title: Mine planter

abstract: Mine planter and the earlier "torpedo planter" was a term used for mine warfare ships into the early days of World War I. In later terminology, particularly in the United States, a mine planter was a ship specifically designed to install controlled mines or contact mines in coastal fortifications. This type of ship diverged in both function and design from a ship operating as a naval minelayer. Though the vessel may be seagoing it is not designed to lay large numbers of mines in open sea. A mine planter was designed to place controlled minefields in exact locations so that they might be fired individually or as a group from shore when observers noted a target to be at or near a designated mine's position. The terms and types of specialized ship existed from the 1860s where "torpedoes" were made famous in the American Civil War until the demise of large, fixed coastal fortifications brought on by the changes of World War II.

text:
# Mine planter

**Mine planter** and the earlier "torpedo planter" was a term used for mine warfare ships into the early days of World War I. In later terminology, particularly in the United States, a mine planter was a ship specifically designed to install controlled mines or contact mines in coastal fortifications. This type of ship diverged in both function and design from a ship operating as a naval minelayer. Though the vessel may be seagoing it is not designed to lay large numbers of mines in open sea. A mine planter was designed to place controlled minefields in exact locations so that they might be fired individually or as a group from shore when observers noted a target to be at or near a designated mine's position. The terms and types of specialized ship existed from the 1860s where "torpedoes" were made famous in the American Civil War until the demise of large, fixed coastal fortifications brought on by the changes of World War II.

## History and terminology

The earliest naval mines were the "torpedoes" associated with harbor defenses. Thus the vessels required to place the torpedoes were termed *torpedo planters* with the equipment evolving with the mines. For example, in the record of the Sixtieth Congress of 1908 there is mention of "procurement of one torpedo planter and two launches for the Hawaiian Islands" in connection with submarine mines in Hawaiian Island defenses. In the United States and some other countries there was a coastal defense "torpedo service" that required vessels capable of placing the devices and associated firing cables as early as the late 19th century. By 1904 the first vessels specifically designed for this work were under construction in the United States. These were to emplace the controlled minefields that were a major part of the Endicott program that was the origin of the Coast Artillery Corps.

The outbreak of naval warfare in World War I saw extensive use of sea mines. The first naval ships destined to be minelayers were first termed mine planters as seen in Navy ship references. The term appears to be used interchangeably in naval usage during that period. For example, in an address to the U.S. Navy ships of Mine Squadron One at Portland, England Admiral Sims used the term "mine layer" while the introduction speaks of the men assembled from the "mine planters". As the distinct difference between "planting" individual mines and "laying" mine barrages by dropping large numbers of mines at sea emerged the term minelayer began to apply to the naval vessels engaged and built for this type of operation.

In the coastal defense system the usage of mine planter was continued. In the United States 1918 saw the creation of the U. S. Army Mine Planter Service (USAMPS). The designation of mine planter was continued for the largest specialized ships of that service until the effective end of the service in the closing years of World War II. During that time the formal usage of Mine Planter was applied to the ships and their names were prefixed by U.S. Army Mine Planter (USAMP). The USAMPS was formally ended in 1954 by Congress in the Warrant Officer Personnel Act some five years after its vessels had been dispersed.

### Design and function

The earliest U.S. vessels involved in the work were not specially designed for the purpose. Vessels capable of handling heavy loads over the side were drafted into the function. Some were small tugs and other commercial types. The ship required suitable rigging to lift the mines and anchors along with associated cables over the side for planting. Adequate deck space was also required for safe work and to carry the mines. Stability was also a factor as some of the small vessels had shown themselves to be less than stable with such loads. By the early days of the 20th century the Army's experience with some of these vessels indicated a need for a design specifically adapted to the work. By 1904 the first of these ships were under construction.

### Collateral duties

The planters and associated vessels performed a number of duties beyond tending the minefields. Target towing was a specific task assigned to the vessels. They also served as observation platforms during demonstration or exercise firing of either the fortification guns or mines. In the later, cable capable vessels, they laid telephone and other communication cables within the coastal fortification systems. During Army's summer camp for Army Reserve, National Guard and ROTC or occasional official visits they served as cruise vessels for tours and occasional entertainment. The ships were assigned transportation duty as required and when available to support Coast Artillery missions.

## Obsoletion

The entire concept of massive fixed fortifications was shown to be obsolete in the early days of World War II. By the end of the war the Coast Artillery Corps mission was already shifting to air defense and coast fortifications were being stripped. The Mine Planter Service ships appear to be engaged more in their collateral duties than working the minefields.

### Mine Planter Disposition

One of the M 1 (1942–43) ships, *General Samuel M. Mills* of 1942, was retained by the Army and assigned to other missions while another was sold directly to commercial interests and became a fishing vessel.

#### U.S. Navy

By early 1944 most of the 1942–43 ships were being transferred to the U.S. Navy to be converted into a class termed the Auxiliary Minelayer (ACM/MMA) with some of those vessels already working in the European Theater or headed to Japan when the war ended.

#### U.S. Coast Guard

Mine planters were designed to handle heavy mines over the side, rather than dropping mines astern from racks or rails as is usual in naval minelayers. As a result, many of these vessels had particular applicability to the U.S. Coast Guard buoy tending role. A number of the pre-World War II ships became the Coast Guard *Speedwell* class through the U.S. Lighthouse Service (USLHS) after a 1920 reduction in the Army. Several became small cable ships. A number of the World War II-constructed vessels followed their predecessors of the USLHS/USCG in going from Navy to the Coast Guard as postwar buoy tenders.

## U.S. Army mine planters

### Mine planters & associated ships 1904–1909

The first specialized Army mine planters were built in 1904, with a second group in 1909. These were to emplace and maintain the controlled minefields that were a major part of the Endicott program that was the origin of the Coast Artillery Corps. These ships were designed to plant mines but lacked full, specialized capability to lay and maintain the minefield control cables. Some of these ships are noted in official documents as "torpedo planters", showing the evolution of terminology. Ships under Signal Corps direction assisted. One of the ships, *Joseph Henry*, was taken into the Coast Artillery Corps for that purpose.

* *Col. George Armistead*
* *Col. Henry J. Hunt*
* *Gen. Henry Knox*
* *Maj. Samuel Ringgold*
* *Gen. Royal T. Frank* (Became Army small transport serving in Hawaii, sunk by Japanese submarine *I-71* on 28 January 1942)
* *Gen. Samuel M. Mills* (transferred to U.S. Coast Guard on 29 April 1922, named USCGC *Pequot* (WARC-58) on 1 May 1922, served as a cable ship until decommissioned on 5 December 1946)
* *Gen. E. O. C. Ord*
* *Gen. John M. Schofield*

Cable ships *Cyrus W. Field* and *Joseph Henry* were associated with mine cable work and next generation mine planter development that incorporated cable capability into the new ships. *Joseph Henry* was taken into the Mine Planter Service. *Cyrus W. Field* appears listed only in association with mine cable work and with the mine planters in archival records.

* *Joseph Henry* (Became Greek cable ship *Thalis o Milisios*, now at the Maritime Museum at Faliro, Athens)
* *Cyrus W. Field* (Remained with Signal Corps doing mine and other cable work.)

### Mine planters 1917–1919

A year after the 1918 establishment of the Mine Planter Service the next generation of vessels specifically designed to plant and maintain the mines and cables comprising the mine battery of the harbor defense commands was added to the fleet. A year later, 1920, saw a major reduction in the Army and the transfer of six of these new ships to the U.S. Lighthouse Service. The former mine planters were converted to lighthouse tenders and buoy tenders. The Lighthouse Service was merged into the U.S. Coast Guard in 1939, and the former mine planters were transferred accordingly.

* *Gen. William M. Graham*
* *Col. George F. E. Harrison*
* *Gen. Absalom Baird*
* *Gen. J. Franklin Bell* / *Brig. Gen. John J. Hayden*
* *Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby* (*Ilex,* (WAGL-222)\])
* *Gen. Wallace F. Randolph* ( *Lupine* (WAGL-230))
* *Gen. John P. Story* (*Acacia* (WAGL-200))
* *Col. Albert Todd* (*Lotus* (WAGL-229))
* *Col. Garland N. Whistler* (*Spruce* (WAGL-246))
* *Col. John V. White* (*Speedwell* (WAGL-245))

### Mine planter 1937

* *Lt. Col. Ellery W. Niles* (Became Army Signal Corps cable ship, then RV *F.V. Hunt* and finally sunk as reef as *Cayman Salvage Master*)

Only one ship of this class was built. She was the first fully capable cable ship and mine planter with diesel electric power. The USAMP *Ellery W. Niles*, captioned in a photo as "The last word in mine planters" and a major change into a more modern and capable form. After a tour of the East Coast *Ellery W. Niles* went on to serve on the West Coast based in San Francisco.

### Mine planters 1942–1943

The requirement for more ships capable of planting the mines and installing and maintaining the control and communications cables of the coastal fortifications was underway on the entry of the United States into WW II. Sixteen new vessels were planned or started by that time at the Marietta Manufacturing yard at Point Pleasant, West Virginia. Those ships were delivered to the Mine Planter Service during 1942 and 1943, designated the M 1 Mine Planter and given MP numbers.

* USAMP *General Henry Knox* (MP-1) (USS *Picket* (ACM-8) then USCGC *Willow* (WAGL / WLB-332))
* USAMP *Colonel Henry J. Hunt* (MP-2) (USS *Bastion* (ACM 6) then USCGC *Jonquil* (WAGL / WLB-330))
* USAMP *Colonel George Armistead* (MP-3) (USS *Barbican* (ACM-5) then USCGC *Ivy* (WLB-329/WAGL-329))
* *Gen. Samuel M. Mills* (MP-4) ("remained in Army service into the 1950s; became Liberian *Gran Canaria* until scrapped in 1975")
* USAMP *1st Lt. William G. Sylvester* (MP-5) (USS *Obstructor* (ACM-7) then USCGC *Heather* (WABL/WLB-331))
* *Brig. Gen. Henry L. Abbott* (MP-6) ("became American fishing vessel *Neptune*; foundered in 1975")
* USAMP *Major General Wallace F. Randolph* (MP-7) (*Nausett* (MMA 15))
* USAMP *Colonel John Storey* (MP-8) (USS *Barricade* (ACM-3) then USCGC *Magnolia* (WAGL/WLB-328))
* *Maj. Gen. Arthur Murray* (MP-9) (USS *Trapper* (ACM-9) then USS *Yamacraw* (ARC-5) then USCGC *Yamacraw* (WARC-333)
* *Maj. Gen. Erasmus Weaver* (MP-10) (USS *Canonicus* (ACM-12/MMA 12))
* *Maj. Samuel Ringgold* (MP-11) (*Monadnock* (ACM-14/MMA 14) not commissioned)
* *Brig. Gen. Royal T. Frank* (MP-12) (*Camanche* (ACM-11/MMA 11))
* *Col. Alfred A. Maybach* (MP-13) (*Puritan* (ACM-16 / MMA 16))
* *Col. Horace F. Spurgin* (MP-14) (USS *Miantonomah* (ACM-13 / MMA 13))
* *Col. Charles W. Bundy* (MP-15) (USS *Chimo* (ACM 1))
* *Col. George Ricker* (MP-16) (USS *Planter* (ACM 2))

### Other Army mine vessels

The mine planting process required assistance by other, smaller vessels. Some, almost as capable as the planters, were termed Junior Mine Planter. The Junior Mine Planters were often commercial designs, with a number converted or specially built during the war. In 1919 there were over 30 Junior Mine Planters. They occasionally show up as "Mine Planter" with the "Junior" dropped. One, *General Richard Arnold*, a 1909 tug, sank in the process of rescuing another mine vessel. A specialized vessel, the Distribution Box Boat (DB Boat), was designed to install and maintain the distribution boxes from which individual cables branched to each mine in a mine group. A number of the later Distribution Box Boats ended up in the Navy, often becoming known simply as "Box Boats" or "Box L" boats working as small service vessels or still working in harbor defense. Mine Yawls and other small craft assisted in both mine work and all the other duties of small vessels within the harbor defenses, in which individual forts or batteries were often separated by large bodies of water.

## Mine planting vessels of other nations

Other nations using precisely placed, cable connected mines in controlled mine fields for coastal defense required vessels similar in function. The 1945 *Mine Disposal Handbook* shows controlled mines being in the inventory for the United States, Britain, Germany, Italy and Japan. Examples of analogous vessels include the Royal Navy's *Linnet*-class and *M*-class *Indicator Loop Mine Layers*, as well as Japan's larger *Hashima*-class cable layers that were also designed for mine planting.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox


title: Rikken Kaishintō

abstract: Rikken Kaishintō The Rikken Kaishintō was a political party in Empire of Japan. It was also known as simply the Kaishintō. The Kaishintō was founded by Ōkuma Shigenobu on 16 April 1882, with the assistance of Yano Ryūsuke, Inukai Tsuyoshi and Ozaki Yukio. It received financial backing by the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, and had strong support from the Japanese press, and urban intellectuals. The Kaishintō pursued a moderate approach, calling for a British-style constitutional monarchy within the framework of a parliamentary democracy. In a speech Ōkuma gave at the inauguration of the party, he emphasized the symbolic role of the monarch in the type of government he envisioned. He also argued that those extremists who supported having the emperor directly involved in political decision-making were in fact endangering the very existence of the Imperial institution. In the first General Election of 1890, the Kaishintō won 46 seats to the Lower House of the Diet of Japan thus becoming the second largest party after the Liberal Party (Jiyūtō). Afterwards, the Kaishintō adopted an increasingly nationalistic foreign policy, and in March 1896 merged with several smaller nationalist parties to form the Shimpotō.

text:
# Rikken Kaishintō

The **Rikken Kaishintō** (立憲改進党, Constitutional Reform Party) was a political party in Empire of Japan. It was also known as simply the **Kaishintō**.

The Kaishintō was founded by Ōkuma Shigenobu on 16 April 1882, with the assistance of Yano Ryūsuke, Inukai Tsuyoshi and Ozaki Yukio. It received financial backing by the Mitsubishi *zaibatsu,* and had strong support from the Japanese press, and urban intellectuals.

The *Kaishintō* pursued a moderate approach, calling for a British-style constitutional monarchy within the framework of a parliamentary democracy. In a speech Ōkuma gave at the inauguration of the party, he emphasized the symbolic role of the monarch in the type of government he envisioned. He also argued that those extremists who supported having the emperor directly involved in political decision-making were in fact endangering the very existence of the Imperial institution.

In the first General Election of 1890, the *Kaishintō* won 46 seats to the Lower House of the Diet of Japan thus becoming the second largest party after the Liberal Party (Jiyūtō).

Afterwards, the *Kaishintō* adopted an increasingly nationalistic foreign policy, and in March 1896 merged with several smaller nationalist parties to form the *Shimpotō.*

## Election results

| Election | Leader | Seats | +/- | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | Ōkuma Shigenobu | 41 / 300 | *new* | Governing coalition |
| 1892 | | 38 / 300 | 3 | Governing coalition |
| March 1894 | | 60 / 300 | 22 | Governing coalition |
| September 1894 | | 49 / 300 | 11 | Opposition |

* Jansen, Marius B. (2000). *The Making of Modern Japan.* Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
* Keene, Donald. (2002). *Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912.* New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
* Sims, Richard L. (2001). *Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780312239145; ISBN 9780312239152; OCLC 45172740

## InfoBox

| Rikken Kaishintō 立憲改進党 | |
| --- | --- |
| Leader | Ōkuma Shigenobu |
| Founded | April 16, 1882 (1882-04-16) |
| Dissolved | March 1, 1896 (1896-03-01) |
| Merged into | Shimpotō |
| Headquarters | Tokyo |
|  | |


title: Paul Merton in Europe

abstract: Paul Merton in Europe is a six-part television series airing on Channel 5 from 11 January 2010 onwards. The series is a follow-up to Paul Merton in India. It follows presenter Paul Merton as he travels around several countries in Europe including Germany, Ireland, Italy, France and Spain. The series was released on DVD on 8 March 2010.

text:
# Paul Merton in Europe

***Paul Merton in Europe*** is a six-part television series airing on Channel 5 from 11 January 2010 onwards. The series is a follow-up to *Paul Merton in India*. It follows presenter Paul Merton as he travels around several countries in Europe including Germany, Ireland, Italy, France and Spain. The series was released on DVD on 8 March 2010.

## Episode list

| Episode No. | Airdate | Location |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 11 January 2010 | Germany |
| 2 | 18 January 2010 | Germany and Ireland |
| 3 | 25 January 2010 | Ireland |
| 4 | 1 February 2010 | Italy |
| 5 | 8 February 2010 | France |
| 6 | 15 February 2010 | Spain |

## InfoBox

| *Paul Merton in Europe* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Presented by | Paul Merton |
| Narrated by | Paul Merton |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 6 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Paul Sommers |
| Producer | John Hodgson |
| Production location | Europe |
| Running time | 60 minutes (inc. adverts) |
| Production company | Tiger Aspect Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | Channel 5 |
| Release | 11 January (2010-01-11) <br>15 February 2010 (2010-02-15) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Rhodesia Railways 16A class

abstract: The Rhodesia Railways 16A class, later Zambia Railways and National Railways of Zimbabwe 16A classes.

text:
# Rhodesia Railways 16A class

The **Rhodesia Railways 16A class**, later Zambia Railways and National Railways of Zimbabwe 16A classes.

## Design

The 16A class were, as might be excepted, a modernised version of the older 16th class. The design was thoroughly revised throughout and externally was notable for the "streamlined" tanks and bunkers, while the cab was widened to maximum possible below waistrail, with inwardly sloping panels above. Internally they had long travel, long lap, valve gear, roller bearings on pony truck axles, separate boxes on most, and higher boiler pressure. This latter gave them a tractive effort equal to the former 18th class, to which they were mechanically vastly superior.

## Service

## Rebuilding

In 1978 Rhodesia Railways began to rebuild its steam locomotive fleet. Between 1980 and 1983 the remaining Garratt locomotives were completely overhauled and had some modernisation, including the installation of roller bearings. The work was undertaken by private companies, especially the RESSCO works in Bulawayo.

| First Number | Beyer Peacock Builder Number | Date Built | \********* | Date rebuilt | Second Number | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 620 | 7498 | 1952 |  |  |  |  |
| 621 | 7499 | 1952 |  |  |  |  |
| 622 | 7500 | 1952 |  |  |  |  |
| 623 | 7501 | 1952 |  |  |  |  |
| 624 | 7502 | 1952 |  |  |  |  |
| 625 | 7503 | 1953 |  | 07/1979 | 601 |  |
| 626 | 7504 | 1953 |  | 06/1980 | 602 |  |
| 627 | 7505 | 1953 |  |  |  |  |
| 628 | 7506 | 1953 |  | 04/1980 | 603 |  |
| 629 | 7507 | 1953 |  | 03/1980 | 604 |  |
| 630 | 7508 | 1953 |  |  |  |  |
| 631 | 7509 | 1953 |  | 03/1980 | 605 |  |
| 632 | 7510 | 1953 |  | 10/1979 | 606 |  |
| 633 | 7511 | 1953 |  | 02/1980 | 607 |  |
| 634 | 7512 | 1953 |  |  |  |  |
| 635 | 7513 | 1953 |  | 05/1980 | 608 |  |
| 636 | 7514 | 1953 |  | 06/1979 | 609 |  |
| 637 | 7515 | 1953 |  | 07/1980 | 610 |  |
| 638 | 7516 | 1953 |  | 07/1980 | 611 |  |
| 639 | 7517 | 1953 |  |  |  |  |
| 640 | 7518 | 1953 |  |  |  |  |
| 641 | 7519 | 1953 |  |  |  |  |
| 642 | 7520 | 1953 |  |  |  |  |
| 643 | 7521 | 1953 |  | 06/1979 | 612 |  |
| 644 | 7522 | 1953 |  |  |  |  |
| 645 | 7523 | 1953 |  | 11/1979 | 613 |  |
| 646 | 7524 | 1953 |  |  |  |  |
| 647 | 7525 | 1953 |  | 09/1980 | 614 |  |
| 648 | 7526 | 1953 |  | 10/1980 | 615 | Sold to THF (awaiting scrap Voorbaai 2020) |
| 649 | 7527 | 1953 |  |  |  |  |

* Durrant, A. E. *Garratt Locomotives of the World*.
* Eatwell, David (August 2011). "Hunting Garratts in Zimbabwe". *Continental Modeller*. Beer, Seaton, Devon: Peco Publications. pp. 516–521.
* Eatwell, David (September 2011). "Hunting Garratts in Zimbabwe". *Continental Modeller*. Beer, Seaton, Devon: Peco Publications. pp. 588–591.
* Turk, Andrew (February 1976). "Garratts Galore". *Railway World*: 76–78.
* Smith, J. D. H. "Rhodesia Railways steam locomotives". *Standard Steam Locomotives*. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
* "THE SMOKE THAT THUNDERS"A.E. DURRANT and published edition APG, 1997 ISBN 1-77901-134-2\>

Media related to Rhodesia Railways 16A class at Wikimedia Commons

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Zimbabwe Steam: Bulawayo - Garratt City #1 - April 1997 A few scenes of Bulawayo in 1997 with Classes 14A, 15A and 16A Garratts at work on various duties around the city, along with shed and workshop scenes. (Time 12:16) | |

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Zimbabwe Steam: Bulawayo - Garratt City #2 - April 1997 Some morning scenes at Bulawayo Steam Shed in 1997 with 14A, 15A and 16A Garratts leaving the shed. Then we see 15A 417 "Umathebene" hauling a goods train out to Cement and shunting the yard there. (Time 5:38) | |

## InfoBox

| Rhodesia Railways 16A class
Zambia Railways 16A class
National Railways of Zimbabwe 16A class | |
| --- | --- |
| NRZ 16A class No. 612, at Thomson Junction, August 1992 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Builder Beyer, Peacock and Company  Build date 1952–1953  Total produced 30 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 2-8-2+2-8-2  UIC 1'D1'+1'D1'h4  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Driver dia. 4 ft (1,219 mm)  Length 82 ft 5 in (25.12 m)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 8.5 Tons  Water cap. 5000 Gallons  Firebox:   Grate area 212 sq ft (19.7 m2)  Boiler pressure 200 psi (1.38 MPa)  Heating surface:   Firebox 49 sq ft (4.6 m2)  Tubes and flues 2,131 sq ft (198.0 m2)  Total surface 212 sq ft (19.7 m2)  Superheater:
   Heating area 494 sq ft (45.9 m2)  Cylinders Four  Cylinder size 18 in × 24 in (457 mm × 610 mm)  Train brakes Vacuum | |
| Career  Operators Rhodesia Railways
Zambia Railways
National Railways of Zimbabwe  Class 16A  Number in class 30  Numbers RR: 620–649
NRZ:  Withdrawn 1990 | |


title: Miss Dior Chérie

abstract: Miss Dior Chérie was a fragrance created by Christine Nagel for Christian Dior. At the time John Galliano served as Dior’s fashion designer and creative director, overseeing Nagel’s development of the unusual, youth-oriented strawberry-and-popcorn eau de parfum. Miss Dior Chérie was available from 2005 to 2011: after perfumer François Demachy joined Dior, Miss Dior Chérie was reformulated and renamed Miss Dior.

text:
# Miss Dior Chérie

**Miss Dior Chérie** was a fragrance created by Christine Nagel for Christian Dior. At the time John Galliano served as Dior’s fashion designer and creative director, overseeing Nagel’s development of the unusual, youth-oriented strawberry-and-popcorn eau de parfum. Miss Dior Chérie was available from 2005 to 2011: after perfumer François Demachy joined Dior, Miss Dior Chérie was reformulated and renamed Miss Dior.

## Fragrance history

The first version of a fragrance to go by the name “Miss Dior” dates to 1947, shortly after the Dior fashion line debuted its acclaimed New Look collection. That perfume, a floral chypre with leather and galbanum notes, created by Paul Vacher and Jean Carles, appeared in many different iterations over the following years. Miss Dior Chérie Eau de Parfum was launched in 2005 as a flanker to Miss Dior (perfumery’s term for a sequel or spinoff), intended to draw a younger audience. Developed by Christine Nagel with the instructions to create something “audacious, impertinent, and gourmand”. Miss Dior Chérie most prominently featured unconventional strawberry and caramelized popcorn notes, though it also had a popular patchouli fraction reminiscent of Chanel’s 2001 hit Coco Mademoiselle, as well as mandarin, violet, jasmine, and musk. *Elle* also noted it had an antecedent in Thierry Mugler Angel (1992), which popularized sweet, food-like fragrances. Dior’s fashion designer and creative director John Galliano described the fragrance as “delicious”.

In 2009, after hiring François Demachy to serve as in-house perfumer, Dior released a flanker to Miss Dior Chérie called Miss Dior Chérie L’Eau, signed by Demachy. *British Vogue* described this perfume as a “sparkling and distinctive floral scent blended with notes of tangy yet spicy bitter orange, Gardenia and white musks”. In 2010, Dior released an eau de toilette version of Miss Dior Chérie, which also advertised additional floral notes as a twist on the original.

In 2011, Miss Dior and Miss Dior Chérie (eau de parfum) underwent significant changes. Miss Dior was reimagined by Demachy and this fragrance was renamed Miss Dior Original. Miss Dior Chérie became simply Miss Dior and though it retained similar packaging, the fragrance was significantly altered, also by Demachy although with less fanfare, and since then has born little resemblance to Nagel’s creation. These changes were part of Dior owner LVMH’s efforts to gain greater control over their perfume formulations. Prior to bringing on Demachy to create its perfumes in house, Dior has contracted out its fragrances and consequently Givaudan held the formula for Nagel’s creation. Adjustments allowed Dior to take over Miss Dior Chérie without violating Givaudan’s copyright.

Miss Dior Chérie and other versions of Miss Dior were the subject of a 2013 exhibition at the Grand Palais in Paris. The two-week exhibit in November, free to the public, invited 15 female artists to make a piece of work inspired by the perfume’s legacy.

## Ad campaigns and Galliano firing

The first face of Miss Dior Chérie was Riley Keough, Elvis Presley's granddaughter, chosen by Galliano to lead the campaign. While Keough was not French, Galliano felt she embodied the “joie de vivre” he hoped to express with Miss Dior Chérie.

In late 2010, actress Natalie Portman became the new face of Miss Dior Chérie, her first campaign for a luxury beauty brand. Director Sofia Coppola filmed the Jean-Luc Godard-inspired television ads, with music by Serge Gainsbourg. This sponsorship drew Portman into scandal a few months later when Galliano, by then Dior’s creative director of 15 years, was caught on video making anti-Semitic remarks including declaring, “I love Hitler”. As Dior’s promotional campaign featuring Portman, who is Jewish, had only just launched, she became a particularly high-profile voice among Galliano’s many vocal critics. Moreover, as the incident depicted took place in Paris, it drew a police investigation for the possibility he had violated French law. Dior quickly fired him.

## InfoBox

| Miss Dior Chérie | |
| --- | --- |
| A bottle of Miss Dior Chérie in eau de toilette | |
| Fragrance by Dior | |
| Released | 2005 |
| Label | Givaudan (2005-2011)<br>Dior (2011-) |
| Perfumer(s) | Christine Nagel |
| Predecessor | Miss Dior (1947) |
| Successor | Miss Dior (2011) |


title: Windowpane oyster

abstract: The windowpane oyster is a bivalve marine mollusk in the family of Placunidae. It is edible, but valued more for its shell. The oyster's shells have been used for thousands of years as a glass substitute because of their durability and translucence. More recently, they have been used in the manufacture of decorative items such as chandeliers and lampshades; in this use, the shell is known as the capiz shell (kapis). Capiz shells are also used as raw materials for glue, chalk and varnish. Distribution extends from the shallows of the Gulf of Aden to around the Philippines, where it is abundant in the eponymous province of Capiz. The mollusks are found in muddy or sandy shores, in bays, coves and lagoons to a depth of about 100 m (330 ft). Populations have been in decline because of destructive methods of fishing and gathering such as trawling, dredging, blast fishing and surface-supplied diving. In the Philippines, fisheries are now regulated through permits, quotas, size limits and protected habitats. In spite of this, resources continue to be depleted. The nearly flat shells of the capiz can grow to over 150 mm (5.9 in) in diameter, reaching maturity between 70 and 100 mm. The shell is secured by a V-shaped ligament. Males and females are distinguished by the color of the gonads. Fertilization is external and larvae are free-swimming like plankton for 14 days or attached to surfaces via byssal thread during metamorphosis, eventually settling on the bottom. They consume plankton filtered from the water passing through their slightly opened shell; the oyster's shell closes when the bivalve is above water during low tide.

text:
# Windowpane oyster

The **windowpane oyster** (***Placuna placenta***) is a bivalve marine mollusk in the family of Placunidae. It is edible, but valued more for its shell (and its rather small pearls). The oyster's shells have been used for thousands of years as a glass substitute because of their durability and translucence. More recently, they have been used in the manufacture of decorative items such as chandeliers and lampshades; in this use, the shell is known as the **capiz shell** (*kapis*). Capiz shells are also used as raw materials for glue, chalk and varnish.

Distribution extends from the shallows of the Gulf of Aden to around the Philippines, where it is abundant in the eponymous province of Capiz. The mollusks are found in muddy or sandy shores, in bays, coves and lagoons to a depth of about 100 m (330 ft).

Populations have been in decline because of destructive methods of fishing and gathering such as trawling, dredging, blast fishing and surface-supplied diving. In the Philippines, fisheries are now regulated through permits, quotas, size limits and protected habitats. In spite of this, resources continue to be depleted.

The nearly flat shells of the capiz can grow to over 150 mm (5.9 in) in diameter, reaching maturity between 70 and 100 mm (2.8 and 3.9 in). The shell is secured by a V-shaped ligament. Males and females are distinguished by the color of the gonads. Fertilization is external and larvae are free-swimming like plankton for 14 days or attached to surfaces via byssal thread during metamorphosis, eventually settling on the bottom. They consume plankton filtered from the water passing through their slightly opened shell; the oyster's shell closes when the bivalve is above water during low tide.

## The capiz industry of Samal, Philippines

Aside from being abundant in the province of Capiz, capiz shells are also abundant in the island of Samal in the Philippines, where 500 tons of capiz shells are harvested every other year.

The capiz shells found around the island are harvested and transformed into various decorative products. As late as 2005, the residents of the island were trained to sustain the industry. However, the transfer of institutional knowledge to new generations to maintain the industry is in danger of being lost.

## InfoBox

| Windowpane oyster | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A cleaned shell of the capiz ready for processing, with the V-shaped ligament ridge showing | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Pectinida |
| Family: | Placunidae |
| Genus: | *Placuna* |
| Species: | ***P. placenta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Placuna placenta***<br>Linnaeus, 1758 | |
|


title: Fonollosa

abstract: Fonollosa is a municipality in the province of Barcelona and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 51.67 square kilometres (19.95 sq mi) and the population in 2014 was 1,429.

text:
# Fonollosa

**Fonollosa** (Catalan pronunciation: \[funuˈʎozə\]) is a municipality in the province of Barcelona and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 51.67 square kilometres (19.95 sq mi) and the population in 2014 was 1,429.

## InfoBox

| Fonollosa | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| FonollosaLocation in CataloniaFonollosaFonollosa (Spain) | |
| Coordinates: 41°45′47″N 1°40′05″E / 41.763°N 1.668°E / 41.763; 1.668 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Community | Catalonia |
| Province | Barcelona |
| Comarca | Bages |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Eloi Hernàndez Mosella (2015) |
| Area | |
| Total | 51.7 km2 (20.0 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 1,439 |
| Density | 28/km2 (72/sq mi) |
| Website | www.fonollosa.cat |


title: Rikke Søby Hansen

abstract: Rikke Søby Hansen is a Danish badminton player affiliated with Greve team. She won silver medal at the 2013 European Junior Championships in the girls' doubles event.

text:
# Rikke Søby Hansen

**Rikke Søby Hansen** (born 1 February 1995) is a Danish badminton player affiliated with Greve team. She won silver medal at the 2013 European Junior Championships in the girls' doubles event.

## Achievements

### European Championships

*Mixed doubles*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Polideportivo Municipal Gallur, Madrid, Spain | Mikkel Mikkelsen | Mark Lamsfuß
Isabel Lohau | 21–12, 16–21, 17–21 | **Bronze** |

### European Junior Championships

*Girls' doubles*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Aski Sports Hall,
Ankara, Turkey | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Gabriela Stoeva
Stefani Stoeva | 11–21, 18–21 | **Silver** |

### BWF World Tour (1 title)

The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.

*Mixed doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Level | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Swiss Open | Super 300 | Mathias Bay-Smidt | Rinov Rivaldy
Pitha Haningtyas Mentari | 21–18, 12–21, 21–16 | **Winner** |

### BWF International Challenge/Series (5 titles, 13 runners-up)

*Women's doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Hungarian International | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Carola Bott
Staša Poznanović | 17–21, 21–23 | **Runner-up** |
| 2013 | Estonian International | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Irina Khlebko
Ksenia Polikarpova | 21–15, 19–21, 20–22 | **Runner-up** |
| 2013 | Croatian International | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Irina Khlebko
Ksenia Polikarpova | 19–21, 19–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2013 | Norwegian International | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Olga Golovanova
Viktoriia Vorobeva | 21–14, 24–22 | **Winner** |
| 2014 | Croatian International | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Iben Bergstein
Louise Seiersen | 15–21, 21–17, 21–19 | **Winner** |
| 2014 | Irish Open | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Emelie Fabbeke
Lena Grebak | 16–21, 14–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2015 | Irish Open | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Gabriela Stoeva
Stefani Stoeva | 10–21, 24–22, 9–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2016 | Belgian International | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Chloe Birch
Lauren Smith | 22–24, 21–18, 18–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2016 | Norwegian International | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Anne Katrine Hansen
Marie Louise Steffensen | 21–16, 21–14 | **Winner** |
| 2016 | Irish Open | Julie Finne-Ipsen | Émilie Lefel
Anne Tran | 22–24, 18–21 | **Runner-up** |

*Mixed doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Croatian International | Niclas Nøhr | Frederik Colberg
Sara Thygesen | 12–21, 21–12, 21–9 | **Winner** |
| 2013 | Norwegian International | Alexander Bond | Vasily Kuznetsov
Viktoriia Vorobeva | 19–21, 7–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2019 | Finnish Open | Mathias Bay-Smidt | Rehan Naufal Kusharjanto
Lisa Ayu Kusumawati | 20–22, 21–15, 14–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2019 | Spanish International | Mathias Bay-Smidt | Ben Lane
Jessica Pugh | 13–21, 26–24, 18–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2019 | Scottish Open | Mathias Bay-Smidt | Mathias Christiansen
Alexandra Bøje | 21–23, 16–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2021 | Dutch Open | Mikkel Mikkelsen | Robin Tabeling
Selena Piek | 21–18, 13–21, 21–15 | **Winner** |
| 2021 | Irish Open | Mikkel Mikkelsen | Robin Tabeling
Selena Piek | 18–21, 15–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2023 | Belgian International | Mikkel Mikkelsen | Marcus Ellis
Lauren Smith | 18–21, 15–21 | **Runner-up** |

BWF International Challenge tournament   BWF International Series tournament   BWF Future Series tournament

## InfoBox

| Rikke Søby Hansen | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Country | Denmark |
| Born | (1995-02-01) 1 February 1995
Glostrup, Denmark |
| Residence | Valby, Denmark |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Years active | 2012 |
| Handedness | Right |
| Women's & mixed doubles | |
| Highest ranking | 25 (WD with Julie Finne-Ipsen 15 June 2017)
27 (XD with Mikkel Mikkelsen 25 October 2022) |
| Current ranking | 28 (XD with Mikkel Mikkelsen 24 January 2023) |
| Medal record      Women's badminton  Representing  Denmark  European Championships  2022 Madrid  Mixed doubles  European Mixed Team Championships  2019 Copenhagen  Mixed team  2023 Aire-sur-la-Lys  Mixed team  European Women's Team Championships  2014 Basel  Women's team  2018 Kazan  Women's team  European Junior Championships  2013 Ankara  Mixed team  2013 Ankara  Girls' doubles  2011 Vantaa  Mixed team | |
| BWF profile | |


title: Hagop Bogigian

abstract: Hagop Bogigian was a prominent Armenian-American entrepreneur and philanthropist. Born in Hussenig, near Harput in the Ottoman Empire, Bogigian emigrated to the United States in 1882, seeking refuge from persecution and better economic opportunities. He became a successful antique and rug merchant and was located across the state house in Massachusetts.

text:
# Hagop Bogigian

**Hagop Bogigian** (April 2, 1856 – December 13, 1931) was a prominent Armenian-American entrepreneur and philanthropist. Born in Hussenig, near Harput in the Ottoman Empire (present-day Elazığ, Turkey), Bogigian emigrated to the United States in 1882, seeking refuge from persecution and better economic opportunities. He became a successful antique and rug merchant and was located across the state house in Massachusetts.

## Background

Settling in Worcester, Massachusetts, he worked various jobs before establishing a successful import business specializing in Middle Eastern goods, particularly Armenian rugs and textiles. His entrepreneurial success allowed him to amass significant wealth, which he used to support numerous charitable causes.

Bogigian was deeply committed to aiding his fellow Armenians, especially those affected by the Armenian Genocide. He donated generously to relief efforts, supported orphanages, and contributed to rebuilding Armenian communities in the diaspora. Additionally, he funded scholarships and supported educational and cultural institutions, promoting Armenian heritage and assisting Armenian students.

Known for his humility and dedication to philanthropy, Bogigian lived modestly despite his success. His legacy endures through the many institutions and initiatives he supported, making him a revered figure in the Armenian-American community. He helped educational institutions, establishing full scholarships for worthy, young Armenian women at Wilson College in Pennsylvania; Mount Holyoke College in western Massachusetts; and Pomona College in California and many others.


title: Al Maha Petroleum

abstract: Al Maha Petroleum Products Marketing Company, also known as Al Maha, is a petroleum company based in Oman. The company is named for the Arabian Oryx. Al Maha maintains a network of over 200 service stations throughout Oman, including convenience stores and auto services. Al Maha also has commercial and aviation fuel divisions.

text:
# Al Maha Petroleum

**Al Maha Petroleum Products Marketing Company**, also known as **Al Maha**, is a petroleum company based in Oman. The company is named for the Arabian Oryx (al Maha).

Al Maha maintains a network of over 200 service stations throughout Oman, including convenience stores and auto services. Al Maha also has commercial and aviation fuel divisions.

## History

Al Maha was founded on June 22, 1993 by a Royal Decree from Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said. The companies origins lie within the Oman Refinery Company, of which Al-Maha has been a part of since before 1993. The company was established as a fully government-owned entity. ABS Lubricants Company (UAE) bought a 35% stake in Al-Maha in 1999, with 65% remaining with the government of the Sultanate of Oman. In 2000, Al Maha started cooperating with Gulf Caltex Company to supply aviation fuel for Muscat International Airport. In 2004, Al-Maha Petroleum Products Marketing Company was converted from a limited liability to a general Omani joint-stock company now named Al-Maha Petroleum Products Marketing Company S.A.O.G.

In 2013, Al Maha opened an average of one new station every two months, taking the total to 182 by the end of the year. In 2014, Al Maha won a new fuel supply contract for Oman Air's fuel requirements at Muscat airport, valued at around OMR 83 million. In 2017, the company signed two major agreements with Rural Areas Electricity Company (Raeco) and with Oman National Transport Company (Mwasalat) at OMR 91 million.

The contract with Raeco (OMR 73 million) details the delivery of 380 million litres of gas oil over a two-year period, which started on September 1, 2017. The second contract with Mwasalat (OMR 18 million) was for the design, building and operation of a new fuel station at the companies headquarters and the supply of fuel for all buses, starting from May 31, 2017 over a 10-year period (up to a total of 100 million liters of fuel).

Al Maha was one of two main sponsors for the second World Military Cup for Soccer 2017 (CISM) which was held in Oman from January 13 to 29.

In 2018, Al Maha signed a five-year agreement with Mwasalat to build a solar energy powered and air conditioned bus stop in Muscat. The deal is valued at around OMR 125,000. In the same year, the two companies also signed an agreement for Al Maha to construct a new fuel depot at Mwasalat's headquarters.

Al Maha Petroleum Products Marketing Company signed a partnership agreement with Petronas Lubricants International (PLI) in April 2019. Making Al Maha an authorised distributor of PLI's products. A contract between Al Maha and the Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) was signed in November 2020, which is expected to generate initial capital investments of $20.8 million and an expected revenue of $90.9 million. The contract is to run from 23 August 2020 until 22 August 2035, with a possible extension until 2040.

## Corporate structure

### Overview of personnel

The board of directors consists of Chairman Saif Salim Al Harthi, Deputy-Chairman Sheikh Mohammed Bin Sultan Bin Kalifa Al Nahyan, and board members Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Harthi, Mohammed Saif Al Kaabi, Nabil Hamed Al Mahrooqi, Abdullah Mohammed Al Mamari and Sultan Khalifa Saleh Al-Tai. The company is led and managed by acting Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Hamed Salim Al Maghdri.

### Shareholders

47.2% Government of the Sultanate of Oman
40.0% ABS Lubricants
12.8% Civil Service Employees Pension Fund

(As of December 31, 2017)

### Finance

In 2003, Al Maha was ranked 63 on the Top 100 most profitable Gulf companies at the King Fahd Cultural Center exhibition in Al-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In 2005, Oman Economic Magazine placed the company 5th among the 20 most profitable companies in Oman, and in 2007, Al Maha was ranked 6th. The Oman Economic Review Magazine also placed the company 6th among the most profitable companies in Oman.

Al Maha reported a profit, after taxes, of OMR 8.1 million for the 2016 financial year compared to that of OMR 9.2 million recorded for the previous year. In the first quarter of 2017, the company achieved a 20% increase in revenue compared to 2016, totalling OMR 101.06 million. In October 2020, Al Maha reported a 28% decrease in profits, mainly associated with the decrease in retail sales and the changes in the aviation sector. Economically, things improved minimally in the third quarter once COVID-19 containment measures and reduced restrictions were put in place, restrictions on air travel still continue.

## Operations

Al Maha operates a network of over 200 service stations (out of a total of around 600 commercially licensed stations) throughout Oman and is one of the main suppliers for the Oman Petroleum Development Company. It also supplies fuels and other additives to the tourism, fishing and transport industry in harbors and ports in Khasab, Diba, Shinas, Qurayyat, Sur Port, Marina Bandar Al-Raodhah, Raysoot, Saham and Sohar ports.

Al Maha also supplies aviation fuel to Muscat International Airport, cooperating with Gulf Caltex Company. Al Maha employees also regularly attend the Caltex training center for aviation security techniques and procedures in Dubai.

The Al Maha service stations network also offers different types of fuel cards.

## Petroleum Field

## InfoBox

Al Maha Petroleum Products Marketing Company
| Company type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Petroleum retail |
| Founded | 1993 (separated from Oman Refinery Company in 1999) |
| Headquarters | Muscat, Oman |
| Revenue | R.O. 417.87 million |
| Net income | R.O. 7.65 million |
| Owner | Government of Oman (65%)
ABS Lubricants Company (35%) |
| Website | http://www.almaha.com.om |
| **Footnotes / references**
 | |


title: National Terrorism Advisory System

abstract: The National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS) is a terrorism threat advisory scale used by the US Department of Homeland Security since April 26, 2011. The NTAS is the replacement for the often-criticized, color-coded Homeland Security Advisory System introduced by the George W. Bush administration in 2002. Janet Napolitano said that the color-coded system often presented "little practical information" to the public and that the NTAS will provide alerts "specific to the threat" with "a specified end date." On December 16, 2015, Secretary Jeh Johnson activated the bulletin capability for the first time. The Department of Homeland Security added an intermediate threat level in 2015, after the department identified a "new phase" in the global terrorist threat against the homeland.

text:
# National Terrorism Advisory System

The **National Terrorism Advisory System** (**NTAS**) is a terrorism threat advisory scale used by the US Department of Homeland Security since April 26, 2011.

The NTAS is the replacement for the often-criticized, color-coded Homeland Security Advisory System introduced by the George W. Bush administration in 2002. Janet Napolitano said that the color-coded system often presented "little practical information" to the public and that the NTAS will provide alerts "specific to the threat" with "a specified end date."

On December 16, 2015, Secretary Jeh Johnson activated the bulletin capability for the first time.

The Department of Homeland Security added an intermediate threat level in 2015, after the department identified a "new phase" in the global terrorist threat against the homeland.

## Background

The Homeland Security Advisory System was created in response to the 9/11 attacks by the George W. Bush administration. After its announcement, Peter T. King, a Republican Representative from New York, said that the color-based assessments were useful at the time of their creation but that a more specific system was now needed. The five-level color system has been criticized as being vague and ineffective, and alert levels have rarely changed from the yellow ("elevated") and orange ("high") levels.

Mississippi Democratic Representative Bennie Thompson said that the color codes were often better at causing "Americans to be scared" rather than at telling citizens "the reason, how to proceed, or for how long to be on alert." The color-coded system has also been ridiculed by television comedians and shows such as *Saturday Night Live*.

In July 2009, Napolitano created a task force to reassess the scale and concluded that the Homeland Security Advisory System was unclear and lacked public support, and the task force recommended discontinuing the scale. In November 2010, the Department of Homeland Security submitted a draft plan to overhaul the color system and create what one official called "a system that communicates precise, actionable information based on the latest intelligence."

## Launch

The system was announced on January 27, 2011, by Secretary of Homeland Security Napolitano, during a speech at George Washington University. Her official announcement followed reports about the NTAS that had surfaced the day before.

Introducing the National Terrorism Advisory System, Napolitano said, "Today I announce the end of the old system of color-coded alerts. In its place, we will implement a new system that's built on a clear and simple premise: When a threat develops that could impact you—the public—we will tell you. We will provide whatever information we can so you know how to protect yourselves, your families, and your communities." Her speech was timed to complement US President Barack Obama's 2011 State of the Union Address, two days earlier.

## Modifications

In 2011, DHS added bulletins to NTAS to distribute information about trends and non-specific threats.

On December 7, 2015, a day after an Address to the Nation by the President from the Oval Office, a plan to add a new "intermediate" threat level to the NTAS was announced by DHS Secretary Johnson to reflect a "new phase" in the global terrorist threat against the homeland following the November 2015 Paris attacks and the 2015 San Bernardino attack.

The Secretary of DHS for the Obama administration stated that the level understood as a normal alert level would have been considered a higher level years ago, but because of the continual threat, a high threat level is now considered as the "baseline."

## Description

Alerts are issued under the categories of "elevated," "intermediate," or "imminent." According to Napolitano, "When \[the Department of Homeland Security has\] information about a specific, credible threat, \[it\] will issue a formal alert providing as much information as \[it\] can." When an alert is provided to the public it includes the following information if available: geographic region, mode of transportation, critical infrastructure potentially affected by the threat, protective actions authorities are taking, and steps individuals or communities should be taking to protect themselves and families. That includes providing government agencies and emergency officials with threat assessments as well as using news outlets and social networking resources to notify the public.

It also outlines steps to take in response to a particular terrorist threat. Individual threat alerts are issued for a specific amount of time, and the threat alert then automatically expires.

If new information becomes available, the threat alert may be extended. Information on whether the threat has been extended or is expiring is distributed to the public in the same way that the original notification was made.


title: Mario Quintero Lara

abstract: Mario Quintero Lara is a Mexican musician and philanthropist who is the leader and primary songwriter of the Regional Mexican band Los Tucanes de Tijuana. During his career, he has achieved more than thirty BMI awards, including a Songwriter of the Year award in 1999 and a BMI Presidential Award in 2019. As a member of Los Tucanes de Tijuana, Quintero has earned 34 gold and 30 platinum albums and has managed to sell more than twenty million albums worldwide, in addition to participating in events like Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Pal Norte and Vive Latino, among others. Winner of the Latin Grammy in 2012 for the album 365 días, his compositions have been part of the soundtracks of film and television productions such as Perdita Durango, Salvando al soldado Pérez, El infierno, El Chema, Señora Acero, El Americano: The Movie or Alias el Mexicano. His philanthropic work highlights his association with the charity organization Children International, of which he is a sponsor.

text:
# Mario Quintero Lara

**Mario Quintero Lara** is a Mexican musician and philanthropist who is the leader and primary songwriter of the Regional Mexican band Los Tucanes de Tijuana. During his career, he has achieved more than thirty BMI awards, including a Songwriter of the Year award in 1999 and a BMI Presidential Award in 2019.

As a member of Los Tucanes de Tijuana, Quintero has earned 34 gold and 30 platinum albums and has managed to sell more than twenty million albums worldwide, in addition to participating in events like Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Pal Norte and Vive Latino, among others.

Winner of the Latin Grammy in 2012 for the album *365 días*, his compositions have been part of the soundtracks of film and television productions such as *Perdita Durango*, *Salvando al soldado Pérez*, *El infierno*, *El Chema*, *Señora Acero*, *El Americano: The Movie* or *Alias el Mexicano*. His philanthropic work highlights his association with the charity organization Children International, of which he is a sponsor.

## Biography

### 1980s and 1990s

Born in the small town of Las Huacapas, Sinaloa, Quintero moved to Tijuana to continue his high school studies and to join his cousins Mario Moreno and Joel Higuera, with whom he formed the regional Mexican music group Los Tucanes de Tijuana. The band, officially registered in 1987, was initially formed by Quintero, Moreno, Higuera and David Servín.

After performing locally, Quintero decided to move with his group to the city of Chula Vista, California to try his luck in the Latin clubs of Los Angeles. In the 1990's he began recording albums prolifically with the group, providing songwriting, lead vocals and bajo sexto from its inception to the present. As the band's leader and songwriter, he has recorded 36 albums to date and has earned 30 platinum and 34 gold records.

Throughout his career, Quintero has written more than 600 songs, including commercially successful compositions such as "La chona", "El Tucanazo", "La chica sexy", "Mundo de amor", "Mis tres animales", "El centenario" and "Secuestro de amor". In 1997 he contributed the compositions "El puño de polvo" and "El cartel de a kilo" for the soundtrack of the Spanish film *Perdita Durango*, directed by Álex de la Iglesia. Two years later, his song "Secuestro de amor" appeared in the Chilean film *Tuve un sueño contigo*.

### 2000s, 2010s and present

At the invitation of Mexico's Tourism Promotion Council, Quintero composed in 2008 the song "México es tu casa", produced by Mexico's Industria Films Studios and used to promote tourism in the country. In 2010 he wrote three songs that were part of the soundtrack of the Mexican film *El infierno*, directed by Luis Estrada. That same year, the costume design used by the musician in the band's performances was exhibited at the Grammy Museum, in the "Great Latin Stars" display, where outfits of other artists like Ricky Martin, Banda el Recodo, Celia Cruz and Los Tigres del Norte also appeared.

In 2011 he composed the song "Julián Pérez" for the film *Salvando al soldado Pérez*, by director Beto Gómez, and in 2013 he contributed the theme song for the Fox Telecolombia series *Alias el Mexicano*, titled "El papá de los pollitos". A year later he composed the theme song for the Telemundo series *Señora Acero*, and received an invitation to be one of the judges on the competition show *Yo soy el artista*, along with Olga Tañón and Luis Fonsi.

In 2016 he wrote the song "El Chema", performed by Banda el Recodo and used as the main theme for the television series *El Chema*, and contributed a composition titled "El perico Cuco" for the Mexican-American animated film *El Americano: The Movie*. In February 2017, Fox Deportes announced that Quintero would be the image of the opening video for the fifty-first edition of the Super Bowl.

In February 2019, he participated along with his bandmate Alfredo González in the celebration of the eightieth anniversary of Don Cruz Lizárraga's Banda el Recodo, singing the corrido "La clave nueva" as a duet at the Teodoro Mariscal stadium in Mazatlán.

## Awards and recognitions

For his work as a songwriter, Quintero received four BMI Awards in 1999 for the songs "Es verdad", "El Tucanazo", "Secuestro de amor" and "Hacemos bonita pareja", and was also honored as songwriter of the year at the same event alongside Latin artists like as Kike Santander, Shakira and Robi Draco Rosa.

Quintero continued to receive awards from BMI in the following years, winning his 27th award in 2012 for the composition "El jefe de la sierra", from the album *El árbol*. Also in 2012 he won his first Latin Grammy as a member of Los Tucanes de Tijuana in the category of norteño album of the year for *365 días*, and was honored by other artists such as Banda el Recodo, La Original Banda el Limón, Calibre 50, El Potro de Sinaloa, Julión Álvarez and Raza Obrera in the album *Tributo a Mario Quintero: El papá de los pollitos*.

In 2019 he received the BMI Presidential Award in honor of his artistic career. The same year he was nominated for the 2019 Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame, sharing the list with other artists like Joan Manuel Serrat, Pablo Milanés, Rubén Blades and Oscar D'León. In December 2020 he received another special mention from BMI for his career as a songwriter. In 2022, Quintero was one of the winners of the BMI Awards, this time with the songs "La captura III" and "La buena vida".

## Discography

### Studio albums and compilations

* 1994 – *Clave nueva*
* 1995 – *Mundo de amor*
* 1995 – *14 Tucanazos bien pesados*
* 1997 – *Tucanes de oro*
* 1997 – *Tucanes de plata*
* 1998 – *Amor platónico*
* 1998 – *Los más buscados*
* 2000 – *Me gusta vivir de noche*
* 2000 – *Corridos de primera plana*
* 2001 – *Al por mayor*
* 2002 – *Jugo a la vida*
* 2003 – *Imperio*
* 2003 – *Amor descarado*
* 2004 – *El virus del amor*
* 2004 – *Fiesta en la sierra*
* 2006 – *Amante de lo bueno*
* 2007 – *El papá de los pollitos*
* 2008 – *Propiedad privada*
* 2008 – *Soy todo tuyo*
* 2009 – *Retro-corridos*
* 2010 – *El árbol*
* 2012 – *365 días*
* 2012 – *Antología musical: 25 Aniversario*
* 2014 – *Corridos Time Season One: Soy parrandero*
* 2014 – *Perdóname mi amor*
* 2016 – *Corridos Time Season Two: Los implacables*
* 2018 – *Prueba superada*
* 2020 – *Corridos Time Season Three: Comandante en jefe*

## InfoBox

| Mario Quintero Lara | |
| --- | --- |
| Lara performing in 2010 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | Las Huacapas, Sinaloa, Mexico |
| Genres | Pacific Norteño, Banda |
| Occupations | * Musician * philanthropist |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, Bajo sexto |
| Discography | Los Tucanes de Tijuana discography |
| Years active | 1987–present |
| Member of | Los Tucanes de Tijuana |


title: Wintelre

abstract: Wintelre is a village in the municipality of Eersel in the province of North Brabant, the Netherlands. Wintelre is part of the Acht Zaligheden, like Eersel, Duizel, Steensel, Knegsel, Netersel, Hulsel and Reusel. The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Winterlo. The etymology is unclear. In 1320, a Mary chapel was built in Wintelre. In 1570, it was replaced by a church, but was turned over to the Dutch Reformed Church in 1648, and started to decay due to the small size of the Protestant congregation. In 1822, a new Catholic church was built. A tower was added between 1857 and 1859. Between 1930 and 1931, a new church was built next to the old one. The old church was later demolished, but its tower remained. Wintelre was home to 435 people in 1840.

text:
# Wintelre

**Wintelre** is a village in the municipality of Eersel in the province of North Brabant, the Netherlands. Wintelre is part of the Acht Zaligheden (Eight Beatitudes), like Eersel, Duizel, Steensel, Knegsel, Netersel, Hulsel and Reusel.

The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Winterlo. The etymology is unclear.

In 1320, a Mary chapel was built in Wintelre. In 1570, it was replaced by a church, but was turned over to the Dutch Reformed Church in 1648, and started to decay due to the small size of the Protestant congregation. In 1822, a new Catholic church was built. A tower was added between 1857 and 1859. Between 1930 and 1931, a new church was built next to the old one. The old church was later demolished, but its tower remained.

Wintelre was home to 435 people in 1840.

## InfoBox

| Wintelre Wintersel | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Aerial view | |
|  | |
| WintelreLocation in the province of North Brabant in the NetherlandsWintelreWintelre (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 51°27′N 5°20′E / 51.450°N 5.333°E / 51.450; 5.333 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | North Brabant |
| Municipality | Eersel |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.41 km2 (6.72 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 23 m (75 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 2,030 |
| Density | 120/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 5513 |
| Dialing code | 040 |


title: Floydiella

abstract: Floydiella is a genus of green algae in the family Chaetopeltidaceae. The genus name of Floydiella is in honour of Gary L. Floyd (b.1940), an American botanist and Professor of Botany at Columbus State Community College. The genus was circumscribed by Thomas Friedl and Charles J. O'Kelly in Eur. J. Phycol. Vol.37 on page 382 in 2002.

text:
# Floydiella

***Floydiella*** is a genus of green algae in the family Chaetopeltidaceae.

The genus name of *Floydiella* is in honour of Gary L. Floyd (b.1940), an American botanist and Professor of Botany at Columbus State Community College.

The genus was circumscribed by Thomas Friedl and Charles J. O'Kelly in Eur. J. Phycol. Vol.37 on page 382 in 2002.

## InfoBox

| *Floydiella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Viridiplantae |
| Division: | Chlorophyta |
| Class: | Chlorophyceae |
| Order: | Chaetopeltidales |
| Family: | Chaetopeltidaceae |
| Genus: | *Floydiella*
Friedl & O'Kelly, 2002 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Floydiella terrestris*
 | |
| Species | |
|  | |


abstract: The Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture is a cabinet-level ministry. It is an important economic ministry, with fisheries products making up about 40% of Iceland's exports.

text:
# Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture (Iceland)

The Icelandic **Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture** (Icelandic: **Sjávarútvegs- og Landbúnaðarráðuneytið**) is a cabinet-level ministry. It is an important economic ministry, with fisheries products making up about 40% of Iceland's exports.

## History

On 13 June 2007 the parliament of Iceland passed law changes to merge the Ministry of Fisheries and the Ministry of Agriculture, which took effect on 1 January 2008. In 2011 Steingrímur J. Sigfússon took on the roles of Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture and Minister of Economic Affairs. In 2012 the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism and part of the Ministry of Economic Affairs merged to form the Ministry of Industries and Innovation (*Atvinnuvega- og nýsköpunarráðuneytið*), led by Steingrímur. Although since 2014, there are generally two ministers in the various cabinets, one for Fisheries and Agriculture and one for Industries and Innovation, the administrations are still combined.

## Ministers of Fisheries and Agriculture

## Former Ministers of Fisheries

## Former Ministers of Agriculture

64°08′56″N 21°55′47″W / 64.14889°N 21.92972°W / 64.14889; -21.92972


title: Rimbey Airport

abstract: Rimbey Airport is located 2 nautical miles north of Rimbey, Alberta, Canada.

text:
# Rimbey Airport

**Rimbey Airport** (TC LID: **CFC7**) is located 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) north of Rimbey, Alberta, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Rimbey Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | R.V. Heaven & Marina |
| Location | Ponoka County, near Rimbey, Alberta |
| Time zone | MST (UTC−07:00) |
| Summer (DST) | MDT (UTC−06:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 2,963 ft / 903 m |
| Coordinates | 52°40′55″N 114°14′15″W / 52.68194°N 114.23750°W / 52.68194; -114.23750 |
| Map | |
| CFC7Location in AlbertaCFC7CFC7 (Canada) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  14/32 2,950 899 Turf | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Paul M. Cook

abstract: Paul M. Cook was an American businessman who was the founder and CEO of Raychem, a chemical manufacturing company that reached $2 billion in annual revenue. In 1988, he was awarded the National Medal of Technology "[f]or his vision and entrepreneurial efforts, his technical accomplishments and his business and technical leadership as the key contributor in creating a worldwide chemically based industry."

text:
# Paul M. Cook

**Paul M. Cook** (April 25, 1924 – December 14, 2020) was an American businessman who was the founder and CEO of Raychem, a chemical manufacturing company that reached $2 billion in annual revenue. In 1988, he was awarded the National Medal of Technology "\[f\]or his vision and entrepreneurial efforts, his technical accomplishments and his business and technical leadership as the key contributor in creating a worldwide chemically based industry."

## Early life and education

Paul Cook took an early interest in chemistry, and developed a chemistry lab in the basement of his parents' home. After he graduated high school in 1941, he started at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), studying chemical engineering under Warren K. Lewis.

In 1943, Cook enlisted in the United States Army and enrolled in the Army Specialized Training Program; through that program, he attended Stanford University for two terms, studying mechanical engineering. Cook was then sent to Hunter Liggett Military Reservation and then Fort Benning, where he completed Officer Candidate School. He was then sent to fight in Italy. Cook served in combat with the 10th Mountain Division.

In 1946, Cook left the army and worked for Submarine Signal in Boston. He then returned to MIT and completed his Bachelor of Science in 1947.

## Career

Cook was one of SRI International's earliest employees, joining the organization in 1948 as its 48th employee. He went on to lead SRI's Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, where he was interested in using high-energy electrons to alter polymers.

In 1951, Cook founded the Sequoia Process Corporation; he left that after five years to found Raychem, which opened in 1957, and focused on commercial applications for radiochemistry. He served as Raychem's CEO and chairman of the board.

Cook founded other companies, including CellNet Data Systems, DIVA Systems (1995), and Promptu.

## Awards and memberships

Cook served on SRI International's board of directors for nine years and served as its chairman for six of those.

In 1986, he was awarded the Winthrop-Sears Medal from the Chemical Industry Association. In 1988, Ronald Reagan awarded him the National Medal of Technology.

He received the Bay Area Council's Bay Area Business Hall of Fame Award in 1999, and SRI's Weldon B. "Hoot" Gibson Achievement Award in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Paul M. Cook | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1924-04-25)April 25, 1924
Ridgewood, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | December 14, 2020(2020-12-14) (aged 96) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Awards | Winthrop-Sears Medal from the Chemical Industry Association (1986)
National Medal of Technology (1988)

Bay Area Council's Bay Area Business Hall of Fame Award (1999)
SRI's Weldon B. "Hoot" Gibson Achievement Award (2008) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | SRI International
Raychem |
|  | |


title: Haemus Mons

abstract:
In earlier times, the Balkan Mountains were known as the Haemus Mons. It is believed that the name is derived from a Thracian word *saimon, 'mountain ridge', which is unattested but conjectured as the original Thracian form of Greek Emos. Another classic etymology derives the name 'Haemos' from the myth about the fight of Zeus and the dragon Typhon:
  - "He was again driven to Thrace and hurled entire mountains at Zeus in the battle around Mount Haemus. When these bounced back upon him under the force of the thunderbolt, blood gushed out on the mountain. From this, they say, the mountain is called Haemus ("bloody")." In antiquity, the mountain range and the area around it was populated by free Thracian peoples such as the Bessi, Dii, and Satrae. Herodotus records that an oracle-shrine of Dionysus was located atop one of its mountains. John Milton's Sylvarum Liber contains a reference to "lofty Haemus",
  - Tunc etiam aërei divulsis sedibus Hæmi
  - the summit even of lofty Haemus shall crumble; Alexander Pope mentions Haemus in connection with Orpheus in his Ode for St. Cecilia's Day:
  - Hark! Haemus resounds with the Bacchanals' cries. In classical Latin poetry Haemus was drawn into association with the Roman civil wars; although geographically incorrect, it was attractive most likely because it was a homonym with the Greek word for blood (haima) and bloody (haimon), as well as for its connection to the singer Orpheus.

text:
# Haemus Mons

In earlier times, the Balkan Mountains were known as the **Haemus Mons** (/ˈhməs ˈmɒnz/ *HEE-muhs MONZ*). It is believed that the name is derived from a Thracian word *\*saimon*, 'mountain ridge', which is unattested but conjectured as the original Thracian form of Greek *Emos*.

Another classic etymology derives the name 'Haemos' from the myth about the fight of Zeus and the dragon Typhon:

"He was again driven to Thrace and hurled entire mountains at Zeus in the battle around Mount Haemus. When these bounced back upon him under the force of the thunderbolt, blood gushed out on the mountain. From this, they say, the mountain is called *Haemus* ("bloody")."

In antiquity, the mountain range and the area around it was populated by free Thracian peoples such as the Bessi, Dii, and Satrae. Herodotus records that an oracle-shrine of Dionysus (originally a Thracian god whose cult became widespread among the ancient Greeks) was located atop one of its mountains.

John Milton's *Sylvarum Liber* (*Naturam non pati senium*, v. 29) contains a reference to "lofty Haemus",

*Tunc etiam aërei divulsis sedibus Hæmi* the summit even of lofty Haemus shall crumble;

Alexander Pope mentions Haemus in connection with Orpheus in his *Ode for St. Cecilia's Day*:

Hark! Haemus resounds with the Bacchanals' cries.

In classical Latin poetry Haemus was drawn into association with the Roman civil wars; although geographically incorrect, it was attractive most likely because it was a homonym with the Greek word for blood (haima) and bloody (haimon), as well as for its connection to the singer Orpheus. (See Lucan Civil War 6.576, 7.174, Ovid Metam. 10.77, Ex Ponto 4.5.5, Virgil Georgics 1.492.)

## Other uses

Haemus Mons is also a 10 km high mountain on the Jupiter moon Io.

42°42′00″N 25°00′00″E / 42.7000°N 25.0000°E / 42.7000; 25.0000


title: Al Husn District

abstract: Al Husn District is a district of the Sana'a Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 30,124 inhabitants.

text:
# Al Husn District

**Al Husn District** is a district of the Sana'a Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 30,124 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Al Husn District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Al Husn DistrictLocation in Yemen | |
| Coordinates: 15°01′14″N 44°30′15″E / 15.0206°N 44.5042°E / 15.0206; 44.5042 | |
| Country | Yemen |
| Governorate | Sana'a |
| Population (2003) | |
| Total | 30,124 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (Yemen Standard Time) |


title: National Tenant Voice

abstract: The National Tenant Voice (NTV) was a short-lived British government-funded organisation which was set up in early 2010 by Gordon Brown's Labour Government to ensure that Social Housing tenants had a say in shaping national policy on housing issues. The quango was abolished in July 2010 by the new Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government as part of its economic and governmental reforms.

text:
# National Tenant Voice

The **National Tenant Voice** (NTV) was a short-lived British government-funded organisation which was set up in early 2010 by Gordon Brown's Labour Government to ensure that Social Housing tenants had a say in shaping national policy on housing issues. The quango was abolished in July 2010 by the new Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government as part of its economic and governmental reforms (2010 UK quango reforms).

## Background

The NTV was a non-departmental public body of the UK Government and was set up in February 2010. It was made up of a National Tenant Council (NTC) of 50 tenants and a Board of 15. Nine of these Board members are drawn from the NTC and 6 are independent members.

The NTV had four main roles:

* advocacy – helping social tenants collectively to speak for themselves as a distinct group in society and to put their views to government and other bodies on any issue affecting social tenants
* research – identifying the impact that policies will have on social tenants and discovering the views of a wide range of tenants on policy issues
* communication – providing good information to tenants and developing a two-way dialogue with them
* support for the representative tenants’ movement – to help it to develop and strengthen

## History

On 17 January 2007, Ruth Kelly, the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government announced a major-shake up of the UK government's arrangements for social housing.

In the following months, Professor Martin Cave, Director of the Centre for Management under Regulation at University of Warwick, led the most comprehensive review of English housing regulation for 30 years. Reporting in June, the Cave Review recommended that a new regulator be set up, separating the regulation and investment responsibilities of the Housing Corporation.

Following Professor Cave's report, the Department of Communities and Local Government set up a project group under the independent chairmanship of Professor Steve Hillditch

Following a significant period of public consultation, the Project Group published its report 'Citizens of Equal Worth' which outlined the proposals for how the National Tenant Voice should be set up and operate. The UK Government accepted all the recommendations of 'Citizens of Equal Worth' in full and the NTV was set up in February 2010

However, the organisation was abolished several months later by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government.

## Key Personnel

Chair - Michael Gelling OBE

Chief Executive - Richard Crossley OBE

* News article about members of the National Tenant Voice Board (Inside Housing, Feb 2010)


title: Marié Wissing

abstract: Marié Philliphina Wissing is a South African clinical psychologist, who is a professor at the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR) at the North-West University in South Africa. She became a member of the Academy of Science of South Africa in 2018.

text:
# Marié Wissing

**Marié Philliphina Wissing** is a South African clinical psychologist, who is a professor at the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR) at the North-West University in South Africa. She became a member of the Academy of Science of South Africa in 2018.

## Life and work

Wissing’s past research has primarily concerned two projects (FORT3 & Eudaimonic-Hedonic Happiness Investigation), both of which focus on clarifying the nature and facets of psychosocial well-being, validation of "*well-being measures in various contexts, exploration of similarities and differences across socio-demographic, cultural and international contexts, and reflection on theories and underlying philosophical assumptions and now specializing in research on meaning, goals and relatedness in local and international projects."*

She has concluded that certain core assumptions and research findings (often part of "main stream Western positive psychology") do not apply elsewhere in the world and that the measuring instruments used by Western researchers are insensitive at high levels of well-being. To pursue such research, Wissing is a core leader of the international multi-country EHHI project. She is also the leader of the FORT research programme and the psychosocial health and the "dynamics and relationships with biomarkers of (ill) health in South African Social contexts."

She has participated in several other multi-disciplinary research projects (including THUSA, PURE, SOPP, POWIRS, FLAGH, SABPA).

Wissing is a member of the Advisory Council of the International Positive Psychology Association.

## Selected publications

### Editor

Wissing has edited a volume on Well-being Research in South Africa, and to which she also contributed several chapters. She has been a guest editor for the Journal of Psychology. She has also served on the editorial boards of several disciplinary journals and is an associate editor of the international multi-disciplinary Journal of Happiness Studies.

### Author

* Roothman, B., Kirsten, D. K., & Wissing, M. P. (2003). Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. *South African journal of psychology*, *33*(4), 212-218.
* Wissing, M. P., & Van Eeden, C. (2002). Empirical clarification of the nature of psychological well-being. *South African Journal of Psychology*, *32*(1), 32-44.
* Joshanloo, M., Wissing, M. P., Khumalo, I. P., & Lamers, S. M. (2013). Measurement invariance of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) across three cultural groups. *Personality and Individual Differences*, *55*(7), 755-759.


title: Wink Spudders

abstract: The Wink Spudders were a minor league baseball team based in Wink, Texas. In 1937 and 1938, the Spudders played exclusively as members of the Class D level West Texas-New Mexico League, winning the 1937 league championship. Wink hosted minor league home games at Spudder Park.

text:
# Wink Spudders

The **Wink Spudders** were a minor league baseball team based in Wink, Texas. In 1937 and 1938, the Spudders played exclusively as members of the Class D level West Texas-New Mexico League, winning the 1937 league championship. Wink hosted minor league home games at Spudder Park.

## History

Minor league baseball began in Wink, Texas in 1937. The Wink "Spudders" became charter members of the six–team Class D level West Texas-New Mexico League. The Hobbs Drillers, Midland Cardinals, Monahans Trojans, Odessa Oilers and Roswell Sunshiners teams joined with Wink as charter league members.

The Wink use "Spudders" moniker corresponds to local potato industry and agriculture in Wink, Texas in the era.

In their first season of play, the Wink Spudders won the West Texas-New Mexico League pennant and championship. Wink began play in the West Texas-New Mexico League on May 4, 1937 and finished the season with a record of 68–50, playing under managers D.E. Perry and Joe Tate. Wink placed first overall in the league regular season standings, finishing 12.5 games ahead the second place Roswell Sunshiners. The final overall regular season standings were led Wink, followed by the Roswell Sunshiners (55–62), Monahans Trojans (55–64) and Hobbs Drillers (45–74). The Odessa Oilers (28–17) and Midland Cardinals (41–25) franchises both folded before the end of the season. In the first round of the playoffs, Wink swept the Hobbs Drillers in 3 games to advance. In the Finals, Wink defeated the Roswell Sunshiners 3 games to 0 to win the championship. Robert Hood of Wink had a Triple Crown season, leading the West Texas-New Mexico League with a .372 average, 30 home runs and 140 RBI. Teammate Red Hay led the league with 18 wins and a 3.97 ERA.

In 1938, the Wink Spudders played their final minor league season. Continuing play in the six–team West Texas-New Mexico League, Wink placed fourth in the final regular season standings and qualified for the playoffs. The Spudders finished the season with a record of 63–65, playing under returning manager Joe Tate. Wink finished 16.0 games behind the first place Lubbock Hubbers in the final standings. In the 1st round of the playoffs, Lubbock swept Wink in 3 games. Pitcher Red Roberts of Wink led the West Texas-New Mexico League with a 3.08 ERA.

After the 1938 season, the Wink Spudders franchise permanently folded as the 1939 West Texas-New Mexico League expanded to eight teams without Wink. Wink, Texas has not hosted another minor league team.

## The ballpark

The Wink Spudders teams hosted minor league home games at **Spudder Park**. The ballpark site is still in use today as a public park called Winkler County Park. Winkler Park is located on NW 2nd Street, Wink, Texas.

## Timeline

| Year(s) | \# Yrs. | Team | Level | League | Ballpark |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1937–1938 | 2 | Wink Spudders | Class D | West Texas-New Mexico League | Spudder Park |
|

## Year–by–year records

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs/Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1937 | 68–50 | 1st | D.E. Perry / Joe Tate | **League champions** |
| 1938 | 63–65 | 4th | Joe Tate | Lost 1st round |
|

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Wink Spudders | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Class D (1937–1938) |
| League | West Texas-New Mexico League (1937–1938) |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | None |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles (1) | 1937 |
| Conference titles (1) | 1937 |
| Wild card berths (1) | 1938 |
| Team data | |
| Name | **Wink Spudders** (1937–1938) |
| Ballpark | Spudder Park (1937–1938) |


title: Floyd–Newsome House

abstract: The Floyd-Newsome House is a historic house in Phenix City, Alabama, U.S.. It was built in 1898 as a cottage for Dr Floyd, a physician and judge who was also the mayor of Phenix City. By 1908, a second story was built, and it was redesigned in the classical architectural style. It remained in the Floyd family until 1958, when it was purchased by the Aldridge family. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 3, 1983.

text:
# Floyd–Newsome House

The **Floyd-Newsome House** is a historic house in Phenix City, Alabama, U.S.. It was built in 1898 as a cottage for Dr Floyd, a physician and judge who was also the mayor of Phenix City. By 1908, a second story was built, and it was redesigned in the classical architectural style. It remained in the Floyd family until 1958, when it was purchased by the Aldridge family. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 3, 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Floyd-Newsome House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Floyd-Newsome House in 2011 | |
|  | |
| Location | 900 22nd Street, Phenix City, Alabama |
| Coordinates | 32°28′56″N 85°0′15″W / 32.48222°N 85.00417°W / 32.48222; -85.00417 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1898 (1898) |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival, Late Victorian |
| MPS | Phenix City MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 83004373 |
| Added to NRHP | November 3, 1983 |


title: Minuscule 272

abstract: Minuscule 272, ε 1182 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. It has marginalia.

text:
# Minuscule 272

**Minuscule 272** (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1182 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. It has marginalia.

## Description

The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 218 parchment leaves (14.3 cm by 12.5 cm). The text is written in one column per page, in 21 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (*chapters*), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their τιτλοι (*titles of chapters*) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections, with references to the Eusebian Canons (mostly omitted).

It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum, Eusebian Canon tables, tables of the κεφαλαια (*tables of contents*) before each Gospel, Synaxarion, Menologion, and subscriptions at the end of each Gospel.

## Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family K1. Aland placed it in Category V. According to the Claremont Profile Method in Luke 1 and Luke 20 it belongs to the textual family Kx. It creates textual pair with 419

Passage of Matthew 16:2b–3 (*signs of the times*) is excluded.

## History

The manuscript once belonged to Melchisedek Thevenot († 1692), then it was held at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gr. 76). Thomas Rodd († 1822), librarian, purchased it for the British Museum.

The manuscripts was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794–1852). C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1883.

The manuscript is currently housed at the British Library (Add MS 15581) in London.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Minuscule **272**
| **New Testament manuscript** | |
| --- | --- |
| Text | Gospels |
| Date | 11th century |
| Script | Greek |
| Now at | British Library |
| Size | 14.3 cm by 12.5 cm |
| Type | Byzantine text-type |
| Category | V |
| Note | marginalia |


title: Paul Woolpert

abstract: Paul Woolpert is an American basketball coach and scout. He was the head coach of the Yakima Sun Kings in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) for seven non-consecutive years. He was named CBA Coach of the Year in 2007 and 2008. He led the Sun Kings to four CBA Championships. A new Yakima Sun Kings team was founded in 2017 and Woolpert was hired as head coach. The team won the North American Premier Basketball (NAPB) Championship in 2018. He was fired during the 2019 NAPB Championship Series. Woolpert was also head coach of the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the CBA (2001–02), the Talk 'N Text Phone Pals of the Philippine Basketball Association (2003), the Tulsa 66ers of the NBA D-League (2008–09) and the Townsville Crocodiles of the National Basketball League (2011–13).

text:
# Paul Woolpert

**Paul Woolpert** is an American basketball coach and scout. He was the head coach of the Yakima Sun Kings in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) for seven non-consecutive years (1998–2001, 2004–2008). He was named CBA Coach of the Year in 2007 and 2008. He led the Sun Kings to four CBA Championships (1995, 2000, 2006, 2007). A new Yakima Sun Kings team was founded in 2017 and Woolpert was hired as head coach. The team won the North American Premier Basketball (NAPB) Championship in 2018. He was fired during the 2019 NAPB Championship Series.

Woolpert was also head coach of the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the CBA (2001–02), the Talk 'N Text Phone Pals of the Philippine Basketball Association (2003), the Tulsa 66ers of the NBA D-League (2008–09) and the Townsville Crocodiles of the National Basketball League (2011–13).

## Coaching career

Woolpert went to Peninsula College in Port Angeles, Washington and later transferred to the University of Portland, where he was a student assistant coach for the men's basketball team.

Woolpert got his start as a scout and video coordinator for the Seattle SuperSonics in 1986, remaining in the role until 1994. From 1995 to 2004, Woolpert served as a scout for the Portland Trail Blazers. Woolpert also coached in other capacities while maintaining those responsibilities, spending time as an assistant coach with the Sioux Falls Skyforce and the Yakima Sun Kings. Woolpert was promoted to head coach of the Sun Kings prior to the 1998 season, winning his first CBA Championship in 2000. Yakima enjoyed continued success with Woolpert at the helm, winning the CBA Championship in 2006 and 2007, while setting a CBA record for winning percentage, finishing the 2007–08 season with a 43–5 record (.895).

After serving as head coach of the Tulsa 66ers in 2008–09, Woolpert moved to Australia where he spent two seasons as the head coach of the Townsville Crocodiles.

In 2014–15, Woolpert served as the Perth Wildcats' lead assistant coach.

In August 2015, Woolpert was named an assistant coach for the Los Angeles D-fenders of the NBA Development League.

In October 2017, Woolpert rejoined the rebooted Yakima SunKings as its head coach and general manager ahead of the 2018 NAPB season. The SunKings went on to win NAPB championship in 2018. In 2019, Woolpert led the SunKings to the championships series, where he was released mid series by the owner following a Facebook post made by Woolpert asking for funds to bring his entire roster to the final championship game.

In July 2019, Woolpert was reappointed as lead assistant of the Perth Wildcats. However, he parted ways with the Wildcats on October 23, 2019, to return to the United States for family reasons.

## Coaching record

### PBA record

| Season | Team | Conference | Elims./Clas. round | | | | | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | GP | W | L | PCT | Finish | PG | W | L | PCT | Results |
| 2002 | TNT | All-Filipino Cup | 9 | 5 | 4 | .556 | 4th | 1 | 0 | 1 | .000 | Lost to Alaska in one-game quarterfinals |
| 2003 | TNT | All-Filipino | 9 | 4 | 5 | .444 | - | *Fired* | | | | |
| **Career Total** | | | **18** | **9** | **9** | **.500** | Playoff Total | **1** | **0** | **1** | **.000** | **0 championship** |

## InfoBox

Paul Woolpert
| Woolpert in April 2019 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | American |
| Career information | |
| College | Peninsula College<br>University of Portland |
| Coaching career | 1994–present |
| Career history | |
| As coach: | |
| 1994–1995 | Yakima Sun Kings (asst.) |
| 1995–1996 | Sioux Falls Skyforce (asst.) |
| 1996–1998 | Yakima Sun Kings (asst.) |
| 1998–2001 | Yakima Sun Kings |
| 2001–2002 | Sioux Falls Skyforce |
| 2002–2003 | Talk 'N Text Phone Pals |
| 2004–2008 | Yakima Sun Kings |
| 2008–2009 | Tulsa 66ers |
| 2011–2013 | Townsville Crocodiles |
| 2014–2015 | Perth Wildcats (asst.) |
| 2015–2017 | Los Angeles D-Fenders (asst.) |
| 2018–2019 | Yakima SunKings |
| 2019 | Perth Wildcats (asst.) |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * NAPB champion (2018) * CBA champion (1995, 2000, 2006, 2007) * 2× CBA Coach of the Year (2007, 2008) | |
|  | |