coveted land. The first expedition to hunt marine mammals by American ships from the island of Nantucket was documented as early as 1792. The interest of the Americans in undertaking campaigns in the southern seas was even greater, considering that the British had forbidden them to hunt in the northern hemisphere. Christmas Harbour, with its safe anchorage, became a popular stopover throughout the nineteenth century, as it was easy to reach, even if it didn't offer the best shelter in poor weather. In the early 1820s, American explorer and sealing captain Benjamin Morrell (1795–1839) made it his main anchorage. The Kerguelen archipelago was frequented by whalers and sealers until 1909 (with a highpoint between 1840 and 1870).

In 1840, British explorer James Clark Ross anchored at Port-Christmas for 68 days, between May and July, as part of a major scientific expedition around the world and towards the poles, with the primary objective of studying geomagnetism. Two temporary observatories were built at the far end of the bay, one dedicated to astronomical observations, and the other to the study of terrestrial magnetism. Every day, at a fixed time, regardless of the weather, magnetism readings were taken simultaneously with a complementary station located almost antipodally in Toronto, Canada. Ross's mission brief included a long series of other physical observations to be carried out: meteorological, oceanographic, hydrographic, as well as a naturalistic component to which the expedition's surgeons, Robert McCormick, Joseph Dalton Hooker and David Lyall, made a major contribution by exploring from Christmas Harbour.

Since its discovery, despite numerous visits, the islands have never been permanently inhabited, particularly by the French, which exposes them to the possibility of dispossession by other countries. Around 1890, England and Australia began to lay claim to the Kerguelens. Consequently, at the suggestion of the Boissière brothers, President Sadi Carnot decided to send the Eure, an aviso french ship under the captaincy of Commander Louis Édouard Paul Lieutard (1842–1902) , to solemnly repossess the Austral Islands on behalf of France. The mission took place in the Kerguelen archipelago from January 1 to 15 1893, before moving on to Saint Paul Island and Amsterdam Island. On New Year's Day 1893, the Eure arrived at Port-Christmas, where the Francis Allyn, an American seal-hunting schooner under Captain Joseph J. Fuller, happened to be. The French military, reiterating the takeover made 120 years earlier on the same spot, proceeded ashore to raise the colors on the mast and affix a copper plaque engraved "EURE – 1893". Twenty-one cannon shots were fired. Over the following fifteen days, the same operations were repeated at various points around the archipelago. The territory was now ready for the arrival of settlers. Six months later, Henry and René-Émile Bossière obtained an exclusive 50-year concession over the entire French Southern Territories.

Returning from an oceanographic expedition to the outskirts of Antarctica, German marine biologist Carl Chun arrived in Port-Christmas aboard the Valdivia in 1898, where he declared himself fascinated by the "*romanesque*" character of the place.

On March 9, 1908, Raymond Rallier du Baty and his brother Henri anchored their ketch, the J.B. Charcot, before embarking on a methodical exploration of the archipelago. To own a territory, it is essential to be fully acquainted with it and to officially designate its remarkable landmarks, especially with the economic development of Kerguelen in mind. To this effect, the du Baty brothers received moral and financial support from the *Société de Géographie* to carry out their reconnaissance and mapping work.

During the 20th century, Port-Christmas was occasionally used as a site for scientific studies, but its remoteness was an obstacle to continuous monitoring. During the International Geophysical Year in 1957 and 1958, Port-aux-Français was chosen as the site for a permanent magnetic repeat station. In December 1964, the replacement ship, the *Gallieni*, brought a team to Port-aux-Français to carry out tellurometer measurements and helicopter overflights to produce a general map of the archipelago. This team set up camp in virtually the same location as Ross had chosen in 1840. Two Ferdinand Fillod-type metal cabins were erected in the hope of providing a permanent secondary station. For several years, they were used as shelters for scientific teams during southern summer, but were eventually abandoned and destroyed, and no longer appear on the TAAF or IPEV cabin lists.

Given its historic character, the Port-Christmas site is one of several whose artifacts will be inventoried under the 2018–2027 Management Plan from the *Réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes françaises*.

## Literature

Numerous writers, mainly novelists, have made mention of this place.

In 1838, the American writer Edgar Allan Poe was the first to publish "*The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket*", translated into French in 1858 by Charles Baudelaire under the title *Aventures d'Arthur Gordon Pym*. In it, he describes the nearly one-month stay on Christmas Harbour in 1827 by the crew of the Jane Guy vessel, who rescued the two main protagonists. Poe accurately describes the natural harbor and the typical arch, sometimes repeating almost verbatim the description given by seal-hunting captain Benjamin Morrell in *A Narrative of Four Voyages*, published in 1832. In particular, the protagonist Arthur Pym cites Wasp Harbour, a toponym that only Morrell uses to designate his usual anchorage, which resembles Port-Christmas but whose description is too imprecise to be sure.

Jules Verne, using Poe's novel as a theme and plot for his own, sets the first three chapters of *An Antarctic Mystery* (1897) set in the Desolation Islands, where his hero, the American mineralogist Joerling, spends from June to August 1839 in Christmas Harbour, before sailing south on the schooner Halbrane. Without ever having been there, the French novelist gives a precise geographical description and establishes a fictitious cosmopolitan settlement of around twenty inhabitants centered around Fenimore Atkins, the proprietor of the *Au Cormoran-Vert* inn, living off the seasonal staging of English and American sealers and whalers. The two 19th-century novelists anchored Port-Christmas in the collective imagination as one of the gateways to the Deep South, the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic continent.

