title: History of Nizhny Novgorod

abstract: Nizhny Novgorod was founded by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir in 4 February 1221. Citizens organized an army to liberate Moscow from the Poles in 1611, led by Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. During the Russian Empire, in 1817 Nizhny Novgorod became the country's main trading city. In 1896, the city hosted the largest All-Russia exhibition. In the Soviet era, Nizhny Novgorod was renamed Gorky, in honor of the writer Maxim Gorky. Then it was the industrial center of the Soviet Union. During the World War II, the city sent to the front a huge amount of military equipment and ammunition. Therefore, the German air force bombed the city for 3 years. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city was renamed back to Nizhny Novgorod. In Russia, the city became a political center and the capital of the Volga Federal District. Now the city is the center of information technology and develops tourism.

text:
# History of Nizhny Novgorod

**Nizhny Novgorod** was founded by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir in 4 February 1221. Citizens organized an army to liberate Moscow from the Poles in 1611, led by Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. During the Russian Empire, in 1817 Nizhny Novgorod became the country's main trading city. In 1896, the city hosted the largest All-Russia exhibition. In the Soviet era, Nizhny Novgorod was renamed **Gorky**, in honor of the writer Maxim Gorky. Then it was the industrial center of the Soviet Union. During the World War II, the city sent to the front a huge amount of military equipment and ammunition. Therefore, the German air force bombed the city for 3 years. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city was renamed back to Nizhny Novgorod. In Russia, the city became a political center and the capital of the Volga Federal District. Now the city is the center of information technology and develops tourism.

## Foundation

In the Oka estuary formed a comfortable place to gather Murom and Suzdal armies for war against Volga Bulgaria. In 1220 Prince Yuri II of Vladimir conquered Bulgaria. The following year he decided to establish an important place for Vladimir-Suzdal and founded a city in the mouth of the Oka.

The name of the city - Nizhny Novgorod, that is, the "**Lower Newtown**" - led historians to think about the existence of an older city. The hypothesis of the "Oldtown" was supported by historians. There were versions of the origin of the city from the Bulgars, Mordovian-Erzyas (Erzya language: "Obran osh") or Russians ("Suzdal old city"). Archaeological data does not support any of the hypotheses, since there are no earlier buildings on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin or in the vicinity of the city.

The adjective "**lower**" (Nizhny) appeared in the city's name in later chronicles. There are several assumptions about its appearance:

* to distinguish it from Veliky Novgorod, as the city was in the "lower lands";
* The city was below Gorodets along the Volga.

The foundation of Nizhny Novgorod (1221) and Ustiug (1212) was the beginning of an active Suzdalian expansion into the Mordva and Volga Bulgar lands. In 1226, Sviatoslav and Ivan (brothers of Prince Yuri II of Vladimir) successfully conquered several Erzyan villages.

The first wooden fortress occupied an advantageous military-strategic position. It was on Sentry Hill and was well protected. On the one side there was a deep ravine, on the other side there were steep cliffs of the Volga shore. In the first years, two white stone churches were built in the fortress. In 1227 the Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel was built.

## Feudal period

### Under Suzdal and Gorodets

In February 1238, Gorodets and his surroundings were attacked by one of the independently operating detachments scattered throughout the territory of the Vladimir principality after the capture of the capital. After the 1238 Battle of the Sit River, Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich was prince of Suzdal, under whose jurisdiction Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets also fell.

For a short period of time, a "veche republic" was established in Nizhny Novgorod in the style of Veliky Novgorod.

In the last third of the 13th century, the Gorodets Principality emerged from the Suzdal Principality. In his subordination was Nizhny Novgorod. Andrey Alexandrovich was the prince of Kostroma and Gorodets. He was the third son of Alexander Nevsky. The Principality did not last long. At the beginning of the 14th century, its cities were subordinated to the Vladimir Grand Prince.

In 1311, there was a war for the throne between the Vladimir and Moscow princes. Yury of Moscow conquered Nizhny Novgorod from Mikhail of Vladimir. His brother Boris became the regent. In 1320, after the death of Boris Danilovich, Nizhny Novgorod once again became subordinate to the Vladimir principality for a short period of time. Then Prince of Tver Alexander Mikhailovich supported the uprising against the Horde in Tver. In response, Khan Uzbek called on the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita to ruin the Tver Duchy. After the conquest of the Tver Principality, Khan Uzbek divided the princely possessions. Most of it he gave the Prince of Moscow. Part of the lands, including the former Gorodets Duchy, went to Alexander Vasilyevich. After his death in 1331, the princedom was given to the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita, who ruled it with the help of governors.

### Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal

In 1341, after the death of Ivan Kalita, Khan Uzbek divided the main territories of northeastern Rus'. Part of the land, which included Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets and Unzha, became the property of Prince Konstantin of Suzdal. An independent Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Principality was formed, which occupied a vast territory. In the east, its border ran along the Sura River, in the southeast and south - along the rivers Pyana and Seryozha. The main stronghold in the east was the Kurmysh Fortress, founded in 1372. Along the border stood small fortresses, in which border guards lived. The remains of such fortresses are found along the Piana River in Buturlinsky and Sergachsky districts.

The bubonic plague hit Nizhny Novgorod again in 1365.

In 1377, the Horde attacked Nizhny Novgorod. In the battle on Pyana River, the Russian army suffered a severe defeat from the Horde prince Arapsha. Dmitry of Suzdal, who remained without troops, fled to Suzdal. The Nizhny Novgorod army fled to the neighboring Gorodets. On 5 August 1377, the Horde army conquered Nizhny Novgorod. The city was burnt. A year later, on July 24, 1378, the city was re-conquered.

Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal did not participate in the 1380 Battle of Kulikovo. After the battle, the Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, in 1382 with a large army went to Moscow. When the Tatar army approached Nizhny Novgorod, Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal, wishing to save his land from ruin, sent his sons Vasily and Semyon to him, who went with the army and persuaded Moscow to surrender.

The death of Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich in 1383 triggered a decade-long war of succession between his brother and his sons. In the end, khan Tokhtamysh awarded Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal to Vasily I of Moscow in 1392.

## Tsardom of Russia

In 1392 the Vasily I of Moscow received a jarlig to the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Principality and conquered Nizhny Novgorod. The final accession of the principality to the possessions of Moscow took place at the end of the 1440s.

In 1408, the city was devastated during the invasion of the emir of the White Horde Edigu. In 1445 he was conquered by the troops of the Kazan khan Ulugh Muhammad.

In the times of Ivan III and Basil III, Nizhny Novgorod is a border post. He has a standing army and is a gathering place for troops in attacks on the Kazan Khanate. At the same time, a stone Kremlin is being built instead of a wooden fortress.

In September 1505, under the walls of the unfinished Kremlin, the attack of the Nogais and the Kazan Tatars under the leadership of the Kazan Khan Muhammad-Amin was repulsed. The attacking army included 40,000 Kazans and 20,000 Nogais. The leader of the Nogai, the brother-in-law of Mohammed-Amin, was killed by the cannonball that was released by Fedor Litvich. After that, there was a massacre between the Nogais and the Tatars and the khan was forced to relieve the siege.

After Vasily III's attack on Kazan in 1523, the city of Vasil was founded, which becomes a border town, instead of Nizhny Novgorod. After the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the role of Nizhny Novgorod becomes insignificant. In 1565, Ivan the Terrible divided the Russian state into oprichnina and zemshchina. Thus the city became zemstvo.

### Time of Troubles

In the Time of Troubles, Nizhny Novgorod, along with the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, continues to support Moscow. Then, almost the whole country and Moscow were in the Polish occupation. In 1611, there were no Poles in Nizhny Novgorod. Citizens elected the zemstvo elder (mayor) Kuzma Minin. He began calls for a liberation struggle among the people of the townspeople. Then he was supported by the city council of Nizhny Novgorod, voivodes, clergy and servicemen. By decision of the city council, a general meeting of Nizhny Novgorod citizens was appointed. They gathered in the Kremlin. Minin appealed to the people with an appeal to stand on the liberation of the Russia from foreign enemies. After that, the people began to make voluntary donations to create the army. In addition, the decree was issued to hand over a part of personal property. Minin was instructed to lead the collection of funds and their distribution among the warriors of the future army.

Then he raised the question of choosing a commander. At the second congress, the citizens decided to ask the head of the people's army of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. His ancestral estate was in the Nizhny Novgorod district, 60 km from Nizhny Novgorod. The prince approached for the role of commander of the militia. He was a Rurikovich in the twentieth generation.

Pozharsky arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1611, and immediately, together with Minin, began organizing the army. Pozharsky and Minin continued to collect coffers and warriors, to seek help in different cities. After this, authorities were formed, which were not subordinate to the Moscow Seven boyars. However, this state of affairs did not suit the Poles and the seven boyars. Several attempts were made to eliminate the new power, but this did not happen. As the people's army moved towards Moscow, the cities were liberated from the Polish occupation, and the provisional power of Prince Pozharsky was established in them. October 22 (November 4), 1612, the troops of the People's Army liberated Moscow from the Poles. On this occasion, on October 22 (November 4), 1649, a holiday was instituted in Russia in honor of the Our Lady of Kazan. In today's Russia this day is celebrated as the Unity Day, since November 4, 2005.

In the 17th century, under Patriarch Nikon, there was a church split in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Because of this, numerous settlements of Old Believers were formed in the vicinity of Nizhny Novgorod. A lot of them were on the Kerzhenets River. To eliminate the split of churches in Nizhny Novgorod in 1672, the diocese is founded. The Archimandrite of Vladimir's Nativity Monastery Filaret became the first metropolitan of Nizhny Novgorod and Alatyr.

## Russian Empire

In 1695, during his Azov campaign, Peter the Great came to Nizhny Novgorod. After the regional reform, Nizhny Novgorod has become a gubernatorial city since 1719. In 1721, the episcopal chair was appointed archimandrite Pitirim, who founded Hellenic-Greek and Slavic-Russian church schools. In 1722 the city again visited Peter the Great, celebrating here the day of its 50th anniversary. Then he went to the Persian campaign.

In 1767 the city was visited by the Empress Catherine the Great. She did not like the city very much. She put it this way:

> This city is a beautiful location, but the buildings is ugly ... everything either lies on its side, or it will soon fall.

During her stay in the city she was introduced to the local inventor-mechanic Ivan Kulibin. Subsequently, he was invited to the capital's palace.

After the visit of Empress Catherine II, a new regular city plan was drawn up, providing for a quarterly system. From 1770 to 1913 the Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street was altered. It was built up by stone houses. In 1798 the first city theater was created. Later it became known as the Nicholas Theater in honor of Emperor Nicholas I. It is now called the Drama Theater.

In 1812, there was a war between Russia and France. After the French army attacked Moscow, Moscow landlords arrived in Nizhny Novgorod. There are rumors that after the fire in Moscow the capital will be Nizhny Novgorod. Among the arriving landlords are Nikolay Karamzin, Vasily Pushkin, Konstantin Batyushkov and Sergey Glinka, who organize their literary club here.

In 1817 in the village of Kunavino was moved Makaryev Fair. Previously, it was organized near the walls of the Makaryev Monastery. But, after the fire, it was decided to move it closer to Nizhny Novgorod. The fair gave rise to the rapid economic development of the city and the surrounding villages. The village of Kunavino became a large merchant settlement, later industrial enterprises were built on its territory.

In 1834 the city was visited by Nicholas I, who initiated the external reconstruction of the city. In 1847 a water pipeline appeared in the city and the first fountain was built. In the Kremlin, private buildings were destroyed and administrative buildings were built instead. Also, many new buildings, streets, boulevards and gardens were built.

In 1849, near Nizhny Novgorod, in the village of Sormovo was founded a large industrial enterprise Sormovsky plant. Since 1850, it has produced river steamships, railway cars, locomotives, motor ships, trams. Thanks to the plant, Sormovo turned into a large working village.

From 1862 the construction of the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway was completed, in this line was built Moskovsky railway station. In 1895 it was extended to Sormovo. In 1904 the line of the Moscow-Kazan railway was built up to the Romodanovsky railway station.

### All-Russia exhibition

In 1896, the city hosted the largest All-Russia exhibition. To this event a tram was opened in the city. The exhibition showed the world's first radio receiver of engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower of engineer Vladimir Shukhov. At the same exhibition, the first Russian car of the Frese and Yakovlev factories was demonstrated. The engine and transmission were manufactured by the Yakovlev factory, and the hull, chassis and wheels of the Frese factory.

### 1905 Russian Revolution

In the spring of 1905, the socio-political situation in the city was out of the control of the authorities. Governor Pavel-Simon Unterberger reported to the police department:

> At the rallies, meetings, evenings, speakers make speeches by which they call upon the population and the working class to disobey the authorities, to overthrow the existing government, to universal armament and revolution. Proclamations of extreme parties are distributed at rallies and meetings, and donations are collected for general armament

In the first days of November 1905 he was recalled from Nizhny Novgorod. He was replaced by Baron Constantine Frederiks.

In December 1905, an uprising of the workers of the Sormovo plant took place in the districts of Sormovo and Kanavino, organized by local groups of several parties.

In April 1908, one of the strongest floods occurred. There were flooded: Rozhdestvenskaya Street, Kazansky Railway Station, Bugrov Mills and Kurbatov Plant. Also populated settlements-satellites were flooded: Sormovo, Gordevka, Kunavino and Molitovka. Which later became part of the city.

In 1913 a State Bank was built, which was opened by Emperor Nicholas II.

During the World War I, in 1915, the Felzer and Etna plants were evacuated to Nizhny Novgorod. In 1916, the city opened the first People's State University. In 1917, the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute was evacuated. On its basis was formed Nizhny Novgorod Polytechnic Institute.

## Soviet era

### Revolutionary Nizhny Novgorod

After the February Revolution, the situation in the city began to heat up. In September 1917, preparations were made for the elections to the City Duma. In June, it became known that the population of the factory settlements - Molitovka, the Felzer plant and the Novaya Etna plant - was not included in the electoral lists. On June 14, workers went to a demonstration demanding electoral rights. The Duma was forced to make concessions by including these villages in the Kanavinsky constituency.

In the September elections, the victory was won by the representative of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party Vladimir Ganchel.

After the October Revolution, Soviet power in the city was established in the autumn of 1917. In 1919, Kunavino and Sormovo received the status of cities. Instead of the name "Kunavino", "Kanavino" gradually began to be used.

### Industrialization

In 1929, the cities of Sormovo and Kanavino were abolished, and their territory was included in the Greater Nizhny Novgorod. The city began to be divided into districts. In the same year, the administrative division of the country in the governorates was abolished. Nizhny Novgorod Governorate is abolished. Nizhny Novgorod became the center of the Nizhny Novgorod krai (since 1932 - the Gorky krai). October 7, 1932 the city was renamed **Gorky**, in honor of the 40th anniversary of the literary and public activities of the writer Maxim Gorky. In 1933 the Gorky Krai expands and turns into the Gorky Oblast and Gorky becomes its center.

In the same year, the first stone Oksky bridge appeared in the city, which connected the banks of the Oka. It is now called Kanavinsky. Also, a railway bridge across the Volga was built, along which the railway to Vyatka passed. Then it became possible to get through the Gorky to the Urals and Siberia.

In 1932, the largest industrial enterprise of the Soviet Union, the Gorky Automobile Plant (GAZ), was launched. In 1930-1940-ies the city was even referred to as the "Russian Detroit". At the same time, around the GAZ was built a new Avtozavodsky City District. Now its population is about 300,000 people. Initially, it was conceived as a separate city, but later it was made a district of the city. Also, in 1932 a large river cargo port was established on the Spit of Nizhny Novgorod. It was of high importance not only for the city, but for the entire European part of the country.

### World War II

In the territory of the city and the region, 56 Soviet military units and formations were created. In November 1941, in the city formed 72 units of the people's militia (34,568 people) who participated in the Battle of Moscow. In this territory, in the Eastern Front of World War II, 822,000 people fought for the Soviet Union. Of these, more than 350,000 people did not return from the battlefield. 130 sailors-submariners did not return from sea campaigns. 316 people were awarded for fighting feats of the highest award - the Gold Star of the Hero.

In November 1941, the formation of the Gorky Air Defense District began. The first Nazi air raids took place on the 4th of November and the next night. In 1942, Senior Lieutenant Pyotr Shavurin of the 722nd air defense missile made two successful rams, becoming the only Soviet pilot who had unconditional confirmation of two "battering" victories. In June 1943, the Luftwaffe carried out three large raids on the city, the main goal being the GAZ. 1631 explosive and 33,934 incendiary bombs were dropped on the city. At the GAZ - 1095 explosives and 2493 incendiaries. 50 buildings, more than 9000 conveyors and conveyors, 5900 units of technological equipment, 8000 motors, 28 bridge cranes, 8 shop substations, 14000 sets of electrical equipment and instruments were destroyed and damaged at GAZ. 254 residents of Avtozavodsky urban district and 28 air defense fighters died, 590 inhabitants and 27 fighters were wounded. The plant actually ceased to exist and was rebuilt anew only by mid-1944. In total during the war, Luftwaffe bombers made 43 raids on Gorky, of which 26 raids at night.

During the war in Gorky, an evacuation point and an evacuation base (in the river port) were created to service and distribute the flow of evacuees. In dozens of hospitals, more than 500,000 wounded soldiers were treated.

The city was the center for the Soviet production of weapons. Every second car, every third tank and every fourth artillery unit were manufactured at the city's enterprises.

During the war years, the Soviet Union sent to the front 38,000 tanks, self-propelled artillery systems, armored cars, 43,000 mortars, 16,000 aircraft, 22 submarines, 109,000 motor vehicles, more than 85,000 radio stations, as well as 101,000 artillery pieces and 1,165 Katyushas.

In memory of labor exploits, the Memorial "Gorky to the Front", in honor of the 30th anniversary of the Victory, was opened near the Kremlin walls.

### Postwar years

In 1946 a GAZ-M-20 Pobeda light truck and a GAZ-51 truck left the assembly line of the Gorky Automobile Plant. In 1947 a trolleybus service was opened in the city. In 1949, the construction of the Chkalov Staircase was completed. October 7, 1949 there is a major catastrophe of a passenger river ship Finnish No. 6, carrying out the flight Gorky - Bor. In April 1951 the construction of the Gorkovskaya hydroelectric power station began. The first turbine of the station was launched on November 2, 1955. In 1957, the Krasnoye Sormovo plant produces a high-speed hydrofoil vessel Raketa-1 (chief designer Rostislav Alekseyev). The first amateur television center, located in the club named after Frunze, began work in 1953. The construction of the Gorky state television center was completed in the autumn of 1957.

### Closed city

The defense enterprises located in the city (Krasnoye Sormovo, Sokol plant) attracted the attention of foreign special services. This served as the reason for the closure of the city: on August 4, 1959, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union issued a resolution "On the closure of the city of Gorky for visits by foreigners".

January 18, 1970 at the Krasnoe Sormovo Plant there was a radiation accident. During the construction of the nuclear submarine K-320 project 670 Scat there was an unauthorized launch of the reactor.

December 2, 1970 by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet the city was awarded the Order of Lenin.

In 1985, the city was opened a metro.

## Russia

### Perestroika

In the early 1990s, the status of the "closed city" was lifted, and the city became available for visits by foreigners.

October 22, 1990 by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Gorky was renamed back to Nizhny Novgorod.

### 20th and 21st centuries

At the end of the 20th century, information technology began to develop in the city. Many commercial enterprises operating in the field of mobile communication, Internet and software development were opened. Nizhny Novgorod has become one of the largest and most famous Russian IT centers, maintaining this status for several years. In the territory of Nizhny Novgorod and the region, 8 mobile phone service providers provide services, which is unique for Russia.

One of the main problems in the 2000s was the transportation problem associated with the insufficient capacity of the three bridges connecting the Lower City and the Upper City, where the center of business activity was concentrated. In 2009, the automotive part of the new metro bridge was launched.

The move of business activity from the historical center to Lower City was planned back in the 1980s, in 2008 it was fixed in the general plan, but in 2009 it was sent for revision.

Since September 2011, work is under way to solve the problem of transport hubs in the city center: the approaches to bridges are expanding and improving. Because of the high traffic of the Borsky Bridge in February 2012, a cableway was built. It connects between Nizhny Novgorod and Bor. The daily traffic is about 5000 people. From July 31, 2017, the second automobile Borsky bridge will start operating.

International attention was drawn to Nizhny Novgorod in November 2011, when twenty-six mummified women and girls stolen from local cemeteries were found in the apartment of historian Anatoly Moskvin and his parents. Moskvin was suspected in a separate investigation into the Islamophobic desecration of Muslim graves by the Centre for Combating Extremism, who in a search of the Moskvins' apartment made the unexpected discovery of the bodies dressed as dolls.

### World Cup 2018

In 2018, Nizhny Novgorod hosted the FIFA World Cup. In this regard, the city was completely restructured. First of all, the Spit was completely changed. A new stadium, an embankment and a park were built here. Near to the stadium was built a new metro station Strelka. The historic city center has also been transformed. All the ancient streets were restored, new museums were opened, and a grand FIFA Fan Fest took place on the main Minin and Pozharsky square. The 2nd line of the City Rail was also launched.

## Bibliography

### Fiction

* Elvira Baryakina "Argentinian" (M: Ripol-Classic - 2011 — ISBN 978-5-386-03723-9) — The capture of the city by the Bolsheviks and the first years of Soviet power.
* Maxim Gorky «*Mother*» — about the labor movement in Sormovo in the early 20th century.


title: Hipatia, Argentina

abstract: Hipatia is a town in the Las Colonias Department of Santa Fe Province, Argentina. It is located approximately 4.2 kilometers from the town of Progreso, Argentina.

text:
# Hipatia, Argentina

**Hipatia** is a town in the Las Colonias Department of Santa Fe Province, Argentina. It is located approximately 4.2 kilometers (2.60 miles) from the town of Progreso, Argentina.

## InfoBox

| Hipatia | |
| --- | --- |
| HipatiaLocation in Argentina | |
| Coordinates: 31°07′34″S 61°01′55″W / 31.12611°S 61.03194°W / -31.12611; -61.03194 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Santa Fe |
| Department | Las Colonias |
| Population (2010 census \[INDEC\]) | |
| Total | 548 |
| CPA Base | 3023 |


title: Hip to the Jag

abstract: Hip to the Jag is the debut solo studio album by Iranian-born musician Kavus Torabi released on Believers Roast on 22 May 2020.

text:
# Hip to the Jag

***Hip to the Jag*** is the debut solo studio album by Iranian-born musician Kavus Torabi released on Believers Roast on 22 May 2020.

## Critical reception

In his review for *Louder*, Joe Banks called the album "a meditation on – and sometimes confrontation with – unseen worlds and the realm beyond the senses." Roger Trenwith of *The Progressive Aspect* said that the album "leaves you feeling sad and happy all at once, and it has taken you on a journey through Kavus’s soul, and maybe shone a light into yours, too." On *Echoes and Dust*, Zachary Nathanson noted that Torabi "doesn’t pull any punches bringing his own music to life with his debut solo album \[...\] He always wants to push forwards and see what the next flight will take him to next. Is he ever going to slow down? Absolutely not. But *Hip to the Jag* is the album we need to have music inside our systems for a time of healing in 2020."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Kavus Torabi

Side one
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Chart the Way" | 2:42 |
| 2. | "Silent the Rotor" | 4:24 |
| 3. | "A Body of Work" | 2:31 |
| 4. | "The Peacock Throne" | 3:49 |
| 5. | "You Broke My Fall" | 7:02 |
| 6. | "Cemetery of Light" | 3:54 |
| Total length: | | 24:22 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Radio to Their World" | 4:09 |
| 2. | "My Cold Rebirth" | 4:57 |
| 3. | "Where the Eyeless Walk" | 2:54 |
| 4. | "Slow Movements" | 9:25 |
| Total length: | | 21:25 |

## Personnel

**Musicians**

with:

* Sima Torabi – bells on "Where the Eyeless Walk"

**Technical**

* Kavus Torabi – recording, mixing, artwork
* James Plotkin – mastering
* David Barclay – layout

## InfoBox

| Hip to the Jag | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kavus Torabi | |
| Released | 22 May 2020 (2020-05-22) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 45:45 |
| Label | Believers Roast |
| Kavus Torabi chronology | |
| *Solar Divination*
(2018) ***Hip to the Jag***
(2020) *Heaven's Sun*
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Hip to the Jag* | |
| 1. "Cemetery of Light"
Released: 1 May 2020 | |
|  | |


title: SVA MFA Design Criticism

abstract: D-Crit is the Design Criticism MFA department at the School of Visual Arts in New York City, chaired by Alice Twemlow and co-founded along with Steven Heller in 2006. In Fall 2008, the department enrolled 15 students, who became the inaugural class to complete the two-year program and graduate, in May 2010, with a Design Criticism Master of Fine Arts degree. In the fall of 2014, the program morphed into a one-year Master of Arts degree in Design Research, Writing, and Criticism.

text:
# SVA MFA Design Criticism

**D-Crit** is the Design Criticism MFA department at the School of Visual Arts in New York City, chaired by Alice Twemlow and co-founded along with Steven Heller in 2006. In Fall 2008, the department enrolled 15 students, who became the inaugural class to complete the two-year program and graduate, in May 2010, with a Design Criticism Master of Fine Arts degree. In the fall of 2014, the program morphed into a one-year Master of Arts degree in Design Research, Writing, and Criticism.

## Program Chair

## Program Co-Founders

## Faculty

### Magazine and online articles

## InfoBox

SVA MFA Design Criticism (D-Crit)
| Established | 2008 |
| --- | --- |
| Location | New York, NY |
| Website | dcrit.sva.edu |


title: SV40 Cancer Foundation

abstract: The SV40 Cancer Foundation is an educational organization devoted to raising awareness about a potential link between the simian virus SV40 and human cancer. The SV40 Cancer Foundation was founded by Raphaele and Michael Horwin. The Horwin's son Alexander Horwin was born on June 7, 1996, and was given oral polio vaccine in November 1997. On August 10, 1998, Alexander was diagnosed with medulloblastoma, a malignant (cancerous) pediatric brain tumor, leading to his death on January 31, 1999. The Horwins contend that the polio vaccine their son ingested was contaminated with SV40, leading to his death. Tests performed at four laboratories on Alexander's brain tissue demonstrated the presence of the virus. The SV40 Cancer Foundation views their mission as raising public awareness of this threat and lobbying for more research funding for this area. On September 10, 2003, the Horwins got Congressman Dan Burton, Chair of the Subcommittee on Human Rights and Wellness, United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform to hold a hearing into SV40 contamination of vaccines. The United States National Cancer Institute announced in 2004 that although SV40 does cause cancer in some animal models, "substantial epidemiological evidence has accumulated to indicate that SV40 likely does not cause cancer in humans."

text:
# SV40 Cancer Foundation

The **SV40 Cancer Foundation** is an educational organization devoted to raising awareness about a potential link between the simian virus SV40 and human cancer.

The SV40 Cancer Foundation was founded by Raphaele and Michael Horwin. The Horwin's son Alexander Horwin was born on June 7, 1996, and was given oral polio vaccine in November 1997. On August 10, 1998, Alexander was diagnosed with medulloblastoma, a malignant (cancerous) pediatric brain tumor, leading to his death on January 31, 1999. The Horwins contend that the polio vaccine their son ingested was contaminated with SV40, leading to his death. Tests performed at four laboratories on Alexander's brain tissue demonstrated the presence of the virus.

The SV40 Cancer Foundation views their mission as raising public awareness of this threat and lobbying for more research funding for this area. On September 10, 2003, the Horwins got Congressman Dan Burton, Chair of the Subcommittee on Human Rights and Wellness, United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform to hold a hearing into SV40 contamination of vaccines.

The United States National Cancer Institute announced in 2004 that although SV40 does cause cancer in some animal models, "substantial epidemiological evidence has accumulated to indicate that SV40 likely does not cause cancer in humans."


title: History of Ann Arbor, Michigan

abstract: The recorded history of Ann Arbor, Michigan, began with settlers from various eastern states in early 1824.

text:
# History of Ann Arbor, Michigan

The recorded **history of Ann Arbor, Michigan**, began with settlers from various eastern states in early 1824.

## Founding

The original founders were John Allen from Virginia and Elisha Rumsey from New York. On May 25, 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as "Annarbour"; this represents the earliest known use of the town's name.

Their wives' names were both Ann (in the latter case, either Ann Rumsey or Ana Rumsey, depending on the text consulted). One account states that Allen and Rumsey decided to name the settlement "Annarbour", for their spouses (after discarding the alternative names Allensville and Annapolis) and for the stands of bur oak in the 640 acres (2.6 km2) of land they had purchased for US$800 from the federal government. The Native Americans of the region knew the settlement as *Kaw-geesh-kaw-nick* (Ojibwe: *Gaa-giishka'aanig* \[syncope: *Gaa-giishkhaanig*\], "saw-milling place"), after the sound of "mill" of Allen's grist mill.

Rumsey died in 1827; Allen eventually became the town's postmaster, newspaper publisher, village president, and all-around promoter.

## The 19th century

Several mills, a tannery, and a general store flourished in the settlement. The general store (or tavern, again depending on the source) was painted bright red and the corner on which it was established, at Huron and Main, became known as Bloody Corners. In 1836, Ann Arbor lost a bid to be established as the state capital. However, in 1837 Ann Arbor won a bid to be the new site for the University of Michigan when it offered forty acres (160,000 m2) of land for the site. The Michigan Central Railroad arrived in 1839, making the town a major regional transportation hub.

Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827, incorporated as a village in 1833, and was chartered as a city in 1851, which was also the year that John Allen died. The town became home first to large numbers of German immigrants from the state of Württemberg and escapees from the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849), though Canadians accounted for the largest percentage of Ann Arbor's immigrants during most of the 19th century.

## The 20th century and progressivism

During World War I, Germans became targets of animosity because of their alleged sympathy for the German state, and four professors in the university's German department were dismissed because of what was alleged by the regents to be an "excess" of faculty in the department.

During World War II, Ford Motor Company's nearby Willow Run plant turned out B-24 Liberator bombers and the population of Ann Arbor exploded with an influx of military personnel, war workers, and their families.

East Ann Arbor incorporated as a city from portions of Pittsfield Township in 1947 and was named due to its proximity to Ann Arbor. In 1957, Ann Arbor annexed the city into its boundaries, and East Ann Arbor ceased to exist.

In 1960, Ann Arbor was the site of major speeches by both major presidential candidates, John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. On October 14, 1960, Kennedy outlined his proposal for what would become the Peace Corps on the front steps of the Michigan Union (a plaque still marks the spot). On May 22, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson unveiled his Great Society initiative during a University of Michigan commencement address.

During the 1960s, Ann Arbor became a focus for both the American civil rights movement and the anti-Vietnam War movement. It was, for example, the site of the first major meetings of Students for a Democratic Society in 1960. After a number of protests and an extensive public campaign, the city passed its first fair housing ordinance in 1963.

In June 1969, students and protesters took over portions of South University Avenue over the course of three days of protests and rioting. However, the police, drawn from many surrounding communities, and many with their names and badges covered up, took back the streets with the use of tear gas, police dogs, and the threat of firearms. Between 1972 and 1976, the city council went through a period in which three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) were elected and fought for several measures that at the time seemed radical, including a pioneering anti-discrimination ordinance, an ordinance reducing penalties for possession of marijuana (the famous "five-dollar pot law"), and a rent control ordinance. In 1973, Kathy Kozachenko was elected to the Ann Arbor city council, becoming the nation's first openly gay candidate to run successfully for elected office.

In 1974, a city survey found that a ⅔ majority of residents supported a city income tax. In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Ann Arbor was home to many influential rock bands, such as the MC5, Alice Cooper, Iggy Pop, Brownsville Station, George Clinton, Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band, Mitch Ryder, and The Rationals. Madonna was a dance major at the University of Michigan in the late 1970s. In 1969, avant-garde jazz bandleader Sun Ra and his Arkestra spent about a month living in an Ann Arbor frat house, with poet-impresario John Sinclair and his radical White Panther Party for next-door neighbors.

Four years after leaving the White House, Gerald R. Ford  a former student and college football player at Michigan  opened his Presidential Library in Ann Arbor. His Museum is located in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

The economy of Ann Arbor underwent a gradual shift from a manufacturing base to a service and technology base over the course of the 20th century, a shift which accelerated in the 1970s and 1980s. As of 1999, Ann Arbor was home to 25 research centers and libraries.

During the same period, land values have increased and the city has gentrified. Some long-time residents have been driven out by high prices.

Conservative groups and movements have also started within the city. The Word of God, a charismatic Christian movement of global scope, started in 1967. Ann Arbor also became the site of the Thomas More Law Center, a leading religious-conservative advocacy group founded in 1999.

## The 21st century

On November 2, 2004, a proposition to legalize medical marijuana was passed by a margin of 74% to 26%. Though the city attorney and police chief subsequently declared the law unenforceable, possession of marijuana for personal use has been essentially decriminalized in Ann Arbor for three decades, punishable only by a $25 civil-infraction fine and no criminal record. However, the much harsher state law applies to possession on university property *(see Cannabis laws in Ann Arbor)*.

The same day, voters approved a greenbelt plan: the city government would acquire development rights to agricultural land bordering Ann Arbor to prevent sprawling development. Since then, local debate has hinged on whether (and how) to accommodate development within city limits. The Greenbelt has, at times, been controversial because if other planned measures (like increasing the city's density) stall, already high property values could rise further, pushing low and middle income residents to new exurbs beyond the greenbelt.

In 2018, two council members sued the city over a council decision to sell a city-owned property downtown to a housing developer. Later that year, the city narrowly passed a proposal to keep that space as city owned property in perpetuity. In 2020, the city council enacted a resolution sponsored by then council members Anne Bannister and Jeff Hayner to form an advisory body for developing the roof of the parking structure into a city park. By late 2022, this advisory board had sent council a request to direct staff to evaluate the site for use for food truck rallies and other events. In April 2023, city staff responded to this request with a memorandum stating in part that "this site is not well-suited for use as a food truck rally or food truck installation and that it will require significant capital investment to bring the site up to a standard that would be safe, convenient, and attractive as a community event space." The following city council meeting included public comments deriding the lack of progress from this advisory commission.

In 2020, after the city council voted 7–4 to fire city administrator Howard Lazarus, several of the council members who voted to fire him lost their elections. In April 2021, the city council voted to strip Jeff Hayner of his committee assignments response to his use of homophobic and racist slurs, followed in June by a vote to ask him to resign. Hayner's ally on council, Elizabeth Nelson, defended Hayner, saying he "spoke the phonetic sounds without euphemism." Hayner did not run for re-election in 2022 and Nelson lost her primary to Dharma Akmon in a series of elections that gave the mayor's faction 11-0 control of city council. In 2020, partly as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the city government opened several downtown streets to pedestrians, limiting their use by motor vehicles to emergency vehicles during summertime weekends. In addition to providing a large pedestrian mall, these changes allow restaurants to use more of the sidewalks and part of the street for outdoor seating. These changes were popular enough that in 2021 the city council extended the dates from March to November, continuing the schedule of cordoning off cars from Thursday evening until Monday morning.

In September 2020, Ann Arbor had decriminalized the non-psychoactive drug called psilocybin.

In 2021 the city council launched a social district downtown, allowing visitors to carry alcoholic beverages between different businesses in the district.

Anti-abortion protesters were outnumbered ten-to-one by abortion-rights counterprotesters in 2017. In 2019, The Diag hosted a Stop the Bans rally. In 2022 in the shadow of the Dobbs decision, the diag once again became a rallying point for abortion rights protests, drawing thousands of protesters, including US Rep. Debbie Dingell, Senator Debbie Stabenow, and Michigan Lt. Gov. Garlin Gilchrist.

The Ann Arbor city Council passed a resolution calling for a "bilateral ceasefire" in Israel's war on Gaza on January 11, 2024, after almost 90 community members spoke in favor of the resolution.

## Timeline

* 25 May 1824: Annarbour, Wayne County, Michigan Territory.
* 1827 - 1832: Annarbour, Township of Ann Arbour, Wayne County, Michigan Territory.
* 1833 - 26 January 1837: Village of Ann Arbour, Township of Ann Arbour, Washtenaw County, Michigan Territory.
* October 1835: Village of Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor Township, Washtenaw County, 'de facto' State of Michigan.
* 14 December 1836: Following the Toledo War, the Frostbitten Convention in Ann Arbor concedes the Toledo Strip and accepts the western three-fourths of the Upper Peninsula, allowing the State of Michigan to become a U.S. state.
* 26 January 1837: U.S. Congress recognizes the State of Michigan and dissolves the Territory of Michigan. Village of Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor Township, Washtenaw County, State of Michigan, United States of America.
* 1837: University of Michigan received land.

* *Encyclopedia of Michigan*. St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset Publishers. 1981. ISBN 0-403-09995-1.
* Marwil, Jonathan. (1990). *A History of Ann Arbor.* Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
* *Michigan Gazetteer*. (1991). Wilmington, DE: American Historical Publications.
* Schmittroth, Linda (Ed.). (1994). *Cities of the United States* (4th ed.). Detroit: Gale Group.


title: Hiram, Missouri

abstract: Hiram is an unincorporated community in eastern Wayne County, Missouri, United States. It is located on Missouri Route C, between Clubb to the northwest and Lowndes to the southeast, approximately twenty miles southwest of Marble Hill. The community is located on McCabe Creek, just north of that steam's confluence with Bear Creek.

text:
# Hiram, Missouri

**Hiram** is an unincorporated community in eastern Wayne County, Missouri, United States. It is located on Missouri Route C, between Clubb to the northwest and Lowndes to the southeast, approximately twenty miles southwest of Marble Hill. The community is located on McCabe Creek, just north of that steam's confluence with Bear Creek.

## History

A post office called Hiram was established in 1900, and remained in operation until 1994. The community was named after Hiram Holliday, a businessman in the local lumber industry at Greenville.

Hiram was approximately midway on Holiday's 17 mile railroad spur running from Greenville (the county seat) to Cascade located in the northeast corner of the county. This spur transported most all of the virgin pine timber of the northeast portion of Wayne County between 1880 and 1910.

## InfoBox

| Hiram | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| HiramLocation within the state of Missouri | |
| Coordinates: 37°10′44″N 90°18′53″W / 37.17889°N 90.31472°W / 37.17889; -90.31472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Wayne |
| Elevation | 505 ft (154 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 750341 |


title: Hiram "Doc" Jones

abstract: Hiram Lee "Doc" Jones is an American United Methodist leader and retired US Air Force chaplain.

text:
# Hiram "Doc" Jones

**Hiram Lee "Doc" Jones** (born 7 November 1937) is an American United Methodist leader and retired US Air Force chaplain.

## Personal life

In Madisonville, Texas, on 7 November 1937, Hiram Lee Jones was born to Ada (née Standley; born 1897 or 1898) and Dan L. Jones (born 1891 or 1892). By the 1940 United States Census, Jones had two siblings: brother Jim Dand (born 1926 or 1927) and sister Doris Marie (born 1929 or 1930), and the family lived on a farm in rural Madison County, Texas.

Jones graduated from Madisonville High School. He later earned a Bachelor of Science from Sam Houston State University in 1959, and was ordained in the United Methodist Church in 1963. Jones received a Master of Divinity (M.Div.) from Perkins School of Theology, and after spending six years serving civilian parishes, he joined the United States Air Force in 1969. Wiley College awarded Jones an honorary Doctor of Divinity in 1974. By January 1997, Jones was an ordained Elder in the United Methodist Church. After his retirement, Jones and his wife moved to Greater Houston in 1999.

## US Air Force

| Ranks held | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Date | Insignia & rank |
| 17 June 1970 | Captain |
| 1 May 1979 | Major |
| 1 January 1984 | Lieutenant colonel |
| 1 May 1989 | Colonel |
| 1 August 1997 | Brigadier general |

After joining in 1969, Jones spent that May through July 1985 as a Protestant chaplain at Kincheloe, Andrews, Kalkar Kaserne, Bergstrom, and Maxwell Air Force Bases. From July 1985 – July 1991, Jones served in the office of the command chaplain for Pacific Air Forces (at Hickam Air Force Base) and Air Training Command (at Randolph Air Force Base). After a two-year stint as the senior chaplain at Bolling Air Force Base, Jones was the command chaplain for United States Air Forces in Europe (at Ramstein Air Base) and Air Combat Command (at Langley Air Force Base) from June 1993 – June 1997.

In June 1997, Jones was made the Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force and assigned to Washington, D.C. In that capacity at the turn of the 21st century, when *USA Today* made news reporting on Wiccan airmen at a South Carolina Air Force base, Deputy Chief Jones told the investigating US senatorStrom Thurmond—that, "if you can tell us what religion America's religious freedom doesn't cover, we won't let them practice it."

Jones retired from the Air Force on 1 December 1999. Among the awards and decorations earned by General Jones were an Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, a Legion of Merit, eight Meritorious Service Medals, an Air Force Commendation Medal, three Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards, two Air Force Organizational Excellence Awards, and a National Defense Service Medal.

## InfoBox

| Hiram L. Jones | |
| --- | --- |
| US Air Force photo of Jones | |
| Born | Hiram Lee Jones
(1937-11-07) 7 November 1937
Madisonville, Texas, US |
| Other names | "Doc" |
| Education |  |
| Occupation | Chaplain |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Years | 1969–1999 |
| Rank | Brigadier general |
| Awards |  |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Ecclesiastical career | |
| Religion | Christianity |
| Church | United Methodist |
| Title | Elder |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Hiram, Georgia

abstract: Hiram is a city in Paulding County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population is 4,929.

text:
# Hiram, Georgia

**Hiram** (/Hai:rm/) is a city in Paulding County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population is 4,929.

## History

The Georgia General Assembly incorporated the Town of Hiram in 1891. The city was named after Hiram Baguette, the town's first postmaster.

## Geography

Hiram is located at 33°51′56″N 84°46′29″W / 33.86556°N 84.77472°W / 33.86556; -84.77472 (33.865575, -84.774593).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (0.66%) is water.

At the intersection of US Highway 278 and Georgia State Route 92, Atlanta's tallest buildings can be seen, specifically the Bank of America Tower, which stands 23 miles away from the junction.

Via GA-92, Acworth is 18 mi (29 km) to the north, and Douglasville is 9 mi (14 km) to the south. Via US-278, Dallas is 8 mi (13 km) to the northwest, and Powder Springs is 5 mi (8 km) to the east.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 105 |  |  |
| 1910 | 254 |  | 141.9% |
| 1920 | 329 |  | 29.5% |
| 1930 | 303 |  | −7.9% |
| 1940 | 282 |  | −6.9% |
| 1950 | 299 |  | 6.0% |
| 1960 | 358 |  | 19.7% |
| 1970 | 441 |  | 23.2% |
| 1980 | 1,030 |  | 133.6% |
| 1990 | 1,389 |  | 34.9% |
| 2000 | 1,361 |  | −2.0% |
| 2010 | 3,546 |  | 160.5% |
| 2020 | 4,929 |  | 39.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Recent years have seen a tremendous increase in the populations of Dallas and Hiram, as well as Paulding County.

Dallas and Hiram more than doubled in population from 2000 to 2010, according to figures from the U.S. Census. Dallas, Paulding's county seat, went from an overall population of 5,056 in 2000 to 11,544 in the 2010 census—just over a 128 percent increase.

But Hiram's growth was even more explosive over the last decade, jumping to 3,546 from 1,361—an increase of more than 160 percent.

The county's numbers also swelled, but not at the rate experienced by Dallas and Hiram. From 2000's population of 81,678, the county saw nearly three-quarters of that total adding to its resident count, bringing it to 142,324.

### 2020 census

Hiram racial composition
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 1,823 | 36.99% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 2,292 | 46.5% |
| Native American | 17 | 0.34% |
| Asian | 56 | 1.14% |
| Pacific Islander | 4 | 0.08% |
| Other/mixed | 266 | 5.4% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 471 | 9.56% |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 4,929 people, 1,510 households, and 1,030 families residing in the city.

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 3543 people and 1,538 households residing in the city. The population density in 2000 was 452.5 people per square mile (174.67/km2). There were 506 housing units at an average density of 168.2 per square mile (64.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city in 2010 was 60.88% White, 32% African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.04% Asian, 2.74% from other races, and 3.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 7.54% of the population.

There were 481 households, out of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.7% were non-families. 19.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 33.7% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $50,069, and the median income for a family was $51,705. Males had a median income of $36,048 versus $24,483 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,254. About 4.1% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## Transportation

### Major highways

## Education

The city of Hiram has two public schools named after it, Hiram High School and Hiram Elementary School. The nearest middle schools are Dobbins Middle School, P.B. Ritch Middle School and East Paulding Middle School.

## Recreation

* Silver Comet Trail
* Ben Hill Strickland Park

## InfoBox

| Hiram, Georgia | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Downtown Hiram | |
|  | |
| Location in Paulding County and the state of Georgia | |
| HiramLocation in Metro Atlanta | |
| Coordinates: 33°51′56″N 84°46′29″W / 33.86556°N 84.77472°W / 33.86556; -84.77472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| County | Paulding |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Frank Moran |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.96 sq mi (10.25 km2) |
| Land | 3.93 sq mi (10.18 km2) |
| Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.06 km2) |
| Elevation | 965 ft (294 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 4,929 |
| Density | 1,253.88/sq mi (484.10/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 30141 |
| Area code(s) | 770/678/470 |
| FIPS code | 13-39076 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0331996 |
| Website | cityofhiramga.gov |


title: Hiroshi Ando

abstract: Hiroshi Ando Hiroshi Ando is a Japanese writer and director. Born 13 June 1965 in Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Ando has several films to his credit including Saraba gokudo dead beat, Blue, Kokoro to karada and Boku wa imōto ni koi o suru. Blue was entered into the 24th Moscow International Film Festival.

text:
# Hiroshi Ando

**Hiroshi Ando** (安藤尋, *Andō Hiroshi*) is a Japanese writer and director. Born 13 June 1965 in Tokyo, Japan. Hiroshi Ando has several films to his credit including *Saraba gokudo dead beat*, *Blue*, *Kokoro to karada* and *Boku wa imōto ni koi o suru*. *Blue* was entered into the 24th Moscow International Film Festival.

## InfoBox

| Hiroshi Ando | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1965-06-13) 13 June 1965<br>Tokyo, Japan |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, screenwriter |
| Years active | 1999-present |


title: Hiroshi Aro

abstract: Yoshihiro Tamogami, better known by his pen name Hiroshi Aro, is a Japanese manga artist. He is mostly known for being the author of Futaba-Kun Change!, Morumo 1/10 and Yuu and Mii. Aro worked as an assistant to manga artist Osamu Akimoto. He admitted that Futaba-kun Change! was created to be his version of Ranma ½ by Rumiko Takahashi, just as Yuu & Mi was his version of Takahashi's Maison Ikkoku. Aro makes guest appearances in his own comics, drawing himself as an alligator wearing glasses.

text:
# Hiroshi Aro

**Yoshihiro Tamogami** (田母神 慈宏, *Tamogami Yoshihiro*, born May 15, 1959 in Tokyo), better known by his pen name **Hiroshi Aro** (あろ ひろし, *Aro Hiroshi*), is a Japanese manga artist. He is mostly known for being the author of *Futaba-Kun Change!*, *Morumo 1/10* and *Yuu and Mii*.

Aro worked as an assistant to manga artist Osamu Akimoto. He admitted that *Futaba-kun Change!* was created to be his version of *Ranma ½* by Rumiko Takahashi, just as *Yuu & Mi* was his version of Takahashi's *Maison Ikkoku*. Aro makes guest appearances in his own comics, drawing himself as an alligator wearing glasses.

## Works


title: Hithey Dheymee

abstract: Hithey Dheymee is a 2011 Maldivian drama film directed by Amjad Ibrahim. Produced by Hussain Ibrahim, Ali Ibrahim and Amjad Ibrahim under Farivaa Films, the film stars Amira Ismail, Hussain Solah, Ali Ahmed, Fathimath Azifa and Aminath Shareef in pivotal roles. The film was released on 20 April 2011.

text:
# Hithey Dheymee

***Hithey Dheymee*** is a 2011 Maldivian drama film directed by Amjad Ibrahim. Produced by Hussain Ibrahim, Ali Ibrahim and Amjad Ibrahim under Farivaa Films, the film stars Amira Ismail, Hussain Solah, Ali Ahmed, Fathimath Azifa and Aminath Shareef in pivotal roles. The film was released on 20 April 2011.

## Premise

Nadheema, a school teacher marries the only son from a wealthy family, Hisham (Hussain Solah) despite his mother's disapproval since Nadheema is from a middle-class family. Upon discovering their relationship, Ahmed (Ali Ahmed), the best friend of Hisham and who is secretly in love with Nadheema is heartbroken. When Nadheema gets pregnant, they bring a maid, Shifa (Fathimath Azifa) to help them with their responsibilities. Complications arise when his mother plots against Nadheema and Hisham has a secret affair with Shifa.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Hithey Dheymee" | Mohamed Abdul Ghanee | Hussain Sobah | Rafiyath Rameeza, Mohamed Farhad |  |
| 2. | "Hithey Dheymee" (Slow Version) | Mohamed Abdul Ghanee | Hussain Sobah | Rafiyath Rameeza, Mohamed Farhad |  |
| 3. | "Vey Kalaa Furaanaigaa" | Mohamed Abdul Ghanee | Hussain Sobah | Rafiyath Rameeza, Mohamed Farhad |  |
| 4. | "Huvafenthakey Dhekkee Kalaa" | Easa Shareef | Hussain Sobah | Abdul Hannan Moosa Didi |  |
| 5. | "Saafu Nayaa Han'dhuvaru" | Mohamed Abdul Ghanee | Hussain Sobah | Mumthaz Moosa, Rafiyath Rameeza |  |

## InfoBox

| Hithey Dheymee | |
| --- | --- |
| Official film poster | |
| Directed by | Amjad Ibrahim |
| Written by | Aminath Rinaza |
| Screenplay by | Amjad Ibrahim |
| Produced by | Hussain Ibrahim
Ali Ibrahim
Amjad Ibrahim |
| Starring | Amira Ismail
Hussain Solah
Ali Ahmed
Fathimath Azifa
Aminath Shareef |
| Cinematography | Hussain Shibau
Hassan Haleem
Shuaau
Ibrahim Wisan
Ali Rasheed
Ali Ibrahim
Moomin Fuad |
| Edited by | Ahmed Latheef
Ahmed Asim |
| Music by | **Songs:**
Hussain Sobah
**Score:**
Muaviyath Anwar |
| Production
companies | V Stream
Farivaa Films |
| Release date | * April 20, 2011 (2011-04-20) |
| Country | Maldives |
| Language | Dhivehi |


title: Nu Geminorum

abstract: Nu Geminorum, Latinized from ν Geminorum, is a triple star system in the constellation Gemini. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.16, which is bright enough to be visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 5.99 mas, it is located at a distance of roughly 540 light years from the Sun. The position of this system near the ecliptic means it is subject to lunar occultations. The inner components of this multiple star system have an orbital period of about 54 days and a nearly circular orbit with an eccentricity of 0.056. There is some uncertainty in the spectral type, with classifications ranging from a main sequence star to a giant. Orbiting the inner pair is a classical Be star, with an orbital period of 19.1 years and an eccentricity of 0.24. The two orbits are co-directional and roughly coplanar. The system is overall dynamically stable, and shows no signs of Kozai-Lidov cycles. The outer Be star appears to be single. According to the catalogue of stars in the Technical Memorandum 33-507 - A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars, this star was titled as Nucatai.

text:
# Nu Geminorum

**Nu Geminorum**, Latinized from **ν Geminorum**, is a triple star system in the constellation Gemini. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.16, which is bright enough to be visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 5.99 mas, it is located at a distance of roughly 540 light years from the Sun. The position of this system near the ecliptic means it is subject to lunar occultations.

The inner components of this multiple star system have an orbital period of about 54 days and a nearly circular orbit with an eccentricity of 0.056. There is some uncertainty in the spectral type, with classifications ranging from a main sequence star to a giant. Orbiting the inner pair is a classical Be star, with an orbital period of 19.1 years and an eccentricity of 0.24. The two orbits are co-directional and roughly coplanar. The system is overall dynamically stable, and shows no signs of Kozai-Lidov cycles. The outer Be star appears to be single.

According to the catalogue of stars in the *Technical Memorandum 33-507 - A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars*, this star was titled as Nucatai.

* Kaler, James B. (January 26, 2007), "Nu Geminorum", *stars*, University of Illinois, retrieved 2016-12-07.

## InfoBox

ν Geminorum
|
ν Geminorum in optical light | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) | |
| Constellation | Gemini |
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| Right ascension | 06h 28m 57.78613s |
| Declination | +20° 12 43.6856 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 4.16 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | B6 III + B8 III |
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| U−B color index | −0.47 |
| B−V color index | −0.13 |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | +39.4 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −6.82 mas/yr
Dec.: −13.10 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 5.99 ± 0.28 mas |
| **Distance** | 540 ± 30 ly
(167 ± 8 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | −2.2 + −1.2 |
|  | |
| Orbit | |
| **Primary** | ν Gem Aa |
| **Companion** | ν Gem Ab |
| **Period (P)** | 53.7722 ± 0.0008 d |
| **Semi-major axis (a)** | 2.82 ± 0.02 mas |
| **Eccentricity (e)** | 0.056 ± 0.003 |
| **Inclination (i)** | 0.98 ± 0.03° |
| **Longitude of the node (Ω)** | 78.9 ± 0.2° |
| **Periastron epoch (T)** | MJD 51011.8 ± 0.1 |
| **Argument of periastron (ω)**
(secondary) | 6.7 ± 2.0° |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K1)
(primary) | 51.6 ± 0.6 km/s |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K2)
(secondary) | 52.5 ± 1.1 km/s |
| Orbit | |
| **Primary** | ν Gem A |
| **Companion** | ν Gem B |
| **Period (P)** | 6977.3 ± 6.1 |
| **Semi-major axis (a)** | 82.8 ± 1.3 mas |
| **Eccentricity (e)** | 0.241 ± 0.002 |
| **Inclination (i)** | 75.9 ± 0.2° |
| **Longitude of the node (Ω)** | 121.0 ± 0.1° |
| **Periastron epoch (T)** | MJD 48810.3 ± 13.0 |
| **Argument of periastron (ω)**
(secondary) | 226.9 ± 0.4° |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K1)
(primary) | 8.0 ± 0.1 km/s |
| **Semi-amplitude** (K2)
(secondary) | 15.9 ± 0.1 km/s |
| Details | |
| ν Gem Aa | |
| **Mass** | 3.34 |
| **Luminosity** | 1,380 |
| **Temperature** | 14,100 |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 160 km/s |
| ν Gem Ab | |
| **Mass** | 3.28 |
|  | |
| ν Gem B | |
| **Mass** | 3.33 |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| ν Gem, 18 Geminorum, BD+20° 1441, FK5 1173, HD 45542, HIP 30883, HR 2343, SAO 78423, WDS 06290+2013 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Radek Dlouhý

abstract: Radek Dlouhý is a former Czech professional ice hockey player who played in the Czech Extraliga (ELH). Dlouhý previously played for HC Slavia Praha, KLH Chomutov, HC Rebel Havlíčkův Brod, SK Kadaň, and HC Kometa Brno.

text:
# Radek Dlouhý

**Radek Dlouhý** (born 13 January 1982, in Prague) is a former Czech professional ice hockey player who played in the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

Dlouhý previously played for HC Slavia Praha, KLH Chomutov, HC Rebel Havlíčkův Brod, SK Kadaň, and HC Kometa Brno.

## InfoBox

| Radek Dlouhý | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1982-01-13) January 13, 1982
Prague, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) | | |
| Weight | 176 lb (80 kg; 12 st 8 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | HC Slavia Praha
HC Kometa Brno
HC Energie Karlovy Vary
HC Olomouc | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 20002019 | | |


title: Wardington Manor

abstract: Wardington Manor lies between Lower and Upper Wardington in Oxfordshire. The house dates from the middle of the 16th century or possibly earlier. The house was remodelled in 1665 and twice early in the 20th century. From 1917, Wardington Manor was the seat of John Pease, 1st Baron Wardington, and later Christopher Pease, 2nd Baron Wardington (1924–2005), and his wife Audrey White (1927–2014). On April 16, 2004, the house was severely damaged by fire, mostly affecting the roof but has since been restored. It is a Grade II* listed building.

text:
# Wardington Manor

**Wardington Manor** lies between Lower and Upper Wardington in Oxfordshire. The house dates from the middle of the 16th century or possibly earlier. The house was remodelled in 1665 and twice early in the 20th century.

From 1917, Wardington Manor was the seat of John Pease, 1st Baron Wardington, and later Christopher Pease, 2nd Baron Wardington (1924–2005), and his wife Audrey White (1927–2014).

On April 16, 2004, the house was severely damaged by fire, mostly affecting the roof but has since been restored. It is a Grade II\* listed building.

52°06′38″N 1°16′51″W / 52.110691°N 1.280926°W / 52.110691; -1.280926


title: Valentin Pyanov

abstract: Valentin Pyanov is a Russian professional ice hockey player. He is currently under contract with HC Sibir Novosibirsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Pyanov made his KHL debut playing with Avangard Omsk during the 2012–13 season.

text:
# Valentin Pyanov

**Valentin Pyanov** (born July 21, 1991) is a Russian professional ice hockey player. He is currently under contract with HC Sibir Novosibirsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

Pyanov made his KHL debut playing with Avangard Omsk during the 2012–13 season.

## InfoBox

| Valentin Pyanov | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1991-07-21) July 21, 1991
Omsk, Russia | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) | | |
| Weight | 168 lb (76 kg; 12 st 0 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| KHL team
Former teams | *Sibir Novosibirsk*
Avangard Omsk
HC Pardubice
HC Lada Togliatti
Amur Khabarovsk | | |
| Playing career | 2012present | | |


title: Myrcia peduncularis

abstract: Myrcia peduncularis is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family known by the common names Maricao lidflower and serpentine lidflower. It is endemic to Puerto Rico, where it grows on serpentine soils at 300 to 400 meters in altitude, to a height of between 1.5 and 2 meters. There are perhaps 200 to 300 individuals left. Besides this, "there is nearly no information in the literature about this species."

text:
# Myrcia peduncularis

***Myrcia peduncularis*** is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family known by the common names **Maricao lidflower** and **serpentine lidflower**. It is endemic to Puerto Rico, where it grows on serpentine soils at 300 to 400 meters in altitude, to a height of between 1.5 and 2 meters. There are perhaps 200 to 300 individuals left. Besides this, "there is nearly no information in the literature about this species."

## InfoBox

| *Myrcia peduncularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Myrcia* |
| Species: | ***M. peduncularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myrcia peduncularis***<br>(Alain) E.Lucas & Acev.-Rodr. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Calyptranthes dumetorum* Alain * *Calyptranthes peduncularis* Alain | |


title: North Lakes bus station

abstract: North Lakes bus station, also known as North Lakes Station, is the primary bus terminus in North Lakes, Queensland, Australia. It is located at the corner of Endeavour Boulevard and The Corso. It is served by 11 routes operated by Hornibrook Bus Lines, Thompsons Bus Service and Kangaroo Bus Lines. Before opening in 2013, buses previously departed from the nearby Westfield North Lakes. It is a short walk from Westfield North Lakes, making it convenient for public transport connections to nearby areas and train services.

text:
# North Lakes bus station

**North Lakes bus station**, also known as **North Lakes Station**, is the primary bus terminus in North Lakes, Queensland, Australia. It is located at the corner of Endeavour Boulevard and The Corso.

It is served by 11 routes operated by Hornibrook Bus Lines, Thompsons Bus Service and Kangaroo Bus Lines. Before opening in 2013, buses previously departed from the nearby Westfield North Lakes. It is a short walk from Westfield North Lakes, making it convenient for public transport connections to nearby areas and train services.

## Bus routes

The following bus routes services North Lakes bus station:

| Platform | Route number | Destination | Locations/roads serving |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 676 | Murrumba Downs | Murrumba Downs railway station, Griffin |
| | 679 | Murrumba Downs | Kallangur railway station, Castle Hill estate |
| | 684 | Kallangur railway station | Duffield Road, Kallangur Fair |
| | 685 | Kallangur railway station | Old Gympie Road, School Road |
| 2 | 668 | Narangba railway station | Endeavour Boulevard, Potassium Street, Mackie Road |
| | 680 (inbound) | Chermside | Kallangur, Petrie railway station, Lawnton, Strathpine, Bald Hills, Carseldine, Aspley |
| | 680 (outbound) | Redcliffe | Rothwell, Kippa-Ring |
| | 681 | Mango Hill (loop) | Mango Hill Village, Capestone, Mango Hill railway station |
| | 682 | Mango Hill (loop) | Mango Hill railway station, Capestone, Mango Hill Village |
| | 687 | Mango Hill railway station | Endeavour Boulevard, Bounty Boulevard, Discovery Drive |
| | 688 | North Lakes (loop) | Endeavour Boulevard, Aurora Boulevard, Bounty Boulevard, Discovery Drive |
| | 689 | North Lakes (loop) | Discovery Drive, Bounty Boulevard, Aurora Boulevard, Endeavour Boulevard |

## InfoBox

| North Lakes | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Endeavour Boulevard, North Lakes |
| Coordinates | 27°14′16.7″S 153°01′03.5″E / 27.237972°S 153.017639°E / -27.237972; 153.017639 |
| Owned by | Department of Transport & Main Roads |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Bus routes | 11 |
| Bus stands | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 319806 (platform 1)<br>319805 (platform 2) |
| Fare zone | go card 3 |
| Website | Translink |
| History | |
| Opened | 29 January 2013 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Littoisten Työväen Urheilijat

abstract: Littoisten Työväen Urheilijat is sports club from Littoinen, Finland. The club was founded in 1932 and currently has five main sections covering football, volleyball, skiing, Women's Division and Veterans' Division. Football and volleyball are now the most popular sports in the club and keep-fit is another important activity that is organised. In total LTU has over 750 members.

text:
# Littoisten Työväen Urheilijat

**Littoisten Työväen Urheilijat** (**abbreviated as LTU**) is sports club from Littoinen, Finland. The club was founded in 1932 and currently has five main sections covering football, volleyball, skiing, Women's Division and Veterans' Division. Football and volleyball are now the most popular sports in the club and keep-fit is another important activity that is organised. In total LTU has over 750 members.

## Football

The club runs a number of teams including 3 men's teams, a veteran's team (Old Boys) and 3 junior teams. The club's home ground is at the Littoisten kenttä.

## 2010 season

**LTU Men's Team** are competing in the Kolmonen administered by the Turku SPL. This is the fourth highest tier in the Finnish football system. In 2009 LTU finished in tenth position in their Kolmonen section.

**LTU2** are participating in Upper Section – Summer (Kevät Ylälohko) of the Vitonen administered by the Turku SPL.

**LTU3** are participating in Section 1 (Lohko 1) of the Kutonen administered by the Turku SPL.

## References and sources

## InfoBox

Littoisten Työväen Urheilijat
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Littoisten Työväen Urheilijat |
| Nickname(s) | Litu tai LTU (Äl Tee Uu) |
| Founded | 1932 |
| Ground | Littoisten kenttä, Littoinen, Finland |
| Chairman | Esko Koivisto |
| Manager | Aki Tetri |
| League | Kolmonen |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Fiber-optic patch cord

abstract: A fiber-optic patch cord is a fiber-optic cable capped at each end with connectors that allow it to be rapidly and conveniently connected to telecommunication equipment. This is known as interconnect-style cabling.

text:
# Fiber-optic patch cord

A **fiber-optic patch cord** is a fiber-optic cable capped at each end with connectors that allow it to be rapidly and conveniently connected to telecommunication equipment. This is known as interconnect-style cabling.

## General characteristics

### Construction

A fiber-optic patch cord is constructed from a core with a high refractive index, surrounded by a coating with a low refractive index, that is strengthened by aramid yarns and surrounded by a protective jacket. Transparency of the core permits transmission of optic signals with little loss over great distances. The coating's lower refractive index causes light to be reflected back toward the core, minimizing signal loss. The protective aramid yarns and outer jacket minimize physical damage to the core and coating.

### Size

Ordinary fibers measure 125 μm in diameter (a strand of human hair is about 100 μm). The inner diameter measures 9 μm for single-mode cables, and 50 / 62.5 μm for multi-mode cables.

The development of "reduced bend radius" fiber in the mid-2000s, enabled a trend towards smaller cables. Each unit of diameter reduction in a round cable, produces a disproportionate corresponding reduction in the space the cable occupies.

## Classification

Patch cords are classified by transmission medium, connector construction, and construction of the connector's inserted core cover.

### Transmission medium

Single-mode fiber is generally yellow, with a blue connector, and a longer transmission distance. Multi-mode fiber is generally orange or grey, with a cream or black connector, and a shorter transmission distance.

### Connector construction

Connector design standards include FC, SC, ST, LC, MTRJ, MPO, MU, SMA, FDDI, E2000, DIN4, and D4. Cables are classified by the connectors on either end of the cable; some of the most common cable configurations include FC–FC, FC–SC, FC–LC, FC–ST, SC–SC, and SC–ST.

### Inserted core cover

The connector's inserted core cover conforms to APC, UPC, or PC configuration. A UPC inserted core cover is flat and is used in SARFT and early CATV. An APC connector's inserted core cover is oblique (about 30°, ±5°). To reduce the back reflection of a connector, UPC polish is used. Industry standard is a maximum of −40 dB for PC back reflection measurement and −50 dB for UPC back reflection measurement. If even less back reflection is required, an APC might be necessary. An APC connector has an 8º angle cut into the ferrule. These connectors are identifiable by their green color. An APC polished connector has a standard reflectivity maximum of −60 dB. APC fiber ends have low back reflection even when disconnected.

### Armored fiber patch cord

Armored fiber-optic patch cord uses a flexible protective tube, usually stainless steel, inside the outer jacket as the armor to protect the fiber glass inside. It will not get damaged even if stepped on, and they are rodent-resistant.

### Bend-insensitive fiber-optic patch cord

Bend-insensitive fiber patch cord is widely used in *fiber to the home* (FTTH). Single-mode bend-insensitive fibers include G657A1, G657A2, G657B2, and G657B3.

### Mode-conditioning patch cord

A **mode-conditioning patch cord** is required where Gigabit 1000 Base-LX routers and switches are installed into existing multimode cable plants. The transceiver modules launch only single-mode 1300 nm signals but the existing network is built with multimode cables.

With a single-mode laser aimed into the center of a multimode fiber, the signal arriving at the far end, having followed various paths in the fiber, is spread out in time, making fast transitions between light and dark impossible to discern, and the problem increases with fiber length. This spreading in time is called *differential mode delay* (*DMD*) and limits the fiber length for Gigabit Ethernet sigalling. A mode-conditioning patch cord eliminates these multiple signals by aligning the single-mode launch away from the center of a multimode fiber core. This offset launch creates a transmitted signal that is similar to a typical multimode light-emitting diode (LED) launch.


title: Pascoe Vale Road

abstract: Pascoe Vale Road is a major thoroughfare through the northern suburbs of Melbourne, connecting the outer northern fringe to the inner northern suburbs.

text:
# Pascoe Vale Road

**Pascoe Vale Road** is a major thoroughfare through the northern suburbs of Melbourne, connecting the outer northern fringe to the inner northern suburbs.

## Route

Pascoe Vale Road starts at the intersection with Somerton Road in Coolaroo and runs south as a four-lane, dual-carriageway road until the underpass with Camp Road and Johnstone Street in Broadmeadows, where it narrows to a four-lane, single-carriageway road. It continues south over the Western Ring Road through Glenroy, under CityLink and over the Craigieburn railway line through Strathmore, until the intersection with Fletcher Street in Essendon, where it shares surface tram tracks. It continues south to eventually terminate at Moonee Ponds Junction, where it meets Mount Alexander Road and Ascot Vale Road in Moonee Ponds.

Tram route 59 passes along the length of Pascoe Vale Road between Fletcher Street in Essendon and Moonee Ponds Junction.

## History

Pascoe Vale Road originally ran north from Mount Alexander Road in Moonee Ponds to Camp Road at Broadmeadows. The passing of the *Country Roads Act of 1958* (itself an evolution from the original *Highways and Vehicles Act of 1924*) provided for the declaration of State Highways and Main Roads, roads partially financed by the State government through the Country Roads Board (later VicRoads). A northern extension to the existing declaration of **Pascoe Vale Road**, from Camp Road to the intersection with Somerton Road in Coolaroo, was declared a Main Road on 7 September 1960. Construction to eliminate the railway crossing at the Broadmeadows railway gates, where Camp Road crossed the Broadmeadows railway line and then Pascoe Vale Road, with a road-over-rail overpass in Broadmeadows, was completed in January 1978.

Pascoe Vale Road was signed as Metropolitan Route 35 between Broadmeadows North and Moonee Ponds in 1965, heading east along Barry Road to eventually meet Hume Highway in Campbellfield. It was extended further north in 1989 along the entire road, heading east along Somerton Road to eventually meet Hume Highway in Coolaroo. Metropolitan Route 35 continues south along Ascot Vale Road eventually to Laverton.

The passing of the *Road Management Act 2004* granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared Pascoe Vale Road (Arterial #5819) from Somerton Road in Coolaroo to Ascot Vale Road in Moonee Ponds.

## Major intersections

| LGA | Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hume | CoolarooMeadow Heights boundary | 0.0 | 0.0 | David Munroe Drive (north)  Roxburgh Park | Northern terminus of road |
| | | | Somerton Road (Metro Route 58 west, Metro Route 35/58 east)  Greenvale, Somerton, Yarrambat | Metro Route 35 continues east along Somerton Road |
| | CoolarooMeadow HeightsBroadmeadows tripoint | 2.9 | 1.8 | Barry Road  Campbellfield |  |
| | Broadmeadows | 5.1 | 3.2 | Dimboola Road  Broadmeadows | Access to Johnstone Street and Camp Road not otherwise available from overpass |
| | 5.4 | 3.4 | Johnstone Street (Metro Route 48 west)  Tullamarine, Westmeadows
Camp Road (Metro Route 48 east)  Bundoora, Eltham | Southbound exit from Camp Road westbound only; no exit eastbound from Johnstone Street |
| HumeMerri-bek boundary | JacanaBroadmeadowsGlenroy tripoint | 6.4 | 4.0 | Western Ring Road (M80)  Ardeer, Laverton North | Westbound entry and eastbound exit only |
| Merri-bek | Glenroy | 7.8 | 4.8 | Glenroy Road  Hadfield |  |
| | Pascoe Vale | 10.4 | 6.5 | Stewart Street, to Gaffney Street  Coburg North |  |
| Moonee Valley | Strathmore | 11.0 | 6.8 | CityLink (M2)  Docklands, Port Melbourne | Eastbound entry and westbound exit only |
| | | | Bell Street (Metro Route 40)  Coburg, Heidelberg | Entry to Bell Street via CityLink ramp |
| | | 11.7 | 7.3 | Pascoe Avenue, to Woodland Street (west)  Strathmore |  |
| | StrathmoreEssendon boundary | 12.2 | 7.6 | Woodland Street (east)  Pascoe Vale South |  |
| | Essendon | 13.1 | 8.1 | Moreland Road  Brunswick |  |
| | 13.7 | 8.5 | Fletcher Street (west)  Essendon
Albion Street (east)  Brunswick East |  |
| | EssendonMoonee Ponds boundary | 13.9 | 8.6 | Buckley Street  Keilor East, Essendon |  |
| | Moonee Ponds | 14.5 | 9.0 | Kellaway Avenue  Moonee Ponds | Pascoe Vale Road northbound from Moonee Ponds Junction via Kellaway Avenue |
| | 14.9 | 9.3 | Puckle Street (west)  Moonee Ponds
Dean Street (east)  Moonee Ponds | No right turn southbound into Puckle Street, no right turn northbound into Dean Street and Pascoe Vale Road |
| | Mount Alexander Road (northwest, southeast)  Travancore | No left turn northbound into Ascot Vale Road, no right turn northbound into Dean Street and Pascoe Vale Road |
| | Ascot Vale Road (south)  Flemington | Southern terminus of road; Metro Route 35 continues south along Ascot Vale Road |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Australian Roads portal

## InfoBox

| Pascoe Vale Road
Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Pascoe Vale Road in Moonee Ponds | |
| North endSouth end | |
| Coordinates |  |
| General information | |
| Type | Road |
| Length | 14.9 km (9.3 mi) |
| Gazetted | September 1960 |
| Route number(s) | Metro Route 35 (1965–present) |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | **David Munroe Drive**
Coolaroo, Melbourne |
|  |  |
| South end | **Ascot Vale Road**
Moonee Ponds, Melbourne |
| Location(s) | |
| Major suburbs | Meadow Heights, Dallas, Broadmeadows, Jacana, Glenroy, Oak Park, Pascoe Vale, Strathmore |


title: Parkes–Narromine railway line

abstract: The Parkes–Narromine railway line is a railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The line forms part of a cross-country route between Cootamundra on the Main South line and Werris Creek on the Main North line. It is owned by the Rail Infrastructure Corporation of New South Wales, but is managed and maintained by the Australian Rail Track Corporation under a 60-year lease signed in 2004. The line is used mainly for grain haulage, with several silo facilities located along the line. Passenger services ceased in the mid-1970s and there are no surviving passenger stations on the line. The station building at Peak Hill has been relocated to a nearby sportsground. As part of the Inland Rail project, between December 2018 and September 2020 the line was closed for upgrade works. Three new crossing loops were installed at Goonumbla, Peak Hill and Timjelly, along with a new connection to the Broken Hill railway line near Parkes to allow trains accessing Adelaide and Perth.

text:
# Parkes–Narromine railway line

The **Parkes–Narromine railway line** is a railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The line forms part of a cross-country route between Cootamundra on the Main South line and Werris Creek on the Main North line. It is owned by the Rail Infrastructure Corporation of New South Wales, but is managed and maintained by the Australian Rail Track Corporation under a 60-year lease signed in 2004. The line is used mainly for grain haulage, with several silo facilities located along the line. Passenger services ceased in the mid-1970s and there are no surviving passenger stations on the line. The station building at Peak Hill has been relocated to a nearby sportsground.

As part of the Inland Rail project, between December 2018 and September 2020 the line was closed for upgrade works. Three new crossing loops were installed at Goonumbla, Peak Hill and Timjelly, along with a new connection to the Broken Hill railway line near Parkes to allow trains accessing Adelaide and Perth.

## InfoBox

| Parkes–Narromine railway line | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Status | Operational |
| Owner | Rail Infrastructure Corporation |
| Termini |  |
| Service | |
| Type | Heavy rail (freight) |
| Operator(s) | Australian Rail Track Corporation |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 106 km (66 mi) |
| Number of tracks | 1 |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Route map | |


title: Fiona Taylor

abstract: Fiona Cynthia Taylor is an Australian windsurfer who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics. Born in Melbourne, Taylor represented Australia in the women's Lechner event and finished in tenth place. In the early 2000s Taylor founded a coaching company, Barakaya, and published two books. Spirit in Sport : Peak performance and the zone in sport covers her winning seven windsurfing world titles and includes interviews with 15 other World and Olympic champions, while An Olympian's Guide to Weight Loss discusses her personal weight loss experience.

text:
# Fiona Taylor

**Fiona Cynthia Taylor** (born 29 May 1971) is an Australian windsurfer who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics. Born in Melbourne, Taylor represented Australia in the women's Lechner event and finished in tenth place.

In the early 2000s Taylor founded a coaching company, Barakaya, and published two books. *Spirit in Sport : Peak performance and the zone in sport* covers her winning seven windsurfing world titles and includes interviews with 15 other World and Olympic champions, while *An Olympian's Guide to Weight Loss* discusses her personal weight loss experience.

## InfoBox

Fiona Taylor
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Fiona Cynthia Taylor |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Born | 9 May 1971 (1971-05-09) (age 53)<br>Melbourne, Australia |
|  | |
| Sailing career | |
| Class(es) | Mistral, Lechner |
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title: Paronychodon

abstract: Paronychodon was a theropod dinosaur genus. It is a tooth taxon, often considered dubious because of the fragmentary nature of the fossils, which include "buckets" of teeth from many disparate times and places but no other remains, and should be considered a form taxon. The type species, named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876, is Paronychodon lacustris, from the Judith River Formation of Montana, dating to 75 million years ago, during the Campanian stage. The holotype is specimen AMNH 3018. It is a tooth about one centimetre long, elongated, recurved, lacking serrations, possessing low vertical ridges and with a D-shaped cross-section, the inner side being flattened. Cope at first thought the tooth belonged to a plesiosaur, but in the same year realised it represented a carnivorous dinosaur. A second species, Paronychodon caperatus, is known from the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota and Lance Formation of Wyoming and was originally referred to the mammal genus Tripriodon by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889, but placed in Paronychodon by George Olshevsky in 1991. It is based on holotype YPM 10624, a tooth close in form to the holotype of P. lacustris but somewhat larger. In 1995 Olshevsky renamed Laelaps explanatus Cope 1876 into a Paronychodon explanatus; today the taxon is seen as based on Saurornitholestes teeth. A very large number of other specimens matching these teeth in some or all aspects of their anatomy have been referred to Paronychodon. Some of these included serrated teeth, low teeth and teeth without a flattened side. These teeth of the general "Paronychodon" type have been reported from a wide variety of times and places, including the Early Cretaceous Una Formation of Spain, dating to the late Barremian age 125 million years ago. Paronychodon has been considered a coelurid, an ornithomimosaur, a dromaeosaurid, an archaeopterygid, and a troodontid, though it could also be another kind of coelurosaurian theropod. While most researchers have therefore considered it simply represents indeterminate theropod teeth, a small consensus has found them to be Deinonychosauria. The teeth assigned to Paronychodon are all small, and may have come from various juvenile deinonychosaurs. Jaws from adult individuals bearing identical teeth have never been found. Marsh already suggested such teeth were pathological, having formed when the first teeth of the lower jaws by accident grew back-to-back to each other on the mandible suture. Philip J. Currie in 1990 also concluded to a malformation, thinking the flattened side resulted from the tooth remaining attached too long to the inner wall of the tooth-socket. Serrated specimens of the type would thus simply be deviant dromaeosaurid teeth; however, unserrated teeth might represent a separate taxon or taxa. One study, by Sunny Hwang, showed that the tooth enamel is identical to that found in Byronosaurus, a troodontid known from juveniles with serration-less teeth. Several taxa have on occasion been considered synonyms of Paronychodon, though there is little consensus. Paronychodon was in 1876 by Cope described as being similar to Zapsalis, another tooth taxon, itself often considered synonymous with Richardoestesia, a possible dromaeosaurid. Richardoestesia isosceles would, according to a study by Julia Sankey e.a., be synonymous with the elongated, so-called "Type A", teeth of Paronychodon, to which also the Paronychodon holotype belongs. The Eurasian Euronychodon tooth genus is also sometimes considered a (junior) synonym of Paronychodon.

text:
# Paronychodon

***Paronychodon*** (meaning "beside claw tooth") was a theropod dinosaur genus. It is a tooth taxon, often considered dubious because of the fragmentary nature of the fossils, which include "buckets" of teeth from many disparate times and places but no other remains, and should be considered a form taxon.

The type species, named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876, is *Paronychodon lacustris*, from the Judith River Formation of Montana, dating to 75 million years ago, during the Campanian stage. The holotype is specimen **AMNH 3018**. It is a tooth about one centimetre long, elongated, recurved, lacking serrations, possessing low vertical ridges and with a D-shaped cross-section, the inner side being flattened. Cope at first thought the tooth belonged to a plesiosaur, but in the same year realised it represented a carnivorous dinosaur.

A second species, *Paronychodon caperatus*, is known from the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota and Lance Formation of Wyoming (latest Maastrichtian stage, 66 million years ago) and was originally referred to the mammal genus *Tripriodon* by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889, but placed in *Paronychodon* by George Olshevsky in 1991. It is based on holotype YPM 10624, a tooth close in form to the holotype of *P. lacustris* but somewhat larger. In 1995 Olshevsky renamed *Laelaps explanatus* Cope 1876 into a *Paronychodon explanatus*; today the taxon is seen as based on *Saurornitholestes* teeth.

A very large number of other specimens matching these teeth in some or all aspects of their anatomy have been referred to *Paronychodon*. Some of these included serrated teeth, low teeth and teeth without a flattened side. These teeth of the general "*Paronychodon*" type have been reported from a wide variety of times and places, including the Early Cretaceous Una Formation of Spain, dating to the late Barremian age 125 million years ago.

*Paronychodon* has been considered a coelurid, an ornithomimosaur, a dromaeosaurid, an archaeopterygid, and a troodontid, though it could also be another kind of coelurosaurian theropod. While most researchers have therefore considered it simply represents indeterminate theropod teeth, a small consensus has found them to be Deinonychosauria. The teeth assigned to *Paronychodon* are all small, and may have come from various juvenile deinonychosaurs. Jaws from adult individuals bearing identical teeth have never been found. Marsh already suggested such teeth were pathological, having formed when the first teeth of the lower jaws by accident grew back-to-back to each other on the mandible suture. Philip J. Currie in 1990 also concluded to a malformation, thinking the flattened side resulted from the tooth remaining attached too long to the inner wall of the tooth-socket. Serrated specimens of the type would thus simply be deviant dromaeosaurid teeth; however, unserrated teeth might represent a separate taxon or taxa. One study, by Sunny Hwang, showed that the tooth enamel is identical to that found in *Byronosaurus*, a troodontid known from juveniles with serration-less teeth.

Several taxa have on occasion been considered synonyms of *Paronychodon*, though there is little consensus. *Paronychodon* was in 1876 by Cope described as being similar to *Zapsalis*, another tooth taxon, itself often considered synonymous with *Richardoestesia*, a possible dromaeosaurid. *Richardoestesia isosceles* would, according to a study by Julia Sankey e.a., be synonymous with the elongated, so-called "Type A", teeth of *Paronychodon*, to which also the *Paronychodon* holotype belongs. The Eurasian *Euronychodon* tooth genus is also sometimes considered a (junior) synonym of *Paronychodon*.

## InfoBox

| *Paronychodon*
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, | |
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| Two referred teeth | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Saurischia |
| *Clade*: | Theropoda |
| Family: | Troodontidae |
| Genus: | *Paronychodon*
Cope, 1876 |
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| Type species | |
| ***Paronychodon lacustris***
Cope, 1876 | |
| Species | |
| * ***P. lacustris*** Cope, 1876 * ***P. caperatus*** (Marsh, 1890 \[originally *Tripriodon*\]) | |