title: Oral microbiology

abstract: Oral microbiology is the study of the microorganisms (microbiota) of the oral cavity and their interactions between oral microorganisms or with the host. The environment present in the human mouth is suited to the growth of characteristic microorganisms found there. It provides a source of water and nutrients, as well as a moderate temperature. Resident microbes of the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach where acid-sensitive microbes are destroyed by hydrochloric acid. Anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity include: Actinomyces, Arachnia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Leptotrichia, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, Selenomonas, Treponema, and Veillonella. The most commonly found protists are Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax. Genera of fungi that are frequently found in the mouth include Candida, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Glomus, Alternaria, Penicillium, and Cryptococcus, among others. Bacteria accumulate on both the hard and soft oral tissues in biofilms. Bacterial adhesion is particularly important for oral bacteria. Oral bacteria have evolved mechanisms to sense their environment and evade or modify the host. Bacteria occupy the ecological niche provided by both the tooth surface and mucosal epithelium. Factors of note that have been found to affect the microbial colonization of the oral cavity include the pH, oxygen concentration and its availability at specific oral surfaces, mechanical forces acting upon oral surfaces, salivary and fluid flow through the oral cavity, and age. However, a highly efficient innate host defense system constantly monitors the bacterial colonization and prevents bacterial invasion of local tissues. A dynamic equilibrium exists between dental plaque bacteria and the innate host defense system. Of particular interest is the role of oral microorganisms in the two major dental diseases: dental caries and periodontal disease. Additionally, research has correlated poor oral heath and the resulting ability of the oral microbiota to invade the body to affect cardiac health as well as cognitive function.

text:
# Oral microbiology

**Oral microbiology** is the study of the microorganisms (microbiota) of the oral cavity and their interactions between oral microorganisms or with the host. The environment present in the human mouth is suited to the growth of characteristic microorganisms found there. It provides a source of water and nutrients, as well as a moderate temperature. Resident microbes of the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach where acid-sensitive microbes are destroyed by hydrochloric acid.

Anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity include: *Actinomyces*, *Arachnia* (*Propionibacterium propionicus*), *Bacteroides*, *Bifidobacterium*, *Eubacterium*, *Fusobacterium*, *Lactobacillus*, *Leptotrichia*, *Peptococcus*, *Peptostreptococcus*, *Propionibacterium*, *Selenomonas*, *Treponema*, and *Veillonella*. The most commonly found protists are *Entamoeba gingivalis* and *Trichomonas tenax*. Genera of fungi that are frequently found in the mouth include *Candida*, *Cladosporium*, *Aspergillus*, *Fusarium*, *Glomus*, *Alternaria*, *Penicillium*, and *Cryptococcus*, among others. Bacteria accumulate on both the hard and soft oral tissues in biofilms. Bacterial adhesion is particularly important for oral bacteria.

Oral bacteria have evolved mechanisms to sense their environment and evade or modify the host. Bacteria occupy the ecological niche provided by both the tooth surface and mucosal epithelium. Factors of note that have been found to affect the microbial colonization of the oral cavity include the pH, oxygen concentration and its availability at specific oral surfaces, mechanical forces acting upon oral surfaces, salivary and fluid flow through the oral cavity, and age. However, a highly efficient innate host defense system constantly monitors the bacterial colonization and prevents bacterial invasion of local tissues. A dynamic equilibrium exists between dental plaque bacteria and the innate host defense system. Of particular interest is the role of oral microorganisms in the two major dental diseases: dental caries and periodontal disease. Additionally, research has correlated poor oral heath and the resulting ability of the oral microbiota to invade the body to affect cardiac health as well as cognitive function.

## Oral microflora

The oral microbiome, mainly comprising bacteria which have developed resistance to the human immune system, has been known to impact the host for its own benefit, as seen with dental cavities. The environment present in the human mouth allows the growth of characteristic microorganisms found there. It provides a source of water and nutrients, as well as a moderate temperature. Resident microbes of the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach where acid-sensitive microbes are destroyed by hydrochloric acid.

Anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity include: *Actinomyces*, *Arachnia*, *Bacteroides*, *Bifidobacterium*, *Eubacterium*, *Fusobacterium*, *Lactobacillus*, *Leptotrichia*, *Peptococcus*, *Peptostreptococcus*, *Propionibacterium*, *Selenomonas*, *Treponema*, and *Veillonella*. In addition, there are also a number of fungi found in the oral cavity, including: Candida, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Glomus, Alternaria, Penicillium, and Cryptococcus. The oral cavity of a new-born baby does not contain bacteria but rapidly becomes colonized with bacteria such as *Streptococcus salivarius*. With the appearance of the teeth during the first year colonization by *Streptococcus mutans* and *Streptococcus sanguinis* occurs as these organisms colonise the dental surface and gingiva. Other strains of streptococci adhere strongly to the gums and cheeks but not to the teeth. The gingival crevice area (supporting structures of the teeth) provides a habitat for a variety of anaerobic species. Bacteroides and spirochetes colonize the mouth around puberty. Of particular interest is the role of oral microorganisms in the two major dental diseases: dental caries and periodontal disease.

## Ecological sites for oral microbiota

As a diverse environment, a variety of organisms are able to inhabit unique ecological niches present in the oral cavity including the teeth, gingiva, tongue, cheeks, and palates.

### Dental plaque

The dental plaque is made up of the microbial community that is adhered to the tooth surface; this plaque is also recognized as a biofilm. While it is said that this plaque is adhered to the tooth surface, the microbial community of the plaque is not directly in contact with the enamel of the tooth. Instead, bacteria with the ability to form attachments to the acquired pellicle, which contains certain salivary proteins, on the surface of the teeth, begin the establishment of the biofilm. Upon dental plaque maturation, in which the microbial community grows and diversifies, the plaque is covered in an interbacterial matrix.

### Dental calculus

The calculus of the oral cavity is the result of mineralization of and around dead microorganisms; this calculus can then be colonized by living bacteria. Dental calculus can be present on supragingival and subgingival surfaces.

### Oral mucosa

The mucosa of the oral cavity provides a unique ecological site for microbiota to inhabit. Unlike the teeth, the mucosa of the oral cavity is frequently shedding and thus its microbial inhabitants are both kept at lower relative abundance than those of the teeth but also must be able to overcome the obstacle of the shedding epithelia.

#### Tongue

Unlike other mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity, the nature of the top surface of the tongue, due in part to the presence of numerous papillae, provides a unique ecological niche for its microbial inhabits. One important characteristic of this habitat is that the spaces between the papillae tend to not receive much, if any, oxygenated saliva, which creates an environment suitable for microaerophilic and obligate anaerobic microbiota.

## Acquisition of oral microbiota

Acquisition of the oral microbiota heavily depends on the route of delivery as an infant – vaginal versus caesarian; upon comparing infants three months after birth, infants born vaginally were reported to have higher oral taxonomic diversity than their cesarean-born counterparts. Further acquisition is determined by diet, developmental accomplishments, general lifestyle habits, hygiene, and the use of antibiotics. Breastfed infants are noted to have higher oral lactobacilli colonization than their formula-fed counterparts. Diversity of the oral microbiome is also shown to flourish upon the eruption of primary teeth and later adult teeth, as new ecological niches are introduced to the oral cavity.

## Factors of microbial colonization

Saliva plays a considerable role in influencing the oral microbiome. More than 800 species of bacteria colonize oral mucus, 1,300 species are found in the gingival crevice, and nearly 1,000 species comprise dental plaque. The mouth is a rich environment for hundreds of species of bacteria since saliva is mostly water and plenty of nutrients pass through the mouth each day. When kissing, it takes only 10 seconds for no less than 80 million bacteria to be exchanged by the passing of saliva. However, the effect is transitory, as each individual quickly returns to their own equilibrium.

Due to progress in molecular biology techniques, scientific understanding of oral ecology is improving. Oral ecology is being more comprehensively mapped, including the tongue, the teeth, the gums, salivary glands, etc. which are home to these communities of different microorganisms.

The host's immune system controls the bacterial colonization of the mouth and prevents local infection of tissues. A dynamic equilibrium exists notably between the bacteria of dental plaque and the host's immune system, enabling the plaque to stay behind in the mouth when other biofilms are washed away.

In equilibrium, the bacterial biofilm produced by the fermentation of sugar in the mouth is quickly swept away by the saliva, except for dental plaque. In cases of imbalance in the equilibrium, oral microorganisms grow out of control and cause oral diseases such as tooth decay and periodontal disease. Several studies have also linked poor oral hygiene to infection by pathogenic bacteria.

## Role in health

There are many factors of oral health which need to be preserved in order to prevent pathogenesis of the oral microbiome or diseases of the mouth. Dental plaque is the material that adheres to the teeth and consists of bacterial cells (mainly *S. mutans* and *S. sanguis*), salivary polymers and bacterial extracellular products. Plaque is a biofilm on the surfaces of the teeth. This accumulation of microorganisms subject the teeth and gingival tissues to high concentrations of bacterial metabolites which results in dental disease. If not taken care of, via brushing or flossing, the plaque can turn into tartar (its hardened form) and lead to gingivitis or periodontal disease. In the case of dental cavities, proteins involved in colonization of teeth by *Streptococcus mutans* can produce antibodies that inhibit the cariogenic process which can be used to create vaccines. Bacteria species typically associated with the oral microbiota have been found to be present in women with bacterial vaginosis. Genera of fungi that are frequently found in the mouth include *Candida*, *Cladosporium*, *Aspergillus*, *Fusarium*, *Glomus*, *Alternaria*, *Penicillium*, and *Cryptococcus*, among others. Additionally, research has correlated poor oral heath and the resulting ability of the oral microbiota to invade the body to affect cardiac health as well as cognitive function. High levels of circulating antibodies to oral pathogens *Campylobacter rectus*, *Veillonella parvula* and *Prevotella melaninogenica* are associated with hypertension in human.

### Importance of dental hygiene

The oral microbiota is largely related to systemic health, and disturbances in the oral microbiota can lead to diseases in both the oral cavity and the rest of the body. There are many factors that influence the diversity of the oral microbiota, such as age, diet, hygiene practices, and genetics. One of the most important factors in promoting optimal oral microbiota health is the use of good oral hygiene practices. Dental plaque is associated with two extremely common oral diseases, dental caries and periodontal disease. Consistent toothbrushing and flossing is essential for disrupting harmful plaque formation. Research has shown that flossing is associated with a decrease in the bacteria *Streptococcus mutans* which has been shown to be involved in cavity formation. Insufficient brushing and flossing can lead to gum and tooth disease, and eventually tooth loss. In addition, poor dental hygiene has been linked to conditions such as osteoporosis, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. To prevent any possible complication from an altered oral microbiota, it is important to brush and floss every day, schedule regular cleanings, eat a healthy diet, and replace toothbrushes frequently.

## Issues and areas of research

The oral environment (temperature, humidity, pH, nutrients, etc.) impacts the selection of adapted (and sometimes pathogenic) populations of microorganisms. For a young person or an adult in good health and with a healthy diet, the microbes living in the mouth adhere to mucus, teeth and gums to resist removal by saliva. Eventually, they are mostly washed away and destroyed during their trip through the stomach. Salivary flow and oral conditions vary person-to-person, and also relative to the time of day and whether or not an individual sleeps with their mouth open. From youth to old age, the entire mouth interacts with and affects the oral microbiome. Via the larynx, numerous bacteria can travel through the respiratory tract to the lungs. There, mucus is charged with their removal. Pathogenic oral microflora have been linked to the production of factors which favor autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis and arthritis, as well as cancers of the colon, lungs and breasts.

## Intercellular communication

Most of the bacterial species found in the mouth belong to microbial communities, called biofilms, a feature of which is inter-bacterial communication. Cell–cell contact is mediated by specific protein adhesins and often, as in the case of inter-species aggregation, by complementary polysaccharide receptors. Another method of communication involves cell–cell signalling molecules, which are of two classes: those used for intra-species and those used for inter-species signalling. An example of intra-species communication is quorum sensing. Oral bacteria have been shown to produce small peptides, such as competence stimulating peptides, which can help promote single-species biofilm formation. A common form of inter-species signalling is mediated by 4, 5-dihydroxy-2, 3-pentanedione (DPD), also known as autoinducer-2 (Al-2).

## Evolution

The evolution of the human oral microbiome can be traced through time via the sequencing of dental calculus (essentially fossilized dental plaque).

As mentioned in prior sections, the human oral microbiome has important implications for the health and wellness of human beings overall, and is often the only surviving health record for ancient populations.

The oral microbiome has evolved over time alongside humans, in response to changes in diet, lifestyle, environment, and even the advent of cooking. There have also been similarities in oral microbiota across hominins, as well as other primate species. While a core microbiome consisting of specific bacteria exists across most individuals, significant variation can arise depending on an individual’s unique environment, lifestyle, physiology, and heritage.

Considering that oral bacteria are transferred vertically from primary caregivers in early childhood, and horizontally between family members later in life, archaeological dental calculus is a unique way to trace population structure, movement, and admixture between ancient cultures, as well as the spread of disease.

### Pre-Mesolithic

#### Relationship to primates

Ancient humans are thought to have maintained a much different oral microbiome landscape than non-human primates, despite having a shared environment. Existing data has found that chimpanzees maintain higher levels of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, while humans have greater proportions of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Human oral microbiota have also been found to be less diverse when compared with other primates.

#### Relationship to hominins

Of the hominins (Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Denisovans) Neanderthal oral microbiomes have been studied in the greatest detail. A cluster of oral microbiota has been found to be shared across Spanish Neanderthals, foraging humans from ~3000 years ago, and a single wild-caught chimpanzee. Similarities have also been found between a meat-eating Neanderthal in Belgium, and hunter humans in Europe and Africa. Ozga et al. (2019) found that Neanderthals and humans share similar oral microbiota, and are more alike to each other than to chimpanzees. Weyrich (2021) finds that these observations suggest humans shared an oral microbiota with Neanderthals until at least 3000 years ago. While it is possible that humans and Neanderthals shared oral microbiota from the moment of separation (~700,000 years ago) until their extinction, Weyrich finds that an equally likely hypothesis is that convergent evolution accounted for similar oral microbiotas across Neanderthals and humans for that period.

### Major shifts through archaeological periods

The human oral microbiome has been a subject of increasing scientific scrutiny, especially in understanding its evolutionary journey. The oral microbiome has undergone significant shifts in composition, particularly during key historical periods like the Neolithic and the Industrial Revolution.

#### The Neolithic revolution: a turning point

The Neolithic period began around 10,000 years ago and marked a significant turning point in human history. This era saw the shift from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture and farming. One of the most significant changes during this period was the adoption of carbohydrate-rich diets, particularly the consumption of domesticated cereals like wheat and barley. This shift had a profound impact on the oral microbiome. The increase in fermentable carbohydrates led to a surge in dental caries, a common oral health issue. Additionally, the Neolithic period also witnessed a reduction in microbial diversity in the oral environment.

#### The Medieval period: a period of stability

Transitioning from the Neolithic to the Medieval period, which began around 400 years ago, there was little change in the composition of the oral microbiota. This period of stability suggests that despite advancements in agriculture and societal structures, the oral microbiome remained relatively constant. This period did not bring about significant shifts in oral microbial communities, indicating a sort of equilibrium had been reached.

#### The Industrial Revolution: a modern dilemma

The Industrial Revolution, starting around 1850, brought about another significant shift in human lifestyle and, consequently, the oral microbiome. The widespread availability of industrially processed flour and sugar led to a predominance of cariogenic bacteria in the oral environment. This shift has persisted to the present day, making the modern oral microbiome less diverse than ever before, rendering it less resilient to perturbations in the form of dietary imbalances or invasion by pathogenic bacterial species.

#### Implications for modern health

The shifts in the oral microbiome through time have significant implications for modern health. The current lack of diversity in the oral microbiome makes it more susceptible to imbalances and pathogenic invasions. This, in turn, can lead to a range of oral and systemic health issues, from dental caries to cardiovascular disease. Dental caries affects between 60 and 90% of children and adults in industrialized countries, and has a more severe effect on less industrialized countries with less capable healthcare systems. An understanding of the oral microbiome, via an examination of the evolution of the oral microbiome, can help science understand past errors and help inform the best path forward in sustainable healthcare interventions that work proactively with the body's natural systems, rather than fighting them with intermittent reactive interventions.


title: Ophonus stricticollis

abstract: Ophonus stricticollis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Metophonus).

text:
# Ophonus stricticollis

***Ophonus stricticollis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Metophonus).

## InfoBox

| *Ophonus stricticollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Ophonus* |
| Species: | ***O. stricticollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ophonus stricticollis***<br>Tschitscherine, 1893 | |
|


title: Ophonus sahlbergianus

abstract: Ophonus sahlbergianus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Metophonus).

text:
# Ophonus sahlbergianus

***Ophonus sahlbergianus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Metophonus).

## InfoBox

| *Ophonus sahlbergianus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Ophonus* |
| Species: | ***O. sahlbergianus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ophonus sahlbergianus***<br>Lutshnik, 1922 | |
|


title: Ophonus scharifi

abstract: Ophonus scharifi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Metophonus).

text:
# Ophonus scharifi

***Ophonus scharifi*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Metophonus).

## InfoBox

| *Ophonus scharifi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Ophonus* |
| Species: | ***O. scharifi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ophonus scharifi***<br>Morvan, 1977 | |
|


title: Zakaria Hersi

abstract: Zakaria Hersi is a Swedish-Somali citizen, best known for his role in the development and propagation of Truecaller in Africa and Middle East.

text:
# Zakaria Hersi

**Zakaria Hersi** is a Swedish-Somali citizen, best known for his role in the development and propagation of Truecaller in Africa and Middle East.

## Personal life

Hersi's family left war-torn Somalia for Sweden when he was four years old. He grew up in Rissne.

Hersi spent 2015-2016 in Kenya, where he led and later sold a successful high-tech startup. He sold that firm in 2016 to return to Sweden when his mother fell ill.

In 2017 Hersi married Almaas Elman, a Canadian-Somali human-rights worker, who came from a family of prominent human rights workers. Elman was killed in Mogadishu, on November 20, 2019.

## Technical career

Hersi acquired his technical skills in Sweden. But he is best known as a job creator and tech ambassador, in Africa.

*Digital Sweden* has profiled his efforts to help other Swedish citizens from refugee backgrounds enter the fields of computers and technology. He founded a tech company, in Kenya, that employed 150 people within its first half year. More recently he has served as the African director of TrueCaller, which signed up its one millionth paid subscriber in 2019.

## InfoBox

| Zakaria Hersi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Somalia |
| Nationality | Swedish-Somali |
| Occupation | Programmer |
| Known for | Tech entrepreneur |
| Spouse | Almaas Elman  (m. 2017; died 2019) |


title: Marymount Manhattan College

abstract: Marymount Manhattan College is a private college on the Upper East Side of New York City. As of 2020, enrollment consisted of 1,571 undergraduate students with women making up 80.1% and men 19.9% of student enrollment.

text:
# Marymount Manhattan College

**Marymount Manhattan College** is a private college on the Upper East Side of New York City. As of 2020, enrollment consisted of 1,571 undergraduate students with women making up 80.1% and men 19.9% of student enrollment.

## History

Marymount Manhattan College was founded in 1936 by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary as a two-year women's college and a New York City extension of Marymount College, Tarrytown in Tarrytown, New York. In 1948, the college moved to its present location on East 71st Street and became a four-year bachelor's degree-granting college; the first class graduated from MMC in 1950. In 1961, MMC was granted an absolute charter as an independent four-year college by the Regents of the University of the State of New York.

Since 1961, Marymount Manhattan has been an independent, private college open to all creeds, while noting its foundation by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary. While the college no longer described itself as Catholic, the Catholic Church continued to list it in the Catholic Directory until 2005. Unaware that the college did not claim to be a Catholic school, the Cardinal Newman Society protested the college's announcement of its decision to invite then-Senator Hillary Clinton to deliver a commencement address and to confer an honorary doctoral degree upon her, due to Clinton's longtime public support for abortion rights. In response to the protests and without objection by the college, it was de-listed from *The Official Catholic Directory*, which identifies Catholic institutions.

In 1976, Finch College, a women's college best known as a "finishing school" for affluent young women, closed and passed its records over to the school. The school was most famous for educating Tricia Nixon Cox, daughter of former US President Richard Nixon.

In 1990, Regina Peruggi became the first lay president. In 2003, the college's mezzanine was renamed in her honor.

In 2001, the college opened the 55th Street Residence Hall, one of the tallest dorms in the United States, with 32 floors of student housing in a 46-story building. In 2015, Marymount Manhattan opened a second residence hall for upperclassmen located in Cooper Square, a 12-story building to house 270 students

In 2017, just under 2,000 students were enrolled representing 48 U.S. states and 36 countries. In conjunction with its core liberal arts curriculum, Marymount Manhattan offers 30 major programs of study and over 40 minors along with pre-professional programs. It is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. The college offers a degree program for incarcerated women at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, granting an Associates of Arts degree in social science and Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology.

In 2013, the school was featured in the industry publication *Backstage* as one of the top colleges in which Broadway and Tony Award-nominated actors have trained, alongside Carnegie Mellon University, Oberlin Conservatory, University of Michigan, Ithaca College, NYU's Tisch School of the Arts, and the University of North Carolina School of the Arts.

In July 2015, Kerry Walk was unanimously selected by the Trustees of Marymount Manhattan College as the school's eighth president.

On May 29, 2024, media sources announced that Marymount Manhattan College would be merging with Northeastern University as part of its Global University System. Marymount Manhattan College was to be renamed **Northeastern University-New York City**. The merger would not be finalized until it received regulatory approval, which could take up to two years.

## Notable alumni

Alumni include prominent actors, musicians, attorneys, writers, journalists, royalty, the first female nominee for Vice President of the United States from a major party, and recipients of the Olympic Gold Medal, Tony Award, Emmy Award, and Grammy Award.

## InfoBox

Marymount Manhattan College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | *Tua Luce Dirige* |
| Motto in English | Direct Us By Thy Light |
| Type | Private college |
| Established | 1936 (1936) |
| Religious affiliation | Formerly Catholic |
| Endowment | $18.1 million |
| President | Peter Naccarato (interim) |
| Academic staff | 92 full-time faculty |
| Undergraduates | 2,069 (2017) |
| Location | New York, New York, U.S.<br>40°46′7″N 73°57′35″W / 40.76861°N 73.95972°W / 40.76861; -73.95972 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Colors | Blue and white |
| Mascot | Griffin |
| Website | www.mmm.edu |


title: Zabór Wielki

abstract: Zabór Wielki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Miękinia, within Środa Śląska County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Miękinia, 13 kilometres (8 mi) north-east of Środa Śląska, and 24 kilometres (15 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław. The name of the village is of Polish origin and comes from the words za and bór, meaning "behind a coniferous forest". In 1842, the village had a population of 244. The Nature reserve Zabór is located near Zabór Wielki.

text:
# Zabór Wielki

**Zabór Wielki** (Polish pronunciation: \[ˈzabur ˈvjɛlkʲi\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Miękinia, within Środa Śląska County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Miękinia, 13 kilometres (8 mi) north-east of Środa Śląska, and 24 kilometres (15 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

The name of the village is of Polish origin and comes from the words *za* and *bór*, meaning "behind a coniferous forest".

In 1842, the village had a population of 244.

The Nature reserve Zabór is located near Zabór Wielki.

## InfoBox

| Zabór Wielki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nature reserve Zabór | |
| Zabór Wielki | |
| Coordinates: 51°13′N 16°44′E / 51.217°N 16.733°E / 51.217; 16.733 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Środa Śląska |
| Gmina | Miękinia |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | DSR |


title: 1958 Bolivian Primera División

abstract: The 1958 Bolivian Primera División, the first division of Bolivian football (soccer), was played by 12 teams. The champion was Jorge Wilstermann.

text:
# 1958 Bolivian Primera División

The **1958 Bolivian Primera División**, the first division of Bolivian football (soccer), was played by 12 teams. The champion was Jorge Wilstermann.

## Torneo Nacional Mixto

### Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jorge Wilstermann | 22 | 13 | 5 | 4 | 66 | 40 | +26 | 31 |
| 2 | Deportivo Municipal | 22 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 61 | 44 | +17 | 27 |
| 3 | San José | 22 | 10 | 3 | 9 | 54 | 48 | +6 | 23 |
| 4 | Aurora | 22 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 45 | 43 | +2 | 23 |
| 5 | The Strongest | 22 | 11 | 10 | 1 | 49 | 49 | 0 | 32 |
| 6 | Bolívar | 22 | 10 | 3 | 9 | 51 | 54 | 3 | 23 |
| 7 | Always Ready | 22 | 10 | 2 | 10 | 58 | 46 | +12 | 22 |
| 8 | Internacional | 22 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 43 | 42 | +1 | 21 |
| 9 | Chaco Petrolero | 22 | 10 | 1 | 11 | 56 | 59 | 3 | 21 |
| 10 | 1 de Mayo | 23 | 9 | 3 | 11 | 37 | 54 | 17 | 21 |
| 11 | Litoral | 22 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 38 | 44 | 6 | 19 |
| 12 | Northern | 22 | 4 | 3 | 15 | 38 | 73 | 35 | 11 |

Source:

## InfoBox

Bolivian Primera División
| Season | 1958 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Jorge Wilstermann |
| Relegated | Northern |
| 1957 1959 | |


title: Tsukuba

abstract: Tsukuba Tsukuba is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. As of January 1, 2024, the city had an estimated population of 256,526 in 121,001 households and a population density of 900 persons per km⁲. The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 20.3%. The total area of the city is 283.72 square kilometres (109.54 sq mi). It is known as the location of the Tsukuba Science City, a planned science park developed in the 1960s.

text:
# Tsukuba

**Tsukuba** (つくば市, *Tsukuba-shi*) is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. As of January 1, 2024, the city had an estimated population of 256,526 in 121,001 households and a population density of 900 persons per km2. The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 20.3%. The total area of the city is 283.72 square kilometres (109.54 sq mi). It is known as the location of the **Tsukuba Science City** (筑波研究学園都市, *Tsukuba Kenkyū Gakuen Toshi*), a planned science park developed in the 1960s.

## Geography

Tsukuba is located in southern Ibaraki Prefecture, approximately 50 kilometers from central Tokyo and about 40 kilometers from Narita International Airport. Mount Tsukuba, from which the city takes its name, is located in the northern part of the city. Except for the area around Mount Tsukuba, the city is a part of the Kantō Plain with an altitude of 20 to 30 meters.

Mountains: Mount Tsukuba, Mount Hokyo.

Rivers: Kokai River, Sakura River, Higashiyata River, Nishiyata River, Ono River, Hanamuro River, Inari River.

Parks: The city has more than 100 parks and green areas to relax in. Different parks are connected by pedestrian walk and bikeways. Some parks are equipped with tennis courts and round pavements for jogging and walking. Dōhō Park, a park surrounded by vegetation centered in Dōhō Swamp, has a baseball field, a soccer field, a gym and a heated indoor pool equipped with a solar heating system. Matsumi Park has a 45m-high observation deck and a Japanese style garden with flowers and a small pond.

Gardens: Tsukuba Botanical Garden and Tsukuba Peony Garden.

In the extreme south is the Ushiku Lagoon; the Nishiyata, Higashiyata and Inari rivers discharge their waters into it. The Ushiku Lagoon, through the Yata River, flows into the Kokai River.

At the end of their courses, the Kokai River discharge into the Tone River, and the Sakura, Hanamuro and Ono rivers discharge into the Lake Kasumigaura.

### Surrounding municipalities

Ibaraki Prefecture

### Climate

Tsukuba has a humid continental climate (Köppen *Cfa*) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Tsukuba is 14.3 °C (57.7 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,326.0 mm (52.20 in) with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.9 °C (78.6 °F), and lowest in January, at around 3.1 °C (37.6 °F).

| Climate data for Tsukuba (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1921−present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.2
(72.0) | 24.5
(76.1) | 26.6
(79.9) | 28.8
(83.8) | 34.1
(93.4) | 35.6
(96.1) | 37.3
(99.1) | 37.8
(100.0) | 36.9
(98.4) | 32.7
(90.9) | 25.8
(78.4) | 24.4
(75.9) | 37.8
(100.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.3
(48.7) | 10.2
(50.4) | 13.6
(56.5) | 18.7
(65.7) | 22.7
(72.9) | 25.2
(77.4) | 29.1
(84.4) | 30.6
(87.1) | 26.8
(80.2) | 21.3
(70.3) | 16.3
(61.3) | 11.5
(52.7) | 19.6
(67.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.1
(37.6) | 4.2
(39.6) | 7.7
(45.9) | 12.8
(55.0) | 17.4
(63.3) | 20.8
(69.4) | 24.6
(76.3) | 25.9
(78.6) | 22.3
(72.1) | 16.6
(61.9) | 10.5
(50.9) | 5.3
(41.5) | 14.3
(57.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.8
(27.0) | −1.8
(28.8) | 1.7
(35.1) | 6.9
(44.4) | 12.3
(54.1) | 16.9
(62.4) | 21.0
(69.8) | 22.1
(71.8) | 18.5
(65.3) | 12.1
(53.8) | 5.2
(41.4) | −0.5
(31.1) | 9.3
(48.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −14.8
(5.4) | −17.0
(1.4) | −11.6
(11.1) | −6.4
(20.5) | −2.6
(27.3) | 5.7
(42.3) | 9.8
(49.6) | 12.0
(53.6) | 5.0
(41.0) | −1.4
(29.5) | −7.8
(18.0) | −11.9
(10.6) | −17.0
(1.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 50.6
(1.99) | 47.1
(1.85) | 95.5
(3.76) | 109.8
(4.32) | 129.8
(5.11) | 131.8
(5.19) | 134.6
(5.30) | 118.2
(4.65) | 187.6
(7.39) | 193.5
(7.62) | 79.1
(3.11) | 48.5
(1.91) | 1,326
(52.20) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 6
(2.4) | 5
(2.0) | 1
(0.4) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 1
(0.4) | 13
(5.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.3 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 11.4 | 10.4 | 7.1 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 7.1 | 5.0 | 100.2 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 1 cm) | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 3.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 64 | 63 | 66 | 70 | 75 | 81 | 82 | 81 | 82 | 81 | 78 | 70 | 74 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 206.8 | 181.8 | 182.6 | 181.4 | 182.8 | 129.3 | 152.8 | 182.8 | 136.4 | 138.4 | 153.6 | 185.7 | 2,014.5 |
| Source 1: Japan Meteorological Agency | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: 理科年表 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Tsukuba has increased rapidly since 1980.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | 91,173 |  |
| 1960 | 82,423 | −9.6% |
| 1970 | 78,110 | −5.2% |
| 1980 | 127,402 | +63.1% |
| 1990 | 168,466 | +32.2% |
| 2000 | 191,814 | +13.9% |
| 2010 | 214,590 | +11.9% |
| 2020 | 241,656 | +12.6% |

## History

Mount Tsukuba has been a place of pilgrimage since at least the Heian period. During the Edo period, parts of what later became the city of Tsukuba were administered by a junior branch of the Hosokawa clan at Yatabe Domain, one of the feudal domains of the Tokugawa shogunate. With the creation of the modern municipalities system after the Meiji Restoration on April 1, 1889, the town Yatabe was established within Tsukuba District, Ibaraki.

Beginning in the 1960s, the area was designated for development. Construction of the city centre, the University of Tsukuba and 46 public basic scientific research laboratories began in the 1970s. Tsukuba Science City became operational in the 1980s. The Expo '85 world's fair was held in the area of Tsukuba Science City, which at the time was still divided administratively between several small towns and villages. Attractions at the event included the 85-metre (279 ft) Technocosmos, which at that time was the world's tallest Ferris wheel.

On November 30, 1987 the town of Yatabe merged with the neighboring towns of Ōho and Toyosato (from Tsukuba District)) and the village of Sakura (from Niihari District) to create the city of Tsukuba. The neighboring town of Tsukuba merged with the city of Tsukuba on January 1, 1988. Followed by the town of Kukizaki (from Inashiki District) on November 1, 2002. Therefore, Yatabe, Ōho, Toyosato, Sakura, Tsukuba and Kukizaki, correspond to the ancient towns and villages.

By 2000, the city's 60 national research institutes and two national universities had been grouped into five zones: higher education and training, construction research, physical science and engineering research, biological and agricultural research, and common (public) facilities. These zones were surrounded by more than 240 private research facilities. Among the most prominent institutions are the University of Tsukuba (1973; formerly Tokyo University of Education); the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK); the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; the Electrotechnical Laboratory; the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory; and the National Institute for Materials Science. The city has an international flair, with about 7,500 foreign students and researchers from as many as 133 countries living in Tsukuba at any one time.

Over the past several decades, nearly half of Japan's public research and development budget has been spent in Tsukuba. Important scientific breakthroughs by its researchers include the identification and specification of the molecular structure of superconducting materials, the development of organic optical films that alter their electrical conductivity in response to changing light, and the creation of extreme low-pressure vacuum chambers. Tsukuba has become one of the world's key sites for government-industry collaborations in basic research. Earthquake safety, environmental degradation, studies of roadways, fermentation science, microbiology, and plant genetics are some of the broad research topics having close public-private partnerships.

On April 1, 2007 Tsukuba was designated a Special city with increased autonomy.

Following the Fukushima I nuclear accidents in 2011, evacuees from the accident zone reported that municipal officials in Tsukuba refused to allow them access to shelters in the city unless they presented certificates from the Fukushima government declaring that the evacuees were "radiation free".

On May 6, 2012, Tsukuba was struck by a tornado that caused heavy damage to numerous structures and left approximately 20,000 residents without electricity. The storm killed one 14-year-old boy and injured 45 people. The tornado was rated an F-3 by the Japan Meteorological Agency, making it the most powerful tornado to ever hit Japan. Some spots had F-4 damage.

## Government

Tsukuba has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 28 members. Tsukuba contributes five members to the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Ibaraki 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

The local economy was traditionally based on rice production, and Tsukuba still has the largest area under paddy fields in Ibaraki Prefecture. After the establishment of Tsukuba Science City, the numerous government and private research institutes has drawn a large number of factories and supporting businesses.

### Companies headquartered in Tsukuba

### Manufacturing

## Education

### Higher education

### Primary and secondary education

Tsukuba has 29 public elementary schools and 12 public middle schools operated by the city government, and four public high school operated by the Ibaraki Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operates one combined middle school/high school and one special education school for the handicapped. There is also one private combined middle/high school.

In addition, it has international schools, like Tsukuba International School and Liberty International School, and also has a Brazilian school, the Instituto Educare (former Escola Pingo de Gente).

## Transportation

### Railway

Metropolitan Intercity Railway CompanyTsukuba Express

Tsukuba Kankō Railway

### Highway

## Media

* Academic Newtown Community Cable Service (ACCS)
* Tsukuba Community Broadcast Inc. – Radio Tsukuba

## Local attractions

### Tsukuba Science City

Tsukuba Science City is a center for research and education in the city of Tsukuba, located northeast of Tokyo. The idea of constructing the science city was by the late Ichiro Kono, former minister of construction, and Kuniomi Umezawa, former vice minister of the science and technology agency. Another key figure for the development of the Science City is Leo Esaki. What sets Tsukuba apart from other town developments in Japan is the large scale and fast pace of its development into a place with high quality of scientific innovation.

#### History

In September 1963, the national government of Japan, led by Ichiro Kono and Kniomi Umezawa, ordered the development of a science city in the area around the mountain Tsukuba. Reasons behind this decision included the overcrowding in Tokyo, the overflow of applicants to Japanese elite universities, a desire of conservative politicians to decrease the influence of liberal teachers and students, and a need to catch up with the West in terms of scientific knowledge. Furthermore, it was already clear that there was a demand for new research facilities and a fresh approach to university education. This fresh approach was prevalent in the United States; therefore, Japan's Ministry of Education decided to transfer a part of the Tokyo University of Education to the Tsukuba area. The campus of the university was modeled after the University of California, San Diego, campus. After a new university structure was introduced; the power of teachers decreased and the power of administrative management increased. Furthermore, the new structure led to better research facilities, a separate independent research department and the implementation of a board for general policies and regulations.

In 1966, after a few years of intensive study, the government started the project by buying land in the Tsukuba area. The acquiring of land to build on was done by negotiation over prices between the government and landowners. The parcels of land with the most suitable price were purchased. This is reason for the odd shape of the government-owned land in Tsukuba; it is 18 kilometers long from north to east and 6 kilometers wide from east to west. Due to this shape walking is not common in the city.

The building of facilities started in June 1969. The initial building plan was ten years, but in 1980 it became clear that that would not be the case. However, in March 1980 all the facilities that were meant to be built were up and running to a certain extent.

Between 1970 and 1980 researchers and their families started to move to Tsukuba. This move was a culture shock for the families from Tokyo due to the dirt roads and open fields in Tsukuba.

Initially, Tsukuba was built for travel by car due to having no train station. It was actually Japan's first city that promoted automobile travel over public transport. In 2005, a train station was built in the city. The Tsukuba Express travels from Tokyo to the Science City in 45 minutes.

**Tsukuba Expo 1985**

In order to promote the positive aspects of science and technology, an International Science and Technology Exposition was held. This was a landmark for the science city. The reasons behind the expo were to establish a positive national image of Tsukuba Science City and to gain international recognition that Tsukuba was a place of science. The Expo attracted around 20 million Japanese and foreign visitors.

#### Leo Esaki

Leo Esaki became the president of the University of Tsukuba in 1992. His presidency marked a new era of reform for the Tsukuba Science City. Leo Esaki is a Nobel prize winner and worked at IBM prior to becoming president of the University of Tsukuba. Unlike other Japanese university presidents he had no academic background and no former ties with the University of Tsukuba. This was part of the reason why he was chosen as president. Due to his history in the corporate world, he was able to create a climate were companies and graduate students could work together closely. When the university was founded a good relationship between the students of the university and the nearby companies was expected. However, over the years this ambition disappeared into the background. In these years there was a severe lack in interaction between the facilities of the University and the private companies in the area. This meant that there was no joint research happening. In July 1994, Esaki introduced Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA). This is a partnership between the university, foreign researchers, Tsukuba's national research labs, and corporate laboratories based in the city.

#### Criticism

Tsukuba Science City has faced considerable criticism since its inception. The first criticism on the city was that it was not habitable. Wives of the first researchers were used to putting garbage on the side of the road in order for it to get picked up. However, this was not the case in the mid-1970s. Until that time only farmers had lived there and they would process their own garbage into mulch. Because the garbage did not get picked up, it started smelling in the streets. This enraged the housewives and they demanded a garbage service. In order to meet the demand, a pit was dug where the waste could be dumped until a garbage service would be developed in the city. In the 1990s, Tsukuba had the most innovative garbage system in Japan.

Another criticism levied by national government critics is that Tsukuba Science City is a waste of taxpayer's money. They also believe that Tsukuba is an example of government control of academic and research organization. In addition, social critics feel that Tsukuba's social organization is unfavorable as it lacks traditional Japanese culture.

Garner describes the city is described as being ‘flat’ due to a lack of city life. Even though Tsukuba Science City has an impressive number of research and development facilities and various companies, it still is not able to reach the same level of innovation as science cities that do have stimulating city life. In 2006, Tsukuba Science City started focusing on creating more city life to address this problem.

### Museums

### Other attractions

## Sister cities

## Notable people from Tsukuba

## InfoBox

| Tsukuba つくば市 | |
| --- | --- |
| Special city | |
| View of Mount Tsukuba and Tsukuba Center | |
|  | |
| Location of Tsukuba in Ibaraki Prefecture | |
| Tsukuba | |
| Coordinates: 36°5′0.5″N 140°4′35.2″E / 36.083472°N 140.076444°E / 36.083472; 140.076444 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kantō |
| Prefecture | Ibaraki |
| First official recorded | 180 AD |
| Tsukuba town settled | April 1, 1889 |
| Tsukuba city settled | November 30, 1987 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Tatsuo Igarashi (from November 2016) |
| Area | |
| Special city | 283.72 km2 (109.54 sq mi) |
| Population (January 1, 2024) | |
| Special city | 256,526 |
| Density | 900/km2 (2,300/sq mi) |
| Metro (2015) | 843,402 (19th) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| Address | 2530-2 Karima, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305-8555 |
| Climate | Cfa |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |
| Symbols | |
|  | |
| Bird | Ural owl |
| Flower | Hoshizaki-yukinoshita (Saxifraga stolonifera Curtis f. aptera (Makino) H.Hara) |
| Tree | Japanese zelkova |
|  | |


abstract: Following the first round of the 2024 French legislative election on 30 June 2024, runoff elections in each constituency where no candidate received a vote share greater than 50 percent were scheduled for 7 July. Candidates permitted to stand in the runoff elections needed to either come in first or second place in the first round or achieve more than 12.5 percent of the votes of the entire electorate.

text:
# Results of the 2024 French legislative election in Tarn-et-Garonne

Following the first round of the 2024 French legislative election on 30 June 2024, runoff elections in each constituency where no candidate received a vote share greater than 50 percent were scheduled for 7 July. Candidates permitted to stand in the runoff elections needed to either come in first or second place in the first round or achieve more than 12.5 percent of the votes of the entire electorate (as opposed to 12.5 percent of the vote share due to low turnout).

## Tarn-et-Garonne

### 1st constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Brigitte Barèges | Union of the far right |  | The Republicans | 27,772 | 43.93 | 32,394 | 51.25 |
|  | Valérie Rabault | New Popular Front |  | Socialist Party | 23,271 | 36.81 | 30,813 | 48.75 |
|  | Catherine Simonin-Benazet | Ensemble |  | Renaissance | 9,791 | 15.49 |  | |
|  | Richard Blanco | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 1,178 | 1.86 |  | |
|  | Jean-François Grilhault des Fontaines | Independent | | | 769 | 1.22 |  | |
|  | Alain Bru | Miscellaneous centre |  | Independent | 439 | 0.69 |  | |
| Total | | | | | 63,220 | 100.00 | 63,207 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 63,220 | 95.62 | 63,207 | 94.66 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 878 | 1.33 | 1,095 | 1.64 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 2,020 | 3.06 | 2,468 | 3.70 |
| Total votes | | | | | 66,118 | 100.00 | 66,770 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 93,424 | 70.77 | 93,423 | 71.47 |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |

### 2nd constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Marine Hamelet | National Rally | | | 32,578 | 49.17 | 37,015 | 61.51 |
|  | Claudie Chrétien | New Popular Front |  | La France Insoumise | 12,286 | 18.54 | 23,166 | 38.49 |
|  | Jules Duffaut | Ensemble |  | Horizons | 10,335 | 15.60 |  | |
|  | Anne Ius | Miscellaneous left |  | Radical Party of the Left | 9,952 | 15.02 |  | |
|  | Françoise Ratsimba | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 791 | 1.19 |  | |
|  | Claire Aymes | Independent | | | 310 | 0.47 |  | |
| Total | | | | | 66,252 | 100.00 | 60,181 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 66,252 | 96.57 | 60,181 | 88.37 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 811 | 1.18 | 2,265 | 3.33 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 1,545 | 2.25 | 5,655 | 8.30 |
| Total votes | | | | | 68,608 | 100.00 | 68,101 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 97,194 | 70.59 | 97,199 | 70.06 |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |


title: Olga Lakela

abstract:
Olga Korhoven Lakela was a Finnish-American botanist and educator noted for identifying many species in the genera Heuchera and Tiarella.
She emigrated to the United States from Finland in 1906. Lakela received her doctorate in botany from the University of Minnesota in 1932. Lakela founded the herbarium at the University of Minnesota Duluth, which is named after her, and worked there until 1935. After her retirement from the University of Minnesota Duluth in 1958, she was the curator of the University of South Florida's herbarium from 1960 until her retirement there in 1973.

text:
# Olga Lakela

**Olga Korhoven Lakela** (March 11, 1890 – May 17, 1980) was a Finnish-American botanist and educator noted for identifying many species in the genera *Heuchera* and *Tiarella*. She emigrated to the United States from Finland in 1906. Lakela received her doctorate in botany from the University of Minnesota in 1932. Lakela founded the herbarium at the University of Minnesota Duluth, which is named after her, and worked there until 1935. After her retirement from the University of Minnesota Duluth in 1958, she was the curator of the University of South Florida's herbarium from 1960 until her retirement there in 1973.


title: Nasal dental click

abstract:
The dental nasal click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for a nasal dental click with a velar rear articulation is ⟩ or ⟩, commonly abbreviated to ⟩, ⟩ or ⟩; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some linguists is ⟩ or ⟩, abbreviated ⟩, ⟩ or ⟩. For a click with a uvular rear articulation, the equivalents are ⟩ and ⟩.
Sometimes the accompanying letter comes after the click letter, e.g. ⟩ or ⟩; this may be a simple orthographic choice, or it may imply a difference in the relative timing of the releases.

text:
# Nasal dental click

| Nasal dental uvular click | |
| --- | --- |
| ɴ͡ǀ   ɴ͡ʇ | |
| ᶰǀ   ᶰʇ | |

The **dental nasal click** is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for a nasal dental click with a velar rear articulation is ŋ͡ǀ or ŋ͜ǀ, commonly abbreviated to ŋǀ, ᵑǀ or ǀ̃; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some linguists is ŋ͡ʇ or ŋ͜ʇ, abbreviated ŋʇ, ᵑʇ or ʇ̃. For a click with a uvular rear articulation, the equivalents are ɴ͡ǀ, ɴ͜ǀ, ɴǀ, ᶰǀ and ɴ͡ʇ, ɴ͜ʇ, ɴʇ, ᶰʇ. Sometimes the accompanying letter comes after the click letter, e.g. ǀŋ or ǀᵑ; this may be a simple orthographic choice, or it may imply a difference in the relative timing of the releases.

## Features

Features of the dental nasal click:

* The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive (also known as velaric ingressive), which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than being moved by the glottis or the lungs/diaphragm. The release of the forward closure produces the "click" sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous pulmonic egressive airstream.
* Its place of articulation is dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively *apical* and *laminal*. Note that most stops and liquids described as dental are actually denti-alveolar.
* Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
* It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, in this case, in addition to through the mouth.
* It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

## Occurrence

Dental nasal clicks are found primarily in the various Khoisan language families of southern Africa and in some neighboring Bantu languages, such as Yeyi and Fwe.

| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hadza | *mi**nc**a* | \[miᵑǀa\] = \[miᵑʇa\] | 'to smack one's lips' |
| Khoekhoe | ***ǀn**am* | \[ᵑǀȁm̀\] = \[ᵑʇȁm̀\] | 'to love' |
| Zulu | *i**nc**wa**nc**wa* | \[iᵑǀwáːᵑǀwa\] = \[iᵑʇwáːᵑʇwa\] | 'sour corn meal' |

## Glottalized dental nasal click

| Glottalized
dental nasal velar click | |
| --- | --- |
| ǀ̃͡ʔ | |
| ᵑǀ͡ʔ
ᵑ̊ǀˀ | |
| ʇ̃ˀ | |
| ᵑʇˀ
ᵑ̊ʇˀ | |

All Khoisan languages, and a few Bantu languages, have glottalized nasal clicks. These are formed by closing the glottis so that the click is pronounced in silence; however, any preceding vowel will be nasalized.

| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hadza | *ta**cc**e* | \[taᵑǀˀe\] = \[taᵑʇˀe\] | 'rope' |
| Khoekhoe | ***ǀ**oro**ǀ**oro* | \[ᵑǀˀòɾőᵑǀˀòɾȍ\] = \[ᵑʇˀòɾőᵑʇˀòɾȍ\] | 'to wear s.t. out' |
| Naro | *Xgao**c’**õ* | \[ᵏǁχao̯ᵑǀˀõ\] = \[ᵏʖχao̯ᵑʇˀõ\] | (personal name) |
| Xhosa | *umcha**nkc**atho* | \[umᵏǀʰaᵑǀˀatʰo\] = \[umᵏʇʰaᵑʇˀatʰo\] | 'a bridge' |

## InfoBox

| Nasal dental velar click | |
| --- | --- |
| ŋ͡ǀ   ŋ͡ʇ | |
| ᵑǀ   ᵑʇ | |
| ǀ̃   ʇ̃ | |


title: Narcissus gaditanus

abstract: Narcissus gaditanus is a species of the genus Narcissus (daffodils) in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is classified in Section Juncifolii, and is native to the southern Iberian Peninsula.

text:
# Narcissus gaditanus

**Narcissus gaditanus** is a species of the genus *Narcissus* (daffodils) in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is classified in Section *Juncifolii*, and is native to the southern Iberian Peninsula.

## Etymology

The specific epithet, *gaditanus*, means "pertaining to Gades" (now Cadiz).

## InfoBox

| *Narcissus gaditanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
| Genus: | *Narcissus* |
| Species: | ***N. gaditanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Narcissus gaditanus***
Boiss. & Reut. | |
|
|  | |
| Distribution range | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Narcissus assoanus* subsp. *gaditanus* (Boiss. & Reut.) M.Salmon
*Narcissus juncifolius* subsp. *gaditanus* (Boiss. & Reut.) Baker
*Narcissus juncifolius* subsp. *minutiflorus* (Willk.) Baker
*Narcissus juncifolius* var. *gaditanus* (Boiss. & Reut.) Baker
*Narcissus minutiflorus* Willk.
*Narcissus pusillus* G.Don
*Queltia pusilla* Herb.
 | |


title: Or

abstract: Or or OR may refer to:

text:
# Or

**Or** or **OR** may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

### Film and television

### Music

* *Or* (album), a 2002 album by Golden Boy with Miss Kittin
* *O\*R*, the original title of Olivia Rodrigo's album *Sour*, 2021
* "Or", a song by Israeli singer Chen Aharoni in Kdam Eurovision 2011
* Or Records, a record label
* Organized Rhyme, a Canadian hip-hop group featuring Tom Green

## Businesses and organizations

## Language and linguistics

## Places

### Europe

### United States

### India

* Odisha formerly Orissa, a state of India

## Science, technology, and mathematics

### Computing and mathematics

### Other uses in science and technology

## Titles and ranks

* Official receiver, a statutory office holder in England and Wales
* Order of Roraima of Guyana, an award of the Republic of Guyana
* Other ranks, personnel who are not commissioned officers, usually including non-commissioned officers (NCOs), in militaries of many Commonwealth countries

## Other uses


title: Zambia at the Commonwealth Games

text:
# Zambia at the Commonwealth Games

Zambia have competed in fourteen Commonwealth Games, though the first appearance was in 1954 as Northern Rhodesia. Northern Rhodesia competed as part of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1962.

The country competed for the first time as Zambia in the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, and has participated in every Games since except for the 1986 Games.

Zambia has won 39 Commonwealth Games medals, including nine medals won in the 1954 and 1958 Games as Northern Rhodesia.

## Medals

| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1954 Vancouver | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| 1958 Cardiff | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1970 Edinburgh | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 1974 Christchurch | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 1978 Edmonton | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 1982 Brisbane | 0 | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| 1990 Auckland | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 1994 Victoria | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 1998 Kuala Lumpur | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2002 Manchester | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 2006 Melbourne | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 Delhi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2014 Glasgow | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 Gold Coast | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 Birmingham | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Totals (15 entries) | 5 | 13 | 24 | 42 |

* **^ Note a:**  Their participation was as Northern Rhodesia.

## InfoBox

| Zambia at the
Commonwealth Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| CGF code | ZAM |
| CGA | Commonwealth Games Association of Zambia |
| Website | nocz.org |
| Medals
Ranked 26th | Gold 5 Silver 13 Bronze 24 Total 42 |
| Commonwealth Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1962) | |


title: Vic (film)

abstract: Vic is a 2006 American short film drama. It is the directorial debut of Sage Stallone. The film stars Clu Gulager, Tom Gulager and Miriam Byrd-Nethery with cameos by Carol Lynley, John LaZar, and John Phillip Law. Stallone won the 2006 Boston Film Festival “Best New Filmmaker” award for the film. The film had its world premiere at the 2006 Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films, where the cast and filmmakers were in attendance.

text:
# Vic (film)

***Vic*** is a 2006 American short film drama. It is the directorial debut of Sage Stallone. The film stars Clu Gulager, Tom Gulager and Miriam Byrd-Nethery with cameos by Carol Lynley, John LaZar, and John Phillip Law. Stallone won the 2006 Boston Film Festival “Best New Filmmaker” award for the film. The film had its world premiere at the 2006 Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films, where the cast and filmmakers were in attendance.

## Premise

Clu Gulager plays a "down-on-his-luck" actor who gets a mysterious phone call. Haunted by memories of his former glory days, Vic struggles for a Hollywood comeback.

## Cast

## Production

The film was shot on location in Los Angeles, California. Cinematographer John Gulager, best known for being a participant in *Project Greenlight* and the director of the *Feast* films, used a 35mm Panavision camera and lenses shooting in the 1.85:1 aspect ratio. The 35 mm film was processed at Technicolor lab in Hollywood. The film's score was composed by Franco Micalizzi, famous for some of Italian cinema's most memorable scores of the 1970s and 1980s.

