title: 1976–77 Manchester City F.C. season

abstract: The 1976–77 season was Manchester City's 75th season of competitive football and 57th season in the top division of English football. In addition to the First Division, the club competed in the FA Cup, Football League Cup, UEFA Cup and the Tennent Caledonian Cup. City finished 2nd, one point behind champions Liverpool. It was the first time City finished in the top 2 of a league season since they won it in 1968.

text:
# 1976–77 Manchester City F.C. season

The **1976–77 season** was Manchester City's 75th season of competitive football and 57th season in the top division of English football. In addition to the First Division, the club competed in the FA Cup, Football League Cup, UEFA Cup and the Tennent Caledonian Cup. City finished 2nd, one point behind champions Liverpool. It was the first time City finished in the top 2 of a league season since they won it in 1968.

## First Division

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Liverpool (C) | 42 | 23 | 11 | 8 | 62 | 33 | +29 | 57 | Qualification for the European Cup second round |
| 2 | Manchester City | 42 | 21 | 14 | 7 | 60 | 34 | +26 | 56 | Qualification for the UEFA Cup first round |
| 3 | Ipswich Town | 42 | 22 | 8 | 12 | 66 | 39 | +27 | | 52 |
| 4 | Aston Villa | 42 | 22 | 7 | 13 | 76 | 50 | +26 | | 51 |
| 5 | Newcastle United | 42 | 18 | 13 | 11 | 64 | 49 | +15 | | 49 |

Source: World Football
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored
(C) Champions

### Results summary

| Overall | | | | | | | | Home | | | | | | Away | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| 42 | 21 | 14 | 7 | 60 | 34 | +26 | 56 | 15 | 5 | 1 | 38 | 13 | +25 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 22 | 21 | +1 |

Source:

#### Matches

| Win | Draw | Loss |
| --- | --- | --- |

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 August 1976 | Leicester City | Away | 2-2 | Tueart, Royle | 22,612 |
| 25 August 1976 | Aston Villa | Home | 2-0 | Tueart, Watson | 41,007 |
| 28 August 1976 | Stoke City | Home | 0–0 |  | 39,878 |
| 4 September 1976 | Arsenal | Away | 0-0 | - | 35,132 |
| 11 September 1976 | Bristol City | Home | 2–1 | Tueart, Barnes | 35,891 |
| 18 September 1976 | Sunderland | Away | 2-0 | Tueart, Royle | 37,595 |
| 25 September 1976 | Manchester United | Home | 1-3 | Tueart | 48,861 |
| 2 October 1976 | West Ham United | Home | 4-2 | Owen, Tueart 2, Hartford | 37,795 |
| 5 October 1976 | Everton | Away | 2-2 | Hartford, Power | 31,370 |
| 16 October 1976 | Queens Park Rangers | Home | 0-0 |  | 40,751 |
| 23 October 1976 | Ipswich Town | Away | 0–1 |  | 25,041 |
| 30 October 1976 | Norwich City | Away | 2-0 | Kidd, Royle | 22,861 |
| 6 November 1976 | Newcastle United | Home | 0-0 | - | 40,049 |
| 20 November 1976 | West Bromwich Albion | Home | 1-0 | Tueart | 36,656 |
| 27 November 1976 | Birmingham City | Away | 0–0 | - | 29,722 |
| 4 December 1976 | Derby County | Home | 3-2 | Kidd, Tueart | 34,178 |
| 7 December 1976 | Middlesbrough | Away | 0-0 | - | 18,000 |
| 11 December 1976 | Tottenham Hotspur | Away | 2-2 | Kidd, Power | 34,608 |
| 18 December 1976 | Coventry City | Home | 2–0 | Kidd, Tueart | 32,527 |
| 27 December 1976 | Leeds United | Away | 2–0 | Kidd (2) | 48,708 |
| 29 December 1976 | Liverpool | Home | 1-1 | Royle | 50,020 |
| 21 January 1977 | Leicester City | Home | 5-0 | Kidd (4), Doyle | 37,609 |
| 5 February 1977 | Stoke City | Away | 2–0 | Tueart, Royle | 27,039 |
| 12 February 1977 | Arsenal | Home | 1–0 | Royle | 45,368 |
| 16 February 1977 | Newcastle United | Away | 2–2 | Tueart, Kidd | 27,920 |
| 19 February 1977 | Bristol City | Away | 0–1 | - | 27,018 |
| 1 March 1977 | Norwich City | Home | 2-0 | Tueart (2) | 36,021 |
| 5 March 1977 | Manchester United | Away | 1-3 | Royle | 58,595 |
| 9 March 1977 | Sunderland | Home | 1-0 | Tueart | 44,439 |
| 12 March 1977 | West Ham United | Away | 0–1 | - | 24,974 |
| 22 March 1977 | Queens Park Rangers | Away | 0–0 | Charlton | 17,619 |
| 2 April 1977 | Ipswich Town | Home | 2-1 | Kidd, Watson | 42,780 |
| 8 April 1977 | Leeds United | Home | 2-1 | Kidd (2) | 47,727 |
| 9 April 1977 | Liverpool | Away | 1-2 | Kidd | 55,283 |
| 12 April 1977 | Middlesbrough | Home | 1-0 | Hartford | 37,735 |
| 16 April 1977 | West Bromwich Albion | Away | 0–2 | Tueart, Kidd | 24,889 |
| 19 April 1977 | Birmingham City | Home | 2-1 | Kidd (2) | 36,203 |
| 30 April 1977 | Derby County | Away | 0-4 |  | 29,127 |
| 4 May 1977 | Aston Villa | Away | 1–1 | Tueart | 36,190 |
| 7 May 1977 | Tottenham Hotspur | Home | 5–0 | Booth, Tueart, Barnes, Hartford, Kidd | 37,919 |
| 10 May 1977 | Everton | Home | 1-1 | Kidd | 38,004 |
| 14 May 1977 | Coventry City | Away | 1–0 | Conway | 21,429 |

## FA Cup

### Results

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Venue | Result F – A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 January 1977 | 3rd Round | West Bromwich Albion | H | Maine Road | 1 – 1 | Kidd | 38,195 |
| 11 January 1977 | 3rd Round Replay | West Bromwich Albion | A | The Hawthorns | 1 - 0 | Royle | 26,494 |
| 29 January 1977 | 4th Round | Newcastle United | A | St James Park | 3 – 1 | Craig (og), Royle, Owen | 45,300 |
| 26 February 1977 | 5th Round | Leeds United | A | Elland Road | 0 – 1 |  | 47,731 |

## Football League Cup

### Results

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Venue | Result F – A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 September 1976 | 2nd Round | Aston Villa | A | Villa Park | 0 – 3 |  | 34,585 |

## UEFA Cup

### Results

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Venue | Result F – A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15 September 1976 | 1st Round 1st leg | Juventus | H | Maine Road | 1 – 0 | Kidd | 36,955 |
| 29 September 1976 | 1st Round 2nd leg | Juventus | A | Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino | 0 - 2 |  | 55,000 |

1. "History". Statto.

## InfoBox

Manchester City
| 1976–77 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Tony Book |
| Stadium | Maine Road |
| First Division | 2nd |
| FA Cup | Fifth Round |
| Football League Cup | Second Round |
| UEFA Cup | First Round |
| Tennent Caledonian Cup | Third |
| Top goalscorer | League: Brian Kidd(21)
All: Brian Kidd(23) |
| Highest home attendance | 50,020 vs Liverpool
29 December 1976 |
| Lowest home attendance | 32,527 vs Coventry City
18 December 1976 |
| Average home league attendance | 39,683 (3rd highest in league) |
|  | |


title: Muisca bitaeniata

abstract: Muisca bitaeniata is the accepted type species of checkered beetles of the genus Muisca in the subfamily of Clerinae or Enopliinae. It was first described by entomologist Maximilian Spinola in 1844.

text:
# Muisca bitaeniata

***Muisca bitaeniata*** is the accepted type species of checkered beetles of the genus *Muisca* in the subfamily of Clerinae or Enopliinae. It was first described by entomologist Maximilian Spinola in 1844.

## Etymology

The genus *Muisca* has been named after the Muisca from the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in central Colombia. *Bitaeniata* means "two-striped".

## Description

The description of the beetle is made in French and Spinola used for measuring the body parts of the sole specimen, which he thinks was a male, the old French unit of length ligne. One ligne corresponds to 2.2558291 millimetres (0.08881217 in).

The labium and maxilla of the genus *Muisca* are less wide than long. This differs from the genus *Aulicus*.

Antennas, body and legs are red. Eyes and extremities of the mandibles are black. Two black stripes over each elytra (forewing).

* body length - 3 1/2 ligne ~ 8 mm (0.31 in)
* prothorax \- 2/3 ligne long, maximum 1/2 ligne wide ~ 1.5 mm (0.059 in) long, max 1.1 mm (0.043 in) wide
* elytra \- 2 ligne long, base 1 ligne wide ~ 4.5 mm (0.18 in) long, base 2.2 mm (0.087 in) wide
* head - 1/2 ligne wide ~ 1.1 mm (0.043 in)

## InfoBox

| *Muisca bitaeniata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Muisca bitaeniata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
| Superfamily: | Cleroidea |
| Family: | Cleridae |
| Subfamily: | Clerinae or Enopliinae |
| Genus: | Muisca |
| Species: | ***M. bitaeniata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Muisca bitaeniata***<br>Spinola, 1844 | |
|


abstract: The Eparchy of New Westminster is a Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church ecclesiastical territory or eparchy of the Catholic Church in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The eparchy is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archeparchy of Winnipeg. As of 2004, the diocese contained 7,800 Catholics with 17 parishes, 11 active diocesan priests and 2 religious priests as well as 2 women religious, 2 religious brothers, and 2 permanent deacons. On 16 January 2020, bishop David Motiuk was appointed an Apostolic Administrator of the Eparchy of New Westminster.

text:
# Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster

The **Eparchy of New Westminster** is a Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church ecclesiastical territory or eparchy of the Catholic Church in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The eparchy is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archeparchy of Winnipeg.

As of 2004, the diocese contained 7,800 Catholics with 17 parishes, 11 active diocesan priests and 2 religious priests as well as 2 women religious, 2 religious brothers, and 2 permanent deacons. On 16 January 2020, bishop David Motiuk was appointed an Apostolic Administrator of the Eparchy of New Westminster.

## Eparchial bishops

The following is a list of the bishops and archbishops and their terms of service:

49°12′N 122°54′W / 49.200°N 122.900°W / 49.200; -122.900

## InfoBox

| Eparchy of New Westminster
**Eparchia Neo-Vestmonasteriensis Ucrainorum**
Українська Католицька Єпархія Нью Вестмінстера | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Holy Eucharist Cathedral | |
| Location | |
| Territory | British Columbia, Canada |
| Ecclesiastical province | Archeparchy of Winnipeg |
| Headquarters | New Westminster, B.C., Canada |
| Population
- Catholics |
7,800 |
| Information | |
| Denomination | Catholic Church |
| *Sui iuris* church | Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church |
| Rite | Byzantine Rite |
| Established | June 27, 1974 |
| Cathedral | Holy Eucharist Cathedral |
| Current leadership | |
| Pope | Francis |
| Major Archbishop | Sviatoslav Shevchuk |
| Eparch | Michael Kwiatkowski |
| Metropolitan Archbishop | Lawrence Huculak |
| Website | |
| www.nweparchy.ca | |


title: Prince Edward Island Senators

abstract: The Prince Edward Island Senators were a professional ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey League (AHL) from 1993 to 1996. Originally located in New Haven, Connecticut, for 21 seasons, including one as the affiliate of the National Hockey League (NHL) Ottawa Senators, the franchise relocated to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, for the 1993–94 season. During their three seasons on PEI, they finished either last or second to last in attendance in the AHL, with average attendance ranging from 2,300 to 2,500. The most notable NHL player to come out of the PEI organization was Pavol Demitra, who spent three seasons with P.E.I. The franchise suspended operations after the 1996 season, claiming that Charlottetown was too small to support an AHL team.

text:
# Prince Edward Island Senators

The **Prince Edward Island Senators** were a professional ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey League (AHL) from 1993 to 1996. Originally located in New Haven, Connecticut, for 21 seasons, including one as the affiliate of the National Hockey League (NHL) Ottawa Senators, the franchise relocated to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, for the 1993–94 season. During their three seasons on PEI, they finished either last or second to last in attendance in the AHL, with average attendance ranging from 2,300 to 2,500. The most notable NHL player to come out of the PEI organization was Pavol Demitra, who spent three seasons with P.E.I. The franchise suspended operations after the 1996 season, claiming that Charlottetown was too small to support an AHL team.

## Season-by-season results

### Regular season

| Season | Games | Won | Lost | Tied | OTL | Points | Goals
for | Goals
against | Standing |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993–94 | 80 | 23 | 49 | 8 |  | 54 | 269 | 356 | 6th, Atlantic |
| 1994–95 | 80 | 41 | 31 | 8 |  | 90 | 305 | 271 | **1st, Atlantic** |
| 1995–96 | 80 | 38 | 33 | 6 | 3 | 85 | 303 | 313 | **1st, Atlantic** |

### Playoffs

| Season | 1st round | 2nd round | 3rd round | Finals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993–94 | Out of playoffs | | | |
| 1994–95 | W, 4–1, Saint John | L, 2–4, Fredericton |  |  |
| 1995–96 | L, 2–3, Fredericton |  |  |  |

## Team records

Single season Goals: 53, Steve Larouche Assists: 57, Michel Picard Points: 101, Steve Larouche Penalty minutes: 314, Darcy Simon GAA: 3.10, Jean-Francois Labbe SV%: 0.906, Jean-Francois Labbe Wins: 25, Mike Bales Career Career goals: Pavol Demitra, Greg Pankewicz, 70 goals Career assists: Pavol Demitra, 124 assists Career points: Pavol Demitra, 196 points Career penalty minutes: Darcy Simon, 534 PIM Career goaltending wins: Mike Bales, Kendall Palmer, 25 wins Career shutouts: Mike Bales, Jean-Francois Labbe, 2 SO Career games: Chad Penney, 223 GP Career Coaching Wins: Tommy Walker, 51  1. "Prince Edward Island Senators details - Eurohockey.com". *Euro Hockey*. Retrieved June 24, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Prince Edward Island Senators | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island |
| League | American Hockey League |
| Operated | 1993–1996 |
| Home arena | Charlottetown Civic Centre |
| Colors | red, black, bronze and white |
| Affiliate | Ottawa Senators |
| Franchise history | |
| 1972–1992 | New Haven Nighthawks |
| 1992–1993 | New Haven Senators |
| 1993–1996 | Prince Edward Island Senators |
| 2002–2017 | Binghamton Senators |
| 2017–present | Belleville Senators |
| Championships | |
| Division titles | **2** (1994–95, 1995–96) |


title: Mohammedan

abstract: Mohammedan is a term for a follower of Muhammad, the Islamic prophet. It is used as both a noun and an adjective, meaning belonging or relating to, either Muhammad or the religion, doctrines, institutions and practices that he established. The word was formerly common in usage, but the terms Muslim and Islamic are more common today. Though sometimes used stylistically by some Muslims, a vast majority consider the term archaic or a misnomer, as it suggests that Muslims worship Muhammad himself and not Allah.

text:
# Mohammedan

***Mohammedan*** (also spelled *Muhammadan*, *Mahommedan*, *Mahomedan* or *Mahometan*) is a term for a follower of Muhammad, the Islamic prophet. It is used as both a noun and an adjective, meaning belonging or relating to, either Muhammad or the religion, doctrines, institutions and practices that he established. The word was formerly common in usage, but the terms *Muslim* and *Islamic* are more common today. Though sometimes used stylistically by some Muslims, a vast majority consider the term archaic or a misnomer, as it suggests that Muslims worship Muhammad himself and not Allah.

## Etymology

The *Oxford English Dictionary* cites 1663 as the first recorded usage of the English term; the older spelling *Mahometan* dates back to at least 1529. The English word is derived from Neo-Latin *Mahometanus*, from Medieval Latin *Mahometus*, Muhammad. It meant simply a follower of Mohammad.

In Western Europe, down to the 13th century or so, some Christians had the belief that Muhammad had either been a heretical Christian or that he was a god worshipped by Muslims. Some works of Medieval European literature referred to Muslims as "pagans" or by sobriquets such as the "paynim foe" (enemy). Depictions, such as those in the *Song of Roland*, show Muslims praying to a variety of "idols", including Apollyon, Lucifer, Termagant, and Mahound. During the Trials of the Knights Templar (1300–1310s), reference was often made to their worship of the demon Baphomet; this is similar to "Mahomet", the Latin transliteration of Muhammad's name, and Latin was, for another 500 years, the language of scholarship and erudition for most of Europe.

These and other variations on the theme were all set in the "temper of the times" of the Muslim–Christian conflict, as Medieval Europe was becoming aware of its great enemy in the wake of the quickfire success of the Muslims through a series of conquests shortly after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, as well as the lack of real information in the West of the mysterious East.

## Obsolescence

The term has been largely superseded by *Muslim* (formerly transliterated as *Moslem*) or *Islamic*. *Mohammedan* was commonly used in European literature until at least the mid-1960s. *Muslim* is more commonly used today, and the term *Mohammedan* is widely considered archaic or in some cases even offensive.

The term remains in limited use. The Government Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College in Lahore, Pakistan retains its original name, while the similarly named "Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College" in Aligarh, India was renamed Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. There are also a number of sporting clubs in Bangladesh and India which include the word, such as Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka), Mohammedan Sporting Club (Chittagong), Mohammedan Sporting Club (Jhenaidah) and Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata).

## Muslim objections to the term

Some modern Muslims have objected to the term, saying that the term was not used by Muhammad himself or his early followers, and that the religion teaches the worship of God alone (see *shirk* and *tawhid*) and not Muhammad or any other of God's prophets. Thus modern Muslims believe "Mohammedan" is a misnomer, "which seem\[s\] to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ." Also, the term *al-Muḥammadīya* (the Arabic equivalent of Mohammedan) has been used in Islam to denote several sects considered heretical.

## Usage by Muslims

Islam has, and has had, many schools and branches. *Tariqa Muhammadiyya* ("the Way of Mohammad") is a school of reform Sufism that arose in the 18th century and seeks to redirect and harmonize Sufi philosophy and practices with the authority and example of the prophet and hadith.

In Indonesia, *Muhammadiyah* ("followers of Muhammad") is the name of a Sunni socioreligious reform movement that shuns syncretistic and Sufi practices and advocates a return to a purer form of Islam based on the hadith and examples from the life of the prophet. It has adapted institutions such as the Boy Scouts to Islamic ends as the Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia.


title: William Brydon

abstract: William Brydon was a British doctor who was assistant surgeon in the British East India Company Army during the First Anglo-Afghan War, famous for reportedly being the only member of an army of 4,500 men, plus 12,000 accompanying civilians, to reach safety in Jalalabad at the end of the 1842 retreat from Kabul.

text:
# William Brydon

**William Brydon** CB (10 October 1811 – 20 March 1873) was a British doctor who was assistant surgeon in the British East India Company Army during the First Anglo-Afghan War, famous for reportedly being the only member of an army of 4,500 men, plus 12,000 accompanying civilians, to reach safety in Jalalabad at the end of the 1842 retreat from Kabul.

## Early life

Brydon was born in London, second son and second of eight children of merchant William Brydon (1761-1843) and Mary Ann (1783-1841), née Comberbach. He studied medicine at University College London and at the University of Edinburgh. He subsequently was appointed as a surgeon in the Bengal Army of the British East India Company.

## Retreat from Kabul

In 1841 William Brydon was posted to Afghanistan as the assistant surgeon of Shah Shuja's Contingent—a British officered infantry force recruited in India to provide protection for the British-backed ruler in Kabul. This mercenary unit formed part of a combined British and Indian army which occupied the city in August 1839.

In January 1842, following the killing of the two British representatives there, it was decided to withdraw the British force in Kabul. The nearest British garrison was in Jalalabad, 90 miles (140 km) away, and the army would need to go through mountain passes with the January snow hindering them.

Under the command of Major-General William George Keith Elphinstone, 4,500 British and Indian soldiers plus 12,000 civilian camp followers, including wives and children, set out for Jalalabad on 6 January 1842, on the understanding that they had been offered safe passage. Afghan tribesmen intercepted them and proceeded to attack them during the next seven days. Brydon recorded in his diary that as early as the first night of the retreat many of his sepoys were crippled by frostbite and had to be abandoned in the snow.

By the fourth day of the retreat Brydon's regiment had virtually ceased to exist though he himself was fortunate enough to have found some food abandoned by Lady Macnaghten—the wife of the British envoy murdered in Kabul. The final stand took place at Gandamak on the morning of 13 January 1842, in the snow. Twenty officers and forty-five British soldiers, mostly of the 44th Foot, found themselves surrounded on a hillock. The Afghans attempted to persuade the soldiers that they intended them no harm. Then the sniping began, followed by a series of rushes. Captain Souter wrapped the regimental colours around his body and was dragged into captivity with a sergeant named Fair and seven privates. The remainder were shot or cut down.

Surgeon Brydon was one of twelve mounted officers who had become separated from the remnants of the main column before the final stand at Gandamak. This small group had ridden to Futtehabad, but half had been killed there while six escaped. All but Brydon were killed, one by one, further along the road as their horses became exhausted. Both Brydon and his pony were wounded in the course of encounters with small Afghan parties. On the afternoon of 13 January 1842, the British troops in Jalalabad, watching for their comrades of the Kabul garrison, saw a single figure ride up to the town walls. It was Brydon. Part of his skull had been sheared off by an Afghan sword, and he survived the blow because he had stuffed a copy of *Blackwood's Magazine* into his hat to fight the intense cold weather. The magazine took most of the blow, saving the doctor's life.

Brydon became widely, if inaccurately, known as being the only survivor of the entire army. In fact, he was not the only European to survive the retreat; about 115 British officers, soldiers, wives and children were captured or taken as hostages and survived to be subsequently released. Included, was the wife of Sir Robert Sale, Lady Sale, though not Elphinstone, who died in captivity. Nor was Brydon the only European to survive the trek from Kabul to Jalalabad without spending time in captivity; by Brydon's own account, and that of others, a "Greek merchant", a Mr Baness, also made it to Jalalabad, arriving two days after Brydon but surviving for only one day. In addition a small number of Indian sepoys reached Jalalabad on foot over the subsequent weeks. One sepoy, havildar Sita Ram, escaped from Afghanistan after 21 months of slavery and rejoined his former regiment at Delhi. About 2,000 sepoys and an unrecorded number of camp followers were eventually found in Kabul and brought back to India by Pollock's "Army of Retribution" following their occupation of the city.

The episode was made the subject of a famous painting by the Victorian artist Lady Butler, who portrayed Brydon approaching the gates of the Jalalabad fort perched on his exhausted horse which, according to Brydon, collapsed and died when put in a stable after arrival in the city. The painting is titled *Remnants of an Army* (see separate article).

## Subsequent career and death

Upon recovering from his wound Brydon resumed his duties as a regimental surgeon with the "Army of Retribution" under General Pollock, which briefly reoccupied Kabul in September 1842. He narrowly escaped death from an enemy shell during this campaign.

Brydon fought in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, when Rangoon was taken.

At the time of the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, Brydon was still serving as a surgeon of the Bengal Army. Stationed in Lucknow along with his wife and children, Brydon survived his second siege; that of the Lucknow residency (June – November 1857), in which he was badly wounded in the thigh. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in November 1858. His wife, Colina Maxwell Brydon, published a memoir of the siege.

Brydon died at his home Westfield near Nigg in Ross-shire on 20 March 1873, and is buried in Rosemarkie churchyard alongside his brother-in-law Donald MacIntyre VC.

## InfoBox

| William Brydon | |
| --- | --- |
| Brydon, c.1864 | |
| Born | (1811-10-10)10 October 1811
London, England |
| Died | 20 March 1873(1873-03-20) (aged 61)
near Nigg, Highland, Scotland |
| Buried | Rosemarkie churchyard |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Rank | Assistant surgeon |
| Unit | Bengal Army |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath |
| Alma mater |  |
| Relations | Major General Donald Macintyre (brother-in-law) |


title: William Bedford (Royal Navy officer)

abstract: Vice-Admiral William Bedford was an officer of the Royal Navy. He served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

text:
# William Bedford (Royal Navy officer)

Vice-Admiral **William Bedford** (c. 1764 – October 1827) was an officer of the Royal Navy. He served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

## Biography

He was made a lieutenant in the navy on 12 September 1781. Of his earlier appointments there is no published record; but he served during the Russian armament of 1791 as a lieutenant of HMS *Edgar*. He was afterwards in HMS *Formidable*, and in May 1794 was first-lieutenant of HMS *Queen*, carrying the flag of Rear-Admiral Alan Gardner during the Atlantic campaign of May 1794 and the Glorious First of June. Prior to the battle, on 29 May the captain of the *Queen*, John Hutt, was severely wounded in battle with French ships. Bedford therefore commanded the *Queen* on 1 June, and for his service on that memorable day was, on the captain's death some weeks later, posted into the vacancy, on 15 August. He continued in the *Queen* with Sir Alan Gardner, and was present with the fleet under Admiral Lord Bridport at the Battle of Groix on 23 June 1795.

Afterwards he transferred with Sir Alan to HMS *Royal Sovereign*, and continued with him until he struck his flag in August 1800. Bedford was then appointed to the 68-gun HMS *Leyden* in the North Sea, and was present at the raids on Boulogne on 15 August 1801, on which occasion he offered to serve as a volunteer under the junior officer in command of the boats. The offer, however, was declined by Lord Nelson. In 1803 he was captain of the 74-gun HMS *Thunderer*, and in 1805, in HMS *Hibernia*, flagship of his old chief, now Lord Gardner, commanding the blockade of Brest. Afterwards, in 1809, he was flag-captain in HMS *Caledonia* with Lord Gambier, at the Battle of the Basque Roads, from which, though he escaped blameless, it was impossible to derive any credit. He attained flag-rank on 12 August 1812, and served in the North Sea under Sir William Young as captain of the fleet. He had no further service, though on 19 July 1821 he was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral. He died in October 1827.

In 1808 Bedford married Susan, one of the nine daughters of Captain Robert Fanshawe, commissioner of the navy at Portsmouth, and was thus a brother-in-law of Sir Thomas Byam Martin, comptroller of the navy, and of Admiral Sir Robert Stopford.

* "Bedford, William". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Bedford, William". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

## InfoBox

| William Bedford | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c. 1764 |
| Died | October 1827 |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Rank | Vice-Admiral |
| Commands | HMS *Queen*
HMS *Royal Sovereign*
HMS *Leyden*
HMS *Thunderer*
HMS *Hibernia* |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: William Bedster

abstract: William Bedster was an English cricketer who played during the late 18th century. Bedster was born in 1734 at Walberton near Chichester in Sussex. He made his first appearance in first-class cricket in 1777, playing in an England side against a Hampshire XI. In a career which lasted until 1794 he played in 59 matches which have been given first-class status, scoring 1,335 runs and taking at least 26 wickets. He played for a wide variety of sides, appearing most frequently for England and Middlesex sides in first-class matches. Bedster was employed as a butler for five years by Charles Bennet, 4th Earl of Tankerville at his Mount Felix estate at Walton-on-Thames. During this time he played for Chertsey Cricket Club. He was frequently used as a given man by other sides. After his playing career was over, Bedster moved to Chelsea where he was an innkeeper. He died in 1805. A road in Molesey in Surrey is named after him.

text:
# William Bedster

**William Bedster** (1734 – 1805) was an English cricketer who played during the late 18th century.

Bedster was born in 1734 at Walberton near Chichester in Sussex. He made his first appearance in first-class cricket in 1777, playing in an England side against a Hampshire XI. In a career which lasted until 1794 he played in 59 matches which have been given first-class status, scoring 1,335 runs and taking at least 26 wickets. He played for a wide variety of sides, appearing most frequently for England and Middlesex sides in first-class matches.

Bedster was employed as a butler for five years by Charles Bennet, 4th Earl of Tankerville at his Mount Felix estate at Walton-on-Thames. During this time he played for Chertsey Cricket Club. He was frequently used as a given man by other sides. After his playing career was over, Bedster moved to Chelsea where he was an innkeeper. He died in 1805. A road in Molesey in Surrey is named after him.

1. William Bedster, CricInfo. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
2. William Bedster, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2022-06-23. (subscription required)
3. Birley D (1999) *A Social History of English Cricket*, p. 364. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 978 1 78131 1769
4. Carlaw D (2020) *Kent County Cricketers A to Z. Part One: 1806–1914* (revised edition), p. 31. (Available online at the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Retrieved 2020-12-21.). Retrieved 2022-04-08.
5. Hutton J (2012) Sport on the Hurst - Cricket, Molesey Local History Society. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
6. Portrait of Emma, Countess of Tankerville (1752–1836), Philip Mould Fine Paintings. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
7. Haygarth A *Memoirs of the Old Players*, p. 212 in Lucas EV ed (1907) *The Hambledon Men*. London: Henry Frowde. (Available online at Wikisource. Retrieved 2022-03-20.)
8. The History of Chertsey Cricket Club, Chertsey Cricket Club. Retrieved 2022-06-23.

## InfoBox

William Bedster
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1734<br>Walberton, Chichester, Sussex |
| Died | 1805 (aged 7071) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1777–1792 | England XI |
|  | |
| FC debut | 8 September 1777 England v Hampshire XI |
| Last FC | 13 August 1794 MCC v Oldfield |
| Source: CricInfo, 23 June 2022 | |


title: Mojave 3

abstract: Mojave 3 were a British rock band consisting of former Slowdive members Neil Halstead, Rachel Goswell and Ian McCutcheon (drums) alongside keyboardist Alan Forrester and former Chapterhouse guitarist Simon Rowe. The band formed as a trio shortly after Slowdive's breakup in 1995, with Forrester and Rowe joining after the release of their debut album. Mojave 3 released five albums before going on a hiatus. The band returned to live performances in 2011 but permanently ceased after Goswell and Halstead reformed Slowdive.

text:
# Mojave 3

**Mojave 3** were a British rock band consisting of former Slowdive members Neil Halstead (vocals, guitar), Rachel Goswell (vocals, guitar) and Ian McCutcheon (drums) alongside keyboardist Alan Forrester and former Chapterhouse guitarist Simon Rowe.

The band formed as a trio shortly after Slowdive's breakup in 1995, with Forrester and Rowe joining after the release of their debut album. Mojave 3 released five albums before going on a hiatus. The band returned to live performances in 2011 but permanently ceased after Goswell and Halstead reformed Slowdive.

## History

The band initially existed as a trio, consisting of Neil Halstead, Rachel Goswell, and McCutcheon. After Slowdive were dropped by Creation Records, the trio decided to change musical direction to a dream pop/country rock/folk music style, and were signed by 4AD Records. They took on the new name "Mojave," but upon the discovery of another band already using the name, the "3" was added (in reference to the group's three members). Rowe (formerly of Chapterhouse) and Forrester joined shortly after the release of their first album.

Both Halstead (the main songwriter for the band) and Goswell have released solo albums, also for 4AD. McCutcheon founded the band The Loose Salute, who are signed to Heavenly Records and Graveface Records.

Halstead said the band was on hiatus as of 2008, but were planning to release at least one more album in the future. The band returned to playing live in 2011, including gigs supporting Band of Horses. During a radio interview on Israeli radio station Kol HaCampus on 7 May 2011, Halstead said the band were working on new material, and may be recording during the summer; however, nothing materialized.

## Discography

### Albums

### Singles and EPs

**Singles**

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK | |
| 1998 | "Who Do You Love" |  | *Out of Tune* |
| | "Some Kinda Angel" | 87 | |
| 2000 | "In Love With a View" |  | *Excuses for Travellers* |
| | "Any Day Will Be Fine" | 89 | |
| | "Return to Sender" |  | |
| 2006 | "Breaking the Ice" |  | *Puzzles Like You* |
| | "Puzzles Like You" |  | |

* "Who Do You Love" (29 June 1998) BAD 8011
* "Some Kinda Angel" (7 September 1998) BAD 8016
* "In Love with a View" (3 April 2000) TAD 2K03
* "Any Day Will Be Fine" (1 May 2000) BAD 2K04
* "Return to Sender" (11 September 2000) BAD 2K17
* "Breaking the Ice" (5 June 2006) BAD 2602
* "Puzzles Like You" (6 November 2006) AD 2615

## InfoBox

| Mojave 3 | |
| --- | --- |
| Mojave 3 in 1995. From left to right: Neil Halstead, Rachel Goswell, Ian McCutcheon | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | United Kingdom |
| Genres | Dream pop, indie rock, alternative country, folk |
| Years active | 1995–2007, 2011 |
| Labels | 4AD |
|  | |
| Members | Neil Halstead
Rachel Goswell
Ian McCutcheon
Simon Rowe
Alan Forrester |


title: William A. Jones (bishop of Missouri)

abstract: William Augustus Jones Jr. was an American prelate of the Episcopal Church, who served as the eighth Bishop of Missouri, from 1975 to 1992.

text:
# William A. Jones (bishop of Missouri)

**William Augustus Jones Jr.** (January 24, 1927 - October 11, 2020) was an American prelate of the Episcopal Church, who served as the eighth Bishop of Missouri, from 1975 to 1992.

## Early life and education

Jones was born on January 24, 1927, in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of William Augustus Jones and Martha Wharton. He was educated at the Memphis High School, and then studied at Southwestern At Memphis from where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1948. He also graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity after studies at the Yale University in 1951. On August 26, 1949, he married Margaret Loaring Clark, and together had four daughters.

## Ordained ministry

Jones was ordained deacon on January 1, 1952, by Bishop Edmund P. Dandridge of Tennessee, at St John's Church in Memphis, Tennessee. He was ordained priest on July 25, 1952, by Bishop Theodore N. Barth, Coadjutor of Tennessee, at the Church of the Messiah in Pulaski, Tennessee. He served as priest-in-charge of the Church of the Messiah until 1957, when he became curate at Christ Church in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1958, he became rector of St Mark's Church in LaGrange, Georgia, while in 1965, he transferred to Mountain Brook, Alabama, to serve as associate rector of St Luke's Church. A year later, in 1966, he became the Director of The Association for Christian Training and Service in Memphis, a post he held until 1972. Between 1972 and 1975, he served as rector of St John's Church in Johnson City, Tennessee.

## Bishop

On December 7, 1974, Jones was elected Bishop of Missouri during a special diocesan convention held at Christ Church Cathedral in St. Louis. He was consecrated on May 3, 1975, by Presiding Bishop John Allin. Bishop Jones was the first Bishop of Missouri to ordain a woman to the priesthood in 1976. He was also active in the Civil Rights movement in the South and fought for funds to continue hospital services for people in need in inner city St. Louis. Jones retired in 1992, and spent a year as a minister at St Margaret's Church in Rainham, Kent, England. Jones died on October 11, 2020.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
William Augustus Jones
D.D. | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Missouri | |
| Church | Episcopal Church |
| Diocese | Missouri |
| Elected | December 7, 1974 |
| In office | 1975–1992 |
| Predecessor | George L. Cadigan |
| Successor | Hays Hamilton Rockwell |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | July 25, 1952
by Theodore N. Barth |
| Consecration | May 3, 1975
by John Allin |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1927-01-24)January 24, 1927
Memphis, Tennessee, United States |
| Died | October 11, 2020(2020-10-11) (aged 93)
Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Parents | William Augustus Jones & Martha Wharton |
| Spouse | Margaret Loaring Clark  (m. 1949; died 2020) |
| Children | 4 |
| Education | Southwestern At Memphis |
| Alma mater | Yale University |


title: William A. Jones (writer)

abstract: William A. Jones also known as Bill Jones is a British writer known as the author of MindWealth: building Personal Wealth from Intellectual Property Right. He also authored other books which have been published on various platforms.

text:
# William A. Jones (writer)

**William A. Jones** also known as Bill Jones is a British writer known as the author of *MindWealth: building Personal Wealth from Intellectual Property Right*. He also authored other books which have been published on various platforms.

## InfoBox

| William A. Jones | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1947<br>North Wales |
| Nationality | British |
| Citizenship | United Kingdom |
| Alma mater | Sheffield University |
| Occupation | Author |
| Known for | Author of *MindWealth: building Personal Wealth from Intellectual Property Right*. |


title: Mohammadpur Umri

abstract: Mohammadpur Umri is a small village close to the Indian Air Force base of Bamrauli, near Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, India. Mohammadpur was founded by Mohammad Nasir. He had five children, including four sons and one daughter. His second son, renowned criminal lawyer (Advocate) Hasin Ahmad, lived in Prayagraj. Mohammad Nasir and his ancestors, for example Mohammad Yusuf, his father, Mohammad Hussain, his grandfather, etc. and his sons are all buried in a personal graveyard owned by his family, which is 2,000 square meters in area.

text:
# Mohammadpur Umri

**Mohammadpur Umri** is a small village close to the Indian Air Force base of Bamrauli, near Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, India. Mohammadpur was founded by Mohammad Nasir. He had five children, including four sons and one daughter. His second son, renowned criminal lawyer (Advocate) Hasin Ahmad, lived in Prayagraj. Mohammad Nasir and his ancestors, for example Mohammad Yusuf, his father, Mohammad Hussain, his grandfather, etc. and his sons are all buried in a personal graveyard owned by his family, which is 2,000 square meters in area.

## Twin statistics

The village has a large number of twins and is therefore sometimes labelled as the twin capital of the world. Out of a total population of 600, there are almost 33 pairs of twins here. The village has a twin monozygotic (MZ) or identical twin birth rate that is 300 times the national average and may be one of the highest in the world.

## InfoBox

| Mohammadpur Umri | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Mohammadpur UmriLocation in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaMohammadpur UmriMohammadpur Umri (India) | |
| Coordinates: 25°26′N 81°44′E / 25.44°N 81.74°E / 25.44; 81.74 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Prayagraj |
| Named for | Mohammad Nasir |
| Area | |
| Total | 80,000 km2 (30,000 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 6,000 |
| Density | 0.075/km2 (0.19/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 276202 |
| Nearest city | Prayagraj |


title: Mokomokonui River

abstract: The Mokomokonui River is a river of the northern Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows generally southwest from its sources in several streams southwest of Lake Waikaremoana, and flows into the Waipunga River close to the settlement of Tarawera and State Highway 5.

text:
# Mokomokonui River

The **Mokomokonui River** is a river of the northern Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows generally southwest from its sources in several streams southwest of Lake Waikaremoana, and flows into the Waipunga River close to the settlement of Tarawera and State Highway 5.

39°02′55″S 176°35′18″E / 39.048698°S 176.588347°E / -39.048698; 176.588347

## InfoBox

| Mokomokonui River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Waipunga River |
| Length | 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) |


title: Mona N. Fouad

abstract: Mona N. Fouad is an Egyptian-American physician. Fouad is the inaugural holder of the Edward E. Partridge, M.D., Endowed Chair for Cancer Disparity Research at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. As a result of her "lifetime of exceptional work in health and medicine," Fouad was also elected a member of the National Academy of Medicine in 2017.

text:
# Mona N. Fouad

**Mona N. Fouad** is an Egyptian-American physician. Fouad is the inaugural holder of the Edward E. Partridge, M.D., Endowed Chair for Cancer Disparity Research at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. As a result of her "lifetime of exceptional work in health and medicine," Fouad was also elected a member of the National Academy of Medicine in 2017.

## Early life and education

Fouad was born and raised in Alexandria, Egypt, where she completed her medical degree at the Alexandria School of Medicine. In 1980, Fouad and her husband Fouad H. Fouad moved from Egypt to Texas so he could earn a doctorate in civil engineering from the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University. Although they originally intended to return to Egypt, Fouad's advisor suggested they come to the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) for a year to get practical experience. While there, she also completed her Master's degree in public health.

## Career

Upon completing her master's degree, Fouad began working for the UAB Division of Preventive Medicine and as an instructor in the Department of Medicine. In 2002, she became the founding director of the Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Center (MHRC). Fouad was promoted to the rank of full professor in 2005, and in 2009 became director of the division of Preventive Medicine. While serving in these roles, Fouad also helped establish the O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center's patient navigation program based on the Community Health Advisors in Action Program she headed in 2006.

In 2009, Fouad was named to the NIH Minority Health Advisory Council to make recommendations regarding research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs for the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. She was also appointed to senior associate dean for Diversity and Inclusion in 2014. Her work was recognized in 2016 with the ACS St George Award and an honor as a "Women Who Shape the State." As a result of her "lifetime of exceptional work in health and medicine," Fouad was also elected a member of the National Academy of Medicine in 2017. The following year, she was named co-chair of the Science Committee for the All of Us Research Program.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fouad was appointed the inaugural holder of the Edward E. Partridge, M.D., Endowed Chair for Cancer Disparity Research.

## Personal life

Fouad and her husband have two daughters together.

## InfoBox

| Mona N. Fouad | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Alexandria, Egypt |
| Spouse | Fouad H. Fouad |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | MD, 1977, Alexandria School of Medicine <br>MPH, 1986, University of Alabama at Birmingham |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Alabama at Birmingham |
|  | |


title: Mona Nemer

abstract: Mona Nemer, is a Lebanese-Canadian scientist specializing in molecular genetics and cardiac regeneration. She was formerly a professor of pharmacology at the University of Montreal and the Director of the Cardiac Development Research Unit at the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) where she held a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Cardiovascular Cell Differentiation. She is a professor of biochemistry at the University of Ottawa's Faculty of Medicine, and also served as Vice-President, Research at the University of Ottawa from 2006 to 2017. On September 26, 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that after a selection process, Nemer was chosen as Canada's new Chief Science Advisor – the first national science advisor since 2008.

text:
# Mona Nemer

**Mona Nemer**, CM CQ FRSC (born 1957) is a Lebanese-Canadian scientist specializing in molecular genetics and cardiac regeneration. She was formerly a professor of pharmacology at the University of Montreal and the Director of the Cardiac Development Research Unit at the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) where she held a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Cardiovascular Cell Differentiation. She is a professor of biochemistry at the University of Ottawa's Faculty of Medicine, and also served as Vice-President, Research at the University of Ottawa from 2006 to 2017.

On September 26, 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that after a selection process, Nemer was chosen as Canada's new Chief Science Advisor – the first national science advisor since 2008.

## Early life

Nemer was born in Beirut, Lebanon in 1957 where she found her passion for chemistry. At the age of 17, she and her classmates successfully advocated to create a science stream at her all-girls school.

She left Lebanon during the civil war and moved to Kansas where she obtained a bachelor's degree in 1977, majoring in chemistry with minors in French and mathematics at Wichita State University. In the summer of 1977, Nemer visited Montreal with friends. The visit convinced her to attend graduate school in the city. She went on to complete a PhD in bio-organic chemistry from McGill University in 1982 under the supervision of Kelvin Ogilvie.

## Career

Nemer's research focused on cardiac formation and function – specifically the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that register the genetic expression of cardiac cells. She is best known for isolating genes that regulate ventricular hypertrophy which manifests itself in an increase volume of the heart and a thickening of the myocardial wall. Her work has contributed to the development of diagnostic tests for heart failure and the genetics of cardiac birth defects. Nemer has published over 150 scientific research articles to date, with over 10,000 citations and an h-index of 63. She has also trained over 100 students from Canada and other countries.

### VP Research, University of Ottawa

Nemer served as Vice-President, Research at the University of Ottawa from 2006 to 2017, and also served as the Director of the Cardiac Development Research Unit at the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM).

Nemer founded the University of Ottawa's annual greeting card design competition.

### Chief Science Advisor of Canada

On Tuesday, Sept. 26, 2017, following a selection process, Nemer was appointed as Canada's new Chief Science Advisor for a three-year appointment. This role was previously eliminated in 2008 by the previous government, led by Prime Minister Stephen Harper. As Chief Science Advisor, Nemer is responsible for providing impartial scientific advice to the Prime Minister (Justin Trudeau) and the Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry (François-Philippe Champagne) and Cabinet. She is also responsible for providing guidelines for to ensure that government science is publicly accessible, that scientists can speak freely about their work as well as for promoting Canadian science both nationally and internationally. In addition, Nemer reports annually on the activities of her office and the state of federal government science in Canada.

Following 100 days as the Chief Science Advisor, Nemer released a letter outlining her office's plans for 2018, which included developing scientific integrity policies and guidelines, recommending guidelines to ensure government scientists can speak freely about their research and preparing a framework to allow for open public access to federal government science.

On July 30, 2018, Nemer's office published the *Model Policy on Scientific Integrity* in order to safeguard through collective agreements government scientists' right to speak. This was developed in partnership with the Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada (PIPSC), officials at the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat and the federal research community. Her office has also established an Independent Expert Panel on Aquaculture Science, chaired by Nemer, to provide appropriate scientific evidence in policy decisions related to aquaculture and impacts on the marine environment.

#### Open Science

As part of her mandate to provide guidelines to ensure that government science is fully available to the public, the Chief Science Advisor and her office worked with international and domestic colleagues to develop the Roadmap for Open Science announced by Navdeep Bains, Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry, on February 26, 2020.

#### COVID-19

In February 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic took hold in Canada, Mona Nemer as the Chief Science Advisor rapidly assembled the COVID-19 Expert Panel, a group of distinguished researchers and practitioners in infectious disease research and treatment, disease modeling and the behavioural sciences. This group of experts along with several other groups and task forces, has enabled throughout the pandemic emerging scientific information about COVID-19 to flow swiftly through to the Prime Minister and Cabinet.

The Chief Science Advisor and the expert groups have published several reports focusing on emerging issues brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic such as long-term care homes, COVID-19 in children, the role of ventilation and the considerations for using vaccine certifications.

#### Mandate renewal

On October 1, 2020, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced Nemer's reappointment for another two years, effective September 25, 2020.

On July 11, 2022, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced Nemer's reappointment for another two years, effective September 25, 2022.

On July 4, 2024, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced Nemer's reappointment for another three years, effective September 25, 2024.

## Controversies

On 27 March 2020, Nemer told the host of CBC Radio's *Quirks and Quarks* that the country needs randomly to test at least one per cent of the population to determine whether COVID-19 is as lethal as the population is led to believe. Nemer's "observations are right at the centre of a global clash of scientists over COVID-19 data and estimates of the seriousness of the pandemic," says Terence Corcoran, a writer at the *National Post*. Corcoran observed that the grim warnings of Neil Ferguson's team at Imperial College have been contradicted by Oxford University epidemiologists led by Sunetra Gupta. On 3 April, Corcoran pointed out that only proper sampling such as that advocated by Nemer will reveal the truth, and that in the omnishambles caused by reaction to the coronavirus pandemic, governments already have "adopted massive and unprecedented interventions into the economic and daily lives of every individual".

## Honours and awards

## Selected publications

* Bruneau, Benoit G.; Nemer, Georges; Schmitt, Joachim P.; Charron, Frédéric; Robitaille, Lynda; Caron, Sophie; Conner, David A.; Gessler, Manfred; Nemer, Mona (2001–09). "A Murine Model of Holt-Oram Syndrome Defines Roles of the T-box Transcription Factor Tbx5 in Cardiogenesis and Disease". *Cell*. **106** (6): 709–721. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00493-7.
* Genest, Jacques; McPherson, Ruth; Frohlich, Jiri; Anderson, Todd; Campbell, Norm; Carpentier, André; Couture, Patrick; Dufour, Robert; Fodor, George (2009–10). "2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult – 2009 recommendations". *Canadian Journal of Cardiology*. **25** (10): 567–579. doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(09)70715-9.
* Durocher, Daniel; Charron, Frédéric; Warren, René; Schwartz, Robert J.; Nemer, Mona (1997-09-15). "The cardiac transcription factors Nkx2‐5 and GATA‐4 are mutual cofactors". *The EMBO Journal*. **16** (18): 5687–5696. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.18.5687.
* Burns, Kimberly; Duggan, Brenda; Atkinson, Eric A.; Famulski, Konrad S.; Nemer, Mona; Bleackley, R. Chris; Michalak, Marek (1994–02). "Modulation of gene expression by calreticulin binding to the glucocorticoid receptor". *Nature*. **367** (6462): 476–480. doi:10.1038/367476a0.
* Paradis, Pierre; Dali-Youcef, Nassim; Paradis, François W.; Thibault, Gaétan; Nemer, Mona (2000-01-18). "Overexpression of angiotensin II type I receptor in cardiomyocytes induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **97** (2): 931–936. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.2.931.
* Morin, Steves; Charron, Frédéric; Robitaille, Lynda; Nemer, Mona (2000-05-02). "GATA‐dependent recruitment of MEF2 proteins to target promoters". *The EMBO Journal*. **19** (9): 2046–2055. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.9.2046.
* Drouin, J.; Sun, Y.L.; Chamberland, M.; Gauthier, Y.; De Léan, A.; Nemer, M.; Schmidt, T.J. (1993–01). "Novel glucocorticoid receptor complex with DNA element of the hormone-repressed POMC gene". *The EMBO Journal*. **12** (1): 145–156. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05640.x.
* Grepin, C.; Nemer, G.; Nemer, M. (1997-06-15). "Enhanced cardiogenesis in embryonic stem cells overexpressing the GATA-4 transcription factor". *Development*. **124** (12): 2387–2395.
* Sepulveda, Jorge L.; Belaguli, Narashimaswamy; Nigam, Vishal; Chen, Ching-Yi; Nemer, Mona; Schwartz, Robert J. (1998-06-01). "GATA-4 and Nkx-2.5 Coactivate Nkx-2 DNA Binding Targets: Role for Regulating Early Cardiac Gene Expression". *Molecular and Cellular Biology*. **18** (6): 3405–3415. doi:10.1128/MCB.18.6.3405.
* Viger, R. S.; Mertineit, C.; Trasler, J. M.; Nemer, M. (1998-07-15). "Transcription factor GATA-4 is expressed in a sexually dimorphic pattern during mouse gonadal development and is a potent activator of the Mullerian inhibiting substance promoter". *Development*. **125** (14): 2665–2675.

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22. "Terms of Reference: Independent Expert Panel on Aquaculture Science". *www.ic.gc.ca*. Government of Canada, Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Office of the Deputy Minister, Communications and Marketing Branch. Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
23. "Federal chief science advisor to investigate fish farms". *National Observer*. 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
24. "Roadmap for Open Science to reduce barriers and speed up discovery". *www.canada.ca*. Science and Economic Development, Canada Innovation. 2020-02-26. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
25. Smith, Marie-Danielle (2021-04-16). "Vaccine passports could facilitate a return to normal, says new report". *Macleans.ca*. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
26. "Prime Minister announces reappointment of Canada's top scientist". *pm.gc.ca* (Press release). PMO. October 1, 2020. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020.
27. "Prime Minister announces reappointment of Dr. Mona Nemer as Canada's Chief Science Advisor". *pm.gc.ca* (Press release). PMO. July 11, 2022. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022.
28. "Prime Minister announces reappointment of Dr. Mona Nemer as Canada's Chief Science Advisor". *pm.gc.ca* (Press release). PMO. July 5, 2024. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024.
29. "Scientists are mobilizing from the ground up and the top down in our fight against COVID-19". CBC. 27 March 2020.
30. Corcoran, Terence (1 April 2020). "Maybe real data on the coronavirus will end this draconian lockdown". Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc.
31. "Science clash: Imperial vs Oxford, and the sex smear that created rival Covid-19 studies". Telegraph Media Group Limited. 4 April 2020.
32. Corcoran, Terence (3 April 2020). "We are at the mercy of two data problems with COVID-19 response". Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc.
33. "Order of Canada Appointments". June 30, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
34. "Nine Ottawans named to Order of Canada". *Ottawa Citizen*. 2014-06-30. Retrieved 2017-04-15.

## InfoBox

| Mona NemerCM CQ FRSC | |
| --- | --- |
| Nemer at UBC in 2008 | |
| Born | 1957 (age 6667)
Beirut, Lebanon |
| Occupation | Professor |
| Title | Chief Science Advisor of Canada (2017 – present) |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | McGill University (PhD)
Wichita State University(BSc) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Ottawa
Université de Montréal |
|  | |
| Website | https://www.uottawa.ca/about/governance/senior-administration/mona-nemer |


title: William Funnell

abstract: William Ross Norman Funnell is a top-class showjumper.

text:
# William Funnell

**William Ross Norman Funnell** (born 10 February 1966 in Ashford) is a top-class showjumper.

## Career

Funnell has represented Britain internationally in many Nations Cup teams. In 2006 he won the Hickstead Derby for the first time and won it again two years later in 2008 and again in 2009. In 2018 William became one of 5 riders to win The Hickstead Derby 4 times, joining Harvey Smith, John and Michael Whitaker, and Eddie Macken. He also won the famous derby of La Baule in France in May 2011.

## Personal life

Funnell is married to eventer Pippa Funnell. He married her in October 1993 in Uckfield. They live in Ockley in south Surrey where they have a stud farm to breed horses. They became the first husband and wife to be inducted into The British Horse Society Equestrian Hall of Fame when William joined Pippa (2005) in being inducted in 2014.

## InfoBox

| William Funnell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | William Funnell |
| Nationality | British |
| Discipline | Show jumping |
| Born | (1966-02-10) 10 February 1966<br>Ashford, England |
| Medal record      Representing  Great Britain  European Championships  2013 Herning Team jumping | |


title: Will It Be Love by Morning

abstract: "Will It Be Love by Morning" is a song written by Lewis Anderson and Fred Koller, and recorded by American country music artist Michael Martin Murphey. It was released in January 1984 as the second single from the album The Heart Never Lies. The song peaked at number 7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles and at number 5 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.

text:
# Will It Be Love by Morning

"**Will It Be Love by Morning**" is a song written by Lewis Anderson and Fred Koller, and recorded by American country music artist Michael Martin Murphey. It was released in January 1984 as the second single from the album *The Heart Never Lies*. The song peaked at number 7 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles and at number 5 on the Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1984) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 7 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 5 |

## InfoBox

| "Will It Be Love by Morning" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Michael Martin Murphey | |
| from the album  *The Heart Never Lies* | |
| B-side | "Goodbye Money Mountain" |
| Released | January 6, 1984 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:27 |
| Label | Liberty |
| Songwriter(s) | Lewis Anderson, Fred Koller |
| Producer(s) | Jim Ed Norman |
| Michael Martin Murphey singles chronology | |
| "Don't Count the Rainy Days"
(1983) "**Will It Be Love by Morning**"
(1984) "Disenchanted"
(1984) | |


title: Mohammed Sanan

abstract: Mohammed Sanan is an Indian footballer who plays as a winger for the Indian Super League club Jamshedpur FC.

text:
# Mohammed Sanan

**Mohammed Sanan** (born 5 April 2004) is an Indian footballer who plays as a winger for the Indian Super League club Jamshedpur FC.

## Early life

Sanan was born in Malappuram.

## Career

### Reliance Foundation Young Champs

Sanan's journey started with Reliance Foundation Young champs in 2016 at age of 12, where he spent seven years. He represented the club at 2022 Reliance Foundation Development League where he made six appearances and provided assist for opening goal against Mumbai City B. He again represented the club at 2023 Reliance Foundation Development League where scored four goals in fourteen appearances as RFYC topped their regional and national group but finished fourth overall which sealed their qualification spot for Next Gen Cup. He gained some incredible exposure during his time at RFYC, including an opportunity to represent the team against English Premier League oppositions like Wolves and Everton at the Reliance Foundation Premier League Next Gen Cup.

### Jamshedpur FC

On 3 August 2023, He penned a three-year deal with Jamshedpur FC. 5 days later, he made his debut in a 5-0 loss to Mumbai City FC at 2023 Durand Cup where he played the full first half. On 25 September, Sanan made his Indian Super League debut coming in as a substitute in a goalless draw against East Bengal. On 1 November, he made his first league start against Mohun Bagan Super Giant and scored his first goal with a sensational long-range shot in an eventual 3-2 loss.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 03 September 2024*

| Club | Season | League | | | Durand Cup | | Super Cup | | AFC | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Reliance Foundation Young Champs | 2021—22 | Reliance Foundation Development League | 6 | 0 |  | | | | | | 6 | 0 |
| | 2022—23 | | 14 | 4 |  | | | | | | 14 | 4 |
| | Total | | 20 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 4 |
| Jamshedpur FC | 2023–24 | Indian Super League | 20 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 |  | | 24 | 3 |
| | 2024–25 | | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |  | | 3 | 2 |
| | Total | | 20 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 5 |
| Career total | | | 40 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 47 | 9 |

1. *www.the-aiff.com* https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/56853?type=club. Retrieved 4 August 2024. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
2. "Jamshedpur FC sign Mohammed Sanan from Reliance Foundation Young foundation". *The Times of India*. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
3. "Red-hot RF Young Champs breeze past Mumbai City FC 2-0". 23 April 2022.
4. "ATK Mohun Bagan seal third-place in RFDL with a comfortable win over Reliance Foundation Young Champs". 14 May 2023.
5. "Jamshedpur Fc sign Mohammed Sanan from Reliance Foundation Young Champs team". *IMDb*. 3 August 2023.
6. "Jamshedpur FC adds Mohammed Sanan to its attacking ranks from Reliance Foundation Young Champs". *Jamshedpur Football Club*. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
7. "Durand Cup 2023: Mumbai City FC crushes Jamshedpur FC 5-0". 8 August 2023.
8. "East Bengal vs Jamshedpur FC highlights, ISL 2023-24: Poor finishing leads to goalless draw between EB and JFC in their season opener". 25 September 2023.
9. "Match Report: Jamshedpur FC 2 - 3 Mohun Bagan Super Giant". 1 November 2023.

## InfoBox

Mohammed Sanan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (2004-04-05) 5 April 2004 | | |
| Place of birth | Malappuram, Kerala | | |
| Height | 1.66 m (5 ft 5+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | winger | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Jamshedpur | | |
| Number | 11 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2016–2023 | RFYC | 20 | (4) |
| 2023– | Jamshedpur | 24 | (5) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 06:00, 2 August 2024 (UTC) | | | |


title: Mohammed Salisu Bamba

abstract: Mohammed Salisu Bamba is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Sixth Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Ejura-Sekyedumase Constituency in the Ashanti Region on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party.

text:
# Mohammed Salisu Bamba

**Mohammed Salisu Bamba** (born September 17, 1975) is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Sixth Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Ejura-Sekyedumase Constituency in the Ashanti Region on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party.

## Early life and education

Bamba was born on September 17, 1975. He hails from Yendi, a town in the Northern Region of Ghana. He attended the University of Ghana and obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology. He is a Muslim and is married with four children.

## Politics

Bamba is a member of the New Patriotic Party (NPP). In 2012, he contested for the Ejura-Sekyedumase seat on the ticket of the NPP in the 2012 Ghanaian general elections and won. During the elections, he garnered 21,461 votes which represents 49.78% of the total valid votes cast and hence defeated the other contestants. However, in 2016, he contested for the seat again and lost in the 2016 Ghanaian general elections, and as a result, he could represent his constituency for the second time.

## InfoBox

| Mohammed Salisu Bamba | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Ghana Parliament
for Ejura-Sekyedumase Constituency | |
| **In office**
7 January 2013  6 January 2017 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1975-09-17) September 17, 1975 |
| Nationality | Ghanaian |
| Political party | New Patriotic Party |
| Alma mater | University of Ghana |
|  | |


title: Mohammed Samara

abstract: Mohammed Samara is a Palestinian footballer currently playing for Arab Contractors of the Egyptian Premier League and the Palestine national football team. He received his first official cap in October 2007 he has since been called up for unofficial friendlies, most notably against Dynamo Moscow where he scored a penalty kick in a 1-1 draw.

text:
# Mohammed Samara

**Mohammed Samara** (Arabic: محمد سمارة; born January 1, 1983) is a Palestinian footballer currently playing for Arab Contractors of the Egyptian Premier League and the Palestine national football team. He received his first official cap in October 2007 he has since been called up for unofficial friendlies, most notably against Dynamo Moscow where he scored a penalty kick in a 1-1 draw.

## InfoBox

Mohammed Samara
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mohammed Ahmed Mahmoud Samara | | |
| Date of birth | (1983-01-01) January 1, 1983 | | |
| Place of birth | Cairo, Egypt | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Arab Contractors | | |
| Number | 18 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Al-Ahly | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Ittihad Alexandria |  |  |
| 2004–2006 | Goldi |  |  |
| 2006–2007 | Asyut Petroleum |  | (3) |
| 2007–2009 | Petrojet |  | (7) |
| 2009–2012 | Arab Contractors |  | (7) |
| 2012–2013 | El Dakhleya |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2011–2013 | Palestine | 12 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 4 October 2012<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 4 October 2012 | | | |


title: William Cary (1437–1471)

abstract: Sir William Cary (1437–1471) of Cockington and Clovelly in Devon was a member of the Devonshire gentry. He was beheaded after the defeat of the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471.

text:
# William Cary (1437–1471)

Sir **William Cary** (1437–1471) of Cockington and Clovelly in Devon was a member of the Devonshire gentry. He was beheaded after the defeat of the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471.

## Origins

He was the son and heir of Philip Cary (died 1437) of Cockington, Member of Parliament for Devon in 1433, by his wife Christiana de Orchard (died 1472), daughter and heiress of William de Orchard of Orchard (later Orchard Portman), near Taunton in Somerset. Christiana de Orchard survived her first husband and remarried to Walter Portman, ten times MP for Taunton, by whom she had children, ancestors of the present Viscount Portman, owner of the Portman Estate in London.

## Marriages and children

Cary married twice:

## Death

Cary was beheaded on 6 May 1471 after the defeat of the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury. He is believed to be represented by a monumental brass of a knight, without surviving identifying inscription, set into a slate ledger stone on the floor of the chancel of All Saints Church, Clovelly, next to a smaller brass, in similar style, of his son and heir Robert Cary (died 1540).


title: Mohari Khurd

abstract: Mohari Khurd is a village in Gosainganj block of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, its population is 1,812, in 376 households. It is the seat of a gram panchayat.

text:
# Mohari Khurd

**Mohari Khurd** is a village in Gosainganj block of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, its population is 1,812, in 376 households. It is the seat of a gram panchayat.

## InfoBox

| Mohari Khurd Mohāri Khurd | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mohari KhurdLocation in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaMohari KhurdMohari Khurd (India) | |
| Coordinates: 26°43′40″N 81°02′39″E / 26.72788°N 81.04406°E / 26.72788; 81.04406 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Lucknow |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.63 km2 (1.02 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 127 m (417 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,812 |
| Density | 690/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Moharram (Gatling gun)

abstract: The Moharram, sometimes Muharram, (MGG-50) is an indigenous 6-barreled 12.7x108mm Gatling gun of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The weapon is most commonly seen mounted on pickup trucks and other light vehicles, as well as on naval vessels. The weapon is externally powered, and is capable of firing up to 2,500 rounds per minute. The gun was unveiled along with Akhgar in a parade on 18 April 2014, which was attended Iranian president Hassan Rouhani along with military commanders. It was unveiled alongside the Akhgar and the Shaher.

text:
# Moharram (Gatling gun)

The **Moharram**, sometimes **Muharram**, (MGG-50) is an indigenous 6-barreled 12.7x108mm (.50 caliber) Gatling gun of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The weapon is most commonly seen mounted on pickup trucks and other light vehicles, as well as on naval vessels. The weapon is externally powered, and is capable of firing up to 2,500 rounds per minute.

The gun was unveiled along with Akhgar in a parade on 18 April 2014, which was attended Iranian president Hassan Rouhani along with military commanders. It was unveiled alongside the Akhgar and the Shaher.

## InfoBox

| Moharram | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Place of origin | Iran |
| Service history | |
| Used by | Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps |
| Specifications | |
| Caliber | .50 |
| Barrels | 6 |
| Rate of fire | Up to 2500 rounds per minute |


title: Monoculturalism

abstract: Monoculturalism is the policy or process of supporting, advocating, or allowing the expression of the culture of a single social or ethnic group. It generally stems from beliefs within the dominant group that their cultural practices are superior to those of minority groups and is often related to the concept of ethnocentrism, which involves judging another culture based on the values and standards of one's own culture, though this is usually untrue if cultural nationalism is dominant, as opposed to ethno-nationalism. It may also involve the process of assimilation whereby other ethnic groups are expected to adopt the culture and practices of the dominant ethnic group. Monoculturalism, in the context of cultural diversity, is the opposite of multiculturalism. Rather than the suppression of different ethnic groups within a given society, sometimes monoculturalism manifests as the active preservation of a country's national culture via the exclusion of external influences. Japan, South Korea, and North Korea are examples of this form of monoculturalism. However it may also be the result of less intentional factors such as geographic isolation, historical racial homogeneity, or political isolation.

text:
# Monoculturalism

**Monoculturalism** is the policy or process of supporting, advocating, or allowing the expression of the culture of a single social or ethnic group. It generally stems from beliefs within the dominant group that their cultural practices are superior to those of minority groups and is often related to the concept of ethnocentrism, which involves judging another culture based on the values and standards of one's own culture, though this is usually untrue if cultural nationalism is dominant, as opposed to ethno-nationalism. It may also involve the process of assimilation whereby other ethnic groups are expected to adopt the culture and practices of the dominant ethnic group. Monoculturalism, in the context of cultural diversity, is the opposite of multiculturalism.

Rather than the suppression of different ethnic groups within a given society, sometimes monoculturalism manifests as the active preservation of a country's national culture via the exclusion of external influences. Japan, South Korea, and North Korea are examples of this form of monoculturalism. However it may also be the result of less intentional factors such as geographic isolation, historical racial homogeneity, or political isolation.

## Ethnocentric monoculturalism

Monoculturalism is often closely associated with ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is the practice of framing one's way of life as natural and valid, and applying that belief system to interpret the characteristics of other cultures.

## Instances

### In genocide

Many of the genocides practiced throughout history were based on ethnic supremacy. Ethnic supremacy is assumed by one group within a culture, following some distinct action by an external group or from one of the ethnic groups. With European intervention in places like Rwanda, social institutions worked to socially construct an ethnic inferiority, distinguishing the Hutus and Tutsis from one another and causing what would be one of the most horrific demonstrations of genocide in modern history.

A similar example to that of the Rwandan genocide was the ongoing civil war in Burma. The civil war spanned from a constitution that granted Burma their independence from the British Empire in which a group of leaders created conditions that didn't involve many of Burma's Ethnic Minorities, and instigated a fight from them. Many of these ethnic minorities in Burma, including the Karen, have been significantly displaced by the military junta and placed into refugee camps in bordering nations. The remaining ethnic minorities have been living in poor conditions, and have been met by a variety of human rights abuses.

### Globalization

Globalization involves the free movement of goods, capital, services, people, technology and information throughout the world. It also involves the international integration of potentially very different countries through the adoption of the same or similar world views, ideologies, and other aspects of culture. Marsella argues that this is monoculturalism on a grand scale. Potentially it could lead to the suppression and loss of different ethnic cultures on a global scale.

## Further reading

* Tambini, Damian (1996). "Explaining monoculturalism: Beyond Gellner's theory of nationalism". *Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society*. **10** (2): 251–270. doi:10.1080/08913819608443420.
* Conversi, Daniele (2008). "Democracy, Nationalism and Culture: A Social Critique of Liberal Monoculturalism". *Sociology Compass*. **2** (1): 156–182. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00063.x.


title: William Comings White

abstract: William Comings White (1890–1965) was an electrical engineer. He was research assistant to, and cousin of, the Nobel Prize winning chemist Irving Langmuir at the General Electric research laboratory. He was born in Brooklyn and lived most of his life in Schenectady, NY and lived on Lowell Road in the GE Plot. He helped to develop the Kenotron and Pliotron, two- and three-electrode vacuum tubes, which could be exhausted to an exceedingly high vacuum. He was awarded an honorary degree by Columbia University in 1948. His papers are housed at the Schaffer Library Special Collections Department of Union College.

text:
# William Comings White

**William Comings White** (1890–1965) was an electrical engineer. He was research assistant to, and cousin of, the Nobel Prize winning chemist Irving Langmuir at the General Electric research laboratory. He was born in Brooklyn and lived most of his life in Schenectady, NY and lived on Lowell Road in the GE Plot.

He helped to develop the Kenotron and Pliotron, two- and three-electrode vacuum tubes, which could be exhausted to an exceedingly high vacuum.

He was awarded an honorary degree by Columbia University in 1948.

His papers are housed at the Schaffer Library Special Collections Department of Union College.


title: Moncouche Lake (Mont-Valin)

abstract: The Moncouche Lake is a freshwater body of the watershed of the rivière aux Sables, flowing in the unorganized territory of Mont-Valin, in the Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, in the province of Quebec, in Canada. Most of the area is included in the northwestern part of the territory of zec Martin-Valin, in the township of Garreau. Forestry is the main economic activity in the sector. Recreational and tourist activities come second. The forest road R0208 serves the eastern side of Lac Le Marié and the upper part of Rivière aux Sables. In contrast, on the east side, the forest road R0201 serves the valley of the Saint-Louis River. A few other secondary forest roads serve the vicinity of Lake Moncouche for the purposes of forestry and recreational tourism activities. The surface of lake Moncouche is usually frozen from the end of November to the beginning of April, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally made from mid-December to the end of March.

text:
# Moncouche Lake (Mont-Valin)

The **Moncouche Lake** is a freshwater body of the watershed of the rivière aux Sables, flowing in the unorganized territory of Mont-Valin, in the Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, in the province of Quebec, in Canada. Most of the area is included in the northwestern part of the territory of zec Martin-Valin, in the township of Garreau. Forestry is the main economic activity in the sector. Recreational and tourist activities come second.

The forest road R0208 (North–south direction) serves the eastern side of Lac Le Marié and the upper part of Rivière aux Sables. In contrast, on the east side, the forest road R0201 (north–south direction) serves the valley of the Saint-Louis River. A few other secondary forest roads serve the vicinity of Lake Moncouche for the purposes of forestry and recreational tourism activities.

The surface of lake Moncouche is usually frozen from the end of November to the beginning of April, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally made from mid-December to the end of March.

## Geography

The main watersheds near Lake Moncouche are:

Lac Moncouche is located entirely in the forest in the unorganized territory of Mont-Valin. Lac Moncouche has a length of 8.0 kilometres (5.0 mi), a maximum width of 7.1 kilometres (4.4 mi) and an altitude of 700 metres (2,300 ft). This body of water has a complex perimeter, being very indented. It has many islands and peninsulas. Lac Moncouche adjoins in particular lakes Doumic, Maingard and Le Marié; this group of lakes feeds the head area of the rivière aux Sables.

The mouth of Lake Moncouche is located at:

From the mouth of Lake Moncouche, the current flows over 14.3 kilometres (8.9 mi), successively crossing Maingard Lake, le lac Le Marié, Lac des Trois Chutes and Lac Marc before spilling onto the west bank of the rivière aux Sables. From there, the current goes up north for  following the course of this last river to "Baie aux Sables", on the south shore of the Pipmuacan Reservoir. From there, the current flows first towards the North to join the current of the Betsiamites River which generally flows towards the South-East to flow on the North-West bank of the Saint Lawrence estuary.

## Toponymy

The toponym “Lac Moncouche” appears in the Dictionary of Rivers and Lakes of the Province of Quebec, editions of 1914 and 1925. Le "Petit lac Moncouche" would have been so named a few decades later. In the Innu language and in Cree, muak designates the loon or loon, and Moncouche would be the transcription of the plural form of the term, -É mw¯akouch in Cree.

The toponym "Lac Moncouche" was formalized on December 5, 1968, by the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Moncouche Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Moncouche LakeLocation in Quebec | |
| Location | Mont-Valin (TNO), Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean |
| Coordinates | 47°57′28″N 71°57′26″W / 47.95778°N 71.95722°W / 47.95778; -71.95722 |
| Lake type | Natural |
| Primary inflows | (clockwise from the mouth) Lac Dino, Doumic Lake, lac du Diamant, décharge des lacs Clair, des Jumeaux et Bernières, décharge d’un ensemble de lacs dont Dugal et du Détour, décharge du lac Montplaisir, décharge du lac Belette, décharge du lac Jacob. |
| Primary outflows | Maingard Lake |
| Basin countries | Canada |
|  | |
| Max. length | 8.0 km (5.0 mi) |
| Max. width | 7.1 km (4.4 mi) |
| Surface area | 15 km2 (5.8 sq mi) |
| Surface elevation | 700 m (2,300 ft) |


title: William Grant Murray

abstract: William Grant Murray, usually known as Grant Murray, was a British art teacher, gallery curator and artist. He was Principal of Swansea Art School from 1908 to 1943, and the first curator of the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, Swansea, from 1910 to 1950. He played a leading part in the artistic life of Swansea between the wars.

text:
# William Grant Murray

**William Grant Murray** (11 August 1877 – 11 November 1950), usually known as Grant Murray, was a British art teacher, gallery curator and artist. He was Principal of Swansea Art School from 1908 to 1943, and the first curator of the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, Swansea, from 1910 to 1950. He played a leading part in the artistic life of Swansea between the wars.

## Biography

Murray was born on 11 August 1877 in Portsoy, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the second son of William Alexander Minty Murray (1848–1920), a cabinet maker, and his wife May Grant (1848–1890). His elder brother George Murray (1897–1898) also became an artist, who was renowned for his murals, portraits and mosaics.

He was educated at Blairgowrie High School, Blairgowrie School of Art (1893–1897), Edinburgh School of Art (1897–1898) and the Royal College of Art in London (1876–1933), where he won several prizes. After leaving the Royal College with an ARCA, he studied at Académie Julian in Paris in 1905.

In 1909 he married Margaret Falconer Findlay. They had two sons: Ivan Grant (born 1912) and George Findlay (born 1913). He died in Swansea on 17 November 1950.

## Swansea Art School

Before moving to Swansea, Murray was Art Headmaster of West Bromwich Municipal School of Art for three and a half years.

While being interviewed for the position of principal of Swansea Municipal School of Art in 1908 (later Swansea Art School, now part of University of Wales, Trinity Saint David), Murray told the interviewing panel:

> Unless you are prepared to spend money on your art school, don't appoint me.

He told them that the Art School was the most dismal that he had ever seen, the rooms were too small and the lighting was bad. As far as he could see, their Art School was as good as dead and he had no desire to be associated with the inevitable funeral! He was appointed on the first ballot.

On his appointment he was the only teacher for 107 part-time students. Under his leadership the school grew rapidly in scope and reputation. In 1910 the Art School was ranked 140th in England and Wales; by 1914 it was in 25th place. In 1925 the school won a Grand Prix at the *International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts* in Paris. In 1939 it had 530 students.

Murray introduced stained glass making in the art school in 1935. It has since developed into a major centre for artistic glass.

He retired in 1943, after 34 years as principal.

In 1911, two years after becoming principal of Swansea Art School, Murray was asked to become curator of the new Glynn Vivian Art Gallery in Swansea. He accepted, providing that an assistant was appointed at the school, and held both posts concurrently. The gallery was financed by the art collector Glynn Vivian, who provided his collection of paintings, drawings and china.

Building on Glynn Vivian's collection, Murray expanded the gallery's collection by acquiring works by established painters such as Augustus John, Gwen John and James Dickson Innes; and younger painters including Kyffin Williams and John Elwyn.

Murray played a leading part in the acquisition for Swansea of the *British Empire Panels* by Frank Brangwyn. These sixteen large panels had been commissioned in 1927 for the Royal Gallery at the House of Lords as a memorial to the dead of the First World War, but they were rejected as unsuitable for the Palace of Westminster. They were installed in the Brangwyn Hall Swansea in 1934, where they remain.

Murray remained curator of the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery until his death in 1950.

## Painting

Murray was a figurative artist who mainly painted landscapes in watercolour and oils. At the Académie Julian in Paris he learned to brighten his palette, and to take on new ideas from the impressionists.

## Public collections

Murray's paintings are in the following public collections:

## InfoBox

| William Grant Murray | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1877-08-11)11 August 1877
Portsoy, Aberdeenshire, Scotland |
| Died | 17 December 1950(1950-12-17) (aged 73)
Swansea, Wales |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupations | * Art teacher * Art gallery curator * Painter |


title: William Crawford (London MP)

abstract: William Crawford was a British Liberal Party politician who represented the City of London in the 19th century. Crawford was born in London to Andrew Crawford (1745–1800), formerly of Dunfermline, and his wife Mary, one of 21 daughters of the Spink family living near Northallerton, Yorkshire. The family lived at Brighton from 1783, where Andrew Crawford was Postmaster of Brighton. William Crawford spent his early career with the Honourable East India Company and made a fortune in India. He returned to England in around 1812, and was a partner in the East India Mercantile House of Crawford, Colvin and Company. He bought the estate of Pippbrook, near Dorking, Surrey in 1817 and made it his country home. From 1824 until his death, Crawford was a director of the Australian Agricultural Company. In 1827 he was High Sheriff of Surrey. He had a house at Eaton Square, in the fashionable West End of London. He was a director of the Alliance Assurance Company and an alderman of the City of London in the Spectacle Makers' Company. In 1832 he stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Brighton at the general election in 1832, the first after the Reform Act. He was returned as Member of Parliament for the City of London in August 1833, and sat until he lost the seat in the Tory swing of June 1841. He was in favour of the abolition of the window tax and opposed the Corn Laws and short parliaments. He died at Woodmansterne, Surrey and was buried in St Peter's Church there. Crawford married Dorothy Elizabeth Rees at Bombay on 11 January 1802. Five children were born in Bombay, and three in England. His son Robert Wigram Crawford was also MP for the City of London. His daughter Jane married Henry Ray Freshfield, and as Jane Freshfield wrote travelogues about mountaineering in the Swiss Alps.

text:
# William Crawford (London MP)

**William Crawford** (5 May 1780 – 27 April 1843) was a British Liberal Party politician who represented the City of London in the 19th century.

Crawford was born in London to Andrew Crawford (1745–1800), formerly of Dunfermline, and his wife Mary, one of 21 daughters of the Spink family living near Northallerton, Yorkshire. The family lived at Brighton from 1783, where Andrew Crawford was Postmaster of Brighton (then "Brighthelmston").

William Crawford spent his early career with the Honourable East India Company and made a fortune in India. He returned to England in around 1812, and was a partner in the East India Mercantile House (i.e. trading company) of Crawford, Colvin and Company. (See the Colvin family for more on the Anglo-Indian links.) He bought the estate of Pippbrook, near Dorking, Surrey in 1817 and made it his country home. From 1824 until his death, Crawford was a director of the Australian Agricultural Company. In 1827 he was High Sheriff of Surrey.

He had a house at Eaton Square, in the fashionable West End of London. He was a director of the Alliance Assurance Company and an alderman of the City of London in the Spectacle Makers' Company. In 1832 he stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Brighton at the general election in 1832, the first after the Reform Act. He was returned as Member of Parliament for the City of London in August 1833, and sat until he lost the seat in the Tory swing of June 1841. He was in favour of the abolition of the window tax and opposed the Corn Laws and short parliaments. He died at Woodmansterne, Surrey and was buried in St Peter's Church there.

Crawford married Dorothy Elizabeth Rees at Bombay on 11 January 1802. Five children were born in Bombay, and three in England. His son Robert Wigram Crawford was also MP for the City of London. His daughter Jane married Henry Ray Freshfield, and as Jane Freshfield wrote travelogues about mountaineering in the Swiss Alps.


title: William Craven-Ellis

abstract: William Craven Craven-Ellis, born William Craven Ellis, was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. Ellis was educated at Manchester Grammar School, and became a senior partner of Ellis & Sons, Valuers and Surveyors. He assumed the name Craven-Ellis by deed poll in 1931. In both the 1923 and 1929 general elections, he unsuccessfully contested the safe Labour-held seat of Barnsley as a Conservative. He was elected as a National Member of Parliament (MP) for Southampton in the 1931 general election, and held the seat until his defeat in the 1945 general election. Craven-Ellis had been selected as the Conservative candidate prior to the 1931 election but contested it as a National. The Times Guide to the House of Commons 1935, however, treats him as a Conservative. In the House of Commons, he was chair of the Parliamentary Monetary Committee from 1934 to 1944.

text:
# William Craven-Ellis

**William Craven Craven-Ellis** (1880 – 17 December 1959), born **William Craven Ellis,** was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.

Ellis was educated at Manchester Grammar School, and became a senior partner of Ellis & Sons, Valuers and Surveyors. He assumed the name Craven-Ellis by deed poll in 1931.

In both the 1923 and 1929 general elections, he unsuccessfully contested the safe Labour-held seat of Barnsley as a Conservative. He was elected as a National Member of Parliament (MP) for Southampton in the 1931 general election, and held the seat until his defeat in the 1945 general election. Craven-Ellis had been selected as the Conservative candidate prior to the 1931 election but contested it as a National. The Times Guide to the House of Commons 1935, however, treats him as a Conservative. In the House of Commons, he was chair of the Parliamentary Monetary Committee from 1934 to 1944.

1. The Collected Interwar Papers and Correspondence of Roy Harrod
2. Craig 1983, p. 72.
3. Craig 1983, pp. 243–244.
4. *Times Guide to the House of Commons 1935*. Politico's. 2003. ISBN 978-1-84275-033-9.