title: Primary dealer

abstract: A primary dealer is a firm that buys government securities directly from a government, with the intention of reselling them to others, thus acting as a market maker of government securities. The government may regulate the behaviour and number of its primary dealers and impose conditions of entry. Some governments sell their securities only to primary dealers; some sell them to others as well. Governments that use primary dealers include Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Pakistan, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

text:
# Primary dealer

A **primary dealer** is a firm that buys government securities directly from a government, with the intention of reselling them to others, thus acting as a market maker of government securities. The government may regulate the behaviour and number of its primary dealers and impose conditions of entry. Some governments sell their securities only to primary dealers; some sell them to others as well. Governments that use primary dealers include Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Pakistan, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

## Primary dealers by country

### European Union

As of 1 August 2023, the European Commission of the European Union identifies the following 37 primary dealers:

### Hong Kong

As of 1 October 2021, Hong Kong identifies the following 10 primary dealers, with two-year terms, ending 30 September 2023:

* Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited
* Bank of Communications Company, Limited
* BNP Paribas, Hong Kong
* Citibank N.A.
* Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank
* DBS Bank (Hong Kong) Limited
* Hang Seng Bank Limited
* The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited
* Societe Generale
* Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited

### Ireland

As of April 2021, the National Treasury Management Agency of Ireland identifies the following 14 primary dealers

### United States

In the United States, a primary dealer is a bank or securities broker-dealer that is permitted to trade directly with the Federal Reserve System ("the Fed"). Such firms are required to make bids or offers when the Fed conducts open market operations, provide information to the Fed's open market trading desk, and to participate actively in U.S. Treasury securities auctions. They consult with both the U.S. Treasury and the Fed about funding the budget deficit and implementing monetary policy. Many former employees of primary dealers work at the Treasury because of their expertise in the government debt markets, though the Fed avoids a similar revolving door policy.

The current system of primary dealers was set up in 1960 with 18 dealers. The number of primary dealers grew to 46 in 1988, declined to 21 by 2007, increased to 24 by July 2019, then to 25 in April 2022. In December 2021, three of the 24 primary dealers were employing a woman chief economist, which dwindled, in 2023, to one woman chief economist among the 24 primary dealer companies.

The relationship between the Fed and the primary dealers is governed by the Primary Dealers Act of 1988 and the Fed's operating policy "Administration of Relationships with Primary Dealers." Primary dealers purchase the vast majority of the U.S. Treasury securities (T-bills, T-notes, and T-bonds) sold at auction, and resell them to the public. Their activities extend well beyond the Treasury market. For example, according to the *Wall Street Journal Europe* (2/9/06 p. 20), all of the top ten dealers in the foreign exchange market are also primary dealers, and between them account for almost 73% of foreign exchange trading volume. Arguably, this group's members are the most influential and powerful non-governmental institutions in global financial markets. Group membership changes slowly, with the current list available from the New York Fed.

The primary dealers form a worldwide network that distributes new U.S. government debt. For example, Daiwa Securities and Mizuho Securities distribute the debt to Japanese buyers. BNP Paribas, Barclays, Deutsche Bank and NatWest Group distribute the debt to European buyers. Goldman Sachs, and Citigroup account for many American buyers. Nevertheless, most of these firms compete internationally and in all major financial centers.

In response to the subprime mortgage crisis and to the collapse of Bear Stearns, on March 19, 2008, the Federal Reserve set up the Primary Dealers Credit Facility (PDCF), whereby primary dealers could borrow at the Fed's discount window using several forms of collateral including mortgage-backed loans. The PDCF was closed on February 1, 2010.

#### Primary dealers with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York

As of June 30, 2022, the New York Fed identifies the following 24 primary dealers:


title: Zoran Damjanovski

abstract: Zoran Damjanovski is a Mayor of Kumanovo Municipality in Macedonia serving his third term.

text:
# Zoran Damjanovski

**Zoran Damjanovski** is a Mayor of Kumanovo Municipality in Macedonia serving his third term.

## InfoBox

| Zoran Damjanovski
Зоран Дамјановски | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 4th 5th 6th Mayor of Kumanovo | |
| **In office**
2005  October 2017 | |
| Prime Minister | Vlado Bučkovski (2005-2006)
Nikola Gruevski (2006-2016)
Emil Dimitriev (2016-2017) Zoran Zaev (2017-present) |
| Deputy | Viktor Cvetkovski (2011-2012)
Maksim Dimitrievski (2012-2016)
Aleksandar Arsikj (2017-present) |
| Preceded by | Slobodan Kovachevski |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Зоран Дамјановски
(1956-07-05) 5 July 1956
Kumanovo
SFRY (today: Macedonia) |
| Political party | SDUM |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje
University of Ljubljana |
| Occupation | Doctor, Politician |
| Nickname | Cic |
| Ethnicity | Macedonian |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | SFRY |
| Branch/service | Yugoslav People's Army |
| Rank | Private |
|  | |


title: No Jumping on the Bed!

abstract:
No Jumping on the Bed! is a children's book written and illustrated by Tedd Arnold. Published in 1987, it marked the first of the many children's books that Arnold was to both write and illustrate. No Jumping on the Bed! won the 1988 International Reading Association/Children's Book Council Children's Choice Award, the Georgia Children's Picture Storybook Award in 1990, and the Volunteer State Book Award in 1992. The book is aimed at 4-7 year olds and written in humorous rhyming prose, similar in style to that of Dr. Seuss whom Arnold acknowledges as a major influence on his work. It tells the story of Walter, a little boy whose father has told not to jump up and down on his bed. Walter dreams that he has ignored his father's warning with disastrous results. He and his bed fall through all seven floors of his apartment building, taking with them all the neighbors in the floors below. Arnold's inspiration for the story came when he and his young family moved from Florida to an old apartment building in Yonkers, New York. His son Walter, for whom the protagonist is named, was four years old at the time and loved jumping on his bed. As Arnold writes:
"But Walter's bedroom floor was someone else's ceiling! The whole idea of apartment living was new to me back then. People living upstairs. More people living downstairs! New experiences like that seem to spark my imagination." Arnold's oft-repeated warning to his son of "No jumping on the bed!" became the title of the book.

text:
# No Jumping on the Bed!

***No Jumping on the Bed!*** is a children's book written and illustrated by Tedd Arnold. Published in 1987, it marked the first of the many children's books that Arnold was to both write and illustrate. *No Jumping on the Bed!* won the 1988 International Reading Association/Children's Book Council Children's Choice Award, the Georgia Children's Picture Storybook Award in 1990, and the Volunteer State Book Award in 1992. The book is aimed at 4-7 year olds and written in humorous rhyming prose, similar in style to that of Dr. Seuss whom Arnold acknowledges as a major influence on his work. It tells the story of Walter, a little boy whose father has told not to jump up and down on his bed. Walter dreams that he has ignored his father's warning with disastrous results. He and his bed fall through all seven floors of his apartment building, taking with them all the neighbors in the floors below.

Arnold's inspiration for the story came when he and his young family moved from Florida to an old apartment building in Yonkers, New York. His son Walter, for whom the protagonist is named, was four years old at the time and loved jumping on his bed. As Arnold writes:

> "But Walter's bedroom floor was someone else's ceiling! The whole idea of apartment living was new to me back then. People living upstairs. More people living downstairs! New experiences like that seem to spark my imagination."

Arnold's oft-repeated warning to his son of "No jumping on the bed!" became the title of the book.

## Synopsis

Walter's father finds him jumping on his bed. He has warned Walter continuously --a zillion times-- (one too many times) to not jump on his bed ever and he still keeps on jumping. Before turning off the lights, Walter's father said, "If I have told you once, I've told you a zillion times: 'No jumping on the bed!'. One day it is going to crash right through the floor. Now lie down and go to bed". Walter asks if it can happen one more time. However, he instead (after being obedient by his father) goes back down and gets to sleep as his father asks.

Walter tries to go to sleep but hears the thumping noise (from upstairs). It reveals to be his friend Delbert in the apartment. Then he hears Delbert above jumping on his bed. At first, Walter does obey and avoids jumping on his bed. But even though Walter tries to stay away from jumping on his bed, he has a second thought. He (although trying to stay away) thinks to himself that if Delbert gets to jump on his bed, he (Walter) can too. Because of that, Walter decides to have just one more jump himself. But instead, he keeps jumping higher and higher. His hair brushed through the ceiling. After one too many jumps, the floor starts to crack. He and his bed fall into Ms. Mabel Hattie's dining room; where he lands in her plate of spaghetti and meatballs. When Ms. Mabel Hattie (called "Ms. Hattie" in this book but "Ms. Mabel Hattie" in *No More Water in the Tub!*) finds Walter in her plate of spaghetti, she says that she did not expect her company for dinner (with a mouthful of meatballs).

Walter and his bed continue to fall, along with Ms. Mabel Hattie and the spaghetti, into Mr. Matty's TV room where he is watching the dinosaurs on his television set. Ms. Mabel Hattie falls into Mr. Matty's lap, while Walter lands in his fish tank. Walter wanted to stay up late and watch the dinosaurs. But his bed crashed through the floor taking the television with it. The next stop for Walter's bed and the ever-growing crowd is Walter's Aunt Batty's room. Mr. Matty's TV room was above Aunt Batty's room. Aunt Batty is still unpacking from her move to her room when she sees her nephew crashing through her ceiling.

Aunt Batty's stamp collection gets scattered all over the floor. Aunt Batty and her stamps join the group as it falls into the next apartment, knocking over a castle of toy blocks that Patty and Natty have been building. Patty, Natty, and Fatty (their cat) are added to the group as it falls down into Mr. Hanratty's apartment where he is painting a picture at his easel. Walter, Ms. Mabel Hattie, Mr. Matty, Aunt Batty, Patty and Natty, Mr. Hanratty, the cat, the paint, the spaghetti, the TV (with the dinosaurs), the fish, and various toys now land in Maestro Ferlingatti's concert room where he and his string quartet are practicing. They too join the tumbling crowd who all end up safely in the dark and quiet basement of the building. The crowd (except Walter and his bed) magically vanish in the dark and quiet basement (leading Walter to be back in his own bedroom).

