title: Lusty Sisters

abstract: Lusty Sisters aka Erotic Sisters is a 1972 Japanese film in Nikkatsu's Roman porno series, directed by Chūsei Sone and starring Keiko Tsuzuki and Akemi Nijō.

text:
# Lusty Sisters

***Lusty Sisters*** (色情姉妹, *Shikijō shimai*) *aka* ***Erotic Sisters*** is a 1972 Japanese film in Nikkatsu's *Roman porno* series, directed by Chūsei Sone and starring Keiko Tsuzuki and Akemi Nijō.

## Synopsis

Three sisters live alienated existences in modern-day Tokyo. One works as a secretary, one is a prostitute, and one is a criminal. The secretary is cynically unhappy with the sexist business world which limits her opportunities for advancement and makes her a target for her lecherous boss. The prostitute lives an aimless life, drifting between men, and often the target of either police or jealous wives. The criminal, who lives by disrupting the society which oppresses her two sisters, is the only happy one of the three.

## Cast

* Akemi Nijō: Satsuki Ōtsuki
* Keiko Tsuzuki: Shinobu Ōtsuki
* Senro Sō: Sumire Ōtsuki
* Chigusa Takayama: Fujie Ōtsuki
* Kenji Shimamura: Denkichi Ōtsuki
* Nobutaka Masutoko: Honda Rokurō
* Hiroyuki Mikawa: Ichirō Sawaki
* Kiyoko Ōtani: Miyo Sawaki
* Mako Mizuki: Yōko Ikuta

## Background and critical appraisal

In their *Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films*, the Weissers fault the film for its story, but praise director Sone for raising the film above its exploitation origins. According to the Weissers, the film is "a great looking production", and Sone gives the characters humanity. Nevertheless, they point out, in line with the exploitation genre, Sone delivers some "chillingly savage" moments. Allmovie agrees that the film is "not for the timid", but judges that it was one of Nikkatsu's better Roman Pornos of 1972. Dealing with societal alienation, self-destruction and violence, the film works with themes that director Hisayasu Satō would make his own in the 1980s and 1990s.

Director Chūsei Sone worked as an assistant director to Seijun Suzuki during the 1960s. He is probably best known for the first two episodes of the *Angel Guts* series, which he directed in 1978 and 1979. Lead actress Keiko Tsuzuki had a leading role in Yasuharu Hasebe's Kurosawa satire, *Naked Seven* (1974).

## Availability

*Lusty Sisters* was released theatrically in Japan on November 29, 1972. It was released on DVD in Japan on December 22, 2006, as part of Geneon's sixth wave of Nikkatsu *Roman porno* series.

## Bibliography

### English

* *Shikijo Shimai* at AllMovie
* "SHIKIJO SHIMAI". Complete Index to World Film. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
* *Shikijo shimai (1972)* at IMDb
* Sharp, Jasper (2008). *Behind the Pink Curtain: The Complete History of Japanese Sex Cinema*. Guildford: FAB Press. ISBN 978-1-903254-54-7.
* Weisser, Thomas; Yuko Mihara Weisser (1998). *Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films*. Miami: Vital Books : Asian Cult Cinema Publications. ISBN 1-889288-52-7.

### Japanese

## InfoBox

| Lusty Sisters | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster for *Lusty Sisters* (1972) | |
| Directed by | Chūsei Sone |
| Written by | Saburō Hatano |
| Starring | * Keiko Tsuzuki * Akemi Nijō |
| Cinematography | Shigeyoshi Mine |
| Edited by | Atsushi Nabeshima |
| Music by | Sansaku Okuzawa |
| Distributed by | Nikkatsu |
| Release date | * November 29, 1972 (1972-11-29) |
| Running time | 73 min. |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Luminosity (yacht)

abstract: Luminosity is one of the largest yachts in the world, with a length of 107.6 meters. The interior of the yacht was designed by Zaniz Jakubowski. Luminosity is one of the first yachts to feature a hybrid propulsion system, considered a more environmentally friendly than traditional diesel-powered boats. The yacht was built by Benetti in Livorno, Italy.

text:
# Luminosity (yacht)

***Luminosity*** is one of the largest yachts in the world, with a length of 107.6 meters (353 ft 0 in). The interior of the yacht was designed by Zaniz Jakubowski. *Luminosity* is one of the first yachts to feature a hybrid propulsion system, considered a more environmentally friendly than traditional diesel-powered boats. The yacht was built by Benetti in Livorno, Italy.

## InfoBox

*Luminosity*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Luminosity* |
| Owner | Andrey Guryev |
| Builder | Benetti |
| Launched | 2020 |
| Completed | 2020 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Superyacht |
| Tonnage | * 5,884 GT * 2,979 NT |
| Length | 107.6 m (353 ft 0 in) |
| Beam | 17 m (55 ft 9 in) |
| Decks | 5 |
| Installed power | 6 Caterpillar engines |
| Propulsion | Hybrid |
| Speed | 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) max |
| Range | 8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) |
| Capacity | 27 |
| Crew | 37 |


title: Luminosity (performance art)

abstract: Luminosity (1997) was a performance art installation by Serbian artist Marina Abramović at Sean Kelly Gallery, New York. Along with Insomnia and Dissolution, Luminosity formed part of a larger work by Abramović called Spirit House. In Luminosity, Abramović appears nude, balancing herself on a bicycle seat on a pedestal apparatus, mounted high on the wall. The artist keeps her arms and legs fully extended, evoking Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man. However, this posture places painful pressure where her genitals make contact with the seat. Throughout the performance, the artist is bathed in light of changing intensity. Luminosity is considered an example of endurance art. The work was reperformed in continually, in shifts, by the artist's trainees for 700 hours during the retrospective exhibition, Marina Abramović: The Artist Is Present at the Museum of Modern Art in 2010.

text:
# Luminosity (performance art)

***Luminosity*** (1997) was a performance art installation by Serbian artist Marina Abramović at Sean Kelly Gallery, New York. Along with *Insomnia* and *Dissolution*, *Luminosity* formed part of a larger work by Abramović called *Spirit House.*

In *Luminosity,* Abramović appears nude, balancing herself on a bicycle seat on a pedestal apparatus, mounted high on the wall. The artist keeps her arms and legs fully extended, evoking Leonardo da Vinci's *Vitruvian Man*. However, this posture places painful pressure where her genitals make contact with the seat. Throughout the performance, the artist is bathed in light of changing intensity.

*Luminosity* is considered an example of endurance art. The work was reperformed in continually, in shifts, by the artist's trainees for 700 hours during the retrospective exhibition, *Marina Abramović: The Artist Is Present* at the Museum of Modern Art in 2010.


title: Lyciasalamandra

abstract: Lyciasalamandra is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. They are native to southwestern coast of Turkey and nearby Aegean Islands (Greece). As of early 2018, all species in the genus are threatened. The common name Lycian salamanders has been coined for them.

text:
# Lyciasalamandra

***Lyciasalamandra*** is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. They are native to southwestern coast of Turkey and nearby Aegean Islands (Greece). As of early 2018, all species in the genus are threatened. The common name **Lycian salamanders** has been coined for them.

## Species

*Lyciasalamandra* contains seven recognized species:

Molecular data suggest that some recently described species (*Lyciasalamandra irfani*, *Lyciasalamandra arikani*, and *Lyciasalamandra yehudahi*), which as of early 2018 are still listed by the AmphibiaWeb, should be considered as subspecies of *Lyciasalamandra billae*.

## Reproduction

All *Lyciasalamandra* species are viviparous, as are four species of *Salamandra*.

## InfoBox

| *Lyciasalamandra* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Lyciasalamandra helverseni* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Salamandridae |
| Subfamily: | Salamandrinae |
| Genus: | *Lyciasalamandra*<br>Veith and Steinfartz, 2004 |
|


title: Lybrook, New Mexico

abstract: Lybrook is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census. The CDP is in the southwest corner of the county, bordered to the south by Sandoval County. U.S. Route 550 passes through the center of the community, leading northwest 48 miles (77 km) to Bloomfield and southeast 40 miles (64 km) to Cuba.

text:
# Lybrook, New Mexico

**Lybrook** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

The CDP is in the southwest corner of the county, bordered to the south by Sandoval County. U.S. Route 550 passes through the center of the community, leading northwest 48 miles (77 km) to Bloomfield and southeast 40 miles (64 km) to Cuba.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 19 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lybrook has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Lybrook was 100 °F (37.8 °C) on July 22, 1952, while the coldest temperature recorded was −28 °F (−33.3 °C) on January 7, 1971.

| Climate data for Lybrook, New Mexico, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2011 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 61
(16) | 67
(19) | 73
(23) | 86
(30) | 91
(33) | 97
(36) | 100
(38) | 97
(36) | 89
(32) | 86
(30) | 77
(25) | 65
(18) | 100
(38) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 51.8
(11.0) | 56.5
(13.6) | 65.7
(18.7) | 72.8
(22.7) | 81.1
(27.3) | 88.6
(31.4) | 91.4
(33.0) | 88.6
(31.4) | 83.7
(28.7) | 73.9
(23.3) | 63.2
(17.3) | 52.8
(11.6) | 92.2
(33.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 38.7
(3.7) | 43.8
(6.6) | 52.8
(11.6) | 60.2
(15.7) | 69.8
(21.0) | 81.3
(27.4) | 84.1
(28.9) | 81.4
(27.4) | 74.8
(23.8) | 62.6
(17.0) | 49.2
(9.6) | 39.2
(4.0) | 61.5
(16.4) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 27.5
(−2.5) | 32.0
(0.0) | 39.7
(4.3) | 46.6
(8.1) | 55.8
(13.2) | 66.7
(19.3) | 70.2
(21.2) | 67.9
(19.9) | 61.4
(16.3) | 49.5
(9.7) | 37.0
(2.8) | 27.4
(−2.6) | 48.5
(9.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 16.3
(−8.7) | 20.3
(−6.5) | 26.5
(−3.1) | 33.0
(0.6) | 41.7
(5.4) | 52.1
(11.2) | 56.3
(13.5) | 54.4
(12.4) | 48.0
(8.9) | 36.5
(2.5) | 24.7
(−4.1) | 15.5
(−9.2) | 35.4
(1.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 1.3
(−17.1) | 4.8
(−15.1) | 13.7
(−10.2) | 21.5
(−5.8) | 29.5
(−1.4) | 37.9
(3.3) | 47.9
(8.8) | 45.9
(7.7) | 35.4
(1.9) | 22.7
(−5.2) | 9.6
(−12.4) | 0.8
(−17.3) | −3.7
(−19.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −28
(−33) | −18
(−28) | 0
(−18) | 4
(−16) | 18
(−8) | 24
(−4) | 36
(2) | 34
(1) | 26
(−3) | 11
(−12) | −3
(−19) | −18
(−28) | −28
(−33) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.84
(21) | 0.52
(13) | 0.33
(8.4) | 0.58
(15) | 0.86
(22) | 0.52
(13) | 1.48
(38) | 1.97
(50) | 1.32
(34) | 0.86
(22) | 0.49
(12) | 0.59
(15) | 10.36
(263.4) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 5.9
(15) | 2.9
(7.4) | 1.4
(3.6) | 1.3
(3.3) | 0.1
(0.25) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.6
(1.5) | 1.0
(2.5) | 3.7
(9.4) | 16.9
(42.95) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 4.6 | 4.8 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 5.3 | 7.4 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 47.8 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.3 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 12.7 |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: XMACIS2 (mean maxima/minima 19812010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Lybrook, New Mexico | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| LybrookLybrook | |
| Coordinates: 36°13′44″N 107°33′18″W / 36.22889°N 107.55500°W / 36.22889; -107.55500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Mexico |
| County | Rio Arriba |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.89 sq mi (10.07 km2) |
| Land | 3.88 sq mi (10.05 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 7,179 ft (2,188 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 19 |
| Density | 4.90/sq mi (1.89/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP Code | 87013 (Cuba) |
| Area code | 575 |
| FIPS code | 35-45635 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2806742 |


title: Tuber (app)

abstract: Tuber was a web browser mobile app developed by Shanghai Fengxuan Information Technology that allowed users within mainland China to view filtered versions of certain websites normally blocked by the Great Firewall. Filtered versions of websites such as Google, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, Netflix, IMDb, and Wikipedia could be viewed. The app was backed by cybersecurity company Qihoo 360 which served as the parent company. The app required phone number registration. Sensitive keywords were blocked by the app. On October 9, 2020, Global Times editor Rita Bai Yunyi tweeted that the move represented "a great step for China's opening up". The app was removed from China domestic app stores and operations ceased as of October 10, 2020. On October 12, when questioned by a Bloomberg News reporter on the topic, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian replied, "This is not a diplomatic issue, and I do not have the relevant information you mentioned. China has always managed the Internet in accordance with the law. I suggest you ask the competent department for the specific situation."

text:
# Tuber (app)

**Tuber** (Chinese: Tuber浏览器) was a web browser mobile app developed by Shanghai Fengxuan Information Technology that allowed users within mainland China to view filtered versions of certain websites normally blocked by the Great Firewall. Filtered versions of websites such as Google, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, Netflix, IMDb, and Wikipedia could be viewed. The app was backed by cybersecurity company Qihoo 360 which served as the parent company. The app required phone number registration. Sensitive keywords were blocked by the app.

On October 9, 2020, *Global Times* editor Rita Bai Yunyi tweeted that the move represented "a great step for China's opening up".

The app was removed from China domestic app stores and operations ceased as of October 10, 2020.

On October 12, when questioned by a Bloomberg News reporter on the topic, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian replied, "This is not a diplomatic issue, and I do not have the relevant information you mentioned. China has always managed the Internet in accordance with the law. I suggest you ask the competent department for the specific situation."

## InfoBox

Tuber
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Shanghai Fengxuan Information Technology |
| Operating system | Android |
| Available in | 1 languages |
| List of languagesSimplified Chinese | |
| Type | Web browser |
| License | Proprietary freeware |
| Website | "Tuber 浏览器". Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. |


title: Luther Elkins

abstract: Luther Elkins was an American politician and pioneer in the state of Oregon. Born in Cornville, Massachusetts and married to Philotheta Williams, he migrated to Oregon Territory in 1852, overland via the Oregon Trail. He served in the Oregon Territorial Legislature and was a delegate to the Oregon Constitutional Convention. He was elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1858, serving in the 1859 special session, for which he was selected as the Oregon Senate's first President. He also served in the 1860 regular session, again as president. He died in 1887, on December 13, and is buried at the Pioneer Cemetery in Lebanon, Oregon.

text:
# Luther Elkins

**Luther Elkins** (May 26, 1809 – December 13, 1887) was an American politician and pioneer in the state of Oregon. Born in Cornville, Massachusetts (in Maine from 1820 on) and married to Philotheta Williams, he migrated to Oregon Territory in 1852, overland via the Oregon Trail. He served in the Oregon Territorial Legislature and was a delegate to the Oregon Constitutional Convention. He was elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1858, serving in the 1859 special session, for which he was selected as the Oregon Senate's first President. He also served in the 1860 regular session, again as president.

He died in 1887, on December 13, and is buried at the Pioneer Cemetery in Lebanon, Oregon.

## InfoBox

| Luther Elkins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of the Oregon State Senate | |
| **In office**
1860–1861 | |
| Preceded by | position created |
| Succeeded by | Wilson Bowlby |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 26, 1809
Cornville, Maine |
| Died | December 13, 1887(1887-12-13) (aged 78)
Oregon |
| Political party | Democrat |
|  | |


title: Luther Dickinson

abstract: Luther Andrews Dickinson is the lead guitarist and vocalist for the North Mississippi Allstars and the son of record producer Jim Dickinson. He is also known for being a guitarist for The Black Crowes. He hosts Guitar Xpress on the Video on Demand network Mag Rack.

text:
# Luther Dickinson

**Luther Andrews Dickinson** (born January 18, 1973) is the lead guitarist and vocalist for the North Mississippi Allstars and the son of record producer Jim Dickinson. He is also known for being a guitarist for The Black Crowes. He hosts *Guitar Xpress* on the Video on Demand network Mag Rack.

## Career

He was born in West Tennessee to Mary Lindsay and Jim Dickinson, a Memphis record producer. Dickinson grew up playing concerts and gaining recording experience with his father and brother, Cody. The family moved to the hills of North Mississippi in 1985. Dickinson made his recording debut in 1987, playing a metal-influenced guitar solo on "Shooting Dirty Pool" on The Replacements' album *Pleased to Meet Me*, which his father was producing. Dickinson befriended the musical families of Otha Turner, R. L. Burnside, and Junior Kimbrough. They were the inspiration for Luther and Cody Dickinson to form the North Mississippi Allstars in 1996. The North Mississippi Allstars have been nominated for three Grammy Awards in the Best Contemporary Blues category. Dickinson produced two records on Otha Turner, *Everybody Hollerin' Goat* and *From Senegal To Senatobia*.

In November 2007 Dickinson joined The Black Crowes. His recording debut with the band was on *Warpaint* in 2008, and he has since appeared on the 2009 Black Crowes release *Before the Frost...Until the Freeze*. Dickinson decided not to join The Black Crowes for their 2013 tour. Dickinson currently tours with the North Mississippi Allstars and as a member of the Southern Soul Assembly.

In 2014, Gibson issued a signature model for him, the Luther Dickinson ES-335, with the most notable modification being the P-90 pickups replacing the standard humbuckers.

Jazz critic Ted Gioia chose *Blues & Ballads: A Folksinger's Songbook, Volumes 1 & 2* (New West, 2016) for the eleventh spot on his list of the top 100 albums of the year.

His 2019 joint recording with Sisters of the Strawberry Moon, *Solstice*, was chosen as a 'Favorite Blues Album' by AllMusic.

## Discography

### Solo

* *Onward and Upward* (2009)
* *Three Skulls and the Truth* (Blues Bureau, 2012) with David Hidalgo, Mato Nanji
* *Hambone's Meditations* (Songs of the South, 2012)
* *Rock 'n' Roll Blues* (New West, 2014)
* *Blues and Ballads: A Folksinger's Songbook, Vol. 1 & 2* (New West, 2016)

### 78 rpm

### As member

**With DDT**

* 1994 *Some of My Best Friends Are Blues*
* 1999 *Urban Observer*

**With Gutbucket**

* *Where's the Man With the Jive?*

**With North Mississippi Allstars**

* 2000 *Shake Hands with Shorty*
* 2001 *51 Phantom*
* 2003 *Polaris*
* 2004 *Hill Country Revue: Live at Bonnaroo*
* 2005 *Electric Blue Watermelon*
* 2006 *Instant Live: Paradise Rock Club*
* 2007 *Songs of The South Presents: Mississippi Folk Music - Volume One*
* 2008 *Hernando*
* 2011 *Keys to the Kingdom*
* 2013 *World Boogie Is Coming*
* 2017 *Prayer for Peace*
* 2019 "Up and Rolling"
* 2022 "Set Sail"

**With The Word**

**With Jim Dickinson**

* 2002 *Free Beer Tomorrow*
* 2006 *Jungle Jim and the Voodoo Tiger*
* 2007 *Killers from Space*

**With The Black Crowes**

**With John Hiatt**

**With South Memphis String Band**

* 2010 *Home Sweet Home*
* 2012 *Old Times There...*

**With The Hill Country Revue**

* 2009 *Make a Move*
* 2010 *Zebra Ranch*

**With The Wandering**

* 2012 *Go On Now, You Can't Stay Here: Mississippi Folk Music, Vol. 3*

**With Bash & Pop**

* 2017 *Anything Could Happen*

**With Sisters of the Strawberry Moon**

* 2019 *Solstice*

### As guest

**With Calvin Russell**

* 1997 *Calvin Russell*
* 1997 *Soldier*
* 1999 *Sam*

**With Jimbo Mathus**

* 1997 *Play Songs for Rosetta*
* 2001 *National Antiseptic*
* 2003 *Stop and Let the Devil Ride*
* 2009 *Jimmy the Kid*
* 2015 *Confederate Buddha*

**With Jon Spencer Blues Explosion**

* 1998 *Acme*
* 1999 *Xtra-Acme USA*

**With Othar Turner**

**With John Hermann**

**With Lucero**

* 2001 *Lucero*
* 2006 *The Attic Tapes*

**With Bob Frank**

* 2002 *Keep on Burning*
* 2008 *Red Neck, Blue Collar*

**With Jim Lauderdale**

* 2013 *Black Roses*
* 2015 *Soul Searching: Memphis, Vol. 1/Nashville, Vol. 2*

**With others**

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | *Up and Rolling* | Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album | Nominated |  |
| 2016 | *Blues & Ballads (A Folksinger's Songbook: Volumes I & II)* | Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album | Nominated | |
| 2012 | *Hambone's Meditations* | Grammy Award for Best Folk Album | Nominated | |
| 2010 | *Onward and Upward* | Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album | Nominated | |
| 2005 | *Electric Blue Watermelon* | Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album | Nominated | |
| 2002 | *51 Phantom* | | Nominated | |
| 2000 | *Shake Hands with Shorty* | | Nominated | |

## InfoBox

| Luther Dickinson | |
| --- | --- |
| Dickinson at the Blind Willie McTell Festival September 2021 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Luther Andrews Dickinson |
| Born | (1973-01-18) January 18, 1973<br>Memphis, Tennessee, US |
| Genres | Blues, rock |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument(s) | Guitar, vocals |
| Years active | 1987–present |
| Labels | New West, Tompkins Square |
|  | |
| Website | www.lutherdickinson.com |


title: Luther Dixon

abstract: Luther Dixon was an American songwriter, record producer, and singer. Dixon's songs achieved their greatest success in the 1950s and 1960s, and were recorded by Elvis Presley, the Beatles, the Jackson 5, B.B. King, Jerry Lee Lewis, Dusty Springfield, Jimmy Reed and others. As a producer, Dixon helped create the signature sound of the girl group the Shirelles.

text:
# Luther Dixon

**Luther Dixon** (August 7, 1931 – October 22, 2009) was an American songwriter, record producer, and singer. Dixon's songs achieved their greatest success in the 1950s and 1960s, and were recorded by Elvis Presley, the Beatles, the Jackson 5, B.B. King, Jerry Lee Lewis, Dusty Springfield, Jimmy Reed and others. As a producer, Dixon helped create the signature sound of the girl group the Shirelles.

## Early life

Dixon was born in Jacksonville, Florida, but his family moved to Brooklyn, New York, when he was young. He learned to sing in church.

## Career

Dixon began his professional career in 1954 with the Four Buddies, a doo-wop group led by Larry Harrison, in which Dixon sang baritone and occasionally played guitar. The Four Buddies recorded for Savoy Records, but also as the Barons for Decca Records and as The Buddies for Glory Records. The group disbanded in 1955, but Dixon and Harrison continued writing songs together. Their biggest hit was "Why Baby Why", recorded by Pat Boone, which peaked at No. 5 in 1957.

Dixon and Billy Dawn Smith wrote the 1957 Perry Como song "Just Born (To Be Your Baby)", which reached No. 12. In 1958, Bobby Darin recorded "All the Way Home", written by Dixon and Otis Blackwell, which was released on Darin's 1960 album *For Teenagers Only*. Dixon and Clyde Otis wrote the song "Doncha' Think It's Time", recorded by Elvis Presley in 1958 and included on his famous 1959 album, *50,000,000 Elvis Fans Can't Be Wrong*. Also in 1958, Dixon and Allyson Khent wrote "16 Candles", which was recorded by the Crests and reached No. 2. They also co-wrote 'Lovin' Up A Storm', which, when recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis, reached No. 29 in the UK charts in 1959, (Official Charts Company).

In 1960, after being approached by Florence Greenberg of Scepter Records, Dixon began working with the Shirelles. The first song Dixon produced with the Shirelles was "Tonight's the Night", co-written by the group's lead singer Shirley Owens. The song reached No. 39 in 1960, and another recording of the song by the Chiffons reached No. 76. The Shirelles then reached No. 1 with "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" (written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin). Dixon wrote the B-side to that single, "Boys". The Shirelles' 1961 song "Baby It's You", co-written by Dixon under the pseudonym "Barney Williams", Burt Bacharach, and Mack David, reached No. 8. Both "Boys" and "Baby It's You" were later recorded by the Beatles on their debut LP, *Please Please Me*. The Shirelles' 1962 song "Soldier Boy", written by Dixon and Florence Greenberg, was their final song to reach No. 1.

Greenberg started a second record company, Wand Records, in 1961. Dixon wrote and produced many songs for the Wand and Scepter labels, including the 1961 Chuck Jackson single "I Don't Want to Cry", co-written by Jackson himself, which reached No. 36. Jimmy Reed's 1961 hit "Big Boss Man" was written by Dixon and Al Smith. This song was listed by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the 500 "Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".

With these successes, Dixon was approached by Capitol Records to set up his own record label, Ludix Records, but Ludix was unsuccessful. In 1966, Dixon was producing the Platters for Musicor Records. Their songs "I Love You 1000 Times" (No. 31, 1966) and "With This Ring" (No. 14, 1967)—their biggest hits since leaving Mercury Records—were both produced and co-written by Dixon.

By the late 1960s, Dixon's style of music had greatly faded from popular music charts. He received a surge of popularity after "16 Candles" was used in the 1973 George Lucas film *American Graffiti*, and again when the 1984 John Hughes film *Sixteen Candles* included a performance of the song by the Stray Cats. "Boys" was included in the 2009 video game *The Beatles: Rock Band*. Dixon's song "Never Let Me Go" was performed by Jane Monheit in the film adaptation of Kazuo Ishiguro's novel with same title. Dixon was nominated for the Songwriters Hall of Fame one week before he died.

## Personal life

Dixon was married to soul singer Inez Foxx, with whom he co-wrote "I Love You 1000 Times". They later divorced. Dixon died in his hometown of Jacksonville, Florida. He was also married to Sonia Dixon (Nee Francis) which also ended in divorce.

## InfoBox

| Luther Dixon | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1931-08-07)August 7, 1931
Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. |
| Origin | Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Died | October 22, 2009(2009-10-22) (aged 78)
Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Singer * songwriter * record producer |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 1954–late 1960s |
| Labels |  |


title: Luys d'Averçó

abstract: Luys d'Averçó or Luis de Aversó (c.1350–1412x15) was a Catalan politician, naval financier, and man of letters. His magnum opus, the Torcimany, is one of the most important medieval Catalan-language grammars to modern historians. His name is spelled Lluís d'Averçó or d'Aversó in modern orthography. Averçó was born to a family of naval shipowners in Barcelona in the middle of the fourteenth century. He continued in the family business and profited from it financially all his life. He appears to be well-trained in law, for he participated in the municipal government of Barcelona throughout his life, being a councillor (conseller) in 1395 and again in 1403. During the interregnum of 1410–12 he was charged by the Parliament of Catalonia with arbitrating some disputes amongst the citizens of Lleida. He later represented Barcelona on a diplomatic mission to Majorca. His diverse interests economic, literary, military, and political brought him favour with the monarchs John I ("the Lover of Elegance") and Martin ("the Humane"). No poems by Averçó survive, though his reputation in the poetic world of his time is undeniable. He and Jaume March II persuaded John I to inaugurate the jocs florals at Barcelona and establish a Consistori de la Gaya Sciènça there. On 20 February 1393 John named Jaume and Averçó the first judges of the Consistori's contests (jocs). On 12 August 1399 their position was reaffirmed by king Martin. Averçó's poetic reputation is further established by his Torcimany, which contain a wealth of information for composing poetry in Catalan. Torcimany survives in a single autograph in the library of the Escorial. Its diffusion was almost null, its influence equally so, and its citation nonexistent. Not even Jaume March's Libre de concordances, which served the same purpose—a dictionary of rhymes (diccionari de rimes)—as the appendix of Averçó's Torcimany, shows any evidence of cross-fertilisation or influence. The two poets, who knew each other personally, wrote two similar but independent works. Torcimany cannot be confidently dated beyond the final third of the century. It is divided into three sections, the first on the basic concepts of grammar, the second (del trobar, "on composition") on the genres (dictats) of poetry, and the third on more difficult aspects of grammar and rhetoric, such as compàs (rhythm). Torcimany is not too different from the Compendi of Joan de Castellnou or the Flors del gay saber of Guilhem Molinier. The dictionary of rhymes with which it ends, however, is unique to it; and Averçó does not appear to have had access to the Donatz proensals of Uc Faidit. He appears to have compiled his dictionary from memory and probably for this reason he includes words that would be difficult to employ in the type of verse he seeks to enable. Generally his words have Catalan endings, but a good portion are clearly Occitan, the language of the troubadours. A few on top of that are Castilian or Aragonese, which he clarifies with their Catalan equivalents. These Castilianisms are also unnecessary for Catalan poetry, but Averçó was fixed upon extending his rhymary.

text:
# Luys d'Averçó

**Luys d'Averçó** or **Luis de Aversó** (*c*.13501412x15) was a Catalan politician, naval financier, and man of letters. His *magnum opus*, the *Torcimany*, is one of the most important medieval Catalan-language grammars to modern historians. His name is spelled **Lluís d'Averçó** or **d'Aversó** in modern orthography.

Averçó was born to a family of naval shipowners in Barcelona in the middle of the fourteenth century. He continued in the family business and profited from it financially all his life. He appears to be well-trained in law, for he participated in the municipal government of Barcelona throughout his life, being a councillor (*conseller*) in 1395 and again in 1403. During the interregnum of 141012 he was charged by the Parliament of Catalonia with arbitrating some disputes amongst the citizens of Lleida. He later represented Barcelona on a diplomatic mission to Majorca. His diverse interests economic, literary, military, and political brought him favour with the monarchs John I ("the Lover of Elegance") and Martin ("the Humane").

No poems by Averçó survive, though his reputation in the poetic world of his time is undeniable. He and Jaume March II persuaded John I to inaugurate the *jocs florals* at Barcelona and establish a Consistori de la Gaya Sciènça there. On 20 February 1393 John named Jaume and Averçó the first judges of the Consistori's contests (*jocs*). On 12 August 1399 their position was reaffirmed by king Martin. Averçó's poetic reputation is further established by his *Torcimany*, which contain a wealth of information for composing poetry in Catalan.

*Torcimany* survives in a single autograph in the library of the Escorial. Its diffusion was almost null, its influence equally so, and its citation nonexistent. Not even Jaume March's *Libre de concordances*, which served the same purposea dictionary of rhymes (*diccionari de rimes*)as the appendix of Averçó's *Torcimany*, shows any evidence of cross-fertilisation or influence. The two poets, who knew each other personally, wrote two similar but independent works. *Torcimany* cannot be confidently dated beyond the final third of the century. It is divided into three sections, the first on the basic concepts of grammar, the second (*del trobar*, "on composition") on the genres (*dictats*) of poetry, and the third on more difficult aspects of grammar and rhetoric, such as *compàs* (rhythm).

*Torcimany* is not too different from the *Compendi* of Joan de Castellnou or the *Flors del gay saber* of Guilhem Molinier. The dictionary of rhymes with which it ends, however, is unique to it; and Averçó does not appear to have had access to the *Donatz proensals* of Uc Faidit. He appears to have compiled his dictionary from memory and probably for this reason he includes words that would be difficult to employ in the type of verse he seeks to enable. Generally his words have Catalan endings, but a good portion are clearly Occitan, the language of the troubadours. A few on top of that are Castilian or Aragonese, which he clarifies with their Catalan equivalents. These Castilianisms are also unnecessary for Catalan poetry, but Averçó was fixed upon extending his rhymary.


title: Milan Višnjić

abstract: Milan Višnjić is a medical doctor, academic, administrator, and politician in Serbia. Between 2000 and 2004, he was a member of the parliaments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) and Serbia and Montenegro, serving as a member of the Democratic Party. He later left the DS and became a prominent figure in the Reformist Party, which was founded and for many years led by his son, Aleksandar Višnjić.

text:
# Milan Višnjić

**Milan Višnjić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Милан Вишњић; born 6 April 1950) is a medical doctor, academic, administrator, and politician in Serbia. Between 2000 and 2004, he was a member of the parliaments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) and Serbia and Montenegro, serving as a member of the Democratic Party (*Demokratska stranka*, DS). He later left the DS and became a prominent figure in the Reformist Party (*Reformistička stranka*, RS), which was founded and for many years led by his son, Aleksandar Višnjić.

## Early life and academic career

Višnjić was born in the village of Kupinovo in the municipality of Kuršumlija, in what was then the People's Republic of Serbia in the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He graduated from the University of Niš Faculty of Medicine in 1973, completed training as a specialist in plastic and reconstructive surgery at the Military Medical Academy in Belgrade (1982), and trained in general surgery in Niš. He earned his Ph.D. in 1986, became a teacher at the University of Niš in 1989 (focusing on war surgery), and was promoted to full professor in 2001. He has published widely in his field. Višnjić was the dean of the medical faculty from 2000 to 2012, at which point he was reassigned as the department's vice-dean for finance.

### Arrest and acquittal

Višnjić was arrested in July 2013 on suspicion of abuse of office at the University of Niš. Shortly thereafter, he was removed from office as vice-dean. He retired from the university in 2015.

In June 2018, Višnjić was acquitted of all charges. After the decision, he argued that the charges against him were politically motivated and had been made in retaliation for his own accusations of improper spending against other university officials. The Court of Appeals affirmed the verdict of acquittal in 2020.

## Politician

### Early years (1992–2000)

Višnjić first ran for the FRY assembly's Chamber of Citizens in the December 1992 Yugoslavian parliamentary election as a candidate of the Democratic Movement of Serbia (*Demokratski pokret Srbije*, DEPOS) coalition in the Niš constituency. He appeared in the sixth position on the coalition's electoral list; the list won two seats in the division, and he was not given a mandate when the assembly met in January 1993. (At the time, one-third of the mandates in Yugoslavian assembly elections were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order, with the remaining two-thirds assigned to candidates at the discretion of the sponsoring parties or coalitions. Višnjić could have been granted a mandate despite his list position, though he was not.)

The DEPOS coalition subsequently split, and Višnjić ran on the Democratic Party of Serbia (*Demokratska stranka Srbije*, DSS) list for Niš in the 1993 Serbian parliamentary election. The list did not win any seats in the division.

Višnjić was elected to the City Assembly of Niš in the 1996 Serbian local elections as a candidate of the *Zajedno* (English: "Together") coalition, a group of parties opposed to Slobodan Milošević's administration. *Zajedno* won a majority victory in Niš; state authorities initially refused to recognize the result but finally did so in the course of the 1996-1997 protests in Serbia. Višnjić supported the local administration in the term that followed and, by this time, was a member of the DS.

### Federal parliamentarian (2000–04)

The DS contested the 2000 Yugoslavian parliamentary election as part of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (*Demokratska opozicija Srbije*, DOS), a broad and ideologically diverse coalition of parties opposed to the Milošević administration. Višnjić was given the second position on the DOS list for the Chamber of Citizens in the Prokuplje division and received an automatic mandate when the list won four out of ten available seats. (By this time, half of the mandates in federal elections were assigned in numerical order. There was initially some controversy with the vote count in Prokuplje and a neighbouring division, but Višnjić was awarded a seat in November 2000 after the results were finalized). Slobodan Milošević was defeated in the concurrent Yugoslavian presidential election, an event that precipitated significant changes in Serbian and Yugoslavian politics. The DOS won a plurality victory overall in the parliamentary election and was able to form a coalition government with the Socialist People's Party of Montenegro; Višnjić served as a supporter of the administration.

He was also re-elected to the Niš assembly as a DOS candidate in the 2000 Serbian local elections, as the various DOS parties collectively won a landslide majority in the city.

In early 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was reconstituted as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and a unicameral legislature was created as the new country's parliament. The first members of this assembly were chosen by indirect election by the Serbian and Montenegrin republican parliaments; only members of those republican legislatures and of the previous federal assembly were eligible to serve. Višnjić was selected as one of the DS members of the new federal parliament on 25 February.

Višnjić subsequently received the 149th position on the DS's list in the 2003 Serbian parliamentary election, which was held in December. (Since 2000, the entire country has been counted as a single electoral division. From 2000 to 2011, all mandates were assigned to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of sponsoring parties or coalitions, irrespective of numerical order.) The DS list won thirty-seven seats and served in opposition in the parliament that followed. Višnjić was not given a seat in the republican parliament and, in February 2004, was not selected by the DS for a new term in the federal assembly.

He subsequently left the DS amid differences with its Niš leadership. In August 2004, he joined a breakaway group called "Pure Democracy," which comprised former DS members from the right wing of the party. He was the group's list bearer for the 2004 Serbian local elections in Niš at the municipal level and possibly at the city level as well; the list did not win any mandates.

In December 2004, Višnjić was nominated by the mayor of Niš, Smiljko Kostić, to serve on city council (i.e., the executive branch of the city government). His nomination was defeated in the city assembly, largely due to the opposition of the DS.

### Since 2004

Višnjić later joined the Reformist Party. He was the party's list bearer in the 2012 Serbian parliamentary election and also led the party's list for the Niš city assembly in the concurrent 2012 local election. The party did not cross the electoral threshold at either level.

In the 2016 local elections, Višnjić was the list bearer for a coalition of the Reformists and Together for Serbia (*Zajedno za Srbiju*, ZZS) in Niš and appeared in the second position. Once again, the list did not cross the threshold to win representation in the assembly.


title: San Miguel Arcángel Fountain (Cholula)

abstract: San Miguel Arcángel Fountain is installed in Cholula, Puebla's Plaza de la Concordia, in Mexico. The fountain was gifted by Philip II of Spain in 1554.

text:
# San Miguel Arcángel Fountain (Cholula)

**San Miguel Arcángel Fountain** is installed in Cholula, Puebla's Plaza de la Concordia, in Mexico. The fountain was gifted by Philip II of Spain in 1554.

## InfoBox

| San Miguel Arcángel Fountain | |
| --- | --- |
| The fountain 2018 | |
|  | |
| Location | Cholula, Puebla, Mexico |
| Coordinates | 19°3′46″N 98°18′25″W / 19.06278°N 98.30694°W / 19.06278; -98.30694 |


title: Obrad (veliki tepčija)

abstract: Obrad was a Serbian nobleman that served king Stefan Vladislav, with the title of veliki tepčija. He is the oldest veliki tepčija known by name. The title-holder took care of the royal estates. He is mentioned in the 1230s, as a "great lord". He had a menologion written, which later came into the possession of Radoslava. The work includes songs to St. Sava. He seems to have not belonged to the royal family.

text:
# Obrad (veliki tepčija)

**Obrad** (Serbian Cyrillic: Обрад) was a Serbian nobleman that served king Stefan Vladislav (r. 1234–43), with the title of *veliki tepčija*. He is the oldest *veliki tepčija* known by name. The title-holder took care of the royal estates. He is mentioned in the 1230s, as a "great lord" (*veliki gospodin*). He had a *menologion* written, which later came into the possession of Radoslava ("the wife of the *tepčija*", presumably *veliki tepčija* Mišljen). The work includes songs to St. Sava. He seems to have not belonged to the royal family.

## Sources


title: Marshall Davies

abstract: Marshall William Davies was a first-class cricketer who played for Rhodesia in the Currie Cup. After appearing for Rhodesia sporadically from his debut in 1951, Davies cemented a spot in the middle order in the 1954-55 Currie Cup season by making 353 runs at 58.83. This tally included his highest first-class score of 133 which he made against Griqualand West at De Beers Stadium in Kimberley. Davies did even better the following season and from his six matches made 432 runs 61.71, with another century against Griqualand West and one against Orange Free State.

text:
# Marshall Davies

**Marshall William Davies** (born 17 August 1930) was a first-class cricketer who played for Rhodesia in the Currie Cup.

After appearing for Rhodesia sporadically from his debut in 1951, Davies cemented a spot in the middle order in the 1954-55 Currie Cup season by making 353 runs at 58.83. This tally included his highest first-class score of 133 which he made against Griqualand West at De Beers Stadium in Kimberley.

Davies did even better the following season and from his six matches made 432 runs 61.71, with another century against Griqualand West and one against Orange Free State.

## InfoBox

Marshall Davies
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Marshall William Davies |
| Born | (1930-08-17) 17 August 1930<br>Bulawayo, Rhodesia |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Role | Batsman |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1951–1956 | Rhodesia cricket team |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC  Matches 20  Runs scored 1096  Batting average 39.14  100s/50s 3/6  Top score 133  Catches/stumpings 6/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 15 August 2022 | |


title: Ophonus similis

abstract: Ophonus similis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Hesperophonus).

text:
# Ophonus similis

***Ophonus similis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Hesperophonus).

## InfoBox

| *Ophonus similis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Ophonus* |
| Species: | ***O. similis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ophonus similis***<br>Dejean, 1829 | |
|


title: Peri Pourier

abstract:
Peri Pourier is an American politician, serving as a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from the 27th district since 2019, as a Democrat. Prior to entering politics, she worked as a background investigator.
As of 2022 her official profile listed her occupation as “small business owner”.
Pourier is a member of the Oglala tribal group and lives in Pine Ridge, South Dakota.

text:
# Peri Pourier

**Peri Pourier** is an American politician, serving as a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from the 27th district since 2019, as a Democrat. Prior to entering politics, she worked as a background investigator. As of 2022 her official profile listed her occupation as “small business owner”. Pourier is a member of the Oglala tribal group and lives in Pine Ridge, South Dakota.

1. "Peri Pourier". *Ballotpedia*. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
2. "SDLRC - Representative Peri Pourier - 2020". *sdlegislature.gov*. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
3. Peri Pourier's Biography
4. "BC-SD--South Dakota Weekend Exchange Digest, SD". *AP NEWS*. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
5. "SDLRC - Representative Peri Pourier - 2020". *sdlegislature.gov*. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
6. "Rep. Peri Pourier Reflects". *Lakota Country Times*. 2019-02-28. Retrieved 2020-08-14.

## InfoBox

| Peri Pourier | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the
South Dakota House of Representatives
from the 27th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2019 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Penelope Project

abstract: 'Penelope' was the code word given to a draft text of the EU Constitution prepared for the President of the European Commission, Romano Prodi, in 2001. The text was named after Penelope, the wife of Odysseus in Greek Mythology, who was perpetually spinning a web which she never completed.

text:
# Penelope Project

'***Penelope***' was the code word given to a draft text of the EU Constitution prepared for the President of the European Commission, Romano Prodi, in 2001. The text was named after Penelope, the wife of Odysseus in Greek Mythology, who was perpetually spinning a web which she never completed.

## History

After the creation of the European Single Currency, the European Commission decided that the EU should have a single constitution to replace the existing ad hoc system of multilateral treaties. The Convention on the Future of Europe, or the European Convention, was created by the European Council in December 2001 in order to propose a draft constitution for the European Union.

The Commission wanted to create an expanded system of Qualified Majority Voting to allow for more expediency in decision making.

In a speech in Strasbourg in May 2002, Romano Prodi stated that the proposed reforms had a further intention: 'As regards the institutions, our proposals have a clear aim: to define more clearly **who does what in the European Union**. In other words, who is accountable politically and institutionally for action undertaken.' (emphasis in original)

However, the European Convention did not lead to agreement on a possible Constitution. According to a 2005 review of the treaty reform process:

"Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, the chair of the Praesidium, made clear at an early stage his lack of sympathy for the Commission and for its President’s ambition that it should become the government of Europe, suggesting that it had served purpose in establishing the single market."

The European Commission presented two communications to the Convention in 2002 laying out its policy preferences for a future constitution. These communications left out discussion of the architecture of European institutions until after the 2002 Irish Referendum on the Treaty of Nice.

Prodi signalled his intention to influence the 'listening phase' of the Treaty consultations by creating the 'Penelope Group', "a small group of senior officials to prepare a draft Constitution in secret (European Commission, 2002c), which would be submitted to the Convention in the beginning of the ‘drafting phase’."

However, the existence of the Penelope Group led to a disagreement with Valéry Giscard D'Estaing, the chair of the Convention, who saw it as undermining his work. Secondly, "the ‘Penelope’ draft was leaked to Le Monde and newspapers in Germany, Italy and Spain only hours before the official December document (European Commission, 2002b) was approved by the college (Norman, 2003, 165). The appearance of two texts, virtually simultaneously, seriously undermined the commission's credibility, even if there was little difference in their substance."

The Penelope Project document was seen by critics as an attempt to increase the importance and power of the Commission relative to the Parliament and Council, but the outcome of the treaty process saw the creation of the office of President of the European Union, rather than increasing the powers of the President of the commission.


title: Martha Stark

abstract: Martha Stark is an American politician, formerly the Finance Commissioner of New York City. A tax attorney, she served as Finance Commissioner in the Cabinet of Mayor Michael Bloomberg from 2002 until 2009. She previously worked for the Manhattan Borough President, served as a White House Fellow at the United States Department of State and for the Finance Department before becoming commissioner. On April 28, 2009, Stark tendered her resignation due to an investigation into her conduct. In January 2007, she applied to the New York State Legislature for election to the vacant office of New York State Comptroller, following the resignation of former Comptroller Alan Hevesi. She testified before the Legislature and the search committee and was selected as one of three finalists by the search committee consisting of former State Comptroller Edward Regan, former State Comptroller Carl McCall and former New York City Comptroller Harrison J. Goldin. State Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver, upset that a member of the Assembly was not on the finalist list, announced that the new comptroller would not come off the list of finalists and would be an assemblymember.

text:
# Martha Stark

**Martha Stark** is an American politician, formerly the Finance Commissioner of New York City. A tax attorney, she served as Finance Commissioner in the Cabinet of Mayor Michael Bloomberg from 2002 until 2009. She previously worked for the Manhattan Borough President, served as a White House Fellow at the United States Department of State and for the Finance Department before becoming commissioner. On April 28, 2009, Stark tendered her resignation due to an investigation into her conduct.

In January 2007, she applied to the New York State Legislature for election to the vacant office of New York State Comptroller, following the resignation of former Comptroller Alan Hevesi. She testified before the Legislature and the search committee and was selected as one of three finalists by the search committee consisting of former State Comptroller Edward Regan, former State Comptroller Carl McCall and former New York City Comptroller Harrison J. Goldin. State Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver, upset that a member of the Assembly was not on the finalist list, announced that the new comptroller would not come off the list of finalists and would be an assemblymember.


title: Martin Knottenbelt

abstract: Martin Knottenbelt was a Dutch citizen studying at the University of Oxford in England when World War II began. Knottenbelt enlisted in 1942 and served in a Dutch commando unit in Europe and the Pacific until he was relieved from his post in 1946. Knottenbelt was honorably discharged in 1960 from military service, and went on to become an anti-war activist, primarily in Europe and the United States.

text:
# Martin Knottenbelt

**Martin (Maarten Jan) Knottenbelt** (12 March 1920, Batavia, Dutch East Indies – 19 August 2004, The Hague) was a Dutch citizen studying at the University of Oxford in England when World War II began. Knottenbelt enlisted in 1942 and served in a Dutch commando unit in Europe and the Pacific until he was relieved from his post in 1946. Knottenbelt was honorably discharged in 1960 from military service, and went on to become an anti-war activist, primarily in Europe and the United States.


title: Venugopal Madathil

abstract: Venugopal Madathil is an Indian cinematographer. Across his career, he has produced over 75 films. Madathil has worked with the several prominent directors of Malayalam film industry, including Sibi Malayil, A. K. Lohithadas, Jayaraj, Kamal, V. M. Vinu, and Rajasenan. He has been involved with successful films such as Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum, Joker, Pallavur Devanarayanan, and Meghamalhar.

text:
# Venugopal Madathil

**Venugopal Madathil** (born 5 June 1966) is an Indian cinematographer. Across his career, he has produced over 75 films. Madathil has worked with the several prominent directors of Malayalam film industry, including Sibi Malayil, A. K. Lohithadas, Jayaraj, Kamal, V. M. Vinu, and Rajasenan. He has been involved with successful films such as *Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum*, *Joker*, *Pallavur Devanarayanan*, and *Meghamalhar*.

## Early life

Madathil is the son of Dr. M.N. Panicker. Although he pursued engineering studies, his true interests lay in cinematography and the film industry. His passion for photography flourished during his free time spent in his uncle's studio while pursuing his engineering degree.

## Career

After Madathil finished his studies, his father's close friend M. T. Vasudevan Nair introduced him to Jayanan Vincent. Madathil was appointed as Vincent's assistant for the next film "Uyaranagalil." Before he could enter the film industry, Madathil's father died. He put a temporary stop to his ambitions and returned home.

After a long interval he returned to the film industry as an assistant for Nair's film "Anubandam". He also worked as an independent cameraman for the Tamil film "Pournami Rojakkal." His first independent Malayalam film was Mr. Kaladharan's "Ellarum Chollanu."

Venugopal was jury member of the 52nd Kerala State Film Awards in 2021.

## Filmography

*
*
*
*

Venugopal Madathil at IMDb

## InfoBox

| Venugopal Madathil | |
| --- | --- |
| Venugopal during a shoot (2014) | |
| Born | (1966-06-05) 5 June 1966<br>Kozhikode, Kerala, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Citizenship | Indian |
| Occupation | Cinematographer |
| Father | Dr. M.N. Panicker |
| Awards | 52nd Kerala State Film Awards |


title: Mary Ann Edwards

abstract: Mary Ann Edwards was an American actress.

text:
# Mary Ann Edwards

**Mary Ann Edwards** (December 27, 1931 - July 31, 2021) was an American actress.

## Early years

Edwards was born on December 27, 1931, in Georgetown Texas, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Edwards. During her high school years, she was a rodeo queen and a majorette. After graduating from Georgetown High School, she attended the University of Texas (UT), majoring in drama and acting in theatrical productions. She also graduated from a modeling school and worked as a model for photographers and fashion shows.

In 1952, judges in a contest sponsored by *Modern Screen Magazine* selected her as one of 10 winners in a year-long national contest. She and the other young women were supposed to make their film debuts together in *Size 12*, an RKO production, but the studio postponed production of the film, enabling her to continue her studies. Back at UT, she acted primarily on radio and won the university's Radio House Best Actress Award.

## Career

In 1953, Edwards was one of six young women selected to be "T-Venuses" who would appear on the NBC television programs *The Colgate Comedy Hour*, *All-Star Revue*, and *The Bob Hope Show*. Jimmy Durante, Groucho Marx, and Harpo Marx selected the six from approximately 200 contestants. When RKO's production problems were resolved, Edwards appeared in the film *Son of Sinbad* (1955). She also appeared on Eddie Fisher's, George Gobel's, and Lawrence Welk's TV shows and made commercials.

In 1956, Edwards had a program on KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, a show that was named the "most popular multi-weekly show in Nevada". The program's weather reports provided a way for Edwards to use her knowledge of meteorology, which she had studied at UT. She portrayed Adarene Clinch in the film *Giant.* She initially was hired to coach actors in the film on how to talk like Texans, but director George Stevens put her in the film instead.

In 1962, Edwards joined the Pat Holmes Agency, a theatrical artist management venture in Sherman Oaks, California. Andrews was in charge of the children's department and TV commercials for the agency, which was composed entirely of women -- an unusual characteristic for talent agencies at that time.

## Other accomplishments

Edwards was queen of the Williamson County Centennial Rodeo, sweetheart of Wolters Air Force Base, and "Golden Girl", representing Hollywood for the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce's golden anniversary. She also was named Most Beautiful Cowgirl of the Bandera Stampede and Miss Golden Gloves for Austin.

## Personal life and death

Edwards married Ralph Stirling Hodges on July 20, 1954, in Georgetown, Texas. He was a former child actor who became a television executive. They divorced, and in 1963 she married James P. Hart. They remained wed until 2010, when he died. She died on July 31, 2021, in Valencia, California, aged 89.

## InfoBox

| Mary Ann Edwards | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1931-12-27)December 27, 1931
Georgetown Texas U.S. |
| Died | July 31, 2021(2021-07-31) (aged 89)
Valencia, California, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Texas |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Spouses | *   Ralph Stirling Hodges  (m. 1954, divorced) *   James P. Hart  (m. 1963; died 2010) |


title: Mary Ann Day Brown

abstract: Mary Ann Day Brown was the second wife of abolitionist John Brown, leader of a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, which attempted to start a campaign of liberating enslaved people in the South. Married at age 17, Mary raised 5 stepchildren and an additional 13 children born during her marriage. She supported her husband's activities by managing the family farm while he was away, which he often was. Mary and her husband helped enslaved Africans escape slavery via the Underground Railroad. The couple lived in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and in the abolitionist settlement of North Elba, New York. After the execution of her husband, she became a California pioneer.

text:
# Mary Ann Day Brown

**Mary Ann Day Brown** (April 15, 1816 – February 29, 1884) was the second wife of abolitionist John Brown, leader of a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia), which attempted to start a campaign of liberating enslaved people in the South. Married at age 17, Mary raised 5 stepchildren and an additional 13 children born during her marriage. She supported her husband's activities by managing the family farm while he was away, which he often was. Mary and her husband helped enslaved Africans escape slavery via the Underground Railroad. The couple lived in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and in the abolitionist settlement of North Elba, New York. After the execution of her husband, she became a California pioneer.

## Early life

Mary Ann Day was born on April 15, 1816, in Granville in Washington County, New York, to Mary and Charles Day, a farmer and blacksmith. When she was a young girl, she moved with her parents to Meadville in Crawford County, Pennsylvania.

When she was sixteen, she occasionally came to abolitionist John Brown's house in New Richmond, Pennsylvania, to work on the spinning wheel. Her sister was his housekeeper. Mary was described as tall and sturdy, with striking black hair. John found her to be a hard worker and practical. A shy man, John wrote a letter to her in which he asked her to marry him.

## Marriage and children

At the age of 17, Mary Ann Day was married on June 14 or July 11, 1833, in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, to John Brown, who was a widower previously married to Dianthe Lusk.

