title: Yuchi language

abstract: Yuchi or Euchee is the language of the Tsoyaha, also known as the Yuchi people, now living in Oklahoma. Historically, they lived in what is now known as the southeastern United States, including eastern Tennessee, western Carolinas, northern Georgia, and Alabama, during the period of early European colonization. Many speakers of the Yuchi language became allied with the Muscogee Creek when they migrated into their territory in Georgia and Alabama. They were forcibly relocated with them to Indian Territory in the early 19th century. Some audio tapes in the Yuchi language exist in the collections of the Columbus State University Archives in Columbus, Georgia.

text:
# Yuchi language

**Yuchi** or **Euchee** is the language of the *Tsoyaha* (Children of the Sun), also known as the Yuchi people, now living in Oklahoma. Historically, they lived in what is now known as the southeastern United States, including eastern Tennessee, western Carolinas, northern Georgia, and Alabama, during the period of early European colonization. Many speakers of the Yuchi language became allied with the Muscogee Creek when they migrated into their territory in Georgia and Alabama. They were forcibly relocated with them to Indian Territory in the early 19th century.

Some audio tapes in the Yuchi language exist in the collections of the Columbus State University Archives in Columbus, Georgia.

## Classification

Yuchi is classified as a language isolate, because it is not known to be related to any other language. Various linguists have claimed, however, that the language has a distant relationship with the Siouan family: Sapir in 1921 and 1929, Haas in 1951 and 1964, Elmendorf in 1964, Rudus in 1974, and Crawford in 1979.

## Geographic distribution

Yuchi is primarily spoken in northeastern Oklahoma, where Yuchi people live in present-day Tulsa, Okmulgee, and Creek counties, within the Muscogee (Creek) Nation's tribal jurisdictional area. In 1997, 12 to 19 elders spoke the language out of an estimated Yuchi population of 1,500 speakers. In 2009, only five fluent speakers, whose first language was not English, remained, and in 2011 only one.

## History

Yuchi people lived in Tennessee at the time of European contact. In the early 18th century, they moved to northwestern Georgia in the southeastern United States, under pressure from the powerful Cherokee in Tennessee. There they settled near the Muscogee Creek and were allied with them. In the 1830s, speakers of the Yuchi language were forcibly relocated with the Muscogee people to Indian Territory.

### Contradictions in linguistic study and linguistic history

The spoken Yuchi language has changed over time, in part due to relocation. In 1885 in an article in *Science*, Swiss linguist Albert S. Gatschet wrote about various linguistic idiosyncrasies in Yuchi. He said that adjectives are not expressed with number, but nouns are, by the addition of the particle *ha* (coming from the original term *wahále* 'many'), which made the word essentially plural. He also said that the language was no longer in an archaic state due to the lack of a "dual," and that the language had temporal and personal inflection. Gatschet did much field study and documentation regarding the language. Many of his original vocabulary lists can be found at the National Anthropological Archives or on their website.

In 1907, American Frank G. Speck published *Ethnology of Yuchi Indians*. He said that Yuchi had only one dialect, that inflection was not a characteristic, and that there were no true plurals. These conclusions contradict Gatschet's published 1885 study. The two authors did agree on linguistic idiosyncrasy, and the case of the third person.

In 1997, the Euchee United Cultural Historical Educational Efforts (E.U.C.H.E.E.) published a work entitled *Euchees: Past and Present*, providing more current information regarding the language. The organization claimed that there were two currently spoken dialects: the Duck Creek/Polecat and the Bigpond variations, which were spoken by Yuchi people of those communities in Oklahoma. This contradicts Speck's 1907 claim of one dialect.

## Current status

Due to assimilation into Muscogee and English-speaking culture, only a few elderly speakers of the Yuchi language were left by the 21st century.

In 2000 the estimated number of fluent Yuchi speakers was 15, but this number dwindled to 7 by 2006, 5 by 2010, and 4 by 2013. In 2016, Yuchi elder Josephine Wildcat Bigler died. Speaking Yuchi as her first language, she had been active in recording and preserving the language for future generations. Her sister, Maxine Wildcat Barnett, was the last tribal elder to speak fluent Yuchi, passing away August 27, 2021.

The Yuchi Language Project (YLP) taught Yuchi classes in Sapulpa, Oklahoma, free of charge. The YLP opened the Yuchi Immersion School in 2018 where English is not spoken, despite an Oklahoma state law passed in 2010 declaring English the state's official language.

The Yuchi people and language are the subject of a chapter in *Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages* (2003), a book on endangered languages by Canadian writer Mark Abley.

## Phonology

The language has 49 sounds, 38 of which are consonants, and the remaining 11 are vowels. This number is more than twice that of most Southeastern Native American languages.

### Vowels

Yuchi has oral and nasal vowels. Oral vowels are defined as being created by the raising of the soft palate to the nasopharyngeal wall, creating a velopharyngeal space within the oral cavity; nasal vowels, on the other hand, are typically defined as being created by the lowering of the soft palate, allowing air to escape through the nasal cavity.

Two vowel charts appears below. The vowels below represent the *phonetic* inventory, meaning the set of all (or most) sounds in the language. The *phonemic* inventory, those sounds which contrastively mark differences in meaning, are highlighted in the list below the vowel charts.

Oral Vowels
|  | Front | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Close |  |  | , |
| Close-mid |  |  |  |
| Mid |  |  |  |
| Open-mid |  |  | , |
| Open | , |  |  |

Nasal Vowels
|  | Front | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Close | , ɪ̃ |  |  |
| Close-mid |  |  |  |
| Mid |  | ə̃ |  |
| Open-mid | ɛ̃ |  | ɔ̃ |
| Open | æ̃, |  |  |

The phonemic vowels of Yuchi are /i, u, e, o, æ, a, ĩ, ẽ, õ, æ̃, ã/; some levels of phonological or morphological variation must therefore be occurring in order for all of the sounds above to be possible.

#### Phonological variation

Phonological variation often occurs in different kinds of morphological environments. For example, the phoneme /o/ is often pronounced as /ʊ/ in 1st-person singular and impersonal 3rd-person pronouns by Big Pond speakers. Also, the phonemes /a/ and /o/ can become \[ə\] in unstressed environments.

#### Length

Vowel length indicates grammatical function, such as superlative or comparative adjective forms or emphasis. It may also indicate contracted morphemes, and thus is not a phonological process but rather a morphological one.

### Consonants

Yuchi has been analyzed as having from 19 to 40 consonants, chiefly depending on whether the glottalized and labialized consonants are counted, or considered to be sequences with /ʔ/ and /w/, respectively. Some of the latter are included in the table in parentheses:

|  | | Labial | Alveolar | | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | plain | | sibilant || | |
| Plosive/<br>Affricate | tenuis | p | t | ts ts | ch | k | ' |
| | aspirated |  |  | tsʰ tsʰ | tʃʰ chʰ |  |  |
| | voiced | b | d | dz dz | j | g |  |
| | ejective | ( p') | ( t') | (tsʼ ts') | (tʃʼ ch') | ( k') |  |
| Fricative | | f | ł | s | sh |  | h |
| Approximant | | w | l |  | y |  |  |
| Nasal | | m | n |  |  |  |  |

### Stress and intonation

#### Stress

Stress in Yuchi is fairly regular. All major parts of speech have syllable-final stress, and syllable-initial secondary stress; also, particles (one-syllable words) are stressed. There are some minimal pairs to be found due to stress; some representative samples include:

\[ˈɡopʼa\] – "Creek person, tribe" \[ɡoˈpʼa\] – "go see someone" \[ˈsɛt ˀne\] – he sees \[sɛt ˈˀne\] – she sees \[ʃaˈja\] – "weeds" \[ˈʃaja\] – "squirrel"

As mentioned above, most nouns have syllable-final primary stress; there are, however, some regularized exceptions to this rule, the most common of which are nouns with lexicalized suffixes in the stem, which have stress on the penultimate syllable. Also, contractions within compounded nouns have primary stress on the contraction. There are various other exceptions, but the two mentioned above are the most frequent and the most important in helping us to understand why Yuchi nouns often appear to have irregular stress patterns.

Both regular and non-regular stress patterns are exemplified below, all glossed. All data come from Wagner, 1974, unless otherwise noted.

\[ɡojalinɛʔ\] – young man \[jacɛsiʔ\] – sparks of fire \[tsɛʔ\] – water \[saʔ\] – earth \[tsoonɔʔ\] – the sun \[ʔaˈɡale\] ~ \[aɡæle\] – today, morning \[tsɛˈkʰale\] – misty rain \[kʼɔndi\] – meat

Verb stems typically have primary stress on the ultimate syllable, as well. The two major exceptions are reduplicated verbs, which have equal stress on both the last and reduplicated syllables of the stem, and verb compounds with the head root /ju/, in which primary stress is syllable-initial. Some examples include:

\[ɡetaʔ\] – to hold it up \[taʔtaʔ\] – light

#### Intonation

Intonation varies depending upon the kinds of sentences being uttered. Declarative, negative, and command speech acts have falling intonation, while information questions and yes/no questions have rising pitch. Morphologically, intonation can also change the reception of a word and its intended meaning, as we see in the following example of three different intonation patterns for the word "What":

\[wikæ\] – "What?" (requesting information) \[wíkæ ↘\] – "What?" (didn't hear) \[wikæ ↘\] – "What?" (frightened/surprised)

#### Contractions

One of the most significant aspects of Yuchi morphophonology is the prevalence of contractions. Contraction should not here be taken to mean only a shortening of words; rather, it is more useful to think of contraction as a deletion of sounds that in turn affects surrounding vowels.

What can be contracted is dependent upon two major factors, the sound which begins the contracted syllable, and the stress of the syllable. In order for a syllable to be contracted, it must begin with a \[+sonorant\] consonant, that is, a voiced sound with a relatively free passage of air. In Yuchi, this includes sounds such as /n/, /ˀn/, /w/, /ˀw/, /j/, /ˀj/ (where /ˀ/ indicates a glottalized sound), the fricative /ˀh/, and /ʔ/. A syllable must also be unstressed in order to contract.

Contraction causes phonetic changes in the vowels directly preceding the deleted syllable. In order for Yuchi speakers to understand the grammatical features of the words being used in contracted forms, vowel features alternate to match the deleted sounds. So, for example, if the morpheme /ne/ was contracted, the vowel preceding it would become nasalized to indicate that a nasal sound has been lost.

Contraction must necessarily come before the phonetic change in vowels. For example, consider the following word:

\[di ˀlɛ nɛp ʔá jɛ\] – 'Did you look in the box?'

/nɛ/ can contract here because it is an unstressed syllable beginning with a sonorant: \[di ˀlɛ mp ʔá jɛ\]. CCC clusters are relatively rare, occurring in only six variations as noted by Wolff, four of them beginning with fricatives; such a construction as above would therefore likely be odd to speakers of Yuchi.

Contractions take on several forms and occur in many other environments. Those seeking additional information about the many kinds of contraction in Yuchi are advised to seek out Dr. Mary Linn's "A Grammar of Euchee."

A list of the most commonly contracted morphemes is below, along with their grammatical function.

* ne- : 2nd-person singular actor
* we-: 3rd-person non-Yuchi actor or patient, singular or plural
* 'o-: 3rd-person plural Yuchi actor or patient (women's speech)
* hi-: 3rd-person inanimate patient, singular or plural
* ho-: 3rd-person inanimate patient and participant, singular or plural
* 'yu-: verb root
* -ne-: habitual aspect
* -e: active verbalizer

## Orthography

The language had no standard orthography until the 1970s, when linguists James Crawford and Addie George (Yuchi) created a phonetic transliteration. Yuchi people have adopted this to write the language.

## Grammar

Like many Indigenous languages of the Americas, Yuchi grammar is agglutinative. Words are formed by the addition of various prefixes and suffixes to a stem. Yuchi features separate male and female registers and an idiosyncratic noun classification system wherein nominal distinction is made regarding animacy, Yuchi ethnicity, kinship and, for inanimate nouns, shape or spatial position.

Much of the information in this section is drawn from Wagner (1938); some of Wagner's conclusions, particularly regarding his interpretation of Yuchi kinship terminology and certain aspects of his description of Yuchi pronouns, have been disputed.

### Morphosyntax

Yuchi is an agglutinative language, in which words are pieced together from pre-existing morphemes to make entirely new words. The word order of the language is subject–object–verb.

The language uses clitics and particles to express a variety of things, including possessives, cases, affixes, ideas, locatives, instrumentals, simulatives, ablatives, and demonstratives.

### Verbs

The Yuchi verb consists of a mono- or polysyllabic stem modified almost exclusively by suffixing. Yuchi features attributive verbs, which is to say that the language makes very little distinction between verbs and adjectives as parts of speech. For this reason, Yuchi verbs and adjectives are virtually identical.

#### Tense

The concept of temporal verb inflection is only weakly realized in Yuchi and corresponds more closely in some cases to aspect rather than tense. The past tense is generally expressed via suffixing of the verb stem.

* -djin                   incomplete past ("ate")
* -dji'nfwa             complete past ("had eaten")
* -djinfa'               habitual past ("used to eat")
* -djinfwadji'n       emphatic past ("happened to eat")
* -djigo'                uncertain past ("perhaps ate")

There are also two ways of expressing future tense. The first, which usually denotes intentions or events of the immediate future, is expressed by lengthening, stressing and nasalizing the final syllable of the verb stem. The second, pertaining to the distant future, is expressed by the suffix -*e'le*.

#### Modality

Modality of the verb is also expressed through suffixing.

* -no     imperative ("go!")
* -wo     exhortative ("should go")
* -go     potential ("might go")
* -ho     emphatic ("did go")
* -te     ability ("can go")

### Nouns

Nouns are classified according to a broad animate versus inanimate paradigm which is expressed using a variety of article suffixes. Within the animate class, nouns are further subdivided into two sub-classes. The first of these includes all humans belonging to the Yuchi tribe, and is itself further divided according to a very complex system of kinship relations and gendered speech registers. The second sub-class of animate nouns encompasses all human beings outside of the Yuchi tribe, as well as animals, and the sun and moon. The animate (Yuchi) suffixes express a very complex system of kinship and gendered speech, in much the same way as do third person pronouns.

* -no           any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
* -sen'o      any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)
* -s'en'o     younger male relative (used by women only)
* -eno        older female relative (used by men and women)
* -ono        younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)
* -ino         older male relative (used by women only)
* -weno'     all other animate beings

Inanimate nouns are divided into three groups: vertical, horizontal, and round objects or those otherwise do not conform to either of the other two groups. Each of these groups is represented by a suffix.

* -fa     vertical
* -'e     horizontal
* -dji     round

#### Number

The concept of plurality in Yuchi is not as strongly developed as in English, leading one early descriptivist to claim that Yuchi has "no true plural." Animate nouns can, however, be pluralized by the addition of suffixes that correspond closely to their singular counterparts. Although tribal affiliation and gender distinctions carry over into the plural, kinship does not.

* -he'no      Yuchi tribe members (male speech)
* -o'no        Yuchi tribe members (female speech)
* -we'no     all other animate beings

Inanimate nouns can be made plural by the suffix *-ha*, which replaces the singular inanimate suffixes listed above.

In addition to suffixing, several words related to kinship are pluralized via reduplication of the stem.

### Pronouns

The Yuchi pronoun is extremely complex. Except in a few emphatic forms, the pronoun is always suffixed to a verb or noun stem, and appears in eight distinct sets.

The first pronoun set, termed the *Subjective Series*, denotes the subject relationship of the pronoun to the verb. Series 1 and 2 are close variations that respectively represent a general and specific object, whereas the "independent series" represents freestanding pronouns.

Subjective Series
|  | Subject Series 1 | Subject Series 2 | Independent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st Person Sing. | di- | do- | di |
| 2nd Person Sing. | ne- | yo- | tse |

Third person pronouns follow a complex pattern of kinship and gendered speech that corresponds very closely to the animate noun suffixes.

* ho- / ho- / hodi        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
* se- / sio- / sedi        any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)
* s'e- / s'io- / s'edi     younger male relative (used by women only)
* e- / eyo- / edi          older female relative (used by men and women)
* o- / o- / odi              younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)
* i-                             any older male relative (used by women only)
* we- / yo- / wedi'      all animate, non-Yuchi beings

First person pronouns in the plural are inclusive and exclusive, and there are several kinship-specific third person forms.

|  | Subject Series 1 | Subject Series 2 | Independent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st Person Pl. | o- / no- | o- / no- | odi' / nodi' |
| 2nd Person Pl. | a- | a'yo- | a'dze |

A few of the third person singular pronouns double as plural pronouns as well.

* ho- / ho- / hodi        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
* o- / o- / odi              in the plural, refers to any younger Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
* i-                             in the plural, refers to any older Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
* we- / yo- / wedi'      all animate, non-Yuchi beings

The next set, termed the *Objective Series*, denotes the direct or indirect object relationship of the pronoun to the verb. It otherwise functions identically to the Subjective Series; the two pronoun sets are distinguished by their relative positions within the verb complex.

Objective Series
|  | Direct Series 1 | Direct Series 2 | Indirect |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st Person Sing. | di- | do- | di |
| 2nd Person Sing. | ne- | yo- | tse |

The third person singular pronouns are identical to those of the Subjective Series.

* ho- / ho- / hodi        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
* se- / sio- / sedi        any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)
* s'e- / s'io- / s'edi     younger male relative (used by women only)
* e- / eyo- / edi          older female relative (used by men and women)
* o- / o- / odi              younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)
* i-                             any older male relative (used by women only)
* we- / yo- / wedi'      all animate, non-Yuchi beings

|  | Direct Series 1 | Direct Series 2 | Indirect |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st Person Pl. | ondze- / ondzio- | ondzio- / nondzio- | ontso / nonsto |
| 2nd Person Pl. | andze- | andzio- | aso |

As above, the third person plural pronouns are identical to those of the Subjective Series.

* ho- / ho- / hodi        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
* o- / o- / odi              in the plural, refers to any younger Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
* i-                             in the plural, refers to any older Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
* we- / yo- / wedi'      all animate, non-Yuchi beings

#### Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are amalgamations of the Objective Series 1 and Subjective Series 1 ("Reflexive Series 1") or Subjective Series 2 ("Reflexive Series 2") pronouns.

|  | Reflexive Series 1 | Reflexive Series 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1st Person Sing. | tse di- | do'- |
| 2nd Person Sing. | nendze ne'- | yo'- |

Reflexive third person pronouns function the same, in terms of kinship and gendered speech, as their non-reflexive counterparts.

* hode'- / hondio'-        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
* siode'- / siodio'-         any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)
* s'iode'- / s'iodio'-        younger male relative (used by women only)
* e'yode- / eyondio'-     older female relative (used by men and women)
* ode'- / odio'-               younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)
* yode'- / yondio'-          any older male relative (used by women only)

Plural reflexive pronouns demonstrate clusivity in the first person, and are identical to non-reflexives in terms of kinship and gendered speech.

|  | Reflexive Series 1 | Reflexive Series 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1st Person Pl. | ondzeo'- / nondzeno'- | ondzeo'- / nondzeno'- |
| 2nd Person Pl. | andzea'- | andzea'yo- |

Plural reflexive pronouns function identically to their non-reflexive counterparts in the third person.

* hode'- / hondio'-        any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
* ode'- / odio'-              in the plural, refers to any younger Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
* yode'- / yondio'-        in the plural, refers to any older Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)

### Other affixes

#### Instrumental prefixes

The relationship between an action and the instrument by which it is carried out is expressed via the prefix *hi-*. This prefix has become fused in some cases with certain verb stems, forming a sort of instrumental verbal compound of idiomatic meaning.

#### Locative affixes

The concept of location is important to the Yuchi verb complex. Similar in some ways to the English preposition, these prefixes denote the location or direction of the verb's action.

Locative Prefixes
| Prefix | Gloss |
| --- | --- |
| *a-* | static location |
| *ti-* | inside of an object |
| *f'o-* | inside the earth or under water |
| *toya-* | into water |
| *ta-* | on top of |
| *po-* | under |
| *kya-* | through |
| *la-* | out of |
| *pe-* | above or over |
| *yu-* | up in the air |
| *ya-* | across |

Additionally, there are four very general locative suffixes that can be used in place of the prefixes listed above.

Locative Suffixes
| Suffix | Gloss |
| --- | --- |
| *-he* | on, at, away from |
| *-le* | along, back to |
| *-ke* | over there |
| *-fa* | to, towards |

### Negation

An entire verbal complex can be negated using one of two prefixes, *na-* or *ha-*, both of which are identical in meaning.

### Interrogatives

In direct speech wherein the sentence does not begin with an interrogative pronoun, interrogatives are formed with the suffix *-le*. If the question implies some action in the future, the suffix *-yi* is used instead.

## Works cited

* Ballard, William L. (1978). "More on Yuchi Pronouns". *International Journal of American Linguistics*. **44** (2): 103–112. doi:10.1086/465527. S2CID 143787970.
* Edmondson, Jerold (2011). *Yuchi* (Sound recording). Arlington: University of Texas.
* Gatschet, Albert S. (1885). "The Yuchi Tribe and its Language". *Science*. **5** (112): 253.
*
* Linn, Mary Sarah (2001). *A Grammar of Euchee (Yuchi)*. Kansas City, KS: University of Kansas.
* Speck, Frank G. (1909). *Ethnology of Yuchi Indians*. Philadelphia: University Museum.
* Speck, Frank G. (1939). "Eggan's Yuchi Kinship Interpretations". *American Anthropologist*. **41** (1): 171–172. doi:10.1525/aa.1939.41.1.02a00330.
* Wagner, Gunther (1938). "Yuchi grammar". In Boas, Franz (ed.). *Handbook of American Indian Languages*. Vol. 3. pp. 300–374. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
* Wolff, Hans (1948). "Yuchi Phonemes and Morphemes, with Special Reference to Person Markers". *International Journal of American Linguistics*. **14** (4): 240–243. doi:10.1086/464011. JSTOR 1262878. S2CID 143409598.

## InfoBox

| Yuchi | |
| --- | --- |
| Euchee | |
| *Tsoyaha* | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | East central Oklahoma |
| Ethnicity | 1,500 Yuchi (2007) |
| Extinct | August 27, 2021, with the death of Maxine Wildcat Barnett |
| Revival | 12 L2 speakers (2016) |
| Language family | Language isolate |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `yuc` |
| *Glottolog* | `yuch1247` |
| ELP | Yuchi |
| Distribution of Yuchi at the time of European contact | |
|


abstract: The NCAA Women's Division III indoor track and field championships are contested at the annual collegiate indoor track and field competition for women from Division III institutions organised by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Athletes' performances in individual championships earn points for their institutions and the team with the most points receives the NCAA team title in track and field. A separate NCAA Division III men's competition is also held. These two events are separate from the NCAA Women's Division III Outdoor Track and Field Championships and NCAA Men's Division III Outdoor Track and Field Championships held during the spring. The first edition of the championship was held in 1983. Wisconsin–Oshkosh Titans have been the most successful program, with 9 team titles. Loras are the reigning national champions, winning their second national title in 2024.

text:
# NCAA Division III women's indoor track and field championships

The **NCAA Women's Division III indoor track and field championships** are contested at the annual collegiate indoor track and field competition for women from Division III institutions organised by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Athletes' performances in individual championships earn points for their institutions and the team with the most points receives the NCAA team title in track and field. A separate NCAA Division III men's competition is also held. These two events are separate from the NCAA Women's Division III Outdoor Track and Field Championships and NCAA Men's Division III Outdoor Track and Field Championships held during the spring. The first edition of the championship was held in 1983.

Wisconsin–Oshkosh Titans have been the most successful program, with 9 team titles.

Loras are the reigning national champions, winning their second national title in 2024.

## Events

### Track events

* *Sprint events*
    + 60 meter dash
    + 200 meter dash
    + 400 meter dash
* *Distance events*
    + 800 meter run
    + Mile run
    + 3,000 meter run
    + 5,000 meter run
* *Hurdle Events*
    + 60 meter high hurdles
* *Relay events*
    + 1,600 meter relay
    + Distance medley relay

### Field events

* *Jumping events*
    + High jump
    + Pole vault
    + Long jump
    + Triple jump
* *Throwing events*
    + Shot put
    + Weight throw
* *Multi-events*
    + Pentathlon

### Discontinued events

* *Sprint events*
    + 55 meter dash (1985–2011)
* *Distance events*
    + 1,500 meter run (1985–2004)
* *Hurdle Events*
    + 55 meter high hurdles (1985–2011)

## Summary

| NCAA Division III Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Site |  | Championship Results | | | |
| | | | Winner | Points | Runners-Up | Points |
| 1985
*Details* | Lewiston, ME
(Bates) | | **UMass Boston** | 50 | Cortland State | 41 |
| 1986
*Details* | St. Paul, MN
(Saint Thomas) | | **UMass Boston** (2) | 47 | Springfield | 36 |
| 1987
*Details* | Chicago, IL
(Chicago) | | **UMass Boston** (3) | 56 | Christopher Newport | 52 |
| 1988
*Details* | Northampton, MA
(Smith) | | **Christopher Newport** | 66 | UMass Boston | 39 |
| 1989
*Details* | Lewiston, ME
(Bates) | | **Christopher Newport** (2) | 50 | Rochester (NY) | 31 |
| 1990
*Details* | Northampton, MA
(Smith) | | **Christopher Newport** (3) | 59 | Wisconsin–Oshkosh | 43 |
| 1991
*Details* | Middletown, CT
(Wesleyan) | | **Cortland** | 50 | Wisconsin–Oshkosh | 44½ |
| 1992
*Details* | Stevens Point, WI
(UW–Stevens Point) | | **Christopher Newport** (4) | 46 | Wisconsin–Oshkosh | 41 |
| 1993
*Details* | Lewiston, ME
(Bates) | | **Lincoln (PA)** | 36 | Wisconsin–La Crosse | 27 |
| 1994
*Details* | Oshkosh, WI
(UW–Oshkosh) | | **Wisconsin–Oshkosh** | 41 | Christopher Newport | 36 |
| 1995
*Details* | Ada, OH
(Ohio Northern) | | **Wisconsin–Oshkosh** (2) | 42 | Cortland State | 26 |
| 1996
*Details* | Northampton, MA
(Smith) | | **Wisconsin–Oshkosh** (3) | 41 | Lincoln (PA) | 29 |
| 1997
*Details* | Oshkosh, WI
(UW–Oshkosh) | | **Christopher Newport** (5) | 47 | CCNY | 36 |
| 1998
*Details* | Waltham, MA
(Brandeis) | | **Christopher Newport** (6) | 31 | Wheaton (MA) | 28 |
| 1999
*Details* | Ada, OH
(Ohio Northern) | | **Wheaton (MA)** | 43 | Wisconsin–La Crosse | 38 |
| 2000
*Details* | Bloomington, IL
(Illinois Wesleyan) | | **Wheaton (MA)** (2) | 47 | Lincoln (PA) | 41 |
| 2001
*Details* | Oshkosh, WI
(UW–Oshkosh) | | **Wheaton (MA)** (3) | 63 | Wisconsin–La Crosse | 35 |
| 2002
*Details* | Ada, OH
(Ohio Northern) | | **Wheaton (MA)** (4) | 65½ | Wisconsin–Oshkosh | 37 |
| 2003
*Details* | Greencastle, IN
(DePauw) | | **Wheaton (MA)** (5) | 54 | Lehman | 48 |
| 2004
*Details* | Whitewater, WI
(UW–Whitewater) | | **Wisconsin–Oshkosh** (4) | 56½ | Wheaton (MA) | 28 |
| 2005
*Details* | Bloomington, IL
(Illinois Wesleyan) | | **Wisconsin–Oshkosh** (5) | 36 | Wartburg | 32 |
| 2006
*Details* | Northfield, MN
(St. Olaf) | | **Wisconsin–Oshkosh** (6) | 44 | Williams | 38 |
| 2007
*Details* | Terre Haute, IN
(Rose–Hulman) | | **Williams** | 42 | CCNY | 35 |
| 2008
*Details* | Ada, OH
(Ohio Northern) | | **Illinois Wesleyan** | 30 | Wartburg | 27 |
| 2009
*Details* | Terre Haute, IN
(Rose–Hulman) | | **Wartburg** | 51 | Wisconsin–La Crosse | 41½ |
| 2010
*Details* | Greencastle, IN
(DePauw) | | **Wartburg** (2) | 33 | Wisconsin–Oshkosh | 29 |
| 2011
*Details* | Bexley, OH
(Capital) | | **Wisconsin–Oshkosh** (7) | 46½ | Wartburg | 44 |
| 2012
*Details* | Grinnell, IA
(Grinnell) | | **Wartburg** (3) | 99 | Wisconsin–Oshkosh | 48 |
| 2013
*Details* | Naperville, IL
(North Central) | | **Wisconsin–Oshkosh** (8) | 56 | Illinois College | 32 |
| 2014
*Details* | Lincoln, NE | | **Wisconsin–Oshkosh** (9) | 67 | Wisconsin–La Crosse | 65 |
| 2015
*Details* | Winston-Salem, NC
(Roanoke) | | **Wisconsin–La Crosse** | 55 | Wisconsin–Oshkosh | 49 |
| 2016
*Details* | Grinnell, IA
(Grinnell) | | **Baldwin Wallace** | 42.2 | Illinois Wesleyan | 36 |
| 2017
*Details* | Naperville, IL
(North Centra\]) | | **Washington-St. Louis** | 44 | Ithaca | 41¼ |
| 2018
*Details* | Birmingham, AL
(Birmingham–Southern) | | **UMass Boston** (4) | 46 | Williams | 37 |
| 2019
*Details* | Boston, MA
(UMass Boston) | | **Williams** (2) | 42 | Washington-St. Louis | 40 |
| 2020 | *Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States* | | | | | |
| 2021 | |
| 2022
*Details* | Winston-Salem, NC |  | **Loras** | 59 | Wisconsin–La Crosse | 44 |
| | 2023
*Details* | Birmingham, AL
(Birmingham–Southern) | **Wisconsin–La Crosse** (2) | 59.5 | Washington St. Louis | 54 |
| | 2024
*Details* | Virginia Beach, VA
(Norfolk State) | **Loras** | 51 | Washington St. Louis | 49 |
| | 2025
*Details* | Rochester, NY
(Nazareth) |  |  |  |  |
| | 2026
*Details* | Birmingham, AL
(Birmingham–Southern) |  |  |  |  |

## Champions

### Team titles

#### Active programs

| Team | Titles | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wisconsin–Oshkosh | 9 | 1994, 1995, 1996, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014 |
| Christopher Newport | 6 | 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1997, 1998 |
| Wheaton (MA) | 5 | 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 |
| UMass Boston | 4 | 1985, 1986, 1987, 2018 |
| Wartburg | 3 | 2009, 2010, 2012 |
| Loras | 2 | 2022, 2024 |
| Wisconsin–La Crosse | 2 | 2015, 2023 |
| Williams | 2 | 2007, 2019 |
| Washington St. Louis | 1 | 2017 |
| Baldwin Wallace | 1 | 2016 |
| Illinois Wesleyan | 1 | 2008 |
| Cortland | 1 | 1991 |

#### Former programs

| Team | Titles | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Lincoln (PA)* | 1 | 1993 |

## Championship Records

| Event | Record | Athlete | School | Nationality | Date | Place | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 400 m |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5000 m | 16:23.12 | Kaitlyn Mooney | Coast Guard | United States | 8 March 2019 | Boston, United States |  |
| Pole vault |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Distance medley relay |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

NCAA Division III women's indoor track and field championships
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | College indoor track and field |
| Founded | 1983 |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Loras (2) |
| TV partner(s) | ESPNU |
| Official website | NCAA.com |


abstract: The NCAA Division III women's swimming and diving championships are contested at an annual swim meet hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the individual and team champions of women's collegiate swimming and diving among its Division III members in the United States. The event is held annually following the winter regular season, and it consists of individual and team championships. The meets take place in a 25-yard pool. Since its establishment, the championships have been held at the same time and venue as the Division III men's championships. Kenyon are the reigning national champions, winning their twenty-fifth title in 2024.

text:
# NCAA Division III women's swimming and diving championships

The **NCAA Division III women's swimming and diving championships** are contested at an annual swim meet hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the individual and team champions of women's collegiate swimming and diving among its Division III members in the United States.

