title: Naval tactics in the Age of Steam

text:
# Naval tactics in the Age of Steam

The development of the steam ironclad firing explosive shells in the mid-19th century rendered sailing ship tactics obsolete.

New tactics were developed for the big-gun Dreadnought battleships. The mine, torpedo, submarine and aircraft posed new threats, each of which had to be countered, leading to tactical developments such as anti-submarine warfare and the use of dazzle camouflage. By the end of the steam age, aircraft carriers had replaced battleships as the principal unit of the fleet.

## Beginnings in the 19th century

The interval of ninety years between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 was marked by no major naval war. There was fighting at sea, and there were prolonged blockades, but there were no campaigns between large and well-appointed navies.

During this period an entire revolution took place in the means of propulsion, armament and construction of ships. Steam was applied to warships, at first to auxiliary forces, in the second quarter of the 19th century. The Crimean War gave a great stimulus to the development of the guns, and brought about the application of iron to ships as armour-plate. Very soon metal was adopted as the material of which ships were made. The extended use of shells, by immensely increasing the danger of fire, rendered wood so inflammable that it was too dangerous for employment in a warship. Changes so sweeping as these could not take place without affecting all the established ideas as to propulsion, armament and construction.

### Revival of ramming

Steam allowed the ship herself to be used as a projectile. Many thought that the use of the ram would again become common and the sinking of *Re d'Italia* by the Austrian *Erzherzog Ferdinand Max* at the Battle of Lissa in 1866 seemed to give force to this supposition. Accidental collisions such as those between the British warships *Vanguard* and *Iron Duke*, *Victoria* and *Camperdown* showed how fatal a wound could be given by the ram of a steam warship. But even the sinking of *Re d'Italia* was largely an accident, and steam-powered ramming turned out to be impractical.

Between vessels both under full control, a collision was easily avoided where there was space to move. In a mêlée, or pell-mell battle (as at Lissa), opportunities would occur for the use of the ram, but the torpedo and the mine soon made it very dangerous for one fleet to rush at another. The torpedo may be said therefore to have excluded the pell-mell battle and the use of the ram except on rare occasions.

Ramming as a tactic also invalidated the former need to concentrate guns on the broadside, which in any case was being made obsolete by the larger guns developed as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution and made necessary by the iron or steel armour now being used. Fewer of the large guns could be carried or mounted, and a wider arc of fire was required to compensate.

Since ships would be required to fight "end-on" when attempting to ram (or to rush into a pell-mell battle), many ships were designed to give as much fire ahead (and sometimes astern) as on the broadside. This was usually at the expense of seaworthiness, and in many cases firing directly ahead caused blast damage to superstructure, decks and fittings. This was another factor which made ramming invalid as a tactic.

Furthermore, a ship designed to have a ramming capability typically had a tumblehome hull design which would allow the ram to strike below the waterline. This design of hull is inherently slower than almost any other hull design, giving an additional disadvantage to ships employing rams.

### Development of the torpedo

As the 19th century drew to a close, another element of uncertainty was introduced by the development of the torpedo. A weapon which is a floating and moving mine, capable up to a certain point of being directed on its course, invisible or very hard to trace, and able to deliver its blow beneath the water-line, was so complete a novelty that its action was hard to foresee. The new weapon scored its first success in the 1891 Chilean Civil War, when the old Congressional battleship *"Blanco Encalada"* was sunk at anchor by the Balmacedist torpedo gunboat *"Almirante Lynch"* in the Battle of Caldera Bay.

The question arose whether the torpedo itself would not become the decisive weapon in naval warfare. It was undoubtedly capable of producing a great effect when its power could be fully exerted. A school arose, having its most convinced partisans in France, which argued that, as a small vessel could destroy a great battleship with a single torpedo, the first would drive the second off the sea. The battleship was to give place to the torpedo boat or torpedo-boat destroyer, which was itself only a torpedo boat of larger size.

But the early torpedo was subject to some disadvantages. It could not be used with effect at more than 2,000 yards. Water resistance rendered its course uncertain and comparatively slow, so that a moving opponent could avoid it, which was comparatively easy given that most early torpedoes left behind a tell-tale trail of bubbles in their wake. Torpedo boats were small and could easily be sunk by gunfire. By night the risk from gunfire was less, but the invention of the searchlight made it possible to keep the waters round a ship under observation all night.

From the torpedo sprang too the submarine, which aimed at striking below the surface, where it itself was, like its weapon, invisible, or nearly so.

## The Russo-Japanese War

The Russo-Japanese War was the first test of the new concepts. The war was a stunning victory for Japan, opening with the blockade and gradual immobilization of the Russian Pacific Fleet at Port Arthur and culminating in the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905.

### First use of torpedoes in battle

In the war between Russia and Japan the torpedo was at first used with success, but the injury it produced fell below expectations, even when allowance is made for the fact that the Russian squadron at Port Arthur had the means of repair close at hand. In the sea fights of the war it was of subordinate use, and indeed was not employed except to give the final stroke to, or force the surrender of, an already crippled ship.

### Effectiveness of mines

The war also saw the first use of mines as an offensive, rather than purely defensive, weapon when the Japanese laid a minefield outside Port Arthur. On April 12, 1904, the Russian flagship *Petropavlovsk* ran into the minefield off Port Arthur and was sunk, while the battleship *Pobieda* was badly damaged. The Russians turned the same tactic on the Japanese who lost two of their six battleships, the *Yashima* and the *Hatsuse*, in a newly laid Russian minefield off Port Arthur a month later.

### Sinking ships to block harbours

The Russo-Japanese War (and as much may be said for the war between the United States and Spain) confirmed an old experience. A resolute attempt was made by the Americans to block the entrance to Santiago de Cuba with a blockship. The Japanese renewed the attempt on a great scale and with utmost intrepidity, at Port Arthur; but though a steamship can move with a speed and precision impossible to a sailing ship, and can therefore be sunk more surely at a chosen spot, the experiment failed. Neither Americans nor Japanese succeeded in preventing their enemy from coming out when it wished.

## Development of Dreadnoughts

As the 19th century came to a close, the familiar modern battleship began to emerge; a steel-armoured ship, entirely dependent on steam and carrying a relatively small number of large guns mounted in turrets, typically arranged along the centreline of the main deck. The revolutionary *Dreadnought* of 1906 was the first battleship to almost entirely dispense with smaller guns and used steam turbines for her main propulsion. The *Dreadnought* rendered all existing battleships obsolete, because she was larger, faster, more powerfully armed and more strongly protected than existing battleships, which came to be known as pre-Dreadnoughts. This sudden levelling of the field led to a naval arms race as Britain and Germany and, to a lesser extent, other powers like the United States, France, Russia, Japan, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina and Chile all rushed to build or acquire Dreadnoughts.

## The First World War

The introduction of mines, torpedoes and submarines greatly increased the complexity of naval tactics during the First World War. Even so, the gun remained the principal naval weapon. It could still deliver its blows at the greatest distance in the greatest variety of circumstances.

### Fleet tactics

The development of long-range guns mounted in turrets changed the nature of naval tactics. While concentration remained a fundamental objective of tactics, the increased range and field of fire of naval guns meant that admirals now sought to achieve concentration of *fire*, rather than concentration of *ships*. The aim of a skilful officer was to concentrate a superior force on a part of his opponent's formation.

In the age of sail, when the range of effective fire was a thousand or twelve hundred yards and guns could only be trained over a small arc because they were fired out of ports, concentration could only be effected by bringing a larger number of ships into close action with a smaller. By the early 20th century, when gunfire was effective at 7,000 yards or more, and when guns fired from turrets and barbettes had a far wider sweep, concentration could be effected from a distance. The power to effect it had to be sought by a judicious choice of position.

The "line ahead" had been imposed on sailing fleets by the need to bring each ship's broadsides into action. Experiments made during manoeuvres by steam navies, combined with the experience gained in the war of 1904–05 in the Far East, showed that no material change had taken place in this respect. It was still as necessary as ever that all the guns should be so placed as to be capable of being brought to bear, and it was still a condition imposed by the physical necessities of the case that this freedom could only be obtained when ships followed one another in a line. This allowed each ship to fire over wide arcs without firing over friendly ships. Steaming with the enemy off to the side enabled a ship to fire salvoes with both the forward and rear turrets, maximizing the chances for a hit.

When in pursuit or flight, or when steaming on the look-out for a still unseen enemy, a fleet may be arranged in the "line abreast". A pursuing fleet would have to run the risk of being struck by torpedoes dropped by a retreating enemy. But it would have the advantage of being able to bring all its guns which can fire ahead to bear on the rear ship of the enemy. When an opponent was prepared to give battle, and turns his broadside so as to bring the maximum of his gunfire to bear, he must be answered by a similar display of force – in other words, the line ahead must be formed to meet the line ahead. Each ship in the line generally engaged its opposite number in the enemy battle line.

The layout of gun turrets on a deck affects their permissible sectors of fire. The most common configuration of warship with gun turrets on its longitudinal axis severely limits gunfire directly ahead (forward) or abaft (backward). This was reflected in the standard naval tactic of crossing the T.

### Introduction of camouflage

Dazzle camouflage was intended to make it difficult to estimate a ship's speed and heading and thus prevent submarines from effectively firing torpedoes. This was accomplished by painting striking designs along the ship, with long, bold lines frequently cutting across the hull and thus rendering the bow of the ship indistinct, which in turn prevented submarines from determining the heading or speed of the ships. This innovation was short-lived, however, as the stark lines intended to confuse submarines only made ships into more visible targets for aircraft. The final evolution of camouflage was into the now prevalent gray shades which almost all warships since WWII have been painted. In the US Navy this is known as "Haze Gray".

### Development of the submarine

Tactically, submarines of the First World War were similar to privateers in the age of sail, because they were employed primarily to destroy the enemy's merchant traffic in an extremely opportunistic sense rather than engage in battle with enemy naval vessels. Individually, submarines were only capable of sinking a small number of ships because of their limited supply of torpedoes and shells.

Anti-submarine tactics were in their infancy at the outbreak of the First World War. Surface warships lacked the means to detect submerged submarines or the weapons to attack them. Surface warships were reduced to hoping to sight the periscope of a submerged submarine or the wake of its torpedoes. Other than gunfire, the only way to sink a submarine was by ramming. Defensive anti-submarine tactics largely consisted of turning ships end-on to the submarine, to reduce the size of the target, by turning *towards* a submarine sighted off the bows and *away from* a submarine sighted off the stern.

By the end of 1914, German cruisers had largely been cleared from the oceans and the main threat to shipping came from U-boats. The British Admiralty was slow to respond to the change. Only in 1917, at the urging of the British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, did the British institute a convoy system. Losses to U-boats dropped to a fraction of their former level.

### Development of aircraft

During the First World War, the German forces occasionally employed Zeppelins to attack enemy shipping, but this never inflicted serious losses.

Towards the end of the war, the British began to develop the first aircraft carriers by adding flying off and then landing decks to the large light cruiser *Furious*.

## The interwar years

Fearing another naval arms race, the big naval powers agreed to the Washington Naval Treaty and scrapped some of their battleships and cruisers while still on the slipways. In addition to this, the Washington Naval Treaty established limits on the total tonnage of the fleets of America, Japan and Britain. It was decided in negotiations that a ratio of power would be established of 5:5:3, corresponding to America, Britain and Japan in that order. This meant that the Japanese fleet would only be allowed a fraction of the power that was given to the American and British fleets, a fact which lead directly to the Japanese construction of super battleships. Although this treaty was extremely explicit in its governance of battleship and cruiser tonnage, it was lax in the area of carriers, a fact which all of the participants failed to take advantage of. The growing tensions of the 1930s and the rise of aggressive nationalist governments in Japan, Italy and Germany restarted the building programs, with even larger ships than before; *Yamato*, the largest battleship ever, displaced 72,000 tons, and mounted 18.1-inch guns.

### Emergence of the aircraft carrier

Shortly after the end of the war, the first aircraft carriers designed from the keel up were completed: the Japanese *Hōshō* and the British *Hermes*. Both ships were too small to be satisfactory. Under the terms of the Washington Treaty, Britain, America and Japan were allowed to convert two ships that were due to scrap under the treaty into aircraft carriers. By luck as much as planning, the Americans and Japanese both developed large carriers that were capable of handling up to 90 aircraft, based on the hulls of battlecruisers due to be scrapped under the Washington Treaty. Both navies gradually began to develop new tactics for employing aircraft carriers in battle, although these tactics did not come into full fruition until the middle of the Pacific Campaign of WWII.

### Development of new weapons

The Magnetic mine was a German development that allowed naval mines to become more deadly than ever; by detecting the magnetic charge of a large ship a mine could detonate without ever having to make contact with the craft, and it would be completely harmless to smaller ships, whose lack of a strong magnetic field allowed them to pass safely, saving the mine for more valuable targets. The oxygen Long lance torpedo, which used pure oxygen instead of air for the oxidizer, was developed by the Japanese just prior to their full involvement in WWII. Despite having more than twice the effective range of the best Allied torpedoes and lacking the tell-tale torpedo wake, the oxygen torpedo was not used to its fullest capacity by the Japanese Imperial Navy, mostly because of inefficient submarine deployment.

## The Second World War

During the Second World War, tactical developments became even more closely tied to the development of new weapons and technologies. The war saw the first large-scale tactical use of hydrophones, sonar (or ASDIC) and radar, and the development of new technologies such as high-frequency direction finding (HF/DF).

In the North Sea and Atlantic, Germany lacked the strength to challenge the Allies for command of the sea. Instead, German naval strategy relied on commerce raiding using capital ships, armed merchant cruisers, submarines and aircraft. The Allies immediately introduced a convoy system for the protection of trade that gradually extended out from the British Isles, eventually reaching as far as Panama, Bombay and Singapore. In the Mediterranean, Britain and Italy fought a conventional naval war for command of the sea.

The need to provide capital ships with the anti-submarine protection of a destroyer screen and air cover from an aircraft carrier led to the increasing use of ad hoc task forces, composed of whichever ships were available for a particular operation. Later in the war however, anti-submarine warfare was perfected to a large degree by the Allies, meaning that much more specialized ships and equipment were deployed in convoys with the express purpose of detecting and destroying German (and later Japanese) submarines.

### Impact of aircraft on tactics

The development of air power led to further tactical changes, including the emergence of aircraft carriers and the development of naval air fleets. The employment of land-based and carrier-based aircraft during the Second World War showed that command of the seas rested in great part on control of the air above it.

Off Norway in the spring of 1940 and in the English Channel in the summer of that year, the German Luftwaffe demonstrated that the British could not maintain command of the sea in daytime without command of the air. In the following year, the arrival of Luftwaffe squadrons in the Mediterranean reversed the British ascendancy in the theatre by neutralizing the British dominance at sea.

### Development of the wolf pack

With the immediate introduction of convoy by the Allies at the start of the Second World War, the German submarines (known as U-boats) operating against Allied trade in the Atlantic were driven to adopt new tactics.

Until the last year of the war, almost all U-boats were diesel-powered, relying on electric motors for propulsion while underwater. This design had important tactical implications. The electric motors were far less powerful than the diesel engines and had a short battery life. When submerged, most submarines were capable of about 10 knots, little more than the slowest merchantman. So a submerged submarine was not only much slower than when on the surface, but also unable to proceed at its maximum submerged speed for any length of time. Submarines of the Second World War were more submersibles than true submarines.

Under Admiral Karl Dönitz the U-boats further developed the tactics of surface night attacks that had first been used in the First World War and then refined in exercises in the Baltic before the Second World War. Rather than attacking in daylight while submerged, the German U-boat commanders developed a tactic for operating more like torpedo boats than submarines, attacking on the surface at night where they could use their higher surfaced speed. Approaching the convoys at night on the surface, they found that they could pass quite close to the escorts and yet remain undetected. Look outs high up on the bridges of the escort ships found it all but impossible to spot the low shape of the U-boat with the tiny silhouette of the boat's conning tower against the darkness of the water. But for the U-boats, the escorts and the merchantmen stood out starkly against the lightness of the sky.

The convoy battles of the First World War had taught the Germans that a single submarine had little prospect of success against a well defended convoy. Instead of attacking the Allied convoys singly, the German U-boats now began to work in packs co-ordinated centrally by radio. The boats spread out into a long patrol line that crossed the path of the Allied convoy routes. Once in position the boats used hydrophones to pick up the propeller noises of the convoys, or used binoculars to try to spot the tell-tale smoke of a convoy on the horizon. When one boat sighted a convoy, it followed it, broadcasting the convoy's position and waiting for other boats to come up before attacking. So instead of being faced by a single submarine, the convoy escorts had to cope with a group of U-boats attacking in a single night. The most daring commanders, like Otto Kretschmer, not only penetrated the convoy's screen but attacked from within the columns of merchantmen in the convoy. The escort vessels, which were too few in number and often lacking in endurance, had no answer to the lone submarine attacking on the surface at night as their ASDIC detection apparatus only worked against underwater targets.

Pack tactics were first used successfully in October 1940, to devastating effect in the battles of Convoys SC 7 and HX 79. Convoy SC 7, with a weak escort of two sloops and two corvettes, was overwhelmed, losing 59% of its ships. The battle for Convoy HX 79 was in many ways worse than SC 7. The loss of a quarter of the convoy without any loss to the U-boats despite a strong escort of two destroyers, four corvettes, three naval trawlers and a minesweeper demonstrated the utter inadequacy of the contemporary British anti-submarine tactics. The success of pack tactics against these two convoys encouraged Admiral Dönitz to adopt the wolf pack as his standard tactics.

The change in British tactics included the introduction of permanent escort groups to improve the co-ordination and effectiveness of ships and men in battle. Initially, the escort groups consisted of two or three destroyers and half a dozen corvettes. Since two or three of the group would usually be in dock repairing weather or battle damage, the groups typically sailed with about six ships.

The Germans also made use of long-range patrol aircraft to find convoys for the U-boat packs to attack, though this tactic rarely succeeded.

Towards the end of the war the Germans introduced homing-torpedoes that aimed for the noise made by a target's propellers. Although devastatingly effective at first, the Allied scientists soon developed countermeasures.

The American submarine campaign in the Pacific contains many parallels with the German submarine campaign in the Atlantic. Like the Germans, the Americans began the war with a flawed weapon – faulty torpedoes – that undermined morale and took more than a year to fix. American submariners developed the same preference for attacking on the surface at night and similar pack tactics, although American wolf packs rarely exceeded three boats. But in the Pacific, it was the submarines, not the escorts, that benefited from the introduction of new technologies like radar. By 1943 many US submarines were fitted with radar, which American submarines were routinely using to find convoys and track the positions of escorts at night.

### Development of anti-submarine warfare

The primary anti-submarine weapon was the convoy escort, typically a destroyer, armed with sonar (or Asdic) and depth charges.

The capture of *U-570* in July 1941 gave the British a much greater understanding of the capabilities of the German U-boats. In particular, the British were astonished by the maximum safe diving depth of the U-boats, which was far below the deepest setting on Allied depth charges.

In the Pacific, the Japanese Navy failed to get a grip on the problems of convoy defence and failed to evolve effective anti-submarine tactics. With fewer escorts and many small convoys, the average number of escorts for a Japanese convoy was inevitably small and many were easily outmanoeuvred by the attacking submarines.

### Eclipse of the battleship

The sinking of the British *Prince of Wales* and *Repulse* off Malaya on 10 December 1941 by Japanese aircraft marked the beginning of the end of the era of the battleship.

By the end of the Pacific War, the tactical role of battleships and cruisers had been reduced to providing anti-aircraft fire to protect the vulnerable carriers and bombarding shore positions. The Japanese battleships *Yamato* and *Musashi* were both sunk by aircraft long before they could come within striking range of the American fleet.

### Dominance of the aircraft carrier

The British attack on the Italian naval base at Taranto in November 1940, in which one Italian battleship was sunk and two others heavily damaged, first demonstrated the full potential of the aircraft carrier. But the successful attack on ships in harbour did not convince advocates of the battleship that their day was over.

It was the Japanese who really developed the tactical and strategic potential of aircraft carriers. Learning from their experiences in operations off the Chinese coast from 1937 onwards, the Japanese began to combine their carriers into permanent squadrons. While the British and Americans were still operating carriers on their own or sometimes in pairs, by 1941 the Japanese had organized a naval air fleet containing as many as six aircraft carriers.

It was this force that struck the opening blow of the Pacific War at Pearl Harbor. The same carrier force then worked its way across the Pacific, attacking Allied forces at Rabaul, in the Netherlands East Indies, at Darwin and finally at Colombo and Trincomalee in Ceylon. The Allied forces in the East Indies were overwhelmed and the old battleships of the British Eastern Fleet forced to retreat as far as Kilindini on the African coast.

Despite these successes, many Japanese admirals still failed to grasp the tactical implications of the dominance of the aircraft carrier. Instead of using its battleships to escort the carriers, the Japanese Navy continued to husband its battleships for the decisive fleet action, which never came.

