title: Po

abstract: Po or PO may refer to:

text:
# Po

**Po** or **PO** may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

### Fictional characters

### Music

## Businesses and organisations

## Economics

## Military ranks

## People

* Po Beg, 8th-century Turkic female ruler
* Fernão do Pó, 15th-century Portuguese explorer
* Kimberly Po (born 1971), US tennis player
* Teresa del Po (1649–1716), Italian painter
* P.O, stage name of Pyo Ji-hoon, South Korean rapper and member of the boy group Block B
* Po Bronson (born 1964), American journalist and writer, born Phillip Bronson

## Places

### Europe

### Other places

## Science, technology, and mathematics

### Computing

* .po, a filename extension
* Petaoctet (Po), a unit of information storage
* Product owner, a role in Scrum, a software development strategy

### Other uses in science, technology, and mathematics

## Other uses


title: Polystira jaguaella

abstract: Polystira jaguaella is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

text:
# Polystira jaguaella

***Polystira jaguaella*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 20 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Cuba.

## InfoBox

| *Polystira jaguaella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Turridae |
| Genus: | *Polystira* |
| Species: | ***P. jaguaella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polystira jaguaella***<br>Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2017 | |
|


title: Ignacio de Luzán

abstract: Ignacio de Luzán Claramunt de Suelves y Gurrea was a Spanish critic and poet. He was born in Zaragoza. His youth was passed under the care of his uncle, and, after studying at Milan, he graduated in philosophy at the University of Catania. In 1723 he took minor orders, but abandoned his intention of entering the church and took up his residence at Naples, where he read assiduously. Business took him to Spain in 1733, living in Monzón and he became known in Madrid as a scholar with a tendency towards innovations in literature. La Poetica, 6 Reglas de la poesia en general y de sus principales especies (1737) proved that this impression was correct. He at once took rank as the leader of the literary reformers, and his courteous determination earned him the respect of his opponents. In 1747 he was appointed secretary to the Spanish embassy in Paris and, on returning to Madrid in 1750, was elected to the Academia Poetica del Buen Gusto, where, on account of his travels, he was known by the sobriquet of El Peregrino. He became master of the mint and treasurer of the royal library. He died at Madrid, after a short illness, on May 19, 1754. Luzán was not the pioneer of Franco-Italian theories in Spain, but he was their most powerful exponent, and his Poetica is an admirable example of destructive criticism. The defects of Lope de Vega and Calderón are indicated with vigilant severity, but on the constructive side Luzán is notably weak, for he merely proposes to substitute one exhausted convention for another. The doctrine of the dramatic unities had not the saving virtues which he ascribed to it, and, though he succeeded in banishing the older dramatists from the boards, he and his school failed to produce a single piece of more than mediocre merit. His theories, derived chiefly from Muratori, were ineffective in practice; but their ingenuity cannot be denied, and they acted as a stimulus to the partisans of the national tradition.

text:
# Ignacio de Luzán

**Ignacio de Luzán Claramunt de Suelves y Gurrea** (March 28, 1702 – May 19, 1754) was a Spanish critic and poet.

He was born in Zaragoza. His youth was passed under the care of his uncle, and, after studying at Milan, he graduated in philosophy at the University of Catania. In 1723 he took minor orders, but abandoned his intention of entering the church and took up his residence at Naples, where he read assiduously. Business took him to Spain in 1733, living in Monzón and he became known in Madrid as a scholar with a tendency towards innovations in literature. *La Poetica, 6 Reglas de la poesia en general y de sus principales especies* (1737) proved that this impression was correct.

He at once took rank as the leader of the literary reformers, and his courteous determination earned him the respect of his opponents. In 1747 he was appointed secretary to the Spanish embassy in Paris and, on returning to Madrid in 1750, was elected to the Academia Poetica del Buen Gusto, where, on account of his travels, he was known by the sobriquet of El Peregrino. He became master of the mint and treasurer of the royal library. He died at Madrid, after a short illness, on May 19, 1754.

Luzán was not the pioneer of Franco-Italian theories in Spain, but he was their most powerful exponent, and his *Poetica* is an admirable example of destructive criticism. The defects of Lope de Vega and Calderón are indicated with vigilant severity, but on the constructive side Luzán is notably weak, for he merely proposes to substitute one exhausted convention for another. The doctrine of the dramatic unities had not the saving virtues which he ascribed to it, and, though he succeeded in banishing the older dramatists from the boards, he and his school failed to produce a single piece of more than mediocre merit.

His theories, derived chiefly from Muratori, were ineffective in practice; but their ingenuity cannot be denied, and they acted as a stimulus to the partisans of the national tradition.

## Sources

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Luzán Claramunt de Suelves y Gurrea, Ignacio". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–148.

## InfoBox

| The Most ExcellentIgnacio de Luzán | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ignacio de Luzán Claramunt de Suelves y Gurrea
(1702-03-28)28 March 1702
Zaragoza, Spain |
| Died | 19 May 1754(1754-05-19) (aged 52)
Madrid, Spain |
|  | |
|  | |
| Seat *E* of the Real Academia Española | |
| **In office**
15 April 1751  19 May 1754 | |
| Preceded by | Casimiro de Ustáriz |
| Succeeded by | Javier de Aguirre |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pot liquor

abstract: Pot liquor, sometimes spelled potlikker or pot likker, is the liquid that is left behind after boiling greens or beans. It is sometimes seasoned with salt and pepper, smoked pork or smoked turkey. Pot liquor contains high amounts of essential vitamins and minerals including iron, vitamin A and vitamin C. Especially important is that it contains high amounts of vitamin K, which aids in blood clotting. Another term is collard liquor.

text:
# Pot liquor

**Pot liquor**, sometimes spelled **potlikker** or **pot likker**, is the liquid that is left behind after boiling greens (collard greens, mustard greens, turnip greens) or beans. It is sometimes seasoned with salt and pepper, smoked pork or smoked turkey. Pot liquor contains high amounts of essential vitamins and minerals including iron, vitamin A and vitamin C. Especially important is that it contains high amounts of vitamin K, which aids in blood clotting. Another term is **collard liquor**.

## Background

Former governor and U.S. senator Zell Miller of Georgia wrote a defense of the traditional spelling "potlikker" in *The New York Times*.

Much earlier, in his autobiography, *Every Man a King*, governor and U.S. senator Huey Pierce Long, Jr., of Louisiana, defined "potlikker", a favorite of his country political supporters, as

> ... the juice that remains in a pot after greens or other vegetables are boiled with proper seasoning. The best seasoning is a piece of salt fat pork, commonly referred to as "dry salt meat" or "side meat". If a pot be partly filled with well-cleaned turnip greens and turnips (which should be cut up), with a half-pound piece of the salt pork and then with water and boiled until the greens and turnips are cooked reasonably tender, then the juice remaining in the pot is the delicious, invigorating, soul-and-body sustaining potlikker ... which should be taken as any other soup and the greens eaten as any other food...
>
> Most people crumble cornpone (corn meal mixed with a little salt and water, made into a pattie and baked until it is hard) into the potlikker.

The practice of consuming potlikker was commonly employed by slaves in the United States to concentrate nutrients from vegetables.

## InfoBox

Pot liquor
| Boiling collard greens | |
| --- | --- |
| Alternative names | potlikker, collard liquor |
| Type | Soup |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Region or state | Southern United States |
| Main ingredients | Liquid from boiling greens (collard greens, mustard greens, turnip greens); sometimes salt, smoked pork or smoked turkey |


abstract: In geometry, the metagyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron is one of the Johnson solids (J78). It can be constructed as a rhombicosidodecahedron with one pentagonal cupola (J5) rotated through 36 degrees, and a non-opposing pentagonal cupola removed. A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra. They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.

text:
# Metagyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron

In geometry, the **metagyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron** is one of the Johnson solids (*J*78). It can be constructed as a rhombicosidodecahedron with one pentagonal cupola (*J*5) rotated through 36 degrees, and a non-opposing pentagonal cupola removed. (The cupolae cannot be adjacent.)

A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.

1. Johnson, Norman W. (1966), "Convex polyhedra with regular faces", *Canadian Journal of Mathematics*, **18**: 169–200, doi:10.4153/cjm-1966-021-8, MR 0185507, Zbl 0132.14603.

## InfoBox

| Metagyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Johnson
*J*77***J*78***J*79 |
| Faces | 3+6×2 triangles
3+11×2 squares
3+4×2 pentagons
1 decagon |
| Edges | 105 |
| Vertices | 55 |
| Vertex configuration | 5×2(4.5.10)
5×2(3.42.5)
3+16×2(3.4.5.4) |
| Symmetry group | *C*s |
| Dual polyhedron | - |
| Properties | convex |
| Net | |
|  | |


title: Pol Boël

abstract: Count Pol Boël was a Belgian industrialist and liberal politician. He was a son of René Boël (1899–1990) and Yvonne Solvay (1896–1930). Pol Boël was married with Nicole Davignon, a sister of Étienne Davignon and together they have two children, Yvonne and Nicolas.

text:
# Pol Boël

Count **Pol Boël** (11 May 1923 – 19 July 2007) was a Belgian industrialist and liberal politician. He was a son of René Boël (1899–1990) and Yvonne Solvay (1896–1930). Pol Boël was married with Nicole Davignon, a sister of Étienne Davignon and together they have two children, Yvonne and Nicolas.

## Sources

* Belgian Senate, *Biografisch Handboek*, Brussel, 1987, pp. 53–54.
* Ysebaert, Clair, *Politicowie. Politiek Zakboekje 1992*, Zaventem, Kluwer Editorial, pp. 17–18.

## InfoBox

| Pol Boël | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1923-05-11)11 May 1923<br>Brussels, Belgium |
| Died | 19 July 2007(2007-07-19) (aged 84) |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Occupation(s) | industrialist, politician |


abstract: Mary Jane "MJ" Watson is a fictional character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film series. Based on the character of the same name, she is portrayed by Kirsten Dunst. In the films, Mary Jane is Peter Parker's next-door neighbor, childhood crush, and primary love interest. Though Mary Jane dates several other men in the first two films, she ultimately falls in love with Peter and Spider-Man and discovers they are one and the same. Despite his strong feelings for her, Peter initially declines a relationship with her in order to keep her safe, but they eventually become a couple in the end. Despite being criticized for adhering to the damsel in distress archetype in each installment of the film series, Dunst's interpretation of the character has been generally well-received.

text:
# Mary Jane Watson (Sam Raimi film series)

**Mary Jane** "**MJ**" **Watson** is a fictional character in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film series. Based on the character of the same name, she is portrayed by Kirsten Dunst. In the films, Mary Jane is Peter Parker's next-door neighbor, childhood crush, and primary love interest. Though Mary Jane dates several other men in the first two films, she ultimately falls in love with Peter and Spider-Man and discovers they are one and the same. Despite his strong feelings for her, Peter initially declines a relationship with her in order to keep her safe, but they eventually become a couple in the end.

Despite being criticized for adhering to the damsel in distress archetype in each installment of the film series, Dunst's interpretation of the character has been generally well-received.

## Character design and portrayal

### Comic book origins

Mary Jane Watson was first introduced into Spider-Man comics story-lines in *The Amazing Spider-Man #42* in 1966, despite being mentioned earlier in the comics. She was conceived as competition to Gwen Stacy as Spider-Man's primary love interest, and is characterized as a free-spirited, outgoing personality as opposed to Gwen's more serious, academic nature. Peter Parker initially dates Gwen after he stops going out with Mary Jane due to what he sees as her shallow personality while Mary Jane refuses to be tied down in one relationship. Despite this, Mary Jane became more popular with fans and following Gwen's death in the comics, Peter and MJ begin to rekindle their relationship and eventually marry despite ups and downs in the comics.

### Casting and execution

Actress Kirsten Dunst was cast as Mary Jane Watson for the 2002 Spider-Man film, with Mary Jane having been cemented in comics lore as Peter Parker's primary love interest by then. Before director Sam Raimi cast Dunst, he had expressed his interest in casting Alicia Witt. Dunst decided to audition after learning Tobey Maguire had been cast as Peter Parker/Spider-Man, feeling the film would have a more independent feel. Dunst earned the role a month before shooting in an audition in Berlin. In the first two films in the trilogy, Dunst wore a red wig for the part, dying part of her hair in the first film, before dying her full head of blond hair red for the third film. Dunst was also allegedly asked to change her teeth for the films, a demand that she refused. She also declined to do certain stunts in the films.

The set-up for Spider-Man and Mary Jane's famous "upside-down kiss" involved several rain-machines at the studio lot, and saw some difficulty as Maguire was hung upside down with water pouring into his nostrils. To achieve the look of Mary Jane pulling Spider-Man's mask down, Dunst was described by Sam Raimi as "doing some hand trickery" as the mask was not pliable in those conditions.

Having initially signed on for three *Spider-Man* films, Dunst said that she would consider doing a fourth, but only if Raimi and Maguire also returned. In January 2010, it was announced that the fourth film was cancelled and that the *Spider-Man* film series would be restarted, and therefore dropping the trio from the franchise. Storyboard artist Jeffrey Henderson, who worked on the fourth *Spider-Man* film before the project's cancellation, disclosed in November 2022 that the fourth film would have established that Mary Jane had been "let go" by Peter Parker, leading him to now deeply enjoy being Spider-Man.

In 2021, while attending a screening of her latest film *The Power of the Dog*, Dunst expressed openness to reprising her role as Mary Jane in regards to rumors of her appeance in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film *Spider-Man: No Way Home*: "I would do it. Why not? That would be fun. I would never say no to something like that". *No Way Home* screenwriters Erik Sommers and Chris McKenna wrote at various points versions of the film's story that included Mary Jane, alongside appearances of Sally Field's Aunt May and Emma Stone's Gwen Stacy, but Sommers and McKenna ultimately concluded that the story felt already overstuffed, ultimately choosing Zendaya's Michelle "MJ" Jones and Marisa Tomei's Aunt May to be the only female characters in the film with significant screen time.

### Characterization and themes

As portrayed in the Sam Raimi trilogy, Mary Jane Watson is a kind, funny, beautiful, sweet, cheerful, passionate and energetic young woman who is an aspiring actress. She runs with the stereotypical popular crowd in school, being surrounded by people who have enticing physical features and great skills in ways of performing arts or sports. Mary Jane is somewhat naive, but always knows what's going on. While individuals in MJ's high school clique are rude, snobbish, arrogant, vain and uncaring, Mary Jane is a loyal friend and a warm individual, capable of intense love and real feelings. Mary Jane does not let the attention she gets from boys get to her head. Instead, she uses her looks merely as an advantage for acting and modelling and works to develop independence and smarts. Despite her popularity, MJ struggles with insecurity and an urge to impress people she deems important, both of which most likely come from her abusive father, and is an indecisive dater before Peter finally commits to her. She also deals with the harsh reality of being an actress and has her own struggles in each film.

She never bullies or judges Peter Parker and is friendly towards him, despite him being in the unpopular crowd, and even flirts with him and calls him "Tiger" (an homage to her catchphrase in the comics). MJ generally has no one treat her with respect for anything other than her looks, which she may not have noticed until after high school graduation, before she and Peter develop a stronger friendship. It is quite possibly because of this, Mary Jane becomes so smitten by Spider-Man so quickly and later falls for Peter (oblivious that they are one and the same) as he is very kind to her other than just for her looks. After her kiss with Spider-Man, MJ was shown to be a great deal happier and almost ecstatic, because it had perhaps been her first kiss with someone who loved her back for more than just aesthetic reasons. Unfortunately, her involvement with Spider-Man also makes her a common target by his enemies, making her require his rescue in all three films, as noted by Emily Kubincanek of *Film School Rejects*.

Writing in 2020 after the release of *Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse*, Adadora Asidianya of *CBR.com* looked back at Mary Jane's live-action portrayal in the Raimi films and noted that she provides a grounding presence for Peter in the films, also commending her positive outlook in life despite her toxic upbringings.

## Appearances

### *Spider-Man* (2002)

Mary Jane first appears as Peter Parker narrates the first few minutes of the film. She is depicted as a popular girl at Midtown High School and the girlfriend of star athlete Flash Thompson, while Peter, her next-door neighbor who has had a crush on her since they were in first grade, is an academically gifted but shy outsider. Peter struggles to catch the school bus until MJ asks the driver to stop for him. Later, their class attends a field trip to a lab at Columbia University. Peter's friend Harry Osborn flirts with MJ before Peter takes a picture of her for the school newspaper, after which a genetically-altered spider bites him, ultimately giving him his abilities. Peter then saves Mary Jane from slipping in the school cafeteria with his new abilities the next day and inadvertently triggers a fight with Flash, though he is able to easily dodge Flash's punches and knocks him out with one punch. Peter later apologizes to MJ for the fight while she confides in him about wanting to escape her abusive, alcoholic father and pursue an acting career.

She breaks up with Flash during high school graduation and takes up work as a waitress while looking for acting gigs. While Mary Jane starts dating Harry, she and Peter begin to form a closer friendship. Peter rescues her as Spider-Man when the Green Goblin attacks a parade she was attending with Harry, and again later on from a gang in an alley. Mary Jane thanks Spider-Man with a kiss without him revealing his identity. MJ grows distant from Harry due to his desire to please his father, Norman, at her expense and also subsequently develops feelings for Peter when she realizes how much he cares for her, causing Harry to break up with MJ upon seeing her and Peter holding hands.

Norman, who is the Green Goblin and has deduced Peter is Spider-Man, kidnaps Mary Jane upon realizing Peter loves her, thanks to his son's unwitting confession. The Goblin forces Peter to choose between saving Mary Jane and a Roosevelt Island Tramway car full of children, all of whom he holds hostage on top of the Queensboro Bridge. Spider-Man opts to save both, and despite a struggle, manages to lower MJ and the kids onto a boat, after which the Goblin whisks Spider-Man away for a final confrontation which results in the Goblin's death. At Norman's funeral, Mary Jane tells Peter that she loves him and they kiss. Peter, who decides that for her protection they can't be together, gently rejects her and insists they can only be friends. As he leaves, a saddened Mary Jane realizes that her kiss with Peter reminds her of the one she shared with Spider-Man and suspects that he is the superhero.

### *Spider-Man 2* (2004)

Two years after the events of the first movie, Mary Jane has found success as a model and Off-Broadway actress. Maintaining her friendships with both Peter and Harry, she continues to pine for Peter, but as he continues to reject her, she starts dating astronaut John Jameson, the son of Peter's boss J. Jonah Jameson. Struggling to balance his vigilantism as Spider-Man with his personal life, Peter fails to make it to one of Mary Jane's performances of *The Importance of Being Earnest*.

Fed up with being Spider-Man and after losing his powers, Peter tosses his suit away and is able to handle his job and studies and decides to pursue MJ, though she pushes him away when John proposes to her. After Mary Jane kisses John, in a manner that is reminiscent of the upside-down kiss between her and Spider-Man from the first film, she realizes that she does not love John and still wants a relationship with Peter. Later, she meets Peter in a coffee shop where she asks for a kiss to confirm her belief that he is Spider-Man. She even asks him if he loves her which he falsely replies, "I don't", for the sake of his superhero responsibilities and her safety. Before they can kiss, Doctor Octopus attacks the cafe, kidnapping Mary Jane.

Peter regains his abilities and takes up being the web-slinger once more, fighting Doc Ock on a runaway New York City Subway train before being subdued and delivered to Harry, who wants revenge on Spider-Man for allegedly killing his father. After Harry unmasks Peter, he reluctantly provides Doc Ock's and Mary Jane's location so Peter can save her. Peter defeats Doctor Octopus this time as the latter tries to create a fusion reactor capable of destroying the city, and unmasks himself to both Doctor Octopus and MJ, confirming her suspicions that Peter and Spider-Man are in fact one and the same. Peter finally confesses his love for MJ, rescuing her as Doctor Octopus regains control of himself from the malicious AI in his tentacles and repents of his prior actions, sacrificing himself to destroy the reactor. Peter explains his reasoning for not being with her, then allows her to reunite with John. However, MJ leaves John at the altar during their wedding and runs to Peter's apartment, stating that she is willing to accept any risks that come with being in a relationship with Peter. The two finally become a couple, and Mary Jane sees Peter off as he swings into action as Spider-Man to help out a situation, uttering her catchphrase *"Go get 'em, Tiger!"*

### *Spider-Man 3* (2007)

Having dated Peter for one year, Mary Jane experiences some struggles in her personal life, losing her Broadway role because of bad reviews and experiencing friction with her boyfriend when an alien symbiote takes him over and amplifies the negative traits of his personality which as a result makes him distance himself from her to focus on capturing and killing his uncle's actual killer, Flint Marko. She also faces competition for Peter's affections in the form of his lab partner Gwen Stacy. After she confides in Harry about her problems, Harry, who had suffered amnesia from a prior fight with Peter as the New Goblin, regains his memories after they unwittingly kiss and forces MJ into breaking up with Peter, setting up a second confrontation between the two former friends which leaves Harry's face disfigured.

Peter, now under more influence from the symbiote, later brings Gwen to a jazz club where MJ has found work as a singing waitress in order to make her jealous, though Gwen catches on and apologizes to Mary Jane. He then gets into a fight with the club's bouncers and unintentionally hits Mary Jane when she intervenes, leading him to realize what the symbiote suit has turned him into. He leaves and disposes of the symbiote suit, which subsequently falls onto Eddie Brock, Gwen's failed suitor and Peter's bitter rival and fellow photographer, to create Venom.

Although the symbiote was removed, Peter felt he did too much damage to amend things with Mary Jane as he feels inadequate to propose to her and stares at her apartment window before leaving, thinking she doesn't want to see him again. After she departs from her apartment, Mary Jane gets kidnapped by Brock, who holds a grudge against Peter for ruining his career as a photographer and taking away his girlfriend, teaming up with Flint Marko to lure and kill Spider-Man. Holding her in a web duct taxi as bait, Mary Jane is briefly able to protect herself this time. She also gets to save Spider-Man in the nick of time by throwing a cinder block at Venom. The subsequent battle pits Spider-Man and the New Goblin against Venom and the Sandman; the two villains are defeated, but Harry loses his life in the process after sacrificing himself to save his friends, dying with MJ and Peter at his side.

Sometime after Harry's funeral, Peter arrives at MJ's jazz club, and the two begin to mend their relationship, sharing a dance.

## In other media

### Television

* Mary Jane also appears in *Spider-Man: The New Animated Series*, an animated television series serving as a loose alternate continuation of the first *Spider-Man* film. She, Peter and Harry attend Empire State University together, and she attempts to start a relationship with Peter without much success, owing to his reluctance to endanger her due to his duties as Spider-Man. Mary Jane is voiced by Lisa Loeb.

### Film

### Video games

* Mary Jane Watson appears in all three video game adaptations of the films. While she is voiced by Cat O'Conner in the first game, Kirsten Dunst reprises her role in a vocal capacity in the second game while Kari Wahlgren takes over the role in the third game.

## Reception and legacy

Kirsten Dunst's portrayal of Mary Jane Watson in the Spider-Man films was generally well-received, as she was nominated for several awards for her performance, winning four, including the Empire Award for Best Actress in 2003. Owen Gleiberman of *Entertainment Weekly* remarked on Dunst's ability to "lend even the smallest line a tickle of flirtatious music". In the *Los Angeles Times* review, critic Kenneth Turan noted that Dunst and Maguire made a real connection on screen, concluding that their relationship "involved audiences to an extent rarely seen in films".

However, elements of her character were met with a mixed response. In his review of *Spider-Man 3*, Ryan Gilbey of the *NewStatesman* was critical of Dunst's character: "the film-makers couldn't come up with much for Mary Jane to do other than scream a lot". Allie Gemmill of *Bustle* wrote in 2017 that the films portray Mary Jane as a constant damsel in distress and gave the illusion that she was defined primarily through the men in her life. Conversely, Adadora Asidianya wrote that Mary Jane provides a voice of reason for Peter, whether as a friend or a love interest.

Spider-Man and Mary Jane's "upside-down kiss" in *Spider-Man* is now regarded as one of the most iconic moments in film history. *Entertainment Weekly* put "the kiss in *Spider-Man*" on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying: "There's a fine line between romantic and corny. And the rain-soaked smooch between Spider-Man and Mary Jane from 2002 tap-dances right on that line. The reason it works? Even if she suspects he's Peter Parker, she doesn't try to find out. And that's sexy."

1. *The Amazing Spider-Man* #42 (November 1966)
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12. O'Connell, Sean (November 1, 2022). "Sam Raimi's Spider-Man 4: What We Learned About The Vulture's Origins, The Fight Scenes, And Other Villains Considered For The Sequel". CinemaBlend. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
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17. Asidianya, Adadora (July 1, 2020). "Spider-Man: 10 Things We Should've Seen From Mary Jane In Into The Spider-Verse". *CBR*. Archived from the original on August 26, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
18. Daly, Steve (April 17, 2007). "World Wide Web". *Entertainment Weekly*. p. 3. Archived from the original on April 22, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
19. Wilds, Stephen (May 10, 2018). "Looking Back On Spider-Man: The New Animated Series". *Cultured Vultures*. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
20. Morrison, Matt (September 9, 2018). "Spider-Man PS4 Has a Cool Throwback to Classic Spider-Man 2 Game". *Screen Rant*. Archived from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
21. Gleiberman, Owen (May 1, 2002). "Spider-Man—Movie Review". *Entertainment Weekly*. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
22. Turan, Kenneth (May 3, 2002). "'Spider-Man' – Movie Review". *Los Angeles Times*. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
23. Gilbey, Ryan (May 7, 2007). "Take a crawl on the dark side". *The New Statesman*. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
24. Gemmill, Allie (May 3, 2017). "'Spider-Man' Love Interest Mary Jane Watson Deserved So Much More". *Bustle*. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
25. Barriga, Matt (July 6, 2017). "Spider-Man's Iconic Upside Down Kiss". *Medium*. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
26. "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends that Entertained Us over the Past 10 Years". *Entertainment Weekly*. No. 1079/1080. December 11, 2009. pp. 74–84. ASIN B00382WGUY.

## InfoBox

| Mary Jane Watson | |
| --- | --- |
| *Sam Raimi's Spider-Man* character | |
| Kirsten Dunst as Mary Jane Watson in *Spider-Man* (2002) | |
| First appearance | *Spider-Man* (2002) |
| Last appearance | *Spider-Man 3* (2007) |
| Based on | Mary Jane Watson<br>by |
| Adapted by | David Koepp |
| Portrayed by | Kirsten Dunst |
| Voiced by |  |
| In-universe information | |
| Occupation |  |
| Family | * Phillip Watson (father) * Madeline Watson (mother) |
| Significant others |  |
| Nationality | American |


title: Nam Sách

abstract: Nam Sách is a township and capital of Nam Sách District, Hải Dương Province, Vietnam.

text:
# Nam Sách

**Nam Sách** is a township (*thị trấn*) and capital of Nam Sách District, Hải Dương Province, Vietnam.

## InfoBox

| Nam Sách *Thị trấn Nam Sách* | |
| --- | --- |
| Township (Class-5) | |
| Nam Sách township | |
| Nam Sách | |
| Coordinates: 20°59′27″N 106°20′03″E / 20.99083°N 106.33417°E / 20.99083; 106.33417 | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Red River Delta |
| Province | Hải Dương |
| District | Nam Sách |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (UTC + 7) |


title: Neomarkia

abstract: Neomarkia is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.

text:
# Neomarkia

***Neomarkia*** is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Razowski, 2001, *Shilap Revista de Lepidopterologia* **29**: 277
* Brown, John W., 2005, *World Catalogue of Insects* **5**

## InfoBox

| ***Neomarkia*** | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Subfamily: | Tortricinae |
| Genus: | ***Neomarkia***<br>Razowski, 2001 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Markia* Razowski, 1999 (preocc.) | |


title: Poboru

abstract: Poboru is a commune in Olt County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Albești, Cornățelu, Creți, Poboru, Seaca and Surpeni.

text:
# Poboru

**Poboru** is a commune in Olt County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Albești, Cornățelu, Creți, Poboru, Seaca and Surpeni.

## InfoBox

| Poboru | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location in Olt County | |
| PoboruLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 44°40′N 24°30′E / 44.667°N 24.500°E / 44.667; 24.500 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Olt |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 1,694 |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Vehicle reg. | OT |


title: Polystira juangrinensis

abstract: Polystira juangrinensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

text:
# Polystira juangrinensis

***Polystira juangrinensis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 16.5 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Cuba.

## InfoBox

| *Polystira juangrinensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Turridae |
| Genus: | *Polystira* |
| Species: | ***P. juangrinensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polystira juangrinensis***<br>Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2017 | |
|


title: Idioteuthis hjorti

abstract: Idioteuthis hjorti is a species of whip-lash squid.

text:
# Idioteuthis hjorti

***Idioteuthis hjorti*** is a species of whip-lash squid.

* "CephBase: Idioteuthis hjorti". Archived from the original on 2005-08-17.
* Tree of Life web project: *Idioteuthis hjorti*

## InfoBox

| *Idioteuthis hjorti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Oegopsida |
| Family: | Mastigoteuthidae |
| Genus: | *Idioteuthis* |
| Species: | ***I. hjorti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Idioteuthis hjorti***
(Chun, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mastigoteuthis hjorti*
Chun, 1913 | |


abstract: The Power Loom Carpet Weavers' and Textile Workers' Union (PLCWTWU) was a trade union representing workers in the textile industry in the Kidderminster area of England. The union was founded in 1865 and was initially named the Power Loom Brussels Carpet Weavers Defence Association. In its early days, it advocated for the emigration of unemployed carpet weavers, in order that they could find alternative work elsewhere, and competition in the industry would be reduced. This idea was soon abandoned, and in 1869 the union began admitting tapestry weavers in the area, changing its name to the Power Loom Carpet Weavers Mutual Defence and Provident Association. In its early years, the union was very small, with only 588 members by the end of the 1860s. It focused on providing benefits for members who were unable to work, but did organise a strike in 1884. Its membership peaked at 1,384 in 1893, but then declined. In 1917, the union began admitting women and textile workers outside carpet and tapestry weaving, changing its name to the Power Loom Carpet Weavers' and Textile Workers' Association. This produced a jump in membership, which reached 4,500 by the end of 1918, and remained fairly constant thereafter, peaking at 6,000 in 1980. The 1980s proved a difficult time for the union as the industry declined in the Kidderminster area, and membership had fallen to 2,300 by 1991. It changed its name slightly to the "Power Loom Carpet Weavers' and Textile Workers' Union" then, in 2000, it merged into the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation.

text:
# Power Loom Carpet Weavers' and Textile Workers' Union

The **Power Loom Carpet Weavers' and Textile Workers' Union** (PLCWTWU) was a trade union representing workers in the textile industry in the Kidderminster area of England.

The union was founded in 1865 and was initially named the **Power Loom Brussels Carpet Weavers Defence Association**. In its early days, it advocated for the emigration of unemployed carpet weavers, in order that they could find alternative work elsewhere, and competition in the industry would be reduced. This idea was soon abandoned, and in 1869 the union began admitting tapestry weavers in the area, changing its name to the **Power Loom Carpet Weavers Mutual Defence and Provident Association**.

In its early years, the union was very small, with only 588 members by the end of the 1860s. It focused on providing benefits for members who were unable to work, but did organise a strike in 1884. Its membership peaked at 1,384 in 1893, but then declined.

In 1917, the union began admitting women and textile workers outside carpet and tapestry weaving, changing its name to the **Power Loom Carpet Weavers' and Textile Workers' Association**. This produced a jump in membership, which reached 4,500 by the end of 1918, and remained fairly constant thereafter, peaking at 6,000 in 1980. The 1980s proved a difficult time for the union as the industry declined in the Kidderminster area, and membership had fallen to 2,300 by 1991. It changed its name slightly to the "Power Loom Carpet Weavers' and Textile Workers' Union" then, in 2000, it merged into the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation.

1. Eaton, Jack; Gill, Colin (1981). *The Trade Union Directory*. London: Pluto Press. pp. 181–182. ISBN 0861043502.
2. Arthur Marsh, Victoria Ryan and John B. Smethurst, *Directory of British Trade Unions*, vol.4, pp.498-499
3. Gary Daniels and John McIlroy, *Trade Unions in a Neoliberal World: British Trade Unions Under New Labour*, pp.134-136

## Further reading

* Arthur Marsh, *The Carpet Weavers of Kidderminster*. Oxford: Malthouse Press.

## InfoBox

Power Loom Carpet Weavers' and Textile Workers' Union
| Merged into | Iron and Steel Trades Confederation |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1865 |
| Dissolved | 2000 |
| Headquarters | Callows Lane, Kidderminster |
| Location |  |
| Members | 6,023 (1980) |
| Affiliations | TUC, NACTU, Labour Party |


title: Metis (moon)

abstract: Metis, also known as Jupiter XVI, is the innermost known moon of Jupiter. It was discovered in 1979 in images taken by Voyager 1, and was named in 1983 after the Titaness Metis, the first wife of Zeus and the mother of Athena. Additional observations made between early 1996 and September 2003 by the Galileo spacecraft allowed its surface to be imaged. Metis is tidally locked to Jupiter, and its shape is strongly asymmetrical, with the largest diameter being almost twice as large as the smallest one. It is also one of the two moons known to orbit Jupiter in less than the length of Jupiter's day, the other being Adrastea. It orbits within the main ring of Jupiter, and is thought to be a major contributor of ring material.

text:
# Metis (moon)

**Metis** /ˈmtəs/, also known as **Jupiter XVI**, is the innermost known moon of Jupiter. It was discovered in 1979 in images taken by *Voyager 1*, and was named in 1983 after the Titaness Metis, the first wife of Zeus and the mother of Athena. Additional observations made between early 1996 and September 2003 by the *Galileo* spacecraft allowed its surface to be imaged.

Metis is tidally locked to Jupiter, and its shape is strongly asymmetrical, with the largest diameter being almost twice as large as the smallest one. It is also one of the two moons known to orbit Jupiter in less than the length of Jupiter's day, the other being Adrastea. It orbits within the main ring of Jupiter, and is thought to be a major contributor of ring material.

## Discovery and observations

Metis was discovered in 1979 by Stephen P. Synnott in images taken by the *Voyager 1* probe and was provisionally designated as **S/1979 J 3**. In 1983, it was officially named after the mythological Metis, a Titaness who was the first wife of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter) who between her and Zeus bore a daughter Athena. The photographs taken by *Voyager 1* showed Metis only as a dot, and hence knowledge about Metis was very limited until the arrival of the *Galileo* spacecraft. *Galileo* imaged almost all of the surface of Metis and put constraints on its composition by 1998.

Although the *Juno* orbiter, which arrived at Jupiter in 2016, has a camera called JunoCam, it is almost entirely focused on observations of Jupiter itself. During close observations of Jupiter, it may capture some distant images of the innermost moons Metis and Adrastea.

## Physical characteristics

Metis has an irregular shape and measures 60 km × 40 km × 34 km across, which makes it the second smallest of the four inner satellites of Jupiter. Therefore, a very rough estimate of its surface area could be placed between 5,800 and 11,600 square kilometers (approx. 8,700). The bulk composition and mass of Metis are not known, but it is likely that its mean density is 1.5 g/cm3 or higher, and its mass can therefore be estimated as ~6.4×1016 kg or higher.

The surface of Metis is heavily cratered, dark, and appears to be reddish in color. There is a substantial asymmetry between the leading and trailing hemispheres: the leading hemisphere is 1.3 times brighter than the trailing one. The asymmetry is probably caused by the higher velocity and frequency of impacts on the leading hemisphere, which excavates a bright material (presumably ice) from its interior.

## Orbit and rotation

Metis is the innermost of Jupiter's four small inner moons. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~128,000 km (1.79 Jupiter radii) within Jupiter's main ring. Metis's orbit has very small eccentricity (~0.0002) and inclination (~ 0.06°) relative to the equator of Jupiter.

Due to tidal locking, Metis rotates synchronously with its orbital period (about 7 hours), with its longest axis aligned towards Jupiter. Jupiter casts a shadow on all of Metis for 68 minutes each Metian day.

Metis lies inside Jupiter's synchronous orbit radius (as does Adrastea), and as a result, tidal forces slowly cause its orbit to decay. If its density is similar to Amalthea's, Metis's orbit lies within the fluid Roche limit; however, because it has not broken up, it must lie outside its rigid Roche limit.

## Relationship with Jupiter's rings

Metis's orbit lies ~1,000 km within the main ring of Jupiter. It orbits within a ~500 km wide "gap" or "notch" in the ring. The gap is clearly somehow related to the moon but the origin of this connection has not been established. Metis supplies a significant part of the main ring's dust. This material appears to consist primarily of material that is ejected from the surfaces of Jupiter's four small inner satellites by meteorite impacts. It is easy for the impact ejecta to be lost from the satellites into space because the satellites' surfaces lie fairly close to the edge of their Roche spheres due to their low density.

### Citations

1. Noah Webster (188). *A Practical Dictionary of the English Language*.
2. Evans Porco et al. 2002.
3. Burns Simonelli et al. 2004.
4. Thomas Burns et al. 1998.
5. Simonelli Rossier et al. 2000.
6. IAUC 3507.
7. Synnott 1981.
8. IAUC 3872.
9. Hansen, C. J.; Orton, G. S. (2015). "JunoCam: Science and Outreach Opportunities with Juno". *AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts*. **2015**: P41B–2066. Bibcode:2015AGUFM.P41B2066H.
10. Anderson Johnson et al. 2005.
11. Ockert-Bell Burns et al. 1999.
12. Burns Showalter et al. 1999.

### Sources

## InfoBox

Metis
| Image taken by *Galileo'*s Solid State Imager between November 1996 and June 1997 | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | S. Synnott |
| Discovery date | 4 March 1979 |
| Designations | |
| Pronunciation | /ˈmtəs/ |
| Named after | Μήτις *Mētis* |
| Adjectives | Metidian, Metidean /mɛˈtɪdiən/ |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Periapsis | 127974 km |
| Apoapsis | 128026 km |
| Mean orbit radius | 128000 km (1.792 RJ) |
| Eccentricity | 0.0002 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 0.294780 d (7 h, 4.5 min) |
| Average orbital speed | 31.501 km/s |
| Inclination | 0.06° (to Jupiter's equator) |
| Satellite of | Jupiter |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 60 km × 40 km × 34 km |
| Mean radius | 21.5±2.0 km |
| Surface area | 6200 km2 |
| Volume | 42700 km3 |
| Mass | 6.4×1016 kg |
| Mean density | 1.5 g/cm3 |
| Surface gravity | 0.8 cm/s2 (average) |
| Synodic rotation period | synchronous |
| Axial tilt | zero |
| Albedo | 0.061±0.003 |
| Temperature | 123 K |
|  | |


title: Pol Bouin

abstract: Pol André Bouin was a French histologist and reproductive endocrinologist. He is best known for the fixative Bouin solution named after him. Bouin was born in Vendresse, France into a family of veterinarians. He studied medicine at Nancy and was influenced by Auguste Prenant. He received a doctor of medicine degree in 1897. He worked as a histology preparator and later became a professor of anatomy in 1898. He succeeded Professor Prenant in the chair of histology at Nancy in 1908. Throughout his career, he conducted numerous experiments, particularly in the field of reproductive endocrinology. In 1929 he demonstrated that lactation could be induced in rabbits without ovaries by administering anterior pituitary extract at a time when prolactin had not yet been identified. In 1932 he published Elements d'histologie.

text:
# Pol Bouin

**Pol André Bouin** (11 June 1870 – 5 February 1962) was a French histologist and reproductive endocrinologist. He is best known for the fixative Bouin solution named after him.

Bouin was born in Vendresse, France into a family of veterinarians. He studied medicine at Nancy and was influenced by Auguste Prenant. He received a doctor of medicine degree in 1897. He worked as a histology preparator and later became a professor of anatomy in 1898. He succeeded Professor Prenant in the chair of histology at Nancy in 1908. Throughout his career, he conducted numerous experiments, particularly in the field of reproductive endocrinology. In 1929 he demonstrated that lactation could be induced in rabbits without ovaries by administering anterior pituitary extract at a time when prolactin had not yet been identified. In 1932 he published *Elements d'histologie*.


title: Vicki Cleary Day

abstract: Vicki Cleary Day is an annual Australian rules football match in the Victorian Football League (VFL) hosted by the Coburg Football Club. The game is held in honour of Vicki Cleary, the sister of former Coburg captain and coach Phil Cleary, who was killed by her former partner in 1987. The first match was held in 2017, and it has been held every year since with Coburg competing against various other clubs.

text:
# Vicki Cleary Day

**Vicki Cleary Day** is an annual Australian rules football match in the Victorian Football League (VFL) hosted by the Coburg Football Club. The game is held in honour of Vicki Cleary, the sister of former Coburg captain and coach Phil Cleary, who was killed by her former partner in 1987.

The first match was held in 2017, and it has been held every year since (excluding 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic) with Coburg competing against various other clubs.

## Background

On 26 August 1987, Vicki Cleary was attacked and repeatedly stabbed at a kindergarten by Peter Keogh, her former partner. She was 25 when she was killed.

Keogh was acquitted of murder and convicted of manslaughter by a jury, spending less than four years in jail. He committed in suicide in 2001.

At the time his sister was killed, Phil Cleary was the captain-coach of Coburg in the Victorian Football Association (now Victorian Football League). He retired at the end of the 1987 season after playing 205 games. Cleary currently campaigns to stop male violence against women.

## Results

| **Year** | **Date** | **Rd** | **Home team** | **Score** | **Away team** | **Score** | **Ground** | **Winner** | **Margin** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2017** | 30/4 | 3 | Coburg | 11.13 (79) | **Northern Blues** | **21.15 (141)** | Coburg City Oval | **Northern Blues** | 62 |
| **2018** | 19/5 | 7 | Coburg | 7.5 (47) | **Collingwood** | **10.12 (72)** | Coburg City Oval | **Collingwood** | 25 |
| **2019** | 21/7 | 16 | Coburg | 15.12 (102) | **North Melbourne** | **16.9 (105)** | Preston City Oval | **North Melbourne** | 3 |
| **2022** | 19/6 | 13 | Coburg | 7.10 (52) | **Richmond** | **15.14 (104)** | Piranha Park | **Richmond** | 52 |
| **2023** | 13/5 | 8 | Coburg | 12.8 (80) | **Northern Bullants** | **12.15 (87)** | Piranha Park | **Northern Bullants** | 7 |
| **2024** | 21/7 | 17 | **Coburg** | **11.9 (75)** | Port Melbourne | 10.10 (70) | Piranha Park | **Coburg** | 5 |


title: Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker

abstract: Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker is a colossal heroic nude statue by the Italian artist Antonio Canova, of Napoleon I of France in the guise of the Roman god Mars. He holds a gilded Nike or Victory standing on an orb in his right hand and a staff in his left. It was produced between 1802 and 1806 and stands 3.45 metres to the raised left hand. Once on display in the Louvre in Paris, it was purchased from Louis XVIII in 1816 by the British government, which granted it to the Duke of Wellington. It is now on display in Robert Adam's stairwell at the Duke's London residence, Apsley House.

text:
# Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker

***Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker*** is a colossal heroic nude statue by the Italian artist Antonio Canova, of Napoleon I of France in the guise of the Roman god Mars. He holds a gilded Nike or Victory standing on an orb in his right hand and a staff in his left. It was produced between 1802 and 1806 and stands 3.45 metres to the raised left hand. Once on display in the Louvre in Paris, it was purchased from Louis XVIII in 1816 by the British government, which granted it to the Duke of Wellington. It is now on display in Robert Adam's stairwell at the Duke's London residence, Apsley House.

## History

At Napoleon's personal and insistent demand, Canova went to Paris in 1802 to model a bust of him. In 1803, after his return to Rome, he began work on the full-length sculpture; it was completed in 1806. Its idealised nude physique draws on the iconography of Augustus, and it was always intended for an interior entrance-hall setting rather than as a freestanding piazza sculpture, though some accounts give the centre of the courtyard of the Palazzo del Senato as the original intended site for the sculpture, following plans drawn up by the architect Luigi Canonica. France's ambassador in Rome François Cacault and the director of French museums Vivant Denon both saw the sculpture while it was a work in progress: Cacault wrote in 1803 that it "must become the most perfect work of this century", whilst Denon wrote back to Napoleon in 1806 that it belonged indoors in the Musée Napoléon "among the emperors and in the niche where the Laocoon is, in such a manner that it would be the first object that one sees on entering". In late 1810 the sculpture was transported to France, reaching Paris on 1 January 1811. When Napoleon saw it there in April 1811 he refused to accept it, calling it "too athletic" and banning the public from seeing it.

By 1814, the sculpture was in the *Salle des Hommes Illustres*, hidden behind a canvas screen, where it was probably first seen by Wellington. In the era after the battle of Waterloo, Canova, who was still regarded as the best living artist, with his works in great demand from English patrons in particular, supported the return of looted sculptures from the Musée Napoléon to their original collections. The Musée Napoléon reverted to being the Louvre and its looted sculptures such as the Apollo Belvedere were returned to their original collections. The removal of the *Napoleon* was also mooted, and Canova offered to re-purchase it. It was sold to the British government in 1816 for 66,000 francs (then under £3,000), which the Louvre spent on re-installing its Salle des Antiques. Works by Canova were already being collected by the Duke, and the Prince Regent presented it to him later that year. It was moved to the stairwell in Apsley House in 1817, where the floor under the statue was specially strengthened in order to accommodate the additional weight. It is still on display there.

## Bronze in Milan

In 1811 a bronze copy of the statue was cast in Rome by Francesco Righetti and his son Luigi, using the bronze of the cannons of Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome. A previous attempt to cast the statue had failed. Since 1859 the bronze has stood in the main courtyard of Palazzo Brera, home of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera and the Pinacoteca di Brera, in Milan, in Lombardy in northern Italy. It was at first on a temporary base; this was replaced in 1864 with the present base designed by Luigi Bisi, in granite and Carrara marble, with bronze decorations. The gilded bronze winged victory on the globe in the right hand of the figure was stolen on 25 October 1978; it was replaced with a replica in the 1980s.

## Plaster casts

In spite of the poor reception of the marble statue, Canova had it cast in plaster. Five copies were made, and were destined for the Accademie di Belle Arti of Italy. The best-preserved of these is now, following restoration in Florence, in the Pinacoteca di Brera. It was initially sent, divided into eight sections, to Padova; however, it was not paid for and stayed in its packing-cases. It was bought by Napoleon's step-son, the viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais, and was on display in the Galleria Reale in Palazzo Brera from 1809 to 1814. After the fall of Napoleon it was relegated to the storerooms of the Accademia, where it remained until 2008. It was restored, and installed in the Pinacoteca di Brera in 2009 for the bicentenary of the gallery.

## Further reading

51°30′13″N 0°09′06″W / 51.50361°N 0.15167°W / 51.50361; -0.15167

## InfoBox

| Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Antonio Canova |
| Year | 1802-1806 |
| Medium | white marble<br>gilded bronze |
| Dimensions | 345 cm (136 in) |
| Location | Apsley House, London |


title: Neomastix

abstract: Neomastix is a genus of true weevils in the family of beetles known as Curculionidae. It is found in the Nearctic realm. The type species is N. solidaginus.

text:
# Neomastix

***Neomastix*** is a genus of true weevils in the family of beetles known as Curculionidae. It is found in the Nearctic realm. The type species is *N. solidaginus*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Neomastix* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Tribe: | Anthonomini |
| Genus: | *Neomastix*
Dietz, 1891 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Neomastix solidaginus***
Dietz, 1891 | |
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Poggio Rattieri

abstract: Poggio Rattieri is a frazione of Torricella Sicura in the Province of Teramo in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

text:
# Poggio Rattieri

**Poggio Rattieri** is a frazione of Torricella Sicura in the Province of Teramo in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

42°38′32″N 13°35′30″E / 42.64222°N 13.59167°E / 42.64222; 13.59167

## InfoBox

| Poggio Rattieri | |
| --- | --- |
| Frazione | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Abruzzo |
| Province | Teramo |
| Commune | Torricella Sicura |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Polystira lindae

abstract: Polystira lindae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

text:
# Polystira lindae

***Polystira lindae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

## Description

**Original description:** "Shell small for genus, slender, elongated; whorls rounded, without shoulder; body whorl with 5 large, sharp-edged cords; spire whorls with 3 cords; siphonal canal with numerous fine spiral threads; anal notch narrow, deep; shell color pure white, interior of aperture white; periostracum thick, velvety."

The shell of the *Polystira lindae resembles a cone with a sharp tip.*

## Distribution

**Locus typicus:** "Gulf of Venezuela -
off Punto Fijo, Paraguana Peninsula, Venezuela."

This species occurs in the North Atlantic Ocean,
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Venezuela

## InfoBox

| *Polystira lindae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Polystira lindae* (holotype at USNM) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Turridae |
| Genus: | *Polystira* |
| Species: | ***P. lindae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polystira lindae***<br>Petuch, 1987 | |
|


title: Gerardo Dúran

abstract: Gerardo Dúran, is an American soccer player.

text:
# Gerardo Dúran

**Gerardo Dúran** (born October 31, 2003), is an American soccer player.

## Club career

After playing with the Portland Timbers academy, Dúran appeared as an 62nd-minute substitute for Portland's USL Championship side Portland Timbers 2 on August 31, 2019, in a 3–1 win over Reno 1868.

## InfoBox

Gerardo Dúran
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Gerardo Dúran | | |
| Date of birth | (2003-10-31) October 31, 2003 | | |
| Place of birth | Hillsboro, Oregon, United States | | |
| Height | 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) | | |
| Position(s) |  | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2016–2020 | Portland Timbers | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2019–2022 | Portland Timbers 2 | 22 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of September 23, 2022 | | | |


title: Vicki Caroline Cheatwood

abstract: Vicki Caroline Cheatwood is an American playwright and screenwriter, who has been produced Off-Off-Broadway and throughout the United States.

text:
# Vicki Caroline Cheatwood

**Vicki Caroline Cheatwood** is an American playwright and screenwriter, who has been produced Off-Off-Broadway and throughout the United States.

## Biography

Cheatwood is a native of Oklahoma.

In 2002, her screenplay *Air* (Escopa Films) won the Special Jury Gold Award at Worldfest Film Festival, and in 2005, the dark comedy feature *10:10* was a finalist in the Austin Film Festival. In 2009 her short film *Break* premiered in New York. She has been a finalist for several national playwriting honors, including the Heideman Award (*The Risen Chris*, Actors Theater of Louisville), The Julie Harris Playwright Award (*An Hour South*), and the Eileen Heckart Drama Award (*Manicures & Monuments*). Current front-burner projects include the feature film script *The Road Goes On Forever*, based on the hit song by Robert Earl Keen (Caliber Media Company, Beverly Hills, California).

Cheatwood's theater home is Kitchen Dog Theater. She is a core member of Austin Script Works, and a member of the International Centre for Women Playwrights, and the Dramatists Guild. She and her family attend Northaven United Methodist Church.

Cheatwood was married to Mark Daves, who died in 2012.


title: Yverdon District

abstract: Yverdon District was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland until 2006 when it was dissolved. It was divided into the Cercles of Molondin, Belmont-sur-Yverdon, Yverdon and Champvent. The district consisted of 38 municipalities, is 156.68 km⁲ in area and was home to 34,929 inhabitants at the end of 2003.

text:
# Yverdon District

**Yverdon District** was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland until 2006 when it was dissolved. It was divided into the Cercles of Molondin, Belmont-sur-Yverdon, Yverdon and Champvent.

The district consisted of 38 municipalities, is 156.68 km2 in area and was home to 34,929 inhabitants at the end of 2003.

## Mergers and name changes

* On 1 January 2005 the former municipality of Arrissoules merged into the municipality of Rovray.
* On 1 September 2006 the municipalities of Belmont-sur-Yverdon, Bioley-Magnoux, Chamblon, Champvent, Chanéaz, Chavannes-le-Chêne, Chêne-Pâquier, Cheseaux-Noréaz, Cronay, Cuarny, Démoret, Donneloye, Épendes (VD), Essert-Pittet, Essert-sous-Champvent, Gossens, Gressy, Mathod, Mézery-près-Donneloye, Molondin, Montagny-près-Yverdon, Orges, Orzens, Pomy, Prahins, Rovray, Suchy, Suscévaz, Treycovagnes, Ursins, Valeyres-sous-Montagny, Valeyres-sous-Ursins, Villars-Epeney, Villars-sous-Champvent, Vugelles-La Mothe, Yverdon-les-Bains, and Yvonand came from the District d'Yverdon to join the Jura-Nord vaudois District
* On 1 September 2006 the municipality of Oppens came from the District d'Yverdon to join the Gros-de-Vaud District.

## Yverdon

### Cercle of Belmont-sur-Yverdon

| Municipality | Population (31.12.2003) | Area (km2) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Belmont-sur-Yverdon | 264 | 6.47 |
| Épendes | 315 | 4.82 |
| Essert-Pittet | 124 | 2.76 |
| Gossens | 128 | 1.02 |
| Gressy | 164 | 2.23 |
| Oppens | 170 | 3.60 |
| Orzens | 207 | 4.19 |
| Pomy | 551 | 5.62 |
| Suchy | 346 | 6.66 |
| Ursins | 179 | 3.37 |
| Valeyres-sous-Ursins | 198 | 2.83 |

### Cercle of Champvent

| Municipality | Population (31.12.2003) | Area (km2) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chamblon | 557 | 2.85 |
| Champvent | 316 | 6.88 |
| Essert-sous-Champvent | 127 | 1.23 |
| Mathod | 486 | 6.59 |
| Montagny-près-Yverdon | 609 | 3.55 |
| Orges | 223 | 4.01 |
| Suscévaz | 175 | 4.15 |
| Treycovagnes | 478 | 2.07 |
| Valeyres-sous-Montagny | 572 | 2.27 |
| Villars-sous-Champvent | 49 | 0.92 |
| Vugelles-La Mothe | 106 | 3.08 |

### Cercle of Molondin

| Municipality | Population (31.12.2003) | Area (km2) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bioley-Magnoux | 163 | 4.27 |
| Chanéaz | 99 | 1.39 |
| Chavannes-le-Chêne | 236 | 3.98 |
| Chêne-Pâquier | 105 | 2.11 |
| Cronay | 316 | 6.61 |
| Cuarny | 179 | 4.56 |
| Démoret | 135 | 4.24 |
| Donneloye | 324 | 3.72 |
| Mézery-près-Donneloye | 75 | 1.85 |
| Molondin | 196 | 5.53 |
| Prahins | 142 | 2.42 |
| Rovray | 129 | 3.21 |
| Villars-Epeney | 64 | 0.86 |
| Yvonand | 2,317 | 13.38 |

### Cercle of Yverdon

| Municipality | Population (31.12.2003) | Area (km2) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cheseaux-Noréaz | 510 | 6.12 |
| Yverdon-les-Bains | 23,595 | 11.26 |

46°47′N 6°38′E / 46.783°N 6.633°E / 46.783; 6.633

## InfoBox

| Yverdon District District d'Yverdon | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Vaud |
| Capital | Yverdon |
| Area | |
| Total | 156.68 km2 (60.49 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 36,335 |
| Density | 230/km2 (600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Municipalities | 38 |


title: Osmond Christmas Album

abstract: Osmond Christmas Album is a holiday album by the Osmond family, released in 1976. The album peaked at No. 127 on the U.S. Billboard Top LP's chart, a modest improvement from their previous two albums. The original double album consisted of twenty Christmas songs combining some original songs with traditional carols and secular Christmas standards, and included all seven performing members of the Osmond family, the first studio album to do so. Each track featured one of the various acts encompassed by the seven siblings: The Osmond Brothers, Donny Osmond, Marie Osmond, Donny & Marie as a duet, or Jimmy Osmond. Later re-issues on compact disc were under the title Osmond Family Christmas and had eight of the original tracks removed, including all of Jimmy's solo performances. Some of the re-issued tracks added Marie singing along with her brothers on tracks that she originally did not perform on.

text:
# Osmond Christmas Album

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Osmond Christmas Album*** is a holiday album by the Osmond family, released in 1976. The album peaked at No. 127 on the U.S. Billboard Top LP's chart, a modest improvement from their previous two albums.

The original double album consisted of twenty Christmas songs (listed below) combining some original songs with traditional carols and secular Christmas standards, and included all seven performing members of the Osmond family, the first studio album to do so. Each track featured one of the various acts encompassed by the seven siblings: The Osmond Brothers, Donny Osmond, Marie Osmond, Donny & Marie as a duet, or Jimmy Osmond.

Later re-issues on compact disc were under the title ***Osmond Family Christmas*** and had eight of the original tracks removed, including all of Jimmy's solo performances. Some of the re-issued tracks added Marie singing along with her brothers on tracks that she originally did not perform on.

## Album Notes

* The track *Sleigh Ride* is a completely different song from the Leroy Anderson composition.
* All of the Osmonds (the brothers with Marie and Jimmy) perform together only on the *Pine Cones & Holly Berries/It's Beginning To Look A Lot Like Christmas* medley.
* *Caroling Medley*, an assortment of ten traditional Christmas carols, is performed by the Osmond Brothers a cappella.

## Track listing (original 1976 release)

Side One
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I'll Be Home for Christmas" | 3:07 |
| 2. | "Winter Wonderland" (Donny & Marie) | 2:40 |
| 3. | "Kay Thompson's Jingle Bells" | 2:33 |
| 4. | "If Santa Were My Daddy" (Jimmy) | 2:21 |
| 5. | "Blue Christmas" (Marie) | 2:31 |

Side Two
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | "Silver Bells" (Donny & Marie) | 2:59 |
| 7. | "It Never Snows in L.A." (Jimmy) | 3:00 |
| 8. | "This Christmas Eve" (Donny) | 2:46 |
| 9. | "Medley: Pine Cones and Holly Berries / It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" (All the Osmonds) | 2:11 |
| 10. | "White Christmas" | 2:24 |

Side Three
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?" (Donny) | 3:32 |
| 12. | "Sleigh Ride" | 3:39 |
| 13. | "The Christmas Song" | 2:58 |
| 14. | "A Very Merry Christmas" (Merrill) | 2:49 |
| 15. | "Caroling Medley" (Caroling, Caroling/Here We Come A'Caroling/Christmas Is A-Comin'/God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen/O Little Town Of Bethlehem/The First Noel/Hark The Herald Angels Sing/O Come All Ye Faithful/Joy To The World/Deck The Halls/We Wish You A Merry Christmas) | 4:13 |

Side Four
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 16. | "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (Marie) | 2:16 |
| 17. | "The Christmas Waltz" | 3:17 |
| 18. | "Old-Fashioned Christmas" (Donny) | 3:16 |
| 19. | "When He Comes Again" (Jimmy) | 3:13 |
| 20. | "Silent Night" | 2:52 |

## Track listing (1991 re-release)

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I'll Be Home for Christmas" | 3:07 |
| 2. | "Winter Wonderland" (Donny & Marie) | 2:40 |
| 3. | "Kay Thompson's Jingle Bells" | 2:33 |
| 4. | "Blue Christmas" (Marie) | 2:31 |
| 5. | "What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?" (Donny) | 3:32 |
| 6. | "The Christmas Song" | 2:58 |
| 7. | "White Christmas" | 2:24 |
| 8. | "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (Marie) | 2:16 |
| 9. | "The Christmas Waltz" | 3:17 |
| 10. | "Silver Bells" (Donny & Marie) | 2:59 |
| 11. | "Medley: Pine Cones and Holly Berries / It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" (All the Osmonds) | 2:11 |
| 12. | "Silent Night" | 2:52 |

## InfoBox

| Osmond Christmas Album | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Osmonds | |
| Released | December 18, 1976 |
| Genre | Pop, Christmas music |
| Length | 52:31 |
| Label | Polydor |
| Producer | Don Costa |
| The Osmonds chronology | |
| *Brainstorm*
(1976) ***Osmond Christmas Album***
(1976) *Greatest Hits*
(1977) | |


title: Nettie, West Virginia

abstract: Nettie is a census-designated place (CDP) in Nicholas County, West Virginia, United States. Nettie is the location of the southern convergence of state routes 20 and 39. As of the 2020 census, its population was 494.

text:
# Nettie, West Virginia

**Nettie** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Nicholas County, West Virginia, United States. Nettie is the location of the southern convergence of state routes 20 and 39. As of the 2020 census, its population was 494.

## InfoBox

| Nettie | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place (CDP) | |
| Post office building in Nettie | |
| NettieLocation within the state of West Virginia | |
| Coordinates: 38°13′27″N 80°41′9″W / 38.22417°N 80.68583°W / 38.22417; -80.68583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Nicholas |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.154 sq mi (8.17 km2) |
| Land | 3.152 sq mi (8.16 km2) |
| Water | 0.002 sq mi (0.005 km2) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 568 |
| Density | 180/sq mi (70/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |


title: Poggio Murella

abstract: Poggio Murella is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Manciano, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2011 census its population amounted to 287.

text:
# Poggio Murella

**Poggio Murella** is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Manciano, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2011 census its population amounted to 287.

## Geography

Poggio Murella is about 60 km from Grosseto and 15 km from Manciano, and it is situated in the southern side of the hill ("*poggio*") of Poggio Capanne, in the valley of Albegna.

Poggio Murella is composed by several *borgate* (hamlets): *Basso*, *Bubbolina*, *Greppo*, *Poderino*, *Poggetto*, *Poggio Sassorosso*, *Sellaie*, *Termine*, *Torre*.

## History

The village was formerly known as *Poggio di Saturnia* and then as *Poggio di Capanne*, and it was renamed with its current name in 1927, as it became a *frazione* of Manciano.

## Main sights

* *San Giuseppe* (19th century), main parish church of the village, it was built by the will of the wealthy landowner Giuseppe Zammarchi in the late 19th century.
* *Castellum Aquarum*, a large Roman cistern with the interior divided into two naves with barrel vaults and covered by opus reticulatum.

## Bibliography

* Giovanni De Feo, *Le città del tufo nella valle del Fiora. Guida ai centri etruschi e medioevali della Maremma collinare*, Pitigliano, Laurum Editrice, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Poggio Murella | |
| --- | --- |
| *Frazione* | |
| The main square with the church | |
| Poggio MurellaLocation of Poggio Murella in Italy | |
| Coordinates: 42°40′29″N 11°33′1″E / 42.67472°N 11.55028°E / 42.67472; 11.55028 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Tuscany |
| Province | Grosseto (GR) |
| *Comune* | Manciano |
| Elevation | 410 m (1,350 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 287 |
| Demonym | *Poggiaioli* |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 58050 |


title: George A. M. Cross

abstract: George Alan Martin Cross FRS is a British molecular parasitologist. He has been André and Bella Meyer Professor of Molecular Parasitology at Rockefeller University since 1982. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1984. He was educated at Cheadle Hulme School and Downing College, Cambridge. He was awarded the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1984. Cross was the first to isolate variant surface glycoproteins.

text:
# George A. M. Cross

**George Alan Martin Cross** FRS (born 27 September 1942) is a British molecular parasitologist. He has been André and Bella Meyer Professor of Molecular Parasitology at Rockefeller University since 1982. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1984. He was educated at Cheadle Hulme School and Downing College, Cambridge. He was awarded the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (jointly with Prof. Piet Borst) in 1984.

Cross was the first to isolate variant surface glycoproteins.


title: Ikata Choseichi Dam

abstract: Ikata Choseichi Dam is a gravity dam located in Ehime Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation and water supply. The catchment area of the dam is 0.8 km⁲. The dam impounds about 1 ha of land when full and can store 104 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1973 and completed in 1989.

text:
# Ikata Choseichi Dam

**Ikata Choseichi Dam** is a gravity dam located in Ehime Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation and water supply. The catchment area of the dam is 0.8 km2. The dam impounds about 1 ha of land when full and can store 104 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1973 and completed in 1989.

## InfoBox

| Ikata Choseichi Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Ikata Choseichi Dam in Japan | |
| Location | Ehime Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 33°28′52″N 132°20′00″E / 33.48111°N 132.33333°E / 33.48111; 132.33333 |
| Construction began | 1973 |
| Opening date | 1989 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 29.1m |
| Length | 108m |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 104 thousand cubic meters |
| Catchment area | 0.8 sq. km |
| Surface area | 1 hectares |


title: Pothole (disambiguation)

abstract:
A pothole is a surface disruption in a roadway, caused by fatigue and erosion. Pothole may also refer to:
  - A small deep hole dug to look for buried public utilities, see vacuum excavation
  - Pothole (geology), a phenomenon encountered in the platinum mining industry in South Africa
  - Pothole (landform), evorsion, swirlhole, or giant's kettle, a smooth, bowl-shaped or cylindrical hollow created by water erosion of bedrock
  - Pothole, or panhole, a shallow solution basin, or closed depression, found on flat or gently sloping rock
  - Pothole, a shallow depression, often containing an intermittent pond or marsh and serving as a nesting place for waterfowl in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America
  - Pothole, or pit cave, a predominantly vertical cave system
  - The Pothole (Seinfeld)

text:
# Pothole (disambiguation)

A **pothole** is a surface disruption in a roadway, caused by fatigue and erosion.

**Pothole** may also refer to:

* A small deep hole dug to look for buried public utilities, see vacuum excavation
* Pothole (geology), a phenomenon encountered in the platinum mining industry in South Africa
* Pothole (landform), evorsion, swirlhole, or giant's kettle, a smooth, bowl-shaped or cylindrical hollow created by water erosion of bedrock
* Pothole, or panhole, a shallow solution basin, or closed depression, found on flat or gently sloping rock
* Pothole, a shallow depression, often containing an intermittent pond or marsh and serving as a nesting place for waterfowl in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America
* Pothole, or pit cave, a predominantly vertical cave system
* The Pothole (Seinfeld)


title: Watford Central tube station

abstract: Watford Central, a planned London Underground station in the centre of Watford, Hertfordshire, was to be the terminus of a proposed extension of the Metropolitan line from the present-day Watford tube station to the High Street opposite Clarendon Road. The proposed station booking hall has long gone, however, the facade was retained and a new building constructed behind it. It is now The Moon Under Water public house.

text:
# Watford Central tube station

**Watford Central**, a planned London Underground station in the centre of Watford, Hertfordshire, was to be the terminus of a proposed extension of the Metropolitan line from the present-day Watford tube station to the High Street opposite Clarendon Road. The proposed station booking hall has long gone, however, the facade was retained and a new building constructed behind it. It is now *The Moon Under Water* public house.

## History

Building a line to Watford had been an ambition of the Metropolitan Railway Company for several years. Watford was already served by the LNWR main line, but Watford Urban District Council began to lobby the MR to extend their line into the town. By 1911 Watford had grown enough to make a new railway connection seem commercially viable. At this time, the MR shared tracks with the Great Central Railway (GCR) and these companies had formed the Metropolitan and Great Central Joint Railway; together they drew up plans to construct a branch line to Watford town centre, receiving Parliamentary approval in 1912. In the original plans, the Metropolitan line was to terminate at a passenger station located on Hempstead Road, close to the northern end of the High Street, with a goods station a mile further south at Cassiobury Park Avenue. The Urban District Council had recently purchased parts of the Cassiobury Estate from the Earl of Essex to create Cassiobury Park and were opposed to the MR driving a railway across their beautiful municipal park and objected to this scheme.

The outbreak of World War I in 1914 hampered the project's development, and it was not until 1922 that construction of the Watford branch commenced. By this stage, the GCR was financially less secure and the MR instead formed a joint committee with the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER), the Watford Joint Committee. Opposition from local politicians to the Cassiobury route meant that the terminus had to be sited next to the new goods yard in the Cassiobury area of the town, some distance from the centre. Watford station opened as the terminus of the Metropolitan Railway Watford branch in 1925.

The MR was keen to promote its new destination as part of its Metro-Land advertising campaign; posters published by the MR in 1925 promoting the new route "by Metro to Watford" depicted an illustrated view of Watford High Street on market day, belying the remote location of the station. While the MR was able to provide a shuttle bus service from its station to the town centre, the Metropolitan branch line passenger numbers compared unfavourably with rival services into central London offered by the LMS and the UERL Bakerloo line from the more centrally located Watford Junction and Watford High Street stations. The LNER pulled out of the venture after the General Strike of 1926.

The remote location of Watford Met station was clearly proving to be unsatisfactory, and the MR drew up plans to extend the line into the town centre. In 1927 the company purchased a property at 44 Watford High Street, the Empress Tea Rooms and Winter Gardens. A strip of land behind the property provided about 2.5 acres, enough for redevelopment as a railway station with a High Street frontage. Parliamentary approval given in 1929.

The MR put forward alternative routes for the line extension:

* Route 1, extending the line directly beyond the existing terminus and entering a tunnel under Cassiobury Park, Cassio Road, West Hertfordshire Sports Ground to the new station.
* Route 2, branching off from the existing railway line just south-west of the original Met station and entering a straight tunnel under the Watford Grammar School for Boys playing fields, Cassio Road, and the West Hertfordshire Sports Ground to the High Street terminus.

Neither scheme was enacted and neither tunnel was built. The terminus was to remain at its Cassiobury location.

## The building

The property purchased by the Metropolitan Railway at 44 High Street is located on the western side of the street close to the junction with Clarendon Road. The original building was named Derby House, and after extensive refurbishment in 1916 which included refacing of the frontage and the addition of two medallions of Queen Victoria, the rear garden was opened as The Empress Winter Gardens and Tea Lounge.

The premises still stand today and have local listed building status, although the elaborate Winter Garden buildings which once stood behind the property have been demolished. For a brief period in 1921, the Winter Gardens served as a makeshift cinema, serving teas to patrons in the intervals. After acquisition by the Metropolitan Railway in 1927, 44 High Street was let out to a succession of tenants and eventually passed to the Lewis Omnibus Company, which was itself taken over by the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933. In the following years, the building was used as a furniture shop and later it became a branch of the clothing retailer, Next. Today the building is occupied by Wetherspoons as *The Moon Under Water* public house.

## Metropolitan line extension

In 2011, more than 80 years after the MR first attempted to extend its line into central Watford, a new scheme was approved to continue the Metropolitan line across the town to Watford Junction station. This Metropolitan line extension is also known as the Croxley Rail Link. A disused stretch of former British Rail track which ran to Croxley Green station would be reinstated, connecting the Metropolitan line with the Watford DC Line at Watford High Street (London Overground) and sharing track to the terminus at Watford Junction. The project was to be funded jointly by Hertfordshire County Council and Transport for London. Had this project gone ahead, Watford tube station would be closed to passengers.

On 25 January 2017, the Watford Observer newspaper published an update on the Croxley Rail Link confirming work had stopped as there was an ongoing funding issue.

| Preceding station | London Underground | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Terminus* |  | Metropolitan lineWatford extension
(Never completed) |  | Watfordtowards Baker Street or Aldgate |

* Klapper, Charles (1976). *London's lost railways*. London: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 9780710083784.

## InfoBox

| Watford Central | |
| --- | --- |
| 44 High Street
The site of Watford Central | |
| Watford CentralLocation of Watford Central in Hertfordshire | |
| Location | Watford, Hertfordshire |
| Local authority | Watford |
| Owner | Never Opened |
| Railway companies | |
| Original company | Metropolitan Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 1927 | Building purchased by the MR |
| Other information | |
| Coordinates | 51°39′23″N 0°23′52″W / 51.656444°N 0.39789°W / 51.656444; -0.39789 |
| London transport portal | |


title: Polar city

abstract: A polar city is a proposed sustainable polar retreat designed to house human beings in the future, in the event that global warming causes the equatorial and middle latitudes of the Earth to become uninhabitable for a long period of time. Although they have not been built yet, some futurists have been giving considerable thought to the concepts involved. High-population-density cities, to be built near the Arctic Rim and in Antarctica, New Zealand, Tasmania, and Patagonia, with sustainable energy and transportation infrastructure, will require substantial nearby agriculture. Boreal soils are gray soils that are thin acidic and are largely poor in key nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, but nitrogen-fixing plants with the proper symbiotic microbes and mycorrhizal fungi can likely remedy such poverty without the need for petroleum-derived fertilizers. Regional probiotic soil improvement should perhaps rank high on any polar cities priority list. James Lovelock's notion of a widely distributed almanac of science knowledge and post-industrial survival skills also appears to have value.

text:
# Polar city

A **polar city** is a proposed sustainable polar retreat designed to house human beings in the future, in the event that global warming causes the equatorial and middle latitudes of the Earth to become uninhabitable for a long period of time. Although they have not been built yet, some futurists have been giving considerable thought to the concepts involved. High-population-density cities, to be built near the Arctic Rim and in Antarctica, New Zealand, Tasmania, and Patagonia, with sustainable energy and transportation infrastructure, will require substantial nearby agriculture. Boreal soils are gray soils that are thin acidic and are largely poor in key nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, but nitrogen-fixing plants (such as the various alders) with the proper symbiotic microbes and mycorrhizal fungi can likely remedy such poverty without the need for petroleum-derived fertilizers. Regional probiotic soil improvement should perhaps rank high on any polar cities priority list. James Lovelock's notion of a widely distributed almanac of science knowledge and post-industrial survival skills also appears to have value.

## History

The polar cities climate retreat living pod concept is a worst-case scenario prediction based on the ideas of British chemist and inventor James Lovelock: life in polar cities arrayed inland and around the shores of an ice-free Arctic Ocean in a greenhouse-warmed world. Dr. Lovelock, who in 1972 conceived of the Earth's crust, climate, and veneer of life as a unified self-sustaining entity, foresees humanity in full pole-bound retreat within a century as areas around the tropics roast — a scenario far outside even the worst-case projections of climate scientists.

After reading a newspaper column in 2006 in which Dr. Lovelock predicted disastrous warming, Danny Bloom, a freelance newspaper reporter and climate blogger, teamed up with Deng Cheng-hong, a Taiwanese artist, and set up websites showing designs for self-sufficient Arctic communities. Mr. Bloom's intent is to conduct a non-threatening thought experiment that might prod people out of their comfort zone on climate change.

In 2012, two books about polar cities were published. *Polar City Red*, by Jim Laughter, is a climate fiction novel about life in a polar city in the year 2075 in Alaska. *Polar City Dreaming: How Climate Change Might Usher In The Age Of Polar Cities,* by Stephan Malone, is a nonfiction history of polar city ideas.

## Design

The design of polar cities climate retreat living pods is currently (2008) driven entirely by volunteers under the name of "The Polar City Project". Danny Bloom is currently leading this effort. The defining design characteristics are efficiency, both for operational costs as well as construction costs, and a desire for the city to be a Zero energy building. The proposed agricultural module, for example, is a Sustainable agriculture vertical farm.

1. "We should plan for the worst-case climate scenario" Ken Caldeira, *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists* 29 July 2008
2. "“Polar Cities” is an idea whose time I hope never comes"
3. Gaia hypothesis
4. "James Lovelock: The Earth is about to catch a morbid fever that may last as long as 100,000 years", *The Independent* 16 January 2006
5. "Global Warming and Polar Cities"
6. "The Vertical Farm Project"

## InfoBox

Polar City
| This is an artist's rendition of a Polar City planned for Longyearbyen. It represents both above and below ground components which contain city infrastructure, residential housing, limited shopping, and agricultural areas. | |
| --- | --- |
| Additional Information | |
| Alternate Name | Lovelock Retreat |
| Region | Polar region |
| Creator | James Lovelock |
|  | |


title: Vicious Circle (painting)

abstract: Vicious Circle is an oil painting from 1895–1897 by the Polish symbolist painter Jacek Malczewski (1854–1929). It has been considered one of Malczewski's major works and is generally interpreted as an allegory of the role of an artist. It is now displayed in the National Museum in Poznań, Poland.

text:
# Vicious Circle (painting)

***Vicious Circle*** (Polish: *Błędne koło*) is an oil painting from 1895–1897 by the Polish symbolist painter Jacek Malczewski (1854–1929). It has been considered one of Malczewski's major works and is generally interpreted as an allegory of the role of an artist. It is now displayed in the National Museum in Poznań, Poland.

## Description and analysis

The painting depicts a fantastic vision of human figures whirling dynamically in mid-air in a magical circle. The artist represented himself as a pensive boy sitting on top of a stepladder above the titular vicious circle and holding a brush in his hand. He is surrounded by the naked bodies of Bacchantes; youths and elderly men personifying the feelings and imagination of a young artist. Paradoxically, they seem both real thanks to the painting's illusory visual expression and unreal because of the abstract space they occupy in the painting. The left and better-lit side of the painting symbolizes sensual ecstasy while the right, dark side represents the fears and anxiety of the artist. According to Irena Kossowska, this inner dualism of the artist's creativity portrays the vitality of human instincts as well as the tragedy of human fate. In this work, Malczewski expresses the idea of the tortured creative genius of the artist who is searching for inspiration. The work can be interpreted as a question on the nature of art and the vocation of an artist.

## Trivia

Commenting on *Vicious Circle*, philosopher, painter and playwright Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz said that the artist and art in general play an important cognitive role. Artists can see the human soul by ridding themselves of ordinary ways of thinking while creating in direct contact with the universe.

## InfoBox

| Vicious Circle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Jacek Malczewski |
| Year | 1895–1897 |
| Medium | Oil-on-canvas |
| Dimensions | 174 cm × 240 cm (68.5 in × 94.4 in) |
| Location | National Museum, Poznań |


title: Yversay

abstract: Yversay is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

text:
# Yversay

**Yversay** (French pronunciation: \[ivɛʁsɛ\]) is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 217 |  |
| 1975 | 182 | −2.48% |
| 1982 | 220 | +2.75% |
| 1990 | 237 | +0.93% |
| 1999 | 246 | +0.41% |
| 2007 | 258 | +0.60% |
| 2012 | 358 | +6.77% |
| 2017 | 529 | +8.12% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Yversay | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The Château of Yversay | |
| Location of Yversay | |
| YversayYversay | |
| Coordinates: 46°40′46″N 0°12′59″E / 46.6794°N 0.2164°E / 46.6794; 0.2164 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Vienne |
| Arrondissement | Poitiers |
| Canton | Migné-Auxances |
| Intercommunality | Haut-Poitou |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20232026) | Anthony Lamy |
| Area**1** | 5.95 km2 (2.30 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 623 |
| Density | 100/km2 (270/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 86300 /86170 |
| Elevation | 109–142 m (358–466 ft)
(avg. 170 m or 560 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Osmond Charles Ollenbach

abstract:
Osmond Charles Ollenbach was a surveyor with the Survey of India who was also a keen amateur entomologist and naturalist. He travelled across India and Burma as a surveyor with the Great Trigonometrical Survey and made collections of insects with nearly 17000 insect specimens some of which are now in the Natural History Museum, London, and at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, where he worked after retirement as an entomologist. Ollenbach was born in India and had taken an interest in butterflies from his childhood days in Mussoorie. He retired from the Survey of India in 1922 as a Class I officer.
  - Ollenbach, O. C. "Notes on wild dogs in India and Burma." Jour. Darjeel. Nat. Hist. Soc 4 (1930): 83-86.
  - Ollenbach, O. C. "Butterfly collection grounds at Mussoorie (UP)." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 34.3 (1930): 836-840.
  - Ollenbach, O. C. "New species of Cicadidae and Fulgoridae from India and Burma.(Hemip.)." Indian Forest Records 13 (1929): 271-282. Bruchophagus ollenbachi Mani and Kaul, 1974 is named from a specimen from his collections.

text:
# Osmond Charles Ollenbach

**Osmond Charles Ollenbach** (1869-6 July 1935) was a surveyor with the Survey of India who was also a keen amateur entomologist and naturalist. He travelled across India and Burma as a surveyor with the Great Trigonometrical Survey and made collections of insects with nearly 17000 insect specimens some of which are now in the Natural History Museum, London, and at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, where he worked after retirement as an entomologist.

Ollenbach was born in India and had taken an interest in butterflies from his childhood days in Mussoorie. He retired from the Survey of India in 1922 as a Class I officer.

* Ollenbach, O. C. "Notes on wild dogs in India and Burma." Jour. Darjeel. Nat. Hist. Soc 4 (1930): 83-86.
* Ollenbach, O. C. "Butterfly collection grounds at Mussoorie (UP)." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 34.3 (1930): 836-840.
* Ollenbach, O. C. "New species of Cicadidae and Fulgoridae from India and Burma.(Hemip.)." Indian Forest Records 13 (1929): 271-282.

*Bruchophagus ollenbachi* Mani and Kaul, 1974 is named from a specimen from his collections.