title: Guías de Navarra

abstract: The Guías de Navarra were a Carlist battalion of the First Carlist War, created by Zumalacárregui in 1834. Their name was a misnomer: they were neither Navarrese nor guides, but captured Liberal troops from La Mancha, Valencia, Andalusia and other places who had been made prisoners at the Battle of Alsasua. After this battle, they had been faced with the choice of joining the Carlist troops or being executed. They were given distinctive red berets that had initially been rejected by other Carlist troops as headgear. The Carlist troops had lacked a regular uniform and had used instead the black beret that was already worn in the Basque region. Zumalacárregui gave these troops distinctive red berets, purchased in France, as a type of uniform. At first, the red berets were accepted with joy by Carlist officers, but they then realized that Liberal sharpshooters found the red berets to be a good target. The red berets were thus retired and hidden in a house in Eulate. When he created the Guías de Navarra, Zumalacárregui ordered that these red berets be brought to him and given to this new battalion, which was, in any case, used for the most dangerous missions. The battalion was officered by Carlist volunteers from abroad. The Guías de Navarra were utilized for the most dangerous or risky missions, and Zumalacárregui soon favored them. Serving the battalion as an officer soon became considered an honor by the Carlists. After the death of Zumalacárregui, the prestige accorded this battalion meant that it was no longer used for the most dangerous missions. They participated in the Battle of Alegría de Álava. The Guías de Navarra were fully integrated in 1836 into the Carlist army as a regular battalion.

text:
# Guías de Navarra

The **Guías de Navarra** (Spanish: \[ˈɡias ðe naˈβara\], "Navarre Guides") were a Carlist battalion of the First Carlist War, created by Zumalacárregui in 1834.

Their name was a misnomer: they were neither Navarrese nor guides, but captured Liberal troops from La Mancha, Valencia, Andalusia and other places who had been made prisoners at the Battle of Alsasua (April 22, 1834). After this battle, they had been faced with the choice of joining the Carlist troops or being executed. They were given distinctive red berets that had initially been rejected by other Carlist troops as headgear.

The Carlist troops had lacked a regular uniform and had used instead the black beret that was already worn in the Basque region. Zumalacárregui gave these troops distinctive red berets, purchased in France, as a type of uniform. At first, the red berets were accepted with joy by Carlist officers, but they then realized that Liberal sharpshooters found the red berets to be a good target. The red berets were thus retired and hidden in a house in Eulate. When he created the Guías de Navarra, Zumalacárregui ordered that these red berets be brought to him and given to this new battalion, which was, in any case, used for the most dangerous missions.

The battalion was officered by Carlist volunteers from abroad. The Guías de Navarra were utilized for the most dangerous or risky missions, and Zumalacárregui soon favored them. Serving the battalion as an officer soon became considered an honor by the Carlists. After the death of Zumalacárregui, the prestige accorded this battalion meant that it was no longer used for the most dangerous missions.

They participated in the Battle of Alegría de Álava (October 27, 1834).

The Guías de Navarra were fully integrated in 1836 into the Carlist army as a regular battalion.

## Description, equipment, and uniforms

The *Álbum de las tropas carlistas del ejército del norte* states that they were a battalion of 800 men and that their uniform consisted of a gray *casaquilla* (a kind of short and loose jacket with sleeves, which was worn over other clothes) with a yellow series of holes for the buttons on the breast of the check; a red beret; a bag; and *alpargatas*, a sort of light sandal made of hemp. Their weapons were a rifle, bayonet, and bandolier.

According to Alexis Sabatier, their yellow buttonholes on their gray cloaks caused soldiers from the other battalions to call the Guías de Navarra *sardinas* ("sardines").

## Sources


title: Afrotheora flavimaculata

abstract: Afrotheora flavimaculata is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It is known from Angola.

text:
# Afrotheora flavimaculata

***Afrotheora flavimaculata*** is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It is known from Angola.

## InfoBox

| *Afrotheora flavimaculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hepialidae |
| Genus: | *Afrotheora* |
| Species: | ***A. flavimaculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Afrotheora flavimaculata***<br>Nielsen & Scoble, 1986 | |
|


title: Radomir Šušnjar

abstract: Radomir Radovan Šušnjar known as "Lalco", is a convicted Bosnian Serb war criminal who took part in the Pionirska Street fire on 14 June 1992 which killed 59 people.

text:
# Radomir Šušnjar

**Radomir Radovan Šušnjar** (born 1955 in Bosnia and Herzegovina) known as "**Lalco**", is a convicted Bosnian Serb war criminal who took part in the Pionirska Street fire on 14 June 1992 which killed 59 people.

## Bosnian War

Prior to the Bosnian War Susnjar worked in Višegrad as a delivery driver for a bakery.

During the Bosnian War Susnjar was accused of participating in the Pionirska Street fire which occurred on 14 June 1992. The massacre was an ethnic cleansing of the Drina Valley by the Bosnian Serbs. Over 60 Bosniak women, children and elderly men, most of them from the village of Koritnik, were forced in a house on Pionirska Street, Višegrad by cousins Milan and Sredoje Lukić. They were locked into one room of the house, which was then set on fire. Milan Lukić was found to have thrown an explosive device into the room, setting the house ablaze. 59 of the occupants died.

After months of investigation, Susnjar was arrested in France at the request of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 4 April 2014. He was later released and placed under court surveillance.

On 7 January 2015, French Appeals Court postponed its decision to extradite Susnjar until all requirements necessary for extradition were met. The court requested additional information and evidence regarding the events. Further information from the Bosnian authorities was requested on 3 June 2015.

On 13 April 2016 the Appeals Court ruled in favor of extraditing Susnjar. His counsel appealed the court's decision.

In June 2018, France extradited Susnjar to Bosnia to face charges for the war crimes which he allegedly took part.

On October 30 Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina sentenced him to 20 years in prison for a wartime massacre of 57 Bosniak civilians who were locked in a house and burned alive, including two children.


title: Young World Quiz

abstract: The Hindu Young World Quiz is a quiz competition in India. It is a live quiz contest held for students of classes 3 - 9, consisting of a Junior Quiz and a Senior Quiz. It is part of The Hindu's 'Newspapers in Education' initiative. According to The Hindu Young World, it is the biggest live quiz show for middle and high school students in India. The competition is hosted by quiz master V. V. Ramanan, a regular quiz columnist for various publications of the Kasturi & Sons group including The Hindu, Sportstar and Hindu Business Line. The First Edition of the question appeared in the year 2000, and has completed 20 years (2020).

text:
# Young World Quiz

**The Hindu Young World Quiz** is a quiz competition in India. It is a live quiz contest held for students of classes 3 - 9, consisting of a Junior Quiz (classes 3-6) and a Senior Quiz (classes 7-9). It is part of *The Hindu's* 'Newspapers in Education' initiative. According to The Hindu Young World, it is the biggest live quiz show for middle and high school students in India. The competition is hosted by quiz master V. V. Ramanan, a regular quiz columnist for various publications of the Kasturi & Sons group including The Hindu, Sportstar and Hindu Business Line. The First Edition of the question appeared in the year 2000, and has completed 20 years (2020).

## Junior Quiz (classes 3-6)

In 2002, it was held in eleven cities, with 3000 teams from over 1200 schools participating. The grand finale of The Hindu Young World Quiz 2012 was held at Chennai in Tamil Nadu, on 7 December 2012 and was won by Loyola School of Trivandrum.

In 2014, P. Adithya Sai and H. Aravind of class 5 from Sanghamitra School defeated their opponents by a huge margin in Hyderabad. In 2014, Kaveri Krishnan and Saraswathy Ashok of class 5 from Vidyodaya school made history by winning the first prize & as the defending champions.

The sponsors were Firefox, Success notebooks etc. for the quiz in 2014.

In 2016, P.Adithya Sai and J.Shraman (Junior Category) of Sanghamitra School defeated their opponents with a large margin in the 16 edition of the quiz which was held in Hyderabad .

In 2018, Arghya Shubhshiv and Rushil Rawat of Delhi Public School, Noida, won the junior quiz. The final round held after a written preliminaries saw some high scoring and the cutoff was high. The Noida team was off to a flyer and maintained a comfortable lead to win with a margin of 100 points from Amity.

## Senior Quiz (classes 7-9)

In 2019, In The 19th edition of The Hindu Young World Quiz, was held on 14 February, Thursday with over 400 students from more than 34 schools participating in the event. The team from Delhi Public School, Noida, comprising Asher Kaul and Rushil Rawat secured the first position in the senior category. The second position too was secured by the same school, comprising Arghya Shubhshiv and Aditya Gautam.

The 2019 Seniors event was held in Chennai on 12 February at AM Jain College, The first and second places were both taken by teams from Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School, Pondicherry. Twin brothers Sanjeev and Shandeep emerged victorious.

In the 2020 Chennai finals (seniors) Petit Seminaire HSS emerged the champion yet again, the winning students this time being Eshwar balaji and Sanjay.

In the 2020 Kochi finals (seniors) Neeraj B Nair and Hrishikesh varma emerged victorius through a furious battle , One of the finest teams yet


title: Michael Challen

abstract: Michael Boyd Challen is a retired Australian Anglican bishop, active in the second half of the 20th century. Challen was born in 1932 and attended Mentone Primary School and Mordialloc-Chelsea High. He graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1955; and entered Ridley College, Melbourne to train for the priesthood. He was ordained deacon in 1957 and priest in 1958. After a curacy in Essendon he was Director of the Melbourne Diocesan Centre from 1963 to 1969. Moving to Perth he became a missionary in the outback and in 1976 became Archdeacon of the country regions of Western Australia. The following year he became Assistant Bishop of Perth, serving until 1991. He was then Executive Director of the Brotherhood of St Laurence until 1999. In retirement, Challen was criticized by a 2012 inquiry into the institutional sexual abuse of boys in the care of Anglican residential homes for his role in allowing an offender to resign rather than reporting the matter to police. Challen's failure to act at this time was later cited as a critical factor in enabling the offender to go on to a long period of sexual offending as a junior cricket coach.

text:
# Michael Challen

**Michael Boyd Challen** (born 27 May 1932) is a retired Australian Anglican bishop, active in the second half of the 20th century.

