title: 1992 NCAA Skiing Championships

abstract: The 1992 NCAA Skiing Championships were contested at the Wildcat Mountain Ski Area in Jackson, New Hampshire as the 39th annual NCAA-sanctioned ski tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men's and women's collegiate slalom and cross-country skiing in the United States. Vermont, coached by Chip LaCasse, claimed their fourth overall team championship and third as a co-ed team.

text:
# 1992 NCAA Skiing Championships

The **1992 NCAA Skiing Championships** were contested at the Wildcat Mountain Ski Area in Jackson, New Hampshire as the 39th annual NCAA-sanctioned ski tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men's and women's collegiate slalom and cross-country skiing in the United States.

Vermont, coached by Chip LaCasse, claimed their fourth overall team championship and third as a co-ed team.

## Venue

This year's NCAA skiing championships were hosted by the Wildcat Mountain Ski Area near Jackson, New Hampshire.

These were the sixth championships held in the state of New Hampshire (previously 1958, 1964, 1970, 1978, and 1984).

## Program

## Team scoring

Wildcat
Mountainclass=notpageimage|Championships site

| Rank | Team | Points |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Vermont** | **69312** |
|  | New Mexico | 64212 |
|  | Utah | 626 |
| 4 | Dartmouth | 62112 |
| 5 | Colorado **(DC)** | 590 |
| 6 | Wyoming | 58512 |
| 7 | Middlebury | 518 |
| 8 | Alaska Anchorage | 506 |
| 9 | New Hampshire | 372 |
| 10 | Northern Michigan | 259 |
| 11 | St. Lawrence | 207 |
| 12 | Williams | 133 |
| 13 | Alaska Fairbanks | 120 |
| 14 | Michigan Tech | 70 |
| 15 | Bates | 38 |
| 16 | St. Olaf | 30 |
| 17 | Wisconsin–Green Bay | 23 |
| 18 | Castleton | 8 |
| 19 | Harvard | 7 |

* **DC** – Defending champions

## InfoBox

1992 NCAA Skiing Championships
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament information | |
| Sport | College skiing |
| Location | Jackson, New Hampshire |
| Administrator | NCAA |
| Host(s) | University of New Hampshire |
| Venue(s) | Wildcat Mountain Ski Area |
| Teams | 19 |
| Number of
events | 8 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Vermont
(4th overall, 3rd co-ed) |
| 1st runners-up | New Mexico |
| 2nd runners-up | Utah |
|  | |


abstract: The Consensus 1992 College Basketball All-American team, as determined by aggregating the results of four major All-American teams. To earn "consensus" status, a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams: the Associated Press, the USBWA, The United Press International and the National Association of Basketball Coaches.

text:
# 1992 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans

The Consensus **1992 College Basketball All-American** team, as determined by aggregating the results of four major All-American teams. To earn "consensus" status, a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams: the Associated Press, the USBWA, The United Press International and the National Association of Basketball Coaches.

## 1992 Consensus All-America team

**Consensus First Team**
| Player | Position | Class | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jimmy Jackson | G/F | Junior | Ohio State |
| Christian Laettner | F | Senior | Duke |
| Harold Miner | G | Junior | Southern California |
| Alonzo Mourning | C | Senior | Georgetown |
| Shaquille O'Neal | C | Junior | LSU |

**Consensus Second Team**
| Player | Position | Class | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Byron Houston | F | Senior | Oklahoma State |
| Don MacLean | F | Senior | UCLA |
| Anthony Peeler | G | Senior | Missouri |
| Malik Sealy | G/F | Senior | St. John's |
| Walt Williams | G | Senior | Maryland |

## Individual All-America teams

| All-America Team |
| --- |
| | First team | | Second team | | Third team | |
| | Player | School | Player | School | Player | School |
| Associated Press | Jimmy Jackson | Ohio State | Byron Houston | Oklahoma State | Calbert Cheaney | Indiana |
| | Christian Laettner | Duke | Adam Keefe | Stanford | Todd Day | Arkansas |
| | Harold Miner | Southern California | Don MacLean | UCLA | Bobby Hurley | Duke |
| | Alonzo Mourning | Georgetown | Anthony Peeler | Missouri | Lee Mayberry | Arkansas |
| | Shaquille O'Neal | LSU | Walt Williams | Maryland | Malik Sealy | St. John's |
| USBWA | Jimmy Jackson | Ohio State | Byron Houston | Oklahoma State | No third team | | |
| | Christian Laettner | Duke | Don MacLean | UCLA | |
| | Harold Miner | Southern California | Anthony Peeler | Missouri | |
| | Alonzo Mourning | Georgetown | Malik Sealy | St. John's | |
| | Shaquille O'Neal | LSU | Walt Williams | Maryland | |
| NABC | Bobby Hurley | Duke | Todd Day | Arkansas | Calbert Cheaney | Indiana |
| | Jimmy Jackson | Ohio State | Byron Houston | Oklahoma State | Tom Gugliotta | North Carolina State |
| | Christian Laettner | Duke | Don MacLean | UCLA | Allan Houston | Tennessee |
| | Harold Miner | Southern California | Alonzo Mourning | Georgetown | Adam Keefe | Stanford |
| | Shaquille O'Neal | LSU | Anthony Peeler | Missouri | Lee Mayberry | Arkansas |
| UPI | Jimmy Jackson | Ohio State | Grant Hill | Duke | Calbert Cheaney | Indiana |
| | Christian Laettner | Duke | Byron Houston | Oklahoma State | Todd Day | Arkansas |
| | Harold Miner | Southern California | Anthony Peeler | Missouri | Bobby Hurley | Duke |
| | Alonzo Mourning | Georgetown | Malik Sealy | St. John's | Adam Keefe | Stanford |
| | Shaquille O'Neal | LSU | Walt Williams | Maryland | Don MacLean | UCLA |
|

**AP Honorable Mention:**

## InfoBox

| 1992 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | 1991–92 NCAA Division I men's basketball season |
|


title: Eva Celia

abstract: Eva Celia Lesmana or better known as Eva Celia is an Indonesian actress and singer-songwriter of mixed Dutch, German-Jewish, Bugis, Javanese, and Madurese descent. She is the daughter of Indonesian jazz musician, Indra Lesmana, and actress Sophia Latjuba.

text:
# Eva Celia

**Eva Celia Lesmana** or better known as **Eva Celia** (born in Jakarta, Indonesia on 21 September 1992) is an Indonesian actress and singer-songwriter of mixed Dutch, German-Jewish, Bugis, Javanese, and Madurese descent. She is the daughter of Indonesian jazz musician, Indra Lesmana, and actress Sophia Latjuba.

## Acting

Celia performed in several television soap operas. She performed in *Sherina* as Sherina, played the role of Juwita in *Juwita Jadi Putri*, and as Siska in *Sentuh Hatiku*.

She made her film acting debut in 2008, in the horror film *Takut: Faces of Fear.* She went on to perform in *Jamila and the President* (2009) as the young Jamila, *Adriana* (2013) as Adriana, and *The Golden Cane Warrior* (2014).

In 2015, she produced a short film called *Biang*.

Celia has also appeared in advertisements for GIV, Tolak Angin Anak, RexonaTeen, Suzuki Karimun Estilo, Emeron, and the Samsung Galaxy A8.

## Music

Celia is a jazz singer-songwriter, guitarist, and lyricist. As the daughter of a well-known musician, she says that she was influenced by the music she heard at home growing up, even though she was never pressured by her father to pursue music.

She released her first singles, "Reason" and "Against Time," in 2015. She followed up the next year with her first album, *And So It Begins*. Performers on the album included her father, Aldhan Prasatya, Demas Narawangsa, Tendra, members of Snarky Puppy and Beau Diakowicz.

In 2016, she was nominated for "Penyanyi Solo Pria/Wanita Soul/R&B/Urban Terbaik" in the Indonesian Music Awards.

In 2017, she received nominations for both Album of the Year and Female Singer of the Year at the Indonesian Choice Awards.

Her early public performances included Java Jazz 2013, where she performed with her father, Indra Lesmana. In 2017, she performed as part of "3 Stories, 1 Room," a tour of six Indonesian cities with musicians Kunto Aji and Jordi Waelauruw.

## InfoBox

| Eva Celia Lesmana | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Eva Celia Lesmana
(1992-09-21) 21 September 1992
Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Other names | Eva Celia |
| Occupation(s) | Actress
model
singer
songwriter |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Parent(s) | Indra Lesmana (father)
Sophia Latjuba (mother) |
| Relatives | Mira Lesmana (aunt) |


title: Dalén light

abstract: A Dalén light is a flashing light produced from burning of carbide gas (acetylene), combined with a solar sensor which automatically operates the light only during darkness.

text:
# Dalén light

A **Dalén light** is a flashing light produced from burning of carbide gas (acetylene), combined with a solar sensor which automatically operates the light only during darkness.

## Overview

In the last quarter of the 19th century navigation buoys began to be illuminated, however at first the lights were fixed (continuous) and could be mistaken for ship's navigation lights. Gustaf Dalén invented a valve which could be adjusted to deliver pulses of acetylene into the lamp. A pilot light, which burns continuously, then ignited them. The pattern of flashes (known as the light's *characteristic*) can be set by screw adjustments. The invention of this system resulted in Dalén being awarded the 1912 Nobel prize in physics. Gas was wasted however due to illumination during the day and subsequently Dalén developed the sun valve to shut off the flashes during daylight.

The technology was a form of light source in lighthouses from the 1900s through the 1960s, when electric lighting had become dominant. Dalén later invented the AGA cooker in 1922 whilst recuperating from an accident with acetylene which blinded him. The carbide lamp was developed in the early 1900s. While the lamps proved useful in many applications, the problem of safely storing acetylene meant they needed regular refilling which constrained their use in applications such as lighthouses.

## Examples

Lighthouses using Dalén lighting have included:


# 1998 United States rugby union tour of Portugal and Spain

The United States national rugby union team toured Portugal and Spain in April 1998.

## Results

| Date | Home team | Score | Away team | Venue |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 April | Portugal U22 | 7 – 50 | USA | Lisbon |  |
| 4 April | **Portugal** | 5 – 61 | USA | Lisbon | Test match |
| 12 April | **Spain** | 3 – 49 | USA | **El Puerto de Santa María** | Test match |

## InfoBox

| 1998 United States rugby union tour of Portugal and Spain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | P **W** **D** **L** |
|  | |
| Total | 03 03 00 00 |
| Test match | 02 02 00 00 |
|  | |
| Opponent | P **W** **D** **L** |
|  | |
| Portugal | 1  1  0  0 |
| Spain | 1  1  0  0 |


title: Legions of the Petal Throne

abstract: Legions of the Petal Throne is a set of combat rules for large-scale wargaming published by TSR in 1977. The rules' setting is based on TSR's role-playing game Empire of the Petal Throne.

text:
# Legions of the Petal Throne

***Legions of the Petal Throne*** is a set of combat rules for large-scale wargaming published by TSR in 1977. The rules' setting is based on TSR's role-playing game *Empire of the Petal Throne*.