Navigator and travel writer Raymond Rallier du Baty docked at Port-Christmas in 1908 to map the archipelago and wrote a literary description in his story *On peut aller loin avec des cœurs volontaires*.

In 1933, novelist and poet Valery Larbaud published *Le gouverneur de Kerguelen* (The Governor of Kerguelen), a short story that uses a disciplinary transfer to Port-Noël as a pretext to initiate the game of "ten essential books that one would take to a desert island" and establish a library. He humorously proposes the following rules:

> "... 'You have had the misfortune to displease those in high places; but in deference to your merits, we have contented ourselves with distancing you by appointing you for one ... three ... five years (that's a maximum) Governor of (sic) Kerguelen, with residence at Port-Noël, the main town of this colony. \[...\] You will only be able to take with you one... five... ten... twenty books, on condition that they are chosen by you from...'. Here, all suppositions are allowed..." – Valery Larbaud, 1933.

This little game is also the occasion for correspondence between Larbaud and the Dutch literary scholar Edgar du Perron, who proposes and discusses his own choices.

Edgar Aubert de la Rüe, who visited the archipelago four times between 1928 and 1953 to carry out various geographical and geological studies, spending many months there in total, mentions Port-Christmas in his brief novel *Deux ans aux Îles de la Désolation* (1954).

In 1993, journalist and writer Jean-Paul Kauffmann, in his story *L'Arche des Kerguelen*, made Port-Christmas the ultimate goal of a personal quest he undertook in the Kerguelen archipelago a few years after his release from three years' captivity as a hostage in Lebanon. His entire book – which retells the history of the Kerguelen archipelago, its explorers and residents, as well as the details of his own several-week stay – focuses on reaching this mythical place, one of the most isolated in the archipelago and even one of the most inaccessible on Earth, which he never managed to reach despite various attempts by boat, on foot and by helicopter.

French sailor Isabelle Autissier, after a dismasting in 1994 that forced her to make reparations in Port-aux-Français, published a literary biography in 2006, *Kerguelen, le voyageur du pays de l'ombre*, in which she describes in detail the arrival of the crew of *L'Oiseau* in the homonymous bay in January 1774, and the onshore takeover led by *Messieurs de Rochegude* and *du Cheyron*, based on available historical data (diaries and accounts) and her own experience of the site. She gives the following description:

> "Beyond the beach, they waded through a grassy swamp and climbed a mound. \[...\] No trees, no flowers, in the heart of that summer brightened by austerity. The sparse greenery was covered in patches of old snow. The overall atmosphere was sad and cold. Grandiose indeed, but in the manner of a funerary monument when the shine of smooth marble evokes eternity... " – Isabelle Autissier, 2006.

## Philately

At least five TAAF stamps featuring the Port-Christmas location or its immediate surroundings were issued, the first three engraved by Pierre Béquet :

* 1976: face value of 3.50 francs, commemorating the bicentenary of Cook's arrival in 1776 with a reproduction of the landing scene engraved in 1784 by John Webber;
* 1979: face value 2.70 francs, illustrating the arrival of explorer Ross at Christmas Harbour in 1840, with a reproduction of Samuel Williams' engraving of the HMS *Terror* passing in front of the Kerguelen Arch (Arched Rock);
* 1997: face value of 24 francs, celebrating the bicentenary of Admiral Kerguelen's death, with a depiction of "*Le Hâvre* \[sic\] *de Noël*", one of the French copies of John Webber's engraving;
* 2001: face value of 3 euros, depicting an actual view of the Kerguelen Arch, engraved from a photograph by Jacques Jubert;
* 2011: face value of 1.10 euros, depicting the *EE Forbin* at the Kerguelen arch during its visit to the archipelago from January 17 to 23 1978, stamp engraved by Elsa Catelin, issued jointly with *Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon*.

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## InfoBox

| Port-Christmas | |
| --- | --- |
| James Cook docking at Christmas Harbour in December 1776. The Kerguelen Arch is at left. (Engraving by John Webber, 1784) | |
|  | |
| Location of Port-Christmas within the Kerguelen Islands | |
| Coordinates: 48°40′41″S 69°1′15″E / 48.67806°S 69.02083°E / -48.67806; 69.02083 | |
| Country | France |
| Overseas territory | French Southern and Antarctic Lands |
| District | Kerguelen Islands |
| Named for | Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec |


title: Gerdt Henrik Meyer Bruun

abstract: Gerdt Henrik Meyer Bruun was a Norwegian industrialist and a politician for the Conservative Party. The son of factory owner Engelbrekt Christen Bruun (1839-1913), he took over his father's business in 1897. He entered politics shortly after this, and served as deputy mayor and later mayor of Årstad from 1901 to 1915. In 1919, Bruun was elected to the Norwegian parliament for a three-year period. He was then appointed Minister of Trade in the cabinet of Otto Bahr Halvorsen, lasting from 1920 to 1921. Bruun owned the property "Villa Solhaug" in Leapark at Minde until shipowner Erik Grant Lea took over the property in 1915. In 1922 he built Storhaugen at Kirkeveien 62 in Paradise Bergen, after architect Ole Landmarks drawings.

text:
# Gerdt Henrik Meyer Bruun

**Gerdt Henrik Meyer Bruun** (3 February 1873 – 17 April 1945) was a Norwegian industrialist and a politician for the Conservative Party. The son of factory owner Engelbrekt Christen Bruun (1839-1913), he took over his father's business in 1897. He entered politics shortly after this, and served as deputy mayor and later mayor of Årstad from 1901 to 1915. In 1919, Bruun was elected to the Norwegian parliament for a three-year period. He was then appointed Minister of Trade in the cabinet of Otto Bahr Halvorsen, lasting from 1920 to 1921.

