title: Onychoteuthis bergii

abstract: Onychoteuthis bergii is a species of hooked squid from the family Onychoteuthidae. The species was originally described by Hinrich Lichtenstein from specimens taken near the Cape of Good Hope and is the type species of the genus Onychoteuthis. Until recently it was considered to be a junior synonym of Onychoteuthis banksii, but a re-examination of the type material, the lectotype and paralectotype which are deposited in the Natural History Museum, Berlin, showed that there were morphological differences which supported the status of O. bergii as a valid species. The species is found in the eastern South Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

text:
# Onychoteuthis bergii

***Onychoteuthis bergii*** is a species of hooked squid from the family Onychoteuthidae. The species was originally described by Hinrich Lichtenstein from specimens taken near the Cape of Good Hope and is the type species of the genus *Onychoteuthis*. Until recently it was considered to be a junior synonym of *Onychoteuthis banksii*, but a re-examination of the type material, the lectotype and paralectotype which are deposited in the Natural History Museum, Berlin, showed that there were morphological differences which supported the status of *O. bergii* as a valid species. The species is found in the eastern South Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

## InfoBox

| *Onychoteuthis bergii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Oegopsida |
| Family: | Onychoteuthidae |
| Genus: | *Onychoteuthis* |
| Species: | ***O. bergii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Onychoteuthis bergii***
Lichtenstein, 1818 | |
|


abstract: Farmland development rights in Suffolk County, New York began in 1975 in Suffolk County as the state of New York began a program to purchase development rights for farmland to insure they remained as farms and open space rather than being developed for housing.

text:
# Farmland development rights in Suffolk County, New York

**Farmland development rights in Suffolk County, New York** began in 1975 in Suffolk County as the state of New York began a program to purchase development rights for farmland to insure they remained as farms and open space rather than being developed for housing.

## Location

Suffolk County, New York, comprises the eastern portion of Long Island and borders Nassau County on the west. The remainder of Long Island is occupied by Queens County and Kings County, which are part of New York City. Suffolk County is more than 80 miles (130 km) long and 20 miles (30 km) wide and encompasses 922 square miles (2,388 km2). With its close proximity to New York City and amenities prized by land developers, Suffolk County was ripe for intensive development.

## Overview

The program involves purchasing from landowners what the county has defined as "development rights." Development rights are all of the property owner's rights, title, and interest in the property except raw ownership, the right of possession and the right to use the property for agriculture. The program involves the solicitation by the county of bids on a voluntary basis by property owners interested in selling the development rights of their property to the county. If a bidder's offer is accepted, the county pays to the bidder the sum of money equal to the appraised market value of the development rights by certified check, assuming that, following a title examination at county expense, it is determined that the bidder can convey good and marketable title, free of any encumbrances, to the county for his development rights.

The program does not require any bidder to offer the development rights to all of his property. He may offer such rights for all or part of his ownership. The concept provides an extraordinary opportunity for imaginative and innovative preservation techniques at minimum risk. For example, it is possible that a farmer who owns and operates his farm could readily sell his development rights to the county, retaining the agricultural title to his own land, while using the proceeds of the sale of his development rights to acquire the agricultural title to adjoining land or land within reasonable proximity suitable for expansion of his farming activity.

### Benefits

The concept is attractive to farmers anxious to remain in the agricultural industry in Suffolk County, but hard-pressed by periodic cash shortages and ever increasing real property taxes, as well as the threat of extensive complications and problems of liquidation upon the death of the farmer.

Through the sale of the development rights, he liquidates the greater proportion of his total equity in the value of his real property and converts it to cash which, in turn, can provide him with operating capital, investment capital or income-producing investments. The conversion of the development rights from real property into cash also places the family in a position of avoiding forced liquidation at a sacrifice price at the time of the death of the farmer. The real property tax picture also brightens for such a participating farmer because assessments of real property must be made in full recognition of actual value. The sale of development rights thus precluding the use of the property for anything other than agriculture in perpetuity reduces the market value of the property by virtue of that limitation.

While the purchase of development rights provides a great benefit to the farmer, it also provides benefits to the people of Suffolk County now, and in the future, through the preservation of a vital industry and extensive open space. Furthermore, the development rights concept provides for the retention of ownership and possession and maintenance of the property with the landowner who, through the pride of ownership and possession can be far more effective in maintaining the physical condition of the property than the county.

## History

The history of the real estate development of Long Island followed the classical mode from inner city to the suburban areas of Nassau and Suffolk Counties. The greatest development occurred shortly after World War II. In 1970, the census count for Suffolk County was over the one million mark. It appeared that there would be no end to this wave of development and that Suffolk County was destined for the same fate that befell Nassau County. Nassau County, at the end of World War II, contained many viable working farms growing food crops and producing dairy products for New York City. By 1970, the farms of Nassau County were gone, covered over by urban sprawl.

Early in 1972, John V.N. Klein, the newly elected County Executive, envisioned the idea of buying farmland development rights. Suffolk County is the leading agricultural county in New York State in dollar amounts of agricultural products grown. He believed that the agricultural industry was a vital economic, environmental and social resource worth saving. The eastern end of Suffolk County supports a thriving tourist industry because of its many miles of sandy beaches, but also because of its open spaces and rural atmosphere.

After years of meetings, conferences, discussions and the issuance of various committee reports from farmers, environmental groups, citizen groups, and the Suffolk County Legislature, a local law sponsored by Klein was finally enacted in 1973 which created the farm preservation program.

### Implementation

Early in 1975, the County Legislature approved the hiring of appraisers and subsequently values were submitted to the Legislature based upon a July 1975 valuation date. At that time, the municipal government of New York City was in the throes of financial collapse which consequently affected the municipal bond market and forced the interest borrowing rates to escalate to an exorbitantly high level. This caused the Legislature to decline the approval of the acquisition of development rights because of the exorbitant expense of securing bond monies.

In September 1976, the Legislature completely reversed its position and approved the acquisition of the development rights of 60 farms based upon the original valuation of 21 million dollars. The resolutions that were passed by the Legislature included the bid values tendered by the farmers along with the appraised values that had been submitted the prior year. In October 1976, the total project was turned over to William R. Lockwood of the Department of Land Management for review and approval of the appraisals to justify the expenditure of 21 million dollars for the development rights acquisition. It was at that time that he first became involved with this project.

## Appraisal review process

In pre-reviewing the land appraisals, it was recognized that it was necessary to update and re-appraise due to a decided decline in land market values in the eastern end of Suffolk County. In January 1977, the County of Suffolk hired new valuation consultants to assist in determining the value of the development rights for the 60 farms. The original appraisal concepts which were developed by the consultants were sound and were used to re-appraise the total project.

A real estate appraiser was hired who analyzed the real estate market in the three townships being appraised. Data was secured on all of the comparable sales that occurred in the recent past along with present-day listings of similar comparable property together with the analysis of recently foreclosed land. This information was verified and analyzed in detail by the appraiser and submitted. The information contained therein was subsequently used by the appraiser in documenting and supporting his appraised values of the property before the development rights were acquired.

It was decided to make appraisals using a before and after technique. The after value would reflect the value of the property after the development rights had been acquired. This was the basic bundle of rights theory: only the right to development was being bought; hence, the after value was theoretically a pure farm. A farm expert, who specialized in appraising farms in New York State and the immediate adjacent states, was hired. It was determined that there were no pure farms on Long Island. The farm expert concluded that the farming of the land in Suffolk County was a holding operation as all of the farmlands had the potential for development for other than farmlands and this potential was reflected in the prices paid for farm land on Long Island. This was no recent occurrence as it had always been thus on Long Island. The farmers were forced out by development from Kings County to Queens County, to Nassau County, and finally to Suffolk County.

### Pure farm values

The farm expert advised that he would have to go to other comparable farm areas to determine pure farm values. He secured farm sales in areas where development wasn't probable within the foreseeable future. He investigated comparable sales in the entire State of New York, including the Orange County and Mohawk River Valley muck lands, the States of New Jersey, Connecticut and Massachusetts. He secured and categorized comparable sales from all these areas and submitted them to us in a brochure which was voluminous. He discarded many of the areas as not being comparable and finally selected sales in northern Massachusetts, in the Connecticut River Valley, the Orange County muck lands and the extensive South Jersey farmlands. All of the properties selected as being comparable had similar soil characteristics, irrigation problems, modes of transportation and growing seasons. If there were any differences, these items were noted and adjusted when the appraiser submitted his appraisal of the farms after development rights were acquired.

The review appraiser's additional function in this project was one of coordination and guidance. Monthly meetings were held to assure the project's progress. The information accumulated was voluminous and mind-boggling that it was decided instead to use visual displays to assist us in presenting the program to the farmers. As a result, a consultant display expert was hired to develop town wide aerial photograph maps which displayed all of the market data in a simple fashion that could easily be seen and understood. Not only were the comparable sales, subject properties, listings, foreclosures and subdivisions included on the maps color-coded, but also other important data such as zoning, water districts, school districts, major street names, etc. This consultant also prepared individual survey-type sketches of the properties to be acquired. These were drawn on reproducible aerial photographs. They were used by all of the consultants. Copies were given to the property owner and eventually used in preparation of contracts for purchase subject to confirmation by a survey supplied by the County of Suffolk.

### Market conditions

The initial accumulation of market data which was gathered by our valuation consultants indicated that the pure farm values in the metropolitan area held steady; however, real estate that was suitable for housing developments or at least had the potential for development decidedly had declined. In September 1973, there was an economic downturn. Comparable sales data indicated in 1974 that the real estate market still was active and the prices were still high. However, this data did not reflect current trends and in 1975 there were few sales. during this time the original appraisals were made on the farm property. Further market analysis indicated that the prices were decidedly low in 1976 and again lower in 1977.

Trying to establish the value of these properties proved difficult in the downward market. Complicating the situation were the offers made to all the owners based upon the original appraised values. These values had to be solidly supported to make the presentations convincing and acceptable to the farmers and speculators. Because it was evident that there was a distinct change in values, an additional real estate consultant and land planner was hired to further investigate the factors that led to the market decline. This resulted in an "Economic and Land Development Study" that included a complete analysis of all of the subdivisions filed in the townships within the past 10 years along with detailed studies of airport development, road development, the bridge construction to Connecticut, population studies and any other factor that would assist us in determining when this land ultimately might be developed.

### Verification of the data

Upon receiving this data, appraisers decided they would not only rely upon the consultants, but instead verify this information in the field themselves. The market data was presented and discussed with many real estate brokers in town, the assessors, farm credit service representatives, cooperative extension agents, builders, land planners, vineyard owners and bank representatives. This exchange of information not only verified and gave details and facts about each transaction, but allowed missed facts to be uncovered. This survey was ultimately used in our presentation to the farmer.

An unexpected result was that the real estate experts were convinced that the appraisers were determined to arrive at just compensation and the fair market value of development rights. The real estate appraiser used all of the information received from the experts and ultimately reduced this information into one appraisal report. The report included a before value, the real estate appraised value, an after value that was the pure farm appraisal (appraised as if the development rights were secured by the county) and then ultimately the difference between the two resulted in the value of the development rights. During the presentation, data showed that the potato blossoms in June on farms in Northern Massachusetts and in the Connecticut River Valley were the same size as those in Suffolk and further that they were picking strawberries at the same time. This information was gathered through physical inspection of the comparable farm properties in New York and adjacent states.

### Valuation presentation to the farmers

Rather than give the farmer a copy of the appraisal, it was decided to provide all of the market data in a condensed form and a brochure was made up which included market data sales, foreclosures, listings and the broker's survey. This information was a synopsis of what was said in the presentation. This booklet, with an aerial photograph of the subject property, a letter indicating the before and after values plus the development rights value, was given to the farmer to use in decision making.

Phase I of the Farmlands Program was to acquire the development rights of 60 farms. The Legislature allocated 21 million dollars for this phase of the program. The approved appraised value for the development rights to the 60 farms came to $10,175,000, which was a substantial reduction in value from the original offers made to the owners. Farmer Nathaniel Talmadge, the first to sign up for the program, was originally offered $4,525 an acre for his development rights; he settled for $2,725 per acre. His statement to the press fairly well sums up the feelings of most farmers, "I am pretty well convinced that they (the new appraisals) were fair. I would not say I was pleased." Fifty-two of the approved participants have agreed to sell the development rights to their farms to the county.


title: Jean Hunhoff

abstract: Jean M. Hunhoff is an American politician and a Republican member of the South Dakota Senate since 2021. She has also served in the South Dakota House of Representatives representing District 18 from 2001 to 2007 and again from 2015 to 2021. She previously served in the South Dakota Senate from 2007 to 2015. Hunhoff was the mayor of Yankton from 1995 until 1997.

text:
# Jean Hunhoff

**Jean M. Hunhoff** (born December 30, 1953) is an American politician and a Republican member of the South Dakota Senate since 2021. She has also served in the South Dakota House of Representatives representing District 18 from 2001 to 2007 and again from 2015 to 2021. She previously served in the South Dakota Senate from 2007 to 2015. Hunhoff was the mayor of Yankton from 1995 until 1997.

## Education

Hunhoff earned her BSN from South Dakota State University, her MSN from the University of Nebraska Medical Center, and her MHA from the University of Minnesota Medical School.

## Elections

### South Dakota House of Representatives

* 2000 When House District 18 incumbent Republican Representative Donald E. Munson ran for South Dakota Senate, Hunhoff and incumbent Representative Matt Michels were unopposed for the 2000 Republican Primary and won the four-way November 7, 2000 General election where Representative Michels took the first seat and Hunhoff took the second seat with 4,279 votes (26.34%) ahead of Democratic nominees Adam Healy and Nick Braune.
* 2002 Hunhoff and incumbent Representative Matt Michels were unopposed for the June 4, 2002 Republican Primary and won the four-way November 5, 2002 General election where Representative Michels took the first seat and Hunhoff took the second seat with 4,699 votes (28.98%) ahead of Democratic nominees Scott Swier and Jay Blankenfeld.
* 2004 Hunhoff and incumbent Representative Matt Michels were unopposed for both the June 1, 2004 Republican Primary and the November 2, 2004 General election where Representative Michels took the first seat and Hunhoff took the second seat with 5,993 votes (46.61%).

### South Dakota State Senate

* 2006 When District 18 incumbent Democratic Senator Garry Moore was term limited from remaining in the Senate and ran for a District 18 House seat, Hunhoff was unopposed for the June 6, 2006 Republican Primary and won the November 7, 2006 General election with 4,811 votes (54.61%) against Democratic nominee Curt Bernard.
* 2008 Hunhoff was unopposed for the June 3, 2008 Republican Primary and won the November 4, 2008 General election with 6,525 votes (66.94%) against Democratic nominee Bill Kerr.
* 2010 Hunhoff was unopposed for both the June 8, 2010 Republican Primary and the November 2, 2010 General election, winning with 5,915 votes.
* 2012 Hunhoff was unopposed for the June 5, 2012 Republican Primary and won the November 6, 2012 General election with 6,317 votes (65.13%) against Democratic nominee David Allen.

### South Dakota House of Representatives

* 2014 Hunhoff was term limited from the South Dakota State Senate so she ran for the South Dakota House of Representatives again.
* 2016 Hunhoff secured another term by gaining the 2nd spot in the November 8, 2016, general election; Republican Mike Stevens received 6,296, Hunhoff received 5,393; Democrat David Allen received 3,047 and Democrat Peter Rossiter received 2,250 votes.
* 2018 Hunoff ran for reelection and secured the 2nd seat in the November 6, 2018, general election; Democrat Ryan Cwach received the most votes with 4,552 votes; Hunhoff received 4,444 votes; Republican Max Farver received 3,782 votes and Democrat Terry Crandall received 3,547 votes.

### South Dakota State Senate

* 2020 Hunhoff ran for and was elected to the state Senate with 6,342 votes defeating Jordan Foos who received 4,255 votes.

## InfoBox

| Jean Hunhoff | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the South Dakota Senate
from the 18th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 12, 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Craig Kennedy |
| Member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
from the 18th district | |
| **In office**
January 13, 2015  January 12, 2021Serving with Mike Stevens (2015-2019), Ryan Cwach (2019-2021) | |
| Preceded by | Bernie Hunhoff |
| Succeeded by | Mike Stevens |
| Member of the South Dakota Senate
from the 18th district | |
| **In office**
January 9, 2007  January 13, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Garry Moore |
| Member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
from the 18th district | |
| **In office**
January 9, 2001  January 9, 2007Serving with Matt Michels (2001–2007) | |
| Preceded by | Donald E. Munson |
| Succeeded by | Charlotte Gilson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1953-12-30) December 30, 1953
Yankton, South Dakota |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Alma mater | South Dakota State University
University of Nebraska Medical Center
University of Minnesota Medical School |
| Profession | Registered nurse |
|  | |


title: Xylaria hypoxylon

abstract: Xylaria hypoxylon is a species of bioluminescent fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, such as the candlestick fungus, the candlesnuff fungus, carbon antlers, or the stag's horn fungus. The fruit bodies, characterized by erect, elongated black branches with whitened tips, typically grow in clusters on decaying hardwood. The fungus can cause a root rot in hawthorn and gooseberry plants.

text:
# Xylaria hypoxylon

| Mycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | No distinct cap |
|  | Hymenium attachment is not applicable |
|  | Lacks a stipe |
|  | Spore print is **black** to **white** |
|  | Edibility is **inedible** |

***Xylaria hypoxylon*** is a species of bioluminescent fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, such as the **candlestick fungus**, the **candlesnuff fungus**, **carbon antlers**, or the **stag's horn fungus**. The fruit bodies, characterized by erect, elongated black branches with whitened tips, typically grow in clusters on decaying hardwood. The fungus can cause a root rot in hawthorn and gooseberry plants.

## Taxonomy

*Xylaria hypoxylon* was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1745, and then later mentioned by him in his *Species Plantarum II*.

The specific epithet is derived from the Greek words *hypo* meaning "below", and *xylon*, meaning "wood".

Genetic evidence has created the *Xylaria hypoxylon* complex. The complex was created when taxonomists and amateurs noticed large variation in appearance and spore shape within the main species and decided that the differences were large enough to warrant a complex formation. This complex has been debated between different experts as valid and invalid for the past three years and has remained in tension.

Though they are similar, the complex does not include *Xylaria polymorpha* and *Xylaria longipes* which look similar but are not closely enough related to *Xylaria hypoxylon* to apply.

## Description

Fruit bodies (ascocarps) are cylindrical or flattened with dimensions of 3–8 centimetres (1+183+18 in) tall × 2–8 mm thick. The erect ascocarps are often twisted or bent, and typically sparsely branched, often in a shape resembling a stag's antlers. Specimens found earlier in the season, in spring, may be covered completely in asexual spores (conidia), which manifests itself as a white to grayish powdery deposit. Later in the season, mature ascocarps are charcoal-black, and have minute pimple-like bumps called perithecia on the surface. These are minute rounded spore bearing structures with tiny holes, or ostioles, for the release of sexual spores (ascospores). The perithecia are embedded in the flesh of the ascocarp, the stroma, which is tough, elastic, and white. Within the perithecia, the asci are 100 × 8 μm.

Ascospores are kidney-shaped, black, and smooth, with dimensions of 10–14 × 4–6 μm. The asexual spores (mitospores) are ellipsoid in shape, smooth, and hyaline.

### Edibility

Although not poisonous, the small size and tough texture of this fungus deter consumption. It is considered inedible by some guides.

### Similar species

Many species of the genus resemble *X. hypoxylon*, including *Xylaria polymorpha*, which is thicker and not as branched.

## Chemical compounds

A variety of chemical compounds with *in vitro* properties have been identified in this fungus. The compounds xylarial A and B both have moderate cytotoxic activity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep G2. The pyrone derivative compounds named xylarone and 8,9-dehydroxylarone also have cytotoxic activity. Several cytochalasins, compounds that bind to actin in muscle tissue, have been found in the fungus. *X. hypoxylon* also contains a carbohydrate-binding protein, a lectin, with a unique sugar specificity, and which has potent anti-tumor effects in various tumor cell lines.

### Subnotes

1. See photos here: Cann, AJ (2017-12-19). "Candlesnuff Luminescence". *NatureSpot*. Archived from the original on 2023-06-20.
1. O'Reilly, Pat (2024-09-11). "*Xylaria hypoxylon* (L.) Grev. – Candlesnuff Fungus". *First Nature (Fascinated by Fungi)*. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27.
2. Sundberg W, Bessette A (1987). *Mushrooms: A Quick Reference Guide to Mushrooms of North America (Macmillan Field Guides)*. New York: Collier Books. p. 10. ISBN 0-02-063690-3.
3. "*Xylaria hypoxylon*". Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
4. Horst RK, Westcott C (2001). *Westcott's plant disease handbook*. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 533. ISBN 0-7923-8663-9.
5. Linnaeus C. (1745). *Flora svecica \[suecica\] exhibens plantas per regnum Sueciae crescentes*. Vol. 2. Stockholm: Salvii.
6. Linnaeus C. (1753). *Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rites cognitus ad genera relatas cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas*. Vol. II. Stockholm: Salvii.
7. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3852/08-108 – gives a more in depth description of the complex
8. "Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev". *www.gbif.org*.
9. "Xylaria hypoxylon - Burke Herbarium Image Collection". *burkeherbarium.org*.
10. "Rogers Mushrooms | Mushroom Pictures & Mushroom Reference". Retrieved 2009-01-27.
11. "*Xylaria hypoxylon*". *California Fungi*. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
12. "*Xylaria hypoxylon* (próchnilec ga3êzisty) (Candlesnuff Fungus)". Retrieved 2009-01-26.
13. Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). *Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America*. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 380–381. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
14. Audubon (2023). *Mushrooms of North America*. Knopf. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
15. Gu W, Ding H. (2008). "Two new tetralone derivatives from the culture of *Xylaria hypoxylon* AT-028." *Chinese Chemical Letters* **19**(11): 1323–26.
16. Schüffler A, Sterner O, Anke H (2007). "Cytotoxic alpha-pyrones from *Xylaria hypoxylon*". *Z. Naturforsch. C*. **62** (3–4): 169–72. doi:10.1515/znc-2007-3-403. PMID 17542480. S2CID 34792432.
17. Espada A, Rivera Sagredo A, de la Fuente JM, Hueso Rodriguez JA, Elson SW. (1997). "New cytochalasins from the fungus *Xylaria hypoxylon*." *Tetrahedron* **53**(18): 6485–92.
18. Liu Q, Wang H, Ng TB (2006). "First report of a xylose-specific lectin with potent hemagglutinating, antiproliferative and anti-mitogenic activities from a wild ascomycete mushroom". *Biochim. Biophys. Acta*. **1760** (12): 1914–9. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.07.010. PMID 16952421.

## InfoBox

| *Xylaria hypoxylon* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Xylariales |
| Family: | Xylariaceae |
| Genus: | *Xylaria* |
| Species: | ***X. hypoxylon*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylaria hypoxylon***
(L.) Grev.(1824) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Clavaria hypoxylon* L. * *Sphaeria hypoxylon* (L.) Pers. * *Xylosphaera hypoxylon* (L.) Dumort. | |


title: Punaküla

abstract: Punaküla is a village in Põhja-Sakala Parish, Viljandi County in Estonia.

text:
# Punaküla

**Punaküla** is a village in Põhja-Sakala Parish, Viljandi County in Estonia.

## InfoBox

| Punaküla | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 58°20′14″N 25°20′22″E / 58.337222222222°N 25.339444444444°E / 58.337222222222; 25.339444444444 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Viljandi County |
| Parish | Põhja-Sakala Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Mazapertine

abstract: Mazapertine (RWJ-37796) is an antipsychotic agent that was developed by Johnson & Johnson but never marketed. It exerts its pharmacological effect through affinity for dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT1A, and α1-adrenergic receptors. Mazapertine is safe and well tolerated when administered orally. Analogs of mazapertine with conformational restriction have been prepared and have greater affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor.

text:
# Mazapertine

**Mazapertine** (**RWJ-37796**) is an antipsychotic agent that was developed by Johnson & Johnson but never marketed. It exerts its pharmacological effect through affinity for dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT1A, and α1-adrenergic receptors.

Mazapertine is safe and well tolerated when administered orally.

Analogs of mazapertine with conformational restriction have been prepared and have greater affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor.

## Synthesis

The laboratory synthesis of mazapertine has been reported. It begins with alkylation of 2-nitrophenol (**1**) with isopropyl bromide to give 2-isopropoxynitrobenzene (**2**). Catalytic hydrogenation of nitro group gives 2-isopropoxyaniline (**3**). Intermolecular ring formation of this aniline with bis(2-chloroethyl)amine yields 1-(2-isopropoxyphenyl)piperazine (**4**). Separately, amide formation of 3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl chloride (**5**) with piperidine gives 1-\[3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl\]piperidine (**6**). The last step is the convergent synthesis between the above two arms of the synthesis to afford the alkylation product mazapertine (**7**).

## InfoBox

Mazapertine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name (Piperidin-1-yl){3-\[(4-{2-\[(propan-2-yl)oxy\]phenyl}piperazin-1-yl)methyl\]phenyl}methanone | |
| Other names RWJ-37796 | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C26H35N3O2/c1-21(2)31-25-12-5-4-11-24(25)28-17-15-27(16-18-28)20-22-9-8-10-23(19-22)26(30)29-13-6-3-7-14-29/h4-5,8-12,19,21H,3,6-7,13-18,20H2,1-2H3Key: ZKZFPRUSWCYSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * O=C(N1CCCCC1)c2cc(ccc2)CN4CCN(c3ccccc3OC(C)C)CC4 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C26H35N3O2 |
| Molar mass | 421.585 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: MdN Interactive

abstract: MdN (Macintosh designers Network) is a general information magazine for graphics and design. Despite its name, the magazine's emphasis is primarily on design and secondarily about Macintosh computing. Founded in 1989 by Yuichi Inomata, the magazine was based on a Macintosh DTP support organisation. MdN also publishes other design magazines and mooks such as web creators and effects. The magazine is published by Impress Group company. An English language version, MdN International, was published in Hong Kong for a period starting in 1993.

text:
# MdN Interactive

***MdN*** (*M*acintosh *d*esigners *N*etwork) is a general information magazine for graphics and design. Despite its name, the magazine's emphasis is primarily on design and secondarily about Macintosh computing.

Founded in 1989 by Yuichi Inomata, the magazine was based on a Macintosh DTP support organisation. *MdN* also publishes other design magazines and mooks such as web creators and effects. The magazine is published by Impress Group company.

An English language version, *MdN International*, was published in Hong Kong for a period starting in 1993.

## InfoBox

*MdN <br>Macintosh designers Network*
| Editor | Kabushiki Kaisha MdN Corporation |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Design magazine / Mac magazine |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Publisher | Impress Group company |
| Founded | 1989 |
| Company | Kabushiki Kaisha MdN Corporation |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Website | MdN (in Japanese) |


abstract: The West Indies cricket team toured England in the 2000 cricket season. West Indies played five Tests against England - two in June and three in August - with a triangular One Day International (ODI) series involving Zimbabwe in July. In June, West Indies won the 1st Test at Edgbaston convincingly, before England narrowly won the 2nd Test at Lord's, having bowled West Indies out for 54 in their second innings. The ODI series, sponsored by NatWest, took place in July, with England, West Indies and Zimbabwe all playing each other three times, and the two best teams qualifying for the final. West Indies lost four of their six matches, including all three against Zimbabwe. England beat Zimbabwe in the final at Lord's, thus winning an ODI tournament for the first time in two years. The Test series concluded in August. After the 3rd Test at Old Trafford was drawn, England won the 4th Test at Headingley inside two days, bowling West Indies out for 61 in their second innings. They then won the 5th Test at The Oval, thus securing their first series victory against West Indies for 31 years. In all five Tests and the ODI series, West Indies were captained by Jimmy Adams. Nasser Hussain captained England in the 1st Test before breaking a thumb while playing for Essex; Alec Stewart deputised in the 2nd Test and for much of the ODI series before Hussain returned. The ball dominated the bat for most of the Test series, with a bowler taking five wickets in an innings on seven occasions, but only three batsmen scoring centuries. A hallmark of the series was the inconsistency of the West Indies batting: the team passed 300 runs only twice, and were twice dismissed in the second innings for less than 70 runs. England only passed 300 once, in the 3rd Test, but consistently recorded scores between 150 and 300. Atherton scored the most runs for either team (311), while Marcus Trescothick, who made his Test debut in the 3rd Test, headed the batting averages with 47.50. Sherwin Campbell scored the most runs for West Indies (270), while Ramnaresh Sarwan had the team's best batting average (40.75). Walsh took the most wickets for either team (34), thus becoming the first winner of the Malcolm Marshall Memorial Trophy; he was also named West Indies' player of the series. Gough took the most wickets for England (25), and was his team's player of the series. While Gough was well supported by Caddick (22) and Dominic Cork (20), Walsh took twice as many wickets as his long-time partner Curtly Ambrose (17), who retired from cricket after the 5th Test.

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# West Indian cricket team in England in 2000

The West Indies cricket team toured England in the 2000 cricket season. West Indies played five Tests against England \- two in June and three in August - with a triangular One Day International (ODI) series involving Zimbabwe in July.

In June, West Indies won the 1st Test at Edgbaston convincingly, before England narrowly won the 2nd Test at Lord's, having bowled West Indies out for 54 in their second innings.

The ODI series, sponsored by NatWest, took place in July, with England, West Indies and Zimbabwe all playing each other three times, and the two best teams qualifying for the final. West Indies lost four of their six matches, including all three against Zimbabwe. England beat Zimbabwe in the final at Lord's, thus winning an ODI tournament for the first time in two years.

The Test series concluded in August. After the 3rd Test at Old Trafford was drawn, England won the 4th Test at Headingley inside two days, bowling West Indies out for 61 in their second innings. They then won the 5th Test at The Oval, thus securing their first series victory against West Indies for 31 years.

In all five Tests and the ODI series, West Indies were captained by Jimmy Adams. Nasser Hussain captained England in the 1st Test before breaking a thumb while playing for Essex; Alec Stewart deputised in the 2nd Test and for much of the ODI series before Hussain returned.

The ball dominated the bat for most of the Test series, with a bowler taking five wickets in an innings on seven occasions (Courtney Walsh twice for West Indies, Andy Caddick and Craig White twice each and Darren Gough once for England), but only three batsmen scoring centuries (Stewart and Brian Lara in the drawn 3rd Test, and Michael Atherton in the 5th). A hallmark of the series was the inconsistency of the West Indies batting: the team passed 300 runs only twice, and were twice dismissed in the second innings for less than 70 runs. England only passed 300 once, in the 3rd Test, but consistently recorded scores between 150 and 300.

Atherton scored the most runs for either team (311), while Marcus Trescothick, who made his Test debut in the 3rd Test, headed the batting averages with 47.50. Sherwin Campbell scored the most runs for West Indies (270), while Ramnaresh Sarwan had the team's best batting average (40.75).

Walsh took the most wickets for either team (34), thus becoming the first winner of the Malcolm Marshall Memorial Trophy; he was also named West Indies' player of the series. Gough took the most wickets for England (25), and was his team's player of the series. While Gough was well supported by Caddick (22) and Dominic Cork (20), Walsh took twice as many wickets as his long-time partner Curtly Ambrose (17), who retired from cricket after the 5th Test.

## Test series

### 1st Test

* West Indies won the toss and elected to field.

### 2nd Test

* England won the toss and elected to field.
* This was the 100th Test match played at Lord's.
* *The second day saw a part of all four innings: the final ball of West Indies' first innings, the entire England first innings and the entire West Indies second innings, and the first seven balls of England's second innings. Courtney Walsh became the first and still the only player in Test Match history who has batted and bowled in all 4 innings of a Test on the same day.*
* *Matthew Hoggard (Eng) made his Test debut.*

### 3rd Test

* West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
* Marcus Trescothick (Eng) made his Test debut.

### 4th Test

* West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
* This was the first Test match to be won inside two days since 1946, and the first to be won by England in this manner since 1912.
* *Curtly Ambrose took his 400th Test wicket during England's innings.*

### 5th Test

* West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
* Mahendra Nagamootoo (WI) made his Test debut, while Curtly Ambrose played his 98th and final Test match.
* *Playfair Cricket Annual*
* *Wisden Cricketers Almanack* (annual)

## External sources

## InfoBox

| West Indies in England 2000 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|  | West Indies | England |
| Dates | 2 June – 4 September 2000 | | |
| Captains | Jimmy Adams | Nasser Hussain |
| Test series | | | |
| Result | England won the 5-match series 3–1 | | |
| Most runs | Sherwin Campbell (270) | Michael Atherton (311) |
| Most wickets | Courtney Walsh (34) | Darren Gough (25) |
| Player of the series | Courtney Walsh (WI), Darren Gough (Eng) | | |


title: Operational Collaboration

abstract: Operational collaboration is a cyber resilience framework that leverages public-private partnerships to reduce the risk of cyber threats and the impact of cyberattacks on United States cyberspace. This operational collaboration framework for cyber is similar to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)'s National Preparedness System which is used to coordinate responses to natural disasters, terrorism, chemical and biological events in the physical world. Operational collaboration is one of the six pillars of recommendations put forward by the United States Cyberspace Solarium Commission (CSC) for a strategy of layered cyber deterrence. The CSC was established in the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 to "develop a consensus on a strategic approach to defending the United States in cyberspace against cyber attacks of significant consequences." Significant work on the development of an Operational Collaboration Framework has also been done by the Aspen Cybersecurity Group, a cross-sector public-private forum composed of government officials, industry-leading experts, and academic and civil leaders organized by the Aspen Institute. In the US, cyber defense under President Biden has increasingly taken an operational collaboration approach, following a number of large-scale cyberattacks on US federal agencies and businesses including Solar Winds and the Microsoft Exchange hacks. Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) Director Jen Easterly, National Cyber Director Chris Inglis and other officials met with executives from 13 companies, including Google, networking vendor Juniper Networks and security firm Mandiant. Mayorkas stated at that time: "This is about taking a spirit of partnership and moving into actual operational collaboration." Recent operational collaboration initiatives under the Biden administration include CISA's new Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative, a forum for cooperative cyber defense planning with companies at the heart of operating and securing the internet's infrastructure. Also, the National Security Agency's new Cybersecurity Collaboration Center, a new platform stood up in the summer of 2021 for public-private cyber threat intelligence sharing on adversaries targeting the National Security System (NSS), Department of Defense (DoD) and Defense Industrial Base (DIB).

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# Operational Collaboration

**Operational collaboration** is a cyber resilience framework that leverages public-private partnerships to reduce the risk of cyber threats and the impact of cyberattacks on United States cyberspace. This operational collaboration framework for cyber is similar to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)'s National Preparedness System which is used to coordinate responses to natural disasters, terrorism, chemical and biological events in the physical world.

Operational collaboration is one of the six pillars of recommendations put forward by the United States Cyberspace Solarium Commission (CSC) for a strategy of layered cyber deterrence. The CSC was established in the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 to "develop a consensus on a strategic approach to defending the United States in cyberspace against cyber attacks of significant consequences." Significant work on the development of an Operational Collaboration Framework has also been done by the Aspen Cybersecurity Group, a cross-sector public-private forum composed of government officials, industry-leading experts, and academic and civil leaders organized by the Aspen Institute.

In the US, cyber defense under President Biden has increasingly taken an operational collaboration approach, following a number of large-scale cyberattacks on US federal agencies and businesses including Solar Winds and the Microsoft Exchange hacks. Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) Director Jen Easterly, National Cyber Director Chris Inglis and other officials met with executives from 13 companies, including Google, networking vendor Juniper Networks and security firm Mandiant. Mayorkas stated at that time: "This is about taking a spirit of partnership and moving into actual operational collaboration."

Recent operational collaboration initiatives under the Biden administration include CISA's new Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative, a forum for cooperative cyber defense planning with companies at the heart of operating and securing the internet's infrastructure.

Also, the National Security Agency's new Cybersecurity Collaboration Center, a new platform stood up in the summer of 2021 for public-private cyber threat intelligence sharing on adversaries targeting the National Security System (NSS), Department of Defense (DoD) and Defense Industrial Base (DIB).

## Overview

Security weaknesses in the computer networks that run critical infrastructure sectors—banking, energy, healthcare, telecommunications, shipping, and more—allow sophisticated actors to attack and disrupt essential elements of society. Many of these sectors depend on the others to function. These interdependencies create a systemic cyber risk where a large-scale attack on one sector could trigger a cascading failure in other key sectors, potentially resulting in significant destabilizing effects on public health, public safety, economic security or national security. Because this systemic cyber risk is shared across public and private entities, an operational collaboration framework is needed to coordinate action between government and industry to secure cyberspace.

Operational collaboration builds on past progress with information sharing to plan and execute public-private actions to create a strategic deterrent and defend US cyberspace.

## History

The concept of operational collaboration originated in the financial services sector with the establishment of the Financial Systemic Analysis & Resilience Center (FSARC) in 2016. The FSARC is a subsidiary of the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center (FS-ISAC). It was established to deepen public-private collaboration between U.S. financial institutions and government agencies to improve the resilience of the critical functions that underpin the financial sector.

The FSARC was initiated by eight large U.S. banks – Bank of America, BNY Mellon, Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley, State Street and Wells Fargo. It facilitates operational collaboration between financial institutions and U.S. government partners in the FBI, Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Treasury. Together, they conduct analysis of critical financial sector systems and jointly monitor and warn against threats to those systems. JPMorgan's Greg Rattray was the main driver of the operational collaboration concept, and he served as the FSARC's Co-President alongside Bank of America's Siobhan MacDermott when the center was first established.

## Mission Areas

**Operational collaboration should occur in five mission areas: Protect, Mitigate, Prevent, Respond and Recover.** This is similar to the National Preparedness System established under Homeland Security Presidential Directive-8 that is used to coordinate responses to natural disasters, terrorism, chemical emergencies in the physical world. As the linkage between the cyber and physical realms increases, using similar organizing constructs for both environments would make coordination between the two realms more seamless.

* *Steady state*: The Protect, Mitigate, and Prevent missions constitute the collaboration areas in a "steady state" environment or the normal operating state of the world.
* *Incident Response*: When a cyber incident occurs that has a broad impact on our digital ecosystem (whether from a national security, economic, or public health and safety point of view), then the action shifts to the Response and Recovery missions.

### Protect and Mitigate

Relevant actors collaborate to raise the level of cybersecurity across the digital ecosystem and to mitigate the potential impact of cyber threats. Key activities include risk management to identify critical systems and lower risk appropriately, addressing vulnerabilities, developing and sharing information and intelligence on emerging threats, developing a deep understanding of threats and the ability to warn of attacks, implementing cybersecurity best practices, conducting research on interdependencies, establishing contingency plans, and conducting exercises.

### Prevent

Relevant actors synchronize actions to disrupt the activities of malicious cyber actors prior to and outside of a response to a specific incident. Key activities include exposing malicious cyber campaigns publicly, botnet take-downs, law enforcement actions against companies, economic sanctions, and other cyber and non-cyber government counter measures against malicious cyber actors. Private sector actors will only operate on their own networks; government actors may conduct offensive cyber operations on other networks to prevent and deter attacks, when appropriate.

### Respond and Recover

The relevant actors are responding to and/or recovering from an incident that is either on-going or has already occurred. Progress has been made in this mission area, including improved information sharing to ensure that adversary tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) have a limited effective lifespan and the development of plans and policies such as the National Cyber Strategy, Presidential Policy Directive 41 and the National Cyber Incident Response Plan. Key activities include rapidly identifying the incident's underlying cause, sharing and implementing effective defensive measures to contain or prevent further damage, and synchronizing specific response actions, such as dropping packets or re-routing traffic.

## Examples

Trickbot takedown before the 2020 presidential election.

Response to Solarwinds by FireEye/Mandiant + federal cyber defenders in early 2020

REvil ransomware takedown


title: Farmland preservation

abstract: Farmland preservation is a joint effort by non-governmental organizations and local governments to set aside and protect examples of a region's farmland for the use, education, and enjoyment of future generations. They are operated mostly at state and local levels by government agencies or private entities such as land trusts and are designed to limit conversion of agricultural land to other uses that otherwise might have been more financially attractive to the land owner. Through different government programs and policy enactments farmers are able to preserve their land for growing crops and raising livestock. Every state provides tax relief through differential (preferential) assessment. Easements are a popular approach and allow the farms to remain operational. Less common approaches include establishing agricultural districts, using zoning to protect agricultural land, purchasing development rights, and transferable development rights. It is often a part of regional planning and national historic preservation. Farmland preservation efforts have been taking place across the United States, such as in Virginia, Minnesota, Maryland, Florida, and Connecticut.

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# Farmland preservation

**Farmland preservation** is a joint effort by non-governmental organizations and local governments to set aside and protect examples of a region's farmland for the use, education, and enjoyment of future generations. They are operated mostly at state and local levels by government agencies or private entities such as land trusts and are designed to limit conversion of agricultural land to other uses that otherwise might have been more financially attractive to the land owner. Through different government programs and policy enactments farmers are able to preserve their land for growing crops and raising livestock. Every state provides tax relief through differential (preferential) assessment. Easements are a popular approach and allow the farms to remain operational. Less common approaches include establishing agricultural districts, using zoning to protect agricultural land, purchasing development rights, and transferable development rights. It is often a part of regional planning and national historic preservation. Farmland preservation efforts have been taking place across the United States, such as in Virginia, Minnesota, Maryland, Florida, and Connecticut.

## History

New Jersey passed the Farmland Assessment Act of 1964 to mitigate the loss of farmland to rapid suburban development through the use of favorable tax assessments. The act dealt with how the land is assessed for taxes based on the productivity level of the land. The thinking behind this act was that by helping cut the taxes on the farmland, local farmers would be more likely to stay in business. But by the late 1970s, the value of farmland had outstripped the tax benefits of the act, so the state purchased deed restrictions on farms through the Agriculture Retention and Development Act of 1981. Through the Agriculture Retention and Development Act of 1981, the State of New Jersey to purchase the easements along the farms thus preventing the construction and rezoning of these areas into industrial, commercial, residential, and/or otherwise areas. Per the State, as of 2022, the act has helped save some 2,800 farms amassing 247,517 acres. Regional efforts in Monmouth County, New Jersey include the Navesink Highlands Greenway, a project of the Monmouth County Farmland Preservation Program, which, along with the Monmouth Conservation Foundation, purchased the development rights of the Holly Crest Farm in Middletown in September 2008 for US$2.5 million. Over 20 percent of county farmlands and open spaces are permanently preserved. This area is delineated as a land-trust which means that the land itself is publicly owned, so when purchasing a home, the purchaser is buying the building itself and also entering a long-term lease with the land-owning entity. The land trust covers some 665 acres and covers a variety of rural to urban communities. Managed by an executive board and a board of trustees, they make decisions regarding land-use keeping in mind the principles of conservation and sustainability.

American Farmland Trust (AFT) was established in 1980 to preserve farmland and promote sustainable farming practices. Since its inception, the AFT has grown to be one of the largest farmland conservation groups in the nation boasting 7.1 million acres protected and $117 billion accrued through their efforts. Their goal in doing all of this is that they will be able to keep farmers on the land by supporting them economically so the farmers can also adopt more conservation minded farming practices. By adopting conservation minded practices, they believe in the long-term success of the farms promoting a healthy ecosystem and water table that also produces adequate amounts of crops for the growing world population. The Genesee Valley Conservancy was founded in New York in 1990. The Genesee Valley Conservancy is a public land trust in western New York. The land-trust includes some 32,787 acres along the Genesee watershed. The scope of the project is to protect habitats, open spaces, and farmland. In order to protect the land in the valley, they hope to add a nature preserve and expand upon existing ones. In order to increase their visibility and community understanding within the region they plan on providing educational and recreational opportunities. In order to increase and diversify funding they plan on outlining specific plans for funding of projects in hope that having defined goals will help bring on new support.

## Farmland management

Conservation easement is one approach used to manage protected farms. There are different government programs that invest in conservation easement of farmlands, one program is run by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is known by the abbreviation ACEP, which stands for the Agricultural Conservation Easement Program. The implementation of this program is to maintain current farms to preserve existing land for only agriculture uses. Through this program it protects grazing interests of livestock and the health of the land for the growing of agriculture. Groups through is program ca then be supplied funds to purchase Agriculture Land Easements. ACEP can provide funds to different groups who want to preserve land such as non-profit organizations, local governments and Indian tribes.

A transferable development rights program offers landowners financial incentives or bonuses for the conservation and maintenance of agricultural land. Land developers can purchase the development rights of certain properties within a designated "sending district" and transfer the rights to another "receiving district" to increase the density of their new development. It provides more land for growing crops because it zones off plots of land to be growth zones. This allows for farmlands to not be sold for development and be preserved for agricultural.

In addition, to different government programs there has also been several bills passed to preserve farmland. The Farmland Protection Policy Act (FPPA) was a policy based to make sure federal funded programs do not develop land designated for crop growing or other agriculture purposes. The FPPA protects farmland from federal funded construction and other government projects that require the acquisition of property.

There are many programs for farmland management, there are also government programs to help the land that the crops grow on. The Farm Service Agency (FSA) trades a year rental payment to remove certain parts of the land in order for the soil to improve. This program helps farmers take care of their land by getting support to help improve water and soil quality. It manages the health of the farmland.

## Preservation efforts

### Virginia

In 2019, Virginia's Office of Farmland Preservation allocated matching funds to local programs that purchased development rights of farmland. That year, the program was able to preserve 14,163.99 acres by matching $12,085,163.61 to funds raised by local programs. The Elsing Green is a 2,254 acre historic, Colonial Virginia plantation that granted the Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission a preservation easement in 1980. This easement will ensure that the green and its surrounding areas will be protected from demolition, inappropriate development, and any future commercial development. The green was also placed on the Virginia Landmarks Registry (VLR) on May 13, 1969. Similarly, the Oatlands Historical House and Gardens is a 263-acre plantation that was donated to the National Trust for Historic Preservation by the daughters of its final owner. The site was designated as a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service.

### Maryland

The largest of this land was located in Kent County, where 1,365 acres where preserved through $5,850,144.98 worth of easements. The Hampton Historical Site is a 63-acre preservation that includes the historic Hampton Mansion, gardens, historic farm buildings, slave quarters, and a family cemetery. In the face of suburban expansion and farming becoming less viable, the Ridgely family decided to sell the remaining property to the National Park Service. The site was restored before reopening in 1950. In 2023, the Maryland Agricultural Land Preservation Foundation was able to permanently preserve 4,600 acres of farmland by using $16,76732.23 in easements.

### Minnesota

The Minnesota Land Trust has been able to preserve approximately 79,421 acres that span across 698 projects. The largest deal made by the trust was in 2021, with the purchase of 4 parcels valued at $4.2 million. Upon purchase, the land was donated to St. Louis County, who will manage the land for recreation, wildlife, and sustainable time harvest. In 2024, the Krueger Christmas Tree Farm completed easements that would preserve 36 of the 46 acres on their farm.

### Florida

In 2023, Florida Agriculture Commissioner Wilton Simpson helped secure $300 million in funding for the Rural and Family Lands Protection Program (RFLPP). The program intends to provide funds easements for these farms, which in turn serve as a buffer to the Florida Wildlife Corridor. The Department of Agriculture released rankings of 257 farms and placed Trailhead Blue Springs at first, which is a 12,098 acre cow ranch. The largest of these project is the Adams Ranch in Osceola County, which is 24,027 acres and is used for cattle production. In a joint effort by Conservation Florida and the Natural Resources Conservation Service, easements were placed on the XL Ranch Lightsey Cove that helped protect 527 acres along the Florida Wildlife Corridor. This ranch is also located within the Avon Park Air Force Range Sentinel Landscape, which covers nearly 1.7 million acres and homes parts of the Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge and Conservation Area.

### Connecticut

In Connecticut, the Farmland Preservation Program has preserved over 45,300 acres of land across 373 farms. This includes the historic Maple Bank Farm, which was offered an easement to preserve 51 of the 80 acres that the farm is found on. In 2009, the program engaged in a three-way deal with the Connecticut Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Agriculture to preserve Winsneke Farm. The deal was the first in the history of the program to include the State of Connecticut, a land trust, and a federal agency. After a 3-year application process, the town of Southington and the Farmland Preservation Program split the purchase of development rights to Karabin Farms in 2021. This purchase protected over 1,000 acres in farmland and ensured that the farm would still remain operational.

## Partial list of preserved farms


title: Rarities (Smile Empty Soul album)

abstract: Rarities is the first compilation album by American alternative rock/post-grunge music group Smile Empty Soul. The album has two different versions; 1 digital copy containing eight songs or one CD edition copy containing 13 songs. The album consists of five songs never before released, a handful of others that were only ever leaked out online, two soundtrack songs, a live acoustic version of an old song, and one re-record. The album is scheduled to be released on 10 March 2017, in digital download and CD editions. On 9 March 2017, thirteen songs from the CD edition were streamed via YouTube.

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# Rarities (Smile Empty Soul album)

***Rarities*** is the first compilation album by American alternative rock/post-grunge music group Smile Empty Soul. The album has two different versions; 1 digital copy containing eight songs or one CD edition copy containing 13 songs. The album consists of five songs never before released, a handful of others that were only ever leaked out online, two soundtrack songs, a live acoustic version of an old song, and one re-record.

The album is scheduled to be released on 10 March 2017, in digital download and CD editions.

On 9 March 2017, thirteen songs from the CD edition were streamed via YouTube.

## Track listing

Digital download

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "One at a Time" | 5:55 |
| 2. | "Something New" | 3:50 |
| 3. | "Alone" | 3:47 |
| 4. | "Goodbye" | 3:16 |
| 5. | "This Is War \[Full Band\]" | 4:20 |
| 6. | "Wasted Town" | 3:19 |
| 7. | "Whats Going Through My Head Right Now" | 2:17 |
| 8. | "For You \[Live-Acoustic\]" | 4:35 |

CD edition

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "One at a Time" | 5:55 |
| 2. | "Something New" | 3:50 |
| 3. | "Alone" | 3:47 |
| 4. | "Goodbye" | 3:16 |
| 5. | "This Is War \[Full Band\]" | 4:20 |
| 6. | "Wasted Town" | 3:19 |
| 7. | "Whats Going Through My Head Right Now" | 2:17 |
| 8. | "For You \[Live-Acoustic\]" | 4:35 |
| 9. | "Who I am" | 3:12 |
| 10. | "Finding Myself" | 3:30 |
| 11. | "Precious Things (Tori Amos cover)" | 3:29 |
| 12. | "Aneurysm (Nirvana cover)" | 4:17 |
| 13. | "Possession (Sarah McLachlan cover)" | 5:30 |

## Personnel

* Sean Danielsen – vocals, guitar
* Ryan Martin – bass
* Jake Kilmer – drums

## InfoBox

| Rarities | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Smile Empty Soul | |
| Released | March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10) |
| Genre | Alternative rock, post-grunge |
| Label | MRAfia |
| Producer | Eddie Wohl, Smile Empty Soul, Marcus, John Lewis Parker, Jake Kilmer, James Murray |
| Smile Empty Soul chronology | |
| *Shapeshifter*
(2016) ***Rarities***
(2017) *Oblivion*
(2018) | |


title: Jean Hyacinthe Vincent

abstract: Jean Hyacinthe Henri Vincent was a French physician who was a native of Bordeaux. He was an associate professor at Val-de-Grâce, as well as medical inspector general with the French Army. Later he attained the chair of epidemiology at Collège de France. Vincent is credited with the discovery of the organisms that cause an acute infection of the oral soft tissues, including the tonsils and pharynx. This condition is caused by the combination of the fusiform bacilli, and the spirochete. The disease was called Vincent's angina in honor of his discovery. Many publications using the term "Vincent's angina" date from the twentieth century, and the term is not so common in modern times. When the gums are involved, it was termed "Vincent's gingivitis". In modern times, Vincent's gingivitis is usually termed necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. He is also remembered for his work with vaccines, and his successful inoculations of the French Army against typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, types A and B. He started these vaccinations in 1910, and they were continued during World War I. Marshals Joseph Joffre (1852–1931) and Ferdinand Foch (1851–1929) paid homage to Vincent and his medical work that saved countless lives.

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# Jean Hyacinthe Vincent

**Jean Hyacinthe Henri Vincent** (22 December 1862 – 23 November 1950) was a French physician who was a native of Bordeaux. He was an associate professor at Val-de-Grâce, as well as medical inspector general with the French Army. Later he attained the chair of epidemiology at Collège de France.

Vincent is credited with the discovery of the organisms that cause an acute infection of the oral soft tissues, including the tonsils and pharynx. This condition is caused by the combination of the fusiform bacilli (*Bacillus fusiformis*), and the spirochete (*Borrelia vincentii*). The disease was called Vincent's angina in honor of his discovery. Many publications using the term "Vincent's angina" date from the twentieth century, and the term is not so common in modern times. When the gums are involved, it was termed "Vincent's gingivitis". In modern times, Vincent's gingivitis is usually termed necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (sometimes known as trench mouth).

He is also remembered for his work with vaccines, and his successful inoculations of the French Army against typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, types A and B. He started these vaccinations in 1910, and they were continued during World War I. Marshals Joseph Joffre (1852–1931) and Ferdinand Foch (1851–1929) paid homage to Vincent and his medical work that saved countless lives.

* *This article is based on a translation of an article from the French Wikipedia.*


title: Xylariaceae

abstract: The Xylariaceae are a family of mostly small ascomycetous fungi. It is one of the most commonly encountered groups of ascomycetes and is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. They are typically found on wood, seeds, fruits, or plant leaves, some even associated with insect nests. Most decay wood and many are plant pathogens. One example of this family is King Alfred's Cake. Phylogenetic analyses published in 2009 suggest that there are two main lineages in this family, Hypoxyloideae and Xylarioideae.

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# Xylariaceae

The **Xylariaceae** are a family of mostly small ascomycetous fungi. It is one of the most commonly encountered groups of ascomycetes and is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. They are typically found on wood, seeds, fruits, or plant leaves, some even associated with insect nests. Most decay wood and many are plant pathogens.

One example of this family is King Alfred's Cake (*Daldinia concentrica*).

Phylogenetic analyses published in 2009 suggest that there are two main lineages in this family, Hypoxyloideae and Xylarioideae.

## Genera

This is a complete list of genera in the Xylariaceae, based on the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota. A question mark before the genus name indicates that the placement of that taxon in this family is uncertain.

*Amphirosellinia*  *Annulohypoxylon*  *Anthostomella*  *Appendixia*  *Areolospora*  ?*Ascotricha*  *Ascovirgaria*  *Astrocystis*  *Barrmaelia*  *Biscogniauxia*  *Calceomyces*  *Camillea*  *Chaenocarpus*  *Collodiscula*  *Creosphaeria*  *Cyanopulvis*  *Daldinia*  *Discoxylaria*  ?*Emarcea*  *Engleromyces*  *Entoleuca*  *Entonaema*  *Euepixylon*  *Fasciatispora*  *Fassia*  *Gigantospora*  *Guestia*  *Halorosellinia*  *Helicogermslita*  *Holttumia*  *Hypocopra*  *Hypoxylon*  *Induratia*  *Jumillera*  *Kretzschmaria*  *Kretzschmariella*  *Leprieuria*  ?*Leptomassaria*  *Lopadostoma*  *Muscodor*  *Myconeesia*  *Nemania*  *Nipicola*  *Obolarina*  *Occultitheca*  *Ophiorosellinia*  *Pandanicola*  *Paramphisphaeria*  ?*Paucithecium*  *Phylacia*  *Pidoplitchkoviella*  *Podosordaria*  *Poroleprieuria*  *Poronia*  *Pyrenomyxa (=Pulveria)*  *Rhopalostroma*  *Rosellinia*  *Sabalicola*  *Sarcoxylon*  ?*Sclerodermatopsis*  ?*Seynesia*  *Spirodecospora*  *Stereosphaeria*  *Stilbohypoxylon*  *Striatodecospora*  *Stromatoneurospora*  *Thamnomyces*  *Theissenia*  *Thuemenella*  *Vivantia*  *Wawelia*  *Whalleya*  *Xylaria*  *Xylocoremium*  *Xylotumulus*

## InfoBox

| Xylariaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Xylaria hypoxylon* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Xylariales |
| Family: | Xylariaceae<br>Tul. & C. Tul |
|
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: Punakaiki Marine Reserve

abstract: Punakaiki Marine Reserve is a marine reserve administered by the Department of Conservation. The reserve includes the area of sea surrounding the pancake rocks and blowholes at Dolomite Point, at Punakaiki on the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. It also includes most of the coastline on the western edge of Paparoa National Park. The reserve covers an area of 3,520 hectares and was established in 2014.

text:
# Punakaiki Marine Reserve

**Punakaiki Marine Reserve** is a marine reserve administered by the Department of Conservation. The reserve includes the area of sea surrounding the pancake rocks and blowholes at Dolomite Point, at Punakaiki on the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. It also includes most of the coastline on the western edge of Paparoa National Park.

The reserve covers an area of 3,520 hectares (8,700 acres) and was established in 2014.

## Geography

Punakaiki Marine Reserve extends approximately 10.8 kilometres (6.7 mi) from Perpendicular Point south to Maher Swamp, and about 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) offshore. It includes natural coastlines and catchments within Paparoa National Park. The reserve does not include two inshore areas around the Pororari River beach and Punakaiki River beach.

Within the reserve there are natural examples of six habitat types, including rocky, gravel and cobble shore habitats reaching out to sandy seabed areas about 20 metres (66 ft). The array of bird and marine life includes tāiko, weka, fur seal and the Hector's dolphin. Little blue penguins also nest in the area.

Several species within the reserve are under potential threat, including waterfowl and indigenous waders, such as white-fronted tern, Westland petrel, sooty shearwater, fairy prion and banded dotterel, as well as red-billed gulls.

## History

### History before establishment

The landscape of the reserve has formed over millions of years. The pancake rocks began forming 30 million years, when lime-rich fragments of dead marine shells started to collect on the sea floor. These were layered with soft mud and clay, and plant sediments. The rocks were raised by earthquakes and then etched out by the sea.

The reserve was one of five recommended in 2012 by the West Coast Marine Protection Forum, a group of representations of Ngāi Tahu, commercial and recreational fishers, conservationists, tourism operators and local councils. The Minister of Conservation, Nick Smith, approved the reserve in March 2013, and it was gazetted later that year.

### History since establishment

The reserve came into existence on 7 September 2014.

A gold mining operation already operating in the area were allowed to continue on existing scale and extent. Farmers were allowed to continue driving cattle and sheep with dogs and using vehicles on the foreshore. The owner or occupier of land next to Hibernia Creek were also allowed to continue using construction vehicles and non-motorised handheld tools to open the outlet.

In 2015, the Ministry for Primary Industries proposed a regulatory change to prohibit mobile, bottom-impacting commercial fishing methods in the river mouths enclosed by the reserve.

A German tourist was caught taking mussels from the reserve in January 2015. The Department of Conservation investigated reports of kontiki longline fishing from beaches within the reserve in April 2016. By October 2016, no other major breaches had been reported.

In 2020 the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, the Department of Conservation and the University of Canterbury used drones to map the plants and animals in the marine reserve, including large kelp beds off the coast.

## Recreation

A range of activities are banned in the marine reserve, including fishing, taking or killing marine life, and moving or removing any marine life or materials. People must not feed fish as it disturbs their natural behaviour, and they must take care when anchoring to avoid damaging the sea floor.

There are two areas at river mouths enclosed by the marine reserve, where eeling, whitebaiting and recreational fishing are allowed. Quad bikes and horses are allowed, and small stones, shells, driftwood, sand and gravel can also be carried out of the site. Certain Ngāi Tahu members are allowed to collect pounamu in accordance with tradition.

According to the Department of Conservation, weather and sea conditions can change rapidly on the coast, and people need to be aware of large waves when walking on the beach or rocky shore. It urges people to check weather forecasts, take adequate food, water, warm clothing and wet weather gear, and tell someone where they are going.

## InfoBox

| Punakaiki Marine Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| Punakaiki Marine Reserve coastline | |
|  | |
| Location | Punakaiki, Buller District, New Zealand |
| Coordinates | 42°06′50″S 171°19′22″E / 42.113933°S 171.3228833°E / -42.113933; 171.3228833 |
| Area | 3,520 hectares (8,700 acres) |
| Established | 2014 |
| Governing body | Department of Conservation |


title: Mayflower Park Hotel

abstract: The Mayflower Park Hotel in Seattle, Washington is a historic hotel built in 1927, which claims to be the oldest continuously operating hotel in downtown Seattle. Its façade includes extensive terra cotta detailing.

text:
# Mayflower Park Hotel

The **Mayflower Park Hotel** in Seattle, Washington is a historic hotel built in 1927, which claims to be the oldest continuously operating hotel in downtown Seattle. Its façade includes extensive terra cotta detailing.

## History

The **Bergonian Hotel** was built by Stefan Berg, a prominent Seattle realtor and builder, who had previously built a number of other hotels in the city, as well as apartments and family homes. It was designed by the firm of Stuart & Wheatley, who had worked with Berg on several previous projects that incorporated his surname (The Stephens*berg* and Berg, later Biltmore, apartments on Capitol Hill). With 240 rooms, it was constructed in six months at a cost of $750,000, opening to the public ahead of schedule on the evening of July 16, 1927. The hotel was sold in 1933 and renamed the **Hotel Mayflower**. The hotel was renamed the **Mayflower Park Hotel** in 1974, after it was bought for $1.1 million by a limited partnership that gave control to Marie and Birney Dempcy. The hotel had been in foreclosure and was in need of repairs, necessitating an extensive renovation.

The hotel currently has 160 rooms, and six meeting and banquet rooms. The hotel is adjacent to the Westlake Center, a mall and office complex which was built in the 1980s and has a direct connection between the buildings. The mall's construction plan originally included demolition of the hotel, but it was saved by a lawsuit from the ownership group.

It is a member of the Historic Hotels of America, and was named the "Best Historic Hotel (76-200 Guestrooms)" in the 2017 Historic Hotels Awards of Excellence.

## InfoBox

| Mayflower Park Hotel | |
| --- | --- |
| Hotel in 2009. The Times Square Building (1916) peeks out at left. | |
| Location within Washington (state) | |
| General information | |
| Location | 405 Olive Way, Seattle, Washington |
| Coordinates | 47°36′44″N 122°20′17″W / 47.612220°N 122.338091°W / 47.612220; -122.338091 |


title: Guo Xusheng

abstract: Guo Xusheng is a Chinese geologist specializing in oil-gas exploration. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) and serves as general manager of the Sinopec Exploration Company.

text:
# Guo Xusheng

**Guo Xusheng** (Chinese: 郭旭升; pinyin: *Guō Xùshēng*; born April 1965) is a Chinese geologist specializing in oil-gas exploration. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) and serves as general manager of the Sinopec Exploration Company.

## Biography

Guo was born in Chiping District of Liaocheng, Shandong, in April 1965. He holds a bachelor's degree and a master's degree from Shandong Normal University. After graduating in 1988, he assumed various posts in the Shengli Oilfield Geological Research Institute, including assistant, engineer, and senior engineer. He joined the Sinopec Exploration Company in June 2000, becoming its general manager in December 2007.

## Honours and awards

## InfoBox

| Guo Xusheng | |
| --- | --- |
| 郭旭升 | |
| Born | April 1965 (age 59)<br>Chiping District, Liaocheng, Shandong, China |
| Alma mater | Shandong Normal University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Oil-gas exploration |
| Institutions | Sinopec Exploration Company |
|  | |


title: Mecodema scitulum

abstract: Mecodema scitulum is a species of endemic New Zealand flightless beetle in the family Carabidae. It was first described by Thomas Broun, in 1984, from a single specimen that he received from the Edwin Mitchelson. This species then became a junior synonym of Mecodema spiniferum after Everard B. Britton completed his revision of the New Zealand Broscini in 1949. Like Broun, Britton based this synonymy on the only specimen available, the holotype, because of the confusion surrounding the type locality where M. scitulum was collected from. However, D.S. Seldon and T.R. Buckley (2019) reinstated the species M. scitulum based on the morphological comparisons of 30+ specimens with the holotype and molecular analyses.

text:
# Mecodema scitulum

***Mecodema scitulum*** is a species of endemic New Zealand flightless beetle in the family Carabidae. It was first described by Thomas Broun, in 1984, from a single specimen that he received from the Edwin Mitchelson. This species then became a junior synonym of *Mecodema spiniferum* after Everard B. Britton completed his revision of the New Zealand Broscini in 1949. Like Broun, Britton based this synonymy on the only specimen available, the holotype, because of the confusion surrounding the type locality where *M. scitulum* was collected from. However, D.S. Seldon and T.R. Buckley (2019) reinstated the species *M. scitulum* based on the morphological comparisons of 30+ specimens with the holotype and molecular analyses.

## Diagnosis

*Mecodema scitulum* is distinguished from other North Island *Mecodema* by the vertexal groove at the back of the head being defined by obsolescent (just visible) punctures along its entire length; the convexity of the elytral intervals and the unique shape of the apical portion of the penis lobe.

## Description

The range of lengths is 22–26.5 mm and the width range (elytra) is 6–7 mm. The colour of the entire body is matte black.

## Natural history

This species is found in regenerating native forest in the northern parts of the Hunua Ranges (e.g., Mataitai Forest), but it may be also present in some of the forest fragments around and north of Clevedon, Auckland, New Zealand. *Mecodema scitulum* is a nocturnal predator on the forest floor and preys on a range of different invertebrates (e.g., worms, caterpillars, etc.).

## InfoBox

| *Mecodema scitulum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Dorsal view of *Mecodema scitulum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecodema* |
| Species: | ***M. scitulum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecodema scitulum***<br>Broun, 1894 | |
|


title: Miss Grand Brazil 2020

abstract: Miss Grand Brazil 2020 was the third edition of the Miss Grand Brazil beauty pageant, held on January 30, 2020, at the Dall'Onder Grande Hotel in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul. Twenty-two contestants, who qualified for the national stage through state contests held by the Concurso Nacional de Beleza, competed for the title, of whom a 27-year-old medicine from Campina Grande representing the state of Paraíba, Lala Guedes, was elected the winner. She then represented Brazil at the Miss Grand International 2020 contest, previously scheduled to take place in Venezuela, held a year later on March 27, 2021, in Thailand, and was named the fourth runner-up. The contest was showcased under the direction of Henrique and Marina Fusquine Fontes, presidents of the CNB Brazil, who have owned the Miss Grand Brazil license since 2015. The tournament's grand gala final was broadcast on the organizer's Youtube channel, TV CNB, as well as on the official Facebook page of its parent platform, Miss Grand International.

text:
# Miss Grand Brazil 2020

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Miss Grand Brazil 2020 Grand Final Competition, on January 30, 2020, Video on Internet Archive | |

**Miss Grand Brazil 2020** was the third edition of the Miss Grand Brazil beauty pageant, held on January 30, 2020, at the Dall'Onder Grande Hotel in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul. Twenty-two contestants, who qualified for the national stage through state contests held by the Concurso Nacional de Beleza (CNB Brazil), competed for the title, of whom a 27-year-old medicine from Campina Grande representing the state of Paraíba, Lala Guedes, was elected the winner. She then represented Brazil at the Miss Grand International 2020 contest, previously scheduled to take place in Venezuela, held a year later on March 27, 2021, in Thailand, and was named the fourth runner-up.

The contest was showcased under the direction of Henrique and Marina Fusquine Fontes, presidents of the CNB Brazil, who have owned the Miss Grand Brazil license since 2015. The tournament's grand gala final was broadcast on the organizer's Youtube channel, TV CNB, as well as on the official Facebook page of its parent platform, Miss Grand International.

## Competition

In the grand final competition held on January 30, the results of the preliminary competition—which consisted of the swimsuit and evening gown competition and the closed-door interview—determined the 15 semifinalists. The top 15 competed in the swimsuit round and were narrowed down to the top 12, who then competed in the evening gown round and were further cut down to the last nine finalists. The nine qualified candidates delivered a speech related to the pageant campaign, "Stop wars and violence," which determined the last five semifinalists, who then competed in the question and answer portion. After this, Miss Grand Brazil 2019 and her four runners-up were announced.

## Result

### Main placement

| Position | Delegate |
| --- | --- |
| Miss Grand Brazil 2019 |  |
| 1st runner-up |  |
| 2nd runner-up |  |
| 3rd runner-up |  |
| 4th runner-up |  |
| Top 9 |  |
| Top 12 |  |
| Top 15 | * Amazonas  Luisa Eliza Fonteles * Mato Grosso do Sul  Amanda Andrade * Rio de Janeiro  Jessica Nunes\[α\] |

### Special awards

| Award | Delegate |
| --- | --- |
|
| Miss Photogenic | * **Goiás**  Mariana David Pinheiro |
| Miss Popularity |  |
| Best Body | * **Goiás**  Mariana David Pinheiro |
| Best Evening Gown |  |
| Best Social Network |  |
| Best Hair |  |

Note * Automatically qualified for the top 15 finalists after winning the fast tack, Miss Popularity.

## Contestants

Twenty-two contestants competed for the title of Miss Grand Brazil 2020.

## InfoBox

| Miss Grand Brazil 2020 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | January 30, 2020 |
| Presenters | Gabriel Souza |
| Venue | Dall'Onder Grande Hotel, Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul |
| Broadcaster |  |
| Entrants | 22 |
| Placements | 15 |
| Debuts | Rio Grande do Norte |
| Withdrawals | Ceará |
| Winner | Lala Guedes
(Paraíba) |
| Photogenic | Mariana Pinheiro
(Goiás) |
|


title: Farmer's bent-toed gecko

abstract: The farmer's bent-toed gecko is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Java.

text:
# Farmer's bent-toed gecko

The **farmer's bent-toed gecko** (***Cyrtodactylus petani***) is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Java.

## Etymology

*C. petani* was discovered in 2006 on a farm, hence its common name. The specific name, *petani*, means "farmer" in the Indonesian language.

## Geographic range

*C. petani* is found in eastern Java, in the province of East Java.

## Description

Small for its genus, *C. petani* may attain a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 5.7 cm (2.2 in).

## Reproduction

The mode of reproduction of *C. petani* is unknown.

## Further reading

* Riyanto A, Grismer LL, Wood PL Jr (2015). "The fourth Bent-toed Gecko of the genus *Cyrtodactylus* (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Java, Indonesia". *Zootaxa* **4059** (2): 351–363. (*Cyrtodactylus petani*, new species).

## InfoBox

| Farmer's bent-toed gecko | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Cyrtodactylus* |
| Species: | ***C. petani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cyrtodactylus petani***<br>Riyanto, L. Grismer & Wood, 2015 | |
|


title: Opioids and pregnancy

abstract: Opioid use during pregnancy can have significant implications for both the mother and the developing fetus. Opioids are a class of drugs that include prescription painkillers and illicit substances like heroin. Opioid use during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of complications, including an elevated risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, and stillbirth. Opioids are substances that can cross the placenta, exposing the developing fetus to the drugs. This exposure can potentially lead to various adverse effects on fetal development, including an increased risk of birth defects. One of the most well-known consequences of maternal opioid use during pregnancy is the risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). NAS occurs when the newborn experiences withdrawal symptoms after birth due to exposure to opioids in the womb. Maternal opioid use during pregnancy can also have long-term effects on the child's development. These effects may include cognitive and behavioral problems, as well as an increased risk of substance use disorders later in life.

text:
# Opioids and pregnancy

**Opioid use during pregnancy** can have significant implications for both the mother and the developing fetus.

Opioids are a class of drugs that include prescription painkillers (e.g., oxycodone, hydrocodone) and illicit substances like heroin. Opioid use during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of complications, including an elevated risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, and stillbirth. Opioids are substances that can cross the placenta, exposing the developing fetus to the drugs. This exposure can potentially lead to various adverse effects on fetal development, including an increased risk of birth defects. One of the most well-known consequences of maternal opioid use during pregnancy is the risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). NAS occurs when the newborn experiences withdrawal symptoms after birth due to exposure to opioids in the womb. Maternal opioid use during pregnancy can also have long-term effects on the child's development. These effects may include cognitive and behavioral problems, as well as an increased risk of substance use disorders later in life.

## Pain management and concerns

Opioid usage is common among pregnant women and is on the rise. Opioid drugs are used for various reasons during pregnancy, with pain being a frequent issue. Conditions like pelvic and lower back pain, occurring in around 68 to 72% of pregnancies, are commonly treated with these medications. Moreover, other sources of pain like muscle aches, migraines, and joint pain are commonly reported during pregnancy.

However, when it comes to chronic pain, guidelines from the American Pain Society recommend discussing the advantages and disadvantages of chronic opioid therapy with women and, if possible, limiting or avoiding opioid use during pregnancy due to potential risks to the fetus. Even though there is evidence suggesting harmful impacts on fetal development caused by prescription opioids, research conducted in both Europe and the United States consistently shows elevated levels of prescription opioid use during pregnancy, whether it's for medical reasons or due to opioid dependency. It's important to note that prescription opioids encompass a range of medications, and the potential effects on the fetus may differ between different medications within the same drug class.

## Complications

Opioids can cross both the placental and blood-brain barriers, which poses risks to fetuses and newborns exposed to these drugs before birth. This exposure to opioids during pregnancy can lead to potential obstetric complications, including spontaneous abortion, abruption of the placenta, pre-eclampsia, prelabor rupture of membranes, and fetal death. There are also adverse outcomes in newborns associated with maternal opioid use during pregnancy, such as sudden infant death syndrome, being smaller than expected for their gestational age, preterm birth, lower birth weight, and reduced head size. Neonatal abstinence syndrome is a commonly observed issue in newborns who were exposed to opioids before birth.

### Birth defects

The use of opioids in the early stages of pregnancy is associated with an elevated risk of congenital anomalies. Specifically, there is a two-fold increased likelihood of certain birth defects, including congenital heart defects, gastroschisis, and neural tube defects. The risk of preterm birth and neonatal complications is reduced to some extent when dextropropoxyphene or codeine is used in comparison to other opioid analgesics.

### Neurodevelopment

The potential impact on the neurodevelopment of infants exposed to opioids before birth is another significant concern. A recent meta-analysis revealed noteworthy deficiencies in cognitive, psychomotor, and behavioral abilities in infants and preschool-aged children who had experienced chronic intrauterine opioid exposure. Children who experienced neonatal abstinence syndrome were notably more prone to hospitalizations due to cognitive impairments, communication, speech, or language disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and behavioral problems, particularly those concerning emotional control.

### Neonatal withdrawal

Neonatal abstinence syndrome occurs when newborns go through withdrawal from opiates and is linked to dysfunction in the central and autonomic nervous systems, the respiratory system, and the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, there is an elevated risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome associated with the medical use of certain opioid analgesics, such as tramadol, codeine, and propoxyphene.

## Management

Pregnant women with opioid use disorder have treatment options including methadone, naltrexone, or buprenorphine to decrease opioid usage and enhance treatment adherence. Current guidelines suggest that methadone and buprenorphine are equally viable choices. Nevertheless, recent research suggests that buprenorphine may offer certain advantages over methadone.


title: Rarities (Indigo Girls album)

abstract: Rarities is a compilation album by Indigo Girls. It was released in 2005. It contains studio, demo, and live tracks, many of which had previously been released on other compilation and soundtrack albums. The vocals on most of the songs are performed entirely by the Indigo Girls; two songs feature vocal contributions from Michael Stipe and Ani DiFranco.

text:
# Rarities (Indigo Girls album)

***Rarities*** is a compilation album by Indigo Girls. It was released in 2005. It contains studio, demo, and live tracks (both original and cover versions of songs), many of which had previously been released on other compilation and soundtrack albums.

The vocals on most of the songs are performed entirely by the Indigo Girls; two songs feature vocal contributions from Michael Stipe ("I'll Give You My Skin") and Ani DiFranco ("Ramblin' Round").

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Clampdown" | Joe Strummer, Mick Jones | 3:17 |
| 2. | "I Don't Want to Talk About It" | Danny Whitten | 3:36 |
| 3. | "Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters" (live) | Elton John, Bernie Taupin | 3:27 |
| 4. | "Let Me Go Easy" (live) | Amy Ray | 2:59 |
| 5. | "Winthrop" | Emily Saliers | 4:18 |
| 6. | "Free of Hope" | Vic Chesnutt | 5:44 |
| 7. | "Shed Your Skin" (Tom Morello remix) | Ray | 4:25 |
| 8. | "Never Stop" (1986 EP version) | Saliers | 2:27 |
| 9. | "Ghost" (demo) | Saliers | 5:10 |
| 10. | "Uncle John's Band" | Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter | 4:50 |
| 11. | "I'll Give You My Skin" | Saliers, Ray, Michael Stipe | 3:34 |
| 12. | "Free in You" (Dave Cooley remix) | Saliers | 3:35 |
| 13. | "Point Hope" | Ray | 6:52 |
| 14. | "Ramblin' Round" (live) | Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, John Lomax | 3:19 |
| 15. | "Cold as Ice" (live) | Ray | 3:59 |
| 16. | "Walk Your Valley" (live) | Saliers | 3:41 |
| 17. | "It Won't Take Long" | Ferron | 7:41 |
| 18. | "Finlandia" (live) | Jean Sibelius | 2:31 |

## Personnel

**Indigo Girls**

**Additional personnel**

## Charts

Sales chart performance for *Rarities*
| Year | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | The *Billboard* 200 | 159 |

## InfoBox

| Rarities | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Indigo Girls | |
| Released | June 14, 2005 (2005-06-14) |
| Recorded | 1986–2005 |
| Genre | Folk |
| Length | 75:25 |
| Label | Epic |