title: Thaimel Aanai

abstract: Thaimel Aanai is a 1988 Indian Tamil-language action film, directed by L. Raja and produced by AVM Productions. The film stars Arjun Sarja and Raghuvaran. It was released on 13 April 1988. This film was dubbed in Telugu as Kondaveeti Siva. The film is a remake of Bengali film Pratikaar (1987).

text:
# Thaimel Aanai

***Thaimel Aanai*** (transl.Mother's order) is a 1988 Indian Tamil-language action film, directed by L. Raja and produced by AVM Productions. The film stars Arjun Sarja and Raghuvaran. It was released on 13 April 1988. This film was dubbed in Telugu as *Kondaveeti Siva*. The film is a remake of Bengali film *Pratikaar* (1987).

## Plot

*Thaimel Aanai* is the story of a son's revenge on the killers of his mother and sister, but his friend, who is now a police officer, does not like someone taking the law into his hands. The villains kidnap Vinod's family. Raja storms the hideout of the villains along with Vinod and rescues Vinod's family by fighting with the villains, killing the goons who destroyed his family in the process. But Raja succumbs to the injuries he received during the fight. The film ends with Vinod carrying the corpse of Raja and walking away along with his family.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack consist of nine songs composed by Chandrabose. Among which 2 unpublished works at the time of the release of the soundtrack, "Chinna Kanna Chella Kanna", S. P. Balasubrahmanyam's version and K. S. Chitra's sad version (or slow version). Lyrics were written by Vairamuthu.

**Tamil Tracklist**

| Song | Singers | Length (min:sec) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Vaaika Varabukulla Vayasupulla" | Malaysia Vasudevan, Vani Jairam and Chorus | 04:43 |
| "Chinna Kanna Chella Kanna" | K. S. Chitra | 04:24 |
| "Sangu Chakra Sami Vanthu" | Malaysia Vasudevan, S. P. Sailaja and Chorus | 04:55 |
| "Poona Poora Vittitu Avana" | Malaysia Vasudevan, S. P. Sailaja and Chorus | 04:24 |
| "Hey Mallikai Poo Poothirukku" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki and Chorus | 04:06 |
| "Yentha Kadai Solla" | K. J. Yesudas, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and M. S. Rajeswari | 04:16 |
| "Poona Poora Vittitu Avana" (Reprise) | Malaysia Vasudevan, S. P. Sailaja and Chorus | 04:24 |
| "Chinna Kanna Chella Kanna" | K. J. Yesudas | 03:46 |
| "Chinna Kanna Chella Kanna" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | 04:24 |
| "Chinna Kanna Chella Kanna" (Sad) | K. S. Chitra | 04:14 |

## Reception

*The Indian Express* wrote, "Like a merry-go-round the film keeps spinning about in a whirl all geared to one end of satisfying the audience in an entertainment made-to-order exercise".

## InfoBox

| Thaimel Aanai | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | L. Raja |
| Screenplay by | Karaikudi Narayanan |
| Story by | Prabhat Roy |
| Produced by | M. Saravanan
M. Balasubramanian
M. S. Guhan |
| Starring | Arjun Sarja
Saroja Devi
Raghuvaran |
| Cinematography | K. S. Selvaraj |
| Edited by | R. Vittal
S. B. Mohan |
| Music by | Chandrabose |
| Production
company | AVM Productions |
| Distributed by | Anandha |
| Release date | * 13 April 1988 (1988-04-13) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Guðröðr of Skåne

abstract: Guðröðr was a legendary Scanian king who, according to the Ynglinga saga, was the brother of Halfdan the Valiant, Ivar Vidfamne's father. He is only known from late Icelandic sources dating from the 13th century.

text:
# Guðröðr of Skåne

**Guðröðr** was a legendary Scanian king (perhaps 7th century) who, according to the *Ynglinga saga*, was the brother of Halfdan the Valiant, Ivar Vidfamne's father. He is only known from late Icelandic sources dating from the 13th century.

## The fratricide of Guðröðr

Denmark was, according to the late sagas, divided for a period between two branches of the Scylding dynasty, with one lineage residing in Zealand and the other in Scania (Skåne). While nothing in particular is told about the reign of Guðröðr, his brother Halfdan supposedly married an Anglian lady called Moald and obtained the lordship over Northumbria. The *Ynglinga saga* tells that Guðröðr married Åsa, the daughter of the Swedish king Ingjald Ill-ruler. She backtalked Halfdan so that Guðröðr killed him, and having done so, she arranged the death of Guðröðr himself. Then she fled back to her father in Sweden.

Guðröðr was succeeded by his nephew Ivar Vidfamne who avenged his father and uncle, and conquered Sweden. "He also took possession of all the realm of the Danes and a large part of Saxland and all of Austrríki and a fifth part of England. From his line are descended the kings of the Danes and the Swedes who have held supreme power there".

An episode in the fragmentary saga *Sögubrot* draws a parallel between Guðröðr and "Heimdall, who was the most foolish of the Aesir, though he was bad to \[Ivar Vidfamne\]", implying that he was compared unfavourably with his highly praised brother Halfdan.

## Guðröðr's family

*Hervarar saga* and *Hversu Noregr byggdist* give more information about his brother Halfdan the Valiant and his son Ivar Vidfamne, and by implication about Guðröðr himself.

*Hversu Noregr byggdist* gives Halfdan the Valiant's father as Harald the Old, his grandfather as Valdar and his great-grandfather as Hróarr (i.e. the Hroðgar of *Beowulf*).

*Hervarar saga* provides the information that Halfdan's mother was Hild, the daughter of the Gothic king Heiðrekr Ulfhamr, the son of Angantyr who defeated the Huns. *Hversu Noregr byggdist* instead alleges that the name of his mother was Hervor, daughter of Heiðrekr.

## Historical position

The story of a King Guðröðr who was killed at the instigation of his Queen Åsa is also found in a later section of the *Ynglinga saga*. The Vestfold ruler Gudrød the Hunter (9th century) met a similar fate at the hands of his queen Åsa Haraldsdottir of Agder, who ordered a servant to murder the king as revenge for the death of her father. This episode has moreover been compared with information in the *Gesta Caroli Magni* of Notker the Stammerer (c. 883), which says that the Danish King Gudfred (d. 810) was slayed on the instigation of his former queen. This connection has however been doubted by modern scholarship.

## Literature

* Åkerlund, Walter (1939) *Studier i Ynglingatal*. Lund: Vetenskapsocieteten i Lund.
* Ellehøj, Svend (1965) *Studier over de ældste norrøne historieskrivning*. Hafniæ: Munksgaard.
* Nerman, Birger (1925) *Det svenska rikets uppkomst*. Stockholm: Generalstabens litografiska anstalt.
* *Saga Ólafs Konúngs Tryggvasonar*, Vol. 1 (1825). Copenhagen: Popp.
* Snorri Sturluson (2016) *Heimskringla*, Vol. I. London: Viking Society for Northern Research.


title: Afonso Pires Gato

abstract: Afonso Pires Gato (1210-?) was a Portuguese medieval knight, who served in the court of Afonso III of Portugal. He was the son of Pedro Nunes Velho and Maria de Baião, a remote descendant of Mendo Alão. His wife was Urraca Fernandes de Lumiares, descendant of Sancho Nunes de Barbosa and Sancha Henriques.

text:
# Afonso Pires Gato

**Afonso Pires Gato** (1210-?) was a Portuguese medieval knight, who served in the court of Afonso III of Portugal.

He was the son of Pedro Nunes Velho and Maria de Baião, a remote descendant of Mendo Alão. His wife was Urraca Fernandes de Lumiares, descendant of Sancho Nunes de Barbosa and Sancha Henriques.

## InfoBox

| Afonso Pires Gato | |
| --- | --- |
| Rico-Homem | |
| Born | 13th-century
Kingdom of Portugal |
| Died | 13th-century
Kingdom of Portugal |
| Spouse(s) | Urraca Fernandes de Lumiares |


title: RTMPDump

abstract:
RTMPDump is a free software project dedicated to developing a toolkit for RTMP streams. The package includes three programs, rtmpdump, rtmpsrv and rtmpsuck.
  - rtmpdump is used to connect to RTMP servers just like normal Flash video player clients, and capture the stream from the network, and save it to a file. With it, commands may be constructed using connection and authentication information previously obtained from the RTMP server by rtmpsrv.
  - rtmpsrv is used to watch connections and streams
  - rtmpsuck can also be used to capture streams, but can be used to detect parameters to be used with rtmpdump It has been reviewed as "an excellent utility for recording streams broadcasting TV and video on demand" and has been used in academic research on video streaming rate selection and a developmental media framework. The utility has been noted for its small size and its ability to decrypt both RTMPE and RTMPS digital rights management technologies. In a 2009 Digital Millennium Copyright Act Cease and Desist order issued against SourceForge, Adobe Systems Inc. asserted that rtmpdump "can be used" to infringe copyrights, without claiming actual use. As of 2009, SourceForge had removed the project files, providing the message "The project specified has been flagged as deleted". From November 2009 onwards, the project has been hosted as a Git repository at MPlayer's website, MplayerHQ.hu.

text:
# RTMPDump

**RTMPDump** is a free software project dedicated to developing a toolkit for RTMP streams. The package includes three programs, `rtmpdump`, `rtmpsrv` and `rtmpsuck`.

* **`rtmpdump`** is used to connect to RTMP servers just like normal Flash video player clients, and capture the stream from the network, and save it to a file. With it, commands may be constructed using connection and authentication information previously obtained from the RTMP server by `rtmpsrv`.
* **`rtmpsrv`** is used to watch connections and streams
* **`rtmpsuck`** can also be used to capture streams, but can be used to detect parameters to be used with `rtmpdump`

It has been reviewed as "an excellent utility for recording streams broadcasting TV and video on demand" and has been used in academic research on video streaming rate selection and a developmental media framework. The utility has been noted for its small size and its ability to decrypt both RTMPE (Encrypted RTMP) and RTMPS (Secure RTMP) digital rights management technologies.

In a 2009 Digital Millennium Copyright Act Cease and Desist order issued against SourceForge, Adobe Systems Inc. asserted that `rtmpdump` "can be used" to infringe copyrights, without claiming actual use. As of 2009, SourceForge had removed the project files, providing the message "The project specified has been flagged as deleted". From November 2009 onwards, the project has been hosted as a Git repository at MPlayer's website, MplayerHQ.hu.

## On-demand streams

In negotiating a connection, an RTMP client sends and receives a data stream containing multiple elements, as a single command line. An on-demand stream typically includes the following elements:

### For a Limelight server

* `-r rtmp://`server address
* `-a`: authentication elements (the alternative `--app` may be used instead)
    + Typically in the format -
    `application?as=data&av=data&te=data&mp=data&et=data&fmta-token=data`
    + application: A path address. For example, `a1414/e3`
    + as: For example, `as=adobe-hmac-sha256`
    + av: For example, `av=1`
    + te: For example, `te=connect`
    + mp: Typically, two or more comma-separated URL addresses, for alternative bitrate streams (MPEG format, MP3 or MP4)
    + et: Typically, a ten-character number (numerical)
    + fmta-token: Typically, a 64-character authentication (auth) string \[that is, an authentication token\] (alphanumeric)
* `-y`: playpath (URL address of the desired bitstream, one of those specified in mp above)
    + Typically, in the format `mp3:path/filename.mp3` or `mp4:path/filename.mp4`
* `-o`: Output filename

The foregoing are typically the only elements (or "switches") that are essential to a connection, if neither Tunnelling nor Encryption are in use by the server. Although other elements may be encountered in practice, they are normally non-essential.

Hence the following elements are typically sent by the client software application, as a single command line -

```
rtmpdump -r rtmp://xxxxxxxx.fcod.llnwd.net
   -a path?as=data&av=data&te=data&mp=data&et=data&fmta-token=data
   -y mp4:URL/filename.mp4 -o file_mp4.flv

```

The parts comprising the `-a` (or `--app`) element must be incorporated in it in the order shown above, as the sequence in which its parts are received by the RTMP server is critical.

The authentication strings (`et=` and `fmta-token=`) contain session information, so will change on each fresh connection made to the server (which in practice typically means they will expire if a new session is begun, not literally on every attempt to resume a connection), but the other elements will not usually vary from session to session.

### For an Akamai server

The command line is typically as above, except that the `-a` (or `--app`) element contains the following parts instead -

* auth: Typically, a 62-character authentication (auth) string \[i.e. an authentication token\] (alphanumeric)
* `aifp`: For example, `aifp=v001`
* slist: Typically, the URL address of the stream

Hence the following elements are typically sent by the client software application, as a single command line -

```
program.exe -r rtmp://xxxxxxx.edgefcs.net
   -a ondemand?auth=data&aifp=data&slist=data
   -y mp3:URL/filename -o file_mp3.flv

```

The parts comprising the `-a` (or `--app`) element must be incorporated in it in the order shown above, as the sequence in which its parts are received by the RTMP server is critical.

The authentication string (`auth=`) contains session information, so will change on each fresh connection made to the server (typically, if a new session is begun, e.g. the computer is restarted, not literally on every attempt to resume a connection). The other parts will not usually vary from session to session.

*Note* \- The above describes the simplified form, whereby the stream is first saved to the user's hard disk, to be played back thereafter in a media player capable of playing an FLV encoded file (H.263 or H.264 encoding), such as GOM Player. If it's desired, instead, to play the stream directly from the RTMP server, thus giving immediate playback, additional elements will be needed in the command line including -

`-f`: This specifies the version of the Flash plugin installed on the user's computer. For example, `-f "WIN 9,0,260,0"` would indicate the user has the Windows version of Flash Player 9, release 260.

`-W`: The capital W command. This is the URL address of the SWF player used to play the stream, as indicated by the web page from which the stream is derived. For example, `path/9player.swf?revision=18269_21576`.

## Live streams

The command line for an Akamai server is typically as for an Akamai on-demand stream. But the `-a` (or `--app`) element contains the following parts

* auth: Typically, a 62-character authentication (auth) string \[i.e. an authentication token\] (alphanumeric)
* `aifp`: For example, `aifp=v001`
* slist: Typically, the URL address of the stream, in the format xxxxx\_x\_@xxxx (e.g. `Radio_7_Int@6463`); or more than one URL if more than one bitrate is available \[see note\]

*Note* \- If the slist string contains two or more alternative streams (i.e. offers a choice of streams at alternative bitrates), the playpath element (`--playpath` or `-y`) specifies the one chosen by the user, as the identifier item.

Hence the following sequence is typically sent by the client software application, as a single command line -

```
rtmpdump.exe --live -r rtmp://xxxxxxx.live.edgefcs.net
   -a live?auth=data&aifp=data&slist=data
   --playpath {identifier}?auth=data&aifp=data&slist=data -o output.flv

```

All these items are mandatory, and must be included in the order shown above. The string following the `?` (question mark) in both the `-a` and `--playpath` elements will typically be identical. The identifier item will typically be a sub-set of the slist data (if the latter offers a choice), otherwise they too will be identical. The `-o` element can specify an output filename chosen by the user.

Specifying the complete playpath is unnecessary, as that element is constructed in memory by the client application. Typically, in memory it takes the following form:

`-y xxxxx_x_@xxxx?auth=[62 characters]&aifp=v001&slist=xxxxx_x_@xxxx,xxxxx_x_@xxxx`


abstract: Republican Township is one of ten townships in Jefferson County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,600 and it contained 663 housing units. Republican Township was created on March 12, 1817 by the Jefferson County Common Pleas Court. It has had the following post offices, which are no longer in operation: Hargan; Ramsey's Mills; Swanville and. There is no active post office in the township. Ramseys Mills Post Office was renamed Kent, which operated from Jan. 14, 1848 until March 26, 1965, when mail service was transferred to Madison. Its active churches include the Kent Baptist, Christian and Methodist churches. Past churches include the Ebenezer Methodist: New Liberty Methodist, Providence Methodist, Sharon Hill Presbyterian; White River Baptist (1811-1886/87) and White River Christian.

text:
# Republican Township, Jefferson County, Indiana

**Republican Township** is one of ten townships in Jefferson County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,600 and it contained 663 housing units.

Republican Township was created on March 12, 1817 by the Jefferson County Common Pleas Court. It has had the following post offices, which are no longer in operation: Hargan (June 4, 1884 – July 29, 1898); Ramsey's Mills (Dec. 19, 1832-Jan. 14, 1848); Swanville (June 10, 1847-Oct. 23, 1866) and (Jan. 8, 1867-Jan. 15, 1907). There is no active post office in the township.

Ramseys Mills Post Office was renamed Kent, which operated from Jan. 14, 1848 until March 26, 1965, when mail service was transferred to Madison.

Its active churches include the Kent Baptist, Christian and Methodist churches. Past churches include the Ebenezer Methodist (ca. 1840-?): New Liberty Methodist (ca. 1900-1995/90), Providence Methodist (ca. 1830-?), Sharon Hill Presbyterian (1845-after 1945); White River Baptist (1811-1886/87) and White River Christian (founded as a New Light church in 1817, moved to Kent where the Kent Christian Church is its successor).

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 872 |  |  |
| 1900 | 859 |  | −1.5% |
| 1910 | 871 |  | 1.4% |
| 1920 | 887 |  | 1.8% |
| 1930 | 729 |  | −17.8% |
| 1940 | 724 |  | −0.7% |
| 1950 | 719 |  | −0.7% |
| 1960 | 880 |  | 22.4% |
| 1970 | 1,061 |  | 20.6% |
| 1980 | 1,447 |  | 36.4% |
| 1990 | 1,468 |  | 1.5% |
| 2000 | 1,534 |  | 4.5% |
| 2010 | 1,599 |  | 4.2% |
| 2020 | 1,600 |  | 0.1% |
| Source: US Decennial Census | | | |

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 27.55 square miles (71.4 km2), of which 27.44 square miles (71.1 km2) (or 99.60%) is land and 0.11 square miles (0.28 km2) (or 0.40%) is water. The streams of Big Spring Creek, Chicken Run, Ramsey Creek and Thompson Branch run through this township.

### Unincorporated towns

### Adjacent townships

### Cemeteries

The township contains cemeteries: Blankenship, Kent, Landon, Liberty, Lloyd, Scotland, Sharon Hill, Slippery Point and White River.

### Major highways

### Airports and landing strips

* Wilkersons Airport

1. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
2. "Township Census Counts: STATS Indiana".
3. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.

Baker, J. David, The Postal History of Indiana, 1976, Philatelic Bibliophile, P.O. Box 213971, Louisville, Ky. 1976.

John Paul Chapter DAR. Jefferson County Cemetery Transcriptions, Madison, 1941.

PAUL (1995): John Paul. Jefferson County Court Records 1811–1826. Transcribed by the Jefferson County Historical Society, Madison.

## InfoBox

| Republican Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Jefferson County | |
| Coordinates: 38°43′48″N 85°33′32″W / 38.73000°N 85.55889°W / 38.73000; -85.55889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Jefferson |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.55 sq mi (71.4 km2) |
| Land | 27.44 sq mi (71.1 km2) |
| Water | 0.11 sq mi (0.3 km2)  0.40% |
| Elevation | 741 ft (226 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,600 |
| Density | 58/sq mi (22/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0453786 |


title: Metsapere, Saare County

abstract: Metsapere is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Lääne-Saare Parish.

text:
# Metsapere, Saare County

**Metsapere** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Lääne-Saare Parish.

58°16′01″N 21°57′05″E / 58.26694°N 21.95139°E / 58.26694; 21.95139

## InfoBox

| Metsapere | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Saare County |
| Parish | Saaremaa Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Molecular Aspects of Medicine

abstract: Molecular Aspects of Medicine is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering molecular medicine. It is published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

text:
# Molecular Aspects of Medicine

***Molecular Aspects of Medicine*** is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering molecular medicine. It is published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

## Article categories

The journal publishes only invited review articles.

## InfoBox

*Molecular Aspects of Medicine*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Molecular medicine |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | A. Azzi |
| Publication details | |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Impact factor | 16.337 (2021) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Mol. Asp. Med.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0098-2997
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Fengxi (mythology)

abstract: Fengxi (封狶), also known as Hōki in Japanese, is a boar-like monster in Chinese mythology. He is said to have two heads and lives in Morus forests. Some accounts refer to it as the ancient rain deity.

text:
# Fengxi (mythology)

**Fengxi** (封狶), also known as **Hōki** in Japanese, is a boar-like monster in Chinese mythology. He is said to have two heads and lives in Morus forests. Some accounts refer to it as the ancient rain deity.

## Description

Fengxi is depicted as a two-head boar with great force. Other depictions have it with four long tusks. He is very brutal and always terrorises the countryside.

According to Huainanzi, Fengxi destroyed a lot of villages and their farming lands while killing many people, which angered the Emperor Yao who sent the great archer Hou Yi to get it hunted in a morus forest.

According to Jiaoshi Yilin and Lüshi Chunqiu, Fengxi is the ancient Chinese rain deity. According to Records of the Grand Historian, when Fengxi appears, there will be rain soon.

According to I Ching, as raining (云雨) stands for mating in ancient China, Fengxi might also be the ancient fertility deity.

A member of the Five Elders in *One Piece*, St. Topman Warcury, has the ability to turn into a *yāoguài*-like form that resembles a Fengxi.

## InfoBox

| Fengxi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese | 封狶 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin fēngxī  IPA \[fə́ŋ.ɕí\] | |
| Japanese name | |
| Kanji | 封豨 |
| Kana | ほうき |
| Transcriptions  Romanization Hōki | |
|  | |


title: Oxygen firebreak

abstract: An oxygen firebreak, also known as a fire stop valve or fire safety valve, is a thermal fuse designed to extinguish a fire in the delivery tube being used by a patient on oxygen therapy and stop the flow of oxygen if the tube is accidentally ignited. Oxygen firebreaks are fitted into the oxygen delivery tubing close to the patient, typically around the patient's sternum where the two nasal cannula tubes join and connect to the delivery tubing.

text:
# Oxygen firebreak

An **oxygen firebreak**, also known as a fire stop valve or fire safety valve, is a thermal fuse designed to extinguish a fire in the delivery tube being used by a patient on oxygen therapy and stop the flow of oxygen if the tube is accidentally ignited. Oxygen firebreaks are fitted into the oxygen delivery tubing close to the patient, typically around the patient's sternum where the two nasal cannula tubes join and connect to the delivery tubing.

## Home oxygen fires

Oxygen is not flammable, but when it is present in increased concentrations it will enable fires to start much more easily. Once a fire has started, if supplemental oxygen is present it will burn more fiercely, based on the principle of the fire triangle. Materials that do not burn in ambient air may burn when there is a greater concentration of oxygen present than there is in air.

Most home oxygen fires are caused by patients smoking whilst using medical oxygen. Other sources of naked flames, such as gas flames and birthday candles, can also pose a risk. Despite the inherent dangers, researchers estimate that between 10 and 50 per cent of home oxygen patients continue to smoke.

Once a fire has started in the patient's nasal cannula it will track back towards the oxygen source and if not stopped may lead to a ‘whole house’ fire. Whole house fires are directly correlated with single or even multiple deaths. According to the US National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 25% of oxygen fires get beyond the immediate surrounding area to become ‘whole house’ fires.

While an oxygen firebreak / thermal fuse cannot stop the initial ignition, it can limit the potential for whole house fires, more serious injury and death. Firebreaks / thermal fuses can also buy more time for a patient and other individuals in the building to escape, and limit the material cost of fire damage.

## Oxygen fire statistics

### United States

A study, The prevalence and impact of home oxygen fires in the USA, published in September 2019, analysed media reports of home oxygen fire incidents between December 2017 and August 2019. The report found 311 incidents, resulting in 164 deaths, equivalent to one patient death every four days. It also found that a third of reported incidents referenced exploding cylinders, posing a significant risk to third parties, including emergency services. The estimates that there are between 100 and 150 deaths every year from home oxygen fires in the US, describing it as a ‘material health issue’.

Further research published in November 2021 confirmed that home oxygen fires remain a material public health challenge. The study, Firebreaks: a risk-based approach to safer home oxygen delivery examined media reports of home oxygen fire incidents between August 2019 and July 2021. 256 incidents and 152 deaths were recorded in this 23-month period, equating to a death every four days, consistent with the previous research. Over the total study period of 3.5 years, there were 567 fires involving home oxygen and 316 deaths, including two firefighters who lost their lives. The new report also examines the significant impact of burns resulting from home oxygen fires, drawing on a study by Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in 2020 which found home oxygen fires cause at least 1,000 burn injuries per year.

In 2008 the NFPA published a report suggesting that there are 46 deaths each year in the US from 182 fires. The report also stated that US hospital emergency rooms deal with an average 1,190 cases of burns each year as a result of home oxygen fires. However, the NFPA describes these statistics as "likely underestimates".

Further analysis by Marty Ahrens on behalf of the NFPA in 2017 recorded a likely average annual death rate for home fires involving oxygen administration equipment of 70 people (or 3% or all home fire deaths), based upon figures between 2011 and 2015. The report also suggested that these fires or burns are becoming more common. In 2019 the NFPA also reported that "medicinal oxygen was involved in 13% of the home smoking material fire deaths".

The United States Fire Administration (USFA) said in a 2015 report that "While no one factor is solely responsible for the increased fire risk to older adults receiving home health care, smoking in the presence of oxygen is recognized as one important problem."

A study of home oxygen therapy patients in the Veterans Health Administration between 2009 and 2015 examined 123 cases of reported adverse events related to flash burns. It found that 100 cases (81%) resulted in injury, and 23 (19%) resulted in death. Although 89% of veterans claimed to have quit smoking, 92% of burns occurred as a result of smoking.

In July 2022, the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) adopted a position statement on home oxygen fire safety that recommended the use of firebreaks.

### Europe

Not all European countries monitor data on the number of fires that occur as a result of home oxygen. Despite a European Union Medical Device Directive requiring incidents to be reported to national vigilance authorities, there is often inadequate coordination to publish the information centrally. According to the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut fur Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM) it is likely that such incidents are grossly under-reported.

Data from the European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA), reports home oxygen fires caused 15 fatalities between 2013 and 2017 across 16 countries, suggesting significant under-reporting of the issue. By contrast, a white paper report, published by BPR Medical in April 2022, found that 23 deaths from home oxygen fire incidents in France and Italy, had been reported by the media between 2017 and 2021.

In England and Wales, central reporting of adverse incidents is a requirement of the NHS Service Specification for Home Oxygen. After firebreaks became mandatory in 2006, the average number of deaths by fire was 0.36 per thousand patients per year. In the US, where firebreaks were not required, almost twice as many patients (0.62 patients per thousand) died. A Freedom of Information request in 2018 revealed that only one fatality relating to home oxygen fires was recorded in the five-year period between 2013 and 2017.

## Firebreak effectiveness

In 2018, a freedom of information request to all clinical commissioning groups in England (where firebreaks are mandatory) revealed that during the five years between 2013 and 2017 inclusive, 63 serious incidents involving oxygen fires were recorded and just one fatality. 73% of CCGs, representing 71% of patients in England, responded to the request. When the results are extrapolated to cover the whole patient population of 81,000, the figures are 89 incidents and 1.4 deaths. The fatality rate is significantly lower than any other previous study in the UK or internationally, and significantly lower than rates in the US or Japan where, compared with the equivalent patient population, they were 27 and 14 respectively. The white paper report suggests that the mandatory introduction of firebreaks, in conjunction with a "multidisciplinary approach to patient education", as well as risk assessments, is responsible for the low level of fatalities.

## Home oxygen fire incidents

Some of the incidents involving deaths and injuries to patients, their relatives, fellow residents, as well as firefighters include:

**Collelongo (L'Aquila), Italy. April 15, 2021**

78-year-old famous Italian artist Luciano Ventrone died in his house in Collelongo due to an oxygen tank explosion. The man was under oxygen therapy due to respiratory problems, and his attempt to light up a cigarette caused the oxygen tank to explode.

**Bradford County, Pennsylvania, US. March 23, 2021**

Rober F. Wiglesworth (60-years-old) died after suffering burn injuries that stemmed from smoking a cigarette while being on oxygen. The Lehigh County coroner says that Wiglesworth died after receiving 2nd-degree burns and complications from obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) one week earlier.

**Vancouver, Washington, US. March 9, 2021**

Floyd E. Shoop (68-years-old) died following an apartment fire in Vancouver. The fire department responded to the fire, and Shoop was found dead in his bedroom where the fire originated. Officials state that Shoop was a smoker and was on medical oxygen. Another person suffered from smoke inhalation and was hospitalised. Two cats were killed. The fire caused an estimated $203,000 in damage.

**Nottingham, Maryland, US. December 3, 2020**

75-year-old Michael Richard Praglowski died in a house fire. Crews were called and discovered Praglowski unconscious inside a second floor bedroom. Praglowski later passed away in hospital. Investigators believe the fire was accidental and was caused when Praglowski was smoking while hooked up to an oxygen tank.

**Wellington, Kansas, US. September 22, 2020**

Bernardine Crittenden (85-years-old) died in a house fire in Wellington caused by her smoking a cigarette while being on oxygen. The fire caused roughly $50,000 in damage. By the time firefighters arrived, the fire had “burned itself out after causing considerable fire damage to the living room”. The woman was found dead.

**Giromagny, France. March 8, 2020**

An 87 year-old woman was severely injured in a fire that occurred at a care-home in Giromagny. The woman attempted to light a cigarette up while being on oxygen, which resulted in big flames burning her severely on the face and hands. She was rushed to hospital. This incident occurred under a week after an appointment with an oxygen-safety company was cancelled, raising concerns amongst family members of residents.

**Saint-Nazaire, France. January 12, 2020**

A 68 year-old woman died in a house fire in Saint-Nazaire, after she attempted to light a cigarette up while being on oxygen.

**Richmond, Indiana, US. November 19, 2018**

Two people were killed and six injured in an apartment complex fire, 48 year old Andrew Thornburg and 56 year old Richard Wilkinson. A number of senior citizens live in the apartments many of whom use walkers and wheelchairs making the task of evacuating the residents harder for fire crews. The fire is believed to have been caused by 'smoking materials', with many of the residents understood to be home oxygen users."

**Tilford, South Dakota, US. September 7, 2018**

43 year-old firefighter David Fischer was killed when a propane tank exploded during a fire. Home oxygen patient Raymond Joseph Bachmeier (82) was also killed in the incident. Authorities said that the fire was caused by "a cigarette being smoked in bed while on oxygen."

**Fayetteville, Arkansas, US. July 14, 2018**

An explosion at a house left a 69 year old man dead. The man's daughter reported that he had been smoking near his oxygen concentrator.

**Marion County, Indianapolis, US. May 19, 2018**

A man died in a fire which is believed to have started after he was smoking near an oxygen cylinder.

**Rathcobican, County Offaly, Ireland. June 22, 2017**

54-year-old Caroline Murphy died as a result of health complications from burns suffered in her home when her home oxygen equipment caught fire while she was using an e-cigarette.

**San Remo, Italy. March 23, 2017**

A woman died in a fire which started while she was smoking and simultaneously using her oxygen cylinder. Her husband also died trying to escape the blaze.

**Pont-Sainte-Maxence, Oise, France. March 11, 2017**

A 60-year-old wheelchair-using patient, described as a 'big smoker', died when his liquid oxygen dewar exploded following a nighttime fire in his apartment. His wife also suffered injuries.

**Pau, France. February 19, 2017**

A patient died and an apartment was destroyed after medical oxygen cylinders exploded, leading to a fire. Fifteen other residents had to be relocated after the incident.

**Winchester, Kentucky, US. March 11, 2016**

Patient Jackie Hisle Jr. was sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment on three counts of manslaughter after an incident in which his son, Donald Hisle, and two other residents were killed and six others were injured. Mr Hisle Jr. was smoking while using an oxygen concentrator, despite warnings.

**Knox County, Tennessee, US. February, 2012**

A jury awarded $2.5 million in damages against Apria Healthcare after the death of 72-year-old Jimmy Kelley from Knox County. The award was reduced to $1.275 million after the jury found Kelley to be partly responsible. Mr Kelley, a smoker, also used a space heater in a camper van where oxygen cylinders were stored.

## Regulation

### United States

Before placing a new concentrator on the market, all oxygen concentrator manufacturers need to make a 510(k) premarket submission to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

If the manufacturer chose to apply ISO 80601-2-69:2014 to demonstrate the safety of the new device, the fire safety elements of the standard, including ‘a means to extinguish a tubing fire and isolate the oxygen flow’ are a requirement. Approval to market the product would then be based upon compliance to the standard.

In March, 2018, the US Veterans Health Administration issued a Patient Safety Alert mandating the use of thermal fuses in all its patients' home oxygen installations, unless there is a clinical reason for not doing so. The Patient Safety Alert applies to all patients, not just those deemed to be at 'high risk'. It requires two thermal fuses to be fitted per patient installation, and any unidirectional thermal fuses must be replaced with bidirectional versions at the next scheduled visit (unless the unidirectional thermal fuse is designed so it cannot be fitted in the wrong direction).

In January 2020, in coordination with Fire Departments around the state and other agencies, the Wyoming State Fire Marshals Office launched the statewide community risk 307 CRR initiative. This aims to “to reach users of home medical oxygen, place safety devices on their units, and provide a home-risk checkup for the residents when possible”. The initiative follows Wyoming fire data which revealed that more than fifty percent of the deaths in residential structure fires throughout the state have been in homes with medical oxygen. The goal of the initiative is to reduce fire deaths and injuries by 2024 by installing inline oxygen firebreaks in 100% of home using medical oxygen across the State.

In March 2022, the American Burn Association (ABA) agreed a position statement on home oxygen burn prevention supporting the use of bidirectional thermal fuses in oxygen tubing.

In July 2022, the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) adopted a position statement on home oxygen fire safety that recommended the use of firebreaks.

In November 2023, Iowa has become the first US State to fund bidirectional thermal fuses through the Iowa Medicaid system.

### Europe

In the European Union the fitting of firebreaks is a legal requirement for all home oxygen installations.

All economic operators in the EU, including home oxygen service providers, must comply with the Medical Device Directive (93/42/EEC) or the Medical Device Regulation (2017/745).

The instructions for use for an oxygen concentrator placed on the EU single market must include an instruction to the effect that a firebreak shall be fitted close to the patient to stop the flow of oxygen in the event of a fire. By including this statement the oxygen concentrator manufacturer is complying with the harmonised EN ISO type standard for oxygen concentrators EN ISO 8359:2009+A1:2012, which provides the manufacturer with an immediate presumption of conformity to the Essential Requirements of the Medical Devices Directive and allows them to properly apply the CE mark. Since January 2015 all instructions for use provided with oxygen concentrators placed on the European market will include this statement.

The applied CE mark is reliant on the home oxygen service provider following this instruction and fitting a firebreak. If the firebreak is not fitted, then the Essential Requirements for performance and safety are not met and the CE mark is no longer valid. It also means that the home oxygen service provider's status, within the framework under which the single market for medical devices operates, changes from ‘distributor’ to ‘manufacturer’. This has significant regulatory implications.

The EU Medical Devices Directive also requires that economic operators adopt solutions that ‘reduce risk as far as possible’ in line with the ‘state of the art’. The fitting of firebreaks is therefore a requirement irrespective of the oxygen source, including oxygen concentrators, liquid oxygen dewars or gas cylinders.

#### Under-reporting of home oxygen fire incidents in Europe

Statistics from the European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA) suggest that home oxygen fires caused 15 deaths between 2013 and 2017 in 16 EU countries. However media analysis across another five-year period (2017–2021), published in a white paper by BPR Medical, identified 23 deaths in France and Italy alone.

The report calls for Competent Authorities in Europe to address home oxygen fire reporting procedures and the implementation of existing patient safety regulations.

### United Kingdom

An additional legal requirement applies in the UK, where the fitting of firebreaks has been mandatory under the service specification of the home oxygen service since 2006.

### Germany

In 2011, the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices recommended ‘corrective actions to prevent fires in oxygen concentrators’. It issued a notice stating that from July 1, 2012, all devices should be equipped with installations for stopping encroachment of the fire into the device, and interruption of the delivery of oxygen in the accessory as close to the patient as possible, in case of ignition. Manufacturers were also required to offer retrospective refitting for devices placed on the market before July 1, 2012.

## World Health Organization guidance

The World Health Organization recommends ‘firebreak connectors to stop the oxygen flow in the event of fire’ in all oxygen concentrators.

## Oxygen firebreak standards

Three main standards cover the use of oxygen firebreaks / thermal fuses:

The safety requirements for oxygen concentrators are governed by the amended standard ISO 8359:1996+A1:2012. The US FDA recognized the standard from January 2014. In January 2015, it was superseded by ISO 80601-2-69:2014. Health Canada, which is responsible for national public health, still recognizes the standard.

All of the 28 CEN (European Committee for Standardization) national standardization bodies (NSBs) have published EN ISO 8359:2009+A1:2012 as national standards. In Europe EN ISO 8359:2009+A1:2012 has harmonized standard status, which triggers ‘presumption of conformity’.

Included in ISO 80601-2-69:2014 are specific requirements that serve to mitigate the risk of fire related to oxygen therapy. The requirements state that the following should be provided:

1. A means to extinguish a tubing fire and isolate the oxygen flow in the accessories (nasal cannula and tubing or mask and tubing). The standard states that this should be fitted close to the patient.
2. A means to prevent the fire spreading into the oxygen concentrator outlet. The standard states that the means can also stop the flow of oxygen although it is not required to do so. It also specifies that if a bubble humidifier is fitted to the concentrator, that the means must also protect the bubble humidifier.


title: Regenia A. Perry

abstract: Regenia A. Perry is one of the first African American women to earn a Ph.D. in art history. In 1975, Perry served as the first African American guest curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. She has written extensively about African American artists and folk artists.

text:
# Regenia A. Perry

**Regenia A. Perry** is one of the first African American women to earn a Ph.D. in art history. In 1975, Perry served as the first African American guest curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. She has written extensively about African American artists and folk artists.

## Early life and education

Perry was born in Granville County, North Carolina to Jessie L. Perry and Marie M. Peace. Her father was a tobacco farmer. She was the second child, after an older brother.

Perry attended Virginia State College, where she earned a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts Education in 1961. The following year, she earned her master's degree in the history of art at Western Reserve University. Perry later completed courses towards a Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania. She completed her Ph.D. in the history of art in 1966 at Western Reserve University.

Perry credits Mrs. Lola H. Solice (1910–1993), superintendent of Granville County, North Carolina Negro Schools during the 1950s, as one who influenced her the most.

One of Perry's nieces is Dr. Lynn Perry Wooten, the ninth president of Simmons University and the first African American to hold the position.

## Career

Perry taught art history at number of universities. In the 1960s, she taught at Georgetown University, University of Maryland, Howard University and Indiana State University. In 1967, Perry and Rizpah L. Welch, Ed.D. were the first two full-time African American faculty members employed by Richmond Professional Institute, later name Virginia Commonwealth University.

For twenty-five years she was a professor at Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts. She retired in 1990. In 2000, Perry established the Regenia A. Perry Merit Scholarship at the university.

In 1975, Perry was named guest curator of the Metropolitan Museum of Art for 1975–76. She was the first African American serving in this capacity at the museum. Perry would be responsible for selecting works for the museum's exhibit on 19th century African American art as well as negotiating possible acquisitions for the museum's permanent collection. The exhibit *Selections of Nineteenth-Century Afro-American Art* included 92 pieces by various artists including Joshua Johnson, Jules Lion, Henry O. Tanner, and Harriet Powers.

Perry amassed a collection of 3,000 African American folk artifacts, including 300 Black Santas, angles and other ethnic holiday items. Perry's extensive Black doll collection has been loaned for exhibition. In 2003, Perry curated *Sugar and Spice: Black Dolls from the Dr. Regenia Perry Collection and the Black Doll Museum, Philadelphia* at the African American Museum in Dallas, Texas.

Perry founded Raven Arts, an art consulting firm in New Orleans focused on African American folk artists.

## Honors and legacy

## Curated exhibits

Perry curated or co-curated the following selected exhibits:

* *Impact '79: Afro-American Women Artists: April 2 to 20, 1979*. FAMU Art Gallery, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL. Curated by Perry. Artists featured included: Camille Billops, Vivian E. Browne, Doris C. Colbert, Oletha DeVane, Wilhelmina Godfrey, Lana T. Henderson, Adrienne W. Hoard, Martha E. Jackson, Winnie Owens, Betye Saar, Elizabeth Scott, Joyce Scott, Jewel W. Simon, and Yvonne Edwards Tucker.
* *James Van Der Zee's New York*. Carriero Gallery, Massachusetts College of Art, Boston, MA, Feb. 21 – March 11, 1983.
* *Near the End: Artistic Prophecies by Ruth Mae McCrane, January 17 – March 23, 1997*. Afro-American Cultural Center, Charlotte, North Carolina. 36-piece exhibit featuring folk-art paintings by McCrane. Curated by Perry.
* *Selections of Nineteenth-Century Afro-American Art: June 19 – August 1, 1976*. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Curated by Perry.
* *Spirit Work: Religion in African-American Folk Art*. January 31 – March 10, 1990. Dallas, TX: Museum of African-American Life and Culture, 1990.

## Books and catalogs

* *Art of the Kuba: Selected Works from the W. H. Sheppard Collection at Hampton University*, Virginia Commonwealth University, Anderson Gallery, November 1979.
* *Free Within Ourselves: African-American Artists in the Collection of the National Museum of American Art*. San Francisco, Calif: National Museum of American Art in association with Pomegranate Artbooks, 1992. 205 pages. Introduction by Kinshasha Holman Conwill. ISBN 9781566400725
* *Harriet Powers's Bible Quilts*. \[New York\]: \[Rizzoli International\], 1994. 24 pages. 24 color illustrations. ISBN 9780847816538
* *Impact '79: Afro-American Women Artists: April 2 to 20, 1979*, Tallahassee, FL: FAMU Art Gallery, Florida A & M University, 1979. 16 unnumbered pages. OCLC 45124797
* *James Van Der Zee's New York*. Carreiro Gallery, Boston, MA: \[publisher not identified\], 1983. 8 pages. OCLC 9595945
* *The Life and Works of Charles Frederick Schweinfurth: Cleveland Architect – 1856–1919*. Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms International, 1981. Perry's Ph.D. Western Reserve University dissertation, 1967. 273 pages. OCLC 7878352
* *Selections of Nineteenth-Century Afro-American Art: June 19 – August 1, 1976*. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976. 46 unnumbered pages. OCLC 14020922
* *Spirits or Satire: African American Face Vessels of the Nineteenth Century*. Gibbs Art Gallery, Charleston, S.C., September 1985.
* *What It Is: Black American Folk Art from the collection of Regenia A. Perry*, Virginia Commonwealth University, Anderson Gallery, October 1982. 72 pages.

### Book and catalogs with contributions by Perry

* Livingston, Jane, John Beardsley, and Regenia Perry. *Black Folk Art in America, 1930–1980*. Jackson: Published for the Corcoran Gallery of Art by the University Press of Mississippi, 1982. Perry authored the essay "Black American Folk Art: Origins and Early Manifestations."
* Smith, Todd D., Regenia Perry, John Hewitt, and Vivian Hewitt. *Celebration and Vision: The Hewitt Collection of African-American Art*. Charlotte, NC: Bank of America Corp, 1999. 101 pages.
* Perry, Regenia, and Maude Wahlman. *Spirit Work: Religion in African-American Folk Art*. Dallas, TX: MAALC, 1990.
* Riggs, Thomas. *St. James Guide to Black Artists*. Detroit, MI: St. James Press, 1998. Perry authored biographic articles on Edward Bannister, Leslie Bolling, William Edmondson, Minnie Evans, David Hammons, Jacob Lawrence, Elijah Pierce, Harriet Powers, Renee Stout, Mose Tolliver, Bill Traylor, Gregory Warmack and three others. ISBN 9781558622203
* Van Der Zee, James, Liliane DeCock-Morgan, Reginald McGhee, and Regenia Perry. *James Van Der Zee*. 1973. 159 pages. ISBN 9780871000392
* Van Der Zee, James, Patricia Bladon, and Regenia Perry. *Roots in Harlem: Photographs by James Van Der Zee from the Collection of Regenia A. Perry: January 8 – February 19, 1989*, Memphis Brooks Museum of Art. \[Memphis, TN\]: Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, 1988. 44 pages. OCLC 22887079

## Collections

The Regenia Perry papers, circa 1920–2017, are housed at Emory University, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives and Rare Book Library in Atlanta, Georgia. The 35-box collection includes art and artists files, photographs, slides and printed materials in the area of African American art history. Also included are works by Phillip Lindsay Mason, Willie Stokes, and James Van Der Zee. Binders from art collector Francois Mignon from the Melrose Plantation are also included.

## InfoBox

| Regenia A. Perry | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1941-03-30) March 30, 1941<br>Granville County, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | Educator, art historian, curator, folklorist |


title: Jerry Pimm

abstract: Jerry Pimm is an American former basketball coach. He served as the head men's basketball coach at the University of Utah from 1974 to 1983 and the University of California, Santa Barbara from 1983 to 1998, compiling career college basketball coaching record of 395–288.

text:
# Jerry Pimm

**Jerry Pimm** is an American former basketball coach. He served as the head men's basketball coach at the University of Utah from 1974 to 1983 and the University of California, Santa Barbara from 1983 to 1998, compiling career college basketball coaching record of 395–288.

## Playing career

Playing for Montebello High School, Pimm earned the Helms Athletic Foundation's Central Section co-high school player of the year in 1956. He played at Fullerton Junior College in 1956-1958. He then played guard at the University of Southern California, where he earned second-team All-Athletic Association of Western Universities and All-Coast Team honors in 1960.

## Coaching career

Pimm replaced former Utah coach Bill Foster, who had accepted the same position with the Duke University Blue Devils, in 1974 after serving 13 years as an assistant coach under Jack Gardner and Foster. As coach of the Utes, Pimm led Utah to a 173-86 (.668) record, including four Sweet 16 appearances in the NCAA tournament. The Utes also won 3 Western Athletic Conference basketball titles and only had one losing season during his stay. In 1981, the Utes lost to eventual champion North Carolina, led by Sam Perkins, Al Wood, and James Worthy. The Utes were led by Danny Vranes, Tom Chambers and Karl Bankowski. In the 1983 NCAA Men's basketball tournament, Pimm's Utes were seeded 10th in the west regional, but led by Peter Williams and Pace Mannion, Utah upset 7th seed Illinois and 2nd seed UCLA before losing to eventual champion North Carolina State. After the season, Pimm decided to leave the University of Utah for the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Prior to Pimm's career at UCSB, the Gauchos program had suffered through seven straight losing seasons. After a shaky start, which saw three more losing seasons, the Gauchos turned it around in the 1986-87 season, where they finished with a 16-13 record. The next season would be Pimm's best at UCSB. Led by conference player of the year Brian Shaw, the Gauchos went 22-8, including an 18-point win over Jim Valvano's North Carolina State team (with Chucky Brown, Charles Shackleford, and Vinny Del Negro), and two wins over Jerry Tarkanian's UNLV Runnin' Rebels (the second win coming when UNLV was ranked #2). UCSB earned its first-ever NCAA Tournament berth, but they lost to the University of Maryland in the first round, 92-82.

In 1990, UCSB once again made the NCAA Tournament (propelled by a 78-70 win over top-ranked and eventual national champion UNLV), this time beating the University of Houston 70-66 in the first round before falling to #1 seed Michigan State 62-58 points in the 2nd round. Under Pimm, UCSB also played in three National Invitation Tournaments. In the mid-late 90s, UCSB had suffered through five straight losing seasons, and Pimm resigned, although he later took a job with the athletic department. Pimm went 217-187 (.537) in 16 seasons with the Gauchos. He holds an all-time record of 390-273 (.588) in 25 years as a head coach.

Pimm assisted Lute Olson with the US national team at the 1986 Goodwill Games and the 1986 FIBA World Championship, winning the gold medal both times.

Jamie Dixon and Ben Howland both were assistant coaches for Pimm while at UCSB.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Utah Utes**  *(Western Athletic Conference)* (1974–1983) | | | | | | | | |
| 1974–75 | Utah | 17–9 | 7–5 | 4th |  |
| 1975–76 | Utah | 19–8 | 9–5 | T–2nd |  |
| 1976–77 | Utah | 22–7 | 11–3 | 1st | NCAA Division I Sweet 16 |
| 1977–78 | Utah | 23–6 | 12–2 | 2nd | NCAA Division I Sweet 16 |
| 1978–79 | Utah | 20–10 | 9–3 | 2nd | NCAA Division I First Round |
| 1979–80 | Utah | 18–10 | 10–4 | T–2nd |  |
| 1980–81 | Utah | 25–5 | 13–3 | T–1st | NCAA Division I Sweet 16 |
| 1981–82 | Utah | 11–17 | 6–10 | 7th |  |
| 1982–83 | Utah | 18–14 | 11–5 | T–1st | NCAA Division I Sweet 16 |
| **Utah:** | | 173–86 | 88–40 |  | | | | |
| **UC Santa Barbara Gauchos**  *(Pacific Coast Athletic Association / Big West Conference)* (1983–1998) | | | | | | | | |
| 1983–84 | UC Santa Barbara | 10–17 | 5–13 | 9th |  |
| 1984–85 | UC Santa Barbara | 12–16 | 8–10 | T–6th |  |
| 1985–86 | UC Santa Barbara | 12–15 | 7–11 | 9th |  |
| 1986–87 | UC Santa Barbara | 16–13 | 10–8 | T–2nd |  |
| 1987–88 | UC Santa Barbara | 22–8 | 13–5 | T–2nd | NCAA Division I First Round |
| 1988–89 | UC Santa Barbara | 21–9 | 11–7 | 3rd | NIT First Round |
| 1989–90 | UC Santa Barbara | 21–9 | 13–5 | T–2nd | NCAA Division I Second Round |
| 1990–91 | UC Santa Barbara | 14–15 | 8–10 | T–4th |  |
| 1991–92 | UC Santa Barbara | 20–9 | 13–5 | 2nd | NIT First Round |
| 1992–93 | UC Santa Barbara | 18–11 | 10–8 | T–5th | NIT First Round |
| 1993–94 | UC Santa Barbara | 13–17 | 9–9 | 7th |  |
| 1994–95 | UC Santa Barbara | 13–14 | 8–10 | 6th |  |
| 1995–96 | UC Santa Barbara | 11–15 | 8–10 | T–7th |  |
| 1996–97 | UC Santa Barbara | 12–15 | 7–9 | 3rd (Western) |  |
| 1997–98 | UC Santa Barbara | 7–19 | 4–12 | 6th (Western) |  |
| **UC Santa Barbara:** | | 222–202 | 134–132 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 395–288 |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Jerry Pimm
| Pimm circa 1974 | |
| --- | --- |
| Playing career | |
| 1957–1960 | USC |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Guard |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1960–1961 | USC (assistant) |
| 1961–1974 | Utah (assistant) |
| 1974–1983 | Utah |
| 1983–1998 | UC Santa Barbara |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 395–288 |
| Tournaments | 6–7 (NCAA Division I)
0–3 (NIT) |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| 3 WAC regular season (1977, 1981, 1983) | |
| Awards | |
| Second-team All-AAWU (1960) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: You Waste Your Time

abstract: "You Waste Your Time" is a song by Tremonti that was released by FRET12 Records as the debut single from his debut solo album All I Was on May 7, 2012. It is also the first song to be released by Creed and Alter Bridge guitarist Mark Tremonti as a solo singer-songwriter. The song received positive reviews and its live music video premiered on May 17, 2012.

text:
# You Waste Your Time

"**You Waste Your Time**" is a song by Tremonti that was released by FRET12 Records as the debut single from his debut solo album *All I Was* on May 7, 2012. It is also the first song to be released by Creed and Alter Bridge guitarist Mark Tremonti as a solo singer-songwriter. The song received positive reviews and its live music video premiered on May 17, 2012.

## Background

Tremonti first announced that he would be releasing a solo album in 2010, and later announced the title of the album to be *All I Was*. *Billboard* later reported that "You Waste Your Time" would be the first single from the album, a song which had previously been released by Tremonti as a 90-second clip on Loudwire.com. *FMQB* reported that the song would be released to active rock radio stations in May 2012. It was released on May 7, 2012, one day after Tremonti and FRET12 Records made it available for listening on Loudwire, after which it entered the iTunes Rock Songs Chart at number 10 one day later. Tremonti and his band — consisting of rhythm guitarist Eric Friedman, bassist Brian Marshall, and drummer Garrett Whitlock — debuted their live music video of the single later that month.

## Composition

"You Waste Your Time" is three minutes and forty-seven seconds long, and was written by Tremonti with Eric Friedman and Garrett Whitlock. It features a speed metal influence, of which Tremonti had spoken since the beginning stages of his solo album.

## Critical reception

"You Waste Your Time" was well received by music critics. It received its first professional review from Mary Ouellette of Loudwire, who gave it 4 out of 5 stars and praised the song's speed metal style and melodic chorus, as well as Tremonti's vocals and guitar work. Rick Florino from Artistdirect also gave the song a positive review and a rating of 4.5 stars out of 5. He wrote: "If 'You Waste Your Time' doesn't solidify Mark Tremonti as one of heavy metal and hard rock's greatest guitarists, then the complete solo album *All I Was* will when it drops July 10. Otherwise, there's something horribly wrong with the world." The song has received an average of 5 out of 5 stars on the iTunes Store.

## Chart performance

| Chart (2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Mainstream Rock | 28 |

## Music video

An unofficial music video for "You Waste Your Time" was released on Noisecreep on May 17, 2012, and features Tremonti and his band performing the song live in a studio. The video uses the actual live audio from the performance.

## Track listing

1. "You Waste Your Time" – 3:47

## Personnel

Musicians Production

## InfoBox

| "You Waste Your Time" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Tremonti | |
| from the album  *All I Was* | |
| Released | May 7, 2012 |
| Length | 3:48 |
| Label | FRET12 |
| Songwriter(s) | Mark Tremonti |
| Producer(s) | Michael "Elvis" Baskette |
|  | |
| Tremonti singles chronology | |
| "**You Waste Your Time**"
(2012) "So You're Afraid"
(2012) | |
|  | |


title: RTM Mostar

abstract: RTV Mostar also known as RTM was a local Bosnian commercial television channel based in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The channel was primarily broadcast in Bosnian language. The television channel was launched in 1995 and dissolved in 2018. A radio station from the same company, Radio Mostar, was founded in 1992. RTM was co-founder of the first Bosnian television network called Mreža plus. RTM was active member and one of the founders of the new TV1Mreža Mreža TV is a television program with almost national coverage in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and jointly in partnership with TV 1 broadcast several regional public and private TV stations.

text:
# RTM Mostar

**RTV Mostar** also known as **RTM** was a local Bosnian commercial television channel based in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The channel was primarily broadcast in Bosnian language. The television channel was launched in 1995 and dissolved in 2018. A radio station from the same company, **Radio Mostar**, was founded in 1992. RTM was co-founder of the first Bosnian television network called Mreža plus.

RTM was active member and one of the founders of the new **TV1Mreža**

Mreža TV is a television program with almost national coverage in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and jointly in partnership with TV 1 broadcast several regional public and private TV stations.

## InfoBox

RTM Mostar
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Broadcast area | Herzegovina |
| Headquarters | Mostar |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Bosnian language |
| Picture format | 4:3 576i SDTV |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | "RTM-TV1" d.o.o. Mostar |
| Key people | Narcis Selimotić |
| History | |
| Launched | 1995 |
| Closed | 1 August 2018 (2018-08-01) |
| Former names | Radiotelevizija Mostar (RTVMO) |


title: Michael Bailey-Gates

abstract: Michael Bailey-Gates is an American artist, photographer, and model. He was born in Rhode Island, and currently resides in New York City.

text:
# Michael Bailey-Gates

**Michael Bailey-Gates** (born July 28, 1993) is an American artist, photographer, and model. He was born in Rhode Island, and currently resides in New York City.

## Life

Michael Bailey-Gates grew up in Rhode Island where he worked an after school job at a photo studio. He continued on to receive his BFA in Photography from the School of Visual Arts in 2015.

## Work

### Photographer

In 2013 Bailey-Gates met photographer Ryan McGinley and became a protégé of the artist. Bailey-Gates later debuted his body of work "A Horse The Rough" with New York Times in 2018. The pictures referenced early motion-study photographs "without the gender norms traditional to classical portraiture".

In 2021, Bailey-Gates’ first solo exhibition, "A Glint In The Kindling", was hosted at The Ravestijn Gallery, in Amsterdam. Chantal McStay, in a New York Times Style Magazine review of the exhibition, stated the photographs on display "evoked the aesthetics of classical portraiture as they upend conventions of gender and beauty." This body of work was published as the inaugural book by Pinch publishing in 2021.

In 2021 Bailey-Gates was the subject of homophobic backlash after releasing a self portrait commissioned for a Valentino campaign. The brand's designer, Pierpaolo Piccioli, condemned the backlash over the Valentino image.

Horace D. Ballard, in Aperture Magazine, describes Bailey-Gates’ photography as redefining traditional portraiture through "queer, neoclassical portraits" and notes his specialties in portraiture, studio and tableau photography.

### Model

Bailey-Gates has modeled for the brands DKNY and CK One as well as for the publications i-D, Arena Homme +, and Interview. In 2015 Bailey-Gates was photographed by Terry Richardson for an editorial in Vogue Hommes International. In 2016, Michael Bailey-Gates appeared in his boyfriend Thomas Whiteside's book *Route 1, Mike and India*.

## Awards and honors

Bailey-Gates was listed as W Magazine's 10 young artists to follow in 2018. and in 2020 he was named one of Cultured magazines Young artists 2020.

## InfoBox

| Michael Bailey-Gates | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 28, 1993 |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Modeling, Photography |
| Website | mikebaileygates.com |


title: Monardella viminea

abstract: Monardella viminea is a species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name willowy monardella. It is endemic to coastal San Diego County, within the City of San Diego, in southern California. The plant is native to coastal sage scrub habitats of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion.

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# Monardella viminea

***Monardella viminea*** is a species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name **willowy monardella**.

It is endemic to coastal San Diego County, within the City of San Diego, in southern California. The plant is native to coastal sage scrub habitats of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion .

## Conservation

*Monardella viminea* is a federal and state listed Endangered species, and a Critically Imperiled species on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants. It is seriously threatened by urbanization, hydrological alterations, road improvements, vehicles, and invasive species of plants.

## InfoBox

| *Monardella viminea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered (ESA) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Monardella* |
| Species: | ***M. viminea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Monardella viminea***
Greene | |
|


title: Methodist Church, Pettah

abstract: Methodist Church in Pettah is a Methodist church situated in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is considered as the first Methodist church, established in Sri Lanka as well as Asia. The church building has been formally recognised by the Government as an archaeological protected monument in Sri Lanka. The designation was declared on 17 May 2013 under the government Gazette number 1811.

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# Methodist Church, Pettah

**Methodist Church in Pettah** is a Methodist church situated in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is considered as the first Methodist church, established in Sri Lanka as well as Asia. The church building has been formally recognised by the Government as an archaeological protected monument in Sri Lanka. The designation was declared on 17 May 2013 under the government Gazette number 1811.

## History

The Methodist Church in Sri Lanka was originated early in the 19th century when the island (then called Ceylon) was under the British rule. On 31 December 1813 six British missionaries, William Ault, Benjamin Clough, George Erskine, Thomas Hall, William Martin Harvard and James Lynch, sailed for Ceylon to begin their mission in the island under the leadership of Thomas Coke. However during the voyage Coke become ill and was found dead on the floor of his cabin room. He was buried at sea on 3 May 1814. Harvard remained in Bombay whilst the others continued on their journey, landing at Weligama on 29 June 1814, six months after it commenced from London.

Ten days after the arrival they decided to split up and travel to different parts of Ceylon. Lynch and Squance went north to Jaffna, Ault north-east to Batticaloa, Erskine to Matara whilst Clough remained in Galle. Harvard arrived in Galle in early 1815 and was subsequently posted to Colombo. Harvard (c. 1790 - 15 December 1857) was trained as a printer and in 1810 became a probationer for the ministry in the Wesleyan Methodist Conference, volunteering in 1813 to join Coke in establishing Methodist missions in India and Ceylon. He was ordained in 1813 in London. In 1816 with the help of Andrew Armour, a former army officer and school teacher, he purchased a portion of land on Dam Street and built the first Methodist chapel (known as Wesleyan Mission House) in Asia. The chapel was constructed under the guidance of the Surveyor-General of Ceylon, Captain Gualterus Schneider. Its design was modelled on the Burnswick Wesleyan Chapel in Liverpool.

The first service at the chapel was held on 22 December 1816, and was jointly conducted by Harvard and Clough. It was attended by the Governor of Ceylon Robert Brownrigg, his wife and a number of local civic and military dignitaries. The building complex comprised a chapel, dwelling house for two families, a large schoolroom, printing and bookbinding offices, a type foundry and warehouses. The chapel was described in the 'Government Gazette' as "almost an amphitheatre, with three rows of elevated seats nearly all around".

In 1863 the arrangement of the seats was altered and the pulpit which was formerly at the same end as the entrance porch was moved to the opposite side. On 2 March 1874 the first classes of Wesley College, Colombo were held in the schoolroom. The college continued to be conducted from these premises until 1907 when the school was moved to its current location in Borella. In 1966 the building was remodelled and the exterior of the chapel was slightly modified.

### Works cited

## InfoBox

| Methodist Church, Pettah | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Methodism |
| Status | Active |
| Location | |
| Location | Pettah, Sri Lanka |
| Geographic coordinates | 06°56′20.5″N 79°51′23.3″E / 6.939028°N 79.856472°E / 6.939028; 79.856472 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Church |
| Completed | 22 December 1816 |


title: Parker's Woods (Mason City, Iowa)

abstract: Parker's Woods is a recreational park located in Mason City, Iowa, United States. It was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. At the time of its nomination it contained three resources, which included one contributing building, one contributing site, and one structure. It contains 13 acres (5.3 ha) of land along Willow Creek. The park features picnic areas, three tennis courts, volleyball court, basketball courts, playgrounds, and fishing in Willow Creek.

text:
# Parker's Woods (Mason City, Iowa)

**Parker's Woods** is a recreational park located in Mason City, Iowa, United States. It was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. At the time of its nomination it contained three resources, which included one contributing building, one contributing site, and one structure. It contains 13 acres (5.3 ha) of land along Willow Creek. The park features picnic areas, three tennis courts, volleyball court, basketball courts, playgrounds, and fishing in Willow Creek.

## History

Prior to being a park, this land had been a part of A.T. Parker's farm since 1874. It was utilized as pasture land and because of its proximity to the Union Pacific railroad tracks, Parker allowed it to be used as a circus grounds. His widow and a daughter, Martha J. Parker and Belle Parker Jackson, donated the land to Mason City for a park in 1939. It has been used for that purpose ever since. The park was developed from 1939 to 1941 by the National Youth Administration (NYA), a Depression-era relief program that provided part-time work and job training to young men and women. It is a rare example of a park that was developed in its entirety by the NYA in Iowa. The plan for the park's development was created by Cedar Rapids landscape architect Floyd W. Sapp. Development was limited as the Parker's wanted the park to be kept in a natural state.

The NYA began by clearing brush and poison ivy from the park. They also built the rustic picnic shelter and entrance bollards, which were completed in 1941. At the same time, the NYA was also involved with projects in East Park. The Parker's Woods project provided employment for 40 young men. Other improvements in the park such as playgrounds and athletic fields and courts were added by the city after World War II.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Parker's Woods Park Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| The picnic shelter and entrance bollards (1941) | |
|  | |
| Location | N. Jackson Ave. between 1st & 4th Sts., NW., Mason City, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 43°09′15″N 93°12′45″W / 43.15417°N 93.21250°W / 43.15417; -93.21250 |
| Area | 13 acres (5.3 ha) |
| Architect | Floyd W. Sapp |
| NRHP reference No. | 14000856 |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 2014 |


title: Oxygen minimum zone

abstract: The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), sometimes referred to as the shadow zone, is the zone in which oxygen saturation in seawater in the ocean is at its lowest. This zone occurs at depths of about 200 to 1,500 m (700–4,900 ft), depending on local circumstances. OMZs are found worldwide, typically along the western coast of continents, in areas where an interplay of physical and biological processes concurrently lower the oxygen concentration and restrict the water from mixing with surrounding waters, creating a "pool" of water where oxygen concentrations fall from the normal range of 4–6 mg/L to below 2 mg/L.

text:
# Oxygen minimum zone

The **oxygen minimum zone** (**OMZ**), sometimes referred to as the **shadow zone**, is the zone in which oxygen saturation in seawater in the ocean is at its lowest. This zone occurs at depths of about 200 to 1,500 m (700–4,900 ft), depending on local circumstances. OMZs are found worldwide, typically along the western coast of continents, in areas where an interplay of physical and biological processes concurrently lower the oxygen concentration (biological processes) and restrict the water from mixing with surrounding waters (physical processes), creating a "pool" of water where oxygen concentrations fall from the normal range of 4–6 mg/L to below 2 mg/L.

## Physical and biological processes

Surface ocean waters generally have oxygen concentrations close to equilibrium with the Earth's atmosphere. In general, colder waters hold more oxygen than warmer waters. As water moves out of the mixed layer into the thermocline, it is exposed to a rain of organic matter from above. Aerobic bacteria feed on this organic matter; oxygen is used as part of the bacterial metabolic process, lowering its concentration within the water. Therefore, the concentration of oxygen in deep water is dependent on the amount of oxygen it had when it was at the surface, minus depletion by deep sea organisms.

The downward flux of organic matter decreases sharply with depth, with 80–90% being consumed in the top 1,000 m (3,300 ft). The deep ocean thus has higher oxygen because rates of oxygen consumption are low compared with the supply of cold, oxygen-rich deep waters from polar regions. In the surface layers, oxygen is supplied by photosynthesis of phytoplankton. Depths in between, however, have higher rates of oxygen consumption and lower rates of advective supply of oxygen-rich waters. In much of the ocean, mixing processes enable the resupply of oxygen to these waters (see upwelling).

A distribution of the open-ocean oxygen minimum zones is controlled by the large-scale ocean circulation as well as local physical as well as biological processes. For example, wind blowing parallel to the coast causes Ekman transport that upwells nutrients from deep water. The increased nutrients support phytoplankton blooms, zooplankton grazing, and an overall productive food web at the surface. The byproducts of these blooms and the subsequent grazing sink in the form of particulate and dissolved nutrients (from phytodetritus, dead organisms, fecal pellets, excretions, shed shells, scales, and other parts). This "rain" of organic matter (see the biological pump) feeds the microbial loop and may lead to bacterial blooms in water below the euphotic zone due to the influx of nutrients. Since oxygen is not being produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis below the euphotic zone, these microbes use up what oxygen is in the water as they break down the falling organic matter thus creating the lower oxygen conditions.

Physical processes then constrain the mixing and isolate this low oxygen water from outside water. Vertical mixing is constrained due to the separation from the mixed layer by depth. Horizontal mixing is constrained by bathymetry and boundaries formed by interactions with sub-tropical gyres and other major current systems. Low oxygen water may spread (by advection) from under areas of high productivity up to these physical boundaries to create a stagnant pool of water with no direct connection to the ocean surface even though (as in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific) there may be relatively little organic matter falling from the surface.

### Microbes

In OMZs oxygen concentration drops to levels \<10 nM at the base of the oxycline and can remain anoxic for over 700 m depth. This lack of oxygen can be reinforced or increased due to physical processes changing oxygen supply such as eddy-driven advection, sluggish ventilation, increases in ocean stratification, and increases in ocean temperature which reduces oxygen solubility.

At a microscopic scale the processes causing ocean deoxygenation rely on microbial aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is a metabolic process that microorganisms like bacteria or archaea use to obtain energy by degrading organic matter, consuming oxygen, producing CO2 and obtaining energy in the form of ATP. In the ocean surface photosynthetic microorganisms called phytoplankton use solar energy and CO2 to build organic molecules (organic matter) releasing oxygen in the process. A large fraction of the organic matter from photosynthesis becomes dissolved organic matter (DOM) that is consumed by bacteria during aerobic respiration in sunlit waters. Another fraction of organic matter sinks to the deep ocean forming aggregates called marine snow. These sinking aggregates are consumed via degradation of organic matter and respiration at depth.

At depths in the ocean where no light can reach, aerobic respiration is the dominant process. When the oxygen in a parcel of water is consumed, the oxygen cannot be replaced without the water reaching the surface ocean. When oxygen concentrations drop to below \<10 nM, microbial processes that are normally inhibited by oxygen can take place like denitrification and anammox. Both processes extract elemental nitrogen from nitrogen compounds and that elemental nitrogen which does not stay in solution escapes as a gas, resulting in a net loss of nitrogen from the ocean.

### Bioavailability of oxygen

#### Oxygen demand

An organism's demand for oxygen is dependent on its metabolic rate. Metabolic rates can be affected by external factors such as the temperature of the water, and internal factors such as the species, life stage, size, and activity level of the organism. The body temperature of ectotherms (such as fishes and invertebrates) fluctuates with the temperature of the water. As the external temperature increases, ectotherm metabolisms increase as well, increasing their demand for oxygen. Different species have different basal metabolic rates and therefore different oxygen demands.

Life stages of organisms also have different metabolic demands. In general, younger stages tend to grow in size and advance in developmental complexity quickly. As the organism reaches maturity, metabolic demands switch from growth and development to maintenance, which requires far fewer resources. Smaller organisms have higher metabolisms per unit of mass, so smaller organisms will require more oxygen per unit mass, while larger organisms generally require more total oxygen. Higher activity levels also require more oxygen.

This is why bioavailability is important in deoxygenated systems: an oxygen quantity which is dangerously low for one species might be more than enough for another species.

#### Indices and calculations

Several indices to measure bioavailability have been suggested: Respiration Index, Oxygen Supply Index, and the Metabolic Index. The Respiration Index describes oxygen availability based on the free energy available in the reactants and products of the stoichiometric equation for respiration. However, organisms have ways of altering their oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release, so the strict stoichiometric equation is not necessarily accurate. The Oxygen Supply Index accounts for oxygen solubility and partial pressure, along with the Q10 of the organism, but does not account for behavioral or physiological changes in organisms to compensate for reduced oxygen availability. The Metabolic Index accounts for the supply of oxygen in terms of solubility, partial pressure, and diffusivity of oxygen in water, and the organism's metabolic rate. The metabolic index is generally viewed as a closer approximation of oxygen bioavailability than the other indices.

There are two thresholds of oxygen required by organisms:

* *Pcrit* (critical partial pressure)- the oxygen level below which an organism cannot support a normal respiration rate
* *Pleth* (lethal partial pressure)- the oxygen level below which an organism cannot support the minimum respiration rate necessary for survival.

Since bioavailability is specific to each organism and temperature, calculation of these thresholds is done experimentally by measuring activity and respiration rates under different temperature and oxygen conditions, or by collecting data from separate studies.

## Life in the OMZ

Despite the low oxygen conditions, organisms have evolved to live in and around OMZs. For those organisms, like the vampire squid, special adaptations are needed to either make do with lesser amounts of oxygen or to extract oxygen from the water more efficiently. For example, the giant red mysid (*Gnathophausia ingens*) continues to live aerobically (using oxygen) in OMZs. They have highly developed gills with large surface area and thin blood-to-water diffusion distance that enables effective removal of oxygen from the water (up to 90% O2 removal from inhaled water) and an efficient circulatory system with high capacity and high blood concentration of a protein (hemocyanin) that readily binds oxygen.

Another strategy used by some classes of bacteria in the oxygen minimum zones is to use nitrate rather than oxygen, thus drawing down the concentrations of this important nutrient. This process is called denitrification. The oxygen minimum zones thus play an important role in regulating the productivity and ecological community structure of the global ocean. For example, giant bacterial mats floating in the oxygen minimum zone off the west coast of South America may play a key role in the region's extremely rich fisheries, as bacterial mats the size of Uruguay have been found there.

### Zooplankton

Decreased oxygen availability results in decreases in many zooplankton species’ egg production, food intake, respiration, and metabolic rates. Temperature and salinity in areas of decreased oxygen concentrations also affect oxygen availability. Higher temperatures and salinity lower oxygen solubility decrease the partial pressure of oxygen. This decreased partial pressure increases organisms’ respiration rates, causing the oxygen demand of the organism to increase.

In addition to affecting their vital functions, zooplankton alter their distribution in response to hypoxic or anoxic zones. Many species actively avoid low oxygen zones, while others take advantage of their predators’ low tolerance for hypoxia and use these areas as a refuge. Zooplankton that exhibit daily vertical migrations to avoid predation and low oxygen conditions also excrete ammonium near the oxycline and contribute to increased anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox, which produces N2 gas. As hypoxic regions expand vertically and horizontally, the habitable ranges for phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nekton increasingly overlap, increasing their susceptibility to predation and human exploitation.

## Changes

OMZs have changed over time due to effects from numerous global chemical and biological processes. To assess these changes, scientists utilize climate models and sediment samples to understand changes to dissolved oxygen in OMZs. Many recent studies of OMZs have focused on their fluctuations over time and how they may be currently changing as a result of climate change.

### In geological time scales

Some research has aimed to understand how OMZs have changed over geological time scales. Throughout the history of Earth's oceans, OMZs have fluctuated on long time scales, becoming larger or smaller depending on multiple variables. The factors that change OMZs are the amount of oceanic primary production resulting in increased respiration at greater depths, changes in the oxygen supply due to poor ventilation, and amount of oxygen supplied through thermohaline circulation.

### Since industrialization

While oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) occur naturally, they can be exacerbated by human impacts like climate change and land-based pollution from agriculture and sewage. The prediction of current climate models and climate change scenarios is that substantial warming and loss of oxygen throughout the majority of the upper ocean will occur. Global warming increases ocean temperatures, especially in shallow coastal areas. When the water temperature increases, its ability to hold oxygen decreases, leading to oxygen concentrations going down in the water. This compounds the effects of eutrophication in coastal zones described above.

Open ocean areas with no oxygen have grown more than 1.7 million square miles in the last 50 years, and coastal waters have seen a tenfold increase in low-oxygen areas in the same time.

Measurement of dissolved oxygen in coastal and open ocean waters for the past 50 years has revealed a marked decline in oxygen content. This decline is associated with expanding spatial extent, expanding vertical extent, and prolonged duration of oxygen-poor conditions in all regions of the global oceans. Examinations of the spatial extent of OMZs in the past through paleoceanographical methods clearly shows that the spatial extent of OMZs has expanded through time, and this expansion is coupled to ocean warming and reduced ventilation of thermocline waters.

Research has attempted to model potential changes to OMZs as a result of rising global temperatures and human impact. This is challenging due to the many factors that could contribute to changes in OMZs. The factors used for modeling change in OMZs are numerous, and in some cases hard to measure or quantify. Some of the processes being studied are changes in oxygen gas solubility as a result of rising ocean temperatures, as well as changes in the amount of respiration and photosynthesis occurring around OMZs. Many studies have concluded that OMZs are expanding in multiple locations, but fluctuations of modern OMZs are still not fully understood. Existing Earth system models project considerable reductions in oxygen and other physical-chemical variables in the ocean due to climate change, with potential ramifications for ecosystems and humans.

The global decrease in oceanic oxygen content is statistically significant and emerging beyond the envelope of natural fluctuations. This trend of oxygen loss is accelerating, with widespread and obvious losses occurring after the 1980s. The rate and total content of oxygen loss varies by region, with the North Pacific emerging as a particular hotspot of deoxygenation due to the increased amount of time since its deep waters were last ventilated (see thermohaline circulation) and related high apparent oxygen utilization (AOU). Estimates of total oxygen loss in the global ocean range from 119 to 680 T mol decade−1 since the 1950s. These estimates represent 2% of the global ocean oxygen inventory.

Melting of gas hydrates in bottom layers of water may result in the release of more methane from sediments and subsequent consumption of oxygen by aerobic respiration of methane to carbon dioxide. Another effect of climate change on oceans that causes ocean deoxygenation is circulation changes. As the ocean warms from the surface, stratification is expected to increase, which shows a tendency for slowing down ocean circulation, which then increases ocean deoxygenation.


title: Reginald Sackville, 7th Earl De La Warr

abstract: Reginald Windsor Sackville, 7th Earl De La Warr, styled The Honourable Reginald West until 1843, as The Honourable Reginald Sackville between 1843 and 1870 and known as the Lord Buckhurst between 1870 and 1873, was a British clergyman and landowner.

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# Reginald Sackville, 7th Earl De La Warr

**Reginald Windsor Sackville, 7th Earl De La Warr** (21 February 1817 – 5 January 1896), styled **The Honourable Reginald West** until 1843, as **The Honourable Reginald Sackville** between 1843 and 1870 and known as **the Lord Buckhurst** between 1870 and 1873, was a British clergyman and landowner.

## Background

Sackville was the third son of George Sackville-West, 5th Earl De La Warr, and Lady Elizabeth Sackville, Baroness Buckhurst in her own right, daughter and heiress of John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset. He was the brother of George West, Viscount Cantelupe, Charles Sackville-West, 6th Earl De La Warr, Elizabeth Russell, Duchess of Bedford, Mortimer Sackville-West, 1st Baron Sackville, and Lionel Sackville-West, 2nd Baron Sackville. Born Reginald West, he assumed in 1843 by Royal licence the additional surname of Sackville, and (by royal licence) on 24 April 1871 the surname of Sackville only.

## Public life

Sackville was Rector of Withyam, Sussex, from 1841 to 1865 and Chaplain to the Queen from 1846 to 1865. He succeeded his mother as Baron Buckhurst in 1870 according to a special remainder in the letters patent (the intention was that the barony of Buckhurst should always be separate from the earldom of De La Warr). Three years later he succeeded in the earldom after his elder brother Charles died by suicide. His younger brother Mortimer then claimed the barony of Buckhurst. However, Mortimer's claim was rejected by the House of Lords. Lord De La Warr was an active member of the House of Lords. From 1871 to 1895 he was High Steward of Stratford-upon-Avon.

## Family

Lord De La Warr married Constance Mary Elizabeth Baillie-Cochrane (1846–1929), daughter of Alexander Baillie-Cochrane, 1st Baron Lamington, in 1867. They had several children, including Lady Edeline Sackville, wife of Lord Strickland. His eldest son Lionel Charles Cranfield Sackville, Viscount Cantelupe (1868–1890), predeceased him. Lord De La Warr died in January 1896, aged 78, and was succeeded in the earldom by his only surviving son, Gilbert. The Countess De la Warr married as her second husband Reverend Paul Williams Wyatt in 1902. She died in July 1929, aged 83.


title: Aethiopia tanganjicae

abstract: Aethiopia tanganjicae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1964.

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# Aethiopia tanganjicae

***Aethiopia tanganjicae*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1964.

## InfoBox

| *Aethiopia tanganjicae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Aethiopia* |
| Species: | ***A. tanganjicae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aethiopia tanganjicae***<br>Breuning, 1964 | |
|


title: R Corvi

abstract: R Corvi is a Mira variable star in the constellation Corvus, which ranges from a magnitude of 6.7 to 14.4 with a period of approximately 317 days. In the sky it appears close to Gamma Corvi and can be seen in the same binocular field. Extrapolating its luminosity from its period of 317 days yields a distance of 810 parsecs.

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# R Corvi

**R Corvi** (**R Crv**) is a Mira variable star in the constellation Corvus, which ranges from a magnitude of 6.7 to 14.4 with a period of approximately 317 days. In the sky it appears close to Gamma Corvi and can be seen in the same binocular field. Extrapolating its luminosity from its period of 317 days yields a distance of 810 parsecs.

## InfoBox

R Crv
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The visual band light curve of R Corvi, from AAVSO data | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Corvus |
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| Right ascension | 12h 19m 37.8727s |
| Declination | 19° 15 21.877 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 6.70 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | M4.5-9:e |
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| B−V color index | 3.70 |
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| Variable type | Mira |
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| Astrometry | |
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| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | -22.00 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: -1.20 mas/yr
Dec.: -10.03 mas/yr |
| **Distance** | 810 pc |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| BD-18° 3367, HD 107199, HIP 60106, SAO 157211. | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |