title: No Surrender (2005)

abstract: The 2005 No Surrender was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion, which took place on July 17, 2005 at the Impact Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the first under the No Surrender chronology and the seventh event in the 2005 TNA PPV schedule. Ten matches were contested at the event, including one on the pre-show. In this main event, Raven defeated Abyss in a Dog Collar match to retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. In other prominent matches, Christopher Daniels defeated Petey Williams to retain the TNA X Division Championship, AJ Styles defeated Sean Waltman in which Jerry Lynn served as the special guest referee, and Samoa Joe defeated Chris Sabin. The event was also notable for the TNA debut of Rhino. Jason Clevett of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the show an 8 out of 10, equal with the 2006 event's ranking of 8 out of 10 also by Clevett.

text:
# No Surrender (2005)

The 2005 **No Surrender** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion, which took place on July 17, 2005 at the Impact Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the first under the No Surrender chronology and the seventh event in the 2005 TNA PPV schedule.

Ten matches were contested at the event, including one on the pre-show. In this main event, Raven defeated Abyss in a Dog Collar match to retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. In other prominent matches, Christopher Daniels defeated Petey Williams to retain the TNA X Division Championship, AJ Styles defeated Sean Waltman in which Jerry Lynn served as the special guest referee, and Samoa Joe defeated Chris Sabin. The event was also notable for the TNA debut of Rhino.

Jason Clevett of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the show an 8 out of 10, equal with the 2006 event's ranking of 8 out of 10 also by Clevett.

## Production

### Background

TNA announced in late-April 2005 that they were planning to host a PPV titled No Surrender on July 17 at the TNA Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida. Prior to No Surrender, TNA's television contract with Fox Sports Net ended. This left TNA without a broadcaster for several weeks. As a result, TNA began airing weekly episodes of their television program *TNA Impact!* on their official website in order to build storylines and promote the No Surrender PPV event. In an article by TNA columnist Bill Banks, it was reported that some "new talent" could debut at No Surrender. TNA released a poster promoting the event featuring A.J. Styles, Chris Harris, Christopher Daniels, and Jeff Jarrett at some point beforehand.

### Storylines

No Surrender featured nine professional wrestling matches and one pre-show match that involved wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines portraying villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters; these scripted events built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

The main event at No Surrender was a No Surrender Dog Collar match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship between then-champion Raven and the challenger Abyss. On the June 24 episode of *Impact!*, James Mitchell returned to the promotion in a backstage segment with Abyss. Mitchell propositioned Abyss on the idea of an NWA World Heavyweight Championship match, which Abyss agreed to, creating a partnership between the two. With Mitchell as Abyss' new manager, Abyss attacked Raven later during the show, setting up a match between the two at the PPV. Raven challenged Abyss to a Dog Collar match with "No Surrender" rules in which the only way to win was by pinfall at No Surrender on the July 1 episode of *Impact!*, which was accepted. During the July 15 episode of *Impact!*, Cassidy Reilly pledged his allegiance to Raven for past experiences in which Raven had saved him, going on to state he would be there to help Raven anytime he needed it.

The TNA X Division Championship was defended in another high profiled match on the card. Then-champion Christopher Daniels was pitted against Petey Williams in the contest. On the July 1 episode of *Impact!*, Terry Taylor held an interview with Daniels. During this time, Daniels announced he had defeated the best Mexican Luchador in Shocker and the best American wrestlers in Chris Sabin and Michael Shane to retain the X Division Championship. At this time, Canadian wrestler Petey Williams entered and challenged Daniels to a title defense at No Surrender, which Daniels accepted.

A.J. Styles challenged Sean Waltman with Jerry Lynn as the Special Guest Referee in another encounter promoted for No Surrender. At TNA's previous PPV event Slammiversary on June 19, then-champion Styles defended the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a King of the Mountain match against Abyss, Monty Brown, Raven, and Waltman. Waltman and Styles created an alliance during the match, which ended when Waltman turned on Styles, costing him the championship as Raven went on to win the match. Styles and Waltman had a confrontation on the July 1 episode of *Impact!*, which was stopped by Lynn. Styles asked for a match against Waltman from NWA Championship Committee member Larry Zbyszko on the July 8 episode of *Impact!*. Zbyszko granted Styles his request only after making Lynn the Special Guest Referee.

A Tag Team Street Fight pitting the 3 Live Kru (Konnan and Ron Killings) against the team of Monty Brown and The Outlaw was promoted for the undercard. On the June 24 episode of *Impact!*, Brown and The Outlaw attacked Konnan and Killings during an interview with TNA commentator Mike Tenay. Brown and The Outlaw proceeded to parody Konnan, Killings, and 3Live Kru member B.G. James leading up to No Surrender. Following a fight between Konnan, Killings, Brown, and The Outlaw on the July 15 episode of *Impact!*, Tenay announced the two teams were scheduled for a Street Fight at No Surrender.

## Event

Other on-screen personnel
| Role: | Name: |
| --- | --- |
| Commentator | Mike Tenay |
| | Don West |
| Ring announcer | Jeremy Borash |
| Referee | Rudy Charles |
| | Mark "Slick" Johnson |
| | Andrew Thomas |
| Interviewers | Jeremy Borash |
| | Shane Douglas |

### Pre-Show

TNA held a thirty-minute pre-show prior to the event, during which Shocker was pitted against Jerrelle Clark. Shocker won the bout at 4 minutes and 16 seconds with a roll-up pin.

### Miscellaneous

No Surrender featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches. Mike Tenay and Don West were the commentators for the telecast. Jeremy Borash, for main event only, and David Penzer were ring announcers for the event. Andrew Thomas, Rudy Charles, and Mark "Slick" Johnson participated as referees for the encounters. Shane Douglas handled the interview duties for the event. Besides employees who appeared in a wrestling role, Jeff Jarrett, Jimmy Hart, Traci, James Mitchell, and Rhino all appeared on camera, either in backstage or in ringside segments.

### Preliminary matches

The event opened with a tag team match between America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris and James Storm; AMW) and the team of Alex Shelley and Michael Shane, who were accompanied by Traci. The duration of the bout was 11 minutes and 47 seconds. At one point, Storm lifted up Shane, so Harris could dive off the top rope and bash him in the chest with his forearm. Later, Storm was thrown out of the ring but held on to the top rope. He attempted to pull himself back in, however, Shelley dropkicked him from inside the ring, knocking him to the outside. AMW won the match after Storm pinned Shelley following a kick to the chin.

TNA held a Four Way match for the last spot in the 2005 TNA Super X Cup Tournament between Elix Skipper, Mikey Batts, Shark Boy, and Sonjay Dutt. The competition lasted 8 minutes and 22 seconds. Elix Skipper performed his signature maneuver the Sudden Death on Batts near the end. He attempted a cover but was stopped by Shark Boy. Shark Boy then went for a cover, who was stopped by Dutt. Dutt then performed his signature aerial maneuver the Hindu Press, landing on Batts to gain the victory and enter the 2005 TNA Super X Cup Tournament.

David Young and Simon Diamond fought Apolo and Sonny Siaki in the third encounter. It lasted 5 minutes and 32 seconds. Close to the end, Davidlifted up and slammed Siaki back-first into the mat with a Spinebuster. The referee refused to count the pin, deeming that David was not the eligible man. This allowed Apolo to lift up and slam David face-first into the mat to win the match.

In the fourth match, Samoa Joe was pitted against Chris Sabin. Joe performed his signature Muscle Buster maneuver and then placed Sabin in his signature submission hold the Coquina Clutch. Instead of submitting, Sabin instead passed out in storyline, with the referee lifting and raising his arm three times before giving the victory to Joe at 14 minutes and 2 seconds.

A Six Man Tag Team match between Team Canada (A-1, Bobby Roode, and Eric Young) and the team of Lance Hoyt and The Naturals (Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens), who were accompanied by Jimmy Hart, was next. The match duration was 14 minutes and 44 seconds. Douglas scored a near-fall after Hoyt slammed Eric back-first to the mat. The Naturals set up for their Natural Disaster tag team maneuver on Eric, however, Roode entered and bashed Douglas and Stevens with a megaphone. Eric then covered Douglas for the win.

### Main event matches

The sixth contest was a Tag Team Street Fight pitting the team of Monty Brown and The Outlaw against the 3Live Kru (Konnan and Ron Killings). A Street Fight is fought under no disqualification rules, which is won either by a pinfall or submission. The Outlaw requested to be called by a new name before the contest, Kip James. The Outlaw was busted open during the bout. Multiple referees had to be replaced for the match, due to reoccurring attacks on them by The Outlaw. Brown won the encounter after performing his signature Pounce maneuver on Killings, knocking him across the ring onto the mat, at 5 minutes and 20 seconds. After the contest, B.G. James entered the ring where The Outlaw offered James a chair to hit Konnan with, which James declined.

Jerry Lynn was Special Guest Referee for the next encounter between A.J. Styles and Sean Waltman. Styles bleed from the nose during the match. Styles gained a near-fall on Waltman after performing his signature Styles Clash maneuver and slamming Waltman face-first into the mat. Waltman also gained a near-fall following his signature X-Factor maneuver and forcing Styles face-first into the mat. Later, Styles jumped from the ring apron over the top rope and Waltman in a sunset flip. Waltman held onto the ropes, trying to prevent a pin attempt, until Lynn kicked his hands off the top rope. Styles then rolled through and lifted Waltman up to perform the Styles Clash at 14 minutes and 37 seconds to win the competition.

The TNA X Division Championship was defended by Christopher Daniels against Petey Williams, who was accompanied by A-1. The duration was 16 minutes and 24 seconds. During the match, Williams put Daniels in his Sharpshooter submission hold, which Williams was forced to release when Daniels grabbed the bottom rope. A-1 tossed Williams a chain to bash Daniels with. However, Daniels had his own chain which he used to punch Williams with and followed by performing his signature Best Moonsault Ever maneuver, splashing onto Williams, to retain the championship.

The main event was a No Surrender Dog Collar match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship between then-champion Raven and the challenger Abyss, who was accompanied by James Mitchell. The encounter lasted 19 minutes and 17 seconds. In a Dog Collar match, both competitors are tied together at the neck by a long steel chain that is attached to a dog collar. The match is fought under no disqualification rules; in this case the only way to win was by pinfall. Abyss crashed through a table at ringside after Raven pushed him off the stage. Abyss removed the collar during the match and retrieved a bag of thumbtacks. He then poured them over the mat and ripped Raven's shirt off, before attempting to slam him into them. Cassidy Reilly interfered in the contest stopping Abyss. Later, Cassidy was shoved off the ring apron by Abyss and he crashed through a table. Raven followed by slamming Abyss back-first into the tacks with a powerbomb and covered for a near-fall. Abyss also gained a near-fall on Raven after slamming him into the mat back-first with his signature Black Hole Slam maneuver. Raven finally won the contest following forcing Abyss head-first into thumbtacks with his signature Raven Effect DDT maneuver to retain the championship. Following the bout, a segment took place between Raven and Jeff Jarrett, which ended when Rhino made his TNA debut and tackled Raven with his signature Gore maneuver.

## Reception

A total of 775 people attended No Surrender. Canadian Online Explorer writer Jason Clevett rated the entire event an 8 out of 10, which was equal with the 8 of 10 given to the 2006 No Surrender by Clevett. No Surrender's rating was higher than TNA's previous event Slammiversary, which was given a 7 out of 10 by Clevett. Compared to rival World Wrestling Entertainment's The Great American Bash PPV event held on July 24, No Surrender was rated higher, as Bob Kapur gave The Great American Bash a 5 out of 10. Clevett felt that No Surrender proved that "when everything clicks they \[TNA\] can put on a fantastic show that gives fans their money's worth." A.J. Styles versus Sean Waltman, Samoa Joe versus Chris Sabin, and the X Division Championship match were signaled out by Clevett as three "fantastic matches on a solid undercard." Clevett gave his highest match rating of 9 out of 10 in his review to the Joe versus Sabin bout. He gave his lowest rating of 3 out of 10 to the Tag Team Street Fight. The main event, Styles versus Waltman, and the X Division Championship matches were all given an 8 out of 10 by Clevett. Regarding the Dog Collar match, Clevett thought it was a "bloody and violent encounter, as one would expect with those two in the ring." When commenting on the Styles versus Waltman encounter, Clevett thought it "was undoubtable Waltman's best match in years".

Wade Keller of the *Pro Wrestling Torch* rated the main event, Styles versus Waltman, and Joe versus Sabin all 3 and a half stars out of 5. However, the X Division Championship match received a 3 and a three-fourths stars out of 5, his highest rating of the review. He gave the lowest ranking to the Tag Team Street Fight, at a half of a star. Keller commented on the main event as being "what you'd expect, and that's not a bad thing". Keller thought the Styles versus Waltman bout was a "very good match, the best from Waltman in years". James Caldwell, also of the *Pro Wrestling Torch*, published a review of the show. In his review he stated that the main event was a "good car wreck match", which "told a good story based on the storyline entering the match". Regarding the X Division Championship bout, Caldwell thought that "both men worked a solid match". "A good wrestling match that showed Waltman still has it.", said Caldwell as he commented on the Styles versus Waltman encounter. Caldwell believed that Joe versus Sabin was a "damn good match". TNA released a DVD counting down the top 50 moments in their history in 2007, with Rhino's debut listed at number 36.

## Aftermath

Following No Surrender, Raven went on to feud with Jeff Jarrett and Rhino. Jarrett and Rhino attacked Raven on the July 22 episode of *Impact!*, claiming he had no allies to help him. On the July 29 episode of *Impact!*, Jarrett and Rhino attacked Cassidy Riley as well, until Raven announced he had chosen a partner to team with him in a Tag Team match to face Jarrett and Rhino at TNA's next PPV event Sacrifice on August 14. Sabu then appeared attacking Jarrett and Rhino with Raven. At Sacrifice, NWA Championship Committee member Larry Zbyszko added a stipulation to the encounter, in which if Jarrett pinned Raven he would earn a future NWA World Heavyweight Championship match, however, if Raven pinned Jarrett then he would not garner one for an entire year. The team of Jarrett and Rhino won the contest at the event, with Rhino gaining the pinfall victory.

Abyss began a feud with Lance Hoyt after No Surrender, when Abyss attacked Hoyt on the July 22 episode of *Impact!*. In return Hoyt attacked Abyss on the August 5 episode of *Impact!*, setting up a match between the two at Sacrifice. Abyss won the match at the event.

TNA held the 2005 TNA Super X Cup Tournament in the weeks following No Surrender leading up to Sacrifice. It was a single-elimination tournament which involved eight men, A.J. Styles, Alex Shelley, Chris Sabin, Michael Shane, Petey Williams, Samoa Joe, Shocker, and Sonjay Dutt. The winner of the tournament would become number one contender to the TNA X Division Championship held by Christopher Daniels. Daniels provided commentary to each of the encounters on the July 22, July 29, August 5, and August 10 episodes of *Impact!*, as well as the Finals at Sacrifice. Daniels unofficially named the tournament the Christopher Daniels Invitational. The tournament came down to Joe and Styles in the Finals at Sacrifice, which Joe won after interference from Daniels.

Sean Waltman and Jerry Lynn sparked a rivalry after No Surrender due to Lynn's interference in Waltman's bout against Styles, with the two facing at Sacrifice. The storyline revolving around this match began on the July 22 episode of Impact!, where Waltman accused Lynn of trying to steal his spotlight in a backstage segment, while Lynn took credit for Waltman's success in the industry for helping Waltman get his start. Lynn defeated Waltman at the event.

The 3Live Kru (Konnan and Ron Killings) and the team of Monty Brown and The Outlaw fought at Sacrifice, this time with B.G. James as Special Guest Referee. Due to The Outlaw attacking several referees during the Street Fight at No Surrender, TNA officials refused to referee a rematch between the two teams at Sacrifice. As such, this forced Zbyszko to name B.G. as the Special Guest Referee on the July 29 episode of *Impact!*. The 3Live Kru were the victors at Sacrifice.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1P | Shocker defeated Jerrelle Clark | Singles match | 4:16 |
| 2 | America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris and James Storm) defeated Alex Shelley and Michael Shane (with Traci) | Tag team match | 11:47 |
| 3 | Sonjay Dutt defeated Elix Skipper, Mikey Batts and Shark Boy | Four-way match to qualify for the 2005 TNA Super X Cup Tournament | 8:22 |
| 4 | Apolo and Sonny Siaki defeated David Young and Simon Diamond | Tag team match | 5:32 |
| 5 | Samoa Joe defeated Chris Sabin by technical submission | Singles match | 14:02 |
| 6 | Team Canada (A-1, Bobby Roode and Eric Young) defeated The Naturals (Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens) and Lance Hoyt (with Jimmy Hart) | Six-man tag team match | 14:44 |
| 7 | Monty Brown and Kip James defeated 3 Live Kru (Konnan and Ron Killings) | Street Fight | 5:20 |
| 8 | A.J. Styles defeated Sean Waltman | Singles match with Jerry Lynn as special guest referee | 14:37 |
| 9 | Christopher Daniels (c) defeated Petey Williams | Singles match for the TNA X Division Championship | 16:24 |
| 10 | Raven (c) defeated Abyss (with James Mitchell) | Dog Collar match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship | 19:17 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match  P  – the match was broadcast on the pre-show | | | |

Footnotes Bibliography

## InfoBox

| No Surrender (2005) | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster featuring A.J. Styles, Chris Harris, Christopher Daniels, and Jeff Jarrett | |
| Promotion | Total Nonstop Action Wrestling |
| Date | July 17, 2005 |
| City | Orlando, Florida |
| Venue | Impact Zone |
| Attendance | 775 |
| Pay-per-view chronology | |
| **Previous**
Slammiversary **Next**
Sacrifice | |
| No Surrender chronology | |
| **Previous**
***First*** **Next**
2006 | |


title: Puszno Godowskie

abstract: Puszno Godowskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Opole Lubelskie, within Opole Lubelskie County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Opole Lubelskie and 39 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Puszno Godowskie

**Puszno Godowskie** \[ˈpuʂnɔ ɡɔˈdɔfskʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Opole Lubelskie, within Opole Lubelskie County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Opole Lubelskie and 39 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Puszno Godowskie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Puszno Godowskie | |
| Coordinates: 51°6′N 22°4′E / 51.100°N 22.067°E / 51.100; 22.067 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Opole Lubelskie |
| Gmina | Opole Lubelskie |


title: Marie Cochran

abstract: Marie T. Cochran is an American installation artist, educator, project strategist, art writer, and art curator. In 2020 to 2022, she was Lehman Brady Professor, at Duke University.

text:
# Marie Cochran

**Marie T. Cochran** (born 1962) is an American installation artist, educator, project strategist, art writer, and art curator. In 2020 to 2022, she was Lehman Brady Professor, at Duke University.

## Early life

She was born and raised in Toccoa, Georgia, a place Cochran refers to as "a special place." Her work centers issues of race and gender from an African-American perspective, and explores the dynamics of Affrilachia, referring to the history and culture of African-Americans and other people of color from the Appalachian region of the United States. In an interview Candice Dyer, Cochran says, in regard to Appalachia, that "People associate Blackness with Atlanta, Detroit, D.C., but we have it here in the mountains. We may be small, but we’re large in impact.”

## Education

Marie Cochran was born in Toccoa, Georgia in 1962. She earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Drawing and Painting from the University of Georgia in 1985, and in 1987, took a position as a visiting artist at Georgia Southern University. She was later awarded a Ford Foundation scholarship and earned a Master of Fine Arts in Fiber and Drawing/Painting from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1992, where she then received a post-graduate NEA fellowship in museum education.