Suddenly, it is revealed that Maestro Ferlingatti's concert room was also the basement ceiling. At last, Walter is back in his bed (and in his own bedroom again) and realizes that it has all been a dream. Shortly later, Walter heard his parents talking. He promises himself that he is never again going to jump on his bed again (and hopes that Delbert may learn his lesson as well). Walter at last settles in for the night. But then, Walter hears Delbert jumping on the bed again. Little did he know, Delbert (who was jumping his bed), he and his bed crashed through Walter's ceiling. Delbert and his bed tumbled into Walter's bedroom. Walter soon gets a taste of his own medicine. Because Delbert has caused the disaster on him (with the first encounter Delbert sees is Walter). Down and down fell Delbert. As a result, the same things might happen in Walter's dreams for Delbert. The same things may happen in Walter's dreams. But it is not going to be Walter that causes it (nor is it going to be Walter who gets in trouble).

## Characters (in order of appearance)

* Walter
* Walter's father
* Ms. Mabel Hattie
* Mr. Matty
* Aunt Batty
* Patty and Natty and their cat Fatty
* Mr. Hanratty
* Maestro Ferlingatti
* Delbert, Walter's friend

## Bibliographic information

* Tedd Arnold, *No Jumping on the Bed!*, New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, 1987. Illustrated by Tedd Arnold, 32 pages. ISBN 0-8037-0038-5
* Tedd Arnold, *No Se Salta en la Cama!*, (Spanish language edition, translated by Osvaldo Blanco), New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, Penguin Ediciones, 1997. Illustrated by Tedd Arnold, 32 pages. ISBN 0-8037-2068-8

There have been 14 later editions of the book in English, including a board book with simplified text for very young children. (Imprints for the later editions include Puffin and Scholastic Inc.). The Scholastic cassette has the music by Richard DeRosa and the narration by Ron Marshall.

## Notes and references


title: Papal inauguration of Pope Francis

abstract: The papal inauguration of Pope Francis was held on 19 March 2013 in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. Holy Mass was celebrated by Pope Francis before political and religious leaders from around the world. The crowd was estimated between 150,000 and 200,000. Official delegations from 132 states and various religious groups attended. It was the first papal inauguration attended by the Patriarch of Constantinople in over 1,000 years.

text:
# Papal inauguration of Pope Francis

The **papal inauguration of Pope Francis** was held on 19 March 2013 in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. Holy Mass was celebrated by Pope Francis before political and religious leaders from around the world. The crowd was estimated between 150,000 and 200,000. Official delegations from 132 states and various religious groups attended. It was the first papal inauguration attended by the Patriarch of Constantinople in over 1,000 years.

## Ceremony

About half an hour before the Mass, Francis toured the square in the popemobile to greet the crowds. He stopped and left the popemobile once to kiss a disabled man. Pope Francis wore a simple mitre, which he has had since he was bishop, as well as its matching chasuble. He used the pastoral staff that Benedict XVI used, but in contrast to Benedict XVI's grand liturgical sense, Pope Francis kept the songs and liturgical actions simple. According to Cardinal Timothy Dolan, Pope Francis's lack of singing during Mass is attributed to him having only one lung.

After the pope's arrival, the ceremony began with the new pope descending to the tomb of St. Peter in St. Peter's Basilica. The pope, along with the patriarchs and major-archbishops of the Eastern Catholic Churches prayed at the tomb. Afterwards, the pallium—a lamb's wool shawl—and the Ring of the Fisherman were taken by two deacons from the tomb where they had previously been laid and carried up to be borne in procession. Then the pope and the Eastern Catholic patriarchs and major-archbishops went up to the basilica main floor and proceeded along with the other cardinals, bishops and other clergy in procession to the square chanting the "Laudes Regiæ".

The cardinal protodeacon, Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran, bestowed the pallium on the pope. The senior cardinal-priest present, Godfried Danneels, read the prayer for the new pope before the Ring of the Fisherman was presented. Angelo Sodano, Dean of the College of Cardinals, presented him with his Fisherman's Ring of gold-plated silver unlike his predecessors' which were gold. Six cardinals, two of each rank of cardinal, then professed their obedience to Pope Francis on behalf of the College of Cardinals. In previous ceremonies, all the cardinals did so.

According to a Vatican spokesperson between 150,000 and 200,000 people attended.

## Homily

Pope Francis delivered his homily in Italian. He focused on the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, the liturgical day on which the Mass was celebrated. He stated that everyone needs to care for the earth and for each other as Joseph cared for Jesus and Mary. He set forth a plan of his own actions: "The pope, too, when exercising power, must enter ever more fully into that service, which has its radiant culmination on the cross."

## Official delegations

Some 132 states and international organizations sent delegations to the inauguration. The delegations included 6 sovereign rulers, 31 heads of state, 3 princes, and 11 heads of government.

### States

| Country | Flag | Official delegation |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Andorra |  | Co-Prince Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Bishop of Urgell |
| Albania |  | Prime Minister Sali Berisha |
| Angola |  | Vice President Manuel Domingos Vicente |
| Armenia |  | President Serzh Sargsyan |
| Argentina |  | President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner |
| Austria |  | President Heinz Fischer and his wife, Margit Fischer
Chancellor Werner Faymann
Vice Chancellor Michael Spindelegger |
| Bahrain |  | Prince Abdullah bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |
| Bangladesh |  | Foreign Minister Dipu Moni |
| Belarus |  | Anatoly Rubinov, Chairman of the Council of the Republic
Sergey Aleinik, Ambassador to the Holy See |
| Belgium |  | King Albert II and Queen Paola
Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina |  | Prime Minister Vjekoslav Bevanda
Zlatko Lagumdžija, Minister of Foreign Affairs
Sredoje Nović, Minister of Civil Affairs
Eugen Šušak, Head of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister |
| Brazil |  | President Dilma Rousseff |
| Bulgaria |  | President Rosen Plevneliev |
| Canada |  | Governor General David Johnston and his wife Sharon Johnston
Jason Kenney, Minister for Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism |
| Chile |  | President Sebastian Piñera and First Lady Cecilia Morel |
| China, Republic of |  | President Ma Ying-jeou and First Lady Christine Chow Mei-ching
Vanessa Shih, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| Colombia |  | María Ángela Holguín, Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| Costa Rica |  | President Laura Chinchilla |
| Croatia |  | President Ivo Josipović and First Lady Tatjana Josipović
Vesna Pusić, First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign and European Affairs |
| Cuba |  | First Vice President Miguel Díaz-Canel |
| Cyprus |  | Andreas Mavroyiannis, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
| Czech Republic |  | Karel Schwarzenberg, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| Dominican Republic |  | Cándida Montilla de Medina, First Lady |
| Ecuador |  | President Rafael Correa |
| Egypt |  | Mohamed Saber Ibrahim Arab, Minister of Culture |
| El Salvador |  | Hugo Martínez, Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| France |  | Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault
Laurent Fabius, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs |
| Germany |  | Norbert Lammert, President of the Bundestag
Winfried Kretschmann, President of the Bundesrat
Chancellor Angela Merkel
Vice Chancellor Philipp Rösler
 |
| Honduras |  | President Porfirio Lobo Sosa |
| Hungary |  | President János Áder and First Lady Anita Herczegh
Zsolt Semjén, Deputy Prime Minister
György Hölvényi, State Secretary for religious, ethnic and civil society |
| Italy |  | President Giorgio Napolitano and First Lady Clio Maria Bittoni
Prime Minister Mario Monti
Pietro Grasso, President of the Senate
Laura Boldrini, President of the Chamber of Deputies |
| India |  | P. J. Kurien, Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman |
| Ireland |  | President Michael D. Higgins and First Lady Sabina Coyne.
Michael Noonan, Minister for Finance |
| Japan |  | Yoshiro Mori, former Prime Minister |
| Kosovo |  | Hashim Thaçi, Prime Minister |
| Lebanon |  | Prime Minister Nagib Miqati |
| Liechtenstein |  | Hereditary Prince Alois and his wife Hereditary Princess Sophie |
| Lithuania |  | President Dalia Grybauskaitė |
| Luxembourg |  | Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa |
| Malta |  | President George Abela
Prime Minister Joseph Muscat
Lawrence Gonzi, Leader of the Opposition |
| Mexico |  | President Enrique Peña Nieto and First Lady Angélica Rivera |
| Monaco |  | Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene |
| Netherlands |  | Prince Willem-Alexander, The Prince of Orange and his wife, Princess Máxima
Prime Minister Mark Rutte |
| New Zealand |  | Chris Finlayson, Cabinet minister |
| Nicaragua |  | Vice President Omar Halleslevens |
| Nigeria |  | David Mark, President of the Senate
Stella Oduah-Ogiemwonyi, Minister of Aviation
Viola Onwuliri, Minister of State |
| Paraguay |  | President Federico Franco |
| Peru |  | Rafael Roncagliolo, Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| Philippines |  | Vice President Jejomar Binay |
| Poland |  | President Bronisław Komorowski and First Lady Anna Komorowska
Bogdan Borusewicz, Speaker of the Senate
Lech Wałęsa, former President
Jacek Cichocki, Director of the Prime Minister's Office |
| Portugal |  | President Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| Romania |  | President Traian Băsescu |
| Russia |  | Sergey Naryshkin, Chairman of the State Duma |
| San Marino |  | Pasquale Valentini, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Politics |
| Serbia |  | President Tomislav Nikolić
Ivan Mrkić, Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| Seychelles |  | Jean-Paul Adam, Minister for Foreign Affairs |
| Singapore |  | Grace Fu, Minister in Prime Minister's Office |
| Slovakia |  | President Ivan Gašparovič |
| Slovenia |  | President Borut Pahor |
| South Korea |  | Yoo Jin-ryong, Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism |
| Spain |  | Infante Felipe, The Prince of Asturias and his wife, The Princess of Asturias
Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy |
| Sri Lanka |  | Neomal Perera, Deputy Minister of External Affairs
Sarath Kumara Gunaratna, Deputy Minister of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
John Amaratunga, Member of Parliament |
| Switzerland |  | Didier Burkhalter Federal Councillor |
| Ukraine |  | Kostyantyn Hryshchenko, Deputy Prime Minister |
| United Kingdom |  | Prince Richard and Birgitte, The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester (representing the Queen of the United Kingdom and the Supreme Governor of the Church of England)
Baroness Warsi, Senior Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and Minister for Faith and Communities
Kenneth Clarke, Minister without Portfolio |
| United States |  | Vice President Joe Biden and his sister, Valerie Biden Owens
Nancy Pelosi, Minority Leader in the House of Representatives
Susana Martinez, Governor of New Mexico |
| Venezuela |  | Diosdado Cabello, President of National Assembly |
| Zimbabwe |  | President Robert Mugabe and First Lady Grace Mugabe |

Taiwan's representation was opposed by China, which has asked the Vatican to end the diplomatic relations with the state.

