title: Orlando East Public Library

abstract: Orlando East Public Library is the oldest library in Soweto in South Africa.

text:
# Orlando East Public Library

**Orlando East Public Library** is the oldest library in Soweto in South Africa.

## History

The library is said to have started in two iron huts in 1948 that lacked both electricity and seating.

The library was housed in the first building in Soweto designed to be a public library in 1950. It was built on Mooki Street by people from the local Vocational Training Centre and impressively it was larger than other public library then available in the main city of Johannesburg. It was probably the most important library for Africans in South Africa at the time. In 2012 the libraries in Soweto said they had nearly fifty thousand members.

The Library's collection was given a substantial gift in 1963 when Madie Hall Xuma, the American born widow of Dr. A.B.Xuma who had been a President of the African National Congress during the 1940s, gave his book collection to the library. Her husband had died in 1962 and she moved back to the United States. Madie Hall Xuma had also been active in South African politics becoming president of the national council of the South African Young Women's Christian Association.

## Today

In 2000 the library was updated and extended. In 2013 a blue plaque was installed to recognise the library's importance as the oldest public library.

The library has good signage and still has spacious accommodation. It attracts students to study with its "fairly full" shelves and a good reference section that includes textbooks. Upstairs there is a media centre and an area reserved for children's books. The library offered free internet access in 2013.

## InfoBox

| Orlando East Public Library | |
| --- | --- |
| Orlando East Public Library | |
|  | |
| Location | Mooki Street, Orlando East, South Africa |
| Type | Public library |
| Established | 1948 |
| Branch of | Johannesburg Libraries |
| Access and use | |
| Population served | Soweto |


title: Gehlen House and Barn

abstract: The Gehlen House and Barn are historic buildings located in St. Donatus, Iowa, United States. Both buildings were built by Peter Gehlen, an immigrant from Luxembourg who settled in this area in 1846. He built a flour mill on the Tetes des Mortes Creek in 1848. As other immigrants from Luxembourg settled here they built distinctive houses from the local limestone. Of these the Gehlen house was the most significant. It is located at a crossroads, and because of its size it served as a community center. At one time or another it served as the post office, hotel, and general store. The exterior of the stone house is covered with plaster and features many windows and doorways on the long side, narrow eaves, a low-pitched jerkinhead, and a rear wing. The barn, which sits immediately behind the house is significant as one of the few stone barns in Iowa. The house and barn were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and were included as contributing properties in the Village of St. Donatus Historic District in 1989.

text:
# Gehlen House and Barn

The **Gehlen House and Barn** are historic buildings located in St. Donatus, Iowa, United States. Both buildings were built by Peter Gehlen (originally Jahlen), an immigrant from Luxembourg who settled in this area in 1846. He built a flour mill on the Tetes des Mortes Creek in 1848. As other immigrants from Luxembourg settled here they built distinctive houses from the local limestone. Of these the Gehlen house was the most significant. It is located at a crossroads, and because of its size it served as a community center. At one time or another it served as the post office, hotel, and general store. The exterior of the stone house is covered with plaster and features many windows and doorways on the long side, narrow eaves, a low-pitched jerkinhead, and a rear wing. The barn, which sits immediately behind the house is significant as one of the few stone barns in Iowa. The house and barn were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and were included as contributing properties in the Village of St. Donatus Historic District in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Gehlen House and Barn | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
| The Gehlen house from behind. | |
|  | |
| Location | U.S. Route 52
St. Donatus, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 42°21′38″N 90°32′23″W / 42.36056°N 90.53972°W / 42.36056; -90.53972 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1860 |
| Part of | Village of St. Donatus Historic District (ID89001870) |
| NRHP reference No. | 79000901 |
| Added to NRHP | June 18, 1979 |


title: Ieperlee

abstract: The Ieperlee is a canalized river that rises in Heuvelland in the Belgian province of West Flanders and flows via the city of Ypres (Ieper) into the Yser at Fort Knokke. The river is 17 kilometres (11 mi) long. Its name is derived from iep, the Dutch word for elm. It gave its name to the city of Ypres. In the 11th century the river was canalized to link the city, which had a thriving cloth industry, to the sea. Even in 1842, some 2,034 boats still passed the lock at Boezinge. Today, the canal is only used for recreational purposes. During the First World War, the river was part of the frontline. It linked the Ypres Salient, held by the French and English, to the Yser Front, held by the Belgian Army.

text:
# Ieperlee

The **Ieperlee** (or *Ypres-Ijzer Canal*) is a canalized river that rises in Heuvelland in the Belgian province of West Flanders and flows via the city of Ypres (Ieper) into the Yser at Fort Knokke.

The river is 17 kilometres (11 mi) long. Its name is derived from *iep*, the Dutch word for elm. It gave its name to the city of Ypres. In the 11th century the river was canalized to link the city, which had a thriving cloth industry, to the sea. Even in 1842, some 2,034 boats still passed the lock at Boezinge. Today, the canal is only used for recreational purposes.

During the First World War, the river was part of the frontline. It linked the Ypres Salient, held by the French and English, to the Yser Front, held by the Belgian Army (see *Dodengang*).

## Tributaries

* Bollaerbeek
* Zillebeek

## InfoBox

| Ieperlee (Ypres-Ijzer Canal) | |
| --- | --- |
| The Ieperlee, near Fort Knokke | |
| Country | Belgium |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 17 km (11 miles) |
| Geography | |
| Direction | South |
| Start point | Ijzer River |
| End point | Ypres |
| Beginning coordinates | 50°58′48″N 2°48′22″E / 50.980°N 2.806°E / 50.980; 2.806 |
| Ending coordinates | 50°51′29″N 2°53′06″E / 50.858°N 2.885°E / 50.858; 2.885 |
|  | |


title: Plague of the Daleks

abstract: Plague of the Daleks is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It contains a three-part story and a one-part story as well.

text:
# Plague of the Daleks

***Plague of the Daleks*** is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series *Doctor Who*. It contains a three-part story and a one-part story as well.

## Plot

In Stockbridge's future, a zombie plague is loose, and the Daleks are returning.

## Cast

## The Three Companions

*The Three Companions* bonus feature, Part 10.

**Brewster's Story** by Marc Platt

## Continuity

The Doctor and Nyssa previously encountered the Daleks in *The Mutant Phase* and *Renaissance of the Daleks*.

## InfoBox

| Plague of the Daleks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Big Finish Productions audio drama | |
| Series | *Doctor Who* |
| Release no. | 129 |
| Featuring | Fifth Doctor
Nyssa |
| Written by | Mark Morris |
| Directed by | Barnaby Edwards |
| Executive producer(s) | Nicholas Briggs
Jason Haigh-Ellery |
| Production code | 6C/P |
| Release date | December 2009 |


title: Walter de Silva

abstract: Walter Maria de Silva is an Italian car designer and former head of Volkswagen Group Design, until 2015. Since beginning his car design career in 1972 as trainee car designer for Fiat's Style Centre. De Silva has also worked as a designer at I.DE.A Institute, and as head of design for Alfa Romeo, SEAT and the 'Audi brand group'. He is presently President of the Design Studio Walter De Silva & Partners.

text:
# Walter de Silva

**Walter Maria de Silva** (born 27 February 1951) is an Italian car designer and former head of Volkswagen Group Design, until 2015. Since beginning his car design career in 1972 as trainee car designer for Fiat's Style Centre. De Silva has also worked as a designer at I.DE.A Institute, and as head of design for Alfa Romeo, SEAT and the 'Audi brand group'. He is presently President of the Design Studio Walter De Silva & Partners.

## Career

### Fiat, 1972–1977

Walter de Silva began his career in 1972 at age 21, working for Centro Stile Fiat.

### I.DE.A. Institute, 1977–1986

After his experience at Fiat, Walter de Silva worked at the I.DE.A Institute in Turin, Italy for nine years under the direction of Franco Mantegazza and Renzo Piano.

### Alfa Romeo, 1986–1999

In 1986 Walter de Silva was recruited away from the I.DE.A. Institute to become head of Centro Stile Alfa Romeo. Walter de Silva remained in this role until 1999.

At Alfa Romeo, de Silva led the renewal of the brand's design language and repositioning.

### SEAT, 1999–2002

In 1999 Ferdinand Piëch assigned Walter de Silva to work for the Volkswagen Group SEAT division, with the aim of injecting verve and sportiness to SEAT design. The result was SEAT  *'auto emoción'*  philosophy which was first demonstrated in the 2000 SEAT Salsa and the 2001 SEAT Tango concept cars, as a foretaste of SEAT new design language, with the latter receiving in 2002 the 'Autonis Award' in the Concept Car category. His more expressive design approach has since influenced the form and look of numerous cars, such as the 2002 SEAT Córdoba and SEAT Ibiza, as well as the 2004 SEAT Altea and 2005 SEAT León which were highly acclaimed and subsequently received several design awards (e.g. Red dot design award, Autonis award, 'The World's Most Beautiful Automobile 2004' award in Milan etc.). During his time at SEAT, de Silva was approached by Volkswagen head of design Hartmut Warkuß, and commissioned to submit a new Bugatti design for the upcoming revival of the brand. De Silva's design was rejected in favour of Warkuß's own design, which would later become the Bugatti Veyron.

### Audi brand group, 2002–2007

In March 2002 Walter de Silva was appointed Head of Design to the now-defunct Audi brand group which encompassed the Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini brands. Volkswagen Group management charged de Silva with giving the Audi range a more emotional design language which included the controversial introduction of the full-height, single-frame front grille that now adorns all Audi models. His first full design for a production Audi was the 2005 A6. He has since gone on to contribute to the 2005 Audi Q7, 2006 Audi TT and the 2007 Audi A5, which is reportedly his favourite design.

### Volkswagen Group, 2007–2015

Following the appointment of former Audi chairman Martin Winterkorn as the chairman of the Volkswagen Group in January 2007, de Silva was appointed as Head of Volkswagen Group Design effective from 1 February 2007 and was responsible for the overall strategic design direction of all VW passenger car brands including Škoda, SEAT, Volkswagen, Audi, Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti. de Silva replaced Murat Günak and his first task was to re-evaluate the designs of three then-imminent Volkswagen models which had been penned by his predecessor: the 2008 Golf, the 2008 Passat CC and the 2008 Scirocco.

### Walter De Silva & Partners, 2020–present

After some time of inactivity, Walter De Silva launched Walter De Silva & Partners with other designers. This new company offers services of design consultancy to car manufacturers with a strong point on brand & product identity. With his partners, Walter De Silva was in charge of the design of the Hongqi S9 designed for SilkFAW.

## Designs

## InfoBox

| Walter Maria de Silva | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1951-02-27) 27 February 1951<br>Lecco, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation | Designer |
| Years active | 1972-present |


title: Port Washington Light

abstract: The Port Washington Light is a historical lighthouse in Port Washington, Wisconsin. Replaced by the Port Washington Breakwater Light and converted to a normal dwelling, it was restored with the assistance of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and currently serves as a museum.

text:
# Port Washington Light

The **Port Washington Light** is a historical lighthouse in Port Washington, Wisconsin. Replaced by the Port Washington Breakwater Light and converted to a normal dwelling, it was restored with the assistance of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and currently serves as a museum.

## History

Requests for a lighthouse for the harbor were first presented to Congress in 1845, and in 1848 $3,500 was appropriated for construction. This light was completed in 1849 and consisted of a tower and separate keeper's house, both constructed of Cream City brick. The tower was somewhat over 35 feet (11 m) tall and was equipped with an array of five Lewis lamps with 14-inch (360 mm) reflectors. It was lit for the first time on May 8, 1849. In 1856 a sixth-order Fresnel lens was installed. This lamp was 36 feet (11 m) from the ground and 109 feet (33 m) above the water.

Starting in 1859 the lighthouse was "rebuilt". In fact, a more or less entirely new brick structure was constructed, reusing some elements and materials of the older dwelling. The design of the new house, of two-stories with roof tower, was also used for the Pilot Island Light and others in the area. A sixth-order lens was to be installed, thought to be retained from the previous light; However, it is known that a fourth order lens was installed in 1870. This lens, at 113 feet (34 m) above the water, gave the light a range of 16 nautical miles; 29 kilometres (18 mi).

The 1859 building housed one keeper and his family. An office was on the first floor and a watch room on the second. Charles Lewis Sr. was the keeper from 1874 to 1880, when he died. His wife took over briefly, then his son Charles Lewis Jr. maintained Port Washington's lights for many years.

With the dredging and enlargement of the harbor in the late 1800s, the Port Washington Breakwater Light was first lit in 1889. This tower was unmanned and was maintained by the keepers of the older light. By 1903, it was clear that only one light was needed, and the old Port Washington Light was discontinued. Keeper Charles Lewis, Jr. retired in 1924 upon the electrification of the pierhead light, but apparently continued to live in the old house. In 1934, however, a new steel tower was installed on the breakwater, and this light required manual maintenance of its foghorns. The old light was remodeled to house the new set of keepers, including the removal of the tower and all its interior supports. When the breakwater light was fully automated in 1975–76, the old light continued to house other Coast Guard personnel until 1993, when the building was turned over to the Port Washington Historical Society, first on a leased basis and then in 1997 in full ownership.

## Restoration

The Port Washington area was home to many Luxembourgish immigrants, and in 2000 the Luxembourg Minister of Sites and Monuments visited the area. Upon touring the old light, he offered, on behalf of the Grand Duchy, to provide a replacement tower and lantern in order to restore the light to its original appearance, as a memorial to United States servicemen who fought in the tiny country in World War II. The historical society succeeded in raising the necessary funds to complete restoration, and in March 2002 the new tower arrived from Luxembourg and was installed; the restored light was dedicated on June 16, 2002. A replacement, newly made Fresnel lens was installed in 2007. The restored lighthouse contains a museum of lighthouse-keeping life.

The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

## InfoBox

Port Washington Light
| Undated photograph of the Port Washington Light (USCG) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Overlooking Port Washington harbor |
| Coordinates | 43°23′28″N 87°52′04″W / 43.391°N 87.8677°W / 43.391; -87.8677 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1849 |
| Foundation | Stone |
| Construction | * Brick (first) * Brick (second) |
| Height | 11 m (36 ft) |
| Shape | * Round tower (first) * Rectangular house with tower on roof (second) |
| Heritage | National Register of Historic Places listed place |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | * 1849 (first tower) * 1860 (second tower) |
| Deactivated | 1903 (1903) |
| Focal height | 34 m (112 ft) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Port Washington Light Station | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Location | 311 E. Johnson St., Port Washington, Wisconsin |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 99001222 |
| Added to NRHP | September 29, 1999 |
|  | |


title: Platform Sutra

abstract:
The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch is a Chan Buddhist scripture that was composed in China during the 8th to 13th century. The "platform" (施法壇) refers to the podium on which a Buddhist teacher speaks.
Its key themes are the direct perception of one's original nature, and the unity in essence of śīla (conduct), dhyāna (meditation) and prajñā (wisdom). The text centers on the teachings and stories ascribed to the sixth Chan patriarch Huineng. It contains the well-known story of the contest for the succession of Hongren, and discourses and dialogues attributed to Huineng. The text attributes its recollection to Fa-hai, but was probably written, or redacted, within the so-called Oxhead school, which existed along with the East Mountain School and Shenhui's Southern School. The text attempts to reconcile the so-called Northern School with its alleged gradual enlightenment teachings, and the so-called Southern School with its alleged sudden enlightenment teachings. In effect, the text incorporates the "rhetorical purity" which originated with Shenhui's attack on Shenxiu, while effectively "writing him out of the story".

text:
# Platform Sutra

The ***Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch*** (Chinese: 六祖壇經; pinyin: *Liùzǔ Tánjīng* or simply: 壇經 *Tánjīng*) is a Chan Buddhist scripture that was composed in China during the 8th to 13th century. The "platform" (施法壇) refers to the podium on which a Buddhist teacher speaks. Its key themes are the direct perception of one's original nature, and the unity in essence of *śīla* (conduct), *dhyāna* (meditation) and *prajñā* (wisdom).

The text centers on the teachings and stories ascribed to the sixth Chan patriarch Huineng. It contains the well-known story of the contest for the succession of Hongren (enlightenment by the non-abiding), and discourses and dialogues attributed to Huineng.

The text attributes its recollection to Fa-hai, but was probably written, or redacted, within the so-called Oxhead school, which existed along with the East Mountain School and Shenhui's Southern School. The text attempts to reconcile the so-called Northern School with its alleged gradual enlightenment teachings, and the so-called Southern School with its alleged sudden enlightenment teachings. In effect, the text incorporates the "rhetorical purity" which originated with Shenhui's attack on Shenxiu, while effectively "writing him out of the story".

## History of the text

The *Platform Sutra* underwent various redactions. Though its recollection has been attributed to Fa-hai, a student of Huineng, its origins are not clear:

> The early development of the *Platform Sutra* is shrouded in the mists of time, and we will probably never know much for certain about it. The Dunhuang Manuscripts version of the text, the earliest complete edition we have, is almost certainly a product of a long evolution with elements coming together from several different Chan groups with different agendas, as the uneven character of the text and its internal inconsistencies attest.

The Dunhuang versions are the oldest texts available, with the full title *Southern School's Sudden Doctrine, Supreme Mahayana Great Perfection of Wisdom: The Platform Sutra as Delivered by the Sixth Patriarch Huineng at the Dafan Temple in Shao Prefecture* Chinese: 南宗頓教最上大乘摩訶般若波羅蜜經：六祖惠能大師於韶州大梵寺施法壇經, subtitled, “one roll, recorded by the spreader of the Dharma, the disciple Fahai, who at the same time received the Precepts of Formlessness” (一卷，兼受無相戒弘法弟子法海集記).

Two copies dated to between 830 and 860 have been found in the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang. Both are thought to be based on an edition from about 780. The finds at Dunhuang have been very important for the historical understanding of Zen:

> Scholarship on early Chan was transformed after the discovery in the beginning of the twentieth century of a number of texts relating to the early Chan movement in the cave library at Dunhuang, which also contained an early version of the *Platform Sutra*.

In 1056, the Chinese scholar-monk Qisong (契嵩, Wade-Giles: *Ch'i-sung*) produced a larger edition, entitled *Liuzu fabao ji* (法寶記 ‘Precious Record of the Dharma’).

In 1291 (during the Yuan dynasty), Zongbao (宗寶, Wade-Giles: *Tsung-pao*) produced the edition that became part of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Chinese Buddhist canon. This canonical version, apparently based on the Qisong edition, is about a third longer than the Mogao Caves version, and structured differently.

## Contents

The *Platform Sutra* is:

> ...a wonderful melange of early Chan teachings, a virtual repository of the entire tradition up to the second half of the eighth century. At the heart of the sermon is the same understanding of the Buddha-nature that we have seen in texts attributed to Bodhidharma and Hongren, including the idea that the fundamental Buddha-nature is *only* made invisible to ordinary humans by their illusions".

### Chapter One - Personal History

Chapter One contains the well-known story of the contest for the succession of Hongren. It is an essential part of the Traditional Zen Narrative. The Fifth Patriarch summoned all his followers and proposed a poem contest for his followers to demonstrate the stage of their understanding of the essence of mind. He decided to pass down his robe and teachings to the winner of the contest, who would become the Sixth Patriarch. Shenxiu, the leading disciple of the Fifth Patriarch, composed a stanza, but did not have the courage to present it to the master. Instead, he wrote his stanza on the south corridor wall to remain anonymous one day at midnight about one o'clock in the morning. The other monks saw the stanza and commended it. Shenxiu's stanza is as follows:

> The body is the *bodhi* tree.
> The mind is like a bright mirror's stand.
> At all times we must strive to polish it
> and must not let dust collect.

The Patriarch was not satisfied with Shenxiu's stanza, and pointed out that the poem did not show understanding of "\[his\] own fundamental nature and essence of mind." He gave Shenxiu a chance to submit another poem to demonstrate that he had entered the "gate of enlightenment," so that he could transmit his robe and the Dharma to Shenxiu, but the student's mind was agitated and could not write one more stanza.

Two days later, the illiterate Huineng heard Shenxiu's stanza being chanted by a young attendant at the monastery and inquired about the context of the poem. The attendant explained to him the poem contest and the transmission of the robe and Dharma. Huineng asked to be led to the corridor, where he could also pay homage to the stanza. He asked a low-ranking official named Zhang Riyong from Jiangzhou to read the verse to him, and then immediately asked him to write down a stanza that he composed.

According to McRae, "the earliest version of the *Platform Sutra* contains two versions of Huineng's verse. Later version contain one version of Huineng's stanza, different from the two older ones:

> *Bodhi* originally has no tree.
> The mirror has no stand.
> The Buddha-nature is
> always clear and pure.
> Where is there room for dust?
>
> The mind is the *bodhi* tree.
> The body is the bright mirror's stand.
> The bright mirror is
> originally clear and pure.
> Where could there be any dust?
>
> *Bodhi* originally has no tree.
> The bright mirror also has no stand.
> Fundamentally there is not a single thing.
> Where could dust arise?

The followers who were present were astonished by the work of a southern barbarian. Being cautious of Huineng's status, the Patriarch wiped away the stanza and claimed that the author of the stanza had not reached enlightenment.

According to the traditional interpretation, which is based on Guifeng Zongmi, the fifth-generation successor of Shenhui, the two verses represent respectively the gradual and the sudden approach. According to McRae, this is an incorrect understanding:

> \[T\]he verse attributed to Shenxiu does not in fact refer to gradual or progressive endeavor, but to a *constant* practice of cleaning the mirror \[...\] \[H\]is basic message was that of the constant and perfect teaching, the endless personal manifestation of the bodhisattva ideal.

Huineng's verse does not stand alone, but forms a pair with Shenxiu's verse:

> Huineng's verse(s) apply the rhetoric of emptiness to undercut the substantiality of the terms of that formulation. However, the basic meaning of the first proposition still remains".

McRae notes a similarity in reasoning with the Oxhead School, which used a threefold structure of "absolute, relative and middle", or "thesis-antithesis-synthesis". According to McRae, the *Platform Sutra* itself is the synthesis in this threefold structure, giving a balance between the need of constant practice and the insight into the absolute.

### Chapter Two - Prajna (Lecture)

Chapter Two contains a lecture on prajna, given after a recitation of the *Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra*. From this chapter:

> When our mind works freely without any hindrance, and is at liberty to "come" or to "go", we attain Samadhi of Prajna, or liberation. Such a state is called the function of "thoughtlessness." But to refrain from thinking of anything, so that all thoughts are suppressed, is to be Dharma-ridden, and this is an erroneous view.

### Chapter Three - Questions

In Chapter Three Huineng answers questions from a lay audience. Huineng discusses the famous story of Bodhidharma telling Emperor Wu of Liang that his good deeds would bring him no merit. Next, he discusses the Pure Land of the West, asserting the greater importance of one's inner state compared to one's physical location. This leads to a conclusion in which Huineng asserts that lay practice outside of a monastery is preferable to following the forms of monastic renunciation without inner practice.

### Chapter Four - Meditation and Wisdom (Lecture)

In Chapter Four, meditation and wisdom are said to be of the same essence:

> Meditation and wisdom are of one essence, not different. Meditation is the essence of wisdom, and wisdom is the function of meditation. At times of wisdom, meditation exists in that wisdom; at times of meditation, wisdom exists in that meditation.

### Chapter Five - Seated Meditation (Lecture)

Chapter Five details the "pureness of our fundamental nature":

> In this teaching of seated meditation, one fundamentally does not concentrate on mind, nor does one concentrate on purity, nor is it motionlessness. If one is to concentrate on the mind, then the mind \[involved\] is fundamentally false. You should understand that the mind is like a phantasm, so nothing can concentrate on it. If one is to concentrate on purity, then \[realize that because\] our natures are fundamentally pure, it is through false thoughts that suchness is covered up. Just be without false thoughts and the nature is pure of itself. If you activate your mind to become attached to purity, you will only generate the falseness of purity. The false is without location; it is the concentration that is false. Purity is without shape and characteristics; you only create the characteristics of purity and say this is ‘effort’ \[in meditation\]. To have such a view is to obscure one’s own fundamental nature, and only to be fettered by purity.

### Chapter Six - Ceremony of Repentance

Chapter Six describes a repentance-ritual.

### Chapter Seven - Key Events (Encounter stories and dialogues)

Chapter Seven gives various stories of encounters and dialogues.

### Chapter Eight - Immediate and Gradual (Encounter stories and dialogues)

Chapter Eight also gives various stories of encounters and dialogues.

### Chapter Nine - The Imperial Summons

Chapter Nine describes the request of the Imperial Court for Huineng to visit the Emperor, and Huineng's decline of this command.

### Chapter Ten - Transmission

In the chapter on his final instructions, Huineng instructs his accomplished disciples, giving specific instructions how to "preach the Dharma", which show the influence of the Buddhist teachings on the five skandhas, the concept of Namarupa, and the Yogacara-teachings:

> One day, the master summoned his disciples Fahai, Zhicheng, Fada, Shenhui, Zhichang, Zhitong, Zhiche, Zhidao, Fazhen, and Faru, and said, “You are different from other people. After my extinction you should each become a master in a different region. I will now teach you how to preach the Dharma without losing the fundamental doctrine.
>
> “First you should discuss the three categories of the teaching and the thirty-six responses of active functioning. Coming out and going in transcend the two extremes. In preaching all the Dharmas, do not depart from the self-nature.
>
> “The three categories of the teaching are the skandhas, realms, and entrances. ‘Skandhas’ refers to the five skandhas of form, feelings, thoughts, impulses, and consciousness. ‘Entrances’ refers to the twelve entrances (āyatanas): the six types of external sense data of forms, sounds, smells, tastes, tangibles, and dharmas; and the six internal sense organs of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind. ‘Realms’ refers to the eighteen realms: the six types of sensory data, the six senses, and the six consciousnesses. The self-nature is able to incorporate the myriad dharmas and is named the ‘storehouse consciousness.’ If one activates thinking, it is the ‘transformation consciousnesses,’ the generation of the six consciousnesses to exit the six senses and see the six types of sensory data.

## Scholarship and translations

### Japanese scholarship

In the 1920s, Japanese scholar Yabuki Keiki (矢吹慶輝 1879-1939) produced an edition based on one of the Mogao Caves texts (the only one known at the time), dividing the text into fifty-seven sections.

In 1934, D. T. Suzuki published an edition based on the Mogao Cave text, but incorporating corrections from the Tsungpao (Zongbao) edition.

In 1993, the Buddhist scholar Yang Zengwen (楊曾文, b. 1939, Shandong) published an annotated edition of the second Mogao Caves text (which has fewer errors than the first Mogao Caves text). (Pine, 2006, Introduction)

### Translations into English

The first published translation into English was completed in 1930 by Wong Mou-lam (黃茂林 c.1886-1934) from Guangdong. It was based on the canonical Tsungpao edition, and published by the Yu Ching Press of Shanghai.

The Suzuki edition was translated into English by Wing-tsit Chan in 1963 and is written in his book, A source book in Chinese Philosophy.

In 1967 Philip Yampolsky published a translation based on the Mogao Cave text. This translation is a landmark in the modern Western scholarship on Zen and its history.

Charles Luk translated the sutra as "The Dharma Treasure of the Altar Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch" which was published in *Ch'an and Zen Teachings* (Third Series, 1973).

John McRae translated the longer Yuan dynasty-era composite edition. It was published by Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai.

Tripitaka Master Hsuan Hua commented on the Sixth Patriarch Sutra. The sutra and commentary were published by the Buddhist Text Translation Society as The Sixth Patriarch’s Dharma Jewel Platform Sutra (1971) 1st edition Hong Kong, (1977) 2nd edition, San Francisco, (2002) 3rd edition Burlingame,

Shoemaker & Hoard published a translation and commentary by the American writer Red Pine, based on the second Mogao Caves text, in 2006.

Martin Verhoeven and Rev. Heng Sure, disciples of Tripitaka Master Hsuan Hua, edited an edition based on the Chinese Zongbao Taisho Volume 48, Number 2008, in August 2014.

1. Schlütter 2007, p. 385.
2. *The Sixth Patriarch's Dharma Jewel Platform Sutra*. Buddhist Text Translation Society. 2014. ISBN 9781601030696.
3. McRae 2003, p. 60-69.
4. Schlütter 2007.
5. Schlütter 2007, p. 386.
6. Schlütter 2007, p. 383.
7. Jorgensen, John. “THE PLATFORM SŪTRA AND THE CORPUS OF SHENHUI RECENT CRITICAL TEXT EDITIONS AND STUDIES.” *Revue Bibliographique de Sinologie*, vol. 20, 2002, pp. 399–438. *JSTOR*, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24584546. Accessed 12 June 2024.
8. McRae 2003, p. 65-66.
9. Heine 2008, p. 6.
10. Addiss, Lombardo & Roitman 2008, p. 27.
11. McRae 2003, p. 61.
12. McRae 2003, p. 61-62.
13. McRae 2003, p. 63-65.
14. McRae 2003, p. 65.
15. McRae 2003, p. 60, 65.
16. McRae 2008.
17. "Foreword To New Edition". The State University of New York. 1999-11-07. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
18. Yampolski 1967.
19. Yampolsky, Philip (1967). *The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch*. Columbia University Press. p. 107 (footnote 55). ISBN 0231083610.
20. McRae 2000, pp. xv–xvi.
21. Verhoeven 2014.

## Sources

## Further reading

* For a close reading of the *Platform Sutra's* narrative, see chapter 5 of Alan Cole's *Fetishizing Tradition: Desire and Reinvention in Buddhist and Christian Narratives* (SUNY Press, 2015)


title: Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant

abstract: Vermont Yankee was an electricity generating nuclear power plant, located in the town of Vernon, Vermont, in the northeastern United States. It generated 620 megawatts (MWe) of electricity at full power. The plant was a boiling water reactor (BWR), designed by General Electric. It operated from 1972 until December 29, 2014, when its owner Entergy shut down the plant. In 2008, the plant provided 71.8% of all electricity generated within Vermont, amounting to 35% of Vermont's electricity consumption. The plant is on the Connecticut River, upstream of the Vernon, Vermont Hydroelectric Dam and used the reservoir pool for its cooling water. In March 2012, the plant's initial 40-year operating license was scheduled to expire; in March 2011, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) extended its license for another 20 years. Vermont Yankee's continued operations were complicated by the Vermont state legislature's enactment of a law providing the state legislature authority to determine the continued operation of the plant, in addition to the federal government. Entergy requested a new state certificate of public good (CPG), but the Vermont legislature voted in February 2010 against renewed permission to operate. In January 2012, Entergy won a court case, invalidating the state's veto power on continued operations. In August 2013, Entergy announced that due to economic factors Vermont Yankee would cease operations in the fourth quarter of 2014. The plant was shut down at 12:12 pm EST on December 29, 2014. Since the 1970s, there have been many anti-nuclear protests about Vermont Yankee, including large protests after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011, and on the date of the original operating license expiry in March 2012. The plant's initial operating license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was the subject of a lawsuit that produced the U.S. Supreme Court's 1978 decision Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., in which the Supreme Court set forth a significant doctrine in American administrative law.

text:
# Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant

**Vermont Yankee** was an electricity generating nuclear power plant, located in the town of Vernon, Vermont, in the northeastern United States. It generated 620 megawatts (MWe) of electricity at full power. The plant was a boiling water reactor (BWR), designed by General Electric. It operated from 1972 until December 29, 2014, when its owner Entergy shut down the plant. In 2008, the plant provided 71.8% of all electricity generated within Vermont, amounting to 35% of Vermont's electricity consumption. The plant is on the Connecticut River, upstream of the Vernon, Vermont Hydroelectric Dam and used the reservoir pool for its cooling water.

In March 2012, the plant's initial 40-year operating license was scheduled to expire; in March 2011, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) extended its license for another 20 years. Vermont Yankee's continued operations were complicated by the Vermont state legislature's enactment of a law providing the state legislature authority to determine the continued operation of the plant, in addition to the federal government. Entergy requested a new state certificate of public good (CPG), but the Vermont legislature voted in February 2010 against renewed permission to operate. In January 2012, Entergy won a court case, invalidating the state's veto power on continued operations. In August 2013, Entergy announced that due to economic factors Vermont Yankee would cease operations in the fourth quarter of 2014. The plant was shut down at 12:12 pm EST on December 29, 2014.

Since the 1970s, there have been many anti-nuclear protests about Vermont Yankee, including large protests after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011, and on the date of the original operating license expiry in March 2012. The plant's initial operating license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was the subject of a lawsuit that produced the U.S. Supreme Court's 1978 decision *Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.*, in which the Supreme Court set forth a significant doctrine in American administrative law.

## Design and function

Vermont Yankee was a BWR-4 Boiling water reactor that used a Mark I containment structure. It provided 71.8% of all electricity generated in Vermont in 2008 and met 35% of the overall electricity requirements of the state.

It was originally designed and constructed for 500 MW electrical output. In 2006, it was upgraded to 620 MW electrical output. The reactor produces 1912 MW of heat which is converted to electricity at 32% efficiency. In comparison, the average residential power demand for all of Vermont in 2012 was 239 MW. The nearby Northfield Mountain hydroelectricity facility was built to balance the supply from Yankee.

The reactor core held up to 368 fuel assemblies and 89 control rods. The spent fuel pool is licensed to contain up to 3353 spent fuel assemblies.

## Ownership and operational license

In 1978, the Vermont Yankee reactor was the subject of *Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.*, an important United States Supreme Court administrative law case which ruled that courts cannot impose procedures upon the NRC as this exceeds their power of judicial review.

On July 31, 2002, Entergy Nuclear Vermont Yankee, LLC (EVY) purchased the plant from Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation (VYNPC) for $180 million. Entergy received the reactor complex, nuclear fuel, inventories, and related real estate, as well as the liability to decommission the plant and related decommissioning trust funds of approximately $310 million. The acquisition included a 10-year power purchase agreement (PPA) under which three of the former owners committed to purchase a portion of the electricity produced by the reactor at a cost of approximately 4.5 cents per kilowatt hour.

On May 6, 2006, Vermont Yankee achieved its power of 1,912 MWth (120% of its original licensed thermal power of 1,593 MW-thermal) because of an NRC approved Extended Power Uprate. The power increase was carried out in steps to allow collection of data on the reactor's steam dryer at various power levels, in accordance with the NRC imposed power ascension test plan.

As of 2008, Vermont Yankee employed about 600 people including those in the corporate office on Old Ferry Road in Brattleboro, Vermont.

## Cooling water

Vermont Yankee used the Connecticut River as its source of cooling water for its two major water systems: the circulating water system and the service water system. The circulating water system removed heat from the power generation process of the plant by cooling the plant's main condenser. The service water system cooled both safety and non-safety related auxiliary components in the nuclear facility and the turbine facility of the plant, and absorbed decay heat from the reactor's cooling systems in emergencies or in times when the reactor was shut down.

## Electricity Production

**Generation (**MWh**) of Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant**
| Year | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual (Total) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | 391,996 | 355,360 | 357,555 | 328,187 | 129,478 | 372,189 | 379,097 | 371,824 | 365,191 | 384,957 | 378,276 | 357,010 | 4,171,120 |
| 2002 | 392,352 | 343,305 | 349,713 | 338,459 | 209,953 | 372,559 | 372,809 | 365,720 | 349,961 | 93,192 | 380,204 | 394,389 | 3,962,616 |
| 2003 | 394,170 | 343,479 | 393,094 | 380,067 | 387,278 | 368,768 | 370,028 | 377,983 | 308,413 | 353,639 | 378,082 | 389,151 | 4,444,152 |
| 2004 | 392,688 | 366,832 | 391,126 | 36,007 | 319,916 | 209,343 | 287,777 | 367,658 | 360,891 | 376,536 | 368,682 | 380,564 | 3,858,020 |
| 2005 | 365,760 | 344,961 | 380,316 | 327,910 | 378,106 | 358,865 | 326,287 | 360,452 | 352,417 | 265,384 | 227,835 | 383,254 | 4,071,547 |
| 2006 | 383,337 | 343,081 | 400,542 | 420,472 | 440,374 | 445,119 | 455,681 | 441,760 | 432,747 | 462,863 | 415,434 | 465,113 | 5,106,523 |
| 2007 | 463,654 | 414,710 | 458,386 | 412,847 | 171,302 | 337,130 | 449,454 | 346,130 | 302,751 | 432,845 | 450,832 | 463,687 | 4,703,728 |
| 2008 | 466,966 | 435,128 | 457,370 | 421,705 | 454,881 | 426,840 | 353,682 | 450,462 | 416,093 | 254,854 | 296,627 | 460,445 | 4,895,053 |
| 2009 | 449,448 | 419,364 | 466,954 | 452,122 | 456,763 | 414,275 | 453,608 | 444,490 | 439,241 | 463,967 | 433,515 | 466,861 | 5,360,608 |
| 2010 | 456,042 | 420,181 | 462,455 | 340,785 | 34,419 | 435,183 | 444,665 | 444,971 | 429,442 | 464,870 | 382,329 | 467,131 | 4,782,473 |
| 2011 | 466,848 | 417,284 | 465,773 | 449,890 | 450,521 | 441,959 | 438,847 | 438,452 | 381,453 | 94,610 | 396,824 | 464,894 | 4,907,355 |
| 2012 | 443,053 | 411,053 | 395,624 | 378,059 | 436,234 | 325,610 | 424,496 | 427,807 | 424,508 | 438,158 | 427,969 | 456,767 | 4,989,338 |
| 2013 | 448,263 | 386,804 | 110,854 | 355,626 | 457,416 | 438,579 | 445,367 | 441,562 | 394,036 | 455,128 | 448,496 | 464,196 | 4,846,327 |
| 2014 | 455,960 | 402,047 | 462,717 | 436,190 | 460,551 | 425,399 | 445,611 | 445,824 | 420,652 | 412,030 | 372,080 | 321,521 | 5,060,582 |
| 2015 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0 |

## Closure/extension planning

Entergy Vermont Yankee applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for a license extension of 20 years on January 27, 2006. In early 2010, the Vermont State Senate voted 26–4 to block the Vermont Public Service Board (PSB) from considering continued operation of Vermont Yankee.

On March 10, 2011, the NRC voted to conclude proceedings regarding renewal of the operating license for the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station near Brattleboro, Vermont, for an additional 20 years. On March 21, 2011, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission issued their renewal of the operating license for the Vermont Yankee plant for an additional 20 years.; the renewed license will expire March 21, 2032.

On April 14, 2011, Entergy, the owner of Vermont Yankee, sued the state of Vermont to stay open despite the Senate's blocking vote.

On August 14, 2013, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled, upholding a lower court's decision that allowed the Vermont Yankee plant to keep running despite a seven-year effort by the Vermont Legislature to close it, finding that states are "pre-empted" from regulating safety by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, which made safety a federal responsibility.

On August 28, 2013, Entergy announced that due to economic factors, notably the lower cost of electricity provided by competing natural gas-fired power plants, it would cease operations and schedule the plant's decommissioning in the fourth quarter of 2014. Vermont Yankee was shut down at 12:12 pm EST on December 29, 2014. All fuel in the reactor was transferred to the spent fuel pool by January 12, 2015. By August 2018, all VY's remaining spent nuclear fuel was relocated from the spent fuel pool into in dry fuel storage casks.

In December 2014, Entergy submitted the Post Shutdown Decommissioning Report to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. This report estimated that the total cost for decommissioning the reactor would be $1.24 billion. The same document reported that only $665 million had been collected in the 42 years of operations of this plant for this purpose. Entergy hopes to raise some of the shortfall funds through "external financing".

On September 28, 2016, Entergy began auctioning off more than 1,000 lots of goods in Brattleboro, Vt.

Two cooling towers were demolished in July 2019.

## Controversy and operations

### 2007

Cooling for the plant's steam condenser was provided by circulating water through it, drawn from the adjacent Connecticut river. This water did not come in contact with the nuclear reactor and was not radioactive. The cooling towers were used to cool water returning from the condenser before it was discharged back into the river at times when it was too warm to comply with the environmental discharge permit. In 2007 the fourth cell of the west cooling tower collapsed, spilling some of the non-radioactive, cooling water. The collapse was an "industrial safety event," which did not threaten the integrity of the reactor or release any radiation into the environment. The NRC stated that the remaining cooling tower had enough capacity to allow the plant to operate at full output, however, until September 16, 2007, the reactor was kept at 50% power.

The cause of the collapse was found to be corrosion in steel bolts and rotting of lumber. Entergy asserted that future inspections would be much more stringent in order to prevent further problems.

### 2008

The cooling tower collapse caused Vermont's then governor, Jim Douglas, to question the reliability of the power station: In March 2008, a State Senate committee recommended that the Legislature appoint a panel to oversee an independent review of the plant's reliability. The panel gave Vermont Yankee a generally positive review. "What this report suggests to me is there is not a cause or reason to seek the closure of the plant because of operational or safety concerns," said Public Service Commissioner, David O'Brien.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission performed a tri-annual inspection July–August 2008. It found three "minor faults." An Associated Press report said that it had won "high marks."

### 2009

In May 2009, the vice-president of operations at Vermont Yankee told the PSB during the reliability review that he did not believe there was any radioactively contaminated underground piping at the plant, but that he would check and respond to the panel. In October 2009, Arnold Gundersen, a member of a special oversight panel convened by the Vermont General Assembly, confirmed that radioactive contamination had been detected in underground pipes. An Entergy spokesperson told Vermont Public Radio (VPR) that the earlier testimony was a "miscommunication." On June 4, 2010, VPR reported that, because they had provided misleading information, Entergy Nuclear would be liable for legal expenses incurred by certain parties.

### 2010

In January 2010, the Vermont Department of Health reported that tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, had been discovered in a sample of ground water taken from a monitoring well the previous November. The level of the isotope was initially below the acceptable limit for drinking water set by the Environmental Protection Agency. By mid-January, however, the level had risen to 20,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/L), the federal limit for drinking water. The head of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission told Vermont's congressional delegation that the agency would devote more resources to addressing concerns about Vermont Yankee, and that he expected the source of the tritium leak would be located within the next several weeks.

On February 4, 2010, Vermont Yankee reported that ground water samples from a newly dug monitoring well at the reactor site were found to contain about 775,000 pCi of tritium per liter (more than 37 times the federal limit). On February 5, 2010, samples from an underground vault were found to contain 2.7 million pCi/L. On February 14, 2010, the source of the leak was found to be a pair of steam pipes inside the Advanced Off-Gas (AOG) pipe tunnel. The pipes were repaired, stopping the leak.

Samples taken from the river and other drinking water sources by the Vermont Department of Health showed no detectable levels of tritium. The New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services made a similar statement after several tests of the river.

During the search for the source of the tritium leak, other radionuclides were found in the soil at the site. Levels of cesium-137 were found to be three to ten times higher than background levels. Silt in a pipe tunnel contained 2,600 picocuries/kg, but contamination outside the pipe tunnel was limited to a small volume, about 150 cubic feet (4.2 m3) of soil. According to the Vermont State Department of Health, there was no health risk from the cesium, as the quantities were small and it had not migrated.

Since cesium-137 is a fission product, it is an indicator of a nuclear fuel leak, but the consensus was that the cesium-137 probably leaked from defective fuel assemblies during or prior to 2001, when the last leak of that type was reported by Vermont Yankee. (Problems with fuel rods were common in the 1970s and 1980s.)

On May 20, 2010, the NRC released a report on Vermont Yankee:

> Based on the results of this inspection, the NRC determined that Entergy-Vermont Yankee (ENVY) appropriately evaluated the contaminated ground water with respect to off-site effluent release limits and the resulting radiological impact to public health and safety; and that ENVY complied with all applicable regulatory requirements and standards pertaining to radiological effluent monitoring, dose assessment, and radiological evaluation. No violations of NRC requirements or findings of significance were identified.

In early November 2010, a water leak caused by a faulty weld caused a "conservative" four-day shutdown while the pipe involved was repaired. A company spokesman said that "if plant managers had known on Sunday night what they knew on Monday, they might have tried to fix the leak while the plant kept running."

In 2010, Vermont Electric Power Company constructed a new substation, designated as the Vernon Substation, on the Vermont Yankee site to serve as the site's new main transmission facility and to connect a new 345 kV transmission line to Central Vermont as part of its Southern Loop project. The aging Entergy-owned Vermont Yankee substation could not handle the additional line or any additional transformers and VELCO desired to have a utility owned and controlled substation for what is probably the state's most important interconnection point. Additionally, the local 115 kV system was relying exclusively on Entergy's single 345 kV to 115 kV transformer. The construction of the Vernon substation included a second 345 kV to 115 kV transformer to supplement the existing Entergy owned transformer. The additional transformer also provided redundancy for Vermont Yankee's source of offsite power. The four transmission lines that formerly connected directly to the Vermont Yankee substation now connect to the Vernon substation, and three tie-lines, one at 115 kV and two at 345 kV, connect the Vermont Yankee substation to the Vernon substation. Each 345 kV tie line is capable of carrying the full power output of the plant.

### 2011

During the week of January 17, 2011, tritium was detected at a level of 9,200 picocuries per liter (below the federally required reporting level) in an area 150–200 feet north of the location where it was detected a year earlier. According to the State's radiological health chief at the Vermont Health Department, Bill Irwin, and Vermont Yankee spokesman, Larry Smith, the source of the leak was not yet known. Irwin and Governor Peter Shumlin expressed concern about the discovery.

### 2012

On January 19, 2012, Judge J. Garvan Murtha of United States District Court in Brattleboro ruled that the state of Vermont could not force Vermont Yankee to close down, as the legislation that attempted to do so was based on radiological safety arguments that are the exclusive concern of the NRC. The judge also held that the state cannot force the plant's owner, Entergy, to sell electricity from the reactor to in-state utilities at reduced rates as a condition of continued operation.

### 2013

On June 7, 2013, Vermont's Public Service Board issued Entergy a Certificate of Public Good to install an outdoor diesel generator to replace a tie line from the nearby hydroelectric station as its station blackout power source. The outdoor generator would only operate if the plant's main emergency diesel generators located inside the turbine building were to fail. The outdoor generator is a self-contained unit that does not require cooling water from the plant's cooling water systems. The new generator would power instrumentation in the control room and would be capable of providing emergency AC power to one train of each of the plant's emergency cooling systems. On August 27, 2013, Entergy announced in a press release that it would close Vermont Yankee by the end of 2014. Among the reasons cited for the closure were ongoing low energy prices resulting from increased shale gas production, and the high operating costs of the plant.

## Protests and politics

In 1971, Esther Poneck led the New England Coalition on Nuclear Pollution in opposing construction of Vermont Yankee. In the 1970s and 1980s there were many anti-nuclear protests at Vermont Yankee which attempted to block access to the plant. More recent protests include:

* January 2006: 100 anti-nuclear supporters demonstrated at the front door of Entergy Nuclear, and eleven people were arrested for trespassing.
* April 2009: About 150 activists marched from Montpelier's City Hall to the State House to urge lawmakers to back development of renewable energy sources such as wind power and solar power; the marchers had gathered 12,000 signatures in support of closing Vermont Yankee.
* January 2010: A coalition of anti-nuclear activists participated in a 126-mile walk from Brattleboro to Montpelier in an effort to block the re-licensing of Vermont Yankee. About 175 people took part in the March, some joining for the day and some for longer stretches.

In February 2010, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 against allowing the PSB to consider re-certifying the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Plant after 2012, citing radioactive tritium leaks, misstatements in testimony by plant officials, a cooling tower collapse in 2007, and other problems. Some businesses in Vermont were concerned there was an absence of a clear plan to replace the electricity generated by the plant. A spokesman for IBM, the largest private employer in the state, and the state's largest consumer of electricity, said "we have to be smarter than this". Larry Reilly, president of Central Vermont Public Service Corp., Vermont's largest utility, stated in 2011 that he was untroubled by the prospect of closure: "There's plenty of power out there"." Analysis by researchers at the University of Vermont estimated that an increase of "slightly more than 3 percent" in the retail price of electricity in Vermont would result from closing Vermont Yankee.

Ex-Governor Peter Shumlin was a prominent opponent of the Vermont Yankee. Two days after Shumlin was elected governor in November 2010, Entergy sought offers to purchase the plant. The company withdrew the plant from consideration for sale in late March 2011.

In March 2011, 600 people gathered for a weekend protest outside the Vermont Yankee plant, in the wake of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents. On March 22, 2011, the day after the NRC issued Vermont Yankee's license extension, Vermont's congressional delegation, Senator Patrick Leahy (D), Senator Bernie Sanders (I), and Representative Peter Welch (D), issued a joint statement decrying the NRC's action and noting the similarity of Vermont Yankee to units then in partial meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi power station, Japan.

In March 2012, more than 130 protesters were arrested at the corporate headquarters of the Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant, on the first day of the plant's operation after the expiration of its original 40-year license.

In March 2013, more than 500 people, carrying banners and chanting "shut it down", marched through downtown Brattleboro in protest against Vermont Yankee.

## Seismic risk

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Vermont Yankee was 8.1×10−06 per year, or a chance of one incident occurring on average every 123,000 years, according to an NRC study published in August 2010, based upon a 2008 USGS survey.

## Surrounding population

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 miles (16 km), concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 miles (80 km), concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 miles (16 km) of Vermont Yankee was 35,284, an increase of 1.4 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 miles (80 km) was 1,533,472, an increase of 2.9 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Brattleboro (6 miles to city center); Keene, N.H., (16 miles to city center); Fitchburg, Mass., (38 miles to city center), Greenfield, Mass., and Northampton, Mass.

From April 2016, due to the continuing decommissioning process, the emergency planning zone was reduced to the site boundaries.

## See also

## InfoBox

| Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | * United States |
| Location | Vernon, VT |
| Coordinates | 42°46′44″N 72°30′47″W / 42.77889°N 72.51306°W / 42.77889; -72.51306 |
| Status | No longer operating as of December 29, 2014 |
| Commission date | November 30, 1972 |
| Decommission date | * 29 December 2014 |
| Operators | Entergy |
| Nuclear power station | |
| Reactor type | BWR-4/Mark I containment |
| Reactor supplier | General Electric |
| Cooling source | Connecticut River |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 620 MW |
| Annual net output | 5,060 GWh (2014) |
| External links | |
| Website | www.safecleanreliable.com |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Yuriko Doi

abstract: Yuriko Doi is a stage director, choreographer, performer and former founding artistic director of Theatre of Yugen. Doi specializes in the fusion of traditional Japanese dramatic arts with modern world theater.

text:
# Yuriko Doi

**Yuriko Doi** is a stage director, choreographer, performer and former founding artistic director of Theatre of Yugen (San Francisco, California). Doi specializes in the fusion of traditional Japanese dramatic arts with modern world theater.

## Theatre of Yugen

Japanese-born and trained in the classical theater styles of Noh and Kyogen, Doi brought this heritage to the West in the 1960s, founding Theatre of Yugen in 1978. That troupe has proven to be the major beneficiary of Doi's directorial resume’ of more than 30 productions. Her foundation in these arts began when she was a graduate student of Waseda University in Tokyo, where she studied with Kyogen master and National Living Treasure of Japan, Mansaku Nomura (Izumi School). She has also been influenced by the Noh practice of her aunt, Yuki Doi (Hosho School), and her studies with Noh principal actor Shiro Nomura (Kanze School). Developing her skills in both forms through continued study with Mansaku Nomura, his disciple Yukio Ishida, and Shiro Nomura, Doi has worked diligently to share these arts with an American audience and students.

The array of productions Doi has directed range from classics and adaptations to original works. She has taken for her inspiration theater throughout time, from around the world, directing plays that run in style and subject matter from Japanese and Greek mythology to 20th-century American, using movements from sources as diverse as flamenco and Native American dance.

The classical Japanese plays Doi has directed include the Noh plays: Sotoba Komachi (1987); and the Kyogen plays: The Melon Thief/Uri Nusubito (1978), Sweet Poison/Busu (1980), The Magnificent Beard/Higeyagura (1981), The Sickle and Injured Pride/Uri Nusubito (1981), Three handicapped Men/Sannin Katawa (1981), Owl Mountain Priest/Fukuro Yamabushi (1983), Parting of the Seasons/Setsubun (1985), Tug of War/Kubibiki (1987), Sumo Wrestling with a Mosquito (1987), The Persimmon Mountain Priest/Kaki Yamabushi (1996), Tied to a Pole/Bo Shibari (2002), Spring Water/Shimizu (2004)

## Directed adaptations

Doi's directed adaptations and originals include:

* The Cenci by Antonin Artaud (1978)
* The Embracing Trees by William Powell (1981)
* Purgatory by W.B. Yeats (1981)
* Jaku and the Beanstalk by Yuriko Doi (1982)
* Twilight Crane/Yuzuru by Junji Kinoshita (1982)
* Antigone by Sophocles (1983)
* Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett (1984)
* Medea by Carol Sorgenfrei (1984)
* Komachi Fuden by Shogo Ohta (1986)
* The Dog God/Inugami by Shuji Terayama (1991)
* The Imposter by Carol Sorgenfrei (1992)
* Tea by Velina Houston (1992)
* The Dressing Room/Gakuya by Kunio Shimizu (1992)
* Drifting Fires by Janine Beichman (1993)
* Noh Christmas Carol by Cianna Stewart and Yuriko Doi (1993)
* True Heart/Kokoro by Velina Houston (1994)
* Salome/Sarome Kyu Kyu No Dan by Masakatsu Gunji (1994)
* Elephant/Zo by Minoru Betsuyaku (1995)
* Down the Dark Well/Mumyo no I by Erik Ehn (1996)
* Blood Wine, Blood Wedding by Carol Sorgenfrei (1997)
* Crazy Horse by Erik Ehn (2001)


title: Orlando Echeverri Benedetti

abstract: Orlando Echeverri Benedetti is a Colombian writer based in the United Kingdom. He has previously worked for the newspaper El Universal. El Malpensante and Universo Centro have also both published some his short stories and articles. In 2014 he was awarded the Bogotá Institute of Arts Book Award with his novel "Sin freno por la senda equivocada", which was later published by El Peregrino Ediciones. His second novel, "Criacuervo", was published the following year by Angosta Editores and selected as one of the best Colombian books in 2017 by SOHO magazine. Criacuervo was also one of the final novels selected for the National Book Prize of the Colombian Ministry of Culture in 2018. In 2018, Random House published his third book, "La fiesta en el cañaveral" a collection of short stories. In 2019, the Bogotá Institute of Arts invited him to join "Bogotá Contada", an initiative that invites Hispanic American writers to visit the Colombian capital to offer lectures and write about the city.

text:
# Orlando Echeverri Benedetti

**Orlando Echeverri Benedetti** (born 26 October 1980 in Cartagena) is a Colombian writer based in the United Kingdom. He has previously worked for the newspaper El Universal. El Malpensante and Universo Centro have also both published some his short stories and articles. In 2014 he was awarded the Bogotá Institute of Arts Book Award with his novel "Sin freno por la senda equivocada", which was later published by El Peregrino Ediciones. His second novel, "Criacuervo", was published the following year by Angosta Editores and selected as one of the best Colombian books in 2017 by SOHO magazine. Criacuervo was also one of the final novels selected for the National Book Prize of the Colombian Ministry of Culture in 2018. In 2018, Random House published his third book, "La fiesta en el cañaveral" a collection of short stories.

In 2019, the Bogotá Institute of Arts invited him to join "Bogotá Contada", an initiative that invites Hispanic American writers to visit the Colombian capital to offer lectures and write about the city.

## Books

### Novels

* **Sin freno por la senda equivocada***,* *El Peregrino Ediciones*, Bogotá, 2015. ISBN 9789588911182

### Short Stories Books

### Anthologies

* **Puñalada trapera** *Antología colombiana de cuentos de Antonio García Ángel, Mónica Gil Restrepo, Luis Noriega, Pilar Quintana, Andrés Mauricio Muñoz, Carolina Cuervo, Gilmer Mesa, Patricia Engel, Andrés Felipe Solano, Mariana Jaramillo Fonseca, Orlando Echeverri Benedetti, Gloria Susana Esquivel, Daniel Ferreira, Margarita García Robayo, Juan Cárdenas, Daisy Hernández, Humberto Ballesteros, Juliana Restrepo, César Mackenzie, Daniel Villabón, Natalia Maya Ochoa y Matías Godoy. Rey Naranjo Editores.* 2017. ISBN 9789588969473 **(Translated into Italian as: Heridas. *Ventidue racconti dalla Colombia*** */ traduttore: M. C. Secci /* **Gran vía edizioni** /ISBN 9788895492582)
* **El Coi y otros cuentos** *Antología colombiana de cuentos de Carlos Mauricio Vega Pacheco, Orlando Echeverri Benedetti, Carlos Gabriel Rodríguez, Julian Enrique Penagos, VinceDaniel Taborda Hernàndez, Róbinson Grajales, Jerónimo García Riaño, Juan Diego Zabala Duque , Jorge Andrés Hernández, John Harold Better Armalla, Rubén Darío Barreto Viana, Efrain Enrique Villanueva, Jorge Lewinnek, Farid Mendez Lozano, Eduardo Otálora, Andrés Leonardo Estupiñán, Boris Arturo Ramírez, Miguel Angel Afanador, Alejandro Arciniegas, Clinton Ramírez, Andrea Beaudoin Valenzuela, Rolando Blanco. VII Concurso de cuento La Cueva. Antología de cuentos de Fundación La Cueva. 2018.* ISBN 9789585938588

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Orlando Echeverri Benedetti | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1980<br>Cartagena de Indias, Colombia |
| Occupation | novelist |
| Nationality | Colombian \- Spanish |
| Genre | fiction, non-fiction |
| Literary movement | Latin American literature |


title: Nederland, Colorado

abstract: Nederland is a statutory town located near Barker Meadow Reservoir in the foothills of southwest Boulder County, Colorado, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census it had a population of 1,471.

text:
# Nederland, Colorado

**Nederland** (/ˈnɛdərlənd/, *NED-ər-lənd*) is a statutory town located near Barker Meadow Reservoir in the foothills of southwest Boulder County, Colorado, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census it had a population of 1,471.

## History

Nederland was established in 1874. The town started as a trading post between Ute Indians and European settlers during the 1850s. The town's first economic boom came when minerals such as tungsten, silver, and gold were discovered near Tungsten (east of Nederland), Caribou (northwest of Nederland, 1859), and Eldora (west of Nederland, 1875).

Today Nederland is better known as a gateway to outdoor recreation in the nearby Indian Peaks Wilderness, Rocky Mountain National Park, Roosevelt National Forest, and the recently established James Peak Wilderness. Nederland is located 17 miles (27 km) west of Boulder, 41 miles (66 km) south of Estes Park, and 47 miles (76 km) northwest of Denver at the Junction of SH 119 and SH 72 on the Peak to Peak Highway.

### Name origin

In the mid-19th century the first homesteaders gave a variety of names for the area. The town was first called Dayton, then Browns Crossing. In 1871, when the US Postal Service first set up an office, the name was changed to Middle Boulder after the creek that flows through the center of town (and continues eastward to become Boulder Creek).

In 1873 the Caribou Mine, at an elevation of roughly 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and 6 miles (10 km) northwest of the town, was sold to the *Mining Company Nederland* from the Netherlands. The high elevation meant fierce winds and deep winter snow, so the new owners of the mine decided that it was beneficial to bring ore from Caribou down to Middle Boulder for milling. In the Dutch language, *Nederland* ("Netherlands" in English) means low land, and based on casual usage by the Dutch miners, Middle Boulder came to be known as Nederland. In 1874 the town was incorporated and adopted Nederland as the official name.

## Geography

Nederland is located in southwest Boulder County. Due west from the town is the Indian Peaks Wilderness within Roosevelt National Forest. The Continental Divide passes through the Wilderness 8 miles (13 km) west of Nederland.

The town of Nederland has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), of which 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) is land and 0.077 square miles (0.2 km2), or 4.29%, is water, consisting primarily of the west end of Barker Reservoir on Middle Boulder Creek.

### Climate

Nederland has an alpine subarctic climate (Dfc) due to its high altitude. Summer days are warm but nights are cool and frost is possible even in mid-summer. Snowfall is possible most of the year.

| Climate data for Nederland, Colorado (1970-1988) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 65
(18) | 61
(16) | 65
(18) | 71
(22) | 78
(26) | 86
(30) | 87
(31) | 89
(32) | 82
(28) | 79
(26) | 70
(21) | 64
(18) | 89
(32) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 34.9
(1.6) | 37.8
(3.2) | 41.8
(5.4) | 49.2
(9.6) | 57.5
(14.2) | 69.1
(20.6) | 75.2
(24.0) | 73.3
(22.9) | 65.3
(18.5) | 55.2
(12.9) | 43.1
(6.2) | 37.1
(2.8) | 53.2
(11.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 10.2
(−12.1) | 12.9
(−10.6) | 16.7
(−8.5) | 22.7
(−5.2) | 29.3
(−1.5) | 37.1
(2.8) | 42.6
(5.9) | 41.2
(5.1) | 33.8
(1.0) | 25.3
(−3.7) | 17.5
(−8.1) | 12.5
(−10.8) | 25.2
(−3.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −30
(−34) | −30
(−34) | −30
(−34) | −10
(−23) | 6
(−14) | 14
(−10) | 27
(−3) | 19
(−7) | 3
(−16) | −2
(−19) | −25
(−32) | −34
(−37) | −34
(−37) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.54
(14) | 0.59
(15) | 1.29
(33) | 2.18
(55) | 2.69
(68) | 1.67
(42) | 2.39
(61) | 2.01
(51) | 1.74
(44) | 1.02
(26) | 1.12
(28) | 0.73
(19) | 17.97
(456) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 13.3
(34) | 13.1
(33) | 23.9
(61) | 24.3
(62) | 12.2
(31) | 1.8
(4.6) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 5.2
(13) | 9.3
(24) | 19.9
(51) | 16.1
(41) | 139.0
(353) |
| Average precipitation days | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 98 |
| Source: WRCC | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| Nederland, CO |
| --- |
| Climate chart (explanation) |
|  |
| Metric conversion  J F M A M J J A S O N D  14     2 −12       15     3 −11       33     5 −9       55     10 −5       68     14 −2       42     21 3       61     24 6       51     23 5       44     19 1       26     13 −4       28     6 −8       19     3 −11   Average max. and min. temperatures in °C  Precipitation totals in mm |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 279 |  |  |
| 1910 | 446 |  |  |
| 1920 | 291 |  | −34.8% |
| 1930 | 285 |  | −2.1% |
| 1940 | 384 |  | 34.7% |
| 1950 | 266 |  | −30.7% |
| 1960 | 272 |  | 2.3% |
| 1970 | 492 |  | 80.9% |
| 1980 | 1,212 |  | 146.3% |
| 1990 | 1,099 |  | −9.3% |
| 2000 | 1,394 |  | 26.8% |
| 2010 | 1,445 |  | 3.7% |
| 2020 | 1,471 |  | 1.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,445 people, 657 households, and 349 families residing in the town. The population density was 954 inhabitants per square mile (368/km2). There were 749 housing units at an average density of 499.3 units per square mile (192.8 units/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.5% White, 0.4% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.9% some other race, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population.

There were 657 households, of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18, 41.7% were headed by married couples living together, and 46.9% were non-families. Of all households, 32.6% were made up of individuals, and 4.0% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19, and the average family size was 2.77.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 34.5% from 25 to 44, 32.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% being 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 112.7 males.

For the period 2007–2011, the estimated median income for a household in the town was $69,638, and the median income for a family was $90,329. Male full-time workers had a median income of $60,526 versus $65,052 for females. The per capita income for the town was $31,730. About 7.0% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line. The median house or condo value in between 2007 and 2011 was estimated at $329,600.

## Arts and culture

### Annual cultural events

Nederland hosts several major events every year, including the diverse NedFest (Nederland Music & Arts Festival), the historical Miners Day celebration, and the annual Frozen Dead Guy Days festival, all next to Barker Meadow Reservoir.

Frozen Dead Guy Days, which occurs every year in early March, commemorates a substandard attempt by Norwegian immigrant Trygve Bauge to practice cryonics on Bredo Morstoel, his deceased grandfather. In addition to extensive local press, *The New York Times* covered the festival in 2011 and 2012.

## Notable people

## Legalization of marijuana

On Tuesday, April 6, 2010, Nederland became the third community in Colorado (after Denver and Breckenridge) to legalize the sale, purchase, possession, consumption, and transportation, cultivation, manufacturing, dispensing of medical marijuana and its concentrates and related paraphernalia for persons 21 years of age and older.

## InfoBox

| Town of Nederland | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Motto: "Life Is Better Up Here" | |
| Location of Nederland in Boulder County, Colorado. | |
| Coordinates: 39°57′43″N 105°30′05″W / 39.96194°N 105.50139°W / 39.96194; -105.50139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Boulder County |
| Incorporated (town) | November 15, 1885 |
| Government | |
| Type | Statutory Town |
| Mayor | Billy Giblin |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.55 sq mi (4.01 km2) |
| Land | 1.48 sq mi (3.83 km2) |
| Water | 0.07 sq mi (0.18 km2) |
| Elevation | 8,235 ft (2,510 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,471 |
| Density | 1,035.81/sq mi (400.00/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 80466 |
| Area code | 303 |
| FIPS code | 08-53175 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2413037 |
| Website | townofnederland.colorado.gov |


title: Plaguers

abstract: Plaguers is a 2008 American science-fiction horror film written and directed by Brad Sykes and featuring Steve Railsback.

text:
# Plaguers

***Plaguers*** is a 2008 American science-fiction horror film written and directed by Brad Sykes and featuring Steve Railsback.

## Plot

Tarver (Steve Railsback) is a crew member on board *Pandora*, a freight transport carrier headed toward Earth with a desperately needed new energy supply, a strange substance called "Thanatos". *Pandora*'s captain, Darian Holoway (Alexis Zibolis) was recently promoted after the death of former captain Rubini (David P. Johnson). Some of the crew are suspicious of the Thanatos. Approaching Earth, the ship diverts to respond to a distress call from the spacecraft *Diana*. The *Diana* appears abandoned until the discovery of four nurses from the *Diana*'s medical facility who claim to have survived a pirate attack. The nurses are actually the pirates and they attempt a takeover of the *Pandora*. During the struggles, the Thanatos container is ruptured and fluid spills onto one of the pirates. She mutates and becomes a "plaguer". One by one, the pirates and the *Pandora* crew become infected, as the Thanatos becomes strong enough to take control of the ship and head it straight toward Earth.

## Cast

## Background

Writer/director Brad Sykes included certain elements that were reminiscent of *Alien*. His reference points in writing the film were *Aliens*, *Prince of Darkness*, and *The Thing*. He said he "liked how the characters didn't die, but were transformed into something alien or inhuman as the story progressed." Sykes also said that Italian film director Lamberto Bava's *Dèmoni* (also known as *Demons*) influenced the actions of the plaguers themselves and that he loves "the wild energy of Italian horror films and tried to bring that into the film whenever possible." He even told his cast to watch *Dèmoni* for inspiration.

## Reception

*Quiet Earth* wrote that *Plaguers* is a "scifi horror film that wants to be *Alien* but comes off feeling like another in a long line of *Alien* 'homages'."

In its review of the film, *DVD Talk* said there "are a lot of problems with *Plaguers*, though it does have some merit", offering that there were "occasional scattered moments of actual tension, and a few effective jump scares", and that "makeup effects are for the most part lots of fun..."

*DVD Verdict* said, "*Plaguers* is a 'so bad it's bad' film that explores the space zombie territory with little regard for common sense or science fiction", concluding that the film "doesn't qualify for camp or cult classic, it's just flat out terrible and would be embarrassing for even a public access channel to put on their schedule."

## Awards and nomination

### Wins

* Four awards at ShockerFest International Film Festival (2008):
    + Larry Stanley "B-Movie" Award
    + Best Actor (Steve Railsback)
    + Honorable Mention as Best Actress (Alexis Zibolis)
    + Science Fiction Genre Award – Honorable Mention as Best Picture – Feature
* Silver Unicorn for Best Screenplay at Estepona Fantasy and Horror International Film Festival, Spain (2008)
* Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film at Mid-Ohio-Con Indie Film Festival (2008)

### Nominations

* Two nominations at Mail Order Zombie's Dead Letter Awards (2009):
    + Best Special Effects
    + Best One-Liner ("There's only one captain on this ship, and today it ain't you.")

1. Butane, Johnny (12 December 2006). "First News & Pic From Plaguers". *Dread Central*. CraveOnline. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
2. Compton, Michael (5 January 2010). "A Conversation with Brad Sykes, Director of Plaguers". Fangoria. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
3. "Mail Order Zombie: Episode 111.5". 14 March 2010.
4. "Brad Sykes' PLAGUERS trailer harkens back to great ALIEN rip-offs of the 80s". Quiet Earth. 8 June 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
5. Biltz, Jeremy (10 January 2010). "Review: *Plaguers*". DVD Talk. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
6. Cullum, Brett. "Review: Plaguers". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
7. "2008 ShockerFest Award Winners". ShockerFest International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
8. "ISMP Instructors". International School of Motion Pictures. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
9. "Mid-Ohio-Con Indie Film Festival Winners". *Mid-Ohio-Con Festival official site*. blogspot.com. 11 October 2008.(registration required)
10. "Mail Order Zombie's 2009 Dead Letter Awards". 25 February 2010.

## InfoBox

| Plaguers | |
| --- | --- |
| Plaguers film poster | |
| Directed by | Brad Sykes |
| Written by | Brad Sykes |
| Produced by | Josephina Sykes |
| Starring | Steve Railsback
Alexis Zibolis |
| Cinematography | Scott Spears |
| Edited by | Brad Jacques |
| Music by | Terry Huud |
| Production
companies | Nightfall Pictures
Rockaway Pictures |
| Distributed by | Image Entertainment |
| Release date | * September 8, 2008 (2008-09-08) (Semana) |
| Running time | 86 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Menno-Jan Kraak

abstract: Menno-Jan Kraak is a Dutch cartographer and professor of Geovisual Analytics and Cartography at the Faculty of Geoinformation Sciences and Earth Observation at the University of Twente. He is known for his work in cartography and his activities in the International Cartographic Association.

text:
# Menno-Jan Kraak

**Menno-Jan Kraak** (born 28 March 1958, Vaassen) is a Dutch cartographer and professor of Geovisual Analytics and Cartography at the Faculty of Geoinformation Sciences and Earth Observation at the University of Twente. He is known for his work in cartography and his activities in the International Cartographic Association.

## Academic career

Menno-Jan Kraak graduated (MSc) in Cartography from Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht University in 1981. Between 1981 and 1983 he did his compulsory army service as an officer in a military geography unit.

In 1983 Kraak started to work at Faculty of Geodesy, Delft University of Technology as Assistant, and later as associate professor in cartography. In 1996 he started as full professor of cartography at ITC Enschede. Between 1998 and 2010 he was appointed as professor in New Visualization Techniques in Cartography at Department of GeoSciences, Utrecht University. In 2010, ITC became part of University of Twente and Menno-Jan became professor of Geovisual Analytics and Cartography. Currently he is head of ITC's Geoinformation Processing Department.

From 2015 to 2019, Kraak was president of the International Cartographic Association.

## Selected publications

* *Cartography visualization of spatial data.* With Ferjan Ormeling. London: Routledge / New York Guildford Press, 3rd edition, 2011. Translations to Polish (1998), Russian (2005), Indonesian (2007), and Chinese (2014). Original Dutch editions Delft University Press, 1987, 1990 and 1993.
* *Web Cartography – developments and prospects.* With A. Brown. London: Taylor & Francis, 2000.
* *Exploring Geovisualization.* With Jason Dykes and Alan M. MacEachren. Amsterdam: Elseviers /International Cartographic Association, 2005.
* *Mapping Time: Illustrated by Minard's Map of Napoleon's Russian Campaign of 1812.* Redlands: ESRI Press, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Menno-Jan Kraak | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 28 March 1958<br>Vaassen |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Alma mater |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions | ITC Enschede |
|  | |


title: Pongrác Szentmiklósi

abstract: Pongrác the Second Szent-miklós served as the archdeacon of Liptov and was one of Hungary's captains-in-chief. A supporter of John Hunyadi and King Matthias, he was also known as a robber baron, frequently changing allegiances for personal gain. He earned the nickname "King of Trenčín".

text:
# Pongrác Szentmiklósi

**Pongrác the Second Szent-miklós** (? – 1474?) served as the archdeacon of Liptov and was one of Hungary's captains-in-chief. A supporter of John Hunyadi and King Matthias, he was also known as a robber baron, frequently changing allegiances for personal gain. He earned the nickname "King of Trenčín".

## Background

Pongrác Szent-miklós belonged to the middle noble family of Szent-miklós, occasionally referred to as Pongrác, the ancestor of the later Pongrácz family. He was the eldest son of Matthew I, though some sources refer to him as Miklós II. At that time, surnames were not yet commonly used, and Pongrác was known by several names, including Liptóik, Berencsik, and Szakolcaik, which were based on his origins or estates. He had three brothers: Stephen I, James II, and John III.

Pongrác is first mentioned in 1415 when King Sigismund brought him to the Council of Constance. His earliest independent charter dates to 1435, when he issued a document at Blatnica Castle in Turoč County, which his family had received from the king in 1403.

In 1434, Pongrác purchased Blatnica for 2,300 gold pieces from Queen Cillei Borbála.

In 1437, the Ottomans launched an attack on Szendrő, which was defended by George Brankovics. In response to a request for reinforcements, King Sigismund sent three of his trusted subjects: John Jiskra, John Hunyadi, and Pongrác. Pongrác led the group, while Jiskra and Hunyadi commanded the Transylvanian Auxiliary. Together, they defeated the Ottoman forces and drove them away.

Also in 1437, Pongrác received Branc Castle from Svaty Mikuláš, which he used as a base to begin his career as a robber baron, engaging in robbery, extortion and theft from surrounding settlements and estates.

In 1441, he transferred Blatnica to László Neczpáli, the castle captain of Szakolca, for 9,000 gold florins.

## The oligarch and robber baron

By this time, Pongrác was exploiting the chaotic conditions stemming from weak central authority, using violence to amass wealth. There was little Władysław III could do to stop him.

In March 1443, due to his services to the crown, the king forgave Pongrác and his family for their "acts of harassment, robbery and arson". However, his behavior did not change. By November of the same year, he received another pardon, but this time with a warning that he risked losing the king's favour.

In August 1444, Pongrác Szent-miklós, now a significant local power, signed a treaty of friendship with János Hunyadi, who had become one of the country's most important figures. When the Diet of Pest reorganized the country into what came to be known as the captains in chief, Pongrác was appointed the national captain of Matyusland (the area between the Danube, Vág, and Morava rivers) alongside Mihály Ország. Despite this position, he continued his plundering and acts of violence.

On May 4, 1449, Pongrác formed a defensive alliance with John Jiskra, who was also seizing castles and towns in the Highlands. This alliance included severe penalties of 10,000 florins for any failure to comply.

In 1450, John Hunyadi marched against Jiskra but could not defeat him and was compelled to negotiate peace. Pongrác also persistently raided Lower Austria, extorting taxes from towns. In response, Emperor Frederick III sent Ulrik Cillei against him in 1450, who laid siege to Szakolca. However, after Hunyadi guaranteed Pongrác's safety, Cillei withdrew.

By 1451, Pongrác had already delcared himself the Archbishop of Lippe in a charter he issued.

In 1452, Hunyadi borrowed 7,000 florins from Szent-miklós to fund his war against the Turks, mortgaging Szakolca and a portion of the tax revenue from Zsolna. At the end of that year, Hunyadi was elected governor of the country. In February of the following year, the Diet of Bratislava ordered the outlawing of Pongrác Szentmiklós, John Jiskra, and Péter Komorovszky, along with the confiscation of their property. This decision proved largely ineffective, as Pongrác remained the chief bailiff of Liptov due to his favorable relations with Hunyadi.

In September 1453, King László confirmed Pongrác's ownership of Berench, Ugroch, Wyvar, Likava, and Naghwar, and increased the pledge for Sztrecsény and Óvár from nine thousand florins to eighteen thousand florins. In addition to these estates, he constructed several smaller and larger fortifications (such as those at Nagybiccsé in Nitra), fortified his main estate Liptószentmiklós with walls, and used these as bases for further plundering and raiding. Ultimately, Hunyadi was compelled to enter into a pact with Pongrác, signed in May 1454. Under this agreement, Pongrác surrendered the castles of Berencs, Sztrecsény, and Zsolna for 4,000 florins. In return, he received "Sido Castle, Mezősomyló, Maxond, Fruzsinkavár and Sasvár" in Timis; Újvár, Nagyvár, and Likava with the chamber tax; the Liptov archbishopric; and the thirty-cent tax of Turdossin of Liptov, as well as the thirty-cent tax of Turdossin of Arava. His brothers, Stephen, James and John, were also involved in this arrangement.

Despite the pact, Pongrác remained imperious. A few months after his coronation, King Matthias stripped him of Nagyvár, Óvár and Likava, transferring them to Péter Komorovszky, who was later appointed chief bailiff of Liptov.

Pongrác of Szentmiklós died around 1474. Nontheless, the family did not entirely fall out of the king's favour; although they unsuccessfully sought restitution for their lost castles, in 1479, Matthias pardoned his three brothers and their sons for all past offenses and prohibited the courts from conducting trials regarding these cases.

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3. "Council of Constance | Description, History, & Significance | Britannica". *www.britannica.com*. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
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10. "Branč - castle". *Ancient and medieval architecture*. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
11. Goffman, Daniel (2006). *The Ottoman empire and early modern Europe*. New approaches to European history (5. print ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45908-2.
12. "Sklené Teplice - Castle Teplica". *Ancient and medieval architecture*. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
13. "Magyar elektronikus könyvtár - Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár". *mek.oszk.hu*. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
14. "I. A szentmiklósi és óvári Pongrácz-család. | Turul 1883-1950 | Kézikönyvtár". *www.arcanum.com* (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2024-02-01.

## InfoBox

| Pongrác Szent-miklós | |
| --- | --- |
| *High Bailiff of the County of Liptov* | |
| Reign | 1451-1458 |
| Died | 1474 |
| Issue | Wenceslas, and Pongrác III |
| Dynasty | House of Szent-miklós |
| Father | Matthew I Szent-miklós |


title: Plaesianillus

abstract: Plaesianillus is a monotypic genus of European sheet weavers containing the single species, Plaesianillus cyclops. It was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1926, and has only been found in France.

text:
# Plaesianillus

***Plaesianillus*** is a monotypic genus of European sheet weavers containing the single species, ***Plaesianillus cyclops***. It was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1926, and has only been found in France.

## InfoBox

| *Plaesianillus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Linyphiidae |
| Genus: | *Plaesianillus*
Simon, 1926 |
| Species: | ***P. cyclops*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plaesianillus cyclops***
(Simon, 1881) | |
|


title: Marshall D'Souza

abstract: Marshall D'Souza was a Canadian cricketer. A right-arm off spinner, before emigrating to Canada he played several seasons in Pakistani domestic competitions, including at first-class level. He debuted for the Canadian national side in 1967, with his final international match coming in 1975.

text:
# Marshall D'Souza

**Marshall D'Souza** (or **de Souza**; 30 June 1941 – 10 April 2013) was a Canadian cricketer. A right-arm off spinner, before emigrating to Canada he played several seasons in Pakistani domestic competitions, including at first-class level. He debuted for the Canadian national side in 1967, with his final international match coming in 1975.

## Career in Pakistan

D'Souza was born in Karachi to a Goan Catholic family that had recently left what was then Portuguese India. His older brother, Antao D'Souza, played Test cricket for Pakistan, and another brother, Paul D'Souza, also played first-class cricket. Marshall D'Souza made his first-class debut during the 1962–63 season of the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy, playing four matches for a Karachi B team. He took 1/16 from 10 overs on debut against a Pakistan Universities side, and then 3/52 from 27 overs in the next game against Pakistan Railways, bowling only in one innings in each case. Both matches were concluded in unusual circumstances – Pakistan Universities had only eight batsmen (three being recorded as "absent hurt" in each innings), while Railways' captain, Aslam Khokhar, conceded the match after a single innings each. D'Souza performed well in the semi-final against Rawalpindi, taking 1/12 and 2/19 bowling in tandem with a left-arm spinner, Ziaullah. However, in the tournament final against Karachi A, he finished with 1/74 in Karachi A's only innings, with his side losing by an innings and 163 runs. Opening the bowling for Karachi A in that game was Antao D'Souza, the only time any of the brothers played together in a first-class match.

The fifth and final first-class match D'Souza played came late in the 1963–64 season, a Quaid-i-Azam match for the Karachi Blues against the Lahore Whites at Lahore Stadium. Aged 22 at the time, he went wicketless, bowling only seven overs.

## Career in Canada

D'Souza first appeared for the Canadian national side in 1967, playing first against a touring Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) team, and then in the annual match against the U. S. national side. The match against the MCC was played in the grounds of Rideau Hall, the residence of the Governor General of Canada, and on his national debut D'Souza was Canada's best bowler, with figures of 4/133 from 47 overs. After the 1967 season, he did not appear in another international match until 1973, when he played against Ireland in Toronto.

D'Souza's 1974 season included two matches against Denmark in Toronto, followed by a tour of England in July. Canada's most notable opponents on the tour were the minor counties of Berkshire and Buckinghamshire, as well as the second XIs of Kent, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and Sussex. D'Souza's best performances were 4/25 against the Sussex 2nd XI and 4/17 against Berkshire. The only other Canadian player with first-class experience on the tour was Garnet Brisbane.

D'Souza's final recorded international match was against the U.S. in 1975, by which time he was 34. His career in Canada had also included occasional interprovincial appearances for Quebec – an especially notable performance was 6/22 against Saskatchewan in 1967, which ensured Quebec won that year's Canadian Cricket Championship.

D'Souza and his wife Bertha (née Fernandes) had two children. He died in Dollard-des-Ormeaux, a suburb of Montreal, in April 2013, having suffered from Parkinson's disease.

## InfoBox

Marshall D'Souza
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1941-06-30)30 June 1941
Karachi, Sind Province, British India |
| Died | 10 April 2013(2013-04-10) (aged 71)
Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Quebec, Canada |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm off spin |
| Role | Bowler |
| Relations | Antao D'Souza (brother)
Paul D'Souza (brother) |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1962 | Karachi B |
| 1964 | Karachi Blues |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC  Matches 5  Runs scored 9  Batting average 2.25  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 5\*  Balls bowled 516  Wickets 8  Bowling average 22.25  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 3/52  Catches/stumpings 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 29 April 2015 | |


title: Yuriko's Aroma

abstract: Yuriko's Aroma Yuriko's Aroma is a 2010 Japanese erotic comedy-drama film directed by Kōta Yoshida.

text:
# Yuriko's Aroma

***Yuriko's Aroma*** (ユリ子のアロマ, *Yuriko no Aroma*) is a 2010 Japanese erotic comedy-drama film directed by Kōta Yoshida.

## Cast

## Reception

Tom Mes of Midnight Eye called the film "sexy as sin ... watchable and entertaining", and wrote that "Yoshida's handling of the material is impressive."

## InfoBox

| Yuriko's Aroma | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
|  | |
| **Kanji** | ユリ子のアロマ |
|  | |
| Revised Hepburn | Yuriko no Aroma |
|  | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Kōta Yoshida |
| Release dates | * February 2010 (2010-02) (Yubari) * May 8, 2010 (2010-05-08) (Japan) |
| Running time | 73 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |