abstract: In England, the First-tier Tribunal, more commonly known as the Mental Health Tribunal, is an independent quasi-judicial body established to safeguard the rights of persons subject to the Mental Health Act 1983. It provides for consideration of appeals against the medical detention or forced treatment of a person who was deemed to be suffering from a mental disorder that was associated with a risk to the health or safety of that person or others. Prior to an overhaul of the tribunal system in 2008, its functions were carried out by the Mental Health Review Tribunal, which was a standalone body. In 2008 the Mental Health Review Tribunal was formally abolished as a standalone body and merged with the Health and Social Care Chamber of the newly established First-tier Tribunal (FTT). A new Upper Tribunal was also created, which hears appeals against decisions by the FTT. In Wales, the corresponding body is the Mental Health Review Tribunal for Wales.

text:
# Mental Health Review Tribunal (England and Wales)

In England, the **First-tier Tribunal (Mental Health)**, more commonly known as the **Mental Health Tribunal**, is an independent quasi-judicial body established to safeguard the rights of persons subject to the Mental Health Act 1983. It provides for consideration of appeals against the medical detention or forced treatment of a person who was deemed to be suffering from a mental disorder that was associated with a risk to the health or safety of that person or others.

Prior to an overhaul of the tribunal system in 2008, its functions were carried out by the **Mental Health Review Tribunal**, which was a standalone body. In 2008 the Mental Health Review Tribunal was formally abolished as a standalone body and merged with the Health and Social Care Chamber of the newly established First-tier Tribunal (FTT). A new Upper Tribunal was also created, which hears appeals against decisions by the FTT. In Wales, the corresponding body is the Mental Health Review Tribunal for Wales.

## Tribunal hearings

Mental Health Tribunals are independent judicial bodies that operate under the provisions of the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules 1983. A Tribunal's main purpose is to review the case of a patient detained under the Mental Health Act and to direct the discharge of any patient for whom the statutory criteria for discharge have been satisfied. In some cases, the Tribunal also has the discretion to discharge a patient who does not meet the statutory criteria. Such cases usually involve making a balanced judgement on a number of serious issues such as the freedom of the individual, the protection of the public and the best interests of the patient.

### Tribunal panel members

The Lord Chancellor makes appointments to the panels of members for each region. In the case of medical and specialist members, the Secretary of State for Health (for cases in England) or the Secretary of State for Wales is also consulted. The Regional Chairmen appoint the members who are to sit at a particular hearing and there must be a legal member, a medical member and a specialist member appointed for each Tribunal hearing to form a legal quorum. In the event that one or two members are not present, the third member can technically open the tribunal and then immediately adjourn the hearing until another two members are able to attend. Any decisions formed by the tribunal are that of the tribunal, rather than the particular judicial member. There will be no dissenting judgment.

The legal member's role is to preside (i.e. take the chair) at all tribunal hearings. Their title is Tribunal Judge and they will prepare all decisions, documents, recommendations and judgments, on behalf of the whole tribunal. His or her responsibilities also include making sure that the proceedings are conducted fairly, that the legal requirements of the Mental Health Act 1983 are properly observed within the rule of law and advise on any questions of law which may arise. He or she is also responsible for drafting the reasons for the decision (written reasons are required in all cases). Tribunal Judges are required to have "such legal experience, as the Lord Chancellor considers suitable" and are judicial office holders appointed by the Judicial Appointments Commission. They are normally senior legal practitioners such as solicitors or barristers, but in 'restricted patient panel' (RPP) cases (also known as forensic cases) the level must be that of a Circuit Judge or higher. The majority of Tribunal judges are Fee-paid judges (namely those who practise full time as a barrister or solicitor and have a part time judicial appointment). In addition there are a small number of full time Tribunal Judges ("District Tribunal Judge") who are based in London (at the Royal Courts of Justice) and in Manchester. Their mode of address (in writing and during the hearing) is "Judge".

#### Role of the specialist member (Specialist Member)

The specialist member undertakes a check and balance role to the Tribunal under the Tribunal Rules. He or she will be a professional outside the legal and medical profession, but might hold legal or healthcare qualifications. Most specialist members are senior or experienced practitioners or therapists with at least 5–7 years standing and will hold a range of experience within the mental health sector. Most specialist members are educated to postgraduate level in mental health, they may hold an advanced degree in psychology or forensics in RPP cases. The specialist member will have extensive background knowledge of professional practice within the mental health field, health and/or social services. Members can be drawn from the NHS, voluntary organisations, adult social services or the private health sector. Specialist members may also be mental health social workers, probation officers, approved mental health professionals, psychologists, mental health nurses and occupational therapists. He or she will be able to offer information to the other members of the Tribunal on matters relating to health and social care matters and often healthcare legal matters in context (i.e. Codes of Practice, best practice etc.). Generally, specialist members are appointed in office for a term of 5 years and this is reviewed every 5 years until the age of 70.

#### Role of the medical member (Medical Member)

The medical member has a dual role to perform. They are required by the Tribunal Rules to carry out an examination of the patient before the hearing and to take any steps that they consider necessary to form an opinion of the patient's mental condition. In England, the pre-medical examination is not a requirement to hear a case. At the hearing they, together with the other members of the Tribunal, have the responsibility of deciding whether or not the patient should continue to be detained or remain on a community treatment order. If the medical member's opinion of the patient differs significantly from other medical witnesses then this should be made known at the beginning of the hearing. This is because it would be unfair and contrary to a basic principle of natural justice if the Tribunal members were to take notice of information that had not been shared with all the other parties at the hearing. The medical member is invariably a consultant psychiatrist of several years' standing. He or she will be able to advise the other members of the Tribunal on any medical matters. Medical members are generally senior doctors, with at least 7 years experience and are often drawn in from Consultant level. Generally, medical members are appointed in office for a term of 5 years and this is reviewed every 5 years until the age of 70.

### Course of the tribunal

Tribunals sit in private. Prior to the Covid -19 pandemic the hearings would take place in the hospital or community unit where the patient is detained. During the pandemic video hearings were used exclusively. Post pandemic, video hearings are used for many hearings but patients and their legal representatives are able to seek a face to face hearing. The Tribunal is also able to list the hearing face to face if appropriate. Physical location aside, the tribunals resemble court hearings, during which appropriate witnesses are invited to speak in turn. These include the detained person, his or her solicitor, the member of the multi-disciplinary team responsible for the detained person's care in hospital, known as the Responsible Clinician or RC (usually a consultant psychiatrist), a representative of the nursing staff at the hospital and the Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP). Additionally, the RC and AMHP (or more frequently the patient's care coordinator) are required to submit written reports on the person's state of health to the Tribunal in advance of the hearing. If the detained person is an in patient the nurse will also submit a written report.

### How the decision is made

Each member of the Tribunal is entitled to an equal voice on questions of law, procedure and substance. All the members participate in the making of decisions and, although the Judge is expected to draft the written reasons for the decision, this is done only after taking into account the contributions of the other members. If the members do not all agree then a decision of the majority of members of the Tribunal is taken as the decision of the Tribunal.

The Tribunal will consider the case and the patient as presented on the day. The Tribunal cannot question the circumstances that gave rise to the detention. The Tribunal decides whether or not to end the patient's detention in hospital. The parties are told of the decision at the conclusion of the hearing (following the panel taking time to consider the submissions and evidence). In all cases the Judge will provide detailed written reasons which set out the background, evidence, and the Tribunal's findings and conclusion.

The Tribunal has the power to order a deferred discharge which may be conditional (for example that an aftercare package is put in place).

Decisions of the Tribunal can be appealed to the Administrative Appeals Chamber of the Upper Tribunal, or to the High Court, by way of Judicial Review.

## Organisation and oversight

### The bodies

Technically the Mental Health Review Tribunal consists of two distinct bodies, within a single non-departmental public body.

The first body is the Judicial Tribunal itself with the responsibility for hearing applications or references concerning people detained under the Mental Health Act 1983. The Tribunal members are appointed by the Ministry of Justice. There is a Liaison Judge appointed to the Tribunal to lead its development.

The second body is the Mental Health Review Tribunal Secretariat. This is staffed by members of the Department of Health, and has responsibility for the administration of the Tribunals.

### Judicial Management

The Mental Health Tribunal is part of the First Tier Tribunal (Health Education and Social Care) which is led by the President of the First-tier Tribunal (Health, Education and Social Care Chamber) who appoints a Deputy President. The Deputy President's responsibilities include appointing members to particular hearings, ensuring that all the statutory requirements are complied with, making judicial decisions and giving such directions as are necessary to ensure the speedy and just determination of every case. Full time Tribunal Judges are appointed as training judges responsible for organising training for members, for overseeing the members' appraisal and mentoring scheme and for handling complaints about a member's conduct.

### Organisation of the Tribunal

The Secretary of State for Health is responsible for meeting the expenses of Tribunals in England and for providing accommodation and staff. Administration is carried out at the Secretariat offices in Leicester. The Welsh Assembly has similar responsibilities for Tribunals in Wales and administration is carried out at the Secretariat office in Cardiff. All the Secretariat staff are civil servants and are completely independent of the hospital authorities. The Regional Chairmen and the Secretariat work closely together to make sure that the whole Tribunal process is closely managed. The role of the Home Office is confined to cases involving 'restricted patients'.

Tribunals operate independently of all Government Departments.

## Fairness of decisions

A study in 2017, looked at the correlation between a number of predictors and the outcome of the MHRT decisions: The study commented that their "findings imply that decisions at MHRT are not biased in terms of age, sex, ethnicity, mental health diagnosis, or even index offence", rather its findings "suggest that by reducing levels of agitated behaviour, verbal aggression and physical violence on the ward, working towards being granted unescorted community leave, and specifically targeting items on the HCR-20 risk assessment" patients can increase their chance of discharge.