### Others

| subject of international law | Flag | Official delegation |
| --- | --- | --- |
| European Union |  | Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council
Jose Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission
Martin Schulz, President of the European Parliament |
| United Nations |  | José Graziano da Silva, Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) |
| Sovereign Military Order of Malta |  | Prince and Grand Master Matthew Festing |

### Religious figures

#### Christian churches

| Church | Official delegation |
| --- | --- |
| **Eastern Orthodox churches** | |
| Orthodox Church of Constantinople | Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople |
| Russian Orthodox Church | Hilarion (Alfeyev), Department for External Church Relations of Moscow Patriarchate |
| Serbian Orthodox Church | Metropolitan Amfilohije (Radović), Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral and Administrator of Eparchy of Buenos Aires (and Central and Southern America) |
| Orthodox Church in America | Metropolitan Tikhon, Metropolitan of All America and Canada |
| Montenegrin Orthodox Church | Archbishop Mihailo, Archbishop of Cetinje and Montenegro |
| **Anglican and Old Catholic churches** | |
| Church of England | John Sentamu, Archbishop of York, Primate of England |
| Episcopal Church | Pierre Whalon, bishop-in-charge of the Convocation of Episcopal Churches in Europe |
| Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic) | Joris Vercammen, Archbishop of Utrecht |
| **Oriental Orthodox** | |
| Armenian Apostolic Church | Karekin II, Catholicos of All Armenians |

The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople had not attended a papal inauguration since the Great Schism of 1054. Orthodox leaders said that the decision of Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople to attend showed that he considers the relationship between the Orthodox and Catholic churches a priority. They also noted that Francis' "well-documented work for social justice and his insistence that globalization is detrimental to the poor" may have created a "renewed opportunity" for the two church communities to "work collectively on issues of mutual concern."

#### Other religions

| Body | Official delegation |
| --- | --- |
| **Buddhism** | |
| Risshō Kōsei Kai | Nichiko Niwano, President |
| **Jainism** | |
| Institute of Jainology | Harshadray N Sanghrajka, Deputy Chair & Director |
| **Judaism** | |
| Italian Jewish Community | Riccardo di Segni, Grand Rabbi of Rome
Riccardo Pacifici, President of Rome's Jewish community |
| Chief Rabbinate of Israel | Oded Wiener, Director General |
| **Islam** | |
| Islamic Community of Serbia | Muhamed Jusufspahić, Mufti of Serbia and Vice President of Rijaset of Islamic Community of Serbia |
| Islamic Community of Latin America | Mohamed Youssef Hajar, Secretary General of the Islamic Organisation of Latin America |

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36. "Inauguracja pontyfikatu papieża Franciszka / Wizyty zagraniczne / Aktualności / Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Prezydent.pl. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
37. "Messaggio per l'elezione del nuovo Pontefice - Segreteria di Stato per gli Affari Esteri - Repubblica di San Marino". Esteri.sm. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
38. "Foreign Minister Attends Papal Inauguration". Mfa.gov.sc. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
39. "MFA Press Statement: Singapore's Representation at the Inauguration of Pope Francis on 19 March 2013". Mfa.gov.sg. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
40. ELET. "President of the Slovak Republic - Press Department". Prezident.sk. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
41. "Pope Francis inauguration: European royals expected at Pope Francis's inaugural mass in Vatican". hellomagazine.com. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
42. "Sri Lankan delegation at Pope Francis's inauguration mass". News.lk. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
43. "Diese Woche im EDA". Archived from the original on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
44. "Hryschenko departs for Vatican to attend Pope Francis enthronement ce…". Archived from the original on 21 April 2013.
45. Message from Her Majesty The Queen to Pope Francis
46. Lizzy Davies in Vatican City (19 March 2013). "Lady Warsi confident Pope Francis will stay out of Falklands row | UK news | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
47. "Venezuelas Congress Speaker To Lead Delegation In The Popes Inaugurati - Nacional Y Politica" (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
48. AFP:Pope receives world leaders in Vatican The Star 20 March 2013
49. "Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council Programme" (PDF). Consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
50. "President José Manuel Barroso - Inaugural mass of Pope Francis and ceremony of salutation in Rome". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
51. "European Parliament President Martin Schulz - Martin Schulz to attend inaugural Mass of Pope Francis". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
52. "United Nations News Centre". *UN News Service Section*. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
53. "Inauguration Mass of Pope Francis » Sovereign Order of Malta - Official site". Orderofmalta.int. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
54. Catholic Online. "Orthodox Patriarch Bartholomew to Attend Papal Inaugural Mass - International - Catholic Online". Catholic.org. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
55. "Moscow Patriarchate delegation attended enthronement of Pope Francis of Rome : Department for External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church". Mospat.ru. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
56. "New Head of the Roman Catholic Church enthroned | Serbian Orthodox Church \[Official web site\]". Spc.rs. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
57. "Metropolitan Tikhon attends Inauguration of Pope Francis | Orthodox Church in America \[Official web site\]". oca.org. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
58. "Metropolitan Mihailo attends Inauguration of Pope Francis | Montenegrin Orthodox Church \[Official web site\]". cpc.org.me. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
59. "Anglican Communion delegation for inauguration of Pope Francis…". Archbishopofcanterbury.org. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
60. "Amtseinsetzung von Papst Franziskus". Utrechter Union. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
61. "Catholicos of All Armenians to attend Pope Francis' inaugural Mass | Public Radio of Armenia". Armradio.am. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
62. Demacopoulos, George E., "The extraordinary historical significance of His Holiness' presence at Pope Francis' installation as Bishop of Rome", Archon News (Order of St. Andrew the Apostle), 19 March 2013, Retrieved 19 March 2013
63. "Papal inauguration: crowds gather for installation of Pope Francis". *The Guardian*. London. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
64. "Orthodox patriarch in rare Rome visit for papal inauguration". Globalpost.com. 15 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
65. "Francis starts papacy with plea for the poor". Ucanews.com. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
66. Sokol, Sam. "Pope gives nod to Jews in inauguration speech | JPost | Israel News". JPost. Retrieved 22 March 2013.


title: Maurice Beeli

abstract: Maurice Philippe Gaspard Beeli was a Belgian mycologist. For more than thirty years, being encouraged by Émile De Wildeman and Walter Robyns, successive directors of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium, he collaborated on collections of fungi native to Belgium and the Belgian Congo. Although regarded as a pioneer of Congolese mycology, he never travelled to Africa. Between 1920 and 1940, he published nearly 30 works about African mushrooms that were kept at the botanical garden, with 11 of the articles being printed in the journal "Fungi Goossensiani". He initiated work on the "Flore iconographique des champignons du Congo", precursor to the "Flore illustrée des champignons d’Afrique centrale", a major regional work. As a taxonomist, he circumscribed the genus Meliolinopsis.

text:
# Maurice Beeli

**Maurice Philippe Gaspard Beeli** (21 October 1879, St-Gilles-lez-Bruxelles – 17 March 1957) was a Belgian mycologist.

For more than thirty years, being encouraged by Émile De Wildeman and Walter Robyns, successive directors of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium, he collaborated on collections of fungi native to Belgium and the Belgian Congo. Although regarded as a pioneer of Congolese mycology, he never travelled to Africa.

Between 1920 and 1940, he published nearly 30 works about African mushrooms that were kept at the botanical garden, with 11 of the articles being printed in the journal "Fungi Goossensiani". He initiated work on the "*Flore iconographique des champignons du Congo*", precursor to the "*Flore illustrée des champignons d’Afrique centrale*", a major regional work.

As a taxonomist, he circumscribed the genus *Meliolinopsis* (synonym *Meliolaster*).

## Partial bibliography

* (1920). *Note sur le genre Meliola Fr. Éspèces et variétés nouvelles récoltées au Congo. Essai d’un synopsis genéral des Meliola, rangées d’aprés les caractères anatomiques et d’apres les hôtes, suivi d’une liste de toutes les éspèces décrites à cè Jour*. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État à Bruxelles 7 (1): 89–160.
* (1922). *Notes mycologiques. 1. Contribution à la flore mycologique du Congo*. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État à Bruxelles 8 (1): 1-22.
* (1923). *Notes mycologiques. Champignons nouveaux pour la flore Belge, récoltés de 1915 a 1923*. Bulletin de la Société de Botanique de Belgique 56: 57–68, 4 plates.
* (1926). *Contribution nouvelle à l’étude de la flore mycologique du Congo*. Bulletin de la Société Royale Botanique de Belgique 58 (2): 203–215, tabs 15–16.
* (1940). *Notes mycologiques Congolaises. Champignons recoltés dans la région du Kiva par F.L. Hendrickx, mycologue à l’Ineec*. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État à Bruxelles 16: 105–107.

The standard author abbreviation Beeli is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.    * Heinemann, P (1959). "Maurice Beeli (1879-1957)". *Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'État à Bruxelles*. **29** (1): 1–6. JSTOR 3666989.
* Fraiture, A (1996). "L'activité et les collections mycologiques du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique (BR)". *Les Naturalistes Belges*. **77** (3): 74–79.
* Fraiture, André (2006). "Quelques grandes figures de la mycologie belge" (PDF). *Revue du Cercle de Mycologie de Bruxelles*. **6**: 17–40.


title: Prager Zeitung

abstract: The Prager Zeitung was a German newspaper in the Czech Republic issued weekly in Prague; it now publishes online only.

text:
# Prager Zeitung

The ***Prager Zeitung*** was a German newspaper in the Czech Republic issued weekly in Prague; it now publishes online only.