## Career

From 1992 until 1996, she was an assistant professor of art at Georgia Southern University. From 1996 to 2000, she served as an assistant professor of art at the University of Georgia. Cochran has been a visiting professor in a number of universities, including the University of Georgia, Prince George's Community College, and Western Carolina University. She was the Lehman Brady Professor at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University beginning in the fall semester 2020 through the spring semester of 2022. During Spring 2022, she taught an undergraduate and graduate course as the Lehman Brady Professor titled Black Spaces Matter: Race, Place, and Resilience.

Cochran also co-curated the inaugural museum exhibition of the Affrilachian Artist Project, at the August Wilson Cultural Center in Pittsburgh, an organization that promotes the concept of Affrilachia, and works with artists of color in Appalachia. She said that her goal with this project "was to create a sustainable collaborative network among the region’s artists and community organizers." The Affrilachian Artist Project "encompasses all forms of expression including music and literature."

## Art

She also was a resident artist at several universities: she would either travel to several locations with art, or it would give artists time to reflect and work outside their comfort zones. Most of this work took place in Asheville, North Carolina. Her work has been exhibited at the Studio Museum in Harlem, Spelman College, the High Museum of Art, and the Georgia Museum of Art.

Cochran had artwork included in the 2020 exhibition at Asheville Art Museum, Appalachia Now! An Interdisciplinary Survey of Contemporary Art in Southern Appalachia. The exhibition of 50 artists explored "the amalgamation of tradition and present-day perspectives extant in contemporary artistic representations of life in this region."

Cochran "uses visual art to convene partnerships that ignite collaboration." Some of her projects include, Kindred Vow, a multimedia installation piece, and Testify, Beyond Place, which Cochran produced and directed and created all the video/audio work for.

## Awards

Cochran has won many awards in her advocacy for the arts. She won the Cultural Olympiad Regional Designation Award from the Atlanta Cultural Olympics Committee in honor of the 1996 Summer Olympics. She also won the Georgia Council's Arts individual artist's grant; the Mid-Atlantic Arts Council's "Artist as a Catalyst" grant; the NEA/Southern Arts Federation Sculpture Fellowship and Fast Track Challenge Grant and the "We Shall Overcome Fund" by the Higherlander Center for Research and Education in New Market, Tennessee.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Marie Toni Cochran | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1962<br>Toccoa, Georgia |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | mixed media |


title: Heterogeneous condition

abstract: A medical condition is termed heterogeneous, or a heterogeneous disease, if it has several etiologies; as opposed to homogeneous conditions, which have the same root cause for all patients in a given group. Examples of heterogeneous conditions are hepatitis and diabetes. Heterogeneity is not unusual, as medical conditions are usually defined pathologically, as in "liver inflammation", or clinically, as in "excessive urination", rather than etiologically. Heterogeneous conditions are often divided into endotypes based on etiology. Where necessary to determine appropriate treatment differential diagnosis procedures are employed.

text:
# Heterogeneous condition

A medical condition is termed **heterogeneous**, or a **heterogeneous disease**, if it has several etiologies (root causes); as opposed to **homogeneous conditions**, which have the same root cause for all patients in a given group. Examples of heterogeneous conditions are hepatitis and diabetes. Heterogeneity is not unusual, as medical conditions are usually defined pathologically (i.e. based on the state of the patient), as in "liver inflammation", or clinically (i.e. based on the apparent symptoms of the patient), as in "excessive urination", rather than etiologically (i.e. based on the underlying cause of the symptoms). Heterogeneous conditions are often divided into endotypes based on etiology.

Where necessary to determine appropriate treatment differential diagnosis procedures are employed.

## Endotype

An **endotype** is a subtype of a condition, which is defined by a distinct functional or pathobiological mechanism. This is distinct from a phenotype, which is any observable characteristic or trait of a disease, such as morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, or behavior, without any implication of a mechanism. It is envisaged that patients with a specific endotype present themselves within phenotypic clusters of diseases.

One example is asthma, which is considered to be a syndrome, consisting of a series of endotypes. This is related to the concept of disease entity

## Heterogeneity in medical conditions

The term **medical condition** is a nosological broad term that includes all diseases, disorders, injuries and syndromes, and it is specially suitable in the last case, in which it is not possible to speak about a single disease associated to the clinical course of the patient.

While the term *medical condition* generally includes mental illnesses, in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness, injury, or disease except for mental illnesses. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all mental disorders, uses the term *general medical condition* to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for mental disorders. This usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature. Some health insurance policies also define a *medical condition* as any illness, injury, or disease except for psychiatric illnesses.

As it is more value-neutral than terms like *disease*, the term *medical condition* is sometimes preferred by people with health issues that they do not consider deleterious. It is also preferred when etiology is not unique, because the word disease is normally associated to the cause of the clinical problems. On the other hand, by emphasizing the medical nature of the condition, this term is sometimes rejected, such as by proponents of the autism rights movement.

The term is also used in specialized areas of medicine. A genetic or allelic heterogeneous condition is one where the same disease or condition can be caused, or contributed to, by varying different genes or alleles. In clinical trials and statistics the concepts of homogeneous and heterogeneous populations is important. The same applies for epidemiology

* Endotype, each one of the etiological subclasses of a given heterogeneous condition.


title: My Life with Dalí

abstract: My Life with Dalí is an autobiography by French singer Amanda Lear, first released in 1984, which tells about her relationship with Spanish surrealist painter Salvador Dalí. The book, which had Dalí's full approval, gave detailed insights into the lives of both the artist and his muse.

text:
# My Life with Dalí

***My Life with Dalí*** is an autobiography by French singer Amanda Lear, first released in 1984, which tells about her relationship with Spanish surrealist painter Salvador Dalí. The book, which had Dalí's full approval, gave detailed insights into the lives of both the artist and his muse.

## Background

The book was originally published in French in 1984 as *Le Dalí d'Amanda*. It has since been translated into no less than six languages and released in Europe, Asia and the USA. The first English language edition was released by Virgin Books as *My Life with Dalí* in the UK in 1985. In 2004, an updated and expanded edition was released in France, entitled *Mon Dalí*. The book was dedicated to "Gala, the patient, loving wife".

The story of the book starts in London in autumn 1965 and introduces Lear as a fine art student, living in Chelsea's Sloane Avenue. Her first meeting with Dalí took place around that time in Le Castel, a famous Parisian restaurant and nightclub, and gave the beginning to an over-15-year-long friendship. Lear has since been the painter's muse and closest friend, although, as she herself repeatedly marked, their relationship never was intimate. In addition, Lear describes also her relations with the likes of Brian Jones, Tara Browne and David Bowie, and mentions Anita Pallenberg, Keith Richards, Pablo Picasso, Brigitte Bardot and other notable personalities of the cultural world of the 1960s and 1970s.

According to the biography, Lear accompanied Dalí and his wife on trips to Barcelona, Madrid, New York and Paris, over a period of some fifteen years. She also spent every summer with Dalí at his home at Port Lligat, near Cadaqués in Catalonia. Lear posed for some of Dalí's works, took part in several of his film projects and could be seen by his side during press conferences and meetings with the media. These media events, characteristically for the age of flower power and this stage of Dalí's life, often turned into happenings as spectacular as the art itself, frequently with Lear as the central figure. With the Dalís, Lear also regularly socialised with celebrities and European royalty such as Prince Rainier and Princess Grace of Monaco. Dalí served as a mentor to Lear, their travels allowing her to discover the great museums of Europe, Parisian salons and restaurants, New York bohemia and his homeland, Spain, especially the Catalan culture. In return, she introduced him to the younger generation of the counterculture in art, fashion, photography and music in London.

Plans have been made to produce a biographical film based on the content of the book. Jeremy Irons was considered to play the part of Dalí while Claudia Schiffer was a candidate for the role of Amanda. As Lear herself revealed in a 2001 interview, Schiffer, having read the book, viciously said to her upon their meeting: "Amanda, I really like your book. Who wrote it for you?" Which made Lear reply with irony: "I'm glad you liked it. Who read it to you?". The film was never produced.

The film/TV rights for My Life with Dali is currently under contract with A.E.Synenko (Gamine Films: Producer/Screenwriter)

## Release history

| Year | Region | Title | Publisher |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984 | France | *Le Dalí d'Amanda* | Pierre-Marcel Favre |
| 1984 | Germany | *Dalí: 15 Jahre mit Salvador Dalí* | Goldmann |
| 1985 | Spain | *El Dalí de Amanda* | Planeta |
| July 1985 | United Kingdom | *My Life with Dalí* | Virgin Books |
| February 1987 | United States | *Persistence of Memory: A Personal Biography of Salvador Dalí* | National Press Books |
| 1987 | Italy | *La mia vita con Dalí* | Costa & Nolan |
| June 1989 | Germany | *Dalí: 15 Jahre mit Salvador Dalí* | Goldmann |
| 1994 | France | *L'Amant Dalí: Ma vie avec Salvador Dalí* | Michel Lafon |
| September 1994 | Mexico | *La persistencia de la memoria. Una biografía personal de Salvador Dalí* | Diana |
| August 1995 | United Kingdom | *The Persistence of Memory: A Biography of Dalí* | Da Capo Press |
| April 2004 | France | *Mon Dalí* | Michel Lafon |
| 2005 | Russia | *Dalí глазами Аманды* | КоЛибри |
|

## InfoBox

My Life with Dalí
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Amanda Lear |
| Original title | *Le Dalí d'Amanda* |
| Language | French |
| Genre | autobiography |
| Publisher | Pierre-Marcel Favre |
| Publication date | 1984 |


title: Paul Kunz

abstract: Paul Kunz was an American particle physicist and software developer, who initiated the deployment of the first web server outside of Europe. After a meeting in September 1991 with Tim Berners-Lee of CERN, he returned to the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) with word of the World Wide Web. By Thursday, December 12, 1991, there was an active Web server installed and operational at SLAC, establishing the first Web server in the US, the SPIRES HEP, connected to the SPIRES High Energy Physics database, thanks to the efforts of Kunz, Louise Addis, and Terry Hung. He was also the originator of the free/open source GNUstep implementation of the NeXTSTEP framework and also at the basis of the idea for objcX. He was the chief developer of HippoDraw, a statistical analysis software, primarily intended for the analysis and presentation of particle physics and astrophysics data at SLAC.

text:
# Paul Kunz

**Paul Kunz** (December 20, 1942 – September 12, 2018) was an American particle physicist and software developer, who initiated the deployment of the first web server outside of Europe. After a meeting in September 1991 with Tim Berners-Lee of CERN, he returned to the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) with word of the World Wide Web. By Thursday, December 12, 1991, there was an active Web server installed and operational at SLAC, establishing the first Web server in the US, the SPIRES HEP, connected to the SPIRES High Energy Physics database, thanks to the efforts of Kunz, Louise Addis, and Terry Hung.

