title: Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika

abstract: Prince Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika is a Zambian politician and businessman with a princely title. He was a founding member of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy. During Rupiah Banda's presidency, he served as a Presidential Advisor for Political Affairs. His sister Princess Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika is also a diplomat and politician who stood to be President in 2001.

text:
# Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika

**Prince Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika** (born 4 February 1948) is a Zambian politician and businessman with a princely title. He was a founding member of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy. During Rupiah Banda's presidency, he served as a Presidential Advisor for Political Affairs. His sister Princess Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika is also a diplomat and politician who stood to be President in 2001.

## Works

* "Hour for Reunion: Movement for Multiparty Democracy; Conception, Dissension and Reconciliation"


title: Minnesota Senate, District 3

abstract: District 3 of the Minnesota Senate encompasses Lake and Cook counties, as well as part of St. Louis County. It is currently represented by Grant Hauschild of the DFL, who was elected in 2022.

text:
# Minnesota Senate, District 3

**District 3** of the Minnesota Senate encompasses Lake and Cook counties, as well as part of St. Louis County. It is currently represented by Grant Hauschild of the DFL, who was elected in 2022.

## List of senators

| Session | Senator | Party | Term start | Term end | Home | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | Henry G. Bailly | Democratic | December 2, 1857 | December 6, 1859 | Hastings | Dakota |
| | Dennis William Chauncey Dunwell | Non-partisan | | | West St. Paul | |
| 2nd | | A.H. Norris | December 12, 1859 | January 7, 1861 | Hastings | |
| | | | | | Eli Robinson | |
| 3rd | | Seth Gibbs | January 8, 1861 | January 1, 1862 | Clearwater | Aitkin Andy Johnson (defunct)
Becker
Breckenridge (defunct)
Buchanan (defunct)
Carlton
Cass
Clay
Crow Wing
Douglas
Itasca
Lake
Morrison
Otter Tail
Pembina (defunct)
Polk
Pope
St. Louis
Stearns
Todd
Toombs (defunct)
Wadena
Wilkin |
| 4th | Sylvanus Lowry | Democratic | January 2, 1862 | February 22, 1862 | | St. Cloud |
| | William S. Moore | Non-partisan | September 10, 1862 | January 4, 1863 | |
| | | | | 5th | |
| 6th | Joseph P. Wilson | Democratic | January 5, 1863 | January 2, 1865 | |
| 7th | Louis A. Evans | | January 3, 1865 | January 1, 1866 | |
| 8th | Reuben M. Richardson | Non-partisan | January 2, 1866 | January 7, 1867 | | Torah? |
| 9th | Louis A. Evans | Democratic | January 8, 1867 | January 6, 1868 | | St. Cloud |
| 10th | Charles Andrew Gilman | Republican | January 7, 1868 | January 3, 1870 | |
| 11th | | | | | |
| 12th | William Chester Waite | Non-partisan | January 4, 1870 | January 1, 1872 | |
| 13th | | | | | |
| 14th | John Quincy Farmer | Republican | January 2, 1872 | January 6, 1873 | Spring Valley | Fillmore |
| 15th | William Meighen | | January 7, 1873 | January 1, 1877 | Forestville | |
| 16th | | | | ||
| 17th | | | | ||
| 18th | | | | ||
| 19th | Charles G. Edwards | | January 2, 1877 | January 6, 1879 | Spring Valley | |
| 20th | | | | ||
| 21st | Calvin Siscoe Powers | Non-partisan | January 7, 1879 | January 1, 1883 | Fountain | |
| 22nd | | | | | | |
| 23rd | William L. Hollister | Republican | January 2, 1883 | ? | Austin | Mower |
| | Vacant |  | ? | January 6, 1885 | | |
| 24th | W.T. Wilkins | Non-partisan | January 6, 1885 | January 3, 1887 | | |
| 25th | Otis W. Gibson | Democratic | January 4, 1887 | January 5, 1891 | | |
| 26th | | | | | | |
| 27th | Oscar Ayers | Republican | January 6, 1891 | January 7, 1895 | | |
| 28th | | | | | | |
| 29th | Sam Sweningson | | January 8, 1895 | January 2, 1899 | | |
| 30th | | | || |
| 31st | Allen J. Greer | | January 3, 1899 | January 5, 1903 | Lake City | Wabasha |
| 32nd | | | | | |
| 33rd | Lytle O. Cooke | | January 6, 1903 | | | January 4, 1915 |
| 34th | | | | | |
| 35th | | | | | |
| 36th | | | | | |
| 37th | | | | | |
| 38th | | | | | |
| 39th | James A. Carley | Democratic | January 5, 1915 | January 5, 1931 | | Plainview |
| 40th | | | | | |
| 41st | | | | | |
| 42nd | | | | | |
| 43rd | | | | | |
| 44th | | | | | |
| 45th | | | | | |
| 46th | | | | | |
| 47th | Blake C. Fisk, Sr. | Non-partisan | January 6, 1931 | January 7, 1935 | | Wabasha |
| 48th | | | | | |
| 49th | James A. Carley | Democratic | January 8, 1935 | May 14, 1952 | | Plainview |
| 50th | | | | | |
| 51st | | | | | |
| 52nd | | | | | |
| 53rd | | | | | |
| 54th | | DFL | | | |
| 55th | || | |
| 56th | || | |
| 57th | || | |
| | Vacant |  | May 14, 1952 | January 5, 1953 | |
| 58th | Robert R. Dunlap | Conservative | January 6, 1953 | January 2, 1967 | |
| 59th | | | | | |
| 60th | | | | | |
| 61st | | | | | |
| 62nd | | | | | |
| 63rd | | | | | | Olmsted Wabasha |
| 64th | | | | | |
| 65th | Cliff Sommer | | January 3, 1967 | January 4, 1971 | Owatonna | Dodge Olmsted
Steele |
| 66th | | | | | |
| 67th | Mel Frederick | | January 5, 1971 | January 1, 1973 | | West Concord |
| 68th | Norbert P. Arnold, Jr. | Liberal | January 2, 1973 | January 3, 1977 | Pengilly | Beltrami Itasca
Koochiching |
| 69th | | | | | | |
| 70th | Bob Lessard | DFL | January 4, 1977 | January 2, 2001 | International Falls | |
| 71st | | | | | | |
| 72nd | | | | | | |
| 73rd | | | | | | Itasca Koochiching |
| 74th | | | | | |
| 75th | | | | | |
| 76th | | | | | |
| 77th | | | | | |
| 78th | | | | | | Aitkin Itasca
Koochiching
St. Louis |
| 79th | | | | | |
| 80th | | | | | |
| 81st | | | | | |
| 82nd | | Independence | January 2, 2001 | January 6, 2003 | |
| 83rd | Tom Saxhaug | DFL | January 7, 2003 | January 7, 2013 | Grand Rapids | Aitkin Itasca
Koochiching
Lake of the Woods |
| 84th | | | | | | |
| 85th | | | | | | |
| 86th | | | | | | |
| 87th | | | | | | |
| 88th | Tom Bakk | | January 8, 2013 | January 2, 2023 | Cook | Cook Koochiching
Lake
St. Louis |
| 89th | | | | | |
| 90th | | | | | |
| 91st | | | | | | Independent |
| 92nd | | | | | |
| 93rd | Grant Hauschild | DFL | January 3, 2023 | Incumbent | Hermantown | Cook Itasca
Koochiching
Lake
St. Louis |

1. "Grant Hauschild (Minnesota)". *Ballotpedia*. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
2. "Bailly, Henry G. - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
3. "Dunwell, Dennis William Chauncey "D.W.C." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
4. "Norris, A. H. - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
5. "Robinson, Eli - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
6. "Gibbs, Oscar C. "O.C." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
7. "Lowry, Sylvanus B. "S.B." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
8. Resigned after being institutionalized
9. "Moore, William S. "W.S." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
10. "Evans, Louis A. "L.A." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
11. "Richardson, Reuben M. "R.M." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
12. "Gilman, Charles Andrew "C.A." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
13. "Waite, Henry Chester "H.C." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
14. "Farmer, John Quincy "J.Q." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
15. "Meighen, William "Wm." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
16. "Edwards, Charles G. "C.G., G.C." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
17. "Powers, Calvin Siscoe "C.S." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
18. "Hollister, William L. "Wm., W.L." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
19. Resigned
20. "Wilkins, W. T. - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
21. "Gibson, Otis W. "O.W." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
22. "Ayers, Oscar - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
23. "Sweningsen, Sam - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
24. "Greer, Allen J. - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
25. "Cooke, Lytle O. "L.O." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
26. "Carley, James A. - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
27. "Fisk, Sr., Blake C. "B.C." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
28. "Dunlap, Robert Rankin - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
29. "Sommer, Clifford C. "Cliff" - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
30. "Frederick, Mel - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
31. "Arnold, Norbert P. - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
32. "Lessard, Bob B. - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
33. "Saxhaug, Tom - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
34. "Bakk, Thomas M. "Tom" - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present".
35. "Iron Range senators Bakk, Tomassoni break with DFL to form independent caucus". November 18, 2020.

*Our Campaigns - United States - Minnesota - MN State Senate - MN State Senate 03*. (2018). *Ourcampaigns.com*. Retrieved 2 July 2018, from https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerDetail.html?ContainerID=14286

## InfoBox

| Minnesota's 3rd
State Senate district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Senator | Grant Hauschild
DFLHermantown |
| Demographics | 92.5% White
0.9% Black
1.7% Hispanic
0.6% Asian
2.5% Native American
\<0.1% Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
0.9% Other
2.6% Multiracial |
| Population (2020) | 78,683 |


title: Willis Hudlin

abstract: George Willis Hudlin was an American Major League Baseball pitcher for, most notably, the Cleveland Indians from 1926 to 1940. Hudlin did not pitch more than 10 games with any other team, although he played with three others. In 1940, Hudlin became one of the few players to compete on four different major league teams in the same year. Hudlin's career statistics include a 158–156 record, with a 4.41 ERA. He had 677 strikeouts in 26131⁄3 career innings pitched. Hudlin was the pitcher who gave up Babe Ruth's 500th home run. Hudlin was a good hitting pitcher in his career, recording a.201 batting average (180-for-894) with 76 runs, 5 home runs, 69 RBI and 52 bases on balls. Hudlin's pitch selection included a well-known sinker, a fastball, curveball and a changeup. He occasionally threw sidearm or with an underhand "dip of the wrist", though he threw overhand most often. After Hudlin finished playing in the majors, he was a manager for the minor league Little Rock Travelers and pitching coach for the Detroit Tigers under skippers Jack Tighe, Bill Norman and Jimmy Dykes (1957–59). Hudlin later became a scout for the New York Yankees, for whom he even scouted his own son, James, who was given a contract to play professionally, but was drafted to serve in the Vietnam War. James Hudlin's pitch selection was a knuckleball, slider, curveball, and sinker, as well as a two-seam fastball which topped out at 102 mph (164 km/h). Willis Hudlin was a member of the Army Air Forces during World War II as a flight instructor. He died in Little Rock, Arkansas, at the age of 96, and was interred in Hazelhurst Cemetery, Hazelhursrt, Copiah County, Mississippi.

text:
# Willis Hudlin

**George Willis Hudlin** (May 23, 1906 – August 5, 2002) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher for, most notably, the Cleveland Indians from 1926 to 1940. Hudlin did not pitch more than 10 games with any other team, although he played with three others.

In 1940, Hudlin became one of the few players to compete on four different major league teams in the same year (Cleveland Indians, Washington Senators, New York Giants, and the St. Louis Browns).

Hudlin's career statistics include a 158–156 record, with a 4.41 ERA. He had 677 strikeouts in 261313 career innings pitched.

Hudlin was the pitcher who gave up Babe Ruth's 500th home run.

Hudlin was a good hitting pitcher in his career, recording a .201 batting average (180-for-894) with 76 runs, 5 home runs, 69 RBI and 52 bases on balls.

Hudlin's pitch selection included a well-known sinker, a fastball, curveball and a changeup. He occasionally threw sidearm or with an underhand "dip of the wrist", though he threw overhand most often.

After Hudlin finished playing in the majors, he was a manager for the minor league Little Rock Travelers and pitching coach for the Detroit Tigers under skippers Jack Tighe, Bill Norman and Jimmy Dykes (1957–59).

Hudlin later became a scout for the New York Yankees, for whom he even scouted his own son, James, who was given a contract to play professionally, but was drafted to serve in the Vietnam War. James Hudlin's pitch selection was a knuckleball, slider, curveball, and sinker, as well as a two-seam fastball which topped out at 102 mph (164 km/h).

Willis Hudlin was a member of the Army Air Forces during World War II as a flight instructor. He died in Little Rock, Arkansas, at the age of 96, and was interred in Hazelhurst Cemetery, Hazelhursrt, Copiah County, Mississippi.

## InfoBox

| Willis Hudlin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1906-05-23)May 23, 1906
Wagoner, Oklahoma, U.S. | |
| **Died:** August 5, 2002(2002-08-05) (aged 96)
Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 15, 1926, for the Cleveland Indians | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| August 31, 1944, for the St. Louis Browns | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 158–156 |
| Earned run average | 4.41 |
| Strikeouts | 677 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Paulius Galaunė

abstract: Paulius Galaunė was a Lithuanian art historian, museum curator, and graphic artist. He was one of the first professional museum curators in Lithuania and was well-published on topics of Lithuanian folk art. The apartment of Galaunė and his wife Adelė Nezabitauskaitė, an opera singer, was converted into the Galaunė Family Museum in 1995, and contains his personal belongings as well as his works. It is part of the M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum. He was buried in Petrašiūnai Cemetery.

text:
# Paulius Galaunė

**Paulius Galaunė** (January 25, 1890 in Pagelažiai near Ukmergė – October 18, 1988 in Kaunas) was a Lithuanian art historian, museum curator, and graphic artist. He was one of the first professional museum curators in Lithuania and was well-published on topics of Lithuanian folk art. The apartment of Galaunė and his wife Adelė Nezabitauskaitė, an opera singer, was converted into the Galaunė Family Museum in 1995, and contains his personal belongings as well as his works. It is part of the M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum. He was buried in Petrašiūnai Cemetery.

## Career

Between 1910 and 1913, Galaunė studied at the Institute of Psychoneurology in University of St. Petersburg. He studied art in St. Petersburg (Drawing School of the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts) and Moscow. In 1914 he worked at *Aušrinė* magazine. Upon return to Lithuania in 1918, he worked the National Museum of Lithuania until 1923, when he took an internship at the Louvre to study museology. In 1924 he was appointed as director of the M. K. Čiurlionis Gallery. He remained at the post until 1949, overseeing its transformation into the Vytautas the Great Museum in 1936 and M. K. Čiurlionis Art Museum in 1944. As the museum director, he brought back dispersed works of M. K. Čiurlionis to house them in a specialized museum. Galaunė was also a member of the State Commission of Archaeology from 1919–1925 and 1930–1936. He organized folk art exhibitions in Italy (1925), France (1927), Sweden, Norway, Denmark (1931). He taught at the University of Lithuania (1925–1939), Vilnius University (1940–1946), and Vilnius Academy of Art (1945–1950).

## Works

As an artist, Galaunė created graphics, book covers and illustrations, headpieces, bookplates. His works often featured fantastic content and had secessionist features. He also collected, studies, systemized folk and professional art. One of his most important academic works, *Lietuvių liaudies menas* (Lithuanian Folk Art), was published in 1930. The book, co-authored with Justinas Vienožinskis, was translated into French and Swedish. Another major publication was a six-volume album *Lietuvių liaudies menas* (1956–1968). Galaunė also prepared and published albums of works of medieval paintings (1926), Lithuanian wood carvers (1927), M. K. Čiurlionis (1927), Mečislovas Bulaka (1936), Adomas Galdikas (1969).

## Awards

Galaunė received the following awards:


title: Richard de Beresford

abstract: Richard de Beresford or Bereford was an English-born cleric and judge who held high political office in Ireland in the early fourteenth century as Lord High Treasurer of Ireland and Lord Chancellor of Ireland.

text:
# Richard de Beresford

**Richard de Beresford or Bereford** (died after 1318) was an English-born cleric and judge who held high political office in Ireland in the early fourteenth century as Lord High Treasurer of Ireland and Lord Chancellor of Ireland.

## Early career

Elrington Ball states that he was a cousin of William Bereford, the English Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1309-1326, although this relationship has been questioned. The Bereford family came from Barford in Warwickshire. Edmund of Barford or de Bereford was Serjeant-at-law (Ireland) in 1357-8, but it is unclear if he belonged to this family. Richard is first heard of in 1283, when he was collecting taxes in Worcestershire; in 1284 he was in the service of the Bishop of Salisbury. In 1291 he became vicar of St. Mary's, Shenley in Buckinghamshire and held the living till his death. He later complained of theft and serious damage to his property at Shenley. The village is now a part of Milton Keynes.

## Career in Ireland

He first came to Ireland in 1300 as Treasurer of Ireland and held that office until 1308. In 1302-3 he was appointed to supervise the weirs on the River Liffey between Dublin and Leixlip, with instructions to inquire from the "worthy gentlemen" of County Dublin and County Kildare as to how they had been maintained, and to remove any damaging items from the weirs.

He was one of five senior Crown officials who were given a royal commission to treat with the Irish magnates for service in the war with Scotland. His conduct as Treasurer came in for serious criticism: shortly after his departure from Ireland Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer, complained in the Justiciar's Court that Richard had unlawfully seized money and goods to the value of four hundred pounds which should have come to Ralph on the death of his wife Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I, in 1307. The Justiciar ordered repayment to Ralph of the full amount claimed, which suggests that Beresford's conduct was questionable at least.

In 1305 Geoffrey de Morton, lately Lord Mayor of Dublin, brought a series of lawsuits against Beresford. Beresford filed a counterclaim accusing Morton of corruption. Morton in later years became notorious for his malfeasance and unscrupulous business practices. Nonetheless, Beresford was removed as Treasurer and a commission of oyer and terminer was set up to adjudicate on Morton's claims, and unrelated accusations by Geoffrey de Geneville, 1st Baron Geneville, concerning Beresford's interference with Geneville's liberties in his barony of Trim, County Meath. Beresford was found guilty and imprisoned in Dublin Castle, but apparently succeeded in having the guilty verdict reversed. He is next heard of at Westminster having his accounts audited.

Beresford was Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1314 to August 1317. He was also a justice of assize for six English counties.

He was last heard of in his official capacity in August 1317. He died after 1318, when he was still serving as vicar of Shenley.


abstract: The Parti de l'alliance municipale (PAM), also known as the Alliance municipale de Saint-Léonard, was a municipal political party in the suburban community of Saint-Leonard in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in the 1970s and 1980s. The dominant party on council from 1978 to 1981, it went through a period of decline before dissolving in 1986. PAM won seven out of twelve seats on Saint-Leonard city council in the 1978 municipal election, although PAM mayoral candidate André Chrétien was narrowly defeated by Michel Bissonnet of the Équipe du renouveau de la cité de Saint-Léonard. Bissonnet led a minority administration for three years before resigning to run for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; he was succeeded by Antonio di Ciocco, an Équipe du renouveau member whose victory led to a realignment of municipal political alliances. The 1982 municipal election was a disappointment for PAM. Its mayoral candidate, Rosaire Rivest, finished third against di Ciocco, and Chrétien was the party's only candidate to be returned to council. PAM did not field a candidate in a by-election that followed di Ciocco's unexpected death in 1984; Rivest and Chrétien explained that they did not want to oversee a minority administration and would instead seek to perform effectively in opposition for the next two years. In March 1986, Chrétien indicated that PAM and other opposition parties were holding discussions about a possible alliance. PAM dissolved in 1986, and many of its leading members, including Chrétien, joined the Équipe démocratique de Saint-Léonard.

text:
# Parti de l'alliance municipale (Saint-Leonard)

The **Parti de l'alliance municipale** (PAM), also known as the **Alliance municipale de Saint-Léonard**, was a municipal political party in the suburban community of Saint-Leonard in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in the 1970s and 1980s. The dominant party on council from 1978 to 1981, it went through a period of decline before dissolving in 1986.

PAM won seven out of twelve seats on Saint-Leonard city council in the 1978 municipal election, although PAM mayoral candidate André Chrétien was narrowly defeated by Michel Bissonnet of the Équipe du renouveau de la cité de Saint-Léonard. Bissonnet led a minority administration for three years before resigning to run for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; he was succeeded by Antonio di Ciocco, an Équipe du renouveau member whose victory led to a realignment of municipal political alliances.

The 1982 municipal election was a disappointment for PAM. Its mayoral candidate, Rosaire Rivest, finished third against di Ciocco, and Chrétien was the party's only candidate to be returned to council. PAM did not field a candidate in a by-election that followed di Ciocco's unexpected death in 1984; Rivest and Chrétien explained that they did not want to oversee a minority administration and would instead seek to perform effectively in opposition for the next two years. In March 1986, Chrétien indicated that PAM and other opposition parties were holding discussions about a possible alliance.

PAM dissolved in 1986, and many of its leading members, including Chrétien, joined the Équipe démocratique de Saint-Léonard.

1. "East-end councillors cite bribe offers to sway votes," *Montreal Gazette*, 17 July 1978, p. 11.
2. *Le Journal de Saint-Léonard*, 9 November 1982, pp. 2-4.
3. Rosaire Rivest and André Chrétien, "Le PAM explique pourquoi il ne présente pas de candidat à l'élection à la mairie", *Il Settimanale*, 11 September 1984.
4. Debbie Parkes, "Opposition candidates reject new St. Leonard political party," *Montreal Gazette*, 27 March 1986, p. 9.
5. "New party picks slate for vote in St. Leonard," *Montreal Gazette*, 16 October 1986, p. 6.


title: Rhynchocypris oxyrhynchus

abstract: Rhynchocypris oxyrhynchus is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is native to the Korean peninsula, China and Russia.

text:
# Rhynchocypris oxyrhynchus

***Rhynchocypris oxyrhynchus*** is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is native to the Korean peninsula, China and Russia.

## InfoBox

| *Rhynchocypris oxyrhynchus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Leuciscidae |
| Genus: | *Rhynchocypris* |
| Species: | ***R. oxyrhynchus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhynchocypris oxyrhynchus***
(Mori, 1930) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Moroco oxyrhynchus* * *Phoxinus oxyrhynchus* (Mori, 1930) | |


title: Air Liquide (band)

abstract: Air Liquide is a German electronic band composed of Ingmar Koch and Cem Oral that was formed in Frankfurt in 1991. Koch and Oral continued to record together under the pseudonyms Madonna 303 and Jammin' Unit & Walker.

text:
# Air Liquide (band)

**Air Liquide** is a German electronic band composed of Ingmar Koch (a.k.a. "Dr Walker") and Cem Oral (a.k.a. "Jammin' Unit") that was formed in Frankfurt in 1991. Koch and Oral continued to record together under the pseudonyms Madonna 303 and Jammin' Unit & Walker.

## History

Oral and Koch in 1991 met at a recording studio in Frankfurt. After a variety of jam sessions in Koch Studio, the duo released *Neue Frankfurter Elektronik Schule*. Lyrics and vocals for some songs was contributed by Koch's former girlfriend Mary Susan Applegate. Air Liquide was in the mid-1990s especially known for their live performances. The band broke up in 2005 after the previous year's album *Let Your Ears Be the Receiver*. The duo has continued to reunite and perform at various festivals since 2012.

## Discography

* *Neue Frankfurter Elektronik Schule* (1991)
* *Liquid Air EP* (1992)
* *Air Liquide* (1993)
* *Mandragora* (1993)
* *Robot Wars* (1994)
* *Nephology* (1994)
* *If There Was No Gravity* (1994)
* *Space Brothers* (1994)
* *The Mercury EP*
* *The Increased Difficulty of Concentration* (1994)
* *Abuse Your Illusions* (1995)
* *Live in New York City 1994* (1995)
* *Red* (1995)
* *Black* (1995)
* *Stroboplastics* (1995)
* *Sonic Weather Machine* (1995)
* *Homicidal Diary* (1997)
* *Uludag* (1998)
* *Reissued: Mandragora & Liquid Air*  (1998)
* *Anybody Home?* (1999)
* *Lo Rider* (1999)
* *X* (2001)
* *Music is a Virus* (2002)
* *Let Your Ears Be the Receiver* (2004)
* *This Is a Mind Trip* (2019)

## InfoBox

| Air Liquide | |
| --- | --- |
| Cem Oral (left) and Ingmar Koch | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Cologne, Germany |
| Genres | Acid house
Ambient techno
Trance
Experimental |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Labels | Structure
Rising High
Sm:)e Communications
Blue
Harvest |
|  | |
| Members | Ingmar Koch
Cem Oral |
|  | |
| Past members | Mary Applegate |


title: Zajezierze, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Zajezierze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łobez, within Łobez County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Łobez and 79 km (49 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

text:
# Zajezierze, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Zajezierze** \[zajɛˈʑɛʐɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łobez, within Łobez County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Łobez and 79 km (49 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

## InfoBox

| Zajezierze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zajezierze - church | |
| Zajezierze | |
| Coordinates: 53°35′N 15°44′E / 53.583°N 15.733°E / 53.583; 15.733 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | West Pomeranian |
| County | Łobez |
| Gmina | Łobez |


title: Redbird (John Zorn album)

abstract: Redbird is an album of contemporary classical music by American composer and saxophonist/multi-instrumentalist John Zorn consisting of two tribute compositions for artist Agnes Martin.

text:
# Redbird (John Zorn album)

***Redbird*** is an album of contemporary classical music by American composer and saxophonist/multi-instrumentalist John Zorn consisting of two tribute compositions for artist Agnes Martin.

## Reception

The Allmusic review by Satcia Proefrock awarded the album 4 stars stating "*Redbird* captures that sense in music and, in its continuity, becomes one of Zorn's most effective tributes. As always, Zorn has managed to collect a group of extremely talented musicians, and their execution of this album makes it even more perfect".

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by John Zorn*

1. "Dark River" - 8:51
2. "Redbird" - 41:01

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Redbird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by John Zorn | |
| Released | September 19, 1995 |
| Recorded | 1995 |
| Genre | Avant-garde, contemporary classical music |
| Length | 49:52 |
| Label | Tzadik TZ 7008 |
| Producer | John Zorn |
| John Zorn chronology | |
| *First Recordings 1973*
(1995) ***Redbird***
(1995) *Nani Nani*
(1995) | |


title: Mine de rien

abstract: Mine de rien is a French Comedy directed by Mathias Mlekuz, released in 2020.

text:
# Mine de rien

***Mine de rien*** is a French Comedy directed by Mathias Mlekuz, released in 2020.

## Plot

In a small town in northern France, a long-running mine is closing work, leaving dozens of people without jobs. Not giving up, following the relocation of the company that promised to rehire them, the workers hold a sit-in in front of the site. Faced with a dilemma of the town's mayor, who threatens to seize the land, they come up with the idea to transform the old mine into an amusement park.

## Cast

* Arnaud Ducret: Arnault
* Philippe Rebbot: Di Lello
* Mélanie Bernier: Stella
* Hélène Vincent: Thérèse, Arnault's Mother
* Rufus: Roger Morels
* Marianne Garcia: Bernadette
* Cyril Aubin: René
* Rebecca Finet: The Mayor
* Mohamed Makhtoumi: Roschdy
* Josef Mlekuz: Kévin
* Philippe Cabrelli: Cédric, Bernadette's Son
* Sophie Bourdon: Isabelle, Arnault's Ex-Wife
* Patrick Rocca: Lucien Borowjack
* Anthony Lequet: Victor
* Yanis Richard: Johan
* Gaëlle Fraysse: Sarah, Di Lello's Wife
* François Godart: Jean-Frédéric
* Tassadit Mandi: Madame Zelmani, Roschdy's Mother
* Fabio Zenoni: Police Officer #1
* Laurent Dauvillée: Police Officer #2

## Inspiration

The director claims to have been inspired by the comedies of Yves Robert, Ettore Scola, Peter Cattaneo, and Ernst Lubitsch.

## Filming

The filming took place from December to January 2019, primarily in Lens, Loos-en-Gohelle, and Liévin.

## Awards

## Box office

The film was released on February 26, 2020, in 304 theatres, and sold 14,598 tickets for its first day. The film's weekend opening sold a total of 67,070 tickers. The week following sold a total of 84,133.

The overall consensus was that the film had a weak opening, affected in part by the Coronavirus.

During its first free broadcast on television on the C8 channel, the film garnered a total of 810,000 viewers.

## InfoBox

| Mine de rien | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Mathias Mlekuz |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Marc-Etienne Schwartz |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Lucas Leconte |
| Music by | Matthieu Gonet |
| Production<br>company | M.E.S Productions |
| Distributed by | Orange Studio |
| Release dates | * 16 January 2020 (2020-01-16) (Alp d'Huez International Comedy Film Festival) * 26 February 2020 (2020-02-26) (France) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |
| Budget | $2.5 million |
| Box office | $865.000 |


title: William W. Destler

abstract: William Wallace Destler is an American university professor and administrator. In 2017 he retired after having served for exactly 10 years as the 9th president of the Rochester Institute of Technology. He held the position from July 1, 2007, succeeding Albert J. Simone. Previously, Destler was provost and senior vice president for student affairs at the University of Maryland, College Park from 2001 to 2007. He also served as a professor of electrical engineering in the college of engineering, dean of the graduate school (1999–2001), and dean of the engineering school (1994–1997) at Maryland. Destler received his bachelor's degree from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1968, and a Ph.D. in applied physics from Cornell University in 1972. His research specialized in "high-power microwave sources and advanced accelerator technologies". Destler collects antique banjos; the number of instruments in his collection is purportedly more than 160. Destler is also an amateur folk musician and is a founding member of the Baltimore Folk Music Society. Destler released his first record, September Sky, in 1973. It was re-released in 2010 as a CD in S. Korea. Destler also sang with the a capella trio, Rock Creek, with Wally Macnow and Thomas McHenry. He sang with them on Sharon Mountain Harmony on the Folk Legacy label and their self produced album Rock Creek. His latest CD, Would You Have Time, was released in 2016. More recently, Destler has gained an interest in hybrid and electric vehicles. His own vehicles, including a Toyota Prius, a Chevy Volt and Tesla Model S, are often on display during Imagine RIT, where Destler is more than happy to personally explain the technology behind the vehicles. In 2010, he approved the termination of RIT's quarter system, effectively switching the school to a semester system beginning in 2013. The decision was favored by the voting members of faculty and staff inside the Saunders College of Business, B. Thomas Golisano College of Computing & Information Sciences, College of Imaging Arts & Sciences, College of Liberal Arts, National Technical Institute for the Deaf, College of Science, Staff Council, and the RIT Student Government. It was opposed by voting members of the College of Applied Science & Technology, the Kate Gleason College of Engineering, the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, and the College of Science. 64% of students participating in an online poll voted to remain on the quarter system, while 18% voted for the semester system.

text:
# William W. Destler

**William Wallace Destler** (born August 26, 1946) is an American university professor and administrator. In 2017 he retired after having served for exactly 10 years as the 9th president of the Rochester Institute of Technology. He held the position from July 1, 2007, succeeding Albert J. Simone.

Previously, Destler was provost and senior vice president for student affairs at the University of Maryland, College Park from 2001 to 2007. He also served as a professor of electrical engineering in the college of engineering, dean of the graduate school (1999–2001), and dean of the engineering school (1994–1997) at Maryland.

Destler received his bachelor's degree from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1968, and a Ph.D. in applied physics from Cornell University in 1972. His research specialized in "high-power microwave sources and advanced accelerator technologies".

Destler collects antique banjos; the number of instruments in his collection is purportedly more than 160. Destler is also an amateur folk musician and is a founding member of the Baltimore Folk Music Society. Destler released his first record, *September Sky*, in 1973. It was re-released in 2010 as a CD in S. Korea. Destler also sang with the a capella trio, Rock Creek, with Wally Macnow and Thomas McHenry. He sang with them on *Sharon Mountain Harmony* on the Folk Legacy label and their self produced album *Rock Creek*. His latest CD, *Would You Have Time*, was released in 2016.

More recently, Destler has gained an interest in hybrid and electric vehicles. His own vehicles, including a Toyota Prius, a Chevy Volt and Tesla Model S, are often on display during Imagine RIT, where Destler is more than happy to personally explain the technology behind the vehicles.

In 2010, he approved the termination of RIT's quarter system, effectively switching the school to a semester system beginning in 2013. The decision was favored by the voting members of faculty and staff inside the Saunders College of Business, B. Thomas Golisano College of Computing & Information Sciences, College of Imaging Arts & Sciences, College of Liberal Arts, National Technical Institute for the Deaf, College of Science, Staff Council, and the RIT Student Government. It was opposed by voting members of the College of Applied Science & Technology, the Kate Gleason College of Engineering, the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, and the College of Science. 64% of students participating in an online poll voted to remain on the quarter system, while 18% voted for the semester system.

## Retirement

In an email to the entirety of the Rochester Institute of Technology, Destler announced his retirement from the presidency of RIT effective June 30, 2017. He was succeeded by Dr. David Munson Jr. who was previously the Robert J. Vlasic Dean of Engineering at the University of Michigan, where he served two 5 year terms.

## InfoBox

| William W. Destler | |
| --- | --- |
| President of RIT, William Destler | |
|  | |
| 9th President of the
Rochester Institute of Technology | |
| **In office**
July 1, 2007 (2007-07-01)  June 30, 2017 (2017-06-30) | |
| Preceded by | Albert J. Simone |
| Succeeded by | David C. Munson, Jr |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-08-26) 26 August 1946 |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Residence | United States |
| Alma mater | Stevens Institute of Technology
Cornell University |
|  | |


title: Mineiros do Tietê

abstract: Mineiros do Tietê is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 12,966 in an area of 213 km⁲ (82 sq mi). It is situated in the center of the state of São Paulo, near the following cities: Dois Córregos (9 km), Barra Bonita (13 km), Jaú (18 km), São Manuel (45 km), Torrinha (35 km), Igaraçu do Tietê (15 km), Lençois Paulista (46 km), Pederneiras (45 km) and Bauru (82 km). It is located at an altitude of 669 meters, near the Tietê River.

text:
# Mineiros do Tietê

**Mineiros do Tietê** is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 12,966 (2020 est.) in an area of 213 km2 (82 sq mi). It is situated in the center of the state of São Paulo, near the following cities: Dois Córregos (9 km), Barra Bonita (13 km), Jaú (18 km), São Manuel (45 km), Torrinha (35 km), Igaraçu do Tietê (15 km), Lençois Paulista (46 km), Pederneiras (45 km) and Bauru (82 km). It is located at an altitude of 669 meters, near the Tietê River.

## History

In the middle of the 19th century settlers from Minas Gerais came to the area. Therefore, the settlement was initially named *Barrio dos Mineiros*. Around 1875, a chapel was built and houses sprung up around it. In 1891 the village *Capela de Mineiros* became a district of the municipality Dois Córregos. In August 1899, it was elevated to town status, and it became an independent municipality with the name of Mineiros. Its name was changed to *Mineiros do Tietê* (after the Tietê River) in 1944.

## Media

In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

## InfoBox

| Mineiros do Tietê | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in São Paulo state | |
| Mineiros do TietêLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 22°24′34″S 48°27′02″W / 22.40944°S 48.45056°W / -22.40944; -48.45056 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | São Paulo |
| Area | |
| Total | 213 km2 (82 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 669 m (2,195 ft) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 12,966 |
| Density | 61/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Hamboards

abstract: Hamboards manufactures and sells rail-to-rail Surfskates, SUPskates, Paddles and Accessories. Most Hamboards are longer, wider and sit higher off the ground than conventional skateboards and longboards. Hamboards also turn much more than conventional skateboards. The enabling technology are the patented Hamboards Surfskate Trucks (HST), featuring 30 degrees of roll, which allows these huge boards to track and pump aggressive surf-style carving maneuvers. The patented Street Sweeper SUPskate Paddle flexes significantly, allowing the user to spring themselves along with comfort. The original Hamboards were intended to be ridden barefoot, like surfboards. Most promotional materials, such as videos show barefoot riders Pete Hamborg, a Huntington Beach Fireman and father of five boys, created the first Hamboards as a garage hobby to allow his sons to surf the pavement on days that the actual surf was too big or too small. Years of tinkering and optimization led to the first Hamboards assembled in bulk. The design comprised bamboo or birch decks, fitted with commercially available branded trucks, wheels and bearings. For the next several years, Hamboards were assembled by friends and family from a small shop in Huntington Beach where they were also sold locally. This configuration worked reasonably well, at small scale, except for the nagging design flaw inherent in the trucks which were never designed for the enormous loads imparted by the huge and wide Hamboards decks. Years later, as the demands of running a small business became burdensome, in January 2012, Pete enlisted his east coast cousin Don Sandusky who was an experienced entrepreneur, engineer, inventor and sporting goods executive. An asset purchase agreement was executed with Pete and Hamboards Holdings, LLC was formed. Within a year of forming an actual company, Hamboards was featured on Shark Tank on ABC, Season 5, Episode 4, which aired on October 12, 2013. Businessman Robert Herjavec offered $300K in exchange for a 30% stake in the company. The terms of the actual arrangement is bound by confidential terms. Notwithstanding, the television segment was popular and enjoyed multiple reruns, launching the brand around the world. The conversion from garage hobby to business was a challenging scale exercise. Hamboards started as a family operated, local specialty skateboard retail shop in Huntington Beach, CA and rapidly transformed into an international direct to consumer online business, that produced several variations of the longboard and skateboard, including The Classic, Pinger, Logger, Fish, Huntington Hop, Pescadito, Biscuit and Street Sweeper skate poles. During the following five years, the company derived mass-produced manufacturing, its own online retail sales channel, and its own content production capability. In 2016 the company accepted its first equity investment from a Southern California investor. Within the year, the investor changed his mind, demanding his investment returned. This was a pivotal vertical event and nearly killed the company. Abruptly, Pete stopped working on Hamboards and focused on his grandchildren. His cousin, Don Sandusky bought-out the investor, right-sized the venture and focused on re-inventing the gear. Years later, in 2019 Don enlisted two new partners, Abraham Paskowitz and Steven Ng who put their shoulders into re-inventing the business, focusing on gear marketing and developing a functioning worldwide business. Abraham serves as brand ambassador and leads B2B, Steve is the resident marketing expert and leads B2C while Don leads the company, is the primary admin, "gear head" and operations leader.

text:
# Hamboards

**Hamboards** manufactures and sells rail-to-rail Surfskates, SUPskates, Paddles and Accessories. Most Hamboards are longer, wider and sit higher off the ground than conventional skateboards and longboards. Hamboards also turn much more than conventional skateboards. The enabling technology are the patented Hamboards Surfskate Trucks (HST), featuring 30 degrees of roll (in each direction), which allows these huge boards to track and pump aggressive surf-style carving maneuvers. The patented Street Sweeper SUPskate Paddle flexes significantly, allowing the user to spring themselves along with comfort.

The original Hamboards were intended to be ridden barefoot, like surfboards. Most promotional materials, such as videos show barefoot riders

Pete Hamborg, a Huntington Beach Fireman and father of five boys, created the first Hamboards as a garage hobby to allow his sons (and their friends) to surf the pavement on days that the actual surf was too big or too small. Years of tinkering and optimization led to the first Hamboards assembled in bulk. The design comprised bamboo or birch decks, fitted with commercially available branded trucks, wheels and bearings. For the next several years, Hamboards were assembled by friends and family from a small shop in Huntington Beach where they were also sold locally. This configuration worked reasonably well, at small scale, except for the nagging design flaw inherent in the trucks which were never designed for the enormous loads imparted by the huge and wide Hamboards decks. Years later, as the demands of running a small business became burdensome, in January 2012, Pete enlisted his east coast cousin Don Sandusky who was an experienced entrepreneur, engineer, inventor and sporting goods executive. An asset purchase agreement was executed with Pete and Hamboards Holdings, LLC was formed. Within a year of forming an actual company, Hamboards was featured on Shark Tank on ABC, Season 5, Episode 4, which aired on October 12, 2013. Businessman Robert Herjavec offered $300K in exchange for a 30% stake in the company. The terms of the actual arrangement is bound by confidential terms. Notwithstanding, the television segment was popular and enjoyed multiple reruns, launching the brand around the world.

The conversion from garage hobby to business was a challenging scale exercise. Hamboards started as a family operated, local specialty skateboard retail shop in Huntington Beach, CA and rapidly transformed into an international direct to consumer online business, that produced several variations of the longboard and skateboard, including *The Classic*, *Pinger*, *Logger*, *Fish*, *Huntington Hop*, *Pescadito*, *Biscuit* and *Street Sweeper* skate poles. During the following five years, the company derived mass-produced manufacturing, its own online retail sales channel, and its own content production capability.

In 2016 the company accepted its first equity investment from a Southern California investor. Within the year, the investor changed his mind, demanding his investment returned. This was a pivotal vertical event and nearly killed the company. Abruptly, Pete stopped working on Hamboards and focused on his grandchildren. His cousin, Don Sandusky bought-out the investor, right-sized the venture and focused on re-inventing the gear. Years later, in 2019 Don enlisted two new partners, Abraham Paskowitz and Steven Ng who put their shoulders into re-inventing the business, focusing on gear marketing and developing a functioning worldwide business. Abraham serves as brand ambassador and leads B2B, Steve is the resident marketing expert and leads B2C while Don leads the company, is the primary admin, "gear head" and operations leader.

## InfoBox

Hamboards
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Huntington Beach, California, United States |
| Key people | Peter Hamborg
Don Sandusky
Abraham Paskowitz
Steve Ng
Robert Herjavec |
| Products | Surfskate boards
Skate Poles |
| Website | Hamboards.com |


title: Patrick Division

abstract: The National Hockey League's Patrick Division was formed in 1974 as part of the Clarence Campbell Conference. The division moved to the Prince of Wales Conference in 1981. The division existed for 19 seasons until 1993. It was named in honor of Lester Patrick, player and longtime coach of the New York Rangers, who was a developer of ice hockey. It is the forerunner of the original Atlantic Division, which later became the Metropolitan Division in 2013.

text:
# Patrick Division

The National Hockey League's **Patrick Division** was formed in 1974 as part of the Clarence Campbell Conference. The division moved to the Prince of Wales Conference in 1981. The division existed for 19 seasons until 1993. It was named in honor of Lester Patrick, player and longtime coach of the New York Rangers, who was a developer of ice hockey. It is the forerunner of the original Atlantic Division, which later became the Metropolitan Division in 2013.

## Division lineups

### 1974–1979

**Flames****Islanders****Rangers****Flyers**    1974-79 Patrick Division Teams

#### Changes from the 1973–74 season

* The Patrick Division is formed as a result of NHL realignment
* The New York Islanders and New York Rangers come from the East Division
* The Atlanta Flames and Philadelphia Flyers come from the West Division

### 1979–1980

**Flames****Islanders****Rangers****Flyers****Capitals**    1979-80 Patrick Division Teams

#### Changes from the 1978–79 season

### 1980–1981

**Flames****Islanders****Rangers****Flyers****Capitals**    1980-81 Patrick Division Teams    * Calgary Flames
* New York Islanders
* New York Rangers
* Philadelphia Flyers
* Washington Capitals

#### Changes from the 1979–80 season

* The Atlanta Flames move to Calgary, Alberta, to become the Calgary Flames

### 1981–1982

**Islanders****Rangers****Flyers****Penguins****Capitals**    1981-82 Patrick Division Teams    * New York Islanders
* New York Rangers
* Philadelphia Flyers
* Pittsburgh Penguins
* Washington Capitals

#### Changes from the 1980–81 season

* The Patrick Division switches from the Clarence Campbell Conference to the Prince of Wales Conference
* The Calgary Flames move to the Smythe Division
* The Pittsburgh Penguins come from the Norris Division

### 1982–1993

**Devils****Islanders****Rangers****Flyers****Penguins****Capitals**    1982-93 Patrick Division Teams    * New Jersey Devils
* New York Islanders
* New York Rangers
* Philadelphia Flyers
* Pittsburgh Penguins
* Washington Capitals

#### Changes from the 1981–82 season

* The Colorado Rockies move to East Rutherford, New Jersey, to become the New Jersey Devils
* The New Jersey Devils come from the Smythe Division

### After the 1992–93 season

The league was reformatted into two conferences with two divisions each:

## Regular season Division champions

### Season results

| (#) | Denotes team that won the Stanley Cup |
| --- | --- |
| (#) | Denotes team that lost Stanley Cup Finals (and since 1981–82 won the Prince of Wales Trophy) |
| (#) | Denotes team that qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs |
|  | Denotes team with most points in the regular season (winner of the Presidents' Trophy since 1985–86) |

| Season | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1974–75 | (DC) Philadelphia (113) | (4) NY Rangers (88) | (5) NY Islanders (88) | Atlanta (83) |  | |
| 1975–76 | (DC) Philadelphia (118) | (2) NY Islanders (101) | (6) Atlanta (82) | NY Rangers (67) |  | |
| 1976–77 | (DC) Philadelphia (112) | (1) NY Islanders (106) | (6) Atlanta (80) | NY Rangers (72) |  | |
| 1977–78 | (DC) NY Islanders (111) | (1) Philadelphia (105) | (4) Atlanta (87) | (7) NY Rangers (73) |  | |
| 1978–79 | (DC) NY Islanders (116) | (1) Philadelphia (95) | (2) NY Rangers (91) | (3) Atlanta (90) |  | |
| 1979–80 | (1) Philadelphia (116) | (5) NY Islanders (91) | (8) NY Rangers (86) | (9) Atlanta (83) | Washington (67) |  |
| 1980–81 | (1) NY Islanders (110) | (6) Philadelphia (97) | (7) Calgary (92) | (13) NY Rangers (74) | Washington (70) |  |
| 1981–82 | NY Islanders (118) | NY Rangers (92) | Philadelphia (87) | Pittsburgh (75) | Washington (65) |  |
| 1982–83 | Philadelphia (106) | NY Islanders (96) | Washington (94) | NY Rangers (80) | New Jersey (48) | Pittsburgh (45) |
| 1983–84 | NY Islanders (104) | Washington (101) | Philadelphia (98) | NY Rangers (93) | New Jersey (41) | Pittsburgh (38) |
| 1984–85 | Philadelphia (113) | Washington (101) | NY Islanders (86) | NY Rangers (62) | New Jersey (54) | Pittsburgh (53) |
| 1985–86 | Philadelphia (110) | Washington (107) | NY Islanders (90) | NY Rangers (78) | Pittsburgh (76) | New Jersey (59) |
| 1986–87 | Philadelphia (100) | Washington (86) | NY Islanders (82) | NY Rangers (76) | Pittsburgh (72) | New Jersey (64) |
| 1987–88 | NY Islanders (88) | Philadelphia (85) | Washington (85) | New Jersey (82) | NY Rangers (82) | Pittsburgh (81) |
| 1988–89 | Washington (92) | Pittsburgh (87) | NY Rangers (82) | Philadelphia (80) | New Jersey (66) | NY Islanders (61) |
| 1989–90 | NY Rangers (85) | New Jersey (83) | Washington (78) | NY Islanders (73) | Pittsburgh (72) | Philadelphia (71) |
| 1990–91 | Pittsburgh (88) | NY Rangers (85) | Washington (81) | New Jersey (79) | Philadelphia (76) | NY Islanders (60) |
| 1991–92 | NY Rangers (105) | Washington (98) | Pittsburgh (87) | New Jersey (87) | NY Islanders (79) | Philadelphia (75) |
| 1992–93 | Pittsburgh (119) | Washington (93) | NY Islanders (87) | New Jersey (87) | Philadelphia (83) | NY Rangers (79) |

## Playoff Division champions

## Stanley Cup winners produced

## Presidents' Trophy winners produced

## Patrick Division titles won by team

| Team | Wins | Last win |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Philadelphia Flyers | 8 | 1987 |
| New York Islanders | 6 | 1988 |
| New York Rangers | 2 | 1992 |
| Pittsburgh Penguins | 2 | 1993 |
| Washington Capitals | 1 | 1989 |
| Atlanta/Calgary Flames | 0 |  |
| New Jersey Devils | 0 |  |

## InfoBox

Patrick Division
| Conference | Campbell Conference (1974–1981)
Wales Conference (1981–1993) |
| --- | --- |
| League | National Hockey League |
| Sport | Ice hockey |
| Founded | 1974 |
| Ceased | 1993 |
| Replaced by | 1993–2013 Atlantic Division |
| Most titles | Philadelphia Flyers (8) |


title: Rhamnocampa

abstract: Rhamnocampa is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by John G. Franclemont in 1949. Its only species, Rhamnocampa albistriga, was first described by William Schaus in 1914. It is found in French Guiana.

text:
# Rhamnocampa

***Rhamnocampa*** is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by John G. Franclemont in 1949. Its only species, ***Rhamnocampa albistriga***, was first described by William Schaus in 1914. It is found in French Guiana.

## InfoBox

| *Rhamnocampa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Calpinae |
| Genus: | ***Rhamnocampa***
Franclemont, 1949 |
| Species: | ***R. albistriga*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhamnocampa albistriga***
(Schaus, 1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Herminodes albistriga* Schaus, 1914 | |


title: Air Liquide (album)

abstract: Air Liquide is the self-titled first full-length studio album by German electronic group Air Liquide. It was released in 1993 by Blue Records.

text:
# Air Liquide (album)

***Air Liquide*** is the self-titled first full-length studio album by German electronic group Air Liquide. It was released in 1993 by Blue Records

.

## Track listing

1. "Things Happen" – 2:14
2. "Tanz Der Lemminge II" – 9:34
3. "Liquid Air (The Bionaut Remix)" – 5:34
4. "Revelation" – 3:50
5. "Psy 9" – 11:39
6. "Argon" – 2:36
7. "Sun Progress" – 9:00
8. "Unraveling My Curls" – 7:43
9. "Liquid Men With Liquid Hearts" – 5:55
10. "Liquid Air (Original Version)" – 10:54
11. "Gelb (Remix)" – 3:30

## InfoBox

| Air Liquide | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Air Liquide | |
| Released | 1993 |
| Genre | Electronic |
| Length | 72:29 |
| Label | Blue Records |
| Air Liquide chronology | |
| *Liquid Air EP*
(1992) ***Air Liquide***
(1993) *Nephology*
(1994) | |


title: National Maritime Museum of Korea

abstract: The National Maritime Museum of Korea (Korean: 국립해양박물관) is a Korean maritime museum and the third largest museum in the South Korea. The museum was inaugurated on July 9, 2012, and is located in Dongsam-dong, Yeongdo-gu, Busan. The museum exhibits more than 12,000 maritime relics, including the ‘Joseon Missional Ship’ which is the largest replica in South Korea - half the size of the actual ship.

text:
# National Maritime Museum of Korea

The **National Maritime Museum of Korea** (Korean: 국립해양박물관) is a Korean maritime museum and the third largest museum in the South Korea. The museum was inaugurated on July 9, 2012, and is located in Dongsam-dong, Yeongdo-gu, Busan.

The museum exhibits more than 12,000 maritime relics, including the ‘Joseon Missional Ship’ which is the largest replica in South Korea - half the size of the actual ship.

## Collections

* Ship of Joseon Envoy
* Globe and celestial globe
* Secret of Sea
* Johaengilrok
* Hamgyeong-do Coastal Map
* Juk-do Jechal

35°04′43″N 129°04′48″E / 35.0787°N 129.0800°E / 35.0787; 129.0800

## InfoBox

National Maritime Museum of Korea
국립해양박물관
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | July 9, 2012 |
| Location | Dongsam-dong, Yeongdo-gu,<br>Busan, South Korea |
| Type | Maritime museum |
| Website | http://www.nmm.go.kr/english/ |


title: Red Card (album)

abstract: Red Card was the third and most successful studio album by the UK rock group Streetwalkers, which made the #20 in the UK album charts. The album features the lineup of Roger Chapman, Charlie Whitney, Bobby Tench of The Jeff Beck Group and Hummingbird, Nicko McBrain, who later played drums with Iron Maiden and bassist Jon Plotel. This groove-heavy album was released in the UK by Vertigo and in the United States by Mercury during 1976 and remains a much respected album by many.

text:
# Red Card (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | B |

***Red Card*** was the third and most successful studio album by the UK rock group Streetwalkers, which made the #20 in the UK album charts. The album features the lineup of Roger Chapman, Charlie Whitney, Bobby Tench of The Jeff Beck Group and Hummingbird, Nicko McBrain, who later played drums with Iron Maiden and bassist Jon Plotel. This groove-heavy album was released in the UK by Vertigo and in the United States by Mercury during 1976 and remains a much respected album by many.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Roger Chapman and John “Charlie” Whitney; except where indicated

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Run for Cover" |  | 5:50 |
| 2. | "Me an' Me Horse an' Me Rum" | Roger Chapman, John "Charlie" Whitney, Bobby Tench | 4:06 |
| 3. | "Crazy Charade" | Roger Chapman, John "Charlie" Whitney, Bobby Tench | 5:32 |
| 4. | "Daddy Rolling Stone" | Otis Blackwell | 3:17 |
| 5. | "Roll Up, Roll Up" |  | 3:34 |
| 6. | "Shotgun Messiah" | Roger Chapman, John “Charlie” Whitney, Bobby Tench | 4:52 |
| 7. | "Between Us" |  | 3:52 |
| 8. | "Decadence Code" |  | 6:41/ 9:11 |
| Total length: | | | 41:26 |

## Personnel

* Roger Chapman \- lead and backing vocals, harmonica, percussion
* Charlie Whitney \- guitar, keyboards, slide guitar
* Bob Tench (credited courtesy of A&M Records) - guitars, backing and lead vocals, keyboards, percussion
* Jon Plotel - bass, backing vocals
* Nicko McBrain \- drums, percussion
* Uncle Al's Pals Choir - choir and chorus
* Wilfred Gibson - string arrangements on "Between Us"

* Strong, Martin Charles and Peel, John. *The great rock discography*. Canongate US (2004). 7th edition. ISBN 978-1-84195-615-2.
* Tudor, Dean. *Annual index to popular music record reviews*. Scarecrow Press (1977). Digitized October 12, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8108-1070-9.

## InfoBox

| Red Card | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Streetwalkers | |
| Released | May 1976 |
| Recorded | 1976 |
| Studio | Scorpio Sound, London |
| Genre | Blues-rock, hard rock |
| Label | Vertigo (UK)
Mercury (USA) |
| Producer | Streetwalkers |
| Streetwalkers chronology | |
| *Downtown Flyers*
(1975) ***Red Card***
(1976) *Vicious But Fair*
(1977) | |


title: Minisink Valley Central School District

abstract: The Minisink Valley Central School District is a unified school district in Orange County, New York. The district consists of five schools; an elementary, intermediate, middle, and high school, which are all located in the township of Wawayanda, New York and the Otisville Elementary school, located in the village of the same name. Although one of the last school districts to formulate in New York, Minisink boasts one of the largest campuses in the state, with its buildings, sports fields, and facilities covering 145 acres (0.59 km⁲) in the western Hudson Valley. The enrollment of the five schools comprises approximately 4,700 students from the surrounding towns and hamlets of Minisink, Greenville, Wawayanda, New Hampton, Mt. Hope, Mamakating and Wallkill. The school gets its name from the valley for which it is located. Its school mascot is the Minisink Warrior.

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# Minisink Valley Central School District

**The Minisink Valley Central School District** is a unified school district in Orange County, New York. The district consists of five schools; an elementary, intermediate, middle, and high school, which are all located in the township of Wawayanda, New York and the Otisville Elementary school, located in the village of the same name. Although one of the last school districts to formulate in New York, Minisink boasts one of the largest campuses in the state, with its buildings, sports fields, and facilities covering 145 acres (0.59 km2) in the western Hudson Valley. The enrollment of the five schools comprises approximately 4,700 students from the surrounding towns and hamlets of Minisink, Greenville, Wawayanda, New Hampton, Mt. Hope, Mamakating and Wallkill. The school gets its name from the valley for which it is located. Its school mascot is the Minisink Warrior.

## Board of education

Minisink Valley's school district includes a voter elected and unpaid Board of Education that has duties regarding legal matters as well as policy review and implementation. The board usually holds bi-monthly meetings with the public as well as committee meetings. Committees are formed around a variety of functions, such as finance, building and grounds, and audits. Listed are the current board members:

*Board Members:*

* Mr. Joseph Flaherty, President (Term expiring June 30, 2022)
* Mr. William Cooper, Vice President (Term expiring June 30, 2022)
* Mr. Christopher Briekce (Term expiring June 30, 2021)
* Mr. Shawn Cahill (Term expiring June 30, 2023)
* Ms. Kathlee DeRose (Term expiring June 30, 2021)
* Mr. James Emery Jr. (Term expiring June 30, 2023)
* Dr. Scott Hines (Term expiring June 30, 2022)
* Ms. Catherine Prezioso (Term expiring June 30, 2021)
* Ms. Patricia M. Reynolds (Term expiring June 30, 2023)

## Minisink Elementary

The elementary school on the Minisink Valley campus currently enrolls 665 students in grades K-2. It is housed in the original Minisink Valley School building, built in 1958. At first the building served grades K-12, but was relieved of its large capacity with the building of a high school in the 1970s. Today the building is shared, with the elementary school in one wing and the intermediate school in the other.

## Otisville Elementary

The Mary P. Bonen Otisville Elementary School consists of approximately 400 students with 16 classes in grades K-5. The school joined the Minisink school district in 1973, before which time Otisville was a K-12 school. The current principal is Julia Downey. The current assistant principal is Nikachi Griffin. A new building has been erected in Otisville to meet the growing class sizes, which can be partially explained by the population increase of the region due to suburbanization.

## Intermediate School

The intermediate school is located on the main Minisink campus. Formed in 1991, the school is found in one wing of the original building (the elementary school is in the other wing.) Currently the intermediate school has approximately 900 students in grades 3-5.

## High school

See Minisink Valley High School


title: Willoughby River

abstract: The Willoughby River is a tributary of the Barton River, flowing on 18.6 km (11.6 mi), in the Orleans County, Vermont, United States. This river flows to northwest, southwest and northwest, crossing the municipalities of Westmore, Vermont, Orleans and Brownington. Its course runs through forested areas, agricultural and urban.

text:
# Willoughby River

The **Willoughby River** (/ˈwɪləbi/ *WIL-ə-bee*) is a tributary of the Barton River, flowing on 18.6 km (11.6 mi), in the Orleans County, Vermont, United States.

This river flows to northwest, southwest and northwest, crossing the municipalities of Westmore, Vermont, Orleans and Brownington. Its course runs through forested areas, agricultural and urban.

## Course

The Willoughby River rises on the northwest shore of Lake Willoughby (length: 6.9 km (4.3 mi); maximum length: 1.3 km (0.81 mi); height: 356 meters (1,168 ft)). The southern part of the lake is surrounded by the Willoughby State Forest. This natural park contains the Mount Pisgah, Mount Hor and Mount Bartlett.

From the mouth of the Lake Willoughby, the Willoughby River flows on 18.6 km (11.6 mi) according to the following segments:

* 4.9 km (3.0 mi) to the northwest in the municipality of Westmore, Vermont until the Lord stream (from the South) which drains the "Stillwater Swamp" located at West of Lake Willoughby;
* 6.6 km (4.1 mi) to the northwest in the municipality of Brownington, Vermont until Brownington Branch (from the northeast);
* 4.0 km (2.5 mi) to the southwest, en traversant la limite de Orleans to the outlet of a lake (from the southeast);
* 3.1 km (1.9 mi) to the northwest in Orleans across a valley and a plain where the river marks the boundary from north of the village of Orleans, Vermont to its confluence.

## Toponymy

The term "Willoughby" is a surname of English origin.

The English place name "Willoughby River" was made official October 29, 1980 to the GNIS.

## InfoBox

| Willoughby River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of mouth within Vermont | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Vermont |
| County | Orleans County |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Lake Willoughby |
| location | Westmore, Vermont, Orleans County, Vermont, United States |
| coordinates | 44°44′53″N 72°03′34″W / 44.74806°N 72.05944°W / 44.74806; -72.05944 |
| elevation | 1,168 ft (356 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Barton River |
| location | Orleans, Vermont, Orleans County, Vermont, United States |
| coordinates | 44°49′03″N 72°12′14″W / 44.81750°N 72.20389°W / 44.81750; -72.20389 |
| elevation | 715 ft (218 m) |
| Length | 11.6 mi (18.7 km) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Orlean, Vermont |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Lord Brook |
| right | Brownington Branch |


title: Fleeming Jenkin

abstract: Henry Charles Fleeming Jenkin FRS FRSE LLD was Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Edinburgh, remarkable for his versatility. Known to the world as the inventor of the cable car or telpherage, he was an electrician and cable engineer, economist, lecturer, linguist, critic, actor, dramatist and artist. His descendants include the engineer Charles Frewen Jenkin and through him the Conservative MPs Patrick, Lord Jenkin of Roding and Bernard Jenkin.

text:
# Fleeming Jenkin

**Henry Charles Fleeming Jenkin** FRS FRSE LLD (/ˈflɛmɪŋ/; 25 March 1833 – 12 June 1885) was Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Edinburgh, remarkable for his versatility. Known to the world as the inventor of the cable car or telpherage, he was an electrician and cable engineer, economist, lecturer, linguist, critic, actor, dramatist and artist. His descendants include the engineer Charles Frewen Jenkin and through him the Conservative MPs Patrick, Lord Jenkin of Roding and Bernard Jenkin.

## Early life

### Background and childhood

Generally called Fleeming Jenkin, after Admiral Fleeming, one of his father's patrons, he was born to an old and eccentric family in a government building near Dungeness, Kent, England, his father, Captain Charles Jenkin, at that time being in the coast-guard service. His mother, Henrietta Camilla (Cora) Jenkin (born Jackson) was a published author. His mother was responsible for Fleeming's education. She took him to the south of Scotland, where, chiefly at Barjarg, she taught him drawing and allowed him to ride his pony on the moors. He went to school at Jedburgh, Borders, and afterwards to the Edinburgh Academy, where he won many prizes. Among his school fellows were James Clerk Maxwell and Peter Guthrie Tait.

On his father's retirement in 1847, the family moved to Frankfurt, partly from motives of economy and partly for the boy's education. Here Jenkin and his father spent a pleasant time together, sketching old castles, and observing the customs of the peasantry. At thirteen, Jenkin had produced a romance of three hundred lines in heroic couplets, a novel, and innumerable poems, none of which are now extant. He learned German in Frankfurt and, on the family migrating to Paris the following year, he studied French and mathematics under a M. Deluc. While there, Jenkin witnessed the outbreak of the Revolution of 1848 and heard the first shot, describing the action in a letter written to an old schoolfellow.

The Jenkins left Paris, and went to Genoa, where they experienced another revolution, and Mrs. Jenkin, with her son and sister-in-law, had to seek the protection of a British vessel in the harbour, leaving their house stored with the property of their friends, and guarded by Captain Jenkin. At Genoa, Jenkin attended the university, being its first Protestant student. Father Bancalari, the professor of natural philosophy, lectured on electromagnetism, his physical laboratory being the best in Italy. Jenkin took the degree of M.A. with first-class honours, his special subject having been electromagnetism. The questions in the examinations were in Latin, and had to be answered in Italian. Fleeming also attended an art school in the city, and gained a silver medal for a drawing from one of Raphael's cartoons. His holidays were spent in sketching, and his evenings in learning to play the piano or, when permissible, at the theatre or opera-house. He had conceived a taste for acting. He attended the University of Edinburgh in 1851.

### Training as engineer and artist

In 1850, Jenkin spent some time in a Genoese locomotive shop under Philip Taylor of Marseille but on the death of his Aunt Anna, who lived with them, Captain Jenkin took his family back to England, and settled in Manchester, where the lad, in 1851, was apprenticed to mechanical engineering at the works of William Fairbairn, and from half-past eight in the morning until six at night had, as he says, "to file and chip vigorously, in a moleskin suit, and infernally dirty.

"At home he pursued his studies, and was for a time engaged with Dr. Bell in working out a geometrical method of arriving at the proportions of Ancient Greek architecture. His stay in Manchester, though in striking contrast to his life in Genoa, was agreeable. He liked his work, had the good spirits of youth, and made some pleasant friends, one of them the author, Elizabeth Gaskell. He was argumentative, and his mother tells of his having overcome a consul at Genoa in a political discussion when he was only sixteen 'simply from being well-informed on the subject, and honest. He is as true as steel,' she writes, 'and for no one will he bend right or left... Do not fancy him a Bobadil; he is only a very true, candid boy. I am so glad he remains in all respects but information a great child.'"

"On leaving Fairbairn's he was engaged for a time on a survey for the proposed Lukmanier Railway in Switzerland, and in 1856 he entered Penn's engineering works at Greenwich as a draughtsman, being occupied on the plans of a vessel designed for the Crimean War. He complained about the late hours, his rough comrades, and his humble lodgings, 'across a dirty green and through some half-built streets of two-storied houses.... Luckily, he adds, 'I am fond of my profession, or I could not stand this life.' Jenkin had been his mother's pet until then, and felt the change from home more keenly for that reason. At night he read engineering and mathematics, or Thomas Carlyle and the poets, and cheered his drooping spirits with frequent trips to London to see his mother."

"Another social pleasure was his visits to the house of Alfred Austin, a barrister, who became permanent secretary to Her Majesty's Office of Works and Public Buildings, and retired in 1868 with the title of CB. His wife, Eliza Barron, was the youngest daughter of a gentleman of Norwich who, when a child, had been patted on the head, in his father's shop, by Dr Samuel Johnson, while canvassing for Mr. Thrale. Jenkin had been introduced to the Austins by a letter from Mrs. Gaskell, and was charmed with the atmosphere of their choice home, where intellectual conversation was happily united with kind and courteous manners, without any pretence or affectation. "Each of the Austins," says Stevenson in his memoir of Jenkin, "was full of high spirits; each practised something of the same repression; no sharp word was uttered in the house." The Austins were truly hospitable and cultured, not merely so in form and appearance. It was a rare privilege and preservative for a solitary young man in Jenkin's position to have the entry into such elevating society and he appreciated his good fortune."

"Annie Austin, their only child, had been highly educated and knew Greek among other things. Though Jenkin loved and admired her parents he did not at first care for Annie. Stevenson hints that she vanquished him by correcting a "false quantity" of his one day; he was the man to reflect over a correction, and "admire the castigator." Jenkin was poor but the liking of her parents for him gave him hope. He had entered the service of Messrs. Liddell and Gordon who were engaged in the new work of submarine telegraphy, which satisfied his aspirations, and promised him a successful career. He therefore asked the Austins for leave to court their daughter. Mrs. Austin consented freely, and Mr. Austin only reserved the right to inquire into his character. Jenkin, overcome by their disinterestedness, exclaimed in one of his letters "Are these people the same as other people?" Miss Austin seems to have resented his courtship of her parents first but the mother's favour and his own spirited behaviour saved him and won her consent."

After leaving Penn's, Jenkin became a railroad engineer under Liddell and Gordon, and, in 1857, became engineer to R.S. Newall and Company of Gateshead who shared the work of making the first Atlantic cable with Glass, Elliott & Co. of Greenwich. Jenkin was busy designing and fitting up machinery for cableships, and making electrical experiments. "I am half crazy with work," he wrote to his fiancée; "I like it though: it's like a good ball, the excitement carries you through." He wrote, "My profession gives me all the excitement and interest I ever hope for...I am at the works till ten, and sometimes till eleven. But I have a nice office to sit in, with a fire to myself, and bright brass scientific instruments all round me, and books to read, and experiments to make, and enjoy myself amazingly. I find the study of electricity so entertaining that I am apt to neglect my other work... What shall I compare them to," he writes of some electrical experiments, "a new song? or a Greek play?"

## Cable-laying on the *Elba*

### First voyage

In the spring of 1855, he was fitting out the *S.S. Elba* at Birkenhead for his first telegraph cruise. Earlier in 1855, John Watkins Brett had attempted to lay a cable across the Mediterranean between Cape Spartivento, in the south of Sardinia, and a point near Bona, on the coast of Algeria. It was a gutta-percha cable of six wires or conductors, manufactured by Glass, Elliott & Co., a firm which afterwards combined with the Gutta-Percha Company and became the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company. Brett laid the cable from the *Result*, a sailing ship in tow, instead of a more manageable steamer. Meeting with 600 fathoms (1100 m) of water when twenty-five miles (45 km) from land, the cable ran out so fast that a tangled skein came up out of the hold and the line had to be severed. Having only 150 miles (240 km) on board to span the whole distance of 140 miles (230 km), he grappled the lost cable near the shore, raised it, and *under-ran* or passed it over the ship, for some twenty miles (32 km), then cut it, leaving the seaward end on the bottom. He then spliced the ship's cable to the shoreward end and resumed paying-out but after seventy miles (110 km) in all were laid, another rapid rush of cable took place, and Brett was obliged to cut and abandon the line.

Another attempt was made the following year, but with no better success. Brett then tried to lay a three-wire cable from the steamer *Dutchman;* but owing to the deep water (in some places 1500 fathoms or 2700 m) when he came to a few miles from Galita, his destination on the Algerian coast, he had not enough cable to reach the land. He telegraphed to London for more cable to be made and sent out, while the ship remained there holding the end. After five days the cable parted, perhaps as a result of rubbing on the bottom.

It was to recover the lost cable of these expeditions that the *Elba* was got ready for sea. Jenkin had fitted her out the year before for laying the Cagliari to Malta and Corfu cables but on this occasion she was better equipped. She had a new machine for picking up the cable, and a sheave or pulley at the bows for it to run over, both designed by Jenkin, together with a variety of wooden buoys, ropes, and chains. Liddell, assisted by F. C. Webb and Fleeming Jenkin, was in charge of the expedition. Jenkin had nothing to do with the electrical work, his care being the deck machinery for raising the cable but it was a responsible job. He reported the expedition in letters to Miss Austin and in diary entries.

During the latter part of the work much of the cable was found to be looped and twisted into 'kinks' from having been so slackly laid and two immense tangled skeins were raised on board, one by means of the mast-head and fore-yard tackle. Photographs of this raveled cable were exhibited as a curiosity in the windows of Newall & Co.'s shop in The Strand. By 5 July the whole of the six-wire cable had been recovered and a portion of the three-wire cable, the rest being abandoned as unfit for use, owing to its twisted condition. On the evening of the 2nd the first mate, while on the water unshackling a buoy, was struck in the back by a fluke of the ship's anchor as she drifted, and so severely injured that he lay for many weeks at Cagliari. Jenkin's knowledge of languages made him useful as an interpreter but, in mentioning this incident to Miss Austin, he writes, *For no fortune would I be a doctor to witness these scenes continually. Pain is a terrible thing.*

### Future partners

"Early in 1859 he met William Thomson (later Sir William Thomson, and still later Lord Kelvin), his future friend and partner. Lewis Gordon, of Newall & Co., subsequently the first professor of engineering in a British University, was in Glasgow seeing Thomson's instruments for testing and signalling on the first Atlantic cable during the six weeks of its working. Gordon said he should like to show them to *a young man of remarkable ability,* engaged at their Birkenhead works. Jenkin was telegraphed for, arrived next morning, and spent a week in Glasgow, mostly in Thomson's classroom and laboratory at the old college. Thomson was struck with Jenkin's brightness, ability, thoroughness and determination to learn. *I soon found,' he remarked, 'that thoroughness of honesty was as strongly engrained in the scientific as in the moral side of his character.* Their talk was chiefly on the electric telegraph but Jenkin was eager, too, on the subject of physics. After staying a week he returned to the factory but he began experiments and corresponded briskly with Thomson about cable work. Thomson seems to have infected his visitor during their brief contact with the magnetic force of his personality and enthusiasm."

On 26 February, during a four days' leave, Jenkin married Miss Austin at Northiam in Sussex, returning to his work the following Tuesday. He was strongly attached to his wife and his letters reveal a warmth of affection which a casual observer would never have suspected in him. In 1869 he wrote, *People may write novels, and other people may write poems, but not a man or woman among them can say how happy a man can be who is desperately in love with his wife after ten years of marriage.* Five weeks before his death he wrote to her, *Your first letter from Bournemouth gives me heavenly pleasure – for which I thank Heaven and you, too, who are my heaven on earth.*

### Second voyage

During the summer he took another telegraph cruise in the Mediterranean. This time the *Elba* was to lay a cable from the Greek islands of Syros and Crete to Egypt. He again reported in letters to his wife.

## Entrepreneur and academic

### Partnership with Forde

"In 1861, Jenkin left the service of Newall & Co. and entered into partnership with H. C. Forde, who had acted as engineer under the British Government for the Malta-Alexandria cable, and was now practising as a civil engineer. For several years, business was bad."

### Domestic life

In 1859 he married Ann Austin.

With a young family coming, it was an anxious time but he bore his troubles lightly. Robert Louis Stevenson says in his *memoir* of Jenkin that it was his principle *to enjoy each day's happiness as it arises, like birds and children.*

In 1863 his first son was born and the family moved to a cottage at Claygate near Esher. Though ill and poor, he kept up his self-confidence. *The country,* he wrote to his wife, *will give us, please God, health and strength. I will love and cherish you more than ever. You shall go where you wish, you shall receive whom you wish, and as for money, you shall have that too. I cannot be mistaken. I have now measured myself with many men. I do not feel weak. I do not feel that I shall fail. In many things I have succeeded, and I will in this.... And meanwhile, the time of waiting, which, please Heaven, shall not be so long, shall also not be so bitter. Well, well, I promise much, and do not know at this moment how you and the dear child are. If he is but better, courage, my girl, for I see light.*

He took to gardening, without a natural liking for it, and soon became an ardent expert. He wrote reviews and lectured or amused himself in playing charades and reading poetry. James Clerk Maxwell was among his visitors. During October 1860, he superintended the repairs of the Bona-Spartivento cable, revisiting Chia and Cagliari, then full of Garibaldi's troops. The cable, which had been broken by the anchors of coral fishers, was grapnelled with difficulty. *What rocks we did hook!* writes Jenkin. *No sooner was the grapnel down than the ship was anchored; and then came such a business: ship's engines going, deck engine thundering, belt slipping, tear of breaking ropes; actually breaking grapnels. It was always an hour or more before we could get the grapnels down again.*

In 1865, on the birth of their second son, Mrs. Jenkin was very ill, and Jenkin, after running two miles for a doctor, knelt by her bedside during the night in a draught. He suffered from rheumatism and sciatica ever afterwards. It nearly disabled him while laying the cable from Lowestoft to Norderney in Germany for Paul Reuter in 1866. This line was designed by Forde & Jenkin, manufactured by Messrs. W. T. Henley & Co., and laid by the *Caroline* and *William Cory*. Clara Volkman, a niece of Reuter, sent the first message, with the telegraph engineer C. F. Varley holding her hand.

### Professor at London and Edinburgh

"In 1866, Jenkin was appointed as professor (chair) of engineering at University College London. Two years later his prospects suddenly improved. The partnership began to pay and he was selected to fill the newly established Regius Chair of Engineering at Edinburgh University. He wrote to his wife: 'With you in the garden (at Claygate), with Austin in the coach-house, with pretty songs in the little low white room, with the moonlight in the dear room upstairs—ah! it was perfect; but the long walk, wondering, pondering, fearing, scheming, and the dusty jolting railway, and the horrid fusty office, with its endless disappointments, they are well gone. It is well enough to fight, and scheme, and bustle about in the eager crowd here (in London) for a while now and then; but not for a lifetime. What I have now is just perfect. Study for winter, action for summer, lovely country for recreation, a pleasant town for talk.'"

"The following June he was on board the *Great Eastern* while she laid the French Atlantic cable from Brest to Saint-Pierre. Among his shipmates were Sir William Thomson, Sir James Anderson, C. F. Varley, Latimer Clark and Willoughby Smith. Jenkin's sketches of Clark and Varley are remarkable. At Saint-Pierre they arrived in a fog which lifted to show their consort, the *William Cory*, straight ahead, and the *Gulnare* signalling a welcome. Jenkin observed that the whole island was electrified by the battery at the telegraph station."

### Partnership with Thomson and Varley

"Jenkin's position at Edinburgh led to a partnership in cable work with Varley and Thomson, whom he always admired. Jenkin's practical and businesslike abilities were of assistance to Thomson, relieving him of routine and sparing his time for other work. In 1870 the siphon recorder for tracing a cablegram in ink instead of merely flashing it by the moving ray of the mirror galvanometer, was introduced on long cables and became a source of profit to Jenkin and Varley as well as to Thomson, its inventor."

"In 1873 Thomson and Jenkin were engineers for the Western and Brazilian cable. It was manufactured by Hooper & Co., of Millwall and the wire was coated with india rubber, then a new insulator. The *Hooper* left Plymouth in June, and after touching at Madeira, where Thomson was up 'sounding with his special toy' (the pianoforte wire) 'at half-past three in the morning,' they reached Pernambuco by the beginning of August, and laid a cable to Pará."

"During the next two years the Brazilian system was connected to the West Indies and the Río de la Plata but Jenkin was not present on the expeditions. While engaged in this work, the ill-fated *La Plata*, carrying cable from the Siemens AG company to Montevideo, sank in a cyclone off Ushant with the loss of nearly all her crew. The Mackay-Bennett Atlantic cables were also laid under their charge."

### Pioneer of the supply and demand graphic

In 1870, Jenkin published the essay "On the Graphical Representation of the Laws of Supply and Demand and their Application to Labour," in which he "introduced the diagrammatic method into the English economic literature" – an early published instance of supply and demand curves. His treatment extended beyond earlier treatments on the Continent (not apparently known by him), complete with comparative statics (a change in equilibrium from a shifts of a curve), welfare analysis, application to the labour market, and market-period and long-run distinctions. It was later popularised by Alfred Marshall and remains arguably the most famous graphic in economics.

### Sanitary protection associations

In 1878 Jenkin made a contribution to public health with his pamphlet *Healthy Houses*. "This was not a completely new interest, for sewerage systems were part of the degree course which he taught, and he had already contributed on the subject to the *Sanitary Record*."

The suggestion was made by William Fairbairn that house inspection by an association of competent individuals would protect homeowners from incompetent tradesmen and outline clearly work necessary for sanitary protection. Jenkin noted, "In respect of Domestic Sanitation the business of Engineer and that of the medical man overlap." With the assent of Robert Christison, the concept took hold in Edinburgh and Saint Andrews, then in Newport, USA. The report by Alexander Fergusson noted two associations in London in 1882, and sixteen globally.

"Jenkin acted as consulting engineer to the association without pay, rather, as he explained it, like a hospital for the poor where a leading physician would give his services free. ... \[The Sanitary Protection Association\] was simple, pragmatic, popular – within a few months, there were five hundred subscribers in Edinburgh, and similar groups quickly formed in other British cities ..."

## Personality and assessment

Jenkin was a clear, fluent speaker, and a successful teacher. He is described as being of medium height, and very plain, with an unimposing manner. His class was always in good order, for he instantly spotted and disciplined anyone who misbehaved. His experimental work was not strikingly original. At Birkenhead he made some accurate measurements of the electrical properties of materials used in submarine cables. Sir William Thomson noted that he was the first to apply the absolute methods of measurement introduced by Gauss and Weber. He also investigated the laws of electric signals in submarine cables. As Secretary to the British Association Committee on Electrical Standards he played a leading part in providing electricians with practical standards of measurement. His Cantor lectures on submarine cables, and his treatise on *Electricity and Magnetism*, published in 1873, were notable at the time, including the latest developments in the subject. He was associated with Thomson in an ingenious 'curb-key' for sending signals automatically through a long cable; but it was never adopted. His most important invention was telpherage, a means of transporting goods and passengers to a distance by electric panniers supported on a wire or conductor, which supplied them with electricity. It was patented in 1882, and Jenkin spent his last years on this work, expecting great results from it; but before the first public line was opened for traffic at Glynde, in Sussex, he was dead.

In mechanical engineering his graphical methods of calculating strains in bridges, and determining the efficiency of mechanism, were valuable, and won him the Keith Gold Medal from the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his spare time Jenkin wrote papers on a wide variety of subjects. Munro, the scholar, complimented him for his paper The Atomic Theory of Lucretius. In 1878 he constructed a phonograph from the newspaper reports of this new invention, and lectured on it in Edinburgh, then employed it to study the nature of vowel and consonantal sounds. An interesting paper on 'Rhythm in English Verse,' was also published by him in the *Saturday Review* for 1883.

He could draw a portrait with astonishing rapidity, and had been known to stop a passer-by for a few minutes and sketch her on the spot. His artistic side also shows itself in a paper on 'Artist and Critic,' in which he defines the difference between the mechanical and fine arts. 'In mechanical arts,' he says, 'the craftsman uses his skill to produce something useful, but (except in the rare case when he is at liberty to choose what he shall produce) his sole merit lies in skill. In the fine arts the student uses skill to produce something beautiful. He is free to choose what that something shall be, and the layman claims that he may and must judge the artist chiefly by the value in beauty of the thing done. Artistic skill contributes to beauty, or it would not be skill; but beauty is the result of many elements, and the nobler the art the lower is the rank which skill takes among them.'

Jenkin was a clear and graphic writer. He read selectively, preferring the story of David, the *Odyssey*, the *Arcadia*, the saga of Burnt Njal, and the *Grand Cyrus*. Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, Ariosto, Boccaccio, Sir Walter Scott, Dumas, Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, and George Eliot were some of his favourite authors. He was a rapid, fluent talker. Some of his sayings were shrewd and sharp; but he was sometimes aggressive. 'People admire what is pretty in an ugly thing,' he used to say 'not the ugly thing.' A lady once said to him she would never be happy again. 'What does that signify?' cried Jenkin; 'we are not here to be happy, but to be good.' On a friend remarking that Salvini's acting in *Othello* made him want to pray, Jenkin answered, 'That is prayer.'

Though admired and liked by his intimates, Jenkin was never popular with associates. His manner was hard, rasping, and unsympathetic. 'Whatever virtues he possessed,' says Mr. Stevenson, 'he could never count on being civil.' He showed so much courtesy to his wife, however, that a Styrian peasant who observed it spread a report in the village that Mrs. Jenkin, a great lady, had married beneath her. At the Savile Club, in London, he was known as the 'man who dines here and goes up to Scotland.' Jenkin was conscious of this churlishness, and latterly improved. 'All my life,' he wrote,'I have talked a good deal, with the almost unfailing result of making people sick of the sound of my tongue. It appeared to me that I had various things to say, and I had no malevolent feelings; but, nevertheless, the result was that expressed above. Well, lately some change has happened. If I talk to a person one day they must have me the next. Faces light up when they see me. "Ah! I say, come here." " Come and dine with me." It's the most preposterous thing I ever experienced. It is curiously pleasant.'

Jenkin was a good father, joining in his children's play as well as directing their studies. The boys used to wait outside his office for him at the close of business hours; and a story is told of little Frewen, the second son, entering in to him one day, while he was at work, and holding out a toy crane he was making, with the request, 'Papa you might finiss windin' this for me, I'm so very busy to-day.' He was fond of animals too, and his dog Plate regularly accompanied him to the university. But, as he used to say, 'It's a cold home where a dog is the only representative of a child.'

In the Highlands, Jenkin learned to love the Highland character and ways of life. He shot, rode and swam well, and taught his boys athletic exercises, boating, salmon fishing, and so on. He learned to dance a Highland reel, and began the study of Gaelic; but it proved too difficult for Jenkin. Once he took his family to Alt Aussee, in the Steiermark (Styria), where he hunted chamois, won a prize for shooting at the *Schützenfest*, learned the local dialect, sketched the neighbourhood, and danced the *steirischen Ländler* with the peasants.

His parents and parents-in-law had come to live in Edinburgh, but they all died within ten months of each other. Jenkin had showed great devotion to them in their illnesses, and was worn out with grief and watching. His telpherage, too, had given him considerable anxiety; and his mother's illness, which affected her mind, had caused him fear. He was planning a holiday to Italy with his wife to recuperate, and had a minor operation on his foot, which resulted in blood poisoning. There seemed to be no danger, and his wife was reading aloud to him as he lay in bed, when his mind began to wander. He probably never regained his senses before he died.

At one period of his life Jenkin was a freethinker, holding all dogmas as 'mere blind struggles to express the inexpressible.' Nevertheless, as time went on he returned to Christianity. 'The longer I live,' he wrote, 'the more convinced I become of a direct care by God—which is reasonably impossible—but there it is.' In his last year he took Communion.

## Darwin and evolution

In June 1867, Jenkin reviewed Darwin's *On the Origin of Species* (1859), in *The North British Review*. Jenkin criticized Darwin's evolutionary theory by suggesting that Darwin's interpretation of natural selection couldn't possibly work, as described, if the reigning hypothesis of inheritance, blending inheritance, was also valid. Though Gregor Mendel's theory of *particulate inheritance* had been already published two years earlier (and would eventually be adopted as the dominant theory of inheritance), neither Jenkin nor Darwin would ever read it, and it would still be several decades before the blending inheritance model would be overturned in the scientific community. In this interim, Jenkin provided a mathematical argument, the swamping argument, that showed that under the blending inheritance model any advantageous mutations which might arise in a species would be quickly diluted out of any species after just a few generations. By contrast, Darwin's interpretation of natural selection required hundreds, if not thousands of generations of passing down such mutations in order to work. Jenkin thus concluded that natural selection could not possibly work if blending inheritance were also true. Despite Jenkin's argument containing a mistake, as A.S. Davis pointed out in 1871, it did not affect Jenkin's conclusion, nor mitigate the damage of Jenkin's criticisms of Darwin's ideas during the few decades when blending inheritance was still widely accepted.

Jenkin also referred to Lord Kelvin's recent (incorrect) estimation of the age of the earth. Kelvin had calculated that Fourier's theory of heat and the actions of tides on the earth's rotation allowed for an earth no more than 100 million years old and doubted in so far the case for evolution based on the chronology. Criticism by Jenkin and A.W. Bennett, in fact, led Darwin to investigate and discuss the mechanism of inheritance more thoroughly. Darwin avoided a direct confrontation (as well in the case of chronology), but confessed that some of Jenkin's arguments were troubling—so troubling, in fact, that Darwin largely abandoned blending inheritance as the potential mechanism for his own inheritance model, pangenesis, in favor of a competing model of inheritance that derived from Lamarckism.

## Selected works of Fleeming Jenkin

### Obituaries

### Biographies

## InfoBox

| Fleeming Jenkin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1833-03-25)25 March 1833<br>Dungeness, Kent, England, UK |
| Died | 12 June 1885(1885-06-12) (aged 52)<br>Edinburgh, Scotland, UK |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |
| Known for | Telpherage |


title: Mimolaia lata

abstract: Mimolaia lata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1991. It is known from Ecuador.

text:
# Mimolaia lata

***Mimolaia lata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1991. It is known from Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Mimolaia lata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Mimolaia*** |
| Species: | ***M. lata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimolaia lata***<br>Galileo & Martins, 1991 | |
|