The Japanese success in sinking or damaging almost all the US Pacific Fleet's battleships at Pearl Harbor forced the Americans to base their tactics on the aircraft carrier (though they would possibly have developed such tactics anyway). The Americans quickly assembled a group of task forces, each based around a single carrier. Through a series of raids on Japanese-held islands, the American gradually grew more confident in their handling of aircraft carriers, learning that the right place for the task force commander was aboard a carrier, not one of the escorting cruisers, and developing tactics like having a single fighter direction officer for task forces operating in company. The four great carrier battles of 1942 – Coral Sea, Midway, Eastern Solomons and Santa Cruz – were all fought by aircraft without the ships on either side actually coming in sight of one another. The Japanese carriers were caught time and again by American aircraft with a light screen of cruisers and destroyers, contributing to the loss of six Japanese carriers in the four battles.

When the new American fast battleships began to arrive in the Pacific in the summer of 1942, they were allocated to the carrier task forces where their heavy anti-aircraft batteries could defend the vulnerable carriers, rather than being formed into separate battle squadrons. By 1943, as growing numbers of new carriers, battleships, cruisers and destroyers began to reach the Pacific, the Americans developed a fleet of fast carrier task forces that swept across the Pacific over the next two years, isolating, overwhelming and then destroying the Japanese island bases.

## Sources & references

* Bacon, Admiral Sir Reginald. *The Jutland Scandal* (London 1925). OCLC 1900062
* Conway's History of the Ship. *Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The steam warship 1815–1905*. ISBN 0-7858-1413-2
* Evans, David C & Peattie, Mark R. *Kaigun: strategy, tactics, and technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887 & 1941* (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press 1997) ISBN 0-87021-192-7
* Macintyre, Donald. *The Battle of the Atlantic* (London 1961). OCLC 1214473
* Rohwer, Dr. Jürgen. *The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943* (London: Ian Allan 1977). ISBN 0-7110-0749-7

Specific 1. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hannay, David (1911). "Navy". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 299–317.

## Further reading


title: Zolfo Springs, Florida

abstract: Zolfo Springs is a town in Hardee County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Florida Heartland region. The population was 1,737 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Zolfo Springs, Florida

**Zolfo Springs** is a town in Hardee County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Florida Heartland region. The population was 1,737 at the 2020 census.

## Etymology

The name of the town got its name in the early 1800s, when a crew of miners from Spain and Italy looking for phosphate were sailing along the Peace River and came upon the spring, noting it had a strong sulfuric smell. Because of this, the Italians decided to call the area "*zolfo*", which means "*sulfur*" in the Italian language.

## History

Early prosperity in the area (where the settlement was known as "***Zolfo***") was due to its location along the Florida Cracker Trail, a cattle trail from Bradenton to Fort Pierce. Cattle herded from this area and the Florida Heartland was run to the coasts along this route as early as 1850. The Florida Cracker Trail today includes parts of State Road 64 and State Road 66 through Zolfo Springs.

In 1886, transportation improved through Zolfo when the Florida Southern Railway (later the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad) was built through the town on its way from Bartow to Punta Gorda. The railroad built a depot in the town and a post office was established the same year. The railroad was removed in the early 1980s. Today US 17 runs along the former railroad right of way (with Main Street being the original alignment of US 17).

It was officially incorporated as a municipality on October 18, 1904, as the "***Town of Zolfo***", but was officially renamed as the "**Town of Zolfo Springs**" on September 13, 1909.

## Geography

The approximate coordinates for the Town of Zolfo Springs is located at the geographic center of Hardee County, at 27°29′46″N 81°47′49″W / 27.49611°N 81.79694°W / 27.49611; -81.79694 (27.496211, –81.796878).

U.S. Route 17 runs through the center of town, leading north 4 miles (6 km) to Wauchula, the county seat, and south 20 miles (32 km) to Arcadia. Florida State Road 64 crosses the northern side of town, leading northeast 18 miles (29 km) to Avon Park and west 50 miles (80 km) to Bradenton. SR 66 leaves US 17 at the center of Zolfo Springs and leads east 25 miles (40 km) to U.S. Route 27 at the south end of Sebring.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Zolfo Springs has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.5 km2), all of it land.

The Peace River, which flows south to Punta Gorda, forms part of the northern town boundary. Pioneer Park Lake and Pioneer Park are also inside the town's boundaries.

## Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild winters. According to the Köppen climate classification, the Town of Zolfo Springs has a humid subtropical climate zone (*Cfa*).

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 171 |  |  |
| 1920 | 256 |  | 49.7% |
| 1930 | 272 |  | 6.3% |
| 1940 | 223 |  | −18.0% |
| 1950 | 334 |  | 49.8% |
| 1960 | 838 |  | 150.9% |
| 1970 | 1,117 |  | 33.3% |
| 1980 | 1,495 |  | 33.8% |
| 1990 | 1,219 |  | −18.5% |
| 2000 | 1,641 |  | 34.6% |
| 2010 | 1,827 |  | 11.3% |
| 2020 | 1,737 |  | −4.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 and 2020 census

**Zolfo Springs racial composition**
(Hispanics excluded from racial categories)
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)

| Race | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White (NH) | 547 | 498 | 29.94% | 28.67% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 74 | 51 | 4.05% | 2.94% |
| Native American or Alaska Native (NH) | 2 | 5 | 0.11% | 0.29% |
| Asian (NH) | 11 | 8 | 0.60% | 0.46% |
| Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian (NH) | 4 | 0 | 0.22% | 0.00% |
| Some other race (NH) | 0 | 1 | 0.00% | 0.06% |
| Two or more races/Multiracial (NH) | 12 | 39 | 0.66% | 2.25% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 1,177 | 1,135 | 64.42% | 65.34% |
| **Total** | **1,827** | **1,737** |  |  |
|

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,737 people, 597 households, and 513 families residing in the town.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 1,827 people, 648 households, and 552 families residing in the town.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,641 people, 497 households, and 399 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,086.5 inhabitants per square mile (419.5/km2). There were 634 housing units at an average density of 419.8 per square mile (162.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 65.69% White, 3.35% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 29.07% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 53.63% of the population.

In 2000, there were 497 households, out of which 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.26 and the average family size was 3.55.

In 2000, in the town, the population was spread out, with 32.3% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 16.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.2 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the town was $25,972, and the median income for a family was $27,188. Males had a median income of $18,603 versus $17,292 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,397. About 18.7% of families and 27.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.2% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.

## Media

## InfoBox

| Zolfo Springs, Florida | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Town of Zolfo Springs | |
| Zolfo Springs Town Hall | |
| Location in Hardee County and the state of Florida | |
| Coordinates: 27°29′46″N 81°47′49″W / 27.49611°N 81.79694°W / 27.49611; -81.79694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Hardee |
| Settled (Zolfo) | c.1877–1886 |
| Incorporated
(Town of Zolfo) | October 18, 1904 |
| Incorporated
(Town of Zolfo Springs) | September 13, 1909 |
| Government | |
| Type | Commission–Manager |
| Mayor | Rodney "Rod" Cannon |
| Vice Mayor | Dierdre "Didi" White |
| Commissioners | Martina Zuniga,
Sara Schofield, and
Guadalupe "Lupe" DeLeon |
| Town Manager | Linda Roberson |
| Town Clerk | Susan Williamson |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.74 sq mi (4.50 km2) |
| Land | 1.74 sq mi (4.50 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 66 ft (20 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,737 |
| Density | 998.85/sq mi (385.60/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 33890 |
| Area code | 863 |
| FIPS code | 12-79250 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0293628 |
| Website | www.townofzolfo.com |


title: Zhu Yi (swimmer)

abstract: Zhu Yi is a Chinese former swimmer who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Zhu Yi (swimmer)

**Zhu Yi** (born 14 September 1977) is a Chinese former swimmer who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Zhu Yi
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1977-09-14) September 14, 1977 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
| Medal record      Representing  China  World Championships (SC)  2000 Athens 100m breaststroke  Asian Games  1998 Bangkok 200m breaststroke | |


title: Zhu Yanshou

abstract: Zhu Yanshou was an officer under, and the brother-in-law of, the major warlord Yang Xingmi the military governor (Jiedushi) of Huainan Circuit late in the Chinese Tang dynasty. He contributed to many of Yang's campaigns and eventually rose to the rank of military governor of Fengguo Circuit. In 903, angry that Yang had previously insulted him, he plotted to rebel against Yang, along with other vassals of Yang's, Tian Jun the military governor of Ningguo Circuit and An Renyi (安仁義) the military prefect of Run Prefecture. Their plot was discovered by Yang, who then tricked his wife Lady Zhu into reporting to Zhu Yanshou that Yang was about to entrust Huainan Circuit to him. When Zhu reported to Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture (揚州) in response, Yang Xingmi executed him.

text:
# Zhu Yanshou

**Zhu Yanshou** (朱延壽; 870–903) was an officer under, and the brother-in-law of, the major warlord Yang Xingmi the military governor (*Jiedushi*) of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) late in the Chinese Tang dynasty. He contributed to many of Yang's campaigns and eventually rose to the rank of military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan, although Zhu did not actually control it). In 903, angry that Yang had previously insulted him, he plotted to rebel against Yang, along with other vassals of Yang's, Tian Jun the military governor of Ningguo Circuit (寧國, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui) and An Renyi (安仁義) the military prefect of Run Prefecture (潤州, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). Their plot was discovered by Yang, who then tricked his wife (Zhu's sister) Lady Zhu into reporting to Zhu Yanshou that Yang was about to entrust Huainan Circuit to him. When Zhu reported to Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture (揚州) in response, Yang Xingmi executed him.

## Background

Zhu Yanshou was born in 870 and from Shucheng (舒城, in modern Lu'an, Anhui). He appeared to be the third son among his siblings — with descriptions suggesting that he had younger brothers as well — and he had at least one older sister, who married the Huainan Circuit army officer Yang Xingmi at some point.

## Service under Yang Xingmi

It was said that Zhu Yanshou had much contributions serving under Yang Xingmi in Yang's campaigns to eventually rule Huainan, against other contenders Qin Yan, Bi Shiduo, Zhao Huang, and Sun Ru, although the first concrete reference to Zhu's acts was in 891 when Sun, then in control of Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture (揚州), was set to attack Yang Xingmi, who was then at Xuan Prefecture (宣州, in modern Xuancheng, Anhui). Yang Xingmi sent Zhu and Liu Wei (劉威) to engage Sun at Huangchi (黃池, in modern Wuhu, Anhui), but Zhu and Liu were defeated by Sun. (Sun's advances were subsequently hampered by severe flooding, however, and he withdrew.)

In 892, Sun was again attacking Yang at Xuan Prefecture, but was defeated and killed on the battlefield, allowing Yang to finally take over Huainan Circuit. Yang kept Zhu under him at Yang Prefecture, where he developed a reputation for willingness to execute people for offenses. At that time, there was much banditry at Yang Prefecture, but Yang wanted to appear lenient, so whenever bandits were captured, he would release them and allow them to take their plunders, stating to them, "Do not let Zhu Yanshou know about this," but instead secretly informing Zhu himself so that Zhu would arrest and kill them.

In 894, Wu Tao (吳討) the prefect of Huang Prefecture (黃州, in modern Wuhan, Hubei), who was under Du Hong the military governor of Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern Wuhan), offered to submit to Yang Xingmi. In response, Du put Huang Circuit under siege. Yang sent Zhu to aid Wu. When another subordinate of Du's, Feng Jingzhang (馮敬章) the prefect of Qi Prefecture (蘄州, in modern Huanggang, Hubei) tried to intercept Zhu, Zhu put Qi Prefecture under siege but was initially unable to capture it. However, it appeared that subsequently, after Wu evacuated Huang Prefecture, Yang's forces were nevertheless able to hold it.

In 895, Yang was attacking Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an), whose previously deceased prefect Jiang Yanwen (江彥溫) had earlier submitted to Yang's rival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan). The siege was initially unsuccessful, and Yang was set to withdraw, when Zhu requested that he be allowed one more opportunity to capture it, and he did, taking Jiang's son and successor Jiang Congxu (江從勗) captive. Yang made Zhu the deputy military governor of Huainan, and then the military prefect (團練使, *Tuanlianshi*) of Shou Prefecture. When Xuanwu forces subsequently counterattacked with several tens of thousands of soldiers, Zhu only had several thousand soldiers. He sent the officer Li Hou (李厚) with 250 cavalry soldiers to try to repel the Xuanwu soldiers, but Li was unable to do succeed. Zhu was set to execute him, but due to Li's own plea and those of fellow officer Chai Zaiyong (柴再用), agreed to give Li 125 more soldiers to try again. With Li fighting to the death, aided by Chai and Zhu himself, the Xuanwu army was repelled.

In 896, Zhu again put Qi Prefecture under siege, but was initially unable to capture it due to the efforts of Feng and Feng's officer Jia Gongduo (賈公鐸). Chai volunteered to try to persuade Jia to surrender, and after Chai analyzed the situation with Jia, both Jia and Feng surrendered. Zhu then further attacked and captured Guang Prefecture (光州, in modern Xinyang, Henan), killing its prefect Liu Cun (劉存).

In 897, Zhu Quanzhong launched a major attack on Huainan, having his general Pang Shigu (龐師古) head directly toward Yang Prefecture, while sending another general, Ge Congzhou, to attack Shou Prefecture. Zhu repelled Ge's initial attacks, and after Yang Xingmi and Zhu Jin defeated and killed Pang at the Battle of Qingkou (清口, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu), Ge withdrew. Zhu gave chase and inflicted severe losses on Ge's army, although Ge himself escaped.

In 902, with then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong under siege by Zhu Quanzhong at Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), (after having forcibly been taken there by the powerful eunuchs, led by Han Quanhui, in 901 and with the leading chancellor Cui Yin then encouraging Zhu to attack Fengxiang to retrieve the emperor), Emperor Zhaozong issued an edict creating Yang the Prince of Wu and making him the supreme commander of the southeastern circuits, ordering him to attack Zhu Quanzhong. As part of the order, Zhu Yanshou was made the military governor of Fengguo Circuit, even though he did not then possess Fengguo's traditional capital Cai Prefecture (蔡州).

Zhu was said to be a strict governor, who liked to be outnumbered on the battlefield. On one occasion, when he sent 200 men to engage Xuanwu forces, there was another soldier who was supposed to remain, but who asked to go to fight the Xuanwu forces. Zhu, stating that he had violated orders, executed him.

## Death

Over the years, Zhu Yanshou's anger toward his brother-in-law Yang Xingmi had grown, because Yang had repeatedly made fun of him. When two other vassals of Yang's, Tian Jun the military governor of Ningguo Circuit and An Renyi the military prefect of Run Prefecture, rebelled against Yang in 903, Tian sent messengers to Zhu to invite him to join the rebellion. Tian's initial messengers were intercepted (and killed) by Yang's officer Shang Gongnai (尚公乃), but eventually Tian's messenger Du Xunhe (杜荀鶴) arrived at Shou Prefecture and persuaded Zhu to join the rebellion.

However, Zhu's involvement soon became known by Yang. Yang pretended to be going blind in the presence of Zhu's messengers to him and also in the presence of Lady Zhu. He stated to Lady Zhu, "It is unfortunate that I'm going blind. The children are all young. I will entrust the headquarters to their third uncle \[(i.e., Zhu Yanshou)\]." Lady Zhu related this to Zhu Yanshou, and he believed this to be true. When Yang sent a messenger to summon him, then, he decided to report to Yang Prefecture, against the advice of his wife Lady Wang. Lady Wang, however, was able to persuade him to send a messenger to her daily so that she could be assured that he was still safe.

Meanwhile, Yang had his guard commander Xu Wen prepare for Zhu's arrival. When Zhu reached Yang Prefecture, Yang welcomed him into the bedroom, and then surprised and killed him there. His soldiers were initially panicking, but Xu comforted them, and they submitted to Xu. Yang then slaughtered Zhu's brothers and divorced Lady Zhu. Meanwhile, when Lady Wang saw one day that no messenger was arriving, she knew that something was wrong, and she armed her servants. When soldiers from Yang Prefecture arrived to arrest her and the other family members, she was able to defend the mansion for some time. She gathered the treasures and set fire to the mansion, stating, "I will not let my pure body be humiliated by the enemies." She then jumped into the fire and died.

## Notes and references

1. *New Book of Tang*, vol. 189.
2. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 264.
3. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 258.
4. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 259.
5. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 260.
6. Zhu Yanshou's biography in the *New Book of Tang* referred to the deceased prefect as Gao Yanwen (高彥溫), which appeared to be an error.
7. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 261.
8. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 263.
9. *Zizhi Tongjian*, vol. 262.


title: National Wholesale Liquidators

abstract: National Wholesale Liquidators is a Brooklyn, New York-based company that operates warehouse-style closeout discount stores. It offers a mix of brand-name items, everyday household items, and furniture. National Wholesale Liquidators carries over 120,000 items. The company also offers appliances, automotive products, bath towels, bedding, carpets and floor covers, detergents and cleaning products, electrical hardware, electronics, food products, furniture outdoor, giftware, health and beauty aids, holiday decorative, and household storage products. In addition, it offers indoor furniture, jewelry, kitchen towels-linens, luggage, men's apparel and fragrances, paint and sundries, paper goods and supplies, personal umbrellas, pet supplies, sporting goods, vacuums and accessories, video games, and women's fragrances. At its peak, the company operated more than 50 stores in Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. The chain filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in November 2008. and, following a bankruptcy court auction, moved to close 35 of its 45 stores in December 2008. The Chapter 11 reorganization was converted to Chapter 7 liquidation on February 26, 2009. Some of NWL's assets were acquired out of bankruptcy by NSC Wholesale Holdings Inc., operated by former NWL executives. As of February 2018, NWL operated 12 retail locations in Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. The company filed for bankruptcy again in October 2018 and closed its 11 remaining stores. A group of former managers purchased the name and intellectual property, and opened two stores: its longtime location in Brooklyn and the previous incarnation's location in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a former Kmart, in early 2019. The company opened an additional store on Long Island in Massapequa, NY in November, 2019.

text:
# National Wholesale Liquidators

**National Wholesale Liquidators** is a Brooklyn, New York-based company that operates warehouse-style closeout discount stores. It offers a mix of brand-name items, everyday household items, and furniture. National Wholesale Liquidators carries over 120,000 items. The company also offers appliances, automotive products, bath towels, bedding, carpets and floor covers, detergents and cleaning products, electrical hardware, electronics, food products, furniture outdoor, giftware, health and beauty aids, holiday decorative, and household storage products. In addition, it offers indoor furniture, jewelry, kitchen towels-linens, luggage, men's apparel and fragrances, paint and sundries, paper goods and supplies, personal umbrellas, pet supplies, sporting goods, vacuums and accessories, video games, and women's fragrances.

At its peak, the company operated more than 50 stores in Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. The chain filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in November 2008. and, following a bankruptcy court auction, moved to close 35 of its 45 stores in December 2008. The Chapter 11 reorganization was converted to Chapter 7 liquidation on February 26, 2009. Some of NWL's assets were acquired out of bankruptcy by NSC Wholesale Holdings Inc., operated by former NWL executives. As of February 2018, NWL operated 12 retail locations in Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.

The company filed for bankruptcy again in October 2018 and closed its 11 remaining stores. A group of former managers purchased the name and intellectual property, and opened two stores: its longtime location in Brooklyn and the previous incarnation's location in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a former Kmart, in early 2019. The company opened an additional store on Long Island in Massapequa, NY (a former Toys R Us) in November, 2019.

## InfoBox

National Wholesale Liquidators
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Discount stores |
| Headquarters | Brooklyn, New York, United States |
| Area served | Eastern and Midwestern United States |
| Website | http://www.nwl.me |


title: National Wildflower Centre

abstract: The National Wildflower Centre opened in the Knowsley borough of Merseyside, England, in 2000 as a Millennium project, funded by the Millennium Commission and Big Lottery. It closed at this location in January 2017 and the Eden Project stepped in to save its legacy and build a new partnership from its new southwest base. Originally located in Court Hey Park, Liverpool, the visitor attraction was hoped to regenerate and help communities in the local area. The centre was designed around the concept of Wildflowers. This was combined with a visitor centre, a shop and a cafe. The National Wildflower Centre is now based at the Eden Project, Cornwall. It continues its work nationally, particularly focusing on urban ecological regeneration in cities such as Liverpool and Manchester, and the establishment of local provenance seed for projects in southwest England. Several meadows have been established on the Eden Project site and are accessible to the public free of charge. The original attraction remained in operation until the early months of 2017, when owner and operator Landlife went into liquidation and, subsequently, the National Wildflower Centre was closed in order to raise funds. Landlife blamed decreasing visitor numbers, expensive maintenance of the buildings and grounds, and a new threat, severe vandalism. Landlife also blamed the contractor that constructed the buildings, Kier Group. Landlife claimed that in just 16 years, the buildings had visibly badly weathered and the roof of the visitor centre and cafe would regularly leak water. Since the attraction's closure, the site's entrances have been sealed and windows boarded up. In 2019, Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council announced that they were looking for a buyer for the site. If successful, the site would be refurbished.

text:
# National Wildflower Centre

**The National Wildflower Centre** opened in the Knowsley borough of Merseyside, England, in 2000 as a Millennium project, funded by the Millennium Commission and Big Lottery. It closed at this location in January 2017 and the Eden Project stepped in to save its legacy and build a new partnership from its new southwest base. Originally located in Court Hey Park, Liverpool, the visitor attraction was hoped to regenerate and help communities in the local area. The centre was designed around the concept of Wildflowers. This was combined with a visitor centre, a shop and a cafe.

The National Wildflower Centre is now based at the Eden Project, Cornwall. It continues its work nationally, particularly focusing on urban ecological regeneration in cities such as Liverpool and Manchester, and the establishment of local provenance seed for projects in southwest England. Several meadows have been established on the Eden Project site and are accessible to the public free of charge.

The original attraction remained in operation until the early months of 2017, when owner and operator Landlife went into liquidation and, subsequently, the National Wildflower Centre was closed in order to raise funds. Landlife blamed decreasing visitor numbers, expensive maintenance of the buildings and grounds, and a new threat, severe vandalism. Landlife also blamed the contractor that constructed the buildings, Kier Group. Landlife claimed that in just 16 years, the buildings had visibly badly weathered and the roof of the visitor centre and cafe would regularly leak water. Since the attraction's closure, the site's entrances have been sealed and windows boarded up. In 2019, Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council announced that they were looking for a buyer for the site. If successful, the site would be refurbished.

50°21′36″N 4°44′38″W / 50.360°N 4.744°W / 50.360; -4.744

## InfoBox

National Wildflower Centre
| A planting established by the National Wildflower Centre at the Eden Project | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 2000 |
| Location | Court Hey Park, Liverpool (2000–2017); Eden Project, Cornwall, England (2017 onwards) |
| Owner | Eden Project |
| Website | www.edenproject.com/eden-story/our-ethos/national-wildflower-centre |


title: Zoran Despotović

abstract: Zoran Despotović is a politician in Serbia. He is currently serving his second term in the National Assembly of Serbia as a member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party.

text:
# Zoran Despotović

**Zoran Despotović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Зоран Деспотовић; born 13 January 1965) is a politician in Serbia. He is currently serving his second term in the National Assembly of Serbia as a member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party.

## Private career

Despotović is a veterinary technician based in Prijepolje.

## Political career

Despotović received the 108th position on the Radical Party's electoral list in 2000 Serbian parliamentary election. The party won twenty-two seats, and he was not included in its assembly delegation. (From 2000 to 2011, Serbian parliamentary mandates were awarded to sponsoring parties or coalitions rather than to individual candidates, and it was common practice for mandates to be awarded out of numerical order. Despotović could have been awarded a mandate despite his low position on the list, although in the event he was not.)

He was again included on the Radical Party's list for the 2007 parliamentary election, receiving the 225th position. The party won eighty-one seats, and Despotović was awarded a mandate. Although the Radical Party won the largest number of seats in this election, it fell well short of a majority and ultimately served in opposition. The assembly dissolved in early 2008 for new elections; the Radicals fell to seventy-eight seats, and Despotović, who received the 123rd position on the party's list, was not included in its delegation in next sitting of the assembly.

The Radical Party experienced a serious split in late 2008, with many members joining the breakaway Serbian Progressive Party led by Tomislav Nikolić and Aleksandar Vučić. Despotović remained with the Radicals.

Serbia's electoral system was reformed in 2011, such that parliamentary mandates were awarded in numerical order to candidates on successful lists. Despotović received the twenty-fifth position on the Radical Party's electoral list in the 2012 election and the seventeenth position in the 2014 election. The part did not cross the electoral threshold to win representation in the assembly on either occasion.

Despotović received the twenty-sixth position on the party's electoral list in the 2016 Serbian parliamentary election. The party won twenty-two seats in this election, and he was not immediately elected. He was, however, able to take a mandate in the assembly on April 17, 2018, as a replacement for Zoran Krasić, who had died a few days earlier. Despotović once again serves as an opposition member.

Despotović also served on Prijepolje's municipal council (i.e., the executive branch of the municipal government) from 2012 to 2016 and was elected to its municipal assembly in 2016.

1. ZORAN DESPOTOVIC, National Assembly of Serbia, accessed 21 April 2018.
2. Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 23. децембра 2000. године и 10. јануара 2001. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Српска радикална странка – др Војислав Шешељ), Republika Srbija - Republička izborna komisija, accessed 17 February 2017.
3. Serbia's Law on the Election of Representatives (2000) stipulated that parliamentary mandates would be awarded to electoral lists (Article 80) that crossed the electoral threshold (Article 81), that mandates would be given to candidates appearing on the relevant lists (Article 83), and that the submitters of the lists were responsible for selecting their parliamentary delegations within ten days of the final results being published (Article 84). See Law on the Election of Representatives, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2000, made available via LegislationOnline, accessed 28 February 2017.
4. Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 21. јануара и 8. фебрауара 2007. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (Српска радикална странка - др Војислав Шешељ), Republika Srbija - Republička izborna komisija, accessed 17 February 2017.
5. 14 February 2007 legislature, National Assembly of Serbia, accessed 21 April 2018.
6. Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 11. маја 2008. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (СРПСКА РАДИКАЛНА СТРАНКА - Др ВОЈИСЛАВ ШЕШЕЉ), Republika Srbija - Republička izborna komisija, accessed 17 February 2017.
7. Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине, 6. мај 2012. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (СРПСКА РАДИКАЛНА СТРАНКА - ДР ВОЈИСЛАВ ШЕШЕЉ), Republika Srbija - Republička izborna komisija, accessed 11 April 2017.
8. Избори за народне посланике 2016. године » Изборне листе (Др ВОЈИСЛАВ ШЕШЕЉ - СРПСКА РАДИКАЛНА СТРАНКА), Republika Srbija - Republička izborna komisija, accessed 2 March 2017.
9. Додела мандата (Одлука о додели мандата народног посланика ради попуне упражњених посланичких места у Народној скупштини од 17. априла 2018. године), Republika Srbija - Republička izborna komisija, accessed 18 March 2017.
10. Одборници (ОДБОРНИЦИ СКУПШТИНЕ ОПШТИНЕ ПРИЈЕПОЉЕ), opstinaprijepolje.rs, accessed 21 April 2018.
11. Indira Hadžagić, "Интервју: Зоран Деспотовић, члан Општинског већа СЕЛО НАМ ДАЈЕ НОВИ ОПТИМИЗАМ", listpolimlje.info, 29 March 2016, accessed 18 April 2018.


title: Naze, Imo

abstract: Naze is a town in southeastern Nigeria, 408 km south of Abuja, the country's capital. It is located in the Owerri North local government area of Imo State. Alaenyi comprises five towns: Ihitte-Ogada, Awaka, Egbu, Naze and Owerri-Nchi-Ise. Naze is made up of six villages: Umuorie, Ezeakiri, Umuosu, Umuezuo, Okpuala, and Umuakali. The market is Nkwo Naze, hitherto known as Amara – Isu where traders from hinterlands (Isomas) came to see civil society. Today Naze is regarded for its farmers markets, vegetable stands, and large churches. The people of Naze embraced Western education early on, and two mission schools, St Jude's Catholic School and St John's Anglican School, were established in the 19th and early 20th century. Because of this, many Nigerian statesmen have come from Naze, including Pa J.K. Nzerem, Pa Udo Ahana, Pa James Udeh, Pa Ihebuzor, Pa Oleru, Pa Emmanuel Onyiriuka, Pa Emeana, Pa Vincent Onyewuotu, Pa Daniel Onyewuotu, Pa Julius Amadi, Pa Theophilus Ihenacho, Pa Stephen Merenini, Pa Ngoka, Pa Benny Nzeh, Engr. Amadi Amechi, and Pa Cyril Udeh. Ancient History Naze originally has 8 villages namely Umuorie, Ezeakiri, Umuosu, Umuezuo, Umuakai, Okpala, Nneagu, Nwarioke The last two Nneagu and Nwarioke has been swallow up in the remaining six villages. Nwarioke is the present day Maduakola's compound in Umuosu Naze. Remnants of Nneagu can be found in Umuakali. Umuosu Naze Umuosu is a village in Naze community with 6 kindred namely Umuariabuo, Umuorieleke, Umumbirihe, Umulumohiri, Umuarioke, Umuibo namba Umuariabuo Kindred Umuariabuo is a kindred in Umuosu village Naze community. It shares a boundary with Egbu community, Umuakali Village, Umuorie village and Umuezuo Village. Umuariabuo History: Ariabuo the founder of Umuariabuo Kindred gave birth to 5 children namely Odu, Egbudike, Okaroafor, Chukwukere and Nwaogu. Okoroafor gave birth to Agunwa, Ejelonu Onyeagoro, Onyemechara, Oguike and Anyanwu. Whereas Oguike and Anyanwu did not give birth to male children same with Odu, Egbudike, Chukwukere and Nwogu. Agunwa gave birth to Daniel. Ejelonu who married two wives gave birth to Onyewuotu and Merenini from one wife; Naze and Ekezie from the second wife. Onyeagoro gave birth to Nkwaze, Onyemechara gave birth to Joseph. Okpuala Naze Okpuala is one of the six villages that make up present day NAZE Autonomous Community. Okpuala is the second to the youngest village in Naze, followed by Umuakali which is the youngest village in Naze. Okpuala is made up of three kindreds namely Umuiwuala kindred, Lebigam Kindred and Ihenacho Kindred. The three kindreds are now merged into two for ease of coordination. The two kindreds are now Umu Iwuala/Lebigam Kindred and Ihenacho Kindred. The two kindreds have one Oha Naze each. They are Oha Pa Cyril Ihenacho from the Ihenacho kindred and Oha Pa Iheanyi Egolu from Umu Iwuala/Lebigam Kindred. Both represent Okpuala at the Oha Naze council of elders forum. The two kindreds also have great sons and daughters who are well respected in the country and also in the diaspora. Okpuala has some recognized high chiefs who are members of the Naze Eze- in-Council. Notably High Chief / Sir Ejike George Igbo and High Chief Anayo George Igbo both of the Umu Iwuala Kindred.

text:
# Naze, Imo

**Naze** is a town in southeastern Nigeria, 408 km south of Abuja, the country's capital. It is located in the Owerri North local government area of Imo State.

Alaenyi comprises five towns: Ihitte-Ogada, Awaka, Egbu, Naze and Owerri-Nchi-Ise. Naze is made up of six villages: Umuorie, Ezeakiri, Umuosu, Umuezuo, Okpuala, and Umuakali. The market is Nkwo Naze, hitherto known as Amara – Isu where traders from hinterlands (Isomas) came to see civil society. Today Naze is regarded for its farmers markets, vegetable stands, and large churches.

The people of Naze embraced Western education early on, and two mission schools, St Jude's Catholic School and St John's Anglican School, were established in the 19th and early 20th century. Because of this, many Nigerian statesmen have come from Naze, including Pa J.K. Nzerem, Pa Udo Ahana, Pa James Udeh, Pa Ihebuzor, Pa Oleru, Pa Emmanuel Onyiriuka, Pa Emeana, Pa Vincent Onyewuotu, Pa Daniel Onyewuotu, Pa Julius Amadi, Pa Theophilus Ihenacho, Pa Stephen Merenini, Pa Ngoka, Pa Benny Nzeh, Engr. Amadi Amechi, and Pa Cyril Udeh.

**Ancient History**

Naze originally has 8 villages namely Umuorie, Ezeakiri, Umuosu, Umuezuo, Umuakai, Okpala, Nneagu, Nwarioke

The last two Nneagu and Nwarioke has been swallow up in the remaining six villages. Nwarioke is the present day Maduakola's compound in Umuosu Naze. Remnants of Nneagu can be found in Umuakali.

**Umuosu Naze**

Umuosu is a village in Naze community with 6 kindred namely Umuariabuo, Umuorieleke, Umumbirihe, Umulumohiri, Umuarioke, Umuibo namba

**Umuariabuo Kindred**

Umuariabuo is a kindred in Umuosu village Naze community. It shares a boundary with Egbu community, Umuakali Village, Umuorie village and Umuezuo Village.

**Umuariabuo History:** Ariabuo the founder of Umuariabuo Kindred gave birth to 5 children namely Odu, Egbudike, Okaroafor, Chukwukere and Nwaogu. Okoroafor gave birth to Agunwa, Ejelonu Onyeagoro, Onyemechara, Oguike and Anyanwu . Whereas Oguike and Anyanwu did not give birth to male children same with Odu, Egbudike, Chukwukere and Nwogu. Agunwa gave birth to Daniel. Ejelonu who married two wives gave birth to Onyewuotu and Merenini from one wife; Naze and Ekezie from the second wife. Onyeagoro gave birth to Nkwaze, Onyemechara gave birth to Joseph.

**Okpuala Naze**

Okpuala is one of the six villages that make up present day NAZE Autonomous Community. Okpuala is the second to the youngest village in Naze, followed by Umuakali which is the youngest village in Naze. Okpuala is made up of three kindreds namely Umuiwuala kindred, Lebigam Kindred and Ihenacho Kindred. The three kindreds are now merged into two for ease of coordination. The two kindreds are now Umu Iwuala/Lebigam Kindred and Ihenacho Kindred. The two kindreds have one Oha Naze each. They are Oha Pa Cyril Ihenacho from the Ihenacho kindred and Oha Pa Iheanyi Egolu from Umu Iwuala/Lebigam Kindred. Both represent Okpuala at the Oha Naze council of elders forum. The two kindreds also have great sons and daughters who are well respected in the country and also in the diaspora. Okpuala has some recognized high chiefs who are members of the Naze Eze- in-Council. Notably High Chief / Sir Ejike George Igbo ( Akuoma 1 of Naze) and High Chief Anayo George Igbo (Okenwa 1 of Naze) both of the Umu Iwuala Kindred.

## InfoBox

| Naze | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Coordinates: 5°26′N 7°4′E / 5.433°N 7.067°E / 5.433; 7.0675°26′N 7°4′E / 5.433°N 7.067°E / 5.433; 7.067 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Imo State |
| Elevation | 74 m (243 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (Africa/Lagos) |


title: Naze Tower

abstract: The Hanoverian tower, more commonly known as the Naze Tower, is situated at the start of the open area of the Naze. It was a navigational tower, constructed to assist ships on this otherwise fairly feature-less coast. Visitors can climb the 111-step spiral staircase to the top of the 86-foot (26 m) tower for a 360 degree view of the beach and countryside. The Naze Tower features a museum with exhibits about the tower, the ecology and geology of the Naze, and the coastal erosion problem. The tower also features a private art gallery on six floors with changing exhibits several times a year, and a tea room. The tower is privately owned.

text:
# Naze Tower

The Hanoverian tower, more commonly known as the **Naze Tower**, is situated at the start of the open area of the Naze. It was a navigational tower, constructed to assist ships on this otherwise fairly feature-less coast. Visitors can climb the 111-step spiral staircase to the top of the 86-foot (26 m) tower for a 360 degree view of the beach and countryside. The Naze Tower features a museum with exhibits about the tower, the ecology and geology of the Naze, and the coastal erosion problem. The tower also features a private art gallery on six floors with changing exhibits several times a year, and a tea room. The tower is privately owned.

## History

The present tower was built in 1720–21 by Trinity House, and was intended to work in conjunction with Walton Hall Tower to guide vessels through the Goldmer Gap. Towers at Naze and at Walton Hall are marked on a map of 1673 by Richard Blome, which in turn was based on a map drawn up in the late 1500s. The present Naze Tower therefore replaced an earlier construction at a similar location. It was of particular benefit to ships using the nearby port of Harwich. Both the current Naze Tower and its predecessor had beacons or lamps lit at the top, providing an early form of lighthouse.

Over the years, the tower has had a variety of uses. In the eighteenth century it was a tea house, operated by the actress and aristocrats' mistress, Martha Reay. It was a lookout during the Napoleonic Wars and again during the Great War of 1914–18. In the Second World War it was used as a radar station, with its crenellations removed to accommodate a radar dish.

Naze Tower was given Grade II\* listed status in 1984 by English Heritage. Since 1986, it has been in private ownership.

The view south from the top of Naze Tower, looking over the Naze to Walton town and pier

## InfoBox

Naze Tower
| Naze Tower | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Near Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex, England |
| OS grid | TM2648623539 |
| Coordinates | 51°52′08″N 1°16′46″E / 51.868966°N 1.279564°E / 51.868966; 1.279564 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1720 |
| Construction | Brick |
| Height | 86 ft (26 m) |
| Shape | Octagonal |
| Heritage | Grade II\* listed building |
|  | |


title: Zieleniew, Gmina Krośniewice

abstract: Zieleniew is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krośniewice, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Krośniewice, 20 km (12 mi) west of Kutno, and 50 km (31 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Zieleniew, Gmina Krośniewice

**Zieleniew** \[ʑɛˈlɛɲɛf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krośniewice, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Krośniewice, 20 km (12 mi) west of Kutno, and 50 km (31 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Zieleniew | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zieleniew | |
| Coordinates: 52°10′N 19°6′E / 52.167°N 19.100°E / 52.167; 19.100 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Kutno |
| Gmina | Krośniewice |


title: Ndejje University FC

abstract: Ndejje University Football Club, also NDU Lions, were a Ugandan University football club from Ndejje, in Luwero District. They have mostly played in the second division of Ugandan football but appeared in the top flight for the 2018–19 season. The club was affiliated with Ndejje University, the second Ugandan team in the Uganda Premier League to be affiliated with an educational institution after Kirinya–Jinja Senior Secondary School FC now Busoga United, which is affiliated with Jinja Senior Secondary School.

text:
# Ndejje University FC

**Ndejje University Football Club**, also **NDU Lions**, were a Ugandan University football club from Ndejje, in Luwero District. They have mostly played in the second division of Ugandan football but appeared in the top flight for the 2018–19 season.

The club was affiliated with Ndejje University, the second Ugandan team in the Uganda Premier League to be affiliated with an educational institution after Kirinya–Jinja Senior Secondary School FC now Busoga United, which is affiliated with *Jinja Senior Secondary School*.

## History

Ndejje were one of the founding clubs of the FUFA Big League in 2009.

Ndejje were promoted to the Uganda Premier League after winning the Elgon group and their promotion from the FUFA Big League in the 2017/2018 football season.

The *NDU Lions* were relegated after one season in the top flight after losing 1–0 to Onduparaka FC on the second to last matchday of the 2019 season.

However at the half season of BetPawa FUFA Big League, Ndejje University administration decided to disband the club citing a number of reasons including low revenue generation and poor performances. All the players that were registered in the club's system were then relieved by FUFA and considered free agents.

## Statistics

### Ndejje University FC Results

| Date | Opponent | Score | WDL |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Saturday, 4th.05.23 | Busoga United FC | *0‑0* | **D** |
| Thursday 2nd.05.23 | Onduparaka FC | *0‑1* | **L** |
| Tuesday 23rd.04.23 | KCCA FC | *1‑1* | **D** |
| Tuesday 16th.04.23 | SC Villa | *0‑0* | **D** |
| Tuesday 9th.04.23 | Nyamityobora FC | *3‑1* | **W** |
| Friday 5th.04.23 | Bul FC | *1‑1* | **D** |
| Wednesday 13th.04.23 | Mbarara City FC | *0‑0* | **D** |
| Tuesday 05th.03.23 | Vipers FC | *2‑1* | **W** |
| Saturday 2nd.03.23 | Bright Stars FC | *0‑3* | **L** |
| Tuesday 26th.02.23 | Express FC | *0‑1* | **L** |

## Non playing squad

The late Raymond Timothy Komakech was the team's longest serving coach who unfortunately succumbed to kidney failure. He also managed four games for Ndejje University FC. Asuman Lubowa, the Team's Technical Director was then expected to assume the coaching role on interim basis.

## Honours

* **FUFA Big League** Champions, 2017–18
* **FUFA Big League** Fairplay Team, 2022–24

## InfoBox

Ndejje University Football Club
| Full name | Ndejje University Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | NDU Lions, The Learners |
| Dissolved | 2024 |
| Stadium | Arena of Visions, Ndejje University |
| Owner | Ndejje University |
| League | FUFA Big League |
| BetPawa 2023–24 | BetPawa Big League, 14th, *Disbanded* |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Zsolt Kerekes

abstract: Zsolt Kerekes is a Hungarian figure skating coach and former competitor. He is the 1994 Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion, a two-time Karl Schäfer Memorial silver medalist, and a two-time Hungarian national champion.

text:
# Zsolt Kerekes

**Zsolt Kerekes** (born 1973) is a Hungarian figure skating coach and former competitor. He is the 1994 Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion, a two-time Karl Schäfer Memorial silver medalist, and a two-time Hungarian national champion.

## Career

On the ice from the age of five, Kerekes was coached by Mária Bogyó-Löffler from 1977 to 1984 and then by Cornel Munteanu through 1992. He was a member of Budapesti Korcsolyázó Egylet (Budapest Skating Club).

Kerekes was coached by the Czakos in the 1993–94 season. After obtaining silver medals at the 1993 Karl Schäfer Memorial and Ondrej Nepela Memorial, he won his first senior national title and was named in Hungary's team to the 1994 European Championships. He placed 6th in qualifying group A, 8th in the short program, 16th in the free skate, and 13th overall at the event in Copenhagen, Denmark. At his next major assignment, the 1994 World Championships in Chiba, Japan, he finished 10th in qualifying group B, 17th in the short program, 15th in the free skate, and 16th overall.

László Vajda was his coach in the 1994–95 season. Kerekes placed 6th at the 1994 Skate Canada International and 5th at the 1994 Trophée de France. He won silver at the 1994 Karl Schäfer Memorial, gold at the Ondrej Nepela Memorial, and gold at the Hungarian Championships. He concluded his competitive career in March 1995 at the World Championships in Birmingham, England; ranked 9th in the short and 11th in the free, he finished 10th overall.

After retiring from competition, Kerekes performed in ice shows and became a coach. He coached Manouk Gijsman, a three-time Dutch champion, in Zoetermeer, Netherlands; and Zahra Lari, the first skater to represent the United Arab Emirates in an International Skating Union competition, at the Zayed Sports City ice rink in Abu Dhabi.

## Competitive highlights

| International | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 1993–94 | 1994–95 |
| World Championships | 16th | 10th |
| European Championships | 13th |  |
| Skate Canada International |  | 6th |
| Trophée de France |  | 5th |
| Karl Schäfer Memorial | 2nd | 2nd |
| Ondrej Nepela Memorial | 2nd | 1st |
| National | | |
| Hungarian Championships | 1st | 1st |

## InfoBox

| Zsolt Kerekes | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1973 |
| Figure skating career | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Coach | László Vajda
Czako
Cornel Munteanu
Mária Bogyó-Löffler |
| Skating club | Budapesti Korcsolyázó Egylet |
| Began skating | 1977 |
| Retired | 1995 |


title: Zsolt Koncz

abstract: Zsolt Koncz is a Hungarian football player who currently plays for Ceglédi VSE.

text:
# Zsolt Koncz

**Zsolt Koncz** (born 18 September 1977 in Szentes) is a Hungarian football player who currently plays for Ceglédi VSE.

This article has been written based on the Magyar version of Wikipedia *hu:Koncz Zsolt

## InfoBox

Zsolt Koncz
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Zsolt Koncz | | |
| Date of birth | (1977-09-18) 18 September 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | Szentes, Hungary | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Cegléd | | |
| Number | 15 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1994–1996 | Szeged | | |
| 1996–1998 | Győr | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1998–2000 | Kunszentmárton TE | 3 | (0) |
| 2000–2001 | Csongrád | 42 | (7) |
| 2001–2005 | Szentes | 30 | (21) |
| 2005–2008 | Orosháza | 65 | (21) |
| 2008–2011 | Kecskemét | 54 | (4) |
| 2011– | Cegléd | 97 | (28) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 1 June 2014 | | | |


title: Zsolt Korcsmár

abstract: Zsolt Korcsmár is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back and right-back.

text:
# Zsolt Korcsmár

**Zsolt Korcsmár** (Hungarian: \[ˈʒolt ˈkort͡ʃmaːr\]; born 9 January 1989) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back and right-back.

## Club career

### Újpest

Korcsmár played his first match in the Hungarian National Championship I against Budapest Honvéd FC in 2006. In the following season, he scored his first goal in the championship against Győri ETO FC. He joined Premier League side West Ham United for a two-week trial in December 2007. He played 96 matches and scored 12 goals in Újpest FC.

In the winter of 2010, Korcsmár tried out for several teams including SK Brann where he scored a goal in a friendly against Las Palmas. On 19 July 2010, Újpest FC and Brann announced that Korcsmár was loaned to SK Brann for the remainder of the 2010 season with an option for Brann to make the move permanent. The investment company Hardball helped Brann finance the transfer.

### Brann

In January 2011, Korcsmár joined the Norwegian club SK Brann, where he played on loan from the Hungarian club Újpest FC. In his first season, Korcsmár played 811 minutes.

### Greuther Fürth

It was officially confirmed on 14 May 2013 that Korcsmár would start the next season with German-side Greuther Fürth. He made his debut in the DFB-Pokal, against Pfeddersheim at an eventual 2–0 away win, where he scored the opening goal. On 30 August 2013, he made his debut in the 2. Bundesliga, against FSV Frankfurt at an eventual 1–1 away draw, where he played the full 90 minutes.

### Vasas SC

He moved to Vasas SC on 1 February 2016.

## International career

Korcsmár was captain of Hungary under-21 national team. He was part of the Hungary U20 squad that won the bronze medal in the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He played his first international match for the Hungary national team against Iceland at the Puskás Ferenc Stadium in August 2011. The match ended 4–0.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 15 March 2015*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Season | Club | League | | | Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Brann | 2010 | Tippeligaen | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| | 2011 | | 28 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 32 | 4 |
| | 2012 | | 26 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 31 | 5 |
| | 2013 | | 15 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 1 |
| Greuther Fürth | 2013–14 | 2. Bundesliga | 10 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 12 | 1 |
| | 2014–15 | | 20 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 109 | 7 | 14 | 5 | 123 | 12 |

### International

Appearances and goals by national team and year
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hungary | 2011 | 5 | 0 |
| | 2012 | 9 | 0 |
| | 2013 | 8 | 0 |
| | 2014 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2015 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2016 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2017 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | | 26 | 0 |

## Honours

## InfoBox

Zsolt Korcsmár
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Zsolt Korcsmár | | |
| Date of birth | (1989-01-09) 9 January 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Komló, Hungary | | |
| Height | 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back, Right-back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Os TF<br>(player, assistant coach & youth coach) | | |
| Number | 21 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1995–1998 | Pécs Góliát FC | | |
| 1998–2000 | Komlói Góliát FC | | |
| 2000–2002 | Pécsi MFC | | |
| 2002–2005 | Újpest | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005–2011 | Újpest | 96 | (12) |
| 2010 | Brann (loan) | 10 | (0) |
| 2011–2013 | Brann | 69 | (6) |
| 2013–2016 | Greuther Fürth | 35 | (1) |
| 2016–2017 | Vasas SC | 37 | (3) |
| 2017–2020 | Midtjylland | 28 | (2) |
| 2020– | Os TF |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2007–2008 | Hungary U19 | 8 | (0) |
| 2009 | Hungary U20 | 5 | (1) |
| 2008–2010 | Hungary U21 | 11 | (2) |
| 2011–2017 | Hungary | 26 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2021– | Os TF (assistant) | | |
| 2021– | Os TF (youth coach) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Zindlenspitz

abstract: The Zindlenspitz is a mountain of the Schwyzer Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Schwyz and Glarus. It lies on the range between the Wägitalersee and the Obersee, south of the Brünnelistock.

text:
# Zindlenspitz

The **Zindlenspitz** (2,097 m) is a mountain of the Schwyzer Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Schwyz and Glarus. It lies on the range between the Wägitalersee and the Obersee, south of the Brünnelistock.

## InfoBox

| Zindlenspitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Zindlenspitz (right) from Rossalpelispitz (north side) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,097 m (6,880 ft) |
| Prominence | 195 m (640 ft) |
| Parent peak | Brünnelistock |
| Coordinates | 47°4′34.5″N 8°57′36″E / 47.076250°N 8.96000°E / 47.076250; 8.96000 |
| Geography | |
| ZindlenspitzLocation in Switzerland | |
| Location | Schwyz/Glarus, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Schwyzer Alps |


title: Navy Strike

abstract: Navy Strike is a 1995 combat flight simulation video game developed by Rowan Software and published by Empire Interactive for the MS-DOS.

text:
# Navy Strike

***Navy Strike*** is a 1995 combat flight simulation video game developed by Rowan Software and published by Empire Interactive for the MS-DOS.

## Gameplay

*Navy Strike* includes three United States Armed Forces aircraft: F-22 Raptor, F/A-18E Super Hornet, and fictional AX, resembling F-117 Nighthawk.

The game has a strategy mode called Commander Module. This feature allows the command of air assets for a naval task force in the China Sea, Persian Gulf, or Libya. The player receives orders to perform tasks like neutralizing airstrips or enforcing no-fly zones, and are given a set number of assets. The player can set paths, designate targets, watch missions on a small video screen, or choose to fly the missions themself.

VGA and SVGA graphics modes are supported.

## Reception

*Navy Strike* received generally average reviews from critics. *PC Gamer* said the game feels like *Dawn Patrol* adapted to a modern setting. It was also compared to *U.S. Navy Fighters* by saying: "If you're not interested in the Commander section, or don't care for unrealistic flight models, then U.S. Navy Fighters is the better bet." In conclusion *Navy Strike* was called "a good introductory sim". *PC Games* said the game has only inherited the weaknesses of its predecessor, *Dawn Patrol*. *PC Player* compared the game unfavorably to *U.S. Navy Fighters* and *Flight Commander 2*. *Joystick* described the 3D graphics as "fast" and mission design as "interesting" but disliked the lack of realism and sound effects. *Génération 4* liked the realism of the missions and squadron management but disliked the interface and sound.

## InfoBox

| Navy Strike | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Rowan Software |
| Publisher(s) | Empire Interactive |
| Platform(s) | MS-DOS |
| Release | 1995 |
| Genre(s) | Combat flight simulation |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: National records in athletics

abstract: National records in athletics are the marks achieved by a nation's best athlete or athletes in a particular athletics event. These records are ratified by the respective national athletics governing body. A national record may also be the respective continental record, or even the world record (WR) in that event.

text:
# National records in athletics

**National records in athletics** are the marks achieved by a nation's best athlete or athletes in a particular athletics event. These records are ratified by the respective national athletics governing body. A national record may also be the respective continental record (also called "area record" (AR)), or even the world record (WR) in that event.

## Record lists

The following articles list records for particular nations:


title: Natural key

abstract:
A natural key is a type of unique key in a database formed of attributes that exist and are used in the external world outside the database. In the relational model of data, a natural key is a superkey and is therefore a functional determinant for all attributes in a relation. A natural key serves two complementary purposes:
  - It provides a means of unique identification for data
  - It imposes a rule, specifically a uniqueness constraint, to ensure that data remains unique within an information system The uniqueness constraint assures uniqueness of data within a certain technical context by rejecting input of any data that would otherwise violate the constraint. This means that the user can rely on a guaranteed correspondence between facts identified by key values recorded in a system and the external domain of discourse. A natural key differs from a surrogate key which has no meaning outside the database itself and is not based on real-world observation or intended as a statement about the reality being modelled. A natural key therefore provides a certain data quality guarantee whereas a surrogate does not. It is common for elements of data to have several keys, any number of which may be natural or surrogate.

text:
# Natural key

A **natural key** (also known as **business key** or **domain key**) is a type of unique key in a database formed of attributes that exist and are used in the external world outside the database (i.e. in the business domain or domain of discourse). In the relational model of data, a natural key is a superkey and is therefore a functional determinant for all attributes in a relation.

A natural key serves two complementary purposes:

The uniqueness constraint assures uniqueness of data within a certain technical context (e.g. a set of values in a table, file or relation variable) by rejecting input of any data that would otherwise violate the constraint. This means that the user can rely on a guaranteed correspondence between facts identified by key values recorded in a system and the external domain of discourse (a single version of the truth according to Kimball).

A natural key differs from a surrogate key which has no meaning outside the database itself and is not based on real-world observation or intended as a statement about the reality being modelled. A natural key therefore provides a certain data quality guarantee whereas a surrogate does not. It is common for elements of data to have several keys, any number of which may be natural or surrogate.

## Advantages

The advantages of using a natural key to uniquely identify records in a relation include less disk space usage, the natural key is an attribute that is related to the business or the real world so in most cases, it is already being stored in the relation which saves disk space as compared to creating a new column for storing the surrogate key.

Another advantage of using natural keys is that it simplifies enforcement of data quality, and they are easier to relate to real life while designing the database system. They simplify the quality of data as using a natural key that is unique in the real world ensures that there cannot be multiple records with the same primary key. Comparing the database schema to a real world scenario is a huge part of designing a database schema and when a natural key is being used in the tables of the database, it makes it easy for the database engineer to engineer the database system.

## Disadvantages

Usage of natural keys as unique identifiers in a table has one main disadvantage which is the change of business rules or the change of rules of the attribute in the real world. The definition of the structure of the natural key attribute might change in the future.

For example if there is a table storing the information about US citizens, the Social Security Number would act as the natural key, Social Security Number being the natural key might pose a problem in the future if the US government changes the structure of the Social Security Number and increases the number of digits in the SSN due to some reason. In that case, the database administrator will have to change the schema of the table and perhaps also update the records of the table. In other cases, this can prevent improvements of the system altogether due to too extensive effort required for the change, e.g., the inability of the knowledge management software Confluence, to represent multiple pages with the same title.


title: Nectria

abstract: Nectria is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encountered as saprophytes on decaying wood but some species can also occur as parasites of trees, especially fruit trees and a number of other hardwood trees. Some species are significant pests causing diseases such as apple canker, Nectria twig blight, and coral spot in orchards. It is ubiquitous in cool temperate Europe and North America and appears to be an introduced species in New Zealand and Australia. The occurrence in New Zealand was first identified in 1996 in Otago and Southland although it is believed to have been present since the 1980s. In North America, Nectria infections have had economically important impacts on forestry and forest products including aspen, red oak, maple, beech, poplar, and birch. Species of Nectria also occur in warmer climates including island groups such as Hawaii. There were around 800 epithets proposed for Nectria sensu lato with 200 estimated species. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, the genus contains 82 species in 2008. 29 species are accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.

text:
# Nectria

***Nectria*** is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encountered as saprophytes on decaying wood but some species can also occur as parasites of trees, especially fruit trees (for example apple) and a number of other hardwood trees. Some species are significant pests causing diseases such as apple canker, Nectria twig blight, and coral spot in orchards.

It is ubiquitous in cool temperate Europe and North America and appears to be an introduced species in New Zealand and Australia. The occurrence in New Zealand was first identified in 1996 in Otago and Southland although it is believed to have been present since the 1980s. In North America, *Nectria* infections have had economically important impacts on forestry and forest products including aspen, red oak, maple, beech, poplar, and birch. Species of *Nectria* also occur in warmer climates including island groups such as Hawaii.

There were around 800 epithets proposed for *Nectria* sensu lato with 200 estimated species (Booth 1959, Rossman 1999). According to the *Dictionary of the Fungi* (10th edition, 2008), the genus contains 82 species in 2008. 29 species are accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.

## Selected species

## InfoBox

| *Nectria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Perithecia of an unidentified *Nectria* species | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Nectriaceae |
| Genus: | *Nectria*
(Fr.) Fr. (1849) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Nectria cinnabarina*
(Tode) Fr. (1849) | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Ephedrosphaera* Dumort. (1822)
*Chilonectria* Sacc. (1878)
*Nectria* subgen. *Aponectria* Sacc. (1878)
*Megalonectria* Speg. (1881)
*Aponectria* (Sacc.) Sacc. (1883)
*Stilbonectria* P.Karst. (1889)
*Allantonectria* Earle (1901)
*Creonectria* Seaver (1909)
*Rhodothrix* Vain. (1921)
*Styloletendraea* Weese (1924)
*Ochraceospora* Fiore (1930) | |


title: Neapolitan Way

abstract: Neapolitan Way was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. A son of Barbizon and a grandson to Polynesian, he was out of a Bold Ruler mare named Bold Majesty. Neapolitan Way is best remembered for placing second in the second jewel of the American Triple Crown, the $250,000 grade 1 Preakness Stakes, to Little Current.

text:
# Neapolitan Way

**Neapolitan Way** (Foaled January 27, 1971) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. A son of Barbizon and a grandson to Polynesian, he was out of a Bold Ruler mare named Bold Majesty. Neapolitan Way is best remembered for placing second in the second jewel of the American Triple Crown, the $250,000 grade 1 Preakness Stakes, to Little Current.

## Racing career

Neapolitan Way's race history is very sketchy and vague, but he won 14 races during his career. It is also known that he placed in the top three finishers in 43% of his starts, a total of 36 out 84 in-the-money races. At age two, he finished third in the Miami Beach Handicap at Calder Race Course. At age three, he won the grade three Woodlawn Stakes (now renamed the James W. Murphy Stakes) at a mile on the turf at Pimlico Race Course and placed third in the Japan Racing Association Stakes at Laurel Park Racecourse. At age four, he placed third in the grade two Dixie Stakes at Pimlico.

## Preakness Stakes

In mid May 1974, Neapolitan Way's trainer Lawrence W. Jennings decided to take a step up in class and run him in the second jewel of the Triple Crown. The Preakness Stakes is run at a mile and three sixteenths on dirt at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. Neapolitan Way was listed as one of the longest shots on the board at 24-1 on the morning line in a field of thirteen colts. The prohibitive favorite was the Kentucky Derby winner, Cannonade, at 2-1. Neapolitan Way broke slowly in tenth place out of thirteen and was outrun early under jockey Herb Hinojosa. Going into Pimlico's famous "Clubhouse Turn," he fell further back into dead last. The fractions were moderate on the front end, with the first quarter in :231/5 and the half in :47 seconds. Going into the final turn, Neapolitan Way lugged in and collided with Hudson County, causing a severe cut high on his left rear leg. After the move inward, Hinojosa applied steady left handed whipping, straightening Neapolitan Way out at the top of the stretch. In the lane, he moved up quickly from 13th to 11th to 7th and then hit another gear. He started picking off horses, including Cannonade. In deep stretch, he moved into second place but was no threat to the winner, Little Current, who finished between seven and 21 lengths in front of the rest of the field. Cannonade finished one length behind Neapolitan Way in third with Jolly Johu three quarters of a length back in fourth. Neapolitan Way took home the 20% runner-up's share of the purse, equalling $30,000.

## InfoBox

| Neapolitan Way | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Barbizon |
| Grandsire | Polynesian |
| Dam | Bold Majesty |
| Damsire | Bold Ruler |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1971 |
| Country | United States |
| Color | Chestnut |
| Breeder | Warner L. Jones, Jr. |
| Owner | Elizabeth F. Thomas & Mrs. Henry Obre |
| Trainer | Lawrence W. Jennings |
| Record | 84: 14-12-10 |
| Earnings | US$149,043 |
| Major wins | |
| Woodlawn Stakes (1974) | |


title: Robert Bednarek

abstract: Robert Bednarek is a Polish football manager and former player who played as a defender.

text:
# Robert Bednarek

**Robert Bednarek** (born 23 February 1979) is a Polish football manager and former player who played as a defender.

## Career

### Club

Bednarek has previously played for Amica Wronki and Korona Kielce in the Ekstraklasa.

He was released from Arka Gdynia on 30 June 2011.

## Honours

**Korona Kielce**

## InfoBox

Robert Bednarek
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Robert Bednarek | | |
| Date of birth | (1979-02-23) 23 February 1979 | | |
| Place of birth | Słupsk, Poland | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1998–2000 | Chemik Bydgoszcz |  |  |
| 2001–2004 | Amica Wronki | 16 | (0) |
| 2004–2009 | Korona Kielce | 124 | (4) |
| 2009–2011 | Arka Gdynia | 25 | (0) |
| 2011–2012 | Nielba Wągrowiec | 10 | (0) |
| 2012–2014 | Chojniczanka Chojnice | 28 | (0) |
| 2014–2016 | Unia Solec Kujawski |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2013–2014 | Chojniczanka Chojnice (player-assistant) | | |
| 2014–2016 | Unia Solec Kujawski (player-manager) | | |
| 2017 | KP Starogard Gdański | | |
| 2017–2018 | Unia Janikowo | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: MTV Europe Music Award for Web Award

abstract: The following is a list of the MTV Europe Music Award winners and nominees for Web Award.

text:
# MTV Europe Music Award for Web Award

The following is a list of the MTV Europe Music Award winners and nominees for **Web Award**.

## 2000's

| Year | Winner | Nominees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | Limp Bizkit (http://www.limpbizkit.com) |  |
| 2002 | Moby (http://www.moby.com) |  |
| 2003 | Goldfrapp (https://web.archive.org/web/20181014025758/https://www.goldfrapp.co.uk/) |  |
| 2007 <sup>\[a\]</sup> | Tokio Hotel (www.tokiohotel.com) |  |

<sup>**^\[a\]** </sup>Best Inter Act