## Sources

1. "Mental Health Review Tribunal for Wales".
2. Jewell, Amelia; Dean, Kimberlie; Fahy, Tom; Cullen, Alexis E. (17 January 2017). "Predictors of Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT) outcome in a forensic inpatient population: a prospective cohort study". *BMC Psychiatry*. **17** (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 25. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1188-8. ISSN 1471-244X. PMC 5240431. PMID 28095806.


title: Fear Street Part One: 1994 (soundtrack)

abstract: Fear Street Part One: 1994 is the film score soundtrack to the 2021 film Fear Street Part One: 1994, the first instalment in the Fear Street trilogy. Composed by Marco Beltrami and Marcus Trumpp, their score consisted of 19 tracks that are released by Maisie Music Publishing and Milan Records on July 2, 2021, with an expanded score being released with its sequels by Intrada Records in August 2024. The score is influenced by horror films from the 1990s, most notably the score for Scream (1996) which was composed by Beltrami himself.

text:
# Fear Street Part One: 1994 (soundtrack)

***Fear Street Part One: 1994 (Music from the Netflix Trilogy)*** is the film score soundtrack to the 2021 film *Fear Street Part One: 1994*, the first instalment in the *Fear Street* trilogy. Composed by Marco Beltrami and Marcus Trumpp, their score consisted of 19 tracks that are released by Maisie Music Publishing and Milan Records on July 2, 2021, with an expanded score being released with its sequels by Intrada Records in August 2024. The score is influenced by horror films from the 1990s, most notably the score for *Scream* (1996) which was composed by Beltrami himself.

## Development

In May 2021, it was announced that Marco Beltrami would compose the musical score for the trilogy, where he would collaborate with Marcus Trumpp for the score. The film's director Leigh Janiak met Beltrami to discuss the music, which he eventually agreed to do so. She had listened to the score of *Scream* (1996) composed by Beltrami and liked it which she defined it as a "revolutionary in what they did for horror sound" which was bombastic and filled with unnerving choices. The resultant score is being influenced from Beltrami's compositions in *Scream* and other horror films in the 1990s.

Before scripting the film, Janiak had compiled a selection of songs in a playlist when she pitched the project and played them while writing the story. He then shared the playlists with the cast and crew and listened to it on set. She added that "it was important to find music that thematically spoke to the moment that the characters were in, which can immediately bring you back to that place."

## Release

*Fear Street Part One: 1994 (Music from the Netflix Trilogy)* was released day-and-date with the film on July 2, 2021, distributed by Maisie Music Publishing and Milan Records.

In mid-July 2021, Waxwork Records announced that it would distribute the triple LP album of the score for Part One: 1994 and its sequels, that would feature original artworks inspired by the graphic novels and liner notes from Beltrami, Janiak and others. The album was released on November 12, 2021.

## Reception

Jonathan Broxton in his review for *Movie Music UK* called it as "one of the most enjoyable, unpretentiously entertaining horror scores Beltrami has written in quite some time, a superb combination of thematic strength and full-blooded orchestral butchery that truly engrosses from start to finish." Benjamin Lee of *The Guardian* called it as a "a high-drama and high-impact score that is a nice, and thrilling, touch". Kristy Puchko of *IGN India* wrote "composer Marco Beltrami brings chills with a score that harkens back to his work on The Faculty and the Scream movies."

Lovia Gyarkye of *The Hollywood Reporter* described the score as "appropriately suspenseful", while Jim Vorel of *Paste* called it as "evocative". Erik Kain of *Forbes* wrote that the score and its soundtrack "does its best to provoke the nostalgia centers in our brains". Chad Collins of *Dread Central* called it as an "indefatigable, *Scream*-esque score" that sounds "so much like his nineties work".

## Track listing

### Standard edition

*Fear Street Part One: 1994 (Music from the Netflix Trilogy)* standard edition track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mall Massacre" | 3:53 |
| 2. | "Main Titles" | 2:07 |
| 3. | "Morning in Shadyside" | 2:00 |
| 4. | "Candlelight Vigil" | 3:16 |
| 5. | "Stop the Bus" | 1:36 |
| 6. | "Goode in the Woods" | 1:50 |
| 7. | "Some Creeper" | 1:58 |
| 8. | "Skullmask" | 2:46 |
| 9. | "Sheriff Goode" | 2:45 |
| 10. | "Reminder of Us" | 3:41 |
| 11. | "Bathroom Blowout" | 2:31 |
| 12. | "Sam Bait" | 2:27 |
| 13. | "Berman Is the Key" (co-composed by Brandon Roberts) | 2:29 |
| 14. | "Market Massacre" | 6:26 |
| 15. | "Bring Her Back" | 2:11 |
| 16. | "See You Tonight" | 1:32 |
| 17. | "Sam Attack" | 1:26 |
| Total length: | | 44:54 |

### Intrada expanded edition

Intrada Records released a 5-CD box set that featuring the complete score for the three films, including previously unreleased materials, on August 2, 2024. Disc 1 and disc 2 compile the music for this film.

*Fear Street Part One: 1994* expanded edition track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Logo" | 0:26 |
| 2. | "Mall Massacre" | 5:57 |
| 3. | "Main Titles" | 2:08 |
| 4. | "Tragedy Struck Again" | 2:04 |
| 5. | "She Reaches from Beyond" | 2:56 |
| 6. | "Candlelight Vigil" | 3:20 |
| 7. | "Look to the Light" | 1:32 |
| 8. | "Stop the Bus" | 1:39 |
| 9. | "After the Crash" | 1:15 |
| 10. | "Goode in the Woods" | 1:54 |
| 11. | "Morning in Shadyside" | 1:36 |
| 12. | "Some Creeper" | 2:03 |
| 13. | "Arguing Peter to Death" | 1:31 |
| 14. | "Skullmask" | 2:50 |
| 15. | "Sheriff Goode" | 3:02 |
| 16. | "Deena's Got a Gun" | 1:49 |
| 17. | "Ruby Attacks" | 3:07 |
| 18. | "Curse Is Real" | 3:08 |
| 19. | "Dead Maniacs" | 3:39 |
| 20. | "Just Like Jaws" | 2:20 |
| 21. | "A Reminder of Us" | 3:43 |
| 22. | "Bathroom Blowout" | 3:36 |
| 23. | "Sam Bait" | 2:37 |
| 24. | "C Berman Is the Key" | 2:35 |
| 25. | "Goode Warning" | 2:56 |
| 26. | "Right Now You Have to Die" | 3:01 |
| 27. | "Market Massacre" | 6:32 |
| 28. | "Bring Her Back" | 2:22 |
| 29. | "Fell on Glass" | 2:38 |
| 30. | "See You Tonight" | 1:36 |
| 31. | "Berman Calls Deena" | 2:23 |
| 32. | "Mall Massacre" (film version alternate ending) | 1:33 |
| 33. | "Main Titles" (alternate film version) | 1:51 |
| Total length: | | 85:39 |

## Additional music

The soundtrack featured licensed songs from the 1990s, where few of them released after 1994, where the film's story is set in that period. Though an official soundtrack was not released, Netflix issued a playlist featuring the songs in Spotify.

| # | Artist(s) | Song | Key scene(s)/Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Nine Inch Nails | "Closer" | Played over the opening murder scene in the mall. |
| 2 | Garbage | "Only Happy When It Rains" | Played in a sequence where Deena tries to write her hate note to Sam. |
| 3 | Iron Maiden | "Fear of the Dark" | Josh chats online to the Shadyside Killers chat group. |
| 4 | Bush | "Machinehead" | Josh walks through his school corridors (originally released in 1996). |
| 5 | Sophie B. Hawkins | "Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover" | Josh sees his crush Kate at school and time slows down. |
| 6 | Portishead | "Sour Times" | As Deena walks through school and was annoyed at the sight of students kissing. |
| 7 | Cypress Hill | "Insane in the Brain" | Deena gets on the bus to the football game against Sunnyvale |
| 8 | Radiohead | "Creep" | Deena listens to music on the way to the game. |
| 9 | 99 tales | "Thursday" | Plays quietly in the background as Deena calls Sam's house after the game and the crash. |
| 10 | White Zombie | "More Human Than Human" | The song is played twice in the film. Once, where Josh plays video games in his room and the second time at the film's end credits (originally released in 1995). |
| 11 | Snoop Dogg | "Gz and Hustlas" | Kate and Simon babysit Deena's neighbor. |
| 12 | Roberta Flack | "Killing Me Softly with His Song" | Deena and the kids go to the hospital to visit an injured Sam. |
| 13 | White Town | "Your Woman" | Deena and the kids meet Nurse Eddy (originally released in 1995). |
| 14 | The Mills Brothers | "You Always Hurt The One You Love" | Simon is attacked by Ruby, who sings a second version of that song as she did when she killed her victims. |
| 15 | Cowboy Junkies | "Sweet Jane" | Plays when Josh and Kate share a kiss, so as Sam and Deena. |
| 16 | The Prodigy | "Firestarter" | The kids lay a trap for the witch's henchmen in the school (originally released in 1996). |
| 17 | Pixies | "Hey" | Played in Sam's mixtape at the very end, as he and Deena cuddle in bed. |
| 18 | Soundgarden | "The Day I Tried To Live" | Josh talks online again to explain the murders as Sam attacks Deena upstairs. |
| 19 | Alice Cooper | "School's Out" | Plays over the tease for the sequel. |

## InfoBox

| Fear Street Part One: 1994 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Film score by Marco Beltrami and Marcus Trumpp | |
| Released | July 2, 2021 |
| Recorded | 2021 |
| Genre | Film score |
| Length | 44:54 |
| Label | * Maisie Music Publishing * Milan |
| *Fear Street* soundtracks chronology | |
| ***Fear Street Part One: 1994***
(2021) *Fear Street Part Two: 1978*
(2021) | |
|  | |
| Marco Beltrami chronology | |
| *A Quiet Place Part II*
(2021) ***Fear Street Part One: 1994***
(2021) *Fear Street Part Two: 1978*
(2021) | |
| Marcus Trumpp chronology | |
| *Greta*
(2021) ***Fear Street Part One: 1994***
(2021) *Fear Street Part Three: 1666*
(2021) | |
|  | |


title: Oversigning

abstract: Oversigning is an unofficial term for the practice of American college athletic departments signing prospective student-athletes to a National Letter of Intent (NLI) that may exceed the maximum number of athletic scholarships permitted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The NCAA limits the total number of scholarships that may be awarded in all of its sponsored sports, and in football also limits the number of scholarships awarded in a given year. Those limits differ by sport and the division in which that school participates. Most conferences have additional rules governing signing NLI. NCAA Bylaw 15.5.6.1 limits FBS football programs to a total number of scholarships to 85 "counters" annually including 25 scholarships for "initial counters." Counters are individuals who are receiving institutional financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport, initial counters are individuals who are receiving countable financial aid in a sport for the first time. Bylaw 13.9.2.3 limits schools to signing 28 NLI from initial signing day through May 31. Oversigning can occur in two ways. First, if a school signs a number of NLI that may bring their total number of counters above the NCAA limit of 85. Second would be to sign more than 25 NLI during the period between National Signing Day and May 31. Oversigning occurs in other sports but has received the most attention from media members and fans, in regard to Division I FBS college football. NCAA rules permit oversigning up to 28 NLI, though some college football fans view oversigning as unethical, arguing that it requires schools and coaches to be dishonest with young adult and adolescent recruits by promising them a roster spot and scholarship only to pull it before the person graduates or even makes the team.

text:
# Oversigning

**Oversigning** (also spelled **over-signing**) is an unofficial term for the practice of American college athletic departments signing prospective student-athletes to a National Letter of Intent (NLI) that may exceed the maximum number of athletic scholarships permitted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The NCAA limits the total number of scholarships that may be awarded in all of its sponsored sports, and in football also limits the number of scholarships awarded in a given year. Those limits differ by sport and the division in which that school participates. Most conferences have additional rules governing signing NLI.

