title: Randolph Mantooth filmography

abstract: Randolph Mantooth is a graduate of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Mantooth has been a working actor in television, documentaries, theatre, and film for more than 40 years. He was discovered in New York by a Universal Studios talent agent while performing the lead in the play Philadelphia, Here I Come. After signing with Universal and moving to California, he slowly built up his resume with work on such dramatic series as Adam-12 (1968), Marcus Welby, M.D. (1969), McCloud (1970), and Alias Smith and Jones (1971). He was chosen to play a lead role as Fireman/Paramedic John Gage in the 1970s medical drama, Emergency!, a show that enjoyed six seasons and seven two-hour television movie specials. Since this experience, Mantooth has spoken regularly at Firefighter and EMS conferences and symposiums across the United States, while maintaining an active acting career. He is a spokesperson for both the International Association of Firefighters [IAFF] and the International Association of Fire Chiefs [IAFC] for fire fighter health and safety, and he has been honored over the years with numerous awards and recognitions. Mantooth has appeared in numerous films and television series in lead and supportive roles including mini-series adaptations of Testimony of Two Men (1977) and a starring role as Abraham Kent in The Seekers (1979–80). Through the 1990s and 2000s he explored a new direction in his career with daytime soap operas, earning him four Soap Opera Digest Award nominations. He has frequently returned to his theater roots in such productions as "Footprints in Blood", "Back to the Blankets", "Wink Dah", "The Independence of Eddie Rose", "The Paper Crown", "The Inuit" and "Rain Dance", among others.

text:
# Randolph Mantooth filmography

**Randolph Mantooth** is a graduate of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Mantooth has been a working actor in television, documentaries, theatre, and film for more than 40 years. He was discovered in New York by a Universal Studios talent agent while performing the lead in the play *Philadelphia, Here I Come*. After signing with Universal and moving to California, he slowly built up his resume with work on such dramatic series as *Adam-12* (1968), *Marcus Welby, M.D.* (1969), *McCloud* (1970), and *Alias Smith and Jones* (1971).

He was chosen to play a lead role as Fireman/Paramedic John Gage in the 1970s medical drama, *Emergency!*, a show that enjoyed six seasons (129 episodes) and seven two-hour television movie specials. Since this experience, Mantooth has spoken regularly at Firefighter and EMS conferences and symposiums across the United States, while maintaining an active acting career. He is a spokesperson for both the International Association of Firefighters \[IAFF\] and the International Association of Fire Chiefs \[IAFC\] for fire fighter health and safety, and he has been honored over the years with numerous awards and recognitions.

Mantooth has appeared in numerous films and television series in lead and supportive roles including mini-series adaptations of *Testimony of Two Men* (1977) and a starring role as Abraham Kent in *The Seekers* (1979–80). Through the 1990s and 2000s he explored a new direction in his career with daytime soap operas, earning him four Soap Opera Digest Award nominations. He has frequently returned to his theater roots in such productions as "Footprints in Blood", "Back to the Blankets", "Wink Dah", "The Independence of Eddie Rose", "The Paper Crown", "The Inuit" and "Rain Dance", among others.

## Filmography

### Television

|
|  |
Television acting roles
| Year(s) | Title | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | *Matt Lincoln* | Paul | 1 episode of television series: * "Angie" (series 1, episode 9) |
| | *The Bold Ones: The Senator* | Lt. Tony Caffey | 2 episodes of television series: * "A Continual Roar of Musketry: Part 1"
(season 1, episode 4) * "A Continual Roar of Musketry: Part 2"
(season 1, episode 5) |
| | *McCloud* | Intern
(season 1)

Phillip Yerby
(season 2) | 2 episodes of television series: * "Who Says You Can't Make Friends in New York City?" (1970)
(season 1, episode 1) * "The Disposal Man" (1971)
(season 2, episode 4) |
| 1971 | *The Virginian* | Lt. Dorn | 1 episode of television series: * "The Regimental Line"
(season 9, episode 21) |
| | *Vanished* | Ensign | 2-part television movie * Crime/Drama/Mystery |
| | *Alias Smith and Jones* | Dan Loomis | 1 episode of television series: * "Stagecoach Seven"
(season 1, episode 9) |
| | *Rod Serling's Night Gallery* | Ekins | 1 episode of television series: * Segment: "Class of '99" |
| | *Marriage: Year One* | Dan | Television movie: * Drama/Comedy |
| | *The Bold Ones: The Lawyers* | Terence "Terry" Kimble | 1 episode of television series: * "The Strange Secret of Yermo Hill"
(season 3, episode 2) |
| | *Sarge* | Finch | 2 episodes of television series: * "The Combatants" (season 1, episode 10) * "The Badge or the Cross" (season 1, episode 0) |
| | *Marcus Welby, M.D.*
(1971 & 1972) | Intern
(season 2)

Actor
(season 3) | 2 episodes of television series: * "Cynthia" (1971)
(season 2, episode 19) * "Solomon's Choice" (1972)
(season 3, episode 25) |
| | *Adam-12*
(1971 & 1972) | Neil Williams
(season 3)

John Gage
(season 5) | 2 episodes of television series: * "Log 88 - Reason to Run" (1971)
(season 3, episode 25) * "Lost and Found" (1972)
(season 5, episode 4) |
| | *Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law*
(1971 & 1974) | Lonnie Roth
(season 1)

Keith Ryder
(season 3) | 2 episodes of television series: * "Until Proven Innocent" (1971)
(season 1, episode 12) * "The Desertion of Keith Ryder" (1974)
(season 3, episode 22) |
| 1972 | *The Bravos* | 2nd Lt.Lewis | Television movie * Western |
| 1972-1979 | *The Wedsworth-Townsend Act* | Firefighter/Paramedic
John Gage | 2-hour Pilot movie for the series *Emergency!*. |
| | *Emergency!*
(1972-1977) | Firefighter/Paramedic
John Gage
LACoFD | 129 episodes of television series: * Also as Director:     + "The Nuisance" (1976)
(season 5, episode 24)     + "Insanity Epidemic" (1977)
(season 6, episode 14) |
| | *Emergency!*
(1978-1979)
(Six 2-hour television movies) | Firefighter/Paramedic
John Gage
LACoFD | Six 2-hour television movies: * *The Steel Inferno* (January 7, 1978) * *Survival on Charter #220* (March 28, 1978) * *Most Deadly Passage* (April 4, 1978) * *Greatest Rescues of Emergency* (December 31, 1978)
(also as Director) * *What's a Nice Girl Like You Doing* (June 26, 1979) * *The Convention* (July 3, 1979) |
| | *Emergency +4*
(1973-1974) | Firefighter/Paramedic
John Gage
(voice only) | 23 episodes of television series * Adventure animation |
| 1973 | *Starship Rescue* | Himself | Special * Previews for NBC's Saturday morning line up with Emergency!+4 and Star Trek: The Animated Series |
| 1974 | *Go!* | Himself | 1 episode of a children's program * September 7, 1974 showing what firefighters and paramedics do |
| | *Sierra* | Paramedic John Gage | 1 episode of television series: * "The Urban Rangers"
(season 1, episode 5) |
| 1975 & 1976 | *Dinah!* | Himself | 2 episodes of talk show * Season 2, episode 73 (December 26, 1975) * Season 2, episode 196(July 28, 1976) |
| 1976 | *The Rich Little Show* | Himself | 1 episode of a comedy series * Season 1, episode 5 (March 1, 1976) |
| | *Cos* | Mailman | 1 episode of television series: * "New Family / Traffic Rules"
Episode dated October 10, 1976 |
| 1977 | *Testimony of Two Men* | Father Frank McNulty | Television mini-series * Unknown episodes |
| 1978 | *Project U.F.O.* | Tim Jenkins | 1 episode of television series: * "Sighting 4016: The Pipeline Incident"
(season 2, episode 2) |
| 1978 & 1979 | *Operation Petticoat (TV series)* | Lt. Mike Bender | 10 episodes of television series: * "Operation Spleen" (Season 2, episode 1) * "The Hunkle-Crandall Affair" (Season 2, episode 2) * "Cram Course" (Season 2, episode 3) * "You Owe Me One" (Season 2, episode 4) * "Don't Drink the Shimbaka!" (Season 2, episode 5) * "The Talent Show" (Season 2, episode 6) * "Sub-Down" (Season 2, episode 7) * "Hail to the Chief" (Season 2, episode 8) * "Big Deal on Kaloa Street" (Season 2, episode 9) * "Matters of Honor(Season 2, episode 10) |
| | *Detective School* | Eddie Dawkins | 11 episodes of television series: * "A Bier on the House" (Season 1, episode 1) * "Oh, How We Danced" (Season 1, episode 2) * "Lucy in the Sky with Pizza" (Season 1, episode 3) * "Hooray for Bulgaria" (Season 1, episode 4) * "The Runaway!" (Season 1, episode 5) * "The Jewel Heist" (Season 1, episode 6) * "One Word Is Worth a Thousand Pictures"
(Season 1, episode 7) * "Masseuse in the Cold, Cold Ground"
(Season 1, episode 8) * "The Killer-Diller Lingerie Caper" (Season 1, episode 9) * "Farewell, My Miss Glendale" (Season 1, episode 10) * "The Bank Job" (series 1, episode 11) |
| 1978 & 1981 | *Vega$* | Bobby Howard
(season 1)

Todd Peterson
(season 3) | 2 episodes of television series: * "Serve, Volley and Kill" (1978)
(season 1, episode 11) * "French Twist" (1981)
(season 3, episode 21) |
| 1979 | *The Love Boat* | Alan Billingsley | 1 episode of television series: * "Second Chance/Don't Push Me/Like Father, Like Son" (season 2, episode 17) |
| | *Battlestar Galactica* | Michael | 1 episode of television series: * "Greetings from Earth"
(season 1, episode 19) – also featured his younger brother Donald Mantooth |
| | *The Seekers* | Abraham Kent | Television movie * Drama/History |
| 1980 | *Charlie's Angels* | Mark Williams | 1 episode of television series: * "Island Angels" (season 5, episode 4) |
| | *Aloha Paradise* | Guest | 1 episode of television series: * "The Star/The Trouble with Chester/Fran´s Worst Friend"
(season 1, episode 2) |
| 1981 | *Insight* | Adam | 1 episode of television series: * "The Sixth Day" |
| 1981 | *Fantasy Island* | Dr. Paul Todd
(season 4) | 1 episode of television series: * "Delphine/The Unkillable" (1981)
(season 4, episode 20) |
| 1983 thru 1986 | *The Fall Guy* | Larry (as
Randy Mantooth)
(season 3)

Veckler (season 4)

Jerry Andrews
(season 5) | 3 episodes of television series: * "To the Finish" (1983)
(season 3, episode 11) * "The Winner" (1984)
(season 4, episode 12) * "To Lucky Stiff" (1986)
(season 5, episode 14) |
| 1984 | *Dallas* | Joe Don Ford | 1 episode of television series: * "Jamie" (season 8, episode 4) |
| | *Foul-up, Bleeps, and Blunders* | Himself | 1 episode of television show: * Presented *Emergency!* bloopers |
| 1985 | *The Star Games* | Himself
(as Randy Mantooth) | 1 episode of television series * "Emergency!/It's a Living/Roots/Paper Chase" |
| | *Scene of the Crime* | Guest | 1 episode of television series: * "The Memory Game"
(season 1, episode 1) |
| | *Terror at London Bridge*, aka *Bridge Across Time* | Joe Nez | Television movie * Horror |
| | *Murder, She Wrote* | Raymond Two Crows/
DeMarco | 1 episode of television series: * "Murder Digs Deep"
(season 2, episode 11) |
| 1986 | *Good Morning America* | Himself | 1 episode of a talk show * Episode dated July 9, 1986 |
| 1987-1990,
1993-1995,
&
1995-1997 | *Loving*
&
*The City* | Clay Alden/
Alex Masters | Recurring role in television series |
| 1988 | *L.A. Law* | Gil Tecowsky | 1 episode of television series: * "The Princess and the Pee"
(season 3, episode 5) |
| 1991 | *White Cobra Express* |  | Television movie * Drama |
| | *Before the Storm* | Bing Tupper | Television movie * Drama |
| | *Under Cover* | Bing Tupper | 1 episode of television series: * "Sacrifices" (season 1, episode 3) |
| | *China Beach* | Joaquin | 1 episode of television series: * "100 Klicks Out" (season 4, episode 11) |
| | *MacGyver* | Earl Stringer | 1 episode of television series: * "The Prometheus Syndrome"
(season 7, episode 4) |
| 1992 | *CBS Schoolbreak Special* | Mr. Leland | 1 episode of television series: * "Please, God, I'm Only Seventeen"
(season 9, episode 4) |
| | *Baywatch* | Sam Dietz | 1 episode of television series: * "Dead of Summer"
(season 3, episode 11) |
| 1992-1993 | *General Hospital* | Richard Halifax | Recurring role of television series: * Daytime drama |
| 1995 | *The 11th Annual Soap Opera Digest Awards* | Himself/Presenter | Presenter (February 17, 1995) |
| 1996 | *The West* | Himself (voice)
(cameo appearance) | 1 episode of a PBS four-video documentary series * "The People"
(season 1, episode 1) |
| | *The Rosie O'Donnell Show* | Himself | Guest on one episode of a syndicated talk show |
| 1997 | *One Life to Live* | Alex Masters | 1 episode of television series: |
| | *Diagnosis Murder* | Mayor Bill Tremont | 1 episode of television series: * "Malibu Fire"
(season 5, episode 3) |
| | *JAG* | Col. Ron Barret | 1 episode of television series: * "Impact"
(season 3, episode 9) |
| | *Walker, Texas Ranger* | James Lee Crown | 1 episode of television series: * "Rainbow's End"
(season 6, episode 10) |
| 1998 | *Promised Land* | Ben Camden | 1 episode of television series: * "When Darkness Falls" |
| 1999 | *Diagnosis Murder* | Himself
(cameo appearance) | 1 episode of television series: * "Trash TV"
(season 6, episode 19) |
| 2000 | *ER* | Policeman | 1 episode of television series: * "May Day"
(season 6, episode 22) |
| | *Bitter Suite*
(original title *Time Share*) | Ken Crandall | Television movie * Action/drama |
| | *Ultimate Fan Search* | Himself | TVLand Game Show * Provided a video question and answer |
| | *VH-1 Where Are They Now?* | Himself | TV series/documentary/biography * Episode dated October 21, 2000 |
| 2002 | *Street Smarts* | Himself | Syndicated Game show * Classic TV Week |
| 2003 | *VH-1 Where Are They Now: TV Hunks* | Himself | TV movie documentary short * Episode dated June 30, 2003 |
| 2003-2005 | *As the World Turns* | Harold 'Hal' Todd
Munson, Jr. | 30 episodes of television series: * Daytime drama |
| 2004 | *The Hollywood Squares* | Himself | Gameshow * TV Doctors Week (season 6, episode 96)
February 9, 2004 |
| 2007 | *One Life to Live* | Kirk Harmon | 11 episodes of television series: * Daytime drama |
| | *Fire Serpent* | Dutch Fallon | Television movie * Drama |
| 2009 | *Criminal Minds* | Mr. Patrick Gless | 1 episode of television series: * "Cold Comfort"
(season 4, episode 14) |
| | *Entertainment Tonight* | Himself | TV series * Episode dated February 10, 2009 |
| 2010 | *Ghost Whisperer* | Allen Farber | 1 episode of television series: * "Dead Ringer"
(season 5, episode 21) |
| | *Hometown Glory* | Himself
(Special Thanks) | Documentary/Action/Biography |
| 2011 | *Sons of Anarchy* | Charlie Horse | 2 episodes of television series: * "Out" (1978)
(season 4, episode 1) * "Dorylus" (1981)
(season 4, episode 3) |
|

### Film

|
|  |
Feature film acting roles
| Year(s) | Title | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | *Enemy Action* | Solonsky | Feature film * Action/drama |
| 2000 | *Agent Red* | Admiral Edwards | Feature film * Action |
| 2006 | *Price to Pay* | Bert | Feature film * Drama |
| 2007 | *He Was a Quiet Man* | Dr. Willis | Feature film * Comedy/drama |
| | *On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres* | Arthur Mayler | Film short * Short/drama |
| 2008 | *Flowers and Weeds* | Roger Lonergan | Film short * Short/drama |
| 2009 | *Scream of the Bikini* | Ambassador Cartwright | Feature film * Comedy |
| 2010 | *Bold Native* | Richard Cranehill | Feature film * Action/adventure/comedy |
| 2013 | *Killer Holiday* | Detective Bodrogi | Feature film * Horror/thriller |
| 2014 | *Actor? A Documentary* | Himself | Documentary * (In theaters May 1, 2014) |
|

## Theatre

Mantooth has frequently returned to his theatre roots in such productions as *Footprints in Blood*, *Back to the Blankets*, *Wink Dah*, *The Independence of Eddie Rose*, *The Paper Crown*, *The Inuit* and *Rain Dance* (off-Broadway), among others. Since 2003, Mantooth has been an Associate Artist of The Purple Rose Theatre Company in Chelsea, Michigan, founded by Jeff Daniels, completing a three-month run of *Superior Donuts* in 2012.


title: Acacia pachypoda

abstract: Acacia pachypoda is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae that is endemic to south western Australia.

text:
# Acacia pachypoda

***Acacia pachypoda*** is a shrub belonging to the genus *Acacia* and the subgenus *Phyllodineae* that is endemic to south western Australia.

## Description

The spreading and prickly shrub typically grows to a height of 0.3 to 0.7 metres (1.0 to 2.3 ft) that has glabrous branches with light grey coloured bark. The coarsely pungent branchlets are rigid, terete and have no ribbing. Like most species of *Acacia* it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The pungent, rigid and green phyllodes are mostly patent with a length if 7 to 26 mm (0.28 to 1.02 in) and a diameter of about 1 mm (0.039 in). It blooms from August to September and produces cream-yellow flowers. The inflorescences occur in pairs of groups of three on a raceme with a length of around 1 mm (0.039 in). The spherical flower-heads contain around eight loosely packed cream coloured flowers. The seed pods that form after flowering have a linear shape with a length that is up to 5 cm (2.0 in) and a width of 2 to 3 mm (0.079 to 0.118 in). The dark brown coloured and crustaceous pods have longitudinally arranged seeds inside. The dark brown seeds have an oblong shape with a length of 3.5 to 4 mm (0.14 to 0.16 in) with a terminal white aril.

## Taxonomy

The species was first formally described by the botanist Bruce Maslin in 1974 as a part of the work *Studies in the genus Acacia - Miscellaneous new phyllodinous species* as published in the journal *Nuytsia*. It was reclassified as *Racosperma pachypodum* in 2003 by Leslie Pedley then transferred back to genus *Acacia* in 2006. *A. pachypoda* is closely related to *Acacia castanostegia* and similar in appearance to *Acacia atrox*. The specific epithet is taken from the Ancient Greek παχύς *pakhús* "thick" and πούς *poús* "foot".

## Distribution

It is native to an area in the eastern Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it is commonly situated on low rocky hills and undulating plains growing in rocky clay or sandy or stony loam soils. It has a scattered distribution from around Coolgardie in the north west to around the Frank Hann National Park in the south and east out to around Fraser Range as a part of *Eucalyptus* woodland or Mallee scrubland communities.

## InfoBox

| *Acacia pachypoda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| *Clade*: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | *Acacia* |
| Species: | ***A. pachypoda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Acacia pachypoda***<br>Maslin | |
|
|  | |
| Occurrence data from AVH | |


title: XHEEM-FM

abstract: XHEEM-FM is a radio station on 94.5 FM in Ríoverde, San Luis Potosí. It carries a grupera format known as La M Mexicana.

text:
# XHEEM-FM

**XHEEM-FM** is a radio station on 94.5 FM in Ríoverde, San Luis Potosí. It carries a grupera format known as La M Mexicana.

## History

**XEEM-AM** 880 received its concession on February 3, 1958 and was formally inaugurated 15 days later. It was owned by Carlos Martínez Guillén and broadcast as a daytimer with 1,000 watts. Later, power increased to 5,000 watts with 1,000 at night.

In 2011, XEEM was approved for AM-FM migration as **XHEEM-FM** 94.5.

## InfoBox

XHEEM-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 94.5 FM |
| Branding | La M Mexicana |
| Programming | |
| Format | Grupera |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Grupo Radiofónico MASS * (Informas Zona Media, S.A. de C.V.) |
| History | |
| First air date | February 18, 1958 |
| Technical information | |
| ERP | 25 kW |
| Transmitter coordinates | 21°55′52.85″N 100°00′40.69″W / 21.9313472°N 100.0113028°W / 21.9313472; -100.0113028 |
| Links | |
| Website | radiomasem.com |


title: Prunus rufoides

abstract: Prunus rufoides, called Diel's cherry, the tawny bark cherry, and in Chinese: 尾叶樱桃, the tailed-leaf cherry, is a species of cherry native to China, preferring to grow at 500–1400 m above sea level, but reaching 1800 m. The fruits are eaten by masked palm civets and the fruits, leaves and buds are eaten by gray snub-nosed monkeys.

text:
# Prunus rufoides

***Prunus rufoides*** (syn. ***Prunus dielsiana***), called **Diel's cherry**, the **tawny bark cherry**, and in Chinese: 尾叶樱桃, the **tailed-leaf cherry**, is a species of cherry native to China, preferring to grow at 500–1400 m above sea level, but reaching 1800 m. The fruits are eaten by masked palm civets (*Paguma larvata*) and the fruits, leaves and buds are eaten by gray snub-nosed monkeys (*Rhinopithecus brelichi*).

## Description

It is shrub or tree, usually 5 to 10 m tall. Its bark is brownishgray. The leaves have a 0.8 to 1.7 mm petiole, and are elliptic to elliptic-obovate, from 6 to 14 cm long and 2.5 to 4.5 cm wide. The leaves are a darker green on the top surface, with the underside pilose, even villous on the veins. Typically the umbellate or subumbellate inflorescences have 2 to 6 flowers with white or pink petals. Each flower has 32–36 stamens. The fruit, a drupe, is red, 8 to 9 mm.

## Distribution

Diel's cherry is found in Anhui, Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Sichuan provinces in China.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus rufoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Subgenus: | *Prunus subg. Cerasus* |
| Species: | ***P. rufoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus rufoides***<br>C.K.Schneid. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cerasus dielsiana* (C.K.Schneid.) T.T.Yü & C.L.Li * *Cerasus dielsiana* var. *abbreviata* (Cardot) T.T.Yü & C.L.Li * *Prunus carcharias* Koehne * *Prunus dielsiana* (C.K.Schneid.) Koehne * *Prunus dielsiana* var. *abbreviata* Cardot * *Prunus dielsiana* var. *conferta* Koehne * *Prunus dielsiana* var. *laxa* Koehne * *Prunus szechuanica* var. *dielsiana* C.K.Schneid. | |


abstract: Mauritius competed at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Spain between 19 July and 4 August 2013.

text:
# Mauritius at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships

**Mauritius** competed at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Spain between 19 July and 4 August 2013.

## Swimming

Mauritian swimmers achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard):

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Mathieu Marquet | 200 m freestyle | 1:57.48 | 56 | did not advance | | | |
| Bradley Vincent | 50 m freestyle | 23.82 | 52 | did not advance | | | |
| | 100 m freestyle | 52.76 | 56 | did not advance | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Heather Arseth | 100 m freestyle | 58.73 | 54 | did not advance | | | |

## InfoBox

| Mauritius at the<br>2013 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Mauritius | |
| FINA code | MRI |
| National federation | Mauritius Swimming Federation |
| in Barcelona, Spain | |
| Competitors | **3** in **1** sports |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Aquatics Championships appearances | |
|  | |


title: Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa

abstract: Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa is a teacher of Kundalini yoga, as taught by Yogi Bhajan, and a pioneer in the field of pre-natal yoga. She is the co-founder and director of the Golden Bridge Yoga Center in Los Angeles, and the author of two books and three DVDs. She has become a yoga guru for Hollywood film stars.

text:
# Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa

**Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa** (née Mary May Gibson; born 1942/1943) is a teacher of Kundalini yoga, as taught by Yogi Bhajan, and a pioneer in the field of pre-natal yoga. She is the co-founder and director of the Golden Bridge Yoga Center in Los Angeles, and the author of two books and three DVDs. She has become a yoga guru for Hollywood film stars.

## Early years

Mary May Gibson was born in a small Illinois town, to middle-class, Methodist parents. At age nineteen, she left her home to attend college at San Francisco State University in California. There, she married a Ph.D. student, and in 1964, gave birth to a boy with a congenital heart defect. The child died seven months later, and the marriage ended in an amicable divorce. From living in Haight Ashbury, Gibson traveled to Big Sur, then to Mexico, where she lived among tribal peoples. She subsequently resided in Maui.

Gibson later moved to a Zen Buddhist zendō, where she practiced silent meditation seven hours a day for a year.

## Introduction to Kundalini yoga

In 1970, Gibson and a colleague went to the 3HO ashram in Tucson, Arizona. She stayed in Arizona for two years, working at the ashram, and taught yoga at the University of Arizona as well as at the Arizona State Correctional Facility. It was in 1970, at the ashram, that she met Yogi Bhajan, a Kundalini yoga master. On their first meeting, he gave Gibson a new name, "Gurmukh", meaning "the one whose face is towards the guru (meaning they have dedicated their lives to their guru)". He also told her she would help deliver babies. She then worked in the field of home births with a Santa Fe obstetrician/gynecologist, after which teaching yoga became her full-time occupation.

## Yoga for pregnant mothers

In 1977, Gurmukh went on a pilgrimage to India, and on her return, moved to Los Angeles, where she met Gurushabd Singh Khalsa, whom she married on September 29, 1982, aged 39. In February 1982, she gave birth to their daughter, at home, with the help of a midwife. Thereafter, Gurmukh used her knowledge of Kundalini yoga, as taught by Yogi Bhajan, and her own pregnancy experiences, to give classes for expectant mothers. This eventually led to a childbirth education program she was to call "the Khalsa Way", which included her own pre- and post-natal videos. She also began a sixty-hour Khalsa Way teacher training certification course for women from around the world to take to their communities. In 2003, Gurmukh published the book *Bountiful, Beautiful, Blissful: Exploring the Natural Power of Pregnancy and Birth with Kundalini Yoga and Meditation*, through St. Martin's Press.

## Kundalini yoga

In her career as a Kundalini yoga teacher based in Los Angeles, Gurmukh developed a celebrity clientele, which included Madonna, Courtney Love, Gwyneth Paltrow, David Duchovny, Annette Bening, and Rosanna Arquette. Eventually, with the guidance of her teacher, Gurmukh Kaur stopped offering private classes to celebrities.

In 2000, she published the guide *Eight Human Talents: The Yoga Way to Restore the Balance and Serenity Within You* through HarperCollins. In 2002, Gurmukh and Gurutej Kaur co-founded the Golden Bridge Yoga Center in Los Angeles, where she and her husband teach classes and workshops. They also offer teacher trainings around the world.

In 2007, *Vanity Fair* described Gurmukh as the "glamour girl of Kundalini".

## Publications

* Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa, *Eight Human Talents: The Yoga Way to Restore the Balance and Serenity Within You*, New York, Harper Collins, 2000.
* Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa, *Bountiful, Beautiful, Blissful: Exploring the Natural Power of Pregnancy and Birth with Kundalini Yoga and Meditation*, New York, St. Martins Griffin, 2003.

## DVDs

* *Prenatal Kundalini Yoga and meditation for mothers-to-be*, Gaiam (2000)
* Postnatal Kundalini Yoga for new mothers, Gaiam (2000)
* *Kundalini Yoga with Gurmukh*, Living Arts (2004)

## Articles

* Joanne Chen, "Spiritual Love," *Vogue*, April 1999.
* Anna Dubrovsky, "Kundalini's Queen: Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa", *Yoga International*
* Samantha Dunn, "L.A. (Yoga) Story", *Yoga Journal*, July–August 1999
* Julie Deife, "Sitting Down with Gurmukh", *LA Yoga Magazine*, January–February 2005
* Janice Gates (2006). *Yogini: Women Visionaries of the Yoga World*. San Rafael, California: Mandala Publications. pp. 82–87. ISBN 978-1-932771-88-6.
* Marcy Axness; Melanie Mayo (August 8, 2013). "Gurmukh's Postpartum Wisdom". *Mothering*.

## InfoBox

| Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mary May Gibson
1942/1943
Downers Grove, Illinois, U.S. |
| Education | San Francisco State University |
| Occupation(s) | Co-founder and director of Golden Bridge Yoga, Los Angeles and New York |
| Known for | Kundalini yoga, yoga in pregnancy |
| Spouse | Gurushabd Singh Khalsa (m. 1982) |
| Children | 1 |
| Website | goldenbridgeyoga.com khalsaway.com |


title: Max Hofmeister

abstract: Max Hofmeister was an Austrian football player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Austrian team, which won the silver medal in the football tournament. He played all four matches as midfielder.

text:
# Max Hofmeister

**Max Hofmeister** (22 March 1913 – 12 April 2000) was an Austrian football player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Austrian team, which won the silver medal in the football tournament. He played all four matches as midfielder.

## InfoBox

| Olympic medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's Football | | |
|  | 1936 Berlin | Team Competition |


title: Wernigerode (district)

abstract: Wernigerode was a district (Kreis) in the west of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The neighboring districts were Halberstadt, Quedlinburg, the district Nordhausen in Thuringia and the district Goslar in Lower Saxony. On 1 July 2007, during the district reform in Saxony-Anhalt it became part of the new district of Harz.

text:
# Wernigerode (district)

**Wernigerode** was a district (*Kreis*) in the west of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The neighboring districts were (from north clockwise) Halberstadt, Quedlinburg, the district Nordhausen in Thuringia and the district Goslar in Lower Saxony. On 1 July 2007, during the district reform in Saxony-Anhalt it became part of the new district of Harz.

## Geography

The district is located at the northern end of the Harz mountains. The highest mountain of the Harz, the *Brocken*, is located in the southeast of the district.

## Coat of arms

|  | The coat of arms are based upon those used by the principality and the diocese of Halberstadt. On top of the red and white areas are two fish, which are taken from the coat of arms of the counts of Wernigerode. Blazon: *Per pale argent and gules, two salmo trutta hauriant respectant counterchanged.* |
| --- | --- |

## Towns and municipalities

| Towns | Verwaltungsgemeinschaften |
| --- | --- |
| 1. Elbingerode 2. Wernigerode | 1. Blankenburg (incl. town Blankenburg) 2. Brocken-Hochharz (incl. towns Benneckenstein and Hasselfelde) 3. Ilsenburg (incl. town Ilsenburg) 4. Nordharz (incl. town Derenburg) |

51°50′24″N 10°47′24″E / 51.84000°N 10.79000°E / 51.84000; 10.79000

## InfoBox

| Wernigerode | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony-Anhalt |
| Disbanded | 2007-07-01 |
| Capital | Wernigerode |
| Area | |
| Total | 797.60 km2 (307.96 sq mi) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 94,556 |
| Density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | WR |


title: On Our Selection (1912 play)

abstract: On Our Selection is a 1912 Australian play by Bert Bailey and Edmund Duggan based on the stories with the same name by Steele Rudd. Bailey played Dad Rudd in the original production.

text:
# On Our Selection (1912 play)

***On Our Selection*** is a 1912 Australian play by Bert Bailey and Edmund Duggan based on the stories with the same name by Steele Rudd. Bailey played Dad Rudd in the original production.

## Plot

The play consists of four acts. It starts with the selection of Dad Rudd in the grip of drought. His neighbour John Carey seizes his stock for a debt, partly to get revenge for Dad having secured an adjoining piece of land coveted by Carey. Carey's playboy son Jim is romantically interested in Dad's daughter Kate and follows her to Brisbane.

Kate returns home to escape Jim Carey, who follows her home. There is an encounter between Jim Carey, Kate and Kate's boyfriend Sandy which results in Sandy knocking Carey unconscious. Jim Carey is discovered by local eccentric, 'Cranky Jack', who recognises Carey as the man who ran off with Jack's wife and strangles him to death. The body is discovered by Sandy and Kate who believe that Sandy has accidentally been responsible for killing Carey. Sandy escapes detection and the inquest returns a verdict that Jim Carey was murdered by some person or persons unknown.

Dad Rudd becomes a prosperous farmer and his friends encourage him to run for parliament against John Carey. Carey overhears an incriminating conversation between Sandy and Kate and arranges a warrant for Sandy's arrest. However Crank Jack then attacks John Carey, thinking he is his son, confessing to the crime. He is dragged away and Sandy's name is cleared. Dad Rudd is elected to parliament.

## History

Steele Rudd originally worked on an adaptation of his stories in collaboration with Beaumont Smith. The result was unsatisfactory, so Bailey and Duggan wrote their version. However Beaumont Smith was credited as co-author in some articles on the original production.

The main change the adaptors made to the stories was to add more of a plot, building up the character of Carey into a villain, making "Cranky Jack" a murderer and throwing suspicion on Sandy.

Steele Rudd received very little money from the success of the play as copyright protection for authors was exceedingly poor before 1912. According to academics Roslyn Atkinson and Richard Fothering ham Rudd was "the last as well as the most important Australian playwright to be forced to operate under the old legislation, and to be seriously disadvantaged by it. The imperfect laws covering intellectual property go a long way towards explaining why Rudd has been glibly dismissed as a poor businessman, and why early Australian dramatists in general found their trade to be financially a singularly unrewarding one."

## Original cast

* Bert Bailey as Dad (Joseph Murtagh) Rudd
* Guy Hastings as Sandy
* Fred MacDonald as Dave Rudd
* Alfreda Bevan as Mum
* Willie Driscoll as Uncle Rudd
* Edmund Duggan as Moloney
* Alfred Harford as the Reverend Mr Macpherson
* George Kensington as John Carey
* Mary Marlowe as Kate Rudd
* Laura Roberts as Sara Rudd
* George Treloar as Jim Carey
* Queenie Sefton as Mrs White
* Jack Lennon as Cranky Jack
* Lilias Adeson
* Arthur Bertram

## Reception

The play made its debut in Sydney at the Theatre Royal on 4 May 1912 and was an enormous success. It toured throughout the country and was frequently revived until the 1930s.

### Film adaptations

The 1932 version of *On Our Selection*, which starred Bailey and MacDonald, and its three sequels, owed more to the play than Steele Rudd's original stories. The 1920 version from director Raymond Longford was closer to the stories.

### Later revivals

The play was revived again in 1979 by director George Whaley at the Jane Street Theatre with Don Crosby as Dad, Geoffrey Rush as Dave and Mel Gibson as Sandy, plus Noni Hazlehurst, Jon Blake, John Clayton and Kerry Walker. This production was later transferred to the Nimrod Theatre and was adapted into a film by Whaley in 1995.

## Legacy

The success of the play saw many other similar Australian plays be presented including:

## InfoBox

| On Our Selection | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Bert Bailey
Edmund Duggan |
| Characters | Dad Rudd
Dave Rudd |
| Date premiered | 1912 |
| Original language | English |
| Setting | Rural Queensland |


title: FC Boisbriand

abstract: FC Boisbriand was a Canadian semi-professional soccer club based in Boisbriand, Quebec that played in the Première Ligue de soccer du Québec.

text:
# FC Boisbriand

**FC Boisbriand** was a Canadian semi-professional soccer club based in Boisbriand, Quebec that played in the Première Ligue de soccer du Québec.

## History

The club was originally formed in 1977.

In 2012, the semi-professional club was established to play in the newly formed Première Ligue de soccer du Québec, a Division III league, as one of the founding members. Their home field was located at Parc Régional 640. They played their first match on May 6, at home, against FC L'Assomption. They had a rivalry with A.S. Blainville, with both clubs being from the Laurentides region. After the 2013 season, they withdrew from the league, having failed to meet league regulations.

At the end of 2019, the club merged with three other local clubs - FC St-Eustache, Shamrocks TC and Phénix de Saint-Joseph-du-Lac - to form **Club Revolution FC**.

## Seasons

| Season | League | Teams | Record | Rank | League Cup | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Première Ligue de soccer du Québec | 5 | 4–6–6 | 5th |  |  |
| 2013 | | 7 | 2–1–15 | 7th | *Did not qualify* |  |

## Notable former players

The following players have either played at the professional or international level, either before or after playing for the PLSQ team:

## InfoBox

FC Boisbriand
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1977 |
| League | Première Ligue de soccer du Québec |
| 2013 | PLSQ, 7th |
| Website | Club website |


title: Ralph Jesson

abstract: Ralph William Jesson was an American college football coach. He served as the head coach at Loyola College of Los Angeles—now known as Loyola Marymount University—in 1920.

text:
# Ralph Jesson

**Ralph William Jesson** (July 22, 1893 – January 11, 1985) was an American college football coach. He served as the head coach at Loyola College of Los Angeles—now known as Loyola Marymount University—in 1920.

## Biography

Jesson attended Pomona College, where he played on the football team in 1915. He served as the freshman coach at Occidental College.

In 1920, Jesson served as head coach for Loyola, where he compiled a 0–2–1 record. From 1924 to 1928, he coached the football team at Polytechnic High School in Los Angeles, California. From 1930 to 1934, he coached the school's basketball team. In the 1930s, he also worked as a football official in the Pacific Coast Conference.

Jesson and his wife, Vivian Rich, the silent film actress, lived in Los Angeles, California. They had three children, the eldest of whom was Ralph William Jr.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Loyola Lions** *(Independent)* (1920) | | | | | | | | |
| 1920 | Loyola | 0–2–1 |  |  |  |
| **Loyola:** | | 0–2–1 |  |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 0–2–1 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Ralph Jesson
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1893-07-22)July 22, 1893
Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | January 11, 1985(1985-01-11) (aged 91)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 1910s | Pomona |
|  | |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1920 | Loyola (CA) |
| 1924–1928 | John H. Francis Polytechnic HS (CA) |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 0–2–1 (college football) |
|  | |


title: Jay Disharoon

abstract: James Dudley "Jay" Disharoon was an American lawyer and politician. Born in Jackson, Mississippi, Disharoon grew up in Port Gibson, Mississippi and went to Port Gibson High School. He served in the United States Army. Disharoon received his bachelor's degree from Mississippi State University and his Juris Doctor degree from University of Mississippi School of Law. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives, from 1976 to 1980, as a Democrat and then in the Mississippi State Senate from 1980 to 1988. Disharoon and his son Jamie were killed in a traffic accident in Jackson, Mississippi.

text:
# Jay Disharoon

**James Dudley "Jay" Disharoon** (March 10, 1949  June 10, 2014) was an American lawyer and politician.

Born in Jackson, Mississippi, Disharoon grew up in Port Gibson, Mississippi and went to Port Gibson High School. He served in the United States Army. Disharoon received his bachelor's degree from Mississippi State University and his Juris Doctor degree from University of Mississippi School of Law. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives, from 1976 to 1980, as a Democrat and then in the Mississippi State Senate from 1980 to 1988. Disharoon and his son Jamie were killed in a traffic accident in Jackson, Mississippi.


title: Murcia Open

abstract: The Murcia Open is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It is held annually in Murcia, Spain since 2019.

text:
# Murcia Open

The **Murcia Open** is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It is held annually in Murcia, Spain since 2019.

## Past finals

### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | **Henrique Rocha** | Nikoloz Basilashvili | 3–6, 7–6(7–0), 7–5 |
| 2023 | **Matteo Arnaldi** | Borna Gojo | 6–4, 7–6(7–4) |
| 2022 | **Tseng Chun-hsin** | Norbert Gombos | 6–4, 6–1 |
| 2021 | **Tallon Griekspoor** | Roberto Carballés Baena | 3–6, 7–5, 6–3 |
| 2020 | *Not Held* | | |
| 2019 | **Roberto Carballés Baena** | Mikael Ymer | 2–6, 6–0, 6–2 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | **Théo Arribagé**
**Victor Vlad Cornea** | Arjun Kadhe
Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan | 7–5, 6–1 |
| 2023 | **Daniel Rincón**
**Abedallah Shelbayh** | Marco Bortolotti
Sergio Martos Gornés | 7–6(7–3), 6–4 |
| 2022 | **Íñigo Cervantes**
**Oriol Roca Batalla** | Pedro Cachin
Martín Cuevas | 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–4), \[10–7\] |
| 2021 | **Raúl Brancaccio**
**Flavio Cobolli** | Alberto Barroso Campos
Roberto Carballés Baena | 6–3, 7–6(7–4) |
| 2020 | *Not Held* | | |
| 2019 | **Marcus Daniell**
**David Marrero** | Rameez Junaid
Andrei Vasilevski | 6–4, 6–4 |

## InfoBox

| Murcia Open | |
| --- | --- |
| *2024 Murcia Open* | |
| ATP Challenger Tour | |
| Event name | Murcia Open |
| Location | Murcia, Spain |
| Venue | Murcia Club de Tenis 1919 |
| Category | ATP Challenger Tour |
| Surface | Clay |
| Draw | 32S/24Q/16D |
| Prize money | € 45,730 |
| Website | Official Website |
| Current champions (2023) | |
| Singles | Matteo Arnaldi |
| Doubles | Daniel Rincón
Abedallah Shelbayh |


title: Prunus schlechteri

abstract: Prunus schlechteri, aimangelo, is a species of Prunus native to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It is a tree reaching 35 m. Native peoples chew a pulp of its bark to alleviate the pain of toothaches or apply it externally to relieve aching muscles.

text:
# Prunus schlechteri

***Prunus schlechteri***, **aimangelo**, is a species of *Prunus* native to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It is a tree reaching 35 m. Native peoples chew a pulp of its bark to alleviate the pain of toothaches or apply it externally to relieve aching muscles.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus schlechteri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Species: | ***P. schlechteri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus schlechteri***<br>(Koehne) Kalk. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pygeum schlechteri* Koehne * *Pygeum forbesii* Koehne * *Pygeum laurocerasus* Koehne * *Pygeum salomonense* Merr. & L.M.Perry * *Pygeum tetradenium* Koehne | |


abstract: Mauritius competed in the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland from July 23 to August 3, 2014. Mauritius has 60 athletes competing in these games.

text:
# Mauritius at the 2014 Commonwealth Games

**Mauritius** competed in the **2014 Commonwealth Games** in Glasgow, Scotland from July 23 to August 3, 2014. Mauritius has 60 athletes competing in these games.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Silver | Kennedy St Pierre | Boxing | Men's light heavyweight | Aug 2 |
| Bronze | Annabelle Laprovidence | Judo | Women's +78 kg | July 26 |

## Athletics

Key * **Note** – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* **NR** = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Men

| Athlete | Event | Round 1 | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Jonathan Permal | 100 m | 10.46 **PB** | 3 | did not advance | | | |
| | 200 m | 21.21 | 4 | did not advance | | | |
| Nitesh Momine | 1500 m (T54) | 4:18.67 **PB** | 7 |  | | did not advance | |
| Sebastien Ravet | | 3:37.96 **PB** | 5 **q** |  | | 3:42.97 | 9 |
| Jean Vilbrim | Marathon |  | | | | 2:25:39 | 20 |

Field Events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Rank | Distance | Rank |
| Jonathan Drack | Triple jump | 16.13 **=PB** | 8 **q** | did not start | |
| Sylvain Pierre Louis | Shot put | 15.23 | 18 | did not advance | |
| Elvino Pierre Louis | Discus throw | 50.57 | 16 | did not advance | |
| Mario Arimond | Discus throw (F42/44) |  | | 24.85 **PB** | 11 |

Combined events – Decathlon

| Athlete | Event | 100 m | LJ | SP | HJ | 400 m | 110H | DT | PV | JT | 1500 m | Final | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Guillaume Thierry | Result | 11.39 | 6.96 | 13.8 | 1.87 | 52.71 | 15.18 | 41.45 | 4.59 | 62.87 | 5:04.76 | 7303 | 11 |
| | Points | 776 | 804 | 716 | 687 | 694 | 828 | 694 | 790 | 781 | | | 533 |

Women Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Joanilla Janvier | 100 m | 12.43 | 6 | did not advance | | | |
| | 200 m | 25.30 | 5 | did not advance | | | |
| Aurelie Alcindor | 400 m | 57.39 | 7 | did not advance | | | |
| | 800 m | 2.13.80 | 8 | did not advance | | | |

Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Jessika Rosun | Javelin throw |  | | 47.39 | 12 |

## Badminton

Mixed team  Pool F

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | GF | GA | GD | PF | PA | PD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | England | 3 | 3 | 0 | 30 | 1 | +29 | 638 | 305 | +333 | 3 | Quarterfinals |
| 2 | Jersey | 3 | 2 | 1 | 20 | 12 | +8 | 558 | 518 | +40 | 2 |  |
| 3 | Northern Ireland | 3 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 23 | 12 | 528 | 629 | 101 | | 1 |
| 4 | Mauritius | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 29 | 25 | 412 | 684 | 272 | | 0 |

Source: glasgow2014.com

## Boxing

Mauritius has six men and two women

## Cycling

### Mountain biking

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Yannick Lincoln | Men's cross-country | 1:51:23 | 15 |
| Sebastien Tyack | | LAP | 27 |
| Aurelie Halbwach | Women's cross-country | DNF | |

### Road

Women

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aurelie Halbwach | Road race | DNF | |
| | Time trial | 47:25.71 | 19 |

## Judo

Men

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Pascal Laurent | −60 kg |  | Buchanan (SCO)
**L** 0001-0200 | did not advance | | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Repechage | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Christiane Legentil | −52 kg | Bye | K Edwards (ENG)
**L**0001-0000 | did not advance | Mva (RSA)
**W**1000-0001 | Thoudam (IND)
**L**0003-0002 | 5 |
| Sarah Sylva | −57 kg | Bye | Sitcheping (CMR)
**L**0001-1000 | Did not advance | Manuel (NZL)
**L**0003-0001 | Did not advance | 7 |
| Annabelle Laprovidence | +78 kg |  | Vaillancourt (CAN)
**W** 1000-0000 | Myers (ENG)
**L** 0001-1000 | Bye | Widanalage (SRI)
**L** 100-001 |  |

## Squash

Mauritius has two squash athletes entered.

Individual

| Athlete | Event | Round of 128 | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score |
| Xavier Koenig | Men's Singles | Bye | N Matthew (ENG) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Vanessa Florens | Women's Singles |  | Bye | N David (MAS) |  |  |  |  |

Doubles

| Athlete | Event | Group Stage | | | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Xavier Koenig
Vanessa Florens | Mixed doubles | D Selby / S Kippax (ENG) | D Evans / D Saffery (WAL) | K Wilson / K Sample (TRI) |  |  |  |  |  |

## Swimming

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Mathieu Marquet | 50 m freestyle | 24.12 | 29 | did not advance | | | |
| Bradley Vincent | | 23.20 | 15 **Q** | 23.09 | 15 | did not advance | |
| Mathieu Marquet | 100 m freestyle | 52.94 | 27 | did not advance | | | |
| Bradley Vincent | | 50.59 | 10 **Q** | 50.52 | 14 | did not advance | |
| Scody Victor | 100 metre freestyle S9 | 1:19.08 | 5 **Q** |  | | 1:18.89 | 5 |
| Mathieu Marquet | 100 m backstroke | 1:02.55 | 29 | did not advance | | | |
| Bradley Vincent | 50 m butterfly | 25.79 | =22 | did not advance | | | |
| Mathieu Marquet | 100 m butterfly | 58.29 | 23 | did not advance | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Emily Chan Chee | 50 m freestyle | 27.83 | 34 | did not advance | | | |
| Olivia Plateau de Maroussen | | 26.99 | 21 | did not advance | | | |
| Emily Chan Chee | 100 m freestyle | 1:01.96 | 33 | did not advance | | | |
| Olivia Plateau de Maroussen | | 58.92 | 24 | did not advance | | | |
| Olivia Plateau de Maroussen | 200 m freestyle | 2:07.98 | 25 |  | | did not advance | |
| Emily Chan Chee | 50 m backstroke | 32.63 | 24 | did not advance | | | |
| Emily Chan Chee | 50 m butterfly | 29.34 | 28 | did not advance | | | |
| Emily Chan Chee | 100 m butterfly | 1:07.39 | 24 | did not advance | | | |

## Table Tennis

## Triathlon

| Athlete | Event | Swim (1.5 km) | Bike (40 km) | Run (10 km) | Total Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boris De Chazal | Men's | 25:40 | Lapped | | | |
| Boris Toulet | | 23:51 | Lapped | | | |
| Emilie Ng Foong Po | Women's | 24:08 | Lapped | | | |
| Fabienne St Louis | | 24:07 | 1:13:05 | 43:43 | 2:22:00 | 16 |

Mixed Relay

| Athletes | Event | Total Times per Athlete
*(Swim 250 m, Bike 6 km,
Run 1.6 km)* | Total Group Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fabienne St Louis
Boris Toulet
Emilie Ng Foong Po
Boris De Chazal | Mixed relay | 21:11
20:00
22:12
21:38 | 1:25:01 | 9 |

## Weightlifting

Men

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | Clean & Jerk | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jonathan Coret | 56 kg | did not finish | | | |
| Cedric Coret | 77 kg | 111 | 148 | 25 | 15 |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | Clean & Jerk | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hanitra Rahaivosoa | 58 kg | 82 | did not finish | | |
| Shalinee Valaydon | +75 kg | 90 | 116 | 206 | 8 |

## Wrestling

Men's freestyle

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Repechage | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Jean Bandoo | −57 kg |  | Kumar (IND)
**L** 0-5 | did not advance | | Masunyane (RSA)
**L** 1-11 | Did not advance | 7 |
| Christophe Adroit | −65 kg |  | Miller (NZL)
**L** 6-7 | did not advance | | | | |
| Gilbert Emilie | −74 kg | Bye | Sandrage (SRI)
**L** 8-7F | did not advance | | | | |

**F** — Won by fall

## InfoBox

| Mauritius at the
2014 Commonwealth Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| CGF code | MRI |
| CGA | Mauritius Olympic Committee |
| in Glasgow, Scotland | |
| Flag bearer | Kate Foo Kune |
| Medals
Ranked =27th | Gold 0 Silver 1 Bronze 1 Total 2 |
| Commonwealth Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Red Cliff Bridge

abstract: Red Cliff Bridge also called the Green Bridge or originally called the "Silver Bridge" by locals for its original silver color before being re-painted green as it remains today, is a cantilevered steel arch bridge located about 0.5 mi (0.80 km) southwest of the town of Red Cliff, Colorado, one of Colorado's iconic bridges. The bridge carries U.S. Highway 24 over the Eagle River, as well as a county road, and the former Union Pacific Railroad track that heads south toward Tennessee Pass and the city of Leadville. One of only two steel arch bridges within Colorado, Red Cliff Bridge has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1985 and is the state's only cantilevered steel arch bridge. The bridge was designed by King Burghardt, an engineer at the Colorado Department of Highways, and built by contractor P.M. Kenney in 1940, using steel components fabricated by the Minnesota-Moline Power Implement Company. Construction was difficult, with workers hanging over a 200 ft (61 m) drop while working in temperatures that sometimes dipped below 0 °F (−18 °C). Burghardt wrote in his journal, "In the morning, each gang was lifted to its scaffold on a platform hung from the high line. They took their lunches with them and spent the entire day in the air with the winter wind continually blowing up the canyon." After more than 60 years since its construction, the bridge had deteriorated to the point that major restoration work was required. The work was completed between March and November 2004 at a cost of $3.6 million, with $1.6 million coming from the Federal Highway Administration. The bridge deck was replaced and widened and much of the steel was repainted. However, because of the bridge's historic status, care was taken to maintain the visual aesthetic. The rehabilitation effort won the 2005 National Steel Bridge Alliance Prize Bridge Award for the year's best reconstructed bridge.

text:
# Red Cliff Bridge

**Red Cliff Bridge** also called the Green Bridge or originally called the "Silver Bridge" by locals for its original silver color before being re-painted green as it remains today, is a cantilevered steel arch bridge located about 0.5 mi (0.80 km) southwest of the town of Red Cliff, Colorado, one of Colorado's iconic bridges. The bridge carries U.S. Highway 24 over the Eagle River, as well as a county road, and the former Union Pacific Railroad track that heads south toward Tennessee Pass and the city of Leadville. One of only two steel arch bridges within Colorado, Red Cliff Bridge has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1985 and is the state's only cantilevered steel arch bridge.

The bridge was designed by King Burghardt, an engineer at the Colorado Department of Highways, and built by contractor P.M. Kenney in 1940, using steel components fabricated by the Minnesota-Moline Power Implement Company. Construction was difficult, with workers hanging over a 200 ft (61 m) drop while working in temperatures that sometimes dipped below 0 °F (−18 °C). Burghardt wrote in his journal, "In the morning, each gang was lifted to its scaffold on a platform hung from the high line. They took their lunches with them and spent the entire day in the air with the winter wind continually blowing up the canyon."

After more than 60 years since its construction, the bridge had deteriorated to the point that major restoration work was required. The work was completed between March and November 2004 at a cost of $3.6 million, with $1.6 million coming from the Federal Highway Administration. The bridge deck was replaced and widened and much of the steel was repainted. However, because of the bridge's historic status, care was taken to maintain the visual aesthetic. The rehabilitation effort won the 2005 National Steel Bridge Alliance Prize Bridge Award for the year's best reconstructed bridge.

Media related to Red Cliff Bridge at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Red Cliff Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Red Cliff Bridge (foreground) | |
| Coordinates | 39°30′30″N 106°22′36″W / 39.50833°N 106.37667°W / 39.50833; -106.37667 |
| Carries | US 24 |
| Crosses | Eagle River |
| Locale | Red Cliff, Colorado |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | cantilevered steel arch bridge |
| Total length | 471 ft (144 m) |
| Width | 30 ft (9.1 m) |
| Height | 200 ft (61 m) (approximate) |
| Longest span | 318 ft (97 m) |
| History | |
| Architect | King Burghardt |
| Constructed by | F.M. Kenney |
| Fabrication by | Minnesota-Moline Power Implement Company |
| Construction start | 1939 |
| Construction end | 1940 |
| Construction cost | $372,407 (equivalent to $6.3 million in 2023 dollars) |
| Opened | 1941 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: McCullough Report

abstract: The McCullough Report is a report published by the Irish Roman Catholic bishops in June 2005 following allegations of homosexual sexual abuse between seminarians and staff at St Patrick's College, Maynooth in Ireland. The report looked at how the college responded to the allegations, and found that no specific allegations of sexual abuse had been made. Instead it found that the allegations were focused on the alleged lifestyle and possible "homosexual tendencies" of Micheál Ledwith, at the time vice-president of the college, and that the dean of the college, Gerard McGinnity, had expressed non-specific concerns about possible improprieties in Ledwith's relationship with some students. Although the report did not find that there were allegations of sexual harassment made against Ledwith, it did find that the concerns raised by McGinnity were not adequately investigated.

text:
# McCullough Report

The **McCullough Report** is a report published by the Irish Roman Catholic bishops in June 2005 following allegations of homosexual sexual abuse between seminarians and staff at St Patrick's College, Maynooth in Ireland. The report looked at how the college responded to the allegations, and found that no specific allegations of sexual abuse had been made. Instead it found that the allegations were focused on the alleged lifestyle and possible "homosexual tendencies" of Micheál Ledwith, at the time vice-president of the college, and that the dean of the college, Gerard McGinnity, had expressed non-specific concerns about possible improprieties in Ledwith's relationship with some students. Although the report did not find that there were allegations of sexual harassment made against Ledwith, it did find that the concerns raised by McGinnity were not adequately investigated.

## Background

The inquiry leading to this report was commissioned by the bishops of following media reports that complaints of sexual harassment of junior seminarians at Maynooth in the early 1980s had not received a proper response. Micheál Ledwith, who at the time of the alleged complaints had been vice-president of St Patrick's College, Maynooth, had, it was claimed, been the subject of complaints relating to the possible sexual harassment of some students at the college. Students were alleged to have raised concerns with a number of bishops, who then failed to investigate the claims. These complaints were also said to have been raised by Dr. Gerard McGinnity, the dean of the college. However, it was alleged that McGinnity's concerns were similarly ignored. Shortly thereafter McGinnity took a twelve-month sabbatical, and instead of returning to his previous position at the college he was transferred to a rural parish.

## Process

In June 2002, Denis McCullough SC was retained by the bishops to investigate the allegations that those complaints had not received a proper response. McCullough was not asked to investigate whether or not incidents of sexual harassment had occurred, but had a brief that was limited to investigating the if complaints were made any responses that emerged from those complaints. As part of his investigation, McCullough approached the five seminarians who were believed to have been the core group who raised concerns, McGinnity, all of the surviving bishops who had been involved with alleged the complaints, and Micheál Ledwith. One of the seminarians was not interviewed as part of the inquiry as the individual concerned chose not to be involved, and McGinnity did not contribute to this inquiry. In addition to the interviews, McCullough examined documentary records, including Minutes and correspondence.

The report took over three years to complete, and was released on 16 June 2005.

## Findings

McCullough's report found that none of those interviewed had made complaints about sexual harassment in regard to Micheál Ledwith. Those interviewed stated that they were unaware of any such allegations, and had not related them to the bishops, trustees, or McGinnity. The complaints were more general, focused on apparent propensities rather than specific criminal acts, and were related to his apparent extravagant lifestyle and alleged "homosexual tendencies".

Nevertheless, the report also found that McGinnity may have expressed concerns about possible improprieties in Ledwith's relationship with some students, although once again it was in terms of general propensities rather than any specific claims. When McGinnity was asked to produce a student to substantiate these allegations, McGinnity was unable to do so. According to the report, it seems that the lack of evidence meant that those looking into the issue felt that there was no foundation to the allegations, and subsequently McGinnity went on sabbatical. In his findings, McCullough concluded "that to have rejected the senior dean's concerns so completely and so abruptly without any adequate investigation may have been too precipitate, although, of course, to investigate in any very full or substantial manner, a generic complaint regarding a person's apparent propensities would have been difficult".

## Responses

The Archbishop of Armagh, Cardinal Seán Brady stated, following the publication of The McCullough Report, that "those seminarians who expressed concern in the early eighties were acting in good faith. We regret any hurt felt by those involved and that the investigation in 1984 was not more thorough".

Later in 2005 the Ferns Report was published and dealt in part with the allegations made by the seminarians against Micheal Ledwith. Dr. Ginnity was interviewed this time, and at section 4.6 the report states that the seminarians made "no specific allegations" but "had an anxiety with regard to orientation and propensity rather than with specific sexual activity."


title: West of Scotland Cricket Club

abstract: The West of Scotland Cricket Club is a cricket club based in Glasgow, Scotland. The club's home ground is Hamilton Crescent, located in the Partick area of Glasgow's West End. West of Scotland, traditionally, are one of the working class cricket clubs in Glasgow and on a summer's day there can be quite a jovial, rowdy, yet well informed support on the famous banking. West can boast a host of famous players who have both played at the ground and for the club. Recently two of these have been famous Scottish internationalists, the opening batsman Douglas Lockhart and bowler John Blain. Lockhart was a former Oxford UCCE player and having had trials with Derbyshire whilst Blain played professional county cricket for Northamptonshire and Yorkshire before working with West as the club's coach.

text:
# West of Scotland Cricket Club

The **West of Scotland Cricket Club** is a cricket club based in Glasgow, Scotland. The club's home ground is Hamilton Crescent, located in the Partick area of Glasgow's West End.

West of Scotland, traditionally, are one of the working class cricket clubs in Glasgow and on a summer's day there can be quite a jovial, rowdy, yet well informed support on the famous banking. West can boast a host of famous players who have both played at the ground and for the club. Recently two of these have been famous Scottish internationalists, the opening batsman Douglas Lockhart and bowler John Blain. Lockhart was a former Oxford UCCE player and having had trials with Derbyshire whilst Blain played professional county cricket for Northamptonshire and Yorkshire before working with West as the club's coach.

## History

West of Scotland Cricket Club was founded in 1862 as a result of a meeting which took place at the then Clarence Hotel in George Square, Glasgow, between a group of local businessmen and players from the Clutha Cricket Club, who had used the northern part of Hamilton Crescent for matches prior to West's inception.

One of the businessmen present was Colonel David Carrick Buchanan who became the first President of the Club and who continued in this role until his death in 1903. Sir David was devoted to the sport of cricket and was patron of a number of clubs, providing invaluable financial assistance to them.

The name, West of Scotland Cricket Club was coined by one John McNeill who was very ambitious for the Club, and who envisaged it becoming the MCC of Scotland. All-England Elevens were invited to the Club and other matches of a similar nature arranged, which included the first ever visit of an Australian team to Scotland in 1878. In the club's early decades, they also founded the rugby union team West of Scotland F.C. (now based at Milngavie). In 1872 the Club played host to the first ever international football match, a meeting between Scotland and England, held at the Hamilton Crescent ground and attended by 4,000 spectators.

Tours of England were also undertaken and it was during the first match of one such Tour in July 1885 that a West cricketer achieved a world record which stood for 12 years. The match was against Priory Park C.C. (Chichester) during which Mr. J. S. Carrick batted for two days, achieving a score of 419 not out.

In 1891, Dr. W.G. Grace brought a team to Partick and won by an innings and 33 runs. By 1922 the Club had a membership of over 500, seating accommodation for 3,500 and a turnstile at every entrance. A reconstructed pavilion was opened in April 1923 by the then President, Mr. Peter Dawson and a new scoreboard built in 1936.

Following damage sustained during World War II extensive repairs were made to both the pavilion and ground which included the acquisition of turf from Renfrew Golf Course.

Between 1965 and 1970 Scotland played matches at Hamilton Crescent against New Zealand, the West Indies, MCC and Ireland. In August 1975 a benefit match was held for the then Club Professional, Salahuddin, and those taking part included Colin Cowdrey, Mike Denness, Intikhab Alam, Majid Khan, Asif Iqbal and Sir Garfield Sobers.

Ongoing improvements to the ground and buildings enabled West to continue hosting Senior and International matches and a visit by a Pakistan touring side in 1982 was followed by a series of Benson and Hedges One Day matches between Scotland and Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, Yorkshire, Derbyshire and Northamptonshire. In July 1989 3,500 spectators watched Scotland play Australia. Following this, Scotland also played Essex and Kent at Hamilton Crescent.

West has become a regular venue for the Scottish Cup Final, held at the end of August and the tradition of hosting Representative Fixtures has continued with five European Championship Matches being held at Hamilton Crescent during 2000, namely Holland v. Ireland, Gibraltar v. Portugal, England Cricket Board XI v. Scotland, France v. Greece and Holland v. Denmark.

## Youth System

The Indoor School was opened in February 1957 and was the first of its kind in Scotland. It has produced an array of youngsters who have come through the ranks and now play an impressive level of cricket. Moneeb Iqbal now plays at Durham and made his first class debut in 2006. In this game Iqbal took a stunning catch on the deep square leg boundary and it has been said that Iqbal is a favourite of the then Durham captain Michael Hussey.

Another product of the coveted West Youth system is Craig Wright, the ex-Captain of the Scottish national team. Wright left West of Scotland for Carlton CC due to work commitments. He has now moved back west to the controversial Greenock CC all-stars and captained them to SNCL Premier League Success in 2007.

Through the work of the Club's Junior Convener, Jim Young, and voluntary coaches, the club has produced many players and over the past three years the recent coach, John Blain instigated a Development XI to introduce them into senior cricket.

## InfoBox

West of Scotland
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personnel | |
| Captain | James Fennah |
| Coach | Vacant |
| Team information | |
| Founded | 1862 |
| Home ground | Hamilton Crescent |
| Capacity | 4.000 |
| History | |
| First-class debut |
in 1891
at Hamilton Crescent |
| SNCL Champions wins | 1 |
| SNCL Premier League Champions wins | 1 |
| Scottish Cup Winners wins | 2 |
| Western Union League Champions wins | 10 |
| Official website | http://www.westofscotlandcricketclub.co.uk |


title: Omaveloxolone

abstract: Omaveloxolone, sold under the brand name Skyclarys, is a medication used for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia. It is taken by mouth. The most common side effects include an increase in alanine transaminase and an increase of aspartate aminotransferase, which can be signs of liver damage, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea and musculoskeletal pain. Omaveloxolone was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2023, and in the European Union in February 2024. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

text:
# Omaveloxolone

**Omaveloxolone**, sold under the brand name **Skyclarys**, is a medication used for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia. It is taken by mouth.

The most common side effects include an increase in alanine transaminase and an increase of aspartate aminotransferase, which can be signs of liver damage, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea and musculoskeletal pain.

Omaveloxolone was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2023, and in the European Union in February 2024. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

## Medical uses

Omaveloxolone is indicated for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia.

Friedreich's ataxia causes progressive damage to the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and the brain, resulting in uncoordinated muscle movement, poor balance, difficulty walking, changes in speech and swallowing, and a shortened lifespan. The condition can also cause heart disease. This disease tends to develop in children and teenagers and gradually worsens over time.

Although rare, Friedreich's ataxia is the most common form of hereditary ataxia in the United States, affecting about one in every 50,000 people.

## Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of omaveloxolone and its related compounds has been demonstrated to be through a combination of activation of the antioxidative transcription factor Nrf2 and inhibition of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB.

Nrf2 transcriptionally regulates multiple genes that play both direct and indirect roles in producing antioxidative potential and the production of cellular energy (*i.e.*, adenosine triphosphate or ATP) within the mitochondria. Consequently, unlike exogenously administered antioxidants (*e.g.*, vitamin E or Coenzyme Q10), which provide a specific and finite antioxidative potential, omaveloxolone, through Nrf2, broadly activates intracellular and mitochondrial antioxidative pathways, in addition to pathways that may directly increase mitochondrial biogenesis (such as PGC1α) and bioenergetics.

## History

Omaveloxolone is a second generation member of the synthetic oleanane triterpenoid compounds and in clinical development by Reata Pharmaceuticals. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that omaveloxolone possesses antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities and the ability to improve mitochondrial bioenergetics. Omaveloxolone is under clinical investigation for a variety of indications, including Friedreich's ataxia, mitochondrial myopathies, immunooncology, and prevention of corneal endothelial cell loss following cataract surgery.

The efficacy and safety of omaveloxolone was evaluated in a 48-week randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind study \[Study 1 (NCT02255435)\] and an open-label extension. Study 1 enrolled 103 individuals with Friedreich's ataxia who received placebo (52 individuals) or omaveloxolone 150 mg (51 individuals) for 48 weeks. Of the research participants, 53% were male, 97% were white, and the mean age was 24 years at study entry. Nine (18%) patients were younger than age 18. The primary objective was to evaluate the change in the modified Friedreich's Ataxia Rating Scale (mFARS) score compared to placebo at week 48. The mFARS is a clinical assessment that measures disease progression, namely swallowing and speech (bulbar), upper limb coordination, lower limb coordination, and upright stability. Individuals receiving omaveloxolone performed better on the mFARS than people receiving placebo.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for omaveloxolone orphan drug, fast track, priority review, and rare pediatric disease designations.

## Society and culture

Omaveloxolone was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2023.

In December 2023, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Skyclarys, intended for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia. The applicant for this medicinal product is Reata Ireland Limited. Omaveloxolone was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2024.

## InfoBox

Omaveloxolone
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Skyclarys |
| Other names | RTA 408 |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| License data |  |
| Routes of
administration | By mouth |
| ATC code | * None |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * N-((4aS,6aR,6bS,8aR,12aS,14aR,14bS)-1 1-cyano-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10,14-dioxo-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,12a,14,14a,14b- octadecahydropicen-4a-yl)-2,2-difluoropropanamide | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C33H44F2N2O3 |
| Molar mass | 554.723 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O=C4C(\C#N)=C/\[C@@\]5(/C3=C/C(=O)\[C@H\]2\[C@\](CC\[C@@\]1(NC(=O)C(F)(F)C)CCC(C)(C)C\[C@H\]12)(C)\[C@\]3(C)CC\[C@H\]5C4(C)C)C | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C32H43NO4/c1-27(2)11-13-32(26(36)37-8)14-12-31(7)24(20(32)17-27)21(34)15-23-29(5)16-19(18-33)25(35)28(3,4)22(29)9-10-30(23,31)6/h15-16,20,22,24H,9-14,17H2,1-8H3/t20-,22-,24-,29-,30+,31+,32-/m0/s1 Y * Key:WPTTVJLTNAWYAO-KPOXMGGZSA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Famatinanthus

abstract: Famatinanthus is a genus in the family Asteraceae that was described in 2014 and has been assigned to its own tribe Famatinantheae and subfamily Famatinanthoideae. It contains only one known species, F. decussatus, a small shrub of ½—1¾ m high that is an endemic of the Andes of north-western Argentina, with small, entire, oppositely set leaves and flowerheads containing about ten cream-colored, ray and disk florets, with backward coiled lobes. It is locally known as sacansa. For more than 100 years, the species was known to science only from the type collection. It was described in 1885 and originally assigned to the genus Aphyllocladus.

text:
# Famatinanthus

***Famatinanthus*** is a genus in the family Asteraceae that was described in 2014 and has been assigned to its own tribe **Famatinantheae** and subfamily **Famatinanthoideae**. It contains only one known species, ***F. decussatus***, a small shrub of ½—1¾ m (1⅔–5¾ ft) high that is an endemic of the Andes of north-western Argentina, with small, entire, oppositely set leaves and flowerheads containing about ten cream-colored, ray and disk florets, with backward coiled lobes. It is locally known as **sacansa**. For more than 100 years, the species was known to science only from the type collection. It was described in 1885 and originally assigned to the genus *Aphyllocladus*.

## Description

*Famatinanthus* is a long-lived, xerophitic, thornless shrub of ½—1¾ m high. Flowers can be found from December to February. It has fifty four chromosomes (2n=54), probably developed through multiplication of a base set of nine (n=9).

### Stems and leaves

In the field, the stems are blackish in colour and look powdery. They are circular in cross section, unribbed and without secretory cavities, with side-branches approximately perpendicular to the main branch. Leaves remain attached when fully grown and are oppositely set along the branches. The leaves are leathery, have no petiole, are oval to elongated reversed egg-shaped, with the base narrowing gradually to the main vein but clasping the stem at the foot, with entire margins, a pointy tip, and its veins branching pinnately. The leaves have peculiar stomata that are raised by the surrounding tissue and hide a large chamber underneath. There are also sparse, sunken, reversed egg-shaped glandular hairs of about 50 μm high, on both surfaces of the leaf consisting of about 5 flat cells, arranged like a pile of pancakes, these excrete essential oils, and appear as dots to the naked eye. Both sides of the leaf surface further sprout sparse, erect, multi-storied T-shaped hairs of about 150 μm long. These are one cell thick, with a stalk of two to six cells and a platform of two to five increasingly wider cells, sometimes followed by a second stalk and platform.

### Flowers

The flower heads are set individually at the tip of short side-branches and have both marginal and disk florets, which are both fertile and have cream-colored corollas. The involucre surrounding the flower head is initially egg-shaped, but becomes bell-shaped when flowering and during the development of the fruits. The bracts that form the involucre (called phyllaries) stand in three worls. Those on the outside are about 3 mm long and 1¾ mm wide, oval in shape with a pointy or gradually narrowing tip, and softly hairy on the outside. The inner phyllaries are about 8 mm long and 2—2¼ mm wide, and do not reach beyond the top of the cypselas. The corollas of the five to six marginal florets per head are 16–17 mm long. Three of its lobes have merged to a lip (or ligule) of about 1 cm long and 1¼—1½ mm wide, with three teeth at the tip, while the two remaining lobes are only merged at the foot, each ⅓—½ mm wide and about 1 cm long, but measuring is difficult because they are coiled-up. The five or six disc florets have slightly shorter corollas of about 15 mm long, are formed like a tube, have five lobes of about 7½  mm long, which are also coiled, and without hair at their tips. As in all Asteraceae, the anthers are merged over their length to form a tube, through which the style grows, while gathering pollen from the anthers that have opened at the inside of the tube. The cream-colored anthers are pointy at their tip, and carry two, about 3¼ mm long, woolly haired tails at their foot, which are free from the filament. The yellow style is rounded at the tip and is rough on the outside lower than the split and the branches are about ⅓ mm long. The indehiscent, one-seeded fruits (called cypsela) are green when growing and brown when ripe, narrowly inverted cone-shaped, covered in bristles of twin hairs, with on top the calyx that has changed to barbed hairs, plume-like towards the tip, and is called a pappus. The pappus is initially wrapped tightly around the corolla, and so allowing access of light to the cypselas, but is later spreading, to create better lift for the ripe fruit. The pollen is approximately globular (50×45 μm), has three very wide furrows and has a pattern of very small spines and ridges.

### Differences with some other Asteraceae

*Famatinanthus* is similar to *Aphyllocladus*, and grows in comparable environments, but can be distinguished by the unribbed cylindrical branches without secretory cavities, that retain their opposite leaves, multi-storied T-shaped hairs, florets with cream corollas, pointy anther tips, approximately globular pollen, and cypselas with bristles. *Aphyllocladus* has early shedded alternate leaves, long, simple, two to three celled flagellate hairs, lilac to purple corollas, blunt anther tips, pollen that is higher than wide, and long-pilose or hairless cypselas. Furthermore, *Aphyllocladus* has stems with strong and very wide ribs, with tufts of long flagellate hairs in the grooves between them, and large secretory cavities. The multistoried T-shaped hair is further only known from *Ianthopappus* (tribe Hyalideae) and *Dresslerothamnus* (tribe Senecioneae).

## Taxonomy

Hugh Algernon Weddell established the genus *Aphyllocladus* in 1855, typifying it on the rapidly falling, alternate leaves. In 1879, Gustavo Niederlein and Georg Hieronymus collected a shrub in the Sierra de Famatina that had not yet been known to science. Hieronymus described it and named it *Aphyllocladus decussatus* in 1885. *Aphyllocladus* is traditionally included in tribe Mutisieae as defined by Henri Cassini. Molecular studies suggest that *Aphyllocladus* is best placed in tribe Onoserideae of the subfamily Mutisioideae. The species was again collected in 2011, though it was difficult to ascertain the new material was identical, as only a photocopy of the specimen of Hieronymus from the Herbarium of Berlin was available, the original probably destroyed by the fire resulting from the 1943 bombing. Luckily, isotypes were found in the collections of Asa Gray at Harvard and of the Herbarium of the National University of Córdoba, Argentina, that made sure the new find was indeed identical to the specimen of 1879. Comparison to the other species of *Aphyllocladus* showed that the characters of the corollas, anthers, style branches, cypselas, hairs, pollen, and anatomy of the stem of *A. decussatus* were very different. Hieronymus' species was therefore assigned to a newly erected genus *Famatinanthus*, initially retained within the Onoserideae. However, *Famatinanthus* shares some other characters with the Gochnatieae and Hyalidae, in particular pointy anther tips, and with *Hyaloseris* (Stifftioideae) opposite leaves and few-flowered flower heads.

### Phylogeny

Recent genetic analysis placed *Famatinanthus* as sister to all other species of Asteraceae except those in the subfamily Barnadesioideae. Famatinanthus was found to have both inversions in the DNA of the chloroplasts like all other Asteraceae except the Barnadesioideae. The relationship between *Famatinanthus* and the other Asteraceae is represented by the following tree.

### Etymology

The authors derive the generic name *Famatinanthus* from the Sierra de Famatina, where the type species can be found. Although the authors do not discuss the rest of the name, the Greek word *ἄνθος* (anthos) meaning "flower", is used as part of many other botanical names. The same in true for the species epithet *decussatus*, which is Latin, and means "crossed", and has been used in many different taxa to indicate that the leaves are arranged along the stem in opposite pairs, at right angles to those above or below them.

## Distribution

*Famatinanthus decussatus* is endemic to the Sierra del Famatina, a side chain of the Andes in the La Rioja Province in northwest Argentina.

## Ecology

The plant occurs at altitudes between 1800 and 2700 m. It grows between sparse vegetation, with cacti, and other open shrubs such as *Larrea divaricata*, *Flourensia hirta* and *Gochnatia glutinosa*. The blackish and powdery surface of the branches as can be seen in the field, is the result of the mycelia and spores of a sooty mold belonging to the Dothideomycetidae. Some florets were seen that had filaments but lacked anthers, indicating that insects may eat the anthers.

## Conservation

Sacansa is an endemic species only known from about ten distinct locations, within a very limited geographical distribution, estimated below 2,000 km2, in the Sierra de Famatina only, where only small areas are officially protected. An ongoing decline has been observed in its occurrence. The main threats are mining, damage by off-road vehicles, and livestock grazing. The authors of the paper that erects the genus *Famatinanthus* have suggested to assign it the conservation status of vulnerable.

## InfoBox

| *Famatinanthus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Famatinanthoideae
S.E.Freire, Ariza & Panero |
| Tribe: | Famatinantheae
S.E.Freire, Ariza & Panero |
| Genus: | *Famatinanthus*
Ariza & S.E.Freire |
| Species: | ***F. decussatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Famatinanthus decussatus***
(Hieron.) Ariza & S.E.Freire | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Green-tailed sunbird

abstract: The green-tailed sunbird or Nepal yellow-backed sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in Nepal and the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, stretching eastwards into parts of Southeast Asia. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. In southeast Szechwan and Yunnan, it lives in open mountain woods with moss-covered trees, from 1825 to 3350 meters elevation.

text:
# Green-tailed sunbird

The **green-tailed sunbird** (***Aethopyga nipalensis***) or **Nepal yellow-backed sunbird** is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae.

It is found in Nepal and the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, stretching eastwards into parts of Southeast Asia.

Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. In southeast Szechwan and Yunnan, it lives in open mountain woods with moss-covered trees, from 1825 to 3350 meters elevation.

1. Birds of India. Grimmett, Inskipp, Inskipp (1999) Princeton
2. Birds of China. RM De Schauensee (1984) Smithsonian

## InfoBox

| Green-tailed sunbird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *A. nipalensis nipalensis*, male (♂) | |
|  | |
| *A. nipalensis angkanensis*, female (♀) | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Nectariniidae |
| Genus: | *Aethopyga* |
| Species: | ***A. nipalensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aethopyga nipalensis***
(Hodgson, 1836) | |
|


title: Jasikovica

abstract: Jasikovica is a village in the municipality of Trstenik, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 670 people.

text:
# Jasikovica

**Jasikovica** is a village in the municipality of Trstenik, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 670 people.

43°33′21″N 21°02′18″E / 43.55583°N 21.03833°E / 43.55583; 21.03833

## InfoBox

| Jasikovica | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Rasina District |
| Municipality | Trstenik |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 670 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Murfatlar

abstract: Murfatlar is a town in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania. It officially became a town in 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program.

text:
# Murfatlar

**Murfatlar** (Romanian pronunciation: \[murfatˈlar\]) is a town in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania. It officially became a town in 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program.

## Etymology

The name of the town originates from the Turkish word of Arabic origin *murvet* (meaning "generous man").

Between 1921 and 1965, and from 1975 to 2007, the locality was known as *Basarabi*. On June 26, 2007 the lower house of Romania's Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies, approved a proposal to have the name changed back to Murfatlar, which was also ratified by the Senate and promulgated by the president of Romania on December 20, 2007.

## Administration

Murfatlar is a port on the Danube–Black Sea Canal and has a population of 9, 173 as of 2021. A complex of caves was found carved in the hills nearby, see the Basarabi Cave Complex.

The village of Siminoc (historical name: *Turc-Murfat*) is administered by the town of Murfatlar. The name of the village comes from the flower Helichrysum arenarium (*siminoc* in Romanian), which can be found abundantly in the area.

The Murfatlar Vineyard and Basarabi Cave Complex are located nearby.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | 10,742 |  |
| 2002 | 10,857 | +1.1% |
| 2011 | 9,634 | −11.3% |
| 2021 | 9,173 | −4.8% |
| Source: Census data | | |

At the 2021 census, Murfatlar had a population of 9,173. At the 2011 census, the town had 9,634 residents; of those, 8,657 were Romanians (89.86%), 547 Tatars (5.68%), 236 Roma (2.45%), 134 Turks (1.39%), 9 Hungarians (0.09%), 3 Aromanians (0.03%), 16 others (0.17%), and 32 with undeclared ethnicity (0.33%).

## Natives

Murfatlar is the birthplace of the 4th Romanian president, Traian Băsescu.

## InfoBox

| Murfatlar | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in Constanța County | |
| MurfatlarLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 44°10′25″N 28°24′30″E / 44.17361°N 28.40833°E / 44.17361; 28.40833 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Constanța |
| Subdivisions | Siminoc |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202024) | Gheorghe Cojocaru (PNL) |
| Area | 69.25 km2 (26.74 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 110 m (360 ft) |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 9,173 |
| Density | 130/km2 (340/sq mi) |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Postal code | 905100 |
| Area code | (+40) 02 41 |
| Vehicle reg. | CT |
| Website | www.primaria-murfatlar.ro |


title: Pseudathetis

abstract: Pseudathetis was a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. It is now considered a synonym of Hecatera. It consisted of the species Pseudophia fixseni, which is now renamed to Hecatera fixseni.

text:
# Pseudathetis

***Pseudathetis*** was a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. It is now considered a synonym of *Hecatera*. It consisted of the species *Pseudophia fixseni*, which is now renamed to *Hecatera fixseni*.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudathetis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudathetis***<br>Boursin, 1937 |
|


title: Matt Lentz

abstract: Matt Lentz is a former American football guard. He was signed by the New York Giants as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at Michigan. Lentz was also a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Detroit Lions, Florida Tuskers, California Redwoods and Sacramento Mountain Lions.

text:
# Matt Lentz

**Matt Lentz** (born November 19, 1982) is a former American football guard. He was signed by the New York Giants as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at Michigan.

Lentz was also a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Detroit Lions, Florida Tuskers, California Redwoods and Sacramento Mountain Lions.

## Early life

Lentz attended Ortonville Brandon High school in Ortonville, Michigan.

## College career

Lentz attended the University of Michigan, earning his first varsity letter as a sophomore in 2002. He went on to become a three-year starter at right guard, and a two-time All-Big Ten first-teamer. He majored in General Studies.

## Professional career

### New York Giants

Lentz was signed by the New York Giants as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played his first game for the Giants in their fourth preseason game in 2006, helping protect backup quarterback Jared Lorenzen complete 10-of-15 passes for 116 yards in a 31-23 victory over the New England Patriots.

Lentz did not start a regular season game during his time with the Giants, and was released during the final roster cuts before the 2007 regular season. The day after, Lentz was signed to the Giants practice squad. September 11, 2007, Lentz had his contract terminated from the practice squad.

### Detroit Lions

Lentz was signed by the Detroit Lions April 7, 2009, only to be waived April 28.

### Florida Tuskers

Lentz signed with the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League September 9, 2009.

## InfoBox

Matt Lentz
| No. 67 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Guard |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1982-11-19) November 19, 1982<br>Ortonville, Michigan, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) |
| Weight: | 320 lb (145 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Michigan |
| Undrafted: | 2006 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Red-legged honeycreeper

abstract: The red-legged honeycreeper is a small songbird species in the tanager family (Thraupidae). It is found in the tropical New World from southern Mexico south to Peru, Bolivia and central Brazil, Trinidad and Tobago, and on Cuba, where possibly introduced. It is also rarely found in southern Texas.

text:
# Red-legged honeycreeper

The **red-legged honeycreeper** (***Cyanerpes cyaneus***) is a small songbird species in the tanager family (Thraupidae). It is found in the tropical New World from southern Mexico south to Peru, Bolivia and central Brazil, Trinidad and Tobago, and on Cuba, where possibly introduced. It is also rarely found in southern Texas.

## Taxonomy

The red-legged honeycreeper was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his *Systema Naturae* under the binomial name *Certhia cyanea*. Linnaeus based his description on "The Black and Blue Creeper" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the English naturalist George Edwards from a specimen collected in Suriname. The red-legged honeycreeper is now placed in the genus *Cyanerpes* that was introduced in 1899 by the American ornithologist Harry C. Oberholser. The specific epithet *cyaneus* is a Latin word meaning "dark-blue".

Eleven subspecies are recognised:

* *C. c. carneipes* (Sclater, PL, 1860) – east Mexico to Panama
* *C. c. pacificus* Chapman, 1915 – west Colombia and w Ecuador
* *C. c. gigas* Thayer & Bangs, 1905 – Gorgona Island (off west Colombia)
* *C. c. gemmeus* Wetmore, 1941 – extreme north Colombia
* *C. c. eximius* (Cabanis, 1851) – north, north-central Colombia to north Venezuela
* *C. c. tobagensis* Hellmayr & Seilern, 1914 – Tobago
* *C. c. cyaneus* (Linnaeus, 1766) – Trinidad, east Venezuela, the Guianas and north Brazil
* *C. c. dispar* Zimmer, JT, 1942 – southeast Colombia and southwest Venezuela to northeast Peru
* *C. c. violaceus* Zimmer, JT, 1942 – southeast Peru and west Brazil to central Bolivia
* *C. c. brevipes* (Cabanis, 1851) – central Brazil
* *C. c. holti* Parkes, 1977 – east Brazil

## Description

The red-legged honeycreeper is on average 12.2 cm (4.8 in) long, weighs 14 g (0.49 oz) and has a medium-long black, slightly decurved, bill. The male is violet-blue with black wings, tail and back, and bright red legs. The crown of its head is turquoise, and the underwing, visible only in flight, is lemon yellow. After the breeding season, the male moults into an eclipse plumage, mainly greenish with black wings.

Females and immatures are mainly green, with paler, faintly streaked underparts. The legs are red-brown in the female, and brown in young birds.

The call of red-legged honeycreeper is a thin, high-pitched *tsip*.

Several subspecies are known. Differences are generally slight, with the Tobago race  *C. c. tobagensis* being slightly larger than the mainland forms for example.

The purplish honeycreeper (*Chlorophanes purpurascens*), a bird from Venezuela known only from the type specimen, is considered to be an intergeneric hybrid between the green honeycreeper and either the red-legged honeycreeper or the blue dacnis.

## Distribution and habitat

This is a species of forest edge, open woodland, and cocoa and citrus plantations. The red-legged honeycreeper is often found in small groups. It feeds on insects and some seeds, fruit and nectar. It responds readily to the (easily imitated) call of the ferruginous pygmy owl (*Glaucidium brasilianum*).

## Behaviour and ecology

### Breeding

In Costa Rica red-legged honeycreepers generally breed between April and June. The nest is built entirely by the female and is placed in a shrub or tree several meters above the ground. The cup-shaped nest has thin side walls and is formed of stiff fibres. It is attached to the supporting twigs with cobwebs. The clutch consists of two eggs that are laid in early morning on consecutive days. They are 13.4 mm × 19.1 mm (0.53 in × 0.75 in) in size and have a white background with brown speckles forming a ring around the larger end. The female incubates the eggs for 12 or 13 days. When they first hatch the nestlings have their eyes closed and are covered with tuffs of grey down. They are brooded by the female but fed by both parents. They fledge after around 14 days.

A specimen studied in the Parque Nacional de La Macarena of Colombia was found to be free of blood parasites.

Common and widespread, the red-legged honeycreeper is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.

## InfoBox

| Red-legged honeycreeper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult male, Panama | |
|  | |
| Female | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thraupidae |
| Genus: | *Cyanerpes* |
| Species: | ***C. cyaneus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cyanerpes cyaneus***
(Linnaeus, 1766) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Certhia cyanea* Linnaeus, 1766 | |