title: Zonotriche

abstract:
Zonotriche is a genus of African plants in the grass family.
  - Species
  - Zonotriche brunnea (J.B.Phipps) Clayton - Zaïre
  - Zonotriche decora (Stapf) J.B.Phipps - Zaïre, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia
  - Zonotriche inamoena (K.Schum.) Clayton - Zaïre, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe

text:
# Zonotriche

***Zonotriche*** is a genus of African plants in the grass family.

Species

## InfoBox

| *Zonotriche* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
| Tribe: | Tristachyideae |
| Genus: | *Zonotriche*
(C.E.Hubb.) Phipps |
|
| Type species | |
| *Tristachya decora*
Stapf | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tristachya* sect. *Zonotriche* C.E. Hubb. * *Piptostachya* (C.E.Hubb.) J.B.Phipps * *Mitwabachloa* J.B.Phipps | |


title: Zonosaurus subunicolor

abstract: Zonosaurus subunicolor is a species of lizard in the family Gerrhosauridae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

text:
# Zonosaurus subunicolor

***Zonosaurus subunicolor*** is a species of lizard in the family Gerrhosauridae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Zonosaurus subunicolor* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gerrhosauridae |
| Genus: | *Zonosaurus* |
| Species: | ***Z. subunicolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zonosaurus subunicolor***
(Boettger, 1881) | |
|


title: Zoukpangbeu

abstract: Zoukpangbeu is a village in western Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Grégbeu, Zoukougbeu Department, Haut-Sassandra Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District. Zoukpangbeu was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

text:
# Zoukpangbeu

**Zoukpangbeu** is a village in western Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Grégbeu, Zoukougbeu Department, Haut-Sassandra Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District.

Zoukpangbeu was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

6°47′N 6°48′W / 6.783°N 6.800°W / 6.783; -6.800

## InfoBox

| Zoukpangbeu | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ZoukpangbeuLocation in Ivory Coast | |
| Coordinates: 6°47′N 6°48′W / 6.783°N 6.800°W / 6.783; -6.800 | |
| Country | Ivory Coast |
| District | Sassandra-Marahoué |
| Region | Haut-Sassandra |
| Department | Zoukougbeu |
| Sub-prefecture | Grégbeu |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: Åke Jensen

abstract: Åke Jensen (1912–1993) was a Swedish stage and film actor and singer. He appeared in a number of operettas and revues.

text:
# Åke Jensen

**Åke Jensen** (1912–1993) was a Swedish stage and film actor and singer. He appeared in a number of operettas and revues.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Jean-Louis Ginibre, John Lithgow & Barbara Cady. *Ladies Or Gentlemen: A Pictorial History of Male Cross-dressing in the Movies*. Filipacchi Publishing, 2005.
* Steene, Birgitta. *Ingmar Bergman: A Reference Guide*. Amsterdam University Press, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Åke Jensen | |
| --- | --- |
| Jensen (c.1940) | |
| Born | 14 November 1912
Karlstad, Sweden |
| Died | 2 November 1993
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1933-1952 (film) |


title: Zygosaccharomyces florentinus

abstract: Zygosaccharomyces florentinus is a plant pathogen.

text:
# Zygosaccharomyces florentinus

***Zygosaccharomyces florentinus*** is a plant pathogen.

## InfoBox

| *Zygosaccharomyces florentinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Saccharomycetes |
| Order: | Saccharomycetales |
| Family: | Saccharomycetaceae |
| Genus: | *Zygosaccharomyces* |
| Species: | ***Z. florentinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zygosaccharomyces florentinus***<br>T. Castelli ex Kudryavtsev, (1938) | |
|


title: Çakmak (Istanbul Metro)

abstract: Çakmak is an underground station on the M5 line of the Istanbul Metro in Ümraniye. The station is located on Alemdağ Street in the Saray quarter of Ümraniye. Connection to IETT city buses is available at street level. The M5 line operates as fully automatic unattended train operation (UTO). The station consists of an island platform with two tracks. Since the M5 is an ATO line, protective gates on each side of the platform open only when a train is in the station. Çakmak station was opened on 21 October 2018.

text:
# Çakmak (Istanbul Metro)

**Çakmak** is an underground station on the M5 line of the Istanbul Metro in Ümraniye. The station is located on Alemdağ Street in the Saray quarter of Ümraniye. Connection to IETT city buses is available at street level.

The M5 line operates as fully automatic unattended train operation (UTO). The station consists of an island platform with two tracks. Since the M5 is an ATO line, protective gates on each side of the platform open only when a train is in the station.

Çakmak station was opened on 21 October 2018.

## Station layout

| **P
Platform level** | **Westbound** | toward Yamanevler |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | **Eastbound** | toward Ihlamurkuyu |

## InfoBox

| Çakmak | |
| --- | --- |
| Istanbul Metro rapid transit station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Alemdağ Street, 34760 Dudullu Osb
Ümraniye |
| Coordinates | 41°01′16″N 29°07′13″E / 41.02098°N 29.12022°E / 41.02098; 29.12022 |
| Owned by | Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality |
| Operated by | Metro Istanbul |
| Line(s) | M5 |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | **İETT Bus:**8K, 9Ç, 9Ş, 9Ü, 9ÜD, 10, 11H, 11P, 11V, 11ÇB, 13, 13H, 13TD, 14, 14B, 14ES, 14YE, 19D, 20Ü, 131, 131A, 131B, 131C, 131T, 131TD, 131YS, 131Ü, 138, 139, 139A, 320, 522
**Istanbul Minibus:** Üsküdar-Alemdağ, Ümraniye-Şahinbey, Üsküdar-Çekmeköy |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | 21 October 2018 |
| Electrified | 1,500 V DC Overhead line |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Istanbul Metro Following station  Yamanevlertowards Üsküdar  M5 Line  Ihlamurkuyutowards Samandıra Merkez | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Zymolyase

abstract: Zymolyase is an enzyme mixture used to degrade the cell wall of yeast and form spheroplasts. Essential activities of zymolyase include β-1,3-glucan laminaripentao-hydrolase activity and β-1,3-glucanase activity. A common source of zymolyase is the Actinobacteria Arthrobacter luteus. Commercial sources of zymolyase may have some residual protease activity. Fungi susceptible to zymolyase can be found in the order Saccharomycetales. Saccharomycetales genera that zymolyase is known to have activity against include: Eremothecium, Candida, Debaryomyces, Eremothecium, Endomyces, Hansenula, Hanseniaspora, Kloekera, Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Metschikowia, Pichia, Pullularia, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycopsis, Schizosaccahromyces, Torulopsis

text:
# Zymolyase

**Zymolyase** (also known as **lyticase**, sometimes misspelled as Zymolase) is an enzyme mixture used to degrade the cell wall of yeast and form spheroplasts. Essential activities of zymolyase include β-1,3-glucan laminaripentao-hydrolase activity and β-1,3-glucanase activity. A common source of zymolyase is the Actinobacteria *Arthrobacter luteus*. Commercial sources of zymolyase may have some residual protease activity.

Fungi susceptible to zymolyase can be found in the order Saccharomycetales.

Saccharomycetales genera that zymolyase is known to have activity against include:

*Eremothecium*, *Candida*, *Debaryomyces*, *Eremothecium*, *Endomyces*, *Hansenula*, *Hanseniaspora*, *Kloekera*, *Kluyveromyces*, *Lipomyces*, *Metschikowia*, *Pichia*, *Pullularia*, *Saccharomyces*, *Saccharomycopsis*, *Schizosaccahromyces*, *Torulopsis*


title: Écommoy

abstract: Écommoy is a commune in the Sarthe department in the Pays de la Loire region in north-western France. The municipality covers 28.5 km⁲ (11.0 sq mi).

text:
# Écommoy

**Écommoy** (French pronunciation: \[ekɔmwa\]) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the Pays de la Loire region in north-western France.

The municipality covers 28.5 km2 (11.0 sq mi).

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 3,810 |  |
| 1975 | 4,069 | +0.94% |
| 1982 | 4,148 | +0.28% |
| 1990 | 4,235 | +0.26% |
| 1999 | 4,316 | +0.21% |
| 2007 | 4,621 | +0.86% |
| 2012 | 4,669 | +0.21% |
| 2017 | 4,677 | +0.03% |
| 2020 | 4,752 | +0.53% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Écommoy | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Entrance to Fontenailles | |
|  | |
| Location of Écommoy | |
| ÉcommoyÉcommoy | |
| Coordinates: 47°47′46″N 0°16′27″E / 47.796°N 0.2742°E / 47.796; 0.2742 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Sarthe |
| Arrondissement | Le Mans |
| Canton | Écommoy |
| Intercommunality | Orée de Bercé Bélinois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Sébastien Gouhier |
| Area**1** | 28.50 km2 (11.00 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 4,808 |
| Density | 170/km2 (440/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Ecomméen, Ecomméenne |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 72124 /72220 |
| Elevation | 62–168 m (203–551 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Écoquenéauville

abstract: Écoquenéauville is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Sainte-Mère-Église.

text:
# Écoquenéauville

**Écoquenéauville** (French pronunciation: \[ekɔkneovil\]) is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Sainte-Mère-Église.

## InfoBox

| Écoquenéauville | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Sainte-Mère-Église | |
| The church of Saint-Laurent d'Écoquenéauville and the war memorial | |
| Location of Écoquenéauville | |
| ÉcoquenéauvilleÉcoquenéauville | |
| Coordinates: 49°24′09″N 1°17′27″W / 49.4025°N 1.2908°W / 49.4025; -1.2908 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Manche |
| Arrondissement | Cherbourg |
| Canton | Carentan |
| Commune | Sainte-Mère-Église |
| Area**1** | 3.52 km2 (1.36 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 78 |
| Density | 22/km2 (57/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 50480 |
| Elevation | 5–37 m (16–121 ft)
(avg. 18 m or 59 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Åke Sellström

abstract: Åke Sellström is a Swedish academic and expert in arms, especially in chemical weapons. He has been active at the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI).

text:
# Åke Sellström

**Åke Sellström** (born 2 November 1948) is a Swedish academic and expert in arms, especially in chemical weapons. He has been active at the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI).

## Biography

Sellström received his Ph.D. in 1975 at University of Gothenburg.

He was one of the United Nations inspectors who examined the use of chemical weapons in Iraq in the 1990s. He returned to the country in 2002 to examine whether the government had restored the banned weapons program, for which the inspectors found no evidence. He has held various positions with the United Nations, including as Chief Inspector with the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) and as Senior Adviser to the Chairmen of UNSCOM and the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) for the disarmament of Iraq.

In March 2013, Sellström was appointed head of the UN team to investigate the possible use of chemical warfare weapons during the Syrian civil war. His team published a report on the 21 August Ghouta chemical attacks in September 2013.

In Sweden, Sellström has conducted research on biological and chemical weapons at the European CBRNE Center at Umeå University, and before that at the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) in Umeå. It was through this service that he was recognized internationally, which resulted in the UN missions.

## InfoBox

| Åke Sellström | |
| --- | --- |
| Sellström in 2014 | |
| Born | (1948-11-02) 2 November 1948 |
| Alma mater | University of Gothenburg |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Thesis | *Gamma-aminobutyric acid transport in brain* (1975) |
|  | |


title: Ælfgar of Elmham

abstract: Ælfgar was a medieval Bishop of Elmham. Ælfgar was consecrated in 1001 and resigned the see between 1012 and 1016. He died on 24 or 25 December 1021.

text:
# Ælfgar of Elmham

**Ælfgar** was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.

Ælfgar was consecrated in 1001 and resigned the see between 1012 and 1016. He died on 24 or 25 December 1021.

## InfoBox

| Ælfgar | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Elmham | |
| Appointed | 1001 |
| Term ended | resigned between 1012 and 1016 |
| Predecessor | Æthelstan |
| Successor | Ælfwine |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 1001 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 24 or 25 December 1021 |
| Denomination | Christian |


title: Ælfgifu (wife of Eadwig)

abstract: Ælfgifu was Queen of the English as wife of King Eadwig of England for a brief period of time until 957 or 958. What little is known of her comes primarily by way of Anglo-Saxon charters, possibly including a will, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and hostile anecdotes in works of hagiography. Her union with the king, annulled within a few years of Eadwig's reign, seems to have been a target for factional rivalries which surrounded the throne in the late 950s. By c. 1000, when the careers of the Benedictine reformers Dunstan and Oswald became the subject of hagiography, its memory had suffered heavy degradation. In the mid-960s, however, she appears to have become a well-to-do landowner on good terms with King Edgar and, through her will, a generous benefactress of ecclesiastical houses associated with the royal family, notably the Old Minster and New Minster at Winchester.

text:
# Ælfgifu (wife of Eadwig)

**Ælfgifu** was Queen of the English as wife of King Eadwig of England (r. 955–959) for a brief period of time until 957 or 958. What little is known of her comes primarily by way of Anglo-Saxon charters, possibly including a will, the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* and hostile anecdotes in works of hagiography. Her union with the king, annulled within a few years of Eadwig's reign, seems to have been a target for factional rivalries which surrounded the throne in the late 950s. By *c.* 1000, when the careers of the Benedictine reformers Dunstan and Oswald became the subject of hagiography, its memory had suffered heavy degradation. In the mid-960s, however, she appears to have become a well-to-do landowner on good terms with King Edgar and, through her will, a generous benefactress of ecclesiastical houses associated with the royal family, notably the Old Minster and New Minster at Winchester.

## Family background

Two facts about Ælfgifu's family background are unambiguously stated by the sources. First, her mother bore the name of Æthelgifu, a woman of very high birth (*natione præcelsa*). Second, she was related to her husband Eadwig, since in 958 their marriage was dissolved by Archbishop Oda on grounds that they were too closely related by blood, that is, within the forbidden degrees of consanguinity. Ælfgifu has been also identified with the namesake who left a will sometime between 966 and 975, which might shed further light on her origins.

These dangling clues, unsatisfying as they are in themselves, have been used to construct two possible—and possibly compatible—genealogies for Ælfgifu, both of which ascribe to her a degree of royal rank. One theory espoused by Cyril Hart and considered by Pauline Stafford makes her a noblewoman of Mercian stock, who descended from Ealdorman Æthelfrith of Mercia and his wife Æthelgyth, who may have been a daughter of ealdorman Æthelwulf and a niece of King Alfred's Mercian consort Ealhswith. This reconstruction is based on the probability that Risborough (Buckinghamshire), one of Ælfgifu's holdings mentioned in the will, was previously held by Æthelgyth. The possible implication is that Ælfgifu inherited the estate and many others in Buckinghamshire. Given that she asked Bishop Æthelwold, one of her beneficiaries, to intercede for her "mother's soul", she may have done so through the maternal line. If the suggestion is correct, she would have been closely related to the politically prominent family of ealdorman Æthelstan Half-King and his offspring.

Her supposed will also provides the starting point for another, more widely regarded hypothesis. In this document, she makes bequests to Ælfweard and Æthelweard, seemingly her brothers (one of whom was married to Æthelflæd), and to her sister Ælfwaru. Æthelweard and Ælfweard re-appear as brothers and thegns (*ministri*) in the witness list of a spurious royal charter dated 974. This appears to be the same Æthelweard who regularly attests royal charters between 958 and 977 as the king's thegn and may have moved on to become the illustrious ealdorman of the Western Provinces and author of a Latin chronicle, in which he claimed descent from King Æthelred of Wessex (d. 871), fourth son of King Æthelwulf. The conclusion which can be derived from these prosopographical byways is that if the ealdorman and chronicler Æthelweard was her brother, she must have shared with him a common ancestor in King Æthelred. In this light, Ælfgifu would have been Eadwig's third cousin once removed.

The two genealogies are not mutually exclusive. Andrew Wareham suggests that these two different branches of the royal family may have come together in the marriage which produced Ælfgifu. In view of the will's special mention of Ælfgifu's "mother's soul", this could mean that Æthelgifu was a descendant of Æthelgyth, while the anonymous father traced his descent to Æthelred.

Neither hypothesis is conclusive. A weakness shared by these suggestions is that they hinge on the assumption that the testatrix Ælfgifu is the same as the erstwhile royal consort. However, for reasons explored below, the identification is favoured by most historians, though usually with reservations.

## Marriage

At an unknown date around the time of his accession, the young King Eadwig married Ælfgifu. The union was or was to become one of the most controversial royal marriages in 10th-century England. Eadwig's brother Edgar was the heir presumptive, but a legitimate son born out of this marriage would have seriously diminished Edgar's chances of succeeding to the kingship, especially if both parents were of royal rank. Fostered by Ælfwynn, wife of Æthelstan Half-King together with her son Æthelwine, Edgar enjoyed the support of Æthelstan Half-King (d. after 957) and his sons, whose power base was concentrated in Mercia and East Anglia and who would not have liked to lose power and influence to Ælfgifu's kinsmen and associates. If Hart's suggestion that Ælfgifu was of royal Mercian descent and related to the latter family is correct, it might have been hoped that the marriage would give Eadwig some political advantage in exercising West-Saxon control over Mercia.

Ælfgifu's mother, Æthelgifu, seems to have played a decisive role in her rise to prominence by the king's side, as indicated by their joint appearances in the sources. Together they witness a charter which records an exchange of land between Bishop Brihthelm and Æthelwold, then abbot of Abingdon. and both their names occur among “illustrious” benefactors on a leaf of the early 11th-century *Liber Vitae* of the New Minster, Winchester. In her presumed will (see above), Ælfgifu asks Bishop Æthelwold, one of her beneficiaries, to intercede for her and her mother.

It is probable that they are the two women who are portrayed as Eadwig's sexual partners in the *Life* of St Dunstan by author 'B' and that of St. Oswald by Byrhtferth of Ramsey, both dating from around 1000. Dunstan's *Life* alleges that on the banquet following the solemnity of his coronation at Kingston (Surrey), Eadwig left the table and retreated to his chamber to debauch himself with two women, an indecent noblewoman (*quaedam, licet natione præcelsa, inepta tamen mulier*), later identified as Æthelgifu, and her daughter of ripe age (*adulta filia*). They are said to have attached themselves to him "obviously in order to join and ally herself or else her daughter to him in lawful marriage.". Shocked by Eadwig's unseemly withdrawal, the nobles sent Dunstan and Bishop Cynesige, who forcefully dragged the king back to the feast. For this act, Dunstan had incurred the enmity of the king, who sent him into exile at Æthelgifu's instigation. Called a modern Jezebel, she would have exploited Eadwig's anger by ordering Dunstan's persecution and the spoliation of his property. That the memory of Eadwig's sexual affairs had become tainted and confused around the turn of the century is suggested by Byrhferth's *Life* of St. Oswald, which has a more fantastic tale to tell about Eadwig's two women. It recounts that the king was married, but ran off with a lady who was below his wife's rank. Archbishop Oda personally seized the king's new mistress at her home, forced her out of the country and managed to correct the king's behaviour.

These stories, written down some 40-odd years later, seem to be rooted in later smear campaigns which were meant to bring disrepute on Eadwig and his marital relations. Although both *Lives* focus on the personal dimension of the affairs from the perspective of their protagonists, the effects of factional rivalries loom in the background. It is known that in 958 Archbishop Oda of Canterbury, a supporter of Dunstan, annulled the marriage of Eadwig and Ælfgifu on the basis of their consanguinity. The underlying motive for this otherwise surprisingly belated decision may well have been political rather than religious or legal, as it bolstered Edgar's status as heir to the throne. There is a good possibility that Oda's act had been spurred on by Edgar's sympathisers, the sons of Æthelstan Half-King, and in particular by their ally Dunstan, whose monastic reform they generously supported.

The event needs to be placed in the broader context of Eadwig's struggle to retain political control and of the factions which supported Edgar as the heir presumptive. In the summer of 957, Edgar was elected king of Mercia. Author 'B' presents this as the outcome of a northern revolt against Eadwig, whereby he lost control north of the Thames (Mercia and Northumbria) and Edgar was set up as king over that part of England. This is a gross exaggeration, since Eadwig retained the title "king of the English" in his charters and Æthelweard envisaged a "continuous" reign. Edgar's description as *regulus* in an alliterative charter of 956 may even signify that there was a prior agreement that Edgar would become his brother's subking in Mercia as soon as he reached majority. The weakness of Eadwig's political position is nevertheless confirmed by Bishop Æthelwold's retrospective note of complaint that Eadwig "had through the ignorance of childhood dispersed his kingdom and divided its unity".

While it appears then that Dunstan and Archbishop Oda opposed the marriage, it was not all hostility that Ælfgifu had to endure from ecclesiastical magnates. Another Benedictine reformer, Æthelwold, abbot of Abingdon and later bishop of Winchester, seems to have preferred to support her, even if he was not uncritical of her husband's reign. One of the few charters to have been witnessed by Ælfgifu is the aforementioned memorandum from Abingdon, which confirms an exchange of land between Æthelwold and Brihthelm. In the subscription, she is recognised as the king's wife (*þæs cininges wif*). Ælfgifu's will, if it can be ascribed to her, provides even clearer evidence for her close association with Æthelwold.

## Dowagerhood

No less important than the circumstances of her married life is the way Ælfgifu may have pushed on since the break-up of her marriage and more especially since the autumn of 959, when Eadwig died (1 October 959) and was succeeded by his brother Edgar as king of all England. The *vitae* are unhelpful at this point. Byrhtferth writes that Eadwig's mistress was exiled by Oda (d. 958), but his account of the archbishop's intervention is dubious and only faintly echoes the historical information of the *Chronicle*. Less credible still is the tale recorded by Osbern in the late 11th century. Adopting B's depiction of Edgar's Mercian reign as the outcome of a very coup against Eadwig, he amplifies the story by suggesting that Eadwig's mistress (*adultera*) was hamstrung in an ambush by Mercian resurgents and died not long thereafter.

Whether Ælfgifu kept a low profile or truly lived in exile, as Byrhtferth appears to claim, there is evidence to suggest that by the mid-960s, she had come to enjoy some peace, prosperity and a good understanding with King Edgar and the royal house. This picture is based on her identification with the Ælfgifu who was a wealthy landowner in Southeast England and a relative of King Edgar. She appears under Edgar's patronage in two royal charters of AD 966, in which he calls her "a certain noble matron (*matrona*) who is connected to me by the relationship of worldly blood". Sometime before Edgar's death (975), she left a will in which she bequeathed extensive estates in Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire and Hertfordshire, considerable sums of money and various objects of value to (1) ecclesiastical houses (Old and New Minster, Abingdon Abbey, Romsey Abbey and Bath Abbey), (2) Bishop Æthelwold (in person), (3) members of the royal family (Edgar, Queen Ælfthryth and Edward the Martyr), and (4) her closest relatives (her two brothers, her sister and her brother's wife). The most substantial bequests are those to King Edgar and the Old Minster, which received the vast estate at Princes Risborough amounting to 30 hides. No children are mentioned. Exceptionally high status is suggested by a gift or payment to Edgar which has been interpreted as her heriot, consisting of two armlets of 120 mancuses each, a drinking-cup, 6 horses, 6 shields and 6 spears. There is no conclusive proof, but that the two Ælfgifus are identical is strongly suggested by their intimate association with the royal family, Bishop Æthelwold, the New Minster at Winchester and with their own mother.

Sadly, the conditions of Ælfgifu's return to fortune remain unclear. It would have been important to know, for instance, how and on what terms she came to hold the estates mentioned in her will. Those at Newnham Murren and Linslade were previously granted to her by King Edgar and now returned to the royal family, but it is impossible to determine which of the other estates were part of her dower property and which were inherited or acquired otherwise. As noted earlier, a case has been made for Princes Risborough as having been passed on through the maternal line. If the other holdings were likewise her own, the rehabilitation of her position may have come at a great price, one which considerably enriched the royal family with land north of the Thames.

Although in the two charters of 966, Edgar showed generosity and recognised the bonds of kinship, it has been asked how much of it was driven by pressure rather than good will. In favour of the former, Andrew Wareham has suggested that in naming his third and most 'throneworthy' son (b. after *c*. 964) Æthelred, after his great-great-uncle and thus after Ælfgifu's and Æthelweard's ancestor (see genealogy ↑), Edgar may have intended to make a sympathetic gesture by which he stressed their kinship.

In her will, Ælfgifu associates her endowments of "God's church" with the salvation of both her and Edgar's soul, which suggests that she expressed a shared interest in the Benedictine reform, of which Edgar was a generous sponsor and Bishop Æthelwold a prominent conductor. In turn, she may have hoped that he would put her grants to good and pious use. According to the *Libellus Æthelwoldi*, such seems to have come true in the case of Marsworth, which he donated to Ely Abbey, refounded by Bishop Æthelwold in 970.

An intriguing aspect of Ælfgifu's will is the way in which it may have been used to tie her kin-group and associates more closely in a beneficial relationship with the royal family and the leading ecclesiastical establishments, or else to reaffirm the association. This is seen at its most straightforward when she addresses Edgar with a special request: "I beseech my royal lord for the love of God, that he will not desert my men who seek his protection and are worthy of him." She also made sure that Mongewell, near Edward's new estate at Newnham Murren, and Berkhampstead did not pass directly to the community of the Old Minster, but was first leased by her siblings on the condition that they rendered a food rent (*feorm*) to the two minsters every year.

While Eadwig, like Alfred and Edward, was buried in the New Minster, Ælfgifu intended her body to be buried in the nearby Old Minster. At Winchester, Ælfgifu was dearly remembered for her generosity and conceivably so was her mother: *Ælfgyfu coniunx Eadwigi regis* and *Æþelgyfu*, who may be her mother, appear on a page of the New Minster *Liber Vitae* of 1031 among the illustrious benefactresses of the community.

> | **BENEFICIARY** | **BEQUEST** |
> | --- | --- |
> | **Ecclesiastical houses:** |
> | Old Minster, Winchester | estate at Princes Risborough (Bucks.), except manumitted slaves |
> |  | \+ 200 mancuses of gold, her shrine with relics |
> |  | \+ Estates at Mongewell (Oxon.) and Berkhampstead (Herts.), see below. |
> | New Minster, Winchester | estate at Bledlow (Bucks.) |
> |  | \+ 100 mancuses of gold |
> | Nunnaminster (St Mary's Abbey), Winchester | a paten (*offring-disc*) |
> | Nunnery of Christ and St Mary at Romsey (Hants.), refounded by Edgar in 967. | estate at Whaddon (Bucks.) |
> | Abingdon Abbey | Chesham (Bucks.) |
> | Bath Abbey | Wickham (*Wicham*), possibly in Berkshire or further south, Hampshire, but the place-name is too common for identification. |
> | **Royal family** |
> | King Edgar | estates at Wing (Bucks.), Linslade (Bucks., cf: S 737), Haversham (Bucks.), Hatfield (Herts.?), Masworth or Marsworth (Bucks.) and Gussage (All Saints, Dorset) |
> |  | \+ 2 armlets (of 120 mancuses each), a drinking-cup (*sopcuppan*), 6 horses, 6 shields and spears (presumably her *heriot* "death-duty"). |
> | the *ætheling*, probably Edward | estate at Newnham Murren (Oxon.), previously granted by King Edgar (S 738) |
> |  | \+ armlet of 30 mancuses |
> | Queen (Ælfthryth) | a necklace of 120 mancuses, armlet of 30 mancuses, and a drinking-cup |
> | **Family** |
> | Ælfweard, Æthelweard and Ælfwaru | estates at Mongewell (Oxon.) and Berkhampstead (Herts.) for their lifetime, with annual food-rent of two days for the Old and New Minster; with reversion to the Old Minster after their life-time. |
> | Ælfwaru | "all that I have lent her" |
> | Ælfweard | drinking-cup |
> | Æthelweard | ornamented drinking-horn |
> | Æthelflæd, her brother's wife | headband |
> | **Bishops and abbots** |
> | Bishop Æthelwold | estate at *Tæafersceat* (unidentified), with a request to intercede for her and her mother. |
> | Each abbot | 5 pounds of pence to spend on repairing their minster |
> | Bishop Æthelwold and Æthelgar, abbot of the New Minster. | remaining money entrusted to them for (1) maintenance of the Old Minster and (2) alms-giving. |

---

## Primary sources

* Æthelweard, *The Chronicle of Aethelweard: Chronicon Aethelweardi*, ed. and tr. Alistair Campbell, *The Chronicle of Æthelweard*. London: Nelson, 1962.
* Anglo-Saxon charters:
    + S 1292, Agreement between Bishop Brihthelm and Æthelwold (AD 956 x 957).
    + S 1484, Ælfgifu's will (AD 966 x 975), from the Old Minster archive, ed. and tr. D. Whitelock, *Anglo-Saxon Wills*. Cambridge Studies in English Legal History. Cambridge, 1930.
    + S 737, King Edgar grants 10 hides at Linslade (Buckinghamshire) to the *matrona* Ælfgifu, his kinswoman (AD 966, archive: Abingdon).
    + S 738, King Edgar to 10 hides at Newnham Murren (Oxfordshire) to the *matrona* Ælfgifu, his kinswoman (AD 966, archive: Old Minster).
    + S 745, New Minster refoundation charter (AD 966).
* *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* MS D, ed. David Dumville and Simon Keynes, *The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. a collaborative edition*. Vol. 6. Cambridge, 1983
    + *The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles*; Michael J. Swanton, trans. 2nd ed. London, 2000.
* Author 'B.', *Vita S. Dunstani*, ed. W. Stubbs, *Memorials of St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury*. (Rolls Series; 63.) London: Longman & Co., 1874. 3–52.
* Byrhtferth of Ramsey, *Life of St Oswald*, ed. J. Raine, *Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops*. (Rolls Series; 71.) 3 vols: vol 1. London: Longman & Co., 1879: 399–475.
* *Liber Eliensis*, ed. E. O. Blake, *Liber Eliensis*. (Camden Third Series; 92.) London: Royal Historical Society, 1962; tr. J. Fairweather. *Liber Eliensis. A History of the Isle of Ely from the Seventh Century to the Twelfth*. Woodbridge, 2005.
* New Minster *Liber Vitae*, per summary at PASE, via person links below.

* Hart, Cyril. *The Danelaw*. 1992. 455–65 (chapter "The Will of Ælfgifu") and 569–604.
* Keynes, Simon. "Eadwig (*c*. 940-959)." *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*. Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 11 Jan 2007.
* Stafford, Pauline. "Ælfgifu (*fl*. 956–966)." *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*. Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 11 Jan 2007.
* Stafford, Pauline. "The King's Wife in Wessex, 800-1066." *Past and Present* 91 (1981): 3–27.
* Wareham, Andrew. "Transformation of Kinship and the Family in late Anglo-Saxon England." *Early Medieval Europe*; 10 (2001). 375–99. (especially 385–99)
* Whitelock, Dorothy (ed.), *Anglo-Saxon Wills*. (Cambridge Studies in English Legal History.) Cambridge: U. P., 1930.
* Yorke, Barbara. *Bishop Æthelwold: his career and influence*. Woodbridge, 1988. 76–88.

## Further reading

* Smythe, Ross Woodward. "Did King Eadwig really abandon his coronation feast to have a ménage à trois with his wife and mother-in-law? What’s the story behind this story?." *Quaestio insularis* 6 (2005): 82–97.
* Stafford, Pauline. *Unification and conquest. A political and social history of England in the tenth and eleventh centuries*. London, 1989.

## InfoBox

| Ælfgifu | |
| --- | --- |
| Queen consort of the English | |
| Tenure | c. 955 – 958 |
|  | |
| Burial | Winchester Cathedral |
| Spouse | Eadwig, King of the English (annulled) |
| Father | Uncertain |
| Mother | Æthelgifu |


title: Ülemiste Centre

abstract: Ülemiste Keskus is a shopping centre in Tallinn, Estonia. It's adjacent to Tallinn Airport in Ülemiste. It has over 220 stores, 8 restaurants, and a large playroom for children. Opened in 2004, the property is managed by Ülemiste Center OÜ, which earned 12 million euros in rental income in 2015 and whose net profit in the same year was 11.5 million euros. The owner of the company is Ülemiste Holding Nederland B.V., which in turn belongs to Linstow AS registered in Norway. Estonia's first KFC fast food restaurant opened at Ülemiste Centre on 24 October 2019.

text:
# Ülemiste Centre

**Ülemiste Keskus** (Estonian: *Ülemiste keskus*) is a shopping centre in Tallinn, Estonia. It's adjacent to Tallinn Airport in Ülemiste. It has over 220 stores, 8 restaurants, and a large playroom for children.

Opened in 2004, the property is managed by Ülemiste Center OÜ, which earned 12 million euros in rental income in 2015 and whose net profit in the same year was 11.5 million euros. The owner of the company is Ülemiste Holding Nederland B.V., which in turn belongs to Linstow AS registered in Norway.

Estonia's first KFC fast food restaurant opened at Ülemiste Centre on 24 October 2019.

59°25′17.97″N 24°47′39.78″E / 59.4216583°N 24.7943833°E / 59.4216583; 24.7943833


title: Ülemiste City

abstract: Ülemiste City is a business park in Tallinn, Estonia, on the territory of the former factory complex Dvigatel in Ülemiste neighbourhood. It is situated between Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport, shopping centre Ülemiste Keskus and the Ülemiste railway station, forming the core of the Ülemiste subdistrict.

text:
# Ülemiste City

59°25′17.28″N 24°48′6.51″E / 59.4214667°N 24.8018083°E / 59.4214667; 24.8018083

**Ülemiste City** is a business park in Tallinn, Estonia, on the territory of the former factory complex Dvigatel in Ülemiste neighbourhood. It is situated between Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport, shopping centre Ülemiste Keskus and the Ülemiste railway station, forming the core of the Ülemiste subdistrict.

## History

The factory complex Dvigatel, built in the end of the 19th century for producing railway cars and other machinery for the Russian Empire, lost its *raison d’être* after Estonia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. After its privatization and some unsuccessful attempts to restore former production capacities, the new owners decided to reprofile the business. In 2005, AS Mainor launched the transformation of the favourably-located 36 ha old industrial area into a modern technology campus, drawing inspiration from Kista near Stockholm, called the Silicon Valley of the Nordic countries. In 2010, the Finnish company Technopolis was included in the development of the business park.

## Current campus

The mission of Ülemiste City is to create a knowledge-based environment with an international reach for working, living and development that would increase the competitiveness of people and businesses, attract talented people and inspire the creation of new business models.

As of 2014, there are 300 businesses with 6,000 employees working on 82,000 m2 of office spaces. A range of services for businesses and employees are available. The Estonian Entrepreneurship University of Applied Sciences, Tallinn European School and Kalli-Kalli kindergarten are located in Ülemiste City. The campus also houses the E-Estonia showroom and Estonia’s biggest restaurant Dvigatel.

Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport, Ülemiste Keskus – the biggest shopping centre in Estonia –, the largest interchange in Estonia, Ülemiste railway station and Hotel Ülemiste are all situated in the immediate vicinity.

Ülemiste City is developed by two separate companies. A third of the territory is being developed by Technopolis Ülemiste AS, 51% of which is owned by the Finnish company Technopolis Plc. Two thirds of the campus is being developed by Mainor Ülemiste AS, the majority shareholder being AS Mainor.

## Future perspectives

The vision of Ülemiste City is to grow into a multifunctional campus operating 24/7, incorporating 15,000 employees of different businesses and organisations as well as 5,000 inhabitants.

In the near future, many important infrastructure projects (Rail Baltica passenger terminal, extension of a tramline through Ülemiste City to the airport) and other real-estate developments are planned in the Ülemiste area.

## Trivia

The buildings in Ülemiste City are named after prodigies of Estonian science and innovation. For instance, buildings bearing the names of Ludvig Puusepp, Walter Zapp, Ragnar Nurkse, Ustus Agur, Karl Papello, Artur Lind, Alexandre Liwentaal, Johannes Käis, Boris Tamm, Bernhard Schmidt and Ernst Öpik can be found on the campus.


title: Üzümçü

abstract: Üzümçü is a village in the municipality of Bədəlli in the Gobustan Rayon of Azerbaijan.

text:
# Üzümçü

**Üzümçü** is a village in the municipality of Bədəlli in the Gobustan Rayon of Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| Üzümçü | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Üzümçü | |
| Coordinates: 40°31′N 48°49′E / 40.517°N 48.817°E / 40.517; 48.817 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Gobustan |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Ídolos (Brazilian TV series)

abstract: Ídolos was a Brazilian reality television competition to find new solo singing talent. Part of the Idol franchise, it was created by Simon Fuller as a spin-off from the British show Pop Idol, of which two series were broadcast between 2001 and 2003. The show aims to discover the best singer in the country through a series of nationwide auditions in which viewer voting determines the winner. Through telephone, internet and SMS text voting, the viewers chose past winners Leandro Lopes, Thaeme Mariôto, Rafael Barreto, Saulo Roston, Israel Lucero, Henrique Lemes and Everton Silva. The eligible age-range for contestants is currently 15–30 years old. The show aired on Tuesday and Thursdays nights in Brazil. After season 7 the show was canceled to make way for the Brazilian version of the Got Talent.

text:
# Ídolos (Brazilian TV series)

***Ídolos*** was a Brazilian reality television competition to find new solo singing talent. Part of the *Idol* franchise, it was created by Simon Fuller as a spin-off from the British show *Pop Idol*, of which two series were broadcast between 2001 and 2003.

The show aims to discover the best singer in the country through a series of nationwide auditions in which viewer voting determines the winner.

Through telephone, internet and SMS text voting, the viewers chose past winners Leandro Lopes, Thaeme Mariôto, Rafael Barreto, Saulo Roston, Israel Lucero, Henrique Lemes and Everton Silva. The eligible age-range for contestants is currently 15–30 years old.

The show aired on Tuesday and Thursdays nights in Brazil (Wednesday and Thursday nights during seasons 1 and 2, Tuesday and Wednesday nights during seasons 3 and 4).

After season 7 the show was canceled to make way for the Brazilian version of the Got Talent.

## Regular Cast

### Presenters

| Presenter | Season 1 | Season 2 | Season 3 | Season 4 | Season 5 | Season 6 | Season 7 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Beto Marden |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Lígia Mendes |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rodrigo Faro |  |  |  | | | |  |
| Marcos Mion |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|

### Judging panel

| Judge | Season 1 | Season 2 | Season 3 | Season 4 | Season 5 | Season 6 | Season 7 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arnaldo Saccomani |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cyz Zamorano |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Thomas Roth |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Carlos Eduardo Miranda |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Luiz Calainho |  |  |  | | |  |  |
| Paula Lima |  |  |  | | |  |  |
| Marco Camargo |  |  |  | | | | |
| Luiza Possi |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rick Bonadio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fafá de Belém |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Supla |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|

## Selection Process

### Auditions

Contestants went through two rigorous sets of cuts. The first was a brief audition with three other contestants in front of one or two of the show's producers. Contestants were then either sent through to the next round of producers or asked to leave.

Out of the thousands of people who would show up to audition, only about 80–100 contestants in each city made it past this round of preliminary auditions.

However, in the more recent seasons, for the benefit of the viewers watching on TV, contestants were to skip this stage and go straight through to audition in front of the judges. Those who advance are sent to São Paulo. Only about 15–20 people in each city make it to São Paulo.

Not all auditions are televised due to time constraints. Only five cities are visited for auditions each season.

### São Paulo Week

Once in São Paulo, the contestants perform on different days, with eliminations by the judges. Contestants select a song from a list to sing for the first round.

For the next round, the contestants split themselves up into small groups and performed a song together. In the final round, the contestants performed a song of their choice a cappella.

### Semi-finals

#### Season 1 Process

The thirty semifinalists were randomly split into different groups. Each contestant would then sing in their respective group's night. There were three separate groups and the top three contestants from each group made it to the finals.

The season also featured a wildcard show. Contestants who failed to make it to the finals were invited back to perform for another chance at a spot in the finals. Only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the public vote.

#### Season 2 Process

The thirty-two semifinalists were split by gender into four groups. Each contestant would then sing in their respective group's night. The top three contestants from each group made it to the finals. The girls' groups performed on May 16, 2007, and May 30, 2007, while the guys' groups performed on May 23, 2007, and June 6, 2007, with results show on the following night.

#### Season 3 Process

The thirty semifinalists were randomly split into different groups. Each contestant would then sing in their respective group's night. There were three separate groups and the top three contestants from each group made it to the finals.

The season also featured a wildcard show. Contestants who failed to make it to the finals were invited back to perform for another chance at a spot in the finals. Only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the public vote.

#### Season 4 Process

The twenty-four semifinalists were split by gender into two groups. Each contestant would then sing in their respective group's night. The top six contestants from each group made it to the finals. The guys performed on September 29, 2009, and the girls on October 7, 2009, with results show on the following night.

#### Season 5 Process

The fifteen semi-finalists performed live on July 27, 2010, with results show on the following episode which aired on July 29, 2010. The five singers with the highest percentage of the public vote were automatically qualified for the finals. Later on night, the judges decided which five out of the remaining ten semi-finalists completed the Top 10.

#### Season 6 Process

The fifteen semi-finalists performed live on May 17, 2011, with results show on the following episode which aired May 19, 2011. The 5 singers with the highest percentage of the public vote were automatically qualified for the finals. Later on night, the judges decided which 5 out of the remaining 10 semi-finalists completed the Top 10.

### Finals

The finals are broadcast live in prime time from SBT Studios on Anhanguera TV Center (seasons 1–2) and from Rede Record Studios (season 3-present), in São Paulo, in front of a live studio audience.

The finals lasted for nine to ten weeks. Each finalist performs a song or songs selected from a weekly theme. During the first few weeks, contestants sing one song each. The top four and five contestants must sing two songs apiece. The top three perform three songs apiece.

Themes are based on a musical genre, songs recorded by particular artists, or more generic themes. Contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor during each week.

Following each performance episode, a results show airs that reveals the breakdown of the voting public's decision. The three contestants (two in later rounds) who received the lowest number of votes are typically called to the center of the stage.

From the bottom three, one contestant is sent to safety so that two contestants remain and finally the contestant who received the lowest number of votes is eliminated from the competition. When a contestant is voted off the show, a montage of the contestant's experience is played and they give their final performance.

In the finale, the two remaining contestants perform to determine the winner. For the first two seasons the finale was held in the same studio performances of the Top 10–12. The finale for season three took place at the Arena Skol Anhembi, in São Paulo. From season four onwards, the venue was changed to the Via Funchal. A special two-hour result show the next night follows where the winner is announced at the end.

The winner receives a record deal with a major label. In some cases, other finalists have also been signed by the show's management company (which has first option to sign contestants) and received record deals with its major label partner.

## Season Synopses

### Season 1

The first season premiered on April 5, 2006. The auditions were held in five cities: Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, São Paulo and Porto Alegre.

In the final, shown on July 27, 2006, Leandro Lopes defeated Lucas Poletto, winning the show.

The contestant who was more times among the bottom three was Vanessa Oliveira. She survived elimination five times and was finally eliminated at the final four stage.

The season produced the first ever all male final and was the first season aired on SBT.

### Season 2

The season premiered on March 28, 2007. The auditions were held in five cities: Salvador, Belém, Belo Horizonte, Campinas and Florianópolis.

In the final, shown on August 16, 2007, Thaeme Mariôto defeated Shirley Carvalho, winning the show.

The contestant who was more times among the bottom three was Lenny Bellard. She survived elimination four times and was finally eliminated at the final three stage.

The season produced the first ever all female final and was the last season aired on SBT. Thaeme Mariôto is currently the only woman to win the show. After this season so far (2011) no female contestant managed to reach the top 2 again.

### Season 3

The third season premiered on August 19, 2008, The auditions were held in four cities: Porto Alegre, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

In the final, shown on December 17, 2008, Rafael Barreto defeated Rafael Bernardo, winning the show.

The contestants who were more times among the bottom three were Lorena Chaves, Nanda Garcia and Maria Christina. They survived the elimination twice and were finally eliminated at the final six, five and three stage respectively.

This was the first season aired on Rede Record. It was also the first that the final three contestants aren't from the same gender.

### Season 4

The fourth season premiered on August 18, 2009. The auditions were held in five cities: Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Fortaleza, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

In the final, shown on December 16, 2009, Saulo Roston (eliminated in Ídolos Brazil third season's Top 30) defeated Diego Moraes, winning the show.

The contestants who were more times among the bottom three were Dani Morais and Priscila Borges. They survived elimination twice and were finally eliminated at the final five and four stage respectively.

This was the second season aired on Rede Record.

### Season 5

The fifth season premiered on June 10, 2010. The auditions were held in four cities: Fortaleza, Florianópolis, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. This was the third season to air on Rede Record. The winner was **Israel Lucero**.

### Season 6

The sixth season premiered on April 5, 2011. The auditions were held in four cities: Florianópolis, Uberlândia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. This was the fourth season to air on Rede Record. The winner was **Henrique Lemes**

### Season 7

The seventh and last season premiered on September 4, 2012. The auditions were held in five cities: Salvador, Goiânia, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. This was the fifth season to air on Rede Record. The winner was **Everton Silva**.

## Season Winners

**Legend**
| Female | Male |
| --- | --- |

| All Time Winners | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Winner | Runner-up(s) | | Year | Channel |
| 1 | Leandro Lopes | Lucas Poletto | | 2006 | SBT |
| 2 | Thaeme Mariôto | Shirley Carvalho | | 2007 | |
| 3 | Rafael Barreto | Rafael Bernardo | | 2008 | RecordTV |
| 4 | Saulo Roston | Diego Moraes | | 2009 | |
| 5 | Israel Lucero | Tom Black | | 2010 | |
| 6 | Henrique Lemes | Higor Rocha | | 2011 | |
| 7 | Everton Silva | Leonardo Cavalcante | Quinara Vizeu | 2012 | |

## InfoBox

| *Ídolos* | |
| --- | --- |
| Created by | Simon Fuller |
| Directed by | Daniela Beyruti
Ricardo Mantoanelli
Fernanda Telles
Wanderley Villa Nova |
| Presented by | List of Presenters |
| Judges | List of Judges |
| Country of origin | Brazil |
| No. of seasons | 7 |
| Production | |
| Production locations | SBT Studios and RecordTV Studios |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production company | FremantleMedia |
| Original release | |
| Network | SBT |
| Release | April 5, 2006 (2006-04-05)
August 16, 2007 (2007-08-16) |
| Network | Record |
| Release | August 19, 2008 (2008-08-19)
December 13, 2012 (2012-12-13) |


title: İlxıçılar, Tartar

abstract: İlxıçılar is a village in the Tartar Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Azad Qaraqoyunlu.

text:
# İlxıçılar, Tartar

40°14′N 47°07′E / 40.233°N 47.117°E / 40.233; 47.117

**İlxıçılar** (also, **Ilxıçılar** and **Ilkhychylar**) is a village in the Tartar Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Azad Qaraqoyunlu.

## InfoBox

| İlxıçılar | |
| --- | --- |
| İlxıçılarİlxıçılar | |
| Coordinates: 40°14′N 47°07′E / 40.233°N 47.117°E / 40.233; 47.117 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Tartar |
| Municipality | Azad Qaraqoyunlu |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Wonder Woman's bracelets

abstract: In the Wonder Woman comics, the Bracelets of Submission are a pair of fictional metal bracelets or cuffs worn by Wonder Woman and other Amazons. They were originally created by William Moulton Marston, alluding to the Amazons' ties to Greek mythology, as an allegory for his philosophy of loving submission. The bracelets protect Wonder Woman, allowing her to deflect impacts from many kinds of firearms and weapons. They are impervious to fire, energy blasts, and projectiles. The bracelets also make Wonder Woman immune to fall damage.

text:
# Wonder Woman's bracelets

In the *Wonder Woman* comics, the **Bracelets of Submission** are a pair of fictional metal bracelets or cuffs worn by Wonder Woman and other Amazons. They were originally created by William Moulton Marston, alluding to the Amazons' ties to Greek mythology, as an allegory for his philosophy of loving submission. The bracelets protect Wonder Woman, allowing her to deflect impacts from many kinds of firearms and weapons. They are impervious to fire, energy blasts, and projectiles (ranging from shells to arrows). The bracelets also make Wonder Woman immune to fall damage.

## Symbolism of submission

> **"My strength is gone... it is *Aphrodite's Law*! When an Amazon permits a man to chain her *Bracelets of Submission* together, she becomes weak as other women in a man-ruled world!"**

Wonder Woman

William Moulton Marston depicted the origin story of the Amazons as Greek women who had been bound by the wrists by men, who at one point realized their power and broke free. They then moved to their own women-only island, where, in the absence of male oppression, they grew progressively stronger and lived a longer life. The "Bracelets of Submission" were still worn as a cautionary reminder: to forfeit one's independence by allowing male dominance over their will sapped them of their own power.

The inspiration to give Diana bracelets came from the pair of bracelets worn by Olive Byrne, creator William Moulton Marston's research assistant and lover. Marston quoted in a 1942 interview: "Wonder Woman and her sister Amazons have to wear heavy bracelets to remind them of what happens to a girl when she lets a man conquer her. The Amazons once surrendered to the charm of some handsome Greeks, and what a mess they got themselves into. The Greeks put them in chains of the Hitler type, beat them, and made them work like horses in the fields. Aphrodite, the goddess of love, finally freed these unhappy girls. But she laid down the rule \[*Aphrodite's Law*\] that they must never surrender to a man for any reason. I know of no better advice to give modern women than this rule that Aphrodite gave the Amazon girls".

Marston used bondage as a symbol concept as well as inducing submission acceptance. As a psychologist, Marston believed that "*kinky* doesn't make something wrong or weak, *abuse* does". Marston was heavily influenced by his relationships with his wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston and polyamorous life partner Olive Byrne; the latter was related to Margaret Sanger and Ethel Byrne, both radical feminists and pioneering supporters of birth control and abortion.

## Publication history

### Pre-Crisis

In the Golden Age of Comics, the Amazons of Paradise Island are depicted wearing the bracelets as a symbol of submission to their patron goddess Aphrodite and, under the goddess's instruction, as a reminder to the Amazons of the folly of submitting to men and the resultant period when they were subjugated under the rule of the treacherous Hercules. The bracelets are magically made to be indestructible by Aphrodite, and are used as magically indestructible bracers which can deflect bullets, energy weapons, and any murderous weapons in Man's World.

The bracelets were originally said to be made of bronze, but in *Wonder Woman* #52, published in March 1952, it is first mentioned that the bracelets are composed of Amazonium, an indestructible fictional metal.

In *Sensation Comics* #4, it is revealed that Amazons temporarily lose their superhuman strength if a male welds chains to their bracelets together. Their strength remains unaffected if they are chained by females (*Sensation Comics* #10). They regain their strength if their bracelets are unchained. In later stories, Amazons lose their strength if males simply bind their wrists, rather than their bracelets, with chains or other forms of welding. In *Comic Cavalcade* #14, the bracelets are revealed to balance Amazon strength with loving submission to the positive aims of civilization.

The consequences of removing bracelets become simplified in later stories: if ever broken or removed, the Amazon would go into an uncontrollable destructive frenzy, as Dr. Marston's allegory for the unfettered destruction by the human ego. The bracelets are rarely broken, they can be broken only by magical weapons empowered by the gods themselves (such as Artemis's sword and Aegeus's dagger of Vulcan).

### Post-Crisis

The Amazons are, as before, charged with wearing their bracelets as a constant reminder of their experience of enslavement. They also wear the bracelets as a penance of failing their mission to reform mankind. However, they do not lose their strength if males chain their bracelets together, and are not cursed with madness should the bracelets be removed or broken. Additionally, the generic Amazon bracelet provides no special protection.

When Diana wins the Contest to become Wonder Woman, she is given a pair of magical silver bracelets. The bracelets are later explained as having been forged from the remnants of the Aegis, a shield made from the indestructible hide of the great she-goat, Amalthea, who suckled Zeus as an infant. When crossed before her, the bracelets are able to generate a remnant of the Aegis, allowing Diana to deflect attacks far larger than the surface area of her bracelets. This remnant takes the form of a semi-visible spherical forcefield roughly twice the height of Diana.

Both Donna Troy and Cassie Sandsmark also have their own indestructible silver bracelets. When Hippolyta operates as Wonder Woman after Diana's resurrection, she likewise wears her own silver bracelets. When John Byrne took over the writing and art duties, he depicted the bracelets as larger than usual and bracer-like, with extension pieces being semi-distinct from the original bracelets.

It was revealed during Gail Simone's tenure as the title's writer that Zeus endowed the bracelets with the power to channel his divine lightning when they are struck together at will.

It was revealed in the New 52 that Wonder Woman's bracelets help her control her divine powers as a daughter of Zeus, as shown when she removes them during a fight with Artemis.

## In other media

On the live-action *Wonder Woman* television series, the two-part episode "The Feminum Mystique" establishes that the bracelets are produced from "feminum", a metal found only on Paradise Island. When Nazi agents learn the truth from Wonder Woman's sister Drusilla, they invade Paradise Island and force the Amazons to mine the feminum until the Amazons turn the tables on their captors. Removal of the bracelets leaves Wonder Woman vulnerable to attack but does not render her powerless or insane.

To create the bullet deflection effect, explosive charges were attached to the bracelets worn by Lynda Carter. She concealed triggering devices in her hands and, on cue, would trigger the devices to create the explosive effect.

The bracelets are depicted as bracers in the DC Extended Universe. The films feature Israeli actress Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman, where the bracers allow Diana to produce a powerful concussive blast when brought together in a defensive position.

## InfoBox

| Wonder Woman's bracelets | |
| --- | --- |
| Wonder Woman deflects bullets in her live-action television series. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | DC Comics |
| First appearance | *All Star Comics* #8 (October 1941) |
| Created by | William Moulton Marston |
| In story information | |
| Type | Mystic item/artifact |
| Element of stories featuring | Wonder Woman |


title: Pyar Ka Pehla Adhyaya: Shiv Shakti

abstract: Pyaar Ka Pehla Adhyaya: Shiv Shakti is an Indian Hindi-language romantic drama television series that premiered on 3 July 2023 on Zee TV and digitally streams on ZEE5. Produced by Prateek Sharma under Studio LSD Private Limited, it is a spin-off of Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan which too went off-air days after it getting off-aired. The series stars Arjun Bijlani and Nikki Sharma as Shiv and Shakti respectively. After running for more than a year the series concluded on 18 August 2024.

text:
# Pyar Ka Pehla Adhyaya: Shiv Shakti

***Pyaar Ka Pehla Adhyaya: Shiv Shakti*** (transl. The First Chapter of Love: Shiv Shakti) is an Indian Hindi-language romantic drama television series that premiered on 3 July 2023 on Zee TV and digitally streams on ZEE5. Produced by Prateek Sharma under Studio LSD Private Limited, it is a spin-off of *Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan* which too went off-air days after it getting off-aired. The series stars Arjun Bijlani and Nikki Sharma as Shiv and Shakti respectively. After running for more than a year the series concluded on 18 August 2024.

## Plot

Shakti Sharma is a kind woman who aspires to be a doctor. After losing her parents, she lives with her uncle, aunt and cousin in Varanasi. Shiv Kashyap is a doctor, who has a hurting past and is unable to heal. The series follows Shiv and Shakti's story, how they cross path and how Shakti becomes Shiv's strength.

Shiv and Shakti becomes friends after frequently meeting each other. Shiv has a tragic past which causes his hand to shiver while doing any operation. Shakti wants to become a doctor and Shiv helps him get admitted to the college which belonged to his grandfather Ramprasad Kashyap. Mandira, Shiv's evil aunt plots against Shiv and Shakti as because of their friendship her plans of destroying Shiv and Shakti's career backfires. Shiv and Shakti falls for each other while saving Rimjhim from a fraud guy. Shiv and Shakti and Keertan and Rimjhim finally marry. Mandira brings out Shiv's past in front of Shakti and creates misunderstandings between them.

Initially, Shakti was angry because Shiv has hidden the truth. Shiv looses his control and wreaks havoc. But lately Shakti realises Mandira's conspiracy and tries to win Shiv back. Actually Shiv was first married to Gauri but was killed by Mandira after her real intentions revealed in front of her. But she made it look like it happened because of Gayatri (Shiv's mother) and made Shiv felt guilty. They had a son Kartik whom they sent to hostel. In present Shakti tries to win over Kartik and then Shiv. She continues her studies and also bonds with Kartik slowly tries to win over Shiv's heart. Shakti faces various challenges led by Mandira. She gives fake medicine to Shiv in order to keep him unwell and loose his control over his anger in front of Shakti. But Shakti controls him and later takes the responsibility of Shiv's medicine.

Keertan tortures Rimjhim. Love blossoms between Koyal and Dharam. Shiv realises that he misunderstood Shakti and decides to confess her. He came to take blessings from Gayatri but she is murdered by Mandira. Shiv was framed for the murder. Shiv pretends to be mentally unstable. Shakti tries to save him from the Police. Soon, Shiv and Shakti team up against Mandira and Mandira was soon exposed by them in front of the family. Mandira is finally imprisoned for her crimes.

Shiv, Shakti and Kartik are living happily with each other. With a supernatural turn Bhagwati learns from Ramkishore about an auspicious day when Moon and Sun would be seen together. Bhagwati fears about a secret which she hid from everyone. *25 years ago* Shiv was a child and visited a village called Shivpur, where at the same day he saw a Naag and Naagin consummating he mistakenly kills a Naag Kundan (Mohini's lover) mistakenly who wanted to kill him. Mohini Kills Shiv in revenge. Bhagwati runs away with a dead Shiv and took help from a tantrik Baba. He revives Shiv by killing Kundan. Baba captives Mohini inside the earth putting a Trishula. It is estimated that if Shiv or any of Shiv's successor carrying Shiv's bloodline ever comes to Shivpur and takes off the Trishula then Mohini's curse will end and she will be freed. In present Shiv with Shakti and Kartik reaches Shivpur. Kartik picks off the Trishula and Mohini is freed. Disguising as a villager Mohini takes lift from Shiv and reaches Shiv's home. On the other hand Koyal marries Dharam. Koyal faces difficulties in adjusting with the Sharma's.

Mohini kills Bhagwati, who had learned her real identity. Shakti suspects Mohini. She creates illusions and tries to prove Shakti mentally unstable.

## Cast

### Main

* Arjun Bijlani as Dr. Shiv Kashyap: (2023–2024)
* Nikki Sharma as Shakti Sharma Kashyap: (2023–2024)

### Recurring

* Dolly Chawla as Mohini Singh: (2024)
* Nimisha Vakharia as Manorama Sharma: (2023–2024)
* Phool Singh as Brijkishore Sharma: (2023–2024)
* Chinmay Patwardhan as Ravi Singh (2023–2024)
* Megha Singh as Janvi Sharma (2023–2024)
* Parineeta Borthakur as Mandira Kashyap (*formerly* Gargi Rameshwar Sharma): (2023–2024)
* Sanjay Swaraj as Raghunath Kashyap: (2023–2024)
* Seema Pandey as Gayatri Kashyap: (2023–2024)
* Ashman Kumar as Ayush Singh (2023–2024)
* Sandeep Sachdev as Kamalnath Kashyap: (2023–2024)
* Gaurav Wadhwa as Dr. Keertan Kashyap: (2023–2024)
* Aditi Patwa as Koyal Kashyap Sharma: (2023–2024)
* Jhuma Mitra as Padma Kashyap: (2023–2024)
* Vrushab Khadtale as Nandu Kashyap: (2023–2024)
* Meenakshi Verma as Bhagwati Kashyap: (2023–2024)
* Aan Tiwari as Kartik Kashyap: (2024)
* Prince Dhiman as Dharam Sharma: (2023–2024)
* Reva Kaurase as Rimjhim Sharma Kashyap: (2023–2024)
* Darsh Mody as Ranjan Mishra:(2023)
* Ssumier Pasricha as Purnendu (2023–2024)
* Ravi Bhatia as Naag: Mohini's brother (2024)

### Guest appearances

* Niharika Roy as Radha Sharma Trivedi: (2023)
* Shabir Ahluwalia as Mohan Trivedi: (2023)

## Production

### Development

The series was announced by Studio LSD Private Limited. The show showcases a modern-day interpretation of the Shiv-Shakti dynamic.

### Casting

Arjun Bijlani was cast as the male lead Shiv, who is a doctor. Nikki Sharma was cast as the female lead Shakti, who is an aspiring doctor. Nimisha Vakharia was cast as Shakti's aunt while, Gaurav Wadhwa cast to play Shiv's brother. Parineeta Borthakur was cast to play Shiv's aunt Mandira, the negative lead.

### Filming

The series is set in Varanasi. It is mainly shot in Varanasi and at Film City, Mumbai. Shabir Ahluwalia and Niharika Roy of *Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan*, also shot for the series in Varanasi.

## InfoBox

| *Pyar Ka Pehla Adhyaya: Shiv Shakti* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Drama
Thriller
Fiction |
| Created by | Prateek Sharma |
| Starring |  |
| Composer | Paresh Shah |
| Country of origin | India |
| Original language | Hindi |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 406 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Prateek Sharma |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 20-24 minutes |
| Production company | Studio LSD Private Limited |
| Original release | |
| Network | Zee TV
ZEE5 |
| Release | 3 July 2023 (2023-07-03)
18 August 2024 (2024-08-18) |


title: Nathowal

abstract: Nathowal is a village in the Ludhiana district in Punjab, India also known as ‘Faujian da Pind’.

text:
# Nathowal

**Nathowal** is a village in the Ludhiana district in Punjab, India also known as **‘Faujian da Pind’** (Soldiers Village/Army Village).

## Geography

The village is situated 12 km from Raikot, 54 km from Ludhiana and 151 km from the capital city of Chandigarh.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the village has the total population of 3,642 with 758 households, 1,897 males and 1,745 females.

## History

The village was founded in around 1706 by *Baba Jassa*, a Buttar Jatt from Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

Nathowal known for sending the larger number of young recruits to the armed forces. An unflinching loyalty to the armed forces is common to the residents of Nathowal, a sentiment that has earned it the title of **‘Faujian da Pind’** (Village of Soldiers/Army men) and the village was also called **Land of Martyrs** as many of the freedom fighters and soldiers belongs to this village. Tucked away in a corner of Ludhiana district, amidst acres and acres of emerald fields, this village grows a bumper crop of soldiers even in this season of scarcity. Figures speak volumes: the village brags 250 soldiers, around 16 of them stationed at J&K, and as many ex-servicemen. Many families from the village can still trace back their ancestry to one of the seven individuals now known as Seven Leaves (Satt Pattian) who initially started the village.

## Culture

Punjabi is the mother tongue as well as the official language of Nathowal. The village is predominated by the Jatts of Buttar community/clan. Other Jatt clans includes, Sekhon, Sandhu, Khangura, Bhandal, Bhullar, Dhesi,Rakhra and Sidhu.

### Religion

| Religion in Nathowal | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Religion | |  | Percent | |
| Sikhism | |  | 92.14% | |
| Islam | |  | 7.14% | |
| Hinduism | |  | 0.72% | |

Nathowal has a population of around 7000. Majority of the villagers follows Sikhism. There are about 70 Muslim families also, with the population of around 500. Around 50 members are those of Hindus.
In 1947, Muslims of this village didn't migrate to Pakistan (excepting one or two families) because Sikhs and Muslims of this village treats each other with great love and lives in peace and harmony.
The village have three Gurudwaras and a Mosque as religious sites for worship.

## Economy

Agriculture is the main source of income. All the villagers are attached to Agriculture in direct or indirect way. Many of them are government employees mostly in Indian Army or another paramilitary forces .
The main crops of the village are: Cotton, Wheat and Rice.

## InfoBox

| Nathowal | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| NathowalLocation in Punjab, IndiaNathowalNathowal (India) | |
| Coordinates: 30°36′42″N 75°30′42″E / 30.61167°N 75.51167°E / 30.61167; 75.51167 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Ludhiana |
| Talukas | Raikot |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,642 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi (Gurmukhi) |
| Regional | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 142032 |
| Vehicle registration | PB-10 |
| Nearest city | Ludhiana |
| Sex ratio | 1000/907 / |


title: Nanuet station

abstract: Nanuet station is a train station in Nanuet, New York, serving commuter trains on the Pascack Valley Line. Its official address is 1 Prospect Street, but in reality, it is located on Orchard Street West, diagonally off the southwest corner of Prospect Street and Middletown Road. The station originated as a lumberyard known as Red Tavern operated by David Demarest. In 1846, the station was upgraded and renamed Clarkstown. The station was renamed in 1856 to Nanuet, four years after ticketed service began. The station depot built by the Erie Railroad for its New Jersey and New York Railroad and its main line, burned on March 14, 1991.

text:
# Nanuet station

**Nanuet station** is a train station in Nanuet, New York, serving commuter trains on the Pascack Valley Line. Its official address is 1 Prospect Street, but in reality, it is located on Orchard Street West, diagonally off the southwest corner of Prospect Street and Middletown Road.

The station originated as a lumberyard known as **Red Tavern** operated by David Demarest. In 1846, the station was upgraded and renamed **Clarkstown**. The station was renamed in 1856 to Nanuet, four years after ticketed service began. The station depot built by the Erie Railroad for its New Jersey and New York Railroad and its main line (later Piermont Branch), burned on March 14, 1991.

## History

The station at Nanuet began as a location for the pickup of ties for the New York and Erie Railroad in 1839. Known as Red Tavern, the location was run by David Demarest. At the location would board thirty-five men to help move the ties up the line.

By 1849, Demarest was named the station agent at Red Tavern and the station was renamed as Clarkstown. Demarest also used this occasion to construct two steam locomotives. The depot constructed at Clarkstown was part of Demarest's house, constructed in 1849. No tickets were sold at Clarkstown until 1852, and then the details were written in ink by Demarest himself. In 1856, the station was renamed Nanuet after a local Native American chief. Demarest remained in charge of the Nanuet station until his death in 1881, at which point his son, Joseph, took over as station agent.

## Station layout

The station has one track and one low-level side platform.

There are three parking lots available at Nanuet. Free permit parking is available for residents of the Town of Clarkstown at the station's closest parking lot. Permits are issues by the Town Clerk of the Town of Clarkstown. The lot accommodates 339 vehicles. Paid parking (either daily, or by permit) is available at the Metro-North parking facility, which is operated by LAZ Parking and accommodates 226 vehicles. The lot is located behind the Nanuet post office. A third parking facility operated by the town can accommodate 229 vehicles. The lot located west of the station and does not require payment or resident permit.

In April 2022, a new train shelter was installed with a bench named after transportation advocate Orrin Getz. The new shelter contains Help Points, USB charging and LED lights.

## Bibliography

* Mott, Edward Harold (1899). *Between the Ocean and the Lakes: The Story of Erie*. New York, New York: John S. Collins. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Nanuet | |
| --- | --- |
| Nanuet station platform | |
| General information | |
| Location | 25 Prospect Street
Nanuet, New York |
| Coordinates | 41°05′25″N 74°00′53″W / 41.0903°N 74.0148°W / 41.0903; -74.0148 |
| Owned by | NJ Transit |
| Operated by | Metro-North Railroad |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Connections |  |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade |
| Parking | 126 spaces |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 805 (Erie Railroad) |
| History | |
| Opened | June 30, 1841 (June 30, 1841) |
| Rebuilt | 1849 |
| Previous names | Red Tavern (1841–1849)
Clarkstown (1849–1856) |
| Key dates | |
| 1964 | Station agency closed |
| 1991 | Station depot burned |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  NJ Transit Following station  Spring ValleyTerminus  Pascack Valley Line  Pearl Rivertoward Hoboken | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services   Preceding station Erie Railroad Following station  Spring Valleytoward Haverstraw  New Jersey and New York Railroad  Pearl Rivertoward Jersey City  Spring Valleytoward Suffern  Piermont Branch  Blauvelttoward Sparkill  Bardoniatoward New City  New City Branch  *Terminus* | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: War risk insurance

abstract: War risk insurance is a type of insurance which covers damage due to acts of war, including invasion, insurrection, rebellion and hijacking. Some policies also cover damage due to weapons of mass destruction. It is most commonly used in the shipping and aviation industries. Unlike regular insurance policies, war risk policies do not include a broad war exclusion clause. War risk insurance generally has two components: war risk liability, which covers people and items inside the craft and is calculated based on the indemnity amount; and war risk hull, which covers the craft itself and is calculated based on the value of the craft. The premium varies based on the expected stability of the countries to which the vessel will travel. Private war risk insurance policies for aircraft were temporarily cancelled following the September 11, 2001 attacks and later reinstated with substantially lower indemnities. In the wake of this cancellation, the US Congress passed the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act to backstop insurance policies offered to commercial airlines. The International Air Transport Association has argued that airlines operating in states which do not provide war risk insurance are at a competitive disadvantage in this area.

text:
# War risk insurance

**War risk insurance** is a type of insurance which covers damage due to acts of war, including invasion, insurrection, rebellion and hijacking. Some policies also cover damage due to weapons of mass destruction. It is most commonly used in the shipping and aviation industries. Unlike regular insurance policies, war risk policies do not include a broad war exclusion clause.

War risk insurance generally has two components: war risk liability, which covers people and items inside the craft and is calculated based on the indemnity amount; and war risk hull, which covers the craft itself and is calculated based on the value of the craft. The premium varies based on the expected stability of the countries to which the vessel will travel.

Private war risk insurance policies for aircraft were temporarily cancelled following the September 11, 2001 attacks and later reinstated with substantially lower indemnities. In the wake of this cancellation, the US Congress passed the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act to backstop insurance policies offered to commercial airlines. The International Air Transport Association has argued that airlines operating in states which do not provide war risk insurance are at a competitive disadvantage in this area.


title: Meslier-Saint-François

abstract: Meslier-Saint-François is a white French wine grape variety that is now grown predominantly in the Loir-et-Cher department of the Loire Valley. Historically, the grape was found more widely throughout the Loire and western France and was even used in the production of Armagnac. However, for most of the 20th century Meslier-Saint-François has been following a similar route to the Loire grape Arbois with plantings rapidly declining. The grape is a crossing of Gouais blanc and Chenin blanc making it a sibling of Balzac blanc and Colombard.

text:
# Meslier-Saint-François

**Meslier-Saint-François** is a white French wine grape variety that is now grown predominantly in the Loir-et-Cher department of the Loire Valley. Historically, the grape was found more widely throughout the Loire and western France and was even used in the production of Armagnac. However, for most of the 20th century Meslier-Saint-François has been following a similar route to the Loire grape Arbois with plantings rapidly declining.

The grape is a crossing of Gouais blanc and Chenin blanc making it a sibling of Balzac blanc and Colombard.

## Synonyms

Various synonyms have been used to describe Meslier-Saint-François and its wines, including Anereau, Annereau, Blanc ramé, Blanc ramet, Bonne blanche, Bordeaux blanc, Chalosse, Chalosse de Bordeaux, François blanc, Gros meslier, Grosse blanche, Meslier, Meslier blanc, Meslier d’Orleans, Meslier de Seine et Oise, Meslier du Gâtinais, Meslier du Gers, Meslier gros, Meslier jaune, Meslier vert, Pelgarie, Pot de vin, Purgarie and Rochelin.


title: Walter Kreppel

abstract: Walter Kreppel was a German bass singer, known for his performances in operatic roles in Europe and the US. Starting his career in his native Nuremberg he progressed to membership of major opera companies, including the Bavarian State Opera and the Vienna State Opera. Among his roles on record, the best known is Fasolt in the first published recording of Das Rheingold (1958).

text:
# Walter Kreppel

**Walter Kreppel** (3 June 1923 – 18 October 2003) was a German bass singer, known for his performances in operatic roles in Europe and the US. Starting his career in his native Nuremberg he progressed to membership of major opera companies, including the Bavarian State Opera and the Vienna State Opera. Among his roles on record, the best known is Fasolt in the first published recording of *Das Rheingold* (1958).

## Life and career

Kreppel was born in Nuremberg on 3 June 1923. Attracted to the stage as a career, he studied singing at the Nuremberg Conservatory, making his debut in that city in 1945 as Tommaso in Eugen d'Albert's *Tiefland*. He remained with the Nuremberg company until 1948, continually adding roles to his repertoire. He progressed through the provincial German houses including Hanover (1953–1956) and Frankfurt-am-Main (1956–1959); he joined the Bavarian State Opera in Munich in 1959. During these years he began to build an international career, not only in the German repertoire but in roles including Bartolo in *The Marriage of Figaro*, King Philip in *Don Carlos*, Sparafucile in *Rigoletto*, Ramphis in *Aida*, Gremin in *Eugene Onegin*, and Arkel in *Pelléas et Mélisande.*

In 1960 Kreppel moved to Vienna, joining the State Opera, where he remained based until his retirement in 1973. He sang in a wide range of roles, the most frequent of which was Rocco in *Fidelio*. During this period he made guest appearances at Covent Garden (as Sarastro in *Die Zauberflöte*, conducted by Otto Klemperer, 1962), Bayreuth (Fasolt in *Das Rheingold*, conducted by Rudolf Kempe, 1962), Salzburg (Sarastro, conducted by István Kertész, 1963 and 1964) and San Francisco (Ramphis, Sparafucile, Hunding in *Die Walküre*, Padre Guardiano in *La forza del destino*, Hermann in *Tannhäuser*, 1963 and 1966). Other parts in his repertoire included Daland in *Der fliegende Holländer*, Pogner in *Die Meistersinger* and Gurnemanz in *Parsifal*.

In 1967 Kreppel sang the Commendatore in *Don Giovanni* when the Vienna company visited Montreal for Expo 67. The following year he appeared at the Deutsche Oper, Berlin as King Marke in *Tristan und Isolde*. Towards the end of his career he sang Wotan in *Das Rheingold* at Graz, in 1972, receiving excellent notices.

Kreppel died on 18 October 2003, aged 80.

### Recordings

Kreppel features in several recordings, including *Don Giovanni* (conducted by Ferenc Fricsay), *Martha* (Wilhelm Schuchter), *Tristan und Isolde* (Horst Stein), *Fidelio* (Herbert von Karajan), *Dalibor* (Josef Krips), *Der Freischütz* (Eugen Jochum),  *La forza del destino* (Dimitri Mitropoulos) and *Aida* (Lovro von Matačić), but in the view of Kreppel's obituarist in *The Times*, "the best and the best-known" is his Fasolt in Georg Solti's recording of *Das Rheingold*, made in Vienna in 1958.

## Sources

* Culshaw, John (1967). *Ring Resounding*. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-11800-5.
* Ross, Anne (1961). *The Opera Directory*. London and New York: John Calder and Sterling. OCLC 1036766466.


title: Wands (band)

abstract: Wands Wands (ワンズ) is a Japanese rock band formed in 1991 and active until 2000 under the label B-Gram Records. In 2019, the band reunited with a new vocalist, Daishi Uehara, and two former members, Shibasaki and Kimura, under the D-Go recording label. In the span of 29 years, the band has had three lead vocalists and changed instrumental members five times.

text:
# Wands (band)

| Wands | |
| --- | --- |
| YouTube information | |
| Channel |  |
| Years active | 2019 - |
| Subscribers | 97,8k |
| Total views | 49,870,892 million times |
| ---  *Last updated:* August 16, 2024 | |

**Wands** (ワンズ) (stylized as **WANDS**) is a Japanese rock band formed in 1991 and active until 2000 under the label B-Gram Records. In 2019, the band reunited with a new vocalist, Daishi Uehara, and two former members, Shibasaki and Kimura, under the D-Go recording label. In the span of 29 years, the band has had three lead vocalists and changed instrumental members five times.

## Members

### Wesugi period

* **Show Wesugi** (上杉 昇, *Uesugi Shō*, born 24 May 1972) (1991-1996)- vocalist, lyricist, composer, arranger
* **Kosuke Oshima** (大島 こうすけ, *Ōshima Kōsuke*, Real and former stage name: **Kosuke Oshima** (大島 康祐, *Ōshima Kōsuke*), born 4 September 1970) (1991-1992)-keyboardist, composer, arranger
* **Hiroshi Shibasaki** (柴崎 浩, *Shibasaki Hiroshi*, born 13 December 1969) (1991-1996)-guitarist, composer, arranger
* **Shinya Kimura** (木村 真也, *Kimura Shinya*, born 28 July 1969) (1992-1996)-keyboardist, lyricist, composer, arranger

### Waku period

* **Jiro Matsumoto** (松元 治郎, *Matsumoto Jirō*, Former stage name: **Jiro Waku** (和久 二郎, *Waku Jirō*), born 11 December 1970) (1997-2000)-vocalist, lyricist, arranger
* **Issei "Suginho" Ambo** (安保 "Suginho" 一生, *Anbo Sugīnyo Issei*, Real name: Issei Anbo (安保 一生, *Anbo Issei*), Former stage name: **Issei Sugimoto** (杉元 一生, *Sugimoto Issei*), born 8 May 1972) (1997-2000)-guitarist, lyricist, composer, arranger
* **Shinya Kimura** (木村 真也, *Kimura Shinya*, born 28 July 1969) (1992-2000)-keyboardist, lyricist, composer, arranger

### Uehara period

* **Daishi Uehara** (上原 大史, *Uehara Daishi*) (2019-)- vocalist, lyricist
* **Hiroshi Shibasaki** (柴崎 浩, *Shibasaki Hiroshi*, born 13 December 1969) (1991-1996, 2019-)-guitarist, composer, arranger
* **Shinya Kimura** (木村 真也, *Kimura Shinya*, born 28 July 1969) (1992-2000, 2019-)-keyboardist, lyricist, composer, arranger

## Career

### 1991–1996: Commercial success with Show Wesugi

The band was founded in 1991 by main vocalist Show Wesugi, guitarist Hiroshi Shibasaki, and keyboardist Kousuke Oshima. Wesugi was a fan of Axl Rose and Oshima was a guest member of Japanese rock band Loudness. The band was named after wands of tarot. They debuted with single "Sabishisa wa Aki no Iro (Loneliness is Autumn Color)". Their 1992 single "Motto Tsuyoku Dakishimeta Nara (If I Embrace You More Strongly)" reached #1 and was charted for 44 weeks on the Japanese Oricon charts.

In 1992, Shinya Kimura joined the band following Oshima's departure. Collaborating with Miho Nakayama, they released "Sekaijū no Dare Yori Kitto (Certainly More Than Everybody in the World)" in October 1992, which became one of the standard J-pop songs. That year, they took part in *Kōhaku Uta Gassen*, a famous year-end show in Japan, with this song.

Wesugi wrote Deen's debut song "Konomama Kimidake wo Ubaisaritai (Now, I Want to Make Off with Only You)", which sold over a million copies after its release in March 1993. In April, their album *Toki no Tobira* *(Temporal Door)* and single "Ai wo Kataru yori Kuchizuke wo Kawaso (Let's Kiss More Than Talking Love)" both reached #1 positions on the Oricon charts, making them the second artist to achieve this, following Seiko Matsuda. "Ai wo Kataru yori Kuchizuke wo Kawaso" remained #1 for four consecutive weeks. *Toki no Tobira* was charted for 33 weeks on the Oricon album charts. They sold over 4.11 million singles and 3.18 million albums in a year, winning the "Artist of the Year" award at the 8th Japan Gold Disc Award.

Their 1994 single "Sekai ga Owaru made wa... (Until the End of the World...)" reached #1 on Oricon charts, gaining over 1.2 million sales and was certified as a million-selling single by Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ). It was the closing theme song of the anime series *Slam Dunk*. Wesugi loved grunge and wanted to turn into alternative rock. "Sekai ga Owaru made wa..." became the last song written in his former style because he felt that many musicians around him were doing the same thing. Their next single, "Secret Night (It's My Treat)," shifted to power pop and created controversies. Their 1995 studio album, *Piece of My Soul,* reached the #1 position on the Oricon charts, with sales of over 542,000 copies the first week.

Wesugi's image continued to change with the song "Same Side". His new style was said to be "painterly" and their new album was influenced by punk and blues, according to Wesugi. After the release of the single "Worst Crime (About a Rock Star who was a Swindler)" in February 1996, Wesugi and Shibasaki withdrew from the band. Their withdrawals were officially announced in 1997.

Wesugi continued his music career and performed in the sixth anniversary of Hide's death in 2004. Shibasaki formed rock band Abingdon Boys School with Takanori Nishikawa in 2005. Oshima also worked with Nishikawa on the 2006 album *Under Cover*.

### 1997–2000: Third period with Jiro Waku

Shinya Kimura re-formed the group with vocalist Jiro Waku and guitarist Issei Sugimoto. Jiro Waku, whose real name is Jiro Matsumoto, was the first leader of twelve skateboarding boys (predecessor of SMAP) in Johnny & Associates. Their debut song, "Sabitsuita Machine Gun de Ima o Uchinukō", written by Miho Komatsu, was used as the end credits theme for *Dragon Ball GT*. Their next single, "Brand New Love", was written by Izumi Sakai. Sakai also wrote the song "Ashita moshi Kimi ga kowaretemo" (lit. "Even if you shatter tomorrow"), which was used as the closing theme for the first series of *Yu-Gi-Oh!* produced by Toei Animation. Their next single, "Kyo, Nanika no Hazumi de Ikiteiru" (lit. "Today, I live by some chance"), was written by Nana Azuki, a future member of Garnet Crow, and by Makoto Miyoshi, a future member of Rumania Montevideo. However, their first studio album, *Awake*, released on 27 October 1999, only charted for three weeks, peaking at #18 on the Oricon charts. Through the official website, the band from the third period announced its disbandment in 2000.

### 2019-present: Fourth and Fifth Wands period with Daishi Uehara

On 13 November 2019, the fifth period of Wands was announced with new vocalist, Daishi Uehara, along with former members Shibasaki and Kimura. On 17 November 2019, the band made their first stage appearance in 18 years at Dojima River Forum. In January 2020, their new original song, "Makka na Lip", was released under the Giza Studio record label. It is also the opening theme song of the anime television series *Detective Conan*.

On 16 February 2020, it was announced that a new single, "Daki Yose, Takamaru, Kimi no Taion to Tomoni", written by Shibasaki and Haibara, would be released in May. The announcement happened after a Special Live event. The single was promoted as the theme song of the Japanese television series *Silent Voice*. It is their first television drama theme song for the first time in 28 years.

In 2024, Uehara collaborated with the guitarist from the same music agency, Tak Matsumoto on the covers single "Toki no Sugiyuku Mama ni", which will be included in the kayokyoku cover's album The Hit Parade II.

## Discography

### Studio albums

## InfoBox

| Wands | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Japan |
| Genres | Rock, pop rock, power pop, alternative rock, hard rock |
| Years active | 1991–2000, 2019– |
| Labels | Toshiba-EMI (1991–1993)
B-Gram Records (1993–2000)
Giza Studio (2019-) |
|  | |
| Members | **Hiroshi Shibasaki** (guitar, 1991-1997, 2019-)
**Shinya Kimura** (keyboard, 1992-2000, 2019-)
**Daishi Uehara** (vocal, 2019-) |
|  | |
| Past members | **Show Wesugi** (vocal, 1991-1997)
**Kousuke Oshima** (keyboard, 1991-1992)
**Jiro Waku** (vocal, 1997-2000)
**Issei Sugimoto** (guitar, 1997-2000) |
|  | |
| Website | wands-official.jp |


title: Washboard Jungle

abstract: Washboard Jungle is a four-man group that combines elements of folk music, classic rock, comedy, dance, and performance art. The members include Bob Goldberg, Henry Hample, McPaul Smith, and Stuart Cameron Vance. They took their name from the movie Blackboard Jungle. The group was founded in New York City in 1989 by Henry Hample, the son of noted humorist Stuart Hample. Often referred to as a "post-modern jug band," they've used up to 40 musical instruments and household utensils in their live shows, including washboards, spoons, bongos, pennywhistle, melodica, a potato masher, a carrot grater, a toy hammer, a vacuum cleaner, water glasses, and digital samplers. They reinterpret traditional folk songs, and the songs of other artists ranging from Hoagy Carmichael to Pink Floyd, but also write original songs in a comic vein. The group has a longstanding relationship with the New York experimental performance space Dixon Place, and has performed at other New York theatrical and music venues, including regular appearances in the "No Shame" series at the Public Theater. They have also toured to festivals, colleges, and other venues from Maine to North Carolina. They sometimes perform for children, and they continue to receive airplay on kids' radio programs. They officially disbanded in 1994 but have reunited several times since. A poster advertising the band is visible briefly during a scene in the 1993 film Manhattan Murder Mystery, behind Woody Allen's character.

text:
# Washboard Jungle

**Washboard Jungle** is a four-man group that combines elements of folk music, classic rock, comedy, dance, and performance art. The members include Bob Goldberg (keyboards, accordion, bulbul tarang, percussion, vocals), Henry Hample (banjo, fiddle, mandolin, ukulele, percussion, vocals), McPaul Smith (bass guitar, jug, percussion, vocals), and Stuart Cameron Vance (guitars, kazoo, percussion, vocals). They took their name from the movie Blackboard Jungle.

The group was founded in New York City in 1989 by Henry Hample, the son of noted humorist Stuart Hample. Often referred to as a "post-modern jug band," they've used up to 40 musical instruments and household utensils in their live shows, including washboards, spoons, bongos, pennywhistle, melodica, a potato masher, a carrot grater, a toy hammer, a vacuum cleaner, water glasses, and digital samplers. They reinterpret traditional folk songs, and the songs of other artists ranging from Hoagy Carmichael to Pink Floyd, but also write original songs in a comic vein.

The group has a longstanding relationship with the New York experimental performance space Dixon Place, and has performed at other New York theatrical and music venues, including regular appearances in the "No Shame" series at the Public Theater. They have also toured to festivals, colleges, and other venues from Maine to North Carolina. They sometimes perform for children, and they continue to receive airplay on kids' radio programs. They officially disbanded in 1994 but have reunited several times since.

A poster advertising the band is visible briefly during a scene in the 1993 film Manhattan Murder Mystery, behind Woody Allen's character.

## Discography

* *The Wash Cycle*, 1994
* *The Brown Album*, 2000
* *Sunnyland*, 2016

## InfoBox

| Washboard Jungle | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | New York City |
| Genres | * folk * class rock * comedy * dance * performance art |
| Years active | 1989 |


title: Mesenteric arteries

abstract: The mesenteric arteries take blood from the aorta and distribute it to a large portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Both the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries arise from the abdominal aorta. Each of these arteries travel through the mesentery, within which they branch several times before reaching the gut. In humans, many of these branches are named, but in smaller animals the branches are more variable. In some animals, including humans, branches of these arteries join with the marginal artery of the colon, which means that occlusion of one of the main arteries does not necessarily lead to the death of the part of the gut that it usually supplies. The term mesenteric artery is also used to describe smaller branches of these vessels which, particularly in smaller animals, provide a significant source of vascular resistance. These branches have a dense innervation by sympathetic nerves, allowing the brain to control their diameter and hence the resistance to blood flow to the gut. This is of particular importance when blood flow is required elsewhere, such as in exercise or shock, where a large proportion of the blood is required to supply the needs of skeletal muscle; by constricting the smaller mesenteric vessels, the resistance of blood flow to the gut increases, and hence blood flows more readily to other organs.

text:
# Mesenteric arteries

The **mesenteric arteries** take blood from the aorta and distribute it to a large portion of the gastrointestinal tract.

Both the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries arise from the abdominal aorta. Each of these arteries travel through the mesentery, within which they branch several times before reaching the gut. In humans, many of these branches are named, but in smaller animals the branches are more variable. In some animals, including humans, branches of these arteries join with the marginal artery of the colon, which means that occlusion of one of the main arteries does not necessarily lead to the death of the part of the gut that it usually supplies.

The term **mesenteric artery** is also used to describe smaller branches of these vessels which, particularly in smaller animals, provide a significant source of vascular resistance. These branches have a dense innervation by sympathetic nerves, allowing the brain to control their diameter and hence the resistance to blood flow to the gut. This is of particular importance when blood flow is required elsewhere, such as in exercise or shock, where a large proportion of the blood is required to supply the needs of skeletal muscle; by constricting the smaller mesenteric vessels, the resistance of blood flow to the gut increases, and hence blood flows more readily to other organs.