NCAA Bylaw 15.5.6.1 limits FBS football programs to a total number of scholarships to 85 "counters" annually including 25 scholarships for "initial counters." Counters (NCAA Bylaw 15.02.3) are individuals who are receiving institutional financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport, initial counters (NCAA Bylaw 15.02.3.1) are individuals who are receiving countable financial aid in a sport for the first time. Bylaw 13.9.2.3 limits schools to signing 28 NLI from initial signing day through May 31.

Oversigning can occur in two ways. First, if a school signs a number of NLI that may bring their total number of counters above the NCAA limit of 85. Second would be to sign more than 25 NLI during the period between National Signing Day and May 31.

Oversigning occurs in other sports but has received the most attention from media members and fans, in regard to Division I FBS college football.

NCAA rules permit oversigning up to 28 NLI, though some college football fans view oversigning as unethical, arguing that it requires schools and coaches to be dishonest with young adult and adolescent recruits by promising them a roster spot and scholarship only to pull it before the person graduates or even makes the team.

## Atlantic Coast Conference

### Miami

In a December 2010 feature on oversigning, ESPN's *Outside the Lines* profiled former University of Miami defensive lineman Stephen Wesley, who was told - in July 2010, just weeks before his senior season was to begin - that his scholarship would not be renewed. Miami and then-head coach Randy Shannon did not give an explanation for Wesley's dismissal from the team, but many believed (as *Outside the Lines* noted) Wesley was cut from the team to make room for Seantrel Henderson, who announced he would attend Miami just weeks before Wesley's dismissal.

## Big East Conference

In the 2011 offseason, the University of Louisville men's basketball team found itself with a roster of 18 players—five more than the NCAA limit of 13 scholarship players for that sport. In the 2010–11 season, the Cardinals had a 15-man roster, but two of these players were walk-ons, placing them within NCAA limits. Three scholarship players departed after the season, but coach Rick Pitino had initially signed a four-player freshman class, resulting in 14 scholarship players plus the two returning walk-ons. Then, coaching changes gave Pitino the opportunity to add a fifth freshman, former Tennessee commit Kevin Ware, and a future upperclass contributor, George Mason transfer Luke Hancock. These signings gave the Cardinals 16 scholarship players.

The situation was resolved when three returning scholarship players agreed to become walk-ons for the 2011–12 season. All had originally come to Louisville as walk-ons, but had earned scholarships. What made this situation especially unusual is that two of the three were seniors who were expected to start in the coming season. One of the senior walk-ons, Kyle Kuric, was the Cardinals' only returning double-figure scorer. The other senior walk-on, Chris Smith, was the Cardinals' third-leading returning scorer. Both were financially able to absorb being walk-ons—Kuric's parents are a neurosurgeon and a nurse practitioner, and Smith is the younger brother of NBA player J. R. Smith, who had paid his brother's way at U of L when he had to sit out the 2009–10 season as a transfer.

## Big Ten Conference

### Ohio State

In an article posted June 25, 2011 by ABC news, James Jackson, former Ohio State University wide receiver, says he lost his scholarship due to oversigning. "They had an oversigning issue," Jackson said. "They had to free up a few scholarships, and coach (Jim) Tressel told me I probably wouldn't play and maybe Ohio State wasn't the place for me." Ohio State denies that Jackson was forced to transfer. "Our policy is as James Jackson stated: As long as a student-athlete maintains his/her academic standing, behaves appropriately and handles his/her responsibilities, he or she will retain their scholarship. We have no proof of any conversation between him and former head coach Jim Tressel".

After National Signing Day in 2011, Ohio State was oversigned by several players. During his Signing Day press conference, head coach Urban Meyer said he expected several recruits to not be signed, though Meyer did not give the specific number by which he had oversigned.

## Southeastern Conference

Several universities within the Southeastern Conference (SEC) have frequently been accused of oversigning. Florida, Georgia, and Vanderbilt are usually noted as exceptions within the SEC due to their having signed the fewest total recruits among SEC teams over the past decade. Georgia head coach Mark Richt has condemned the process, saying "I don't want to oversign, then tell one of the kids we've already got, 'You've got no value to us' and toss him aside. I'm not going to do that."

On February 1, 2011, *Sports Illustrated* published a letter from the president of the University of Florida, Bernie Machen, in which Machen condemned oversigning-related practices - including grayshirting and the excessive use of medical disqualifications - as "morally reprehensible" and "repugnant."

### Houston Nutt Rule

In May 2009, the SEC passed a rule restricting its football teams to accepting no more than 28 National Letters of Intent each year. This move was widely viewed as a direct response to the University of Mississippi and its head coach, Houston Nutt, having promised 37 scholarships to new recruits for the 2009 season. Thus the rule is now commonly referred to as "The Houston Nutt Rule."

### Alabama and Nick Saban

#### 2010

##### WSJ Medical Scholarship Concerns

On September 24, 2010, the *Wall Street Journal* published an article suggesting the University of Alabama and its head coach, Nick Saban, encouraged some under-performing players to quit the team for medical reasons in order to gain a competitive edge.

Former Alabama linebacker Chuck Kirschman said "I'm still kind of bitter", and Saban encouraged him to accept the scholarship because of a back problem that Kirschman believes he could have played through. Kirschman said the school offered in the summer of 2009 to pay for his graduate degree in business, an offer he accepted, and that he still gets some of the same perks as players. Kirschman completed his MBA in Finance.

Charles Hoke, a former Alabama offensive lineman, took a medical scholarship in 2008 because of a shoulder problem, said the choice was left entirely up to him and was based on the many conversations he had with the team's doctors and trainers over the course of his junior year.

Jeramie Griffin tore an anterior cruciate ligament in his knee in August 2009. He said: "I came back in the spring and I was OK." Griffin said that he was surprised football staff told him he had failed a physical. Griffin said that Saban asked him what he wanted to do besides playing football, and that Saban floated the possibility of a medical scholarship and asked if Griffin was interested in student coaching. Griffin said he doesn't contest the results of the physical and said it was "basically my decision" to forgo the rest of his playing career.

Doug Walker, the school's associate athletic director for media relations, said "decisions about medical disqualifications for student-athletes are made by medical professionals and adhere to the parameters outlined by the NCAA and the Southeastern Conference."

On September 29, 2010, Saban responded to questions about the *Wall Street Journal* article: "We don't make the decision about medicals. I have nothing to do with that. Those are medical decisions made by our medical staff. I think we have one of the finest medical staffs in the country. I don't have any question about the fact every player we have given a medical to, it's been because of the medical opinion of the medical staff. Those guys should not continue to play football because it would put their future in tremendous risk. Those decisions are always made in the best interest of the player. Whether the player agrees with that or not, I can't control. I don't make the decision. They don't make the decision as players. That's why we have a medical staff."

##### WSJ Transfer Concerns

On November 25, 2010, the Journal reported that several former Alabama players claim Saban and Alabama lied about their reasons for leaving the school. On August 5, 2009, Saban made a statement in a press conference that included a reference to four players Price Hall, Brandon Fanney, Alonzo Lawrence and Jermaine Preyear. "These guys all did something. It doesn't make them bad people.…These guys didn't do what they were supposed to do here, whether it was for academic reasons or whatever. They're not going to be part of the program." The players told *The Wall Street Journal* they committed no such violations and that Alabama and Saban had only claimed as much so as to protect the image of their program in the eyes of future recruits.

Prince Hall, a starter and All-American as freshman, had been suspended for the 3rd time during the Spring according to published reports, the last being categorized as indefinite. Brandon Fanney, a 14-game starter from the previous season, had been suspended for rules violations during the Spring.

Preyear, who decided to transfer six months after enrolling during the Spring, said he chose to leave over concerns about playing time. "I don't know any rules I could have broken."

Alonzo Lawrence reasons for transfer were unclear, but according to his high school coach his problems at Alabama "wasn't anything major," and tied it to things like being late to team meetings. Lawrence transferred to Southern Miss before moving on to Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College.

##### Saban's Exchange with another Reporter

On April 15, 2008, Saban was asked by reporter Ian Rapoport how he was going to handle the numbers. Saban replied "I'm not worried about them. It'll all work out. I mean, the whole thing has a solution to every issue. You don't put yourself in a position where you don't know what's coming." Rapoport respond, "So you're not going to tell us?" to which Saban replied "We know how it has to be managed, and it will be managed. It's none of your business. Aiight? And don't give me this stuff about the fans' need to know, because they don't need to know. Don't even ask. Aiight?"

#### 2011

In early 2011, after National Signing Day, Saban and the University of Alabama again became the subjects of heavy media criticism after they again appeared to have oversigned. When asked about the appearance of being oversigned during his Signing Day press conference, Saban gave a 431-word response in which he denied being oversigned but refused to clarify the situation by explaining how many scholarship players departed the program after the 2010 season. Further raising questions about Saban and Alabama, *Birmingham News* journalist Kevin Scarbinsky revealed a few days after Saban's press conference that in numerous requests by the newspaper for the scholarship numbers of public universities in Alabama, the University of Alabama has been the only one to completely redact the numbers for every sport in which it participates.

### LSU and Les Miles

In 2010, Louisiana State University (LSU) and head coach Les Miles were also the subjects of numerous oversigning allegations. In August, with his program at the scholarship limit for the year, Miles asked two recruits, Elliot Porter and Cameron Fordham, to wait until January 2011 to receive their previously promised scholarships. (This practice is known as "grayshirting.") Fordham chose to stay with the team, but Porter decided to leave the school. A third player, Houston Bates, had previously been asked to grayshirt and decided not to attend LSU, instead signing with Illinois.

Porter joined the Kentucky football team that fall, but left during the season. He transferred back to LSU the next year but had to sit out the season due to transfer rules. Porter became the full-time starting center for LSU for the 2013 football season. Despite being trashed by the national media for downgrading Porter's scholarship offer to a grayshirt offer, Miles took Porter back with open arms.

In December, ESPN's *Outside the Lines* broadcast a report in which former LSU quarterback Chris Garrett claimed LSU and Les Miles lied about the circumstances surrounding the school's decision not to renew Garrett's scholarship and Garrett's subsequent departure from LSU.

### South Carolina and Steve Spurrier

In 2011, South Carolina, coached by Steve Spurrier, oversigned by several players. Both *Oversigning.com* and *Rivals.com* estimated South Carolina oversigned by 6 players when it signed 32 players in its 2011 class. Additionally, on the day before National Signing Day, South Carolina rescinded offers to two other recruits that had verbally committed to signing with the school. One of the recruits, Lorenzo Mauldin, had been committed to the school for months but learned he would not receive a scholarship offer when South Carolina faxed a notice of the rescinded offer to his high school on the day before Signing Day. Walter Banks, the coach of Jordan Montgomery, the other recruit whose scholarship offer was pulled the day before National Signing Day, told *The Wall Street Journal*, "I told \[South Carolina coaches\] this was foul. I didn't have a clue until 18 hours before signing day, and if they say anything else, they're lying." Banks also told *The State* that South Carolina coaches are "no longer welcome" at his high school (South Lake High School in Groveland, Florida) saying, "I cannot look a kid and their parent in the face and say you can trust what a University of South Carolina coach says." Spurrier admitted to *The Wall Street Journal* that "what we probably could've done earlier in the recruiting is tell them that this could happen." He later added, "I think on \[February 1\] we alerted both of them, talked to them and said 'Hey, I'm sorry. This is where we are. We got all these other commitments.' We didn't like doing this." In late March 2011, Mauldin signed with Louisville saying that he came to believe that South Carolina coaches really didn't want him to qualify anyway.

### 2011 rule change

In June 2011, the SEC presidents and chancellors unanimously passed a new conference rule that prohibits teams from signing more than 25 players to National Letter of Intent from December 1 through May 31. The league's coaches unanimously voted the day before to recommend maintaining the limit of 28.


title: Red Rain (film)

abstract:
Red Rain is a 2013 Indian Malayalam-language science fiction thriller film written and directed by Rahul Sadasivan.
It stars Narain, Mohan Sharma, Tini Tom, Shari, Leona Lishoy, Andrea Fortis, and Sergio Kalei. Red Rain was produced by Sachin Sadasivan under the banner Highlands Entertainment and released theatrically in India on 6 December 2013. The film is loosely based on the Kerala red rain phenomenon.

text:
# Red Rain (film)

***Red Rain*** is a 2013 Indian Malayalam-language science fiction thriller film written and directed by Rahul Sadasivan. It stars Narain, Mohan Sharma, Tini Tom, Shari, Leona Lishoy, Andrea Fortis, and Sergio Kalei.  *Red Rain*  was produced by Sachin Sadasivan under the banner Highlands Entertainment and released theatrically in India on 6 December 2013. The film is loosely based on the Kerala red rain phenomenon.

## Synopsis

A young scientist investigates a series of mysterious events, such as the unexpected deaths of cattle and bright lights in the sky. He becomes convinced that they are caused by extraterrestrial life-forms.

## Cast

* Narain as Jay
* Mohan Sharma as Professor
* Rubia as Victim
* Shari as Victim's mother
* Sachin Sadasivan as Jay's brother
* Tini Tom as Reporter
* Andrea Fortis as Andrea
* Sergio Kalei as Sergio
* Vishnu Warrier as Neel
* Leona Lishoy as Neha
* Adinad Sasi as Witness

## InfoBox

| Red Rain | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Rahul Sadasivan |
| Written by | Rahul Sadasivan |
| Screenplay by | Rahul Sadasivan |
| Produced by | Sachin Sadasivan |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Jomon Thomas |
| Edited by | Andrea Fortis |
| Music by | Josh Spear |
| Release date | * 6 December 2013 (2013-12-06) |
| Running time | 101 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Adı Bende Saklı

abstract: Adı Bende Saklı is the 15th studio album recorded by Turkish singer, songwriter and producer Sezen Aksu. It was released on December 20, 1998, through Universal Music. The album was produced by Levent Semerci.

text:
# Adı Bende Saklı

***Adı Bende Saklı*** is the 15th studio album recorded by Turkish singer, songwriter and producer Sezen Aksu. It was released on December 20, 1998, through Universal Music. The album was produced by Levent Semerci.

## Background

The title track of the album is the eighth song, "Adı Bende Saklı". It is composed by the Greek composer Yannis Karalis'. The original composition is called "ECLIPSE (instrumental from album ODYSSEY - international release – July 1997)". The Turkish lyrics were written by Sezen Aksu and late Meral Okay, one of her best and longest lasting friends. The song has been the topic of many controversies. Sezen Aksu's version of the song is the original music of "ECLIPSE" **in its entirety** which was copied without Yannis Karalis consent or FM RECORDS's legal consent (authorization) the second being the owner of the master recording. As soon as the original composer was informed about the violation of his copy-rights, he filed a lawsuit and the Court ruled against the infringers who appealed this case.

The lawsuit is still on-going to the Supreme Court.

Three songs from the album had videos: "Tutuklu", "Adı Bende Saklı" and "Ruhuma Asla". The album received critical acclaim by many and is also seen as a benchmark 1990s Turkish pop music album.

## Track listing

1. "Ud Taksimi" (0:57)
2. "Tutuklu" (4:25) (lyrics – music: Sezen Aksu, arrangement: Kıvanç K.)
3. "Kaderim" (4:06)(lyrics – music: Sezen Aksu, arrangement: Kıvanç K.)
4. "Hazan" (5:41) (lyrics – music: Sezen Aksu, arrangement: Aykut Gürel)
5. "Erkek Güzeli" (4:06) (lyrics – music: Sezen Aksu, arrangement: Murat Yeter)
6. "Kusura Bakma" (1976) (4:16) *(lyrics – music: Sezen Aksu, arrangement: Murat Yeter)*
7. "Ruhuma Asla" (4:58) (lyrics – music: Sezen Aksu)
8. "Adı Bende Saklı" (3:46) (lyrics: Meral Okay, Sezen Aksu, music: Yannis Karalis)
9. "Ben Sevdalı Sen Belalı" (5:26) (lyrics – music: Selami Şahin, arrangement: Garo Mafyan)
10. "Şimal Yıldızı" (5:12) (lyrics: Sezen Aksu, Meral Okay, music: Sezen Aksu, arrangement: Aşkın Arsunan)
11. "Yola Çıkmalı" (4:09) (lyrics – music: Sezen Aksu, arrangement: Aykut Gürel)
12. "İnce Mevzu" (4:17) (lyrics: Mustafa Sandal, Sezen Aksu, music – arrangement: Mustafa Sandal)
13. "Denge" (4:59) (lyrics: Turgut Uyar, music: Sezen Aksu, Aykut Gürel, arrangement: Aykut Gürel)
14. "Adı Menekşe" (4:53) (lyrics: Meral Okay, Sezen Aksu, music: Sezen Aksu, Aşkın Arsunan, arrangement: Kıvanç K.), CD Bonus
15. "Ruhuma Asla" (5:06) (lyrics – music: Sezen Aksu), CD Bonus

## InfoBox

| Adı Bende Saklı | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sezen Aksu | |
| Released | December 20, 1998 (1998-12-20) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Label | Universal |
| Producer | Levent Semerci |
| Sezen Aksu chronology | |
| *Düğün ve Cenaze*
(1997) ***Adı Bende Saklı***
(1998) *Deliveren*
(2000) | |


title: Quintin Geldenhuys

abstract: Quintin Geldenhuys is a South Africa-born Italian rugby union player. Geldenhuys, who played lock, represented the Italian URC franchise Zebre. He made his debut for Italy against Australia on 13 June 2009. He qualified for Italy through residency. He played 11 games, starting 11, playing 796 minutes in the 2015-2016 Guinness Pro12 series. Geldenhuys is currently the Director of Rugby at Trio High School in Kroonstad the Northern Free State region of South Africa.

text:
# Quintin Geldenhuys

**Quintin Geldenhuys** (born 19 June 1981) is a South Africa-born Italian rugby union player. Geldenhuys, who played lock, represented the Italian URC franchise Zebre. He made his debut for Italy against Australia on 13 June 2009. He qualified for Italy through residency. He played 11 games, starting 11, playing 796 minutes in the 2015-2016 Guinness Pro12 series. Geldenhuys is currently the Director of Rugby at Trio High School in Kroonstad the Northern Free State region of South Africa.

## InfoBox

Quintin Geldenhuys
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Quintin Geldenhuys |
| Date of birth | (1981-06-19) 19 June 1981 |
| Place of birth | Krugersdorp, South Africa |
| Height | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 116 kg (256 lb; 18 st 4 lb) |
| School | Hoërskool Monument |
| University | Boston Business College |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Lock  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2003–05
2005–10
2010–12
2012–17 Pumas
Viadana
Aironi
Zebre  6
96
34
78  (10)
(25)
(5)
(10)  Correct as of 28 March 2017  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2009–2016 Italy  67  (0)  Correct as of 26 March 2017 | |


title: Metepeira foxi

abstract: Metepeira foxi is a species of orb weaver in the spider family Araneidae. It is found in the United States and Canada.

text:
# Metepeira foxi

***Metepeira foxi*** is a species of orb weaver in the spider family Araneidae. It is found in the United States and Canada.

## InfoBox

| *Metepeira foxi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Araneidae |
| Genus: | *Metepeira* |
| Species: | ***M. foxi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metepeira foxi***<br>Gertsch & Ivie, 1936 | |
|


title: Mohammedan Literary Society

abstract: Mohammedan Literary Society was a literary society of Muslims in British India. Based in Calcutta, it was established in 1863 and was succeeded by the Muslim Institute of Calcutta in 1930.

text:
# Mohammedan Literary Society

**Mohammedan Literary Society** was a literary society of Muslims in British India. Based in Calcutta, it was established in 1863 and was succeeded by the Muslim Institute of Calcutta in 1930.

## History

Mohammedan Literary Society was founded by Nawab Abdul Latif in 1863 in Calcutta. The society was located at Latif's residence in 16 Taltala, Kolkata. Latif was the secretary of the society while Prince Mahomed Ruheemoodin of Mysore was the president. The society had two vice-presidents, Prince Mahomed Nusseroodin Hyder of Mysore and Prince Mirza Jahan Kader Bahadur, the son-in-law of the Prince of Oudh. Notable members in the governing committee included Nawab Asman Jah Bahadur and Prince Mahomed Bakhtyar Shah. The patron of the society was the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. The society used Arabic, English, Persian, and Urdu languages.

The goal of the society was the education of Muslim youth in English medium schools that would allow them to compete with their English and Hindu peers. The society held gathering annually in Kolkata Town Hall. In the meeting in 1865 was attended by over 2000 people including Christians, Hindus, Jews, and Muslims. The society was a gathering place Indian royals such as the Maharaja of Indore, Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal, the rajas of Jaipur State, Maharaja of Patiala, and the Raja of Cooch Behar State. The society campaigned for the utilization of the Mohsin Fund and drew attention of the British government to the educational needs of the Muslim community of India. It survived till 1930, at which point its name changed to Muslim Institute of Calcutta.

## InfoBox

Mohammedan Literary Society
| Formation | 1863 |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct | 1930 |
| Legal status | Succeeded by the "Muslim Institute of Calcutta" |
| Headquarters | Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India |
| Region served | British India |


title: Metheringham Windmill

abstract: Metheringham Windmill, locally known as The Old Meg Flour Mill, was a six-storeyed, six-sailed, and tarred slender Lincolnshire type windmill with the typical white ogee cap and fantail. The mill is derelict.

text:
# Metheringham Windmill

**Metheringham Windmill**, locally known as *The Old Meg Flour Mill*, was a six-storeyed, six-sailed, and tarred slender Lincolnshire type windmill with the typical white ogee cap and fantail. The mill is derelict.

## History

Metheringham Windmill was built in 1867 to be used to grind flour from grain. Located on a paddock at the eponymous village in North Kesteven south of Lincoln, it is one of the many tall brick-tower mills of Lincolnshire with a stage, now disused.

The mill was equipped with a complete iron gear, six Sutton Patent sails, which drove her four pairs of millstones, but was never prosperous. She later lost up to four of her sails, which were not replaced. The remaining sails were juggled around for balance. Having started with 6 sails, she later ran with four, then two, and finally with three, finishing her sixty years of work around 1930. Until 1942, the mill could be viewed with its unique three sails design.

In the following years the remaining sails went, and after 1961 cap and windshaft followed. The tar coating is now wearing off the tower, giving a free view of the unusual banding in her brickwork of 205 courses. Remains of the iron stage can still be found on the mill on the second floor, but in a bad condition because of the damage done by sail crashes.

There is no public right of access to the mill, so any remains of machinery inside the mill can't be examined.

Sources * Dolman, Peter (1986). *Lincolnshire Windmills, a contemporary survey*. Lincoln: Lincolnshire County Council, Department of Recreational Services - Museums. ISBN 0 86111 126 5.
* Wailes, Rex (1954). *The Windmills of England*. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

## InfoBox

| Metheringham Windmill | |
| --- | --- |
| Disused windmill and Mill House at Metheringham | |
|  | |
| Origin | |
| Mill name | Metheringham Windmill |
| Mill location | Metheringham, Lincolnshire |
| Grid reference | TF 063 613 |
| Coordinates | 53°08′16″N 0°24′42″W / 53.1377°N 0.4116°W / 53.1377; -0.4116 |
| Year built | 1867 |
| Information | |
| Type | Tower mill |
| Storeys | Six storeys |
| No. of sails | Six sails |
| Type of sails | Patent sails |
| Windshaft | Cast iron |
| No. of pairs of millstones | Four pairs |


title: Fear Stalk

abstract: Fear Stalk is a 1989 American made-for-television thriller drama film starring Jill Clayburgh and Stephen Macht. It was directed by Larry Shaw from a teleplay written by Ellen Weston and broadcast as the CBS Sunday Night Movie on December 17, 1989.

text:
# Fear Stalk

***Fear Stalk*** is a 1989 American made-for-television thriller drama film starring Jill Clayburgh and Stephen Macht. It was directed by Larry Shaw from a teleplay written by Ellen Weston and broadcast as the *CBS Sunday Night Movie* on December 17, 1989.

## Plot

Alexandra Maynard (Jill Clayburgh) is a strong-willed soap opera producer whose life is suddenly invaded by a psychopath (Andrew Divoff) after he steals all of the belongings out of her purse. Once in possession of Alexandra's identification and credit cards, her tormentor is able to follow her all over town, anticipating her every move. Adding to Alexandra's agony are threatening phone calls and money being withdrawn from her account by her ubiquitous stalker. Then, Alexandra's friends and family decide to form a united front, and the stalker finds himself the stalkee.

## Cast

## Filming

*Fear Stalk* was shot in Los Angeles, California from September 27 to October 20, 1989.

## InfoBox

| *Fear Stalk* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | * Drama * Thriller |
| Written by | Ellen Weston |
| Directed by | Larry Shaw |
| Starring | Jill Clayburgh
Stephen Macht
Lynne Thigpen
Sandy McPeak
Mary Ellen Trainor
Lorna Luft
Sada Thompson
Cheryl Anderson |
| Music by | Fred Karlin |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Producer | Donald March |
| Cinematography | Neil Roach |
| Editor | Millie Moore |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Production company | ITC Entertainment |
| Original release | |
| Network | CBS |
| Release | December 17, 1989 (1989-12-17) |


title: P. A. Inamdar

abstract: P. A. Inamdar is an Indian educationist.

text:
# P. A. Inamdar

**P. A. Inamdar** is an Indian educationist.

## Early life and education

Inamdar was born on 28 December 1945. He completed his BA (Honors) in Arts from Shivaji University, Kolhapur. P.A Inamdar was appointed by Government of India on the Planning Commission's working group on higher education for the twelfth five-year plan period 2012–2017. He worked to improve education of minorities in India.

## Present positions

* Member, National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, GOI, New Delhi
* Member, Management Council, Hamdard University, New Delhi, A Govt. of India Trust
* Member, Management Council, Aligarh Muslim University
* Member, Managing Committee, Ce-Cap Education Trust
* Member court (Senate) Jamia Milia Islamia Central University New Delhi
* Ex.Member, Pharmacy Council of India
* Member, Planning Commission of India on Higher Education New
* Director, College of Visual Effects, Design and Art, Pune Delhi

## Founder

* INAMDAR MULTISPECIALITY HOSPITAL: A multi-speciality hospital that is centrally located in Pune
* DR. P. A. INAMDAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE

## Cases

Inamdar has been involved in a number of cases.

* P. A. Inamdar and others Vs State of Maharashtra pune and others
* The Inamdar Judgement: Text of the Supreme Court judgement delivered on 12 August 2005 abolishing state quotas in private unaided professional colleges.
* Supreme Court on Mohammad Salim's right to grow beard
* Illegal Floors in Inamdar hospital
* Drowning of students of Inamdar College Pune
* Jail for assault
* Suit brought by directors alleging siphoning of money from the Muslim Co-Op Bank

1. Inamdar, P. A. "Azam Campus Pune". *Azam Campus Pune*.
2. "education". Retrieved 12 October 2012.
3. "planning commission". Retrieved 12 October 2012.
4. "minority work ref".
5. "P.A inamdar".
6. "P.A. Inamdar & Ors vs State of Maharashtra & Ors on 12 August, 2005". *Indian Kanoon*. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
7. "hospital". Retrieved 12 October 2012.
8. "Cases" (PDF). Retrieved 12 October 2012.
9. "case2". Retrieved 12 October 2012.
10. "Case 3". Retrieved 12 October 2012.
11. "Pune Municipal Corporation issues notice to Inamdar hospital - Times of India". *The Times of India*. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
12. "13 students from Pune's Abeda Inamdar college drown in Murud sea, one missing". *dna*. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
13. "Educationist P A Inamdar gets jail for assault in 2011 - Pune Mirror -". *Pune Mirror*. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
14. "After allegations of multi crore fraud in Muslim Co-op Bank in Pune, RBI seeks explanation from bank chairman". *Hindustan Times*. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2024.

## InfoBox

| P.A.Inamdar | |
| --- | --- |
| President of M.C.E. Society, Pune | |
| Born | (1945-12-28) 28 December 1945 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Website | http://www.painamdar.in |


title: Red Book of the Exchequer

abstract: The Red Book of the Exchequer is a 13th-century manuscript compilation of precedents and office memoranda of the English Exchequer. It contains additional entries and annotations down to the 18th century. It is now held at The National Archives, Kew, London. It takes its name from its red leather binding, which distinguishes it from the related and contemporary, but smaller, Black Book of the Exchequer. J. Horace Round wrote in 1898 that "second only in honour to Domesday Book itself, the "Liber Rubeus de Scaccario" has, for more than six centuries, held a foremost place among our national records. Prized by officials for its precedents, by antiquaries for its vast store of topographical and genealogical information, its well-thumbed pages have been scanned by twenty generations of students".

text:
# Red Book of the Exchequer

The **Red Book of the Exchequer** (*Liber Rubeus* or *Liber ruber Scaccarii*) is a 13th-century manuscript compilation of precedents and office memoranda of the English Exchequer. It contains additional entries and annotations down to the 18th century. It is now held at The National Archives, Kew, London. It takes its name from its red leather binding, which distinguishes it from the related and contemporary, but smaller, Black Book of the Exchequer.

J. Horace Round wrote in 1898 that "second only in honour to Domesday Book itself, the "Liber Rubeus de Scaccario" has, for more than six centuries, held a foremost place among our national records. Prized by officials for its precedents, by antiquaries for its vast store of topographical and genealogical information, its well-thumbed pages have been scanned by twenty generations of students".

## Creation and content

The early part of the Red Book was compiled in about 1230 by Alexander of Swerford (d. 1246), a senior Exchequer clerk until about 1220 and a Baron of the Exchequer from 1234. However, entries continued to be added to it throughout the later Middle Ages, and even down to the 18th century.

The Book contains nearly 300 separate records and texts, including "Charters, Statutes of the Realm, *Placita*, or other public acts, with private Deeds and Ordinances, Correspondence, Chronicles or Annals, religious, physical or legal Treatises, Topographies, Genealogies or Successions, Surveys and Accounts, precedents and *Facetiae*". Among them are texts of the 1166 *Cartae Baronum*, a survey of feudal tenure; the *Leges Henrici Primi*, an early compilation of legal information dating from the reign of Henry I; the *Constitutio domus regis*, a handbook on the running of the royal household of about 1136; the *Dialogus de Scaccario*, a late 12th-century treatise on the practice of the Exchequer; the *Book of Fees* of c.1302; a 14th-century treatise on the Royal Mint; 12th-century pipe rolls; deeds and grants of William I and Henry I; a text of Magna Carta; records of serjeanties; and forms of oaths of Exchequer officers and of the king's councillors.