## History and profile

*Prager Zeitung* was founded in 1991. It considers itself as a successor of the *Prager Tagblatt*, a German-language daily in Bohemia published from 1876 to 1939.

*Prager Zeitung*, published by Prago Media spol, is an independent publication and has a liberal political leaning. It provides political news and puts special emphasis on the relations between the Czech Republic and its German-speaking neighbors. Its former editors include Egon Erwin Kisch and Max Brod.

The weekly is also distributed in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. It is the largest non-Czech newspaper published in the Czech Republic.

## InfoBox

Prager Zeitung
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| Publisher | Prago Media |
| Founded | 1991 (1991) |
| Political alignment | Liberal |
| Language | German |
| Headquarters | Prague |
| Website | www.pragerzeitung.cz |


title: Weight (Justified)

abstract: "Weight" is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the American Neo-Western television series Justified. It is the 62nd overall episode of the series and was written by co-executive producer Taylor Elmore and Keith Schreier and directed by John Dahl. It originally aired on FX on March 18, 2014. The series is based on Elmore Leonard's stories about the character Raylan Givens, particularly "Fire in the Hole", which serves as the basis for the episode. The series follows Raylan Givens, a tough deputy U.S. Marshal enforcing his own brand of justice. The series revolves around the inhabitants and culture in the Appalachian Mountains area of eastern Kentucky, specifically Harlan County where many of the main characters grew up. In the episode, Raylan and Boyd collide on the hunt for Dewey Crowe, while bad blood simmering in the Crowe family finally boils over. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 2.04 million household viewers and gained a 0.7 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised the directing, fast pace on the episode and humor.

text:
# Weight (Justified)

"**Weight**" is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the American Neo-Western television series *Justified*. It is the 62nd overall episode of the series and was written by co-executive producer Taylor Elmore and Keith Schreier and directed by John Dahl. It originally aired on FX on March 18, 2014.

The series is based on Elmore Leonard's stories about the character Raylan Givens, particularly "Fire in the Hole", which serves as the basis for the episode. The series follows Raylan Givens, a tough deputy U.S. Marshal enforcing his own brand of justice. The series revolves around the inhabitants and culture in the Appalachian Mountains area of eastern Kentucky, specifically Harlan County where many of the main characters grew up. In the episode, Raylan and Boyd collide on the hunt for Dewey Crowe, while bad blood simmering in the Crowe family finally boils over.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 2.04 million household viewers and gained a 0.7 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised the directing, fast pace on the episode and humor.

## Plot

Kendal (Jacob Lofland) accidentally allows the family dog to cross the street and be hit by a truck. Meanwhile, Dewey (Damon Herriman) talks on the phone while unhooking his car from the tow truck, accidentally causing the car to roll and crash nearby. Dewey takes the drugs and leaves the scene. Danny (A. J. Buckley) makes his way home and tells Daryl (Michael Rapaport) that they have a problem.

Boyd (Walton Goggins) visits Ava (Joelle Carter) in prison, telling her he has been investigating Fekus (Danny Strong) for his fake attack. However, Ava tells him to stop investigating and to stop visiting her for their own safety, confusing Boyd. At the bar, Daryl talks with Boyd about their problem when Dewey calls them. Dewey has the drugs and demands the $250,000 that Boyd scammed from him when he bought the bar. Boyd accepts to his terms but reprimands Daryl for letting all of this happen. Danny and Darryl start collecting fake money to deliver to Dewey and trick him, when Raylan (Timothy Olyphant) appears looking for Dewey, attacks Darryl and takes the briefcase with fake money.

Raylan contacts Dewey through a prostitute's phone. He tells him that Boyd and the Crowes will go looking for him, offering to help him. Dewey declines his help and tosses his phone through the window. Dewey then uses a fake ID to visit Dickie Bennett (Jeremy Davies) in prison, offering him a partnership, which he accepts to do. Raylan also visits Dickie, who refuses to divulge Dewey's location unless he is given a transference to another prison. In prison, Ava intends to kill Judith (Dale Dickey) as Rowena instructed her to do, when Penny (Danielle Panabaker) interrupts as they're checking their cells.

Alison (Amy Smart) returns home and finds Kendal inside. Although Kendal does not want to return with his family, Alison calls Wendy (Alicia Witt) to pick him up. Dewey meets with Cyrus (Bill Tangradi) to work on their business when Cyrus betrays him for Daryl, alerting him of their location. Back at Audrey’s, Kendal and Wendy appear and Danny is furious upon discovering that Kendal allowed his dog to leave and get hit by the truck. This causes a fight, in which Kendal reveals that Danny killed Jean Baptiste, surprising Daryl as he thought he was in Florida. Meanwhile, Duffy (Jere Burns) meets with Katherine Hale (Mary Steenburgen), the widow of his former mentor. He pays her $50,000 to help with their problems.

Danny finds Dewey at Cyrus' house and confronts him about the drugs. The situation soon turns into a Mexican standoff, in which Cyrus gives Danny the heroin, minus keeping three bricks for himself, and gives Dewey a 2-minute headstart to run as Danny will go find him. Danny returns to his yard and grieves over his dog's corpse when Raylan appears. Raylan offers him a chance of being the only one arrested, because if Danny takes his bag near the bag, Raylan will have to arrest Wendy and Kendal. Danny then suggests they do "the 21-foot drill" and he runs towards Raylan with a knife when he suddenly drops into a hole that Kendal had been ordered to dig to bury the dog. Danny accidentally stabs himself with the knife at the throat and he dies in front of Raylan.

When talking with Art (Nick Searcy), Raylan fails to convince him that he wasn't involved in Danny's death and is also refused permission to protect Alison as the Crowes will want retaliation. In prison, Penny, who has been forced to sleep with multiple guards by Judith and gotten pregnant more than once, supplies Ava with a better knife. Ava confronts Judith at the prison chapel , but Judith reveals she knows her intentions. Ava tries to suggest working together against Rowena but Judith expresses skepticism that she will never try to kill her and attacks her. This forces Ava to take the knife and kill Judith by stabbing her multiple times.

Boyd has captured Fekus after having him meet with a woman hired by Boyd. Before Boyd kills him, Fekus states that he only hurt himself because he loves Ava. This surprisingly gets Boyd to release Fekus instead of killing him. At the Crowe house, Daryl and Wendy have a discussion which soon turns into a brutal fight, ending when Daryl brutally wounds her. He then visits Kendal in his room, telling him he needs to choose whether to be "Crowe or not". Kendal chooses the former and Daryl makes a blood oath between them.

## Production

### Development

In February 2014, it was reported that the tenth episode of the fifth season would be titled "Weight", and was to be directed by John Dahl and written by co-executive producer Taylor Elmore and Keith Schreier.

### Writing

Danny Crowe's death was pitched by star Timothy Olyphant. Series developer Graham Yost said, "he wanted the dog to die. He wanted a grave to be dug. And he wanted Danny to fall in it. And it's suggested by something in *Out of Sight*, one of the great Elmore Leonard film adaptations. There's a scene in the climax where this character named White Boy Bob is running up the stairs with a gun, and he trips and falls and shoots himself in the head. It's actually not in Elmore's book, I don't think. It was something that was suggested by someone on the set. But it felt very Elmore, and we've always loved that moment. So it's a little bit of our tribute to White Boy Bob." Danny's actor, A. J. Buckley was notified of his character's death before starting working on the episode while he was guest starring on *Supernatural*. He said, "if there was ever a way to die on a show and go out, this was it."

### Casting

Despite being credited, Jacob Pitts and Erica Tazel do not appear in the episode as their respective characters.

The episode marked Jeremy Davies's first appearance in the series since "Coalition". Although Yost wanted his appearance to remain a secret, FX gave away his appearance on promotional material. Dewey's fake ID, Parker Stevenson, was based on Parker Stevenson, star of *The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries*, as Yost considers himself a fan of the series.

In January 2014, it was reported that Mary Steenburgen was joining the series in a recurring role as Katherine Hale, "a beautiful, Southern belle who was the wife of Wynn Duffy's mentor in crime."

## Reception

### Viewers

In its original American broadcast, "Weight" was seen by an estimated 2.04 million household viewers and gained a 0.7 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.7 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 9% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 2.24 million viewers with a 0.8 in the 18-49 demographics.

### Critical reviews

"Weight" received positive reviews from critics. Seth Amitin of *IGN* gave the episode a "great" 8.2 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "All in all, 'Weight' led us toward a very good ending for Season 5. Boyd is in trouble with everyone. Ava is struggling to keep her head above water. Dewey is somehow still alive. Raylan is still in Art's doghouse. But the question remains: does anyone want to see this to the end?"

Alasdair Wilkins of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode an "A−" grade and wrote, "As a general rule, *Justified* builds its seasons from the top down, with the actions of a powerful but ultimately vulnerable main villain driving each season's endgame. This year, on the other hand, has been an attempt to build the serialized story from the bottom up. 'Weight' builds on the success of last week's 'Wrong Roads' by starting to bring this season into tighter focus, as tonight's episode suggests just how lost Boyd and Raylan have become." Kevin Fitzpatrick of *Screen Crush* wrote, "'Weight' lacks a more effective punch with its guest stars, somewhat meaninglessly returning Dickie Bennett to prominence, though it at least caught our attention with Mary Steenburgen's introduction as Wynn Duffy’s new friend."

Alan Sepinwall of *HitFix* wrote, "'Weight' really didn't do anything to improve the many problematic areas of season 5 – other than killing off Danny Crowe, in one of the season's best scenes – but the parts around the parts that aren't working were kind of terrific." James Quealley of *The Star-Ledger* wrote, "The Crowe family has some serious problems this week, but where those start and finish has a lot to do with what winds up as another uneven episode of *Justified*."

Matt Zoller Seitz of *Vulture* gave the episode a perfect 5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "'Weight' was the best episode of *Justified*'s fifth season, partly because Taylor Elmore and Keith Schreier's script resolved so many lingering subplots in dramatically perfect ways, but also because it was directed by John Dahl." Holly Anderson of *Grantland* wrote, "This week's Raylan-Art scene kind of turned us around on whether drawing out this feud is working. The repetition, looking back, makes it work."

