title: John W. Valley

abstract: John Williams Valley is an American geochemist and petrologist. He is an expert on stable isotope geochemistry, especially as applied to understanding the evolution of the Earth's crust.

text:
# John W. Valley

**John Williams Valley** (born February 28, 1948, in Winchester, Massachusetts) is an American geochemist and petrologist. He is an expert on stable isotope geochemistry, especially as applied to understanding the evolution of the Earth's crust.

## Biography

Valley grew up in Lexington, Massachusetts, and started collecting rocks when he was four years old. He studied geology at Dartmouth College (AB 1970) and at the University of Michigan (MS 1977, PhD 1980) He was an assistant professor at Rice University (1980-1983) before moving to the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where he was an assistant professor (1983-1985), associate professor (1985-1989), and full professor from 1989 until his retirement in 2019 as professor emeritus. In 2005 he was appointed Charles R. Van Hise Distinguished Professor. He was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Edinburgh (1989-1990). His doctoral students include Claudia Mora, Jean Morrison, and John Eiler.

Valley is an expert on stable isotope geochemistry applied to metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks. He has worked extensively on high-grade metamorphic Precambrian rocks, especially in the Grenville Province of New York and Canada. He and his colleagues investigated the Sierra Nevada batholith, lavas from Pacific islands, and rhyolites from the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field.

Valley has studied numerous proxies for paleoclimate including speleothems, mollusks, foraminifera, otoliths, pearls, and fossil teeth. He organized three conferences on applications of new SIMS technology to paleoclimatology (HiRes2013, 2015 and 2017).

Valley and others demonstrated that carbonates in the Martian meteorite ALH84001 formed at low temperatures, and that material from the comet 81P/Wild is chondrule-like indicating transport from the asteroid belt to the cold outer reaches of the solar system.

In 2001, Valley, with 3 co-workers, discovered the oldest known samples of Earth, detrital zircons from the Jack Hills in Western Australia, which document the existence of differentiated crust on Earth by 4.4 Ga (billion years ago) about 150 Myr (million years) after the Earth's formation at 4.55 Ga. The oxygen isotope ratios of these zircons indicate that the Earth cooled sooner, by over 600 Myr, than previous evidence indicated and that oceans were habitable to life by 4.3 Ga, 800 Myr earlier than the oldest well-documented micro-fossils. He has also shown, by a unique correlation of carbon isotope ratios (measured at micron-scale) to morphology, that these ancient fossils are indeed biogenic and lived in complex communities of microbial life 3,465 million years ago, indicating that the first life came earlier.

Valley has been active in professional service. In 2005, he founded the Wisconsin Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (WiscSIMS) to develop new methods for measuring stable isotopes in the nano to micrometer range. Over 400 scientists have now worked at WiscSIMS. He served on many committees for mineralogy, geochemistry, and geology, including the NRC Committee on the Scientific Context for the Exploration of the Moon (2007). From 2014 to 2023 he served on the board of governors for the Gemological Institute of America. He has been associate editor for the Geological Society of America Bulletin (1985-1991), the *American Journal of Science* (1996-) and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2021-). From 2011 to 2015 he was an editor in chief for the journal *Elements*. He was the president of Mineralogical Society of America in 2005–2006.

Valley was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of America (GSA, 1992), the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA, 1993), the American Geophysical Union (AGU, 1996), the European Association of Geochemistry (2011), and the Geochemical Society (2011). AGU gave him the Norman L. Bowen Award in 2003 In 2019 GSA awarded him the Arthur L. Day Medal. In 2022 he received the Roebling Medal from MSA.He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2019.

In 2017, the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) approved the name "valleyite" for the mineral Ca4Fe6O13, discovered by Huifang Xu and named in honor of John W. Valley.

In 1972 Valley married Andrée Simone Taylor. They have two sons, Matthew and David. Valley is also a skilled woodworker. Before graduate school, he made furniture in Helena, Montana, while there with Andrée, who was Resident Artist at the Archie Bray Foundation for the Ceramic Arts. Andrée works extensively in metal and ceramic sculpture. Her work is displayed internationally.

## Selected publications

* Valley JW and O’Neil JR. (1982) Oxygen isotopic evidence for shallow emplacement of Adirondack anorthosite. Nature 300, 9, 497–500.
* Valley, J. W.; McLelland, J; Essene, E. J.; Lamb, W (1983). "Metamorphic fluids in the deep crust: Evidence from the Adirondacks". *Nature*. **301** (5897): 226–228. Bibcode:1983Natur.301..226V. doi:10.1038/301226a0. hdl:2027.42/62547. S2CID 4361510.
* Valley, J. W., Bohlen, S. R., Essene, E. J., and Lamb, W. (1990) Metamorphism in the Adirondacks. II. The Role of Fluids. Jour. Petrol. 31, Part 3, 555–596.
* Valley, J. W. and Graham, C. M. (1993) Cryptic Grain-Scale Heterogeneity of Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Metamorphic Magnetite. Science 259, 1729-1733.
* Valley, John W.; Chiarenzelli, JR; McLelland, JM (1994). "Oxygen isotope geochemistry of zircon". *Earth and Planetary Science Letters*. **126** (4): 187–206. Bibcode:1994E&PSL.126..187V. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90106-6.
* Valley, J. W., Kitchen, N. E., Kohn, M. J., Niendorf, C. R., and Spicuzza, M. J. (1995) UWG-2, A Garnet Standard for Oxygen Isotope Ratio: Strategies for High Precision and Accuracy with Laser Heating. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 59, 5223-5231.
* Valley JW, Kinny PD, Schulze DJ & Spicuzza MJ (1998) Zircon Megacrysts from Kimberlite: Oxygen isotope heterogeneity among mantle melts. Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology, 133, 1–11.
* Valley, JW; Peck, WH; King, EM; Wilde, SA (2002). "A cool early Earth". *Geology*. **30** (4): 351. Bibcode:2002Geo....30..351V. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030\<0351:ACEE\>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
* Valley, J. W.; Lackey, J. S.; Cavosie, A. J.; Clechenko, C. C.; Spicuzza, M. J.; Basei, M. A. S.; Bindeman, I. N.; Ferreira, V. P.; Sial, A. N.; King, E. M.; Peck, W. H.; Sinha, A. K.; Wei, C. S. (2005). "4.4 billion years of crustal maturation: Oxygen isotope ratios of magmatic zircon". *Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology*. **150** (6): 561–580. Bibcode:2005CoMP..150..561V. doi:10.1007/s00410-005-0025-8. S2CID 53118854.
* Valley, JW; Cavosie, AJ; Ushikubo, T; Reinhard, DA; Lawrence, DF; Larson, DJ; Clifton, PH; Kelly, TF; Wilde, SA; Moser, DE; Spicuzza, MJ (2014). "Hadean age for a post-magma-ocean zircon confirmed by atom-probe tomography". *Nature Geoscience*. **7** (3): 219–223. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7..219V. doi:10.1038/ngeo2075.
* Valley JW, Spicuzza MJ, Ushikubo T (2014) Correlated δ18O and \[Ti\] in Lunar Zircons: A Terrestrial Perspective for Magma Temperatures and Water Content on the Moon. Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology, vol 167 (1): 1-15. doi:10.1007/s00410-013-0956-4.
* Valley JW, Reinhard DA, Cavosie AJ, Ushikubo T, Lawrence DF, Larson DJ, Kelly TF, Snoeyenbos D, Strickland A (2015) Nano- and Micro-geochronology in Hadean and Archean Zircons by Atom-Probe Tomography and SIMS: New Tools for Old Minerals. American Mineralogist, 100: 1355-1377. doi.org/10.2138/am-2014-5134.

### As editor

* Valley JW, Taylor HP and O'Neil JR (1986) Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes. Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 16, 570 p.
* Valley JW and Cole DR, eds. (2001) Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 43, 662 p.


title: Musa Bay

abstract: Musa Bay is a bay in the northwest end of the Persian Gulf. It is located in the Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni District, Mahshahr County, Khuzestan. Musa is said to have been a famous captain after whom this bay was named.

text:
# Musa Bay

**Musa Bay** is a bay in the northwest end of the Persian Gulf. It is located in the Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni District, Mahshahr County, Khuzestan. Musa is said to have been a famous captain after whom this bay was named.

## Geography

Musa Bay is 20-50m deep, reaching 73m in some places. The lands around this bay are muddy with a height of 2-4m above sea level. The width of its opening is 37-40 km and its length from the opening to Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni is 90 km and to Bandar-e Mahshahr is 120 km.

Other small creeks branch off from Musa bay, mostly off the western side, and from south to north, they are Selech creek, Melh creek, Qanaqa creek, Marymos creek, and Duraq creek in the northwest. Ghazlan creek is located between Qabre Nakhoda Island and the eastern shore of the main land.

At the mouth of the bay, there are three islands, Buneh island, Dara Island, and Qabre Nakhoda Island, and there are many uninhabited small islands in the bay.

## Ecosystem

The largest distribution of silver pomfret in the Persian Gulf is in Musa bay region and Qeshm Island. Spotted kingfishers are among the birds of the bay, and whales, dolphins, and friales are among the aquatic animals. Unfortunately, a large amount of untreated wastewater from petrochemical industries enters Musa bay, threatening the ecosystems and tourism of the bay.

Musa bay is home to animal species including humpback dolphins and sea birds such as flamingos, spoonbills, western reef herons, crab-plovers, greater crested terns, bridled terns, small crabs, mudskippers and all kinds of fish. In Musa bay, there are pristine islands under the management of the Department of Environment and beautiful coastal landscapes. Every year during Nowruz, a cruise ship visits Musa bay.

## Economy

About 60 buoys have been deployed to mark the passage of cargo ships and oil tankers, carrying up to 100,000 tons, passing through Musa Bay to enter Imam Khomeini Port. More than 1,816 people of Musa bay bay live from subsistence fishing.

Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni and Bandar-e Mahshahr and Mahshahr Petrochemical Special Economic Zone are located in the north of the bay.

## Events

On November 16, 2006, an American destroyer approached the territorial waters of Abu Musa, retreating after being warned by the Iranian Navy. On 2/6/2014, an American ship entered the waters of Iran in order to seize a Panamanian oil tanker near Musa bay.