Bruun owned the property "Villa Solhaug" in Leapark at Minde until shipowner Erik Grant Lea took over the property in 1915. In 1922 he built Storhaugen at Kirkeveien 62 in Paradise Bergen, after architect Ole Landmarks drawings.

## InfoBox

| Gerdt Henrik Meyer Bruun | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Trade | |
| **In office**
21 June 1920  22 June 1921 | |
| Prime Minister | Otto B. Halvorsen |
| Preceded by | Birger Stuevold-Hansen |
| Succeeded by | J. L. Mowinckel |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1873-02-03)3 February 1873
Bergen, Hordaland, Sweden-Norway |
| Died | 17 April 1945(1945-04-17) (aged 72) |
| Political party | Conservative |
|  | |


title: Micranthes petiolaris

abstract: Micranthes petiolaris, commonly known as cliff saxifrage, is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family. It is native to the Southern Appalachian Mountains where it is found on exposed boulders and rocky seeps, often at high elevation. It is a perennial that produces small white flowers with yellow spots in the summer. Recent genetic studies have shown is more closely related to arctic species of Micranthes than to the other species of the Southern Appalachians. This indicates that it did not evolve within the other southern Micranthes, but migrated to the southern Appalachians from the north, possibly during glacial periods.

text:
# Micranthes petiolaris

***Micranthes petiolaris***, commonly known as **cliff saxifrage**, is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family. It is native to the Southern Appalachian Mountains where it is found on exposed boulders and rocky seeps, often at high elevation. It is a perennial that produces small white flowers with yellow spots in the summer.

Recent genetic studies have shown is more closely related to arctic species of *Micranthes* than to the other species of the Southern Appalachians. This indicates that it did not evolve within the other southern *Micranthes*, but migrated to the southern Appalachians from the north, possibly during glacial periods.

## InfoBox

| *Micranthes petiolaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Saxifragaceae |
| Genus: | *Micranthes* |
| Species: | ***M. petiolaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Micranthes petiolaris***
Rafinesque | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Hydatica petiolaris*
*Saxifraga michauxii* | |


title: Porvoo Museum

abstract: Porvoo Museum is a history museum established in 1897 in Porvoo, Finland. The museum is the regional responsibility museum of Eastern Uusimaa. Porvoo Museum operates in the old Porvoo Town Hall, completed in 1764. The museum is owned by its own association, whereas typically regional responsibility museums are owned by the cities or towns in Finland. Visitors can enter the museum with the Finnish Museum Card.

text:
# Porvoo Museum

**Porvoo Museum** (Finnish: *Porvoon museo*, Swedish: *Borgå museum*) is a history museum established in 1897 in Porvoo, Finland. The museum is the regional responsibility museum of Eastern Uusimaa. Porvoo Museum operates in the old Porvoo Town Hall, completed in 1764. The museum is owned by its own association, whereas typically regional responsibility museums are owned by the cities or towns in Finland.

Visitors can enter the museum with the Finnish Museum Card.

## History

Porvoo Museum was established when the *Borgå Museiförening* (Porvoo Museum Association), founded in 1896, established Porvoo Museum the following year. The city of Porvoo handed over the old town hall to function as a museum. The city had no use for the building as it was in poor condition and a decision had already been made to dismantle the town hall.

*Borgå Museiförening* organised a public collection of articles for the museum in May which created a foundation for the first exhibition of the museum in January 1897. Porvoo Museum was named the provincial museum of Eastern Uusimaa in 1982 and in 2020 it became the regional responsibility museum of Eastern Uusimaa. The museum is still owned by the museum association but it is financially maintained by the city of Porvoo.

## Buildings and exhibitions

Porvoo Museum has two base exhibitions which are located in the Old Town Hall and in Holm's House, completed in 1763. The exhibition in the Old Town Hall showcases the history of Porvoo and Eastern Uusimaa from the Ice Age to the 18th century. Additionally the Old Town Hall houses artwork by Albert Edelfelt and Ville Vallgren, both of whom were born in Porvoo.

The Holm's House is a house museum of a wealthy 18th century merchant. The building is furnished according to the era.

In addition to the Old Town Hall and the Holm's House Porvoo Museum also manages the home of the National Poet of Finland, J. L. Runeberg. The house of Runeberg exhibits the life of the poet and his family in the 19th century.

1. "Porvoo Museum". *www.porvoonmuseo.fi* (in Swedish). Borgå Museiförening. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
2. "Borgå museum fyller 125 år: Så här inleds jubileumsåret". *www.ostnyland.fi* (in Swedish). Östnyland. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
3. "The Old Town Hall, Porvoo Museum". *www.museot.fi*. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
4. "Borgå stad och Borgå museum har börjat samarbeta mer – nu vet stadens ledning vad som händer på museet". *svenska.yle.fi* (in Swedish). Svenska Yle. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
5. "About Us". *Porvoo Museum* (in Swedish). Borgå Museiförening. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
6. "J. L. Runeberg's Home". *www.porvoo.fi*. The City of Porvoo. Retrieved 2024-02-27.