## Physical description

The book is a thick folio volume of 345 parchment folios, measuring 13.5 inches (34 cm) long, by 9.5 inches (24 cm) wide, by 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) deep. As a result of ill-judged attempts to restore illegible text by the application of gallic acid, a few pages are now unreadable.

## Custodial history

Despite its origins within the Exchequer, in the Middle Ages the Red Book appears to have been sometimes held in the office of the royal Wardrobe, and to have travelled with the royal household. In the early modern period, it was held in the office of the King's (or Queen's) Remembrancer, where it was stored in an iron chest. It was routinely carried into the Court of King's Bench by the Secondary (deputy official) in the King's Remembrancer's Office, to assert privilege of the Exchequer: under this privilege, the Court of Exchequer reserved the right to hear suits brought against any of the Exchequer's officers or accountants. In the 17th and 18th centuries it became well known to antiquaries, and is frequently cited in the works of William Dugdale, Thomas Madox, Peter Le Neve, and Thomas Hearne, among others.

In 1870 the Book was transferred to the custody of the Master of the Rolls, and placed in the Public Record Office. It is now held in The National Archives at Kew, London, under reference code E 164/2.

## Publication

A detailed description and listing of the contents of the Red Book was published by Joseph Hunter in 1838.

An edition of the Book was published in 1897 in three volumes in the government-funded Rolls Series, edited by Hubert Hall of the Public Record Office. It was one of the last works to be commissioned in the series, and is numbered 99, the final work, in the unofficial (but widely followed) HMSO numbering sequence. The edition is selective: Hall reordered the Red Book's contents to a more rational arrangement, and omitted a certain amount of material, including texts which already existed in print elsewhere (or which he expected to reach print shortly), many of the later addenda, and some entries for which he simply did not have space.

The editor originally appointed, in 1885, had been W. D. Selby, but he took his own life while suffering from typhoid fever in 1889. Hall and J. H. Round were then appointed co-editors. Round withdrew for reasons of ill-health in 1890, but for some time afterwards Hall continued to consult him, and to send him proof sheets for checking. However, the relationship of the two men then deteriorated, and progressed to a vehement literary feud, conducted through the pages of periodical publications and in privately printed pamphlets, in the period immediately before and after the publication of the edition. Round (a notoriously belligerent and acerbic critic) accused Hall of scholarly and editorial incompetence, while Hall accused Round of double-dealing and of having deliberately remained silent about errors in the proofs so that he could use them to attack Hall's reputation at a later date. Other reviewers, such as Charles Gross in the *American Historical Review* and T. F. Tout in the *English Historical Review*, were more positive about Hall's achievement, while still finding points of detail to criticise. Reginald Lane Poole, also writing in the *English Historical Review*, was inclined to side with Round. In one of his contributions to the dispute, *Studies on the Red Book of the Exchequer* (1898), Round wrote:

> It has now been definitely shown that it is possible, in England at any rate, to publish a work of historical importance, for permanent and universal reference, so replete with heresy and error as to lead astray for ever all students of its subject, and yet to run the gauntlet of reviewers, not only virtually unscathed, but even with praise and commendation.

Hall's edition of the *Red Book*, he alleged, was "probably the most misleading publication in the whole range of the Rolls series". The view of modern scholars is that, while Round's behaviour and language was intemperate and unnecessarily offensive, there was a degree of truth in his criticism of Hall's work. In Margaret Procter's words (paraphrasing Sellar and Yeatman), "Round had been shown to be (largely) right but repulsive and Hall as (largely) wrong but romantic".

## Bibliography

### Edition

### Secondary works

## InfoBox

| Red Book of the Exchequer | |
| --- | --- |
| The National Archives, London | |
| Material | Parchment |


title: Adıgüzel Dam

abstract: Adıgüzel Dam is an embankment dam on the Büyük Menderes River in Denizli Province, Turkey, built between 1976 and 1989. The dam creates a lake which is 25.9 km ² and irrigates 94,825 hectares.

text:
# Adıgüzel Dam

**Adıgüzel Dam** is an embankment dam on the Büyük Menderes River in Denizli Province, Turkey, built between 1976 and 1989. The dam creates a lake which is 25.9 km ² and irrigates 94,825 hectares.

## InfoBox

| Adıgüzel Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Adıgüzel Dam Reservoir | |
| Location of Adıgüzel Dam in Turkey | |
| Official name | Adıgüzel Baraji |
| Country | Turkey |
| Coordinates | 38°09′30″N 29°12′20″E / 38.15833°N 29.20556°E / 38.15833; 29.20556 |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | 1976 |
| Opening date | 1989 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Impounds | Büyük Menderes River |
| Height | 144 m (472 ft) |
| Dam volume | 7,125,000 m3 (9,319,148 cu yd) |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 1,076,000,000 m3 (872,327 acre⋅ft) |
| Surface area | 26 km2 (10 sq mi) |
| Power Station | |
| Turbines | 2 x 31 MW Francis-type |
| Installed capacity | 62 MW |
| Annual generation | 280 GWh |


title: Yisroel Yaakov Lubchansky

abstract: Rabbi Yisroel Yaakov Lubchansky was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi in Baranavichy, Russia. He served as the mashgiach ruchani of the Baranovich Yeshiva there in the mid-twetienth century.

text:
# Yisroel Yaakov Lubchansky

**Rabbi Yisroel Yaakov Lubchansky** was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi in Baranavichy, Russia. He served as the mashgiach ruchani of the Baranovich Yeshiva there in the mid-twetienth century.

## Early life

Born in the mid  late nineteenth century, Rabbi Lubchansky was the son Rabbi Chaim Leib and Chaya Bluma Lubchansky. His father served as the rabbi of Baranovich (Baranavichy) in the Russian Empire (now in Belarus). In his youth, he studied Torah with his father before going go study in the Novardok Yeshiva of Rabbi Yosef Yozel Horowitz. During his time in the yeshiva, he absorbed Rabbi Horowitz's hashkafos. He went on to marry Rabbi Horowitz's daughter, Faiga Malka Horowitz.

## Rabbinic career

After the death of his father in 1906, he was appointed as rabbi of Baranovich, but soon gave the position up to his sister's husband, Rabbi Dovid Waicel.

With the outbreak of World War I, Rabbi Lubchansky remained in Russia, staying with his father-in-law's family. During this time, he headed the branches of the Navodrok Yeshiva in Kharkiv (now in Ukraine), Tsaritsyn, and elsewhere. After the war, he returned to Baranovich, where his mother still lived.

### Baranovich Yeshiva

Originally established in 1906 by Rabbi Horowitz, the Baranovich Yeshiva was disbanded during World War I. In 1921, it was reestablished and Rabbi Elchonon Wasserman was appointed as its rosh yeshiva; he immediately appointed Rabbi Lubchansky as mashgiach ruchani. In this role, he was known to be extremely devoted to his students, often crying in prayer for their growth. He was also known to have a strong influence over them, as well as a boundless love for them. Dozens of his students would eat their meals at his home, at his own expense.

Rabbi Lubchansky's influence in Baranovich was not only felt in the yeshiva but throughout the city's Jewish community. On Friday afternoons, he and Rabbi Wasserman would visit the stores owned by non-religious Jews and encourage them to close their stores for Shabbos.

## Home of orphans

Although they were childless, Rabbi Lubchansky and his wife raised several orphans in their home. His sister, Merreh Gittel Eisen had died sometime between 1913 and 1925, leaving her four children in the care of their father, Efraim Yehoshua Eisen. He however died soon after in the 1920s, and their four children moved into the Lubchansky home. One of these children, Vichna Eisen, later Vichna Kaplan, went on to found Beth Jacob of Borough Park.

## World War II and death

After World War I, Baranovich had come under Polish rule, and with the outbreak of World War II in 1939, it became part of the Soviet Union. Like many yeshivas that were escaping the warfront at that time, the Baranovich Yeshiva fled to Vilnius in Lithuania, later relocating to Trakai and then Semeliškės. Both Rabbi Wasserman and Rabbi Lubchansky traveled with the yeshiva during this time, remaining at their posts. However in 1941, Rabbi Lubchansky heard that the Soviets were looking to arrest him and he went into hiding in Kaunas. Less than two weeks after his arrival, the Nazis invaded of Lithuania, and set up the Kovno Ghetto where all the Jews in the area were forced to live. There, he tried to encourage and uplift downtrodden others. He was murdered by the Nazis a short time after.

## Notes and references

1. "Yisroel Yaakov Lubchansky". *Geni.com*. Geni.com. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
2. Sorasky, Aaron (2009). *Reb Elchonon*. Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. pp. 129–133. ISBN 978-0-89906-450-5.
3. Leibowitz, Rebbetzin Danielle S. (June 2016). *Rebbetzin Vichna Kaplan: The Founder of the Bais Yaakov Movement in America*. Feldheim Publishers. pp. 13–56. ISBN 9781680252491.
4. Leibowitz, Rebbetzin Danielle S. (June 2016). *Rebbetzin Vichna Kaplan: The Founder of the Bais Yaakov Movement in America*. Feldheim Publishers. pp. 15, 26–28. ISBN 9781680252491. The *mesorah* (tradition) in the Lubchansky home was that of the Alter of Novardok, Rav Yosef Yoizel Horowitz....Young Yisrael Yaakov learned with exceptional diligence, truly internalizing the Alter \[of Novardok\]'s teachings, and eventually became a son-in-law.

## InfoBox

| RabbiYisroel Yaakov Lubchansky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal | |
| Died | 1941
Kovno Ghetto, Kaunas, Lithuania |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Spouse | Faiga Malka Lubchansky née Horowitz |
| Parents | * Rabbi Chaim Leib Lubchansky (father) * Chaya Bluma Lubchansky née Zablotzki (mother) |
| Denomination | Orthodox Judaism |
| Alma mater | Novardok Yeshiva |
| Jewish leader | |
| Predecessor | Rabbi Chaim Leib Lubchansky |
| Successor | Rabbi Dovid Waicel |
|  | |
| Position | Rabbi |
| Synagogue | Baranovich |
| Position | Mashgiach ruchani |
| Yeshiva | Yeshiva Ohel Torah-Baranovich |
| Began | 1921 |
| Ended | 1941 |
| Residence | Baranavichy, Poland
present-day Belarus |
|  | |


title: Quintin Gill

abstract: Quintin Bennett Gill is a Manx politician, who was a Member of the House of Keys for Rushen between 2001 and 2011. He had been elected twice: in November 2001 and in November 2006, before losing his seat in the September 2011 election, to Independent challenger Laurence Skelly. Before he was a politician, he was a social worker and a probation officer. Gill was the chairman of the Manx Electricity Authority until 2011.

text:
# Quintin Gill

**Quintin Bennett Gill** (born 27 November 1959) is a Manx politician, who was a Member of the House of Keys (the lower house of parliament of the Isle of Man) for Rushen between 2001 and 2011.