He was also the originator of the free/open source GNUstep implementation of the NeXTSTEP framework and also at the basis of the idea for objcX (objective-C for the X Window System). He was the chief developer of HippoDraw, a statistical analysis software, primarily intended for the analysis and presentation of particle physics and astrophysics data at SLAC.

## InfoBox

| Paul Kunze | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-12-20)December 20, 1942 |
| Died | September 12, 2018(2018-09-12) (aged 75) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Princeton University (PhD) |
| Occupation(s) | Particle physicist and software developer |
| Years active | 35 years |
| Employer | SLAC |
| Organization | Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) |
| Known for | The first active Web server deployed outside of Europe; GNUstep implementation of the NeXTSTEP framework, and objcX idea. |
| Notable work | HippoDraw statistical analysis software; parallel computing on the first server farms installed near particle accelerators (SLAC and CERN). |


abstract: The Federación Nacional de Muchachas Guías de Nicaragua is the national Guiding organization of Nicaragua. It serves 86 members. Founded in 1940, the girls-only organization became an associate member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1981. The Guide Motto is Siempre Activas, Always Active; and the Guide Slogan is Lealtad Sacrificio Pureza, Loyalty Sacrifice Purity.

text:
# Federación Nacional de Muchachas Guías de Nicaragua

The **Federación Nacional de Muchachas Guías de Nicaragua** (*National Federation of Girl Guides of Nicaragua*) is the national Guiding organization of Nicaragua. It serves 86 members (as of 2003). Founded in 1940, the girls-only organization became an associate member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1981.

The Guide Motto is *Siempre Activas*, *Always Active*; and the Guide Slogan is *Lealtad Sacrificio Pureza*, *Loyalty Sacrifice Purity*.

## InfoBox

| Federación Nacional de Muchachas Guías de Nicaragua | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Managua |
| Country | Nicaragua |
| Founded | 1940 |
| Membership | 86 |
| Affiliation | World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts |
|  | |
|


title: Pusztacsalád

abstract: Pusztacsalád is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.

text:
# Pusztacsalád

**Pusztacsalád** is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.

## InfoBox

| Pusztacsalád | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Győr-Moson-Sopron county in Hungary | |
| PusztacsaládLocation of Pusztacsalád | |
| Coordinates: 47°29′05″N 16°54′00″E / 47.48468°N 16.89994°E / 47.48468; 16.89994 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Győr-Moson-Sopron |
| Area | |
| Total | 24.06 km2 (9.29 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 267 |
| Density | 11.09/km2 (28.7/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 9373 |
| Area code | 99 |


title: Pyropteron umbrifera

abstract: Pyropteron umbrifera is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in Greece. The wingspan is 20–24 mm. The larvae feed on Limonium sinuatum.

text:
# Pyropteron umbrifera

***Pyropteron umbrifera*** is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in Greece.

The wingspan is 20–24 mm.

The larvae feed on *Limonium sinuatum*.

## InfoBox

| *Pyropteron umbrifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyropteron* |
| Subgenus: | *Synansphecia* |
| Species: | ***P. umbrifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyropteron umbrifera***<br>(Staudinger, 1870) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sesia umbrifera* Staudinger, 1870 * *Synansphecia umbrifera* * *Pyropteron umbriferum* | |


title: Pyunik Training Centre

abstract: Pyunik Training Centre is the training ground and academy base of the Armenian football club FC Pyunik. It was opened in 2004 on the grounds of the former Kilikia Football School in the Kentron District of the capital Yerevan. The centre is used for the training of youth and senior teams. It occupies an area of 48,000 m⁲.

text:
# Pyunik Training Centre

**Pyunik Training Centre** is the training ground and academy base of the Armenian football club FC Pyunik. It was opened in 2004 on the grounds of the former Kilikia Football School in the Kentron District of the capital Yerevan.

The centre is used for the training of youth and senior teams. It occupies an area of 48,000 m2.

## Facilities

With a total area of 48,000 m2, the centre is home to the following facilities:

* The main stadium of the training centre with an artificial turf (since 2016) and a capacity of 780 seats, the home ground of Pyunik-2; the reserve team of Pyunik.
* 2 full-size natural grass pitches.
* 2 seven-a-side (1 with artificial turf) and 2 five-a-side pitches.
* Indoor facilities housing the club headquarters and a service centre with gymnasium.

## InfoBox

FC Pyunik Training Centre
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Yerevan
Armenia |
| Coordinates | 40°10′55″N 44°29′24″E / 40.18194°N 44.49000°E / 40.18194; 44.49000 |
| Owner | Ruben Hayrapetyan |
| Operator | FC Pyunik |
| Type | Football training facility |
| Opened | 2004 |
| Tenants | |
| FC Pyunik (training) | |


title: List of floods in Pakistan

abstract:
The following is a list of floods in Pakistan.
  - In 1973 heavy rains in Indian Kashmir caused the Indus River to overflow and flood the Punjab province of Pakistan.
  - 1992 India–Pakistan floods
  - 1993 Monsoon Floods Across South Asia killed fifteen people in Pakistan.
  - In 1995 heavy monsoon rains occurred in mid-July. Due to this Indus River and other rivers and canals started to flood. The rains stopped in time. Otherwise they would have caused more damage.
  - 2001 Islamabad cloud burst
  - In 2003, Sindh province was badly affected when above normal monsoon rainfall caused flooding in the province; urban flooding also hit Karachi where two days of rainfall of 284.5 millimetres (11.20 in) created havoc in the city, while Thatta District was the worst hit where 404 millimetres (15.9 in) rainfall caused flash floods in the district. At least 484 people were killed and some 4,476 villages in the province were affected.
  - In 2007, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and coastal Balochistan were badly affected due to monsoon rainfall. Sindh and coastal Balochistan were affected by Cyclone Yemyin in June and then torrential rains in July and August, while Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was affected by melting glaciers and heavy rainfall in July and August. At least 130 people died and 2,000 were displaced in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in July and 22 people died in August, while 815 people died in Balochistan and Sindh due to flash floods.
  - 2009 Karachi floods
  - In 2010, almost all of Pakistan was affected when massive flooding, caused by record breaking rains, hit Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. The number of people affected by the flooding exceeds the combined total affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and the 2010 Haiti earthquake. At least 2,000 people died in the flood and almost 20 million people were affected by it.
  - In September 2011, at least 361 people were killed, some 5.3 million people and 1.2 million homes affected as well 1.7 million acres of arable land inundated when massive floods swept across the province of Sindh as a result of monsoon rains.
  - In September 2012, more than 100 people were killed, and thousands of homes destroyed, with thousands of acres of arable land affected when flooding affected Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, southern Punjab and northern Sindh, resulting from monsoon rains.
  - In September 2013, more than 80 people died due to the flooding.
  - In September 2014, due to massive rain, flooding affected Jammu and Kashmir as well as in Punjab. Constituted flood situation in River Chanab and River Jhelum.
  - 2016 Pakistan Floods
  - 2017 Karachi floods
  - 2019 Pakistan floods and storms
  - In August 2020, Karachi received the heaviest rain in a single day ever in its history when 231 mm rain lashed out in just 12 hours. During August 2020, only Karachi received 484 mm rain. It is the highest rainfall record over the last 90 years. Rainwater and overflowed water from nullahs and drains flooded most of the main roads and streets in residential locations, a significant number of residential areas including urban slums and villages in peri-urban areas, that gravely disrupted the people’s lives.
  - 2021 Islamabad flooding
  - From June to August 2022, flooding affected most of Pakistan. Pakistan experienced severe flooding that affected various parts of the country, including Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab, and other areas. The provinces of Balochistan and Sindh were worst hit, while floods had also affected other parts of the country as far north as Kashmir. At least 1,500 people died in the flooding with 16 million children affected.
  - 2022 Pakistan floods
  - 2023 Pakistan floods
  - 2024 Pakistan floods
    - 2024 Afghanistan–Pakistan floods - Intense bout of flash floods from 13-16 April. In addition to the loss of life and human suffering, the floods caused extensive damage to crops, particularly in the province of Sindh. It was reported that the flood damage to crops in Sindh alone amounted to approximately Rs297 billion. This further compounded the economic impact of the floods and added to the challenges faced by the affected communities in rebuilding their lives and livelihoods.

text:
# List of floods in Pakistan

The following is a list of floods in Pakistan.

In addition to the loss of life and human suffering, the floods caused extensive damage to crops, particularly in the province of Sindh. It was reported that the flood damage to crops in Sindh alone amounted to approximately Rs297 billion. This further compounded the economic impact of the floods and added to the challenges faced by the affected communities in rebuilding their lives and livelihoods.


title: Wanda Does It

abstract: Wanda Does It is an American television sitcom that aired on Comedy Central from October 5 to November 16, 2004. It displays "a day in the life" of the world of comedian Wanda Sykes. The series was canceled in early January 2005.

text:
# Wanda Does It

***Wanda Does It*** is an American television sitcom that aired on Comedy Central from October 5 to November 16, 2004. It displays "a day in the life" of the world of comedian Wanda Sykes. The series was canceled in early January 2005.

## Cast

* Wanda Sykes as herself
* Tim Bagley as Tim Brewer
* Sue Murphy as herself

## Episodes

### Season 1

1. "Wanda Does Repo"—After her friend, Jen, buys her car and her check bounces, Wanda decides to become a repo woman to get her car back and teach Jen a lesson.
2. "Wanda Does Vegas"—After Wanda's show is canceled at a Las Vegas casino, Wanda learns how to become a professional gambler and get the money she was going to get from them.
3. "Wanda Does the Sky"—After taking a horrible flight, Wanda decides that if anyone else can be a pilot, she can too and flies an airplane.
4. "Wanda Does the Night"—When an audience member heckles Wanda during one of her shows, Wanda decides to follow her to her job to heckle her back, but discovers that the woman who heckled her is actually a prostitute
5. "Wanda Does the WNBA"—Wanda decides to prove that she's got game by becoming the coach of the WNBA team the Los Angeles Sparks. Tim is also having a dispute with someone who wants to cast Wanda in a cartoon. Guest stars include Molly Bryant as a coach, Tom Virtue as a referee, and Hans Raith as a bouncer
6. "Wanda Does Photos"—After Wanda sees a bad headshot of herself that her publishing company wants to use for her book, she decides to go behind the camera to take her own photo.

## InfoBox

| *Wanda Does It* | |
| --- | --- |
| Starring | Wanda Sykes
Tim Bagley
Sue Murphy |
| Country of origin | United States |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 30 minutes including commercials |
| Original release | |
| Network | Comedy Central |
| Release | October 5 (2004-10-05)
November 16, 2004 (2004-11-16) |


title: No Surprise (Daughtry song)

abstract: "No Surprise" is a song recorded by American rock band Daughtry for their second studio album, Leave This Town (2009). It was released May 6, 2009 as the album's lead single, and the band debuted the song on American Idol that night. Chris Daughtry wrote the song with Chad Kroeger, Joey Moi, Eric Dill, and Rune Westberg, while Howard Benson handled the production. An alternative rock power ballad with influences of pop rock, hard rock, and post-grunge, "No Surprise" utilizes layered vocals and distorted guitars to create a radio-friendly rock sound that has been compared to Kroeger's band Nickelback. Its lyrics depict a bittersweet breakup between lovers that has been a long time coming. The song was a commercial success in the United States, reaching a peak position of 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming the group's fourth number one hit on the magazine's Adult Pop Songs airplay chart. It also charted well internationally, peaking at number 13 on the Canadian Hot 100 and being certified Gold by Music Canada, in addition to attaining top 40 positions in Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and Sweden.

text:
# No Surprise (Daughtry song)

"**No Surprise**" is a song recorded by American rock band Daughtry for their second studio album, *Leave This Town* (2009). It was released May 6, 2009 as the album's lead single, and the band debuted the song on *American Idol* that night. Chris Daughtry wrote the song with Chad Kroeger, Joey Moi, Eric Dill, and Rune Westberg, while Howard Benson handled the production.

An alternative rock power ballad with influences of pop rock, hard rock, and post-grunge, "No Surprise" utilizes layered vocals and distorted guitars to create a radio-friendly rock sound that has been compared to Kroeger's band Nickelback. Its lyrics depict a bittersweet breakup between lovers that has been a long time coming.

The song was a commercial success in the United States, reaching a peak position of 15 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and becoming the group's fourth number one hit on the magazine's Adult Pop Songs airplay chart. It also charted well internationally, peaking at number 13 on the Canadian Hot 100 and being certified Gold by Music Canada, in addition to attaining top 40 positions in Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and Sweden.

## Composition

"No Surprise" is a midtempo alternative rock and pop rock ballad with a duration of four minutes and twenty-nine seconds (4:29) on the album track, or four minutes and nine seconds (4:09) on the single edit. According to the digital sheet music published by Alfred Publishing Co., Inc., the song was originally composed in the key of E major and set in common time (**4**
**4**) to a "moderate" tempo of 96 BPM. Daughtry's vocals are double-tracked on the majority of the track and span exactly two octaves, from E3 to E5. Distorted guitars dominate the song's instrumentation, while the production employs a Wall of Sound approach.

Lyrically, the song details the overdue end of an unhealthy relationship and has been described as "anthemic." The narrator appears to have mixed feelings about the breakup, with the chorus alternating between sentimental reflection ("*you and I will be a tough act to follow*") and relief ("*It's no surprise I won't be here tomorrow / Can't believe that I stayed 'til today*").

## Reception

### Critical reception

Bill Lamb from About.com was positive in his review on the song, giving it four out of five stars and indicating that "No Surprise" is "possibly stronger than any of the singles off their four million selling debut album".

### Commercial performance

"No Surprise" debuted at number fifteen on the *Billboard* Hot 100 the chart week of May 23, 2009. It is the band's highest debut to date on the chart, fueled by strong first week digital sales of 106,000. It is also the band's fifth top twenty hit on the Hot 100, and their highest-charting song since "Home". In addition, it debuted at number 39 on the Adult Pop Songs chart with less than a week of airplay. For the week of August 27, the song hit number-one, becoming the band's fourth number-one single on the Adult Top 40. Only Nickelback has more number ones with five. The song also reached the top 10 on the Adult Contemporary and Pop Songs charts. As of January 2011, the song has sold over 1,201,000 digital copies in the United States.

On the Canadian Hot 100, "No Surprise" debuted at number thirteen, also making it their fifth top twenty hit in that country. The single was certified Gold by Music Canada in July 2009. The song has also charted moderately well internationally, peaking at 34 in Australia, 45 in Austria, 62 in Germany, 22 in Japan, 22 in New Zealand, and 35 in Sweden.

## Track listing

Canadian digital single/US CD single
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "No Surprise" | Chris Daughtry, Chad Kroeger, Joey Moi, Rune Westberg, Eric Dill | 4:09 |
| 2. | "Back Again" | Daughtry, Adam Gontier | 3:38 |
| Total length: | | | 7:47 |

International digital single/European CD single
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "No Surprise" | Daughtry, Kroeger, Moi, Westberg, Dill | 4:09 |
| Total length: | | | 4:09 |

## Music video

The video was directed by Nathan Cox and premiered June 3, 2009. It follows the story of a couple who live together but are struggling to make ends meet. It begins with the man trying to sign up for a mining job, but fails after the foreman tells him there are no work positions available. Meanwhile, the girl works at a diner and is being put off by her irritable boss. Later, she accidentally spills soda on a female customer after being bumped into by another man. The boss yells at her and she storms out, throwing her apron on the ground.

The next camera shot is at the couple's home as their neighbor is leaving for a musical gig. Both argue about their foreclosure of their home. The final segment begins the next morning when the man wakes up and leaves. The girl wakes up and is unable to find him. The video concludes with the girl looking around town (alternating shots between the band and her running through town and bumping into a guy) then, finally, sitting down on the ground, leaning against a big rock wondering what will happen next and the camera pans out and the viewer can see that the couple are sitting on opposite sides of the large boulder. In addition, Chris and his band are seen performing at the mining area, and Chris is seen with his guitar in some solo performance shots while standing on the ledge of a forklift arm in both day and night scenes.

## Charts and certifications

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | May 6, 2009 | Digital download | RCA Records, 19 |  |
| Japan | | | |  |
| New Zealand | | | |  |
| United States | | | |  |
| Canada | June 18, 2009 | | |  |
| Europe | August 6, 2009 | CD single | RCA Records (Sony) |  |
| United States | September 15, 2009 | | |  |
|

## InfoBox

| "No Surprise" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Daughtry | |
| from the album  *Leave This Town* | |
| B-side | "Back Again" |
| Released | May 6, 2009 |
| Recorded | September 2008March 2009 in Los Angeles, California |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:29 (album version)
4:09 (single version) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Howard Benson |
| Daughtry singles chronology | |
| "What About Now"
(2008) "**No Surprise**"
(2009) "Life After You"
(2009) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "No Surprise" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Ferdinand Berthoud

abstract: Ferdinand Berthoud, was a scientist and watchmaker. He became master watchmaker in Paris in 1753. Berthoud, who held the position of Horologist-Mechanic by appointment to the King and the Navy, left behind him an exceptionally broad body of work, in particular in the field of marine chronometers.

text:
# Ferdinand Berthoud

**Ferdinand Berthoud** (French pronunciation: \[fɛʁdinɑ̃ bɛʁtu\]; born 18 March 1727, in Plancemont-sur-Couvet, Principality of Neuchâtel; died 20 June 1807, in Groslay, Val d'Oise), was a scientist and watchmaker. He became master watchmaker in Paris in 1753. Berthoud, who held the position of Horologist-Mechanic by appointment to the King and the Navy, left behind him an exceptionally broad body of work, in particular in the field of marine chronometers.

## History

Ferdinand Berthoud was born on 18 March 1727, in Plancemont, Val-de-Travers, in the Principality of Neuchâtel, which then belonged to the Kingdom of Prussia, into a distinguished family of watch and clock makers.

His father, Jean Berthoud, was a master carpenter and architect. He was a burgher of Couvet, burgher of Neuchâtel, and justice of the peace for Val-de-Travers from 1717 to 1732. His mother, Judith Berthoud (1682–1765) was born in Couvet.

Ferdinand had four brothers: Abraham (1708-?); Jean-Henry (1710–1790), justice of the peace for Val-de-Travers, clerk of the court in Les Verrières, barrister in Cressier, and an expert watchmaker and clockmaker; Jean-Jacques (1711–1784), a draughtsman, and Pierre (1717-?), a farmer and clockmaker. Pierre was a councillor in Couvet, and married Marguerite Borel-Jaquet in 1741. With her, Pierre had two sons, Pierre Louis (born in Paris in 1754, died 1813), and Henri (born ? in Paris, died in 1783); their career was to be closely linked to that of their uncle Ferdinand Berthoud.

Ferdinand also had two sisters: Jeanne-Marie (1711–1804) and Suzanne-Marie (1729-?).

