title: Wilson Kokalari

abstract: Wilson Kokalari was an Albanian-American Engineer who played an active role in the Apollo Space Program, contributing significantly to the Apollo 11 mission. Kokalari helped design the Apollo 11 spacecraft, served as the final system tester, and authored the extensive engineering report after a rigorous two-year testing project.

text:
# Wilson Kokalari

**Wilson Kokalari** (1936 – March 23, 2014) was an Albanian-American Engineer who played an active role in the Apollo Space Program, contributing significantly to the Apollo 11 mission. Kokalari helped design the Apollo 11 spacecraft, served as the final system tester, and authored the extensive engineering report after a rigorous two-year testing project.

## Family and childhood

### Early life

Kokalari was born in Gjirokaster in 1936 to a family of merchants. One of the early female intellectuals in Albania, Musine Kokalari, a distinguished figure in his family, was executed by the communists. He was just a year old when his family relocated to New York. Although his father was in business, Wilson Kokalari chose to follow his passion for engineering.

### Family

After establishing himself in New York, Wilson's father Hilmi Kokalari adopted the name Michael and ventured into business. Initially dealing in imported Albanian olives and cheeses, the disruptions caused by the Italian occupation of Albania in 1939 and subsequent wartime events halted trade. Kokalari transitioned to real estate dealings and achieved significant commercial triumph, acquiring numerous Manhattan properties by the 1950s.

## Role in NASA

Following his studies at Purdue University, Wilson Kokalari began his career at NASA. The Apollo Program, initially stalled due to funding, gained momentum after the Soviets' space success in 1961. President Kennedy's promise to send a man to the Moon within the decade sparked NASA's massive effort, involving 400,000 people and a $24 billion investment. Under this initiative, various companies competed for NASA contracts, including North American Aviation for the Command Service Module and Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation for the Lunar Excursion Module. Wilson Kokalari, a rare individual, contributed to both companies in constructing essential parts for the lunar mission among several others involved in the project. Kokalari played a pivotal role in the project, serving as the primary final tester for the entire system and authoring the critical Test Project Engineering Report, a crucial step in the process. Over a rigorous two-year period, he meticulously drafted the extensive testing program, consisting of thousands of pages, ensuring meticulous scrutiny of subsystems and overall spaceship functionality—crucial for obtaining the launch license. Wilson Kokalari shared a rare glimpse into the testing procedures through a confidential book titled "Apollo," a closely guarded secret during its time and bearing his name on the cover. Although he authored it and held significant trust, he couldn't take it outside the workplace. Amid popular knowledge of missions like Apollo 11 and 13, Kokalari was deeply involved in lesser-known missions, including Apollo 8, 9, and 10, undertaken to expedite lunar landings and counter Soviet progress in space exploration. His pivotal role remained central in multiple moon landing missions, including Apollo 11, 12, and 14-17.

## Achievement

In gratitude for the collective effort behind the Moon landing, the first astronauts carried a plaque inscribed with the names and signatures of the technical team, including Wilson Kokalari's, which they placed alongside the American flag on the lunar surface. Kokalari humorously recalls that initially, only the core team's names were meant to be on the plaque, later extended to include the entire team responsible for the spaceship's testing.

This detail is featured in "Albanians of America" by Vehbi Bajrami, where the author also interviews William Gregory, an Albanian-American astronaut. Attempts to connect with Kokalari for the book's content occurred post-publication. When asked about astronaut Allen Sheppard's supposed Albanian origin, Kokalari, familiar with the astronauts from his NASA years, humorously remarked on the extent of claims about ancestry, citing a lighthearted example involving Abraham Lincoln. Even after nearly 50 years, the historic Moon landing remains a remarkable feat in human history. Wilson Kokalari cherished his involvement with the Apollo program, having witnessed each phase of its development. Kokalari valued the experience over financial gains, likening it to contributing to iconic feats like the Pyramids or the Great Wall of China. His Albanian-American community rightly celebrates his achievements, recognizing their significance in global history. Despite Kokalari's modesty, the magnitude of his contribution to the Apollo project occasionally overwhelmed him, reflecting on the surreal experience of seeing the spacecraft bound for the Moon and acknowledging its uniqueness.

1. "Farewell to Wilson Kokalari, distinguished engineer of Apollo program". Retrieved December 6, 2023.
2. "A (space) walk among giants". Retrieved December 6, 2023.
3. "Ky është inxhinieri shqiptar që mundësoi udhëtimin e parë në Hënë". Retrieved December 6, 2023.
4. "Wilson Kokalari, an Albanian engineer leading the Apollo program". Retrieved December 6, 2023.
5. "Wilson Kokalari, an Albanian engineer leading the Apollo program". Retrieved December 6, 2023.
6. "A (space) walk among giants". Retrieved December 6, 2023.

## InfoBox

| Wilson Kokalari | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1936
Gjirokaster, Albania |
| Died | March 23, 2014(2014-03-23) (aged 78)
New York, United States |
| Education | Purdue University |
| Occupation(s) | Astronautics and Aerospace engineering |
| Known for | Contributed to the Apollo 11 Mission |
| Children | 2 |


title: Moschheim

abstract: Moschheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

text:
# Moschheim

**Moschheim** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a community belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde* – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## Geography

The community lies north of Montabaur on the *Kannenbäckerstraße* (“Jug Bakers’ Road”, a reference to the local ceramics industry). The community has since 1971 belonged to what was then the newly founded *Verbandsgemeinde* of Wirges, a kind of collective municipality. Its seat is in the like-named town.

In the north of the municipal area stands the Malberg, which at 422 m above sea level is one of the greatest elevations in the area.

## History

In 1362, Moschheim had its first documentary mention.

## Politics

The municipal council is made up of 13 council members, including the extraofficial mayor (*Bürgermeister*), who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 13 June 2004.

## Economy and infrastructure

East of the community runs *Bundesstraße* 255, linking Montabaur and Rennerod. The nearest Autobahn interchange is *Montabaur* on the A 3 (CologneFrankfurt), some 3 km away. The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.

## InfoBox

| Moschheim | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Moschheim within Westerwaldkreis district | |
| Moschheim Moschheim | |
| Coordinates: 50°28′57″N 7°50′30″E / 50.48250°N 7.84167°E / 50.48250; 7.84167 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Westerwaldkreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Wirges |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Norbert Nöller |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.44 km2 (1.33 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 272 m (892 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 747 |
| Density | 220/km2 (560/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 56424 |
| Dialling codes | 02602 |
| Vehicle registration | WW |
| Website | www.moschheim.de |


abstract: Moulmein–Kallang Group Representation Constituency was a four-member Group Representation Constituency (GRC), comprising several city suburbs surrounding the Central Area of Singapore as well as a sizeable portion of the Central Business District. It existed from 2011 to 2015. The GRC was formed in the 2011 general election, and absorbed most parts of the Jalan Besar GRC and the Moulmein ward of Tanjong Pagar GRC. The GRC was dissolved in 2015 General Election, as it was reverted back to pre-2011 constituencies. Only the Jalan Besar constituency was dissolved and merged into Kampong Glam and Kreta Ayer-Kim Seng. Moulmein–Kallang GRC were co-led by Minister of Communications and Information and Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs Yaacob Ibrahim, and Minister of Transport Lui Tuck Yew. These two abovementioned cabinet ministers were retired from politics by 2020, but only Mayor for Central Singapore CDC Denise Phua and Minister of Culture, Community and Youth and Second Minister of Law Edwin Tong do remain at Kampong Glam in Jalan Besar GRC and Joo Chiat in Marine Parade GRC respectively. The ward saw a contest in the 2011 general election between the incumbent People's Action Party and from Workers' Party of Singapore. The National Solidarity Party had expressed interest in contesting the constituency, but dropped out to avoid a three-cornered fight. The PAP emerged victor with 44,828 votes or 58.56% of the total ballots for the electoral division. Incidentally, this was the highest vote percentage for the PAP in a Workers' Party-contested constituency.

text:
# Moulmein–Kallang Group Representation Constituency

**Moulmein–Kallang Group Representation Constituency** was a four-member Group Representation Constituency (GRC), comprising several city suburbs surrounding the Central Area of Singapore as well as a sizeable portion of the Central Business District. It existed from 2011 to 2015.

The GRC was formed in the 2011 general election, and absorbed most parts of the Jalan Besar GRC and the Moulmein ward of Tanjong Pagar GRC. The GRC was dissolved in 2015 General Election, as it was reverted back to pre-2011 constituencies. Only the Jalan Besar constituency was dissolved and merged into Kampong Glam and Kreta Ayer-Kim Seng (Upper Boon Keng Road/Lorong 1 Geylang/Lorong 3 Geylang).

Moulmein–Kallang GRC were co-led by Minister of Communications and Information and Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs Yaacob Ibrahim, and Minister of Transport Lui Tuck Yew. These two abovementioned cabinet ministers were retired from politics by 2020, but only Mayor for Central Singapore CDC Denise Phua and Minister of Culture, Community and Youth and Second Minister of Law Edwin Tong do remain at Kampong Glam in Jalan Besar GRC and Joo Chiat in Marine Parade GRC respectively.

The ward saw a contest in the 2011 general election between the incumbent People's Action Party and from Workers' Party of Singapore. The National Solidarity Party had expressed interest in contesting the constituency, but dropped out to avoid a three-cornered fight. The PAP emerged victor with 44,828 votes or 58.56% of the total ballots for the electoral division. Incidentally, this was the highest vote percentage for the PAP in a Workers' Party-contested constituency.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | Jalan Besar | Kampong Glam | Kolam Ayer | Moulmein |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *Jalan Besar GRC* | | | *Tanjong Pagar GRC* |
| **Formation** | | | | | |
| 2011 | Edwin Tong Chun Fai | Denise Phua Lay Peng | Yaacob Ibrahim | Lui Tuck Yew |
| **Dissolution** | | | | | |
| 2015 | *Jalan Besar GRC* as Whampoa, Kolam Ayer & Kampong Glam | | | *Tanjong Pagar GRC*
as Moulmein-Cairnhill |

## Electoral map

In GE 2015, the Moulmein division was revised into four parts :

## Candidates and results

### Elections in 2010s

General Election 2011: Moulmein–Kallang GRC
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | PAP | Lui Tuck Yew
Yaacob Ibrahim
Denise Phua
Edwin Tong | 44,828 | 58.56 |  |
|  | WP | Mohd Rahizan Ya'acob
Toh Hong Boon
L Somasundaram
Frieda Chan | 31,721 | 41.44 |  |
| Turnout | | | 76,549 | 89.4 |  |
|  | PAP **win** (new seat) | | | | |

Notes


title: Moullava spicata

abstract: Moullava spicata is an endemic species of creeper found in the Western Ghats of India.

text:
# Moullava spicata

***Moullava spicata*** is an endemic species of creeper found in the Western Ghats of India.

## Description

As follows:

* It is a robust woody climber, having recurved prickles on its branches.
* Leaves - compound, bipinnate, 23–30 cm long with 4 to 6 pairs of pinnae, each 7.5 to 12 cm long, and having 5 to 7 pairs of oblong, coriaceous and dark-green leaflets on each pinna. The main rachis is armed with prickles.
* Flowers - sessile in dense spicate racemes reaching 60 cm long; the rachis is grooved with soft hairs, armed with prickles.
* Corolla - has 5 petals, inserted on top of the calyx-tube, obovate-spathulate, dark orange. 1 cm long, doesn't open fully.
* Calyx : scarlet,
* Androecium : has 10 stamens.
* Fruit - a linear oblong pod, swollen above the seeds and constricted between them.
* Seeds - 3 to 4, oblong, hard, bony.

## Natural history

*Moullava spicata* is a creeper endemic to the moist deciduous and semievergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The creeper flowers and fruits from October to May. The flowers are frequented by birds and insects.

## Uses

The seed of *M. spicata* yields an oil used for burning in lamps.

## Local names

Local names in the different ranges of the Western Ghats are:

* English: Candy Corn plant
* Marathi: Wagati वागाटी, Wakeri वाकेरी
* Tamil: Okkadikkodi, Pulinakkagondai
* Kannada: ಗಜ್ಜಿಗಾಬಲ್ಲೀ Gajjigaballi

Data related to Moullava spicata at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Moullava spicata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| Genus: | *Moullava* |
| Species: | ***M. spicata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Moullava spicata***<br>(Dalzell) Nicolson | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Wagatea spicata* Dalzell | |


title: Winchester, New Hampshire

abstract: Winchester is a town in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 4,150 at the 2020 census. The primary community in the town, where 1,606 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the Winchester census-designated place (CDP). The town also includes the village of Ashuelot and part of Pisgah State Park.

text:
# Winchester, New Hampshire

**Winchester** is a town in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 4,150 at the 2020 census. The primary community in the town, where 1,606 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the Winchester census-designated place (CDP). The town also includes the village of Ashuelot and part of Pisgah State Park.

## History

Originally named "Arlington" in honor of Charles Fitzroy, Earl of Arlington, this town was one of those established in 1733 by colonial Governor Jonathan Belcher as protection for the Massachusetts Bay Colony border at the Connecticut River. This was in the area encompassed in the relatively newly acquired Equivalent Lands. After being designated a part of the Province of New Hampshire in 1741, the town was granted to Colonel Josiah Willard, commander of the Fort Dummer outpost. In 1753, it was incorporated by Governor Benning Wentworth as "Winchester", for Charles Paulet, 3rd Duke of Bolton, 8th Marquess of Winchester, and constable of the Tower of London.

Pioneers who came to the town as early as 1732 were attacked many times by Indians. Several settlers were taken captive, and the town was burned in 1745. Its church, founded in 1736, is the oldest religious body in Cheshire County. The town has two covered bridges.

The Winchester Profession, an influential statement of the principles of Universalism, was adopted at a Universalist congress in Winchester in 1803.

Although it has been an agricultural town, many small industries have been established in Winchester. In the 1830s, Graves & Company was among the nation's first manufacturers of musical instruments. The coming of the Ashuelot Railroad in 1850 fostered the growth of textile mills and wooden-ware factories, especially box manufacture and leather tanning.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 55.6 square miles (143.9 km2), of which 55.0 square miles (142.4 km2) are land and 0.6 square miles (1.5 km2) are water, comprising 1.01% of the town. Winchester is drained by the Ashuelot River and its tributary Mirey Brook. Pisgah Reservoir and Kilburn Pond are in the northwest. The entire town is part of the Connecticut River watershed. The highest point in Winchester is 1,424-foot (434 m) Franklin Mountain, near the town's northeastern corner.

Winchester is served by state routes 10, 78 and 119.

### Adjacent municipalities

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1790 | 1,209 |  |  |
| 1800 | 1,413 |  | 16.9% |
| 1810 | 1,478 |  | 4.6% |
| 1820 | 1,849 |  | 25.1% |
| 1830 | 2,051 |  | 10.9% |
| 1840 | 2,065 |  | 0.7% |
| 1850 | 3,296 |  | 59.6% |
| 1860 | 2,225 |  | −32.5% |
| 1870 | 2,097 |  | −5.8% |
| 1880 | 2,444 |  | 16.5% |
| 1890 | 2,584 |  | 5.7% |
| 1900 | 2,274 |  | −12.0% |
| 1910 | 2,282 |  | 0.4% |
| 1920 | 2,267 |  | −0.7% |
| 1930 | 2,183 |  | −3.7% |
| 1940 | 2,275 |  | 4.2% |
| 1950 | 2,388 |  | 5.0% |
| 1960 | 2,411 |  | 1.0% |
| 1970 | 2,869 |  | 19.0% |
| 1980 | 3,465 |  | 20.8% |
| 1990 | 4,038 |  | 16.5% |
| 2000 | 4,144 |  | 2.6% |
| 2010 | 4,341 |  | 4.8% |
| 2020 | 4,150 |  | −4.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2010, there were 4,341 people, 1,689 households, and 1,129 families residing in the town. There were 1,932 housing units, of which 243, or 12.6%, were vacant. 124 of the vacant units were for seasonal or recreational use. The racial makeup of the town was 96.1% white, 0.5% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.5% some other race, and 1.8% from two or more races. 1.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 1,689 households, 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.5% were headed by married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54, and the average family size was 2.97.

In the town, 22.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.4% were from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 29.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $44,760, and the median income for a family was $53,864. Male full-time workers had a median income of $37,213 versus $37,056 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,404. 13.9% of the population and 12.8% of families were below the poverty line. 20.8% of the population under the age of 18 and 9.9% of those 65 or older were living in poverty.

## Culture

Since 1998, Winchester has held its annual Pickle Festival each September on its Main Street.

## Sites of interest

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Winchester, New Hampshire | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Conant Public Library | |
|  | |
| Location in Cheshire County, New Hampshire | |
| Coordinates: 42°46′24″N 72°22′59″W / 42.77333°N 72.38306°W / 42.77333; -72.38306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Hampshire |
| County | Cheshire |
| Incorporated | 1753 |
| Villages |  |
| Government | |
| Board of Selectmen | * Ben Kilanski, Chair * Theresa Sepe * Herbert C. Stephens * Natalie Quevedo * Jack Marsh |
| Town Administrator | Karey Miner |
| Area | |
| Total | 55.6 sq mi (143.9 km2) |
| Land | 55.0 sq mi (142.4 km2) |
| Water | 0.6 sq mi (1.5 km2)  1.01% |
| Elevation | 433 ft (132 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 4,150 |
| Density | 75/sq mi (29.1/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (Eastern) |
| ZIP codes | 03470 (Winchester)
03441 (Ashuelot) |
| Area code | 603 |
| FIPS code | 33-85540 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0873757 |
| Website | www.winchester-nh.gov |


title: Motts Creek (Nassau County, New York)

abstract: Motts Creek is a stream in the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, on the South Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States.

text:
# Motts Creek (Nassau County, New York)

**Motts Creek** (also known as **Foster's Brook**) is a stream in the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, on the South Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States.

## Description

Motts Creek runs between Franklin Square and Jamaica Bay. The creek begins underneath Rath Park in Franklin Square, flowing towards the south, west, and southwest to Jamaica Bay.

Communities which Motts Creek passes through include Franklin Square, Lynbrook, Malverne, Valley Stream, and Woodmere.

Many portions of the creek have been redirected over the years as a result of suburban development and growth. The re-routed sections include culverts and the straightening of the route. A notable section which has been altered is the section underneath Rath Park; this section flows through a storm drain.

The creek becomes a tidal creek near the dam at Doxey Brook's southern end; this is near Mott Creek's widest point, which is nearly 600 feet (180 m) in total width. From there, Motts Creek continues towards the southwest to Jamaica Bay.

## USGS monitoring station

The United States Geological Survey operates a water monitoring station along Motts Creek. The monitoring station, located off of Rosedale Road, has a monitoring station ID of 01311200.

* Mill River – Another north-south river on Long Island, located slightly to the east, flowing into Hewlett Bay from West Hempstead.

1. "GNIS Detail – Motts Creek". *edits.nationalmap.gov*. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
2. "EPA – Waters GeoViewer". *epa.maps.arcgis.com*. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
3. Hanc, John (January 23, 2020). "A stream runs through it: Motts Creek's surprising twists and turns across Nassau". *Newsday*. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
4. "Motts Creek cuts a stealthy path through Nassau County". *Newsday*. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
5. "MOTTS CREEK AT VALLEY STREAM, N.Y." *waterdata.usgs.gov*. Retrieved August 6, 2022.

## InfoBox

| Motts Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| A dry section of Motts Creek in 2022. | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Region | South Shore of Long Island, New York |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Jamaica Bay |
| coordinates | 40°37′55″N 73°44′42″W / 40.6320°N 73.7451°W / 40.6320; -73.7451 |


title: Moses Botarel

abstract: Moses Botarel was a Spanish scholar who lived in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He was a pupil of Jacob Sefardi, who instructed him in the Kabbala. Moses studied medicine and philosophy; the latter, he regarded as a divine science which teaches the same doctrines as the Cabala, using a different language and different terms to designate the same objects. He extolled Aristotle as a sage, applying to him the Talmudic sentence, "A wise man is better than a prophet," and he censured his contemporaries for keeping aloof from the divine teachings of philosophy. He believed in the efficacy of amulets and cameos, and declared that he was able to combine the names of God for magical purposes, so that he was generally considered a sorcerer. He stated that by means of fasting, ablution, and invocation of the names of God and of the angels prophetic dreams could be induced. He also stated that the prophet Elijah had appeared to him and appointed him as Messiah. In this role he addressed a circular letter to all the rabbis, asserting that he was able to solve all perplexities, and asking them to send all doubtful questions to him. In this letter Botarel refers to himself as a well-known and prominent rabbi, a saint, and the most pious of the pious. Many believed in his miracles, including the philosopher Hasdai Crescas. Botarel was one of those who attended the disputation at Tortosa (1413–1414), and he is said to have written a polemic against Geronimo de Santa Fe. In 1409, at the request of the Christian scholar Maestro Juan, Botarel composed a commentary on the Sefer Yezirah. In the preface, he excuses himself for having revealed the divine mysteries of this work to Maestro Juan by quoting the saying of the sages that a non-Jew who studies the Torah is equal to a high priest. In his commentary, he quotes earlier cabalistic works, including some ascribed to the old authorities, such as the amora Rav Ashi. Botarel's commentary on the Sefer Yeẓirah was printed at Mantua in 1562, with the text and with other commentaries; it was republished at Zolkiev, 1745; Grodno, 1806; and Wilna, 1820. This Moses Botarel is not Moses ben Leon Botarel, who lived at Constantinople in the 16th century and wrote the En Mishpat, containing predictions and being a free paraphrase of a Latin work of Michael Nostradamus.

text:
# Moses Botarel

**Moses Botarel** was a Spanish scholar who lived in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He was a pupil of Jacob Sefardi (the Spaniard), who instructed him in the Kabbala.

Moses studied medicine and philosophy; the latter, he regarded as a divine science which teaches the same doctrines as the Cabala, using a different language and different terms to designate the same objects. He extolled Aristotle as a sage, applying to him the Talmudic sentence, "A wise man is better than a prophet," and he censured his contemporaries for keeping aloof from the divine teachings of philosophy. He believed in the efficacy of amulets and cameos, and declared that he was able to combine the names of God for magical purposes, so that he was generally considered a sorcerer. He stated that by means of fasting, ablution, and invocation of the names of God and of the angels prophetic dreams could be induced. He also stated that the prophet Elijah had appeared to him and appointed him as Messiah. In this role he addressed a circular letter to all the rabbis, asserting that he was able to solve all perplexities, and asking them to send all doubtful questions to him. In this letter (printed by Dukes in *Orient, Lit.* 1850, p. 825) Botarel refers to himself as a well-known and prominent rabbi, a saint, and the most pious of the pious. Many believed in his miracles, including the philosopher Hasdai Crescas.

Botarel was one of those who attended the disputation at Tortosa (1413–1414), and he is said to have written a polemic against Geronimo de Santa Fe. In 1409, at the request of the Christian scholar Maestro Juan, Botarel composed a commentary on the Sefer Yezirah. In the preface, he excuses himself for having revealed the divine mysteries of this work to Maestro Juan by quoting the saying of the sages that a non-Jew who studies the Torah is equal to a high priest. In his commentary, he quotes earlier cabalistic works, including some ascribed to the old authorities, such as the amora Rav Ashi. Botarel's commentary on the *Sefer Yeẓirah* was printed at Mantua in 1562, with the text and with other commentaries; it was republished at Zolkiev, 1745; Grodno, 1806; and Wilna, 1820.

This Moses Botarel is not Moses ben Leon Botarel, who lived at Constantinople in the 16th century and wrote the *En Mishpat*, containing predictions and being a free paraphrase of a Latin work of Michael Nostradamus.

## Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography

* Adolf Jellinek, Biographische Skizzen, in Orient, Lit. 1846, pp. 187–189;
* N. Brüll, in Ha-Maggid, 1878, pp. 198–199;
* Heinrich Graetz, *Geschichte* viii. 98;
* idem, in Monatsschrift, 1879, pp. 78–83;
* Steinschneider, Jewish Literature, pp. 110, 128;
* idem, Cat. Bodl. cols. 1780-1783.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Moses Botarel". *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.


title: Moses Botarel Farissol

abstract: Moses Botarel Farissol was a Jewish astronomer and mathematician of the second half of the 15th century. He wrote a work on the calendar entitled Meleket ha-Ḳebi'ah, and compiled, under the title Nofet Ẓufim, calendric tables. Both these works, in manuscript, are preserved in the royal library at Munich.

text:
# Moses Botarel Farissol

**Moses Botarel Farissol** was a Jewish astronomer and mathematician of the second half of the 15th century.

He wrote a work on the calendar entitled *Meleket ha-Ḳebi'ah,* and compiled, under the title *Nofet Ẓufim,* calendric tables. Both these works, in manuscript, are preserved in the royal library at Munich.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Moses Botarel Farissol". *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.


title: Wink Hot Singles

abstract: Wink Hot Singles is the first compilation album by Japanese idol duo Wink, released by Polystar on November 1, 1990. It covers the duo's singles from 1988 to 1990 and features a remix medley as the final track. A limited edition release included an 8 cm mini disc with two bonus tracks. The album peaked at No. 5 on Oricon's albums chart and sold over 203,000 copies. It was also certified Gold by the RIAJ.

text:
# Wink Hot Singles

***Wink Hot Singles*** (ウィンク・ホット・シングルズ, *Uinku Hotto Shinguruzu*) is the first compilation album by Japanese idol duo Wink, released by Polystar on November 1, 1990. It covers the duo's singles from 1988 to 1990 and features a remix medley as the final track. A limited edition release included an 8 cm mini disc with two bonus tracks.

The album peaked at No. 5 on Oricon's albums chart and sold over 203,000 copies. It was also certified Gold by the RIAJ.

## Track listing

CD
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sugar Baby Love" | Joe Lemon |  | Shirō Sagisu | 3:52 |
| 2. | "Amaryllis" (*Amaririsu* (アマリリス)) | Yukinojo Mori | Ken Satō | Shigeru Suzuki | 3:54 |
| 3. | "Ai ga Tomaranai (Turn It into Love)" ((愛が止まらない 〜TURN IT INTO LOVE〜, "Love Doesn't Stop ~Turn It into Love~")) | Neko Oikawa |  | Motoki Funayama | 3:32 |
| 4. | "Namida wo Misenai de (Boys Don't Cry)" ((涙をみせないで～Boys Don't Cry～, "Don't Show Your Tears")) | Oikawa | Matjaž Kosi | Funayama | 3:44 |
| 5. | "Samishii Nettaigyo" ((淋しい熱帯魚, "Lonely Tropical Fish")) | Oikawa | Masaya Ozeki | Funayama | 4:29 |
| 6. | "One Night in Heaven (Mayonaka no Angel)" ((One Night In Heaven 〜真夜中のエンジェル〜, "One Night in Heaven ~Midnight Angel~")) | Takashi Matsumoto |  | Funayama | 4:06 |
| 7. | "Sexy Music" | Oikawa | * Ben Findon * Mike Myers * Bob Puzey | Satoshi Kadokura | 3:41 |
| 8. | "Yoru ni Hagurete (Where Were You Last Night)" ((夜にはぐれて 〜Where Were You Last Night〜)) | Oikawa | Norell Oson Bard | Kadokura | 4:25 |
| 9. | "Non-Stop Mix" | See below |  | * Hiroaki Sugawara * Kunihiko Imai | 11:01 |

Non-Stop Mix
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ginsei Club (I'm in Mood for Dancing)" ((銀星倶楽部 〜I'm In Mood For Dancing〜)) | Sayako Morimoto | * Findon * Myers * Puzey |  |
| 2. | "Samishii Nettaigyo" |  |  |  |
| 3. | "Ai ga Tomaranai (Turn It into Love)" |  |  |  |
| 4. | "Sugar Baby Love" |  |  |  |
| 5. | "Yoru ni Hagurete (Where Were You Last Night)" |  |  |  |
| 6. | "Namida wo Misenai de (Boys Don't Cry)" |  |  |  |

Limited Edition bonus CD
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Omoide wo Aishiteta" ((思い出を愛してた, "I Love Memories")) | Morimoto | Hitoshi Haba | Funayama |  |
| 2. | "Omoide wo Aishiteta" (Original Karaoke) |  |  |  |  |

## Charts

| Chart (1990) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 5 |

## Certification

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Japan (RIAJ) | Gold | 200,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Wink Hot Singles | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Wink | |
| Released | November 1, 1990 (1990-11-01) |
| Recorded | 1988–1990 |
| Genre |  |
| Language | Japanese |
| Label | Polystar |
| Producer | Haruo Mizuhashi |
| Wink chronology | |
| *Velvet*
(1990) ***Wink Hot Singles***
(1990) *Crescent*
(1990) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Wink Hot Singles* | |
| 1. "Amaryllis"
Released: September 7, 1988 (1988-09-07) | |
|  | |


title: Wink Groover

abstract: Wink Groover was an American Tennessee Walking Horse trainer who won the World Grand Championship in 1970 with the horse Ace's Sensation. Groover was also Trainer of the Year for 1970, and later served as a chairman for the National Horse Show Commission. Groover died in April 2010, at the age of 74.

text:
# Wink Groover

**Wink Groover** (September 27, 1935 – April 11, 2010) was an American Tennessee Walking Horse trainer who won the World Grand Championship in 1970 with the horse Ace's Sensation. Groover was also Trainer of the Year for 1970, and later served as a chairman for the National Horse Show Commission. Groover died in April 2010, at the age of 74.

## Life and career

Groover was born on September 27, 1935, and raised near Miami, Florida. During World War II, his parents moved the family to south Georgia for a time to keep his sister away from the large number of servicemen in Miami. However, she married a soldier from Georgia and the family later returned to Florida. About the time of the marriage, her new father-in-law traveled to Tennessee to buy mules and while there heard about the Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration, a major Tennessee Walking Horse show.

In 1946 the Groover family attended it as spectators, and soon after, Wink Groover's parents purchased two Tennessee Walking Horse colts, which they put in professional training. Groover won his first horse show ribbon on one of the colts the next year. In 1954 Groover graduated from high school and moved to Shelbyville, Tennessee, to work for horse trainer Vic Thompson. Groover showed horses at the Celebration every year beginning in 1954, but did not win first place in any class until 1961, when he and the horse Golden Sundust won the Geldings class.

Groover began training the black stallion Ace's Sensation in 1966; at the same time he was also training another black stallion named Sensational Shadow. He continued training both horses simultaneously until he felt that he should focus his attention on Ace's Sensation; Sensational Shadow's owners moved him to Steve Hill's stables and then on to C. A. Bobo's, where he won a World Grand Championship.

In 1968 Ace's Sensation and Groover placed third in the World Grand Championship; in 1969 he placed fourth. Groover had hopes to win the next year, 1970, but early in the year "Ace" bowed two tendons in an accident during a small show. Groover and the horse's owner, Randall Rollins, took him to several equine veterinarians and put Ace's Sensation on swimming therapy to build his muscles without strain. He was not healed enough to be ridden until three weeks prior to the Celebration, but Groover entered him.

During the Preliminary Stallion class, Ace's Sensation stumbled and Groover feared the horse had been reinjured. Upon dismounting and checking the horse's legs, he found that Ace had thrown a shoe but was unhurt. Ace's Sensation and Groover went on to win that class and the World Grand Championship that year, and Groover was also named Trainer of the Year. Besides Ace's Sensation, Groover had several other notable horses, including the mare Ebony's Darling Lady, who won the Three-Year-Old World Championship.

Groover served as chairman of the National Horse Show Commission, a group responsible for overseeing the treatment of horses entered in the Celebration. He served as a judge in the 2006 Celebration.

Wink Groover and his wife had two children, Winky and Cindy. Groover moved to Longview, Texas in 1994, after spending most of his training career in Tennessee. He continued to train and show Tennessee Walking Horses after the move. Groover died April 11, 2010, at the age of 74, and was buried in Waco, Texas. A memorial service was also held in Tennessee.

## InfoBox

Wink Groover
| Occupation | Horse trainer |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Performance Tennessee Walking Horse |
| Born | September 27, 1935
Miami, Florida |
| Died | April 11, 2010(2010-04-11) (aged 74)
Longview, Texas |
| Major wins/Championships | World Grand Championship in 1970 |
| Significant horses | |
| Ace's Sensation, Sensational Shadow, Ebony's Darling Lady | |


title: Winter Carnival (film)

abstract: Winter Carnival is a 1939 comedy-drama film directed by Charles Reisner and starring Ann Sheridan, Richard Carlson and Helen Parrish. Jill Baxter returns to her college for the annual Winter Carnival and falls in love with an old boyfriend. Budd Schulberg and F. Scott Fitzgerald, among others worked on the script, an experience that led to Schulberg's novel The Disenchanted.

text:
# Winter Carnival (film)

***Winter Carnival*** is a 1939 comedy-drama film directed by Charles Reisner and starring Ann Sheridan, Richard Carlson and Helen Parrish. Jill Baxter returns to her college for the annual Winter Carnival and falls in love with an old boyfriend.

Budd Schulberg and F. Scott Fitzgerald, among others worked on the script, an experience that led to Schulberg's novel *The Disenchanted*.

## Plot

Publicity-loving heiress Jill Baxter (Ann Sheridan) returns to Dartmouth College for its Winter Carnival. Years earlier, she had been named Queen of the Carnival. Now, after a divorce from her exotic husband, she revisits Hanover, New Hampshire and reunites with the boyfriend (Richard Carlson), now a tweedy professor, that she had dumped for the husband. They flirt and re-find love on the ski slopes and at the parties of the celebration; meanwhile, her young sister hopes to be chosen as carnival queen, Jill's own title while at college.

## Cast

## Reception

*Winter Carnival* recorded a loss of $33,696.

## InfoBox

| Winter Carnival | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Charles Reisner |
| Written by | Lester Cole
Budd Schulberg
Maurice Rapf
Corey Ford
F. Scott Fitzgerald |
| Produced by | Walter Wanger |
| Starring | Ann Sheridan
Richard Carlson |
| Cinematography | Merritt B. Gerstad |
| Edited by | Otho Lovering
Dorothy Spencer
Helen Parrish |
| Music by | Werner Janssen |
| Production
company | Walter Wanger Productions |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | * July 28, 1939 (1939-07-28) |
| Running time | 105 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $412,640 |
| Box office | $474,286 |


title: Motivated tactician

abstract: In social psychology, a motivated tactician is someone who shifts between quick-and-dirty cognitively economical tactics and more thoughtful, thorough strategies when processing information, depending on the type and degree of motivation. Such behavior is a type of motivated reasoning. The idea has been used to explain why people use stereotyping, biases and categorization in some situations, and more analytical thinking in others.

text:
# Motivated tactician

In social psychology, a **motivated tactician** is someone who shifts between quick-and-dirty cognitively economical tactics and more thoughtful, thorough strategies when processing information, depending on the type and degree of motivation. Such behavior is a type of motivated reasoning. The idea has been used to explain why people use stereotyping, biases and categorization in some situations, and more analytical thinking in others.

## History

After much research on categorization, and other cognitive shortcuts, psychologists began to describe human beings as cognitive misers; which explains that a need to conserve mental resources causes people to use shortcuts to thinking about stimuli, instead of motivations and urges influencing the way humans think about their world. Stereotypes and heuristics were used as evidence of the economic nature of human thinking. In recent years, the work of Fiske & Neuberg (1990), Higgins & Molden (2003), Molden & Higgins (2005) and others has led to the recognition of the importance of motivational thinking. This is due to contemporary research studying the importance of motivation in cognitive processes, instead of concentrating on cognition versus motivation. Current research does not deny that people will be cognitively miserly in certain situations, but it takes into account that thorough analytic thought does occur in other situations.

Using this perspective, researchers have begun to describe human beings as "motivated tacticians" who are tactical about how much cognitive resources will be used depending on the individual's intent and level of motivation. Based on the complex nature of the world and the occasional need for quick thinking, it would be detrimental for a person to be methodical about everything, while other situations require more focus and attention. Considering human beings as motivated tacticians has become popular because it takes both situations into account. This concept also takes into account, and continues to study, what motivates people to use more or less mental resources when processing information about the world. Research has found that intended outcome, relevancy to the individual, culture, and affect can all influence the way a person processes information.

## Goal-oriented motivational thinking

The most prominent explanation of motivational thinking is that the person's desired outcome motivates him to use more or less cognitive resources while processing a situation or thing. Researchers have divided preferred outcomes into two broad categories: directional and non-directional outcomes. The preferred outcome provides the motivation for the level of processing involved.

Individuals motivated by directional outcomes have the intention of accomplishing a specific goal. These goals can range from appearing smart, courageous or likeable to affirming positive thoughts and feelings about something or someone to whom they are close or find likable. If someone is motivated by non-directional outcomes, he or she may wish to make the most logical and clear decision. Whether a person is motivated by directional or non-directional outcomes depends on the situation and the person's goals. Confirmation bias is an example of thought-processing motivated by directional outcomes. The goal is to affirm previously held beliefs, so one will use less thorough thinking in order to reach that goal. A person motivated to get the best education, who researches information on colleges and visit schools is motivated by a non-directional outcome. Evidence for outcome-influenced motivation is illustrated by research on self-serving bias. According to Miller (1976),

> "Independent of expectancies from prior success or failure, the more personally important a success is in any given situation, the stronger is the tendency to claim responsibility for this success but to deny responsibility for failure."

## Motivation based on strategy

Though outcome-based motivation is the most prominent approach to motivated thinking, there is evidence that a person can be motivated by their preferred strategy of processing information. However, rather than being an alternative, this idea is actually a compliment to the outcome-based approach. Proponents of this approach feel that a person prefers a specific method of information-processing because it usually yields the results they wish to receive. This relates back to the intended outcome being the primary motivation. "Strategy of information processing" means whether a person makes a decision using bias, categories, or analytical thinking. Regardless of whether the method is best suited for the situation or more thorough is less important to the person than its likelihood of yielding the intended result. People feel that their preferred strategy just "feels right". What makes the heuristic or method feel "right" is that the strategy accomplishes the desired goal (i.e. affirming positive beliefs of self-efficacy).

## Other motivations and approaches

There has been limited research on motivated tactical thinking outside of Western countries. One theory experts have mentioned is that a person's culture could play a large role in a person's motivations. Nations like the United States are considered to be individualistic, while many Asian nations are considered to be collectivistic. An individualist emphasizes importance on the self and is motivated by individual reward and affirmation, while a collectivist sees the world as being more group- or culture-based. The difference in the two ways of thinking could affect motivation in information processing. For example, instead of being motivated by self-affirmation, a collectivist would be motivated by more group-affirming goals.

Another theory is that emotions can affect the way a person processes information. Forgas (2000) has stated that current mood can determine the information processing as well as thoroughness of thought. He also mentioned that achieving a desired emotion can influence the level to which information is processed.

* Baumeister, R. F. (1998). "The self". In D. Gilbert; S. Fiske; G. Lindzey (eds.). *The handbook of social psychology*. Vol. 1 (4th ed.). New York: Guilford. pp. 680–740. ISBN 978-0195213768.
* Fiske, S. T; Neuberg, S. L. (1990). "A continuum of impression formation, from category based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation". In M. P. Zanna (ed.). *Advances in Experimental Social Psychology*. Vol. 23. New York: Academic Press. pp. 1–74. ISBN 978-0120152230.
* Fiske, S. T. (2004). *Social Beings: A Core Motives Approach to Social Psychology*. NYC: Wiley. p. 124. ISBN 978-0471654223.
* Forgas, J. P., ed. (2000). *Handbook of Affect and Social Cognition*. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. ISBN 978-1410606181.
* Higgins, E. T.; Molden, D. C. (2003). "How strategies for making judgments and decisions affect cognition: Motivated cognition revisited". In G. V. Bodenhausen; A. J. Lambert (eds.). *Foundations of social cognition: A festschrift in honor of Robert S. Wyer, Jr*. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 1–236. ISBN 978-0415654906.
* Miller, D. T. (1976). "Ego involvement and attributions for success and failure". *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*. **34** (5): 901–906. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.5.901.
* Molden, D. C.; Higgins, E. T. (2005). "Motivated Thinking". In K. Holyoak; B. Morrison (eds.). *The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning*. New York: Guilford. pp. 295–320. ISBN 978-0521531016.


title: Wind Energy (journal)

abstract: Wind Energy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on wind power published by John Wiley & Sons. The editor-in-chief is Simon Watson. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.730, ranking it 78th out of 114 journals in "Energy & Fuels" and 54th out of 135 journals in "Engineering Mechanical".

text:
# Wind Energy (journal)

***Wind Energy*** is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on wind power published by John Wiley & Sons. The editor-in-chief is Simon Watson (Delft University of Technology). According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.730, ranking it 78th out of 114 journals in "Energy & Fuels" and 54th out of 135 journals in "Engineering Mechanical".

## InfoBox

*Wind Energy*
| Discipline | Energy and fuel |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Simon Watson |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1998–present |
| Publisher | Wiley |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Impact factor | 2.730 (2020) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Wind Energy* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1095-4244
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Winsen (Luhe)

abstract: Winsen (Luhe) is the capital of the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the small river Luhe, near its confluence with the Elbe, approx. 25 km southeast of Hamburg, and 20 km northwest of Lüneburg.

text:
# Winsen (Luhe)

**Winsen (Luhe)** (German pronunciation: \[ˌvɪnzn̩ ˈluːə\] ) is the capital of the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the small river Luhe, near its confluence with the Elbe, approx. 25 km southeast of Hamburg, and 20 km northwest of Lüneburg.

## History

Winsen was first mentioned in a document of the Diocese of Verden in 1158. Winsen Castle, first mentioned in 1315, was built at a crossing over the Luhe to protect the harbour. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Church of Saint Mary was built.

In 1593, Dorothea of Denmark, widow of William the Younger, moved into Winsen Castle and lived there until her death in 1617. During this time, the Marstall (stables) was built. In the Thirty Years' War, Danes invaded the town and burned down about 25 houses.

On 1 May 1847, Winsen was connected to the Hanover–Hamburg railway of the Royal Hanoverian State Railways.

On 1 July 1972, thirteen previously independent villages, Bahlburg, Borstel, Gehrden, Hoopte, Laßrönne, Luhdorf, Pattensen, Rottorf, Roydorf, Sangenstedt, Scharmbeck, Stöckte and Tönnhausen, were incorporated into the town.

## Main sights

### Winsen Castle

Winsen Castle was first mentioned explicitly in 1315. Another document from 1277 indicates that the castle probably already existed at that time. The castle served long periods of its history as an administrative building and was the seat of Großvögte, Amtmänner and Landräte. Today, it is the seat of the Amtsgericht; therefore, the rooms are generally not open to the public. In 2008, an exhibition was opened in the castle tower.

### Marstall

The Marstall was originally used for horse and carriage. Although a timber beam shows the year 1599, the year of construction is unknown. Today, the four-story half-timbered building contains the tourist information centre, the public library, the museum of local history and an event room. On the eastern gable, a modern carillon is installed.

### Church of Saint Mary

The construction of the late Gothic hall church started around 1415. The choir was covered in 1437, and the nave in 1465. The church has only one side aisle and the vault of the nave never was finished. In the 1950s, the interior decoration was changed. The colourful windows were designed and produced by Claus Wallner between 1958 and 1966. The altarpiece, the baptismal font and the bronze pulpit plates were made by Fritz Fleer. Friedrich Meinecke, born in Winsen, created the statue of Luther. Like the 62-metre-high neo-Gothic bell tower, it was completed in 1899.

### Blaufärberhaus

The oldest still existing residential house is located in the Luhestraße. The Blaufärberhaus (blue-dyer's house) was built on the Luhe island immediately after the great town fire in 1585. The gable is richly decorated with Renaissance motifs. The building is not open to the public.

### Saint George's Chapel

Formerly outside the town, a leprosarium, the *St. Georg* foundation, was established in 1401. The chapel was first documented in 1445. The present hospital building was constructed in 1766, and the chapel was built in 1750 and got its current appearance in 1903.

### Further buildings

Historic buildings of the old town are situated on the Luhe island, specifically in Deichstraße, Mühlenstraße, Luhestraße, and Kehrwieder.

The Alte Stadtschule (old town school) was erected in Eckermannstraße in 1893 in historicism style. It is the oldest school in Winsen and nowadays a pure primary school. On the upper floor of the main building, there is a historic auditorium that is used for events. On the opposite side of the street, the gym of the MTV Winsen built in 1889 was located. It was destroyed to the ground in a fire in April 2016. The half-timbered building was the first gymnasium in Winsen.

The historic town hall was built in 1896. The former Amtsschreiberhaus (\[scrivener\]'s house) was mentioned in a document in 1714. The hotel "Zum Weißen Ross" already existed in 1684. It was the residence of Edwin von Manteuffel, commander of the Prussian Army in Austro-Prussian War, in 1866. The carefully restored Buchengasse, a connection between Rathausstraße and Plankenstraße, invites to linger. The ducal watermill was first mentioned in 1385 and moved to the southern end of the Luhe island (Mühlenstraße) in 1750. The brick facade was added in 1940.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Winsen is twinned with:

## Notable people

* Johann Peter Eckermann (1792–1854), poet and friend of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
* Wilhelm Moritz Keferstein (1833–1870), professor of zoology and comparative anatomy in Göttingen
* Rudolf Sievers (1841–1921), businessman, Senator and member of the Reichstag (NLP)
* Eduard Schlöbcke (1852–1936), building officer,
* Agnes Stavenhagen (1860–1945), born Denninghoff; operatic soprano and chamber singer
* Ernst Preczang (1870–1949), author and co-founder of books Gutenberg
* Franz Evers (1871–1947), author and editor of the monthly magazine *Litterarische Blätter*
* Willem Fricke (1928–2009), actor
* Erich Brüggemann (born 1928), freelance artist, known for marquetry, sculpture, painting, drawing, carpentry
* Jürgen Peter Ravens (1932–2012), journalist, newspaper publisher and author
* Hans-Peter Voigt (1936–2014), politician (CDU) and member of the German Bundestag
* Björn-Hergen Schimpf (born 1943), radio and television presenter
* Monika Wörmer-Zimmermann (born 1944), politician (SPD) and Member of Parliament
* Marlene Charell (born 1944), dancer, singer and presenter
* Hans-Henning Lühr (born 1950), diploma administration-host, politician (SPD), a lawyer and State Council in Bremen
* André Wiese (born 1975), politician (CDU), former Member of Parliament, Mayor of Winsen since 2011
* Sanny van Heteren (born 1977), actress and director
* Birte Gutzki-Heitmann (born 1977), furniture carpenter, politician (SPD), a member of the Hamburg Parliament
* Esther Möller (born 1977), athlete
* Benjamin Maack (born 1978), journalist and author

## InfoBox

| Winsen | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Market street with the Church of Saint Mary | |
|  | |
| Location of Winsen within Harburg district | |
| Winsen Winsen | |
| Coordinates: 53°22′N 10°13′E / 53.367°N 10.217°E / 53.367; 10.217 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | Harburg |
| Subdivisions | 13 districts |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | André Wiese (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 109.55 km2 (42.30 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 36,295 |
| Density | 330/km2 (860/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 21423 |
| Dialling codes | 04171 |
| Vehicle registration | WL |
| Website |  |


title: Motoșeni

abstract: Motoșeni is a commune in Bacău County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of fourteen villages: Bâclești, Chetreni, Chicerea, Cociu, Cornățelu, Fântânele, Fundătura, Gura Crăiești, Motoșeni, Poiana, Praja, Rotăria, Șendrești and Țepoaia.

text:
# Motoșeni

**Motoșeni** (formerly *Ursa Motoșeni*) is a commune in Bacău County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of fourteen villages: Bâclești, Chetreni, Chicerea, Cociu, Cornățelu, Fântânele, Fundătura, Gura Crăiești, Motoșeni, Poiana, Praja, Rotăria, Șendrești and Țepoaia.

## InfoBox

| Motoșeni | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location in Bacău County | |
| MotoșeniLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 46°20′N 27°23′E / 46.333°N 27.383°E / 46.333; 27.383 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Bacău |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 2,905 |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Vehicle reg. | BC |


title: Motras

abstract: Motras is a village and gram panchayat in Bhilwara district in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is located in the Aravalli hills, on the banks of the Khari River in Bhilwara District, 70 km north-east of Bhilwara. This village is famous for its temple of Pabu ji Maharaj. The village has a post office, community building, sahakari bank, School and many administrative hub for major villages. Some of major villages are Gandhi Nagar, Hatundi, Akshygarh, Hamirgarh, Dedla, Modi mangri, sawigarh, jwanpura, Blhad ka padav, Dulha ji ka badhiya. Legislator of constituency has recently adopted the village under Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana ( SAGY) to lift up the standard of physical and social life of people. It has a population of about 3500 persons living in around 587 households according to 2001. It has many different cast people lives. It has Gurjars, Brahmans, Rajputs, Dholis, Jains, kumhars, Nayak, Dhobis, Bhils, Balais and some ragars, chamars, harijans.

text:
# Motras

**Motras** is a village and gram panchayat in Bhilwara district in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is located in the Aravalli hills, on the banks of the Khari River in Bhilwara District, 70 km north-east of Bhilwara. This village is famous for its temple of Pabu ji Maharaj. The village has a post office, community building, sahakari bank, School and many administrative hub for major villages. Some of major villages are Gandhi Nagar, Hatundi, Akshygarh, Hamirgarh, Dedla, Modi mangri, sawigarh, jwanpura, Blhad ka padav, Dulha ji ka badhiya. Legislator of constituency has recently adopted the village under Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana ( SAGY) to lift up the standard of physical and social life of people.

It has a population of about 3500 persons living in around 587 households according to 2001. It has many different cast people lives. It has Gurjars, Brahmans, Rajputs, Dholis, Jains, kumhars, Nayak, Dhobis, Bhils, Balais and some ragars, chamars, harijans.

## Geography

Motras is located at 25°44′N 74°20′E / 25.73°N 74.33°E / 25.73; 74.33 It has an average elevation of 467 metres (1532 feet). Motras is one of the villages in Asind Mandal in Bhilwara District in Rajasthan State. Motras is located 18.8 km from its Mandal Main Town Asind. Motras is 70 km from its District Main City Bhilwara and 39 km from Beawar. It is 181 km from its State Main City Jaipur. Nearby villages are Sangramgarh (2.6 km), Akarsada (4.3 km), Patan (4.5 km), Rampura (5.2 km), Ojiyana (6.1 km).

## Transport

Motras has poor road connectivity and still lacks public transport. However some of private buses and autos, etc. ply to connect the village and nearby towns like Asind, Ojiyana, Antali, and Ramgarh. Similarly one bus connects Beawar and Bhilwara regularly (one in the morning and one in the evening, arriving at 7 am and 7 pm respectively ) is the only fair and scheduled way of transport.

## InfoBox

| Motras | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MotrasLocation in Rajasthan, IndiaMotrasMotras (India) | |
| Coordinates: 25°44′N 74°20′E / 25.73°N 74.33°E / 25.73; 74.33 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| District | Bhilwara |
| Founded by | Mr. Mota ji, Mr. Jugul Kishor purohit |
| Government | |
| Member of legislative assembly | Mr. Ram Lal Gurjar |
| Elevation | 467 m (1,532 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 3,700 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Local | Mewari |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| STD code | 01480 |
| ISO 3166 code | RJ-IN |


title: Motra Tone

abstract: The Motra Tone is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Albanian artist Kolë Idromeno. Idromeno painted it in 1883. The picture is part of the collection of National Art Gallery of Albania.

text:
# Motra Tone

The **Motra Tone** is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Albanian artist Kolë Idromeno. Idromeno painted it in 1883. The picture is part of the collection of National Art Gallery of Albania.

## InfoBox

| **Sister Tone** or **Motra Tone** | |
| --- | --- |
| Albanian: *Motra Tone* | |
|  | |
| Artist | Kolë Idromeno |
| Year | 1883 |
| Location | National Art Gallery of Albania, Tirana |


title: Mount Bond

abstract: Mount Bond is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The mountain is named after Professor George P. Bond (1825–1865) of Harvard University, and is the southernmost extension of the Twin Range of the White Mountains. Mount Bond is flanked to the north by Mount Guyot. Mount Bond has two subsidiary peaks, West Bond and Bondcliff. All three peaks are included on the Appalachian Mountain Club's list of "four-thousand footers". Mount Bond is located within the Pemigewasset Wilderness Area. It drains to the east and west into the North Fork and Franconia Branch respectively of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, thence into the Pemigewasset and Merrimack Rivers, and into the Gulf of Maine in Massachusetts.

text:
# Mount Bond

| West Bond | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4520+ ft (1378+ m) |
| Prominence | 200 ft (61 m) |
| Listing | White Mountain 4000-Footers |
| Coordinates | 44°09′17″N 71°32′37″W / 44.154734°N 71.543514°W / 44.154734; -71.543514 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | New Hampshire, U.S. |

| Bondcliff | |
| --- | --- |
| Bondcliff at sunset | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,265 ft (1,300 m) |
| Prominence | 205 ft (62 m) |
| Listing | White Mountain 4000-Footers |
| Coordinates | 44°08′26″N 71°32′26″W / 44.140653°N 71.540616°W / 44.140653; -71.540616 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | New Hampshire, U.S. |

**Mount Bond** is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The mountain is named after Professor George P. Bond (1825–1865) of Harvard University, and is the southernmost extension of the Twin Range of the White Mountains. Mount Bond is flanked to the north by Mount Guyot.

Mount Bond has two subsidiary peaks, West Bond and Bondcliff (or "The Cliffs"). All three peaks are included on the Appalachian Mountain Club's list of "four-thousand footers".

Mount Bond is located within the Pemigewasset Wilderness Area. It drains to the east and west into the North Fork and Franconia Branch respectively of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, thence into the Pemigewasset and Merrimack Rivers, and into the Gulf of Maine in Massachusetts.

## InfoBox

| Mount Bond | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount Bond from the Bondcliff ridge | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,698 ft (1,432 m) |
| Prominence | 298 ft (91 m) |
| Listing | White Mountain 4000-Footers |
| Coordinates | 44°09′11″N 71°31′52″W / 44.153045°N 71.531225°W / 44.153045; -71.531225 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Lincoln, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Parent range | Twin Range |
| Topo map | USGS *South Twin Mountain* |


title: Mount Kenya dwarf gecko

abstract: The Mount Kenya dwarf gecko is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Kenya.

text:
# Mount Kenya dwarf gecko

The **Mount Kenya dwarf gecko** (***Lygodactylus wojnowskii***) is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Kenya.

## Etymology

The specific name, *wojnowskii*, is in honor of American herpetologist David Wojnowski.

## Habitat

The preferred habitat of *L. wojnowskii* is shrubs and trees, including fruit trees such as citrus, mango, and pawpaw.

## Behavior

*L. wojnowskii* is arboreal, agile, and able to jump from branch to branch.

## Further reading

* Malonza PK, Granthon C, Williams DA (2016). "A new species of dwarf gecko in the genus *Lygodactylus* (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Southeastern Kenya". *Zootaxa* **4061** (4): 308–320. (*Lygodactylus wojnowskii*, new species).
* Spawls S, Howell K, Hinkel H, Menegon M (2018). *Field Guide to East African Reptiles, Second Edition*. London: Bloomsbury Natural History. 624 pp. ISBN 978-1472935618.

## InfoBox

| Mount Kenya dwarf gecko | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Lygodactylus* |
| Species: | ***L. wojnowskii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lygodactylus wojnowskii***<br>Malonza, Granthon & D. Williams, 2016 | |
|


title: Wirt Bowman

abstract: Wirt G. Bowman was an American self-described capitalist. He was also an entrepreneur, speculator, casino owner, and one of the founders of the Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Bowman was the son of a Virginian Confederate cavalry veteran and expert telegraph operator who settled in West Point, Mississippi, following the war. In 1887, the family moved to Childress, Texas, where they engaged in farming and ranching.(citation1) In 1894, at the age of 20, Wirt Bowman became a telegraph operator and station agent for the Southern Pacific Railway. During his 18 years with the railroad, it was said that he worked at every station between Nogales and Guaymas, except for Santa Ana. On June 3, 1896, he married his first wife, Magdalene Bernaldo, in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. They had four children, Matilda Ruth Bowman, born March 27, 1897; Edna Bowman Cavanaugh, born March 24, 1900; Georgia Bowman, born February 22, 1914, died August 14, 1918, from burns; and Betty Jean Bowman (adopted) born January 19, 1918, died, October 12, 1973, from cancer. He left the railroad in 1912 to devote his time to ranching in Nogales, Arizona, where he soon became an exceptionally successful businessman and politician. Bowman was a resident of Nogales for 51 years, and was responsible for much of its development and construction, including the Bowman Hotel and the Nogales Theater. He eventually owned the First National Bank, and was a principal investor in the Arizona Brewing Company in Phoenix, which offered Sunbru, the first bottled beer sold in Arizona when Prohibition ended. Bowman also purchased large amounts of land in Arizona and southern California, particularly several noted properties in San Diego. Bowman's success in business was matched by his success in politics. In Nogales, he served three terms as a town councilman, one term as mayor, (1918–1919) and one term as a member of the Arizona state legislature (1919–1920). He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in New York City in 1924, served as vice-Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee in Arizona (1924), and served as Democratic National Committeeman of Arizona (1932–1940). He was appointed Collector of Customs for the District of Arizona by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943 and served 2+1⁄2 years. Bowman was also extremely successful in business ventures across the Mexican border, where he owned the Foreign Club, a Tijuana gambling establishment. In 1928, Wirt Bowman, Baron H. Long, and James N. Crofton formed a company ("syndicate") to build the $10 million Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel. Some sources note the fourth partner was Abelardo L. Rodriguez, Military Commander and Governor of Baja, and future President of Mexico. The luxury Resort included casino, hotel, guest bungalows, championship golf and tennis facilities, Turkish baths, restaurants, nightclubs, and its own airstrip. The venture was enormously successful financially and particularly popular with Hollywood stars of the day, who were able to avoid Prohibition and other limitations by crossing the border. The $2.5 million Agua Caliente racetrack, which opened in December 1929, was equally attractive because betting on horse races was illegal in California at the time. The world of casinos, gambling, and horseracing is often associated with organized crime, as well as "vice" crimes, such as prostitution. Some sources suggest that Bowman and his associates were also involved in these less legitimate enterprises in Tijuana, and imply that Bowman may have played a leadership role, thanks to his vast network of family and business associates on both sides of the border. Bowman left Agua Caliente in 1934, just one year before Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas outlawed gambling, closed the resort, and turned it into a school. In 1945, Bowman sold the First National Bank, resigned as president of the local chamber of commerce, and bought one of the largest cattle ranches in southern Arizona's San Rafael Valley. He died of a heart attack on April 20, 1949, at the age of 75. He spent his last three years in Tucson, with his second wife, Teresa Villagran Bowman. He had three children with Teresa Bowman. Bowman's associate Baron Long once owned a racehorse named "Wirt Bowman" that had the distinction of being the first horse transported by airplane for a horse race.

text:
# Wirt Bowman

**Wirt G. Bowman** (March 28, 1874 – April 20, 1949) was an American self-described capitalist. He was also an entrepreneur, speculator, casino owner, and one of the founders of the Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico.

