title: Maria de Sousa

abstract: Maria Ângela Brito de Sousa was a Portuguese immunologist, science leader poet and writer. She gained international recognition as a medical researcher, as the author of several seminal scientific papers: she was the first to describe thymus-dependent areas in 1966, a fundamental discovery in the mapping of peripheral lymphoid organs; she coined the term "ecotaxis" in 1971, to describe the phenomenon of cells of different origins to migrate and to organize among themselves in very specific lymphoid areas. In the 1980s she focused on the study of hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload genetic disease.

text:
# Maria de Sousa

**Maria Ângela Brito de Sousa** GCSE GOSE GOIH (17 October 1939 – 14 April 2020) was a Portuguese immunologist, science leader poet and writer. She gained international recognition as a medical researcher, as the author of several seminal scientific papers: she was the first to describe thymus-dependent (or T cell) areas in 1966, a fundamental discovery in the mapping of peripheral lymphoid organs; she coined the term "ecotaxis" in 1971, to describe the phenomenon of cells of different origins to migrate and to organize among themselves in very specific lymphoid areas. In the 1980s she focused on the study of hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload genetic disease.

## Early life and education

Maria de Sousa was born in Lisbon in 1939. Her father was a naval officer and her mother a homemaker.

She graduated from medical school at the University of Lisbon in 1963. In 1964, she moved to London to work at the then Imperial Cancer Research Fund's Experimental Biology Laboratories.

## Career

She won a Gulbenkian Foundation scholarship. and from 1964 to 1966 de Sousa worked with Delphine Parrott studying mice who had their thymus removed. In 1966, she moved to the University of Glasgow to do a PhD. She observed in her study by light microscopy, that lymphocytes from the thymus, the so-called T-cells move to other lymphatic organs a process which she termed ecotaxis.

In 1975 went to NYC. She was an adjunct professor at what was then Cornell Medical College and became head of the cell ecology lab at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. An interest in the non-immunological functions of lymphocytes, such as iron metabolism led her to study hemochromatosis, which is common in northern Portugal.

In 1984, she returned to Portugal, as Professor of Immunology at the medical school of the Instituto Abel Salazar, University of Porto. She established a Masters Program in Immunology and over the next 10 years she helped forge two Ph.D. programs, one of them being the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and in 1996, the Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA).

In October 2009, she retired from the University of Porto.

## Personal life and death

Sousa "was fond of art", she was a pianist and poet. She died in Lisbon on 14 April 2020, leaving no immediate survivors. She was a victim of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal, after a week in the intensive care unit of São José Hospital.

Among the many top figures in Portuguese science and society that paid homage to Sousa, the President of the Republic, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, issued a statement offering his condolences to the family, referring to her as a "unmatched figure in Portuguese science" and underscoring her "inescapable legacy in science and great example in rigor, exigence, and civic and cultural commitment".

## Distinctions

### National orders

## Selected publications

* Parrott, DMV, de Sousa, MAB, and East, J. "Thymus-dependent areas in the lymphoid organs of neonatally thymectomized mice". *Journal of Experimental Medicine*; 123: 191–1966.
* Parrott, DMV and De Sousa, MAB. "Changes in thymus-dependent areas of lymph nodes after immunological stimulation". *Nature*, 212: 1316-,1966.
* De Sousa, MAB, Parrott, DMV and Pantelouris. "Lymphoid tissues in mice with congenital aplasia of the thymus". *Clinical and Experimental Immunology* 4: 637-,1969.
* Sousa, MD "Kinetics of distribution of thymus and marrow cells in peripheral organs of the mouse – Ecotaxis". *Clinical and Experimental Immunology* 9: 371-,1971.
* Broxmeyer, HE, Smithyman, A, Eger, RR, Meyer, PA and De Sousa, M. "Identification of Lactoferrin as granulocyte derived inhibitor of colony stimulating activity production". *Journal of Experimental Medicine* 148: 1052–1067, 1977.
* Dörner, M., Silverstone, A., Nishyia, K.,de Sostoa, A.,Munn, G and De Sousa, M. "Ferritin synthesis by Human T lymphocytes". *Science*, 209: 1019–1021.
* De Sousa M., Reimão, R., Lacerda, R., Hugo, P. and Kaufman. S. "Iron overload in ß2 microglobulin deficient mice". *Immunology Letters* 39: 105–111. 1994.
* Santos, M., Schilham, MW, Rademakers, LHPM, Marx, JJM, de Sousa, M. and Clevers, H. "Defective iron homeostasis in beta 2-microglobulin knockout mice recapitulates Hereditary Hemochromatosis in man". *Journal of Experimental Medicine* 184: 1975–1985. 1996.
* De Almeida SF, Carvalho IF, Cardoso CS, Cordeiro JV, Azevedo JE, Neefjes J, De Sousa M. (2005) "HFE crosstalks with the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway". *Blood* 106:971-7.
* De Sousa, M. 2011. "An outsider's perspective-ecotaxis revisited: an integrative review of cancer environment, iron and immune system cells". *Integrative Biology*, 3, 343–349.
* Hoshino A, Costa-Silva B, Shen TL, et al. (2015). "Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis". *Nature* 527(7578):329-35. Epub 2015 Oct 28.

## InfoBox

| Maria de SousaGCSE GOSE GOIH | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Maria Ângela Brito de Sousa
(1939-10-17)17 October 1939
Lisbon, Portugal |
| Died | 14 April 2020(2020-04-14) (aged 80)
Arroios, Lisbon, Portugal |
| Occupation | Immunologist |


title: Herold, Wisconsin

abstract: Herold is an unincorporated community located in the town of Belvidere, in Buffalo County, Wisconsin, United States. Herold is located along County Highway E 4 miles (6.4 km) east-southeast of Alma. The community was named for William Herold, a farmer who became the community's first postmaster when the post office opened in April 1891.

text:
# Herold, Wisconsin

**Herold** (/ˈhærəld/ *HARR-əld*) is an unincorporated community located in the town of Belvidere, in Buffalo County, Wisconsin, United States. Herold is located along County Highway E 4 miles (6.4 km) east-southeast of Alma. The community was named for William Herold, a farmer who became the community's first postmaster when the post office opened in April 1891.

## InfoBox

| Herold, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| HeroldHerold | |
| Coordinates: 44°18′20″N 91°50′32″W / 44.30556°N 91.84222°W / 44.30556; -91.84222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Buffalo |
| Town | Belvidere |
| Elevation | 390 m (1,270 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 715 & 534 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1566324 |


title: Patricio Peralta Ramos

abstract: Patricio Peralta Ramos was an Argentine businessman and landowner prominent in the foundation of the seaside city of Mar del Plata.

text:
# Patricio Peralta Ramos

**Patricio Peralta Ramos** (May 17, 1814  April 25, 1887) was an Argentine businessman and landowner prominent in the foundation of the seaside city of Mar del Plata.

## Life and times

Patricio Peralta Ramos was born in the San Nicolás, a Buenos Aires neighbourhood, in 1814. His father, José de Peralta, was a high-ranking official of the Patricios Regiment. In 1860, he married a distant relative, Cecilia Ramos, with whom he had twelve children.

Peralta Ramos became a large clothing supplier to the Argentine Army during the 1829-52 regime of Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas, of whom Peralta Ramos became an official supporter in 1842. A wealthy man by the time of Rosas' overthrow at the 1852 Battle of Caseros, he traveled in 1860 to the Atlantic Ocean shore, where he purchased over 136,000 hectares (340,000 acres) from Portuguese Consul and entrepreneur José Coelho de Meyrelles, and a meat salting house.

His beef jerky facility struggling, Peralta Ramos embarked on the initial real estate development of his vast, scenic land. His enterprise met with the resistance of the gentry of Balcarce (then the county seat), though in 1865, he obtained a favorable ruling for the shoreline development from the local Justice of Peace, Juan Peña. Seizing on a discrepancy between Peralta Ramos' holdings and what appeared in the official appraisal, Balcarce founder and Mayor José Chaves nearly forced his adversary to relocate his planned development on marshland, but an 1867 letter in Peralta Ramos' support by neighboring Mar Chiquita Judge José Bernal to Buenos Aires Province official Nicolás Avellaneda settled the dispute in Peralta Ramos' favor.

Advertising the development as *Puerto de la Laguna de los Padres,* the sale of allotments was successful, and in 1873, Peralta Ramos petitioned the province for the seaside hamlet's incorporation, which was granted by Governor Mariano Acosta on February 10, 1874, as *Puerto Balcarce*. As this nomenclature was assigned over his objections, Peralta Ramos unofficially christened the community *Mar del Plata* (in the sense of "Sea of the River Plate region").

The accomplishment was clouded, however, by the death of his wife, Cecilia, in honor of whom Peralta Ramos personally designed and built the Saint Cecilia Chapel; the structure, poignantly, was built by the mourning widower from wooden planks salvaged from a recent wreckage.

Boasting seaside appeal, an iron pier and made self-sufficient by the salting house, as well as by a flour mill, bakery, blacksmith and other establishments, the community prospered. In his later years, Peralta Ramos promoted the hunt of the area's then-vast herds of sea lions, which he termed "an inexhaustible source of wealth."

He died in Mar del Plata in 1887, and his remains were buried initially at Saint Cecilia chapel and some years later reburied at the La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

## InfoBox

| Patricio Peralta Ramos | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1814-05-17)May 17, 1814
San Nicolás, Buenos Aires |
| Died | April 25, 1887(1887-04-25) (aged 72)
Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires |
| Occupation | Businessman |


title: Niagara Celtic Heritage Festival

abstract: The Niagara Celtic Heritage Festival & Highland Games is a Celtic cultural festival held at the Niagara County Fairgrounds in Niagara County, New York. It is run by the not-for-profit Niagara Celtic Heritage Society. The festival takes place during the third weekend of September, and attracts about 13,000 visitors in two days to Krull Park. Activities include Celtic music, genealogy, food and drink, dance, cultural exhibits, games, sports, arts and crafts, and children's activities. The main performances play at four stages located throughout the grounds, including The Fireside, The Dragonfly and the Celtic Arts Theatre. The society also hosts a Celtic College, with various lectures and classes during the event.

text:
# Niagara Celtic Heritage Festival

The **Niagara Celtic Heritage Festival & Highland Games** (also known as Niagara Celtic) is a Celtic cultural festival held at the Niagara County Fairgrounds in Niagara County, New York. It is run by the not-for-profit Niagara Celtic Heritage Society. The festival takes place during the third weekend of September, and attracts about 13,000 visitors in two days to Krull Park. Activities include Celtic music, genealogy, food and drink, dance, cultural exhibits, games, sports, arts and crafts, and children's activities. The main performances play at four stages located throughout the grounds, including The Fireside, The Dragonfly and the Celtic Arts Theatre. The society also hosts a Celtic College, with various lectures and classes during the event.

## History

Niagara Celtic was conceived in late 2000 in Olcott by Phil and Beth Banks, who had attended a Celtic celebration in Kincardine, Ontario, and Paul Krest, a participant in the local Highland games. In the spring of 2001 they launched their first season of Highland Games, which concluded in September with a small grand finale festival, the first Niagara Celtic Heritage Festival & Highland Games. The Banks family continues managing and growing the festival, while Paul Krest runs the nearly year-round Highland Games through the Niagara Highland Athletics Club. About 500 people attended the first year.

The festival grew into an annual event in Olcott. In 2016 it occupied over 11 acres on the lakeside of Krull Park, had representation from about 40 Scottish clans, and included cultural and athletic demonstrations as well as Celtic music.

Beginning in 2019, the festival relocated to the Niagara County Fairgrounds in order to continue the growth of the popular event.

The next year saw a virtual festival, and 2021 saw its return after a pandemic-based hiatus.

## Activities

### Performance Stages

The festival has four stages with musical acts, including bands, dance groups and bagpipe bands.

Every year on Saturday evening, the festival hosts a Ceilidh Celebration. The evening usually consists of an opening act, a special guest performance and the headline band. This event allows everyone working during the festival to close down for the evening and join in the celebration. There is a beer tent and small campfires, along with a few food vendors who stay open late.

### Celtic College

The college runs lectures and classes from noon to about 5pm each day. Classes vary each year; previous topics have included instrument lessons, dancing, genealogy, publishing, poetry and storytelling.

### Clan Village

This feature was at first known as Clan Row. Only a few clans took part throughout the early years, but the numbers started growing by 2010. In 2016 there were over 40 clans in the village. In 2014 the Village welcomed Clan Henderson for their Annual General Meeting, and in following years various other clans have also held their AGM's during the festival.

### Vendors

Food vendors sell a variety of foods and beverage, and most vendors have one or more “Celtic” foods, including Scotch eggs, seafood, potatoes, and stews. The festival “Gaelic Libation” tents, or beer tents, offer wine, mead, and beer. Craftsmen and artisans can be found who deal in Celtic goods and products including kilts and accessories, Renaissance costumes, swords, jewelry, glassware, candles, chainmail, pottery, henna art, and more.

### Athletics

Niagara Celtic has had various athletic events since its inception. Soccer and rugby teams have played games at Krull Park South on Saturdays. In 2012 a dart competition was initiated at a nearby sports bar.

Highland Games are the feature event during the festival. The games are held in conjunction with The Niagara Highland Athletics Club. Athletes from across the U.S. and Canada compete in 12 different divisions and 7 competitions, to decide the winner of “Athlete of the Day” in each division. Also handed out is “Athlete of the Year" award for each division, which is decided over the course of the year by earning points for where they have placed in seven games starting in October. Athletes include men, women and youth, with Pro, Amateur, Masters and Super Masters.

### Attractions

The Kid's Areas feature free activities, games, entertainment and crafts. There are storytellers, face painting, children's maze, a craft tent and mini-highland games practice area. The festival includes hands-on displays, craft demonstrations, pony rides, and various animal displays.


title: Niboshi

abstract: Niboshi (煮干し), often called iriko (炒り子) in Western Japan, are small dried fish used in Japanese cuisine for making dashi. They can also be eaten as snacks, or as a side dish. The types of fish used include anchovies, sardines, round herring, Pacific sand lance and others. Niboshi made of anchovies are the most common.

text:
# Niboshi

**Niboshi** (煮干し), often called **iriko** (炒り子) in Western Japan, are small dried fish used in Japanese cuisine for making *dashi* (soup stock). They can also be eaten as snacks, or as a side dish. The types of fish used include anchovies, sardines, round herring, Pacific sand lance and others. Niboshi made of anchovies are the most common.

## Name

The word *niboshi* (煮干し) literally means "boiled" or "dried", and it does not include the specific name of the ingredient. For this reason, *niboshi* is translated both as "dried sardine" and "dried anchovy".

The translation of the term *niboshi* is an object of confusion among Japanese speakers, in terms of whether it is sardines or anchovies, because in Japanese, both sardine and anchovy are referred to as *iwashi* (イワシ).

## Usage

In Japan, *niboshi dashi* is one of the more common forms of dashi. It is especially popular as the base stock when making miso soup. Niboshi dashi is made by soaking niboshi in plain water. If left overnight or brought nearly to a boil, the flavor of niboshi permeates the water to make the stock.

Niboshi are also cooked and served as snacks. They are eaten as one of the symbolic foods during the Japanese New Year, referred to as osechi. *Tazukuri* (fried sweet and savory sardines) are made by frying the dried sardines and then adding a mixture of soy sauce, sugar, mirin, and roasted white sesame seeds.

## InfoBox

*Niboshi*
| Dried *niboshi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Soup stock |
| Place of origin | Japan |
| Associated cuisine |  |
| Main ingredients | Dried fish |
| Similar dishes | Katsuobushi |
|  | |


title: Nick Monson

abstract: Nicholas Paul Monson is a producer, songwriter, and instrumentalist, based in Los Angeles, California.

text:
# Nick Monson

**Nicholas Paul Monson** is a producer, songwriter, and instrumentalist, based in Los Angeles, California.

## Career

Monson is known for his collaborations with Lady Gaga, beginning with *Artpop,* in which he co-produced 9 songs*,* including the lead single "Applause", which reached No.4 at US Mainstream Top 40 Chart.

Monson produced and co-wrote Selena Gomez's "Good For You" (featuring A$AP Rocky), which reached No. 1 at US Top 40 and Top 5 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 Charts. In 2017, Monson was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Original Song, along with co-writers Nick Jonas and Justin Tranter for their contribution to the *Ferdinand Soundtrack* with "Home". In 2017 Monson also co-wrote the worldwide hit "Human" by Rag N Bone Man which received a BRIT Award for Best Song.

He continued his work as both a writer and producer in 2018, credited on seven of the album's tracks on Lady Gaga's *A Star Is Born* soundtrack, which debuted at No. 1 on the *Billboard* 200 charts. In 2019 Monson won a Grammy award for Best Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media for his work on A Star Is Born.

Monson has written and produced for several artists, including Britney Spears, Nick Jonas, Rag'n'Bone Man, Anne-Marie, Little Mix, Dylan Mulvaney, and Julia Michaels.

## Select production discography

| Year | Title | Artist | Album | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | "Guilty Pleasure" | JoJo Siwa | Single | Producer, Co-writer |
|  | "Asking" | Trinity Lake | Single | Co-writer |
|  | "Days of Girlhood" | Dylan Mulvaney | Single | Producer, Co-Writer |
| 2023 | "Mad Love" 狂愛 | Will Pan | Single | Producer, Writer |
| | "Poison" | Zevia | Single | Producer, Writer |
| | "i'm trying" | Alexander Stewart | Single | Writer |
| | "Born Again" | Bebe Rexha | Bebe | Co-producer, writer |
| 2022 | "In Another Life" | The Sunshine State | *In Another Life* EP | Producer, writer |
| | "Dating A Drug Dealer" | | | |
| | "Bob" | | | |
| | "Sweet Revenge" | | | |
| | "Pushing 30" | | | |
| | "Venting to Strangers" | Emeline | Single | Producer, writer |
| 2021 | "Favorite Person" | The Sunshine State | Single | Producer, writer |
| | "Bestie" | A Boogie, Capella Grey | Single | Writer |
| | "that way" ft. Jeremy Zucker | Tate McRae, Jeremy Zucker | single | Producer, writer |
| | "Stuck In The Moment" | Mat Kearney | *January Flower* | Writer |
| | "Things Changed" | The Sunshine State | single | Producer, writer |
| 2020 | "Cliff Drive" | The Sunshine State | single | Producer, writer |
| | "lovin kind" | Isabela Merced | *the better half of me* | Producer, writer |
| | "that way" | Tate McRae | *All The Things I Never Said* | Producer, writer |
| 2019 | "Everything It Wasn't" | Skyler Stonestreet | single | Producer, writer |
| | "I Do It All For You" | Walk Off The Earth | *HERE WE GO!* | Writer |
| 2018 | "Joanne (Piano Version) | Lady Gaga | single | Producer |
| | "Jump" | Julia Michaels | single | Producer |
| | "Bad Girlfriend" | Anne-Marie | *Speak Your Mind* | Producer |
| | "Why Did You Do That?" | Lady Gaga | *A Star Is Born soundtrack* | Producer, writer |
| | | | "Before I Cry" | Producer, writer |
| | | | "Hair Body Face" | Producer, writer |
| | | | "Is That Alright?" | Producer, writer |
| | | | "Heal Me" | Producer, writer |
| | | | "Look What I Found" | Producer, writer |
| | | | "I Don't Know What Love Is" | string arrangement, additional production |
| | "I'll Stay" | Isabela Merced | *Instant Family* | Producer, writer |
| | "It Kinda Hurts" | Skyler Stonestreet | single | Producer, writer |
| | "Bass Bumps" | Jess Kent | single | Producer, writer |
| | "Bankrupt" | Skyler Stonestreet | single | Producer, writer |
| 2017 | "Human" | Rag'n'Bone Man | *Human* | Producer, writer |
| | "The Cure" | Lady Gaga | single | Co-writer, Producer |
| | "Home" | Nick Jonas | *Ferdinand Soundtrack* | Producer |
| | "No Better Feelin'" | CL | *My Little Pony: The Movie* | Producer, writer |
| 2016 | "Sick With Love" | The Veronicas |  | Co-writer, Producer |
| | "Over" | Paul McDonald | single | Co-writer, Producer |
| | "Invitation" | Britney Spears | *Glory* | Co-writer, Producer |
| | | | "Just Like Me" | Co-writer, Producer |
| | "Get Closer" | XYLO | single | Co-writer, Producer |
| 2015 | "Psychotic" | Chris Miles | *single* | Co-writer, Producer |
| | "Prosecco" | Timeflies | *Just For Fun* | Co-writer, Producer |
| | "Good For You" (feat. A$AP Rocky) (BMI Pop Award Winner) | Selena Gomez | *Revival* | Co-writer, Producer |
| | | | "Nobody" | Co-writer, Producer |
| | "OMG" | Little Mix | *Get Weird* | Co-writer, Producer |
| 2014 | "Numb" (feat Angel Haze) | Nick Jonas | *Nick Jonas* | Co-writer, Producer |
| | "Closer" (feat Mike Posner) | | | |
| 2013 | "Applause" (BMI Pop Award Winner) | Lady Gaga | *Artpop* | Co-writer, Co-producer |
| | "Venus" | | | |
| | "Manicure" | | | |
| | "Jewels N Drugs" (feat T.I., Twista, Too $hort) | | | |
| | "Swine" | | | |
| | "Artpop" | | | |
| | "Dope" | | | Co-writer |
| | "Sexxx Dreams" | | | Co-producer |
| | "Brooklyn Nights" | | unreleased | Co-writer, Co-producer |
| | "Applause" (DJ White Shadow Trap Remix) | | single | Co-producer |
| | "Don't Wake Me Up" (DJ White Shadow Trap Remix) | Chris Brown | single | Co-producer |

## InfoBox

| Nick Monson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Illinois |
| Genres | Pop, R&B, Soundtracks |
| Occupation(s) | Producer, Songwriter |
| Years active | 2013 - present |


title: Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards

abstract: The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards UK, also known as the KCAs, was an annual awards show, similar to the US and Australian versions. It originally started as a full ceremony hosted locally, but has recently been reduced to several UK-specific categories that are announced during the broadcast of the US Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards during time actually devoted to advertising.

text:
# Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards

The **Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards UK**, also known as the **KCAs**, was an annual awards show, similar to the US and Australian versions. It originally started as a full ceremony hosted locally, but has recently been reduced to several UK-specific categories that are announced during the broadcast of the US Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards during time actually devoted to advertising.

## History

### 2007

Previous to 2007, the US ceremony aired with a tape delay on the network without local continuity. The first ever UK awards ceremony took place on 20 October 2007 from ExCel Exhibition Centre in London and was hosted by McFly. Mark Felgate, Sy Thomas, and Laura Hamilton hosted in-show backstage continuity and website-exclusive segments.

### 2008

The second UK awards ceremony took place on 20 September 2008 again from ExCel, hosting by *The X Factor* judge Dannii Minogue. Felgate, Thomas, and Hamilton again provided backstage and Internet continuity segments.

### 2009

In 2009 the third UK awards ceremony was supposed to take place on an unknown date and would have been presented by members of the band Hadouken!. The ceremony was eventually canceled due to budget concerns with no local awards for that year.

### 2010-2013

Since 2010, only the US ceremony has been presented on the network, usually with a one-day delay, with local-specific awards given during advertising breaks as continuity which is hosted by Nickelodeon UK presenters. In 2015 with the acquisition of terrestrial network Channel 5 by Viacom, an encore began to be carried within a week after the original Nickelodeon UK airing, free-to-air.

## InfoBox

| Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Presented by | Nickelodeon |
| Reward(s) | KCA Blimp |
| First awarded | 20 October 2007 |
| Last awarded | 24 March 2013 |
| Website | http://www.nick.co.uk/kca |
| Television/radio coverage | |
| Network | Nickelodeon |


title: Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards 2007

abstract: The Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards was first announced in May 2007. It is the first ever Kids' Choice Awards for the UK Nickelodeon. The show was hosted at ExCeL Exhibition Centre, London which took place 20 October 2007 and was presented by pop band McFly. The Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards is very similar to the Australian and American versions, kids get to vote by clicking on the Nickelodeon website. Whoever voted on the website had a chance to get tickets to attend the ceremony in London. Also, another competition was held about "Nickelodeon's Big Green Thing"; people who went online and did what the commercial told them to do could also win a family ticket for 4 to the ceremony.

text:
# Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards 2007

The **Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards** was first announced in May 2007. It is the first ever Kids' Choice Awards for the UK Nickelodeon. The show was hosted at ExCeL Exhibition Centre, London which took place 20 October 2007 and was presented by pop band McFly.

The Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards is very similar to the Australian and American versions, kids get to vote by clicking on the Nickelodeon website. Whoever voted on the website had a chance to get tickets to attend the ceremony in London. Also, another competition was held about "Nickelodeon's Big Green Thing"; people who went online and did what the commercial told them to do could also win a family ticket for 4 to the ceremony.

## Guests

## Nominees

### Best TV Actress

### Best Female Singer

### Best Reality Show

### Best Book

### Best Movie Actress

### Funniest Person

### Best Sportsperson

(Even though after they announced Beckham as the winner, John Cena would not accept it and McFly awarded him the 'Most Injured Wrestler' award).

### Best Movie Actor

### Best Male Singer

### Best TV Actor

### Best TV Presenter

### Best TV Show

### Best Cartoon

### Best Band

### MTV Hits Best Music Video

### Best Video Game

### Best Movie of the Year

## InfoBox

| 20th Kids' Choice Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 20 October 2007 |
| Location | ExCeL Exhibition Centre |
| Hosted by | McFly |
| Television/radio coverage | |
| Network | Nickelodeon |
|


title: Nicke Lignell

abstract: Niclas Christoffer “Nicke” Lignell is a Finnish actor, who has appeared in many TV shows and movies. In addition to his acting career, he writes a regular column for the Finnish newspaper Iltalehti and does voiceovers. His wife, the violinist Raakel Lignell, is also a celebrity in her own right. Together they have 5 children. On 30 December 2006, the car Lignell and his mother were travelling in was hit in Ekenäs by a drunk driver who blew 0.241% on a breathalyzer test. After being cut out of the car he was driving, Lignell was whisked away to Töölö Hospital in Helsinki for surgery along with the drunk driver. Lignell was then put in the ICU to recover from a skull fracture and cerebral hemorrhage. Lignell hosted "Fiksumpi kuin koululainen", the Finnish version of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? quiz show.

text:
# Nicke Lignell

**Niclas Christoffer “Nicke” Lignell** (born 24 June 1966 in Bromarv, Southern Finland) is a Finnish actor, who has appeared in many TV shows and movies. In addition to his acting career, he writes a regular column for the Finnish newspaper *Iltalehti* and does voiceovers. His wife, the violinist Raakel Lignell, is also a celebrity in her own right. Together they have 5 children.

On 30 December 2006, the car Lignell and his mother were travelling in was hit in Ekenäs by a drunk driver who blew 0.241% on a breathalyzer test. After being cut out of the car he was driving, Lignell was whisked away to Töölö Hospital in Helsinki for surgery along with the drunk driver. Lignell was then put in the ICU to recover from a skull fracture and cerebral hemorrhage.

Lignell hosted "Fiksumpi kuin koululainen" (Smarter than a school kid), the Finnish version of *Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?* quiz show.

## Filmography

1. *Kuka kukin on – Who’s Who in Finland, 2007*, p. 529. Otava: Helsinki, 2006. ISBN 951-1-20606-0
2. "Rattijuopon teloma Nicke Lignell toipumassa". Iltalehti. 2 January 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-01-05.

## InfoBox

| Nicke Lignell | |
| --- | --- |
| Nicke Lignell (right) with the filmmaker Claes Olsson in 2022. | |
| Born | (1966-06-24) 24 June 1966<br>Bromarv, Finland |


title: Nicolae Rainea Stadium

abstract: The Nicolae Rainea Stadium, formerly known as Dunărea Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium, frequently used for football. It is located in Galați and was the home ground of CSU Galați and Dunărea Galaţi, among others. The stadium holds 23,000 people. Named after Nicolae Rainea, it is the 7th stadium in the country by capacity.

text:
# Nicolae Rainea Stadium

The **Nicolae Rainea Stadium**, formerly known as **Dunărea Stadium**, is a multi-purpose stadium, frequently used for football. It is located in Galați and was the home ground of CSU Galați and Dunărea Galaţi, among others. The stadium holds 23,000 people. Named after Nicolae Rainea, it is the 7th stadium in the country by capacity (List of football stadiums in Romania).

## InfoBox

Nicolae Rainea Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Galați, Romania |
| Coordinates | 45°25′14.5″N 28°1′25.3″E / 45.420694°N 28.023694°E / 45.420694; 28.023694 |
| Owner | Galați City Hall |
| Capacity | 23,000 |
| Surface | Grass |
| Construction | |
| Renovated | 2004 |
| Tenants | |
| Dunărea Galaţi (1970–2014)
Metalosport Galați (2015–2018)
Oțelul Galați (2004–2005, 2016)
CSU Galați (2018–2019)
 | |


title: Niclas Herbst

abstract: Niclas Herbst is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2019.

text:
# Niclas Herbst

**Niclas Herbst** (born 28 February 1973) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2019.

## Political career

### Career in state politics

Herbst joined the CDU in 1990. Since 2000, he has been a member of the party's leadership in Schleswig-Holstein.

From 2005 to 2012, Herbst served as a member of the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein, where he was, among other things, deputy chair of the Committee on European Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he was a member of the European Committee of the Regions from 2010 to 2012.

From 2017 until 2019, Herbst served as advisor to Minister-President Daniel Günther.

### Member of the European Parliament, 2019–present

Herbst has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2019 European elections. He has since been serving on the Committee on Budgets and the Committee on Fisheries.

In addition to his committee assignments, Herbst is part of the Parliament's delegation to the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, the European Parliament Intergroup on Seas, Rivers, Islands and Coastal Areas and the European Parliament Intergroup on Traditional Minorities, National Communities and Languages.

## Other activities

## Recognition

In December 2020, Herbst received the Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries award at *The Parliament Magazine'*s annual MEP Awards.

## InfoBox

| Niclas HerbstMEP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament
for Germany | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1973-02-28) 28 February 1973
Ratzeburg, West Germany |
| Political party | ***German:***
Christian Democratic Union
***EU:***
European People's Party |
| Alma mater | University of Kiel |
|  | |


title: Nicholas Stratford

abstract: Nicholas Stratford was an Anglican prelate. He served as Bishop of Chester from 1689 to 1707. He was born at Hemel Hempstead, graduated M.A. at Trinity College, Oxford in 1656, and was Fellow there in 1657. He contributed to the royalist poetry anthology Britannia Rediviva in 1660, writing in Latin. He became Dean of St Asaph in 1673. He was one of the founders of the Blue Coat School in Chester. It closed in 1949, and its premises, The Bluecoat building, is now a charity hub owned by The Chester Bluecoat Charity. He promoted good relations with the Chester nonconformist Matthew Henry, and supported the Society for the Reformation of Manners.

text:
# Nicholas Stratford

**Nicholas Stratford** (1633 – 12 February 1707) was an Anglican prelate. He served as Bishop of Chester from 1689 to 1707.

He was born at Hemel Hempstead, graduated M.A. at Trinity College, Oxford in 1656, and was Fellow there in 1657. He contributed to the royalist poetry anthology *Britannia Rediviva* in 1660, writing in Latin. He became Dean of St Asaph in 1673.

He was one of the founders of the Blue Coat School in Chester. It closed in 1949, and its premises, The Bluecoat building, is now a charity hub owned by The Chester Bluecoat Charity. He promoted good relations with the Chester nonconformist Matthew Henry, and supported the Society for the Reformation of Manners.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Nicholas Stratford | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Chester | |
|  | |
| Diocese | Chester |
| In office | 1689–1707 (death) |
| Predecessor | Thomas Cartwright |
| Successor | Sir William Dawes |
| Other post(s) | Dean of St Asaph (1674–1689) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | baptized (1633-09-08)8 September 1633
Hemel Hempstead |
| Died | 12 February 1707(1707-02-12) (aged 73)
Westminster |
| Buried | Chester Cathedral |
| Nationality | British |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Oxford |


title: Niedersteinebach

abstract: Niedersteinebach is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.

text:
# Niedersteinebach

**Niedersteinebach** is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.

## InfoBox

| Niedersteinebach | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location of Niedersteinebach within Altenkirchen district | |
| Niedersteinebach Niedersteinebach | |
| Coordinates: 50°36′04″N 7°30′35″E / 50.60111°N 7.50972°E / 50.60111; 7.50972 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Altenkirchen |
| Municipal assoc. | Altenkirchen-Flammersfeld |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Dieter Tiefenau |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.79 km2 (0.31 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 210 m (690 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 202 |
| Density | 260/km2 (660/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56593 |
| Dialling codes | 02687 |
| Vehicle registration | AK |
| Website | vg-altenkirchen-flammersfeld.de |


title: Niedersonthofener See

abstract: Niedersonthofener See is a lake in Oberallgäu, Bavaria, Germany. At an elevation of 703,30 m, its surface area is 135.30 ha. The lake is known for having a shape that is strikingly similar to that of a whale.

text:
# Niedersonthofener See

**Niedersonthofener See** is a lake in Oberallgäu, Bavaria, Germany. At an elevation of 703,30 m, its surface area is 135.30 ha. The lake is known for having a shape that is strikingly similar to that of a whale.

* Nixdorf, B.; et al. (2004), "Niedersonthofener See", *Dokumentation von Zustand und Entwicklung der wichtigsten Seen Deutschlands* (in German), Berlin: Umweltbundesamt, p. 52

## InfoBox

| Niedersonthofener See | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Niedersonthofener See | |
| Location | Oberallgäu, Bavaria |
| Coordinates | 47°38′5.91″N 10°15′53.41″E / 47.6349750°N 10.2648361°E / 47.6349750; 10.2648361 |
| Primary inflows | Dorfbach, Schrattenbach, Hasenhohbach, Seebach |
| Basin countries | Germany |
|  | |
| Max. length | 2.8 km (1.7 mi) |
| Max. width | 550 m (1,800 ft) |
| Surface area | 135.30 ha (334.3 acres) |
| Average depth | 10 m (33 ft) |
| Max. depth | 21.3 m (70 ft) |
| Water volume | 13,500,000 m3 (480,000,000 cu ft) |
| Surface elevation | 703.30 m (2,307.4 ft) |


title: Nicolette van Dam

abstract: Nicolette van Dam is a Dutch actress, model and television host.

text:
# Nicolette van Dam

**Nicolette van Dam** (born 14 August 1984) is a Dutch actress, model and television host.

## Biography

Nicolette van Dam was born in Amsterdam in 1984. After finishing high school at the havo level at the age of 18, van Dam went to study at HBO. She didn't finish her study—instead, she was discovered and became a model. After appearing in several video clips, van Dam got the role of the conceited Bionda in the kids soap *ZOOP*, which was aired on the Dutch Nickelodeon. In 2005, the first movie about the show was released in Dutch theaters: *Zoop in Africa* The movie was followed by *Zoop in India* (2006). In 2007 the film *Zoop in South-America* was released in the Netherlands. For the second *Zoop* movie, van Dam sang *Jadoo Jadoo*, which was listed at the Kids Top 20. She was also nominated for a Golden Calf for her role in the second film.

After having guest starred in the series *Van Speijk* in 2006, van Dam presented the reality show *Pimp my Room*. Her next credit as a presenter, was for the kids show *Jetix Max*, which is aired every Sunday on the Dutch network Jetix.

Van Dam also appeared in the movies *Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo* and *Plop in de Stad*, dubbed a voice in *Ice Age: The Meltdown* and had a guest role in one of the most successful investigation series of the Netherlands; *Baantjer*.

From March 2007 to November 2009, van Dam had a role in the successful comedy series *Voetbalvrouwen*.

In 2016, Van Dam hosted, together with Tim Douwsma, the SBS6 competition show *The Next Boy/Girl Band*.

She plays a lead role in the 2023 film *Juf Braaksel en de magische ring* directed by Aram van de Rest.

## Twitter incident

On 18 June 2014, during the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Nicolette van Dam tweeted a photo-shopped mock-up of Colombia national team members James Rodríguez and Radamel Falcao snorting vanishing foam with the caption "Colombian wall", making an allusion of snorting cocaine. The post was removed soon afterwards, followed by an apology stating "Queridos Colombianos, there was no offense intended from my side. Please accept my honest and sincere apologies".

Colombian Minister of Foreign Affairs María Ángela Holguín spoke out against Van Dam, saying "This is not the first time that she has put out a disparaging tweet, and Colombia will not accept this". Holguín proceeded to request Colombian ambassador in the Netherlands, Eduardo Pizarro Leongómez, to go to the chancellery of said country in search for more severe consequences to Van Dam's "disrespect towards Colombia". As a consequence of the incident, Van Dam resigned her position as UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.

## InfoBox

| Nicolette van Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Nicolette van Dam in 2006 | |
| Born | Nicolette Helena Elizabeth van Dam
(1984-08-14) 14 August 1984
Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, television presenter, model |
| Years active | 2001–present |


title: Nick Phillips (cricketer)

abstract: Nicholas Charles Phillips is a former English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler. He played first-class cricket between 1993 and 2003 for Sussex and Durham in a career that lasted ten years. He played Twenty20 cricket in 2003, before joining Northumberland in 2005 in the Minor Counties Championship. Phillips also played extensively for the Durham and Sussex Second XI's, particularly in representing them throughout Second XI trophies of the 90s and early 2000s. He had previously played two youth Test Matches for England Under-19s against the West Indian Under-19s in 1993.

text:
# Nick Phillips (cricketer)

**Nicholas Charles Phillips** (born 10 May 1974) is a former English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler. He played first-class cricket between 1993 and 2003 for Sussex and Durham in a career that lasted ten years. He played Twenty20 cricket in 2003, before joining Northumberland in 2005 in the Minor Counties Championship.

Phillips also played extensively for the Durham and Sussex Second XI's, particularly in representing them throughout Second XI trophies of the 90s and early 2000s. He had previously played two youth Test Matches for England Under-19s against the West Indian Under-19s in 1993.

## InfoBox

Nick Phillips
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Nicholas Charles Phillips |
| Born | (1974-05-10) 10 May 1974<br>Pembury, Kent, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm off break |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2005present | Northumberland |
| 19982003 | Durham |
| 19931997 | Sussex |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC LA T20  Matches 77 108 5  Runs scored 1,410 574 32  Batting average 15.49 10.07 16.00  100s/50s /4 / /  Top score 58 38 26  Balls bowled 13,097 4,601 120  Wickets 162 123 6  Bowling average 43.66 29.08 25.33  5 wickets in innings 5    10 wickets in match 1    Best bowling 6/97 4/13 2/22  Catches/stumpings 44/ 33/ / | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 5 October 2012 | |


title: Nigel Heseltine

abstract: Nigel Heseltine was an English author of travel books, short stories, plays, and poetry, as well as an agronomist for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

text:
# Nigel Heseltine

**Nigel Heseltine** (3 July 1916 – 1995) was an English author of travel books, short stories, plays, and poetry, as well as an agronomist for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

## Biography

Heseltine was born in London in 1916, the son of composer Philip Heseltine, better known as Peter Warlock. His mother is often reported to be Philip Heseltine's wife, Minnie Lucy Channing, an occasional model for Augustus John, nicknamed "Puma". His birth was not registered until 1930. However, in his memoir *Capriol for Mother*, Heseltine states that his mother was a Swiss woman, a friend of Juliette Huxley. There is no record of his birth in the hospital where it allegedly took place, and for the first year of his life he was raised by foster-parents. He spent most of his childhood in Wales with Warlock's mother and Welsh stepfather at Cefn Bryntalch, Llandyssil, and attended Shrewsbury School.

In 1937 he travelled on foot across Albania and wrote of his experience in *Scarred Background*. In 1938 he married Natalia Borisovna Galitzine or Galitzina, an aristocrat in Budapest. He married four more times. During World War II he was in Dublin, working as a playwright for the Olympia Theatre company of Shelagh Richards (1903–1985).

In the 1950s he was based in Rome working as an agronomist for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. During this time he travelled widely across Africa, eventually settling in Madagascar for twelve years, and then on Rodrigues as Resident Commissioner. Later he wrote several books about Africa, including *From Libyan Sands to Chad* (an account of crossing the Sahara) and *Madagascar*.

Towards the end of his career he was employed by the Department of Aboriginal Affairs of Western Australia, travelling extensively in the Outback. He retired in Perth, where he died in 1995.

## Works

* *Scarred Background (a Journey Through Albania)* (1938)
* *Violent Rain: a Poem* The Latin Press (1938)
* *The Four-Walled Dream: Poems* The Fortune Press (1941)
* *Dafydd ap Gwilym, Selected poems* (1944, Cuala Press) translator
* *Tales of the Squirearchy*, Druid Press, 1946
* *The Mysterious Pregnancy: a novel* (published as *Inconstant Lady* in the U.S.A.) 1953
* *From Libyan Sands to Chad* (1959)
* *Remaking Africa* (1961)
* *Twenty-five Poems, Dafydd ap Gwilym* (1968, Piers Press, reprint of 1944 book) translator
* *Madagascar* (1971)
* *Capriol for Mother* (1992), a memoir of Peter Warlock and his family by his son
* *A Day's Pleasure and Other Tales* (2023), reprint of *Tales of the Squirearchy* and previously unpublished or uncollected stories

* Rhian Davies, *Scarred Background: Nigel Heseltine (1916–1995), A Biographical Introduction and a Bibliography*, in *Welsh Writing in English: A Yearbook of Critical Essays*, Volume 11 (2006-7)


title: Pannoniasaurus

abstract: Pannoniasaurus is an extinct genus of tethysaurine mosasauroid known from the Late Cretaceous Csehbánya Formation and Ajka Coal Formation of Hungary. It contains a single species, Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus, dubbed "unexpected" because it was discovered in freshwater sediments, unlike other mosasaurs, which were marine predators. It was a medium-sized mosasaur, reaching up to 6 metres (20 ft) in length.

text:
# Pannoniasaurus

***Pannoniasaurus*** is an extinct genus of tethysaurine mosasauroid known from the Late Cretaceous Csehbánya Formation and Ajka Coal Formation (Santonian stage) of Hungary. It contains a single species, ***Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus***, dubbed "unexpected" because it was discovered in freshwater sediments, unlike other mosasaurs, which were marine predators. It was a medium-sized mosasaur, reaching up to 6 metres (20 ft) in length.

## Discovery and naming

The holotype (**MTM 2011.43.1**) and referred specimens have been collected from the alluvial sediments of the Csehbánya Formation from various exposures at the Iharkút open-pit bauxite mine, Bakony Hills, Western Hungary since the discovery of the locality in 2000. *Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus* was then named and described by Makádi, Caldwell & Ősi (2012).

Since then, more than one hundred bones of *Pannoniasaurus*, sourced from a large number of individuals of differing age classes, are known from the alluvial flood-plain deposits that comprise the Csehbánya Formation.

A single vertebra (MTM V.2000.21) was collected in 1999 from the Ajka Coal Formation at the waste dump of the coal mines next to the town of Ajka, 20 km from Iharkút. It was described as belonging to cf. *Pannoniasaurus* by Makádi, Caldwell & Ősi (2012), and then was classified as *Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus* by Ősi et al. (2016).

All specimens of *Pannoniasaurus* are currently housed in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.

## Description

*Pannoniasaurus* was a medium-sized mosasauroid, estimated to grow up to a maximum of 6 m (20 ft) in length. It exhibited a combination of primitive characteristics, such as having no predental rostrum, the premaxilla-maxilla suture ends anterior to or level with the midline of the fourth maxillary tooth, a nearly straight frontoparietal suture, and a shallow quadrate alar concavity. It also had elongated stapedial pit that was at least three times longer than it was wide.

*Pannoniasaurus* is known from various material, including 2 isolated premaxillae, 3 maxillae, 2 postorbitofrontals, 2 quadrates, 3 dentaries, 3 splenials, 3 angulars, a coronoid, 2 surangulars, an articular, 91 isolated teeth, 20 cervical, 40 dorsal, 4 sacral, and 18 caudal vertebrae, 34 vertebral fragments, 3 ribs, 2 humeral fragments, and 4 ilia. Since all remains are isolated bones, the basis for the referral of this material to *Pannoniasaurus* is based on similar methods used by other authors, such as Houssaye et al. in their study of *Pachyvaranus crassispondylus* in 2011. The paratypes are known by **MTM V.01.115**, a left quadrate, and **MTM 2007.31.1**, a fragmentary left quadrate. Though all remains (including the holotype) of Pannoniasaurus are isolated bones, the density of the specimens, the various size classes, the large number of similar elements from individual animals, and their unique characters, make it possible to link them together into a single taxon.

The preserved part of the maxilla bears 12 tooth sockets but the original maxillary tooth count might have been much higher. A number of isolated teeth were attributed to *Pannoniasaurus* that are similar to *Halisaurus*, being conical and curved posterolingually, bear crowns with fine anastomosing longitudinal striae, and have a strong mesial but weaker labiodistal carina.

A single vertebra of *Pannoniasaurus* (**MTM V.2000.21**), as well as a variety of fish and crocodile teeth, were collected from the waste dump of the subterranean Ajka coal mine. The Ajka Coal Formation interdigitates with the Csehbánya Formation, the depositional environment of the latter was a floodplain, while the Ajka Coal Formation was formed in the accumulation basin of the same river system. Both of these facies were formed in the same paleogeographic area, which itself might have been part of a larger, but isolated landmass.

## Classification

Analysis by Makádi et al. found three equally most parsimonious trees that placed *Pannoniasaurus* in a new clade, the Tethysaurinae. The three trees reconstructed *Pannoniasaurus* as the sister taxon to the clade that includes *Tethysaurus nopcsai*, *Yaguarasaurus columbianus*, and *Russellosaurus coheni*. Tethysaurinae was reconstructed at the base of a clade that includes the aigialosaurs *Carsosaurus*, *Komensaurus*, and *Haasiasaurus*, and the clades that include conventional marine mosasaur-grade mosasauroids such as halisaurs, tylosaurs and plioplatecarpines. The concept of a monophyletic clade of aigialosaurs from within which a polyphyletic Mosasauridae arises (two major lineages of a grade of paddle-bearing marine mosasaurs), is supported, and provides further support for the hypothesis of convergent aquatic adaptations in paddle-bearing mosasaurs.

The discovery of *Pannoniasaurus* indicates that, similar to some lineages of cetaceans, mosasauroids quickly radiated into a variety of aquatic environments, with some groups reinvading available niches in freshwater habitats, and becoming highly specialized within those ecosystems.

## Paleobiology

Geochemical and isotopic data are most compatible with *Pannoniasaurus* having lived in a predominantly freshwater ecosystem, and evidence suggests strongly that *Pannoniasaurus* was not a seasonal migrant from marine waters into fresh, but rather that ecologically it was a permanent member of a freshwater fauna. With the discovery and description of *Pannoniasaurus*, mosasauroid evolution is now understood as also having involved important and unsuspected adaptations to freshwater ecosystems. The size of *Pannoniasaurus* makes it the largest known predator in the waters of this paleoenvironment. Additionally, the crocodile-like flattened skull (as indicated by the premaxilla and maxilla) was a useful adaptation for water-level ambush hunting of terrestrial and shallow water prey.

### Limbs

It is difficult to estimate how the unknown girdle and limb elements of *Pannonisasaurus* may have looked. It had a primitive vertebral column, a posteriorly oriented ilium and an elongated humerus with a distal epiphysis, all most similar to aigialosaurs. These suggest that *P. inexpectatus* had an overall aigialosaur-like postcranial morphology (including plesiopelvia and plesiopedia). However, *Dallasaurus*, for example, has an anteriorly oriented, hydropelvic ilium in combination with primitive-looking proximal limb elements, and therefore a flattened, derived distal limb morphology is not entirely impossible for that taxon. For *Pannoniasaurus* a primitive morphology of the complete limbs in correlation with the primitive axial skeleton and pelvis is more probable, but far from certain. It is possible that the retention of a robust sacrum, pelvis and possibly non-paddle-like limbs were used to help to propel the body forward from the bottom during prey-capture in shallow water, similar to extant crocodiles.

## InfoBox

| *Pannoniasaurus*
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Known remains and skeletal restorations | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| *Clade*: | Mosasauria |
| Family: | Mosasauridae |
| *Clade*: | Russellosaurina |
| Subfamily: | Tethysaurinae |
| Genus: | *Pannoniasaurus*
Makádi, Caldwell & Ősi, 2012 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus***
Makádi, Caldwell & Ősi, 2012 | |


title: Musikforeningen

abstract: Musikforeningen in Copenhagen was Denmark's most important concert venue in the 19th century. It operated from 1838 to 1931 but it was especially under the leadership of Niels Gade (1850–90) that it became a meeting place for the city's music life with its own symphony orchestra and choir. Carl Nielsen was director from 1915–27. Other leaders included Franz Gläser, Emil Hartmann and Franz Neruda.

text:
# Musikforeningen

**Musikforeningen** (The Music Society) in Copenhagen was Denmark's most important concert venue in the 19th century. It operated from 1838 to 1931 but it was especially under the leadership of Niels Gade (1850–90) that it became a meeting place for the city's music life with its own symphony orchestra and choir. Carl Nielsen was director from 1915–27. Other leaders included Franz Gläser, Emil Hartmann and Franz Neruda.

## History

Copenhagen's *Musikforeningen* was founded in 1836 by among others Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann and Edvard Collin. Its objective was to publish Danish musical works "for which failure to publish would represent a loss to art". In addition, the association was also to present awards and organise concerts. The mandate for putting on concerts soon became by far the most important function for the Society, making it the leading concert institution in Copenhagen. Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann was its chairman from 1839 to 1892, whilst Gade was a most effective leader of the orchestra and choir until his death in 1890. Gade was succeeded by J.P.E. Hartmann’ son, Emil Hartmann, who held the post for a year, but had to resign for health reasons. Franz Neruda then took over, conducting concerts until his death in 1915. During the early years, the association supported modern developments but even under Gade's leadership policy became more conservative. Under Neruda, the repertoire widened somewhat but still varied little from the classical repertoire of Vienna.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, the Copenhagen music scene developed rapidly. The Music Society, once the only institution to present orchestral concerts in the winter season, suddenly faced competition from many other organisations such as *Koncertforeningen* (1874-93), the Royal Orchestra (from 1883), the so-called *Palæ* concerts at Odd Fellows Mansion (1895-1931) and the *Dansk Koncert-Forening* (Danish Concert Association) (1901-40). It was therefore more thanks to its name than to its success that the Music Society maintained its status as the city's leading concert provider well into the 20th century. As a private association, it was totally dependent on its members, but as opportunities for concerts increased elsewhere, membership fell steadily. At the height of Gade's term, there had been as many as 2,500 members and each concert was presented twice. By the 1913–14 season, membership had fallen to 900 and concerts were only performed once.

## Structure of the organisation

As the Music Society was a private organisation, its concerts were also considered private events although the press were admitted. Financing consisted of membership dues, an annual State subsidy and the receipts of additional concerts open to the public. The Society had an unpaid amateur choir which took part in all its concerts. The orchestra, engaged specially for each concert, consisted of members of the Tivoli Orchestra.

There were usually three or four concerts each season which stretched from November to April. From time to time, there were additional concerts open to the paying public. Performances were held at 8 pm on Thursday evenings at Odd Fellows Mansion (often simply called the *Palæ*) in Copenhagen's Bredgade. Rehearsals were on Sunday afternoons, a convenient time for members of the choir.

## Carl Nielsen's chairmanship

Following Neruda's death, Carl Nielsen took over the management of the Music Society's concerts in 1915. There had already been talk of abolishing the association which had been in a state of steady decline ever since the great days of Niels Gade. But Nielsen managed to revive interest, reorganising the choir and somewhat modernising the rather conservative repertoire. He started to include works by contemporary Nordic composers such as Wilhelm Stenhammar, Kurt Atterberg and Louis Glass and contemporary French music by Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel and Darius Milhaud). Late German romantic composers such as Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss were not included.

Around 1922, interest drastically declined, not just as a result of the economic recession but especially because the Music Society was increasingly seen as an outdated institution. Poor reviews, triggered perhaps by his lack of professional experience as a conductor, led Nielsen to leave in 1927. He was succeeded by Ebbe Hamerik who, despite considerable experience, was unable to prevent the Music Society's closure in 1931.


title: List of catenae on Mars

abstract: This is a list of named catenae on Mars. In planetary geology, a catena is a chain of similarly sized craters. On Mars, they are named after nearby classical albedo features as prescribed by the International Astronomical Union's rules for planetary nomenclature. While catenae on most bodies of the Solar System consist of mainly of impact craters, those on Mars consist primarily of collapse pits.

text:
# List of catenae on Mars

This is a **list of named catenae on Mars**. In planetary geology, a catena is a chain of similarly sized craters. On Mars, they are named after nearby classical albedo features as prescribed by the International Astronomical Union's rules for planetary nomenclature. While catenae on most bodies of the Solar System consist of mainly of impact craters, those on Mars consist primarily of collapse pits.

| Name | Coordinates |
| --- | --- |
| Acheron Catena | 37°18′N 259°00′E / 37.3°N 259.0°E / 37.3; 259.0 |
| Alba Catena | 35°00′N 245°18′E / 35.0°N 245.3°E / 35.0; 245.3 |
| Artynia Catena | 47°36′N 240°24′E / 47.6°N 240.4°E / 47.6; 240.4 |
| Baphyras Catena | 38°48′N 275°42′E / 38.8°N 275.7°E / 38.8; 275.7 |
| Ceraunius Catena | 37°06′N 251°48′E / 37.1°N 251.8°E / 37.1; 251.8 |
| Coprates Catena | 14°54′S 297°48′E / 14.9°S 297.8°E / -14.9; 297.8 |
| Cyane Catena | 36°18′N 241°36′E / 36.3°N 241.6°E / 36.3; 241.6 |
| Elysium Catena | 17°36′N 149°36′E / 17.6°N 149.6°E / 17.6; 149.6 |
| Ganges Catena | 2°48′S 291°18′E / 2.8°S 291.3°E / -2.8; 291.3 |
| Hyblaeus Catena | 21°36′N 140°30′E / 21.6°N 140.5°E / 21.6; 140.5 |
| Labeatis Catenae | 19°30′N 266°42′E / 19.5°N 266.7°E / 19.5; 266.7 |
| Ophir Catenae | 9°30′S 300°36′E / 9.5°S 300.6°E / -9.5; 300.6 |
| Phlegethon Catena | 38°54′N 256°42′E / 38.9°N 256.7°E / 38.9; 256.7 |
| Stygis Catena | 23°18′N 150°30′E / 23.3°N 150.5°E / 23.3; 150.5 |
| Tithoniae Catenae | 5°18′S 277°36′E / 5.3°S 277.6°E / -5.3; 277.6 |
| Tractus Catena | 27°48′N 257°18′E / 27.8°N 257.3°E / 27.8; 257.3 |


title: Menno, South Dakota

abstract: Menno is a city in Hutchinson County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 614 at the 2020 census. Menno was laid out in 1879.

text:
# Menno, South Dakota

**Menno** is a city in Hutchinson County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 614 at the 2020 census.

Menno was laid out in 1879.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.52 square miles (1.35 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 52 |  |  |
| 1890 | 413 |  | 694.2% |
| 1900 | 556 |  | 34.6% |
| 1910 | 621 |  | 11.7% |
| 1920 | 918 |  | 47.8% |
| 1930 | 909 |  | −1.0% |
| 1940 | 966 |  | 6.3% |
| 1950 | 868 |  | −10.1% |
| 1960 | 837 |  | −3.6% |
| 1970 | 796 |  | −4.9% |
| 1980 | 793 |  | −0.4% |
| 1990 | 768 |  | −3.2% |
| 2000 | 729 |  | −5.1% |
| 2010 | 608 |  | −16.6% |
| 2020 | 614 |  | 1.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 608 people, 285 households, and 173 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,169.2 inhabitants per square mile (451.4/km2). There were 327 housing units at an average density of 628.8 per square mile (242.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.7% White, 0.5% Native American, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population.

There were 285 households, of which 17.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.3% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.96 and the average family size was 2.53.

The median age in the city was 57.1 years. 15% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14.3% were from 25 to 44; 26.5% were from 45 to 64; and 40.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.2% male and 53.8% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 729 people, 317 households, and 199 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,435.8 inhabitants per square mile (554.4/km2). There were 358 housing units at an average density of 705.1 per square mile (272.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.77% White, 0.14% African American, 0.41% Native American, and 0.69% from two or more races.

There were 317 homes out of which 22.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.2% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.77.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.3% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 18.1% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 39.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,750, and the median income for a family was $38,125. Males had a median income of $23,194 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,668. About 7.7% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Climate

Humid continental climate is a climatic region typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is relatively well distributed year-round in many areas with this climate. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfa". (Hot Summer Continental Climate).

| Climate data for Menno, South Dakota (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1896−present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 70
(21) | 75
(24) | 94
(34) | 100
(38) | 108
(42) | 110
(43) | 117
(47) | 116
(47) | 108
(42) | 96
(36) | 83
(28) | 68
(20) | 117
(47) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 51.3
(10.7) | 57.2
(14.0) | 72.8
(22.7) | 84.3
(29.1) | 90.6
(32.6) | 95.7
(35.4) | 96.1
(35.6) | 93.8
(34.3) | 91.6
(33.1) | 84.2
(29.0) | 69.6
(20.9) | 52.1
(11.2) | 98.9
(37.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 28.4
(−2.0) | 33.7
(0.9) | 47.0
(8.3) | 60.8
(16.0) | 72.5
(22.5) | 82.2
(27.9) | 85.8
(29.9) | 83.0
(28.3) | 77.1
(25.1) | 62.7
(17.1) | 45.4
(7.4) | 31.8
(−0.1) | 59.2
(15.1) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 19.2
(−7.1) | 23.7
(−4.6) | 36.0
(2.2) | 48.5
(9.2) | 60.4
(15.8) | 70.7
(21.5) | 74.4
(23.6) | 71.8
(22.1) | 64.6
(18.1) | 50.7
(10.4) | 35.2
(1.8) | 22.9
(−5.1) | 48.2
(9.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 9.9
(−12.3) | 13.8
(−10.1) | 25.1
(−3.8) | 36.2
(2.3) | 48.3
(9.1) | 59.2
(15.1) | 63.1
(17.3) | 60.7
(15.9) | 52.0
(11.1) | 38.8
(3.8) | 25.0
(−3.9) | 14.1
(−9.9) | 37.2
(2.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −15.7
(−26.5) | −10.3
(−23.5) | −0.4
(−18.0) | 18.9
(−7.3) | 32.4
(0.2) | 45.9
(7.7) | 50.2
(10.1) | 47.4
(8.6) | 33.0
(0.6) | 19.2
(−7.1) | 3.4
(−15.9) | −10.3
(−23.5) | −20.9
(−29.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −34
(−37) | −42
(−41) | −24
(−31) | −7
(−22) | 17
(−8) | 30
(−1) | 40
(4) | 35
(2) | 16
(−9) | −6
(−21) | −26
(−32) | −38
(−39) | −42
(−41) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.53
(13) | 0.66
(17) | 1.27
(32) | 2.72
(69) | 3.41
(87) | 3.64
(92) | 2.79
(71) | 3.28
(83) | 2.86
(73) | 2.06
(52) | 0.99
(25) | 0.82
(21) | 25.03
(636) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 7.1
(18) | 7.4
(19) | 6.0
(15) | 4.0
(10) | 0.3
(0.76) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 1.2
(3.0) | 5.4
(14) | 7.8
(20) | 39.2
(100) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 4.7 | 4.9 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 10.8 | 9.7 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 81.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 5.1 | 5.2 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 2.6 | 5.0 | 24.1 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Menno, South Dakota | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Location in Hutchinson County and the state of South Dakota | |
| Coordinates: 43°14′19″N 97°34′39″W / 43.23861°N 97.57750°W / 43.23861; -97.57750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| County | Hutchinson |
| Incorporated | 1910 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Darrell Mehlhaf |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.52 sq mi (1.35 km2) |
| Land | 0.52 sq mi (1.35 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,332 ft (406 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 614 |
| Density | 1,178.50/sq mi (454.76/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 57045 |
| Area code | 605 |
| FIPS code | 46-41980 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1267474 |
| Website | http://www.mennosd.org/ |


title: Pseudochoragus

abstract: Pseudochoragus is a genus of fungus weevils in the beetle family Anthribidae. There are about six described species in Pseudochoragus.

text:
# Pseudochoragus

***Pseudochoragus*** is a genus of fungus weevils in the beetle family Anthribidae. There are about six described species in *Pseudochoragus*.

## Species

These six species belong to the genus *Pseudochoragus*:

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudochoragus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Anthribidae |
| Tribe: | Choragini |
| Genus: | *Pseudochoragus*<br>Petri, 1912 |
|


title: Pasnam

abstract: Pasnam is a village in the Yaba Department of Nayala Province in north-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 432.

text:
# Pasnam

**Pasnam** is a village in the Yaba Department of Nayala Province in north-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 432.

## InfoBox

| Pasnam | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Boucle du Mouhoun Region |
| Province | Nayala |
| Department | Yaba Department |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 432 |


title: Firelight (band)

abstract: Firelight is a pop/folk-band founded in 2013 by vocalist Richard Edwards Micallef in Malta. Michelle Mifsud, Wayne Williams and Daniel (guitars) are all Richard's siblings. The band is completed by Tony Polidano (bass) and Leslie Decesare (drums). Firelight's style is a mix of pop, rock, country and folk. Richard plays the Appalachian dulcimer, an American traditional instrument related to the European zither. Firelight represented Malta in the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest in Denmark with their song "Coming Home", placing 23rd out of 26 with 32 points, receiving 12 points from the jury selections from Armenia and the UK.. Firelight released their first album called "Backdrop Of Life" in October 2014.

text:
# Firelight (band)

**Firelight** is a pop/folk-band founded in 2013 by vocalist Richard Edwards Micallef in Malta. Michelle Mifsud (vocals and piano), Wayne Williams (vocals, keys and guitar) and Daniel (guitars) are all Richard's siblings. The band is completed by Tony Polidano (bass) and Leslie Decesare (drums).

Firelight's style is a mix of pop, rock, country and folk. Richard plays the Appalachian dulcimer, an American traditional instrument related to the European zither.

Firelight represented Malta in the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest in Denmark with their song "Coming Home", placing 23rd out of 26 with 32 points, receiving 12 points from the jury selections from Armenia and the UK..

Firelight released their first album called "Backdrop Of Life" in October 2014.

## Band members

* Michelle Mifsud – vocals, piano, percussion
* Richard Edward Micallef – vocals, acoustic guitar, Appalachian dulcimer, percussion
* Tony Polidano – vocals, upright bass, electric bass, acoustic bass, percussion
* Daniel Micallef – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
* Leslie Decesare – drums, percussion, harmonica
* Wayne Williams -vocals, acoustic guitar, keyboards

## Discography

### Album

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2014 | *Backdrop of Life* |
|

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUT
 | GER
 | IRE
 | SWI
 | UK
 | |
| "Coming Home" | 2014 | 50 | 83 | 93 | 58 | 82 | *Backdrop of Life* |
|

## InfoBox

| Firelight | |
| --- | --- |
| Firelight (2014) | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Malta |
| Genres | Country folk, folk pop, indie folk |
| Years active | 2013–present |
|  | |
| Members | * Michelle Mifsud * Richard Edward Micallef * Tony Polidano * Daniel Micallef * Wayne Williams * Leslie Decesare |


title: Firelog

abstract: A firelog is a manufactured log constructed to be used as wood fuel. Firelogs are designed to be inexpensive, while being easier to ignite, and burn longer, and more efficiently than firewood. Firelogs are traditionally manufactured using two methods: the first uses only compressed sawdust and the second uses sawdust and paraffin, which is mixed and extruded into a log shape. The extruded firelogs are individually wrapped in paper packaging which can be ignited to start burning the firelog as the paraffin is readily combustible.

text:
# Firelog

A **firelog** is a manufactured log constructed to be used as wood fuel. Firelogs are designed to be inexpensive, while being easier to ignite, and burn longer, and more efficiently than firewood. Firelogs are traditionally manufactured using two methods: the first uses only compressed sawdust and the second uses sawdust and paraffin, which is mixed and extruded into a log shape. The extruded firelogs are individually wrapped in paper packaging which can be ignited to start burning the firelog as the paraffin is readily combustible.

## Types

A new cleaner firelog has now been developed using waste fibre from the oil palm fruit bunches of South East Asia. Unlike sawdust logs, these burn with zero sulfur emissions. Also unlike sawdust logs, no trees need to be felled to produce these firelogs. Other new types of firelogs include one made from waste wax-cardboard such as that used in the packing of perishable foods for shipment, which is used to create a compressed cardboard firelog, and another made from renewable Greek cotton plants, offering a high energy content.

The materials used for a traditional firelog are variable, the sawdust used is often commercial wood waste from manufacturers, or waste agricultural biomass (nut shells, fruit pits, etc.); additionally bio-wax may be used in lieu of paraffin (petroleum-based wax).

There are wood and wax firelogs made using renewable materials. These are made using plant or animal based renewable waxes such as palm oil. These logs can be considered to be carbon neutral firelogs, as during combustion the carbon released is the same carbon absorbed when the plants are growing. Sulphur emissions are virtually eliminated with renewable firelogs as they do not contain paraffin waxes.

## Energy content

Energy content comparison
| Extruded firelog | 1,500 BTU/lb | 3.4 MJ/kg |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Firewood | 6,190 BTU/lb | 14.4 MJ/kg |
| Wood pellets | 8,400 BTU/lb | 19.54 MJ/kg |
| Compressed firelog | 8,500 BTU/lb | 19.8 MJ/kg |
| Palm fibre firelog | 10,500 BTU/lb | 24.4 MJ/kg |
| Java-Log | 12,620 BTU/lb | 29.3 MJ/kg |
| Northland | 13,540 BTU/lb | 31.4 MJ/kg |
| Duraflame Xtra Time | 13,770 BTU/lb | 32.0 MJ/kg |
| Duraflame Easy Time | 14,420 BTU/lb | 33.5 MJ/kg |
| Pine Mountain Superlog | 15,190 BTU/lb | 35.2 MJ/kg |
| Cotton plant firelog | 17,000 BTU/lb | 39.8 MJ/kg |
| Fossil fuel oil or Diesel | 18,600 BTU/lb | 43.26 MJ/kg |


title: First Magdalena massacre

abstract: The First Magdalena massacre was an attack by Seri Native Americans against the Spanish mission village of Magdalena de Kino, in the present day northern Mexico. The attack occurred on November 3, 1757 and was the first of two massacres at the town. The second attack came almost exactly nineteen years later in November, 1776. Not much is known except for the deaths of thirty-one men, women and children, as well as Jesuit missionaries.

text:
# First Magdalena massacre

The **First Magdalena massacre** was an attack by Seri Native Americans against the Spanish mission village of Magdalena de Kino, in the present day northern Mexico. The attack occurred on November 3, 1757 and was the first of two massacres at the town. The second attack came almost exactly nineteen years later in November, 1776. Not much is known except for the deaths of thirty-one men, women and children, as well as Jesuit missionaries.

1. Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1888, *History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530–1888.* The History Company, San Francisco.
2. Cooper, Evelyn S., 1995, *Tucson in Focus: The Buehman Studio.* Arizona Historical Society, Tucson. (ISBN 0-910037-35-3).
3. Dobyns, Henry F., 1976, *Spanish Colonial Tucson.* University of Arizona Press, Tucson. (ISBN 0-8165-0546-2).
4. Drachman, Roy P., 1999, *From Cowtown to Desert Metropolis: Ninety Years of Arizona Memories.* Whitewing Press, San Francisco. ISBN 1-888965-02-9.

## InfoBox

| First Magdalena massacre | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Magdalena de Kino, Sonora, New Spain<br>Modern Day: Magdalena de Kino, Sonora, Mexico |
| Date | November 3, 1757 |
| Attack type | Mass murder |
| Deaths | 31 |
| Injured | Unknown |
| Perpetrators | Seri |


title: Pasquale Cafaro

abstract: Pasquale Cafaro was an Italian composer who was particularly known for his operas and the significant amount of sacred music he produced, including oratorios, motets, and masses. Born in San Pietro, Galatina, Cafaro entered the Conservatorio della Pietà dei Turchini in Naples in December 1735 where he was a pupil of Lorenzo Fago and Leonardo Leo. He remained in Naples for the rest of his life and taught at the conservatorio from 1759 until 1785. His most famous pupil was Giacomo Tritto. In 1771, he succeeded Giuseppe de Majo as maestro di cappella of the Chapel Royal of Naples. Among his operatic works are Disfatta di Dario and L'Olimpiade. Cafaro died in Naples, aged 71 or 72 years.

text:
# Pasquale Cafaro

**Pasquale Cafaro** (also known as **Caffaro** or **Cafariello**, 8 February 1715 or 1716  25 October 1787) was an Italian composer who was particularly known for his operas and the significant amount of sacred music he produced, including oratorios, motets, and masses.

Born in San Pietro, Galatina, Cafaro entered the Conservatorio della Pietà dei Turchini in Naples in December 1735 where he was a pupil of Lorenzo Fago and Leonardo Leo. He remained in Naples for the rest of his life and taught at the conservatorio from 1759 until 1785. His most famous pupil was Giacomo Tritto.

In 1771, he succeeded Giuseppe de Majo as maestro di cappella of the Chapel Royal of Naples. Among his operatic works are *Disfatta di Dario* and *L'Olimpiade*. Cafaro died in Naples, aged 71 or 72 years.


title: Pasquale Buba

abstract: Pasquale A. "Pat" Buba was an American film editor, noted for his longtime collaboration with George A. Romero.

text:
# Pasquale Buba

**Pasquale A. "Pat" Buba** (April 16, 1946 – September 12, 2018) was an American film editor, noted for his longtime collaboration with George A. Romero.

## Biography

Pasquale Buba was born in 1946 as the second child of Edward Buba (d. 1997) and Angeline Buba (née *Gentile*; 1921–2017). His mother, who was born in the Italian city of Tursi, came to the United States in 1929. Buba grew up in Braddock, Pennsylvania, together with his older brother Anthony "Tony" Buba (born 1943).

Buba started to work as a sound engineer and editor in the early 1970s for Pittsburgh's WQED. Together with John Harrison and Dusty Nelson he founded the small Pittsburgh-based production company *BuDuDa* in 1973. The company, which was later renamed to *The Image Works*, produced commercial and industrial films.

He later met George A. Romero and had two short appearances in his films: as drug dealer in *Martin* and as biker in *Dawn of the Dead*. For Romero's next film *Knightriders* Buba supported Romero during the editing of the film, which Romero had done alone on all of his previous films. In 1985 Buba edited Romero's *Day of the Dead*. Both continued to work on films such as *Monkey Shines*, *Two Evil Eyes* and *The Dark Half*.

In 1995, Buba together with William Goldenberg, Dov Hoenig and Tom Rolf edited Michael Mann's film *Heat*, starring Robert De Niro and Al Pacino. Afterwards Buba was one of the editors for Pacino's directional debut *Looking for Richard*. Buba worked again with Pacino in 2000 for *Chinese Coffee*, in 2011 for *Wilde Salomé* and 2013 for *Salomé*.

Pasquale Buba was a member of American Cinema Editors.

He married production manager Zilla Clinton in 1983, and remained together until his death in 2018.

## Death

Buba died in his home in Los Angeles on September 12, 2018, at the age of 72, after a lengthy battle with lung cancer. His funeral was held on November 24.

## Selected filmography

### Film editing

### Acting

### Producer

## InfoBox

| Pasquale Buba | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1946-04-16)April 16, 1946
Braddock, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | September 12, 2018(2018-09-12) (aged 72)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Film editor, producer, actor |
| Years active | 1975–2018 |
| Spouse | Zilla Clinton Buba (m. 1983) |


title: Pat Flaherty (American football)

abstract: Pat Flaherty is a former American football coach. He is currently the offensive line coach at Rutgers University.

text:
# Pat Flaherty (American football)

**Pat Flaherty** (born April 27, 1956) is a former American football coach. He is currently the offensive line coach at Rutgers University.

## Playing career

Flaherty attended East Stroudsburg University and was a student and a letterman in football. In football, he was the starting center and won All-America honors.

## Coaching

### Collegiate

Flaherty began his coaching career at his alma mater, Delone Catholic High School in McSherrystown, Pennsylvania from 1978–79. Flaherty moved to the collegiate ranks, coaching the offensive line at his alma mater, East Stroudsburg University, from 1980–81.

He then joined the Penn State coaching staff from 1982 to 1983 as an assistant under offensive line coach Dick Anderson. At Penn State, he helped the Nittany Lions win the 1982 National Championship with a Sugar Bowl victory over Georgia. When Anderson left to become head coach at Rutgers prior to the 1984 season, Flaherty joined him on the Scarlet Knights' staff, where he remained through the 1991 season.

Flaherty spent the 1992 season coaching the defensive line at East Carolina. From 1993–98, he was on the staff at Wake Forest, where he coached the offensive line, tight ends and special teams. In 1999, he coached tight ends and special teams and was in charge of recruiting at the University of Iowa.

### NFL

Flaherty became the tight ends coach of the Washington Redskins under the head coach at the time, Norv Turner, in 2000. However, after just 1 season, Flaherty was relieved of his duties due to Norv Turner being fired midway through the season. In 2004, Flaherty became the offensive line coach of the New York Giants. He was hired to a new staff under new head coach Tom Coughlin, and received two Super Bowl rings during this time. He would remain in this position until 2015 when Tom Coughlin stepped down, thus beginning a coaching staff overhaul. On January 22, 2016, Flaherty was hired by new head coach Chip Kelly to become the offensive line coach of the San Francisco 49ers. On January 14, 2017, Flaherty was hired by new head coach Doug Marrone to become the offensive line coach of the Jacksonville Jaguars. On December 31, 2018, following a disappointing 5-11 campaign, Flaherty was one of three assistant coaches that were fired at the end of the season.

On February 8, 2019, the Miami Dolphins announced they had hired Flaherty as their offensive line coach. On July 29, 2019, the Dolphins head coach, Brian Flores, fired Flaherty just four days into training camp and replaced him with team analyst Dave DeGuglielmo.

## InfoBox

Pat Flaherty
| Rutgers Scarlet Knights | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Offensive line coach |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1956-04-27) April 27, 1956
Clarksburg, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Delone Catholic
(McSherrystown, Pennsylvania) |
| College: | East Stroudsburg |
| Career history | |
| As a coach: | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
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title: Pasquino Group

abstract: The Pasquino Group is a group of marble sculptures that copy a Hellenistic bronze original, dating to ca. 200–150 BCE. At least fifteen Roman marble copies of this sculpture are known. Many of these marble copies have complex artistic and social histories that illustrate the degree to which improvisatory "restorations" were made to fragments of ancient Roman sculpture during the 16th and 17th centuries, in which contemporary Italian sculptors made original and often arbitrary and destructive additions in an effort to replace lost fragments of the ancient sculptures. One of the most famous versions of the composition, though so dismembered and battered that the relationship is scarcely recognizable at first glance, is the so-called Pasquin, one of the talking statues of Rome. It was set up on a pedestal in 1501 and remains unrestored. A version of the group, probably intended to represent other Homeric figures, is part of the Sperlonga sculptures found in 1957.

text:
# Pasquino Group

***The Pasquino Group*** (also known as ***Menelaus Carrying the Body of Patroclus*** or ***Ajax Carrying the Body of Achilles***) is a group of marble sculptures that copy a Hellenistic bronze original, dating to ca. 200–150 BCE. At least fifteen Roman marble copies of this sculpture are known. Many of these marble copies have complex artistic and social histories that illustrate the degree to which improvisatory "restorations" were made to fragments of ancient Roman sculpture during the 16th and 17th centuries, in which contemporary Italian sculptors made original and often arbitrary and destructive additions in an effort to replace lost fragments of the ancient sculptures.

One of the most famous versions of the composition, though so dismembered and battered that the relationship is scarcely recognizable at first glance, is the so-called *Pasquin*, one of the talking statues of Rome. It was set up on a pedestal in 1501 and remains unrestored. A version of the group, probably intended to represent other Homeric figures, is part of the Sperlonga sculptures found in 1957.

## Subject

Ancient Roman copies of the original Greek sculptural group were first documented in Rome ca. 1500. During the 16th century, various authors proposed different identifications for the dead figure, including Hercules, Geryon, and Alexander the Great. Bernhard Schweitzer's 1936 *Das Original der sogennanten Pasquino-Gruppe* identifies the subject of the group as Menelaus carrying the body of Patroclus; however, this identification has been questioned and the subject of Ajax carrying the body of Achilles is now widely accepted for most of the Roman copies.

In the case of the very fragmentary group from Sperlonga, most scholars agree it is here intended to show Odysseus carrying the body of the dead Achilles off the battlefield outside Troy (or possibly Ajax doing the carrying), as the other sculptures in the ensemble show scenes from the story of Odysseus. This is an unusual subject, not in Homer, but one that is mentioned by Ovid (*Metamorposes*, 13, 282 ff) and fits the rest of the programme. Here Odysseus is shown at his most conventionally virtuous, demonstrating *pietas*.

## The Loggia dei Lanzi group

Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany purchased an ancient marble fragment depicting the headless torso of a man in armor supporting a heroically nude dying comrade soon after it was discovered in the *vigna* of Antonio Velli, half a Roman mile beyond Porta Portese, Rome. With the consent of Pope Pius V, it was taken immediately to Florence, where it appears in the inventory taken at Cosimo's death in 1574. The project for completing the truncated torso of the "Ajax" figure, missing above the waist when it was found according to the *Memorie* (1594) of the sculptor and antiquarian Flaminio Vacca, was commissioned by Ferdinando II; the "restoration" was worked out by Pietro Tacca and executed by **Lodovico Salvetti** from Tacca's model, according to Filippo Baldinucci. It was set up in a niche on the south end of the Ponte Vecchio. Paolo Alessandro Maffei's engraving of 1704 shows that the "Ajax" figure then was wearing a helmet much simpler than the elaborate neoclassical one erroneously provided by Ricci seen on the sculpture today.

In 1771, the neoclassic artist Anton Raphael Mengs took moulds of the parts he considered genuinely ancient (and thus original) of this sculpture and the version at the Palazzo Pitti (discussed below) and reassembled them in a plaster model that was intended to be more faithful to the Roman original. It was taken away to be further repaired in 1798 and remained in obscurity, undergoing further adjustments by Stefano Ricci in the 1830s, until it was finally re-erected in 1838, in the Loggia dei Lanzi in the Piazza della Signoria, Florence. The feature which still draws most attention is the lifeless hanging left arm of the "Achilles" figure, seemingly dislocated, which was in fact part of the Tacca-Salvetti restoration. Other errors in restoration are the lifted left leg of the bearer, the raised right knee of Patroclus, and the mounded ground that serves as a base.

## The second Medici group

The second version was a gift in 1570 from the Florentine Paolo Antonio Soderini of Rome. It was said to have been found at the Mausoleum of Augustus. Identified as Ajax, it stands in the *Cortile del Ajaco* of Palazzo Pitti.

Further fragments of other Roman copies of this group have appeared during the 20th century, but more severe and careful modern criteria for restoration have led historians to avoid trying to restore them as a completed figural group, as past individuals attempted to do with the Pasquino group.

## The Hadrian group

Five fragments of a Pasquino group were excavated from Hadrian's Villa by Gavin Hamilton in 1769. This sculpture was a part of the Roman emperor Hadrian's collection of copies of Greek masterpieces. Unlike other copies, the deceased figure in Hadrian's copy is wounded on the back. This has been interpreted as evidence that Hadrian's copy was meant to represent Menelaus and Patroclus, since the *Iliad* states that he was killed by a blow to the back. These fragments are in the Vatican Museums. The head of Menelaus is on display in the museum's Hall of Busts.

* Andreae, Bernard, review of *Sperlonga und Vergil* by Roland Hampe, *Gnomon*, Vol. 45, Issue 1 (February 1973), pp. 84–88, Verlag C.H.Beck, JSTOR
* Blanckenhagen, Peter H. von, review of *Die Skulpturen von Sperlonga* by Baldassare Conticello and Bernard Andreae, *American Journal of Archaeology*, Vol. 80, No. 1 (Winter, 1976), pp. 99–104, JSTOR
* Herrmann, Ariel, review of *Sperlonga und Vergil* by Roland Hampe, *The Art Bulletin*, Vol. 56, No. 2, Medieval Issue (Jun. 1974), pp. 275–277, JSTOR
* Weiss, H. Anne, "Odysseus at Sperlonga: Hellenistic Hero or Roman Foil?", in *From Pergamon to Sperlonga: Sculpture and Context*, Editors: Nancy Thomson De Grummond, Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway, 2000, University of California Press, ISBN 0520223276, 9780520223271, google books

Media related to Pasquino Group at Wikimedia Commons

43°46′09″N 11°15′20″E / 43.76917°N 11.25556°E / 43.76917; 11.25556


title: Pasquines

abstract: Pasquines is a policy and politics non-profit news organization that covers news related to politics, government, design and economy in United States territories. The organization has its base of operations in Mayaguez, PR and Washington, DC. It was founded by William-Jose Velez Gonzalez who serves as Editor in chief. Its slogan 'context of islands' first appeared in June 2018, on the fifth anniversary of the organization's founding.

text:
# Pasquines

***Pasquines*** is a policy and politics non-profit news organization that covers news related to politics, government, design and economy in United States territories. The organization has its base of operations in Mayaguez, PR and Washington, DC. It was founded by William-Jose Velez Gonzalez who serves as Editor in chief. Its slogan 'context of islands' first appeared in June 2018, on the fifth anniversary of the organization's founding.

## Name

The organization is "named after the custom in Puerto Rico of placing repetitive political flyers in public places."

## History

Pasquines started out as a politics blog dedicated to covering "all the politics," focusing on local and federal political stories affecting Puerto Rico. Its name derives from the custom in Puerto Rico of placing political flyers in public spaces, often plastering copies of the same flyer until entire walls are covered, which is known locally in Spanish as a "pasquinada." On April 6, 2015, Pasquines launched its internship program, aiming at providing a training and education experience for students in the United States, while expanding its reach.

On December 12, 2016, Pasquines officially registered with the Department of State of Puerto Rico as a non-stock corporation, under register no. 387545, becoming a nonprofit organization. It has filed one annual report to date, reporting an operating budget of $0.

Since then, the organization has expanded its focus, now covering news about politics, public policy, economy, technology, design, and innovation. On its website, it lists a volunteer staff of 12, not including contributors and intern writers.

In June 2018, Pasquines celebrated 5 years since it began publishing online. As part of its anniversary campaign it unveiled the "context of islands" slogan.

## Polling

Starting on March 21, 2016, Pasquines began conducting polls on Puerto Rico elections. Their data has been used by websites like Daily Kos and FiveThirtyEight.

## Recognition and awards

* In June 2016, *FiveThirtyEight* writer Harry Enten recognized Pasquines' polling in Puerto Rico, saying "In a year in which pollsters have struggled on the Democratic side, @pasquines\_US looks like it has done very well in Puerto Rico."

1. Pasquines. "About Pasquines". Retrieved June 8, 2016.
2. Pasquines. "2016 Pasquines Annual Report Details". Retrieved April 5, 2018.
3. Pasquines. "2016 Pasquines Balance Sheet Details". Retrieved April 5, 2018.
4. Pasquines. "INTRODUCING THE 2016 ELECTIONS PUERTO RICO POLL". Retrieved June 8, 2016.|
5. Daily Kos. "Poll for Puerto Rico: Clinton by 63.9-30.1". Retrieved June 8, 2016.
6. FiveThirtyEight. "Clinton Will Likely Clinch The Democratic Nomination In New Jersey". Retrieved June 8, 2016.
7. "Harry Enten on Pasquines polls".

## InfoBox

Pasquines
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| Founded | 2013 (2013) |
| Focus | Investigative journalism, United States territories |
| Area served | United States |
| Key people | William-Jose Velez Gonzalez, Founder and Editor in Chief |
| Pasquines URL pasquines.us  Current status Active | |