title: Hanna Walz

abstract: Johanna Walz was a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1984. Born in Templin, Walz graduated from the Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in 1936, and received a degree in law and political science in 1940. In 1945, she began working for the newspaper Deutsches Allgemeinen Sonntagsblattes, and in 1948 she received her doctorate from the University of Tübingen. After working for five years with the World Council of Churches, she moved to Fulda and began to get involved in politics. Walz joined the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) in 1955, and three years later was elected to the Landtag of Hesse. After winning re-election in 1962 and 1966, she was elected to the Bundestag in 1969. She was a member of the 6th, 7th, and 8th Bundestag sessions, serving in that role until 1980. During her time in the Bundestag, she worked to try to get more women elected, particularly after the 1972 elections showed a major decrease in the number of women running for office. Walz was first appointed as a Member of the European Parliament in 1973, and was re-elected to that role in 1979. During her first elected term, she served as chairperson of the Committee on Energy and Research. She retired from politics after her term ended in 1984.

text:
# Hanna Walz

**Johanna Walz** (28 November 1918 – 17 December 1997) was a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1984. Born in Templin, Walz graduated from the Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in 1936, and received a degree in law and political science in 1940. In 1945, she began working for the newspaper *Deutsches Allgemeinen Sonntagsblattes*, and in 1948 she received her doctorate from the University of Tübingen. After working for five years with the World Council of Churches, she moved to Fulda and began to get involved in politics.

Walz joined the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) in 1955, and three years later was elected to the Landtag of Hesse. After winning re-election in 1962 and 1966, she was elected to the Bundestag in 1969. She was a member of the 6th, 7th, and 8th Bundestag sessions, serving in that role until 1980. During her time in the Bundestag, she worked to try to get more women elected, particularly after the 1972 elections showed a major decrease in the number of women running for office. Walz was first appointed as a Member of the European Parliament in 1973, and was re-elected to that role in 1979. During her first elected term, she served as chairperson of the Committee on Energy and Research. She retired from politics after her term ended in 1984.

## InfoBox

| Hanna WalzMEP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
1973–1984 | |
| Constituency | West Germany |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 28 November 1918
Templin, West Germany |
| Died | 17 December 1997(1997-12-17) (aged 79)
Fulda, Germany |
| Political party | Christian Democratic Union of Germany |
|  | |


abstract: Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 178, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in Leipzig for the eighth Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 30 July 1724. It is the eighth cantata Bach composed for his chorale cantata cycle, the second cantata cycle he started after being appointed Thomaskantor in 1723. The cantata is based on the eight stanzas of the hymn "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält" (1524) by Justus Jonas, a paraphrase of Psalm 124. Different from most cantatas in the cycle, the text retains not only the first and last stanza of the chorale but six stanzas, two of them expanded by contemporary lines by an unknown librettist, who also paraphrased two stanzas into aria texts. The first movement is a chorale fantasia, the second a chorale stanza with recitative, the third an aria, the fourth and central movement is a chorale for a solo voice, the following two movements repeat the pair of chorale with recitative and aria, and the cantata is closed by two stanzas in a four-part setting. Bach thus wrote five different ways of chorale setting. The cantata is scored for three vocal soloists, a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of a horn doubling the chorale melody, two oboes, two oboes d'amore, strings and basso continuo.

text:
# Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 178

***Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält*** (If God the Lord does not remain on our side), **BWV 178**, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in Leipzig for the eighth Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 30 July 1724.

It is the eighth cantata Bach composed for his chorale cantata cycle, the second cantata cycle he started after being appointed Thomaskantor in 1723. The cantata is based on the eight stanzas of the hymn "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält" (1524) by Justus Jonas, a paraphrase of Psalm 124. Different from most cantatas in the cycle, the text retains not only the first and last stanza of the chorale but six stanzas, two of them expanded by contemporary lines by an unknown librettist, who also paraphrased two stanzas into aria texts. The first movement is a chorale fantasia, the second a chorale stanza with recitative, the third an aria, the fourth and central movement is a chorale for a solo voice, the following two movements repeat the pair of chorale with recitative and aria, and the cantata is closed by two stanzas in a four-part setting. Bach thus wrote five different ways of chorale setting.

The cantata is scored for three vocal soloists (alto, tenor and bass), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of a horn doubling the chorale melody, two oboes, two oboes d'amore, strings and basso continuo.

## History and words

Bach composed the cantata in his second year in Leipzig for the Eighth Sunday after Trinity. The prescribed readings for the Sunday are from the Epistle to the Romans, "For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God" (Romans 8:12–17), and from the Gospel of Matthew, the warning of false prophets from the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 7:15–23). The cantata text is based on the hymn "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält", published in 1524 by the Lutheran reformer Justus Jonas as a paraphrase of Psalm 124. The theme of the psalm, the need of help against raging enemies, corresponds to the Gospel.

Compared to Bach's other chorale cantatas of the period, the unknown poet kept much of the original text, six of the eight stanzas, expanding two of them by recitative to connect even closer to the Gospel. He paraphrased only stanzas 3 and 6 to an aria each. In the last aria, in a statement of opposition to rationalism, the poet expands the words of the reformers' hymn, "Vernunft kann das nicht fassen" (Reason cannot grasp it), making it an appeal to reason, described as unstable and frenzied, to be silent.

Bach led the first performance of the cantata, with the Thomanerchor, on 30 July 1724, as the eighth chorale cantata of his second annual cycle.

Most of Bach's output was neglected after his death in 1750 until the Bach Revival of the 19th century. However, there was continued interest in the chorale cantatas. There is evidence that Bach's son Wilhelm Friedemann performed this cantata in Halle. Also, Bach's biographer Johann Nikolaus Forkel, despite having little to say about the cantatas in his life of the composer, borrowed the manuscripts of chorale cantatas from Wilhelm Friedemann, and copied two of them, *Es ist das Heil uns kommen her*, BWV 9, and this cantata.

## Music

### Structure and scoring

Bach structured the cantata in seven movements. Both text and tune of the hymn are retained in the outer choral movements, a chorale fantasia and a four-part closing chorale, and also in the central movement, a chorale for a solo voice, and in two recitatives that include chorale text and melody, one for a solo voice, the other using the choir for the chorale part. Bach scored the work for three vocal soloists (alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of a horn (Co) to reinforce the chorale melody, two oboes (Ob), two oboes d'amore (Oa), two violin parts (Vl), one viola part (Va), and basso continuo. The duration of the cantata is given as 23 minutes.

In the following table of the movements, the scoring, keys and time signatures are taken from Dürr. The continuo, which plays throughout, is not shown.

Movements of *Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält*
| No. | Title | Text | Type | Vocal | Winds | Strings | Key | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält* | Jonas | Chorale fantasia | SATB | Co 2Ob | 2Vl Va | A minor |  |
|  | Was Menschenkraft und -witz anfäht | Jonas, anon. | Chorale and recitative | A |  |  |  |  |
|  | Gleichwie die wilden Meereswellen | anon. | Aria | B |  | 2Vl Va | G major | **9**
**8** |
|  | Sie stellen uns wie Ketzern nach | Jonas | Chorale | T | 2Oa |  | B minor |  |
|  | Aufsperren sie den Rachen weit | Jonas, anon. | Chorale and recitative | SATB |  |  | B minor |  |
|  | Schweig, schweig nur, taumelnde Vernunft! | anon. | Aria | T |  | 2Vl Va | E minor |  |
|  | Die Feind sind all in deiner Hand | Jonas | Chorale | SATB | 2Co | 2Vl Va | A minor |  |

### Movements

#### 1

As in most of Bach's chorale cantatas, the opening chorus, "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält" (If God the Lord does not remain on our side), is a chorale fantasia. The chorale tune was published in 1529 by an anonymous author in Wittenberg.

The instruments begin a concerto, with the strings playing dotted rhythms" and the oboes adding "agitated sixteenth notes", both throughout the movement. While Sven Hiemke wrote in the foreword of the 2017 Carus edition that "Bach makes it clear that this cantata deals with confrontation and conflict", Dürr noted that it gives the movement a sense of unity.

The soprano sings the chorale melody line by line in augmented tempo, doubled by the horn, as a cantus firmus. The lower voices sing partly in homophony, partly in independent lines similar to the instruments. Bach uses this contrast to illustrate the text in the first lines without regard to its negation. "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält" is set in homophony, and the last word "hält" (literally: "holds") is held as a long note, whereas in "wenn unsre Feinde toben" the raging of the enemies is expressed in dotted rhythm and fast runs. When the bar form's Stollen is repeated in the following lines, Bach repeats the music also, although it doesn't reflect the text. John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000, summarised: "Bach constructs an opening chorus of immense power, sustained energy and astonishing compositional prowess with which to box his listeners' ears."

#### 2

The second movement is a combination of chorale, "Was Menschenkraft und -witz anfäht, soll uns billig nicht schrecken" (What human power and wit conceives shall not easily frighten us), and interspersed recitative, "Denn Gott der Höchste steht uns bei und machet uns von ihren Stricken frei" (For God the Highest stands with us and frees us from their traps). Bach distinguishes the chorale lines from the secco recitative by a continuo line on a repeated motif that is derived from the beginning of the respective chorale tune, but four times as fast".

#### 3

The first aria, sung by the bass, begins "Gleichwie die wilden Meereswellen mit Ungestüm ein Schiff zerschellen" (Just as the wild sea surf crushes a ship with fury). It illustrates the image of "wild sea surf" in undulating lines in the voice and also in the obbligato part of the violins in unison, and in the continuo. The bass voice has to sing challenging coloraturas on the words "Meereswellen" and especially "zerscheitern" (be wrecked). Gardiner noted that the setting evokes both a sea storm and the fury of the enemies for which the analogy stands, wondering how Bach, a resident of landlocked Thuringia, might have experienced a disorienting storm that he illustrated well by varied grouping in 16th-runs.

#### 4

The centre of the cantata is an unchanged stanza of the chorale, "Sie stellen uns wie Ketzern nach, nach unserm Blut sie trachten" (They pursue us as heretics, they seek our blood). The tenor's unadorned melody is accompanied by the oboes d'amore and the continuo as equal partners, with autonomous motifs.

#### 5

The fifth movement is again a combination of chorale, "Auf sperren sie den Rachen weit" (They stretch open their yawning gullet wide), and recitative, "Nach Löwenart mit brüllendem Getöne" (like lions with rumbling roaring;). While Bach differentiates chorale and recitative in the second movement instrumentally, he uses different vocal forces here, treating the chorale lines to four-part settings, while the recitatives are assigned to individual singers in the sequence bass, tenor, alto, bass. The continuo unifies the movement by a constant independent regular motion in arpeggio motifs based on triads; therefore the recitatives here are not in free tempo as usual.

#### 6

The last aria is sung by the tenor, "Schweig, schweig nur, taumelnde Vernunft" (Be silent, hush, frenzied reason!),. Gardiner understood "frenzied reason" here as "weasel words of rationalists, who would bring down the whole Lutheran theological edifice".

Bach uses a setting for strings that illustrates the instability of reason in syncopated rhythm, interrupted by chords on the repeated appeal "schweig" (be silent); "bizarre" melodic lines are interrupted by rests, and the harmonies are unstable. The drama of the aria comes to a rest only at the end of the middle section, when the words "so werden sie mit Trost erquicket" (they will be revived with solace) are marked adagio and lead to a fermata.

#### 7

The cantata is closed by two stanzas of the chorale, "Die Feind sind all in deiner Hand, darzu all ihr Gedanken" (The enemies are all in your hand, together with all their thoughts), both stanzas in the same four-part setting.

## Manuscripts and publication

Bach's eldest son Wilhelm Friedemann possessed of a set of parts for the cantata. These manuscripts were written by various scribes including the composer. The set is preserved in Leipzig.

The cantata was first published in 1888 in the first complete edition of Bach's work, the Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe. The volume in question was edited by Alfred Dörffel. In the Neue Bach-Ausgabe it was published in 1966, edited by Alfred Dürr, with a critical report following in 1967.

## Recordings

A list of recordings is provided on the Bach Cantatas Website. Ensembles playing period instruments in historically informed performance are shown with a green background. The type of choir is generally not indicated, an exception being made for the recording directed by Sigiswald Kuijken, which is unusual for being sung one voice per part. This version was favourably reviewed in the *Gramophone*, whose critic suggested that this cantata was one of those suited to a small-scale performance.

|
|  |
Recordings of *Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält*
| Title | Conductor / Choir / Orchestra | Soloists | Label | Year | Choir type | Orch. type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| *The RIAS Bach Cantatas Project (1949–1952)* | Karl RistenpartRIAS KammerchorRIAS Kammerorchester |  | Audite | 1950 (1950) |  |  |
| *Die Bach Kantate Vol. 44* | Helmuth RillingGächinger KantoreiBach-Collegium Stuttgart |  | Hänssler | 1972 (1972) |  |  |
| *Bach Cantatas Vol. 4 – Sundays after Trinity I* | Karl RichterMünchener Bach-ChorMünchener Bach-Orchester |  | Archiv Produktion | 1977 (1977) |  |  |
| *J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk • Complete Cantatas • Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 41 – BWV 175-179* | Nikolaus HarnoncourtTölzer KnabenchorConcentus Musicus Wien |  | Teldec | 1988 (1988) |  | Period |
| *Bach Edition Vol. 11 – Cantatas Vol. 5* | Pieter Jan LeusinkHolland Boys ChoirNetherlands Bach Collegium |  | Brilliant Classics | 1999 (1999) |  | Period |
| *J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 14* | Ton KoopmanAmsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir |  | Antoine Marchand | 2000 (2000) |  | Period |
| *Bach Cantatas Vol. 5: Rendsburg/Braunschweig* | John Eliot GardinerMonteverdi ChoirEnglish Baroque Soloists |  | Soli Deo Gloria | 2000 (2000) |  | Period |
| *J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 23 Cantatas from Leipzig 1724 – BWV 10, 93, 107, 178* | Masaaki SuzukiBach Collegium Japan |  | BIS | 2002 (2002) |  | Period |
| *J. S. Bach: Cantatas for the Complete Liturgical Year Vol. 36: "Ich habe genug" – Cantatas BWV 82 · 102 · 178* | Sigiswald KuijkenLa Petite Bande |  | Accent | 2005 (2005) | OVPP | Period |
| *J. S. Bach: Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält* | Georg Christoph BillerThomanerchorGewandhausorchester |  | Rondeau | 2008 (2008) |  |  |

### Cited sources

## InfoBox

| *Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält* | |
| --- | --- |
| BWV 178 | |
| Chorale cantata by J. S. Bach | |
| Justus Jonas, the author of the hymn on which the cantata is based | |
| Occasion | Eighth Sunday after Trinity |
| Chorale | "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält"
by Justus Jonas |
| Performed | 30 July 1724 (1724-07-30):  Leipzig |
| Movements | 7 |
| Vocal | SATB soloists and choir |
| Instrumental | * corno da caccia * 2 oboes * 2 oboes d'amore * 2 violins * viola * continuo |


title: Monash Freeway

abstract: The Monash Freeway is a major urban freeway in Victoria, Australia, linking Melbourne's CBD to its south-eastern suburbs and beyond to the Gippsland region. It carries up to 180,000 vehicles per day and is one of Australia's busiest freeways. The entire stretch of the Monash Freeway bears the designation M1. The freeway is named in honour of General Sir John Monash, an esteemed Australian military commander for the allies during World War I.

text:
# Monash Freeway

The **Monash Freeway** is a major urban freeway in Victoria, Australia, linking Melbourne's CBD to its south-eastern suburbs and beyond to the Gippsland region. It carries up to 180,000 vehicles per day and is one of Australia's busiest freeways. The entire stretch of the Monash Freeway bears the designation **M1**.

The freeway is named in honour of General Sir John Monash, an esteemed Australian military commander for the allies during World War I.

## History

The Monash Freeway is an amalgamation of two initially separate freeways: the **Mulgrave Freeway** (initially designated Freeway Route 81) linking Warrigal Road, Chadstone to the Princes Highway in Eumemmerring; and the **South Eastern Freeway** (initially designated Metropolitan Route 80, then Freeway Route 80) linking Punt Road, Richmond and Toorak Road, Hawthorn East.

### Mulgrave Freeway

Plans for a "Mulgrave By-pass Road and Eumemmerring By-pass Road" had been made as far back as 1966, between Warrigal Road in Chadstone and Princes Highway at Eumemmerring. The Country Roads Board started construction in the 1969/70 financial year, with the initial section of road opened to traffic in late 1972 with two names: as **Mulgrave Freeway** (from Stud Road in Dandenong North to Doveton), and **Eumemmerring Freeway** (from Doveton to Princes Highway at Eumemmerring); Eumemmerring Freeway was later separated and renamed **South Gippsland Freeway** in April 1974, and extended further south to Hampton Park in 1976. Through the 1970s and the early 1980s, the Mulgrave Freeway was progressively extended westward to Springvale Road in 1974, Blackburn Road in 1976, Forster Road in 1977, Huntingdale Road in 1979, and finally to Warrigal Road in Chadstone. The Freeway Route 81 designation was removed in 1988, coinciding with the opening of the South Eastern Arterial and its replacement by National Route 1.

At this time the Tullamarine Freeway also carried the Freeway Route 81 shield. This was due to the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan having the two freeways linked to each other from around East Malvern (at the Mulgrave Freeway end) and at Flemington (at the Tullamarine Freeway end), sweeping through the St Kilda area. The plan never came to fruition, but the two freeways have since been linked by the West Gate Freeway extension and the CityLink project.

#### Mulgrave Freeway timeline of construction

* 1972: Mulgrave and Eumemmerring Freeways, total 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from Princes Highway, Eumemmerring to Stud Road, Dandenong North, opened by the Governor of Victoria Sir Rohan Delacombe, 21 November 1972, total cost A$6.8mil.
* 1974: Mulgrave Freeway, extended 4.7 miles (7.6 km) from Stud Road to Springvale Road, Mulgrave, opened 10 April 1974, costing A$9.3mil.
* 1976: Extended 2 km (1.2 mi) from Springvale Road to Blackburn Road, Glen Waverley, opened 15 December 1976.
* 1977: Extended 1.6 km (0.99 mi) from Blackburn Road to Forster Road, Mount Waverley, opened 5 April 1977 by Minister for Transport, the Hon J A Rafferty (this section, along with the previous section opened in 1976, cost a total of A$13m).
* 1979: Extended 2.1 km (1.3 mi) from Forster Road to Huntingdale Road, Oakleigh, with three lanes each direction plus emergency stopping lanes, opened by Minister for Transport, the Hon Rob Maclellan MLA, 12 December 1979, at a cost of $8.7 million.
* 1981: Extended 1.6 km (0.99 mi) from Huntingdale Road to Warrigal Road, Malvern, with two lanes each direction plus emergency stopping lanes, opened by Minister for Transport, the Hon Rob Maclellan MLA, 24 June 1981, at a cost of $11 million. ‘Opened one week after the 20th anniversary of the opening of Victoria's first freeway, the Maltby Bypass Road near Werribee, on 16 June 1961'.

### South Eastern Freeway

Construction of the initial section of the South Eastern Freeway by the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works had been completed and opened in 1962, connecting Burnley at Burnley Street, through Cremorne via Harcourt Parade, over Punt Road using a new overpass (known as the Morshead Overpass during construction) to end at Anderson Street and the Morell Bridge, with an at-grade intersection with Brunton Avenue and a single-carriageway feeder road to the Swan Street bridge (and Batman Avenue) 800 metres beyond. The freeway was eventually further extended east from Burnley under the MacRobertson Bridge along the Yarra River to Toorak Road in 1970, with a single-carriageway feeder road taking excess traffic to Tooronga Road. The Punt Road overpass and elevated section of road over the Yarra River and Gardiners Creek were designed by Melbourne engineer Bruce Day. Responsibility for the freeway was transferred from the MMBW to the Country Roads Board on 1 July 1974.

Initially designated Metropolitan Route 80 in 1965, it was later signed as Freeway Route 80 in 1970 when the extension to Kooyong opened.

#### South Eastern Freeway timeline of construction

The resulting gap between the Toorak Road end of the South Eastern Freeway and the Warrigal Road end of the Mulgrave Freeway frustrated drivers for many years; motorists had to rely on inadequate feeder roads to connect between the two freeways. Plans to link the two freeways dated from August 1978, while still extending the Mulgrave Freeway, from a Steering Committee appointed by the government in 1976 to carry out the "Gardiners Creek Valley Study": the study involved the Ministries for Planning, of Transport and for Conservation, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works, Town and Country Planning Board, Malvern, Camberwell and Hawthorn City Councils and the Country Roads Board, with an extensive process of public consultation. The subsequent route agreed to was referred to as the "South Eastern Freeway, Malvern Section" and was ultimately the alignment constructed.

Construction of the link as a dual-carriageway road began in 1985, opening to traffic in late 1988, originally with two lanes in each direction, and declared a State Highway. The link road, as well as the South Eastern and Mulgrave Freeways, were all renamed the **South Eastern Arterial**. This road assumed the National Route 1 route number from the Princes Highway, which became an alternative route. The project attracted a great deal of controversy just before it opened and well afterwards: in order to save costs, only one freeway-style interchange had been constructed (underneath High Street in Glen Iris). Every other interchange with major roads along the route (Toorak, Burke, Tooronga and Warrigal Roads) was an at-grade intersection controlled by traffic-lights, and because the road was constructed through residential areas, reduced speed limits were also enforced. This led to heavy congestion, frequently kilometres long, on the freeway, fuelling anger and frustration, and attracting a moniker of "the South-Eastern Carpark".

With a change of government some years later and a lot of political showmanship, more money was poured into the road: ramps connecting Police Road (to complement the existing ramps at Jacksons Road) opened in 1993, to improve traffic flow to Waverley Gardens and AFL Park; and on the link road, construction of an overpass across Warrigal Road in 1994, and underpass interchanges at Toorak and Burke Roads (and just an underpass at Tooronga Road) soon afterwards. The name changed from South Eastern Arterial back to **South Eastern Freeway** for the full length of the freeway after upgrade works (including noise reduction measures, new landscaping and improvements to the adjacent cycle path) were completed in early 1997. The improved road dramatically improved the rate of outbound traffic; however, the bottleneck at the Swan Street Bridge still remained and the queues only got longer.

The previous Freeway Route designations (Freeway Route 80 along the South Eastern Freeway, and Freeway Route 81 along the Mulgrave Freeway) were removed in 1988 with the opening of the South Eastern Arterial, and replaced by National Route 1.

#### South Eastern Arterial timeline of construction

* 1988: South Eastern Arterial, 6.7 km (4.2 mi) from Toorak Road to Warrigal Road, opened 21 December 1988, at a cost of $152 million
* 1993: Police Road ramps, opened June 1993, at a cost of $2.2 million
* 1994: Warrigal Road overpass, opened June 1994, at a cost of $15 million
* 1996: Tooronga Road overpass, opened January 1996
* 1997: Conversion to freeway completed, and renamed South Eastern Freeway, official "opening" on 20 March 1997, at a total cost of $112m

### Monash Freeway

The name changed yet again two years later to the current **Monash Freeway** in 1999, so named by Premier Jeff Kennett after General Sir John Monash, a renowned Australian soldier, engineer, scholar and nation builder. In the late 1990s, construction of CityLink's Southern Link project began, with the aim of linking the north-western end of the freeway (then terminating at Batman Avenue) to the eastern-end of the West Gate Freeway by way of tunnels underneath the city, allowing for an uninterrupted voyage past the CBD. A portion of the existing Monash Freeway at the city end (from Toorak to Punt Roads) was subsumed into the Southern Link, and while this portion was widened and upgraded, as part of the CityLink project it was also tolled, attracting criticism from road users. The Southern Link fully opened and tolling commenced on 28 December 2000.

With Victoria's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in the late 1990s, the freeway's former National Route 1 designation began conversion to the M1 in late 1996, and was completed in 1997.

#### Hallam Bypass

Before this bypass was constructed, the sweeping curve of the freeway at the Hallam end that became the South Gippsland Freeway had its capacity reduced from three lanes to two, resulting in a notorious bottle-neck at peak hours, especially for outbound traffic exiting at the Princes Highway interchange outside Dandenong; the extension finally bypassed the entire problem.

Construction on the 7.5 km-long (4.7 mi) Hallam Bypass, linking the Monash Freeway to the Princes Freeway in Berwick, began in the 1999/2000 financial year, and was completed after 3 years of construction to open in July 2003, 17 months ahead of schedule and $10 million under budget for a total cost $165 million. This was due to the omission of one key interchange that should have linked the South Gippsland Freeway with the Hallam Bypass at Eummemmering. This omission causes unnecessary congestion on neighbouring roads as northbound South Gippsland Freeway traffic must exit the freeway at Princes Highway only to join the same freeway again from Belgrave-Hallam Road eastbound.

The Monash Freeway allows travel from Morwell in the central Latrobe Valley, to Colac south-west of Geelong – via CityLink, the West Gate, the Geelong Ring Road and Princes Freeways. Motorists can cover over 260 km (160 mi) and only encounter traffic lights at Yarragon and Trafalgar, which are yet to be bypassed. The construction of the bypass also included the Hallam Bypass Trail shared path.

### Road classification

The passing of the *Road Management Act 2004* granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared **Monash Freeway** (Freeway #1000) from the "Southern Link Tollway" (CityLink's Southern Link) at Kooyong to Princes Highway in Narre Warren.

The freeway was originally shown in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as part of the F9 and F14 Freeway corridors.

### Upgrades

#### 2007–10

In 2007, the state government announced a major upgrade widening the lanes from Glenferrie Road through to Heatherton Road. Prior to this, over 160,000 vehicles per day used this freeway resulting in congestion during peak hours. The upgrade started in late 2007 and was completed in 2010. The entire project was known as the Monash-CityLink-West Gate upgrade, and was carried out by VicRoads and Transurban.

#### 2016–22

The Monash Freeway (and parts of the Princes Freeway continuing eastward) are to be upgraded to accommodate an extra lane in each direction between Warrigal Road in Chadstone and Cardinia Road in Officer. Stage 1, completed between 2016 and 2018, added extra lanes between EastLink and Clyde Road in Berwick. Stage 2, completed between 2020 and 2022, added extra lanes in the remaining segments, re-connected Police Road with its own outbound ramp and added dedicated ramps to Eastlink from Jacksons Road, upgraded the entire section to use VicRoads' traffic management system, and upgraded and extended O'Shea Road to join the Beaconsfield Interchange.

## Route and conditions

The freeway officially begins at the southern end of CityLink, at Toorak Road. Here the freeway is five lanes wide. The opposing carriageways of the freeway are relatively near to each other and are separated by a concrete barrier. This section has overhead lighting. This first section of freeway runs through the south-eastern suburbs of Malvern, Glen Iris and Malvern East.

After Warrigal Road, the freeway is built within a much wider road reserve, allowing for a wide grass centre median with steel barrier separating the carriageways. This section does not have overhead lighting and carries four or five lanes on each carriageway. This section runs through south-eastern metropolitan Melbourne, including the suburbs of Chadstone, Mount Waverley, Mulgrave, and Dandenong to Doveton. Finally, the newest portion of the freeway, the Hallam bypass, carries three lanes each way and runs past Hallam to Narre Warren, where it becomes the Princes Freeway.

The M1 route also carries the recently developed VicRoads Traffic Management System which included Freeway On-Ramp metering (with road loops and signals), over-head speed limit and lane signs and electronic message boards; there are also various CCTV cameras and traffic sensors to monitor traffic flow and conditions constantly. Electronic 'Estimated Travel Time' boards are also used in conjunction with the sensors.

Standard travel time for Monash Freeway/CityLink (Southern link), in both directions, is 32 minutes: 7 minutes between Clyde Road and the South Gippsland Freeway, 5 minutes between the South Gippsland Freeway and EastLink, 8 minutes between EastLink and Warrigal Road, 5 minutes between Warrigal Road and Toorak Road and 7 minutes between Toorak Road and Kings Way (which is outside the Domain Tunnel on the West Gate Freeway).

The usual peak period travel time with traffic congestion is between 45 and 70 minutes. Some of the slowest intersections at these times include the EastLink and South Gippsland Freeway interchanges. In times of extreme congestion or traffic accidents, the travel time can quickly increase to as high as 110 minutes.

## Exits and interchanges

| LGA | Location | km | mi | Exit | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stonnington | KooyongMalvern boundary | 0.0 | 0.0 | E4 | CityLink (M1 northwest) – City, Melbourne Airport | North-western freeway terminus: continues northwest as CityLink's Southern Link |
| | | | | Toorak Road (Metro Route 26)  Toorak, Burwood | Single-point urban interchange |
| | Glen Iris | 1.5 | 0.93 | E5 | Burke Road (Metro Route 17)  Caulfield, Camberwell |  |
| | 2.6 | 1.6 | E6 | High Street (Metro Route 24)  Glen Waverley, Glen Iris | Northwestern entrance and southeastern exit only |
| Stonnington–Monash boundary | Malvern EastChadstone boundary | 6.7 | 4.2 | E7 | Warrigal Road (Metro Route 15)  Oakleigh, Chadstone |  |
| Monash | Chadstone–Mount Waverley boundary | 8.4 | 5.2 | 8 | Huntingdale Road (Metro Route 47)  Huntingdale, Burwood | Southeastern entrance and northwestern exit only |
| | Mount Waverley | 10.5 | 6.5 | 9 | Forster Road  Clayton, Mount Waverley |  |
| | Mount Waverley–Glen Waverley boundary | 11.7 | 7.3 | 10 | Blackburn Road (Metro Route 13)  Clayton, Blackburn, Monash University | Southeastern entrance via England Road |
| | Mulgrave | 12.9 | 8.0 | 11 | Ferntree Gully Road (Metro Route 22)  Ferntree Gully, Mount Dandenong | Northwestern entrance and southeastern exit only |
| | Mulgrave–Wheelers Hill boundary | 13.8 | 8.6 | 12 | Springvale Road (Metro Route 40)  Springvale, Glen Waverley | Southeastern entrance and northwestern exit only |
| | 15.6 | 9.7 | 13 | Wellington Road (Metro Route 18)  Rowville, Oakleigh, Monash University | Northwestern exit and northwestern entrance westbound only, southeastern exit and southeastern entrance eastbound only |
| | Mulgrave | 18.0 | 11.2 | 14 | Jacksons Road (C655)  Mulgrave, Noble Park | No northwestern exit, southeastern entrance to EastLink only |
| Monash–Greater Dandenong boundary | Mulgrave–Dandenong North boundary | 18.3 | 11.4 | 15 | Police Road (Metro Route 16)  Springvale, Dandenong North | Southeastern entrance and northwestern exit only |
| Greater Dandenong | Dandenong North | 19.5 | 12.1 | 16 | EastLink (M3)  Ringwood, Frankston | Tom Wills Interchange; partial turbine interchange: no southeastern entrance northbound or northwestern exit southbound |
| | | 21.9 | 13.6 | 17 | Stud Road (Metro Route 9)  Rowville, Dandenong |  |
| Casey | DovetonEndeavour Hills boundary | 23.7 | 14.7 | 18 | Heatherton Road (Metro Route 14)  Noble Park, Endeavour Hills |  |
| | | 26.3 | 16.3 | 19 | South Gippsland Freeway (M420)  Cranbourne, Hastings | Partial semi-directional T interchange: no southeastern entrance |
| | HallamNarre Warren North boundary | 28.2 | 17.5 | 20 | Belgrave–Hallam Road (B675)  Hallam, Endeavour Hills |  |
| | Narre Warren | 29.9 | 18.6 | 21 | Ernst Wanke Road  Narre Warren | Northwestern entrance and southeastern exit only |
| | 32.2 | 20.0 | 22 | Narre Warren North Road (C404)  Belgrave, Narre Warren |  |
| | Narre Warren–Berwick boundary | 33.8 | 21.0 | 23 | Princes Highway (Alt National Route 1 west/C101 east)  Berwick, Dandenong |  |
| | | | Princes Freeway (M1 southeast)  Pakenham, Warragul, Traralgon | South-eastern freeway terminus: continues as Princes Freeway |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Monash Freeway
Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Monash Freeway viewed from the Toorak Road overpass | |
| Northwest endSoutheast end | |
| Coordinates |  |
| General information | |
| Type | Freeway |
| Length | 34 km (21 mi) |
| Opened | 1962–2003 |
| Route number(s) | M1 (1996–present) |
| Former
route number | * Metro Route 80 (1965–1971)
(Cremorne–Burnley) * Freeway Route 80 (1971–1988)
(Cremorne–Kooyong) * Freeway Route 81 (1972–1988)
(Chadstone–Eumemmering) * National Route 1 (1988–1996)
(Kooyong–Doveton) |
| Major junctions | |
| Northwest end | **CityLink**
Kooyong, Melbourne |
|  |  |
| Southeast end | **Princes Freeway**
Narre Warren, Melbourne |
| Location(s) | |
| LGA(s) |  |
| Major suburbs / towns | Kooyong, Glen Iris, Chadstone, Mulgrave, Dandenong North, Doveton, Narre Warren |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Naval Battle of Casablanca

abstract: The Naval Battle of Casablanca was a series of naval engagements fought between American ships covering the invasion of North Africa and Vichy French ships defending the neutrality of French Morocco in accordance with the Second Armistice at Compiègne during World War II. Allied military planners anticipated an all-American force assigned to seize the Atlantic port city of Casablanca might be greeted as liberators. An invasion task force of 102 American ships carrying 35,000 American soldiers approached the Moroccan coast undetected under cover of darkness. French defenders interpreted the first contacts as a diversionary raid for a major landing in Algeria; and Germany regarded the surrender of six Moroccan divisions to a small commando raiding force as a clear violation of French obligations to defend Moroccan neutrality under the Armistice of 22 June 1940 at Compiègne. The last stages of the battle consisted of operations by German U-boats which had reached the area the same day the French troops surrendered. An escalating series of surprised responses in an atmosphere of mistrust and secrecy caused the loss of four U.S. troopships and the deaths of 462 men aboard 24 French ships opposing the invasion.

text:
# Naval Battle of Casablanca

The **Naval Battle of Casablanca** was a series of naval engagements fought between American ships covering the invasion of North Africa and Vichy French ships defending the neutrality of French Morocco in accordance with the Second Armistice at Compiègne during World War II.

Allied military planners anticipated an all-American force assigned to seize the Atlantic port city of Casablanca might be greeted as liberators. An invasion task force of 102 American ships carrying 35,000 American soldiers approached the Moroccan coast undetected under cover of darkness.

French defenders interpreted the first contacts as a diversionary raid for a major landing in Algeria; and Germany regarded the surrender of six Moroccan divisions to a small commando raiding force as a clear violation of French obligations to defend Moroccan neutrality under the Armistice of 22 June 1940 at Compiègne.

The last stages of the battle consisted of operations by German U-boats which had reached the area the same day the French troops surrendered.

An escalating series of surprised responses in an atmosphere of mistrust and secrecy caused the loss of four U.S. troopships and the deaths of 462 men aboard 24 French ships opposing the invasion.

## Background

Morocco was a protectorate of France at the time of World War II. The French government at Vichy had surrendered to Germany after the Battle of France, signing an Armistice with Nazi Germany. General Charles de Gaulle led French forces opposed to the surrender and to the Vichy government, continuing the war on the side of the UK and the Allies. The Vichy regime—which controlled Morocco—was thus officially neutral, but in practical terms the Armistice obliged Vichy to resist any attempt to seize French territory or equipment for use against Germany. British forces had bombarded the French at Mers-el-Kébir to prevent the possibility of the French fleet from falling into German hands after the French rejected demands to join the Allies or sail to a neutral port, leading to much ill-will between France and Britain. The United States government had previously recognized the Vichy regime as legitimate. Military planning for Operation Torch in 1942 emphasized American troops in the initial landing forces on the basis of intelligence estimates they would be less vigorously opposed than British soldiers.

### American forces

Troopship convoy UGF 1 left Chesapeake Bay on 23 October 1942 and was joined on 26 October by a covering force of battleships and cruisers sailing from Casco Bay and on 28 October by the aircraft carrier USS *Ranger*, and the escort carriers *Sangamon*, *Suwannee*, *Chenango*, and *Santee* sailing from Bermuda. These ships were screened by 38 American destroyers. The resulting Task Force 34 (TF 34) included 102 ships for the invasion of Morocco under the command of Rear Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt aboard the flagship heavy cruiser USS *Augusta*. As TF 34 sailed, the British submarine HMS *Seraph* landed Major General Mark W. Clark near Algiers to meet with pro-American French military officers stationed in Algeria. French officers shared information about defensive arrangements; but the Americans did not share critical invasion details of timing, strength and distribution of forces. No information was provided to key French leaders including Armed Forces Commander in Chief Admiral François Darlan, North African Commander in Chief General Alphonse Juin, or Moroccan Resident General Charles Noguès.

### French forces

In 1942, Casablanca was the principal Vichy-controlled port on the Atlantic (all of France′s Atlantic coast having been occupied by Germany since 1940) and the most important Vichy-controlled naval base after Toulon. Naval gunners manned the El Hank coastal artillery battery of four 194 mm (7.6 in) guns and four 138 mm (5.4 in) guns. One quadruple 380 mm/45 Modèle 1935 gun turret of the modern battleship *Jean Bart* was operational, although the battleship remained incomplete following escape from the Saint-Nazaire shipyards during the German invasion of 1940. One light cruiser, two flotilla leaders, seven destroyers (two already damaged by collision), eight sloops, 11 minesweepers, and 11 submarines were in port on the morning of 8 November.

Most French personnel attending General Clark′s pre-invasion meeting were army officers. Information subsequently conveyed in pre-invasion contact with army personnel stationed in Morocco was interpreted as a request for recommendations. No pre-invasion contact has been documented with Vice Admiral Michelier, who commanded naval forces responsible for the defense of Casablanca. Admiral Michelier was not yet in the confidence of North African officers in contact with the Americans, since he had been a member of the Armistice Commission until assuming his Casablanca post less than a month before the invasion.

## Prelude

French defenders were placed on alert status when Algerian invasion convoys were detected passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. Destinations remained unclear, and TF 34 remained undetected as it split into three groups on 7 November. Concealed by darkness, a northern group (six troopships and two cargo ships escorted by the battleship USS *Texas*, the light cruiser USS *Savannah* and six destroyers) prepared to land 9,000 troops of the 60th infantry Regiment reinforced with 65 light tanks to seize the Port Lyautey airfield; and a southern group (four troopships and two cargo ships escorted by the battleship USS *New York*, the light cruiser USS *Philadelphia* and six destroyers) prepared to land 6,500 troops of the 47th Infantry Regiment reinforced with 90 medium and light tanks near the phosphate port of Safi to cover the southern approaches to Casablanca, while the center group prepared to land the Casablanca occupation force of 19,500 troops of the 3rd Infantry Division reinforced with 79 light tanks near Fedala 15 mi (24 km) northeast of Casablanca. Naval coastal defense batteries flanked both ends of the Fedala landing beach with four 138 mm (5.4 in) guns on Pont Blondin to the east and three 10 cm (3.9 in) and two 75 mm (3 in) guns in Fedala on the point sheltering the western end of the beach.

## Battle

### 8 November

Center group troopships USS *William P. Biddle*, *Leonard Wood*, *Joseph T. Dickman*, *Tasker H. Bliss*, *Hugh L. Scott*, *Joseph Hewes*, *Edward Rutledge*, *Charles Carroll*, *Thomas Jefferson*, *Ancon*, *Elizabeth C. Stanton*, *Thurston*, *Arcturus*, *Procyon*, and *Oberon* anchored 8 mi (7.0 nmi; 13 km) off Fedala at midnight. Loaded landing craft rendezvoused and left the line of departure at 06:00. Pont Blondin coast defense batteries were alerted by the noise of landing craft engines and illuminated the beach approaches with searchlights but the searchlights were extinguished when the landing craft support boats opened fire with machine guns. The destroyer *Wilkes* and a scout boat tasked with marking Red Beach 2 moved out of position while maneuvering to avoid an unidentified boat evaluated as potentially hostile; and landing craft ran onto rocks while running at full speed rather than reaching their intended beach. Twenty-one of the 32 landing craft from *Leonard Wood* were wrecked. Eight of the ship's surviving landing craft were wrecked in heavy surf landing later waves.

3,500 American troops were ashore by dawn; but early morning mist concealed the size of the invasion force. Fedala coast defense batteries opened fire on the landing craft shortly after 07:00. At 07:20, Admiral Hewitt authorized four American destroyers supporting the landing craft to open fire on the French shore batteries. French gunners damaged the destroyers USS *Ludlow* and *Murphy*, and at 07:25 the destroyers were defended by the heavier guns of the cruisers *Augusta* and *Brooklyn* screening the troopships. *Ludlow* and *Wilkes* silenced the Pont Blondin battery, while *Augusta* silenced the Fedala battery. *Murphy*, *Wainwright*, and other U.S. vessels engaged two French aircraft just before 07:00 on 8 November, ultimately driving them off.

The French submarines *Amazone*, *Antiope*, *Méduse*, *Orphée* and *Sibylle* sortied to defensive patrol stations at 07:00. At 07:50, French fighters rose to intercept a force of bombers from *Ranger* and *Suwanee*. The French fighters were engaged by fighters from *Ranger* in a dogfight that felled seven French and four or five American planes. Bombs started falling on Casablanca Harbor at 08:04. Ten civilian freighters and liners were sunk and French submarines *Amphitrite*, *Oréade*, and *La Psyché* were destroyed at their moorings before they could get underway. The American covering force of *Massachusetts*, *Wichita* and *Tuscaloosa* screened by destroyers *Mayrant*, *Rhind*, *Wainwright*, and *Jenkins* appeared offshore and *Massachusetts*'s 16 in (406 mm) guns were added to the bombardment. The El Hank battery observed gunfire from the covering force and straddled *Massachusetts* with its first salvo. The operational turret aboard the incomplete battleship *Jean Bart* also opened fire and was targeted by *Massachusetts*. *Jean Bart* had fired only seven rounds before *Massachusetts*'s fifth salvo jammed the turret rotating mechanism on *Jean Bart*. *Massachusetts*'s heavy 16-inch projectiles caused significant damage although few actually exploded because they had been fitted with fuzes manufactured in 1918. The covering force then targeted El Hank Battery from 08:40 to 09:25.

While the covering force engaged El Hank Battery west of Casablanca, seven ships of the French 2nd Light Squadron sortied from Casablanca harbor at 09:00 under cover of a smoke screen to attack the troopships anchored off Fedala to the east. The French destroyer *Milan* sortied with destroyers *Fougueux* and *Boulonnais*. At 09:20, the French squadron was strafed by fighter planes from *Ranger*. French gunners sank a landing craft and scored hits on *Ludlow*. *Milan* beached after being damaged by gunfire from *Wilkes*, *Wichita*, and *Tuscaloosa*. *Massachusetts* and *Tuscaloosa* engaged the French destroyers *Fougueux* at 10:00 and *Boulonnais* at 10:12. *Fougueux* sank at 10:40. The French light cruiser *Primauguet* sortied with flotilla leader destroyer *Albatros* and destroyers *Brestois* and *Frondeur*. Engaged by *Massachusetts*, the *Primauguet* force was outgunned; *Primauguet* had been under refit and was not fully operational but returned fire nonetheless. The French flotilla was also engaged by *Augusta* and *Brooklyn* from 11:00 to 11:20. *Albatros* beached to avoid sinking. The remaining ships returned to Casablanca harbor where *Primauguet* beached and burnt out and the two destroyers capsized. Forty-five crew members were killed aboard *Primauguet*, and more than 200 more wounded. The French submarine *Amazone* missed *Brooklyn* with a salvo of torpedoes. *Sibylle* disappeared on a patrol station between Casablanca and Fedala, but the cause of her destruction remains uncertain. Surviving French submarines *Sidi Ferruch* and *Le Conquérant* sortied without torpedoes to avoid destruction in the harbor. *Le Tonnant* managed to load a few torpedoes before leaving. *Augusta* sank *Boulonnais* at noon and the only French destroyer remaining operational was *L'Alcyon*.

A less significant victim of this engagement was the boat in which General Patton had intended to reach the beach from the flagship *Augusta*. The boat had been swung out on davits in preparation for launch when muzzle blast from the cruiser's 8-inch guns blew out the bottom of the boat, causing most of Patton's luggage to be lost overboard.

Three small French warships emerged from Casablanca harbor in the early afternoon to rescue sailors from the sunken destroyer *Fougueux*, but the rescue ships were turned back by shellfire from the American covering force. French planes bombed and strafed the landing beach at intervals throughout the day, but caused little damage. Workmen had repaired *Jean Bart*'s turret by sundown, and El Hank Battery remained operational. Nearly half of the 347 American landing craft had been destroyed, and fewer than 8,000 troops had been landed. Five French submarines still stalked the invasion fleet.

### 9 November

Dawn found the Fedala landing beaches lashed by 6-foot (1.8 m) waves which greatly impeded unloading the invasion troopships. Forty percent of the troops were ashore with barely one percent of their supplies. There were shortages of ammunition, and inadequate medical supplies for the wounded. Communications broke down because radio equipment was still aboard the troopships. The advance toward Casablanca halted because shore parties lacked mechanized equipment to move supplies off the landing beach.

### 10 November

The French sloops *Commandant Delage* and *La Gracieuse* sortied at 10:00 to open fire on American troops advancing from Fedala to the outskirts of Casablanca. The cruiser *Augusta* and destroyers *Edison* and *Tillman* chased the minesweepers back into Casablanca harbor before being forced to retreat by gunfire from *Jean Bart*. Nine dive bombers from *Ranger* hit *Jean Bart* with two 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs and sank her at 16:00. *Jean Bart* settled into the harbor mud with decks awash. French submarines *Le Tonnant*, *Meduse* and *Antiope* launched unsuccessful torpedo salvos at *Ranger*, *Massachusetts* and *Tuscaloosa*, respectively. *Meduse* was crippled by counterattacks and beached off Cape Blanc.

### 11 November

Casablanca surrendered on 11 November while 11,000 tons (75 percent) of supplies for the invading troops remained aboard the troopships. That day German submarines were able to reach the troopships before they completed offloading cargo. In the early evening, *U-173* torpedoed the destroyer *Hambleton*, the oiler *Winooski* and the troopship *Joseph Hewes*; around 100 men went down with *Joseph Hewes*. At this time, *Bristol* spotted a surfaced submarine and engaged with her deck guns and finally with depth charges, but is not believed to have sunk the French submarine. *Sidi Ferruch* was sunk by Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers from *Suwanee* on 11 November.

### Final actions

The invasion troopships remained in their makeshift anchorage to keep Casablanca's harbor open to unload additional troops from the anticipated arrival of convoy UGF-2 until *U-130*—under Ernst Kals—torpedoed the troopships *Tasker H. Bliss*, *Hugh L. Scott*, and *Edward Rutledge* on the evening of 12 November, killing 74 additional American servicemen; and prompting undamaged troopships to leave the anchorage and maneuver evasively at sea until they were able to moor in the lee of the Casablanca breakwater on 13 November to complete offloading supplies. Of the American ships damaged by submarine torpedoes on 11 and 12 November, all four troopships sank, but the oiler and destroyer were repaired. Surviving troopships left Casablanca when unloading was completed on 17 November. French submarines *Amazone* and *Antiope* reached Dakar, and *Orphee* returned to Casablanca after the city surrendered. *Le Conquerant* was sunk on 13 November by two VP-92 PBY Catalina flying boats off Villa Cisneros. *Le Tonnant* was scuttled off Cadiz on 15 November. On 16 November, *U-173* was sunk off Casablanca by American destroyers.

One of *Massachusetts*′s 16-inch (406 mm) shells fired at the *Jean-Bart*, after an unexpected rebound on her berth, caused the partial collapse of the house adjoining the Ettedgui Synagogue. The defused shell proved too heavy for trolley sent to remove it, requiring a truck to be used in its stead. Reconstruction of the damaged synagogue commenced in 2011.

## Order of battle

### French 2nd Light Squadron

| Ship | Type | Displacement | Speed | Guns | Torpedoes | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Primauguet* | *Duguay-Trouin*-class light cruiser | 7,249 tons | 33 knots | 8 × 155 mm (6.1 in) | 12 | Beached and burnt out for total loss |
| *Albatros* | *Aigle*-class destroyer | 2,441 tons | 36 knots | 5 × 138 mm Mle 1927 guns | 6 | Beached to avoid sinking |
| *Milan* | *Aigle*-class destroyer | 2,441 tons | 36 knots | 5 × 138 mm Mle 1927 guns | 6 | Beached to avoid sinking |
| *Boulonnais* | *Adroit*-class destroyer | 1378 tons | 33 knots | 4 × 130 mm (5.1 in) | 6 | Sunk by USS *Augusta* |
| *Brestois* | *Adroit*-class destroyer | 1378 tons | 33 knots | 4 × 130 mm (5.1 in) | 6 | Capsized |
| *Fougueux* | *Adroit*-class destroyer | 1378 tons | 33 knots | 4 × 130 mm (5.1 in) | 6 | Sunk by 16" gunfire from USS *Massachusetts* |
| *Frondeur* | *Adroit*-class destroyer | 1,378 tons | 33 knots | 4 × 130 mm (5.1 in) | 6 | Capsized |
| *L'Alcyon* | *Adroit*-class destroyer | 1378 tons | 33 knots | 4 × 130 mm (5.1 in) | 6 | did not sortie |
| *Simoun* | *Bourrasque*-class destroyer | 1,319 tons | 33 knots | 4 × 130 mm (5.1 in) | 6 | repairing collision damage – did not sortie |
| *Tempête* | *Bourrasque*-class destroyer | 1,319 tons | 33 knots | 4 × 130 mm (5.1 in) | 6 | repairing collision damage – did not sortie |

### American covering force

| Ship | Type | Displacement | Speed | Guns | Torpedoes | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Massachusetts* | *South Dakota*-class battleship | 35000 tons | 28 knots | 9 × 16"/45 cal
20 × 5"/38 cal | none | Damaged the incomplete and not-yet commissioned French battleship *Jean Bart* in gun duel, sank a floating dry dock and up to seven merchant ships in the harbor. Engaged French 2nd Light Squadron, sank at least one destroyer, assisted in engaging light cruiser and other destroyers. |
| *Wichita* | heavy cruiser | 10000 tons | 34 knots | 9 × 8"/55 cal
8 × 5"/38 cal | none | engaged and help sink several destroyers, Damaged by a coastal battery with 14 wounded |
| *Tuscaloosa* | *New Orleans*-class heavy cruiser | 9975 tons | 32 knots | 9 × 8"/55 cal
8 × 5"/25 cal | none | Engaged and help sink several destroyers |
| *Mayrant* | *Benham*-class destroyer | 1500 tons | 36 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 16 | *Mayrant's* gunnery officer was Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., son of the President of the United States |
| *Rhind* | *Benham*-class destroyer | 1500 tons | 36 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 16 |  |
| *Wainwright* | *Sims*-class destroyer | 1570 tons | 38 knots | 5 × 5"/38 cal | 12 |  |
| *Jenkins* | *Fletcher*-class destroyer | 2050 tons | 37 knots | 5 × 5"/38 cal | 10 |  |
| *Augusta* | *Northampton*-class cruiser | 9050 tons | 32 knots | 9 × 8"/55 cal
8 × 5"/25 cal | none | operated independently as Task Force 34 flagship |
| *Brooklyn* | *Brooklyn*-class cruiser | 9700 tons | 33 knots | 15 × 6"/47 cal
8 × 5"/25 cal | (none) | assigned as escort for center group troopships
engaged 2nd Light Squadron |
| *Rowan* | *Benham*-class destroyer | 1500 tons | 36 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 16 | screened center group troopships off Fedala
engaged 2nd Light Squadron |
| *Woolsey* | *Gleaves*-class destroyer | 1620 tons | 37 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 10 | screened center group troopships off Fedala |
| *Ludlow* | *Gleaves*-class destroyer | 1620 tons | 37 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 10 | screened center group troopships off Fedala
engaged Pont Blondin Battery
engaged 2nd Light Squadron |
| *Edison* | *Gleaves*-class destroyer | 1620 tons | 37 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 10 | screened center group troopships off Fedala |
| *Wilkes* | *Gleaves*-class destroyer | 1620 tons | 37 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 10 | screened center group troopships off Fedala
engaged Fedala Battery
engaged 2nd Light Squadron |
| *Swanson* | *Gleaves*-class destroyer | 1620 tons | 37 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 10 | screened center group troopships off Fedala
engaged Fedala Battery
engaged 2nd Light Squadron |
| *Bristol* | *Gleaves*-class destroyer | 1,620 tons | 37 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 10 | screened center group troopships off Fedala |
| *Boyle* | *Benson*-class destroyer | 1,620 tons | 37 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 5 | screened center group troopships off Fedala |
| *Murphy* | *Benson*-class destroyer | 1620 tons | 37 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 5 | screened center group troopships off Fedala
engaged Pont Blondin Battery |
| *Tillman* | *Gleaves*-class destroyer | 1630 tons | 37 knots | 4 × 5"/38 cal | 5 | screened center group troopships off Fedala |
| *Ranger* | aircraft carrier | 14500 tons | 29 knots | 8 × 5"/25 cal | (none) | provided air cover for center group while operating 130 mi (210 km) offshore of Casablanca, her bombers sank *Jean Bart* 10 November 42 after she was refloated from being sunk at her stern on 8 November 1942. |
| *Suwannee* | *Sangamon*-class escort carrier | 11400 tons | 18 knots | 2 × 5"/51 cal | (none) | provided air cover for center group while operating 130 miles (200 km) offshore of Casablanca |

### Citations

1. Auphan & Mordal (1976), p. 210
2. Potter & Nimitz (1960), pp. 568–574
3. Cressman, Robert (2003). *USS Ranger: the Navy's first flattop from keel to mast, 1934–46*. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-57488-720-4.
4. Blair (1998), p. 88
5. Blair (1998), p. 736
6. Blair (1998), p. 110
7. Auphan & Mordal (1976), pp. 210, 228–229 & 236
8. Potter & Nimitz (1960), p. 567
9. Blair (1998), p. 92
10. Potter & Nimitz (1960), pp. 568–571
11. Auphan & Mordal (1976), pp. 212–215
12. Auphan & Mordal (1976), p. 228
13. "ALAMER: Mémoire des Équipages des marines de guerre, commerce, pêche & plaisance de 1939 à 1945". Retrieved 18 September 2016.
14. Auphan & Mordal (1976), pp. 212–218
15. Karig (1946), p. 191
16. Karig (1946), p. 184
17. Karig (1946), p. 201
18. Potter & Nimitz (1960), pp. 571–572
19. Auphan & Mordal (1976), p. 231
20. Willoughby (1957), p. 210
21. Potter & Nimitz (1960), pp. 572–575
22. Karig (1946), p. 203
23. Cressman (2000), p. 129
24. Potter & Nimitz (1960), p. 575
25. Auphan & Mordal (1960), p. 230
26. Atkinson (2002), p. 131
27. Karig (1946), p. 206
28. Auphan & Mordal (1976), p. 233
29. Rohwer & Hummelchen (1992), p. 175
30. Brown (1995), p. 72
31. Auphan & Mordal (1976), p. 235
32. Atkinson (2002), p. 132
33. Willoughby (1957), p. 211
34. Potter & Nimitz (1960), p. 576
35. Atkinson (2002), pp. 138–140
36. Cressman (2000), p. 130
37. Karig (1946), p. 209
38. Potter & Nimitz (1960), p. 577
39. Atkinson (2002), p. 151
40. Atkinson (2002), p. 154
41. Cressman (2000), p. 131
42. Auphan & Mordal (1976), p. 236
43. "The Type IXC U-boat U-173 - German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net". *uboat.net*. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
44. "Synagogue Ettedgui Rue de la Mission, Casablanca 2004". *YouTube* (in French). Retrieved 26 October 2022.
45. Masson (1969), p. 90
46. Masson (1969), p. 112
47. Masson (1969), p. 124
48. Masson (1969), p. 126
49. Silverstone (1968), p. 28
50. Silverstone (1968), p. 79
51. Silverstone (1968), p. 71
52. Silverstone (1968), p. 124
53. Walker, Edward K. (1985). "Mayrant, Roosevelt, and the Med". *Proceedings*. **111** (10). United States Naval Institute: 179.
54. Silverstone (1968), p. 126
55. Silverstone (1968), p. 135
56. Silverstone (1968), p. 67
57. Silverstone (1968), p. 85
58. Karig (1946), p. 207
59. Karig (1946), pp. 201, 203 & 207
60. Silverstone (1968), p. 38
61. Potter & Nimitz (1960), p. 574
62. Silverstone (1968), p. 55
* Atkinson, Rick, *An Army at Dawn* (2002) Henry Holt and Company ISBN 0-8050-6288-2
* Auphan, Paul and Mordal, Jacques, *The French Navy in World War II* (1976) Greenwood Press ISBN 0-8371-8660-9
* Blair, Clay, *Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945* (1998) Random House ISBN 0-679-45742-9
* Brown, David, *Warship Losses of World War II* (1995) Naval Institute Press ISBN 1-55750-914-X
* Cressman, Robert J. *The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II* (2000) Naval Institute Press ISBN 1-55750-149-1
* Kafka, Roger and Pepperburg, Roy L. *Warships of the World* (1946) Cornell Maritime Press
* Karig, Walter, CDR, USNR *Battle Report: The Atlantic War* (1946) Farrar & Rinehart
* Le Masson, Henri *The French Navy* (volume 1) (1969) Doubleday & Company
* Potter, E.B. and Nimitz, Chester W. *Sea Power* (1960) Prentice-Hall
* Preston, Antony *Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II* (1996) Random House ISBN 0-517-67963-9
* Rohwer, Jurgen and Hummelchen, Gerhard *Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945* (1992) Naval Institute Press ISBN 1-55750-105-X
* Silverstone, Paul H. *U.S. Warships of World War II* (1968) Doubleday & Company
* Willoughby, Malcolm F. *The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II* (1957) United States Naval Institute

## InfoBox

| Naval Battle of Casablanca | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Operation Torch of World War II | |
|
*Jean Bart* under attack, circa November 1942 | |
| Date 8–16 November 1942  Location Casablanca, French Morocco  Result  American victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United States | Vichy France
Germany |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Henry Hewitt | Frix Michelier
Ernst Kals |
| Strength | |
| 1 aircraft carrier
1 escort carrier
1 battleship
3 heavy cruisers
1 light cruiser
14 destroyers
15 troopships
347 landing craft
108 aircraft | 1 battleship
1 light cruiser
2 flotilla leaders
7 destroyers
8 sloops
11 minesweepers
13 submarines
7 aircraft |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 174 killed
4 troopships sunk
150 landing craft sunk
5 aircraft destroyed
1 battleship damaged
1 heavy cruiser damaged
2 destroyers damaged
1 oiler damaged | 462 killed
200 wounded
1 battleship damaged
1 light cruiser destroyed
4 destroyers sunk
7 submarines sunk
1 submarine scuttled
2 submarines damaged
1 destroyer grounded
2 flotilla leaders grounded
1 submarine grounded
7 aircraft destroyed |


title: Mocis mutuaria

abstract: Mocis mutuaria is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

text:
# Mocis mutuaria

***Mocis mutuaria*** is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa, East Kasai, Bas Congo, North Kivu, Katanga), Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Mocis mutuaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Mocis* |
| Species: | ***M. mutuaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mocis mutuaria***<br>(Walker, 1858) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Remigia mutuaria* Walker, 1858 * *Grammodes insulsa* Wallengren, 1860 * *Ophiusa judicans* Walker, 1858 * *Ophiusa nigrimacula* Mabille, 1879 * *Remigia torpida* Walker, 1865 | |


title: Penaea sarcocolla

abstract: Penaea sarcocolla is a species of shrub in the genus Penaea. It is endemic to the Western Cape, along the coast up to Cape Agulhas and extending inland to Franschhoek, Hottentots Holland Mountains, Villiersdorp and Genadendal. It is also known as the Cape fellwort. It takes its name from a supposed resemblance to sarcocolla, the Asian source of Persian gum.

text:
# Penaea sarcocolla

***Penaea sarcocolla*** is a species of shrub in the genus Penaea. It is endemic to the Western Cape, along the coast up to Cape Agulhas and extending inland to Franschhoek, Hottentots Holland Mountains, Villiersdorp and Genadendal. It is also known as the Cape fellwort.

It takes its name from a supposed resemblance to sarcocolla, the Asian source of Persian gum.

## InfoBox

| *Penaea sarcocolla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern (SANBI Red List) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Penaeaceae |
| Genus: | *Penaea* |
| Species: | ***P. sarcocolla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Penaea sarcocolla***
L. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Penaea longiflora*  Meerb. * *Penaea squamosa*  L. * *Penaea tetragona*  P.J.Bergius * *Saltera sarcocolla*  (L.) Bullock * *Sarcocolla linnaei*  A.Juss. * *Sarcocolla longiflora*  Kunth * *Sarcocolla minor*  A.DC. * *Sarcocolla sarcocolla*  Kuntze * *Sarcocolla squamosa*  (L.) Endl. * *Sarcocolla tetragona*  (P.J.Bergius) T.M.Salter | |


title: Four Prophets

abstract: Four Prophets: Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah and Micah: A Modern Translation from the Hebrew by J. B. Phillips is a modern translation from Hebrew sources of the books of Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah and Micah by scholar J. B. Phillips. The book was published in 1963 Macmillan in the US and Geoffrey Bles in the UK. Phillips also published The New Testament in Modern English. The remainder of the Old Testament was never completed by him.

text:
# Four Prophets

***Four Prophets: Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah and Micah: A Modern Translation from the Hebrew by J. B. Phillips*** is a modern translation from Hebrew sources of the books of Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah and Micah by scholar J. B. Phillips. The book was published in 1963 Macmillan in the US and Geoffrey Bles in the UK. Phillips also published *The New Testament in Modern English*. The remainder of the Old Testament was never completed by him.

## Textual example

Excerpt from First Isaiah 21:1-2, translated in a "thought-for-thought" pattern:

A Warning from the desert: A dreadful vision has come to me, Roaring out of the desert From the terrible land, Sweeping on like the whirlwinds in the south. The plunderer continues his plundering, The destroyer continues his destruction. Up then, men of Elam, Besiege them, men of Media! Put an end to their boastings.

The same text from the American Standard Version translation, a "word-for-word" translation:

The burden of the wilderness of the sea. As whirlwinds in the South sweep through, it cometh from the wilderness, from a terrible land. A grievous vision is declared unto me; the treacherous man dealeth treacherously, and the destroyer destroyeth. Go up, O Elam; besiege, O Media; all the sighing thereof have I made to cease.


title: John Hamilton (New Zealand politician)

abstract: John Ronald Hamilton was a New Zealand politician of the Reform Party. Hamilton was born in 1871 in Forest Hill in Southland, where he received his education. He later moved to the nearby Winton. He was the elder brother of Adam Hamilton. Hamilton unsuccessfully contested the Southland electorate of Awarua in the 1911 and 1914 elections, before he was successful in 1919. He lost the 1922 election, but defeated Philip De La Perrelle of the Liberal Party in 1925, but lost to him in 1928. In 1935, Hamilton was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. He died at Winton on 12 January 1940.

text:
# John Hamilton (New Zealand politician)

New Zealand Parliament
| Years | Term | Electorate | | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19191922 | 20th | Awarua | |  | Reform |
|  | | | | | |
| 19251928 | 22nd | Awarua | |  | Reform |

**John Ronald Hamilton** (1871 – 12 January 1940) was a New Zealand politician of the Reform Party.

Hamilton was born in 1871 in Forest Hill in Southland, where he received his education. He later moved to the nearby Winton. He was the elder brother of Adam Hamilton.

Hamilton unsuccessfully contested the Southland electorate of Awarua in the 1911 and 1914 elections, before he was successful in 1919. He lost the 1922 election, but defeated Philip De La Perrelle of the Liberal Party in 1925, but lost to him in 1928.

In 1935, Hamilton was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.

He died at Winton on 12 January 1940.


title: Hallstahammars SK

abstract: Hallstahammars SK is a Swedish sports club located in Hallstahammar in Västmanland County.

text:
# Hallstahammars SK

**Hallstahammars SK** is a Swedish sports club located in Hallstahammar in Västmanland County.

## Background

Since their foundation in 1906 Hallstahammars Sportklubb has participated in the upper and lower divisions of the Swedish football league system. The club played in Allsvenskan during the 1931–32 and 1938–39 seasons. Hallstahammars SK currently plays in Division 4 Västmanland which is the sixth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Trollebo IP in Hallstahammar.

Hallstahammars SK are affiliated to the Västmanlands Fotbollförbund.

The club also has or has had active sections for bandy, handball and ice hockey.

## Season to season

In their early history Hallstahammars SK competed in the following divisions:

| **Season** **Level** **Division** **Section** **Position** **Movements**  1924–25 Tier 2 **Division 2** Mellansvenska **2nd**   1925–26 Tier 2 **Division 2** Mellansvenska **2nd**   1926–27 Tier 2 **Division 2** Mellansvenska **4th**   1927–28 Tier 2 **Division 2** Mellansvenska **1st** Promotion Playoffs  1928–29 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **2nd**   1929–30 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **5th**   1930–31 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **1st** Promoted  1931–32 Tier 1  **Allsvenskan**   **12th** Relegated  1932–33 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **3rd**   1933–34 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **7th**   1934–35 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **4th**   1935–36 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **1st** Promotion Playoffs  1936–37 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **5th**   1937–38 Tier 2 **Division 2** Östra **1st** Promotion Playoffs – Promoted  1938–39 Tier 1  **Allsvenskan**   **12th** Relegated  1939–40 Tier 2 **Division 2** Östra **5th**   1940–41 Tier 2 **Division 2** Östra **4th**   1941–42 Tier 2 **Division 2** Östra **5th**   1942–43 Tier 2 **Division 2** Östra **5th**   1943–44 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **8th**   1944–45 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **9th** Relegated  1945–46 Tier 3 **Division 3** Centralserien Norra, Västmanland **1st** Promotion Playoffs  1946–47 Tier 3 **Division 3** Centralserien Norra **2nd** Relegation Playoffs  1947–48 Tier 3 **Division 3** Norra **8th** Relegated |
| --- |

In recent seasons Hallstahammars SK have competed in the following divisions:

| **Season** **Level** **Division** **Section** **Position** **Movements**  1993 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **8th**   1994 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **4th**   1995 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **3rd**   1996 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **5th**   1997 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **5th**   1998 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **9th**   1999 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **8th**   2000 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **9th**   2001 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **9th**   2002 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **9th**   2003 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **6th**   2004 Tier 5 **Division 4** Västmanland **11th** Relegated  2005 Tier 6 **Division 5** Västmanland **2nd** Promoted  2006\* Tier 6 **Division 4** Västmanland **3rd**   2007 Tier 6 **Division 4** Västmanland **3rd**   2008 Tier 6 **Division 4** Västmanland **3rd**   2009 Tier 6 **Division 4** Västmanland **9th**   2010 Tier 6 **Division 4** Västmanland **10th**    ** League restructuring in 2006 resulted in a new division being created at Tier 3 and subsequent divisions dropping a level.* |
| --- |

## Attendances

In recent seasons Hallstahammars SK have had the following average attendances:

| **Season** **Average Attendance** **Division / Section** **Level**  2008 *Not available* Div 4 Västmanland Tier 6  2009 97 Div 4 Västmanland Tier 6  2010 64 Div 4 Västmanland Tier 6   ** Attendances are provided in the Publikliga sections of the Svenska Fotbollförbundet website.* |
| --- |

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

Hallstahammars SK
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Hallstahammars Sportklubb |
| Founded | 1906 |
| Ground | Trollebo IP
Hallstahammar
Sweden |
| Chairman | Anders Gustavsson |
| League | Division 4 Västmanland |
| 2010 | Division 4 Västmanland, 10th |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Martrois

abstract: Martrois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

text:
# Martrois

**Martrois** (French pronunciation: \[maʁtʁwa\]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 36 |  |
| 1968 | 43 | +19.4% |
| 1975 | 45 | +4.7% |
| 1982 | 44 | −2.2% |
| 1990 | 60 | +36.4% |
| 1999 | 73 | +21.7% |
| 2008 | 56 | −23.3% |

## InfoBox

| Martrois | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Martrois | |
| Location of Martrois | |
| MartroisMartrois | |
| Coordinates: 47°18′41″N 4°32′16″E / 47.3114°N 4.5378°E / 47.3114; 4.5378 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Côte-d'Or |
| Arrondissement | Beaune |
| Canton | Arnay-le-Duc |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Geneviève Jondot |
| Area**1** | 7.59 km2 (2.93 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 61 |
| Density | 8.0/km2 (21/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 21392 /21320 |
| Elevation | 352–547 m (1,155–1,795 ft)
(avg. 380 m or 1,250 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Robert Greene (dramatist)

abstract: Robert Greene (1558–1592) was an English author popular in his day, and now best known for a posthumous pamphlet attributed to him, Greene's Groats-Worth of Witte, bought with a million of Repentance, widely believed to contain an attack on William Shakespeare. Greene was a popular Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer known for his negative critiques of his colleagues. He is said to have been born in Norwich. He attended Cambridge where he received a BA in 1580, and an M.A. in 1583 before moving to London, where he arguably became the first professional author in England. He was prolific and published in many genres including romances, plays and autobiography.

text:
# Robert Greene (dramatist)

**Robert Greene** (1558–1592) was an English author popular in his day, and now best known for a posthumous pamphlet attributed to him, *Greene's Groats-Worth of Witte, bought with a million of Repentance*, widely believed to contain an attack on William Shakespeare. Greene was a popular Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer known for his negative critiques of his colleagues. He is said to have been born in Norwich. He attended Cambridge where he received a BA in 1580, and an M.A. in 1583 before moving to London, where he arguably became the first professional author in England. He was prolific and published in many genres including romances, plays and autobiography.

## Family

According to the author Brenda Richardson, the "chief problem" in compiling a biography of Robert Greene was his name. *Robert* was one of the most popular given names of the era and *Greene* was a common surname.

L. H. Newcomb suggests that Robert Greene "was probably the Robert Greene, son of Robert Greene, baptized on 11 July 1558 at St George's, Tombland, Norwich."

> Greene later described himself as from Norwich on his title-pages, and the year is appropriate for the Robert Greene who enrolled at St John's College, Cambridge, as a sizar on 26 November 1575. The author's father was probably one of two Robert Greenes found later in parish records: either a saddler who lived modestly in the parish until 1599, or a cordwainer who kept an inn in Norwich from the late 1570s until his death in 1591. The saddler appeals to biographers who attribute the writer's later low-life sympathies to a humble birth; the innkeeper, a more prosperous man possibly related to landowners, interests scholars who note the social ambitions of Greene's early works.

Both the Norwich cordwainer-turned-innkeeper and the Norwich saddler left wills, proved in 1591 and 1596 respectively, but neither will mentioned a son named Robert. However, Greene himself implied that he had been disinherited by his father.

## Career

Greene is thought to have attended the Norwich Grammar School, although this cannot be confirmed as enrolment documents for the relevant years are lost. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, provided scholarships for students from the Norwich grammar school, and for this reason, Greene's matriculation as a sizar at St John's College, Cambridge, has been considered "strange". A reason offered for Greene's enrolment at St John's is that some of the gentry of South Yorkshire attended St John's, and among the dedicatees of, or authors of commendatory verses for Greene's books were members of the Darcy, Portington, Lee, Stapleton, and Rogers families, all centred at Snaith, East Yorkshire; according to Richardson, the Robert Greene from Norwich who was an innkeeper may have been an immigrant from Yorkshire connected to 'a large family of Greenes' who lived in the parish of Snaith, and may actually have left Norwich to reside at Snaith from 1571 to 1577.

There is no record of Greene's having taken part in the dramatic productions at Cambridge in 1579 and 1580, although 18 of his classmates and Fellows of the Cambridge colleges acted in *Hymenaeus*, and 46 in *Richardus Tertius*. His academic performance as an undergraduate at Cambridge was mediocre; on 22 January 1580, he took his BA, graduating 38th out of 41 students in his college, and 115th out of the total university graduating class that year of 205 students. He "apparently transferred to Clare College for his 1583 MA", where he placed 5th out of 12 students in his college, and 29th of the 129 students at the university. It was "rare for a student to migrate to another college (as Greene did) after he had received the baccalaureate", and no record of Greene's transfer to Clare College has been discovered, nor does his name appear in the Clare Hall Buttery Book for 1580–84. Greene's claim to association with Clare College is found in the second part of *Mamillia*, which was not published until 1593, after Greene's death, in which the dedicatory epistle to Robert Lee and Roger Portington is signed "Robert Greene. From my Studie in Clarehall the vii. Of Julie".

According to Newcomb, "Other events of \[Greene's\] youth must be derived from autobiographical remarks that may not be reliable". In *The Repentance of Robert Greene*, written in the first person, Greene claimed to have travelled to Italy and Spain; however, no evidence of Greene's continental trip has been found, "or—unless we take merely his word for it—that he ever made the trip at all". Further doubt is cast on Greene's continental journey by Norbert Bolz, who after undertaking a computer analysis of the vocabulary of *The Repentance*, concluded that "*The Repentance of Robert Greene* was in fact not written by Robert Greene".

In *The Repentance*, Greene claimed to have married a gentleman's daughter, whom he abandoned after having had a child by her and spent her dowry, after which she went to Lincolnshire, and he to London. In *Four Letters* (1592), Gabriel Harvey prints a letter allegedly written by Greene to his wife in which he addresses her as "Doll". However, "\[E\]xtensive searches of London and Norwich records by successive biographers have failed finally to locate the record of Greene's marriage".

After his move to London, Greene published over twenty-five works in prose in a variety of genres, becoming "England's first celebrity author".

In 1588, he was granted an MA from Oxford University, "almost certainly a courtesy degree". Thereafter the title pages of some of his published works bore the phrase *Utruisq. Academiae in Artibus Magister'*, "Master of Arts in both Universities".

Greene died 3 September 1592, (aged 34 if he was the Robert Greene baptised in 1558). His death and burial were announced by Gabriel Harvey in a letter to Christopher Bird of Saffron Walden dated 5 September, first published as a "butterfly pamphlet" about 8 September, and later expanded as *Four Letters and Certain Sonnets*, entered in the Stationers' Register on 4 December 1592. Harvey attributed Greene's demise to "a surfeit of pickle herring and Rhenish wine", and claimed he had been buried in "the New Churchyard near Bedlam" on 4 September. No record of Greene's burial has been found.

According to *The Repentance of Robert Greene*, Greene is alleged to have written *Groatsworth* during the month prior to his death, including in it a letter to his wife asking her to forgive him and stating that he was sending their son to her. No record of Greene's son by his wife has been found; however, in *Four Letters*, Gabriel Harvey claimed that Greene kept a mistress, Em, the sister of a criminal known as "Cutting Ball" hanged at Tyburn. Harvey described her as "a sorry ragged quean of whom \[Greene\] had his base son Infortunatus Greene". According to Newcomb, a Fortunatus Greene was buried at Shoreditch on 12 August 1593, "whose folk-tale name might lie behind Harvey's jest".

## Writing

According to Newcomb, '\[Greene's\] works evince an inexhaustible linguistic facility, grounded in wide (if not painstaking) reading in the classics, and extra-curricular reading in the modern continental languages'. He wrote prolifically: From 1583 to 1592, he published more than twenty-five works in prose, becoming one of the first authors in England to support himself with his pen in an age when professional authorship was virtually unknown.

Greene's literary career began with the publication of a long romance, *Mamillia*, entered in the Stationers' Register on 3 October 1580. Greene's romances were written in a highly wrought style which reached its highest level in *Pandosto* (1588) and *Menaphon* (1589). Short poems and songs incorporated in some of the romances attest to his ability as a lyric poet. One song from *Menaphon*, *Weep not my wanton, smile upon my knee*, (a mother's lullaby to her baby son), enjoyed immense success and is now probably his best-known work.

In his later "coney-catching" pamphlets, Greene fashioned himself into a well-known public figure, telling colourful inside stories of rakes and rascals duping young gentlemen and solid citizens out of their hard-earned money. These stories, told from the perspective of a repentant former rascal, have been considered autobiographical, and have been thought to incorporate many facts of Greene's own life thinly veiled as fiction: his early riotous living, his marriage and desertion of his wife and child for the sister of a notorious character of the London underworld, his dealings with players, and his success in the production of plays for them. However, according to Newcomb, in his later prose works "Greene himself built his persona around a myth of prodigal decline that cannot be taken at face value". His plays earned himself the title as one of the "University Wits", including John Lyly, George Peele, Thomas Nashe, and Christopher Marlowe.

Richardson makes a similar argument, concluding that Greene's later works 'prejudice the examination of all the work before them', and that the prose works prior to the coney-catching and repentance pamphlets establish that 'initially at least Greene was respectable'. Richardson considers that Greene:

> claimed from the outset a moral or civilizing purpose in his writing. His tales repeatedly illustrate the disastrous disruptions caused in life by passion and laud the life of restraint. His views are basically conservative ... He equivocates and hesitates over the defence of the values of a conservative culture, virginity, true devotion, strict moral probity.

In addition to his prose works, Greene also wrote several plays, none of them published in his lifetime, including *The Scottish History of James IV*, *Alphonsus*, and his greatest popular success, *Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay*, as well as *Orlando Furioso*, based on Ludovico Ariosto's *Orlando Furioso*.

In addition to the plays published under his name after his death, Greene has been proposed as the author of several other dramas, including a second part to *Friar Bacon* which may survive as *John of Bordeaux*, *The Troublesome Reign of King John*, *George a Greene*, *Fair Em*, *A Knack to Know a Knave*, *Locrine*, *Selimus*, and *Edward III*, and even Shakespeare's *Titus Andronicus* and Henry VI plays. Authorship attribution specialist Darren Freebury-Jones has provided the most exhaustive examination of Greene's dramatic canon, concluding that Greene is the most likely author of *Locrine* and that he co-authored *Selimus*.

## Greene and Shakespeare

Greene is most familiar to Shakespeare scholars for his pamphlet *Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit*, which alludes to a line, "O tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide", found in Shakespeare's *Henry VI, Part 3* (c. 1591–92):

> ... for there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes fac totum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey.

Greene evidently complains of an actor who believes he can write as well as university-educated playwrights, alludes to the actor with a quotation that appears in both the *True Tragedy* quarto and Shakespeare's Folio version of *Henry VI, Part 3*, and uses the term "Shake-scene", a unique term never used before or after Greene's screed, to refer to the actor. The *Oxford English Dictionary* notes that it is "Of uncertain or vague meaning: used by Greene in his attack on Shakespeare".

Some scholars have hypothesised that all or part of *Groatsworth* was written shortly after Greene's death by Henry Chettle or another one of his fellow writers, hoping to capitalise on a lurid tale of death-bed repentance. Hanspeter Born argues that Greene wrote the whole of *Groatsworth*, and that his deathbed attack on the "upstart Crow" was provoked by Shakespeare's interference with a play attributed to Greene, *A Knack to Know a Knave*.

Greene's colourful and irresponsible character has led some, including Stephen Greenblatt, to speculate that Greene may have served as the model for Shakespeare's Falstaff. His quotation has also been used as the title for the 2016 sitcom *Upstart Crow* on Shakespeare's life, written by Ben Elton, its story commencing in 1592 (the year the quotation was written) and featuring Greene as a character (played by Mark Heap).

## Some prose works

## Verse

## Plays

In the Ben Elton-written sitcom, *Upstart Crow*, he is portrayed by Mark Heap as being alive following the publication of *Groats-Worth* and a constant obstacle to Shakespeare's success.

His most famous song "Weep not my wanton, smile upon my knee" is a recurring motif in the historical novel *The Grove of Eagles* by Winston Graham.

Greene is also mentioned in the 2014 film, *The Gambler*.

## Sources

## Further reading

* Baskervill, Charles Read, ed. *Elizabethan and Stuart Plays.* New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1934.
* Crupi, Charles. *Robert Greene* (1986) ISBN 0-8057-6905-6
* Dickenson, Thomas H. "Introduction" from *The Complete Plays of Robert Greene* (New Mermaid Edition, 1907)
* Greenblatt, Stephen. *Will in the World* (2005)
* Logan, Terence P., and Denzell S. Smith, eds. *The Predecessors of Shakespeare: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama.* Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1973.
* Melnikoff, Kirk, ed.. *Robert Greene* (Ashgate, 2011)
* Melnikoff, Kirk and Edward Gieskes, eds. *Writing Robert Greene: Essays on England's First Notorious Professional Writer* (Ashgate, 2008)

## InfoBox

| Robert Greene | |
| --- | --- |
| Woodcut of Greene "suted in deaths livery", from John Dickenson's *Greene in conceipt* (1598) | |
| Born | probable; Tombland, Norwich |
| Baptised | probable; 11 July 1558
St George's Church |
| Died | 3 September 1592 (aged 34)
London |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, dramatist, playwright |


title: Wo Hing Society Hall

abstract: The Wo Hing Society Hall was a building located at 858 Front Street in the Lahaina Historic District in Lahaina, Hawaii. Built around 1912, it served the growing Chinese population centered in Lahaina, primarily those working in the sugarcane industry as a social and fraternal hall for the Wo Hing Society. By the 1940s the declining Chinese population in Lahaina slowly made the building redundant and the property was neglected. In 1983, the Lahaina Restoration Foundation worked with the Wo Hing Society to restore the building to its former appearance. After restoration and construction in 1984, the museum was opened to the public. It operated under the name Wo Hing Museum and was one of only two existing Chinese Society Halls on Maui. It was placed on the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1982, and, as Wo Hing Society Building, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 1982. In August 2023, Wo Hing Society Hall was destroyed by the 2023 Hawaii wildfires.

text:
# Wo Hing Society Hall

The **Wo Hing Society Hall** (Chinese: 和興會館; Jyutping: *Wo4 Hing1 Wui6 Gun2*) was a building located at 858 Front Street in the Lahaina Historic District in Lahaina, Hawaii. Built around 1912, it served the growing Chinese population centered in Lahaina, primarily those working in the sugarcane industry as a social and fraternal hall for the Wo Hing Society. By the 1940s the declining Chinese population in Lahaina slowly made the building redundant and the property was neglected.

In 1983, the Lahaina Restoration Foundation worked with the Wo Hing Society to restore the building to its former appearance. After restoration and construction in 1984, the museum was opened to the public. It operated under the name **Wo Hing Museum** and was one of only two existing Chinese Society Halls on Maui. It was placed on the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1982, and, as **Wo Hing Society Building**, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 1982.

In August 2023, Wo Hing Society Hall was destroyed by the 2023 Hawaii wildfires.

## History

In 1852, many Chinese were brought to work on Hawaii's sugarcane plantations, mainly single men. When their contracts expired, some stayed behind and took up other trades. Due to the influx and distance from mainland China, Chinese Tong societies sprouted up to provide Chinese religious and political help, in addition to mutual aid, friendship, and funerary benefits upon death.

Sometime around 1909, the Chinese in Lahaina formed the Wo Hing Society, an offshoot of the Chee Kung Tong. Using private donations and funds, in 1912, the Wo Hing Society Hall was erected.

By the 1940s, many of the Chinese in Lahaina pursued new business opportunities in Honolulu. This led to the property being left derelict and prey to termites and rot. In 1983, the Lahaina Restoration Foundation approached the Wo Hing Society and entered into a long-term agreement to help restore the building and open it to the public. Restoration was completed in 1984, and was open to the public. It was considered to be one of the finest surviving Chinese Tong Society Halls in the State of Hawaii.

## Buildings

The site was split up into a main building with two floors and a cookhouse to the side. The first floor of the main building housed a collection of Chinese artifacts and memorabilia of Lahaina around the start of the 20th century. Most covered the years after sugarcane established itself on the west side of Maui. The second floor featured the only public Taoist temple on Maui. Altars dedicated to Lord Guan and other Chinese Deities were on the second floor, with a selection of other Chinese artifacts. The cookhouse was a separate structure, created as a precaution to prevent the risk of fire damage to the main Wo Hing Temple. Later, along with displaying numerous cooking artifacts, it was converted into a mini theater. One highlight was the showing of films of Hawaii taken by Thomas Edison in 1898 and 1906.

## Etymology and culture

*Wo Hing* (Chinese: 和興; Jyutping: *wo4 hing1*) literally means "harmony and prosperity" (*Wo* = Peace and Harmony, *Hing* = Prosperity) This was reflected on calligraphy boards around the temple. The temple also utilized Feng Shui principles, with the entrance (or front) of the building facing the ocean, and its back to the mountains.

## Register of Historic Places placement dates

* Hawaii State Register of Historic Places - July 30, 1982 Site #50-03-1615 Chinese Society Halls thematic group
* National Register of Historic Places - November 15, 1982 #82000173 Chinese Tong Houses of Maui Island TR

## Further reading

* Kupau, Summer (May 15, 2001). *Exploring Historic Lahaina (Small Town Series Maui)*. Watermark Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 0-9705787-2-5.
* Bartholomew, Gail, Bailey, Bren (June 1995). *Maui Remembers: A Local History*. Mutual Publishing. ISBN 1-56647-070-6.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wo Hing Society Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Hawaiʻi Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Front facade and entrance, October 2007. | |
|  | |
| Location | 848 Front St., Lahaina, Hawaii |
| Coordinates | 20°52′35″N 156°40′49.6″W / 20.87639°N 156.680444°W / 20.87639; -156.680444 |
| Built | 1912 |
| Architect | Chee Kung Tong Fraternal Society |
| Architectural style | Chinese Feng Shui principles |
| MPS | Chinese Tong Houses of Maui Island TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000173 |
| HRHP No. | 50-50-10-01615 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | November 15, 1982 |
| Designated HRHP | July 30, 1982 |


title: Mocis incurvalis

abstract: Mocis incurvalis is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found on the Galápagos Islands.

text:
# Mocis incurvalis

***Mocis incurvalis*** is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found on the Galápagos Islands.

## InfoBox

| *Mocis incurvalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Mocis* |
| Species: | ***M. incurvalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mocis incurvalis***<br>Schaus, 1923 | |
|


title: Pena ajena (TV series)

abstract: Pena ajena is a Mexican comedy streaming television series, based on the Spanish television series Vergüenza, created by Álvaro Fernández Armero and Juan Cavestany. It premiered on Pantaya on 19 May 2022 and stars Adrián Uribe and Mónica Huarte.

text:
# Pena ajena (TV series)

***Pena ajena*** is a Mexican comedy streaming television series, based on the Spanish television series *Vergüenza*, created by Álvaro Fernández Armero and Juan Cavestany. It premiered on Pantaya on 19 May 2022 and stars Adrián Uribe and Mónica Huarte.

## Premise

Jesús (Adrián Uribe), is photographer for socialites and is married to Nuria (Mónica Huarte), who dreams of becoming a mom. Jesús and Nuria constantly find themselves in embarrassing situations and saying the wrong thing at the wrong time. However, they manage to save each other from awkward moments.

## Cast

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "La ventana" | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |
| 2 | "El campeón" | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |
| 3 | "El senador" | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |
| 4 | "La despedida" | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |
| 5 | "La clase de Inglés" | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |
| 6 | "La pedida de mano" | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |
| 7 | "Nuria se va" | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |
| 8 | "El pueblo mágico" | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |
| 9 | "Fermín y Tere" | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |
| 10 | "La exposición" | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |

## InfoBox

| *Pena ajena* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Based on | *Vergüenza*<br>by Álvaro Fernández Armero and Juan Cavestany |
| Written by | * Santiago Fábregas * Diego Graue * Francisco González Payó * Dariela Pérez Hernández |
| Directed by | * Santiago Fábregas * Diego Graue |
| Starring |  |
| Composer | Chris Walden |
| Country of origin | Mexico |
| Original language | Spanish |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | * Giulia Cardamone * Abel Cruz * Adrián Uribe * Diego Suárez Chialvo * Enrique López Lavigne * Mario Almeida * Paul Presburger * Pablo Cruz * Santiago Fábregas |
| Producer | Aaron Rivera-Ashford |
| Editor | David Torres |
| Production company | El Estudio |
| Original release | |
| Network | Pantaya |
| Release | 19 May 2022 (2022-05-19) |


abstract: The Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892 was where Robert Edwin Peary, Sr. set out to determine if Greenland was an island, or was a peninsula of the North Pole.

text:
# Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892

The **Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892** was where Robert Edwin Peary, Sr. set out to determine if Greenland was an island, or was a peninsula of the North Pole.

## History

Peary sailed from Brooklyn, New York on June 6, 1891 aboard the SS *Kite*. Aboard was Josephine Diebitsch Peary, making her the first female on an arctic expedition.

An expedition to find Peary was organized by the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences in 1892.

## Crew

His crew consisted of the following:

Relief expedition: