title: Four of Diamonds

abstract: Four of Diamonds were an English girl group composed of Caroline Alvares, Lauren Rammell, Sophia Saffarian and Yasmin Broom. In 2016, they competed in the thirteenth series of The X Factor, where they were the fifth contestant eliminated. In 2018, they were signed to EMI Records.

text:
# Four of Diamonds

**Four of Diamonds** were an English girl group composed of Caroline Alvares, Lauren Rammell, Sophia Saffarian and Yasmin Broom. In 2016, they competed in the thirteenth series of *The X Factor*, where they were the fifth contestant eliminated. In 2018, they were signed to EMI Records.

## History

### 2016–2017: *The X Factor*

A week before their audition for *The X Factor*, the group chose their name in a rehearsal studio, inspired by a card game they were playing. They narrowed their options down to Four of Diamonds and Four of Hearts. They went with Four of Diamonds because of how popular diamonds are, as well as how strong the stones can be.

Four of Diamonds auditioned for *The X Factor* in the third set of room auditions, performing "No" by Meghan Trainor. They then progressed to bootcamp and the six-chair challenge, gaining a seat and making it through to judges' houses, mentored by Louis Walsh. They were eventually sent home by Walsh. However, on 10 October 2016, it was announced that Four of Diamonds would take Brooks Way's place for the remainder of the live shows, starting in week 2. In week three, Four of Diamonds were in the bottom two against Relley C. They sang "Who Are You" by Fifth Harmony and were saved by Walsh, Nicole Scherzinger and Simon Cowell. Voting statistics revealed that Relley C received more votes than Four of Diamonds in the main vote, meaning if Cowell sent the result to deadlock, Relley C would have been saved. The following week, they were in the bottom two against Gifty Louise; they sang "The Voice Within" by Christina Aguilera and were saved by Walsh, Scherzinger and Sharon Osbourne. Once again, Four of Diamonds came behind Louise in the main public vote meaning that if Osbourne sent the result to deadlock, Louise would have been saved. They were sent home on week 5, after a sing-off against Saara Aalto, when only Walsh voted to save them. In this sing-off, they sang "When You Believe" by Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey. However, voting statistics revealed that Four of Diamonds and Aalto received more votes than Sam Lavery in the public main vote; meaning if there was no lifeline vote, or if Aalto won the lifeline vote, Four of Diamonds would have competed against Lavery in the final showdown instead of Aalto. Additionally, in that scenario, if the result went to deadlock, Four of Diamonds would have been saved and Lavery would have been eliminated. Following the conclusion of the series, the final eight contestants co-headlined *The X Factor* Live Tour around in 2017. As part of this concert tour, Four of Diamonds performed to over 200,000 people across the United Kingdom.

### 2018–2020: Single releases

On 14 June 2018, Four of Diamonds released their debut single, "Name On It", featuring Burna Boy. In September 2018, they were signed to EMI Records, becoming the first girl group to be signed to EMI since the Spice Girls. Following their signing, they released their second single, titled "Stupid Things", featuring Saweetie. On 30 November 2018, their third single, "Blind" was released. The song samples "Too Blind to See It" by Kym Sims, and was produced by Jonas Blue. Blue has also been confirmed as the executive producer of their debut album. Later that month, they held a three-date concert tour across England, visiting Birmingham, Manchester and London. On 17 May 2019, the group released their fourth single, "Walk Away", In an interview with *Coup De Main*, they revealed that both Rihanna and Zara Larsson recorded demos for "Walk Away", but the song was given to Four of Diamonds. The single was supported by a concert held in London.

In May 2019, it was announced that Four of Diamonds were set to support Rita Ora on the Phoenix World Tour across the United Kingdom. After their performance at the O2 Arena, Philip Logan of CelebMix wrote that they "sparked an energy in the room", and that "commanding the audiences attention with immediate effect, the girls made the O2 stage their own – performing a strong set complete with slick choreography, tight vocal harmonies and killer tunes. With a confidence and chemistry that most girl bands can only dream of, there's a genuine and undeniable sense of camaraderie between the ladies as they perform, so powerful that it translates from the stage right into the audience creating a visceral connection between them and their fans." On 30 May 2019, they performed "Walk Away" on *Blue Peter*, and the next day, they appeared as the musical guest on *Britain's Got More Talent*.

In July 2019, they performed at Bristol Pride, and later headlined their first show at Borderline, London. In August 2019, they performed as musical guests at CBBC's Summer Social event and Manchester Pride. On 19 September 2019, Four of Diamonds released their fifth single, "Eating Me Up", accompanied by a music video. *Spindle* described the song as "empowering, raw and relatable", and featured it on their playlist. On 31 October 2019, the group released a single titled "Long Way To Go", accompanied by a music video. Yasmin explains that the song has a double-meaning: it can be interpreted as describing being lied to in a relationship or about the importance of self-acceptance.

On 7 February 2020, the group released "Let Me Love You", which was followed by the release of "Superstar" in collaboration with Dutch producer Joe Stone on 27 March 2020. On 29 May 2020, Four of Diamonds released "The Writer" featuring Nigerian singer Mr Eazi, which Robin Murray of *Clash* described as "a neat pop burner with a taste of afrobeats". In November 2020, they released the song "Never Learn My Lesson" via Fascination after parting with EMI.

## Members

### Lauren Rammell

**Lauren Rammell** (born 18 June 1994) was born in Hersham, England. At the age of eleven, Rammell portrayed the role of Little Cosette in a West End production of *Les Misérables*. Before joining the group, Rammell attended the Italia Conti Academy, and worked as a dance teacher and at a supermarket. Her favorite artists include Beyoncé and Lewis Capaldi.

### Caroline Alvares

**Caroline Alvares** (born 14 August 1996) was born in London, England. Before joining the group, she studied music at the University of Westminster. Her favorite artists include Rosalía and J Balvin.

### Sophia Saffarian

**Sophia Saffarian** (born 25 November 1996) was born in Birmingham, England. Growing up, she attended Hallfield School and King Edward VI High School for Girls, both independent schools in Edgbaston, and also sang in the Birmingham Gospel Choir. Before joining the group, Saffarian was studying Bioveterinary Science at Hartpury University, in the hope of becoming a vet. Her favorite artists include Tory Lanez.

### Yasmin Broom

**Yasmin Broom** (born 25 November 1998) was born in Stretford, England. Growing up, she attended Flixton Girls' School and Access to Music College in Manchester. She also performed at the Urmston Live festival. She is also known as Yasmin Lauryn. Her favorite artists include Cardi B and Jorja Smith.

## Discography

### Extended plays

| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Eastside + More* |  |

### Singles

| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Name On It"
(featuring Burna Boy) | 2018 | Non-album singles |
| | | "Stupid Things"
(featuring Saweetie) |
| | | "Blind" |
| "Walk Away" | | 2019 |
| | | "Eating Me Up" |
| | | "Long Way To Go" |
| "Let Me Love You" | | 2020 |
| | | "Superstar"
(with Joe Stone) |
| | | "The Writer"
(featuring Mr Eazi) |
| | | "Never Learn My Lesson" |
| | | "Your Problem" |
|

### Music videos

| Title | Year | Other artist(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Name On It" | 2018 | Burna Boy |
| | "Stupid Things" | Saweetie |
| | "Blind" | None |
| | "Walk Away" | 2019 |
| | "Eating Me Up" |
| | "Long Way To Go" |
| | "Let Me Love You" | 2020 |
| | "The Writer" | Mr Eazi |

## Concert tours

**Co-headlining**

**Supporting**

## InfoBox

| Four of Diamonds | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | London, England |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2016–2020 |
| Labels | EMI Records |
|  | |
| Past members | * Lauren Rammell * Caroline Alvares * Sophia Saffarian * Yasmin Broom |
|  | |
| Website | fourofdiamonds.co.uk |


title: Pennsauken Creek

abstract: Pennsauken Creek is a 3.8-mile-long (6.1 km) tributary of the Delaware River in Burlington and Camden counties, New Jersey in the United States. Pennsauken Creek drains 33 square miles (85 km⁲) of southwestern Burlington County and northern Camden County and joins the Delaware River near Palmyra. The North Branch of the Pennsauken is in Burlington County, while the South Branch forms the boundary between Burlington and Camden counties. The tide affects the 3.8-mile (6.1 km) main stem and the first few miles up the branches. Both the North and South branches are approximately 10 miles long. The Pennsauken Creek faces problems from agricultural and urban runoff, as well as wastewater treatment facilities. Landfills are also a source of contamination for the Pennsauken Creek, as well as industrial pollution near the mouth of the river's main stem.

text:
# Pennsauken Creek

**Pennsauken Creek** is a 3.8-mile-long (6.1 km) tributary of the Delaware River in Burlington and Camden counties, New Jersey in the United States.

Pennsauken Creek drains 33 square miles (85 km2) of southwestern Burlington County and northern Camden County and joins the Delaware River near Palmyra.

The North Branch of the Pennsauken is in Burlington County, while the South Branch forms the boundary between Burlington and Camden counties. The tide affects the 3.8-mile (6.1 km) main stem and the first few miles up the branches. Both the North and South branches are approximately 10 miles long.

The Pennsauken Creek faces problems from agricultural and urban runoff, as well as wastewater treatment facilities. Landfills are also a source of contamination for the Pennsauken Creek, as well as industrial pollution near the mouth of the river's main stem.

## Etymology

The name of the creek, "Pennsauken," most likely came from "Pemisoakin," a Native American village in the area.

## Geology

The Pensauken Formation is named after exposures of unconsolidated sediment at the mouth of the creek.

## Tributaries

* North Branch Pennsauken Creek
* South Branch Pennsauken Creek

39°59′26″N 75°03′16″W / 39.990668°N 75.054339°W / 39.990668; -75.054339


title: Fort Zarah

abstract: Fort Zarah was a fort in Barton County, Kansas, northeast of present-day Great Bend, Kansas, that was used from 1864 to 1869.

text:
# Fort Zarah

**Fort Zarah** was a fort in Barton County, Kansas, northeast of present-day Great Bend, Kansas, that was used from 1864 to 1869.

## Dates of operation

In July 1864, because of frequent attacks from indigenous tribes in the area, Camp Dunlap was established 2 miles east of present-day Great Bend, Kansas, where the Santa Fe Trail crossed Walnut Creek. At first the camp was a series of tents and dugouts on the riverbank close to the Rath Ranch (trading post). However work immediately started on a more permanent facility about 100 yards from the dugouts and renamed Fort Zarah. In 1866 it was replaced by a second Fort Zarah built about 1/2 mile up river. Ft. Zarah was abandoned in 1869.

## Place in history

Even though Fort Zarah had a short life, it saw its share of skirmishes with local Native American tribes and colorful characters including George Armstrong Custer, Wild Bill Hickok, Buffalo Bill Mathewson, Buffalo Bill Cody, Kit Carson, and the Kiowa chief Satank aka Sitting Bear.

## Name

Fort Zarah was established in 1864 by General Samuel R. Curtis and named for his son, Major H. Zarah Curtis who had been killed in the Baxter Springs, Kansas massacre, October 6, 1863. Major Curtis was one of 90 Union soldiers killed by Quantrill's Raiders who were disguised as Union soldiers.

## Zarah town

A small town called Zarah grew up around Fort Zarah. At its peak, Zarah had a hotel, two saloons, a blacksmith shop, a livery stable, a general store, a post office, and several homes. Several thousand Texas cattle were wintered there. The town of Zarah is now a wheat field 3 miles east of Great Bend. The last citizen left Zarah in 1875 about 6 years after the fort was abandoned.

## Ranch/trading post at Walnut Creek

Fort Zarah was established near a ranch (trading post) where the Santa Fe Trail crossed Walnut Creek. The ranch was established in 1855 and was known as the Allison/Boothe Ranch, the Peacock Ranch, the Rath Ranch, or the Douglas trading post, depending on who operated it. The ranch was destroyed by Indians in May 1868.

38°24′10″N 98°43′50″W / 38.40278°N 98.73056°W / 38.40278; -98.73056


title: Fort Young Hotel

abstract: Fort Young Hotel is a hotel on the quayside of Roseau, Dominica, in the southern part of the capital next to Garraway Hotel, Dominica Museum, the Roseau Public Library, just south of the Governor's Residence and Roseau Cathedral. Located within the ramparts of the old colonial military Fort Young of 1770s vintage and built in the backdrop of a quay overlooking the Caribbean Sea, the 71-room hotel was established in 1964 and hosts a diving centre.

text:
# Fort Young Hotel

**Fort Young Hotel** is a hotel on the quayside of Roseau, Dominica, in the southern part of the capital next to Garraway Hotel, Dominica Museum, the Roseau Public Library, just south of the Governor's Residence and Roseau Cathedral. Located within the ramparts of the old colonial military Fort Young of 1770s vintage and built in the backdrop of a quay overlooking the Caribbean Sea, the 71-room hotel was established in 1964 and hosts a diving centre.

## History

The hotel location was once the Fort Young, the major military installation of Dominica, built in 1770 and named after the first British Governor, William Young, who ordered its construction during the American Independence War Years. In the late 19th century it was used as the headquarters of the Dominican police force. The fort became a hotel in 1964. In 1979, the devastating Hurricane David destroyed a significant part of the remains of the fort. The courtyard of the hotel retains the original flagstone walkways. Ruins of the old fort, however, still remain and cannons are located in the foyer and the courtyard at the entrance.

The hotel is often used as a venue for important regional and international conferences, such as the 41st meeting of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States in June 2005. It has also hosted the Real Mas beauty contest, amongst many other events. In 2005 the hotel staff were crowned winners of the annual Kubuli Carib Canoe Race. In November 2007, the hotel passed management to Fazl Khan, a Sri Lankan national and is currently listed as a 3.5 diamond hotel.

## Architecture and facilities

As of 2011, the hotel has 71 rooms and suites, is the largest facility in Dominica Island. It is said to be built above the “mosquito line” in an otherwise mosquito infested area, with 18 ocean front rooms. The hotel exterior is painted in peach and cream

Typical rooms, as of 2011, feature square tile floors, pin-striped bed spreads and wooden closets and almost a Tibetan Buddhist-look saffron/mustard yellow and deep red/maroon design behind the beds, featuring mirrors. Some rooms differ in layout and design, but as of 2011 the colours of saffron and maroon are common throughout many of the rooms and throughout the hotel. The bathrooms contain oversized sunken baths. The swimming pool is sunk in the former parade grounds, overlooking the sea. Numerous cannons remain from the old fort, including two flanking the entrance, one in the lobby, and another in the courtyard. Indeed, the logo of the hotel features a cannon.

The hotel contains the Waterfront Restaurant, the Balas Bar & Courtyard, noted for its cocktails and the Boardwalk Cafe Bar, noted for its Friday night live music, including by the Fanatik band. As of 2011, the main restaurant is decorated with a peachy pink ceiling, pink table cloths, wooden floors and colonial style chairs, whilst the Boardwalk Cafe Bar is decorated in brown, tan, and olive-drab colours with a white ceiling and the Balas bar has wooden ceilings and floors, maroon table cloths and pin-striped chairs. The high beamed main dining room was originally a dormitory. The hotel hosts a diving centre on the quay, a private jetty and duty-free shopping.

The hotel was substantially refurbished in 2010-2011, at a cost of EC 1.5 million.

## InfoBox

| Fort Young Hotel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location within Dominica | |
| General information | |
| Location | Dame Eugenia Charles Boulevard, Roseau, Dominica |
| Coordinates | 15°17′44″N 61°23′11″W / 15.29556°N 61.38639°W / 15.29556; -61.38639 |
| Inaugurated | 1964 |
| Website | |
| Official site | |


title: Pedro Medel

abstract: Pedro Luis Medel Aguilera is a Cuban swimmer. He competed at the 2008 Olympics in the 200 m backstroke. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he finished 34th overall in the heats in the Men's 100 metre backstroke and failed to reach the semifinals. In the 200 m backstroke, he finished in 27th place.

text:
# Pedro Medel

**Pedro Luis Medel Aguilera** (born September 10, 1991) is a Cuban swimmer. He competed at the 2008 Olympics in the 200 m backstroke. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he finished 34th overall in the heats in the Men's 100 metre backstroke and failed to reach the semifinals. In the 200 m backstroke, he finished in 27th place.

## InfoBox

Pedro Medel
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Pedro Luis Medel Aguilera |
| Born | (1991-09-10) September 10, 1991<br>Granma, Cuba |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Backstroke |
|  | |


title: Louisville, Montana

abstract: Louisville is a ghost town located in Mineral County, Montana. Originally known as Louisville, the community began as a mining camp in the late-1800s, the town was inhabited by Chinese-American immigrants after being abandoned by its initial founders. The settlement was subject to a 2008 archeological dig by the University of Montana, during which numerous artifacts were uncovered originating from its Chinese-American inhabitants.

text:
# Louisville, Montana

46°33′46″N 111°47′45″W / 46.5627°N 111.7958°W / 46.5627; -111.7958 **Louisville** is a ghost town located in Mineral County, Montana. Originally known as **Louisville**, the community began as a mining camp in the late-1800s, the town was inhabited by Chinese-American immigrants after being abandoned by its initial founders. The settlement was subject to a 2008 archeological dig by the University of Montana, during which numerous artifacts were uncovered originating from its Chinese-American inhabitants.

## History

Louisville was originally named Louiseville, and was established as a mining camp along Cedar Creek in Mineral County, Montana circa 1869. The settlement was named for miner Louis Barrette's wife, Louise. The town's construction was "rushed" and its design not well-planned, exhibiting as "a town built overnight." An account of its design published in *The New Northwest* in June 1870 noted that: "Louiseville is a City, with streets 20 feet (20 feet (6.1 m)) wide, and cabins, shanties, and shelters perched on every spot, and men as densely thronged as in a bivouac."

After the encampment was largely abandoned circa 1870, Chinese immigrants inhabited the town after fleeing from the bordering Idaho. A newspaper account of the town in 1874 notes that it had by that time been largely been abandoned: "The lumber and logs off the old town of Louisville \[sic\] have pretty much been utilized in building flumes. There are three souls and a ghost in Louisville."

Scholar Christopher Merritt notes in his 1995 thesis that "Louiseville quickly faded into memory and derelict buildings predominated by the mid-1870s, yet the Chinese staked a relatively permanent presence in the drainage now known as China Gulch, directly adjacent to the town. China Gulch is an ephemeral drainage running into Cedar Creek from the northeast, and from the name, it seems that this might have been the center of the Chinese population in the area around Louiseville."

### 2008 archeological dig

In 2008, the University of Montana performed archeological digs of the former settlement, unearthing hearths, opium tins, ceramic pottery, calligraphy stones, bottles, and numerous soup bones at the site.

## Sources


title: Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon

abstract: Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon is a prince of Ake in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. He hails from the Sogbulu and Ogunfayo lineage of the Laarun ruling house of Ake in Egbaland.

text:
# Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon

**Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon** is a prince of Ake in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. He hails from the Sogbulu and Ogunfayo lineage of the Laarun ruling house of Ake in Egbaland.

## Education and career

He studied engineering at the University of Ibadan, law at the University of Lagos, the Nigeria Law School, and earned his MBA from University of Ife.He also holds an honorary Doctor of Letters degree (D.Litt.), of the University of Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.

Joining as sales engineer after graduating from the university, he became the marketing manager with Tractor and Equipment (a division of UACN) from where he was appointed into the board of Nigerite Limited as the marketing director. He also served as legal adviser to the company. Within his years as executive director of Nigerite Ltd, he served as chairman of Ogun State radio and television stations, where he left some significant landmarks at establishing Nigeria's first state owned FM radio station (OGBC FM Stereo). He was also at different times, the chairman of Ogun State Investment Corporation and Gateway Tourism Corporation. Notably as chairman of Gateway Tourism Corporation, his board facilitated the redevelopment of the Olumo Rock into its current state as a major tourism site in Nigeria.

He served as a member of the 1989/90 UNIDO sponsored strategic industrial development committee for Nigeria under, Chief Rasheed Gbadamosi as chairman, that fashioned out some strategic economic development plans for Nigeria and was also a member of the 1994 Chief Chris Ogunbanjo led committee for fashioning out a development plan for Ogun state of Nigeria. He has served as member of the transition committees of incoming governments of Lagos state (1999) and Ogun State (2003) for fashioning out working blueprints for their incoming administrations.

Omoba Shyllon is currently a non-executive director of the Golden Tulip Hotel, Festac, among others. He combines his boardroom, law practice and management engagements with a committed devotion to showcasing and promoting Nigerian art and culture to the world and has served as a member of the National Heritage Council and Endowment for the Arts in Nigeria. He is currently establishing Nigeria's first privately funded public museum for the benefit of Nigeria, at the Pan-Atlantic University in Ibeju, Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria, which construction is at its finishing stage.

He financed the establishment of the First Privately Funded University Museum of Art in Nigeria, and he gave a grant of one thousand (1000) of his artworks to the Yemisi Shyllon Museum of Art at the Pan-Atlantic University, in Lagos. He serves as the Grand Donor and chairman of the museum supervisory council of the museum of the private University in Nigeria. His donated artworks, forms the main exhibit of the museum.

## Art collections

The Omoba is currently Nigeria's largest private art collector, with over 7,000 artworks of sculptures, paintings and other media, as well as over 55,000 photographic shots of Nigeria's cultural festivals.

The art works in his collection are dated from as early as the 9th century and as late as the 21st century. They include the works of both early and later Nigerian artists, such as Aina Onabolu, Akinola Lasekan, Ben Enwonwu, Okaybulu Eke, Nike Davis-Okundaye, Charles Shainumi, Okpu Eze, Clary Nelson Cole, Kolade Osinowo, David Dale, Simon Okeke, Isiaka Osunde, Abayomi Barber, Olu Amoda, El Anatsui, Ben Osawe, Bruce Onobrakpeya, Lara Ige-Jacks, Susanne Wenger, Theresa Akinwale, Uzo Egonu, Jimoh Akolo, Lamidi Fakeye, Uche Okeke, Erhabor Emopkae, Kunle Filani, Tola Wewe, Yusuf Grillo, Adeola Balogun, Olawunmi Banjo and Oresegun Olumide.

His collection also includes art from other African Countries like Senegal, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana and South Africa. Paintings of artists from other continents such as Salvador Dalí and Simon Bull are also housed in his collection.

His interest in art and culture dates back to his days as an undergraduate in the late 1970s at the University of Ibadan, as he revealed to CNN. Omoba Shyllon told *Vanguard* newspaper in a news report that art collection is his obsession. In another interview with Conceptual Art magazine, where he spoke about his life as an art collector, he said: "It goes from interest to passion and passion to obsession until you are buying artwork at every auction and you have to build new storage spaces just to house your art collection."

Omoba Yemisi Shyllon is ranked among the World's top 100 art collectors and was the largest collector in Africa in 2016. He has made presentations about African art and culture at art fairs in different parts of the world.

### OYASAF

Oyasaf is a non-profit organisation established in 2007 to promote the appreciation and study of Nigerian arts and artists, both in Nigeria and internationally.

The art foundation regularly organizes; art exhibitions and public lectures on art and culture. OYASAF sponsors an annual art entrepreneurship workshop with the University of Lagos for artists and non-artists in Nigeria.

In June 2016, "The Yemisi Shyllon Professorial Chair" for fine art and design sponsored a one-week exhibition of the over 2000-year-old Chinese sculptures and photo diary of the Qin dynasty, in Lagos, Nigeria.

The foundation annually sponsors scholars, curators and art historians from outside Nigeria to visit and study Omoba Yemisi Shyllon's collection, interact with Nigerian artists and promote research into Nigerian culture through this.

So far, the art foundation has sponsored 17 fellows from the US, Kenya, South Africa, Ghana, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Previous beneficiaries of the fellowship programme are from the following institutions: University of Chicago (US), University of Wisconsin (US), Stanford University (US), University of Vienna (Austria), Rhodes University (South Africa), Museum of Cape Town (South Africa), Columbia University (US).

OYASAF has donated some life size sculptural monuments to public places and institutions in Nigeria, notable among which are the 18 life-sized sculptural works of art at the Freedom Park in Lagos and monuments at the University of Lagos and University of Ibadan.

The foundation has two books publications to its credit. A book published in 2008 titled *Yoruba Traditional Art: The Collection of Omooba Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon Art Foundation (OYASAF)* is a catalogue with information on the history of the Yoruba; origin, evolution, and elements of Yoruba art; major traditional Yoruban artists; and a map of the Yoruba kingdom. The book was co-authored by the Omoba and Onuoha Louisa, and edited by Dr. Pogoson Ohioma.

OYASAF is the sponsor of the on-line journal of African art, *The OYASAF Journal of Art (TOJA)*, for intellectual discussion of African art.

## Professional membership

Omoba Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon is a member of the Nigerian Bar Association and a fellow of professional bodies like the National Institute of Marketing of Nigeria, Institute of Directors Nigeria, Nigerian Institute of Management, Chartered Institute of Stock Brokers, Nigerian Society of Engineers and the Chartered Institute of Marketing of the United Kingdom. He is also a board member of the University of Ibadan Advancement Center and others, including patron of visual art within and outside Nigeria

## Awards and honours

Omoba Shyllon holds an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

He has received numerous awards, notable among which are:

* Art Expo award for Collector of the year by Art Gallery Owners Association of Nigeria.
* Peace and Dialogue Award 2014 by UFUK Dialogue Foundation.

## Personal life

He is married to Oloori Funmilayo Shyllon.

1. "Omooba Yemisi Shyllon's profile". Retrieved 1 March 2017.
2. "Art for Art's Sake No More, African Works Entice Investors". *Bloomberg.com*. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
3. "Omooba Yemisi Shyllons Profile". *t. guardian.ng*.
4. "Yemisi Shyllon". *pagepedia.com*.
5. "Why I am building an art museum at pan atlantic university-Omooba shyllon/". *thenewsnigeria.com.ng*.
6. "yemisi shyllon museum of art leverage technology to go global". 8 October 2021.
7. "Nigerian art collectors rode economic boom". *Financial Times*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
8. Jacopo Prisco, for. "The irresistible rise of African art". *CNN*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
9. "A nice new market". *The Economist*. 29 July 2010. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
10. "Nigerian mega-collector Prince Yemisi Shyllon discloses his intentions". *Conceptual Fine Arts*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
11. "H-Net Discussion Networks – ANN: OYASAF Fellowship Program". *h-net.msu.edu*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
12. Africultures. "Murmures". *africultures.com* (in French). Retrieved 2 March 2017.
13. "Omooba Yemisi Shyllon's profile". Retrieved 2 March 2017.
14. Dubai, Art. "A.i.R DUBAI – Art Dubai". *Art Dubai*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
15. "Africa's Art Market On The Rise – Ventures Africa". *Ventures Africa*. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
16. "The artnet News Index: The World's Top 100 Art Collectors for 2016, Part Two | artnet News". *artnet News*. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
17. "TALK PROGRAMS AT ART X LAGOS ART FAIR". *The Sole Adventurer*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
18. "FOCUS ON NIGERIA AT LEARN AFRICA LOVE AFRICA ART TALK — VANSA". *vansa.co.za*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
19. "The Nigerian Art of Patronage | The Chimurenga Chronic". *chimurengachronic.co.za*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
20. FreeHTML5.co. "Oyasaf — Nigeria's Largest Private Art Collections". *oyasaf.com*. Retrieved 4 March 2017.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
21. "Again, OYASAF, Wotaside go 'Through The Web Of History' with another art intellectual giant – Genetic Disorders Blog Articles". *www.geneticdisorders.info*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
22. "Africa News". *News24*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
23. "UNILAG, OYASAF host Art Entrepreneurship workshop". *Vanguard News*. 1 May 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
24. "For Gbadamosi, bouquet of arts for the Lagos dream – TheCable". *TheCable*. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
25. "GOV. AMBODE, FIRST LADY, MINISTER LAI MOHAMMED AT OPENING OF RASHEED GBADAMOSI ART EXHIBITION – Lagos State Government". *lagosstate.gov.ng*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
26. *Oyasaf Visual Art Workshop -*, 27 February 2012, retrieved 2 March 2017
27. "Yemisi Shyllon Professional Chair UNIPORT unfolds plans for 2014". *Vanguard News*. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
28. Adekunle, Ruth (25 September 2016). "Shyllon: We need to project our artists' works outside for good of the country". *The Guardian (Lagos)*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
29. "Qin Dynasty of China showcases in Lagos – The Nation Nigeria". *The Nation Nigeria*. 3 July 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
30. "H-Net Discussion Networks – CFP: Graduate fellowship in Nigerian art". *h-net.msu.edu*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
31. "Retreat Excursion: Visiting Prince Yemisi Shyllon". *National Art Competition*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
32. @doctorfox. "ANOTHER oyasaf scholar in nigeria :: Bestnaira.com". *news.bestnaira.com*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
33. "Western museums need to display African arts better —Galavu – Tribune". *Tribune*. 28 August 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
34. "How not to display, market African arts". *Vanguard News*. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
35. "Highs and Lows of Africa's Art Market Boom – artnet News". *artnet News*. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
36. "OYASAF founder wants government to promote arts growth – The Guardian Nigeria | Lagos State Latest News". *www.lagosstatenews.com*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
37. "Shyllon donates N30m sculptures to Freedom Park". *Vanguard News*. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
38. Shyllon, Yemìsí Adédoyin; Onuoha, Louisa; Pogoson, Ohioma Ifounu (1 January 2008). *Yoruba traditional art: the collection of Omooba Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon Art Foundation (OYASAF)*. Lagos\], Nigeria: Omooba Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon Art Foundation. ISBN 9789780889074. OCLC 435495378.
39. Shyllon, Yemìsí Adédoyin (1 January 2008). *Yoruba Traditional Art: The Collection of Omooba Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon Art Foundation (OYASAF)*. Omooba Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon Art Foundation. ISBN 9789780889074.
40. www.bibliopolis.com. "Yoruba Traditional Art: The Collection of Omooba Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon Art Foundation OYASAF by Ohioma Ifounu Pogoson on Mullen Books". *Mullen Books*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
41. Pogoson, Ohioma Ifounu, ed. (1 January 2008). *Yoruba Traditional Art: The Collection of Omooba Yemisi Adedoyin Shyllon Art Foundation (OYASAF)* (Inscribed by Yemisi Shyllon ed.). Port Harcourt, Nigeria: OYASAF.
42. "The Oyasaf Journal of Art". *tojaonline.org*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
43. ArtAndLeisure Ng (11 May 2014), *ART & LEISURE EP. 23 – EL ANATSUI*, retrieved 2 March 2017
44. "Knocks and kudos for 1st AGAN ArtExpo Awards". *Vanguard News*. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
45. "AGAN holds 1st ArtExpo Awards". *Vanguard News*. 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
46. "Shyllon, Adesina, others bag Turkish awards". *The NEWS*. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
47. "UFUK Foundation honours Prince Yemisi Shyllon, others". *PM NEWS Nigeria*. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
48. "2014 Dialogue Peace Awards". *www.ufukfoundation.org*. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
49. "Museum Donation… Shyllon's Rescue Mission For Nigerian Art". Retrieved 10 April 2017.

## InfoBox

| OmobaYemisi Adedoyin Shyllon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Organization | Oyasaf |
| Spouse | Oloori Funmilayo Shyllon |


title: Pearly penile papules

abstract: Pearly penile papules are benign, small bumps or spots on the human penis. They vary in size from 0.5-1 mm, are pearly or flesh-colored, smooth and dome-topped or filiform, and appear in one or, several rows around the corona, the ridge of the head of the penis and sometimes on the penile shaft. They are painless, non-cancerous and not harmful. The medical condition of having such papules is called hirsutoid papillomatosis or hirsuties papillaris coronae glandis.

text:
# Pearly penile papules

**Pearly penile papules** (PPP; also known as **hirsutoid papillomas** or as ***papillae coronae glandis***, Latin for 'papillae of the corona of the glans') are benign, small bumps or spots on the human penis. They vary in size from 0.5-1 mm, are pearly or flesh-colored, smooth and dome-topped or filiform, and appear in one or, several rows around the corona, the ridge of the head of the penis and sometimes on the penile shaft. They are painless, non-cancerous and not harmful. The medical condition of having such papules is called **hirsutoid papillomatosis** or ***hirsuties papillaris coronae glandis*** (Latin for 'papillary hirsutism of the corona of the glans').

## Cause and mechanism

PPPs are a type of angiofibroma. Their function is not well-understood. They are usually considered as vestigial remnants of penile spines, sensitive features found in the same location in other primates. They do not spread and often spontaneously regress. Along with Fordyce glands PPPs secrete oils to keep the skin of the head of the penis in good condition. Smegma can accumulate if these oils are produced in excess or there is inadequate washing under the foreskin.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is by visualisation. On dermoscopy, the white-pink papules appear in a cobblestone-like pattern and contain a central dotted or comma-shaped blood vessels. There is no scale. PPPs are sometimes mistaken for genital warts due to a perceived similarity in appearance. They can also appear similar to molluscum contagiosum, sebaceous hyperplasia and lichen nitidus. Histopathology shows dense connective tissue, fibroblasts and many blood vessels.

## Treatment

Generally, reassurance is given and no treatment is needed. Laser or cryotherapy may be considered for men who find PPPs distressing to look at or feel excessive embarrassment.

Carbon dioxide laser generally has good outcomes with skin healing within seven days. The procedure requires anaesthesia, may need to be performed more than once, and has a risk of bleeding, scarring and colour changes. Another procedure involves a hyfrecator.

## Epidemiology

PPPs are common and occur in 14% to 48% of young males. Several studies say they are less common in circumcised males, occurring about half as frequently in uncircumcised men, but other studies say the opposite.

## Social and cultural

Some men find PPPs distressing to look at, owing to their resemblance to some sexually transmitted infections. Although it is not related to any disease, PPPs are occasionally mistaken for HPV warts. There are also home remedies for "curing" it, despite the fact that the papules are neither infectious nor detrimental to one's health and may have beneficial functions. Some of the "home remedies" found on the Internet and elsewhere use mild ointments or creams to soften the papules, but others are physically dangerous techniques for papule removal which can result in irreversible damage.

Since dermatologists have safe, effective ways to remove the papules if desired, home remedies involving corrosive substances or self-surgery should be avoided, as they can permanently damage sexual functioning. Removal should only be performed by a physician using proven medical techniques.

1. Aldahan, Adam S.; Brah, Tara K.; Nouri, Keyvan (May 2018). "Diagnosis and Management of Pearly Penile Papules". *American Journal of Men's Health*. **12** (3): 624–627. doi:10.1177/1557988316654138. ISSN 1557-9883. PMC 5987947. PMID 27316776.
2. Love, Lauren W.; Badri, Talel; Ramsey, Michael L. (2021). "Pearly Penile Papule". *StatPearls*. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28723057.
3. James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "28. Dermal and subcutaneous tumors". *Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology* (13th ed.). Elsevier. p. 616. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6.
4. Harth, Wolfgang; Gieler, Uwe; Kusnir, Daniel; Tausk, Francisco A. (2008). *Clinical Management in Psychodermatology*. Springer. p. 53. ISBN 9783540347187.
5. Johnstone, Ronald B. (2017). "34. Fibrous tumors and tumor-like proliferations". *Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials* (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 614. ISBN 978-0-7020-6830-0.
6. "Pearly Penile Papules: A Common Cause of Concern". *International Journal of STD & AIDS*. **10** (11). 1999.
7. Kumar P, Das A, Savant SS (2015). "Multiple Shiny Papules on the Shaft of the Penis". *Indian Journal of Dermatology*. **60** (3): 325. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.156491. PMC 4458986. PMID 26120199.
8. Brown, Clarence W (8 July 2020). "Pearly Penile Papules: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". *Medscape*. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
9. French, Kathy (2009). *Sexual Health*. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-4051-6831-1.
10. Li H (28 August 2015). *Radiology of Infectious Diseases*. Springer. p. 405. ISBN 9789401798822.
11. Paller, Amy S.; Mancini, Anthony J. (2020). "9. Cutaneous tumors and tumor syndromes". *Clinical Pediatric Dermatology: A Textbook of Skin Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence* (6th ed.). St Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-323-54988-2.
12. Marwah, Deepak (2019). *Final Edge: Image-based Questions* (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. p. 358. ISBN 978-93-5270-431-6.
13. Agha K, Alderson S, Samraj S, Cottam A, Merry C, Lee V, Patel R (November 2009). "Pearly penile papules regress in older patients and with circumcision". *International Journal of STD & AIDS*. **20** (11): 768–70. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2009.009190. PMID 19833692.
14. Pattman R, Snow M, Handy P, Elawad B. *Oxford handbook of genitourinary medicine, HIV, and AIDS*. Vol. 13.
15. Pye, Laura (2009), "Human papillomaviruse and vaccination", *InnovAiT*, Royal College of General Practitioners
16. Rapini RP, Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL (2007). *Dermatology: 2-Volume Set*. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
17. Sonnex C, Dockerty WG (November 1999). "Pearly penile papules: a common cause of concern". *International Journal of STD & AIDS*. **10** (11): 726–7. doi:10.1258/0956462991913402. PMID 10563558. S2CID 25452350.

## InfoBox

| Pearly penile papules | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | (papules):(medical condition): |
|  | |
| Glans penis with pearly penile papules | |
| Specialty | Dermatology |
| Symptoms | Normal, painless, small bumps on ridge of glans of the human penis |
| Usual onset | Age 20-30 years |
| Diagnostic method | Visualisation |
| Differential diagnosis | Genital warts, molluscum contagiosum, sebaceous hyperplasia, lichen nitidus |
| Treatment | Reassurance and generally no treatment necessary cryotherapy, laser therapy, shave excision |
| Prognosis | Not harmful |
| Frequency | Common |


title: Nutro Products

abstract: The Nutro Company, Inc., a subsidiary company of Mars Incorporated, is the developer and manufacturer of the Max, Wholesome Essentials, Ultra, Wild Frontier, and Crave brands of dog and cat food, as well as Greenies dental treats. The company is headquartered in Franklin, Tennessee, US.

text:
# Nutro Products

**The Nutro Company, Inc.**, a subsidiary company of Mars Incorporated, is the developer and manufacturer of the Max, Wholesome Essentials, Ultra, Wild Frontier, and Crave brands of dog and cat food, as well as Greenies dental treats. The company is headquartered in Franklin, Tennessee, US.

## History

In 1933, John, Herman, and Albert Saleen owned and operated a fox farm where they raised foxes and developed their own fox food. They also developed wet dog food which they distributed through Kal Kan. John took over the business in 1947.

According to the United States Patent and Trademark Office, John Saleen renewed the Nutro Dog Food Company trademark in 1952 from the family of Herben Serois. Serois had started the company in 1931, and received approval to use the trademark Nutro on May 12, 1936.

Steve (Stephen) Saleen, the oldest of three children attended USC, graduating in 1971. He participated more and more in the family business, making the food, conducting deliveries, and sales. He was instrumental in developing formal marketing ideas and designing the layout of individual stores for maximum efficiency. Steve also came up with the modern Nutro logo (prior iteration to the current one used by Mars Inc.).

Over the years, Steve grew passionate about cars and racing. Between his passions for pet food and cars, pet food eventually waned, and he started his own car modification company, "Saleen Autosport" in 1983.

John Saleen eventually realized his children did not have the same calling to continue with Nutro so he sold his business to a friend, Ed Brown, for $300,000 in 1975.

In 1985, with the help of Dr. Sharon Machlik, they developed and introduced their *Max* line of foods, which made use of a chicken, lamb and rice formulation. Instead of traditional advertising, the company chose to produce large amounts of literature on the dietary needs of dogs and cats with comparative information on their ingredients versus the ingredients of other brands, and provide this to their retailers as a marketing tool.

The company was acquired by Mars, Incorporated in 2007 and the headquarters was moved to Tennessee.

## Products

Nutro develops several different diet formulations, including canned, soft foods as well as bagged, dry kibbles. They have *Max Cat* and *Natural Choice* lines for cats, and the *Nutro Max*, *Natural Choice*, and *Ultra* lines for dogs. Each line has a selection of flavors and formulations for age range. The *Ultra* line was specifically created with the intent of creating a high-end holistic dog food.

Nutro dry foods are made through an extrusion process, and packaged with vitamin E as a natural preservative.

In 2006, it was announced that Nutro's Adult Lamb and Rice formula had become the #1 lamb and rice dog food in America. This earned the company a blue ribbon on their food.

## Food safety and criticism

In 1998, two samples of Nutro Premium (together with various other brands) were subject to qualitative analyses for pentobarbital residue by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) due to suspicion that the anesthetizing drug may have found its way into pet foods through euthanized animals, including cats and dogs. DNA test for all the samples failed to detect cat and dog DNA but Nutro's two samples tested positive for the drug, presumably from rendered cattle. The CVM stated that due to the low level of exposure, the risk of adverse effects is low.

In March 2007 Nutro was listed as a company affected by the Menu Foods recall.

In April 2008, consumeraffairs.com reported multiple cases of diarrhea, vomiting and other intestinal problems in pets fed Nutro products. Nutro stated that their products undergo rigorous safety testing and are 100% safe. Some customers have backed the company, saying that their pets are not having any problems with the food. Veterinarians interviewed stated that it might not necessarily be the food that is causing problems. In September 2008, the Pet Food Product Safety Alliance (PFPSA) tested samples of Nutro dog food in response to the consumer complaints on consumeraffairs.com and found levels of copper in excess of Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) recommendations. Zinc levels were approximately 2–4 times the minimum recommendation of 120 ppm, but still within the maximum recommendation of 1000 ppm. The PFPSA has criticized the recommended zinc levels as excessive; even the minimum recommended levels are 10 times that of adult human requirements (based on body weight). PFPSA has also stated that the symptoms of zinc toxicity are consistent with consumer complaints regarding Nutro dog food. Nutro rejected PFPSA's claims stating that both zinc and copper levels were within recommended levels, reiterating that their products undergo "rigorous quality assurance testing".

In May 2009, Nutro issued a recall of selected dry cat food due to excess levels of zinc and low levels of potassium, which the company blamed on a production error by a premix company. Nutro stated that it received no complaints related to the recall. Symptoms includes "reduction in appetite, refusal of food, weight loss, vomiting or diarrhea." Both consumeraffairs.com and PFPSA have claimed a link between this incident and earlier complaints and also questioned Nutro's claim of quality control and product testing. In June, lab tests of a sample of *Nutro Max Cat Adult Roasted Chicken Flavor* showed zinc levels at 2100 ppm. Dr. Stephen Hansen, a veterinary toxicologist and senior vice-president of Animal Health for the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) described the zinc levels as "awfully high". While he stated that the long-term effects of such levels are not known, he mentioned the possibility of "significant intestinal upset and liver and kidney damage." Unlike the 1000 ppm maximum for dog food, the cat food maximum set by AAFCO is 2000 ppm. In comparison, the European Union's maximum for all animal feed is 250 ppm, with a recommended maximum of 150 ppm.

## InfoBox

The Nutro Company
| Company type | Private fully owned subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Dog and Cat care |
| Founded | 1931 (1931) as Nutro Products in Industry, California, USA |
| Headquarters | Franklin, Tennessee, US |
| Area served | Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, New Zealand and US |
| Products | Pet food |
| Owner | Mars, Incorporated |
| Website | www.nutro.com |


title: Warchild (album)

abstract: Warchild is a collection of songs from the two previous albums by Paul Di'Anno's Battlezone. Two songs had not been published on any previous Battlezone albums. The album was released in 1988, and was the last album Paul Di'Anno released as Battlezone until Feel My Pain in 1998.

text:
# Warchild (album)

***Warchild*** is a collection of songs from the two previous albums by Paul Di'Anno's Battlezone. Two songs had not been published on any previous Battlezone albums.

The album was released in 1988, and was the last album Paul Di'Anno released as Battlezone until *Feel My Pain* in 1998.

## Track listing

1. "(Forever) Fighting Back" - 2:21
2. "Welcome to the Battlezone" - 3:25
3. "Warchild" - 2:51
4. "The Land God Gave to Caine" - 7:20
5. "Too Much to Heart" - 4:46
6. "Voice on the Radio" - 3:10
7. "Rising Star" (bonus track) - 4:00
8. "Rit It Up" - 2:52
9. "I Don't Wanna Know" - 3:28
10. "Nuclear Breakdown" - 5:01
11. "Torch of Hate" - 3:04
12. "Whispered Rage" - 4:50
13. "Children of Madness" - 5:29
14. "Metal Tears" 6:12
15. "It's Love" - 3:46
16. "Overloaded" - 3:16
17. "The Promise" - 3:49
18. "To the Limit" (bonus track) - 3:53

Tracks 1-6 are from *Fighting Back*.
Tracks 8-17 are from *Children of Madness*.
Tracks 7 and 18 were not released on previous Battlezone albums.

## Personnel

* Paul Di'Anno \- lead vocals
* Pete West - bass
* John Wiggins - guitar
* Graham Bath - guitar (tracks 8–18)
* John Hurley - guitar (tracks 1–7)
* Steve Hopgood - drums (tracks 8–18)
* Bob Falck - drums (tracks 1–7)

## InfoBox

| Warchild | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Paul Di'Anno's Battlezone | |
| Released | 1988 |
| Genre | Heavy metal |
| Length | 73:33 |
| Label | Powerstation Records |
| Producer | Ian Richardson |
| Paul Di'Anno's Battlezone chronology | |
| *Children of Madness*
(1987) ***Warchild***
(1988) *Feel My Pain*
(1998) | |


title: Nova Scotia Route 209

abstract: Route 209 is a collector road in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. It is located in Cumberland County and follows the shoreline of the Bay of Fundy, connecting Parrsboro with River Hebert. The linked communities are known as the Parrsboro Shore. It is designated as part of the Fundy Shore Scenic Drive. Highway 209 was formerly designated as Trunk Highway 9.

text:
# Nova Scotia Route 209

**Route 209** is a collector road in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

It is located in Cumberland County and follows the shoreline of the Bay of Fundy, connecting Parrsboro with River Hebert. The linked communities are known as the Parrsboro Shore.

It is designated as part of the Fundy Shore Scenic Drive. Highway 209 was formerly designated as Trunk Highway 9.

## Communities

## Parks

## History

The section of Collector Highway 209 from Parrsboro to Apple River was once designated as Trunk Highway 9.

## InfoBox

| Route 209 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal | |
| Length | 98 km (61 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Trunk 2 in Parrsboro |
| North end | Route 242 in Joggins |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Nova Scotia |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 208   Route 210 | |


abstract:
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is competing at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow, Russia, from 10–18 August 2013.
A team of 3 athletes was announced to represent the country in the event.

text:
# Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics

**Saint Vincent and the Grenadines** is competing at the **2013 World Championships in Athletics** in Moscow, Russia, from 10–18 August 2013. A team of 3 athletes was announced to represent the country in the event.

## Results

(q – qualified, NM – no mark, SB – season best)

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | | Heats | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Courtney Carl Williams | 200 metres |  | | 21.98 | 49 | did not advance | | | |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | | Heats | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Kineke Alexander | 200 metres |  | | 23.42 | 34 | did not advance | | | |
| Kineke Alexander | 400 metres |  | | 51.62 SB | 14 Q | 51.64 | 15 | did not advance | |

## InfoBox

| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the<br>2013 World Championships in Athletics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WA code | VIN |
| in Moscow | |
| Competitors | 3 |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Championships in Athletics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
|


title: Railways Sports Promotion Board

abstract: Railways Sports Promotion Board (RSPB) is a sports board run by the Indian Railways. It was formed as the Indian Railways Athletic Association in 1928. It promotes 30 sporting disciplines and owns the Karnail Singh Stadium in New Delhi. The board is represented as Railways in the National Games of India.

text:
# Railways Sports Promotion Board

**Railways Sports Promotion Board** (**RSPB**) (originally known as Railways Sports Control Board) is a sports board run by the Indian Railways. It was formed as the **Indian Railways Athletic Association** in 1928. It promotes 30 sporting disciplines and owns the Karnail Singh Stadium in New Delhi. The board is represented as Railways in the National Games of India.

## Overview

RSPB is a member of the Board of Control for Cricket in India and fields the Railways cricket team in domestic cricket competitions such as the Ranji Trophy. The RSPB is an associate member of the All India Football Federation and fields the Railways football team in Santosh Trophy. It is also an associate of the Badminton Association of India.

Apart from domestic cricket and football, RSPB has played host to national level events such as the National Weightlifting Championship in 2004, the National Boxing Championship in 2007 and the 56th National Kabaddi Championship in 2004. In 2009, RSPB held the 17th Men's and 14th Women's USIC World Railway Athletics Championship. In the run up to the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the RSPB in coordination with the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology ran a special train, *The Commonwealth Express,* which toured India to promote the games.

## Railways teams

### Cricket

### Football

## InfoBox

Railways Sports Promotion Board (RSPB)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Multi-sport |
| Jurisdiction | Indian Railways |
| Membership | USIC |
| Abbreviation | RSPB |
| Founded | 1928 (1928) |
| Affiliation |  |
| Regional affiliation | India |
| Headquarters | 457, Floor IV Rail Bhavan, Ministry of Railways |
| Location | New Delhi, India |
| President | D. K. Gayen |
| Official website | |
| www.indianrailways.gov.in | |


title: Rahman Owokoniran

abstract: Rahman Owokoniran is a former member of the Lagos State House of Assembly. He was appointed commissioner for Housing (2003) and then commissioner for chieftaincy and boundary affairs (2006) under Bola Tinubu's tenure as Lagos State Governor. He led as the chairman of the committee for the creation of the twenty Local government areas and seventeen Local development councils in Lagos State. He currently emerged as the Secretary of Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) after elections which were held in Osogbo, Osun State recently.

text:
# Rahman Owokoniran

**Rahman Owokoniran** is a former member of the Lagos State House of Assembly. He was appointed commissioner for Housing (2003) and then commissioner for chieftaincy and boundary affairs (2006) under Bola Tinubu's tenure as Lagos State Governor. He led as the chairman of the committee for the creation of the twenty Local government areas and seventeen Local development councils in Lagos State. He currently emerged as the Secretary of Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) after elections which were held in Osogbo, Osun State recently.

## Education

Rahman Owokoniran was born into the Alhaji A.S.B. Owokoniran family. He received his B.A. Political Science from the Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington State, United States of America and his Masters of Public Administration also from Eastern Washington University.

## Career and politics

Rahman Akanni Owokoniran is the new South-West Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Secretary. But he has been around since the Second Nigerian Republic. Owokoniran was part of the formation of the Unity Party of Nigeria, UPN, on whose platform he became a member of Lagos State House of Assembly in 1983.

He became Chairman of the Congress for National Consensus, CNC. He moved to Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria), AD, and was appointed Chairman, Lagos State Local Government Council Creation Committee, which created twenty LGAs and seventeen LCDAs. He was appointed Commissioner for Housing (2003) and then Commissioner for Chieftaincy and Boundary Affairs (2006).

He is a chieftain of the Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) and has served as political Campaigns Director General for Senator Bola Ahmad Tinubu, Jimi Agbaje, Lamido, Atiku Abubaka, etc. He was also former deputy chairman of the PDP in Lagos State.

## InfoBox

| Rahman Owokoniran | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Zonal Secretary of the Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>2021 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) |
| Spouse | Subuola Owokoniran |
|  | |


title: Ram Shanker

abstract: Ram Shanker Vijaya Mogan is a Singaporean footballer who plays for Balestier Khalsa Football Club. His short stint with the Young Lions only spanned a handful of substitute appearances in the S.League.

text:
# Ram Shanker

**Ram Shanker Vijaya Mogan** (born 17 June 1985 in Singapore) is a Singaporean footballer who plays for Balestier Khalsa Football Club. His short stint with the Young Lions only spanned a handful of substitute appearances in the S.League.

## InfoBox

Ram Shanker
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ram Shanker Vijaya Mogan | | |
| Date of birth | (1985-06-17) 17 June 1985 | | |
| Place of birth | Singapore | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Balestier Khalsa Football Club | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2004 | Young Lions | 5 | (2) |
| 2005 | Balestier Khalsa Football Club | 22 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Ralph Willis letter

abstract: The Ralph Willis letter was forged correspondence released by Australian Labor Party's Treasurer Ralph Willis in May 1996, in the last week of the 1996 Australian federal election. It has been blamed for the crushing defeat of Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating and the ascendancy of the Liberals' John Howard. Labor stayed out of power federally until 2007.

text:
# Ralph Willis letter

The **Ralph Willis letter** was forged correspondence released by Australian Labor Party's Treasurer Ralph Willis in May 1996, in the last week of the 1996 Australian federal election.

It has been blamed for the crushing defeat of Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating and the ascendancy of the Liberals' John Howard. Labor stayed out of power federally until 2007.

## Incident

In the last week of campaigning, the news was dominated by the "Ralph Willis letter". Willis released two letters purporting to be secret correspondence between Liberal Opposition Leader John Howard and Liberal Premier of Victoria, Jeff Kennett. It dealt with the impact of the Coalition's funding plans for the states. Howard quickly denounced the letter as a forgery, and claims of Labor skullduggery dominated the close of the campaign, drowning out anything Prime Minister Paul Keating said.

Willis acted unilaterally in releasing the correspondence. He suggested that the letters revealed that the Coalition government led by John Howard would cut grants to the states. However, media examination quickly revealed the letter to be a forgery. Labor claimed the forged documents had been foisted on Willis by the Melbourne University Liberal Club students.

Keating's Labor government suffered a severe defeat.

## Aftermath

After the election, Willis chose to move to the backbench and announced his retirement from Parliament prior to the 1998 election.

According to legal gossip sheet *Justinian* in 2002, leftwing writer Bob Ellis in *Goodbye Jerusalem: night thoughts of a Labor outsider* (1997) claimed that the Ralph Willis letter was the cause of Keating's defeat. An anonymous writer named "Theodora" wrote that *Waterfront* (2002) by Anne Davies and Helen Trinca had regaled Ellis's "rant".

In 2019, the Saturday Paper reported that the forgery was the work of university students. Nicola Gobbo, later to be known as Lawyer X, first came to public attention during the campaign. Gobbo, then a Young Labor member, publicly claimed that the forger was a then-Liberal staffer and later Senate president Scott Ryan, who had intended for the forgery to pass initial inspection then rebound on Labor. Gobbo backed up her story with a statutory declaration, but Ryan denied the claim.


title: Ramaz Shengelia Stadium

abstract: Ramaz Shengelia Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kutaisi, Georgia used mostly for football matches. Being the home stadium of FC Torpedo Kutaisi, it was built in 1950 and further expanded in 1962. In 2010, when Torpedo returned to Umaglesi Liga, the arena underwent redevelopments. The stadium is able to hold 12,000 people. It was named after Ramaz Shengelia, a former Soviet / Georgian football player, in 2016. The Stadium was extensively rebuilt in 2023, prior to being a venue for the UEFA Under 21 European Championship. According to government officials, it cost 35 million GEL, equal to 12,250,000 €. Shengelia Stadium hosted 3 Group Stage matches, and a quarter-final match. Previously, the Georgia national team held a friendly match against Belarus here. The venue has also been used for the national cup final and the Super Cup final.

text:
# Ramaz Shengelia Stadium

**Ramaz Shengelia Stadium** (Georgian: რამაზ შენგელიას სტადიონი) is a multi-use stadium in Kutaisi, Georgia used mostly for football matches. Being the home stadium of FC Torpedo Kutaisi, it was built in 1950 and further expanded in 1962. In 2010, when Torpedo returned to Umaglesi Liga, the arena underwent redevelopments. The stadium is able to hold 12,000 people.

It was named after Ramaz Shengelia, a former Soviet / Georgian football player, in 2016.

The Stadium was extensively rebuilt in 2023, prior to being a venue for the UEFA Under 21 European Championship. According to government officials, it cost 35 million GEL, equal to 12,250,000 €. Shengelia Stadium hosted 3 Group Stage matches, and a quarter-final match. Previously, the Georgia national team held a friendly match against Belarus here. The venue has also been used for the national cup final and the Super Cup final.

42°15′19″N 42°40′59″E / 42.2551413°N 42.6830864°E / 42.2551413; 42.6830864

## InfoBox

Ramaz Shengelia Stadium
რამაზ შენგელიას სტადიონი
| Torpedo Stadium | |
| --- | --- |
| **Ramaz Shengelia Stadium** \- **UEFA** | |
|  | |
| Location | Kutaisi, Georgia |
| Owner | Government of Georgia |
| Capacity | 11,700 |
| Field size | 105 m × 70 m (344 ft × 230 ft) |
| Surface | Grass |
| Scoreboard | Yes |
| Construction | |
| Built | 1950 |
| Renovated | 2023 |
| Tenants | |
| FC Torpedo Kutaisi | |


title: Rambler gate

abstract: A rambler gate is a self-closing footpath barrier that is in common use in some parts of Britain. It is designed to allow pedestrians to pass but to provide an effective barrier to livestock. It resembles a squeeze stile but the gap can be expanded by pushing a pair of pivot posts apart. The pivot posts will close under their own weight, and are often strung with chains that fill in the gaps. There may be a simple latch to hold the two pivot posts together. A rambler gate is relatively easy to use and it is possible, but awkward, to get a bicycle though. Although it may be easier to negotiate than a stile, pushing the pivot posts aside does require some strength and, as they close, they can catch the unwary. The design is compact and easy to install. It is important to keep the mechanism free of debris. The gates keep out livestock, horses, motorcycles and vehicles. They are also a barrier to baby buggies, wheelchairs and mobility vehicles.

text:
# Rambler gate

A **rambler gate** is a self-closing footpath barrier that is in common use in some parts of Britain. It is designed to allow pedestrians to pass but to provide an effective barrier to livestock. It resembles a squeeze stile but the gap can be expanded by pushing a pair of pivot posts apart. The pivot posts will close under their own weight, and are often strung with chains that fill in the gaps. There may be a simple latch to hold the two pivot posts together.

A rambler gate is relatively easy to use and it is possible, but awkward, to get a bicycle though. Although it may be easier to negotiate than a stile, pushing the pivot posts aside does require some strength and, as they close, they can catch the unwary. The design is compact and easy to install. It is important to keep the mechanism free of debris.

The gates keep out livestock, horses, motorcycles and vehicles. They are also a barrier to baby buggies, wheelchairs and mobility vehicles.

Footnotes Notes  1. The Rambler Gate – Scottish Natural Heritage.
2. Guide to Country Gates and Barriers, p. 11-12.
Bibliography * "The Rambler Gate" (PDF). *Countryside Access Design Guide*. Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
* "Guide to Country Gates and Barriers" (PDF). Carmarthenshire Disabled Access Group. Retrieved 9 May 2018.


title: Ramblers F.C. (Scotland)

abstract: Ramblers Football Club was a 19th-century football club based in Glasgow.

text:
# Ramblers F.C. (Scotland)

**Ramblers Football Club** was a 19th-century football club based in Glasgow.

## History

The club was founded in 1874. Its first recorded match was a 0–0 draw with Burnbank, and its first recorded goal and win came at Hamilton Academical F.C. the following month.

The Ramblers entered the Scottish Cup for the first time in 1875–76. The club was drawn away to Northern F.C. and lost by 4 goals, plus one disputed goal, to nil. The club entered the competition three times in total, losing in the first round on every occasion; 6–0 (plus one disputed) at 3rd Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers in 1876–77, and 1–0 at home to Stonefield F.C. in 1877–78, in a "hard but pleasant game".

The last match advertised for the club was against Blythswood F.C. in December 1877, but there is no report that the match took place. The final recorded match was a 2–0 defeat at Stonelaw F.C. the previous month, against a scratch side rather than the regular Stonelaw XI.

## Colours

The club wore blue and black jerseys, white knickers, and blue and black hose.

## Grounds

The club played originally at Queen's Park. By 1876 the club had a private ground at Lorne Park, on Victoria Road, Crosshill, Glasgow.

## InfoBox

Ramblers
| Full name | Ramblers Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1874 |
| Dissolved | 1877 |
| Ground | Lorne Park |
| Secretary | R. Macdougall Jr, Robert Telford |
| Captain | Slimmon |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ramblers F.C.

abstract: The Ramblers is a Namibian football club from Pionierspark, Windhoek.

text:
# Ramblers F.C.

The **Ramblers** is a Namibian football club from Pionierspark, Windhoek.

## History

The Ramblers have played in the country's highest division, the Namibia Premier League and the club was previously known as **Windhoek Optics Ramblers**. They sold their place in the premier league and now focus on growing talent from children upwards. Through the youth development programs, Ramblers were able to nature talent and build a first team squad currently boasting 25 graduates of the Ramblers Academy, of which 4 went to represent Namibia at the 2021 U20 African Cup Of Nations.

## Women's team

In 2019, Ramblers created the women's team. The women's team currently plays in NFA Women's Super League (Namibia's Women's top flight football league)

## Achievements

1992 2005

## Performance in CAF competitions

1993: Preliminary Round

## Notable coaches

Men's Team

## InfoBox

Ramblers
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Ramblers Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | *Rammies* |
| Founded | 1945 |
| Ground | Ramblers Stadium<br>Windhoek, Namibia |
| Capacity | 5,000 |
| Manager | Jomo Keiseb |
| League | Southern Stream First Division |
| 2021/2022 | SSFD, 4th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ramsgate Harbour railway station

abstract: Ramsgate Harbour railway station was a railway station in Ramsgate, in the Thanet district of Kent, England. Opened in 1863 as part of the Kent Coast Railway company's extension of its line from Herne Bay, it was conveniently situated for the seaside resort's beach, but it closed in 1926 after a reorganisation of railway lines in the Thanet area.

text:
# Ramsgate Harbour railway station

**Ramsgate Harbour railway station** was a railway station in Ramsgate, in the Thanet district of Kent, England. Opened in 1863 as part of the Kent Coast Railway company's extension of its line from Herne Bay, it was conveniently situated for the seaside resort's beach, but it closed in 1926 after a reorganisation of railway lines in the Thanet area.

## History

The Herne Bay & Faversham Railway company was founded in 1857. In 1859 it became the Margate & London Railway, and two years later took the name Kent Coast Railway, by which it was known for the rest of its independent existence. It built a line from Faversham to Whitstable Town in 1860, extended it to Herne Bay & Hampton-on-Sea in 1861 and opened the section from there to a station called **Ramsgate** on 5 October 1863. This was much closer to the seafront at Ramsgate than its predecessor, Ramsgate Town, which was opened by the South Eastern Railway in 1846.

In 1871, the Kent Coast Railway was bought by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. In June of that year, Ramsgate station took the name **Ramsgate & St Lawrence-on-Sea**, which it bore until 1 July 1899. For the rest of its existence it was known as **Ramsgate Harbour**. The station was very popular and well-used, but was on a cramped site which was reached through a tunnel down a long 1-in-75 gradient. A train went out of control down this slope on 31 August 1891. One person was killed.

Plans were made to simplify the poorly connected railway network in the Thanet area; these were quickly adopted by the Southern Railway company, which took over the London, Chatham and Dover Railway's operations on 1 January 1923 as a result of the Grouping Act. It built a new line, 1.6 miles (2.6 km) long, to connect the former Kent Coast Railway route from Faversham and the former South Eastern Railway route from Ashford, which bypassed both Ramsgate Harbour and Ramsgate Town stations. Two new stations, Dumpton Park and Ramsgate, were built on this line to serve the town. After the new line and stations opened on 2 July 1926, the section of line between the new junction and Ramsgate Harbour station was officially closed on the same date.

## After closure

### Station building

The station site was bought by a company which converted it into amusements, operating as Ramsgate Pleasure Park and Pleasurama, latterly under the ownership of local entertainment impresario Jimmy Godden who also operated the Folkestone Rotunda Amusement Park and later Dreamland Margate. During Godden's tenure in 1998 fire destroyed the park and the original station building, with Godden collecting a significant insurance settlement.

### Railway tunnels

Part of the former route through the tunnel was opened as a narrow gauge tourist railway in 1936 which became the Tunnel Railway. Services were suspended during World War 2, but they reopened in the post-war period. In 1965 the line closed following an accident at the beach station. Its owners then decided to close the railway and the track was removed.

In 1939 part of the abandoned railway tunnel became an air raid shelter. A network of tunnels was constructed leading from the disused railway tunnel leading under the town with various access steps to the surface. After the war finished these tunnels were abandoned. Following the award of a Heritage Lottery Grant sections of the abandoned railway tunnel and wartime air raid tunnels have been restored and were officially reopened on 27 May 2014.

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Body, Geoffrey (1984). *Railways of the Southern Region*. PSL Field Guides. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-664-5.
* Kidner, R. W. (1977) \[1963\]. *The South Eastern and Chatham Railway*. Tarrant Hinton: The Oakwood Press.
* Knight, Andrew (1986). *The Railways of South East England*. Shepperton: Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-1556-2.
* "Ramsgate and its Tunnel Shelters". *The Railway Magazine*. Vol. 87, no. 525. London: Tothill Press Limited. March 1941.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Broadstairs
Line closed, station open |  | London, Chatham and Dover Railway
Chatham Main Line - Ramsgate Branch |  | *Terminus* |

51°19′58″N 1°25′29″E / 51.3329°N 1.4246°E / 51.3329; 1.4246

## InfoBox

| Ramsgate Harbour | |
| --- | --- |
| Station in early 1900s. | |
| General information | |
| Location | Ramsgate, District of Thanet
England |
| Platforms | 4 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Kent Coast Railway |
| Pre-grouping | London, Chatham and Dover Railway |
| Post-grouping | Southern Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 5 October 1863 | Opened as **Ramsgate** |
| 1871 | Renamed **Ramsgate & St Lawrence-on-Sea** |
| 1 July 1899 | Renamed **Ramsgate Harbour** |
| 2 July 1926 | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Random surfing model

abstract: The random surfing model is a graph model which describes the probability of a random user visiting a web page. The model attempts to predict the chance that a random internet surfer will arrive at a page by either clicking a link or by accessing the site directly, for example by directly entering the website's URL in the address bar. For this reason, an assumption is made that all users surfing the internet will eventually stop following links in favor of switching to another site completely. The model is similar to a Markov chain, where the chain's states are web pages the user lands on and transitions are equally probable links between these pages.

text:
# Random surfing model

The **random surfing model** is a graph model which describes the probability of a random user visiting a web page. The model attempts to predict the chance that a random internet surfer will arrive at a page by either clicking a link or by accessing the site directly, for example by directly entering the website's URL in the address bar. For this reason, an assumption is made that all users surfing the internet will eventually stop following links in favor of switching to another site completely. The model is similar to a Markov chain, where the chain's states are web pages the user lands on and transitions are equally probable links between these pages.

## Description

A user navigates the internet in two primary ways; the user may access a site directly by entering the site's URL or clicking a bookmark, or the user may use a series of hyperlinks to get to the desired page. The random surfer model assumes that the link which the user selects next is picked at random. The model also assumes that the number of successive links is not infinite – the user will at some point lose interest and leave the current site for a completely new site.

The random surfer model is presented as a series of nodes which indicate web pages that can be accessed at random by users. A new node is added to the a graph when a new website is published. The movement about the graphs nodes is modeled by choosing a start node at random, then performing a short and random traversal of the nodes, or random walk. This traversal is analogous to a user accessing a website, then following hyperlink $t$ number of times, until the user either exits the page or accesses another site completely. Connections to other nodes in this graph are formed when outbound links are placed on the page.

## Graph definitions

In the random surfing model, webgraphs are presented as a sequence of directed graphs $G\_{t},t=1,2,\ldots $ such that a graph $G\_{t}$ has $t$ vertices and $t$ edges. The process of defining graphs is parameterized with a probability $p$, thus we let $q=1-p$.

Nodes of the model arrive one at time, forming $k$ connections to the existing graph $G\_{t}$. In some models, connections represent directed edges, and in others, connections represent undirected edges. Models start with a single node $v\_{0}$ and have $k$ self-loops. $v\_{t}$ denotes a vertex added in the $t^{th}$ step, and $n$ denotes the total number of vertices.

### Model 1. (1-step walk with self-loop)

At time $t$, vertex $v\_{t}$ makes $k$ connections by $k$ iterations of the following steps:

1. Pick an existing node $v$ uniformly at random from $\\{v\_{0},v\_{1},\ldots ,v\_{t-1}\\}$
2. With probability $p$ stay at $v$; with probability $1-p$ take a 1-step walk to a random neighbor of $v$
3. Add an edge from $v\_{t}$ to the current node

For directed graphs, edges added are directed from $v\_{t}$ into the existing graph. Edges are undirected in respective undirected graphs.

### Model 2. (Random walks with coin flips)

At time $t$, vertex $v\_{t}$ makes $k$ connections by $k$ iterations of the following steps:

1. Pick an existing node $v$ uniformly at random from $\\{v\_{0},v\_{1},...,v\_{t-1}\\}$
2. Flip a coin of bias $p$
3. If the coin comes up heads add an edge from $v\_{t}$ to the current node and stop
4. If the coin comes up tails, move to a random neighbor of the current node and go back to step 2

For directed graphs, edges added are directed from $v\_{t}$ into the existing graph. Edges are undirected in respective undirected graphs.

## Limitations

There are some caveats to the standard random surfer model, one of which is that the model ignores the content of the sites which users select – since the model assumes links are selected at random. Because users tend to have a goal in mind when surfing the internet, the content of the linked sites is a determining factor of whether or not the user will click a link.

## Application

The normalized eigenvector centrality combined with random surfer model's assumption of random jumps created the foundation of Google's PageRank algorithm.

*


title: Ranna Pumped Storage Power Station

abstract: Ranna Pumped Storage Power Station is a pumped storage hydroelectricity power plant of Upper Austria. It is located at lake Ranna which is situated at the river Danube. The Ranna Pumped Storage Power Station uses the dammed water of the river Ranna which merges into the river Danube closely behind the power station. With its commissioning in 1925 it is one of the oldest power stations in the Austrian Mühlviertel region. As a Pumped Storage Power Station, it is able to pump water from the river Danube into the Ranna Valley storage tanks in times of weak consumer demand. This is possible because the tanks are located at a higher altitude than the river. In times of high consumer demand the water is released into the other direction where it produces electricity by running through turbines.

text:
# Ranna Pumped Storage Power Station

**Ranna Pumped Storage Power Station** is a pumped storage hydroelectricity power plant of Upper Austria. It is located at lake Ranna which is situated at the river Danube. The Ranna Pumped Storage Power Station uses the dammed water of the river Ranna which merges into the river Danube closely behind the power station. With its commissioning in 1925 it is one of the oldest power stations in the Austrian Mühlviertel region. As a Pumped Storage Power Station, it is able to pump water from the river Danube into the Ranna Valley storage tanks in times of weak consumer demand. This is possible because the tanks are located at a higher altitude than the river. In times of high consumer demand the water is released into the other direction where it produces electricity by running through turbines.

## History

Between 1923 and 1925 the company Stern&Hafferl built a power station with a weir to rim the river Ranna. The entire power capacity of the bottleneck solution then equaled 5.8 MW.

From 1947 to 1954 an extensive expansion followed. It was initiated by the Upper Austrian Power Stations Stock Company (today: Energie AG Oberösterreich). During the expansion, the Ranna Valley Dam was built, and the existing simple power station was upgraded to a pumped storage power station. The power capacity of the power station was hereby tripled.

On 1 February 1962 there was a fraction of the water tunnel above the power plant. On this occasion, roundabout 10000 m³ of water cascaded down the valley. The consequences were landslides as well as damages at a nearby agricultural enterprise. As the pressure tunnel had to be reconditioned, the power generation had to be put down for a longer period. At the power station building itself only minor damages followed from the incident.

At the end of August 2014, the reservoir lake had to be emptied completely due to necessary works of maintenance on the technical equipment. During this phase, a planned temporary resettlement of the fish stock in the lake took place. As part of the revision a new closing cap was built into the bottom outlet. Further, the dam wall and water tunnel were checked for malfunctions.

Up until the beginning of 2012 the power station served as one of four regional control centres, in which the power station of Partenstein was steered. Today the Ranna Pumped Storage Power Station is steered by the „Leitstelle Wasserkraft“ in Gmunden, just like all hydroelectric power stations maintained by Energie AG Oberösterreich.

48°31′04″N 13°46′49″E / 48.51778°N 13.78028°E / 48.51778; 13.78028


title: Rant in E-Minor

abstract: Rant in E-Minor is an album by stand-up comedian and satirist Bill Hicks. Both this album and a similar album of new material, Arizona Bay, were released posthumously by Rykodisc on February 25, 1997, marking three years since Hicks' death. The material on this album is darker and angrier in tone than some of his earlier work; Hicks can be heard screaming at his audience in between chapters, and very prominently during the track "You're Wrong Night". On April 15, 2016, Comedy Dynamics released a new version of the album in both double CD and double vinyl LP formats called Rant in E-Minor: Variations. While the original album was culled from various performances and included musical interludes performed by Hicks, the new version presents a complete and uninterrupted performance recorded at the Laff Stop in Austin, Texas on October 24, 1993.

text:
# Rant in E-Minor

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Static and Feedback | (favorable) |
| *Tiny Mix Tapes* | 5/5 |

***Rant in E-Minor*** is an album by stand-up comedian and satirist Bill Hicks. Both this album and a similar album of new material, *Arizona Bay*, were released posthumously by Rykodisc on February 25, 1997, marking three years since Hicks' death.

The material on this album is darker and angrier in tone than some of his earlier work; Hicks can be heard screaming at his audience in between chapters, and very prominently during the track "You're Wrong Night".

On April 15, 2016, Comedy Dynamics released a new version of the album in both double CD and double vinyl LP formats called *Rant in E-Minor: Variations*. While the original album was culled from various performances and included musical interludes performed by Hicks, the new version presents a complete and uninterrupted performance recorded at the Laff Stop in Austin, Texas on October 24, 1993.

## Track listing

* Part One
    + Chapter One
        - 1. "Fevered Egos" – 4:05
        - 2. "Easter" – 1:19
        - 3. "Gideons" – 1:05
    + Chapter Two
        - 4. "People Suck" – 0:21
        - 5. "Pro Life" – 4:13
        - 6. "People Who Hate People" – 0:32
        - 7. "Non-Smokers" – 2:39
        - 8. "Gifts of Forgiveness" – 5:09
        - 9. "Purple Vein Dick Joke" – 0:29
    + Chapter Three
        - 10. "Confession Time (COPS)" – 4:25
        - 11. "Wax Dart" – 0:30
        - 12. "I'm Talking to the Women Here" – 1:10
* Part Two
    + Chapter Four
        - 13. "You're Wrong Night" – 5:37
    + Chapter Five
        - 14. "A New Flag (Patriotism)" – 1:13
        - 15. "Gays in the Military" – 2:24
        - 16. "I.R.S. Bust" – 1:09
        - 17. "Politics in America" – 0:39
        - 18. "Quiet Loner" – 0:57
    + Chapter Six
        - 19. "Artistic Roll Call" – 4:33
        - 20. "Orange Drink" – 1:08
        - 21. "Save Willie" – 1:30
    + Chapter Seven
        - 22. "Deficit (Jesse Helms)" – 2:47
        - 23. "Rush Limbaugh" – 2:21
* Part Three
    + Chapter Eight
        - 24. "Time to Evolve" – 3:16
    + Chapter Nine
        - 25. "Waco (Koresh)" – 5:35
        - 26. "The Pope" – 1:02
        - 27. "Christianity" – 0:27
        - 28. "Seven Seals" – 0:28
    + Chapter Ten
        - 29. "One of the Boys (Clinton)" – 1:03
        - 30. "Car Bomb Derby" – 0:26
        - 31. "The Elite" – 1:06
    + Chapter Eleven
        - 32. "Love List (No Future)" – 2:56
        - 33. "Back to the Garden" – 1:20
        - 34. "Your Children Aren't Special" – 3:13
        - 35. "Wizards Have Landed" – 1:43
        - 36. "Lift Me Lord" – 0:53

### *Rant in E-Minor: Variations*

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bill Takes Stage" | 0:23 |
| 2. | "Fevered Egos" | 4:38 |
| 3. | "Dance Clubs" | 1:54 |
| 4. | "Homosexuality" | 2:40 |
| 5. | "People Suck" | 0:22 |
| 6. | "Pro-Lifers and Non-Smokers" | 4:59 |
| 7. | "Started Smoking Again" | 1:59 |
| 8. | "Hendrix Was an Alien" | 1:32 |
| 9. | "Let's Do Some Comedy" | 0:08 |
| 10. | "Keith Richards and the Ledge Beyond the Edge" | 1:32 |
| 11. | "Hendrix Language" | 0:15 |
| 12. | "Musicians Who Are Dead" | 0:14 |
| 13. | "LA City of Hell" | 1:27 |
| 14. | "I've Smoked a Lot" | 0:30 |
| 15. | "Australia" | 2:24 |
| 16. | "Easter" | 1:23 |
| 17. | "Gideons" | 1:20 |
| 18. | "Gifts of Forgiveness" | 5:08 |
| 19. | "Riff on Comedy, Dick Jokes, And Plastic Plants" | 0:58 |
| 20. | "When Jesus Comes Back" | 1:11 |
| 21. | "Confession Time (Cops)" | 4:18 |
| 22. | "Wax Dart" | 1:01 |
| 23. | "I'm Talking to the Women Here" | 1:11 |
| 24. | "Pussywhipped Satan" | 1:41 |
| 25. | "Rebirthing" | 0:46 |
| 26. | "Rush Limbaugh" | 2:21 |
| 27. | "Glass of Water" | 0:24 |
| 28. | "Waco Koresh" | 4:18 |
| 29. | "One of the Boys (Clinton)" | 1:12 |
| 30. | "The Elite" | 1:17 |
| 31. | "Car Bombs and Cowards" | 0:56 |
| 32. | "Time to Evolve (More Dick Jokes Are Coming)" | 3:19 |
| 33. | "Deficit Jesse Helms" | 4:06 |
| 34. | "Alcohol Kills / Pot Is Better / A Job Has Been Created" | 2:58 |
| 35. | "A Better World (Are You Cool with That?)" | 0:45 |
| 36. | "Everything They Tell You About Pot Is a Lie (Play the Sitar)" | 1:08 |
| 37. | "Sacrifices" | 0:46 |
| 38. | "Carrot Top and Gallagher" | 2:53 |
| 39. | "Artistic Roll Call" | 4:07 |
| 40. | "Save Willie" | 1:04 |
| 41. | "Can't Breathe Out of My Right Lung" | 0:09 |
| 42. | "Bradley Tanks Knocking Down Catholic Churches" | 0:35 |
| 43. | "The Pope" | 1:10 |
| 44. | "Childbirth Is Not a Miracle" | 4:02 |
| 45. | "People Who Hate People" | 1:00 |
| 46. | "Philosophical Discussion with a Christian" | 1:54 |
| 47. | "Childbirth Is Not Natural (Back to the Garden)" | 0:46 |
| 48. | "It's Women (Women)" | 0:40 |
| 49. | "Guys Don't Want Children" | 0:38 |
| 50. | "Your Children Are Not Special (Grey Gym Sock)" | 3:11 |
| 51. | "Welcome to Comedy" | 1:02 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Rant in E-Minor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Bill Hicks | |
| Released | February 25, 1997 |
| Recorded | November 1992 – December 1993 |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Length | 73:54 |
| Label | Rykodisc
RCD 10353 |
| Producer | Kevin Booth |
| Bill Hicks chronology | |
| *Arizona Bay*
(1997) ***Rant in E-Minor***
(1997) *Philosophy: The Best of Bill Hicks*
(2001) | |


title: Rantalinna Manor

abstract: Rantalinna Manor is a historic manor house in the municipality of Ruokolahti, Finland. It is located at the banks of the Saimaa lake. The distance to Helsinki is 260 kilometres and to Saint Petersburg 250 kilometres.

text:
# Rantalinna Manor

61°18′56″N 28°46′30″E / 61.315441°N 28.775005°E / 61.315441; 28.775005

**Rantalinna Manor** is a historic manor house in the municipality of Ruokolahti, Finland. It is located at the banks of the Saimaa lake. The distance to Helsinki is 260 kilometres and to Saint Petersburg 250 kilometres.

## History

The mansion was constructed for judge Fritz Wiik in 1912. The property was sold in 1915 to prince Alexander of Oldenburg, member of the imperial Romanov family. He resided in the manor until 1929, together with his wife Princess Eugenia of Leuchtenberg. Both were well known for their philanthropy. Initially, they only spent the summer in the house. But after the Russian Revolution they used the mansion throughout the whole year, hoping to return to Saint Petersburg one day, which never happened. When living in Rantalinna, they retained a staff of 36 persons, two Rolls-Royce cars and a ship. Before World War I, the Ramon Palace in south western Russia was one of their summer residences.

In 1929, the manor was sold to the Association of Finnish Conductors, who used the house as holiday home for their staff. Since the 1990s, the manor is used as hotel.

## Architecture and design

The mansion is designed in Art Nouveau or Jugendstil style. The interiors are restored to its original appearance and still contain furniture of the princely times.

1. "Prinssi pakeni vallankumousta jugendlinnaan". *Helsingin Sanomat* (in Finnish). 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
2. "Prinssi pakeni vallankumousta jugendlinnaan". *Helsingin Sanomat* (in Finnish). 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
3. "Vaikuttava historia tsaarinakasta nykypäivään" (in Finnish). Retrieved 2018-08-12.
4. "Museovirasto : Valtakunnallisesti merkittävät rakennetut kulttuuriympäristöt : Ruokolahti : Haloniemen huvilat" (in Finnish). Retrieved 2018-08-12.

## Bibliography

* K. J. Kahila, Lepokoti Rantalinna 1928-1958. Valtionrautateiden konduktööriyhdistys. Helsinki 1957.
* Olli Vuori, Kesähuvilan omistus Suomessa. Kartoittava tutkimus kesäasutuksesta ja huvilanomistuksesta taloudellisena ilmiönä. Turun Yliopiston julkaisuja. Sarja C Osa 3. Turku 1966.
* Kalevi Heitto, Imatran seudun hoveja ja kartanoita. Imatra 1989.


title: Ranilug

abstract: Ranilug or Ranillug, is a village and municipality located in the Gjilan District of Kosovo. The municipality comprises 12 villages and as of 2015 has a population of 5,800 inhabitants. According to the 2013 Brussels Agreement, it was to become part of the Community of Serb Municipalities, but the agreement was deemed unconstitutional and was never implemented.

text:
# Ranilug

**Ranilug** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ранилуг) or **Ranillug** (Albanian definite form: *Ranillugu*), is a village and municipality located in the Gjilan District of Kosovo. The municipality comprises 12 villages and as of 2015 has a population of 5,800 inhabitants. According to the 2013 Brussels Agreement, it was to become part of the Community of Serb Municipalities, but the agreement was deemed unconstitutional and was never implemented.

## History

Until 2010, Ranilug was part of Kamenica municipality. On 5 January 2010, the constitutive municipal assembly session was held and Ranilug became newly established municipality. Although the new municipality is primarily inhabited by Serbs, this move was not recognized by the Government of Serbia, which does not recognize the Republic of Kosovo, and therefore its administrative changes.

After the 2013 Brussels Agreement between the governments of Kosovo and Serbia, Serbia recognized the municipalities and the Kosovo's governance of the territory, and agreed to create a Community of Serb Municipalities, which were to operate within the Kosovo legal framework. Part of the agreement which pertained to the creation of the *Association of Serbian municipalities* was deemed unconstitutional by Kosovo’s Constitutional Court and since then the agreement has been blocked.

## Settlements

Aside from the village of Ranilug, the municipality includes the following villages:

* Bozevce
* Domorovce
* Drenovce
* Glogovce
* Odevce
* Gornje Korminjane
* Donje Korminjane
* Pančelo
* Rajanovce
* Veliko Ropotovo
* Malo Ropotovo
* Tomance

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census done by the Government of Kosovo, the municipality of Ranilug has 3,900 inhabitants. However, in 2015 report by OSCE, the population of Ranilug municipality stands at 5,800 inhabitants, including internally displaced persons.

### Ethnic groups

The municipality of Ranilug is largely composed of Kosovo Serbs majority (98.5%), with minority Kosovo Albanians (1.4%). Albanians reside in two villages: Veliko Ropotovo (Ropotovë e Madhe) and Donje Korminjane (Korminjani).

The ethnic composition of the municipality including IDPs is as follows:

| Ethnic group | 2015 est. |
| --- | --- |
| Serbs | 5,718 |
| Albanians | 82 |
| Others | - |
| **Total** | 5,800 |

## Economy

The economy of Ranilug is mainly based on small businesses, dairy production and agriculture.

## Public services and infrastructure

One municipal health center as well as eight health houses operate in the municipality. In 2011 a new police station was inaugurated, with 22 police officers.

The education system of the municipality consists of one kindergarten, two primary and two secondary schools.

## InfoBox

| Ranilug Ранилуг*/Ranilug* (Serbian)
*Ranillug* or *Ranillugu* (Albanian) | |
| --- | --- |
| Village and municipality | |
|  | |
| RanilugRanilug | |
| Coordinates: 42°29′31.194″N 21°33′32.4″E / 42.49199833°N 21.559000°E / 42.49199833; 21.559000 | |
| Country | Kosovo |
| District | District of Gjilan |
| Settlements | 12 |
| Municipality | 5 January 2010 |
| Government | |
| Provisional president | Vladica Aritonović (GIS) |
| Area | |
| Total | 77.62 km2 (29.97 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 603 m (1,978 ft) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 5,800 |
| Density | 75/km2 (190/sq mi) |
|  | est. |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 38267 |
| Area code | +383(0)280 |
| Vehicle registration | 06 |
| Website | kk.rks-gov.net/ranillug |