Carla Day of *TV Fanatic* gave the episode a 4.5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "There wasn't any light or happiness in the hour at all. It's sad when the only laugh comes from someone's death. And, what's worse is that it's going to go downhill from here. The Crowes are going to retaliate against Raylan and Allison is a likely target. There's only 3 episodes left in *Justified* season 5. I really hope that things turn around to let a little happiness in." Jack McKinney of *Paste* gave the episode a 9 out of 10 and wrote, "Overall, this was a very good episode but not a great one. There were significant chunks of mediocrity, but the strong scenes were good enough to bring the average way up."

## InfoBox

| "**Weight**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Justified* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 5<br>Episode 10 |
| Directed by | John Dahl |
| Written by | Taylor Elmore & Keith Schreier |
| Featured music | Steve Porcaro |
| Cinematography by | Francis Kenny |
| Editing by | Dorian Harris & Steven Nevius |
| Original air date | March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18) |
| Running time | 51 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Pseudonebularia pediculus

abstract: Pseudonebularia pediculus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

text:
# Pseudonebularia pediculus

***Pseudonebularia pediculus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudonebularia pediculus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Pseudonebularia pediculus | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Mitroidea |
| Family: | Mitridae |
| Subfamily: | Mitrinae |
| Genus: | *Pseudonebularia* |
| Species: | ***P. pediculus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudonebularia pediculus***<br>(Lamarck, 1811) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Mitra pediculus* Lamarck, 1811 | |


title: Procambarus rathbunae

abstract: Procambarus rathbunae is a species of crayfish in family Cambaridae. It is endemic to Okaloosa County and Walton County, Florida, and is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List.

text:
# Procambarus rathbunae

***Procambarus rathbunae*** is a species of crayfish in family Cambaridae. It is endemic to Okaloosa County and Walton County, Florida, and is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List.

## InfoBox

| *Procambarus rathbunae* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Family: | Cambaridae |
| Genus: | *Procambarus* |
| Species: | ***P. rathbunae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Procambarus rathbunae***
(Hobbs, 1940) | |
|


title: Noordgesig

abstract: Noordgesig is a township in Soweto, situated at the edge of area's northernmost boundary, but within its territory. It is the first township seen on entering Soweto from the frequently used New Canada Road. Noordgesig is a Coloured township. It is colloquially called "Bulte"(meaning Hills) by its residence and neighbors, as depicted by the Mine Dumps surrounding the Township. The name "Bulte" was coined as a form of endearment by the residence for the longest time.

text:
# Noordgesig

**Noordgesig** (meaning "north view/facing") is a township in Soweto, situated at the edge of area's northernmost boundary, but within its territory. It is the first township seen on entering Soweto from the frequently used New Canada Road. Noordgesig is a Coloured township. It is colloquially called "Bulte"(meaning Hills) by its residence and neighbors, as depicted by the Mine Dumps surrounding the Township. The name "Bulte" was coined as a form of endearment by the residence for the longest time.

## History

The township is one of the oldest "Coloured" townships and one of multiple locations that make up greater Soweto. However, this is difficult to discern from historical works, which, if they mention Noordgesig at all, only name it, and predominantly focus on the establishment of Orlando in the mid-1930s, and then later in the 1950s, the construction of Meadowlands and Diepkloof, or the uprising of June 16, 1976. The historical analysis of Soweto largely ignores Noordgesig. Noordgesig was not administered as part of greater Orlando until after the end of apartheid, and is therefore not distinguished from it, which consequently might offer a reason why histories of Soweto never include its establishment in their analysis. Because it was established for coloured occupation, government documents relating to Noordgesig are filed in the various departments dealing with coloured affairs and not those of Orlando or Soweto. Accordingly, a study of this township fills in this absence in historical literature.

Noordgesig Township is one of the original townships established on the farms Diepkloof and Klipspruit purchased by the Johannesburg City Council (JCC) during the 1930s, which would only in 1963, become collectively known as Soweto. Township areas in the southwestern areas of Johannesburg established prior to the apartheid era include Kliptown in 1904, Orlando East 1932, Pimville 1934, and Noordgesig 1940/41. The layout of Noordgesig was approved by the JCC as early as 23 March 1937. Therefore, the history of this township must be included not only in writing any history tracing the origins of the south western areas of Johannesburg just prior to World War II (WWII), but also in studies of early black township formations on the Witwatersrand.

Building black housing became a priority for the JCC, the Transvaal provincial government, and the Union government, especially from the late 1930s through the end of the 1940s. However, the war hindered housing construction efforts. The significant increase in urban migration into cities, particularly those on the Witwatersrand, due to the growth in manufacturing industries and job opportunities before and during World War II, led to a shortage of accommodation for new arrivals. Squatter camps became common during the early to mid-1940s and spread rapidly throughout what today is Orlando West and Moroka townships in Soweto. By the end of the 1940s the National Party (NP) government was faced with the challenge, greater than before, of trying to house these people. Motivated by the Group Areas Act of 1950, large numbers of people were displaced and forcibly removed from urban areas resulting in an unprecedented growth in new townships allocated in Soweto by the state.

The coloured population is small compared to the black population of South Africa and one reason why fewer studies on coloured housing in the urban history of Johannesburg exist. Contextualizing a historically coloured township requires an analysis of this identity. Noordgesig, can be understood as a locality made up of people, present and in the past, who in the majority are considered coloured, whether self-ascribed, or imposed, by virtue of their race, identity, class and complex relationship to ‘black’ Soweto.

## InfoBox

| Noordgesig | |
| --- | --- |
| NoordgesigNoordgesig | |
| Coordinates: 26°13′37″S 27°56′20″E / 26.227°S 27.939°E / -26.227; 27.939 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Gauteng |
| Municipality | City of Johannesburg |
| Main Place | Soweto |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.28 km2 (0.49 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 12,115 |
| Density | 9,500/km2 (25,000/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 43.33% |
| Coloured | 54.92% |
| Indian/Asian | 0.54% |
| White | 0.90% |
| Other | 0.31% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Afrikaans | 55.05% |
| English | 12.93% |
| Zulu | 8.59% |
| Xhosa | 6.17% |
| Other | 17.26% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 1804 |


title: Procambarus vioscai

abstract: Procambarus vioscai is a species of crayfish found in United States.

text:
# Procambarus vioscai

***Procambarus vioscai*** is a species of crayfish found in United States.

## Subspecies

## InfoBox

| *Procambarus vioscai* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Family: | Cambaridae |
| Genus: | *Procambarus* |
| Species: | ***P. vioscai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Procambarus vioscai***
Penn, 1946 | |
|


title: Papal inauguration

abstract: Papal inauguration is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church within Mass celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements of Byzantine Rite for the ecclesiastical investiture of a pope. Since the inauguration of Pope John Paul I, it has not included the 820-year-old (1143–1963) papal coronation ceremony. It was in the 11th century that the inauguration took the form of a coronation. Along with other ceremonies used at papal inaugurations, a coronation became part of a pope's inauguration ritual from the time of Pope Nicholas II (1059–1061) until 1963. Pope Paul VI, the last pope to be crowned or to use a papal tiara, abandoned the use of his tiara in a ceremony at the end of the second period of the Second Vatican Council. Over twenty tiaras are held in the Vatican. That of Paul VI is in the crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. A small one is still used to symbolically crown a statue of Saint Peter on his saint's day every year. The first pope for over eight centuries to inaugurate his pontificate without a coronation was Pope John Paul I.

text:
# Papal inauguration

**Papal inauguration** is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church within Mass celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements of Byzantine Rite for the ecclesiastical investiture of a pope. Since the inauguration of Pope John Paul I, it has not included the 820-year-old (11431963) papal coronation ceremony.

It was in the 11th century that the inauguration took the form of a coronation. Along with other ceremonies used at papal inaugurations, a coronation became part of a pope's inauguration ritual from the time of Pope Nicholas II (1059–1061) until 1963. Pope Paul VI, the last pope to be crowned or to use a papal tiara, abandoned the use of his tiara in a ceremony at the end of the second period of the Second Vatican Council.

Over twenty tiaras are held in the Vatican. That of Paul VI is in the crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C.

A small one is still used to symbolically crown a statue of Saint Peter on his saint's day every year. The first pope for over eight centuries to inaugurate his pontificate without a coronation was Pope John Paul I.

## Abandonment of the coronation

Pope Paul VI, the last pope to be crowned or to use a papal tiara, abandoned the use of his tiara in a ceremony at the end of the second period of the Second Vatican Council, and announced that it would be sold and the money obtained would be given to charity; it was in fact bought by Catholics in the United States and is now kept in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C.

Though Paul VI decided not to wear a tiara, his 1975 apostolic constitution *Romano Pontifici Eligendo* continued to envisage a "coronation" ceremony for his successors. However, Pope John Paul I, elected in the August 1978 conclave, wanted a simpler ceremony, and commissioned Virgilio Noè, the Papal Master of Ceremonies, to design the inauguration ceremony that was used. Taking place in the context of a "Mass of Inauguration", the high point of the ceremony was the placing of the pallium on the new pope's shoulders, and the receiving of the obedience of the cardinals.

His successor, Pope John Paul II, followed suit, maintaining the changes made by his predecessor, though with additions. The Mass of inauguration was celebrated, not in the evening, as for John Paul I, but in the morning. Referring in his inauguration homily to coronation with the papal tiara, John Paul II said: "This is not the time to return to a ceremony and an object considered, wrongly, to be a symbol of the temporal power of the Popes."

In his 1996 apostolic constitution *Universi Dominici Gregis*, John Paul II laid down that a "solemn ceremony of the inauguration of a pontificate" should take place, but did not specify its form, which he left to each pope to decide.

## Modern inauguration

Four modern popes have now used an inauguration ceremony without coronation: Pope John Paul I, Pope John Paul II, (both in 1978), Pope Benedict XVI (2005) and Pope Francis (2013).

The modern papal inauguration, developed from the form used for John Paul I, takes place during Mass (usually in Saint Peter's Square) and involves the formal bestowal of the pallium, the symbol of the pope's universal jurisdiction, on the newly elected pope by the senior Cardinal Deacon.

Pope Benedict XVI maintained those changes and also shortened, as explained below, the ceremony of homage previously paid at a papal inauguration by each cardinal individually, repeating the "act of homage and obedience" made in the conclave to the new pope before the announcement of his election to the people.

The ceremony does not include the alleged Papal Oath that some traditionalist Catholics claim, without evidence, to have been sworn by the popes before John Paul I. They criticise its absence, and some sedevacantist groups refuse to accept the legitimacy of the modern popes due to the absence of both the alleged oath and the symbolic tiara.

## Inauguration of Benedict XVI

Pope Benedict XVI celebrated his inauguration on 24 April 2005 after being elected on 19 April 2005 having approved new procedures for the papal inauguration previously on 20 April 2005 the day after his election. The ceremony began with the pope and the cardinals kneeling at the Tomb of Saint Peter beneath the high altar of Saint Peter's Basilicathe popes are, according to Catholic dogma, the successors of Saint Peter, the first head of the Church in Rometo give him homage, and ask his prayers. Pope Benedict said, "I leave from where the Apostle arrived." The pope and the cardinals then went in procession to Saint Peter's Square for the inauguration Mass, while the "Laudes Regiæ" was chanted, asking help for the new pope.

### Receiving the pallium and the Ring of the Fisherman

The pope received the pallium and the Ring of the Fisherman. Cardinal Jorge Medina, the cardinal protodeacon, formally bestowed the pallium on the pope. The pallium used was different from that of previous popes: it was an earlier form practically identical to the ancient omophorion (still used to this day by Eastern bishops); wider than the standard archiepiscopal pallium, though not as wide as the modern omophorion; 2.4 metres (2.6 yards) long, made of wool with black silk tips. It had five embroidered red silk crosses instead of the six black ones of the normal archbishops' pallium. Pope Benedict later in his pontificate would use a pallium similar to that of his immediate predecessors, but with a longer, wider cut and six red crosses.

After the pallium was bestowed and before the Ring of the Fisherman was presented, Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan, as the senior cardinal-priest, pronounced the formal prayer for the new pope.

Cardinal Angelo Sodano, as the senior cardinal-bishop, formally presented the Ring of the Fisherman to the pope.

### Act of homage

Instead of having each of the more than one hundred cardinals kneel before the pope individually to do him homage, twelve people, lay as well as clerical, did so: the senior Cardinal bishop Angelo Sodano, the Cardinal protopriest Stephen Kim Sou-hwan, the Cardinal protodeacon Jorge Medina, Bishop Andrea Erba the bishop of Benedict's former suburbicarian diocese of Velletri-Segni, Father Enrico Pomili the priest serving as pastor of Benedict's former titular church Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino when he was a Cardinal priest, a deacon, a religious brother, a Benedictine nun, a married couple from Korea, and a young woman from Sri Lanka and a young man from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, each of whom had been recently confirmed.

### After the ceremony

After Mass, Pope Benedict greeted inside St. Peter's Basilica, before the main altar, various delegations present for his inauguration. In the days following, he visited the other major basilicas of Rome. On 25 April 2005, the day after his inauguration at St. Peter's, he paid homage to the other founder of the church of Rome by visiting St. Paul Outside the Walls. On 7 May, he took possession of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran—his cathedral church. Later that evening he venerated the *Salus Populi Romani* icon of Mary in the Basilica of Saint Mary Major.

## Inauguration of Francis

Pope Francis celebrated his papal inauguration on 19 March 2013, the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, following his election on 13 March 2013. He used a mitre he has had since he first became a bishop. His chasuble matched the mitre. He used the same pastoral staff that Benedict XVI used. Pope Francis kept the chants and liturgical actions simple. The fact that he himself does not chant the liturgy has been attributed by Cardinal Timothy Dolan to his having only one lung.

Francis first descended to the tomb of St. Peter in St. Peter's Basilica where, along with the patriarchs and major-archbishops of the Eastern Catholic Churches, he prayed at the tomb. Then the pallium and the Ring of the Fisherman were carried up from the tomb by two deacons to be borne in procession. Then the pope and the Eastern Catholic patriarchs and major-archbishops returned to the main floor of the basilica and processed along with the other cardinals, bishops and other clergy to the square chanting the *Laudes Regiae*.

Cardinal Protodeacon Jean-Louis Tauran bestowed the pallium on the pope. The most senior elector from the cardinal-priests present, Godfried Daneels, read aloud the formal prayer for the new pope before the Ring of the Fisherman was presented. Angelo Sodano, Dean of the College of Cardinals, presented him with his Fisherman's Ring of gold-plated silver, unlike his predecessors', which were of gold. Six cardinals, two of each order, then professed their obedience to Pope Francis on behalf of the College of Cardinals. The six cardinals were: Giovanni Battista Re and Tarcisio Bertone representing the cardinal-bishops; Joachim Meisner and Jozef Tomko representing the cardinal-priests; and Renato Raffaele Martino and Francesco Marchisano representing the cardinal-deacons.

## Liturgical book

*Ad hoc* rituals were used for the inaugurations of the pontificates of Popes John Paul I and John Paul II. On 20 April 2005, Pope Benedict XVI approved a permanent rite, a draft of which had been made by the Office of Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff under John Paul II. This was published as an official liturgical book of the Church with the name *Ordo Rituum pro Ministerii Petrini Initio Romae Episcopi* (Order of the Rites for the Inauguration of the Petrine Ministry of the Bishop of Rome). Archbishop Piero Marini, the Papal Master of Ceremonies, described it as part of the application to papal rites of the liturgical reforms that followed the Second Vatican Council.

The *Ordo* contains not only the rite of the Mass of the Inauguration, but also that of the Mass of the Enthronement on the *cathedra romana*, the chair of the Bishop of Rome, in the Lateran Basilica, Rome's cathedral and the Catholic Church's primary basilica, outranking even the St. Peter's Basilica. Popes usually take possession of the Lateran Basilica within a few days of the inauguration of the pontificate.

Shortly before he resigned, Pope Benedict XVI introduced some modifications: strictly non-sacramental ceremonies take place not within Mass but either before Mass or without Mass; the individual act of homage by each cardinal is restored; a wider choice of music is provided; and the time for taking possession of the basilicas of Saint Paul Outside the Walls and Saint Mary Major is not limited to the two or three weeks following the inauguration.

## List of papal inaugurations since 1978

| Date | Location | Pope | Cardinal | Protodeacon of |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sunday, 3 September 1978 | Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City | John Paul I | Pericle Felici | Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine |
| Sunday, 22 October 1978 | Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City | John Paul II | Pericle Felici | Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine |
| Sunday, 24 April 2005 | Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City | Benedict XVI | Jorge Medina | San Saba |
| Tuesday, 19 March 2013 | Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City | Francis | Jean-Louis Tauran | Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine |

1. Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig (1946). *Laudes Regiae*. University of California Press. p. 137. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
2. Murdoch, Brian (2004). *German Literature of the Early Middle Ages*. Camden House. p. 92. ISBN 9781571132406. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
3. *The Quarterly Review (London)*. John Murray. 1814. p. 249. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
4. Canning, Joseph (2005). *A History of Medieval Political Thought: 300–1450*. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9781136623356. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
5. Dugan, George (1 December 1964). "Spellman's Surprise: Pope's Tiara Is Here". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
6. *Universi Dominici Gregis*, 89
7. Ceremony of Papal Inauguration of Pope Benedict XVI \[24.04.2005\] on YouTube Retrieved 12 April 2013.
8. Pope Benedict XVI Starts His Papacy. AmericanCatholic.org article on Pope Benedict XVI's inauguration. Retrieved April 13, 2013
9. "Dolan: Pope Francis Healthy Enough To Lead World's Catholics". NY1.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
10. Inaugural Mass of the Pontificate (Vatican video of Pope Francis' papal inauguration on YouTube
11. "L'Omelia di papa Francesco".
12. "Papa Francesco indossa pallio e anello del pescatore, inizia Messa". Archived from the original on 2014-05-05. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
13. Laura Smith-Spark et al: Thousands pack St. Peter's Square for Pope Francis' inauguration CNN, 19 March 2013
14. Rolandi, Luca (2013-03-19). "Il giorno di Papa Francesco: La messa di inizio pontificato in Piazza San Pietro" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
15. Modifications Made to Rites for the Beginning of the Pontificate
16. "Catholic News Service: "Pope Benedict changes rituals for new pope's inauguration"". Archived from the original on 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2013-07-19.


title: Indolestes assamicus

abstract: Indolestes assamicus is a species of spreadwing in the damselfly family Lestidae.

text:
# Indolestes assamicus

***Indolestes assamicus*** is a species of spreadwing in the damselfly family Lestidae.

## Further reading

* Kalkman, V. J. (2013). *Studies on phylogeny and biogeography of damselflies (Odonata) with emphasis on the Argiolestidae* (PhD). Leiden University. hdl:1887/22953.

## InfoBox

| *Indolestes assamicus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Lestidae |
| Genus: | *Indolestes* |
| Species: | ***I. assamicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Indolestes assamicus***
Fraser, 1930 | |
|


title: Prattsburgh, New York

abstract: Prattsburgh is a town in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 1,985 at the 2020 census. It is situated in the northeast part of the county, north of Bath.

text:
# Prattsburgh, New York

**Prattsburgh** is a town in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 1,985 at the 2020 census. It is situated in the northeast part of the county, north of Bath.

## History

Prattsburgh was formed from the town of Pulteney in 1813. The Prattsburgh community is named after early settler Joel Pratt, who arrived around 1799 to purchase land. Settlers arrived in 1801.

In Prattsburgh was the Franklin Institute, described as "old" about 1812.

From c. 1889-1961 Prattsburgh was located on a railroad. The Kanona & Prattsburgh Railroad Company, the Kanona & Prattsburgh Railway Company, and the Prattsburgh Railway Corporation during the period operated an 11.44 single-track standard-gauge railroad from a connection with the Erie Railroad at Kanona to Prattsburgh. Intermediate stations included Wheeler, Beans, and Stickneys.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 51.7 square miles (134 km2), of which, 51.7 square miles (134 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) of it (0.06%) is water.

The north town line is the border of Steuben County and Yates County.

New York State Route 53 is an important north-south highway in the town.

The town is at a higher altitude than most other parts of the county.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1820 | 1,377 |  |  |
| 1830 | 2,399 |  | 74.2% |
| 1840 | 2,455 |  | 2.3% |
| 1850 | 2,786 |  | 13.5% |
| 1860 | 2,790 |  | 0.1% |
| 1870 | 2,479 |  | −11.1% |
| 1880 | 2,349 |  | −5.2% |
| 1890 | 2,170 |  | −7.6% |
| 1900 | 2,197 |  | 1.2% |
| 1910 | 1,834 |  | −16.5% |
| 1920 | 1,663 |  | −9.3% |
| 1930 | 1,421 |  | −14.6% |
| 1940 | 1,364 |  | −4.0% |
| 1950 | 1,353 |  | −0.8% |
| 1960 | 1,448 |  | 7.0% |
| 1970 | 1,523 |  | 5.2% |
| 1980 | 1,657 |  | 8.8% |
| 1990 | 1,894 |  | 14.3% |
| 2000 | 2,064 |  | 9.0% |
| 2010 | 2,085 |  | 1.0% |
| 2020 | 1,985 |  | −4.8% |
| 2021 (est.) | 1,968 |  | −0.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,064 people, 809 households, and 567 families residing in the town. The population density was 39.9 inhabitants per square mile (15.4/km2). There were 1,167 housing units at an average density of 22.6 per square mile (8.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.17% White, 1.55% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.63% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36% of the population.

There were 809 households, out of which 35.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $32,150, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $28,421 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,008. About 12.9% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.6% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

## Communities and locations in the Town of Prattsburgh

* Beans Station  A location at the south town line on NY-53.
* Daball Corners  A location north of Prattsburgh hamlet on County Road 122.
* Ingleside  A hamlet in the northwest part of the town on NY-53.
* Prattsburgh  The hamlet of Prattsburgh is in the east-central part of the town on NY-53. Prattsburgh was incorporated as a village in 1848, but subsequently abandoned its village status in 1972. Its population was 656 in 2010.

## Famous people from Prattsburgh

1. "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
2. Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021". *Census.gov*. US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 6, 2022. `{{cite web}}`: `|last1=` has generic name (help)
3. "Pulteney History – Town of Pulteney". *pulteneyny.com*. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
4. kirkhouse. "Join Us for a Walk Through Prattsburgh". *The Leader*. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
5. Cunningham, Henry J. (1912). *History of Oneida County New York from 1700 to the Present Time*. Vol. I. Chicago: S. ). Clarke Publishing Company. p. 356.
6. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
7. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Prattsburgh, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| PrattsburghPrattsburgh | |
| Coordinates: 42°32′N 77°20′W / 42.533°N 77.333°W / 42.533; -77.333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Steuben |
| Area | |
| Total | 51.72 sq mi (133.94 km2) |
| Land | 51.67 sq mi (133.82 km2) |
| Water | 0.05 sq mi (0.13 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,939 ft (591 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,985 |
| Estimate (2021) | 1,968 |
| Density | 38.77/sq mi (14.97/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 14873 |
| Area code | 607 |
| FIPS code | 36-59718 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0979395 |
| Website | www.townofprattsburgh.org |


title: Wen Zhang

abstract: Wen Zhang is a Chinese actor. He graduated from the Central Academy of Drama in 2006. Wen ranked 58th on Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2013, and 45th in 2014.

text:
# Wen Zhang

**Wen Zhang** (Chinese: 文章, born 26 June 1984) is a Chinese actor. He graduated from the Central Academy of Drama in 2006. Wen ranked 58th on *Forbes* China Celebrity 100 list in 2013, and 45th in 2014.

## Career

### Rising popularity

Wen first became known for his role in the youth drama *Romantic Life*.

Wen rose to fame for his role in the youth television series *Struggle* (2007). Based on the popular novel by Shi Kang, *Struggle* gained unexpected acclaim and was seen as a breakthrough in Chinese TV production as it broke from the usual Chinese TV series focusing in traditional legends and series.

Another notable series Wen starred in is *Dwelling Narrowness* (2009). The series, which focuses on rising property prices in China and the impact it has on youths and their ambitions, was a major hit with the audiences and sparked a discussion among youths online. The same year, he made his film debut in *A Tale of Two Donkeys* (directed by Li Dawei), a black comedy film set in the Cultural Revolution. Wen won the Best New Actor award at the China Movie Channel Media Awards for his performance.

### Mainstream success

Wen had his first major role on the screen in Xue Xiaolu's literary film, *Ocean Heaven* (2010), playing a 21-year-old autistic man whose only happiness is swimming. Wen was initially rejected by the producers, as he did not fit their requirements; and this prompted him to master four kinds of living strokes in one week. After he successfully got the role, Wen underwent arduous training - which involves swimming 5000 m per day and a 180-day's living with a group of autistic people, which Wen says helped him get closer to their inner mind. Wen's efforts paid off to overwhelming positive reviews from critics, and he clinched the Best Actor award at the China Movie Channel Media Awards. The same year, Wen won the Best Actor award at the Sichuan Television Festival and Audience's Choice for Actor at the Golden Eagle Awards for his role as a war-time hero in *Snow Leopard*.

In 2011, Wen starred in the romantic comedy *Love is Not Blind* alongside Bai Baihe. The low-budget film became a surprise hit and ended up grossing over 350 million yuan at the Chinese box office. Wen won the Best Actor award at the Hundred Flowers Award for his performance. The same year, Wen won the Best Actor award at the China TV Drama Awards for his performance in *Naked Wedding*. The series, which explores the struggles a China couple faces when they marry for love with no house, substantial savings, or elaborate ceremonies, struck a chord with Chinese youths and become a major hit.

In 2013, he starred as Tang Sanzang in Stephen Chow's fantasy blockbuster *Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons*, which broke records to become the highest grossing Chinese movie then. He also starred in action comedy *Badges of Fury* alongside Jet Li. The same year, Wen launched his directorial debut, *Little Daddy* on the small screen; which stars himself as the lead actor. He received the award for Best TV Series for the production, and the Best TV Actor award at the LETV Awards.

### Post-scandal and successful comeback

Wen directed his first film, *When Larry Met Mary* which was released in 2016. However, despite positive reviews, the film failed to do well at the box office. Wen received the Best Directorial Debut award at the Golden Rooster Awards.

The same year, Wen made a successful comeback in 2016 with the hit television series, *Young Marshal*, a biopic based on the life of war hero Zhang Xueliang.

## Personal life

Wen married Chinese actress Ma Yili, who is eight years older, and they have a two-year-old daughter. They first met while appearing in a Chinese historical television drama *The Jinyiwei Guard*. When they filmed *Struggle* together, they became lovers. However, in 2014, Wen was exposed by the media to be involved in an affair with Yao Di, a Chinese actress who starred with Wen in the 2011 television series *Naked Marriage*. His affair attracted widespread discussion on Sina Weibo with over millions of comments. On 28 July 2019, they announced their divorce on Sina Weibo.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | English title | Chinese title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2009 | *A Tale of Two Donkeys* | 走着瞧 | Ma Jie |  |
| 2010 | *Ocean Heaven* | 海洋天堂 | Da Fu |  |
| 2011 | *Mr. & Mrs. Incredible* | 神奇侠侣 | Emperor |  |
| | *The Law of Attraction* | 万有引力 | Gao Yuan |  |
| | *The Sorcerer and the White Snake* | 白蛇传说 | Neng Ren |  |
| | *Love is Not Blind* | 失恋33天 | Wang Xiaojian |  |
| 2012 | *In-Laws New Year* | 亲家过年 | Zhang Xuelun |  |
| | *Truth or Dare* | 真心话大冒险 |  | Cameo |
| | *All for Love* | 三个未婚妈妈 |  | Cameo |
| | *The Guillotines* | 血滴子 | Qian Long |  |
| 2013 | *Beyond the Bounds* | 越位者 |  | Cameo |
| | *Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons* | 西游·降魔篇 | Tang Sanzang |  |
| | *Badges of Fury* | 不二神探 | Wang Bu'er |  |
| 2014 | *On the Way* | 我在路上最爱你 | Xia Yu |  |
| | *Gone with the Bullets* | 一步之遥 | Wu Qi |  |
| 2016 | *The Mermaid* | 美人鱼 | Policeman | Cameo |
| | *League of Gods* | 封神传奇 | Nezha |  |
| | *When Larry Met Mary* | 陆垚知马俐 |  | Director |
| 2017 | *Gong Shou Dao* | 功守道 |  | Director |
| 2018 | *Fat Buddies* | 胖子行动队 |  |  |
| 2019 | *God of Practice* | 遇神 |  |  |

