title: Vrećari

abstract: Vrećari is a village in the municipality of Sveta Nedelja, Istria in Croatia.

text:
# Vrećari

**Vrećari** (Italian: **Vrezzari**) is a village in the municipality of Sveta Nedelja, Istria in Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 199.

## InfoBox

| Vrećari Vrezzari | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Vrećari | |
| Coordinates: 45°07′25″N 14°06′13″E / 45.1234996°N 14.1035735°E / 45.1234996; 14.1035735 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Istria County |
| Municipality | Sveta Nedelja |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.7 sq mi (1.7 km2) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 199 |
| Density | 300/sq mi (120/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 52231 Nedešćina |
| Area code | 052 |


title: Princeton offense

abstract: The Princeton offense is an offensive basketball strategy which emphasizes constant motion, back-door cuts, picks on and off the ball, and disciplined teamwork. It was used and perfected at Princeton University by Pete Carril, though its roots may be traced back to Franklin “Cappy” Cappon, who coached Princeton in the late 1930s, and Bernard "Red" Sarachek, who coached at Yeshiva University from 1938 to 1977.

text:
# Princeton offense

The **Princeton offense** is an offensive basketball strategy which emphasizes constant motion, back-door cuts, picks on and off the ball, and disciplined teamwork. It was used and perfected at Princeton University by Pete Carril, though its roots may be traced back to Franklin “Cappy” Cappon, who coached Princeton in the late 1930s, and Bernard "Red" Sarachek, who coached at Yeshiva University from 1938 to 1977.

## Concept

The offense is designed for a unit of five players who can each pass, shoot, and dribble at an above-average level. These players hope to isolate and exploit a mismatch using these skills. Positions become less important and on offense there is no point guard, shooting guard, small forward or power forward. However, there are certain rules that players running this offense are expected to follow.

The offense usually starts out with four players outside the three-point arc with one player at the top of the key. The ball is kept in constant motion through passing until either a player without the ball cuts toward the unoccupied area under and around the basket, and passes the ball for a layup. The post player is a very important player in the offense. He or she sets up in the high post and draws attention to their positioning. When the ball is received in to the post the players main objective is to find back door cutters or defenders who have fallen asleep on the weak side.

The hallmark of the offense is the backdoor pass, where a player on the wing suddenly moves in towards the basket, receives a bounce pass from a guard on the perimeter, and (if done correctly) finds himself with no defenders between him and a layup. Alternatively, when the defensive team attempts to pack the paint to prevent backdoor cuts, the offense utilizes three point shots from the perimeter. All five players in the offense—including the center—should be competent at making a three-point attempt, further spreading the floor, and not allowing the defense to leave any player unattended.

The offense is often a very slowly developing one, relying on a high number of passes, and is often used in college basketball by teams facing opponents with superior athletic talent in order to maintain a low-scoring game (believing that a high-scoring game would favor the athletically superior opponent). As a result, Princeton has led the nation in scoring defense 19 times, including in every year from 1989 to 2000.

## Use at Princeton

During his tenure as head coach of Princeton (1967–1996), Pete Carril compiled a 514–261 record, a .658 winning percentage. His teams won 13 Ivy League championships during his 29-year tenure with the Tigers, and received 11 NCAA Tournament bids and two National Invitation Tournament berths. Princeton captured the NIT title in 1975. Perhaps Carril's greatest win was his final upset victory on a backdoor cut to give Princeton the win 43 - 41 over the 1995 defending NCAA champion UCLA. The win extended Coach Carril's retirement by one game and is ranked as one of the best NCAA upsets of all time. Former Princeton coach Sydney Johnson and his predecessors Bill Carmody, John Thompson III, and Joe Scott have all employed the Princeton offense.

## Other examples of use

### National Basketball Association

After his retirement from Princeton in 1996, Pete Carril served as an assistant coach for the National Basketball Association's Sacramento Kings until 2006. During his time with Sacramento, Carril helped Rick Adelman, who became the Kings' head coach in 1998, implement the Princeton offense. Carril returned to the Kings during the 2008–2009 season as a consultant.

The Cleveland Cavaliers, Los Angeles Lakers, New Orleans Hornets, New Jersey Nets, and Washington Wizards also have run versions of the Princeton offense. Rick Adelman introduced a modified version of Pete Carril's system to the Houston Rockets during the 2007–2008 season. Coach Alvin Gentry also implemented an altered version of it that shows similarities to the triangle offense during the Phoenix Suns′s 2012–13 season. Eddie Jordan implemented the Princeton offense as coach of the Washington Wizards from 2003 to 2008) and of the Philadelphia 76ers from 2009 to 2010.

### College basketball

#### NCAA Division I

Besides Princeton, some of the NCAA Division I college basketball teams best known for using the offense are:

#### NCAA Division II

NCAA Division II colleges that have used the Princeton offense include:

#### NCAA Division III

NCAA Division III colleges that have used the Princeton offense include:

#### NAIA

NAIA colleges that have used the Princeton offense include:

**NJCAA**

NJCAA colleges that have used the Princeton offense include:

### High schools

High school basketball teams that have used the Princeton offense include:

* Northridge High School (Johnstown, OH) 2008-2012 under John Wheeler
* Oak Forest High School (Oak Forest, IL) 2008-2020 under Matt Manzke
* Regent Prep (Tulsa, Oklahoma) under Kerwin Dees

#### Canada

#### United States

### AAU, YBOA, and USBA

Amateur Athletic Union, Youth Basketball of America, and United States Basketball Association teams that have used the Princeton offense include:

### Footnotes

### Sources


title: West Texas FC

abstract: West Texas FC is an American soccer team based in Midland, Texas, United States. Founded in 2008, the team plays in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Lone Star Conference of the South Region. The team has played its home games at the Grande Communications Stadium since 2009. The team's colors are white and navy blue. Since 2022, the team has been owned by real estate investors Jason and Melina Cannon. They have won three titles.

text:
# West Texas FC

**West Texas FC** is an American soccer team based in Midland, Texas, United States. Founded in 2008, the team plays in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Lone Star Conference of the South Region.

The team has played its home games at the Grande Communications Stadium since 2009. The team's colors are white and navy blue.

Since 2022, the team has been owned by real estate investors Jason and Melina Cannon. They have won three titles.

## History

The team joined the USL as an expansion team in 2009, The team's ownership group included Miles Prentice and Bob Richmond, who also owned the Midland RockHounds. The team opened its inaugural season on April 10, 2009 with a 1–0 win over the Arizona Sahuaros in an exhibition match at Grande Stadium. The Sockers played their first official game on May 2, 2009, a 2–0 loss to the El Paso Patriots.

Historical team logos2016–20172018–2021

Originally known as the **West Texas Sockers**, they were renamed the **Odessa/Midland Sockers** on February 20, 2013. The club was again renamed, this time to **Midland-Odessa FC**, upon their entry into NPSL on December 13, 2016. The team adopted **Midland-Odessa Sockers FC** as its branding for the 2018 NPSL season.

The team went on hiatus for the 2022 NPSL season. In December 2022, it was announced that the team had been purchased from the Midland RockHounds by local real estate investors Jason and Melina Cannon. The team returned in 2023 as **West Texas FC**. In January 2023, Victor Domingues was named as the rebranded club's first head coach.

## Players

### Notable former players

*This list of notable former players comprises players who went on to play professional soccer after playing for the team in the Premier Development League, or those who previously played professionally before joining the team.*

## Year-by-year

| Year | Division | League | Regular Season | Playoffs | Open Cup |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | 4 | USL PDL | 2nd, Mid South | Divisional Finals | *did not qualify* |
| 2010 | 4 | USL PDL | 4th, Mid South | *did not qualify* | *did not qualify* |
| 2011 | 4 | USL PDL | 5th, Mid South | *did not qualify* | *did not qualify* |
| 2012 | 4 | USL PDL | 6th, Mid South | *did not qualify* | *did not qualify* |
| 2013 | 4 | USL PDL | 4th, Mid South | *did not qualify* | *did not qualify* |
| 2014 | 4 | USL PDL | 3rd, Mid South | *did not qualify* | *did not qualify* |
| 2015 | 4 | USL PDL | 2nd, Mid South | Conference Semifinals | Second Round |
| 2016 | 4 | USL PDL | 2nd, Mid South | National Semifinals | *did not qualify* |
| 2017 | 4 | NPSL | 3rd, Lone Star | National Runner-Up | *did not qualify* |
| 2018 | 4 | NPSL | 2nd, Lone Star | Conference Semifinals | Second Round |
| 2019 | 4 | NPSL | 1st, Lone Star | Conference Finals | First Round |
| 2021 | 4 | NPSL | 3rd, Lone Star | Conference Semifinals | *did not qualify* |
| 2022 | *On hiatus* | | | | |

## Head Coaches

* Jesus Enriquez (2009–2010)
* Warren Cottle (2010–2013)
* Matt Barnes (2014–2017)
* Luis Rincon (2018)
* Johnny Clifford (2019)
* Dave Jacobs (2020–2021)
* Victor Domingues (2023)
* David Ormiston (2024-Present)

## Stadium

## Average attendance

Attendance stats are calculated by averaging each team's self-reported home attendances from the historical match archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20100105175057/http://www.uslsoccer.com/history/index\_E.html.

* 2009: 2,782 (2nd in PDL)
* 2010: 2,501 (2nd in PDL)

http://www.goeasternathletics.com/roster.aspx?rp\_id=10666&path=msoc

## InfoBox

West Texas FC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Sockers |
| Founded | 2008 (2008) |
| Stadium | Astound Broadband Stadium
Midland, Texas |
| Capacity | 18,000 |
| Owners | Jason and Melina Cannon |
| Head coach | David Ormiston |
| League | National Premier Soccer League |
| 2021 | 3rd, Lone Star
Playoffs: Conference Semifinals |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Nemophila maculata

abstract: Nemophila maculata, commonly known as fivespot, is a species of flowering plant in the borage family (Boraginaceae).

text:
# Nemophila maculata

***Nemophila maculata***, commonly known as **fivespot**, is a species of flowering plant in the borage family (Boraginaceae).

## Distribution

The wildflower is found on slopes in elevations between 20–1,000 metres (66–3,281 ft). The plant is endemic to California. It is most common in the Sierra Nevada, Sacramento Valley, and the California Coast Ranges in the San Francisco Bay Area.

It is found in several plant communities, including valley grassland, foothill woodland, and pine and fir forest.

## Description

*Nemophila maculata* is an annual herb that flowers in the spring. The leaves are up to 3 centimeters long and 1.5 wide, and are divided into several smooth or toothed lobes.

The flowers are bowl-shaped, white with dark veins and dots. The lobe tips are purple-spotted. The corolla is 1 to 2 centimeters long and up to 5 centimeters wide. The flowers' spots, giving the common name fivespot, attracts its primary pollinators, which are solitary bees. Male and female bees feed on the nectar and females collect pollen to feed their larvae.

The seeds are greenish-brown and are smooth or shallowly pitted. The fruit produces up to 12 seeds. The entire fruiting and seed cycle begins in spring and ends in the summer.

## Cultivation

*Nemophila maculata* is sown as an annual ornamental plant in traditional, native plant, and pollinator/wildlife gardens. It grows in loose, evenly moist, and well-drained soils. It requires full sun to part shade and will self seed in optimum growth conditions.

## InfoBox

| *Nemophila maculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Boraginales |
| Family: | Boraginaceae |
| Genus: | *Nemophila* |
| Species: | ***N. maculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nemophila maculata***<br>Benth. ex Lindl. | |
|


title: Pseudepicorsia flavidensalis

abstract: Pseudepicorsia flavidensalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Warren in 1889. It is found in Brazil and Paraguay.

text:
# Pseudepicorsia flavidensalis

***Pseudepicorsia flavidensalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Warren in 1889. It is found in Brazil and Paraguay.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudepicorsia flavidensalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudepicorsia* |
| Species: | ***P. flavidensalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudepicorsia flavidensalis***<br>(Warren, 1889) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hapalia flavidensalis* Warren, 1889 * *Pyrausta thermicruralis* Hampson, 1913 | |


title: Patrão

abstract: Patrão is an album by bassist Ron Carter which was recorded at Van Gelder Studio in 1980 and released on the Milestone label the following year.

text:
# Patrão

***Patrão*** is an album by bassist Ron Carter which was recorded at Van Gelder Studio in 1980 and released on the Milestone label the following year.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

## Track listing

All compositions by Ron Carter.

1. "Ah Rio" – 8:13
2. "Nearly" – 9:43
3. "Tail Feathers" – 7:06
4. "Yours Truly" – 5:16
5. "Third Plane" – 7:07

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Patrão | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ron Carter | |
| Released | 1981 |
| Recorded | May 19 & 20, 1980 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJ |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 37:25 |
| Label | Milestone
M-9099 |
| Producer | A Retrac Production |
| Ron Carter chronology | |
| *New York Slick*
(1979) ***Patrão***
(1981) *Parfait*
(1982) | |


title: North Fulton High School

abstract:
North Fulton High School may refer to:
  - North Fulton High School (Georgia) — a high school from 1920 to 1991, that merged into North Atlanta High School in the Buckhead section of Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, USA
  - Atlanta International School — a private grade school and high school that moved in 1995 into the former North Fulton High School building in Buckhead, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, USA
  - Johns Creek High School — a high school established in 2009 in Johns Creek, Fulton County, Georgia, and temporarily referred to as the "North Fulton high school" during planning and construction
  - North Fulton Cooperative — the combined high school sports teams of Cuba High School (Illinois) and Spoon River Valley High School in Fulton County, Illinois, USA, and using the Wildcats nickname

text:
# North Fulton High School

**North Fulton High School** may refer to:

* North Fulton High School (Georgia)  a high school from 1920 to 1991, that merged into North Atlanta High School in the Buckhead section of Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, USA
* Atlanta International School  a private grade school and high school that moved in 1995 into the former North Fulton High School building in Buckhead, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, USA
* Johns Creek High School  a high school established in 2009 in Johns Creek, Fulton County, Georgia, and temporarily referred to as the "North Fulton high school" during planning and construction
* North Fulton Cooperative  the combined high school sports teams of Cuba High School (Illinois) and Spoon River Valley High School in Fulton County, Illinois, USA, and using the Wildcats nickname


title: Shelby Earl

abstract: Shelby Earl is an American singer-songwriter and musician based in Seattle, Washington. Earl's first solo album, Burn the Boats, was produced by John Roderick and released on Local 638 Records. In 2011 NPR's Ann Powers named Earl her "new favorite songwriter" and Amazon.com dubbed her album the "#1 Outstanding 2011 Album You Might Have Missed". Since the release of her debut album, Earl has opened for Benjamin Gibbard of Death Cab For Cutie, Loudon Wainwright III, Rhett Miller of the Old 97s, Crooked Fingers, Lavender Diamond, The White Buffalo, Felice Brothers, Tom Brosseau, Aaron Lee Tasjan and more. In April 2013, Rolling Stone suggested Earl's song "Everyone Belongs to Someone" be included on Zach Braff's Garden State follow-up film. Earl released her second solo album, Swift Arrows, produced by Seattle indie folk artist Damien Jurado, in July 2013. The album was recorded live at Seattle's Columbia City Theater and was well received by such outlets as NPR, Salon.com, and Rolling Stone. Earl's version of Michael Jackson's "P.Y.T." was featured on the “Everything I Try to Do, Nothing Seems to Turn Out Right” episode of Grey's Anatomy, which aired on May 8, 2014. Jackson was very influential in Earl becoming an artist. The song was produced by Eric Howk. In May 2014, Earl performed at the Sasquatch! Music Festival and was highlighted in an article as one of "4 Puget Sound Bands to Watch at Sasquatch." In the article she stated: “I've never even submitted to Adam Zacks before because I just knew that it wasn't time yet. So our conversation where he went ‘Yes, I was gonna ask you,’ was so incredibly exciting for me,” she said. “It definitely feels like a sort of rite of passage to that next level and just a huge honor.” After Earl's performance, BestNewBands.com listed her in their "6 Great New Bands We Saw At Sasquatch! Day 3" article. In it, they wrote "She’s a raw, refreshing blend of folk, rock, and country, and performs with a very talented backing band who keeps her away from typical singer-songwriter territory. Earl’s pure voice, capable guitar playing, and strong songwriting should push her to the forefront of Seattle’s folk-rock scene." Earl's third solo album, The Man Who Made Himself a Name, was released in 2017.

text:
# Shelby Earl

**Shelby Earl** is an American singer-songwriter and musician based in Seattle, Washington. Earl's first solo album, *Burn the Boats*, was produced by John Roderick (featuring members of Telekinesis, The Long Winters, Fleet Foxes and more) and released on Local 638 Records (owned and operated by Visqueen's Rachel Flotard). In 2011 NPR's Ann Powers named Earl her "new favorite songwriter" and Amazon.com dubbed her album the "#1 Outstanding 2011 Album You Might Have Missed".

Since the release of her debut album, Earl has opened for Benjamin Gibbard of Death Cab For Cutie, Loudon Wainwright III, Rhett Miller of the Old 97s, Crooked Fingers, Lavender Diamond, The White Buffalo, Felice Brothers, Tom Brosseau, Aaron Lee Tasjan and more.

In April 2013, Rolling Stone suggested Earl's song "Everyone Belongs to Someone" be included on Zach Braff's Garden State follow-up film.

Earl released her second solo album, *Swift Arrows*, produced by Seattle indie folk artist Damien Jurado, in July 2013. The album was recorded live at Seattle's Columbia City Theater and was well received by such outlets as NPR ("Music For Folks Who've Been Through a Few Things"), Salon.com ("SXSW: Meet Shelby Earl, the singer you need to know"), and Rolling Stone ("Shelby Earl Comes Out Firing in 'Swift Arrows") .

Earl's version of Michael Jackson's "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" was featured on the “Everything I Try to Do, Nothing Seems to Turn Out Right” episode of Grey's Anatomy (season 10, episode 23), which aired on May 8, 2014. Jackson was very influential in Earl becoming an artist. The song was produced by Eric Howk.

In May 2014, Earl performed at the Sasquatch! Music Festival and was highlighted in an article as one of "4 Puget Sound Bands to Watch at Sasquatch." In the article she stated: “I've never even submitted to (festival organizer) Adam Zacks before because I just knew that it wasn't time yet. So our conversation where he went ‘Yes, I was gonna ask you,’ was so incredibly exciting for me,” she said. “It definitely feels like a sort of rite of passage to that next level and just a huge honor.”

After Earl's performance, BestNewBands.com listed her in their "6 Great New Bands We Saw At Sasquatch! Day 3" article. In it, they wrote "She’s a raw, refreshing blend of folk, rock, and country, and performs with a very talented backing band who keeps her away from typical singer-songwriter territory (which can get stale for live performances). Earl’s pure voice, capable guitar playing, and strong songwriting should push her to the forefront of Seattle’s folk-rock scene."

Earl's third solo album, *The Man Who Made Himself a Name*, was released in 2017.

## InfoBox

| Shelby Earl | |
| --- | --- |
| Shelby Earl performing at the Pantages Theatre (Tacoma, Washington) | |
| Background information | |
| Born | Olympia, Washington, U.S. |
| Genres | Indie Rock, Songwriter |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument(s) | vocals, guitar |
| Years active | 2005 - |
| Labels | Nine Mile Records |
|  | |
| Website | www.shelbyearl.com |


title: Vulcan

abstract: Vulcan may refer to:

text:
# Vulcan

**Vulcan** may refer to:

## Mythology

* Vulcan (mythology), the god of fire, volcanoes, metalworking, and the forge in Roman mythology

## Arts, entertainment and media

### Film and television

### Print

### Other arts, entertainment and media

* *Vulcan* statue, the world's largest cast-iron statue and the city symbol of Birmingham, Alabama, US
* *Vulcan* (EP), an EP by Snake River Conspiracy
* *Vulcan*, an album by Chris Wood
* Vulcan Raven, a character in the *Metal Gear Solid* video games
* *Aegis Vulcan*, a spaceship in the *Star Citizen* video game
* "Vulcan Bomber", a song by Nebula from the 1998 EP *Let It Burn*

## Volcanoes

## Places

### Canada

### Romania

* Vulcan, Brașov, a commune in Brașov County
* Vulcan, Hunedoara, a city in Hunedoara County
* Vulcan, a village in Apold Commune, Mureș County
* Vulcan, a village in Ciuruleasa Commune, Alba County
* Blăjeni-Vulcan, a village in Blăjeni Commune, Hunedoara County
* Buceș-Vulcan, a village in Buceș Commune, Hunedoara County

### United States

### Extraterrestrial

## Science and technology

## Military

* Avro Vulcan, a British delta-winged strategic bomber
* HMS *Vulcan*, various ships
* USS *Vulcan*, three ships
* M163 VADS (Vulcan Air Defense System), a US self-propelled, antiaircraft Gatling gun
* M167 VADS (Vulcan Air Defense System), a US Army towed, short-range, antiaircraft Gatling gun
* M61 Vulcan, a 20mm six-barreled Gatling gun
* Vulcan M-11-9, a semiautomatic, closed-bolt pistol manufactured by Vulcan Armament

## Organisations

## Sports

## Vehicles

### Cars and motorcycles

### Trains

### Other vehicles

## Other uses


title: German submarine U-336

abstract: German submarine U-336 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 28 March 1941 at the Nordseewerke yard at Emden as yard number 208, launched on 4 December and commissioned on 14 February 1942 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Hans Hunger.

text:
# German submarine U-336

**German submarine *U-336*** was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 28 March 1941 at the Nordseewerke yard at Emden as yard number 208, launched on 4 December and commissioned on 14 February 1942 under the command of *Kapitänleutnant* Hans Hunger.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-336* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-336* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

After training with the 5th U-boat Flotilla, she moved to the 1st flotilla for front-line service in December 1942.

The boat carried out five patrols, sinking one ship.

She was a member of ten wolfpacks.

### First patrol

The boat's first patrol was very brief; starting and finishing in Kiel on 12 and 13 November 1942.

### Second patrol

Her second foray also started in Kiel, but terminated in Brest in occupied France after passing between the Faroe and Shetland Islands. She sank the Belgian tanker *President Francqui* on 29 December 1942 north of the Azores. The ship had already been hit by two torpedoes. *U-336* finished her off with a 'coup de grâce'.

### Third patrol

The submarine's third sortie was again into the mid-Atlantic. She spent days scouring the empty wastes, but returned to Brest without success.

### Fourth patrol

*U-336*'s fourth patrol was, at 71 days, her longest. She was attacked by an unidentified aircraft on 10 July 1943 west of Lisbon. Slight damage was the result.

### Fifth patrol

*U-336* left Brest for the last time on 14 September 1943. Initially she headed west, out of the Bay of Biscay. On the 24th, she turned north.

## Fate

On 5 October, she was sunk by rockets fired by a British Lockheed Hudson of No. 269 Squadron RAF in the Denmark Strait, (between Greenland and Iceland).

Fifty men died; there were no survivors.

### Wolfpacks

*U-336* took part in ten wolfpacks, namely:

* Ungestüm (11 – 30 December 1942)
* Neuland (8 – 13 March 1943)
* Dränger (14 – 20 March 1943)
* Seewolf (21 – 30 March 1943)
* Oder (17 – 19 May 1943)
* Mosel (19 – 24 May 1943)
* Trutz (1 – 16 June 1943)
* Trutz 2 (16 – 29 June 1943)
* Geier 3 (30 June – 10 July 1943)
* Rossbach (24 September – 5 October 1943)

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Name | Nationality | Tonnage
(GRT) | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29 December 1942 | *President Francqui* | Belgium | 4,919 | Sunk |

## Bibliography

* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary*. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *Der U-Boot-Krieg, 1939-1945: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945* \[*German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945*\] (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
* Kemp, Paul (1999). *U-Boats Destroyed – German Submarine Losses in the World Wars*. London: Arms & Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.

* Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type VIIC boat U-336". *German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net*. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
* Hofmann, Markus. "*U 336*". *Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 – u-boot-archiv.de* (in German). Retrieved 26 December 2014.

62°43′N 27°17′W / 62.717°N 27.283°W / 62.717; -27.283

## InfoBox

| Aerial attack on *U-336* on 3 October 1943 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-336* |
| Ordered | 15 August 1940 |
| Builder | Nordseewerke, Emden |
| Yard number | 208 |
| Laid down | 28 March 1941 |
| Launched | 4 December 1941 |
| Commissioned | 14 February 1942 |
| Fate | Sunk on 5 October 1943 by a British aircraft |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40–56 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 40 923 |
| Commanders: | * *Kptlt.* Hans Hunger * 14 February 1942 – 5 October 1943 |
| Operations: | * 5 patrols: * 1st patrol: * 12 – 13 November 1942 * 2nd patrol: * 28 November 1942 – 8 January 1943 * 3rd patrol: * 2 March – 11 April 1943 * 4th patrol: * a. 8 May – 17 July 1943 * b. 26 – 27 August 1943 * 5th patrol: * 14 September – 5 October 1943 |
| Victories: | 1 merchant ship sunk
(4,919 GRT) |


abstract: The Ministry of Human Settlements and Development (MHSD), is the regional executive department of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) responsible for management of housing and human settlement in the region as well as affairs relating to both rural and urban development. The MHSD did not have a counterpart office from the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), the predecessor autonomous region of Bangsamoro. Some of Bangsamoro's ministries were reorganized from the regional offices of national government bodies in the ARMM.

text:
# Ministry of Human Settlements and Development (Bangsamoro)

The **Ministry of Human Settlements and Development** (MHSD), is the regional executive department of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) responsible for management of housing and human settlement in the region as well as affairs relating to both rural and urban development.

The MHSD did not have a counterpart office from the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), the predecessor autonomous region of Bangsamoro. Some of Bangsamoro's ministries were reorganized from the regional offices of national government bodies in the ARMM.

## Ministers

| # | Minister | Term began | Term ended | Chief Minister |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hamid Aminoddin Barra | February 26, 2019 | *incumbent* | Murad Ebrahim |
|

## InfoBox

Ministry of Human Settlements and Development
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Jurisdiction | Regional government of Bangsamoro |
| Minister responsible | * Hamid Aminoddin Barra, Minister of Human Settlements and Development |
| Website | mhsd.bangsamoro.gov.ph |


title: Purakaunui River

abstract: The Purakaunui River is a river in the western Catlins, New Zealand. It rises west of Houipapa and flows through the Pūrākaunui Bay Scenic Reserve into the Pacific Ocean at Pūrākaunui Bay. The river is best known for Purakaunui Falls.

text:
# Purakaunui River

The **Purakaunui River** is a river in the western Catlins, New Zealand. It rises west of Houipapa and flows through the Pūrākaunui Bay Scenic Reserve into the Pacific Ocean at Pūrākaunui Bay. The river is best known for Purakaunui Falls.

"Place name detail: Purakaunui River". *New Zealand Gazetteer*. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 10 April 2020.

46°33′S 169°37′E / 46.550°S 169.617°E / -46.550; 169.617

## InfoBox

| Purakaunui River | |
| --- | --- |
| Purakaunui River at the top of the waterfall | |
| Location | |
| Country | New Zealand |


title: Pseudochorda

abstract: Pseudochorda is a genus of thalloid brown algae including two species.

text:
# Pseudochorda

***Pseudochorda*** is a genus of thalloid brown algae including two species.

## Further reading

* Kawai, H; Kubota, M; Kondo, T; Watanabe, M (October 1990). "Action spectra for phototaxis in zoospores of the brown alga *Pseudochorda gracilis*". *Protoplasma*. **161** (1): 17–22. doi:10.1007/BF01328893.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudochorda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Gyrista |
| Subphylum: | Ochrophytina |
| Class: | Phaeophyceae |
| Order: | Laminariales |
| Family: | Pseudochordaceae
Kawai & Kurogi, 1985 |
| Genus: | *Pseudochorda*
Yamada, Tokida & Inagaki in Inagaki, 1958 |
|
| Species | |
| *Pseudochorda gracilis*
*Pseudochorda nagaii* | |


title: Álvaro Delgado (journalist)

abstract: Álvaro Delgado Gómez is a Mexican political investigative journalist and author. He studied journalism at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and has worked in the Mexican national newspapers El Nacional, El Universal, and El Financiero, as well as the political newsmagazine Proceso. In 2003, he published the book El Yunque – La ultraderecha en el poder, the continuation of a series of articles for Proceso magazine in which he researched a secret Roman Catholic fascist organization called El Yunque,, active in Mexico since the 1950s, many of whose high-ranking members then held high positions in the PAN administration of President Vicente Fox. The book won him the Mexican national prize for journalism in 2003, but he also received several death threats.

text:
# Álvaro Delgado (journalist)

**Álvaro Delgado Gómez** (born 1966) is a Mexican political investigative journalist and author.

He studied journalism at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and has worked in the Mexican national newspapers *El Nacional, El Universal,* and *El Financiero,* as well as the political newsmagazine *Proceso.*

In 2003, he published the book *El Yunque  La ultraderecha en el poder*, the continuation of a series of articles for *Proceso* magazine in which he researched a secret Roman Catholic fascist organization called El Yunque, ("The Anvil"), active in Mexico since the 1950s, many of whose high-ranking members then held high positions in the PAN administration of President Vicente Fox. The book won him the Mexican national prize for journalism in 2003, but he also received several death threats.


title: Pseudopostega ecuadoriana

abstract: Pseudopostega ecuadoriana is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Donald R. Davis and Jonas R. Stonis, 2007. It is known from an Amazonian premontane rainforest in east-central Ecuador. The length of the forewings is about 3.3 mm. Adults have been recorded in January.

text:
# Pseudopostega ecuadoriana

***Pseudopostega ecuadoriana*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Donald R. Davis and Jonas R. Stonis, 2007. It is known from an Amazonian premontane rainforest in east-central Ecuador.

The length of the forewings is about 3.3 mm. Adults have been recorded in January.

## Etymology

The species name is derived from the country of origin, Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudopostega ecuadoriana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudopostega* |
| Species: | ***P. ecuadoriana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudopostega ecuadoriana***<br>D.R. Davis & J.R. Stonis, 2007 | |
|


title: Paul Booth (labor organizer)

abstract: Paul Booth was an activist, anti-war protester, and lifelong labor organizer. Called "one of the labor movement's key strategists" by Harold Meyerson and "an organizer's organizer" by American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) President Lee Saunders, he began his work in labor movement in 1966 as research director for the United Packinghouse Workers of America. He became an organizing director for AFSCME where he worked for four decades. Prior to that, he was a student organizer in the class of 1964, forming a chapter of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) at Swarthmore and was one of the drafters of the SDS Port Huron Statement. He became the SDS national secretary for a year, moving to Chicago in 1965. He was one of the chief organizers of the April 1965 March on Washington to End the War in Vietnam as part of SDS's Peace Research and Education Project which he co-led with Todd Gitlin. In 1971, Booth co-chaired the Citizens Action Program (CAP), a group which first investigated air pollution but soon switched to exposing fraudulent underassessment of property values for tax evasion purposes. CAP's investigations found that U.S. Steel had evaded billions of dollars in taxes through low assessment of its properties. Booth's organizational skills and the activities of CAP inspired other groups to launch further investigations into taxation—especially property taxation—throughout Illinois. He spoke at the first day of the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia in 2016 after Hillary Clinton appointed him to serve on the Democratic Party's platform drafting committee. He retired from his position of executive assistant to AFSCME's President Saunders in 2017 and continued to write about political strategy for the 2018 election. On his retirement early in 2017, Representative Jan Schakowsky inserted into the Congressional Record an appreciation of Paul Booth's "contributions to the progressive movement as an activist, organizer, mentor and leader," praising the "rich legacy and a lasting record of achievement" that he would leave behind.

text:
# Paul Booth (labor organizer)

**Paul Booth** (June 7, 1943 – January 17, 2018) was an activist, anti-war protester, and lifelong labor organizer.

Called "one of the labor movement's key strategists" by Harold Meyerson and "an organizer's organizer" by American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) President Lee Saunders, he began his work in labor movement in 1966 as research director for the United Packinghouse Workers of America. He became an organizing director for AFSCME where he worked for four decades. Prior to that, he was a student organizer in the class of 1964, forming a chapter of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) at Swarthmore and was one of the drafters of the SDS Port Huron Statement. He became the SDS national secretary for a year, moving to Chicago in 1965. He was one of the chief organizers of the April 1965 March on Washington to End the War in Vietnam as part of SDS's Peace Research and Education Project which he co-led with Todd Gitlin. In 1971, Booth co-chaired the Citizens Action Program (CAP), a group which first investigated air pollution but soon switched to exposing fraudulent underassessment of property values for tax evasion purposes. CAP's investigations found that U.S. Steel had evaded billions of dollars in taxes through low assessment of its properties. Booth's organizational skills and the activities of CAP inspired other groups to launch further investigations into taxation—especially property taxation—throughout Illinois.

He spoke at the first day of the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia in 2016 after Hillary Clinton appointed him to serve on the Democratic Party's platform drafting committee. He retired from his position of executive assistant to AFSCME's President Saunders in 2017 and continued to write about political strategy for the 2018 election. On his retirement early in 2017, Representative Jan Schakowsky inserted into the Congressional Record an appreciation of Paul Booth's "contributions to the progressive movement as an activist, organizer, mentor and leader," praising the "rich legacy and a lasting record of achievement" that he would leave behind.

## Personal life

Booth grew up in Washington, D.C. His parents were both Socialist Party members: his mother was a psychiatric social worker and his father was an economist with the Department of Labor who helped craft Social Security during the Roosevelt administration. He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1964. He was married to Heather Booth (née Tobis) in July 1967 and was interviewed in a documentary about her life. They had two children, Gene and Dan.

He died January 17, 2018, from complications of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

## Writings

Paul Booth (c. 1965) *A Strategy for University Reform*. Students for a Democratic Society. New York. Retrieved January 27, 2018.


title: Notomulciber trimaculatus

abstract: Notomulciber trimaculatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.

text:
# Notomulciber trimaculatus

***Notomulciber trimaculatus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.

## InfoBox

| *Notomulciber trimaculatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Notomulciber*** |
| Species: | ***N. trimaculatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Notomulciber trimaculatus***<br>(Breuning, 1939) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Micromulciber trimaculatus* Breuning, 1939 | |


title: International rankings of Tanzania

text:
# International rankings of Tanzania

These are the international rankings of Tanzania.

## International rankings

| Organization | Survey | Ranking |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Institute for Economics and Peace | Global Peace Index | 58 out of 144 |
| United Nations Development Programme | Income adjusted Human Development Index | 117 out of 182 |
| Transparency International | Corruption Perceptions Index | 87 out of 180 |
| World Economic Forum | Global Competitiveness Report | 117 out of 133 |
| World Intellectual Property Organization | Global Innovation Index, 2024 | 120 out of 133 |


title: McLean Bogs

abstract: McLean Bogs is a National Natural Landmark containing two small kettle bogs located in Dryden, New York. It was donated to Cornell University by Curtis G. Lloyd in the 1930s, and an 81-acre (33 ha) site containing the bogs and surrounding woodlands was declared a National Natural Landmark in May 1983. The site contains two bogs; one acidic and one alkaline. One bog is approximately 70 metres (230 ft) wide with a peat depth of eight metres (26 ft) and contains several species of sphagnum moss. There are over 66 species of lichens in the bog, primarily corticolous and lignicolous types. Cornell Botanic Gardens manages the site and restricts public access. One of the key research areas in the bog is to better understand how different types of microbial species creates methane gas in peat bogs.

text:
# McLean Bogs

**McLean Bogs** is a National Natural Landmark containing two small kettle bogs located in Dryden, New York. It was donated to Cornell University by Curtis G. Lloyd in the 1930s, and an 81-acre (33 ha) site containing the bogs and surrounding woodlands was declared a National Natural Landmark in May 1983.

The site contains two bogs; one acidic and one alkaline. One bog is approximately 70 metres (230 ft) wide with a peat depth of eight metres (26 ft) and contains several species of sphagnum moss. There are over 66 species of lichens in the bog, primarily corticolous and lignicolous types.

Cornell Botanic Gardens manages the site and restricts public access. One of the key research areas in the bog is to better understand how different types of microbial species creates methane gas in peat bogs.

## InfoBox

| McLean Bogs | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Dryden, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°32′55″N 76°15′58″W / 42.548750°N 76.266139°W / 42.548750; -76.266139 |
| Area | 81 acres (33 ha) |
| Governing body | Cornell Botanic Gardens |
|  | |
| U.S. National Natural Landmark | |
| Designated | 1983 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pristimantis luteolateralis

abstract:
Pristimantis luteolateralis is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae.
It is endemic to Ecuador.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forests, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.

text:
# Pristimantis luteolateralis

***Pristimantis luteolateralis*** is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forests, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.

## InfoBox

| *Pristimantis luteolateralis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male from Mindo, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Pristimantis* |
| Species: | ***P. luteolateralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristimantis luteolateralis***
(Lynch, 1976) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eleutherodactylus luteolateralis* Lynch, 1976 | |


title: Western Academic Talent Search

abstract: The Western Academic Talent Search (WATS) is a talent search program based at the CU Boulder in Boulder, Colorado for students in the states of Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, New Mexico, Montana, and Wyoming with high academic achievement. Students are selected from the top 95th percentile from each subject and are administered a number of college-entrance exams to determine their talent compared to others. If the exam scores are high enough, they are eligible for various programs including one-, two- and three-week college-level courses at CU Boulder. Usually, around 300 students attended the WATS/Center for Bright Kids summer camps each year. Western Academic Talent Search (WATS) was formerly known as the Rocky Mountain Talent Search. WATS is part of the Center for Bright Kids.

text:
# Western Academic Talent Search

The **Western Academic Talent Search** (WATS) is a talent search program based at the CU Boulder in Boulder, Colorado for students in the states of Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, New Mexico, Montana, and Wyoming with high academic achievement. Students are selected from the top 95th percentile from each subject and are administered a number of college-entrance exams to determine their talent compared to others. If the exam scores are high enough, they are eligible for various programs including one-, two- and three-week college-level courses at CU Boulder. Usually, around 300 students attended the WATS/Center for Bright Kids summer camps each year.

**Western Academic Talent Search** (WATS) was formerly known as the Rocky Mountain Talent Search. WATS is part of the Center for Bright Kids.


title: Giulio Cantalamessa

abstract: Giulio Cantalamessa was an Italian painter and art critic.

text:
# Giulio Cantalamessa

**Giulio Cantalamessa** (1 April 1846 – 12 September 1924) was an Italian painter and art critic.

## Biography

He was born in Ascoli Piceno. Against his parents wishes, he enrolled in the Academy of Fine Arts of Bologna under Antonio Puccinelli. He then worked under Antonio Ciseri in Florence for a year. In 1868 he paints *Plauto in atto di scrivere una scena faceta*, which wins a first prize at the Fermo Exhibition of 1869. In 1871, he moved to Rome. In 1873, he painted *Francesco Stabili (Cecco d' Ascoli)* for the commune of Ascoli. He also painted a number of religious subjects for churches in the Marche, and portraits. In 1883, his health made him stop painting a large canvas depicting *Pope John X fatto strozzare da Marozia nelle prigioni*. He went on to become active in inventorizing the galleries in Modena (1894 with help from Corrado Ricci and Adolfo Venturi), Venice, as well as the Galleria Borghese in Rome.

Late in life, and despite illness, Cantalamessa examined the *Isleworth Mona Lisa* and was reported to have said of it: "This is the best *Mona Lisa* that I have seen except the Louvre, which was in my hands for nearly two months. It is undoubtedly from Leonardo's studio, but I cannot give a further opinion. For this picture documentary evidence is of primary importance because the *Mona Lisa* in the Louvre has been there so long".


title: Pseudepicorsia

abstract: Pseudepicorsia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

text:
# Pseudepicorsia

***Pseudepicorsia*** is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pseudepicorsia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Pyraustinae |
| Genus: | *Pseudepicorsia*<br>Munroe, 1964 |
|


title: Édouard Wick

abstract: Édouard Wick was a French cyclist. He competed in the men's sprint event at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Wick raced for the Guidon Vélocipédique Parisien Club. In addition to his Olympic appearance, in 1900 he competed at both the World Sprint Championships, and the Grand Prix de Paris, but did not place in either event.

text:
# Édouard Wick

**Édouard Wick** was a French cyclist. He competed in the men's sprint event at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Wick raced for the Guidon Vélocipédique Parisien Club. In addition to his Olympic appearance, in 1900 he competed at both the World Sprint Championships, and the Grand Prix de Paris, but did not place in either event.

## InfoBox

Édouard Wick
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Édouard Wick |


title: Pseudopostega euryntis

abstract: Pseudopostega euryntis is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1907. It is known from Mysore, India, as well as Sri Lanka. Adults have been recorded in June.

text:
# Pseudopostega euryntis

***Pseudopostega euryntis*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1907. It is known from Mysore, India, as well as Sri Lanka.

Adults have been recorded in June.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudopostega euryntis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudopostega* |
| Species: | ***P. euryntis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudopostega euryntis***<br>(Meyrick, 1907) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Opostega euryntis* Meyrick, 1907 | |


title: Pate (instrument)

abstract:
The Pātē is a Samoan percussion instrument of Tahitian origin, named after the Samoan word for "beat" or "clap" "pulse". It is one of many Samoan log drum variants and is of the slit drum family, and therefore is also of the idiophone percussion family. It is made from a hollowed-out log, usually of Miro wood and produces a distinctive and loud sound. Different sizes of log drums offer different pitches and volumes, as well as striking the log drum in the middle or near the ends. Talipalau drums are a Samoan variant a little larger than a pate drum and somewhat smaller than the Lali log drum variant. The dimensions of some Talipalau are large as 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) high and 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length; these Talipalau are a distant cousin to the Fijian Lali drum which were larger in size. The smaller pate was said to be introduced to Samoa by inter-married Tahitians whom visited and settled in Samoa some 500 years ago. However, in recent times the pate is used together with the other lesser known traditional log drum variants as well as the Samoan fala as percussive musical instruments. Because of the widespread distribution of Samoan music through the great Polynesian expansion, the use of the Pātē has gained much popularity among other neighbouring Polynesian Islands such as Uvea and Futuna, Tokelau, Tuvalu and Niue. There are five main Samoan wooden slit drum variants:
  - The logo, often carved straight from the carcass of giant felled trees, is the largest of the Samoan drum variants. Some of these drums were said to need upward of 70 men to carry them to the sea—such was the enormity of the drums that they could only be transported by flotation. When carved into a drum, the logo can only be played by being struck from the side, for instance by sliding the beater or very large log like playing stick across the top of the drum to hit the slit lip on the other side. The logo was used to announce the King of Samoa, High Chiefs and other monarchy in the past. The logo was also used to announce attacks and signals during war. Samoa also has recorded historical records of lesser known battles with the neighboring islands of Manono, Pukapuka, Tokelau, Tuamotu and Rarotonga, although these battles may be classed as independent isolated inter-island skirmishes between large familial clan groups.
  - Lali are large drums that are always played in pairs by two drummers. One of them beats the larger of the two, called the Tatasi. The other drummer plays the smaller Lali in the rhythmic pattern called the Talua. Both slit drums are played with sticks called Auta. The Lali were said to be introduced 700 years ago via Fiji.
  - The talipalau is a medium-sized Lali drum in between the normal-sized lali and the pate. The talipalau slit drum was introduced to Samoa via Tuamotu and Tahiti. It is now part of the island group now part of the French Polynesian Island chain. The archipelago of Samoa, Tahiti and Tuamotu developed inter-island familial bonded clans over the span of 800 years.
  - The pate was introduced via Tahiti 500 years ago. It is the most well-known of the drum variants simply because of its portability and easy-to-use size, as well as because of its various different tones and pitches.
  - The fa'aali'i-nafa is a smaller indigenous Samoan pate drum also made from Milo wood. Tahitian warriors introduced intricate wooden log pate drumming to the Samoan Islands and the Cook Islands. In Rarotonga its origins have grown into deep spiritual roots that are still found in Cook Islands drumming today. In Samoa log drums have traditionally been used in communicating over large distances in times of war and for signaling times of Sa, Chief and Village Meetings. Drums are also used in traditional song and dance. In Tahiti the people have taken a more contemporary approach where drumming and dancing is used more for entertainment and tourism than traditional functions. For example, French Polynesia celebrates the annual Heiva i Tahiti festival where different tribes and island clan groups are able to compete against each other in a dance and drumming competition.

text:
# Pate (instrument)

The ***Pātē*** is a Samoan percussion instrument of Tahitian origin, named after the Samoan word for "beat" or "clap" "pulse". It is one of many Samoan log drum variants and is of the slit drum family, and therefore is also of the idiophone percussion family. It is made from a hollowed-out log, usually of Miro wood and produces a distinctive and loud sound. Different sizes of log drums offer different pitches and volumes, as well as striking the log drum in the middle or near the ends.

Talipalau drums are a Samoan variant a little larger than a pate drum and somewhat smaller than the Lali log drum variant. The dimensions of some Talipalau are large as 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) high and 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length; these Talipalau are a distant cousin to the Fijian Lali drum which were larger in size. The smaller pate was said to be introduced to Samoa by inter-married Tahitians whom visited and settled in Samoa some 500 years ago. However, in recent times the pate is used together with the other lesser known traditional log drum variants as well as the Samoan fala as percussive musical instruments. Because of the widespread distribution of Samoan music through the great Polynesian expansion, the use of the Pātē has gained much popularity among other neighbouring Polynesian Islands such as Uvea and Futuna, Tokelau, Tuvalu and Niue.

There are five main Samoan wooden slit drum variants:

* The **logo**, often carved straight from the carcass of giant felled trees, is the largest of the Samoan drum variants. Some of these drums were said to need upward of 70 men to carry them to the sea—such was the enormity of the drums that they could only be transported by flotation. When carved into a drum, the logo can only be played by being struck from the side, for instance by sliding the beater or very large log like playing stick across the top of the drum to hit the slit lip on the other side. The logo was used to announce the King of Samoa, High Chiefs and other monarchy in the past. The logo was also used to announce attacks and signals during war (see: Samoan Civil War, the Fijian Wars and also the Tongan Wars). Samoa also has recorded historical records of lesser known battles with the neighboring islands of Manono, Pukapuka, Tokelau, Tuamotu and Rarotonga, although these battles may be classed as independent isolated inter-island skirmishes between large familial clan groups.
* **Lali** are large drums that are always played in pairs by two drummers. One of them beats the larger of the two, called the Tatasi. The other drummer plays the smaller Lali in the rhythmic pattern called the Talua. Both slit drums are played with sticks called Auta. The Lali were said to be introduced 700 years ago via Fiji.
* The **talipalau** is a medium-sized Lali drum in between the normal-sized lali and the pate. The talipalau slit drum was introduced to Samoa via Tuamotu and Tahiti. It is now part of the island group now part of the French Polynesian Island chain. The archipelago of Samoa, Tahiti and Tuamotu developed inter-island familial bonded clans over the span of 800 years.
* The **pate** was introduced via Tahiti 500 years ago. It is the most well-known of the drum variants simply because of its portability and easy-to-use size, as well as because of its various different tones and pitches.
* The **fa'aali'i-nafa** is a smaller indigenous Samoan pate drum also made from Milo wood.

Tahitian warriors introduced intricate wooden log pate drumming to the Samoan Islands and the Cook Islands. In Rarotonga its origins have grown into deep spiritual roots that are still found in Cook Islands drumming today.

In Samoa log drums have traditionally been used in communicating over large distances in times of war and for signaling times of Sa, Chief and Village Meetings. Drums are also used in traditional song and dance.

In Tahiti the people have taken a more contemporary approach where drumming and dancing is used more for entertainment and tourism than traditional functions. For example, French Polynesia celebrates the annual Heiva i Tahiti festival where different tribes and island clan groups are able to compete against each other in a dance and drumming competition.

## Construction Process

First a segment of a hardwood tree trunk or thick branch is taken and stripped of its bark. Holes are then bored into the log in a straight line, from one end to the other, optionally leaving some space at each end. What remains in between the holes is then chiseled out, forming the characteristic slit. After this, the log continues to be hollowed out through the slit. Both the shape of the slit and the extent that the log is gutted will affect the tone and pitch of the pate.

## InfoBox

*Pātē*
| *Pātē* from Samoa | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Pātē (Rarotonga) Tōkere (Aitutaki, Atiu)<br>Tō'ere (French Polynesia) Kā'ara (Mangaia) |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | *classification needed* |
| Related instruments | |
| Lali | |


title: Noton Osborne

abstract: Noton Osborne was an Australian cricketer. He played one first-class cricket match for Victoria in 1871.

text:
# Noton Osborne

**Noton Osborne** (c. 1844  10 December 1878) was an Australian cricketer. He played one first-class cricket match for Victoria in 1871.

## InfoBox

Noton Osborne
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c. 1844
England |
| Died | 10 December 1878 (aged 3334)
Hobart, Australia |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1871 | Victoria |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 3 May 2015 | |


title: Shay McClure

abstract: Shay McClure is an American college football coach. He is the special teams coordinator and linebackers coach for Southern Utah University, a position he has held since 2022. He was the head football coach at Dixie State University—now known as Utah Tech University—in St. George, Utah, from 2016 to 2018. McClure served as the interim head football coach at Southern Oregon University in Ashland, Oregon, for one seasons, in 2005, compiling record of 1–9.

text:
# Shay McClure

**Shay McClure** is an American college football coach. He is the special teams coordinator and linebackers coach for Southern Utah University, a position he has held since 2022. He was the head football coach at Dixie State University—now known as Utah Tech University—in St. George, Utah, from 2016 to 2018. McClure served as the interim head football coach at Southern Oregon University in Ashland, Oregon, for one seasons, in 2005, compiling record of 1–9.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Southern Oregon Raiders** *(NAIA independent)* (2005) | | | | | | | | |
| 2005 | Southern Oregon | 1–9 |  |  |  |
| **Southern Oregon:** | | 1–9 |  |  | | | | |
| **Dixie State Trailblazers** *(Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference)* (2016–2018) | | | | | | | | |
| 2016 | Dixie State | 6–5 | 6–4 | T–5th |  |
| 2017 | Dixie State | 5–6 | 5–5 | T–5th |  |
| 2018 | Dixie State | 7–4 | 7–3 | T–3rd |  |
| **Dixie State:** | | 18–15 | 18–12 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 19–24 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Shay McClure
| Current position | |
| --- | --- |
| Title | Special teams coordinator, linebackers coach |
| Team | Southern Utah |
| Conference | UAC |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | McCloud, California, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 1992–1994 | Southern Oregon |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Defensive back |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1995–1996 | Southern Oregon (DB) |
| 1997–1999 | San Diego (ST/DB) |
| 2000–2001 | Occidental (DC/RC) |
| 2002–2004 | Southern Oregon (DC/RC) |
| 2005 | Southern Oregon (interim HC) |
| 2006–2014 | Humboldt State (DC/RC) |
| 2015 | Dixie State (DC) |
| 2016–2018 | Dixie State |
| 2019–2021 | Southwest Minnesota State (DC) |
| 2022–present | Southern Utah (ST/LB) |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 19–24 |
|  | |


title: Max Waibel

abstract: Max Waibel was a Swiss army officer who played an important part in arranging the end of World War II in Italy.

text:
# Max Waibel

**Max Waibel** (2 May 1901 – 20 January 1971) was a Swiss army officer who played an important part in arranging the end of World War II in Italy.

## Life

Waibel was born in Basel in 1901, the son of Heinrich Adolf Waibel and Anna Sutter. He studied in Basel, Frankfurt and Giessen, receiving a doctorate in Political Sciences in 1923. From 1927 he took over the function of commanding officer of the Waffenplatz in Lucerne. In 1935 he was transferred to the General Staff and sent to the War Academy in Berlin in 1938. When war broke out in 1939, he returned to Switzerland and took over the management of the Rigi/Lucerne signal intelligence centre.

In 1940, Waibel was one of the founders of the Officers' League, which wanted to take on the fight against any invading German troops on their own should the Federal Council decide to surrender. Together with his deputy Bernhard Mayr von Baldegg, Waibel was arrested, but soon released and promoted to Major at the end of 1940. He participated in Swiss resistance organisation the *Aktion Nationaler Widerstand*, and was also associated with the Red Orchestra. He then headed the Intelligence Section 1 (NS-1, Rigi) of the Swiss Armed Forces and assigned Christian Schneider to forward militarily relevant information to the Soviet Union.

He was the authoritative mediator for SS General Karl Wolff arranging German capitulation in northern Italy. Secret meetings took place with him in Lucerne, in which the American CIA secret service chief Allen Dulles also took part. At the same time he was in contact with the Italian partisans. After the war, Waibel met with Allied generals who thanked him for his peace mediation. According to historian Edgar Bonjour, Operation Sunrise ended the war six to eight weeks earlier and preserved the rich cultural heritage of northern Italy from German destruction in the event of a forced retreat. In 1953 Max Waibel was promoted to Division Colonel.

Max Waibel was married to Margrit Schwytzer von Buonas from the Lucerne patrician family of the same name, and lived with his family in the prestigious Dorenbach mansion, in whose stately salons the mentioned negotiations took place. The meetings were held under great secrecy and threatened several times to fail, presenting every time a logistical masterpiece. Meetings were also held in the Hotel Schweizerhof in Lucerne and in Ascona and Lugano etc., with Generals Lemnitzer and Airey.

After retiring, Waibel became chairman of the bank of Ernst Brunner, a businessman who had become rich in penicillin trading. In 1970, the bank collapsed. Waibel gave a farewell Christmas party and then shot himself.

## Memorial

60 years after the end of the war, a memorial plaque was inaugurated in the presence of his family at the Army Training Center in Lucerne. Present was the Swiss Federal President Samuel Schmid and the ambassadors of the US, Russia, France and Italy. In his speech, former Secretary of State Franz Blankart said that Waibel would have been stopped by the Federal Council, had they known about his activities.

The inscription on the plaque reads:

> As mediator between the German and the Allied warring parties he reached, in Lucerne on 2 May 1945, a truce in northern Italy. Courageous and opinionated, obeying not commands but his own conscience, he lit the beacon of peace which brought the war in Europe to an early close. Innumerable human lives and noble cultural assets were spared, Northern Italy escaped the barbaric war atrocities of the scorched earth.

## InfoBox

| Max Waibel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1901-05-02)May 2, 1901
Basel |
| Died | January 20, 1971(1971-01-20) (aged 69)
Lucerne |
| Allegiance | Switzerland |
| Spouse(s) | Margrit Schwytzer von Buonas |
| Other work | Bank chairman |


title: Pristimantis mallii

abstract: Pristimantis mallii is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Described in 2019, it is only known from the Río Zuñag Reserve on the eastern slope of the Andes, in the upper basin of the Pastaza River. The specific name mallii honors V. N. Mallikarjuna "Malli" Rao, winner of Lavoisier Medal who helped develop an environmentally safe alternative to the fluorocarbons and whose donation helped establish the Río Zuñag Reserve. Common name Malli's rain frog has been coined for this species.

text:
# Pristimantis mallii

***Pristimantis mallii*** is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Described in 2019, it is only known from the Río Zuñag Reserve on the eastern slope of the Andes, in the upper basin of the Pastaza River. The specific name *mallii* honors V. N. Mallikarjuna "Malli" Rao, winner of Lavoisier Medal who helped develop an environmentally safe alternative to the fluorocarbons and whose donation helped establish the Río Zuñag Reserve. Common name **Malli's rain frog** has been coined for this species.

## Description

Adult males measure 12–21 mm (0.5–0.8 in) and adult females 23–43 mm (0.9–1.7 in) in snout–vent length. The snout is broadly rounded in dorsal view. The tympanum is visible, albeit slightly covered by the supratympanic fold. The fingers have narrow lateral fringes and terminal discs. The toes have slightly defined lateral fringes and terminal discs; no webbing is present. The upper eyelids bear 1–2 subconical tubercles and some rounded tubercles. The skin on the dorsum and flanks are shagreen. Scapular folds are distinctive. The dorsum and flanks light are brown to brown. There are irregular dark brown marks bounded by dirty or greenish cream or light brown. The groin has irregular yellowish marks. The venter is light gray or cream spotted with brown. The iris is golden coppery with black reticulations and a reddish horizontal stripe.

## Habitat and conservation

*Pristimantis mallii* is known from the montane cloud forests of the east-central slope of the Andes at elevations of 1,300–2,190 m (4,270–7,190 ft) above sea level. All specimens were found in herbaceous and shrub vegetation inside mature forest some 1.5–4 m (4 ft 11 in – 13 ft 1 in) above the ground.

The Río Zuñag Reserve is located in the buffer zone of the Llanganates National Park.

## InfoBox

| *Pristimantis mallii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mature female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Pristimantis* |
| Species: | ***P. mallii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristimantis mallii***<br>Reyes-Puig, Reyes-Puig, Velarde-Garcéz, Dávalos, Mancero, Navarrete, Yánez-Muñoz, Cisneros-Heredia, and Ron, 2019 | |
|
|  | |
| *Pristimantis mallii* is only known from the Río Zuñag Reserve in the Andes of Ecuador | |


title: Giulio Chazalettes

abstract: Giulio Chazalettes (*1930) is an Italian opera director and former actor.

text:
# Giulio Chazalettes

**Giulio Chazalettes** (\*1930) is an Italian opera director and former actor.

## Biography

He was born in Verona (according to another source in Torino). He was taught in music by his mother, a German pianist. After having settled in Milan, he was accepted by the Piccolo Teatro's acting school. Soon he also joined the company, and appeared in *Sacrilegio massimo* by Stefano Landi, and replaced Giorgio De Lullo in The Madwoman of Chaillot. Later he went to Dresden to work as an actor and assistant director. Returning to Italy, he finished his musical education at the Florence conservatory. Chazalettes then started his career as an opera director. In 1976, he debuted at La Scala with Massenet's *Werther* (conducted by Georges Prêtre). His debut at the Vienna State Opera came in 1980 with Verdi's *Attila* (conducted by Giuseppe Sinopoli). Chazalettes also worked for the Chicago Lyric Opera and the Bavarian State Opera. In 1989, he directed Frederica von Stade in Massenet's *Cherubin* for the Santa Fe Opera, about which the New York Times wrote: *"Giulio Chazalettes's staging adopts a broadly comical, burlesque-opera approach that emphasizes Cherubin's lack of discrimination in woman-chasing. The countess (Melanie Helton) and the baroness (Judith Christin) fluttered about as painted gargoyles, their grotesqueness contrasting sharply with the beauty of the boy's other loves, the dancer L'Ensoleillad (Karen Huffstodt) and the peasant girl Nina (Sheryl Woods). Subtler production styles could be imagined, certainly, but this one often tickled the work hilariously into life."*

1. Cappa, F. and Gelli, Piero (eds.), "Chazalettes, Giulio" Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, *Dizionario dello spettacolo dell' 900*, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 1998, ISBN 88-8089-295-9. Accessed online 28 August 2009.
2. Bavarian State Opera, Biography: Giulio Chazalettes, Accessed 9 December 2021
3. Henahan, Donal, Massenet's Infrequently Performed 'Cherubin'. *New York Times*, 4 August 1989. Accessed 28 August 2009


title: Pseudepidalea latastii

abstract: Pseudepidalea latastii is a species of toad found in the north-western Himalayas of India and Pakistan, where it lives between 2,600 and 3,000 metres.

text:
# Pseudepidalea latastii

***Pseudepidalea latastii*** (formerly *Bufo latastii*; also known as the **Ladakh toad**) is a species of toad found in the north-western Himalayas of India and Pakistan, where it lives between 2,600 and 3,000 metres (8,500 and 9,800 ft).

## Description

Crown without bony ridges; snout short, blunt; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, half the diameter of the eye. First finger not extending beyond second; toes two-thirds webbed, with double subartieular tubercles; two moderate metatarsal tubercles; a tarsal fold. The tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the tympanum or the hinder border of the eye. Upper parts with irregular, depressed, distinctly porous warts; parotoids moderate, kidney-shaped; a parotoid-like gland on the calf. Olive above, spotted or marbled with blackish; a light vertebral band; beneath more or less spotted or marbled with blackish.

Snout–vent length 50–62 millimetres (2.0–2.4 in).

## InfoBox

| *Pseudepidalea latastii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudepidalea* |
| Species: | ***P. latastii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudepidalea latastii***
(Boulenger, 1882) | |
|


title: Neocinnamomum

abstract:
Neocinnamomum is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae. They are evergreen shrubs or small trees, indigenous to Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Neocinnamomum require a warm and wet climate with no extremes of heat and cold. They occupy mid to high elevations and montane laurel forests. Neocinnamomum leaves resemble those of true cinnamon (Cinnamomum) in possessing strongly three-veined blades, but they are arranged alternately rather than oppositely.
The flowers are very small and bisexual. The inflorescences are highly condensed, with poorly defined branching, their overall shape described as "glomerules". Pollination is by insects. The seeds are dispersed by birds, which eat the fruit which are berry-like drupes. The red fruits of N. caudatum are eaten by humans. The fruits are ellipsoid or globose (round). Some species also propagate vegetatively. Neocinnamomum mekongense is a species that grows in the mountains north of Dali, China. It is popular with butterflies, which possibly are attracted by secretions from extrafloral nectaries. It has been suggested that fossil flowers from the late Cretaceous of North America known as Neusenia tetrasporangi are a close match to Neocinnamomum, and phylogenetic analysis from living plants might also indicate that Neocinnamomum is one of the earliest surviving lineages of the Lauraceae.

text:
# Neocinnamomum

***Neocinnamomum*** (新樟属, *xin zhang shu*) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae. They are evergreen shrubs or small trees, indigenous to Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam.

*Neocinnamomum* require a warm and wet climate with no extremes of heat and cold. They occupy mid to high elevations and montane laurel forests.

*Neocinnamomum* leaves resemble those of true cinnamon (*Cinnamomum*) in possessing strongly three-veined blades, but they are arranged alternately rather than oppositely. The flowers are very small and bisexual. The inflorescences are highly condensed, with poorly defined branching, their overall shape described as "glomerules". Pollination is by insects. The seeds are dispersed by birds, which eat the fruit which are berry-like drupes. The red fruits of *N. caudatum* are eaten by humans. The fruits are ellipsoid or globose (round). Some species also propagate vegetatively.

*Neocinnamomum mekongense* is a species that grows in the mountains north of Dali, China. It is popular with butterflies, which possibly are attracted by secretions from extrafloral nectaries.

It has been suggested that fossil flowers from the late Cretaceous of North America known as *Neusenia tetrasporangi* are a close match to *Neocinnamomum*, and phylogenetic analysis from living plants might also indicate that *Neocinnamomum* is one of the earliest surviving lineages of the Lauraceae.

## Species.

## InfoBox

| *Neocinnamomum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Neocinnamomum delavayi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Lauraceae |
| Genus: | *Neocinnamomum*<br>H.Liu |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Pseudopostega floridensis

abstract: Pseudopostega floridensis is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It is only known from southern Florida, United States. The length of the forewings is about 2.4 mm.

text:
# Pseudopostega floridensis

***Pseudopostega floridensis*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It is only known from southern Florida, United States.

The length of the forewings is about 2.4 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudopostega floridensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudopostega* |
| Species: | ***P. floridensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudopostega floridensis***<br>D.R. Davis & J.R. Stonis, 2007 | |
|


title: Paul Davis (fullback)

abstract: Paul James Davis was an American football player who played for two seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Ohio State University and Otterbein University.

text:
# Paul Davis (fullback)

**Paul James Davis** (March 21, 1925 – February 21, 1989) was an American football player who played for two seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Ohio State University and Otterbein University.

## InfoBox

Paul Davis
| No. 77 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Fullback |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1925-03-21)March 21, 1925
Ashland, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died: | February 21, 1989(1989-02-21) (aged 63)
Loxahatchee, Florida, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 188 lb (85 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Otterbein |
| NFL draft: | 1947 / round: 24 / pick: 218 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Nowy Gieląd

abstract: Nowy Gieląd is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sorkwity, within Mrągowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) west of Mrągowo and 44 km (27 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Nowy Gieląd

**Nowy Gieląd** \[ˈnɔvɨ ˈɡʲɛlɔnt\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sorkwity, within Mrągowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) west of Mrągowo and 44 km (27 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Nowy Gieląd | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nowy Gieląd | |
| Coordinates: 53°51′N 21°9′E / 53.850°N 21.150°E / 53.850; 21.150 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Mrągowo |
| Gmina | Sorkwity |
| Population | 17 |


title: Max Waldman

abstract: Max Waldman (1919–1981) was an American dance and theater photographer. He who was also known for his dramatic shots on a great range of subjects from football players to immigrants.

text:
# Max Waldman

**Max Waldman** (1919–1981) was an American dance and theater photographer.

He who was also known for his dramatic shots on a great range of subjects from football players to immigrants.

## Career

Waldman became best known for his portraits of ballet dancers, including Mikhail Baryshnikov and Natalia Makarova through his books, including *Waldman on Theater* and *Waldman on Dance*. Contemporary photographers such as Daniel Nicoletta were influenced by Waldman.

His photographs were exhibited in group and one-man shows in a variety of venues, including the New York Public Library, the La Jolla Museum of Art, and the Rose Museum of Brandeis University. Waldman's work is also found as part of private and public collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and the George Eastman House.


title: Pristimantis loustes

abstract:
Pristimantis loustes is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae.
It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forests and rivers.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Pristimantis loustes

***Pristimantis loustes*** is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Pristimantis loustes* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Pristimantis* |
| Species: | ***P. loustes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristimantis loustes***
(Lynch, 1979) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eleutherodactylus loustes* Lynch, 1979 | |


title: Westwood Highlands, San Francisco

abstract: Westwood Highlands is a small neighborhood located in south-central San Francisco, California, northeast of the intersection of Monterey Boulevard and Plymouth Avenue. It is bordered by Westwood Park to the south, Saint Francis Wood to the west, Sherwood Forest to the north, and Sunnyside to the east. Mt. Davidson, the highest point in San Francisco, lays just northeast. Westwood Highlands covers an area of 0.178 square miles, with a population of 1,782 as of 2009. The median household income in Westwood Highlands is $116,573, compared to a median of $70,770 for the city of San Francisco. Westwood Highlands is a subdivision development comprising 283 homes built between 1925 and 1929. The subdivision is bound by five intersecting arterial roads. Westwood Highlands was one of the first residential communities in the United States to agree to a set of covenants and restrictions.

text:
# Westwood Highlands, San Francisco

**Westwood Highlands** is a small neighborhood located in south-central San Francisco, California, northeast of the intersection of Monterey Boulevard and Plymouth Avenue. It is bordered by Westwood Park to the south, Saint Francis Wood to the west, Sherwood Forest to the north, and Sunnyside to the east. Mt. Davidson, the highest point in San Francisco, lays just northeast.

Westwood Highlands covers an area of 0.178 square miles, with a population of 1,782 as of 2009. The median household income in Westwood Highlands is $116,573, compared to a median of $70,770 for the city of San Francisco.

Westwood Highlands is a subdivision development comprising 283 homes built between 1925 and 1929. The subdivision is bound by five intersecting arterial roads. Westwood Highlands was one of the first residential communities in the United States to agree to a set of covenants and restrictions.

## History

In 1906, San Francisco was shaken by one of the most damaging earthquakes in the history of America, followed by subsequent fires that enveloped the city and caused further destruction. Developers and planners alike used the aftermath as a catalyst for redevelopment. This redevelopment saw previously barren farmland, such as the area around Twin Peaks, being turned into low- to medium-density residential housing.

In 1918, the Twin Peaks Tunnel was opened, facilitating the construction of new suburbs and development. Muni Metro ran comprehensive train services through the tunnel that led out to the surrounding regions, including West Portal and Ingleside Terraces, allowing the public to finally gain easy access to the area. The tunnel also reduced travel time into downtown San Francisco dramatically, from almost an hour down to just twenty minutes; from this, the notion of the commuter suburb was born.

The realtors of Westwood Highlands were the well-established Baldwin and Howell Company, known for their emphasis on improving and integrating communities through design and layout. Working in correlation with a builder, Hans Nelson, and an architect, Charles Strothoff, Baldwin and Howell designed this commuter suburb with the intention of harvesting "efficient and economical design… for a middle-class market". Unlike surrounding neighborhoods that had an eclectic mix of architectural styles, the houses of Westwood Highlands were built according to specific design parameters that ensured cohesion and unity throughout the subdivision.

## Planning considerations

In the planning of Westwood Highlands, careful consideration was given to the public façade of houses. Strothoff based the housing stock on the modular system of design that allowed for interchangeable components to be added or subtracted. The principle of modules allowed units to be configured in different ways; Strothoff utilized three interchangeable modules: the window, entrance, and garage. Generally, most dwellings conformed to three-module configurations that allowed for the greatest variation in the street; however two- and four-module houses were not uncommon. From the streetscape, this system provided both unity and diversity: each house could conform to various configurations without essentially altering the overall design character of the neighborhood. This ensured that not only the design elements were regulated, but also the overall appearance of the streets.

The elevation and natural topography of Westwood Highlands was used to its advantage. While the rest of San Francisco was dominated by the grid organization, Westwood Highlands adopted the system of curvilinear streets, which naturally fitted the steep environment. Corner lots had a dual purpose in both complementing the curvilinear streets and binding the community neighborhood. The corner block provided a private-public relationship with the intersection. In the planning of Westwood Highlands, corner lots were designed to ensure they faced the street intersection on the diagonal. It was used as a systematic means of ‘softening ‘ the relationship between the public streets and the private nature of the houses suggesting a more open neighborhood community.

Another consideration in the planning of Westwood Highlands was the hierarchy of streets and lots. In previous developments in surrounding areas such as Westwood Park and Saint Francis Wood, lots were sold as empty parcels of land in which private owners could develop as they wished. In Westwood Highlands, lots were marketed and sold as a complete package, with a predetermined existing designed house. The topography was influential in determining the value of each lot. Dwellings on steeper gradients generally had smaller lots (and subsequently smaller houses) with views of the city, while larger lots had more affordable houses and were generally located on the outer-eastern boundaries of the development.

## Influences

While Westwood Highlands was partly an instinctive response to the 1906 earthquake disaster, it was also a reaction to the increasing population trends of the time. This private development movement had many influences on town planning, and Westwood Highlands established some important influences on the private development planning in the United States. Firstly, in relation to planning and practice, Baldwin and Howell, as mentioned previously, were marketing lots in Westwood Highlands as complete packages and in doing so promoting a lifestyle that was community centric, affordable, and livable. The notion of middle-class residential living was also a large trademark in the promotion of the area.

The Real Estate Associates, founded by real estate mogul William Hollis in 1886, became one of the largest developers in the late nineteenth century. They set guidelines for the development of housing lots in the San Francisco Bay Area. Some guidelines were infused into the planning and development of the Westwood Highlands, such as the notion of wealth organization and spatial hierarchy. The controls over design and layout of the houses resembled the contemporary planning restrictions of today, and it was through these covenants that social control in the 1920s was regulated in the public domain. It appears that the role of the realtor in the early twentieth century was not only to develop but to also be responsible for social reconstruction and order.

Westwood Highlands is the archetype of private planning practices in America in the early to mid-twentieth century. Through advocating the suburban lifestyle and the benefits of living in highly controlled and planned communities, Baldwin and Howell forged influential planning practices still evident in the considerations of contemporary planning today.

37°43′59″N 122°27′25″W / 37.733°N 122.457°W / 37.733; -122.457

## InfoBox

| Westwood Highlands | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of San Francisco | |
| Panoramic view of the neighborhood in 2010 | |
| Westwood HighlandsLocation within Central San Francisco | |
| Coordinates: 37°44′05″N 122°27′25″W / 37.7347°N 122.456854°W / 37.7347; -122.456854 | |
| Government | |
| Supervisor | Sean Elsbernd |
| Assemblymember | Phil Ting () |
| State Senator | Scott Wiener () |
| U.S. House | Nancy Pelosi () |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.46 km2 (0.178 sq mi) |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 1,782 |
| Density | 3,856/km2 (9,986/sq mi) |
| ZIP Code | 94127 |
| Area codes | 415/628 |


title: Giulio Cisari

abstract: Giulio Cisari was an Italian painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Giulio Cisari

**Giulio Cisari** (7 May 1892  28 March 1979) was an Italian painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

| Giulio Cisari | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1892-05-07)7 May 1892
Como, Italy |
| Died | 28 March 1979(1979-03-28) (aged 86)
Milan, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation | Painter |


title: Pseudopostega galapagosae

abstract: Pseudopostega galapagosae is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Donald R. Davis and Jonas R. Stonis, 2007. It is probably endemic to the Galápagos Islands where it has been collected on the islands of Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz and Santiago. The length of the forewings is 2.3–3.4 mm. Adults have been recorded from January to May.

text:
# Pseudopostega galapagosae

***Pseudopostega galapagosae*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Donald R. Davis and Jonas R. Stonis, 2007. It is probably endemic to the Galápagos Islands where it has been collected on the islands of Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz and Santiago.

The length of the forewings is 2.3–3.4 mm. Adults have been recorded from January to May.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudopostega galapagosae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudopostega* |
| Species: | ***P. galapagosae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudopostega galapagosae***<br>D.R. Davis & J.R. Stonis, 2007 | |
|