title: Læraðr

abstract: Læraðr (Laerad) is a tree in Norse mythology, often identified with Yggdrasil. It stands at the top of the Valhöll. Two animals, the goat Heiðrún and the hart Eikþyrnir, graze its foliage.

text:
# Læraðr

**Læraðr** (Laerad) is a tree in Norse mythology, often identified with Yggdrasil. It stands at the top of the Valhöll. Two animals, the goat Heiðrún and the hart Eikþyrnir, graze its foliage.

## Etymology

The meaning of Læraðr / Léraðr is unclear. One of the meanings of  is "harm", "betrayal". A possible translation of Læraðr could therefore be "arranger of betrayal", which would relate to Yggdrasill as the place of Odin's self-sacrifice. Another reading is sometimes suggested, \*hléradr, whose first component means "shelter" and which could thus be rendered as "giver of protection".

## Attestations

### *Poetic Edda*

Læraðr is mentioned in two stanzas of the *Grímnismál*:

Heidrûn the goat is called, that stands o’er Odin’s hall, and bites from Lærâd’s branches. He a bowl shall fill with the bright mead; that drink shall never fail. Eikthyrnir the hart is called, that stands o’er Odin’s hall, and bites from Lærâd’s branches; from his horns fall drops into Hvergelmir, whence all waters rise:  *Grímnismál* (25, 26), Thorpe's translation

### *Prose Edda*

Under the name **Léraðr**, it also appears in *Gylfaginning*:

The she-goat, she who is called Heidrún, stands up in Valhall and bites the needles from the limb of that tree which is very famous, and is called \[Léraðr\]; and from her udders mead runs so copiously, that she fills a tun every day. \[...\] Even more worthy of note is the hart Eikthyrnir, which stands in Valhall and bites from the limbs of the tree; and from his horns distils such abundant exudation that it comes down into Hvergelmir, and from thence fall those rivers called thus \[...\].  *Gylfaginning* (39), Brodeur's translation

## Theories

According to John Lindow, the first reason to identify Lærad with Yggdrasill is "Lærad's location at Odin's hall, which would be at the center of the cosmos". Another argument is that many animals dwell in or around Yggdrasill, such as an eagle, the squirrel Ratatoskr, four stags, many snakes and the dragon Níðhöggr. Snorri also wrote that Hvergelmir was located under Yggdrasill (*Gylfaginning*, 15, 16).


title: Turnmills

abstract: The Turnmills building was a warehouse originally on the corner of Turnmill Street and Clerkenwell Road in the London Borough of Islington. It became a bar in the 1980s, then a nightclub. The club closed in 2008 and the building was later demolished, replaced with an office building.

text:
# Turnmills

The **Turnmills** building was a warehouse originally on the corner of Turnmill Street and Clerkenwell Road in the London Borough of Islington. It became a bar in the 1980s, then a nightclub. The club closed in 2008 and the building was later demolished, replaced with an office building.

## History

The Victorian building opened in 1886 and was originally used as a warehouse and stables by the Great Northern Railway Company. The building later became a warehouse for Booth's Dry Gin distillery before changing hands in 1985 and becoming a bar. The Clerkenwell area was well known for its gin distilleries during the Victorian era. Gordon's Gin distillery was originally sited in Goswell Road/Moreland Street, EC1, not far from Turnmills.

In a bid to try to save the building from demolition, various objections were put forward to Islington Council. William Palin, secretary of Save Britain's Heritage, said that "It may not be as architecturally stunning as the Sessions House across the road but it’s a really good-quality commercial and industrial building. It’s a good example of an old building that’s been successfully re-used in a number of ways."

Although English Heritage argued that the building possessed historic and aesthetic value, the building was finally deemed not to be of considerable significance to be saved from the wrecking ball. The building finally closed on 24 March 2008.

## Club

In 1985 John Newman purchased the lease on the building and opened a bar/restaurant on the site. In 1990, the venue evolved into a nightclub. The first successful club night held at Turnmills was *Xanadu,* run and co-hosted by London club promoters Robert Pereno and Laurence Malice.

The venue was the first to obtain a 24-hour alcohol licence in the UK, spearheading the move to all-night clubbing in the 1990s and became the home of several club nights including *Trade*, the first legal after-hours club in Britain.

## Club nights

### Monday nights

* The Well (1998): Progressive trance music.

### Tuesday nights

* DJ MARY MC & Beautiful Friends. (1993). Mary Mc Caughey with special guest DJs.

### Thursday nights

* Essence. (Autumn/winter 1992/3)
* Twister. (2000-moved to Saturdays with Roach 2001-2002

### Friday nights

* The Gallery (in-house event) playing progressive house, trance and techno.

### Saturday nights

* Xanadu - co-hosted and run by Robert Pereno & Laurence Malice
* Heavenly Social.
* Trade (1990–2002 weekly, actually opened 4am Sunday Mornings) — hosted and run by Laurence Malice.
* Smartie Partie (2003–March 2008), monthly resident. Was suspended indefinitely in 2008 following a legal dispute with Nestlé over use of the trademark "Smarties".
* City Loud (3rd Saturday of each month)—House music.
* Release Yourself presented by Roger Sanchez (various parties, 2002–2007)
* Elements (2001).
* Roach (2002–2003), Tom Stephan hosted a monthly deep & tech session.

### Sunday nights

* FF (1989–1996)
* Warriors (1996–1997) originally run by Buffalo, Spike, Taz and DJ Lord Kaos (Nursie).
* Melt (1997 - 1999) Techno, Nu-Nrg Club.
* Habit (2000 - 2001)

## Closure

On 24 January 2008, Danny Newman announced the building would close on 23 March 2008 as a clubbing venue, due to the expiry of the lease on the building. The building was later demolished and a new office building (despite objections) was built in its place. Publicis Sapient are now located in the new building.

51°31′19.38″N 00°06′21.24″W / 51.5220500°N 0.1059000°W / 51.5220500; -0.1059000

## InfoBox

| Turnmills | |
| --- | --- |
| Turnmills in January 2008, before its demolition | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Clerkenwell, London, England |
| Opened | 1886 |
| Demolished | 2011 |
| Other information | |
| Seating capacity | 1,000+ |


title: Twenga

abstract: Twenga.com is an online open shopping search engine.

text:
# Twenga

**Twenga**.com is an online open shopping search engine.

## Business model

Twenga co-founders Bastien Duclaux and Cédric Anès met in 2000 at the École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications. The company's "crawl" technology enables Twenga to scan tens of millions of pages of the Internet every day, automatically categorizing hundreds of millions of products in ten languages including Russian, Japanese and Chinese. This proprietary technology allowed Twenga to raise nearly 7 million from venture capital firms 3i, Sofinnova and others. By 2010, Twenga employed 120 people, including 50 research engineers.

From its headquarters in Paris, Twenga runs 14 websites for markets in the United States, UK, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Poland, Brazil, Russia, Australia, China and Japan. The sites display 300 million products from more than 200,000 online shops.

The websites do not sell directly; instead they redirect users to online shops where they purchase products. Twenga itself generates revenue primarily by "advertising and business partnerships which give interested companies and retailers greater visibility than that provided by organic listing."

In 2011 Twenga joined other e-commerce companies and filed an antitrust complaint to the European Commission claiming that Google abuses its dominant position by promoting their own products such as Google Shopping while penalizing competitors in the search results.

## Product expansion

Since 2008 Twenga has been developing mobile apps to make all its B2C services available via smartphone and tablets. The company currently offers apps for iPhone, iPad and Android.

Starting in 2010, Twenga has launched its own merchant partner program Twenga Ready to Sell in seven countries including France, Germany and the UK. The program allows e-tailers to directly index their products on Twenga to gain additional visibility and traffic.

In 2011 Twenga expanded its activities by creating affinitAD, a program that offers contextual monetization solutions for publishers.

In 2012 the company launched Showcase, a social shopping platform that allows users to share their favorite products with others and follow the recommendations of fellow shoppers.

In 2014, Twenga completed the launch of two suites of acquisition solutions: Smart LEADS and Smart SEM. These solutions enabled merchants of all sizes to be promoted on major search engines using a proprietary algorithm that optimized their traffic acquisition at adjusted ROI targets. Additionally, Twenga became a Google AdWords Premium SMB Partner and raised 10 million euros from Idinvest Partners.

In June 2017, Google was fined by the EU for unfair dominance in Google Shopping and opened the advertising space to price comparators like Twenga. Consequently, advertisers now must be represented by one or more “Comparison Shopping Services” (CSS) to participate in the channel. Twenga became a Google CSS Premium Partner and launched a CSS solution dedicated to marketplaces, Shopping Premium, which is based on artificial intelligence.

In 2022, Twenga expanded its scope and launched a fully integrated marketing module available on top e-commerce platforms such as Shopify, Prestashop, and Shopware: Shopping Push. This plug-and-play solution made Twenga’s e-commerce platform and price comparison accessible to small and medium-sized businesses. In 2024, launches of the free Shopping Push Starter plan

## Awards

In 2010, Twenga won the Red Herring 100 Global Award, the France Young Technology Leader Award and the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award for the "Company of the Future" category for France.

## InfoBox

Twenga
|
|  |
| Company type | Price Comparison |
| Industry | E-Commerce |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Founder | Bastien Duclaux <br>Cédric Anès |
| Headquarters | Paris, Paris, France |
| Area served | Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Ireland, Poland, Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, Australia, United States, Canada |
| Services | Price Comparison Site and Shopping Ads on Google and Microsoft |
| Website |  |


title: Turtle (robot)

abstract: Turtles are a class of educational robots designed originally in the late 1940s and used in computer science and mechanical engineering training. These devices are traditionally built low to the ground with a roughly hemispheric shell and a power train capable of a very small turning radius. The robots are often equipped with sensor devices that aid in avoiding obstacles and, if the robot is sufficiently sophisticated, allow it some perception of its environment. Turtle robots are commercially available and are common projects for robotics hobbyists. Turtle robots are closely associated with the work of Seymour Papert and the common use of the Logo programming language in computer education of the 1980s. Turtles specifically designed for use with Logo systems often come with pen mechanisms allowing the programmer to create a design on a large sheet of paper. The original Logo turtle, built by Paul Wexelblat at BBN, was named "Irving" and was demonstrated at the former Muzzey Junior High in Lexington, Massachusetts. "Irving" contained bump sensors and could give audio feedback with a bell. The development of the robotic Logo turtle led to the use of the term to describe the cursor in video screen implementations of the language and its turtle graphics package.

text:
# Turtle (robot)

**Turtles** are a class of educational robots designed originally in the late 1940s (largely under the auspices of researcher William Grey Walter) and used in computer science and mechanical engineering training. These devices are traditionally built low to the ground with a roughly hemispheric (sometimes transparent) shell and a power train capable of a very small turning radius. The robots are often equipped with sensor devices that aid in avoiding obstacles and, if the robot is sufficiently sophisticated, allow it some perception of its environment. Turtle robots are commercially available and are common projects for robotics hobbyists.

Turtle robots are closely associated with the work of Seymour Papert and the common use of the Logo programming language in computer education of the 1980s. Turtles specifically designed for use with Logo systems often come with pen mechanisms allowing the programmer to create a design on a large sheet of paper. The original Logo turtle, built by Paul Wexelblat at BBN, was named "Irving" and was demonstrated at the former Muzzey Junior High in Lexington, Massachusetts. "Irving" contained bump sensors and could give audio feedback with a bell. The development of the robotic Logo turtle led to the use of the term to describe the cursor in video screen implementations of the language and its turtle graphics package.

1. LOGO Frequently asked Questions (FAQ): What was the genesis of Logo? University of Hamburg, archived March 10, 2009 from the original


title: MC2 Biotek

abstract: MC2 Biotek is a biotechnology company established in 2006, with offices in Denmark and external labs in the United Kingdom. MC2 is a holding company, comprising three smaller Biotechnology companies with their own biotechnology solutions, they are: DrugMode (DK), Zadec (DK), and Drug Delivery Solutions (UK). DrugMode specializes in 3D cell culture, and is based out of the University of Southern Denmark at Odense. Zadec focuses on Diabetes and nutrition, and has developed an oral anti-diabetes drug, RX-1, which is currently in clinical trials. Drug Delivery Solutions works in the field of dermatology and ophthalmology, developing topical drugs such as a cream to treat psoriasis.

text:
# MC2 Biotek

**MC2 Biotek** is a biotechnology company established in 2006, with offices in Denmark and external labs in the United Kingdom. MC2 is a holding company, comprising three smaller Biotechnology companies with their own biotechnology solutions, they are: DrugMode (DK), Zadec (DK), and Drug Delivery Solutions (UK). DrugMode specializes in 3D cell culture, and is based out of the University of Southern Denmark at Odense. Zadec focuses on Diabetes and nutrition, and has developed an oral anti-diabetes drug, RX-1, which is currently in clinical trials. Drug Delivery Solutions works in the field of dermatology and ophthalmology, developing topical drugs such as a cream to treat psoriasis.

## Technology

Drug Delivery Solutions Limited, the Leatherhead daughter company of MC2 biotech, has developed a new method for drug formulation and delivery. This biliquid foam technology was patented as polyaphron dispersions (PAD) containing a complex internal phase, which are made as droplets of oil or multiphase liquid in an aqueous (or other hydrogen-bonding liquid) phase. Oil-soluble drug molecules can be dissolved within the oil phase, and drug delivery can be influenced by modifying the materials used in each phase. A 2008 PAD patent claims that this foam-like emulsion is stable with up to at least 70% dispersed oil phase and at most 3% surfactant. This PAD drug delivery system can allow for extended release drug delivery in enteral route of administration, or it can be formulated to be administered as a wound dressing. Manufacturing using this technology is simple and low cost compared to gastroretentive dosage forms (GRDF) in the prior art. MC2 Biotek's PAD technology has been applied commercially in dermatology and ophthalmology.

MC2 Biotek is collaborating with a group of South African researchers led by Dr. Johan Louw at the Medical Research Council (MRC) and Professor Lizette Joubert at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) to research traditional rooibos and honeybush teas for their anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. One collaborative study showed that aqueous hot water honeybush extract when administered orally to type-2 diabetes rat models, promoted normoglycemia and improved other type-2 diabetes associated problems.

MC2 Biotek has also developed a 3D ProtoTissue™ Bioreactor, which allows cells from an immortal human hepatocyte line to grow into 3D spheroids. 3D tissue cultures in vitro have been shown to be much more representative of in vivo tissue than traditionally used 2D tissue cultures in vitro are. MC2 Biotek proposes that these 3D hepatocyte cultures be used in drug trials to evaluate toxicology and metabolism, because results would be more reflective of drug toxicology and metabolism in vivo than current 2D cell culture methods are.

## InfoBox

MC2 Biotek
| Industry | Biotechnology |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Headquarters | Hørsholm , Denmark |


title: Tyler McVey

abstract: William Tyler McVey was an American character actor of film and television.

text:
# Tyler McVey

**William Tyler McVey** (February 14, 1912  July 4, 2003) was an American character actor of film and television.

## Early years

McVey was born Bay City, Michigan, to William David McVey and his wife, the former Jessie Arvilla Tyler. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was one year old and his father allowed his maternal grandparents to raise him. He gained early acting experience in amateur productions in his hometown. He began acting when he was a student at Bay City High School.

## Career

His first screen role, uncredited, came in 1951, where he portrayed Brady in *The Day the Earth Stood Still*. He was uncredited in two 1953 military films, *From Here to Eternity* as Major Stern and in *Mission over Korea* as Colonel Colton.

He made one of his first television appearances in a 1953 episode of *Four Star Playhouse*. During the 1950s, McVey guest starred in episodes of many series, including *The Restless Gun*, *Gunsmoke* (S2E16 “Cover-Up” - 1957), *Dragnet*, *The Lone Ranger*, *I Love Lucy*, *Tales of Wells Fargo*, *Colt .45*, *Hallmark Hall of Fame*, *My Friend Flicka*, *Highway Patrol*, *It's a Great Life* and *Annie Oakley*. From 1953 to 1956, he guest starred on the CBS educational series *You Are There*, narrated by Walter Cronkite. From 1959 to 1960, McVey portrayed Major General Norgath in the CBS series *Men into Space*.

In 1964, McVey was cast as General Hardesty in the political thriller film *Seven Days in May*.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, McVey continued guest starring in episodic television, including roles on *The Tom Ewell Show*, *Kentucky Jones*, *National Velvet*, *My Three Sons*, *The Rebel*, *The Everglades*, *Bat Masterson*, *Death Valley Days* (as cattle baron John Chisum in the 1956 episode, "Pat Garrett's Side of It"), *Checkmate*, *Ripcord*, *The Wild, Wild West*, *Bonanza*, *Gunsmoke*, *Ironside* and *Eight Is Enough*. His last roles were in 1985 and 1986 as different ministers in two episodes of *Highway to Heaven*.

McVey also acted on radio programs, including *Gene Autry's Melody Ranch*, *Glamour Manor*, and *One Man's Family*.

## Other professional activities

In the 1960s, McVey was president of the Los Angeles, California, local of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, later served as national President. He was a founding member of the AFTRA/SAG Credit Union.

## Personal life and death

McVey was married three times; first to Lorraine Budge in 1937. After their divorce, he married Rita Ann Stickelmaier in 1950 before they divorced in 1970. In 1971, McVey married Esther Geddes. He died of leukemia in Rancho Mirage, California. He is interred in Elm Lawn Cemetery in Bay City, Michigan.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Tyler McVey | |
| --- | --- |
| McVey in *Attack of the Giant Leeches* (1959) | |
| Born | William Tyler McVey
(1912-02-14)February 14, 1912
Bay City, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | July 4, 2003(2003-07-04) (aged 91)
Rancho Mirage, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Elm Lawn Cemetery, Bay City, Michigan |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 19511993 |
| Spouse(s) | Lorraine Budge McVey
(m. 1937; div. 19??)
Rita Ann Stickelmaier  (m. 1950; div. 1970)
Esther Geddes
(m. 1971) |


title: Tyndallization

abstract: Tyndallization is a process from the nineteenth century for sterilizing substances, usually food, named after its inventor John Tyndall, that can be used to kill heat-resistant endospores. Although now considered dated, it is still occasionally used. A simple and effective sterilizing method commonly used today is autoclaving: heating the substance being sterilized to 121 °C (250 °F) for 15 minutes in a pressured system. If autoclaving is not possible because of lack of equipment, or the need to sterilize something that will not withstand the higher temperature, unpressurized heating for a prolonged period at a temperature of up to 100 °C (212 °F), the boiling point of water, may be used. The heat will kill any bacterial cells; however, bacterial spores capable of later germinating into bacterial cells may survive. Tyndallization can be used to destroy the spores. Tyndallization essentially consists of heating the substance to boiling point and holding it there for 15 minutes, three days in succession. After each heating, the resting period will allow spores that have survived to germinate into bacterial cells; these cells will be killed by the next day's heating. During the resting periods the substance being sterilized is kept in a moist environment at a warm room temperature, conducive to germination of the spores. When the environment is favourable for bacteria, it is conducive to the germination of cells from spores, and spores do not form from cells in this environment. The Tyndallization process is usually effective in practice. But it is not considered completely reliable — some spores may survive and later germinate and multiply. It is not often used today, but is used for sterilizing items that cannot withstand pressurized heating, such as plant seeds.

text:
# Tyndallization

**Tyndallization** is a process from the nineteenth century for sterilizing substances, usually food, named after its inventor John Tyndall, that can be used to kill heat-resistant endospores. Although now considered dated, it is still occasionally used.

A simple and effective sterilizing method commonly used today is autoclaving: heating the substance being sterilized to 121 °C (250 °F) for 15 minutes in a pressured system. If autoclaving is not possible because of lack of equipment, or the need to sterilize something that will not withstand the higher temperature, unpressurized heating for a prolonged period at a temperature of up to 100 °C (212 °F), the boiling point of water, may be used. The heat will kill any bacterial cells; however, bacterial spores capable of later germinating into bacterial cells may survive. Tyndallization can be used to destroy the spores.

Tyndallization essentially consists of heating the substance to boiling point (or just a little below boiling point) and holding it there for 15 minutes, three days in succession. After each heating, the resting period will allow spores that have survived to germinate into bacterial cells; these cells will be killed by the next day's heating. During the resting periods the substance being sterilized is kept in a moist environment at a warm room temperature, conducive to germination of the spores. When the environment is favourable for bacteria, it is conducive to the germination of cells from spores, and spores do not form from cells in this environment (see bacterial spores).

The Tyndallization process is usually effective in practice. But it is not considered completely reliable — some spores may survive and later germinate and multiply. It is not often used today, but is used for sterilizing items that cannot withstand pressurized heating, such as plant seeds.


title: Tyndalls Park

abstract: Tyndall's Park is an area of central Bristol, England. It lies north of Park Row and Queen's Road, east of Whiteladies Road and west of St Michael's Hill, between the districts of Clifton, Cotham and Kingsdown. It includes the campus of Bristol Grammar School, and many of the buildings of the University of Bristol. The area is named after Thomas Tyndall, a Bristol merchant and investor in the slave trade, who between 1753 and 1767 bought a number of fields which then existed in the area and turned them into an ornamental park. He built a stately house on the crest of the hill, on the site of a Civil War fortification, and named it Fort Royal. In 1799 Tyndall's son Colonel Thomas Tyndall employed Humphrey Repton to landscape the gardens. In 1825 and 1833, two roads were built in the north western corner of the park, and developed for housing. In 1852 the Tyndalls began selling off the remainder of the western half of the park for development, and in 1877 5 acres (20,000 m⁲) were sold for a new building for Bristol Grammar School. From 1880, more land was sold to University College, Bristol. The Royal Fort was occupied by members of the Tyndall family until 1916, when Henry Herbert Wills bought it and gave it to the University.

text:
# Tyndalls Park

**Tyndall's Park** is an area of central Bristol, England. It lies north of Park Row and Queen's Road, east of Whiteladies Road and west of St Michael's Hill, between the districts of Clifton, Cotham and Kingsdown. It includes the campus of Bristol Grammar School, and many of the buildings of the University of Bristol.

The area is named after Thomas Tyndall, a Bristol merchant and investor in the slave trade, who between 1753 and 1767 bought a number of fields which then existed in the area and turned them into an ornamental park. He built a stately house on the crest of the hill, on the site of a Civil War fortification, and named it Fort Royal (now known as Royal Fort House). In 1799 Tyndall's son Colonel Thomas Tyndall employed Humphrey Repton to landscape the gardens.

In 1825 and 1833, two roads (Aberdeen Road and West Park) were built in the north western corner of the park, and developed for housing. In 1852 the Tyndalls began selling off the remainder of the western half of the park for development, and in 1877 5 acres (20,000 m2) were sold for a new building for Bristol Grammar School. From 1880, more land was sold to University College, Bristol. The Royal Fort was occupied by members of the Tyndall family until 1916, when Henry Herbert Wills bought it and gave it to the University.

## InfoBox

| Tyndalls Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Shops in St Michaels Hill | |
| Tyndalls ParkLocation within Bristol | |
| OS grid reference | ST584731 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BRISTOL |
| Postcode district | BS8 |
| Dialling code | 0117 |
|  | |
| Police | Avon and Somerset |
| Fire | Avon |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Tyndarimorpha

abstract: Tyndarimorpha areolata is a species of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus Tyndarimorpha.

text:
# Tyndarimorpha

***Tyndarimorpha areolata*** is a species of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus ***Tyndarimorpha***.

## InfoBox

| *Tyndarimorpha areolata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Superfamily: | Buprestoidea |
| Family: | Buprestidae |
| Genus: | ***Tyndarimorpha***
Moore & Dieguez, 2006 |
| Species: | ***T. areolata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tyndarimorpha areolata***
(Perty, 1830) | |
|


title: Lü Pin (activist)

abstract: Lü Pin is a Chinese feminist activist and journalist focusing on strategic advocacy to combat gender-based discrimination and violence. She is best known for founding the Feminist Voices (2009–2018), China's largest new media channel on women's issues and for feminist advocacy. She now resides in Albany, New York, where she continues to devote herself to supporting the activism of young feminists across China.

text:
# Lü Pin (activist)

**Lü Pin** (Chinese: 吕频; born 1972) is a Chinese feminist activist and journalist focusing on strategic advocacy to combat gender-based discrimination and violence. She is best known for founding the Feminist Voices (2009–2018), China's largest new media channel on women's issues and for feminist advocacy. She now resides in Albany, New York, where she continues to devote herself to supporting the activism of young feminists across China.

## Early life and education

Lü was born in Shandong, China.

In 1994, Lü received her master's degree in Chinese from Shandong University.

In 2017, Lü enrolled in the graduate program in gender studies at University at Albany, SUNY.

In 2020, Lü enrolled in the Ph.D. Program in Women & Politics at Rutgers University.

## Career

Lü worked as a journalist at the national newspaper for women *China Women's News* (zhongguo funübao) after graduating from Shandong University. She took part in the United Nation's 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing, which gave rise to a strong wave of NGO organizing related to women's issues in China during the 1990s. Lü resigned from her job and became a freelancer in 2004.

In 2009, she founded the electronic newsletter Women's Voice, which was the precursor of the later multi-platform media hosted on both Sina Weibo and Wechat. Feminist Voices, founded in 2009, is the most influential social media for feminist advocation in China. The channel fostered a generation of young Chinese feminists and created a community for activist engagements before it was censored in 2018. Lü also played a vital role in offline feminist activism in China, providing general moral support as well as concrete ideas. She is an important supporter for the "Young Feminist Action", a feminist group based in Chinese cities who participate in public protest.

Lü traveled to the United States to attend the March 2015 United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, but during her stay, Chinese officials detained five of her activists colleagues in China, who were planning a public demonstration on sexual harassment. Lü decided to remain in the United States after learning that the police visited her Beijing apartment.

Her involvement in online feminist activism includes the Facebook group "Free Chinese Feminists", which campaigned for the release of her five colleagues, but has continued as a venue for related news and political organization and a Western window into Chinese feminism activism. Lü is also a member of the Chinese Feminism Collective, an American organization to support feminist activities under suppression in China.

In July 2015, Lü served a visiting scholar appointment at Columbia University.

## Lü Pin's Writings, Talks and Interviews

* Lü, Pin. 2021. "Opinion: A pop idol’s controversy shows how #MeToo is changing China". Washington Post.
* "Feminism and Social Change in China: an Interview with Lü Pin (Part 1 of 3)" on early experience, August 26, 2019
* "Feminism and Social Change in China: an Interview with Lü Pin (Part 2 of 3)" on founding Feminist Voices, September 16, 2019
* “Feminism and Social Change in China: an Interview With Lü Pin (Part 3 of 3)“ on the Feminist Five and #Metoo Movement in China, October 1, 2019
* "Four Years on: The Whereabouts of the ‘Feminist Five’ and the Sustainability of Feminist Activism in China." March 11, 2019
* "Feminist Voices in China: From #MeToo to Censorship" An Interview with Lü Pin and Leta Hong Fincher, July 26, 2018
* "Gone But Not Forgotten: Why Feminist Voices will never die in China." on *Feminist Voices* being censored and suspended, April 13, 2018
* "Two Years on: Is China's Domestic Violence Law Working?" March 7, 2018

## InfoBox

| Lü Pin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1972 (age 5152)
Shandong, China |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist
Feminist activist |


title: Lü Peijian

abstract: Lü Peijian is a Chinese retired politician and central banker. He served as Vice Minister of Finance from 1978 to 1982, Governor of the People's Bank of China from 1982 to 1985, and Auditor General of the National Audit Office from 1985 to 1994.

text:
# Lü Peijian

**Lü Peijian** (simplified Chinese: 吕培俭; traditional Chinese: 呂培儉; born August 1928) is a Chinese retired politician and central banker. He served as Vice Minister of Finance from 1978 to 1982, Governor of the People's Bank of China from 1982 to 1985, and Auditor General of the National Audit Office from 1985 to 1994.

## Biography

Lü Peijian was born in August 1928 in Hongze, Jiangsu, Republic of China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he enlisted in the New Fourth Army in 1944 and joined the Chinese Communist Party in November of that year. He studied accounting and worked in the logistics department of the New Fourth Army, and later the East China Field Army of the People's Liberation Army during the Chinese Civil War.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Lü worked in the finance department of the East China region. He was transferred to the Ministry of Finance in Beijing in 1953, and took correspondence courses in industrial economics at Renmin University of China from 1954 to 1956.

Lü rose through the ranks in the Ministry of Finance, and was appointed Vice Minister in 1978. In 1982, he was appointed the sixth Governor of the People's Bank of China, China's central bank. In March 1985 he became the second Auditor General of the National Audit Office (NAO), which had just been established two years earlier to systematically audit the accounts of businesses, government units, and individuals. In August 1985, Lü told the *China Daily* that the NAO had audited the accounts of more than 24,000 businesses and units, and uncovered tax evasion, fraud, and waste worth more than US$1.6 billion. He served as Auditor General until 1994. From May 1994 to June 2000, he served as Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of China Development Bank.

Lü was a member of the 12th, 13th, and 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He served as a Standing Committee member of the 9th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

## InfoBox

| Lü Peijian | |
| --- | --- |
| 吕培俭 | |
|  | |
| 2nd Auditor General of the National Audit Office | |
| **In office**
March 1985  May 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Yu Mingtao |
| Succeeded by | Guo Zhenqian |
| 6th Governor of the People's Bank of China | |
| **In office**
4 May 1982  21 March 1985 | |
| Preceded by | Li Baohua |
| Succeeded by | Chen Muhua |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 1928 (age 96)
Hongze, Jiangsu, China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Alma mater | Renmin University of China |
|  | |


title: Tuxpan Taqueria

abstract: Tuxpan Taqueria is a Mexican restaurant in Central Falls, Rhode Island. It was a semifinalist in the Best New Restaurant category of the James Beard Foundation Awards in 2024.

text:
# Tuxpan Taqueria

**Tuxpan Taqueria** is a Mexican restaurant in Central Falls, Rhode Island. It was a semifinalist in the Best New Restaurant category of the James Beard Foundation Awards in 2024.

## InfoBox

| Tuxpan Taqueria | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Food type | Mexican |
| Street address | 355 Broad Street |
| City | Central Falls |
| State | Rhode Island |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 02863 |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 41°53′03″N 71°23′12″W / 41.884211°N 71.386595°W / 41.884211; -71.386595 |


title: MT4 ECN Bridge

abstract: MT4 ECN Bridge is a technology that allows a user to access the interbank foreign exchange market through the MetaTrader 4 (MT4) electronic trading platform. MT4 was designed to allow trading between a broker and its clients, so it did not provide for passing orders through to wholesale forex market via electronic communication networks (ECNs). In response, a number of third-party software companies developed Straight-through processing bridging software to allow the MT4 server to pass orders placed by clients directly to an ECN and feed trade confirmations back automatically.

text:
# MT4 ECN Bridge

**MT4 ECN Bridge** is a technology that allows a user to access the interbank foreign exchange market through the MetaTrader 4 (MT4) electronic trading platform. MT4 was designed to allow trading between a broker and its clients, so it did not provide for passing orders through to wholesale forex market via electronic communication networks (ECNs). In response, a number of third-party software companies developed Straight-through processing bridging software to allow the MT4 server to pass orders placed by clients directly to an ECN and feed trade confirmations back automatically.

## Background

Retail foreign exchange brokers in general are divided into two categories:

* Dealing desk brokers or market makers that execute orders and keep the position in that broker's inner liquidity pool. A DD broker is a specific broker who employs dealers that may either accept or reject orders from retail traders (re-quotes) depending on whether or not the broker is interested in accepting the specific order or not.
* Non-Dealing Desk (NDD) brokers or direct market access where the broker simply passes the order to the interbank foreign exchange market.

The MetaTrader4 trading platform was designed for dealing desk brokers, but the popularity of the trading platform meant that retail forex traders as well as brokers wanted to provide a way to trade directly on the interbank foreign exchange market via MT4.

## Bridge software

A number of software companies attempted to develop bridging technology that allowed the broker to connect the MT4 server to an ECN. The first practical solution to **bridging MT4 and ECN** appeared in 2006. There are two main types of bridge technology which effects the way orders are processed: the STP and ECN models. The table below shows the main differences.

|  | MT4 ECN bridge | MT4 STP bridge |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Client's orders go directly to the marketplace and are displayed there as they are | Yes | No |
| Clients can see and use market depth (Level 2) | Yes | No |
| Partial execution is implemented | Yes | No |

ECN means direct access to the market where you can trade with other traders. Your orders are actually displayed in the market and are seen by others, who in turn can introduce their own orders and if the prices match, a deal is complete.

### Main benefits

* True ECN execution – clients trade with other traders, orders are displayed and seen by others on the market;
* Tight spreads – there is only a difference between best bid and offer prices, if a client places an order with a better price, it changes the spread;
* Relatively fast execution – orders are typically executed within 0.3 sec on the server side;
* Possibility of partial execution – in case of insufficient liquidity the order can be partially executed while the rest will be displayed and seen on the marketplace;
* Market depth can be provided via a special add-in module to show the depth of the market also known as *Level 2* – a measure of the size of volume available for transaction purposes for a particular instrument at a particular point of time. The best Offer (ASK) and the best bid are displayed in a table with the size available to buy or sell. Market depth displays orders that are currently in the market. When two orders match (buy and sell orders at the same price), they are filled and disappear from the market depth and the deal is registered in the trade history.

### Difficulties of true ECN trading for retail traders

* Price volatility can be greater in comparison to quotes of market makers who may use fluctuations filtering while the NDD model provides direct access to the interbank foreign exchange market.
* Market makers' quotes are not related to the volume, i.e. orders may be filled at the offered price without any relation to the deal volume. While using the ECN the market presents the liquidity that is currently available, i.e. orders will be executed in the volume available at this certain price.
* Bid–offer spread can vary significantly with market conditions reflecting actual interbank market prices which can cause problems with stops. Market Makers will typically hold spreads at a fixed level to avoid confusion for retail traders and avoid stops and limits being hit when prices are unstable.
* Additional order execution latency is introduced due to the necessity of executing the trade with a liquidity provider.


title: M-100 (explosive)

abstract: M-100s are a class of powerful firecrackers commonly called salutes.

text:
# M-100 (explosive)

**M-100s** are a class of powerful firecrackers commonly called salutes.

## Description

M-100's consist of a cardboard tube 2-1/8" x 3/4". Colors may vary. They contain 10 grams of flash powder that is ignited via a visco fuse positioned in the center or side of the tube. In some cases, they are maxed out at 15 grams which is the physical limit for 2" x 3/4". These are the most common flash salutes you will see on the streets in and around the 4th of July. They are much more powerful than an M-80 which only contains 3 to 5 grams.

In the United States, M-100s are illegal to manufacture, possess, and sell without a proper license, and are regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF). M-100s were first banned by the Child Protection Act of 1966.

## Accidents

In 1983, an explosion at a secret unlicensed fireworks factory manufacturing M-80 and M-100 fireworks near Benton, Tennessee, killed eleven, injured one, and inflicted damage within a radius of several miles. The operation was by far the largest-known illegal fireworks operation in US history, and the initial blast was heard as far away as 20 miles (32 km) from the site.


title: M. Aloysius Peach

abstract: Mother Mary Aloysius Peach, O.S.U. was an Ursuline nun and the eighth poet laureate of Delaware. She was born Lucy Peach, the second of nine children of a Woodstock, Maryland stonemason. Her mother was organist for St. Alphonsus Church in Woodstock for 69 years. Peach's childhood interest in poetry was encouraged by the Jesuits at nearby Woodstock College. At the age of 19, she entered the Ursuline Order in 1913. She published three books of poetry: Divine Paratrooper (1952), Divine Lapidary (1961), and One Fold, One Shepherd (1962).

text:
# M. Aloysius Peach

**Mother Mary Aloysius Peach**, O.S.U. (December 5, 1892 – July 7, 1980) was an Ursuline nun and the eighth poet laureate of Delaware.

She was born **Lucy Peach**, the second of nine children of a Woodstock, Maryland stonemason. Her mother was organist for St. Alphonsus Church in Woodstock for 69 years. Peach's childhood interest in poetry was encouraged by the Jesuits at nearby Woodstock College.

At the age of 19, she entered the Ursuline Order in 1913.

She published three books of poetry: *Divine Paratrooper* (1952), *Divine Lapidary* (1961), and *One Fold, One Shepherd* (1962).


title: M. Anbazhagan

abstract: M. Anbazhagan is a film director and screenwriter. His debut film is Saattai, and he works in Tamil cinema. Saattai stars Samuthirakani.

text:
# M. Anbazhagan

**M. Anbazhagan** is a film director and screenwriter. His debut film is *Saattai*, and he works in Tamil cinema. Saattai stars Samuthirakani.

## Filmography

As director

| Year | Film | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| 2012 | *Saattai* | Debut As Director |
| 2017 | *Rubaai* |  |
| 2019 | *Adutha Saattai* |  |

As writer

| Year | Film | Credited as | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Writer | |
| 2006 | *Kokki* | Y
(Uncredited) |
| 2007 | *Lee* | Y
(Uncredited) |  |
| 2009 | *Laadam* | Y
(Uncredited) |  |
| 2010 | *Mynaa* | Y
(Uncredited) |  |
| 2016 | *Appa* | Y
(Uncredited - Characters only) | He created the characters of Dayalan (played by Samuthirakani) and Singam Perumal (played by Thambi Ramaiah) used in this film and its official spin off, *Saattai*, but he does not get any character credits in *Appa* |
|

## InfoBox

| M. Anbazhagan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1987-11-26) 26 November 1987 |
| Occupation(s) | Director, Screenwriter |
| Years active | 2012–present |


title: M. P. Paul

abstract: Menacherry Poulose Paul (1904–1952) was an academic, educationist, scholar and literary critic of Malayalam. Considered by many as one of the major literary critics of Malayalam literature, Paul inaugurated comparative literature in Malayalam through his works, Novel Sahithyam and Cherukatha Prasthanam. He was the founder of parallel college education system in Kerala, one of the major forces behind the Purogamana Sahitya Prasthanam and was the founder president of Sahithya Pravrthaka Sahakarana Sangham, the writers' cooperative movement.

text:
# M. P. Paul

**Menacherry Poulose Paul** (1904–1952) was an academic, educationist, scholar and literary critic of Malayalam. Considered by many as one of the major literary critics of Malayalam literature, Paul inaugurated comparative literature in Malayalam through his works, *Novel Sahithyam* and *Cherukatha Prasthanam*. He was the founder of parallel college education system in Kerala, one of the major forces behind the *Purogamana Sahitya Prasthanam* and was the founder president of Sahithya Pravrthaka Sahakarana Sangham, the writers' cooperative movement.

## Life sketch

M. P. Paul was born on the May Day of 1904 at Puthenpally Varapuzha, in Ernakulam district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Poulose and Rosamma. After early schooling locally, he did his high school studies at St. Albert's High School, Ernakulam and though he completed his high school course with scholarship, he could not appear for the Secondary School Leaving Certificate in 1918 as he was under age at the time of the examination. Subsequently, he passed the examination the next year and completed his intermediate course at St. Thomas College, Thrissur before graduating in history from St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli in 1924. He started his career as a tutor at the same college following his graduation and during his stay in Tiruchirappalli, he unsuccessfully attempted the Indian Civil Service examination. Returning to Kerala in 1928, he joined St. Thomas College, Thrissur as a faculty and stayed there until 1931; in between, he earned a master's degree in English literature in 1929. In 1931, he was dismissed from service due to his differences with the management of the college which eventually escalated into a court case.

On losing the job, Paul rented a building opposite to St. Thomas College and started M. P. Paul's Tutorial College, the first parallel college in Kerala. Later, he started parallel colleges in Ernakulam and Kottayam and made an attempt to study law which he abandoned after passing the initial examination in 1933. The next year, he joined St. Berchmans College, Changanassery but left the job in 1936, again due to differences with the college management to go back to his parallel colleges which he managed in places like Thrissur, Kottayam, Ernakulam and Thiruvananthapuram; noted Malayalam writer, Muttathu Varkey, was a teacher in one of these colleges. He had a second stint at St. Berchmans College during 1944–46 but moved to Thiruvananthapuram in 1950 to join Mar Ivanios College as a professor. In 1952, he also made an attempt to revive his parallel college in Kottayam which had stopped functioning.

Paul married Mary in 1926 and the couple had a daughter, Rosy Thomas, who went on to become a noted writer in her own right; C. J. Thomas, the playwright and critic, was his son-in-law. he died on July 12, 1952, at the age of 48, at Thiruvananthapuram, succumbing to illnesses contracted during one of his trips to Kottayam. The Church refused to allow him a catholic burial due to his constant confrontations with them and his mortal remains were buried at a public cemetery in Pattoor, Thiruvananthapuram.

## Legacy and honours

> *Without him there wouldn't have been any Basheer. The preface he wrote for Basheer's Balyakalasakhi was a striking one,* said M. K. Sanu, about M. P. Paul, on the occasion of his 60th death anniversary.

Paul, who attempted to study aesthetics as fundamental to the practice of literary criticism and define the literary genres of novel, short story and essays, is credited with introducing a modern approach to literary criticism in Malayalam literature. He was known to be instrumental in democratising the renaissance movement in Malayalam literature for taking its benefits to the masses. Along with a group of literary enthusiasts, he founded *Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham*, a cooperative society for helping the writers to publish their works as well as getting them a decent remuneration during a time when even established writers like Vaikom Muhammad Basheer struggled to get adequate remuneration; Paul was its founder president. He published a weekly *Navakeralam* and a monthly *Cherupushpam* and served as the president of the *Kerala Purogamana Saahitya Sanghatana* for a brief period before distancing himself from the organization due to differences of opinion. He was active in theatre, too, and, in 1937, founded the *Shakespeare Theatre*.

Paul introduced western literature to Malayalam and was the first critic in Malayalam literature to launch comparative literature which he attempted in his work, *Novel Sahithyam* where he exposed the similarities between Cymbeline and Kundalatha as well as Marthanda Varma and Ivanhoe. *Cherukatha Prasthanam*, another of his works, documented the traits of Malayalam short story when the genre was in its nascent stage. *Kavya Darshanam, Khandakatha Prasthanam, Gadya Gathi, Sahithya Vicharam and Soundarya Nireekshanam* are his other books on literary criticism. He also translated *The Miser* of Moliere into Malayalam under the title, *Lubdhan*. His work has been detailed in a biographical book, *M. P. Paul -Kalapathinte Thiruseshippukal*, written by George Onakkoor. Rosy Thomas, Paul's daughter, wrote a book, *Urangunna Simham* (The Sleeping Lion) on him, which is a compilation of her memories of her father.

*M. P. Paul Charitable Trust*, the eponymous charitable organization, has instituted *M P Paul Award*, an annual literary award for honouring literary excellence in Malayalam language studies and history. The award carries a prize of 25,000, a citation and a plaque.

## Bibliography

### Essays

* Paul, M. P. (1930). *Novel Sahithyam*.
* Paul, M. P. (1932). *Cherukatha Prastanam*. Calicut: Poorna.
* Paul, M. P. (1953). *Sahityavicharam*. Kottayam: National Book Stall.
* Paul, M. P. (1954). *Gadhyagathi*. Sahithya Pravantaka Co: Sahithya Pravantaka Co. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
* Paul, M. P. (1972). *Kavyadharshanam*. S.P.C.S.
* Paul, M. P. (2012). *Soundarya Nireekshanam*. Kottayam: National Book Stall.
* *Complete Works of M. P. Paul* (1,500 pages 2 vols)

### Translations

* Moliere; M. P. Paul (translator) (1953). *Lubdan*. Kottayam: SPCS. `{{cite book}}`: `|last2=` has generic name (help)

### Works on M. P. Paul

## InfoBox

| M. P. Paul | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1904-05-01)May 1, 1904
Puthenpally Varapuzha, Ernakulam, Kingdom of Cochin |
| Died | July 12, 1952(1952-07-12) (aged 48)
Thiruvananthapuram |
| Occupation | Writer, educationist, literary critic |
| Notable works | * *Novel Sahithyam* * *Cherukatha Prasthanam* * *Saundaryathinte Adhistanam* * *Chithrakalayum Kavyakalayum* * *Sahithya Vicharam* |
| Spouse | Mary Paul |
| Children | * Rosy Thomas (daughter) * Baby Joseph (daughter) * Lilly(daughter) * Lucy Verghese (daughter) * Vincent Paul (son) * Babu Paul (son) * Thankam Papally (daughter) * Santha Pappachan (daughter) * Usha Augustine (daughter) * C. J. Thomas (son-in-law) |


title: M3 howitzer

abstract: The 105 mm Howitzer M3 was a U.S. light howitzer designed for use by airborne troops. The gun utilized the barrel of the 105 mm Howitzer M2, shortened and fitted to a slightly modified split trail carriage of the 75 mm pack howitzer. The howitzer was used by the U.S. Army during World War II. It was issued to airborne units and the cannon companies of infantry regiments.

text:
# M3 howitzer

The **105 mm Howitzer M3** was a U.S. light howitzer designed for use by airborne troops. The gun utilized the barrel of the 105 mm Howitzer M2, shortened and fitted to a slightly modified split trail carriage of the 75 mm pack howitzer.

The howitzer was used by the U.S. Army during World War II. It was issued to airborne units and the cannon companies of infantry regiments.

## Development and production

The process of building airborne forces in 1941 led to a requirement for an air-portable 105 mm howitzer. The weapon, initially designated T7, featured a barrel from the 105mm Howitzer M2, shortened by 27 inches (690 mm) and combined with the recoil system and carriage from the 75 mm pack howitzer. A prototype reached trials at Aberdeen Proving Ground in March 1942.

The howitzer was designed to fire the same ammunition as the M2 howitzer, however, it was found that the shorter barrel resulted in incomplete burning of the propelling charge. The problem could be solved by use of faster-burning powder, and otherwise, the design was considered acceptable and was standardized as the **105 mm Howitzer M3 on Carriage M3**. The carriage was soon succeeded by the M3A1, which had trails made from thicker steel plate. Even stronger tubular trails were designed, but never reached production.

Production started in February 1943 and continued until May 1944; an additional batch was produced from April to June 1945.

| Production of М3, pcs. | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | Total |
| Produced, pcs. | 1,965 | 410 | 205 | 2,580 |

## Service

Even though the M3 was not mentioned in the February 1944 T/O&E, shortly before the Normandy airdrops some airborne divisions received a 105 mm glider field artillery battalion equipped with them as a supplement to their existing three 75 mm howitzer battalions (designated the M1A1 during World War II). 1/4 ton jeeps were used as prime movers. Later increased to four battalions, one, between 1943 and 1945, was converted to 105mm M3. The weapon was finally authorized as an option by the December 1944 TO&E, and by 1945 was employed by all airborne divisions in the European Theater.

The initial production of the M3 was adequate to equip the cannon companies of the three hundred infantry regiments that had been forecast in the initial war plans. The M3 was the primary weapon of these companies, and appeared in the table of organization and equipment (T/O&E) from early 1944 (six, in three platoons of two) Often the cannon companies were integrated into the division artillery. The infantry used 1½ ton cargo trucks as the prime mover. In an assessment written after the war "The cannon company of 1943-45 failed to live up to the expectations of the force designers of 1942. The main problem was the substitution of towed low-velocity howitzers for the self-propelled versions as originally intended. This howitzer, the M3, had a shorter barrel than the regular 105-mm howitzer M2, possessed no ballistic shield, and had an effective range of only 7,250 yards (6.63 km) as compared to 12,500 yards (11.4 km) for the M2."

A small number of M3s were supplied via lend lease channels to France (94), United Kingdom (2) and countries of Latin America (18). They were used early in the Korean War as ROK divisional artillery.

## Operators

## Variants

Gun variants:

* T7, standardized as M3.
* T10 - variant with elevation increased to 65 degrees.

Carriage variants:

* M3 - based on M3A1 carriage for the 75 mm field howitzer.
* M3A1 - had stronger trails, made from 18 inch (3.2 mm) plate instead of 332 inch (2.4 mm).
* M3A2 - was fitted with shield.

## Self-propelled mounts

There were two proposals for a self-propelled artillery piece armed with the M3. Neither reached mass production.

| External image | |
| --- | --- |
| 105 mm HMC T82. | |

* 105 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T38 - based on the M3 halftrack, never built.
* 105 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T82 (M3 in mount M3A1) - based on the Light Tank M5A1 chassis. Two pilots were built. The project was cancelled in June 1945 due to lack of requirement.

## Ammunition

The gun fired semi-fixed ammunition, similar to the ammunition of the M2; it used the same projectiles and the same 105 mm Cartridge Case M14, but with different propelling charge. The latter used faster burning powder to avoid incomplete burning; it consisted of a base charge and four increments, forming five charges from 1 (the smallest) to 5 (the largest). In an emergency, gunners were authorized to fire M1 HE rounds prepared for the Howitzer M2, but only with charges from 1 to 3. M1 HE rounds for the M3 could be fired from an M2 with any charge.

HEAT M67 Shell had non-adjustable propelling charge. For blank ammunition, a shorter Cartridge Case M15 with black powder charge was used.

| **Available ammunition** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Type | Model | Weight (round/projectile) | Filler | Muzzle velocity | Range |
| HE | HE M1 Shell | 18.35 kg (40 lb) / 14.97 kg (33 lb) | 50/50 TNT or amatol, 2.18 kg (4 lb 13 oz) | 311 m/s (1,020 ft/s) | 7,585 m (8,300 yd) |
| HEAT-T | HEAT M67 Shell | 16.62 kg (37 lb) / 13.25 kg (29 lb) |  | 311 m/s (1,020 ft/s) | 7,760 m (8,500 yd) |
| Smoke | WP M60 Shell | 18.97 kg (42 lb) / 15.56 kg (34 lb) | White Phosphorus, 1.84 kg (4.1 lb) | 311 m/s (1,020 ft/s) | 7,585 m (8,300 yd) |
| Smoke | FS M60 Shell | 19.65 kg (43 lb) / | Sulfur trioxide in Chlorosulfonic acid, 2.09 kg (4 lb 10 oz) |  |  |
| Smoke | HC BE M84 Shell | 18.29 kg (40 lb) / 14.91 kg (33 lb) | Zinc chloride | 311 m/s (1,020 ft/s) | 7,585 m (8,300 yd) |
| Drill | Drill Cartridge M14 |  |  | - | - |
| Blank |  |  |  | - | - |

| **Armor penetration, mm** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ammunition \ Distance, m | 0 | 457 mm (18.0 in) | 914 mm (36.0 in) | 1,828 mm (72.0 in) |
| HEAT M67 Shell (meet angle 0°) | 102 mm (4.0 in) | | | |
| **Concrete penetration, mm** | | | | |
| HE M1 Shell (meet angle 0°) | 305 mm (12.0 in) | 274 mm (10.8 in) | 244 mm (9.6 in) | 213 mm (8.4 in) |
| Different methods of measurement were used in different countries / periods. Therefore, direct comparison is often impossible. | | | | |

1. Zaloga - *US Field Artillery of World War II*, p 13-14.
2. Zaloga - *US Field Artillery of World War II*, p 9.
3. Zaloga - *US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 1944-45*, p 37.
4. "T/O&E 7-14 Infantry Cannon Company (26 February 1944)" (PDF). Retrieved 12 February 2019.
5. "THE CANNON COMPANY - A WORLD WAR II SOLUTION TO THE CLOSE SUPPORT PROBLEM OF THE 1990s A Monograph By Major John H. McDonald, Jr. Field Artillery" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2021.
6. Zaloga - *US Field Artillery of World War II*, p 37.
7. "M3 (105mm Howitzer M3) - 105mm Towed Artillery System - Page 2 of 2". *www.militaryfactory.com*. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015.
8. Pachada (19 March 2008). "Philippine army 105mm M3 howitzer".
9. Bak, Dongchan (March 2021). *Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations* (PDF) (in Korean). Republic of Korea: Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History. pp. 99–101. ISBN 979-11-5598-079-8.
10. Phạm Văn Sơn, ARVN military history, vol.4, 1972, p.364
11. Hunnicutt - *Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles*, p 121.
12. Hunnicutt - *Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank*, p 332-333, 504.
13. *Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition*, p 167-178
14. *Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide*, p 471-484.
15. Hunnicutt - *Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank*, p 504.
* Hunnicutt, R. P. (1992). *Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank*. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-462-2.
* Hunnicutt, R. P. (2001). *Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles*. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-742-7.
* Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). *US Field Artillery of World War II*. New Vanguard 131. illustrated by Brian Delf. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-061-1.
* Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). *US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 1944-45*. Battle Orders 25. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846031182.
* *Technical Manual TM 9-1326, 105 mm Howitzer M3 and Howitzer Carriages M3 and M3A1*. War Department, 1944.
* *Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition*. War Department, 1944.
* *Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide*. War Department, 1944.

## InfoBox

| 105 mm Howitzer M3 | |
| --- | --- |
| A M3 howitzer outside the Army Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii. | |
| Type | Light Howitzer |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1943–present |
| Used by | United States |
| Wars |  |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1941 |
| Produced | 1943–1945 |
| No. built | 2,580 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 2,495 lb (1,130 kg) |
| Length | 12 ft 11 in (3.94 m) |
| Barrel length | Overall: 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) L/17.9
Bore: 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) L/16 |
| Width | 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) |
| Height | 4 ft 2 in (1.27 m) |
| Crew | 10 |
| --- | |
| Shell | 105 × 372 mm R |
| Shell weight | 36 lb 10 oz – 43 lb 3 oz (16.6–19.6 kg) |
| Caliber | 4.1 in (105 mm) |
| Breech | Horizontal-block |
| Recoil | Hydro-pneumatic, constant |
| Carriage | Split trail |
| Elevation | −9° to 30° |
| Traverse | 45° |
| Rate of fire | Burst: 4 rpm
Sustained: 2 rpm |
| Muzzle velocity | 1,020 ft/s (311 m/s) |
| Maximum firing range | HE: 8,300 yd (7,600 m) |


title: MSR Houston

abstract: Motor Speedway Resort (MSR) Houston is a road course race track located in Angleton, Texas. The track uses a membership system similar to that of country clubs where members may use the course for a nominal fee per use. The track has recently begun hosting its own racing series for club members. The main 17-turn 2.38 mi (3.83 km) track is 40 ft (12 m) wide and driven counter-clockwise (typical) or clockwise. The facility has a separate 0.75 mi (1.2 km) banked-turn karting course also with 17 turns, a rally track 100 acres (0.40 km⁲) in size, and a 90,000 sq ft (8,400 m⁲) skidpad. The course is also often used for track rentals that may involve professional race teams, particularly those in various sports car series as well as the IndyCar Series and Atlantic Championship. MSR Houston is the home of the following: Hands On Driving Academy, DESports Racing, WildWing America, Tramontana America, and Spec Racer Sports.

text:
# MSR Houston

**Motor Speedway Resort (MSR) Houston** is a road course race track located in Angleton, Texas. The track uses a membership system similar to that of country clubs where members may use the course for a nominal fee per use. The track has recently begun hosting its own racing series for club members.

The main 17-turn 2.38 mi (3.83 km) track is 40 ft (12 m) wide and driven counter-clockwise (typical) or clockwise. The facility has a separate 0.75 mi (1.2 km) banked-turn karting course also with 17 turns, a rally track 100 acres (0.40 km2) in size, and a 90,000 sq ft (8,400 m2) skidpad.

The course is also often used for track rentals that may involve professional race teams, particularly those in various sports car series as well as the IndyCar Series and Atlantic Championship.

MSR Houston is the home of the following: Hands On Driving Academy, DESports Racing, WildWing America, Tramontana America, and Spec Racer Sports.

## InfoBox

MSR Houston
| MotorSport Ranch Houston
Motor Sports Raceway Houston | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Angleton, Texas, USA |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (UTC-5 DST) |
| Coordinates | 29°16′41″N 95°25′21″W / 29.27811°N 95.42244°W / 29.27811; -95.42244 |
| Address | 1 Performance Dr
Angleton, TX 77515 |
| Opened | December 2005 |
| Major events | HPDE, SCCA, NASA, 24 Hours of Lemons |
| Website | msrhouston.com |
| Main Course | |
| Surface | Paved |
| Length | 2.38 miles (3.83 km) |
| Turns | 17 |
| Race lap record | 1:10.040 (Will Power, Team Australia, 2007, Champ Car - DP01) |
| Karting Track | |
| Length | 0.75 miles (1.2 km) |
| Turns | 17 |


title: MTV Extra

abstract: MTV Extra was a music channel by MTV Networks Europe, the channel first launched on 1 July 1999 on the Sky Digital platform, and was a mixture of music videos and repeats of MTV Programming. Towards the end of the channel's life, programming was dropped and the channel showed solely music videos, with MTV Dance in the evenings. MTV Dance was spun off into its own channel on 20 April 2001, and MTV Extra was renamed MTV Hits! at 6am on 1 May 2001. MTV Extra is notable for being the only spin-off MTV channel to use the same song title graphics as its parent channel. In 2005, Viacom proposed two channels to the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel to obtain a licence to air in the French free digital terrestrial television: Nickelodeon and MTV Extra. Viacom didn't find a French partner and the CSA preferred French groups projects.

text:
# MTV Extra

**MTV Extra** was a music channel by MTV Networks Europe, the channel first launched on 1 July 1999 on the Sky Digital platform, and was a mixture of music videos and repeats of MTV Programming. Towards the end of the channel's life, programming was dropped and the channel showed solely music videos (under the "Pure Music" name), with MTV Dance in the evenings. MTV Dance was spun off into its own channel on 20 April 2001, and MTV Extra was renamed MTV Hits! (now MTV Hits) at 6am on 1 May 2001. MTV Extra is notable for being the only spin-off MTV channel to use the same song title graphics as its parent channel (although it had its own separate idents).

In 2005, Viacom proposed two channels to the *Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel* to obtain a licence to air in the French free digital terrestrial television: Nickelodeon and MTV Extra. Viacom didn't find a French partner and the CSA preferred French groups projects.

## InfoBox

MTV Extra
| Country | United Kingdom |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | United Kingdom and Ireland |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | MTV Networks Europe |
| History | |
| Launched | 1 July 1999 |
| Closed | 1 May 2001 |
| Replaced by | MTV Hits |
| Links | |
| Website | mtv.co.uk |


title: MCFASolver Tech Centrale

abstract: MCFASolver Tech Centrale is a Philippine 3x3 basketball team which competes in the PBA 3x3, organized by the Philippines' top-flight professional league, Philippine Basketball Association.

text:
# MCFASolver Tech Centrale

**MCFASolver Tech Centrale** is a Philippine 3x3 basketball team which competes in the PBA 3x3, organized by the Philippines' top-flight professional league, Philippine Basketball Association.

## History

The team is under the ownership of an electronics and appliance company of the same name based in Lubao, Pampanga. The team would play as Lubao MCFASolver–Pampanga at the 2023 Cebu Masters, the tournament which Wilcon Depot 3x3 originally qualified for.

MCFASolver Tech Centrale are set to enter the PBA 3x3, at least for the second and third conference of the 2023–24 season. The initial roster was made from the core of former team, Wilcon Depot 3x3.

## Current roster

| MCFASolver Tech Centrale roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. No. Nat. Name Ht. Wt. Age   Vigil, Louie 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) 91 kg (201 lb)  33 – (1991-09-26)26 September 1991   Andrada, Yutien 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) 92 kg (203 lb)  33 – (1990-11-18)18 November 1990   Banal, Ael      Salva, Nico 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) 88 kg (194 lb)  34 – (1990-03-08)8 March 1990   Tumalip, TH | Head coach James Tolentino<br>---  Legend * **(C)** Team captain * Injured |

## InfoBox

| MCFASolver Tech Centrale | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Leagues | PBA 3x3 |
| Founded | 2023 |
| History | MCFASolver Tech Centrale (2023–) |
| Location | Lubao, Pampanga |
| Company | MCFASolver Tech Centrale |
| Head coach | Anton Altamirano |


title: MCF2

abstract: Proto-oncogene DBL is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCF2 gene. The commonly-used name DBL is derived from “diffuse B-cell lymphoma”, the cancer type where this gene was first identified as an oncogene, while the name MCF2 name derives from “MCF.2 cell line-derived transforming sequence”. DBL is the founding member of a large family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors that share a common DBL-homology (DH) domain), so DBL is also named as a member of this RhoGEF family as ARHGEF21. DH domains function to activate small GTPases of the Rho family by facilitating release of GDP from an inactive Rho GTPase and binding of GTP to activate it. In particular, DBL activates the Rho family member Cdc42. Gene recombinations that result in the loss of N-terminal regions produce MCF2 variants with oncogenic activity.[supplied by OMIM]

text:
# MCF2

**Proto-oncogene DBL** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *MCF2* gene.

The commonly-used name **DBL** is derived from “diffuse B-cell lymphoma”, the cancer type where this gene was first identified as an oncogene, while the name **MCF2** name derives from “MCF.2 cell line-derived transforming sequence”.

DBL is the founding member of a large family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors that share a common DBL-homology (DH) domain), so DBL is also named as a member of this RhoGEF family as **ARHGEF21**. DH domains function to activate small GTPases of the Rho family by facilitating release of GDP from an inactive Rho GTPase and binding of GTP to activate it. In particular, DBL activates the Rho family member Cdc42.

Gene recombinations that result in the loss of N-terminal regions produce MCF2 variants with oncogenic activity.\[supplied by OMIM\]

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| MCF2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | MCF2, ARHGEF21, DBL, MCF.2 cell line derived transforming sequence | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 311030; MGI: 96932; HomoloGene: 3917; GeneCards: MCF2; OMA:MCF2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)    RefSeq (protein)      n/a   Location (UCSC) n/a Chr X: 59.1 – 59.22 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Maaza

abstract: Maaza is a Coca-Cola fruit drink brand from India and marketed in Africa, Eastern Europe and Asia. Its most popular drink is its mango fruit drink.

text:
# Maaza

**Maaza** (pronounced "Mahza") is a Coca-Cola fruit drink brand from India and marketed in Africa, Eastern Europe and Asia. Its most popular drink is its mango fruit drink.

## History

Maaza was launched in 1976 in India and was acquired by Coca-Cola in 1993 from Parle Bisleri along with other brands such as Limca, Citra, Thums Up and Gold Spot. The Union Beverages Factory, based in the UAE, began selling it as a franchisee in the Middle East and Africa in 1976. By 1995, it had acquired rights to the Maaza brand in these countries through Maaza International Co. LLC Dubai. Maaza was acquired by House of Spices in 2005 for the North American market. In 2006, Infra Foodbrands acquired Maaza for the European, Caribbean and West-African markets and cooperates with House of Spices for the North American market.

## Products

Initially, Coca-Cola had also launched Maaza with orange and pineapple fruit drinks in addition to their mango drink, but these variants were subsequently dropped. Coca-Cola later re-launched these variants in the Indian market.

Maaza's mango drink competes with Pepsi's Slice brand of mango drink and Frooti, manufactured by Parle Agro.

While Frooti was sold in small cartons, Maaza and Slice were initially sold in returnable bottles. However, all brands are also now available in small cartons and large PET bottles.

Maaza has a distinct pulpy taste as compared to Frooti and tastes slightly sweeter than Slice. Maaza claims to contain mango pulp of the Alphonso variety, which is known as the "King of Mangoes" in India.

Maaza is a popular household name in Dubai.

## InfoBox

Maaza
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Fruit juice |
| Manufacturer | The Coca-Cola Company |
| Country of origin | India |
| Introduced | 1976 |
| Variants | Maaza Orange, Maaza Pineapple |
| Related products | Slice, Frooti |
| Website | coca-cola.com/in/en/brands/maaza |


title: MIKBUG

abstract: MIKBUG is a ROM monitor from Motorola for the Motorola 6800 8-bit microprocessor. It is intended to "be used to debug and evaluate a user's program". MIKBUG was distributed by Motorola in 1974 on a 1 K ROM chip part number MCM6830L7. It occupied 512 bytes on the chip, where the remainder was occupied by a 256 byte MINIBUG monitor—a stripped-down version of MIKBUG—and a 256 byte "test pattern". It requires 128 bytes of random-access memory for operation. Its functionality was similar to other monitors of the early microcomputer era, such as the Intel MON-80 for the Intel 8080. MIKBUG is initiated when power is first applied to the system, or when the system RESET button is pressed. It assumes the presence of a terminal that the user will use to issue commands.

text:
# MIKBUG

**MIKBUG** is a ROM monitor from Motorola for the Motorola 6800 8-bit microprocessor. It is intended to "be used to debug and evaluate a user's program".

MIKBUG was distributed by Motorola in 1974 on a 1 K ROM chip part number MCM6830L7. It occupied 512 bytes on the chip, where the remainder was occupied by a 256 byte MINIBUG monitor—a stripped-down version of MIKBUG—and a 256 byte "test pattern" (really just a different and unused revision of MINIBUG). It requires 128 bytes of random-access memory for operation. Its functionality was similar to other monitors of the early microcomputer era, such as the Intel MON-80 for the Intel 8080.

MIKBUG is initiated when power is first applied to the system, or when the system RESET button is pressed. It assumes the presence of a terminal that the user will use to issue commands.

## List of commands and functions

| Command | Function |
| --- | --- |
| L | Load a program from a paper tape reader on the attached terminal. The program tapes may be a "formatted binary object tapes or MIKBUG punched memory dump tapes". |
| M | Examine or change memory contents. |
| P | Print and/or punch memory contents. The user stores the beginning address in locations A002h and A003h, and the ending address in A004h and A005h before entering this command. The data is punched in absolute binary format. |
| R | Display the contents of the CPU registers. |
| A | Change the contents of a register. |
| G | Run a user's program. |

Callable functions include input and output of a character on the terminal, input and output of a byte in hexadecimal format, print a string terminated by `EOT`, and terminate the current program and return control to MIKBUG.

MIKBUG allows the user to install an interrupt handler using the `M` command to specify the handler address.

Listings of MIKBUG and MINIBUG monitors are available online.


title: Tymnes metasternalis

abstract: Tymnes metasternalis is a species of leaf beetle. It is found in North America.

text:
# Tymnes metasternalis

***Tymnes metasternalis*** is a species of leaf beetle. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 6: Chrysomeloidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26091-7.

## InfoBox

| *Tymnes metasternalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Tymnes* |
| Species: | ***T. metasternalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tymnes metasternalis***<br>(Crotch, 1873) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Typophorus metasternalis* Crotch, 1873 | |


title: Maandheere

abstract: Maandheere is a village in the Middle Shabelle region of Somalia, near Jowhar. A February, 2005 report from UNICEF noted that the local school had low enrollment, little space for expansion and poor ventilation.

text:
# Maandheere

**Maandheere** (sometimes written **Maandere** or **Maandeere**) is a village in the Middle Shabelle region of Somalia, near Jowhar.

A February, 2005 report from UNICEF noted that the local school had low enrollment, little space for expansion and poor ventilation.

## InfoBox

| Maandheere | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| MaandheereLocation in Somalia | |
| Coordinates: 02°41′30″N 45°30′29″E / 2.69167°N 45.50806°E / 2.69167; 45.50806 | |
| Country | Somalia |
| Region | Middle Shabelle |
| District | Jowhar |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: Shannon Harbour

abstract: Shannon Harbour is a small village situated on the banks of the Grand Canal in County Offaly, Ireland. The older or regional name of the village is Cluain Uaine Bheag, meaning "Clononey Beg" or "little Clononey," named in contrast to Cluain Uaine Mhor or Clononey Mor on the other side of a stream off the River Brosna. The name reflects the distance, population, and low-lying land of the area compared to its counterpart. The village has docking facilities and two pubs, McIntyre's and the Canal Bar. Each year since 1971, the Shannon Harbour boat rally is organized by the Shannon Harbour branch of the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland. The Shannon Harbour area is located between Griffith Bridge, a sharp hump-back twist over the Grand Canal, and the Railway Bridge, a loop-around bridge over a hidden, derelict railway. Shannon Harbour is notable for being where the Shannon, Brosna, and Grand Canal meet, making it a popular fishing destination for salmon, perch, and pike. The first trade barge traveled from Dublin to Shannon Harbour in 1804, and by 1820, passenger boats made the 70-mile trip from Dublin to Shannon Harbour in 18 hours. The River Shannon is navigable from Shannon Harbour to Limerick and Athlone.

text:
# Shannon Harbour

**Shannon Harbour** (Irish: *Caladh na Sionainne*) is a small village situated on the banks of the Grand Canal in County Offaly, Ireland. The older or regional name of the village is ***Cluain Uaine Bheag***, meaning "Clononey Beg" or "little Clononey," named in contrast to Cluain Uaine Mhor or Clononey Mor ("Big Clononey") on the other side of a stream off the River Brosna. The name reflects the distance, population, and low-lying land of the area compared to its counterpart.

The village has docking facilities and two pubs, McIntyre's and the Canal Bar. Each year since 1971, the Shannon Harbour boat rally is organized by the Shannon Harbour branch of the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland. The Shannon Harbour area is located between Griffith Bridge, a sharp hump-back twist over the Grand Canal, and the Railway Bridge, a loop-around bridge over a hidden, derelict railway.

Shannon Harbour is notable for being where the Shannon, Brosna, and Grand Canal meet, making it a popular fishing destination for salmon, perch, and pike.

The first trade barge traveled from Dublin to Shannon Harbour in 1804, and by 1820, passenger boats made the 70-mile trip from Dublin to Shannon Harbour in 18 hours. The River Shannon is navigable from Shannon Harbour to Limerick and Athlone.

There is an Irish tune by the name *Uaine Bheag*by the Irish group Slide.

53°13′N 7°57′W / 53.217°N 7.950°W / 53.217; -7.950


title: Tylopilus tabacinus

abstract: Tylopilus tabacinus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is characterized by a tawny-brown cap measuring up to 17.5 cm (6.9 in) in diameter, and a reticulated stem up to 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long by 6 cm (2.4 in) thick. A characteristic microscopic feature is the distinctive crystalline substance encrusted on the hyphae in the surface of the cap. The species is known from the eastern United States from Florida north to Rhode Island, and west to Mississippi, and from eastern Mexico. It is a mycorrhizal species, and associates with oak and beech trees.

text:
# Tylopilus tabacinus

| *Tylopilus tabacinus*Mycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Pores** on hymenium |
|  | Cap is **convex** or **flat** |
|  | Hymenium is **adnate** |
|  | Stipe is **bare** |
|  | Spore print is **pinkish-brown** to **reddish-brown** |
|  | Ecology is **mycorrhizal** |
|  | Edibility is **unknown** |

***Tylopilus tabacinus*** is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is characterized by a tawny-brown cap measuring up to 17.5 cm (6.9 in) in diameter, and a reticulated stem up to 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long by 6 cm (2.4 in) thick. A characteristic microscopic feature is the distinctive crystalline substance encrusted on the hyphae in the surface of the cap. The species is known from the eastern United States from Florida north to Rhode Island, and west to Mississippi, and from eastern Mexico. It is a mycorrhizal species, and associates with oak and beech trees.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1896 under the name *Boletus tabacinus*. Peck collected the type specimens in red clay on the bank of a roadside ditch in Alabama. William Alphonso Murrill transferred the species to his then newly described genus *Ceriomyces* in 1909; this genus has since been subsumed into *Boletus*. Rolf Singer moved the species to *Tylopilus* in 1944. Although Singer considered *B. tabacinus* to be the same species as *Boletus pisciodorus*, this opinion was contested by William Alphonso Murrill, who, after examining the type specimens of both species, considered them to be distinct. Murrill's conclusion was later corroborated by Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers in the 1971 monograph of boletes. In 1945, Singer defined the varieties *amarus* and *dubius* that he collected in Florida.

## Description

The caps of the fruit body initially have a rounded shape, but later become broadly convex and eventually flattened in age; they reach dimensions of 4.5–17.5 cm (1.8–6.9 in) wide. The color ranges from yellowish brown to orangish brown to tobacco brown. The cap surface is dry with a somewhat velvet-like texture, although in larger specimens the surface is areolate (divided into small areas by cracks). The cap margin is even and wavy.

The tubes on the underside of the cap (comprising the hymenium) are dark brown to cinnamon-brown. The angular to circular pores are lighter in color than the tubes and number about 1–2 pores per millimeter, while the tubes are up to 1.4 cm (0.55 in) long. The pore surface is depressed around the stem. The cap flesh is white, but typically stains purplish buff or pinkish buff when cut. The stipe typically measures 4–16.5 cm (1.6–6.5 in) by 2.5–6 cm (1.0–2.4 in) thick. When young, it is bulbous, but matures to become more or less equal in width throughout. Its color is roughly the same as the cap, although it tends to be slightly darker in the upper portion, where it is reticulate (covered with a net-like patterns of ridges). The odor of the mushroom has been described variously as "not distinctive, fruity, fishy, or pungent", while the taste is indistinct to slightly bitter. The edibility of the mushroom is unknown. The variety *amarus* is similar in appearance, but has bitter-tasting flesh, while variety *dubius* has a lighter colored-cap and less distinctive reticulations on the apex of the stem.

Fruit bodies produce a spore print ranging in color from pinkish brown to reddish brown. The spores measure 10–17 by 3.5–4.5 μm, and are fusoid (somewhat spindle-shaped) to elliptical. Spores have a smooth surface, and a plage (a depressed area where the spore was once attached to the basidium via the sterigma). The spore walls are thin, up to 0.2 μm. They are pale yellow to cream green in a solution of potassium hydroxide, pale yellow-rust in Melzer's reagent, and blue in Methyl blue; without stain, they appear hyaline to pale yellow. The cap cuticle is an interwoven trichodermium—a cellular arrangement whereby the hyphae are of roughly equal length and arranged perpendicularly to the surface. The terminal (end) cells of the trichodermium are 6.5–11.5 μm in diameter, and roughly equal in width throughout their length. They are encrusted with a crystalline substance, a feature that is uncommon in the Boletaceae. The hyphae of the tubes are 5.0–13.0 μm in diameter. Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae.

The basidia (spore-bearing cells) of *T. tabacinus* are club-shaped and measure 23.5–37.0 by 8.5–13.0 μm. The pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the inner surface of the tubes) are 45.0–60.0 by 6.5–12.5 μm, lanceolate (lance-shaped) to narrowly fusoid-ventricose (enlarged in the middle and somewhat spindle-shaped). Cheilocystidia (cystidia on the outer edges of the tubes) are absent. The caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) form the reticulations on the stem; they are usually club-shaped and measure 21.0–40.5 by 6.5–10.5 μm.

### Similar species

*Boletus pisciodorus* is similar in form to *Tylopilus tabacinus*. Unlike, *T. tabacinus* however, *B. pisciodorus* has spores that are hyaline in mass, and dark yellowish brown rather than hyaline when viewed with a light microscope. Further, *B. pisciodorus* has a fishy odor that is apparent in both fresh and dried specimens.

## Habitat and distribution

*Tylopilus tabacinus* forms ectomycorrhizal associations with oaks, and fruit bodies are usually found solitarily, scattered, or in groups on sandy soil under oaks or in mixed oak-pine woods from July to September. In the United States, the mushroom is distributed from Florida north to Rhode Island, and west to Mississippi. It has also been collected from a montane cloud forest of Mexican Beech (*Fagus grandifolia* var. *mexicana*) in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. The occurrence of the mushroom is "occasional to fairly common". The varieties *amarus* and *dubius* are rare, known only from their original collection locations in Gainesville, Florida.

## InfoBox

| *Tylopilus tabacinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | *Tylopilus* |
| Species: | ***T. tabacinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tylopilus tabacinus***
(Peck) Singer (1944) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Boletus tabacinus* Peck (1896)
*Ceriomyces tabacinus* (Peck) Murrill (1909) | |


title: Francesco Fontani

abstract: Francesco Fontani was a Florentine scholar, priest, historian, and librarian for the Biblioteca Riccardiana. He was born in Florence, and studied first in the Seminary of the Collegio Eugeniano, then went on to teach rhetoric in the Collegio Bandinelli of Rome. He was known for his knowledge about ancient artifacts. In 1783, returning to Florence, he was appointed to the position previously held by Giovanni Lami, as librarian at Riccardiana, but also working for the Accademia della Crusca, and serving as parish priest for the church of Santa Lucia dei Magnoli. He appears to have been demoted for participating with revolutionary French forces during the Napoleonic occupation. He helped publish Il viaggio pittorico della Toscana, a travel journey through Tuscany known for its vedute of the skylines of numerous towns at the start of the 19th-century. The book was published between 1801 and 1803 by Tipi del Tofani and engraved by the brothers Terreni. Reprinted after 1817 by Giovanni Marenigh.

text:
# Francesco Fontani

**Francesco Fontani** (23 May 1748 – 4 December 1818) was a Florentine scholar, priest, historian, and librarian for the Biblioteca Riccardiana.

He was born in Florence, and studied first in the Seminary of the Collegio Eugeniano, then went on to teach rhetoric in the Collegio Bandinelli of Rome. He was known for his knowledge about ancient artifacts. In 1783, returning to Florence, he was appointed to the position previously held by Giovanni Lami, as librarian at Riccardiana, but also working for the Accademia della Crusca, and serving as parish priest for the church of Santa Lucia dei Magnoli. He appears to have been demoted for participating with revolutionary French forces during the Napoleonic occupation.

He helped publish *Il viaggio pittorico della Toscana*, a travel journey through Tuscany known for its vedute of the skylines of numerous towns at the start of the 19th-century. The book was published between 1801 and 1803 by Tipi del Tofani and engraved by the brothers Terreni. Reprinted after 1817 by Giovanni Marenigh.


title: Matthew McIntyre-Wilson

abstract: Matthew McIntyre-Wilson is a jeweller, weaver of accessories inspired by traditional Māori artefacts. He is a Ngā Mahanga and Titahi descent.

text:
# Matthew McIntyre-Wilson

**Matthew McIntyre-Wilson** (born 1973 in Hastings, New Zealand) is a jeweller, weaver of accessories inspired by traditional Māori artefacts. He is a Ngā Mahanga and Titahi descent.

## Biography

In 1992, McIntyre-Wilson gained a certificate in Craft and Design from Whitireia Polytechnic, and a diploma in Visual Arts majoring in Jewellery from Hawke's Bay Polytechnic in 1996.

In 2008, the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa purchased the woven silver and copper tātua ("bum belts") that McIntyre-Wilson made after visiting their taonga Māori collection stores. McIntyre-Wilson also investigates the museum's archives in search of items labelled as "maker unknown", and document those items specifically.

## Work

The work of Matthew McIntyre-Wilson borrows from the techniques and styles of traditional Māori artefacts to create woven geometric patterns with copper, silver, gold, or stripped electrical wires. He combines his interest for raranga whakairo with his formal training in jewelry to make tātua ("bum belts"), arm bands, hinaki (eel pots) and brooches. His master weaver and mentor is Rangi Kiu (Ngāti Kahungunu ki Wairoa).

## Exhibitions

1. "Matthew McIntyre-Wilson". *Spirit Wrestler Gallery*. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
2. "Tales from Te Papa Episode 45". *Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa*. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
3. Warren Feeney (16 October 2016). "Matthew McIntyre Wilson - weaving the past and present together". *Stuff.co.nz*. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
4. "Matthew McIntyre Wilson: Seven Stars". *Citygallery.org.nz*. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
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title: Oru Rathri Oru Pakal

abstract: Oru Rathri Oru Pakal is a 2019 Indian Malayalam film written and directed by Prathap Joseph, His fourth film as a cinematographer-director, is set and filmed in Shoranur and stars Yamuna Chungappalli and Mari in the lead roles. It references of honour killing.

text:
# Oru Rathri Oru Pakal

***Oru Rathri Oru Pakal*** (A night, a day) is a 2019 Indian Malayalam film written and directed by Prathap Joseph, His fourth film as a cinematographer-director, is set and filmed in Shoranur and stars Yamuna Chungappalli and Mari in the lead roles. It references of honour killing.

## Festivals Participated

The film had its Indian premiere in Dec 2019 at the 3rd edition of the Kazhcha-Niv Independent Film Festival (KNIFF).

From KNIFF, the film travelled to the Kasargod International Film Festival. And then made it to the Open Screen. The film has also been selected in the Panchajanyam International Film festival, the International Film Festival of Trichur, the Independent Film Festival of Chennai, the Yashwant International Film festival, the Orange City International Film Festival, and the Independent Film Festival of Melbourne.

Oru Rathri Oru Pakal and Dr. Biju's Veyilmarangal are the two Malayalam films nominated for the Pune International Film Festival.

## InfoBox

| Oru Rathri Oru Pakal | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Prathap Joseph |
| Written by | Prathap Joseph |
| Produced by | * Minimal Cinema * House of Illusions |
| Starring | * Yamuna Chungappalli * Mari * Saheer Mohammed * Najil Hameed * Lennon Gopin * Rahoof K Razak * Vyshak Unnikrishnan |
| Cinematography | * Prathap Joseph * Anand Pottekkat * Gireesh Raman |
| Edited by | Anand Pottekkat |
| Release date | * 9 December 2019 (2019-12-09) |
| Running time | 76 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Fratricide

abstract: Fratricide is the act of killing one's own brother. It can either be done directly or via the use of either a hired or an indoctrinated intermediary. The victim need not be the perpetrator's biological brother. In a military context, fratricide refers to a service member killing a comrade. The term is often used metaphorically to refer to civil wars.

text:
# Fratricide

**Fratricide** (from Latin  **fratricidium**; from  **frater** 'brother' and  **-cīdium** 'killing' – the assimilated root of *caedere* 'to kill, cut down') is the act of killing one's own brother.

It can either be done directly or via the use of either a hired or an indoctrinated intermediary (an assassin). The victim need not be the perpetrator's biological brother. In a military context, fratricide refers to a service member killing a comrade.

The term is often used metaphorically to refer to civil wars.

## Religion and mythology

The Abrahamic religions recognize the biblical account of Cain and Abel as the first fratricidal murder to be committed. In the mythology of ancient Rome, the city is founded as the result of a fratricide, with the twins Romulus and Remus quarreling over who has the favour of the gods and over each other's plans to build Rome, with Romulus becoming Rome's first king and namesake after killing his brother.

In Greek mythology, Cassiphone, the daughter of Odysseus and Circe, killed her half-brother and husband Telemachus in revenge after he killed her mother Circe following a quarrell between the two.

### Osiris Myth

In ancient Egyptian mythology, the god Osiris is murdered by his brother Set who usurps the throne.

### The Mahabharata and the Ramayana

In the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, Karna was killed by Arjuna who was unaware that Karna was his eldest brother.

## Roman Empire

The only known fratricides in the Roman Empire are Romulus killing Remus and the reasonably well-known murder of Geta on the orders of his brother Caracalla in 211. The brothers had a fraught relationship enduring many years; upon their father Septimius Severus's death in February 211, they succeeded him as co-emperors. Their joint rule was embittered and unsuccessful, with each of them conspiring to have the other one murdered. In December of that year, Caracalla pretended to be holding a reconciliation in their mother Julia Domna's apartment when Geta was lured to come unarmed and unguarded. A group of Centurions loyal to Caracalla ambushed him upon Geta's arrival, with Geta dying in his mother's arms. It is said that the fratricide would often come back to haunt Caracalla.

## Persian Empire

There are many recorded fratricides in Persia, the most famous of which involving Cyrus the Great's sons Cambyses II and Bardiya, the former killing the latter. There are also stories about the sons of Artaxerxes I, Xerxes II, Sogdianus, and Darius II, all of which concern competition for the throne. In addition, there were many fratricides recorded during the Parthian and Sassanid Empires.

## Tang Empire

Prince Li Shimin (Prince of Qin), the second son of Emperor Gaozu, was in an intense rivalry with his elder brother Crown Prince Li Jiancheng and younger brother Prince Li Yuanji (Prince of Qi). He took control and set up an ambush at Xuanwu Gate, the northern gate leading to the Palace City of the imperial capital Chang'an. There, Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji were murdered by Li Shimin and his men. Within three days after the coup, Li Shimin was installed as the crown prince. Emperor Gaozu abdicated another sixty days later and passed the throne to Li Shimin, who would become known as Emperor Taizong.

## Ottoman Empire

Fratricide was not originally legal in the Ottoman Empire. The practice of fratricide was legalized by Mehmed II. His grandfather, Mehmed I, struggled over the throne with his brothers Süleyman, İsa, and Musa during the Ottoman Interregnum. This civil war lasted eight years and weakened the empire due to the casualties it inflicted and the division it sowed in Ottoman society. As a result, Mehmed II formally legalized the practice of fratricide in order to preserve the state and not further place strain on the unity as previous civil wars did. Mehmed II stated, "Of any of my sons that ascends the throne, it is acceptable for him to kill his brothers for the common benefit of the people (*nizam-i alem*). The majority of the *ulama* (Muslim scholars) have approved this; let action be taken accordingly."

When Mehmed's son, Bayezid II died, his son Selim I immediately assumed the throne and proceeded to execute his two brothers Ahmed and Korkut. The largest practice of fratricide was committed by Mehmed III when he had 19 of his brothers and half-brothers murdered and buried alongside their father. His successor Ahmed I, when faced with public disapproval for the practice of fratricide, decided to outlaw the practice and replace it with seniority ascension system along with imprisonment in the Kafes of any prince who would be a possible threat to the throne.

## Mughal Empire

In the Mughal Empire, fratricides often occurred as a result of wars of succession. Shah Jahan had his eldest brother Khusrau Mirza killed in 1622. Shah Jahan also had his brother Shahriyar killed in 1628. Shah Jahan's son, Dara Shikoh was assassinated by four of his brother Aurangzeb's henchmen in front of his terrified son on the night of 30 August 1659 (9 September Gregorian).

## Antigone

The events in the Greek tragedy Antigone unfold due to the previous war between the princely brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, who killed each other in combat. Polyneices had challenged his brother's claim to the throne of the city Thebes, and attacked the city with an army from Argos. Eteocles fought for Thebes to defend the city against Polyneices and his army. The two killed each other by stabbing in the heart.

## Ashoka's Empire

Ashoka, also known as Chand-Ashoka (Cruel Ashoka), killed his brothers as punishment for the king's (his father) death and quarrel for the kingdom (war of succession). Later on, Ashoka conquered Greater India entire, before he adopted Buddhism and forsook war.

## Zulu Kingdom

Shaka, the Zulu king, was killed by his half-brother Dingane and his brother Mhlangana in 1828. Dingane became the Zulu leader until he was assassinated in 1840 in the Hlatikhulu Forest.