## InfoBox

| Musa Bay خور موسی (Persian) | |
| --- | --- |
| Bay | |
|  | |
| Musa Bay | |
| Coordinates: 30°10′18″N 49°4′2″E / 30.17167°N 49.06722°E / 30.17167; 49.06722 | |
| Part of | Persian Gulf |
| Native name | خور موسی (Persian) |
| Dimensions | |
| Width | 37-40 km |
| Depth | 20-50m (73m max) |


title: Łopiszewo

abstract: Łopiszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryczywół, within Oborniki County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the Germans murdered six Poles in the village on 14 and 21 September 1939.

text:
# Łopiszewo

**Łopiszewo** \[wɔpiˈʂɛvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryczywół, within Oborniki County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the Germans murdered six Poles in the village on 14 and 21 September 1939 (see *Nazi crimes against the Polish nation*).

## InfoBox

| Łopiszewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Łopiszewo | |
| Coordinates: 52°48′46″N 16°48′49″E / 52.81278°N 16.81361°E / 52.81278; 16.81361 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Oborniki |
| Gmina | Ryczywół |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | POB |


title: Roger Jouet

abstract: Roger Jouet was a French writer and historian.

text:
# Roger Jouet

**Roger Jouet** (15 September 1944 – 25 August 2022) was a French writer and historian.

## InfoBox

| Roger Jouet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Regional Council of Lower Normandy | |
| **In office**
1986–1992 | |
| President | René Garrec |
| Mayor of Trévières | |
| **In office**
1971–1994 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1944-09-15)15 September 1944
Saint-Georges-Montcocq, France |
| Died | 25 August 2022(2022-08-25) (aged 77)
Caen, France |
| Profession | Writer
Historian |
|  | |


abstract: As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection. Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be added to this list below after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 131001–132000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 131001–131100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 131101–131200

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 131181 Žebrák | 2001 CT41 | Žebrák is a historic town in Central Bohemia, Czech Republic, known for its medieval castles of Žebrák and Točník, a meteorite fall in 1824, and its creative astronomical observatory active in the field of public education. | IAU **·** 131181 |
| 131186 Pauluckas | 2001 DS | Paul Luckas (born 1962), Australian amateur astronomer, discoverer of minor planets and supernovae | JPL **·** 131186 |

## 131201–131300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 131245 Bakich | 2001 FF1 | Michael E. Bakich (born 1953), American historian of astronomy, author, and senior editor of *Astronomy* | JPL **·** 131245 |

## 131301–131400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 131401–131500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 131501–131600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 131601–131700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 131701–131800

back to top

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 131762 Csonka | 2002 AD11 | János Csonka (1852–1939), Hungarian engineer, inventor of the first Hungarian gas engine and co-inventor of the carburetor with Donát Bánki (this minor planet was discovered on the 150th anniversary of his birth) | JPL **·** 131762 |
| 131763 Donátbánki | 2002 AJ11 | Donát Bánki (1859–1922), Hungarian mechanical engineer, co-inventor, with János Csonka, of the carburetor in 1893 | JPL **·** 131763 |

## 131801–131900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 131901–132000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

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title: Xanthichthys

abstract: Xanthichthys is a genus of triggerfishes native to reef environments in the western Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Xanthichthys

***Xanthichthys*** is a genus of triggerfishes native to reef environments in the western Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.

## Species

Six recognized species are placed in this genus:

| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Xanthichthys auromarginatus* E. T. Bennett, 1832 | gilded triggerfish | Indo-Pacific. |
|  | *Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus* J. E. Randall, Matsuura & Zama, 1978 | outrigger triggerfish | Indo-West Pacific. |
|  | *Xanthichthys greenei* Pyle & Earle, 2013 | Kiri triggerfish | Pacific Ocean |
|  | *Xanthichthys lineopunctatus* Hollard, 1854 | striped triggerfish | South Africa eastward through northern Australia to New Guinea, north to southern Japan. |
|  | *Xanthichthys mento* D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1882 | redtail triggerfish | Pacific. |
|  | *Xanthichthys ringens* Linnaeus, 1758 | sargassum triggerfish | e Western Atlantic, ranging from North Carolina (USA) to Brazil. |
|

## InfoBox

| *Xanthichthys* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Xanthichthys auromarginatus* | |
|  | |
| *Xanthichthys ringens* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Tetraodontiformes |
| Family: | Balistidae |
| Genus: | *Xanthichthys*
Kaup, 1856 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Balistes curassavicus*
J. F. Gmelin, 1789 | |


title: Pholadomyidae

abstract: Pholadomyidae is a family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the order Anomalodesmata.

text:
# Pholadomyidae

**Pholadomyidae** is a family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the order Anomalodesmata.

## Genera and species

Genera and species within the family Pholadomyidae include:

## InfoBox

| Pholadomyidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fossil specimen of *Pholadomya scutata* species from Jurassic | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Superorder: | Anomalodesmata |
| Superfamily: | Pholadomyoidea |
| Family: | Pholadomyidae<br>Dall, 1905 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text. | |


title: John W. Vaudreuil

abstract: John William Vaudreuil is an American lawyer. He was United States Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin during the presidency of Barack Obama.

text:
# John W. Vaudreuil

**John William Vaudreuil** (born August 2, 1954) is an American lawyer. He was United States Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin during the presidency of Barack Obama.

## Career

Vaudreuil graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1976 and the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1979.

Vaudreuil was an Assistant United States Attorney in the district since January 1980 representing the United States in criminal cases in federal court. Vaudreuil has handled thousands of criminal cases including fraud, public corruption, environmental crimes, murder, tax crimes, bank robberies, and drug crimes. In 1992, he was designated as a Senior Litigation Counsel by the Department of Justice, and in June 2002 he was named the Chief for the Criminal Division for the United States Attorney's Office. He served in that position until his appointment as United States Attorney in 2010.

From 1987 to 2002, he taught Evidence and Trial Advocacy to law students at the University of Wisconsin Law School. Since 1992, he has taught thousands of U.S. prosecutors regarding evidence, trial advocacy, and criminal procedure. Since 2001 he has supported the rule of law efforts of the U.S. Department of Justice, teaching prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges in many foreign countries.

### U.S. Attorney

Vaudreuil was nominated as U.S. Attorney by President Barack Obama on June 1, 2010. He was subsequently confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and took office on August 10, 2010.

On March 11, 2017, Vaudreuil announced his resignation as U.S. Attorney, effective March 13, after being asked to by Jeff Sessions, the United States Attorney General under President Donald Trump.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Justice.

## InfoBox

| John W. Vaudreuil | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| United States Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin | |
| **In office**
August 10, 2010  March 13, 2017 | |
| President | Barack Obama
Donald Trump |
| Preceded by | Erik C. Peterson |
| Succeeded by | Scott Blader |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John William Vaudreuil
(1954-08-02) August 2, 1954
Rice Lake, Wisconsin |
| Education | University of Wisconsin–Madison (BA, JD) |
|  | |


title: Murugesapillai Maheswaran

abstract: Murugesapillai Maheswaran is a mathematician, astrophysicist and educator. He was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and emigrated to the United States of America in 1985. Maheswaran has lived in Wausau, Wisconsin since 1986.

text:
# Murugesapillai Maheswaran

**Murugesapillai Maheswaran** (born October 12, 1939) is a mathematician, astrophysicist and educator. He was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and emigrated to the United States of America in 1985. Maheswaran has lived in Wausau, Wisconsin since 1986.

## Education

Maheswaran received his primary and secondary school education at Royal College, Colombo. Subsequently, he entered the University of Ceylon to pursue studies in mathematics and the physical sciences. He graduated with First Class Honours and was awarded the Ceylon Government University Scholarship in 1962 for the Most Meritorious Performance in Mathematics among graduating students in all the universities in Sri Lanka. In 1964, he proceeded to the University of Cambridge, England, for postgraduate studies in mathematical astrophysics at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics and was a member of Churchill College, Cambridge. His research supervisors were Professors Roger Tayler and Nigel Weiss. His dissertation was on Rotation, Circulation and Magnetic Fields in Stars and he received his Ph.D. degree in 1968.

## Career

Maheswaran's career consisted mostly of full-time teaching positions and he worked on important research projects during sabbatical breaks and summer vacations. He was as an Assistant Lecturer in Mathematics at the University of Ceylon from 1962 to 1964 and returned as a lecturer in 1968. In 1976, he was appointed as Professor and Head of the Department of Mathematics at the University of Peradeniya. In 1984/85, he also served as the head of the Mathematics and Astronomy sections of the Institute of Fundamental Studies in Sri Lanka. In September 1985, he took up a teaching position in the Mathematics Department at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, USA. In 1986 he moved to the University of Wisconsin Marathon County, which became the University of Wisconsin Stevens Point at Wausau in 2018 and was promoted as Professor of Mathematics in 1992. He retired in 2007 and is a Professor Emeritus at UWMC. Maheswaran has done research or taught at several international academic institutions. In 1973/74, he was a Research Fellow in Astrophysics at the University of Liège in Belgium. In 1982/83, he was a Visiting Professor of Mathematics and Acting Dean of the School of Physical Sciences at the University of Port Harcourt in Nigeria. During the period from 1973 to 1979, he spent several semesters at the International Center for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy. He is a member of the American Astronomical Society, the International Astronomical Union, the Astronomical Society of India and the Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science. Previously, he was a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, England, and a member of the Wisconsin Section of the Mathematical Society of America. His pedagogical work involved the teaching of undergraduate mathematics with focus on the use of hypertext and hypermedia materials.

## Research

Maheswaran has carried out research in several different subject areas. He has published many research papers and pedagogical articles in addition to presentations at meetings and conferences. A list of selected publications is given in his curriculum vitae. In mathematical astrophysics, he worked in the areas of rotating magnetic stars, stellar magnetohydrodynamics, stellar winds and disks. His research contributions included (i) the development of a second order Lagrange Polynomial expansion method to study circulations in rotating stars (ii) computations to study the evolution of magnetic fields in rotating stars (iii) derivation of limits on surface magnetic fields in rotating stars, (iv) formulating equations and procedure to follow the evolution of rotation and magnetic fields of stars with winds and polar outflows, and (v) he has collaborated with Joseph Cassinelli of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and John Brown of the University of Glasgow to develop models for disks around rotating magnetic stars. Furthermore, Maheswaran has carried out research with S. G. Canagaratna of Ohio Northern University in the area of Chemical Thermodynamics and has been a coauthor with him of several papers on the analysis of multicomponent mixtures and solutions. In particular, they derived equations to prove that if the partial molar property of one component of a multicomponent mixture or solution is known then the partial molar property of all the other components can be determined. Maheswaran has also published papers on the properties of equations related to the Beltrami equation. Several of his research contributions have been cited in books and articles. Some of his more important research papers are listed in the ensuing section entitled Articles and a few selected citations of his research contributions are included in the section on References.

## Articles

The following is a brief list of selected research papers in which Maheswaran is an author:

* Maheswaran, M. (1968)."On Meridian Circulation". *Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society*. **140**:93-107.. Bibcode:1968MNRAS.140...93M.. doi:10.1093/mnras/140.1.93.
* Maheswaran, M. (1969). "Effects of Prescribed Circulations on Magnetic Fields". *Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society*. **145**:197-216.. Bibcode:1969MNRAS.145..197M.. doi:10.1093/mnras/145.2.197.
* Maheswaran, M and de Silva H. A. B. M. (1973). "Magnetic Fields in Rapidly Rotating Stars". *Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society*. **162**:289-293.. Bibcode:1973MNRAS.162..289M.. doi:10.1093/mnras/162.3.289.
* Maheswaran, M. (1974). "On the Magnetic Fields of Upper Main Sequence Stars". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **37**:169-178.. Bibcode:1974A&A....37..169M
* Chanmugam, Ganesar and Maheswaran, Murugesapillai. (1975)."Spin Down of Pulsars". *Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan*. **27**:307-310.. Bibcode:1975PASJ...27..307C.
* Canagaratna, S. Gnanaraj and Maheswaran, Murugesapillai. (1980). "Determination of Partial Molar Quantities in Multicomponent Systems". *Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions II*. **76**:1119-1127.. doi:10.1039/F29807601119.
* Canagaratna, S. Gnanaraj and Maheswaran, Murugesapillai. (1984). "Determination of Mean Molar and Molar Excess Quantities in Multicomponent Systems". *Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions II*. **80**:261-265.. doi:10.1039/F29848000261.
* Maheswaran, M. (1986). "On Solutions of curl **a** = k**a** and Force-Free Magnetic Fields". *Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical*. **19**:L761-L762.. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/19/13/001.
* Maheswaran, M. (1987). "The Equation curl **B** = k**B** and Magnetic Fields". *Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical*. **20**:L195-L196.. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/20/4/002.
* Maheswaran, Murugesapillai and Cassinelli, Joseph P. (1988). "On the Surface Magnetic Fields of Rapidly Rotating Stars with Winds". *Astrophysical Journal*. **335**:931-939.. Bibcode:1988ApJ...335..931M.. doi:10.1086/166978
* Maheswaran, Murugesapillai and Cassinelli, Joseph P. (1992). "Constraints on the Surface Magnetic Fields of Hot Stars with Winds". *Astrophysical Journal*. **386**:695-702.. Bibcode:1992ApJ...386..695M.. doi:10.1086/171049
* Maheswaran, Murugesapillai and Cassinelli, Joseph. (1994). "Rotation and Magnetic Fields during the Evolution of Massive Stars through B\[e\] and Wolf-Rayet Phases". *Astrophysical Journal*. **421**:718-732.. Bibcode:1994ApJ...421..718M.. doi:10.1086/173684.
* J. P. Cassinelli, J. C. Brown, M. Maheswaran, N. A. Miller and D. C. Telfer. (2002). "A Magnetically Torqued Disk Model for Be Stars". *Astrophysical Journal*. **578**: 951-966.. Bibcode:2002ApJ...578..951C.. DOI:10.1086/342654
* M. Maheswaran. (2003). "Magnetic Rotator Winds and Keplerian Disks in Hot Stars". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **592**:1156-1172.. Bibcode:2003ApJ...592.1156M.. doi:10.1086/375797.
* M. Maheswaran. (2005). "A Magnetic Rotator Wind-Disk Model for Be Stars". *ASP Conference Series*. vol. 337, pp 259–263 *The Nature and Evolution of Disks around Hot Stars*, ed. R. Ignace & K. Gayley (San Francisco: ASP).. Bibcode:2005ASPC..337..259M.
* J. C. Brown, J. P. Cassinelli and M. Maheswaran. (2008). "Magnetically Fed Hot Star Keplerian Disks with Slow Outflow". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **688**:1320-1325.. Bibcode:2008ApJ...688.1320B.. doi:10.1086/592558
* M. Maheswaran and J. P. Cassinelli. (2009). "Protodiscs around Hot Magnetic Rotator Stars". *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. **394**:415-426.. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.394..415M.. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14364.x.
* S. G. Canagaratna and M. Maheswaran.(2011). "Equations for the Evaluation of Thermodynamic Quantities for Multicomponent Systems". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. **56(6)**:276-2769.. doi:10.1021/je101089u.
* S. G. Canagaratna and M. Maheswaran. (2013). "Thermodynamics on the Molality Scale". Journal of Chemical Education, **90(5)**:598-603.. doi:10.1021/ed300127n

## Books

* Equations for Rotating Magnetic Stars, their Winds and Circumstellar Disks (Researchgate, 2017).
* Equations for Molar Quantities in Multicomponent Mixtures and Solutions (Researchgate, 2021).


title: Peter Howitt (set decorator)

abstract: Peter Howitt was an English set decorator. He was nominated for four Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction.

text:
# Peter Howitt (set decorator)

**Peter Howitt** (1928 - 22 September 2021) was an English set decorator. He was nominated for four Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction.

## Partial filmography

### As set decorator

*Academy Award nominations in bold*

### As art director

## InfoBox

| Peter Howitt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1928 (1928)
London, England |
| Died | 22 September 2021 (aged 93)
Malta |
| Occupation | Set decorator |
| Years active | 1963-2002 |


title: Roger Jurriens

abstract: Roger André Jurriens is a sailor who competed internationally for Aruba in the windsurfing event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Roger Jurriens

**Roger André Jurriens** (born 29 December 1965) is a sailor who competed internationally for Aruba in the windsurfing event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## Career

Jurriens competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in the Lechner A-390 windsurfing event. They competed in 10 races, and in the end Jurriens finished in 37th place out of 45 starters.

## InfoBox

Roger Jurriens
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Roger André Jurriens |
| Nationality | Aruba |
| Born | (1965-12-29) 29 December 1965 |
|  | |
| Sailing career | |
| Class | Lechner |
|  | |


title: Multistability

abstract: In a dynamical system, multistability is the property of having multiple stable equilibrium points in the vector space spanned by the states in the system. By mathematical necessity, there must also be unstable equilibrium points between the stable points. Points that are stable in some dimensions and unstable in others are termed unstable, as is the case with the first three Lagrangian points.

text:
# Multistability

In a dynamical system, **multistability** is the property of having multiple stable equilibrium points in the vector space spanned by the states in the system. By mathematical necessity, there must also be unstable equilibrium points between the stable points. Points that are stable in some dimensions and unstable in others are termed unstable, as is the case with the first three Lagrangian points.

## Bistability

Bistability is the special case with two stable equilibrium points. It is the simplest form of multistability, and can occur in systems with only one state variable, as it only takes a one-dimensional space to separate two points.

## Initial instability

Near an unstable equilibrium, any system will be sensitive to noise, initial conditions and system parameters, which can cause it to develop in one of multiple divergent directions. In economics and social sciences, path dependence gives rise to divergent directions of development. Some path dependent processes are adequately described by multistability, by being initially sensitive to input, before reaching a stagnant state – for example market share instability, which can develop into a stable monopoly for one of multiple possible vendors.


title: Haras de Meautry

abstract:
Haras de Meautry in Touques, Calvados, Normandy, France, is a thoroughbred horse breeding farm. It was acquired in the 19th century by horse-racing enthusiast Alphonse James de Rothschild (1827–1905) who passed it down to his offspring so that today it is in the hands of Édouard de Rothschild. Numerous stud farms can be found in the area and four kilometers away in Deauville are two race tracks, the Deauville-Clairefontaine Racecourse and the Deauville-La Touques Racecourse. Over the years, Haras de Meautry has produced a number of champion horses including:
  - Brantôme
  - Bubbles
  - Eclair au Chocolat
  - Exbury
  - Heaume
  - La Farina
  - Stracchino
  - Le Roi Soleil
  - Sans Souci II
  - Vieux Manoir
  - Indian Danehill One of the most famous of the Rothschild horses was Brantôme, owned by Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild, the then owner of Haras de Meautry. Brantôme was unbeaten at ages 2 and 3 and is ranked among the best French horses ever. The colt won the French 2000 Guineas; the Prix Lupin, the Prix Royal-Oak, the most prestigious 1934 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe plus eight other significant races. During the German occupation of France during World War II, all breeders' premiums won by Meautry-bred horses were confiscated by the Nazi officials in charge of French racing. As well, the Nazis seized some of the best racehorses in the country and shipped more than six hundred thoroughbreds out of the country. Some went to Hungary, but most were shipped to Germany for racing or for breeding at the Heeresgestüt Altefeld, which belonged to the German Wehrmacht. Among them was the champion Brantôme who would be recovered in 1945 at the end of the War. Other Rothschild-owned horses won the Grand Prix de Paris in 1909 and 1914 and claimed victory in a number of other important Stakes races including two more wins at the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in 1938 and 1963. The stables' filly, England's Legend, was one of the favorites for the 2001 Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf but faded badly to finish 11th.

text:
# Haras de Meautry

**Haras de Meautry** in Touques, Calvados, Normandy, France, is a thoroughbred horse breeding farm. It was acquired in the 19th century by horse-racing enthusiast Alphonse James de Rothschild (1827–1905) who passed it down to his offspring so that today it is in the hands of Édouard de Rothschild (b. 1957).

Numerous stud farms can be found in the area and four kilometers away in Deauville are two race tracks, the Deauville-Clairefontaine Racecourse and the Deauville-La Touques Racecourse.

Over the years, Haras de Meautry has produced a number of champion horses including:

* Brantôme (f. 1931)
* Bubbles (f. 1925)
* Eclair au Chocolat (f. 1935 – taken by the Nazis during World War II)
* Exbury (f. 1959)
* Heaume (f. 1887)
* La Farina (f. 1911)
* Stracchino (f. 1874)
* Le Roi Soleil (f. 1895)
* Sans Souci II (f. 1904)
* Vieux Manoir (f. 1947)
* Indian Danehill (f. 1996)

One of the most famous of the Rothschild horses was Brantôme, owned by Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild, the then owner of Haras de Meautry. Brantôme was unbeaten at ages 2 and 3 and is ranked among the best French horses ever. The colt won the French 2000 Guineas; the Prix Lupin, the Prix Royal-Oak, the most prestigious 1934 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe plus eight other significant races.

During the German occupation of France during World War II, all breeders' premiums won by Meautry-bred horses were confiscated by the Nazi officials in charge of French racing. As well, the Nazis seized some of the best racehorses in the country and shipped more than six hundred thoroughbreds out of the country. Some went to Hungary, but most were shipped to Germany for racing or for breeding at the *Heeresgestüt Altefeld*, which belonged to the German Wehrmacht. Among them was the champion Brantôme who would be recovered in 1945 at the end of the War.

Other Rothschild-owned horses won the Grand Prix de Paris in 1909 and 1914 and claimed victory in a number of other important Stakes races including two more wins at the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in 1938 and 1963.

The stables' filly, England's Legend, was one of the favorites for the 2001 Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf but faded badly to finish 11th.

## Classic Race wins

49°20′31″N 0°6′16″E / 49.34194°N 0.10444°E / 49.34194; 0.10444


text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 135001–136000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 135001–135100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 135041 Lorenzofranco | 2001 OU12 | Lorenzo Franco (b. 1954), an Italian amateur astronomer. | IAU **·** 135041 |
| 135069 Gagnereau | 2001 PV28 | Éric Gagnereau (born 1955), French animator and popularizer of astronomy, co-founder of the Astronomical Society of Montpellier and of the Pises Observatory | JPL **·** 135069 |

## 135101–135200

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 135201–135300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 135268 Haigneré | 2001 SX115 | Claudie Haigneré (born 1957) and Jean-Pierre Haigneré (born 1948), French astronauts. Claudie was born in Le Creusot, location of the Le Creusot Observatory (504) where this minor planet was discovered. | JPL **·** 135268 |

## 135301–135400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 135401–135500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 135501–135600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 135561 Tautvaisiene | 2002 FK5 | Gražina Tautvaišienė (born 1958), Lithuanian astronomer, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy in Vilnius since 2003 | JPL **·** 135561 |

## 135601–135700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 135701–135800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 135799 Ráczmiklós | 2002 RZ111 | Miklós Rácz (born 1947), a Hungarian physicist, the head of the technical department of the Konkoly Observatory between 2000 and 2011. | JPL **·** 135799 |

## 135801–135900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 135901–136000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 135978 Agüeros | 2002 TD304 | Marcel Agüeros (born 1973), French-Puerto Rican astronomer with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey | JPL **·** 135978 |
| 135979 Allam | 2002 TZ368 | Sahar Allam (born 1964), Egyptian astronomer with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey | JPL **·** 135979 |
| 135980 Scottanderson | 2002 TG369 | Scott F. Anderson (born 1955), American astronomer with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey | JPL **·** 135980 |
| 135991 Danarmstrong | 2002 UY35 | Daniel Armstrong (born 1944) received a BS in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1967. In the early 1980s, before CCD sensors were available to amateurs, Armstrong began a nearly decade-long visual observation program directed at minor planet paths and occultation events. | JPL **·** 135991 |

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title: Xanthichthys greenei

abstract: Xanthichthys greenei, also known as the Kiri triggerfish, is a relatively new species of triggerfish first identified in 2005 from Kiritimati atoll, Kiribati. It is abundant on coral rubble and holes adjacent to deeper drop-offs at several localities of the coasts of Kiritimati. It has always been observed near the reef substratum, where it would seek shelter when approached.

text:
# Xanthichthys greenei

***Xanthichthys greenei***, also known as the **Kiri triggerfish**, is a relatively new species of triggerfish first identified in 2005 from Kiritimati (Christmas Island) atoll, Kiribati. It is abundant on coral rubble and holes adjacent to deeper drop-offs at several localities of the coasts of Kiritimati. It has always been observed near the reef substratum, where it would seek shelter when approached.

## Description

The fish was first spotted at a mesophotoic depth of 90 to 100 m (295–330 ft) at the Kiritimati of the Line Islands. Brian Greene caught the first specimen with his bare hands when he was scuba diving.

## InfoBox

| Kiri triggerfish | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Tetraodontiformes |
| Family: | Balistidae |
| Genus: | *Xanthichthys* |
| Species: | ***X. greenei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthichthys greenei***
Pyle & Earle, 2013 | |
|


title: Phyllonorycter acratynta

abstract: Phyllonorycter acratynta is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

text:
# Phyllonorycter acratynta

***Phyllonorycter acratynta*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter acratynta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. acratynta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter acratynta***<br>(Meyrick, 1916) | |
|


title: John Scott, 4th Earl of Eldon

abstract: John Scott, 4th Earl of Eldon was a British Royal Auxiliary Air Force officer, peer and courtier.

text:
# John Scott, 4th Earl of Eldon

**John Scott, 4th Earl of Eldon** GCVO DL JP (29 March 1899 – 20 October 1976) was a British Royal Auxiliary Air Force officer, peer and courtier.

## Early life

Eldon was the son of John Scott, Viscount Encombe (1870–1900), and Hon. Mary Laura Fraser (1869–1946). His younger brother, the Hon. Michael Simon Scott (1900–1938), married American heiress Ruth Brady (the second daughter of James Cox Brady and a descendant of Anthony N. Brady), died while fishing off the coast of Palm Beach, Florida.

His father was the eldest son, and heir apparent, of John Scott, 3rd Earl of Eldon and Henrietta Scott, Countess of Eldon (a granddaughter of Godfrey Macdonald, 3rd Baron Macdonald). Among his large family was aunt Lady Margaret Scott, a golfer who won the first three British Ladies Championships and uncles Michael Scott, who won the British Amateur Golf Championship in 1933, Osmund Scott, the runner-up at the 1905 Amateur Championship, and Denys Scott, also a competitive golfer. His maternal grandparents were Simon Fraser, 13th Lord Lovat and Alice Mary Blundell, daughter of Thomas Weld-Blundell.

He was educated at Ampleforth College and Magdalen College, Oxford.

## Career

He served in the First World War as a junior officer in the Scots Greys. On 10 August 1926 he succeeded his eccentric grandfather as Earl of Eldon, his father having already died in 1900.

During the Second World War, he served as an officer in the Royal Auxiliary Air Force as part of No. 930 (Hampshire) Squadron. He was promoted to flight lieutenant on 16 December 1941. On 8 June 1954 he resigned his commission, retaining his rank.

Between 1937 and 1952, Lord Eldon held the office of Lord-in-Waiting to George VI and held the office of Justice of the Peace for Hampshire in 1938. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1952. He served as a Lord-in-Waiting to Elizabeth II between 1952 and 1968, participating in that role in her coronation in 1953, and was a Deputy Lieutenant of Devon from 1957 to 1966. He was appointed a *Grand officier* of the Légion d'honneur in 1960. In the 1963 New Year Honours he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.

## Personal life

On 10 April 1934, Lord Eldon was married to his cousin, the Hon. Magdalen Mary Charlotte Fraser, daughter of Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat and the former Hon. Laura Lister (the second daughter of Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale). Together, they were the parents of three sons, only two of whom lived to maturity:

* John Joseph Nicholas Scott, 5th Earl of Eldon (1937–2017), who married Countess Claudine Maria Olga Columba Fidelis von Montjoye-Vaufrey et de la Roche, youngest daughter of Count Franz von Montjoye-Vaufrey et de la Roche of Vienna, in 1961.
* Hon. Simon Peter Scott (1939–2009), a Page of Honour to Queen Elizabeth II from 1953 to 1956 who married Isabel Dalzell de Bertodano, second daughter of Andrew Ramon Dalzell de Bertodano (eldest son of 8th Marquis del Moral) and the former Lady Sylvia Savile (third daughter of John Savile, 6th Earl of Mexborough), in 1966.

Lord Eldon died on 20 October 1976 and was succeeded in his title by his eldest son, also called John.

## InfoBox

| Flight lieutenant The Right HonourableThe Earl of EldonGCVO DL JP | |
| --- | --- |
| Hon. John Scott, 1918 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Scott
(1899-03-29)29 March 1899 |
| Died | 20 October 1976(1976-10-20) (aged 77) |
| Spouse | Hon. Magdalen Mary Charlotte Fraser
(after 1934) |
| Children | 3 |
| Parent(s) | John Scott, Viscount Encombe
Hon. Mary Laura Fraser |
| Education | Ampleforth College |
| Alma mater | Magdalen College, Oxford |
| Awards | Légion d'honneur |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | Scots Greys
Royal Auxiliary Air Force |
| Rank | Flight lieutenant |
| Battles/wars | World War I
World War II |
|  | |


title: Museum of American Speed

abstract: The Museum of American Speed is a non-profit museum dedicated to preserving and displaying artifacts of American automotive history. The museum is located in Lincoln, Nebraska and is housed in a 135,000 sq ft (12,500 m⁲) facility. The museum has been in operation since 1992, and was established by Speedway Motors founder "Speedy" Bill Smith and his wife Joyce Smith, as a repository for a collection of automobilia amassed over 60 years. Exhibits include racing vehicles dating from the 1920s to recent vintage Indy Cars, classic midget cars, go-karts, motorized toys, antique and rare cars, a Soap Box Derby collection, automotive memorabilia, and Buck Rogers memorabilia, as well as Music Room that houses a collection of autographed guitars on the ceiling.

text:
# Museum of American Speed

The **Museum of American Speed** is a non-profit museum dedicated to preserving and displaying artifacts of American automotive history. The museum is located in Lincoln, Nebraska and is housed in a 135,000 sq ft (12,500 m2) facility.

The museum has been in operation since 1992, and was established by Speedway Motors founder "Speedy" Bill Smith and his wife Joyce Smith, as a repository for a collection of automobilia amassed over 60 years.

Exhibits include racing vehicles dating from the 1920s to recent vintage Indy Cars, classic midget cars, go-karts, motorized toys, antique and rare cars, a Soap Box Derby collection, automotive memorabilia, and Buck Rogers memorabilia, as well as Music Room that houses a collection of autographed guitars on the ceiling.

## InfoBox

Museum of American Speed
| Museum front entrance | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1992 |
| Location | 599 Oak Creek Drive
Lincoln, Nebraska |
| Coordinates | 40°49′06″N 96°43′30″W / 40.818452°N 96.725006°W / 40.818452; -96.725006 |
| Type | Automobile museum |
| Website | www.museumofamericanspeed.org |


title: Peter Howitt

abstract: Peter Howitt is a British actor and film director.

text:
# Peter Howitt

**Peter Howitt** (/ˈhɪt/; born 5 May 1957) is a British actor and film director.

## Biography

### Early life

Howitt was born on 5 May 1957, the son of Frank Howitt, a renowned Fleet Street journalist who, in 1963, broke the infamous Profumo Scandal by getting the exclusive story from call girl Christine Keeler of her illicit affair with a high ranking government minister.

Howitt grew up in Eltham, London and Bromley, Kent. He was educated at Wyborne Primary School in New Eltham and Colfe's Grammar School in Lee, South London. While in Eltham he was a member of the Priory Players amateur dramatics group. Howitt spent a brief time at Paisley Grammar School in Paisley, Scotland in 1970. He studied at the Drama Studio London in 1976.

### Career

Howitt's first notable TV role was in the 1984–85 series of Yorkshire Television's long-running programme for schools *How We Used To Live*, where he starred alongside Brookside actress Sue Jenkins. He is best known for playing Joey Boswell in the first four series of BBC TV series *Bread*. In 1998, he wrote and directed his first film, *Sliding Doors* (1998). Since then, he has directed several films, including *Antitrust* (2001), *Johnny English* (2003), *Laws of Attraction* (2004), and *Dangerous Parking* (2008). He adapted the latter film from the novel by Stuart Browne, as well as produced and directed it, and played the lead role.

### Personal life

Howitt has two children, Luke (b. 1990) and Amy (b. 2008). He currently resides in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

## Filmography

### Film

Film credits of Howitt
| Title | Year | Credited as | | | | Role | Notes | Refs. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Actor | Director | Producer | Writer | | | |
| *In the Name of the Father* | 1993 | Yes | No | No | No | Remand Prison Officer |  |  |
| *Some Mother's Son* | 1996 | Yes | No | No | No | SAS Leader |  |  |
| *Stone Cold* | 1997 | Yes | No | No | No | Conrad Stonebanks |  |  |
| *Sliding Doors* | 1998 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Cheeky Bloke |  |  |
| *Antitrust* | 2001 | Yes | Yes | No | No | Homeless Man |  |  |
| *Johnny English* | 2003 | Yes | Yes | No | No | Man at the Coronation of Pascal Sauvage/Johnny English | Uncredited |  |
| *Laws of Attraction* | 2004 | Yes | Yes | No | No | Client Client | Uncredited |  |
| *Dangerous Parking* | 2007 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Noah Arkwright |  |  |
| *Reasonable Doubt* | 2014 | No | Yes | No | No | None |  |  |
| *Scorched Earth* | 2018 | No | Yes | No | No | None |  |  |

### Television

Television credits of Howitt
| Title | Year | Credited as | | | Role | Notes | Refs. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Actor | Director | Writer | | | |
| *Solo* | 1982 | Yes | No | No | Raif | Episode: "Episode One" |  |
| *Studio* | 1983 | Yes | No | No | Nick | Episode: "Art Begins at Forty" |  |
| *Jury* | 1983 | Yes | No | No | Simmo | Episode: "Mick" |  |
| *Out on the Floor* | 1983 | Yes | No | No | Nico | Television film |  |
| *Sharon and Elsie* | 1984 | Yes | No | No | Michael Blake | Episode: "Episode Six" |  |
| *Punters* | 1984 | Yes | No | No | Ansty | Television film |  |
| *How We Used To Live* | 19841985 | Yes | No | No | Tom Selby |  |  |
| *Emmerdale* | 1985 | Yes | No | No | Colin |  |  |
| *Constant Hot Water* | 1986 | Yes | No | No | Roland |  |  |
| *Bread* | 19861988 | Yes | No | No | Joey Boswell | 39 episodes |  |
| *Family Fortunes* | 1989 | Yes | No | No | Prince Charming | Episode: "Celebrity Christmas Special" |  |
| *Ball Trap on the Cote Sauvage* | 1993 | Yes | No | No | Topless Topless | Television film |  |
| *Coasting* | 1990 | Yes | No | No | Eddie Baker |  |  |
| *Civvies* | 1992 | Yes | No | No | Steve Harris |  |  |
| *Party Time* | 1992 | Yes | No | No | Terry | Short film |  |
| *Highlander* | 1993 | Yes | No | No | Christoph Kuyler | Episode: "For Evil's Sake" |  |
| *Screen One* | 1993 | Yes | No | No | Jim | Episode: "Royal Celebration" |  |
| *The Magician* | 1993 | Yes | No | No | Herbie | Television film |  |
| *Class Act* | 1994 | Yes | No | No | Antoine | Episode: "Episode Six" |  |
| *The Lifeboat* | 1994 | Yes | No | No | Stanley Woods | Episode: "Homecomings" |  |
| *Tears Before Bedtime* | 1995 | Yes | No | No | Ben Farlow |  |  |
| *The Perfect Match* | 1995 | Yes | No | No | Dave | Television film |  |
| *Killing Me Softly* | 1995 | Yes | No | No | Malcolm Thornton | Television film |  |
| *Eleven Men Against Eleven* | 1995 | Yes | No | No | Steve Denton | Television film |  |
| *Frontiers* | 1996 | Yes | No | No | Supt. Nick Jarratt |  |  |
| *Kiss and Tell* | 1996 | Yes | No | No | Graham Ives | Television film |  |
| *Insiders* | 1997 | Yes | No | No | Will Deans | Episode: "Guilty" |  |
| *Going to California* | 2001 | No | Yes | No | None |  |  |
| *The Armstrong and Miller Show* | 2007 | Yes | No | No | Dominic Dominic | Episode: "Episode Seven" |  |
| *Defying Gravity* | 2009 | Yes | Yes | No | Trevor Williams |  |  |
| *Radio Rebel* | 2012 | No | Yes | Yes | None | Television film |  |
| *Rogue* | 2013 | No | Yes | No | None | Episode: "The Second Amendment" |  |
| *The Fixer* | 2015 | No | Yes | No | None |  |  |

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Peter Howitt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1957-05-05) 5 May 1957<br>Manchester, Lancashire, England |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, film director and producer, screenwriter |
| Years active | 1982–present |
| Spouse | Lorraine Howitt (2001–present) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Hassan Hanini

abstract: Hassan Hanini is a Moroccan footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Hassan Hanini

**Hassan Hanini** (born 21 October 1958) is a Moroccan footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Hassan Hanini
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1958-10-21) 21 October 1958 | | |
| Place of birth | Bouznika, Morocco | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Morocco |  |  |


title: Mue

abstract: Mue is Émilie Simon's sixth studio album, released by Barclay Records on 17 March 2014.

text:
# Mue

***Mue*** (French "the moulting") is Émilie Simon's sixth studio album, released by Barclay Records on 17 March 2014.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Paris j'ai pris perpète" |  | 3:54 |
| 2. | "Menteur" |  | 4:03 |
| 3. | "Encre" |  | 3:36 |
| 4. | "The Eye of the Moon" |  | 3:54 |
| 5. | "Quand vient le jour" |  | 3:12 |
| 6. | "Les Étoiles de Paris" |  | 3:44 |
| 7. | "Des larmes" |  | 3:56 |
| 8. | "Le Diamant" |  | 3:43 |
| 9. | "Perdue dans tes bras" |  | 4:18 |
| 10. | "Les Amoureux de minuit" |  | 3:11 |
| 11. | "Wicked Games" | Chris Isaak | 3:58 |

## Personnel

* Emilie Simon – vocals, keyboards and guitar
* Gary Barnacle – saxophones and flutes
* Nik Carter – saxophones and clarinets
* Jack Birchwood – trumpet
* Steven Fuller – trombone
* Nicolas Bauguil – guitars
* Tahiti Boy – keyboards
* Leon Michels – optigan
* Simon Edwards – bass
* Martyn Barker, Raphael Seguinier – drums
* Sally Herbert – strings
* Catherine Michel – harp
* Cyrille Brissot – programming
* Ian Caple – engineering and co-production

## InfoBox

| Mue | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Émilie Simon | |
| Released | 17 March 2014 (2014-03-17) |
| Genre | French pop, rock |
| Label | Barclay |
| Émilie Simon chronology | |
| *Franky Knight*
(2011) ***Mue***
(2014) | |


title: Haras Ojo de Agua

abstract: Haras Ojo de Agua was a Thoroughbred racehorse breeding and training farm in Argentina and is considered to be "one of the foremost Argentine stud farms of all time."

text:
# Haras Ojo de Agua

**Haras Ojo de Agua** was a Thoroughbred racehorse breeding and training farm in Argentina and is considered to be "one of the foremost Argentine stud farms of all time."

## History

The land for Haras Ojo de Agua was purchased by Pedro Luro from the Argentine Rural Society in 1868. The name Ojo de Agua, meaning 'the eye of the water', was based on the natural spring on the property that produced 1,800,000 liters of water per day. In 1878, several Thoroughbred mares were imported from England to start the farm's breeding program. Gay Hermit was the first stallion imported to stand stud at Haras Ojo de Agua. Other well regarded stallions were later purchased and imported for the stud, including Cyllene, purchased for $125,000, and Polar Star, purchased for $90,000.

The farm was passed down to Santiago Luro, Pedro Luro's second son and two-time president of the Jockey Club Argentino.

In 1909, the farm covered 6,000 acres and had 98 broodmares. By 1914, Haras Ojo de Agua was the largest horse breeding farm in the world. In 1967, the number of broodmares on the property had increased to 180.

When owner Don Julio Victorica Roca died in 1955, his widow, Señora Victorica Roca, took over running the farm.

Haras Ojo de Agua was the champion racehorse owner in Argentina in 1979 and 1980.

In 1996, Haras Ojo de Agua was purchased by Dieter Meier and racing operations ceased.

## Notable horses

### Stallions

Notable stallions that have stood at stud at Haras Ojo de Agua include:

* Gay Hermit – Leading sire in Argentina in 1898-1898 and 1901; leading broodmare sire in Argentina in 1910–1913, 1915, and 1916
* Kendal – Leading sire in Argentina in 1908; leading broodmare sire in Argentina in 1918 and 1919.
* Cyllene – Leading sire in Argentina in 1913
* Your Majesty – Leading sire in Argentina in 1920 and 1926; leading broodmare sire in Argentina in 1933, 1937, 1939, and 1940
* Congreve – Leading sire in Argentina in 1937, 1939–1941, and 1943–1945; leading broodmare sire in Argentina in 1948, 1949, and 1951-1953
* Advocate – Leading broodmare sire in Argentina in 1963 and 1966
* Aristophanes – Leading sire in Argentina in 1960
* Pietermaritzburg – Leading sire in Argentina in 1911
* Good Manners – Leading sire in Argentina in 1979
* Pont l'Eveque – Notable sire in Argentina
* Polar Star – Notable sire in Argentina
* Adam's Apple – Notable sire in Argentina
* Foxglove – Notable sire in Argentina
* Churrinche – Notable sire in Argentina

### As a breeder

Notable racehorses bred by Haras Ojo de Agua include:

## InfoBox

Haras Ojo de Agua
|
|  |
| Company type | Horse breeding farm and<br>Thoroughbred racing stable |
| Industry | Thoroughbred horse racing |
| Headquarters | General Pueyrredón Partido |


title: Maybe I'm Dreaming

abstract: Maybe I'm Dreaming is the debut studio album by American electronica project Owl City, released on March 17, 2008. Despite having been self-released and not recorded by any major producer, it managed to reach the top 20 of the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart. Following the surprise success of Owl City's second album, Ocean Eyes, Maybe I'm Dreaming was pressed and re-released by Universal Republic on March 30, 2010.

text:
# Maybe I'm Dreaming

***Maybe I'm Dreaming*** is the debut studio album by American electronica project Owl City, released on March 17, 2008. Despite having been self-released and not recorded by any major producer, it managed to reach the top 20 of the *Billboard* Dance/Electronic Albums chart.

Following the surprise success of Owl City's second album, *Ocean Eyes*, *Maybe I'm Dreaming* was pressed and re-released by Universal Republic on March 30, 2010.

## Background and release

*Maybe I'm Dreaming* was recorded in February 2008, in the basement of Adam Young's childhood home. Guest musicians on the album include Breanne Düren and Austin Tofte. Düren is featured on multiple songs on the album, most notably on the track, "The Saltwater Room". A friend had suggested that she would be perfect to work with Young. Young revealed that he used his uncle's 1969 Alvarez guitar on the fourth track, "The Saltwater Room". The seventh track, "The Technicolor Phase", is featured on *Alice in Wonderland'*s compilation album, *Almost Alice*.

An official music video for the song "Early Birdie" was filmed in March 2008 by Adam Young's childhood friends/bandmates Andy and Anthony Johnson of Windsor Airlift, and then released on January 13, 2011, via YouTube.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Jesus Freak Hideout |  |
| Melodic |  |
| Sputnikmusic | 3.5/5 |

*Maybe I'm Dreaming* was met with positive reviews from music critics. Anthony Tognazzini of AllMusic praised the album for its "breezy melodies, personal lyrics, and carefully orchestrated folktronica." He also complimented Young's ability to build on "the skills he was developing on *Of June*" and turn it into a "strong effort" on the album. Kaj Roth of Melodic stated, "If you're in the mood for ambient music, then *Maybe I'm Dreaming* is surely the right medicine." Will R of Sputnikmusic stated that the album, "soothes the listener with airy, almost ethereal leads and simple acoustic guitar strums over a relaxing bed of synth pads." He also called "Rainbow Veins" the "standout track on the album," praising the synth lead and rhythmic guitar. He also complimented the songs, "The Technicolor Phase" for its melody, and "West Coast Friendship" for its, "chilled-out synths."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Adam Young

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "On the Wing" | 5:04 |
| 2. | "Rainbow Veins" | 4:40 |
| 3. | "Super Honeymoon" | 3:20 |
| 4. | "The Saltwater Room" (featuring Breanne Düren) | 4:55 |
| 5. | "Early Birdie" | 4:15 |
| 6. | "Air Traffic" | 3:01 |
| 7. | "The Technicolor Phase" | 4:27 |
| 8. | "Sky Diver" | 2:44 |
| 9. | "Dear Vienna" | 3:58 |
| 10. | "I'll Meet You There" | 4:16 |
| 11. | "This Is the Future" | 2:53 |
| 12. | "West Coast Friendship" | 4:06 |
| Total length: | | 48:22 |

### Notes

* "On the Wing" and "The Saltwater Room" were included as remastered tracks on his second studio album *Ocean Eyes*.

## Personnel

**Owl City**

**Additional musicians and production**

* Breanne Düren – additional vocals (1, 4, 6)
* Austin Tofte - additional guitars, additional instrumentation, additional vocals (1, 2, 5)

## Charts

Chart performance for *Maybe I'm Dreaming*
| Chart (2009–10) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| South Korean Albums (Circle) | 91 |
| UK Album Downloads (OCC) | 60 |
| UK Dance Albums (OCC) | 6 |
| US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (*Billboard*) | 13 |

## Notes and miscellanea

## InfoBox

| Maybe I'm Dreaming | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Owl City | |
| Released | March 17, 2008 |
| Recorded | February 2008 |
| Studio | Sky Harbor Studios (Owatonna, MN) |
| Genre | Synth-pop, indietronica |
| Length | 48:22 |
| Label | Self-released |
| Producer | Adam Young |
| Owl City chronology | |
| *Of June*
(2007) ***Maybe I'm Dreaming***
(2008) *Ocean Eyes*
(2009) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Digital cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Xanthian Obelisk

abstract: The Xanthian Obelisk, also known as the Xanthos or Xanthus Stele, the Xanthos or Xanthus Bilingual, the Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos or Xanthus, the Harpagus Stele, the Pillar of Kherei and the Columna Xanthiaca, is a stele bearing an inscription currently believed to be trilingual, found on the acropolis of the ancient Lycian city of Xanthos, or Xanthus, near the modern town of Kınık in southern Turkey. It was created when Lycia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, and dates in all likelihood to c. 400 BC. The pillar is seemingly a funerary marker of a dynastic satrap of Achaemenid Lycia. The dynast in question is mentioned on the stele, but his name had been mostly defaced in the several places where he is mentioned: he could be Kherei (Xerei) or more probably his predecessor Kheriga. The obelisk or pillar was originally topped by a tomb, most certainly belonging to Kheriga, in a way similar to the Harpy Tomb. The top most likely fell down during an earthquake in ancient times. The tomb was decorated with reliefs of his exploits, and with a statue of the dynast standing on top. The three languages are Ancient Greek, Lycian and Milyan. During its early period of study, the Lycian either could not be understood, or was interpreted as two dialects of one language, hence the term, bilingual. Another trilingual from Xanthus, the Letoon trilingual, was subsequently named from its three languages, Greek, Lycian A and Aramaic. They are both four-sided, both trilingual. The find sites are different. The key, unequivocal words are bilingual, Letoon, Aramaic, Lycian B, Milyan. The equivocal words are stele, trilingual, Xanthus or Xanthos. "The Xanthus inscription" might refer to any inscription from Xanthus.

text:
# Xanthian Obelisk

The **Xanthian Obelisk**, also known as the **Xanthos** or **Xanthus Stele**, the **Xanthos** or **Xanthus Bilingual**, the **Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos** or **Xanthus**, the **Harpagus Stele**, the **Pillar of Kherei** and the **Columna Xanthiaca**, is a stele bearing an inscription currently believed to be trilingual, found on the acropolis of the ancient Lycian city of Xanthos, or Xanthus, near the modern town of Kınık in southern Turkey. It was created when Lycia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, and dates in all likelihood to c. 400 BC. The pillar is seemingly a funerary marker of a dynastic satrap of Achaemenid Lycia. The dynast in question is mentioned on the stele, but his name had been mostly defaced in the several places where he is mentioned: he could be Kherei (*Xerei*) or more probably his predecessor Kheriga (*Xeriga*, Gergis in Greek).

The obelisk or pillar was originally topped by a tomb, most certainly belonging to Kheriga, in a way similar to the Harpy Tomb. The top most likely fell down during an earthquake in ancient times. The tomb was decorated with reliefs of his exploits, and with a statue of the dynast standing on top.

The three languages are Ancient Greek, Lycian and Milyan (the last two are Anatolian languages and were previously known as Lycian A and Lycian B respectively). During its early period of study, the Lycian either could not be understood, or was interpreted as two dialects of one language, hence the term, bilingual. Another trilingual from Xanthus, the Letoon trilingual, was subsequently named from its three languages, Greek, Lycian A and Aramaic. They are both four-sided, both trilingual. The find sites are different. The key, unequivocal words are bilingual, Letoon, Aramaic, Lycian B, Milyan. The equivocal words are stele, trilingual, Xanthus or Xanthos. "The Xanthus inscription" might refer to any inscription from Xanthus.

## Discovery

### First investigation of Xanthus

The stele lay in plain sight for centuries, though the upper portion was broken off and toppled by an earthquake at some time in antiquity. While charting the Lycian coast, Francis Beaufort, then a captain in the Royal Navy, surveyed and reported on the ruins. Most of the ruins stood at elevated locations to which not even a mule trail remained. Reports of the white marble tombs, which were visible to travellers, attracted the interest of Victorian Age explorers, such as Charles Fellows.

On Saturday, April 14, 1838, Sir Charles Fellows, archaeologist, artist and mountaineer, member of the British Association and man of independent means, arrived in an Arab dhow from Constantinople at the port of Tékrova, site of ancient Phaselis. On Friday he had arrived in Constantinople from England to seek permission to explore. According to him he was bent on an Anatolian "excursion" around Lycia. Although his journal is in the first person, it is clear from the text that others were present, and that he had some equipment with him. He was known also to the British Museum and to the Royal Geographical Society, with whom he collaborated immediately on his return. The Ottoman Empire was on good terms with the British Empire, due to British support of the Ottomans during their defence against Napoleon. They granted permission and would cooperate in the subsequent removal of antiquities to the British Museum.

Progress along the coast was so slow that Fellows disembarked at Kas, obtained some horses, and proceeded to cross Ak Dağ, perhaps influenced by his interest in mountaineering. Climbing thousands of feet, Fellows observed tombs and ruins over the entire slopes of the mountains. The party cut short its mountain climbing, scrambling down to Patera, to avoid being blown off the slopes by heavy prevailing winds. From Patera they rode up the banks of the Xanthus and, on April 19, camped among the tombs of the ruined city.

Fellows took note of the obelisk architecture and the many inscriptions in excellent condition, but he did not linger to examine them further. After making a preliminary survey, he returned to Britain to publish his first journal, and to request the Board of Trustees of the British Museum to ask Lord Palmerston (Foreign Secretary) to request a firman from the Ottoman Empire for the removal of antiquities. He also sought the collaboration of Colonel William Martin Leake, a noted antiquarian and traveller and, with others, including Beaufort, was a founding member of the Royal Geographical Society. While waiting for the firman, Fellows embarked for Lycia, arriving in Xanthus again in 1840.

### Obelisk

On his return, armed with Beaufort's map, and Leake's directions, Fellows went in search for more Lycian cities, and found eleven more, accounting in all for 24 of Pliny's 36. He concentrated on coins and inscriptions. On April 17, he arrived again at Xanthus, writing: "Xanthus.— I am once more at my favourite city — ...." He noted that it was undespoiled; that is, the building stone had not been reused. He saw Cyclopean walls, gateways, paved roadways, trimmed stone blocks, and above all inscriptions, many in Greek, which he had no trouble reading and translating.

Fellows states that he had seen an obelisk on his previous trip, which, he said, he had mentioned in his first journal (if he did, it was not in the published version). Of the inscription, he said: "as the letters are beautifully cut, I have taken several impressions from them." His intent was to establish the forms of Lycian letters. He observed that "an earthquake has split off the upper part, which lies at the foot." As it weighed many tons, he could not move it. He excavated the obelisk from which it had been split, still standing, but embedded in the earth, and found that it stood on a pedestal. Of the lettering on it, he wrote: "The characters upon the northwest side, ... are cut in a finer and bolder style, and appear to be the most ancient." Seeing an inscription in Greek on the northeast side, he realised the importance of the find, but he did not say why, only that it was written in the first person, which "makes the monument itself speak."

### Xanthian marbles

In October, 1841, Fellows received word that the firman had been granted. The preliminary work was over, and events began to move rapidly. HMS *Beacon*, commanded by Captain Graves, had been reassigned to transport objects designated by Fellows, and Fellows was to board the ship in Malta. He wrote immediately to the British Museum offering to manage the expedition himself gratis, if he could receive free passage and rations on British naval vessels. The offer was accepted immediately and unconditionally. Once he boarded the ship unforeseen difficulties arose with the firman, and they found it necessary to voyage to Constantinople. There they received a firm commitment from the Sultan: "The Sublime Porte in interested in granting such demands, in consequence of the sincere friendship existing between the two governments." An additional problem was that the museum had allocated no funds for the expedition. Fellows offered to pay for it himself, to which no answer was received immediately.

At the mouth of the Xanthus, Captain Graves found no safe anchorage. Much to Fellows' chagrin, he was forced to anchor 50 miles away, but he left a flotilla of small boats under a lieutenant for the transport of the marbles. The flow of the Xanthus, according to Fellows, was greater than that of the Thames. The boats could make no headway in the strong currents, which Fellows estimated at 5 mph. Instead they pulled the boats upstream from the shore. The locals were exceedingly hospitable, supplying them with fresh edibles and pertinent advice, until they roasted a boar for dinner one night, after which they were despised for having eaten unclean meat. They reached Xanthus in December, 1841. Loading began in January.

On site they were limited as to what they could carry in small boats. The scene for the next few months was frenzied, with Fellows deciding ad hoc what was best to remove, rushing desperately to pry the objects from the earth, while the crews crated them. The largest objects were the Horse Tomb and parts of the Harpy Tomb, which they had to disassemble, cutting them up with saws. The obelisks were unthinkable. Fellows contented himself with taking paper casts of the inscriptions, which, sent to the museum in advance, were the subject of Leake's first analysis and publication. In all they crated 80 tons of material in 82 cases, which they transported downriver in March, 1842, for loading onto the ship temporarily moored for the purpose.

In Malta Fellows received a few pleasant surprises. The museum was going to pay for the expedition. Fellows was invited to stay on at the museum. The marbles became known as the Xanthian marbles.

## Inscriptions

The stele is an important archaeological find pertaining to the Lycian language. Similar to the Rosetta Stone, it has inscriptions both in Greek and in a previously mysterious language: Lycian, which, on further analysis, turned out to be two Luwian languages, Lycian and Milyan.

### Referencing

Although not oriented on the cardinal directions, the stele presents four faces of continuous text that are traditionally described directionally, south, east, north and west, in that order, like the pages of a book. They are conventionally lettered a, b, c, and d. The whole book is inscription TAM I 44. The text of each page was inscribed in lines, conventionally numbered one through the number of the last line on the page. There are three pieces of text:

* a.1 through c.19. A historical section of 250 lines in Lycian describing the major events in which the deceased was involved.
* c.20 through c.31. A 12-line epigram in Greek in the style of Simonides of Ceos honoring the deceased.
* c.32 through d.71. A paraphrase of the epigram in Milyan.

The pillar sits atop a tomb, and the inscription celebrates the deceased: a champion wrestler.

### Language

In a section, *Lycian Inscriptions*, of Appendix B of his second journal, Fellows includes his transliterations of TAM I 44, with remarks and attempted interpretations. He admits to being able to do little with it; however, he does note, "some curious analogies might be shown in the pronouns of the other Indo-Germanic languages". He had already decided, then, that the language was Indo-European. He had written this appendix from studies performed while he was waiting for the firman in 1840. The conclusions were not really his, however. He quotes a letter from his linguistic assistant, Daniel Sharpe, to whom he had sent copies, mentioning Grotefend's conclusion, based on five previously known inscriptions, that Lycian was Indo-Germanic. By now he was referring to "the inscription on the obelisk at Xanthus." He had perceived that the deceased was mentioned as *arppagooû tedēem*, "son of Harpagos," from which the stele also became known as "the Harpagos stele." Fellows identified this Harpagus with the conqueror of Lycia and dated the obelisk to 500 BC on the historical Harpagus. His view has been called the Harpagid Theory by Antony Keen.

## Further reading

* Xanthian Obelisk at Lycian Monuments
* Melchert, H. Craig (1993) \[1990\], "A New Interpretation of Lines C 3-9 of the Xanthos Stele", in Borchhardt, Jürgen; Dobesch, Gerhard (eds.), *Akten des II. Internationalen Lykien-Symposions: Wien, 6.-12. Mai 1990* (PDF), Ŏsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Philosophisch-Histirische Klasse: Denkschriften, 23. Band, vol. Band I, Wien: Verlag der Ŏsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

36°21′26″N 29°19′07″E / 36.35722°N 29.31861°E / 36.35722; 29.31861


title: Physoptila

abstract: Physoptila is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae.

text:
# Physoptila

***Physoptila*** is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Physoptila* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Subfamily: | Physoptilinae |
| Genus: | *Physoptila*<br>Meyrick, 1914 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aenicteria* Turner, 1926 | |


title: John Wolward

abstract: John Wolward MA was a Canon of Windsor from 1574 to 1598

text:
# John Wolward

**John Wolward** MA (d. 1598) was a Canon of Windsor from 1574 to 1598

## Career

He was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge where he graduated BA in 1561 and MA in 1564.

He was appointed:

* Conduct-Fellow of Eton College 1565
* Rector of Puttenham, Surrey 1567 - 1598
* Prebendary of Rochester 1575 - 1585
* Rector of Windlesham, Surrey 1588

He was appointed to the eighth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1574 and held the canonry until 1598.


abstract: The West Virginia Museum of American Glass is located in Weston, Lewis County, West Virginia, United States. It was formed in 1993 for charitable, educational and scientific purposes to discover, procure, publish and preserve whatever may relate to the glass industry in West Virginia, the United States of America, and where ever else glass has been manufactured. Later in 2008, the name of the physical museum building was changed to The Museum of American Glass in West Virginia to better emphasize the scope of its glass collections and educational role beyond West Virginia as dictated by its state charter.

text:
# Museum of American Glass in West Virginia

The **West Virginia Museum of American Glass** is located in Weston, Lewis County, West Virginia, United States. It was formed in 1993 for charitable, educational and scientific purposes to discover, procure, publish and preserve whatever may relate to the glass industry in West Virginia, the United States of America, and where ever else glass has been manufactured. Later in 2008, the name of the physical museum building was changed to The Museum of American Glass in West Virginia to better emphasize the scope of its glass collections and educational role beyond West Virginia as dictated by its state charter.