Challen was born in 1932 and attended Mentone Primary School and Mordialloc-Chelsea High. He graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1955; and entered Ridley College, Melbourne to train for the priesthood. He was ordained deacon in 1957 and priest in 1958. After a curacy in Essendon he was Director of the Melbourne Diocesan Centre from 1963 to 1969. Moving to Perth he became a missionary in the outback and in 1976 became Archdeacon of the country regions of Western Australia. The following year he became Assistant Bishop of Perth, serving until 1991. He was then Executive Director of the Brotherhood of St Laurence until 1999.

In retirement, Challen was criticized by a 2012 inquiry into the institutional sexual abuse of boys in the care of Anglican residential homes for his role in allowing an offender to resign rather than reporting the matter to police. Challen's failure to act at this time was later cited as a critical factor in enabling the offender to go on to a long period of sexual offending as a junior cricket coach.


title: HMS Hussar (1799)

abstract: HMS Hussar was a 38-gun fifth-rate Amazon-class frigate of the Royal Navy. Launched at the end of 1799, the entirety of the frigate's career was spent serving in the English Channel and off the coast of Spain. Hussar primarily served as a convoy escort and cruiser, in which occupation the frigate took several prizes, including the French privateer Le General Bessieres. Towards the end of 1803 Hussar was sent to serve in Sir Edward Pellew's Ferrol squadron. On 8 February 1804 Hussar was returning to England with dispatches when the ship was wrecked off the coast of Île de Sein. The crew attempted to sail for home in a fleet of commandeered boats, but the majority were forced to go into Brest to avoid sinking in bad weather, where they were made prisoners of war.

text:
# HMS Hussar (1799)

**HMS *Hussar*** was a 38-gun fifth-rate *Amazon*-class frigate of the Royal Navy. Launched at the end of 1799, the entirety of the frigate's career was spent serving in the English Channel and off the coast of Spain. *Hussar* primarily served as a convoy escort and cruiser, in which occupation the frigate took several prizes, including the French privateer *Le General Bessieres*. Towards the end of 1803 *Hussar* was sent to serve in Sir Edward Pellew's Ferrol squadron. On 8 February 1804 *Hussar* was returning to England with dispatches when the ship was wrecked off the coast of Île de Sein. The crew attempted to sail for home in a fleet of commandeered boats, but the majority were forced to go into Brest to avoid sinking in bad weather, where they were made prisoners of war.

## Design and construction

*Hussar* was a 38-gun, 18-pounder, fifth-rate *Amazon*-class frigate. The ship was one of two built to the design, along with the namesake of the class HMS *Amazon*. The ships were drawn up by the Surveyor of the Navy Sir William Rule, who submitted the design on 19 April 1796. They were an enlarged version of a previous design by Rule, the 38-gun HMS *Naiad*. *Naiad* was in turn an expanded version of another, older, Rule ship class, this being the *Amazon* class designed in 1794.

*Hussar* was ordered on 15 February 1797 to be built at Woolwich Dockyard by shipwright John Tovery. The ship was originally planned to be named *Hyaena*, but this was changed on 24 January 1798. *Hussar* was laid down in August of the latter year, and launched on 1 June 1799 with the following dimensions: 150 feet 3 inches (45.8 m) along the upper deck, 125 feet 8 inches (38.3 m) at the keel, with a beam of 39 feet 6 inches (12 m) and a depth in the hold of 13 feet (4 m). The ship had a draught of 18 feet 1 inch (5.5 m) forward and 19 feet 8 inches (6 m) aft, and measured 1,0428894 tons burthen. The fitting out process was completed in the River Thames on 11 November, with the final cost of construction totalling £29,884.

*Hussar*'s class was described in sailing reports as "fast and very weatherly", as well as being highly manoeuvrable. They were capable of reaching up to 13 knots (24.1 km/h) and showed superior sailing qualities to most other vessels, especially when in a "stiff breeze". The ships were, however, known for "deep and uneasy rolling and pitching", which naval historian Robert Gardiner suggests was because they were built very stiffly.

The frigate had a crew complement of 284, which would later be raised to 300, and held twenty-eight 18-pounder guns on the upper deck. Rule had originally planned for the quarterdeck to hold eight 9-pounder guns and the forecastle to hold a further two, but on 6 May 1797 six 32-pounder carronades were added to the quarterdeck armament and two more to the forecastle. *Hussar*'s armament was changed again on 17 June 1799, with all but two 9-pounders on each of the quarterdeck and forecastle replaced by more carronades. This resulted in a final armament of twelve 32-pounder carronades and two 9-pounder guns on the quarterdeck, and two 32-pounder carronades and two 9-pounder guns on the forecastle, in addition to *Hussar*'s main 18-pounder guns.

## Service

*Hussar* was commissioned by Captain Lord Garlies in November 1799, for service in the English Channel and off the coast of Ireland as part of the Cork Station. *Hussar* was in company with the 38-gun frigate HMS *Loire* and 16-gun schooner HMS *Milbrook* on 17 May 1800 when the three ships recaptured the British merchant ship *Princess Charlotte* and captured the French schooner *La Francoise*. *Hussar* subsequently sailed to Madeira, returning from there on 9 July. The frigate continued to serve off Ireland, escorting a convoy of ships from west India in to England on 31 October. On 9 November a large gale hit the south coast of England, and many ships in the area were driven out to sea by it and badly damaged. Among these casualties was *Hussar*, which lost all topmasts and the mizzenmast in the gale, and received considerable hull damage, including the loss of the rudder. *Hussar* was brought into Portsmouth with a hoy rigged behind as a temporary rudder. The ship was docked for repairs, which were completed on 28 November.

Having returned to sea, *Hussar* continued operating with convoys, escorting the East India Company ships *Carnatic*, *Henry Addington*, *Nottingham*, and *Ocean* on the first leg of their journey to Calcutta on 8 January 1801. Then on 2 March the frigate captured the French 4-gun privateer *Le General Bessieres* in the Atlantic Ocean. The French warship had been attempting to sail from Bourdeaux to Santo Domingo. *Hussar* then recaptured the British merchant ship *James* on 12 April. Later on in the same month Garlies was replaced in command of *Hussar* by Captain John Giffard, but he in turn gave command over to Captain William Brown soon afterwards. Brown also served in *Hussar* only briefly, with Captain John Ommanney soon taking over from him on a temporary basis, with the frigate continuing to serve in the English Channel. On 22 May the 54-gun fourth-rate HMS *Madras* attempted to enter Portsmouth, but grounded on Bembridge Ledge. *Hussar* joined with the 24-gun post ship HMS *Eurydice* and together they pulled *Madras* off without damaging the ship.

*Hussar* received a refit at Plymouth Dockyard between May and November 1802, and was recommissioned in June by Captain Philip Wilkinson, who had joined the ship in May. The frigate was sent to serve in the North Sea and English Channel. On 10 January 1803 the frigate's gunnery storeroom caught fire while anchored near Sheerness. The fire was close to the ship's magazine and while it did not reach it, some other combustible matter did explode. In reaction to this *Hussar*'s crew ran onto the quarterdeck, from where one small boat was hanging off the rear of the ship. Too many people attempted to board the boat to escape the explosion, causing the davit to break and all in the boat to be thrown into the water. Two master's mates, a midshipman, fourteen seamen, and a woman were drowned. No more explosions on *Hussar* occurred and Wilkinson was able to stop the fire from spreading or from doing serious damage to the frigate.

When the Napoleonic Wars began in May 1803, *Hussar* was based at Spithead, and was quickly sent out into the Bay of Biscay. On 23 June *Hussar* was sailing in sight of the British privateer *Trimmer* when the latter captured the French brig *La Flore*, for which *Hussar* shared in the prize money of. The frigate then underwent a refit at Plymouth, in which new masts and rigging were put in place, that was completed on 29 October. The ship briefly returned on 17 November to repair damage received in a large storm while cruising. *Hussar* continued on station after this, and in the winter was sent to join a squadron serving off the coast of Spain at Ferrol.

On 6 February 1804 *Hussar* was ordered to sail back to England from Ares Bay carrying the dispatches of Captain Sir Edward Pellew, the commander of the squadron. While doing so the frigate was also to make contact with the Channel Fleet which was stationed off Cape Finisterre. In the course of this errand *Hussar* was wrecked off the coast of Île de Sein in the late evening of 8 February. The crew were not harmed and they landed on the island, taking it over from the fishermen who lived there. In the morning of 10 February Wilkinson sent a party out to burn *Hussar*, the wreck of which was still intact. Upon the completion of this task Wilkinson set sail in his barge, with the rest of the crew in thirteen commandeered fishing boats, intending to sail for England. The fishing boats, however, were found to be in very poor condition and they were all forced to sail into Brest to avoid being lost at sea as the weather worsened. There they surrendered themselves to the French fleet present in port.

Wilkinson's barge, which had been leading the fishing boats before being lost in the rain, was not affected by these problems, and he reached the 36-gun frigate HMS *Sirius* which took him in, arriving at Portsmouth on 28 February. The rest of *Hussar*'s crew were incarcerated as prisoners of war for ten years. Two members of the crew, Midshipman Henry Ashworth and Master's Mate Donat Henchy O'Brien, succeeded in escaping from the prison of Bitche Citadel in November 1808 by stealing a boat and making their way to Trieste, from where they and another naval officer were picked up by a raiding party from the 32-gun frigate HMS *Amphion*.

## Prizes

| Vessels captured or destroyed for which *Hussar*'s crew received full or partial credit | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date | Ship | Nationality | Type | Fate | Ref. |
| 17 May 1800 | *Princess Charlotte* | British | Merchant ship | Recaptured |  |
| 17 May 1800 | *La Francoise* | French | Schooner | Captured |  |
| 2 March 1801 | *Le General Bessieres* | French | 4-gun privateer | Captured |  |
| 12 April 1801 | *James* | British | Merchant ship | Recaptured |  |
| 23 June 1803 | *La Flore* | French | Merchant brig | Captured |  |

## Notes and citations

### Notes

### Citations

1. Winfield (2008), pp. 362–363.
2. Winfield (2008), p. 362.
3. Winfield (2008), p. 357.
4. Gardiner (1994), p. 52.
5. Winfield (2008), p. 363.
6. Gardiner (1994), p. 69.
7. Gardiner (1994), p. 88.
8. Marshall (1823a), p. 445.
9. James (1837), p. 2.
10. Gardiner (1994), p. 54.
11. Gardiner (2000), p. 187.
12. "No. 15328". *The London Gazette*. 13 January 1801. p. 73.
13. Clarke & McArthur (2011a), p. 164.
14. Clarke & McArthur (2011a), p. 438.
15. Gardiner (2001), p. 164.
16. Gardiner (2001), pp. 164–165.
17. Clarke & McArthur (2011a), p. 524.
18. Clarke & McArthur (2011b), p. 95.
19. "No. 15345". *The London Gazette*. 14 March 1801. p. 297.
20. "No. 15365". *The London Gazette*. 12 May 1801. p. 541.
21. "No. 15372". *The London Gazette*. 2 June 1801. p. 621.
22. Marshall (1824), p. 306.
23. Clarke & McArthur (2011b), p. 463.
24. Marshall (1823b), p. 577.
25. O'Byrne (1849), p. 1113.
26. Marshall (1823b), pp. 576–577.
27. Grocott (2002), p. 137.
28. O'Brien (1902), p. xi.
29. "No. 15850". *The London Gazette*. 8 October 1805. p. 1277.
30. Clarke & McArthur (2011c), p. 168.
31. Clarke & McArthur (2011c), p. 435.
32. Clarke & McArthur (2011c), p. 511.
33. O'Brien (1902), pp. 5–7.
34. O'Brien (1902), p. 6.
35. Grocott (2002), p. 169.
36. O'Brien (1902), p. 4.
37. Price (1990), p. 209.
38. Laughton & Lambert (2005).

## InfoBox

| Painting of *Hussar*'s sister ship HMS *Amazon* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | HMS *Hussar* |
| Ordered | 15 February 1797 |
| Builder | Woolwich Dockyard |
| Cost | 29,884 |
| Laid down | August 1798 |
| Launched | 1 June 1799 |
| Completed | 11 November 1799 |
| Commissioned | November 1799 |
| Fate | Wrecked 8 February 1804 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Fifth-rate *Amazon*-class frigate |
| Tons burthen | 1,0428894 (bm) |
| Length | * 150 ft 3 in (45.8 m) (upper deck) * 125 ft 8 in (38.3 m) (keel) |
| Beam | 39 ft 6 in (12 m) |
| Draught | * 18 ft 1 in (5.5 m) (forward) * 19 ft 8 in (6 m) (aft) |
| Depth of hold | 13 ft (4 m) |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Complement | 284 (later 300) |
| Armament | * UD: 28 × 18-pounder guns * QD: 2 × 9-pounder guns + 12 × 32-pounder carronades * Fc: 2 × 9-pounder guns + 2 × 32-pounder carronades |


title: Mont Grand

abstract: Mont Grand is a summit reaching an altitude of 1,417 meters in the French department of Lozère.

text:
# Mont Grand

**Mont Grand** is a summit reaching an altitude of 1,417 meters in the French department of Lozère.

## Geography

### Location

Mont Grand is situated in the Margeride within the Massif Central, in the French commune of Saint-Privat-du-Fau.

### Geology

The bedrock consists of granular leptynic gneiss.

## History

The Beast of Gévaudan perpetrated its atrocities against the population of Northern Gévaudan and its outskirts between 1764 and 1767. The majority of the attacks were concentrated between three mountains: Mont Mouchet, Montchauvet, and Mont Grand, which are approximately 15 kilometers apart.

## InfoBox

| Mont Grand | |
| --- | --- |
| Mont GrandFrance | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,417 m (4,649 ft) |
| Coordinates | 44°55′07″N 3°21′59″E / 44.91861°N 3.36639°E / 44.91861; 3.36639 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Lozère, France |
| Parent range | Margeride (Massif Central) |


title: Michael Edwards (American composer)

abstract: Michael Edwards (1893–1962) was an American composer and musician, known for composing the 1937 hit "Once in a While". He was also a classical violinist, organist and music arranger. Edwards's most famous composition, "Once in a While", became a number one hit for Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra, and later for Patti Page (1957) and The Chimes (1961). The song is now considered a jazz standard. None of Edwards's other songs achieved the popularity of "Once in a While", and he has been called "a perfect example of a one-hit composer".

text:
# Michael Edwards (American composer)

**Michael Edwards** (1893–1962) was an American composer and musician, known for composing the 1937 hit "Once in a While". He was also a classical violinist, organist and music arranger.

Edwards's most famous composition, "Once in a While", became a number one hit for Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra, and later for Patti Page (1957) and The Chimes (1961). The song is now considered a jazz standard. None of Edwards's other songs achieved the popularity of "Once in a While", and he has been called "a perfect example of a one-hit composer".

## InfoBox

| Michael Edwards | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1893 (1893) |
| Died | 1962 (aged 6869) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | composer and musician |
| Known for | one-hit composer |
| Notable work | "Once in a While" |


title: Part XVI of the Albanian Constitution

abstract: Part Sixteen of the Constitution of Albania is the Sixteenth of eighteen parts. Titled Extraordinary Measures, it consists of 7 articles.

text:
# Part XVI of the Albanian Constitution

**Part Sixteen** (**Part XVI**) of the Constitution of Albania is the Sixteenth of eighteen parts. Titled *Extraordinary Measures*, it consists of 7 articles.

## Extraordinary Measures

> **— Article 170 —**
>
> 1. Extraordinary measures can be taken due to a state of war, state of emergency, or natural disaster and last for as long as these states continue.
> 2. The principles of the activity of public bodies, as well as the extent of limitations on human rights and freedoms during the period of the existence of situations that require extraordinary measures, are defined by law.
> 3. The law must define the principles, the areas, and the manner of compensation for losses caused as a result of the limitation of human rights and freedoms during the period in which extraordinary measures are taken.
> 4. Acts taken as a result of extraordinary measures must be in proportion with the level of risk and must aim to re-establish the conditions for the normal functioning of the state, as soon as possible.
> 5. During the situations that require extraordinary measures to be taken, none of these acts may be changed: the Constitution, the laws on the election of the Assembly and local government organs, as well as the laws on extraordinary measures.
> 6. During the implementation period of extraordinary measures, there may not be held elections for local government bodies, there may not be a referendum, and a new President of the Republic may not be elected. The elections for the local government bodies can be held only in those places where the extraordinary measures are not implemented.

> **— Article 171 —**
>
> 1. In case of armed aggression against the Republic of Albania, the President of the Republic upon request of the Council of Ministers declares the state of war.
> 2. In case of external threat, or when a common defense obligation derives from an international agreement, the Assembly, upon proposal of the President of the Republic, declares the state of war and decides on the state of general or partial mobilization or demobilization.

> **— Article 172 —**
>
> 1. In the case of paragraph 1 of Article 171, the President of the Republic presents to the Assembly the decree for establishing the state of war within 48 hours from its signing, specifying the rights to be limited.
> 2. The Assembly immediately reviews and decides with the majority of all its members, upon the decree of the President.

> **— Article 173 —**
>
> 1. In case of danger to the constitutional order and to public security, the Assembly, with request of the Council of Ministers, may decide for a state of emergency in one part or the whole territory of the state, which lasts for as long as this danger continues, but not longer than 60 days.
> 2. Upon establishment of the state of emergency, the intervention of armed forces is done with a decision of the Assembly and only when police forces are not able to restore order.
> 3. The extension of the term of the state of emergency may be done only with the consent of the Assembly, for each 30 days, for a period of time not longer than 90 days.

> **— Article 174 —**
>
> 1. For the prevention or the avoidance of the consequences of natural disasters or technological accidents, the Council of Ministers may decide on the state of natural disaster for a period not longer than 30 days, in one part or in the whole territory of the state.
> 2. The extension of the state of natural disaster can be done only with the consent of the Assembly.

> **— Article 175 —**
>
> 1. During the state of war or state of emergency the rights and freedoms provided for in Articles: 15; 18; 19; 20; 21; 24; 25; 29; 30; 31; 32; 34; 39, paragraph 1; 41, paragraphs 1, 2, 3, and 5; 42; 43; 48; 54; 55 may not be limited.
> 2. During the state of natural disaster the rights and freedoms provided for in Articles: 37; 38; 41, paragraph 4; 49; 51 may be limited. 3. The acts for declaring the state of war, emergency or natural disaster must specify the rights and freedoms which are limited according to paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article.

> **— Article 176 —**
>
> When the Assembly cannot be convened during the state of war, the President of the Republic, with the proposal of the Council of Ministers, has the right to issue acts that have the force of the law, which have to be approved by the Assembly in its first meeting.

1. Kushtetuta e Republikës së Shqipërisë


title: Pajama Day (South Park)

abstract: "Pajama Day" is the twenty-fifth season premiere of the American animated television series South Park. The 312th episode overall of the series, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on February 2, 2022, and was simulcast on Logo, MTV, MTV2, Paramount Network, Pop, and TV Land. It is the first South Park episode to air in its regular time slot since "Christmas Snow", which premiered December 11, 2019.

text:
# Pajama Day (South Park)

"**Pajama Day**" is the twenty-fifth season premiere of the American animated television series *South Park*. The 312th episode overall of the series, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on February 2, 2022, and was simulcast on Logo, MTV, MTV2, Paramount Network, Pop, and TV Land. It is the first *South Park* episode to air in its regular time slot since "Christmas Snow", which premiered December 11, 2019.

## Plot

At South Park Elementary, Mr. Garrison introduces the fourth grade class to his new boyfriend, Rick. However, when he gets a phone call from another boyfriend, Marcus, and the students fail to cover for him, an angered Garrison excoriates the students, and tells PC Principal, who has overheard the commotion, that the children are unresponsive and unfocused. Admonishing the students for not appreciating their teacher, PC Principal forbids them from wearing pajamas on Pajama Day, which is described as the "Met Gala for children". When the students complain, he furthermore admonishes them not to invoke Nazi Germany when they fail to get what they want, which serves as a recurring gag in the episode. He also tells counselor Mr. Mackey that if he changes his mind, he will look weak.

The punishment results in a backlash on the part of the townsfolk, who protest PC Principal's actions by wearing pajamas throughout the day, including in the workplace. Seeing that his decision has backfired, PC Principal tells fourth grader Wendy Testaburger her class must resolve this problem, resulting in a schism among the local workforce, and arrests of people who refuse to wear pajamas, as well as those who engage in criminal behavior in their attempts to shame them. As riots and arrests escalate, Police Sergeant Harrison Yates observes that the town is turning into a powder keg.

At an afterschool meeting, Wendy suggests that they apologize to Garrison. The next day an elated Garrison tells the class he has decided to be with Rick, but when he sees Butters Stotch is not paying attention to his anecdote, it results in another angry tirade by him and PC Principal. As town-wide conflict and allusions to Nazism continue, however, PC Principal tells Wendy that her class can wear pajamas, and that he will resign. However, when Wendy mentions that they still have Opposite Day to look forward to, this gives PC Principal an idea. He announces to the school that due to a calendar error, it is actually not Pajama Day, but Opposite Day, when students are allowed to wear what they want, which means the fourth graders can wear pajamas. With the conflict resolved, the jailed citizens are released.

## Ratings

The season premiere ranked number one on cable that evening among the 18-to-49 demographic with a 0.44 rating, beating out NBA telecasts on ESPN, All Elite Wrestling on TBS, and a FIFA World Cup qualifying match on Fox Sports 1 featuring the United States men's national soccer team. ViacomCBS' simulcast of the episode across multiple other ViacomCBS networks added to those figures.

## Critical reception

Don Caffrey with *The A.V. Club* gave it a C+ rating, criticizing it as a "tired COVID joke", saying "It feels uninspired and just plain odd to see South Park symbolizing pandemic hysteria when the show tackled it in a much more literal fashion less than two months ago." Caffrey also observed that the pajamas in the episode were being used as a metaphor for objections to wearing masks during the COVID pandemic, stating "about halfway through, it becomes clear that the pajamas are a stand-in for masks during COVID-19—a joke that immediately deflates."

Charles Bramesco with *The Guardian* was critical of the episode, stating in his review "Parker and Stone continue to thrive on the non-commentary that their strategy of partial metaphor affords them, hiding behind the joke once it comes time to make a statement beyond the broadly agreeable. The divisiveness of pajama-wearing allows them to get a few good blows in, as in the scene that sees an anti-pajama-er declaring that he'll never be cozy again, a succinct summation of the self-defeating 'own the libs' philosophy currently dominating conservative thought."

Liz Shannon Miller with *Consequence* enjoyed the simplicity of the episode. In her review, she commented "What makes this such an effective season opener, though, is the fact that those touches of old-school *South Park* are accompanied by the usual sorts of evidence that this episode was written extremely recently...Hearts have been broken and lives ruined in the quest to do what's achieved here so easily: A funny story, well told."

Justin Epps of Bubbleblabber enjoyed the episode, giving it an 8.0 out of 10 and praising it for a smooth return to the normal episode format after two years of specials. During his review, he writes that "the show was extremely satisfying", and that "With a new crop of episodes and a few more specials heading to Paramount+, *South Park* fans should hold their head high with confidence that the 25th season shows no signs of declining quality."

## InfoBox

| "**Pajama Day**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *South Park* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 25
Episode 1 |
| Directed by | Trey Parker |
| Written by | Trey Parker |
| Featured music | "Pajama Time!"
by The Laurie Berkner Band |
| Production code | 2501 |
| Original air date | February 2, 2022 (2022-02-02) |
|
|


title: Reightown, Pennsylvania

abstract: Reightown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census. The CDP is in northern Blair County, in the central part of Antis Township. It is bordered to the north and east by the borough of Bellwood, and the city of Altoona is 7 miles (11 km) to the southwest. Reightown sits in the valley of Bells Gap Run, which rises on the Allegheny Front and flows southeast to the Little Juniata River at Bellwood.

text:
# Reightown, Pennsylvania

**Reightown** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

The CDP is in northern Blair County, in the central part of Antis Township. It is bordered to the north and east by the borough of Bellwood, and the city of Altoona is 7 miles (11 km) to the southwest. Reightown sits in the valley of Bells Gap Run, which rises on the Allegheny Front and flows southeast to the Little Juniata River at Bellwood.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 378 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## InfoBox

| Reightown, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| ReightownReightown | |
| Coordinates: 40°36′08″N 78°20′39″W / 40.60222°N 78.34417°W / 40.60222; -78.34417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Blair |
| Township | Antis |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.24 sq mi (0.63 km2) |
| Land | 0.24 sq mi (0.62 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,116 ft (340 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 378 |
| Density | 1,568.46/sq mi (606.35/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 16686 (Tyrone)
16617 (Bellwood) |
| Area code(s) | 814/582 |
| FIPS code | 42-64080 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2805550 |


title: Agourai

abstract: Agourai is a town in El Hajeb Province, Fès-Meknès, Morocco. According to the 2014 census, it has a population of 16,291. Zip code=51050

text:
# Agourai

**Agourai** is a town in El Hajeb Province, Fès-Meknès, Morocco. According to the 2014 census, it has a population of 16,291. Zip code=51050

## InfoBox

| Agourai | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Nickname: Grwawa | |
| Agourai | |
| Coordinates: 33°38′N 5°35′W / 33.633°N 5.583°W / 33.633; -5.583 | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Fès-Meknès |
| Province | El Hajeb Province |
| Elevation | 3,054 ft (931 m) |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 16,291 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Radu Lefter

abstract: Radu Gabriel Lefter is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Lefter played all his career for Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț, becoming a legendary player of this club.

text:
# Radu Lefter

**Radu Gabriel Lefter** (born 17 February 1970) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Lefter played all his career for Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț, becoming a legendary player of this club.

## InfoBox

Radu Lefter
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Radu Gabriel Lefter | | |
| Date of birth | (1970-02-17) 17 February 1970 | | |
| Place of birth | Bacău, Romania | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1977–1982 | Letea Bacău | | |
| 1982–1992 | LPS Bacău | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1992–2004 | Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț | 229 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2008–2016 | Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț (GK coach) | | |
| 2016 | Rapid București (assistant) | | |
| 2016–2017 | Al-Taawoun (GK coach) | | |
| 2017 | Al-Fayha (GK coach) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 5 December 2017 | | | |


title: Youth (1917 film)

abstract: Youth is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by Romaine Fielding and starring Carlyle Blackwell, June Elvidge and Johnny Hines.

text:
# Youth (1917 film)

***Youth*** is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by Romaine Fielding and starring Carlyle Blackwell, June Elvidge and Johnny Hines.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Ann Catherine Paietta & Jean L. Kauppila. *Health Professionals on Screen*. Scarecrow Press, 1999.

## InfoBox

| Youth | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Romaine Fielding |
| Written by | Roy S. Sensabaugh |
| Produced by | William A. Brady |
| Starring | Carlyle Blackwell
June Elvidge
Johnny Hines |
| Cinematography | William S. Cooper |
| Production
company | World Film |
| Distributed by | World Film |
| Release date | * August 6, 1917 (1917-08-06) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: William Cremor

abstract: Brigadier William Edward Cremor, was an Australian Army officer and school teacher. He served during the First and Second World Wars, commanding a number of artillery units.

text:
# William Cremor

Brigadier **William Edward Cremor**, CBE, ED (12 December 1897 – 11 April 1962) was an Australian Army officer and school teacher. He served during the First and Second World Wars, commanding a number of artillery units.

## Early life

Cremor was born on 12 December 1897 at Sandringham in Melbourne to railway porter William Edward Cremor and Jane, *née* Phelan. His early education took place at Footscray State School up to 1911 when he began at St. Joseph's CBC North Melbourne, later St. Joseph's College Melbourne. During his first year there he achieved Dux of class and in subsequent years earned distinctions in Algebra, French and History. Early in 1914 he completed his examination to become a clerk in the Victorian Public Service and in 1915 was transferred to the Commonwealth Department of Trade and Customs.

## Military career

On 11 December 1917 Cremor enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and served briefly in France in late 1918 with the 3rd Field Artillery Brigade. He was discharged from the AIF on 8 November 1919 and obtained a commission in the Militia in November 1920. He studied at the University of Melbourne, from which he would eventually receive a Bachelor of Arts in 1945.

### Interwar period

In 1923 Cremor began working as an English teacher at Footscray Technical School, and in 1927 became secretary of the Victorian Teachers' Union, rising to president in 1930. He resigned from the union in 1934 and was appointed secretary of the Victorian Dried Fruits Board. He continued serving with the Militia and was promoted lieutenant colonel on 1 May 1936, with command of the 10th Field Brigade of the Royal Australian Artillery.

### Second World War

In October 1939 Cremor rejoined the AIF and commanded the 2/2nd Field Artillery Regiment in the Middle East from April 1940. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1941 for his service in the Western Desert Campaign. His regiment served in Greece and Crete from March to May 1941. During the latter stages of the Battle of Crete, Cremor was placed in command of an amalgamation of units, including his own, which was designated Cremor Force. His command was effectively fighting as infantry. Following the battle, he and his men embarked for Egypt. He returned to Australia in August 1942, where he was given command of the 3rd Division's artillery units and promoted temporary brigadier. He contested the seat of Fawkner at the 1943 federal election as an independent candidate, advocating a unified army. He would win 22% of the vote.

Cremor then served in the South West Pacific Area as commander of the Royal Australian Artillery, I Corps from October 1943 to May 1944, followed by a six-month period in command of the Royal Australian Artillery, New Guinea Force. He then held the equivalent post in II Corps from October 1944 to April 1945. On 12 April he was transferred to the Reserve of Officers and appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services in the South-West Pacific.

## Later life

In 1945 Cremor became the University of Melbourne's guidance officer for ex-service students, and wrote a regular column in *The Argus*. In 1949 he was appointed to the Teachers' Tribunal as government representative, and he edited the history of his regiment, *Action Front*, in 1961.

Cremor died at Heidelberg in 1962 and was cremated.

* Long, Gavin (1953). *Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1, Vol. 2: Greece, Crete and Syria*. Canberra, Australia: Australian War Memorial.

## InfoBox

| William Edward Cremor | |
| --- | --- |
| Brigadier William Cremor in February 1944 | |
| Born | (1897-12-12)12 December 1897
Sandringham, Victoria |
| Died | 11 April 1962(1962-04-11) (aged 64)
Heidelberg, Victoria |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Service/branch | Australian Army |
| Years of service | 1917–1945 |
| Rank | Brigadier |
| Service number | VX86 |
| Unit | 3rd Field Artillery Brigade (1918) |
| Commands | Royal Artillery, II Corps (1944–45)
Royal Artillery, I Corps (1943–44)
6th Divisional Artillery (1943)
3rd Divisional Artillery (1942–43)
2/2nd Field Artillery Regiment (1940–42)
10th Field Artillery Brigade (1936–39) |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Efficiency Decoration |
| Other work | Educationist |