### Television series

| Year | English title | Chinese title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | *Bloom of Youth* | 青春正点 | Chen Long |  |
| 2001 | *Black Triangle* | 黑三角 | Du Liang |  |
| 2003 |  | 拯救少年犯 | Cao Xiaolei |  |
| 2004 | *You Are Smiling, While I am Weeping* | 你在微笑我却哭了 | Chen Chen |  |
| 2006 | *Song of Youth* | 青春之歌 | Lin Daofeng |  |
| | *Romantic Life* | 与青春有关的日子 | Zhuo Yue |  |
| | *Embroidered Uniform Guard* | 锦衣卫 | Zhu Tianjiao |  |
| 2007 |  | 暗流 | Duan Yifei |  |
| | *Struggle* | 奋斗 | Xiang Nan |  |
| | *Where is Happiness* | 幸福在哪里 |  | Cameo |
| 2008 | *Brothers* | 兄弟门 | Hua Xiaowen |  |
| 2009 | *Prominent Family* | 望族 | Du Qingming |  |
| | *Love in Sun Moon Lake* | 爱在日月潭 | Meng Ting |  |
| | *Dwelling Narrowness* | 蜗居 | Xiao Bei |  |
| 2010 | *Snow Leopard* | 雪豹 | Zhou Weiguo |  |
| | *National Anthem* | 国歌 | Nie Er |  |
| |  | 冰是睡着的水 | Coach Gao |  |
| 2011 | *Naked Wedding* | 裸婚时代 | Liu Yiyang |  |
| |  | 再过把瘾 |  | Cameo |
| | *Black Fox* | 黑狐 | Luo Bin |  |
| 2013 | *Blood Rose 3* | 血色玫瑰之女子特遣队 | Wang Jingwei |  |
| | *Little Daddy* | 小爸爸 | Yu Guo | Also director |
| | *Love is not Blind* | 失恋33天 |  | Cameo |
| 2016 | *Young Marshal* | 少帅 | Zhang Xueliang |  |
| | *Happy Mitan* | 欢喜密探 |  | Cameo |
| 2017 | *Razor* | 剃刀边缘 | Xu Congliang | Also director |
| 2020 | *Raiders of the New Way* | 一步登天 | Na Lan |  |
| | *Snow Leopard 2* | 雪豹2 | Zhou Weiguo |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | China Movie Channel Media Awards | Best New Actor | *A Tale of Two Donkeys* | Won |  |
| 2010 | | Best Actor | *Ocean Heaven* | Won |  |
| 2011 | Beijing College Student Film Festival | | Best Actor | Nominated |  |
| | | | Most Popular Actor | Won |  |
| | Huabiao Film Awards | | Best Newcomer | Won |  |
| | Golden Phoenix Awards | | Society Award | Won |  |
| | China TV Drama Awards | Best Actor | *Naked Wedding* | Won |  |
| | Shanghai Television Festival | Best Actor | *Snow Leopard* | Nominated |  |
| 2012 | Golden Eagle Awards | | Audience's Choice for Actor | Won |  |
| | | | Most Popular Actor | | Won |
| | Shanghai Television Festival | Best Actor | *Naked Wedding* | Nominated |  |
| | China Film Director's Guild Awards | Best Actor | *Love is Not Blind* | Nominated |  |
| | Beijing College Student Film Festival | | Best Actor | Nominated |  |
| | Most Popular Actor | | Won |  |
| | Hundred Flowers Award | | Best Actor | Won |  |
| 2013 | Sichuan Television Festival | Best Actor | *Snow Leopard* | Won |  |
| | LeTV Awards | Best Director (TV) | *Little Daddy* | Won |  |
| | Best Actor (TV) | | Won | |
| | China TV Drama Awards | | Best Director | Won |  |
| 2016 | Asian New Talent Award | Best Director | *When Larry Met Mary* | Nominated |  |
| 2017 | 31st Golden Rooster Awards | Best Directorial Debut | | Won |  |

## InfoBox

| Wen Zhang | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1984-06-26) 26 June 1984<br>Xi'an, Shaanxi, China |
| Alma mater | Central Academy of Drama |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2006–present |
| Agent | Easy Entertainment |
| Spouse | Ma Yili  (m. 2008; div. 2019) |
| Children | 2 daughters |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wén Zhāng | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Provincial forest

abstract: A provincial forest is a type of government-owned land in Canada, controlled by one of Canada's ten provinces. The nature of their management varies between the provinces.

text:
# Provincial forest

A **provincial forest** is a type of government-owned land in Canada, controlled by one of Canada's ten provinces. The nature of their management varies between the provinces.

## Provincial control of forest lands

The largest class of landowners in Canada are the provincial governments, who hold all unclaimed land in their jurisdiction in the name of the Crown (Crown Lands). Over 90% of the sprawling boreal forest of Canada is provincial Crown land. Provincial lands account for 60% of the area of the province of Alberta, 94% of the land in British Columbia, 95% of Newfoundland and Labrador, and 48% of New Brunswick.

## Provincial forest lands by province

Alberta  Manitoba  Saskatchewan


title: Procambarus regalis

abstract: Procambarus regalis, sometimes called the regal burrowing crayfish, is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is native to Texas and Arkansas, and is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List, although it may be a synonym of Procambarus steigmani.

text:
# Procambarus regalis

***Procambarus regalis***, sometimes called the **regal burrowing crayfish**, is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is native to Texas and Arkansas, and is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List, although it may be a synonym of *Procambarus steigmani*.

## InfoBox

| *Procambarus regalis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
|
Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Family: | Cambaridae |
| Genus: | *Procambarus* |
| Species: | ***P. regalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Procambarus regalis***
Hobbs and Robison, 1988 | |
|


title: Zsolt Kiss

abstract: Zsolt Kiss is a retired Hungarian footballer.

text:
# Zsolt Kiss

**Zsolt Kiss** (born 21 August 1986 in Győr) is a retired Hungarian footballer.

## InfoBox

Zsolt Kiss
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Zsolt Kiss | | |
| Date of birth | (1986-08-21) 21 August 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Győr, Hungary | | |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2003–2006 | Győr | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2008 | Győr | 8 | (0) |
| 2006–2007 | Integrál-DAC *(loan)* | 8 | (0) |
| 2008–2011 | Gyirmót | 68 | (0) |
| 2011–2014 | Siófok | 41 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Norcem Brevik

abstract: Norcem Brevik is a cement factory located at Brevik in Porsgrunn, Norway. Established as Dalen Portland Cementfabrikk in 1916, production commenced in 1919. The plant merged with Christiania Portland Cementfabrikk and Nordland Portland Cementfabrikk in 1968 to establish Norcem, which is now part of HeidelbergCement. The facility has an annual output of 1.2 million tonnes.

text:
# Norcem Brevik

**Norcem Brevik** is a cement factory located at Brevik in Porsgrunn, Norway. Established as **Dalen Portland Cementfabrikk** in 1916, production commenced in 1919. The plant merged with Christiania Portland Cementfabrikk and Nordland Portland Cementfabrikk in 1968 to establish Norcem, which is now part of HeidelbergCement. The facility has an annual output of 1.2 million tonnes.

## InfoBox

Norcem Brevik
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Cement |
| Founded | 1916 |
| Headquarters | Brevik, Porsgrunn, Norway |
| Area served | Norway |
| Parent | Norcem |
| Website | www.norcem.no |


title: Princeton Architectural Press

abstract: Princeton Architectural Press is a division of Chronicle Books. Founded by Kevin Lippert in 1981 in Princeton, NJ, PA Press has been a leading publisher of books on architecture, design, and visual culture for over forty years, making its reputation by identifying new trends and publishing first books on emerging talents, as well as definitive works on established names, and by creating books of unsurpassed design quality and production values. The Press, now based in New York City, has since broadened its scope to include new nonfiction book categories such as nature, gardening, cookbooks, pop culture, and more, and introduced illustrated children's books and fine stationery and puzzle products to its publishing program. PA Press is not related to or affiliated with Princeton University Press.

text:
# Princeton Architectural Press

**Princeton Architectural Press** (now PA Press) is a division of Chronicle Books.

Founded by Kevin Lippert in 1981 in Princeton, NJ, PA Press has been a leading publisher of books on architecture, design, and visual culture for over forty years, making its reputation by identifying new trends and publishing first books on emerging talents, as well as definitive works on established names, and by creating books of unsurpassed design quality and production values.

The Press, now based in New York City, has since broadened its scope to include new nonfiction book categories such as nature, gardening, cookbooks, pop culture, and more, and introduced illustrated children's books and fine stationery and puzzle products to its publishing program.

PA Press is not related to or affiliated with Princeton University Press.

## InfoBox

Princeton Architectural Press
| Parent company | Chronicle Books |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1981 |
| Founder | Kevin Lippert |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Headquarters location | New York, New York |
| Distribution | Chronicle Books (US)
Raincoast Books (Canada)
Abrams & Chronicle Books (UK)
Bookreps NZ (New Zealand)
Books at Maniac (Australia) |
| Nonfiction topics | architecture, design, nature, gardening, cooking, pop culture, and other illustrated and visual nonfiction book categories |
| Official website | www.papress.com |


title: Parapolice

abstract: Parapolice are law enforcement officers or intelligence agents considered "beyond", "ancillary" or "subsidiary" to the regular police force. The term has been used in criminology to refer to private security with an explicit relationship to public police forces. Parapolice organizations are generally considered legally sanctioned bodies acting either beyond or in addition to the duties and responsibilities normally attributed to the public or state police. Parapolice organizations, therefore, can include all private security companies, auxiliary or adjunct police services, or other legal albeit politically motivated intimidation squads acting either at the behest or with the acquiescence of government and/or power elites.

text:
# Parapolice

**Parapolice** are law enforcement officers or intelligence agents considered "beyond", "ancillary" or "subsidiary" to the regular police force. The term has been used in criminology to refer to private security with an explicit relationship to public police forces.

Parapolice organizations are generally considered legally sanctioned bodies acting either beyond or in addition to the duties and responsibilities normally attributed to the public or state police. Parapolice organizations, therefore, can include all private security companies, auxiliary or adjunct police services, or other legal albeit politically motivated intimidation squads acting either at the behest or with the acquiescence of government and/or power elites.

## Geographic variation

The term seems to have developed slightly different normative meanings in northern versus southern and developing nations. In northern, democratic nations, parapolicing has acquired a critical connotation largely attached to an aggressive form of private security provision. Canadian sociologist, George Rigakos defines the New Parapolice as any "security company that explicitly attempts to bridge the gap between public and private police" constituting a "vanguard" force in emerging "risk markets". For Rigakos, the parapolice are a type of assertive private law enforcement and surveillance organization "that pushes the envelope" on what is legally permissible concerning citizens’ powers of arrest and trespass enforcement.

In southern, developing, and divided societies, parapolice have become synonymous with politically motivated intimidation squads. In some countries, like China, the parapolice are a state-organized policing agency charged with enforcing by-laws and other commercial regulations. They have been accused of intimidating and harassing unlicensed vendors, engaging in running street battles with local residents and environmentalists and even beating to death a man for taking images of a clash between villagers and the parapolice. In Brazil, Amnesty International has criticized the role of the parapolice, locally known as "milicia", for abduction, intimidation, torture and "wielding political power by guaranteeing, through intimidation, votes for certain state deputies". In Venezuela, parapolice have been blamed for the ‘social cleansing’ of poor men in the state of Portuguesa. The People’s Ombudsman reports that the parapolice are responsible for the killing of 402 people between 2001 and 2004. In Latin America, in particular, parapolice are synonymous with paramilitary vigilantism and political death squads.

## Examples