## Publication history

In 1975, TSR published M.A.R. Barker's fantasy role-playing game *Empire of the Petal Throne*, set in the land of Tékumel.

In his 2014 book *Designers & Dragons*, Shannon Appelcline noted that after publishing *Empire of the Petal Throne*, TSR "offered no roleplaying support for Tékumel except in *Dragon* magazine, though they did put out one more Tékumel strategy game, the miniatures-based *Legion of the Petal Throne* (1977)."

*Legions of the Petal Throne* is a set of rules designed by Dave Sutherland that can be used for army-sized combat using military figurines. Basic combat rules are given, using a typical wargaming scale of 1:100. A more detailed and complex set of rules, including the use of magic, is also included.

## Reception

In the October–November 1978 edition of *White Dwarf* (Issue #9), John Norris commented that the rules "seem to have been well thought out and allow an interesting magical duel which both sides can use skilfully to influence the course of the battle without either swamping the combat with magic so that the former is almost irrelevant or reducing magic to an occasional unpredictable event that upsets the battle." He complimented author Dave Sutherland for producing "a good simulation of the rather formal warfare characteristic of Tekumel, with lots of colourful detail." However, given that the game was obviously related to the *Empire of the Petal Throne* RPG, Norris believed the lack of any type of role for individual characters from the RPG was "an obvious omission." He concluded by giving the game a below average rating of 6 out of 10.

## InfoBox

*Legions of the Petal Throne*
| Fantasy Miniatures Wargame Rules for the World of Tekumel | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover | |
| Designers | Dave Sutherland |
| Publishers | TSR |
| Publication | 1977 (1977) |
| Genres | Fantasy miniatures wargame |


title: Legship

abstract: Legship is a small town in Gyalshing district of the Indian State of Sikkim. Legship is the gateway to Gyalshing City. It is located on the main road connecting Gyalshing with the rest of the state, on the banks of the river Rangit. The place is in fact a main crossing point of roads from Yuksam, Tashiding, Kewzing, Rabangla, Gangtok, Jorethang, Pelling, Gyalshing and other places. Legship is also the spot for a large hydro-electric dam. The Rangit Dam lies up stream, a dam which the people of Legship were partly responsible for. The large lake formed by the Rangit Dam is also the spot where locals visit for day outing or picnic. The place is known as Rangit Water World and rafting facility is available here. A place of interest is the Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple which is believed to be one of the holiest and oldest Shiv temples in Sikkim. Another place of interest is Lho Khando Sang Pho is one of the four famous caves in Sikkim which is six kilometers away from Legship.

text:
# Legship

**Legship** is a small town in Gyalshing district of the Indian State of Sikkim. Legship is the gateway to Gyalshing City. It is located on the main road connecting Gyalshing with the rest of the state, on the banks of the river Rangit. The place is in fact a main crossing point of roads from Yuksam, Tashiding, Kewzing, Rabangla, Gangtok, Jorethang, Pelling, Gyalshing and other places.

Legship is also the spot for a large hydro-electric dam. The Rangit Dam lies up stream, a dam which the people of Legship were partly responsible for. The large lake formed by the Rangit Dam is also the spot where locals visit for day outing or picnic. The place is known as Rangit Water World and rafting facility is available here. A place of interest is the Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple which is believed to be one of the holiest and oldest Shiv temples in Sikkim. Another place of interest is *Lho Khando Sang Pho* is one of the four famous caves in Sikkim which is six kilometers away from Legship.

## Etymology

Legship is actually pronounced as "Lyuksyep" and mispronounced as Legship. It means a kind of fern, which tastes like a chilli — in the Lepcha language, as the area when sparsely inhabited was a dense jungle of these ferns and the Lepchas named the place in the name of this fern.

## District

**Gyalshing** or **Gayzing** (Nepali: गेजिंग) is the capital of the district of West Sikkim in the Indian state of Sikkim. All the Government Offices, District Headquarter are located here. The town is connected to the capital Gangtok by a metalled road. Geyzing is also connected to the West Bengal towns of Siliguri, Darjeeling and Kalimpong via Jorethang. A few kilometres north is the town of Pelling. The town has a large Nepali population, and the Nepali language is the predominant language of the region. The town is situated at an altitude of about 6,500 feet (2,000 m). The town enjoys a temperate climate for most of the year and snow sometimes falls in the vicinity.

## Place of Interest

### Rangit Dam

The Ranjit River on which the Rangit Dam is located, is a major right bank tributary of the Teesta River in Sikkim. The river arises from the Talung glacier and it meets the Teesta river at Melli after a travel of 61 kilometres (38 miles) from its source. At the dam site, the catchment area drained is 979.02 square kilometres (378.00 sq mi) (rain-fed catchment is 712 square kilometres (275 sq mi) and the balance area is snow fed above snow line contour of 4,570 metres (14,990 feet)); elevation of the catchment area varies from about 600 metres (2,000 feet) to about 7,338 metres (24,075 feet) (North Kabru Peak) and is delimited between (27.275°N 88.0141°E) and (27.6195°N 88.42°E). A number of perennial streams originate in glacial fields of the river basin; important snow-fed rivers which constitute the Rangit basin above the dam site are the Rathong Chu, Rimbi Chu, Prek Chu, Ralli Chu, Rongdon Chu and Kayam Chu. The drainage pattern is sub-dendentric.

### Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple

Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple is a Hindu temple, identified to be a Hindu pilgrimage site which is located in Legship, West Sikkim, India along the banks of River Rangeet, which has many mythological episodes of the Mahabharata attached to it. The main attraction of the temple are the festival of the Bala Chaturdesi, which is observed in November–December every year and the Shiv Ratri also known as Maha Shivaratri which falls in the month of February or March every year. There are other temples dedicated to Lord Rama and Durga can be found here making it an important pilgrimage destination for Hindus.

### Lho Khando Sang Pho

Lho Khando Sang Pho is one of the four famous caves in Sikkim, where Guru Rempoche the 8th century great Indian Buddhist Tantric yogi meditated. The three other caves are Nub Dechenphu, Chyang Lhari Ngingphu and Sharcho Phephu which are in the other three directions. This is this cave where Guru Rempoche tamed a female demon.

## InfoBox

| Legship | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| View of shiva temple, Legship, Gyalshing district (Sikkim) | |
| Nickname: Gateway of Gyalshing | |
| LegshipLocation in Sikkim, IndiaLegshipLegship (India) | |
| Coordinates: 27°16′N 88°16′E / 27.27°N 88.27°E / 27.27; 88.27 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Sikkim |
| District | Gyalshing |
| Population (2009) | |
| Total | 2,302 |
| Languages | |
| Official |  |
| Additional official |  |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 737 111 |
| STD | 03595 |
| Vehicle registration | SK |


title: Lehigh, Oklahoma

abstract: Lehigh is a city in Coal County, Oklahoma, United States. Its population was 356 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Lehigh, Oklahoma

**Lehigh** is a city in Coal County, Oklahoma, United States. Its population was 356 at the 2010 census.

## History

Lehigh began as the first mining camp in what is now Coal County, Oklahoma. At the time of its founding, Lehigh was located in Atoka County, Choctaw Nation. It was originally named Boone, but the name was changed to Lehigh. The new name was taken from Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, a coal-mining region.

A post office opened in Lehigh, Indian Territory, on April 4, 1882, and several railroads built lines to Lehigh, including the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, and the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway. In addition to mining, ranching was an important contributor to the local economy. Stockyards were built in 1884 and, even as they neared completion, 23 railroad cars of cattle and seven carloads of hogs awaited shipping.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lehigh was a growing settlement that greatly profited from the coal mines surrounding it. During the 1910s and 1920s, the demand for coal lessened as railroads switched to oil-powered trains. The mines eventually closed, and in the early 1920s, boll weevils destroyed the cotton crops in the area. Many businesses closed, and people left the town. The Merchants National Bank Building in Lehigh is the only structure that remains from the once-prosperous downtown area.

## Geography

Lehigh is located in southeastern Coal County. U.S. Route 75 passes through the city, leading north 5 miles (8 km) to Coalgate, the county seat, and southeast 9 miles (14 km) to Atoka.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (2.47%) is covered by water.

### Climate

| Climate data for Lehigh, Oklahoma | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 49.2
(9.6) | 54.6
(12.6) | 63.9
(17.7) | 73.5
(23.1) | 79.6
(26.4) | 87.4
(30.8) | 93.4
(34.1) | 94.1
(34.5) | 85.7
(29.8) | 75.7
(24.3) | 63.4
(17.4) | 52.9
(11.6) | 72.8
(22.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 27.0
(−2.8) | 31.4
(−0.3) | 40.6
(4.8) | 50.2
(10.1) | 58.5
(14.7) | 66.6
(19.2) | 71.0
(21.7) | 70.1
(21.2) | 63.0
(17.2) | 51.3
(10.7) | 40.9
(4.9) | 30.9
(−0.6) | 50.1
(10.1) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.0
(51) | 2.5
(64) | 3.6
(91) | 4.6
(120) | 5.3
(130) | 4.2
(110) | 2.5
(64) | 2.5
(64) | 4.8
(120) | 3.7
(94) | 3.2
(81) | 2.3
(58) | 41.3
(1,050) |
| Source 1: weather.com | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: Weatherbase.com | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 1,500 |  |  |
| 1910 | 1,880 |  | 25.3% |
| 1920 | 1,898 |  | 1.0% |
| 1930 | 497 |  | −73.8% |
| 1940 | 519 |  | 4.4% |
| 1950 | 352 |  | −32.2% |
| 1960 | 296 |  | −15.9% |
| 1970 | 296 |  | 0.0% |
| 1980 | 284 |  | −4.1% |
| 1990 | 303 |  | 6.7% |
| 2000 | 315 |  | 4.0% |
| 2010 | 356 |  | 13.0% |
| 2020 | 272 |  | −23.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

At the 2000 census, 315 people, 114 households and 77 families were residing in the city. The population density was 199.9 inhabitants per square mile (77.2/km2). The 144 housing units had an average density of 91.4 per square mile (35.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 76.51% White, 0.95% African American, 14.92% Native American, 0.95% Asian, and 6.67% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.27% of the population.

Of the 114 households,29.8% had children under 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% were not families. About 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.76, and the average family size was 3.26.

The age distribution was 28.9% under 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.4 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 101.8 males.

The median household income was $24,16, and the median family income was $25,156. Males had a median income of $20,278 compared with $17,344 for females. The per capita income was $10,699. About 18.8% of families and 27.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.8% of those under 18 and 12.5% of those 65 or over.

## Notable people

Media related to Lehigh, Oklahoma at Wikimedia Commons

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lehigh, Oklahoma
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lehigh city, Oklahoma". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
5. Caruthers, Lorene. "Lehigh," *Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture*, Oklahoma Historical Society, Accessed July 4, 2015.
6. Morris, John W. *Historical Atlas of Oklahoma* (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1986), plate 38.
7. Gannett, Henry (1905). *The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States*. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 184.
8. "Railroads of Oklahoma, June 6, 1870 to April 1, 1978, p.36". Oklahoma Digital Prairie. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
9. *The Branding Iron* newspaper, published in Atoka, Indian Territory, March 15, 1884, page 1.
10. Jim Gabbart (October 26, 2006). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Merchants National Bank Building" (pdf). National Park Service. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help) "Accompanying 7 photos, from 2006" (pdf). *National Register of Historic Places Inventory*.
11. "Thirty-sixth annual report of the Department of Mines and Minerals, 1943, pp.12- 15". Oklahoma Digital Prairie. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
12. "Historical Weather for Lehigh, Oklahoma, United States".
13. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
14. Meserve, John Bartlett. "Chief Benjamin Franklin Smallwood and Chief Jefferson Gardner," Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine *Chronicles of Oklahoma*, Volume 19, No. 3, September, 1941.
15. Muriel Hazel Wright, Joey Horsley, FemBio.org, retrieved 8 February 2015

## InfoBox

| Lehigh, Oklahoma | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Owl Grocery in Lehigh, 2012 | |
| Location of Lehigh, Oklahoma | |
| Coordinates: 34°28′14″N 96°13′15″W / 34.47056°N 96.22083°W / 34.47056; -96.22083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
| County | Coal |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.62 sq mi (4.20 km2) |
| Land | 1.57 sq mi (4.07 km2) |
| Water | 0.05 sq mi (0.14 km2) |
| Elevation | 600 ft (200 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 272 |
| Density | 173.14/sq mi (66.84/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 74556 |
| Area code | 580 |
| FIPS code | 40-42200 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2410817 |


title: Leighton Dye

abstract: Leighton William Charles Dye was an American hurdler. He placed fourth in the 110 m hurdles at the 1928 Summer Olympics and was United States champion in 1926.

text:
# Leighton Dye

**Leighton William Charles Dye** (October 30, 1901 – October 25, 1977) was an American hurdler. He placed fourth in the 110 m hurdles at the 1928 Summer Olympics and was United States champion in 1926.

## Biography

Dye was born in St. Louis, Missouri on October 30, 1901. Representing coach Dean Cromwell's USC Trojans, Dye won the IC4A 120 yd (109.7 m) hurdles title as a junior in 1925, running 14.8; USC won that year's IC4A team title. Later that year he placed third at the national championships, behind Olympic finalist George Guthrie and NCAA champion Hugo Leistner. In 1926 Dye repeated as IC4A champion, this time in 14.7, and placed second to Guthrie at the NCAA championships; the Trojans again won the IC4A team title, and would have also won the NCAA title if one had been awarded that year. Dye then won at the national championships in 14.6, equalling both his personal best and Guthrie's meeting record from the previous year.

Dye again ran 14.6, this time for the metric 110 m hurdles, at the 1928 Southwestern Olympic Tryouts, qualifying for the final Olympic Trials; the time broke Earl Thomson's world record for the metric distance of 14.8, although it was still inferior to Thomson's 14.4 for the imperial hurdles and was never ratified as a world record. At the final Trials in Cambridge Dye placed third behind Steve Anderson and John Collier, qualifying for the Olympics.

At the Olympics in Amsterdam Dye won his heat in 15.0 and then his semi-final in 14.8, a time that equalled both the Olympic record and Thomson's still-official metric world record; however, South Africa's George Weightman-Smith ran 14.6 in a subsequent semi-final. In the final Dye placed fourth behind Sid Atkinson, Anderson and Collier, but defeated Weightman-Smith.

Dye later became a sales executive for the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. He died in Naples, Florida on October 25, 1977.

## InfoBox

Leighton Dye
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1901-10-30)October 30, 1901
St. Louis, US |
| Died | 25 October 1977(1977-10-25) (aged 75)
Naples, US |
| Height | 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) |
| Weight | 82 kg (181 lb; 12.9 st) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | 110 metres hurdles |
| Club | Los Angeles Athletics Team |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | **110 m hurdles**: 14.6 (1928) |


title: Leitchville, Victoria

abstract: Leitchville is a town in northern Victoria, Australia. The town is in the Shire of Gannawarra local government area, 262  kilometres from the state capital, Melbourne. At the 2016 census, Leitchville had a population of 558.

text:
# Leitchville, Victoria

**Leitchville** is a town in northern Victoria, Australia. The town is in the Shire of Gannawarra local government area, 262  kilometres from the state capital, Melbourne. At the 2016 census, Leitchville had a population of 558.

## History

The district was named after the manager of Gunbower station, Duncan Leitch, following his death in 1887, and the Post Office opened on 1 October 1887. The township was gazetted in 1929. Many locals have now been pushing the council for the new name of Margaritaville to entice more tourism for business.

## The town today

The major industry in Leitchville is dairy production; a Murray Goulburn cheese factory was located in the town, but closed in February 2010, with the loss of 80 jobs. Kow Swamp, the site of a major palaeontological find providing insight into the origins of Indigenous Australians is located nearby.

The town in conjunction with neighbouring township Gunbower has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Heathcote District Football League.

Leitchville has a well-used Travellers Rest. It is not unusual to see several caravans or motor homes taking an overnight stop. There are public toilets nearby at the swimming pool and the Lions Club recently paid for the installation of a Dump Site at the local Recreation Reserve which is only a stone's throw from the Rest Stop. The Dump-Ezy was supplied by the CMCA.

## InfoBox

| Leitchville<br>Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Murray-Goulburn dairy | |
| Leitchville | |
| Coordinates | 35°54′0″S 144°17′0″E / 35.90000°S 144.28333°E / -35.90000; 144.28333 |
| Population | 558 (2016 census) |
| Established | 1929 |
| Postcode(s) | 3567 |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Shire of Gannawarra |
| State electorate(s) | Murray Plains |
| Federal division(s) | Mallee |


abstract: The Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea was a legislative body in Papua New Guinea between 1951 and 1963. It was established by the Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 of Australia, which provided for the combined administration of the Territory of Papua and Territory of New Guinea under the United Nations trust territory system. It had the power to make Ordinances for the "peace, order and good government" of the territory, subject to the assent of the Australian-appointed Administrator. The Legislative Council initially consisted of 28 members and the Administrator: sixteen "official members" representing the Territorial administrator, three non-official elected members, three non-official members "representing the interests of the Christian missions in the Territory", three non-official native members, and three other non-official members. As a result, it was considered to be largely dominated by the Australian administration. The first elections were held in 1951, with the first council sittings beginning in November 1951. In the first elections, there were only 664 people on the electoral roll in Papua, 537 on the New Guinea mainland and 496 in the New Guinea islands, with "not much more than half of those enrolled" voting. The Australian administration surrendered its majority in reforms in 1960 following international pressure for decolonisation, which increased membership to 37: 14 nominated officials, 12 elected members and 10 non-elected members, at least five of which were required to be indigenous. It was abolished in May 1963 and replaced by the House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea following a United Nations Trusteeship Council report that had recommended the establishment of a parliament in the territory.

text:
# Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea

The **Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea** was a legislative body in Papua New Guinea between 1951 and 1963. It was established by the *Papua and New Guinea Act 1949* of Australia, which provided for the combined administration of the Territory of Papua and Territory of New Guinea under the United Nations trust territory system. It had the power to make Ordinances for the "peace, order and good government" of the territory, subject to the assent of the Australian-appointed Administrator.

The Legislative Council initially consisted of 28 members and the Administrator: sixteen "official members" representing the Territorial administrator, three non-official elected members, three non-official members "representing the interests of the Christian missions in the Territory", three non-official native members, and three other non-official members. As a result, it was considered to be largely dominated by the Australian administration.

The first elections were held in 1951, with the first council sittings beginning in November 1951. In the first elections, there were only 664 people on the electoral roll in Papua, 537 on the New Guinea mainland and 496 in the New Guinea islands, with "not much more than half of those enrolled" voting. The Australian administration surrendered its majority in reforms in 1960 following international pressure for decolonisation, which increased membership to 37: 14 nominated officials, 12 elected members and 10 non-elected members, at least five of which were required to be indigenous.

It was abolished in May 1963 and replaced by the House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea (with effect from 1964) following a United Nations Trusteeship Council report that had recommended the establishment of a parliament in the territory.

**Notes**

**Citations**

1. "Papua and New Guinea Act 1949". Federal Register of Legislation. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
2. May, Ronald James (May 2004). *State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years*. ISBN 9781920942052.
3. Les Johnson. *Westminster in Moresby: Papua New Guinea's House of Assembly 1964–1972* (PDF).

## InfoBox

| Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | |
| Type | Unicameral legislature |
| History | |
| Founded | October 1951 (October 1951) |
| Disbanded | May 1964 (May 1964) |
| Succeeded by | House of Assembly |
| Leadership | |
| President | Jack Keith Murray |
| Assistant Administrator | Donald Cleland |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 29 |
|  | |
| Appointed member political groups | **Administration (16)*** Official/Ex-Officio Members (16)  **Other (12)**<br>**President (1)** |
| Length of term | For elected members (3), less than three years |
| Elections | |
| Appointed member voting system | 25 appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Administrator |
| Elected member voting system | First-past-the-post in three electorates |
| Constitution | |
| Constitution of Australia | |


title: Legislative Council of Quebec

abstract: The Legislative Council of Quebec was the unelected upper house of the bicameral legislature in the Canadian province of Quebec from 1867 to 1968. The Legislative Assembly was the elected lower house. The council was composed of 24 members, appointed by the lieutenant governor upon the recommendation of the premier. Each councillor nominally represented a portion of the Province of Quebec called a division. The boundaries of these divisions were identical to the ones used for Canada East by the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada and were also identical to the boundaries still used today by the Senate of Canada for Quebec. The division boundaries were never changed to accommodate territorial expansions of Quebec in 1898 and 1912. The Legislative Council was abolished in 1968 and the Legislative Assembly was renamed the National Assembly of Quebec. Since the abolition, Quebec has a unicameral legislature.

text:
# Legislative Council of Quebec

The **Legislative Council of Quebec** (French; *Conseil législatif du Québec*) was the unelected upper house of the bicameral legislature in the Canadian province of Quebec from 1867 to 1968. The Legislative Assembly was the elected lower house.

The council was composed of 24 members, appointed by the lieutenant governor upon the recommendation of the premier. Each councillor nominally represented a portion of the Province of Quebec called a division. The boundaries of these divisions were identical to the ones used for Canada East by the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada and were also identical to the boundaries still used today by the Senate of Canada for Quebec. The division boundaries were never changed to accommodate territorial expansions of Quebec in 1898 and 1912.

The Legislative Council was abolished in 1968 and the Legislative Assembly was renamed the National Assembly of Quebec. Since the abolition, Quebec has a unicameral legislature.

## Powers of the Legislative Council

The council had the right to introduce bills, except of a financial nature, and to amend or reject bills passed by the Legislative Assembly. Its speaker, known in French as ***orateur***, was by right a member of the Cabinet, and its members could serve as ministers or even premier. Two Quebec premiers, Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville and John Jones Ross, were members of the Legislative Council.

## Appointment of members of the Legislative Council

Members were originally appointed for life. In 1963, the rule was changed to force members to retire at age 75, but that did not apply to members who had already been appointed. In the event, the change remained entirely theoretical since the council was abolished before it could be applied to anyone.

## Abolition of the Legislative Council

Effective December 31, 1968 the Legislative Council was abolished, and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was renamed the National Assembly. As a consequence, Quebec now has a unicameral legislature. The establishment of the original system dates back to the Constitutional Act of 1791.

The Union Nationale government of Premier Jean-Jacques Bertrand passed the legislation, known as "Bill 90", to implement the change. Previous governments had made unsuccessful attempts to eliminate the upper chamber. In fact, the first attempt dated all the way back to Félix-Gabriel Marchand, in the late 19th century. Quebec was the last Canadian province to abolish its upper house.

When it was dissolved, it had 15 members of the Union Nationale and 9 Liberal Party members.

## The Red Chamber

The large chamber that housed the Legislative Council is also known in French as *le salon rouge* (the red hall) and in English as "the Red Room" because of the predominance of the colour on the walls. It is now used for committee meetings and for important state functions that require a large, impressive hall, such as inductions into the National Order of Quebec.

## Speakers of the Legislative Council of Quebec (1867–1968)

The Speaker of the Legislative Council (in French, the *Orateur*) was appointed by the government. Most Speakers sat in the Cabinet. The Speaker was the presiding officer of the Legislative Council, but could vote like other members. In the event of a tie, the Speaker did not have a casting vote. The motion simply failed.

Speakers of the Legislative Council of Quebec
| Portrait | Name | Appointment | Ending | Political party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville | July 15, 1867 | February 27, 1873 | Conservative |  |
|  | John Jones Ross | February 27, 1873 | September 22, 1874 | Conservative | |
|  | Félix-Hyacinthe Lemaire | September 22, 1874 | January 27, 1876 | Conservative | |
|  | John Jones Ross | January 22, 1876 | March 8, 1878 | Conservative | |
|  | Henry Starnes | March 8, 1878 | October 31, 1879 | Liberal |  |
|  | John Jones Ross | October 31, 1879 | March 4, 1882 | Conservative |  |
|  | Pierre Boucher de la Bruère | March 4, 1882 | April 23, 1889 | Conservative | |
|  | Henry Starnes | April 23, 1889 | March 17, 1892 | Liberal |  |
|  | Pierre Boucher de la Bruère | March 17, 1892 | April 5, 1895 | Conservative |  |
|  | Thomas Chapais | April 5, 1895 | January 12, 1897 | Conservative | |
|  | Vildebon-Winceslas Larue | January 12, 1897 | June 17, 1897 | Conservative | |
|  | Horace Archambeault | June 17, 1897 | September 15, 1908 | Liberal |  |
|  | Adélard Turgeon | February 2, 1909 | November 14, 1930 | Liberal | |
|  | Jacob Nicol | November 25, 1930 | July 25, 1934 | Libéral | |
|  | Hector Laferté | July 27, 1934 | October 2, 1936 | Liberal | |
|  | Alphonse Raymond | October 2, 1936 | January 17, 1940 | Union Nationale |  |
|  | Hector Laferté | January 17, 1940 | December 31, 1944 | Libéral |  |
|  | Alphonse Raymond | December 31, 1944 | February 1, 1950 | Union Nationale |  |
|  | Jean-Louis Baribeau | February 1, 1950 | July 6, 1960 | Union Nationale | |
|  | Hector Laferté | July 6, 1960 | June 23, 1966 | Liberal |  |
|  | Jean-Louis Baribeau | June 23, 1966 | December 31, 1968 | Union Nationale |  |

## Legislative Council divisions

The twenty-four members of the Legislative Council were each appointed to represent a division of Quebec. The divisions were originally defined by statute for the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada in 1856, when elected members were included in the Legislative Council. The statutory descriptions of the divisions were then incorporated into the *Consolidated Statutes of Canada, 1859*. In 1867, the *British North America Act, 1867* simply adopted the existing twenty-four divisions for the new Legislative Council of Quebec, although the new Council was appointed, rather than elected.

Although the boundaries of Quebec were extended northwards twice, in 1898 and again in 1912, the boundaries of the Legislative Council divisions were never altered.

### Alma

The Alma division was defined as: "The Parishes of Long Point, Pointe-aux-Trembles, Rivière des Prairies, Sault aux Récollets, in the county of Hochelaga, and that part of the Parish of Montreal which lies to the East of the prolongation of St. Denis Street; the County of Laval, that part of the City of Montreal which lies to the East of Bonsécours and St. Denis Streets, and their prolongation."

### Bedford

The Bedford division was defined as: "The Counties of Missisquoi, Brome, and Shefford."

### De la Durantaye

The De la Durantaye division was defined as "The remainder of the County of L'Islet, the countie\[s\] of Montmagny and Bellechasse and the Parishes of St. Joseph, St. Henri and Notre Dame de la Victoire, in the County of Lévi." (See the description of the Grandville division for the explanation of the "remainder of the County of L'Islet".)

### De la Vallière

The De la Vallière division was defined as: "The Counties of Nicolet and Yamaska, the Townships of Wendover, Grantham, and the part of Upton which lies in the County of Drummond."

### De Lanaudière

The De Lanaudière division was defined as "The remainder of the County of Maskinongé, the Counties of Berthier and Joliette, with the exception of the Parish of St. Paul, the Township of Kildare and its augmentation, and the Township of Cathcart". (See the description of the Shawinigan division for the explanation of the "remainder of the County of Maskingongé".)

### De Lorimier

The De Lorimier division was defined as: "The Counties of St. John and Napierville; St. Jean Chrysostôme and Russeltown in the County of Chateauguay; Hemmingford in the County of Huntingdon."

### De Salaberry

The De Salaberry division was defined as: "The remainder of the County of Chateauguay, the remainder of the County of Huntingdon, and the County of Beauharnois." (See the description of the De Lorimier division for the explanation of the parishes which were excluded from the De Salaberry division.)

### Grandville

The Grandville division was defined as: "The Counties of Temiscouata and Kamouraska, the Parishes of St. Roch des Aulnets and St. Jean Port Joli, and the prolongation thereof in a straight line to the Province Line in the County of L'Islet."

### Gulf

The Gulf division was defined as: "The Counties of Gaspé, Bonaventure and Rimouski."

### Inkerman

The Inkerman division was defined as: "The Counties of Argenteuil, Ottawa and Pontiac."

### Kennebec

The Kennebec division was defined as: "The Counties of Lotbinière, Mégantic and Arthabaska."

### La Salle

The La Salle division was defined as: "The remainder of the County of Quebec, the County of Portneuf, and all that part of the Banlieue of Quebec which lies within the Parish of Notre Dame de Québec." (See the description of The Laurentides division for the explanation of the "remainder of the County of Quebec".)

### Lauzon

The Lauzon division was defined as: "The remainder of the County of Lévi, the Counties of Dorchester and Beauce." (See the description of the De la Durantaye division for the explanation of the "remainder of the County of L'Islet".)

### Mille Isles

The Mille Isles division was defined as: "The Counties of Terrebonne and Two Mountains."

### Montarville

The Montarville division was defined as: "The Counties of Verchères, Chambly and Laprairie."

### Repentigny

The Repentigny division was defined as: "The Parish of St. Paul, the Township of Kildare and its augmentation, and the Township of Cathcart, in the County of Joliette, the Counties of L'Assomption and Montcalm".

### Rigaud

The Rigaud division was defined as: "The remainder of the Parish of Montreal, and the Counties of Jacques Cartier, Vaudreuil and Solanges." (See the description of the Alma division for the explanation of the "remainder of the Parish of Montreal".)

### Rougemont

The Rougemont division was defined as "The remainder of the County of St. Hyacinth, the Counties of Rouville and Iberville." (See the description of the Saurel division for the explanation of "the remainder of the County of St. Hyacinth".)

### Saurel

The Saurel division was defined as "The Counties of Richelieu and Bagot, the Parishes of St. Denis, La Présentation, St. Barnabé, and St. Jude, in the County of St. Hyacinth."

### Shawinigan

The Shawinigan division was defined as "The Counties of Champlain and St. Maurice, the Town of Three Rivers, the Parishes of River du Loup, St. Léon, St. Paulin, and the Township of Hunterstown and its augmentation, in the County of Maskinongé."

### Stadacona

The Stadacona division was defined as "The remainder of the City and Banlieue of Quebec." (See the description of the La Salle division for the explanation of "remainder of the City...of Quebec".)

### The Laurentides

The Laurentides division was defined as: "The Counties of Chicoutimi, Charlevoix, Saguenay and Montmorency, the Seigniory of Beauport, the Parish of Charlebourg, the Townships of Stoneham and Tewkesbury, in the County of Quebec."

### Victoria

The Victoria division was defined as: "The remainder of the City of Montreal exclusive of the Parish." (See the description of the Alma division for the explanation of the "remainder of the City of Montreal".)

### Wellington

The Wellington division was defined as: "The remainder of the County of Drummond, the County of Richmond, the Town of Sherbrooke, the Counties of Wolfe, Compton, and Stanstead." (See the description of the De la Vallière division for the explanation of the "remainder of the County of Drummond".)

## Members of the Legislative Council

## InfoBox

| Legislative Council of Quebec <br>*Conseil législatif du Québec* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | |
| Type | Upper house of the Quebec Legislature |
| Term limits | Life appointments |
| History | |
| Founded | July 1, 1867 (1867-07-01) |
| Disbanded | December 31, 1968 (1968-12-31) |
| Preceded by | Legislative Council of the Province of Canada |
| Succeeded by | *none* |
| Seats | 24 |
| Meeting place | |
|  | |
| The Red Chamber, former chamber of the Legislative Council | |


title: Legislative Council of Upper Canada

abstract: The Legislative Council of Upper Canada was the upper house governing the province of Upper Canada. Modelled after the British House of Lords, it was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. It was specified that the council should consist of at least seven members. Members were appointed for life but could be dropped for non-attendance. The first nine members of the council were appointed on 12 July 1792. The speaker was usually the Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench. The Legislative Council was dissolved on 10 February 1841 when Upper and Lower Canada were united into the Province of Canada. Some members were reappointed to the Legislative Council of the united Province. Unlike the other three provinces that would initially make up the Dominion of Canada, a provincial Legislative Council was not re-established for Ontario when the province entered Confederation in 1867.

text:
# Legislative Council of Upper Canada

The **Legislative Council of Upper Canada** was the upper house governing the province of Upper Canada. Modelled after the British House of Lords, it was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. It was specified that the council should consist of at least seven members. Members were appointed for life but could be dropped for non-attendance. The first nine members of the council were appointed on 12 July 1792. The speaker was usually the Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench. The Legislative Council was dissolved on 10 February 1841 when Upper and Lower Canada were united into the Province of Canada. Some members were reappointed to the Legislative Council of the united Province.

Unlike the other three provinces that would initially make up the Dominion of Canada, a provincial Legislative Council was not re-established for Ontario when the province entered Confederation in 1867.

## List of Members of the Legislative Council

| Member | Town | From | To | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| James Baby | Sandwich | 1792 (12 July) | 1833 (19 February) | Died in office |
| Richard Cartwright | Kingston | 1792 (12 July) | 1815 (27 July) | Died in office |
| Richard Duncan | Williamsburgh | 1792 (12 July) | 1805 | Dropped due to non-attendance; returned to the United States and died in Schenectady, New York in 1819 |
| Alexander Grant, Sr. | York | 1792 (12 July) | 1813 (May) | Died in office |
| Robert Hamilton | Niagara | 1792 (12 July) | 1809 (8 March) | Died in office |
| John Munro | Eastern District | 1792 (12 July) | 1800 (October) | Died in office |
| William Osgoode | York | 1792 (12 July) | 1794 (24 February) | Became Chief Justice of Lower Canada 17941801; retired and died in London, Ontario |
| William Robertson | Sandwich | 1792 (12 July) | 1792 (4 November) | Resigned and left for Montreal in 1797; moved to London, England 1800 and died there in 1806 |
| Peter Russell | York | 1792 (12 July) | 1808 (30 September) | Died in office |
| Æneas Shaw | York | 1794 (19 June) | 1814 (6 February) | Died in office |
| Jacob Mountain1
(1 December 174916 June 1825) | Quebec City | 1794 (1 July) | 1825 (25 June) | Anglican Bishop of Quebec and founder of the Church of England in the Canadas; died in office |
| John Elmsley, Sr. | York | 1796 (10 December) | 1802 (13 October) | Became Chief Justice of Lower Canada after William Osgoode; died in Montreal, April 1805 |
| John McGill | York | 1797 (10 June) | 1834 (31 December) | Died in office |
| Henry Allcock | York | 1803 (4 January) | 1805 (1 July) | Moved to Lower Canada as member of the Executive Council of Lower Canada and later as Speaker of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada; died in office at Quebec City in 1808 |
| Thomas Scott | York | 1806 (7 August) | 1824 (29 July) | Died in office |
| Thomas Talbot | Port Talbot | 1809 (September) | 1841 (10 February) | Died in London, Ontario in 1853 |
| William Claus
(8 September 176511 November 1826) | Niagara | 1812 (1 February) | 1826 (11 November) | Died of cancer while in office; Indian Department official, Justice of the Peace |
| Thomas Clark | Chippawa | 1815 (16 November) | 1835 (13 October) | Died in office |
| William Dickson | Niagara | 1815 (16 November) | 1841 (10 February) | Retired to Niagara and died there in 1846 |
| Thomas Fraser | Ernestown | 1815 (16 November) | 1819 | Status unknown after 1819; died in South Dundas, Ontario in 1821 |
| Neil McLean | Cornwall | 1815 (16 November) | Not applicable | Never attended |
| William Dummer Powell | York | 1816 (21 March) | 1834 (6 September) | Died in office |
| John Strachan | York | 1820 (10 July) | 1841 (10 February) | Resigned office due to the Act of Union 1840, but remained an active member of the Family Compact |
| Angus McIntosh 2 | Sandwich | 1820 (11 July) | 1833 (24 July) | Died in office |
| Joseph Wells | York | 1820 (12 July) | 1841 (10 February) | Bursar of King's College |
| Duncan Cameron | York | 1820 (12 July) | 1838 (9 September) | Died in office |
| George Herchmer Markland | York | 1820 (14 July) | 1838 | Resigned |
| George Crookshank
(23 July 177321 July 1859) | York | 1821 (1 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Commissariat of supplies for Fort York; Assistant Commissary General 18141819, Receiver General of Public Accounts (18191820); Director of the Bank of Upper Canada 18221827 |
| John Henry Dunn | York | 1822 (1 March) | 1841 (10 February) | Became Receiver General for the Province of Canada in 1841, and elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada 18411843 for Toronto |
| Thomas Ridout | York | 1825 (11 October) | 1829 (8 February) | Died in office |
| William Allan | York | 1825 (12 October) | 1841 (10 February) | Retired from politics after the Act of Union of 1840, and died in 1853 |
| William Campbell | York | 1826 (10 October) | 1834 (18 January) | Died in office |
| Peter Robinson | York | 1829 (6 January) | 1838 (8 July) | Died in office |
| Charles Jones | Brockville | 1829 (7 January) | 1840 (21 August) | Died in office |
| James Gordon 3 | Amherstburg | 1829 (8 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Re-appointed |
| John Beverley Robinson | York | 1830 (1 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Provincial Secretary 18171838, became a Baron in 1854, and died in 1863 |
| John Kirby | Kingston | 1831 | 1841 (10 February) | Not re-appointed to the Council after the union; died in Kingston in 1846 |
| Augustus Warren Baldwin | York | 1831 (26 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Re-appointed |
| Zacheus Burnham | Cobourg | 1831 (26 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Not re-appointed after the Act of Union, and died in Cobourg in 1857 |
| John Elmsley, Jr.
(19 May 18018 May 1863) | York | 1831 (26 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Royal Navy Captain, entrepreneur, and philanthropist; supported Catholic education in York/Toronto; son of the second Chief Justice of Upper Canada John Elmsley. |
| Alexander Macdonell | Eastern District | 1831 (27 January) | 1841 (?) |  |
| Walter Boswell | Cobourg | 1831 (29 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Royal Navy Captain, church warden of St. Peter's Anglican Church in Cobourg |
| John Hamilton | Queenston | 1831 (29 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Re-appointed |
| Peter Adamson | Esquesing | 1831 (2 February) | 1841 (10 February) | Peninsular War veteran, general, and mill owner |
| James Kerby
(178520 June 1854) | Kingston | 1831 (2 March) | 1841 (10 February) | Militia captain (Incorporated Militia), businessman, justice of the peace, and mill owner |
| James Crooks | West Flamborough | 1831 (16 March) | 1841 (10 February) | Re-appointed |
| Alexander Macdonell | Kingston | 1831 (12 October) | 1840 (14 January) | Chaplain of the Glengarry Fencibles; Auxiliary Bishop of Quebec; Bishop of Kingston; founder of Regiopolis College, Kingston. Died in office |
| Alexander Grant, Jr.4 | Brockville | 1831 (19 November) | 1841 (10 February) | Excused |
| Arthur Lloyd | March | 1831 (6 December) | 1841 (10 February) | Colonel, Napoleonic War veteran |
| Abraham Nelles4 | Grimsby | 1832 (5 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Land surveyor, Militia officer, Township Council member. Died in office 1839 |
| Thomas Alexander Stewart
(10 June 17866 September 1847) | Peterborough | 1833 (20 November) | 1841 (10 February) | Settler, justice of the peace, and mill owner |
| William Morris | Perth | 1836 (22 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Re-appointed |
| George Hamilton | Hamilton | 1836 (23 January) | 1836 (20 February) | Died in office |
| John Macaulay | Kingston | 1836 (23 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Re-appointed |
| Archibald McLean | Cornwall | 1836 (23 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Not re-appointed; later served as in the Court of Common Pleas 18501862, Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench for Upper Canada 18621863 and judge of the Court of Error and Appeal 18631865; he died in Toronto in 1865 |
| Philip VanKoughnet | Cornwall | 1836 (23 January) | 1841 (10 February) | Not re-appointed; later chairman of the Canadian Board of Government Arbitrators 18701873 |
| John Simcoe Macaulay | Toronto | 1839 (9 February) | 1841 (10 February) | Not re-appointed; served on Toronto City Council 18411842; retired to England in 1845 and died there in 1855. |
| Jonas Jones
(19 May 179130 July 1848) | Toronto | 1839 (27 February) | 1841 (10 February) | Barrister and judge (Prescott and Russell, Leeds and Grenville and Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry) |
| Adam Fergusson | Gore District | 1839 (27 February) | 1841 (10 February) | Re-appointed |
| Thomas Radcliff
(17 April 17946 June 1841) | Adelaide | 1839 (27 February) | 1841 (10 February) | Peninsular War veteran and militia officer; later as magistrate and customs collector (died June 1841 before assuming post) |
| Robert Baldwin Sullivan | Toronto | 1839 (27 February) | 1841 (10 February) | Provincial Secretary 18381841; not re-appointed to the Council after the Union; appointed to the Queen's Bench in 1848 |
| Robert Charles Wilkins | Prince Edward | 1839 (14 March) | 1841 (10 February) | Owner of mercantile firm Shuter and Wilkins |
| John McDonald | Gananoque | 1839 (20 March) | 1841 (10 February) | Appointed to the Council after the Union in 1841, but removed for non-attendance in 1848 |
| Henry Graham | Bathurst District | 1839 (19 April) | Not applicable | Never attended |
| Isaac Fraser | Ernestown | 1839 (16 July) | 1841 (10 February) | Colonel of the Addington Militia, and justice of the peace |
| Peter Boyle de Blaquière | Woodstock | 1839 (3 December) | 1841 (10 February) | Re-appointed |
| Alexander Fraser | Eastern District | 1839 (3 December) | 1841 (10 February) | Re-appointed |
| John McGillivray | Williamstown | 1839 (3 December) | 1841 (10 February) | Not re-appointed; served as a justice of the peace; died near Williamstown (South Glengarry, Ontario) in 1855 |
| John Willson | Gore District | 1839 (3 December) | 1841 (10 February) | Not re-appointed; died in Saltfleet Township in 1860 |

Notes:

1. Jacob Mountain was the Anglican Bishop of Quebec; he never attended a session but was not dropped.
2. Angus McIntosh never attended a session but was not dropped; he returned to Scotland in 1831.
3. James Gordon was re-appointed to the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada in October 1845.
4. Alexander Grant, Jr. and Abraham Nelles did not attend after 1832.

## Speakers

The Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench was usually the Speaker of the Council:

## Buildings housing the Legislative Council

The Legislative Council sat in the same building as the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada:

## Meeting Places

## InfoBox

| Legislative Council of Upper Canada | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | |
| Type | Upper house of the Parliament of Upper Canada |
| History | |
| Founded | 1791 (1791) |
| Disbanded | 1841 (1841) |
| Preceded by | Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec |
| Succeeded by | Legislative Council of the Province of Canada |


title: Legislative Council of Singapore

abstract: The Legislative Council of the Colony of Singapore was the legislative council of Singapore that assisted the governor in making laws in the colony. It officially came into existence in 1946, when the Straits Settlements (Repeal) Act 1946 abolished the Straits Settlements, and made Singapore a Crown colony that would need its own legislative council. Based on existing systems already in place when the council operated under the Straits Settlements, it was partially opened for public voting in 1948, before being replaced by the Legislative Assembly in 1953.

text:
# Legislative Council of Singapore

The **Legislative Council of the Colony of Singapore** was the legislative council of Singapore that assisted the governor in making laws in the colony. It officially came into existence in 1946, when the Straits Settlements (Repeal) Act 1946 abolished the Straits Settlements, and made Singapore a Crown colony that would need its own legislative council. Based on existing systems already in place when the council operated under the Straits Settlements, it was partially opened for public voting in 1948, before being replaced by the Legislative Assembly in 1953.

## History

### Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements (1867–1942)

The Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements was formed on 1 April 1867 when the Straits Settlements was made a Crown Colony that answered directly to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London, instead of the Calcutta government based in India. Letters patent granted a **Colonial Constitution** on 4 February, which allocated much power to the governor. He was assisted by an Executive Council and Legislative Council, the latter of which was entrusted with law-making in the colony. However, the governor had a casting vote and the power of assent and veto on all bills.

The Legislative Council was composed of members of the Executive Council, the chief justice, and non-official members nominated by the governor. These nominated members were intended to better represent the local people, including in its ranks Asian members. Mostly wealthy Asian business and professional leaders, they were not necessarily a fair representation of the locals, however. Starting with four members, it started to grow through the years, with Singaporean members increasingly dominating the council to the displeasure of the politicians from Malacca and Penang.

Despite this control by British subjects of the European race, the local Asian population was usually apathetic about such control. There have been a few exceptions. Tan Cheng Lock, a member of the Executive Council who had previously opposed several policies made by the Legislative Council – such as the Aliens Ordinance of 1933 which restricted immigration – as anti-Chinese, called for direct popular representation through popular votes, and to increase the number of non-official members to form a majority in the Legislative Council. Initiatives like these were unsuccessful, however, as there was little support from wider society were widely apathetic to local politics, with the Chinese population paying more attention towards growing their commercial and professional interests, and the events occurring back in China, fueled largely by the rise in Chinese nationalism sentiments.

### Legislative Council of the Colony of Singapore (1946–1955)

After World War II, the Straits Settlements (Repeal) Act of 1946 dissolved the Straits Settlements, with Singapore becoming a Crown Colony on its own while Penang and Malacca joined the Malayan Union. The effects of the war led to major changes in attitudes towards the British colonial government, particularly with the drop in confidence in their ability to govern and protect Singapore, and a resulting desire to have greater say and participation in local affairs. With mounting local pressure, a new Colonial Constitution was passed, with the Singapore Colony Order-in-Council of 1946 to 1948 providing for public voting to take place for the first time with the first general election of 1948.

Elected members of the Legislative Council were restricted to only six non-official members, however, voting was only open to adult British subjects who had been residents in Singapore for at least a year before the elections. The rest of the thirteen non-officials including four nominated members by the governor and three by the chambers of commerce. Nine official members complete the council. The governor continued to exercise significant power, included the right to veto bills by the council.

## List of sessions

| Legislative Council | Commenced | Session | Session dates | Dissolved | By-elections |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st
(1948) | 1 April 1948 | 1st |  | 16 February 1951 | 1948 |
| | | 2nd |  | | |
| | | 3rd |  | | |
| | | 4th | 16 January 1951 – 16 February 1951 | | |
| 2nd
(1951) | 17 April 1951 | 1st | 17 April 1951 – 18 December 1951 | 5 February 1955 | 1952 |
| | | 2nd | 19 February 1952 – 16 December 1952 | | |
| | | 3rd | 24 February 1953 – 15 December 1953 | | |
| | | 4th | 16 March 1954 – 29 January 1955 | | |

## InfoBox

| Legislative Council of the
Colony of Singapore | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | |
| Type | Unicameral |
| History | |
| Established | 1 June 1946 (1946-06-01) |
| Disbanded | 5 February 1955 (1955-02-05) |
| Preceded by | Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements |
| Succeeded by | Legislative Assembly of Singapore |
| Elections | |
| Last election | 21 September 1951 (1951-09-21) |
| Meeting place | |
|
Victoria Memorial Hall | |


title: Len Doyle

abstract: Len Doyle was an American actor on stage and in old-time radio. He is perhaps best known for playing investigator Harrington on Mr. District Attorney on radio and television.

text:
# Len Doyle

**Len Doyle** (February 2, 1893 - December 6, 1959) was an American actor on stage and in old-time radio. He is perhaps best known for playing investigator Harrington on *Mr. District Attorney* on radio and television.

## Early years

Doyle's birthplace was Toledo, Ohio, but when he was young the family moved to Port Jervis, New York. He attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.

At one time, Doyle was a professional boxer.

## Radio

Doyle played Len Harrington, the investigator for the title character, in *Mr. District Attorney.* He was in that role for 13 years—all but the first few months of the program's existence.

Although he appeared in many plays and had offers of more starring roles on stage, Doyle said he preferred radio "because it's more fun than the theater and more people hear you".

## Television

Doyle carried his role of investigator Harrington from radio to the television version of *Mr. District Attorney*. The program ran October 1, 1951 - June 23, 1952, on NBC.

## Stage

Doyle debuted on stage in *The Auctioneer* when he was 17, and he acted with Pennsylvania's Lancaster Stock Company. His early theatrical experiences included being "shipwrecked in the waters south of Australia" after a ship carrying an acting troupe was hit by a typhoon. The group was rescued by an Antarctic expedition headed by Admiral Richard E. Byrd.

In the 1930s, he appeared in a number of plays in New York City, including *Shadow and Substance*, *The Time of Your Life*, *Three Men on a Horse*, *Night Hawk*, *Within Four Walls*, and *Family Upstairs*.

When *Plan M*, with Doyle in the cast, opened at the Belasco Theater February 20, 1942, its schedule included no shows on Wednesdays so that Doyle could continue in his role on *Mr. District Attorney* on radio. In 1943, he was in a touring company of *I'll Take the High Road*, which had performances on Wednesdays but used an understudy in Doyle's place so that he could continue with the radio program.

Doyle continued acting in plays in the 1950s, playing the father in *The Righteous Are Bold* on Broadway in 1955. He also acted with troupes in venues such as the Elitch Gardens Theater in Colorado.

## Personal life

Doyle and his wife, Aggie, were married "in a little New Jersey town" in August 1937. They had three children, Terry, Lee, and Dennis.

Doyle was described as "a tough, resourceful man in real life". He was "an avid hunter and fisherman". A 1939 newspaper article reported: "He has been Broadway's demon deer stalker for the last 15 years. Goes up every Fall to Sullivan County and always gets his buck." During World War II, he used his own yacht to patrol part of the Atlantic coast for the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary.

## Death

Doyle died December 6, 1959, in Port Jervis, New York, while he was on a hunting trip. He was 66.

## InfoBox

| Len Doyle | |
| --- | --- |
| Doyle as Harrington in *Mr. District Attorney* in 1947 | |
| Born | February 2, 1893
Toledo, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | December 6, 1959, age 66
Port Jervis, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Spouse | Aggie |
| Children | Terry
Lee
Dennis |


title: Lehndorf-Watenbüttel

abstract: Lehndorf-Watenbüttel is a Stadtbezirk (borough) in the northwestern part of Braunschweig, Germany. The Stadtbezirk comprises the quarters Kanzlerfeld, Lamme, Lehndorf, Ölper, Völkenrode, and Watenbüttel.

text:
# Lehndorf-Watenbüttel

**Lehndorf-Watenbüttel** is a *Stadtbezirk* (borough) in the northwestern part of Braunschweig, Germany. The Stadtbezirk comprises the quarters Kanzlerfeld, Lamme, Lehndorf, Ölper, Völkenrode, and Watenbüttel.

## History

The district consists of several villages that were incorporated into Braunschweig during the 20th century, in 1934 (Lehndorf and Ölper) and in 1974 (Lamme, Völkenrode, and Wattenbüttel), as well as the Kanzlerfeld, a new quarter built in the 1960s.

## Politics

The district mayor Frank Graffstedt is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

## Coats of arms

## InfoBox

| Lehndorf-Watenbüttel | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough of Braunschweig | |
| Watenbüttel | |
| Location of Lehndorf-Watenbüttel within Braunschweig | |
| Lehndorf-Watenbüttel Lehndorf-Watenbüttel | |
| Coordinates: 52°17′0″N 10°27′45″E / 52.28333°N 10.46250°E / 52.28333; 10.46250 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | urban district |
| City | Braunschweig |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Frank Graffstedt (SPD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.35 km2 (10.56 sq mi) |
| Population (2020-12-31) | |
| Total | 21,857 |
| Density | 800/km2 (2,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 38112, 38114, 38116 |
| Dialling codes | 0531 |
| Vehicle registration | BS |


title: Len Rossi

abstract: Rinaldo Leonard Rositani, known professionally as Len Rossi, was an American professional wrestler who competed throughout the National Wrestling Alliance from 1958–1972. A 14-time NWA World Tag Team Champion and one of the most popular stars in the history of NWA Mid-America, Rossi was also a member of both the NWA Hall of Fame and the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame.

text:
# Len Rossi

**Rinaldo Leonard Rositani** (September 24, 1929 – October 9, 2020), known professionally as **Len Rossi**, was an American professional wrestler who competed throughout the National Wrestling Alliance from 1958–1972. A 14-time NWA World Tag Team Champion and one of the most popular stars in the history of NWA Mid-America, Rossi was also a member of both the NWA Hall of Fame (class of 2016) and the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame (class of 2004).

## Early life

Rossi was born to Italian migrant parents in 1929 in Utica, New York. He worked out at a local YMCA in his teenage years where a coach goaded him into wrestling. Rositano stated that "he mopped the floor with me, but I took it as a challenge" and from the age of 14, he wrestled for the YMCA. Due to their being no high school wrestling program in the area, he wrestled unsanctioned matches for a few dollars a shot. He then served two years in the U.S. military but his sights were set on a career in wrestling. "That was my intention from the very beginning" Rositano stated. Soon thereafter he set about a career as a pro under New York promoter Ed Don George.

## Professional wrestling career

Len Rositano became Len Rossi early in his career after a Boston promoter told him that his surname would not fit onto a promotional poster. His first major rival was Gypsy Joe in 1954 and '55 in the NWA's Utah-Idaho area. He went on to wrestle in Texas, Illinois, Wisconsin and New York before traveling to Tennessee for what was scheduled to be a short tenure in 1958. With his son approaching age to start school, Len and his wife decided to settle in Tennessee. Rossi would leave the state to wrestle in different territories, as well as a tour of Japan, but Tennessee would be his home thereafter.

In June 1958, Rossi won the NWA World Tag Team Championship with Tex Riley, defeating Don & Jackie Fargo in NWA Mid-America, the first of fourteen reigns for Rossi. They continued as a team throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s, becoming the most popular team Nick Gulas's Mid-America territory. Rossi has credited Riley (the veteran of the pairing) for advancing his understanding of wrestling audiences. Rossi and Riley went on to have numerous reigns as tag team champions together with both the NWA World and NWA Southern Tag Team Championship.

Rossi was the main babyface and most popular wrestler on Birmingham's Channel 42 "Live Studio Wrestling" from the 1960s until 1972. "He was different than what they were used to seeing down here" fellow wrestler Billy Wicks said of Rossi, "he was a Yankee coming down to Tennessee and that wasn't easy". Rossi was also NWA Southern Junior Heavyweight Champion throughout much of the 1960s, defending the title primarily in NWA Mid-America and various promotions across the Southern U.S.

In 1972, at the height of his popularity, Rossi was involved in an automobile accident en route to a wrestling bout in Tupelo. He suffered serious external injuries including broken arms, ribs, ankle and broken bones in his feet though he sustained no internal injuries. “I was able to get out of the car with my left arm, which was not broken and roll into a ditch as a tractor trailer headed straight for us” Rossi stated about the accident. Ultimately, the injuries ended his wrestling career.

## Later life

After retiring from professional wrestling, Rossi became interested in healthy eating as a means of healing, which was spurred on after his accident and an unrelated stay in hospital. "God stepped in, and I went back to school to study natural healing and the use of nutriceuticals," Rossi said. For the past 40 years, he operated Len Rossi's Health Foods, the oldest operating merchant in Brentwood, Tennessee. Since his retirement from wrestling, Rossi was inducted into the NWA Hall of Fame (class of 2016) and the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame (class of 2004). He was also honored by his adopted hometown in Tennessee for his "athletic career, induction into the NWA Hall of Fame and continued commitment to the community." Rossi died on October 9, 2020, in Nolensville, Tennessee. He was 91 years old.

## Championships and accomplishments

## InfoBox

| Len Rossi | |
| --- | --- |
| Rossi in 1979 | |
| Birth name | Rinaldo Leonard Rositani |
| Born | (1929-09-24)September 24, 1929
Utica, New York, United States |
| Died | October 9, 2020(2020-10-09) (aged 91)
Nolensville, Tennessee |
| Spouse(s) | Jeanie Rossi (m. 1993) |
| Professional wrestling career | |
| Billed weight | 206 lb (93 kg) |
| Billed from | Utica, New York |
| Debut | 1958 |
| Retired | 1972 |


title: Lemonade (Alexandra Stan song)

abstract: "Lemonade" is a song recorded by Romanian singer and songwriter Alexandra Stan for her Japan-only reissue, Cliché (2013). It was released for radio airplay in Italy on 12 June 2012, followed by its digital release on 14 June 2012 through MediaPro Music in Romania and on 1 August 2012 in Japan. Written and produced by Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi, the single incorporates EDM, reggae-pop and dubstep into its composition; it makes use of harmonica and accordions. Upon its release, "Lemonade" was met with positive reviews from music critics, with them naming it "catchy", "fresh" and a highlight, while one of them foresaw it as having a strong radio performance. It also drew comparations to the works of Britney Spears, Kelis and Lady Gaga. At the Radio România Actualități Awards gala in 2013, the recording received a nomination for Radio România Junior. An accompanying music video for the recording was posted onto YouTube on 4 June 2012; it was shot by Iulian Moga in Buftea, Romania, and portrays Stan walking through the city and being present at a block party. Commercially, "Lemonade" peaked on some European record charts, becoming a number-one hit in Bulgaria and reaching the top thirty in Romania, Italy, Japan and Slovakia. It was as well certified Gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI) for selling 15,000 copies in Italy.

text:
# Lemonade (Alexandra Stan song)

"**Lemonade**" is a song recorded by Romanian singer and songwriter Alexandra Stan for her Japan-only reissue, *Cliché (Hush Hush)* (2013). It was released for radio airplay in Italy on 12 June 2012, followed by its digital release on 14 June 2012 through MediaPro Music in Romania and on 1 August 2012 in Japan. Written and produced by Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi, the single incorporates EDM, reggae-pop and dubstep into its composition; it makes use of harmonica and accordions. Upon its release, "Lemonade" was met with positive reviews from music critics, with them naming it "catchy", "fresh" and a highlight, while one of them foresaw it as having a strong radio performance. It also drew comparations to the works of Britney Spears, Kelis and Lady Gaga. At the Radio România Actualități Awards gala in 2013, the recording received a nomination for Radio România Junior.

An accompanying music video for the recording was posted onto YouTube on 4 June 2012; it was shot by Iulian Moga in Buftea, Romania, and portrays Stan walking through the city and being present at a block party. Commercially, "Lemonade" peaked on some European record charts, becoming a number-one hit in Bulgaria and reaching the top thirty in Romania, Italy, Japan and Slovakia. It was as well certified Gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI) for selling 15,000 copies in Italy.

## Composition

Winston Cook-Wilson from Inverse called the song an EDM, reggae and "sunny" pop recording featuring a "nonsensical" harmonica. Bradley Stern, writing for MuuMuse, named the genre of the track "Ace of Base-esque reggae-pop", while labeling its lyrics as "completely nonsense" and noticing the use of accordions. Furthermore, Stern pointed out a "stuttering" dubstep breakdown throughout "Lemonade", which, according to him, was inspired by Britney Spears' "Hold It Against Me" (2011). Jonathan Hamard from Pure Charts felt that the recording was of dance-pop genre, auguring "a major musical turn with reggae sounds".

Romanian website Urban.ro stated that the single was a mixture of 1990's music, Kelis' "Milkshake" (2003), Lady Gaga's "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say) (2009) and some dubstep influences. The same portal also pointed out the change of Stan's artistry, with them explaining the departure from her previous popcorn styles. According to Stan's label, MediaPro Music, "Lemonade" portrays a positive lyrical message about enjoying life in every moment.

## Reception

Upon its release, "Lemonade" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Website Inverse's Winston Cook-Wilson praised the track for being complex. Cook-Wilson continued into saying that the recording "is just something to sip on a hot day – also, a way to cool down when thinking about a loved one". Kevin Apaza, writing for Direct Lyrics labelled the single "fresh and funky", confessing that he likes it better than its predecessors "1.000.000" (2012) and "Get Back (ASAP)" (2011). Furthermore, Apaza foreseed "Lemonade" as a club hit with the help of "a few killer remixes". MTV declared the song as being "catchy", while stating that "you'd be hard-pressed to turn down a glass of what Stan's serving this summer". Music channel Utv applauded the single, foreseeing it successful on radio. At the Radio România Actualități Awards gala in 2013, the recording received a nomination for Radio România Junior.

"Lemonade" debuted at number 74 on the Italian Singles Chart, with it eventually reaching its peak position at number 25. It was certified Gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI) for selling 15,000 copies in that territory. The recording remained a number-one hit in Bulgaria, while peaking at number 70 in Czech Republic, number 38 in Hungary, number 18 in Slovakia and number 27 on the Japan Hot 100. On native Airplay 100, "Lemonade" managed to peak at number 22.

## Music video

An accompanying music video for "Lemonade" was posted onto the YouTube channel of Stan's label, Maan Studio, on 4 June 2012 after it was previewed one day before. It was shot by Iulian Moga in April 2012 at the MediaPro Pictures studios in Buftea, Romania. The clip commences with Stan entering a kitchen wearing a red-white striped dress. Subsequently, she is portrayed cutting lemons and making lemonade, following which she makes a phone call and walks down the street sporting a lemon-printed yellow dress and smiling into the camera. Next, Stan is seen singing in front of a red car, flirting with a man, which is followed by the appearance of two police men. They enter a store and the singer is presented selling lemons in the street. Afterwards, the video switches from color to sepia, as she is present at a block party; it closes with Stan posing in front of a backdrop designed with different types of shoes.

Kevin Apaza from Direct Lyrics praised the clip, naming it one of her best works yet. He went on into calling the video "cute" and comparing one of Stan's outfits to gipsy culture. Urban.ro was positive towards the music video, stating that it "illustrates the single beautifully" and that they like "the colors, the styling, all". Los 40 Principales cited the clip in their list of Stan's best videos along with "Dance" (2014), "Cherry Pop" (2014), "Thanks for Leaving" (2014), "Cliché (Hush Hush)" (2012), "Get Back (ASAP)", "1.000.000" (2011), "Mr. Saxobeat" (2011), "Lollipop (Param Pam Pam)" (2009) and "All My People" (2013).

## Track listings

Digital single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lemonade" | 3:30 |

Digital remixes EP
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Lemonade (Da Brozz Remix)" | 5:05 |
| 2. | "Lemonade (Fedo Mora and Oki Doro Remix)" | 4:56 |
| 3. | "Lemonade (Rudeejay Remix)" | 5:50 |
| 4. | "Lemonade (Rudeejay Radio Edit)" | 3:03 |
| 5. | "Lemonade (Topakabana Remix)" | 4:20 |
| 6. | "Lemonade (Karmin Shiff and Marco Zardi Remix)" | 4:46 |

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Cliché (Hush Hush)*.

Recording Technical and songwriting * Andrei Nemirschi –songwriter, producer
* Marcel Prodan – songwriter, producer
* Alexandra Stan – lead vocals

## Charts and certifications

## Release

### Process

The track was first released for radio airplay in Italy on 12 June 2012, following which it was made available for digital download in Romania on 14 June 2012 through MediaPro Music. Subsequently, "Lemonade" was released in Italy through iTunes Store one day later, with a remixes EP being premiered in that country on 24 July 2012 by Vae Victis. From August to October 2012, the recording was released to Japan, Spain and the United States through Maan Studio, Blanco y Negro Music and Ultra Records, respectively.

### History

| Country | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Italy | 12 June 2012 | Radio airplay |  |
| | 15 June 2012 | Digital single | Vae Victis |
| | 24 July 2012 | | Digital remixes EP |
| Romania | 14 June 2012 | Digital single | MediaPro |
| Japan | | 1 August 2012 | Maan |
| Spain | | 7 August 2012 | Blanco y Negro |
| United States | | 16 October 2012 | Ultra |

## InfoBox

| "Lemonade" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Alexandra Stan | |
| from the album  *Cliché (Hush Hush)* | |
| Released | 12 June 2012 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:30 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | * Marcel Prodan * Andrei Nemirschi |
| Producer(s) | * Prodan * Nemirschi |
| Alexandra Stan singles chronology | |
| "1.000.000"
(2012) "**Lemonade**"
(2012) "Cliché (Hush Hush)"
(2012) | |


title: Lentz–Carter Merchandise Store

abstract: Lentz–Carter Merchandise Store, also known as Lentz–Carter Building, is a historic general store located at Stella, Newton County, Missouri. It was built in 1890, and is a two-story, frame building sheathed in clapboard. It measures approximately 60 feet by 22 feet, sits on a limestone foundation, and has a gable roof. It features an intact original storefront. It is the oldest building standing in Stella. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

text:
# Lentz–Carter Merchandise Store

**Lentz–Carter Merchandise Store**, also known as **Lentz–Carter Building**, is a historic general store located at Stella, Newton County, Missouri. It was built in 1890, and is a two-story, frame building sheathed in clapboard. It measures approximately 60 feet by 22 feet, sits on a limestone foundation, and has a gable roof. It features an intact original storefront. It is the oldest building standing in Stella.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Lentz–Carter Merchandise Store | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 744 Ozark St.<br>Stella, Missouri |
| Coordinates | 36°45′38″N 94°11′35″W / 36.76056°N 94.19306°W / 36.76056; -94.19306 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1890 (1890) |
| Architectural style | Two-part commercial block |
| NRHP reference No. | 08000799 |
| Added to NRHP | August 19, 2008 |


title: Leif Garrett (album)

abstract: Leif Garrett is the debut studio album by American singer-actor Leif Garrett, released in 1977 by Atlantic. Garrett had recorded the album at Atlantic Studios while staying in New York City, and released the album at the age of 15.

text:
# Leif Garrett (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | D |

***Leif Garrett*** is the debut studio album by American singer-actor Leif Garrett, released in 1977 by Atlantic. Garrett had recorded the album at Atlantic Studios while staying in New York City, and released the album at the age of 15.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Wanderer" | Ernie Maresca | 2:41 |
| 2. | "California Girls" | Mike Love, Brian Wilson | 2:27 |
| 3. | "Put Your Head on My Shoulder" | Paul Anka | 2:45 |
| 4. | "I Wanna Share a Dream With You" | Michael Lloyd | 2:15 |
| 5. | "Johnny B. Goode" | Chuck Berry | 2:32 |
| 6. | "Runaround Sue" | Dion DiMucci, Ernie Maresca | 2:26 |
| 7. | "That's All" | Alan Brandt, Bob Haymes | 3:01 |
| 8. | "Bad to Me" | John Lennon, Paul McCartney | 2:49 |
| 9. | "Special Kind of Girl" | Roger Atkins, John D'Andrea, Michael Lloyd | 2:34 |
| 10. | "Surfin' USA" | Chuck Berry, Brian Wilson | 2:10 |

## Personnel

**Production**

* Michael Lloyd – producer, mixing
* Humberto Gatica – engineer, mixing
* John D'Andrea – arranger
* John Rosenberg – director
* Sid Sharp – director

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1977) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top LPs (*Billboard*) | 37 |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 2 |
|

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1978) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 19 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 20,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Leif Garrett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Leif Garrett | |
| Released | July 22, 1977 |
| Recorded | January–February 1977 |
| Studio | Atlantic Studios, New York City, New York |
| Genre | Pop, rock |
| Length | 25:40 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Producer | Michael Lloyd for Mike Curb Productions |
| Leif Garrett chronology | |
| ***Leif Garrett***
(1977) *Feel the Need*
(1978) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Leif Garrett* | |
| 1. "Surfin' USA"/"Special Kind of Girl"
Released: August 1977 2. "Runaround Sue"/"I Wanna Share a Dream with You"
Released: October 1977 3. "Put Your Head on My Shoulder"/"Kari"
Released: February 1978 4. "The Wanderer"/"Love on the Run"
Released: April 1978 | |
|  | |


title: Lenzilumab

abstract: Lenzilumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2)/granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Pre-clinical evidence and clinical data implicate GM-CSF as a crucial initiator in the systemic inflammatory pathway driving the serious and life-threatening chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) associated cytokine release syndrome (CRS). GM-CSF is produced by CAR-T cells upon recognition of target cells, which activates myeloid cells and compels them to produce monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and its receptor (CCR2). GM-CSF knockout CAR-T cells protect mice from CRS; however, IL-6 knockout mice receiving wild-type CAR-T cells were not protected from CRS. Moreover, mice infused with GM-CSF knockout CAR-T cells have significantly lower serum levels of MCP-1, IL-6, MIG, and MIP-1 than mice receiving wild-type CAR-T cells, demonstrating the role of GM-CSF signaling early in the inflammatory cascade. Administration of Lenzilumab in a patient-derived xenograft model significantly reduced CRS and neurotoxicity in mice, while preserving anti-leukemic efficacy. A multi-center phase I/II trial including the MD Anderson Cancer Center will evaluate lenzilumab as prophylaxis for CRS and neurotoxicity in collaboration with Kite and is currently in recruitment. Additionally, GM-CSF has been shown to be instrumental in donor T-cell licensing of host and donor-derived myeloid cells in graft versus host disease (GVHD) following hematopoietic allotransplantation. Mice receiving allografts deficient in GM-CSF have significantly reduced incidence and severity of GVHD. A Phase II study with the University of Zürich and the United Kingdom's Stem Cell Transplantation IMPACT group will be investigating the efficacy of lenzilumab in prevention of acute GVHD and is currently in active planning. In light of the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the role of GM-CSF in the cytokine-mediated immunopathology of lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been under investigation. Plasma of hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 has elevated levels of several inflammatory cytokines including IL-1B, IL-2, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1A/B, TNFα, and VEGF, indicative of a cytokine storm. Importantly, significantly higher levels of MCP-1, MIP-1A, and IP-10 were found to be significantly higher in ICU-admitted patients versus hospitalized but non-ICU admitted patients. A Phase III protocol for evaluating the efficacy of lenzilumab in the prevention and treatment of ARDS has been submitted to the FDA. Lenzilumab is under development by Humanigen Inc. and was originally designed for the treatment of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). In vitro studies on human cells have demonstrated that Lenzilumab can induce sensitivity in myeloid and monocytic cells suggesting the antibody's applicability in CMML and JMML indications. As of 2017, lenzilumab is currently undergoing clinical trials for CMML. Prior to application in treating CMML, lenzilumab was assessed for use in treating inadequately controlled asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.

text:
# Lenzilumab

**Lenzilumab** (INN; development code **KB003**) is a humanized monoclonal antibody (class IgG1 kappa) that targets colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2)/granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF).

Pre-clinical evidence and clinical data implicate GM-CSF as a crucial initiator in the systemic inflammatory pathway driving the serious and life-threatening chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) associated cytokine release syndrome (CRS). GM-CSF is produced by CAR-T cells upon recognition of target cells, which activates myeloid cells and compels them to produce monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and its receptor (CCR2). GM-CSF knockout CAR-T cells protect mice from CRS; however, IL-6 knockout mice receiving wild-type CAR-T cells were not protected from CRS. Moreover, mice infused with GM-CSF knockout CAR-T cells have significantly lower serum levels of MCP-1, IL-6, MIG, and MIP-1 than mice receiving wild-type CAR-T cells, demonstrating the role of GM-CSF signaling early in the inflammatory cascade. Administration of Lenzilumab in a patient-derived xenograft model significantly reduced CRS and neurotoxicity in mice, while preserving anti-leukemic efficacy. A multi-center phase I/II trial including the MD Anderson Cancer Center will evaluate lenzilumab as prophylaxis for CRS and neurotoxicity in collaboration with Kite and is currently in recruitment.

Additionally, GM-CSF has been shown to be instrumental in donor T-cell licensing of host and donor-derived myeloid cells in graft versus host disease (GVHD) following hematopoietic allotransplantation. Mice receiving allografts deficient in GM-CSF have significantly reduced incidence and severity of GVHD. A Phase II study with the University of Zürich and the United Kingdom's Stem Cell Transplantation IMPACT group will be investigating the efficacy of lenzilumab in prevention of acute GVHD and is currently in active planning.

In light of the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the role of GM-CSF in the cytokine-mediated immunopathology of lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been under investigation. Plasma of hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 has elevated levels of several inflammatory cytokines including IL-1B, IL-2, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1A/B, TNFα, and VEGF, indicative of a cytokine storm. Importantly, significantly higher levels of MCP-1, MIP-1A, and IP-10 (all of which are downstream of GM-CSF) were found to be significantly higher in ICU-admitted patients versus hospitalized but non-ICU admitted patients. A Phase III protocol for evaluating the efficacy of lenzilumab in the prevention and treatment of ARDS has been submitted to the FDA.

Lenzilumab is under development by Humanigen Inc. and was originally designed for the treatment of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). In vitro studies on human cells have demonstrated that Lenzilumab can induce sensitivity in myeloid and monocytic cells suggesting the antibody's applicability in CMML and JMML indications. As of 2017, lenzilumab is currently undergoing clinical trials for CMML. Prior to application in treating CMML, lenzilumab was assessed for use in treating inadequately controlled asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.

## Covid-19

The NIH has chosen lenzilumab for its ACTIV-5 Big Effect trial.

## InfoBox

Lenzilumab
| Monoclonal antibody | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Whole antibody |
| Source | Human |
| Target | human colony stimulating factor 2 |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | KB003 |
| ATC code | * none |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| ChemSpider | * none |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C6474H10024N1748O2010S42 |
| Molar mass | 145852.15 g·mol−1 |


title: Leo Nuia

abstract: Leo Nuia was an officer in the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. In 1991, when he was a Colonel, he replaced Colonel Lima Dataona as local commander on Bougainville Island, during a civil uprising. Security Challenges described him as a "hardliner". It said he led an unauthorized landing on Bouganville, that was counter to an interim ceasefire Papua New Guinea's civilian leadership had negotiated with Bouganville rebel forces, and disrupted their attempts to reach a lasting Peace Agreement. Nuia was suspended, after he publicly criticized the Minister of Defence. The final result of the conflict was that the rebels earned Bouganville Island the status of an autonomous region, within Papua New Guinea. In 1997 Nuia served as Commander of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.

text:
# Leo Nuia

**Leo Nuia** was an officer in the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.

In 1991, when he was a Colonel, he replaced Colonel Lima Dataona as local commander on Bougainville Island, during a civil uprising. *Security Challenges* described him as a *"hardliner"*. It said he led an unauthorized landing on Bouganville, that was counter to an interim ceasefire Papua New Guinea's civilian leadership had negotiated with Bouganville rebel forces, and disrupted their attempts to reach a lasting Peace Agreement. Nuia was suspended, after he publicly criticized the Minister of Defence.

The final result of the conflict was that the rebels earned Bouganville Island the status of an autonomous region, within Papua New Guinea.

In 1997 Nuia served as Commander of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.

## InfoBox

| Leo Nuia | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Papua New Guinea |
| Occupation | military officer |
| Known for | was his country's senior military officer |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Papua New Guinea |
| Service/branch | Papua New Guinea Defence Force |
| Years of service | 1991- |
| Rank | Colonel |
|  | |