title: On the Verge (play)

abstract: On the Verge; or, The Geography of Yearning is a play written by Eric Overmyer. It premiered on 1985 at Baltimore's Center Stage. The original cast consisted of Libby Boone, Susan Barnes, Paddi Edwards, and James McDonnell. The script makes extensive use of esoteric language and pop culture references from the late nineteenth century to 1955. The cast consist of three lady explorers and eight diverse beings they encounter on their travels, which include different times as well as different locations. The aforementioned eight beings are intended to be played by a single actor. The play is published by Broadway Play Publishing Inc., and continues to be performed.

text:
# On the Verge (play)

***On the Verge; or, The Geography of Yearning*** is a play written by Eric Overmyer. It premiered on 1985 at Baltimore's Center Stage. The original cast consisted of Libby Boone, Susan Barnes, Paddi Edwards, and James McDonnell. The script makes extensive use of esoteric language and pop culture references from the late nineteenth century to 1955. The cast consist of three lady explorers and eight diverse beings they encounter on their travels, which include different times as well as different locations. The aforementioned eight beings are intended to be played by a single actor. The play is published by Broadway Play Publishing Inc., and continues to be performed.

## Plot

The basic plot of the play follows the adventures of three Victorian women explorers into what they believe to be Terra Incognita, a new, unexplored land. The three are from very different exploration backgrounds but all exhibit their own form of independence. From the world in general and specifically men. The three together discuss many aspects of their pasts in exploring, with Mary and Fanny frequently trying to outdo each other. As the ladies progress on their travels it becomes apparent that they are not on an ordinary journey. Mary reaches the conclusion at the end of the first act that the three of them are in fact traveling forward through time and that, while doing so, they are beginning to absorb knowledge from the future. Alex dubs this phenomenon osmosing and from that point forward in the play, the ladies actively, and often fruitlessly try to osmose what the things they are encountering are, e.g. In the scene where Alex first encounters Cool Whip she takes several guesses at the item's identity: "(*Osmoses*) 'Mo hair'. No. 'Jello mold'. No. (*Tastes*) Noxzema! Yes! Heaven!"

## Characters

### Mary

Often construed as the main lady explorer of the expedition, Mary Baltimore constantly cites her favorite periodical (the fictional newspaper *The Boston Geo*) as a source of wisdom. She remains unmarried, and considers exploration her unequivocal calling. Consequently, she shuns intimate relationships (although there are subtle hints that she is a lesbian). As a result, her pent-up sexual inclinations show themselves in her work, which tends to focus on the mating behaviors of the various peoples she encounters. Mary is the oldest member of the lady explorers' expedition. She is utterly devoted to studying and experiencing the future, both from an objective and subjective perspective. Her exploration "métier" is Africa.

### Alex

Alexandra Cafuffle is the youngest of the group, and she allows her age to make up a considerable amount of her personality. She is typically forgetful, and tends to daydream. Upon encountering a new word (a frequent occurrence in their journey), she plays with it, trying to find rhymes and alternative meanings, to the endless irritation of her comrades. Alexandra is reasonably obsessed with Tibet and cites her adventures there often. She is rather inexperienced with jungles, the terrain that the ladies find themselves in upon reaching Terra Incognita, and curses the landscape to no end. Alexandra wishes to find the most enjoyable era for herself and settle down. Any new discovery enthralls her.

### Fanny

Fanny Cranberry is the most conservative of the group in all aspects: socially, politically, and morally. She is the only married member of the group. While Fanny's relationship with her husband Grover is very obviously not one of head-over-heels love, the two have a very intimate relationship nonetheless. Fanny generally disapproves of everything she sees and hears in the future, finding it immoral. Some examples of this are her distaste for the music of the 1950s and the growing trend of women to wear trousers, something that she and Mary disagree with Alex on. Her sensual side is brought out in the second act and she gradually warms up to the future. Fanny counters Mary's *Geo* references with those of her tabloids, which she writes for and reads religiously. Fanny is the second oldest member of the expedition.

### Grover et al.

The fact that one actor plays eight different characters is probably the "gimmick" of the show, an extra detail added by the author to make circumstances more interesting (There is a fifteen-second costume change at one point in the show). Almost no background is given for any of these characters, so the actor is able to take considerable artistic license with them. The nature of the characters themselves allow for more than enough over-the-top acting.

#### Alphonse

An enigmatic personality to many, Alphonse knows a smattering of German, has an accent to match, wears the uniform of a German pilot, yet is native to the jungle the ladies are navigating when they find him. The truth surfaces in their conversation at tea, when Alphonse reveals that he is not only a native, but also a cannibal. Alphonse was one of the people he devoured, but is apparently not sitting well, and his personality has been imprinted on the native's. He is fond of date bread, but not so much of tea. He becomes attracted to Fanny's wig during the scene, naturally making her feel uneasy. Mary treats him like a test subject, grilling him on his daily life, and Alex can't help but marvel at his accent.

#### Grover

The only character in the play with a direct connection to one of the women, Grover Cranberry is a shy banker from the American midwest who enters the play in one of his wife Fanny's dreams. Not much background is given on Grover in the script, leaving the actor to interpret his past and some personality traits. His obvious main shortcoming is his failure at self-assertion and individuality, deferring to Fanny on all decisions. It is hinted in his short dialogue that Grover may be an Alcoholic.

#### The Yeti

More comic relief than anything, the yeti has no lines except incoherent roaring, and indeed is only onstage for about two minutes. The ladies enjoy him immensely, even while he is trying to frighten them off with snowballs and guttural growls. Eventually he himself is frightened away by their advances.

#### The Gorge Troll

The Troll can be described as a perfect cross between Fonzie and a modern beat poet. For example:

What have we here but travelers three
Comin' cross the bridge to rap with me.
"In Xanadu" said Ka-u-ba-la Khan
Hey there, sweet things, what's going on?

Near the end of the play, Alex makes mention of a date she has with the Gorge Troll to write lyrics, alluding to the possibility of a romance between the two.

#### Mr. Coffee

Mr. Coffee is a gentlemen dressed in a fine white suit who talks to Fanny about her life and the demise of her husband. Fanny has previously "osmosed" the name Mr. Coffee in the play and describes to Mr. Coffee that she has had premonitions of meeting him. The scene that the two have together, while Alex and Mary are offstage, is an emotionally tense one in which Mr. Coffee reveals to Fanny Grover's decision to move on since his wife's disappearance to Terra Incognita in 1888. Mr. Coffee's description of his "one and only meeting" with Grover along with other comments he makes during the scene, identify him as the angel, or spirit, of death.

#### Madame Nhu

Madame Nhu is a psychic of sorts who appears on stage mysteriously in her palanquin. She gives the three ladies advice with her prophecies which are a string of fortune cookie and horoscope lines, most of them confusing and irrelevant e.g. "Praise your wife, even if it frightens her."

#### Gus

Gus's entrance is noted in the script as follows: "Gus, a fresh-faced American teenager, appears, wearing a baseball cap and chewing gum. Boundless energy." Gus gives the ladies clues as to their current location, revealing that they are in a town called Peligrosa in the year 1955. Gus also gives the ladies directions to Nicky's, the play's final location.

#### Nicky Paradise

Nicky Paradise is the owner of Nicky's Peligrosa Paradise Bar and Grill, a swinging vacation resort at which the play reaches its end. Nicky himself is a seductive lady-killer type of character who frequently bursts into song, popular songs from the era, in the middle of conversation with the three ladies. He takes an instant liking to Fanny, to whom he eventually proposes (offstage).

His relationship with Alex is one of business which forms based on his perception of her obvious talent in writing lyrics. He offers Alex a chance to use her talent making advertisements for Burma Shave, a company with whom he has just signed a contract.

Nicky and Mary can be described rather appropriately as rubbing each other the wrong way. Because the three women have grown rather close, Nicky and Mary are never hostile towards one another, although they are sometimes less than complimentary.


title: Grapette

abstract: Grapette is a grape-flavored soft drink that was first produced and marketed in 1939 by Benjamin "Tyndle" Fooks. Grapette is now produced by Grapette International, and is marketed in the United States by Walmart as part of its Sam's Choice line of soft drinks.

text:
# Grapette

**Grapette** is a grape-flavored soft drink that was first produced and marketed in 1939 by Benjamin "Tyndle" Fooks. Grapette is now produced by **Grapette International**, and is marketed in the United States by Walmart as part of its Sam's Choice line of soft drinks.

## Development

Grapette was developed by Benjamin "Tyndle" Fooks (1901-1981) when, while working as a traveling salesman selling a product known as "Fooks Flavors", he noticed the popularity of his grape flavor. From this, Fooks, dissatisfied with existing grape sodas on the market, sought to develop a grape soda that tasted the way he believed that a grape soda should taste. Over the course of two years and tens of thousands of taste tests, by 1939, he had developed a flavor that he believed was superior to all other grape sodas available at the time.

To name the drink, Fooks turned to Hubert Owen. Owen and an assistant ran a local contest to come up with a name, but this failed to produce any suitable results. In search of further inspiration, Owen then traveled to Washington, D.C. in 1939 to look through the trademark files of the United States Patent Office. It was here that Owen learned of Rube Goldstein, a man who owned a trademark for the name "Grapette", "Orangette", and "Lemonette". Further research determined that Goldstein owned a small bottling firm that produced a drink that used one of Fooks' grape flavors, called "Tiny”. Aptly named, “Tiny” was produced in a six-ounce bottle and distributed in Virginia and North Carolina. Goldstein, however, had never used the Grapette, Orangette, or Lemonette names. By March 1940, Fooks and Owen had met with Goldstein in Chicago, Illinois to purchasing the Grapette, Orangette, and Lemonette names for a total of $500.

## Early marketing

In the spring of 1940, Fooks began marketing his soda in Camden, Arkansas, under the name "Grapette".

Orangette
| Type | Soft drink |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Grapette (1947-1970)
Flavette (USA 1970-1975)
Grapette International (Latin America 1942-2000; 2000-) |
| Country of origin | Camden, Arkansas, U.S. |
| Introduced | 1947 (1947) |
| Website | www.grapette.com |

Grapette's first-year sales were quite promising. This was due to Grapette's flavor, as well as Grapette's unique packaging. Most soft drinks at the time were sold in twelve-ounce bottles. Grapette was sold in a six-ounce clear glass bottle, which served to show off the beverage's purple color. With the success in sales, marketing of Grapette was expanded to much of the United States, and the slogan "Thirsty or Not" was developed for use in advertising. In addition, other flavors were developed, such as Orangette, an orange-flavored soda that used a considerable amount of real orange juice, and Lemonette, which contained a large amount of real lemon juice.

Botl-O
| Type | Soft drink |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Grapette |
| Discontinued | WWII |
| Website | www.grapette.com |

Sunburst
| Type | Soft drink |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Grapette |
| Discontinued | WWII |
| Website | www.grapette.com |

When World War II began, Fooks dropped many of his other brands, such as Botl-O and Sunburst, in order to focus on Grapette. Sales of Grapette continued to soar during the war, despite restrictions and material shortages. Sugar, which was subject to wartime rationing, was obtained by adding water to granulated sugar, thus liquefying it, enabling it to be sold as syrup, which was not subject to rationing.

In 1942, R. Paul May, an Arkansas oil tycoon, persuaded Fooks to allow him to market Grapette in Latin America, citing a lack of soft drink options in the area. May was able to build a good reputation for Grapette in Guatemala, selling not only Grapette, but also Orangette and Lemonette. These brands soon became market leaders. In 1962, the export division of Grapette was reorganized into a separate company, known as Grapette International.

Mr. Cola
| Type | Soft drink |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Grapette (1962-1970) |
| Introduced | 1962 (1962) |
| Discontinued | Unknown |
| Flavour | cola |
| Variants | Mr. Cola Jr. |
| Website | www.grapette.com |

In 1962, Grapette introduced a line of cola drinks to compete with Coca-Cola under the name of "Mr. Cola". The drink was popular in large part because of its sixteen-ounce bottle. Mr. Cola was also available in ten and twelve-ounce sizes. In 1963, "Lymette" was added to Grapette's family of brands. Lymette, however, never achieved the commercial success of the other brands.

Lymette
| Type | Soft drink |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Grapette (1963-1970)
Flavette (USA 1970-1975)
Grapette International (Latin America 1942-2000; 2000-) |
| Introduced | 1963 (1963) |
| Discontinued | Unknown |
| Website | www.grapette.com |

## Decline and retirement

By the 1960s, Fooks believed that he had reached his limit with Grapette, and was ready to move on. By the end of the decade, Fooks had begun talks with groups interested in purchasing Grapette. Fooks ultimately sold Grapette to the Rheingold Corporation in 1970, which marketed the Rheingold, Ruppert-Knickerbocker, and Gablinger's lines of beers, as well as several regional brands of soft drinks in California, New Mexico, and Puerto Rico. Rheingold changed the name of the company from Grapette to Flavette, and relocated the company headquarters to Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Grapette's bottle was changed to one with smooth sides and colored dots. The slogan became "The Juicy Soda". Grapette's advertising model also changed. Previously, advertising was funded by a surcharge on sugar, which was to be spent by the distributor for advertising only. This plan was dropped by Rheingold, placing advertising solely in the hands of Grapette's distributors, resulting in an immediate drop in sales. During this period, Flavette purchased the Dr. Wells soda pop brand and Mason & Mason, Inc., the makers of Mason's Root Beer.

In 1975, Rheingold was purchased by PepsiCo, Inc. in a hostile takeover, acquiring 80% of the company's stock. However, the Federal Trade Commission determined that PepsiCo controlled too many soft drink companies, and thus ordered that PepsiCo divest several prominent brands. When the divestiture was complete in 1977, Grapette was in the hands of Monarch Beverage Company, which manufactured NuGrape. As Monarch already manufactured a grape soda, it was determined that they did not need a second. Representatives from Monarch flew to Grapette's headquarters and essentially fired the Grapette team. As such, the Grapette name was shelved, and the flavor was retired in the United States.

Despite the brand's retirement in the United States, May retained ownership of Grapette International, and Grapette was still produced internationally, remaining a popular drink. When May died in the early 1970s, control of Grapette International was passed on to May's son-in-law, Brooks Rice.

In the United States, Grapette may have been gone, but it certainly had not been forgotten. Rice had made many offers to buy the American rights to Grapette back from Monarch, but regardless of the amount of money offered, Monarch refused to sell the name. Despite this setback, Rice continued to grow Grapette's market share elsewhere in the world, with sales in the tens of millions in countries in South America and the Pacific Rim.

## Walmart

Rice had profited by becoming an early investor in a business called Walmart, founded by Sam Walton. Over time, as Walmart grew into a household name, Rice began thinking of ways to partner with Walmart. In 1986, Rice was able to meet with Sam Walton, in order to discuss creating a line of private label soft drinks for Walmart. He was specifically interested in making a grape soda for Walmart. Walton did not waste words in telling Rice what he wanted: "I want Grapette in my stores." While Rice did not have the American rights to the Grapette name, he was able to offer Grapette's flavor, and also promised that if he was able to reacquire the rights for the Grapette name, Walmart could have it.

### Ozark Farms

In 1989, nearly three years after the initial meeting, Grapette International began producing a line of soft drinks for Walmart under the *Ozark Farms* name. The flavors available were cola, lemon-lime, grape, and orange. Each flavor used Fooks' original formulas. Thus Grapette returned to American shelves, albeit under a new name. However, sales were disappointing, and the Ozark Farms line of soft drinks was discontinued.

### Sam's Choice

When Sam Walton died in 1992, Walmart CEO David Glass felt it would be a fitting tribute to Walton to rename Walmart's private label as "Sam's Choice". In 1993, Rice again began manufacturing soft drinks for Walmart, this time under the Sam's Choice brand. Walmart was given exclusive rights to the flavors in the United States. Grapette was relaunched at this time as well, under the name "Sam's Choice Grape". Sam's Choice Grape soon became one of the best-selling grape sodas in the nation, seemingly proving Rice's claim that the flavor was what had made Grapette so popular, and not the drink's famous name.

### Revival of Grapette name

In 2000, Rice walked into the Walmart Home Office in Bentonville, Arkansas, in order to personally deliver the news to David Glass: Monarch was finally selling the Grapette name. Rice told Glass, "This is a tribute to you and Sam for having the vision on this product."

By late 2004, the Grapette and Orangette names (and original logotypes) had been incorporated into the Sam's Choice line of soft drinks, and had completely replaced the Sam's Choice Grape and Sam's Choice Orange brands in Walmart stores.

* Gloeckler, Geoff (January 2005). "The Grape Awakening". *Walmart World*, p. 10-12.
* Mangum, Walker. "The Grapette Story". Retrieved April 13, 2006.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Grapette
| Five different styles of the Grapette bottle | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Soft drink |
| Manufacturer | Grapette (1939-1970)
Flavette (USA 1970-1975)
Grapette International (Latin America 1942-2000; 2000-) |
| Country of origin | Camden, Arkansas, United States |
| Introduced | 1939, 2000 |
| Discontinued | 1975-2000 |
| Color | Purple |
| Flavor | Grape |
| Related products | NuGrape |
| Website | grapette.com |


title: Jastrzębiec, Sępólno County

abstract: Jastrzębiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Więcbork, within Sępólno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Więcbork, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Sępólno Krajeńskie, and 38 km (24 mi) north-west of Bydgoszcz.

text:
# Jastrzębiec, Sępólno County

**Jastrzębiec** \[jasˈtʂɛmbjɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Więcbork, within Sępólno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Więcbork, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Sępólno Krajeńskie, and 38 km (24 mi) north-west of Bydgoszcz.

## InfoBox

| Jastrzębiec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Jastrzębiec | |
| Coordinates: 53°21′14″N 17°35′53″E / 53.35389°N 17.59806°E / 53.35389; 17.59806 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Sępólno |
| Gmina | Więcbork |


title: Protosticta antelopoides

abstract: Protosticta antelopoides, the spiny reedtail, is a damselfly species in the family Platystictidae. It is endemic to Western Ghats in India.

text:
# Protosticta antelopoides

***Protosticta antelopoides***, the **spiny reedtail**, is a damselfly species in the family Platystictidae. It is endemic to Western Ghats in India.

## Description and habitat

It is a large slender damselfly with bottle-green eyes. Its thorax is bluish-black on dorsum and sides are pale blue with a black stripe on the hinder border of the mesepimeron. Abdomen is black with pale yellow on the lower parts of sides. Segments 3 to 6 to have narrow yellow basal rings. Remaining segments are unmarked. It is bigger than any other known species of this genus. Female is similar to the male.

It is known to occur in Munnar, Idukki district and Kozhikode district of the Kerala. It is restricted to hill streams with good riparian forest cover.

Data related to Protosticta antelopoides at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Protosticta antelopoides* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Platystictidae |
| Genus: | *Protosticta* |
| Species: | ***P. antelopoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protosticta antelopoides***
Fraser, 1931 | |
|


title: Maya Gallus

abstract: Maya Gallus is a Canadian documentary filmmaker, and co-founder of Red Queen Productions with Justine Pimlott. Her films have been screened at international film festivals, including Toronto International Film Festival, Montreal World Film Festival, Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, Sheffield Doc/Fest, SEOUL International Women’s Film Festival, Singapore International Film Festival, This Human World Film Festival (Vienna) and Women Make Waves (Taiwan), among others. Her work has also screened at the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston), Donostia Kultura, San Sebastián and Canada House UK, as well as theatrically in Tokyo, San Francisco, Key West and Toronto, and been broadcast around the world. She has won numerous awards, including a Gemini Award for Best Direction for Girl Inside, and has been featured in The Guardian, UK; Ms. (Magazine), Curve (Magazine), Bust (Magazine), Salon (Magazine), POV and The Walrus, among others. She is a Director/Writer alumna of the Canadian Film Centre and a participant in Women in the Director’s Chair. She will be honoured with a "Focus On" retrospective at the 2017 Hot Docs festival.

text:
# Maya Gallus

**Maya Gallus** is a Canadian documentary filmmaker, and co-founder of Red Queen Productions with Justine Pimlott. Her films have been screened at international film festivals, including Toronto International Film Festival, Montreal World Film Festival, Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, Sheffield Doc/Fest, SEOUL International Women’s Film Festival, Singapore International Film Festival, This Human World Film Festival (Vienna) and Women Make Waves (Taiwan), among others. Her work has also screened at the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston), Donostia Kultura, San Sebastián and Canada House UK, as well as theatrically in Tokyo, San Francisco, Key West and Toronto, and been broadcast around the world. She has won numerous awards, including a Gemini Award for Best Direction for Girl Inside, and has been featured in The Guardian, UK; Ms. (Magazine), Curve (Magazine), Bust (Magazine), Salon (Magazine), POV and The Walrus, among others. She is a Director/Writer alumna of the Canadian Film Centre and a participant in Women in the Director’s Chair. She will be honoured with a "Focus On" retrospective at the 2017 Hot Docs festival.

## Filmography

| Release | Film | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | *The Very Dead of Winter*(Director/Writer) | *A family grapples with the death of the father.* |
| 1991 | *Elizabeth Smart: On the Side of the Angels* (Director/Writer) | *The life and work of Canadian writer Elizabeth Smart, author of* By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept*.* |
| 1997 | *Barbara Ann Scott: Queen of the Blades* (Director) | *A portrait of the Olympic Champion figure skater, known as "Canada’s sweetheart".* |
| 1997 | *Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality* (Director) | *An exploration of women’s erotica, featuring the final interview with* Story of O *author Pauline Réage as well as Annie Sprinkle, Candida Royalle, Bettina Rheims, Catherine Robbe Grillet and others.* |
| 1997 | *A Tale of Two Sisters* (Director) | *A portrait of Canadian stage and screen actors Jennifer and Cynthia Dale.* |
| 1998 | *Full Circle: The Untold Story of the Dionne Quintuplets* (Director) | *A portrait of the surviving adult Dionne Quintuplets, Cécile, Yvonne and Annette.* |
| 2005 | *Fag Hags: Women Who Love Gay Men* (Producer/Writer) | A documentary that explores the complexity of love and friendship between women and gay men. |
| 2009 | *Cat City* (co-producer) | A moving documentary that takes the viewer to the frontlines of the cat overpopulation crisis. |
| 2010 | *Dish-Women, Waitressing & the Art of Service* (Director/Writer) | *From classic North American diners and Montreal’s "sexy restos" to Paris’s haute eateries and Tokyo’s maid cafes.* |
| 2012 | *The Mystery of Mazo de la Roche* (Director/Writer) | *The life and work of Canadian writer Mazo de la Roche, author of Jalna and the Whiteoak Chronicles.* |
| 2013 | *Derby Crazy Love* (Co-Director) | *The third wave feminist revival of women’s roller derby and the subculture around the sport.* |
| 2018 | *The Heat: A Kitchen (R)evolution* | *The film profiles several women chefs, exploring the sexist double standards in the restaurant industry that get women sidelined, or stigmatized as "difficult", if they are as ambitious or assertive as their male peers.* |
| 2023 | *Crush: Message in a Bottle* | *A growing movement of winegrowers and winemakers are using eco-conscious practices to reduce their carbon footprint, merging modern and traditional techniques to infuse their craft with authenticity.* |

## Awards and nominations

**Atlantic Film Festival**

**Gemini Awards**

* 1992: Best Direction in a Documentary - *Elizabeth Smart: On The Side of the Angels* (Nomination)

**Genie Awards**

* 1998: Best Documentary: *Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality* (Nomination)

**Hot Docs**

* 1998: Best Arts Documentary: *Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality* (Nomination)

**Yorkton Film Festival, Golden Sheaf Awards**

* 1991: Best Production: *Elizabeth Smart: On The Side of the Angels* (Award)
* 1991: Best Documentary: *Elizabeth Smart: On The Side of the Angels* (Award)
* 1991: Best Editing: *Elizabeth Smart: On The Side of the Angels* (Award)

For additional awards - see Red Queen Productions


title: May Blitz

abstract: May Blitz was a Canadian-British hard rock power trio that was active in the early 1970s. The group was formed in 1969 by bassist Terry Poole and drummer Keith Baker, the rhythm section of the blues-rock trio Bakerloo, both of whom left the group when guitarist Clem Clempson departed to join Colosseum. Jamie Black joined the group on vocals and guitars but both Poole and Baker left the group before it recorded, Poole and Baker joining Vinegar Joe and Uriah Heep respectively. Black then added fellow Canadian Reid Hudson on bass and Tony Newman, who had played with Jeff Beck, The Hollies and Sounds Incorporated, on drums. After playing UK pubs, the group signed with Vertigo Records and released their debut album in 1970. A second album followed in early 1971, but due to lack of commercial success the trio disbanded in late 1971. Black and Hudson, both originally from Canada, returned to their native country while Newman joined Three Man Army, founded and led by the Gurvitz brothers, Adrian and Paul.

text:
# May Blitz

**May Blitz** was a Canadian-British hard rock power trio that was active in the early 1970s.

The group was formed in 1969 by bassist Terry Poole and drummer Keith Baker, the rhythm section of the blues-rock trio Bakerloo, both of whom left the group when guitarist Clem Clempson departed to join Colosseum. Jamie Black joined the group on vocals and guitars but both Poole and Baker left the group before it recorded, Poole and Baker joining Vinegar Joe and Uriah Heep respectively. Black then added fellow Canadian Reid Hudson on bass and Tony Newman, who had played with Jeff Beck, The Hollies and Sounds Incorporated, on drums.

After playing UK pubs, the group signed with Vertigo Records (in the US they were on Paramount Records) and released their debut album in 1970. A second album followed in early 1971, but due to lack of commercial success the trio disbanded in late 1971. Black and Hudson, both originally from Canada, returned to their native country while Newman joined Three Man Army, founded and led by the Gurvitz brothers, Adrian and Paul.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| May Blitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | England |
| Genres | Hard rock, heavy metal |
| Years active | 1969–1971 |
| Labels | Vertigo, Paramount |
|  | |
| Past members | Terry Poole
Keith Baker
Jamie Black
Reid Hudson
Tony Newman |


title: Miroslav Grebeníček

abstract: Miroslav Grebeníček is a Czech politician who was leader of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSČM) from 1993 to 2005. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1993 to 2021, with only six months absence in 2013.

text:
# Miroslav Grebeníček

**Miroslav Grebeníček** (born 21 March 1947 in Staré Město) is a Czech politician who was leader of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSČM) from 1993 to 2005. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1993 to 2021, with only six months absence in 2013.

## InfoBox

| Miroslav GrebeníčekMember of Parliament | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Leader of the Communist Party
of Bohemia and Moravia | |
| **In office**
26 June 1993  1 October 2005 | |
| Preceded by | Jiří Svoboda |
| Succeeded by | Vojtěch Filip |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-03-21) 21 March 1947
Staré Město, Czechoslovakia |
| Political party | KSČ (1975–1990)
KSČM (1990–present) |
| Alma mater | Masaryk University (UJEP) |
|  | |


title: On the Spot (Hungarian TV series)

abstract:
On The Spot is a documentary TV series created by directors Eszter Cseke and Andras S. Takacs in their native Hungary. Each season has a central theme, using a fly on the wall style of documentary filmmaking. It premiered November 7, 2009, on Spektrum TV. It currently airs on Hungarian public television channels Duna and Duna World. Many of On the Spot's films are also shown across several European countries on special interest channels such as Spiegel TV and Sport 1, as well as Germany's international broadcaster Deutsche Welle.
On the Spot’s most personal season explored giving birth in different cultures. ‘Around the World in 9 Months’ was produced in 10 countries from Bali to Mexico, which gave the creators a rarely wide spectrum on the topic of birth while they were expecting their own baby who was born at the end of the last episode. Eszter Cseke and Andras S. Takacs' next season introduced Children of Dictators to their audience, including Edith Eva Eger and Dr. Gabor Mate. Smart World, the 9th season of On the Spot discovers the effects of mobile coverage, wifi and smartphones of human communities from New York to Transylvania. Episodes of On the Spot appeared in the official selection of festivals like the Krakow International Film Festival, the American Documentary Film Festival, INPUT or the Sarajevo International Film Festival. Spot's approach has been called “rare and exclusive” by the BBC while the Financial Times wrote ‘On The Spot’ is “up-close and visceral”, adding that “Takacs and Cseke plunge their cameras into the heart of the action, asking questions that are normally suppressed".
In 2021 the award winning film directors newest documentary film was aired by ARTE and Spektrum TV. This is the story of a Jewish baby who was born in the death camp before the liberation and survived. An extraordinary journey of the second and third generation, breaking the cycle of trauma to free themselves from Auschwitz - forever. The series takes its inspiration from famed Hungarian war correspondent Robert Capa who wrote, “If your pictures aren't good enough, you're not close enough.”

text:
# On the Spot (Hungarian TV series)

**On The Spot** is a documentary TV series created by directors Eszter Cseke and Andras S. Takacs in their native Hungary. Each season has a central theme (ethnic tribes, children of dictators, birth around the world, etc.), using a fly on the wall style of documentary filmmaking. It premiered November 7, 2009, on Spektrum TV. It currently airs on Hungarian public television channels Duna and Duna World. Many of On the Spot's films are also shown across several European countries on special interest channels such as Spiegel TV and Sport 1 (subsidiaries of Liberty Global, Autentic and AMC Networks International), as well as Germany's international broadcaster Deutsche Welle. On the Spot’s most personal season explored giving birth in different cultures. ‘Around the World in 9 Months’ was produced in 10 countries from Bali to Mexico, which gave the creators a rarely wide spectrum on the topic of birth while they were expecting their own baby who was born at the end of the last episode. Eszter Cseke and Andras S. Takacs' next season introduced Children of Dictators to their audience, including Edith Eva Eger and Dr. Gabor Mate. Smart World, the 9th season of On the Spot discovers the effects of mobile coverage, wifi and smartphones of human communities from New York to Transylvania. Episodes of On the Spot appeared in the official selection of festivals like the Krakow International Film Festival, the American Documentary Film Festival, INPUT or the Sarajevo International Film Festival. Spot's approach has been called “rare and exclusive” by the BBC while the Financial Times wrote ‘On The Spot’ is “up-close and visceral”, adding that “Takacs and Cseke plunge their cameras into the heart of the action, asking questions that are normally suppressed". In 2021 the award winning film directors newest documentary film was aired by ARTE and Spektrum TV. This is the story of a Jewish baby who was born in the death camp before the liberation and survived. An extraordinary journey of the second and third generation, breaking the cycle of trauma to free themselves from Auschwitz - forever.

The series takes its inspiration from famed Hungarian war correspondent Robert Capa who wrote, “If your pictures aren't good enough, you're not close enough.”

## Synopsis

With just two small broadcast cameras and no extra crew, Cseke and Takacs pull triple duties as directors, producers and cinematographers. In doing so, they gain unique perspectives into the lives of people across the world in the most delicate environments. Each season is unique and focuses on a specific topic, whether it is living with ethnic tribes in Africa and Papua, being embedded with fighters in the Middle East or spending time with Fidel Castro's daughter Alina or Idi Amin's son Jaffar for their coverage about children of dictators.

## Starting out

After graduating from the Hungarian Film Academy in Budapest, Cseke and Takacs put together their meager savings and went to Gaza with just a small camera and the drive to make an upstart documentary TV series. Three months later they were pitching the pilot episode to major TV channels in Hungary but no one thought it was commercial enough. Their gamble finally paid off when Spektrum TV - a small Central European cable channel searching for its first original programming - picked up the series and commissioned the first season.

## Production

On The Spot's first three seasons were characterised by human interest stories around the world. Cseke and Takacs filmed in the ghettos of Johannesburg, searching out human rights activists in Kabul and found underground bloggers in Tehran. They interviewed UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon in the Arctic Circle and were interviewed live on the BBC about their undercover filming in Burma. Years later they followed up their award-winning coverage on Burma by interviewing Aung San Suu Kyi about fear, freedom and the nature of dictatorships.

At the end of 2011, On The Spot transitioned from Spektrum TV to Hungarian public television channels Duna and Duna World. The series' topics went on to include ethnic tribes in Africa, power struggles in places like Tibet, India and the West Bank, children of dictators and most recently giving birth in different cultures around the globe.

Cseke and Takacs are also frequent contributors to Marie Claire and Forbes, using their travels and experiences as a backdrop for their articles.

## Reception

The series has garnered a great deal of international recognition and critical acclaim. It received the Golden Nymph for Best News Documentary at the 53rd Monte Carlo TV Festival, the Press Freedom Award in Strasbourg from the Council of Europe, the Prize for Best International Short Film at the American Documentary Film Festival and the Gold Plaque at the 50th Chicago International Film Festival Television Awards.

The Financial Times wrote On The Spot is “up-close and visceral”, adding that “Takacs and Cseke plunge their cameras into the heart of the action, asking questions that are normally suppressed." BBC News called their different approach "rare and exclusive." In 2016, Takacs was included in Forbes’ '30 Under 30' list as one of the leading young entrepreneurs in European media.

## InfoBox

| *On the Spot* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Documentary |
| Created by | Eszter Cseke & Andras S. Takacs |
| Country of origin | Hungary |
| Production | |
| Running time | 52 mins |
| Production company | Spot Productions |
| Original release | |
| Release | November 7, 2009 (2009-11-07) <br>present |


title: Pakistan Mas-Wrestling Federation

abstract: The Pakistan Mas-Wrestling Federation (PMWF) is a national sports organization body of Mas-Wrestling which was formed in 2014. It has head quarter in Multan, Pakistan and it is affiliated with International Mas-Wrestling Federation.

text:
# Pakistan Mas-Wrestling Federation

The **Pakistan Mas-Wrestling Federation** (PMWF) is a national sports organization body of Mas-Wrestling which was formed in 2014. It has head quarter in Multan, Pakistan and it is affiliated with International Mas-Wrestling Federation.

## Formation

Pakistan Mas-Wrestling Federation (PMWF) was formed in 2014 in Multan with the aim of promoting Mas-wrestling in Pakistan. PMWF was affiliated with International MAS-Wrestling Federation.

## Annual National Championship

Pakistan Mas-Wrestling Federation (PMWF) has been holding its national Mas-Wrestling championship annually since 2016 and it is open to all the nationals of Pakistan.

### 1st Annual Championship 2016

1st Annual Mas-Wrestling Championship in Pakistan was held in Multan on 17 December 2016. It was titled Open MAS-WRESTLING CHAMPIONSHIP.

### 2nd Annual Championship 2018

2nd Annual Mas-Wrestling Championship in Pakistan was held in Lahore on 23 December 2018. It was titled 2nd Kyrgyz Ambassador National Mass-Wrestling.

### 3rd Annual Championship 2019

3nd Annual Mas-Wrestling Championship in Pakistan was held in Gujranwala on 7–8 December 2019. It was titled 3nd Kyrgyz Ambassador National Mass-Wrestling

## International Participation

Pakistan Mas-Wrestling Federation has arranged for Pakistani Athletes participation in international events held in Brazil, United States and 32nd World Arnold Classic. Pakistani Athletes have won medals in international competitions in Brazil and United States

## InfoBox

Pakistan Mas-Wrestling Federation
| Purpose | Sports Organization |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Multan, Pakistan |
| Chairman | Brig (R) Azam Effendi |
| President | Furqan Ahmad Khan |
| Affiliations | INTERNATIONAL MAS-WRESTLING FEDERATION |
| Website | http://maswrestlingpak.com/ |


title: Green Light (John Legend song)

abstract: "Green Light" is a song recorded by American R&B recording artist John Legend. It was written by Legend, Andre Benjamin, Fin Greenall, James Ho, and Rick Nowels for his third studio album Evolver (2008). Produced by Malay and KP, the song was released as the first single on August 26, 2008, through Columbia Records. The song features vocals from American rapper André 3000. "Green Light" shows a shift in musical style for Legend, opting for a funk and electro sound composed of electronic synths and fast, synthesized beats. The song also features the use of several horn instruments, including the saxophone, trombone and trumpet. "Green Light" was well received by contemporary music critics who praised it for its departure in musical style and called it a "certified club banger". The single performed well on the charts, reaching number twenty-four on the Billboard Hot 100, tying for "Ordinary People" as Legend's highest peaking single on the chart at the time. It also stood as his best-selling single, earning a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) until "All of Me" sold 4 million downloads by September 2014. It reached its highest peak in Belgium, reaching number two on the singles chart. The music video for "Green Light" was directed by Alan Ferguson. It features Legend and Benjamin pursuing women at a house party while including visual effects created by Baked FX. The song can be heard on Grand Theft Auto IV: Episodes From Liberty City on The Beat 102.7 radio station.

text:
# Green Light (John Legend song)

"**Green Light**" is a song recorded by American R&B recording artist John Legend. It was written by Legend, Andre Benjamin, Fin Greenall, James Ho, and Rick Nowels for his third studio album *Evolver* (2008). Produced by Malay and KP, the song was released as the first single on August 26, 2008, through Columbia Records. The song features vocals from American rapper André 3000. "Green Light" shows a shift in musical style for Legend, opting for a funk and electro sound composed of electronic synths and fast, synthesized beats. The song also features the use of several horn instruments, including the saxophone, trombone and trumpet.

"Green Light" was well received by contemporary music critics who praised it for its departure in musical style and called it a "certified club banger". The single performed well on the charts, reaching number twenty-four on the *Billboard* Hot 100, tying for "Ordinary People" as Legend's highest peaking single on the chart at the time. It also stood as his best-selling single, earning a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) until "All of Me" sold 4 million downloads by September 2014. It reached its highest peak in Belgium, reaching number two on the singles chart. The music video for "Green Light" was directed by Alan Ferguson. It features Legend and Benjamin pursuing women at a house party while including visual effects created by Baked FX. The song can be heard on *Grand Theft Auto IV: Episodes From Liberty City* on The Beat 102.7 radio station.

## Background

"Green Light" was written by John Stephens, Andre Benjamin, Fin Greenall, James Ho and Rick Nowels and produced by Malay and KP. In an interview with British music publication Blues & Soul, Legend discussed the creation process to make the song. "Initially I was working in the studio with a guy called Rick Knowles, who’s not known for making a buncha dance songs but is a good writer! And one of the songs we worked on turned out to be ‘Green Light’. He started playing this guitar groove, put a beat to it... And, because it was uptempo and felt good, the melody and lyric came to me pretty quickly." Legend then showed the product to Kawan "KP" Prather, his A&R representative at the time, who then collaborated with Malay to re-produce the song.

After listening to the final product, they decided to enlist American rapper André 3000 Benjamin, saying "‘Cause it just sounded like something he’d do!" They sent it to Benjamin, who "loved it" and expressed interest in being featured on it, almost immediately writing and recording his rap. Legend commented that once he heard Benjamin on "Green Light", he stated "to me it straightaway felt like the album’s first single! It seemed like the kind of thing that would grab people’s attention, it sounded like a great record, and it felt like it would be a big hit... And to me it STILL feels like that!”" "Green Light" was released as the first single from *Evolver* (2008). The song was serviced to rhythmic and urban radios on August 19, 2008, through GOOD Music and Columbia Records. Through Columbia, the song was released for digital distribution on August 26, 2008.

## Composition

"Green Light" represents a departure from Legend's previous musical works. Nathan S. of *DJ Booth* noted that the song still uses the "same smooth vocals and spare melodies" present in his previous ballads. Musically, the song is an uptempo and light electro-funk club banger. The song utilizes horns, saxophone, trombone, trumpets, double time drum loops, synthesizers, computerized handclaps, and busy hip-hop beats. Andy Kellman of *Allmusic* noted that the synthesizers featured on the song are similar to those utilized in Paul McCartney's 1979 holiday single "Wonderful Christmastime" and Kanye West's 2007 single "Flashing Lights" (*Graduation*, 2007). Alex Macpherson of *The Guardian* said that the song's "skittery beats and swooning synths" are reminiscent of Kelis's 2004 single "Millionaire" (*Tasty*, 2003). Legend raises his vocals to the falsetto register on the song's hook. According to the digital music sheet published at Musicnotes.com by BMG Rights Management, the song is written in a key of G major. It has a moderately fast tempo of 150 beats per minute. Legend's vocals range from a low register of D3 to a high register of A4.

## Response

### Critical reception

Andy Kellman of AllMusic selected it as one of the album's top tracks, noting that it benefits from Andre 3000's "upstaging, off-the-cuff, don't-give-a-damn appearance" but criticized it for sounding like "increasingly bad fit with each play, full of simpleminded gestures." Ryan Ogle of ARTISTdirect called "Green Light" and "If You're Out There" "well-received and welcome" departures from his previous style of music. Mark Edward Nero of About.com wrote a positive review of the song, writing "If John Legend is selling out by looking for a pop hit, then selling out has rarely sounded so fun." In the review of *Evolver* for the same publication, Nero praised it as being "arguably his first bona fide club banger". DJ Z of DJ Booth called the pairing of John Legend and Andre 3000 "an absolute musical match", stating that it is "so harmonious, in fact, that it should have plenty of fans clamoring for an entire collaborative project." Christine Van Dusen of *Paste Magazine* said that the song was almost as good as "Used to Love U" (*Get Lifted*, 2004). Claire Allfree of *Metro* called "Green Light" an "effervescent dance-floor filler". Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine wrote that " Andre's near-apathetic wordplay on the former is hardly the way to fulfill the legacy of "Bombs Over Baghdad," nor is Kanye's "kiddies"/"titties" rhyming scheme on the latter going to get him into graduate school, but as guest spots on a John Legend album, they are the sonic equivalent of unclenching buttocks." Eric R. Danton of *Sound Check* welcomed the "dazzling, ebullient wordplay" presented by Andre 3000 on the track.

### Chart performance

On September 20, 2008, almost a month after the single's release, "Green Light" debuted at number ninety-six on the *Billboard* Hot 100. On December 6, 2008, the song peaked at number twenty-four, tying with Legend's 2005 single "Ordinary People" (*Get Lifted*, 2004) as his highest peaking single on the chart at the time; "All of Me" ultimately peaked at number one in 2014. One week later, the song peaked at number four on the *Billboard* Hot Dance Club Songs. The song was certified platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on February 25, 2010. The song has sold 1,247,000 copies in the U.S. as of June 2014.

In Canada, the single debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 94 on August 16, 2008. Three weeks later, the song peaked at number eighty. "Green Light" is Legend's only single to chart in Canada. In the United Kingdom, "Green Light" entered the singles chart at number ninety-five on September 27, 2008. On November 1, 2008, the song peaked at number thirty-five. "Green Light" debuted on the Belgium Singles Chart at number thirty on August 18, 2008. The song rose to its peak at number two on September 27, 2008, but fell off the chart the following week. In Italy, the song peaked on the singles chart at number nineteen on October 30, 2008.

## Music video

A music video has been filmed and was released on August 22, 2008 on FNMTV. André 3000 appears in the video along with Legend. Singer Estelle also makes an appearance in the video. Visual effects and editorial for the video were created by Baked FX, previously Baked Goods. The video starts with John Legend singing on the piano to his best-selling single, "Ordinary People". After that, the video proceeds to a wild party. At the end of the video, a snippet from Legend's song "Good Morning", also on *Evolver*, is played during the morning after, while Legend and André 3000 leave the house and other party guests remain asleep.

> "The song is simple. It's just me trying to pick up a girl at a club and convince her to come have some fun with me. \[The video\] definitely has that story line in it, but we just take it kind of different places to do some unexpected visual things. We have this surreal kind of dance sequence, and it features synchronized swimmers and showgirls. We just throw a little extra twist on it. We wanted to mix a current, modern feel with an old-school, classic Hollywood feel because the song has kind of a big-band quality to it as well as a more modern dance-song quality. We wanted to mix the two different parts."

## Credits and personnel

Recording, mastering and mixing Personnel

Credits taken from *Evolver* liner notes.

## Formats and track listings

UK CD 1. "Green Light" (International radio edit)
2. "Green Light" (Johnny Douglas radio edit)

UK Remixes Promo

1. Greenlight (Original) 4:49
2. Greenlight (Johnny Douglas Remix Club) 7:15
3. Greenlight (Johnny Douglas Remix) 5:00
4. Greenlight (Johnny Douglas Remix Radio Edit 3 Without Rap) 3:13
5. Greenlight (Johnny Douglas Instrumental) 4:58
6. Greenlight (Tom Neville Remix) 7:52
7. Greenlight (Tom Neville Dub) 6:38
8. Greenlight (Kings Of Tomorrow Remix) 7:26
9. Greenlight (Afroganic Remix) 4:13
10. Greenlight (Afroganic Instrumental) 4:04

UK Remixes Promo (2)

1. Greenlight (Johnny Douglas Remix Club) 7:15
2. Greenlight (Tom Neville Remix) 7:52
3. Greenlight (Sandy Rivera's KOT Remix) 7:26
4. Greenlight (Afroganic Instrumental) 4:04
5. Greenlight (Tom Neville Dub) 6:38
6. Greenlight (Johnny Douglas Radio Edit 1) 4:02

U.S. Dance Remixes Promo

1. Green Light (Slang Remix Radio Edit) 4:25
2. Green Light (Slang Remix) 6:05
3. Green Light (Karmatronic Radio Edit) 3:33
4. Green Light (Karmatronic Club Mix) 6:23
5. Green Light (MKL Radio Edit) 4:35
6. Green Light (MKL Remix) 6:47
7. Green Light (Diplo Mad Decent Remix) 3:51

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Green Light" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by John Legend featuring André 3000 | |
| from the album  *Evolver* | |
| Released | July 29, 2008 |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Studio | Wine-O-Cellar
(College Park, Georgia)
PatchWerk Recording Studios
(Atlanta, Georgia) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:49 (album version)
3:56 (US radio edit)
3:38 (International radio edit) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| John Legend singles chronology | |
| "Each Day Gets Better"
(2008) "**Green Light**"
(2008) "If You're Out There"
(2008) | |
|  | |
| André 3000 singles chronology | |
| "Royal Flush"
(2008) "**Green Light**"
(2008) "Dedication to My Ex (Miss That)"
(2011) | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Digital cover | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Green Light" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Ace West

abstract: Wallace "Ace" West is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was originally introduced as a biracial interpretation of Wally West as part of DC's The New 52 relaunch. The comic DC Rebirth #1 later established that he is a new character of the same name, being a Reverse-Flash's son and Wally's cousin, both named after their great-grandfather. To avoid confusion, the character was renamed in later comics as Wallace West, and later simply as Ace West. The character was inspired by a desire to feature an African-American iteration of Wally West in the Arrowverse series The Flash following the similarly black Jesse L. Martin's and Candice Patton's respective castings as Joe and Iris West. Ultimately, Keiynan Lonsdale was cast as the character, depicted as West's long-lost brother. Lonsdale reprised the role in Legends of Tomorrow and Supergirl.

text:
# Ace West

**Wallace** "**Ace**" **West** is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was originally introduced as a biracial interpretation of **Wally West** as part of DC's The New 52 relaunch. The comic *DC Rebirth* #1 later established that he is a new character of the same name, being a Reverse-Flash's (Daniel West) son and Wally's cousin, both named after their great-grandfather. To avoid confusion, the character was renamed in later comics as **Wallace West**, and later simply as **Ace West**.

The character was inspired by a desire to feature an African-American iteration of Wally West in the Arrowverse series *The Flash* following the similarly black Jesse L. Martin's and Candice Patton's respective castings as Joe and Iris West. Ultimately, Keiynan Lonsdale was cast as the character, depicted as West's long-lost brother. Lonsdale reprised the role in *Legends of Tomorrow* and *Supergirl*.

## Publication history

The "reintroduction" of this character to DC Comics following its 2011 The New 52 reboot, which removed Wally West from continuity, was first announced in January 2014. Originally conceived of as a biracial reinterpretation of the classic Wally West character. Wallace/Ace is stated in his introductory comics and creators as being the son of Iris West's brother Rudy, as in pre-New 52 stories. However, the original interpretation of Wally West, having been the starring character in the Flash for many years, was still missed by DC's fans, and so the company decided to bring the original Wally back into continuity in Geoff Johns' *DC Rebirth* #1 (2016). *Rebirth* retroactively established that the character's father was not Rudy, as previously stated; he was the son of Iris's other brother, the then-recently introduced Daniel West, also the latest incarnation of Reverse Flash, who had redeemed and sacrificed himself as a member of the Suicide Squad. Following his cousin's reintroduction, the character was depicted as going by their full name "Wallace", and later a new nickname, "Ace".

## Fictional character biography

Wallace "Ace" West (then-referred to as simply "Wally") first appears in *The Flash* (vol. 4) Annual #3 (June 2014) in a story set twenty years in the future, when a jaded, older Flash (Barry Allen) reads about the character's funeral and vows to change history. Tying in with the ongoing story *The New 52: Futures End*, the story *The Flash: Futures End* #1 depicts an encounter between Barry of five years in the future (when Wallace is supposed to die) and the Barry of 20 years in the future, who is out to prevent it. In the course of the story, Wallace ends up learning that Barry is the Flash and absorbs part of the Speed Force — the source of the Flash's abilities — during the battle between Barry and his future counterpart. He becomes a speedster but his hero career is short-lived; he sacrifices himself to fix a wound in the speed force. Due to the effects of time travel, however, this has implications for Wallace earlier in his history. Around the same time, in the present-day narrative of *The Flash*, Barry meets Wallace for the first time through Iris. He is struck by lightning and acquires super-speed abilities; an apparition of his future explains that, as a consequence of how his future-self had died repairing the Speed Force, all the power within him was able to travel back in time and use Wallace's lightning accident as a catalyst. Wallace's first act as a speedster is to use his powers to protect a classmate from a bully, using the same artistic elements as Professor Zoom's powers.

*DC Rebirth* #1, part of a company-wide event of the same name, marked DC's attempts to restore much of what it lost in the New 52 reboot, both in tone and in the stories of its characters. It features Wally West watching his younger cousin, Wallace, from outside of time, proud and amazed that he too has become a speedster, and reflecting on how they are both named for the same grandfather. Wally is brought back to reality by Barry, who remembers him for the first time since the events of *Flashpoint*. *Teen Titans Rebirth* #1, shows Wallace joining the Teen Titans superhero team as **Kid Flash**.

Wallace, as Kid Flash, meets Wally West, as the Flash, when assisting Barry in dealing with a bridge accident, although Wally doesn't explicitly introduce himself to his cousin, simply identifying himself as an ally of Barry, although Wallace accepts him after they work together to save Barry from a temporary infusion of Speed Force energy.

He later discovers that he has been created after Barry created Flashpoint timeline, abandoning his "Wally" nickname in favour of going by his full name of "Wallace", before ultimately going by the new short-hand nickname of "Ace" West.

In "The New Golden Age", Ace is among those who attend a party held by the Flash family.

## Powers and abilities

Wallace possesses all the abilities typical of a Speed Force conduit including superhuman speed that enables him to run at speeds exceeding the speed of light. He also possesses other abilities such as superhuman durability, accelerated healing, and electrokinesis.

## Alternate versions

### *Futures End*

In *The Flash: Futures End* #1, the Flash from 20 years in the future is able to prevent Wallace's death by killing Daniel West. After the Future Flash cripples his younger self in their fight and disappears into the past, Barry finds that Wallace has been imbued with the Speed Force. He makes Wallace promise to stop his future self and Wallace dons a silver and red Flash suit, becoming the new Flash, and trains for years to travel back and stop the Future Flash.

In *The Flash* (vol. 4) #35, Wallace arrives to see the Future Flash fight the present Flash. Wallace is badly injured when he shields the younger Flash from high-speed rocks that the Future Flash flung. Wallace absorbs the excess Speed Force energy that is tearing apart the present Flash and tells him to not give up and that he only learned to be a hero because of him. Wallace dies and releases a blast of Speed Force energy that closes the rupture but unintentionally traps the present Flash in the Speed Force.

## In other media

### Television

**Wallace F.** "**Wally**" **West** appears in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Keiynan Lonsdale. This version is the younger brother of Iris West and son of Joe and Francine West, with the latter having raised Wally away from the rest of his family before Iris and Joe learn of him following Francine's death. Additionally, Wally is described as "a bit of a wayward kid who has some attitude problems and some authority issues and is quick with a sassy remark".

### Film

Ace West / Kid Flash makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in *Justice League Dark: Apokolips War* as a member of the Teen Titans who is killed by Darkseid's Paradooms.

### Video games

## InfoBox

| Wallace "Ace" West | |
| --- | --- |
| Wallace "Ace" West, the fourth Kid Flash in the DC Rebirth era.
Art by Jim Lee. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | DC Comics |
| First appearance | *The Flash* (vol. 4) Annual #3 (June 2014) |
| Created by | (inspired by Wally West/Kid Flash by John Broome and Carmine Infantino)
 |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Wallace Rudolph "Ace" West III |
| Species | Metahuman |
| Team affiliations | Flash Family
Teen Titans
Defiance
Justice League |
| Partnerships | **Speedster partners:**
Barry Allen
Wally West
**Other hero partners:**
Deathstroke
Damian Wayne
Emiko Queen |
| Abilities | *See list* * + Superhuman speed, reflexes, agility, stamina, and durability     + Speed force aura conduit connection     + Phasing     + Accelerated healing     + Molecular acceleration     + Dimensional travel     + Time travel     + Electrokinesis         - Electro-blast         - Electromagnetism         - Energy construct creation         - Light projection         - Speed force absorption and negation     + Enhanced senses     + Energy absorption     + Speed Force constructs     + Frictionless speed force aura     + Speed steal     + Vortex creations     + Basic hand-to-hand combatant |


title: Municipalities of Coahuila

abstract: Coahuila is a state in Northeast Mexico that is divided into 38 municipalities. According to the 2020 Mexican census, Coahuila is the 15th most populous state with 3,146,771 inhabitants and the third largest by land area spanning 151,846.16 square kilometres (58,628.13 sq mi). Municipalities in Coahuila are administratively autonomous of the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico. Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president by a plurality voting system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council (ayuntamiento) responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors. Municipalities are responsible for public services, street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income. The largest municipality by population is the state capital Saltillo, with 879,958 residents, while the smallest is Abasolo with 1,022 residents. The largest municipality by land area in Coahuila and the third largest in Mexico is Ocampo, which spans 26,064.30 km⁲ (10,063.48 sq mi), and the smallest is Allende which spans 252.01 km⁲ (97.30 sq mi). The first municipality to incorporate was Monclova on August 12, 1689 and the newest municipality is Francisco I. Madero, which incorporated December 2, 1936.

text:
# Municipalities of Coahuila

Coahuila is a state in Northeast Mexico that is divided into 38 municipalities. According to the 2020 Mexican census, Coahuila is the 15th most populous state with 3,146,771 inhabitants and the third largest by land area spanning 151,846.16 square kilometres (58,628.13 sq mi).

Municipalities in Coahuila are administratively autonomous of the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico. Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president (Spanish: *presidente municipal*) by a plurality voting system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council (*ayuntamiento*) responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors (*regidores y síndicos*). Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income.

The largest municipality by population is the state capital Saltillo, with 879,958 residents, while the smallest is Abasolo with 1,022 residents. The largest municipality by land area in Coahuila and the third largest in Mexico is Ocampo, which spans 26,064.30 km2 (10,063.48 sq mi), and the smallest is Allende which spans 252.01 km2 (97.30 sq mi). The first municipality to incorporate was Monclova on August 12, 1689 and the newest municipality is Francisco I. Madero, which incorporated December 2, 1936.

## Municipalities

State capital

|
|  |
Municipalities of Coahuila
| Name | Municipal seat | Population
(2020) | Population
(2010) | Change | Land area | | Population density
(2020) | Incorporation date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | km2 | sq mi | | |
| Abasolo | Abasolo | 1,022 | 1,070 | −4.5% | 744.40 | 287.41 | 1.4/km2 (3.5/sq mi) | November 17, 1827 |
| Acuña | Ciudad Acuña | 163,058 | 136,755 | +19.2% | 11,478.22 | 4,431.77 | 14.2/km2 (36.8/sq mi) | February 12, 1890 |
| Allende | Allende | 23,056 | 22,675 | +1.7% | 252.01 | 97.30 | 91.5/km2 (237.0/sq mi) | February 3, 1826 |
| Arteaga | Arteaga | 29,578 | 22,544 | +31.2% | 1,638.66 | 632.69 | 18.1/km2 (46.7/sq mi) | December 31, 1866 |
| Candela | Candela | 1,643 | 1,808 | −9.1% | 2,122.52 | 819.51 | 0.8/km2 (2.0/sq mi) | October 4, 1857 |
| Castaños | Castaños | 29,128 | 25,892 | +12.5% | 3,349.05 | 1,293.08 | 8.7/km2 (22.5/sq mi) | February 6, 1877 |
| Cuatrociénegas | Cuatrociénegas de Carranza | 12,715 | 13,013 | −2.3% | 10,691.19 | 4,127.89 | 1.2/km2 (3.1/sq mi) | June 11, 1800 |
| Escobedo | Escobedo | 3,047 | 2,901 | +5.0% | 1,026.61 | 396.38 | 3.0/km2 (7.7/sq mi) | December 2, 1905 |
| Francisco I. Madero | Francisco I. Madero | 59,035 | 55,676 | +6.0% | 2,815.25 | 1,086.97 | 21.0/km2 (54.3/sq mi) | December 2, 1936 |
| Frontera | Ciudad Frontera | 82,409 | 75,215 | +9.6% | 458.25 | 176.93 | 179.8/km2 (465.8/sq mi) | December 14, 1927 |
| General Cepeda | General Cepeda | 11,898 | 11,682 | +1.8% | 2,646.14 | 1,021.68 | 4.5/km2 (11.6/sq mi) | September 25, 1866 |
| Guerrero | Guerrero | 1,643 | 2,091 | −21.4% | 2,931.13 | 1,131.72 | 0.6/km2 (1.5/sq mi) | March 11, 1827 |
| Hidalgo | Hidalgo | 1,735 | 1,852 | −6.3% | 1,131.55 | 436.90 | 1.5/km2 (4.0/sq mi) | August 2, 1886 |
| Jiménez | Jiménez | 9,502 | 9,935 | −4.4% | 2,203.86 | 850.92 | 4.3/km2 (11.2/sq mi) | February 13, 1875 |
| Juárez | Juárez | 1,584 | 1,599 | −0.9% | 2,462.03 | 950.60 | 0.6/km2 (1.7/sq mi) | December 5, 1874 |
| Lamadrid | Lamadrid | 1,764 | 1,835 | −3.9% | 674.50 | 260.43 | 2.6/km2 (6.8/sq mi) | May 13, 1912 |
| Matamoros | Matamoros de la Laguna | 118,337 | 107,160 | +10.4% | 807.63 | 311.83 | 146.5/km2 (379.5/sq mi) | August 6, 1869 |
| Monclova | Monclova | 237,951 | 216,206 | +10.1% | 1,253.69 | 484.05 | 189.8/km2 (491.6/sq mi) | August 12, 1689 |
| Morelos | Morelos | 7,928 | 8,207 | −3.4% | 640.09 | 247.14 | 12.4/km2 (32.1/sq mi) | February 3, 1826 |
| Múzquiz | Santa Rosa de Múzquiz | 71,627 | 66,834 | +7.2% | 8,300.45 | 3,204.82 | 8.6/km2 (22.3/sq mi) | January 31, 1850 |
| Nadadores | Nadadores | 6,539 | 6,335 | +3.2% | 717.77 | 277.13 | 9.1/km2 (23.6/sq mi) | June 21, 1828 |
| Nava | Nava | 33,129 | 27,928 | +18.6% | 909.23 | 351.05 | 36.4/km2 (94.4/sq mi) | June 13, 1827 |
| Ocampo | Ocampo | 9,642 | 10,991 | −12.3% | 26,064.30 | 10,063.48 | 0.4/km2 (1.0/sq mi) | July 3, 1890 |
| Parras | Parras de la Fuente | 44,472 | 45,401 | −2.0% | 10,641.79 | 4,108.82 | 4.2/km2 (10.8/sq mi) | December 12, 1824 |
| Piedras Negras | Piedras Negras | 176,327 | 152,806 | +15.4% | 475.08 | 183.43 | 371.2/km2 (961.3/sq mi) | October 4, 1857 |
| Progreso | Progreso | 3,239 | 3,473 | −6.7% | 2,891.22 | 1,116.31 | 1.1/km2 (2.9/sq mi) | November 11, 1860 |
| Ramos Arizpe | Ramos Arizpe | 122,243 | 75,461 | +62.0% | 6,767.36 | 2,612.89 | 18.1/km2 (46.8/sq mi) | May 13, 1850 |
| Sabinas | Sabinas | 64,811 | 60,847 | +6.5% | 1,979.31 | 764.21 | 32.7/km2 (84.8/sq mi) | January 22, 1906 |
| Sacramento | Sacramento | 2,471 | 2,314 | +6.8% | 289.86 | 111.92 | 8.5/km2 (22.1/sq mi) | May 9, 1862 |
| Saltillo | Saltillo | 879,958 | 725,123 | +21.4% | 5,631.26 | 2,174.24 | 156.3/km2 (404.7/sq mi) | March 11, 1827 |
| San Buenaventura | San Buenaventura | 24,759 | 22,149 | +11.8% | 6,453.08 | 2,491.55 | 3.8/km2 (9.9/sq mi) | October 4, 1857 |
| San Juan de Sabinas | Nueva Rosita | 42,260 | 41,649 | +1.5% | 803.63 | 310.28 | 52.6/km2 (136.2/sq mi) | August 6, 1869 |
| San Pedro de las Colonias | San Pedro de las Colonias | 101,041 | 102,650 | −1.6% | 7,157.36 | 2,763.47 | 14.1/km2 (36.6/sq mi) | February 24, 1871 |
| Sierra Mojada | Sierra Mojada | 6,744 | 6,375 | +5.8% | 7,934.60 | 3,063.56 | 0.8/km2 (2.2/sq mi) | September 29, 1879 |
| Torreón | Torreón | 720,848 | 639,629 | +12.7% | 1,285.40 | 496.29 | 560.8/km2 (1,452.5/sq mi) | February 25, 1893 |
| Viesca | Viesca | 20,305 | 21,319 | −4.8% | 4,410.76 | 1,703.01 | 4.6/km2 (11.9/sq mi) | September 21, 1830 |
| Villa Unión | Villa Unión | 6,188 | 6,289 | −1.6% | 1,857.32 | 717.12 | 3.3/km2 (8.6/sq mi) | December 28, 1927 |
| Zaragoza | Zaragoza | 13,135 | 12,702 | +3.4% | 7,949.58 | 3,069.35 | 1.7/km2 (4.3/sq mi) | November 15, 1824 |
| **Coahuila** |  | **3,146,771** | **2,748,391** | **+14.5%** | **151,846.16** | **58,628.13** | **20.7/km2 (53.7/sq mi)** |  |
| **Mexico** |  | **119,938,473** | **112,336,538** | **+6.8%** | **1,972,550** | **761,606** | **60.8/km2 (157.5/sq mi)** |  |

\<noinclude\>

1. "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 - SCITEL" (in Spanish). INEGI. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
2. "Unidad de Microrregiones Cédulas de Información Municipal (SCIM)" (in Spanish). Secretaría de Desarrollo Social. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
3. Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Article 115) (in Spanish). 1917. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
4. OECD (November 12, 2004). *New Forms of Governance for Economic Development*. OECD Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-9264015326.
5. International Business Publications (2009). *Mexico Company Laws and Regulations Handbook*. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4330-7030-3. `{{cite book}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
6. *Estado de Coahuila. División Territorial de 1810 a 1995* (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: INEGI. 1996. pp. 89–97. ISBN 978-970-13-1491-3.
7. "Localidades y su población por municipio según tamaño de localidad" (PDF) (in Spanish). INEGI. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
8. "Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Coahuila de Zaragoza". H. Ayuntamiento de Escobedo. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
9. *Estado de Coahuila. División Territorial de 1810 a 1995* (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: INEGI. 1996. p. 113. ISBN 978-970-13-1491-3.
10. *Estado de Coahuila. División Territorial de 1810 a 1995* (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: INEGI. 1996. p. 114. ISBN 978-970-13-1491-3.
11. *Estado de Coahuila. División Territorial de 1810 a 1995* (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: INEGI. 1996. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-970-13-1491-3.
12. "Población" (in Spanish). INEGI. Retrieved January 20, 2018.


title: Protosteira

abstract: Protosteira is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Protosteira

***Protosteira*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Protosteira* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Protosteira*** |
|


# References to the Antichrist in ecclesiastical writings

The concept of the Antichrist has been a vigorous one throughout Christian history, and there are many references to it and to associated concepts both in the Bible and in subsequent ecclesiastical writings.

## New Testament

The words *antichrist* and *antichrists* appear four times in the First and Second Epistle of John. 1 John chapter 2 refers to many antichrists present at the time while warning of one Antichrist that is coming. The "many antichrists" belong to the same spirit as that of the one Antichrist. John wrote that such antichrists deny "that Jesus is the Christ", "the Father and the Son", and would "not confess Jesus came in the flesh."

Many commentators, both ancient and modern, identify the Man of Sin in 2 Thessalonians chapter 2 as the Antichrist, even though they vary greatly in who they view the Antichrist to be. Paul provides greater detail than found in John's letters. He uses the term "Man of Sin" (sometimes translated son of perdition or man of lawlessness) to describe what John identifies as the Antichrist.

Paul writes that this Man of Sin will possess a number of characteristics. These include "sitting in the temple", opposing himself against anything that is worshiped, claiming divine authority, working all kinds of counterfeit miracles and signs, and doing all kinds of evil. Paul notes that "the mystery of lawlessness" (though not the Man of Sin himself) was working in secret already during his day and will continue to function until being destroyed on the Last Day. His identity is to be revealed after that which is restraining him is removed.

The term is also often applied to prophecies regarding a "Little horn" power in Daniel 7. Daniel 9:27 mentions an "abomination that causes desolations" setting itself up in a "wing" or a "pinnacle" of the temple. Some scholars interpret this as referring to the Antichrist. Some commentators also view the verses prior to this as referring to the Antichrist. Jesus references the abomination from Daniel 9:27, 11:31, and 12:11 in Matthew 24:15 and Mark 13:14 when he warns about the destruction of Jerusalem. Daniel 11:36-37 speaks of a self exalting king, considered by some to be the Antichrist.

Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to replace worship of Yahweh with veneration of himself, and was referred to in the Daniel 8:23-25 prophecy. His command to worship false gods and desecration of the temple was seen by Jerome as prefiguring the Antichrist.

Several American evangelical and fundamentalist theologians, including Cyrus Scofield, have identified the Antichrist as being in league with (or the same as) several figures in the Book of Revelation including the Dragon, the Beast, the False Prophet, and the Whore of Babylon.

## Early Church

Polycarp (ca. 69 – ca. 155) warned the Philippians that everyone that preached false doctrine was an antichrist.

Irenaeus (2nd century AD - c. 202) held that Rome, the fourth prophetic kingdom, would end in a tenfold partition. The ten divisions of the empire are the "ten horns" of Daniel 7 and the "ten horns" in Revelation 17. A "little horn," which is to supplant three of Rome's ten divisions, is also the still future "eighth" in Revelation.

He identified the Antichrist with Paul's Man of Sin, Daniel's Little Horn, and John's Beast of Revelation 13. He sought to apply other expressions to Antichrist, such as "the abomination of desolation," mentioned by Christ (Matt. 24:15) and the "king of a most fierce countenance," in Gabriel's explanation of the Little Horn of Daniel 8.

Under the notion that the Antichrist, as a single individual, might be of Jewish origin, he fancies that the mention of "Dan," in Jeremiah 8:16, and the omission of that name from those tribes listed in Revelation 7, might indicate Antichrist's tribe. He also speculated that it was “very probable” the Antichrist might be called Lateinos, which is Greek for “Latin Man”.

Tertullian (ca.160 – ca.220 AD) held that the Roman Empire was the restraining force written about by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 2:7-8. The fall of Rome and the disintegration of the ten provinces of the Roman Empire into ten kingdoms were to make way for the Antichrist.

> 'For that day shall not come, unless indeed there first come a falling away,' he \[Paul\] means indeed of this present empire, 'and that man of sin be revealed,' that is to say, Antichrist, 'the son of perdition, who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God or religion; so that he sitteth in the temple of God, affirming that he is God. Remember ye not, that when I was with you, I used to tell you these things? And now ye know what detaineth, that he might be revealed in his time. For the mystery of iniquity doth already work; only he who now hinders must hinder, until he be taken out of the way.' What obstacles is there but the Roman state, the falling away of which, by being scattered into the ten kingdoms, shall introduce Antichrist upon (its own ruins)? And then shall be revealed the wicked one, whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of His mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of His coming: even him whose coming is after the working of Satan, with all power, and signs, and lying wonders, and with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish.'

Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170-c. 236) held that the Antichrist would come from the tribe of Dan and would rebuild the Jewish temple in order to reign from it. He identified the Antichrist with the Beast out of the Earth from the book of Revelation.

> By the beast, then, coming up out of the earth, he means the kingdom of Antichrist; and by the two horns he means him and the false prophet after him. And in speaking of “the horns being like a lamb,” he means that he will make himself like the Son of God, and set himself forward as king. And the terms, “he spake like a dragon,” mean that he is a deceiver, and not truthful.

Origen (185–254) refuted Celsus's view of the Antichrist. Origen utilized Scriptural citations from Daniel, Paul, and the Gospels. He argued:

> Where is the absurdity, then, in holding that there exist among men, so to speak, two extremes-- the one of virtue, and the other of its opposite; so that the perfection of virtue dwells in the man who realizes the ideal given in Jesus, from whom there flowed to the human race so great a conversion, and healing, and amelioration, while the opposite extreme is in the man who embodies the notion of him that is named Antichrist?... one of these extremes, and the best of the two, should be styled the Son of God, on account of His pre-eminence; and the other, who is diametrically opposite, be termed the son of the wicked demon, and of Satan, and of the devil. And, in the next place, since evil is specially characterized by its diffusion, and attains its greatest height when it simulates the appearance of the good, for that reason are signs, and marvels, and lying miracles found to accompany evil, through the cooperation of its father the devil.

## Post-Nicene Christianity

Athanasius (c. 293 – 373), writes that Arius of Alexandria is to be associated with the Antichrist, saying, “And ever since \[the Council of Nicaea\] has Arius's error been reckoned for a heresy more than ordinary, being known as Christ's foe, and harbinger of Antichrist.”

John Chrysostom (c. 347–407) warned against speculations and old wives' tales about the Antichrist, saying, “Let us not therefore enquire into these things”. He preached that by knowing Paul's description of the Antichrist in 2 Thessalonians Christians would avoid deception.

Jerome (c. 347–420) warned that those substituting false interpretations for the actual meaning of Scripture belonged to the “synagogue of the Antichrist”. “He that is not of Christ is of Antichrist,” he wrote to Pope Damasus I. He believed that “the mystery of iniquity” written about by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 was already in action when “every one chatters about his views.” To Jerome, the power restraining this mystery of iniquity was the Roman Empire, but as it fell this restraining force was removed. He warned a noble woman of Gaul:

> “He that letteth is taken out of the way, and yet we do not realize that Antichrist is near. Yes, Antichrist is near whom the Lord Jesus Christ “shall consume with the spirit of his mouth.” “Woe unto them,” he cries, “that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days.”... Savage tribes in countless numbers have overrun run all parts of Gaul. The whole country between the Alps and the Pyrenees, between the Rhine and the Ocean, has been laid waste by hordes of Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Herules, Saxons, Burgundians, Allemanni, and—alas! for the commonweal!-- even Pannonians.

In his Commentary on Daniel, he noted, “Let us not follow the opinion of some commentators and suppose him to be either the Devil or some demon, but rather, one of the human race, in whom Satan will wholly take up his residence in bodily form.” Instead of rebuilding the Jewish Temple to reign from, Jerome thought the Antichrist sat in God's Temple inasmuch as he made “himself out to be like God.” He refuted Porphyry's idea that the “little horn” mentioned in Daniel chapter 7 was Antiochus Epiphanes by noting that the “little horn” is defeated by an eternal, universal ruler, right before the final judgment. Instead, he advocated that the “little horn” was the Antichrist:

> We should therefore concur with the traditional interpretation of all the commentators of the Christian Church, that at the end of the world, when the Roman Empire is to be destroyed, there shall be ten kings who will partition the Roman world amongst themselves. Then an insignificant eleventh king will arise, who will overcome three of the ten kings... after they have been slain, the seven other kings also will bow their necks to the victor.

Circa 380, an apocalyptic pseudo-prophecy falsely attributed to the Tiburtine Sibyl describes Constantine as victorious over Gog and Magog. Later on, it predicts:

> When the Roman empire shall have ceased, then the Antichrist will be openly revealed and will sit in the House of the Lord in Jerusalem. While he is reigning, two very famous men, Elijah and Enoch, will go forth to announce the coming of the Lord. Antichrist will kill them and after three days they will be raised up by the Lord. Then there will be a great persecution, such as has not been before nor shall be thereafter. The Lord will shorten those days for the sake of the elect, and the Antichrist will be slain by the power of God through Michael the Archangel on the Mount of Olives.

Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430) wrote “it is uncertain in what temple \[the Antichrist\] shall sit, whether in that ruin of the temple which was built by Solomon, or in the Church.”

Arnulf (bishop of Orléans) accused Pope John XV in A.D. 991:

> Are any bold enough to maintain that the priests of the Lord all over the world are to take their law from monsters of guilt like these—men branded with ignominy, illiterate men, and ignorant alike of things human and divine? If, holy fathers, we are bound to weigh in the balance the lives, the morals, and the attainments of the humblest candidate for the priestly office, how much more ought we to look to the fitness of him who aspires to be the Lord and Master of all priests! Yet how would it fare with us, if it should happen that the man the most deficient in all these virtues, unworthy of the lowest place in the priesthood, should be chosen to fill the highest place of all? What would you say of such a one, when you see him sitting upon the throne glittering in purple and gold? Must he not be the "Antichrist, sitting in the temple of God and showing himself as God"?

### Pre-Reformation Western Christianity

Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015 or 29 - 1085), struggled against, in his own words, "a robber of temples, a perjurer against the Holy Roman Church, notorious throughout the whole Roman world for the basest of crimes, namely, Wilbert, plunderer of the holy church of Ravenna, Antichrist, and archeritic."

Cardinal Benno, on the opposite side of the Investiture Controversy, wrote long descriptions of abuses committed by Gregory VII, including necromancy, torture of a former friend upon a bed of nails, commissioning an attempted assassination, executions without trials, unjust excommunication, doubting the Real Presence in the Eucharist, and even burning it. Benno held that Gregory VII was “either a member of Antichrist, or Antichrist himself.”

Eberhard II von Truchsees, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg in 1241 at the Council of Regensburg denounced Pope Gregory IX as "that man of perdition, whom they call Antichrist, who in his extravagant boasting says, I am God, I cannot err." He argued that the ten kingdoms that the Antichrist is involved with were the "Turks, Greeks, Egyptians, Africans, Spaniards, French, English, Germans, Sicilians, and Italians who now occupy the provinces of Rome." He held that the papacy was the "little horn" of Daniel 7:8:

> A little horn has grown up with eyes and mouth speaking great things, which is reducing three of these kingdoms--i.e. Sicily, Italy, and Germany--to subserviency, is persecuting the people of Christ and the saints of God with intolerable opposition, is confounding things human and divine, and is attempting things unutterable, execrable.

## Protestant reformers

Many Protestant reformers, including Martin Luther, John Calvin, Thomas Cranmer, John Knox, and Cotton Mather, identified the Roman Papacy as the Antichrist. The Centuriators of Magdeburg, a group of Lutheran scholars in Magdeburg headed by Matthias Flacius, wrote the 12-volume "Magdeburg Centuries" to discredit the papacy and identify the pope as the Antichrist. The fifth round of talks in the Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue notes,

In calling the pope the "antichrist," the early Lutherans stood in a tradition that reached back into the eleventh century. Not only dissidents and heretics but even saints had called the bishop of Rome the "antichrist" when they wished to castigate his abuse of power.

William Tyndale, an English reformer, held that while the Roman Catholic Empire of that age was the empire of Antichrist, any religious organization that distorted the doctrine of the Old and New Testaments showed the work of Antichrist. In his treatise *The Parable of the Wicked Mammon*, he expressly rejected the established Church teaching that looked to the future for an Antichrist to rise up, and he taught that Antichrist is a present spiritual force that will be with us until the end of the age under different religious disguises from time to time. Tyndale's translation of 2 Thessalonians, chapter 2, concerning the "man of sin" reflected his understanding, but was significantly amended by later revisers, including the King James Bible committee.

## Counter-Reformation

The view of Futurism, a product of the Counter-Reformation, was advanced beginning in the 16th century in response to the identification of the Papacy as Antichrist. Francisco Ribera, a Jesuit priest, developed this theory in *In Sacram Beati Ioannis Apostoli & Evangelistae Apocalypsin Commentarij*, his 1585 treatise on the Apocalypse of John. St. Bellarmine codified this view, giving in full the Catholic theory set forth by the Greek and Latin Fathers, of a personal Antichrist to come just before the end of the world and to be accepted by the Jews and enthroned in the temple at Jerusalem. Most premillennial dispensationalists now accept Bellarmine's interpretation in modified form. Widespread US Protestant identification of the Papacy as the Antichrist persisted until the early 1900s when the Scofield Reference Bible was published by Cyrus Scofield. This commentary promoted Futurism, causing a decline in the Protestant identification of the Papacy as Antichrist.

Some Futurists hold that sometime prior to the expected return of Jesus, there will be a period of "great tribulation" during which the Antichrist, indwelt and controlled by Satan, will attempt to win supporters with false peace, supernatural signs. He will silence all that defy him by refusing to "receive his mark" on their right hands or forehead. This "mark" will be required to legally partake in the end-time economic system. Some Futurists believe that the Antichrist will be assassinated halfway through the Tribulation, being revived and indwelt by Satan. The Antichrist will continue on for three and a half years following this "deadly wound".

## Further reading


abstract: As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection. Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be added to this list below after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 137001–138000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 137001–137100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 137039 Lisiguang | 1998 UX31 | Li Siguang (1899–1971), founder of and pioneer in modern Chinese geology | JPL **·** 137039 |
| 137052 Tjelvar | 1998 VO33 | Tjelvar, first inhabitant on Gotland | JPL **·** 137052 |
| 137066 Gellért-hegy | 1998 WR8 | Gellért-hegy, a 235-meter high hill on the shore of the Danube in Budapest, Hungary | JPL **·** 137066 |
| 137082 Maurobachini | 1998 XE9 | Mauro Bachini (born 1959), an amateur astronomer who works at the Astronomical Observatory of Tavolaia, Santa Maria a Monte. | JPL **·** 137082 |

## 137101–137200

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 137165 Annis | 1999 FP68 | Jim Annis (born 1961), American astronomer | JPL **·** 137165 |
| 137166 Netabahcall | 1999 FS81 | Neta Bahcall (born 1942), Israeli-American cosmologist | JPL **·** 137166 |

## 137201–137300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 137217 Racah | 1999 NH64 | Giulio Racah (1909–1965), founder of physics in Israel | JPL **·** 137217 |

## 137301–137400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 137401–137500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 137501–137600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 137601–137700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 137632 Ramsauer | 1999 WG2 | Alfred Ramsauer (born 1928) has been a member of the Linzer Astronomische Gemeinschaft since 1952. | JPL **·** 137632 |

## 137701–137800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 137801–137900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 137901–138000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

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title: Minister in the Presidency

abstract: The Minister in the Presidency is a minister in the Cabinet of South Africa, appointed by the President of South Africa. The minister has general responsibility for portfolios in the Office of the President of South Africa. Some former Ministers in the Presidency have been assigned specific portfolios. The current Minister in the Presidency is Khumbudzo Ntshavheni, who was appointed to the position in March 2023.

text:
# Minister in the Presidency

The **Minister in the Presidency** is a minister in the Cabinet of South Africa, appointed by the President of South Africa. The minister has general responsibility for portfolios in the Office of the President of South Africa. Some former Ministers in the Presidency have been assigned specific portfolios.

The current Minister in the Presidency is Khumbudzo Ntshavheni, who was appointed to the position in March 2023.

## History

The first Minister in the Presidency was Essop Pahad, who served in the position under President Thabo Mbeki's and who was a notoriously powerful figure in Mbeki's government.

## Functions and responsibilities

The Minister in the Presidency has political responsibility for the Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, Statistics South Africa, the Government Communication and Information System, the Media Development and Diversity Agency, Brand South Africa and the State Security Agency.

## List of ministers with general portfolios

| Name | | Portrait | Term | | Party | President | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Essop Pahad |  | 1999 | 2008 | ANC |  | Thabo Mbeki
(Mbeki I) (Mbeki II) |
|  | Manto Tshabalala-Msimang |  | 2008 | 2009 | ANC |  | Kgalema Motlanthe
(Motlanthe) |
|  | Jeff Radebe |  | 2014 | 2018 | ANC |  | Jacob Zuma
(Zuma II) |
|
|  | Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma |  | 2018 | 2019 | ANC |  | Cyril Ramaphosa
(Ramaphosa I) |
|
|  | Jackson Mthembu |  | 2019 | 2021 | ANC |  | Cyril Ramaphosa
(Ramaphosa II) |
|
|  | Mondli Gungubele |  | 2021 | 2023 | ANC |  | Cyril Ramaphosa
(Ramaphosa II) |
|
|  | Khumbudzo Ntshavheni |  | 2023 |  | ANC |  | Cyril Ramaphosa
(Ramaphosa II) |

## List of ministers with specialised portfolios

### National Planning Commission, 2009–2014

| Name | | Portrait | Term | | Party | President | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Trevor Manuel |  | 2009 | 2014 | ANC |  | Jacob Zuma
() |

### Performance Monitoring, Evaluation and Administration, 2009–2014

| Name | | Portrait | Term | | Party | President | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Collins Chabane |  | 2009 | 2014 | ANC |  | Jacob Zuma
() |

### Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities, 2014–2024

### Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, 2023–2024

### Electricity, 2023–2024

## InfoBox

| South Africa
Minister of the Presidency | |
| --- | --- |
| Incumbent
Khumbudzo Ntshavheni
since 6 March 2023 | |
| The Presidency | |
| Style | The Honourable |
| Appointer | President of South Africa |
| Inaugural holder | Essop Pahad |
| Formation | 1999 |
| Website | The Presidency |