title: Geometric topology

abstract: In mathematics, geometric topology is the study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another.

text:
# Geometric topology

In mathematics, **geometric topology** is the study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another.

## History

Geometric topology as an area distinct from algebraic topology may be said to have originated in the 1935 classification of lens spaces by Reidemeister torsion, which required distinguishing spaces that are homotopy equivalent but not homeomorphic. This was the origin of *simple* homotopy theory. The use of the term geometric topology to describe these seems to have originated rather recently.

## Differences between low-dimensional and high-dimensional topology

Manifolds differ radically in behavior in high and low dimension.

High-dimensional topology refers to manifolds of dimension 5 and above, or in relative terms, embeddings in codimension 3 and above. Low-dimensional topology is concerned with questions in dimensions up to 4, or embeddings in codimension up to 2.

Dimension 4 is special, in that in some respects (topologically), dimension 4 is high-dimensional, while in other respects (differentiably), dimension 4 is low-dimensional; this overlap yields phenomena exceptional to dimension 4, such as exotic differentiable structures on **R**4. Thus the topological classification of 4-manifolds is in principle tractable, and the key questions are: does a topological manifold admit a differentiable structure, and if so, how many? Notably, the smooth case of dimension 4 is the last open case of the generalized Poincaré conjecture; see Gluck twists.

The distinction is because surgery theory works in dimension 5 and above (in fact, in many cases, it works topologically in dimension 4, though this is very involved to prove), and thus the behavior of manifolds in dimension 5 and above may be studied using the surgery theory program. In dimension 4 and below (topologically, in dimension 3 and below), surgery theory does not work. Indeed, one approach to discussing low-dimensional manifolds is to ask "what would surgery theory predict to be true, were it to work?" – and then understand low-dimensional phenomena as deviations from this.

The precise reason for the difference at dimension 5 is because the Whitney embedding theorem, the key technical trick which underlies surgery theory, requires 2+1 dimensions. Roughly, the Whitney trick allows one to "unknot" knotted spheres – more precisely, remove self-intersections of immersions; it does this via a homotopy of a disk – the disk has 2 dimensions, and the homotopy adds 1 more – and thus in codimension greater than 2, this can be done without intersecting itself; hence embeddings in codimension greater than 2 can be understood by surgery. In surgery theory, the key step is in the middle dimension, and thus when the middle dimension has codimension more than 2 (loosely, 2½ is enough, hence total dimension 5 is enough), the Whitney trick works. The key consequence of this is Smale's *h*-cobordism theorem, which works in dimension 5 and above, and forms the basis for surgery theory.

A modification of the Whitney trick can work in 4 dimensions, and is called Casson handles – because there are not enough dimensions, a Whitney disk introduces new kinks, which can be resolved by another Whitney disk, leading to a sequence ("tower") of disks. The limit of this tower yields a topological but not differentiable map, hence surgery works topologically but not differentiably in dimension 4.

## Important tools in geometric topology

### Fundamental group

In all dimensions, the fundamental group of a manifold is a very important invariant, and determines much of the structure; in dimensions 1, 2 and 3, the possible fundamental groups are restricted, while in dimension 4 and above every finitely presented group is the fundamental group of a manifold (note that it is sufficient to show this for 4- and 5-dimensional manifolds, and then to take products with spheres to get higher ones).

### Orientability

A manifold is orientable if it has a consistent choice of orientation, and a connected orientable manifold has exactly two different possible orientations. In this setting, various equivalent formulations of orientability can be given, depending on the desired application and level of generality. Formulations applicable to general topological manifolds often employ methods of homology theory, whereas for differentiable manifolds more structure is present, allowing a formulation in terms of differential forms. An important generalization of the notion of orientability of a space is that of orientability of a family of spaces parameterized by some other space (a fiber bundle) for which an orientation must be selected in each of the spaces which varies continuously with respect to changes in the parameter values.

### Handle decompositions

A handle decomposition of an *m*-manifold *M* is a union

$$\emptyset =M\_{-1}\subset M\_{0}\subset M\_{1}\subset M\_{2}\subset \dots \subset M\_{m-1}\subset M\_{m}=M$$

where each $M\_{i}$ is obtained from $M\_{i-1}$ by the attaching of $i$-**handles**. A handle decomposition is to a manifold what a CW-decomposition is to a topological space—in many regards the purpose of a handle decomposition is to have a language analogous to CW-complexes, but adapted to the world of smooth manifolds. Thus an *i*-handle is the smooth analogue of an *i*-cell. Handle decompositions of manifolds arise naturally via Morse theory. The modification of handle structures is closely linked to Cerf theory.

### Local flatness

Local flatness is a property of a submanifold in a topological manifold of larger dimension. In the category of topological manifolds, locally flat submanifolds play a role similar to that of embedded submanifolds in the category of smooth manifolds.

Suppose a *d* dimensional manifold *N* is embedded into an *n* dimensional manifold *M* (where *d* \< *n*). If $x\in N,$ we say *N* is **locally flat** at *x* if there is a neighborhood $U\subset M$ of *x* such that the topological pair $(U,U\cap N)$ is homeomorphic to the pair $(\mathbb {R} ^{n},\mathbb {R} ^{d})$, with a standard inclusion of $\mathbb {R} ^{d}$ as a subspace of $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$. That is, there exists a homeomorphism $U\to R^{n}$ such that the image of $U\cap N$ coincides with $\mathbb {R} ^{d}$.

### Schönflies theorems

The generalized Schoenflies theorem states that, if an (*n*  1)-dimensional sphere *S* is embedded into the *n*-dimensional sphere *Sn* in a locally flat way (that is, the embedding extends to that of a thickened sphere), then the pair (*Sn*, *S*) is homeomorphic to the pair (*Sn*, *S**n*1), where *S**n*1 is the equator of the *n*-sphere. Brown and Mazur received the Veblen Prize for their independent proofs of this theorem.

## Branches of geometric topology

### Low-dimensional topology

Low-dimensional topology includes:

each have their own theory, where there are some connections.

Low-dimensional topology is strongly geometric, as reflected in the uniformization theorem in 2 dimensions – every surface admits a constant curvature metric; geometrically, it has one of 3 possible geometries: positive curvature/spherical, zero curvature/flat, negative curvature/hyperbolic – and the geometrization conjecture (now theorem) in 3 dimensions – every 3-manifold can be cut into pieces, each of which has one of 8 possible geometries.

2-dimensional topology can be studied as complex geometry in one variable (Riemann surfaces are complex curves) – by the uniformization theorem every conformal class of metrics is equivalent to a unique complex one, and 4-dimensional topology can be studied from the point of view of complex geometry in two variables (complex surfaces), though not every 4-manifold admits a complex structure.

### Knot theory

Knot theory is the study of mathematical knots. While inspired by knots which appear in daily life in shoelaces and rope, a mathematician's knot differs in that the ends are joined together so that it cannot be undone. In mathematical language, a knot is an embedding of a circle in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, **R**3 (since we're using topology, a circle isn't bound to the classical geometric concept, but to all of its homeomorphisms). Two mathematical knots are equivalent if one can be transformed into the other via a deformation of **R**3 upon itself (known as an ambient isotopy); these transformations correspond to manipulations of a knotted string that do not involve cutting the string or passing the string through itself.

To gain further insight, mathematicians have generalized the knot concept in several ways. Knots can be considered in other three-dimensional spaces and objects other than circles can be used; see *knot (mathematics)*. Higher-dimensional knots are *n*-dimensional spheres in *m*-dimensional Euclidean space.

### High-dimensional geometric topology

In high-dimensional topology, characteristic classes are a basic invariant, and surgery theory is a key theory.

A **characteristic class** is a way of associating to each principal bundle on a topological space *X* a cohomology class of *X*. The cohomology class measures the extent to which the bundle is "twisted"  particularly, whether it possesses sections or not. In other words, characteristic classes are global invariants which measure the deviation of a local product structure from a global product structure. They are one of the unifying geometric concepts in algebraic topology, differential geometry and algebraic geometry.

**Surgery theory** is a collection of techniques used to produce one manifold from another in a 'controlled' way, introduced by Milnor (1961). Surgery refers to cutting out parts of the manifold and replacing it with a part of another manifold, matching up along the cut or boundary. This is closely related to, but not identical with, handlebody decompositions. It is a major tool in the study and classification of manifolds of dimension greater than 3.

More technically, the idea is to start with a well-understood manifold *M* and perform surgery on it to produce a manifold *M* ′ having some desired property, in such a way that the effects on the homology, homotopy groups, or other interesting invariants of the manifold are known.

The classification of exotic spheres by Kervaire and Milnor (1963) led to the emergence of surgery theory as a major tool in high-dimensional topology.


title: German Fetish Ball

abstract: The German Fetish Ball or German Fetish Fair & BDSM Convention is an annual fetish exhibition held in Germany, and known as well under the acronym GFB. The fair has been running since 2003 and has been held in Berlin, then in Hamburg, and now back in Berlin. The festival lasts for three days over the weekend of Pentecost, and includes both parties and merchandise exhibits. The Fetish Fair is the largest fetish weekend in Germany, and one of the world's largest fetish trade shows. Some international attendees make a special trip.

text:
# German Fetish Ball

The **German Fetish Ball** or **German Fetish Fair & BDSM Convention** is an annual fetish exhibition held in Germany, and known as well under the acronym GFB. The fair has been running since 2003 and has been held in Berlin, then in Hamburg, and now back in Berlin. The festival lasts for three days over the weekend of Pentecost, and includes both parties and merchandise exhibits. The Fetish Fair is the largest fetish weekend in Germany, and one of the world's largest fetish trade shows. Some international attendees make a special trip.

## Mistresses of Ceremony

* 2018: Myriel Monastic
* 2017: Kari Berg
* 2016: Ancilla Tilia
* 2015:
* 2014: Kari Berg
* 2013:
* 2012: Kari Berg
* 2011:
* 2010:
* 2009: Tronicat la Miez
* 2008: RubberDoll
* 2007: Ancilla Tilia
* 2006:
* 2005: Emily Marilyn
* 2004: Luci van Org


title: Michael McGowan (politician)

abstract: Michael McGowan is a British journalist and a former Member of the European Parliament, with a special interest in international affairs, European politics, Africa, peace, development, and human rights. He is a Director of Leeds City Credit Union, and a Director of PAFRAS – Positive Action for Refugees and Asylum Seekers, and until June 2009 was a National Executive Committee member of the Co-operative Party.

text:
# Michael McGowan (politician)

**Michael McGowan** (born 19 May 1940) is a British journalist and a former Member of the European Parliament, with a special interest in international affairs, European politics, Africa, peace, development, and human rights. He is a Director of Leeds City Credit Union, and a Director of PAFRAS – Positive Action for Refugees and Asylum Seekers, and until June 2009 was a National Executive Committee member of the Co-operative Party.

## Background

Michael McGowan was born in the village of Birkenshaw in the West Riding of Yorkshire. His father, Edgar, was a baker at Bradford Co-op bakery and his mother, Marion, a waitress.

McGowan was educated at Birkenshaw Primary school, Heckmondwike Grammar School, and won a West Riding scholarship to Leicester University where he read History, philosophy, Politics, and Economics. He is married to Margarita and they have three grown up children, Joseph, Emily, and Sebastian. The couple live in Leeds.

## Political career

Michael McGowan was elected a Labour Party District Councillor at the age of 21, a West Riding County Councillor at 23, and has served for 2 periods on Leeds City Council. He was Parliamentary Labour candidate for Ripon in 1966 and for Brighouse and Spenborough in 1979.

A former BBC Television and Radio producer based in Leeds, Bristol and at the Television Centre, London, McGowan is a member of the National Union of Journalists.

## European parliament

In June 1984, having secured the nomination by defeating the sitting Member of the European Parliament, Derek Enright, McGowan was elected as the Labour MEP for Leeds, serving three terms in the parliament before he stood down in 1999. During those fifteen years, he served on the Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, and External Trade committees of the European Parliament and as Vice-President of the ACP EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly which links the European Union with the countries of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States.

McGowan has been a member of delegations to 37 African countries and was an EU election observer in Chad, Guinea, and Nigeria. He was a United Nations election observer at the Namibian independence elections in November 1989 and the first democratic elections in South Africa in 1994, when he was based in Durban. The South African city has since been twinned with Leeds, which Nelson Mandela visited and where he was made an honorary citizen.

Michael McGowan is the only British MEP to be elected President of the Development and Co-operation Committee of the European Parliament, a position also held by the former French Prime Minister, Michel Rocard, and the present French Foreign Minister, Bernard Kouchner.

## Journalist

In two op-ed pieces published in *The Yorkshire Post* during 2009, Michael McGowan has raised a number of controversial issues. One article called for an urgent independent inquiry led by the United Nations into the Lockerbie disaster. McGowan wrote that he was personally affected by the crash: "As President of the Development Committee of the European Parliament, I had invited Bernt Carlsson, the Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations and UN Commissioner for Namibia, to call in at Brussels in December 1988. That Bernt Carlsson was on that plane should be an extra incentive for the UN to take action in view of the fact that this impressive diplomat was dealing with some of the most sensitive and violent situations being perpetrated by the brutal apartheid regime in both South Africa and Namibia, besides his work in the Middle East. The best tribute to the lives and families of the 270 victims of Lockerbie, including Bernt Carlsson, and the most positive action for the international community to take against terrorism, is to launch an independent inquiry into this gross act of mass murder. Nothing less will suffice."

The second article by McGowan expressed the hope that Ireland would vote against ratifying the Lisbon Treaty, thus frustrating Tony Blair's ambitions to become President of the European Council. McGowan, fearing that ratification would nonetheless go ahead, argued in favour of a different British candidate for the presidency: Chris Patten, "who has to be rated as one of the more heavyweight and internationally respected UK politicians of recent times. His experience as a UK Government Minister, as European Commissioner for External Affairs with responsibility for international development, and the last Governor of Hong Kong would make him a serious candidate. The appointment of Chris Patten as the first President of the European Union would be good for Britain, good for Europe and good for the developing world. It would also signal a determination that Britain intends to play a greater part at the heart of Europe."

1. "European Parliament: Your MEPs". Retrieved 4 October 2009.
2. *Guide to the European elections, 1984*. BBC Political Research Unit. 1985. ISBN 9780946358267. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
3. Michael McGowan (2 September 2009). "Michael McGowan: The best tribute to the 270 victims of Lockerbie is to find out the truth". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
4. Michael McGowan (29 September 2009). "Michael McGowan: We should be at the heart of Europe, but not with Tony Blair as President". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 4 October 2009.

## InfoBox

| Michael McGowan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament
for Leeds | |
| **In office**
17 June 1984  10 June 1999 | |
| Preceded by | Derek Enright |
| Succeeded by | Constituency Abolished |
| Leeds City Councillor
for University Ward | |
| **In office**
8 June 2001  2004 | |
| Preceded by | Maggie Giles-Hill |
| Succeeded by | *Ward abolished* |
| Leeds City Councillor
for Beeston Ward | |
| **In office**
19801984 | |
| Preceded by | *Ward created* |
| Succeeded by | Jon Trickett |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Michael McGowan
(1940-05-19) 19 May 1940
Birkenshaw, West Yorkshire |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Labour |
| Spouse | Margarita |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | Leicester University |
| Occupation | Journalist |
|  | |


title: Port of Port Arthur

abstract: The Port of Port Arthur is a seaport in Port Arthur, Texas.

text:
# Port of Port Arthur

The **Port of Port Arthur** is a seaport in Port Arthur, Texas (United States).

## 2010 tanker collision

On 23 January 2010, an oil tanker and barge collided in the channel leading to Port Arthur, spilling up to 450,000 gallons of oil into the seaway. The tanker was chartered by ExxonMobil and was bound for Exxon's refinery in Beaumont, Texas.

## InfoBox

| Port of Port Arthur | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Port Arthur, Texas |
| Coordinates | 29°52′02″N 93°56′13″W / 29.867099°N 93.936927°W / 29.867099; -93.936927 |
| UN/LOCODE | USFPO |
| Details | |
| Draft depth | Depth 49 feet (15 m) |
| Statistics | |
| **Website**<br>http://www.portofportarthur.com | |


title: National Foreign Trade Council

abstract: Founded in 1914, the National Foreign Trade Council (NFTC) is an American trade association that advocates for an open, rules-based international trade system. Its stated goal is to serve its hundreds of member companies by providing them with services and support related to international trade policy and international tax policy. The NFTC is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and its current president is Jake Colvin.

text:
# National Foreign Trade Council

Founded in 1914, the **National Foreign Trade Council** (NFTC) is an American trade association that advocates for an open, rules-based international trade system. Its stated goal is to serve its hundreds of member companies by providing them with services and support related to international trade policy and international tax policy. The NFTC is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and its current president is Jake Colvin.

## History

The organization was founded in 1914 by James A. Farrell, the President of US Steel. As the leader of that company, he grew sales through international exports and became an early advocate for global trade.

## Activities

NFTC develops and advocates trade and export finance policies that maximize the competitiveness of its member companies in the global marketplace. The NFTC overturned the Massachusetts Burma Law before the U.S. Supreme Court in *Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council*.


title: Villar de la Encina

abstract: Villar de la Encina is a municipality located in the province of Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 220 inhabitants.

text:
# Villar de la Encina

**Villar de la Encina** is a municipality located in the province of Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 220 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Villar de la Encina, Spain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Villar de la Encina, SpainVillar de la Encina, Spain | |
| Coordinates: 39°38′N 2°31′W / 39.633°N 2.517°W / 39.633; -2.517 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile-La Mancha |
| Province | Cuenca |
| Municipality | Villar de la Encina |
| Area | |
| Total | 49 km2 (19 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 165 |
| Density | 3.4/km2 (8.7/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Popular Action Party (Panama)

abstract: Popular Action Party was a Panamanian political party. Established by urban, middle-class social democrats in 1982. “In July 1982 it joined a number of other small parties, including the PDC, in branding the "deposition" of President Aristides Royo by the National Guard as "going beyond the legal and institutional frameworks set up by the National Guard itself”. The PAPO vehemently opposed the Manuel Noriega-led National Democratic Union coalition in the 1984 Panamanian general election and ran its own candidate, Carlos Iván Zúñiga, for president. In an incident that he blamed on the military, PAPO leader Zúñiga was kidnapped and beaten in August 1984. Three months later the party was legally deregistered.

text:
# Popular Action Party (Panama)

**Popular Action Party** (in Spanish: *Partido de Acción Popular*, PAPO) was a Panamanian political party.

Established by urban, middle-class social democrats in 1982. *In July 1982 it joined a number of other small parties, including the PDC, in branding the "deposition" of President Aristides Royo by the National Guard as "going beyond the legal and institutional frameworks set up by the National Guard itself*”. The PAPO vehemently opposed the Manuel Noriega-led National Democratic Union coalition in the 1984 Panamanian general election and ran its own candidate, Carlos Iván Zúñiga, for president. In an incident that he blamed on the military, PAPO leader Zúñiga was kidnapped and beaten in August 1984. Three months later the party was legally deregistered.


title: New Asia Republic

abstract: New Asia Republic was a Singapore-based news commentary website. Its scope of coverage included strategic, economic and socio-political issues pertaining to Singapore, as well as international affairs, encompassing the liberal-libertarian spectrum. Launched in March 2010, it was founded by Donaldson Tan and another friend. Prior to launching New Asia Republic, Donaldson Tan was an editor at the socio-political blog The Online Citizen where he was in charge of the news desk and the foreign desk. Other notable current and former contributors include literary critic Dr Gwee Li Sui and former NTUC Income CEO Tan Kin Lian. New Asia Republic launched its Chinese Language Section in February 2011, becoming the first bilingual news commentary website in Singapore. It provided bilingual coverage of the 2011 Singapore General Election and the 2011 Singapore Presidential Election. The site appeared to be out of service ever since February 2014, with no posts from its official Twitter.

text:
# New Asia Republic

**New Asia Republic** was a Singapore-based news commentary website. Its scope of coverage included strategic, economic and socio-political issues pertaining to Singapore, as well as international affairs, encompassing the liberal-libertarian spectrum. Launched in March 2010, it was founded by Donaldson Tan and another friend.