The event is held annually following the winter regular season, and it consists of individual and team championships. The meets take place in a 25-yard pool. Since its establishment, the championships have been held at the same time and venue as the Division III men's championships.

Kenyon are the reigning national champions, winning their twenty-fifth title in 2024.

## History

Swimming was one of twelve women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981-82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women's collegiate sports. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve (and other) sports; however, after a year of dual women's championships, the NCAA conquered the AIAW and usurped its authority and membership.

## Results

| NCAA Division III women's swimming and diving championships | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Site | Natatorium |  | Championship Results | | | |
| | | | | Champion | Points | Runner-Up | Points |
| 1982
*Details* | Lexington, VA
(Washington and Lee) | Cy Twombly Pool (swim)
Virginia Military Institute (dive) | | **Williams** | 402 | Kenyon | 303 |
| 1983
*Details* | Canton, OH | C.T. Branin Natatorium
Canton McKinley High School | | **Williams** (2) | 330½ | Hamline | 286 |
| 1984
*Details* | Atlanta, GA
(Emory) | George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center | | **Kenyon** | 307½ | Hamline | 283½ |
| 1985
*Details* | | | | **Kenyon** (2) | 496 | Pomona–Pitzer | 348 |
| 1986 | Canton, OH | C.T. Branin Natatorium
Canton McKinley High School | | **Kenyon** (3) | 713 | UC San Diego | 403½ |
| 1987
*Details* | | | | **Kenyon** (4) | 659 | Pomona–Pitzer | 349½ |
| 1988
*Details* | Atlanta, GA
(Emory) | George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center | | **Kenyon** (5) | 581½ | UC San Diego | 338½ |
| 1989
*Details* | Brunswick, ME
(Bowdoin) | A. LeRoy Greason Swimming Pool | | **Kenyon** (6) | 631 | UC San Diego | 298½ |
| 1990
*Details* | Wheaton, IL
(Wheaton) | Chrouser Aquatics Center | | **Kenyon** (7) | 506 | UC San Diego | 443 |
| 1991
*Details* | Atlanta, GA
(Emory) | George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center | | **Kenyon** (8) | 661½ | UC San Diego | 466 |
| 1992
*Details* | Buffalo, NY
(Erie CC) | Flickinger Aquatic Center | | **Kenyon** (9) | 750 | UC San Diego | 408 |
| 1993
*Details* | Atlanta, GA
(Emory) | George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center | | **Kenyon** (10) | 683 | UC San Diego | 451½ |
| 1994
*Details* | Williamstown, MA
(Williams) | John Wesley Chandler Athletic Center | | **Kenyon** (11) | 595½ | Hope | 408½ |
| 1995
*Details* | Wesleyan | Middleton, CT | | **Kenyon** (12) | 527½ | Williams | 333 |
| 1996
*Details* | Atlanta, GA
(Emory) | George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center | | **Kenyon** (13) | 542 | UC San Diego | 380 |
| 1997
*Details* | Oxford, OH
(Miami) | Corwin M. Nixon Aquatic Center | | **Kenyon** (14) | 572 | Williams | 377 |
| 1998
*Details* | St. Peters, MO | St. Peters Rec-Plex | | **Kenyon** (15) | 693½ | Denison | 522 |
| 1999
*Details* | Minneapolis, MN
(Minnesota) | University of Minnesota Aquatic Center | | **Kenyon** (16) | 664½ | Denson | 503 |
| 2000
*Details* | Atlanta, GA
(Emory) | George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center | | **Kenyon** (17) | 619½ | Denison | 417½ |
| 2001
*Details* | Buffalo, NY
(Erie CC) | Flickinger Aquatic Center | | **Denison** | 588 | Kenyon | 572 |
| 2002
*Details* | Oxford, OH
(Miami) | Corwin M. Nixon Aquatic Center | | **Kenyon** (18) | 577 | Denison | 418 |
| 2003
*Details* | Atlanta, GA
(Emory) | George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center | | **Kenyon** (19) | 560½ | Williams | 350 |
| 2004
*Details* | St. Peters, MO | St. Peters Rec-Plex | | **Kenyon** (20) | 507 | Emory | 362 |
| 2005
*Details* | Holland, MI | Holland Community Aquatic Center | | **Emory** | 399½ | Kenyon | 313 |
| 2006
*Details* | Minneapolis, MN
(Minnesota) | University of Minnesota Aquatic Center | | **Emory** (2) | 428 | Kenyon | 418 |
| 2007
*Details* | Houston, TX
(Houston) | University of Houston
Campus Recreation and Wellness Center Natatorium | | **Kenyon** (21) | 538 | Amherst | 320 |
| 2008
*Details* | Oxford, OH
(Miami) | Corwin M. Nixon Aquatic Center | | **Kenyon** (22) | 566½ | Amherst | 341 |
| 2009
*Details* | Minneapolis, MN
(Minnesota) | University of Minnesota Aquatic Center | | **Kenyon** (23) | 560 | Emory | 466½ |
| 2010
*Details* | | | | **Emory** (3) | 568½ | Denison | 452 |
| 2011
*Details* | Knoxville, TN
(Tennessee) | University of Tennessee, Allan Jones Aquatic Center | | **Emory** (4) | 614 | Denison | 428 |
| 2012
*Details* | Indianapolis, IN
(Indiana) | Indiana University Natatorium | | **Emory** (5) | 639 | Williams | 453 |
| 2013
*Details* | Shenandoah, TX | Conroe Independent School District Natatorium | | **Emory** (6) | 619 | Kenyon | 483 |
| 2014
*Details* | Indianapolis, IN
(Indiana) | Indiana University Natatorium | | **Emory** (7) | 595½ | Kenyon | 456½ |
| 2015
*Details* | Shenandoah, TX | Conroe Independent School District Natatorium | | **Emory** (8) | 603 | Denison | 457½ |
| 2016
*Details* | Greensboro, NC | Greensboro Aquatic Center | | **Emory** (9) | 560 | Kenyon | 476 |
| 2017
*Details* | Shenandoah, TX | Conroe Independent School District Natatorium | | **Emory** (10) | 645.5 | Williams | 445 |
| 2018
*Details* | Indianapolis, IN
(Franklin) | Indiana University Natatorium | | **Emory** (11) | 603 | Kenyon | 500 |
| 2019
*Details* | Greensboro, NC | Greensboro Aquatic Center | | **Emory** (12) | 488 | Kenyon | 479 |
| 2020 | *Cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic* | | | | | | |
| 2021 | |
| 2022
*Details* | Indianapolis, IN
(Franklin) | Indiana University Natatorium |  | **Kenyon** (24) | 311 | Emory | 307 |
| | 2023
*Details* | Greensboro, NC
(ODAC) | Greensboro Aquatic Center | **Denison** (2) | 464.5 | Emory | 385 |
| | | | 2024
*Details* | **Kenyon** (25) | 448 | Denison | 430 |
| | | | 2025
*Details* |  |  |  |  |
| | 2026
*Details* | Indianapolis, IN
(Franklin) | Indiana University Natatorium |  |  |  |  |

## Champions

**Williams****Denison****Emory****Kenyon**class=notpageimage|**Team national championships among active programs:  25,  12,  2,  1**

### Active programs

| Team | Titles | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kenyon | 25 | 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2022, 2024 |
| Emory | 12 | 2005, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 |
| Denison | 2 | 2001, 2023 |
| Williams | 2 | 1982, 1983 |

## Championship records

| Event | Time |  | Name | Club | Date | Location | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50y freestyle | 22.46 |  | Kaley McIntyre | NYU | March 20, 2024 | Greensboro, North Carolina |  |
| 100y freestyle | 48.79 |  | Kaley McIntyre | NYU | March 23, 2024 | Greensboro, North Carolina |  |
| 200y freestyle | 1:44.82 |  | Kendra Stern | Amherst | March 24, 2011 | Knoxville, Tennessee |  |
| 500y freestyle | 4:43.37 |  | Kendra Stern | Amherst | March 23, 2011 | Knoxville, Tennessee |  |
| 1650y freestyle | 16:21.44 |  | Sarah Thompson | Williams | March 21, 2015 | Shenandoah, Texas |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 100y backstroke | 53.41 | r, = | Kate Augustyn | MIT | March 21, 2024 | Greensboro, North Carolina |  |
| 100y backstroke | 53.41 | = | Kate Augustyn | MIT | March 22, 2024 | Greensboro, North Carolina |  |
| 200y backstroke | 1:55.67 |  | Crile Hart | Kenyon | March 24, 2018 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 100y breaststroke | 59.77 |  | KT Kustritz | Denison | March 21, 2018 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 200y breaststroke | 2:10.06 |  | Jordyn Wentzel | St. Kate's | March 19, 2022 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 100y butterfly | 52.64 |  | Kirsten Nitz | Wheaton | March 20, 2014 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 200y butterfly | 1:55.66 |  | Logan Todhunter | Williams | March 23, 2012 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 200y individual medley | 1:57.76 |  | Crile Hart | Kenyon | March 16, 2022 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 400y individual medley | 4:13.14 |  | Caroline Wilson | Williams | March 22, 2012 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 4×50y
freestyle relay | 1:30.39 |  |  | Kenyon | March 17, 2022 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 4×100y
freestyle relay | 3:18.46 |  |  | Emory | March 24, 2018 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 4×200y
freestyle relay | 7:14.98 |  |  | Emory | March 17, 2017 | Shenandoah, Texas |  |
| 4×50y
medley relay | 1:39.59 |  |  | Kenyon | March 16, 2022 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
| 4×100y
medley relay | 3:38.05 |  |  | Kenyon | March 17, 2022 | Indianapolis, Indiana |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| 1m Springboard | 515.90 |  | Danica Roskos | TCNJ | March 25, 2011 | Knoxville, Tennessee |  |
| 3m Springboard | 517.10 |  | Hayley Emerick | Trinity | March 20, 2010 | Minneapolis, Minnesota |  |