## InfoBox

| Vic | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sage Stallone |
| Screenplay by | Will Huston |
| Story by | Sage Stallone |
| Produced by | Sage Stallone
Will Huston
Diana Thomas |
| Starring | Clu Gulager
Carol Lynley
John Phillip Law
Gregory Sierra
Robert F. Lyons
Peter Mark Richman |
| Cinematography | John Gulager |
| Edited by | John Gulager
Bob Murawski
Paul Hart |
| Music by | Franco Micalizzi |
| Production
company | Moonblood Pictures |
| Distributed by | Grindhouse Releasing |
| Release date | * January 1, 2006 (2006-01-01) |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Off the Ropes

abstract: Off the Ropes was a professional wrestling television program for Kiwi Pro Wrestling (KPW). The show debuted on Prime TV in New Zealand on 15 November 2009.

text:
# Off the Ropes

***Off the Ropes*** was a professional wrestling television program for Kiwi Pro Wrestling (KPW). The show debuted on Prime TV in New Zealand on 15 November 2009.

## Show history

In October 2009, KPW announced the launch of a flagship TV show on its website and that the show was to be named *Off the Ropes*. Later that month, the commencement date and transmission time of the show were announced.

KPW management made the decision to name the show *Off the Ropes* so that the title format would be similar to Steve Rickard's famous New Zealand professional wrestling TV programme *On The Mat*, broadcast some 25 years earlier.

The show is significant in New Zealand professional wrestling history in that *Off the Ropes* is the first show featuring New Zealand professional wrestling show to be broadcast on a nationally available free-to-air television channel since *On The Mat* ceased transmission by South Pacific Pictures circa 1984.

*Off the Ropes* began transmission of its 13-episode first season on Sunday 15 November 2009.

## Show format

The show aired every Sunday at 1:30 pm – 2:00pm on Prime Television New Zealand, a free-to air national television network. Each episode was approximately 24 minutes in length (produced for a 30-minute time-slot) and featured usually two matches (two singles matches, or one singles match and one tag team match), wrestler interviews in the *Backstage Pass* segment hosted by KPW staff member Ilex Bell, and backstage vignettes that reveal more of the wrestlers' personality and motivations.

## On-air performers

### Champions

#### KPW Heavyweight Championship

| Wrestler | Defeated | Date | Place | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| H-Flame | Jonnie Juice | 21 July 2006 | Taitā, Lower Hutt | Eruption | Tournament final for the vacant championship |
| Inferno | H-Flame | 13 December 2009 | Wellington | *Off the Ropes* | Episode broadcast 13 Dec 2009 |
| Max Damage | Inferno | 31 January 2010 | Wellington | *Off the Ropes* | Episode broadcast 31 Jan 2010 |
| The Technician | Max Damage | 16 July 2010 | Wellington | Make Or Break |  |

#### KPW Tag Team Championship

| Team | Defeated | Date | Place | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| The Renegades (The Technician and Kade Morgan "3G") | Whetu and Jade Diamond | 8 May 2009 | Newtown, Wellington | Rise of the Champions | Tournament final for the vacant championship |

### Authority figures

### Referees

### Commentators

### Recurring segments

*Backstage Pass*, host by Ilex Bell

## Appearances in other media

*Off the Ropes* was previewed and promoted in the National Business Review on 25 September 2009, the Otago Daily Times on 6 October 2009 and also on 13 October 2009, the New Zealand TV Guide on 5 November 2009, the Truth on 13 November 2009, the Herald on 14 November 2009 and also on and 25 September 2009, the New Zealand Listener on 14 November 2009, The Sunday Star-Times on 15 November 2009 and the *Sunday News* on 15 November 2009.

*Off the Ropes* was also promoted on the New Zealand website Throng on 25 September 2009 and on 15 November 2009.

### Wrestlers' interviews

KPW mainstay H-Flame was also the subject of a cover story for the internationally distributed *Fire & Rescue*, the official New Zealand Fire service magazine, and was also featured in the Wanganui Chronicle on 6 November 2009, and the New Zealand Herald on 2 November 2009.

KPW wrestler the Technician was interviewed by the Waikato Times on 11 November 2009.

KPW wrestler Jade Diamond was interviewed by The Northern Advocate on 3 November 2009.

## InfoBox

| *Off the Ropes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | KPW |
| Starring | KPW wrestlers and staff |
| Country of origin | New Zealand |
| Production | |
| Running time | Approx. 28 mins per episode (plus commercials) |
| Original release | |
| Network | Prime TV |
| Release | 15 November 2009 (2009-11-15) |


title: Wilhelm Süss

abstract: Wilhelm Süss was a German mathematician. He was founder and first director of the Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics.

text:
# Wilhelm Süss

**Wilhelm Süss** (7 March 1895 – 21 May 1958) was a German mathematician. He was founder and first director of the Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics.

## Biography

He was born in Frankfurt, Germany, and died in Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany.

Süss earned a Ph.D. degree in 1922 from Goethe University Frankfurt, for a thesis written under the direction of Ludwig Bieberbach. In 1928, he took a lecturing position at the University of Greifswald, and in 1934 he became a Professor at the University of Freiburg.

Wilhelm Süss was a member of the Nazi Party and the National Socialist German Lecturers League; he joined Stahlhelm to avoid being automatically enrolled in Sturmabteilung but later he, with all Stahlhelm members, became members of Sturmabteilung. The extent to which he worked with Nazis or only cooperated as little as possible is a matter of debate among historians.

In 19361940, he was an editor of the journal *Deutsche Mathematik*.

## InfoBox

| Wilhelm Süss | |
| --- | --- |
| Wilhelm Süss, ca. 1954 | |
| Born | (1895-03-07)7 March 1895
Frankfurt, German Empire |
| Died | 21 May 1958(1958-05-21) (aged 63)
Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany |
| Education | Goethe University Frankfurt |
| Known for | Founder of the Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics |
| Spouse | Irmgard Deckert |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of Greifswald
University of Freiburg |
| Thesis | *Begründung der Inhaltslehre im Raum ohne Benutzung von Stetigkeitsaxiomen*  (1922) |
| Doctoral advisor | Ludwig Bieberbach |
|  | |


title: 1958 CFL season

abstract: The 1958 CFL season was the inaugural season of the Canadian Football League, although the season structure was essentially unchanged from the one established three years earlier when the league's founding unions had effectively barred amateur teams from competing for the Grey Cup. The Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Winnipeg Blue Bombers met again for Canadian football supremacy. The Blue Bombers turned the tables on the Tiger-Cats this time, winning their first Grey Cup since 1941.

text:
# 1958 CFL season

1000km
620miles Alouettes Rough Riders Argonauts Tiger-Cats Blue Bombers Roughriders Eskimos  Stampeders  Lions**Canadian Football League** team locations:  WIFU,  IRFU

The **1958 CFL season** was the inaugural season of the Canadian Football League, although the season structure was essentially unchanged from the one established three years earlier when the league's founding unions (the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union and the Western Interprovincial Football Union) had effectively barred amateur teams from competing for the Grey Cup.

The Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Winnipeg Blue Bombers met again for Canadian football supremacy. The Blue Bombers turned the tables on the Tiger-Cats this time, winning their first Grey Cup since 1941.

## League news

The Canadian Football Council (CFC) withdrew from the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) to become a separate entity. As a separate entity, the CFC decided to rename its league the Canadian Football League (CFL) on Sunday, January 19, at the Royal Alexandra Hotel in Winnipeg. The CRU deeded the Grey Cup to the newly-minted CFL, officially locking amateur teams out of Grey Cup play. However, the Grey Cup had been the *de facto* professional football championship of Canada since the Ontario Rugby Football Union withdrew from Grey Cup competition in 1954.

The Commissioner of the CFC, Winnipeg's G. Sydney Halter, QC, was reappointed as the first-ever CFL commissioner. The CFL officially opened its operations on Thursday, August 14, as 18,206 spectators watched the Winnipeg Blue Bombers defeat the Edmonton Eskimos 29–21 at Winnipeg. A regular season game was played in the United States, at Philadelphia's Municipal Stadium on September 14 as the Hamilton Tiger-Cats defeated the Ottawa Rough Riders by a score of 24–18.

## Regular season

### Final regular season standings

***Note:** GP = games played, W = wins, L = losses, T = ties, PF = points for, PA = points against, Pts = points*

**Western Interprovincial Football Union**
| Team | GP | W | L | T | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Winnipeg Blue Bombers** | 16 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 361 | 182 | 26 |
| **Edmonton Eskimos** | 16 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 312 | 292 | 19 |
| **Saskatchewan Roughriders** | 16 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 320 | 324 | 16 |
| Calgary Stampeders | 16 | 6 | 9 | 1 | 314 | 312 | 13 |
| BC Lions | 16 | 3 | 13 | 0 | 202 | 399 | 6 |

**Interprovincial Rugby Football Union**
| Team | GP | W | L | T | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Hamilton Tiger-Cats** | 14 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 291 | 235 | 21 |
| **Montreal Alouettes** | 14 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 265 | 269 | 15 |
| **Ottawa Rough Riders** | 14 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 233 | 243 | 12 |
| Toronto Argonauts | 14 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 266 | 308 | 8 |

* Bold text means a team clinched a playoff berth.
* *Winnipeg and Hamilton both received first-round byes.*

## Grey Cup playoffs

### Playoff bracket

|  | Division Semi-Finals | | |  |  | Division Finals | | |  |  | 46th Grey Cup | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | **E1** | **Hamilton Tiger-Cats** | **54**
(35+19) |  |  | | | | |
|  | East | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | |  |  | E2 | Ottawa Rough Riders | 14
(7+7) |  ||
|  | E2 | | | | | | Montreal Alouettes | 12 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | **E3** | **Ottawa Rough Riders** | **26** |  ||
|  | | | | |  | E1 | Hamilton Tiger-Cats | 28 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | **W1** | **Winnipeg Blue Bombers** | **35** |  |
|  |  | | | | | | | |  |  | | | | |
|  | |  | | | | | | |
|  | |  | | | |  |
|  | |  | **W1** | | **Winnipeg Blue Bombers** | **2**
(**30**,7,**23**) |  |
|  | | | | | | West | | |  |
|  | |  |  | W2 | Edmonton Eskimos | 1
(7,**30**,7) |  |
|  | | | | | | | **W2** | **Edmonton Eskimos** | **58**
(27+31) |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | W3 | Saskatchewan Roughriders | 12
(11+1) |  |

### Division Semi-Finals

Western Semi-Finals
| Edmonton Eskimos vs. Saskatchewan Roughriders | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Game | Date | Away | Home |
| 1 | November 8 | **Edmonton Eskimos 27** | Saskatchewan Roughriders 11 |
| 2 | November 11 | Saskatchewan Roughriders 1 | **Edmonton Eskimos 31** |

* *Edmonton won the total-point series 58–12.*

Eastern Semi-Final
| Ottawa Rough Riders @ Montreal Alouettes | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Date | Away | Home |
| November 12 | **Ottawa Rough Riders 26** | Montreal Alouettes 12 |

### Division Finals

Western Finals
| Winnipeg Blue Bombers vs. Edmonton Eskimos | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Game | Date | Away | Home |
| 1 | November 15 | **Winnipeg Blue Bombers 30** | Edmonton Eskimos 7 |
| 2 | November 19 | **Edmonton Eskimos 30** | Winnipeg Blue Bombers 7 |
| 3 | November 22 | Edmonton Eskimos 7 | **Winnipeg Blue Bombers 23** |

* *Winnipeg won the best-of-three series 2–1.*

Eastern Final
| Hamilton Tiger-Cats vs. Ottawa Rough Riders | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Date | Away | Home |
| November 20? | **Hamilton Tiger-Cats 35** | Ottawa Rough Riders 7 |
| November 23? | Ottawa Rough Riders 7 | **Hamilton Tiger-Cats 19** |

* *Hamilton won the total-point series 54–14.*

### Grey Cup Championship

| November 29, Empire Stadium, Vancouver, British Columbia | |
| --- | --- |
| WIFU Champion | IRFU Champion |
| **Winnipeg Blue Bombers 35** | Hamilton Tiger-Cats 28 |
| ***The Winnipeg Blue Bombers won the 46th Grey Cup Championship*** | |

* Note: Western Semi-Final dates are not confirmed; however, since (1) the regular season ended on November 1 in the West and on November 8 in the East, and (2) all other playoff dates are accurate, including the date of the Grey Cup game, it is reasonable to assume the above dates are correct.

## CFL Leaders

## 1958 Eastern All-Stars

### Offence

### Defence

## 1958 Western All-Stars

### Offence

### Defence

## 1958 CFL Awards

## 1958 Miss Grey Cup

* Miss Montreal Alouettes Joan Van Boven was named Miss Grey Cup 1958

## InfoBox

| 1958 CFL season | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | June – October, 1958 |
| East champions | Hamilton Tiger-Cats |
| West champions | Winnipeg Blue Bombers |
| 46th Grey Cup | |
| Date | November 29, 1958 |
| Venue | Empire Stadium, Vancouver |
| Champions | Winnipeg Blue Bombers |


title: Rhegmatophila alpina

abstract: Rhegmatophila alpina is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in the Southern Alps, the Balkans and Spain. The wingspan is 17–18 mm. The moth flies from May to September in two generations depending on the location. The larvae feed on Populus and Salix species.

text:
# Rhegmatophila alpina

***Rhegmatophila alpina*** is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in the Southern Alps, the Balkans and Spain.

The wingspan is 17–18 mm. The moth flies from May to September in two generations depending on the location.

The larvae feed on *Populus* and *Salix* species.

## Sources

* P.C.-Rougeot, P. Viette (1978). *Guide des papillons nocturnes d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord*. Delachaux et Niestlé (Lausanne).

## InfoBox

| *Rhegmatophila alpina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Notodontidae |
| Genus: | *Rhegmatophila* |
| Species: | ***R. alpina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhegmatophila alpina***<br>(Bellier, 1881) | |
|


title: Yusuf Widiyanto

abstract: Yusuf Widiyanto is an Indonesian wushu practitioner from Semarang, Central Java. He won gold at the 2015 World Wushu Championships and bronze at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta in the men's Sanda 56 kg category.

text:
# Yusuf Widiyanto

**Yusuf Widiyanto** (born 20 May 1994) is an Indonesian wushu practitioner from Semarang, Central Java. He won gold at the 2015 World Wushu Championships and bronze at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta in the men's Sanda 56 kg category.

## InfoBox

Yusuf Widiyanto
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Indonesian |
| Born | (1994-05-20) 20 May 1994<br>Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia |
| Sport | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Sport | Wushu |
| Medal record      Men's wushu sanda  Representing  Indonesia  World Championships  2015 Jakarta  56 kg  Asian Games  2018 Jakarta–Palembang  56 kg  Islamic Solidarity Games  2017 Baku  56 kg  SEA Games  2019 Philippines  56 kg | |


title: Order of Military Merit (South Korea)

abstract: The Order of Military Merit is the primary military decoration awarded by the South Korean government. It is awarded to a person who rendered "outstanding military services by participating in an action in time of war or in quasi-state of war or by performing his/her duty equivalent to combat, such as responding to the attack of an enemy in a contact area."

text:
# Order of Military Merit (South Korea)

| **Korean name** | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 무공훈장 |
| Hanja | 武功勳章 |
| Revised Romanization | *Mugong Hunjang* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Mugong Hunjang* |

The **Order of Military Merit** (Hangul: 무공훈장) is the primary military decoration awarded by the South Korean government.

It is awarded to a person who rendered "outstanding military services by participating in an action in time of war or in quasi-state of war or by performing his/her duty equivalent to combat, such as responding to the attack of an enemy in a contact area."

## History

On 18 October 1950, law about Order of Military Merit was enacted.

Original names are as follows:

* First Class Order of Military Merit,
* Second Class Order of Military Merit,
* Third Class Order of Military Merit,
* Fourth Class Order of Military Merit

On 19 August 1951, The names were changed as follows:

* Taegeuk Order of Military Merit,
* Eulji Order of Military Merit,
* Chungmu Order of Military Merit,
* Hwarang Order of Military Merit

On 14 December 1963, Inheon Order of Military Merit was added.

## Classes and Grades

The Order of Military Merit is awarded in five classes and each of these has three grades. In descending order of rank, the classes are: **Taegeuk** (태극), **Eulji** (을지), **Chungmu** (충무), **Hwarang** (화랑) and **Inheon** (인헌).

**Taegeuk** (태극), **Eulji** (을지), **Chungmu** (충무), **Hwarang** (화랑) had a first, second or third grade, denoted respectively by a gold star (금성), silver star (은성), or an unadorned ribbon (무성).

For example, Gold Star Taegeuk (금성태극), Silver Star Taegeuk (은성태극), or Unadorned Taegeuk. (무성태극)

Since 1964, there are only five classes authorized as below.

| Class | Name | Namesake | Ribbon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | **Taegeuk (태극)** | Taegeuk |  |
| 2nd | **Eulji (을지)** | Eulji Mundeok |  |
| 3rd | **Chungmu (충무)** | Yi Sun-sin |  |
| 4th | **Hwarang (화랑)** | Hwarang |  |
| 5th | **Inheon (인헌)** | Gang Gam-chan |  |

## Notable recipients

※ Date: Date is on the certificate document or on database is prior to date of conferment ceremony.
※ Rank: As of awarded date
indicates that the recipient was killed in action.

### Taegeuk

| Name | Service / Unit | Rank | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Douglas MacArthur | United States Army | General of the Army | 1950-09-29 |  |
| Paik Sun-yup | Republic of Korea Army | Major General | 1951-07-26 |  |
| | | General | 1953-04-05 |  |
| Kim Hong-il | Republic of Korea Army | Lieutenant General | 1951-07-26 |  |
| Sohn Won-yil | Republic of Korea Navy | Admiral | 1951-10-30 |  |
| | | | 1953-04-05 |  |
| Horace Robertson | Australian Army | Lieutenant General | 1951-11-07 |  |
| James Van Fleet | United States Army | Lieutenant General | 1951-11-27 |  |
| Matthew Ridgway | United States Army | Lieutenant General | 1952-05-09 |  |
| Raoul Magrin-Vernerey | French Army | Lieutenant General
(acting Lieutenant colonel) | 1952-11-04 |  |
| Kim Jong-oh | Republic of Korea Army | Major General | 1952-12-26 |  |
| Lee Hyung-geun | Republic of Korea Army | Lieutenant General | 1952-12-30 |
| | | | 1953-05-18 |  |
| Im Chung-sik | Republic of Korea Army | Brigadier General | 1953-05-20 |  |
| Song Yo-chan | Republic of Korea Army | Major General | 1953-06-05 |  |
| William F. Dean | United States Army | Major General | 1953-09-04 |  |
| Mark W. Clark | United States Army | General | 1953-09-07 |  |
| Kim Man-sool | Republic of Korea Army | Second Lieutenant | 1954-07-06 |  |
| Homer Litzenberg | United States Marine Corps | Major General | 1957-10-23 |  |
| Frank F. Everest | United States Air Force | General | ? |  |
| Cornelius E. Ryan | United States Army | Major General | ? |  |
| Kang Jae-gu | Republic of Korea Army | Captain | 1966-05-12 |  |
| William Westmoreland | United States Army | General | 1966-09-06 |  |
| Chae Myung-shin | Republic of Korea Army | Lieutenant General | 1967-05-20 |  |
| Charles Smith | United States Army | Brigadier General | 1975-07-04 |  |
| Young-Oak Kim | United States Army | Colonel | 2006-02-03 |  |
| Edward Rowny | United States Army | Lieutenant General | 2014-07-27 |  |
| William Speakman | British Army | Sergeant | 2015-07-27 |  |
| Thomas J. Hudner Jr. | United States Navy | Captain | 2015-07-27 |  |
| Hector A. Cafferata Jr. | United States Marine Corps | Private First Class | 2015-07-27 |  |
| Maximo Young | Philippine Army,
PEFTOK | Major | 2016-07-27 |  |
| Conrado Yap | Philippine Army,
PEFTOK | Captain | 2018-07-27 |  |
| Emil Kapaun | United States Army | Captain | 2021-07-27 |  |
| Ralph Puckett Jr. | United States Army | Colonel | 2023-04-25 |  |
| Royce Williams | United States Navy | Captain | 2023-04-25 |  |
| Baldomero López | United States Marine Corps | First lieutenant | 2023-04-25 |  |
|

### Eulji

| Name | Service / Unit | Rank | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Walton Walker | United States Army | Lieutenant General | 1950-12-19 |  |
| | | General | 1953-01-03 |  |
| Edward Almond | United States Army | Major General | 1950-12-25 |  |
| | | Lieutenant General | 1953-01-03 |
| Kim Suk-won | Republic of Korea Army | Brigadier General | 1950-12-30 |  |
| Oliver P. Smith | United States Marine Corps | Major General | 1951-04-26 |  |
| | | | 1953-01-03 |
| Dean Hess | United States Air Force | Lieutenant Colonel | 1951-05-29 |  |
| Chae Byong-duk | Republic of Korea Army | Lieutenant General | 1952-05-20 |  |
| Alberto Ruiz Novoa | National Army of Colombia | Lieutenant Colonel | 1953-06-24 |  |
| Edwin A. Doss | United States Air Force | Colonel | 1954-01-29 |  |
| Kim Shin | Republic of Korea Air Force | Brigadier General | 1954-10-01 |  |
| William Westmoreland | United States Army | Brigadier General | 1954-11-05 |  |
| Praphas Charusathien | Royal Thai Army | Major General | 1955 |  |
| William Hamilton Shaw | United States Navy | Captain | 1956-09-22 |  |
| Homer Litzenberg | United States Marine Corps | Major General | 1957-11-19 |  |
| Thomas H. Hewlett | United States Army Medical Corps | Colonel | 1961-07-31 |  |
| Cornelius E. Ryan | United States Army | Major General | ? |  |
| Chesty Puller | United States Marine Corps | Lieutenant General | ? |  |
| William P. Yarborough | United States Army | Lieutenant General | 1969-07-24 |  |
| Charles Hercules Green | Australian Army | Lieutenant Colonel | 2019-07-27 |  |
|

### Chungmu

| Name | Service / Unit | Rank | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lee Dae-yong | Republic of Korea Army | Captain | 1950-12-30 |  |
| | | Military attaché | 1972-04-10 |  |
| Han Moo-hyup | Republic of Korea Army | ? | 1951-10-04 |  |
| | | ? | 1953-09-21 |  |
| | | Major General | 1969-02-18 |  |
| A. G. Rangaraj | Indian Army,
60th Parachute Field Ambulance | Lieutenant Colonel | 1951-08-21 |  |
| | | | 1951-11-30 |
| James McDivitt | United States Air Force | Brigadier General | ? |  |
| Clayton O. Totman | United States Marine Corps | Brigadier General | ? |  |
| Denis Earp SSA SD SM SOE | South African Air Force | Lieutenant General | 1961-06-30 |  |
| Elmo Zumwalt | United States Navy | Admiral | 1969-04-25 |  |
|

### Hwarang

| Name | Service / Unit | Rank | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Walter C. Monegan Jr. | United States Marine Corps | Private First Class | 1954-04-12 |  |
| Hugh M. Elwood | United States Marine Corps | Lieutenant general | ? |  |
| Jack T. Bishoff | United States Navy | Captain | ? |  |
| William Geftman | United States Marine Corps | Lieutenant Colonel | ? |  |
| Wilbur F. Simlik | United States Marine Corps | Major General | 1970-04-10 |  |
| Phan Hòa Hiệp | Army of the Republic of Vietnam | Colonel | 1971-01-29 |  |
|

### Inheon

| Name | Service / Unit | Rank | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ji Man-won | Republic of Korea Army | Captain | 1970-11-13 |  |
| Yoon Jang-ho | Republic of Korea Army | Staff Sergeant | 2007-03-01 |  |
|

* Orders, decorations, and medals of South Korea
* "Official Database of Awards". Government of South Korea.

1. Awards and Decorations Act (11690). March 23, 2013.(in English and Korean) *Korea Legislation Research Institute.* Retrieved 2018-02-15.
2. "Orders of Military Merit of the Republic of Korea 1948-196" (PDF). Retrieved 5 April 2023.
3. "훈장과 포장" \[Orders and Medals\]. *Decorations of the Republic of Korea* (in Korean). Ministry of Interior and Safety. 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
4. National Archives of Korea. "이승만 대통령 유엔군최고사령관 맥아더 장군에게 태극무공훈장 수여" \[President Syngman Rhee awarded the Taegeuk Order of Military Merit to General MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the UN Forces\] (in Korean).
5. 姜在求少領(강재구소령)에 太極武功(태극무공)훈장추서
6. 太極武功勲章(태극무공훈장)수여
7. "Republic of South Korea Awards Four U.S. Veterans Its Nation's Highest Military Award: The Order of Military Merit, Taeguk - Post Eagle Newspaper".
8. "Republic of South Korea Awards Four U.S. Veterans Its Nation's Highest Military Award: The Order of Military Merit, Taeguk - Post Eagle Newspaper".
9. "Moon awards medals to two UN Forces veterans for war service". *Korea JoongAng Daily*. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
10. "Retired Navy Capt Royce Williams shares declassified heroic story". Retrieved 29 April 2023.
11. "워커 中將表彰(중장표창)" \[Lieutenant General Walker Commendation\] (in Korean). 20 December 1950.
12. "2023년 3월의 6‧25전쟁영웅 - 알베르토 루이즈 노보아 콜롬비아 육군 중령 2023년 3월의 6‧25전쟁영웅 - 알베르토 루이즈 노보아 콜롬비아 육군 중령" \[Heroes of the Korean War in March 2023 - Lieutenant Colonel Alberto Luiz Novoa, Army of Colombia Korean War Heroes of March 2023 - Lieutenant Colonel Alberto Ruiz Novoa, Army of Colombia\] (in Korean).
13. "야보로 중장에 훈장" \[Medal for Lieutenant General Yarborough\] (in Korean).
14. 動亂(동란)의 숨은 證言(증언) 異域(이역)서散華(산화)한 碧眼(벽안)의英雄(영웅)「모니간」1兵(병)

## InfoBox

| Order of Military Merit
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded by  South Korea | |
| Type | Order of merit |
| Awarded for | *Outstanding military services by participating in an action in time of war or in quasi-state of war or by performing his/her duty equivalent to combat, such as responding to the attack of an enemy in a contact area.* |
| Status | Active |
| Grades | * Taegeuk * Eulji * Chungmu * Hwarang * Inheon  Gold and Silver stars |
| Former grades | * First Class Order of Military Merit, * Second Class Order of Military Merit, * Third Class Order of Military Merit, * Fourth Class Order of Military Merit |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Grand Order of Mugunghwa |
| Related |  |
|

 | |


title: Oread Limestone

abstract: The Oread Limestone is a geologic unit of formation rank within the Shawnee Group throughout much of its extent. It is exposed in Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Iowa. The type locality is Mount Oread within Lawrence, Kansas. It preserves fossils of the Carboniferous period. Although it has significant shale members, its limestone members are resistant and form escarpments and ridges. Limestone from the unit is a historic building material in Kansas, particularly in the early buildings of the University of Kansas; standing examples include Spooner Hall and Dyche Hall.

text:
# Oread Limestone

The **Oread Limestone** is a geologic unit of formation rank within the Shawnee Group throughout much of its extent. It is exposed in Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Iowa. The type locality is Mount Oread within Lawrence, Kansas. It preserves fossils of the Carboniferous period. Although it has significant shale members, its limestone members are resistant and form escarpments and ridges. Limestone from the unit is a historic building material in Kansas, particularly in the early buildings of the University of Kansas; standing examples include Spooner Hall and Dyche Hall.

## InfoBox

| Oread Limestone | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: (Virgilian stage) | |
| Natural History Museum, Dyche Hall, University of Kansas, built with Oread Limestone | |
| Type | Formation |
| Location | |
| Region | Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Oklahoma, Iowa |
| Country | United States |


title: Orealla

abstract: Orealla is an Indigenous community in the East Berbice-Corentyne Region of Guyana, on the Courantyne River, approximately 33 miles (53 km) south of Crabwood Creek and 11 miles (18 km) north of Epira, located at 5°17′50″N 57°20′50″W, altitude 11 metres. 15 miles (24 km) south-east on the other side of the Courantyne River lies the Surinamese village of Apoera. Orealla is an indigenous village. The village can only be reached by boat or plane. The population is mainly active in subsistence agriculture and logging. Orealla has a contract with the Barama Company, a logging company. Small ocean-going vessels are able to navigate the Courantyne River for about 70 km, to the first rapids at Orealla.

text:
# Orealla

**Orealla** (or **Orealla Mission**) is an Indigenous community in the East Berbice-Corentyne Region of Guyana, on the Courantyne River, approximately 33 miles (53 km) south of Crabwood Creek and 11 miles (18 km) north of Epira, located at 5°17′50″N 57°20′50″W / 5.29722°N 57.34722°W / 5.29722; -57.34722, altitude 11 metres. 15 miles (24 km) south-east on the other side of the Courantyne River lies the Surinamese village of Apoera. Orealla is an indigenous village.

The village can only be reached by boat or plane. The population is mainly active in subsistence agriculture and logging.

Orealla has a contract with the Barama Company, a logging company.

Small ocean-going vessels are able to navigate the Courantyne River for about 70 km, to the first rapids at Orealla.

## Cultural references

Guyanese novelist Roy Heath wrote a 1984 novel entitled *Orealla*, featuring a Macusi Indian from the village. Clark Accord wrote the novel *Between Apoera and Oreala*, which was published in 2005.

1. "Govt has led mammoth projects for indigenous peoples – Orealla Toshao". *Department of Public Information*. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
2. "2012 Population by Village". *Statistics Guyana*. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
3. "Indigenous villages". *Ministry of Indigenous Peoples’ Affairs*. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
4. Yahya, Nafeeza (16 September 2018). "The beauty of Orealla". *Guyana Chronicle*. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
5. "Orealla, a developing village, on the move". *Guyana Chronicle*. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
6. "Guyana Adventures". *Caribbean Outdoor Life*. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
7. Arnold, Josephine V. (1992). "Guyanese identities". In Arnold, A. James (ed.). *A History of Literature in the Caribbean: Volume 2*. p. 103. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
8. "Biografie". *Clark Accord Foundation* (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 August 2020.

## InfoBox

| Orealla | |
| --- | --- |
| OreallaLocation in Guyana | |
| Coordinates: 5°17′50″N 57°20′50″W / 5.29722°N 57.34722°W / 5.29722; -57.34722 | |
| Country | Guyana |
| Region | East Berbice-Corentyne |
| Government | |
| Toshao | Carl Peneux (2019) |
| Elevation | 36 ft (11 m) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 981 |


title: Order-8 pentagonal tiling

abstract: In geometry, the order-8 pentagonal tiling is a regular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of {5,8}.

text:
# Order-8 pentagonal tiling

| Order-8 pentagonal tiling | |
| --- | --- |
|
Poincaré disk model of the hyperbolic plane | |
| Type | Hyperbolic regular tiling |
| Vertex configuration | 58 |
| Schläfli symbol | {5,8} |
| Wythoff symbol | 8 h 5 2 |
| Coxeter diagram |  |
| Symmetry group | \[8,5\], (\*852) |
| Dual | Order-5 octagonal tiling |
| Properties | Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive, face-transitive |

In geometry, the **order-8 pentagonal tiling** is a regular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of {5,8}.

| Regular tilings: {n,8} | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Spherical | Hyperbolic tilings | | | | | | | |
|
{2,8}
 |
{3,8}
 |
{4,8}
 |
{5,8}
 |
{6,8}
 |
{7,8}
 |
{8,8}
 | ... |
{,8}
 |

This tiling is topologically related as a part of sequence of regular polyhedra and tilings with vertex figure (5n).

| Finite | Compact hyperbolic | | | | | Paracompact |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
{5,3}
 |
{5,4}
 |
{5,5}
 |
{5,6}
 |
{5,7}
 |
{5,8}...
 |
{5,}
 |

* John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, *The Symmetries of Things* 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 19, The Hyperbolic Archimedean Tessellations)
* "Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space". *The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays*. Dover Publications. 1999. ISBN 0-486-40919-8. LCCN 99035678.