60°23′43″N 25°39′29″E / 60.3952°N 25.6581°E / 60.3952; 25.6581

## InfoBox

Porvoo Museum
| Porvoon museo / Borgå museum | |
| --- | --- |
| The Old Town Hall in Porvoo. | |
|  | |
| Established | 1897 |
| Location | Porvoo, Eastern Uusimaa, Finland |
| Type | History museum, Regional responsibility museum |
| Founder | Borgå Museiförening |
| Owner | Borgå Museiförening |
| Website | www.porvoonmuseo.fi |


abstract:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 100 metres M50 division of Masters athletics.
  - Key
  -   Incomplete information
  Wind aided
  Pending

text:
# Masters M50 100 metres world record progression

This is the progression of world record improvements of the 100 metres M50 division of Masters athletics.

Key

*Incomplete information*   *Wind aided*   *Pending*

| Hand | Auto | Wind | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 10.88 | 1.8 | Willie Gault | United States | 05.09.1960 | Los Angeles | 07.05.2011 |
|  | 10.95 | 1.8 | Bill Collins | United States | 20.11.1950 | Baton Rouge | 13.04.2002 |
|  | 11.03 |  | Ken Dennis | United States | 13.05.1937 | Eugene | 14.08.1987 |
|  | 11.24 | -3.7 | Stephen Robbins | United States | 31.01.1943 | Buffalo | 15.07.1995 |
|  | 11.58 |  | Andrew Faure | Venezuela | 1933 | San Juan | 23.09.1983 |
| 11.4 |  |  | Hermund Hogheim | Norway | 1932 | Fana | 08.06.1983 |
| 11.4 |  |  | Edmund Schuler | United States | 20.06.1927 |  | 26.07.1978 |
| 11.4 |  |  | Alphonse Juilland | United States |  | Los Angeles | 18.06.1973 |
|

Masters Athletics 100 m list


title: National Committee for Space Research

abstract: The National Committee for Space Research (NCSR) was a committee established in 1960 by the Israeli Government in affiliation with the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities to explorer the feasibility of space launches and satellites development, and to formulate the Israel Space Agency. The committee was made of a group of dedicated to the research and development of space-related sciences, and to demonstrate Israeli capabilities to its antagonistic neighbors at the time, especially Egypt.

text:
# National Committee for Space Research

The **National Committee for Space Research** (**NCSR**) was a committee established in 1960 by the Israeli Government in affiliation with the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities to explorer the feasibility of space launches and satellites development, and to formulate the Israel Space Agency. The committee was made of a group of dedicated to the research and development of space-related sciences, and to demonstrate Israeli capabilities to its antagonistic neighbors at the time, especially Egypt.

## History

### 1960s

The Israeli Space Agency originated as university-based research project from Tel-Aviv University in the early 1960s. In 1960, the National Committee for Space Research (NCSR) was formed by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The committee was formed to increase research activities across the academic communities in Israel. While at the time, establishing a space program was not particularly one of its goals, during the '60s through the late '70s, the committee developed the infrastructure needed for research and development in space exploration and sciences. One of the NCSR's earliest achievements took place in 1961 with the launch of its first two-stage rocket.

### Reliance on foreign countries

At the same time, Israel's missile program was also established. As with other countries, the ballistic and other missile development took precedence over space. The Israeli Space Launch Vehicle (SLVs) was developed as an off-shot of its Ballistic Missile (BM) program. This interdependency resulted in a blurry line between civilian and military developments in Israel. Contractors, such as IAI, that were responsible for building defense missiles were also the main contractors for the Shavit space rocket.

Due to the stressed relationship between Israel and its neighbors, Israel has always attempted to acquire intelligence from various sources. During the late 60s it was thought that the IDF received satellite imagery from the US; however the resolution was degraded, the coverage was limited, and it was not in real-time. Following the Yom Kippur War, Israel started changing their focus to developing an independent source of space-based intelligence. This opinion was strengthen after it became known that the US withheld critical intelligence information during the war, obtained by reconnaissance satellites, on Arab offensive formation. Despite the close defense corporation with the US, Israel did not have routine access to real-time satellite intelligence data. The Defense Ministry was quoted saying "For years we have been begging the Americans for more detailed pictures from their satellites and often got refusals - even when Iraqi Scud missiles were falling on Tel Aviv..."

### Proposal for Israeli satellite

Following the political tension by Egypt and Syria, reconnaissance flights became evermore difficult. In 1979, then, Israel's DMI, Major General Yehoshua Sagi told the defense ministry that the only solution was overhead photography satellite which would bypass the political obstacles and take imagery of points of interests without generating diplomatic problems. The idea was met with great resistance; nevertheless a feasibility study projects was initiated on the production of satellite launcher, satellites, and telescope cameras by the Israel Aerospace Industries, the Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, and Electro-Optics industries. The three contractors were asked to complete their study in ten months.

The study was completed by late 1980; Saguy requested from prime minister Menachem Begin that the project proceed to its next phase. While the project received the go-ahead, Israel's defense industries suffered significant budget shortage following the Iranian Revolution when military corporation between the two countries ended. The financial constraint were slowly resolved by IAI tying up with South Africa for budgetary support.

In 1982, a new recommendation called "Ofeq Program" was submitted for developing an observation satellite. The program included timelines, planning for a ground station, budget estimates, and personnel requirements. The primary goals was to develop a satellite program without relying on any foreign know-how, to allow flexibility and creativity. The launcher would be developed by Malam, the two engines by the Israel Military Industries (IMI), and the third by Rafael.

### Establishment of a Space Agency

At the end of 1982 it was decided during a closed-door meeting to establish and Israeli space agency. The decision was made by PM Menachem Begin, Defense minister Ariel Sharon, and former director Aharon Beit Halahmi. The initial goal was to pursue the program to develop to Ofeq and the Shavit launchers. In January 1983, the Israeli government authorized the Minister of Science and Technology Prof. Yuval Ne'eman to establish an Israeli Space Agency with the goal of advancing Israel's space program, unlike the NCSR which was primarily used for feasibility and infrastructure studies. In July 1983, the ISA was official founded in Tel Aviv to coordinate the nation's space program in affiliation to the Ministry of Science, Culture & Sport.

