title: Washington, West Virginia

abstract: Washington is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wood County, West Virginia, United States, situated along the Ohio River. It is part of the Parkersburg-Marietta-Vienna, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,175 at the 2010 census. The community was named after George Washington. The CDP is home to the Washington Works, one of the largest single facilities of chemicals manufacturing giant Chemours. Also home to Sabic Plastics Washington Works, Kuraray Washington Works, Dupont Washington Works and a Linde air separation plant. Dupont polluted Washington with Perfluorooctanoic acid or PFOA, which it used to make Teflon.

text:
# Washington, West Virginia

**Washington** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wood County, West Virginia, United States, situated along the Ohio River. It is part of the Parkersburg-Marietta-Vienna, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,175 at the 2010 census. The community was named after George Washington.

The CDP is home to the Washington Works, one of the largest single facilities of chemicals manufacturing giant Chemours.

Also home to Sabic Plastics Washington Works (previously GE Plastics, acquired from Borg Warner Plastics, née Marbon), Kuraray Washington Works, Dupont Washington Works and a Linde air separation plant. Dupont polluted Washington with Perfluorooctanoic acid or PFOA, which it used to make Teflon.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.4 square miles (11.3 km2), of which 4.2 square miles (10.8 km2) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.6 km2) (5.13%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,170 people, 466 households, and 376 families residing in the community. The population density was 275.6 people per square mile (106.3/km2). There were 518 housing units at an average density of 122.0/sq mi (47.1/km2). The racial makeup of the community was 98.21% White, 0.17% African American, 0.60% Native American, 0.43% Asian, and 0.60% from two or more races.

There were 466 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.0% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.1% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.81.

The age distribution is 23.6% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 33.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

The median income for a household in the community was $54,483, and the median income for a community is $60,000. Males had a median income of $48,036 versus $24,712 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,209. About 2.1% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.

## History

A commemorative marker located near the Washington, WV, post office reads;

"George Washington acquired 2,314 acres of this land in Washington Bottom by a grant, dated December 15, 1772, issued to him by John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, last Royal Governor of Virginia. Washington obtained this tract for services in the French and Indian War, upon a survey made by William Crawford, in June 1771. It borders on the Ohio River five miles and one hundred and twenty poles. Erected by the State of West Virginia 1932"

1. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Washington, West Virginia
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
5. Kenny, Hamill (1945). *West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains*. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press. p. 659.

## InfoBox

| Washington, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location of Washington, West Virginia | |
| Coordinates: 39°14′52″N 81°39′54″W / 39.24778°N 81.66500°W / 39.24778; -81.66500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Wood |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.4 sq mi (11.3 km2) |
| Land | 4.2 sq mi (10.8 km2) |
| Water | 0.2 sq mi (0.6 km2) |
| Elevation | 640 ft (200 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 1,175 |
| Density | 270/sq mi (100/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 26181 |
| Area code | 304 |
| FIPS code | 54-84724 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2390456 |


title: María Añó

abstract: María Añó is a Spanish rhythmic gymnast. She represented her country in international competitions.

text:
# María Añó

**María Añó** (born 24 September 2002) is a Spanish rhythmic gymnast. She represented her country in international competitions.

## Personal life

Añó took up the sport when she was three, her mother took her to ballet classes but she didn't like it. They lived next to a gymnastics hall, so she enrolled María there, after the first class she already knew that she loved gymnastics. Her dream is to compete at the Olympic Games. Her idols are Russian rhythmic gymnasts Aleksandra Soldatova, Dina Averina and Arina Averina and Spanish rhythmic gymnast Carolina Rodriguez.

## Career

María competed for the Mabel club of Benicarló and since 2019 to the Club Ritmo de León, she has also been 5 times national champion as an individual and 5 times group national champion, she won silver in the senior honour category in 2019.

She debuted internationally at the 2016 European Championships in Holon, where she performed with rope and hoop, finishing 16th and 17th with the two apparatuses as well as 14th in the team competition. Two years later, as a senior, she performed with hoop at the 2018 World Championships in Sofia, finishing 71st and 17th in the team competitions.

In 2019 Añó took part in three World Cups: Sofia, where she was 28th in the All-Around, 24th with hoop, 54th with ball, 23rd with clubs and 18th with ribbon, Kazan finishing 30th in the All-Around, 23rd with hoop, 43rd with ball, 27th with clubs and 19th with ribbon and Portimão 14th in the All-Around, 16th with hoop, 27th with ball, 12th with ribbon and qualified for the clubs' final where she finished in 8th place. She was then selected for the European Championships in Baku, where she was 10th in the All-Around, 20th with hoop, 31st with ball, 10th with clubs and 12th with ribbon. In September she participated in the World Championships finishing 11th in the team competition, 39th in the All-Around, 26th with hoop, 36th with ball, 65th with clubs and 85th with ribbon.

1. "ANO BACA Maria - FIG Athlete Profile". *www.gymnastics.sport*. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
2. "Descubriendo a María Añó, la deportista más joven y responsable del Proyecto FER". *Yo soy noticia* (in Spanish). 25 May 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
3. ForoRítmica. "ForoRitmica.com - Entrevista María Añó, gimnasta senior de la Selección Española". *fororitmica.com* (in European Spanish). Retrieved 17 October 2022.
4. "2016 European Championships Junior Teams" (PDF). *europeangymnastics*.
5. "2018 World Championships Team Results" (PDF). *usagym*.
6. "2018 World Championships Apparatus results" (PDF). *usagym*.
7. "World Cup Rhythmic Gymnastics - Sofia Gymnastics 2019 - Results Women". *www.the-sports.org*. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
8. "Gymnastics - World Cup Rhythmic Gymnastics - Kazan 2019 - Results". *www.the-sports.org*. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
9. "Gymnastics - World Cup Rhythmic Gymnastics - Portimão 2019 - Results". *www.the-sports.org*. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
10. "2019 European Championships Teams" (PDF). *europeangymnastics*.
11. "2019 World Championships Result Book" (PDF). *usagym*.

## InfoBox

| María Añó | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | María Añó Baca |
| Country represented | Spain |
| Born | (2002-09-24) 24 September 2002<br>Benicarló, Spain |
| Residence | Valencia, Spain |
| Discipline | Rhythmic Gymnastics |
| Level | International Elite |
| Years on national team | 2016- |
| Club | Club Mabel / Club Ritmo |
| Head coach(es) | Alejandra Quereda |
| Assistant coach(es) | Blanca Lopez |


title: Natalia Novikova

abstract: Natalia Novikova is Russian-born Australian actress also known as Natasha Novak. For her performance in SeaChange, she was nominated for the 2000 Australian Film Institute Award for Best Guest or Supporting Actress in Television Drama. Other roles include Russian Doll, The Handler, Fireflies and The Technical Writer.

text:
# Natalia Novikova

**Natalia Novikova** is Russian-born Australian actress also known as **Natasha Novak**. For her performance in *SeaChange*, she was nominated for the 2000 Australian Film Institute Award for Best Guest or Supporting Actress in Television Drama. Other roles include *Russian Doll*, *The Handler*, *Fireflies* and *The Technical Writer.*

## Filmography

### Television appearances

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | *The Newsreader* | Astrid | 1 episode |
| 2018 | *Wentworth (TV series)* | Zara Dragovich | 9 episodes |
| | *Jack Irish* | Jaeger | 6 episodes |
| 2015 | *House Husbands* | Mia | 1 episode |
| 2011 | *Rush* | Katya | 2 episodes |
| | *Killing Time (TV series)* | Dina | 1 episode |
| 2004 | *Fireflies (TV series)* | Svettie Burke | 22 episodes |
| | *Fireflies* | | TV Movie |
| 2003 | *The Handler* | Elema | 3 episodes |
| 2000 | *SeaChange* | Francesca | 1 episode |
| 1998 | *Cody: The Wrong Stuff* | Petra | TV Movie |
| 1997 | *Fallen Angels* | Nadia | 1 episode |

