title: Ole A. Sørli

abstract: Ole A. Sørli was a Norwegian musician and writer as well as a music industry manager and record producer.

text:
# Ole A. Sørli

**Ole A. Sørli** (12 September 1946 – 4 August 2009) was a Norwegian musician and writer as well as a music industry manager and record producer.

## Career

He first gained fame as a musician and leader of the band The Cool Cats (1961 to 1967) and worked throughout the rest of his life producing and managing western music.

In 1967 he was employed by Arne Bendiksen to launch the music cassette in Norway. From 1971 to 1977, he was general manager of the record label Polydor. In 1978 he started Sørli DB Records along with the brothers Paul and Helge Karlsen and produced records by Erik Bye, Cornelis Vreeswijk, and the record featuring The Smurfs in Norwegian. Two years later Sørli founded Notabene Records and produced, among other projects acts such as Knutsen & Ludvigsen, Linda Martin and Ole I'Dole.

In December 1980 he helped put together the "Norwegian Uff – Independent Producer Association of Phonograph Records", which later changed its name to "Fono". He became the association's first chairman, and in addition to running their companies, he assumed several other offices in the industry, including one as a board member of Fono and the chairman of the Norwegian Grammy Committee.

Sørli influenced record industry development through the 1980s and 1990s. His opinions and views on American music were highly regarded amongst his peers.

One of his greatest achievements was as the managing director of the musical *Which Witch*, for which he also co-wrote the book with Piers Haggard. The music was written by Benedicte Adrian and Ingrid Bjørnov. The team behind the musical managed to get the show staged in London's West End in 1992, where it run for 76 performances, for a total audience of 37,000, before the show had to close in December). Sørli also wrote essays on the history of witchcraft.

## *Which Witch*

Which Witch is a free adaptation opera/musical of an incident from the witch-hunter's handbook, the 15th century Malleus Maleficarum. Producer Sørli wrote the original manuscript, and was executive director of the project.

### Synopsis

* Maria Vittoria, foster-daughter of an influential Roman family, has fallen in love with her German tutor, Daniel, recently made a bishop of the Catholic Church. After causing a scandal at the Vatican the lovers are obliged to leave Rome and Daniel takes Maria back to his family home in Heidelberg where Daniel mysteriously falls ill on the following day and remains in a deep sleep. Anna Regina, Daniel's older sister, then accuses Maria of having cast a spell on Daniel and the townspeople turn on Maria and she is imprisoned for witchcraft. A few weeks later, Cardinal Gonzaga, the Inquisitor, arrives from Rome to cure the Bishop and prosecute his mistress. Maria manages to escape from jail, but instead of fleeing Heidelberg to save her life, she seeks out Daniel. Reunited in the church they have a brief moment of happiness together. Further conflict ensues.

### Criticism

* Which Witch was originally commissioned for the Bergen International Arts Festival in 1987.
* *"a brilliant new pop opera; the arrival of a new and vital voice from the frozen north; the most impressive new piece to come out of Scandinavia"* (*Time Magazine*, May 1989)
* *"Before this all-consuming project, Adrian and Bjørnov were performing and recording as a pop/rock/opera duo, Dollie de Luxe. Their records and performances up until 1996 were produced by Sørli, and it is this trio's combination of rock music and classical elements that has created "great melodic beauty and taut rhythmic drive"* (Time Magazine).

### Legacy

The London success led to a 1993 summer concert tour that was the biggest ever music event in Norway, setting box office records everywhere. Following summer concerts in 1994 of a Norwegian version, Which Witch has only been performed in semi-professional theatre and concert productions. In addition to this, a TV production of the West End final performance has been shown on Danish, Norwegian and Czech television (2002).

## Death

After half a year of illness Sørli died in 2009.

## Production credits

* *I Smurfeland (LP) DB Records (3) 1978*
* *Smurfe-Sangen / Skal Vi Smurfe Gåter? (7") DB Records (3) 1978*
* *Fiskepudding! Lakrisbåter! (Album) ◄ (2 versions) Notabene Records 1980*
* *Fiskepudding! Lakrisbåter! (LP) Notabene Records 1980*
* *Fiskepudding! Lakrisbåter! (Cass, Album) Notabene Records 1980*
* *Første Akt (LP) DB Records (3) 1980*
* *Gråt Ikke Mer (7") NotaBene Records 1981*
* *Hard Valuta (Cass, Album) NotaBene Records 1981*
* *I Want You / Forever (7") NotaBene Records 1982*
* *På Gang Igjen (7") NotaBene Records 1982*
* *Juba Juba (Album) ◄ (3 versions) Notabene Records 1983*
* *Juba Juba (LP, Album) Notabene Records 1983*
* *Juba Juba (Cass, Album) Notabene Records 1983*
* *Juba Juba (CD, Album) Universal Music (Norway) 1999*
* *Queen of the Night / Satisfaction (Maxi) ◄ (3 versions) Queen of the Night / S... Carrere 1984*
* *Queen of the Night / Satisfaction (7") Queen of the Night Carrere Records 1986*
* *Queen of the Night / Satisfaction (12", Maxi) Polydor 1984*
* *Queen of the Night / Satisfaction (12") Queen of the Night Notabene Records 1985*
* *Wanted (Dead Or Alive) (7", Single) Notabene Records 1984*
* *Sammen, For Livet (LP, Comp) Oh Boy Forente Artister 1985*
* *Rock Vs. Opera (CD, Album) Notabene Records 1986*
* *Eternally (7", Single) Notabene Records 1987*
* *Ludvigsens Hostesaft (LP, Album) Notabene Records 1987*
* *Cornelis Bästa (2xCD) Warner Bros. Records Music Sweden 2003*
* *Maskindans – Norsk Synth 1980–1988 (2xCD, Comp, Dig + Box) Space, Action, Sex Og ... Hommage Records 2009*

### Appears On

* *Første Akt (LP) Sov Søtt, Lille Mann,... DB Records (3) 1980*
* *Musikk På Gang 16 (Cass, Comp) Everybody Loves A Winner VG 1984*
* *Which Witch, The Operamusical – London Cast Album (2xCD, Album) Notabene Records 1993*


title: Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell

abstract: Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells, NG2-glia, O2A cells, or polydendrocytes, are a subtype of glia in the central nervous system named for their essential role as precursors to oligodendrocytes and myelin. They are typically identified in the human by co-expression of PDGFRA and CSPG4. OPCs play a critical role in developmental and adult myelinogenesis. They give rise to oligodendrocytes, which then wrap around axons and provide electrical insulation by forming a myelin sheath. This enables faster action potential propagation and high fidelity transmission without a need for an increase in axonal diameter. The loss or lack of OPCs, and consequent lack of differentiated oligodendrocytes, is associated with a loss of myelination and subsequent impairment of neurological functions. In addition, OPCs express receptors for various neurotransmitters and undergo membrane depolarization when they receive synaptic inputs from neurons.

text:
# Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell

**Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells** (**OPCs**), also known as **oligodendrocyte precursor cells**, **NG2-glia**, **O2A cells**, or **polydendrocytes**, are a subtype of glia in the central nervous system named for their essential role as precursors to oligodendrocytes and myelin. They are typically identified in the human by co-expression of PDGFRA and CSPG4.

OPCs play a critical role in developmental and adult myelinogenesis. They give rise to oligodendrocytes, which then wrap around axons and provide electrical insulation by forming a myelin sheath. This enables faster action potential propagation and high fidelity transmission without a need for an increase in axonal diameter. The loss or lack of OPCs, and consequent lack of differentiated oligodendrocytes, is associated with a loss of myelination and subsequent impairment of neurological functions. In addition, OPCs express receptors for various neurotransmitters and undergo membrane depolarization when they receive synaptic inputs from neurons.

## Structure

OPCs are glial cells that are typically identified by co-expression of NG2 (a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan encoded by *CSPG4* in humans) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (encoded by *PDGFRA*). They are smaller than neurons, of comparable size to other glia, and can either have a bipolar or complex multipolar morphology with processes reaching up to ~50 μm. OPCs comprise approximately 3–4% of cells in grey matter and 8–9% in white matter, making them the fourth largest group of glia after astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes.

OPCs are present throughout the brain, including the hippocampus and in all layers of the neocortex. They distribute themselves and achieve a relatively even distribution through active self-repulsion. OPCs constantly survey their surroundings through actively extending and retracting processes that have been termed *growth cone like processes*. Death or differentiation of an OPC is rapidly followed by migration or local proliferation of a neighboring cell to replace it.

In white matter, OPCs are found along unmyelinated axons as well as along myelinated axons, engulfing nodes of Ranvier. Recently, OPCs have been shown to reside in close contact with NG2-expressing pericytes in cerebral white matter, as well.

OPCs receive synaptic contacts onto their processes from both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. OPCs receive preferred somatic contacts from fast-spiking GABAergic neurons, while non-fast spiking interneurons have a preference for contacting the processes. These inhibitory connections (in mice) occur mainly during a specific period in development, from postnatal day 8 till postnatal day 13.

## Development

OPCs first appear during embryonic organogenesis. In the developing neural tube, Shh (Sonic hedgehog) signaling and expression of Nkx6.1/Nkx6.2 coordinate expression of Olig1 and Olig2 in neuroepithelial cells of the pMN and p3 domains of the ventral ventricular zone. Together, Nkx2.2 and Olig1/Olig2 drive OPC specification.

In the forebrain, three regionally distinct sources have been shown to generate OPCs sequentially. OPCs first originate from Nkx2.1-expressing cells in the ventricular zone of the medial ganglionic eminence. Some OPCs are also generated from multipotent progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ). These cells migrate into the olfactory bulb. Depending on their origin in the SVZ, these progenitors give rise to either OPCs or astrocytes. Typically, cells originating from the posterior and dorsomedial SVZ produce more oligodendrocytes owing to increased exposure to posterior Shh signaling and dorsal Wnt signaling which favors OPC specification, in contrast to ventral Bmp signaling which inhibits it.

As development progresses, second and third waves of OPCs originate from Gsh2-expressing cells in the lateral and caudal ganglionic eminences and generate the majority of adult oligodendrocytes. After the committed progenitor cells exit the germinal zones, they migrate and proliferate locally to eventually occupy the entire CNS parenchyma. OPCs are highly proliferative, migratory, and have bipolar morphology.

OPCs continue to exist in both white and grey matter in the adult brain and maintain their population through self-renewal. White matter OPCs proliferate at higher rates and are best known for their contributions to adult myelinogenesis, while grey matter OPCs are slowly proliferative or quiescent and mostly remain in an immature state. Subpopulations of OPCs have different resting membrane potentials, ion channel expression, and ability to generate action potentials.

### Fate

Typically beginning in postnatal development, OPCs myelinate the entire central nervous system (CNS). They differentiate into the less mobile premyelinating oligodendrocytes that further differentiate into oligodendrocytes, a process characterized by the emergence of the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), or myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). Following terminal differentiation *in vivo*, mature oligodendrocytes wrap around and myelinate axons. *In vitro*, oligodendrocytes create an extensive network of myelin-like sheets. The process of differentiation can be observed both through morphological changes and cell surface markers specific to the discrete stage of differentiation, though the signals for differentiation are unknown. The various waves of OPCs could myelinate distinct regions of the brain, which suggests that distinct functional subpopulations of OPCs perform different functions.

Differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes involves massive reorganization of cytoskeleton proteins ultimately resulting in increased cell branching and lamella extension, allowing oligodendrocytes to myelinate multiple axons. Multiple pathways contribute to oligodendrocyte branching, but the exact molecular process by which oligodendrocytes extend and wrap around multiple axons remains incompletely understood. Laminin, a component of the extracellular matrix, plays an important role in regulating oligodendrocyte production. Mice lacking laminin alpha2-subunit produced fewer OPCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Deletion of Dicer1 disrupts normal brain myelination. However, miR-7a, and miRNA in OPCs, promotes OPC production during brain development.

### Controversy

The possibility and *in vivo* relevance of OPC differentiation into astrocytes or neurons are highly debated. Using Cre-Lox recombination-mediated genetic fate mapping, several labs have reported the fate of OPCs using different Cre driver and reporter mouse lines. It is generally held that OPCs predominantly generate oligodendrocytes, and the rate at which they generate oligodendrocytes declines with age and is greater in white matter than in grey matter. Up to 30% of the oligodendrocytes that exist in the adult corpus callosum are generated *de novo* from OPCs over a period of 2 months. It is not known whether all OPCs eventually generate oligodendrocytes while self-renewing the population, or whether some remain as OPCs throughout the life of the animal and never differentiate into oligodendrocytes.

OPCs may retain the ability to differentiate into astrocytes into adulthood. Using NG2-Cre mice, it was shown that OPCs in the prenatal and perinatal grey matter of the ventral forebrain and spinal cord generate protoplasmic type II astrocytes in addition to oligodendrocytes. However, contrary to the prediction from optic nerve cultures, OPCs in white matter do not generate astrocytes. When the oligodendrocyte transcription factor *Olig2* is deleted specifically in OPCs, there is a region- and age-dependent switch in the fate of OPCs from oligodendrocytes to astrocytes.

Whereas some studies suggested that OPCs can generate cortical neurons, other studies rejected these findings. The question is unresolved, as studies continue to find that certain populations of OPCs can form neurons. In conclusion, these studies suggest that OPCs do not generate a significant number of neurons under normal conditions, and that they are distinct from neural stem cells that reside in the subventricular zone.

## Function

As implied by their name, OPCs were long held to function purely as progenitors to oligodendrocytes. Their role as a progenitor cell type has since expanded to include both oligodendrocytes and some protoplasmic type II astrocytes in grey matter. Later, additional functions were suggested.

### Adult myelination

### Remyelination

Spontaneous myelin repair was first observed in cat models. It was later discovered to occur in the human CNS as well, specifically in cases of multiple sclerosis (MS). Spontaneous myelin repair does not result in morphologically normal oligodendrocytes and is associated with thinner myelin compared to axonal diameter than normal myelin. Despite morphological abnormalities, however, remyelination does restore normal conduction. In addition, spontaneous remyelination does not appear to be rare, at least in the case of MS. Studies of MS lesions reported the average extent of remyelination as high as 47%. Comparative studies of cortical lesions reported a greater proportion of remyelination in the cortex as opposed to white matter lesions.

OPCs retain the ability to proliferate in adulthood and comprise 70–90% of the proliferating cell population in the mature CNS. Under conditions in the developing and mature CNS where a reduction in the normal number of oligodendrocytes or myelin occurs, OPCs react promptly by undergoing increased proliferation. Rodent OPCs proliferate in response to demyelination in acute or chronic lesions created by chemical agents such as lysolecithin, and newborn cells differentiate into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. A chelating agent *cuprizone* is also used in these demyelination studies in rats. Similarly, OPC proliferation occurs in other types of injury that are accompanied by loss of myelin, such as spinal cord injury.

Despite OPCs' potential to give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes, complete myelin regeneration is rarely observed clinically or in chronic experimental models. Possible explanations for remyelination failure include depletion of OPCs over time, failure to recruit OPCs to the demyelinated lesion, and failure of recruited OPCs to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes (reviewed in). In fresh MS lesions, clusters of HNK-1+ oligodendrocytes have been observed, which suggests that under favorable conditions OPCs expand around demyelinated lesions and generate new oligodendrocytes. In chronic MS lesions where remyelination is incomplete, there is evidence that there are oligodendrocytes with processes extending toward demyelinated axons, but they do not seem to be able to generate new myelin. The mechanisms that regulate differentiation of OPCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes are an active area of research.

Another unanswered question is whether the OPC pool eventually becomes depleted after it is used to generate remyelinating cells. Clonal analysis of isolated OPCs in the normal mouse forebrain suggests that in the adult, most clones originating from single OPCs consist of either a heterogeneous population containing both oligodendrocytes and OPCs or a homogeneous population consisting exclusively of OPCs, suggesting that OPCs in the adult CNS are able to self-renew and are not depleted under normal conditions. However, it is not known whether this dynamic is altered in response to demyelinating lesions.

### Neuron–OPC interactions

#### Node of Ranvier

Nodes of Ranvier are spaces between myelin sheathing. OPCs extend their processes to the nodes of Ranvier and together with astrocyte processes make up the nodal glial complex. Since the nodes of Ranvier contain a high density of voltage-dependent sodium channels and allow regenerative action potentials to be generated, it is speculated that this location allows OPCs to sense and possibly respond to neuronal activity.

#### Neuromodulation

OPCs synthesize the neuromodulatory factors prostaglandin D2 synthase (*PTGDS*) and neuronal pentraxin 2 (*NPTX2*). This is regulated by NG2, whose intracellular domain can be cleaved by γ-secretase and translocated to the nucleus. The NG2 ectodomain can also modulate AMPA and NMDA receptor-dependent LTP. Constitutive and activity-dependent cleavage of NG2 by ADAM10 releases the ectodomain, which contains two N-terminal LNS domains that act on neuronal synapses.

#### Neuron–OPC synapse

OPCs express numerous voltage-gated ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Structural studies have shown that neurons form synapses with OPCs in both grey matter and white matter. Electron microscopy revealed OPC membranes apposed to neuronal presynaptic terminals filled with synaptic vesicles. OPCs express AMPA receptors and GABAA receptors and undergo small membrane depolarizations in response to presynaptic vesicular glutamate or GABA release.

OPCs can undergo cell division while maintaining synaptic inputs from neurons. These observations suggest that cells that receive neuronal synaptic inputs and those that differentiate into oligodendrocytes are not mutually exclusive cell populations but that the same population of OPCs can receive synaptic inputs and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. However, OPCs appear to lose their ability to respond to synaptic inputs from neurons as they differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. The functional significance of the neuron-OPC synapses remains to be elucidated.

### Immunomodulation

OPCs have been increasingly recognized for their pivotal role in modulating immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. They may participate in both initiation and resolution of immune responses to disease or injury. They are highly responsive to injury, undergo a morphological activation similar to that of astrocytes and microglia, and may contribute to glial scar formation. Conversely, OPCs have been shown to downregulate microglia activation and protect against neuronal death. They also express and secrete many immune-related molecules, such as chemokines, cytokines, interleukins, and other related ligands or receptors. OPCs can internalize myelin debris via phagocytosis, a process mediated through the LRP1 pathway. Furthermore, recent works have illustrated that OPCs can act as antigen presenting cells via both MHC class I and class II and can modulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

## Clinical significance

Transplantation of OPCs has been considered as a possible treatment for neurological diseases which cause demyelination. However, it is difficult to generate a suitable number of quality cells for clinical use. Finding a source for these cells remains impractical as of 2016. Should adult cells be used for transplantation, a brain biopsy would be required for each patient, adding to the risk of immune rejection. Embryonically derived stem cells have been demonstrated to carry out remyelination under laboratory conditions, but some religious groups are opposed to their use. Adult central nervous system stem cells have also been shown to generate myelinating oligodendrocytes, but are not readily accessible.

Even if a viable source of OPCs were found, identifying and monitoring the outcome of remyelination remains difficult, though multimodal measures of conduction velocity and emerging magnetic resonance imaging techniques offer improved sensitivity versus other imaging methods. In addition, the interaction between transplanted cells and immune cells and the effect of inflammatory immune cells on remyelination have yet to be fully characterized. If the failure of endogenous remyelination is due to an unfavorable differentiation environment, then this will have to be addressed prior to transplantation.

## History

It had been known since the early 1900s that astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia make up the major glial cell populations in the mammalian CNS. The presence of another glial cell population had escaped recognition because of the lack of a suitable marker to identify them in tissue sections. The notion that there exists a population of glial progenitor cells in the developing and mature CNS began to be entertained in the late 1980s by several independent groups. In one series of studies on the development and origin of oligodendrocytes in the rodent CNS, a population of immature cells that appeared to be precursors to oligodendrocytes was identified by the expression of the GD3 ganglioside.

In a separate series of studies, cells from perinatal rat optic nerves that expressed the A2B5 ganglioside were shown to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in culture. Subsequently, A2B5+ cells from other CNS regions and from adult CNS were also shown to generate oligodendrocytes. Based on the observation that these cells require PDGF for their proliferation and expansion, the expression of the alpha receptor for platelet-derived growth factor (Pdgfra) was used to search for the *in vivo* correlates of the A2B5+ cells, which led to the discovery of a unique population of Pdgfra+ cells in the CNS whose appearance and distribution were consistent with those of developing oligodendrocytes.

Independently, Stallcup and colleagues generated an antiserum that recognized a group of rat brain tumor cell line, which exhibited properties that were intermediate between those of typical neurons and glial cells. Biochemical studies showed that the antiserum recognized a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with a core glycoprotein of 300 kDa, and the antigen was named NG2 (nerve/glial antigen 2). NG2 was found to be expressed on A2B5+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells isolated from the perinatal rat CNS tissues and on process-bearing cells in the CNS *in vivo*. Comparison of NG2 and Pdgfra expression revealed that NG2 and PDGFRA are expressed on the same population of cells in the CNS. These cells represent 2–9% of all the cells and remain proliferative in the mature CNS.

## InfoBox

| Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell | |
| --- | --- |
| Details | |
| System | Central nervous system |
| Location | Brain, spinal cord |
| Identifiers | |
| Acronym(s) | OPC |
| MeSH | D000073637 |
| TH | H2.00.06.2.01007 |
| Anatomical terms of microanatomy | |


title: Oligostigmoides profusalis

abstract: Oligostigmoides profusalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1912. It is found in Costa Rica.

text:
# Oligostigmoides profusalis

***Oligostigmoides profusalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1912. It is found in Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| *Oligostigmoides profusalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *O. profusalis* observed in Panamá | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Oligostigmoides* |
| Species: | ***O. profusalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oligostigmoides profusalis***<br>(Schaus, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oligostigma profusalis* Schaus, 1912 | |


title: Oligostraca

abstract:
Oligostraca is a superclass of crustaceans. It consist of the following three classes: Class Mystacocarida: Minute crustaceans restricted to interstitial marine sediments. Locomotion depends completely on the presence of dorsal and ventral substrates. Class Ostracoda: Small planktonic, demersal and benthic crustaceans with a cosmopolitan aquatic distribution in both freshwater and marine environments, and a few in damp terrestrial habitats. Often called seed shrimps because their body is enclosed within a small and bivalved carapace, which makes them look like seed. Class Ichthyostraca:
  - Subclass Branchiura: Ectoparasitic crustaceans on marine and freshwater fish, ranging in size from a few millimeters to 30 mm. A carapace is covering most of their body, which is dorso-ventrally flattened. They are able to switch hosts several times even as adults.
  - Subclass Pentastomida: Vermiform endoparasites. The larvae develops in the tissues of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and a few species of coprophagous insects, which all are intermediate hosts. When eaten by other mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds, which are the definitive hosts, the parasite develop to an adult found in the host's respiratory tracts. The genus Linguatula lives in the nasal cavity of mostly carnivorous mammals, but can also be found in humans, sheep and goats, and can sometimes reach the sinuses and middle ear.

text:
# Oligostraca

**Oligostraca** is a superclass of crustaceans. It consist of the following three classes:

Class Mystacocarida: Minute crustaceans (0.5 to 1 mm in length) restricted to interstitial marine sediments. Locomotion depends completely on the presence of dorsal and ventral substrates.

Class Ostracoda (seed shrimp): Small planktonic, demersal and benthic crustaceans with a cosmopolitan aquatic distribution in both freshwater and marine environments, and a few in damp terrestrial habitats. Often called seed shrimps because their body is enclosed within a small and bivalved (with one exception) carapace, which makes them look like seed.

Class Ichthyostraca:

Subclass Branchiura (fish lice): Ectoparasitic crustaceans on marine and freshwater fish, ranging in size from a few millimeters to 30 mm. A carapace is covering most of their body, which is dorso-ventrally flattened. They are able to switch hosts several times even as adults. Subclass Pentastomida (tongue worms): Vermiform endoparasites. The larvae develops in the tissues of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and a few species of coprophagous insects, which all are intermediate hosts. When eaten by other mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds, which are the definitive hosts, the parasite develop to an adult (length 1–16 cm) found in the host's respiratory tracts. The genus Linguatula lives in the nasal cavity of mostly carnivorous mammals, but can also be found in humans, sheep and goats, and can sometimes reach the sinuses and middle ear.

## InfoBox

| Oligostraca | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ostracods (*Euphilomedes climax*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| *Clade*: | Pancrustacea |
| Superclass: | Oligostraca<br>Zrzavý, Hypša, & Vlášková, 1997 |
|
| Classes | |
|  | |


title: Olepa kakatii

abstract: Olepa kakatii is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Orhant in 2000. It is found in north-eastern India and Assam.

text:
# Olepa kakatii

***Olepa kakatii*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Orhant in 2000. It is found in north-eastern India and Assam.

## InfoBox

| *Olepa kakatii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Olepa* |
| Species: | ***O. kakatii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Olepa kakatii***<br>Orhant, 2000 | |
|


title: Oleoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) hydrolase

abstract:
The enzyme oleoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase catalyzes the reaction
  - an oleoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + H2O ⇌ an [acyl-carrier-protein] + oleate This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds. The systematic name is oleoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase. Other names in common use include acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase, acyl-ACP-hydrolase, acyl-acyl carrier protein hydrolase, oleoyl-ACP thioesterase, and oleoyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase. It participates in fatty acid biosynthesis. As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 2OWN and 2PFF.

text:
# Oleoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) hydrolase

The enzyme **oleoyl-\[acyl-carrier-protein\] hydrolase** (EC 3.1.2.14) catalyzes the reaction

an oleoyl-\[acyl-carrier-protein\] + H2O $\rightleftharpoons $ an \[acyl-carrier-protein\] + oleate

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds. The systematic name is **oleoyl-\[acyl-carrier-protein\] hydrolase**. Other names in common use include **acyl-\[acyl-carrier-protein\] hydrolase**, **acyl-ACP-hydrolase**, **acyl-acyl carrier protein hydrolase**, **oleoyl-ACP thioesterase**, and **oleoyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase**. It participates in fatty acid biosynthesis.

As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 2OWN and 2PFF.

* Ohlrogge JB, Shine WE, Stumpf PK (1978). "Fat metabolism in higher plants. Characterization of plant acyl-ACP and acyl-CoA hydrolases". *Arch. Biochem. Biophys*. **189** (2): 382–91. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(78)90225-4. PMID 30409.
* Shine WE, Mancha M, Stumpf PK (1976). "Fat metabolism in higher plants. The function of acyl thioesterases in the metabolism of acyl-coenzymes A and acyl-acyl carrier proteins". *Arch. Biochem. Biophys*. **172** (1): 110–6. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(76)90054-0. PMID 3134.

## InfoBox

| acyl-ACP thioesterase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.1.2.14 |
| CAS no. | 68009-83-6 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Olivier Bernard (pharmacist)

abstract: Olivier Bernard, known as the Pharmafist, is a Canadian science communicator who uses cartoons to counter pseudo-scientific myths. He writes the Pharmafist blog, the Pharmachien books and produces the television program Les aventures du pharmachien, denouncing ineffective or dangerous treatments.

text:
# Olivier Bernard (pharmacist)

**Olivier Bernard**, known as the Pharmafist (Le Pharmachien), is a Canadian science communicator who uses cartoons to counter pseudo-scientific myths. He writes the Pharmafist blog, the Pharmachien books and produces the television program *Les aventures du pharmachien*, denouncing ineffective or dangerous treatments.

## Early life, family and education

Bernard earned his B.Pharm. in 2004 from Université Laval in Quebec City. He subsequently completed, in 2006, a master's degree in pharmacogenetics and worked for some time in the pharmaceutical industry.

## Career

Bernard started working as a pharmacist after receiving his bachelor's degree in 2004. However, disillusioned by the industry's business practices, Bernard quit working as a pharmacist full-time in 2013.

> There was a constant conflict between the commercial side and pharmaceutics.

He still works as a part-time pharmacist but focuses working as a scientific communicator. He writes books, produces a television program and gives conferences.

He comments on medicine and pseudoscience on lepharmachien.com (in French) since 2012 and in English on thepharmafist.com, since 2016. Bernard uses a colourful style, described by emergency physician Alain Vadeboncoeur as "friendly, but confident, perhaps a little of a smart-ass", but "he does not attack people, only practices, ideas and concepts." As a science communicator, Bernard says he's influenced by Vadeboncoeur, as well as astrophysicists Hubert Reeves and Neil deGrasse Tyson.

## Web activity

Through his website, the Pharmafist aims to "destroy scientific myths and health beliefs and (...) encourages people to develop critical thinking and to make better choices about vaccines, gluten, nutritional complements, sugar or useless cold medicines."

In March 2019, Bernard was targeted by an intimidation and doxing campaign from groups supporting the use of vitamin C injections as a treatment for cancer, after demonstrating this practice promoted by alternative medicine practitioners is not supported by scientific evidence. He publicly denounced the degree of hostility unleashed on him and his spouse.

In 2017, his French Facebook page had 144,000 subscribers. The lepharmachien.com website logged 350,000 visits per month.

> "One question I often ask myself is: Just how much must I make the content accessible? (...) Reaching a good balance between a short, punchy text and rigorous content is always a challenge." - Olivier Bernard, the Pharmafist

## Books

Caption
| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2014 | Le Pharmachien : Différencier le vrai du n'importe quoi en santé ! (The Pharmafist: How to tell between truth and made-up stuff in health care) |
| 2015 | Le Pharmachien 2 : Guide de survie pour petits et grands bobos (The Pharmafist 2: Survival guide for little and big booboos) |
| 2017 | Le Pharmachien tome 3: La bible des arguments qui n'ont pas d'allure (The Pharmafist 3: The Bible of nonsensical arguments) |
| 2018 | Le petit garçon qui posait trop de questions (The boy who asked too many questions) |

## Television series

Three seasons of the documentary series *Les aventures du Pharmachien* (The Adventures of Pharmafist) have been aired by ICI Explora. They feature Olivier Bernard in his role as the Pharmafist, offering a scientific viewpoint on health care, through experiments, interviews, cartoons and humour. Bernard is identified as host and content producer of the program for DATSIT Studios.

In the program, Bernard experiments on himself with many treatments he denounces as being ineffective: natural sunscreen, homeopathic solutions, products meant to change the acidity of one's urine.

The initial broadcast of the first episode was seen by a total of 363,000 people on Radio-Canada's various platforms. A second broadcast two days later attracted 43,000 more.

| Episodes season 1 | Episodes season 2 | Episodes season 3 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Started December 2, 2016 | Started December 1, 2017 | Started December 14, 2018 |
| La détox du foie (liver detox) | Le cannabis médical (medicinal cannabis) | L'ostéopathie (osteopathy) |
| L'alimentation bio (organic food) | Les OGM (GMOs) | La diète cétogène (keto diet) |
| L'effet placebo (placebo effect) | Le TDAH (ADHD) | L'autisme (autism) |
| La diète alcaline (alcaline diet) | Les suppléments alimentaires pour sportifs (sports supplements) | L'alimentation végétalienne (vegetarianism) |
| Les régimes (diets) | La pilule contraceptive (birth control pill) | L'accouchement (births) |
| La crème solaire (sunscreen) | Les thérapies énergétiques (energy therapies) | La maladie de Lyme (Lyme disease) |
| Les jus (juices) | Le lait (milk) | Les métaux lourds (heavy metals) |
| Les produits naturels (natural products) | Les traitements contre le cancer (cancer treatments) | Les vitamines (vitamins) |
| L'hypnose (hypnosis) | Le jeûne (fasting) | Les antibiotiques (antibiotics) |
| Le gluten (gluten) | L'intestin et le microbiote (intestines and microbiotics) | Tests médicaux et dépistage (screening medical tests) |
| Les superaliments (super foods) | L'allaitement (nursing newborns) | Maladies causées par les émotions (diseases caused by emotions) |
| Les ondes électromagnétiques (electromagnetic waves) | L'alcool (alcohol) | Allergies et intolérances alimentaires (allergies and dietary intolerance) |
| Le système immunitaire (immune system) | Les produits cosmétiques (beauty products) | Les eaux (water) |
| L'homéopathie (homeopathy) |  |  |
| Les vaccins (vaccines) |  |  |

## Death of Chantal Lavigne

Bernard released in 2020 an eight-episodes podcast on the 2011 death of Chantal Lavigne, during a New Age sudation workshop. Produced with Radio-Canada, the podcast includes interviews with several people connected to the events leading to the tragedy. Bernard indicated Lavigne's death is one of the reasons started doing science communication.

## Distinctions

2014: Prix Sceptique, Les sceptiques du Québec (award from Quebec's Skeptics Association).

2015: Prix Innovation, Ordre des pharmaciens du Québec (Innovation Award from the Order of Pharmacists of Quebec).

2018: Prix Coup de Coeur, ASPQ (award from Quebec's Public Health Association).

2019: John Maddox Prize (early career award) for defending science (award from *Nature* and Sense about Science)

2024: Meritorious Service Medal (Civil Division), Governor General of Canada

## Personal life

Bernard is from Beauport, which is now a borough of Quebec City. He has been living in Montreal since 2006. He is in a relationship with author India Desjardins. In Winter 2017, Bernard shared with university magazine *Contact* that starting a family is not out of the question.

> I was always a skeptic. (...) I was constantly challenging my parents and my teachers, as early as elementary school. - Olivier Bernard, The Pharmafist

Passionate about the outdoors, Bernard gets his energy from expeditions in nature.

The Pharmafist's official website.

## InfoBox

| Olivier Bernard | |
| --- | --- |
| Olivier Bernard, The Pharmafist | |
| Born | 1982<br>Quebec City, Quebec, Canada |
| Education | B.Pharm., M.Sc. Pharmacogenetics |
| Alma mater | Université Laval, Quebec City |
| Known for | The Pharmafist |
| Partner | India Desjardins |
| Awards | Prix Sceptique 2014, Prix Innovation 2015 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Pharmacy, Pharmacology |
|  | |
| Website | https://lepharmachien.com/category/english/ |


title: Olympia 71

abstract: Olympia 71 is an album of songs by Dalida recorded live at the Olympia in Paris in 1971 and released in 1972.

text:
# Olympia 71

***Olympia 71*** is an album of songs by Dalida recorded live at the Olympia in Paris in 1971 and released in 1972.

## Track listing

1. "Non"
2. "Chanter les voix"
3. "Hene matov"
4. "Tout au plus"
5. "Toutes les femmes du monde"
6. "Les choses de l'amour"
7. "Ils ont changé ma chanson"
8. "Une vie"
9. "Avec le temps"
10. "Ciao amore, ciao"

* *L’argus Dalida: Discographie mondiale et cotations*, by Daniel Lesueur, Éditions Alternatives, 2004. ISBN 2-86227-428-3 and ISBN 978-2-86227-428-7. (in French)
* Dalida Official Website (in English and French)

## InfoBox

| Olympia 71 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Dalida | |
| Released | 1972 |
| Recorded | 1971 |
| Genre | Live, World music, Pop music, Adult contemporary music |
| Label | Orlando International Shows, Sonopresse |
| Dalida chronology | |
| *Une vie*
(1971) ***Olympia 71***
(1972) *Il faut du temps*
(1972) | |


title: Shelley O'Donnell

abstract:
Shelley O'Donnell is a former Australia netball international. Between 1990 and 1999, O'Donnell made 84 senior appearances for Australia. She was a member of the Australia teams that won gold medals at the 1991, 1995 and 1999 World Netball Championships, the 1993 World Games and the 1998 Commonwealth Games. During the Esso/Mobil Superleague era, O'Donnell played for several teams, including the Australian Institute of Sport and Contax. Between 1997 and 2005, O'Donnell played for Melbourne Kestrels in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy league. In 1992, she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia.
In June 2024 Shelley's daughter, Hannah Mundy, was selected in the Australian Diamonds netball squad.

text:
# Shelley O'Donnell

**Shelley O'Donnell** OAM is a former Australia netball international. Between 1990 and 1999, O'Donnell made 84 senior appearances for Australia. She was a member of the Australia teams that won gold medals at the 1991, 1995 and 1999 World Netball Championships, the 1993 World Games and the 1998 Commonwealth Games. During the Esso/Mobil Superleague era, O'Donnell played for several teams, including the Australian Institute of Sport and Contax. Between 1997 and 2005, O'Donnell played for Melbourne Kestrels in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy league. In 1992, she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia. In June 2024 Shelley's daughter, Hannah Mundy, was selected in the Australian Diamonds netball squad.

## Early life and family

Shelley O'Donnell is the daughter of Bev and Graeme O'Donnell. The O'Donnell family is from Ringwood North, Victoria. She is a member of a prominent Australian rules football family. O'Donnell's paternal grandmother, Eileen O'Donnell (née Rankin) was the daughter of Teddy Rankin and the sister of Bert, Cliff and Doug Rankin. All four were prominent players with Geelong. Her father and brother, Gary O'Donnell were also notable players. Her sister, Wendy O'Donnell, is also a netball player. In 2019 O'Donnell's daughter, Hannah Mundy, was selected to play for Victorian Fury.

## Playing career

### Esso/Mobil Superleague

During the Esso/Mobil Superleague era, O'Donnell and her sister Wendy played together for several teams. In 1987, together with Shelley Oates-Wilding, they were both members of the Australian Institute of Sport team that were grand finalists. In 1989, together with Nicole Richardson, they played for Melbourne/Doncaster Keas. In 1990 they played for Melbourne City, a composite team coached by Norma Plummer and also featuring Roselee Jencke and Simone McKinnis. Melbourne City finished as champions after defeating Contax 52–42 in the grand final. In 1993, alongside Kathryn Harby and Julie Nykiel, she played for Contax as an "import player". In 1994 she captained Melbourne Keas while Nicole Richardson served as vice-captain. In 1996 she captained the AIS team after returning as an "import player".

### Melbourne Kestrels

Between 1997 and 2005, O'Donnell played for Melbourne Kestrels in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy league. She was the inaugural Kestrels captain and continued in the role until 2000. She missed the 2001 and 2002 seasons after giving birth to her daughter, Hannah. She returned in 2003, but then missed the 2004 season after giving birth to her son, Jasper. She then made a second comeback in 2005 and played her final senior netball season.

### Australia

Between 1990 and 1999, O'Donnell made 84 senior appearances for Australia. O'Donnell previously represented Australia at under-21 level, including at the 1988 World Youth Netball Championships, when her teammates included her sister, Wendy. She made her senior debut on 21 November 1990. She was subsequently a member of the Australia teams that won gold medals at the 1991, 1995 and 1999 World Netball Championships, the 1993 World Games and the 1998 Commonwealth Games. O'Donnell was vice-captain of the 1999 World Netball Championship squad and announced her retirement from international netball following their title win. In 1992 O'Donnell, along with the rest of the gold medal-winning 1991 World Netball Championship squad, were awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia. In 2010, O'Donnell was inducted into the Australian Netball Hall of Fame.

| Tournaments | Place |
| --- | --- |
| 1988 World Youth Netball Championships |  |
| 1991 World Netball Championships |  |
| 1993 World Games |  |
| 1995 World Netball Championships |  |
| 1998 Commonwealth Games |  |
| 1999 World Netball Championships |  |
|

## Coach and commentator

Since retiring as a netball player, O'Donnell has remained involved in the game, both as a commentator with ABC and as a coach. In 2017 and 2018 she coached the Eastern Football Netball League inter-league team. She is currently netball director at Melbourne school Korowa.

## Honours

Australia Melbourne City Australian Institute of Sport

## InfoBox

Shelley O'Donnell
OAM
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Shelley Maree O'Donnell | | |
| Born | (1967-04-18) 18 April 1967
Victoria, Australia | | |
| Height | 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Children | Hannah Mundy | | |
| Relatives | Rankin family
Graeme O'Donnell (father)
Gary O'Donnell (brother) | | |
| Netball career | | | |
| **Playing position(s):** WA, C | | | |
| Years | **Club team(s)** | **Apps** |
| 1987–1988 | Australian Institute of Sport |  |
| 1989 | Melbourne/Doncaster Keas |  |
| 1990 | Melbourne City |  |
| 1993 | Contax |  |
| 1994 | Melbourne Keas |  |
| 1996 | Australian Institute of Sport |  |
| 1997–2005 | Melbourne Kestrels |  |
| Years | **National team(s)** | **Caps** |
| 1990–1999 | Australia | 84 |
| Medal record      Representing  Australia  Commonwealth Games  1998 Kuala Lumpur Team  World Netball Championships  1991 Sydney Team  1995 Birmingham Team  1999 Christchurch Team  World Games  1993 The Hague Team | | | |


title: Olphert Stanfield

abstract: Olphert Martin Stanfield also referred to as Olphie Stanfield or Ollie Stanfield was an Irish footballer who played for Distillery and Ireland during the 1880s and 1890s. Stanfield was a complete forward, capable of scoring with either foot and his head. He was also comfortable playing as centre-forward, inside-left or inside-right. He was the most capped international footballer during the 19th century, Ireland’s record goalscorer during the 19th century and remains the most capped Distillery player of all time.

text:
# Olphert Stanfield

**Olphert Martin Stanfield** (26 February 1869, Belfast – 13 March 1952) also referred to as **Olphie Stanfield** or **Ollie Stanfield** was an Irish footballer who played for Distillery and Ireland during the 1880s and 1890s. Stanfield was a complete forward, capable of scoring with either foot and his head. He was also comfortable playing as centre-forward, inside-left or inside-right. He was the most capped international footballer during the 19th century, Ireland’s record goalscorer during the 19th century and remains the most capped Distillery player of all time.

## Club career

Stanfield joined Distillery in 1886 from Genoa FC and by the end of the decade had scored over 90 goals. During the 1889–89 season he scored hat-tricks in four consecutive games and helped Distillery win an Irish Cup/County Antrim Shield double.

During the 1890s Stanfield became a Distillery legend, making 147 competitive appearances and scoring at least 105 goals. He scored at least seven hat-tricks during the 1890s and scored the winner in the 1894 Irish Cup final. He also scored the winner in a play-off for Irish League title in 1896, helping Distillery win a treble.

By the time he retired, Stanfield had played 181 competitive games for Distillery, scoring 178 goals. He also played in a further 115 friendlies, scoring a further 62 goals. During his career at Distillery, his team mates included fellow Irish internationals Billy Crone and Jack Reynolds.

## International career

Stanfield made his international debut for Ireland on 5 February 1887, aged 17 years and 344 days, in a 7–0 defeat to England at Bramall Lane, Sheffield. Stanfield scored his first goal for Ireland in 4–1 against Wales on 19 February 1887. This was also Ireland’s first ever win.

On 7 February 1891, Stanfield scored four goals in a 7–2 win over Wales and as a result became the first Irish player to finish as top scorer in a British Home Championship. During the 1894 championship, Stanfield scored three goals in successive internationals. The highlight of the three came on 3 March 1894 at the Solitude Ground in Belfast, when after thirteen attempts Ireland finally avoided defeat to England. Against an England team that included Fred Spiksley and Jack Reynolds, who had since switched allegiances, Stanfield’s goal inspired Ireland to come back from 2–0 down to gain a 2–2 draw.

## Honours

Distillery

## InfoBox

Olphert Stanfield
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Olphert Martin Stanfield | | |
| Date of birth | (1869-02-26)26 February 1869 | | |
| Place of birth | Hillsborough, Ireland | | |
| Date of death | 13 March 1952(1952-03-13) (aged 83) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 188x–1886 | Genoa FC | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1886–1898 | Distillery | 181 | (178) |
| International career | | | |
| 1887–1897 | Ireland | 30 | (11) |
| 1894–1897 | Irish League XI | 6 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Omoglymmius humeralis

abstract: Omoglymmius humeralis is a species of beetle in the subfamily Rhysodidae. It was described by Grouvelle in 1895.

text:
# Omoglymmius humeralis

***Omoglymmius humeralis*** is a species of beetle in the subfamily Rhysodidae. It was described by Grouvelle in 1895.

## InfoBox

| *Omoglymmius humeralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Omoglymmius* |
| Species: | ***O. humeralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Omoglymmius humeralis***<br>(Grouvelle, 1895) | |
|


title: Olpoi Airport

abstract: Olpoi Airport, also known as North West Santo Airport, is an airport in Olpoi on Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu.

text:
# Olpoi Airport

**Olpoi Airport** (IATA: **OLJ**, ICAO: **NVSZ**), also known as *North West Santo Airport*, is an airport in Olpoi on Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu.

## InfoBox

| Olpoi Airport<br>North West Santo Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Location | Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu |
| Elevation AMSL | 10 m / 33 ft |
| Coordinates | 14°52′54″S 166°33′29″E / 14.88167°S 166.55806°E / -14.88167; 166.55806 |
| Map | |
| **OLJ**Location of airport in Vanuatu | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  17/35 1,200 3,937 Grass | |
| Source: FlightStats, GCM, STV | |


title: Omnicron Conspiracy

abstract: Omnicron Conspiracy is a 1989 video game published by Epyx in the United States and by Image Works in the UK and German markets.

text:
# Omnicron Conspiracy

***Omnicron Conspiracy*** is a 1989 video game published by Epyx in the United States and by Image Works in the UK and German markets.

## Gameplay

*Omnicron Conspiracy* is a game in which a graphic adventure stars the intergalactic police officer Ace Powers.

## Reception

Dennis Owens reviewed the game for *Computer Gaming World*, and stated that "*Omnicron Conspiracy*, because of its logical puzzles, ease of interaction, and humorous (sometimes, downright sweet, small touches), can certainly be recommended. It makes an interesting change of pace and offers an entertaining story for anyone who likes graphic adventures."

## Reviews

## InfoBox

| Omnicron Conspiracy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | First Star Software |
| Publisher(s) | Epyx, Image Works |
| Platform(s) | Amiga, Atari ST, DOS |
| Release | 1989 |
| Genre(s) | Adventure |


title: Omnidemptus

abstract: Omnidemptus is a monotypic genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae containing the sole species Omnidemptus affinis.

text:
# Omnidemptus

***Omnidemptus*** is a monotypic genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae containing the sole species ***Omnidemptus affinis***.

*Omnidemptus* in *Index Fungorum*

## InfoBox

| *Omnidemptus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Magnaporthales |
| Family: | Magnaporthaceae |
| Genus: | ***Omnidemptus***
P.F. Cannon & Alcorn 1994 |
| Species: | ***O. affinis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Omnidemptus affinis*****
P.F. Cannon & Alcorn 1994 | |
|


title: On Me (Lil Baby song)

abstract: "On Me" is a song by American rapper Lil Baby, released alongside "Errbody", on December 4, 2020, a day after his 26th birthday. The song was written alongside producers Chi Chi and Evrgrn. The official remix of the song with fellow American rapper Megan Thee Stallion was released on April 27, 2021.

text:
# On Me (Lil Baby song)

"**On Me**" is a song by American rapper Lil Baby, released alongside "Errbody", on December 4, 2020, a day after his 26th birthday. The song was written alongside producers Chi Chi and Evrgrn. The official remix of the song with fellow American rapper Megan Thee Stallion was released on April 27, 2021.

## Background and composition

After a snippet of the song was teased on Instagram, Lil Baby confirmed the release of the song on his birthday. Presumably, the song was dedicated to his girlfriend Jayda Cheaves. Tom Breihan of *Stereogum* has called the song a "triumphant victory-lap track".

## Music video

The music video was released alongside the single. It was directed by Keemotion, and co-directed by Lil Baby. The video shows "expensive rides" with the rapper and his friends; Baby travels with them and is seen on a private jet, jet skiing and cruising on a yacht.

## Remix

In March 2021, Lil Baby revealed on social media the possibility of a remix of "On Me" featuring a female artist. On April 27, 2021, the remix was released alongside a music video, as a collaboration with Megan Thee Stallion.

### Remix video

Directed by Mike Ho, the music video for the remix features the rappers as "the rulers of a cream kingdom". It opens with Lil Baby in front of an "icy fortress", backdropped by a mountain of ice crystals and falling snowflakes. While he performs his verse, Megan appears beside him lip-syncing. She then raps atop a smoky volcano wearing a black latex bodysuit, which is "fittingly ornamented with lava graphics".

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | 3× Platinum | 3,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "On Me" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Lil Baby | |
| Released | December 4, 2020 |
| Genre | Trap |
| Length | 2:15 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Lil Baby singles chronology | |
| "Errbody"
(2020) "**On Me**"
(2020) "Sex Lies"
(2020) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "On Me" on YouTube | |
| "On Me (Remix)" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: France-Amérique

abstract: France-Amérique is a bilingual, monthly print magazine focused on French-American culture and lifestyle, published in the United States and in France.

text:
# France-Amérique

***France-Amérique*** is a bilingual, monthly print magazine focused on French-American culture and lifestyle, published in the United States and in France.

## History

*France-Amérique* was created in 1943 by French exiles in New York City to raise awareness about Occupied France in the United States, and to support the Resistance movement led by Charles de Gaulle. In the 1960s, it became the property of the French daily, *Le Figaro*, as a weekly international edition, and became the newspaper of reference for the French community in the United States.

In 2007, *France-Amérique* adopted a bi-monthly format when it merged with the monthly newspaper *Journal Français*, which was then the largest French-language publication in the United States. *France-Amérique* became monthly and adopted a magazine format in May 2008. The magazine was purchased by French-American author and publisher Guy Sorman in June 2013 and adopted the monthly magazine style it has today. In May 2015, *France-Amérique* eventually merged with *France Magazine*, a monthly English-language publication launched in 1985 by the French Embassy in Washington to promote French culture and *l'art de vivre* among Americans who loved France, but did not necessarily speak its language. *France-Amérique* has been published in French and in English ever since.

France-Amerique last published an issue in March, 2024. The following notice was sent to subscribers that month:

**Dear readers,**

For 80 years, *France-Amérique* has contributed to promoting French culture in the United States, among both Francophiles and those who learned to appreciate France precisely by reading it.

This incredible journey, from the creation of *France-Amérique* in 1943 during World War II to the present day, has been made possible thanks to you.

But it is time now to reshape *France-Amérique* in order to build its future. This is why we must inform you that the publication in its current form is being put on hold.

*France-Amérique* will be reborn, with a different editorial format and frequency, to be announced in early 2025.

In the meantime, we would like to thank you warmly for your unwavering loyalty and support.

## InfoBox

*France-Amérique*
| France-Amerique first newspaper, May 23, 1943. Charles de Gaulle wishes good luck to France-Amérique. This telegram is shown on the first page. | |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Lifestyle |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Founded | 1943 |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English, French |
| Website | france-amerique.com |


title: Market society

abstract: The term market society can refer to either the free-market style of capitalism first popularized by Adam Smith, or can also refer to government-instituted and/or controlled forms of the market, commonly called state capitalism. It is a term particularly associated with the Hungarian-American political economist Karl Polanyi and his book The Great Transformation, first published in 1944. David Denham also argues that the analysis of market societies is a key feature of the thought and writings of Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim and Max Weber. The term market society differs from market economy in implying that capitalist market economics influences not just the exchange of goods and services in a society, but also directly impacts and helps shape the personal attitudes, lifestyles, and political views of its people. Lisa Herzog, in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, refers to Polanyi's distinction between "market economies" and "market societies" as "vague, but nonetheless helpful distinction".

text:
# Market society

The term **market society** can refer to either the free-market style of capitalism first popularized by Adam Smith, or (to a lesser extent) can also refer to government-instituted and/or controlled forms of the market, commonly called state capitalism. It is a term particularly associated with the Hungarian-American political economist Karl Polanyi and his book *The Great Transformation*, first published in 1944. David Denham also argues that the analysis of market societies is a key feature of the thought and writings of Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim and Max Weber.

The term *market society* differs from *market economy* in implying that capitalist market economics influences not just the exchange of goods and services in a society, but also directly impacts and helps shape the personal attitudes, lifestyles, and political views of its people. Lisa Herzog, in the *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*, refers to Polanyi's distinction between "market economies" and "market societies" as "vague, but nonetheless helpful distinction".


title: Nuba Conversations

abstract: Nuba Conversations is a 2000 documentary and ethnographic film directed by Arthur Howes.

text:
# Nuba Conversations

***Nuba Conversations*** is a 2000 documentary and ethnographic film directed by Arthur Howes.

## Synopsis

Ten years after shooting Kafi's Story British filmmaker Arthur Howes reentered in Sudan clandestinely to find out what had happened to the Nuba peoples of Torogi.

He found Jihad faces everywhere. For example, a remarkable television program, *Fields of Sacrifice*, celebrates that week's casualties in the war against the Nuba and features family members thanking Allah for having taken their sons and brothers as martyrs.

Much of the Nuba population was enrolled by the rebel movement Sudan People's Liberation Army during the Second Sudanese Civil War. Others have left their home places and live now in Refugee camp.

Arthur Howes takes his previous documentary Kafi's Story and he shows it to some Nuba people living in one of these refugee camps in Kenya.

Later on, in 2002, Nuba Conversations was presented in the United Nations headquarters in Nairobi to the parts involved in the warfare. And it is believed that it has strongly contributed to speed up the peace process.

## Festivals

* Document 2 - International Human Rights Documentary Film Festival, U.K. (2004)
* Venice Film Festival, Italy (2000)
* Pan-African Film Festival, U.S.A.(2000)
* Paris Documentary Film Festival, France (2000)
* Festival Internacional de Documentários, Brazil

## Sources

* Loizos, Peter, *Sudanese Engagements: Three Films by Arthur Howes (1950–2004)*, Routledge, 2006

## InfoBox

| Nuba Conversations | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Arthur Howes |
| Written by | Arthur Howes |
| Produced by | Arthur Howes |
| Edited by | Arthur Howes |
| Distributed by | Marfilmes |
| Release date | * 2000 (2000) |
| Running time | 56 minutes |
| Countries | Sudan<br>United Kingdom |
| Language | Nuba |
| Budget | £25,000 |


title: Lovin' All Night

abstract: "Lovin' All Night" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Rodney Crowell. It was released in March 1992 as the first single from his album Life Is Messy. The song peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart.

text:
# Lovin' All Night

"**Lovin' All Night**" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Rodney Crowell. It was released in March 1992 as the first single from his album *Life Is Messy*. The song peaked at number 10 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart.

## Critical reception

Alanna Nash of *Entertainment Weekly* described the song as "randy" and "celebrat\[ing\] his new sexual freedom" following his divorce from Rosanne Cash.

## Chart performance

"Lovin' All Night" spent 20 weeks on Hot Country Songs, peaking at number 10. It was Crowell's final Top 10 hit on that chart.

| Chart (1992) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 9 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 10 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1992) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 83 |

## Patty Loveless version

| "Lovin' All Night" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Patty Loveless | |
| from the album  *On Your Way Home* | |
| B-side | "Nothin' Like the Lonely" |
| Released | June 14, 2003 (2003-06-14) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:38 |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Rodney Crowell |
| Producer(s) | Emory Gordy Jr. |
| Patty Loveless singles chronology | |
| "Out of Control Raging Fire"
(2002) "**Lovin' All Night**"
(2003) "On Your Way Home"
(2003) | |

Patty Loveless included a version of the song on her eighth album with Epic Records, *On Your Way Home*, her thirteenth album of original music overall. The single was released in 2003. It was the first single released from the album.

According to Loveless "...On the Down From The Mountain tour last year (2002), a friend of mine, Rodney Crowell was out there with me. Rodney was hosting the show, and he would perform it. We were having the best time of our lives out there, and we were in Roanoke, Virginia and he asked me to come out and perform with him, and I couldn't refuse him. Later, when I was in the process of reviewing material for the new album, I remembered the night in Roanoke and I asked my producer if we could contract Rodney and include the song on the album. So, that's how it came about how I recorded "Lovin All Night".

### Chart performance

The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 18 during the week of September 27, 2003.

| Chart (2003) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 18 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 81 |

1. Crowell, Rodney (13 December 2022). "A Tale of Two Songs: Love lost, love found". No. 119. Oxford American. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
2. "Life is Messy Review | Music Reviews and News". *Entertainment Weekly*. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
3. "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 2156." *RPM*. Library and Archives Canada. June 13, 1992. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
4. "Rodney Crowell Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". *Billboard*.
5. "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1992". *RPM*. December 19, 1992. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
6. On Your Way Home, World Album Premiere Radio Special, Epic Records, Nashville, September 9th 2003
7. "Patty Loveless Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". *Billboard*.
8. "Patty Loveless Chart History (Hot 100)". *Billboard*.

## InfoBox

| "Lovin' All Night" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Rodney Crowell | |
| from the album  *Life Is Messy* | |
| B-side | "I Didn't Know I Could Lose You" |
| Released | March 7, 1992 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:50 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) | Rodney Crowell |
| Producer(s) | Rodney Crowell, John Leventhal |
| Rodney Crowell singles chronology | |
| "Things I Wish I Said"
(1991) "**Lovin' All Night**"
(1992) "What Kind of Love"
(1992) | |


title: Vasily Denisov

abstract: Vasily Denisov is a Russian mathematician, Dr.Sc., Professor, a professor at the Faculty of Computer Science at the Moscow State University. He graduated from the faculty MSU CMC (1976). He defended the thesis "On the behavior for large values of the time of solutions of parabolic equations" for the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (2011). He is the author of four books and more than 90 scientific articles. Area of scientific interests: stabilization of solutions of the Cauchy problem and boundary value problems for parabolic equations; qualitative theory of partial differential equations.

text:
# Vasily Denisov

**Vasily Denisov** (Russian: Васи́лий Никола́евич Дени́сов) (born 1951) is a Russian mathematician, Dr.Sc., Professor, a professor at the Faculty of Computer Science at the Moscow State University.

He graduated from the faculty MSU CMC (1976).

He defended the thesis "On the behavior for large values of the time of solutions of parabolic equations" for the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (2011).

He is the author of four books and more than 90 scientific articles.

**Area of scientific interests**: stabilization of solutions of the Cauchy problem and boundary value problems for parabolic equations; qualitative theory of partial differential equations.

## Bibliography

* *Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics: History and Modernity: A Biographical Directory* (1 500 экз ed.). Moscow: Publishing house of Moscow University. 2010. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-5-211-05838-5  via Author-compiler Evgeny Grigoriev.

## InfoBox

| Vasily Denisov | |
| --- | --- |
| Vasily Denisov (2018) | |
| Born | (1951-01-01) 1 January 1951
Zaporizhia Oblast |
| Education | Doctor of Science (2011)
Professor (2017) |
| Alma mater | Moscow State University (1976) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | MSU CMC |
| Thesis | *On the behavior for large values of the time of solutions of parabolic equations* (2011) |
| Doctoral advisor | Vladimir Ilyin |
|  | |


title: Hoochie Cooche Man

abstract: Hoochie Cooche Man is a 1966 album by Jimmy Smith arranged by Oliver Nelson. The album title has also been spelled as Hoochie Coochie Man.

text:
# Hoochie Cooche Man

***Hoochie Cooche Man*** is a 1966 album by Jimmy Smith arranged by Oliver Nelson. The album title has also been spelled as *Hoochie Coochie Man*.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

*Billboard* reviewed the album in their September 3, 1966 issue and wrote that "Only six cuts on the LP, but they're all blockbusters, blues based rousers...".

## Track listing

1. "I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man" (Willie Dixon) – 6:00
2. "One Mint Julep" (Rudy Toombs) – 5:30
3. "Ain't That Just Like a Woman" (Claude Demetrius, Fleecie Moore) – 5:40
4. "Boom Boom" (John Lee Hooker) – 6:12
5. "Blues and the Abstract Truth" (Oliver Nelson) – 5:25
6. "TNT" (Ben Tucker, Grady Tate) – 5:25

## Personnel

### Musicians

### Technical

## Chart performance

### Album

| Chart (1966) | Peak
position | Total
weeks |
| --- | --- | --- |
| U.S. Billboard 200 | 77 | 14 |

### Single

| Year | Single | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1966 | "I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man (Part I)" | Billboard Hot 100 | 94 |

## InfoBox

| Hoochie Cooche Man | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jimmy Smith | |
| Released | September 1966 |
| Recorded | June 14, 1966 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 34:05 |
| Label | Verve V6-8667 |
| Producer | Creed Taylor |
| Jimmy Smith chronology | |
| *La Métamorphose des cloportes*
(1966) ***Hoochie Cooche Man***
(1966) *Peter & the Wolf*
(1966) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Hoochie Cooche Man* | |
| 1. "I'm Your Hoochie Cooche Man, Part. 1"
Released: July 1966 | |
|  | |


title: Foreword (Crimson Lotus EP)

abstract:
Foreword is the debut release of the Finnish progressive metal band Crimson Lotus.
The album's worldwide release date was January 31, 2004. The album art was done by Lydia C. Burris. Guest artists on this album are Megan Branigan, Susanna Syrjä, and Landis Lee Bender II. The album lays the foundations for a bigger concept work of two people trying to survive in two different worlds.

text:
# Foreword (Crimson Lotus EP)

***Foreword*** is the debut release of the Finnish progressive metal band Crimson Lotus. The album's worldwide release date was January 31, 2004. The album art was done by Lydia C. Burris. Guest artists on this album are Megan Branigan (vocals on track 1), Susanna Syrjä (vocals on track 2), and Landis Lee Bender II (vocals on tracks 3, 4 and 5). The album lays the foundations for a bigger concept work of two people trying to survive in two different worlds.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Imperiumi.net |  |
| Hevihovi.fi |  |

## Track listing

1. "Withering of reveries" – 2:20
2. "Nightingale" – 4:36
3. "When the Heavens Fall" – 4:38
4. "Torn" – 6:02
5. "Nightingale" (Bonus) – 4:36

## InfoBox

| Foreword | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Crimson Lotus | |
| Released | 31 January 2004 |
| Recorded | October 2003 – January 2004 |
| Genre | Progressive metal |
| Length | 22:12 |
| Crimson Lotus chronology | |
| ***Foreword***
(2004) *Sinful Deeds*
(2005) | |


title: Mi-verbs

abstract: The -mi verbs are a class of athematic verbs in the Proto-Indo-European language. The name derives from the first-person singular form of the verbs in the present indicative active. The person marker is -mi, e.g. εἰμί, δίδωμι, φημί etc. The conjugation of mi-verbs differs from the conjugation of the much more common, thematic, omega-verbs. Mi-verbs were “regularised” in the Koine era and the transformation was almost complete by Byzantine times, with some vestiges of the -mi conjugation surviving only in the passive voice in Modern Greek. Mi-verbs are an extremely ancient feature of Proto-Indo-European grammar. Sanskrit verbs are exclusively -mi verbs, all Latin verbs except the forms sum and inquam are -o verbs, whereas Ancient Greek verbs could be either. A typical example used to illustrate this is the Sanskrit verb bhárami, Latin fero, Greek φέρω, phérō. The most common verb is the copula, and therefore it has survived longest, just as in Latin the only Anglo-Saxon mi-verb is the copula eom, nowadays shortened to am. The verb "give" is also very common and is, together with the copula, still a mi-verb in modern Slavic languages.

text:
# Mi-verbs

The **-mi verbs** are a class of athematic verbs in the Proto-Indo-European language. The name derives from the first-person singular form of the verbs in the present indicative active. The person marker is -mi, e.g. εἰμί (*ei*, I am), δίδωμι (*dídō**mi***, I give), φημί (*phē*, I say) etc. The conjugation of mi-verbs differs from the conjugation of the much more common, thematic, **omega-verbs** (-ω, ). Mi-verbs were “regularised” (transformed to their -o counterparts, or replaced altogether) in the Koine era and the transformation was almost complete by Byzantine times, with some vestiges of the -mi conjugation surviving only in the passive voice in Modern Greek.

Mi-verbs are an extremely ancient feature of Proto-Indo-European grammar. Sanskrit verbs are exclusively -mi verbs, all Latin verbs except the forms *sum* and *inquam* are -o verbs, whereas Ancient Greek verbs could be either. A typical example used to illustrate this is the Sanskrit verb *bhárami*, Latin *fero*, Greek φέρω, *phérō* (“I bear”).

The most common verb is the copula, and therefore it has survived longest, just as in Latin the only Anglo-Saxon mi-verb is the copula *eom*, nowadays shortened to *am*. The verb "give" is also very common and is, together with the copula, still a mi-verb in modern Slavic languages (for example, the Czech word *dávám*).

## Sources

* Greek Grammar, Herbert Weir Smyth. Harvard University Press. (1920) 0-574-36250-0


title: N. Sankar

abstract: Narayanan Sankar was an Indian industrialist and chairman of the Sanmar group, a diversified Indian conglomerate. During a career spanning over five decades, he led the group's diversification into multiple businesses ranging from chemicals to shipping. Sankar had also been the president of the Indian industry organization ASSOCHAM and chairman of the Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

text:
# N. Sankar

**Narayanan Sankar** (19 November 1945  17 April 2022) was an Indian industrialist and chairman of the Sanmar group, a diversified Indian conglomerate. During a career spanning over five decades, he led the group's diversification into multiple businesses ranging from chemicals to shipping. Sankar had also been the president of the Indian industry organization ASSOCHAM and chairman of the Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

## Early life

Sankar was born on 19 November 1945 to Madhuram and K. S. Narayanan, and was the elder of two siblings. He was the grandson of Indian industrialist S. N. N. Sankaralinga Iyer, who was the founder of India Cements and Indo-Commercial Bank. Sankar obtained his bachelor's in science from AC College of Technology in Madras (now Chennai) and later went on to get his master's degree in chemical engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.

Sankar was involved with cricket and tennis as a youngster. He was coached on the tennis court by T.K. Ramanathan, who was the father of Indian tennis player Ramanathan Krishnan and grandfather of tennis player Ramesh Krishnan. His tennis career was cut short when he was diagnosed with polio when he was 17. He continued to play cricket for the Madras league cricket team Jai Hind CC playing as a batsman and a medium pace bowler, and was known to be a slip fielder.

## Career

Sankar started his career with the Sanmar group's flagship company Chemplast in 1961 after returning to India upon the completion of his masters. The group's name itself was a combination of his name and his brother, N. Kumar's names. Sankar led the group's acquisition of Industrial Chemicals and Monomers, a company that manufactured carbide. He led the group's efforts in developing integrated manufacturing processes for their chemicals, specifically for the production of the synthetic plastic polymer, polyvinyl chloride, at Chemplast. During his time at the group, he led the group's growth both organic and through acquisitions. The group expanded its business footprint and helped with the group's international expansion. The group had joint ventures with companies including Bayer Corporation, Cabot Corporation, AMP Australia, Dragoco, and Tyco International, and expanded its focus to include shipping, finance, insurance. He introduced modern management practices and principles of corporate governance within the group, separating ownership from management.

In the late 1970s, Sankar and his brother Kumar's families were involved in a legal battle with N. Srinivasan and his brother N. Ramachandran over the running of India Cements. This had resulted in the intervention of financial institutions including IDBI which forced both Sankar and Srinivasan's families out of the board of the company and had bureaucrats and professional managers run the company, and at one point even attempted to sell-off the company to ITC Limited, the Indian tobacco giant. However, in the early 1990s, the families reconciled and Sankar was made the chairman while Srinivasan was given charge of running the company. Sankar stepped down from his positions in 2007 and the Sanmar group sold their stake in the company in 2013.

Sankar served in leadership roles at multiple industry organizations including president of ASSOCHAM between 1991 and 1992, chairman of the Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry between 1986 and 1987, chairman of the Indo US Joint Business Council between 1998 and 1999. He partnered with other auto-industry leaders to draft the Tamil Nadu state government's industry policy in the 1990s, culminating in the setup of Ford Motor Company's greenfield manufacturing plant in partnership with Mahindra and Mahindra in Maraimalainagar in Tamil Nadu. He was the honorary consul of Denmark in South India between 1989 and 2017 and had been awarded the Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog, first class, by the Danish government.

Sankar remained involved in cricket and tennis over the years. He ran the Madras first-division cricket team Jolly Rovers; amongst the players from the club included Indian cricketer S. Venkataraghavan and wicket-keeper Bharath Reddy. The Chemplast cricket team had cricketers like Anil Kumble and Harbhajan Singh playing for the team. He also owned the Alwarpet CC cricket team. Sankar had also served as the vice president of the All India Tennis Association and the president of the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association and the Tamil Nadu Tennis Association. He was also a patron of the arts and was the chairman of Sruthi foundation, a classical performing arts organization. Sankar was a member of the board of governors of the Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode.

## Personal life

Sankar and his wife, Chandra, had a son and a daughter. Sankar died on 17 April 2022 in Chennai, India. He was aged 76.

## InfoBox

| N. Sankar | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1945-11-19)19 November 1945 |
| Died | 17 April 2022(2022-04-17) (aged 76)<br>Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Alma mater | AC College of Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology |
| Occupation | Industrialist |


title: Tripura Lok Adalat

abstract: Tripura Lok Adalat or Tripura State Legal Services Authority(People's Court) is an statutory and autonomous body and an alternative dispute resolution mechanism used in the state of Tripura.The Tripura Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide constitutional protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the Constitution of India, of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably. It is recognised as statutory authority under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and the Lok Adalats award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties. Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat. "Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more public utility services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".

text:
# Tripura Lok Adalat

**Tripura Lok Adalat** or Tripura State Legal Services Authority(People's Court) is an statutory and autonomous body and an alternative dispute resolution mechanism used in the state of Tripura.The Tripura Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide constitutional protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the Constitution of India, of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably. It is recognised as statutory authority under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and the Lok Adalats award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties. Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more public utility services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".

## History and Administration

Tripura Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations. The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economical, social, and cultural rights.

Tripura Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:

* State Authorities.
* High Court.
* District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.
2. Secretaries.

* Mandal Committees.
* Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.

Manipur Lok Adalat organised first E-Lok Adalat on 2 September 2020.

Mr. Justice Indrajit Mahanty, Tripura High Court, is current Patron-in-Chief of Manipur State Legal Services Authority.

## Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relating to matrimonial, damages and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.
* Procedural laws and the Evidence Act are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties. The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Tripura Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.

## Details of Cases Resolved

* Tripura Lok Adalat resolved 396 cases during national lok adalat organised by it in December'21.
* Tripura Lok Adalat resolved 2536 cases during national lok adalat organised by it in December'21.

## InfoBox

| Tripura State Legal Services Authority | |
| --- | --- |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Federal agency | India |
| Operations jurisdiction | India |
| General nature |  |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Tripura State Legal Services Authority,East Bank of Melarmath Dighi,Agartala : 799 001 West Tripura District.TEL : (0381) 232-2481. |
| Agency executive | * Hon’ble Justice Mr. Justice Indrajit Mahanty., Chief Justice, Manipur High Court, & Patron-in Chief. |
| Website | |
| slsa.tripura.gov.in/lok\_adalat | |


title: Tromantadine

abstract: Tromantadine is an antiviral medicine used to treat herpes simplex virus. It is available in a topical gel under trade names Viru-Merz and Viru-Merz Serol. Its performance is similar to aciclovir. Like rimantadine, amantadine, and adapromine, tromantadine is a derivative of adamantane.

text:
# Tromantadine

**Tromantadine** is an antiviral medicine used to treat herpes simplex virus. It is available in a topical gel under trade names **Viru-Merz** and **Viru-Merz Serol**. Its performance is similar to aciclovir.

Like rimantadine, amantadine, and adapromine, tromantadine is a derivative of adamantane.

## Mechanism

Tromantadine inhibits the early and late events in the virus replication cycle. It changes the glycoproteins of the host cells, therefore impeding the absorption of the virus. It inhibits penetration of the virus. It also prevents uncoating of the virions.

## InfoBox

Tromantadine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Viru-Merz |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Routes of
administration | Topical (gel) |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * US: Not FDA-approved * OTC (RU) |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * *N*-(1-adamantyl)-2-\[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy\]acetamide | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| NIAID ChemDB |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.053.409 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C16H28N2O2 |
| Molar mass | 280.412 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O=C(NC13CC2CC(CC(C1)C2)C3)COCCN(C)C | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C16H28N2O2/c1-18(2)3-4-20-11-15(19)17-16-8-12-5-13(9-16)7-14(6-12)10-16/h12-14H,3-11H2,1-2H3,(H,17,19) Y * Key:UXQDWARBDDDTKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Loyang Bus Depot

abstract: Loyang Bus Depot is the second bus depot to be built by the Land Transport Authority in Singapore. It is located at Loyang Way at the junction of Pasir Ris Drive 3 and houses 31 services under the Loyang Bus Package. Loyang Bus Depot is currently being operated by Go-Ahead Singapore under the contracting model package. Completed in 2015, the new bus depot is able to accommodate about 500 buses and be equipped with facilities for daily bus operations, bus maintenance and a rest area for bus drivers. On 19 June 2016, the Loyang Bus Depot was officially opened by MP for Pasir Ris-Punggol Group Representation Constituency, Zainal Sapari and the Group Chief Executive of the Go-Ahead Group David Brown. Loyang Bus Depot Carnival was also held on the same day to allow the public to tour the depot and also learn more about Go-Ahead Singapore.

text:
# Loyang Bus Depot

1°22′04″N 103°58′01″E / 1.3677°N 103.967°E / 1.3677; 103.967

**Loyang Bus Depot** is the second bus depot to be built by the Land Transport Authority in Singapore. It is located at Loyang Way at the junction of Pasir Ris Drive 3 and houses 31 services under the Loyang Bus Package. Loyang Bus Depot is currently being operated by Go-Ahead Singapore under the contracting model package.

Completed in 2015, the new bus depot is able to accommodate about 500 buses and be equipped with facilities for daily bus operations, bus maintenance and a rest area for bus drivers. On 19 June 2016, the Loyang Bus Depot was officially opened by MP for Pasir Ris-Punggol Group Representation Constituency, Zainal Sapari and the Group Chief Executive of the Go-Ahead Group David Brown. Loyang Bus Depot Carnival was also held on the same day to allow the public to tour the depot and also learn more about Go-Ahead Singapore.

## History

Announced by LTA on 29 May 2013, the bus depot will be the second depot that LTA is developing and funding, as part of the review of the enhanced structural assistance that Government is providing the bus industry announced in Committee of Supply (COS) 2012. The depot is intended to accommodate the additional buses that it is bringing in over the next few years. The operator's existing bus depots and bus park are reaching full capacity, and the new facility is necessary to support the higher number of buses as the overall bus capacity is progressively increased under the Bus Service Enhancement Programme (BSEP).

On 11 December 2015, LTA handed the depot to Go-Ahead Singapore Pte Ltd for the operator to prepare for operations, as well as the recruitment and training of bus captains and technicians, to support a smooth transition.

## InfoBox

| Loyang Bus Depot
* 洛阳巴士车厂 * *Depot Bas Loyang* | |
| --- | --- |
| Bus depot | |
| General information | |
| Location | 2 Loyang Way
Singapore 508776 |
| Operated by | Go-Ahead Singapore Pte Ltd (Go-Ahead Group plc) |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.go-aheadsingapore.com |
| History | |
| Opened | 19 June 2016 (2016-06-19) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Loysville, Pennsylvania

abstract: Loysville is a census-designated place in Tyrone Township, Perry County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located at the intersection of state routes 274 and 850, 9.1 miles (14.6 km) west-southwest of New Bloomfield. Loysville has a post office, with ZIP code 17047.

text:
# Loysville, Pennsylvania

**Loysville** is a census-designated place in Tyrone Township, Perry County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located at the intersection of state routes 274 and 850, 9.1 miles (14.6 km) west-southwest of New Bloomfield. Loysville has a post office, with ZIP code 17047.

## InfoBox

| Loysville, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Loysville | |
| Coordinates: 40°21′56″N 77°20′40″W / 40.36556°N 77.34444°W / 40.36556; -77.34444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Perry |
| Township | Tyrone |
| Elevation | 591 ft (180 m) |
| Population (2019) | |
| Total | 2,643 |
| Density | 57/sq mi (22/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 17047 |
| Area code(s) | 223 & 717 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1180055 |


title: True, Wisconsin

abstract: True is a town in Rusk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 291 at the 2000 census. The village of Glen Flora is within the town.

text:
# True, Wisconsin

**True** is a town in Rusk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 291 at the 2000 census. The village of Glen Flora is within the town.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 23.5 square miles (60.8 km2), of which 23.3 square miles (60.3 km2) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.5 km2) (0.81%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 291 people, 107 households, and 83 families residing in the town. The population density was 12.5 people per square mile (4.8/km2). There were 127 housing units at an average density of 5.5 per square mile (2.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.66% White and 0.34% Pacific Islander.

There were 107 households, of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.4% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39. For every 100 females, there were 122.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $27,857, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $23,333 versus $18,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,514. About 15.4% of families and 16.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under 18 and 15.1% of those 65 or over.

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: True, Wisconsin
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| True, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of True, Wisconsin | |
| Coordinates: 45°29′53″N 90°52′57″W / 45.49806°N 90.88250°W / 45.49806; -90.88250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Rusk |
| Area | |
| Total | 23.5 sq mi (60.8 km2) |
| Land | 23.3 sq mi (60.4 km2) |
| Water | 0.2 sq mi (0.5 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,286 ft (392 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 291 |
| Density | 12.5/sq mi (4.8/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 715 & 534 |
| FIPS code | 55-80950 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1584300 |


title: Lucian Covrig

abstract: Lucian Ioan "Uțu" Covrig, is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Covrig first match in the Liga I was Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț-Universitatea Cluj 3–1 on 7 June 1997.

text:
# Lucian Covrig

**Lucian Ioan "Uțu" Covrig** (also known as **Ionuț Covrig**; born 3 May 1977), is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Covrig first match in the Liga I was Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț-Universitatea Cluj 3–1 on 7 June 1997.

## InfoBox

Lucian Covrig
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Lucian Ioan Covrig | | |
| Date of birth | (1977-05-03) 3 May 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | Piatra Neamț, Romania | | |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1996–1998 | Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț | 14 | (0) |
| 1999 | Cimentul Bicaz (loan) | ? | (?) |
| 2000–2006 | Farul Constanța | 14 | (0) |
| 2008–2009 | Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț | 88 | (0) |
| 2006–2008 | Leonard Pașcani | ? | (?) |
| 2008–2009 | Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț | 0 | (0) |
| Total |  | **116** | **(0)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 February 2018 | | | |