title: Ralph Sneyd (MP for Stafford)

abstract: Ralph Sneyd was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1642. He was a colonel in the Royalist army in the English Civil War and was killed in action on the Isle of Man. Sneyd was the son of Ralph Sneyd of Keele Hall and Bradwell and his first wife, Mary Chetwynd, daughter of Thomas Chetwynd, of Ingestrie. Sneyd inherited the estates of Keele and Bradwell. In April 1640, Sneyd was elected Member of Parliament for Stafford in the Short Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Stafford in November 1640 for the Long Parliament and sat until he was disabled in 1642. Sneyd was a colonel in the King's army. Keele Hall was badly damaged in the Civil War and Sneyd suffered losses of up to £20,000 because of his loyalty to the king. He was killed by the last shot fired in defence of the Countess of Derby on the Isle of Man. Sneyd married Felicia Archbold, daughter of Nicholas Archbold and Suzanna Borrough. His son, Ralph Sneyd married Jane Downes, daughter of Roger Downes of Wardley Hall, Worsley.

text:
# Ralph Sneyd (MP for Stafford)

**Ralph Sneyd** (1564 – 7 April 1643) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1642. He was a colonel in the Royalist army in the English Civil War and was killed in action on the Isle of Man.

Sneyd was the son of Ralph Sneyd of Keele Hall and Bradwell and his first wife, Mary Chetwynd, daughter of Thomas Chetwynd, of Ingestrie. Sneyd inherited the estates of Keele and Bradwell.

In April 1640, Sneyd was elected Member of Parliament for Stafford in the Short Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Stafford in November 1640 for the Long Parliament and sat until he was disabled in 1642. Sneyd was a colonel in the King's army. Keele Hall was badly damaged in the Civil War and Sneyd suffered losses of up to £20,000 because of his loyalty to the king. He was killed by the last shot fired in defence of the Countess of Derby on the Isle of Man.

Sneyd married Felicia Archbold, daughter of Nicholas Archbold and Suzanna Borrough. His son, Ralph Sneyd married Jane Downes, daughter of Roger Downes of Wardley Hall, Worsley.


title: Niilo Koljonen

abstract:
Niilo Koljonen (1927–2004) was a Finnish social scientist. He survived the concentration camps of the Soviet Union, and later studied at the Harvard University in the United States. He studied the democratization processes in Finland at the Finnish Department of State (Prime Minister's Office,and also developed ideas and concepts related to social systems in business world. he is considered a major figure in the unification of Finnish trade unions. His magnum opus is a book about Corporate Democracy. In his theories Koljonen argues that "the superior-subordinate system in business enterprises is the enemy of individual freedom. Companies are suffering from this performance," and "concentration of economic power in the hands of too few is alien to democracy." The book presents a world in which society in general has accepted democracy and right to vote, but the economic power is concentrated in a few hands, and business world is suffering from lack of worker motivation and poor decisions of the elite. Koljonen describes the empirical data sets on the basis of human motivation in terms of fertile forms of business where every employee is "inner entrepreneur", who is working towards a common goal. Foreword to the book was written by Mauno Koivisto.
Koljonen set up a Corporate Democracy Association. Tarja Halonen, another president of Finland, was a founding member in the association. In his youth, Koljonen struggled for years to be free from the Soviet Union concentration camps. Niilo Koljonen was the first Finn ever to draw up a map of the Soviet Union concentration camps. In 2012, award-winning book publisher and writer Sofi Oksanen released the map 2012 through Silberfeldt, at the National Audiovisual Archive.

text:
# Niilo Koljonen

**Niilo Koljonen** (1927–2004) was a Finnish social scientist. He survived the concentration camps of the Soviet Union, and later studied at the Harvard University in the United States. He studied the democratization processes in Finland at the Finnish Department of State (Prime Minister's Office,and also developed ideas and concepts related to social systems in business world. he is considered a major figure in the unification of Finnish trade unions.

His magnum opus is a book about Corporate Democracy (*Työntekijä ja Yritysdemokratia* \- January 1966). In his theories Koljonen argues that "the superior-subordinate system in business enterprises is the enemy of individual freedom. Companies are suffering from this performance," and "concentration of economic power in the hands of too few is alien to democracy." The book presents a world in which society in general has accepted democracy and right to vote, but the economic power is concentrated in a few hands, and business world is suffering from lack of worker motivation and poor decisions of the elite. Koljonen describes the empirical data sets on the basis of human motivation in terms of fertile forms of business where every employee is "inner entrepreneur", who is working towards a common goal. Foreword to the book was written by Mauno Koivisto. Koljonen set up a Corporate Democracy Association. Tarja Halonen, another president of Finland, was a founding member in the association.

In his youth, Koljonen struggled for years to be free from the Soviet Union concentration camps. Niilo Koljonen was the first Finn ever to draw up a map of the Soviet Union concentration camps. In 2012, award-winning book publisher and writer Sofi Oksanen released the map 2012 through Silberfeldt, at the National Audiovisual Archive.


title: R. Sakkarapani

abstract: R. Sakkarapani is an Indian politician, Minister of Tamil Nadu, and incumbent Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu who has been elected from Oddanchatram constituency for five consecutive periods and now as the sixth term. A member of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party, he won in 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021 elections. He was the Chief Government Whip of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 2006 to 2011 and as a DMK Whip from the 2011 to 2016 Legislative assembly and also from the 2016 to 2021 assembly. He was appointed the Minister for Food and Civil Supplies of Tamil Nadu for the first time in Thiru M. K. Stalin's cabinet. He is one among the only 3 members who were consecutively elected to TamilNadu assembly from 1996 onwards for the sixth time consecutively, which record he holds along with his party counterparts M. K. Stalin and Duraimurugan.

text:
# R. Sakkarapani

**R. Sakkarapani** is an Indian politician, Minister of Tamil Nadu, and incumbent Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu who has been elected from Oddanchatram constituency for five consecutive periods and now as the sixth term. A member of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party, he won in 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021 elections.

He was the Chief Government Whip of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 2006 to 2011 and as a DMK Whip from the 2011 to 2016 Legislative assembly and also from the 2016 to 2021 assembly. He was appointed the Minister for Food and Civil Supplies of Tamil Nadu for the first time in Thiru M. K. Stalin's cabinet. He is one among the only 3 members who were consecutively elected to TamilNadu assembly from 1996 onwards for the sixth time consecutively, which record he holds along with his party counterparts M. K. Stalin and Duraimurugan.

## Birth

Sakkarapani was born in a village Kaaliyappagoundanpatti (Pungavalasu) near Kallimandayam.

## Elections contested

| Elections | Constituency | Party | Result | Vote percentage | Opposition Candidate | Opposition Party | Opposition vote percentage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election | Oddanchatram | DMK | Won | 58.57 | K Sellamuthu | AIADMK | 26.08 |
| 2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election | Oddanchatram | DMK | Won | 46.4 | A T Sellasamy | AIADMK | 45.2 |
| 2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election | Oddanchatram | DMK | Won | 53.66 | K P Nallasamy | AIADMK | 36.93 |
| 2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election | Oddanchatram | DMK | Won | 51.99 | P Baalasubramani | AIADMK | 43.14 |
| 2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election | Oddanchatram | DMK | Won | 64.26 | K Kittusamy | AIADMK | 29.56 |
| 2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election | Oddanchatram | DMK | Won | 54.51 | Nataraj N P | AIADMK | 40.26 |

## Elections

Sakkarapani contested his first election in 1996 from the Oddanchatram constituency. He defeated K. Sellamuthu of ADMK by 36823. He contested his second election from the same constituency in 2001, irrespective of ADMK sweeping the state, Sakkarapani won the Constituency by 1369 votes. In 2006 again contested from the same Oddanchatram constituency and he won by a margin of 19903. He was selected as Tamil Nadu govt. whip and also for the ruling party DMK. In 2011, Sakkarapani won against huge anti-incumbency by 14933. In the 2016 election, Sakkarapani defeated the ADMK candidate Kittusamy by a margin of 65727. His winning margin is second highest in the state behind DMK supremo Karunanidhi.

1. https://www.tn.gov.in/ministerslist

## InfoBox

| R. Sakkarapani | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**<br>1996 - present | |
| Preceded by | N. P. Nataraj |
| Constituency | Oddanchatram |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |
|  | |


title: Optic nerve tumor

abstract: An optic nerve melanocytoma is a tumor made up of melanocytes and melanin. Melanocytomas are typically a benign meaning they can grow, but rarely transform into a malignancy. Even so, local growth can affect adjacent tissues. Most optic nerve melanocytomas are small, black, and do not grow. Most optic nerve tumors are gliomas that occur somewhere along the anterior visual pathway.

text:
# Optic nerve tumor

An **optic nerve melanocytoma** is a tumor made up of melanocytes and melanin. Melanocytomas are typically a benign meaning they can grow, but rarely transform into a malignancy. Even so, local growth can affect adjacent tissues. Most optic nerve melanocytomas are small, black, and do not grow. Most optic nerve tumors (65 percent) are gliomas that occur somewhere along the anterior visual pathway.

## Symptoms

Patients who have malignant gliomas of the optic nerve have rapidly progressive, painful visual loss accompanied by signs of an optic neuropathy. Initial visual loss may be unilateral or bilateral (chiasmal involvement), but rapid progression to bilateral blindness and death are constant features. Depending on the initial location of the tumor, visual loss may be accompanied by exophthalmos, extraocular motility

Optic nerve melanocytoma does not usually produce symptoms or grow. If they slowly grow, optic nerve melanocytoma can produce afferent pupillary defects (30%), subretinal fluid (10%), and an enlarged blind spot (75%).

On fundoscopic exam, the optic disc may be swollen, atrophic, or even normal. Central retinal vein occlusion may occur.

If the tumor is next to the optic nerve, growth can compress the nerve and cause gradual loss of vision and unilateral proptosis. Dyschromatopsia may occur. Growth can also cause compressive vascular problems like central retinal vein occlusion. Lastly, growth also causes the tumor to exceed its blood supply. In these cases, necrotic areas form inside the tumor. Necrosis can (in turn) cause intraocular and rarely orbital inflammation.


title: Q-exponential distribution

abstract: The q-exponential distribution is a probability distribution arising from the maximization of the Tsallis entropy under appropriate constraints, including constraining the domain to be positive. It is one example of a Tsallis distribution. The q-exponential is a generalization of the exponential distribution in the same way that Tsallis entropy is a generalization of standard Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy or Shannon entropy. The exponential distribution is recovered as q → 1. Originally proposed by the statisticians George Box and David Cox in 1964, and known as the reverse Box–Cox transformation for q = 1 − λ, a particular case of power transform in statistics.

text:
# Q-exponential distribution

The ***q*-exponential distribution** is a probability distribution arising from the maximization of the Tsallis entropy under appropriate constraints, including constraining the domain to be positive. It is one example of a Tsallis distribution. The *q*-exponential is a generalization of the exponential distribution in the same way that Tsallis entropy is a generalization of standard Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy or Shannon entropy. The exponential distribution is recovered as $q\rightarrow 1.$

Originally proposed by the statisticians George Box and David Cox in 1964, and known as the reverse Box–Cox transformation for $q=1-\lambda ,$ a particular case of power transform in statistics.

## Characterization

### Probability density function

The *q*-exponential distribution has the probability density function

$$(2-q)\lambda e\_{q}(-\lambda x)$$

where

$$e\_{q}(x)=\[1+(1-q)x\]^{1/(1-q)}$$

is the *q*-exponential if *q* ≠ 1. When *q* = 1, *e**q*(x) is just exp(*x*).

## Derivation

In a similar procedure to how the exponential distribution can be derived (using the standard Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy or Shannon entropy and constraining the domain of the variable to be positive), the *q*-exponential distribution can be derived from a maximization of the Tsallis Entropy subject to the appropriate constraints.

## Relationship to other distributions

The *q*-exponential is a special case of the generalized Pareto distribution where

$$\mu =0,\quad \xi ={\frac {q-1}{2-q},\quad \sigma ={\frac {1}{\lambda (2-q)}.}}$$

The *q*-exponential is the generalization of the Lomax distribution (Pareto Type II), as it extends this distribution to the cases of finite support. The Lomax parameters are:

$$\alpha ={\frac {2-q}{q-1},\quad \lambda \_{\mathrm {Lomax} }={\frac {1}{\lambda (q-1)}.}}$$

As the Lomax distribution is a shifted version of the Pareto distribution, the *q*-exponential is a shifted reparameterized generalization of the Pareto. When *q* \> 1, the *q*-exponential is equivalent to the Pareto shifted to have support starting at zero. Specifically, if

$$X\sim \operatorname {{\mathit {q}-Exp} (q,\lambda ){\text{ and }Y\sim \left\[\operatorname {Pareto} \left(x\_{m}={\frac {1}{\lambda (q-1)},\alpha ={\frac {2-q}{q-1}\right)-x\_{m}\right\],}}}}$$

then $X\sim Y.$

## Generating random deviates

Random deviates can be drawn using inverse transform sampling. Given a variable *U* that is uniformly distributed on the interval (0,1), then

$$X={\frac {-q'\ln \_{q'}(U)}{\lambda }\sim \operatorname {{\mathit {q}-Exp} (q,\lambda )}}$$

where $\ln \_{q'}$ is the *q*-logarithm and $q'={\frac {1}{2-q}.}$

## Applications

Being a power transform, it is a usual technique in statistics for stabilizing the variance, making the data more normal distribution-like and improving the validity of measures of association such as the Pearson correlation between variables. It has been found to be an accurate model for train delays. It is also found in atomic physics and quantum optics, for example processes of molecular condensate creation via transition through the Feshbach resonance.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

*q*-exponential distribution
| Probability density function | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parameters | $q\<2$ shape (real)
$\lambda \>0$ rate (real) | | |
| Support | $x\in \[0,\infty ){\text{ for }q\geq 1}$
$x\in \left\[0,{\frac {1}{\lambda (1-q)}\right){\text{ for }q\<1}}$ | | |
| PDF | $(2-q)\lambda e\_{q}^{-\lambda x}$ | | |
| CDF | $1-e\_{q'}^{-\lambda x/q'}{\text{ where }q'={\frac {1}{2-q}}}$ | | |
| Mean | $\frac {1}{\lambda (3-2q)}{\text{ for }q\<{\frac {3}{2}}}$
Otherwise undefined | | |
| Median | $\frac {-q'\ln \_{q'}(1/2)}{\lambda }{\text{ where }q'={\frac {1}{2-q}}}$ | | |
| Mode | 0 | | |
| Variance | $\frac {q-2}{(2q-3)^{2}(3q-4)\lambda ^{2}{\text{ for }q\<{\frac {4}{3}}}}$ | | |
| Skewness | $\frac {2}{5-4q}{\sqrt {\frac {3q-4}{q-2}{\text{ for }q\<{\frac {5}{4}}}}}$ | | |
| Excess kurtosis | $6{\frac {-4q^{3}+17q^{2}-20q+6}{(q-2)(4q-5)(5q-6)}{\text{ for }q\<{\frac {6}{5}}}}$ | | |


title: Phyllonorycter adderis

abstract: Phyllonorycter adderis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in south-western Rwanda in montane, closed canopy forests at an altitude of about 1,800 metres.

text:
# Phyllonorycter adderis

***Phyllonorycter adderis*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in south-western Rwanda in montane, closed canopy forests at an altitude of about 1,800 metres.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter adderis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. adderis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter adderis***<br>de Prins, 2012 | |
|


title: Monte Guglielmo

abstract: Gölem, Monte Guglielmo is a mountain of Lombardy, Italy, It has an elevation of 1,957 metres.

text:
# Monte Guglielmo

**Gölem, Monte Guglielmo** is a mountain of Lombardy, Italy, It has an elevation of 1,957 metres (6,421 feet).

45°45′19″N 10°10′05″E / 45.75528°N 10.16806°E / 45.75528; 10.16806

## InfoBox

| Monte Guglielmo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,957 m (6,421 ft) |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Lombardy, Italy |
| Parent range | Brescia and Garda Prealps |


title: Ralph Smith O'bré

abstract: Ralph Smith O'bré was an Irish physician who was the president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) in 1790. He served as an army surgeon before setting up practice in Dublin where he became wealthy. He invented a popular double tracheostomy tube.

text:
# Ralph Smith O'bré

**Ralph Smith O'bré** (died August 1820) was an Irish physician who was the president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) in 1790. He served as an army surgeon before setting up practice in Dublin where he became wealthy. He invented a popular double tracheostomy tube.

## Early life and family

Ralph Smith O'bré's date and place of birth are unknown. Charles Cameron wrote in his history of the RCSI that the place was either Clantilow or Lisburn and that he was the second son of Edward Obre, of Clantilow (present day Loughgall), County Armagh, and his wife, Frances Smith, of Lisburn. According to Cameron, the ancestors of Obré were named Aubrey, which later took the "pseudo-Celtic" form of O'bré or Obré. He never married.

## Career

O'bré served an apprenticeship with his brother-in-law Samuel Croker-King and was an army surgeon in the Irish establishment. He practised in Dublin, where he became wealthy.

In 1779, he was appointed assistant-surgeon to Steevens' Hospital. He followed Philip Woodroffe as College treasurer, a position he held for 27 years, but he resigned in 1820 on the grounds of ill-health. He was secretary to the Infirmaries' Board for several years and he was president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 1790. He invented a double tracheostomy tube, which Cameron writes "appeared to have been much used at one time".

O'bré, who was of small stature, was a good friend of fellow surgeon Solomon Richards who was known for his large size and was said to be "the fattest surgeon in the United Kingdom". According to one story, which may be apocryphal, they were once robbed on the highway while returning from an operation in the country. O'bré saved himself by hiding behind Richards, who had all his money and surgical equipment stolen. In return, Richards gave up O'bré who was also robbed and Richards negotiated his own belongings back.

## Death

O'bré died in August 1820 at his house in Granby Row, Rutland Square. His estate was bequeathed to his relatives, with Henry Connor receiving the largest part.


title: Ralph Stein

abstract: Ralph Stein was a writer, cartoonist and illustrator. Ralph Stein was born in New York City in 1909. He began his career as a photographer and illustrator at The World-Telegram. During World War II he was the staff cartoon editor for the U.S. Army magazine "Yank". During that time he was co-author, with Harry Brown, of "It's a Cinch, Private Finch," a humorous book about Army life, and many of his cartoons from "Yank" were compiled into a book called "What Am I Laughing At?". From 1953 to 1959, he helped draw and write the "Popeye" comic strip and illustrated "Here's How" for King Features. Stein's first daily "Popeye" strip was published in December 1954 and his last in August 1959. Stein's stories used very little of Popeye's supporting players, and instead took the sailor all over the world. He also returned Bluto to the daily strip beginning in 1957. Later Stein created Bluto's beard-less 'twin brother", Burlo. Stein was the author of several books about cars, including Sports Cars of the World (1952), Treasury of the Automobile (1961), The American Automobile (1978) and The Great Cars (1967). Other books by Ralph Stein include The Pinup From 1852 to Now and The Great Inventions. Stein died in 1994 at the Saybrook Convalescent Hospital in Old Saybrook, Conn at age 85 after a long illness. He had lived in Connecticut for many years.

text:
# Ralph Stein

**Ralph Stein** (1909–November 27, 1994) was a writer, cartoonist and illustrator.

Ralph Stein was born in New York City in 1909. He began his career as a photographer and illustrator at The World-Telegram. During World War II he was the staff cartoon editor for the U.S. Army magazine "Yank". During that time he was co-author, with Harry Brown, of "It's a Cinch, Private Finch," a humorous book about Army life, and many of his cartoons from "Yank" were compiled into a book called "What Am I Laughing At?".

From 1953 to 1959, he helped draw and write the "Popeye" comic strip and illustrated "Here's How" for King Features. Stein's first daily "Popeye" strip was published in December 1954 and his last in August 1959. Stein's stories used very little of Popeye's supporting players, and instead took the sailor all over the world. He also returned Bluto to the daily strip beginning in 1957. Later Stein created Bluto's beard-less 'twin brother", Burlo.

Stein was the author of several books about cars, including *Sports Cars of the World* (1952), *Treasury of the Automobile* (1961), *The American Automobile* (1978) and *The Great Cars* (1967).

Other books by Ralph Stein include *The Pinup From 1852 to Now* and *The Great Inventions*.

Stein died in 1994 at the Saybrook Convalescent Hospital in Old Saybrook, Conn at age 85 after a long illness. He had lived in Connecticut for many years.


title: Meslay-du-Maine

abstract: Meslay-du-Maine is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

text:
# Meslay-du-Maine

**Meslay-du-Maine** (French pronunciation: \[mɛlɛ dy mɛn\]) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,676 |  |
| 1975 | 1,981 | +2.42% |
| 1982 | 2,201 | +1.52% |
| 1990 | 2,418 | +1.18% |
| 1999 | 2,612 | +0.86% |
| 2007 | 2,671 | +0.28% |
| 2012 | 2,777 | +0.78% |
| 2017 | 2,875 | +0.70% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Meslay-du-Maine | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The clock tower of the church, in Meslay-du-Maine | |
|  | |
| Location of Meslay-du-Maine | |
| Meslay-du-MaineMeslay-du-Maine | |
| Coordinates: 47°57′07″N 0°33′16″W / 47.9519°N 0.5544°W / 47.9519; -0.5544 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Mayenne |
| Arrondissement | Château-Gontier |
| Canton | Meslay-du-Maine |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Christian Boulay |
| Area**1** | 24.18 km2 (9.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 2,780 |
| Density | 110/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 53152 /53170 |
| Elevation | 63–112 m (207–367 ft)
(avg. 90 m or 300 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Niilo Kosola

abstract: Niilo Vilho Kosola was a Finnish agronomist, farmer and politician, born in Lapua. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1951 to 1970, representing the National Coalition Party. He served as Deputy Minister of Agriculture from 29 August 1958 to 13 January 1959. He was a presidential elector in the 1956, 1962 and 1968 presidential elections. Niilo Kosola was the younger son of Vihtori Kosola.

text:
# Niilo Kosola

**Niilo Vilho Kosola** (22 February 1911  15 March 1996) was a Finnish agronomist, farmer and politician, born in Lapua. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1951 to 1970, representing the National Coalition Party. He served as Deputy Minister of Agriculture from 29 August 1958 to 13 January 1959. He was a presidential elector in the 1956, 1962 and 1968 presidential elections. Niilo Kosola was the younger son of Vihtori Kosola.


title: R101 (South Africa)

abstract: The R101 is a Regional Route in South Africa that is the designation for some of the old sections of roads that were previously the N1, prior to upgrading. It only has 2 sections, from Bellville to Worcester and from Johannesburg to Polokwane.

text:
# R101 (South Africa)

The **R101** is a Regional Route in South Africa that is the designation for some of the old sections of roads that were previously the N1, prior to upgrading. It only has 2 sections, from Bellville to Worcester and from Johannesburg to Polokwane.

## Western Cape

| Regional route R101 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 95.3 km (59.2 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | R102 in Bellville |
| Major intersections | R300 in Brackenfell
R304 near Kraaifontein
R44 at Klapmuts
R45 / N1 in Paarl
R301 in Paarl
N1 near Rawsonville
 |
| East end | N1 near Worcester |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | South Africa |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R82   R102 | |

The R101 starts in Bellville at a junction with the R102 (Voortrekker Road), running to the east parallel to the newer N1 freeway and is named *Old Paarl Road*. It then goes through Brackenfell before entering Kraaifontein as *Voortrekker Road*. At the intersection with Maroela Road in Kraaifontein East it is renamed *Old Paarl Road* before entering the Cape Winelands. In the Cape Winelands, it goes through Klapmuts (where it meets the R44) and then enters Paarl.

South of Paarl, the R101 is joined by the R45 to be co-signed for 6 kilometres northwards, crossing the N1 freeway, before separating from the R45 and turning right in the Paarl Central Business District (CBD). It meets the R301 in Paarl and proceeds to cross to the southern side of the N1 before it crosses the Drakenstein Mountains as Du Toitskloof Pass (820 m) where the newer N1 route bypasses as the Huguenot Tunnel.

Through the pass it rejoins the N1 for 8 km before it separates again to provide access to the town of Rawsonville. After bypassing Rawsonville, it joins the N1 again just west of Worcester, marking its end. The R101 designation is not used again up to Sandton to the north of Johannesburg, Gauteng, which is 1300 km from Worcester.

## Gauteng and Limpopo

| Regional route R101 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 327 km (203 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | R55 / M11 near Sandton |
| Major intersections | R564 near Sandton
R562 in Midrand
N1 near Centurion
R114 in Centurion
N14 in Pretoria
R104 in Pretoria
R513 in Pretoria
R566 in Pretoria
R576 near Bela-Bela
R516 in Bela-Bela
R33 in Modimolle
N1 near Modimolle
R519 in Mookgophong
R520 in Mookgophong
N1 near Mookgophong
N11 / R518 in Mokopane
N1 near Mokopane
R519 near Polokwane
N1 in Polokwane
R567 in Polokwane
R37 in Polokwane
R71 in Polokwane
R521 in Polokwane |
| North end | N1 in Polokwane |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | South Africa |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R82   R102 | |

The section of the R101 in Gauteng and Limpopo provinces connects Johannesburg with Polokwane via Pretoria, Bela Bela and Mokopane.

It begins in Sandton, north of Johannesburg. It comes from Johannesburg Central in the south as Louis Botha Avenue (designated as the M11) and at the R55 (Woodmead Road) junction near Woodmead, the M11 becomes the R101. Continuing northwards, the R101 meets the R564 and continues as Pretoria Main Road (later Old Pretoria Main Road) (east of the parallel Ben Schoeman Freeway, which is designated as the N1) to leave Sandton and enter Midrand, where it bypasses the Midrand CBD and Grand Central Airport before meeting the R562 (Olifantsfontein Road; Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road) in the suburb of Randjespark. It then leaves the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and enters the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality.

Its continues as the Old Johannesburg Road through the southern part of Centurion (where it crosses to the west of the Ben Schoeman Freeway, which is still designated as the N1). It then flies over the N14 highway and passes through the western side of Centurion (where it meets the north-eastern terminus of the R114 route) before changing names again to Jan Smuts Drive in Pretoria, where it merges with the northern endpoint of the Ben Schoeman Freeway (which is now labelled as the N14) at Kgosi Mampuru Street (formerly Potgieter Street), just after the Voortrekker Monument.

It proceeds northwards through Pretoria Central as Kgosi Mampuru Street (one-way street) (and as Sophie de Bruyn Street, formerly Schubart Street, southwards up to the N14 Ben Schoeman Freeway), intersecting with the R104 road during this time. It then meets the M4 metropolitan route (which connects to Hartbeespoort) before meeting the M22 metropolitan route. It becomes co-signed with the M22 eastwards up to a junction with Paul Kruger Street. While co-signed with the M22, it is Boom Street eastwards to Paul Kruger Street and Bloed Street westwards from Paul Kruger Street (one-way-streets).

As Paul Kruger Street, the R101 goes north, passing the Pretoria Zoo, through Capital Park and Mayville. Just after Mayville, the R101 is co-signed with the M1 metropolitan route until the next junction, where they meet the R513 route. Here, the M1 remains as Paul Kruger Street northwards (co-signed with the R513 West) while the R101 becomes Lavender Road, the road separating Wonderboom and Annlin West, via a right turn (co-signed with the R513 East). At the next junction with Steve Biko Road (M5 metropolitan route's northern terminus), Lavender Road divides into Lavender Road West (for vehicles heading north, by way of a left turn) and Lavender Road East (for vehicles heading south) for about 1 km up to the junction with Sefako Makgatho Drive (formerly Zambezi Drive), where the R513 becomes Sefako Makgatho Drive eastwards and the R101 remains as Lavender Road northwards (no-longer a one-way street).

Going north from the R513 junction, it passes by the Wonderboom Airport entrance and meets the eastern terminus of the R566 road (which connects to Onderstepoort and Rosslyn) before flying over the N4 highway (Platinum Highway) adjacent to the Bon Accord Dam. The R101, the R566 and the M1 form a ring-road around Annlin West. After crossing the N4, the R101 becomes Old Warmbaths Road and follows the Apies River north-north-east for 27 km, through Pyramid, to Hammanskraal.

6 km north of Hammanskraal, just before the Carousel casino, the R101 enters the North West Province for about 7 km before entering Limpopo. From Hammanskraal, it is parallel to the N1, passing through Pienaarsrivier (22 km from Hammanskraal). From Pienaarsrivier, the R101 makes a direct line for Bela Bela (Warmbaths) (35 km), where it meets the R516. The R101 continues by way of a right-turn at Potgieter Road in Bela Bela and the route makes a 27 km journey north-east to Modimolle (Nylstroom).

As a straight road passing through Modimolle central, it intersects with the R33. After passing the Phagameng suburb of Modimolle, the R101 turns east towards the bypassing N1 highway. At Middelfontein, right before the N1 Modimolle north off-ramp, the R101 becomes the road to the west of the N1 (Mookgophong Road, later Modimolle Road) heading north-east. After Kransvlei Farm Resort, the R101 continues by way of a left turn at the t-junction to become the straight road through Mookgophong (Namboomspruit). The distance from Modimolle to Mookgophong is 42 km.

Passing through Mookgophong as Thabo Mbeki Street, it intersects with the R519 at Second Avenue and the R520 at Nelson Mandela Drive. While mostly parallel to the N1, it journeys 51 km north-east to Mokopane (Potgietersrus). 7 km south of Mokopane, where it crosses the Mogalakwena River, the R101 is joined by the N11 national route to be co-signed for 11 kilometres north, becoming Thabo Mbeki Drive, up to Mokopane Central.

In Mokopane Central, next to Mokopane Mall, the R101 and N11 meet the R518 road from Zebediela and cosign with it. At the 2nd junction afterwards, the N11 and the R518 become Nelson Mandela Drive (by way of a left turn), leaving the R101 as the straight road through Mokopane North (Thabo Mbeki Drive). After the Mokopane Game Breeding Centre, the R101 turns eastwards to cross the bypassing N1 highway at its Mokopane North Off-ramp (Sebetiela Ramp Toll Plaza) and follow it north-east to Polokwane (40 km) while being on its eastern side.

As there is a Polokwane Eastern Bypass given to the N1 (opened in 2020), the old road through Polokwane Central (Thabo Mbeki Street and Grobler Street), meeting the northern terminus of the R37, meeting the western terminus of the R71, turning north and bypassing Polokwane International Airport (Landdros Mare Street), has been given to the R101.

The point where Landdros Mare Street and the Polokwane Eastern Bypass meet north of Polokwane marks the end of the R101, as the road heading north to the towns of Louis Trichardt, Musina and the border of Beit Bridge with Zimbabwe is given back to the N1.

## InfoBox

| Regional route R101 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | South Africa |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R82   R102 | |


title: Optic lobe (arthropods)

abstract:
The optic(al) lobe of arthropods is a structure of the protocerebrum that sits behind the arthropod eye and is responsible for the processing of the visual information. It is made up of three layers:
  - Lamina (ganglionaris)
  - responsible for contrast enhancement through lateral inhibition
  - Medulla
  - processes movement and shows movement direction sensitivity. Possesses local motion detectors
  - Lobula
  - integrates information from large areas of the visual field to abstract visual information and object recognition
    - Lobula plate
    - wide-field motion vision

text:
# Optic lobe (arthropods)

The **optic(al) lobe** of arthropods is a structure of the protocerebrum that sits behind the arthropod eye (mostly compound eyes) and is responsible for the processing of the visual information. It is made up of three layers:

Lamina (ganglionaris)responsible for contrast enhancement through lateral inhibition Medullaprocesses movement and shows movement direction sensitivity. Possesses local motion detectors Lobulaintegrates information from large areas of the visual field to abstract visual information and object recognition Lobula platewide-field motion vision

"Optic lobe". *neuroinf.jp*. Invertebrate brain.


title: Pussimbing Tea Estate

abstract: Pussimbing is a tea estate in West Bengal, India.

text:
# Pussimbing Tea Estate

**Pussimbing** is a tea estate in West Bengal, India.

## Geography

8km
5milesNEP A L Mariabong TGR River Mechi Balason River Thurbo TETE Pussimbing TETE Phuguri TET Okayti TETE Gopaldhara TETE Avongrove TETE SoureniR Singbulli TGR PanighattaR Nagri Farm TGR Tumsong TGR Sungma TGR Poobong TGR PokhriabongR JorebungalowR Dhajea TGR Chamong TGR MirikM SukhiapokhriCT SonadaCT  Mangarjung TGCT  Rongmook Ceder TGCT**Places and tea estates in the southern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block), and Mirik Subdivision in Darjeeling district**
CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate
Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

### Location

It is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the Ghum railway station in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region. It is located on the slopes of Tiger Hill.

## Economy

The plantation is bio-organic with 100% China bushes. It converted to 100% organic cultivation in 1994 and is certified by IMO control, *Switzerland*. The plantation covers over 200 hectares (500 acres). The plantation was extended by the British Planters in 1911 and today it is a source of the finest organic tea in Darjeeling.

Residents of the area are of Nepalease origin, and 15% work in the plantation, which is divided into 3 divisions: Pussimbing, Lami & Minjoo, and Kothi Dhura. The processing plant is in nearby, along the Balason River and has been modernized by Chamong Group to ensure quality and product safety.

The plant uses hydroelectric power to minimize pollution in the sensitive area and reduce use of fossil fuels. A small hydro electricity project plant was established in 1994; hitherto the plant ran on diesel power. It also supplies electricity to houses nearby.

### Chamong Group

The Chamong Group is the largest producer of organic Darjeeling tea and Assam tea. It produces 3,000 tonnes annually and employs 10,000 persons (including 7,000 women). It owns 4 tea estates in Assam and 13 in Darjeeling. The tea estates in Darjeeling are: Pussimbing, Chamong, Tumsong, Lingia, Nagri Farm, Bannockburn, Dhajea, Shree Dwarika, Ging, Soom, Phoobsering, Tukdah and Marybong. It exports tea to the US, Europe, Japan and the Middle East.

## InfoBox

| Pussimbing Tea Estate | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India |
| Coordinates | 26°59′25″N 88°13′26″E / 26.9902°N 88.2238°E / 26.9902; 88.2238 |
| Area | 280 ha (690 acres) |
| Elevation | 4,500 to 6,000 ft (1,400 to 1,800 m) |
| Owned by | Chamong Group |
| Open | 1911 (1911) |


abstract: The 92nd Regiment of Foot was a British Army infantry regiment, raised in 1794. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 75th (Stirlingshire) Regiment of Foot to form the Gordon Highlanders in 1881.

text:
# 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot

The **92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot** was a British Army infantry regiment, raised in 1794. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 75th (Stirlingshire) Regiment of Foot to form the Gordon Highlanders in 1881.

## History

### Formation

The regiment was raised in Aberdeenshire by General George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon, as the **100th (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot**, in response to the threat posed by the French Revolution, on 10 February 1794. It embarked for Gibraltar in September 1794 and then moved on to Corsica in June 1795. From Corsica a detachment was sent to Elba in August 1796 and the whole regiment returned to Gibraltar in September 1796. The regiment returned to England in March 1798 but was then deployed to Ireland in May 1798 to help suppress the Irish Rebellion. The regiment was re-ranked as the **92nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot** in October 1798.

The regiment embarked for Holland in August 1799 and saw action at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799 during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, an intervention which was aimed to overthrow the Batavian Republic, a French client republic. It returned home later that month. The regiment embarked for Menorca in June 1800 and then sailed on to Abu Qir in Egypt in March 1801 to take part in the Egyptian Campaign. It saw action at the Battle of Mandora on 13 March 1801. This was a preliminary action before the Battle of Alexandria eight days later on 21 March. That morning, the regiment had been ordered to return to Abukir, having now only 150 effective men, because of illness and casualties sustained. However, on hearing the sound of firing, the regiment saw the commander-in-chief, Sir Ralph Abercromby, passing on his horse and called out to be allowed to return to the line of battle, to which he gave his assent. The regiment sailed for home in October 1801.

### Napoleonic Wars

A second battalion was raised in November 1803 but it solely served as a reinforcement pool and never left the United Kingdom. The 1st Battalion embarked for Copenhagen in August 1807 and took part in the Battle of Køge and then the Battle of Copenhagen later that month during the Gunboat War.

The regiment embarked for Portugal in July 1808 for service in the Peninsular War. It served under Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809 and subsequent evacuation. The regiment was renamed as the **92nd Regiment of Foot** in 1809. It then took part in the disastrous Walcheren Campaign in autumn 1809.

The regiment returned to Portugal in September 1810 to resume its service under General Viscount Wellesley in the Peninsular War. It saw action at the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811, the Second Siege of Badajoz in June 1811 and the Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos in October 1811 as well as the Battle of Almaraz in May 1812 and the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813. It then pursued the French Army into France and fought at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813, the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813 and the Battle of the Nive in December 1813 as well as the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814.

The regiment embarked for the continent again in May 1815 for service in the Hundred Days campaign. The regiment had a key role in the Battle of Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815 as one of the regiments defending the disputed crossroads and which later halted a French attack with a bayonet charge. Two days later the regiment was in action again at the Battle of Waterloo. At an early stage, Napoleon's troops attacked the left of the Allied line, and the regiment was ordered to charge the leading French column. The regiment did so and the French column then broke in disorder. The horses of the Scots Greys passed through the regiment to get to the scattering French troops and press the advantage. At this point some members of the regiment clung to the stirrups of the passing Greys so that they could reach the French troops. Corporal Dickson of "F" Troop of the Scots Greys, reported: "They were all Gordons, and as we passed through them they shouted 'Go at them the Greys! Scotland for ever!' My blood thrilled at this and I clutched my sabre tighter. Many of them grasped our stirrups and in the fiercest excitement, dashed with us into the fight." After the battle, the regiment marched to Paris and then embarked for home in December 1815. After arriving in Edinburgh on 7 September 1816, it was cheered by a large crowd.

### The Victorian era

The regiment embarked for Jamaica in April 1819; many of the troops died from yellow fever, before the regiment returned home in 1827. The regiment embarked for Gibraltar in 1834 and went on to Barbados in 1841 before returning home again in 1844. It was deployed to the Ionian Islands in 1851 and to Gibraltar in 1853 from where it was dispatched to take part in the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War but saw no serious action. The regiment embarked for India in January 1858 to help suppress the Indian Rebellion and were engaged in several skirmishes with remaining rebel forces. The regiment recovered its original designation being renamed the **92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot** in July 1861. The regiment embarked for home in January 1863.

The regiment returned to India in 1868. In December 1878, the regiment was ordered to Afghanistan where it was engaged in various security operations following the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. In October 1879, it took part in the Battle of Charasiab, where the regiment captured three hills, thereby turning the enemy's flank. Major George White received the Victoria Cross for his part in this action. A further Victoria Cross was won by Lieutenant William Dick-Cunyngham at the Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment on 13 December 1879. At the end of August 1880, the regiment formed part of the force which marched under General Frederick Roberts from Kabul to Kandahar, and at the Battle of Kandahar on 1 September 1880, formed part of the 1st Brigade, which led the advance in sweeping the enemy out of the closely wooded enclosures along the western slopes of the hill on which the village of Gundi Mullah Sahibdad stood.

Instead of returning to the United Kingdom in 1881, the regiment was diverted to Natal to serve in the First Boer War. The regiment participated in the disastrous Battle of Majuba Hill on 27 February 1881. After capturing the hilltop in order to dominate the Boer line, the force of 350 British soldiers of the 58th and 92nd Regiments including a number of Royal Navy gunners, found themselves exposed to heavy and accurate fire early on the following day. This was followed by an assault by 2,000 Boers; despite a desperate last stand, the survivors were swept from the summit.

As part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 92nd was linked with the 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot, and assigned to district no. 56 at Castlehill Barracks in Aberdeen. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 75th (Stirlingshire) Regiment of Foot to form the Gordon Highlanders. The Regimental Colours of the 92nd were laid-up in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, some two years later by the Duke of Cambridge, where they remain to the present day.

## Battle honours

Battle honours won by the regiment were:

## Victoria Cross awards

## Colonels of the Regiment

Colonels of the Regiment were:

100th (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot 92nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot - (1798) 92nd Regiment of Foot - (1809) 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot - (1861) * 1866–1869: F.M. Sir Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn, GCB, GCSI
* 1869–1871: Lt-Gen. John Campbell
* 1871–1880: Gen. George Staunton, CB
* 1880–1881: Gen. Mark Kerr Atherley

## Sources

## InfoBox

| 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot | |
| --- | --- |
| Colours of the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot | |
| Active | 1794–1881 |
| Country | Kingdom of Great Britain (1794–1800)
United Kingdom (1801–1881) |
| Branch | British Army |
| Type | Highland Infantry Regiment |
| Size | One battalion (two battalions 1803–1814) |
| Garrison/HQ | Castlehill Barracks, Aberdeen |
| Nickname(s) | The Gay Gordons |
| Engagements | Napoleonic Wars
Crimean War
Indian Rebellion
Battle of Majuba Hill |


title: Phlox cuspidata

abstract: Phlox cuspidata, the pointed phlox, is a species of flowering plant in the family Polemoniaceae, native to the US states of Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana. An annual reaching 25 cm (10 in), its hybridization dynamics with and partial reproductive isolation from Phlox drummondii are the subject of scientific inquiry.

text:
# Phlox cuspidata

***Phlox cuspidata***, the **pointed phlox**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Polemoniaceae, native to the US states of Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana. An annual reaching 25 cm (10 in), its hybridization dynamics with and partial reproductive isolation from *Phlox drummondii* are the subject of scientific inquiry.

## InfoBox

| *Phlox cuspidata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Texas | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Polemoniaceae |
| Genus: | *Phlox* |
| Species: | ***P. cuspidata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phlox cuspidata***<br>Scheele | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phlox cuspidata* var. *grandiflora* Whitehouse * *Phlox cuspidata* var. *humilis* Whitehouse * *Phlox cuspidata* var. *typica* Whitehouse * *Phlox drummondii* var. *tenuis* A.Gray * *Phlox tenuis* (A.Gray) E.E.Nelson | |


title: Monte Grosso

abstract: Monte Grosso is a mountain in Haute-Corse, Corsica, France, with an elevation of 1,937 metres (6,355 ft). It belongs to the Monte Cinto massif.

text:
# Monte Grosso

**Monte Grosso** is a mountain in Haute-Corse, Corsica, France, with an elevation of 1,937 metres (6,355 ft). It belongs to the Monte Cinto massif.

## InfoBox

| Monte Grosso | |
| --- | --- |
| Monte Grosso seen from Sant'Antonino | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1937 |
| Coordinates | 42°30′N 8°55′E / 42.500°N 8.917°E / 42.500; 8.917 |
| Geography | |
| Monte Grosso | |
| Country | France |
| Department | Haute-Corse |
| Parent range | Monte Cinto massif |


title: Ralph Steiner

abstract: Ralph Steiner was an American photographer, pioneer documentarian and a key figure among avant-garde filmmakers in the 1930s.

text:
# Ralph Steiner

**Ralph Steiner** (February 8, 1899  July 13, 1986) was an American photographer, pioneer documentarian and a key figure among avant-garde filmmakers in the 1930s.