## InfoBox

National Committee for Space Research
| Committee overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Formed | 1960 |
| Superseding Committee |  |
| Headquarters | Jerusalem, Israel |
| Minister responsible |  |


title: Porta Romana, Viterbo

abstract: Porta Romana is a southeastern portals in the medieval walls of Viterbo. The merlionated gate, with Baroque decoration is located on at exit point of Via Garibaldi, where it meets highway SS2 as it skirts the historic center of Viterbo, region of Lazio, Italy. South of the gate is a train station, with local lines linking to Rome, and just west is the campus of Tuscia University, which occupies some of an old Dominican monastery and Villa Gentili. Just north inside the walls, is the church of San Sisto.

text:
# Porta Romana, Viterbo

**Porta Romana** is a southeastern portals in the medieval walls of Viterbo. The merlionated gate, with Baroque decoration is located on at exit point of Via Garibaldi, where it meets highway SS2 as it skirts the historic center of Viterbo, region of Lazio, Italy. South of the gate is a train station (Stazione di Viterbo Porta Romana), with local lines linking to Rome, and just west is the campus of Tuscia University, which occupies some of an old Dominican monastery and Villa Gentili. Just north inside the walls, is the church of San Sisto.

## History and description

This gate, as seen from outside the walls, was built in 1649 by Francesco Maiolino. The walls at this point are decorated by Ghibelline (swallow-tail shaped) merlons. It replaced the Porta San Sisto, which is now incorporated into a tall tower to the right of the door, that serves as a bell-tower for the church. An epigraph above the gate, dated 1705, credits the then governor of the province, Marcellino Albergotti, with decorations. Facing outward, above the portal is a depiction of the youthful Santa Rosa of Viterbo, patron saint of the town. The statue is flanked by the coat of arms of Pope Clement XI and Pope Innocent X. The gate at the time was named Porta Pamphilia, or Innocenziana, because it was inaugurated in 1643 when Pope Innocent X Pamphili came to visit his sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini. The gate is now called Romana because it is on the road that led to Rome.

In the guide from 1920, it is said that the effects of an attack in 1798 by troops led by General Kellerman were still visible on the structure.

## Bibliography

42°24′52″N 12°06′36″E / 42.41446°N 12.10993°E / 42.41446; 12.10993


title: New Mexico State Road 145

abstract: State Road 145 (NM 145) is a 3.500-mile-long (5.633 km), paved, two-lane state highway in Hidalgo County in the U.S. state of New Mexico. NM 145's western terminus is at the road's junction with NM 80, right after the road turns north passing through Peloncillo Mountains. The road's eastern terminus is north of Cotton City at the highway's junction with NM 338. NM 145 is also known as Goat Camp Road.

text:
# New Mexico State Road 145

**State Road 145** (**NM 145**) is a 3.500-mile-long (5.633 km), paved, two-lane state highway in Hidalgo County in the U.S. state of New Mexico. NM 145's western terminus is at the road's junction with NM 80, right after the road turns north passing through Peloncillo Mountains. The road's eastern terminus is north of Cotton City at the highway's junction with NM 338. NM 145 is also known as Goat Camp Road.

## Route description

NM 145 begins at the junction with NM 80, right after the road passes through the southern edge of Peloncillo Mountains, skirting the old lead mines. The road heads east through the arid sparsely populated desert plains occupied by ranchos. After 3.5 miles the road reaches its eastern terminus at the intersection with NM 338, just north of Cotton City.

## History

The old Route 145 was created some time in 1930s, running from Route 184 near Black Springs to its intersection with Route 52. Shortly thereafter, Route 145 together with several other roads in the area were combined to form an extension of Route 78 which existed until 1988. After reorganization of 1988, the route was renamed NM 163.

A road connecting NM 80 to NM 338 first appears on the mid-1960s topographic maps, as a local paved highway. In 1988 the New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) went through a radical road renumbering program, and the local road was transferred to the State control, and designated as NM 145.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Hidalgo County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.000 | 0.000 | NM 80 Road Forks, Rodeo | Western terminus |
| Cotton City | 3.500 | 5.633 | NM 338 Animas | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/New Mexico State Road 145KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Road 145 | |
| --- | --- |
| Goat Camp Road | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NMDOT | |
| Length | 3.500 mi (5.633 km) |
| Existed | 1988–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | NM 80 near Cotton City |
| East end | NM 338 near Cotton City |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Mexico |
| Counties | Hidalgo |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **New Mexico State Highway System** | |
| NM 144   NM 146 | |


title: Ozarba chrysaspis

abstract: Ozarba chrysaspis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the northern half of Australia, including Queensland. Adults have forewings that have a pale brown area at the base and an orange-brown area at the margin, separated by a broad irregular black band. The hindwings are orange-brown with a broad dark margin.

text:
# Ozarba chrysaspis

***Ozarba chrysaspis*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the northern half of Australia, including Queensland.

Adults have forewings that have a pale brown area at the base and an orange-brown area at the margin, separated by a broad irregular black band. The hindwings are orange-brown with a broad dark margin.

## InfoBox

| *Ozarba chrysaspis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Ozarba* |
| Species: | ***O. chrysaspis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ozarba chrysaspis***<br>(Meyrick, 1891) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Thalpochares chrysaspis* Meyrick, 1891 * *Metachrostis epichroma* Turner, 1902 | |


title: In the Pond

abstract: In the Pond is a 1998 novel by Ha Jin. He has been praised for his works relating to Chinese life and culture.

text:
# In the Pond

***In the Pond*** is a 1998 novel by Ha Jin. He has been praised for his works relating to Chinese life and culture.

## Overview

The novel centers on the character Shao Bin, a Chinese man working at fertilizer plant, and his struggle to obtain a decent apartment for his young family. Continually passed over by the plant's corrupt leaders, Bin decides to fight back against his communist superiors. Conflict ensues when Bin's struggle is met with counterattacks and opposition he could never have imagined.

## Themes

Focusing on the oppressive nature of post Mao-China, a communist society filled with a hierarchy of corruption, and ultimately in an antithetical fashion to Upton Sinclair's novel *The Jungle*, Ha Jin uses his literary work to convey a central political statement against the injustice of Chinese socialism. Jin stresses the themes of standing up for one's self and not letting the powerful and corrupt destroy one's dreams. The book also contains universal and humanitarian theme of lending a helping hand to aid one's fellow man.

## InfoBox

In the Pond
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ha Jin |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Zoland Books |
| Publication date | Nov 1998 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 178 |
| ISBN | 0-944072-92-5 |
| OCLC | 43403434 |


title: Port-Daniel station

abstract: The Port-Daniel station is an inactive railway station built in 1908 by Quebec Atlantic Oriental Railway. The railway line and service was acquired by CN Rail. CN retained the tracks until 1998, but VIA Rail took over passenger service from 1977 to 2013. The station is located on Route 132 in Port-Daniel–Gascons, Quebec, Canada. It was formerly staffed by VIA Rail but it is currently closed; Via lists the station as a "sign post". As of 2013, the Gaspé train is not running; the closest passenger rail service is provided at the Matapédia railway station. However, service to Gaspé is scheduled to resume in 2026. The station was given protected status in 1995.

text:
# Port-Daniel station

The **Port-Daniel station** is an inactive railway station built in 1908 by Quebec Atlantic Oriental Railway. The railway line and service was acquired by CN Rail. CN retained the tracks until 1998, but VIA Rail took over passenger service from 1977 to 2013.

The station is located on Route 132 in Port-Daniel–Gascons, Quebec, Canada. It was formerly staffed by VIA Rail but it is currently closed; Via lists the station as a "sign post". As of 2013, the Gaspé train is not running; the closest passenger rail service is provided at the Matapédia railway station. However, service to Gaspé is scheduled to resume in 2026. The station was given protected status in 1995.

## InfoBox

| Port-Daniel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 490 Route 132
Port-Daniel–Gascons, Quebec
Canada |
| Coordinates | 48°10′43″N 64°58′19″W / 48.17861°N 64.97194°W / 48.17861; -64.97194 |
| Owned by | VIA Rail |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Historic station building |
| Other information | |
| Website | Port Daniel train station |
| History | |
| Opened | 1908 |
| Closed | 2013 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services | |
| Preceding station  Via Rail Following station  New Carlisletoward Montreal  Montreal–Gaspé(Suspended 2013-2026)  Chandlertoward Gaspé  Preceding station Canadian National Railway Following station  Marciltoward Matapédia  MatapédiaGaspé  Gasconstoward Gaspé | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Heritage Railway Station (Canada) | |
| Designated | 1995 |
| Reference no. | 4616 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pristimantis lynchi

abstract:
Pristimantis lynchi is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae.
It is endemic to Colombia.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forests and high-altitude grassland.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Pristimantis lynchi

***Pristimantis lynchi*** is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forests and high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Pristimantis lynchi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Pristimantis* |
| Species: | ***P. lynchi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristimantis lynchi***
(Duellman & Simmons, 1977) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eleutherodactylus lynchi* Duellman & Simmons, 1977 | |


title: Michel Charleux

abstract: Michel Charleux was a French archaeologist who did much of his work in French Polynesia and did important work on Tapa cloth. Charleux was born in Paris, but spent much of his childhood in Ivory Coast, Senegal, and Niger. After high school at Lycée Louis-le-Grand he studied geology at the Sorbonne, then became a teacher. He then studied archeology at Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University. In 1973 he moved to French Polynesia, where he surveyed archeological sites and restored marae on Tahiti. He then worked in Vanuatu, studying Lapita culture sites on Malo Island. He returned to French Polynesia in 1977, where he taught archaeology and managed the excavation of Vai'hi marae on Raiatea. In the 1980's he taught at Lycée Paul-Gauguin and worked the Musée de Tahiti et des Îles, where he developed a "museum-suitcase" to display the contents of the museum on small islands. He later worked at the Musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie in Paris. In 1987, with the assistance of the French Navy, he conducted a 32-day archaeological dig on Eiao. In September 1987 he put his research on hold after he was appointed principal of Telopea Park School in Canberra, Australia. In 2001 he was made a member of the Ordre des Palmes académiques. After retiring in 2007 he began a doctoral thesis, and conducted a number of further digs on Eiao. In February 2013 he conducted a 100-day dig on the island. In 2017 he edited a book on Tapa cloth, Tapa: From Tree Bark to Cloth: An Ancient Art of Oceania, from Southeast Asia to Eastern Polynesia. In July 2018 he was made a knight of the Order of Tahiti Nui.

text:
# Michel Charleux

**Michel Charleux** (6 September 1945 — 14 October 2018) was a French archaeologist who did much of his work in French Polynesia and did important work on Tapa cloth.

Charleux was born in Paris, but spent much of his childhood in Ivory Coast, Senegal, and Niger. After high school at Lycée Louis-le-Grand he studied geology at the Sorbonne, then became a teacher. He then studied archeology at Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University. In 1973 he moved to French Polynesia, where he surveyed archeological sites and restored marae on Tahiti. He then worked in Vanuatu, studying Lapita culture sites on Malo Island.

He returned to French Polynesia in 1977, where he taught archaeology and managed the excavation of Vai'hi marae on Raiatea. In the 1980's he taught at Lycée Paul-Gauguin and worked the Musée de Tahiti et des Îles, where he developed a "museum-suitcase" to display the contents of the museum on small islands. He later worked at the Musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie in Paris. In 1987, with the assistance of the French Navy, he conducted a 32-day archaeological dig on Eiao.

In September 1987 he put his research on hold after he was appointed principal of Telopea Park School in Canberra, Australia. In 2001 he was made a member of the Ordre des Palmes académiques.

After retiring in 2007 he began a doctoral thesis, and conducted a number of further digs on Eiao. In February 2013 he conducted a 100-day dig on the island. In 2017 he edited a book on Tapa cloth, *Tapa: From Tree Bark to Cloth: An Ancient Art of Oceania, from Southeast Asia to Eastern Polynesia*.

In July 2018 he was made a knight of the Order of Tahiti Nui.


title: Portal del Tunal (TransMilenio)

abstract: Portal del Tunal is a terminal station of the TransMilenio mass-transit system of Bogotá, Colombia, opened in the year 2000.

text:
# Portal del Tunal (TransMilenio)

**Portal del Tunal** is a terminal station of the TransMilenio mass-transit system of Bogotá, Colombia, opened in the year 2000.

## Location

**Portal del Tunal** is located in southern Bogotá, in front of the *Parque El Tunal*, specifically at the intersection of Avenida Boyacá with Avenida Ciudad de Villavicencio.

## History

In 2002, one month after the opening of Portal del Norte, **Portal del Tunal** was opened as the fourth terminal station in the TransMilenio system.

## Station services

### Old trunk services

Services rendered until April 29, 2006
| Kind | Routes | Frequency |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Current |  | Every 3 minutes on average |
| Express |  | Every 2 minutes on average |
| Express Dominical |  | Every 3 or 4 minutes on average |

### Current Trunk Services

Service as of April 29, 2006
| Type | Northern Routes |
| --- | --- |
| Express Every day
All day |  |
| Express Monday through Saturday
All day | B13 D21 |
| Express Monday through Saturday
Morning rush |  |
| Express Monday through Friday
Mixed service, rush and non-rush |  |
| **Ending Routes** | | | | | |
| Express Every day
All day | H15 | | | | |
| Express Monday through Saturday
all day | H13 H21 | | | | |
| Express Monday through Friday
Peak hour | H27 H73 | | | | |

### Feeder services

The following feeder routes also work:

* 6.1 circular to the Candelaria neighborhood
* 6.2 circulate to San Francisco neighborhood
* 6.3 circulate to the Sierra Morena neighborhood
* 6.4 move to the neighborhood Paraíso
* 6.5 circulate to El Tesoro neighborhood *(Extension to Arabia in peak hours)*
* 6.6 circulate to the Juan José Rondón neighborhood *(Peak hours)*
* 6.7 circulate to San Joaquin neighborhood
* 6.8 circulate to Vista Hermosa neighborhood *(Peak hours)*
* 6.9 circulate to the neighborhood Arborizadora Alta
* 6.12 circulate to the Villa Gloria neighborhood

### Special Services

The following Special route also works, which is accessed by AV Boyacá:

* 6.18 Circular to the Pasquilla Street

Making use of the feeder service 6-4 Paraíso, you can access the following special routes in the Illimaní Park:

* 10.11 circulate to Bella Flor neighborhood
* 10.12 circulate in the Quiba Path

## InfoBox

| Portal del Tunal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Av.Calle 56A Sur con Av.Carrera 24
Tunjuelito and Ciudad Bolívar neighborhood |
| Line(s) | Caracas Sur - Tunal |
| Platforms | 1 |
| History | |
| Opened | February 16, 2002 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station TransMilenio Following station  Parquetowards Tercer Milenio    *Terminus* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: María de Estrada

abstract: María de Estrada was a Spanish woman who was part of the expedition of Hernán Cortés to Mexico in 1519–24. She traveled as a conquistador and fought there. There is also some evidence that she had previously spent several years as a castaway among the native inhabitants of pre-colonial Cuba.

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# María de Estrada

**María de Estrada** (c. 1475 or 1486  between 1537–48) was a Spanish woman who was part of the expedition of Hernán Cortés to Mexico in 1519–24. She traveled as a conquistador and fought there. There is also some evidence that she had previously spent several years as a castaway among the native inhabitants of pre-colonial Cuba.

## Background

María Estrada (the surname is given as **Destrada** or **Estrada** in some sources) was born in Seville, although her father came originally from northern Spain. Her brother, the conquistador Francisco de Estrada, had accompanied Christopher Columbus as a cabin boy, and when he returned to the New World to settle permanently in 1509, Maria probably travelled with him.

## Castaway in Cuba

According to a widely accepted identification, María joined an early expedition to the Gulf of Darién, perhaps accompanying her brother or an unrecorded husband. Their attempt to establish a settlement was a failure, and on the return journey to Santo Domingo, her vessel was shipwrecked on the island of Cuba.

At first, the locals treated the marooned Spanish crew well, helping them to travel along the coast; but at the place later known as Matanzas, the castaways were betrayed and massacred. The woman identified as Maria de Estrada was one of a handful of survivors, taken captive by one of the local chiefs who had led the attack.

For several years, she lived among the natives, one of the first Europeans to become acculturated to indigenous life in the Americas. In 1513, she was released thanks to the arrival of conquistadors on the island. Soon afterwards, she married one of these Spanish colonists, named Pedro Sánchez Farfán.

## Cortés expedition to Mexico

In 1519, Pedro Sánchez Farfán joined the expedition of Hernán Cortés, and fought in the initial Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, but it is not clear whether his wife went with him. Some modern sources indicate that María de Estrada only arrived on the mainland in April 1520, with the rival expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez, which included her brother Francisco, and which joined forces with Cortés at the end of May 1520.

María was certainly with the combined army after it returned to the native capital at Tenochtitlan in June 1520: according to Bernal Díaz del Castillo, she was the only Spanish woman with them at this point. There had been the bloody unrest in Cortés' absence, and now the conquistadors were struck by a full-scale native revolt known as the *Noche Triste*: after a week of street battles, the army was forced to fight its way back out of the city, suffering heavy casualties and losing most of its baggage and artillery.

Most of the early sources refer to María de Estrada in general terms among the small number of women who accompanied the army at this time, but a handful of writers of the later sixteenth century single her out as a soldier. The Tlaxcallan chronicler Diego Muñoz Camargo wrote that she fought her way out of the city as a rodelero during the battle, proving herself "as good a warrior as any man", and that she participated in the decisive charge of armored cavalry at the Battle of Otumba. For their part, historians Fray Juan de Torquemada and Francisco Cervantes de Salazar also describe those feats, adding that she participated in the Siege of Tenochtitlan along with other women soldiers and nurses, like Isabel Rodríguez, Beatriz de Palacios and Beatriz Bermúdez de Velasco. Furthermore, Dominican historian Diego Durán claims that she led a force of conquistadors into the area around Popocatépetl, where she defeated the Nahua Indians of Hueyapan, charging head first and screaming "Santiago!"

Cortés certainly gave María and her husband an extensive *encomienda* in this area, based at Tetela del Volcán, with subsidiary units at Nepopoalco and at Hueyapan itself, while Sánchez Farfán also gained additional estates further to the west. When she was widowed in the 1530s, María de Estrada assumed direct control of the estate, and in this capacity, she filed a petition to the king of Spain to ask for lighter taxation of her lands. Eventually, María de Estrada remarried to Alonso Martín, a civilian settler in Puebla, but by 1561, his relatives were fighting over the inheritance: instead, the *encomienda* was annexed to the royal domains of the king of Spain as it seems that neither María nor her first husband had surviving descendants.

## Academic perspectives

The basic fact that María de Estrada accompanied Cortés' army to Mexico is vouched for by eyewitness memoirs and most historians agree as to the reliability of the evidence on which her detailed biography is based.

Luisa Campuzano, in the fullest discussion of the problem, concluded that the sources support each other, and provide a consistent factual and psychological portrait, but other historians have been more cautious, suggesting that María de Estrada's military prowess may be a literary fiction, and inferring that she arrived in the New World too late to be the castaway rescued in 1513. A later date for her arrival in the Americas would imply that María de Estrada was Sanchéz Farfán's second wife, a different woman from the castaway he had married in Cuba, although the sources providing these dates seem to be unaware of his earlier marriage.


title: Porta San Donato, Bologna

abstract: Porta San Donato, also known as Porta Zamboni, was a gate or portal of the former outer medieval walls of the city of Bologna, Italy. It was a gate into the university area of the city. The gate was built in the 13th century, and by 1354 was equipped with a drawbridge. It was sealed in 1428, but reopened in the following decades. It is flanked by a machiocolated tower.

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# Porta San Donato, Bologna

**Porta San Donato**, also known as **Porta Zamboni**, was a gate or portal of the former outer medieval walls of the city of Bologna, Italy. It was a gate into the university area of the city.

The gate was built in the 13th century, and by 1354 was equipped with a drawbridge. It was sealed in 1428, but reopened in the following decades. It is flanked by a machiocolated tower.

44°29′54″N 11°21′22″E / 44.49833°N 11.35611°E / 44.49833; 11.35611


title: New Mexico State Road 137

abstract: State Road 137 (NM 137) is a 55-mile-long (89 km) state highway in the US state of New Mexico. NM 137's southern terminus is at the Texas–New Mexico state line, where it becomes Dog Canyon Road as it enters Guadalupe Mountains National Park. Its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 285 (US 285) northwest of Carlsbad.

text:
# New Mexico State Road 137

**State Road 137** (**NM 137**) is a 55-mile-long (89 km) state highway in the US state of New Mexico. NM 137's southern terminus is at the Texas–New Mexico state line, where it becomes Dog Canyon Road as it enters Guadalupe Mountains National Park. Its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 285 (US 285) northwest of Carlsbad.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Eddy County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.000 | 0.000 | Dog Canyon Road | Southern terminus at TexasNew Mexico state line |
|  | 55.007 | 88.525 | US 285 | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/New Mexico State Road 137KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Road 137 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NMDOT | |
| Length | 55.007 mi (88.525 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Dog Canyon Road at the Texas/ New Mexico border |
| North end | US 285 near Carlsbad |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Mexico |
| Counties | Eddy |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **New Mexico State Highway System** | |
| NM 136   NM 138 | |