title: Vimont (electoral district)

abstract: Vimont is a provincial electoral district in the Laval region of Quebec, Canada, that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It consists of part of the city of Laval. It was created for the 1981 election from parts of Fabre and Mille-Îles electoral districts. In the change from the 2001 to the 2011 electoral map, it lost much of its territory to the newly created Sainte-Rose electoral district, but gained some territory to the east from Mille-Îles.

text:
# Vimont (electoral district)

**Vimont** is a provincial electoral district in the Laval region of Quebec, Canada, that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It consists of part of the city of Laval.

It was created for the 1981 election from parts of Fabre and Mille-Îles electoral districts.

In the change from the 2001 to the 2011 electoral map, it lost much of its territory to the newly created Sainte-Rose electoral district, but gained some territory to the east from Mille-Îles.

## Members of the National Assembly

| Legislature | Years | Member | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Riding created from* Fabre *and* Mille-Îles** | | | | |
| 32nd | 1981–1985 |  | Jean-Guy Rodrigue | Parti Québécois |
| 33rd | 1985–1989 |  | Jean-Paul Théorêt | Liberal |
| 34th | 1989–1994 | | Benoît Fradet | |
| 35th | 1994–1998 |  | David Cliche | Parti Québécois |
| 36th | 1998–2002 | | | |
| | 2002–2003 |  | François Gaudreau | Action démocratique |
| 37th | 2003–2007 |  | Vincent Auclair | Liberal |
| 38th | 2007–2008 | | | |
| 39th | 2008–2012 | | | |
| 40th | 2012–2014 | | Jean Rousselle | |
| 41st | 2014–2018 | ||
| 42nd | 2018–2022 | ||
| 43rd | 2022–Present |  | Valérie Schmaltz | Coalition Avenir Québec |

## Election results

| 2022 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Valérie Schmaltz | 10,957 | 34.28 | -0.59 |
|  | Liberal | Anabela Monteiro | 9,541 | 29.85 | -6.84 |
|  | Conservative | Stefano Piscitelli | 4,118 | 12.88 | +11.95 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Josée Bélanger | 3,669 | 11.48 | -0.04 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Nathalie Lavigne | 3,379 | 10.57 | -1.82 |
|  | Green | Rita Lo Cicero | 301 | 0.94 | -1.14 |
| Total valid votes | | | 31,965 | 98.92 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 349 | 1.08 | -0.39 |
| Turnout | | | 32,314 | 69.97 | +0.82 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 46,185 |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec **gain** from Liberal | | Swing | | +3.12 |

| 2018 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Jean Rousselle | 11,474 | 36.69 | -13.79 |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Michel Reeves | 10,907 | 34.87 | +15.84 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Sylvie Moreau | 3,875 | 12.39 | -11.03 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Caroline Trottier-Gascon | 3,602 | 11.52 | +6.71 |
|  | Green | Mélanie Messier | 652 | 2.08 | +1.02 |
|  | Conservative | Rachel Landerman | 291 | 0.93 | +0.63 |
|  | New Democratic | Andriana Kocini | 230 | 0.74 |  |
|  | Citoyens au pouvoir | Rachel Demers | 131 | 0.42 |  |
|  | Independent | Jean-Marc Boyer | 115 | 0.37 | +0.03 |
| Total valid votes | | | 31,277 | 98.53 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 467 | 1.47 | +0.21 |
| Turnout | | | 31,744 | 69.15 | -14.81 |
| Eligible voters | | | 45,909 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | -14.81 |
| Source(s) "Rapport des résultats officiels du scrutin". Élections Québec. | | | | | | |

| 2014 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Jean Rousselle | 17,584 | 50.48 | +13.00 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Jean Poirier | 8,160 | 23.42 | -7.10 |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Joseph Dydzak | 6,632 | 19.04 | -5.64 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Janina Moran | 1,676 | 4.81 | -0.84 |
|  | Green | Andréanne Demers | 372 | 1.07 |  |
|  | Option nationale | Étienne Boily | 192 | 0.55 | -1.44 |
|  | Independent | Jean-Marc Boyer | 117 | 0.34 | -0.39 |
|  | Conservative | Alain Robert | 104 | 0.30 | -0.33 |
| Total valid votes | | | 34,837 | 98.74 |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 445 | 1.26 |  |
| Turnout | | | 35,282 | 78.48 |  |
| Electors on the lists | | | 44,955 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | +10.05 |

2014 Elections Quebec reference:

| 2012 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Jean Rousselle | 12,973 | 37.48 | -10.87 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Linda Tousignant | 10,564 | 30.52 | -4.57 |
|  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Christopher Skeete | 8,544 | 24.68 | +13.17 |
|  | Québec solidaire | David Lanneville | 1,373 | 3.97 | +0.17 |
|  | Option nationale | Catherine Houbart | 688 | 1.99 |  |
|  | Independent | Jean-Marc Boyer | 253 | 0.73 |  |
|  | Conservative | Alain Robert | 219 | 0.63 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 34,614 | 98.88 |  |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 393 | 1.12 |  |
| Turnout | | | 35,007 | 79.34 |  |
| Electors on the lists | | | 44,122 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | -3.15 |

^ Change is from redistributed results. CAQ change is from ADQ.

2008 Quebec general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Vincent Auclair | 16,217 | 47.78 | +11.81 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Rachel Demers | 12,257 | 36.11 | +9.10 |
|  | Action démocratique | Pierre Brien | 3,932 | 11.58 | -19.48 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Audrey Boisvert | 1,537 | 4.53 | +2.43 |

2007 Quebec general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Vincent Auclair | 14,936 | 35.97 | -10.34 |
|  | Action démocratique | François Gaudreau | 12,898 | 31.06 | +12.37 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Marie-France Charbonneau | 11,215 | 27.01 | -6.26 |
|  | Green | Catherine Ouellet-Cummings | 1,606 | 3.87 | +2.83 |
|  | Québec solidaire | Mickael Labrie | 871 | 2.10 | +1.40\* |

* Increase is from UFP

2003 Quebec general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Vincent Auclair | 17,908 | 46.31 | +13.14 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Normand Dupont | 12,865 | 33.27 | +17.13 |
|  | Action démocratique | François Gaudreau | 7,227 | 18.69 | -31.31 |
|  | Green | Serge Légaré | 403 | 1.04 | - |
|  | UFP | André Pigeon | 269 | 0.70 | - |

Vimont by-election, June 17, 2002
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Action démocratique | François Gaudreau | 15,236 | 50.00 | +37.85 |
|  | Liberal | Vincent Auclair | 10,109 | 33.17 | -8.20 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Manon Sauvé | 4,918 | 16.14 | -29.25 |
|  | Independent | Régent Millette | 212 | 0.70 | - |

1998 Quebec general election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Parti Québécois | David Cliche | 20,938 | 45.39 | +0.51 |
|  | Liberal | François Macerola | 19,085 | 41.37 | -3.21 |
|  | Action démocratique | François Gaudreau | 5,604 | 12.15 | +5.57 |
|  | Bloc Pot | David Ferron | 292 | 0.63 | - |
|  | Socialist Democracy | Martin Duplantis | 215 | 0.47 | -2.23 |

| 1995 Quebec referendum | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Side | | Votes | % |
|  | Oui | 24,548 | 50.01 |
|  | Non | 24,542 | 49.99 |
|

Information Election results Maps

45°38′N 73°44′W / 45.63°N 73.74°W / 45.63; -73.74

## InfoBox

Vimont
| Quebec electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Laval | |
| Provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | National Assembly of Quebec |
| MNA |
     Valérie Schmaltz
Coalition Avenir Québec |
| District created | 1980 |
| First contested | 1981 |
| Last contested | 2022 |
| Demographics | |
| Population (2001) | 67,502 |
| Electors (2012) | 44,024 |
| Area (km²) | 44.9 |
| Pop. density (per km²) | 1,503.4 |
| Census division(s) | Laval |
| Census subdivision(s) | Laval |


title: Poultry litter

abstract: In agriculture, poultry litter or broiler litter is a mixture of poultry excreta, spilled feed, feathers, and material used as bedding in poultry operations. This term is also used to refer to unused bedding materials. Poultry litter is used in confinement buildings used for raising broilers, turkeys and other birds. Common bedding materials include wood shavings, sawdust, peanut hulls, shredded sugar cane, straw, and other dry, absorbent, low-cost organic materials. Sand is also occasionally used as bedding. The bedding materials help absorb moisture, limiting the production of ammonia and harmful pathogens. The materials used for bedding can also have a significant impact on carcass quality and bird performance. There are specific practices that must be followed to properly maintain the litter and maximize the health and productivity of the flocks raised on it. Many factors must be considered in successful litter management including time of the year, depth of the litter, floor space per bird, feeding practices, disease, the kind of floor, ventilation, watering devices, litter amendments, and even the potential fertilizer value of the litter after it is removed from the house. Most poultry are grown on dirt floors with some type of bedding material. Concrete floors and some specialized raised flooring are used at some facilities. In many areas of the United States, shavings from pine or other soft woods have historically been the bedding of choice for poultry production. Regionally, other materials have been the bedding material of choice due to regional cost and availability, such as rice hulls in the lower Mississippi River poultry production areas of Arkansas and Mississippi.

text:
# Poultry litter

In agriculture, **poultry litter** or **broiler litter** is a mixture of poultry excreta, spilled feed, feathers, and material used as bedding in poultry operations. This term is also used to refer to unused bedding materials. Poultry litter is used in confinement buildings used for raising broilers, turkeys and other birds. Common bedding materials include wood shavings, sawdust, peanut hulls, shredded sugar cane, straw, and other dry, absorbent, low-cost organic materials. Sand is also occasionally used as bedding. The bedding materials help absorb moisture, limiting the production of ammonia and harmful pathogens. The materials used for bedding can also have a significant impact on carcass quality and bird performance.

There are specific practices that must be followed to properly maintain the litter and maximize the health and productivity of the flocks raised on it. Many factors must be considered in successful litter management including time of the year, depth of the litter, floor space per bird, feeding practices, disease, the kind of floor, ventilation, watering devices, litter amendments, and even the potential fertilizer value of the litter after it is removed from the house. Most poultry are grown on dirt floors with some type of bedding material. Concrete floors and some specialized raised flooring are used at some facilities. In many areas of the United States, shavings from pine or other soft woods have historically been the bedding of choice for poultry production. Regionally, other materials have been the bedding material of choice due to regional cost and availability, such as rice hulls in the lower Mississippi River poultry production areas of Arkansas and Mississippi.

## Bedding materials

Growers consider a number of factors when determining which material to use as bedding in their facilities, with cost and availability being a major consideration. Bedding materials generally needs to be very absorbent, and must have a reasonable drying time. Many paper products, for instance, absorb moisture well but do not dry out appropriately. The material should also have a useful purpose once it has been used as a bedding material. Without a useful purpose for the used litter, poultry growers would need to dispose of unmanageable quantities of old litter. Large accumulations of litter stored unused for long periods of time are not ecologically acceptable even on a small scale, and would be non-sustainable from an industrial perspective.

Poultry bedding materials also have to be reasonably available. Some materials may meet industry goals once under the birds but if it is difficult to obtain, it will not find favor as a poultry litter. Finally, if a material is not cost competitive with current materials utilized, it will also not be used as a litter material. However, if the new material has increased value once removed from the poultry house compared to current litters or if the current litter material itself becomes difficult to obtain or the quality is decreases, poultry growers may decide to use the new litter material.

Bedding material must not be toxic to poultry or to poultry growers. It should not be excessively favorable for the growth of the litter beetle, a major pest. The effect on other livestock, pets, wildlife, and even plants must also be considered. Poultry can consume as much as 4% of their diet as litter, therefore any bedding material must not contain contaminants, such as pesticides or metals. Consumption by the birds due to litter eating or other bird behavior could affect production and potentially cause the meat or rendered products to become unusable. Pine shavings has been the bedding of choice because of performance, availability, and cost.

## Management practices

### Moisture

The heating and ventilation systems in a poultry house must be continuously monitored to keep the moisture content of the litter controlled so that the litter remains friable (easily broken up or crumbly). If the litter becomes too wet and the litter is allowed to become "sealed", then the birds will be living on a damp, slippery and sticky surface. This sealed litter is what is referred to as being "caked". In this condition, the litter is simply saturated with water and is unable to dry out. A severe problem with litter moisture will result if large areas of the house floor surface are caked. The more common issue, however, is having localized areas of caking near leaky watering cups, nipples, troughs or roofs. Watery droppings caused by nutrition and/or infectious agents can also be a cause of excessive moisture in poultry litter.

If litter is not kept at an acceptable moisture level, very high bacterial loads and unsanitary growing conditions may result producing odors (including ammonia), insect problems (particularly flies), soiled feathers, footpad lesions and breast bruises or blisters. This can affect the health and mortality rate of the flock, and could result in quality issues when birds reared under such poor conditions reach the processing plant. In a well-managed broiler house, litter moisture normally averages between 25 and 35 percent. Litter that is managed correctly with the moisture content kept within the acceptable range can be reused if no disease or other production problems occur. On the other hand, caked litter must be removed between flocks and replaced with new litter.

### Litter re-utilization

Some broiler producers are simply removing cake and excess litter after house washing and then placing broilers on old litter for an extended number of flocks. Their expectation is that total clean out is not needed unless there some disease or other bio-security issues. However, producers doing this should be aware that total disinfection under these conditions is probably not possible.

Re-utilization of at least some fraction of used litter as a supplement for fresh wood shavings bedding in broiler houses has been found to not significantly increase pathogens and indicator microorganisms in litter compared to using fresh wood shavings. No consistent significant differences have been found regarding flock performance when comparing houses using fresh litter with houses re-utilizing litter.

A major issue with re-utilization of previously used litter is the generation of ammonia. Ammonia is produced by microbial breakdown of fecal material in the litter. It is well documented in the literature that higher moisture levels result in higher ammonia production. The caked portion of the litter is very high in moisture and nitrogen and should be removed from the house to reduce ammonia generation and provide optimal air quality for chicks during the brooding period. Add litter treatments to reduced ammonia generation. Controlling ammonia with a litter treatment can save money on energy costs by reducing the amount of air exchange required to maintain adequate air quality.

### Litter amendments

High ammonia levels in poultry houses can result in poor bird performance and health and a loss of profits to the grower and integrator. When broilers and turkeys are raised on litter, amendments can be used to reduce ammonia levels in the houses and improve productivity. Uric acid and organic nitrogen (N) in the bird excreta and spilled feed are converted to ammonium (NH4+) by the microbes in the litter. Ammonium, a plant-available N form, can bind to litter and also dissolve in water. Depending on the moisture content, temperature, and acidity of the litter, a portion of the ammonium will be converted into ammonia (NH3). Ammonia production is favored by high temperature and high pH (i.e., alkaline conditions). Ammonia is a pungent gas that irritates the eyes and respiratory system and can reduce resistance to infection in poultry. At high-enough concentrations, ammonia will reduce feed efficiency and growth while increasing mortality and carcass condemnations. The result is economic loss to the grower and integrator. Because chicks are more susceptible to the negative effects of ammonia, placing broods in houses with high levels of builtup litter is particularly harmful. Also, the high temperatures required during brooding increase ammonia levels, and moist litter (due to leaky drinkers or high water tables) and insufficient winter ventilation contribute to high ammonia levels as well. In these situations, some growers rely mainly on ventilation to reduce ammonia in the houses. However, ammonia loss from the litter reduces its fertilizer value, and venting ammonia into the environment can cause health and environmental problems.

There are several types of litter amendments available to manage ammonia the most common being acidifiers, and various microbial and enzymatic treatments.

#### Acidifiers

This type of amendment creates acidic conditions (pH less than 7) in the litter, resulting in more of the ammoniacal nitrogen being temporarily retained as ammonium rather than ammonia. Ammonium is a highly reactive ion that bonds with sulfates, nitrates and phosphates to form ammonium salts that improve the nutrient value of litter when land applied as fertilizer. The acidity also creates unfavorable environment for urolytic bacteria reducing the production of enzymes that contribute to ammonia formation, resulting in reduced ammonia production. Urolytic bacteria have a pH optimum of approximately 8.3 and litter amendments lower the litter surface pH to below 4.0 for a short period of time, usually between 3–5 days depending on the litter amendment. There are several different types of acidifiers, such as alum, acidified liquid alum, sodium bisulfate, ferric sulfate, and sulfuric acid, that have been used by the poultry industry. These products vary in effectiveness as the pH is raised by the activity of the poultry within a couple of weeks. The combination of using litter amendments and poultry house ventilation provides a healthy and comfortable rearing environment. Controlling volatilized ammonia in poultry and livestock rearing environments is critical to maintaining a high level of animal health, well-being and efficient live performance. Most of these products are regulated by DOT and HAZMAT and physical properties for the different products rang from mild irritant to corrosive. Most litter acidifiers are corrosive but when applied according to manufacturers instructions are safe and effective.

#### Other amendments

There have been a number of other substances used for ammonia control. A study in Finland found that peat, which is high in humic acid, when used as poultry litter it was quite effective in controlling ammonia. A number of products have also appeared on the market using de-nitrifying or nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

### Windrowing

One common practice is windrow composting. This is a deep stacking of litter, usually by plowing the litter into long rows the length of the poultry house. This is an incomplete composting process, and can eliminate harmful pathogens such as *E. coli* and *Salmonella* providing that the internal stack temperature reaches 140 to 160 °F (60 to 71 °C). Re-spreading the stacked litter and allowing it to dry would be expected to decrease ammonia and extend litter life.

## Disposal and re-use

Broilers have on average a 47-day growout period, during which the typical broiler chicken will generate about two pounds of litter, if you add the manure and bedding materials. Actual manure generation will be lower because it is only a fractional component of litter. This translates to an average of about 0.7 ounce per day per bird, varying considerably over the life of the bird. This means that a single broiler house, which can contain well over 20,000 birds can generate over 40,000 lb (18,000 kg) of litter per flock.

Historically, applications for used poultry litter have included, and still include, use as feed for cattle in the commercial beef industry, land application as a fertilizer for crops or pastures, or occasionally as potting material for the greenhouse and plant container industries. Recently there has been an upsurge in the use of poultry litter as a bio-fuel source for electrical cogeneration and gasification.

### Use as fertilizer

Poultry litter's traditional use is as fertilizer. As with other manures, the fertilizing value of poultry litter is excellent, but it is less concentrated than chemical fertilizers, giving it a relatively low value per ton. This makes it uneconomical to ship long distances, and it tends to lose its nitrogen value fairly quickly. Extracting its value requires that it be used on nearby farms. This limits its resale value in regions where there are more poultry farms than suitable nearby farmland. Poultry litter is also a source of nutrients to the crops, it contains high level of nutrients such as N, P and C.

### Use as cattle feed

Traditionally used as fertilizer, it is now also used as a livestock feed as a cost-saving measure compared with other feedstock materials, particularly for beef animals.

The use of poultry litter as food for beef cattle is legal in the United States. Prior to 1967, the use of poultry litter as cattle feed was unregulated but that year the FDA issued a policy statement that poultry litter offered in interstate commerce as animal feed was adulterated, effectively banning the practice. In 1980, FDA reversed this policy and passed regulation of litter to the states. In December 2003, in response to the detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in a cow in the state of Washington, the FDA announced plans to put in place a poultry litter ban. Because poultry litter can contain recycled cattle proteins as either spilled feed or feed that has passed through the avian gut, the FDA was concerned that feeding litter would be a pathway for spreading mad cow disease. In 2004, FDA decided to take a more comprehensive approach to BSE that would remove the most infectious proteins from all animal feeds. The FDA decided at this point that a litter ban was unnecessary in part based on comments by the North American Rendering Industry. In 2005, the FDA published a proposed rule that did not include a litter ban and in 2008 the final rule did not include the ban either.

### Use as fuel

There are currently several electrical generating plants in the UK, and recently in the US, that are utilizing poultry and turkey litter as their primary fuel. The first three in the world were developed by Fibrowatt Ltd in the UK, founded by Simon Fraser, who was appointed an OBE for his contribution to renewable energy. These are: Thetford (38.5 MWe), Eye (12.7 MWe) and Glanford (13.5 MWe - now switched to burning meat and bonemeal). The fourth, Westfield (9.8 MWe), was developed by Energy Power Resources, which now owns all four. Simon Fraser's son and partner, Rupert Fraser, went on to develop the first US plant through his company Fibrowatt LLC., at Benson, MN (55 MWe).

On a smaller scale, poultry litter is used in Ireland as a biomass energy source. This system uses the poultry litter as a fuel to heat the broiler houses for the next batch of poultry being grown thus removing the need for LPG gas or other fossil fuels.

Some companies are also developing gasification technologies to utilize poultry litter as a fuel for electrical and heating applications, along with producing valuable by-products including activated carbons and fertilizers.


title: Niaqornaarsuk Heliport

abstract: Niaqornaarsuk Heliport is a heliport in Niaqornaarsuk, a village in Avannaata municipality in western Greenland. The heliport is considered a helistop, and is served by Air Greenland as part of a government contract.

text:
# Niaqornaarsuk Heliport

**Niaqornaarsuk Heliport** (IATA: **QMK**, ICAO: **BGNK**) is a heliport in Niaqornaarsuk, a village in Avannaata municipality in western Greenland. The heliport is considered a *helistop*, and is served by Air Greenland as part of a government contract.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| Air Greenland (settlement flights) | **Seasonal:** Aasiaat, Kangaatsiaq |

Air Greenland operates government contract flights to villages in the Aasiaat region. These mostly cargo flights are not featured in the timetable, although they can be pre-booked. Departure times for these flights as specified during booking are by definition approximate, with the settlement service optimized on the fly depending on local demand for a given day. Settlement flights in the Disko Bay and Aasiaat Archipelago regions are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring. During summer and autumn, communication between settlements is by sea only, serviced by Diskoline.

## InfoBox

| Niaqornaarsuk Heliport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Greenland Airport Authority<br>(Mittarfeqarfiit) |
| Serves | Niaqornaarsuk, Greenland |
| Elevation AMSL | 152 ft / 46 m |
| Coordinates | 68°14′21″N 052°50′35″W / 68.23917°N 52.84306°W / 68.23917; -52.84306 |
| Website | Niaqornaarsuk Heliport |
| Map | |
| BGNKLocation in Greenland | |
| Helipads | |
| Number Length Surface  m ft  1 5 16 Grass | |
| Source: Danish AIS | |


title: Pajama Day

abstract: Pajama Day is a 2008 album by the Dutch rock band Claw Boys Claw, their first album since 1997's Will-O-The-Wisp.

text:
# Pajama Day

***Pajama Day*** is a 2008 album by the Dutch rock band Claw Boys Claw, their first album since 1997's *Will-O-The-Wisp*.

## Background

After a long period of inactivity, there were rumors in the spring of 2006 that the Claw Boys Claw were working on a new album and wanted to start touring again. According to singer Peter Te Bos, he and guitarist John Cameron had written some seventy songs since 2002. Some of those songs were released in February 2008 on *Pajama Day*, on the independent label Play It Again Sam.

## Reviews

The album was welcomed by critics, who hailed their lyrical maturity, honesty, and musical ability. Most critics noted that the Claw Boys Claw had dialed down the volume in comparison to their earlier records, but still praised the album. Belgian weekly *HUMO* said that the album contained the most exciting rock songs they had heard in years, praised Cameron's guitar work, and gave it four out of five stars. While the reviewer from *De Recensent* found only three worthwhile songs on the CD, the Dutch paper *de Volkskrant* thought it a brooding and dark album containing "beautiful secrets." Dutch music magazine *Muziekkrant OOR* concurred, calling the album "swamp rock" full of tension, and "a record to take to bed."

## Track list

(All songs by Peter te Bos, except otherwise noted)

1. "I Am Sea" – 3:18
2. "Halibut" – 3:16
3. "Sleepwalking" – 4:50
4. "Toscamoon" – 3:28
5. "Julie's Name" – 2:31
6. "Rock Me Girl" – 3:30
7. "Lava" – 2:51
8. "Seven Fools" – 5:29
9. "Flower" – 3:46
10. "Yellow Car" – 2:05
11. "Wonderful" – 3:48
12. "Trust Me" – 4:34
13. "Dream a Little Dream of Me" (Fabian André/Gus Kahn/Wilbur Schwandt) – 3:31

## Personnel

* Peter Te Bos – vocals
* John Cameron – guitar, keyboards
* Marcus Bruystens – bass
* Marc Lamb – drums
* Chris van Veghel – vocals ("Rock Me Boy")
* Ro Halfhide – backing vocals ("Yellow Car")

### Production

Recorded and mixed in Amsterdam, in 2007, at John's Closet and Frank van der Weij Studio, in Amsterdam.

* Frank Van Der Weij – engineer, mastering, mixing, production
* Remco Schouten – engineer
* Peter Te Bos – artwork


title: Seven Sacrifices

abstract: Seven Sacrifices (2013) is an album by Memorain.

text:
# Seven Sacrifices

***Seven Sacrifices*** (2013) is an album by Memorain.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Ilias Papadakis, except where noted

*Seven Sacrifices*
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Guest musicians | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "A Stitch In Time" |  |  |  | 03:51 |
| 2. | "Worlds Apart" |  |  |  | 04:21 |
| 3. | "Course Correction" | Andreas Boutos | Jason Mercury, Ilias Papadakis |  | 03:19 |
| 4. | "Trust And Blood" |  |  | Jed Simon | 03:53 |
| 5. | "False Positive" | Andreas Boutos |  |  | 03:40 |
| 6. | "The Hour Of Death" |  |  |  | 03:30 |
| 7. | "Seven Sacrifices" |  |  | David Ellefson | 05:23 |
| 8. | "Blind Spot" |  |  |  | 03:35 |
| 9. | "Snow Falls" |  |  |  | 05:32 |
| 10. | "Bad Wolf" | Andreas Boutos | Jason Mercury, Ilias Papadakis |  | 04:17 |
| 11. | "We All Fall Down" |  |  | Michael Gilbert | 05:19 |
| Total length: | | | | | 46:40 |

## Personnel

### Musicians

### Guests

## InfoBox

| Seven Sacrifices | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Memorain | |
| Released | 2013 |
| Genre | Thrash metal |
| Length | 46:40 |
| Label | Metal Scrap Records |
| Producer | Ilias Papadakis |
| Memorain chronology | |
| *Digital Line*
(2013) ***Seven Sacrifices***
(2013) *Zero Hour*
(2014) | |


title: Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House

abstract: The Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House, also known as the Tonkens House, is a single story private residence designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1954. The house was commissioned by Gerald B. Tonkens and his first wife Rosalie. It is located in Amberley Village, a village in Hamilton County, Ohio. Wright designed the home in the Usonian Automatic style and it is considered one of the finest and most intact examples of Usonian Automatic architecture ever produced. It was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 3, 1991.

text:
# Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House

The **Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House,** also known as the **Tonkens House,** is a single story private residence designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1954. The house was commissioned by Gerald B. Tonkens (an automobile dealer) and his first wife Rosalie. It is located in Amberley Village, a village in Hamilton County, Ohio.

Wright designed the home in the Usonian Automatic style and it is considered one of the finest and most intact examples of Usonian Automatic architecture ever produced. It was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 3, 1991.

## Description

The Tonkens House is a single story, three bedroom, two bathroom private residence, designed in the Usonian Automatic style. The house occupies a 3.54-acre block in Amberley Village, Ohio and measures some 2,100 square feet. An early 20th-century guest cottage also occupies the property, a remnant of its earlier use as a farm.

The Usonian Automatic style was Frank Lloyd Wright's final architectural period and is based on a modular design system that employed interlocking, precast concrete blocks. It was first conceived by Wright in the wake of the Depression in 1936 and later developed in response to a lack of low-cost housing and rising construction costs following the Second World War.

Like many of Wright's Usonian style buildings, the Tonkens House floorplan mimics the shape of a polliwog. The tail of the polliwog is represented by the bedroom wing, with each room opening off into a long, narrow hallway. The hallway leads into 'the body' of the house, a bright and expansive living room or Great Room, kitchen and foyer. This configuration allowed for additional rooms to be added to the bedroom wing if required. The Great Room was designed as a large, warm and welcoming space, a room in which the family and their guests could gather.

The master bedroom includes an en-suite and private study, which opens onto a private patio. Ceilings in the bedroom wing are low (7.5 feet) and gilded in 18 karat gold leaf, while those in the Great Room, kitchen and foyer are high (10.5 feet and 13.5 feet respectively) and unembellished. The Great Room contains a cantilevered fireplace and east-facing wall of floor-to-ceiling windows and French doors that open onto a lanai at the rear of the house. In typical Frank Lloyd Wright style, Philippine mahogany was used for interior paneling and furniture. Piano hinges (hinges extending from the top to the bottom of a door) were used for all doors in the house, including closet doors.

Eleven styles of precast concrete blocks, reinforced by steel rods, were used for its construction including 492 windows contained within the precast concrete blocks. In lieu of gutters, copper flashing and downspouts were incorporated into its design to allow for water to run off the rubber membrane and pea gravel insulated roof.

Two Wright designed gates guard a Cherokee red concrete driveway leading towards the house. The dwelling has no garage or basement, keeping with Wright's well known dislike for such spaces. Instead, two carports—divided by concrete and glass pillars—and two storage sheds occupy the property.

## History

Gerald B. Tonkens was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1919 where he was exposed to many examples of Frank Lloyd Wright's architecture from a young age. This had a lasting effect on Tonkens, who later stated "I always admired Mr Wright's work. I always knew that I would never build a house on my own unless it was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright".

After graduating from the University of Wisconsin in the early 1940s, Tonkens joined the U.S military, fighting with the Eighth Air Force during World War Two. Tonkens met and married his first wife, Red Cross nurse, Rosalie Robbins, while stationed with the military in Europe.

By 1953 the couple had two daughters and decided to move to Hamilton County, where Gerald established the 'Tonkens Oldsmobile-Cadillac' dealership in Hamilton, Ohio. In 1954 Gerald and Rosalie purchased a 2.75 acre block in Amberley Village, Ohio for $6,000. The land was cheap in comparison to surrounding lots, many of which sold for an average price of $25,000 per acre. When Rosalie queried the price, she was told that the property was considered a "problem lot" as no architect had been able to engineer a driveway up the steep incline from the road to the house. When this was later raised with Wright, he replied "They built the Suez Canal, didn't they? We'll go right up the middle with a big shovel".

Once the purchase was finalized, the couple who were on a tight budget, yet still wanted a Frank Lloyd Wright-esque home, approached a local architect who had studied under Wright in the 1930s. Although early meetings were successful, Gerald and Rosalie were ultimately unhappy with the architect's design and cancelled their agreement in early 1954. After some discussion, they decided to contact Wright himself with a proposal for the house and a budget of $25,000. Shortly thereafter, Wright invited them to Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin to discuss the design. Their meeting was a success and the first half of 1954 was spent developing designs for the house via letter and telegram between the Tonkens and Wright's personal assistant Eugene Beyer "Gene" Masselink. In mid-1954 Wright asked if the couple would be interested in being his 'guinea pigs' stating his desire to design their home as "an experiment in Usonian Automatic architecture". They agreed, and Wright's preliminary designs for the home were completed in October.

Drawings for the Tonkens House were completed by Wright, his grandson and apprentice, Eric Lloyd Wright, and John H. "Jack" Howe. John deKoven Hill and Cornelia Brierly were landscape designers on the project. Engineering drawings were completed by William Wesley Peters, Edmond Thomas "Tom" Casey and Mendel Glickman. Glickman was also solely responsible for the ceiling block engineering. Furniture, upholstery and fabric selections for the house were supervised by John deKoven Hill. Final drawings and specifications were presented to Gerald and Rosalie on February 25, 1955, and approved soon after. The 'Tonkens House' was assigned project number 5510 by the Taliesin Foundation.

The final design featured three bedrooms, one study, two bathrooms, Philippine mahogany paneling throughout, a grand living room (the Great Room) with a cantilevered fireplace, two carports and two storage sheds. A comprehensive furniture plan included built-in pieces as well as Frank Lloyd Wright designed furniture from his collection for Henredon Furniture, and Wright designed upholstery.

The house remained in the Tonkens family for over six decades, until it was sold to a private buyer in 2015.

## Construction

The Tonkens hired local contractor, Horace Wersel, to be the project lead and Cincinnati firm Harvard Construction Co. to build the house. Construction was overseen by the Taliesin Fellowship, which was represented by Eric Lloyd Wright. Wright spent over a year living in Cincinnati while overseeing the home's construction. Such close supervision was unusual for Wright, and the Tonkens House was the first Usonian Automatic structure to be solely directed by a Taliesin fellow.

The home incorporated Wright's iconic precast concrete blocks. These were made using metal molds into which concrete was poured and then set. The Tonkens house is built using eleven block variations, which allowed for infinite modifications to the design. Masonry subcontractors were used to lay the foundation, while carpentry subcontractors were used to lay the blocks. Blocks were two feet wide by one foot high for walls, and two feet high by two feet wide for ceilings. Blocks were adhered to a reinforced concrete slab, unlike Wright's Californian homes, in which ceiling blocks were adhered to wooden slabs. Concrete blocks for the Tonkens House were made as a lightweight cinder block. Because cinder blocks are porous, a sand based sealer was applied to the exterior of the building to waterproof the house.

By mid-1955 the total cost of construction, including Wright's 10 percent fee and additional costs for interior furnishings, was up to $59,000. The increase was due in part to rising values of materials such as steel, concrete and wood. Complications associated with casting concrete blocks also raised construction costs. Expenditure continued to increase throughout the duration of the construction and Cindy Damschroder estimates that the final cost of construction was likely to have been around $118,000.

The Tonkens House was completed in late-July 1956. Frank Lloyd Wright died in 1959. Prior to his death he was in the midst of designing the Beth Sholom Congregation in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, the Guggenheim Museum in New York City, as well as a number of residential homes and he never saw the Tonkens House completed. He did however meet with the Tonkens soon after construction works had ended, presenting them with a hand signed, Cherokee red glazed tile to attest his approval of the home. The tile was permanently placed on the exterior wall, just outside the front entrance.

## Variations in design

Over the eighteen month construction period, a number of minor changes were made to the original design. These included modifying the driveway, installing additional electrical outlets to the exterior of the house and increasing the size of the master bedroom. A pool was included in initial designs and registered by Taliesin. In late 1955, Eric Lloyd Wright proposed that the pool be relocated as it was positioned above solid ground, with only earth fill below. Although the pool was relocated and re-sized, it was never built. A cabana and covered porch were also envisioned for the site, but these did not make it onto the final designs.

## Repair and restoration

In July 2001, renovations were undertaken to restore and upgrade the home's aging roof, original plumbing, wiring and kitchen. As works were underway, a heavy rainstorm hit the Greater Cincinnati area. In addition to flooding more than 70 homes and killing three people, strong winds blew protective tarp off the roof, exposing it to the heavy downpour. The Philippine mahogany walls and cabinetry in the living room, dining room and kitchen all suffered significant water damage, as did the home's precast concrete block ceiling. These elements required replacement, a project that took almost a year to complete. Care was taken to ensure the renovations were sympathetic to the original design and character of the home and it continues to be the only largely unaltered Frank Lloyd Wright house in the Greater Cincinnati area.

In mid-2015, the new roof was found to have failed. Additional repairs are currently underway, a complex task due to the unique design of the structure.

* Storrer, William Allin. *The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion*. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, ISBN 0-226-77621-2 (S.386)

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| As viewed from the street | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location of the Tonkens House | |
| Location | 6980 Knoll Road, Amberley, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 39°11′44.47″N 84°24′53.45″W / 39.1956861°N 84.4148472°W / 39.1956861; -84.4148472 |
| Built | 1954 |
| Architect | Frank Lloyd Wright |
| Architectural style | Modern Movement and Other |
| NRHP reference No. | 91001414 |
| Added to NRHP | October 3, 1991 |


title: Microcotyle oceanica

abstract: Microcotyle oceanica is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. It was first described and illustrated based on two specimens from the gills of the Mexican needlefish Tylosurus fodiator (Belonidae), off Panama.

text:
# Microcotyle oceanica

***Microcotyle oceanica*** is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. It was first described and illustrated based on two specimens from the gills of the Mexican needlefish *Tylosurus fodiator* (Belonidae), off Panama.

## Description

*Microcotyle oceanica* has the general morphology of all species of *Microcotyle*, with a symmetrical lanceolate body, comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor is asymmetrical, and bears 36 clamps, arranged as two rows, one on each side. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. There are also two oblong buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, an ovoid small pharynx, a long narrow oesophagus and a narrow posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; the intestine extends to the base of the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous very spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single large ovary and 51 to 58 ovoid testes located in the posterior part of the body, in the intercecal area, in two rows.

## Hosts and localities

The host-type is the Mexican needlefish *Tylosurus fodiator* (Belonidae). The type-locality is off Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Microcotyle oceanica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Monogenea |
| Order: | Mazocraeidea |
| Family: | Microcotylidae |
| Genus: | *Microcotyle* |
| Species: | ***M. oceanica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Microcotyle oceanica***<br>Caballero, Bravo-Hollis & Grocott, 1953 | |
|


title: Problepsis paredra

abstract: Problepsis paredra is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in western China.

text:
# Problepsis paredra

***Problepsis paredra*** is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in western China.

## InfoBox

| *Problepsis paredra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Problepsis* |
| Species: | ***P. paredra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Problepsis paredra***<br>Prout, 1917 | |
|


title: Potlako Leballo

abstract: Potlako Kitchener Leballo was an Africanist who led the Pan Africanist Congress until 1979. Leballo was co-founder of the Basutoland African Congress in 1952, a World War II veteran and primary school headmaster.

text:
# Potlako Leballo

**Potlako Kitchener Leballo** (19 December 1924 – January 1986) was an Africanist who led the Pan Africanist Congress until 1979. Leballo was co-founder of the Basutoland African Congress in 1952, a World War II veteran and primary school headmaster.

## Early years

Leballo was born in Lifelekoaneng, Mafeteng, Lesotho (then called Basutoland) in 1915, the youngest of fourteen children, but claimed he had been born in 1925. His absentee father was a catechist in the Anglican Church who taught at St. Paul's Mission in Tsikoane and he was reared by two of his father's elder brothers. One of these, Motsoasele, was a fervent nationalist and retained his traditional religion until his death in 1947. The other uncle, Nathaniel, was an Anglican pastor and Potlako received a Christian education, first at St. Saviour's in Hlotse and later at Masite Institution in Morija. While at St. Saviour's, he was abducted by Uncle Motsoasele who took him to receive his traditional Sesotho initiation known as *lebollo*. Lebollo was contrary to St. Saviour's rules and, as a result, he was expelled.

## Move to South Africa

In 1940, Leballo became a student at Lovedale College, near Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.

He was active in the African National Congress Youth League until he and other radical leaders including Robert Sobukwe were expelled from the ANC and went on to form the PAC, a more radical Africanist movement. He held the distinction of having successfully nominated Chief Albert Lutuli (1952) and Mangaliso Robert Sobukwe (1959) to the leadership of the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) respectively. He stated later (1984) that he believed that leaving the ANC (although encouraged by Kwame Nkrumah and the Basuto leader Ntsu Mokhehle) was a mistake and that his "Africanists" should have fought for control of the party rather than forming a new one. He was elected Secretary General of the PAC and within a year the new party was seriously challenging the ANC.

## Pan Africanist Congress of Azania

After the anti-pass campaign and the Sharpeville massacre when PAC supporters were shot by police in 1960, Leballo was sentenced to prison for incitement, and on his release in 1962 was deported to Basutoland (now Lesotho), where he helped re-establish the PAC. His leadership included the formation of Poqo, the military wing of the PAC, later to become the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA). The 1962–1964 Poqo uprising failed partly because the shipment of arms to the Transkei coast from Ghana and Egypt vanished, reportedly sold by corrupt PAC officials, but mostly because of Leballo's expulsion from Basutoland (his own country) following South African government pressure. Leballo set up PAC headquarters in Ghana and Tanzania. He was responsible for a major ideological shift towards Maoism but until 1976 was unable to get majority backing from external refugees, many of whom lost their zeal for militant activities while still demanding a major role in party affairs. A successful demagogue in the rural areas and townships, Leballo was not suited to the diplomatic circuit required of exiles. The majority of the so-called "reformist-diplomat" section of the external PAC repeatedly challenged the PAC leadership, but were then themselves challenged by the arrival in exile in 1974 of 178 troops of the refugee Basutoland Congress Party, who began training as PAC APLA guerrillas in Libya. The reformist-diplomats were once again challenged by 500 Soweto and Cape students who joined the Basotho in Libya.

## Chairman of the PAC

In 1978 the PAC leader Sobukwe died in restriction in Kimberley and Leballo was elected Chairman of the PAC. His position was tenuous. Nkrumah was long gone and Mao Zedong died in 1976. The PAC had been forced to consider extremely unsavory allies such as Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein and Idi Amin. The main threat however came from the US Carter administration that had resolved it needed South Africa as a stable element in the equation to settle the Zimbabwe issue. The ANC and PAC were urged to abandon guerrilla war and embrace détente and dialogue. Andrew Young, the American ambassador to the UN, and the Nigerians reportedly donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to David Sibeko, the PAC representative at the UN, to dilute Leballo's revolutionary ideology by getting his own supporters elected to the new PAC executive. Sibeko was largely successful (hence Leballo's title of "Chairman" rather than "President") but neglected the newly recruited Azanian People's Army (APLA), already victorious over the older APLA of Templeton Ntantala and demanding a greater share in finances. In 1979 Leballo left for medical treatment in England and a triumvirate of Sibeko, Vusi Make, and Elias Ntloedibe announced they were the new PAC leadership following Leballo's "resignation." APLA commanders arrived in Dar es Salaam from Itumbi Camp, Chunya near Mbeya, and quarreled with Sibeko. The same evening they shot him dead. Vusi Make was then declared the new PAC leader but APLA rejected him. In the ensuing standoff at Chunya, Tanzanian troops killed four unarmed APLA soldiers, wounded forty, and dispersed the survivors. Forty of the APLA soldiers who were deemed dangerous by the PAC leadership were sent to a detention camp in Mgagau, Iringa. In 1980 Leballo arrived in Zimbabwe and established a new PAC headquarters. He had no funds and was financially supported by a white APLA intelligence officer. Although he was welcomed by Edgar Tekere, the ZANU (PF) Secretary General and other party and military leaders, others including Prime Minister Robert Mugabe, pointedly kept their distance. Leballo's intelligence officer advised him to bolster links with North Korea, whose ambassador was enthusiastic and had even financed household purchases for Leballo, because the officer felt that however Pan-Africanist the party was, it simply couldn't trust African governments and it was advisable to find a secure base in North Korea. Leballo declined, saying the party had to rely on Africa, however treacherous politicians were. He was encouraged by the Libyan government's promise to finance an exiled University of Azania in Zimbabwe.

## Deportation

In February 1981 John Nyati Pokela, a senior PAC member, was released from detention in South Africa and replaced Make as the leader of the "reformist-diplomat" PAC. Leballo wrote to him suggesting a meeting, stating in private that he would accept Pokela as PAC President/Chairman if he (Leballo) could command APLA. Pokela never replied. They both attended the first anniversary celebrations of independence at Rufaro Stadium but merely waved to each other at a distance. Tanzanian sympathizers at the Tanzanian High Commission warned Leballo that the Tanzanian president, Julius Nyerere, and the Tanzanian secretary general of the OAU Liberation Committee, Hashim Mbita, had both demanded Leballo's expulsion from Zimbabwe. The next day Leballo was arrested while waiting to meet Edson Zvobgo, a government minister, imprisoned, and deported the next day. Handed a few dollars by his intelligence officer as he was rushed onto a plane, Leballo eventually arrived in Libya after being shunted around the Middle East and losing all his luggage.

## Later years

From 1981 until his death in 1986 Leballo worked in Ghana with President Jerry Rawlings' People's Committees but was mostly penniless in London. His Ugandan and Tanzanian diplomatic passports were revoked but he used his Liberian passport to build up links with the Rwandan Tutsi and Museveni's Ugandan resistance movements. After Pokela's sudden death in 1985 Leballo began to have success reuniting the PAC but died suddenly in January 1986 in Greenwich, London. He was buried in Lifelekoaneng, Lesotho. The Basutoland Congress Party, which he had co-founded and whose military wing he had trained, acknowledged that Leballo had played a major part in bringing down the regime of Leabua Jonathan Molapo in 1986.

## Summary

Although largely forgotten in South African politics, Leballo was responsible for temporarily turning the PAC away in the years 1966–1979 from semi-fascism towards Maoism. He recognized the futility of the Poqo slogan "drive the whites into the sea" (later revived by the remnant PAC as "one settler one bullet" with disastrous electoral consequences – 1.2% of the vote in 1994 and 0.7% thereafter). Sibeko's grab for power in 1979, the Chunya massacre, and Leballo's peripheralization were not just the termination of one man's career but the death of a credible left wing alternative to the ANC/SACP alliance.


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Somervell County, Texas. This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Somervell County, Texas. There are one district and three individual properties listed on the National Register in the county. Two individually listed properties, one of which is part of the district, are designated as both State Antiquities Landmarks and Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. The district includes additional Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Somervell County, Texas

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Somervell County, Texas**.

This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Somervell County, Texas. There are one district and three individual properties listed on the National Register in the county. Two individually listed properties, one of which is part of the district, are designated as both State Antiquities Landmarks and Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. The district includes additional Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

The locations of National Register properties and districts may be seen in a mapping service provided.

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Barnard's Mill |  | September 9, 1982
(#82004523) | 307 SW Barnard St.
32°13′54″N 97°45′23″W / 32.231667°N 97.756389°W / 32.231667; -97.756389 (Barnard's Mill) | Glen Rose | State Antiquities Landmark, Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks |
| 2 | Glen Rose Downtown Historic District |  | September 30, 2014
(#14000820) | Around courthouse square bounded by Vernon, Walnut, Bernard, Elm & 100 block, 201, 205 SW Bernard Streets
32°14′06″N 97°45′20″W / 32.2351°N 97.7556°W / 32.2351; -97.7556 (Glen Rose Downtown Historic District) | Glen Rose | Includes several Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks |
| 3 | Oakdale Park |  | June 15, 2012
(#12000352) | 1019 NE. Barnard Street
32°14′27″N 97°44′38″W / 32.24080°N 97.74395°W / 32.24080; -97.74395 (Oakdale Park) | Glen Rose |  |
| 4 | Somervell County Courthouse |  | August 1, 1979
(#79003008) | Off TX 144
32°14′06″N 97°45′20″W / 32.235°N 97.755556°W / 32.235; -97.755556 (Somervell County Courthouse) | Glen Rose | Part of Glen Rose Downtown Historic District; State Antiquities Landmark, Recorded Texas Historic Landmark |

Media related to National Register of Historic Places in Somervell County, Texas at Wikimedia Commons


title: Violent Moment

abstract: Violent Moment is a 1959 British drama film directed by Sidney Hayers and starring Lyndon Brook, Jane Hylton and Jill Browne. It was made as a B film for release on the lower-half of a double bill. It was the film editor Hayers' first film as director. It also marked the debut of Moira Redmond. It was released in the United States as Rebound. The film was released with its own credits, in the cinema. Later, it was released in the Edgar Wallace Mysteries, with that shows credits, of Wallace's statue, surrounded by whirling cigarette smoke. The film is based on a story by Roy Vickers, from his 'Department of Dead Ends' series, originally published from 1934. These stories were ‘inverted’ mysteries: the reader knows the identity of the criminal, but the interest lies in how the detective solves the case and featured detectives dusting off cold cases. As with many of the criminals in Vickers’ stories, the protagonist Doug, is sympathetically depicted.

text:
# Violent Moment

***Violent Moment*** is a 1959 British drama film directed by Sidney Hayers and starring Lyndon Brook, Jane Hylton and Jill Browne. It was made as a B film for release on the lower-half of a double bill. It was the film editor Hayers' first film as director. It also marked the debut of Moira Redmond. It was released in the United States as ***Rebound***.

The film was released with its own credits, in the cinema. Later, it was released in the Edgar Wallace Mysteries, with that shows credits, of Wallace's statue, surrounded by whirling cigarette smoke.

The film is based on a story by Roy Vickers, from his 'Department of Dead Ends' series, originally published from 1934. These stories were ‘inverted’ mysteries: the reader knows the identity of the criminal, but the interest lies in how the detective solves the case and featured detectives dusting off cold cases. As with many of the criminals in Vickers’ stories, the protagonist Doug, is sympathetically depicted.

## Premise

A deserter from the British Army kills his girlfriend during a fight. Although he becomes a successful businessman, his past eventually catches up with him.

## Cast

## Critical reception

*Noirish* wrote, "although the cheapness of the production is very evident and the aspirations are modest, this is by no means a negligible movie."

1. "Violent Moment (1958)". *BFI*. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012.
2. Michael & Cotter p.157
3. "Violent Moment AKA Rebound". Retrieved 24 December 2023.
4. William Edward Vickers|
5. Murphy p.309
6. "Violent Moment (1959)". *Noirish*. 25 June 2014.

## Bibliography

* Michael, Robert & Cotter, Bob. *The Women of Hammer Horror: A Biographical Dictionary and Filmography*. McFarland, 2013.
* Murphy, Robert. *British Cinema and the Second World War*. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Violent Moment | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Sidney Hayers |
| Written by | Peter Barnes |
| Based on | story *A Toy for Jiffy* (Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, 1956) by Roy Vickers |
| Produced by | Bernard Coote |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Phil Grindrod |
| Edited by | Sidney Hayers |
| Music by | Stanley Black |
| Production<br>company | Independent Artists |
| Distributed by | Anglo-Amalgamated Film Distributors |
| Release date | * March 1959 (1959-03) |
| Running time | 61 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Poultry farming in Kenya

abstract: Poultry farming in Kenya is a widespread occupation. It is mostly practiced on a small-scale, and predominantly for domestic consumption. Poultry farming is the raising of domesticated birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, producing meat and eggs. In the event of frequent food shortages and fluctuating prices, some farmers have embraced commercial methods.

text:
# Poultry farming in Kenya

**Poultry farming in Kenya** is a widespread occupation. It is mostly practiced on a small-scale, and predominantly for domestic consumption.

Poultry farming is the raising of domesticated birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, producing meat and eggs. In the event of frequent food shortages and fluctuating prices, some farmers have embraced commercial methods.

## Categories

These farmers are classified in several categories:

* 1 – 1000 birds: small scale farmers
* 1001 – 10,000 birds: medium scale farmers
* 10,000+ birds: large scale farmers

The most prevalent animal in Kenya is chicken. Small numbers rear other types of birds. Some farmers specialise on rearing chickens for meat only (broilers), while others focus on egg production (layers); and yet others specialise in rearing the Kienyeji type (indigenous chickens where both cocks and hens live together).

## Commercial breeds

There are four Commercial chicken breeds in Kenya:

* Broilers
* Layers
* Improved Indigenous breeds such KARI Improved Kienyeji chicken, Kenbro, Sasso Kuroilers
* Pure Indigenous chicken / Village chicken

## Operations

### KARI Improved Kienyeji Chicken

KARI Improved kienyeji chicken is a dual purpose chicken that is reared for both meat and eggs. In Kenya, KARI Improved kienyeji chicken is reared by individual smallholder farmers and is preferred due to its HIGH DISEASE RESISTANCE, low feed consumption and high egg production. The bird also matures early at only four and a half months of age. The main company that deals with this breed is HOMERANGE POULTRY KENYA. This company supplies day old chicks, poultry feed specifically formulated for this breed of chicken, and also meat locally.

Broilers are reared for meat. In Kenya, broilers are raised both by corporations and individuals. Large scale companies include Isinya Poultry, Kenchic and Brade Gate Poultry Industries. These companies supply meat locally as well as to other countries.

### Layers

Large scale layer growers are Muguku Farms, s24 eggs and chicks nyeri Karatina Softkenya Farm Limited and Sigma Supplies.

### Kenbro

Kenbro belongs to Kenchick. Kenbro chickens can be reared both for eggs and meat. These chickens are fed for six months before they start laying. Their egg production is lower than that of layers. Those reared for meat take longer to mature than broilers.

https://kienyeji.org


title: Nick St. Nicholas

abstract: Nick St. Nicholas is a German-born Canadian bandleader, bass guitarist, singer and songwriter; best known for his partnership in Steppenwolf.

text:
# Nick St. Nicholas

**Nick St. Nicholas** (born **Klaus Karl Kassbaum** on September 28, 1941) is a German-born Canadian bandleader, bass guitarist, singer and songwriter; best known for his partnership in Steppenwolf.

## Early life

He was born in Plön, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany and his family moved to Toronto after World War II and became Canadian citizens. His sister Maren joined the Royal Conservatory of Music, (Canadian Ballet Company & Conservatory of Music), as a pianist. He also has a younger brother, Gary who entered the Merchant navy.

## Early career

Kassbaum spent a brief period as bassist with the Epics, then Shirley Matthews and the Big Town Boys before organizing a set of musicians who eventually coalesced as the Mynah Birds, featuring singers Rick James, Neil Young and Jimmy Livingston.

In 1965, Kassbaum replaced Bruce Palmer as bassist with Jack London and the Sparrows, became Nick St. Nicholas, and played on most of the tracks on their only LP, which was released in that year. As the band leader, St. Nicholas hired East Prussian-born front man John Kay when Jack London left the Sparrows, and they became Sparrow. He moved the band south to New York for a modest record deal with Columbia Records, then drove Sparrow non-stop to California.

St. Nicholas was one of the driving forces in music of the hippie counterculture movement, the Summer of Love. Having booked the band at the Matrix club in San Francisco, on May 14, 1967, two live shows were recorded, including a 20-minute version of "The Pusher." These are the live recordings released by ABC Dunhill Records as *Early Steppenwolf*.

In 1967 St. Nicholas also joined a Los Angeles–based group called the Hardtimes, who soon renamed themselves T.I.M.E., which stands for Trust in Men Everywhere. Capitol Records signed them to a $500,000 recording contract, but their manager, the now deceased Ron Levin, turned out to be a con man and absconded with the advance and all of the band's earnings.

Prior to the formation of the Steppenwolf partnership in 1968, music producer-arranger Gabriel Mekler changed the name from Sparrow to Steppenwolf based on a book he was reading at the time by Hermann Hesse.

## Steppenwolf

After having recorded two albums without him, St. Nicholas's Sparrow bandmates, (vocalist/guitarist John Kay, drummer Jerry Edmonton and organist Goldy McJohn) came to see him perform with T.I.M.E. at the Whisky a Go Go on the Sunset Strip and asked him to leave T.I.M.E. to rejoin them as Steppenwolf.

> "1967, John Kay, Jerry Edmonton, Michael Monarch and Goldie McJohn formed a musical band called ‘Steppenwolf.’ In 1968, Nicholas Kassbaum, who is professionally known as ‘Nick St. Nicholas,’ joined Steppenwolf as a bass player. That year, the band members entered into a partnership agreement whereby the members became co-equal partners and owners in Steppenwolf, and agreed to share equally the band's expenses and income. Also in 1968, the band members signed a recording agreement with Dunhill Records both as partners and as Steppenwolf band members. From late 1968 until late April 1970, Steppenwolf, with Kassbaum as its bass player, toured the world in concerts and recorded Steppenwolf 's well-received music. Kassbaum appeared prominently on Steppenwolf record album covers and authored Steppenwolf compositions. In 1970, John Kay, who had asserted control over Steppenwolf, excluded Kassbaum from the band." – 9th Circuit

St. Nicholas has several Gold and Platinum records to his credit playing and contributing on four Steppenwolf albums: *At Your Birthday Party*, *Early Steppenwolf*, *Monster*, and *Steppenwolf Live*. He performed on many television shows as a member of Steppenwolf, including *The Ed Sullivan Show*, August 17, 1968, where the band performed a medley of "Born to Be Wild" / "Magic Carpet Ride" and a complete version of "It's Never Too Late", *The Smothers Brothers*, *American Bandstand*, *Playboy After Dark*, *Beat Club*, *Della*, *Upbeat*, and *The Steve Allen Show*, as well as VH1's *Behind the Music*. St. Nicholas was squeezed out of Steppenwolf in a power play by Kay in 1971. Grammy Awards board member and former manager of T.I.M.E. Jeff Greenberg came to see St. Nicholas to inform him that Steppenwolf was at a rehearsal at SIR Studios with a new bassist, George Biondo. More than twenty years of still-unresolved litigation followed.

Following St. Nicholas's ouster from Steppenwolf, he replaced Dickie Peterson in Blue Cheer alongside Ruben De Fuentes on guitar and Terry Rae on drums. The band both toured and recorded during this time, but the songs were not released until *Live & Unreleased '68/'74* was released in 1996.

After Kay and Edmonton's version of Steppenwolf disbanded in 1976, St. Nicholas reformed the group with McJohn and guitarist Kent Henry, who had replaced Larry Byrom in the group and recorded the guitar tracks on the *For Ladies Only* album in 1971. There were several other versions of this band touring at the same time for which St. Nicholas was not responsible. During this time, St. Nicholas's Steppenwolf included drummers such as Steve Riley and Frankie Banali.

St. Nicholas stopped touring with Steppenwolf in 1980 due to legal actions by Kay.

## Post-Steppenwolf

In 1980 St. Nicholas formed a band called Starwolf with keyboardist Steve Stewart along with drummer Dean Woytcke. Stewart left in the late 1980s and Randy Carr joined; about the same time guitarist Dave Olsen joined and Starwolf became Lone Wolf. In 1988, Kurt Griffey was added as a second guitarist and Chris Sweeney joined as the band's drummer. After Lone Wolf became the Wolf continuing from 1988 to 1989, Ronnie Carson took over for Sweeney and Olsen left.

In the early 1990s, St. Nicholas formed a new Lone Wolf with Griffey, singer Richard Ward, and drummer Daryl Johnson, featuring at bike rallies and clubs, continuing until 1997.

## World Classic Rockers

In 1997 St. Nicholas began a new heavy metal chapter as he launched the supergroup World Classic Rockers, bringing Griffey with him into the new venture along with Sparrow and Steppenwolf bandmate Michael Monarch. Members include former members of Steppenwolf, Santana, Toto, Journey, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Boston, Kansas, Eagles and others. The World Classic Rockers (WCR) prepare to celebrate the 20-year anniversary.

## Studio albums

## Live albums

* *Early Steppenwolf*
1969 (recorded in 1967 as the Sparrow)
U.S. #29
Dunhill Records
* *Steppenwolf Live*
1970
U.S. #7
U.K. #16
*Gold*
Dunhill Records
* *World Classic Rockers: Live* (1st edition)
WCR Records
* *World Classic Rockers: Live* (2nd edition)
WCR Records
* *World Classic Rockers: Live* (3rd edition)
WCR Records
* *World Classic Rockers: Live* (4th edition)
WCR Records
* *World Classic Rockers: Live* (5th edition)
WCR Records
* *World Classic Rockers: Live* (6th edition)
WCR Records
* *Blue Cheer Live & Unreleased, Vol. 1: '68/'74* (1996; Captain Trip Records)

## Compilations

## Singles

| Release date | A-side | B-side | US Chart Peak | UK Chart Peak |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | "Make It Alright | "Take Me Along" |  |  |
| | "What Would Life Be Without It" | "Tripping into Sunshine" |  |  |
| 1969 | "Rock Me" (Kay) | "Jupiter Child" (Monarch/Kay/Edmonton) | 10 |  |
| | "It's Never Too Late" (St. Nicholas/Kay) | "Happy Birthday" (Mekler) | 51 |  |
| | "Move Over" (Kay/Mekler) | "Power Play" (Kay) | 31 |  |
| | "Monster" (Kay/Edmonton/St. Nicholas/Byrom) | "Berry Rides Again" (Kay) | 39 |  |
| 1970 | "Hey Lawdy Mama" (Kay/Byrom/Edmonton) | "Twisted" (Kay) | 35 |  |

1. Nick St. Nicholas Compositions, *The Sparrow*, T.I.M.E. *Trust In Men Everywhere*, *Steppenwolf*, *The Five Stair Steps* at AllMusic
2. Ex Steppenwolf Bassist Can Bill Himself As Such 9th Circuit Court, MTV/MTV News, January 2, 2001
3. "Nick St. Nicholas". *LA Music Awards*. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
4. Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.MTV Rick James Its My Time
5. Shakey: Biography of Neil Young
6. "Nick St. Nicholas – CLASSIC ROCK EVEN CLASSIER WITH THE WORLD CLASSIC ROCKERS By Aaron Stipkovich". *andsociety.com*. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
7. "Early Steppenwolf – CD (out of Print)". *steppenwolf.com*. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
8. conman, Ron Levin murdered, Los Angeles Times Billionaire Boys Club
9. Nicholas Kassbaum, Aka Nick St. Nicholas, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Steppenwolf Productions, Inc.; Steppenwolf, Inc.; Joachim Fritz Kreudeldat, Aka John Kay, Defendants-appellees, 236 F.3d 487 (9th Cir. 2000), 9th Circuit
10. Nicholas Kassbaum, Aka Nick St. Nicholas, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Steppenwolf Productions, Inc.; Steppenwolf, Inc.; Joachim Fritz Kreudeldat, Aka John Kay, Defendants-appellees, 236 F.3d 487 (9th Cir. 2000), 9th Circuit
11. Steppenwolf/ Billboard The Hot 100, Billboard Hot 100 Chart
12. Nicholas Kassbaum, Aka Nick St. Nicholas, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Steppenwolf Productions, Inc.; Steppenwolf, Inc.; Joachim Fritz Kreudeldat, Aka John Kay, Defendants-appellees, 236 F.3d 487 (9th Cir. 2000), 9th Circuit
13. https://www.discogs.com/artist/288391-Nick-St-Nicholas?page=1 Nick St. Nicholas Compositions
14. https://www.discogs.com/artist/288391-Nick-St-Nicholas?page=2 Nick St. Nicholas Compositions
15. Nicholas Kassbaum, Aka Nick St. Nicholas, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Steppenwolf Productions, Inc.; Steppenwolf, Inc.; Joachim Fritz Kreudeldat, Aka John Kay, Defendants-appellees, 236 F.3d 487 (9th Cir. 2000), 9th Circuit
16. Joaquin Fritz aka John Kay, narrator, John Forbes (Behind the Music TV Series: Steppenwolf Episode aired 6 September 1998), VH1
17. The Rocker, The Preacher's Daughter and The Pink Cadillac, LA Times/Articles, October 15, 1992
18. Good Morning San Diego, anchor Carlos Amezcua, Nick St. Nicholas of Steppenwolf and Greg Walker of Santana (7th Annual American Freedom Festival with World Classic Rockers concert aboard USS Midway May 28, 2016 aired 27 May 2016), KUSI News San Diego

## InfoBox

| Nick St. Nicholas | |
| --- | --- |
| Nick St. Nicholas, June 2007. | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Klaus Karl Kassbaum |
| Born | (1941-09-28) 28 September 1941<br>Plön, Nazi Germany |
| Origin | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Psychedelic rock, acid rock, blues rock, hard rock, heavy metal |
| Occupation(s) | Musician and bandleader |
| Instrument(s) | Bass guitar, vocals |
| Years active | 1964–present |
|  | |
| Website | wcr.com/about-wcr/ |


title: Pabwan

abstract: Pabwan is a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 4.9 km from postal head office in Nurmahal, 25 km from Phillaur, 27.8 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 136 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

text:
# Pabwan

**Pabwan** is a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 4.9 km from postal head office in Nurmahal, 25 km from Phillaur, 27.8 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 136 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

## Transport

Nurmahal railway station is the nearest train station however, Goraya Junction train station is 20 km away from the village. The village is 53.4 km away from domestic airport in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 120 km away in Amritsar.

## InfoBox

| Pabwan | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PabwanLocation in Punjab, IndiaPabwanPabwan (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°07′15″N 75°36′32″E / 31.1209634°N 75.6088581°E / 31.1209634; 75.6088581 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Jalandhar |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Elevation | 240 m (790 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,081 |
|  | Sex ratio 534/547 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144439 |
| Telephone | 01821 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB\- 08 |
| Post Office | Nurmahal |
| Website | jalandhar.nic.in |


title: India–Uganda relations

abstract: India–Uganda relations are bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Uganda. India and Uganda established diplomatic relations in 1965 and each maintain a High Commission in the other's capital. The Indian High Commission in Kampala has concurrent accreditation to Burundi. Uganda hosts a large Indian community and India–Uganda relations cover a broad range of sectors including political, economic, commercial, cultural and scientific cooperation.

text:
# India–Uganda relations

**India–Uganda relations** are bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Uganda. India and Uganda established diplomatic relations in 1965 and each maintain a High Commission in the other's capital. The Indian High Commission in Kampala has concurrent accreditation to Burundi. Uganda hosts a large Indian community and India–Uganda relations cover a broad range of sectors including political, economic, commercial, cultural and scientific cooperation.

## History

Relations between India and Uganda began with the arrival of over 30,000 Indians in Uganda in the 19th century who were brought there to construct the Mombasa–Kampala railway line. Ugandan independence activists were inspired in their struggle for Ugandan independence by the success of the Indian freedom struggle and were also supported in their struggle by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Indo-Ugandan relations have been good since Uganda's independence, except during the regime of Idi Amin. Amin in 1972 expelled over 55,000 persons of Indian origin and 5,000 Indians who had largely formed the commercial and economic backbone of the country, accusing them of exploiting native Ugandans. Since the mid-1980s when President Yoweri Museveni came to power, relations have steadily improved. Today some 20,000 Indians and PIOs live or work in Uganda. Ethnic tensions between Indians and Ugandans have been a recurring issue in bilateral relations given the role of Indians in the Ugandan economy.

## Economic relations

Indians and persons of Indian origin play a key role in the Ugandan economy in the manufacturing, trade and service sectors. Indian businesses employ thousands of Ugandans and are among the largest taxpayers in Uganda. Traditionally, Indians in Uganda were traders of Gujarati descent. Immigrants from Punjab and healthcare workers from Kerala have also arrived in Uganda in recent years. Since the 1980s, India has emerged as one of the largest investors and trading partners of Uganda.

Bilateral trade between the two countries amounted to $728 million in 2010–11, with the balance of trade heavily in India's favour with Ugandan exports to India accounting for only $16.7 million of the total trade. Uganda imports almost 30% of its pharmaceuticals from India while India emerged the second largest source of Foreign Direct Investments for Uganda in 2011. Firms run by PIO families and PIO business groups, such as the Madhvani, Mehta, Mukwano and Ruparelia, are among the largest in Uganda, while Indian companies, such as Tata Coffee, Bank of Baroda and Airtel, have a significant presence in Uganda.

## Technical cooperation

Since Uganda's independence, India has been an important destination for higher education for Ugandan students. Several top Ugandan politicians including former prime minister Kintu Musoke and deputy prime minister Kirunda Kivejinja have studied in India. Since the 1960s, under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme, Ugandan officials, scientists and other professionals have attended training courses in India. Following the India–Africa Forum Summits in New Delhi and Addis Ababa, India has decided to establish three key institutions in Uganda – the India-Africa Institute of Foreign Trade, the Food Processing Business Incubation Centre and the Material Testing Laboratory. Uganda has been linked to the Pan-African e-Network project being undertaken by India allowing it to access Indian expertise through telemedicine and tele-education. Uganda has also benefited from India's Focus Africa Initiative and its New Economic Partnership for Africa's Development which have set aside over $200 million for Africa's economic development.

## InfoBox

India–Uganda relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
India |
Uganda |
|  | |


title: Gerald Bacher

abstract: Gerald Bacher is an Austrian football coach and former player who played as a midfielder. He is the current assistant coach of Wolfsberger AC's under-16 team.

text:
# Gerald Bacher

**Gerald Bacher** (born 8 October 1968) is an Austrian football coach and former player who played as a midfielder. He is the current assistant coach of Wolfsberger AC's under-16 team.

## Coaching career

Bacher started his coaching career with SV Sachsenburg in 2010 after retiring as a player. He then had multiple stints as coach of lower level clubs, including SV Treffen between 2015 and 2016. In 2023, Bacher was appointed assistant coach for Wolfsberger AC's under-16 team.

## InfoBox

Gerald Bacher
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1968-10-08) 8 October 1968 | | |
| Place of birth | Villach, Austria | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Wolfsberger AC (youth coach) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1987–1996 | Admira Wacker | 227 | (9) |
| 1996–1997 | FC Linz | 22 | (0) |
| 1997–1998 | Iraklis | 7 | (0) |
| 1998–2000 | SV Spittal/Drau | 43 | (1) |
| 2000–2001 | BSV Bad Bleiberg | 13 | (1) |
| 2002–2003 | SC Landskron |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1988–1989 | Austria U21 | 12 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2010–2013 | SV Sachsenburg | | |
| 2011–2014 | AKA Kärnten (youth) | | |
| 2015–2016 | SV Treffen | | |
| 2018 | Villacher SV (youth) | | |
| 2020–2021 | LAZ Spittal/Paternion | | |
| 2023– | Wolfsberger AC (youth) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Prosopochaeta

abstract: Prosopochaeta is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Prosopochaeta

***Prosopochaeta*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Prosopochaeta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Voriini |
| Genus: | *Prosopochaeta*
Macquart, 1851 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Prosopochoeta nitidiventris*
Macquart, 1851 | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: National Sleep Foundation

abstract: The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) is an American non-profit, charitable organization. Founded in 1990, its stated goal is to provide expert information on health-related issues concerning sleep. It is largely funded by pharmaceutical and medical device companies.

text:
# National Sleep Foundation

The **National Sleep Foundation** (**NSF**) is an American non-profit, charitable organization. Founded in 1990, its stated goal is to provide expert information on health-related issues concerning sleep. It is largely funded by pharmaceutical and medical device companies.

## Research

### NSF Sleep Duration Recommendations

In 2015 NSF released the results of a research study on sleep duration recommendations. The paper titled "National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary" was published in the peer-reviewed *Sleep Health Journal*. NSF convened an expert panel of 18 leading scientists and researchers tasked with updating the official sleep duration recommendations. The panelists included sleep specialists and representatives from leading organizations including the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Anatomy, American College of Chest Physicians, American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Geriatrics Society, American Neurological Association, American Physiological Society, American Psychiatric Association, American Thoracic Society, Gerontological Society of America, Human Anatomy and Physiology Society, and Society for Research in Human Development. The panelists participated in a rigorous scientific process that included reviewing over 300 current scientific publications and voting on how much sleep is appropriate throughout the lifespan.

### Sleep Health Index

NSF developed Sleep Health Index to measure sleep health at a global group or at an individual level. It was created with the help of sleep experts and public opinion research experts. It is composed of three sub-component scales: sleep duration, sleep quality, and sleep disorders. The Index is fielded quarterly and results are publicly available.

### Sleep in America Poll

NSF has conducted a national poll called Sleep in America Poll to catalog the state of sleep in America since 1991. This poll provides valuable information to the public, sleep community and the media on specific topics of interest. Past Sleep In America poll data and results are available on the NSF's website.

The NSF Sleep in America poll began providing evidence of the size and scope of the American sleep problem in 1991. The 2002 Sleep in America poll (1,010 people surveyed) first suggested that as many as 47 million Americans were risking injury and health problems because they were not sleeping enough. Media coverage of 2002 Sleep in America poll suggested a sleep "crisis" and an "epidemic," and included headlines suacha as "Epidemic of daytime sleepiness linked to increased feelings of anger, stress and pessimism." Again, in NSF's 2005 Sleep in America poll, it reported that half of adults report frequent sleep problems and 77 percent reported a partner with a sleep problem, with snoring being the most common complaint.

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) declared insufficient sleep a "public health epidemic" in 2014.

### *Sleep Health* Journal

*Sleep Health* is NSF's official, peer-reviewed academic journal. It was launched in 2015. The Journal's aims are to explore sleep's role in population health and bring the social science perspective on sleep and health. Its scope extends across diverse sleep-related fields, including anthropology, education, health services research, human development, international health, law, mental health, nursing, nutrition, psychology, public health, public policy, fatigue management, transportation, social work, and sociology.

The Journal was 2016 winner of the Association of American Publishers' *PROSE Award* for *Best New Journal in Science, Technology and Medicine*. The PROSE Awards annually recognize the very best in professional and scholarly publishing by bringing attention to distinguished books, journals, and electronic content.

The 2021 Journal Citation Reports published a 2020 Impact Factor of 4.450 for *Sleep Health*.

### Sleep Monitoring Standards

In 2014 NSF encouraged the Consumer Technology Association (CTA) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop standards for sleep technology. As a result, the R6.4 WG1 Sleep Monitors Group was established, composed of sleep experts and technology manufacturers. In September 2017, CEA and NSF announced a new standard for measuring sleep cycles with wearables and other applications. The new standard expands on 2016's work that defined terms and functionality required for sleep measuring devices.

## Education

### Public education

NSF educates the public about sleep health in content that appears through online, print and broadcast media. NSF's official website is thensf.org which is the primary sleep health website for sleep education content. NSF operates three public education websites: thensf.org, drowsydriving.org (supporting NSF's annual Drowsy Driving Prevention Week campaign), and sleephealthjournal.org (supporting NSF's peer-reviewed research journal Sleep Health). NSF also licenses its educational content at times for distribution by other entities. NSF-branded sleep health content appears on sleepfoundation.org, which was acquired by OneCare Media in 2019. OneCare is a marketing business based on digital content, with a portfolio of consumer-oriented websites, primarily focused on health topics, and derives revenues from commissions on products sold by its affiliate partners. The website continues to be titled "Sleep Foundation" and uses the .org domain.

### Physician education

The National Sleep Foundation is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians. In March 2017, NSF was awarded Accreditation with Commendation by the ACCME. Accreditation with Commendation is ACCME's mechanism for celebrating organizations that excel. Many of NSF's physician education courses are found in the *Sleep Learning Zone*, an online learning platform.

## Public awareness

### Sleep Awareness Week

Sleep Awareness Week is NSF's annual public awareness event celebrating sleep health. It usually occurs during the week leading up to the beginning of daylight-saving time in the spring. During this week, NSF releases the results from its annual Sleep in America Poll or from the Sleep Health Index. NSF provides valuable information about the benefits of optimal sleep and how sleep affects health, well-being, and safety. The week-long campaign provides the public and the media with shareable messages including an infographic, sleep health messaging, and social media posts.

### Drowsy Driving Prevention Week

NSF conducts an annual Drowsy Driving Prevention Week during the week leading up to the end of daylight-saving time in the fall. The campaign goal is to reduce the number of drivers who choose to drive while sleep deprived. Drowsy driving is responsible for more than 6,400 U.S. deaths annually. These fall-asleep crashes are often caused by voluntarily not getting the sleep one needs. Millions of Americans also experience excessive sleepiness as a result of sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy. The campaign encompasses dissemination of educational messages via social media.

## Awards

Since 2001 NSF has been recognizing and celebrating the achievements of individuals who have contributed to advancing the sleep field. The following individuals received an award from the National Sleep Foundation:

* 2021 - Phyllis C. Zee, MD, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2018 - Sudhansu Chokroverty, MD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2017 - Mark R. Rosekind, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2016 - David Gozal, MD, MBA, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2015 - Emmanuel Mignot, MD, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2014 - Meir H. Kryger, MD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2014 - William C. Orr, PhD, *Clinical Research Leadership*
* 2014 - Arthur J. Spielman, PhD, *Insomnia Educator Leadership*
* 2013 - Timothy A. Roehrs, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2013 - Christine Acebo, PhD, *Excellence in Sleep Assessment Research*
* 2012 - Michael Thorpy, MBChB, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2012 - Charmane Eastman, PhD, *Excellence in Applied Circadian Rhythm Research*
* 2012 - Ernest Hartmann, *Excellence in Science of Sleep and Dreaming*
* 2011 - Robert Y. Moore, MD, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2011 - Gregory Belenky, MD, *Excellence in Sleep & Performance Research*
* 2011 - Peter J. Hauri, PhD, *Excellence in Insomnia Research & Education*
* 2011 - Lorraine L. Wearley, PhD, *Sleep Health & Safety Leadership*
* 2010 - Allan I. Pack, MBChB, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2010 - Pietro Badia, PhD, *Sleep Educator*
* 2010 - Wallace B. Mendelson, MD, *Sleep & Psychiatry*
* 2009 - Philip R. Westbrook, MD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2009 - Colin Sullivan, MBBS, PhD, *Sleep Innovator*
* 2008 - Charles A. Czeisler, MD, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2007 - Sonia Ancoli-Israel, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2006 - James K. Walsh, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2005 - Christian Guilleminault, MD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2004 - Allan Rechtschaffen, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2003 - Mary A. Carskadon, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2002 - Thomas Roth, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*
* 2001 - William C. Dement, MD, PhD, *Lifetime Achievement*

## SleepTech

As part of addressing one of NSF's goals – that sleep science is rapidly incorporated into products and services – NSF launched the SleepTech program to advance innovations in sleep technology. Each year the National Sleep Foundation recognizes innovative sleep products by giving out the SleepTech Awards, the world's first innovation awards targeted specifically at sleep technology. Recent winners are:

* 2020 - SleepTech Award Winner: Itamar Medical - WatchPAT ONE
* 2019 - SleepTech Award Winner: The ReST Bed
* 2019 - SleepTech App Award Winner: Timeshifter - The Jet Lag App
* 2018 - SleepTech Award Winner: Happiest Baby - SNOO Smart Sleeper

## Finances

NSF is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization, and contributions are tax-deductible. The foundation's programs are funded by corporate and individual contributions, and through its partnerships with corporations and government entities. Its recent revenues are in the $3.5 million range. According to then-CEO Richard Gelula, "The largest single source of National Sleep Foundation funding is pharmaceutical and medical device companies." In particular, nearly $1 million (≈28%) of its $3.6 million budget at the time came from manufacturers of sleeping medications.

## Controversies

The National Sleep Foundation is sometimes criticised on the grounds that its work is unduly influenced by funding from sleeping pill manufacturers. The NSF has been criticized by the American Institute of Philanthropy, Dr. Sidney M. Wolfe of Public Citizen's Health Research Group, Jerry Avorn (head of the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics at Harvard Medical School), and other consumer and medical ethics groups for its reliance on industry funding, and the possible influence of such funding on its work.

In 2005, for instance, they released a survey purporting to find extremely high rates of insomnia, declared insomnia to be a "crisis" and an "epidemic," announced an "Insomnia Awareness Day" and a "National Sleep Awareness Week," but the poll, the declaration of a dedicated day and week, and the widely distributed press kits were paid for by manufacturers of sleeping medications, and the public relations firm assigned to contact medical reporters about the poll took the opportunity to mention the shortly-approaching release of Lunesta (eszopiclone), the first sleeping medication approved in the United States for extended use. Simultaneously, the drug's manufacturer assigned 1,250 pharmaceutical sales representatives to educate physicians about Lunesta, as part of a $60 million advertising push. A Sacramento Bee report on these connections also noted that 10 of NSF's 23-member Board of Directors had current or past financial ties to manufacturers of sleeping medications.

These reports led to criticism from Public Citizen's Wolfe, who theorized that "Although they're not saying you should be on a sleeping pill, they're saying go to the doctor and that doctor will sell you a sleeping pill in a large proportion of instances." Wolfe also criticized American doctors for "selling" sleeping pills, "even if it's not what (the patient) really need(s)." A previous 2002 "Sleep in America" poll from NSF, which similarly characterized the results as revealing an "epidemic" of daytime sleepiness in its press release, was similarly characterized in a report by The Seattle Times as industry "astroturfing" due to sponsorship from the makers of the sleeping medications Unisom, Sonata, and Ambien.

A 2016 NSF public education program highlighting "personal stories about sleep for four individuals" received grant support from Merck. A report in the Huffington Post described this effort as part of a multi-pronged "unbranded" marketing effort for Belsomra (suvorexant), Merck's then-forthcoming new sleeping drug.

Some merchants and products have claimed to be "endorsed by the National Sleep Foundation" or have implied such endorsement in their literature. My Pillow made such claims in its television ads. At the time, the NSF was selling MyPillow on its own website. When asked by the Truth in Advertising consumer rights organization, an NSF spokesman declined to say whether MyPillow had made payments to the organization for its claimed “official pillow” status, but said in an email that the organization receives approaches “from many different manufacturers” and “works to select products that are a good fit for our organization.” In 2016, My Pillow agreed to stop claiming an NSF endorsement and paid a fine.

## InfoBox

National Sleep Foundation
| Founded | 1990 |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Arlington, Virginia |
| Revenue | 3,564,345 United States dollar (2017, 2018) |