Legend: **#** – Record awaiting ratification by NCAA;
Records not set in finals: **h** – heat; **sf** – semifinal; **r** – relay 1st leg; **rh** – relay heat 1st leg; **b** – B final;  – en route to final mark; **tt** – time trial

## InfoBox

NCAA Women's Division III swimming and diving championships
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1982 |
| Region | United States |
| Current champions | Kenyon (25th) |
| Most successful team(s) | Kenyon (25) |
| Television broadcasters | ESPNU |
| Website | NCAA.com |


title: Yucca, Arizona

abstract: Yucca is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 96, down from 126 at the 2010 census. Located along Interstate 40, it lies southwest of Kingman, just east of the southern section of the Black Mountains and west of the Hualapai and McCracken Mountains in the Sacramento Valley. Yucca has a ZIP Code of 86438. Students in Yucca attend elementary school in the one-school Yucca Elementary School District, and high school in the Kingman Unified School District.

text:
# Yucca, Arizona

**Yucca** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 96, down from 126 at the 2010 census.

Located along Interstate 40, it lies southwest of Kingman, just east of the southern section of the Black Mountains and west of the Hualapai and McCracken Mountains in the Sacramento Valley. Yucca has a ZIP Code of 86438. Students in Yucca attend elementary school in the one-school Yucca Elementary School District, and high school in the Kingman Unified School District.

## History

Yucca started as an order office and water fill station for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad (affiliated with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway) in the 1880s. It was part of a rail line commissioned by the U.S. Congress running from St. Louis, Missouri, to Needles, California. This rail line grew to be transcontinental and is a major freight corridor to Southern California. In 1918 Yucca started its own cemetery.

During World War II, the United States Army Air Forces purchased 2,284 acres (9.24 km2) of land and developed the Yucca Army Airfield for training pilots. In 1954 the air base was purchased by Ford Motor Company and along with additional land, was turned into the Arizona Proving Ground comprising nearly 4,000 acres (16 km2). Chrysler purchased the proving grounds in November 2007 from Ford for $34.9 million.

Yucca became part of Route 66 in 1952 when the highway was realigned, bypassing Oatman, Arizona. This was the heyday for the small town when motels, cafés, and a Whiting Brothers truck stop operated. In the early 1970s, Interstate 40 replaced the section of Route 66 going through Yucca. The motels and truck stop went out of business as people used facilities in larger Kingman and Needles. A small general store/café, post office, automotive service center, real estate office, and bar were the only retail businesses remaining by 2008.

In 1997 a land exchange between the Santa Fe Railroad and the US Government of approximately 70,000 acres (280 km2) was completed just southwest of Yucca. Much of the land subsequently owned by the railroad was subdivided into typically 40-acre (160,000 m2) parcels and offered to the general public as the Stage Coach Trails development. This land has primarily been purchased by individuals for residential use or long-term investment. Other smaller developments opened just north of Yucca in 2006. Over time these residential developments may spur renewed business growth in the area.

## Location and climate

Yucca is located in southern Mohave County, 35 miles (56 km) north of Lake Havasu City, 24 miles (39 km) southwest of Kingman, the county seat, and 38 miles (61 km) east of Needles, California. Yucca has a hot desert climate (Köppen *BWh*) with brutally hot summers and cool winters. In summer, it is normal to record temperatures above 110 °F (43 °C) for days on end, while in winter it is very mild with practically no snowfall: the highest rainfall in a month is merely 4.0 inches (0.10 m). The average minimum temperatures in the winter are usually 30 to 45 °F (−1.1 to 7.2 °C). The sun shines throughout the spring and early summer, and most of the limited rain falls from extratropical lows in the cooler months.

| Climate data for Yucca, Arizona (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–2007, 2009–2017) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 84
(29) | 87
(31) | 97
(36) | 103
(39) | 112
(44) | 117
(47) | 120
(49) | 119
(48) | 111
(44) | 105
(41) | 89
(32) | 81
(27) | 120
(49) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 61.1
(16.2) | 64.7
(18.2) | 71.5
(21.9) | 79.1
(26.2) | 88.5
(31.4) | 99.2
(37.3) | 103.2
(39.6) | 102.3
(39.1) | 96.4
(35.8) | 83.9
(28.8) | 70.5
(21.4) | 60.0
(15.6) | 81.7
(27.6) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 49.5
(9.7) | 52.4
(11.3) | 58.3
(14.6) | 64.7
(18.2) | 74.1
(23.4) | 84.0
(28.9) | 90.3
(32.4) | 89.3
(31.8) | 82.0
(27.8) | 69.7
(20.9) | 57.4
(14.1) | 48.4
(9.1) | 68.3
(20.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 37.9
(3.3) | 40.0
(4.4) | 45.2
(7.3) | 50.4
(10.2) | 59.7
(15.4) | 68.9
(20.5) | 77.4
(25.2) | 76.3
(24.6) | 67.7
(19.8) | 55.5
(13.1) | 44.2
(6.8) | 36.9
(2.7) | 55.0
(12.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 11
(−12) | 18
(−8) | 21
(−6) | 31
(−1) | 35
(2) | 46
(8) | 48
(9) | 48
(9) | 40
(4) | 28
(−2) | 23
(−5) | 15
(−9) | 11
(−12) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.06
(27) | 1.29
(33) | 0.83
(21) | 0.27
(6.9) | 0.10
(2.5) | 0.05
(1.3) | 0.45
(11) | 0.55
(14) | 0.49
(12) | 0.52
(13) | 0.46
(12) | 0.59
(15) | 6.66
(169) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 3.3 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 28.3 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 126 |  |  |
| 2020 | 96 |  | −23.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Education

It is in the Yucca Elementary School District.

1. "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Arizona". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
2. "P1. Race – Yucca CDP, Arizona: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
3. Santa Fe Transcon History
4. Block, Kathy (May 24, 2009). "Yucca Cemetery". *American Pioneer & Cemetery Research Project*. Neal Du Shane.
5. Chrysler Arizona proving grounds review
6. Chrysler Proving Grounds
7. "Yucca". Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
8. Arizona land, Kingman real estate for sale
9. "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
10. "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
11. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
12. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Mohave County, AZ" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 3 (PDF p. 4/4). Retrieved October 4, 2024. \- Text list

## InfoBox

| Yucca, Arizona | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Water tank in Yucca, Arizona | |
|  | |
| YuccaYucca | |
| Coordinates: 34°52′20″N 114°8′58″W / 34.87222°N 114.14944°W / 34.87222; -114.14944 | |
| State | Arizona |
| County | Mohave |
| Founded | 1883 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.24 sq mi (5.79 km2) |
| Land | 2.24 sq mi (5.79 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 96 |
| Density | 42.91/sq mi (16.57/km2) |
| Time zone | MST |
| ZIP code | 86438 |
| Area code | 928 |
| FIPS code | 04-85470 |


title: Nabanita Das

abstract: Nabanita Das is an Indian Bengali actress who works in Bengali television industry. She is best known for portrayed the role of Diya in the Bengali television serial Deep Jwele Jai.

text:
# Nabanita Das

**Nabanita Das** is an Indian Bengali actress who works in Bengali television industry. She is best known for portrayed the role of Diya in the Bengali television serial *Deep Jwele Jai.*

## Television

| Year | Show | Channel | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015– 2017 | *Deep Jwele Jai* | Zee Bangla | Diya |
| 2017 | *Chaddobesi* | | Labonnyo |
| 2018 | *Ardhangini* | Star Jalsha | Ishwari |
| 2019– 2022 | *Mahapeeth Tarapeeth* | | Maa Tara |
| 2023– 2024 | *Biyer Phool* | Sun Bangla | Koli |
| 2024 | *Tumi Ashe Pashe Thakle* | Star Jalsha | Paro |

## Awards

| Year | Award | Name | Category | Character | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | *Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar 2017* | *Deep Jwele Jai* | Priyo Bou | *Diya* | Won |

## InfoBox

| Nabanita Das | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 3 August
Kolkata, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Notable work | Deep Jwele Jai
Mahapeeth Tarapeeth |
| Spouse | Jeetu Kamal (2019-2023) |


title: Nabang, Yingjiang County

abstract: Nabang is a town in Yingjiang County in western Yunnan province, China. As of 2023, it has three villages under its administration - Nabang, Jiedao and Daonong. The town borders Laiza, Kachin State, Myanmar and Nabang port border crossing saw approximately fifty thousand monthly border crossings- with a significant rural migrant worker population. The town has a diversion hydropower plant powered by a diversion canal built in 2011 with a 180 MW nameplate capacity. The plant was built Yingjiang Huafu, with project involvement by United Kingdom-based Climate Bridge. It became operational in 2012.

text:
# Nabang, Yingjiang County

**Nabang** (Chinese: 那邦; pinyin: *Nàbāng*; lit. 'That state') is a town in Yingjiang County in western Yunnan province, China. As of 2023, it has three villages under its administration - Nabang, Jiedao and Daonong.

The town borders Laiza, Kachin State, Myanmar and Nabang port border crossing saw approximately fifty thousand monthly border crossings- with a significant rural migrant worker population.

The town has a diversion hydropower plant powered by a diversion canal built in 2011 with a 180 MW nameplate capacity. The plant was built Yingjiang Huafu, with project involvement by United Kingdom-based Climate Bridge. It became operational in 2012.

## InfoBox

| Nabang 那邦镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| NabangLocation in Yunnan | |
| Coordinates: 24°44′53″N 97°33′32″E / 24.74806°N 97.55889°E / 24.74806; 97.55889 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Yunnan |
| Autonomous prefecture | Dehong |
| County | Yingjiang |
| Elevation | 858 m (2,815 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Nail violin

abstract: The nail violin is a musical instrument which was invented by German violinist Johann Wilde in 1740. The instrument consists of a semicircular wooden soundboard, approximately 1.5 feet (46 cm) by 1 foot (30 cm) in size, with iron or brass nails of different lengths arranged to produce a chromatic scale when bowed.

text:
# Nail violin

The **nail violin** is a musical instrument which was invented by German violinist Johann Wilde in 1740. The instrument consists of a semicircular wooden soundboard, approximately 1.5 feet (46 cm) by 1 foot (30 cm) in size, with iron or brass nails of different lengths arranged to produce a chromatic scale when bowed.

## History

Wilde was inspired to create the instrument when he accidentally drew his bow across a metal peg, which produced a musical sound. The instrument consists of a semicircular wooden soundboard, approximately 1.5 feet (46 cm) by 1 foot (30 cm) in size, with iron or brass nails of different lengths arranged to produce a chromatic scale when bowed; the deeper the nails are driven in, the shorter the nail and the higher the pitch. The bow used was fitted with coarse black horsehair, which produced sound by friction. An improved instrument, now in the collection of the Hochschule in Berlin, has two half-moon sound-chests of different sizes, one on the top of the other, forming terraces. In the rounded wall of the upper sound-chest are two rows of iron staples, the upper giving the diatonic scale, and the lower the intermediate chromatic semitones. The instrument has a sweet bell-like tone but limited technical possibilities.

History records the name of a single virtuoso on this instrument; he was a Bohemian musician called Senal, who travelled all over Germany with his instrument about 17801790. Senal had modified the instrument by adding sympathetic strings, and dubbed this enhanced version the "violino harmonico".

There have been several other modifications or variations on Wilde's original design. Modifications include the use of glass or wooden rods instead of metal nails. Träger of Bernberg (Saxony) created a treadle-operated keyboard version in 1791. The Adiaphonon, created by Franz Schuster in 1818-1819, was similar to the nail violin. It used bowed steel rods and had a six octave range. Its range was F1-F7. A Nineteenth Century modification, called the *Stockspiel* or *Melkharmonica*, incorporated wooden rods, which were played using rosined gloves. Bill Wesley has invented the Array Nail Violin, in which the notes are arranged according to the Array system. It is played with the fingers, thumbs, and palms dusted with dancer's rosin. The waterphone works on similar principles, but is atonal rather than chromatic, and has water in its resonator.

## Musical instrument classification

The instrument is categorized as a friction idiophone, as it is played by bowing. The instrument can also be played by striking the nails or rods. Michael Meadows has made contemporary copies of the early design of the instrument.

Attribution

## InfoBox

Nail violin
| Nail violin, Bohemia. Czech Museum of Music, Prague | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Nail harmonica; (Fr.) violon de fer; (Ger.) Nagelgeige, Nagelharmonika, Eisenvioline; (It.} violino di ferro |
| Classification | idiophone |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 131.2<br>(Sets of friction sticks) |
| Inventor(s) | Johann Wilde |
| Developed | 1740 |


title: Yukino

abstract:
千乃 Yukino is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
  - Yukino Inamura, Japanese footballer
  - Yukino Kikuma, Japanese announcer
  - Yukino Kishii, Japanese actress
  - Yukino Komori, Japanese idol and singer
  - Yukino Matsumoto, Japanese table tennis player
  - Yukino Nakai, Japanese badminton player
  - Yukino Shirai, Japanese actress and former member idol group SKE48
  - Fictional characters
  - Yukino Kikukawa, a character from the My-HiME anime and manga series, and her My-Otome counterpart Yukino Chrysant
  - Yukino Miyazawa, a character from the His and Her Circumstances anime and manga series.
  - Yukino Sakurai, a character from the Candy Boy
  - Yukino Aguria, a character in Fairy Tail
  - Yukino Yukinoshita, one of the main character from the My Teen Romantic Comedy SNAFU
  - Yukino Mayuzumi, a playable characters from the first two games of Persona (series)
  - Yukino, a character from Dead or Alive Xtreme Venus Vacation Yukino is also a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
  - Sai Yukino, Japanese writer
  - Satsuki Yukino, stage name of Yuki Inoue, Japanese voice actress

text:
# Yukino

**Yukino** (written: 千乃, 雪乃, 由希乃 or ゆきの in hiragana) is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

* Yukino Inamura (稲村 雪乃, born 2003), Japanese footballer
* Yukino Kikuma (菊間 千乃, born 1972), Japanese announcer
* Yukino Kishii (岸井 ゆきの, born 1992), Japanese actress
* Yukino Komori (小森 ゆきの, born 1996), Japanese idol and singer
* Yukino Matsumoto (松本 雪乃, born 1970), Japanese table tennis player
* Yukino Nakai (仲井 由希乃, born 1996), Japanese badminton player
* Yukino Shirai (白井友紀乃, born 2000), Japanese actress and former member idol group SKE48

Fictional characters

**Yukino** (written: 雪乃) is also a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* Sai Yukino (雪乃 紗衣, born 1982), Japanese writer
* Satsuki Yukino (ゆきの さつき, born 1970), stage name of Yuki Inoue, Japanese voice actress

## InfoBox

Yukino
| Gender | Female |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Japanese |
| Meaning | Different meanings depending on the kanji used |


title: Yujiro Hayami

abstract: Yujiro Hayami Yujiro Hayami was a Japanese agricultural economist, widely considered to be an authority on the subject. He was a Rockefeller fellow at Iowa University, a winner of Purple Ribbon Medal and a Lifetime member of the International Association of Agricultural Economists. He is credited with the development Hayami Development Economics, an agricultural philosophy on the relationship of a community to the market and the state. He died on 24 December 2012.

text:
# Yujiro Hayami

**Yujiro Hayami** (速水 佑次郎, *Hayami Yūjirō*, 1932–2012) was a Japanese agricultural economist, widely considered to be an authority on the subject. He was a Rockefeller fellow at Iowa University, a winner of Purple Ribbon Medal and a Lifetime member of the *International Association of Agricultural Economists*. He is credited with the development *Hayami Development Economics*, an agricultural philosophy on the relationship of a community to the market and the state. He died on 24 December 2012.

## Biography

Professor Yujiro Hayami was born on 26 November 1932 in Tokyo, Japan. His college education was at the Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of Tokyo, from where he graduated in 1956. He continued his education as a research associate at the National Research Institute of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ngoyo, Japan, but a year later, moved to the Department of Economics and Sociology, University of Iowa from where he obtained his PhD in 1960.

## Career

Professor Hayami started his career in 1966, as an Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics at Tokyo Metropolitan University where he worked till 1986. In between, he was also a visiting associate professor of agricultural economics at the University of Minnesota from 1968 to 1970 and Agricultural Economist at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines from 1974 to 1976. In 1986, he joined the School of International Politics, Economics and Business, Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo where he worked as the professor of Economics till 2000 when he was made the Director of the *Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development* (FASID) till his death on 24 December 2012. Professor Hayami was also a visiting *T. H. Lee Professor of World Affairs Chair*, Cornell University from 1995 to 1996.

The major achievements credited to Yujiro Hayami are:

* A research conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, that led to the Green Revolution on high yielding varieties of rice.
* Development of a new stream of academics called *Hayami Development Economics* which focusses on the relationship between the community, market and the state.

He is also credited with redefining the discipline of agricultural economics with special emphasis on economic development of the developing countries, focusing on the issues related to income distribution and the environmental problems faced by the developed countries.

## Awards and recognitions

## Books and publications

* Hayami, Yujiro; Aoki, Masahiko (2001). *Communities and Markets in Economic Development*. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0199241015.001.0001. ISBN 9780199241019.
* Hayami, Yujiro and Vernon W. Ruttan (1985). *Agricultural development: an international perspective*. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801823763.
* Hanpongpandh, Somporn; Ochoa García, Libardo; Alarcón González, Diana; Damiani, Octavio; Portocarrero Maisch, Felipe; Berry, Albert; Martowijoyo, Sumantoro; Rey de Marulanda, Nohra; Chowdhury, Abdul-Muyeed; Liu, Chien-Zer; Van Hung, Dao; Lee, Dong-Phil; Búcaro, Edgar R.; Echeverría, Ruben G.; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; Leonardo, Nuria Costa; Rahman Khan, Azizur; Hayami, Yujiro; Bucher, Dieter; Maung, Mya; de Janvry, Alain (2006). *Priorities and Strategies in Rural Poverty Reduction: Experiences from Latin America and Asia*. IDB Publications. ISBN 978-1931003889.
* Hayami, Yujiro; Masao Kikuchi (1999). *A Rice Village Saga: Three Decades of Green Revolution in the Philippines*. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0389210238.
* Hayami, Yujiro (1978). *Anatomy of a Peasant Economy - A rice village in the Philippines*. International Rice Research Institute. ASIN B0007AO9ZA.
* Hayami, Yujiro (2005). *Development Economics: From the Poverty to the Wealth of Nations*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195676280.

He has also written many articles and working papers, counting more than 70, which are in circulation worldwide.

## InfoBox

| Yujiro Hayami | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1932-11-26)26 November 1932
Japan |
| Died | 24 December 2012(2012-12-24) (aged 80) |
| Occupation(s) | Agriculturist, Economist, author |
| Awards | Fukuoka Academic Prize
Rockefeller Fellowship
Purple Ribbon
Honorary Lifetime Member of the International Association of Agricultural Economists |


title: Yujiulü Anluochen

abstract: Yujiulü Anluochen (?–554) was the last khagan of the Rouran (553–554) in the east. He was the son of Yujiulü Anagui.

text:
# Yujiulü Anluochen

**Yujiulü Anluochen** (Chinese: 郁久閭菴羅辰; pinyin: Yùjiǔlǘ Ānluóchén) (?–554) was the last khagan of the Rouran (553–554) in the east. He was the son of Yujiulü Anagui.

## During reign of Anagui

He was married to Princess Le'an (乐安公主), daughter of Gao Cheng in 541. The khagan sent 1,000 horses and asked to bring the princess, who was now renamed Princess Lanling (兰陵公主). In view of the importance of an alliance with the Rouran, Gao Huan personally presided the collection of the dowry and led the princess and her retinue to Rouran. Anagui was very pleased with the marriage. He was in the party of refugees that went for Northern Qi after Anagui's fall in 552.

## Reign

Being a son-in-law to Northern Qi, he was supported by Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi against Tujue. Emperor personally attacked the Tujue, fighting its army off, and then created Yujiulü Anluochen as the new khagan of Rouran, settling the Rouran people within Northern Qi territory, at Mayi (馬邑, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). Despite it, he rebelled in September 554, led more than 50,000 people to attack on Qi borders. Emperor Wenxuan again personally led his army and defeated Anluochen. He made yet another attack in April towards Si Prefecture (肆州, later Dai Prefecture, nowadays in northern Shanxi), but was repulsed. Meanwhile 30000 of his people were captured, women and children were enslaved. He made last attack on Yingzhou (营州, now Chaoyang, Liaoning) in 554 and utterly defeated. His whereabouts are unknown.

## Family

His daughter Yujiulü Chidelian (郁久閭叱地連) was married to Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi and was created Princess Linhe (Chinese: 鄰和公主; lit. 'Princess of Neighboring Peace', d. 550). Her tomb was discovered in 1970s.

1. Theobald, Ulrich. "Rouran 柔然 (www.chinaknowledge.de)". *www.chinaknowledge.de*. Retrieved 2019-11-09.
2. Pohl, Walter (2018-12-15). *The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822*. Cornell University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9781501729409.
3. Cheng, Bonnie (2007). "Fashioning a Political Body: The Tomb of a Rouran Princess". *Archives of Asian Art*. **57**: 23–49. doi:10.1484/aaa.2007.0001. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111346.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Yujiulü Anluochen | |
| --- | --- |
| Khagan of Rouran | |
| Reign | 553–554 |
| Predecessor | Yujiulü Kangti |
| Successor | Occupation by First Turkic Khaganate |
|  | |
| Spouses | Princess Le'an (乐安公主) |
| Issue | Princess Linhe (鄰和公主) |
| House | Yujiulü clan |
| Father | Yujiulü Anagui |
| Religion | Buddhism |


title: NHLRC1

abstract: NHL repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NHLRC1 gene.

text:
# NHLRC1

**NHL repeat-containing protein 1** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *NHLRC1* gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| NHLRC1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | NHLRC1, EPM2A, EPM2B, MALIN, bA204B7.2, NHL repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 608072; MGI: 2145264; HomoloGene: 18439; GeneCards: NHLRC1; OMA:NHLRC1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_198586   NM\_175340   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_940988   NP\_780549   Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 18.12 – 18.12 Mb Chr 13: 47.17 – 47.17 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Tsurugashima, Saitama

abstract: Tsurugashima is a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. On January 1, 2021, the city had an estimated population of 69,937 in 31,890 households and a population density of 4,000 per square kilometre (10,000/sq mi). The total area of the city is 17.65 square kilometres (6.81 sq mi).

text:
# Tsurugashima, Saitama

**Tsurugashima** (鶴ヶ島市, *Tsurugashima-shi*) is a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. On January 1, 2021, the city had an estimated population of 69,937 in 31,890 households and a population density of 4,000 per square kilometre (10,000/sq mi). The total area of the city is 17.65 square kilometres (6.81 sq mi).

## Geography

Tsurugashima is located in the geographic center of Saitama Prefecture. Tsurugashima Station is approximately 40 minutes from Ikebukuro Station in Tokyo on the Tōbu Tōjō Line by direct express train. Tsurugashima is located at the tip of the Iruma Plateau, and the elevation is about 30 to 50 meters above sea level, gently descending from the southwest to the northeast.

### Surrounding municipalities

### Climate

Tsurugashima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen *Cfa*) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Tsurugashima is 13.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1448 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.3 °C.

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Tsurugashima has recently plateaued after several decades of strong growth.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | 6,826 |  |
| 1960 | 7,008 | +2.7% |
| 1970 | 14,643 | +108.9% |
| 1980 | 35,842 | +144.8% |
| 1990 | 63,064 | +76.0% |
| 2000 | 67,638 | +7.3% |
| 2010 | 69,990 | +3.5% |
| 2020 | 70,117 | +0.2% |

## History

The area around Tsurugashima has been inhabited since prehistoric times, and a number of large burial mounds from the Kofun period are preserved within the city limits. During the Edo period, the area was largely under the control of Kawagoe Domain. The village of Tsurugashima was created within Koma District, Saitama with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Koma District was abolished in 1896, becoming part of Iruma District.Tsurugashima was elevated to town status on April 1, 1966. The city of Tsurugashima was founded when the former town of Tsurugashima was elevated to city status on September 1, 1991.

## Government

Tsurugashima has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 18 members. Tsurugashima contributes one member to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Saitama 10th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

Formerly an agricultural community, Tsurugashima has increasingly become a bedroom community, with over a third of its population commuting to the Tokyo metropolis or the city of Kawagoe.

## Education

Tsurugashima has eight public elementary schools and five public middle schools operated by the city government, and one public high school operated by the Saitama Prefectural Board of Education.

## Transportation

### Railway

Tōbu Railway \- Tōbu Tōjō Line

Tōbu Railway \- Tōbu Ogose Line

### Highway

### Bus

* Tsuru Bus community bus service
* Tsuru Wagon community minibus service

## Local attractions

* Wakaba Walk Shopping Centre
* Zennōji Temple

## Notable people from Tsurugashima

## InfoBox

| Tsurugashima 鶴ヶ島市 | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Tsurugashima city hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Tsurugashima in Saitama Prefecture | |
| Tsurugashima | |
| Coordinates: 35°56′4.2″N 139°23′35.1″E / 35.934500°N 139.393083°E / 35.934500; 139.393083 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kantō |
| Prefecture | Saitama |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.65 km2 (6.81 sq mi) |
| Population (January 2021) | |
| Total | 69,937 |
| Density | 4,000/km2 (10,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| \- Tree | Pine |
| \- Flower | Azalea |
| -Elevation | 40.66m |
| Phone number | 049-271-1111 |
| Address | 16-1 Mitsugi, Tsurugashima-shi, Saitama-ken 350-2292 |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: Michael James Robert Dillon was the 12th and last Earl of Roscommon. Michael James Robert Dillon was born on 2 October 1798, nearly four months after his father, also called Michael Dillon, had died. Michael Dillon senior had been a captain in the Dublin Militia and he was killed at the Battle of New Ross, opposing the Irish Rebellion against British rule. The young Michael Dillon's mother was Mary Dillon, née Griffith. The eleventh Earl of Roscommon, Patrick Dillon, had been the subject of two prolonged investigations by the Irish House of Lords during the 1790s to ascertain his legitimacy as the son of the tenth Earl, against the rival claim by Robert Dillon, a descendant of the seventh son of the first Earl and the next male heir in line. The Earldom of Roscommon became dormant on the death of Patrick Dillon in 1816. Robert Dillon having since died, his claim passed to Michael Dillon, whose grandfather James 'Surgeon' Dillon had been Robert's first cousin. Michael spent 10 years working to prove his claim to the title until 1828 when the United Kingdom House of Lords decided that he was the rightful heir to the Earldom and he became the twelfth Earl. As part of its deliberations the Lords decided against Francis Stephen Dillon, an inmate of a debtors' prison who dubiously claimed descent from the third son of the first Earl. Michael Dillon married Charlotte Talbot on 19 August 1830. They had a single child, a son named James who was born in 1831 but died the same year. Charlotte died on 21 November 1843 and Dillon himself died on 15 May 1850 at age 51, resulting in the Earldom of Roscommon falling dormant.

text:
# Michael James Robert Dillon, 12th Earl of Roscommon

**Michael James Robert Dillon** (2 October 1798 – 15 May 1850) was the 12th and last Earl of Roscommon.

Michael James Robert Dillon was born on 2 October 1798, nearly four months after his father, also called Michael Dillon, had died. Michael Dillon senior had been a captain in the Dublin Militia and he was killed at the Battle of New Ross, opposing the Irish Rebellion against British rule. The young Michael Dillon's mother was Mary Dillon, née Griffith.

The eleventh Earl of Roscommon, Patrick Dillon, had been the subject of two prolonged investigations by the Irish House of Lords during the 1790s to ascertain his legitimacy as the son of the tenth Earl, against the rival claim by Robert Dillon, a descendant of the seventh son of the first Earl and the next male heir in line. The Earldom of Roscommon became dormant on the death of Patrick Dillon in 1816. Robert Dillon having since died, his claim passed to Michael Dillon, whose grandfather James 'Surgeon' Dillon had been Robert's first cousin. Michael spent 10 years working to prove his claim to the title until 1828 when the United Kingdom House of Lords decided that he was the rightful heir to the Earldom and he became the twelfth Earl. As part of its deliberations the Lords decided against Francis Stephen Dillon, an inmate of a debtors' prison who dubiously claimed descent from the third son of the first Earl.

Michael Dillon married Charlotte Talbot on 19 August 1830. They had a single child, a son named James who was born in 1831 but died the same year. Charlotte died on 21 November 1843 and Dillon himself died on 15 May 1850 at age 51, resulting in the Earldom of Roscommon falling dormant.


title: Martin Chorváth

abstract: Martin Chorváth is a Slovak sprint canoeist who competed in the early to mid-2000s. He won a gold medal in the K-4 200 m event at the 2002 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Seville. Chorváth also competed in the K-1 500 m event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, but was eliminated in the semifinals.

text:
# Martin Chorváth

**Martin Chorváth** (born 9 October 1980) is a Slovak sprint canoeist who competed in the early to mid-2000s. He won a gold medal in the K-4 200 m event at the 2002 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Seville.

Chorváth also competed in the K-1 500 m event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, but was eliminated in the semifinals.

## InfoBox

Martin Chorváth
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe sprint | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2002 Seville | K-4 200 m |


title: Nowiny Wielkie

abstract: Nowiny Wielkie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Witnica, within Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Witnica and 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

text:
# Nowiny Wielkie

**Nowiny Wielkie** \[nɔˈvinɨ ˈvjɛlkʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Witnica, within Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Witnica and 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

## InfoBox

| Nowiny Wielkie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nowiny Wielkie | |
| Coordinates: 52°40′17″N 15°0′15″E / 52.67139°N 15.00417°E / 52.67139; 15.00417 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lubusz |
| County | Gorzów |
| Gmina | Witnica |
| Population | 1,300 |


abstract: Salem Township is a township in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 752 at the 2020 census, down from 754 in 2010.

text:
# Salem Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 769 |  |  |
| 2010 | 754 |  | −2.0% |
| 2020 | 752 |  | −0.3% |
| 2022 (est.) | 743 |  | −1.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

**Salem Township** is a township in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 752 at the 2020 census, down from 754 in 2010.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 13.4 square miles (34.6 km2), of which 13.3 square miles (34.5 km2) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km2) (0.22%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 769 people, 295 households, and 225 families residing in the township. The population density was 57.7 inhabitants per square mile (22.3/km2). There were 313 housing units at an average density of 23.5/sq mi (9.1/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.70% White, 0.52% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 0.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population.

There were 295 households, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.7% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.7% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the township the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $40,357. Males had a median income of $32,232 versus $26,111 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,317. About 5.4% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.

41°27′00″N 80°16′59″W / 41.45000°N 80.28306°W / 41.45000; -80.28306

## InfoBox

| Salem Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Farmland on Stevenson Road | |
| Location of Salem Township in Mercer County | |
| Location of Mercer County in Pennsylvania | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Mercer |
| Area | |
| Total | 13.39 sq mi (34.68 km2) |
| Land | 13.36 sq mi (34.61 km2) |
| Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.07 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 751 |
| Estimate (2022) | 743 |
| Density | 54.78/sq mi (21.15/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (EDT) |
| Area code | 724 |


title: Veneno (album)

abstract: Veneno is the second studio album by Brazilian band Banda Uó. It was released on September 4, 2015, by Deckdisc. The album has twelve tracks, besides the hit song "Catraca", featuring Mr. Catra. The lead single is "É da Rádio," with a production inspired by The Offspring's "Pretty Fly".

text:
# Veneno (album)

**Veneno** (stylized as ***VENENO)*** is the second studio album by Brazilian band Banda Uó. It was released on September 4, 2015, by Deckdisc. The album has twelve tracks, besides the hit song "Catraca", featuring Mr. Catra. The lead single is "É da Rádio," with a production inspired by The Offspring's "Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)".

## Background and development

The band's previous album, *Motel*, earned the attention from the internet and was very well received by critics. Mateus Carrilho said in an interview that the band's new album would have more less brega music and more pop, reaching larger audiences with radio-friendly songs. He further stated that the new album would be different from the band's previous releases.

In search of new sonorities, the band got to collaborate with different producers, including Boss in Drama, Rodrigo Gorky, Pedrowl and Bernardo Martins. The band co-wrote all of the songs: "It was a delight to do this second album, ideas bubbled up and we put everything out," Davi Sabbag said.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *It Pop* |  |
| *Portal Famosos Brasil* |  |

In its first review, *Veneno* was praised for its production, since it maintains the good humor that marked the debut of the band, but with a vast sweep of inspirations, mainly from what was being successful in Brazil in the 90s.

For Brazilian website *It Pop*, the album "demonstrates that \[the band\] still has a lot to explore within their influences" and "while they play with songwriting that revives the national pop, awakening in us a more determined appetite for this genre so underestimated \[in Brazil\] (...) they go through references to past decades, however looking forward." The website still compared the sound to artists such as Mamonas Assassinas, Bonde do Rolê and Blitz.

*Portal Famosos Brasil* also provided the album a favorable review, stating that "*Veneno* ends with an auricular injection of adrenaline, extroversion and euphoria that leave the bittersweet taste of 'I want more'" and "with the wonderful trashy cover art to the commercial yet risky content they prove, once again, that pop music doesn't need to be taken seriously to have quality."

The music video for *Arregaçada* was removed from the band's YouTube channel after alleged accusations that they didn't have permission to use the sample of MC Hammer's *U Can't Touch This* – which in turn samples Rick James's *Super Freak* – in the video. Before being removed the video had only 4,8 million views. As of November 2017, the video has been made available on the channel.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "É da Rádio" | * Mateus Carrilho * Davi Sabbag | * Sabbag | 2:50 |
| 2. | "Cremosa" | * Carrilho * Sabbag | * Carrilho * Gorky | 3:19 |
| 3. | "Primeiro Encontro" | * Carrilho * Sabbag | * Pedrowl * Sabbag | 3:11 |
| 4. | "Sonho Molhado" | * Carrilho * Sabbag | * Sabbag | 3:26 |
| 5. | "Boneca" | * Carrilho * Sabbag * Victor Miranda | Sabbag | 3:25 |
| 6. | "Dá1LIKE" (featuring Karol Conká) | * Carrilho * Sabbag | * Sabbag * Yuri Chix * Fábio Smeili | 3:33 |
| 7. | "Arregaçada (U Can't Touch This)" | * Carrilho * Sabbag | * Sabbag | 3:04 |
| 8. | "Na Varanda" | * Carrilho * Sabbag | * Pedrowl * Sabbag | 3:37 |
| 9. | "Sauna" | * Sabbag * Carrilho * Mel Gonçalves * Pedrowl | * Pedrowl * Sabbag | 3:21 |
| 10. | "X-Bacon" (featuring Vanessa Jackson) | * Sabbag * Carrilho | * Péricles Martins * Sabbag | 3:04 |
| 11. | "Suja" | * Carrilho * Sabbag * Gonçalves * Pedro Lima | Sabbag | 3:05 |
| 12. | "Poperô" | * Carrilho * Sabbag | * Bernardo Martins * Sabbag | 4:06 |
| Total length: | | | | 43:00 |

Bonus track
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "Catraca" (featuring Mr. Catra) | * Carrilho * DSabbag | * Sabbag * Martins | 3:07 |

**Notes**

* "É da Rádio" contains samples of "Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)" performed by The Offspring, and written by Dexter Holland.
* "Primeiro Encontro" contains samples of "Don't Lie" performed by The Black Eyed Peas, and written by William Adams, Stacy Ferguson, Jaime Gomez, Allan Pineda, Chris Peters, Drew Peters and Ricky Walters.
* "Boneca" contains samples of "We Belong Together" performed by Mariah Carey, and written by Carey, Jermaine Dupri, Manuel Seal, John Austin, Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Bristol Darrell, Bobby Womack, Patrick Moten and Sandra Suly.
* "Arregaçada" contains samples of "Super Freak" performed by Rick James, and written by Stanley Burrell, Rick James and Alonzo Miller.

## InfoBox

| Veneno | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Banda Uó | |
| Released | July 4, 2015 (2015-07-04) |
| Recorded | 2015 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 43:00 |
| Label | Deckdisc |
| Producer | * Davi Sabbag * Yuri Chix * Fábio Smeili * Pedrowl Gorky * Boss in Drama * Bernardo Martins |
| Banda Uó chronology | |
| *Motel*
(2012) ***Veneno***
(2015) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Veneno* | |
| 1. "É da Rádio"
Released: August 11, 2015 2. "Dá1LIKE"
Released: November 24, 2015 3. "Arregaçada"
Released: May 23, 2016 4. "Cremosa"
Released: November 17, 2016 5. "Sauna"
Released: May 4, 2017 | |
|  | |


title: Orcheston

abstract: Orcheston ) is a civil parish and village in Wiltshire, England, lying on Salisbury Plain less than a mile north-west of neighbouring Shrewton. The present-day parish combines the two former parishes of Orcheston St Mary and Orcheston St George and includes the hamlet of Elston.

text:
# Orcheston

**Orcheston** *(OR-Chest-ton*) is a civil parish and village in Wiltshire, England, lying on Salisbury Plain less than a mile north-west of neighbouring Shrewton. The present-day parish combines the two former parishes of **Orcheston St Mary** and **Orcheston St George** and includes the hamlet of **Elston**.

## History and description

The manor is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book with the spelling *Orcestone* in three entries and *Orchestone* in a fourth.

The two civil parishes of Orcheston, based on the two Church of England parish churches of St Mary and St George, were united into a single civil parish in 1934 and into a single ecclesiastical parish in 1971.

The parish gives its name to the 'Orcheston long grass' (*Agrostis stolonifera*), also called 'Creeping Bent', the most commonly used species of Agrostis. The Rough-Stalked Meadow Grass (*Poa trivialis*), is also called Orcheston Grass, and in the early 19th century there was something of a controversy among botanists as to which was the true Orcheston Grass.

The source of the River Till is near the village; the entire river is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

As of 2009, Orcheston contains about sixty-five houses, of which twenty-six are listed buildings, and has a single parish council. Almost all local government services are provided by the Wiltshire Council unitary authority.

## Churches

St Mary's Church dates from the 13th century and is Grade II\* listed. In 1971 the benefice was united with those of Chitterne and Tilshead; today the church is part of the Salisbury Plain benefice, which also includes the churches at Shrewton.

St George's Church is also from the 13th century and also Grade II\* listed. Having been declared redundant in 1982, it is in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.

## Notable people

Maurice Roy Ridley (1890–1969), writer and poet, Fellow and Chaplain of Balliol College, Oxford, was born in Orcheston. Dorothy L. Sayers is reputed to have based the appearance of her fictional detective Lord Peter Wimsey on him.

Mick Channon, footballer and racehorse trainer, was born in the village.

## Bibliography

* 'Orcheston St George' in *A History of the County of Wiltshire*, Volume XIX (work in progress)
* Peter Daniels, *Around Amesbury in old photographs* (1990)

Media related to Orcheston at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Orcheston | |
| --- | --- |
| Flood Cottages, Orcheston | |
| OrchestonLocation within Wiltshire | |
| Population | 327 (in 2021) |
| OS grid reference | SU059453 |
| Civil parish | * Orcheston |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Salisbury |
| Postcode district | SP3 |
| Dialling code | 01980 |
|  | |
| Police | Wiltshire |
| Fire | Dorset and Wiltshire |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | Parish Council |
|


title: Perumpoondi

abstract: Perumpoondi is a village located in the Ginee taluk Viluppuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. It is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Ginee and 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Tindivanam.

text:
# Perumpoondi

**Perumpoondi** is a village located in the Ginee taluk Viluppuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. It is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Ginee and 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Tindivanam.

## InfoBox

| Perumpoondi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PerumpoondiLocation in Tamil Nadu, IndiaPerumpoondiPerumpoondi (India) | |
| Coordinates: 12°13′N 79°16′E / 12.21°N 79.26°E / 12.21; 79.26 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Villupuram |
| Government | |
| Panchayat | SangeethaSankar |
| Area | |
| Total | 5 km2 (2 sq mi) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 1,250 |
| Density | 250/km2 (650/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 604210 |
| Telephone code | 04145 |