title: Palayamkottai Central Prison

abstract: Palayamkottai Central Prison is located in Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli District, India. The prison was built during 1880 and was operating as a district jail until 1929. The jail was converted into a Borstal school in 1929, which was later transferred to Pudukottai due to lower admissions. It became a central prison starting from 1 April 1968. It is located in an area corresponding to 117.75 acres (0.4765 km⁲) and authorised to house 1332 prisoners.

text:
# Palayamkottai Central Prison

**Palayamkottai Central Prison** is located in Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli District, India. The prison was built during 1880 and was operating as a district jail until 1929. The jail was converted into a Borstal school in 1929, which was later transferred to Pudukottai due to lower admissions. It became a central prison starting from 1 April 1968. It is located in an area corresponding to 117.75 acres (0.4765 km2) and authorised to house 1332 prisoners.

## InfoBox

Palayamkottai Central Prison
| Palayamkottai Central Prison | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Tamil NaduPalayamkottai Central Prison (India) | |
| Location | Palayamkottai |
| Coordinates | 8°42′29″N 77°43′58″E / 8.708072°N 77.73269°E / 8.708072; 77.73269 |
| Security class | Central Prison |
| Managed by | Tamil Nadu Prison Department |
| City | Palayamkottai |
| State/province | Tamil Nadu |
| Postal code | 627002 |
| Country | India |


title: Shadowland (miniseries)

abstract: Shadowland is a six-part original limited series on Peacock. Based on the reporting on conspiracy theories in United States politics from The Atlantic, which posits that "conspiracy thinking" was in part responsible for the American Revolution and examined the rise of mainstream conspiracism, the 2022 series travels the country to interview both conspiracy theorists and experts on the rise of conspiratorial thinking. It was produced and spearheaded by renowned documentarian Joe Berlinger.

text:
# Shadowland (miniseries)

***Shadowland*** is a six-part original limited series on Peacock. Based on the reporting on conspiracy theories in United States politics from *The Atlantic*, which posits that "conspiracy thinking" was in part responsible for the American Revolution and examined the rise of mainstream conspiracism, the 2022 series travels the country to interview both conspiracy theorists and experts on the rise of conspiratorial thinking. It was produced and spearheaded by renowned documentarian Joe Berlinger.

## Reception

The limited series received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences. *Time* described it as "terrifying" and compared it favorably to the 2022 Ken Burns documentary miniseries *The U.S. and the Holocaust*. Common Sense Media gave the series a positive review, writing that it was "disturbing".

## InfoBox

| *Shadowland* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Television documentary, conspiracy theories in United States politics |
| Created by | Joe Berlinger |
| Based on | Reporting from *The Atlantic* |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Original release | |
| Network | Peacock |
| Release | September 21, 2022 (2022-09-21) |


title: George S. Richardson (engineer)

abstract: George Sherwood Richardson (1896–1988) was an American engineer known for his elegant bridges, innovative construction techniques and skillful planning of highways. Designer of many bridges in the Pittsburgh and Allegheny County areas in the 20th century, he has been called "the dean of Pittsburgh bridge engineers".

text:
# George S. Richardson (engineer)

**George Sherwood Richardson** (1896–1988) was an American engineer known for his elegant bridges, innovative construction techniques and skillful planning of highways. Designer of many bridges in the Pittsburgh and Allegheny County areas in the 20th century, he has been called "the dean of Pittsburgh bridge engineers".

## Early life and education

Born in Georgetown, Colorado, he served in World War I prior to graduating from the University of Colorado in 1920.

## Engineering career

After a stint with the Wyoming Department of Highways and time on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, Richardson moved to Pittsburgh in 1922 to work for the American Bridge Company before he joined the Allegheny County Department of Public Works in 1924, where he went on to rise to be assistant chief engineer by the time he left in 1937.

### Richardson, Gordon & Associates

In 1939 he founded his own firm, as George S. Richardson, Consulting Engineer; after taking on partners, the firm was renamed to Richardson, Gordon & Associates in 1955. It has been involved in the planning and design of many major highway projects across the United States. In the 1980s, the company was acquired by international architectural and engineering conglomerate HDR, Inc.

Among other notable work, the firm created the erection process and custom equipment used to put up the Eero Saarinen-designed Saint Louis Gateway Arch.

Richardson retired in 1973 and moved from Pittsburgh in 1975, splitting time between homes in Tucson, Arizona and Colorado Springs, Colorado. He died of a heart attack at the age of 92 at his home in Colorado and was buried in Waterford, Pennsylvania.

## Notable projects

## Industry service

## Awards

In 1987, the Engineer's Society of Western Pennsylvania established the George S. Richardson medal, which has since been awarded annually for an outstanding achievement in bridge engineering.

## InfoBox

| George S. Richardson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1895 or 1896
Georgetown, Colorado |
| Died | (aged 92)
Colorado Springs, Colorado |
| Other names | "Dean of Pittsburgh bridge engineers" |
| Occupation | civil engineer |
| Years active | 1920–73 |
| Known for | multiple bridges in Pittsburgh area |
| Notable work |  |


title: Mikheil Gachechiladze

abstract: Mikheil Gachechiladze is a Georgian professional rugby union player who plays as a flanker for Super Cup club The Black Lion and the Georgia national team.

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# Mikheil Gachechiladze

**Mikheil Gachechiladze** (Georgian: მიხეილ გაჩეჩილაძე; born 24 December 1990) is a Georgian professional rugby union player who plays as a flanker for Super Cup club The Black Lion and the Georgia national team.

## Honours

* Russian Championships (4): 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020/21
* Russian Cup (2): 2017, 2020
* Russian Supercup: 2017
* Nikolaev Cup (3): 2017, 2018, 2021
* European Rugby Continental Shield (2): 2016–17, 2017–18

## InfoBox

Mikheil Gachechiladze
| Date of birth | (1990-12-24) 24 December 1990 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Height | 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 105 kg (231 lb; 16 st 7 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Flanker  **Current team** The Black Lion  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2012–2014 Hagetmau  30  (0)  2014–2015 Carqueiranne-Hyères  14  (5)  2016–2022 Enisei-STM  88  (125)  2022– The Black Lion  11  (25)  Correct as of 12 May 2023  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2018– Georgia  19  (20)  Correct as of 12 May 2023 | |


title: Promiscuous gene expression

abstract: Promiscuous gene expression (PGE), formerly referred to as ectopic expression, is a process specific to the thymus that plays a pivotal role in the establishment of central tolerance. This phenomenon enables generation of self-antigens, so called tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs), which are in the body expressed only by one or few specific tissues. These antigens are represented for example by insulin from the pancreas or defensins from the gastrointestinal tract. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the thymus, namely medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells are capable to present peptides derived from TRAs to developing T cells and hereby test, whether their T cell receptors (TCRs) engage self entities and therefore their occurrence in the body can potentially lead to the development of autoimmune disease. In that case, thymic APCs either induce apoptosis in these autoreactive T cells or they deviate them to become T regulatory cells, which suppress self-reactive T cells in the body that escaped negative selection in the thymus. Thus, PGE is crucial for tissues protection against autoimmunity.

text:
# Promiscuous gene expression

**Promiscuous gene expression** (PGE), formerly referred to as ectopic expression, is a process specific to the thymus that plays a pivotal role in the establishment of central tolerance. This phenomenon enables generation of self-antigens, so called tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs), which are in the body expressed only by one or few specific tissues (antigens rank among TRAs if they are expressed by less than five tissues from the sixty tested ). These antigens are represented for example by insulin from the pancreas or defensins from the gastrointestinal tract. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the thymus, namely medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells are capable to present peptides derived from TRAs to developing T cells (thymus is the major origin of T cell development) and hereby test, whether their T cell receptors (TCRs) engage self entities and therefore their occurrence in the body can potentially lead to the development of autoimmune disease. In that case, thymic APCs either induce apoptosis in these autoreactive T cells (*negative selection*) or they deviate them to become T regulatory cells (*Treg selection*), which suppress self-reactive T cells in the body that escaped negative selection in the thymus. Thus, PGE is crucial for tissues protection against autoimmunity.

## Characteristics of PGE in distinct cell types

The usual level of gene expression in the peripheral tissues (e.g. spleen, kidney, liver etc.) reaches about 60% of the mouse coding genome. Some peripheral tissues, including lungs, brain and testis, reveal the repertoire of expressed genes about 10% broader. Importantly, PGE in the thymus, which is mediated by unique subset of epithelial cells called mTECs, triggers expression of vast majority of the genes from the whole genome (~85%). Such a broad repertoire of expressed genes wasn't shown in any other tissue of the body.

### mTECs

The process of PGE in the thymus was discovered in late 80's however, it took a decade to find that the cell subset that mediates PGE and therefore provides a "library" of TRAs are mTECs. These cells were shown to uniquely express a protein called autoimmune regulator (Aire), which drives the expression of approximately 40% TRAs, referred to as Aire-dependent, and is so far the only well characterized driver of PGE. Defects in the expression of Aire lead to multiorgan autoimmunity in mice and cause a severe autoimmune syndrome called APECED in human. Because Aire is not the exclusive PGE regulator, more than half of TRAs are Aire-independent and it isn't still known how their PGE is orchestrated.

mTECs are very heterogenous population and at least should be subdivided to MHCII low expressing subset (*mTECsLO*) and MHCII high expressing subset (*mTECsHI*) which is considered to be mature. Aire is expressed only by 30% from the latter.

PGE was found to act in a stochastic manner, which means that each mTEC expresses distinct set of Aire-dependent and Aire-independent TRAs. Despite its stochasticity, TRAs are co-expressed in clusters which however, rather mirror their co-localization on chromosomes than co-expression patterns from particular tissues. Even though TRAs involved in each cluster were found to be consistent, the PGE of whole cluster is transient and changes during mTEC development. Moreover, these clusters are highly variable between individuals. PGE is distinct from the expression of TRAs in the peripheral tissues also by its monoalelic or bialelic course. On the other hand, the level of TRA expression and numbers of alternative-splicing protein variants in the thymus correspond to the peripheral tissues.

PGE is highly conserved between mice and human.

### B cells

Although thymic B cells were shown to induce either negative selection or Treg selection, their importance for the establishment of central tolerance remains elusive. It is assumed however, that B cells in the thymus are licensed by CD40-CD40L interaction with autoreactive T cells to activate the expression of Aire and upregulate levels of MHCII and CD80. Moreover, Aire drives the PGE of Aire-dependent TRAs in B cells and because their repertoire is non-overlapping with that of mTECs it should broaden the scope of peripheral antigens displayed in the thymus.

### PGE in the periphery

Except the thymus, Aire is expressed also in the periphery, namely in the secondary lymphoid organs. However, the search for particular Aire-expressing cell type still continues due to conflicting results. What seems to be clear is that these cells express Aire-dependent TRAs, that are distinct from those in mTECs. In line with their high expression of MHCII and very limited expression of costimulatory molecules, these cells were shown to establish tolerance by inactivation of autoreactive T cells rather than inducing apoptosis in them.

## Master-regulators of PGE

### Aire and its partners

Aire is not classical transcription factor, because instead of recognition of specific consensus sequences, Aire seeks after genes marked by specific histone marks, such as the absence of H3K4me3 and presence of H3K27me3, which indicate transcriptionally inactive chromatin. This type of gene recognition logically explains the high numbers of genes whose expression is affected by Aire. There is available also alternative explanation, that Aire recognizes silenced chromatin thanks to interaction with molecular complex ATF7ip\- MBD1 which binds methylated CpG di-nucleotides.

After the recognition of Aire dependent genes, Aire recruits topoisomerase II to perform double-strand DNA breaks at their transcriptional start sites (TSSs). These brakes attract DNA PK and other DNA damage response proteins which relax the surrounding chromatin and repair the breaks. Subsequently, Aire recruits elongation complex p-TEFb to the TSSs, which releases stalled RNA II polymerases and therefore activates transcription (PGE) of Aire-dependent genes. Interaction between Aire and p-TEFb is enabled by another partner molecule Brd4, which stabilizes this molecular complex.

Altogether, Aire requires around fifty partner molecules to properly activate PGE. Among these molecules further rank acetylase Creb-binding protein (CBP), which enhances stability of Aire, however dampens its transactivation properties and deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), which is essential for activation of PGE of Aire-dependent TRAs. Worth mentioning is also Hipk2, which phosphorylates Aire and CBP however, its absence affects mostly PGE of Aire-independent genes, suggesting that this kinase might cooperate with other unknown transcriptional regulator.

Recently, molecular complexes of Aire and its partners were shown to localize to specific parts of chromatin called super-enhancers.

By contrast, little is known about transcription of Aire itself. Nevertheless, several studies suggest that major role in triggering of Aire expression plays NF-κB signaling pathway, similarly as in the development of mTECs. Aire expression and PGE of Aire-dependent TRAs is also affected by sex hormones. Androgens enhance these processes, whereas impact by estrogens is completely opposite and results in less efficient PGE.

### Fezf2

Fezf2 (*forebrain embryonic zinc-finger-like protein 2)* was recently discovered as the second regulator of PGE. Even though little is known about its operation in the thymus, Fezf2, in marked contrast with Aire, plays role in different physiological processes than central tolerance, e.g. development of the brain, and acts as a classical transcription factor. In the thymus however, Fezf2 is expressed by nearly 80% of mTECs and not other cells. The repertoire of TRAs involved in Fezf2-driven PGE is nonoverlapping with that of Aire and comprises genes previously defined as Aire-independent, e.g. Fabp9 (*TRA of testis*). This fact is also bolstered by different manifestations of autoimmunity in Fezf2 knockout mouse, in comparison with Aire KO mouse.

The expression of Fezf2 was found to be independent on Aire however, was found to be triggered also by the receptor of NF-κB signaling pathway, namely by LtβR.

The expression of Aire and Fezf2 was found to be upregulated after mTEC adhesion to developing T cells which points to the fact that functional PGE requires direct contact with T cells.

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abstract: There are 74 sites in the National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side, Chicago, out of more than 350 listings in the City of Chicago. The West Side is defined for this article as the area north of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, south of Fullerton Avenue, west of the Chicago River and east of the western city limits. One site, Logan Square Boulevards Historic District, spans a border and is included also in listings on the North Side. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Historic District extends through Cook County west of Chicago, DuPage County and Will County to Lockport.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago

There are 74 sites in the **National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side, Chicago,** out of more than 350 listings in the City of Chicago. The West Side is defined for this article as the area north of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, south of Fullerton Avenue, west of the Chicago River and east of the western city limits. One site, Logan Square Boulevards Historic District, spans a border and is included also in listings on the North Side. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Historic District extends through Cook County west of Chicago, DuPage County and Will County to Lockport.

## West Side Chicago listings on the National Register

The listed properties are distributed across 9 of the 77 well-defined community areas of Chicago.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | Neighborhood | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 7th District Police Station |  | May 2, 1996
(#96000515) | 943-949 W. Maxwell Street
41°51′52″N 87°39′02″W / 41.864444°N 87.650556°W / 41.864444; -87.650556 (7th District Police Station) | Near West Side | Built in 1888. Romanesque Revival police station that served in pacifying the "Bloody Maxwell" area from 1888 to 1988. |
| 2 | Austin Historic District |  | August 8, 1985
(#85001741) | Roughly bounded by W. Ohio Street, N. Waller Avenue, N. Parkside Avenue, W. West End Avenue, & N. Mayfield Avenue & W. Corcoran Place
41°53′12″N 87°46′12″W / 41.886667°N 87.77°W / 41.886667; -87.77 (Austin Historic District) | Austin |  |
| 3 | Austin Town Hall Park Historic District |  | November 15, 2006
(#06001015) | Roughly bounded by W. Lake Street, N. Central Avenue, N. Parkside Avenue, and W. Race Avenue
41°53′18″N 87°45′57″W / 41.888333°N 87.765833°W / 41.888333; -87.765833 (Austin Town Hall Park Historic District) | Austin |  |
| 4 | Automatic Electric Company Building |  | November 20, 2002
(#02001386) | 1001 W. Van Buren Street
41°52′35″N 87°39′08″W / 41.8763889°N 87.6522222°W / 41.8763889; -87.6522222 (Automatic Electric Company Building) | Near West Side |  |
| 5 | Building at 900 West Lake Street |  | February 12, 1999
(#99000163) | 900 W. Lake Street
41°53′09″N 87°39′00″W / 41.885833°N 87.65°W / 41.885833; -87.65 (Building at 900 West Lake Street) | Near West Side |  |
| 6 | Central Park Theater |  | August 10, 2005
(#05000873) | 3535 W. Roosevelt Road
41°51′59″N 87°42′26″W / 41.866389°N 87.707222°W / 41.866389; -87.707222 (Central Park Theater) | North Lawndale |  |
| 7 | Cermak Road Bridge Historic District |  | May 1, 2012
(#12000243) | W. Cermak Road. & the South Branch of the Chicago River
41°51′10″N 87°38′26″W / 41.852717°N 87.640522°W / 41.852717; -87.640522 (Cermak Road Bridge Historic District) | Lower West Side |  |
| 8 | Anton Cermak House |  | February 4, 2011
(#10001201) | 2348 S. Millard Avenue
41°50′54″N 87°42′59″W / 41.848333°N 87.716389°W / 41.848333; -87.716389 (Anton Cermak House) | South Lawndale | Former home of Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak |
| 9 | Chicago and North Western Railway Power House |  | December 10, 2004
(#04001306) | 211 N. Clinton Street
41°53′11″N 87°38′28″W / 41.886432°N 87.641183°W / 41.886432; -87.641183 (Chicago and North Western Railway Power House) | Near West Side |  |
| 10 | Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District |  | December 18, 2018
(#12000040) | Douglass Park, Gage, McKinley Park, Jackson Park, Sherman Park, Washington Park, Garfield Park & Humboldt Parks, E. Oakwood, S. Drexel Boulevards
Coordinates missing |  |  |
| 11 | Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Historic District |  | December 20, 2011
(#11000907) | Illinois Waterway miles 290.0-321.7
41°50′05″N 87°41′42″W / 41.834669°N 87.694889°W / 41.834669; -87.694889 (Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal Historic District) | Lower West Side and South Lawndale | part of the Illinois Waterway Navigation System Facilities MPS; extends through Cook County west of Chicago, DuPage County and Will County to Lockport |
| 12 | Chicago Telephone Company Kedzie Exchange |  | May 30, 2001
(#01000594) | 17 S. Homan Avenue
41°52′49″N 87°42′39″W / 41.880278°N 87.710833°W / 41.880278; -87.710833 (Chicago Telephone Company Kedzie Exchange) | East Garfield Park |  |
| 13 | Church of the Epiphany |  | February 5, 1998
(#98000067) | 201 S. Ashland Avenue
41°52′43″N 87°39′59″W / 41.878611°N 87.666389°W / 41.878611; -87.666389 (Church of the Epiphany) | Near West Side |  |
| 14 | Columbus Park |  | May 20, 1991
(#91000567) | 500 S. Central Avenue
41°52′28″N 87°46′10″W / 41.874444°N 87.769444°W / 41.874444; -87.769444 (Columbus Park) | Austin |  |
| 15 | Cook County Hospital Administration Building |  | November 8, 2006
(#06001017) | 1835 W. Harrison Street
41°52′33″N 87°40′22″W / 41.875833°N 87.672778°W / 41.875833; -87.672778 (Cook County Hospital Administration Building) | Near West Side |  |
| 16 | Creamery Package Manufacturing Company Building |  | November 8, 2011
(#11000778) | 1245 W. Washington Boulevard
41°52′58″N 87°39′30″W / 41.882778°N 87.658333°W / 41.882778; -87.658333 (Creamery Package Manufacturing Company Building) | Near West Side |  |
| 17 | Dawson Brothers Plant |  | February 14, 1985
(#85000265) | 517-519 N. Halsted Street
41°53′31″N 87°38′50″W / 41.891944°N 87.647222°W / 41.891944; -87.647222 (Dawson Brothers Plant) | West Town |  |
| 18 | East Village Historic District |  | December 8, 2009
(#09000459) | Bounded by W. Division Street, W. Chicago Avenue, N. Hermitage Avenue and N. Damen Avenue
41°53′59″N 87°40′26″W / 41.899633°N 87.673781°W / 41.899633; -87.673781 (East Village Historic District) | West Town |  |
| 19 | First Congregational Church of Austin |  | November 17, 1977
(#77000474) | 5701 W. Midway Park
41°53′19″N 87°46′05″W / 41.888611°N 87.768056°W / 41.888611; -87.768056 (First Congregational Church of Austin) | Austin |  |
| 20 | Lucy Flower Technical High School for Girls |  | May 8, 2017
(#100000960) | 3545 W. Fulton Boulevard
41°53′11″N 87°42′56″W / 41.886301°N 87.715442°W / 41.886301; -87.715442 (Lucy Flower Technical High School for Girls) | East Garfield Park |  |
| 21 | Jennie Foley Building |  | June 19, 1985
(#85001274) | 626-628 S. Racine Avenue
41°52′24″N 87°39′25″W / 41.873333°N 87.656944°W / 41.873333; -87.656944 (Jennie Foley Building) | Near West Side |  |
| 22 | Garfield Park |  | August 31, 1993
(#93000837) | 100 N. Central Park Avenue
41°53′11″N 87°42′58″W / 41.886389°N 87.716111°W / 41.886389; -87.716111 (Garfield Park) | East Garfield Park |  |
| 23 | Abraham Groesbeck House |  | February 4, 1993
(#92001841) | 1304 W. Washington Boulevard
41°52′59″N 87°39′36″W / 41.883056°N 87.66°W / 41.883056; -87.66 (Abraham Groesbeck House) | Near West Side |  |
| 24 | Guyon Hotel |  | May 9, 1985
(#85000966) | 4000 W. Washington Boulevard
41°52′55″N 87°43′35″W / 41.881944°N 87.726389°W / 41.881944; -87.726389 (Guyon Hotel) | West Garfield Park |  |
| 25 | Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral and Rectory |  | March 16, 1976
(#76000693) | 1117-1127 N. Leavitt Street
41°54′07″N 87°40′55″W / 41.901944°N 87.681944°W / 41.901944; -87.681944 (Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral and Rectory) | West Town |  |
| 26 | Home Bank and Trust Company |  | February 21, 2007
(#07000061) | 1200 N. Ashland Avenue
41°54′14″N 87°40′05″W / 41.903889°N 87.668056°W / 41.903889; -87.668056 (Home Bank and Trust Company) | West Town |  |
| 27 | Hull House |  | October 15, 1966
(#66000315) | 800 S. Halsted Street
41°52′17″N 87°38′49″W / 41.871389°N 87.646944°W / 41.871389; -87.646944 (Hull House) | Near West Side |  |
| 28 | Humboldt Park |  | February 20, 1992
(#92000074) | Roughly bounded by N. Sacramento Boulevard and W. Augusta Boulevard, and N. Kedzie Avenue, W. North Avenue and N. California Avenue and W. Division Street
41°54′12″N 87°42′10″W / 41.903333°N 87.702778°W / 41.903333; -87.702778 (Humboldt Park) | West Town |  |
| 29 | Immanuel Lutheran Church and Parsonage |  | April 15, 2024
(#100010215) | 1124-1134 S. Ashland Avenue
41°52′03″N 87°40′00″W / 41.8676°N 87.6666°W / 41.8676; -87.6666 (Immanuel Lutheran Church and Parsonage) | Near West Side |  |
| 30 | International Tailoring Company Building |  | April 18, 2008
(#07001474) | 847 W. Jackson Boulevard
41°52′40″N 87°38′57″W / 41.877706°N 87.649142°W / 41.877706; -87.649142 (International Tailoring Company Building) | Near West Side |  |
| 31 | Jewish People's Institute |  | November 15, 1978
(#78001122) | 3500 W. Douglas Boulevard
41°51′47″N 87°42′47″W / 41.863056°N 87.713056°W / 41.863056; -87.713056 (Jewish People's Institute) | North Lawndale |  |
| 32 | K-Town Historic District |  | September 9, 2010
(#10000724) | Bounded on the north by W. Cullerton Street; on the south by W. Cermak Road, on the west by S. Kostner Avenue, and on the east by S. Pulaski Road
41°51′11″N 87°43′47″W / 41.853056°N 87.729722°W / 41.853056; -87.729722 (K-Town Historic District) | North Lawndale |  |
| 33 | Patrick J. King House |  | February 10, 1983
(#83000311) | 3234 W. Washington Boulevard
41°52′58″N 87°42′27″W / 41.882778°N 87.7075°W / 41.882778; -87.7075 (Patrick J. King House) | East Garfield Park |  |
| 34 | Laramie State Bank Building |  | April 20, 2023
(#100008873) | 5200 W. Chicago Avenue
41°53′42″N 87°45′21″W / 41.8950°N 87.7558°W / 41.8950; -87.7558 (Laramie State Bank Building) | Austin |  |
| 35 | Henry E. Legler Regional Branch of the Chicago Public Library |  | November 6, 1986
(#86003169) | 115 S. Pulaski Road
41°52′46″N 87°43′31″W / 41.879444°N 87.725278°W / 41.879444; -87.725278 (Henry E. Legler Regional Branch of the Chicago Public Library) | West Garfield Park |  |
| 36 | Lindemann and Hoverson Company Showroom and Warehouse |  | November 26, 2008
(#08001095) | 2620 W. Washington Boulevard
41°52′59″N 87°41′31″W / 41.882944°N 87.692056°W / 41.882944; -87.692056 (Lindemann and Hoverson Company Showroom and Warehouse) | East Garfield Park |  |
| 37 | Logan Square Boulevards Historic District |  | November 20, 1985
(#85002901) | W. Logan Boulevard, Logan Square, N. Kedzie Boulevard, Palmer Square, and N. Humboldt Boulevard
41°55′16″N 87°42′16″W / 41.92112°N 87.704385°W / 41.92112; -87.704385 (Logan Square Boulevards Historic District) | Logan Square | Three boulevards connected by two parks, on both the North Side and West Sides. |
| 38 | Lou Mitchell's Restaurant |  | May 5, 2006
(#06000376) | 565 W. Jackson Boulevard
41°52′38″N 87°38′30″W / 41.877222°N 87.641667°W / 41.877222; -87.641667 (Lou Mitchell's Restaurant) | Near West Side |  |
| 39 | Mid-City Trust and Savings Bank |  | August 23, 2023
(#100009254) | 801 W. Madison Street
41°52′54″N 87°38′51″W / 41.8817°N 87.6475°W / 41.8817; -87.6475 (Mid-City Trust and Savings Bank) | Near West Side |  |
| 40 | Midwest Athletic Club |  | October 18, 1984
(#84000138) | 6 N. Hamlin Avenue
41°52′52″N 87°43′16″W / 41.881111°N 87.721111°W / 41.881111; -87.721111 (Midwest Athletic Club) | West Garfield Park |  |
| 41 | John Lothrop Motley School |  | September 5, 2017
(#100001562) | 739 N. Ada Street
41°53′44″N 87°39′40″W / 41.895467°N 87.661124°W / 41.895467; -87.661124 (John Lothrop Motley School) | West Town |  |
| 42 | Notre Dame de Chicago |  | March 7, 1979
(#79000826) | 1338 W. Flournoy Street
41°52′24″N 87°39′39″W / 41.873333°N 87.660833°W / 41.873333; -87.660833 (Notre Dame de Chicago) | Near West Side |  |
| 43 | Otis Elevator Company Factory Building |  | November 26, 2008
(#08001097) | 1435 W. 15th Street and 1501 S. Laflin Street
41°51′41″N 87°39′44″W / 41.861444°N 87.662278°W / 41.861444; -87.662278 (Otis Elevator Company Factory Building) | Near West Side |  |
| 44 | Elizabeth Peabody School |  | December 26, 2017
(#100001923) | 1444 W. Augusta Boulevard
41°53′59″N 87°39′50″W / 41.899831°N 87.663755°W / 41.899831; -87.663755 (Elizabeth Peabody School) | West Town |  |
| 45 | Pilsen Historic District |  | February 1, 2006
(#10240018) | Roughly bounded by W. 16th Street, W. Cermak Road, S. Halsted Street and S. Western Avenue
41°51′14″N 87°40′13″W / 41.853889°N 87.670278°W / 41.853889; -87.670278 (Pilsen Historic District) | Lower West Side |  |
| 46 | Pioneer Trust and Savings Bank |  | September 21, 2023
(#100009372) | 4000 W. North Avenue
41°54′36″N 87°43′35″W / 41.9100°N 87.7265°W / 41.9100; -87.7265 (Pioneer Trust and Savings Bank) | Humboldt Park |  |
| 47 | Polish National Alliance Headquarters |  | December 23, 2014
(#14001063) | 1514-1520 W. Division Street
41°54′12″N 87°39′57″W / 41.9034°N 87.6658°W / 41.9034; -87.6658 (Polish National Alliance Headquarters) | West Town |  |
| 48 | Polish Roman Catholic Union of America |  | January 2, 2013
(#12001114) | 984 N. Milwaukee Avenue
41°53′58″N 87°39′40″W / 41.899582°N 87.661141°W / 41.899582; -87.661141 (Polish Roman Catholic Union of America) | West Town |  |
| 49 | Produce Terminal Cold Storage Company Building |  | June 22, 2003
(#03000538) | 1550 S. Blue Island Avenue
41°51′38″N 87°39′35″W / 41.860610°N 87.659609°W / 41.860610; -87.659609 (Produce Terminal Cold Storage Company Building) | Near West Side |  |
| 50 | Pulaski Park and Fieldhouse |  | August 13, 1981
(#81000217) | 1419 W. Blackhawk Street
41°54′21″N 87°39′47″W / 41.905833°N 87.663056°W / 41.905833; -87.663056 (Pulaski Park and Fieldhouse) | West Town |  |
| 51 | Pyle-National Company Plant |  | January 19, 2021
(#100006017) | 1334 N. Kostner Avenue
41°54′21″N 87°44′11″W / 41.9057°N 87.7363°W / 41.9057; -87.7363 (Pyle-National Company Plant) | Humboldt Park |  |
| 52 | Royalton Hotel |  | September 5, 2024
(#100010782) | 1810 W. Jackson Boulevard
41°52′39″N 87°40′20″W / 41.8776°N 87.6722°W / 41.8776; -87.6722 (Royalton Hotel) |  |  |
| 53 | St. Ignatius College |  | November 17, 1977
(#77000480) | 1076 W. Roosevelt Road
41°52′03″N 87°39′06″W / 41.8675°N 87.651667°W / 41.8675; -87.651667 (St. Ignatius College) | Near West Side |  |
| 54 | St. Matthew Evangelical Lutheran School |  | January 27, 2000
(#99001710) | 2101-2107 W. 21st Street
41°51′13″N 87°40′43″W / 41.853611°N 87.678611°W / 41.853611; -87.678611 (St. Matthew Evangelical Lutheran School) | Lower West Side |  |
| 55 | St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church |  | July 15, 1977
(#77000481) | 718 W. Adams Street
41°52′45″N 87°38′40″W / 41.879167°N 87.644444°W / 41.879167; -87.644444 (St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church) | Near West Side |  |
| 56 | Schoenhofen Brewery Historic District |  | December 27, 1978
(#78001128) | Roughly bounded by W. 16th Street, W. 18th Street, S. Canal Street, and S. Clinton Street
41°51′31″N 87°38′22″W / 41.858611°N 87.639444°W / 41.858611; -87.639444 (Schoenhofen Brewery Historic District) | Lower West Side |  |
| 57 | Sears, Roebuck and Company Complex |  | June 2, 1978
(#78001129) | 925 S. Homan Avenue
41°52′10″N 87°42′42″W / 41.869444°N 87.711667°W / 41.869444; -87.711667 (Sears, Roebuck and Company Complex) | North Lawndale |  |
| 58 | Shedd Park Fieldhouse |  | December 30, 1974
(#74000755) | 3660 W. 23rd Street
41°51′01″N 87°43′01″W / 41.850278°N 87.716944°W / 41.850278; -87.716944 (Shedd Park Fieldhouse) | South Lawndale |  |
| 59 | J. P. Smith Shoe Company Plant |  | November 14, 1985
(#85002842) | 685 N. Sangamon Avenue and 911 W. Huron Street
41°53′41″N 87°39′03″W / 41.894722°N 87.650833°W / 41.894722; -87.650833 (J. P. Smith Shoe Company Plant) | West Town |  |
| 60 | South Water Market |  | August 20, 2004
(#04000870) | Bounded by W. 14th Place, the 16th Street rail embankment, S. Racine Avenue, and S. Morgan Street
41°51′42″N 87°39′15″W / 41.861667°N 87.654167°W / 41.861667; -87.654167 (South Water Market) | Near West Side |  |
| 61 | Stone Temple Baptist Church |  | December 21, 2022
(#100008484) | 3622 W. Douglas Boulevard
41°51′46″N 87°42′59″W / 41.8629°N 87.7163°W / 41.8629; -87.7163 (Stone Temple Baptist Church) | North Lawndale |  |
| 62 | Storkline Furniture Corporation Factory |  | March 6, 2013
(#13000049) | 4400-4418 W. 26th Street
41°50′42″N 87°44′05″W / 41.844873°N 87.734741°W / 41.844873; -87.734741 (Storkline Furniture Corporation Factory) | South Lawndale | Destroyed in a fire in 2016. |
| 63 | Story-Camp Rowhouses |  | May 8, 1980
(#80001351) | 1526-1528 W. Monroe Street
41°52′48″N 87°39′57″W / 41.88°N 87.665833°W / 41.88; -87.665833 (Story-Camp Rowhouses) | Near West Side |  |
| 64 | Third Church of Christ, Scientist |  | October 24, 2016
(#16000733) | 2151 W. Washington Boulevard
41°52′59″N 87°40′53″W / 41.883021°N 87.681288°W / 41.883021; -87.681288 (Third Church of Christ, Scientist) | Near West Side |  |
| 65 | Tri-Taylor Historic District |  | March 3, 1983
(#83000315) | Roughly bounded by S. Claremont Avenue, W. Harrison Street, S. Oakley Avenue, W. Polk Street, W. Ogden Avenue, and W. Roosevelt Road; also roughly bounded on the north by Oakley, Harrison, and Claremont Streets, and on the southeast by Taylor and Oakley Streets
41°52′13″N 87°41′00″W / 41.870278°N 87.683333°W / 41.870278; -87.683333 (Tri-Taylor Historic District) | Near West Side | Second set of boundaries represents a boundary increase of February 3, 1988 |
| 66 | Union Park Congregational Church and Carpenter Chapel |  | May 31, 2006
(#06000446) | 1613 W. Washington Boulevard
41°53′06″N 87°40′03″W / 41.885°N 87.6675°W / 41.885; -87.6675 (Union Park Congregational Church and Carpenter Chapel) | Near West Side | Now known as First Baptist Congregational Church; built in 1871; severely damaged in the February 2, 2011 blizzard |
| 67 | Union Park Hotel |  | June 7, 2010
(#10000309) | 1519-1521 W. Warren Boulevard
41°52′56″N 87°39′58″W / 41.882117°N 87.666117°W / 41.882117; -87.666117 (Union Park Hotel) | Near West Side |  |
| 68 | United States Customs House |  | August 4, 2016
(#16000492) | 610 S. Canal Street
41°52′27″N 87°38′23″W / 41.874032°N 87.639589°W / 41.874032; -87.639589 (United States Customs House) | Near West Side |  |
| 69 | United States Post Office-Chicago |  | August 16, 2001
(#01000868) | 433 W. Van Buren Street
41°52′34″N 87°38′19″W / 41.876111°N 87.638611°W / 41.876111; -87.638611 (United States Post Office-Chicago) | Near West Side |  |
| 70 | Joseph J. Walser House |  | April 23, 2013
(#13000185) | 42 N. Central Avenue
41°52′54″N 87°45′55″W / 41.881528°N 87.765286°W / 41.881528; -87.765286 (Joseph J. Walser House) | Austin | Frank Lloyd Wright, 1903 |
| 71 | Seth Warner House |  | June 3, 1982
(#82002531) | 631 N. Central Avenue
41°53′31″N 87°45′54″W / 41.891944°N 87.765°W / 41.891944; -87.765 (Seth Warner House) | Austin |  |
| 72 | West Jackson Boulevard District |  | May 19, 1978
(#78001134) | Roughly bounded by S. Laflin Avenue, S. Ashland Avenue, W. Adams Street, and W. Van Buren Street; also 1513 W. Adams Street
41°52′39″N 87°39′55″W / 41.8775°N 87.665278°W / 41.8775; -87.665278 (West Jackson Boulevard District) | Near West Side | Second set of boundaries represents a boundary increase of October 19, 1989 |
| 73 | Wholesale Florists Exchange |  | November 22, 2011
(#11000849) | 1313 W. Randolph Street
41°53′03″N 87°39′34″W / 41.884167°N 87.659444°W / 41.884167; -87.659444 (Wholesale Florists Exchange) | Near West Side |  |
| 74 | Wicker Park Historic District |  | June 20, 1979
(#79000831) | Roughly bounded by N. Wood Street, W. Crystal Street, N. Caton Street, N. Claremont Avenue and W. North Avenue
41°54′26″N 87°40′20″W / 41.907222°N 87.672222°W / 41.907222; -87.672222 (Wicker Park Historic District) | West Town |  |

## Former listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Date removed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Francisco Terrace Apartments |  | March 26, 1973
(#73002260) | January 28, 1974 | 257 N. Francisco Avenue
 | East Garfield Park | Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Although it was demolished in 1974, the facade was moved to Oak Park in 1977. |
| 2 | Scoville Building |  | July 31, 1973
(#73002261) | March 15, 1975 | 625 W. Washington Street
 | Near West Side | Demolished |

## Key

|  | NRHP-listed |
| --- | --- |
|  | NRHP-listed Historic district |
| ***** | National Historic Landmark and NRHP-listed |
|  | National Historic Landmark and NRHP-listed Historic district |


title: Vincenzo Petagna

abstract: Vincenzo Petagna was an Italian biologist, physician and entomologist. He was appointed as director of the small botanical garden pertaining to the Monastery of Santa Maria di Monte Oliveto in central Naples. He was also the teacher of Antonio Savaresi. The plant Petagnaea gussonei has been named after him.

text:
# Vincenzo Petagna

**Vincenzo Petagna** (Naples, 17 January 1734 – 6 October 1810) was an Italian biologist, physician and entomologist. He was appointed as director of the small botanical garden pertaining to the Monastery of Santa Maria di Monte Oliveto (associated with the church now known as Sant'Anna dei Lombardi) in central Naples. He was also the teacher of Antonio Savaresi. The plant *Petagnaea gussonei* has been named after him.

## Life

Vincenzo Petagna was born in Naples on 17 January 1734; his father was Antonino Petagna, while his mother was Orsola Cuomo; his parents were described as "honest and fearful parents". As a boy, he first studied at the Jesuits, where he learned Latin. He later also studied philosophy and medicine and graduated in medicine at about the age of 20. Later, animated by interest in medicine, he followed a course of *medicina-pratica* taught by Luigi Visone.

In 1770, after he met the prince of Kaunitz, minister plenipotentiary of the court of Vienna in Naples, he traveled with him in Austria and he took the opportunity to visit also Germany and Western Italy. The trip allowed him to come into contact with important scholars from other countries and this, unlike other scholars of the Kingdom of Naples, granted him a greater notoriety abroad.

Back in Naples, he began to prepare his private collection of natural history, especially the section on insects. Then he had to go to Palermo in order to visit Marquis President Airoldi, and, once there, he took the chance to study Sicilian vegetation. Once back, he was assigned to teach botany at the Royal University of Naples, becoming *professore interinale*. Later, the position was confirmed, and he became a tenured professor. In his role as a professor, he was known for his kindness and courtesy towards students, and he managed successfully to teach them the properties of medicinal herbs.

In the preface of his work - *Institutiones Botanicae* \- Petagna stated that he had learnt a lot inside the botanical garden of Pietro Sanseverino (a nobleman of Chiaromonte), and that he had been assisted by his talented assistant Giulio Candida.

He was a member of the Royal Institute of Encouragement to Natural Sciences of Naples and of many other academies. He was also a member of the Real Deputation of Health.

His only wish, according to the sources, was to have a sufficiently large botanical garden, but he was barely allowed to have a small one in the center of the previous Monastery of Monteoliveto, Naples . He died on 6 October 1810, perhaps in Naples. According to the sources, he was also a devoted Catholic.

## Works

* Vincenzo Petagna (1785). *Institutiones botanicae - Tomus I - De philosophica botanica* (in Latin). Porcelli.
* Vincenzo Petagna (1787). *Specimen insectorum ulterioris Calabriae* (in Latin). Varrentrapp et Venner.
* Vincenzo Petagna (1792). *Institutiones entomologicae* (in Latin). Gaetano Raimondi.
* Vincenzo Petagna (1796). *Delle facultà delle piante* (in Italian). Gaetano Raimondi.
* Vitangelo Bisceglia; Vincenzo Petagna. *Alla scoperta delle cause che procurano il tetano e il torcimento di collo delle pecore*.

### Works by Petagna's pupil Giulio Candida

## Bibliography

The standard author abbreviation Petagna is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.          1. International Plant Names Index. *Petagna*.

## InfoBox

| Vincenzo Petagna | |
| --- | --- |
| Vincenzo Petagna | |
| Born | (1734-01-17)17 January 1734
Naples, Kingdom of Naples |
| Died | 6 October 1810(1810-10-06) (aged 76)
probably Naples |
| Occupation(s) | botanist, agronomist, professor |


title: Premera Blue Cross

abstract: Premera Blue Cross is a not-for-profit Blue Cross Blue Shield licensed health insurance company based in Mountlake Terrace, Washington, United States. It sells health insurance plans under the Blue Cross license in Washington state except Clark County and under both of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield licenses in Alaska. The company provides health insurance and related services to approximately 2 million people. Premera Blue Cross has operated in Washington since 1945, and in Alaska since 1957. Premera Blue Cross is an independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association.

text:
# Premera Blue Cross

**Premera Blue Cross** is a not-for-profit Blue Cross Blue Shield licensed health insurance company based in Mountlake Terrace, Washington, United States. It sells health insurance plans under the Blue Cross license in Washington state except Clark County and under both of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield licenses in Alaska.

The company provides health insurance and related services to approximately 2 million people. Premera Blue Cross has operated in Washington since 1945, and in Alaska since 1957. Premera Blue Cross is an independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association.

## History

Premera was founded as Washington Hospital Service in 1933, and began operating in Alaska in 1957. In 1969, the company's name was changed to Blue Cross of Washington and Alaska.

In June 1998, Blue Cross of Washington and Alaska merged with Spokane's Medical Service Corporation under the name Premera Blue Cross.

In 2002, Premera's executives first informed Washington commissioner Mike Kreidler of their intent to convert from a non-profit to a for-profit joint-stock company. After five years, the request was officially ended on March 5, 2007.

In October 2009, Premera waived deductible or co-pay for 2009-H1N1 vaccine fees for its fully insured members.

On February 9, 2012 the Seattle Times published an article alleging non-profit insurance outfits, including Regence, Premera and Group Health, were stockpiling billions of dollars in reserves while increasing their rates at the same time.

In October 2014, Jeff Roe replaced Gubby Barlow as CEO of Premera.

On May 5, 2015, Premera experienced a security breach, possibly leaking the private information of 11 million of its members. On July 11, 2019, Premera reached a settlement to pay $10.4 million over its failure to secure sensitive consumer data following the breach in 2015.

In 2019, the company's board, according to the NAIC Quarterly Statement, included Connie Renee Collingsworth, a member of the leadership team of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and John E. Jenrette, an executive at Cedars-Sinai.

In response to the COVID-19 crisis in 2020, Premera offered advance payments to health care providers amounting up to $100 million.

## InfoBox

Premera Blue Cross
|
|  |
| Company type | Not-for-profit organization |
| Industry | Health Insurance |
| Predecessor | Washington Hospital Service, Medical Service Corporation, Blue Cross of Washington and Alaska |
| Founded | 1933 |
| Headquarters | Mountlake Terrace, Washington, United States |
| Area served | Primarily Alaska, Oregon and Washington |
| Products | Health Insurance |
| Number of employees | 3,200 |
| Parent | Blue Cross Blue Shield Association |
| Subsidiaries | LifeWise of Oregon
LifeWise of Washington
LifeWise Assurance Company
Calypso Healthcare Solutions
Vivacity
Connexion Insurance (formally Ucentris) |
| Website | www.premera.com |


title: Niko Lekishvili

abstract: Nikoloz "Niko" Lekishvili is a Georgian politician, former State Minister (Georgia) and Mayor of Tbilisi, member of the Parliament of Georgia.

text:
# Niko Lekishvili

**Nikoloz "Niko" Lekishvili** (Georgian: ნიკოლოზ \[ნიკო\] ლეკიშვილი; born 20 April 1947) is a Georgian politician, former State Minister (Georgia) and Mayor of Tbilisi, member of the Parliament of Georgia.

## Early years

Lekishvili was born on 20 April 1947 in Tbilisi, Georgia. He graduated from Georgian Polytechnic Institute with a degree in Heat and Energy Engineering (High Temperature Physics) in 1971. He then started working for the same institute as a scientific associate and senior scientific associate of the High Temperature Physics Department from 1971 through 1972. In 1972-1973, he was the instructor of Tbilisi City Komsomol Committee. In 1973-1974, he was the secretary and then the first secretary of the Pervomaysky District Komsomol Committee in Tbilisi. From 1974 through 1977, he worked as the secretary and the first secretary of Tbilisi City Komsomol Committee. Starting from 1977 until 1990, he held supervisory positions in Georgia's Communist Party and Soviet government bodies, serving as the second and the first secretary of the Party Committee of Pervomaysky District and then as the district's Chairman of the Executive Committee from 1977 through 1989, and as second and first secretary of the Party Committee from 1989 through 1990. In the midst of his governmental activities, he also graduated from Moscow Economy Academy in 1988.

At the end of 1990, Lekishvili founded *Galo G.M. Co Ltd*, merging it with *Kavkasioni Co Ltd* in 1991, which was then restructured and incorporated into *Coca Cola Bottlers, Georgia*. In 1994, Lekishvili family took control of the management of the company.

## Political career

In 1990, Lekishvili was elected the Chairman of the City Executive Committee of Tbilisi and in 1990-1991 served as the Deputy Chairman of Supreme Council of Georgia. From January through November 1992, he served as the State Advisor to the Cabinet of Georgia. He was then elected deputy to the Parliament of Georgia during 1992 parliamentary elections, serving as an MP until November 1995. From September until October 1993, he was the representative of the Prime Minister of Georgia. In October 1993, he was appointed Mayor of Tbilisi. On 8 December 1995 he was appointed Prime Minister of Georgia by President Eduard Shevardnadze. As a result of criticism by the government over economic policies and the issue of Abkhazia, Lekishvili resigned from his post on 26 July 1998. Lekishvili was then re-elected to the parliament and was a member of Regional Politics and Local Government Committee. He was the leader of *Majority* coalition in the parliament since 1999 and one of the leaders of Citizen's Union of Georgia. Until late 2004, he chaired the Economic Policy Committee of the parliament. After the Rose Revolution in 2004, Lekishvili left the parliament.

Lekishvili is married and has two daughters.

## InfoBox

| Nikoloz Lekishvili | |
| --- | --- |
| ნიკოლოზ ლეკიშვილი | |
|  | |
| State Minister of Georgia | |
| **In office**
8 December 1995  26 July 1998 | |
| President | Eduard Shevardnadze |
| Preceded by | Position established; Otar Patsatsia as the Prime minister of Georgia |
| Succeeded by | Vazha Lortkipanidze |
| Mayor of Tbilisi | |
| **In office**
16 October 1993  8 December 1995 | |
| Preceded by | Konstantine Gabashvili |
| Succeeded by | Badri Shoshitaishvili |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-04-20) 20 April 1947
Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union |
|  | |


title: Palazzo San Giorgio, Reggio Emilia

abstract: The Palazzo San Giorgio is a palace with a main facade located on Via Farini #3, across from the church of San Giorgio in the historic center of the town of Reggio Emilia in Italy. it presently houses one of the properties of the town library: Biblioteca Municipale Panizzi. In the early 18th century, a building on the site, was originally commissioned by the Jesuit order to house a school and college. In 1773, when the Jesuits were suppressed in the Duchy, the palace became property of the Canons Regular from the parish of Santissimi Salvatore, and still was used as a school.

text:
# Palazzo San Giorgio, Reggio Emilia

The **Palazzo San Giorgio** is a palace with a main facade located on Via Farini #3, across from the church of San Giorgio in the historic center of the town of Reggio Emilia in Italy. it presently houses one of the properties of the town library: Biblioteca Municipale Panizzi.

In the early 18th century, a building on the site, was originally commissioned by the Jesuit order to house a school and college. In 1773, when the Jesuits were suppressed in the Duchy, the palace became property of the Canons Regular from the parish of Santissimi Salvatore, and still was used as a school.

44°41′47″N 10°37′45″E / 44.69650°N 10.62930°E / 44.69650; 10.62930


title: In i dimman

abstract: "In i dimman" is a Swedish-language song by Swedish hip hop duo Medina, released as a single on 26 February 2022. It was performed in Melodifestivalen 2022 and made it to the final on 12 March 2022, where it finished third.

text:
# In i dimman

"**In i dimman**" (Swedish: \[ˈɪnː  ˈdɪ̂mːan\]; transl."Into the fog") is a Swedish-language song by Swedish hip hop duo Medina, released as a single on 26 February 2022. It was performed in Melodifestivalen 2022 and made it to the final on 12 March 2022, where it finished third.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for "In i dimman"
| Chart (2022) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 2 |

### Year-end charts

Year-end chart performance for "In i dimman"
| Chart (2022) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 13 |

## InfoBox

| "In i dimman" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Medina | |
| Released | 26 February 2022 (2022-02-26) |
| Length | 2:53 |
| Label | Giant |
| Songwriter(s) | * Jimmy Thörnfeldt * Sami Rekik * Dino Medanhodzic * Ali Jammali |


abstract: This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of New South Wales, a former British colony now part of Australia.

text:
# Postage stamps and postal history of New South Wales

This is a survey of the **postage stamps and postal history of New South Wales**, a former British colony now part of Australia.

## Pre-stamp era

New South Wales was the first part of Australia to be settled by Europeans, and the first to operate a postal service, which in 1803 was carrying letters between Sydney and Parramatta for a 2d charge. In 1809 a collecting office in Sydney was established to receive mail from passing ships, and in 1825 the postal service was expanded. Mail coach service began in 1830, and in 1835 a new Postage Act superseded the 1825 statute and set rates based on weight and distance travelled.

The postmaster of the time, James Raymond, was in communication with Rowland Hill in England and worked to encourage the prepayment of letters in NSW. In 1838, Raymond introduced envelopes embossed with the seal of the colony, and available for local mail for 1¼ pence each instead of the 2d charged letters paid for in cash. They are thus regarded as precursors of the Penny Black. However, the envelopes were not popular, and in 1841 Raymond was unable to develop official interest in postage stamps for the colony.

## First stamps

In 1842 regular mail service was carried by steamer between Melbourne and Sydney, and the first mail packet from Britain arrived in 1844. An act of 1848 reformed the postal system and authorised the use of stamps; the first stamps appeared on 1 January 1850. They were locally produced, and depicted a scene of Sydney and its harbour, thus becoming known as the "Sydney Views". The 1d, 2d, and 3d stamps were separately engraved, and then re-engraved and retouched over the next year, yielding dozens of varieties.

In 1851 the colony switched to a more conventional design, a profile of Queen Victoria wearing a laurel wreath, first in a somewhat crude rendition, then a better one in 1853. The colony also took the unusual step of using paper watermarked with the denomination, a practice that resulted in a number of mismatches between watermark and printed denomination that are rare and highly prized today.

In 1854 the colony issued 6d and 1/- stamps printed locally, from plates engraved by Perkins Bacon in England. These were large square stamps with the standard profile of Victoria wearing a diadem, framed with a hexagon and octagon respectively. The designs were reused for 5d and 8d in 1855.

In 1856 a Perkins Bacon design was also adopted for the lower values as well. The inking of all these was highly variable, and there are dozens of distinct colour varieties. The use of perforation began in 1860; unfortunately for collectors, the stamps were very closely spaced, the perforating process not well controlled, and it is unusual to find stamps from before 1899 where the perforation does not touch or cut into the design on one or more sides.

The first 5-shilling stamp was issued in 1861, and it was notable for being a round design resembling a medallion. In 1861, new designs were created by De La Rue and printed both in London and the colony.

In 1871 a watermark reading "NSW" surmounted by a crown began to replace the numerals, and in 1885 a need for high-values prompted the overprinting of 5/-, 10/-, and one-pound revenue stamps with "POSTAGE".

New South Wales celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1888 with an issue of what is widely considered to be the first commemorative stamps. The set of eight, each with a different design, were all inscribed "ONE HUNDRED YEARS". Among the designs were a view of Sydney, an emu, Captain Cook, a lyrebird, and a kangaroo. The 20/- value included portraits of both Arthur Phillip the first governor, and the then-governor Lord Carrington.

A 2½d stamp depicting an allegorical figure of Australia appeared in 1890, while ½d, 7½d, and 12½d values were produced in 1891 as surcharges on existing stamps.

In 1897 two early semi-postal stamps were issued, paying 1d and 2½d rates, but sold for 1/- and 2/6 respectively, the additional proceeds going to a Consumptives' Home. In the same year a set of three stamps marked Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.

The formation of the Commonwealth had no immediate effect on the NSW postal system. Although the new constitution granted the commonwealth power to run a national postal service, unification was not immediate. The systems gradually merged during the 1900s. In 1903 a 9d stamp in two colors (brown and blue) was inscribed "COMMONWEALTH" and mentioned the initials of each member along with its year of founding. In 1905 the stamps began to be printed on paper watermarked with a crown and the letter "A", with reprintings of existing designs occurring into 1910.

In 1913 the stamps of New South Wales were superseded by those of Australia.

Most of the stamps of New South Wales are readily available today, but it is somewhat complex to collect; there are a dozen types of watermarks, multiple perforations, and numerous colour shades. While the Scott catalog distinguishes about 200 major types, it calls out many more minor varieties, and the Stanley Gibbons catalog totals some 400 distinct varieties.

## Numeral cancellations

Numeral cancellations on New South Wales postage stamps are also of interest to collectors. Ninety-six post offices had already been opened when the first postage stamps were issued on 1 January 1850. Numeral obliterators were allocated to these post offices to cancel stamps on outgoing mail. Sydney itself had no number and used dumb obliterators. The first allotment of numbers was based on the pattern of roads radiating outward from Sydney.

Numerals and obliterators continued to be allocated to opening post offices up to the beginning of 1904 with 2099 (Toolijooa) probably the last number assigned. The patterns of allocation provide a way of tracking the history of settlement of the state, although made complex by re-allocations as post offices closed or jurisdiction was transferred, as happened when Queensland became a separate colony.

Larger post offices also impressed a date-stamp on covers with the name of the originating office. This means that covers or stamps torn from covers or pairs of stamps can be used to tie numbers to mailing offices where official records are missing. Even so, as many as 300 New South Wales numbers are still untied.

There can be many variations of numeral cancellations depending on the type of obliterator used. The first obliterators allocated had horizontal bars. These were followed by "ray" types. The colour of the ink used might also vary. The Sydney obliterators also exist in many variations.

Most collectors of numerical cancellations ignore the stamp itself, which may appear upside-down or sideways in albums or stock cards.

## Postal stationery

New South Wales issued its own postal stationery until the Commonwealth of Australia stationery was made available in 1911. Envelopes were issued in 1838 for local use within Sydney, New South Wales and were used till 1857. Between 1870 and 1911 eleven different envelopes were produced and issued. Registration envelopes were first made available to the public in 1880 and a total of 14 different were produced. Newspaper wrappers were available from 1864, New South Wales being the second postal administration after the United States to issue newspaper wrappers. A total of 12 different wrappers are known. Letter cards were in use from 1894 and a total of 11 different letter cards were produced. Postcards were available from 1875 and, by the time the Australian Commonwealth postcards were introduced, New South Wales had produced a total of 34 different items.

## References and sources

References Sources * Andrew Houison, *History of the Post Office: together with an historical account of the issue of postage stamps in New South Wales,* Sydney, Government Printer, 1890.
* Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues
* The Encyclopaedia of Postal Authorities
* Stuart Rossiter & John Flower: *The Stamp Atlas*
* Alan G. Brown & Hugh M. Campbell: *New South Wales Numeral Cancellations*, 2nd ed., 1977
* H.M. Campbell: *Australian Numeral Cancellations: A Compendium*, 1983
* Hugh M. Campbell: *Queensland Postal History and Australian Numerical Cancellations. Supplements*, 1997

## Further reading

* Houison, Andrew. *History of the Post Office, together with an historical account of the issue of postage stamps in New South Wales.* Sydney: C. Potter, Government Printer, 1890.


title: Mikheil Kajaia

abstract: Mikheil Kajaia is a Georgian-born Serbian Greco-Roman wrestler.

text:
# Mikheil Kajaia

**Mikheil Kajaia** (Georgian: მიხეილ ქაჯაია; Serbian: Михаил Каџаја, *Mihail Kadžaja*; born 21 July 1989) is a Georgian-born Serbian Greco-Roman wrestler.

## Career

Representing Georgia, Kajaia participated in the 2013 Summer Universiade and he won the bronze medal in the 96 kg event. He was part of the Georgian Wrestling Team at the 2015 European Games but lost to Italian Daigoro Timoncini at the 1/8 finals.

In 2017, Kajaia started to wrestle for Serbia. He entered the 2017 European Wrestling Championships in Novi Sad, Serbia but defeated by the Olympic champion Artur Aleksanyan in the second round. One year later, he won his first European medal, a silver, in Kaspiysk, Russia. He reached the final at 97 kg but lost to Artur Aleksanyan again with a score of 0-7. At the 2018 Mediterranean Games in Tarragona, Spain, he lost to the eventual champion, Frenchman Mélonin Noumonvi, in the semifinals but still successfully grabbed a bronze medal. Kajaia later won his first world bronze medal in Budapest, Hungary. In the bronze-medal match, Kajaia faced former world champion and home favourite Balázs Kiss. Kajaia trailed 0-3 after the first period but managed a turnaround by winning on criteria with a four-point arm throw. In April 2021, he competed in the 97 kg event at the 2021 European Wrestling Championships held in Warsaw, Poland.

He competed in the men's 97 kg event at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan.

In 2022, he competed at the Matteo Pellicone Ranking Series 2022 held in Rome, Italy. He competed in the 97 kg event at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia.

He competed at the 2024 European Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament in Baku, Azerbaijan hoping to qualify for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. He was eliminated in his third match and he did not qualify for the Olympics. Kajaia also competed at the 2024 World Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament held in Istanbul, Turkey without qualifying for the Olympics. He was able to compete at the Olympics and he competed in the 97 kg event.

## InfoBox

Mikheil Kajaia
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 21 July 1989 (1989-07-21) (age 35)
Tskaltubo, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 97 kg (214 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Georgia (2010–2017)
Serbia (2017–) |
| Sport | Wrestling |
| Event | Greco-Roman |
| Medal record      Men's Greco-Roman wrestling  Representing  Serbia  World Championships  2018 Budapest 97 kg  2019 Nur-Sultan 97 kg  European Championships  2018 Kaspiysk 97 kg  2023 Zagreb 97 kg  Mediterranean Games  2018 Tarragona 97 kg  Representing  Georgia  Summer Universiade  2013 Kazan 96 kg | |


title: Prosotas

abstract: Prosotas is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae erected by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1891. The species of this genus are found on New Guinea in the Australasian realm and the Indomalayan realm. An overview is provided by Hsu and Yen.

text:
# Prosotas

***Prosotas*** is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae erected by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1891. The species of this genus are found on New Guinea in the Australasian realm and the Indomalayan realm. An overview is provided by Hsu and Yen.

## Species

Species in alphabetical order:

* Savela, Markku (November 29, 2018). "*Prosotas* Druce, 1891". *Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms*. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
* "Taxonomy Browser: *Prosotas*". *Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD)*. Retrieved December 16, 2019. With images.
* Media related to *Prosotas* at Wikimedia Commons
* Data related to *Prosotas* at Wikispecies

## Further reading

* French Wikipedia has more information about this genus at fr:Prosotas

## InfoBox

| *Prosotas* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Common lineblue (*Prosotas nora*) in Hyderabad, India | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Subfamily: | Polyommatinae |
| Tribe: | Polyommatini |
| Genus: | *Prosotas*<br>H. H. Druce, 1891 |
|


title: Pramod Agrahari

abstract: Pramod Agrahari is a Nepali actor. He made his film debut from movie Uma. He is known for his films namely White Sun, Gangster Blues, Katha Kathmandu etc. He is the highest paid actor in the Nepalese film industry.

text:
# Pramod Agrahari

**Pramod Agrahari** (Nepali :प्रमोद अग्रहरि ) is a Nepali actor. He made his film debut from movie Uma. He is known for his films namely White Sun, Gangster Blues, Katha Kathmandu etc. He is the highest paid actor in the Nepalese film industry.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Uma | Vineet |  |
| 2014 | Suntali | Bajrang |  |
| 2015 | Chankhe Shankhe Pankhe | Police officer |  |
| 2016 | White Sun | Police officer |  |
| 2016 | Chhakka Panja | Baba Masta Mola |  |
| 2017 | Gangster Blues | Afzal |  |
| 2017 | Dui Rupaiyan | Police officer |  |
| 2018 | Katha Kathmandu | Saurav |  |
| 2019 | Xira | Raja |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | kamana Film Awards | Best Actor In Negative Role | Katha Kathmandu | Won |
| 2021 | NEFTA Film Awards | Best actor in Negative Role | Katha Kathmandu | Won |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Westchester County, New York. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map. There are 243 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 19 National Historic Landmarks. The cities of New Rochelle, Peekskill, and Yonkers are the locations of 12, 14, and 28 of these properties and districts respectively, including two National Historic Landmarks.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Westchester County, New York

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Westchester County, New York**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 243 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 19 National Historic Landmarks. The cities of New Rochelle, Peekskill, and Yonkers are the locations of 12, 14, and 28 of these properties and districts respectively, including two National Historic Landmarks (one in New Rochelle and one in Yonkers).

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

**Contents:** Counties in New York
| Albany (Albany)AlleganyBronxBroomeCattaraugusCayugaChautauquaChemungChenangoClintonColumbiaCortlandDelawareDutchess (Poughkeepsie, Rhinebeck)Erie (Buffalo)EssexFranklinFultonGeneseeGreeneHamiltonHerkimerJeffersonKingsLewisLivingstonMadisonMonroe (Rochester)MontgomeryNassauNew York (Below 14th Street, 14th to 59th Streets, 59th to 110th Streets, Above 110th Street, Islands)Niagara (Niagara Falls)OneidaOnondaga (Syracuse)OntarioOrangeOrleansOswegoOtsegoPutnamQueensRensselaerRichmondRocklandSt. LawrenceSaratogaSchenectadySchoharieSchuylerSenecaSteubenSuffolkSullivanTiogaTompkinsUlsterWarrenWashingtonWayneWestchester (Northern, Southern, New Rochelle, Peekskill, Yonkers)WyomingYates |
| --- |

## Current listings

### New Rochelle

### Peekskill

### Yonkers

### Northern Westchester

### Southern Westchester

## Further reading

* Williams, Gray (2003). *Picturing Our Past: National Register Sites in Westchester County*. Westchester County Historical Society. ISBN 0-915585-14-6.


title: Presumption of supply in New Zealand

abstract: In New Zealand, the presumption of supply is a rebuttable presumption in criminal law which is governed by the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. It provides an assumption in drug-possession cases that if a person is found with more than a specified amount of a controlled drug, they are in possession of it for the purpose of supply or sale. This shifts the burden of proof from the Crown to the person found with the drug, who must prove that they possessed it for personal use and not for supply. Note that once the burden of proof has shifted, the burden is one on the balance of probabilities. This presumption exists to make prosecution for supplying drugs easier. In 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the presumption of supply is inconsistent with section 25(c) of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.

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# Presumption of supply in New Zealand

In New Zealand, the **presumption of supply** is a rebuttable presumption in criminal law which is governed by the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. It provides an assumption in drug-possession cases that if a person is found with more than a specified amount of a controlled drug, they are in possession of it for the purpose of supply or sale. This shifts the burden of proof from the Crown to the person found with the drug, who must prove that they possessed it for personal use and not for supply. Note that once the burden of proof has shifted, the burden is one on the balance of probabilities (rather than beyond reasonable doubt). This presumption exists to make prosecution for supplying drugs easier.

In 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the presumption of supply is inconsistent with section 25(c) of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.

## History

Although drug regulation began in New Zealand with the regulation of opium during the late 19th century, it was not until 1965 that the offence of supply was differentiated from that of possession.

### Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961

During the 1960s, the United Nations consolidated and broadened earlier drug treaties. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 came into force in 1964 when 40 countries, including New Zealand, ratified it. The convention, influenced by the United States prohibition model of drug regulation, was ratified by New Zealand in 1963. In its commentary on the convention, the United Nations General Assembly endorsed the use of presumptions.

### Narcotics Act 1965

New Zealand implemented the 1961 convention in its Narcotics Act 1965. The Narcotics Act introduced a distinction between offenders who trafficked in narcotics and those who possessed (or used) them, with penalties for drug dealing much harsher than those for possession or use. In support of this, the act introduced a presumption of possession for the purpose of supply. When a person was found in possession of an amount of a scheduled drug exceeding a specified level, the burden of proof shifted to the accused to prove that the drugs were for personal use and not for supply to others. If the person could not meet this burden, they could be convicted of the more serious offence of dealing narcotics.

### Misuse of Drugs Act 1975

The Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 continued the policy introduced in the Narcotics Act by setting a *presumption of supply*. Section 6(6) of the act creates a presumption that when a person is found in possession of a quantity of a controlled drug equivalent to (or exceeding) the amount specified in the act's schedules, they possess the drug for the purpose of supplying it to others. The legal burden of proof then shifts to the defendant to prove that he or she did not possess the drug for purposes of supply and it was intended for personal use. This reverse onus clause is controversial because of its inconsistency with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, which stipulates that every person is presumed innocent until proven guilty.

Several problems with the act have emerged during the 30 years since its enactment, and it is uncertain whether it now provides a coherent, effective legislative framework. It has been questioned whether the statutory presumption of possession for supply should continue to apply after the Supreme Court's decision in *R v Hansen*.

## Application

### Current thresholds

The presumption of supply thresholds are set out in Schedule 5 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. As of December 2016, the thresholds are as follows:

| Amount | Applicable drugs |
| --- | --- |
| 2.5 milligrams | Lysergide (LSD) |
| 25 milligrams | 25B-NBOMe
25C-NBOMe
25I-NBOMe |
| 100 milligrams | DOB (bromo-DMA) |
| 250 milligrams | Tetrahydrocannabinol |
| 0.5 grams | Cocaine
Heroin |
| 5 grams | Amphetamine
Morphine
MDMA
MDA
Cannabis preparations
BZP
TFMPP
pFPP
MeOPP
mCPP
MBZP
Methamphetamine |
| 10 grams | Ketamine
Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine |
| 28 grams | Cannabis plant |
| 56 grams | all other controlled drugs |

### Bill of Rights Act 1990

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 sets out the rights and freedoms of anyone subject to New Zealand law, and is part of the country's uncodified constitution. The act protects fundamental rights and freedoms in New Zealand society in a general, rather than absolute, sense. When an act is *prima facie* inconsistent with a right or freedom contained in the Bill of Rights, the starting point for that act's application is to examine that meaning against the guaranteed right to see if the right is curtailed. If so, the Bill of Rights' interpretive provisions (sections 4, 5 and 6) are engaged.

#### Presumption of innocence: Section 25(c)

Section 25(c) of the Bill of Rights Act 1990 affirms the right of anyone charged with an offence to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law. It establishes that the burden of proof of guilt in criminal cases is carried by the prosecutor, who must prove the accused's guilt beyond reasonable doubt. It is widely-acknowledged common law that the prosecution must prove guilt even when an affirmative defence is argued. A provision requiring an accused person to disprove the existence of a presumed fact, that fact being an important element of the offence in question (e.g. the presumption of supply) generally violates the presumption of innocence in section 25(c).

#### Section 4

Section 4 specifies that the Bill of Rights Act is not supreme law. It provides that courts hearing cases under the act cannot repeal or revoke, make invalid or ineffective, or decline to apply any provision of any statute made by Parliament because it is inconsistent with any provision in the Bill of Rights Act. This is the case whether the statute was passed before or after the Bill of Rights Act. Another statute will prevail if it is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights Act and cannot be said to be a justified limitation under section 5 or interpreted consistently with the Bill of Rights Act under section 6.

#### Section 5

Section 5 provides that if legislation is found to be *prima facie* inconsistent with a particular right or freedom, it may be consistent with the Bill of Rights Act if the inconsistency is a justified limitation. The application of section 5 is two-fold; the courts must look at whether the provision serves an important and significant objective, and if there is a rational and proportionate connection between that objective and the provision.

Case law in overseas jurisdictions suggests that restricting the supply of illicit drugs is a pressing social objective which might, in certain circumstances, justify limitations on the presumption of innocence. This was accepted in New Zealand by the Supreme Court in the leading case of *R v Hansen*; however, a majority of the court found that the reverse onus of the presumption of supply contained in section 6(6) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 was unconnected to the objective or a disproportionate response to the problem.

#### Section 6

Section 6 states that where an act can be given a meaning consistent with the rights and freedoms contained in the Bill of Rights, that meaning shall be preferred to any other; this was the basis of the appeal in *R v Hansen*.

### *R v Hansen* (2007)

The leading New Zealand case on the presumption of supply is *R v Hansen*, where the appellant was charged with possession of cannabis for the purpose of supply. Hansen argued that being required to persuade a jury that he did not possess cannabis for the purpose of sale or supply was inconsistent with his right under section 25(c) of the Bill of Rights Act 1990, the presumption of innocence until proven guilty. He argued that section 6 of the Bill of Rights Act required section 6(6) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 to be given a meaning consistent with the presumption of innocence.

Hansen contended that consistency with the presumption of innocence would be achieved if section 6(6) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 was construed to impose an evidential burden on him which, if accepted by the jury, might create a reasonable doubt of his possession being for supply. This would impose the legal onus on the Crown to satisfy the jury beyond reasonable doubt that the appellant was in possession of drugs for supply.

The majority of the court found that the reverse onus in section 6(6) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 was not rationally connected to the objective or it was not a proportionate response to the problem, and was in breach of section 25(c) of the Bill of Rights Act 1990. However, section 4 of the Bill of Rights Act forced the court to allow the presumption-of-supply clause to prevail, and Hansen's appeal was unsuccessful.

## Criticism and reform

In the Hansen decision, several judges criticised the fact that the courts are constitutionally bound by section 4 of the Bill of Rights Act to uphold legislation they have concluded is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights. The New Zealand Law Commission's 2011 report on controlling and regulating drugs contained several criticisms of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. Considering how to best address the problem of proof that the presumption of supply seeks to remedy, while respecting the protection conferred by section 25(c), the commission proposed the removal of the offence of possession for supply in favour of an offence of possession.

Responding to the report's recommendations, in September 2011 the government issued a Regulatory Impact Statement. Although several recommendations were implemented, it was found that greater clarity on the impact of costs and resources was required to determine the full effects of a new act and drug-classification system (including the presumption of supply).


title: Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards

abstract: Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards are presented annually to recognize excellence of professionals in the African/Nigerian broadcast industry. The first edition of the awards was held on October 31, 2010. The pioneer award for the broadcasters was the idea of Omogbolahan Akinwumi, formerly known as Kazeem Popoola, the chief operating officer of the Reality Entertainment/Crystal Pearl Communications.

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# Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards

**Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards** are presented annually to recognize excellence of professionals in the African/Nigerian broadcast industry. The first edition of the awards was held on October 31, 2010. The pioneer award for the broadcasters was the idea of Omogbolahan Akinwumi, formerly known as Kazeem Popoola, the chief operating officer of the Reality Entertainment/Crystal Pearl Communications.

## InfoBox

| Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | Excellence in broadcast achievements |
| Country | Nigeria |
| First awarded | October 31, 2010 |
| Currently held by | Crystal Pearl Communications |
| Website | www.nbmawards.com |


title: Painter of Acropolis 606

abstract:
The Painter of Acropolis 606 was a black-figure vase painter, active around 570–560 BC. His name vase is a dinos discovered on the Athenian Acropolis and now on display in the National Museum at Athens. The vase is representative of the "new seriousness" which was then emerging in Attic painting. On its main frieze, it depicts a battle between warriors and chariots. R.M. Cook says:
There is in these figures a severity and even grimness that comes partly from the solid forms, partly from their workmanlike action; the detail too is plainer. Spruce elegance has given way to a robuster appreciation of anatomy, and the strong full features make the figures look larger than life... this is a sombre masterpiece.
The subsidiary friezes are of animals, plants and horsemen. On the lower part, there is an eddy of animal figures, resembling the work of Kleitias. His sensitivity for colour and details also resembles that artist. He took a careful interest in the posture of his figures, and expended much effort on such details as armour or helmets. He painted many so-called "Rider amphorae", with a more pronounced belly than normal amphorae and a decorative scheme comparable to that of Horsehead Amphorae.

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# Painter of Acropolis 606

The **Painter of Acropolis 606** (sometimes **Painter of Athens 606**) was a black-figure vase painter, active around 570–560 BC.

His name vase is a *dinos* discovered on the Athenian Acropolis and now on display in the National Museum at Athens (inventory acr. 606). The vase is representative of the "new seriousness" which was then emerging in Attic painting. On its main frieze, it depicts a battle between warriors and chariots. R.M. Cook says:

> There is in these figures a severity and even grimness that comes partly from the solid forms, partly from their workmanlike action; the detail too is plainer. Spruce elegance has given way to a robuster appreciation of anatomy, and the strong full features make the figures look larger than life ... this is a sombre masterpiece.

The subsidiary friezes are of animals, plants and horsemen. On the lower part, there is an eddy of animal figures, resembling the work of Kleitias. His sensitivity for colour and details also resembles that artist. He took a careful interest in the posture of his figures, and expended much effort on such details as armour or helmets. He painted many so-called "Rider amphorae", with a more pronounced belly than normal amphorae and a decorative scheme comparable to that of Horsehead Amphorae.

## Bibliography

* Cook, Robert Manuel (1997). *Greek Painted Pottery*. Psychology Press. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-0-415-13859-8.
* Beazley, John: *Attic Black-figure Vase-painters*. Oxford 1956, p. 81.
* Boardman, John: *Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Ein Handbuch*, von Zabern, 4. edn, Mainz 1994 (Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt, Vol 1) ISBN 3-8053-0233-9, p. 39


abstract: Nevis, a British colony in the Leeward Islands, began issuing stamps in 1861.

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# Postage stamps and postal history of Nevis

**Nevis**, a British colony in the Leeward Islands, began issuing stamps in 1861.

## First stamps

The first stamps depicted the seal of the colony showing women at a medicinal spring. Issues from 1879 featured the portrait of Queen Victoria.

Between 1890 and 1903 it used the stamps of Leeward Islands. Between 1903 and June 1980 it used the stamps of St. Kitts and Nevis (St. Christopher Nevis Anguilla from 1952), concurrently with the issues of the Leeward Islands until 1956.

Although Nevis is part of St. Kitts and Nevis, in June 1980 a separate postal administration was established on the island and it began producing its own sets of stamps.

## Further reading

* Borromeo, Federico. *The Philately of Nevis*. Congleton: British West Indies Study Circle, 2001 ISBN 0-953880-43-5 32p.
* Melville, Fred J. *Nevis*. London: Stanley Gibbons, 1910 60p. Series Title: Melville Stamp Books; 5.