He had been elected twice: in November 2001 (his first attempt) and in November 2006, before losing his seat in the September 2011 election, to Independent challenger Laurence Skelly. Before he was a politician, he was a social worker and a probation officer. Gill was the chairman of the Manx Electricity Authority until 2011.

## Governmental and parliamentary positions (selection)

## Personal life

Gill has been married to Joy (née McCaffrey) since 1989, they have three daughters together and live in Port St Mary, Isle of Man.

## InfoBox

| Quintin Gill | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Quintin Bennett Gill
27 November 1959 (1959-11-27) (age 64)
Blackburn, Lancashire, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Years active | 1990–present |
| Employer | Isle of Man Government |
| Spouse | Joy McCaffrey (m. 1989) |
| Children | 3 daughters |


title: HD 63513

abstract: HD 63513 is a solitary star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Volans. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.38, placing it near the max naked eye visibility. The star is situated at a distance of 634 light years but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 1.4 km/s. This object is a star with the characteristics of a G6 and G8 giant. At present it has 3.14 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to almost 13 times the Sun's girth. It shines at 102 solar luminosities from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,116 K, which gives it a yellow glow. HD 63513 has an iron abundance 102% that of the Sun, placing it at solar metallicity and spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of 1.9 km/s.

text:
# HD 63513

**HD 63513** (**HR 3036**) is a solitary star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Volans. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.38, placing it near the max naked eye visibility. The star is situated at a distance of 634 light years but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 1.4 km/s.

This object is a star with the characteristics of a G6 and G8 giant. At present it has 3.14 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to almost 13 times the Sun's girth. It shines at 102 solar luminosities from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,116 , which gives it a yellow glow. HD 63513 has an iron abundance 102% that of the Sun, placing it at solar metallicity and spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of 1.9 km/s.

## InfoBox

HD 63513
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Volans |
|
| Right ascension | 07h 44m 43.8535s |
| Declination | −66° 04 18.9536 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 6.38 ± 0.01 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | G6/8 III |
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| U−B color index | +0.66 |
| B−V color index | +0.95 |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | 1.4 ± 0.4 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −16.880 mas/yr
Dec.: +48.274 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 5.1439 ± 0.0162 mas |
| **Distance** | 634 ± 2 ly
(194.4 ± 0.6 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | −0.06 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 3.14 ± 0.10 |
| **Radius** | 12.87 ± 0.22 |
| **Luminosity** | 102 ± 2 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 2.83 ± 0.11 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 5116 ± 35 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | +0.01 ± 0.03 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 1.9 ± 1.5 km/s |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| 17 G. Volantis, CD−65°568, CPD−65°806, GC 10487, HD 63513, HIP 37773, HR 3036, SAO 249944 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Metepeira crassipes

abstract: Metepeira crassipes is a species of orb weaver in the spider family Araneidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

text:
# Metepeira crassipes

***Metepeira crassipes*** is a species of orb weaver in the spider family Araneidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Metepeira crassipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Araneidae |
| Genus: | *Metepeira* |
| Species: | ***M. crassipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metepeira crassipes***<br>Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 | |
|


title: Mochilazo

abstract: The student mobilisation of 2001 corresponds to the first phenomenon of notorious participation and demonstrations led by high school students in Chile after the transition to democracy. These brief and limited demonstrations protested against the decline in benefits to school education, such as subsidised transportation fees. The year 2001 marks a milestone in the history of student movements, as a strike of high school students was called and adhered to on April 9, which achieved 80% adherence in the schools of the Santiago commune. The strike was summoned in disagreement with the agreement reached regarding the school pass, demanding that the school pass issued in 2000 could be used during 2001, without having to pay its cost again, of 2,500 Chilean pesos. During the day, marches were recorded in Santiago and clashes with Carabineros de Chile. The influence and leadership of the recently founded Secondary Students Coordinating Assembly (ACES), formed the previous year after a division of the Federation of Secondary Students of Santiago (FESES), under the control of the Communist Youth of Chile, was visible. In addition, it was considered as a support to the claims of the College of Teachers of Chile, which days before had made teacher stoppages for their respective union claims. These last facts allow us to recognize the appearance of the influences of political cadres in schools, and also to foresee differences between social causes and those of political purposes, during the government of Ricardo Lagos Escobar and the Concertación political coalition, which led him to be president with the support of the Communist Party of Chile. According to the sociologist Juan Ignacio Venegas, these mobilisations should be considered a milestone in the way of conceiving the student organization and the approach to political participation of young Chileans.

text:
# Mochilazo

The **student mobilisation of 2001 (self-styled "Mochilazo")** corresponds to the first phenomenon of notorious participation and demonstrations led by high school students in Chile after the transition to democracy. These brief and limited demonstrations protested against the decline in benefits to school education, such as subsidised transportation fees.

The year 2001 marks a milestone in the history of student movements, as a strike of high school students was called and adhered to on April 9, which achieved 80% adherence in the schools of the Santiago commune. The strike was summoned in disagreement with the agreement reached regarding the school pass, demanding that the school pass issued in 2000 could be used during 2001, without having to pay its cost again, of 2,500 Chilean pesos. During the day, marches were recorded in Santiago and clashes with Carabineros de Chile.

The influence and leadership of the recently founded Secondary Students Coordinating Assembly (ACES), formed the previous year after a division of the Federation of Secondary Students of Santiago (FESES), under the control of the Communist Youth of Chile, was visible. In addition, it was considered as a support to the claims of the College of Teachers of Chile, which days before had made teacher stoppages for their respective union claims.

These last facts allow us to recognize the appearance of the influences of political cadres in schools, and also to foresee differences between social causes and those of political purposes, during the government of Ricardo Lagos Escobar and the Concertación political coalition, which led him to be president with the support of the Communist Party of Chile. According to the sociologist Juan Ignacio Venegas, these mobilisations should be considered a milestone in the way of conceiving the student organization and the approach to political participation of young Chileans.


title: Methestrol

abstract: Methestrol or methoestrol, also known as promethestrol or promethoestrol or as dimethylhexestrol, is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol which is no longer marketed. A related drug is methestrol dipropionate.

text:
# Methestrol

**Methestrol** (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name; brand name **Meprane**) or **methoestrol**, also known as **promethestrol** or **promethoestrol** (BANTooltip British Approved Name) or as **dimethylhexestrol**, is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol which is no longer marketed.

A related drug is methestrol dipropionate (or promethestrol dipropionate) (brand name **Meprane Dipropionate**).

## InfoBox

Methestrol
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Meprane |
| Other names | Methoestrol; Metestrol; Promethestrol; Promethoestrol; Dimethylhexestrol |
| Drug class | Nonsteroidal estrogen |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 4-\[4-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)hexan-3-yl\]-2-methylphenol | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C20H26O2 |
| Molar mass | 298.426 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CCC(C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)C)C(CC)C2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)C | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C20H26O2/c1-5-17(15-7-9-19(21)13(3)11-15)18(6-2)16-8-10-20(22)14(4)12-16/h7-12,17-18,21-22H,5-6H2,1-4H3 * Key:PYWBJEDBESDHNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |


title: Federalist No. 3

abstract: Federalist No. 3, titled "The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence", is a political essay by John Jay, the third of The Federalist Papers. It was first published in The Independent Journal on November 3, 1787, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist papers were published. It is the second of four essays by Jay on the benefits of political union in protecting Americans against foreign adversaries, preceded by Federalist No. 2 and followed by Federalist No. 4 and Federalist No. 5. Federalist No. 3 considers whether a federal government is better equipped to manage foreign policy and prevent war than state governments. Jay argues that a federal government has advantages in that it can select better statesmen from a larger population and that it can apply treaties more consistently than individual states. He also argues that state governments are more likely to act provocatively when their states are at the center of a conflict, while the federal government can give more even consideration of an issue.

text:
# Federalist No. 3

**Federalist No. 3**, titled "**The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence**", is a political essay by John Jay, the third of *The Federalist Papers*. It was first published in *The Independent Journal* on November 3, 1787, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all *The Federalist* papers were published. It is the second of four essays by Jay on the benefits of political union in protecting Americans against foreign adversaries, preceded by Federalist No. 2 and followed by Federalist No. 4 and Federalist No. 5.

Federalist No. 3 considers whether a federal government is better equipped to manage foreign policy and prevent war than state governments. Jay argues that a federal government has advantages in that it can select better statesmen from a larger population and that it can apply treaties more consistently than individual states. He also argues that state governments are more likely to act provocatively when their states are at the center of a conflict, while the federal government can give more even consideration of an issue.

## Summary

Jay begins by arguing that the people ultimately make the best decisions for their own governance, and he says that union of the states is an example of such a decision. He says that safety of the people is the first responsibility of government and that union is the best way to guarantee safety. He explains that the most wars are caused by violations of treaties or acts of violence and says that individual states are more likely to engage in these causes than an empowered national government. He argues that this is a concern because the United States regularly engages with several powerful nations with the capacity to wage war.

Jay lists four reasons why he believes a national government is better equipped for handling diplomacy. First, he argues that the men chosen to run the national government would be more qualified than those running the states, as they would have to stand out amongst a much larger group of candidates across the country. He then argues that a strong national government could better preserve peace, stating that a federal government would be less likely to provoke other nations to attack due to a consistency in the application of treaties. He also argues that states directly involved in disputes may be disposed to act irrationally out of passion and that a national government is necessary to temper this response. Finally, he argues that should the people within a state support such irrational action, a national government would be immune to this popular will.

Jay then says that the same arguments apply to acts of violence on national borders. He says that some of the American Indian Wars had been caused by state governments, but none had been caused by the national government. He expresses concern of similar conflict on the borders with Britain and Spain. Jay concludes by arguing that, in the event of an international conflict, a foreign power would be more likely to come to terms with a united America. He observes that, in 1685, Genoa was forced to send its national leadership to France to ask pardon from Louis XIV; Jay questions whether France would have demanded such tribute from any "powerful nation." Thus a "strong united nation" could better preserve the peace since it would find it easier to settle causes of war.

## Background and publication

Federalist No. 3 was written by John Jay. Like all of the *Federalist Papers*, Federalist No. 3 was published under the pseudonym Publius in New York newspapers with the intention of explaining the provisions of the Constitution of the United States and persuading New York to ratify it. It was first published in the *Independent Journal* on November 3, 1787, followed by the *Daily Advertiser* on November 5 and the *New-York Packet* on November 6. Federalist No. 3 directly follows the arguments of Federalist No. 2, building on its description of historical unity between the states to argue that it benefits national security. As with Federalist No. 2, Jay assumes that failure to ratify the constitution will result in disunion between the states. Anti-federalists generally supported union, even when opposing the constitution. At the time he wrote these essays, Jay was the nation's leading diplomat and would have been involved with diplomatic issues facing the United States.

## Analysis

Federalist No. 3 argued that the foreign policy of a unitary federal government would be superior to those of individual state governments. Jay believed that a union would protect the states and that individual states would be more likely to provoke war than a single national government. At the time the *Federalist Papers* were written, international law had not developed beyond treaties and philosophical concepts of natural law. To discuss the law of war, Jay divided it into just war and unjust war, focusing primarily on the causes of just war and how a national government would prevent them. He described the primary justifications of war as violations of treaties and acts of violence, and he argued that any one state on its own was more likely to provoke one of these causes than a national government.

### Advantages of federal government

Federalist No. 3 presented the argument that a national government would be advantageous because it would be better equipped to engage in diplomacy. Jay argued that the combined population of the 13 states would provide more options to appoint the most skilled politicians, while individual states may not always be able to find experienced statesmen capable of diplomacy from their own populations. Jay also believed that consistent practice of international law and custom was necessary to prevent war and that it would take a federal government to ensure this. In particular, he saw it as a responsibility of the federal judiciary to ensure that this consistency occurred. His concern was that the states would interpret treaties differently, depending on their own legal systems and their own interests, increasing the likelihood of conflict with a foreign nation. Under a strong national government, a single foreign policy could be implemented for all of the states.

Federalist No. 3 established a clear objective for the government, describing safety as the first priority for a free people. In particular, he worried of "dangers from foreign arms and influence". As with his other essays in the *Federalist Papers*, Jay ended Federalist No. 3 by playing to the fears of Americans. In this case, he warned of the power of larger nations such as Britain and Spain would have over the states if they were to be divided. Jay's prominent involvement in American foreign policy point positioned him to have a broad understanding of foreign threats to the United States.

### Decision making

Jay argued in Federalist No. 3 that limiting diplomatic powers to a national government with representatives from various states would prevent individual states from taking rash action based on their own involvement in a dispute. He invoked concepts relating to the motives of different governments and the opportunities that they have to act on them. Jay believed that a national government would be better equipped in both cases, in that its motives would not be clouded by direct involvement, while it would have greater opportunity to resolve conflict due to its increased scope. Conversely, the motives of individual states risked war if they were given powers over diplomacy, and they lacked the opportunities to prevent it.

Jay emphasized the threat he perceived from border states that were in proximity with the British Empire, the Spanish Empire, and the Indigenous Nations. He feared that violent incidents on national borders would provoke war, arguing that the judgement of a national government was needed to prevent and address such incidents. This position was consistent with the general distrust of state governments that would persist throughout the *Federalist Papers*. State governments had already restricted the rights of British subjects and intruded on the territory of the Indigenous Nations in ways that could create conflict with these foreign nations. The constitution would give the federal government power to regulate such activity, effectively resolving diplomatic conflict of the states with foreign powers and with one another.

Federalist No. 3 introduced a theme that would recur throughout the *Federalist Papers*, expressing the belief that the people of a nation will generally make reasoned decisions about their own government, but that this is sometimes interrupted by brief periods where popular opinion allows poor decisions to prevail. In this context, Jay doubted that popular will was capable of considering foreign policy issues, and he indicated that it would be better addressed by a professional class of diplomats. Jay also applied this contrast to the state governments, arguing that the federal government would be more reasoned in its approach, as it would consider the interest of all states and avoid irrational decisions propelled by the passion of a state's population.

## Aftermath

Jay continued his treatment of this subject in No. 4 and No. 5, and the arguments that a united nation would have access to better statesmen would be revisited by James Madison in No. 10. Jay remained committed to his belief that the federal judiciary would determine how to consistently follow international law when he served as Chief Justice of the United States two years later. The role of local and state affairs in foreign policy has remained a concern in American foreign policy. Interactions between state governments and Mexican nationals have caused diplomatic conflicts with Mexico continuing into the 21st century, particularly in the context of illegal immigration to the United States.

## InfoBox

Federalist No. 3
| John Jay, author of Federalist No. 3 | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | John Jay |
| Original title | *The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence* |
| Language | English |
| Series | *The Federalist* |
| Publisher | *The Independent Journal* |
| Publication date | November 3, 1787 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Newspaper |
| Preceded by | *Federalist No. 2* |
| Followed by | *Federalist No. 4* |
| Text | *Federalist No. 3* at Wikisource |


title: Oxford Review of Economic Policy

abstract: Oxford Review of Economic Policy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of economics. Each issue concentrates on a current theme in economic policy, with a balance between macro- and microeconomics, and comprises an assessment and a number of articles.

text:
# Oxford Review of Economic Policy

***Oxford Review of Economic Policy*** is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of economics. Each issue concentrates on a current theme in economic policy, with a balance between macro- and microeconomics, and comprises an assessment and a number of articles.

## InfoBox

*Oxford Review of Economic Policy*
| The cover of Oxford Review of Economic Policy | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Economics |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Christopher Allsopp |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1985-present |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press (United Kingdom) |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Impact factor | 1.703 (2010) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Oxf. Rev. Econ. Policy* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0266-903X (print)
1460-2121 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 92648878 |
| OCLC no. | 473991426 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Guttmacher Institute

abstract: The Guttmacher Institute is a research and policy NGO that aims to improve sexual health and expand reproductive rights worldwide. The organization was started in 1968 and functions as both a research and educational organization. It operates mainly in the United States but also focuses on developing countries. Founded as part of Planned Parenthood, the Guttmacher Institute became independent from Planned Parenthood in 2007. The institute is named after obstetrician-gynecologist and former president of Planned Parenthood Alan F. Guttmacher. The Guttmacher Institute has many sources of funding nationally and internationally. One of its projects is keeping a running list of the reproductive health laws and policies throughout the United States. The former CEO Dr. Herminia Palacio left the Institute in late 2023. The Institute adopted an interim co-leadership model in early 2024, while the Board of Directors searches for permanent leadership. Jonathan Wittenberg and Destiny Lopez are currently interim Co-CEOs.

text:
# Guttmacher Institute

The **Guttmacher Institute** is a research and policy NGO that aims to improve sexual health and expand reproductive rights worldwide. The organization was started in 1968 and functions as both a research and educational organization. It operates mainly in the United States but also focuses on developing countries. Founded as part of Planned Parenthood, the Guttmacher Institute became independent from Planned Parenthood in 2007.

The institute is named after obstetrician-gynecologist and former president of Planned Parenthood Alan F. Guttmacher. The Guttmacher Institute has many sources of funding nationally and internationally. One of its projects is keeping a running list of the reproductive health laws and policies throughout the United States. The former CEO Dr. Herminia Palacio left the Institute in late 2023. The Institute adopted an interim co-leadership model in early 2024, while the Board of Directors searches for permanent leadership. Jonathan Wittenberg and Destiny Lopez are currently interim Co-CEOs.

## History

Founded in 1968, the Guttmacher Institute was originally called the Center for Family Planning Program Development and was a branch of Planned Parenthood. After Alan Guttmacher's death, the Center for Family Planning Program Development was renamed and became an independent non-profit organization. In 2007, the organization officially split from Planned Parenthood.

## Activities

The Guttmacher Institute continually monitors state and national laws and policies about contraception and abortion. The institute records the restrictions on reproductive health that different states have put in place. The organization also keeps data about how teens are affected by pregnancy and the number of teens who use contraception. Internationally, the Guttmacher Institute uses statistical models to give an approximation of the number of abortions in places where they are illegal and/or the abortions happen outside of formal health care settings.

In 2013, the Guttmacher Institute was awarded a Population Center grant by the US National Institutes of Health in support its Center for Population Research Innovation and Dissemination. The Guttmacher Institute has received Charity Navigator's highest (4-Star) rating annually since 2010.

## Funding

When the institute was founded in 1968 its parent organization, Planned Parenthood, was its sole source of its funding. Three years after becoming independent in 2007, the organization received less than 1% of its funding from Planned Parenthood in 2010. Now, most of the funding is gained through private foundations based in the United States. Other funding comes from international organizations such as the World Health Organization and the World Bank. The Guttmacher Institute was awarded $3.9 million between 1986 and 2015 by the MacArthur Foundation, including 13 grants in population and reproductive health.

## Nonpartisanship

The Guttmacher Institute is not affiliated with a political party, and so it is nonpartisan in the strict sense of the word. The group work to "ensure that all women are able to exercise their reproductive rights and responsibilities", which puts them among advocates of abortion rights. According to *FactCheck*, Guttmacher "provides the most highly respected statistics on the sexual health of women and men. Its figures on abortion are widely cited by the media as well as by groups on both sides of the political aisle."

## InfoBox

Guttmacher Institute
| Formation | 1968 (1968) (as Center for Family Planning Program Development) |
| --- | --- |
| Type | NGO |
| Purpose | reproductive health, birth control |
| Region served | United States and globally |
| Interim Co-CEOs | Jonathan Wittenberg and Destiny Lopez |
| Budget | $19 million |
| Website | guttmacher.org |


title: Jenő Szántay

abstract: Jenő Szántay was a Hungarian fencer. He competed in the individual sabre event at the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was killed in action during the Battle of Limanowa in World War I.

text:
# Jenő Szántay

**Jenő Szántay** (10 March 1881 – 11 December 1914) was a Hungarian fencer. He competed in the individual sabre event at the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was killed in action during the Battle of Limanowa in World War I.

## InfoBox

Jenő Szántay
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1881-03-10)10 March 1881 |
| Died | 11 December 1914(1914-12-11) (aged 33)<br>Limanowa, Poland |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |