title: Protected view

abstract: A protected view or protected vista is the legal requirement within urban planning to preserve the view of a specific place or historic building from another location. The effect of a protected view is to limit the height of new buildings within or adjacent to the sightline between the two places so as to preserve the ability to see the landmark as a focus of the view. The protection may also cover the area behind the place or building concerned. In London, high-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings from various prominent locations around the city. This policy, known as 'St Paul’s Heights', has been in operation by the City of London since 1937. In Edinburgh, a 2005 skyline study compiled a list of almost 170 key views which are protected. In the US, protected views exist in places such as San Francisco; Portland, Oregon where the size of downtown blocks is kept low to maintain the views of Mount Hood from the West Hills; and in Canada the city of Vancouver, British Columbia has protected "view cones". New York City only has a single protected view, at the Brooklyn Heights Promenade, and Austin, Texas, has protected views of the State Capitol.

text:
# Protected view

A **protected view** or **protected vista** is the legal requirement within urban planning to preserve the view of a specific place or historic building from another location. The effect of a protected view is to limit the height of new buildings within or adjacent to the sightline between the two places so as to preserve the ability to see the landmark as a focus of the view. The protection may also cover the area behind the place or building concerned.

In London, high-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings from various prominent locations around the city. This policy, known as 'St Paul’s Heights', has been in operation by the City of London since 1937. In Edinburgh, a 2005 skyline study compiled a list of almost 170 key views which are protected.

In the US, protected views exist in places such as San Francisco; Portland, Oregon where the size of downtown blocks is kept low to maintain the views of Mount Hood from the West Hills; and in Canada the city of Vancouver, British Columbia has protected "view cones". New York City only has a single protected view, at the Brooklyn Heights Promenade, and Austin, Texas, has protected views of the State Capitol.

## Protected Vistas in London

The thirteen vistas protected by the **London View Management Framework** are as follows:

a distance of over 10 miles (16 km) and created in 1710, this view frames the cathedral through a special gap in holly hedging, down a specially maintained clear avenue in Sidmouth Wood and then all the way across London. This protected view has limited development around Liverpool Street Station as a tall structure there would form an unacceptable backdrop to the view of St Paul's. Construction of a new 42 storey building behind the cathedral was started in 2016, despite opposition from groups who claimed that this would spoil the view of the church.

The views of St Paul's Cathedral from Waterloo Bridge and Hungerford Bridge are not explicitly protected although they are protected in practice by the views from Richmond Park and from Westminster Pier respectively as these bridges are on the path of the protected vistas.


title: Janet McCracken

abstract: Janet McCracken is the Chair of Classical Studies and Professor of Philosophy at Lake Forest College. She specializes in aesthetics.

text:
# Janet McCracken

**Janet McCracken** is the Chair of Classical Studies and Professor of Philosophy at Lake Forest College. She specializes in aesthetics.

## Biography

McCracken earned a Bachelor of Arts from Vassar College and a Master of Arts and PhD from University of Texas at Austin. She currently serves as the Director of the Ethics Center at Lake Forest College and was the Krebs Provost and Dean of the Faculty from 2005 to 2011 and the Associate Dean of the Faculty from 2000 to 2002.

Her husband Chad McCracken also teaches philosophy at Lake Forest College.

## Selected publications

### Books

* Taste and the Household: The "Domestic Aesthetic" and Moral Reasoning. author (State University of New York Press, October 2001)
* Thinking About Gender: A Historical Anthology. editor and commentary. (Harcourt-Brace College Publishers, 1997)

### Chapters in anthologies

* "Perry Mason as Greek Tragedy: the Eternal Allure of Aristotle." Perry Mason and Philosophy. ed. by Robert Arp. Open Court, forthcoming 2018.
* "Grief and the Memnonics of Place: A Thank You Note," in Passion, Death, and Spirituality: The Philosophy of Robert C. Solomon (Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures). Edited by Kathleen Higgins and David Sherman. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2012
* The Aesthetics of Playtime Recycling," in The Aesthetics of Human Environments. Edited by Arnold Berleant and Allen Carlson. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2007. Based on a presentation, "Recycling Aesthetics," (American Society for Aesthetics Fall 2002 Conference, October 31, 2002.)

### Journal articles

* "The Non-Western of the New West." Film & History, vol. 44, no. 2 (Fall 2014): 82-87.
* "Dogs and Birds in Plato." Philosophy and Literature, vol. 38, no. 2 (October 2014): 446-61.
* "Falsely, Sanely, Shallowly: Reflections on the Special Character of Grief." International Journal of Applied Philosophy, vol. 19, no. 1 (2005): 139-56.


title: Masami Kobushi

abstract: Masami Kobushi (マサミコブシ) is a cover album by Masami Okui.

text:
# Masami Kobushi

***Masami Kobushi*** (マサミコブシ) is a cover album by Masami Okui.

## Information

* To commemorate her 10th anniversary since her debut in 1993, Masami Okui sang cover versions of 10 famous anime songs.
* It was first released on 1 May 2003 as a limited release and became very rare after a while. 2 years later, the album was re-released to public.

## Track listing

1. Cutie Honey (キューティーハニー)
    * Anime television series *Cutie Honey* opening theme
    * Lyrics: Cloud Q
    * Composition: Takeo Watanabe
    * Arrangement: Hideyuki Daichi Suzuki
2. Give a reason
    * Anime television series *Slayers Next* opening theme
    * Lyrics: Satomi Arimori
    * Composition: Hidetoshi Sato
    * Arrangement: Tsutomu Ohira
3. Truth
    * Anime television series *Revolutionary Girl Utena* ending theme
    * Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
    * Composition: Riki Arai
    * Arrangement: Hirama Akihiko
4. Love squall
    * Anime television series *Lupin III* ending theme
    * Lyrics: Sanaho Maki
    * Composition: Yuji Ohno
    * Arrangement: DRY
5. Zankoku na Tenshi no Thesis (残酷な天使のテーゼ)
6. Successful Mission
    * Anime television series *Saber Marionette J* opening theme
    * Lyrics: MEGUMI
    * Composition: Hidetoshi Sato
    * Arrangement: Toshiro Yabuki
7. Ghost Sweeper
    * Anime television series *Ghost Sweeper Mikami* opening theme
    * Lyrics: Satomi Arimori
    * Composition: Toshiyuki Omori
    * Arrangement: Masaki Iwamoto
8. Lupin III -Ai no Theme- (ルパン三世 愛のテーマ)
    * Anime television series *Lupin III* ending theme
    * Lyrics: Kazuya Senge
    * Composition: Yuji Ohno
    * Arrangement: Hideyuki Daichi Suzuki
9. Tamashii no Refrain (魂のルフラン)
10. Northern lights
    * Anime television series *Shaman King* opening theme
    * Lyrics: MEGUMI
    * Composition, arrangement: Gou Takahashi
11. You get to burning
12. Kyou mo doko ka de Devilman (今日も何処かでデビルマン)

## Sources

Official website: Makusonia

## InfoBox

| Masami Kobushi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Masami Okui | |
| Released | 1 May 2003 (limited), 11 May 2005 (re-release) |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Label | Star Child |
| Producer | Masami Okui |
| Masami Okui chronology | |
| *Angel's Voice*
(2002) ***Masami Kobushi***
(2003) *ReBirth*
(2004) | |


title: Rave Fever

abstract: Rave Fever, also known as X'Mas Rave Fever or X-Mas Rave Fever) is a 1999 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Alan Mak starring Cantopop composer Mark Lui, who was also responsible for much of the film's music. It is a Christmas film that was released theatrically in Hong Kong on 23 December 1999 for the Christmas season.

text:
# Rave Fever

***Rave Fever*** (Chinese: 周末狂熱; pinyin: *Zhou mo kuang re*), also known as ***X'Mas Rave Fever*** or ***X-Mas Rave Fever***) is a 1999 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Alan Mak starring Cantopop composer Mark Lui, who was also responsible for much of the film's music. It is a Christmas film that was released theatrically in Hong Kong on 23 December 1999 for the Christmas season.

## Plot

Don (played by Cantopop composer Mark Lui) is a harried yuppie living in Hong Kong who has a one-night stand with a mysterious woman named Sonia. The next morning Sonia disappears but leaves her filofax in Don's possession. He attempts to retrace his steps from the previous night and encounters Nicole (played Jaymee Ong), a sexually liberated but potentially untrustworthy woman who may or may not have known Sonia. The filofax ends up in the hands of the journalist Ashley (played by YoYo Mung), who falls for the handsome yet troubled Steven (played by Terence Yin), who is revealed to be Sonia's former lover. Ashley begins to suspect that Sonia may have been the victim of foul play and her suspicions point her toward the peculiar club patron Gordon (played by Sam Lee).

## Cast

## Release

The film was released theatrically in Hong Kong on 23 December 1999. It was later presented in competition at the 2000 Stockholm Film Festival.
The film is rated R (Restricted).

## Box office

The film earned HK$1,824,000 at the Hong Kong box office.

## Reception and analysis

Author Gina Marchetti writes that with *Rave Fever* Alan Mak "experimented with elliptical narratives reminiscent of Hong Kong New Wave films".

In his book *Planet Hong Kong: Popular Cinema and the Art of Entertainment*, author David Bordwell calls the film "an experiment in Gen-X network narrative" involving "tracing crisscrossing love affairs".

The website lovehkfilm.com calls *Rave Fever* "Hong Kong's version of *Go*" and ultimately declares that "*Rave Fever* is nothing more than a candy-coated confection set against a sexy, neon-lit backdrop."

In his book *Poetics of Cinema*, author David Bordwell likewise notes a similarity between the American and Hong Kong films, writing, "*Go* (1999) and *Rave Fever* (1999) echo the network approach by reiterating events seen from different characters' angles and by expanding the roles assigned to bit players. *Rave Fever* also uses a circulating filofax to connect its party animals."

The website brns.com gave the film a rating of 7.5/10, writing, "This is not a sexy, highly charged exploration of the HK rave scene at all – but in fact a fairly subdued but very amusing comedy. It’s a comedy almost disguised within the veneer of a mystery – but as the mystery plays out almost like a shaggy dog story – the comedic aspects of the film become quite clever, very funny and have some wonderfully absurd moments."

Three reviewers on the website cityonfire.com gave the film positive ratings of 8.5/10, 7/10, and 8/10.

## InfoBox

| Rave Fever | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese | *周末狂熱* |
|  | |
| Directed by | Alan Mak |
| Screenplay by | Susan Chan
Ip Po Ki |
| Produced by | David Chan |
| Starring | YoYo Mung
Mark Lui |
| Music by | Mark Lui |
| Production
company | Best Creation International |
| Distributed by | Golden Harvest Company |
| Release date | * 23 December 1999 (1999-12-23) |
| Running time | 75 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Languages | Cantonese
English |
| Box office | HK$ 1,824,000 |


title: Matjaž Vrhovnik

abstract: Matjaž Vrhovnik is a former Slovenian former alpine skier. Vrhovnik has one victory in Alpine Skiing World Cup, from 2000 in slalom. That same year, he also finished 3rd in the overall slalom standings. He won 3 more podiums in World Cup, all in slalom.

text:
# Matjaž Vrhovnik

**Matjaž Vrhovnik** (born 6 May 1972) is a former Slovenian former alpine skier.

Vrhovnik has one victory in Alpine Skiing World Cup, from 2000 in slalom. That same year, he also finished 3rd in the overall slalom standings. He won 3 more podiums in World Cup, all in slalom.

## World Cup results

### Season standings

| Season | Age | Overall | Slalom | Giant<br>slalom | Super-G | Downhill | Combined |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | *22* | 110 | 38 |  |  |  |  |
| 1996 | *23* | 78 | 27 |  |  |  |  |
| 1997 | *24* | 72 | 27 |  |  |  |  |
| 1998 | *25* | 91 | 35 |  |  |  |  |
| 1999 | *26* | 89 | 35 |  |  |  |  |
| 2000 | *27* | 17 | 3 |  |  |  |  |
| 2001 | *28* | 46 | 15 |  |  |  |  |
| 2002 | *29* | 135 | 56 |  |  |  |  |
|

### Race podiums

| Season | Date | Location | Discipline | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2000** | 9 January 2000 | Chamonix, France | Slalom | 3rd |
| | 23 January 2000 | Kitzbühel, Austria | Slalom | 2nd |
| | 20 February 2000 | Adelboden, Switzerland | Slalom | **1st** |
| | 19 March 2000 | Bormio, Italy | Slalom | 3rd |


title: Mimili, South Australia

abstract: Mimili is an Aboriginal community in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia, comprising one of the six main communities on "The Lands". At the 2016 Australian census, Mimili had a population of 243. After European settlement in the 19th century, there was a cattle station on the land, which was named Everard Park. The station was purchased by the South Australian government in 1972 before transferring it to the traditional owners.

text:
# Mimili, South Australia

**Mimili** is an Aboriginal community in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia, comprising one of the six main communities on "The Lands" (the others being Amata, Pukatja, Kaltjiti, Indulkana and Pipalyatjara). At the 2016 Australian census, Mimili had a population of 243.

After European settlement in the 19th century, there was a cattle station on the land, which was named **Everard Park**. The station was purchased by the South Australian government in 1972 before transferring it to the traditional owners.

## Time zone

Due to its links with the Northern Territory and proximity to the border, the APY Lands do not observe daylight savings unlike the rest of South Australia. The time zone observed throughout the year is Australian Central Standard Time (UTC+9:30), in line with Darwin rather than Adelaide.

## Geography

Mimili is situated in South Australia, within the APY, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of the Stuart Highway and 380 kilometres (240 mi) south of Alice Springs.

## History and significance

According to the local Pitjantjatjara people, Mimili is the original name. The community grew around the Everard Park cattle station, and is surrounded by the rocky Everard Ranges. The land was handed back to the traditional owners in 1972.

The settlement was funded by the federal government as an outstation during the 1980s.

### Significance

The site, surrounded by the mountains, is a special place, or sacred site, to the local Pitjantjatjara people, believed to be the site of the *maku* (witchetty grub) Dreaming. The maku is the local school's emblem.

## Climate

Based upon the climate records of the nearest weather station at Marla Police Station, Mimili experiences summer maximum temperatures of an average of 37.1 °C in January and a winter maximum average temperature of 19.7 °C in June. Overnight lows range from a mean minimum temperature of 21.8 °C in January to 5.0 °C in June.

Annual rainfall averages 222.6 millimetres.

## Demographics

As of 2016, Mimili's population was 243. 69.8% of the people identified as Aboriginal Australians, 2.8% as Torres Strait Islanders. 92.5% were born in Australia. 65% reported speaking Pitjantjatjara at home; 9.6% spoke only English at home. Of those available in the work force, all were employed, about half of those being part-time. Roughly a quarter of those employed were managers, a quarter community and personal service workers and a quarter professionals.

## Facilities

Mimili has an airstrip and a health facility known as Nganampa Health Mayatjar. There are council facilities. Diesel power generation facilities supply power to the community. Water is provided from 5 bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community.

The Mimili Anangu School has an enrolment of approximately 60 children. Attendance at the school benefited from the construction of a swimming pool in a joint Commonwealth / State Government initiative that was operational in September 2006 and officially opened the following month on 28 October 2006 by Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Families, Communities and Indigenous Affairs Mal Brough.

Mimili was the first community in the APY Lands to create a bush foods garden. The garden was a source of training and education for students of technical and further education (or "TAFE") in the Mimili area.

Mimili has a permanent South Australian police station, open seven days a week.

A mobile polling booth visits Mimili for elections every four years to elect the Parliament of South Australia.

A permit is required for a member of the public to visit any community on the APY Lands, as they are freehold lands owned by the Aboriginal people.

## Art centre

Mimili Maku Arts is one of ten Indigenous-owned and -governed enterprises that go to make up the APY Art Centre Collective, established in 2013. Its name derives from the Maku (witchetty grub) Tjukurpa, which is found in the paintings of senior artists like Betty Kuntiwa Pumani (winner National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award-winner 2015 & 2016 and winner of the 2017 Wynne Prize), Ngupulya Pumani (finalist NATSIAA 2015, finalist Wynne Prize 2017), Tuppy Goodwin (finalist NATSIAA 2018) and Puna Yanima.

## People

## InfoBox

| Mimili<br>South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Mimili | |
| Coordinates | 26°59′58″S 132°42′28″E / 26.99944°S 132.70778°E / -26.99944; 132.70778 |
| Population | 243 (2016 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 0872 |
| Elevation | 500 m (1,640 ft) |
| Location | 70 km (43 mi) W of Stuart Highway |
| LGA(s) | Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara |
| State electorate(s) | Giles |
| Federal division(s) | Grey |


title: Olifantskop Pass

abstract: Olifantskop Pass is situated in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It carries three to four lanes of road traffic on the N10 national road over the Suurberg mountains between Paterson and Cookhouse.

text:
# Olifantskop Pass

**Olifantskop Pass** (*lit. transl.*Elephant's head) is situated in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It carries three to four lanes of road traffic on the N10 national road over the Suurberg mountains between Paterson and Cookhouse.

## History

Prior to the construction of Olifantskop Pass in 1955, the Suurberg Pass was the main route from Gqeberha to Johannesburg for 100 years.

On 27 June 1985, anti-apartheid activist Sicelo Mhlauli of The Cradock Four was arrested at a roadblock on the pass.

## InfoBox

| Olifantskop Pass | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the pass in the Eastern Cape | |
| Elevation | 723 m.a.s.l. |
| Length | 9.658 kilometres (6.001 mi) |
| Traversed by | N10 |
| Location | Between Paterson and Cookhouse |
| Range | Suurberge |
| Coordinates | 33°19′08″S 25°56′47″E / 33.3188°S 25.9465°E / -33.3188; 25.9465 |
| Olifantskop Pass (Eastern Cape) | |


title: Procor

abstract: Procor is a Canadian company producing railway shipping cars. It is Canada's largest private rail car rental fleet, with more than 30,000 conventional and special-purpose tank and freight cars. Linked to Sparling Tank Car of Toronto, Procor was founded in 1952 as Products Tank Line Limited and became an affiliate of US-based Union Tank Car Company. The company, which shortened its name to Procor in 1962, is headquartered in Oakville, Ontario.

text:
# Procor

**Procor** is a Canadian company producing railway shipping cars. It is Canada's largest private rail car rental fleet, with more than 30,000 conventional and special-purpose tank and freight cars.

Linked to Sparling Tank Car of Toronto, Procor was founded in 1952 as **Products Tank Line Limited** and became an affiliate of US-based Union Tank Car Company. The company, which shortened its name to Procor in 1962, is headquartered in Oakville, Ontario.

## Manufacturing and sepair

Procor manufactured cars in its Oakville shops until 2002, but now sources from parent Union Tank Car's plant in Alexandria, Louisiana and Sheldon, Texas.

List of cars once manufactured by Procor:

* Hopper car
* Tank car - (sulphuric acid, LPG, ethanol)
* Funnel flow tank car
* Coal gondola

Procor operates from numerous locations across Canada.

### Repair shops

### Mobile/mini shops

## InfoBox

Procor Limited
|
|  |
| Industry | Special railcar leasing and repair |
| Founded | 1952 (1952) in Canada (as Products Tank Line Limited) |
| Headquarters | Oakville, Ontario, Canada |
| Products | Tank car, Hopper car, Gondola car (before 2002) |
| Owner | Union Tank Car Company (since 1952) |
| Website | www.procor.com |


title: Achchamundu! Achchamundu!

abstract: Achchamundu! Achchamundu! is a 2009 Indian-American Tamil language social thriller directed by Arun Vaidyanathan, starring Prasanna, Emmy Award–winning American actor John Shea and Sneha. It is the first film in Indian cinema to be shot with the Red One camera system. The music was composed by Karthik Raja with cinematography by Chris Freilich. The film was released on 17 July 2009 worldwide.

text:
# Achchamundu! Achchamundu!

***Achchamundu! Achchamundu!*** (transl. There is fear! There is fear!) is a 2009 Indian-American Tamil language social thriller directed by Arun Vaidyanathan, starring Prasanna, Emmy Award–winning American actor John Shea and Sneha. It is the first film in Indian cinema to be shot with the Red One camera system. The music was composed by Karthik Raja with cinematography by Chris Freilich. The film was released on 17 July 2009 worldwide.

## Plot

Senthil Kumar (Prasanna) and Malini (Sneha) are a happily married couple in New Jersey, living life like any other born-in-India, arrived-in-the-US couple do. Senthil submerges himself in the office and eats sambar rice at home, and Malini never misses a bhajan at the temple and shops at Indian stores. They have a 10-year-old daughter Rithika (Akshaya Dinesh), the apple of their eyes (their car's license plate carries the name of their daughter).

The family has just settled down in a new, spacious home about which Malini, understandably, has fears. The couple squabbles amicably about everything from Malini's perpetual laundry and cooking; while Senthil argues with friends about the significance of viboothi and takes his family on weekend trips and birthday parties. It is a normal, happy life in the US until Robertson (John Shea) arrives, to paint the basement. Now, things are never the same at home again.

Robertson's unusually kind behavior towards children sets off warning bells in your head, especially when he is shown to be a pedophile who exercises like mad within the confines of his home, always moving on towards his next target. How the couple saves their child forms the rest of the story.

## Cast

## Production

### Title

The film's title is the inverse of the phrase "Achamillai Achamillai" coined by poet Subramania Bharati, and later used as the title of a 1984 film directed by K. Balachander.

### Filming

The film was made in 28 days on a budget of ₹3.25 crore (worth ₹11 crore in 2021 prices). For the first time in Indian cinema, Red One camera was used for filming. The film was shot in New Jersey and New York during early 2008. Color correction and sound mixing were done in Los Angeles.

## Release

The movie was released on 17 July 2009 in Tamil Nadu and select markets in the United States.

## Reception

The film was officially selected for screening at the 12th Shanghai International Film Festival (under the International Panorama category), the Digital Cinema Film Festival in Japan, the Cairo International Film Festival, the International Film Festival of India in Goa, and the Chennai International Film Festival.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Karthik Raja.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "U.S.A U.S.A" | Rahul Nambiar, Anupama, Krish | Palani Bharathi | 4.18 |
| 2 | "Kannil Dhaagam" | S. Sowmya | Andal Priyadarshini | 3.42 |
| 3 | "Parvai Vali Sumandhal" | Rahul Nambiar | | 1.25 |
| 4 | "Theme Music" | Instrumental | - | 3.35 |
|

## Reception

*Rediff* wrote "For the guts in coming up with a unique, important theme that needs to be addressed sensitively, this movie works. A must-watch". *Behindwoods* wrote "Although the theme of child abuse is a serious issue and has the potency to take on a different shade with even the slightest skew, Arun Vaidhyanathan has done a tightrope walking commendably with absolutely no shades of vulgarity or impropriety. Kudos for tackling such a sensitive subject with a lot of sensibility and acumen!". *The Times of India* wrote "The average Indian may shy away from paedophilia, but director Vaidyanathan makes a compelling case to watch this film. Subtlety is the byword here rather than gory, knife-edge moments. The approach makes a deeper impression than a dramatic one could have." A critic from *Deccan Herald* opined that "Despite its shortcomings, ‘Achamundu Achamundu’ deserves a dekko".

## Awards and nominations

| Event | Category | Recipient | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Garden State Film Festival | Best Homegrown Feature Film | *Achamundu! Achamundu!* (also for *Split Ends*) | Won |  |
| Tamil Nadu State Film Awards | Best Picture (Third Prize) | *Achamundu! Achamundu!* | Won |  |
| | Special Prize | Prasanna | Won | |
| Media Guild Awards |  | Arun Vaidyanathan | Won |  |
| Edison Awards | Best Actress | Sneha | Won |
| Chennai International Film Festival | Best Feature Film | *Achamundu! Achamundu!* | Won |  |
| Filmfare Awards South | Filmfare Best Actress Award | Sneha | Nominated |
|

1. "rediff.com: Striking fear with Achamundu! Achamundu!". *specials.rediff.com*.
2. "Hollywood hails Achamundu!". *Behindwoods*. 17 October 2008.
3. Sundaram, Malathy. "ACHCHAMUNDU ACHCHAMUNDU - MUSIC REVIEW". *Behindwoods*.
4. Shobha Warrier (12 May 2009). "Tamil film selected for Shanghai Film Festival". *Rediff.com*.
5. ""Achchamundu!" to be screened at Cairo festival". *The Hindu*. 14 October 2009.
6. "Sneha makes it to the Goa Film fest". *Behindwoods*. 22 October 2009.
7. "'Achchamundu..', 'Pasanga' emerge winners". *Indiaglitz*. 25 December 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010.
8. "Review: Achamundu is a must-watch". *Rediff*.
9. "Achchamundu Achchamundu - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie Reviews - Achchamundu Achchamundu Prasanna Sneha Arun Vaidyanathan Karthik Raja". *www.behindwoods.com*.
10. "Achchamundu Achchamundu Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Achchamundu Achchamundu by Times of India". *The Times of India*.
11. Vishwanath, S. (8 August 2009). "Achamundu Achamundu". *Deccan Herald*.
12. Manigandan, KR (9 April 2009). "AA wins award in US". *The Times of India*.
13. "Hero Vikram, Heroine Aishwarya Rajesh and Villain Vijay Sethupathi". *Indiaglitz*. 24 July 2017.

## InfoBox

| Achchamundu! Achchamundu! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Arun Vaidyanathan |
| Written by | Arun Vaidyanathan |
| Produced by | Arun Vaidyanathan
Asma Hashmi
Ananth Govinda
P. Srinivasan
Ramzan Lakhani |
| Starring | Prasanna
John Shea
Sneha
Akshaya Dinesh |
| Cinematography | Chris Freilich |
| Music by | Karthik Raja |
| Release date | * 17 July 2009 (2009-07-17) |
| Running time | 135 minutes |
| Countries | India
United States |
| Language | Tamil |


abstract: Mrs. Fiske Warren and Her Daughter Rachel is a 1903 oil on canvas portrait painting by American portrait painter John Singer Sargent of Gretchen Osgood Warren, an American actress, singer, and poet, and her daughter Rachel Warren. The painting measures at 152.4 × 102.55 cm (60.0 × 40.4 in) and is exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. The museum acquired it on 13 May 1964.

text:
# Mrs. Fiske Warren (Gretchen Osgood) and Her Daughter Rachel

***Mrs. Fiske Warren (Gretchen Osgood) and Her Daughter Rachel*** is a 1903 oil on canvas portrait painting by American portrait painter John Singer Sargent of Gretchen Osgood Warren, an American actress, singer, and poet, and her daughter Rachel Warren. The painting measures at 152.4 × 102.55 cm (60.0 × 40.4 in) and is exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. The museum acquired it on 13 May 1964.

## Background

Margaret Gretchen Osgood Warren was born in 1871 to an affluent family in the historic neighborhood of Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts. Because of her family's wealth, she could easily pursue music and drama. She attended the Paris Conservatory, studying under Gabriel Fauré as a mezzo-soprano.

She married into another affluent Beacon Hill family when she became the wife of paper manufacturer Fiske Warren on 14 May 1891.

In April 1903, Fiske Warren commissioned the famous American portraitist John Singer Sargent to paint Gretchen and their daughter. The sitting was done in Fenway Court, then the home of Boston philanthropist and American art collector Isabella Stewart Gardner, whose immense collection would become the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum that same year.

## Description

Gretchen Warren is seen seated in a Renaissance style chair with her daughter Rachel Warren. Sargent attempted to emulate aristocratic poses while using a modern and confident approach to the brush strokes.

Bibliography

Green, Martin Burgess (1989). *The Mount Vernon Street Warrens : a Boston story, 1860-1910*. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 150–156. ISBN 0-684-19109-1. Retrieved 4 July 2013.

Notes

## InfoBox

| Mrs. Fiske Warren (Gretchen Osgood) and Her Daughter Rachel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | John Singer Sargent |
| Year | 1903 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 152.4 cm × 102.55 cm (60.0 in × 40.37 in) |
| Location | Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts |


title: Masami Kubota

abstract: Masami Kubota Masami Kubota is a Japanese former gymnast who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Masami Kubota

**Masami Kubota** (久保田正躬, *Kubota Msami*, born 6 December 1931) is a Japanese former gymnast who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

| Olympic medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's gymnastics | | |
| Representing  Japan | | |
|  | 1956 Melbourne | Parallel bars |
|  | 1956 Melbourne | Team |
|  | 1956 Melbourne | Rings |


title: Werner Heine

abstract: Werner Heine was a German former footballer who played as a defender. He played 223 East German top-flight matches. He won the 1959 FDGB-Pokal with SC Dynamo Berlin. Heine won 29 caps for the East Germany national team until 1964.

text:
# Werner Heine

**Werner Heine** (14 August 1935 - 18 June 2022) was a German former footballer who played as a defender.

He played 223 East German top-flight matches. He won the 1959 FDGB-Pokal with SC Dynamo Berlin. Heine won 29 caps for the East Germany national team until 1964.

## Managerial career

Heine was assistant manager at BSG Wismut Aue between 1971 and 1974, and manager of BSG Stahl Hennigsdorf from 1984 to 1985.

1. "Der 1. FC Union Berlin trauert um Werner Heine".
2. "Der 1. FC Union Berlin trauert um Werner Heine".
3. Arnhold, Matthias (1 June 2018). "Werner Heine - Matches and Goals in Oberliga". RSSSF. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
4. Arnhold, Matthias (1 June 2018). "Werner Heine - International Appearances". RSSSF. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

## InfoBox

Werner Heine
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 14 August 1935 | | |
| Place of birth | Roßleben, Germany | | |
| Date of death | 18 June 2022 (age 85) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1943–1951 | BSG Einheit Roßleben | | |
| 1952–1953 | BSG Aktivist Nebra | | |
| 1954 | DHfK Leipzig | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1955–1966 | BFC Dynamo | 194 | (13) |
| 1966–1967 | Union Berlin | 16 | (2) |
| Total |  | **210** | **(15)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1958–1964 | East Germany | 29 | (2) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1971–1974 | BSG Wismut Aue (assistant) | | |
| 1984–1985 | BSG Stahl Hennigsdorf | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Olifantshoek

abstract: Olifantshoek is a town in John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The village is 60 km northwest of Postmasburg and 80 km southwest of Kuruman. It developed from a police post and is administered by a village management board. The name is of Afrikaans origin and means "elephants' corner" or "elephants' glen", referring to the many elephant skeletons that Dutch settlers found in the area. It may also be translated from Tswana "ditlou".

text:
# Olifantshoek

**Olifantshoek** is a town in John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa.

The village is 60 km northwest of Postmasburg and 80 km southwest of Kuruman. It developed from a police post and is administered by a village management board. The name is of Afrikaans origin and means "elephants' corner" or "elephants' glen", referring to the many elephant skeletons that Dutch settlers found in the area. It may also be translated from Tswana "ditlou".

## History

The town was officially founded in 1912. The town was allegedly named after the tusk of an elephant that was used to purchase the farm on which the town was built. Many other elephant bones were found in the area.

## Geography

Olifantshoek lies at the foot of the Lange Mountains on the Namakwari Route in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. For millions of years, a natural reservoir beneath the dunes has washed the red oxide out of the sand leaving white dunes which remain. These white dunes contrast against the rust-red sand of the rest of the Kalahari. During hot and dry conditions, the grains of sand rub together to create a deep hum. These sounds are best heard in close proximity to the dunes during the summer months between September and April. Rain silences the sounds of the dunes. The town is also known as the ‘Gateway to the White and Roaring Sands’.

## Climate

Olifantshoek is situated within both the Savanna and Nama-Karoo biomes, and is a semi-arid region. Average yearly rainfall is 242mm per annum with the majority of the rain falling in summer. Day temperatures often reach over 35 degrees Celsius in mid-summer. Winters are clear and dry, and, while daytime temperatures average 21 degrees Celsius, temperatures often drop below zero at night.

## Attractions

### Witsand Nature Reserve

The Witsand Nature Reserve has white sand dunes which are surrounded by contrasting red sand dunes. The reserve spans over 2,500 hectares of land with dunes up to 100 metres high and 10 kilometres in length. These white dunes are also known as the Kalahari Roaring Sands due to the sounds they make under certain weather conditions. The colouring of the dunes is believed to have been formed by numerous hills beneath the sand. Wildlife that can be observed in the nature reserve include meerkats, pangolins and aardvarks. Larger antelope such as the red hartebeest, springbok, gemsbok and kudu can also be seen. Nocturnal wildlife includes the porcupine, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, Cape fox, genet, springhare and owl.

### Hiking trails

The Neylan and the Pudu hiking trails are available for exploration in Olifantshoek.

### San Rock Paintings

There are numerous engravings and San rock art paintings in the Olifantshoek area. Some of these can be viewed on Meerlust and Pan Heuwel farms.

### War Grave

The war graves cemetery in Olifantshoek dates back to 1879. The graves are of the deceased during the Galeshewe wars fought between the inhabitants of the old Transvaal and the Tswana people on the western perimeter of the old Transvaal Republic. These graves are on the Fuller farm.

## InfoBox

| Olifantshoek | |
| --- | --- |
| OlifantshoekOlifantshoek | |
| Coordinates: 27°56′S 22°44′E / 27.933°S 22.733°E / -27.933; 22.733 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Northern Cape |
| District | John Taolo Gaetsewe |
| Municipality | Gamagara |
| Area | |
| Total | 66.59 km2 (25.71 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 10,233 |
| Density | 150/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 42.5% |
| Coloured | 47.7% |
| Indian/Asian | 0.6% |
| White | 5.5% |
| Other | 3.8% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Afrikaans | 78.9% |
| Tswana | 10.2% |
| English | 2.1% |
| Sotho | 1.3% |
| Other | 7.4% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 8450 |
| PO box | 8450 |
| Area code | 053 |


title: Eyyvah Eyvah 2

abstract: Eyyvah Eyvah 2 is a 2011 Turkish comedy film, directed by Hakan Algül, starring Ata Demirer as a young clarinet player who struggles to win back his fiancé after she moves to a small village in the Turkish countryside. The film, which opened on January 7, 2011 at number 1 in the Turkish box office, is a sequel to the hit comedy Eyyvah Eyvah (2010).

text:
# Eyyvah Eyvah 2

***Eyyvah Eyvah 2*** is a 2011 Turkish comedy film, directed by Hakan Algül, starring Ata Demirer as a young clarinet player who struggles to win back his fiancé after she moves to a small village in the Turkish countryside. The film, which opened on January 7, 2011 at number 1 in the Turkish box office, is a sequel to the hit comedy *Eyyvah Eyvah* (2010).

## Plot

Hüseyin (Ata Demirer), a clarinetist from a village in Turkey's Thracian region, tries to reach his fiancé, who works as a nurse in a village near Çanakkale, to give her a ring to win back her heart.

## Release

The film opened on nationwide general release in 357 screens across Turkey on January 7, 2011 at number 1 in the national box office with a first weekend gross of US$5,170,314.

## Reception

The film was number 1 in the Turkish national box office for three weeks running and has made a total gross of US$15,363,346.

## InfoBox

| Eyyvah Eyvah 2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Hakan Algül |
| Written by | Ata Demirer |
| Produced by | Necati Akpınar |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Gökhan Atılmış |
| Edited by | Mustafa Gökçen |
| Music by |  |
| Production<br>company | BKM Film |
| Distributed by | UIP |
| Release date | * 7 January 2011 (2011-01-07) |
| Country | Turkey |
| Language | Turkish |
| Box office | US$15,363,346 |


title: Rakka (film)

abstract: Rakka is a 2017 American-Canadian military science fiction short film made by Oats Studios and directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was released on YouTube and Steam on 14 June 2017.

text:
# Rakka (film)

***Rakka*** is a 2017 American-Canadian military science fiction short film made by Oats Studios and directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was released on YouTube and Steam on 14 June 2017.

## Plot

### Chapter 1: *World*

In the near future, Earth will be attacked by technologically superior and highly aggressive reptilian aliens called the Klum (pronounced "klume"). Humanity is nearing extinction with millions dead or enslaved. The Klum transform the Earth in favor of their own ideal living conditions. They do this at first by burning forests and destroying cities. Then they build megastructures that alter the atmosphere by pumping out methane. The gas makes it progressively harder for terrestrial life to breathe. And it warms the climate, which leads to flooding of coastal cities.

The story begins in 2020, from the viewpoint of resistance fighters in Texas, a group of US Army soldiers and many others who have banded together. Most human survivors live underground or among ruins. They have barely enough provisions, weapons, and ammunition. The humans fight by using whatever they can against the primary Klum weapon: an omnipresent nanite in their weaponry, and telepathic control over any human that makes direct eye contact with them.

The resistance makes "brain-barriers" that block this mind control. The Klum know, however, that a scarcity of materials means a scarcity of brain barriers. They hope, therefore, to win a war of attrition against the human survivors.

Some prisoners are living incubators for the Klum's young, which inevitably kills the victims. Others are dissected. Still other humans are converted into human loudspeakers that urge humans to surrender into "conservatories". Very few humans ever escape.

After the Klum destroy a militia convoy with an airstrike, one of the surviving soldiers witnesses an angel-like being materialize from thin air. The narration describes ″them″ as mankind's saviours.

### Chapter 2: *Amir & Nosh*

Nosh is a tech-savvy pyromaniac and bomb-maker, eking out a living in a scrapyard far from the resistance. The resistance despises Nosh for his murderous glee and demands - giving the sick or suicidal over as bait during his many IED ambushes. They must, however, give in to Nosh's demands to secure the IEDs and the brain-barriers he makes.

The resistance stumble across Amir, a mute who has escaped from the Klum. He has extensive cybernetics across his head and shoulders. Amid opposition from her lieutenants, the resistance leader, Jasper, releases Amir from her custody into the care of a resistance fighter named Sarah.

Sarah, having lost her daughter to the Klum's experiments, takes a liking to him. She gives Amir food and drink while trying to persuade him to help the resistance fight the Klum by using the precognitive abilities he acquired via the aliens' experiments.

### Chapter 3: *Siege*

Amir recovers physically and mentally. Then, because of his implant, he has a premonition involving a wounded Klum on the run from militia forces.

Sarah pleads with Amir to help the militia officers to stop the genocide. The more she talks to him, the more his eyes change, seeing the premonition of the impending attack more clearly. Amir, still mute, foresees the militia successfully shooting down an alien aircraft, and the pilot is the alien on the run.

Sarah asks Amir if they will be able to learn how to hunt the Klum and teach them how to fear. Unable to answer, he foresees the Klum telekinetically bashing one of the militia soldiers, disconnecting his brain barrier and causing him to be mind-controlled, turning on his comrades, who are forced to kill him.

Sarah tells Amir that he now has the abilities the aliens have and that he is to use them for humanity. Back in the vision, the militia surround the Klum; Jasper orders the militia to cut off its head. The film ends with Sarah urging Amir to use his abilities because he is humanity's last hope.

## Cast

* Sigourney Weaver as Jasper
* Eugene Khumbanyiwa as Amir
* Robert Hobbs as Carl
* Carly Pope as Sarah
* Brandon Auret as Nosh
* Mike Huff as Policeman
* Owen McCrae as Klum
* Connor Page as Child
* Jay Anstey as A suicide bomber
* Justin Shaw as Man in medical device
* Carla Marais as eight-year-old girl
* Ryan Angilley as Martinez
* Alec Gillis as Militia officer 1
* Ruan Coetzee as Militia officer 2
* Paul Davies as Militia officer 3
* Pieter Jacobz as Militia officer 4

## InfoBox

| Rakka | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Neill Blomkamp |
| Written by | Neill Blomkamp
Tom Sweterlitsch |
| Starring | Sigourney Weaver
Carly Pope |
| Music by | Lorne Balfe |
| Production
company | Oats Studios |
| Release date | * June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14) (YouTube) |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Countries | United States
Canada |
| Language | English |


title: Proto-Hlai language

abstract: Proto-Hlai is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages. Proto-Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff (1988), Thurgood (1991), Wu (2000), Ostapirat (2004), and Norquest (2007).

text:
# Proto-Hlai language

**Proto-Hlai** is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages. Proto-Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff (1988), Thurgood (1991), Wu (2000), Ostapirat (2004), and Norquest (2007).

## Phonology

Peter K. Norquest (2007) reconstructs 29 basic Proto-Hlai consonants (Norquest 2007:135), while Weera Ostapirat reconstructs only 19 proto-consonants (Ostapirat 2007:145).

Proto-Hlai Consonants
(Norquest 2007)
|  | | Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Plosive | voiceless |  |  |  |  | k | ʔ |
| | voiceless aspirated |  |  | tʃʰ | tɕʰ |  |  |
| | implosive | ɓ | ɗ |  |  |  |  |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s |  |  |  |  |
| | voiced | C-β |  |  |  |  | ɦ |
| Nasal | voiceless |  |  |  | ɲ̊ | ŋ̊ |  |
| | voiced | C-m | C-n |  | C-ɲ | C-ŋ |  |
| Lateral | voiceless |  | ʰl |  |  |  |  |
| | voiced |  | C-l |  |  |  |  |
| Tap | |  | ɾ |  |  |  |  |
| Trill | |  | r |  |  |  |  |
| Approximant | voiceless | ʍ |  |  | ȷ̊ |  |  |
| | voiced | ʋ |  |  |  |  |  |

Norquest additionally reconstructs six onsets suggesting consonant clusters: \*pl, \*fj, \*lj, \*ɾj, \*tʃʰw, \*ŋ̊w. Whether these were actual consonant clusters is not clear. The clusters with a glide as a second member may have been coarticulated consonants: palatalized \*fʲ, \*lʲ, \*ɾʲ, labialized \*tʃʰʷ, \*ŋ̊ʷ, while \*pl may have arisen from a sesquisyllable \*p-l.

Norquest also reconstructs six bisyllabic root shapes:

* \*Ci + glottal: \*Ciʔ-, \*Ciɦ-
* \*Cu + glottal: \*Cuʔ-, \*Cuɦ-
* \*Cu + rhotic: \*Cuɾ-, \*Cur-

Pretonic syllables are later lost in all Hlai languages, but in these six combinations, they trigger in some languages conditional developments of the tonic syllable's onset consonant, allowing them to be distinguished in reconstruction.

In Ostapirat's (2004) reconstruction, Proto-Hlai forms can be both monosyllabic and disyllabic. Some disyllabic forms have medial consonants beginning with three penultimate vowels (\*u-, \*i-, \*a-; the last of which is default). Vowels can also combine with \*-i or \*-u to form diphthongs. Tones (\*A, \*B, \*C, \*D) are also reconstructed.

In the table below, Proto-Hlai consonants marked as green can occur at the end of syllables.

Proto-Hlai Consonants
(Ostapirat 2004)
|  | | Labial | | Labiodental | | Alveolar | | Palatal | | Velar | | Glottal or
uvular | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nasal | | m | |  | | n | | ɲ | | ŋ | |  | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | |  | | t | | c | | k | | ʔ | |
| | voiced | b | |  | | d | | ɟ | | ɡ | |  | |
| Fricative | |  | |  | | s | |  | |  | |  | |
| Approximant | | w | | ʋ | | l | | j | |  | |  | |
| Trill | |  | |  | | r | |  | |  | | ʀ | |

Ostapirat (2004) reconstructs 5 vowels, which are /a, ə, i, ɨ, u/. Norquest reconstructs seven vowel qualities (Norquest 2007:238, 330).

Proto-Hlai Vowels
(Norquest 2007)
|  | Front | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Close | \*i \*iː | \*ɯː | \*u \*uː |
| Mid | \*eː | \*əː | \*o |
| Open |  | \*aː |  |

The short vowels \*i, , \*u, , \*o and long \*əː only appear in roots with a final consonant (Norquest 2007:330).

## Sound changes

The transition from Pre-Hlai (the predecessor of the Proto-Hlai language ancestral to both Hlai and Jiamao) to Proto-Hlai involved the following series of sound changes (Norquest 2007:308). (*Order follows that of the table of contents – not intended to be sequential*)

1. Elimination of Uvulars – loss of Pre-Hlai uvulars \*q, \*C-q, \*C-ɢ
2. Intervocalic Lenition – -p- \> -ʋ-, -t- \> -ɾ-, -k- \> -ɦ-, etc.
3. Initial Devoicing – loss of voiced fricatives, etc.
4. Vocalic Transfer – vowel in penultimate syllable moved to last syllable
5. Initial Aspiration
6. Monosyllabification – Pre-Hlai, which was sesquisyllabic, was reduced to monosyllabic forms in Proto-Hlai.
7. Stop and Fricative Affrication – ʈʰ \> tʃʰ, cʰ \> tɕʰ, etc.
8. Peripheral Vowel Raising – e(ːC) \> i(ːC), o(ːC) \> u(ːC), ɛː(C) \> eː(C), ɔC \> oC
9. Monophthongization – \*ɯa(C) \> \*ɯə(C) \> \*ɯː(C), \*oːy \> \*wiː \> \*iː

Or, in the sequential order given in Norquest (2007:416–417), which excludes monophthongization:

1. Intervocalic lenition
2. Elimination of uvulars
3. Peripheral vowel raising
4. Initial devoicing
5. Vocalic Transfer
6. Initial aspiration
7. Monosyllabification
8. Stop and fricative affrication

After evolving from Pre-Hlai, Proto-Hlai initials went through 4 main types of sound changes (Norquest 2007:66).

1. Temporal compression – reduction of constituents in the syllable; most common
2. Gesture reduction
3. Onset fortition – change to initial aspiration, etc.
4. Systemic realignment – mergers, etc.

After the breakup of Proto-Hlai, the following sound changes occurred in various Hlai branches.

1. Devoicing
2. Registrogenesis – creation of tone registers (i.e., register splits); most likely influenced by Hainanese Min Chinese

The following table gives the reflexes of the onset consonants in the Hlai languages, as well as Norquest and Ostapirat's reconstructions:

| Norquest | Ostapirat | Bouhin | Ha Em | Lauhut | Qi group | | | Cunhua | Nadouhua | Meifu group | | Run group | | Notes | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Tongzha | Zandui | Baoting | | | Changjiang | Moyfaw | Baisha | Yuanmen |
|  | \*b | ɓ | ɓ | ɓ | ɓ | | | ɓ | ɓ | ɓ | | ɓ | |
|  | \*d | ɗ | ɗ | ɗ | ɗ | | | ɗ, ts | ɗ | ɗ | | ɗ | |
| \*tɕ |  | ts | ts | ts | ts | | | ts | ts | ts | | ts | t |
| \*k | \*g | k | k | k | k | | | k | k | k | | k | |
| \*pʰ | \*p |  |  |  |  | | |  |  |  | |  | |
| \*tʰ | \*t |  |  |  |  | | | tʰ, tsʰ |  |  | |  | |
| \*kʰ | \*k |  |  |  |  | | |  |  |  | |  | |
| \*tɕʰ | \*c | tsʰ | tsʰ | tsʰ | tsʰ | | | tsʰ | s | tsʰ | | tsʰ | |
| \*tʃʰ | \*C-t | | | | | h | h || |
| \*tʃʰw | \*Cut | | | f | | f | f | f | | f | pfʰ |
| \*f | \*C-p | | | | |  | | | f | f | | |
| \*fj | \*Cip | |  | | f | s | | | s | | A very rare correspondence set, with only one word ('tooth', \*fjən) being reflected in both key languages, Cunhua and Changjiang. |
| \*C-β | \*Cup | | p | | f | f | f |  | ɣ | f | |
| \*s | \*s | t | t | t | t | | |  | f | s | | tsʰ | | \*s \> t is a late areal change, shared also by the only distantly related Be language. |
|  | \*C-k | h | h | h | h | | | h | h | h | | h | |
| \*m̥ | \*C-m | m | p | p | p ↓ | pʰ ↓ | p ↓ | ɓ ↓ | p ↓ | p ↓ | p | p | p ↓ | In these correspondence sets, nasality is retained only in Bouhin. Norquest reconstructs prenasalized stops \*mb, \*nd, \*ɲɟ, \*ŋg as the proto-non-Bouhin intermediate stage. |
| \*n̥ | \*C-n | n | t | t | t ↓ | tʰ ↓ | t ↓ | ts ↓ | t ↓ | t ↓ | t | t | t ↓ | |
| \*ɲ̊ | \*C-ɲ | ɲ | ts | ts | ts ↓ | tsʰ ↓ | ts ↓ | ts ↓ | ts ↓ | ts ↓ | ts | ts | ts ↓ | |
| \*ŋ̊ | \*C-ŋ | ŋ | k | k | k ↓ | kʰ ↓ | k ↓ | k ↓ | k ↓ | k ↓ | k | k | k ↓ | |
| \*C-m | \*m | m | m | m | m | m ↓ | m | m | m | m | | m | m ↓ |
| \*C-n | \*n | n | n | n | n | n ↓ | n | n | n | n | | n | n ↓ |
| \*C-ɲ |  | ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | n ↓ | ɲ | ɲ | ŋʲ | ɲ | | ɲ | ɲ ↓ |
| \*Ciɦ | \*Cik | h | h |  | z | z |  | | | | With rhinoglottophilia in Cunhua through Run: \*Ciɦ \> \*(Ci)ɦj \> \*ʔɲ. | | |
| \*C-ŋ |  | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ ↓ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | | ŋ | ŋ ↓ |
| \*Cuŋ | \*ŋw | | | ŋʷ | ŋʷ | | ŋ, ŋʷ | | ŋʷ | | ɱ ↓ | |
| \*Cuɦ | \*Cuk | h | h |  |  | | v | |  | | ŋ, ŋʷ | | Rhinoglottophilia in Cunhua through Run: \*Cuɦ \> \*(Cu)ɦw \> \*ʔŋʷ. |
| \*l̥ | \*C-l | ɗ | ɬ | ɬ | ɬ | | |  | l | ɬ | | ɬ | |
| \*C-l | \*l | l | l | l | l | l ↓ | l | l | l | l | | l | l ↓ |
| \*p-l | \*p-l | | | pl | pl | p | pl | ɓ ↓, l ↓ | pʲ ↓ | p ↓ | pl | pl | |
|  | \*C-r | r | r | r | r ↓ | l ↓ | l ↓ | l ↓ | l ↓ | l ↓ | r | r | r ↓ |
| \*r | \*C-ʀ | r | g | g | g ↓ | h ↓ | h ↓ | h ↓ | ŋ ↓ | g ↓ | x | x |  |
|  |  | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ | | | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ | | ʔ | |
| \*Ciʔ | \*Ciʔ | | | ʔʲ | z | z | ʔʲ | z | ʔʲ | z | | z | | These onsets (as well as \*Ciɦ-, \*Cuɦ- above) showing characteristic cheshirization outside of Bouhin and Ha Em. |
| \*Cuʔ | \*Cuʔ | | | ʔʷ |  | v | ʔʷ | v | ʔʷ |  | ɣ | | v | |
| \*Cur | \*Cuʀ | r | g |  | gʷ ↓ | v ↓ | hʷ ↓ | v ↓ | ŋ ↓, v ↓ |  | ɣ | | v | |
| \*Cuɾ | \*Cur | r | r | v | f ↓ | | | v ↓ | v ↓ | | | | f | f ↓ |
|  | \*C-ʋ | v | v | | f ↓ | v ↓ | v | | | v ↓ | v | v | v ↓ |
|  | \*Vw | | |  | | | | | | | v ↓ | v |
| \*ŋ̊w | | | | h ↓ | | | | | | | ŋ ↓, v ↓ |
| \*ȷ̊ | \*Vj | z | z | z | z ↓ | z ↓ | z | z | z ↓ | z ↓ | z | z | z ↓ |
| \*lj | \*il | | | | ɬ ↓ | | | l ↓ | | | | | ts ↓ | With \*lj \> \*lʑ \> \*ɮ \> ɬ in Qi (lowered tone still indicating earlier voicing). |
| \*ɾj | \*Cir | z | z | r | t ↓ | tʰ ↓ | t ↓ | z ↓ | l ↓ | t ↓ | t | t, ts | t, ts ↓ |

The symbol ↓ indicates here a lowered tone on the following vowel in those Hlai languages where tone split has taken place; this normally occurs following earlier voiced consonants.

* Norquest, Peter K. 2007. *A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai*. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
* Norquest, Peter K. 2015. *A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai*. Languages of Asia, Volume 13. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30052-1
* Ostapirat, Weera. 2004. "Proto-Hlai Sound System and Lexicons." In *Studies on Sino-Tibetan Languages: Papers in Honor of Professor Hwang-cherng Gong on His Seventieth Birthday*. Edited by Ying-chin Lin, Fang-min Hsu, Chun-chih Lee, Jackson T.-S. Sun, Hsiu-fang Yang, and Dah-an Ho. Institute of Linguistics. Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan: 121–175.
* Matisoff, James. 1988. "Proto-Hlai initials and tones: a first approximation." In *Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai*. Edited by Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics No. 86: 289–321.
* Thurgood, Graham. 1991. "Proto-Hlai (Li): a look at the initials, tones, and finals." In *Kadai: Discussions in Kadai and SE Asian Linguistics III*: 1–49.
* Wu Anqi 吴安其. 2000. "Liyu guyin gouni 黎语古音构拟." In *Minzu Yuwen* 民族语文 2000(5): 1–13.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Proto-Hlai | |
| --- | --- |
| Reconstruction of | Hlai languages |
| Region | Hainan |
| Reconstructed
ancestor | Proto-Kra–Dai |


title: Acarolella gentilis

abstract: Acarolella gentilis is a species of tortrix moth in the tortricine tribe Cochylini. The species was first described in 1994 by Józef Razowski. The type specimen was collected in Bolivia.

text:
# Acarolella gentilis

***Acarolella gentilis*** is a species of tortrix moth in the tortricine tribe Cochylini. The species was first described in 1994 by Józef Razowski. The type specimen was collected in Bolivia.

## Appearance

*Acarolella gentilis* has a wingspan of 17 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Acarolella gentilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Acarolella* |
| Species: | ***A. gentilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Acarolella gentilis***<br>Razowski, 1994 | |
|


title: Mundoo Island, South Australia

abstract: Mundoo Island is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on Mundoo Island and some adjoining water at the southern end of Lake Alexandrina about 87 kilometres (54 mi) south-east of the state capital of Adelaide. Its boundaries were created on 31 August 2000 for the "long established name", which is derived from the island and ultimately from an Aboriginal word mundo, which means "mud" or "filth". In 2014, a portion of land was excluded from the locality and “added to Hindmarsh Island to ensure the whole of Hindmarsh Island is within the rural locality of Hindmarsh Island”. The locality consists of Mundoo Island and a portion of the following waterways adjoining the island: the channel known as the Lower Murray in the north; Boundary Creek to the east and the south-east; the Coorong Channel in the south; the Mundoo Channel in the south-west; and Holmes Creek to the west and the north-west. The land within the locality is occupied by the privately-owned Mundoo Island Station which has been operation since 1843. Access to the locality from the mainland is a road that crosses from Goolwa to the Hindmarsh Island via the Hindmarsh Island Bridge and then onto Mundoo Island via the Mundoo Barrage. While the sole land use zoning within the locality is conservation, the land has been used for grazing since 1843, and the South Australian Government recognises that “farming activities are the predominant uses in the zone and will continue”. Mundoo Island is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Finniss, and the local government area of the Alexandrina Council.

text:
# Mundoo Island, South Australia

**Mundoo Island** is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on Mundoo Island and some adjoining water at the southern end of Lake Alexandrina about 87 kilometres (54 mi) south-east of the state capital of Adelaide.

Its boundaries were created on 31 August 2000 for the "long established name", which is derived from the island and ultimately from an Aboriginal word *mundo*, which means "mud" or "filth". In 2014, a portion of land was excluded from the locality and “added to Hindmarsh Island to ensure the whole of Hindmarsh Island is within the rural locality of Hindmarsh Island”.

The locality consists of Mundoo Island and a portion of the following waterways adjoining the island: the channel known as the Lower Murray (or the Goolwa) in the north; Boundary Creek to the east and the south-east; the Coorong Channel in the south; the Mundoo Channel in the south-west; and Holmes Creek to the west and the north-west.

The land within the locality is occupied by the privately-owned Mundoo Island Station which has been operation since 1843. Access to the locality from the mainland is a road that crosses from Goolwa to the Hindmarsh Island via the Hindmarsh Island Bridge and then onto Mundoo Island via the Mundoo Barrage.

While the sole land use zoning within the locality is conservation, the land has been used for grazing since 1843, and the South Australian Government recognises that “farming activities are the predominant uses in the zone and will continue”.

Mundoo Island is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Finniss, and the local government area of the Alexandrina Council.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Mundoo Island
South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Mundoo Island | |
| Coordinates | 35°32′53″S 138°55′57″E / 35.547965°S 138.932528°E / -35.547965; 138.932528 |
| Population | 0 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 31 August 2000 |
| Postcode(s) | 5214 |
| Time zone | ACST (UTC+9:30) |
| • Summer (DST) | ACST (UTC+10:30) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Alexandrina Council |
| Region | Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island |
| County | Hindmarsh |
| State electorate(s) | Finniss |
| Federal division(s) | Mayo |
| **Mean max temp** **Mean min temp** **Annual rainfall**  20.8 °C
69 °F 11.8 °C
53 °F 394.8 mm
15.5 in | |
| **Suburbs around Mundoo Island:**  Hindmarsh Island Hindmarsh Island
Point Sturt Point Sturt
Lake Alexandrina  Hindmarsh Island Mundoo Island Lake Alexandrina
Coorong  Coorong Coorong Coorong | |
| Footnotes | Location
Adjoining localities |


title: Mat Snow

abstract: Mat Snow is an English music journalist, magazine editor, and author. From 1995 to 1999, he was the editor of Mojo magazine; he subsequently served in the same role on the football magazine FourFourTwo. During the 1980s, Snow wrote regularly for the NME, as a reviewer and feature writer, in addition to contributing to publications such as Sounds and Q. He has twice been recognised as "Editor of the Year" by the British Society of Magazine Editors, winning for Mojo in 1996 and FourFourTwo in 2002. As an author, his books include Nick Cave: Sinner Saint and The Beatles Solo.

text:
# Mat Snow

**Mat Snow** (born 20 October 1958) is an English music journalist, magazine editor, and author. From 1995 to 1999, he was the editor of *Mojo* magazine; he subsequently served in the same role on the football magazine *FourFourTwo*.

During the 1980s, Snow wrote regularly for the *NME*, as a reviewer and feature writer, in addition to contributing to publications such as *Sounds* and . He has twice been recognised as "Editor of the Year" by the British Society of Magazine Editors, winning for *Mojo* in 1996 and *FourFourTwo* in 2002. As an author, his books include *Nick Cave: Sinner Saint* and *The Beatles Solo*.

## Career

### As reporter and reviewer

Snow began writing gig reviews for the *NME* in 1982, covering performances at London venues such as the Lyceum, Brixton's Ace Cinema, the Dominion Theatre and Ronnie Scott's. His reviews included pieces on the post-punk bands the Birthday Party, the Go-Betweens, Depeche Mode and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. Snow was an early champion of the American band R.E.M., about whom he wrote in April 1984: "*Reckoning* and its predecessor, last year's *Murmur*, confirm R.E.M. as one of the most beautifully exciting groups on the planet."

In 1986, he was the subject of Nick Cave's anti-journalistic "Scum", a song that the *NME*'s website includes in a list of "Music's Mightiest Diss Tracks". Although the pair had become friendly in 1981, Cave had taken exception when Snow referred to his 1985 album as "disappointing". Snow learnt of the Australian singer's displeasure while interviewing him in August 1986, as Cave told him: "I didn't write \['Scum'\] about the press; I wrote it about *you*." Speaking to *The Guardian* in December 2006, Snow said of "Scum": "It's a brilliant record … Like Dylan's Mr Jones or Pope's Colley Cibber, I'd rather be memorialised as the spotlit object of a genius's scorn than a dusty discographical footnote."

While also writing album reviews, Snow interviewed many other artists between 1983 and 1995 – for *Sounds*, *Q* and the *NME*. His interviewees include the following: Elvis Costello, AC/DC, Björk, Tom Petty, Kate Bush, David Byrne, Morrissey, John Cale, Jimmy Page, David Gilmour, Robert Plant, Marianne Faithfull, Bryan Ferry, Keith Richards, Iggy Pop, Leonard Cohen and Elton John.

### Editorship of *Mojo* and *FourFourTwo*

In 1993, together with journalist and author Lloyd Bradley, Snow came up with the initial concept for what became the UK men's magazine *Maxim*. The idea was discarded until publisher Felix Dennis reworked it for a younger readership, so creating a successful rival title to IPC Media's *Loaded*.

Snow took over the *Mojo* editorship from the magazine's founder, Paul Du Noyer, in 1995. In November the following year, the British Society of Magazine Editors (BSME) voted him "Editor of the Year", in the non-weekly "special interest" category, for his work on *Mojo*.

In the book *Media Organization and Production*, Eamonn Forde cites Snow among editors who advocate an approach combining "three interrelated roles" – namely "the journalistic", "the financial" and "the managerial" – rather than focusing purely on newsroom content. The same book quotes him on the demise of *Melody Maker*, following IPC's attempts to tailor that long-running title to a younger readership in 1999: "they identified a niche in that market, but is there a market in that niche?" Barney Hoskyns, a former *Mojo* contributor, views Snow as a rare exception among magazine editors, about whom he says: "Very few bother to make one feel at all valuable."

After leaving *Mojo*, Snow worked as editorial consultant to Cabal Communications. In March 2001, he was announced as the new editor of Haymarket's popular football magazine, *FourFourTwo*. While acknowledging his lack of professional experience with sports titles, Snow told *The Guardian* that football had "always been my vice"; he added that he hoped to give the magazine the same lighthearted tone typical of *Q* and *Mojo*. In 2002, Snow won a second BSME "Editor of the Year" award, for his editorship of *FourFourTwo*.

### As author

Having interviewed Paul McCartney as part of *Mojo*'s coverage of the Beatles' 1995–96 *Anthology* project, Snow authored a four-volume book on the former band members' careers after the group's break-up, titled *The Beatles Solo* (2013). The book was one of several Beatles-related titles released in 2013, 50 years after the band's rise to fame. Snow's other books include *Nick Cave: Sinner Saint*, published by Plexus in 2011.

Snow currently works as the editorial consultant to the music journalism website Rock's Backpages. His writing has also appeared in *The Guardian*, for which he first interviewed Leonard Cohen in 1988. In October 2014, Race Point published Snow's U2 biography, titled *U2: Revolution*.

## Books and publications

* *Nick Cave: Sinner Saint: The True Confessions, Thirty Years of Essential Interviews* (2011)
* *The Beatles Solo: The Illustrated Chronicles of John, Paul, George and Ringo after The Beatles* (2013)
* *King: My Autobiography. Ledley King* (2013)
* *U2: Revolution* (2014)


title: Guipi Wan

abstract: Guipi Wan is a brown honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "invigorate the spleen function, nourish blood and cause sedation". It has a slight odor, and tastes sweet, and then slightly bitter and pungent. It is used where there is "deficiency syndrome of both the heart and the spleen marked by shortness of breath, cardiac palpitation, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, dizziness, lassitude, anorexia, excessive menstrual discharge or hematochezia".

text:
# Guipi Wan

**Guipi Wan** (simplified Chinese: 归脾丸; traditional Chinese: 歸脾丸) is a brown honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "invigorate the spleen function, nourish blood and cause sedation". It has a slight odor, and tastes sweet, and then slightly bitter and pungent. It is used where there is "*deficiency syndrome* of both the heart and the spleen marked by shortness of breath, cardiac palpitation, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, dizziness, lassitude, anorexia, excessive menstrual discharge or hematochezia".

## Chinese classic herbal formula of Guipi Wan

| Name | Chinese () | Grams |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Radix Codonopsis | 党参 | 80 |
| Rhizoma-Atractylodis Macrocephalae (stir-baked) | 白术(炒) | 160 |
| Radix Astragali Preparata | 炙黄芪 | 80 |
| Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata | 炙甘草 | 40 |
| Poria | 茯苓 | 160 |
| Radix Polygalae (processed) | 远志(制) | 160 |
| Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (stir-baked) | 酸枣仁(炒) | 80 |
| Arillus Longan | 龙眼肉 | 160 |
| Radix Angelicae Sinensis | 当归 | 160 |
| Radix Aucklandiae | 木香 | 40 |
| Fructus Jujubae (cored) | 大枣 | 40 |


title: Ole Aavatsmark

abstract: Ole Severin Aavatsmark (1918–1983) was a Norwegian lawyer and politician. He served as the County Governor of Nordland county from 1966 until his death in 1983.

text:
# Ole Aavatsmark

**Ole Severin Aavatsmark** (19181983) was a Norwegian lawyer and politician. He served as the County Governor of Nordland county from 1966 until his death in 1983.

## Personal life

Aavatsmark was born on 6 March 1918 in Namsos in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. He was the son of Olav Aavatsmark and Jorid Ekker. He was also the grandson of the politician Ole Severin Aavatsmark. In 1943, he married Constance Marie Greiff-Olsen. He died on 31 March 1983 in the town of Bodø in Nordland county, Norway.

## Education and career

Aavatsmark took the Examen artium in 1936. He received his Candidate of Law degree from the University of Oslo in 1941. He became a deputy judge in the Alstahaug District Court in 1942. Aavatsmark was a councilor on the Nord-Trøndelag county council from 1946 to 1953. In 1953, he became the county manager for the Nordland county council, and he worked in that role until 1966. In 1966, he was appointed to the position of county governor for the county of Nordland which he held until his death in 1983.

## InfoBox

| Ole Severin Aavatsmark | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Governor of Nordland | |
| **In office**
1966–1983 | |
| Preceded by | Bue Fjermeros |
| Succeeded by | Odd With |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1918-03-06)6 March 1918
Namsos, Norway |
| Died | 31 March 1983(1983-03-31) (aged 65)
Bodø, Norway |
| Citizenship | Norway |
| Spouse | Constance Marie Greiff-Olsen |
| Parents | * Olav Aavatsmark (father) * Jorid Ekker (mother) |
| Alma mater | University of Oslo (1941) |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Palaeocoprina

abstract: Palaeocoprina is a genus of flies belonging to the family Sphaeroceridae, the lesser dung flies.

text:
# Palaeocoprina

***Palaeocoprina*** is a genus of flies belonging to the family Sphaeroceridae, the lesser dung flies.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Palaeocoprina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Sphaeroceridae |
| Subfamily: | Limosininae |
| Genus: | ***Palaeocoprina***
Duda, 1920 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Archileptocera (Palaeocoprina) geminiseta*
Duda, 1920 | |


title: Jane Brown Grimes

abstract: Jane Brown Grimes was President of the United States Tennis Association from 2007 to 2008. Her tenure made Brown Grimes the second female president in USTA history. Brown Grimes was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2014.

text:
# Jane Brown Grimes

**Jane Brown Grimes** (born **Trowbridge Gillespie**; January 20, 1941  November 2, 2021) was President of the United States Tennis Association from 2007 to 2008. Her tenure made Brown Grimes the second female president in USTA history. Brown Grimes was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2014.

## Early life and education

Jane Trowbridge Gillespie was born on January 20, 1941, in Freeport, New York. After graduating from Wellesley College in 1962, she went to the Zicklin School of Business to earn a Master of Business Administration degree. Brown Grimes studied international relations at the University of Cambridge.

## Career

Brown Grimes started her career working at *Life* as a reporter. In 1977, she moved to tennis to start a New York City branch of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. With the ITHF, she was named executive director in 1981 before leaving to work for the Women's Tennis Council in 1986. During her time with the WTC, she was managing director from 1986 to 1991. In 1991, Brown Grimes returned to the ITHF and became president from 1991 to 2000.

In 2000, Brown Grimes began her executive career with the United States Tennis Association. Brown Grimes was the First Vice President in 2005 before being promoted to president in 2007. When she became president, Brown Grimes was the second woman in USTA history to hold the position. Brown Grimes remained as president until she was succeeded by Lucy S. Garvin in 2009.

## Honors

In 2014, Brown Grimes was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.

## Personal life and death

Brown Grimes was married to Olympic gold medallist Charles Grimes, who won gold at the 1956 Summer Olympics in rowing. She had three children. Grimes died in New York City on November 2, 2021.

## InfoBox

Jane Brown Grimes
| Born | (1941-01-20)January 20, 1941<br>Freeport, New York, U.S. |
| --- | --- |
| Died | November 2, 2021(2021-11-02) (aged 80) |
| Int. Tennis HoF | 2014 *(member page)* |
|  | |
| Spouse | Charles Grimes |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |


title: Wustermark

abstract: Wustermark is a municipality of the Havelland district, in Brandenburg, Germany.

text:
# Wustermark

**Wustermark** is a municipality of the Havelland district, in Brandenburg, Germany.

## History

It was established in 2002 through a merger of the five villages *Buchow-Karpzow*, *Elstal*, *Hoppenrade*, *Priort* and *Wustermark*.

Near *Elstal* are the remains of the Olympic Village of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

## Demography

Wustermark: Population development
within the current boundaries (2020)
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1875  2,708       1890  3,065 +0.83%  1910  2,787 −0.47%  1925  3,911 +2.28%  1939  4,884 +1.60%  1950  7,459 +3.92%  1964  5,513 −2.14% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1971  5,294 −0.58%  1981  4,545 −1.51%  1985  4,453 −0.51%  1990  4,350 −0.47%  1995  4,330 −0.09%  2000  6,643 +8.94%  2005  7,599 +2.73% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  2010  7,878 +0.72%  2015  8,683 +1.96%  2016  8,937 +2.93%  2017  9,144 +2.32%  2018  9,302 +1.73%  2019  9,617 +3.39%  2020  9,928 +3.23% |
| --- | --- | --- |

Media related to Wustermark at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Wustermark | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Wustermark within Havelland district | |
| Wustermark Wustermark | |
| Coordinates: 52°33′N 12°57′E / 52.550°N 12.950°E / 52.550; 12.950 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Brandenburg |
| District | Havelland |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201826) | Holger Schreiber (Ind.) |
| Area | |
| Total | 52.63 km2 (20.32 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 35 m (115 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 10,922 |
| Density | 210/km2 (540/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 14641 |
| Dialling codes | 033234 |
| Vehicle registration | HVL |
| Website | www.wustermark.de |


title: Matrix digital rain

abstract: Matrix digital rain, or Matrix code, is the computer code featured in the Ghost in the Shell series and the Matrix series. The falling green code is a way of representing the activity of the simulated reality environment of the Matrix on screen by kinetic typography. All four Matrix movies, as well as the spin-off The Animatrix episodes, open with the code. It is a characteristic mark of the franchise, similar to the opening crawl featured in the Star Wars franchise.

text:
# Matrix digital rain

**Matrix digital rain**, or **Matrix code**, is the computer code featured in the *Ghost in the Shell* series and the *Matrix* series. The falling green code is a way of representing the activity of the simulated reality environment of the Matrix on screen by kinetic typography. All four *Matrix* movies, as well as the spin-off *The Animatrix* episodes, open with the code. It is a characteristic mark of the franchise, similar to the opening crawl featured in the *Star Wars* franchise.

## Background

In the film, the code that comprises the Matrix itself is frequently represented as downward-flowing green characters. This code uses a custom typeface designed by Simon Whiteley, which includes mirror images of half-width kana characters and Western Latin letters and numerals. In a 2017 interview at CNET, he attributed the design to his wife, who comes from Japan, and added, "I like to tell everybody that The Matrix's code is made out of Japanese sushi recipes".

The effect resembles that of older generation green screen displays of monochrome phosphorescent computer monitors. One predecessor of the digital rain exists in a "code-scene" of the movie *Meteo*, a Hungarian experimental-pop culture movie from 1990. The 1995 cyberpunk film *Ghost in the Shell*, a strong influence on *The Matrix*, features opening credits similar to the digital rain.

No official version of the code's typeface actually used in the *Matrix* trilogy and in the website for the game *Path of Neo* has been released. Several imitations have been made, mostly in the form of screensavers.

## Cultural impact

Dutch musician Arjen Anthony Lucassen named a track "Digital Rain", in honour of the movie, on his 2010 album *Victims of the Modern Age* by his band Star One.

The effect also inspired the creation of many unofficial *Matrix* screensavers, including the "GL Matrix" mode in XScreenSaver, and in the cmatrix program for Unix-like systems.


title: Guiping

abstract: Guiping is a county-level city in eastern Guangxi, China. It is under the administration of Guigang City, located at the confluence of the Qian and Yu rivers, which are the Xi River's primary north and south tributaries, respectively.

text:
# Guiping

| Guiping | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese | 桂平 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Guìpíng  Wade–Giles Kui-p'ing  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Gwaipìhng  Jyutping Gwai3ping4 | |
| Xunzhou | |
| Traditional Chinese | 潯州 |
| Simplified Chinese | 浔州 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Xúnzhōu  Wade–Giles Hsün-chou  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Chàhmjāu  Jyutping Cam4zau1 | |
| Zhuang name | |
| Zhuang | Gveibingz |
|  | |

**Guiping** (Chinese: 桂平; pinyin: *Guìpíng*; Jyutping: *Gwai3ping4*) is a county-level city in eastern Guangxi, China. It is under the administration of Guigang City, located at the confluence of the Qian and Yu rivers, which are the Xi River's primary north and south tributaries, respectively.

## Names

Guiping was formerly known as **Xunzhou**. From 1855 to 1861 it was the capital of the rebel state of Da Cheng and was called ***Xiujing***.

## Geography and climate

Guiping has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen *Cfa*), with short, mild winters, and long, hot, humid summers. Winter begins dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. Spring is generally overcast and often rainy, while summer continues to be rainy though it is the sunniest time of year. Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 12.5 °C (54.5 °F) in January to 28.6 °C (83.5 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 21.58 °C (70.8 °F). The annual rainfall is around 1,735 mm (68 in), and is delivered in bulk (~46%) from May to July, when the plum rains occur and often create the risk of flooding. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 13% in March to 53% in September, the city receives 1,596 hours of bright sunshine annually.

| Climate data for Guiping (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.7
(83.7) | 33.9
(93.0) | 33.2
(91.8) | 35.5
(95.9) | 35.9
(96.6) | 37.0
(98.6) | 38.6
(101.5) | 38.9
(102.0) | 38.2
(100.8) | 34.7
(94.5) | 33.0
(91.4) | 29.9
(85.8) | 38.9
(102.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.6
(61.9) | 18.4
(65.1) | 20.7
(69.3) | 26.1
(79.0) | 30.1
(86.2) | 32.0
(89.6) | 33.3
(91.9) | 33.4
(92.1) | 32.0
(89.6) | 29.0
(84.2) | 24.5
(76.1) | 19.3
(66.7) | 26.3
(79.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.0
(55.4) | 14.8
(58.6) | 17.4
(63.3) | 22.3
(72.1) | 25.9
(78.6) | 27.7
(81.9) | 28.7
(83.7) | 28.7
(83.7) | 27.4
(81.3) | 24.2
(75.6) | 19.7
(67.5) | 14.8
(58.6) | 22.0
(71.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.6
(51.1) | 12.3
(54.1) | 15.1
(59.2) | 19.7
(67.5) | 23.1
(73.6) | 25.0
(77.0) | 25.8
(78.4) | 25.7
(78.3) | 24.3
(75.7) | 20.9
(69.6) | 16.5
(61.7) | 11.9
(53.4) | 19.2
(66.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.4
(34.5) | 1.7
(35.1) | 3.3
(37.9) | 8.9
(48.0) | 14.4
(57.9) | 18.6
(65.5) | 21.4
(70.5) | 19.4
(66.9) | 15.5
(59.9) | 9.8
(49.6) | 4.6
(40.3) | 0.6
(33.1) | 0.6
(33.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 72.6
(2.86) | 64.3
(2.53) | 118.8
(4.68) | 150.4
(5.92) | 275.3
(10.84) | 316.1
(12.44) | 264.1
(10.40) | 188.8
(7.43) | 117.6
(4.63) | 69.2
(2.72) | 66.8
(2.63) | 55.2
(2.17) | 1,759.2
(69.25) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.5 | 12.9 | 19.3 | 17.5 | 18.6 | 20.2 | 17.5 | 15.4 | 10.9 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 8.8 | 167.3 |
| Average snowy days | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 80 | 85 | 83 | 82 | 83 | 80 | 79 | 77 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 68.6 | 55.9 | 45.2 | 75.6 | 123.1 | 136.6 | 184.2 | 196.3 | 184.7 | 180.2 | 140.0 | 118.3 | 1,508.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 20 | 17 | 12 | 20 | 30 | 34 | 45 | 49 | 51 | 51 | 43 | 36 | 34 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Administrative divisions

Guiping administers 21 towns and 5 townships:

Towns:

Townships:

## InfoBox

| Guiping 桂平市 · *Gveibingz Si*Kweiping; Sunchow; Sünchow | |
| --- | --- |
| County-level city | |
| Guiping, seen from Mt. Xi | |
| Coordinates: 23°24′N 110°05′E / 23.400°N 110.083°E / 23.400; 110.083 | |
| Country | China |
| Region | Guangxi |
| Prefecture-level city | Guigang |
| Township-level divisions | 21 towns
5 townships |
| Municipal seat | Xishan (西山镇) |
| Area | |
| Total | 4,074 km2 (1,573 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 50 m (164 ft) |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 1,700,000 |
| Density | 420/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 537200 |
| Area code | 0775 |


title: Matthew McGillivray (surfer)

abstract: Matthew "Matt" McGillivray is a South African professional surfer, competing on the World championship tour surfing (WCT). He was born and schooled in Gqeberha in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, matriculating at Grey High School in 2015. He qualified for the 2024 Olympic Games. He has been described as a "Madman" in this WSL video.

text:
# Matthew McGillivray (surfer)

**Matthew** "**Matt**" **McGillivray** (born 26 March 1997) is a South African professional surfer, competing on the World championship tour surfing (WCT).

He was born and schooled in Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth) in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, matriculating at Grey High School in 2015.

He qualified for the 2024 Olympic Games.

He has been described as a "Madman" in this WSL video.

## InfoBox

| Matt McGillivray | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1997-03-26) 26 March 1997<br>Port Elizabeth, South Africa |
| Residence | Jeffrey's Bay, South Africa |
| Height | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 86 kg (190 lb) |
| Surfing career | |
| Best year | 2022 – Ranked #13 WSL CT World Tour |
| Sponsors | Visla, Cisurf, Virtualstax |
| Major achievements | * 2018 Seat Pro Netanya * 2018 Vans Surf Pro Classic |
| Surfing specifications | |
| Stance | Natural (regular foot) |


title: Miller Airport (Indiana)

abstract: Miller Airport is a privately owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) southwest of the central business district of Bluffton, in Wells County, Indiana, United States.

text:
# Miller Airport (Indiana)

**Miller Airport** (FAA LID: **C40**) is a privately owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) southwest of the central business district of Bluffton, in Wells County, Indiana, United States.

## Facilities and aircraft

Miller Airport covers an area of 80 acres (32 ha) at an elevation of 845 feet (258 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with turf surfaces: 9/27 is 2,600 by 100 feet (792 × 30 m) and 18/36 is 2,230 by 100 feet (680 × 30 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2006, the airport had 2,616 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 218 per month.

## InfoBox

| Miller Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | John W. Miller |
| Serves | Bluffton, Indiana |
| Elevation AMSL | 845 ft / 258 m |
| Coordinates | 40°42′52″N 85°14′56″W / 40.71444°N 85.24889°W / 40.71444; -85.24889 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  9/27 2,600 792 Turf  18/36 2,230 680 Turf | |
| Statistics (2006) | |
| Aircraft operations 2,616 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Olga Barbušová

abstract: Oľga Barbušová is a Slovak former para table tennis player who competed in international table tennis competitions. She is a World and European silver medalist in the singles and has competed at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Paralympics.

text:
# Olga Barbušová

**Oľga Barbušová** (born 1975) is a Slovak former para table tennis player who competed in international table tennis competitions. She is a World and European silver medalist in the singles and has competed at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Paralympics.

## Life-changing accident

When Barbušová was six years old, she was walking with a friend to visit her mother and they were waiting to cross a busy road, her friend pushed her onto the road as she told her to run across the road. A truck carrying a trailer full of wood braked suddenly and Barbušová was run over and dragged by the vehicle, her left leg was severely crushed by the impact of the accident. She was taken to hospital to amputate her leg.

## InfoBox

Oľga Barbušová
| Barbušová in 2011 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 1975 (age 4849)<br>Krompachy, Czechoslovakia |
| Sport | |
| Country | Slovakia |
| Sport | Para table tennis |
| Medal record      Para table tennis  Representing  Slovakia  World Championships  2010 Gwangju Women's singles C8  European Championships  2007 Kranjska Gora Women's singles C8 | |


abstract: The Men's 30 kilometre skiathlon competition at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 was held on 24 February 2023.

text:
# FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 – Men's 30 kilometre skiathlon

The **Men's 30 kilometre skiathlon** competition at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 was held on 24 February 2023.

## Results

The race was started at 15:30.

| Rank | Bib | Athlete | Country | Time | Deficit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 4 | Simen Hegstad Krüger | Norway | 1:09:40.3 |  |
|  | 1 | Johannes Høsflot Klæbo | Norway | 1:09:52.5 | +12.2 |
|  | 5 | Sjur Røthe | Norway | 1:09:54.4 | +14.1 |
| 4 | 2 | Pål Golberg | Norway | 1:10:26.2 | +45.9 |
| 5 | 3 | William Poromaa | Sweden | 1:10:26.7 | +46.4 |
| 6 | 11 | Calle Halfvarsson | Sweden | 1:10:54.5 | +1:14.2 |
| 7 | 6 | Friedrich Moch | Germany | 1:10:55.2 | +1:14.9 |
| 8 | 10 | Jules Lapierre | France | 1:10:55.7 | +1:15.4 |
| 9 | 12 | Clément Parisse | France | 1:10:56.8 | +1:16.5 |
| 10 | 8 | Perttu Hyvärinen | Finland | 1:11:35.2 | +1:54.9 |
| 11 | 13 | Jens Burman | Sweden | 1:11:40.5 | +2:00.2 |
| 12 | 26 | Irineu Esteve Altimiras | Andorra | 1:11:41.8 | +2:01.5 |
| 13 | 15 | Iivo Niskanen | Finland | 1:12:24.5 | +2:44.2 |
| 14 | 7 | Andrew Musgrave | Great Britain | 1:12:45.8 | +3:05.5 |
| 15 | 31 | Jonas Dobler | Germany | 1:12:45.8 | +3:05.5 |
| 16 | 9 | Hugo Lapalus | France | 1:12:56.4 | +3:16.1 |
| 17 | 35 | Albert Kuchler | Germany | 1:12:56.5 | +3:16.2 |
| 18 | 39 | Jonas Baumann | Switzerland | 1:12:58.5 | +3:18.2 |
| 19 | 14 | Scott Patterson | United States | 1:13:00.2 | +3:19.9 |
| 20 | 18 | Naoto Baba | Japan | 1:13:19.2 | +3:38.9 |
| 21 | 41 | Adam Fellner | Czech Republic | 1:13:51.6 | +4:11.3 |
| 22 | 19 | Remi Lindholm | Finland | 1:14:11.3 | +4:31.0 |
| 23 | 34 | Ryo Hirose | Japan | 1:14:11.9 | +4:31.6 |
| 24 | 21 | Hunter Wonders | United States | 1:14:13.2 | +4:32.9 |
| 25 | 43 | Vitaliy Pukhkalo | Kazakhstan | 1:14:22.9 | +4:42.6 |
| 26 | 36 | Giandomenico Salvadori | Italy | 1:14:33.5 | +4:53.2 |
| 27 | 20 | Beda Klee | Switzerland | 1:14:33.8 | +4:53.5 |
| 28 | 47 | Snorri Einarsson | Iceland | 1:14:36.7 | +4:56.4 |
| 29 | 22 | Mika Vermeulen | Austria | 1:14:56.2 | +5:15.9 |
| 30 | 33 | Thomas Maloney Westgård | Ireland | 1:15:01.0 | +5:20.7 |
| 31 | 30 | Simone Dapra | Italy | 1:15:02.2 | +5:21.9 |
| 32 | 17 | Eric Rosjö | Sweden | 1:15:14.3 | +5:34.0 |
| 33 | 25 | Lucas Bögl | Germany | 1:15:19.9 | +5:39.6 |
| 34 | 27 | Roman Furger | Switzerland | 1:15:27.8 | +5:47.5 |
| 35 | 42 | Alvar Johannes Alev | Estonia | 1:15:37.6 | +5:57.3 |
| 36 | 40 | Paul Constantin Pepene | Romania | 1:15:49.5 | +6:09.2 |
| 37 | 32 | Russell Kennedy | Canada | 1:16:25.5 | +6:45.2 |
| 38 | 23 | Gus Schumacher | United States | 1:16:56.8 | +7:16.5 |
| 39 | 54 | Kaarel Kasper Kõrge | Estonia | 1:16:59.0 | +7:18.7 |
| 40 | 45 | Joe Davies | Great Britain | 1:16:59.6 | +7:19.3 |
| 41 | 44 | Nail Bashmakov | Kazakhstan | 1:16:59.7 | +7:19.4 |
| 42 | 49 | Miha Ličef | Slovenia | 1:17:35.3 | +7:55.0 |
| 43 | 24 | Olivier Léveillé | Canada | 1:17:45.6 | +8:05.3 |
| 44 | 50 | Xavier McKeever | Canada | 1:18:21.1 | +8:40.8 |
| 45 | 29 | Cyril Fähndrich | Switzerland | 1:19:58.1 | +10:17.8 |
| 46 | 46 | Vladislav Kovalyov | Kazakhstan | Lapped | |
| 47 | 52 | Sebastian Bryja | Poland | |
| 48 | 57 | Dmytro Drahun | Ukraine | |
| 49 | 63 | Robin Frommelt | Liechtenstein | |
| 50 | 56 | Franco Dal Farra | Argentina | |
| 51 | 48 | Yernur Bexultan | Kazakhstan | |
| 52 | 53 | Seve De Campo | Australia | |
| 53 | 60 | Boštjan Korošec | Slovenia | |
| 54 | 66 | Fredrik Fodstad | Colombia | |
| 55 | 59 | Ruslan Denysenko | Ukraine | |
| 56 | 65 | Philipp Bellingham | Australia | |
| 57 | 37 | Takanori Ebina | Japan | |
| 58 | 62 | Jošt Mulej | Slovenia | |
| 59 | 64 | Izidor Karničar | Slovenia | |
| 60 | 55 | Todor Malchov | Bulgaria | |
| 61 | 61 | Andrej Renda | Slovakia | |
|  | 16 | Antoine Cyr | Canada | Did not finish | |
| | 28 | Arsi Ruuskanen | Finland | |
| | 38 | Paolo Ventura | Italy | |
| | 51 | Simeon Deyanov | Bulgaria | |
| | 58 | Oleksandr Lisohor | Ukraine | |

## InfoBox

| Men's 30 kilometre skiathlon <br>at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Planica Nordic Centre |
| Location | Planica, Slovenia |
| Dates | 24 February |
| Competitors | 66 from 28 nations |
| Winning time | 1:09:40.3 |
| Medalists | |
| Norway  Norway  Norway | |
|


title: Proto-Admiralty Islands language

abstract: Proto-Admiralty Islands is the reconstructed ancestor of the Admiralty Islands languages of the Admiralty Islands, located in Papua New Guinea. It belongs to the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian languages. It was reconstructed by Robert Blust in 1978 who showed that the languages form a subgroup within Oceanic. It was mentioned in detail by Malcolm Ross in 1998, who theorized a link with the two St. Matthias languages.

text:
# Proto-Admiralty Islands language

**Proto-Admiralty Islands** (also known as **Proto-Admiralty** or **Proto-Admiralties** and abbreviated as **PAdm**) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Admiralty Islands languages of the Admiralty Islands, located in Papua New Guinea. It belongs to the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian languages.

It was reconstructed by Robert Blust in 1978 who showed that the languages form a subgroup within Oceanic. It was mentioned in detail by Malcolm Ross in 1998, who theorized a link with the two St. Matthias languages (Mussau and Tenis).

## Descendants

Proto-Admiralty Islands separated into two languages: Proto-Eastern Admiralty and Proto-Western Admiralty. Today, around thirty languages (see Admiralty Islands languages) make up the Admiralty Islands subgroup of Oceanic. It has been theorized that Yapese is a descendant or a sister language to Proto-Admiralty Islands.

## Phonology

### Consonants

The consonants of Proto-Admiralty Islands, according to Ross, are (parenthesis indicates an allophone):

Consonants
|  | | Labiovelar | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stop | voiced |  | * | *, * |  | * |  |
| | voiceless |  | * | * |  | * | * |
| Nasal | | * | * | * | * | * |  |
| Fricative | | (\*) |  | * | *, * |  | * |
| Approximant | | * |  | *, * | * |  |  |

* /\*c/, like Proto-Oceanic, only occurs in word-medial position.
* \[\*f\] is an allophone of /\*p/ in word-medial position.
* /\*ʀ/ was probably either \[x\] or \[ɣ\]. In the Eastern Admiralty languages, the reflex is usually \[j\], or sometimes \[w\] before /o/, while in the Western Admiralty languages, it disappears entirely.
* The voiced stops were probably prenasalized.

## Innovations

Ross (1988) describes the innovations separating Proto-Admiralty Islands from Proto-Oceanic.

Phonologically, they are:

* Proto-Oceanic *\*R* was lost before high vowels. For example, POc *\*Rumaq* "house" became PAdm *\*um(a)*, but POc *\*Rapi* "evening" \> PAdm *\*(pa)Rafi*.
* Proto-Oceanic *\*p* became *\*f* word-medially. For example, POc *\*Ropok* "to fly" became PAdm *\*Rof(o)*.
* Loss of all Proto-Oceanic word-final consonants, an innovation commonly found throughout Oceanic. For example, POc *\*boRok* "pig" became PAdm *\*bou*.

Morphosyntactically, they are:

* Numeral classifiers are used in the sequence numeral + classifier (shared with Mussau), which forms a single word.
* "One" is used as a common article, both as an indefinite and definite article (also shared with Mussau).
* Proto-Oceanic non-singular possessive pronominal suffixes are lost and replaced by disjunctive pronouns.
* *\*-ña* "third person singular possessive suffix" irregularly becomes *\*-na* (Proto-Admiralty Islands did not merge *\*n* and , such as POc *\*poñu* "turtle" \> PAdm *\*poñ(u)*).
* *\*kita* "first person inclusive plural disjunctive" irregularly becomes *\*ta* (for expected *\*ita* with loss of the first vowel).
* Verb reduplication, which is used to form the continuative aspect, is lost. Daughter languages usually form the continuative aspect by adding the auxiliary verb meaning "to stay".
* Coalescence of the article *\*na* with common nouns, resulting in changes to the initial consonant.

## Further reading

* Ross, Malcolm D. (1988). *Proto-Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of Western Melanesia*. Canberra: Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-85883-367-8. OCLC 20100109.

## InfoBox

| Proto-Admiralty Islands | |
| --- | --- |
| Proto-Admiralty, Proto-Admiralties, PAdm | |
| Reconstruction of | Admiralty Islands languages |
| Region | Admiralty Islands |
| Reconstructed<br>ancestors | Proto-Austronesian |
| Lower-order reconstructions |  |


title: Acompsia tripunctella

abstract: Acompsia tripunctella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in the Alps, Apennines, Carpathians and the Balkans. There are also records from European Russia, Transbaikalia and the Caucasus, but these require confirmation. The habitat consists of clearings and edges of forests, steppe slopes and meadows up to the alpine zone. The wingspan is 19–23 mm for males and 16–18 mm for females. Adults are on wing from June to September. The larvae feed on Plantago alpina. Full-grown larvae reach a length of 12–13 mm. Pupation takes place in June on the ground in a loose cocoon.

text:
# Acompsia tripunctella

***Acompsia tripunctella*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in the Alps, Apennines, Carpathians and the Balkans. There are also records from European Russia, Transbaikalia and the Caucasus, but these require confirmation. The habitat consists of clearings and edges of forests, steppe slopes and meadows up to the alpine zone.

The wingspan is 19–23 mm for males and 16–18 mm for females. Adults are on wing from June to September.

The larvae feed on *Plantago alpina*. Full-grown larvae reach a length of 12–13 mm. Pupation takes place in June on the ground in a loose cocoon.

## InfoBox

| *Acompsia tripunctella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Acompsia* |
| Species: | ***A. tripunctella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Acompsia tripunctella***<br>(Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tinea tripunctella* Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 | |