Prior to launching New Asia Republic, Donaldson Tan was an editor at the socio-political blog The Online Citizen where he was in charge of the news desk and the foreign desk. Other notable current and former contributors include literary critic Dr Gwee Li Sui and former NTUC Income CEO Tan Kin Lian.

New Asia Republic launched its Chinese Language Section in February 2011, becoming the first bilingual news commentary website in Singapore. It provided bilingual coverage of the 2011 Singapore General Election and the 2011 Singapore Presidential Election.

The site appeared to be out of service ever since February 2014, with no posts from its official Twitter.


title: Oxalis valdiviensis

abstract: Oxalis valdiviensis, the Chilean yellow-sorrel, is an Oxalis species found in Chile and Argentina.

text:
# Oxalis valdiviensis

***Oxalis valdiviensis***, the **Chilean yellow-sorrel**, is an *Oxalis* species found in Chile and Argentina.

## InfoBox

| *Oxalis valdiviensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Oxalidaceae |
| Genus: | *Oxalis* |
| Species: | ***O. valdiviensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxalis valdiviensis***<br>Barnéoud | |
|


title: In Vain (Kim-Lian song)

abstract: "In Vain" is a song recorded by the Dutch pop rock music singer Kim-Lian. It was released as the second single from her second album Just Do It on 10 October 2006.

text:
# In Vain (Kim-Lian song)

"**In Vain**" is a song recorded by the Dutch pop rock music singer Kim-Lian. It was released as the second single from her second album *Just Do It* on 10 October 2006.

## Formats and track listing

**CD single**

1. "In Vain"

**Maxi single**

1. "In Vain" - 3:32
2. "In Vain" \[Guitar Down Mix\] - 3:28
3. "In Vain" \[Instrumental\] - 3:31
4. "Road to Heaven" \[Club Remix From Israel\] - 4:54

## Charts

| Chart (2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Dutch Tip Parade | 3 |
| Dutch Single Top 100 | 33 |
|

## InfoBox

| "In Vain" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Kim-Lian | |
| from the album  *Just Do It* | |
| Released | 29 April 2006 |
| Recorded | 2006 |
| Genre | Pop rock |
| Length | 3:32 |
| Label | Bass Commander Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Daniel Gibson, Han'some |
| Producer(s) | Daniël Gibson, Han'some, Anders Bergström |
| Kim-Lian singles chronology | |
| "Road to Heaven"
(2006) "**In Vain**"
(2006) "Feel"
(2007) | |


title: George Dupre

abstract: George Dupre (1903–1982) was a Canadian man who falsely claimed to have been a Special Operations Executive operative during World War II. In 1953, Quentin Reynolds, an ex-war correspondent, had written a book The Man Who Wouldn't Talk about George Dupre's alleged wartime experiences. Dupre claimed that he had been working for Special Operations Executive and the French Resistance during World War II. He had masqueraded as a village idiot and had been captured and tortured by the Gestapo. He had been telling his story in Canadian service clubs and Boy Scout meetings for years. Any loopholes in his story he attributed to wartime trauma and still existing security restrictions. Random House published the book and it appeared in November 1953. There was also a Reader's Digest condensation. Dupre himself said he wanted no money, that only the message to trust in God was important. He gave the money to Scouts Canada. The book was a sensation. The hoax began to unravel when a retired Royal Canadian Air Force officer appeared at the offices of the Calgary Herald. He had served with Dupre in Winnipeg in 1943, when Dupre claimed he was working undercover in France. Three other officers stated that they had sailed with him to Britain at the same time. Calgary Herald reporter Douglas Collins, himself a former intelligence man, tricked Dupre by dropping fictitious names Dupre claimed to recognize. Eventually Dupre confessed. Reynolds was rather disappointed and Reader's Digest published a three-page retraction. Unfazed, Random House representative Bennett Cerf recommended that stores move the book to the fiction section. The book continued to sell well.

text:
# George Dupre

**George Dupre** (19031982) was a Canadian man who falsely claimed to have been a Special Operations Executive operative during World War II.

In 1953, Quentin Reynolds, an ex-war correspondent, had written a book *The Man Who Wouldn't Talk* about George Dupre's alleged wartime experiences. Dupre claimed that he had been working for Special Operations Executive and the French Resistance during World War II. He had masqueraded as a village idiot and had been captured and tortured by the Gestapo. He had been telling his story in Canadian service clubs and Boy Scout meetings for years. Any loopholes in his story he (and his listeners) attributed to wartime trauma and still existing security restrictions.

Random House published the book and it appeared in November 1953. There was also a *Reader's Digest* condensation. Dupre himself said he wanted no money, that only the message to trust in God was important. He gave the money to Scouts Canada. The book was a sensation.

The hoax began to unravel when a retired Royal Canadian Air Force officer appeared at the offices of the *Calgary Herald*. He had served with Dupre in Winnipeg in 1943, when Dupre claimed he was working undercover in France. Three other officers stated that they had sailed with him to Britain at the same time.

*Calgary Herald* reporter Douglas Collins, himself a former intelligence man, tricked Dupre by dropping fictitious names Dupre claimed to recognize. Eventually Dupre confessed. Reynolds was rather disappointed and *Reader's Digest* published a three-page retraction. Unfazed, Random House representative Bennett Cerf recommended that stores move the book to the fiction section. The book continued to sell well.

## Further reading


title: Pristiphora geniculata

abstract: Pristiphora geniculata, the mountain ash sawfly, is a species of common sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It is found in Europe.

text:
# Pristiphora geniculata

***Pristiphora geniculata***, the **mountain ash sawfly**, is a species of common sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It is found in Europe.

## InfoBox

| *Pristiphora geniculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Symphyta |
| Family: | Tenthredinidae |
| Genus: | *Pristiphora* |
| Species: | ***P. geniculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristiphora geniculata***<br>(Hartig) | |
|


title: Michael Xufu Huang

abstract: Michael Xufu Huang is a Chinese art collector and socialite. Huang co-founded the M Woods Museum of Beijing's 798 Art Zone in 2015 and the X Museum in the Chaoyang district of Beijing in 2020. His art collecting activities have led The New York Times to profile him in 2017 as "something of a next-generation Jeffrey Deitch of China."

text:
# Michael Xufu Huang

**Michael Xufu Huang** (Chinese: 黄勖夫; pinyin: *Huáng Xùfū*; born 1994) is a Chinese art collector and socialite. Huang co-founded the M Woods Museum of Beijing's 798 Art Zone in 2015 and the X Museum in the Chaoyang district of Beijing in 2020. His art collecting activities have led *The New York Times* to profile him in 2017 as "something of a next-generation Jeffrey Deitch of China."

## Early life and education

Huang was born in Chongqing, China in 1994, and grew up in Beijing. His mother works in the pharmaceutical industry and his father is a finance lawyer. As a teenager, Huang became interested in art while attending boarding school in the United Kingdom. He recalled an exhibition on the beach paintings of Alex Katz at Tate St Ives, where he "really felt connected with the work" and "grew \[his\] passion for art." After finishing his education at Dulwich College and completing his A Levels in art history, Huang moved to the United States to study at the University of Pennsylvania. In university, Huang studied art history and marketing and was active in the Zeta Psi fraternity. He graduated in 2017.

## Career

Huang developed his interests in art at the age of 16. His parents gifted him his first work of art, a lithograph by Helen Frankenthaler, for his sixteenth birthday in 2010. He started slowly collecting in 2013, after moving to Philadelphia to attend university.

### M Woods Museum

While a sophomore at the University of Pennsylvania in 2015, Huang joined the contemporary art museum M Woods as a co-founder alongside art collectors Lin Han and Wanwan Lei. Located in Beijing's 798 Art Zone, the museum focuses on "internet-minded" works of artists such as He Xiangyu and Olafur Eliasson. Its debut exhibition on Andy Warhol in 2016 received international recognition. Later that year, Huang joined the board of the New Museum in New York City as its youngest member.

In the summer of 2017, Huang curated his first major exhibition, *Heart of the Tin Man*, a survey of artists influenced by post-Internet culture. Huang announced his resignation and the withdrawal of his collection from the museum in 2019.

### X Museum

In 2020, Huang co-founded the X Museum, focused on Chinese contemporary art, with businesswoman Theresa Tse. It is located in the Chaoyang district of Beijing. The museum aims to provide an art platform for millennial artists and present contemporary art works that are heavily influenced by globalisation.

### Other activities

In 2020, Huang was reported to be a stakeholder in Mine Project, a commercial gallery that opened in Hong Kong a year earlier. He organised its inaugural exhibition, *Cutthroat Kitchen*, on the works of Chinese artist Zhang Zipiao.

In 2022, Bloomberg News reported that Huang had filed a lawsuit against art collector Federico Castro Debernardi. The lawsuit alleged that Debernardi had violated the terms of a sales agreement involving a Cecily Brown painting that Huang had previously bought from the Paula Cooper Gallery and resold to Debernardi for an added commission. A settlement between Huang and the gallery was reportedly reached just before the Bloomberg report.

## Personal life

Huang was one of the influential figures defrauded by Anna Sorokin after the two met in New York City. Sorokin claimed to be a wealthy German heiress under the fictitious identity of Anna Delvey. Huang later purchased a portrait of Sorokin in court, drawn by Chinese artist Gong Jian, for the X Museum's collection, stating "I paid more for this work than the hotel charges I apparently lost." He is depicted in the 2022 Netflix miniseries *Inventing Anna*, based on Sorokin's life.

## Recognition

In 2016, *Apollo* magazine highlighted Huang in its "40 Under 40 Asia Pacific" list. In 2017, he was named to *Forbes* 30 Under 30 list under its "Art & Style" category.

## InfoBox

| Michael Xufu Huang | |
| --- | --- |
| 黄勖夫 | |
| Born | 1994 (age 2930)
Chongqing, China |
| Education | Dulwich College
University of Pennsylvania |
| Occupation(s) | Art collector, socialite |


title: Porto Alegre (disambiguation)

abstract:
Porto Alegre may refer to:
  - Porto Alegre, a municipality that is also capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.
  -
    - Porto Alegre Metro, a metro operated jointly by the federal government, the state government of Rio Grande do Sul and the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil.
    - Porto Alegre Futebol Clube, a Brazilian football club from Porto Alegre, Brazil.
  - Porto Alegre, São Tomé and Príncipe, a municipality on São Tomé Island in Caué District in São Tomé and Príncipe.
  -
    - Porto Alegre Airport, an airport serving the municipality of Porto Alegre on São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe.

text:
# Porto Alegre (disambiguation)

**Porto Alegre** may refer to:

* Porto Alegre, a municipality that is also capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.

* Porto Alegre Metro, a metro operated jointly by the federal government, the state government of Rio Grande do Sul and the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil.
* Porto Alegre Futebol Clube, a Brazilian football club from Porto Alegre, Brazil.
* Porto Alegre Airport, an airport serving the municipality of Porto Alegre on São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe.


abstract: The National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity is an advisory body that makes recommendations to the U.S. Secretary of Education "on matters related to accreditation and to the eligibility and certification process for institutions of higher education.". It recommends which accreditation agencies should be recognized by the Department of Education. Without the seal of approval of a recognized higher education accrediting body, colleges and universities cannot receive federal funds.

text:
# National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity

The **National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity** (**NACIQI**, pronounced nah-SEEK-eeh) is an advisory body that makes recommendations to the U.S. Secretary of Education "on matters related to accreditation and to the eligibility and certification process for institutions of higher education.". It recommends which accreditation agencies should be recognized by the Department of Education. Without the seal of approval of a recognized higher education accrediting body, colleges and universities cannot receive federal funds.

## Authority

NACIQI operates according to section 114 of the Higher Education Act, though this act was most recently amended by Section 106 of the Higher Education Opportunities Act in 2008. The statute details the areas in which the NACIQI should advise the Secretary of Education, and those areas are as follows:

* Establishing and enforcing accrediting criteria in the realm of higher education.
* Preparing and publishing a list of nationally recognized accredited institutions and agencies of higher education
* Determining the eligibility and certifying institutions of higher education
* Defining the relationship between the accreditation and certification of higher education institutions and state licensing practices with respect to institutions of higher education

## History

NACIQI was established in 1992, under the Higher Education Amendments to the Higher Education Act of 1965. The Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008 changed the structure of NACIQI from a 15 member committee appointed by the Secretary of Education to an 18 member committee appointed equally by the House, the Senate, and the Secretary of Education.

## Appointment

The National Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity is composed of 18 members with varying terms in office. An equal number of members are appointed by the Secretary of Education, the House of Representatives, and the Senate. The breakdown of these appointees is as follows:

**The Secretary of Education**:

The Secretary of Education appoints 6 members for three-year terms. Of these 6 appointees, the Secretary of State is also responsible for selecting the committee’s student member

**The House of Representatives**:

The House of Representatives appoints 6 members for 4-year terms. While the appointees are ultimately chosen by the Speaker of the House, the House Majority Leader and House Minority Leader are each responsible for presenting 3 recommended appointees to the speaker of the house.

**The Senate**:

The Senate appoints 6 members for 6-year terms in a similar fashion as the house of representatives. The Senate Majority and Minority leaders each present 3 recommended appointees and the President pro tempore is responsible for ultimately selecting the appointees.

## Membership composition

**Republican Appointees**:

* Arthur E. Keiser, Ph.D. (Committee Chairman)
* Brian W. Jose
* Anne D. Neal, J.D.
* Richard F. O'Donnell
* Claude O. Pressbell Jr.
* Arthur J. Rothkopf, J.D.

**Democratic Appointees**:

**Department of Education Appointees**:

* Roberta L. (Bobbie) Derlin, Ph.D.
* John Etchemendy, Ph.D.
* Susan D. Phillips, Ph.D.
* Frank H. Wu J.D.
* Frederico Zaragoza, Ph.D.


title: Villar de Peralonso

abstract: Villar de Peralonso is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 249 inhabitants.

text:
# Villar de Peralonso

**Villar de Peralonso** is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 249 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Villar de Peralonso | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Salamanca | |
| Coordinates: 41°2′1″N 6°13′0″W / 41.03361°N 6.21667°W / 41.03361; -6.21667 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Comarca | Vitigudino |
| Subcomarca | Tierra de Vitigudino |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Teofilo Fidentino Vicente Vicente (People's Party) |
| Area | |
| Total | 32 km2 (12 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 820 m (2,690 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 229 |
| Density | 7.2/km2 (19/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 37147 |


title: Port operations service

abstract:
Port operations service is – according to Article 1.30 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «A maritime mobile service in or near a port, between coast stations and ship stations, or between ship stations, in which messages are restricted to those relating to the operational handling, the movement and the safety of ships and, in emergency, to the safety of persons. Messages which are of a public correspondence nature shall be excluded from this service.»
  - See also
  -

text:
# Port operations service

**Port operations service** (short: **POS**;  | also: **port operations radiocommunication service'**) is – according to *Article 1.30* of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as *«A maritime mobile service in or near a port, between coast stations and ship stations, or between ship stations, in which messages are restricted to those relating to the operational handling, the movement and the safety of ships and, in emergency, to the safety of persons. Messages which are of a public correspondence nature shall be excluded from this service*

See also

## Classification

The ITU Radio Regulations classifies this radiocommunication service as follows:
Mobile-satellite service (article 1.25)

## References / sources

1. ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.30, definition: *maritime mobile service / maritime mobile radiocommunication service*


title: New England Wireless and Steam Museum

abstract:
The New England Wireless and Steam Museum is an electrical and mechanical engineering museum at 1300 Frenchtown Road in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, with working steam engines and an early wireless station and technology archives. The museum was founded in 1964 under the leadership of Robert Merriam. According to the museum's website, the New England Wireless and Steam Museum contains five buildings:
  - One museum building contains the wireless collection.
  - The Massie Wireless Station, (PJ), was "built in 1907. It is the oldest surviving working wireless station in the world. It was moved to this site from Point Judith, Rhode Island, in 1982 to avoid demolition."
  - Another museum building contains "the stationary steam engine collection. This collection includes the only surviving George H. Corliss engine running under steam today."
  - The Mayes building houses the Mechanical Engineering library of historic engineering textbooks and the collection of steam engine models.
  - A meeting house built in 1822 is used as the assembly hall for the museum. In 1972, the nearby Frenchtown Baptist Church in East Greenwich was going to demolish its building, so it was moved to this site to save the building. The meeting house is part of the Tillinghast Road Historic District and is available to rent for weddings and other events. The Museum is situated within the Tillinghast Road Historic District. It was designated an engineering history Landmark in 1992 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. In 2001 the Massie Wireless Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places. As of August 2022, the president of the NEWSM board of directors is Randy Snow.

text:
# New England Wireless and Steam Museum

The **New England Wireless and Steam Museum** is an electrical and mechanical engineering museum at 1300 Frenchtown Road in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, with working steam engines and an early wireless station and technology archives.

The museum was founded in 1964 under the leadership of Robert Merriam. According to the museum's website, the New England Wireless and Steam Museum contains five buildings:

* One museum building contains the wireless collection.
* The Massie Wireless Station, (PJ), was "built in 1907. It is the oldest surviving working wireless station in the world. It was moved to this site from Point Judith, Rhode Island, in 1982 to avoid demolition."
* Another museum building contains "the stationary steam engine collection. This collection includes the only surviving George H. Corliss engine running under steam today."
* The Mayes building houses the Mechanical Engineering library of historic engineering textbooks and the collection of steam engine models.
* A meeting house built in 1822 is used as the assembly hall for the museum. In 1972, the nearby Frenchtown Baptist Church in East Greenwich was going to demolish its building, so it was moved to this site to save the building. The meeting house is part of the Tillinghast Road Historic District and is available to rent for weddings and other events.

The Museum is situated within the Tillinghast Road Historic District. It was designated an engineering history Landmark in 1992 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. In 2001 the Massie Wireless Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

As of August 2022, the president of the NEWSM board of directors is Randy Snow.

## InfoBox

New England Wireless and Steam Museum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1964 |
| Location | East Greenwich, Rhode Island |
| Coordinates | 41°37′27″N 71°30′46″W / 41.62417°N 71.51278°W / 41.62417; -71.51278 |
| President | Randy Snow |
| Website | http://www.newsm.org/ |


title: Oxalis versicolor

abstract: Oxalis versicolor or candy cane sorrel is a species of flowering plant in the family Oxalidaceae found in South Africa. A bulbous perennial, it grows to 8–15 cm (3.1–5.9 in) forming a mound of fresh green leaves, each leaf composed of three elongated leaflets. In late summer and autumn, narrow white tubular buds form at the tip of slender stems. A curved scarlet edging to each petal gives the appearance of a candy cane. The flowers open in full sunlight, but remain furled at other times. In cultivation in the UK this plant is only completely hardy in mild or coastal areas, down to −5 °C (23 °F). It has been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. In the United States this plant grows up to 12 inches tall, prefers full to partial sun, blooms in the summer, and is hardy in USDA zones 7 – 9.

text:
# Oxalis versicolor

***Oxalis versicolor*** or **candy cane sorrel** is a species of flowering plant in the family Oxalidaceae found in South Africa.

A bulbous perennial, it grows to 8–15 cm (3.1–5.9 in) forming a mound of fresh green leaves, each leaf composed of three elongated leaflets. In late summer and autumn, narrow white tubular buds form at the tip of slender stems. A curved scarlet edging to each petal gives the appearance of a candy cane. The flowers open in full sunlight, but remain furled at other times.

In cultivation in the UK this plant is only completely hardy in mild or coastal areas, down to −5 °C (23 °F). It has been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

In the United States this plant grows up to 12 inches tall, prefers full to partial sun, blooms in the summer, and is hardy in USDA zones 7 – 9.

## InfoBox

| Candy cane sorrel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Oxalidaceae |
| Genus: | *Oxalis* |
| Species: | ***O. versicolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxalis versicolor***<br>L. | |
|


title: Independence Centenary Games

abstract: The Independence Centenary Games of Central America was a football tournament organized to celebrate 100 years of Central American Independence from Spain. The tournament was held between Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. It was hosted by Guatemala and occurred between 14 and 18 September 1921 in Guatemala City.

text:
# Independence Centenary Games

The **Independence Centenary Games of Central America** (Spanish: *Juegos del Centenario de la Independencia de Centroamérica*) was a football tournament organized to celebrate 100 years of Central American Independence from Spain. The tournament was held between Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. It was hosted by Guatemala and occurred between 14 and 18 September 1921 in Guatemala City.

## Participants

Four of the original five members of the Federal Republic of Central America (1821–1841) participated in the tournament: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. The tournament was the first time each nation played an international association football match.

## Venue

The three games of the tournament were all held in the Campo de Marte in Guatemala City, Guatemala.

## Format

The tournament was a single-elimination tournament. Matches were 80 minutes long.

## Squads

### Costa Rica squad

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1GK | Manuel Rodríguez Torra | Unknown | 0 | CS La Libertad |
|  | 2DF | Gilberto Arguedas Catchenguis | Unknown | 0 | CS Herediano |
|  | 2DF | Feis Tabash | Unknown | 0 | CS La Libertad |
|  | 3MF | Rodolfo Peralta | Unknown | 0 | CS La Libertad |
|  | 3MF | Eladio Rosabal Cordero | (1894-09-15)15 September 1894 (aged 26) | 0 | CS Herediano |
|  | 3MF | Roberto Figueredo | Unknown | 0 | LD Guatemala |
|  | 4FW | Jorge Luis Solera | Unknown | 0 | LD Alajuelense |
|  | 4FW | Claudio Arguedas Catchenguis | Unknown | 0 | CS Herediano |
|  | 4FW | Joaquín Manuel Gutiérrez Sedó | Unknown | 0 | CS Herediano |
|  | 4FW | Rafael Ángel Madrigal | (1902-11-04)4 November 1902 (aged 18) | 0 | CS La Libertad |
|  | 4FW | Ricardo Bermúdez Portuguez | Unknown | 0 | SG Española |
|  | 4FW | Pedro Quirce Clara | Unknown | 0 | SG Española |
|  |  | Antonio Solano | Unknown | 0 | CS La Libertad |

### El Salvador squad

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1GK | Carlos Escobar Leyva | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 2DF | Santiago Barrachina | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 2DF | José Pablo Huezo | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 2DF | Benjamín Sandoval | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 3MF | Emilio Dawson | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 3MF | Emilio Detruit | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 3MF | Víctor Recinos | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Guillermo Alcaine | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Guillermo Sandoval | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Enrique Lindo | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | José Alcaine | Unknown | 0 | ? |

### Guatemala squad

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1GK | Ricardo Lenhoff | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 1GK | Ramiro Gálvez | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 2DF | Luis Asturias | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 2DF | Carlos Aguirre | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 2DF | José Minondo | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 3MF | David Barrios | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 3MF | Arturo Aguirre | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 3MF | Wenceslao Aldaz | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Julio Dougherty | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Fernando Minondo | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Mariano Enríquez | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Constantino Kiehnle | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Rafael Villacorta | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Seagrave Smith | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Enrique Álvarez | Unknown | 0 | ? |

### Honduras squad

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1GK | Luis Cruz Bolaños | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 2DF | Arístides Raudales | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 2DF | Ricardo Aguilar | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 2DF | Ricardo Fernández | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 3MF | Adán Boza | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 3MF | Arnold Estrada | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 3MF | Mariano Carazo | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Ramón Rodríguez | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Julio Cueto | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Carlos Maramoros | Unknown | 0 | ? |
|  | 4FW | Esteban Peralta | Unknown | 0 | ? |

## Tournament

### Bracket

### Semifinals

| Costa Rica | 7–0 | El Salvador |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gutiérrez  9'
Arguedas  ?'
Madrigal  ?', ?', ?', ?'
Bermúdez  ?' |  |  |

Campo de Marte, Guatemala City, GuatemalaAttendance: 2,000

| Guatemala | 9–0 | Honduras |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F. Minondo  ?', ?', ?'
Kiehnle  ?', ?'
Aldaz  ?'
Enríquez  ?'
Dougherty  ?'
Villacorta  ?' |  |  |

Campo de Marte, Guatemala City, GuatemalaReferee: Salvador González (Costa Rica)

### Final

| Guatemala | 0–6 | Costa Rica |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Madrigal  ?', ?'
Arguedas  ?', ?'
Solera  ?'
Figueredo  ?' |

Campo de Marte, Guatemala City, GuatemalaAttendance: 10,000

## Goalscorers

6 goals   3 goals   2 goals   1 goal

## Overall rankings

| Ranking | Team | P | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Champions | Costa Rica | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | +13 | **4** |
| Runners-up | Guatemala | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 6 | +3 | **2** |
| Third place | El Salvador | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | –7 | **0** |
| Fourth place | Honduras | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 | –9 | **0** |

## InfoBox

1921 Independence Centenary Games
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Host country | Guatemala |
| City | Guatemala City |
| Dates | 14–18 September 1921 |
| Teams | 4 |
| Venue(s) | 1 (in 1 host city) |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Costa Rica (1st title) |
| Runners-up | Guatemala |
| Third place | El Salvador |
| Fourth place | Honduras |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 3 |
| Goals scored | 22 (7.33 per match) |
| Top scorer(s) | Rafael Ángel Madrigal (6 goals) |


title: George Fox University

abstract: George Fox University is a private Christian university in Newberg, Oregon. Founded as a school for Quakers in 1891, it is now the largest private university in Oregon with more than 4,000 students combined between its main campus in Newberg, its centers in Portland and Redmond, and online. The 108-acre (44 ha) main campus is near downtown Newberg, near the junction of Oregon Route 99W and Oregon Route 219. George Fox competes athletically at the NCAA Division III level in the Northwest Conference as the Bruins. The school colors are navy blue and old gold. The university is associated with the Evangelical Friends Church International and is a member of the Wesleyan Holiness Connection.

text:
# George Fox University

**George Fox University** is a private Christian university in Newberg, Oregon. Founded as a school for Quakers in 1891, it is now the largest private university in Oregon with more than 4,000 students combined between its main campus in Newberg, its centers in Portland and Redmond, and online. The 108-acre (44 ha) main campus is near downtown Newberg, near the junction of Oregon Route 99W and Oregon Route 219. George Fox competes athletically at the NCAA Division III level in the Northwest Conference as the Bruins. The school colors are navy blue and old gold. The university is associated with the Evangelical Friends Church International and is a member of the Wesleyan Holiness Connection.

## History

The university was founded in Newberg, Oregon, in 1885 by Quaker pioneers, originally called **Friends Pacific Academy** for several years before becoming a college in 1891 as **Pacific College**. The Bruin mascot comes from a real bear cub found in 1887 in the Coast Range's foothills near Carlton, about 15 miles (24 km) west of Newberg. Years later, the bear hide became the senior class's unofficial mascot, and other students often attempted to steal it away. Students today still participate in student-government-sponsored class competitions called "Bruin brawls" for possession of Bruin Jr.

In 1893 the school was incorporated as a joint-stock company. It became a four-year school in 1925. Herbert Hoover's uncle H. J. Minthorn served as the school's first president, and Hoover was an early student at the academy. The school's name changed to **George Fox College** in 1949 to honor George Fox, the founder of the Quaker movement.

In 1996, the college merged with Western Evangelical Seminary to form **George Fox University**. Associate professor of biology Dwight Kimberly received the Carnegie Foundation's Oregon Professor of the Year award in 2000. Associate professor of theatre Rhett Luedtke was one of three faculty members nationally to receive a National Directing Fellow Award from the John F. Kennedy Center in 2010.

The student body has grown more than 500% since 1986, when enrollment was 549. With more than 4,000 students in Newberg, Portland, and other Oregon teaching sites, George Fox is now the state's largest private university.

In 2014, prompted by a housing dispute involving a transgender student, George Fox University sought and received an exemption from Title IX's requirements with respect to transgender students.

In 2015, the school completed a new residence hall, Brandt Hall, named for former school president David H. Brandt and his wife, Melva. A new dining hall, Canyon Commons, opened in the fall of 2016.

## Academics

George Fox grants degrees at each of the traditional levels of university education, baccalaureate, master's degrees, and doctorates. The university participates in the Richter Scholars program, which sponsors 15 to 25 students each year in encouragement of original research. The university also offers study-abroad opportunities through the "Best Semester" program offered by the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU).

## Athletics

The George Fox athletic teams are called the Bruins. The university is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Northwest Conference (NWC) since the 1995–96 academic year. In 2021–22 and 2022–23, George Fox won the Northwest Conference McIlroy-Lewis All-Sports Trophy for best all-around finishes in both seasons. The Bruins previously competed in the Cascade Collegiate Conference (CCC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1993–94 to 1994–95. They had competed in the NAIA from 1965 before switching affiliation into the NCAA in 1998.

George Fox competes in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, eSports, football, golf, soccer, swimming, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor) for men. Women compete in basketball, cross country, eSports, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor), volleyball, and Stunt.

### Accomplishments

The Bruins have won four team NCAA DIII national championships. In 2004, the baseball team won the NCAA Division III national championship, a game recognized as one of the top 50 moments in Northwest Sports History by Portland radio station KFXX AM 1080, "The Fan."

In 2009, the school's women's basketball team went undefeated (32–0) and capped the season with a 60–53 defeat of Washington University in St. Louis in the title game. In winning, George Fox claimed the first Division III national women's championship for any program west of the Rocky Mountains. Head coach Scott Rueck was named the NCAA Division III national coach of the year.

In 2018, the women's track and field team were co-champions with University of Massachusetts Boston.

In 2023, the women's golf team won the national championship after qualifying for the national tournament for 13 consecutive years. They were the third women's golf program west of the Mississippi and the first school in the Pacific Northwest to win the title.

In 2024 the Stunt team was introduced as a varsity sport at George Fox. In its inaugural year, the team made it to the Division III national tournament as the fourth-place seed. They finished the tournament with a Third-place finish. The George Fox stunt team is currently the only ranked Division III program on the west coast.

### Football

Football was reintroduced as a varsity sport at George Fox in the fall of 2014 after a 45-year hiatus from the sport. The head coach for the resurrection was Chris Casey, brother to former Bruin and current Oregon State Beaver baseball coach Pat Casey.

## Student life

George Fox University is a full member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities. Students sign a lifestyle agreement, attend required chapel/current-event gatherings, and participate in service projects. No statement of faith or religious preference is required to attend, although the student body is overwhelmingly Christian. Faculty members and staff are required to sign a statement professing faith in traditionally Christian doctrines.

The university hosts dozens of Christian speakers each year through twice-weekly chapel/current-event gatherings. Hundreds of students each year participate in Winter and Spring "Serve trips" throughout the Western United States, Mexico, and Canada. In groups of 10–25, students give a week of either break to provide volunteer labor for missions, homeless shelters, nonprofits, and other charitable causes. Faculty, staff, and students also participate in "Serve Day" each September. A weekday off from work and classes allows over 90% of eligible individuals the opportunity to volunteer.

George Fox University is a center for Quaker thought (although only about 5% of the student body are Quakers) and houses an extensive library of historical Quaker literature. The Northwest Yearly Meeting gathers each summer on campus and is headquartered adjacent to GFU. In 1984, the university founded its Center for Peace Learning, now known as the Center for Peace and Justice, as an outgrowth of its connection to the Friends peace testimony.

## Campus locations

In addition to its main campus in Newberg, the university teaches classes in two other locations: Portland and Redmond. The Newberg campus includes two structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places. One, Minthorn Hall, was built in 1886 and is still used for classes. The other, Jesse Edwards House, was constructed in 1883 and serves as the residence for the university president.

A variety of student housing is available on Newberg's campus including 23 houses, 10 residence halls, and four apartment buildings.

## Notable alumni and educators

Those who have attended or graduated from George Fox include:

Those who have taught at George Fox include:

## Further reading

* Ralph Beebe, *A Heritage to Honor, A Future to Fulfill: George Fox College, 1891-1991.* Newberg, OR: Barclay Press, 1991.

## InfoBox

George Fox University
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Former names | Friends Pacific Academy (1885–1891)
Pacific College (1891–1949)
George Fox College (1949–1996)
Western Evangelical Seminary (1947–1996) |
| Motto | Christianity and Culture |
| Type | Private university |
| Established | 1891 (1891) |
| Religious affiliation | Evangelical Friends Church International (Northwest United States Yearly Meeting) |
| Academic affiliations | Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, Christian College Consortium, Space-grant |
| Endowment | $32.2 million (2021) |
| President | Robin E. Baker |
| Academic staff | 196 (full time) |
| Undergraduates | 2,289 |
| Postgraduates | 1,500 |
| Other students | 250 degree completion |
| Location | Newberg, Oregon, U.S.
45°18′13″N 122°58′06″W / 45.3036°N 122.9683°W / 45.3036; -122.9683 |
| Campus | Suburban, 108 acres (44 ha) |
| Colors | Old gold and navy blue |
| Nickname | Bruins |
| Sporting affiliations | NCAA Division IIINorthwest Conference |
| Website | www.georgefox.edu |
|  | |


abstract: Princeton University School of Architecture is the name of the school of architecture at Princeton University. Founded in 1919, the School is a center for teaching and research in architectural design, history, and theory. The School offers an undergraduate concentration and advanced degrees at the master's and doctoral levels.

text:
# Princeton University School of Architecture

**Princeton University School of Architecture** is the name of the school of architecture at Princeton University. Founded in 1919, the School is a center for teaching and research in architectural design, history, and theory. The School offers an undergraduate concentration (equivalent of major) and advanced degrees at the master's and doctoral levels.

## History

In 1832, Joseph Henry, who later became the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, taught the first course in architecture at Princeton University. The course focused on the classification of architectural styles and designs. Additional courses and programs for architecture began in 1882 when Princeton University's Department of Art and Archaeology began courses on architecture and historical drawing in 1902. By 1915, the first academic committee convened to consider the establishment of a school of architecture. Arrangements for a new program were planned for 1917, but were delayed until 1919 when the School of Architecture formally opened.

During its formative years, the School of Architecture's pedagogy was guided by architectural educators such as Howard Crosby Butler, E. Raymond Bossange, Frederick D'Amato, Sherley Warner Morgan, and Jean Labatut. Visitors and teachers often included figures such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, Richard Neutra, and R. Buckminster Fuller.

In 1965, Robert Geddes was appointed the first dean of the School of Architecture. Under his direction, the School of Architecture grew in size and in prestige, while also collaborating with other departments at Princeton University. As the School of Architecture expanded, it began attracting notable architects as teachers, including Louis I. Kahn, Mario Salvadori, Michael Graves, Kenneth Frampton, Peter Eisenman, Diana Agrest, Robert Geddes, Alan Colquhoun, Michael Hays, Scott Cohen, and Anthony Vidler. During his time as Dean, the School admitted women for the first time in 1968, advanced academic research was conducted on this historic threshold by Dr. Meral Ekincioglu with MIT-Architecture Department's academic sponsorship. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-Bcie-0p8Q&t=253s).

By the end of the twentieth century, it reorganized the A.B. degree around multiple fields of study and conducted renovations of the Architecture Building. It also promoted several members to its tenure-track faculty including Beatriz Colomina, Elizabeth Diller, and Guy Nordenson.

The following individuals have served as deans of the School of Architecture:

## Academics

### Undergraduate

The School of Architecture offers a rigorous, interdisciplinary curriculum in the study of architecture. The degree conferred to students is an A.B. degree. Undergraduate students study a range of disciplines including architectural design, history of architecture, architectural analysis, computing, and others. Students may also enroll in the Program in Urban Studies which focuses on the study of cities, metropolitan regions, and urban and suburban landscapes. The degree requirements also include junior independent work, which involves a written exam supervised by a faculty adviser, and a senior thesis, demonstrating a research paper based on visual materials.

### Graduate

The School of Architecture offers two graduate degrees: a professional degree (M.Arch.) and an academic degree (Ph.D.). The professional master's degree takes three years to complete and does not require an architecture background while the post-professional two year program requires a Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) degree. The rigorous program requires students to take 25 courses from a list of prerequisites and electives.

The Ph.D. program has two tracks: (1) history and theory and (2) technology. The history and theory track is an interdisciplinary program that focuses on the relationship between architecture and related fields, such as urbanism, landscape, and building technology. The degree requires students to take two years of coursework and independent study, after which they begin their dissertation. Students must pass two foreign language exams, which generally include French, German, Spanish, or Italian. In 2014, the School launched the new architectural technology Ph.D. track for computation and energy. The track focuses on new techniques in computation and energy/environmental performance. The program is supported by Princeton's School of Engineering and Applied Science. While the first two years of coursework are similar to the Ph.D. in History and Theory, the Ph.D. in Technology requires students to concentrate in a particular subfield of technology.

## Facilities and Research

### School of Architecture Building

The School of Architecture building was dedicated in 1963. In 2007, New York City architecture firm ARO designed the first significant addition to the building since it was first constructed.

### Embodied Computation Lab

The Embodied Computation Lab, located off the School of Architecture grounds proper, is a teaching and research facility dedicated to the interface between computation and design and the development of knowledge in the fields of digital fabrication and remote sensing. It combines architectural and engineering experimentation to utilize computation design, digital fabrication, and sophisticated sensing, actuation, and control electronics that make the Lab a center for interdisciplinary design exploration and prototyping.

Over 5,000 square feet of space is available for heavier fabrication work, hands-on material experiments, and the construction of full-scale mock-ups. Also housed within the Lab are facilities for building in wood, plastic, metal, and concrete that enable students to learn general model theory, build and test models of actual buildings, and study current building systems and technology.

The Lab serves a project space for developing and testing large-scale architecture and engineering prototypes inside and outside or as facade elements. Additionally, it serves as a state of the art research environment with digital fabrication equipment for full-scale material prototyping, such as a water jet cutter, large-scale metal laser cutters, multi-use robotic arm platforms for milling, additive fabrication and human machine collaboration for research in construction, and an electronics workbench for the development of sensing and control and physical computing applications.

In 2017, the Lab won the 2017 Best of Design Awards for Green - Civic from The Architect's Newspaper.

### VSL Woodshop

The VSL Woodshop, located in the basement of the Architecture Building, is a small but well-equipped 24-hour accessible shop maintained and monitored by the School of Architecture Shop Monitor program.

### School of Architecture Library

The School of Architecture Library opened in 1964 as the Library for Urban and Environmental Studies, with the Bureau of Urban Research constituting its charter collection. Today, the library, still familiarly referred to as UES, is one of ten libraries within the Princeton University Library system. The collection's strengths include modern and contemporary architecture and urban design, architectural history, theory, and practice. Additionally, the Library supports green design, sustainable architecture, social factors in design, architecture and the visual arts, architecture in developing countries, landscape architecture and building technology. Together, with the resources housed throughout the Princeton University Libraries, the School of Architecture Library provides access to a comprehensive collection supporting the fields of architecture, architectural research and theory, urban planning and design.

## Notable faculty

The following list contains both current and former faculty:

## Notable alumni

40°20′52″N 74°39′22″W / 40.347897°N 74.656171°W / 40.347897; -74.656171

## InfoBox

Princeton University School of Architecture
| The campus lawn in front of Princeton University School of Architecture | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1919 |
| Parent institution | Princeton University |
| Dean | Mónica Ponce de León |
| Students | Approximately 180 undergraduate and graduate students |
| Location | Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Website | soa.princeton.edu |


title: Michaela Reid

abstract: Michaela, Lady Reid is a Danish/British author. Although her parents were Danes, she was educated in the UK, reading law at Girton College, Cambridge. She married Sir Alexander Reid, the grandson of Sir James Reid, personal physician to Queen Victoria. She discovered Sir James's papers in the 1960s after moving into Ellon Castle in Aberdeenshire. Her book based on these papers, Ask Sir James, was critically acclaimed and has been reprinted by Eland Books. She lives in Lanton, Scottish Borders.

text:
# Michaela Reid

**Michaela, Lady Reid** is a Danish/British author. Although her parents were Danes, she was educated in the UK, reading law at Girton College, Cambridge. She married Sir Alexander Reid, the grandson of Sir James Reid, personal physician to Queen Victoria. She discovered Sir James's papers in the 1960s after moving into Ellon Castle in Aberdeenshire. Her book based on these papers, *Ask Sir James*, was critically acclaimed and has been reprinted by Eland Books.

She lives in Lanton, Scottish Borders.


title: Portrait of Lady (poem)

abstract: "Portrait of a Lady" is a poem by the Indian English poet and art critic Ranjit Hoskote. The poem won First Prize in the Seventh All India Poetry Competition conducted by The Poetry Society (India) in 1995. The poem brought the second major literary award for Hoskote, who also won the Sanskriti Award for Literature in 1996 and the Sahitya Akademi Golden Jubilee Award for lifetime achievement in 2005.

text:
# Portrait of Lady (poem)

"**Portrait of a Lady**" is a poem by the Indian English poet and art critic Ranjit Hoskote. The poem won First Prize in the Seventh All India Poetry Competition conducted by The Poetry Society (India) in 1995. The poem brought the second major literary award for Hoskote, who also won the Sanskriti Award for Literature in 1996 and the Sahitya Akademi *Golden Jubilee* Award for lifetime achievement in 2005.

## Excerpts from the poem

Objects are lesson: from bowls, hairpins, brooches, you learn of forgotten lives. The stories say my grandmother was a fever tree: two birds sat on her branches, one pecking at a grape, the other singing an aria. \***** What history's bookkeepers do not show is the tremor down the spine she felt, the tendril of blood that coiled in her nose when the whistle of a train announced her husband's return from a tour of duty. \***** In the stories, she's an actor, a pilgrim: shadow-boxing with a thunderstorm, she slips through brick walls, treads a theatre of scrubbed floors and ember beds. She leaves me a loaf of shortbread in the oven, a page of couplets in a script I cannot read and wrapped in a peel of green appleskin, a tea cup glazed with a Dutch windmill, the last one of the set. \***** The urchin-cut waif in the vignette above is the child she was. Voyeur, clairvoyant, she stares in at windows, her head a gourd hollowed by the age she never reached in life, her hair a silver floss. \***** Objects are lessons: the light seeps through the slats, sets off a shimmer on her lace. She's crocheted the evening and its creatures: the silken thread that she pulls from her pattern knots tight around my neck.

The poem has received critical acclaim since its first publication in 1997 in the book *Emerging Voices* and has since been widely anthologised. The poem has been frequently quoted in scholarly analysis of contemporary Indian English poetry.


title: National Personal Training Institute

abstract: The National Personal Training Institute is a private for-profit school with multiple locations in the United States that provide students with the education and training to become certified personal trainers. It is a 500 or 600 hour-long program that can be completed within 4, 6 or 12 months. The course covers roughly 100 hours of exercise program design, 100 hours of nutrition, 100 hours of anatomy and physiology, and 200 hours of practical experience. A part of each day is spent in a classroom setting learning the academic information and the remainder of each day is spent in a gym setting learning the practical aspects of personal training and actually working out. The school is approved by the Department of Education in the states that they operate in. The school was founded by Gene McIlvaine in April 2001 with four schools; there are currently over 30 schools nationwide. The headquarters is in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Upon graduation students receive a diploma in personal training that does not expire, with the title of CPT, they are Certified in Basic Nutrition, and they are certified in CPR/AED and First Aid. Successful completion of the class also makes a student eligible to take the National Academy of Sports Medicine Certification. Ten NPTI school locations now offer federal financial aid.

text:
# National Personal Training Institute

The **National Personal Training Institute** is a private for-profit school with multiple locations in the United States that provide students with the education and training to become certified personal trainers. It is a 500 or 600 hour-long program that can be completed within 4, 6 or 12 months. The course covers roughly 100 hours of exercise program design, 100 hours of nutrition, 100 hours of anatomy and physiology, and 200 hours of practical experience. A part of each day is spent in a classroom setting learning the academic information and the remainder of each day is spent in a gym setting learning the practical aspects of personal training and actually working out.

The school is approved by the Department of Education in the states that they operate in. The school was founded by Gene McIlvaine in April 2001 with four schools; there are currently over 30 schools nationwide. The headquarters is in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Upon graduation students receive a diploma in personal training that does not expire, with the title of CPT (Certified Personal Trainer), they are Certified in Basic Nutrition, and they are certified in CPR/AED and First Aid. Successful completion of the class also makes a student eligible to take the National Academy of Sports Medicine Certification. Ten NPTI school locations now offer federal financial aid.


title: Villar de Samaniego

abstract: Villar de Samaniego is a village and municipality located in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is located 81 kilometres from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of 119 people.

text:
# Villar de Samaniego

**Villar de Samaniego** is a village and municipality located in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is located 81 kilometres from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of 119 people.

## Geography

The municipality covers an area of 28 km2. It lies 745 metres above sea level and the post code is 37218.

## InfoBox

| Villar de Samaniego | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location in Salamanca | |
| Villar de SamaniegoLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 41°07′01″N 6°26′00″W / 41.11694°N 6.43333°W / 41.11694; -6.43333 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Comarca | Vitigudino |
| Subcomarca | La Ramajería |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Graciliano González Martín (People's Party) |
| Area | |
| Total | 28 km2 (11 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 745 m (2,444 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 89 |
| Density | 3.2/km2 (8.2/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 37217 |


title: Porta San Felice, Bologna

abstract: Porta San Felice was the westernmost gate or portal of the former outer medieval walls of the city of Bologna, Italy. It led into Via Emilia, here Via San Felice changes name to Via Aurelio Saffi, After crossing the Viali di Circonvallazione of Bologna. The gate was erected in the 13th century, and rebuilt in 1334 with a machiocolated tower and drawbridge. It was restored in 1508, and again in 1805 when Napoleon visited the city. In 1840, the flanking walls were torn down. A barracks and tax house for collecting duties was in the past found astride the entrance.

text:
# Porta San Felice, Bologna

**Porta San Felice** was the westernmost gate or portal of the former outer medieval walls of the city of Bologna, Italy. It led into Via Emilia, here Via San Felice changes name to Via Aurelio Saffi, After crossing the Viali di Circonvallazione of Bologna.

The gate was erected in the 13th century, and rebuilt in 1334 with a machiocolated tower and drawbridge. It was restored in 1508, and again in 1805 when Napoleon visited the city. In 1840, the flanking walls were torn down. A barracks and tax house for collecting duties was in the past found astride the entrance.

44°29′57″N 11°19′38″E / 44.49917°N 11.32722°E / 44.49917; 11.32722


title: New York Bandura Ensemble

abstract:
The New York Bandura Ensemble is a New York based music ensemble currently led by singer and bandurist Julian Kytasty. The ensemble is devoted to various forms and styles of Ukrainian music, from Renaissance and Baroque, through authentic folk, to contemporary and avantgarde music, presenting unusual repertoire through its "Bandura-Downtown" concert series. The ensemble plays an important role in preservation of Ukrainian folk music, as well as in dissemination thereof in North America. It has a longstanding residency at the Ukrainian Museum in New York City, and often collaborates with the Yara Arts Group. The New York Bandura Ensemble has many different line-ups of musicians, depending on the nature of each project. Its members at various times include
  - Julian Kytasty– music director.
  - Natalia Honcharenko
  - Michael Andrec
  - Roman Turovsky
  - Michael Alpert
  - Gisburg
  - Jurij Fedynskyj
  - Ilya Temkin
  - Victor Mishalow
  - Frank London The New York Bandura Ensemble receives support from the Center for Traditional Music and Dance and NYSCA.

text:
# New York Bandura Ensemble

The **New York Bandura Ensemble** is a New York based music ensemble currently led by singer and bandurist Julian Kytasty. The ensemble is devoted to various forms and styles of Ukrainian music, from Renaissance and Baroque, through authentic folk, to contemporary and avantgarde music, presenting unusual repertoire through its "Bandura-Downtown" concert series. The ensemble plays an important role in preservation of Ukrainian folk music, as well as in dissemination thereof in North America. It has a longstanding residency at the Ukrainian Museum in New York City, and often collaborates with the Yara Arts Group.

The New York Bandura Ensemble has many different line-ups of musicians, depending on the nature of each project. Its members at various times include

The New York Bandura Ensemble receives support from the Center for Traditional Music and Dance and NYSCA.

## History

The ensemble was originally established as a children's ensemble by rev. Serhiy Pastukhiv in 1968. Under his direction the New York School of bandura and with it the New York Bandura Ensemble grew to encompass over 200 musicians and became a significant force in the Ukrainian community in New York.

In 1979 The ensemble was directed by Volodymyr Yurkevych before falling into the capable hands of Julian Kytasty. Under his direction the ensemble has gone through many transformations and recorded a number of CD's.


title: Oxalis virginea

abstract: Oxalis virginea, commonly known as Virgin sorrel, is a species from the genus Oxalis. It is endemic to South Africa. O. virginea was first described by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1798. This species is apparently lacking a type specimen.

text:
# Oxalis virginea

***Oxalis virginea***, commonly known as **Virgin sorrel**, is a species from the genus *Oxalis*. It is endemic to South Africa. *O. virginea* was first described by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1798. This species is apparently lacking a type specimen.

## Description

*Oxalis virginea* has a stem of 1 to 4 cm in length, often branched, and densely hairy. In cultivation the stem can be longer. It is single flowered, terminal, with hairy peduncles, barely 1cm long. Each peduncle has two bracts. The flowers are white, 1.3–1.5 cm long, and hairy.

## Range

This species is found in South Africa.

## Conservation status

*Oxalis virginea* is regarded as being rare but not threatened.

## InfoBox

| *Oxalis virginea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Oxalidaceae |
| Genus: | *Oxalis* |
| Species: | ***O. virginea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxalis virginea***<br>Jacquin | |
|


title: Port Leyden, New York

abstract: Port Leyden is a village in Lewis County, New York, United States. The population was 672 at the 2010 census. The name is derived from the village's early history as a port on the Black River Canal. The village of Port Leyden is mostly in the town of Leyden, but a portion of the village lies to the east of the Black River in the town of Lyonsdale. The village is 17 miles (27 km) south of Lowville, the county seat, 8 miles (13 km) north of Boonville, and 25 miles (40 km) by road west-southwest of Old Forge.

text:
# Port Leyden, New York

**Port Leyden** is a village in Lewis County, New York, United States. The population was 672 at the 2010 census. The name is derived from the village's early history as a port on the Black River Canal.

The village of Port Leyden is mostly in the town of Leyden, but a portion of the village lies to the east of the Black River in the town of Lyonsdale. The village is 17 miles (27 km) south of Lowville, the county seat, 8 miles (13 km) north of Boonville, and 25 miles (40 km) by road west-southwest of Old Forge.

## History

A mill was built at the present site of the village around 1800, and the community was known as "Kelsey's Mills". The name was changed to "Port Leyden" around 1838 when the Black River Canal was being developed. The canal was completed to Port Leyden in 1850, but was not usable until 1851. The canal reached its northern terminus at Lyons Falls, a few miles north, in 1855. In 1900, a decision was made to abandon the canal between Lyons Falls and Boonville, effectively ending the status of Port Leyden as a canal port.

St. Mark's Church and the Edmund Wilson House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

Port Leyden is located in southern Lewis County at 43°35′2″N 75°20′39″W / 43.58389°N 75.34417°W / 43.58389; -75.34417 (43.583871, -75.344261). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.66 square miles (1.7 km2), of which 0.62 square miles (1.6 km2) are land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 6.17%, are water.

The Black River divides the community and drops over 30 feet (9 m) through the village limits.

Port Leyden is located on New York State Route 12, which leads north to Lowville and south to Boonville.

## Education

Port Leyden Elementary School, located on Lincoln Street, educates students in grades K-4. Students in grades 5-12 attend South Lewis Central Middle/High School in Turin.

The Port Leyden Community Library is located on Canal Street.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870 | 977 |  |  |
| 1890 | 462 |  |  |
| 1900 | 746 |  | 61.5% |
| 1910 | 764 |  | 2.4% |
| 1920 | 735 |  | −3.8% |
| 1930 | 717 |  | −2.4% |
| 1940 | 794 |  | 10.7% |
| 1950 | 841 |  | 5.9% |
| 1960 | 898 |  | 6.8% |
| 1970 | 862 |  | −4.0% |
| 1980 | 740 |  | −14.2% |
| 1990 | 723 |  | −2.3% |
| 2000 | 665 |  | −8.0% |
| 2010 | 672 |  | 1.1% |
| 2020 | 554 |  | −17.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 665 people, 257 households, and 169 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,099.5 inhabitants per square mile (424.5/km2). There were 317 housing units at an average density of 524.1 per square mile (202.4/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.50% White, 0.15% African American, 0.15% Native American, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.15% of the population.

There were 257 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $24,559, and the median income for a family was $30,781. Males had a median income of $31,146 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,783. About 18.0% of families and 23.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.9% of those under age 18 and 20.9% of those age 65 or over.

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Port Leyden, New York
2. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
3. "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Port Leyden village, New York". *data.census.gov*. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
4. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
5. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
6. "U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: New York". *U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division*. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
7. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
8. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Port Leyden, New York Kelsey's Mills | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Port LeydenPort Leyden | |
| Coordinates: 43°35′2″N 75°20′39″W / 43.58389°N 75.34417°W / 43.58389; -75.34417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Lewis |
| Towns | Leyden, Lyonsdale |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.66 sq mi (1.70 km2) |
| Land | 0.62 sq mi (1.60 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.11 km2) |
| Elevation | 892 ft (272 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 554 |
| Density | 897.89/sq mi (346.65/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 13433 |
| Area code | 315 |
| FIPS code | 36-59454 |
| GNIS feature ID | 960975 |


title: Princess Daisy (novel)

abstract: Princess Daisy is a 1980 novel by American author Judith Krantz.

text:
# Princess Daisy (novel)

***Princess Daisy*** is a 1980 novel by American author Judith Krantz.

## Plot summary

The novel tells the story of Princess Marguerite "Daisy" Valensky. She is the daughter of Prince Alexander "Stash" Valensky, a wealthy Russian-born polo player and former playboy, and his wife Francesca Vernon, a beautiful and talented American actress. Stash and Francesca, madly in love, are thrilled by her pregnancy and the news that she is carrying twins. However, a problem during delivery denies one of the twin girls, named Danielle by the doctor who delivered her, enough oxygen, and she is born brain-damaged, while Daisy is healthy. Francesca suffers from acute post-partum depression and enters a fugue state for several weeks. Stash, who has a fear and disgust of illness, disability and abnormality after a childhood spent watching his beloved mother slowly waste away from tuberculosis, is unable to accept or love Danielle, and cannot even bring himself to name her, leaving the doctor to name her after his own mother. When Francesca recovers from her depression, he lies to her, telling her that the second-born twin died soon after birth. She discovers the truth and flees with both infants to California, where she is helped by her former agent and his wife. For several years, she lives a secluded life in Carmel and grants Stash short visits with Daisy.

Francesca dies in a car accident, and Daisy and Dani are reunited with their father, who immediately places Dani in an expensive but remote home for disabled children, much to Daisy's distress. When Daisy turns 16, her father dies in a plane accident, after which her older half-brother, Ram, who has become obsessed with her, seduces and then brutally rapes her. To get her away from Ram, her father's mistress, Anabel (a mother figure to the girl), sends her to the University of California at Santa Cruz, where she forms what will be a lifelong friendship with Kiki Kavanaugh, an auto industry heiress from Grosse Pointe, Michigan. Because of Daisy's total estrangement from Ram, who is a trustee of her inheritance, she neglects to read his letters regarding her stock portfolio at a crucial moment and thus loses everything her father left her. As a result, she is forced to drop out of college and go to work. She paints portraits of rich, horse-mad people's children on ponies in order to pay Dani's bills and also works in a demanding job at a production company that makes television commercials.

When Anabel becomes ill and needs money for treatment, Daisy must make a decision to abandon her private life. Up to this point, Daisy has lived out of the public eye, refusing to trade on her title for financial gain, but she ultimately accepts an opportunity to do so, allowing her name to be used for a line of perfume and makeup, and starring in the commercials to promote them, for which she insists upon and is paid $1M. She meets Patrick Shannon, the CEO of the company who creates the Princess Daisy line of cosmetics and perfume, and they fall in love. Ram, who learns of their relationship, is enraged and goes to a tabloid and reveals the secret existence of Danielle to ruin Daisy. He then commits suicide in despair. Through these events, Daisy learns to trust Shannon, comes to terms with her sister's disability, and makes peace with the life she has been given.

## Reception

The book hit number one a week before publication on *The New York Times* Best Seller List. Rights to the paperback edition were sold for $3.2 million, the highest price ever paid for a fiction reprint at that time. The book received a scathing review by Clive James.

## Adaptation

*Princess Daisy* was adapted into a 1983 miniseries of the same name.

## InfoBox

Princess Daisy
| First edition (US) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Judith Krantz |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Romance novel |
| Publisher | Crown (US), Sidgwick & Jackson (UK) |
| Publication date | 1980 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| ISBN | 0-283-98647-6 (UK hardback edition) |
| OCLC | 16497568 |