title: Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann

abstract: Miguel d’Escoto Brockmann was an American-born Nicaraguan diplomat, politician and Catholic priest of the Maryknoll Missionary Society. As the President of the United Nations General Assembly from September 2008 to September 2009, he presided over the 63rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. He was also nominated as Libyan Representative to the UN in March 2011. He died on 8 June 2017, having suffered a stroke several months earlier.

text:
# Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann

**Miguel d’Escoto Brockmann** M.M. (February 5, 1933 – June 8, 2017) was an American-born Nicaraguan diplomat, politician and Catholic priest of the Maryknoll Missionary Society. As the President of the United Nations General Assembly from September 2008 to September 2009, he presided over the 63rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. He was also nominated as Libyan Representative to the UN in March 2011. He died on 8 June 2017, having suffered a stroke several months earlier.

## Early life

D'Escoto was born in Los Angeles, California. on February 5, 1933. His father was Miguel Escoto Muñoz, a Nicaraguan diplomat. His mother was Margarita Brockmann Meléndez. Through his father Miguel d’Escoto Brockmann was descended from Nazario Escoto, acting president of Nicaragua in 1855. He was then raised in Nicaragua but was sent back to the United States to begin his high school studies in 1947.

## Priesthood

D'Escoto felt called to serve as priest and entered the seminary of the Maryknoll Missionary Society in 1953. He was ordained a priest of the Society in 1961 before becoming engaged in politics. He earned a Master of Science degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism the following year, and was a key figure in the founding of the Maryknoll publishing house, Orbis Books, in 1970. He served as an official of the World Council of Churches. As an adherent of liberation theology, he secretly joined the Sandinistas. D'Escoto formed the Nicaraguan Foundation for Integral Community Development (FUNDECI) in January 1973 to promote a nongovernmental response to the displacement of thousands in the December 1972 Managua earthquake. He continued on as President of FUNDECI, which operates in several departments in Nicaragua until his death in 2017.

On August 5, 2014, the Vatican announced that Pope Francis had reinstated D'Escoto as a priest after he had been suspended for thirty years for taking up office in Nicaragua's left-wing Sandinista government. D'Escoto had been banned from celebrating Mass by Pope John Paul II for defying a church ban on priests holding political office. D'Escoto served as Nicaragua's foreign minister from 1979 to 1990. He welcomed the news and said his punishment had been unfair. D'Escoto, 81, had written to Pope Francis asking to be allowed to celebrate Mass before he died.

## Nicaraguan Revolution

D'Escoto first publicly expressed support for the FSLN as one of *Los Doce*, in October 1977, and was appointed foreign minister after the Sandinista triumph in 1979. He served as foreign minister in Daniel Ortega's FSLN government from 1979 to 1990. During a visit to Central America, Pope John Paul II publicly admonished him for his political activity.

In 1985, the pope denounced him and two other priests, the brothers Ernesto and Fernando Cardenal. All three served in the Nicaraguan government but did not resign from office and so in violation of canon law. D'Escoto was suspended by the Holy See in 1985, together with the two other priests. The suspension stayed in place until August 2014, when Pope Francis lifted it.

Early in the war, the Reagan administration perceived D'Escoto as a relative moderate who might break with the regime. As foreign minister, D'Escoto received the Lenin Peace Prize in 1985 and 1986 and the Thomas Merton Award in 1987. In 1999, then Archbishop of Managua, Cardinal Miguel Obando y Bravo, criticized the priests who became involved with the Sandinistas and abandoned their priestly ministry for politics. He said the priests never denounced the injustices that took place at the time.

## Political activity

On March 3, 1986, D'Escoto gave a speech on Nicaraguan television publicly insulting and condemning Cardinal Obando for not siding with the Sandinista regime against the Contras: "There is no word uttered by human mouth, no adjective that we could use to truly describe the horror produced by this brother of ours."

After the Sandinistas lost the 1990 Nicaraguan general election, D'Escoto led the Communal Movement but resigned that post in December 1991 after his support within the organization waned. He supported Daniel Ortega against the Sandinista Renovation Movement dissidents.

## United Nations

### President of the General Assembly

The Latin American and Caribbean Group selected him as their candidate to become the president of the UN General Assembly. On June 4, 2008, he was elected by acclamation to preside over 63rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly from September 2008 to September 2009.

Shortly after his election, D'Escoto stated during a press conference:

> They elected a priest. And I hope no one is offended if I say that love is what is most needed in this world. And that selfishness is what has gotten us into the terrible quagmire in which the world is sinking, almost irreversibly, unless something big happens. This may sound like a sermon. Well, OK.

D'Escoto stated that addressing rising energy and food prices around the world would be priorities. His other priorities would include hunger, poverty, climate change, terrorism, human rights, disarmament, nuclear control, cultural diversity, the rights of women and children and the protection of biodiversity. He designated 16 senior advisers: Brother David Andrews, C.S.C. (USA), Maude Barlow (Canada), Mohammed Bedjaoui (Algeria), Leonardo Boff (Brazil), Kevin M. Cahill (USA), François Houtart (Belgium), Noam Chomsky (USA), Ramsey Clark (USA), Richard Falk (USA), Michael Kennedy (USA), Eleonora Kennedy (USA), Olivier De Schutter (Belgium), Joseph Stiglitz (USA), Sir John E. Sulston (UK), Francisco Lacayo Parajón (Nicaragua) and Howard Zinn (USA).

In June 2010, D'Escoto was elected by acclamation to the Council Advisory Committee to the United Nations Human Rights Council.

#### Reform of the United Nations

D'Escoto criticised the veto power wielded by the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Therein he said "I hope my presidency will address what has become a universal clamour all over the world for the democratisation of the United Nations. I promise to give full support to the working group on the revitalisation of the General Assembly."

#### Relations with the United States

Described by Reuters as "a fierce critic of the foreign relations of the United States (he referred to Ronald Reagan in 2004 as "the butcher of my people"): "Because of Reagan and his spiritual heir George W. Bush, the world today is far less safe and secure than it has ever been."

Following his election to the presidency of the United Nations General Assembly, he offered a statement interpreted as renewed criticism aimed at the United States: "The behavior of some member states has caused the United Nations to lose credibility as an organisation capable of putting an end to war and eradicating extreme poverty from our planet." He denounced what he called "acts of aggression, such as those occurring in Iraq and Afghanistan." However, he expressed his "love" for "the United States as a country" and added: "I do not want to turn this General Assembly presidency into a place to take it out on the United States." Reacting to those comments, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Zalmay Khalilzad responded: "We have been assured that a page has been turned and that he understands his new responsibilities.... We will wait and see." Richard Grenell, spokesman for the U.S. Mission to the United Nations, added: "The president of the General Assembly is supposed to be a uniter. We have made it clear that these crazy comments are not acceptable, and we hope he refrains from this talk and gets to work on General Assembly business." However, Mark Kornblau, spokesman for the United States Mission to the United Nations, said: "It's hard to make sense of Mr. D'Escoto's increasingly bizarre statements."

### Relations with Israel and Iran

On September 17, 2008, Israel's Ambassador to the U.N Gabriela Shalev called D'Escoto an "Israel-hater" because D'Escoto "hugged" Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad after Ahmedinedjad's strongly anti-Israel and anti-Zionist September 2008 speech to the UN General Assembly. D'Escoto's spokesman responded by saying: "He cannot respond to each and every speech made by the leaders of these states." The Israeli ambassador also criticised D'Escoto for attending a dinner marking the end of the Islamic fasting month of Ramadan with a number of Middle Eastern leaders, including Ahmadinejad. D'Escoto's spokesman responded by saying: "\[D'Escoto\] will join the dinner because he believes in dialogue, an issue which he had highlighted, and thinks that he should deal with all member states."

### Libyan ambassador

On March 29, 2011, during the 2011 Libyan civil war, Libyan Foreign Minister Moussa Koussa wrote to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, nominating d'Escoto as Libya’s new ambassador to the UN. The letter stated that he was nominated, as Ali Treki, also a former General Assembly president who was Libya's first choice, was denied a visa to enter the United States under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973. US ambassador Susan Rice claimed that he did not possess the proper diplomatic visa to represent Libya and suggested Mussa Kussa's recommendation might be void because of his resignation on March 30 from the Libyan government.

## Death

On June 8, 2017, Brockmann died at the age of 84 after suffering a stroke several months earlier. He was buried in the Cementerio General in Managua.

## InfoBox

| The ReverendMiguel d'Escoto BrockmannM.M. | |
| --- | --- |
| Brockmann in 2010 | |
|  | |
| President of the United Nations General Assembly | |
| **In office**
September 16, 2008  September 2009 | |
| Preceded by | Srgjan Asan Kerim |
| Succeeded by | Ali Abdussalam Treki |
| Ambassador of Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to the United Nations | |
| **In office**
29 March 2011  20 October 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Abdel Rahman Shalgham |
| Succeeded by | *Post Abolished* |
| Foreign Minister of Nicaragua | |
| **In office**
19 July 1979  25 April 1990 | |
| Preceded by | Harry Bodán Shields |
| Succeeded by | Enrique Dreyfus |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1933-02-05)February 5, 1933
Los Angeles, California,
United States |
| Died | June 8, 2017(2017-06-08) (aged 84)
Managua, Nicaragua |
| Nationality | Nicaragua |
|  | |


title: Miguel de Achával

abstract: Miguel de Achaval is an Argentine rugby union footballer. He plays in the back row. In May 2010 he was selected in a squad of over 40 players to represent Argentina in the two test Summer tour of Argentina.

text:
# Miguel de Achával

**Miguel de Achaval** (born May 8, 1982 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine rugby union footballer. He plays in the back row. In May 2010 he was selected in a squad of over 40 players to represent Argentina in the two test Summer tour of Argentina.

## InfoBox

Miguel de Achaval
| Birth name | Miguel de Achaval |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1982-05-08) May 8, 1982 |
| Place of birth | Capital Federal, Argentina |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight | 91 kg (14 st 5 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Number eight  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2008-2010 Argentina  5  (5) | |


title: Miguel da Anunciação

abstract: Miguel da Anunciação was a Portuguese prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He won notoriety as an opponent of the Enlightenment and of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, for which he spent eight years in prison.

text:
# Miguel da Anunciação

**Miguel da Anunciação** (da Cunha) (1704 – 29 August 1779) was a Portuguese prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He won notoriety as an opponent of the Enlightenment and of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, for which he spent eight years in prison.

## Biography

Miguel Carlos da Cunha was the son of Tristan da Cunha de Ataide, Count of Povolide; his mother, Archangela Maria de Tavora, was the daughter of the Count of S. Vicente.

Anunciação became a doctor of Canon Law (Coimbra, 1725), where he lectured in Canon Law and eventually was elected Rector. He became a member of the Congregation of Hermits of Saint Augustine (O.E.S.A.) at the monastery of Santa Cruz in 1728, and was elected Prior General of his Order in 1737. He was ordained a priest on 26 June 1729 by Luis Simoēs Brandão, Bishop of Angola.

Anunciação was nominated Bishop of Coimbra by the King on 22 February 1739, and approved by Pope Benedict XIV on 19 December 1740. He was consecrated bishop on 9 April 1740, in the church of the monastery of Santa Cruz, by the Bishop of Angola, Valerio do Sacramento, O.E.S.A., assisted by the Bishop of Macao, Hilario de Santa Rosa, and the Bishop of Funchal, Jose do Nascimento. He made his entry into his diocese on 11 June 1740. He founded the diocesan seminary of Coimbra in June 1741.

On 8 November 1768 Anunciação issued a pastoral letter, condemning a number of books of Enlightenment doctrine. Among these were the *Encyclopédie*, works of Rousseau including the *Social Contract*, Justinus Febronius' *De statu ecclesiae et legitima potestate Romani Pontificis*, and Voltaire's *La pucelle d'Orléans*. His attack ran diametrically opposite to the policy of Pombal, to modernize the educational system in Portugal to bring it into line with the more modern teaching of other institutions in Europe. The University of Coimbra's curriculum was more than two centuries out-of-date, and in some ways still medieval in character. The bishop was arrested, imprisoned and deposed by the Marques de Pombal. He spent eight years imprisoned in the fortress of Pedrouços.

To break Anunciação's connection with the diocese he was given, against his will, and initially against the will of Pope Clement XIV, a coadjutor bishop, Francisco de Lemos de Faria Pereira Coutinho, a follower of Pombal, who was confirmed on 13 April 1774. This gave De Lemos canonical rights to govern the diocese during Anunciação's years in prison, and to succeed him on his death on 29 August 1777.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Miguel da Anunciação | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Diocese of Coimbra | |
|  | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Coimbra |
| In office | 1740-1779 |
| Predecessor | António Vasconcelos e Sousa |
| Successor | Francisco de Lemos |
| Previous post(s) | Prior General, University Administrator |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 26 June 1729
by Luis Simoes Brandao, Bishop of Angola |
| Consecration | 9 April 1740
by Valerio do Sacramento |
| Rank | Bishop of Angola |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 1704
Lisbon, Portugal |
| Died | 29 August 1779
Coimbra, Portugal |


title: Miguel Arribas

abstract: Miguel Arribas was Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, from 28 July 1871 to 31 December 1871.

text:
# Miguel Arribas

**Miguel Arribas** (ca. 1811 – ca. 1891) was Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, from 28 July 1871 to 31 December 1871.

## Further reading

* Ramon Marin. *Las Fiestas Populares de Ponce.* Editorial Universidad de Puerto Rico. 1994.

## InfoBox

| Miguel Arribas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 72nd Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico | |
| **In office**<br>28 July 1871  31 December 1871 | |
| Preceded by | Vicente Pérez Valdivieso |
| Succeeded by | Elicio Berriz |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1811 |
| Died | c. 1891 |
|  | |


title: Ward's Crossing Bridge

abstract: The Ward's Crossing Bridge is a historic bridge in rural eastern Yell County, Arkansas. The bridge carries County Road 8 across the Fourche La Fave River, south of Plainview. It is a single-span camelback through truss, whose main span measures 160 feet (49 m), with a total structure length, including approaches of 240 feet (73 m). The bridge is mounted on concrete piers, and has a wooden deck carrying a single lane of traffic. The bridge was built in 1905 by the Converse Bridge Company. It is the only camelback truss bridge in the county, and one of only three known in the state. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

text:
# Ward's Crossing Bridge

The **Ward's Crossing Bridge** is a historic bridge in rural eastern Yell County, Arkansas. The bridge carries County Road 8 across the Fourche La Fave River, south of Plainview. It is a single-span camelback through truss, whose main span measures 160 feet (49 m), with a total structure length, including approaches of 240 feet (73 m). The bridge is mounted on concrete piers, and has a wooden deck carrying a single lane of traffic. The bridge was built in 1905 by the Converse Bridge Company. It is the only camelback truss bridge in the county, and one of only three known in the state.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward's Crossing Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Ward's Crossing BridgeLocation in ArkansasWard's Crossing BridgeLocation in United States | |
| Nearest city | Plainview, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 34°56′40″N 93°19′40″W / 34.94444°N 93.32778°W / 34.94444; -93.32778 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1905 (1905) |
| Built by | Converse Bridge Company |
| Architectural style | Camelback through truss |
| MPS | Historic Bridges of Arkansas MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 08000491 |
| Added to NRHP | June 4, 2008 |


title: We Buy Any Car

abstract: We Buy Any Car Limited is a car buying service with over 500 UK and 170 United States locations. UK headquarters are in Hook, Hart, Hampshire, England and United States headquarters are located in Media, Pennsylvania.

text:
# We Buy Any Car

**We Buy Any Car Limited** (often stylised as **webuyanycar**) is a car buying service with over 500 UK and 170 United States locations. UK headquarters are in Hook, Hart, Hampshire, England and United States headquarters are located in Media, Pennsylvania.

## History

The company was founded by Noel and Darren McKee in 2006.

In 2013, the company was sold to the used car marketplace, British Car Auctions (BCA).

In November 2019, private equity group TDR Capital completed the purchase of webuyanycar.com's parent company, BCA, for a reported £1.9bn.

## Research

In 2014, the company released the results of a mock Driving Theory Test on its website, revealing that six in ten drivers who sat the test, failed. The study showed that drivers in the 17-21 age group had the lowest pass mark of any age group, while drivers in the 46 to 65-year-old group had the highest pass rate.

In late 2018, research conducted by the company found that seven in ten Britons spend 11 hours in their cars during the Christmas period. Revealing that on average, families travel 311 miles, just under the distance of London to Edinburgh, to see extended family over the festive period. Collectively, British motorists travel over 5.9bn miles in cars over Christmas.

## InfoBox

We Buy Any Car Limited
|
|  |
| Trade name | * webuyanycar * webuyanyvan |
| Company type | Limited company |
| Industry | Motor trade |
| Founded | March 2, 2006 (2006-03-02) |
| Founders | * Noel McKee * Darren McKee |
| Headquarters | Hook, Hart, Hampshire, England, UK |
| Number of locations | 500+ branches (2022) |
| Revenue | £1.1billion (2019) |
| Number of employees | 1,100+ (2023) |
| Parent | BCA |
| Website | webuyanycar.com |


title: Mike Gilbert (rugby)

abstract: Graham Duncan McMillan "Mike" Gilbert was a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league footballer. A rugby union fullback, Gilbert represented Buller and West Coast at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1935 to 1936. He played 27 matches for the All Blacks including four internationals. He made his début for Buller as a 19-year-old in 1930. At one point in his career he played a few games as a centre. Gilbert changed codes at the end of 1937, and travelled to England where he joined rugby league club Bradford Northern as a fullback in 1938. He returned to New Zealand following the outbreak of World War II in 1939 having become captain of the Bradford side. He was reinstated to rugby union in 1995.

text:
# Mike Gilbert (rugby)

**Graham Duncan McMillan** "**Mike**" **Gilbert** (1 March 1911 – 13 February 2002) was a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league footballer. A rugby union fullback, Gilbert represented Buller and West Coast at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1935 to 1936. He played 27 matches for the All Blacks including four internationals.

He made his début for Buller as a 19-year-old in 1930. At one point in his career he played a few games as a centre.

Gilbert changed codes at the end of 1937, and travelled to England where he joined rugby league club Bradford Northern as a fullback in 1938. He returned to New Zealand following the outbreak of World War II in 1939 having become captain of the Bradford side. He was reinstated to rugby union in 1995.

## InfoBox

Mike Gilbert
| Gilbert in 1935 | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Graham Duncan McMillan Gilbert |
| Date of birth | (1911-03-01)1 March 1911 |
| Place of birth | Rothesay, Bute, Scotland |
| Date of death | 13 February 2002(2002-02-13) (aged 90) |
| Place of death | Upper Hutt, New Zealand |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 84 kg (185 lb) |
| School | Westport Technical College |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Fullback  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1930 Buller   ()  1931–1937 West Coast   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1935–36 New Zealand  4  (20) | |
| Rugby league career | |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Fullback |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1938–39 Bradford Northern | |
|  | |


title: San Miguel Arcángel Church (Cabo Rojo)

abstract: Iglesia San Miguel Arcángel is a Roman Catholic parish church located in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Construction on the building started in 1773 and was completed in 1783. The church's archives holds the birth records of Ramón Emeterio Betances, Salvador Brau, and the pirate Roberto Cofresi.

text:
# San Miguel Arcángel Church (Cabo Rojo)

**Iglesia San Miguel Arcángel** is a Roman Catholic parish church located in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Construction on the building started in 1773 and was completed in 1783. The church's archives holds the birth records of Ramón Emeterio Betances, Salvador Brau, and the pirate Roberto Cofresi.

## History

A description of the church from 1843 indicates that it had three naves separated by arches of wood, covered with tiles, with a ceiling vault. In 1927, Father Joe Smith collected funds to build a dome over the altar and repair the sacristy. Father Benito Sánchez gave the task of commissioning a number of additional works, among them, raising the height of the nave an additional ten feet. In 1936, Father Benito died and is the only Augustine priest buried in the church.

To free children from slavery, Ramón Emeterio Betances used to come to the door of the church on Sunday and, as the baby slaves were brought out from their christening ceremonies, he paid twenty five pesos (once baptized the cost for the slaves were doubled at 50 pesos).

In 2004, the church was designated a historic monument by the Puerto Rican government. The church is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mayagüez.

18°5′12.36″N 67°8′45.61″W / 18.0867667°N 67.1460028°W / 18.0867667; -67.1460028

## InfoBox

| Iglesia San Miguel Arcángel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Roman Catholic |
| District | Roman Catholic Diocese of Mayagüez |
| Ecclesiastical or organizational status | Church |
| Year consecrated | 1783 |
| Location | |
| Location | Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | First Construction: Unknown |
| Style | Neoclassical |
| Groundbreaking | 1773 |
| Completed | 1783 |
| Website | |
|  | |


title: Marshall D. Ewell

abstract: Marshall Davis Ewell was an American lawyer.

text:
# Marshall D. Ewell

**Marshall Davis Ewell** (August 18, 1844  October 4, 1928) was an American lawyer.

## Biography

Ewell was born at Oxford, Michigan, on August 18, 1844. He graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1868. He founded Kent College of Law, which merged with Chicago College of Law in 1887 to become Chicago-Kent College of Law. In 1969, Chicago-Kent became part of Illinois Institute of Technology.

He married Abbie Louise Walker in 1870 and they had two daughters.

Ewell was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1895.

He died at his home in Memphis, Tennessee, on October 4, 1928.

## Works

Ewell wrote numerous publications and he edited *Blackwell on Tax Titles, Evans on Agency*, and *Lindley on Partnership*. He was the author of:

* *Leading Cases on Disabilities* (1876)
* *Treatise on the Law of Fixtures* (1876; second edition, 1905)
* *Essentials of the Law* (1882; second edition, 1915)
* *Manual of Medical Jurisprudence* (1887; second edition, 1909)
* *Essentials of Commercial Law*, with Whigam and Skinner (1913)

## InfoBox

| Marshall Davis Ewell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1844-08-18)August 18, 1844
Oxford, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | October 4, 1928(1928-10-04) (aged 84)
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Education | University of Michigan Law School |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Spouse | Abbie Louise Walker (m. 1870) |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Oral myology

abstract: Oral myology is the field of study that involves the evaluation and treatment of the oral and facial musculature, including the muscles of the tongue, lips, cheeks, and jaw.

text:
# Oral myology

**Oral myology** (also known as "orofacial myology") is the field of study that involves the evaluation and treatment (known as "orofacial myofunctional therapy") of the oral and facial musculature, including the muscles of the tongue, lips, cheeks, and jaw.

## Use

Orofacial myofunctional therapy treatment is most commonly used to retrain oral rest posture, swallowing patterns in the oral phase, and speech.

### Tongue thrust and thumb sucking

A major focus of the field of oral myology and treatment of orofacial myofunctional disorders include tongue posture and establishing equilibrium between the tongue, lips and the cheek muscles. Tongue exercise proved to be successful in treating tongue thrust. Tongue exercise alone was reported to be successful in cessation of thumb sucking and treatment of anterior open bite malocclusion. When the tongue rests against the palate it begins to expand the maxilla by applying a slow and consistent force to the lingual (tongue side) surfaces of the teeth. This may aid in the treatment of crooked teeth and under-developed face.

### Sleep apnea and snoring

Oral myology plays also an important role in the management of patients with sleep breathing disorders and snoring where oropharyngeal exercises were found to reduce the severity and primary symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea. Poor positioning of the tongue affects breathing and allows a series of events to occur that can affect the orofacial complex. Patients with sleep apnea and other breathing difficulties usually have decreased tone and mobility in the cheek, tongue, lip, and soft palate, and sensory alterations due to a tendency to engage in mouth breathing rather than nasal breathing. In treatment of sleep apnea, oral myology therapy involves a series of exercises designed to improve tongue position and tongue function for a better control of the extrinsic tongue muscles and place the tongue in a ‘‘proper posture during function and at rest.’’

### Dysphagia

Disruption of normal swallowing, referred to as dysphagia, has a variety of reasons, among which is tongue muscles weakness and fatigue. The tongue is a critical organ in swallowing, providing the driving forces that transport food and liquid through the mouth and pharynx. Fatigue in the tongue muscles may contribute to incomplete food clearance (residue), prolonged time to complete a meal and reduced intake. Tongue exercise to increase the muscle tone is therefore an important part of the oral myology therapy of dysphagia.

### Speech disorders

Dentofacial and functional malocclusions can also affect normal speech. Non-physiologic function of the tongue has been considered an important aetiological factor of malocclusions. The tongue is an important organ contributing to deglutition, speech, growth and development of the jaws, and alignment of the teeth in occlusion. The effect of the tongue on growth of the jaws and development of the occlusion is a result of its pressure on the teeth and other areas during rest and function. The number of tongue movements and the contact point of the tongue with the palate are different in the pronunciation of consonants and words. These can be affected by tongue malfunction such as tongue thrust. Accordingly, treatment of tongue thrust is essential for treatment of speech disorders, and oral myology therapy aiming at tongue muscles training is an important part of speech therapy.

## Intra-oral adhesive pads in oral myology

The use of intra-oral adhesive pads as part of oral myology therapy is a new technique to induce and assist in tongue exercise. One study suggests the use of adhesive pads was efficient in treatment of anterior open bite malocclusion and thumb sucking in children.

## Further reading

* Nestor, James (2020). *Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art*. Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-0735213616.


title: Frank O. Briggs

abstract: Frank Obadiah Briggs was the Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey, from 1899 to 1902. He was a United States senator from New Jersey from 1907 to 1913.

text:
# Frank O. Briggs

**Frank Obadiah Briggs** (August 12, 1851  May 8, 1913) was the Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey, from 1899 to 1902. He was a United States senator from New Jersey from 1907 to 1913.

## Biography

He was born on August 12, 1851, in Concord, New Hampshire, to James Frankland Briggs.

He attended the public schools, Francestown Academy, and Phillips Exeter Academy. He was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1872 and served in the Second Regiment, United States Infantry, as second lieutenant until 1877, when he resigned from the Army.

In 1877, he moved to Trenton, New Jersey, and engaged in the manufacture of wire and wire products; he was a member of the Trenton School Board from 1884 to 1892 and was Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey, from 1899 to 1902. In 1901 and 1902, he was a member of the New Jersey State Board of Education, and was New Jersey State Treasurer from 1902 to 1907.

Briggs was Chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee from 1904 to 1907 and again from 1910 until his death in 1913. He was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate, serving from March 4, 1907, to March 3, 1913; he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection.

While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Geological Survey (Sixty-first Congress) and a member of the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expense (Sixty-second Congress). He resumed his former business pursuits in Trenton, where he died in 1913, aged 61. He was buried in Riverview Cemetery.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Frank Obadiah Briggs | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| United States Senator
from New Jersey | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1907  March 3, 1913 | |
| Preceded by | John F. Dryden |
| Succeeded by | William Hughes |
| New Jersey State Treasurer | |
| **In office**
1902–1907 | |
| Governor | Franklin Murphy
Edward C. Stokes |
| Preceded by | George B. Swain |
| Succeeded by | Daniel Spader Voorhees |
| Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey | |
| **In office**
1899–1902 | |
| Preceded by | Welling G. Sickel |
| Succeeded by | Frank S. Katzenbach |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1851-08-12)August 12, 1851
Concord, New Hampshire |
| Died | May 8, 1913(1913-05-08) (aged 61)
Trenton, New Jersey |
| Political party | Republican |
| Parent | James Frankland Briggs |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Pediatric Oncall

abstract: Pediatric Oncall is a pediatric organization, as well as an online pediatric journal and child health platform. This organization has a large editorial board with experts in various fields of pediatrics as their reviewers. Pediatric Oncall offers free medical advice for both doctors and parents, as well as publishes its own journal called Pediatric Oncall Journal. For practicing physicians, the website serves as a free source of updating themselves. The site is an informative, as well as an interactive platform for doctors and parents offering information on various diseases, vaccines, nutrition, home-made remedies, and even a forum to post one's queries to a doctor

text:
# Pediatric Oncall

**Pediatric Oncall** is a pediatric organization, as well as an online pediatric journal and child health platform. This organization has a large editorial board with experts in various fields of pediatrics as their reviewers. Pediatric Oncall offers free medical advice for both doctors and parents, as well as publishes its own journal called Pediatric Oncall Journal. For practicing physicians, the website serves as a free source of updating themselves. The site is an informative, as well as an interactive platform for doctors and parents offering information on various diseases, vaccines, nutrition, home-made remedies, and even a forum to post one's queries to a doctor

## History

This project was launched through a website by a team of pediatricians from Mumbai in November 2000, with the idea to have a platform where doctors and parents could get consultation and supporting information on all child health-related problems. During the year, Pediatric Oncall formed its own medical advisory board and IT team along with editors to enhance their content and visibility.

In the year 2004 they started with their own indexed journal *Pediatric Oncall Journal* ISSN 0973-0958. As of March 2014, Pediatric Oncall has recorded an average of 415800 visitors per month according to smarter stats(web analytic tool). The highest traffic is from India followed by the USA and other countries. They started their own conferences known as the *Pediatric infectious Diseases Conference* from the year 2009. They also initiated projects of *HIVinChildren.org* and *InfectioninChildren.com* which are still to be taken on a wider scale.

With the expansion of the internet into mobile technology, they launched their mobile apps in 2013 across iPhone/iPad and android technologies. With easy to use medical calculators, images in clinical practice, drug index, these apps have now been downloaded and installed in Smartphones of pediatricians and medical students worldwide. They revamped their whole website at the start of 2014 to a more user-friendly layout.

## Services

### Website

The core medium through which they update their members is their website which is continuously updated with newer articles, case reports, calculators, etc. Being an IT firm, developers are more concentrated on their online website development followed by other services offered by them.

### Journal

Pediatric Oncall Journal is an indexed peer-reviewed medical journal published by Pediatric Oncall since 2004 whose editor-in-chief is Dr. Ira Shah. The journal consists of articles, case reports, spot diagnosis, original articles, teaching files, and more scientific content. It's published online every month but a print issue is circulated every quarter. It's currently indexed in the following: Index Copernicus, Ulrichsweb, Open J-Gate, SafetyLit and Locator Plus. The Journal also has advertisements from pharmaceuticals companies mostly based in India.

### Mobile Apps

Pediatric Oncall's Mobile Applications were launched with the motive of providing its features like medical calculators, drug index, vaccine reminder, etc. to the user's smartphone. These apps are currently available for free in the Google Play store and Apple's App store.

### Conferences

Programs such as Continuing Medical Education (CME) are conducted once or twice in a year by Pediatric Oncall where the latest in the field of pediatrics is discussed. Health Care Professionals in their fields give lectures, panel discussions highlight problems and management of different cases. These are also put online where these videos help other users across the globe. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Conference (PIDC) is a Pediatric Oncall annual conference whose 4th edition was held at Nehru Science Centre, Mumbai, on the 17th Nov, 2014.

### Health Camps

Medical Health camps for children are organized by them in the regions of Girnar and Juna Deesa, Gujarat during the months of October to March. Each location is revisited by the specialist team of doctors for follow-up camps to analyze the progress. Doctor checkup and Medicine distribution form the important aspects of these camps.

## International collaborations

Their medical and marketing teams collaborate with international organizations such as World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (WSPID), European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID), EAPS, Asian society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ASPID), Excellence In Pediatrics (EiP), etc. for participation in international conference.

## Editorial Board

The editorial board and consultants of Pediatric Oncall are key opinion leaders in the field of Pediatrics. There are several reviewers and experts who are part of the Pediatric Oncall community that give their inputs all the time in improvising the website. Dr. Ira Shah \[MD, DCH (Gold Medalist), FCPS, DNB, DPID (UK)\] is the editor in chief of Pediatric Oncall since its inception. The website has over 180 Reviewers & Experts that handle the online sections and medical queries. The Pediatric Oncall Journal along with the editor-in-chief has a team of managing editor, 10 editorial advisors, student editors and over 30 editorial board members.

## Business Model

The revenue of the project is generated by advertising, third-party contributions and sponsorships.

## InfoBox

Pediatric Oncall
| Company type | Pvt. Ltd. |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Healthcare, Publishing |
| Founded | Mumbai, India (November 6, 2000 (2000-11-06)) |
| Headquarters | Vile Parle, Mumbai, India |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | * Website * Journal * Mobile Apps * Books |
| Website | pediatriconcall.com |


title: Martin Garner (ornithologist)

abstract: Martin S. Garner was an English ornithologist and Christian evangelist. He lived in Flamborough. He was married to Sharon Garner and they have two daughters, Emily and Abigail.

text:
# Martin Garner (ornithologist)

**Martin S. Garner** was an English ornithologist and Christian evangelist. He lived in Flamborough. He was married to Sharon Garner and they have two daughters, Emily and Abigail.

## Career

**Evangelical work**

Garner worked as a "Pioneer Evangelist" for the Wilson Carlile College of Evangelism, a centre for the training of Christian evangelists, run by the Church Army, an organisation within which he held the rank of captain. In February 2007, he wrote "A Call for Apostles Today" (ISBN 9781851746477), which argues that individual apostles, and groups, working in parallel with churches, are a more effective way of promoting Christianity than are churches alone. He was also the director of the Free Spirit Trust, an organisation promoting Christian missionary work, and jointly ran the "Great APEs" website, a website for "Apostles, Prophets and Evangelists".

Garner was commissioned by George Carey, the Archbishop of Canterbury in July 1991. He was commissioned as a member of the Church Army and admitted to the office of evangelist (certificate). Garner moved with his wife Sharon to Luton, Bedfordshire, where they began a new Christian community sometimes referred to as a church plant, meeting in a local primary school. The church grew quite rapidly to a membership of about 80 within 2 years. After two years the more traditional incumbent closed the work down and the church plant was unable to continue.

Having been offered several jobs the Garners moved to Northern Ireland to take a position with Lisburn Cathedral. The nature of the work was in an estate on the edge of the city of Lisburn. The estate, known as the Hillhall Estate, was locally familiar as a paramilitary area and one daubed with paramilitary insignia, typical of those in the area. After leaving Northern Ireland, the Garners moved to Sheffield.

## Charitable work

Garner began a charity (Freespirit) which provided a form of transparency and accountability. Three remits were declared that this charity was for the mentoring of other leaders, the continuing of the outreach work in the Sheffield area and the work overseas in central Africa, specifically Rwanda.

## Ornithology

His ornithological writing included articles for *British Birds* and *Birding World* magazines. He is credited with discovering the first British records of Caspian gull, in Essex in the 1990s. In 1997, with David Quinn and Bob Glover, Garner published a two-part paper in *British Birds* covering the identification of yellow-legged and Caspian gulls, which covered the former in far greater detail than any previous published work, and contained the first detailed English-language descriptions of the latter. His first bird-related book, *Frontiers in Birding* (ISBN 9781898110477), was published by BirdGuides Ltd. in 2008.

He created the very popular Birding Frontiers website.

He also authored and published two further books – The Challenge Series – Autumn and The Challenge Series – Winter.

He was a member of the British Birds Rarities Committee.

## Death

Martin Garner died on 29 January 2016, aged 52, after a long battle with cancer.


title: Nakano-kai

abstract: The Nakano-kai (中野会) was a notorious Osaka-based yakuza gang, founded by Taro Nakano in the years after World War 2. The Nakano-kai was known for its fierce bellicosity and thus sometimes dubbed the "Dojin-kai in the Yamaguchi-gumi". Before 1997, the Nakano-kai had been an affiliate of the Kobe-based Yamaguchi-gumi, Japan's largest yakuza group. But in July of that year, the Nakano-kai broke spectacularly from its parent in a violent attack that led to the group's disbanding. In August 1997, four Nakano-kai gunmen walked into the Oriental Hotel in Kobe and assassinated Masaru Takumi, number 2 in the Yamaguchi-gumi and the expected successor to Yoshinori Watanabe. The Nakano-kai was reportedly angry at Takumi for ordering them to cease hostilities in a local Osaka gang war. The attack also killed an innocent bystander, dentist Hiroshi Hirai. Public outrage over the shooting led to a police crackdown and the arrest of many of the gang's members. The gang was disbanded shortly thereafter.

text:
# Nakano-kai

The **Nakano-kai** (中野会) was a notorious Osaka-based yakuza gang, founded by Taro Nakano (born October 30, 1936, in Oita) in the years after World War 2. The Nakano-kai was known for its fierce bellicosity and thus sometimes dubbed the "Dojin-kai in the Yamaguchi-gumi".

Before 1997, the Nakano-kai had been an affiliate of the Kobe-based Yamaguchi-gumi, Japan's largest yakuza group. But in July of that year, the Nakano-kai broke spectacularly from its parent in a violent attack that led to the group's disbanding.

In August 1997, four Nakano-kai gunmen walked into the Oriental Hotel in Kobe and assassinated Masaru Takumi, number 2 in the Yamaguchi-gumi and the expected successor to Yoshinori Watanabe. The Nakano-kai was reportedly angry at Takumi for ordering them to cease hostilities in a local Osaka gang war. The attack also killed an innocent bystander, dentist Hiroshi Hirai. Public outrage over the shooting led to a police crackdown and the arrest of many of the gang's members (however, two of the hotel gunmen are still at large as of 2005). The gang was disbanded shortly thereafter.


abstract: "Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi / Endless Sky / One and Only" is the 60th single of the Japanese group Morning Musume. It was released on December 29, 2015.

text:
# Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi / Endless Sky / One and Only

**"Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi / Endless Sky / One and Only"** (冷たい風と片思い／ENDLESS SKY／One and Only) is the 60th single of the Japanese group Morning Musume. It was released on December 29, 2015.

## Background

"Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi / Endless Sky / One and Only" was announced on November 7 during their Morning Musume '15 Concert Tour Aki ~PRISM~ shortly before, 9th Generation member, Sayashi Riho announced her graduation. Hence, this is the last single by the group to feature her.

"One and Only" is the opening theme for NHK WORLD's J-MELO from October 2015 through March 2016 and it is sung completely in English, a first for the group.

Track list speculation quickly rose that Sayashi Riho will have a solo A-Side song and the comeback of a B-Side song, which was last seen on Wagamama Ki no Mama Ai no Joke / Ai no Gundan

### Triple A-side speculated track list

1. One and Only
2. Watashi no Nanni mo Wakacchanai (Unreleased song from the PRISM tour)
3. BRAVE no Kamisama ~Zenshinzenrei~ (Riho Solo)
4. Naishobanashi (B-Side)

On December 7, producer Tsunku blogged about the liner notes of the single. He mentioned that "Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi" was intended to be the Sayashi Riho solo, but later changed into a group song. For "Endless Sky", it is a song for future members who will decide to graduate and not have regrets on the path they've chosen and look forward to their next challenges in life. On the last part of the blog, he posted the Japanese version of the song "One and Only".

## Release details and chart performance

The single was released in six versions: 3 CD-only regular editions and 3 CD+DVD limited editions. The first press regular editions come with a random trading card of 14 kinds depending on the jacket, which is 42 in total. The limited editions instead include an event lottery serial number card.

On December 28, 2015, the single charted on the Top Spot in the Oricon Daily chart. It fluctuated throughout the Oricon Year-end break week from the Top Spot to going as low as the 8th Spot on January 4, 2016. Then on January 5, 2016, Oricon announced that the Single claimed the Top Spot for the first week of 2016 with an estimated sales of 143,000 copies sold.

On February 5, 2016, it was announced that a vinyl version of the single would be released in March as a limited edition webshop item, including a new recording of "Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi". On April 1, it was opened for preorder in standard record shops for a May reprinting.

## Members at time of single

## Track listings

### CD and CD/DVD

All Editions
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi" (冷たい風と片思い (lit. A Cold Wind and an Unrequited Love)) | Tsunku | Okubo Kaoru | 4:30 |
| 2. | "Endless Sky" (*ENDLESS SKY*) | Tsunku | Shoichiro Hirata | 5:01 |
| 3. | "One and Only" | Tsunku / ALISA (English Translation) | Shoichiro Hirata | 4:45 |
| 4. | "Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi (Instrumental)" |  |  | 4:29 |
| 5. | "Endless Sky (Instrumental)" |  |  | 5:01 |
| 6. | "One and Only (Instrumental)" |  |  | 4:48 |

Limited Edition A DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi (Music Video)" |  |

Limited Edition B DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Endless Sky (Music Video)" |  |

Limited Edition C DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "One and Only (Music Video)" |  |

### Vinyl

Side A
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi" (冷たい風と片思い (lit. A Cold Wind and an Unrequited Love)) | Tsunku | Okubo Kaoru | 4:30 |
| 2. | "Endless Sky" (*ENDLESS SKY*) | Tsunku | Shoichiro Hirata | 5:01 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "One and Only" | Tsunku / ALISA (English Translation) | Shoichiro Hirata | 4:45 |
| 2. | "Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi (TYPE B)" (冷たい風と片思い (lit. A Cold Wind and an Unrequited Love)) | Tsunku | Okubo Kaoru | 4:08 |

## InfoBox

| "Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi / Endless Sky / One and Only" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Morning Musume '15 | |
| from the album  *Best! Morning Musume 20th Anniversary* | |
| Released | December 29, 2015 (2015-12-29) (Japan) |
| Genre |  |
| Label |  |
| Morning Musume '15 singles chronology | |
| "Oh My Wish! / Sukatto My Heart / Ima Sugu Tobikomu Yūki"
(2015) "**Tsumetai Kaze to Kataomoi / Endless Sky / One and Only**"
(2015) "Utakata Saturday Night! / The Vision / Tokyo to Iu Katasumi"
(2016) | |


title: Tsumi

abstract:
Tsumi Tsumi (罪) is a Japanese word that indicates the violation of legal, social or religious rules. It is most often used in the religious and moral sense. Originally, the word indicated a divine punishment due to the violation of a divine taboo through evil deeds, defilement (kegare) or disasters. When translated in English as "sin", the term covers therefore only one of the three meanings of the Japanese word.
  - Evil deeds
  - Kegare
  - Disasters

text:
# Tsumi

***Tsumi*** () is a Japanese word that indicates the violation of legal, social or religious rules. It is most often used in the religious and moral sense. Originally, the word indicated a divine punishment due to the violation of a divine taboo through evil deeds, defilement (*kegare*) or disasters. When translated in English as "sin", the term covers therefore only one of the three meanings of the Japanese word.

1. Evil deeds
2. Kegare
3. Disasters

## History

The term evolved to its present form as a contraction of *tsutsumu* (障む・恙む, *to hinder, be hindered, to have an accident, to have some trouble*), a verb which very generally indicated the occurrence of a negative event. In ancient Japan the word thus indicated not only crimes and other forbidden human actions, but also diseases, disasters, pollution, ugliness and any other unpleasant object or fact.

The Engishiki, a 927 AD Japanese book of laws and regulations, for example, distinguishes two kinds of *tsumi*, the Amatsutsumi (天津罪, *heaven tsumi*) and the kunitsutsumi (国津罪, *land tsumi*). The first category deals with infractions against property, the second mainly with infractions against people. Some of the *tsumi* have to do with disease and natural disasters, and are not therefore *sins* in the modern sense, but order perturbations (*kegare*) which had to be dealt with and solved by the person or persons concerned in certain ways, for example through purification rites called *harae*.


title: Luigi Brasiello

abstract: Luigi Brasiello is an Italian politician.

text:
# Luigi Brasiello

**Luigi Brasiello** (born 5 August 1960) is an Italian politician.

## Biography

Brasiello ran for Mayor of Isernia at the 2013 Italian local elections, leading a centre-left coalition formed by Democratic Party, UDEUR, Union of the Centre, Left Ecology Freedom and Italian Socialist Party. He was elected with the 50,5% and took office on 29 May 2013.

He served as President of the Province of Isernia from October 2014 to October 2015.

## InfoBox

| Luigi Brasiello | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the Province of Isernia | |
| **In office**
15 October 2014  13 October 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Luigi Mazzuto |
| Succeeded by | Lorenzo Coia |
| Mayor of Isernia | |
| **In office**
29 May 2013  17 September 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Ugo De Vivo |
| Succeeded by | Giacomo D'Apollonio |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-08-05) 5 August 1960
Isernia, Molise, Italy |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
| Occupation | entrepreneur |
|  | |


title: Tsutomu Takahashi

abstract: Tsutomu Takahashi, born on September 20, 1965, in Tokyo, Japan, is a Japanese manga artist, who is well known for his manga Jiraishin. As of March 2006, he is married and has one child. His alias is Ichigo Nekota.

text:
# Tsutomu Takahashi

**Tsutomu Takahashi (高橋 ツトム, *Takahashi Tsutomu*)**, born on September 20, 1965, in Tokyo, Japan, is a Japanese manga artist, who is well known for his manga *Jiraishin*. As of March 2006, he is married and has one child. His alias is Ichigo Nekota.

## History

He began his involvement in manga with the creation of *Jiraishin*, serialized in *Afternoon* magazine and published by Kodansha, which made him a popular icon in Japan from 1992 to 1999. In late 1999, he published a single manga volume called *ALIVE*, published by Shueisha. Shortly afterward, he published *Tetsuwan Girl*, also carried by Kodansha.

Takahashi was a guest lecturer at Ritsumeikan University in 1998, giving a talk on "Expression." Many students and teachers noted that he was well-liked and popular due to his sense of humor and looks. His former assistant was Tsutomu Nihei, who went on to create the manga *BLAME!*. Takahashi's travels to the United States, particularly New York City, enabled him to create scenes in *Jiraishin* that included English conversations. His travels also influenced him to make Kyoya, Eriko, and other *Jiraishin* characters speak fluent English.

Takahashi provided the cover art for Galneryus' 2017 album *Ultimate Sacrifice*.

## Works

### Manga

### Music

* *Ultimate Sacrifice* by Galneryus \- album cover

### Videogames

* *Demon Chaos*

## InfoBox

| Tsutomu Takahashi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1965-09-20) September 20, 1965<br>Tokyo, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Occupation | Manga artist |
| Known for | *Ice Blade*, *Blue Heaven*, *Skyhigh* |
| Website | Official Site |


title: Tsutomu Shimomura

abstract: Tsutomu Shimomura is a Japanese-born physicist and computer security expert. He is known for helping the FBI track and arrest hacker Kevin Mitnick. Takedown, his 1996 book on the subject with journalist John Markoff, was later adapted for the screen in Track Down in 2000. Shimomura was a founder of semiconductor company Neofocal Systems, and was CEO and CTO until 2016.

text:
# Tsutomu Shimomura

**Tsutomu Shimomura** (下村 努, *Shimomura Tsutomu*, born October 23, 1964) is a Japanese-born physicist and computer security expert. He is known for helping the FBI track and arrest hacker Kevin Mitnick. *Takedown*, his 1996 book on the subject with journalist John Markoff, was later adapted for the screen in *Track Down* in 2000.

Shimomura was a founder of semiconductor company Neofocal Systems, and was CEO and CTO until 2016.

## Biography

Born in Japan, Shimomura is the son of Osamu Shimomura, winner of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He grew up in Princeton, New Jersey, and attended Princeton High School.

At Caltech he studied under Nobel laureate Richard Feynman. After Caltech, he went on to work at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he continued his hands-on education in the position of staff physicist with Brosl Hasslacher and others on subjects such as lattice gas automata.

In 1989, he became a research scientist in computational physics at the University of California, San Diego, and senior fellow at the San Diego Supercomputer Center. Shimomura also became a noted computer security expert, working for the National Security Agency.

In 1992, he testified before Congress on issues regarding the privacy and security (or lack thereof) on cellular telephones. Author Bruce Sterling described his first meeting with Shimomura in the documentary *Freedom Downtime*:

> It was in front of Congress, and I was testifying to a Congressional subcommittee. And here was this guy in sandals and, like, ragged-ass cutoffs, and the rest of us were done up in ties \[...\] giving our best sort of 'yes, we're in front of Congress' thing and Shimomura is there in this surfer gear.

He is best known for events in 1995, when he assisted with tracking down the computer hacker Kevin Mitnick. In that year Shimomura also received prank calls which popularized the phrase "My kung fu is stronger than yours", equating it with hacking. Shimomura and journalist John Markoff wrote a book, *Takedown*, about the pursuit, and the book was later adapted into a movie with a very similar name, *Track Down*. Shimomura, himself, appeared in a brief cameo in the movie.

Shimomura worked for Sun Microsystems during the late 1990s.

Shimomura was a founder of privately held fabless semiconductor company Neofocal Systems, and was CEO and CTO until 2016.

## Criticism

Kevin Mitnick and others have raised legal and ethical questions concerning Shimomura's involvement in his case. California author Jonathan Littman wrote a 1996 book about the case called *The Fugitive Game: Online with Kevin Mitnick*, in which he presented Mitnick's side of the story, which was a very different version from the events written in Shimomura and Markoff's *Takedown*. In his book, Littman made allegations of journalistic impropriety against Markoff and questioned the legality of Shimomura's involvement in the matter, as well as suggesting that many parts of *Takedown* were fabricated by its authors for self-serving purposes. Mitnick's autobiography, *Ghost in the Wires*, further expands on concerns that Shimomura's involvement in the case was both unethical and illegal.

## Writing credits

* *Takedown: The Pursuit and Capture of Kevin Mitnick, America's Most Wanted Computer Outlaw—By the Man Who Did It* (with John Markoff), 1996, Hyperion Books. ISBN 0-7868-6210-6
    + French title: *Cybertraque*, 1998, ISBN 2-259-18402-2
    + Dutch title: *De klopjacht*, 1996, ISBN 90-254-0639-4
    + German Title: *Data Zone - Die Hackerjagd im Internet*, 1996, ISBN 3-423-15101-3
    + Spanish Title: *Takedown. Persecución y captura de Kevin Mitnick, el forajido informático más buscado de Norteamérica. Una crónica escrita por el hombre que lo capturó.*, 1997, ISBN 8403595980
* "Minimal Key Lengths for Symmetric Ciphers to Provide Adequate Commercial Security", January 1996 (co-authors: Shimomura, Bruce Schneier, Ronald L. Rivest, Matt Blaze, Whitfield Diffie, Eric Thompson, Michael Wiener) (pdf)

## InfoBox

| Tsutomu Shimomura | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1964-10-23) October 23, 1964<br>Nagoya, Japan |
| Education | California Institute of Technology |
| Occupation(s) | Computer programmer, physicist |
| Known for | Catching Kevin Mitnick |


title: Tuba Çandar

abstract: Tuba Çandar is a Turkish journalist and author of biographies of three leading Turkish intellectuals. Her 700-page biography of the murdered Armenian journalist Hrant Dink's life "Hrant" (2010) is a best-seller in Turkey for which she interviewed 125 people.

text:
# Tuba Çandar

**Tuba Çandar** (born 1948) is a Turkish journalist and author of biographies of three leading Turkish intellectuals. Her 700-page biography of the murdered Armenian journalist Hrant Dink's life "Hrant" (2010) is a best-seller in Turkey for which she interviewed 125 people.

## Early life

Born in 1948, Tuba Çandar attended the Austrian High School in Istanbul. She received an AFS Intercultural Programs scholarship and completed her studies in the USA. Çandar received her bachelor's degree in political science and international relations at the Ankara University in 1979.

## Publishing career

Çandar went to exile in Germany after the military coup of March 1971, and following the amnesty, she returned to Turkey where she became the editor-in-chief of *Bizim Almanca* magazine under the Turkish daily *Cumhuriyet*. She worked as an editor at *Gergedan* magazine and freelanced for various dailies including *Yeni Yüzyıl*, penning pieces on culture, arts and travel, and *Gazete Pazar*, where she started her "Portraits" column.

Her first book about the life of one of Turkey's first female architects Mualla Eyüboğlu Anhegger, "Hitit Güneşi" (Hitite Sun) was published in 2003. She released *Murat Belge Bir Hayat* (Turkish: Murat Belge. A Life) on the outspoken leftist Turkish intellectual and literary critic Murat Belge in 2007. Her book *Hrant* came out on the birthday of Hrant Dink on 15 September in 2010.

## Personal life

Çandar is married to journalist and columnist Cengiz Çandar, and they have one daughter.

## Bibliography

The English translations of these titles are not the official titles.

* *Hitit Güneşi* (*Hitite Sun*)
* *Murat Belge / Bir Hayat...*
* *Hrant*, available in 2016 in English

## InfoBox

| Tuba Çandar | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1948 (age 7576) |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Alma mater | Ankara University |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, author |


title: Tubac Presidio State Historic Park

abstract: Tubac Presidio State Historic Park, located in Tubac, Arizona, US, preserves the ruins of the Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac and various other buildings, thereby presenting a timeline of European settlement in this Southern Arizona town. The park contains a museum, a number of historic sites, an underground archeology exhibit displaying the excavated foundations of the Tubac Presidio, and a picnic area. Various cultural events are held on-site throughout the year, including Anza Days (October), Los Tubaqueños living history presentations, archeological tours, and nature walks. Until recently, the park was administered by Arizona State Parks but is the first park in the Arizona state park system. As a result of budget cutbacks, the Tubac Presidio was scheduled to be closed in 2010, but was rescued by local residents and the Tubac Historical Society. It is now operated by The Friends of the Presidio and staffed with dedicated volunteers.

text:
# Tubac Presidio State Historic Park

**Tubac Presidio State Historic Park**, located in Tubac, Arizona, US, preserves the ruins of the Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac and various other buildings, thereby presenting a timeline of European settlement in this Southern Arizona town. The park contains a museum, a number of historic sites, an underground archeology exhibit displaying the excavated foundations of the Tubac Presidio, and a picnic area. Various cultural events are held on-site throughout the year, including Anza Days (October), Los Tubaqueños living history presentations (Sundays from October through March), archeological tours, and nature walks. Until recently, the park was administered by Arizona State Parks but is the first park in the Arizona state park system. As a result of budget cutbacks, the Tubac Presidio was scheduled to be closed in 2010, but was rescued by local residents and the Tubac Historical Society. It is now operated by The Friends of the Presidio and staffed with dedicated volunteers.

## History

As the Spanish Empire attempted to expand into the frontiers of New Spain, Catholic missions were established throughout modern-day Mexico and the southwestern United States. Of these many churches, one was established at nearby Tumacácori in 1691 and Tubac, then a small Pima Indian village, was set up as a mission farm and ranch. Spanish colonists started to colonize the area in the 1730s; twenty years later the Pimas, led by Luis of Saric, led an uprising against the Spanish in 1751 and the settlement at Tubac was destroyed. A year later, the Pimas surrendered and the Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac was established to protect the town and the surrounding area from further rebellion. Tubac became the first European settlement in what today is the state of Arizona.

Threatened by the establishment of a Russian fort immediately north of the San Francisco Bay area, the Spanish sent Juan Bautista de Anza to establish an overland route to and a presidio and mission in the San Francisco area. The expedition passed through Tubac in early 1774. In 1776, the Tubac garrison was moved north to Tucson, leaving Tubac undefended against Apache raids. As a result, the presidio was reactivated in 1787 with Pima\O'odham Indian troops and Spanish officers.

Tubac became part of an independent Mexico in 1821 and then part of the United States in 1854 as a result of the Gadsden Purchase. With the arrival of the Americans came Charles D. Poston, who established the Sonora Exploring and Mining Company in Tubac. Poston performed marriages, granted divorces, officiated baptisms, printed his own money to pay his employees, and even established Arizona's first newspaper in 1859. The following year, Tubac became the largest town in the state. The prosperity was not to last, however, as the area's soldiers were called away to fight in the American Civil War. The town was again unprotected from the Apaches. The routing of the railroad through Tucson to the north and the discovery of silver around Tombstone to the east meant that Tubac would never regain its importance.

## Park facilities and events

The centerpiece of the exhibits at Tubac Presidio State Historic Park is the underground display of the presidio's foundations. Excavated in 1974 by archeologists from the University of Arizona, portions of the presidio's foundation and walls can be viewed by visitors. Visitors may also enter the furnished 1885 schoolhouse, complete with desks, chalkboards, and a potbelly stove. Other buildings on site include the 1914 Otero Hall, which houses exhibitions, a visitor center, the Rojas House, occupied by the same family for about one hundred years, and a museum with displays from the various historic periods of settlement in Tubac, including American Indian (pre-1752), Spanish Colonial (1752–1821), Mexican Republic (1821–1854), and Anglo Territorial (1854–1912). Adjacent to the park grounds is St. Ann's Church, which was built on the ruins of the former Iglésia de Santa Gertrudis, and the trailhead of the Tubac-to-Tumacácori portion of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail.

Every October, the park hosts Anza Days to commemorate the arrival of Juan Bautista de Anza at the Tubac Presidio. Costumed actors on horseback arrive from nearby Tumacácori and discuss de Anza's trip to San Francisco. Other presentations at the weekend event include actor portrayals of the time periods during which Tubac has been active as well as mariachi music and cowboy rope tricks.

## InfoBox

| Tubac Presidio State Historic Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance to Tubac Presidio State Historic Park | |
| Location of Tubac Presidio State Historic Park in Arizona | |
| Location | Santa Cruz, Arizona, United States |
| Coordinates | 31°36′41″N 111°2′45″W / 31.61139°N 111.04583°W / 31.61139; -111.04583 |
| Elevation | 3,500 ft (1,100 m) |
| Established | 1958 |
| Named for | Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac |
| Visitors | 6,620 (in 2022) |
| Governing body | Arizona State Parks |
| Website | https://www.tubacpresidio.org/ |


title: Tunis Jewish Hospital

abstract: The Jewish Hospital of Tunis was a former Tunisian hospital founded for the Tunisian Jewish community. It was founded by Jewish doctors from Livorno. It opened in 1895 at Place Halfaouine, a suburb north of the Medina of Tunis. Housed in the Khaznadar Palace, it was dedicated to the Jews living in the Hara Quarter of the Tunis Medina.

text:
# Tunis Jewish Hospital

The **Jewish Hospital of Tunis** (arabe : المستشفى الإسرائيلي بتونس) was a former Tunisian hospital founded for the Tunisian Jewish community. It was founded by Jewish doctors from Livorno. It opened in 1895 at Place Halfaouine, a suburb north of the Medina of Tunis.

Housed in the Khaznadar Palace, it was dedicated to the Jews living in the Hara Quarter of the Tunis Medina.

## InfoBox

| Tunis Jewish Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| Jewish Hospital in 1890 from postcard | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | el Halfaouine, Tunis, Tunisia |
| Organisation | |
| Type | General |
| Religious affiliation | Jews |
| History | |
| Opened | 1895 |
| Closed | 1956 |
| Links | |
| Lists | Hospitals in Tunisia |


title: Luis María Campos

abstract: Luis María Campos was an Argentine general and founder of the Argentine Escuela Superior de Guerra, which is now named after him. He initially joined the army of the State of Buenos Aires in 1856, only becoming part of the Argentine army when the state rejoined the rest of Argentina in 1861. He fought for the State of Buenos Aires in the Argentine Civil Wars, fighting in the battles of Cepeda, Pavón, and Cañada de Gómez. He then fought for the Argentine Army in the Paraguayan War. He fought for the government during several rebellions: Ricardo López Jordán's rebellion, the uprising of 1874, the 1880 rebellion of Carlos Tejedor, and 1890 Park Revolution. In 1893 he was appointed Minister of War. In 1895 he left this job, to be promoted to lieutenant general and become head of the army. In 1898, he became Minister of War again. During this period, he founded the Escuela Superior de Guerra, which opened in May 1900 under German colonel Alfred Arent, and led a campaign of modernization based on the Prussian-German army. Luis María's father, Martín Teodoro Campos, had been a colonel, and his brothers Julio and Manuel also became Argentine generals.

text:
# Luis María Campos

**Luis María Campos** (born in Buenos Aires, June 1838, died in the same city, October 1907) was an Argentine general and founder of the Argentine *Escuela Superior de Guerra*, which is now named after him.

He initially joined the army of the State of Buenos Aires in 1856, only becoming part of the Argentine army when the state rejoined the rest of Argentina in 1861. He fought for the State of Buenos Aires in the Argentine Civil Wars, fighting in the battles of Cepeda, Pavón, and Cañada de Gómez. He then fought for the Argentine Army in the Paraguayan War. He fought for the government during several rebellions: Ricardo López Jordán's rebellion, the uprising of 1874, the 1880 rebellion of Carlos Tejedor, and 1890 Park Revolution.

In 1893 he was appointed Minister of War. In 1895 he left this job, to be promoted to lieutenant general and become head of the army. In 1898, he became Minister of War again. During this period, he founded the Escuela Superior de Guerra, which opened in May 1900 under German colonel Alfred Arent, and led a campaign of modernization based on the Prussian-German army.

Luis María's father, Martín Teodoro Campos, had been a colonel, and his brothers Julio and Manuel also became Argentine generals.

## Further reading

* Giberti, Hugo A., *Buenos Aires. Calles conocidas, soldados olvidados*, Ed. Edivérn, Bs. As., 2001.
* Zenequelli, Lilia, *Crónica de una guerra, La Triple Alianza*. Ed. Dunken, Bs. As., 1997.
* Padilla, Alberto, *El general Roca: de ministro a presidente*. Ed. Coni Hnos., Bs. As., 1936.
* Rosa, José María, *La guerra del Paraguay y las montoneras argentinas*, Ed. Hyspamérica, 1986.
* Ras, Norberto, *La guerra por las vacas*, Ed. Galerna, Bs. As., 2006.


title: Luis María Cassoni

abstract: Luis María Cassoni was an Argentine politician and pharmacist. He belonged to the Radical Civic Union (UCR) and served as Governor of Misiones Province between September and December 1987.

text:
# Luis María Cassoni

**Luis María Cassoni** (8 January 1939 – 17 January 2021) was an Argentine politician and pharmacist. He belonged to the Radical Civic Union (UCR) and served as Governor of Misiones Province between September and December 1987.

## Biography

Born in San Javier, Misiones, Cassoni was elected vice governor of Misiones Province in the October 1983 elections, taking office in December of the same year. He took charge of the provincial executive power after the resignation of the then governor, Ricardo Barrios Arrechea, who left office to form part of the cabinet of President Raúl Alfonsín as Minister of Health and Social Welfare.

Between 1988 and 1991, he served as provincial deputy. During his tenure as vice governor, he oversaw the construction of the Urugua-í dam, for which he later faced accusations of surcharges and irregularities.

## Death

Cassoni died from COVID-19 on 17 January 2021, in Posadas, Misiones. The government of Misiones extended condolences for his distinguished career and declared mourning.

## InfoBox

| Luis María Cassoni | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Governor of Misiones | |
| **In office**
17 September 1987  10 December 1987 | |
| Preceded by | Ricardo Barrios Arrechea |
| Succeeded by | Julio César Humada |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-01-08)8 January 1939
San Javier, Misiones, Argentina |
| Died | 17 January 2021(2021-01-17) (aged 82)
Posadas, Misiones, Argentina |
| Political party | Radical Civic Union |
|  | |


title: Trébla

abstract: Albert Delvaille, called Trébla was a French playwright and novelist. After he finished his studies at École Monge, he joined his father at Sète where he had his first play presented. He was then just 15. After he returned in Paris, his plays were given on numerous stages including the Théâtre Antoine, La Cigale or the Bataclan. He is buried at the Montmartre Cemetery.

text:
# Trébla

**Albert Delvaille**, called **Trébla** (Neuilly-sur-Seine, 30 May 1870 – Paris, October 1943) was a French playwright and novelist.

After he finished his studies at École Monge, he joined his father at Sète where he had his first play presented. He was then just 15. After he returned in Paris, his plays were given on numerous stages including the Théâtre Antoine, La Cigale or the Bataclan.

He is buried at the Montmartre Cemetery (3rd division).

## Works

* *Le Médecin vétérinaire*, vaudeville in 1 act, 1885
* *Le Harem de Pontarlier*, maraboulerie in 1 act, with Carin, music by Laurent Halet, 1897
* *Elle !*, drame réaliste in 1 act, with John Croisier, 1898
* *Personne !*, comedy in 1 act, 1899
* *Un Amant de cœur*, comédie-pantalonnade in 1 act, with Léon Garnier, 1900
* *L'Amour en fantaisies*, 1900
* *Cornarville*, one-act play, with Jean Lavaur, 1900
* *Les Joyeux chauffeurs, ou le Jeu de l'auto*, one-act play, with Carin, 1900
* *Napoléglon*, one-act play and 3 tableaux, with Blount, 1900
* *Nostalgie*, drama in 1 act, with Eugène Héros, 1900
* *Une Actualité sensationnelle*, comedy in 1 act, with Henry de Forge, 1900
* *La Grève des couturières*, vaudeville in 1 act, with Blount, 1901
* *Claudine en vadrouille*, play in 4 tableaux, music by Laurent Halet, 1902
* *Cendrillette ou la culotte merveilleuse*, play in 2 acts and 2 tableaux, with René Schwaeblé, 1903
* *Le 68e Plongeurs à cheval*, fantaisie-opérette in 2 acts, with Harry Blount, 1904
* *Agitons nos gambettes*, fantaisie in 1 act, 1904
* *Mariage et photographie*, vaudeville in 1 act, 1904
* *Restaurant pour dames (Ladies' house)*, one-act play, with Edmond Char, 1904
* *La Corde*, one-act play, with Coquiot, 1905
* *Maison Bonnard et Legrenay*, drama in 1 act, 1905
* *La Guêpe*, comédie dramatique in 1 act, with Coquiot, 1906
* *Les Treize jours de Laburette*, one-act play in 1 act and 1 tableau, 1906
* *La Belle et la bonne*, vaudeville in 1 act, with Peter Carin, 1907
* *Coco-Chéri*, operetta in 2 acts and 4 tableaux, with Codey, music by François Perpignan, 1907
* *Dans les vieux pots*, comedy in 1 act, with Héros, 1907
* *Vive la République !*, one-act play, with Coquiot, 1907
* *L'Ami de la justice*, comedy in 1 act, with Gustave Coquiot, 1908
* *Ali-Bébé ou les Quarante voleuses*, operetta in 2 acts and 4 tableaux, with Émile Codey, music by Gustave Goublier, 1909
* *La Petite Poison*, with Codey, 1909
* *Le Plus beau corps de France*, military fantasy in 2 acts and 5 tableaux, with Codey, 1910
* *Des Mots, des phrases*, 1918
* *Caille sur canapé*, one-act play, with Marc Sonal, 1920
* *Madame la vie*, 1920
* *Chez les Clapet*, saynète, 1921
* *Les Femmes des amis, c'est sacré ! ou le Cocu débonnaire*, 1924
* *Une Maison où l'on cause*, one-act play, 1924
* *J'veux pas rester vieille fille*, novel, with Lyonel Robert, 1925
* *Pactaquate*, 1935
* *2 de Marseille*, with Sonal, 1937
* *L'Héritière de Courmelon*, one-act play, with Sonal, 1938
* *Un Mouchoir à la fenêtre*, sketch radiophonique, 1938
* *Un Seul amour*, comedy in 1 act, with Sonal, 1938

## Bibliography

* Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler, *The Jewish encyclopedia, a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day*, vol.4, 1925, p. 509


title: Lumazine synthase

abstract:
Lumazine synthase is an enzyme with systematic name 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil butanedionetransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
  - 1-deoxy-L-glycero-tetrulose 4-phosphate + 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil ⇌ 6,7-dimethyl-8-(D-ribityl)lumazine + 2 H2O + phosphate
  - This reaction is part of the biosynthesis of riboflavin. Lumazine synthase is thus found in those organisms which produce riboflavin. Depending on the species, 5, 10 or 60 copies of the enzyme bind together to form homomers. In the case of 60 copies, the enzyme units form a icosahedral hollow cage. In some bacteria, this cage contains another enzyme involved in the riboflavin synthesis, riboflavin synthase. These icosahedral cages have been investigated for use in drug delivery or as vaccines, delivering antigens. Using directed evolution, Lumazine synthase has been modified so that it forms larger cages that preferentially package RNA molecules that code for the protein, akin to a virus capsid.

text:
# Lumazine synthase

**Lumazine synthase** (EC 2.5.1.78, *6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase*, *6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase 2*, *6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase 1*, *lumazine synthase 2*, *lumazine synthase 1*, *type I lumazine synthase*, *type II lumazine synthase*, *RIB4*, *MJ0303*, *RibH*, *Pbls*, *MbtLS*, *RibH1 protein*, *RibH2 protein*, *RibH1*, *RibH2*) is an enzyme with systematic name *5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil butanedionetransferase*. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

1-deoxy-L-glycero-tetrulose 4-phosphate + 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil $\rightleftharpoons $ 6,7-dimethyl-8-(D-ribityl)lumazine + 2 H2O + phosphate

This reaction is part of the biosynthesis of riboflavin (vitamin B2). Lumazine synthase is thus found in those organisms (plants, fungi and most microorganisms) which produce riboflavin.

Depending on the species, 5, 10 or 60 copies of the enzyme bind together to form homomers. In the case of 60 copies, the enzyme units form a icosahedral hollow cage. In some bacteria, this cage contains another enzyme involved in the riboflavin synthesis, riboflavin synthase.

These icosahedral cages have been investigated for use in drug delivery or as vaccines, delivering antigens. Using directed evolution, Lumazine synthase has been modified so that it forms larger cages that preferentially package RNA molecules that code for the protein, akin to a virus capsid.

## InfoBox

| 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.5.1.78 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Tulsi Thapa

abstract: Tulsi Thapa is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Nepal Communist Party currently serving as the member of the 1st Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2017 Nepalese general election she was elected as a proportional representative from Indigenous peoples category.

text:
# Tulsi Thapa

**Tulsi Thapa** is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Nepal Communist Party currently serving as the member of the 1st Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2017 Nepalese general election she was elected as a proportional representative from Indigenous peoples category.

## InfoBox

| HonourableTulsi Thapa | |
| --- | --- |
| तुल्सी थापा | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Pratinidhi Sabha for
CPN (UML) party list | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
4 March 2018 | |
| President | Bidya Devi Bhandari |
| Prime Minister | Sher Bahadur Deuba |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1954-11-04) 4 November 1954 |
| Nationality | Nepali |
| Political party | CPN (Unity National Campaign) (Since 2021) |
| Other political
affiliations | CPN (UML) |
| Spouse | Bamdev Gautam |
| Children | 3 |
| Parents | * Pahal Singh Thapa (father) * Bhim Kumari Thapa (mother) |
|  | |


title: Tulsi Vivah (film)

abstract: Tulsi Vivah is a 1971 Bollywood fantasy drama film based on mythology. Directed by Chandrakant, the film stars Jayshree Gadkar and Anita Guha and narrates the origin of the Tulsi Vivah ritual.

text:
# Tulsi Vivah (film)

***Tulsi Vivah*** (The Marriage of Tulsi) is a 1971 Bollywood fantasy drama film based on mythology. Directed by Chandrakant, the film stars Jayshree Gadkar and Anita Guha and narrates the origin of the *Tulsi Vivah* ritual.

## Cast

## Music

1. "Bhagwan Ye De Vardaan Mujhe Har Saans Me Tera Naam Rahe" - Asha Bhosle
2. "Jwala Ki Chunri Jwala Ki Choli, Pehan Ke Chal Di" - Mahendra Kapoor
3. "Arre Meri Sawa Lakh Ki Nathni Lut GayiTeri Najariya Me" - Asha Bhosle
4. "Chalti Phirti Dukh Ki Kahani, Teri Bhi Kya Jindgani" - Mahendra Kapoor
5. "Mar Jayenge Hum Phir Bhi Sajan Yahi Kahenge" - Asha Bhosle
6. "Meri Tapasyaon Meri Sahay Karo, Meri Sadhnaao Meri Sahay Karo" - Asha Bhosle
7. "Mil Gaye Mil Gaye Mere Meet Salone, Peeraha Ki Bela Beet Gayi" - Krishna Kalle
8. "Natraj Mai Naari Niraali, Mai Himalay KiRahne Wali" - Asha Bhosle
9. "Tulsi Kunwari Bani Hai Dulhan, Dulha Saligraam Sakhiyo Do Taali" - Asha Bhosle
10. "Uttar Dakshin Ke Digpaalo Jaago, Purab Pashchim Ke Rakhwalo Jaago" - Mahendra Kapoor
11. "Tulsi Kunwari" (part 2) - Asha Bhosle
12. "Uttar Dakshin" (part 2) - Mahendra Kapoor

## InfoBox

| Tulsi Vivah | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Chandrakant |
| Starring | Jayshree Gadkar<br>Anita Guha |
| Music by | C. Ramchandra |
| Release date | * 1971 (1971) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Tulsidas Balaram

abstract: Tulsidas Balaram, also known as Tulsidas Balaraman, was an Indian footballer. Balaram represented India in multiple international tournaments, including the Asian Games, the Mederka Cup and the Olympics. Along with P. K. Banerjee and Chuni Goswami, Balaram was part of an acclaimed trio of players that helped propel India into what is widely regarded as its golden age of football during the 1950s and 60s. Balaram made his mark playing football for the East Bengal of Kolkata, and captained the team in 1961–62. He predominantly played as a center or left-wing forward In 1962, he received Arjuna Award from the Government of India. He retired after playing for eight years due to a tuberculosis diagnosis at the age of 27.

text:
# Tulsidas Balaram

**Tulsidas Balaram** (30 November 1936 – 16 February 2023), also known as **Tulsidas Balaraman**, was an Indian footballer. Balaram represented India in multiple international tournaments, including the Asian Games, the Mederka Cup and the Olympics. Along with P. K. Banerjee and Chuni Goswami, Balaram was part of an acclaimed trio of players that helped propel India into what is widely regarded as its golden age of football during the 1950s and 60s.

Balaram made his mark playing football for the East Bengal of Kolkata, and captained the team in 1961–62. He predominantly played as a center or left-wing forward In 1962, he received Arjuna Award from the Government of India.

He retired after playing for eight years due to a tuberculosis diagnosis at the age of 27.

## Early life

Balaram was born on October 4, 1936, in Ammuguda, a village near Secunderabad in British-occupied Hyderabad. Despite being born into poverty, Balaram showed interest in football from a young age. He recalls getting his first pair of football boots by convincing a cobbler to repurpose an old pair of torn police shoes. When he was 19, he was encouraged by Syed Abdul Rahim to try out for the Hyderabad team for the 1956 Santosh Trophy. Rahim provided Balaram with a monthly allowance for a bicycle so that he could commute from his village to practice in Hyderabad.

## Club career

After his parents migrated to Secundrabad, Balaram started playing football at the Lallaguda workshop ground, and practised Hyderabadi style of one-touch football. He was scouted during a Secunderabad League match between Civilians and Army XI. He then appeared with Ryders Club, and eventually impress chief guest, Indian manager Syed Abdul Rahim. Balaram first played for the Hyderabad team in the 1956 Santosh Trophy. He scored against Bombay in the final, contributing to Hyderabad's 4–1 championship win.

After the 1956 Melbourne Olympics, Balaram was signed by East Bengal Club in Kolkata by then secretary J. C. Guha. He became the highest paid player in the club at that time with a salary amount of Rs. 3,500. He soon went on to serve as team captain. With the "red and gold brigade", Balaram won several titles including the 1958 IFA Shield and the Santosh Trophy in 1959, 1960, and 1962. During his days in East Bengal, Balaram played under coach Sushil Bhattacharya. In the 1959 CFL season, he finished as second highest goalscorer with 23 goals. He also played for Bengal Nagpur Railway with Arun Ghosh.

## International career

Balaram played a total of 36 matches for India and scored 10 goals in international tournaments.

### Olympic Games

Balaram was recruited to the India national team for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics and made his international debut against Yugoslavia. Balaram and the Indian team finished in 4th place in 1956, marking India's best-ever finish in football at the Olympic games.

At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Balaram was responsible for 2 out of 3 Indian goals throughout the tournament. India were placed in the so-called "group of death", with Hungary, France, and Peru. They started the competition against Hungary, losing the game 2–1, with Balaram scoring India's first goal in the tournament at the 79th minute. Although they lost, the resulting score added to India's credibility within the group stage as the Hungarians beat Peru and France 6–2 and 7–0, respectively. India almost upset 1958 World Cup semi-finalists France a few days later, with Balaram playing a pivotal role in the 1–0 lead deep into second half. Balaram was the Indian team's only scorer in their final match of the tournament, a 3–1 loss to Peru.

### Asian Games

During the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo, India's match against Hong Kong went into extra time after the scoreline was 2–2 during normal time. Despite an injury, Balaram assisted with two goals and scored one as India won 5–2.

One of the more popular and widely recognized moments in his career came when India won the gold medal at the 1962 Asian Games in Jakarta. Balaram played every game and scored two goals, one each against Thailand and Japan. This marked the second time India has come in first place for football at the Asian games.

## Coaching career

After retirement, Balaram went on to manage one of the prestigious multi-sports clubs in Kolkata, Bengal Nagpur Railway. He was later appointed coach of Calcutta Mayor's XI, and guided the team in competitions like Gothia Cup in Sweden, and played a key role in bringing up players including Basudev Mandal, Mehtab Hossain, and Sangram Mukherjee. When a youth team under his coaching got an invitation to play in Germany, his visa was denied by Indian Govt. His team eventually played in Berlin, remaining unbeaten in four games. Balaram also worked as advisor of the Dum Dum Municipality's Kingston–Nikhil Nandy Football Academy.

## Reception and legacy

> *Tulsidas Balaram was a complete player and could've fitted very well into today's total football. He could dribble, he could score and he had a brilliant header. Balaram was probably the best in Asia in his days.*
>
> Gautam Roy, football historian, on Balaram to the Olympic Channel.

Indian sports journalist Ajay Basu described Balaram as a *"superb inside forward"*. Basu further praised Balaram's improvisation, industriousness and ability to hit curling shots, stating that "while Chuni Goswami had more flair in his play, Balaram had more variety and versatility."

Former Indian international defender Arun Ghosh described Balaram as a man who had *"two eyes on the back of his head"* due to the high quality of his ball distribution. He was also the central figure of his teams, directing most attacking moves.

Balaram, known for having a strong partnership with Chuni Goswami and P. K. Banerjee, is considered one of the "Indian football's holy trinity".

Balaram retired from playing in 1963 due to a tuberculosis diagnosis. After his death, players of both India and Kyrgyz Republic paid tribute to him ahead of the kick-off of the last game of the 2023 Tri-Nation International Tournament.

## Later life and death

After leaving Secunderabad permanently, Balaram became resident of Uttarpara, Hooghly. He later worked as senior welfare officer in South Eastern Railway.

On 26 December 2022, he was admitted to a hospital in Kolkata with abdominal distension and other age-related problems. Balaram died on 16 February 2023, at the age of 86.

## International statistics

### Selected international goals

| Date | Venue | Opponent | Result | Competition | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 26 May 1958 | Korakuen Velodrome, Tokyo | Burma | 3–2 | 1958 Asian Games | 1 |
| 30 May 1958 | Tokyo Football Stadium, Tokyo | Hong Kong | 5–2 | 1958 Asian Games | 1 |
| 1 June 1958 | National Stadium, Tokyo | Indonesia | 1–4 | 1958 Asian Games | 1 |
| 31 August 1959 | Kuala Lumpur, Malaya | Singapore | 2–0 | 1959 Merdeka Tournament | 1 |
| 21 August 1960 | Rome, Italy | Tunisia | 2–2 | International Friendly | 2 |
| 26 August 1960 | L'Aquila, Italy | Hungary | 1–2 | Olympic Football Tournament Rome 1960 | 1 |
| 1 September 1960 | Pescara, Italy | Peru | 1–3 | Olympic Football Tournament Rome 1960 | 1 |
| 28 August 1962 | Senayan Stadium, Jakarta | Thailand | 4–1 | 1962 Asian Games | 1 |
| 29 August 1962 | Senayan Stadium, Jakarta | Japan | 2–0 | 1962 Asian Games | 1 |
|

## Honours

**India**

**East Bengal**

**Hyderabad**

**Bengal**

**Bengal Nagpur Railway**

**Hyderabad City Police/AP Police**

**Individual**

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

Tulsidas Balaram
| Balaram in 1959 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1936-10-04)4 October 1936 | | |
| Place of birth | Bolaram, Secunderabad, Hyderabad State, British Raj | | |
| Date of death | 16 February 2023(2023-02-16) (aged 86) | | |
| Place of death | Kolkata, West Bengal, India | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1954 | Army Combat Force |  |  |
| 1955 | Rider's Club Hyderabad |  |  |
|  | Hyderabad City Police |  |  |
|  | East Bengal |  | (104) |
|  | Bengal Nagpur Railway |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1956–1962 | India | 27 | (10) |
| Medal record      Men's football  Representing  India  Asian Games  1962 Jakarta Team | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Lunenburg Opera House

abstract:
The Lunenburg Opera House is a building within the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, Canada. In 1907, the land needed to build the Opera House was purchased by the Rising Sun Lodge of the International Order of Odd Fellows from C. E. Kaulbach for $3,560 and construction began on the Opera House in the same year. Construction was completed in 1908, and the building opened for its first concert that year. The Opera House operated as a vaudeville concert hall and live theatre until the 1940s, when it was converted to a cinema, the Capitol Theatre. The Capitol Theatre operated until the 1970s, and in the mid-1970s, the building was purchased by Jack Sheriff, a former English professor at Acadia University and longtime promoter of the arts in Nova Scotia. After Sheriff's death, the Folk Harbour Society, in collaboration with other Lunenburg organizations, launched a campaign to buy, restore and operate the building. However, restoration of the Lunenburg Opera House began in 2006 when it was purchased by businessman Farley Blackman. The decade-long renovation that followed saw a new roof, new siding, windows, doors, insulation, seating, and more added to the historic structure.
Blackman purchased it following rumors that it could be turned into a condo building, with street-level shops selling t-shirts. In an article in the local newspaper, Lighthouse Now, he said, "I thought this building needed to be used for its original intent. It would be for the arts - the arts for arts' sake. It's an opportunity for people to learn without travelling the world. Let's have the world come to Lunenburg." In 2019, it was purchased by the Lunenburg Folk Harbour Society with financial help from the Fordi Family Foundation. The Lunenburg Opera House officially reopened on 5 October 2019 and the Lunenburg Folk Harbour Society has plans to use the building as an arts centre, a venue for the Lunenburg Folk Harbour Festival, as well as opening the space to rentals from other groups.

text:
# Lunenburg Opera House

The **Lunenburg Opera House** is a building within the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, Canada. In 1907, the land needed to build the Opera House was purchased by the Rising Sun Lodge of the International Order of Odd Fellows from C. E. Kaulbach for $3,560 and construction began on the Opera House in the same year. Construction was completed in 1908, and the building opened for its first concert that year. The Opera House operated as a vaudeville concert hall and live theatre until the 1940s, when it was converted to a cinema, the Capitol Theatre.

The Capitol Theatre operated until the 1970s, and in the mid-1970s, the building was purchased by Jack Sheriff, a former English professor at Acadia University and longtime promoter of the arts in Nova Scotia. After Sheriff's death, the Folk Harbour Society, in collaboration with other Lunenburg organizations, launched a campaign to buy, restore and operate the building.

However, restoration of the Lunenburg Opera House began in 2006 when it was purchased by businessman Farley Blackman. The decade-long renovation that followed saw a new roof, new siding, windows, doors, insulation, seating, and more added to the historic structure. Blackman purchased it following rumors that it could be turned into a condo building, with street-level shops selling t-shirts. In an article in the local newspaper, Lighthouse Now, he said, "I thought this building needed to be used for its original intent. It would be for the arts - the arts for arts' sake. It's an opportunity for people to learn without travelling the world. Let's have the world come to Lunenburg."

In 2019, it was purchased by the Lunenburg Folk Harbour Society with financial help from the Fordi Family Foundation. The Lunenburg Opera House officially reopened on 5 October 2019 and the Lunenburg Folk Harbour Society has plans to use the building as an arts centre, a venue for the Lunenburg Folk Harbour Festival, as well as opening the space to rentals from other groups.

## InfoBox

Lunenburg Opera House
| The Lunenburg Opera House in 2010 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | Capitol Theatre
(c. 1940   c. 1970) |
| Address | 290 Lincoln Street
Lunenburg, Nova Scotia
B0J 2C0
Canada |
| Coordinates | 44°22′37.4″N 64°18′32.9″W / 44.377056°N 64.309139°W / 44.377056; -64.309139 |
| Seating type | Standing room |
| Construction | |
| Built | 20 November 1907 (1907-11-20) |
| Opened | January 1909 (1909-01) |


title: Turbonilla davidpenasi

abstract: Turbonilla davidpenasi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla davidpenasi

***Turbonilla davidpenasi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla davidpenasi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. davidpenasi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla davidpenasi***<br>Peñas & Rolán, 2010 | |
|


title: Turbonilla delicata

abstract: Turbonilla delicata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Turbonilla delicata

***Turbonilla delicata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the following locations:

* European waters (ERMS scope)
* Greek Exclusive Economic Zone
* Irish Exclusive economic Zone
* United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone

## InfoBox

| *Turbonilla delicata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Turbonilla* |
| Species: | ***T. delicata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Turbonilla delicata***<br>Monterosato, 1874 | |
|