### Stepchildren

Mary acquired five stepchildren, aged two to twelve, upon her marriage to John Brown.

* John Brown, Jr., was born in Hudson, Ohio, on July 25, 1821. He attended the Grand River Institute in Austinburg, Ohio. He attempted to keep accurate records of his father's disorganized business proceedings in the 1840s and became a teacher later in life. He married Wealthy Hotchkiss in 1847. As a Captain in a Kansas cavalry unit, he was the only one of the Brown's children to serve in the Civil War. He died May 3, 1895.
* Jason Brown was born in Hudson, Ohio, on January 19, 1823. Jason was a humanitarian and a pacifist. He married Ellen Sherbondy in 1847 and they had descendants. He died on December 24, 1912.
* Owen Brown was born in Hudson, Ohio, on November 4, 1824. He participated in the Kansas battles and came with his father to Harpers Ferry. During the raid on Harpers Ferry, he stayed at the Kennedy Farm and led four others to safety when the failure of the raid became apparent. He died in Pasadena, California, on January 8, 1889.
* Ruth Brown was born in New Richmond, Pennsylvania, on February 18, 1829. She also attended the Grand River Institute. She married Henry Thompson on September 26, 1850, and they had descendants. She died on January 18, 1904.
* Frederick Brown (the second) was born in New Richmond, Pennsylvania, on December 31, 1830. He was shot and killed by Martin White in Osawatomie, Kansas, on August 30, 1856, and was buried there.

### Mary's own children

Mary had thirteen children with John. Six of them did not survive to adulthood. Three more died before John's death. The children were:

* Sarah Brown was born in New Richmond, Pennsylvania, on May 11, 1834. At age nine, she died in Richfield, Ohio, of dysentery.
* Watson Brown was born in Franklin, Ohio, on October 7, 1835. He married Isabella Thompson in September 1858. He participated in the raid on Harpers Ferry and died on October 19, 1859, of wounds that he sustained.
* Salmon Brown was born in Hudson, Ohio, on October 2, 1836. He married Abbie C. Hinckley in September 1858 and they had descendants. He took part in the Kansas fighting. He died in Portland, Oregon on May 10, 1919.
* Charles Brown was born in Hudson, Ohio, on November 3, 1837. He died in Richmond, Ohio, of dysentery on September 11, 1843 at the age of 5.
* Oliver Brown was born in Franklin, Ohio, on March 9, 1839. He married Martha Brewster on April 7, 1858. Oliver participated in the raid on Harpers Ferry and died from wounds received there on October 17, 1859.
* Peter Brown was born in Hudson, Ohio, on December 7, 1840. He died of dysentery at age two on September 22, 1843, and was buried in Richfield, Ohio.
* Austin Brown was born in Richfield, Ohio, on September 14, 1842. He died of dysentery at age one, September 27, 1843.
* Annie Brown was born in Richfield, Ohio, on December 23, 1843. She was a lookout at Kennedy Farm before the raid on Harpers Ferry to alleviate concerns of nearby residents. She married Samuel Adams and they had descendants. Annie died October 5, 1926, and was buried in Shively, California.
* Amelia Brown was born June 22, 1845, and was accidentally scalded to death on October 30, 1846. She was buried in Akron, Ohio.
* Sarah Brown (the second) was born in Akron, Ohio, on September 11, 1846. She never married and died in 1916.
* Ellen Brown (the first) was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, on April 26, 1848. She died of consumption in her father's arms on April 30, 1849.
* Infant son (unnamed) was born in Akron, Ohio, on April 26, 1852, and died of whooping cough 21 days after his birth.
* Ellen Brown (the second) was born in Akron, Ohio, on September 25, 1854. She married James Fablinger in 1876. She died on July 16, 1916.

## Ohio

For the first couple of years of marriage, the Browns lived in New Richmond, Pennsylvania. In May 1835, they moved to Franklin Mills, Ohio (later renamed Kent, Ohio), and to Richfield, Ohio, in 1842. At that time, the Browns had twelve living children. They also lived in John's home town of Hudson, Ohio, where he had lived from 1805 to 1821.

Anti-slavery institutions were established by William Lloyd Garrison in the early 1830s with the founding of *The Liberator* newspaper and the American Anti-Slavery Society. In the mid-1830s, the Browns were subscribers of the newspaper and Mary was familiar with her husband's and Garrison's positions against slavery. Few people supported the anti-slavery movement in the 1840s and 1850s. Influenced by the Second Great Awakening, Mary believed it important to bring an end to slavery. She saw African Americans as her equals.

While her husband and sons were away fighting against slavery, she remained at home and worked to support the family, as well as running her household and delivering and raising children. John considered his wife a partner and a "fast and faithful affectionate friend" who made it possible for him to focus on his fight against slavery. He recognized that she took on a life of "poverty, trials, discredit, and sore afflictions" due to his commitments, which resulted in periods of illness and loss.

Their children were raised to be truthful, resist temptation, improve morally, and be useful. Four of her children died in 1843 and another two children died by 1849. A religious marker was placed in the cemetery at Richfield, Ohio. Believed to have been written by John, the inscription is: "Through all the dreary night of death / In peaceful slumbers may you rest, / And when eternal day shall dawn / And shades and death have past and gone, / O may you then with glad surprise / In God's own image wake and rise."

In another transition, Mary and the children moved to Akron, Ohio, into a house owned by Simon Perkins, who started a wool business with John in Springfield, Massachusetts, by 1845.

## North Elba colony

Gerrit Smith established a land-grant colony for African Americans at North Elba, New York, in the Adirondacks wilderness. John Brown moved to the area, with his family, to teach the men how to farm. Having suffered poor health following the death of her children, Mary was described as an invalid by visitor Richard Henry Dana Jr. in 1849. Ruth, her stepdaughter, was taking care of the children at the time. Mary traveled to Northampton, Massachusetts, for a water cure at David Ruggles' establishment, which greatly improved her health and well-being. Unique for the times, Frederick Douglass found during his visits that the boys and girls of the family served food to family members and visitors. The boys cleared the table and washed the dishes.

John Brown and Gerrit Smith had hoped that the colony would be a place where African Americans could settle. It was difficult, however, to farm in the cold climate and it did not become a thriving community. Lyman Epps and his family were neighbors. A formerly enslaved man, Cyrus, worked for the Browns as a farmhand and lived with the family. The Browns assisted Blacks who were escaping slavery on the Underground Railroad, which became more dangerous with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. John Brown made his wool warehouse in Springfield, Massachusetts, an Underground Railroad site. The Brown family intended to defend North Elba against slavecatchers with weapons.

In the mid-1850s, John and most of their sons went to Kansas to fight pro-slavery factions to make the territory a free state, while Brown stayed in North Elba with her daughters and son Watson. In 1857, Franklin Sanborn commented that Mary and her daughters, Ruth and Annie, were "hardworking, self-denying, devoted women, fully sensible of the greatness of the struggle in which Capt. Brown is engaged, and willing to bear their part in it." Brown's life was one of financial hardship, and yet the family set aside money to aid African Americans in North Elba.

John returned to the east in 1856 and began canvassing for support for an anti-slavery raid in Virginia. Mary was managing the family's "hardscrabble" existence in North Elba — as he traveled through Canada and the Northern states.

Mary refused to come to the Kennedy Farm, as her husband requested. She did not answer his request at all, and did "everything in her power" to prevent her stepdaughter Annie and Oliver's wife Martha from going in her place.

## Harpers Ferry raid

John planned and executed the raid on Harpers Ferry on October 16, 1859. He was accompanied by their sons Oliver and Watson. Annie and daughter-in-law Martha (Oliver's wife) made preparations and cooked at the Kennedy house for the men who would participate in the raid, who were later called John Brown's raiders. The young women returned to North Elba when the raid was imminent.

The night of the raid, Mary waited at their home in North Elba for news about the fate of her husband and sons. With her were four daughters — Ruth, Annie, Sarah, and Ellen — and her daughters-in-law Martha and Bell. Ruth's husband, Henry, was injured while working with John and did not participate in the raid.

John was captured and two of their sons were killed. He was charged with murder, inciting a slave riot, and treason. When she visited him in jail in Charles Town, Virginia, Mary's likeness was sketched and her life story printed in newspapers. She became a source of interest in the country as the result of the Harpers Ferry raid. Mary met noted abolitionists and funds were raised to help support the family.

Mary was repeatedly tutored by abolitionist leaders (such as Wendell Phillips) about how they thought John Brown's wife should behave and speak, to project the image that John had his wife's unqualified support. They wrote letters for publication in her name.

Found guilty of all charges, John was hanged on December 2, 1859. There were some plans to use his body for medical research, but Mary implored Henry A. Wise, the governor of Virginia, to return his remains to her and their children for burial at the family farm, as John had requested. Wise agreed. Some abolitionists — like Wendell Phillips — wanted him to be buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with a monument and lavish funeral, that would be a catalyst for fund-raising for the anti-slavery movement.

## California

After the American Civil War, she and her daughters abstained from drinking and were members of temperance societies in their communities. Mary, her son Salmon, and her daughter-in-law Abbie Hinckley Brown decided to travel to California. Abbie's uncle had declared that he found it to be a "land of gold opportunity". Mary and the couple sold their farms and headed west with her daughters Sarah and Annie, hoping that it would be a fresh start and an escape from John Brown's notoriety.

They spent the winter in Iowa and were discovered by Confederate sympathizers who were believed to have poisoned two ewes and planned to kill Salmon. On September 22, 1864, *The New York Tribune* reported that there was an unconfirmed rumor that the Brown family was murdered by Missouri guerillas. Instead, the Browns traveled by wagon to the Union post at Soda Springs, Idaho, arriving three hours before their pursuers. Soldiers traveled with the family to Nevada, a 200 miles (320 km) trip. They continued their journey along the California Trail and arrived at Red Bluff, California, where they were welcomed by the residents. They received groceries and supplies and Salmon obtained work immediately after their arrival. She was harassed by pro-slavery people while in Red Bluff and decided to leave the town. She moved to Rohnerville, California, and then Saratoga.

In 1882, she made a trip east. She was honored at public receptions in Chicago and Kansas, and visited several places associated with her life and that of her husband. While at the house of her son John Jr. in Ohio, the lost body of her son Watson was unexpectedly brought to her, and she took it with her to North Elba, burying him beside his father.

## Death

Mary Ann Day Brown died on February 29, 1884, and was buried in the Madronia Cemetery in Saratoga, California. She had requested to be buried alongside her husband, if it was not too costly or difficult. Her funeral was heavily attended.

## Legacy

Historian Stephen B. Oates called her a "loyal, self-sacrificing wife", and stated, "She had been taught since childhood that a woman's task was to bear children, tend her house, and obey her husband. Thus she subordinated herself completely to Brown's will... enduring his intractable ways."

Her correspondence shows that she was devoted to her husband and abolitionism. Author John Newton stated in *Captain John Brown* (1902) that she bore "hardship, poverty, prolonged separation from her husband, yea, even the loss of her noble sons to further the sacred cause of freedom." Of her husband, Mary stated, "It is only those that are capable of appreciating his motives that can see any beauty in them."

Oswald Garrison Villard noted in his 1910 biography of her husband that Mary possessed “rugged physical health and even greater ruggedness of nature… was as truly of the stuff of which martyrs are made as was her husband.

Susan Higginbotham deals with Mary in the novel *John Brown's Women*.

1. Weber, Sandra (2016-03-26). "Mary Ann Day Brown, Widow of John Brown". *The Adirondack Almanack*. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
2. "Mary Ann Day Brown". *West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History*. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
3. Reynolds, David S. (2005). *John Brown, Marriage to Mary Ann Day*. New York: Vintage Books. p. 49. Retrieved 2022-04-07  via House Divided, The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College.
4. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 12.
5. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 22.
6. "John Brown". *Pennsylvania Center for the Book*.
7. "The Wives and Children of John Brown". *U.S. National Park Service*. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
8. Kansas Historical Society (2016). *Wealthy Hotchkiss Brown - Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society*. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016.
9. *Boyhood home of John Brown*, Historical Marker Project, 2022
10. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 4, 18.
11. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 18.
12. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 4, 11–12.
13. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 3, 4–6, 30.
14. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 21–22.
15. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 16–17.
16. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 23.
17. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 25.
18. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 26–27.
19. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 17–18.
20. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 31–32.
21. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 33–34.
22. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 40–45.
23. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 3, 4–6.
24. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 17.
25. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, pp. 40–48, 56.
26. McGlone, Robert E. (1989). "Rescripting a Troubled Past: John Brown's Family and the Harpers Ferry Conspiracy". *Journal of American History*. **75** (4): 1179–1200. doi:10.2307/1908635. JSTOR 19908635.
27. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 1.
28. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 4, 54–59.
29. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 63.
30. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 5.
31. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 4.
32. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 3.
33. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 6.
34. Higginbotham, Susan (2021). "Author's note". *John Brown's Women*. Onslow Press. p. 392. ISBN 9781737474906.
35. Laughlin-Schultz 2013, p. 28–29.
36. Higginbotham, Susan (2021). *John Brown's Women*. Onslow Press. ISBN 9781737474906.

## Bibliography

## Interview

## Further reading

* Fox, Theron. Saratoga Historical Foundation. *After Harper's Ferry : John Brown's widow-her family and the Saratoga years*. Saratoga, California : Saratoga Historical Foundation, 1964.
* Goodwin, Karen. *Mrs. Mary Anne (Day) Brown*. Red Bluff, California: Goodwin, 1968.
* Hampton, Kathlin. *Mrs. John Brown*. Red Bluff, California : Hampton, 1967.
* Laughlin-Schultz, Bonnie. "The noble wife of the late champion of freedom" Mary Brown's 1882 visit to Topeka and John Brown's enduring legacy. Kansas history. Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2012/2013)
* Laughlin-Schultz, Bonnie. "Could I not do something for the cause?" : the Brown women, antislavery reform, and American memory of militant abolitionism. Ph. D. Dissertation. Indiana University 2009.
* Laughlin-Schultz, Bonnie (2013). "Mary Brown's 1882 Tour and the Memory of Militant Abolitionism". *The Tie that Bound Us. The Women of John Brown's Family and the Legacy of Radical Abolitionism*. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801451614.
* Libby, Jean. *John Brown's family in California : a journey by funeral train, covered wagon, through archives, to the Valley of Heart's Delight : including the years 1833-1926, and honoring descendants of the women abolitionists of Santa Clara County, now known as Silicon Valley*. Palo Alto, California : Allies for Freedom, 2006.
* Nalty, Damon G. *Chronology of residences and real estate holdings of the family of John Brown : Santa Clara and Santa Cruz Counties* Saratoga, CA : Saratoga Historical Foundation, 1995.
* Phay, Wilbert L. *John Brown's family in Red Bluff, 1864-1870* M.A. Dissertation. Chico State College.
* Reed, Karen. *The Widow Brown after Red Bluff*. Red Bluff, California : Reed, 1968.
* Rosenberg, Daniel. *Mary Brown : from Harpers Ferry to California*. New York : American Institute for Marxist Studies, 1975.

## InfoBox

| Mary Ann Day Brown | |
| --- | --- |
| Mary Ann Brown (née Day), wife of John Brown, married in 1833, with Annie (left) and Sarah (right) in 1851. | |
| Born | Mary Ann Day
(1816-04-15)April 15, 1816
Granville, New York |
| Died | February 29, 1884(1884-02-29) (aged 67) |
| Resting place | Madronia Cemetery, Saratoga, California |
| Occupation(s) | Abolitionist, Underground Railroad conductor, California pioneer |
| Spouse | John Brown  (m. 1833; died 1859) |
| Children | 13, including Watson Brown |


title: Martha Crago

abstract: Martha Crago is the Vice-Principal of Research and Innovation at McGill University. She is an internationally known expert on language acquisition, specializing in studying language acquisition across languages and learner groups. Crago received a B.A. in sociology and anthropology from McGill University in 1968 and a Ph.D. in communication sciences and disorders from McGill in 1988. She was employed at McGill from 1971 to 2005 and the University of Montreal from 2005 to 2007. She was the Vice-president of Research at Dalhousie University from 2007 until accepting her current position. She has also served as a visiting professor at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics from 2005 to 2006. She was appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada in December 2017.

text:
# Martha Crago

**Martha Crago** CM is the Vice-Principal of Research and Innovation at McGill University. She is an internationally known expert on language acquisition, specializing in studying language acquisition across languages and learner groups. Crago received a B.A. in sociology and anthropology from McGill University in 1968 and a Ph.D. in communication sciences and disorders from McGill in 1988. She was employed at McGill from 1971 to 2005 and the University of Montreal from 2005 to 2007. She was the Vice-president of Research at Dalhousie University from 2007 until accepting her current position. She has also served as a visiting professor at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics from 2005 to 2006. She was appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada in December 2017.

## Publications

* *Evaluation of Minority-Language Children by Native Speakers*, 1985
* *Cultural context in communicative interaction of Inuit children*, 1988
* *Who Speaks What Language and Why? Language Use of Families in an Inuit Community*, 1996

### Sources


title: Mary Jefferson Eppes

abstract: Mary Jefferson Eppes, known as Polly in childhood and Maria as an adult, was the younger of Thomas Jefferson's two daughters with his wife who survived beyond the age of 3. She married a first cousin, John Wayles Eppes, and had three children with him. Only their son Francis W. Eppes survived childhood. Maria died months after childbirth.

text:
# Mary Jefferson Eppes

**Mary Jefferson Eppes** (August 1, 1778 – April 17, 1804), known as **Polly** in childhood and **Maria** as an adult, was the younger of Thomas Jefferson's two daughters with his wife who survived beyond the age of 3. She married a first cousin, John Wayles Eppes, and had three children with him. Only their son Francis W. Eppes survived childhood. Maria died months after childbirth.

## Early life and education

Mary "Polly" Jefferson was born to Thomas Jefferson and Martha Jefferson (née Wayles) in 1778. She was their fourth child, but only one of two children who made it to adulthood. Their first child, Martha "Patsy" Jefferson, was born in 1772. By the time that Polly was born, Jane (1774–1775) and a son who lived for only a few weeks in 1777 were both dead.

Her father was elected the governor of Virginia on June 1, 1779, and the family first moved to Williamsburg. The government relocated to Richmond in 1780 and the family moved there. British troops advanced to Richmond in May 1781 and, due to advance warning, the Jeffersons escaped to their country home, Poplar Forest. During this time, Martha and Thomas's fifth child, Lucy Elizabeth (1780–1781) had died. Then, the second Lucy Elizabeth was born on May 8, 1782. Martha had not seemed to recover during the four months following Lucy's birth and died on September 6, 1782. Polly was four years old. Thomas was bereft in grief. The monument that he had created for her contained the words "Torn from him by death / September 6th, 1782: / This monument of his love is inscribed."

The Jefferson daughters stayed at Eppington with their aunt and uncle, Elizabeth Wayles Eppes and Francis Wayles Eppes, who was her mother's cousin. Between December 1782 and May 1784, Patsy and Thomas were in Philadelphia. Patsy boarded with a family and received an education while her father worked in Philadelphia and awaited Congressional orders to go to France.

Polly and Lucy Elizabeth remained in Virginia with the Eppes family members as Patsy and her father lived in Philadelphia and then sailed for Paris on the ship *Ceres* on July 5, 1784, accompanied by James Hemings. Elizabeth Epps provided Polly's early education, including reading, writing, dancing, and sewing. In the summer of 1786, Frances Eppes recommended that Jefferson provide her with a tutor to advance her education to include music, mathematics, English and French. The Eppes had six children. Lucy Elizabeth died of whooping cough on October 13, 1784 and Jefferson arranged for Polly to leave the Eppes household and join him in France.

In the care of Sally Hemings, at age nine Polly sailed to Europe to join her father and older sister Patsy in Paris. They first landed in England, where Abigail Adams, wife of the U.S. Minister John Adams, looked after the girls before they joined her father in Paris: Abigail developed a deep and lasting affection for Polly. Jefferson received a letter from Adams that said that Polly was "the favorite of every creature in the House." In France, Polly attended the Pentemont Abbey convent school with her older sister Patsy. Polly, who had a love of reading, was sufficiently schooled that she did well at the elite school. She spoke French "easily enough" according to her father and in addition to her French studies, she also learned Spanish, drawing, and how to play the harpsichord. Polly and Patsy became ill with typhus and were at their father's house from the winter of 1788 until the spring of 1789. After Patsy expressed a desire to convert to Catholicism and said she was considering religious orders, Jefferson quickly withdrew her and her younger sister Polly from the school. The French Revolution broke out during their last few months in Paris.

Accompanied by their slaves Sally Hemings and her older brother James, who had served Jefferson as chef in Paris, the family returned to Virginia in 1789. At that time, Polly adopted the pronunciation and name "Maria" (with a long "i" in the Virginia fashion), which she used the rest of her life. After living for a time in the temporary national capital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, while Jefferson was Secretary of State, the family returned to Monticello. Maria spent most of the rest of her short life in Virginia. She inherited her mother's beauty, which was frequently complimented, to her chagrin. She preferred to be known for her character or mind.

> The youngest Daughter is a lovely Girl about 11 years of age. The perfect pattern of good temper, an engaging smile ever animates her Countenance, and the chearful attention which she pays to the judicious instructions and advice of her worthy Father, the Pertinent queries which she puts to him, and the evident improvement she makes in her knowledge of Foreign Languages, History and Geography, afford a pleasing Presage that when her faculties attain their maturity, she will be the delight of her Friends, and a distinguish’d ornament to her sex.
>
> Nathaniel Cutting, October 12, 1789

In the fall of 1792, her father enrolled her in Valeria Fullerton's school in Philadelphia, where she made good friends and was able to visit her father on Sundays. He lived near the school in Philadelphia at that time. She boarded there until September 1793, and may have been removed due to a yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia that ultimately killed 5,000 people.

## Marriage and family

Maria, as she was now called, married her childhood friend and cousin John Wayles Eppes, the son of Francis and Elizabeth Epps, on October 13, 1797, at Monticello. The couple lived at his plantation, Mont Blanco, on the James River in Chesterfield and often visited his family's plantation, Eppington.

After several miscarriages, Maria and John had three children:

* an unnamed daughter (December 31, 1799 – January 1800)
* Francis Wayles Eppes (September 20, 1801 – May 30, 1881)
* Maria Jefferson Eppes (February 15, 1804 – February 1806)

Maria traveled with her sister to Washington from November 1802 to January 1803 where her sister served as their father's hostess and informal First Lady. Maria had poor health as her mother did. She never recovered physically from her third childbirth, and subsequently died on April 17, 1804 at Monticello, where she is buried.

> My aunt, Mrs. Eppes, was singularly beautiful. She was high-principled, just, and generous. Her temper, naturally mild, became, I think, saddened by ill-health in the latter part of her life. In that respect she differed from my mother, whose disposition seemed to have the sunshine of heaven in it. ... \[My mother\] was intellectually somewhat superior to her sister, who was sensible of the difference, though she was of too noble a nature for her feelings ever to assume an ignoble character. There was between the sisters the strongest and warmest attachment, the most perfect confidence and affection.
>
> Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge to Henry S. Randall, January 15, 1856

Her death prompted Abigail Adams to send written condolences to President Jefferson; it was the first break in a long silence between the two families following the acrimonious presidential campaign of 1800. Abigail wrote movingly of the immediate affection she had felt for Maria when meeting her in London as a girl, an affection which had never altered.

1. Stanton, Lucia (1991). "Maria Jefferson Eppes". *Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia - Monticello website*. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
2. Wilson, Gaye (October 10, 1998). "Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson". *Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia - Monticello website*. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
3. Meacham, Jon (September 9, 2014). *Thomas Jefferson: President and Philosopher*. Random House Children's Books. pp. PT277. ISBN 978-0-385-38751-4.
4. Kierner, Cynthia A (May 9, 2008). "Randolph, Martha Jefferson (1772–1836)". *Encyclopedia Virginia*. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
5. "Lucy Jefferson (1782-1784)". *Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia - Monticello website*. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
6. Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (July 1969). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Eppington" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
7. Kerrison, Catherine (2018). *Jefferson's Daughters: Three Sisters, White and Black, in a Young America*. Ballantine Books. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-101-88624-3.
8. Kerrison, Catherine (2018). *Jefferson's Daughters: Three Sisters, White and Black, in a Young America*. Ballantine Books. pp. 84–87. ISBN 978-1-101-88624-3.
9. McCullough, David (2001). *John Adams*. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 373.
10. "Sally Hemings and Her Children", Plantation and Slavery, Monticello
11. Kerrison, Catherine (2018). *Jefferson's Daughters: Three Sisters, White and Black, in a Young America*. Ballantine Books. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-101-88624-3.
12. Wead, Doug (2004). *All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families*. Simon and Schuster. pp. 127–129. ISBN 9780743446334.
13. Brandt, Anthony (2006-11-21). *Thomas Jefferson Travels: Selected Writings, 1784-1789*. National Geographic Books. p. 372. ISBN 978-1-4262-0177-6.
14. Kerrison, Catherine (2018). *Jefferson's Daughters: Three Sisters, White and Black, in a Young America*. Ballantine Books. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-101-88624-3.
15. *From Thomas Jefferson to Valeria Fullerton, 16 September 1793*. Founders Online.
16. "Yellow fever breaks out in Philadelphia". *HISTORY*. October 8, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
17. Kerrison, Catherine (2018). *Jefferson's Daughters: Three Sisters, White and Black, in a Young America*. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-1-101-88624-3.
18. "Maria Jefferson Eppes", *Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia*, Monticello website
19. "Martha Jefferson Randolph". *www.monticello.org*. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
20. "Persons Buried at the Monticello Graveyard, 1773 - 1997". *Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia - Monticello website*. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
21. McCullough *John Adams* p.581

## InfoBox

| Mary Jefferson Eppes | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mary Jefferson
August 1, 1778
Monticello, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | April 17, 1804 (aged 25)
Monticello, Virginia, U.S. |
| Spouse | John Wayles Eppes (m. 1797) |
| Children |  |
| Parents |  |


title: Martina Santandrea

abstract: Martina Santandrea is an Italian retired group rhythmic gymnast. She was a member of the national squad from 2016 to 2023. She is the 2020 Olympic Group All-around bronze medalist, the 2018 World Group All-around silver medalist and two-time European (2018) Group All-around silver medalist. In 2023, at the age of 24, she retired from professional competition, expressing her desire to become a coach.

text:
# Martina Santandrea

**Martina Santandrea** (born 5 September 1999) is an Italian retired group rhythmic gymnast. She was a member of the national squad from 2016 to 2023.

She is the 2020 Olympic Group All-around bronze medalist, the 2018 World Group All-around silver medalist and two-time European (2018) Group All-around silver medalist.

In 2023, at the age of 24, she retired from professional competition, expressing her desire to become a coach.

## Detailed Olympic results

| Year | Competition Description | Location | Music | Apparatus | Rank | Score-Final | Rank | Score-Qualifying |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | Olympics | Tokyo |  | All-around | 3rd | 87.700 | 3rd | 87.150 |
| | | | *Butterfly-Ninja*
by Maxime Rodriguez | 5 Balls | 4th | 44.850 | 3rd | 44.600 |
| | | | *Tree of Life Suite*
by R. Cacciapaglia, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra | 3 Hoops + 4 Clubs | 3rd | 42.850 | 4th | 42.550 |
|

## InfoBox

| Martina Santandrea | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Martina Santandrea |
| Country represented | Italy |
| Born | (1999-09-05) 5 September 1999 |
| Hometown | Bentivoglio, Italy |
| Height | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 49 kg (108 lb) |
| Discipline | Rhythmic gymnastics |
| Level | Senior international elite |
| Years on national team | 2016–2023 |
| Club | Estense Putinati |
| Head coach(es) | Emanuela Maccarani |
| Choreographer | Federica Bagnera |
| Medal record      Representing  Italy  Group Rhythmic Gymnastics  Olympic Games  2020 Tokyo Group All-around  World Championships  2017 Pesaro  5 Hoops  2018 Sofia  3 Balls + 2 Ropes  2021 Kitakyushu 3 Hoops + 4 Clubs  2022 Sofia Team  2018 Sofia  Group All-around  2021 Kitakyushu Team  2021 Kitakyushu Group All-around  2021 Kitakyushu 5 Balls  2018 Sofia  5 Hoops  2019 Baku  3 Hoops + 4 Clubs  European Championships  2018 Guadalajara  5 Hoops  2018 Guadalajara  Group All-around  2018 Guadalajara  3 Balls + 2 Ropes  2021 Varna  Group All-around  2021 Varna  3 Hoops + 4 Clubs | |


title: Mary Latchford Jones

abstract: Dame Mary Latchford Kingsmill Jones, DBE, JP was a British Conservative politician and the first woman Lord Mayor of Manchester.

text:
# Mary Latchford Jones

**Dame Mary Latchford Kingsmill Jones**, DBE, JP (née Mary Latchford Jones; 27 June 1877 – 2 April 1968) was a British Conservative politician and the first woman Lord Mayor of Manchester.

## Life

Mary Latchford Jones was born on 28 June 1877 at 3 Wodehouse Terrace, North Circular Road, Dublin, the daughter of Percival Jones (1839–1906), a Dublin merchant and committed freemason, and Margaret Jones (née Williams; 1846–1920), originally from Mallow. She had a twin sister, Suzie Williams Jones (1877–1952), and two brothers, Percival Thomas Jones (1873–1894) and Kingsmill Williams Jones (1875–1918). She was educated at Alexandra College but did not go to university.

In 1914, she moved to Manchester to join her brother, a doctor in the city. In 1921, as **Mary Latchford Kingsmill Jones**, she was elected to Manchester City Council, representing the Conservative Party, having adopted her late brother (Kingsmill)'s name.

Jones served on council committees, and represented the council on external bodies. At both the 1924 and 1929 United Kingdom general elections, she stood in Manchester Ardwick, taking second place each time.

In 1938, Jones became an alderman, and the same year was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. From 1947 to 1949, she served as Lord Mayor of Manchester, the first woman to hold the post. During her term Manchester United won the FA Cup and she welcomed the winning team back to the city. She also conferred the freedom of the city on Winston Churchill.

At the end of her term, she was promoted to become a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). A painting paid for by fifty women's groups was commissioned. In 1958, she was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE). She retired from the council in 1966 and was made an honorary alderman the following year.

## Death

Dame Mary Latchford Kingsmill Jones died at her home in Manchester on 2 April 1968, aged 90.

## Honours

## InfoBox

| Mary Latchford Kingsmill Jones | |
| --- | --- |
| by Ethel Léontine Gabain (1883–1950) | |
| Born | Mary Latchford Jones
(1877-06-27)27 June 1877
Dublin, Ireland |
| Died | 2 April 1968(1968-04-02) (aged 90)
Manchester, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Known for | 1st woman Lord Mayor of Manchester |
| Political party | Conservative |


title: Vibble

abstract: Vibble is a locality in Västerhejde on the Swedish island of Gotland. Sweden with 1,300 inhabitants in 2010. Situated 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Visby, it is sometimes regarded as a suburb to the town of Visby. The main business in Vibble is tourism. The relocated original Villa Villekulla - where Pippi Longstocking lived - is at the Kneippbyn Holiday Resort in Vibble. As of 2019, Vibble Chapel belongs to Stenkumla parish, along with the churches in Stenkumla, Träkumla and Västerhejde.

text:
# Vibble

**Vibble** is a locality in Västerhejde on the Swedish island of Gotland. Sweden with 1,300 inhabitants in 2010. Situated 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Visby, it is sometimes regarded as a suburb to the town of Visby. The main business in Vibble is tourism. The relocated original Villa Villekulla \- where Pippi Longstocking lived - is at the *Kneippbyn* Holiday Resort in Vibble.

As of 2019, Vibble Chapel belongs to Stenkumla parish, along with the churches in Stenkumla, Träkumla and Västerhejde.

* Media related to Vibble at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Vibble | |
| --- | --- |
| Central Vibble | |
| Vibble | |
| Coordinates: 57°36′N 18°15′E / 57.600°N 18.250°E / 57.600; 18.250 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Gotland |
| County | Gotland County |
| Municipality | Gotland Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.25 km2 (0.48 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 1,300 |
| Density | 1,028/km2 (2,660/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |