title: Media in Augusta, Georgia

abstract: Media outlets in the Augusta, Georgia market include eight television stations, 24 FM radio stations, nine AM radio stations, one Internet radio station and numerous print media.

text:
# Media in Augusta, Georgia

Media outlets in the **Augusta, Georgia** (United States) market include eight television stations, 24 FM radio stations, nine AM radio stations, one Internet radio station and numerous print media.

## Television

All broadcast television stations are licensed to Augusta unless otherwise noted:

| Show station details | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Station | Channels
*TV / RF* | Year established | Network affiliations | Station owner |
| **WAGT-CD** | **26 / 30** | 1985 | **26.1: NBC**
**26.2: CW+**
**26.3: Antenna TV** | Gray Television |
| **WAAU-LD** | **23 / 23**
 | 2011 | **23.1: D2D (3AGN)**
**23.2: Telemundo**
**23.3: Tuff TV** | Robert L. Hunnicutt, Inc. |
| **WBPI-CD** | **49**
 | 1992 | Independent | Watchmen Broadcasting |
| **WCES-TV**
(licensed to Wrens, Georgia) | **20 / 6** | 1966 | **20.1: GPB (PBS)**
**20.2: GPB Create**
**20.3: GPB Knowledge**
**20.4: GPB Kids** | Georgia Public Broadcasting |
| **WEBA-TV**
(licensed to Allendale, S.C.) | **14 / 33** | 1967 | **14.1: ETV (PBS)**
**14.2: The South Carolina Channel**
**14.3: ETV World**
**14.4: SCETV PBS Kids** | South Carolina Educational Television |
| **WFXG** | **54 / 36** | 1991 | **54.1: Fox**
**54.2: Bounce TV**
**54.3: Grit**
**54.4: Court TV** | Lockwood Broadcast Group |
| **WJBF** | **6 / 28** | 1953 | **6.1: ABC**
**6.2: Me-TV**
**6.3: Ion Television**
**6.4: Court TV Mystery** | Nexstar Media Group |
| **WRDW-TV** | **12 / 12** | 1954 | **12.1: CBS**
**12.2: WAGT-CD NBC**
**12.3: MyNetworkTV**
**12.4: Circle**
**12.5: True Crime Network** | Gray Television |

## Radio

### FM radio stations

Stations broadcasting on the FM frequency:

| Show station details | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Frequency | Station | Station branding | Station format | Owner |
| 88.3 | WAFJ | WAFJ 88.3 | Christian contemporary | Radio Training Network |
| 89.1 | WLJK |  | Public broadcasting | U.S. state of South Carolina |
| 90.7 | WACG-FM |  | Public broadcasting | U.S. state of Georgia |
| 91.7 | WLPE | Good News Network | Christian radio | Barinowski Investment Company |
| 92.3 | WAEG | Smooth Jazz 92.3 | Smooth jazz | Perry Broadcasting |
| 92.5 | WEKS | The Bear 92.5 | Country | Legacy Media Holdings, LLC |
| 92.7 | WLFW | The Life FM | Southern gospel | The Power Foundation |
| 92.9 | WYBO | The Soul Mine | Classic soul | John Smith |
| 93.9 | WDRR | 93.9 Bob FM | Adult hits | Beasley Broadcast Group |
| 94.7 | WAAW | Rejoice 94.7 | Urban gospel | Frank Neely |
| 95.1 | WGAC-FM | NewsTalk WGAC | News talk | Beasley Broadcast Group |
| 95.5 | WCHZ | HOT 95.5/93.1 | Classic urban | Beasley Broadcast Group |
| 96.3 | WKSP | 96.3 Kiss-FM | Urban adult contemporary | Clear Channel Communications |
| 96.9 | WTHB-FM | Praise 96.9 | Urban gospel | Perry Broadcasting |
| 97.9 | WIIZ | The Wiz 97.9 | Mainstream urban | Nicwild Communications, Inc. |
| 98.3 | WHHD | HD98.3 | Contemporary hit radio | Beasley Broadcast Group |
| 99.5 | WKXC-FM | Kicks 99 | Country | Beasley Broadcast Group |
| 100.3 | WRMK-LP | Faith 100.3 FM | Religious | The Good News Church (Augusta) |
| 100.9 | WAKB | Magic 100.9 | Urban adult contemporary | Perry Broadcasting |
| 101.5 | W268AS | Good News Network | Religious | Augusta Radio Fellowship Institute, Inc. |
| 101.7 | WTHO | WTHO 101.7 | Country | Camellia City Communications, Inc. |
| 101.9 | W270CY |  | News/talk | Beasley Broadcast Group |
| 102.3 | WEKL | Eagle 102.3 | Classic rock | Aloha Station Trust, LLC |
| 102.7 | WGUS-FM | 102.7 WGUS | Southern gospel | Beasley Broadcast Group |
| 103.1 | WFXA | 103JAMZ The Fox | Mainstream urban | Perry Broadcasting |
| 103.7 | WKZK | Sonshine 103.7 | Urban gospel | Gospel Radio Inc |
| 104.3 | WBBQ | 104.3 WBBQ | Adult contemporary | Clear Channel Communications |
| 105.3 | W287CG | Freedom Radio FM | Christian radio | Edgewater Broadcasting, Inc |
| 105.7 | WLUB | The Bull 105.7 | Country | iHeartMedia, Inc. |
| 106.3 | W292EE | 106.3 Bull Icons | Classic country | iHeartMedia, Inc. |
| 106.5 | WMCD |  | Sports | Radio Statesboro, Inc. |
| 106.7 | WTCB | B106.7 | Adult contemporary | Cumulus Media |
| 107.1 | WYFA | BBN | Religious radio | Bible Broadcasting Network |
| 107.7 | WPRW | Power 107 | Urban contemporary | Clear Channel Communications |

### AM radio stations

Stations broadcasting on the AM frequency:

| Show station details | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Frequency | Station | Station branding | Station format | Network affiliations | Owner |
| 580 | WGAC | WGAC/580 News Talk Radio | Talk radio | CBS Radio
Premiere Radio Networks
Westwood One | Beasley Broadcast Group |
| 1050 | WFAM | WFAM AM 1050 | Christian radio | Salem Radio Network | Wilkins Communications Network |
| 1230 | WEZO | The Blaze | Adult standards |  | Savannah River Radio Inc. |
| 1340 | WYNF | ESPN 1340 | Sports Radio | ESPN Radio | Clear Channel Communications |
| 1380 | WNRR | WNRR/1380 News Talk Radio | Talk radio | Fox Radio
Premiere Radio Networks
Westwood One
TRN Radio Networks | MMTC |
| 1550 | WTHB | The Voice 1550 WTHB-AM | Talk radio/Gospel |  | Perry Broadcasting |
| 1600 | WKZK | Sonshine 16 WKZK 1600 AM | Urban Gospel |  | Gospel Radio Inc |

### Internet radio station

Stations broadcasting solely on the Internet:

| Show station details | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Station | Station branding | Station format | Owner |
| Solid Rock Radio | Plug In To The Rock | Christian Rock | William Lee Moore |

Local newspapers based in Augusta:

| Newspaper name | Type | Circulation | Owner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *The Augusta Chronicle* | Daily newspaper | 70,000 | Morris Communications |
| *Augusta Medical Examiner* | Twice-monthly newspaper
Local and national health and medical news | 30,000+ | www.AugustaRx.com |
| *The Metro Courier* | Weekly newspaper
Targeted to the African American community |  |  |
| *Metro Spirit* | Free newspaper
Alternative news weekly | 23,000 |  |
| *The Augusta Press* | Daily online newspaper |  |  |


title: Media in Baltimore

abstract: Baltimore is a major media market, even though the city is only a 45-minute drive northeast of Washington, D.C. The city's primary daily newspaper, The Baltimore Sun, and other Baltimore-area affiliated newspapers are property of David Smith, executive chairman of Sinclair Broadcast Group, who owns more than 200 television stations, including Fox 45. Baltimore is the 24th largest television market and 21st largest radio market in the country.

text:
# Media in Baltimore

**Baltimore is a major media market**, even though the city is only a 45-minute drive northeast of Washington, D.C.

The city's primary daily newspaper, *The Baltimore Sun*, and other Baltimore-area affiliated newspapers are property of David Smith, executive chairman of Sinclair Broadcast Group, who owns more than 200 television stations, including Fox 45. Baltimore is the 24th largest television market and 21st largest radio market in the country.

## Newspapers

### Digital newspapers

### Defunct newspapers

## Television

The Baltimore television market includes the city and ten counties in northeastern Maryland. Due to Baltimore's proximity to Washington, D.C., local viewers can also receive the signal of most television stations broadcasting in the Washington television market.

The following is a list of television stations licensed to and/or broadcasting from Baltimore, with network owned-and-operated stations highlighted in **bold**:

| Display<br>Channel | Network | Callsign | City of License | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2.1 | ABC | WMAR-TV | Baltimore, Maryland | Broadcasts from Towson, Maryland |
| **2.2** | Grit TV | | | |
| **2.3** | Bounce TV | | | |
| **2.4** | Court TV Mystery | | | |
| **2.5** | Court TV | | | |
| **2.6** |  | | | |
| **2.7** | Scripps News |
| 11.1 | NBC | WBAL-TV | Baltimore, Maryland |  |
| 11.2 | Me-TV | | | |
| 11.4 | TheGrio.tv | | | |
| **13.1** | CBS | **WJZ-TV** | Baltimore, Maryland |  |
| 13.2 | Start TV | | | |
| 13.3 | Dabl | | | |
| 13.4 | Fave TV | | | |
| 13.5 | Catchy Comedy |
| 13.6 | Movies! |
| 24.1 | TBD | WUTB | Baltimore, Maryland |  |
| 45.1 | FOX | WBFF | Baltimore, Maryland |  |
| 45.2 | MyNetworkTV | | | |
| **45.4** | Charge! | | | |
| 54.1 | CW | WNUV | Baltimore, Maryland |  |
| 54.2 | Antenna TV | | | |
| 54.3 | Comet | | | |
| 54.4 | Stadium | | | |
| 67.1 | PBS | WMPB | Baltimore, Maryland | Broadcasts from studios in Owings Mills, Maryland |
| 67.2 | MPT2 | | | |
| 67.3 | PBS Kids | | | |
| 67.4 | NHK World | | | |
|

Two other stations broadcasting from the greater Baltimore Metropolitan Area include: WMJF-CD, an Ion Television affiliate which transmits on Channel 39 (with additional subchannels) from Towson University campus in Towson, Maryland; (Baltimore County), and

WQAW-LD, an Azteca affiliate broadcasting on Channel 69, (also with additional subchannels) in Lake Shore, Maryland (Anne Arundel County).

Cable channels based in the Baltimore area include:

## Radio

## Magazines

### Defunct magazines


title: Media in Banff, Alberta

abstract: This is a list of media in Banff, Alberta.

text:
# Media in Banff, Alberta

This is a list of **media in Banff, Alberta**.

## Radio

| Call sign | Frequency | Owner | Format | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CKRY-FM-2 | 93.3 FM | Corus Entertainment | country | Rebroadcaster of CKRY-FM Calgary |
| CJAQ-FM-1 | 94.1 FM | Rogers Communications | adult hits | Rebroadcaster of CJAQ-FM Calgary |
| CJAY-FM-1 | 95.1 FM | Bell Media | active rock | Rebroadcaster of CJAY-FM Calgary |
| CBRB-FM | 96.3 FM | CBC Radio One | public news/talk | Rebroadcaster of CBR (AM) Calgary |
| CHFM-FM-1 | 99.3 FM | Rogers Media | adult contemporary | Rebroadcaster of CHFM-FM Calgary |
| CFGQ-FM-2 | 100.1 FM | Corus Entertainment | news/talk | Rebroadcaster of CFGQ-FM Calgary |
| CFPE-FM | 101.1 FM | Friends of Banff National Park Fellowship | tourist/park information (English) |  |
| CFPF-FM | 103.3 FM | Friends of Banff National Park Fellowship | tourist/park information (French) |  |
| CKUA-FM-14 | 104.3 FM | CKUA Radio Foundation | public broadcasting | Rebroadcaster of CKUA Edmonton |
| CHMN-FM-1 | 106.5 FM | Rogers Media | adult contemporary | Rebroadcaster of CHMN-FM Canmore |

CFPE-FM and CFPF-FM are Banff's only local radio stations. The rest of the stations are rebroadcasters from Calgary, one out of Canmore, and another out of Edmonton. All serve the population of Banff.

Although all other radio stations originating from Calgary do not rebroadcast their signals into Banff, they can be heard in Banff as well, depending on elevation. For example, CBR-FM, a CBC Music affiliate that broadcasts at 102.1 FM and CIBK-FM 98.5 FM. Some of Red Deer's originating FM signals can also be heard in Banff.

To see a complete list of media in Calgary go to: Media in Calgary.

## Television

All terrestrial television stations in the Banff area are repeaters of stations and networks that originate from Calgary.

The region is not designated as, nor part of, a mandatory market for digital television conversion. Only CICT-TV announced its intention to convert its transmitters to digital.

| **Analog channel** | **Digital channel** | **Callsign** | **Network** | **Notes** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 |  | CFCN-TV-2 | CTV | Repeater of CFCN-DT Calgary |
| 13 |  | CICT-TV-2 | Global | Repeater of CICT-DT Calgary |

## Print


title: Mecyna flavalis

abstract: Mecyna flavalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is known from most of Europe to Japan. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. The wingspan is 25–29 mm. Adults are on wing from July to August. The larvae feed on Galium mollugo, Artemisia campestris, Ballota, Reseda and Urtica urens.

text:
# Mecyna flavalis

***Mecyna flavalis*** is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is known from most of Europe (except Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia and Ukraine) to Japan. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775.

The wingspan is 25–29 mm. Adults are on wing from July to August.

The larvae feed on *Galium mollugo*, *Artemisia campestris*, *Ballota*, *Reseda* and *Urtica urens*.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyna flavalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyna* |
| Species: | ***M. flavalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyna flavalis***<br>(Denis & Schiffermuller, 1775) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pyralis flavalis* Denis & Schiffermuller, 1775 * *Uresiphita flavalis* * *Mecyna fluvalis* Mutuura, 1954 * *Mecyna luteoflavalis* Mutuura, 1954 * *Pyrausta flavalis* var. *cuencalis* Caradja, 1916 * *Pyrausta flaviculalis* Caradja, 1916 * *Pyrausta paludalis* Rougemont, 1906 | |


title: McKenzie and Condon's Chicagoans

abstract: McKenzie and Condon's Chicagoans was an American jazz band from Chicago, led by banjo player Eddie Condon and sponsored by singer and comb player Red McKenzie. Their four recordings in December 1927 were important influences on early Chicago style jazz. The group got together in 1962 for a reunion, to record the album Chicago and All That Jazz. Pee Wee Russell replaced Frank Teschemacher, who had died in 1932, on the clarinet, and Bob Haggart filled in for the retired bassist Jim Lanigan. Trombonist Jack Teagarden joined the group for the sessions.

text:
# McKenzie and Condon's Chicagoans

**McKenzie and Condon's Chicagoans** was an American jazz band from Chicago, led by banjo player Eddie Condon and sponsored by singer and comb player Red McKenzie. Their four recordings in December 1927 were important influences on early Chicago style jazz.

The group got together in 1962 for a reunion, to record the album *Chicago and All That Jazz*. Pee Wee Russell replaced Frank Teschemacher, who had died in 1932, on the clarinet, and Bob Haggart filled in for the retired bassist Jim Lanigan. Trombonist Jack Teagarden joined the group for the sessions.

## Recordings

| Date | Title | Writer | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1927-12-08 | "China Boy" | Phil Boutelje, Dick Winfree |  |
| 1927-12-08 | "Sugar" | Milton Ager, Frank Crum, Red Nichols, Jack Yellen | Not to be confused with Maceo Pinkard's "Sugar" (1927) |
| 1927-12-16 | "Liza" | Eddie Condon, Red McKenzie, Aaron Rubin | Not to be confused with George Gershwin's "Liza (All the Clouds'll Roll Away)" |
| 1927-12-16 | "Nobody's Sweetheart" | Ernie Erdman, Gus Kahn, Billy Meyers, Elmer Schoebel | Also known as "You're Nobody's Sweetheart Now" |

## Personnel


title: Media Foundation

abstract: Media Foundation (MF) is a COM-based multimedia framework pipeline and infrastructure platform for digital media in Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, and Windows 11. It is the intended replacement for Microsoft DirectShow, Windows Media SDK, DirectX Media Objects (DMOs) and all other so-called "legacy" multimedia APIs such as Audio Compression Manager (ACM) and Video for Windows (VfW). The existing DirectShow technology is intended to be replaced by Media Foundation step-by-step, starting with a few features. For some time there will be a co-existence of Media Foundation and DirectShow. Media Foundation will not be available for previous Windows versions, including Windows XP. The first release, present in Windows Vista, focuses on audio and video playback quality, high-definition content, content protection and a more unified approach for digital data access control for digital rights management (DRM) and its interoperability. It integrates DXVA 2.0 for offloading more of the video processing pipeline to hardware, for better performance. Videos are processed in the colorspace they were encoded in, and are handed off to the hardware, which composes the image in its native colorspace. This prevents intermediate colorspace conversions to improve performance. MF includes a new video renderer, called Enhanced Video Renderer (EVR), which is the next iteration of VMR 7 and 9. EVR has better support for playback timing and synchronization. It uses the Multimedia Class Scheduler Service (MMCSS), a new service that prioritizes real time multimedia processing, to reserve the resources required for the playback, without any tearing or glitches. The second release included in Windows 7 introduces expanded media format support and DXVA HD for acceleration of HD content if WDDM 1.1 drivers are used.

text:
# Media Foundation

**Media Foundation** (**MF**) is a COM-based multimedia framework pipeline and infrastructure platform for digital media in Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, and Windows 11. It is the intended replacement for Microsoft DirectShow, Windows Media SDK, DirectX Media Objects (DMOs) and all other so-called "legacy" multimedia APIs such as Audio Compression Manager (ACM) and Video for Windows (VfW). The existing DirectShow technology is intended to be replaced by Media Foundation step-by-step, starting with a few features. For some time there will be a co-existence of Media Foundation and DirectShow. Media Foundation will not be available for previous Windows versions, including Windows XP.

The first release, present in Windows Vista, focuses on audio and video playback quality, high-definition content (i.e. HDTV), content protection and a more unified approach for digital data access control for digital rights management (DRM) and its interoperability. It integrates DXVA 2.0 for offloading more of the video processing pipeline to hardware, for better performance. Videos are processed in the colorspace they were encoded in, and are handed off to the hardware, which composes the image in its native colorspace. This prevents intermediate colorspace conversions to improve performance. MF includes a new video renderer, called *Enhanced Video Renderer* (EVR), which is the next iteration of VMR 7 and 9. EVR has better support for playback timing and synchronization. It uses the Multimedia Class Scheduler Service (MMCSS), a new service that prioritizes real time multimedia processing, to reserve the resources required for the playback, without any tearing or glitches.

The second release included in Windows 7 introduces expanded media format support and DXVA HD for acceleration of HD content if WDDM 1.1 drivers are used.

## Architecture

The MF architecture is divided into the *Control layer*, *Core Layer* and the *Platform layer*. The core layer encapsulates most of the functionality of Media Foundation. It consists of the media foundation pipeline, which has three components: *Media Source*, *Media Sink* and *Media Foundation Transforms* (MFT). A media source is an object that acts as the source of multimedia data, either compressed or uncompressed. It can encapsulate various data sources, like a file, or a network server or even a camcorder, with source specific functionality abstracted by a common interface. A source object can use a *source resolver* object which creates a media source from an URI, file or bytestream. Support for non-standard protocols can be added by creating a source resolver for them. A source object can also use a *sequencer* object to use a sequence of sources (a playlist) or to coalesce multiple sources into single logical source. A media sink is the recipient of processed multimedia data. A media sink can either be a *renderer sink*, which renders the content on an output device, or an *archive sink*, which saves the content onto a persistent storage system such as a file. A renderer sink takes uncompressed data as input whereas an archive sink can take either compressed or uncompressed data, depending on the output type. The data from media sources to sinks are acted upon by MFTs; MFTs are certain functions which transform the data into another form. MFTs can include multiplexers and demultiplexers, codecs or DSP effects like reverb. The *core layer* uses services like file access and networking and clock synchronization to time the multimedia rendering. These are part of the *Platform layer*, which provides services necessary for accessing the source and sink byte streams, presentation clocks and an object model that lets the core layer components function asynchronously, and is generally implemented as OS services. Pausing, stopping, fast forward, reverse or time-compression can be achieved by controlling the presentation clock.

However, the media pipeline components are not connected; rather they are just presented as discrete components. An application running in the *Control layer* has to choose which source types, transforms and sinks are needed for the particular video processing task at hand, and set up the "connections" between the components (a *topology*) to complete the data flow pipeline. For example, to play back a compressed audio/video file, the pipeline will consist of a file source object, a demultiplexer for the specific file container format to split the audio and video streams, codecs to decompress the audio and video streams, DSP processors for audio and video effects and finally the EVR renderer, in sequence. Or for a video capture application, the camcorder will act as video and audio sources, on which codec MFTs will work to compress the data and feed to a multiplexer that coalesces the streams into a container; and finally a file sink or a network sink will write it to a file or stream over a network. The application also has to co-ordinate the flow of data between the pipeline components. The control layer has to "pull" (request) samples from one pipeline component and pass it onto the next component in order to achieve data flow within the pipeline. This is in contrast to DirectShow's "push" model where a pipeline component pushes data to the next component. Media Foundation allows content protection by hosting the pipeline within a protected execution environment, called the Protected Media Path. The control layer components are required to propagate the data through the pipeline at a rate that the rendering synchronizes with the presentation clock. The rate (or time) of rendering is embedded as a part of the multimedia stream as metadata. The source objects extract the metadata and pass it over. Metadata is of two types: *coded metadata*, which is information about bit rate and presentation timings, and *descriptive metadata*, like title and author names. Coded metadata is handed over to the object that controls the pipeline session, and descriptive metadata is exposed for the application to use if it chooses to.

Media Foundation provides a *Media Session* object that can be used to set up the topologies, and facilitate a data flow, without the application doing it explicitly. It exists in the control layer, and exposes a *Topology loader* object. The application specifies the required pipeline topology to the loader, which then creates the necessary connections between the components. The media session object manages the job of synchronizing with the presentation clock. It creates the presentation clock object, and passes a reference to it to the sink. It then uses the timer events from the clock to propagate data along the pipeline. It also changes the state of the clock to handle pause, stop or resume requests from the application.

### Practical MF Architectures

Theoretically there is only one Media Foundation architecture and this is the Media Session, Pipeline, Media Source, Transform and Media Sink model. However this architecture can be complex to set up and there is considerable scope for lightweight, relatively easy to configure MF components designed to handle the processing of media data for simple point solutions. Thus practical considerations necessitated the implementation of variations on the fundamental Pipeline design and components such as the Source Reader and Sink Writer which operate outside the Pipeline model were developed. Some sources split the Media Foundation architecture into three general classes.

* The Pipeline Architecture
* The Reader-Writer Architecture
* Hybrids between the Pipeline and Reader-Writer Architectures

The Pipeline Architecture is distinguished by the use of a distinct Media Session object and Pipeline. The media data flows from one or more Media Sources to one or more Media Sinks and, optionally, through zero or more Media Transforms. It is the Media Session that manages the flow of the media data through the Pipeline and that Pipeline can have multiple forks and branches. An MF application can get access to the media data as it traverses from a Media Source to a Media Sink by implementing a custom Media Transform component and inserting it in an appropriate location in the Pipeline.

The Reader-Writer Architecture uses a component called a Source Reader to provide the media data and a Sink Writer component to consume it. The Source Reader does contain a type of internal pipeline but this is not accessible to the application. A Source Reader is not a Media Source and a Sink Writer is not a Media Sink and neither can be directly included in a Pipeline or managed by a Media Session. In general, the media data flows from the Source Reader to the Sink Writer by the actions of the application. The application will either take the packets of media data (called Media Samples) from the Source Reader and give them directly them to the Sink Writer or it will set up a callback function on the Source Reader which performs the same operation. In effect, as it manages the data transport, the application itself performs a similar role to that of the Media Session in a Pipeline Architecture application. Since the MF application manages the transmission of the Media Samples between the Source Reader and Sink Writer it will always have access to the raw media data. The Source Reader and Sink Writer components do have a limited ability to automatically load Media Transforms to assist with the conversion of the format of the media data, however, this is done internally and the application has little control over it.

The Source Reader and Sink Writer provide ease of use and the Pipeline Architecture offers extremely sophisticated control over the flow of the media data. However, many of the components available to a Pipeline (such as the Enhanced Video Renderer) are simply not readily usable in a Reader-Writer architecture application. Since the structure of a Media Sample produced by a Source Reader is identical to that output by a Media Source it is possible to set up a Pipeline Architecture in which the Media Samples are intercepted as they pass through the Pipeline and a copy is given to a Media Sink. This is known as a Hybrid Architecture and it makes it possible to have an application which takes advantage of the sophisticated processing abilities of the Media Session and Pipeline while utilizing the ease of use of a Sink Writer. The Sink Writer is not part of the Pipeline and it does not interact with the Media Session. In effect, the media data is processed by a special Media Sink called a Sample Grabber Sink which consumes the media data and hands a copy off to the Sink Writer as it does so. It is also possible to implement a Hybrid Architecture with a custom Media Transform which copies the Media Samples and passes them to a Sink Writer as they pass through the Pipeline. In both cases a special component in the Pipeline effectively acts like a simple Reader-Writer application and feeds a Sink Writer. In general, Hybrid Architectures use a Pipeline and a Sink Writer. Theoretically, it is possible to implement a mechanism in which a Source Reader could somehow inject Media Samples into a Pipeline but, unlike the Sample Grabber Sink, no such standard component exists.

### Media Foundation Transform

Media Foundation Transforms (MFTs) represent a generic model for processing media data. They are used in Media Foundation primarily to implement decoders, encoders, mixers and digital signal processors (DSPs) – between *media sources* and *media sinks*. Media Foundation Transforms are an evolution of the transform model first introduced with DirectX Media Objects (DMOs). Their behaviors are more clearly specified. Hybrid DMO/MFT Objects can also be created. Applications can use MFTs inside the Media Foundation pipeline, or use them directly as stand-alone objects. MFTs can be any of the following type:

* Audio and video codecs
* Audio and video effects
* Multiplexers and demultiplexers
* Tees
* Color-space converters
* Sample-rate converters
* Video scalers

Microsoft recommends developers to write a *Media Foundation Transform* instead of a DirectShow filter, for Windows Vista, Windows 7 & Windows 8. For video editing and video capture, Microsoft recommends using DirectShow as they are not the primary focus of Media Foundation in Windows Vista. Starting with Windows 7, MFTs also support hardware-accelerated video processing, encoding and decoding for AVStream-based media devices.

### Enhanced Video Renderer

Media Foundation uses the Enhanced Video Renderer (EVR) for rendering video content, which acts as a mixer as well. It can mix up to 16 simultaneous streams, with the first stream being a *reference stream*. All but the reference stream can have per-pixel transparency information, as well as any specified z-order. The reference stream cannot have transparent pixels, and has a fixed z-order position, at the back of all streams. The final image is composited onto a single surface by coloring each pixel according to the color and transparency of the corresponding pixel in all streams.

Internally, the EVR uses a *mixer* object for mixing the streams. It can also deinterlace the output and apply color correction, if required. The composited frame is handed off to a *presenter* object, which schedules them for rendering onto a Direct3D device, which it shares with the DWM and other applications using the device. The frame rate of the output video is synchronized with the frame rate of the reference stream. If any of the other streams (called *substreams*) have a different frame rate, EVR discards the extra frames (if the substream has a higher frame rate), or uses the same frame more than once (if it has a lower frame rate).

### Supported media formats

Windows Media Audio and Windows Media Video are the only default supported formats for encoding through Media Foundation in Windows Vista. For decoding, an MP3 file source is available in Windows Vista to read MP3 streams but an MP3 file sink to output MP3 is only available in Windows 7. Format support is extensible however; developers can add support for other formats by writing encoder/decoder MFTs and/or custom media sources/media sinks.

Windows 7 expands upon the codec support available in Windows Vista. It includes AVI, WAV, AAC/ADTS file sources to read the respective formats, an MPEG-4 file source to read MP4, M4A, M4V, MP4V, MOV and 3GP container formats and an MPEG-4 file sink to output to MP4 format.

Similar to Windows Vista, transcoding (encoding) support is not exposed through any built-in Windows application but several codecs are included as Media Foundation Transforms (MFTs). In addition to Windows Media Audio and Windows Media Video encoders and decoders, and ASF file sink and file source introduced in Windows Vista, Windows 7 includes an H.264 encoder with Baseline profile level 3 and Main profile support and an AAC Low Complexity (AAC-LC) profile encoder

For playback of various media formats, Windows 7 also introduces an H.264 decoder with Baseline, Main, and High-profile support, up to level 5.1, AAC-LC and HE-AAC v1 (SBR) multichannel, HE-AAC v2 (PS) stereo decoders, MPEG-4 Part 2 Simple Profile and Advanced Simple Profile decoders which includes decoding popular codec implementations such as DivX, Xvid and Nero Digital as well as MJPEG and DV MFT decoders for AVI. Windows Media Player 12 uses the built-in Media Foundation codecs to play these formats by default.

MIDI playback is also not yet supported using Media Foundation.

## Application support

Applications that support Media Foundation include:

Any application that uses Protected Media Path in Windows also uses Media Foundation.


title: Md5deep

abstract: md5deep is a software package used in the computer security, system administration and computer forensics communities to run large numbers of files through any of several different cryptographic digests. It was originally authored by Jesse Kornblum, at the time a special agent of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations. As of 2017, he still maintains it. The name md5deep is misleading. Since version 2.0, the md5deep package contains several different programs able to perform MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, Tiger192 and Whirlpool digests, each of them named by the digest type followed by the word "deep". Thus, the name may confuse some people into thinking it only provides the MD5 algorithm when the package supports many more. md5deep can be invoked in several different ways. Typically users operate it recursively, where md5deep walks through one directory at a time giving digests of each file found, and recursing into any subdirectories within. Its recursive behavior is approximately a depth-first search, which has the benefit of presenting files in lexicographical order. On Unix-like systems, similar functionality can be often obtained by combining find with hashing utilities such as md5sum, sha256sum or tthsum. md5deep exists for Windows and most Unix-based systems, including OS X. It is present in OS X's Fink, Homebrew and MacPorts projects. Binary packages exist for most free Unix systems. Many vendors initially resist including md5deep as they mistakenly believe its functions can be reproduced with one line of shell scripting. The matching function of the program, however, cannot be done easily in shell. Because md5deep was written by an employee of the U.S. government, on government time, it is in the public domain. Other software surrounding it, such as graphical front-ends, may be copyrighted.

text:
# Md5deep

**md5deep** is a software package used in the computer security, system administration and computer forensics communities to run large numbers of files through any of several different cryptographic digests. It was originally authored by Jesse Kornblum, at the time a special agent of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations. As of 2017, he still maintains it.

The name *md5deep* is misleading. Since version 2.0, the *md5deep* package contains several different programs able to perform MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, Tiger192 and Whirlpool digests, each of them named by the digest type followed by the word "deep". Thus, the name may confuse some people into thinking it only provides the MD5 algorithm when the package supports many more.

*md5deep* can be invoked in several different ways. Typically users operate it recursively, where *md5deep* walks through one directory at a time giving digests of each file found, and recursing into any subdirectories within. Its recursive behavior is approximately a depth-first search, which has the benefit of presenting files in lexicographical order. On Unix-like systems, similar functionality can be often obtained by combining find with hashing utilities such as md5sum, sha256sum or tthsum.

*md5deep* exists for Windows and most Unix-based systems, including OS X. It is present in OS X's *Fink*, *Homebrew* and MacPorts projects. Binary packages exist for most free Unix systems. Many vendors initially resist including *md5deep* as they mistakenly believe its functions can be reproduced with one line of shell scripting. The matching function of the program, however, cannot be done easily in shell.

Because *md5deep* was written by an employee of the U.S. government, on government time, it is in the public domain. Other software surrounding it, such as graphical front-ends, may be copyrighted.

* Hash functions MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2 (which includes SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512)

## InfoBox

**md5deep** (and **hashdeep**)
| Original author(s) | Jesse Kornblum |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | Jesse Kornblum |
|  | |
| Stable release | 4.4 / January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29) |
|  | |
| Repository |  |
| Written in | C++ |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| License | Public domain software (except for GPLv2-licensed Tiger hash function from Libgcrypt) |
| Website | github.com/jessek/hashdeep/ |


title: Md. Zillul Hakim

abstract: Md. Zillul Hakim is a Bangladesh Awami League politician who served as the minister of railways and a former Jatiya Sangsad member representing the Rajbari-2 constituency.

text:
# Md. Zillul Hakim

**Md. Zillul Hakim** (born 2 January 1954) is a Bangladesh Awami League politician who served as the minister of railways and a former Jatiya Sangsad member representing the Rajbari-2 constituency.

## Early life

Hakim was born on 2 January 1954. He has a master's degree in art.

## Career

Hakim was elected to parliament for Rajbari-2 in 2008 and 2014 as a Bangladesh Awami League (BAL) candidate. On 6 March 2018, he inaugurated a BAL office built on 8 decimal of Zila Parishad and Water Development Board land in Baliakandi Upazila, Rajbari District.

## InfoBox

| Md. Zillul Hakim | |
| --- | --- |
| মোঃ জিল্লুল হাকিম | |
|  | |
| Minister of Railways | |
| **In office**
11 January 2024  6 August 2024 | |
| Prime Minister | Sheikh Hasina |
| Preceded by | Md. Nurul Islam Sujon |
| Member of the Bangladesh Parliament
for Rajbari-2 | |
| **In office**
7 January 2008  6 August 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Nasirul Haque Sabu |
| **In office**
13 June 1996  2 November 2001 | |
| Preceded by | Khandaker Sadrul Amin Habib |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1954-01-02) 2 January 1954 |
| Political party | Bangladesh Awami League |
|  | |


abstract: The Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010 is a federal law of the United States, enacted in 2010. The law was first introduced into the House as H.R. 4994 on April 13, 2010, by Rep. John Lewis (D-GA) with 20 cosponsors. It was then referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means and the House Committee on the Budget. The bill was signed by President Barack Obama on December 15, 2010, after passing in Congress.

text:
# Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010

The **Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010** is a federal law of the United States, enacted in 2010. The law was first introduced into the House as H.R. 4994 on April 13, 2010, by Rep. John Lewis (D-GA) with 20 cosponsors. It was then referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means and the House Committee on the Budget.

The bill was signed by President Barack Obama on December 15, 2010, after passing in Congress.

## Elements of the law

The law prevented implementation of the 2010 conversion factor for the Medicare Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR). The SGR determines how much money Medicare will pay physicians and other health care providers for health services. Pursuant to this law, the SGR will not be modified until January 1, 2012.

## InfoBox

Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010 |
| Enacted by | the 111th United States Congress |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 111-309 |
| Legislative history | |
| * **Introduced** in the House as H.R. 4994 by John Lewis on April 13, 2010 * **Committee consideration** by Committee on Ways and Means, Committee on Budget * **Passed the House** on April 14, 2010 (399 - 9) * **Passed the Senate** on December 8, 2010 (Unanimous Consent) with amendment * **House agreed to Senate amendment** on December 9, 2010 (409 - 2) * **Signed into law** by President Barack Obama on December 15, 2010 | |


title: Weza Forest

abstract: The Weza Forest is also known as the Weza-Ngele Forest and is situated near Harding, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This is a large Mistbelt Forest which has long been exploited for timber. The forest has been fragmented and reduced in size over many decades.

text:
# Weza Forest

The **Weza Forest** is also known as the **Weza-Ngele Forest** and is situated near Harding, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This is a large Mistbelt Forest which has long been exploited for timber. The forest has been fragmented and reduced in size over many decades.

## Biodiversity

It is an important site for the endangered Cape parrot (*Poicephalus robustus robustus*). A species of Dwarf Chameleon lives here which is related to, or conspecific with the black-headed dwarf chameleon. The Critically Endangered pink velvet worm (*Opisthopatus roseus*) is only known to occur in Weza Forest.

## Bibliography

* Pooley, E. 1993. The Complete Field Guide to Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei, - ISBN 0-620-17697-0.
* Tolley, K. and Burger, M. 2007. Chameleons of Southern Africa. ISBN 978-1-77007-375-3.


title: Samtiden

abstract: Samtiden is a Norwegian political and literary magazine.

text:
# Samtiden

***Samtiden*** is a Norwegian political and literary magazine.

## History and profile

*Samtiden* was founded by Jørgen Brunchorst and Gerhard Gran in 1890. The magazine's first publisher was *John Griegs forlag* (Bergen), and from 1900 Aschehoug (Oslo).

Gran was the magazine's editor from 1892 to 1925. As of 2002 Thomas Hylland Eriksen was the editor-in-chief of the magazine. Cathrine Sandnes was editor-in-chief since 2006 to 2014.

*Samtiden* is a member of the Eurozine network.

## Editors

## InfoBox

*Samtiden*
| Editor | Magne Lerø (2022-present) |
| --- | --- |
| Former editors | Former editors Jørgen Brunchorst and Gerhard Gran (1890-1891)
Gerhard Gran (1892-1925)
Jacob S. Worm-Müller (1925-1940, 1945-1963)
A. H. Winsnes (1940-1942)
John Sanness (1963-1969)
Torkel Opsahl (1969–79)
Helge Rønning, Mariken Vaa and others (1979-1988)
Trond Berg Eriksen (1989–1993)
Thomas Hylland Eriksen (1993–2001)
Knut Olav Åmås 2001–2006)
Cathrine Sandnes (2006-2014) |
| Categories | politics, literature |
| Frequency | 4 per year |
| Publisher | Aschehoug |
| Founded | 1890 (1890) |
| Country | Norway |
| Language | Norwegian |
| Website | www.samtiden.no |
| ISSN | 0036-3928 |
| OCLC | 464037763 |


title: Claribel Kendall

abstract: Claribel Kendall was an American mathematician.

text:
# Claribel Kendall

**Claribel Kendall** (January 23, 1889 – April 17, 1965) was an American mathematician.

## Education

Born in Denver, Colorado, Kendall received her Bachelor and Bachelor of Education from the University of Colorado in 1912. Kendall also went on to receive her master's degree in 1914 with a focus in mathematics. She studied mathematics in an era when women were increasingly seeking a college education and slowly beginning to move into math and science, fields that had traditionally been exclusively male. Her master's thesis was on “Pre Associative Syzygies in Linear Algebra."

While completing her master's degree, Kendall began teaching in the mathematics department at the University of Colorado in 1913. After receiving her master's degree, she began to work towards her doctorate. Kendall entered the University of Chicago as a student and spent several summers between 1915 and 1918 there\*. In 1920 she received a fellowship from the University of Chicago to aid in the completion of her degree. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in January 1922. Kendall wrote her doctoral thesis on “Certain Congruences Determined by a Given Surface”, under Professor Ernest Julius Wilczynski. Kendall's work went on to be published in the *American Journal of Mathematics* in 1923.

## Career

Kendall taught at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1913 until her retirement in 1957, being promoted to full professor by 1944. Kendall directed ten master's theses at Colorado; eight of which were by women. Kendall was a member of the Christian Science Church. Kendall was also Secretary of the University of California chapter of Phi Beta Kappa for over 30 years. Kendall was also a contributor to the solutions of problems in the American Mathematical Monthly.

## Awards

Kendall was the first member of the department to receive the Robert L. Stearns Award from the University of Colorado, Boulder for “outstanding service or achievement”. She was also a charter member of the Mathematical Association of America and one of the founders of the Rocky Mountain Section of the MAA in 1917.

* Louise S. Grinstein (Editor), Paul J. Campbell (Editor) (1987). *Women of Mathematics: A Bio-Bibliographic Sourcebook*. Greenwood Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-313-24849-8. pp. 92–94.

## InfoBox

| Claribel Kendall | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1889-01-23)January 23, 1889<br>Denver, Colorado, US |
| Died | April 17, 1965(1965-04-17) (aged 76) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Colorado, University of Chicago |
| Occupation | Mathematician |
| Awards | Robert L. Stearns Award |


title: Mary Jarred

abstract: Mary Jarred was an English opera singer of the mid-twentieth century. She is sometimes classed as a mezzo-soprano and sometimes as a contralto.

text:
# Mary Jarred

**Mary Jarred** (9 October 1899  12 December 1993) was an English opera singer of the mid-twentieth century. She is sometimes classed as a mezzo-soprano and sometimes as a contralto.

## Biography

Jarred was born in Brotton, Yorkshire, (now in Redcar and Cleveland), and studied at the Royal College of Music.

### Opera

Jarred began her career singing minor roles at Covent Garden beginning in 1929. On the recommendation of Lauritz Melchior, she was invited to the Hamburg State Opera and remained there as a guest artist for the following three years. Her roles included the Nurse in Richard Strauss's *Die Frau ohne Schatten* and several in contemporary works by Hans Pfitzner and Alban Berg. In 1933, she sang Orpheus in Gluck's *Orpheus and Eurydice* for Sadler's Wells Opera.

At Covent Garden she sang every year from 1933 until 1939, when the theatre closed at the outbreak of war. She sang Erda in Wagner's *Das Rheingold* and *Siegfried*, and Fricka in *Die Walküre*. In 1934, she sang Margret in the first British broadcast performance of Alban Berg's *Wozzeck* for the BBC, conducted by Adrian Boult. During and immediately after the Second World War, Jarred performed in recitals and concerts. She returned to opera in 1953, as the brothel keeper in the British stage première of Stravinsky's *The Rake's Progress*.

### Concerts and later years

In concert, she was famed as contralto soloist in Handel's *Messiah*, J.S. Bach's *St Matthew Passion,* Mendelssohn's *Elijah* and Beethoven's Choral Symphony. She was also a well-known Angel in Elgar's *The Dream of Gerontius*. *The Times* commented: "In all these parts her commitment, sincerity and warmth of personality were abundantly evident." On 5 October 1938, she was one of the original 16 singers in Vaughan Williams's *Serenade to Music*.

After her retirement, she was a professor at the Royal Academy of Music from 1965 to 1973. Along with Eva Turner and Roy Henderson, Mary Jarred took part in a BBC Radio broadcast written and presented by John Steane in 1989 celebrating the 50th anniversary of the *Serenade to Music.*

Jarred died at the age of 94.

## Recordings

Jarred's recordings include the following:


title: Orthetrum saegeri

abstract: Orthetrum saegeri is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps.

text:
# Orthetrum saegeri

***Orthetrum saegeri*** is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps.

## InfoBox

| *Orthetrum saegeri* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Libellulidae |
| Genus: | *Orthetrum* |
| Species: | ***O. saegeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthetrum saegeri***
Pinhey, 1966 | |
|


title: Madawaska-la-Vallée

abstract: Madawaska-la-Vallée was a provincial electoral district which elected one member to the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of New Brunswick, Canada. It was created in the 1994 redrawing of electoral boundaries and dissolved in 2006. It was used in the 1995, 1999 and 2003 elections. Its only MLA was Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick representation Percy Mockler, now a member of the Senate of Canada. In 1994, the district was created largely by merging the districts of Madawaska Centre and Madawaska South. In 2006, most of the district was merged with Restigouche West to form Restigouche-la-Vallée.

text:
# Madawaska-la-Vallée

**Madawaska-la-Vallée** was a provincial electoral district which elected one member to the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of New Brunswick, Canada. It was created in the 1994 redrawing of electoral boundaries and dissolved in 2006. It was used in the 1995, 1999 and 2003 elections. Its only MLA was Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick representation Percy Mockler, now a member of the Senate of Canada.

In 1994, the district was created largely by merging the districts of Madawaska Centre and Madawaska South. In 2006, most of the district was merged with Restigouche West to form Restigouche-la-Vallée.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Assembly | Years | Member | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Riding created from* Madawaska Centre *and* Madawaska South** | | | | |
| 53rd | 1995–1999 |  | Percy Mockler | Progressive Conservative |
| 54th | 1999–2003 | | | |
| 55th | 2003–2006 | | | |
| ***Riding dissolved into* Restigouche-la-Vallée, Edmundston-Saint Basile,<br>Madawaska-les-Lacs *and* Grand Falls-Drummond-Saint-André** | | | | |

## Election results

| 2003 New Brunswick general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Percy Mockler | 3,858 | 65.31 | -3.42 |
|  | Liberal | Claude J. Malenfant | 1,848 | 31.28 | +2.98 |
|  | New Democratic | Mario Fortunato | 201 | 3.40 | +0.43 |
| Total valid votes | | | 5,907 | 100.0 |
|  | Progressive Conservative **hold** | | Swing | | -3.20 |

| 1999 New Brunswick general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Percy Mockler | 4,367 | 68.73 | +12.01 |
|  | Liberal | Huguette Plourde | 1,798 | 28.30 | -13.30 |
|  | New Democratic | Jean-Charles Lombard | 189 | 2.97 | +1.28 |
| Total valid votes | | | 6,354 | 100.0 |
|  | Progressive Conservative **hold** | | Swing | | +12.66 |

| 1995 New Brunswick general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Percy Mockler | 3,964 | 56.71 |  |
|  | Liberal | Gérald Clavette | 2,908 | 41.60 |  |
|  | New Democratic | Jean-Marie St. Onge | 118 | 1.69 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 6,990 | 100.0 |
|  | Progressive Conservative **notional gain** | | Swing | |  |

* This was a new riding created largely out of a merger of the former ridings of Madawaska Centre and Madawaska South, the former of which was held by Clavette, a Liberal and the latter of which was held by Mockler, a Progressive Conservative.

## InfoBox

Madawaska-la-Vallée
| New Brunswick electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick |
| District created | 1994 |
| District abolished | 2006 |
| First contested | 1995 |
| Last contested | 2003 |


title: Ogla

abstract: Ogla is a small scenic place in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand state of India in the Didihat tehsil. It lies in the crossroads of Kailash Man sarover pilgrimage highway. Nearby places include Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary, the Charama army base, and Narayan Nagar. It was at one time road terminus for many villages and the starting point for journeys on foot. Lying among dense pine forests, it leads on to Didihat, Dharchula, Darma Valley, Bhagichaura, Jauljibi, and Kanalichhina and is known as the gateway to Garkha. Himalayan peaks of India and Nepal such as Panchchuli and Annapurna are visible from the village. Ogla is rich in Pinus roxburghii, Rhododendron, Myrica, and Quercus forest with rich Bryophyte and Pteridophyte flora.

text:
# Ogla

**Ogla** is a small scenic place in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand state of India in the Didihat tehsil. It lies in the crossroads of Kailash Man sarover pilgrimage highway.

Nearby places include Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary, the Charama army base, and Narayan Nagar. It was at one time road terminus for many villages and the starting point for journeys on foot. Lying among dense pine forests, it leads on to Didihat, Dharchula, Darma Valley, Bhagichaura, Jauljibi, and Kanalichhina and is known as the gateway to Garkha.

Himalayan peaks of India and Nepal such as Panchchuli and Annapurna are visible from the village. Ogla is rich in *Pinus roxburghii*, *Rhododendron*, *Myrica*, and *Quercus* forest with rich Bryophyte and Pteridophyte flora.

## InfoBox

| Ogla | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| OglaLocation in Uttarakhand, IndiaOglaOgla (India) | |
| Coordinates: 29°43′N 80°23′E / 29.72°N 80.39°E / 29.72; 80.39 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttarakhand |
| District | Pithoragarh |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | UK |
| Website | uk.gov.in |


title: Persipasi Bandung Raya U-21

abstract: Persipasi Bandung Raya U-20 is an Indonesian football team located in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.

text:
# Persipasi Bandung Raya U-21

**Persipasi Bandung Raya U-20** (previously called **Pelita Bandung Raya U-20 and Pelita Jaya U-20**) is an Indonesian football team located in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.

## Notable former players

## Honours

## InfoBox

Persipasi Bandung Raya U-20
| Full name | Persipasi Bandung Raya U-20 |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | Si Jalak Harupat Stadium |
| Coach | Roni Remon |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Freebird (2008 film)

abstract: Freebird is a 2008 British comedy film directed by Jon Ivay and starring Gary Stretch, Geoff Bell, Phil Daniels and Peter Bowles.

text:
# Freebird (2008 film)

***Freebird*** is a 2008 British comedy film directed by Jon Ivay and starring Gary Stretch, Geoff Bell, Phil Daniels and Peter Bowles.

## Plot

Three friends, Fred (Stretch), Tyg (Bell) and Grouch (Daniels), set out on a motorcycle trip to Wales in order to bring back a haul of cannabis for Fred's friend *The Chairman* (Bowles). What was meant to be a nice weekend in the country soon turns into an ordeal.

Along the way, they encounter revenge seeking bikers and a giant masked wrestler in the pub. Or maybe it's just those magic mushrooms they had for breakfast.

## Production

The film was shot in and around Hay-on-Wye in Wales, and London.

## InfoBox

| Freebird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Jon Ivay |
| Written by | Jon Ivay |
| Produced by | Stephen Woolley |
| Starring | Gary Stretch
Geoff Bell
Phil Daniels
Peter Bowles |
| Cinematography | Stephen Woolley |
| Music by | Stephen Woolley |
| Production
companies | Freebird Pictures, LLC. |
| Distributed by | Phaze UK |
| Release date | * 1 February 2008 (2008-02-01) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Nando Cicero

abstract: Fernando Cicero, better known as Nando Cicero, was an Italian film director, screenwriter and actor. Born in Asmara, Cicero debuted as an actor, working with directors such as Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini, Francesco Rosi and Alberto Lattuada. He starred in eleven films between 1953 and 1962, always in supporting roles. After his directorial debut with Lo scippo he directed three Spaghetti Western films. From 1970 he focused on comedy genre, directing some parody films starred by Franco and Ciccio. Starting with The School Teacher Cicero established himself as one of the most important and successful directors of the commedia sexy all'italiana film genre. Following the decline of the genre, he retired in 1983; his last film was Paulo Roberto Cotechino, starring Alvaro Vitali and Carmen Russo. He died in 1995 at age 64.

text:
# Nando Cicero

**Fernando Cicero**, better known as **Nando Cicero** (22 January 1931 – 30 July 1995), was an Italian film director, screenwriter and actor.

Born in Asmara, Cicero debuted as an actor, working with directors such as Luchino Visconti (*Senso*, 1953), Roberto Rossellini (*Vanina Vanini*, 1961), Francesco Rosi (*Salvatore Giuliano*, 1962) and Alberto Lattuada (*The Steppe*, 1962). He starred in eleven films between 1953 and 1962, always in supporting roles. After his directorial debut with *Lo scippo* he directed three Spaghetti Western films ( *Professionals for a Massacre*, *Last of the Badmen*, and *Twice a Judas*). From 1970 he focused on comedy genre, directing some parody films starred by Franco and Ciccio. Starting with *The School Teacher* Cicero established himself as one of the most important and successful directors of the commedia sexy all'italiana film genre. Following the decline of the genre, he retired in 1983; his last film was *Paulo Roberto Cotechino*, starring Alvaro Vitali and Carmen Russo. He died in 1995 at age 64.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1954 | *Senso* | Un soldato | Uncredited |
| 1954 | *Folgore Division* | Enrico Damiani |  |
| 1955 | *Andrea Chénier* |  |  |
| 1955 | *Il campanile d'oro* |  |  |
| 1956 | *Roland the Mighty* | Oliviero |  |
| 1957 | *El Alamein* |  | Uncredited |
| 1959 | *Hercules Unchained* | Lastene |  |
| 1959 | *L'inferno addosso* | The young Police Commissioner |  |
| 1961 | *Legge di guerra* |  |  |
| 1961 | *Vanina Vanini* | Saverio Pontini |  |
| 1962 | *Salvatore Giuliano* | Bandit | Uncredited, (final film role) |

## InfoBox

| Nando Cicero | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Fernando Cicero
(1931-01-22)22 January 1931
Asmara, Italian Eritrea |
| Died | 30 July 1995(1995-07-30) (aged 64)
Rome, Italy |
| Occupation | film director |


title: Medical Association of Georgia

abstract: The Medical Association of Georgia (MAG) is an organization in Georgia that advocates for physicians in the state. Established in 1849, it is an affiliate of the American Medical Association, and it has over 7,800 members. Since 1911, the MAG has published a quarterly journal, the Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia. The MAG conducts regular annual sessions where the officers, members and delegates meet over several days. Between 1880 and 1910, most of these sessions were held in Atlanta, Augusta and Macon.

text:
# Medical Association of Georgia

The **Medical Association of Georgia** (**MAG**) is an organization in Georgia that advocates for physicians in the state. Established in 1849, it is an affiliate of the American Medical Association, and it has over 7,800 members. Since 1911, the MAG has published a quarterly journal, the ***Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia***.

The MAG conducts regular annual sessions where the officers, members and delegates meet over several days. Between 1880 and 1910, most of these sessions were held in Atlanta, Augusta and Macon.


abstract: Weyerhaeuser Company v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Company, 549 U.S. 312 (2007), was a United States Supreme Court case related to antitrust regulations.

text:
# Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Co.

***Weyerhaeuser Company v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Company***, 549 U.S. 312 (2007), was a United States Supreme Court case related to antitrust regulations.

## Background

Both parties operated sawmills; Ross-Simmons was driven out of business by what it complained was Weyerhaeuser's attempted monopsonization of the market. The theory was "predatory buying": a purchaser buys so much of a given raw material that it drives up the price and thereby excludes less pecunious rivals who depend on the same raw material.

## Opinion of the Court

The Supreme Court rejected the theory on a rule of reason analysis, noting that there are any number of legitimate business strategies that involve buying large quantities of raw materials. A plaintiff alleging predatory buying must therefore prove—and Ross-Simmons had not—that the defendant caused the price to rise, *and* that the defendant is likely to recoup the costs incurred in such a scheme.

The Court's decision symmetrized its case law, with *Weyerhaeuser* and *Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.* applying identical standards to predatory buying and predatory selling claims respectively.

* Text of *Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Co.*, 549 U.S. 312 (2007) is available from: Cornell  Justia

## InfoBox

| Weyerhaeuser Company v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Company | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 28, 2006
Decided February 20, 2007 | |
| Full case name | *Weyerhaeuser Company, Petitioner v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Company, Inc.* |
| Citations | 549 U.S. 312 (*more*)127 S. Ct. 1069; 166 L. Ed. 2d 911; 2007 U.S. LEXIS 1333; 75 U.S.L.W. 4091; 2007-1 Trade Cas. (CCH) ¶ 75,601; 20 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 77 |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice John Roberts  Associate Justices John P. Stevens **·**  Antonin Scalia
Anthony Kennedy **·**  David Souter
Clarence Thomas **·**  Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer **·**  Samuel Alito | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | Thomas, joined by *unanimous* |


title: Samtrak

abstract: Samtrak was a heritage railroad that operated in Oregon from 1993 to 2001. Samtrak was a passenger train operated by the Oregon Pacific Railroad, and named after the owner of the railroad, Dick Samuels. The trains ran a 3.8 mile route from OMSI to the foot of S.E. 11th Avenue, with a stop at Oaks Amusement Park. At the 11th Avenue end of the route, the railroad owned a building used by the former Portland Traction Company railroad and began a small railroad museum with a variety of historic diesel locomotives. While the museum was not built and the building sold, the Oregon Pacific Railroad kept the locomotives; Samuels remained committed to a railroad museum in Portland and had a proposal for such a museum to be located near Oaks Park. In 2012, the dream was realized as the Oregon Rail Heritage Center. The original cost to ride Samtrak was $3. In 1995, the cost was increased to $4. Samtrak ran Tuesday through Sunday during the summer and for special events and holidays, such as Memorial Day and Holiday Junction at OMSI. The passenger excursion train originally consisted of a 25-ton General Electric diesel locomotive, but was later upgraded to a 45-ton GE locomotive, and an open-air passenger car. In June 1994, the railway purchased an antique 1926 caboose from the Northern Pacific Railway and added it to the train. Riding in the cupola of the caboose cost an extra dollar. After Samtrak stopped running, the original 25-ton diesel locomotive and the open passenger car were stored by the Oregon Pacific Railroad until donated to the Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society in May 2005. The open-air passenger car however was returned to the Oregon Pacific Railroad. Although the SamTrak trains no longer run, the Oregon Pacific Railroad has hosted excursions using the Southern Pacific 4449 and Spokane, Portland and Seattle 700 steam locomotives, notably during the "Holiday Express" excursions for two weekends each December, and a weekend of excursions with the SP&S 700 steam locomotive in June. The Oregon Pacific has been a proud sponsor and participant of these public excursion trains and has made significant improvements to its track to accommodate these heavy steam engines. The 45-ton locomotive was sold in 2009 to the Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad to assist in rebuilding their railroad; however the POTB later chose to abandon that effort. The locomotive was sold again. It is now possible to charter the former Samtrak train for birthday parties or other gatherings.

text:
# Samtrak

**Samtrak** was a heritage railroad that operated in Oregon from 1993 to 2001.

Samtrak was a passenger train operated by the Oregon Pacific Railroad, and named after the owner of the railroad, Dick Samuels. The trains ran a 3.8 mile route from OMSI to the foot of S.E. 11th Avenue, with a stop at Oaks Amusement Park. At the 11th Avenue end of the route, the railroad owned a building used by the former Portland Traction Company railroad and began a small railroad museum with a variety of historic diesel locomotives. While the museum was not built and the building sold, the Oregon Pacific Railroad kept the locomotives; Samuels remained committed to a railroad museum in Portland and had a proposal for such a museum to be located near Oaks Park (itself intended to have been a railroad museum, featuring the three steam locomotives donated to the City of Portland: the Southern Pacific 4449, the Spokane, Portland & Seattle 700, and the Union Pacific 3203). In 2012, the dream was realized as the Oregon Rail Heritage Center.

The original cost to ride Samtrak was $3. In 1995, the cost was increased to $4.

Samtrak ran Tuesday through Sunday during the summer and for special events and holidays, such as Memorial Day and Holiday Junction at OMSI.

The passenger excursion train originally consisted of a 25-ton General Electric diesel locomotive, but was later upgraded to a 45-ton GE locomotive, and an open-air passenger car. In June 1994, the railway purchased an antique 1926 caboose from the Northern Pacific Railway and added it to the train. Riding in the cupola of the caboose cost an extra dollar.

After Samtrak stopped running, the original 25-ton diesel locomotive and the open passenger car were stored by the Oregon Pacific Railroad until donated to the Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society in May 2005. The open-air passenger car however was returned to the Oregon Pacific Railroad. Although the SamTrak trains no longer run, the Oregon Pacific Railroad has hosted excursions using the Southern Pacific 4449 and Spokane, Portland and Seattle 700 steam locomotives, notably during the "Holiday Express" excursions for two weekends each December (beginning in 2004), and a weekend of excursions with the SP&S 700 steam locomotive in June. The Oregon Pacific has been a proud sponsor and participant of these public excursion trains and has made significant improvements to its track to accommodate these heavy steam engines.

The 45-ton locomotive was sold in 2009 to the Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad to assist in rebuilding their railroad; however the POTB later chose to abandon that effort. The locomotive was sold again.

It is now possible to charter the former Samtrak train (with one of Oregon Pacific's regular diesel locomotives) for birthday parties or other gatherings.


title: Oskar Bonde

abstract:
Oskar "Ossi" Bonde, born January 24, 1979, is a Swedish drummer in the rock duo Johnossi. Bonde grew up in Storängen, Nacka, Sweden, and lives currently in Stockholm. He has an older brother and sister. Bonde got his first drum kit at age 12 after being fascinated by the drumming during a live band performance at a student party for his sister. Signed up for lessons by his mother, he found that practicing drum rudiments took the fun out of it, and after one lesson went back to learning on his own. He tried to model his playing after that of drummers he admired, particularly Nirvana's Dave Grohl and the Red Hot Chili Peppers' Chad Smith. In 2012 he performed in Cologne, Germany with Björn Dixgård and Gustaf Norén, the Salazar Brothers, and singer Agnes Carlsson, under the umbrella of the Caligola musical project.
  - related to Judith Bonde

text:
# Oskar Bonde

**Oskar "Ossi" Bonde** (Carl Oskar Torkelsson Bonde af Björnö), born January 24, 1979, is a Swedish drummer in the rock duo Johnossi.

Bonde grew up in Storängen, Nacka, Sweden, and lives currently in Stockholm. He has an older brother and sister.

Bonde got his first drum kit at age 12 after being fascinated by the drumming during a live band performance at a student party for his sister. Signed up for lessons by his mother, he found that practicing drum rudiments took the fun out of it, and after one lesson went back to learning on his own. He tried to model his playing after that of drummers he admired, particularly Nirvana's Dave Grohl and the Red Hot Chili Peppers' Chad Smith.

In 2012 he performed in Cologne, Germany with Björn Dixgård and Gustaf Norén (from Mando Diao), the Salazar Brothers, and singer Agnes Carlsson, under the umbrella of the Caligola musical project.

* related to Judith Bonde

## InfoBox

| Oskar "Ossi" Bonde | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Carl Oskar Torkelsson Bonde af Björnö |
| Born | (1979-01-24) January 24, 1979<br>Sweden |
| Genres | Alternative rock |
| Instrument | Drums |
| Years active | 2004–present |


title: Vicki Chandler

abstract: Vicki L. Chandler is a plant geneticist and member of the National Science Board. She is currently the Provost and Chief Academic Officer of Minerva University. Her research focuses on gene silencing and paramutation.

text:
# Vicki Chandler

**Vicki L. Chandler** is a plant geneticist and member of the National Science Board. She is currently the Provost and Chief Academic Officer of Minerva University. Her research focuses on gene silencing and paramutation.

## Early life and education

Chandler married at age 17, and divorced at age 19 with two daughters. While working as a secretary, she began attending Foothill College with the intention of studying marine biology. Two years later, she transferred to the University of California Berkeley, where she received a B.A. in biochemistry and studied under Randy Schekman. She completed a PhD in biochemistry at the University of California San Francisco in 1983 with Keith Yamamoto. She then moved to Stanford University, where she did a postdoctoral fellowship in genetics in the lab of Virginia Walbot.

## Career

Chandler was a member of the faculties of the University of Oregon and the University of Arizona. While at Oregon in 1988, she was named a Searle Scholar. In 1997, she moved to the University of Arizona, where she was a Regent’s professor in the Department of Plant Sciences and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Associate Director of the Institute for Biomedical Science and Biotechnology. Before joining the Keck Graduate Institute in 2015, she was the Chief Program Officer for Science for the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, beginning in 2009. She was the Chief Academic Officer and Dean of Faculty at Keck Graduate Institute.

Chandler was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2002. She is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She has also been awarded the Presidential Young Investigator Award, NSF Faculty Award for Women Scientists and Engineers, and NIH Director’s Pioneer Award. She also served on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2014.

President Obama appointed Chandler to the National Science Board in 2014. She served on the board of the Searle Scholars Program from 2010 to 2015. Chandler was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2015. She has served as president of the Genetics Society of America and of the American Society of Plant Biology.


title: Fred (restaurant)

abstract: Fred is a restaurant in Rotterdam, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star for the period 2010–2013, and two stars since 2014. GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 16 out of 20 points. Head chef of Fred is Fred Mustert. Restaurant Fred is a member of the Alliance Gastronomique Néerlandaise since December 2010.

text:
# Fred (restaurant)

***Fred*** is a restaurant in Rotterdam, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star for the period 2010–2013, and two stars since 2014.

GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 16 out of 20 points.

Head chef of *Fred* is Fred Mustert.

Restaurant *Fred* is a member of the Alliance Gastronomique Néerlandaise since December 2010.

51°55′1.15″N 4°31′3.49″E / 51.9169861°N 4.5176361°E / 51.9169861; 4.5176361

## InfoBox

| Fred | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 2008 |
| Head chef | Fred Mustert |
| Food type | French, International |
| Rating | Michelin Guide |
| Street address | Honingerdijk 263 |
| City | Rotterdam |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 3063 AM |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Seating capacity | 50 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Odelia Ntiamoah Boampong

abstract: Odelia Ntiamoah Boampong is a Ghanaian entrepreneur, TV and radio news reporter. She covered the Togolese elections in 2015 and has covered all UNFCCC conferences since 2009. She is a documentary film maker and television news presenter, correspondent, anchor, and reporter. Twice a Ghana Journalist Award winner, she won the minister's award in environmental reporting. She trained at the DW Akademie and was nominated by the US embassy in Ghana for the IVLP programme training in investigative journalism. She is a board member of the institutional review board for the Center for Scientific and Industrial Research. Passionate about people breaking out of poverty and empowering women economically, she has created the ONfoundation for this purpose.

text:
# Odelia Ntiamoah Boampong

**Odelia Ntiamoah Boampong** (née Ofori; born 1981) is a Ghanaian entrepreneur, TV and radio news reporter. She covered the Togolese elections in 2015 and has covered all UNFCCC conferences since 2009. She is a documentary film maker (World Bank, IFDC, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Energy) and television news presenter, correspondent, anchor, and reporter.

Twice a Ghana Journalist Award winner, she won the minister's award in environmental reporting. She trained at the DW Akademie and was nominated by the US embassy in Ghana for the IVLP programme training in investigative journalism.

She is a board member of the institutional review board for the Center for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR Ghana). Passionate about people breaking out of poverty and empowering women economically, she has created the ONfoundation for this purpose.

## Personal life

She is a Christian (Ordained Pastor of Victory Bible Church International) and has one child with her husband, Prince Sika Ntiamoah Boampong.

## Early life

Odelia was born in Tema, Ghana, to Benjamin Kwabena Ofori, a teacher, who raised her as a single parent.

## Education

She holds a master's degree in Oil and Gas Communication from the University of Cape Coast and a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography from the University of Ghana.

## Career

Odelia had a seven-year working experience in radio, part as a student Journalists with Radio Universe at the University of Ghana and Citi FM, an Accra-based radio station. She worked with Tv3 Network, a leading private TV station in Ghana, also for seven years.

At Tv3, she hosted *Mission Ghana*, a social news programme that focused on lapses in the health and educational sector in Ghana. Euronews (Africa News) Correspondent for Ghana, Odelia is into television content provision, host of Health Plus One, a private health programme, Social Connect a social project by entrepreneurs who want to give back to society by training young girls and Business Trends Africa.


title: Francis Edwin Shober

abstract:
Francis Edwin Shober was an American politician who served as U.S. Representative from North Carolina, secretary of the United States Senate, county judge, and a member of the North Carolina State House and North Carolina House of Commons. He was the father of Francis Emanuel Shober. Born in Salem, North Carolina, Shober attended the common schools and the Moravian School, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
He was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1851.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1853 and commenced practice in Salisbury, North Carolina, in 1854. He served as member of the North Carolina General Assembly of 1862-1864 House of Commons (1862–1864). He served in the North Carolina General Assembly of 1865-1866 state senate in 1865. Shober was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses.
He was not a candidate for renomination in 1872.
He served as delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1875.
County judge of Rowan County in 1877 and 1878.
He was appointed Chief Clerk of the United States Senate in the Forty-fifth Congress.
Upon the death of Secretary John C. Burch in the Forty-seventh Congress was appointed Acting Secretary of the Senate and served from October 24, 1881, to December 18, 1883.
He served as delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1880 and 1884.
He was again a member of the State senate in 1887.
He resumed the practice of his profession.
He died in Salisbury, North Carolina, May 29, 1896.
He was interred in Oakdale Cemetery.
On January 6, 1889, James Francis Shober, the first black physician with a medical degree to set up practice in North Carolina, died. Evidence indicates that he had a son, James Francis Shober from an 18-year-old slave. His son was born in the Moravian community of Salem in 1853 and was the first documented African-American physician in NC.

text:
# Francis Edwin Shober

**Francis Edwin Shober** (March 12, 1831 – May 29, 1896) was an American politician who served as U.S. Representative from North Carolina, secretary of the United States Senate, county judge, and a member of the North Carolina State House and North Carolina House of Commons. He was the father of Francis Emanuel Shober.

Born in Salem (now Winston-Salem), North Carolina, Shober attended the common schools and the Moravian School, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He was graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1851. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1853 and commenced practice in Salisbury, North Carolina, in 1854. He served as member of the North Carolina General Assembly of 1862-1864 House of Commons (18621864). He served in the North Carolina General Assembly of 1865-1866 state senate in 1865.

Shober was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses (March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1873). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1872. He served as delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1875. County judge of Rowan County in 1877 and 1878. He was appointed Chief Clerk of the United States Senate in the Forty-fifth Congress. Upon the death of Secretary John C. Burch in the Forty-seventh Congress was appointed Acting Secretary of the Senate and served from October 24, 1881, to December 18, 1883. He served as delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1880 and 1884. He was again a member of the State senate in 1887. He resumed the practice of his profession. He died in Salisbury, North Carolina, May 29, 1896. He was interred in Oakdale Cemetery. On January 6, 1889, James Francis Shober, the first black physician with a medical degree to set up practice in North Carolina, died.

Evidence indicates that he had a son, James Francis Shober from an 18-year-old slave. His son was born in the Moravian community of Salem in 1853 and was the first documented African-American physician in NC.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Francis Edwin Shober | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 8th Secretary of the United States Senate | |
| **In office**
March 24, 1879  July 28, 1881 | |
| Preceded by | John Christopher Burch |
| Succeeded by | Anson G. McCook |
| County Judge of Rowan County, North Carolina | |
| **In office**
1877–1878 | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from North Carolina's 6th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1869  March 3, 1873 | |
| Preceded by | Nathaniel Boyden |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Samuel Ashe |
| Member of the North Carolina State Senate | |
| **In office**
1865 | |
| Member of the North Carolina House of Commons | |
| **In office**
1862–1864 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1831-03-12)March 12, 1831
Salem, North Carolina |
| Died | May 29, 1896(1896-05-29) (aged 65) |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Relatives | Francis Emanuel Shober (son) |
|  | |


title: Nandom Municipal District

abstract: Nandom Municipal is one of the eleven districts in Upper West Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Lawra/Nandom District in 1988; until the northern part of the district was later split off to create Nandom District on 28 June 2012; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Lawra District. However on 27 January 2020, it was elevated to municipal assembly status to become Nandom Municipal Assembly. The municipality is located in the northwest part of Upper West Region and has Nandom as its capital town.

text:
# Nandom Municipal District

**Nandom Municipal** is one of the eleven districts in Upper West Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger **Lawra/Nandom District** in 1988; until the northern part of the district was later split off to create **Nandom District** on 28 June 2012; thus the remaining part has been renamed as **Lawra District** (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2018 to become **Lawra Municipal District**). However on 27 January 2020, it was elevated to municipal assembly status to become **Nandom Municipal Assembly**. The municipality is located in the northwest part of Upper West Region and has Nandom as its capital town.

10°51′9.36″N 2°45′38.16″W / 10.8526000°N 2.7606000°W / 10.8526000; -2.7606000

## InfoBox

| Nandom Municipal District | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal District | |
| Districts of Upper West Region | |
| Nandom Municipal DistrictLocation of Nandom Municipal District within Upper West | |
| Coordinates: 10°51′9.36″N 2°45′38.16″W / 10.8526000°N 2.7606000°W / 10.8526000; -2.7606000 | |
| Country | Ghana |
| Region | Upper West |
| Capital | Nandom |
| Population (2021 census) | |
| Total | 51,328 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
| ISO 3166 code | GH-UW-ND |


title: Za Zalis

abstract: Za Zalis was a King of Axum from the Early First Century C.E. to the Mid First Century C.E.

text:
# Za Zalis

**Za Zalis** was a King of Axum from the Early First Century C.E. to the Mid First Century C.E.

## History

Not much is known about Za Zalis' reign other than that he was the Predecessor of Za Haqala of Axum.

## InfoBox

| Za Zalis | |
| --- | --- |
| King of Aksum | |
| Reign | Early First Century C.E.-Mid First Century C.E. |
| Predecessor | Bazen of Axum (unsure) |
| Successor | Za Haqala |
|  | |


title: Nanjing Fiat Automobile

abstract: The Nanjing Fiat Automobile Co., Ltd. was a car manufacturer located in the Jiangning District's Economic & Technological Development Zone in the city of Nanjing. The company was founded with an investment of 3 billion Yuan in April 1999 as a joint venture between Fiat Auto S.p.A. and the Nanjing Automobile Group. Around 30,000 up to 35,000 vehicles were manufactured annually for the Chinese market by Nanjing Fiat.

text:
# Nanjing Fiat Automobile

The **Nanjing Fiat Automobile Co., Ltd.** (simplified Chinese: 南京菲亚特汽车有限公司; traditional Chinese: 南京菲亞特汽車有限公司; pinyin: *Nánjīng fēiyàtè qìchē yǒuxiàn gōngsī*) was a car manufacturer located in the Jiangning District's Economic & Technological Development Zone in the city of Nanjing (People's Republic of China). The company was founded with an investment of 3 billion Yuan in April 1999 as a joint venture between Fiat Auto S.p.A. and the Nanjing Automobile Group. Around 30,000 up to 35,000 vehicles were manufactured annually for the Chinese market by Nanjing Fiat.

## History

The production began in November 2001 with the Fiat Palio. It was followed by the Fiat Siena in September 2002 and the Fiat Palio Weekend and Fiat Doblò in June 2003. The production of the Fiat Perla was launched in July 2006. The Perla was the last model launched by Nanjing Fiat. Another model, the Fiat Linea, was developed by Nanjing Fiat in cooperation with Tofaş A.Ş. and the Fiat do Brasil Ltda. The launch was scheduled for November 2006, but it never came because the Nanjing Automobile Group had forced to stop the car production until the end of the year, so the collaboration was officially terminated in order. In October 2006, Fiat had terminated their production in its Chinese facility. Nanjing Fiat was replaced by Roewe, the Chinese successor of the British Rover Group.

Most of Nanjing Fiat's tooling was acquired by Zotye in 2008. Zotye started building the Fiat Multipla as the Zotye Mutiplan in 2009 and an updated version of the Palio/Siena as the Zotye Z200 in 2011.

In July 2012, Fiat had founded a new Chinese joint venture. It's known as the GAC Fiat Automobiles Co., Ltd.

## Products

## InfoBox

Nanjing Fiat Automobile Co., Ltd.
南京菲亚特汽车有限公司
|
|  |
| Company type | Joint venture |
| Industry | Automotive |
| Founded | April 1999 |
| Defunct | October 2006 (2006-10) |
| Headquarters | Nanjing, China |
| Area served | China |
| Products | Automobiles |
| Owner | Nanjing Automobile (50%)<br>Fiat SpA (50%) |
| Subsidiaries | Nanjing Nanya |
| Website | www.fiat.com.cn |


title: Zach Yuen

abstract: Zachary Yuen is a Chinese-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played for Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Yuen was one of the first players of Chinese descent to be drafted in the NHL Entry Draft.

text:
# Zach Yuen

**Zachary Yuen** (born March 3, 1993, Chinese: 袁俊杰; pinyin: *Yuán Jùnjié*) is a Chinese-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played for Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Yuen was one of the first players of Chinese descent to be drafted in the NHL Entry Draft.

## Playing career

While playing with the Tri-City Americans of the Western Hockey League (WHL), Yuen became the first defenceman of Chinese descent to be drafted in the NHL Entry Draft after being selected by the Winnipeg Jets in 2011.

After playing two more seasons with the Tri-City Americans, Yuen made his professional debut with the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League (AHL) during the 2013–14 season. He played three games with the Marlies before being assigned to the ECHL.

Yuen signed a two-year contract with the Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) in 2016, then became the first Chinese player to score for the Red Star during a 1–0 win over the Amur Khabarovsk.

## International play

Yuen was called up to represent the China men's national ice hockey team for the 2022 Winter Olympics on January 28, 2022.

## Personal life

Yuen was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. His father immigrated from Hong Kong and his mother was born in Vancouver after his maternal grandparents immigrated from Hong Kong.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2008–09 | Tri–City Americans | WHL | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 2009–10 | Tri–City Americans | WHL | | 42 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 19 | | 22 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 12 |
| 2010–11 | Tri–City Americans | WHL | | 72 | 8 | 24 | 32 | 65 | | 10 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 12 |
| 2011–12 | Tri–City Americans | WHL | | 66 | 12 | 26 | 38 | 46 | | 15 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 18 |
| 2012–13 | Tri–City Americans | WHL | | 71 | 9 | 34 | 43 | 58 | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| 2013–14 | Toronto Marlies | AHL | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2013–14 | Orlando Solar Bears | ECHL | | 48 | 1 | 11 | 12 | 30 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | Wheeling Nailers | ECHL | | 27 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | Gwinnett Gladiators | ECHL | | 35 | 6 | 10 | 16 | 38 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2015–16 | Atlanta Gladiators | ECHL | | 17 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2015–16 | Idaho Steelheads | ECHL | | 51 | 3 | 17 | 20 | 48 | | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 2016–17 | Kunlun Red Star | KHL | | 60 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 42 | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 2017–18 | Kunlun Red Star | KHL | | 21 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 18 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017–18 | KRS Heilongjiang | VHL | | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018–19 | Kunlun Red Star | KHL | | 35 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 41 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019–20 | KRS BSU Beijing | VHL | | 13 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 8 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021–22 | Kunlun Red Star | KHL | | 29 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 18 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2023–24 | Kunlun Red Star | KHL | | 21 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| KHL totals | | | | 166 | 6 | 13 | 19 | 123 | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Canada Pacific | U17 | 5th | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 2022 | China | OG | 12th | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | China | WC D2A | 27th | | 4 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 29 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Senior totals | | | | | 8 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 29 |

## InfoBox

| Zach Yuen | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1993-03-03) March 3, 1993
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) | | |
| Weight | 196 lb (89 kg; 14 st 0 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence Forward | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| team
Former teams | *Free agent*
Toronto Marlies
Kunlun Red Star | | |
| National team | China | | |
| NHL draft | 119th overall, 2011
Winnipeg Jets | | |
| Playing career | 2013present | | |


title: Narquena

abstract: Narquena is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Narquena

***Narquena*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Narquena* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Narquena*** |
|


title: Zabzugu District

abstract: Zabzugu District is one of the sixteen districts in Northern Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Zabzugu-Tatale District in 1988, which was created from the former East Dagomba District Council, until the northeast part of the district was split off to create Tatale-Sangule District on 28 June 2012; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Zabzugu District. The district assembly is located in the eastern part of Northern Region and has Zabzugu as its capital town.

text:
# Zabzugu District

**Zabzugu District** is one of the sixteen districts in Northern Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger **Zabzugu-Tatale District** in 1988, which was created from the former **East Dagomba District** Council, until the northeast part of the district was split off to create **Tatale-Sangule District** on 28 June 2012; thus the remaining part has been renamed as **Zabzugu District**. The district assembly is located in the eastern part of Northern Region and has Zabzugu as its capital town.

9°17′49.2″N 0°22′8.4″E / 9.297000°N 0.369000°E / 9.297000; 0.369000

## InfoBox

| Zabzugu District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Districts of Northern Region | |
| Zabzugu DistrictLocation of Zabzugu District within Northern | |
| Coordinates: 9°17′49.2″N 0°22′8.4″E / 9.297000°N 0.369000°E / 9.297000; 0.369000 | |
| Country | Ghana |
| Region | Northern |
| Capital | Zabzugu |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 82,846 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
| ISO 3166 code | GH-NP-ZB |


title: Narford

abstract: Narford is situated in the Breckland District of Norfolk and covers an area of 970 hectares. Narford village has all but disappeared, with a population of only 41. At the 2011 Census the population of the area remained less than 100 and is included in the civil parish of South Acre. The villages name probably means 'narrow ford' or 'ford at the narrow place'. The large 18th-century Narford Hall built by Andrew Fountaine, art collector and amateur architect, is nearby. Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini's decorations were removed from Burlington House in London by 1727 and survive at Narford Hall. Andrew Fountaine (1918–1997) who was a founder member of the National Labour Party and deputy leader of the British National Front lived at the hall. To the rear of the hall runs the river River Nar on its way from West Acre towards Narborough. Adjacent to the hall is St Mary the Virgin church in the Benefice of Narborough and part of the Nar Valley Group of Parishes. Both the church and the hall are Grade I listed. The village is on the Nar Valley Way path. In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Narford.

text:
# Narford

**Narford** is situated in the Breckland District of Norfolk and covers an area of 970 hectares (3.75 square miles). Narford village has all but disappeared, with a population of only 41. At the 2011 Census the population of the area remained less than 100 and is included in the civil parish of South Acre.

The villages name probably means 'narrow ford' or 'ford at the narrow place'.

The large 18th-century Narford Hall built by Andrew Fountaine, art collector and amateur architect, is nearby. Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini's decorations were removed from Burlington House in London by 1727 and survive at Narford Hall. Andrew Fountaine (1918–1997) who was a founder member of the National Labour Party and deputy leader of the British National Front lived at the hall.

To the rear of the hall runs the river River Nar on its way from West Acre towards Narborough. Adjacent to the hall is St Mary the Virgin church in the Benefice of Narborough and part of the Nar Valley Group of Parishes. Both the church and the hall are Grade I listed.

The village is on the Nar Valley Way path.

In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson's *Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales* described Narford.

http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Norfolk/Narford

## InfoBox

| Narford | |
| --- | --- |
| St Mary the Virgin, Narford | |
| NarfordLocation within Norfolk | |
| Area | 9.70 km2 (3.75 sq mi) |
| Population | 41 UK census 2001 |
| Density | 4/km2 (10/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | TF764138 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | KING'S LYNN |
| Postcode district | PE32 |
|  | |
| Police | Norfolk |
| Fire | Norfolk |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Nancao railway station

abstract: Nancao railway station is a disused railway station on the Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport Intercity Railway in Zhengzhou, Henan, China. The station opened on 31 December 2015, but closed on 25 July 2017. According to CNA, the station was abandoned due to its remote location and low passenger patronage. CNA also found that while the station's facilities remain intact, such as escalators, security scanners and platforms, it described station doors as being shut "all day" and cobwebs clinging to corners of the station. Thanks to development of the city, this station was reopened on September 28, 2024.

text:
# Nancao railway station

**Nancao railway station** (Chinese: 南曹站) is a disused railway station on the Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport Intercity Railway in Zhengzhou, Henan, China. The station opened on 31 December 2015, but closed on 25 July 2017. According to *CNA*, the station was abandoned due to its remote location and low passenger patronage. *CNA* also found that while the station's facilities remain intact, such as escalators, security scanners and platforms, it described station doors as being shut "all day" and cobwebs clinging to corners of the station. Thanks to development of the city, this station was reopened on September 28, 2024.

## Station layout

The station is an elevated station with 2 side platforms and 4 tracks. The platforms are on the upper level while the station concourse and the waiting area are on the ground level.

| **2F
Platforms** | Side platform | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Platform **2** | Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport intercity railway towards Xinzheng Airport (Mengzhuang) |
| | Through track | Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport intercity railway |
| | Through track | Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport intercity railway |
| | Platform **1** | Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport intercity railway towards Zhengzhou East (Terminus) |
| | Side platform | |
| **G** | Concourse | Waiting area, ticket vending machines, exits |

## InfoBox

| Nancao
南曹 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Nancao, Guancheng Hui District, Zhengzhou, Henan
China |
| Coordinates | 34°40′40″N 113°47′26″E / 34.6779°N 113.7906°E / 34.6779; 113.7906 |
| Operated by | CR Zhengzhou |
| Line(s) | Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport intercity railway |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 4 |
| Connections | * Bus |
| Other information | |
| Station code | * 65701 (TMIS code) * NEF (telegraph code) * NCA (Pinyin code) |
| Classification | Class 3 station |
| History | |
| Opened | 31 December 2015 |
| Closed | 25 July 2017 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  China Railway High-speed Following station  Zhengzhou EastTerminus  Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport intercity railway  Mengzhuangtowards Zhengzhou Hangkonggang | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  NancaoLocation in ZhengzhouNancaoNancao (Henan) | |