title: Newton Purcell

abstract: Newton Purcell is a village in the civil parish of Newton Purcell with Shelswell, in the Cherwell district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England, 4+1⁄2 miles (7 km) southeast of Brackley in neighbouring Northamptonshire. The 2001 Census recorded a parish population of 103. The parish population from the 2011 Census is not available.

text:
# Newton Purcell

**Newton Purcell** is a village in the civil parish of Newton Purcell with Shelswell, in the Cherwell district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England, 4+12 miles (7 km) southeast of Brackley in neighbouring Northamptonshire. The 2001 Census recorded a parish population of 103. The parish population from the 2011 Census is not available.

## Early history

The course of the Roman road that linked Alchester near Bicester with Lactodurum (now Towcester) runs through the parish just east of the village. The modern road that mostly follows its course is classified as the A4421.

## Toponym

The Domesday Book in 1086 does not mention Newton Purcell. The earliest known written record of Newton Purcell is a document from AD 1180 which records the place-name as *Neuwenton*. An entry in the Book of Fees from 1198 records it as *Niweton*. A Charter Roll from 1245 records it as *Neuton Purcel*. "Newton" is one of the commonest place-names in English. It is derived from the Old English *nēowa tūn* meaning "new homestead" or "new village".

## Manor

The manor was created in the 12th century for the Purcel family, mainly with land from two neighbouring manors: Mixbury and Fringford. These manors had different overlords, and as a result the Purcels had feudal obligations to both. Mixbury was part of the honour of St Valery, which later became part of the Honour of Wallingford.

In 1213 Robert de St Valery gave the mesne lordship of Mixbury to the Augustinian Osney Abbey, and the Purcels and their successors had to pay the abbey rent until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536. In 1475 the manor was still held by a Thomas Purcel, but it had left the family by 1523.

The Purcels had a moated manor house. The house has not survived, but in the 1950s fragments of its moat and a mound where it stood were still visible just east of the village.

## Parish church

Architectural evidence suggests that the Church of England parish church of Saint Michael and All Angels was a Norman church built in the middle of the 12th century. The earliest documentary evidence of the church's existence is slightly later, when Ralph Purcel granted the church to the Augustinian Bicester Priory in 1200. Of this original church little survives except a 12th-century Norman doorway and a 13th-century piscina.

In 1813 the church was repaired and most of its original features were destroyed. In 1875 the architect CN Beazley restored the building and added the vestry, bell-gable and south porch. St Michael's rectory was built in 1844. St Michael's parish is now part of the Shelswell benefice.

## Economic and social history

The parish was still being farmed under the open field system in 1679. There was no Act of Parliament for the parish's enclosure, so it must have been done by agreement. This may have been before the end of the 17th century.

The village's Church of England school was built in 1872 and enlarged in 1898. It was reorganised as a junior school in 1929 and was still open in 1954.

In 1899 the Great Central Railway completed its main line to London through the eastern part of the then Shelswell parish and built Finmere for Buckingham station where the line crosses the main road about 12 mile (800 m) northeast of Newton Purcell. Buckingham was almost 5 miles (8 km) from the Great Central station, so the name was subsequently shortened to the more appropriate "Finmere". British Railways closed Finmere station in 1963, and closed the section of the Great Central line through the station and parish in 1966.

In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 99. On 1 April 1932 the parish was merged with neighbouring Shelswell to form "Newton Purcell with Shelswell".

## Amenities

Newton Purcell had one pub, the Shelswell Inn, it was on the main road near the site of the former railway station. It has now closed.

Media related to Newton Purcell at Wikimedia Commons

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Newton Purcell | |
| --- | --- |
| St Michael and All Angels parish church | |
| Newton PurcellLocation within Oxfordshire | |
| Population | 103 (parish, with Shelswell) (2001 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SP6230 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Buckingham |
| Postcode district | MK18 |
| Dialling code | 01280 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Oxfordshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


abstract: The Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act H.R. 1493 is a United States Act of Congress that became law in 2016.

text:
# Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act

The **Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act** H.R. 1493 is a United States Act of Congress that became law in 2016.

## Provisions

The bill urges the President (Barack Obama at the time) to establish an interagency coordinating committee to "advance executive branch efforts to protect and preserve international cultural property at risk from political instability, armed conflict, or natural or other disasters".

It also establishes the President should apply import restrictions specifically targeting archaeological or ethnological material from Syria. Such restrictions include those for "illicit import, export, and transfer of ownership of cultural property" (adopted by UNESCO).

The President is to determine yearly whether at least one of the following is met: 1) "Syria is incapable of fulfilling the requirements to request an agreement according to the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act; 2) "it would be against the U.S. national interest to enter into such an agreement".

Import restrictions may be waived for "specified cultural property if the President certifies to Congress that": 1) "the foreign owner or custodian of the specified cultural property" requests it is temporarily located in the US for protection; 2) the property is to be returned upon request to its foreign owner or custodian; 3) grants of waivers do not contribute to illegal trafficking in "cultural property or financing of criminal or terrorist activities".

Archaeological or ethnological material entering the US pursuant to a waiver shall have immunity from seizure under P.L. 89-259.

Finally, the President is to report to Congress annually "on executive branch efforts to protect and preserve international cultural property".

## InfoBox

Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | An Act to protect and preserve international cultural property at risk due to political instability, armed conflict, or natural or other disasters, and for other purposes. |
| Legislative history | |
| * **Passed the House** on June 6, 2015 * **Passed the Senate** on April 13, 2016  with amendment * **House agreed to Senate amendment** on April 26, 2016 () * **Signed into law** by President Barack Obama on May 9, 2016 | |


title: Xerolycosa nemoralis

abstract: Xerolycosa nemoralis, or the burnt wolf spider, is a species of wolf spider found from western Europe eastwards to the Pacific.

text:
# Xerolycosa nemoralis

***Xerolycosa nemoralis***, or the **burnt wolf spider**, is a species of wolf spider found from western Europe eastwards to the Pacific.

## Description

The male has swollen palpal bulbs which are as long as they are wide at the base. The grooves on the genital shield are wider than they are long. The prosoma is brown, with a bright median stripe, which has parallel margins with white hair. The sternum is dark brown and the legs are a uniform dark brown, almost black. The opisthosoma is dark brown with a slightly darker cardiac spot.

The males are 4.5–5.7 millimetres (0.18–0.22 in) in length, the larger females 5–7.5 mm (0.20–0.30 in).

## Habitat and ecology

The spider lives in dry litter and bark in sunny coppiced areas or clearings in woods, on stony chalk grassland with a short sward, on burnt heathland (up to approximately four years after the heath has been burnt) or bare patches of ground in older heathland. *X. nemoralis* has occurred in large numbers in sparsely vegetated man-made sites, such as railway ballast, almost to the exclusion of other wolf-spiders. In mainland Europe, it can be found on the sunny edges of coniferous forest up to 1800 m above sea level. Female *Xerolycosa nemoralis* are known to excavate shallow depressions in soil.

In Britain, *X. nemoralis* is active from late March through the summer to mid-September. The males emerge earlier than the females and the last specimens in Autumn are females.

## Distribution

*X. nemoralis* is widely distributed in Europe from south eastern England east to Russia. And across the Palearctic to Kamchatka and Honshu, south as far as Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| *Xerolycosa nemoralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Lycosidae |
| Genus: | *Xerolycosa* |
| Species: | ***X. nemoralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xerolycosa nemoralis***<br>(Westring, 1861) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lycosa nemoralis* Westring, 1861 * *Tarentula nivalis* (C. L. Koch, 1847) * *Tarentula nemoralis* (Westring, 1861) * *Xerolycosa nemoralis* (Westring, 1861) * *Tarentula flavitibia* Saito, 1934 * *Saitocosa flavitibia* (Saito, 1934) | |


title: New Formulas from the Jazz Lab

abstract: New Formulas from the Jazz Lab is an album by American jazz saxophonist Gigi Gryce and trumpeter Donald Byrd featuring tracks recorded in 1957 but not released until 1982 on the French RCA label.

text:
# New Formulas from the Jazz Lab

***New Formulas from the Jazz Lab*** is an album by American jazz saxophonist Gigi Gryce and trumpeter Donald Byrd featuring tracks recorded in 1957 but not released until 1982 on the French RCA label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars stating "Altoist Gigi Gryce and trumpeter Donald Byrd were not able to keep their colorful hard bop quintet together for long, but in 1957, they did record 5 worthy albums... The overall results give fresh life to 1950s straight-ahead jazz, although the short life of this group kept it from ever being influential".

## Track listing

*All compositions by Gigi Gryce except as indicated*

1. "Exhibit A" - 8:30
2. "Capri" - 4:53
3. "Splittin'" (Ray Bryant) - 5:15
4. "Ergo the Blues (Hank Jones) - 6:20
5. "Passade" (Jones) - 6:25
6. "Byrd in Hand" (Barry Harris) - 9:35
7. "Ergo the Blues" \[alternate take\] (Jones) - 7:42 - Does not appear on CD SICJ-26

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| New Formulas from the Jazz Lab | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gigi Gryce & Donald Byrd | |
| Released | 1982 |
| Recorded | July 30–31 and August 1, 1957
New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Label | RCA
PL 43698 |
| Gigi Gryce chronology | |
| *At Newport*
(1957) ***New Formulas from the Jazz Lab***
(1982) *Jazz Lab*
(1958) | |


title: List of arcade video games: Y

text:
# List of arcade video games: Y

This is a list of arcade video games organized alphabetically by name. It does not include PC or console games unless they were also released in video arcades. See Lists of video games for related lists.

| Title | Alternate Title(s) | Year | Manufacturer | Genre(s) | Max. Players | PCB Model |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Y.Y. Animal Land Jr.* | *Animalandia Jr.*
*Exciting Animal Land Jr.*
 | 1993 | Taito |  | 1 |
| *Yachtsman* | *Mermaid* | 1982 | Sanritsu |  | 2 |
| *Yam! Yam!?* | *Wise Guy* | 1990 | Dooyong |  |  |
| *Yamato* |  | 1983 | Sega | Shooting gallery | 2 |
| *Yes/No Sinri Tokimeki Chart* |  | 1992 | Taito |  | 2 |
| *Yie Ar Kung-Fu* |  | 1985 | Konami | Versus Fighting | 2 |
| *Ying Hua Lian 2.0* |  | 1998 | Subsino |  |  |
| *Yori Zori Kuk Kuk* |  | 2002 | Golden Bell |  |  |
| *Yosaku To Donbei* |  | 1979 | Wing | Fixed shooter | 2 |
| *Youjyuuden* |  | 1986 | Irem | Scrolling shooter | 2 |
| *Yu-Jan* |  | 1999 | Yubis |  | 1 |
| *Yu-Ka* |  | 1999 | Yubis |  | 1 |
| *Yukon* |  | 1989 | Exidy |  |  |
| *Yūyu no Quiz de Go! Go!* |  | 1990 | Taito | Quiz | 2 |


abstract: Just Shoot Me! is an American television sitcom created by Steven Levitan for NBC. The series takes place at the fictional Blush magazine headquarters and follows the staff, which includes the magazine's owner and publisher Jack Gallo, writer and editor Maya Gallo, fashion editor and former supermodel Nina Van Horn; Elliot DiMauro Enrico Colantoni, the photographer; and Dennis Finch, Jack's assistant. The series ran from March 4, 1997 to August 16, 2003, broadcasting 145 episodes during its seven-season initial run, including three episodes aired on syndication. During the series run, the series received 27 award nominations, including 6 Emmy Awards, 7 Golden Globe Awards, and 4 Satellite Awards.

text:
# List of awards and nominations received by Just Shoot Me!