## Photographer

Born in Cleveland, Steiner studied chemistry at Dartmouth, but in 1921 entered the Clarence H. White School of Modern Photography. White helped Steiner in finding a job at the Manhattan Photogravure Company, and Steiner worked on making photogravure plates of scenes from Robert Flaherty's 1922 *Nanook of the North*.

Not long after, Steiner's work as a freelance photographer in New York began, working mostly in advertising and for publications like *Ladies' Home Journal*. With fellow graduate Anton Bruehl (1900–1982), in 1925, they opened a studio on 47th Street, producing a narrative series of amusing table-top shots of three cut‑out figures dressed in suits for *The New Yorker* magazine; advertisements for Weber and Heilbroner menswear in a running weekly series. Their client was wiped out in the Wall Street Crash.

Through the encouragement of fellow photographer Paul Strand, Steiner joined the left-of-center *Film and Photo League* around 1927. He was also to influence the photography of Walker Evans, giving him guidance, technical assistance, and one of his view cameras.

## Filmmaker

In 1929, Steiner made his first film, *H2O*, a poetic evocation of water that captured the abstract patterns generated by waves. Although it was not the only film of its kind at the time – Joris Ivens made *Regen (Rain)* that same year, and Henwar Rodakiewicz worked on his similar film *Portrait of a Young Man (1931)* through this whole period – it made a significant impression in its day and since has become recognized as a classic: *H2O* was added to the National Film Registry in December 2005. Among Steiner's other early films, *Surf and Seaweed* (1931) expands on the concept of *H2O* as Steiner turns his camera to the shoreline; *Mechanical Principles* (1930) was an abstraction based on gears and machinery.

In 1930, Steiner joined the faculty of the so-called Harry Alan Potamkin Film School, which folded shortly before Potamkin's death in 1933; there he met Leo Hurwitz and, inspired by Hurwitz' ideas of utilizing film as a means of social action, left the Film and Photo League and joined *Nykino*, a loose coalition of New York-based cinematographers who pooled footage for use in left-wing newsreels shown at worker's rallies, conventions and during strikes. Precious few of these films have survived, most being destroyed in a warehouse fire in 1935. During this time Steiner also worked on some topical, fictional "pool" film satires, including *Pie in the Sky* (1935), the earliest film to involve the talents of Elia Kazan.

Steiner spent summers at the Pine Brook Country Club located in the countryside of Nichols, Connecticut, which became the summer rehearsal headquarters of the Group Theatre (New York) working with Felicia Sorel and Gluck Sandor among others.

Steiner worked, alongside Strand, Hurwitz and Paul Ivano as a cinematographer on Pare Lorentz' *The Plow That Broke the Plains* (1936) and likewise joined Lorentz on *The River* (1938) but did not receive credit. Although Steiner remained with Nykino throughout their transition into Frontier Films, he left in 1938, taking the footage of *The City* (1939) with him. *The City*, which Steiner co-directed with Willard Van Dyke and featuring original music by Aaron Copland, opened at the New York World's Fair in 1939 and ran for two years. Henwar Rodakiewicz moved from Los Angeles in August 1938 to assist Steiner in the production of The City, contributing his editing, writing, and organizational skills to the project.

Despite his own stated disdain of Hollywood and the shared sentiments of his colleagues, in the 1940s Steiner went to Hollywood to work as a writer-producer, but returned to New York after only four years spent there. Then he plunged back into the world of freelance and fashion photography, working for *Vogue*, *Look Magazine* and others before retiring in 1962. Steiner then settled in Vermont, where he spent summers on a Maine island.

## Late films

After a lengthy break from filmmaking, Steiner resumed the activity on a private basis, creating eight films between 1960 and 1975 grouped under an umbrella title, "*The Joy of Seeing*." According to Scott MacDonald, these films are marred by inappropriate soundtracks and compromised by Steiner's own desire to avoid artistic pretension at all costs, yet "contain much of Steiner's most beautiful and memorable imagery." Nathaniel Dorsky, who helped edit Steiner's later films, stated that Steiner "didn't want to make anything fancy but was an old man who appreciated life itself and wanted his film to simply show the special magic there was in our visual world in the most ordinary circumstances."

## Legacy

Steiner's still photographs are notable for their odd angles, abstraction and sometimes bizarre subject matter; the 1944 image Gypsy Rose Lee and Her Girls is sometimes mistaken for Weegee. His experimental films, however, are considered central to the literature of early American avant-garde cinema, and the influence of Ralph Steiner's visual style continues to assert itself; for example, contemporary avant-garde filmmaker Timoleon Wilkins cites Steiner as an inspiration. In his appreciation of Steiner, author Scott McDonald expands that list to include Dorsky, Andrew Noren, Larry Gottheim and Peter Hutton. The links between the first generation of American avant-garde filmmakers such as Steiner with the second – exemplified by Maya Deren, Stan Brakhage and others – are few, but Steiner is among those who managed to bridge the gap.

## Filmography

* *H2O* (1929; cinematographer/director)
* *Mechanical Principles* (1930; cinematographer/director)
* *Surf and Seaweed* (1931; cinematographer/director)
* *Panther Woman of the Needle Trades, or The Lovely Life of Little Lisa* (1931; cinematographer/director)
* *May Day in New York* (1931; cinematographer/co-director)
* *Dance Film* (1931; cinematographer/director)
* *Harbor Scenes* (1932; cinematographer/director)
* *Granite, a.k.a. The Quarry* (1932; cinematographer/director)
* *G-3* (1933; cinematographer/director)
* *Café Universal* (1934; cinematographer/director)
* *Hands* (1934; cinematographer/co-director)
* *Pie in the Sky* (1935; cinematographer/co-director)
* *The People's March of Time* (1935; cinematographer/co-director)
* *The World Today: Black Legion* (1936; cinematographer/co-director)
* *The World Today: Sunnyside* (1936; cinematographer/co-director)
* *The Plow That Broke the Plains* (1936; cinematographer)
* *People of the Cumberland* (1938; cinematographer)
* *The River* (1938; cinematographer)
* *The City* (1939; cinematographer/co-director)
* *New Hampshire Heritage* (1940; cinematographer/director)
* *Youth Gets a Break* (1941; cinematographer)
* *Troop Train* (1942; cinematographer/director)
* *The Joy of Seeing* (1960-1975; cinematographer/director), includes:
* *Seaweed, a Seduction* (1960)
* *One Man's Island* (1969)
* *Glory, Glory* (1971)
* *A Look at Laundry* (1971)
* *Beyond Niagara* (1973)
* *Look Park* (1974)
* *Hooray for Light!* (1975)
* *Showdown* (1975)

* Joel Stewart Zukor. *Ralph Steiner: Filmmaker and Still Photographer*. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, New York University, New York University, 1976.
* Scott McDonald. "Ralph Steiner" in Jan-Christoper Horak, ed., *Lovers of Cinema: the first American film avant-garde, 1919-1945*. University of Wisconsin Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-299-14684-9

## InfoBox

| Ralph Steiner | |
| --- | --- |
| Ralph Steiner (left) and Pare Lorentz | |
| Born | Ralph Steiner
February 8, 1899
Cleveland, Ohio, US |
| Died | July 13, 1986(1986-07-13) (aged 87) |
| Occupation | Photographer |


title: Ralph Stewart-Wilson

abstract: Colonel Ralph Stewart-Wilson was a Scottish landowner and soldier of the 7th Battalion of the Rifle Brigade who won the Military Cross in Italy in 1944. Born in Perthshire, he began life as Ralph Stewart Hood Wilson, the elder son of Aubyn Harold Raymond Wilson and his wife Muriel Athelstan Hood Stewart of Balnakeilly, of Moncreiffe House, Dunbarny, Perthshire. The young Stewart-Wilson was educated at Eton College. His brother Blair Aubyn Wilson was born in 1929. In May 1934, their father died while living in Australia. In 1941, he left Eton and was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade. On 5 December 1944, he was awarded the Military Cross for his reconnaissance work under heavy fire during the advance on Aquino. Stewart-Wilson saw further active service in Kenya and Malaya in the 1950s. He retired from the Army in 1971, with the rank of Colonel. Following the death of his mother in 1982, he was laird of Balnakeilly, near Pitlochry, in Perthshire, and died there on 2 February 2015.

text:
# Ralph Stewart-Wilson

Colonel **Ralph Stewart-Wilson** (26 January 1923  2 February 2015) was a Scottish landowner and soldier of the 7th Battalion of the Rifle Brigade who won the Military Cross in Italy in 1944.

Born in Perthshire, he began life as Ralph Stewart Hood Wilson, the elder son of Aubyn Harold Raymond Wilson and his wife Muriel Athelstan Hood Stewart of Balnakeilly, of Moncreiffe House, Dunbarny, Perthshire. The young Stewart-Wilson was educated at Eton College.

His brother Blair Aubyn Wilson was born in 1929. In May 1934, their father died while living in Australia.

In 1941, he left Eton and was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade. On 5 December 1944, he was awarded the Military Cross for his reconnaissance work under heavy fire during the advance on Aquino.

Stewart-Wilson saw further active service in Kenya and Malaya in the 1950s. He retired from the Army in 1971, with the rank of Colonel.

Following the death of his mother in 1982, he was laird of Balnakeilly, near Pitlochry, in Perthshire, and died there on 2 February 2015.


title: Walter Kross

abstract: General Walter Kross is a retired United States Air Force four-star general who served as Commander in Chief, United States Transportation Command/Commander, Air Mobility Command from 1996 to 1998. Kross was commissioned through Officer Training School in December 1964. His early career combined both fighter and airlift experience as he flew 157 F-4 combat missions, 100 over North Vietnam. He later transitioned to airlift, then senior executive and congressional pilot support. He was assigned to Headquarters United States Air Force for six years, part of that time in the Chief's Staff Group. He has served as commander of a C-5 wing, as director of operations and logistics for all defense transportation requirements in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, and as director of operations for Air Force headquarters. Additionally, Kross was commander of the provisional force in charge of standing up Air Mobility Command, as well as its first vice commander. He was also commander of 15th Air Force, Travis Air Force Base, California, then director, Joint Staff, Washington, D.C.

text:
# Walter Kross

General **Walter Kross** (born October 3, 1942) is a retired United States Air Force four-star general who served as Commander in Chief, United States Transportation Command/Commander, Air Mobility Command from 1996 to 1998.

Kross was commissioned through Officer Training School in December 1964. His early career combined both fighter and airlift experience as he flew 157 F-4 combat missions, 100 over North Vietnam. He later transitioned to airlift, then senior executive and congressional pilot support. He was assigned to Headquarters United States Air Force for six years, part of that time in the Chief's Staff Group. He has served as commander of a C-5 wing, as director of operations and logistics for all defense transportation requirements in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, and as director of operations for Air Force headquarters. Additionally, Kross was commander of the provisional force in charge of standing up Air Mobility Command, as well as its first vice commander. He was also commander of 15th Air Force, Travis Air Force Base, California, then director, Joint Staff, Washington, D.C.

## Education

## Assignments

* December 1964 – July 1966, student, pilot training, Laredo Air Force Base, Texas
* July 1966 – February 1967, F-4 pilot, 25th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida
* February 1967 – September 1967, F-4 pilot, 476th Tactical Fighter Squadron, George Air Force Base, California
* September 1967 – September 1968, F-4C aircraft commander, 390th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Da Nang Air Base, South Vietnam
* September 1968 – March 1972, C-141 pilot, 76th Military Airlift Squadron, later, flight examiner, 437th Military Airlift Wing, Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina
* March 1972 – August 1974, VC-135 and VC-137 special missions pilot, 98th Military Airlift Squadron, Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland
* August 1974 – August 1975, student, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base
* August 1975 – April 1979, air operations officer, tactical forces division, and later, assistant deputy director for Joint and Congressional Matters, directorate of plans, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
* April 1979 – July 1981, member, chief of staff of the Air Force Staff Group, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
* July 1981 – June 1982, student, National War College, and senior research fellow, National Defense University, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
* June 1982 – March 1984, deputy commander for operations and later, vice commander, 89th Military Airlift Wing, Andrews Air Force Base
* March 1984 – July 1987, vice commander, and later, commander, 436th Military Airlift Wing, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware
* July 1987 – October 1988, vice commander, Air Force Military Personnel Center, and deputy assistant deputy chief of staff, personnel for military personnel, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas
* October 1988 – May 1990, deputy chief of staff, plans and requirements, Headquarters Air Training Command, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas
* May 1990 – July 1991, director of operations and logistics (J-3/J-4), Headquarters U.S. Transportation Command, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois
* July 1991 – January 1992, director of operations, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
* January 1992 – July 1992, commander, Air Mobility Command (Provisional), Scott Air Force Base, Illinois
* July 1992 – June 1993, vice commander, Air Mobility Command, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois
* June 1993 – July 1994, commander, 15th Air Force, Travis Air Force Base, California
* July 1994 – July 1996, director, Joint Staff, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C.
* July 1996 – 1998, commander in chief, U.S. Transportation Command, and commander, Air Mobility Command, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois

## Flight information

* Rating: Command pilot
* Flight hours: More than 5,700
* Aircraft flown: F-4, C-141, VC-135, VC-137, C-5, T-37, T-38, T-33, KC-135, C-140, C-21, C-9 and KC-10

## Awards and decorations

|  | Air Force Command Pilot Badge |
| --- | --- |
|  | United States Transportation Command Badge |

## Publications

* *Military Reform: The High Tech Debate in Tactical Air Forces*, 1985 OCLC 12410172
* *Splash One: Air Victory Over Hanoi*, 1991 ISBN 0080405673

This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force

## InfoBox

| Walter Kross | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1942-10-03) October 3, 1942
Bronx, New York |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1964–1998 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | Air Mobility Command
United States Transportation Command
15th Air Force
436th Military Airlift Wing |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War |
| Awards | Defense Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross (3) |


title: Nikolina Božičević

abstract: Nikolina Božičević is a Croatian volleyball player. She last played as libero for Romanian club CSM Târgoviște.

text:
# Nikolina Božičević

**Nikolina Božičević** (born 14 January 1995) is a Croatian volleyball player. She last played as libero for Romanian club CSM Târgoviște.

## International career

She is a member of the Croatia women's national volleyball team. She competed at the 2017 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix, and 2021 Women's European Volleyball League, winning a silver medal.

## InfoBox

| Nikolina Božičević | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1995-01-14) 14 January 1995
Zagreb, Croatia |
| Height | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 54 kg (119 lb) |
| Spike | 215 cm (85 in) |
| Block | 210 cm (83 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Libero |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2008–2016
2016–2018
2018–2019
2019–2020
2020–2021
2021–2023 HAOK Mladost
OK Kaštela
Vasas SC
Pölkky Kuusamo
CSU Galați
CSM Târgoviște | |
| National team | |
| 0000 Croatia | |
| Honours      Women's volleyball  Representing  Croatia  Mediterranean Games  2018 Tarragona   European League  2021 Ruse   2019 Varaždin | |


title: Gonzalo Rodríguez Anaya

abstract: Gonzalo Rodríguez Anaya is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party (PAN) who formerly belonged to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). In 2003–2006 Rodríguez Anaya served as a federal deputy in the 59th Congress, representing Hidalgo's third district, and he previously served as a local deputy in the LII and LV Legislatures of the Congress of Hidalgo.

text:
# Gonzalo Rodríguez Anaya

**Gonzalo Rodríguez Anaya** (born 21 October 1942) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party (PAN) who formerly belonged to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

In 2003–2006 Rodríguez Anaya served as a federal deputy in the 59th Congress, representing Hidalgo's third district, and he previously served as a local deputy in the LII and LV Legislatures of the Congress of Hidalgo.

## InfoBox

| Gonzalo Rodríguez Anaya | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-10-21) 21 October 1942
Acatlán, Hidalgo, Mexico |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Political party | PRI (1970s–2008)
PAN (2008–) |


title: Oraesia

abstract: Oraesia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée in 1852.

text:
# Oraesia

***Oraesia*** is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée in 1852.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Oraesia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male *Oraesia emarginata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Tribe: | Calpini |
| Genus: | *Oraesia*<br>Guenée in Boisduval & Guenée, 1852 |
|


title: Pygopus

abstract: Pygopus is a genus belonging to the family of Australian legless lizards (Pygopodidae). Members of this genus are also commonly called scaly-foot.

text:
# Pygopus

***Pygopus*** is a genus belonging to the family of Australian legless lizards (Pygopodidae). Members of this genus are also commonly called **scaly-foot**.

## Species

Within the genus *Pygopus* the following five species are recognized as being valid.

*Nota bene*: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than *Pygopus*.

## Further reading

* Boulenger GA (1885). *Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidæ, Eublepharidæ, Uroplatidæ, Pygopodidæ, Agamidæ.* London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Genus *Pygopus*, p. 240).
* Cogger HG (2014). *Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition*. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. ISBN 978-0643100350.
* Merrem B (1820). *Versuchs eines Systems der Amphibien: Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum.* Marburg: J.C. Krieger. xv + 191 pp. + one plate. (*Pygopus*, new genus, p. 77). (in German and Latin).
* Wilson, Steve; Swan, Gerry (2013). *A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition*. Sydney: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. ISBN 978-1921517280.

## InfoBox

| *Pygopus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Common scaly-foot (*Pygopus lepidopodus*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Pygopodidae |
| Genus: | *Pygopus*
Merrem, 1820 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Anguis lepidopodus*
Lacépède, 1804 | |
|  | |
| Geographic range of the genus *Pygopus* in Australia | |


title: 9th Sleep

abstract: 9th Sleep is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Makoto Tateno. The manga was first published by Biblos on April 5, 2004, before being re-released by Futabasha on May 12, 2008. It is licensed in North America by Digital Manga Publishing, which released the manga through its imprint, Juné, on 16 December 2009.

text:
# 9th Sleep

***9th Sleep*** is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Makoto Tateno. The manga was first published by Biblos on April 5, 2004, before being re-released by Futabasha on May 12, 2008. It is licensed in North America by Digital Manga Publishing, which released the manga through its imprint, Juné, on 16 December 2009.

## Reception

Christopher Nadolski of Mania.com commented that although it seems like a boys love manga, in the end there is "no actual homoerotic payoff for fans of that fare", but feels that the tale "all comes together in a satisfying story of compassion and love." Leroy Douresseaux of Comic Book Bin called the tale "bromance" rather than boys love, and described the plot as the usual Tateno "usual kooky, weird, sci-fi/fantasy scenario", but found it "intriguing" how "she always puts love at the heart of her pulpy nonsense."

## InfoBox

| 9th Sleep | |
| --- | --- |
| *9th Sleep* Futabasha re-edition | |
| Genre | Fantasy, *yaoi* |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Makoto Tateno |
| Published by |  |
| English publisher |  |
| Published | April 5, 2004 |
| Volumes | 1 |


title: Phlox dolichantha

abstract: Phlox dolichantha is a species of phlox known by the common name Big Bear Valley phlox. It is endemic to San Bernardino County, California, where it is limited to the area around Big Bear Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains. It grows in forests and the unique local pebble plain habitat. It occurs at elevations over 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). It is an erect, branching perennial herb growing up to 30 centimeters (12 in) tall. The linear or narrowly lance-shaped leaves are 2 to 5 centimeters long and are oppositely arranged on the slender stems. The inflorescence is made up of one or more showy flowers at the tip of the stem. Each flower has a very slender tubular throat up to 5 centimeters (2.0 in) long which can be white, pink, or lavender. The flowers are pollinated by a variety of insects including the hawkmoth Hyles lineata and flies of the genera Anthomyia and Tachypeza.

text:
# Phlox dolichantha

***Phlox dolichantha*** is a species of phlox known by the common name **Big Bear Valley phlox**. It is endemic to San Bernardino County, California, where it is limited to the area around Big Bear Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains. It grows in forests and the unique local pebble plain habitat. It occurs at elevations over 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). It is an erect, branching perennial herb growing up to 30 centimeters (12 in) tall. The linear or narrowly lance-shaped leaves are 2 to 5 centimeters (0.79 to 1.97 in) long and are oppositely arranged on the slender stems. The inflorescence is made up of one or more showy flowers at the tip of the stem. Each flower has a very slender tubular throat up to 5 centimeters (2.0 in) long which can be white, pink, or lavender.

The flowers are pollinated by a variety of insects including the hawkmoth *Hyles lineata* and flies of the genera *Anthomyia* and *Tachypeza*.

## InfoBox

| *Phlox dolichantha* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Polemoniaceae |
| Genus: | *Phlox* |
| Species: | ***P. dolichantha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phlox dolichantha***
A.Gray | |
|


title: Monte Hale (sportscaster)

abstract: Monte Hale was a radio personality and owner of the WMTS-AM and FM radio stations located in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Hale also served as part-owner of WGNS. From 1960 to 1981, Hale performed radio play-by-play duties for Middle Tennessee State University's football and basketball teams, and became known as "the Voice of the Blue Raiders."

text:
# Monte Hale (sportscaster)

**Monte Hale** (November 17, 1939 - January 2, 1982) was a radio personality and owner of the WMTS-AM and FM radio stations located in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Hale also served as part-owner of WGNS. From 1960 to 1981, Hale performed radio play-by-play duties for Middle Tennessee State University's football and basketball teams, and became known as "the Voice of the Blue Raiders."

## Biography

In 1978, he was the play-by-play announcer for the Double-A Nashville Sounds minor league baseball team during their inaugural season in Nashville. Hale also served as play-by-play announcer for Murfreesboro Central High School.

In 1981, he was inducted into MTSU's Kennon Sports Hall of Fame for his contributions as broadcaster for the university's athletic programs.

Doctors discovered a malignant tumor on Hale's tongue in 1966, and removed half of it. Despite that, Hale continued to broadcast as he dealt with cancer for the remainder of his life. Hale died on January 2, 1982.

The school's 11,520-seat basketball arena located in Murphy Center was named after Hale in 1983. The City of Murfreesboro also named a street in his memory.

* Freeman, Alan Cole. "WMTS FM 96.3 / WMTS 810 AM." *Alan Freeman*. 20 November 2005. 12 July 2008.
* "Hall of Fame - Monte Hale." *MTSU*. 12 July 2008.
* Valenches, Chuck. "The Sounds of Summer, a Look Back at the 'Voices' of the Sounds." *2007 Nashville Sounds Souvenir Program*. April 2007: 14–16.

## InfoBox

| Monte Hale | |
| --- | --- |
| Hale in 1978 | |
| Born | (1939-11-17)November 17, 1939 |
| Died | January 2, 1982(1982-01-02) (aged 42) |
| Occupation | Radio personality |


title: Rajnandini Paul

abstract: Rajnandini Paul is an Indian actress, who predominantly works in Bengali cinema. She is the daughter of actress Indrani Dutta. She is known for her portrayal in Uronchondi, Ek Je Chhilo Raja, Sampurna, Asur, Turu Love and others.

text:
# Rajnandini Paul

**Rajnandini Paul** is an Indian actress, who predominantly works in Bengali cinema. She is the daughter of actress *Indrani Dutta*. She is known for her portrayal in *Uronchondi, Ek Je Chhilo Raja, Sampurna, Asur, Turu Love* and others.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Language | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *Probahini* | Bengali |  |
| 2018 | *Ek Je Chhilo Raja* | | Chandrabati Devi |
| | *Uronchondi* | | Minu |
| 2020 | *Asur* | | Durga |
| 2021 | *Lockdown* | | Pollabi Banerjee |
| | *Payesh* | | Paromita |
| 2022 | *Chhaad - The Terrace* | |  |
| | *Ogo Bideshini* | |  |
| 2023 | *Oh! Lovely* | | Nidhi |

## Web series

| Year | Title | Channel | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | *Paanch Phoron* | *Hoichoi* |  |
| 2021 | *Turu Love* | | Tiyasha |
| | *Nokol Heere* | | Dipanwita |
| 2022 | *Sampurna* | | Nandini |
| 2023 | *Mr. Kolketa* | | Jhelum |

Rajnandini Paul at IMDb

## InfoBox

| Rajnandini Paul | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1999-07-06) July 6, 1999
Kolkata, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupations | * Film actress * actress |
| Years active | 2018–present |
| Known for | Ek Je Chhilo Raja
Uronchondi
Sampurna |
| Mother | Indrani Dutta |


title: Raimondo Carnera

abstract: Raimondo Carnera was an Italian-Danish fencer. He competed in the individual and team épée and sabre events at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He became a Danish citizen shortly before the 1952 Olympics. He won 67 Danish championship, 8 individual and 59 in teams. He was scandinavian champion 8 times. Raimondo Carnera was a cousin to the Italian heavyweight boxer and world champion Primo Carnera.

text:
# Raimondo Carnera

**Raimondo Carnera** (2 February 1915  2002) was an Italian-Danish fencer. He competed in the individual and team épée and sabre events at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He became a Danish citizen shortly before the 1952 Olympics.

He won 67 Danish championship, 8 individual and 59 in teams. He was scandinavian champion 8 times.

Raimondo Carnera was a cousin to the Italian heavyweight boxer and world champion Primo Carnera.

## InfoBox

Raimondo Carnera
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1915-02-02)2 February 1915<br>Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Died | 2002 (aged 8687) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |


title: Walter Kröhnke

abstract: Walter Kröhnke was a German modernist painter.

text:
# Walter Kröhnke

**Walter Kröhnke** (13 June 1903, Hamburg \- 1944, Russia) was a German modernist painter.

## Life and work

His father was a chemistry professor. At the age of two, his family relocated to Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, he studied at the Berlin State School of Fine Arts; initially with Ferdinand Spiegel, then with Karl Hofer.

After graduating, he made a study visit to Sanary-sur-Mer, followed by five years in Paris, Italy, and Spain. In 1930, he participated in the Salon d'Automne, under the pseudonym "Nari". He returned to Germany in 1932. A year later, he married the painter, Louise Rösler. Their daughter, Anka, also became a painter.

During the early years of the Nazi régime, he tried to make a living as a photographer. Later, he painted portraits. In 1936, he had a brief solo exhibition at the Galerie Feldhäusser und Fritze in Berlin, but the gallery was closed soon after.

He was drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1939, and took part in Operation Weserübung. Until the end of 1943, he was stationed in Norway. He was then transferred to the Eastern Front, in Russia. He was officially declared to be "missing in action" in 1944.

His studio in Berlin was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1943, and most of his works were lost. Only those works that had previously been sold or loaned out on display were preserved. Some of those works were exhibited in 1949, at the Frankfurter Kunstkabinett, founded by Hanna Bekker vom Rath to honor artists who had been persecuted by the Nazis. The following year, a joint exhibition of his works and those of his wife, Louise, was held at the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf.

A few of his works may be seen at the Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf, the Museum Ludwig, the Von der Heydt-Museum, and the Museum Atelierhaus Rösler-Kröhnke, established in 2004 in Kühlungsborn.

## Sources

* Biographical timeline and paintings @ the Museum Atelierhaus Rösler-Kröhnke
* Désirée Gudmundsson and Uwe Haupenthal: *Walter Kröhnke 1903 - 1944. Retrospektive*, from a catalog of museums in Schleswig-Holstein, Richard-Haizmann-Museum, Niebüll, 1995
* Helmut R. Leppien: *Eine Künstlerfamilie – drei Generationen: Waldemar Rösler, Oda Hardt-Rösler, Walter Kröhnke, Louise Rösler, Anka Kröhnke*, exhibition catalog, BATIG Gesellschaft für Beteiligungen, Hamburg, 1988

Media related to Walter Kröhnke at Wikimedia Commons


title: Niloufer Hospital

abstract: Niloufer Hospital is housed in a building in the heart of historic Hyderabad and has an interesting past. This reputed institution was founded in 1949 by the Ottoman Princess Niloufer. Princess Niloufer was the daughter of a princess of the former Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and was married to prince Moazzam Jah- son of 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan - of Hyderabad Deccan in 1931. Just like Florence Nightingale, the princess had an inclination to serve the poor and also took to serving them as a nurse.

text:
# Niloufer Hospital

**Niloufer Hospital** is housed in a building in the heart of historic Hyderabad and has an interesting past. This reputed institution was founded in 1949 by the Ottoman Princess Niloufer. Princess Niloufer was the daughter of a princess of the former Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and was married to prince Moazzam Jah\- son of 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan \- (the last Asaf Jahi ruler) of Hyderabad Deccan in 1931. Just like Florence Nightingale, the princess had an inclination to serve the poor and also took to serving them as a nurse.

## History

In 1949, one of the princess' maids, Rafatunnisa Begum, died during childbirth due to lack of medical facilities. On hearing this news, the princess was very shattered. She then decided to ensure that no mother faces death hereafter. Princess Niloufer made known to her father-in-law the problems arising due to this lack of medical facilities.

During those times, childbirth took place mostly at home and even simple complications could prove fatal for mother or child. Mir Najaf Ali Khan, member of H.E.H. the Nizam's Charitable Trust states that the princess had quoted “No more Rafaths shall die” when she decided to build a hospital. As a result, a specialty hospital for women and children was built in the Red Hills, Hyderabad area of the city.

It was her philanthropy and sympathy for the Poor and the sick that took the form of this modern temple. The Institution of Niloufer Hospital was intended for critical cases especially of maternity department.

In 1953, what began as a 100-bed hospital to meet the health requirements of the mother & child, was destined to progress with no looking back. The hospital fleet enhanced its occupancy to 1.200 beds with advanced maternity, pediatric, pediatric surgery supported by diagnostic facilities. Current TRS Government since its inception in 2014 has taken steps much to discipline things within the hospital administration.

Currently, the hospital is headed by Himayat Ali Mirza, grandson of Moazzam Jah and his second wife.

Veena and Vani, born in 2003, are conjoined twins undergoing treatment at the hospital.

## Controversy

In 2018, the hospital was accused of negligence after the death of a toddler due to alleged incompatible blood transfusion (Toddler had Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis).

## InfoBox

| Niloufer Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| Government of Telangana | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Hyderabad, India |
| Organisation | |
| Affiliated university | Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health sciences |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | yes |
| Beds | 1.200 |
| Helipad | No |
| History | |
| Opened | 1953 |
| Links | |
| Website | nilouferhospital.in |


title: Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón

abstract: Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, also known as Gonzalo Ruiz Girón, firstborn son of Rodrigo Gutiérrez Girón and María de Guzmán, was one of Castile's wealthiest and most powerful nobles. He was based in Tierra de Campos, and was among the most loyal supporters of King Alfonso VIII of Castile, Berengaria of Castile, and later of King Ferdinand III.

text:
# Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón

**Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón** (c. 1160–1231), also known as Gonzalo Ruiz Girón, firstborn son of Rodrigo Gutiérrez Girón and María de Guzmán, was one of Castile's wealthiest and most powerful nobles. He was based in Tierra de Campos, and was among the most loyal supporters of King Alfonso VIII of Castile, Berengaria of Castile, and later of King Ferdinand III.

## Service to the crown

A member of the *curia regis* of King Alfonso VIII of Castile, he was *Mayordomo mayor del rey* (High Steward) from 1198 until the king's death in 1214. Along with his brothers Rodrigo, Pedro, Nuño, and Álvaro, he took part in the Battle of Navas de Tolosa which occurred on 16 July 1212.

After the death of King Alfonso, he was the High Steward of King Henry I until he was replaced on 29 December 1216 by Martín Muñoz de Hinojosa at the urgings of Count Álvaro Núñez de Lara, who in 1215 had made himself the young king's guardian, contrary to the wishes of the church and the nobility. This led to Gonzalo and his supporters distancing themselves from the crown and joining a party of nobles loyal to the king's sister Berengaria.

In February 1216, during the uprising of Álvaro Núñez de Lara, he took part in an extraordinary parliament along with other Castilian nobles including Lope Díaz de Haro, Alfonso Téllez de Meneses *"el Viejo"*, Álvaro Díaz de Cameros, and others, where they agreed, with the support of Berengaria (sister of the young king Henry I), to form a common front against Álvaro Núñez. By the end of May the situation in Castile had become dangerous for Berengaria, so she decided to take refuge in the castle of Autillo de Campos, a property of Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, and sent her son Fernando to the court of León and his father, King Alfonso IX. On 15 August 1216 a meeting was held among all the nobility of the Kingdom of Castile to try to reach an accord and avoid civil war, but their disagreements led the families of Girón, Téllez de Meneses, and Haro to distance themselves definitively from Álvaro Núñez de Lara.

According to the *Crónica latina de los reyes de Castilla*, the year 1217 was one of great tension, such as never had occurred in Castile before. Álvaro Núñez de Lara refused to renounce the power he had gained thereto and harassed the forces that remained loyal to Berengaria, laying waste to the valley of Trigueros and besieging Autillo de Campos, where Berengaria and her partisans were located, as well as Cisneros and Frechilla.

Circumstances changed suddenly when King Henry died on 6 June 1217 after receiving a head wound from a roof tile that came loose accidentally while he was playing with other children in the palace of the Bishop of Palencia, Tello Téllez de Meneses. Álvaro Núñez de Lara, as the young king's guardian, tried to keep the matter quiet, bringing the king's body to the castle of Tariego, but he could not prevent the news from reaching Queen Berengaria.

Immediately, Berengaria charged Lope Díaz de Haro, Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, and Alfonso Téllez de Meneses with the task of discreetly fetching her son Ferdinand, who at the time was in Toro with his father King Alfonso, using as pretext the possibility of an attack on Autillo and without revealing the news of her brother's death. Despite the hesitation of the *infantas* Sancha and Dulce, the nobles were able to convince the King that King Henry was alive and well, thereupon leaving Toro with Ferdinand. Berengaria, the legitimate heiress to the throne of Castile, renounced it in favor of her son Ferdinand, who shortly thereafter was proclaimed king in Autillo de Campos on 14 June 1217.

On 20 September of that year, Alfonso Téllez de Meneses took Álvaro Núñez de Lara prisoner, and Álvaro was obliged to hand over some fortresses. On 11 November a generous truce was signed, allowing members of the House of Lara to recover their liberty and privileges. As soon as he was released from prison, however, Álvaro once again defied his enemies Alfonso Téllez de Meneses, Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, and Lope Díaz de Haro, but he died while laying siege to them in the fortress of Castrejón de Trabancos, where they had taken refuge after an initial defeat. His brother Fernando Núñez de Lara made his way to Morocco, where he placed himself in the service of Caliph Yusuf II. The Pact of Toro of 26 August 1218 ratified the truce and put an end to the conflict.

## Political office and landed estates

Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón consolidated his position after the kingdom was once again at peace and the threat posed by Count de Lara and his brothers had faded away. He was High Steward for King Ferdinand III and a distinguished member of the *curia regis*. He held several feudal estates at different times, including Monzón, Liébana, La Pernía, Gatón de Campos, Herrín de Campos, Peñas Negras, Cervera, Guardo, half of the important holding Carrión (shared with his brother Rodrigo Rodríguez Girón), the castle of Torremormojón, where he succeeded his father in 1194, and the distant castle of Entrepeñas, near the Monastery of San Román de Entrepeñas, in Santibáñez de la Peña. He also held several properties in Boadilla de Rioseco, Cardeñosa de Volpejera, Revenga de Campos, Villasabariego de Ucieza, and Cordovilla. In 1221, King Ferdinand repaid Gonzalo for his loyalty and services rendered by granting him the lordship of Autillo de Campos, a favor later granted his descendants by subsequent monarchs.

## Charity

In 1209, along with his first wife, he founded the Hospital de la Herrada in the district of San Illodo y San Antonino in Carrión on the Way of Saint James, with the purpose of giving alms and lodging to the pilgrims and treating their illnesses. They entrusted its administration to the Diocese of Palencia.

Gonzalo died around 1231 and was buried in the Hospital de la Herrada that he founded.

## Marriages and descendants

He first married, around 1185, Sancha Rodríguez (died between 1209 and 1212). In his 1697 study of the Lara family, Luis de Salazar y Castro suggested she was daughter of a Rodrigo Rodríguez appearing in documents without further identifying details, in turn made son of count Rodrigo González de Lara by the *infanta* Sancha Alfonso. In this he has been followed by many more recent works. However, a recent survey of the Lara by Antonio Sánchez de Mora dismisses this connection as being without basis, a deliberate attempt to give the Girón prominent ancestry. A 13th century pedigree of the patrons of the monastery of Santa María de Ferreira de Pallares states that Gonzalo married the daughter of Rodrigo Fernández de Toroño, *alférez* to the king, and Aldonza Pérez, daughter of Pedro Muñoz de Carrión, a landholder in Aranga and a descendant of the Banu Gómez and of the Galician nobleman Pedro Froilaz.

An illuminating document, cited by several authors, mentions all of his children from both his marriages, except Gonzalo. On 8 May 1222, in the records of the Palencia Cathedral, Gonzalo, High Steward of the King, in the company of his children and second wife, affirmed that the gift of a hospital in the district of San Zoilo in Carrión, along with all its rights and privileges, was to be restored to Palencia's episcopal see in perpetuity. The children of the first marriage were:

Around May 1213, Gonzalo married, for the second time, Marquesa Pérez, who may have come from the Villalobos or the Manzanedo family, although her parentage has not been confirmed. Together they signed a document of 1222 mentioning the children of this marriage, all of whom were minors at that date. In 1224, along with his wife Marquesa, he donated the church of Santa María de Baquerín to the Hospital de la Herrada which he had founded. The children of this second marriage, who lack the historical relevance of the first, were:

1. Barón Faraldo 2006, p. 186, n. 351.
2. Barón Faraldo 2006, p. 181.
3. Sánchez de Mora 2003, p. 236.
4. Sánchez de Mora 2003, p. 254.
5. Sánchez de Mora 2003, p. 259.
6. Sánchez de Mora 2003, pp. 267–268.
7. Sánchez de Mora 2003, p. 268.
8. Sánchez de Mora 2003, pp. 273–276.
9. Sánchez de Mora 2003, pp. 241–242.
10. Sánchez de Mora 2003, p. 275.
11. Barón Faraldo 2006, p. 182.
12. Salazar y Castro 1697, vol. 3, pp. 258-259.
13. Sánchez de Mora 2003, pp. 212–213.
14. Salazar y Acha 1989, p. 81.
15. Salazar y Acha 1989, pp. 81–82.
16. Barón Faraldo 2006, p. 190.
17. Salazar y Acha 1989, p. 82.
18. Barón Faraldo 2006, p. 193.
19. Barón Faraldo 2006, p. 194.
20. Barón Faraldo 2006, p. 183.
21. Barón Faraldo 2006, p. 184.
22. Barón Faraldo 2006, p. 185.
23. Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez 2001, p. 26.

.

## Bibliography

* Barón Faraldo, Andrés (2006). *Grupos y dominios aristocráticos en la Tierra de Campos oriental, Siglos X-XIII* (in Spanish). Palencia: Monografías. ISBN 84-8173-122-6.
* Estepa Díez, Carlos (2003). *Las Behetrías Castellanas* (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de Cultura y Turismo. ISBN 84-9718-117-4.
* Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, Ernesto (2001). *Relaciones del condado de Urgel con Castilla y León* (in Spanish). E&P Libros Antiguos, S.L. ISBN 84-87860-37-0.
* Lizoain Garrido, José Manuel (1985). *Documentación del Monasterio de Las Huelgas de Burgos (1116-1230)* (in Spanish). Ediciones J.M. Garrido Garrido. ISBN 84-86371-02-3.
* Ruiz Gómez, Francisco (2003). *Los orígenes de las órdenes militares y la repoblación de los territorios de La Mancha (1150-1250)* (in Spanish). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 84-00-08159-5.
* Salazar y Acha, Jaime de (1989). "Los descendientes del conde Ero Fernández, fundador de Monasterio de Santa María de Ferreira de Pallares". *El Museo de Pontevedra* (in Spanish) (43): 67–86. ISSN 0210-7791.
* Salazar y Castro, Luis de (1697). *Historia Genealógica de la Casa de Lara: Justificada con Instrumentos y Escritores de Inolvidable Fe* (in Spanish). Mateo de Llanos y Guzman.
* Sánchez de Mora, Antonio (2003). *La nobleza castellana en la plena Edad Media: el linaje de Lara (SS. XI–XIII)* (Ph.D.) (in Spanish). Universidad de Sevilla. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
* Veas Arteseros, Francisco; Veas Arteseros, María del Carmen (1986). "Alférez Mayor y Mayordomo Real en el siglo XIII". *Miscelánea Medieval Murciana, Área de Historia Medieval* (in Spanish). **XIII**: 29–48. ISSN 0210-4903. Archived from the original on 2009-12-25. Retrieved 2012-08-11.


title: Open Mashup Alliance

abstract: The Open Mashup Alliance (OMA) is a non-profit consortium that promotes the adoption of mashup solutions in the enterprise through the evolution of enterprise mashup standards like EMML. The initial members of the OMA include some large technology companies such as Adobe Systems, Hewlett-Packard, and Intel and some major technology users such as Bank of America and Capgemini. According to Dion Hinchcliffe, "Ultimately, the OMA creates a standardized approach to enterprise mashups that creates an open and vibrant market for competing runtimes, mashups, and an array of important aftermarket services such as development/testing tools, management and administration appliances, governance frameworks, education, professional services, and so on."

text:
# Open Mashup Alliance

The **Open Mashup Alliance** (**OMA**) is a non-profit consortium that promotes the adoption of mashup solutions in the enterprise through the evolution of enterprise mashup standards like EMML. The initial members of the OMA include some large technology companies such as Adobe Systems, Hewlett-Packard, and Intel and some major technology users such as Bank of America and Capgemini.

According to Dion Hinchcliffe, "Ultimately, the OMA creates a standardized approach to enterprise mashups that creates an open and vibrant market for competing runtimes, mashups, and an array of important aftermarket services such as development/testing tools, management and administration appliances, governance frameworks, education, professional services, and so on."

## Specification development

The initial focus of the OMA is developing EMML, which is a declarative mashup domain-specific language (DSL) aimed at creating enterprise mashups.

The EMML language provides a comprehensive set of high-level mashup-domain vocabulary to consume and mash a variety of web data sources. EMML provides a uniform syntax to invoke heterogeneous service styles: REST, WSDL, RSS/ATOM, RDBMS, and POJO. EMML also provides the ability to mix and match diverse data formats: XML, JSON, JDBC, JavaObjects, and primitive types.

The OMA website provides the EMML specification, the EMML schema, a reference runtime implementation capable of running EMML scripts, sample EMML mashup scripts, and technical documentation.

The OMA is developing EMML under a Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives license.

The eventual objective of the OMA is to submit the EMML specification and any other OMA specifications to a recognized industry standards body.

## InfoBox

Open Mashup Alliance
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | OMA |
| Formation | September 2009 (2009-09) |
| Type | Standards Development Organization |
| Region served | Worldwide |
| Membership | Mashup Product Vendors, Mashup technology users |