title: Molloy Island, Western Australia

abstract: Molloy Island is a small townsite located in the South West region of Western Australia in the Shire of Augusta-Margaret River, specifically on the island in the Blackwood River. The island was the location of an attempt at possum farming in the 1920s.

text:
# Molloy Island, Western Australia

**Molloy Island** is a small townsite located in the South West region of Western Australia in the Shire of Augusta-Margaret River, specifically on the island in the Blackwood River.

The island was the location of an attempt at possum farming in the 1920s.

Media related to Molloy Island at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Molloy Island
Western Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Sandy Beach, Molloy Island, in 2015 | |
| Molloy Island | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 34°15′54″S 115°12′44″E / 34.26500°S 115.21222°E / -34.26500; 115.21222 |
| Population | 163 (SAL 2021) |
| Postcode(s) | 6290 |
| Area | 2.9 km2 (1.1 sq mi) |
| LGA(s) | Shire of Augusta-Margaret River |
| State electorate(s) | Warren-Blackwood |
| Federal division(s) | Forrest |


title: George A. Philbrick

abstract: George A. Philbrick was responsible, through his company George A. Philbrick Researches (GAP/R), for the 1953 commercialization and wide adoption of operational amplifiers, a now-ubiquitous component of analog electronic systems, and the invention and commercialization of electronic analog computers based on the operational amplifier principle. He also created the first electronic training simulator, the Polyphemus. The invention, or co-invention, of the operational amplifier has also been credited to a number of other people, including a war-needs driven Bell Labs team led by Clarence A. Lovell and Loebe Julie. The actual naming of the operational amplifier likely occurred in the classic 1947 paper by John Ragazzini, et al. However analog computations using op amps as we know them today began with the work of the Clarence Lovell-led war needs group at Bell Labs, around 1940. In 1952, George A. Philbrick Researches (GAP/R) introduces the K2-W, considered the “Model T” of op amps.

text:
# George A. Philbrick

**George A. Philbrick** was responsible, through his company George A. Philbrick Researches (GAP/R), for the 1953 commercialization and wide adoption of operational amplifiers, a now-ubiquitous component of analog electronic systems, and the invention and commercialization of electronic analog computers based on the operational amplifier principle. He also created the first electronic training simulator, the Polyphemus. The invention, or co-invention, of the operational amplifier has also been credited to a number of other people, including a war-needs driven Bell Labs team led by Clarence A. Lovell (C. A. Lovell et al., 1940 ff.) and Loebe Julie.

The actual naming of the operational amplifier likely occurred in the classic 1947 paper by John Ragazzini, et al. However analog computations using op amps as we know them today began with the work of the Clarence Lovell-led war needs group at Bell Labs, around 1940 (acknowledged generally in John Ragazzini's paper). In 1952, George A. Philbrick Researches (GAP/R) introduces the K2-W, considered the “Model T” of op amps.

## Bibliography

* Lovell, C.A., et al., "Artillery Predictor," US Patent 2,404,081, filed May 1, 1941, issued September 24, 1946. (The mathematics of analog computer system using op amps for functions of repeating, inverting and summing amplifiers, plus differentiation).
* Lovell, C.A., et al., "Electrical Computing System," US Patent 2,404,387, filed May 1, 1941, issued July 23, 1946. (An analog computer system using op amps for control).
* Lovell, C. A. "Continuous Electrical Computation," Bell Laboratories Record, 25, March, 1947, pp. 1 14–118. (An overview of various fire-control analog computational circuits of the T10 and M9 systems, many illustrating uses of op amps).
* Nyquist, H. “Regeneration theory,” Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 11, pp. 126–147, Jan. 1932.
* Black, H.S. “Stabilized feedback amplifiers,” Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 13, pp. 1–18, Jan. 1934.
* Bode, H.W. “Relations between attenuation and phase in feedback amplifier design,” Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 19, pp. 412–454, July 1940.
* Lovell, C. A. “Continuous electrical computation,” Bell Laboratories Record, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 114–118, Mar. 1947.
* Ragazzini, J.R., Randall, R.H., and Russell, F.A. “Analysis of problems in dynamics by electronic circuits,” Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 35, pp. 444–452, May 1947.
* Philbrick, G.A. “Designing industrial controllers by analog,” Electronics, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 108–111, 1948. Analog Circuit Design 12 34.

## InfoBox

| George Arthur Philbrick | |
| --- | --- |
| George A. Philbrick. Photographer: John Brook. | |
| Born | January 5, 1913<br>Belmont, Massachusetts |
| Died | 1974 |


title: George McLean (footballer, born 1937)

abstract: George McLean is a Scottish former footballer.

text:
# George McLean (footballer, born 1937)

**George McLean** (born 16 September 1937) is a Scottish former footballer.

## InfoBox

George McLean
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1937-09-16) 16 September 1937 | | |
| Place of birth | Paisley, Scotland | | |
| Position(s) | Centre forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Cambuslang Rangers | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1959–1961 | Rangers | 8 | (5) |
| 1961–1962 | Norwich City | 0 | (0) |
| 1962–1965 | Grimsby Town | 91 | (41) |
| 1965–1967 | Exeter City | 47 | (12) |
| 1967–1968 | Workington | 53 | (16) |
| 1968–1969 | Barrow | 27 | (9) |
|  | Boston United | 69 | (34) |
| Total |  | **226** | **(83)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: George Godber

abstract: Sir George Edward Godber served as Chief Medical Officer for Her Majesty's Government in England from 1960 to 1973. He was also part of the team that planned the National Health Service (NHS) and, as Deputy Chief Medical Officer and subsequently Chief Medical Officer, campaigned against smoking and for immunization against polio and diphtheria. He was chair of the committee that published the three Cogwheel Reports on the organisation of work in hospitals.

text:
# George Godber

**Sir George Edward Godber** GCB (4 August 1908 – 7 February 2009) served as Chief Medical Officer for Her Majesty's Government in England from 1960 to 1973. He was also part of the team that planned the National Health Service (NHS) and, as Deputy Chief Medical Officer and subsequently Chief Medical Officer, campaigned against smoking and for immunization against polio and diphtheria. He was chair of the committee that published the three Cogwheel Reports on the organisation of work in hospitals.

## Early life and education

Godber was born on 4 August 1908, the son of Bessie Maud (née Chapman) and Isaac Godber, a nurseryman in Willington, Bedfordshire; he was the third of seven children, 5 boys and 2 girls. When he was eleven, he lost sight in one eye due to an accident.

Godber was educated at Bedford Modern School between 1917 and 1920, at Bedford School between 1920 and 1927, and at New College, Oxford, where he read medicine, gained a rowing blue and took part in two losing boat races. He was partly inspired to pursue public health by his Warden, the historian H.A.L. Fisher, who had been Lloyd George's Education Secretary.

Another mentor was a young New College don, Richard Crossman, who was later to become Godber's Secretary of State for Health and Social Security. He did his clinical training at The London Hospital and qualified in 1933.

## Career

After completing his clinical training, Godber was employed in a variety of junior posts that gave him an insight into the state of the nation's health. At a casualty ward in a municipal hospital in London's Docklands, he found that many of his patients were people with serious diseases who were too poor to go to their GP and too proud to ask for a free service, convincing him that a state-funded health service based on need was required.

Limited by the lack of medical specialties afforded to him with the loss of his eye and due to his aversion to taking fees from patients, he decided to specialise in public health medicine and attended the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, earning a diploma in public health in 1936.

In 1937, Godber became a county medical officer in Surrey, where he worked on communicable diseases. In 1939, he joined the Ministry of Health as a medical officer. During World War II, he worked in Birmingham administering the wartime Emergency Medical Services.

Godber served as Deputy Chief Medical Officer from 1950 to 1960. He was instrumental in persuading the Royal College of Physicians to form a committee on smoking and lung cancer in 1958. Their report Smoking and Health, published in 1962, was influential in bringing the link to the attention of the public.

Godber was awarded an honorary doctorate of science from the University of Bath in 1979. He was appointed CB in 1958, KCB in 1962 and GCB in 1971. Godber celebrated his 100th birthday in August 2008 and died on 7 February 2009.

## Family life

A number of Godber's siblings distinguished themselves in later life:

## Further reading

* Sheard, Sally (2006), *The Nation's Doctor*, London: The Nuffield Trust

## InfoBox

| SirGeorge GodberGCB | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1908-08-04)4 August 1908 |
| Died | 7 February 2009(2009-02-07) (aged 100) |
| Known for | Chief Medical Officer, England |


title: Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion

abstract: The Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion occurred on December 13, 1994 in the ammonium nitrate plant at the Terra International, Inc., Port Neal Complex, 16 mi (26 km) south of Sioux City, Iowa, United States. Four workers at the plant were killed by the explosion, and eighteen others were injured. The seven-story building at the seat of the blast was completely destroyed, leaving only a crater, and significant damage was inflicted to the surrounding structures. Four nearby electricity generating stations were disabled by the explosion, and the effects of the blast were felt up to 30 miles away. A high-voltage line running adjacent to the plant and over the Missouri River was damaged, disrupting power in the neighboring state of Nebraska. Two 15,000-ton refrigerated ammonia storage tanks were ruptured, releasing liquid ammonia and ammonia vapors which forced the evacuation of 1,700 residents from the surrounding area.

text:
# Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion

The **Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion** occurred on December 13, 1994 in the ammonium nitrate plant at the Terra International, Inc., Port Neal Complex, 16 mi (26 km) south of Sioux City, Iowa, United States. Four workers at the plant were killed by the explosion, and eighteen others were injured. The seven-story building at the seat of the blast was completely destroyed, leaving only a crater, and significant damage was inflicted to the surrounding structures. Four nearby electricity generating stations were disabled by the explosion, and the effects of the blast were felt up to 30 miles away. A high-voltage line running adjacent to the plant and over the Missouri River was damaged, disrupting power in the neighboring state of Nebraska. Two 15,000-ton refrigerated ammonia storage tanks were ruptured, releasing liquid ammonia and ammonia vapors which forced the evacuation of 1,700 residents from the surrounding area.

## Causes of accident

An investigation conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded in 1996 that the explosion was initiated by an accelerated thermal decomposition reaction as "a direct result of unsafe operating procedures and conditions" at the plant. The investigation team concluded that the explosion resulted from a lack of written, safe operation procedures at the Terra Port Neal ammonium nitrate plant. The lack of safe operating procedures resulted in conditions in the plant that were necessary for the explosion to occur. The significant conditions that caused the explosion were:

1. Strongly acidic conditions in the neutralizer and rundown tank;
2. Prolonged application of 200 psig steam to the neutralizer nitric acid spargers;
3. The creation of bubbles and low density zones in the neutralizer;
4. Lack of flow in the neutralizer and rundown tank;
5. The presence of chlorides, from a cooling water leak, in the neutralizer and rundown tank;
6. Lack of monitoring of the ammonium nitrate plant after the plant was shut down with the process vessels charged.

The EPA had conducted a safety audit at the plant just eight months prior to the explosion. The plant was Iowa's largest producer of nitrogen-based fertilizers and its loss contributed to a national 50% increase in the cost of fertilizer by the following year.

## InfoBox

Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion
| Aerial photograph of the Port Neal Complex following the explosion. | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | December 13, 1994 (1994-12-13) |
| Time | 6:06 a.m. CST (UTC−06:00) |
| Location | Terra Chemicals International,
Port Neal Complex,
Woodbury County, Iowa, United States |
| Coordinates | 42°19′52″N 96°22′44″W / 42.331°N 96.379°W / 42.331; -96.379 |
| Cause | Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate solution due to unsafe operating procedures. |
| Deaths | 4 |
| Non-fatal injuries | 18 |
| Property damage | $321 million |


title: Port Neches–Groves High School

abstract: Port Neches–Groves High School (PNG) is located in Port Neches, Texas. It is the only high school in the Port Neches-Groves Independent School District and serves portions of Port Neches, Groves, and Port Arthur. It was built in 1925.

text:
# Port Neches–Groves High School

**Port Neches–Groves High School** (**PNG**) is located in Port Neches, Texas. It is the only high school in the Port Neches-Groves Independent School District and serves portions of Port Neches, Groves, and Port Arthur. It was built in 1925.

## History

Port Neches High School, the predecessor to Port Neches–Groves High School, was built in 1925 at a cost of approximately $175,000. The Indian mascot and the purple and white school colors were chosen around this time.

The Indianettes dance team was founded in 1951, with the marching band, "Indian Spirit" mascot, and adoption of the fight song "Cherokee" being implemented over the following decade. A student serving as the drum major, Lynne James née Jeffrey, wrote the lyrics to the fight song. She later became the principal of Port Neches Middle School in the early 2000s.

The current Port Neches High School on Merriman Street was first used in 1953, with the original high school building becoming Port Neches Junior High. The current name of the school was adopted in 1956.

## Athletics

### Mascot controversy

Port Neches–Groves High School students during a half-time performance in December 2020

The high school's "Indian" mascot has garnered controversy for being racist and culturally insensitive, in line with a greater trend in the United States. These depictions include the use of the chant "Scalp 'Em", referring to the school's football field as "the reservation", and cheerleaders crafting and wearing ersatz war bonnets, among others. No residents of Port Neches or Groves identify as solely American Indian. The school administration has repeatedly stated they would not change their traditions or mascot, including turning down a general offer from Adidas to provide free design resources and financial assistance to change the imagery.

In 2020, the Cherokee Nation called for the school to discontinue its use of the mascot. This was a change from a 1979 certificate from then-Principal Chief Ross Swimmer recognizing the high school as "ambassadors of goodwill," with the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation Chuck Hoskin Jr. stating that the mascot and imagery "perpetuate inaccurate misconceptions of Native American culture and invokes ideations of savagery which only perpetuates harmful stereotypes and inaccurately depicts our culture."

In March 2022, the school's "Indianettes" drill team chanted the phrase "Scalp 'Em" during a performance at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom after being told they would not be allowed to wear their war bonnets. Disney released a statement condemning the performance and stating the Indianettes had not been in the school's audition tape. In the wake of the controversy, the Cherokee Nation renewed its demand that the high school drop the mascot and end its Indian-related traditions. Principal Chief Hoskin stated "I can tell you no Chief of the Cherokee Nation, whether it's me or \[...\] Chief Swimmer \[...\] would condone the kind of imagery or depiction of Native peoples that we see PNG not only do, but stubbornly refuse to even consider that those displays are offensive," he said. "They're not authentic. They have no connection to the Cherokee people, in fact, in many ways make a mockery of our wonderful and beautiful traditions." Hoskin's statement was echoed by the Vice-Chair of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas, whose original lands would have included the area of Port Neches. The high school has deleted many of its social media accounts.

### State championships

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Port Neches-Groves High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1401 Merriman Street
Port Neches, Texas 77651
United States | |
| Coordinates | 29°59′24″N 93°57′14″W / 29.989999°N 93.953947°W / 29.989999; -93.953947 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1925 |
| School district | Port Neches-Groves ISD |
| Superintendent | Mike Gonzales |
| Principal | Scott Ryan |
| Enrollment | 1,627 (2022-2023) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 14.22 |
| Color(s) | Purple and white |
| Athletics conference | University Interscholastic League Class 5A |
| Website | www.pngisd.org/hs |


title: Port of Houston

abstract: The Port of Houston is one of the world's largest ports and serves the metropolitan area of Houston, Texas. The port is a 50-mile-long (80 km) complex of diversified public and private facilities located a few hours' sailing time from the Gulf of Mexico. Located in the fourth-largest city in the United States, it is the busiest port in the U.S. in terms of foreign tonnage and the busiest in the U.S. in terms of overall tonnage. Though originally the port's terminals were primarily within the Houston city limits, the port has expanded to such a degree that today it has facilities in multiple communities in the surrounding area. In particular the port's busiest terminal, the Barbours Cut Terminal, is located in Morgan's Point. The Port of Houston is a cooperative entity consisting of both the port authority, which operates the major terminals along the Houston Ship Channel, and more than 150 private companies situated along Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay. Many petroleum corporations have built refineries along the channel where they are partially protected from the threat of major storms in the Gulf of Mexico. The petrochemical complex associated with the Port of Houston is one of the largest in the world.

text:
# Port of Houston

The **Port of Houston** is one of the world's largest ports and serves the metropolitan area of Houston, Texas. The port is a 50-mile-long (80 km) complex of diversified public and private facilities located a few hours' sailing time from the Gulf of Mexico. Located in the fourth-largest city in the United States, it is the busiest port in the U.S. in terms of foreign tonnage and the busiest in the U.S. in terms of overall tonnage. Though originally the port's terminals were primarily within the Houston city limits, the port has expanded to such a degree that today it has facilities in multiple communities in the surrounding area. In particular the port's busiest terminal, the Barbours Cut Terminal, is located in Morgan's Point.

The Port of Houston is a cooperative entity consisting of both the port authority, which operates the major terminals along the Houston Ship Channel, and more than 150 private companies situated along Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay. Many petroleum corporations have built refineries along the channel where they are partially protected from the threat of major storms in the Gulf of Mexico. The petrochemical complex associated with the Port of Houston is one of the largest in the world.

## History

The original Port of Houston was located at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou in downtown Houston by the University of Houston–Downtown. This area is called "Allen's Landing" and is now a park. It is the birthplace of the City of Houston.

Shipping points grew at multiple locations on Buffalo Bayou including the port of Harrisburg (now part of Houston) and the docks on the Allen Ranch. By the end of the 19th century Buffalo Bayou had become a major shipping channel with traffic beginning to rival Galveston.

The citizens of Harris County approved creation of the modern port in 1909, believing that an inland port would better serve the region after the destructive Galveston Hurricane of 1900. President Woodrow Wilson officially opened the port to traffic as the World Port of Houston and Buffalo Bayou on November 10, 1914. In the 1930s the Port became the focus of labor conflict, with sometimes intense battles between strikers and authorities, during the 1935 Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike and the 1936 Gulf Coast maritime workers' strike among other incidents.

In 1911, there was a campaign persuading voters to approve a $1.25 million bond to raise money for dredging the waterway. The campaign was successful and voters approved the bond issuance and creation of the Harris County Houston Ship Channel Navigation District that is called Port of Houston Authority (POHA) today.

Early supporters would prove to be correct; the port has grown to be one of the world's largest. By 1961, it was already among the busiest ports in the US. In 1977 the Port of Houston opened the Barbours Cut Terminal, Texas' first cargo container terminal, at Morgan's Point. This new terminal, in the Bay Area, quickly became the port's most important terminal. The opening of the Bayport Terminal in 2006 further extended the port authority's reach outside the city of Houston.

## The port today

Approximately 215 million short tons (195 Mt) of cargo moved through the Port in 2005, most of which is petroleum related. The Port has two separate terminals dedicated to the handling of cargo containers: Barbours Cut (at Morgan's Point), and Bayport (in Pasadena, opened in October 2006). The Barbours Cut terminal was, in fact, the port's first terminal specifically designed for these shipments. Additional general cargo terminals include Turning Basin, Jacintoport, Woodhouse, and Care.

The Port Authority offers a 90-minute free cruise aboard the *M/V Sam Houston*, details of which can be found on its website. Since the Houston Ship Channel is closed to recreational traffic, this is the only means by which the general public can view port operations, and thus the tours are highly popular.

Most Volkswagen (and Audi) automobiles sold in North America pass through the port of Houston.

The Port is operated by the Port of Houston Authority, an independent political subdivision of the State of Texas governed by a seven-member commission. The City of Houston and the Harris County Commissioners Court each appoint two commissioners; these two governmental entities also jointly appoint the chairman of the Port Commission. The Harris County Mayors and Councils Association and the City of Pasadena each appoint one commissioner. Daily operations are overseen by an Executive Director who serves at the will of the Commission.

A renovation project for the Port's Turning Basin Terminal began in 2010 and is expected to take 10 years. The Turning Basin Terminal is a multipurpose complex with open wharves and 37 docks that are used for direct discharge and loading of breakbulk, containerized, project or heavy-lift cargoes. The goal of the renovation is to accommodate the increase in the transportation of steel, which increased more than 3.1 million short tons (2.8 Mt) in the first nine months of 2011, up from 1.9 million short tons (1.7 Mt) over the same period in the previous year.

### Trade data

The Port of Houston is a major point of international trade for the United States. The following is the trade volume by world region reported by the Greater Houston Partnership as of 2006.

* Europe 31%
* Latin America 22%
* Asia/Pacific Rim 15%
* North America 13%
* Middle East 7%
* Africa 12%

### Foreign Trade Zone

The Port of Houston Authority manages Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) No. 84, which includes many privately owned and port-owned sites located throughout Houston and Harris County, Texas. The Houston Zone offers users special benefits. For example, customs duties on imported goods entering the FTZ can be delayed until the cargo is removed from the zone. No duty is paid if the merchandise is exported directly from the zone.

The following Sub Zones are a part of The Port of Houston FTZ No. 84:

### List of firsts

Despite being one of the youngest major ports in the world (the port reached its 100th birthday in 2014) it has already racked up an impressive list of firsts.

Notable firsts include:

* First port to be built with federal funds and local matching funds, thus guaranteeing local support (every port since 1930 has had a local match requirement)
* First direct shipment of cotton to Europe (November 1919 via the *M/V Merry Mount*)
* First double-stack container train (1981)
* When the Baytown Tunnel was removed in 1997 to allow deepening and widening of the Houston Ship Channel (it was replaced by the Fred Hartman Bridge), it was the largest tunnel so removed (35 feet (11 m) diameter by 1,041 feet (317 m) length) without closing the channel, losing time due to accidents, or impacting the navigational safety of the port.
* First port to conduct air emissions testing of its off-road equipment (2000)
* First port to meet ISO 14001 standards for environmental excellence (2002), and the first port to be recertified to ISO 14001 standards (2004)

In 1968 Texas historian Marilyn McAdams Sibley published *The Port of Houston: A History*.

## InfoBox

| Port of Houston | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial view of the Greens Point Industrial Park at the port | |
| Logo of the Port of Houston Authority | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Houston (Texas, USA) |
| Coordinates | 29°43′N 95°15′W / 29.717°N 95.250°W / 29.717; -95.250 |
| UN/LOCODE | USHOU |
| Details | |
| Operated by | Port of Houston Authority |
| Owned by | City of Houston |
| Type of harbour | Artificial / natural |
| Number of cargo container terminals | 2 |
| Number of major general cargo terminals | 5 |
| Statistics | |
| Annual cargo tonnage | 212 million (2006) |
| Annual container volume | 1.6 million TEUs (2006) |
| Annual revenue | US$168 million (2006) |
| Net income | US$42 million (2006) |
| Economic value | US$118 billion (2006) |
| Attributable jobs | 785,000 (2006) |
| Draft depth | 45 feet |
| **Website**<br>http://www.portofhouston.com | |


title: George Klay Kieh

abstract: George Klay Kieh Jr. is a Liberian educator and independent politician, and an avid admirer of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

text:
# George Klay Kieh

**George Klay Kieh Jr.** (born 2 March 1956) is a Liberian educator and independent politician, and an avid admirer of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

## Early life

Kieh was born in Harbel, Firestone on March 2, 1956. He attended the University of Liberia where he was granted a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science. Kieh continued his education in the United States at Northwestern University in Illinois where he earned a master's degree and Ph.D. in political science.

## Political career

Running as the NDM presidential candidate in the 11 October 2005 elections alongside Alaric Tokpa and placed 17th out of 22 candidates, receiving 0.5% of the vote.

Kieh worked at Grand Valley State University in Allendale, Michigan as a professor of Political Science, following his unsuccessful bid for President of Liberia. Previous to this, he taught at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, for many years. He served as the Dean of the Political Science Department prior to his unsuccessful bid for president in Liberia. Upon returning to GVSU, he specialized in developing countries, conflict, and African Politics. He has just been named Dean of Arts and Sciences at the University of West Georgia in Carrollton, Georgia, to begin July 1, 2009. He succeeds Interim Dean Dr. Don Rice, who succeeded Dean Dr. David White, who succeeded Interim Dean Dr. Pauline Gagnon, who succeeded Dean Dr. Richard Miller.


title: Porte de Vanves station

abstract: Porte de Vanves is a station on Line 13 of the Paris Métro and a stop on tramway Line 3a in the 14th arrondissement. It is named after the Porte de Vanves, a gate in the 19th century Thiers wall of Paris. Contrary to what its name suggests, it gave access to the commune of Malakoff – the commune of Vanves is instead accessible by Porte Brancion located 250 metres west.

text:
# Porte de Vanves station

**Porte de Vanves** (French pronunciation: \[pɔʁt  vɑ̃v\]) is a station on Line 13 of the Paris Métro and a stop on tramway Line 3a in the 14th arrondissement.

It is named after the P*orte de Vanves*, a gate in the 19th century Thiers wall of Paris. Contrary to what its name suggests, it gave access to the commune of Malakoff – the commune of Vanves is instead accessible by *Porte Brancion* located 250 metres west.

## History

The station opened on 21 January 1937 as part of the initial section of the old line 14 between Porte de Vanves and Bienvenüe (today known as Montparnasse–Bienvenue). It served as its southern terminus until 9 November 1976 when it was extended to Châtillon–Montrouge. The old line 14 was incorporated into line 13 on the same day following the latter's extension in successive phases from Saint-Lazare.

In 2019, the station was used by 4,660,158 passengers, making it the 92nd busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,460,078 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 87th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,395,358 passengers, making it the 87th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

## Passenger services

### Access

The station has four accesses:

* Access 1: rue Raymond Losserand
* Access 2: Boulevard Brune *Marché aux Puces* (flea market)
* Access 3: Place de la Porte de Vanves
* Access 4: Boulevard Lefebvre

### Station layout

| **Street Level** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **B1** | Mezzanine | |
| **Platform level** | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |
| | Northbound | toward Les Courtilles or Saint-Denis–Université (Plaisance) |
| | Southbound | toward Châtillon – Montrouge (Malakoff – Plateau de Vanves) |
| | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |

### Platforms

The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, unlike many other stations on the network.

### Other connections

#### Tramway

The station has been served by tramway T3a since 16 December 2006 (as part of its initial section between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry).

#### Bus

## Nearby

* Roland, Gérard (2003). *Stations de métro. D’Abbesses à Wagram.* Éditions Bonneton.

## InfoBox

| Porte de Vanves | |
| --- | --- |
| Paris Métro station | |
| Two MF 77 at Porte de Vanves | |
| General information | |
| Location | Avenue de la Porte de Vanves
14th arrondissement of Paris
Île-de-France
France |
| Coordinates | 48°49′41″N 2°18′21″E / 48.82794°N 2.30588°E / 48.82794; 2.30588 |
| Owned by | RATP |
| Operated by | RATP |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 (2 side platforms) |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | no |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 2702 |
| Fare zone | 1 |
| History | |
| Opened | 21 January 1937 (1937-01-21) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 3,395,358 (2021) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Paris Métro Following station  Malakoff–Plateau de Vanvestowards Châtillon–Montrouge  Line 13  Plaisancetowards Les Courtilles or Saint-Denis–Université | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Porte de VanvesLocation within Paris | |


title: Porte de Mars

abstract: Porte de Mars is an ancient Roman triumphal arch in Reims, France. It dates from the third century AD, and was the widest arch in the Roman world.

text:
# Porte de Mars

**Porte de Mars** (**Gate of Mars**) is an ancient Roman triumphal arch in Reims, France. It dates from the third century AD, and was the widest arch in the Roman world.

## The Arch

The monumental Mars Gate dates from the first part of the 3rd century and is the only remaining of four gates that gave access to the Gallo-Roman town known as Durocortorum. The arch stands 32 metres long and 13 metres high, with three wide arched openings. It was named after a nearby temple to Mars. The arch has many highly detailed carvings on its exterior and on the ceilings of its three passageways, including Romulus and Remus, farm workers, and Leda and the swan. Local folklore says that the inhabitants of Reims built the arch in gratitude when the Romans brought major roads through their city. It became part of the castle of the archbishops in 1228, which was destroyed in 1595, leaving the arch, with the openings blocked, part of the city walls. Rediscovered in 1667, it was not fully revealed until the dismantling of the city walls in 1844–54.

49°15′38.2″N 4°1′47.8″E / 49.260611°N 4.029944°E / 49.260611; 4.029944


title: Porte de Montreuil station

abstract: Porte de Montreuil is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro. The station has four tracks, two of which are sidings. Like that of Porte de Charenton, the train hall boasts an unusually wide vault, at 22.5 m across. The station is named after the Porte de Montreuil, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers wall of Paris, which led to the town of Montreuil. Flea markets are held on the glacis of the fortifications. The station was opened on 10 December 1933 with the extension of the line from Richelieu - Drouot. It was the eastern terminus of the line until the extension of the line to Mairie de Montreuil on 14 October 1937. An interchange with Paris tramway Line 3b opened on 15 December 2012.

text:
# Porte de Montreuil station

**Porte de Montreuil** (French pronunciation: \[pɔʁt  mɔ̃tʁœj\]) is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro. The station has four tracks, two of which are sidings. Like that of Porte de Charenton, the train hall boasts an unusually wide vault, at 22.5 m across. The station is named after the *Porte de Montreuil*, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers wall of Paris, which led to the town of Montreuil. Flea markets are held on the glacis (the sloping bank in front of a wall) of the fortifications.

The station was opened on 10 December 1933 with the extension of the line from Richelieu - Drouot. It was the eastern terminus of the line until the extension of the line to Mairie de Montreuil on 14 October 1937. An interchange with Paris tramway Line 3b opened on 15 December 2012.

## Station layout

| **B1** | Mezzanine |
| --- | --- |

| **Line 9 platforms** | Westbound | toward Pont de Sèvres (Maraîchers) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left, right | |
| | Westbound | toward Pont de Sèvres (Maraîchers) |
| | Eastbound | toward Mairie de Montreuil (Robespierre) |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the right | |
| | Eastbound | toward Mairie de Montreuil (Robespierre) |

* Roland, Gérard (2003). *Stations de métro. D’Abbesses à Wagram.* Éditions Bonneton.

## InfoBox

| Porte de Montreuil | |
| --- | --- |
| Paris Métro station | |
| Porte de Montreuil platform station in 2022 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 20th arrondissement of Paris
Île-de-France
France |
| Coordinates | 48°51′14″N 2°24′44″E / 48.853792°N 2.412245°E / 48.853792; 2.412245 |
| Owned by | RATP |
| Operated by | RATP |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 1 |
| History | |
| Opened | 10 December 1933 (1933-12-10) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Paris Métro Following station  Maraîcherstowards Pont de Sèvres  Line 9  Robespierretowards Mairie de Montreuil | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Porte de MontreuilLocation within Paris | |


title: Georges Lumpp

abstract: Georges Joseph Lumpp was a French rower who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics. He was part of the French boat Club Nautique de Lyon, which won the silver medal in the coxed four with Charles Perrin, Daniel Soubeyran, Émile Wegelin.

text:
# Georges Lumpp

**Georges Joseph Lumpp** (18 September 1874 in La Guiche – 1 October 1934 in Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or) was a French rower who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics. He was part of the French boat *Club Nautique de Lyon*, which won the silver medal in the coxed four with Charles Perrin, Daniel Soubeyran, Émile Wegelin .

## InfoBox

| Olympic medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's rowing | | |
| Representing  France | | |
|  | 1900 Paris | Coxed four |


title: Portman Group

abstract: The Portman Group is a trade group composed of alcoholic beverage producers and brewers in the UK.

text:
# Portman Group

The **Portman Group** is a trade group composed of alcoholic beverage producers and brewers in the UK.

## History

It was set up in 1989 as part of a campaign to raise awareness on alcohol-related issues, and its members account for the majority of alcohol products sold in the UK. It takes its name from the Portman Square, London, head office of Guinness, one of its co-founders.

### Drinkaware Trust

The Portman Group established the Drinkaware website in 2004 and went on to establish the **Drinkaware Trust** in 2006. The Drinkaware Trust is now an independent trust which runs all alcohol education campaigns, that had previously been the responsibility of the Portman Group.

## Aims

There are four stated main aims of the group:

## *Code of Practice on the Responsible Naming, Packaging and Promotion of Alcoholic Drinks*

The Portman Group operates a *Code of Practice on the Naming, Packaging and Promotion of Alcoholic Drinks* which was first introduced in 1996. The code, which is supported throughout the industry, seeks to ensure that drinks are marketed in a socially responsible way and to an adult audience only.

The code applies to all pre-packaged alcoholic drinks and covers the drink's naming, packaging, point-of-sale advertising, brand websites, sponsorship, branded merchandise, advertorials, press releases and sampling.

The code has an open and accessible complaints system. Complaints under the Code are ruled on by an independent complaints panel.

## Members

## Campaigns

There have been several full campaigns run by the group. These include:

* "I'll be Des" (designated drivers)
* "If you do do drink, don't do drunk" and Drinkaware.co.uk (excessive drinking, particularly in the under 24s)
* Proof of Age Card (aka Prove It) (a PASS-accredited identity card, discontinued in 2007)

These campaigns have been strongly criticised by, amongst others, Professor Ian Gilmore of the Royal College of Physicians and Professor Martin Plant of the University of the West of England, both noted alcohol harm experts, as not only ineffective but even favourable to the alcohol industry.

Public Health England was attacked by Martin McKee and others for giving unwarranted credibility to the drinks industry by involving Drinkaware in their Drink Free Days campaign in 2018. Professor Ian Gilmore resigned from his position with the agency when they refused to break the connection.

## InfoBox

Portman Group
|
|  |
| Formation | 1989 |
| Purpose | Advocacy of responsible drinking and research into UK alcohol consumption |
| Location |  |
| Region served | UK |
| Membership | 15 alcoholic beverage companies |
| Chief Executive | Matt Lambert |
| Website | Portman Group |


title: Portmanteau test

abstract: A portmanteau test is a type of statistical hypothesis test in which the null hypothesis is well specified, but the alternative hypothesis is more loosely specified. Tests constructed in this context can have the property of being at least moderately powerful against a wide range of departures from the null hypothesis. Thus, in applied statistics, a portmanteau test provides a reasonable way of proceeding as a general check of a model's match to a dataset where there are many different ways in which the model may depart from the underlying data generating process. Use of such tests avoids having to be very specific about the particular type of departure being tested.

text:
# Portmanteau test

A **portmanteau test** is a type of statistical hypothesis test in which the null hypothesis is well specified, but the alternative hypothesis is more loosely specified. Tests constructed in this context can have the property of being at least moderately powerful against a wide range of departures from the null hypothesis. Thus, in applied statistics, a portmanteau test provides a reasonable way of proceeding as a general check of a model's match to a dataset where there are many different ways in which the model may depart from the underlying data generating process. Use of such tests avoids having to be very specific about the particular type of departure being tested.

## Examples

In time series analysis, two well-known versions of a **portmanteau test** are available for testing for autocorrelation in the residuals of a model: it tests whether any of a group of autocorrelations of the residual time series are different from zero. This test is the Ljung–Box test, which is an improved version of the Box–Pierce test, having been devised at essentially the same time; a seemingly trivial simplification (omitted in the improved test) was found to have a deleterious effect. This portmanteau test is useful in working with ARIMA models.

In the context of regression analysis, including regression analysis with time series structures, a **portmanteau test** has been devised, which allows a general test to be made for the possibility that a range of types nonlinear transformations of combinations of the explanatory variables should have been included in addition to a selected model structure.


title: Gerald B. Lefcourt

abstract: Gerald Bernard Lefcourt is an American criminal defense lawyer. He has represented a number of high-profile clients, including financier and registered sex offender Jeffrey Epstein, the Black Panthers, activist/author Abbie Hoffman, hotelier Harry Helmsley, former Speaker of the New York State Assembly Mel Miller, and actors Russell Crowe and Tracy Morgan.

text:
# Gerald B. Lefcourt

**Gerald Bernard Lefcourt** is an American criminal defense lawyer. He has represented a number of high-profile clients, including financier and registered sex offender Jeffrey Epstein, the Black Panthers, activist/author Abbie Hoffman, hotelier Harry Helmsley, former Speaker of the New York State Assembly Mel Miller, and actors Russell Crowe and Tracy Morgan.

## Biography

Lefcourt graduated from Brooklyn Law School in the class of 1967, and heads a firm in New York City that specializes in criminal defense. A high-profile trial lawyer, Lefcourt is a leading spokesman of the defense bar, a past President of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and the New York Criminal Bar Association, and a founder of the New York State Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. Lefcourt is also a lecturer and panelist and has authored publications on legal subjects including asset forfeiture, legal ethics, wire-tapping, plea bargaining, subpoenas to lawyers, and representation of grand jury witnesses.

He was named as among the best trial attorneys in New York by the New York Law Journal's 1983 "Who's Who in Criminal Defense Bar", and received the New York State Bar's Outstanding Practitioner Award in 1985 and 1993, and the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers' highest honor, the Robert C. Heeney Memorial Award, in 1993. In 1997 he was presented the Thurgood Marshall Lifetime Achievement Award by The New York State Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.

Lefcourt was a featured personality in the 2006 documentary *Giuliani Time.* His victories have included a full acquittal of rap mogul and Murder Inc. founder Irv Gotti on federal money laundering charges. Lefcourt was an attorney of "aider and abettor" non-KMPG employee David Amir Makov, in the 2008 federal KPMG tax shelter fraud prosecution, believed to be the largest tax fraud case ever brought in the history of the United States.

## Personal life

Lefcourt has been married twice. His first wife was Ilene Sackler Lefcourt, the daughter of Mortimer Sackler. Lefcourt has a son, Jeffrey Lefcourt (born 1971/1972), and two daughters, Karen Lefcourt and Alison Lefcourt. Lefcourt is married to Robin Lewis Lefcourt.

## InfoBox

| Gerald Lefcourt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Gerald Bernard Lefcourt |
| Education | Brooklyn Law School (JD) |
| Occupation | Attorney |
| Spouse(s) | Ilene Sackler (divorced)<br>Robin Lewis |
| Children | 3 |


title: Gerald B. Helman

abstract: Gerald Bernard Helman, was a Career Foreign Service Officer who was Representative of the United States to the European Office of the United Nations from 1979 until 1981 with the rank of ambassador. Helman was also Deputy Under Secretary of State (1982-1991).

text:
# Gerald B. Helman

**Gerald Bernard Helman** (November 4, 1932 Detroit, Michigan \- October 16, 2020 Alexandria, Virginia), was a Career Foreign Service Officer who was Representative of the United States to the European Office of the United Nations from 1979 until 1981 with the rank of ambassador. Helman was also Deputy Under Secretary of State (1982-1991).

## Biography

Helman, the son of Jewish immigrants from Russia (near Minsk, in modern-day Belarus), attended Cass Technical High School (class of 1949), the University of Michigan (class of 1953) and the University of Michigan Law School (class of 1956). While an undergraduate, he met Dolores “Dolly” Hamel whom he later married and was editor of *The Michigan Daily*. In 1973 and 1974, Helman was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow at Princeton University.

In his diplomatic career, he worked for both the UN and NATO in political affairs and was involved in the negotiations for the Outer Space Treaty and Camp David Accords.

1. "Obituary". *Sol Levinson & Bros*. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
2. The Foreign Service Journal
3. "Gerald B. Helman (1932–)". *Office of the Historian*. US Department of State. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
4. "The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR GERALD B. HELMAN" (PDF). *Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training*. 8 November 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
5. "European Office of the United Nations Nomination of Gerald B. Helman To Be the U.S. Representative". *The American Presidency Project*. Retrieved 5 June 2021.


title: George Langdale

abstract: George Richmond Langdale was a schoolmaster, writer on mathematics and an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire from 1936 to 1937 and for Somerset from 1946 to 1949. He also played for the minor counties Norfolk and Berkshire. Langdale was born in Thornaby-on-Tees in Yorkshire. He first played cricket for Derbyshire in the 1936 season taking part in three games and helping them to capture their first and only County Championship victory. In the 1937 season he played one first team game and then for the Derbyshire second team. On 1 September 1938 Langdale became a teacher at the City of Norwich School and during 1939 he played for minor county Norfolk. During the Second World War he played occasional matches including one for Anti-Aircraft Command against Balloon command, and another for the Army against the Royal Australian Air Force. In 1946 Langdale left Norwich and began playing for Somerset. In his first match for his new county, he took five Warwickshire wickets in an innings for 30 runs and in his next, two months later, against Yorkshire at Taunton, batting at No 8, he scored 146 to enable Somerset to reach 508, though the match was drawn. He continued in the next three seasons and played for Somerset for the last time in 1949. In 1950 he appeared in a match for Sandhurst Wanderers in the Netherlands. In 1952 Langdale started playing for Berkshire as captain, and his final first-class match was in 1953 for the Minor Counties against Australia. In the same Minor Counties season, playing for Berkshire he took all 10 Dorset wickets in an innings for 25 runs. He captained Berkshire again from 1956 to 1959 and continued playing for the team until 1963. Langdale was a right-arm offbreak bowler and took 23 wickets first-class wickets with an average of 40.82 and a best performance of 5–30. He was a left-handed batsman and remained a lower-middle order batsman throughout his first-class career. He played 42 innings in 25 first-class matches with an average of 18.12 and a top score of 146. Langdale published a number of papers on mathematical subjects and teaching, often using cricket examples. He was a senior lecturer at Welbeck College, for the Ministry of Defence. In the 1982 New Year Honours he was awarded the OBE. Langdale died in Holbeck, Leeds in at the age of 86.

text:
# George Langdale

**George Richmond Langdale** OBE (11 March 1916 – 24 April 2002) was a schoolmaster, writer on mathematics and an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire from 1936 to 1937 and for Somerset from 1946 to 1949. He also played for the minor counties Norfolk and Berkshire.

Langdale was born in Thornaby-on-Tees in Yorkshire. He first played cricket for Derbyshire in the 1936 season taking part in three games and helping them to capture their first and only County Championship victory. In the 1937 season he played one first team game and then for the Derbyshire second team. On 1 September 1938 Langdale became a teacher at the City of Norwich School and during 1939 he played for minor county Norfolk. During the Second World War he played occasional matches including one for Anti-Aircraft Command against Balloon command, and another for the Army against the Royal Australian Air Force.

In 1946 Langdale left Norwich and began playing for Somerset. In his first match for his new county, he took five Warwickshire wickets in an innings for 30 runs and in his next, two months later, against Yorkshire at Taunton, batting at No 8, he scored 146 to enable Somerset to reach 508, though the match was drawn. He continued in the next three seasons and played for Somerset for the last time in 1949. In 1950 he appeared in a match for Sandhurst Wanderers in the Netherlands. In 1952 Langdale started playing for Berkshire as captain, and his final first-class match was in 1953 for the Minor Counties against Australia. In the same Minor Counties season, playing for Berkshire he took all 10 Dorset wickets in an innings for 25 runs. He captained Berkshire again from 1956 to 1959 and continued playing for the team until 1963. Langdale was a right-arm offbreak bowler and took 23 wickets first-class wickets with an average of 40.82 and a best performance of 5–30. He was a left-handed batsman and remained a lower-middle order batsman throughout his first-class career. He played 42 innings in 25 first-class matches with an average of 18.12 and a top score of 146.

Langdale published a number of papers on mathematical subjects and teaching, often using cricket examples. He was a senior lecturer at Welbeck College, for the Ministry of Defence. In the 1982 New Year Honours he was awarded the OBE.

Langdale died in Holbeck, Leeds in at the age of 86.

## Publications

* *Wisden's Cricketers' Almanack and the teaching of statistics*. The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 38, No. 324, 118–120. May 1954.
* *The Slide Rule* The Mathematical Gazette, May 1959 p113
* *A Simple Course on Astronautics* The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 47, No. 360 May 1963, pp. 107–113
* *Square ball* The Mathematical Gazette, October 1974 p216,

## InfoBox

George Langdale
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | George Richmond Langdale |
| Born | (1916-03-11)11 March 1916
Thornaby-on-Tees, Yorkshire, England |
| Died | 24 April 2002(2002-04-24) (aged 86)
Holbeck, Leeds, England |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm off-break |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 19361937 | Derbyshire |
| 1946–1949 | Somerset |
|  | |
| FC debut | 15 August 1936 Derbyshire v Nottinghamshire |
| Last FC | 23 May 1953 Minor Counties v Australians |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 25  Runs scored 707  Batting average 18.12  100s/50s 1/3  Top score 146  Balls bowled 1,678  Wickets 23  Bowling average 40.82  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 5.30  Catches/stumpings 7/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, January 2012 | |


title: Portneuf County

abstract: Portneuf County is a historic county in Quebec, Canada west of Quebec City on the Saint Lawrence River in Canada. The county seat was Cap-Santé. Previously named Hampshire County formed in 1792 at the end of the French Regime from the former Montreal District and as a constituent riding for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada before being renamed Portneuf County by a law of the province of Lower Canada in 1829. It was bounded on the west by Champlain County on the northeast by Quebec County, and on the south by Lotbiniere County. Portneuf County consisted of six former seigneuries. In the early 1980s, Quebec abolished its counties and most of Portneuf County became the Portneuf Regional County Municipality. The southeastern part of the county was transferred to La Jacques-Cartier Regional County Municipality and the Quebec Urban Community while parts of western Portneuf County were transferred to Mékinac Regional County Municipality.

text:
# Portneuf County

**Portneuf County** is a historic county in Quebec, Canada west of Quebec City on the Saint Lawrence River in Canada.

The county seat was Cap-Santé. Previously named **Hampshire County** (after Hampshire, England) formed in 1792 at the end of the French Regime from the former Montreal District and as a constituent riding for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada before being renamed Portneuf County by a law of the province of Lower Canada (9 George IV ch. LXXII) in 1829. It was bounded on the west by Champlain County on the northeast by Quebec County, and on the south by Lotbiniere County. Portneuf County consisted of six former seigneuries.

In the early 1980s, Quebec abolished its counties and most of Portneuf County became the Portneuf Regional County Municipality. The southeastern part of the county was transferred to La Jacques-Cartier Regional County Municipality and the Quebec Urban Community (now Quebec City) while parts of western Portneuf County were transferred to Mékinac Regional County Municipality.

## Constituent Towns, Municipalities and Parishes

## Creation of the County

Initially, Portneuf County included the parishes of Saint-Casimir, Grondines, Deschambault, Cap-Santé, St-Basile, Saint-Raymond-Nonnat, Sainte-Catherine, Les Écureuils, Pointe-aux-Trembles, Saint-Augustin, Saint-Alban and the townships of Gosford, Alton, Roquemont of Montauban and Colbert.

47°00′N 72°00′W / 47.000°N 72.000°W / 47.000; -72.000


title: George Moor

abstract: George Raymond Dallas Moor, was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for stemming a rout by shooting four of his own soldiers during the Gallipoli campaign in 1915.

text:
# George Moor

**George Raymond Dallas Moor**, VC, MC & Bar (22 October 1896 – 3 November 1918) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for stemming a rout by shooting four of his own soldiers during the Gallipoli campaign in 1915.

## Early life

Moor was born 22 October 1896, in his mother's sister's home in Pollington Street, St Kilda, Australia. He was the son of William Henry Moor (Auditor-General, Transvaal, retired) and Mrs. Moor, and nephew of the late Sir Ralph Moor, formerly High Commissioner for Southern Nigeria. He was educated at Cheltenham College.

## First World War

After briefly serving as a private in the 21st (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, Moor was commissioned into the 3rd (Militia) Battalion of the Hampshire Regiment (later the Royal Hampshire Regiment) in October 1914, and was later granted a commission in the Regular Army on 1 August 1915. After six months' training in England and Egypt, he went with the 2nd Battalion of his regiment to the Dardanelles, and was at the landing at V Beach at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915.

His Victoria Cross was gazetted on 24 July 1915, when he was still only 18 years of age. The citation read:

> For most conspicuous bravery and resource on the 5th June, 1915, during operations South of Krithia, Dardanelles. When a detachment of a battalion on his left, which had lost all its officers, was rapidly retiring before a heavy Turkish attack, 2nd Lieutenant Moor immediately grasping the danger to the remainder of the line, dashed back some two hundred yards, stemmed the retirement, led back the men, and recaptured the lost trench. This young officer who only joined the Army in October, 1914, by his personal bravery and presence of mind saved a dangerous situation.

Lieutenant General Sir Beauvoir de Lisle, in a narrative of Moor's VC action, said, "I have often quoted this young Officer as being one of the bravest men I have met in this War."

Moor was invalided home soon afterwards suffering from dysentery. After recovering he joined the 1st Battalion in France and was badly wounded in the arm. He returned to England, and before regaining the use of his arm was appointed Aide-de-Camp to Major General W. de L. Williams in France, where he gained the Military Cross and Bar. Moor was promoted lieutenant on 30 October 1916.

His Military Cross citation, gazetted 2 December 1918, reads:

> Lieutenant George Raymond Dallas Moor, V.C., Hampshire Regiment. For conspicuous gallantry and skill. He carried out a daylight reconnaissance all along the divisional front in face of heavy machine-gun fire at close range, in many places well in front of our foremost posts.

The award of a Bar to his Military Cross was promulgated on 29 July 1919, reading:

> On October 20th, 1918, near to Pijpestraat, the vanguard commander was wounded and unable to carry on. Owing to heavy shelling and machine-gun fire, the vanguard came to a standstill. Lieut. Moor, Acting General Staff Officer, who was reconnoitring the front, noticed this; he immediately took charge, and by his fearless example and skilful leading continued the advance until the objective was reached. He has a positive contempt for danger, and distinguishes himself on every occasion.

Moor died of Spanish influenza at Mouvaux, France, on 3 November 1918. He is buried in the Y Farm Military Cemetery, Bois-Grenier, which is cared for by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. The inscription on his gravestone reads: VINCAM ET VINCAM. A copy of his VC is displayed at the Royal Hampshire Regiment Museum in Winchester, England.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| George Raymond Dallas Moor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1896-10-22)22 October 1896
St Kilda, Victoria, Australia |
| Died | 3 November 1918(1918-11-03) (aged 22)
Mouvaux, France |
| Buried | Y Farm Military Cemetery, Bois-Grenier, France |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1914–1918 |
| Rank | Lieutenant |
| Unit | Royal Hampshire Regiment |
| Battles/wars | First World War |
| Awards | Victoria Cross
Military Cross & Bar |


title: Portuguese immigration to Hawaii

abstract: Portuguese immigration to Hawaii began in 1878 when laborers from Madeira and the Azores migrated there to work in the sugarcane plantations. By the end of 1911, nearly 16,000 Portuguese immigrants had arrived.

text:
# Portuguese immigration to Hawaii

**Portuguese immigration to Hawaii** began in 1878 when laborers from Madeira and the Azores migrated there to work in the sugarcane plantations. By the end of 1911, nearly 16,000 Portuguese immigrants had arrived.

## Early immigration

The Hawaiian census of 1878 showed that only 438 residents out of 57,985 people were Portuguese, less than 0.8% of the population. Most of these Portuguese residents had been born either in the Azores or Madeira Islands, and nearly all had arrived as sailors on whaling ships. Although a few brought their wives or were joined by them later, women made up only about one-eighth of this tiny immigrant community. Despite the fact that so few Portuguese had made their way to the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1878, those that did found opportunity and tended to stay.

Conditions in Hawaii in 1878 were conducive to immigration. King Kalākaua, who had recently ascended the Hawaiian throne, encouraged closer ties with Europe, and a growing Hawaiian economy, due largely to increased sugar exports to California, created a demand for laborers to work the sugarcane plantations. Because the native Hawaiian workers had been decimated by disease, there were not enough laborers to supply the sugarcane plantations. In 1852, Hawaii began importing Chinese workers. So many Chinese were brought in that, by 1878, they made up nearly 10% of the population. Although Chinese immigrants worked hard, they were accused of gambling, prostitution, and opium use. A search for alternate sources of labor led both the Hawaiian government and the plantation owners to offer incentives and concessions not given the Chinese nor other Asian ethnic groups, to attract immigrants of European descent willing to work in the cane fields.

## Immigration of 1878 to 1911

Multiethnic Portuguese Hawaiians, 1909Portuguese-Hawaiian boyFrench-Portuguese-Hawaiian woman

Jason Perry (Jacinto Pereira), a Portuguese settler who served as the Portuguese Consul to Hawaii, suggested in 1876 to plantation owners of the Planters' Society (a predecessor of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association) that the Madeira and Azores Islands of Portugal might be ideal sources of reliable workers. Portuguese colonists had first settled these islands in the Middle Ages, and the terrain and subtropical climate were very similar to that of the Hawaiian Islands. Most importantly though, sugarcane had been the mainstay of the economy in Madeira and the Azores for over 400 years and most of the population was involved in one way or another in the sugarcane industry.

Intrigued by Perry's suggestion, the Planters' Society began recruiting Portuguese contract workers, first in 1878 from the Madeira Islands, then two years later from the Azores as well. Several ships between 1878 and 1887 brought to Hawaii more than 3,300 Portuguese men from these islands, but because many of the men brought their wives, children, and other relatives as well, there was an actual immigration during these years of about 10,700 Portuguese. Whereas contracts for the Chinese workers that preceded them generally stipulated single men only, the Portuguese were allowed to bring their families, an incentive that the plantation owners hoped would provide stability. Prior to independence in 1975, many Cape Verdeans emigrated to Hawaii from drought-stricken Portuguese Cape Verde, an overseas province of Portugal. Because these people arrived using their Portuguese passports, they were registered as Portuguese immigrants by the Hawaiian (and later, the American) authorities.

Portuguese immigration to the islands slowed after 1887, which was the same year that King Kalākaua was stripped of power, and about the same time that importation of other ethnic groups increased. Nonetheless, Portuguese immigration continued, and by the end of 1911 almost 16,000 Portuguese had arrived. Unfortunately, the more affluent members of Hawaiian society tended to view these newcomers as inferior or "low class". Growing resentment at being treated as "second-class citizens" resulted in many Portuguese later emigrating to the mainland United States, particularly California, in search of equality and opportunity. Though many left, many stayed and, by 1910, Portuguese residents made up 11.6% of the population of Hawaii.

## Immigrant culture and traditions

Native Hawaiian speakers called the Portuguese immigrants who came to their country "Pukikī." These newcomers were devout followers of the Roman Catholic faith with strong family ties. Most were short, with slender builds, and dark skin from long hours of working under the sun in the cane fields. Many of Cape Verdean or other mixed African heritage were in fact so dark that their race on some of the early U.S. census returns were listed as black, which contributed to prejudice against them. Because few of these immigrants could read or write, they had strong oral traditions and they retained much of the culture and traditions brought with them.

One popular Portuguese tradition in Hawaii today is the making of malasadas, which are deep-fried pastries similar to the beignet of New Orleans, that traditionally have no holes or fillings but coated in granulated cane sugar. They were first made by Hawaiian residents from the Madeira and Azores Islands, who would use up butter and sugar prior to Lent by cooking malasadas. These pastries are an important part in Madeira and the Azores of the "Terça-feira Gorda", a festival also known as the Carnaval that is the same holiday as "Fat Tuesday" or "Mardi Gras" elsewhere. In Hawaii the day is called "Malasada Day" and it dates back to the time of the 19th-century sugarcane plantations.

Another popular Portuguese tradition in Hawaii is the Holy Spirit Festival (Festa do Espírito Santo), which, since 1901, is celebrated each May with a parade and feast. This three-day event is not an official church holiday, but a traditional observance that began in the 18th century with the Cult of the Holy Spirit in the Azores. It usually starts on a Friday night, followed on Saturday by decorating religious statues for the festivities to follow. Then on Sunday a young woman is chosen as Queen Isabel the 6th queen of Portugal, and she and her court lead a colorful parade. The final event is a mass with a "Blessing of the meat and bread" by a priest, after which Isabel is crowned as the Holy Ghost Queen. A feast is then held in "a tradition of charity and feeding the poor," where food is served to all present. The foods of this feast typically include malasadas (pastries), paodoce (sweet bread), bean soup, Portuguese sausages, and bowls of beef and fish marinated in wine.

The best-known Portuguese contribution to Hawaiian culture is the ukulele, based on the traditional Portuguese braguinha (cavaquinho). The introduction of the ukulele is generally credited to Madeiran cabinet makers Manuel Nunes, Augusto Dias, and José do Espírito Santo, who came to the Islands in 1879 on the British clipper SS *Ravenscrag*. The Hawaiian Gazette in late August 1879, two weeks after the arrival of the *Ravenscrag*, reported that "Madeira Islanders recently arrived here have been delighting the people with nightly street concerts." The article then mentions "their strange instruments, which are a kind of cross between a guitar and banjo."

## Shipping routes

At least 24 different ships from 1878 to 1911 brought almost 16,000 Portuguese immigrants to Hawaii. Although mainly from Madeira and the Azores, there were also contingents from the eastern United States, mainland Portugal, and from the Portuguese community of Montevideo, Uruguay. Although conditions onboard these ships from 1882 on improved dramatically, as most immigrants by then came by steamship, the first arrivals to Hawaii from Madeira and the Azores spent up to three months at sea in cramped quarters on sailing ships. Strong currents crossing the Atlantic and rough seas when coming around Cape Horn at the tip of South America made for a perilous voyage. When the SS *Ravenscrag* reached port with its load of immigrants in 1879 after 123 days at sea, three children had perished during the voyage. Even three years later when the first group of immigrants to reach Hawaii by steamship arrived in 1882 on the SS *Monarch* after 57 days at sea, 13 children had died on the voyage.

**Ships that brought Portuguese settlers to Hawaii from 1878-1912**

| Ship Name | Type of Vessel | Flag | Arrival Date | Port of Origin | Days at Sea | Men | Women | Children | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Priscilla | Bark | German | 30 September 1878 | Funchal, Madeira | 116 days | 80 | 40 | 60 | 180 |
| Ravenscrag | Clipper | British | 23 August 1879 | Funchal, Madeira | 123 days | 133 | 110 | 176 | 419 |
| High Flyer | Bark | British | 24 January 1880 | São Miguel, Azores | 99 days | 109 | 81 | 147 | 337 |
| High Flyer | Bark | British | 2 May 1881 | São Miguel, Azores | 130 days | 173 | 66 | 113 | 352 |
| Suffolk | Bark | British | 25 August 1881 | São Miguel, Azores | 102 days | 206 | 100 | 182 | 488 |
| Earl Dalhausie | Bark | British | 27 March 1882 | São Miguel, Azores | 113 days | 94 | 82 | 146 | 322 |
| Monarch | Steamship | British | 8 June 1882 | São Miguel, Azores | 57 days | 202 | 197 | 458 | 857 |
| Hansa | Steamship | British | 15 September 1882 | Azores | 70 days | 307 | 286 | 584 | 1177 |
| Abergeldie | Steamship | British | 4 May 1883 | Azores | 62 days | 264 | 190 | 484 | 938 |
| Hankow | Steamship | British | 9 July 1883 | Azores (São Miguel) & Madeira | 66 days | 427 | 317 | 718 | 1462 |
| Bell Rock | Steamship | British | 1 November 1883 | Azores | 76 days | 396 | 294 | 715 | 1405 |
| City of Paris | Steamship | British | 13 June 1884 | Azores (São Miguel) & Madeira | 74 days | 295 | 199 | 330 | 824 |
| Bordeaux | Steamship | British | 3 October 1884 | Madeira | 72 days | 273 | 173 | 262 | 708 |
| Daca | Bark | British | 19 January 1885 | Madeira | 114 days | 63 | 50 | 165 | 278 |
| Stirlingshire
(Sterlingshire) | Clipper | British | 4 March 1886 | Madeira | 112 days | 157 | 107 | 203 | 467 |
| Amana | Steamship | British | 23 September 1886 | Funchal, Madeira | 142 days | 146 | 116 | 239 | 501 |
| Thomas Bell | Bark | British | 13 April 1888 | Madeira | 156 days | 117 | 62 | 163 | 342 |
| Braunfels | Steamship | German | 4 April 1895 | Ponta Delgada, Azores | 68 days | 274 | 124 | 259 | 657 |
| Victoria (Parthia) | Steamship | British | 13 September 1899 | Madeira | 67 days | 215 | 56 | 72 | 343 |
| Warrimoo | Steamship | New Zealand | 24 December 1900 | Vancouver, U.S. | 10 days | 60 | 14 | 18 | 92 |
| Aorangi | Steamship | New Zealand | 16 February 1901 | Vancouver, U.S. | 8 days | 9 | 7 | 7 | 23 |
| Suveric | Steamship | British | 1 December 1906 | Uruguay (Montevideo) & Azores (Fayal) | 52 days | 459 | 283 | 582 | 1324 |
| Kumeric | Steamship | British | 27 June 1907 | Funchal, Madeira | 58 days | 333 | 306 | 475 | 1114 |
| Swanley | Steamship | British | 14 December 1909 | Azores (P Delgada) & Madeira (Funchal) | 49 & 55 days | 337 | 221 | 310 | 868 |
| Orteric (Osteric)* | Steamship | British | 13 April 1911 | Portugal (Oporto & Lisbon) and Gibraltar | 48 days
(from Gibraltar) | 547 | 373 | 531 | 1451 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **Total** | **16,929** |

*There were also 960 Spanish immigrants on the *Orteric*, which leaves a net importation of **15,969** Portuguese immigrants.

## Hawaiians of Portuguese descent

Although Portuguese sailors probably visited Hawaii as early as 1794, the earliest Portuguese immigrant of whom there is official record, and the first Portuguese immigrant of note, was Dr. João (John) Elliott de Castro, who arrived in 1814 and became the personal physician, and retainer of King Kamehameha I. Since Castro's day there have been many Portuguese-Hawaiians of note, some of whom are listed below.

## Further reading

* Kuykendall Ralph S. (1967). *The Hawaiian Kingdom: 1874-1893, the Kalakaua dynasty*. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0870224336.
* Pap, Leo (1981). *The Portuguese-Americans (The Immigrant Heritage of America)*. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers / G. K. Hall & Co. ISBN 0805784179.
* Curammeng Martins Kahealani (2018). *They Came in Ships to Terra Nova: Portuguese Immigration to Hawaii 1878-1913*. Hilo, Hawaii: Legacy Publishing. ISBN 978-1732795808.

## InfoBox

Portuguese immigration to Hawaii
| Total population | |
| --- | --- |
| 4.3% of Hawaiians in 2008 claimed
Portuguese ancestry | |
| Languages | |
| Portuguese, English, Hawaiian | |
| Religion | |
| Roman Catholic | |