title: Peggy Gibson

abstract: Peggy Anne Gibson is an American politician and a Democratic former member of the South Dakota House of Representatives representing District 22 from 2009 until 2017.

text:
# Peggy Gibson

**Peggy Anne Gibson** (born February 22, 1949, in Huron, South Dakota) is an American politician and a Democratic former member of the South Dakota House of Representatives representing District 22 from 2009 until 2017.

## Education

Gibson attended Arizona State University and earned her BA degrees in history and Spanish from Northern Montana College (now Montana State University–Northern).

## Elections

* 2012 With incumbent Republican Representative Jim White running for South Dakota Senate and leaving a House District 22 seat open, Gibson ran in the three-way June 5, 2012, Democratic Primary and placed first with 1,058 votes (46.3%); in the four-way November 6, 2012, General election, Gibson took the first seat with 5,299 votes (30.6%) and Republican nominee Dick Werner took the second seat ahead of Democratic nominee Dale Hargens and Republican nominee Jay Slater.
* 2006 To challenge Senate District 22 incumbent Republican Senator Tom Hansen, Gibson was unopposed for the June 6, 2006, Democratic Primary after another challenger withdrew, but lost the November 7, 2006, General election to Senator Hansen.
* 2008 When House District 22 incumbent Democratic Representative Dale Hargens ran for South Dakota Senate and left a District 22 seat open, Gibson ran in the three-way June 3, 2008, Democratic Primary and placed second with 2,145 votes (38.57%) ahead of former state Senator Ron J. Volesky; in the four-way November 4, 2008, General election incumbent Democratic Representative Quinten Burg took the first seat and Gibson took the second seat with 4,939 votes (27.53%) ahead of Republican nominees Joshua Haeder (who had run for the seat in 2006) and Cliff Hadley.
* 2010 Gibson and incumbent Representative Burg were unopposed for the June 8, 2010, Democratic Primary but in the three-way November 2, 2010, General election, Gibson took the first seat with 4,856 votes (34.71%) and Republican nominee Jim White took the second seat ahead of Representative Burg; an election recount did not change the result.

## InfoBox

| Peggy Gibson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
from the 22nd district | |
| **In office**
January 2009  January 10, 2017Serving with Quinten Burg (2009–2011)
Jim White (2011–2013)
Dick Werner (2013–2017) | |
| Preceded by | Dale Hargens |
| Succeeded by | Roger D. Chase |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1949-02-22) February 22, 1949
Huron, South Dakota |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Residence(s) | Huron, South Dakota |
| Alma mater | Arizona State University
Northern Montana College |
| Website | peggygibsonsd.com |
|  | |


title: Alberto Naranjo

abstract: Alberto Naranjo [nah-rahn'-ho] was a Venezuelan musician. His mother, the singer Graciela Naranjo, was a radio, film and television pioneer in her homeland. Largely self-taught, Naranjo embarked on a similar musical course, becoming – like his mother – one of Venezuela's icons of contemporary popular music.

text:
# Alberto Naranjo

**Alberto Naranjo** \[nah-rahn'-ho\] (September 14, 1941 – January 27, 2020) was a Venezuelan musician. His mother, the singer Graciela Naranjo, was a radio, film and television pioneer in her homeland. Largely self-taught, Naranjo embarked on a similar musical course, becoming – like his mother – one of Venezuela's icons of contemporary popular music.

## Career

In his early years, Naranjo was influenced by diverse music genres such as jazz and classical, from Louis Armstrong to Duke Ellington and Oliver Nelson; from Bud Powell to Thad Jones and Mel Lewis; from Béla Bartók to Claude Debussy, and specially, the music created by Tito Puente, one of the greatest all-time Latin jazz leaders. Puente revolutionised the role of the drums in stage performance, when he moved the drum kit and timbales from the back to the front of stage, highlighted it as a solo instrument, and demonstrated that a drummer can also be a gifted composer and arranger.

### 1959–1969

With Puente as his role model, Naranjo started professionally as a drummer at age 18, playing with several local dance bands including Chucho Sanoja (1963–64), Los Melódicos (1965–66) and Porfi Jiménez (1966–67). A valuable sideman as well, he was adaptable to many different styles, including bossa nova, jazz, Latin, pop and rock genres, being able to fit smoothly into the group in which he was playing. Later in the 1960s, he was focused exclusively in studio sessions becoming one of the sought after musicians in his country.

### 1970–1979

Since 1970, Naranjo remained busy and performed on countless recording sessions. Besides this, he toured extensively, became a member of the Radio Caracas Television orchestra, and backed up significant artists touring in Venezuela, among others Charles Aznavour, Cándido Camero, Vikki Carr, Eddie Fisher, Lucho Gatica, Engelbert Humperdinck, Julio Iglesias, Tom Jones, the Nicholas Brothers, Eliana Pittman, The Platters, Tito Rodríguez, Ornella Vanoni and Pedro Vargas. In addition, he emerged as a record producer and jingles creator, as well as a leader and mentor of both young and veteran performers.

In 1977, Alberto Naranjo founded the prominent orchestra El Trabuco Venezolano, in which he quickly achieved notable success as arranger and leader. The term *trabuco* comes from Venezuelan baseball slang, where it means an all-stars selection of ballplayers coming from different clubs, or bands, if it is the case, in musical terms. The orchestra was created by Naranjo in response to the emergence of a plethora of salsa amateurish bands, that often offered pale imitations of foreign groups, as he wanted to start a total musical movement with all-round musicians and singers. As a result, his Trabuco had no specific commercial ambitions and was ideated to record and perform at cultural events in theaters and universities, and although Naranjo never intended to be a salsa interpreter, the band overlapped considerably with salsa music. But in his jazzy arrangements, Naranjo did not use the typical 'minor' percussion salsa instruments, like maracas, güiro and claves, so he worked with a classic jazz drum set, congas, bongos, timbales, piano and bass in front of four trumpets and four trombones, similar to jazz brass band ensembles, not at all common in salsa bands. Eventually, five saxophones, an electric guitar or a string section were added to the format. Over the years, El Trabuco Venezolano toured, made five studio recordings and recorded two live albums with the Cuban group Irakere led by pianist Chucho Valdés. Notably, both groups performed on stage together several times.

In the late 1970s, Naranjo was the drummer on Tito Puente's concert orchestra during a salsa all-star international concert tour that included Celia Cruz, Ray Barretto, Héctor Lavoe and Adalberto Santiago. Besides this, Naranjo became an active participant and collaborator in several local movements like jazz, bossa nova, rock and Venezuelan genres, and emerged as a top-notch arranger.

### 1980–2020

Naranjo made arrangements for the groups Conexion Latina, Guaco and Mango; pop-artists like Ilan Chester, Simón Díaz, Oscar D'León, Ricardo Montaner, María Rivas, Aldemaro Romero and Adalberto Santiago, among others, and also performed with jazz people such as Jeff Berlin, Dusko Goykovich, Danilo Pérez, Arturo Sandoval, Bobby Shew and Dave Valentin.

Besides, the Trabuco and other bands that Naranjo led alternated with musicians like Barbarito Diez, Estrellas de Areito, Larry Harlow, Eddie Palmieri, Son 14 and Chucho Valdés. In this period he also toured through Europe, Latin America and the United States.

Since the 1990s, Naranjo was an active participant in diverse artistic and musical outreach endeavors of Venezuela, not only as a player, but also as an historian, educator, and urban chronicler on radio, books and newspapers.

## Awards and nominations

* 1973 : IX Festival de la Canción (Venezuela). Best arrangement.
* 1976 : IV Festival Internacional de la Canción de Puerto Rico. Best arrangement.
* 1992 : Grammy Award nomination. Best instrumental composition for a motion picture (*The Mambo Kings*, orchestration).
* 1992 : Premio Nacional del Artista (Casa del Artista, Venezuela). Best Orchestrator of the Year.

## Recognitions

* 1988 : 1st Caracas Jazz Festival. Honored for his contribution to the development of jazz in Venezuela.
* 1995 : Órden Samán de Aragua (Venezuela). Honored for his 35 years of artistic performance.
* 2017 : Both Naranjo and his orchestra El Trabuco Venezolano were recognized with the title of Cultural Heritage of Venezuela; a distinction granted by the Venezuelan State to artistic creators who through their tireless and dedicated work have contributed to the projection of the Venezuelan cultural heritage
* 2018 : Naranjo was awarded an honorary doctorate degree at the Universidad Nacional Experimental de las Artes (UNEARTE) for his contribution in the areas of music and cultural promotion for more than fifty years.

## Discography

## Selected contributions

## Others

* *Aldemaro Romero Jazz*
* *ARTuro Sandoval*
* *Café Latino*
* *Después de la Tormenta*
* *Frank Quintero y Los Balzeaguaos*
* *El Venezolano*
* *La Conexion*
* *La Retreta Mayor*
* *La Salsa es mi Vida*
* *Los Cuñaos*
* *Los Kenya*
* *Grupo Mango*
* *Nu-Sound Of Bossa Lounge*
* *Oscar D' León Live*
* *Simón Díaz Universal*
* *Strive for Higher Realities*
* *The Message*
* *The Rough Guide to the Music of Venezuela*
* *Tulio Enrique León Internacional*

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Alberto Naranjo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Jorge Alberto Naranjo del Pino |
| Born | (1941-09-14)September 14, 1941
Caracas, Venezuela |
| Origin | Venezuelan |
| Died | January 27, 2020(2020-01-27) (aged 78)
Caracas |
| Genres | Jazz, Latin genres |
| Occupation(s) | Arranger, composer, music director |
| Instrument(s) | Drum kit, percussion, timbales |
| Years active | 1959–2019 |
| Labels | Integra, Roberto Obeso & Federico Pacanins |


title: Marti Anderson (politician)

abstract: Marti Anderson is an American politician. A Democrat, she served as the representative from the 36th District in the Iowa House of Representatives from 2013 to 2023.

text:
# Marti Anderson (politician)

**Marti Anderson** (born 1951) is an American politician. A Democrat, she served as the representative from the 36th District in the Iowa House of Representatives from 2013 to 2023.

## Early life

Anderson was born in 1951 in Des Moines, Iowa. She attended St. Joseph Academy and she has a bachelors of arts degree in social work from the University of Northern Iowa and a M.S.W. from the University of Iowa.

## Political career

During her first term, Anderson served on several committees in the Iowa House – the Environmental Protection, Human Resources, Judiciary, and Public Safety committees. She also served as a member of the Justice System Appropriations Subcommittee.

## Electoral history

*incumbent

| Election | Political result | | Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Iowa House of Representatives primary elections, 2012**
*District 36*
**Turnout:** 2,459 |  | Democratic |  | **Marti Anderson** | Democratic | 1,237 | 50.31% |
| | | |  | Cara Kennedy-Ode | Democratic | 1,133 | 46.08% |
| | | |  | William Rock | Democratic | 83 | 3.38% |
| **Iowa House of Representatives general elections, 2012**
*District 36*
**Turnout:** 18,079 |  | Democratic (newly redistricted) |  | **Marti Anderson** | Democratic | 11,360 | 62.84% |
| | | |  | Jeff Ibbotson | Republican | 5,368 | 29.69% |

## InfoBox

| Marti Anderson | |
| --- | --- |
| Anderson in 2021 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Iowa House of Representatives
from the 36th district | |
| **In office**
January 14, 2013  January 9, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Nick Wagner |
| Succeeded by | Sean Bagniewski |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1951-04-21) April 21, 1951
Des Moines, Iowa, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Bob Brammer |
| Children | 2 stepchildren |
| Residence | Des Moines, Iowa |
| Alma mater | University of Northern Iowa
University of Iowa |
| Occupation | Social Worker/Counselor |
| Website | legis.iowa.gov/... |
|  | |


title: Road to Happiness

abstract: Road to Happiness is a 1942 American film directed by Phil Rosen and starring John Boles and Mona Barrie. The film is a bittersweet story of a family's road to happiness.

text:
# Road to Happiness

***Road to Happiness*** is a 1942 American film directed by Phil Rosen and starring John Boles and Mona Barrie. The film is a bittersweet story of a family's road to happiness.

## Plot

Jeff Carter has just returned from Europe eager to see his family. Charley Grady, his agent, informs Jeff that his wife Millie has divorced him and has remarried to millionaire Sam Rankin. Jeff discovers that his narcissistic ex-wife has sent Danny to a military boarding school because she would rather socialize with her friends.

Danny is glad his father is home from his two-year baritone opera studies and is happy to live with him again, although they share one room in a boarding house. Jeff and Danny have no money and Jeff cannot find a singing job. He finds a radio job with an acting part as an Indian on a cowboy show.

Danny realizes he is in the way of his father's dream to sing and tries to push him away, but admits to his father that he can't lie to him. His father insists on continuing to act so that they can spend more time together.

While Jeff is rehearsing for the acting show, next door there is a musical radio show but the singer is taken sick. Danny sees an opportunity for his father to break into singing career again, and recommends Jeff to cover the singer. Jeff is given the opportunity. Danny calls Jeff's agent to share the news, who goes to the music producer and makes him listen to Jeff on the radio.

The music producer is eager to sign a contract with Jeff. Jeff gets his chance to sing opera again and signs a contract with a big music company. Danny and Jeff live happily together now that Jeff has a career again.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

* John Boles – "Danny Boy"
* John Boles – "Vision Fugitive" (aria from Massenet's "Herodiade")
* John Boles – "America"

## InfoBox

| Road to Happiness | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster for film | |
| Directed by | Phil Rosen |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Scott R. Dunlap |
| Starring | See below |
| Cinematography | Harry Neumann |
| Edited by | Carl Pierson |
| Distributed by | Monogram Pictures |
| Release date | * 9 January 1942 (1942-01-09) |
| Running time | 84 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: With Love from the Boys

abstract: With Love From The Boys is the second studio album by Dutch rock and roll band Claw Boys Claw and their first release on a major label. Their debut album, Shocking Shades of Claw Boys Claw, self-released on Hipcat, had been well received in the Dutch press, and in 1984 and 1985 they cemented their reputation as one of the country's best live acts, which was partly documented on a live EP, Live!, recorded in 1984 and released in 1985 also on Hipcat. Their live reputation culminated in a memorable show at Pinkpop 1986, and these successes had led Polydor to offer the band a long-term contract. The band had undergone one personnel change: founding member Allard Jolles left to focus on his other band, L'Attentat; he was replaced by Marius Schrader. With Love From The Boys was produced by Vic Maile; critics did note that the album sounded a bit flat, and the compositions were also criticized as somewhat weak. Released on vinyl, the album has never been re-released.

text:
# With Love from the Boys

***With Love From The Boys*** is the second studio album by Dutch rock and roll band Claw Boys Claw and their first release on a major label. Their debut album, *Shocking Shades of Claw Boys Claw*, self-released on Hipcat, had been well received in the Dutch press, and in 1984 and 1985 they cemented their reputation as one of the country's best live acts, which was partly documented on a live EP, *Live!*, recorded in 1984 and released in 1985 also on Hipcat. Their live reputation culminated in a memorable show at Pinkpop 1986, and these successes had led Polydor to offer the band a long-term contract. The band had undergone one personnel change: founding member Allard Jolles left to focus on his other band, L'Attentat; he was replaced by Marius Schrader.

*With Love From The Boys* was produced by Vic Maile; critics did note that the album sounded a bit flat, and the compositions were also criticized as somewhat weak. Released on vinyl, the album has never been re-released.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "On The Run" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 3:48 |
| 2. | "Mad Magician" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 2:32 |
| 3. | "Skindeep" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 3:33 |
| 4. | "That's Life" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 2:38 |
| 5. | "Suzie McKenna" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 3:36 |
| 6. | "Dig It" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 3:04 |
| 7. | "Locomotive Breath" (Ian Anderson) | 3:31 |
| 8. | "Jealous Eyes" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 3:22 |
| 9. | "Last Farewell" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 3:45 |
| 10. | "Ridin' The Blinds" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 2:06 |
| 11. | "Too Far" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 2:58 |
| 12. | "El Jerko" (Te Bos/Cameron/Rossini/Schrader) | 1:35 |

* The Compact Cassette featured three extra tracks, recorded at Pinkpop 1986: "Suzie McKenna," "Shake It On The Rocks," and "Venus."

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| With Love From The Boys | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Claw Boys Claw | |
| Released | 1986 (1986) |
| Genre | Rock and roll |
| Label | Polydor |
| Producer | Vic Maile |
| Claw Boys Claw chronology | |
| *Shocking Shades of Claw Boys Claw*
(1984) ***With Love From The Boys***
(1986) *Claw Boys Claw 3 in 1*
(1987) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *With Love From The Boys* | |
| 1. "Locomotive Breath"
Released: 1986 | |
|  | |


title: Money in the Bank (2016)

abstract: The 2016 Money in the Bank was the seventh annual Money in the Bank professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It took place on June 19, 2016, at the T-Mobile Arena in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada. This was the first WWE event to take place at this venue, and also the last WWE PPV and livestreaming event to be held before the reintroduction of the brand extension in July. Eleven matches were contested at the event, with two matches contested on the Kickoff pre-show. The main event saw Seth Rollins defeat Roman Reigns to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship, only to lose it minutes later to Dean Ambrose, who cashed in the Money in the Bank contract that he won earlier in the event to defeat Rollins for the title. Also on the card, AJ Styles defeated John Cena. Two days after Money in the Bank, former champion Reigns was suspended for violating WWE's Wellness Program. This was also the last edition of Money in the Bank to have only a men's Money in the Bank ladder match as a women's Money in the Bank ladder match was added the following year.

text:
# Money in the Bank (2016)

The 2016 **Money in the Bank** was the seventh annual Money in the Bank professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It took place on June 19, 2016, at the T-Mobile Arena in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada. This was the first WWE event to take place at this venue, and also the last WWE PPV and livestreaming event to be held before the reintroduction of the brand extension in July.

Eleven matches were contested at the event, with two matches contested on the Kickoff pre-show. The main event saw Seth Rollins defeat Roman Reigns to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship, only to lose it minutes later to Dean Ambrose, who cashed in the Money in the Bank contract that he won earlier in the event to defeat Rollins for the title. Also on the card, AJ Styles defeated John Cena. Two days after Money in the Bank, former champion Reigns was suspended for violating WWE's Wellness Program. This was also the last edition of Money in the Bank to have only a men's Money in the Bank ladder match as a women's Money in the Bank ladder match was added the following year.

## Production

### Background

Money in the Bank is an annual gimmick event produced by WWE since 2010, generally held between June and July. The concept of the show comes from WWE's established Money in the Bank ladder match, in which multiple wrestlers use ladders to retrieve a briefcase hanging above the ring. The briefcase contains a contract that guarantees the winner a match for a world championship at any time within the next year. For 2016, the winner received a contract for a WWE World Heavyweight Championship match, later renamed to WWE Championship when the promotion reintroduced the brand extension in July, where they again split their roster between the Raw and SmackDown brands where wrestlers are exclusively assigned to perform. The 2016 event was the seventh Money in the Bank and it took place on June 19, 2016, at the T-Mobile Arena in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada. The event aired on pay-per-view (PPV) worldwide and was livestreamed on the WWE Network. Tickets went on sale on April 8.

### Storylines

The event comprised 11 matches, including two on the Kickoff pre-show, that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, *Raw* and *SmackDown*.

On November 4, 2015, Seth Rollins was forced to vacate the WWE World Heavyweight Championship due to injury. Rollins returned on May 22, 2016, at Extreme Rules, attacking champion Roman Reigns after his successful title defense against AJ Styles. Rollins was granted a title match against Reigns at Money in the Bank the next night on *Raw* by Shane McMahon. Meanwhile, critics wondered if WWE was "leaving money on the table" by not slotting Rollins as a face and Reigns as a heel, as this was the opposite of what fans wanted (fans were cheering Rollins and booing Reigns).

On the May 30 episode of *Raw*, John Cena returned after recovering from a shoulder injury that left him out of action for five months. AJ Styles then came out to welcome him back until Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson, Styles' former teammates in The club (which had broken up the previous week on Raw) appeared looking for a fight. Cena and Styles prepared to brawl with them, until Styles attacked Cena alongside Gallows and Anderson, turning heel and reforming The Club in the process. On June 3, a match between Cena and Styles was scheduled for Money in the Bank which WWE labeled as a "WrestleMania Dream Match". On the June 13 episode of *Raw*, Cena presented Styles with two contracts: one allowing Gallows and Anderson to be in his corner, the other banning them so they could fight uninterrupted, and Styles chose the latter.

The winner of the Money in the Bank ladder match will win a contract for a WWE World Heavyweight Championship match at any time within the next year. On the May 23 episode of *Raw*, Sami Zayn, Cesaro, Chris Jericho, Dean Ambrose, and Kevin Owens all qualified for the match by defeating Sheamus, The Miz, Apollo Crews, Dolph Ziggler, and AJ Styles, respectively. On the May 26 episode of *SmackDown*, Alberto Del Rio defeated Zack Ryder to qualify for the match.

At Payback, the final match in a tournament to determine the #1 contender for the WWE Tag Team Championship, pitting The Vaudevillains (Aiden English and Simon Gotch) against Enzo and Cass, ended in a no contest after Enzo Amore suffered a legit concussion. Subsequently, the Vaudevillains challenged WWE Tag Team Champions The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods, accompanied by Kofi Kingston) at Extreme Rules in a losing effort. On the May 30 episode of *Raw*, during a rematch between The Vaudevillains and The New Day, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson attacked The New Day. The following week on *Raw*, The Vaudevillains defeated Amore and Cass by disqualification. Later in the night, Gallows and Anderson defeated The New Day. Taking an idea by Teddy Long, Stephanie McMahon scheduled the four teams in a match at Money in the Bank in a fatal four-way tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship.

On the May 26 episode of *SmackDown*, after WWE United States Champion Rusev defeated Kalisto to retain the title, Titus O'Neil came out to help Kalisto when Rusev refused to break his *Accolade* submission hold. On the May 30 episode of *Raw*, after defeating Zack Ryder, Rusev started to insult the crowd and declared himself a "true American hero", leading to O'Neil coming out and punching Rusev. On June 8, a match between O'Neil and Rusev for the United States Championship was scheduled for Money in the Bank. On the June 13 episode of *Raw*, Titus O'Neil walked out for his match when Rusev attacked him on the stage and applied the *Accolade*, as WWE officials tried to pull Rusev off of O'Neil.

At Extreme Rules, WWE Women's Champion Charlotte defeated Natalya due to distraction by Dana Brooke dressing as Ric Flair. On the May 23 episode of *Raw*, Charlotte turned on her father Ric Flair, claiming he was no longer needed and therefore, aligned herself with Dana Brooke as her protege. On the May 26 episode of *SmackDown*, Natalya defeated Brooke by disqualification. On the May 30 episode of *Raw*, after Brooke defeated Natalya, Becky Lynch came out to help Natalya. On the June 2 episode of *SmackDown*, Lynch defeated Charlotte by disqualification. On the June 9 episode of *SmackDown*, Lynch defeated Brooke. On June 13, a match pitting Charlotte and Brooke against Natalya and Lynch was scheduled for Money in the Bank.

On the Extreme Rules Kickoff pre-show, Baron Corbin defeated Dolph Ziggler in a No Disqualification match after deliberately using a low blow before the End of Days. The next night on *Raw*, Ziggler challenged Corbin to a "technical wrestling match" for next week on *Raw*, which Corbin accepted. On the May 30 episode of *Raw*, Ziggler was disqualified after deliberately hitting Corbin with a low blow as retaliation for what happened at Extreme Rules. On June 17, another match between the two was scheduled for Money in the Bank.

On the May 23 episode of *Raw*, frustration toward losing his Money in the Bank qualifying match to Sami Zayn earlier in the night, Sheamus attacked Apollo Crews during a backstage interview with Renee Young, telling Crews that he's sick of him promoting the "New Era" and that no one would replace him, leading to Crews losing his Money in the Bank qualifying match to Chris Jericho later in the show. On the June 9 episode of *SmackDown*, backstage watching the *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows* movie, Sheamus bragged to Zack Ryder, Goldust, R-Truth, and Summer Rae about how great he was and how everyone should be waiting on him and how he is an A-list star, leading to Apollo Crews confronting Sheamus and punching him, sending Sheamus into a number of cardboard boxes behind him. On the June 13 episode of *Raw*, after defeating Zack Ryder, Sheamus continued to viciously attack Ryder leading to Crews coming down to help Ryder. On June 17, a match pitting the two was scheduled for Money in the Bank.

After Goldust replaced R-Truth with Fandango as his tag team partner in their match in the Team Championship #1 contender tournament on the April 14 episode of *SmackDown*, R-Truth found a new partner in Tyler Breeze. Following singles match victory on *Raw* by Breeze over Goldust and R-Truth over Fandango, the two teams faced each other on the May 12 episode of *SmackDown*; Tyler Breeze and R-Truth defeated Goldust and Fandango when Fandango turned on his partner. After the match, Fandango and Breeze continued to attack Goldust, who was then rescued by R-Truth. After Breezango (Breeze and Fandango's new tag team name) defeated Golden Truth (Goldust and R-Truth) on the May 16 and the May 26 episode of *Raw*, a third match between the two teams was scheduled on June 17 for the Money in the Bank Kickoff pre-show.

On June 17, a match pitting The Lucha Dragons (Kalisto and Sin Cara) against The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) was scheduled for the Money in the Bank Kickoff pre-show.

## Event

**Other on-screen personnel**
| Role: | Name: |
| --- | --- |
| English commentators | Michael Cole (PPV) |
| | John "Bradshaw" Layfield (PPV) |
| | Byron Saxton (PPV + Pre-show) |
| | Mauro Ranallo (Pre-show) |
| Spanish commentators | Carlos Cabrera |
| | Marcelo Rodríguez |
| German commentators | Carsten Schaefer |
| | Sebastian Hackl |
| Ring announcers | Lilian Garcia |
| | JoJo |
| Referees | Charles Robinson |
| | John Cone |
| | Mike Chioda |
| | Jason Ayers |
| | Rod Zapata |
| | Darrick Moore |
| | Ryan Tran |
| Backstage interviewer | Tom Phillips |
| Pre-show panel | Renee Young |
| | Corey Graves |
| | Lita |
| | Booker T |

### Pre-show

Two matches were contested during the Money in the Bank Kickoff pre-show. In the first match, The Golden Truth (Goldust and R-Truth) faced Breezango (Tyler Breeze and Fandango). Breezango suffered from major cases of sunburn, which their opponents exploited throughout the match. The end came when Goldust executed a Final Cut on Fandango to win the match.

In the final match, The Lucha Dragons (Kalisto and Sin Cara) wrestled The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley). In the end, Kalisto executed a Salida Del Sol on Bubba Ray followed by Cara performing a Swanton Bomb on Bubba Ray to win the match.

### Preliminary matches

The actual pay-per-view opened with The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston) (with Xavier Woods) defending the WWE Tag Team Championship against Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson, Enzo and Cass, and The Vaudevillains (Aiden English and Simon Gotch) in a fatal four-way tag team match. The match ended with Big E and Kingston executing the Midnight Hour on Anderson and pinned English to retain the titles.

Next, Baron Corbin faced Dolph Ziggler. In the end, Corbin executed the End of Days on Ziggler for the win.

After that, WWE Women's Champion Charlotte and Dana Brooke faced Natalya and Becky Lynch. The end came when Charlotte executed a Natural Selection on Natalya to win the match. After the match, Lynch tried to console Natalya, who responded by attacking Lynch, thus turning heel.

In the fourth match, Apollo Crews fought Sheamus. In the end, Sheamus executed White Noise off the top rope for a near-fall. Crews pinned Sheamus with a Crucifix pin for the win.

In the fifth match, AJ Styles faced John Cena. During the match, Cena performed an Attitude Adjustment on Styles for a nearfall. Styles performed a Styles Clash on Cena for a nearfall. Styles applied the Calf Crusher on Cena and Cena applied the STF on Styles, however, neither man submitted. In the end, as Cena was about to execute a second Attitude Adjustment on Styles, Cena accidentally incapacitated the referee. Styles' teammates, Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows, interfered, executed a Magic Killer on Cena and placed Styles on top of him. The referee, who had not witnessed anything, recovered and counted the pinfall, thus Styles won the match.

Next was the Money in the Bank ladder match involving Dean Ambrose, Alberto Del Rio, Cesaro, Chris Jericho, Kevin Owens, and Sami Zayn. The ending saw Ambrose pull Owens into a ladder, knocking Owens onto a ladder bridged between another ladder and the ring corner, and unhooked the briefcase to win the match and the contract for a WWE World Heavyweight Championship title match.

In the seventh match, Rusev (with Lana) defended the United States Championship against Titus O'Neil. Rusev forced O'Neil to submit to the Accolade to retain the title.

### Main event

In the main event, Roman Reigns defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship against Seth Rollins. Reigns executed two Superman Punches on two separate occasions on Rollins for a nearfall. As Reigns attempted to spear Rollins outside the ring, Rollins moved out of the way and Reigns instead collided with barricade leading to medical personnel checking on Reigns. Back in the ring, Rollins attempted a Pedigree on Reigns, who responded with a Spear on Rollins. In the end, as Reigns attempted another Spear, Rollins countered with a Pedigree on Reigns for a near-fall. Rollins executed a second Pedigree on Reigns to win the title.

After the match, Dean Ambrose's entrance theme began to play, Rollins anticipated that he would appear at on the entrance stage but instead Ambrose appeared behind Rollins and struck him with the Money in the Bank briefcase. Ambrose then cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and executed Dirty Deeds on Rollins to win the title. Ambrose's win meant that, at one point during the show, each member of The Shield was the WWE Champion.

## Reception

"Money in the Bank" had three matches praised by multiple reviewers (Cena-Styles, Reigns-Rollins, and the ladder match), although different reviewers found some faults with one or more of these matches. Meanwhile, the rest of the undercard was not as well received.

James Caldwell of *Pro Wrestling Torch* reviewed most of the event's matches, giving the Reigns-Rollins world title match 3.5 (out of 5) stars due to a "very strong second half after a sluggish first half with Reigns playing a heel throughout". Caldwell attributed Ambrose's title win to WWE needing "to do something after the 2.03 TV rating on Monday" for *Raw*, leading to "WWE switching the belt the one clear, 100 percent, Daniel Bryan-like babyface they have at the top of the card". Two of the event's matches were jointly best rated at 3.75 stars: Cena-Styles, "three-fourths of the way to an epic match that was hyped going into the PPV" but "Cena looked rusty"; as well as the ladder match, "very good" but with a predictable ending "since everyone got their shine while Ambrose was mainly in the background during the match". The rest of the matches on the pay-per-view broadcast were rated between 2.0 and 2.5 stars: the tag title match was "a bit of a mess"; "Ziggler made \[Corbin\] look good"; Lynch and Natalya should have gotten a "credibility-boosting victory since they always lose to Charlotte"; Crews's win was "unconvincing", and Rusev was repeating his 2014 storyline with the U.S. title.

Dave Meltzer of the *Wrestling Observer* deemed the first pre-show match a "nothing match" and the second pre-show match "normal". He opined that the tag title match drew the crowd into it but that the "execution was rough". Meltzer was negative on Corbin-Ziggler, which he called "too long", as the "feud has done Ziggler no favors" while "Corbin just doesn't show much of anything". The finish of Crews-Sheamus made him think "it's just the beginning between these two." The next two matches Meltzer deemed "excellent": Cena-Styles was about Styles being "the better wrestler than Cena, beating him at every turn but he couldn't finish him", while in the ladder match everyone (especially Cesaro) "took big ladder bumps but there was nothing really insane like used to be in such matches. Meltzer wrote the U.S. title match "was in the death spot" and "really had no chance with the crowd" despite Rusev and O'Neil having "worked hard in a physical match." The Reigns-Rollins match he called "flat at times because it went so long" and that Rollins was "not that over as a face" while "people just weren't into Reigns at all".

Jason Namako of *WrestleView* felt that Money in the Bank was "a damn good show" with a "phenomenal ending", including the Reigns-Rollins world title match, which was Namako's match of the night, followed by "the resurrection of Dean Ambrose as a player in this company", which he called "an amazing success". Ambrose was Namako's Most Valuable Player of the night, with his "insane" ladder match featuring "tremendous effort" by all six men involved. Another notable match was the tag title match, a "super-fun opener with a real hot, frenetic pace to it". Meanwhile, Corbin-Ziggler was "solid", Crews-Sheamus was "decent", and O'Neil and Rusev "did the best they could" in the "epitome of a cool-down match". However, Namako felt the show also had negatives: the "masterful performance" by Cena and Styles was "tarnished by timid booking" with an "unneeded cheap finish" which did not "help Styles in the slightest"; while the women's match was "run-of-the-mill" and "it unfortunately looks like we are right back where we started one year ago before the 'Divas Revolution' began".

Aaron Oster, writing for *The Baltimore Sun*, wrote that Ambrose's win of the ladder match was predictable, yet "the main event was anything but predictable". Oster attributed the television overrun of the show to two reasons: firstly viewers who were watching the Game 7 of the NBA Finals could watch the main event, and secondly "it kept fans guessing exactly when it would end". "Hypothetically, if things go as the WWE wants with Brock Lesnar returning to UFC", Oster speculated, "many more eyes than usual will be turning toward the company for the entire summer, and especially at Summerslam. To have Dean Ambrose be the champion when that is happening is a huge statement from the company that shows how much confidence that they have in him." For the other events, Oster felt it was "weird" to portray Crews as an "underdog" but that was still "better than having absolutely no direction with him." Meanwhile, "Rusev as a jerk heel, and not simply an anti-American heel, is really a fantastic thing." Oster also remarked that Golden Truth had fan support but doubted that WWE would "actually go anywhere with it."

## Aftermath

The day after Money in the Bank, Roman Reigns and Seth Rollins wrestled on *Raw* for a future shot at Dean Ambrose's world title, That match ended in a double count-out, so Ambrose agreed to face both men, and Shane McMahon arranged a triple threat world title match at Battleground. one week later in Raw of June 27, the WWE World Heavyweight Championship was shortened back to being called the WWE Championship. On June 21, two days after Money in the Bank, Roman Reigns was suspended for 30 days for violating WWE's Wellness Program, which uses drug testing to detect substance abuse. *Pro Wrestling Torch* and *TheWrap* reported that WWE knew of Reigns's violation before Money in the Bank, leading to Reigns being scripted to lose his world title at the event. WWE continued to advertise Reigns as part of the Battleground main event. In July, Ambrose successfully defended the title in two singles match against Rollins on both *Raw* and *SmackDown* before Battleground. On July 19 at the 2016 WWE draft, Ambrose was drafted to SmackDown, bringing the WWE Championship with him, while Rollins and Reigns were drafted to Raw. On July 24 at Battleground, Ambrose defeated Rollins and Reigns by pinning the latter to retain the championship.

The 2016 Money in the Bank was the last WWE PPV and livestreaming event to take place before WWE reintroduced the brand extension the following month, which again split WWE's main roster between the Raw and SmackDown brands where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform. The brand extension went into full effect on the July 25 episode of *Raw*. As such, after that year's SummerSlam, excluding WWE's "Big Four" PPVs (WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and Survivor Series), monthly PPVs became brand-exclusive, and the 2017 Money in the Bank was held exclusively for SmackDown.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1<sup>P</sup> | The Golden Truth (Goldust and R-Truth) defeated Breezango (Fandango and Tyler Breeze) by pinfall | Tag team match | 05:06 |
| 2<sup>P</sup> | The Lucha Dragons (Kalisto and Sin Cara) defeated The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) by pinfall | Tag team match | 08:48 |
| 3 | The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston) (c) (with Xavier Woods) defeated Enzo and Cass, Gallows and Anderson and The Vaudevillains (Aiden English and Simon Gotch) by pinfall | Fatal four-way tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship | 11:43 |
| 4 | Baron Corbin defeated Dolph Ziggler by pinfall | Singles match | 12:25 |
| 5 | Charlotte and Dana Brooke defeated Becky Lynch and Natalya by pinfall | Tag team match | 07:00 |
| 6 | Apollo Crews defeated Sheamus by pinfall | Singles match | 08:36 |
| 7 | AJ Styles defeated John Cena by pinfall | Singles match | 24:10 |
| 8 | Dean Ambrose defeated Alberto Del Rio, Cesaro, Chris Jericho, Kevin Owens, and Sami Zayn | Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE World Heavyweight Championship match contract | 21:38 |
| 9 | Rusev (c) (with Lana) defeated Titus O'Neil by submission | Singles match for the WWE United States Championship | 08:30 |
| 10 | Seth Rollins defeated Roman Reigns (c) by pinfall | Singles match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship | 26:00 |
| 11 | Dean Ambrose defeated Seth Rollins (c) by pinfall | Singles match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship<br>This was Ambrose's Money in the Bank cash-in match. | 00:09 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match  P  – the match was broadcast on the pre-show | | | |

## InfoBox

| Money in the Bank | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster featuring Roman Reigns | |
| Promotion | WWE |
| Date | June 19, 2016 |
| City | Paradise, Nevada |
| Venue | T-Mobile Arena |
| Attendance | 14,150 |
| WWE Network event chronology | |
| **Previous**<br>NXT TakeOver: The End **Next** <br>Battleground | |
| Money in the Bank chronology | |
| **Previous**<br>2015 **Next** <br>2017 | |


title: Natá, Coclé

abstract: Natá is a town and corregimiento on the Pan-American Highway in Natá District, Coclé Province, Panama. It is the seat of Natá District. Its population as of 2010 was 6,003 as of 2010. The closest larger city is Penonomé. The city of Aguadulce is about 10 kilometers away. The small town has a primary school, high school, bank, post office, and pharmacy.

text:
# Natá, Coclé

**Natá** is a town and corregimiento on the Pan-American Highway in Natá District, Coclé Province, Panama. It is the seat of Natá District. Its population as of 2010 was 6,003 as of 2010. The closest larger city is Penonomé. The city of Aguadulce is about 10 kilometers away. The small town has a primary school, high school, bank, post office, and pharmacy.

## History

The town is the third oldest surviving town in Panama, having been founded by the Spanish on May 20, 1522, after Nombre de Dios and Panama City. It is the second oldest town founded by Europeans on the Pacific coast after Panama City. The full name of this historical city is Natá de Los Caballeros, where Natá is commemorating local cacique Anata and "Los Caballeros", 100 Spanish knights quartered in the city.

It is home to a church which claims to be the oldest church still in *Tierra Firme*. The church was thought to be built when Spanish invaders originally came through Central America conquering the Native Indian tribes. The church is believed to be from the 16th century. Currently, the church is in good condition, the roof was recently repaired with Nispero an extremely hardy and insect proof wood. thanks to care from the residents and frequent restorations. The church is used by residents of Natá every day for Catholic mass and festivals for the town.

Natá's population as of 1990 was 5,158; its population as of 2000 was 5,902.

## InfoBox

| Natá | |
| --- | --- |
| Town and corregimiento | |
| Main Square, Nata | |
|  | |
| Natá | |
| Coordinates: 8°19′48″N 80°31′12″W / 8.33000°N 80.52000°W / 8.33000; -80.52000 | |
| Country | Panama |
| Province | Coclé |
| Area | |
| Land | 174.7 km2 (67.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 6,003 |
| Density | 34.4/km2 (89/sq mi) |
|  | Population density calculated based on land area. |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |


title: Mitterfels

abstract: Mitterfels is a municipality in the district of Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is the head of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Mitterfels.

text:
# Mitterfels

**Mitterfels** is a municipality in the district of Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is the head of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Mitterfels.

## Geography

Mitterfels is located in the region between the Danube and the Bavarian Forest.

## History

In 1104 the dukes of Bogen founded the Monastery Oberalteich. The Castle of Mitterfels was first mentioned in 1194. The Township in today's extent was founded in 1818.

At the census in the year 2000, 2,372 inhabitants lived in Mitterfels.

The mayor of the town was Heinrich Stenzel (Community of Independent Voters). He came into office in 2002 as successor of Werner Lang. Now it‘s 1. Bürgermeister Andreas Liebl (FWG).

## Education

In the year 1999, the following institutions were established:

* A nursery with 70 places and 81 children
* An elementary school with 22 teachers and 362 pupils

## InfoBox

| Mitterfels | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Mitterfels within Straubing-Bogen district | |
| Mitterfels Mitterfels | |
| Coordinates: 48°58′N 12°41′E / 48.967°N 12.683°E / 48.967; 12.683 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Niederbayern |
| District | Straubing-Bogen |
| Municipal assoc. | Mitterfels |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202026) | Andreas Liebl (FW) |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.23 km2 (5.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 407 m (1,335 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 2,913 |
| Density | 200/km2 (530/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 94360 |
| Dialling codes | 09961 |
| Vehicle registration | SR |
| Website | www.mitterfels.de |


title: Food allergy

abstract: A food allergy is an abnormal immune response to food. The symptoms of the allergic reaction may range from mild to severe. They may include itchiness, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, trouble breathing, or low blood pressure. This typically occurs within minutes to several hours of exposure. When the symptoms are severe, it is known as anaphylaxis. A food intolerance and food poisoning are separate conditions, not due to an immune response. Common foods involved include cow's milk, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, fish, tree nuts, soy, wheat, and sesame. The common allergies vary depending on the country. Risk factors include a family history of allergies, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, and high levels of cleanliness. Allergies occur when immunoglobulin E (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binds to food molecules. A protein in the food is usually the problem. This triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Diagnosis is usually based on a medical history, elimination diet, skin prick test, blood tests for food-specific IgE antibodies, or oral food challenge. Management involves avoiding the food in question and having a plan if exposure occurs. This plan may include giving adrenaline (epinephrine) and wearing medical alert jewelry. Early childhood exposure to potential allergens may be protective against later development of a food allergy. The benefits of allergen immunotherapy for treating food allergies are not proven, thus not recommended as of 2015. Some types of food allergies among children resolve with age, including those to milk, eggs, and soy; while others such as to nuts and shellfish typically do not. In the developed world, about 4% to 8% of people have at least one food allergy. They are more common in children than adults and appear to be increasing in frequency. Male children appear to be more commonly affected than females. Some allergies more commonly develop early in life, while others typically develop in later life. In developed countries, more people believe they have food allergies when they actually do not have them.

text:
# Food allergy

A **food allergy** is an abnormal immune response to food. The symptoms of the allergic reaction may range from mild to severe. They may include itchiness, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, trouble breathing, or low blood pressure. This typically occurs within minutes to several hours of exposure. When the symptoms are severe, it is known as anaphylaxis. A food intolerance and food poisoning are separate conditions, not due to an immune response.

Common foods involved include cow's milk, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, fish, tree nuts, soy, wheat, and sesame. The common allergies vary depending on the country. Risk factors include a family history of allergies, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, and high levels of cleanliness. Allergies occur when immunoglobulin E (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binds to food molecules. A protein in the food is usually the problem. This triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Diagnosis is usually based on a medical history, elimination diet, skin prick test, blood tests for food-specific IgE antibodies, or oral food challenge.

Management involves avoiding the food in question and having a plan if exposure occurs. This plan may include giving adrenaline (epinephrine) and wearing medical alert jewelry. Early childhood exposure to potential allergens may be protective against later development of a food allergy. The benefits of allergen immunotherapy for treating food allergies are not proven, thus not recommended as of 2015. Some types of food allergies among children resolve with age, including those to milk, eggs, and soy; while others such as to nuts and shellfish typically do not.

In the developed world, about 4% to 8% of people have at least one food allergy. They are more common in children than adults and appear to be increasing in frequency. Male children appear to be more commonly affected than females. Some allergies more commonly develop early in life, while others typically develop in later life. In developed countries, more people believe they have food allergies when they actually do not have them.

## Signs and symptoms

Food allergy symptoms occur within minutes to hours after exposure and may include:

* Rash
* Hives
* Itching of mouth, lips, tongue, throat, eyes, skin, or other areas
* Swelling (angioedema) of lips, tongue, eyelids, or the whole face
* Difficulty swallowing
* Runny or congested nose
* Hoarse voice
* Wheezing and/or shortness of breath
* Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and/or stomach cramps
* Lightheadedness
* Fainting
* Nausea
* Vomiting

In some cases, however, onset of symptoms may be delayed for hours.

Symptoms can vary. The amount of food needed to trigger a reaction also varies.

Serious danger regarding allergies can begin when the respiratory tract or blood circulation is affected. The former can be indicated through wheezing and cyanosis. Poor blood circulation leads to a weak pulse, pale skin and fainting.

A severe case of an allergic reaction, caused by symptoms affecting the respiratory tract and blood circulation, is called anaphylaxis. When symptoms are related to a drop in blood pressure, the person is said to be in anaphylactic shock. Anaphylaxis occurs when IgE antibodies are involved, and areas of the body that are not in direct contact with the food become affected and show symptoms. Those with asthma or an allergy to peanuts, tree nuts, or seafood are at greater risk for anaphylaxis.

## Causes

### Common food allergies

Allergic reactions are abnormal immune responses that develop after exposure to a given food allergen. Food allergens account for about 90% of all allergic reactions. The most common food allergens include milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat, which are referred to as "the big eight", and are required by US law to be on labels of foods that contain those foods. In April 2021, President Biden signed the FASTER Act into law. This recognized sesame as the ninth US mandatory food label allergen.

Peanuts, a member of the legume family, are one of the most common food allergens that induce reactions in both children and adults. Affecting about 2% of the Western population, peanut allergies tend to cause more severe reactions and anaphylaxis than other food allergies. Tree nuts, including almonds, brazil nuts, cashews, coconuts, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pistachios, pine nuts, and walnuts, are also common allergens. Affected individuals may be sensitive to one particular tree nut or many different ones. Peanuts and seeds, including sesame seeds and poppy seeds, can be processed to extract oils, but trace amounts of protein may also elicit an allergic reaction. Peanut and tree nut allergies are lifelong conditions for the majority of those affected, although evidence shows that ~20% of those with peanut allergies and 9% of those with tree nut allergies may outgrow them.

Egg allergies affect about one in 50 children but are frequently outgrown when children reach age five. Affected individuals can be sensitive to proteins both in the egg white and egg yolk, but most children are allergic to those in the white while most adults are allergic to those in the yolk.

Cow's milk is the most common food allergen in infants and young children, yet many adults are also sensitized to cow's milk. Many affected individuals cannot tolerate dairy products such as cheese and yogurt. A small portion of children with milk allergy, roughly 10%, have a reaction to beef because it contains small amounts of protein that are also present in cow's milk.

Shellfish, which are divided into crustaceans (shrimp, crab, lobster, etc.) and mollusks (mussel, oyster, scallop, squid, octopus, snail, etc.), are the most common food allergy in adults. People may be allergic to other types of seafood, such as fish. Fish allergies were found to be more common in countries that have high fish consumption compared to those with lower consumption.

Other common food allergens include soy and wheat. Those allergic to wheat may be sensitized to any protein in the wheat kernel. To a lesser frequency, people may be mildly allergic to raw fruits and vegetables, a disease known as oral allergy syndrome. Less common allergens include maize, spices, synthetic and natural colors, and chemical additives.

Balsam of Peru, which is in various foods, is in the "top five" allergens most commonly causing patch test reactions in people referred to dermatology clinics.

### Routes of exposure

Exposure to certain food proteins triggers the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which, if unaccompanied by allergic symptoms, is known as allergic sensitization. Oral ingestion is the main sensitization route for most food allergy cases, yet other routes of exposure include inhalation and skin contact.

For example, inhaling airborne particles in a farm-scale or factory-scale peanut shelling/crushing environment, or from cooking, can induce respiratory effects in allergic individuals. Furthermore, peanut allergies are much more common in adults who had oozing and crusted skin rashes as infants, suggesting that impaired skin may be a risk factor for sensitization. An estimated 28.5 million people worldwide are engaged in the seafood industry, which includes fishing, aquaculture, processing and industrial cooking. In these occupational settings, individuals with fish and shellfish allergies are at high risk of exposure to allergenic proteins via aerosolization. Respiratory symptoms may be induced by inhalation of wet aerosols from fresh fish handling, inhalation of dry aerosols from fishmeal processing, and dermal contact through skin breaks and cuts. Another occupational food allergy that involves respiratory symptoms is "baker's asthma," which commonly develops in food service workers who work with baked goods. Previous studies detected 40 allergens from wheat, some cross-reacted with rye proteins and a few cross-reacted with grass pollens.

Allergic sensitization can occur via skin antigen exposure, which usually manifests as hives. The skin has been suggested to be a critical sensitization route for peanut-allergic individuals. Peanut allergies are much more common in adults who had oozing and crusted skin rashes as infants, reinforcing that those with disrupted epithelial barriers, notably the skin barrier, are more prone to skin sensitization. Environmental factors, such as exposure to food, microorganisms, creams, and detergents, may lead to skin barrier dysfunction. Several studies reveal that children exposed to skin creams containing peanut oil are reported to have a higher risk of peanut allergy, suggesting that impaired skin may be a risk factor for sensitization.

### Atopy

Food allergies develop more easily in people with the atopic syndrome, a very common combination of diseases: allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, eczema, and asthma. The syndrome has a strong inherited component; a family history of allergic diseases can be indicative of the atopic syndrome.

### Cross-reactivity

Some children who are allergic to cow's milk protein also show a cross-sensitivity to soy-based products. Some infant formulas have their milk and soy proteins hydrolyzed, so when taken by infants, their immune systems do not recognize the allergen and they can safely consume the product. Hypoallergenic infant formulas can be based on proteins partially predigested to a less antigenic form. Other formulas, based on free amino acids, are the least antigenic and provide complete nutritional support in severe forms of milk allergy.

Crustaceans (shrimp, crab, lobster, etc.) and molluscs (mussel, oyster, scallop, squid, octopus, snail, etc.) are different invertebrate classes, but the allergenic protein tropomyosin is present and responsible for cross-reactivity.

People with latex allergy often also develop allergies to bananas, kiwifruit, avocados, and some other foods.

## Pathophysiology

Conditions caused by food allergies are classified into three groups according to the mechanism of the allergic response:

1. IgE-mediated (classic) – the most common type, occurs shortly after eating and may involve anaphylaxis.
2. Non-IgE mediated – characterized by an immune response not involving immunoglobulin E; may occur some hours after eating, complicating diagnosis
3. IgE and/or non-IgE-mediated – a hybrid of the above two types

Allergic reactions are abnormal immune responses to certain substances that are normally harmless. When immune cells encounter the allergenic protein, IgE antibodies are produced; this is similar to the immune system's reaction to foreign pathogens. The IgE antibodies identify the allergenic proteins as harmful and initiate the allergic reaction. The harmful proteins are those that do not break down due to the strong bonds of the protein. IgE antibodies bind to a receptor on the surface of the protein, creating a tag, just as a virus or parasite becomes tagged. Why some proteins do not denature and subsequently trigger allergic reactions and hypersensitivity while others do is not entirely clear.

Hypersensitivities are categorized according to the parts of the immune system that are attacked and the amount of time it takes for the response to occur. The four types of hypersensitivity reaction are: type 1, immediate IgE-mediated; type 2, cytotoxic; type 3, immune complex-mediated; and type 4, delayed cell-mediated. The pathophysiology of allergic responses can be divided into two phases. The first is an acute response that occurs immediately after exposure to an allergen. This phase can either subside or progress into a "late-phase reaction" which can substantially prolong the symptoms of a response, and result in tissue damage.

Many food allergies are caused by hypersensitivities to particular proteins in different foods. Proteins have unique properties that allow them to become allergens, such as stabilizing forces in their tertiary and quaternary structures which prevent degradation during digestion. Many theoretically allergenic proteins cannot survive the destructive environment of the digestive tract, thus do not trigger hypersensitive reactions.

### Acute response

In the early stages of allergy, a type I hypersensitivity reaction against an allergen, encountered for the first time, causes a response in a type of immune cell called a TH2 lymphocyte, which belongs to a subset of T cells that produce a cytokine called interleukin-4 (IL-4). These TH2 cells interact with other lymphocytes called B cells, whose role is the production of antibodies. Coupled with signals provided by IL-4, this interaction stimulates the B cell to begin production of a large amount of a particular type of antibody known as IgE. Secreted IgE circulates in the blood and binds to an IgE-specific receptor (a kind of Fc receptor called FcεRI) on the surface of other kinds of immune cells called mast cells and basophils, which are both involved in the acute inflammatory response. The IgE-coated cells, at this stage, are sensitized to the allergen.

If later exposure to the same allergen occurs, the allergen can bind to the IgE molecules held on the surface of the mast cells or basophils. Cross-linking of the IgE and Fc receptors occurs when more than one IgE-receptor complex interacts with the same allergenic molecule and activates the sensitized cell. Activated mast cells and basophils undergo a process called degranulation, during which they release histamine and other inflammatory chemical mediators (cytokines, interleukins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins) from their granules into the surrounding tissue causing several systemic effects, such as vasodilation, mucous secretion, nerve stimulation, and smooth-muscle contraction. This results in rhinorrhea, itchiness, dyspnea, and anaphylaxis. Depending on the individual, the allergen, and the mode of introduction, the symptoms can be system-wide (classical anaphylaxis), or localized to particular body systems.

### Late-phase response

After the chemical mediators of the acute response subside, late-phase responses can often occur due to the migration of other leukocytes such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages to the initial site. The reaction is usually seen 2–24 hours after the original reaction. Cytokines from mast cells may also play a role in the persistence of long-term effects.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually based on a medical history, elimination diet, skin prick test, blood tests for food-specific IgE antibodies, or oral food challenge.

* For skin-prick tests, a tiny board with protruding needles is used. The allergens are placed either on the board or directly on the skin. The board is then placed on the skin, to puncture the skin and for the allergens to enter the body. If a hive appears, the person is considered positive for the allergy. This test only works for IgE antibodies. Allergic reactions caused by other antibodies cannot be detected through skin-prick tests.

Skin-prick testing is easy to do and results are available in minutes. Different allergists may use different devices for testing. Some use a "bifurcated needle", which looks like a fork with two prongs. Others use a "multitest", which may look like a small board with several pins sticking out of it. In these tests, a tiny amount of the suspected allergen is put onto the skin or into a testing device, and the device is placed on the skin to prick, or break through, the top layer of skin. This puts a small amount of the allergen under the skin. A hive will form at any spot where the person is allergic. This test generally yields a positive or negative result. It is good for quickly learning if a person is allergic to a particular food or not because it detects IgE. Skin tests cannot predict if a reaction would occur or what kind of reaction might occur if a person ingests that particular allergen. They can, however, confirm an allergy in light of a patient's history of reactions to a particular food. Non-IgE-mediated allergies cannot be detected by this method.

* Patch testing is used to determine if a specific substance causes allergic inflammation of the skin. It tests for delayed food reactions.
* Blood testing is another way to test for allergies; however, it poses the same disadvantage and only detects IgE allergens and does not work for every possible allergen. Radioallergosorbent testing (RAST) is used to detect IgE antibodies present to a certain allergen. The score taken from the RAST is compared to predictive values, taken from a specific type of RAST. If the score is higher than the predictive values, a great chance the allergy is present in the person exists. One advantage of this test is that it can test many allergens at one time.

A CAP-RAST has greater specificity than RAST; it can show the amount of IgE present to each allergen. Researchers have been able to determine "predictive values" for certain foods, which can be compared to the RAST results. If a person's RAST score is higher than the predictive value for that food, over a 95% chance exists that patients will have an allergic reaction (limited to rash and anaphylaxis reactions) if they ingest that food.  Currently, predictive values are available for milk, egg, peanut, fish, soy, and wheat. Blood tests allow for hundreds of allergens to be screened from a single sample, and cover food allergies as well as inhalants. However, non-IgE-mediated allergies cannot be detected by this method. Other widely promoted tests such as the antigen leukocyte cellular antibody test and the food allergy profile are considered unproven methods, the use of which is not advised.

* Food challenges test for allergens other than those caused by IgE allergens. The allergen is given to the person in the form of a pill, so the person can ingest the allergen directly. The person is watched for signs and symptoms. The problem with food challenges is that they must be performed in the hospital under careful watch, due to the possibility of anaphylaxis.

Food challenges, especially double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges, are the gold standard for diagnosis of food allergies, including most non-IgE-mediated reactions, but is rarely done. Blind food challenges involve packaging the suspected allergen into a capsule, giving it to the patient, and observing the patient for signs or symptoms of an allergic reaction.

The recommended method for diagnosing food allergy is to be assessed by an allergist. The allergist will review the patient's history and the symptoms or reactions that have been noted after food ingestion. If the allergist feels the symptoms or reactions are consistent with food allergy, he/she will perform allergy tests. Additional diagnostic tools for evaluation of eosinophilic or non-IgE mediated reactions include endoscopy, colonoscopy, and biopsy.

### Differential diagnosis

Important differential diagnoses are:

## Prevention

Breastfeeding for more than four months may prevent atopic dermatitis, cow's milk allergy, and wheezing in early childhood. Early exposure to potential allergens may be protective. Specifically, early exposure to eggs and peanuts reduces the risk of allergies to these. Guidelines suggest introducing peanuts as early as 4–6 months and include precautionary measures for high-risk infants. The former guidelines, advising delaying the introduction of peanuts, are now thought to have contributed to the increase in peanut allergy seen recently.

To avoid an allergic reaction, a strict diet can be followed. It is difficult to determine the amount of allergenic food required to elicit a reaction, so complete avoidance should be attempted. In some cases, hypersensitive reactions can be triggered by exposures to allergens through skin contact, inhalation, kissing, participation in sports, blood transfusions, cosmetics, and alcohol.

Early introduction of peanut and egg alongside other solids, or by one year of age, may help prevent development of food allergy. Introduction of these allergenic foods within the first year of life appears to be safe. A window of opportunity for the introduction of different food allergens may exist, such as egg introduction ahead of peanut.

### Inhalation exposure

Allergic reactions to airborne particles or vapors of known food allergens have been reported as an occupational consequence of people working in the food industry, but can also take place in home situations, restaurants, or confined spaces such as airplanes. According to two reviews, respiratory symptoms are common, but in some cases there has been progression to anaphylaxis. The most frequent reported cases of reactions by inhalation of allergenic foods were due to peanut, seafood, legumes, tree nut, and cow's milk. Steam rising from cooking of lentils, green beans, chickpeas and fish has been well documented as triggering reactions, including anaphylactic reactions. One review mentioned case study examples of allergic responses to inhalation of other foods, including examples in which oral consumption of the food is tolerated.

## Treatment

The mainstay of treatment for food allergy is total avoidance of the foods identified as allergens. An allergen can enter the body by consuming a portion of food containing the allergen, and can also be ingested by touching any surfaces that may have come into contact with the allergen, then touching the eyes or nose. For people who are extremely sensitive, avoidance includes avoiding touching or inhaling problematic food. Total avoidance is complicated because the declaration of the presence of trace amounts of allergens in foods is not mandatory (see regulation of labelling).

If the food is accidentally ingested and a systemic reaction (anaphylaxis) occurs, then epinephrine should be used. A second dose of epinephrine may be required for severe reactions. The person should then be transported to the emergency room, where additional treatment can be given. Other treatments include antihistamines and steroids.

### Epinephrine

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is the first-line treatment for severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). If administered in a timely manner, epinephrine can reverse its effects. Epinephrine relieves airway swelling and obstruction, and improves blood circulation; blood vessels are tightened and heart rate is increased, improving circulation to body organs. Epinephrine is available by prescription in an autoinjector.

### Antihistamines

Antihistamines can alleviate some of the milder symptoms of an allergic reaction, but do not treat all symptoms of anaphylaxis. Antihistamines block the action of histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky to plasma proteins. Histamine also causes itchiness by acting on sensory nerve terminals. The most common antihistamine given for food allergies is diphenhydramine.

### Steroids

Glucocorticoid steroids are used to calm down the immune system cells that are attacked by the chemicals released during an allergic reaction. This treatment in the form of a nasal spray should not be used to treat anaphylaxis, for it only relieves symptoms in the area in which the steroid is in contact. Another reason steroids should not be used is the delay in reducing inflammation. Steroids can also be taken orally or through injection, by which every part of the body can be reached and treated, but a long time is usually needed for these to take effect.

### Immunotherapy

Immunotherapies seek to condition the immune system to elicit or suppress a specific immune response. In the treatment of allergies, common immunotherapies seek to desensitize the immune system by gradually exposing the body to allergens in increasing amounts. These forms of immunotherapy have had varying and limited success and have generally been used to treat peanut and environmental allergies.

### Omalizumab

Omalizumab, an injectable asthma treatment drug sold under the brand name Xolair, was approved in the United States in February 2024 to reduce severe reactions to accidental exposure to food allergens. It is a genetically engineered monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to immunoglobulin E (IgE) to reduce the severity of an immune response. Successful results were reported for wheat, eggs, milk and baked products containing wheat and milk.

## Epidemiology

Food allergies affect up to 10% of the worldwide population, and they are currently more prevalent in children (~8%) than adults (~5) in western nations. In several industrialized countries, food allergies affect up to 10% of children. Children are most commonly allergic to cow's milk, chicken eggs, peanuts, and tree nuts. While studies on adults with food allergy are not as abundant, surveys suggest that the most common food allergens for adults include fish, shellfish, peanuts, and tree nuts.

Food allergies have become increasingly prevalent in industrialized/westernized nations over the last 2–3 decades. An estimated 15 million people currently have food allergies in the United States. In 1997, 0.4% children in the United States were reported to have peanut allergy, yet this number markedly rose to 1.4% in 2008. In Australia, hospital admission rates for food-induced anaphylaxis increased by an average of 13.2% from 1994-2005. One possible explanation for the rise in food allergy is the "old friends" hypothesis, which suggests that non-disease-causing organisms, such as helminths, could protect against allergy. Therefore, reduced exposure to these organisms, particularly in developed countries, could have contributed towards the increase.

Children of East Asian or African descent who live in westernized countries were reported to be at significantly higher risk of food allergy compared to Caucasian children. Several studies predict that Asia and Africa may experience a growth in food allergy prevalence as the lifestyles there become more westernized.

The prevalence of certain food allergies is suggested to depend partly on the geographical area and country. For instance, allergy to buckwheat flour, used for soba noodles, is more common in Japan than peanuts, tree nuts or foods made from soy beans. Also, shellfish allergy is the most common cause of anaphylaxis in adults and adolescents particularly in East Asian countries like Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and Thailand. Individuals in East Asia have further developed an allergy to rice, which forms a large part of their diet. Another example is that, out of nine European countries, egg allergy was found to be most prevalent in the UK and least prevalent in Greece.

### Special population: children

About 75% of children who have allergies to milk protein are able to tolerate baked-in milk products, i.e., muffins, cookies, cake, and hydrolyzed formulas. About 50% of children with allergies to milk, egg, soy, peanuts, tree nuts, and wheat will outgrow their allergy by the age of 6. Those who are still allergic by the age of 12 or so have less than an 8% chance of outgrowing the allergy.

### United States

In the United States, food allergy affects as many as 5% of infants less than three years of age and 3% to 4% of adults. The prevalence of food allergies is rising. Food allergies cause roughly 30,000 emergency room visits and 150 deaths per year.

## Regulation

Whether rates of food allergy are increasing or not, food allergy awareness has definitely increased, with impacts on the quality of life for children, their parents and their caregivers. In the United States, the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 causes people to be reminded of allergy problems every time they handle a food package, and restaurants have added allergen warnings to menus. The Culinary Institute of America, a premier school for chef training, has courses in allergen-free cooking and a separate teaching kitchen. School systems have protocols about what foods can be brought into the school. Despite all these precautions, people with serious allergies are aware that accidental exposure can easily occur at other peoples' houses, at school or in restaurants.

### Regulation of labelling

In response to the risk that certain foods pose to those with food allergies, some countries have responded by instituting labeling laws that require food products to clearly inform consumers if their products contain priority allergens or byproducts of major allergens among the ingredients intentionally added to foods.

The priority allergens vary by country.

Food allergens prioritized in labeling laws by country
| Food | US | Canada | UK | Australia & New Zealand | EU |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| peanuts | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| tree nuts | Yes | Yes | Yes | Almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pistachios, pine nuts, and walnuts. | Yes |
| milk | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| eggs | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| fish | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| shellfish | Crustaceans only | Crustaceans and molluscs | Crustaceans and molluscs | Crustaceans and molluscs | Crustaceans and molluscs |
| soy | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| wheat | Yes | Includes triticale | Included under gluten | Yes | Included under gluten |
| sesame seeds | Yes as of 2023 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| mustard | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| sulphites (not a true allergy) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes, if \>10 mg/kg | Yes, if \>10 mg/kg |
| gluten (not a true allergy) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| celery | No | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| lupin | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |

There are no labeling laws mandating declaration of the presence of trace amounts in the final product as a consequence of cross-contamination, except in Brazil.

#### Ingredients intentionally added

In the United States, the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 requires companies to disclose on the label whether a packaged food product contains any of these eight major food allergens, added intentionally: cow's milk, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, fish, tree nuts, soy and wheat. The eight-ingredient list originated in 1999 from the World Health Organisation Codex Alimentarius Commission. To meet labeling requirements, if an ingredient is derived from one of the required-label allergens, then it must either have its "food sourced name" in parentheses, for example, "Casein (milk)," or as an alternative, there must be a statement separate but adjacent to the ingredients list: "Contains milk" (and any other of the allergens with mandatory labeling). The European Union requires listing for those eight major allergens plus molluscs, celery, mustard, lupin, sesame and sulfites.

In 2018, the US FDA issued a request for information for the consideration of labeling for sesame to help protect people who have sesame allergies. A decision was reached in November 2020 that food manufacturers voluntarily declare that when powdered sesame seeds are used as a previously unspecified spice or flavor, the label be changed to "spice (sesame)" or "flavor (sesame)."

Congress and the President passed a law in April 2021, the "FASTER Act", stipulating that labeling be mandatory, to be effect January 1, 2023, making it the ninth required food ingredient label.

The Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 applies to packaged foods regulated by the FDA, which does not include poultry, most meats, certain egg products, and most alcoholic beverages. However, some meat, poultry, and egg processed products may contain allergenic ingredients. These products are regulated by the Food Safety and Inspection Service, which requires that any ingredient be declared in the labeling only by its common or usual name. Neither the identification of the source of a specific ingredient in a parenthetical statement nor the use of statements to alert for the presence of specific ingredients, like "Contains: milk", are mandatory. The act also does not apply to food prepared in restaurants. The EU Food Information for Consumers Regulation 1169/2011 – requires food businesses to provide allergy information on food sold unpackaged, for example, in catering outlets, deli counters, bakeries and sandwich bars.

In the United States, there is no federal mandate to address the presence of allergens in drug products, medicines, or cosmetics.

#### Trace amounts as a result of cross-contamination

The value of allergen labeling other than for intentional ingredients is controversial. This concerns labeling for ingredients present unintentionally as a consequence of cross-contact or cross-contamination at any point along the food chain (during raw material transportation, storage or handling, due to shared equipment for processing and packaging, etc.). Experts in this field propose that if allergen labeling is to be useful to consumers, and healthcare professionals who advise and treat those consumers, ideally there should be agreement on which foods require labeling, threshold quantities below which labeling may be of no purpose, and validation of allergen detection methods to test and potentially recall foods that were deliberately or inadvertently contaminated.

Labeling regulations have been modified to provide for mandatory labeling of ingredients plus voluntary labeling, termed precautionary allergen labeling, also known as "may contain" statements, for possible, inadvertent, trace amount, cross-contamination during production. Precautionary allergen labeling can be confusing to consumers, especially as there can be many variations on the wording of the warning. Precautionary allergen labeling is optional in the United States. As of 2014, precautionary allergen labeling is regulated only in Switzerland, Japan, Argentina, and South Africa. Argentina decided to prohibit precautionary allergen labeling since 2010 and instead puts the onus on the manufacturer to control the manufacturing process and label only those allergenic ingredients known to be in the products. South Africa does not permit the use of precautionary allergen labeling, except when manufacturers demonstrate the potential presence of allergen due to cross-contamination through a documented risk assessment and despite adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice. In Australia and New Zealand there is a recommendation that precautionary allergen labeling be replaced by guidance from VITAL 2.0 (Vital Incidental Trace Allergen Labeling). A review identified "the eliciting dose for an allergic reaction in 1% of the population" as the threshold reference dose for certain foods (such as cow's milk, egg, peanut and other proteins) to provide food manufacturers with guidance for developing precautionary labeling and give consumers a better idea of what might be accidentally in a food product beyond "may contain." VITAL 2.0 was developed by the Allergen Bureau, a food industry sponsored, non-government organization. The European Union has initiated a process to create labeling regulations for unintentional contamination but is not expected to publish such before 2024.

In Brazil, since April 2016, the declaration of the possibility of cross-contamination is mandatory when the product does not intentionally add any allergenic food or its derivatives, but the Good Manufacturing Practices and allergen control measures adopted are not sufficient to prevent the presence of accidental trace amounts. These allergens include wheat, rye, barley, oats and their hybrids, crustaceans, eggs, fish, peanuts, soybean, milk of all species of mammalians, almonds, hazelnuts, cashew nuts, Brazil nuts, macadamia nuts, walnuts, pecan nuts, pistachios, pine nuts, and chestnuts.

### Genetically modified food

There is a scientific consensus that available food derived from genetically modified crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, and a 2016 U.S. National Academy of Sciences report concluded that there is no relationship between consumption of genetically modified foods and the increase in prevalence of food allergies. However, there are concerns that genetically modified foods, also described as foods sourced from genetically modified organisms, could be responsible for allergic reactions, and that the widespread acceptance of these types of foods may be responsible for what is a real or perceived increase in the percentage of people with allergies.

One concern is that genetic engineering could make an allergy-provoking food more allergic, meaning that smaller portions would suffice to set off a reaction. Of the food currently in widespread use of genetically modified organisms, only soybeans are identified as a common allergen. However, for the soybean proteins known to trigger allergic reactions, there is more variation from strain to strain than between those and the genetically modified varieties. Another concern is that genes transferred from one species to another could introduce an allergen in a food not thought of as particularly allergenic. Research on an attempt to enhance the quality of soybean protein by adding genes from Brazil nuts was terminated when human volunteers known to have tree nut allergy reacted to the modified soybeans.

Prior to a new genetically modified food receiving government approval, certain criteria need to be met. These include: Is the donor species known to be allergenic? Does the amino acid sequence of the transferred proteins resemble the sequence of known allergenic proteins? Are the transferred proteins resistant to digestion – a trait shared by many allergenic proteins? Genes approved for animal use can be restricted from human consumption due to potential for allergic reactions. In 1998 StarLink brand corn restricted to animals was detected in the human food supply, leading to first a voluntary and then an FDA-mandated recall. There are requirements in some countries and recommendations in others that all foods containing genetically modified ingredients be so labeled, and that there be a post-launch monitoring system to report adverse effects (similar to the requirements in some countries for drug and dietary supplement reporting).

### Restaurants

In the US, the FDA Food Code states that the person in charge in restaurants should have knowledge about major food allergens, cross-contacts, and symptoms of food allergy reactions. Restaurant staff, including wait staff and kitchen staff, may not be adequately informed about allergenic ingredients, or the risk of cross-contact when kitchen utensils used to prepare food may have been in previous contact with an allergenic food. The problem may be compounded when customers have a hard time describing their food allergies or when wait staff have a hard time understanding those with food allergies when taking an order.

### Diagnosing issues

There exists both over-reporting and under-reporting of the prevalence of food allergies. Self-diagnosed perceptions of food allergy are greater than the rates of true food allergy because people confuse non-allergic intolerance with allergy, and also attribute non-allergy symptoms to an allergic response. Conversely, healthcare professionals treating allergic reactions on an out-patient or even hospitalized basis may not report all cases. Recent increases in reported cases may reflect a real change in incidence or an increased awareness on the part of healthcare professionals.

## Social impact

Food fear has a significant impact on quality of life. For children with allergies, their quality of life is also affected by the actions of their peers. An increased occurrence of bullying has been observed, which can include threats or deliberate acts of forcing allergic children to contact foods that they must avoid or intentional contamination of allergen-free food. The social impacts of food allergies can carry over into adulthood.

## Portrayal in media

Media portrayals of food allergy in television and film are not accurate, often used for comedic effect or underplaying the potential severity of an allergic reaction. These tropes misinform the public and also contribute to how entertainment media will continue to wrongly portray food allergies in the future. Types of tropes: 1) characters have food allergies, providing a weakness that can be used to sabotage them. In the movie *Parasite* a housekeeper is displaced by taking advantage of her peach allergy. In the animated film *Peter Rabbit*, the farm owner is attacked by being pelted with blackberries, causing an anaphylactic reaction requiring emergency treatment with epinephrine. After many public protests, Sony Pictures and the *Peter Rabbit* director apologized for making light of food allergies. 2) Food allergy is used for comedic effect, such as in the movies *Hitch* and in television, Kelso's egg allergy in *That '70s Show* 3) Food allergies may be incorporated into characters who are also portrayed as annoying, weak and oversensitive, which can be taken as implying that their allergies are either not real or not potentially severe. In season 1, episode 16 of *The Big Bang Theory* Howard Wolowitz deliberately consumes a peanut-containing food bar (and has a serious reaction) just to delay Leonard from returning to his apartment where a surprise birthday party is being arranged. 4) Any of these portrayals may underplay the potential severity of food allergy, some showing that Benadryl treatment is sufficient. Viewing of humorous portrayals of food allergies has been shown to have a negative effect on related health policy support due to low perceived seriousness.

## Research

Several theories have been suggested to explain why certain individuals develop allergic sensitization instead of oral tolerance to food allergens. One such theory is the dual allergen hypothesis, which states that ingesting food allergens early on promotes oral tolerance while skin exposure leads to sensitization. Instead of oral ingestion, skin barrier disruption in conditions like eczema, for instance, was suggested to cause allergic sensitization in animal and human infants. Inhalation was recently proposed to be an additional sensitization route in the dual allergen hypothesis. Another theory is the barrier regulation hypothesis, describing the role of commensal bacteria in preventing the development of food allergy by maintaining integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Environmental and lifestyle factors, such as early life nutrition and antibiotic treatment, may contribute to food allergy prevalence by affecting gut microbial composition, and thus, intestinal immune homeostasis in infants and young children.

A number of desensitization techniques are being studied. Areas of research include specific oral tolerance induction (also known as oral immunotherapy), and sublingual immunotherapy. The benefits of allergen immunotherapy for food allergies is unclear, thus is not recommended as of 2015.

There is research on the effects of increasing intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy, lactation, via infant formula and in early childhood on the subsequent risk of developing food allergies during infancy and childhood. From two reviews, maternal intake of omega-3, long-chain fatty acids during pregnancy appeared to reduce the risks of medically diagnosed IgE-mediated allergy, eczema and food allergy per parental reporting in the first 12 months of life, but the effects were not all sustained past 12 months. The reviews characterized the literature's evidence as inconsistent and limited. Results when breastfeeding mothers were consuming a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids were inconclusive. For infants, supplementing their diet with oils high in polyunsaturated fatty acids did not affect the risks of food allergies, eczema or asthma either as infants or into childhood.

There is research on probiotics, prebiotics and the combination of the two (synbiotics) as a means of treating or preventing infant and child allergies. From reviews, there appears to be a treatment benefit for eczema, but not asthma, wheezing or rhinoconjunctivitis. The evidence was not consistent for preventing food allergies and this approach cannot yet be recommended.

The Food Standards Agency, in the United Kingdom, are in charge of funding research into food allergies and intolerance. Since their founding in 1994 they have funded over 45 studies. In 2005 Europe created EuroPrevall, a multi-country project dedicated to research involving allergies.

Notes * Nester EW, Anderson DG, Roberts Jr CE, Nester MT (2009). "Immunologic Disorders". *Microbiology: A Human Perspective* (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 414–428.
* Sicherer SH (2006). *Understanding and Managing Your Child's Food Allergy*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

## InfoBox

| Food allergy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Hives on the back are a common allergy symptom. | |
| Specialty | Emergency medicine, allergy and immunology |
| Symptoms | Itchiness, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, trouble breathing, low blood pressure |
| Usual onset | Minutes to several hours of exposure |
| Duration | Long term, some may resolve |
| Causes | Immune response to food |
| Risk factors | Family history, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, high levels of cleanliness |
| Diagnostic method | Based on a medical history, elimination diet, skin prick test, oral food challenge |
| Differential diagnosis | Food intolerance, celiac disease, food poisoning |
| Prevention | Early exposure to potential allergens, omalizumab |
| Treatment | Avoiding the food in question, having a plan if exposure occurs, medical alert jewelry |
| Medication | Adrenaline (epinephrine) |
| Frequency | ~6% (developed world) |


title: Rifugio Guglielmina

abstract: Rifugio Guglielmina was an historic alpine hut on the South side of the Monte Rosa range at 2880 m above sea level, situated in the commune of Alagna Valsesia, Piedmont, Italy. Built in 1878, it was destroyed by fire on 22 December 2011. It had been described as "Europe’s highest hotel", and until its destruction it was run by the great-grandson of the original builder. In January 2013 the owners, the families Guglielmina and Calaba, announced that they could not afford to reconstruct the building.

text:
# Rifugio Guglielmina

**Rifugio Guglielmina** was an historic alpine hut on the South side of the Monte Rosa range at 2880 m above sea level, situated in the commune of Alagna Valsesia, Piedmont, Italy. Built in 1878 (or the 1860s according to one source), it was destroyed by fire on 22 December 2011.

It had been described as "Europe’s highest hotel", and until its destruction it was run by the great-grandson of the original builder.

In January 2013 the owners, the families Guglielmina and Calaba, announced that they could not afford to reconstruct the building.

## Bibliography

* Baedeker, Karl (1928). *Switzerland* (27 ed.). Leipzig: Karl Baedeker. p. 433.. 27th edition ( Hinrichsen No. E093) of classic guidebooks. Probably referred to passim in all post 1880 editions of this guide.

## InfoBox

| Rifugio Guglielmina | |
| --- | --- |
| Rifugio Guglielmina, March 2009 | |
| Rifugio Guglielmina | |
| Coordinates | 45°52′14.3″N 7°52′20.7″E / 45.870639°N 7.872417°E / 45.870639; 7.872417 |
| Country | Italy |
| Location | Passo dei Salati |
| Nearest<br>settlement | Alagna Valsesia |
| Elevation | 2,880 m (9,449 ft) |
| Construction | |
| Built in | 1878 (1878) |
| Administration | |
| Owner | Alberto Calaba |
| Facilities | |
| Opening times | closed due to fire |


title: Alberto Müller Rojas

abstract: Alberto Müller Rojas was a Venezuelan politician and general. He was once the vice president of the PSUV. Müller Rojas enter the Military Academy at the age of 15. Then in 1978, he was promoted to Major General of the Army and was also appointed Secretary of the Permanent Council on Security and Defence. He taught at Universidad Central de Venezuela and Universidad Simon Bolivar, both of which are in Caracas.

text:
# Alberto Müller Rojas

**Alberto Müller Rojas** (August 9, 1935, Táchira, Venezuela – August 13, 2010, Caracas, Venezuela) was a Venezuelan politician and general. He was once the vice president of the PSUV (*United Socialist Party of Venezuela*).

Müller Rojas enter the Military Academy at the age of 15. Then in 1978, he was promoted to Major General of the Army and was also appointed Secretary of the Permanent Council on Security and Defence. He taught at Universidad Central de Venezuela and Universidad Simon Bolivar, both of which are in Caracas.


title: Hanea

abstract: Hanea is a monotypic genus of Cyatholipidae containing the single species, Hanea paturau.

text:
# Hanea

***Hanea*** is a monotypic genus of Cyatholipidae containing the single species, ***Hanea paturau***.

## Taxonomy

This species was described in 1988 by Ray Forster from male specimens. The holotype is stored in the New Zealand Arthropod Collection.

## Description

The male is recorded at 1.68mm in length. This species has a dark reddish brown cephalothorax. The abdomen is creamy white with black markings laterally.

## Distribution

This species is only known from Nelson, New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Not Threatened".

## InfoBox

| *Hanea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *H. paturau* | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Not Threatened (NZ TCS) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Cyatholipidae |
| Genus: | *Hanea*
Forster, 1988 |
| Species: | ***H. paturau*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hanea paturau***
Forster, 1988 | |
|