Bowman was the son of a Virginian Confederate cavalry veteran and expert telegraph operator who settled in West Point, Mississippi, following the war. In 1887, the family moved to Childress, Texas, where they engaged in farming and ranching.(citation1)

In 1894, at the age of 20, Wirt Bowman became a telegraph operator and station agent for the Southern Pacific Railway. During his 18 years with the railroad, it was said that he worked at every station between Nogales and Guaymas, except for Santa Ana. (citation 2) On June 3, 1896, he married his first wife, Magdalene Bernaldo, in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. They had four children, Matilda Ruth Bowman, born March 27, 1897; Edna Bowman Cavanaugh, born March 24, 1900; Georgia Bowman, born February 22, 1914, died August 14, 1918, from burns; and Betty Jean Bowman (adopted) born January 19, 1918, died, October 12, 1973, from cancer. He left the railroad in 1912 to devote his time to ranching in Nogales, Arizona, where he soon became an exceptionally successful businessman and politician. Bowman was a resident of Nogales for 51 years, and was responsible for much of its development and construction, including the Bowman Hotel and the Nogales Theater. He eventually owned the First National Bank, and was a principal investor in the Arizona Brewing Company in Phoenix, which offered Sunbru, the first bottled beer sold in Arizona when Prohibition ended. Bowman also purchased large amounts of land in Arizona and southern California, particularly several noted properties in San Diego (including Rancho de los Penasquitos and Otero Ranch).

Bowman's success in business was matched by his success in politics. In Nogales, he served three terms as a town councilman, one term as mayor, (1918–1919) and one term as a member of the Arizona state legislature (1919–1920). He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in New York City in 1924, served as vice-Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee in Arizona (1924), and served as Democratic National Committeeman of Arizona (1932–1940). He was appointed Collector of Customs for the District of Arizona by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943 (some say as a reward for party service) and served 2+12 years. (citation 7)

Bowman was also extremely successful in business ventures across the Mexican border, where he owned the Foreign Club, a Tijuana gambling establishment. In 1928, Wirt Bowman, Baron H. Long (a California hotel and nightclub owner), and James N. Crofton (in the horseracing business) formed a company ("syndicate") to build the $10 million Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel. Some sources note the fourth partner was Abelardo L. Rodriguez, Military Commander and Governor of Baja, and future President of Mexico. The luxury Resort included casino, hotel, guest bungalows, championship golf and tennis facilities, Turkish baths, restaurants, nightclubs, and its own airstrip. The venture was enormously successful financially and particularly popular with Hollywood stars of the day, who were able to avoid Prohibition and other limitations by crossing the border. The $2.5 million Agua Caliente racetrack, which opened in December 1929, was equally attractive because betting on horse races was illegal in California at the time. The world of casinos, gambling, and horseracing is often associated with organized crime, as well as "vice" crimes, such as prostitution. Some sources suggest that Bowman and his associates (dubbed "Border Barons" by the media) were also involved in these less legitimate enterprises in Tijuana, and imply that Bowman may have played a leadership role, thanks to his vast network of family and business associates on both sides of the border. (citation 11, 12) Bowman left Agua Caliente in 1934, just one year before Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas outlawed gambling, closed the resort, and turned it into a school.

In 1945, Bowman sold the First National Bank, resigned as president of the local chamber of commerce, and bought one of the largest cattle ranches in southern Arizona's San Rafael Valley. (citation 2) He died of a heart attack on April 20, 1949, at the age of 75. He spent his last three years in Tucson, with his second wife, Teresa Villagran Bowman. He had three children with Teresa Bowman.

Bowman's associate Baron Long once owned a racehorse named "Wirt Bowman" that had the distinction of being the first horse transported by airplane for a horse race.

### Sources

1. *History of the Descendants of John Hottel (Immigrant from Switzerland to America)* Huddle, Rev. W.D. and Lulu May. (Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc.: Strasburg, Virginia) 1930.
2. "Well Known Pioneer Came Here Half A Century Ago Yesterday" *Nogales International*, Nogales, Arizona (Friday, October 13, 1944).
3. Schott Brewery History Archived 2000-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
4. La Vida del Rancho: A Brief History Archived 2004-11-07 at the Wayback Machine
5. History: The Oteros, First Family of Tubac Golf Resort Archived 2004-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
6. Former Mayors of Nogales: Wirt Bowman (1918–1919)
7. "Wirt G. Bowman Resigns as Collector of Customs of Arizona District No. 26", *Nogales International*, Vol. 21, No. 36 Nogales, Arizona (Friday, January 25, 1946)
8. "The Rising Tide, 1920–1941," *The History of San Diego*, Richard F. Pourade
9. "The Wild Frontier Moves South: U.S. Entrepreneurs and the Growth of Tijuana's Vice Industry, 1908–1935," Lawrence D. Taylor, *Journal of San Diego History*, Summer 2002, Volume 48, Number 3 Archived 2003-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
10. "Agua Caliente celebrates 75 years with little fanfare", Hank Wesch, *The San Diego Union-Tribune*, December 28, 2004
11. *Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico Since the Civil War*, John Mason Hart, University of California Press, 2002 (p. 366)
12. "All Night at the Owl: The Social and Political Relations of Mexicali's Red-Light District, 1913–1925." *Journal of the Southwest*, Vol. 43, 2001
13. Bowman’s death certificate
14. Arizona State Library, George Wirt Bowman

## InfoBox

| Wirt G. Bowman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | March 28, 1874
West Point, Mississippi, United States |
| Died | April 20, 1949
Tucson, Arizona, United States |
| Resting place | Nogales, Arizona |
| Occupation(s) | Businessman, Politician |
| Known for | Founding partner: Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel |
| Political party | Democrat |
| Board member of | First National Bank of Nogales, Arizona Brewing Company, Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel |
| Spouse(s) | 1) Magdalena Jesus Bernaldo
2) Teresa Villagran |


abstract: Wirt-Emerson Visual and Performing Arts High Ability Academy, was a seven-year (6-12) middle/high school for the visual and performing arts in the Gary Community School Corporation in Gary, Indiana. For reference to the historic closed facility that originally housed Emerson VPA, and previously Emerson High School, see Emerson High School (Indiana).

text:
# Wirt-Emerson Visual and Performing Arts High Ability Academy

**Wirt-Emerson Visual and Performing Arts High Ability Academy**, was a seven-year (6-12) middle/high school for the visual and performing arts in the Gary Community School Corporation in Gary, Indiana. For reference to the historic closed facility that originally housed Emerson VPA, and previously Emerson High School, see Emerson High School (Indiana).

## History

Emerson High School closed in 1981 due to underpopulation. Emerson School for Visual and Performing Arts launched in 1982 after the closure of the high school. Emerson VPA was one of the first of its kind in the state of Indiana.

In 2008 the Emerson building was shuttered due to mold issues. The district moved its visual and performing arts program first to the former Kennedy King Middle School, and in 2010 into the former William A. Wirt High School building in Gary's scenic Miller Beach community.

In 2009, the district renamed the school "Wirt-Emerson Visual and Performing Arts High Ability Academy." Its location was 210 N. Grand Avenue.

On February 16, 2018, Emergency Manager Peggy Hinckley told the state Distressed Unit Appeals Board (DUAB) that she would shutter Wirt-Emerson to help reduce a $1.5 million monthly shortfall in the district that has a total of $115 million in accumulated debt, in addition to the monthly deficit. On March 2, 2018, the DUAB agreed with the Emergency Manager's decision to shutter the 79-year-old school which is one of the anchors of the Miller neighborhood of Gary. The closing left the West Side Leadership Academy—located over 5 miles to the west of Wirt-Emerson at 9th Ave & Gerry St—as the lone traditional public high school option for about 225 Wirt-Emerson students.

## InfoBox

| William A. Wirt/Emerson Visual and Performing Arts High Ability Academy
Wirt-Emerson VPA HAA | |
| --- | --- |
| Wirt-Emerson Visual and Performing Arts High Ability Academy after being abandoned, January 2019 | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 210 North Grand Boulevard
Gary, Lake County, Indiana 46403
United States | |
| Coordinates | 41°36′36″N 87°15′45″W / 41.609959°N 87.262374°W / 41.609959; -87.262374 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| Established | 1982 |
| School district | Gary Community School Corporation |
| Principal | Mary O. Ward |
| Faculty | 28.00 FTE |
| Grades | 6-12 |
| Enrollment | 578 (2014-2015) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Mozibur Rahman Fakir

abstract: Mozibur Rahman Fakir was a Bangladeshi Awami League politician who was state minister of Health and Family Welfare. He represented Mymensingh-3.

text:
# Mozibur Rahman Fakir

**Mozibur Rahman Fakir** (7 January 1947 – 2 May 2016) was a Bangladeshi Awami League politician who was state minister of Health and Family Welfare. He represented Mymensingh-3.

## Biography

Fakir was born on 7 January 1947. He graduated from Mymensingh medical college in 1970, then joined the medical corps of the Bangladesh Army. He was elected to parliament from Mymensingh in 2001. He fought in the Bangladesh Liberation War. He founded Nasima Nursing Home in Mymensingh city. Fakir died on 2 May 2016.

## InfoBox

| Mozibur Rahman Fakir | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| State Minister for Youth and Sports | |
| **In office**
2001–2016 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 7 January 1947
Mymensingh |
| Died | 2 May 2016
Dhaka |
| Political party | Bangladesh Awami League |
|  | |


title: Winston Pinder

abstract: Winston Pinder is a black civil rights activist, communist, and youth worker, most notable for his work alongside Billy Strachan, Claudia Jones, and his campaigns against racism in Britain. Originally from Barbados, Pinder has spent most of his life has been spent in the United Kingdom, involved in various political campaigns, trade union activities, and left-wing activism. His most notable campaigns involved the creation of Paul Robeson House in London, Kentish Town Youth Club, and raising money for the creation of Claudia Jones's grave, which is situated next to that of Karl Marx in Highgate Cemetery.

text:
# Winston Pinder

**Winston Pinder** is a black civil rights activist, communist, and youth worker, most notable for his work alongside Billy Strachan, Claudia Jones, and his campaigns against racism in Britain. Originally from Barbados, Pinder has spent most of his life has been spent in the United Kingdom, involved in various political campaigns, trade union activities, and left-wing activism.

His most notable campaigns involved the creation of Paul Robeson House in London, Kentish Town Youth Club, and raising money for the creation of Claudia Jones's grave, which is situated next to that of Karl Marx in Highgate Cemetery.

## Early life

Born in Barbados, Winston Pinder left school to work for a telephone company after receiving the Charles Howard bursary to fund his work training. He was then sent to British Guiana, where he worked on the building of the Demerara telephone exchange, financed by the Bookers company. During his time in British Guiana, Pinder became interested in anti-colonial and trade union movements active throughout the Caribbean.

In 1954, he spent several months in Barbados, before travelling to the United Kingdom that same year as a part of the Windrush generation.

## Arrival in Britain

Arriving in Britain in 1954, Pinder moved to Islington, London, where he worked as a post-office engineer at the Temple Bar exchange. Soon after arriving in Britain, Pinder became a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) and joined the CPGB's Caribbean committee.

In December 1955, Pinder made history as being a part of a small contingent of communist activists that welcomed Claudia Jones to Britain at Victoria station. Soon afterwards, Jones would go onto become one of the most influential civil rights leaders in the history of the United Kingdom. In later life, Pinder would work alongside Jones politically, particularly in the aftermath of the Notting Hill race riots. Later in life, Pinder regarded Jones as his political mentor.

Later, he moved to Camden, London. During the 1958 Notting Hill race riots, Pinder was chased by racist Teddy Boys armed with chains on Kentish Town Road, but managed to outrun them. Later in life, Pinder was not so lucky, and had to have his spleen removed after being stabbed in the stomach during a fight in the Tally Ho pub on Fortess Road.

## Youth work

Tension and fear began to permeate the black communities in Britain following the Notting Hill race riots, inspiring Pinder to become even more active within London's black communities, especially the black youth. Noticing how the only two youth groups in his local area did not welcome black children, Pinder began a career as a youth worker, reaching out to young people in London and sharing his family home on Kentish Town Road, where he lived with his wife and four young children, as an informal drop-in center. Commenting on this situation, Pinder said that: "When I arrived in the area, there were only two youth clubs and it was made clear that black kids were not welcome in them..." He began renting areas to conduct youth work, first the basement of an empty fire station, then later a church hall.

Inspired by his experiences during his youth work, Pinder completed a social science degree at Ruskin College before joining the Camden Community Race Relations Council. When this organisation moved out of its premises on Gray's Inn Road, Pinder was offered to use two rooms in the property for a drop-in centre. This led to the creation of the Camden Afro Caribbean Organisation, which Pinder chaired for many years. One of the issues that Pinder found most pressing for young black youth were the sus laws, which gave police the power to stop and search whomever they pleased, a power which the police often abused to harass black people. A familiar site around Camden's streets, Pinder was often seen wearing a cap similar to that worn by Vladimir Lenin.

### Kentish Town Youth Club

After Pinder launched a campaign which lasted several years to found a local youth club, the two story purpose built Kentish Town Youth Club was opened in 1971 on London's Hadley Street. Pinder's campaign had been run with the support of Alderman Ruth Howe, the chair of the Camden Committee for Community Relations (CCCR). This youth club was notable for being the first youth club in the borough to allow black and white children to socially mix with each other.

In later life, Pinder commented on the success of the Kentish Town Youth Club:

> "It was a real breakthrough, the first youth club in the borough in which black and white kids could freely mix. We were told it couldn’t be done but it was a great success, with different clubs and workshops and a luncheon service for Haverstock School kids."

## Camden Afro Caribbean Organisation (ACO)

The Camden Afro Caribbean Organisation (ACO), of which Pinder was a key member, involved itself in numerous community projects. The ACO also gave Pinder, a committed communist activist, the opportunity to be open and expressive about his political beliefs. The ACO became an advice bureau which offered support to the victims of racism in housing and employment matters. They also became involved in a number of projects, including hosting a National conference for Black Youth and Community workers at the Reading Bulmershe college, and raising money for a headstone for the grave of

One key component of the Camden Afro Caribbean Organisation was to reach out and create connections with other black organisations both in Britain and across the globe.

### Grave of Claudia Jones campaign (1982-1984)

One of the key activities led by Pinder during his time with the ACO was his campaign to raise money for a grave headstone for Claudia Jones which was then placed next to the grave of Karl Marx in Highgate Cemetery. Founded in 1982, the campaign set to raise £1,500. Of the donations raised, £300 came from the Cuban embassy, another £300 came from the Chinese embassy, with further funds being donated by Labour Party MP Tony Benn. One man, a pensioner called Bill Fairman, cashed out his life insurance policy to help fund Claudia Jones new grave headstone.

The campaign was a success and the erection of the new headstone next to Karl Marx's grave took place in January 1984, at a ceremony attended by envoys from China and Cuba, the Morning Star journalist Mikki Doyle, and the author Buzz Johnson.

### Paul Robeson House

During his time working with the Camden Afro Caribbean Organisation, Pinder played a key role in founding a youth hostel project which opened in 1976 called Paul Robeson House, (named after Paul Robeson). Pinder would recall how he and the young people he worked with campaigned to found Paul Robeson House:

> "A group of youngsters I was working with couldn’t find anywhere to live and began squatting empty houses...” “In the end, we squatted a property in Belsize Park that was due to be renovated the next week. We said we would not move out until we were given another empty place that we could turn into a hostel.”

Camden's housing chief, Ken Livingstone, noticed this protest and intervened, offering a Victorian era double-fronted house in King's Cross which had been boarded up for several years, to be temporarily leased to the Camden Afro Caribbean Organisation, which Pinder turned into a drop-in project. Aided by the Commission for Racial Equality which awarded them a £725 funding grant, activists set about renovating this house. This house then became Paul Robeson House in 1976.

Paul Robeson House was opened at a "Paul Robeson Lecture" ceremony in Euston's Friends House, which was hosted by Tony Benn.

operated for seven years and provided a home for a maximum of 12 young people for a period of between several months to a year.

## Activities in later life

In 1978, Pinder was sacked from the Camden Committee for Community Relations (CCCR) on the grounds of "incompatibility". He believed that this was done because he had been highly critical of the organisation and questioned their commitment to fighting racism.

Pinder once served as the Deputy Youth Officer in the Inner London Borough of Islington. Following the demise of the Greater London Council in 1986, he was appointed the Principal Youth Officer for the London Borough of Hackney.

Pinder involved himself with a large number of community projects, including the Tower Hamlets African Caribbean Association, the Barbados Bursary, Caribbean House, the African Caribbean Youth Organisation in Newham, Harriet Tubman house in Hackney, later the Tony Cheeseman Foundation, where he worked as a management committee member.

In addition to his work in Britain, he is also an active member of the Barbados Democratic Labour Party.

In 2022, Pinder spoke at a memorial event for Claudia Jones in Highgate Cemetery.

## Political influences

A committed communist activist for most of his life, Pinder was also heavily influenced by Cheddi Jagan, the first person of Indian descent to become the leader of a country outside of Asia. Another figure in Caribbean and British politics who heavily influenced Pinder was Billy Strachan.

## Honours and awards

At the age of 80, Winston Pinder was awarded a "people's title" from Hackney community college.

## InfoBox

| Winston Pinder | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Barbadian |
| Education | Social science degree from Ruskin College |
| Organization | Camden Community Race Relations Council |
| Known for | Anti-racicm activism, Marxism |
| Political party | Communist Party of Great Britain (1950s to 1991) |
| Awards | Charles Howard bursary.
Tony Cheeseman Foundation community award.
 |


title: Mount Ericsson

abstract: Mount Ericsson is a 13,589-foot (4,142 m) summit on the Kings-Kern Divide, an offshoot of the Great Western Divide. It marks the boundary between Sequoia National Park and Kings Canyon National Park. Water falling on the north slopes flow into the Kings River by way of Bubbs Creek while the southern slopes form the headwaters of the Kern River. The summit was first reached in 1896 by Bolton and Lucy Brown who climbed the easy west ridge from Lucy's Foot Pass, a class 2 col, west of the summit. They named it Crag Ericsson "in honor of Captn John Ericsson … in recognition of its extremely craggy character." John Ericsson was the engineer and inventor who designed and built the Monitor. The name was submitted to the U.S. Geographic Board by the National Park Service. The Board accepted the name Mount Ericsson in 1928. The name Ericsson Crags did appear on the 15 minute Mount Whitney map and the name Crag Ericsson appears on the Mount Ericsson GNIS page. as a variant name. On the ridge that extends to the north from the main summit, there a number craggy sub-peaks known as the Ericsson Crags. Most of the climbing routes here are class 4 or better.

text:
# Mount Ericsson

**Mount Ericsson** is a 13,589-foot (4,142 m) summit on the Kings-Kern Divide, an offshoot of the Great Western Divide. It marks the boundary between Sequoia National Park and Kings Canyon National Park. Water falling on the north slopes flow into the Kings River by way of Bubbs Creek while the southern slopes form the headwaters of the Kern River.

The summit was first reached in 1896 by Bolton and Lucy Brown who climbed the easy west ridge from Lucy's Foot Pass, a class 2 col, west of the summit. They named it Crag Ericsson "in honor of Captn John Ericsson … in recognition of its extremely craggy character." John Ericsson was the engineer and inventor who designed and built the *Monitor*. The name was submitted to the U.S. Geographic Board by the National Park Service. The Board accepted the name Mount Ericsson in 1928. The name Ericsson Crags did appear on the 15 minute Mount Whitney map and the name Crag Ericsson appears on the Mount Ericsson GNIS page. as a variant name.

On the ridge that extends to the north from the main summit, there a number craggy sub-peaks known as the Ericsson Crags. Most of the climbing routes here are class 4 or better.

## InfoBox

| Mount Ericsson | |
| --- | --- |
| South aspect in 1935 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 13,589 ft (4,142 m)NAVD 88 |
| Prominence | 919 ft (280 m) |
| Listing | * SPS Mountaineering peak * Western States Climbers Emblem peak |
| Coordinates | 36°41′50″N 118°24′51″W / 36.697158°N 118.4142623°W / 36.697158; -118.4142623 |
| Geography | |
| Mount EricssonLocation in CaliforniaMount EricssonMount Ericsson (the United States) | |
| Location | Tulare County, California, U.S. |
| Parent range | Kings-Kern Divide in the Sierra Nevada |
| Topo map | USGS Mount Brewer |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 1896 by Bolton and Lucy Brown |
| Easiest route | West ridge, Scramble, class 2 |