title: World Federation of Neurology

abstract: World Federation of Neurology (WFN) was formed in Brussels, Belgium, in 1957, as an association of national neurological societies. It is a UK registered charity with a mission to foster quality neurology and brain health worldwide through promoting global neurological education and training, with the emphasis on under-resourced parts of the world.

text:
# World Federation of Neurology

**World Federation of Neurology** (WFN) was formed in Brussels, Belgium, in 1957, as an association of national neurological societies. It is a UK registered charity with a mission to foster quality neurology and brain health worldwide through promoting global neurological education and training, with the emphasis on under-resourced parts of the world.

## History

WFN was founded during the Sixth World Congress of Neurosciences, and at the First International Congress of Neurological Sciences, held in Brussels in July, 1957.

The original idea of the WFN arose during a dinner in Antwerp in 1955. Ludo van Bogaert (Belgium, 1897–1989), Armand Lowenthal (The Netherlands, 1919–2001) and Charles Poser (Belgium, 1923–2010) discussed the formation of a club consisting mainly of neuropathologists (named were Erna Christensen, Aagot Christie Löken, Willibald Scholz, Julius Hallervorden, Hugo Spatz, Georges Schaltenbrand, Ivan Bertrand, Jean-Emmanuel Grüner) and some neurologists (MacDonald Critchley, Raymond Garcin, Georg Herman Monrad-Krohn). The purpose was primarily to collect reprints and unpublished doctoral theses in a central location (e.g. the Institute Bunge). As the discussion progressed, they thought that the group should be expanded and that other specialists should also form such "clubs".

After many talks, invitations were sent for a founding meeting to take place on 22 and 26 July 1957. A draft WFN constitution was prepared by Ludo van Bogaert, Houston Merritt, MacDonald Critchley, Auguste Tournay, Georg Schaltenbrand and Pearce Bailey, with Charles Poser as Secretary.

The meetings were attended by 38 national delegates representing 29 national societies from Europe, Latin American (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Peru, Uruguay), USA, Africa (South Africa) and Asia (Iran and India):

Ludo van Bogaert was unanimously elected President of the new organisation. Pearce Bailey became Secretary-Treasurer General. There were four Vice-Presidents: Houston Merritt, Raymond Garcin, Kamil Henner and Shigeo Okinaka.

An informal WFN Policy Committee was formed to consider the future policy of the new organisation. It consisted of WFN members from different countries. Among them were Macdonald Critchley, Eddie P. Bharucha (Bombay, India), Russell N. DeJong (Ann Arbor, USA), Georg Schaltenbrand (West Germany), Francois Thiébaut (Strasbourg, France), Oscar Montes Trelles (Lima, Peru), and Semen Aleksandrovich Sarkisov (Moscow, USSR). Because the term policy had different meanings in different countries, the Policy Committee was re-named the Steering Committee in 1969.

### WFN Presidents

According to the constitution and bye-laws, the president and the secretary-treasurer general should each serve for four years. Re-election is not allowed.

| 2022–2025 | Wolfgang Grisold (Austria) |
| --- | --- |
| 2018–2021 | William M Carroll (Australia) |
| 2014–2017 | Raad Shakir (UK) |
| 2010–2013 | Vladimir Hachinski (Canada) |
| 2006–2009 | Johan Aarli (Norway) |
| 2002–2005 | Jun Kimura (Japan/USA) |
| 1998–2001 | James Toole (USA) |
| 1990–1997 | John Walton (UK) |
| 1982–1989 | Richard Masland (USA) |
| 1974–1981 | Sigvald Refsum (Norway) |
| 1966–1973 | MacDonald Critchley (UK) |
| 1957–1965 | Ludo van Bogaert (Belgium) |

## World Brain Day

The concept of World Brain Day was born over a corridor conversation between Tissa Wijeratne, Mohommad Wasay and Vladimir Hachinski in 2010. It was formerly endorsed at the next Council of Delegates meeting with unanimous voting. WFN birthday, 22 July was selected as the Day of Brain, World Brain Day. Tissa Wijeratne and Prof David Dodick, Co-Chair of the World Brain during 2023.

## WFN Speciality Groups

Van Bogaert and the leadership of the WFN realised the importance of creating groups of international leaders in various fields of neurology. These groups were called *Problem Commissions*.

During the first years of its existence, the WFN economy of the WFN had been based upon generous support from the NINDB, a part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). From 1965, it was clear that no further funding for WFN activities would come from the US Government sources.

At a meeting of the WFN Executive Committee (later re-named the Council of Delegates), past and present officers of the WFN with Chairmen and Secretaries of the Problem Commissions met in Geneva in July 1966. The Problem Commissions were re-named "Research Groups" and organised in the new Research Committee. The Secretaries of these Research Groups would now form the Research Committee.

The hope was that each Research Group should bring money to the organisation. A few did, but many Research Groups were unable to support WFN financially. John Walton's idea was that some Problem Commissions – now Research Groups – might develop into international societies that could become corporate members of the Research Committee with the payment of an annual subscription that might improve the economy of the organisation. This proved to be a great step forward. But it took several years until it worked. In the meantime, the economic situation remained critical.

By 1969, the income of the Research Committee was only sufficient to support the secretarial and administrative expenses of the Committee. No grants were available to the Research Groups to support their activities.

By 2010 the groups were known as "Applied Research Groups" and in 2019 renamed to Specialty Groups.

## World Neurology

### *World Neurology* Journal

WFN was not in a position to sponsor meetings of the Problem Commissions, who usually met during international congresses. In order to communicate with neurologists worldwide, an international journal was needed. The Problem Commissions published reports from their meetings in World Neurology, later in the *Journal of Neurological Sciences*. This formed a backbone of an international network of neurologists.

Charles Poser had suggested to Ludo van Bogaert in March 1959 that WFN needed its own journal, both as a newsletter, for publication of research news, but also as a forum for the Problem Commissions, announcements of their meetings and reports from national and international meetings in neurology. Poser became the Editor-in-Chief, with van Bogaert and Pearce Bailey as Associate Editors. The first issue of *World Neurology* was published in July 1960.

The new journal had an ambitious program. As the Editor-in-Chief wrote in his first editorial:

> Right from the beginning we are emphasising the international and multilingual nature of this publication as well as the variety of the aspects of neurology which we hope to cover. ... *World Neurology*… requests review papers on current concepts and recent advances in their field of endeavour from authorities in clinical and basic neurology and the allied disciplines. These are then translated into English, French, German, or Spanish, in each case, a language different from the one most often used by the author. An article in any language is followed by comprehensive abstracts in the other three.

Seen in retrospect, publishing articles in four different languages was too ambitious and time-consuming. The Editor-in-Chief realised that standards for reviewing manuscripts varied considerably over the world. The traditions of the referee systems varied. There were considerable differences in traditions for the presentation of data, and spelling, usage, style and grammar varied. The number of subscriptions was very slow to increase. Conflicts appeared. Charles Poser was replaced with Gilbert Glaser as Editor-in-Chief in September 1961 and *World Neurology* stopped publication in December 1962. It later reappeared in a different form as the WFN newsletter, while a new international *Journal of the Neurological Sciences* was founded in 1964.

### World Neurology Newsletter

Until Richard Masland's Presidency, the WFN newsletter was found in the *Journal of the Neurological Sciences.* Masland realised the importance of a separate newsletter with information of the development of the WFN, news from the Research Groups and communication about activities in the neurosciences worldwide. The first Newsletter of the World Federation of Neurology appeared as *Highlights of the Meeting of the Council of Delegates and Research Committee WFN Hamburg, November 15, 1983*. It contained information not only about the coming World Congress, but it also gave information about the WFN Research Groups and the development of the organisation. It then appeared in June 1984 (second announcement), November 1984 (third announcement) and as the Pre-Congress issue 15 July 1985.

The cost of the four issues, which were circulated to over 18,000 neurologists was underwritten by the Congress Management and the German Organising Committee. Several pharmaceutical companies, Eisai, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Schering Healthcare, Lilly, and Smith Kline Beecham, gave substantial grants to help with the costs of publishing World Neurology in its new format, first with Eldred Smith-Gordon and subsequently with Cambridge Medical Publications.

In January 2013, World Neurology ceased printing in hard-copy and made available only as a new digital edition through Ascend Integrated Media.

## Scientific Journals

The WFN scientific journals provides a medium for the publication of original articles in neurology and neuroscience from around the world. The journals places special emphasis on articles that:

1. provide guidance to clinicians around the world (Best Practices, Global Neurology);
2. report cutting-edge science related to neurology (Basic and Translational Sciences);
3. educate readers about relevant and practical clinical outcomes in neurology (Outcomes Research); and
4. summarise or editorialise the current state of the literature (Reviews, Commentaries, and Editorials).

### *Journal of the Neurological Sciences*

The *Journal of the Neurological Sciences* (JNS) comprised topics from neurology-related fields that are considered to be of interest to practicing physicians around the world. Examples include neuromuscular diseases, demyelination, atrophies, dementia, neoplasms, infections, epilepsies, disturbances of consciousness, stroke and cerebral circulation, growth and development, plasticity and intermediary metabolism.

The fields covered include:

#### Origins

In 1964, Ludo van Bogaert and Armand Lowenthal negotiated a contract with Elsevier for a new journal, *Journal of the Neurological Sciences*, as the official bulletin of the WFN, with 6 issues a year. Each issue contained information from the WFN with reports from committee meetings. There were also reports from meetings of national and regional neurological societies. The scientific articles had summaries in English, French and German. Most papers were in English, but manuscripts in French or German were also accepted for publication.

In 1964, Nikolai Graschenko (1901–1965) urged that the journal should also accept Russian as an official language. He pointed out that there were 5-6000 neurologists in the USSR. Van Bogaert was positive to having Russian as an official language, but pointed out that the printing costs would be too high because of the Cyrillian alphabet.

Macdonald Critchley was the first Editor-in-Chief. In 1965, he was elected President of the WFN, and John Walton became the editor. The only financial support the editorial office was an annual grant of US$500 from the funds of the WFN, with no contribution from the publisher.

During the first years of its existence, the journal in addition served as a newsletter for the WFN. Reports from Council of Delegates, of Committee meetings and of WFN administrative affairs were published, often occupying several pages, but not always read as thoroughly as hoped. Around 1993, when World Neurology had become the established WFN newsletter and published in more than 20 000 issues, the journal could focus upon its main function, being a scientific journal.

### *eNeurologicalSci* (eNS)

Launched in March 2015, *eNeurologicalSci* is the WFN Open Access scientific journal.

## World Congresses

Before WFN, there was no world organisation of neurology. The idea of an international neurology meeting was born in 1927, when two neurologists, Bernard Sachs (1858–1944) and Otto Marburg (1874–1948) met to discuss the needs for neurologists to come together to discuss neurosciences and progress in neurology. The following year, Bernard Sachs wrote to key figures in international neurology.

The first international neuroscience meeting took place in Berne, Switzerland, in September 1931. Bernard Sachs was the Congress President, Sir Charles Sherrington (1857–1952) Vice-President and Henry Alsop Riley (1887–1966) the Secretary-General. The Congress, which was a result of a generous initiative by the American Neurological Association, brought together individuals from 42 countries of several continents.

The Berne congress was important because it was the first occasion for neurologists to meet, learn from each other, and exchange views. But the idea of organising a world-wide club of neurological societies was still 25 years forward in time. Before the World War II, a usual journey by sea across the Atlantic took about five days. Scheduled trans-atlantic flights between the US and London/Europe did not begin until after 1947. Progress in communication would be necessary for the future development of international neurology.

The first international congress of neurosciences in which WFN was involved, took place in Rome in September 1961. The six first congresses have since been included in the sequence of World Congresses of Neurology (WCN), although they took place before WFN had been founded.

| International Congress of Neurosciences | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1st** | 1931 | Berne, Switzerland | President: Dr Bernard Sachs; Vice President: Sir Charles Sherrington; Secretary-General: Dr Henry Alsop Riley |
| **2nd** | 1935 | London, U.K. | President: Dr (later Sir) Gordon Holmes; Honorary President: Dr Bernard Sachs; Secretary-General: Dr Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson |
| **3rd** | 1939 | Copenhagen, Denmark | President: Professor Viggo Christiansen; Honorary President: Dr Bernard Sachs; 2nd Honorary President: Sir Charles Sherrington; 3rd Honorary President: Dr (later Sir) Gordon Holmes); 11 Vice-Presidents (incl. Dr Ludo van Bogaert) |
| **4th** | 1949 | Paris, France |  |
| **5th** | 1953 | Lisbon, Portugal | President: Dr António Flores; Secretary-General: Dr Almeida Lima); Honorary Presidents: Sir Gordon Holmes, Dr Georges Charles Guillain, Dr André-Thomas, Dr Théophile Alajouanine, Dr Egas Moniz |
| **6th** | 1957 | Brussels, Belgium |  |
| **7th** | 1961 | Rome, Italy | President: Mario Gozzano; Vice President: H. Houston Merritt; Secretary: Giovanni Alema |
| **8th** | 1965 | Vienna, Austria | President: Hans Hoff; Vice-President: Franz Seitelberger; Secretary: Helmuth Tschabitscher |
| **9th** | 1969 | New York, USA | President:  H. Houston Merritt; Secretary-General: Melvin D. Yahr.  Treasurer: Morris B. Bender |
| **10th** | 1973 | Barcelona, Spain | President: A. Subirana; Vice-President: I. Barraquer Bordas; Secretary: J.M. Espadaler |
| World Congress of Neurology | | | |
| **11th** | 1977 | Amsterdam, the Netherlands | President: W.A. den Hartog Jager; Secretary: George Bruyn; Treasurer-General: A.P.J.Heijstee. |
| **12th** | 1981 | Kyoto, Japan | President: S. Katsuki; Secretary-General: Tadao Tsubaki |
| **13th** | 1985 | Hamburg, Germany | President: Klaus Poeck; Vice President: H. Gänshirt.; General Secretary: H-G. Mertens |
| **14th** | 1989 | New Delhi, India | President: Eddie P. Bharucha; Secretary-General: Jagjit Chopra |
| **15th** | 1993 | Vancouver, Canada | President: Henry Barnett; Secretary-General: Donald W. Paty |
| **16th** | 1997 | Buenos Aires, Argentina | President: Salomon Muchnik; Secretary: Leonor Gold; Treasurer: Lorenzo Bauso Toselli; Chairman of the Scientific Programme Committee: Roberto Sicca |
| **17th** | 2001 | London, UK | President: Ian MacDonald; Secretary: Christopher Kennard |
| **18th** | 2005 | Sydney, Australia | President: William Carroll; Secretary-General: Geoffrey Donnan; Chairman of the Scientific Program Committee: Sam Berkovic |
| **19th** | 2009 | Bangkok, Thailand | President: Niphon Poungvarin; Chairman: Kammant Phanthumchinda; Secretary-General: Somsak Laptikultham; Treasurer: Somchai Towanabut |
| **20th** | 2011 | Marrakesh, Morocco | President: Mostafa El Alaoui Faris; 1st Vice-President: Chafiq Hicham; 2nd Vice-President: Mohamed Yahyaoui; Secretary: Maria Benabdeljil |
| **21st** | 2013 | Vienna, Austria | President: Eduard Auff |
| **22nd** | 2015 | Santiago, Chile | President: Renato Verdugo |
| **23rd** | 2017 | Kyoto, Japan | President: Hidehiro Mizusawa |
| **24th** | 2019 | Dubai, UAE | President: Suhail Abdulla Al-Rukn |
| **25th** | 2021 | Rome, Italy | President: Antonio Federico |
| **26th** | 2023 | Montreal, Canada | President: Guy Rouleau |
| **27th** | 2025 | Seoul, South Korea | President: Jae-Moon Kim |
| **28th** | 2027 | Cape Town, South Africa | President: Patty Francis; 1st Vice-President: Lawrence Tucker |

World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies

|}

## InfoBox

World Federation of Neurology
|
|  |
| Formation | July 1957 |
| Type | Non-profit Organization (NPO) |
| Headquarters | Chester House, Fulham Green, 81-83 Fulham High Street, London, SW6 3JA, United Kingdom |
| Membership | 123 National Neurological Member Societies |
| President | Prof. Wolfgang Grisold |
| Website | wfneurology.org |


title: Mathias baronets

abstract: The Mathias Baronetcy, of Vaendre Hall in St Mellons in the County of Monmouth, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 28 June 1917 for the Liberal politician Richard Mathias. He was a partner of J. Mathias & Sons, shipowners, of Cardiff, and represented Cheltenham in the House of Commons from 1910 to 1911. He was later a deputy lieutenant of Monmouthshire. The baronetcy became extinct on the death in 1991 of his son, the second baronet.

text:
# Mathias baronets

The **Mathias Baronetcy**, of Vaendre Hall in St Mellons in the County of Monmouth, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 28 June 1917 for the Liberal politician Richard Mathias. He was a partner of J. Mathias & Sons, shipowners, of Cardiff, and represented Cheltenham in the House of Commons from 1910 to 1911. He was later a deputy lieutenant of Monmouthshire. The baronetcy became extinct on the death in 1991 of his son, the second baronet.

## Mathias baronets, of Vaendre Hall (1917)


title: Guangdong Leopards

abstract: The Guangdong Leopards are a China Baseball League team based in Guangzhou. Their home field is the 1,000-capacity Tianhe Sports Center. The Leopards began playing in 2002. They were the second place team in 2006, and won their first league championship in 2010, beating the Beijing Tigers 2-0.

text:
# Guangdong Leopards

The **Guangdong Leopards** (Chinese: 广东猎豹; lit. 'Guangdong Cheetahs') are a China Baseball League team based in Guangzhou. Their home field is the 1,000-capacity Tianhe Sports Center.

The Leopards began playing in 2002. They were the second place team in 2006, and won their first league championship in 2010, beating the Beijing Tigers 2-0.

## History

Guangdong finished third in the 1998 National Baseball League, the 1999 National Baseball Finals, and the 2000 National Championship. In 2003, he finished third in the Chinese Baseball League and won the National Baseball Championship. After 2004, the team's performance improved significantly.

Guangdong Cheetah baseball team is a combination of old and new team, of which 5 members have participated in four National Games, 8 have participated in three National Games, and 11 have participated in two National Games.

The current head coach Wang Aiping, coaches Wang Yongping, Wang Wei, Chen Junyi and Xie Weixiang. The team has 30 athletes, including Chen Junyi, Wang Pei, Liu Guangbiao, Meng Weiqiang and many other athletes who have been selected for the Chinese national team for many times.

Today, the team has 1 senior coach, 12 national athletes, and a number of foreign players, including South Korea's pitcher Ren Dong-kyu, Dominica's pitcher and an infielder.

## Notable players

## InfoBox

| 广东猎豹 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Information | |
| League | China Baseball League |
| Location | Canton, Guangdong |
| Founded | 1995 |
| Nickname(s) | Leopards |
| League championships | 2010 |
| Former name(s) | 广东闪电 (Guangdong Lightning) |
| Colors | Blue, yellow |


title: Matrix metallopeptidase 12

abstract: Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) also known as macrophage metalloelastase (MME) or macrophage elastase (ME) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MMP12 gene.

text:
# Matrix metallopeptidase 12

| MMP12 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | MMP12, HME, ME, MME, MMP-12, Matrix metallopeptidase 12 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 601046; MGI: 97005; HomoloGene: 20547; GeneCards: MMP12; OMA:MMP12 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_002426   NM\_008605
NM\_001320076
NM\_001320077   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_002417   NP\_001307005
NP\_001307006
NP\_032631   Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 102.86 – 102.87 Mb Chr 9: 7.34 – 7.37 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |

**Matrix metalloproteinase-12** (MMP-12) also known as **macrophage metalloelastase** (MME) or **macrophage elastase** (ME) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *MMP12* gene.

## Function

Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins. The prodomain is cleaved by extracellular proteinases when the enzyme is activated. The active enzyme is constituted by two domains, the catalytic domain responsible for its enzymatic activity and the hemopexin-like domain that in some MMPs plays a role in substrate recognition and can contribute to increasing catalytic efficiency. It is thought that the protein encoded by this gene is cleaved at both ends to yield the active enzyme, but this processing has not been fully described. The enzyme degrades soluble and insoluble elastin. The gene is part of a cluster of MMP genes which localize to chromosome 11q22.3.

## Clinical significance

MMP12 may play a role in aneurysm formation and studies in mice and humans suggest a role in the development of emphysema.

## Further reading

* The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M10.009
* PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Macrophage metalloelastase (MMP12)

## InfoBox

| macrophage elastase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.4.24.65 |
| CAS no. | 146888-86-0 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Weihnachtslieder, Op. 8 (Cornelius)

abstract: Weihnachtslieder, Op. 8, is a song cycle of six lieder related to Christmas by Peter Cornelius, who set his own poems for voice and piano between 1856 and 1870. The full title is: Weihnachtslieder : ein Cyklus für eine Singstimme mit Pianofortebegleitung : Op. 8 / Text und Musik von Peter Cornelius. Cornelius dedicated the songs to his sister, Elisabeth Schily. The song "Die Könige" about the Biblical Magi has been translated and published separately. English versions come under the title "The Three Kings". It incorporates in the piano accompaniment Philipp Nicolai's hymn "Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern".

text:
# Weihnachtslieder, Op. 8 (Cornelius)

***Weihnachtslieder*** (*Christmas Songs*), Op. 8, is a song cycle of six lieder related to Christmas by Peter Cornelius, who set his own poems for voice and piano between 1856 and 1870. The full title is: *Weihnachtslieder : ein Cyklus für eine Singstimme mit Pianofortebegleitung : Op. 8 / Text und Musik von Peter Cornelius*. Cornelius dedicated the songs to his sister, Elisabeth Schily. The song "**Die Könige**" about the Biblical Magi has been translated and published separately. English versions come under the title "The Three Kings". It incorporates in the piano accompaniment Philipp Nicolai's hymn "Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern".

## History

Cornelius, who was also a gifted writer and had first pursued a career as an actor, wrote the poems for the song cycle on six topics. He followed Schumann in grouping his songs around a theme. Cornelius adhered to a Protestant theology of a new Pietism, initiated by August Neander and termed *Pektoraltheologie* (theology of the heart). Apparently he completed the text for a cycle before he composed the music.

Cornelius composed the *Weihnachtslieder* for voice and piano in 1856. He revised the music in 1859 on a recommendation by Franz Liszt who also gave him ideas such as quoting the melodies of related older Christmas carols in the piano accompaniment., but was not successful finding a publisher until revising them again in 1870. After the premiere on 29 January 1871, a review in the *Neue Zeitschrift für Musik* noted a rich creative mind whose work reached the depth of the human soul ("Ein reicher, schöpferisch begabter Geist tritt uns darin entgegen, ein Künstler, dessen Werk unmittelbar begeisternd in das Tiefste der Menschenseele hineingreift.").

The song "Die Könige" (No. 3, "The Kings") about the Biblical Magi has become popular and has been translated and published separately, as "Three kings have come from the eastern land" and "Three Kings from Persian lands afar", among others. Some English versions are titled "The Three Kings". It was often recorded in collections of Christmas carols. The music was also arranged for choir.

## Structure

1. Christbaum (Christmas tree)
2. a) Die Hirten b) Die Hirten (The Shepherds)
3. a) Die Könige b) Die Könige (The Kings)
4. Simeon
5. Christus der Kinderfreund (Christ the friend of children)
6. Christkind (Christ child)

Cornelius wrote both "Die Hirten" and "Die Könige" in two versions. The second version of song "Die Könige" incorporates in the piano the melody of Philipp Nicolai's hymn "Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern" in slow motion.

## Publication

The work was published in Leipzig in 1870 by E. W. Fritzsch as *Weihnachtslieder \[music\] : ein Cyklus für eine Singstimme mit Pianofortebegleitung : Op. 8 / Text und Musik von Peter Cornelius*. The dedication reads: "Meiner lieben Schwester Frau Elisabeth Schily." (To my dear sister Mrs. E. Sch.).

Three of the songs were arranged for choir a cappella for five to eight voices by Clytus Gottwald, published by Carus-Verlag in 2011. In "Die Hirten" Gottwald took Liszt's suggestion fürther to quote the melody of the Christmas carol "Den die Hirten lobeten sehre" ("Quem pastores laudavere", shortened to Quempas) in the choral accompaniment.

## InfoBox

| *Weihnachtslieder* | |
| --- | --- |
| Song cycle by Peter Cornelius | |
| The poet and composer | |
| English | *Christmas Songs* |
| Full title | *Weihnachtslieder : ein Cyklus für eine Singstimme mit Pianofortebegleitung : Op. 8 / Text und Musik von Peter Cornelius* |
| Opus | 8 |
| Text | by Cornelius |
| Language | German |
| Composed | 1856 (1856) – 1870 (1870) |
| Dedication | Elisabeth Schily |
| Published | 1870 (1870) |
| Scoring | * voice * piano |


title: Oligodactyly

abstract: Oligodactyly is the presence of fewer than five digits on a hand or foot. It is quite often incorrectly called hypodactyly; the Greek prefixes hypo- and hyper- are used for continuous scales, as opposed to discrete or countable scales, where oligo- and poly- should be used. Oligodactyly is therefore the opposite of polydactyly. Very rare, this medical condition usually has a genetic or familial cause. Oligodactyly is sometimes a sign or symptom of several syndromes including Poland syndrome and Weyer Ulnar Ray Syndrome. It is a type of dysmelia. Ectrodactyly is an extreme instance of oligodactyly, involving the absence of one or more central digits of the hand or foot and is also known as split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM). The hands and feet of people with ectrodactyly are often described as "claw-like" and may include only the thumb and one finger with similar abnormalities of the feet. People with oligodactyly often have full use of the remaining digits and adapt well to their condition. They are not greatly hindered in their daily activities, if at all. Even those with the most extreme forms are known to engage in tasks that require fine control, such as writing and bootmaking as well as working as a cab driver. The Wadoma people of Zimbabwe have a high frequency of oligodactyly.

text:
# Oligodactyly

**Oligodactyly** (from Greek ὀλίγος *(olígos)* 'few' and δάκτυλος *(daktylos)* 'finger') is the presence of fewer than five digits (fingers or toes) on a hand or foot.

It is quite often incorrectly called *hypodactyly*; the Greek prefixes hypo- and hyper- are used for continuous scales (e.g. in hypoglycaemia and hyperthermia), as opposed to discrete or countable scales, where oligo- and poly- should be used (e.g. in oligarchy and polygamy). Oligodactyly is therefore the opposite of polydactyly. Very rare, this medical condition usually has a genetic or familial cause.

Oligodactyly is sometimes a sign or symptom of several syndromes including Poland syndrome and Weyer Ulnar Ray Syndrome. It is a type of dysmelia.

Ectrodactyly is an extreme instance of oligodactyly, involving the absence of one or more central digits of the hand or foot and is also known as split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM). The hands and feet of people with ectrodactyly are often described as "claw-like" and may include only the thumb and one finger (usually either the little finger, ring finger, or a syndactyly of the two) with similar abnormalities of the feet.

People with oligodactyly often have full use of the remaining digits and adapt well to their condition. They are not greatly hindered in their daily activities, if at all. Even those with the most extreme forms are known to engage in tasks that require fine control, such as writing and bootmaking as well as working as a cab driver.

The Wadoma people of Zimbabwe have a high frequency of oligodactyly.

## InfoBox

| Oligodactyly | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Oligodactyly as a result of ectrodactyly on the feet of a one-year-old child | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics |


abstract: The Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay competition at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 was held on 3 March 2023.

text:
# FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay

The **Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay** competition at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 was held on 3 March 2023.

## Results

The race was started at 12:29.

| Rank | Bib | Country | Time | Deficit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1 | Norway
Hans Christer Holund
Pål Golberg
Simen Hegstad Krüger
Johannes Høsflot Klæbo | **1:32:54.7**
24:34.9
24:16.7
21:32.4
22:30.7 |  |
|  | 5 | Finland
Ristomatti Hakola
Iivo Niskanen
Perttu Hyvärinen
Niko Anttola | **1:33:41.6**
25:01.0
24:14.7
22:09.5
22:16.4 | +46.9 |
|  | 4 | Germany
Albert Kuchler
Janosch Brugger
Jonas Dobler
Friedrich Moch | **1:33:54.5**
25:03.0
25:09.7
21:44.5
21:57.3 | +59.8 |
| 4 | 2 | France
Richard Jouve
Hugo Lapalus
Clément Parisse
Jules Lapierre | **1:33:55.2**
25:00.6
24:53.8
22:02.1
21:58.7 | +1:00.5 |
| 5 | 10 | Canada
Xavier McKeever
Antoine Cyr
Graham Ritchie
Olivier Léveillé | **1:34:17.2**
25:01.7
24:53.7
22:00.4
22:21.4 | +1:22.5 |
| 6 | 3 | Sweden
Johan Häggström
Jens Burman
William Poromaa
Calle Halfvarsson | **1:34:31.4**
25:02.2
24:52.9
22:01.7
22:34.6 | +1:36.7 |
| 7 | 8 | United States
Ben Ogden
Hunter Wonders
Scott Patterson
Gus Schumacher | **1:36:05.4**
25:01.4
26:02.7
22:16.7
22:44.6 | +3:10.7 |
| 8 | 6 | Switzerland
Beda Klee
Jonas Baumann
Candide Pralong
Cyril Fähndrich | **1:36:57.6**
25:00.1
24:55.3
23:17.0
23:45.2 | +4:02.9 |
| 9 | 7 | Italy
Dietmar Nöckler
Francesco De Fabiani
Paolo Ventura
Federico Pellegrino | **1:38:11.9**
25:34.2
25:53.3
23:18.4
23:26.0 | +5:17.2 |
| 10 | 9 | Japan
Ryo Hirose
Takanori Ebina
Naoto Baba
Haruki Yamashita |
25:14.4
26:58.2
23:11.7
23:39.0 | +6:08.6 |
| 11 | 12 | Slovenia
Miha Šimenc
Miha Ličef
Vili Črv
Boštjan Korošec | **1:39:37.6**
25:02.7
25:46.2
24:10.2
24:38.5 | +6:42.9 |
| 12 | 13 | Estonia
Martin Himma
Marko Kilp
Alvar Johannes Alev
Kaarel Kasper Kõrge | **1:40:12.0**
26:31.6
26:57.2
23:33.1
23:10.1 | +7:17.3 |
| 13 | 15 | Kazakhstan
Nail Bashmakov
Vitaliy Pukhkalo
Olzhas Klimin
Yernur Bexultan | **1:42:10.5**
26:30.0
25:52.2
24:08.1
25:40.2 | +9:15.8 |
| 14 | 14 | Latvia
Raimo Vīgants
Niks Saulītis
Lauris Kaparkalējs
Rainers Paeglis | **LAP**
26:30.1
29:28.6 |  |
| 15 | 11 | Czech Republic
Tomáš Dufek
Luděk Šeller
Tomáš Lukeš
Kryštof Zatloukal | **LAP**
28:46.1
28:09.0 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay
at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Planica Nordic Centre |
| Location | Planica, Slovenia |
| Dates | 3 March |
| Competitors | 60 from 15 nations |
| Teams | 15 |
| Winning time | 1:32:54.7 |
| Medalists | |
| Norway  Finland  Germany | |
|


title: Rakesh Dhruv

abstract: Rakesh Vinubhai Dhruv is a former Indian cricketer who played for Gujarat in Indian domestic cricket. He was a slow left-arm orthodox bowler. He represented the India A cricket team in 2013. In October 2017, he announced his retirement from all forms of cricket.

text:
# Rakesh Dhruv

**Rakesh Vinubhai Dhruv** (born 12 May 1981) is a former Indian cricketer who played for Gujarat in Indian domestic cricket. He was a slow left-arm orthodox bowler. He represented the India A cricket team in 2013. In October 2017, he announced his retirement from all forms of cricket.

## Career

Dhruv made his first-class debut for Saurashtra in the 1999/00 season. He played for Saurashtra until the 2010/11 season. In 2012, he switched to Gujarat and made immediate impact with his bowling. In a Ranji Trophy group match against Rajasthan in December 2012, Dhruv picked up 6/65 in the first innings and 8/31 in the second innings. He finished the season with 36 wickets from eight matches at an average of 25.55. His impressive bowling was rewarded by the national selectors who drafted him into the India A squad for the three-day match against the touring Australian team in February 2013. He picked up 5/31 in the first innings and 1/37 in the second innings, taking wickets of regular Test batsmen such as Shane Watson and Ed Cowan.

## InfoBox

Rakesh Dhruv
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Rakesh Vinubhai Dhruv |
| Born | (1981-05-12) 12 May 1981<br>Jamnagar, Gujarat, India |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left-arm orthodox |
| Role | Bowler |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1999/00–2010/11 | Saurashtra |
| 2012/13–2017 | Gujarat |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC LA T20  Matches 86 46 20  Runs scored 2793 653 177  Batting average 25.86 25.11 22.12  100s/50s 1/13 0/3 0/0  Top score 117 70\* 33\*  Balls bowled 15627 2390 420  Wickets 242 45 18  Bowling average 29.91 44.91 26.61  5 wickets in innings 11 0 0  10 wickets in match 1 0 0  Best bowling 8/31 3/23 4/20  Catches/stumpings 35/– 17/– 7/- | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 26 December 2013 | |


title: Provodov-Šonov

abstract: Provodov-Šonov is a municipality in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants. Part of Rozkoš Reservoir lies in the municipality.

text:
# Provodov-Šonov

**Provodov-Šonov** is a municipality in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants. Part of Rozkoš Reservoir lies in the municipality.

## Administrative parts

The municipality is made up of the villages of Kleny, Provodov, Šeřeč, Šonov u Nového Města nad Metují and Václavice.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 1,284 |  |
| 1880 | 1,376 | +7.2% |
| 1890 | 1,398 | +1.6% |
| 1900 | 1,384 | −1.0% |
| 1910 | 1,396 | +0.9% |
| 1921 | 1,288 | −7.7% |
| 1930 | 1,261 | −2.1% |
| 1950 | 1,016 | −19.4% |
| 1961 | 971 | −4.4% |
| 1970 | 945 | −2.7% |
| 1980 | 920 | −2.6% |
| 1991 | 1,000 | +8.7% |
| 2001 | 1,029 | +2.9% |
| 2011 | 1,145 | +11.3% |
| 2021 | 1,192 | +4.1% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Provodov-Šonov | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Municipal office | |
|  | |
| Provodov-ŠonovLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°23′14″N 16°6′29″E / 50.38722°N 16.10806°E / 50.38722; 16.10806 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Hradec Králové |
| District | Náchod |
| First mentioned | 1213 |
| Area | |
| Total | 16.18 km2 (6.25 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 297 m (974 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,209 |
| Density | 75/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 549 08 |
| Website | www.provodovsonov.cz |


title: Acompsosaurus

abstract: Acompsosaurus is an extinct genus of aetosaur. It is known from a partial skeleton found from the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation near Fort Wingate, New Mexico, which is now lost. The generic name means "sturdy lizard." It may be a junior synonym of Stagonolepis as its pelvis closely resembles that of S. robertsoni.

text:
# Acompsosaurus

***Acompsosaurus*** is an extinct genus of aetosaur. It is known from a partial skeleton found from the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation near Fort Wingate, New Mexico, which is now lost. The generic name means "sturdy lizard." It may be a junior synonym of *Stagonolepis* as its pelvis closely resembles that of *S. robertsoni*.

## InfoBox

| *Acompsosaurus*
Temporal range: Late Triassic | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Pelvis of *Acompsosaurus wingatensis* (anterior view) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| *Clade*: | Archosauria |
| *Clade*: | Pseudosuchia |
| Order: | Aetosauria |
| Family: | Stagonolepididae |
| Genus: | *Acompsosaurus*
Mehl, 1916 |
|
| Species | |
| * ***A. wingatensis*** Mehl, 1916 (type) | |


title: Multi-antimicrobial extrusion protein

abstract: Multi-antimicrobial extrusion protein (MATE) also known as multidrug and toxin extrusion or multidrug and toxic compound extrusion is a family of proteins which function as drug/sodium or proton antiporters.

text:
# Multi-antimicrobial extrusion protein

**Multi-antimicrobial extrusion protein** (**MATE**) also known as **multidrug and toxin extrusion** or **multidrug and toxic compound extrusion** is a family of proteins which function as drug/sodium or proton antiporters.

## Function

The MATE proteins in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes function as fundamental transporters of metabolic and xenobiotic organic cations.

## Structure

These proteins are predicted to have 12 alpha-helical transmembrane regions, some of the animal proteins may have an additional C-terminal helix. The X-ray structure of the NorM was determined to 3.65 Å, revealing an outward-facing conformation with two portals open to the outer leaflet of the membrane and a unique topology of the predicted 12 transmembrane helices distinct from any other known multidrug resistance transporter.

## Discovery

The multidrug efflux transporter **NorM** from *V. parahaemolyticus* which mediates resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents (norfloxacin, kanamycin, ethidium bromide etc.) and its homologue from *E. coli* were identified in 1998. NorM seems to function as drug/sodium antiporter which is the first example of Na<sup>+</sup>-coupled multidrug efflux transporter discovered. NorM is a prototype of a new transporter family and Brown *et al*. named it the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion family. NorM is nicknamed "Last of the multidrug transporters" because it is the last multidrug transporter discovered functionally as well as structurally.

## Genes

The following human genes encode MATE proteins:

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR002528

## InfoBox

| Multi antimicrobial extrusion protein | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | MatE |
| Pfam | PF01554 |
| Pfam clan | CL0222 |
| InterPro | IPR002528 |
| TCDB | 2.A.66 |
| OPM superfamily | 220 |
| OPM protein | 3mkt |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Matthaeus Greuter

abstract: Matthaeus Greuter (1564–1638), known in Italian as Matteo Greuter, was a German etcher and engraver who worked in Rome. He is known for his cartographical prints. Born in Strasbourg, Greuter worked in France, in Avignon and Lyon. Apparently to escape the "strong intellectual and commercial pressure of Dutch cartographic publishing", in 1606, he went to Rome where he produced works for Cardinal Scipione Borghese, Pope Paul V, for the Accademia dei Lincei, and Pope Urban VIII. He created the copperplate etchings of sunspots for Galileo's Letters on Sunspots and the illustrations for Christoph Scheiner's Rosa Ursina. Greuter is best known for his plans and maps. He created architectural prints depicting Villa Mondragone, Villa Parisi and other notable buildings. He also produced a large number of maps, most notably those designed to be used for globes. His first globe map of the world was created in 1632 and was dedicated to Jacobo Boncompagno. It was based on an earlier globe by Willem Blaeu. The inclusion of Hokkaido indicates that he updated the design to take account of new discoveries, as the island was not known to Blaeu, but was documented by another map maker in Rome. He made a "celestial globe" depicting the constellations in 1635, also based on Blaeu, who had used the data of Tycho Brahe. He appears to have updated the globe later. He also designed reduced-size globes between 1636 and 1638. Other works were book frontispieces, portraits and allegorical designs. His satirical print of "Doctor Wurmbrandt" purging human follies was later adapted by Martin Droeshout.

text:
# Matthaeus Greuter

**Matthaeus Greuter** (1564–1638), known in Italian as **Matteo Greuter**, was a German etcher and engraver who worked in Rome. He is known for his cartographical prints.

Born in Strasbourg, Greuter worked in France, in Avignon and Lyon. Apparently to escape the "strong intellectual and commercial pressure of Dutch cartographic publishing", in 1606, he went to Rome where he produced works for Cardinal Scipione Borghese, Pope Paul V, for the Accademia dei Lincei, and Pope Urban VIII. He created the copperplate etchings of sunspots for Galileo's *Letters on Sunspots* and the illustrations for Christoph Scheiner's *Rosa Ursina.*

Greuter is best known for his plans and maps. He created architectural prints depicting Villa Mondragone, Villa Parisi and other notable buildings. He also produced a large number of maps, most notably those designed to be used for globes. His first globe map of the world was created in 1632 and was dedicated to Jacobo Boncompagno. It was based on an earlier globe by Willem Blaeu. The inclusion of Hokkaido indicates that he updated the design to take account of new discoveries, as the island was not known to Blaeu, but was documented by another map maker in Rome. He made a "celestial globe" depicting the constellations in 1635, also based on Blaeu, who had used the data of Tycho Brahe. He appears to have updated the globe later. He also designed reduced-size globes between 1636 and 1638.

Other works were book frontispieces, portraits and allegorical designs. His satirical print of "Doctor Wurmbrandt" purging human follies was later adapted by Martin Droeshout.


title: Guangdong Guangya High School

abstract: Guangdong Guangya High School is a reputed senior high school in Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China which was founded by Zhang Zhidong, Viceroy of Liangguang on July 16, 1888 Its earliest predecessor Guangya Academy was one of the Four Academies of China in the late Qing dynasty. The name "Guangya" was chosen by Zhang Zhidong, meaning knowledgeability and integrity.

text:
# Guangdong Guangya High School

| Guangdong Guangya High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 廣東廣雅中學 |
| Simplified Chinese | 广东广雅中学 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngdōng Guǎngyǎ Zhōngxué  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Gwong2 Dung1 Gwong2 Ngaa5 Zung1 Hok6 | |
|  | |

**Guangdong Guangya High School** (simplified Chinese: 广东广雅中学; traditional Chinese: 廣東廣雅中學) is a reputed senior high school in Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China which was founded by Zhang Zhidong, Viceroy of Liangguang on July 16, 1888 Its earliest predecessor Guangya Academy was one of the Four Academies of China in the late Qing dynasty. The name "Guangya" was chosen by Zhang Zhidong, meaning knowledgeability and integrity.

## Programs and campuses

Guangya High School follows the standard Chinese secondary education system and offers a three-year senior program. Students are recruited via municipal high school admission exams. It used to offer a three-year junior program, but the program was moved in 2005 to the privately funded Guangya Experimental School, which itself was established in 2002 and is located in the immediate vicinity. A second "Guangya Experimental"-branded privately funded campus was established in Baiyun District in 2011.

In addition to the campuses in Guangzhou, Guangya High School also operates privately funded campuses in some other cities in Guangdong. An operational campus is located in Yangdong County of Yangjiang and offers both primary and secondary education. A new campus in Boluo County of Huizhou is under construction as of December 2013 and scheduled for opening in September 2014.

## School Name

* 21 October 1912 to August 1935: Guangdong Province First Middle School
* August 1935 to October 1938: Guangdong Province "Kwong Nga" High School (廣東省立廣雅中學)
* October 1938 to February 1941: Guangdong Provincial South Road temporary secondary school (廣東省立南路臨時中學)
* February 1941 to 1968: Guangdong Province "Kwong Nga" High School (廣東省立廣雅中學)
* 1968: "Red Flag" High School.
* 1968 to February 1979: "Guangzhou 54st High School"
* February 1979 to now: Guangdong "Guangya" High School.

## History

### Establishment

In a memorial to the imperial court, Zhang Zhidong stated his motivations for establishing Guangya Academy (廣雅書院 / 广雅书院, ). He wrote on the necessity of favoring scholarship and creating an educated social atmosphere in Liangguang. He also cited inadequate capacities of several existing academies for taking in students. He was granted permission to purchase 124 *mu* (8.27 hectares or 20.4 acres) of land in northwest Guangzhou (known as Canton at that time) for the academy. Construction started on June 11, 1887 and completed a year later at a cost of 138,866 taels of silver. The academy opened on July 16, 1888 with an annual budget of 17,150 taels of silver. The inaugural head of the academy was Liang Dingfen, a scholar whom Zhang Zhidong frequently consulted with education issues.

### Evolution

In the over 120 years of its history, Guangya High School evolved with the development of the modern history of China. Until the collapse of Qing Dynasty, Guangya Academy and its successors remained a traditional Chinese academy where Zhang Zhidong's doctrine of "Chinese learning for fundamental principles, Western learning for practical application" (Chinese: 中學為體，西學為用) was practiced. In 1912, under the rule of the newly founded Republic of China, the academy, which had stopped admitting students from Guangxi and become known as Guangdong Advanced Academy, was reorganized as Guangdong Provincial No. 1 High School and was the first high school ever established in Guangdong. The school adopted the western system of three-year junior and senior secondary education in 1922 and opened a senior department in 1924 when the first batch of junior students graduated under the new system. In 1928, educator Liang Shuming was appointed as the principal and proposed the motto "Endeavor in the Fundamentals and Pursue the Truth" (Chinese: 務本求實). The name "Guangya" was restored as the school was renamed Guangdong Provincial Guangya High School in 1935, then dropped in 1939 as the school moved out of Guangzhou after the city fell to the Japanese forces during the Sino-Japanese War, and restored again in 1941.

The current name "Guangdong Guangya High School" was first used in 1949 under the rule of the People's Republic of China. During the Cultural Revolution, the school was renamed Guangdong Red Flag School and later Guangdong Red Flag High School, an evident reflection of the political zealotry of the era. It was redesignated as Guangzhou No. 54 High School in 1969. The last renaming occurred in 1978. The current name was restored and has remained in use since.

## Notes and references

### Notes

### References

1. 广雅庆生 道路改名 (PDF). *Guangzhou Daily* (in Chinese). 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
2. 广东广雅中学 (in Chinese). guangzhou.gov.cn. 2002-04-11. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
3. 典雅的学府 文化的殿堂 (in Chinese). Guangdong Guangya High School. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
4. 学校简介 (in Chinese). Guangya Experimental School. 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
5. 广州白云广雅实验学校介绍 (in Chinese). Guangzhou Baiyun Guangya Experimental School. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
6. 阳东广雅中学学校简介 (in Chinese). Yangdong Guangya High School. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
7. 学校概况 (in Chinese). Yangdong Guangya Primary School. Archived from the original on 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
8. 惠州市东江广雅学校招聘简章 (in Chinese). Guangdong Guangya High School. 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
9. Zhang Zhidong. 創建廣雅書院奏摺 (in Chinese).
10. 广雅史话 (in Chinese). Guangzhou Committee of CPPCC. Archived from the original on 2011-02-27. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
11. 120岁广雅庆华诞 97名校友薪火传. *Southern Metropolis Daily* (in Chinese). 2008-11-03. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-06-12.

## InfoBox

| Guangdong Guangya High School
广东广雅中学 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1 Guangya Lu, Liwan District
Guangzhou, Guangdong
China | |
| Coordinates | 23°08′28″N 113°14′10″E / 23.141°N 113.236°E / 23.141; 113.236 |
| Information | |
| Motto | Traditional Chinese: 務本求實
Simplified Chinese: 务本求实
(Endeavor in the Fundamentals and Pursue the Truth) |
| Opened | July 16, 1888 (1888-07-16) |
| Founder | Zhang Zhidong |
| Website | www.gyzx.edu.cn |


title: Matrix geometric method

abstract: In probability theory, the matrix geometric method is a method for the analysis of quasi-birth–death processes, continuous-time Markov chain whose transition rate matrices with a repetitive block structure. The method was developed "largely by Marcel F. Neuts and his students starting around 1975."

text:
# Matrix geometric method

In probability theory, the **matrix geometric method** is a method for the analysis of quasi-birth–death processes, continuous-time Markov chain whose transition rate matrices with a repetitive block structure. The method was developed "largely by Marcel F. Neuts and his students starting around 1975."

## Method description

The method requires a transition rate matrix with tridiagonal block structure as follows

$$Q={\begin{pmatrix}B\_{00}&B\_{01}\\B\_{10}&A\_{1}&A\_{2}\\\&A\_{0}&A\_{1}&A\_{2}\\\&&A\_{0}&A\_{1}&A\_{2}\\\&&&A\_{0}&A\_{1}&A\_{2}\\\&&&&\ddots &\ddots &\ddots \end{pmatrix}}$$

where each of *B*00, *B*01, *B*10, *A*0, *A*1 and *A*2 are matrices. To compute the stationary distribution *π* writing *π* *Q* = 0 the balance equations are considered for sub-vectors *π**i*

$$\begin{aligned}\pi \_{0}B\_{00}+\pi \_{1}B\_{10}&=0\\\pi \_{0}B\_{01}+\pi \_{1}A\_{1}+\pi \_{2}A\_{0}&=0\\\pi \_{1}A\_{2}+\pi \_{2}A\_{1}+\pi \_{3}A\_{0}&=0\\\&\vdots \\\pi \_{i-1}A\_{2}+\pi \_{i}A\_{1}+\pi \_{i+1}A\_{0}&=0\\\&\vdots \\\end{aligned}$$

Observe that the relationship

$$\pi \_{i}=\pi \_{1}R^{i-1}$$

holds where *R* is the Neut's rate matrix, which can be computed numerically. Using this we write

$$\begin{aligned}{\begin{pmatrix}\pi \_{0}&\pi \_{1}\end{pmatrix}{\begin{pmatrix}B\_{00}&B\_{01}\\B\_{10}&A\_{1}+RA\_{0}\end{pmatrix}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0\end{pmatrix}\end{aligned}}}}$$

which can be solve to find *π*0 and *π*1 and therefore iteratively all the *π**i*.

## Computation of *R*

The matrix *R* can be computed using cyclic reduction or logarithmic reduction.

## Matrix analytic method

The matrix analytic method is a more complicated version of the matrix geometric solution method used to analyse models with block M/G/1 matrices. Such models are harder because no relationship like *π**i* = *π*1 R*i*  1 used above holds.


title: Weihrauch HW 77

abstract:
The Weihrauch HW 77 is an underlever-cocked, spring-piston air rifle developed and manufactured by the German sporting weapons manufacturer Weihrauch.
Renowned for its accuracy, the HW 77 is widely considered the most successful underlever air rifle ever made. It is also known for its rugged construction, considerable weight and precision adjustable trigger. The gun was marketed and sold as the Beeman HW 77 in the American market.

text:
# Weihrauch HW 77

The **Weihrauch HW 77** (HW for Hermann Weihrauch) is an underlever-cocked, spring-piston air rifle developed and manufactured by the German sporting weapons manufacturer Weihrauch. Renowned for its accuracy, the HW 77 is widely considered the most successful underlever air rifle ever made. It is also known for its rugged construction, considerable weight and precision adjustable trigger. The gun was marketed and sold as the **Beeman HW 77** in the American market.

## Current variants

* "HW 77" (Full-length rifle, 470mm barrel length)
* "HW 77 K" (Carbine, 370mm barrel length)
* "HW 77 and HW 77 K Special Edition" (Brown/green/black laminated wood stock)

The main variant of the HW 77 is the HW 77 K carbine. The K signifies ‘Kurz’ which is the German word for 'Short'. The HW 77 K weighs approximately 100 grams less than the full-length rifle, and overall length is 100mm shorter. As of December 2020, Special Edition versions are sold with a brown/green/black laminated stock.

## Marketing

Being one of the products of a joint venture between Weihrauch and the Beeman Airgun Company, the HW 77 and HW 77 K were sold in the USA as the Beeman HW 77 and HW 77 K. Following the acquisition of Beeman Airguns by SR Industries, the rifles were marketed in the USA as the Marksman 60 and Marksman 61.

## Model evolution

Since its inception in 1984, the HW 77 has been the subject of numerous minor improvements and upgrades. HW 77 models are frequently classed into three progressive 'Marks' by owners and enthusiasts; however, these classifications are not officially used by Weihrauch.

### Launch version

Released in approximately January 1984.

* Two scope-mount arrestor-pin holes in rear of receiver tube.
* Cocking lever retained by a sprung ball bearing that is part of the underlever catch block.
* Front open sight and underlever catch block are a single casting; front sight blade not removable.

### First evolution

Released in approximately October 1985.

* Three scope-mount arrestor-pin holes in rear of receiver tube.
* Cocking lever retained by a sliding catch on the underside of the underlever catch block.
* Front open sight now removable from underlever catch block.
* Anti-bear trap feature introduced.
* 26mm compression tube introduced as a running change. Serial numbers prior to *1446049* have 25mm compression tube, later models have 26mm tube.

### Second evolution

* Three scope-mount arrestor-pin holes in rear of receiver tube.
* Cocking lever retained by a push-button catch on the underlever catch block, and a ball bearing that is part of the cocking lever.
* Sporter stock redesigned with a curved 'Schnabel'-type foreend and raised rectangular cheekpiece.

## InfoBox

| Weihrauch HW 77 | |
| --- | --- |
| An early-model Weihrauch HW 77 | |
| Type | Air Rifle |
| Place of origin | Germany |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Weihrauch |
| Produced | 1983 to Present |
| Variants | ‘’HW 77 K” (Carbine),
’'HW 77 SE and HW 77 K-SE" (Special Edition) |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 9.04 lb (4,100 g) |
| Length | 44.09"
(Carbine model 40.12") |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | .177 (4.5mm), .20 (5.0mm), .22 (5.5mm) & .25 (6.35mm) caliber waisted diabolo pellets |
| Action | Underlever cocking |
| Muzzle velocity | approx. 290 m/s |
| Feed system | manual |
| Sights | Open sights, with dovetail grooves for riflescope mounting |


title: Oligocottus

abstract: Oligocottus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Cottidae, the typical sculpins. These sculpins are found in the northern and eastern Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Oligocottus

***Oligocottus*** is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Cottidae, the typical sculpins. These sculpins are found in the northern and eastern Pacific Ocean.

## Taxonomy

*Oligocottus* was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1856 by the French biologist Charles Frédéric Girard when he described *Oligocottus maculosus* from Tomales Bay, San Francisco, California. The 5th edition of *Fishes of the World* classifies this genus within the subfamily Cottinae of the family Cottidae, however, other authors classify the genus within the subfamily Oligocottinae of the family Psychrolutidae. The genus has been found to be a monophyletic grouping with the saddleback sculpin as the more basal of the four species with the other three species creating a polytomy.

## Etymology

*Oligocottus* prefixes *oligos*, meaning "small", with *Cottus*, the type species of the family Cottidae. This is an allusion to the small size of *O. maculosus*.

## Species

There are four species listed in this genus:

## Characteristics

*Oligocottus* sculpins are characterised within the sculpins by having the anus located immediately to the front of the origin of the anal fin, the intromittent organ of the males is shaped like a long, thin cone and the front rays of the males' anal fins are modified. These sculpins are small fishes, with the largest being the rosy sculpin with a maximum published total length of 10 cm (3.9 in).

## Distribution and habitat

*Oligocottus* sculpins are found in the North Pacific, they are found off the along the Pacific coasts of North America from Alaska to Baja California. The tidepool sculpin has been reported from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea but records west of the Gulf of Alaska are considered doubtful. They are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones and have the ability to breathe air.

## InfoBox

| *Oligocottus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Tidepool sculpin *(O. maculosus)* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Superfamily: | Cottoidea |
| Family: | Cottidae |
| Subfamily: | Cottinae |
| Genus: | *Oligocottus*
Girard, 1856 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Oligocottus maculosus*
Girard, 1856 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eximia*  Greeley, 1899 * *Rusciculus*  Greeley, 1899 * *Stelgidonotus*  Gilbert & Thompson, 1905 * *Greeleya*  Jordan, 1920 | |


title: Simhavalan Menon

abstract: Simhavalan Menon is a 1995 Indian Malayalam-language comedy film directed by Viji Thampi and written by Sasidharan Arattuvazhi. The film stars Madhu, Jagadish, Urvashi and Jagathy Sreekumar in the lead roles.It is a remake of the 1979 Hindi film Gol Maal, of which some scenes were used in a previous Malayalam film Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi (1986), directed by Priyadarsan, starring Mukesh and Prem Nazir in the corresponding roles. The film has musical score by S. P. Venkatesh. It is considered one of the best movies ever made in mollywood.

text:
# Simhavalan Menon

***Simhavalan Menon*** (transl.Lion-tailed Menon) is a 1995 Indian Malayalam-language comedy film directed by Viji Thampi and written by Sasidharan Arattuvazhi. The film stars Madhu, Jagadish, Urvashi and Jagathy Sreekumar in the lead roles.It is a remake of the 1979 Hindi film *Gol Maal*, of which some scenes were used in a previous Malayalam film *Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi* (1986), directed by Priyadarsan, starring Mukesh and Prem Nazir in the corresponding roles. The film has musical score by S. P. Venkatesh. It is considered one of the best movies ever made in mollywood.

## Plot

Hariprasad, a young rock musician, is forced by his uncle to attend an interview at a firm owned by Simhavalan Menon as the uncle fears that Hariprasad lacks purpose in life and would waste his life on music. His uncle gives him some pointers on how to impress Menon. He tells Hariprasad that Menon is a strict person, who upheld Gandhian values, likes classical music and above all forced everyone in the office to speak in Malayalam without the use of any English words.

Hariprasad goes to the interview pretending to be a person with the above attributes, he is hired by Menon after being impressed by his attitude and tells him that it is very rare that he sees such values in young men. But one day Menon is shocked to see him among some Cricket fans after a match, as Hariprasad had earlier told Menon that he needed half day off to visit a relative who was seriously ill. An angry Menon confronts him in the office next day and tells him he was most disappointed by his behaviour. Hariprasad, on sensing that he might get fired, manages to convince Menon that whom he had seen was in fact his wayward twin brother Giriprasad, which was a total lie.

He tells Menon that his brother was a good painter and Menon asks him to get his brother to teach painting to his daughter, Geetanjali. Hariprasad goes as Giriprasad to Menon's house and falls in love with Geetanjali. Menon decides to marry her to Hariprasad and tells Giriprasad of his intentions. Hariprasad juggles between both the persona in the movie and tries in every possible way to not to let Menon know the truth.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by S. P. Venkatesh and the lyrics were written by Gireesh Puthenchery.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Chakkinu Vachathu" | Unni Menon, Chorus | Gireesh Puthenchery |  |
| 2 | "Ee Ponthoovalum" | S. Janaki | Gireesh Puthenchery |  |
| 3 | "Pon Kalabha Mazha" | K. J. Yesudas | Gireesh Puthenchery |  |
| 4 | "Singing" | Mano, Bindhu | Gireesh Puthenchery |  |

## InfoBox

| Simhavalan Menon | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Viji Thampi |
| Written by | Sasidharan Arattuvazhi |
| Produced by | Kilimanoor Chandran |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Vipin Mohan |
| Edited by | A. Sreekar Prasad |
| Music by | S. P. Venkatesh |
| Production<br>company | Sree Bhuvaneswari Movie Arts |
| Distributed by | Pratheeksha Pictures |
| Release date | * 1 February 1995 (1995-02-01) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Rajupeta, Eluru district

abstract: Rajupeta is a village in Eluru district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Pedapadu mandal of Eluru revenue division. The nearest train station is Vinnamangalam (VGM) located at a distance of 20.21 km.

text:
# Rajupeta, Eluru district

**Rajupeta** is a village in Eluru district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Pedapadu mandal of Eluru revenue division. The nearest train station is Vinnamangalam (VGM) located at a distance of 20.21 km.

## Demographics

As of 2011 Census of India, Nandikeswarapuram had a population of 622. The total population constitute, 323 males and 299 females with a sex ratio of 926 females per 1000 males. 58 children are in the age group of 0–6 years with sex ratio of 611. The average literacy rate stands at 72.34%.

## InfoBox

| Rajupeta | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| RajupetaLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaRajupetaRajupeta (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°37′30″N 81°01′38″E / 16.6249°N 81.0271°E / 16.6249; 81.0271 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Eluru |
| Government | |
| Body | Gram Panchayat |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 622 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 534 437 |


title: Provodovice

abstract: Provodovice is a municipality and village in Přerov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

text:
# Provodovice

**Provodovice** is a municipality and village in Přerov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

## Etymology

The name is derived from the personal name Provod, meaning "the village of Provod's people".

## Geography

Provodovice is located about 22 km (14 mi) west of Přerov and 39 km (24 mi) southeast of Olomouc. It lies in the Moravian-Silesian Foothills. The highest point is at 392 m (1,286 ft) above sea level. The Juhyně Stream flows along the western and northern municipal border.

## History

The first written mention of Provodovice is from 1302.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1869 253       1880 314 +24.1%  1890 289 −8.0%  1900 249 −13.8%  1910 235 −5.6% | Year Pop. ±%  1921 214 −8.9%  1930 233 +8.9%  1950 225 −3.4%  1961 231 +2.7%  1970 217 −6.1% | Year Pop. ±%  1980 189 −12.9%  1991 148 −21.7%  2001 125 −15.5%  2011 146 +16.8%  2021 150 +2.7% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.

## Sights

There are no protected cultural monuments in the municipality. The only landmarks are two wayside crosses and a statue of Saint John of Nepomuk.

## InfoBox

| Provodovice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Cross by the main road | |
|  | |
| ProvodoviceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°27′3″N 17°46′6″E / 49.45083°N 17.76833°E / 49.45083; 17.76833 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Olomouc |
| District | Přerov |
| First mentioned | 1302 |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.28 km2 (1.27 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 355 m (1,165 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 160 |
| Density | 49/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 753 53 |
| Website | www.provodovice.cz |


title: Acompsoceras

abstract: Acompsoceras is an extinct genus of cephalopod belonging to the Ammonite subclass. It grew to a large size compared to most ammonites. Its shell reached 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter when the animal reached adulthood. Acompsoceras appears in the fossil record during the early portion of the Cretaceous Cenomanian stage and goes extinct around the middle of that same stage.

text:
# Acompsoceras

***Acompsoceras*** is an extinct genus of cephalopod belonging to the Ammonite subclass. It grew to a large size compared to most ammonites. Its shell reached 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter when the animal reached adulthood. *Acompsoceras* appears in the fossil record during the early portion of the Cretaceous Cenomanian stage and goes extinct around the middle of that same stage.

## Species

*Acompsoceras* is in the same family as *Acanthoceras*, the Acanthoceratidae, and contains several species:

* *A. amphibolum*
* *A. calabarense*
* *A. essendiense*
* *A. inconstans*
* *A. renevieri*

## Distribution

Fossils of *Acompsoceras* have been found in Brazil, Colombia (Hiló Formation), Germany, Madagascar, Nigeria, the United Kingdom and Texas.

## InfoBox

| *Acompsoceras*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Acompsoceras* sp., Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian), from Madagascar | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Subclass: | Ammonoidea |
| Order: | Ammonitida |
| Family: | Acanthoceratidae |
| Subfamily: | Acanthoceratinae |
| Genus: | *Acompsoceras*
Schluter |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


abstract: Multi-attribute global inference of quality (MAGIQ) is a multi-criteria decision analysis technique. MAGIQ is based on a hierarchical decomposition of comparison attributes and rating assignment using rank order centroids.

text:
# Multi-attribute global inference of quality

**Multi-attribute global inference of quality** (**MAGIQ**) is a multi-criteria decision analysis technique. MAGIQ is based on a hierarchical decomposition of comparison attributes and rating assignment using rank order centroids.

## Description

The MAGIQ technique is used to assign a single, overall measure of quality to each member of a set of systems where each system has an arbitrary number of comparison attributes. The MAGIQ technique has features similar to the analytic hierarchy process and the simple multi-attribute rating technique exploiting ranks (SMARTER) technique. The MAGIQ technique was first published by James D. McCaffrey. The MAGIQ process begins with an evaluator determining which system attributes are to be used as the basis for system comparison. These attributes are ranked by importance to the particular problem domain, and the ranks are converted to ratings using rank order centroids. Each system under analysis is ranked against each comparison attribute and the ranks are transformed into rank order centroids. The final overall quality metric for each system is the weighted (by comparison attribute importance) sum of each attribute rating. The references provide specific examples of the process. There is little direct research on the theoretical soundness and effectiveness of the MAGIQ technique as a whole, however the use of hierarchical decomposition and the use of rank order centroids in multi-criteria decision analyses have been studied, with generally positive results. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the MAGIQ technique is both practical and useful.

## Sources

* Edwards, W. and Barron, F.H. "SMARTS and SMARTER: Improved Simple Methods for Multiattribute Utility Measurement", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 60, (1994), pp. 30625.
* Jia, Jianmin, Fischer, Gregory W., and Dyer, James S. "Attribute Weighting Methods and Decision Quality in the Presence of Response Error: A Simulation Study", Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (in press).
* McCaffrey, James. "The Analytic Hierarchy Process", MSDN Magazine, June 2005 (Vol. 20, No. 6), pp. 139144. See .
* McCaffrey, James. "Multi-Attribute Global Inference of Quality (MAGIQ)", Software Test and Performance Magazine, August 2005 (Vol. 2, No. 7), pp. 2832.
* McCaffrey, James, and Koski, Nasa. "Competitive Analysis Using MAGIQ", MSDN Magazine, October 2006 (Vol. 21, No. 11), pp. 3539. See .


title: Matsumyia jesoensis

abstract: Matsumyia jesoensis is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

text:
# Matsumyia jesoensis

***Matsumyia jesoensis*** is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Russia.

## InfoBox

| *Matsumyia jesoensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Milesiini |
| Subtribe: | Criorhinina |
| Genus: | *Matsumyia* |
| Species: | ***M. jesoensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Matsumyia jesoensis***<br>Matsumura, 1911 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


abstract: Minimum Conditions and Performance Measures, popularly known as MCPM, are criteria of evaluating the performance of the local government bodies while the for the Village Development Committees it is limited to Minimum Conditions (MC) only except few those where Performance Measure (PM) has been piloted. MCPM is an undertaking of the Government of Nepal's Local Bodies Fiscal Commission. Minimum Conditions Performance Measure (MCPM) is a system of measuring the performance of local bodies on the basis of certain set standards and tie up the block grants and revenue sharing with their performance result. Every year Nepalese government conduct MCPM “Minimum Conditions and Performance Measurement” for its local bodies namely, District Development Committees (DDCs), Municipalities and Village Development Committees (VDCs) as a basis to determine the minimum criteria met by those local bodies for the next year’s budget and program allocation from the central government. Alongside the Minimum Conditions (MC), there is another part Performance Measurement (PM) – whatever the terms are they both aid LBs in gaining monetary and other support from the government if they met MC or score higher on the rank or the budget grant is deducted if any LBs fail to meet MC/PM. MCPM results for VDCs, DDCs and Municipalities are published annually at LBFC's official website. The result analysis is available at the same web page.

text:
# Minimum Conditions and Performance Measures

**Minimum Conditions and Performance Measures**, popularly known as **MCPM**, are criteria of evaluating the performance of the local government bodies (District Development Committees and Municipalities) while the for the Village Development Committees it is limited to Minimum Conditions (MC) only except few those where Performance Measure (PM) has been piloted. MCPM is an undertaking of the Government of Nepal's Local Bodies Fiscal Commission. Minimum Conditions Performance Measure (MCPM) is a system of measuring the performance of local bodies on the basis of certain set standards and tie up the block grants and revenue sharing with their performance result.

Every year Nepalese government conduct MCPM “Minimum Conditions and Performance Measurement” for its local bodies namely, District Development Committees (DDCs), Municipalities and Village Development Committees (VDCs) as a basis to determine the minimum criteria met by those local bodies for the next year’s budget and program allocation from the central government. Alongside the Minimum Conditions (MC), there is another part Performance Measurement (PM) – whatever the terms are they both aid LBs in gaining monetary and other support from the government if they met MC or score higher on the rank or the budget grant is deducted if any LBs fail to meet MC/PM.

MCPM results for VDCs, DDCs and Municipalities are published annually at LBFC's official website. The result analysis is available at the same web page.

1. "MCPM LBFC". Retrieved September 10, 2016.
2. "Role of MCPM in eGovernance of Nepal's local government bodies | EkendraOnLine.com". 2015-08-02. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
3. "MCPM Assessment Report 2012 LBFCS | Local Governance and Community Development Programme (LGCDP) - II". *lgcdp.gov.np*. Retrieved 2016-09-10.


title: Oleoyl-estrone

abstract: Oleoyl-estrone (OE), or estrone 3-oleate, is a fatty acid ester of estrone. It is a naturally circulating hormone in animals, including humans. It was studied as a potential weight-loss drug, but failed to show benefit in clinical trials. It was first reported in 1996 to cause a body fat loss effect in rats in the International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. The animal research has all been conducted by the Nitrogen-Obesity Research Group of the University of Barcelona. The compound was found to potently induce body-fat loss while preserving protein stores in animals which is the ultimate goal of an anti-obesity agent as body protein loss is an undesired but inevitable side effect of fat loss via calorie restriction.

text:
# Oleoyl-estrone

**Oleoyl-estrone** (**OE**), or **estrone 3-oleate**, is a fatty acid ester of estrone. It is a naturally circulating hormone in animals, including humans. It was studied as a potential weight-loss drug, but failed to show benefit in clinical trials. It was first reported in 1996 to cause a body fat loss effect in rats in the *International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders*. The animal research has all been conducted by the Nitrogen-Obesity Research Group of the University of Barcelona.

The compound was found to potently induce body-fat loss while preserving protein stores in animals which is the ultimate goal of an anti-obesity agent as body protein loss is an undesired but inevitable (to some degree) side effect of fat loss via calorie restriction.

## Mechanism of action

Oleoyl-estrone functions by reducing energy-intake without prescribed dietary restriction (forced dietary restriction in addition to OE actually led to protein losses) while maintaining energy expenditure (which normally falls as part of the adaptations to calorie restriction). The partitioning effects of this hormone leads to adipose stores being the source of energy that makes up for the energy deficit rather than protein stores.

## Research

The molecule has been widely studied in various strains of animals and shown to be effective in virtually all studies. A surprising result that came out of the animal studies was that OE treated animals maintained their fat loss after treatment was stopped. Weight loss maintenance is one of the most difficult aspects of obesity treatment and so this effect is promising. This led to the postulation that oleoyl-estrone can reduce the body's bodyfat setpoint which would allow the body to maintain a reduced bodyfat without experiencing a hormonal milieu that aims to regain the lost bodyfat by reducing energy expenditure and increasing energy intake.

The research group discovered that oleoyl-estrone levels correlated with bodyfat stores except for obese organisms where there was less oleoyl-estrone circulating than would be predicted based on bodyfat levels. This led to the theory that administering oleoyl-estrone to bring plasma OE levels up to normal would signal to the body that there is an excess amount of bodyfat and therefore there would be a bodyfat loss.

Recent research shows that corticosterone inhibits the fat mobilizing effects of oleoyl-estrone in female rats that had their adrenal glands removed.

The research group set up a company called Oleoyl-Estrone Developments in 2001 which included as a founder Marià Alemany, one of the principal researches, who is also the holder of a 1998 U.S. patent (U.S. patent 5,798,348) for fatty acid esters of estrone, including OE, in relation to fat loss.

The group studied the effects of oral OE on Marià Alemany who was morbidly obese. It was shown for the first time to be effective at producing fat loss in a human and also a maintenance (and increase) of weight loss in two-month rest periods in between three-week dosing periods. This was achieved with no prescribed dietary restrictions.

## Clinical development

OE was licensed to Manhattan Pharmaceuticals in 2002. An Investigational New Drug application was accepted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2005 and a Phase I trial was conducted in Switzerland. The results showed OE to be safe and to lead to weight loss after just 7 days of dosing, and this weight loss was maintained for three further weeks after treatment had stopped.

In June 2006, a Phase IIa trial of 100 patients began which included two 14-day dosing periods each followed by 28 days of no treatment which was designed to elucidate the best dosing methods and in particular the maintenance of weight loss that had been shown. This trial was originally a single-centre trial in Switzerland, but in November 2006 it was announced that the trial had been expanded to two additional clinical sites in the USA. An additional trial was commenced in October 2006 that is designed to investigate the efficacy of the drug in morbidly obese patients who had been designated as bariatric patient candidates. This trial which took place in the United States, recruited 24 patients and dosed OE for 30 days, without any break, followed by 30 days of evaluation after dosing completed.

On July 10, 2007, Manhattan Pharmaceuticals announced that its phase 2a studies for oral oleoyl-estrone failed. The two studies demonstrated no clinically meaningful or statistically significant placebo adjusted weight loss.

## InfoBox

Oleoyl-estrone
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | Estrone 3-oleate; Estrone oleic acid; 17-Oxoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-yl (9*Z*)-9-octadecenoate; Estra-1,3,5-trien-3-ol-17-one 3-((9*Z*)-octadec-9-enoate) |
| Routes of
administration | Oral |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * \[(8*R*,9*S*,13*S*,14*S*)-13-Methyl-17-oxo-7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-octahydro-6*H*-cyclopenta\[*a*\]phenanthren-3-yl\] (*Z*)-octadec-9-enoate | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C36H54O3 |
| Molar mass | 534.825 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)c3cc(O)cc4CC\[C@@H\]2\[C@H\](CC\[C@\]1(C)C(=O)CC\[C@H\]12)c34 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C36H54O3/c1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-33(38)31-26-28(37)25-27-19-20-29-30(35(27)31)23-24-36(2)32(29)21-22-34(36)39/h10-11,25-26,29-30,32,37H,3-9,12-24H2,1-2H3/b11-10-/t29-,30+,32+,36+/m1/s1 Y * Key:JWLQYWPSIIMIFS-AAZNOHQBSA-N Y | |
| (verify) | |


title: Pact of Genoa

abstract: The Pact of Genoa was a military and political alliance formed in 1705 between the Kingdom of England and landowning Austracists on behalf of the Principality of Catalonia within the framework set by the War of Spanish Succession. According to the terms of agreement, England stationed troops in Catalonia, which, united with the Catalonian forces, fought in favour of Charles VI of the Holy Roman Empire for the candidacy of the Spanish throne against the armies of Philip V of Spain, compromising the maintenance of Catalonian laws and institutions.

text:
# Pact of Genoa

The **Pact of Genoa** was a military and political alliance formed in 1705 between the Kingdom of England and landowning Austracists (known as Vigatans) on behalf of the Principality of Catalonia within the framework set by the War of Spanish Succession. According to the terms of agreement, England stationed troops in Catalonia, which, united with the Catalonian forces, fought in favour of Charles VI of the Holy Roman Empire for the candidacy of the Spanish throne against the armies of Philip V of Spain, compromising the maintenance of Catalonian laws and institutions.

## Background

The viceroy of Catalonia, the Castilian nobleman Francisco Antonio Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, appointed to that role by Bourbon King Philip V of Spain, began repressing Austracism after the failure of the Landing at Barcelona during May 1704. Among Josep Duran's documents—which had been part of a link connecting Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt to the landing—was the Conference of the Three Commons, "the office where the preceding conspiracy formed" and showed the Catalonian military as "the most dominant and powerful part" of it. Velasco proceeded to jail many suspects, many of whom were members of the Conference, among whom they found one of the Catalan Austracist leaders, Narcís Feliu de la Penya, the boss of Vigatan Jaume Puig de Perafita and the main families of Catalan nobility. This caused many undecided people to favour Charles VI, thus also increasing membership for the "Austracist party", against the behest of the viceroy. He could not detain a portion of the conspirators, as they had embarked from Darmstadt on course to Lisbon—participating in the Capture of Gibraltar—where they reunited with the Charles VI. Velasco also ordered the requisition of stamps, effigies, paintings, and images of Jorge de Darmstadt. The repressive spiral continued in the following year, when judges of the Real Audience of Catalonia, members of the Council of the Hundred, and bishop Benito de Sala y de Caramany were arrested. Finally, Velasco ordered the suppression of the Conference of the Commons.

## History

### Prior to signing

In March 1705, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Queen Anne named Mitford Crowe as one of her committee members. Crowe, a liquor merchant loyal to the Principality of Catalonia, was chosen "to form an alliance between us and the mentioned Principality or whichever other Spanish province". He was given instructions to negotiate with Catalan representatives "having been informed of the Catalonian people's inclination to liberate themselves from France's imposed yoke and to remove the Duke of Anjou's power to return to the House of the Habsburgs." Crowe had informed the anti-Borbon Grand Alliance, which included England, that "the Catalans were an independent people that lived under their own laws and privileges that would want to support a king that committed to restoring their ancient rights".

However, Crowe couldn't interview any Catalan representatives due to viceroy Velasco's continuing with his repressive campaign against Austracist Catalans, regardless of their involvement in the failed conspiracy from 1704. In response to this, Crowe put himself into contact with the Vigatans, who agreed to an Anglo-Catalan alliance in the name of the Principality. This group of landowners and nobles from the Plain of Vic was the first Austracist group in Catalonia to take up arms against Philip V. In the spring of 1705, they had seized Plain of Vic while a second Austracist group from the Camp de Tarragona was handled by the Nebot family from Riudoms.

### The signing

Crowe's initiative gave a location for the Vigatans to meet at on 17 May 1705 at Saint Sebastian's chapel in the parish church of Santa Eulàlia de Riuprimer, where they agreed to grant complete power to the young nobleman Antoni de Peguera i d'Aimeric and the lawyer Domènec Perera, signing the treaty with England in the name of Catalonia. The document says the following concerning powers:

> "Powers and commission of eight subjects of the Plain of Vich on the 17th of May, 1705 give to Don Antoni de Peguera and Dr. Domènec Perera to treat with Mitford Crowe, sent from the Queen of England in Genoa, or with whoever else that has the power. We, the undersigned, give and grant broad power and authority to the noble Don Antoni de Peguera and Dr. Domènec Perera so that in our name they sign, promise, and secure under our word of honor, our persons, and our well-beings, the treaties or treaty that according to his powers the illustrious Mr. Mitford Crowe, sent by Her Majesty the Queen of England in Genoa, has the power and authority to sign, promise, and secure through the motives, causes, and reasons that, according to our consent and approval, the aforementioned gentlemen of given word have whole faith and credit to the two together or to only one that finds himself in Genoa or wherever else where he finds the aforementioned illustrious Mr. Mitford Crowe, or any other minister from the Majesty of the Kingdom of England. That which we sign and promise in good faith being by the spoken effect together in the parish church of Santa Eulalia of the bishop and veguer of the city of Vic, on the 17th of May, 1705.

The pact was signed in Genoa on 20 June 1705 by De Peguera and Perera, in the name of the Principality of Catalonia, and by Crowe, as commissioner of the Kingdom of England.

## The treaty

The agreement, adjusted in Genoa on 20 June 1705 by Mitford Crowe (in the name of Queen Anne) and Antoni de Peguera and Domènec Perera included the following terms:

* England will dedicate itself to board 8,000 infantry soldiers and 2,000 cavalry soldiers from the powers of the Grand Alliance on the Spanish coast. Likewise, England will deliver 12,000 rifles with the correct ammunition to arm the Catalan forces.
* Catalonia will arm 6,000 men, subsidized by England, that should be united with allied forced, who shall provide accommodations and provisions on their own coast.
* Catalonia recognizes Charles VI as the legitimate King of Spain.
* The new king should swear by and maintain the laws of Catalonia.
* The treaty should be maintained in secret until the capture of Barcelona.

The text upholds the Catalan-Austracist ideology that is based on the diplomatic and "constitutionalist" model and of the relations between the sovereign and its subjects, that put the loyalty of the country before loyalty to the king in the event that the king were to violate the established laws. The treaty alludes to the Catalan Constitutions 17 times to contrast against Philip V's viceroys.

## Further reading


title: Rajur

abstract: Rajur is a census town in Yavatmal district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Rajur is also known as Rajur Colliery.

text:
# Rajur

**Rajur** is a census town in Yavatmal district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Rajur is also known as Rajur Colliery.

## Geography

Rajur has an average elevation of 741  metres (2431 feet).

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Rajur had a population of 11,677. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Rajur has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 62%. In Rajur, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

| Year | Male | Female | Total Population | Change | Religion (%) | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Hindu | Muslim | Christian | Sikhs | Buddhist | Jain | Other religions and persuasions | Religion not stated |
| 2001 | 6019 | 5656 | 11675 | - | 64.463 | 11.520 | 2.116 | 0.197 | 19.837 | 0.120 | 1.722 | 0.026 |
| 2011 | 5639 | 5053 | 10692 | \- 8.4̥% | 62.608 | 14.656 | 2.226 | 0.187 | 19.220 | 0.159 | 0.037 | 0.907 |

## Notable People

## InfoBox

| Rajur | |
| --- | --- |
| Census town | |
| RajurLocation in Maharashtra, IndiaRajurRajur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 20°03′17″N 78°57′24″E / 20.05472°N 78.95667°E / 20.05472; 78.95667 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Yavatmal |
| Elevation | 741 m (2,431 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 11,677 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Website | http://akolemaza.com/ |


title: Janos Municipality

abstract: Janos is a municipality in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It is located in the extreme northwest of Chihuahua, on the border with the state of Sonora and the U.S. states of Arizona & New Mexico. As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 10,953. The municipal seat is the town of Janos, Chihuahua, which shares its name with the municipality. The El Berrendo/Antelope Wells border crossing is located in the municipality. As of 2010, the town of Janos had a population of 2,738. Other than the town of Janos, the municipality had 315 localities, the largest of which was: Monte Verde (Altamira) (1,087), classified as rural. The name "Janos" was given by the Janos people, the indigenous inhabitants of the area upon the arrival of the Spaniards. The Janos were probably a sub-tribe or closely related to the Suma people. Neither the Janos nor the Suma survived contact and are now extinct. Franciscan missionaries originally built a mission in the location in 1640, under the name Soledad de Janos. The mission did not, however, survive a series of revolts by indigenous people and was replaced on 16 October 1686 by a military presidio under Gen. Juan Fernández de la Fuente. The presidio defended the area from attacks from Apache raiders until the municipality was established in 1820.

text:
# Janos Municipality

**Janos** is a municipality in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It is located in the extreme northwest of Chihuahua, on the border with the state of Sonora and the U.S. states of Arizona & New Mexico. As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 10,953. The municipal seat is the town of Janos, Chihuahua, which shares its name with the municipality.

The El Berrendo/Antelope Wells border crossing is located in the municipality.

As of 2010, the town of Janos had a population of 2,738. Other than the town of Janos, the municipality had 315 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) was: Monte Verde (Altamira) (1,087), classified as rural.

The name "Janos" was given by the Janos people, the indigenous inhabitants of the area upon the arrival of the Spaniards. The Janos were probably a sub-tribe or closely related to the Suma people. Neither the Janos nor the Suma survived contact and are now extinct. Franciscan missionaries originally built a mission in the location in 1640, under the name **Soledad de Janos**. The mission did not, however, survive a series of revolts by indigenous people and was replaced on 16 October 1686 by a military *presidio* under Gen. Juan Fernández de la Fuente. The *presidio* defended the area from attacks from Apache raiders until the municipality was established in 1820.

## Towns and villages

The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:

| **Name** | **2010 Census Population** |
| --- | --- |
| Janos | 2,738 |
| Monte Verde (Altamira) | 1,087 |
| Fernández Leal | 885 |
| Pancho Villa (La Morita) | 812 |
| Tres Álamos | 670 |
| Casa de Janos | 399 |
| San Pedro | 336 |
| Buenos Aires (Campo Uno) | 275 |
| Altamirano | 255 |
| Buenos Aires (Campo Cuatro) | 213 |
| **Total Municipality** | **10,953** |

Other settlements:

## Adjacent municipalities and counties

## Sister City

Janos Municipality has one sister city.:

## InfoBox

| Janos | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Motto(s): *Primero México, Después México, Siempre México*
(First Mexico, Then Mexico, Always Mexico) | |
| Location of Janos in Chihuahua | |
| JanosJanos | |
| Coordinates: 30°53′16″N 108°11′24″W / 30.88778°N 108.19000°W / 30.88778; -108.19000 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Chihuahua |
| Municipality | **Janos** |
| Mission established | 1640 |
| Presidio established | 1686 |
| Municipality created | 1820 |
| Founded by | Franciscan missionaries |
| Named for | Janos people |
| Government | |
| Municipal President | Leonel Molina García (PRI) |
| Area(municipality) | |
| Total | 6,930.50 km2 (2,675.88 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,369 m (4,491 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 10,953 |
| Postal code | 31840 |
| Area code | 636 |
| Demonym | Janosense |
| Website | http://www.janos.gob.mx |