## History

For most of the twentieth and for a good part of the early twenty-first centuries, Lewis County in central West Virginia had been the home of some thirty glass manufacturers and at one time during the 1940s could boast that it was the largest producer of hand blown stemware in the world. In 1990, Dean Six, a West Virginia entrepreneur, well-known glass researcher and author, thought a major glass museum in the state was needed to preserve state-wide glass industry memorabilia, exhibit ware from these manufacturers and facilitate scholarly research. While advocating this idea in northern West Virginia, his initiative came to the attention of Merle Moore, the Director of the Lewis County Chamber of Commerce. She invited Dean Six to Weston where, with the help of a grant, they assembled a study group, composed of local, municipal, county, state and glass industry representatives to discuss Six's suggestion. This one-day meeting resulted in a recommendation that plans be drawn up to create a glass museum and research facility.

In May, 1992, the Weston Area Glass History and Study Group came together. It was composed of retired glassworkers, those interested in glass in general and specifically, preserving the glass industry's history in the local area. This informal group advocated strongly for creation of a museum, raised funds and began purchasing pieces of historical glass intended for the museum.

An application for incorporation of The West Virginia Museum of American Glass, Ltd. in the state of West Virginia was signed and notarized on April 15, 1993. A state charter as a non-profit was granted on May 7, 1993. On July 24, 1994, tax exempt status under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code was granted. Later, the Lewis County Chamber of Commerce contracted with the Marshall University Center for Business and Economic Research in Huntington, West Virginia, to conduct a feasibility study of the economic impact of a major glass museum in West Virginia.

A 1995 proposal to house the Museum in either the abandoned West Virginia owned Weston State Hospital (Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum) or former Danser Hardware & Supply Company building, both in Weston, was drawn-up. Neither building was available but on October 1, 1996, a state grant was received to purchase a building to house the Museum.

In the winter of 1996, Museum owned glassware, purchased and donated by the Weston Area Glass History and Study Group, was displayed in the Penny Saved Antiques Mall, in the former JCPenney's building, at 230 Main Avenue in Weston. Later on April 25, 1998, the West Virginia Museum of American Glass, Ltd opened to the public in the former Cain's Drug Store building at the corner of Main and Second Streets in downtown Weston. This building provided 800 square feet of display area on the ground floor. Due to an ever expanding collection, the Board of Directors eventually determined a larger building was needed. Less than ten years later, an agreement was signed in September, 2006, to purchase the former JCPenney's department store complex at 230 Main Avenue. This has been the Museum's location ever since then.

## Collection

Spanning the 19th century through the present time, some 18,000 pieces of virtually every type of American glass are on public display with at least that much additional glassware in open storage, available for research and study. Many clubs and individuals have donated collections and/or display cases to be dedicated to specific kinds of glass. Some past examples are: Steuben Glass from the late Broadway producer Martin Massman's estate; Cameo glass by West Virginia artist Kelsey Murphy and glass paperweights from the Degenhart Museum.

## Research

The Dorothy B. Dagherty Research Library contains several thousand glass history and ware identification books, a complete set of American Flint Glass Workers' Union of North America convention proceedings (1878-1996), bound Flint Union circulars (1892-1999) and a full set of the same Union's monthly magazine - *The American Flint* (1910-2000).

## Archives

A large number of ephemera are held to include several hundred original glassware catalogs, original glass factory correspondence, advertisements, photographs, original artwork and production records. The original extensive outgoing correspondence records of the President, Vice-president and Secretary of the American Flint Glass Workers' Union of North America, a unique depository of both glass and labor history. A virtual museum lists over 34,000 glass objects as well as thousands of photographs and archival documents.

## Programs

Prior to the Museum's incorporation, a regional glass history conference was held in Weston in 1992. Now known as the Glass Gathering, a two-day research conference that alternates between Weston and a different geographic location every other year, has been sponsored by the Museum every year since its inception. Other annual activities include an American Mid Century Modern Glass Symposium and meetings of The Ancient and Honorable Order of Glass Flakes, an invitation only group of internationally known glass researchers and authors.

## Publications

Publications include a quarterly magazine, *All About Glass*, (1993–present), a series of monographs on various glass topics (over 150 titles), and a book publishing imprint, The Glass Flakes Press, which has published 10 titles since its inception in 2013.

39°02′18.6″N 80°27′59.5″W / 39.038500°N 80.466528°W / 39.038500; -80.466528


title: Petaluma Center, California

abstract: Petaluma Center is an unincorporated community and census designated place (CDP) in Sonoma County, California, United States. It covers the residential population of the Coast Guard facility Training Center Petaluma. Per the 2020 census, the population was 709.

text:
# Petaluma Center, California

**Petaluma Center** is an unincorporated community and census designated place (CDP) in Sonoma County, California, United States. It covers the residential population of the Coast Guard facility Training Center Petaluma. Per the 2020 census, the population was 709.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 709 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 | | | |

Petaluma Center first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.

### 2020 Census

**Petaluma Center CDP, California – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2020 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 394 | 55.57% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 41 | 5.78% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 9 | 1.27% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 16 | 2.26% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 18 | 2.54% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 3 | 0.42% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 65 | 9.17% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 163 | 22.99% |
| **Total** | **709** | **100.00%** |

## InfoBox

| Petaluma Center, California | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community
Census designated place | |
| Petaluma Center | |
| Coordinates: 38°15′2.35″N 122°47′19.83″W / 38.2506528°N 122.7888417°W / 38.2506528; -122.7888417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Sonoma |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.173 sq mi (3.04 km2) |
| Land | 1.173 sq mi (3.04 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Elevation | 92 ft (28 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 709 |
| Density | 600/sq mi (230/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (PST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 2813413 |


title: Neotaracia imox

abstract: Neotaracia imox is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Neotaracia of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Neotaracia imox

***Neotaracia imox*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Neotaracia* of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Mexico, South to Colombia & Ecuador, East to Venezuela & Trinidad.

## InfoBox

| *Neotaracia imox* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Tephritinae |
| Tribe: | Acrotaeniini |
| Genus: | *Neotaracia* |
| Species: | ***N. imox*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neotaracia imox***<br>(Bates, 1934) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Muftah Anaqrat

abstract: Muftah Anaqrat was a general of the Libyan Armed Forces under former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, during the 2011 Libyan civil war, before their defeat and Gaddafi's death in Sirte. Anaqrat was killed in the First Battle of Zawiya in March 2011 as Gaddafi loyalists retook the city. It was claimed that a colonel, Mohamed Gayth, was killed alongside him.

text:
# Muftah Anaqrat

**Muftah Anaqrat** was a general of the Libyan Armed Forces under former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, during the 2011 Libyan civil war, before their defeat and Gaddafi's death in Sirte. Anaqrat was killed in the First Battle of Zawiya in March 2011 as Gaddafi loyalists retook the city. It was claimed that a colonel, Mohamed Gayth, was killed alongside him.

## InfoBox

| Muftah Anaqrat | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 9 March 2011<br>Zawiya, Libya |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |
| Branch/service | *Libyan Army* |
| Years of service | 2011 |
| Rank | Brigadier General |
| Commands | Zawiya |
| Battles/wars | **2011 Libyan civil war** |
|  | |


title: Haras de Fresnay-le-Buffard

abstract:
Haras de Fresnay-le-Buffard was a Thoroughbred horse breeding farm in Neuvy-au-Houlme in the Orne department in Lower Normandy purchased by Marcel Boussac in 1919. Widely respected, Marcel Boussac was called "the greatest of French breeders" by John P. Sparkman, an editor with Thoroughbred Times. Boussac's highly successful operation produced a number of racing champions through its numerous top foundation broodmares and world class sires. Among the many top runners from Haras de Fresnay-Le-Buffard were Corrida, Djebel, Pharis, Ardan, and Marsyas. For breeding purposes, Marcel Boussac purchased the United States Triple Crown winner Whirlaway and sold the mare La Troienne to Edward R. Bradley's Idle Hour Stock Farm in Lexington, Kentucky who became one of the most influential mares to be imported into the U.S. in the 20th century. He also bred raced, and ultimately sold Ambiorix to Claiborne Farm in Kentucky who became the Leading sire in North America in 1961. Following the German occupation of France the Nazis seized some of the best racehorses in the country including those at Haras de Fresnay-Le-Buffard who were shipped to Germany to be used for breeding at the German National Stud. Following the end of the War in 1945, some of these horses were recovered and returned to stud duty. French Champion sires bred at Haras de Fresnay-Le-Buffard were:
  - Astérus (1934)
  - Tourbillon
  - Pharis (1944)
  - Goya II
  - Djebel In the late 1970s, Marcel Boussac's business empire ran into severe financial difficulties that led to bankruptcy. Haras de Fresnay-le-Buffard was sold to Fresnay Agricole S.A. who owned it for only a short time before selling it to Stavros Niarchos.

text:
# Haras de Fresnay-le-Buffard

**Haras de Fresnay-le-Buffard** was a Thoroughbred horse breeding farm in Neuvy-au-Houlme in the Orne department in Lower Normandy purchased by Marcel Boussac in 1919. Widely respected, Marcel Boussac was called "the greatest of French breeders" by John P. Sparkman, an editor with *Thoroughbred Times*. Boussac's highly successful operation produced a number of racing champions through its numerous top foundation broodmares and world class sires.

Among the many top runners from Haras de Fresnay-Le-Buffard were Corrida, Djebel, Pharis, Ardan, and Marsyas. For breeding purposes, Marcel Boussac purchased the United States Triple Crown winner Whirlaway and sold the mare La Troienne to Edward R. Bradley's Idle Hour Stock Farm in Lexington, Kentucky who became one of the most influential mares to be imported into the U.S. in the 20th century. He also bred raced, and ultimately sold Ambiorix to Claiborne Farm in Kentucky who became the Leading sire in North America in 1961.

Following the German occupation of France the Nazis seized some of the best racehorses in the country including those at Haras de Fresnay-Le-Buffard who were shipped to Germany to be used for breeding at the German National Stud. Following the end of the War in 1945, some of these horses were recovered and returned to stud duty.

French Champion sires bred at Haras de Fresnay-Le-Buffard were:

In the late 1970s, Marcel Boussac's business empire ran into severe financial difficulties that led to bankruptcy. Haras de Fresnay-le-Buffard was sold to Fresnay Agricole S.A. who owned it for only a short time before selling it to Stavros Niarchos.