*Just Shoot Me!* is an American television sitcom created by Steven Levitan for NBC. The series takes place at the fictional *Blush* magazine headquarters and follows the staff, which includes the magazine's owner and publisher Jack Gallo (George Segal), writer and editor Maya Gallo (Laura San Giacomo), fashion editor and former supermodel Nina Van Horn (Wendie Malick); Elliot DiMauro Enrico Colantoni, the photographer; and Dennis Finch (David Spade), Jack's assistant. The series ran from March 4, 1997 to August 16, 2003, broadcasting 145 episodes during its seven-season initial run, including three episodes aired on syndication. During the series run, the series received 27 award nominations, including 6 Emmy Awards, 7 Golden Globe Awards, and 4 Satellite Awards.

## Awards and nominations

### BMI Film & TV Awards

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | BMI TV Music Award | Steve Hampton | Won |  |
| | 1999 | Steve Hampton and Korban Kraus | Won |  |
| | 2001 | Steve Hampton and Korban Kraus | Won |  |
| | 2002 | Steve Hampton and Korban Kraus | Won |  |

### Golden Globe Awards

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy | | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy | | Laura San Giacomo as Maya Gallo | Nominated |
| | Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy | | George Segal as Jack Gallo | Nominated |
| | Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film | | David Spade as Dennis Finch | Nominated |
| | Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film | | Wendie Malick as Nina van Horn | Nominated |
| 2000 | Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Series | George Segal as Jack Gallo | Nominated |  |
| | Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film | David Spade as Dennis Finch | | Nominated |
|

### Primetime Emmy Awards

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series | David Spade
for "Two Girls for Every Boy" and "Slow Donnie" | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series | Wendie Malick
for "Two Girls for Every Boy" and "Slow Donnie" | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series | Steven Levitan
for "Slow Donnie" | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series | Paul Anderson | Nominated |  |
| 2000 | Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series | Cheri Oteri
for "First Date" | Nominated |  |
| 2002 | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series | Wendie Malick
for "Nina Van Grandma" and "The Boys in the Band" | Nominated |  |

### Satellite Awards

| Year | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy | | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy | | Laura San Giacomo as Maya Gallo | Nominated |
| | Wendie Malick as Nina van Horn | | Nominated |
| 2002 | Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy | George Segal as Jack Gallo | Nominated |  |

### Other awards

| Award | Date of ceremony | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| American Comedy Awards | 1999 | Funniest Supporting Male Performer in a TV Series | David Spade
as Dennis Finch | Nominated |  |
| American Cinema Editors Awards | March 14, 1998 | Best Edited Half-Hour Series for Television | Dennis C. Vejar
for "Lemon Wacky Hello" | Nominated |  |
| Artios Awards | November 12, 1997 | Best Casting for TV - Comedy Pilot | Deborah Barylski | Nominated |  |
| Directors Guild of America Awards | March 6, 1999 | Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series | Pamela Fryman
for "Two Girls for Every Boy" | Nominated |  |
| Teen Choice Awards | August 6, 2000 | Choice Comedy Series | *Just Shoot Me* | Nominated |  |
| TV Land Award | June 8, 2008 | Co-Worker You're Least Likely to Invite Out for Happy Hour | David Spade | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

**List of awards won by *Just Shoot Me!***
|  | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | | |
| **Total number of wins and nominations** | | |
| **Totals** | **4** | **27** |
| References | | |


abstract: This article is a List of awards and nominations received by John Lithgow. John Lithgow is an American actor, musician, singer, comedian and author. Over his extensive career with diverse roles on stage and screen he has received numerous accolades including two Tony Awards, six Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, an American Comedy Award, four Drama Desk Awards and has also been nominated for two Academy Awards and four Grammy Awards. Lithgow has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and has been inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Lithgow received Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nominations for his performances as a transexual ex-football player in the comedy-drama The World According to Garp (1982) and a lonely banker in the family drama Terms of Endearment (1983). He portrayed Roger Ailes in the political drama Bombshell (2019) and prosecutor Peter Leaward in the western crime drama Killers of the Flower Moon (2023). For each film, Lithgow along with ensemble received nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. For his roles on television, he has received six Primetime Emmy Awards. He won his first for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series playing lonely man in Amazing Stories (1986), followed by three wins for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for his role as Dick Solomon in the NBC sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun (1996—2001). He later won for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for playing a serial killer in the crime series Dexter (2010), and for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series playing Winston Churchill in the Netflix historical drama series The Crown (2017). Lithgow started his career acting in numerous productions at The Public Theatre and off Broadway. He gained acclaim for his extensive work on Broadway, where he has received two Tony Awards. He won his first for Best Featured Actor in a Play for playing a rugby player in The Changing Room (1973), and Best Actor in a Musical playing newspaper columnist J.J. Hunsecker in Sweet Smell of Success (2002). Lithgow was also Tony-nominated for his roles in Requiem for a Heavyweight (1985), M. Butterfly (1988), Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (2005), and The Columnist (2012).

text:
# List of awards and nominations received by John Lithgow

This article is a **List of awards and nominations received by John Lithgow**.

John Lithgow is an American actor, musician, singer, comedian and author. Over his extensive career with diverse roles on stage and screen he has received numerous accolades including two Tony Awards, six Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, an American Comedy Award, four Drama Desk Awards and has also been nominated for two Academy Awards and four Grammy Awards. Lithgow has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and has been inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

Lithgow received Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nominations for his performances as a transexual ex-football player in the comedy-drama *The World According to Garp* (1982) and a lonely banker in the family drama *Terms of Endearment* (1983). He portrayed Roger Ailes in the political drama *Bombshell* (2019) and prosecutor Peter Leaward in the western crime drama *Killers of the Flower Moon* (2023). For each film, Lithgow along with ensemble received nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.

For his roles on television, he has received six Primetime Emmy Awards. He won his first for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series playing lonely man in *Amazing Stories* (1986), followed by three wins for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for his role as Dick Solomon in the NBC sitcom *3rd Rock from the Sun* (1996—2001). He later won for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for playing a serial killer in the crime series *Dexter* (2010), and for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series playing Winston Churchill in the Netflix historical drama series *The Crown* (2017).

Lithgow started his career acting in numerous productions at The Public Theatre and off Broadway. He gained acclaim for his extensive work on Broadway, where he has received two Tony Awards. He won his first for Best Featured Actor in a Play for playing a rugby player in *The Changing Room* (1973), and Best Actor in a Musical playing newspaper columnist J.J. Hunsecker in *Sweet Smell of Success* (2002). Lithgow was also Tony-nominated for his roles in *Requiem for a Heavyweight* (1985), *M. Butterfly* (1988), *Dirty Rotten Scoundrels* (2005), and *The Columnist* (2012).

## Major associations

### Academy Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | Best Supporting Actor | *The World According to Garp* | Nominated |  |
| 1983 | | *Terms of Endearment* | Nominated |  |
|

### BAFTA Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| British Academy Television Awards | | | | |
| 2017 | Best Supporting Actor | *The Crown* | Nominated |  |
|

### Critics' Choice Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Critics' Choice Television Awards | | | | |
| 2016 | Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series | *The Crown* | Won |  |
| 2021 | Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series | *Perry Mason* | Nominated |  |
| 2023 | Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series | *The Old Man* | Nominated |  |
|

### Emmy Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Primetime Emmy Awards | | | | |
| 1984 | Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie | *The Day After* | Nominated |  |
| 1986 | Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series | *Amazing Stories*  (episode: "The Doll") | Won |  |
| | Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie | *Resting Place* | Nominated | |
| | 1995 | *My Brother's Keeper* | Nominated |  |
| 1996 | Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series | *3rd Rock from the Sun*  (episode: "Dick, Smoker") | Won |  |
| 1997 | | *3rd Rock from the Sun*  (episode: "See Dick Continue to Run") | Won |  |
| 1998 | | *3rd Rock from the Sun*  (episode: "Stuck with Dick") | Nominated |  |
| 1999 | | *3rd Rock from the Sun*  (episode: "What's Love Got to Do with Dick?") | Won |  |
| 2000 | | *3rd Rock from the Sun*  (episode: ""Frankie Goes to Rutherford") | Nominated |  |
| 2001 | | *3rd Rock from the Sun*  (episode: "Red, White, and Dick") | Nominated |  |
| 2010 | Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series | *Dexter*  (episode: "Road Kill") | Won |  |
| 2017 | Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series | *The Crown*  (episode: "Assassins") | Won |  |
| 2021 | | *Perry Mason*  (episode: "Chapter 4") | Nominated |  |
|

### Golden Globe Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy | *3rd Rock from the Sun* | Won |  |
| 1998 | | | Nominated |  |
| 1999 | | | Nominated |  |
| 2010 | Best Supporting Actor – Television | *Dexter* | Won |  |
| 2017 | | *The Crown* | Nominated |  |
| 2023 | Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series | *The Old Man* | Nominated |  |
|

### Grammy Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | Best Spoken Word Album for Children | *Ogden Nash's the Christmas that Almost Wasn't* | Nominated |  |
| 2004 | Best Spoken Word Album | *The World According to Mr. Rogers* | Nominated |  |
| | Best Spoken Word Album for Children | *Carnival of the Animals* | Nominated | |
| 2006 | Best Musical Album for Children | *The Sunny Side of the Street* | Nominated |  |
|

### Screen Actors Guild Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series | *3rd Rock from the Sun* | Won |  |
| | Outstanding Ensemble in a Comedy Series | | Nominated | |
| 1997 | Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series | | Won |  |
| | Outstanding Ensemble in a Comedy Series | | | Nominated |
| | 1999 | | Nominated |  |
| 2000 | Outstanding Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film | *Don Quixote* | Nominated |  |
| 2009 | Outstanding Ensemble in a Drama Series | *Dexter* | Nominated |  |
| 2016 | Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series | *The Crown* | Won |  |
| | Outstanding Ensemble in a Drama Series | | Nominated | |
| 2019 | Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture | *Bombshell* | Nominated |  |
| 2023 | Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture | *Killers of the Flower Moon* | Nominated |  |
|

### Tony Awards

| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1973 | Best Featured Actor in a Play | *The Changing Room* | Won |  |
| 1985 | Best Actor in a Play | *Requiem for a Heavyweight* | Nominated |  |
| 1988 | | *M. Butterfly* | Nominated |  |
| 2002 | Best Actor in a Musical | *Sweet Smell of Success* | Won |  |
| 2005 | | *Dirty Rotten Scoundrels* | Nominated |  |
| 2012 | Best Actor in a Play | *The Columnist* | Nominated |  |
|

## Theatre awards

| Organizations | Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Drama Desk Awards | 1973 | Outstanding Performance | *The Changing Room* | Won |  |
| | 1985 | Outstanding Actor in a Play | *Requiem for a Heavyweight* | Won |  |
| | | 1988 | *M. Butterfly* | Nominated |  |
| | 2002 | Outstanding Actor in a Musical | *Sweet Smell of Success* | Won |  |
| | 2004 | Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play | *Mrs. Farnsworth* | Nominated |  |
| Outer Critics Circle | 2002 | Best Actor in a Musical | *Sweet Smell of Success* | Won |  |
| | 2018 | Outstanding Solo Performance | *John Lithgow: Stories by Heart* | Nominated |  |
|

## Critics awards

| Organizations | Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New York Film Critics Circle | 1982 | Best Supporting Actor | *The World According to Garp* | Won |  |
| | | 1983 | *Terms of Endearment* / *Twilight Zone: The Movie* | Nominated |  |
| Los Angeles Film Critics Association | 1982 | Best Supporting Actor | *The World According to Garp* | Won |  |
| | | 1983 | *Terms of Endearment* / *Twilight Zone: The Movie* | Nominated |  |
|

## Miscellaneous awards

| Organizations | Year | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AACTA Awards | 2020 | Best International Supporting Actor – Cinema | *Bombshell* | Nominated |  |
| People's Choice Awards | 1996 | Favorite Male Television Performer | *3rd Rock from the Sun* | Nominated |  |
| | | | 1997 | Nominated |  |
| | | | 1998 | Nominated |  |
| | | | 1999 | Nominated |  |
| Satellite Awards | 1997 | Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy | *3rd Rock from the Sun* | Won |  |
| | | | 1998 | Nominated |  |
| | 2009 | Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film | *Dexter* | Won |  |
| Saturn Awards | 1984 | Best Supporting Actor | *Twilight Zone: The Movie* | Won |  |
| | 1985 | Best Supporting Actor | *The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai* | Nominated |  |
| | 1993 | Best Actor | *Raising Cain* | Nominated |  |
| | 2010 | Best Guest Starring Role on Television | *Dexter* | Nominated |  |
| | 2019 | Best Supporting Actor | *Pet Sematary* | Nominated |  |
|

## Honorary awards

| Organizations | Year | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hollywood Walk of Fame | 2001 | Inductee | Honored |  |
| American Theater Hall of Fame | 2005 | Inductee | Honored |  |
| Harvard University | 2005 | Honorary Doctorate | Honored |  |
| American Academy of Arts and Sciences | 2010 | Fellow | Honored |  |
| Harvard University | 2017 | Harvard Arts Medal | Honored |  |
|

## InfoBox

**John Lithgow awards and nominations**
|  | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | | |
| Awards won | 21 | |
| Nominations | 66 | |


title: Chakpath

abstract: Chakpath is a place in Doru Shahabad tehsil in Anantnag district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is one of 62 villages in Doru Shahabad Block along with villages like Shangrin and Shankerpora. The village is one of the famous villages in Doru Shahbad. It has a big garden having four chenar trees locally known as Char Chinar. Chakpath has an important place in the history of Kashmir. It is said that while on his way to different endeavours the famous ruler Yousuf Shah Chak used to rest under the chenars along with his baes. It is also believed that he named this village after his surname Chak.

text:
# Chakpath

**Chakpath** is a place in Doru Shahabad tehsil in Anantnag district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is one of 62 villages in Doru Shahabad Block along with villages like Shangrin and Shankerpora.

The village is one of the famous villages in Doru Shahbad. It has a big garden having four chenar trees locally known as *Char Chinar*. Chakpath has an important place in the history of Kashmir. It is said that while on his way to different endeavours the famous ruler Yousuf Shah Chak used to rest under the chenars along with his baes. It is also believed that he named this village after his surname *Chak*.

## Demographics

Kashmiri is the local language here. However most people are comfortable with Urdu as well. Pin Code of Chakpath is 192211 which comes under srinagar postal division (Jammu Kashmir Circle)


title: Run to the Light

abstract: Run to the Light is the third studio album by American doom metal band Trouble, released by Metal Blade Records on July 15, 1987, being the band's last release on that label. It was the band's first album to have Ron Holzner on bass guitar and the only Trouble album with Dennis Lesh on drums. Jeff Olson, who left the band in 1986, played the Hammond organ on the song "The Beginning". Ted Kirkpatrick, who later formed the Christian metal band Tourniquet in 1990, played drums during Trouble's tour for the album. A music video was made for the title track. A remaster, Run to the Light: Expanded Edition, was released on CD, vinyl, and digitally on June 16, 2023. The CD and digital versions of the Expanded Edition include a cover of The Beatles' 1969 single "Come Together", which was originally released on the compilation The Best of Metal Blade Volume 3 in 1988, and three demo songs recorded in 1986.

text:
# Run to the Light

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal* | 9/10 |
| *Rock Hard* | 7.5/10 |

***Run to the Light*** is the third studio album by American doom metal band Trouble, released by Metal Blade Records on July 15, 1987, being the band's last release on that label. It was the band's first album to have Ron Holzner on bass guitar and the only Trouble album with Dennis Lesh on drums. Jeff Olson, who left the band in 1986, played the Hammond organ on the song "The Beginning". Ted Kirkpatrick, who later formed the Christian metal band Tourniquet in 1990, played drums during Trouble's tour for the album. A music video was made for the title track.

A remaster, *Run to the Light: Expanded Edition*, was released on CD, vinyl, and digitally on June 16, 2023. The CD and digital versions of the *Expanded Edition* include a cover of The Beatles' 1969 single "Come Together", which was originally released on the compilation *The Best of Metal Blade Volume 3* in 1988, and three demo songs recorded in 1986.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Eric Wagner, Bruce Franklin, and Rick Wartell except for "Come Together"

Side One
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Misery Shows" | 5:36 |
| 2. | "Thinking of the Past" | 3:51 |
| 3. | "On Borrowed Time" | 5:26 |
| 4. | "Run to the Light" | 6:01 |

Side Two
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5. | "Peace of Mind" | 3:02 |
| 6. | "Born in a Prison" | 4:48 |
| 7. | "Tuesday's Child" | 3:25 |
| 8. | "The Beginning" | 5:25 |
| Total length: | | 37:37 |

*Expanded Edition* CD/digital bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9. | "Come Together" (The Beatles cover) | Lennon-McCartney | 3:52 |
| 10. | "The Misery Shows" (1986 Demo) |  | 5:18 |
| 11. | "Thinking of the Past" (1986 Demo) |  | 4:04 |
| 12. | "Run to the Light" (1986 Demo) |  | 6:30 |
| Total length: | | | 57:23 |

## Personnel

### Trouble

### Additional musicians

* Daniel Long – keyboards
* Jeff Olson – Hammond organ in the song "The Beginning"

### Production

* Jim Faraci, Trouble – producer
* Ian Burgess – engineer
* Scott Hull – painting
* Jack Koshick – management
* John Jezak – photography
* Eddie Schreyer – mastering at Capitol Records in Hollywood, California

## InfoBox

| Run to the Light | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Trouble | |
| Released | July 15, 1987 |
| Recorded | March 1987 |
| Studio | Chicago Recording Company (Chicago, Illinois) |
| Genre | Doom metal |
| Length | 37:37 |
| Label | Enigma/Metal Blade |
| Producer | Jim Faraci and Trouble |
| Trouble chronology | |
| *The Skull*
(1985) ***Run to the Light***
(1987) *Trouble*
(1990) | |


title: Palio nothus

abstract: Palio nothus is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Polyceridae.

text:
# Palio nothus

***Palio nothus*** is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Polyceridae.

## Distribution

This species was described from Prestonpans Bay, Firth of Forth, Scotland. It has subsequently been reported from the United Kingdom north to Scandinavia, Russia and Greenland. It has also been reported from the Pacific coast of Canada.

## Ecology

In the north-east Atlantic *Palio nothus* feeds on bryozoans of the genus *Bowerbankia*. Its eggs are laid in a short ribbon-like spiral.

## InfoBox

| *Palio nothus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Palio nothus*, Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Nudibranchia |
| Superfamily: | Polyceroidea |
| Family: | Polyceridae |
| Genus: | *Palio* |
| Species: | ***P. nothus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palio nothus***<br>(Johnston, 1838) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Triopa nothus* Johnston, 1838 * *Polycera ocellata* Alder & Hancock, 1842 | |


title: Fencepost limestone

abstract: Fencepost limestone, Post Rock limestone, or Stone Post is a stone bed in the Great Plains notable for its historic use as fencing and construction material in north-central Kansas resulting in unique cultural expression. The source of this stone is the topmost layer of the Greenhorn Limestone formation. It is a regional marker bed as well as a valued construction material of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Kansas. This stone was very suitable for early construction in treeless settlements and it adds a notable rust orange tint to the region's many historic stone buildings. But the most famous use is seen in the countless miles of stone posts lining country roads and highways. This status gives rise to such regional appellations as Stone Post Country, Post Rock Scenic Byway, and The Post Rock Capital of Kansas. This rustic quality finds Fencepost limestone still used in Kansas landscaping today.

text:
# Fencepost limestone

**Fencepost limestone**, **Post Rock limestone**, or **Stone Post** is a stone bed in the Great Plains notable for its historic use as fencing and construction material in north-central Kansas resulting in unique cultural expression. The source of this stone is the topmost layer of the Greenhorn Limestone formation. It is a regional marker bed as well as a valued construction material of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Kansas. This stone was very suitable for early construction in treeless settlements and it adds a notable rust orange tint to the region's many historic stone buildings. But the most famous use is seen in the countless miles of stone posts lining country roads and highways. This status gives rise to such regional appellations as **Stone Post Country**, **Post Rock Scenic Byway**, and **The Post Rock Capital of Kansas**. This rustic quality finds Fencepost limestone still used in Kansas landscaping today.

## Background

The Fencepost limestone is a relatively thin, resistant, and recognizable bed of stone that forms the middle range of bluffs in the Smoky Hills region of north-central Kansas, ranging from the Nebraska border near Mahaska, Kansas, about 200 miles southwest to within a few miles of Dodge City, Kansas, where it is seen in the buildings of the farms and cities of the area.

The Fencepost limestone is unique for its contribution to the cultural landscape of Kansas, appearing as miles of stone fence posts lining austere fields and pastures. The drier climate coupled with the grazing habits of buffalo and the prairie burning practices of Plains Indians meant that the first European settlers to the region did not have enough local timber for construction and fencing. However, a suitable, easy to quarry stone was available. No other "area of the world has used a single rock formation so extensively for fencing."

The source of this tough chalky limestone is the widespread and persistent topmost bed of the Greenhorn Limestone. The Fencepost limestone is the exceptionally wide ranging marker of the conformal contact between the Pfeifer Shale, which is the uppermost member Greenhorn Limestone below, and the Fairport Chalk, the lowest member of the Carlile Shale formation above.

This stone was first scientifically mentioned as the "Fencepost limestone" by F. W. Cragin in 1896 when he originally attempted to name it **Downs limestone**. The Fencepost bed has also been called **Benton limestone** for its prominence as a marker for the now generally obsolete Benton Group classification.

Reporting on the "Fence-Post Horizon" in 1897, W. N. Logan noted fifty thousand stone posts in Mitchell and Lincoln counties alone. Since then, the informal name "Fencepost limestone bed" has come to have a stature equal that of the adjacent members. The greatest use of the Fencepost limestone, for fencing and building, was from 1884 to 1920.

Effective July 1, 2018, Kansas Legislation HB 2650 designated Greenhorn Limestone formation, specifically "the famous "post rock" limestone" bed of that unit, to be the state rock of Kansas.

## Uses

### Fencing

> When Europeans settled in north-central Kansas, they found vast grasslands. With few trees available, they quarried a thin, shallow bed of Cretaceous limestone for buildings, bridges, and fenceposts. No area of the world has used a single rock formation so extensively for fencing. Today that rock layer is called Fencepost limestone and north-central Kansas is known as the **Land of the Post Rock**.
>
> Commemorative plaque on the carved Fencepost limestone sign for the Kansas Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas

On the early open ranges of the Kansas frontier, typically, the burden was on the farmers to protect their crops from free-range and driven cattle.

Common practice of earlier frontier farmers in the East and the in Old Northwest Territory was to use the timber cleared from the new fields for split-rail fencing. But, at the time of American settlement, Kansas was largely treeless. Owing to the intensive grazing of millions of buffalo, as well as to the particular land management of the 19th century Plains Indians, the small amount of timber that was available was confined to river banks.

In eastern Kansas, abundant, large, flinty stones could be collected from the hills and fields to build long stone walls. However, in several counties in central Kansas, where most of the rock was soft shale or chalk, a practical alternative was available; one particular bed of stone had ideal properties to substitute for wood fenceposts. Forming the posts required some labor and the posts are heavy – 250–450 pounds (110–200 kg) – but, with the recent invention of barbed wire, only one post was needed every 30 feet (9.1 m) or so.

The relative ease of forming durable stone posts from Fencepost limestone is not to be neglected in the context of a treeless frontier farming economy. The bed is not deeply buried, requiring relatively little effort to uncover. Fresh exposed slabs are soft and easy to work; the stone hardens only after removal from the shale and drying out in the open air. Curiously, the natural bed is not jointed; so several long rows of complete posts or large slabs can be split off of a large exposed sheet of limestone without breaking. No heavy equipment is required, and community blacksmiths could easily make serviceable tool sets.

Lines of the oldest stone posts have stood in place for well over a hundred years. But in the 1920s, rural labor costs had increased to the point that stone posts could no longer be made and installed as cheaply as mass-produced steel and treated wood post. As stone post fences are removed or are replaced with steel or wood post fences, the stone posts are usually collected for reuse, often in landscaping, but, because of their greater weight and strength, they are also used as corner posts in new fences.

Currently, the Permian top-ledge Cottonwood Limestone is commercially split and shaped to superficially resemble the Kansas Stone Posts. Examples are seen in the Kansas Veterans' Cemetery at Wakeeny. These "faux" post rocks (such as seen on the left in the cited image) can be detected by their all-white color, presence of fusulinids, larger drill size, absence of iron staining, and absence of Cretaceous mollusks.

### Quarrying

Kansas' stone fenceposts were manufactured from bluffs that had been cut by regional rivers through the Blue Hills. On these hills, the unweathered limestone bed can be exposed by removing shallow overburden. Quarrying leaves a long trench from 10 to 20 feet (3.0 to 6.1 m) in width in which water can collect after a rain.

Traditionally, these posts were manufactured in-place by drilling lines of holes directly into the freshly exposed, soft limestone bed (only about halfway through). Then feathers and wedges were set into the holes and the wedges hammered to split the posts off. The posts were generally used with the rough quarry face finish; so the drilled holes usually remain visible. After farmers began making these Stone Posts, building blocks for construction were quarried from the bed in the same way, so the drill holes the quarry faces are often visible in buildings unless removed by hammered or pitched face finishing.

Traditional hole splitting can still be used in Fencepost limestone quarries remaining today, especially if the rustic finish is desired; however, saw cutting of the limestone in-place is also done, depending on the product finish desired.

### Construction stone

A regional construction material, Fencepost limestone appears yellowish to buff with orange to brown tinted streaking, sometimes weathering to nearly white in color when openly exposed for many decades. Use of this particular limestone bed of for construction slightly preceded the realization that it could be used for fenceposts. First homes for settler farmers on the treeless prairie were typically dugouts and sod houses. Commercial dimensional lumber was an expense ill-afforded by settler farmers, even more so where it had to be shipped in from out-of-state. The Greenhorn Formation has many limestone beds, but most are too thin, too soft, or too fragile to be used in permanent buildings. The Fencepost bed, however, has convenient thickness and is easily worked into tough, durable, and decorative building blocks. Its resistance to erosion compared to the overlying Carlile Shale results in it forming broad bluffs or plateaus; so, it is abundant and relatively easy to quarry. In an age of kerosene lamps and coal stoves, it was a fireproof alternative to scarce timber.

It was normal to lay the Fencepost limestone with its bedding plane horizontal; so, fossils can only be seen in thin cross section in the walls of almost all buildings built with Fencepost limestone. However, when laid in this stretcher fashion, the characteristic red-orange or brown lines are displayed. Many buildings have the limestone left with quarry face, many showing the holes drilled for splitting. Some buildings may have hammered finish, others pitched. The Ellis County courthouse is a large example of sawed, stretcher course Fencepost limestone. It is uncommon to see this stone set in walls in vertical "shiner" orientation, but such an orientation can show off the fossil content. An example of this is the First United Methodist Church of Hays built in 1949; here the Fencepost limestone was cut into slabs and set vertically; and its index fossil, *Collignoniceras woollgari*, is displayed in well-preserved cross sections in a few places.

Use of Post Rock in buildings declined in the 1920s as concrete came into greater use. Resurgence occurred in the use of the stone in public buildings in the 1930s as these were built as WPA projects. Use of the Fencepost limestone continued to later times through very few examples, more likely to use sawn and shiner-laid stone than the historic buildings. Later examples include the Guaranty State Bank, Beloit, 1958, and the Gross Field House and Coliseum, FHSU, 1960s and 1975.

### Landscaping

Nostalgia for the stone post fencing, as well as the unique coloration and rustic quarry facing of the stone, finds the posts and the source limestone used in modern landscaping in locations as far away from the outcrop as people are willing to haul it. Commonly, original posts removed from demolished or replaced stone post fences are repurposed. Also, blocks of Fencepost limestone are recovered from collapsed or demolished buildings. Fresh stone is also quarried for landscaping and novelty products.

### Sculpture

> We've got the highest quality quarried limestone anywhere right here.
>
> Peter Felten, Jr.

Roughly only a foot thick, fine-grained Fencepost limestone has seen limited use in public sculpture. However, the ability to make large stone slabs has seen the adaptation of the bed to bas-relief. The bas-relief technique permits the artist to manipulate the variations of tone within the slab. Past Victoria sculptor John Linenberger used this technique in a carving on the convent adjoining the St. Fidelis Church, carving through the brown layer to expose the lighter interior stone. Hays sculptor Peter "Fritz" Felten, Jr., used the same technique in plaques mounted in the sloping pedestal of his *Monarch of the Plains* at the Fort Hays State Historic Site.

More recent Pete Felten sculptures, *Train Hwy* (1995) and *Pteranodon* (2000), demonstrate use of the tones of the Post Rock, which locally can have outer brown layers with a lighter inner core. In *Pteranodon*, displayed at Exit 161 on Interstate 70, the head is carved from brown Fencepost limestone, oriented so that the dinosaur's crest and bill are the exposed lighter-shade inner core of the limestone.

The multi-tone effect is also seen in Stone Post slab sculptures displayed at the Fossil Station Convenience Store at Russell, adjacent to exit 184 of I-70. The weathered Post Rock used here is particularly white, but with a blackened top layer and red-toned inner core. One bas-relief carving is of a Buffalo, the shallow cut into the blackened layer meant to suggest the dark hide of the bison. The other carving is of the Hereford breed of cattle, a breed with red body and white face; the stone is carved so as to reveal the redness in contrast to white face and horns.

California sculptor Fred Whitman has carved several sculptures from antique Stone Posts. Near Lucas, Fred has carved faces of four Lucas residents into four Stone Posts standing in fences along the Post Rock Scenic Byway.

### Hydrocarbon exploration

The Fencepost limestone has a particular usefulness in hydrocarbon exploration. While it is certainly too thin to be a viable hydrocarbon reserve, even for fracking, the Fencepost is located close to known producing layers, and has a particular quality that is useful in locating them. The Fencepost shows a unique "double-peak" or "prolonged kick" in electric well logs, and can be used to locate reserve formations in several states north and west of Kansas. Consequently, the Fencepost bed has been used as a datum (a fixed reference point) in charting subterranean sections of rock lying under the High Plains.

## Lithology

*See: Greenhorn lithologic character*

Like several of the thin limestones of the upper Greenhorn and lower Carlile, the Fencepost bed is a shell-rich, coccolithic, chalky limestone; however, this bed is hardened by a crystalline matrix of sparry concretory calcite so that it is more resistant to weathering and erosion. Unexposed, the Fencepost is olive-gray, weathering to light grey on exposures. When well exposed, it lightens to buff and yellow-orange with one or more orange, rust, or brown streaks. This coloration is due to limonite (rust), an oxide of iron, and is a trace effect of volcanic activity in the Sevier orogeny. Across the range of the outcrop, the limonite weathers out in a variety of shades and patterns as seen the collage on the right. This coloration varies from barely visible to one, two, or more shaded zones. The exposed stone often weathers out a parting seam, also seen in the collage, used split the limestone into thinner slabs for flagging. Limonite is often concentrated along the parting seam, sometimes to the point of forming small nodules or concretions. The top and bottom of the post's bedding can blacken with prolonged exposure to the weather above ground.

## Stratigraphy

The regional reputation of the Fencepost limestone bed belies its physical size and relative rank in the rock layers associated with the lower Colorado Group.

The majority of the particular Western Interior Seaway sequence above and below the Fencepost bed, a group of layers originally called the Benton Group, is characterized by gray, dark gray, or blue-gray flaky shales. This is in contrast to the red and yellow massive sandstones and clays of the Dakota Formation below and the massive buff limestone and chalk beds of the Niobrara Formation above. Distinct from most of the overlying Carlile Shale formation, the members of the Graneros Shale and Greenhorn Limestone formations feature many thin, repeating "rhythmic" layers of limestone and shale. This feature is well displayed by the Jetmore Chalk and Pfeifer Shale members, but is seen in some form in all members and extends above the Fencepost bed into the Fairport Chalk member of the Carlile.

So, the Fencepost limestone can be seen as just one thin chalky limestone bed out of dozens of superficially similar, thin chalky limestone beds. It is also not the only such bed in that strata to have an orange streak. It is not even the thickest limestone bed in those formations (the Jetmore Chalk Shellrock bed is the thickest). However, it is still thicker than most of the other local limestones and it is particularly most resistant to weathering and so it forms the tops of the central ridges and plateaus of the Smoky Hills.

### Benton limestone

The Fencepost bed has also been called **Benton limestone** for its prominence as a marker for the now generally obsolete Fort Benton Group classification. Before the 1930s, the chalky shales between the Dakota and the Niobrara formations were called the Fort Benton formation or Benton Limestone. As noted, the greyish, chalky shale with great many thin limestones between those formations stood in sharp contrast to the massive orange/red sandstone below and the massive buff limestone and chalk above. It was this distinctiveness that led to the initial classification of this sequence as the Benton Group with the Fencepost limestone as the central marker. There being only one limestone in the Benton generally suitable for construction use, and that one also being the only one containing abundant *Collignoniceras woollgari* fossils, when any literature describes a building as built out of "Benton limestone" (a more common usage years ago in Hays), it should be taken as being the Fencepost limestone.

## Paleoenvironment

Based on the consistency of the structures and fossils above and below the Fencepost bed, the general depositional environment of the Fencepost is considered to be the same as both the Fairport Chalk above and the Pfeiffer Shale below. In fact it has been commented that bed does not really mark any real, overall change in species or environmental patterns.

These layers are interpreted as representing the maximal extent and depth of the Greenhorn cycle of the Western Interior Seaway, with the Fencepost practically marking the central event. Depths are estimated to be only 100–500 feet (30–152 m), venturing into the Mesopelagic (twilight) depths, perhaps even to 1,000 feet (300 m) or more. This was a place and time of open seas with little direct sedimentary or nutrient influence from land, although petrified sunken driftwood is not extremely rare within the Fencepost. There was generally limited oxygen at the seafloor, and bottom currents were weak, but sufficient for tidal feeders. The primary source material for the chalky deposits was remains of the productive algae and plankton of the warm sea that precipitated onto the sea floor (after having been digested and pelletized by tiny animals). The resulting carbonate mud supported hardly any foraminifera. Only bivalves that were adapted to "floating on the mud", or those sessile, tidal feeding creatures that could attach to such shells, could thrive on this bottom. Consequently, the floor itself was frequently covered with mollusks, especially species of *Inoceramus*, ranging in size from few millimeters to well over a meter, themselves encrusted with oysters.

There were several species of free-swimming ammonites, Baculites, and belemnites, which serve as index fossils within the members of the Greenhorn and Carlile formations. Abundant fish populations of the Greenhorn sea supported the largest of predators; great fish, sharks, and reptiles alike, including plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, elasmosaurs, and *Xiphactinus*.

### Fossils

More than any other rock bed in of the lower Colorado Group, the Fencepost makes durable displays of marine fossils of the Cenomanian and Turonian ages; particularly in shiner-laid masonry, fenceposts, landscaping pieces, and flagging. Visible fossils present in the Fencepost limestone bed are the same invertebrate fossils of the Pfeifer Shale member, which also continue into the lower Fairport Chalk member. The presence of these particular index fossils species helps identify the Fencepost bed as distinct from the limestone beds of the Fairport Chalk above and the Jetmore Chalk member below. The most easily spotted fossil is the *Inoceramus (Mytiloides) labiatus* (Schlotheim), including a broad/flat form subpopulation that appears in the vicinity of the Fencepost. Other common Fencepost fossils include *Inoceramus cuvieri* Sowerby, *Collignoniceras woollgari*, *Baculites yokoyamai* Tokunaga and Shizimu, and *Pseudoperna bentonensis* (*Ostrea congesta* var. *bentonensis*)

## Geological context

The Fencepost bed is a strong marker bed rising almost to member status in significance.

Generally the outcrop is easy to locate and identify: The outcrop of the Fencepost is consistently found forming a bench, bluff, or plateau; fine examples are seen in the bluffs lining the valley at and downstream of Wilson Lake. There is a specific, reliable sequence of shale, limestone, and bentonite marker beds below the Fencepost. While the layers above the bed are equally consistent, they are usually set back from the outcrop by a good distance, often spread out over miles. As such, geologists were naturally encouraged to define the Fencepost as a convenient, upper limiting bed of a formation; the rock layers that formed the steep bluff beneath the Fencepost were named one formation (Greenhorn), while the rock layers that formed the low rolling hills above the Fencepost were named as another formation (Carlile).

So, the Fencepost has been mapped as the topmost bed of both the Pfeiffer Shale member (placing it at the top of the Greenhorn Limestone) as well as at the bottom limit of the Fairport Chalk member (and the Carlile Shale). However; either lithostratigraphically or biostratigraphically, there is little other reason to define members or formations with the Fencepost as a boundary; the lowest several feet of the Fairport Chalk is remarkably similar to the highest several feet of the Pfeifer Shale:

* Both the Pfeiffer and the lower Fairport are chalky, like the rest of the Greenhorn below, but unlike the rest of the Carlile above.
* Both the upper Pfeiffer and the lower Fairport show the characteristic "pillow rock" flatten spheroid concretions.
* Some of the Fairport limestone beds also have similar limonite staining, one with a central brown line with the tendency to split at that seam.
* The fossil species assemblage of the Pfeiffer is seen to continue well into the lower Fairport.

However, along the steep bluffs lining the Smoky Hill and Saline rivers, the Pfeifer and Jetmore are exposed close by the Fencepost, while all but the first 17 feet (5.2 m) of the Fairport is usually laid out some distance from the ledge, often miles.

### Identification

The Fencepost limestone can be identified in the field and in buildings by the unusual character and content of the rock itself; but also by understanding of features of the general geology of the locations, especially the marker beds that prove the identity of the Fencepost bed.

The "Fencepost" limestone forms a conspicuous ledge in the Blue Hills subregion of the Smoky Hills. Both above and below the Fencepost are zones of unusual, flatten spheroid or ovoid limestone concretions. About 6 feet (1.8 meters) below the Fencepost is a small but pervasive marker bed that unambiguously identifies the Fencepost limestone above; the "Sugar Sand", a 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm) bentonite seam filled with a "sand" of calcite crystals.

**Other nearby beds**

In the field, other nearby limestone beds with similar visual features can be confused for the Fencepost limestone; moreover, some of these limestone beds have also seen limited use in fencing or building. However, these are also prominent marker beds and their features can help locate and identify the Fencepost by comparison.

* The Shellrock bed of the Jetmore Limestone member (marker bed J-13, 17–20 feet (5.2–6.1 m) below the Fencepost) is broadly similar to the Fencepost; and of the other limestone bed in these units, it is the most frequently used unit after the Fencepost, both for fence posts and for building. It is distinguished by being generally a little thicker than the Fencepost but mostly by having many, many more *Inoceramus labiatus* shells. It also tends to form a ledge or terrace below that made by the Fencepost. In posts and buildings, the Shellrock is light grey to white and lacks limonite staining. The Shellrock also has many parting lines and tends to spall, and the slopes below its outcrop are heavily littered by spalled *I. labiatus* fossils.

* The "limestone above the Fencepost" (marker bed F-2, about 4 feet (1.2 m) above the Fencepost) appears in coloration and hardness to be a thinner version of the Fencepost. Like the Fencepost, it has sufficient toughening calcite to be classified as a limestone. On weathering, it does not become as orange as the higher, marly chalks. In place of *I. labiatus*, the main distinguishing macrofossils are slender, calcite-filled *belemnites*. In the field, this limestone lies in contact with the 2 inches (5.1 cm) thick F-1 bentonite marker bed. In construction, generally as tough as the Fencepost stone, this limestone was used for brick, flagging, or coping. To expose an area of the Fencepost limestone for quarrying, a nearly equal area of F-2 must first be exposed and quarried off. The Jewell County Jail illustrates an unusual exploitation of this situation; courses of Fencepost limestone alternate with courses of different half-height limestone of which the F-2 is a local source.

* The third Fairport marker bed (marker bed F-3, about 17 feet (5.2 m) above the Fencepost) is a limestone that can also be distinctly noticeable and form the highest actual edge of the bluff, higher and set back from the actual Fencepost outcrop. In the field and in construction, it is thinner and somewhat less durable, is missing mollusk shells, and has a more uniform yellow-orange coloration rather than streaks.

* There is a practical association between the Fort Hays Limestone and the thin Fencepost bed. The Fort Hays Limestone is "perhaps the most conspicuous physiographic boundary in Kansas." The outcrop of the Fencepost limestone bluffs invariably lies 5–40 miles south or east of the Fort Hays limestone bluffs. The Fort Hays Limestone has been used in buildings. It was also used somewhat for fenceposts. However, when put in contact with the soil, it absorbs considerable moisture causing it to break apart in winter freezes. On the other hand, the Fencepost has remarkable durability when set in the ground, and was used for foundations. Particularly, certain churches in Ellis and Hays have been faced with blocks of Fort Hays Limestone, but have foundations built from Fencepost limestone.

## Access and viewing

There are great many sights of Stone Post Country, outcrops, fences, and buildings, that are available to auto touring.

### Interstate 70

Interstate 70 passes right across the center of Post Rock Country. The stone posts are seen in the countryside some 20 miles (32 km) west of Salina as this highway enters the scenic Dakota Escarpment, now topped by the Smoky Hills Wind Project. Sights of stone fenceposts and stone buildings constructed of the Fencepost limestone are common from there westward some 70 miles to just past Hays. Side trips can be made into numerous Post Rock communities. From mile 223 to mile 195, among the wind turbines, the Interstate threads the level of the Fencepost outcrop. Between Exit 221 (Lucas) and Exit 219 (Ellsworth), Avenue B is a frontage road with exposures of Fencepost limestone. The thin bentonite marker can be seen below the Stone Post bed here. Fragments of *Inoceramus labiatus*, *Inoceramus cuvieri*, *Collignoniceras woollgari*, and *Baculites yokoyamai* can be seen. *Please do not collect from this exposed public location.*

### Post Rock Scenic Byway

The Post Rock Scenic Byway passes between the Post Rock communities of Wilson and Lucas. From Wilson, the highway rises to the Fencepost outcrops, then drops down into the colorful Dakota Hills south of the lake. Crossing the dam, the views include the Fencepost bluffs of the Blue Hills lining the Saline Valley.

Now featuring a folk art community, Lucas is also long known as the location of Samuel P. Dinsmoor's Cabin Home and Garden of Eden statuary garden. Rather than the conventional stone block masonry courses, Dinsmoor envisioned constructing homes with "logs" cut from the Fencepost bed, carved to lock together in the fashion of the logs in a log cabin.

### U.S. 183

U.S. Highway 183 interchanges with Interstate 70 at Hays. Several public buildings, churches, and university buildings in Hays are constructed of Fencepost limestone.

Highway 183 passes no Fencepost limestone north of Hays as there it enters the Fort Hays Limestone region. However, south of Hays, the highway passes the small Post Rock communities of Schoenchen, Liebenthal, and La Crosse. Near Schoenchen, the stone posts were cut from long quarries that followed the bluff along the north of the river. On the plain between the Smoky Hill River and Liebenthal, the Fencepost bed is shallow, and can be seen outcropping in draws along the highway.

#### Quarry site

U.S. 183 cuts south through an abandoned Fencepost quarry as it approaches the Smoky Hill River bridge near Schoenchen. Just uphill from the quarry, limestone and shale of the Fairport Shale are exposed in the road cut. Facing west from the highway, the quarry is south of the red utility warning signs. The Fencepost makes a poor exposure next to the highway here, mostly having been quarried off of the bluff. At the depth where it would be found in the road cut, it mostly buried. A resistant marker bed of the Fairport Chalk (F-3) is seen a short distance up the hill, and from the erosion of the shale, this limestone seems to have drawn a lot of attention in the years since this section of U.S. 183 was widened in 1966. On private property, the quarry can be viewed from the fence line along the road cut. A limestone shelf is seen jutting from the old face of the quarry; but, this is not the Fencepost, which would be a bit below the level of the floor under the hillside. This visible limestone is the "limestone above the Fencepost" (Fairport Chalk marker F-2). This limestone is about half as thick as the Fencepost, and can tend to split at a limonite seam; otherwise, it is nearly as durable as the Fencepost and similar in color, and so was used as flagging.

#### Museum

The Post Rock Museum is located on the south end of La Crosse. Examples of Post Rock populate the park that this museum shares with the Rush County Historical Museum (occupying the relocated Timken train station), the Nekoma Bank Museum, and the Kansas Barbed Wire Museum. The Post Rock Museum contains a recreated stone post quarry, assorted quarrying tools used in the area, and a fossil collection.

### Operating Stone Post Quarries

Vonada Farms and Stone Company is located 6.5 miles (10.5 km) north of Sylvan Grove, Kansas. Tours can be arranged, see the Kansas Sampler Foundation pages.

Bluestem Quarry and Stoneworks operates near Lucas, Kansas.

### Other communities

**Other communities with abundant Fencepost limestone architecture:**

BeloitBurr OakHunterJamestownJetmoreLincolnParadisePfeiferRandallSylvan GroveVictoriaWalker

**Fencepost limestone/Dakota sandstone boundary communities:**

ConcordiaEllsworth  *See also Commons:Category:Fencepost limestone buildings in Kansas*

## InfoBox

| Fencepost limestone | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: Turonian ~ | |
| Limestone endpost with leaner, an icon of Kansas | |
| Type | Geological marker bed |
| Unit of | Greenhorn Formation |
| Underlies | Carlile Formation |
| Overlies | Uppermost beds of the Greenhorn Formation |
| Thickness | 9–14 inches (0.23–0.36 m) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Chalky limestone (coccolithic) |
| Other | Microsparry calcite matrix<br>*Inoceramus* shells and fragments<br>Yellow, orange, or brown stainings and nodules of Limonite |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Extent | Outcrops from the Nebraska border near Mahaska, Kansas, about 200 miles southwest to a few miles from Dodge City, Kansas.<br>Recorded in well logs throughout the High Plains. |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Use as stone fenceposts |
| Named by | F. W. Cragin |
| Year defined | 1896 |


title: Paris Bourbonites

abstract: The Paris Bourbonites were a minor league baseball team based in Paris, Kentucky. The Bourbonites played as members of the Blue Grass League from 1909 to 1912, with Paris joining the Ohio State League in 1914 and the "Bourbons" returning to Blue Grass League play from 1922 to 1924. Paris teams won league championships in 1910, 1911 and 1924 and hosted home minor league games at Bourbon County Park.

text:
# Paris Bourbonites

The **Paris Bourbonites** were a minor league baseball team based in Paris, Kentucky. The Bourbonites played as members of the Blue Grass League from 1909 to 1912, with Paris joining the Ohio State League in 1914 and the "Bourbons" returning to Blue Grass League play from 1922 to 1924. Paris teams won league championships in 1910, 1911 and 1924 and hosted home minor league games at Bourbon County Park.

## History

### 1909 to 1914

Minor league baseball began in Paris, Kentucky in 1909, when the "Paris Bourbonites" became members of the 1909 six team Class D level Blue Grass League, which was playing its second season. The Frankfort Lawmakers, Lexington Colts, Richmond Pioneers, Shelbyville Millers and Winchester Hustlers teams joined with Paris in beginning league play on May 1, 1909.

The Paris team monikers correspond to Paris, Kentucky being located within Bourbon County, Kentucky.

In their first season of play, the Paris Bourbonites finished with a record of 61–57. Paris placed third in the six–team league, playing the season under managers Jeff Elgin, Henry Schmidt and James Barnett. The Bourbonites finished 13.5 games behind the first place Winchester Hustlers in the final standings.

In their second season of play, the 1910 Paris Bourbonites won the Blue Grass League championship in convincing fashion. With a record of 80–47, Paris placed first in the regular season standings, playing under manager Edward McKernan. Paris finished 10.0 games ahead of the second place Lexington Colts in the final standings. Paris pitcher Milton McCormick led the Blue Grass League in win percentage at .850 and a 17–3 record. The Blue Grass League held no playoffs in 1910.

Paris won their second consecutive Blue Grass League championship in 1911. The Blue Grass League played a split–season schedule in 1911, with the winners of each half season meeting in the Finals. Under returning manager Edward McKernan, the Bourbonites had a 71–44 overall record and were 6.0 games ahead of the second place Lexington Colts in the final regular season standings. Paris qualified for the Finals by winning the first–half standings. The Winchester Hustlers won of the second–half standings. In the Finals, the Paris Bourbonites swept the Winchester Hustlers 4 games to 0 to defend their championship.

Paris player Walter Mayer led the 1911 Blue Grass League in hitting in 1911, with a .352 average.

The 1912 Paris Bourbonites placed fifth in the Blue Grass League, as the league folded after the season concluded.

The opening day at Paris in 1912 featured a parade featuring the 14–member Paris High School Band and players from Paris and the Winchester Husters. On September 3, 1912, Paris pitcher Fred Applegate, tied a minor league record by recording 20 strikeouts in a game against the Mt. Sterling Orphans.

With a record of 60–69 under managers Joe Lewis and Danning Harrell, the 1912 Bourbonites finished 4.0 games behind the Frankfort Lawmakers and no playoffs were held in the Blue Grass League.\> With a record of 85–42, Frankfort was followed in the standings by the Maysville Rivermen (82–47), Lexington Colts (60–65), Paris Bourbonites (60–69), Richmond Pioneers (66–64) and Winchester Hustlers/Mt. Sterling Orphans (31–97). The Blue Grass League folded following the 1912 season.

Paris player/manager Danning Harrell won the 19212Blue Grass League batting title, hitting .401 and Paris pitcher Jim Hauser led the league with 23 wins.

Paris briefly returned to minor league play in 1914, as the "**Paris**" team became members of the 1914 eight–team Class D level Ohio State League during the season. The Newport, Kentucky franchise, which entered the Ohio State League play on May 26, 1914, moved to Paris on June 16, 1914. The team had a 16–27 record playing as the **Newport Brewers**. After a 3–22 record while based in Paris, the team disbanded on July 5, 1914. At the time, the Newport/Paris team folded, the team had an overall 19–49 record, playing under managers Charles Applegate and Red Munson.

### 1922 to 1924

Paris resumed play in the reformed Blue Grass League in 1922 and won the league pennant. The **Paris Bourbons** returned to play as members of the Class D level Blue Grass League, which reformed as a six–team league. Some references have Paris playing under the "Mammoths" nickname in 1922. With the Blue Grass League playing a split–season schedule, the Paris Bourbons finished the overall regular season in first place with a 36–28 record, playing the season under managers B. Goodman and Harold Willis, finishing 1.5 games ahead of the second place Maysville Cardinals in the overall standings. However, the Maysville Cardinals, with a 16–6 record, won the first half standings and the Cynthiana Merchants, with a 25–17 record, won the second half standings, as the Blue Grass league played the split–season schedule in 1922. In the Finals, Maysville defeated the Cynthiana to win the championship.

Pitcher Ray Miner of Paris and Maysville led the Blue Grass League with 15 wins.

The Paris Bourbons placed fourth in the 1923 Blue Grass League standings, playing under managers Nick Winger and Felix Cicona. With a 45–47 record, the Bourbons finished 6.5 games behind the first place Cynthiana Cobblers in the final standings. The teams in the 1923 standings were the Cynthiana Cobblers (54–43), Winchester Dodgers (53–44), Maysville Cardinals (48–45), Paris Bourbons (45–47), Lexington Reos (44–49) and Mount Sterling Essex (38–54). Maysville and Mt. Sterling permanently folded following the 1923 season.

In their final season of play, the Paris Bourbons won the 1924 Blue Grass League championship in the four–team league. With a record of 51–43 under managers Bob Corkhill, Pat Devereaux and Fritz Mueller, Paris finished just a 0.5 game ahead of the second place Cynthiana Cobblers (50–42) in the standings. No playoffs were held and the Blue Grass League permanently folded after the 1924 season.

The Blue Grass League did not return to play for the 1925 season. Paris, Kentucky has not hosted another minor league team.

## The ballparks

Beginning in 1909, Paris teams hosted home minor league games at **Bourbon County Park**. The park is still in use as a public park and is located at 30 Legion Road in Paris, Kentucky. Local newspaper coverage in the era reported the Paris Bourbonites played some home games at **White Park** in 1911 and 1912.

## Timeline

| Year(s) | \# Yrs. | Team | Level | League | Ballpark |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1909–1912 | 4 | Paris Bourbonites | Class D | Blue Grass League | Bourbon County Park |
| 1914 | 1 | Paris | | Ohio State League | |
| 1922–1924 | 3 | Paris Bourbons | | Blue Grass League | |
||

## Year–by–year records

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs/notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1909 | 61–57 | 3rd | Jeff Elgin /
Henry Schmidt / James Barnett | No playoffs held |
| 1910 | 80–47 | 1st | Edward McKernan | **League Champions** |
| 1911 | 71–44 | 1st | Edward McKernan | **League Champions** |
| 1912 | 60–69 | 5th | Joe Lewis / Danning Harrell | No playoffs held |
|  |
| 1914 | 19–49 | NA | Charles Applegate / Red Munson | Team disbanded July 5 |
|  |
| 1922 | 36–28 | 1st | B. Goodman / Harold Willis | **League Pennant**
Lost in finals |
| 1923 | 45–47 | 4th | Nick Winger / Felix Cicona | No playoffs held |
| 1924 | 51–43 | 1st | Bob Corkhill
Pat Devereaux / Fritz Mueller | **League Champions** |
|

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Paris Bourbonites | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Class D (1909–1912, 1914, 1922–1924) |
| League | Blue Grass League (1909–1912)
Ohio State League (1914)
Blue Grass League (1922–1924) |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | None |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles (3) | * 1910 * 1911 * 1924 |
| Conference titles (1) | 1922 |
| Team data | |
| Name | **Paris Bourbonites** (1909–1912)
Paris (1914)
Paris Bourbons (1922–1924) |
| Ballpark | Bourbon County Park (1909–1912, 1914, 1922–1924)
White Park (1911–1912) |


title: Paris Blues (album)

abstract: Paris Blues is an album of duets by pianist Gil Evans and saxophonist Steve Lacy recorded in Paris in 1987 and released on the French Owl label. The album was Evans' final studio recording before his death in 1988. The album was released in the US on Sunnyside Records in 2003.

text:
# Paris Blues (album)

***Paris Blues*** is an album of duets by pianist Gil Evans and saxophonist Steve Lacy recorded in Paris in 1987 and released on the French Owl label. The album was Evans' final studio recording before his death in 1988. The album was released in the US on Sunnyside Records in 2003.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 1½ stars stating "In truth, Evans's playing here is generally little more than melody statements and comping behind Lacy and, although the soprano is in top form, little of significance occurs... of greater interest from a historical standpoint than musical". *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* observed "it's scarcely a momentous occasion, musically speaking, for either man... Interesting to hear Lacy at work on his music, but in the end the results are merely light and agreeable".

## Track listing

1. "Reincarnation of a Lovebird" (Charles Mingus) – 7:05
2. "Paris Blues" (Duke Ellington) – 5:17
3. "Esteem" (Steve Lacy) – 9:07
4. "Orange Was the Color of Her Dress Then Blue Silk" (Mingus) – 14:42
5. "Goodbye Pork Pie Hat (Mingus) – 8:42
6. "Jelly Roll" (Gil Evans) – 5:43 (bonus track on CD)
7. "Esteem" (Lacy) – 8:54 (bonus track on CD)

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Paris Blues | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gil Evans and Steve Lacy | |
| Released | 1988 |
| Recorded | November 30 & December 1, 1987 |
| Studio | Family Sound Studio, Paris |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 59:30 |
| Label | Owl (OWL 049 CD) |
| Producer | François Lemaire & Jean-Jacques Pussiau |
| Gil Evans chronology | |
| *Bud and Bird*
(1987) ***Paris Blues***
(1988) *Rhythm A Ning*
(1988) | |
|  | |
| Steve Lacy chronology | |
| *The Window*
(1988) ***Paris Blues***
(1988) *The Door*
(1989) | |
|  | |


abstract: The men's sabre was a fencing event held as part of the Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fifth appearance of the event. The Hungarian fencers dominated the competition, with all 12 advancing to the semifinals. In 2 of the 4 semifinals, the Hungarians took the top three places. In a third, Hungarian fencers took the two qualifying spots while the third Hungarian did not start. In the remaining semifinal, Nedo Nadi of Italy placed second to become the only non-Hungarian fencer to advance to the final. The final consisted of 7 Hungarian fencers and Nadi. Nadi took fifth. Jenő Fuchs successfully defended his 1908 Olympic title, the first man to win multiple medals in the sabre. Béla Békessy took silver and Ervin Mészáros earned bronze.

text:
# Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre

The **men's sabre** was a fencing event held as part of the Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fifth appearance of the event.

The Hungarian fencers dominated the competition, with all 12 advancing to the semifinals. In 2 of the 4 semifinals, the Hungarians took the top three places. In a third, Hungarian fencers took the two qualifying spots while the third Hungarian did not start. In the remaining semifinal, Nedo Nadi of Italy placed second to become the only non-Hungarian fencer to advance to the final (the three Hungarians took first, third, and fourth in that semifinal).

The final consisted of 7 Hungarian fencers and Nadi. Nadi took fifth. Jenő Fuchs successfully defended his 1908 Olympic title, the first man to win multiple medals in the sabre. Béla Békessy took silver and Ervin Mészáros earned bronze.

## Background

This was the fifth appearance of the event, which is the only fencing event to have been held at every Summer Olympics. Four of the eight finalists from 1908 returned: gold medalist Jenő Fuchs, silver medalist Béla Zulawszky, fifth-place finisher Péter Tóth, and sixth-place finisher Lajos Werkner, all of Hungary. Hungary was dominant in the sabre; Fuchs' 1908 victory started a run that lasted through 1964 in which the only Games that Hungary did not win the event was the one to which the nation was not invited (1920).

Russia and Sweden each made their debut in the men's sabre. Austria made its fourth appearance in the event, most of any nation, having missed only the 1904 Games in St. Louis.

## Competition format

The competition was held over four rounds. In each round, each pool held a round-robin. European sabre rules at the time used a larger target area than the post-World War I standard. In 1896, 1900, and 1908, the target area had been the whole body; the 1912 rules reduced that to "all body parts, located above the horizontal line passing through the crotch". (The 1904 competition used the American rules which became the standard now used.) Double hits were possible under the rules of the time.

* First round: 16 pools of between 3 and 5 fencers each. The top 3 fencers in each pool advanced to the quarterfinals.
* Quarterfinals: 8 pools of 6 fencers each (before withdrawals). The top 3 fencers in each pool advanced to the semifinals.
* Semifinals: 4 pools of 6 fencers each. The top 2 fencers in each pool advanced to the final.
* Final: 1 pool of 8 fencers.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tuesday, 16 July 1912 | **9:00**
**12:00**
**15:00** | **Round 1** pools A–D
**Round 1** pools E–H
**Round 1** pools I–L |
| Wednesday, 17 July 1912 | **9:00**
**12:00**
**15:00** | **Round 1** pools M–P
**Quarterfinals** pools A–D
**Quarterfinals** pools E–H |
| Thursday, 18 July 1912 | **9:00**
**14:00** | **Semifinals**
**Final** |

## Results

### Round 1

#### Pool A

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Giovanni Benfratello | Italy | 3 | Q |
| 2 | Lajos Werkner | Hungary | 2 | Q |
| 3 | Vladimir Danich | Russian Empire | 1 | Q |
| 4 | Gustaf Armgarth | Sweden | 0 |  |

#### Pool B

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Julius Lichtenfels | Germany | 3 | Q |
| | Béla Zulavsky | Hungary | 3 | Q |
| 3 | Vladimir Andreyev | Russian Empire | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Friedrich Golling | Austria | 2 |  |
| 5 | Helge Werner | Sweden | 0 |  |

#### Pool C

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Karl Münich | Austria | 3 | Q |
| 2 | Hans Thomson | Germany | 2 | Q |
| 3 | Jens Berthelsen | Denmark | 1 | Q |
| 4 | Boris Nepokupnoy | Russian Empire | 0 |  |

#### Pool D

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Edoardo Alaimo | Italy | 4 | Q |
| 2 | Oluf Berntsen | Denmark | 2 | Q |
| | Albert Bogen | Austria | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Zdeněk Bárta | Bohemia | 1 |  |
| | Aleksandr Shkylev | Russian Empire | 1 |  |

#### Pool E

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Charles Vanderbyl | Great Britain | 3 | Q |
| 2 | Josef Javůrek | Bohemia | 3 | Q |
| 3 | Josef Puhm | Austria | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Carl-Gustaf Klerck | Sweden | 1 |  |
| | Georgy Zakyrich | Russian Empire | 1 |  |

#### Pool F

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Einar Levison | Denmark | 3 | Q |
| 2 | Alfred Martin | Great Britain | 2 | Q |
| 3 | Anatoly Timofeyev | Russian Empire | 1 | Q |
| 4 | Johannes Kolling | Netherlands | 0 |  |

#### Pool G

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Béla Békessy | Hungary | 3 | Q |
| 2 | Franz Dereani | Austria | 1 | Q |
| 3 | William Marsh | Great Britain | 1 | Q |
| 4 | Konstantin Vaterkampf | Russian Empire | 1 |  |

#### Pool H

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hendrik de Iongh | Netherlands | 3 | Q |
| | Péter Tóth | Hungary | 3 | Q |
| 3 | Sven Nordenström | Sweden | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Douglas Godfree | Great Britain | 1 |  |
| | Aleksandr Mordovin | Russian Empire | 1 |  |

#### Pool I

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Nikolay Kuznetsov | Russian Empire |  | Q |
| | Ervin Mészáros | Hungary |  | Q |
| | Georg Stöhr | Germany |  | Q |

#### Pool J

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jenő Fuchs | Hungary |  | Q |
| | Apollon Guiber von Greifenfels | Russian Empire |  | Q |
| | Carl Personne | Sweden |  | Q |

#### Poolol K

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Boris Arsenyev | Russian Empire |  | Q |
| | Bertalan Dunay | Hungary |  | Q |
| | Ernest zu Hohenlohe | Austria |  | Q |

#### Pool L

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Zoltán Schenker | Hungary | 3 | Q |
| 2 | Friedrich Schwarz | Germany | 2 | Q |
| 3 | Harry Butterworth | Great Britain | 1 | Q |
| 4 | Pavel Filatov | Russian Empire | 1 |  |

#### Pool M

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Francesco Pietrasanta | Italy | 3 | Q |
| 2 | Pál Pajzs | Hungary | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Alfred Syson | Great Britain | 1 | Q |
| 4 | Walter Gate | South Africa | 1 |  |

#### Pool N

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Oszkár Gerde | Hungary | 3 | Q |
| 2 | Nedo Nadi | Italy | 2 | Q |
| 3 | Albertson van zo Post | United States | 1 | Q |
| 4 | Archibald Corble | Great Britain | 0 |  |

#### Pool O

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dezső Földes | Hungary |  | Q |
| | Alfred Keene | Great Britain |  | Q |
| | Alfred Sauer | United States |  | Q |

#### Pool P

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | László Berti | Hungary | 3 | Q |
| 2 | Aristide Pontanani | Italy | 2 | Q |
| 3 | Edward Brookfield | Great Britain | 1 | Q |
| 4 | Gunnar Lindholm | Sweden | 0 |  |

### Quarterfinals

#### Quarterfinal A

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | László Berti | Hungary | 0 | Q |
| 2 | Bertalan Dunay | Hungary | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Vladimir Andreyev | Russian Empire | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Giovanni Benfratello | Italy | 3 |  |
| 5 | Einar Levison | Denmark | 4 |  |
| | Georg Stöhr | Germany | 4 |  |

#### Quarterfinal B

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Lajos Werkner | Hungary | 0 | Q |
| 2 | Oszkár Gerde | Hungary | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Anatoly Timofeyev | Russian Empire | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Harry Butterworth | Great Britain | 3 |  |
| | Alfred Sauer | United States | 3 |  |
|  | Albert Bogen | Austria | DNS |  |

#### Quarterfinal C

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ervin Mészáros | Hungary | 0 | Q |
| 2 | Friedrich Schwarz | Germany | 1 | Q |
| 3 | William Marsh | Great Britain | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Ernest zu Hohenlohe | Austria | 3 |  |
|  | Edoardo Alaimo | Italy | DNS |  |
| | Vladimir Danich | Russian Empire | DNS |  |

#### Quarterfinal D

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Béla Békessy | Hungary | 1 | Q |
| | Dezső Földes | Hungary | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Oluf Berntsen | Denmark | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Nikolay Kuznetsov | Russian Empire | 3 |  |
| | Aristide Pontenani | Italy | 3 |  |
|  | Karl Münich | Austria | DNS |  |

#### Quarterfinal E

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Zoltán Schenker | Hungary | 1 | Q |
| 2 | Apollon Guiber von Greifenfels | Russian Empire | 2 | Q |
| | Charles Vanderbyl | Great Britain | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Hans Thomson | Germany | 2 |  |
| 5 | Edward Brookfield | Great Britain | 3 |  |
|  | Franz Dereani | Austria | DNS |  |

#### Quarterfinal F

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jenő Fuchs | Hungary | 0 | Q |
| | Alfred Syson | Great Britain | 0 | Q |
| 3 | Boris Arsenyev | Russian Empire | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Jens Berthelsen | Denmark | 3 |  |
|  | Hendrik de Iongh | Netherlands | DNS |  |
| | Josef Javůrek | Bohemia | DNS |  |

#### Quarterfinal G

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Nedo Nadi | Italy | 1 | Q |
| | Pál Pajzs | Hungary | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Béla Zulavsky | Hungary | 2 | Q |
| 4 | Alfred Keene | Great Britain | 2 |  |
| 5 | Sven Nordenström | Sweden | 4 |  |
|  | Josef Puhm | Austria | DNS |  |

#### Quarterfinal H

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Losses | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Péter Tóth | Hungary | 0 | Q |
| 2 | Julius Lichtenels | Germany | 1 | Q |
| | Carl Personne | Sweden | 1 | Q |
| 4 | Francesco Pietrasanta | Italy | 1 |  |
| 5 | Alfred Martin | Great Britain | 4 |  |
|  | Albertson van zo Post | United States | DNS |  |

### Semifinals

#### Semifinal A

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Béla Békessy | Hungary | 4 | Q |
| 2 | Nedo Nadi | Italy | 3 | Q |
| 3 | Béla Zulavsky | Hungary | 2 |  |
| 4 | Bertalan Dunay | Hungary | 1 |  |
| 5 | Friedrich Schwarz | Germany | 0 |  |
|  | Anatoly Timofeyev | Russian Empire | DNS |  |

#### Semifinal B

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Péter Tóth | Hungary | 2 | Q |
| 2 | Jenő Fuchs | Hungary | 1 | Q |
| 3 | Alfred Syson | Great Britain | 0 |  |
|  | Vladimir Andreyev | Russian Empire | DNS |  |
| | Oszkár Gerde | Hungary | DNS |  |
| | Julius Lichtenfels | Germany | DNS |  |

#### Semifinal C

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ervin Mészáros | Hungary | 5 | Q |
| 2 | Dezső Földes | Hungary | 4 | Q |
| 3 | Pál Pajzs | Hungary | 3 |  |
| 4 | Charles Vanderbyl | Great Britain | 2 |  |
| 5 | Boris Arsenyev | Russian Empire | 1 |  |
| 6 | Carl Personne | Sweden | 0 |  |

#### Semifinal D

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Lajos Werkner | Hungary | 5 | Q |
| 2 | Zoltán Schenker | Hungary | 4 | Q |
| 3 | László Berti | Hungary | 3 |  |
| 4 | Apollon Guiber von Greifenfels | Russian Empire | 2 |  |
| 5 | William Marsh | Great Britain | 1 |  |
| 6 | Oluf Berntsen | Denmark | 0 |  |

### Final

| Rank | Fencer | Nation | Wins | Losses | TF | TA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jenő Fuchs | Hungary | 6 | 1 | 18 | 10 |
|  | Béla Békessy | Hungary | 5 | 2 | 17 | 11 |
|  | Ervin Mészáros | Hungary | 5 | 2 | 17 | 12 |
| 4 | Zoltán Schenker | Hungary | 4 | 3 | 17 | 13 |
| 5 | Nedo Nadi | Italy | 4 | 3 | 16 | 17 |
| 6 | Péter Tóth | Hungary | 2 | 5 | 12 | 17 |
| 7 | Lajos Werkner | Hungary | 1 | 6 | 13 | 19 |
| 8 | Dezső Földes | Hungary | 1 | 6 | 9 | 20 |

* Bergvall, Erik (ed.) (1913). Adams-Ray, Edward (trans.). (ed.). *The Official Report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912*. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. `{{cite book}}`: `|first=` has generic name (help)
* Wudarski, Pawel (1999). "Wyniki Igrzysk Olimpijskich" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2007.

## InfoBox

| Men's sabre
at the Games of the V Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Hungarian fencers Lajos Werkner, Oszkar Gerde, Jenö Fuchs, and Péter Tóth (1908) | |
| Venue | Östermalm Athletic Grounds |
| Dates | July 16–18 |
| Competitors | 64 from 12 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Jenő Fuchs  Hungary  Béla Békessy  Hungary  Ervin Mészáros  Hungary | |
|


title: Fencing at the 1920 Summer Olympics

abstract: At the 1920 Summer Olympics, six fencing events were contested.

text:
# Fencing at the 1920 Summer Olympics

At the 1920 Summer Olympics, six fencing events (all for men) were contested.

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Épée, Individual
 | Armand Massard
France | Alexandre Lippmann
France | Gustave Buchard
France |
| Épée, Team
 | Italy (ITA)
Aldo Nadi
Nedo Nadi
Abelardo Olivier
Giovanni Canova
Dino Urbani
Tullio Bozza
Andrea Marrazzi
Antonio Allochio
Tommaso Constantino
Paolo Thaon di Revel | Belgium (BEL)
Paul Anspach
Léon Tom
Ernest Gevers
Félix Goblet D'aviella
Victor Boin
Joseph De Craecker
Philippe Le Hardy De Beaulieu
Fernand de Montigny | France (FRA)
Armand Massard
Alexandre Lippmann
Gustave Buchard
Georges Casanova
Georges Trombert
Gaston Amson
Louis Moureau |
| Foil, Individual
 | Nedo Nadi
Italy | Philippe Cattiau
France | Roger Ducret
France |
| Foil, Team
 | Italy (ITA)
Aldo Nadi
Nedo Nadi
Abelardo Olivier
Pietro Speciale
Rodolfo Terlizzi
Oreste Puliti
Tommaso Constantino
Baldo Baldi | France (FRA)
André Labattut
Georges Trombert
Marcel Perrot
Lucien Gaudin
Philippe Cattiau
Roger Ducret
Gaston Amson
Lionel Bony De Castellane | United States (USA)
Francis Honeycutt
Arthur Lyon
Robert Sears
Henry Breckinridge
Harold Rayner |
| Sabre, Individual
 | Nedo Nadi
Italy | Aldo Nadi
Italy | Adrianus De Jong
Netherlands |
| Sabre, Team
 | Italy (ITA)
Aldo Nadi
Nedo Nadi
Francesco Gargano
Oreste Puliti
Giorgio Santelli
Dino Urbani
Federico Cesarano
Baldo Baldi | France (FRA)
Jean Margraff
Marc Marie Jean Perrodon
Henri Marie Raoul De Saint Germain
Georges Trombert | Netherlands (NED)
Jan Van Der Wiel
Adrianus De Jong
Jetze Doorman
Willem Van Blijenburgh
Louis Delaunoy
Salomon Zeldenrust |

## Participating nations

A total of 149 fencers from 13 nations competed at the Antwerp Games:

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Italy (ITA) | 5 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 2 | France (FRA) | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| 3 | Belgium (BEL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 5 | United States (USA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |

* Belgium Olympic Committee (1957). *Olympic Games Antwerp 1920: Official Report* (in French).
* Wudarski, Pawel (1999). "Wyniki Igrzysk Olimpijskich" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2007.

## InfoBox

| Fencing
at the Games of the VII Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|


title: Felix Giles (engineer)

abstract: Felix Gordon Giles, DSO was an Australian engineer who served as an officer in ANZAC's 10th Battalion during World War I.

text:
# Felix Giles (engineer)

**Felix Gordon Giles**, DSO (23 November 1885—22 June 1950) was an Australian engineer who served as an officer in ANZAC's 10th Battalion during World War I.

## Early life and education

Giles was born in Darwin on 23 November 1885 to Alfred Giles and Mary Augusta Giles (née Sprigg). He was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide and passed a three-year course at the School of Mines in electrical engineering. Giles married Elsie Kilpack on 24 July 24, 1909. He worked for the electrical branch of the General Post Office and later the Adelaide Electric Lighting and Traction Company.

## Military career

Giles enlisted in the South Australian Scottish Infantry in May 1908 and rose through the ranks. He was promoted to corporal in March 1910, to sergeant in September 1910 and to 2nd lieutenant on 21 August 1911. After the outbreak of World War I Giles was transferred to the Australian Imperial Force and assigned command of the 10th Battalion's G Company. In January 1915, when his company was merged with D Company, Giles became second-in-command of the company.

Giles was promoted to captain in September 1914. He participated in the Gallipoli Campaign, assuming command of D Company when the company commander was wounded. He was one of only four officers within the 3rd Brigade to serve continuously from the first landing to the evacuation.

In March 1916 Giles was promoted to major. At the Battle of Pozières he was gassed and suffered multiple concussions from near misses of high explosive shells. He persisted and led his men into defensive positions, conduct that brought him the second recommendation for the DSO. His coolness under fire was praised by his fellow officers. In January 1917 Giles suffered from shell shock after being wounded during a reconnaissance. His conduct at the capture of Le Barque, where he harassed the German rearguard during their withdrawal, earned him a mention in Alexander Haig's dispatches on 9 April 2017, and later that year he was awarded the DSO for "services rendered in the prosecution of the war".

After the war Giles resumed his civilian work as an electrical engineer. He became a meter superintendent with the Adelaide Electric Supply Company.