In 1741, when he was fourteen, Ferdinand Berthoud became clockmaking apprentice to his brother Jean-Henry in Couvet, at the same time receiving a sound scientific education. On 13 April 1745, Ferdinand Berthoud finished his training and was awarded a watchmaking and clockmaking apprenticeship certificate.

In 1745, aged 18, Ferdinand Berthoud moved to Paris to improve his skills as a watchmaker and clockmaker. He exercised his talents as a journeyman, working with master watchmakers in the Paris community. There is some suggestion in the literature that Ferdinand Berthoud worked for a time for Julien Le Roy, where he is said to have made strikingly swift progress, alongside Pierre Le Roy, his master's son, who later became his rival.

On 4 December 1753, by order of the French Royal Council, in an exception to guild rules and by special favour of the King, Ferdinand Berthoud became a master at the age of 26, receiving the official title of Master Watchmaker.

From 1755 onwards, Ferdinand Berthoud was entrusted with the task of writing a number of reference articles on watchmaking for the *Encyclopédie méthodique*1*,* published between 1751 and 1772 under the direction of the writer and philosopher Diderot (1713–1784) and the mathematician and philosopher d'Alembert (1717–1783).

Ferdinand Berthoud published his first specialist work in 1759, *L'Art de conduire et de régler les pendules et les montres, à l'usage de ceux qui n'ont aucune connaissance d'horlogerie*1 \[1\]. Several other written works followed, detailed in the "Works" section.

In 1763, Ferdinand Berthoud was appointed by the King to inspect the H4 sea watch made by John Harrison (1693–1776) in London, in the company of mathematician Charles-Etienne Camus (1699–1768), a member of the French Royal Academy of Sciences, and astronomer Joseph-Jérôme Lefrancois de La Lande (1732–1807). It was a disappointing trip for Berthoud: Harrison only showed him his H1, H2, and H3 watches (in exchange for a payment of £500), categorically refusing to show him the legendary H4, the most advanced of them all.

Although Berthoud was not able to see Harrison's famous H4 in London, his trip did offer him a way into English scientific circles, due to the importance of his works and publications in the field of watchmaking. This resulted in him being elected on 16 February 1764 as an "associate foreign member" of the Royal Society in London.

In 1764, by order of the King, the French Academy instructed two of its members, Duhamel de Monceau and Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche, to test Ferdinand Berthoud's number 3 sea watch at sea. Berthoud reported that he wore the watch personally in Brest and was present for the tests. The trials took place on the frigate *L'Hirondelle*.

In 1765, Ferdinand Berthoud undertook a second trip to London to meet Harrison through the offices of Count Heinrich von Brühl (1700–1763), Minister of Saxony. Harrison once again refused to present his creations to Berthoud, knowing that he was fully capable of using them to benefit the French Navy. It was the English horologist Thomas Mudge (1715–1795), famous for his development of the first detached lever escapement and a member of the Board of Longitude, who described the working principle of the H4 watch to Berthoud, without him being able to see it for himself (Harrison demanded a payment of £4,000 for a description of his watch, an exorbitant and dissuasive amount).

On 7 May 1766, Ferdinand Berthoud sent a paper to the Duke of Praslin (1712–1785), Count of Choiseul, Minister of the Navy, explaining his plan to build the Number 6 and Number 8 Sea Clocks. He asked him for an allowance of £3,000 in consideration of his work on earlier sea clocks and in anticipation of his estimated costs for the production of two new sea clocks using English technology. The paper clearly set out Ferdinand Berthoud's ambitions to receive this allowance, together with the title of Horologist-Mechanic by appointment to the King and the Navy, and to devote himself to developing sea clocks and determining longitude at sea. On 24 July 1766, the King approved the project to build the two sea clocks and agreed to finance it.-

To check the performance of the new sea watches, on 3 November 1768, the Duke of Praslin gave Sea Clocks numbers 6 and 8 to Charles-Pierre Claret, the 'Knight of Fleurieu' (1738–1810), explorer, hydrographer, and King's lieutenant, accompanied by Canon Pingré (1711–1796), navy astronomer and geographer and member of France's Royal Academy of Sciences. Their mission was to test the watches on the corvette *Isis* during a voyage from Rochefort to Santo Domingo and back. The voyage lasted ten months and the trials on the clocks were successful. The findings of Charles-Pierre Claret were published in 1773 under the title *Voyage fait par ordre du roi, pour éprouver les horloges marines*.

In 1769, Ferdinand Berthoud sent for his nephew Pierre-Louis Berthoud (1754–1813), commonly known as Louis Berthoud, a talented young watchmaker and clockmaker, inviting him to come to Paris from Couvet, Switzerland, to pursue his apprenticeship. Louis helped Ferdinand manufacture and repair the sea clocks his uncle supplied to the French and Spanish navies.

On 1 April 1770, following the successful sea trials of Sea Watches numbers 6 and 8, Ferdinand Berthoud received the title of Horologist-Mechanic by appointment to the King and the Navy, with an annual allowance of £3,000 and responsibility for inspecting the construction of sea clocks. He received a royal commission for 20 sea clocks.

Ferdinand Berthoud's clocks soon became a success and were used on board ship for various test campaigns and charting voyages.

In 1771, Borda boarded the frigate *Flore*, under Lieutenant Verdun de la Crenne, for a campaign of tests on sea chronometers, sailing from the Canary Islands to the Caribbean. Count Chastenet de Puységur (1752–1809), captain of the corvette *Espiègle*, accompanied Borda, captain of *Boussole*, in an expedition to the Canaries and the coast of Africa in 1774 and 1775.

On 1 August 1785, Ferdinand Berthoud gave five clocks to the captain of the *Astrolabe*, Lapérouse, as he was leaving on an expedition around the world with the aim of adding to the discoveries of James Cook in the Pacific Ocean. The clocks taken on board were lost at sea in the wreck of the *Astrolabe* in 1788 off the coast of Vanikoro in the Santa Cruz Islands, near the Solomon Islands.

In 1791, Berthoud supplied four marine chronometers to Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, to aid his expedition to search for Lapérouse with the frigates *Recherche* and *Espérance*.

In 17951, Berthoud was elected First Class Resident Member of the Mechanical Arts section of France's National Institute (*Institut de France*). Following the French Revolution, Berthoud moved in to the Louvre and received an allowance from the State, continuing to work on his clocks and maintain sea clocks. His most important priority, however, was the publication of his most significant work: *Histoire de la Mesure du temps*2 (1802).

On 17 July 1804, Napoleon made Berthoud a Knight of the Legion of Honour, as a member of the institute.

On 20 June 1807, Ferdinand Berthoud died childless at the age of 80. He was buried in Groslay, in the Montmorency Valley (Val d'Oise), where a monument commemorates him.

## Works

In 1752 at the age of 25, seven years after he arrived in Paris, Ferdinand Berthoud submitted an equation clock to the Royal Academy of Sciences, thus demonstrating his extraordinary proficiency in the art of watchmaking4\]. French Academy members Charles Étienne Camus (1699–1768), a mathematician and astronomer, and Pierre Boger (1698–1758), a mathematician, physicist, and famous hydrographer, wrote a glowing report on the quality of his work.-

Ferdinand Berthoud filed various sealed envelopes with the French Royal Academy of Sciences. On 20 November 1754, he filed the plan for a Machine for measuring time at sea, in a sealed envelope that was never published\[5\]. This was his first plan for a sea clock. The envelope was not opened until 1976 by the President of the academy.

On 13 December 1760, Ferdinand Berthoud filed his *Mémoire sur les principes de construction d'une Horloge de Marine*1 with the French Royal Academy of Sciences to present his legendary Sea Clock Number 1, the construction of which was completed in early 1761. He filed an addendum on 28 February 1761. The clock was displayed in April 1763 at the Royal Academy of Sciences.-

In 1754, the French Academy of Sciences approved a watch and equation clock by Ferdinand Berthoud.-

Ferdinand Berthoud devoted himself to research and passing on his knowledge through his publications. This twofold aim earned him rapid acceptance in the scientific circles of his day. Several articles in the *Encyclopédie méthodique,* published in 1751–1772, under the direction of Diderot (1713–1784) and d'Alembert (1717–1783), were entrusted to him.

In 1759, Berthoud published a successful popular treatise, *L'Art de conduire et de régler les pendules et les montres. À l'usage de ceux qui n'ont aucune connaissance d'horlogerie*1*.*6 In 1763, his lengthy treatise *L'Essai sur l'horlogerie ; dans lequel on traite de cet Art relativement à l'usage civil, à l'Astronomie et à la Navigation* was also well received. This popular work was very successful, translated into several languages, and republished several times in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

1763 marked a turning point in Berthoud's career, which from then on focused on the progress of maritime navigation. Once again, the French Academy of Sciences was to be both a witness and a support: in that year, the watchmaker had two envelopes opened that had been filed in 1760 and 1761. These describe the Sea Clock number 17. On 29 August of the same year, Ferdinand Berthoud filed another envelope entitled *Construction d'une montre marine...*

His work was characterised by regular projects accompanied by detailed requests. For instance, he proposed the construction of two sea watches on 7 May 1766. These were Numbers 6 and 8, now preserved at the French Museum of Arts and Trades. Following successful experiments with them, Ferdinand Berthoud received the title of "Horologist-Mechanic by appointment to the King and the Navy for the inspection of the construction of sea clocks" on 1 August 1770.

In 1773, Ferdinand Berthoud published his *Traité des horloges marines contenant la théorie, la construction, la main-d'œuvre de ces machines et la manière de les éprouver, pour parvenir par leur moyen, à la rectification des cartes marines et à la détermination des longitudes en mer*. This treatise was a first, detailing all the parts required for building a sea clock. It helped seal the reputation of Berthoud's work, in particular with respect to his competitors in longitude at sea research, such as Harrison and Pierre Le Roy (1717–1785).

Two years later, in 1775, Ferdinand Berthoud published another work, *Les longitudes par la mesure du temps ou méthode pour déterminer les longitudes en mer avec le secours des horloges marines, suivie du recueil des tables nécessaires au pilot pour réduire les observations relatives à la longitude et à la latitude*. A second edition of this book was published in 1785.

In 1787, Berthoud published *De la Mesure du Temps ou supplément au traité des horloges marines et à l'Essai sur l'horlogerie, contenant les principes d'exécution, de construction et d'épreuves des petites horloges à longitudes et l'application des mêmes principes de construction aux montres de poche, ainsi que plusieurs construction d'horloges astronomiques.* This was translated into German in 1798.

In 1792, Ferdinand Berthoud published his *Traité des montres à Longitudes* *contenant la construction, la description & tous les détails de main-d'œuvre de ces Machines ; leurs dimensions, la manière de les éprouver, etc.*, in which he recommended compensation using the balance wheel, with final adjustment using the spiral (page 172), to achieve better isochronism.

Four years later, in 1796, Berthoud published the *Suite du Traité des montres à longitudes, contenant : 1° la construction des montres verticales portatives, 2° la description et les épreuves des petites horloges horizontales plus simples et plus portatives pour servir dans les plus longues traversées.*

In 1802, Ferdinand Berthoud published one of his most important works: *Histoire de la mesure du temps par les horloges*, in which he demonstrates his outstanding knowledge of the art of horological mechanics.

In 1807, the year of his death, Berthoud published his final work, entitled *Supplément au Traité des montres à Longitudes avec appendice contenant la notice ou indication des principales recherches ou des travaux faits par Ferdinand Berthoud sur divers parties des machines qui mesurent le temps depuis 1752 à 1807*. Fresh editions were published in 1816 and 1838.

As a determined experimenter, a skilled and daring craftsman, and an inventor keen to pass on his knowledge, Ferdinand Berthoud not only made a contribution to the advance of watchmaking but also promoted the use of precision clocks in the sciences of his day, thus contributing to progress in these various disciplines. He is the only watchmaker to have published the findings of all his research in a detailed, methodical manner. Gifted with a genuine spirit of scientific engineering and an extraordinary capacity for work, Ferdinand Berthoud performed more experiments than any other watchmaker of his day.

Ferdinand Berthoud left behind him an extraordinary output in a variety of fields: sea chronometers, watches and decorative clocks, specialist tools, and scientific measurement instruments, as well as publishing scores of written works and specialist dissertations, totalling over 4,000 pages and 120 copperplates.

The titles, privileges, and testimonials of recognition throughout his career, extending from the reign of Louis XV through to the First Empire, as well as the tributes and studies that highlight his critical renown through to the present day, reflect the importance of his place in the long quest for accuracy.

### Main clocks

**Bibliography:**

* *L'Art de conduire et de régler les pendules et les montres. A l'usage de ceux qui n'ont aucune connaissance d'horlogerie*, 1759;
* *Essai sur l'horlogerie, dans lequel on traite de cet art relativement à l'usage civil, à l'astronomie et à la navigation, en établissant des principes confirmés par l'expérience,* 1763 and 1786;
* *Traité des horloges marines, contenant la théorie, la construction, la main-d'œuvre de ces machines, et la manière de les éprouver, pour parvenir, par leur moyen, à la rectification des Cartes Marines et à la détermination des Longitudes en Mer*, 1773 ( \[archive\]);
* *Eclaircissemens sur l'invention, la théorie, la construction, et les épreuves des nouvelles machines proposées en France, pour la détermination des longitudes en mer par la mesure du temps*, 1773;
* *Les longitudes par la mesure du temps, ou méthode pour déterminer les longitudes en mer, avec le secours des horloges marines. Suivie du Recueil des Tables nécessaires au Pilote pour réduire les Observations relatives à la Longitude & à la Latitude*, 1775.
* *De la mesure du temps, ou supplément au traité des horloges marines, et à l'essai sur l'horlogerie ; contenant les principes de construction, d'exécution & d'épreuves des petites Horloges à Longitude. Et l'apparition des mêmes principes de construction, &c. aux Montres de poche, ainsi que plusieurs constructions d'Horloges Astronomiques, &c.,* 1787(Read online \[archive\])
* *Traité des montres à Longitudes contenant la construction, la description & tous les détails de main-d'œuvre de ces Machines ; leurs dimensions, la manière de les éprouver, etc.* 1792;
* *Suite du Traité des montres à longitudes, contenant : 1° la construction des montres verticales portatives, 2° la description et les épreuves des petites horloges horizontales plus simples et plus portatives pour servir dans les plus longues traversées*, 1796;
* *Histoire de la mesure du temps par les horloges*, 1802 ;
* *Supplément au Traité des montres à Longitudes avec appendice contenant la notice ou indication des principales recherches ou des travaux faits par Ferdinand Berthoud sur divers parties des machines qui mesurent le temps depuis 1752 à 1807,* 1807.

**Exhibition:**

An exhibition dedicated to Berthoud, entitled *Ferdinand Berthoud horloger du roi*1, was held at the International Museum of Horology in La Chaux-de-Fonds in 19849, and at France's National Naval Museum from 17 January 1985 to 17 March 1985.

Ferdinand Berthoud's work is also permanently on display in a large number of museums in various countries worldwide, in particular at France's National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts, the International Museum of Horology in Switzerland, and the British Museum in London.

## Notes and references

### Notes

Ferdinand Berthoud is mentioned in the comedy film *Les Tontons flingueurs* ('Crooks in clover') when Antoine Delafoy's father asks for the hand of Ferdinand's niece. He sees a clock in the living room and exclaims, "Oh! Late eighteenth century, by Ferdinand Berthoud."

### References

### Sources

* F.A.M. Jeanneret and J.-H. Bonhôte, *Biographie neuchâteloise*, volume 1, Le Locle, Eugène Courvoisier, 1863, p. 32–45.
* Bruno de Dinechin, *Duhamel du Monceau*. Connaissance et mémoires européennes, 1999 (ISBN 2-919911-11-2)

### Bibliography

* Patrick Cabanel, "Ferdinand Berthoud", in Patrick Cabanel & André Encrevé (dir.), *Dictionnaire biographique des protestants français de 1787 à nos jours*, volume 1: A-C, Les Éditions de Paris Max Chaleil, Paris, 2015, p. 268–269 (ISBN 978-2846211901)
* *Ferdinand Berthoud (1727-1807). Horloger mécanicien du roi et de la marine,* International Museum of Horology, La Chaux-de-Fonds; National Navy Museum, Paris, 1984, 343 p.

1. Dupont de Dinechin, Bruno (1999). *Duhamel du Monceau : un savant exemplaire au siècle des lumières*. \[Paris\]: Connaissance et mémoires européennes. ISBN 2919911112. OCLC 40875867.
2. Cabanel, Patrick; Encrevé, André (2014). *Dictionnaire biographique des protestants français de 1787 à nos jours. Tome 1, A-C*. Paris: Éd. de Paris M. Chaleil. ISBN 9782846211901. OCLC 903336401.

## InfoBox

| Ferdinand Berthoud | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 18 March 1727
Plancemont-sur-Couvet |
| Died | 20 June 1807
Groslay, Val-d'Oise |
| Occupation(s) | watchmaker, scientist, Horologist-Mechanic by appointment to the King and the Navy |


title: Paper Light (Higher)

abstract: "Paper Light (Higher)" is a song by Swedish singer Loreen. The song was released in Sweden as a digital download on 5 March 2015. The song was written by Loreen Talhaoui, Tom Liljegren and Alexander "Alex" Ryberg and produced by Liljegren and Ryberg. The song has peaked at number 25 on the Swedish Singles Chart.

text:
# Paper Light (Higher)

"**Paper Light (Higher)**" is a song by Swedish singer Loreen. The song was released in Sweden as a digital download on 5 March 2015. The song was written by Loreen Talhaoui, Tom Liljegren and Alexander "Alex" Ryberg and produced by Liljegren and Ryberg. The song has peaked at number 25 on the Swedish Singles Chart.

## Background

The song was written by Loreen Talhaoui, Tom Liljegren and Alexander "Alex" Ryberg and produced by Liljegren and Ryberg.

## Release

During Loreen's visit in Montenegro in July 2014, she announced that her new album will be probably released in October 2014. She performed at the *Celebration of Budva Tourist Organization and the National Day* event at the Jaz Beach in Budva. During an interview with *Prva.rs*, she says: "The new album is coming out in October and after that there will be a lot of touring. It's very different from "Euphoria", it's a lot dirtier and more hip-hop." During a performance at Eurovision Gala Night at the Casino Luxembourg in Luxembourg, she confirmed that the single of her new album coming soon in March 2015. On 27 February, it was announced that Loreen's new single "Paper Light (Higher)" was released on 5 March 2015 in Scandinavia and was released worldwide on 9 March 2015.

## Live performances

Loreen premiered the song as interval act during the Second Chance round of Melodifestivalen 2015 on 7 March singing the lead single off of *Paperlight*, "Paper Light (Higher)" with ukrainian band Kazaky. On 30 April, Loreen performed "Paper Light (Higher)" during 7th *Humorgalan* UNICEF's telethon in Sweden. During the Eurovision Song Contest 2015, Loreen headlined the Vienna Life Ball, Europe's biggest charity event supporting people with HIV and AIDS in Austria, attending the event in a dress designed by Jean Paul Gaultier and performed "Paper Light (Higher)". On 23 May 2015, Loreen performed "Paper Light (Higher)" onstage at Cirkus in Helsinki as the headline act during the city's annual The Eurovision Party, celebrating the Eurovision Song Contest. One day later, she performed the song during *Childhood-dagen* at Gröna Lund in Stockholm, Sweden.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Paper Light (Higher)" | 3:41 |

## Chart performance

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2015) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 25 |
| US Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists | 7 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sweden | 5 March 2015 | Digital download | Warner Music Sweden |
|

## Paper Light (Revisited)

A remixed version of "Paper Light" premiered on Spotify on 17 April 2015. It was produced by Salvatore Ganacci and titled "Paper Light (Revisited)". The official video was released on YouTube on 7 May 2015.

## InfoBox

| "Paper Light (Higher)" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Loreen | |
| Released | 5 March 2015 |
| Recorded | 2014 |
| Genre | Electropop |
| Length | 3:41 |
| Label | Warner Music Sweden |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Loreen singles chronology | |
| "We Got the Power"
(2013) "**Paper Light (Higher)**"
(2015) "I'm in It with You"
(2015) | |
|  | |
| "Paper Light Revisited" cover | |
|  | |
| Revisited Cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Felchta

abstract: Felchta is a village and quarter of the town of Mühlhausen in Thuringia, central Germany.

text:
# Felchta

**Felchta** (pronounced \[ˈfɛlçtaː\]) is a village and quarter of the town of Mühlhausen in Thuringia, central Germany.

## Geography

Felchta is located on the southern edge of the town of Mühlhausen. The *Landesstraße* ("state's road") L 1016 runs past the village and connects it with the town and the surrounding area. Felchta lies in the Thuringian Basin not far from the Unstrut river in an agricultural farming area. There is hardly any forest in the intensively used flat-wavy terrain. The climate is mild and low in precipitation with mostly groundwater-influenced soils.

## History

Felchta was first mentioned in a document on 18 May 876. For centuries, it belonged to the sphere of influence of the imperial city of Mühlhausen. In 1565, there were 45 (male) inhabitants in Felchta.

In 1802, Felchta, together with Mühlhausen, fell to the Kingdom of Prussia, from 1807 to 1813 to the Kingdom of Westphalia (canton Dorla) created by Napoleon, and after the Congress of Vienna in 1816, it was assigned to the district of *Mühlhausen i. Th.* in the Prussian province of Saxony. On 9 April 1994, the village, which at that time had 842 inhabitants, was incorporated into the town of Mühlhausen.

## Sights

## Notable people

1. "Einwohnerstatistik" \[Population figures\] (in German). Stadt Mühlhausen. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
2. Kahl, Wolfgang (2010). *Ersterwähnung Thüringer Städte und Dörfer. Ein Handbuch* \[*First mentions of Thuringia's towns and villages. A handbook*\] (in German) (5th ed.). Bad Langensalza: Rockstuhl. p. 75. ISBN 978-3-86777-202-0.
3. Jordan, Reinhard, ed. (1900). *Chronik der Stadt Mühlhausen in Thüringen* \[*Chronicle of the town of Mühlhausen in Thuringia*\] (in German). Vol. 1: *(–1525)*. Mühlhausen: Danner. p. 41.

Media related to Felchta at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Felchta | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Mühlhausen | |
| St Peter's Church, Felchta | |
| Location of Felchta | |
| Felchta Felchta | |
| Coordinates: 51°11′31″N 10°26′39″E / 51.19193°N 10.44413°E / 51.19193; 10.44413 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis |
| Town | Mühlhausen |
| First mentioned | 876 |
| Government | |
| Ortsteilbürgermeister | René Seyfert |
| Elevation | 212 m (696 ft) |
| Population (March 2021) | |
| Total | 626 |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 99974 |
| Dialling codes | 03601 |
| Vehicle registration | UH, LSZ, MHL |
| Website | muehlhausen.de |


abstract: The men's team sabre was a fencing event held as part of the Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the second appearance of the event, which had been introduced in 1908.

text:
# Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's team sabre

The **men's team sabre** was a fencing event held as part of the Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the second appearance of the event, which had been introduced in 1908.

## Rosters

## Results

### Quarterfinals

| Pool A | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Place | Fencer | Wins | Losses | Qual. |
| 1 | Bohemia (BOH) |  | | **QS** |
| | Hungary (HUN) |  | | **QS** |
| Pool B | | | | |
| Place | Fencer | Wins | Losses | Qual. |
| 1 | Belgium (BEL) | 1 | 0 | **QS** |
| | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 0 | **QS** |
| 3 | Russia (RUS) | 0 | 2 |  |
| Pool C | | | | |
| Place | Fencer | Wins | Losses | Qual. |
| 1 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | **QS** |
| 2 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 0 | **QS** |
| 3 | Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 1 |  |
| Pool D | | | | |
| Place | Fencer | Wins | Losses | Qual. |
| 1 | Austria (AUT) | 2 | 0 | **QS** |
| 2 | Netherlands (NED) | 1 | 1 | **QS** |
| 3 | Denmark (DEN) | 0 | 2 |  |

### Semifinals

| Pool A | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Place | Fencer | Wins | Losses | Qual. |
| 1 | Bohemia (BOH) | 3 | 0 | **QF** |
| 2 | Netherlands (NED) | 2 | 1 | **QF** |
| 3 | Belgium (BEL) | 1 | 2 |  |
| 4 | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 3 |  |
| Pool B | | | | |
| Place | Fencer | Wins | Losses | Qual. |
| 1 | Hungary (HUN) | 3 | 0 | **QF** |
| 2 | Austria (AUT) | 2 | 1 | **QF** |
| 3 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 2 |  |
| 4 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 3 |  |

### Final

| Final | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Place | Fencer | Team wins | Team losses | Ind. wins | Ind. losses |
|  | Hungary (HUN) | 3 | 0 | 24 | 8 |
|  | Austria (AUT) | 2 | 1 | 24 | 20 |
|  | Netherlands (NED) | 1 | 2 | 14 | 30 |
| 4 | Bohemia (BOH) | 0 | 3 | 14 | 18 |

* Bergvall, Erik (ed.) (1913). Adams-Ray, Edward (trans.). (ed.). *The Official Report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912*. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. `{{cite book}}`: `|first=` has generic name (help)
* Wudarski, Pawel (1999). "Wyniki Igrzysk Olimpijskich" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2007.

## InfoBox

| Men's team sabre
at the Games of the V Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| The winning team of Hungary. | |
| Venue | Östermalm Athletic Grounds |
| Dates | July 14–15 |
| Competitors | 69 from 11 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Hungary (HUN)
László Berti, Dezső Földes, Jenő Fuchs, Oskar Gerde, Ervin Mészáros, Zoltán Schenker, Péter Tóth, Lajos Werkner  Austria (AUT)
Albert Bogen, Rudolf Cvetko, Friedrich Golling, Otto Herschmann, Andreas Suttner, Reinhold Trampler, Richard Verderber  Netherlands (NED)
Willem van Blijenburgh, Jetze Doorman, Adrianus de Jong, Hendrik de Jongh, George van Rossem, Dirk Scalongne | |
|


title: Parallel (2024 film)

abstract: Parallel is a 2024 American science fiction thriller film directed by Kourosh Ahari and written by the brothers Aldis and Edwin Hodge with Jonathan Keasey. Besides the Hodges, the film also stars Danielle Deadwyler as a grief-stricken woman who mysteriously finds herself navigating between parallel spaces. It is a remake of the 2019 Chinese film Parallel Forest by Lei Zheng. Parallel was released by Vertical on February 23, 2024.

text:
# Parallel (2024 film)

***Parallel*** is a 2024 American science fiction thriller film directed by Kourosh Ahari and written by the brothers Aldis and Edwin Hodge with Jonathan Keasey. Besides the Hodges, the film also stars Danielle Deadwyler as a grief-stricken woman who mysteriously finds herself navigating between parallel spaces. It is a remake of the 2019 Chinese film *Parallel Forest* by Lei Zheng.

*Parallel* was released by Vertical on February 23, 2024.

## Plot

In a house in the woods, Vanessa is looking through the window when suddenly she is startled by the bird hitting the glass. Vanessa comes out to look at the dead bird and her husband Alex joins her, trying to hold her hand to comfort her. Vanessa walks away from him.

Later Vanessa tells Alex and his brother Martel that last night she heard a loud noise that sounded like an explosion coming out of the forest. Martel talks about a facility in the forest which was rumored to have weird experiments happening inside. People used to go missing thus the facility shutting down and now the forest is supposed to be claimed as a preservation.

However, Alex thinks it was a story made up by their dad who abandoned them. Martel thinks their dad was searching for something but Alex dismisses the idea.

Then Vanessa decides she needs time alone and gets ready for a walk in the forest. Martel gives her a rifle to fight any wild animals and casually asks if the couple has decided to sell the house yet. Alex replies that they are still thinking about it but Vanessa is against it which triggers an argument that makes Vanessa leave in a huff. Alex follows her and explains to her his brother is just trying to help them move on, only Vanessa to ask Alex he wishes if it was her who died.

## Cast

## Production

In May 2021, it was reported that Aldis Hodge and his brother Edwin Hodge would write and star in a remake of the 2019 Chinese film *Parallel Forest*, with Kourosh Ahari set to direct. In June 2022, Danielle Deadwyler signed on to star and to act as the film's executive producer.

Principal photography began in Vancouver later in June 2022.

## Release

In April 2023, Vertical Entertainment acquired the film's worldwide distribution rights.

*Parallel* was released in the United States on February 23, 2024.

## Reception

Rachel Leishman from *The Mary Sue* gave the film a positive review writing: "While the plot of *Parallel* can get complicated if you think too deeply about it, the film (written by Hodge and his brother and co-star Edwin Hodge alongside Jonathan Keasey) shines in the performances that Deadwyler and Aldis and Edwin Hodge bring to this family. Kourosh Ahari’s simple direction lets us focus on what we want to believe in Vanessa’s quest to make it back to her original timeline."

## InfoBox

| Parallel | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Kourosh Ahari |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Based on | *Parallel Forest*
by Lei Zheng |
| Produced by | * Sean Lydiard * Jaylen Moore * Edwin Hodge * Aldis Hodge * Jonathan Keasey * Elliot Michael Smith * Wenquizi Zhang |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Pip White |
| Edited by | * Rob Bonz * Alex Gurvits |
| Music by | * Josh Atchley * Denise Santos |
| Production
companies | * Rumble Riot * Hodge Brothers Productions * Fremont Films * Mammoth Pictures * MindRiot Entertainment * Beijing Pu Luo Media Company * One Dollar Studios * BondIt Media Capital |
| Distributed by | Vertical |
| Release date | * February 23, 2024 (2024-02-23) |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |