title: Matt Abraham

abstract: Major-General Sutton Martin O’Heguerty Abraham CB MC was a British military officer who served as Director of Combat Development at the Ministry of Defence.

text:
# Matt Abraham

Major-General **Sutton Martin O’Heguerty Abraham** CB MC (26 January 1919 – 15 May 2001) was a British military officer who served as Director of Combat Development at the Ministry of Defence.

## Career

Abraham was born to Captain Edgar Abraham, of the Indian Civil Service, and Ruth Eostre Abraham. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, he was commissioned into the 12th Royal Lancers in 1939. He won two MCs within a year during operations in the Western dessert in 1942. He personally destroyed a German anti-tank gun and then took the surrender of 63 German soldiers. He went on to be Director of Combat Development at the Ministry of Defence in 1968 and chief of the Joint Services Liaison Organisation in the British Army of the Rhine in 1971 before retiring in 1973.

He served as Colonel of the 9th/12th Royal Lancers, 1977-1981.

1. "Obituary: Major-General Matt Abraham". *The Times*. No. 67141. 17 May 2001. p. 23.
2. "Maj-Gen Matt Abraham". *The Daily Telegraph*. 6 June 2001. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
3. Debrett's People of Today, 2007.
4. "9th/12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's)". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 17 December 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2017.

## InfoBox

| Matt Abraham
CB, MC | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 26 January 1919 |
| Died | 15 May 2001 (aged 82) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1939-1973 |
| Rank | Major-General |
| Battles/wars | Second World War |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath
Military Cross |


title: Paul Rowe (Australian footballer)

abstract: Paul David Rowe was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Rowe played a season with Coburg in the Victorian Football Association in 1969, which came between lengthy coaching stints for Tongala in the Goulburn Valley Football League.

text:
# Paul Rowe (Australian footballer)

**Paul David Rowe** (1 July 1941 – 11 December 2023) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Rowe played a season with Coburg in the Victorian Football Association in 1969, which came between lengthy coaching stints for Tongala in the Goulburn Valley Football League.

## InfoBox

| Paul Rowe | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Paul David Rowe | | |
| Date of birth | (1941-07-01)1 July 1941 | | |
| Date of death | 11 December 2023(2023-12-11) (aged 82) | | |
| Place of death | Echuca, Victoria | | |
| Height | 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Weight | 75 kg (165 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1960–62 | North Melbourne | 15 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1962. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Math, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

abstract: Math is a village of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°50'22N 71°47'12E with an altitude of 1083 metres.

text:
# Math, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

**Math** is a village of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°50'22N 71°47'12E with an altitude of 1083 metres (3556 feet).

34°50′22″N 71°47′12″E / 34.83944°N 71.78667°E / 34.83944; 71.78667

## InfoBox

| Math | |
| --- | --- |
| Math | |
| Coordinates: 34°30′N 71°28′E / 34.50°N 71.47°E / 34.50; 71.47 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
| Elevation | 1,083 m (3,553 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: Philip Whistler Street

abstract: Sir Philip Whistler Street, was the 8th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales. He was the first member of the Street family to attain these viceregal offices, which were later held by his son Sir Kenneth Whistler Street and grandson Sir Laurence Whistler Street. He was the first wholly Australian-trained lawyer to be appointed as Chief Justice of Australia's first Supreme Court, and the second longest serving Chief Justice of that Supreme Court. His son Sir Kenneth's accession to the Supreme Court of New South Wales while he was Chief Justice made the only Australian case of a father and son presiding over the same Supreme Court.

text:
# Philip Whistler Street

**Sir Philip Whistler Street**, KCMG, KC (9 August 1863 – 11 September 1938) was the 8th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales. He was the first member of the Street family to attain these viceregal offices, which were later held by his son Sir Kenneth Whistler Street and grandson Sir Laurence Whistler Street.

He was the first wholly Australian-trained lawyer to be appointed as Chief Justice of Australia's first Supreme Court, and the second longest serving Chief Justice of that Supreme Court. His son Sir Kenneth's accession to the Supreme Court of New South Wales while he was Chief Justice made the only Australian case of a father and son presiding over the same Supreme Court.

## Early years

Street was born in Sydney, New South Wales, on 9 August 1863, the second son of John Rendell Street and Susanna Caroline (née Lawson). His father was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1887 to 1891 and his mother was the daughter of William Lawson, one of the three explorers who made the first settler crossing of the Blue Mountains in 1813.

Street attended Sydney Grammar School and Sydney Law School. He obtained a bachelor's degree in 1883 and was admitted to the New South Wales Bar Association on 25 August 1886. He married Belinda Maud Poolman (24 February 1865 – 7 September 1944) at St John's Anglican Church in Toorak, Melbourne, on 1 February 1888. On 24 July 1906, he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales.

## Early career

Street was made a full judge of the Supreme Court on 11 February 1907 following the resignation of Justice W. G. Walker in February of that year. Street principally presided in bankruptcy, divorce and probate cases. He was also deputy president of the now abolished Court of Arbitration, which dealt with industrial disputes between employer and employee, as well as setting minimum wage standards in the state. Street also sat in the now abolished Vice-Admiralty Court, first established in New South Wales during the time of Governor Arthur Phillip to deal with maritime disputes. In 1915, one of his sons, Lieutenant Lawrence Whistler Street, was killed in action at Gallipoli serving in the First World War. Lawrence had volunteered for military service in August 1914, making him one of the earliest of his generation to do so.

> "An Australian of the fourth generation, Sir Philip stood for the finest qualities in our national life. His career confirmed that public confidence in the integrity of our judiciary which is so strong a foundation for a stable and civilized society \[...\] His temperament was splendidly judicial, remarkably free from any possible bias of opinion or emotion, apt to see any issue in board perspective, and quick to penetrate to its essentials. These qualifications, combined with wide experience of various jurisdictions, especially that of Equity, made particularly acceptable his succession to Sir William Cullen as Chief Justice."

John Bennett, *The Sydney Morning Herald*

In 1918, Street was appointed the Chief Judge in Equity. He was the first wholly Australian-trained lawyer to become Chief Justice of Australia's first Supreme Court. Street was also appointed a Royal Commissioner on many occasions. The most significant of these were concerning the administration of the Returned Soldiers' Settlement Branch of the Department of Lands in 1921 and the case against the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in 1918. In the latter commission, IWW was an organisation that promoted the concept of one big union. In Australia, they were active in campaigning against World War I. One campaign led to a police officer being shot and killed for which two members were found guilty and hanged.

## Later career

> "Street had the culture, dignity and temperament suitable for his position. He had a wide knowledge of law and the ability to quickly reach the heart of the matter; however complicated a case might seem on the surface, the real issue involved soon became apparent to him. Though he had a keen sense of humour his court never lost its dignity and decorum, and though he would not allow himself to be fettered by mere technicalities, he insisted on the maintenance of the basic principles of law. His courtesy was universal and he never lost the affection and respect of the members of his profession."

Percival Serle, Dictionary of Australian Biography

Street's elder son Kenneth became a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales while he was himself. According to Percival Serle, this may be the first time a father and son have sat on the same Supreme Court bench together. Street became acting Chief Justice in 1924 and on 28 January 1925, he became Chief Justice proper, succeeding Sir William Cullen. He was appointed KCMG by King George V in the 1928 New Year's List.

Street served as Chief Justice until his 70th birthday in 1933. According to the Supreme Court, he resigned his commission although Serle notes that he actually retired. Whichever is correct, he was the second longest serving judge in New South Wales. He became Lieutenant-Governor in 1930 and administered the government in the absence of the Governor in 1934, 1935 and 1936.

## Further details

Street was Chairman of Sydney Grammar School from 1912 to 1929. He was a member of the Senate of the University of Sydney from 1915 to 1934, and was deputy Chancellor in 1926. He was a trustee of the Art Gallery of New South Wales from 1923 and was its chairman from 1934 to 1938. He was also a trustee of the Australian Museum. Street was president of the New South Wales division of the Boy Scouts Association, of the Boys' Brigade, the New South Wales Home for Incurables, the St John Ambulance Association, and of the Institute of Public Administration Australia. He was patron in New South Wales of the Victoria League, English-Speaking Union, Japan-Australia Society and the Royal Zoological Society. He was in 1934 appointed American non-national member of the international commission provided for by the treaty between the United States of America and Greece. He died on 11 September 1938, and had a state funeral at St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableSir Philip Whistler StreetKCMG, KC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 8th Chief Justice of New South Wales | |
| **In office**
1925–1934 | |
| Appointed by | Sir Dudley de Chair |
| Preceded by | Sir William Cullen |
| Succeeded by | Sir Frederick Jordan |
| Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales | |
| **In office**
1 October 1930  17 October 1938 | |
| Preceded by | Sir William Cullen |
| Succeeded by | Sir Frederick Jordan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1863-08-09)9 August 1863
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 11 September 1938(1938-09-11) (aged 75)
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Children | Sir Kenneth Street |
| Parent | John Street |
| Relatives | Street family |
| Alma mater | Sydney Law School |
|  | |


title: Paul von Hintze

abstract: Paul von Hintze was a German naval officer, diplomat, and politician who served as Foreign Minister of Germany in the last stages of World War I, from July to October 1918.

text:
# Paul von Hintze

**Paul von Hintze** (13 February 1864 – 19 August 1941) was a German naval officer, diplomat, and politician who served as Foreign Minister of Germany in the last stages of World War I, from July to October 1918.

## Upbringing

Paul Hintze was born in 1864 in the little town of Schwedt approximately eighty miles northeast of Berlin. The Hintze family was part of the hardworking German middle class of the Prussian country towns. Schwedt only had ten thousand inhabitants but because the city is located on the Oder River it benefited from trade. Paul's father owned a tobacco plant, making cigars of the raw tobacco he imported. He also had a seat in the City Council. The Hintze family was one of the best regarded and wealthiest in town. Paul attended the humanistic Gymnasium (high school) and graduated with a baccalaureate in 1882. Rather than serving the mandatory year in the military, he joined the navy as an eighteen-year-old. Paul struck his superiors as very smart and very tough. After basic training on the school ship *Prinz Adalbert*, Hintze sailed the seven seas for the next twelve years, in which he saw the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, North and South America. In 1894 the navy lieutenant (Kapitänleutnant) studied at the Naval Academy at Mürwik, a school for which very few officers had the honor of admission.

Among the many that trained and studied at the Naval Academy in Kiel there were several graduates worth mentioning for this story: Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz (then Captain Tirpitz) graduated in 1865, von Hintze (then without noble title) in 1896. Karl Boy-Ed, eight years von Hintze's junior, joined the class of 1894. After serving in active duty in the Far East, Boy-Ed became German Naval Attaché in Washington in 1912 and worked for then Ambassador von Hintze in his partial responsibility for Mexico. Franz von Rintelen (although he never had a noble title), the son of a well-known Berlin banker, graduated in 1905. Rintelen was to become a notorious German sabotage agent in the United States in World War I. All three worked for Grand Admiral von Tirpitz who became the loudest voice clamoring for unrestricted submarine warfare in the Great War. After Paul Hintze completed his studies at the Naval Academy in 1896, he joined the Naval Command in Berlin.

## Military service

In 1898, Rear Admiral Tirpitz commissioned navy captain Hintze to join the East Asian battle group as a "Flaggleutnant," the liaison officer to the German Imperial Naval High Command. In this capacity Hintze faced an outraged Admiral George Dewey when the German navy obstructed Dewey's efforts to subdue the Spanish in the Philippines in the Spanish–American War. German ships had operated so close to the U.S. navy that Dewey had to employ searchlights, which gave away the American positions to the Spanish. Dewey also had declared a blockade and accordingly expected any naval vessel to allow search parties to board. The German navy rejected this as an infringement of international law. Hintze never commented on his confrontation with Dewey, which must have been so heated that news stories about it could be found twenty years later. According to newspapers, Dewey told the German naval officer "if he \[German Admiral Otto von Diederichs\] wants a fight he can have it now." Cooler heads prevailed. Rather than shooting out their differences, the German fleet found a way to compromise with the Americans and eventually left the Philippine theater. Ambassador Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff commented on the affair in his 1920 memoirs that the underlying cause of the aggression was that Germany tried to "acquire" the Philippine islands after the U.S. had declared it did not want to hold on to them in the long term. "\[A\] misunderstanding had occurred, as a result of which the Berlin Foreign Office had acted in perfect good faith. In the public mind in the United States, however, the feeling still rankled that Germany had wished to make a demonstration against their Government."

## Diplomatic Assignment to St. Petersburg

In 1903, the navy dispatched their thirty-nine-year-old and experienced naval captain Hintze to the German embassy in Saint Petersburg. "His social suaveness...his empathy for the idiosyncrasies of other people made him quickly establish friendly relationships." He had been a popular commander at sea. As the new naval attaché to St. Petersburg Hintze occupied a critical position in the embassy. Emperor Wilhelm II became extraordinarily interested in reports from Tirpitz's protégé. Hintze's assessment of Russian politics and the quality of his intelligence soon caused the Kaiser to use Hintze for most sensitive missions between the German government and the Russian Czar. Never trusting the Foreign Office, the Emperor preferred communication with his cousin "Nikki" to go through naval attaché Hintze. In 1905, Hintze joined the two emperors in a summit meeting in the Swedish city of Bjoerko. A year later, Hintze received the title "Flügeladjutant." The promotion, in a roundabout way, made him the direct representative of the German Emperor in Russia, a position that in many ways was more powerful than that of the ambassador. Hintze's close relationship with the two emperors and the circumvention of the Foreign Office by the Kaiser made him a long-term target of career diplomats in the Reich. In 1908, Wilhelm II made Hintze into a nobleman with the title of Baron that could be inherited. As such, the middle-class tobacco merchants of Schwedt became nobility. Von Hintze also received the promotion to rear admiral that year.

## Ambassador in Mexico

As the German ambassador to Mexico, Karl Buenz, left his post as the result of an illness, Emperor Wilhelm II was on the outlook for a fitting successor. The situation in Mexico had become critical as the result of the Mexican Revolution that had broken out in 1910. The choice fell on von Hintze, especially because of his military background. The new ambassador was dispatched not only to represent Germany to the new revolutionary government of Francisco León de la Barra, but also to provide important intelligence about the revolution. Von Hintze arrived in Veracruz on April 25, 1911. Members of von Hintze's clandestine network of agents in Mexico included Consul Otto Kueck, Felix A. Sommerfeld, and Carl Heynen. Sanctioned by the German government, von Hintze promoted German arms sales to Mexico. Many of the sales the German government contracted at that time with the Mexican government did not arrive in Mexico until Victoriano Huerta was dictator, prompting historians to allege German support for the dictator. He also relentlessly pursued the murderers of four German citizens in the city of Covadonga. As a result of von Hintze's efforts, the German government was the only one to receive payments for its murdered citizens from the revolutionary Mexican government. Von Hintze's efforts resulted in a restitution of 400,000 German Marks (about $95,000 at the time, $2 million in today's value) to Germany in June 1912. The perpetrators were tried and executed in the presence of the German ambassador in March 1913 (by then the Huerta government ruled Mexico). Von Hintze's relationship with the government of Francisco I. Madero was a productive one. Through his agent Felix Sommerfeld, who became Madero's secret service chief, the German ambassador kept up with political developments in the capital and the fight against uprisings along the Mexican–American border, most notably the revolt of Bernardo Reyes in the fall of 1911 and the uprising of Pascual Orozco in the spring of 1912.

In February 1913, however, the political unrest reached the capital of Mexico. In the Decena Tragica General Victoriano Huerta unseated President Madero and had him murdered. The German ambassador kept apprised of developments through his contacts with the other diplomats in the capital and through Felix Sommerfeld who stayed at the German embassy for most of the uprising. Von Hintze knew that a coup was about to happen. Rather than waiting for the military to make its move, the ambassador proposed for Madero to install Huerta as a successor, while he and his administration would retreat to safety. He pitched the idea first to Foreign Minister Pedro Lascuráin. Madero initially agreed but then relented. The coup happened and Madero was arrested. Von Hintze negotiated with American Ambassador Wilson as well as General Victoriano Huerta to secure the release and safe conduct of Madero and his family. He did not succeed. Despite General Huerta's assurances Madero and Pino Suárez were murdered.

Von Hintze returned to Germany for most of 1913 to recuperate from a flame up of amoebic dysentery. When he returned to Mexico in September 1913, President Huerta was waging a civil war against the revolutionary forces under the leadership of Venustiano Carranza. Von Hintze bluntly assessed the quality of the understaffed federal officer corps describing President Huerta as so desperate that he "...promotes waiters, accountants and such from one day to the next to lieutenants and captains -lawyers to generals...The Mexican army has plenty of generals...these are for the most part the type of people which are called ‘funeral generals’ in Russia, since their only activity is to parade in uniform for funeral processions – for money...one has to expect worse losses than Alviles Canon, Torreón and Durango, since now the generals who so-far remained in their salons are sent into the battlefield." Von Hintze correctly reported to Germany in the beginning of 1914 that Huerta was finished. Generals Pancho Villa and Alvaro Obregon were dealing Huerta one military blow after another in the field. The final nail in Huerta's coffin was the United States occupation of Veracruz on April 21, 1914. Von Hintze's role in the causes of the intervention is under dispute. The facts are that the German HAPAG ship SS Ypiranga (Ypiranga incident) had large amounts of arms and ammunition on board destined for the Huerta regime. American forces sought to prevent these weapons to land and occupied the harbor of Veracruz as a result. Ambassador von Hintze officially requisitioned the Ypiranga to serve the German navy as an auxiliary cruiser to carry German refugees. Whether the objective was to carry refugees in case of a war between the United States and Mexico or to force the delivery of the weapons to the Huerta regime, which is what actually happened, is unclear.

In July 1914, General Huerta gave up his fight against the Constitutionalists in the Mexican Revolution. On 20 July 1914 he departed from Puerto Mexico (now Coatzacoalcos) on the German cruiser SMS Dresden (1907), dutifully supplied by Ambassador von Hintze.

## Service in the World War

In July 1914, not only Huerta left Mexico. Ambassador von Hintze received his wartime assignment to China (1914–1917). He built up the German naval intelligence organization in the Far East and provided supplies for the East Asia Squadron under Admiral Maximilian von Spee. After his China assignment von Hintze served in Norway between 1917 and 1918. Despite his lack of political experience, von Hintze was appointed Foreign Minister on July 9, 1918, following the resignation of his predecessor, Richard von Kühlmann, who had fallen afoul of the military High Command, led by Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff, who effectively governed the country. During his time in the foreign ministry, Hintze pushed the Kaiser towards liberalization of the government and was involved in the discussions which led to the decision to seek an armistice at the end of September. After the resignation of the government of Chancellor Georg von Hertling on October 3, Hintze was replaced as Foreign Minister by Wilhelm Solf.

### Sources

* Baecker, Thomas (1971). *Die Deutsche Mexikopolitik 1913/14*. Berlin, Germany: Colloquium Verlag.
* Count von Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich (c. 1940). My Three Years in America. London, UK: Skeffington and Son.
* Huertner, Johannes (1998). *Paul von Hintze: Marineoffizier, Diplomat, Staatssekretär, Dokumente einer Karriere zwischen Militär und Politik, 1903–1918*. Munich: Harald Boldt Verlag.
* Katz, Friedrich (1981). *The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Ross, Stanley R. (1955). *Francisco I. Madero: Apostle of Democracy*. New York: Columbia University Press.
* von Feilitzsch, Heribert (2012). *Felix A. Sommerfeld: Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914*. Amissville, Virginia: Henselstone Verlag LLC. ISBN 9780985031701.

## InfoBox

| Paul von Hintze | |
| --- | --- |
| Admiral Paul von Hintze, 1915 | |
|  | |
| State Secretary for Foreign Affairs | |
| **In office**
8 July 1918  3 October 1918 | |
| Monarch | Wilhelm II |
| Chancellor | Georg von Hertling |
| Preceded by | Richard von Kühlmann |
| Succeeded by | Wilhelm Solf |
| German Minister to China | |
| **In office**
1914  25 March 1917 | |
| Monarch | Wilhelm II |
| Preceded by | Johann Friedrich von Haxthausen |
| Succeeded by | *Suspended due to World War I* |
| German Ambassador to Mexico | |
| **In office**
17 January 1911  20 July 1914 | |
| Monarch | Wilhelm II |
| Preceded by | Radolf von Kardorff |
| Succeeded by | Heinrich von Eckardt |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1864-02-13)13 February 1864
Schwedt/Oder, Province of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | 19 August 1941(1941-08-19) (aged 77)
Meran, Kingdom of Italy |
| Occupation | Naval Officer, diplomat |
|  | |


title: Matground

abstract: Matgrounds are strong surface layers of seabed-hardening bacterial fauna preserved in the Proterozoic and lower Cambrian. Wrinkled matgrounds are informally named "elephant skin" because of its wrinkled surface in the fossil record. Matgrounds supported themselves until early burrowing worms were ubiquitous enough to unharden them. Burrowing animals broke down the hardy mats to further penetrate the underlying sediment for protection and feeding. Once matgrounds disappeared, exceptional preservation of lagerstätten such as the Burgess Shale or Ediacara Hills also did so too. Trace fossils such as Treptichnus are evidence for soft-bodied burrowers more anatomically complex than the Ediacaran biota that also caused the matgrounds disappearance.

text:
# Matground

**Matgrounds** are strong surface layers of seabed-hardening bacterial fauna preserved in the Proterozoic and lower Cambrian. Wrinkled matgrounds are informally named "elephant skin" because of its wrinkled surface in the fossil record. Matgrounds supported themselves until early burrowing worms were ubiquitous enough to unharden them. Burrowing animals broke down the hardy mats to further penetrate the underlying sediment for protection and feeding. Once matgrounds disappeared, exceptional preservation of lagerstätten such as the Burgess Shale or Ediacara Hills also did so too. Trace fossils such as Treptichnus are evidence for soft-bodied burrowers more anatomically complex than the Ediacaran biota that also caused the matgrounds disappearance.

1. *Ediacaran matground ecology persisted into the earliest Cambrian*, by Luis A. Buatois, Guy M. Narbonne, M. Gabriela Mángano, Noelia B. Carmona & Paul Myrow, Nature Communications volume 5, Article number: 3544 (2014), publ. 28 March 2014
2. *Matground Structures and Redox Facies*, by Friedrich Pflüger, Palaios 1999, V. 14, 25-39
3. *Ediacaran matground ecology persisted into the earliest Cambrian*, Luis A Buatois, Guy M Narbonne, M Gabriela Mángano, Noelia B Carmona, Paul Myrow, Nature Communications, 2014 March 28;5:3544.
4. Youtube video *How Worm Holes Ended Wormworld*, by PBS Eons.
5. Seilacher, Adolf; Luis A. Buatoisb; M. Gabriela Mángano (2005-10-07). "Trace fossils in the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition: Behavioral diversification, ecological turnover and environmental shift". *Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology*. **227** (4): 323–356. Bibcode:2005PPP...227..323S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.003.
6. "Life in the Cambrian". Archived from the original on 2006-02-20. Retrieved 2006-03-09.
7. Altermann, Wladyslaw (2002) \[2002-07-01\]. *Precambrian Sedimentary Environments*. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-632-06415-3.


title: University of Beira Interior

abstract: The University of Beira Interior is a public university located in the city of Covilhã, Portugal. It was created in 1979, and has about 6,879 students distributed across a multiplicity of graduation courses, awarding all academic degrees in fields ranging from medicine, biochemistry, biomedical sciences and industrial design to aeronautical engineering, fashion design, mathematics, economics and philosophy. The university is named after the historical Beira region, meaning Beira Interior, the most interior area of Beira, mainly composed by the district of Guarda and the district of Castelo Branco, in today's Centro region.

text:
# University of Beira Interior

The **University of Beira Interior** (**UBI**; Portuguese: *Universidade da Beira Interior*) is a public university located in the city of Covilhã, Portugal. It was created in 1979, and has about 6,879 students distributed across a multiplicity of graduation courses, awarding all academic degrees in fields ranging from medicine, biochemistry, biomedical sciences and industrial design to aeronautical engineering, fashion design, mathematics, economics and philosophy. The university is named after the historical Beira region, meaning *Beira Interior*, the most interior area of Beira, mainly composed by the district of Guarda and the district of Castelo Branco, in today's Centro region.

## History

In August 1973, following a major change in the national higher education system, the government established a polytechnical institution in Covilhã, the Polytechnic Institute of Covilhã (*IPC - Instituto Politécnico da Covilhã*), which was the first higher education institution in the city. Over the years, the IPC facilities, as well as the enrolment and staff, never ceased to grow. This growth and the region's needs, led the IPC to a remarkable level of achievements that granted it, in 1979, to be promoted, by the Portuguese Ministry of Education, to a higher institutional level, university institute. Seven years later, in 1986, the University Institute of Beira Interior was granted full university status and renamed University of Beira Interior (*Universidade da Beira Interior*).

The first rector was Professor Cândido Manuel Passos Morgado, from August 21, 1980 until January 19, 1996, then followed by Professor Manuel José dos Santos Silva who remained in office until June 19, 2009. On this date, the third Rector of the institution, Professor João António de Sampaio Rodrigues Queiroz, takes office, whose mandate ended on September 5, 2013. The fourth rector of the institution, who led it for two terms, was Professor António Carreto Fidalgo. The current rector of UBI is Professor Mário Lino Barata Raposo, who took office on June 8, 2021.

## Organisation

For teaching and research purposes, UBI is organised into five faculties. The faculties are organised in departments:

* The Faculty of Sciences includes the Department of Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, and Chemistry.
* The Faculty of Engineering Sciences includes the departments of Textile Science and Technology, Paper Science and Technology, Electromechanical Engineering, Architecture, Civil Engineering, and Aerospace Sciences.
* The Faculty of Human and Social Sciences is made up of the Department of Management and Economics, Department of Sociology, Department of Education Sciences and the Department of Sports Sciences.
* The Faculty of Arts and Letters includes the Department of Communication and Arts; and the Department of Letters
* The Faculty of Health Sciences includes the Department of Medical Sciences.

All departments of the university grant the undergraduate *licenciado* degree (licentiate's degree or bachelor's degree), which requires a three-year full-time study programme. UBI also awards postgraduate courses in the fields that are offered by its departments, granting the degrees of *mestre* (master's degree) and *doutor* (PhD).

In order to supply its own needs and those of the local community itself, the university has also five centres: the Teaching and Learning Resources Centre (CREA); the Centre for Patrimonial Studies and Recovery (CEPP); the Computer Centre (CI); the Optics Centre (CO) and the Centre of Studies for Regional Development (CEDR) which establishes the interface between the university and the community providing consulting services to local institutions in the areas of regional development.

The Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira (Cova da Beira University Hospital Center), with facilities in Covilhã and Fundão, is the teaching hospital of the University of Beira Interior. Hospitals of Castelo Branco and Guarda also collaborate with UBI's Faculty of Health Sciences.

## UBI's Role in European Universities

University of Beira Interior (UBI) is one of the youngest public universities in Portugal and member of UNITA Consortium (Universitas Montium), one alliance of six european mountain universities, all romanic-speaking. This alliance is committed to promoting socioeconomic development in rural and cross-boarder áreas, with 165.000 students and 13.000 employees. The UNITA Consortium has six institutions of higher education of five countries:

* Università Degli Studi di Torino (UNITO) - Italy,
* Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI) - Portugal,
* Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour (UPPA) - France,
* Université Savoie Mont-Blanc (USMB) - France,
* Universitatea de Vest din Timisoara (UVT) – Romania,
* Universidade de Zaragoza (UNIZAR) - Spain.

The UNITA Consortium is based on the concepts of European identity, inter-comprehension, multiculturalism, and sustainability, and aims to develop a European Research Area focusing on three pillars: i) cultural heritage, ii) renewable energies, and iii) circular economy.

## Rankings

| University rankings | |
| --- | --- |
| Global – Overall | |
| *THE* World | 601–800 (2020) |
| *USNWR* Global | 1093 (2020) |
|  | |

In 2020, the University of Beira Interior (UBI) maintained the status of one of the best international academies founded less than 50 years ago. The Times Higher Education Young University Rankings 2020 (THE-YUR) placed UBI at 151–200, within a list that analyzed 414 institutions of higher education around the world. UBI repeated the rank of the previous ranking, although the competition is increasing. In 2019, 351 academies had been analyzed, 63 less than this year. The rise in the number of institutions, however, did not jeopardize the position of UBI among the elite of the youngest universities from 66 countries on five continents. When analyzing the performance of the Portuguese institutions included in THE-YUR, UBI is in the second best level reached by the eight national higher education institutions, with only one ahead of it. In the parameter "Citations" it is even the best Portuguese academy on the list, appearing in 3rd place in "Internationalization". Compared to 2019, UBI improved its final score in four of the five major missions of universities, used for the construction of the study: "Teaching", "Research", "Knowledge Transfer" and "Internationalization". To prepare the Times Higher Education Young University Rankings are used the same 13 performance indicators of the main rankings of THE, as the World University Ranking, in which UBI is also included. Universities are evaluated on their main missions - teaching, research, knowledge transfer and internationalization - to allow the most comprehensive and balanced comparisons possible. In THE-YUR the weighting elements are calibrated to reflect the missions of young universities, with less emphasis on reputation surveys and more on factors such as research productivity, staff-to-student ratios and doctoral training, among others.

## Rectoral team

The rector is elected by the General Council for a term of four years and is assisted by vice-rectors and pro-rectors in specific tasks.

* **Rector:** Mário Lino Raposo
* **Vice-rectors:** José Carlos Páscoa Marques (Internationalization and Interaction with Society); Helena Maria Baptista Alves (Teaching, academic affairs and employability); Joaquim Mateus Paulo Serra (Human Resources, Tenders and Academic Acts); Amélia Cavaca Augusto (Quality, Social Responsibility and Social Action); Silvia Cristina Marques Socorro (Research, Innovation and Development); Silvio José Simões Mariano (Heritage, Infrastructure and Sustainability)
* **Pro-rectors:** Anabela Rosário Leitão Dinis (Finance Area); Pedro Ricardo Morais Inácio (Digital University); João Carlos Gonçalves Lanzinha (Project Area)

## Enrolment and staff

Current figures show an enrolment of approximately 8997 students from all over the country plus 772 professors and lecturers.

Students coming from other European Union member-states and PALOP (**Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa**) countries accounts for nearly 200.

## Teaching and learning methods

All courses are taught in Portuguese language, and the teaching process is undertaken using a mixture of theoretical and practical processes. Theoretical lessons are usually supported by:

* Theoretical/Practical lessons where the students guided by the teacher have the chance to discuss and resolve problems.
* Practical lessons, where the students are challenged to solve practical problems in laboratories, ateliers or computer facilities and able to apply the theoretical knowledge that they already understood and learned.

## Academic year

The academic year at UBI consists of two semesters. The first (autumn and winter semester) is 20 weeks long. It runs from mid-September to mid-February and includes classes, work assessment and examinations of students. The second (spring and summer semester) is 20 weeks long. It runs from mid -February to mid-July and includes classes, work assessment and examinations of students. Christmas holidays last two weeks, and Easter break is one week.

## University campus

Over the years, the UBI had a remarkable evolution and nowadays it is a modern university full of well-equipped laboratories, ateliers, libraries, computer rooms, research centres, and offering a wide range of activities through the students' union (*Associação Académica da Universidade da Beira Interior*) and university social services.

The university academic campus is well integrated in the city urban network and it has unique characteristics based on Covilhã industrial roots. The city was an important textile centre, once known as the "Portuguese Manchester". By the turn of the 21st century, the city had witnessed a restructuring of this industry. However, at the same time many factories were not able to meet the requirements of the global market and had to close down. Some of their former buildings, after being renovated by the University of Beira Interior, started the 21st century serving the purpose of educating the Portuguese society.

Over 250,000 m2 of buildings are dedicated to academic activities and social services. The university campus is divided into several spaces, called *Pólos*, which are spread through the city establishing a real symbiosis between the city and the university as a public institution.

The synopsis below provides information about the *Pólos* of UBI and its libraries:

* **Pólo I** – The main building is a 17th-century textile factory that was renovated to house part of the university services, classrooms and offices. New buildings near have been erected over the years to keep up the continuous growth of the UBI. Due to a diligent renovation work this set of buildings are considered historical, cultural and architectonical outstanding pieces of industrial archaeology. Among this sector the following units are located: the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, the Faculty of Sciences, the Faculty of Engineering Sciences, the Wool Museum, the Computer Centre, the Optics Centre, the São Martinho Chapel, the Main Library, the Bank, the Teaching and Learning Resources Centre (Multimedia Centre) and the Centre For Heritage Studies and Recovery.
* **Pólo II** – On a hill, less than 1 km from Pólo I, and meeting the UBI need for constant expansion, an area was created where several central infrastructures, as the emblematic 16th century convent that nowadays houses the Rectory, the administration services and the international relations office. In the same area are also located the academic residences, Santo Antonio cafeteria, the sport halls, the social affairs centre and the centre of studies for regional development. The Department of Sports and Science is also located nearby.
* **Pólo III** – This is where the Faculty of Health Sciences is located. It has a total area of 16,000 m2 situated nearby the Central Hospital in a distance of 1 km far from Pólo I.
* **Pólo IV** – This area is located in northern part of the city and was created to facilitate the expansion of the university. It houses the Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, the Cyber Centre and a residence hall with Snack Bar.
* **Libraries** – UBI has three libraries. The Main Library is located in Pólo I following the aim of meeting the students' needs. All libraries of UBI have an information desk where one can obtain information and help. Once the Library Card is issued, students can use it to borrow books from any library. The Main Library offers a wide range of services spread among 3 different floors. Textbooks and course materials, scientific publications, bibliographies and reference works in all subjects taught at the university are available. Among other services, students can use the individual study and reading rooms, Inter-Library loan service, photocopy services, scanners, CD-ROM, Videos, DVD or consult the Library Database and Internet (200 computers).

## UBI residence halls

The UBI maintains seven residence halls. One of the residence halls is located in *Pólo II*, 5 minutes of walking distance from the university's main buildings (*Pólo I*) and the other (*Residência Pedro Álvares Cabral*) is located near the *Pólo IV*. All the rooms are equipped with closets, desks, chairs, beds and central heating. One or two students are assigned to each room. The Students' Social Affairs Centre manages all the university housing offers.

## Students' union

The students' union, *AAUBI – Associação Académica da Universidade da Beira Interior,* is headquartered within the old part of the town, near Santa Maria church. The union also has its office in *Pólo I*, two floors upstairs from the bank.

The students' union (AAUBI) offers a wide range of activities concerning sports, culture and leisure. During the whole year there are many indoor events such like chess meetings or activities in sports halls as climbing, volleyball, basketball, football, badminton and table tennis.

A freshman reception week, organised by the students' union of the University of Beira Interior, takes place in November and includes a parade through town (the *Latada*) and several concerts.

## Online radio, television and journal

The university has an online radio, *Rádio Universitária da Beira Interior*, an online television, *Televisão Universitária da Beira Interior*, and an online journal, *Urbi et Orbi*.

## Athletics

The University of Beira Interior has two indoor sports pavilions, among other sports facilities. Competitive varsity sports teams of UBI include badminton, basketball, futsal, handball, rugby union and volleyball.

## Wool museum

The UBI adapted the buildings of the former *Real Fábrica de Panos* (Royal Textile Factory), an important national woollens manufacturer established by Marquês de Pombal in 1764. This building served as a spinning, dyeing and weaving mill until 1885, when it was handed over to lodge the *Regimento de Infantaria 21* (21st Infantry Regiment), and later the *Batalhão de Caçadores 2* (2nd Sharpshooters Battalion).

In 1975, during the recovery and adaptation works of the building, archaeological remains of the old textile mill were discovered. The vats of the former dye-house were found. The discovery was classified as a part of the national cultural heritage and it was carefully recovered and restored. According to the museum's educational role, the discovered structures are helping to portray the dyeing processes used in Portugal in the second half of the 18th century.

Guided tours are available (free for UBI students). The museum is open on weekdays except Monday, from 09:30 to midday and from 14:30 to 18:00.

40°16′39″N 7°30′32″W / 40.27738°N 7.50887°W / 40.27738; -7.50887

## InfoBox

University of Beira Interior
| *Universidade da Beira Interior* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Motto | *Scientia et Labore Altiora Petimus* (Latin) |
| Type | Public university |
| Established | 1979 |
| Rector | Mário Lino Barata Raposo |
| Academic staff | 772 (2022) |
| Administrative staff | 254 (2022) |
| Students | 10 000 (2024) |
| Location | Covilhã, Portugal |
| Campus | Urban |
| Colours | Blue |
| Website | www.ubi.pt |


title: Vision Quest Records

abstract: Vision Productions was established in 1996 in Tokyo, Japan by Tania (Sonja) Miller and Shimon Biton. The company is one of the original electronic dance music producers in Japan. In addition to producing a yearly festival, called "Vision Quest: The Gathering", Vision Productions also produces monthly events in Tokyo and Osaka working with internationally renowned artists such as Astrix and GMS as well as promoting local artists like Mitsumoto, Kenji and Alternative Control. The company has produced events overseas in Mexico, Israel, Thailand and India. Vision Quest is known for its hard hitting full power productions. Vision Quest Record label, and film productions have produced and distributed albums from many of their artists as well as an annual DVD of the Gathering festival. The company works with File records, HMV, Tower Records, Virgin Music, Cisco, Quintrix, Acoustic Egg House (Lights) M.M.Delight (VJ's) Inter FM (Radio) Space Shower TV (Television). It advertises regularly in trade magazines like Floor, Loud and Club Juice.

text:
# Vision Quest Records

**Vision Productions** was established in 1996 in Tokyo, Japan by Tania (Sonja) Miller and Shimon Biton. The company is one of the original electronic dance music producers in Japan. In addition to producing a yearly festival, called "Vision Quest: The Gathering", Vision Productions also produces monthly events in Tokyo and Osaka working with internationally renowned artists such as Astrix and GMS as well as promoting local artists like Mitsumoto, Kenji and Alternative Control. The company has produced events overseas in Mexico, Israel, Thailand and India ((Canada)). Vision Quest is known for its hard hitting full power productions. Vision Quest Record label, and film productions have produced and distributed albums from many of their artists as well as an annual DVD of the Gathering festival.

The company works with File records (Sony Music), HMV, Tower Records, Virgin Music, Cisco, Quintrix, Acoustic (Sound Company) Egg House (Lights) M.M.Delight (VJ's) Inter FM (Radio) Space Shower TV (Television). It advertises regularly in trade magazines like Floor, Loud and Club Juice.

## InfoBox

| Vision Quest Records | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1996 |
| Country of origin | Japan |
| Location | Tokyo |


title: Paul Williamson

abstract: Paul Stewart Williamson is a retired Anglo-Catholic priest in the Church of England. He has brought a number of high-profile and controversial civil suits in English courts over matters of Anglican faith and practice, including the ordination of women to the priesthood, the legality of the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales to Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall and has challenged the retirement age of 70 within the Church of England.

text:
# Paul Williamson

**Paul Stewart Williamson** (born November 1948) is a retired Anglo-Catholic priest in the Church of England. He has brought a number of high-profile and controversial civil suits in English courts over matters of Anglican faith and practice, including the ordination of women to the priesthood, the legality of the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales to Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall and has challenged the retirement age of 70 within the Church of England.

## Early life and education

Williamson was born in 1948. He studied theology at King's College London, and graduated in 1971 with a Bachelor of Divinity (BD) degree and the Associateship of King's College (AKC).

## Ordained ministry

Williamson was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1972 and as a priest in 1973. From 1972 to 1975, he served his curacy at St Paul's, Deptford in the Diocese of Southwark. He was an honorary curate of St John the Divine, Kennington between 1976 and 1977.

In 1978, Williamson moved to the Diocese of London. He served as a curate at Holy Trinity with St Mary, Hoxton from 1978 to 1983, at All Saints, Margaret Street from 1983 to 1984, and at St Mary's, Willesden from 1984 to 1985. For the next three years, he was not attached to any parish but held permission to officiate in the diocese. In 1989, he joined St George's Church, Hanworth as a curate. Since 1992, he was the priest-in-charge of St George's.

Williamson is an Anglo-Catholic. He is a member of the Society of Mary.

## Activism

Williamson is a well-known opponent of the ordination of women to the priesthood. In 1997 he sued the dean and chapter of St Paul's Cathedral for appointing a woman as a minor canon. On 16 July 1997, he was declared to be a vexatious litigant by Mr Justice Christopher Rose at the Royal Courts of Justice. As a result, he is no longer allowed to bring action within the Courts of England and Wales without obtaining the prior permission of a judge.

In 2005, Williamson protested against the legality of the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales to Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.

In 2011, with others, Williamson challenged a major grant by the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament to the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham. The Charity Commission for England and Wales, which described the complainants as "a substantial number", subsequently ruled that the grant had been unlawful.

On 26 January 2015, Williamson interrupted the consecration service for the Church of England's first woman to become a bishop, Libby Lane, at York Minster. His objection was responded to by John Sentamu, Archbishop of York (who was officiating) and the service continued.

Williamson's initial application to challenge the Church of England's compulsory retirement age of 70 was dismissed by the Employment Tribunal on 8 January 2020 because he had not obtained the prior permission of the High Court under the terms of the vexatious litigant order.

## InfoBox

| The Reverend
Paul Williamson | |
| --- | --- |
| Formerly priest-in-charge of St George's Church, Hanworth | |
| Church | Church of England |
| Diocese | Diocese of London |
| In office | 1992 to 2019 |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1972 (deacon)
1973 (priest) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Paul Stewart Williamson
1948 (age 7576) |
| Alma mater | King's College London |


title: Philippe Rühl

abstract: Philippe Jacques Rühl was a statesman during the French Revolution, best remembered as the doyen d'âge of the opening session of the Convention of 1792–1795.

text:
# Philippe Rühl

**Philippe Jacques Rühl** (3 May 1737 – 29/30 May 1795) was a statesman during the French Revolution, best remembered as the *doyen d'âge* (oldest deputy) of the opening session of the Convention of 1792–1795.

## Biography

Born in Strasbourg, France, a son of a Lutheran minister. He studied theology at the University of Strasbourg. He later served as director of gymnasium at Dürkheim, then as a tutor at the princely court of Leiningen-Dachsburg (Linange-Hartenbourg). As court counselor, he participated in settling succession dispute with the Italian branch of the family.

## French Revolution

With the advent of French Revolution, he returned to his native Alsace, where he became an administrator of the Département of Bas-Rhin under the new regime created by the National Assembly.

He was elected (31 August 1791) as a representative of Bas-Rhin to the Legislative Assembly (1791–1792). He sat with the extreme left wing of the deputies and served as a deputy member of the Extraordinary Commission of Twelve (18 June 1792 – 21 September 1792).

Elected (4 September 1792) to the Convention (1792–1795) as a deputy for Bas-Rhin, he presided at the first session of the convention as the oldest deputy present (20 September 1792). He continued to ally himself with the more radical section of deputies, joining the Montagnard faction. However, he was absent from the convention during the trial of King Louis XVI. He would go on to serve a full term as President of the Convention from 6 March 1794 until 21 March 1794.

Rühl served as a member of the Committee of General Security (14 September 1793 – 31 August 1794). He was dispatched as Representative on a Mission to departments of Marne and Haute-Marne (16 September 1793 – 3 November 1793) to assist in arranging the levée en masse (military conscription). While on this mission he showed his revolutionary zeal by breaking the so-called Holy Ampulla (8 October 1793) – the Holy Ampulla had been a vessel containing the sacred oil for anointment of the French kings at Reims. He served in a second mission to Bas-Rhin (23 Nov 1793 – 8 Jan 1794) for organizing the district of Neu-Saarwerden.

Along with Robert Lindet of the Committee of Public Safety, he refused to sign the death warrant of Georges Danton in the spring of 1794.

## Thermidor

Rühl was designated for yet another mission, this time to Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin, 24 July 1794, but did not depart until 1 August 1794, and so he was in Paris to witness the fall of Robespierre. He returned 25 August 1794.

He participated in the Revolt of 1 Prairial Year III (20 May 1795), addressing the insurgents with the words "Du pain et la Constitution de 1793!" ("Bread and Constitution of 1793!"). This action threatened the new conservative order, and he was threatened with indictment, but in the end was sentenced only to house arrest "in view of his advanced age" (he was 58). He was called before the military commission on 28 May 1795 and committed suicide by stabbing himself with a dagger, a precursor of the "Martyrs of Prairial" (Romme, Goujon, Duquesnoy, Soubrany, Duroy, and Bourbotte).

## External sources

## InfoBox

| Philippe Rühl | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 37th President of the National Convention | |
| **In office**
6 March 1794  21 March 1794 | |
| Preceded by | Louis Antoine de Saint-Just |
| Succeeded by | Jean-Lambert Tallien |
| **In office**
20 September 1792 (provisional) | |
| Preceded by | *Office established* |
| Succeeded by | Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve |
| Member of the National Convention | |
| **In office**
21 September 1792  26 October 1795 | |
| Constituency | Bas-Rhin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1737-05-03)3 May 1737
Strasbourg, Kingdom of France |
| Died | 29 May 1795(1795-05-29) (aged 58)
Strasbourg, First French Republic |
| Cause of death | Suicide |
| Political party | The Mountain |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


abstract: Archangel Michael fights the devil and the Virgin of the Assumption of the Angels is an oil painting on canvas of Dosso Dossi and Battista Dossi, dated to about 1533 to 1534 and preserved at the Galleria nazionale di Parma.

text:
# Virgin of the Assumption and St. Michael the Archangel

***Archangel Michael fights the devil and the Virgin of the Assumption of the Angels*** is an oil painting on canvas (243x166 cm) of Dosso Dossi and Battista Dossi, dated to about 1533 to 1534 and preserved at the Galleria nazionale di Parma.

## Sources

* Fornari Schianchi, Lucia (1998). "Cinquecento e iconografia farnesiana". *Galleria Nazionale di Parma, Catalogo delle opere*. Milan: Franco Maria Ricci.

## InfoBox

| Archangel Michael fights the devil and the Virgin of the Assumption of the Angels | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Dosso Dossi and Battista Dossi |
| Year | c. 1533 - 1534 |
| Medium | Oil on wood |
| Dimensions | 246 cm × 166 cm (97 in × 65 in) |
| Location | Galleria nazionale di Parma, Parma |


title: Marcus Spears (offensive tackle)

abstract: Marcus DeWayne Spears is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League. He was selected with the tenth pick of the second round of the 1994 NFL draft out of Northwestern State University by the Chicago Bears. He has also played for the Kansas City Chiefs and the Houston Texans. He is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.

text:
# Marcus Spears (offensive tackle)

**Marcus DeWayne Spears** (born September 28, 1971) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League. He was selected with the tenth pick of the second round of the 1994 NFL draft out of Northwestern State University by the Chicago Bears. He has also played for the Kansas City Chiefs and the Houston Texans. He is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Vertical jump |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 4+14 in
(1.94 m) | 302 lb
(137 kg) | 33 in
(0.84 m) | 9+38 in
(0.24 m) | 5.27 s | 1.87 s | 3.06 s | 4.68 s | 25.0 in
(0.64 m) |

## InfoBox

Marcus Spears
| No. 76, 70, 68 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Offensive tackle |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1971-09-28) September 28, 1971
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight: | 320 lb (145 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Baton Rouge (LA) Belaire |
| College: | Northwestern State (LA) |
| NFL draft: | 1994 / round: 2 / pick: 39 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games Played: 103  Games Started: 21 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Paul A. Sieving

abstract: Paul A. Sieving is a former director of the National Eye Institute, part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Prior to joining the NIH in 2001, he served on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School as the Paul R. Lichter Professor of Ophthalmic Genetics.  He also was the founding director of the Center for Retinal and Macular Degeneration in the university's Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.   Sieving is recognized for translational medicine studies of human progressive, blinding, inherited retinal and macular neurodegeneration diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa and Stargardt disease.  His laboratory studies the conditions in transgenic animal models in pursuit of pharmacological approaches to slowing degeneration in people with the disorders. His group conducted the first human clinical trial of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) as a rescue factor for retinitis pigmentosa. His lab studies potential treatments for a juvenile form of macular degeneration termed X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS).  The lab developed a mouse model of XLRS and successfully treated the condition by gene therapy in mouse and rabbit models.  Sieving's team, in coordination with the clinical staff at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, is conducting a phase 1 clinical trial to test the therapy in XLRS patients. He maintains a small clinical practice at NEI for patients with these and other genetic retinal diseases, including Stargardt juvenile macular degeneration. Sieving established the NEI Audacious Goals Initiative (AGI) for Regenerative Medicine, a major program to develop treatments for eye diseases. The AGI is a strategic research effort to restore function of critical nerve cells in the eye and visual system even after they are damaged by disease. Success will mean new approaches to prevent and even reverse vision loss in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma.

text:
# Paul A. Sieving

**Paul A. Sieving** is a former director of the National Eye Institute, part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Prior to joining the NIH in 2001, he served on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School as the Paul R. Lichter Professor of Ophthalmic Genetics.  He also was the founding director of the Center for Retinal and Macular Degeneration in the university's Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.

Sieving is recognized for translational medicine studies of human progressive, blinding, inherited retinal and macular neurodegeneration diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa and Stargardt disease.  His laboratory studies the conditions in transgenic animal models in pursuit of pharmacological approaches to slowing degeneration in people with the disorders. His group conducted the first human clinical trial of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) as a rescue factor for retinitis pigmentosa.

His lab studies potential treatments for a juvenile form of macular degeneration termed X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS).  The lab developed a mouse model of XLRS and successfully treated the condition by gene therapy in mouse and rabbit models.  Sieving's team, in coordination with the clinical staff at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, is conducting a phase 1 clinical trial to test the therapy in XLRS patients. He maintains a small clinical practice at NEI for patients with these and other genetic retinal diseases, including Stargardt juvenile macular degeneration.

Sieving established the NEI Audacious Goals Initiative (AGI) for Regenerative Medicine, a major program to develop treatments for eye diseases. The AGI is a strategic research effort to restore function of critical nerve cells in the eye and visual system even after they are damaged by disease. Success will mean new approaches to prevent and even reverse vision loss in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma.

## Education

As an undergraduate student at Valparaiso University, Sieving majored in history and physics.  He then studied nuclear physics at Yale Graduate School in 1970-73 under D. Allan Bromley, and attended Yale Law School from 1973 - 1974. He received his medical degree from the University of Illinois College of Medicine in 1978 and a Ph.D. in bioengineering from the University of Illinois Graduate College in 1981. Sieving completed an ophthalmology residency at the University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary in Chicago.  He performed post-doctoral studies of retinal electrophysiology with Roy H. Steinberg at the University of California, San Francisco, in 1982–84.  He then did a clinical fellowship in genetic retinal degenerations with Eliot Berson in 1984–85 at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary.

## Awards and honors

Sieving has been named among the “Best Doctors in America” for many years and was honored with the Research to Prevent Blindness Senior Scientific Investigator Award in 1998, the Alcon Research Institute Award in 2000, the Pisart Award in Vision Science from the Lighthouse Guild in 2005, and the Società Oftalmologica Italiana Honorary Award in Ophthalmology in 2016.  He serves as a jury member for the António Champalimaud Vision Award of the €1 million presented yearly in Lisbon, Portugal.  He is an elected member of many organizations, including the American Ophthalmological Society (1993), the Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis (2005), the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences (2006), and the German National Academy of Sciences (2014).


title: Virgin of the Councillors

abstract: The Virgin of the Councillors is a panel painting in oils by Lluís Dalmau now in the National Art Museum of Catalonia in Barcelona. It was commissioned in 1443.

text:
# Virgin of the Councillors

The ***Virgin of the Councillors*** is a panel painting in oils by Lluís Dalmau now in the National Art Museum of Catalonia in Barcelona. It was commissioned in 1443.

## Description

The prestige attached to Burgundian courtly culture and the painter Jan van Eyck explain why in 1431 King Alfonso the Magnanimous sent his official painter, the Valencian Lluís Dalmau, to Flanders, to learn the new realist language firsthand. In 1443, Dalmau was commissioned to paint this altarpiece for the chapel of the City Hall. This work was a breakthrough in Catalonia on account of the format, the technique used, as it was painted in oil, and the skilful illusionism of a figurative space in which that year's five councillors, painted from life, are represented on the same scale as the Virgin and the Saints.

1. Guide of the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya. MNAC, 2004. ISBN 84-8043-136-9
2. The artwork at MNAC's Website

## InfoBox

| Virgin of the Consellers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Lluís Dalmau |
| Year | 1443–1445 |
| Type | Oil on oak wood |
| Dimensions | 316 cm × 312.5 cm (124 in × 123.0 in) |
| Location | Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona |


title: Fránquez, Morovis, Puerto Rico

abstract: Fránquez is a barrio in the municipality of Morovis, Puerto Rico. Fránquez has twelve sectors and its population in 2010 was 4,583.

text:
# Fránquez, Morovis, Puerto Rico

**Fránquez** is a barrio in the municipality of Morovis, Puerto Rico. Fránquez has twelve sectors and its population in 2010 was 4,583.

## History

Fránquez was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Fránquez barrio was 695.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 695 |  |  |
| 1910 | 766 |  | 10.2% |
| 1920 | 843 |  | 10.1% |
| 1930 | 1,185 |  | 40.6% |
| 1940 | 1,299 |  | 9.6% |
| 1950 | 1,269 |  | −2.3% |
| 1960 | 2,034 |  | 60.3% |
| 1970 | 2,509 |  | 23.4% |
| 1980 | 3,602 |  | 43.6% |
| 1990 | 3,843 |  | 6.7% |
| 2000 | 4,205 |  | 9.4% |
| 2010 | 4,583 |  | 9.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
1899 (shown as 1900) 1910-1930
1930-1950 1980-2000 2010 | | | |

Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Morovis was hit hard by Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017. More than six months after Hurricane Irma, which had occurred just prior to Maria, the community's school still remained without power and an indignant population voiced their anger.

## Sectors

Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called **sectores** (*sectors* in English). The types of *sectores* may vary, from normally *sector* to *urbanización* to *reparto* to *barriada* to *residencial*, among others.

The following sectors are in Fránquez barrio:

*Comunidad Fránquez, Sector Alianza, Sector Dávila, Sector Los Rosario, Sector Meléndez, Sector Narváez, Sector Pabón, Sector Pedro Meléndez Sánchez, Sector Rolón, Sector Rosado, Sector Socucho*, and *Urbanización La Alianza*.

* Media related to Fránquez at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Fránquez | |
| --- | --- |
| Barrio | |
| Sign indicating improvements to recreational centers in Fránquez | |
| Location of Fránquez within the municipality of Morovis shown in red | |
| FránquezLocation of Puerto Rico | |
| Coordinates: 18°21′19″N 66°25′07″W / 18.355312°N 66.418477°W / 18.355312; -66.418477 | |
| Commonwealth | Puerto Rico |
| Municipality | Morovis |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.2 sq mi (11 km2) |
| Land | 4.2 sq mi (11 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Elevation | 443 ft (135 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 4,583 |
| Density | 1,091.2/sq mi (421.3/km2) |
|  | Source: 2010 Census |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (AST) |
| Zip code | 00687 |


title: Mattapany-Sewall Archeological Site

abstract: Mattapany-Sewall Archeological Site is an archaeological site in St. Mary's County, Maryland. It is located at the Patuxent River Naval Air Station on a level terrace approximately 45' above sea level, less than 1000' south of the Patuxent River in an unused wooded/grassy tract. Documentary evidence identifies the site as Mattapany-Sewall, a manor established in 1663 and occupied from 1666 to 1684 by Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore. It served as a governmental meeting place and colonial arsenal, and was the scene of the 1689 battle, known as the Protestant Revolution of 1689, in which Maryland's Proprietary government was overthrown. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

text:
# Mattapany-Sewall Archeological Site

**Mattapany-Sewall Archeological Site** is an archaeological site in St. Mary's County, Maryland. It is located at the Patuxent River Naval Air Station on a level terrace approximately 45' above sea level, less than 1000' south of the Patuxent River in an unused wooded/grassy tract. Documentary evidence identifies the site as Mattapany-Sewall, a manor established in 1663 and occupied from 1666 to 1684 by Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore. It served as a governmental meeting place and colonial arsenal, and was the scene of the 1689 battle, known as the Protestant Revolution of 1689, in which Maryland's Proprietary government was overthrown.

It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

1. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
2. "Maryland Historical Trust". *Mattapany-Sewall Archeological Site, St. Mary's County*. Maryland Historical Trust. November 21, 2008.

38°17′8.5″N 76°25′41.1″W / 38.285694°N 76.428083°W / 38.285694; -76.428083

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mattapany-Sewall Archeological Site | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Lexington Park, Maryland |
| Built | 1663 |
| NRHP reference No. | 85000164 |
| Added to NRHP | February 1, 1985 |


title: Phezulu Emafini

abstract: Phezulu Emafini, a Zulu phrase meaning high in the clouds, was the 8th studio release by the South African isicathamiya group Ladysmith Black Mambazo. The album, released in 1976, is composed entirely of Zulu Christian religious compositions by composer, director, and lead singer Joseph Shabalala.

text:
# Phezulu Emafini

***Phezulu Emafini***, a Zulu phrase meaning *high in the clouds,* was the 8th studio release by the South African isicathamiya group Ladysmith Black Mambazo. The album, released in 1976, is composed entirely of Zulu Christian religious compositions by composer, director, and lead singer Joseph Shabalala.

## Track listing

1. "Esiphambanweni" on the cross
2. "Limnandi Ivangeli" the gospel is wonderful
3. "Nkosi Sihlangene" Lord we are united
4. "Phezulu Enkosini" up in the Lord
5. "Enimkuzeni" in him
6. "Thuma Umlilo Ongcwele" send the Holy fire
7. "Phakamisa Amehlo" lift up your eyes
8. "Kanye Nawe Nkosi Yami" and with you my lord
9. "Uthando Lukababa" father's love
10. "Yith' Umlilo Ovuthayo" its a burning fire

## InfoBox

| Phezulu Emafini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ladysmith Black Mambazo | |
| Released | 1976 |
| Recorded | 1976 |
| Genre | Isicathamiya |
| Length | 30:00 approx. |
| Label | Gallo Record Company |
| Producer | West Nkosi |
| Ladysmith Black Mambazo chronology | |
| *Shintsha Sithothobala 1975*
(1975) ***Phezulu Emafini***
(1976) *Ushaka*
(1977) | |


title: Philipp Sarlay

abstract: Philipp Sarlay, also named Filipp Sarlay was an Austrian principal of telegraph office of Austrian-Hungarian origin and a pioneer in technological and scientific accomplishments. He was a follower of naturopathy, abstainer and vegetarian. Furthermore, he was occupied by studying mathematical phenomena

text:
# Philipp Sarlay

**Philipp Sarlay**, also named *Filipp Sarlay* (10 December 1826, in Klattau – 5 April 1908, in Innsbruck, Tyrol) was an Austrian principal of telegraph office of Austrian-Hungarian origin and a pioneer in technological and scientific accomplishments. He was a follower of naturopathy, abstainer and vegetarian. Furthermore, he was occupied by studying mathematical phenomena

## Family

His parents were Anton Sarlay (\* 16. July 1774; † 19. July 1856), in Klattau and Leonarda née Edle von Santa (\* 9. February 1786; † 31. March 1852 in Preßburg, Kingdom of Hungary). His father was from the Hungarian nobility. His siblings were Joseph, Marie, Emerich (lieutenant), Karl and Anton. In his first marriage Philipp Sarlay was married to Marie Aicher (\* 1840 in Innsbruck; † 19. March 1875 in Innsbruck). During one year, all four children died. One year later Marie died because of scarlatina. Sarlay married Aloisia Josefa Aicher (\* 9. July 1847 in Innsbruck; † 4. January 1882 in Innsbruck, Tirol). With Aloisia he had three sons, Anton, Ferdinand, Emerich und Leo (\* 27. June 1879 in Innsbruck; † 18. December 1967 in Innsbruck). Emerich and Ferdinand were passionate alpinists and the first ones to reach the peaks of Gamezkogel (30. August 1900), Steinkogel (19. August 1901) and Zuragkogel (21. August 1901) in the Oetz Valley Alps.

## Expansion of the Austrian-Hungarian telecommunications network

Philipp Sarlay studied at the high school in Klattau and at the Technical School of Prague. As an enthusiastic student, he lived the eventful year of 1848. In 1849 the first experiments on telegraphy started in Austria and in 1849 the Emperor decided to erect a telegraph network covering the whole monarchy. In 1850 Sarlay joined the civil service as a telegrapher and served in Oderberg, Gloggnitz and Vienna. In 1856, he was sent to Innsbruck as a telegraph commissar by the Emperor's request. In 1870, he took over the position as inspector in Reichenberg and in 1872 the position as principal in Czernowitz. Among the constructions led by him there are the telegraph lines Lugos to Hermannstadt (1855), Oderberg to Dembica, Dziedzice to Bielitz and Schönbrunn to Troppau (1856). Between 1880 and 1890 Philipp Sarlay managed the agency Fohnsdorfer Kohle. He lived up to the motto: "Fresh, docile, happy, free". The magazine "Tiroler Technik" ("Tyrolian Technology") by the Tiroler Heimatblätter newspaper publisher named Philipp Sarlay as the first biker of Tyrol when he used his bike on April 24, 1869. One day later he drove the road to Wattens where the vehicle was admired. In 1885, he was portrayed in the paper of the Dutch Union of Velocipedists as the oldest biker of Austria. In 1877 member of the Scientific-Medical Club in Innsbruck. Sarlay also appears under the pseudonym of Yalras, F.

## Decoration

Philipp Sarlay received the Order of Franz Joseph Golden Cross of Merit with Crown on 1 December 1866. The Golden Cross of Merit with Crown is the highest order of all Order of Franz Joseph

## Literature

* Bote für Tirol und Vorarlberg: 55.Jg., 11. November 1869, Nr.258, page 1320
* Bote für Tirol und Vorarlberg: 55.Jg., 11. September 1869, Nr.207, page 1057
* Innsbrucker Nachrichten: 16.Jg., 10. September 1869, Nr.206, page 5 f
* Maandblad Nederlandsche Velocidepistenbond (1883), Nr 13 en 14, April Mai 1885, page 5 f
* Österreichische Alpenzeitung: 22.Jg., 25. Oktober 1900, issue 568, page 267
* Tiroler Heimatblätter Tiroler Technik: 18.Jg., issue 9, 1935 page 368
* Zeitschrift des Ferdinandeums fur Tirol und Vorarlberg: III. issue 56, page 440
* Schulze, H.: Chronik sämtlicher bekannten Ritter-Orden und Ehrenzeichen welche von Souverainen und Regierungen verliehen werden nebst Abbildungen der Decorationen. - Chronique de tous les ordres et marques d'honneur de chevalerie accordés par des souverains et de régences avec les dessins des décorations. Berlin 1853, page 736


title: Paul A. Sperry

abstract: Paul Alling Sperry was an American inventor, businessman, photographer, screen printer, sailor and outdoorsman. He designed the first boat shoe and founded Sperry, a sportswear company now headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts.

text:
# Paul A. Sperry

**Paul Alling Sperry** (December 4, 1895 – November 7, 1982) was an American inventor, businessman, photographer, screen printer, sailor and outdoorsman. He designed the first boat shoe and founded Sperry (formerly Sperry Top-Sider), a sportswear company now headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts.

## Early life and family

Paul Alling Sperry born in New Haven, Connecticut, the second of three sons born to Nettie Alling Sperry and Sereno Clark Sperry. His younger brother, Armstrong Wells Sperry, was a writer and illustrator of children's literature, best known for his 1941 Newbery Medal-winning book, *Call It Courage*. Sperry's father was a native of New Haven who served in leadership positions for several companies in the area, including the William Wells Company, the United States Finishing Company and the Pond Lily Company. His grandfather, William Wallace Sperry was a shipbuilder and served as a sergeant major in the 13th Connecticut Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War.

Sperry spent his early childhood in Stamford, Connecticut, and New York City. Accompanied by their mother, he and his brother Armstrong briefly attended school in Paris, France. Sperry received additional schooling at the Taft School in Connecticut. He spent a single freshman year at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.

## Military service and marriage

Sperry worked as a salesman and in the master mechanics office of the United States Finishing Company of New York before joining the naval reserve in 1917. He served as Office Aid for Information, Section 1, 3rd Naval District, USNRF, and was released from duty as Seaman, First Class at the end of the year. Sperry married Pauline Letitia Jacques on December 30, 1922. They shared a love of the outdoors, sailing and traveling. The Sperrys spent their honeymoon on Chincoteague Island, Virginia, hunting ducks in separate duck blinds.

## Duck decoys

An avid outdoorsman and bird hunter, Sperry designed and produced some of the first balsa wood duck decoys in the early 1920s. He started Sperry Natural Decoys, whose buyers included Abercrombie & Fitch and Kirkland Brothers. The company's sole supplier of raw materials, the American Balsa Company, raised its prices, which contributed to Sperry closing the business after fulfillment of its final orders.

## Sailing

In the early 1930s, Paul purchased his first boat, *Gilnockie*. In 1935, Gilnockie won second prize in the Vineyard Race sponsored by the Stamford Yacht Club. He bought his second boat from Nova Scotia: a schooner named *Sirocco* after the hot winds of the Libyan deserts. The boat was later damaged during the 1938 New England hurricane at Davis Island in Connecticut. Its replacement, the *Sirocco II*, arrived in New Haven in 1939. It was during these early sailing years Sperry learned that painted decks were very hazardous. He said, "I had the idea of repainting and lightly dusting with fine emery dust, but sandpaper had poor results on skin."

## Sperry Top-Sider

While sailing on the Long Island Sound, Sperry slipped on the deck and fell overboard. He was able to pull himself back on board, but the experience drove him to develop a non-slip shoe. While experimenting with possibilities for non-slip shoes, he noticed his dogs' ability to run down the icy hill without slipping. The grooves on their paws inspired him to try cutting grooved patterns (siping) in a natural rubber sole.

Sperry tried various patterns of siping and settled on a herringbone pattern as the most effective. He cemented the prototype soles to a pair of canvas sneakers and gave them to Leon Burkowski, the young man who looked after his boat. When Sperry and his wife returned, "Leon immediately threw a bucket of water on the deck and yelled, 'watch.'" He took a running start and stopped dead in his tracks. This was the invention of the first pair of Sperry Top-Siders.

In 1937, Sperry applied for a United States patent for his non-skid sole. He first offered the patent to the United States Rubber Company of Connecticut. The company turned him down because the sole would cost $4.50, when an expensive shoe at the time cost $3.75. Sperry then offered the patent to Converse Rubber Company in Boston, Massachusetts, which agreed to make blank rubber soles and ship them to Sperry for siping and then assemble the finished shoes and return them to Sperry for sale. Sperry developed a machine for cutting the non-skid design into the soles and launched the project working in his spare hours while employed full-time at the Pond Lily Company.

A friend, Donald White, who worked as an advertising salesman for McGraw-Hill, suggested Sperry sell directly by mail and helped him compose a letter to send to all 500 of Sperry's fellow members of the Cruising Club of America. Sperry received responses and requests for shoes from all 500 members. Confident that he had a winning product, he started a mail order business, while also selling the shoes through the Commonwealth Shoe & Leather Company in Boston and a small direct mail catalog.

In the later 1930s, Sperry continued work on developing a more durable and functional boat shoe. He worked with the United States Rubber Company, which developed a rubber compound for traction and wear that could be more easily siped, and with the Commonwealth Shoe & Leather Company on a new leather shoe design made with specially tanned leather. Sperry's new design had a unique "saddle" through which rawhide laces were pulled—the now-familiar Sperry Authentic Original boat shoe.

In 1939, the United States War Department specified Sperry Top-Sider as one of the official shoes of the Navy and negotiated the right to manufacture the shoes for its sailors. It became the official footwear of the casual uniform of the United States Naval Academy. In 1940, Sperry sold his business to the United States Rubber Company, which successfully marketed the shoe across the United States.

## Later career and death

Sperry was interested in photography from an early age. His black and white photographs of Cannon Mountain in New Hampshire from 1938 to 1940 were donated by the Sperry Family to the New England Ski Museum in 2007. In 1950, Sperry founded Sirocco Screenprinters in North Haven, Connecticut and served as its president until his death. The company made screenprints of artwork by Josef Albers, Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein, and others, which can be viewed on the websites of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and the Art Institute of Chicago.

Sperry was named corporate secretary of the Pond Lily Company in 1941 and president and director of the Guider Specialty Company in 1955. He held both positions until the late 1970s. He also served as a director of the Echlin Manufacturing Company and president and treasurer of the Sperry Real Estate Corporation. Sperry died on November 7, 1982, in New Haven, Connecticut, at the age of 86.

## Sources

Books * *Directory of the Offices and Students of Dartmouth College and Associated Schools*. 1915.
* Hill, Everett Gleason (1918). *A modern history of New Haven and eastern New Haven County*. Vol. 2. New York, New York: S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. OCLC 4053489.
* Monagan, Charles A. (2006). *Connecticut Icons: 50 Symbols of the Nutmeg State*. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-3548-8.

Newspapers Patent * USA 2206860, Sperry, Paul Alling, "Shoe", published July 9, 1940, issued November 30, 1937

Website * "Our Story". *Discover and Learn More About Us*. Sperry. 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.

## InfoBox

| Paul Alling Sperry | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | December 4, 1895
New Haven, Connecticut |
| Died | November 7, 1982(1982-11-07) (aged 86)
New Haven, Connecticut |
| Education | Taft School Dartmouth College |
| Known for | Inventing the first boat shoe in 1935 |
| Title | Founder of Sperry Top-Sider |
| Spouse | Pauline Letticia Jacques |
| Parent | Sereno Clark Sperry Nettie Alling Sperry |


title: Matilda Kearns

abstract: Matilda Emily Kearns is an Australian Olympic water polo player who plays for the Australian national team. Her father, Phil Kearns AM, a former Rugby Union player for the Wallabies, and her mother Julie Kearns.

text:
# Matilda Kearns

**Matilda Emily Kearns** (born October 2, 2000) is an Australian Olympic water polo player who plays for the Australian national team. Her father, Phil Kearns AM, a former Rugby Union player for the Wallabies, and her mother Julie Kearns.

## Early life

Born and raised in Sydney, Australia, Tilly began playing water polo for the Sydney Northern Beaches Breakers at the age of 12.

She attended Queenwood School for Girls from 2006-2018 where she continued to play for the Sydney Northern Beaches Breakers. She went on to join The University of Sydney's 'Lions' playing center forward, making her debut for the Australian Stingers debut in 2019 at the FINA World League Finals.

## Water polo career

She plays for University of Sydney. She plays for University of Southern California.

Kearns was a member of the Australian Stingers squad that competed at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. By finishing second in their pool, the Aussie Stingers went through to the quarterfinals. They were beaten 8-9 by Russia and therefore did not compete for an Olympic medal.

Her father, Phil, is a member of the Australian Rugby Hall of Fame.

## Career Highlights

* 2016, 2017 and 2018 FINA World Junior Championships
* 2024 World Aquatics Championships, 6th place
* 2023 World Aquatics Championships, 4th place
* 2022 FINA World Championships, 6th place
* 2022 FINA World League International Cup, 1st place
* 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, 5th place
* 2024 Paris Olympics

1. "Aussie Stingers - Matilda Kearns". *www.waterpoloaustralia.com.au*. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
2. "Tilly Kearns". *Australian Olympic Committee*. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
3. Australia, Water Polo. "Aussie Stingers - Matilda Kearns". *www.waterpoloaustralia.com.au*. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
4. "Tilly Kearns - Women's Water Polo". *USC Athletics*. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
5. Forsaith, Rob (24 May 2021). "Kearns taking famous name to Tokyo Games". *The Young Witness*. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
6. "Tokyo-bound Matilda Kearns upstages famous dad in Stingers squad". *The New Daily*. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
7. "Australian Olympic Team for Tokyo 2021". *The Roar*. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
8. "Tilly Kearns". *Australian Olympic Committee*. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
9. Australia, Water Polo. "Aussie Stingers - Matilda Kearns". *www.waterpoloaustralia.com.au*. Retrieved 20 June 2024.

## InfoBox

Matilda (Tilly) Kearns
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Matilda Emily Kearns |
| Nickname | Tilly |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Citizenship | Australian |
| Born | (2000-10-02) 2 October 2000
Sydney |
| Education | Queenwood School for Girls |
| Years active | 2019-present |
| Height | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Website | https://www.olympics.com.au/olympians/tilly-kearns/ |
| Tokyo 2020 Paris 2024 | |
| Sport | |
| Country | Australia |
| Sport | Water polo |
| Position | Centre Forward |
| University team | Sydney Uni Water Polo Club |
| Club | University of Southern California |
| Team | Aussie Stingers |
| Turned pro | 2019 |
| Coached by | Rebecca Rippon |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Olympic finals | Tokyo 2020 |
| World finals | 2024 World Aquatics Championships, 6th place 2023 World Aquatics Championships, 4th place
2022 FINA World Championships, 6th place |
| Medal record      Olympic Games  2024 Paris Team | |


title: Pavla Vykopalová

abstract: Pavla Vykopalová is a Czech operatic soprano.

text:
# Pavla Vykopalová

**Pavla Vykopalová** (born 23 March 1972) is a Czech operatic soprano.

## Life and career

Born in Prague, Vykopalová studied singing at the Prague Conservatory and graduated in 1993; she then became a member of the Prague Philharmonic Choir. She began her soloist career as a mezzo-soprano receiving singing lessons from Lenka Šmídová und since 1997 from Jiří Kotouč. In 2006, she made the transition from mezzo to soprano and has studied further with Marie Urbanová. Vykopalová's repertoire includes roles from Baroque period until the 20th century; beside opera roles she devotes herself to oratorios, cantatas and songs, including contemporary works.

During her studies at the conservatory, Vykopalová performed with the "Opera Mozart" company in Prague; in 1988 she was engaged at the opera of the Plzeň (Pilsen) Theatre. She has appeared from 1999 as a permanent guest artist at the National Theatre in Prague and the Prague State Opera. In 2003, she sang the role of Karolka in Janáček's *Jenůfa* in a production at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. In 2011/12, she performed the same role in a co-production of three French opera houses – Rennes, Limoges and Reims.

For the role of Mařenka in Smetana's *The Bartered Bride*, directed by Ondřej Havelka at the National Theatre in Brno, Vykopalová received a nomination for the Czech Thalia Price in 2006. Since January 2009, she has been a member of the opera ensemble at the National Theatre Brno. She received a nomination for the 2012 Thalia Price 2012 for the role of Míla in Janáček's *Destiny* at the National Theatre in Brno.

## Soprano

**National Theatre Prague**

**State Opera Prague**

**National Theatre Brno**

* Míla (Janáček: *Destiny*)
* Donna Elvira (Mozart: *Don Giovanni*)
* Micaëla (Bizet: *Carmen*)
* Countess (Mozart: *Le nozze di Figaro*)
* Liu (Puccini: *Turandot*)
* Jenůfa (Janáček: *Jenůfa*)
* Countess (Mozart: *Le nozze di Figaro*)
* Rosalinda (J. Strauss: *Die Fledermaus*)
* Lauretta (Puccini: *Gianni Schicchi*)
* Nedda (Leoncavallo: *Pagliacci*)
* Mařenka (Smetana: *The Bartered Bride*)
* Julietta (Martinů: *Julietta*)
* Rosina (Rossini: *Il barbiere di Siviglia*)

**Other opera productions**

**Oratorio and cantata repertoire**

**Song cycles**

## Former mezzo-soprano roles

* Dido (Purcell: *Dido and Aeneas* – Pilsen Theatre)
* Ruggiero (Händel: *Alcina* – Concert performance)
* Bertarido (Händel: *Rodelinda* – Concert performance)
* Rinaldo (Händel: *Rinaldo* – Concert performance)
* Elisa (G. B. Bononcini: *Astarto* – Concert performance)
* Vénus (Saint-Saëns: *Hélène* – Concert performance)
* Alcina (Vivaldi: *Orlando furioso* – State Opera Prague)
* Prince Orlofsky (J. Strauss: *Die Fledermaus* – State Opera Prague)
* Fenena (Verdi: *Nabucco* – State Opera Prague)
* Mercedes (Bizet: *Carmen* – State Opera Prague)
* Béatrice (Berlioz: *Béatrice et Bénédict* – State Opera Prag)
* Second Lady (Mozart: *The Magic Flute* – State Opera Prague; National Theatre Prague)
* Second Wood Sprite (Dvořák: *Rusalka* – State Opera Prague; National Theatre Prague)
* Dorabella (Mozart: *Così fan tutte* – Opera Mozart; State Opera Prague; National Theatre Prague)
* Hirte (Puccini: *Tosca* – National Theatre Prague)
* Záviš (Smetana: *The Devil's Wall* – National Theatre Prague)
* Cherubino (Mozart: *Le nozze di Figaro* – National Theatre Prague)
* Minerva (Rameau: *Castor et Pollux* – National Theatre Prague)
* Karolka (Janáček: *Jenůfa* – National Theatre Prague; Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris)

## Recordings

* 1998 Jakub Jan Ryba: *Czech Christmas Mass* (Zdena Kloubová, Pavla Vykopalová, Tomáš Černý, Roman Janál; Czech Radio Chamber Choir; Kühn Children Choir; Virtuosi di Praga)
* 2003 Antonín Rejcha: *Lenore* (Dramatic Cantata after G.&.B.Bürger (1805/1806), Camilla Nylund (Lenore), Pavla Vykopalová (Mother), Corby Welch (Narrator), Vladimir Chmelo (Wilhelm), Prague Chamber Choir
* 2005 Bedřich Antonín Wiedermann works (Irena Chřibková – organ, Pavla Vykopalová – mezzo-soprano); the CD contains unique and until that time not recorded works of a composer and organist (1883–1951) who worked at the St. Jacob's Basilika in Prague.

## InfoBox

| Pavla Vykopalová | |
| --- | --- |
| Vykopalová in 2013 | |
| Born | (1972-03-23)23 March 1972<br>Prague |
| Occupation(s) | Operatic mezzo-soprano, then soprano |
| Organizations | National Theatre Brno |


title: Matt's in the Market

abstract: Matt's in the Market is a restaurant in Seattle's Pike Place Market, in the U.S. state of Washington. The menu changes based on the season, and has included fish, fresh vegetables and organic meats, seafood paella made with clams, mussels, octopus and prawns, as well as deviled eggs. Nearby Radiator Whiskey has been described as a "sibling" bar. Dan Bugge is the owner. Matt Fortner replaced Jason McClure as chef in 2018.

text:
# Matt's in the Market

**Matt's in the Market** is a restaurant in Seattle's Pike Place Market, in the U.S. state of Washington.

The menu changes based on the season, and has included fish, fresh vegetables and organic meats, seafood paella made with clams, mussels, octopus and prawns, as well as deviled eggs. Nearby Radiator Whiskey has been described as a "sibling" bar.

Dan Bugge is the owner. Matt Fortner replaced Jason McClure as chef in 2018.

## InfoBox

| Matt's in the Market | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restaurant entrance, 2022 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Street address | 94 Pike Street Suite 32 |
| City | Seattle |
| State | Washington |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 98101 |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 47°36′32.1″N 122°20′26″W / 47.608917°N 122.34056°W / 47.608917; -122.34056 |


title: Paupack Township, Pennsylvania

abstract: Paupack is a second-class township in Wayne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The township's population was 3,828 at the time of the 2010 United States Census.

text:
# Paupack Township, Pennsylvania

**Paupack** is a second-class township in Wayne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The township's population was 3,828 at the time of the 2010 United States Census.

## History

Paupack Township, located along the northern banks of Lake Wallenpaupack, was incorporated in 1850, from part of Palmyra Township.

Lacawac was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 33.2 square miles (86.0 km2), of which 28.1 square miles (72.8 km2) is land and 5.1 square miles (13.2 km2) (15.36%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 3,828 |  |  |
| 2016 (est.) | 3,690 |  | −3.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,828 people, 1,643 households, and 1,172 families residing in the township. The population density was 136.2 inhabitants per square mile (52.6/km2). There were 4,030 housing units at an average density of 143.4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.3% White, 1.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.4% of the population.

There were 1,643 households, out of which 20.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the township the population was spread out, with 17.1% under the age of 18, 58.2% from 18 to 64, and 24.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.1 years.

The median income for a household in the township was $38,179, and the median income for a family was $41,336. Males had a median income of $31,223 versus $21,757 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,251. About 7.1% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.1% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Paupack Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
|  | |
| Location in Wayne County and the state of Pennsylvania. | |
| Location of Pennsylvania in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 41°27′00″N 75°15′59″W / 41.45000°N 75.26639°W / 41.45000; -75.26639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Wayne |
| Area | |
| Total | 33.15 sq mi (85.84 km2) |
| Land | 28.01 sq mi (72.55 km2) |
| Water | 5.13 sq mi (13.30 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,417 ft (432 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 3,828 |
| Estimate (2016) | 3,690 |
| Density | 131.74/sq mi (50.86/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 570 |
| FIPS code | 42-127-58480 |
| Website | Paupack Township |