### Film appearances

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | *Petrol* | Masha |  |
| 2021 | *The Wake* | Svetlana | Short |
| 2015 | *Force of Destiny* | Mrs Brodie |  |
| 2014 | *Rabbit* | Sonia | Short |
| 2013 | *Galore* | Luisa |  |
| 2012 | *The Land Between* | Alisa | Short |
| | *Agency Time* | Traveller | Short |
| 2003 | *Balmain Boys* | Katerina |  |
| | *The Technical Writer* | Risa |  |
| 2001 | *Russian Doll* | Katia |  |
| 1998 | *The Venus Factory* | Tasha |  |
| 1996 | *Gunsmoke* |  | Short |
| 1996 | *Cody: Fall from Grace* | Petra |  |

## InfoBox

| Natalia Novikova | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | ~1971 |
| Occupation | Actress |


title: Neubaugasse station

abstract: Neubaugasse is a station on U3 of the Vienna U-Bahn. It is located in the Neubau District. It opened in 1993. In this station, the two platforms are not on the same level: the platform for trains bound for Simmering is above, and the platform for trains bound for Ottakring is below.

text:
# Neubaugasse station

**Neubaugasse** is a station on U3 of the Vienna U-Bahn. It is located in the Neubau District. It opened in 1993. In this station, the two platforms are not on the same level: the platform for trains bound for Simmering is above, and the platform for trains bound for Ottakring is below.

## InfoBox

| Neubaugasse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Neubau, Vienna<br>Austria |
| Coordinates | 48°11′54″N 16°21′01″E / 48.1984°N 16.3504°E / 48.1984; 16.3504 |
| Line(s) |  |
| History | |
| Opened | 1993 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Wiener Linien Following station  Zieglergassetoward Ottakring  U3  Volkstheatertoward Simmering | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Polen-rundschau

abstract:
Polen-rundschau is the first and only German language newspaper published countrywide in Poland since the Second World War. It has been published from the Polish capital Warsaw monthly since April 2004. It is printed in colour on twelve to 16 pages, in tabloid format. The paper is not under the influence of any organisation, like political parties and associations. That and its countrywide circulation set it apart from other German language newspapers in Poland, which tend to be owned and published by the parties and associations of the German minority in Poland. It is financed exclusively through advertising and subscription fees. The paper's target group are mainly Germans living in Poland and Poles who take an interest in Germany and the German language and culture. As a service to the German readers there are regular lessons about Poland and Polish culture. The topical range includes everything from politics, latest news, economy and business to culture, current affairs, sports and an events calendar as well as many service sections destined to provide assistance to newly arrived Germans in getting acquainted with the country. The paper puts a special focus on the background of German-Polish relations. Depending on the flow of events, the papers' webpage offers additional daily or weekly news. Upon publication of the current issue, the headline, can be found on the web. The editor-in-chief, Mirko Kaupat and freelance business journalist Sebastian Becker regularly contribute content. Apart from that, most articles are written by different freelancers, among others, members of the "n-ost" research network, an association of journalists who predominantly reside in Eastern Europe. Berlin-based layouter Emese Szénás is responsible for the visual appearance of polen-rundschau. Starting summer 2006, the paper has a permanent correspondent in Germany, in the person of Heiko Lossie. Notable guest authors include Thomas Urban, Eastern European correspondent of Süddeutsche Zeitung. Both German and Polish media have repeatedly quoted from the exclusive interviews appearing in the monthly, with public figures such as Erika Steinbach, Władysław Bartoszewski, Gesine Schwan and Rudi Pawelka. In April 2006 polen-rundschau gained widespread attention when it auctioned itself off on eBay. An undisclosed bidder from Germany acquired the paper. It is however still based in Warsaw. The March 2008 issue was the last printed one. Since then, polen-rundschau has been published exclusively in electronic form. The paper characterised this change as not simply a financial necessity, but a move carrying the additional advantage of ensuring swift delivery of the current issue to subscribers, who had often complained that it took the issue two weeks, counting from publication, to reach them by mail. Due to the reduced costs of this procedure, the annual subscription fee was lowered to € 10.
  - editor-in-chief
  - Mirko Kaupat
  - publisher
  - New Press Polska

text:
# Polen-rundschau

***Polen-rundschau*** is the first and only German language newspaper published countrywide in Poland since the Second World War. It has been published from the Polish capital Warsaw monthly since April 2004. It is printed in colour on twelve to 16 pages, in tabloid format. The paper is not under the influence of any organisation, like political parties and associations. That and its countrywide circulation set it apart from other German language newspapers in Poland, which tend to be owned and published by the parties and associations of the German minority in Poland. It is financed exclusively through advertising and subscription fees.

The paper's target group are mainly Germans living in Poland and Poles who take an interest in Germany and the German language and culture. As a service to the German readers there are regular *lessons* about Poland and Polish culture. The topical range includes everything from politics, latest news, economy and business to culture, current affairs, sports and an events calendar as well as many service sections destined to provide assistance to newly arrived Germans in getting acquainted with the country. The paper puts a special focus on the background of German-Polish relations. Depending on the flow of events, the papers' webpage offers additional daily or weekly news. Upon publication of the current issue, the headline (usually consisting of the leading article), can be found on the web. The editor-in-chief, Mirko Kaupat and freelance business journalist Sebastian Becker regularly contribute content. Apart from that, most articles are written by different freelancers, among others, members of the "n-ost" research network, an association of journalists who predominantly reside in Eastern Europe. Berlin-based layouter Emese Szénás is responsible for the visual appearance of *polen-rundschau*. Starting summer 2006, the paper has a permanent correspondent in Germany, in the person of Heiko Lossie. Notable guest authors include Thomas Urban, Eastern European correspondent of *Süddeutsche Zeitung*.

Both German and Polish media have repeatedly quoted from the exclusive interviews appearing in the monthly, with public figures such as Erika Steinbach, Władysław Bartoszewski, Gesine Schwan and Rudi Pawelka.

In April 2006 *polen-rundschau* gained widespread attention when it auctioned itself off on eBay. An undisclosed bidder from Germany acquired the paper. It is however still based in Warsaw. The March 2008 issue was the last printed one. Since then, *polen-rundschau* has been published exclusively in electronic form. The paper characterised this change as not simply a financial necessity, but a move carrying the additional advantage of ensuring swift delivery of the current issue to subscribers, who had often complained that it took the issue two weeks, counting from publication, to reach them by mail. Due to the reduced costs of this procedure, the annual subscription fee was lowered to € 10.

editor-in-chiefMirko Kaupat publisherNew Press Polska


title: Out of My Intention

abstract: Out of My Intention is a 2008 South Korean short film written and directed by Yoo Ji-tae. It is the third short film by actor-turned-director Yoo, and the first of his films to receive a public release. Lee Dae-yeon and Jo An star as the film's only characters.

text:
# Out of My Intention

***Out of My Intention*** (Korean: 나도 모르게; RR: *Nado Moleugae*) is a 2008 South Korean short film written and directed by Yoo Ji-tae. It is the third short film by actor-turned-director Yoo, and the first of his films to receive a public release. Lee Dae-yeon and Jo An star as the film's only characters.

## Plot summary

An unnamed middle-aged man (Lee Dae-yeon) drives listlessly through downtown Seoul on a downcast summer afternoon, with the view outside, periodically glimpsed through the car windows, fuzzy and blurred. Sitting in the passenger seat next to him is Ok-gyeong (Jo An), a young woman some twenty years younger than he is. Although their dialogue is scarcely distinguishable with regard to its content, the two are engaged in a typical lover's quarrel. The woman is desperate to talk through their problems, but the man remains silent. Their drive along the highway is interrupted by memories of the past, which include dates taken by the lovers in the countryside, and surreal fantasy scenes where Ok-gyeong has her face painted like a mime artist.

## Production and casting

*Out of My Intention* is the third directorial project by Yoo Ji-tae, following his earlier short films *Bike Boy* and *How Does the Blind Dream*. Regarding the brevity and ambiguity afforded by the short film format, Yoo said, "If I had made the film into a full feature, I would have had to give all of the sundry reasons and episodes about their initial relationships". Actor Lee Dae-yeon admitted to being "a bit baffled" by the film's script, but felt compelled to take the part after Yoo told him it had been written with him in mind.

## Themes and interpretations

Like Yoo's earlier shorts, the central theme in *Out of My Intention* is one of love. The film is a blend of past and present; though the two characters talk to each other constantly, the camera almost never captures them together in one frame. The man is actually "driving down memory lane" and reminiscing about his first love, his thoughts conjuring her back to life. While he has grown old and weary, Ok-gyeong remains young in his heart, suggesting that first love never dies.

## Release

The press preview for *Out of My Intention* received an unusual level of interest, much to the surprise of director Yoo Ji-tae. The first of his films to be released theatrically, it opened on March 20, 2008 at the Gwanghwamun Spongehouse in Seoul, where it was given a limited screening. At the South Korean box office, *Out of My Intention* peaked at 42 over its opening weekend, and as of April 6, 2008, it had grossed a total of US$2,027.

In June 2008, *Out of My Intention* was screened at the Short Shorts Film Festival in Tokyo, where director Yoo won the Special Mention Award. It later competed at the Mise-en-scène Short Film Festival, held from June to July 2008, the New York Korean Film Festival in August 2008, the Vancouver International Film Festival from September to October 2008, and the Asiana International Short Film Festival in November 2008.

## Critical response

Lee Hyo-won of *The Korea Times* described *Out of My Intention* as an "audiovisual poem," albeit a "rough draft," and noted the director's "ability to orchestrate subtle emotions" in spite of the film's short running time, going on to say, "Yoo takes full advantage of the film medium, creating an ambiance from what is included and excluded in the mise-en-scene." The review also praised the contribution of the cast, saying, "Lee gives the film a nice gravitational pull, weighing down the fluffy parts, while fresh actress Jo An... embodies youthful vigor and beauty.

## InfoBox

| Out of My Intention | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Yoo Ji-tae |
| Written by | Yoo Ji-tae |
| Produced by | Yoo Ji-tae |
| Starring | Lee Dae-yeon<br>Jo An |
| Cinematography | Choe Sang-muk |
| Edited by | Moon In-dae |
| Music by | Jo Yeong-wook |
| Distributed by | Indie Story |
| Release date | * March 20, 2008 (2008-03-20) |
| Running time | 24 minutes |
| Country | South Korea |
| Language | Korean |
| Box office | US$2,027 |


title: Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary

abstract: The Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary (IHMS) is a diocesan college seminary, located in Taloto, Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines.

text:
# Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary

9°40′21.18″N 123°51′18.05″E / 9.6725500°N 123.8550139°E / 9.6725500; 123.8550139

The **Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary** (IHMS) is a diocesan college seminary, located in Taloto, Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines.

## Overview

The seminary was established in 1950 by Julio Rosales, Bishop of Tagbilaran, in implementation of Canon 1354, no. 2 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law.

It was first administered by the Divine Word Missionaries for a contract period of 10 years. IHMS has educated hundreds of diocesan and religious priests as well as lay alumni that served in different capacities in the Philippines and abroad.

## History

On August 22, 1948, the cornerstone of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary was laid down, coinciding with the Feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. By July 16, 1949, the pillars of the building were constructed, and in 1950, the Immaculate Heart of Mary Minor Seminary was officially founded. In 1960, the diocesan clergy took over administration from the SVD, and the following year, the college department was opened. The minor seminary was gradually phased out in 1989. The seminary celebrated its 40th anniversary in 1990. On August 22, 2000, the Golden Jubilee was commemorated with the theme "Mary and the Priesthood and Evangelization." In June 2010, the Minor Seminary (High School Department) was reopened

## Administration

| Rectors of the <br>Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary |
| --- |
| Rev. Alphonse M. Mildner, SVD, 1950 – 1960 |
| Fr. Pelagio Dompor †, 1960–1972 |
| Fr. Fernandez †, 1972 – |
| Fr. Eustaquio Salera, |
| Fr. Juan de Dios M. Pueblos, |
| Fr. Zacarias C. Jimenez |
| Fr. Clarito "Boy" Rara, 1983–1984 |
| Msgr. Onesimo C. Gordoncillio, 1984 – 1985 |
| Fr. Alfredo Baquial †, 1985–1986 |
| Msgr. Cirilo Darunday, 1989 |
| Fr. Bernard Rañoa, |
| Fr. Avelino "Val" Vale, |
| Fr. Martin Lupiba, |
| Fr. Crisolito Geangan, |
| Fr. Ramon Jose P. Oncog, JCL, 2012-2016 |
| Fr. Valentino U. Pinlac, STL, 2016–present |

## Traditions

### *Escudo* or *escutcheon*

The shield, called *escudo* or *escutcheon* of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary, its history and meaning was drafted by Bernard Fuertes. It was drawn and finalized by popular Tagbilaran artists, Ric Ramasola and Tony Arat in 1961.

The *escudo* or *escutcheon* has five (5) major elements. The "base" represents God's omnipotent power and grace protecting or shielding Mary from original sin– represented by the monogram "M". The "Flaming Heart" represents Mary's loving and maternal concern for the seminarians and professors of the seminary. It is surrounded by "Twelve Stars" -- adapted from her appearance to St. Bernadette of Lourdes in France telling her that "I am the Immaculate Conception," hence the title, Immaculate Heart of Mary, is adopted. Over the "escudo" is an open book representing the search for knowledge by the seminarians through diligent studies. It is highlighted by the "Burning Torch" representing the "lumen Christi," or the light of Christ, which is always given to those who earnestly seek for knowledge and truth.

The search for knowledge goes along with the cultivation of the following good habits (other authors call them virtues) that an IHM seminarian should endeavor to ultimately internalize such as *Pietas* or Piety means the habit or virtue of rendering respect and obedience not only to God's commandment and those of the Church but also to the laws of the State. Further, it means giving due respect and honor to both religious and civil superiors. Piety must be founded on the virtue of humility, without which the former would be nigh, impossible to achieve.

*Scientia* or Science, especially divine science, is the result of a continuous search for knowledge under the aid of divine guidance; *Sanctitas* or Holiness is a virtue that is a must for all, most especially for seminarians and God's ministers. According to traditional theology, it is a habit of not being involved too much in worldly affairs, although in reality living in the world. It corresponds to the pursuit of knowledge. The more unworldly have attained a higher degree of science and sanctity. That is why St. Thomas Aquinas is called the "Angelic Doctor" because he attained the highest degree of these virtues. He is thereby honored by the Church and made the Patron of Catholic schools.

The year 1950 represents the seminary's year of foundation by Bishop Julio Rosales of the Diocese of Tagbilaran. The *circlets* at the base of the monogram of Mary and at the bottom of the "escudo" is an abstract or idealistic representation of the Society of the Divine Word *(Societas Verbum Divini)* or SVD whose fathers managed the seminary for the first 10 years of its existence under the first set of professors with Rev. Alphonse M. Mildner, SVD as Rector, together with Fr. Simeon O. Valerio (ret. Bishop of Calapan, Or. Mindoro), Fr. Victor Drewes and Fr. Victor Tunkel.

### St. Joseph Vocation Society (SJVS)

The St. Joseph Vocation Society or SJVS is a scholarship foundation of the Diocese of Tagbilaran and IHMS. It was established in 1960 by Fr. Felix S. Zafra to support poor but deserving seminarians. Through the years, SJVS has sent many seminarians to the seminary who were ordained priests. Most of the Paring Bol-anon have received SJVS support. Funds come mainly from ordinary people through yearly house-to-house campaign by the seminarians. In 1989, SJVS launched a one-million-peso fund campaign. The Paring Bol-anon responded to the appeal. About two-thirds of the funds have been collected. In the United States, the proceeds of PB-USA Reunion dinners and concerts all go to the trust fund. Every year, the whole Paring Bol-anon offer masses for the intentions of SJVS benefactors and donors.

### Music of the Jeduthun ensemble

The Jeduthun Ensemble is the *Schola Cantorum* or the official choir of IHMS. Conducted by a priest Music Director, the Jeduthun serves as the backbone of all choral singing within the bounds of the seminary and its traditional yearly concert performed in the capital city for the local community. From in-house performances to town fiesta gigs, the Jeduthun Ensemble's reputation as a solid, high-quality, well-arranged, and conducted choral group has easily landed them, in the past, invitations to perform in other venues outside of Bohol, like Manila, Iloilo, Dumaguete and Mindanao. The IHMS' musical practices and tradition has been the seedbed of many musical successes among its alumni in the field of music, like the pioneering acts of the ABCD Quartet of the '60s, the celebrated Singing Priests of San Francisco in mid '80s, the well-choreographed Singing Priests of Louisiana in late '80s, and the high-powered Singing Priests of Tagbilaran (SPOT) in the late '90s. IHMS has also produced many prolific songwriters whom have won honors in different songwriters' competitions outside the seminary, while some others have even chosen the field of music as their field of profession and livelihood.

To date, Jeduthun Ensemble alumni have been in varying degrees a continuing presence in the field of music locally and internationally. While some have made it in the music business (see Jimmy Borja, Arnold Zamora), many of its priest-products (see Paring Bol-anon) have also demonstrated as much propensity in their musical pursuit as artists and producers in their respective rights. Like the pioneering Singing Priests of San Francisco, who released the first ever studio-recorded Paring Bol-anon albums, *Inspirational Songs (1985)* and *Christmas in San Francisco (1986),* it did not take long for others PBs to follow suit. In 1993, Fr. Roland Pacudan released 2 musical albums of original works in Hawaii with *Citizens of the World* and *Roads of Life (1994).Fr. Roland Pacudan authored three books, one in 2009 entitled "Secundum Ordinem Vitae and two in 2010 entitled "Ego Sum Qui Sum and "Ordo Ab Chao".* While in New Orleans, Fr. J. Roel Lungay produced four compilations of original songs written by him, and with other PBs like Frs. TQ Solis, Jr. Elpidio Biliran, Jr. and Arnold Zamora, with *Mass of St. Rita (1993)*, *Dear Jesus (1994),* *Music Revisited, Vol. 1 (1995)* and *One Heart, One Mind (1996).* In 1998, spearheaded by nationally known composer and arranger, Fr. Arnold Zamora, the Singing Priests of Tagbilaran released their self-titled CD, *SPOT,* in San Francisco, while another longtime PB, in that same year, Msgr. Floro Arcamo, also of San Francisco, with the help of long-time confrere, Fr. Rolando Caverte, and Suzanne St. John, released, too, his debut solo album of cover songs titled, *Songs of Faith And Inspiration (1998).* These and all others truly highlight the musical achievements of Paring Bol-anons as well as other IHMS students which had its lowly beginning as alumni of the old Jeduthun Ensemble.

#### Jeduthun concerts and plays

### *Lagdâ sa Pamuyô*

The *Lagdâ sa Pamuyô*, literally translated as "Handbook of Rules", contains the rules of discipline that prescribe the do's and don't's in the Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary, or what should and should not be done.

### Vocation tour

Vocation tour was an annual 3-day tour around the Province of Bohol during the late 1970s. All the seminarians, both high school and college, together with the faculty-priests, are divided into 3 or 4 groups with each group assigned specific towns/municipalities to visit. The entire province is covered during the tour. The parish priest would host one group and would schedule them to visit the different parochial and public schools in the town. There the seminarians would talk about life in the seminary and render a presentation to the students, inviting them to enter the seminary.

### Summer apostolate

The Summer Apostolate is part of the formation of seminarians that will allow them to engage in real-life apostolate work. It is usually held from April to May each year. It is during this period that the college seminarians are assigned to work in the different towns/municipalities of Bohol under the guidance of the Parish Priest.

### Paring Bol-anon

*See: List of IHMS alumni Paring Bol-anon*

The Paring Bol-anon or the Bohol Clergy is the fraternity of Roman Catholic priests who come from Bohol, Philippines, the majority of whom are currently serving in the parishes of the two dioceses in Bohol, namely, the Diocese of Tagbilaran and the Diocese of Talibon, while a good number of them are also serving outside the province, most notably Manila, Mindanao and the United States, either as bishops, chaplains, pastors or guest priests.

### Bohol Major Seminarians

In the mid 1970s IHMS alumni who moved on to the different major theological schools for their final priestly formation began organizing themselves into a group where they can represent and speak for themselves on issues affecting the seminarians and students aspiring to become priests one day. This led to the birth of the official organization of seminarians called the Bohol Major Seminarians. The BMS eventually splintered into smaller groups, depending on what area of the Philippines they pursued further studies: BMS-Tagbilaran, BMS-Cebu, BMS-Mindanao and BMS-Manila. Eventually the BMS proved to be the catalyst that sparked the transformation of the Diocese of Tagbilaran and its clergy as well as the official founding of the Paring Bol-anon as a priestly fraternity in 1979 in a synod-like assembly of clergy that issued the first ever Diocesan Thrust.

* BMS-Tagbilaran - College seminarians studying at IHMS
* BMS-Cebu - Theology students studying at Seminario Mayor de San Carlos
* BMS-Manila - Theology students studying at UST Pontifical Seminary, San Jose Major Seminary (Ateneo) and at Tagaytay seminaries (MSP, SASMA, DWS)
* BMS-Mindanao - Theology students studying at any Mindanao seminaries (REMASE, DIOPEM, St. John Vianney)

### Alumni associations

Also See:*List of notable alumni of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary*

* *Paring Bol-anon* \- The association of Boholano priests based in different locations.
* *BANGKÂ* \- (Bol-anon Alang sa Nagkahiusang Katuyuan) the alumni association based in Manila was organized and registered with the SEC in the mid 1990s with Atty Mannix Cimafranca as the President.
* *TIPASÎ* \- originally *Tagbilaran Integration of ex-Priests And ex-Seminarians Inc.*, the alumni association based in Tagbilaran City. It was organized in 1986 with Timmy Balane as interim president.
    + *TIPASÎ-Tagbilaran* -– the alumni association based in Tagbilaran City with Ariel Dominquez as president in 2006.
    + *TIPASÎ-Talibon* \- the alumni association based in Talibon with Palug Logroño as president in 2006.
    + *TIPASÎ-Cebu* \- the alumni association based in Cebu City with Atty. Aquilino Felicitas as president in 2006.
    + *Charlatans* \- coined by former Rector, now Bishop, Zacharias C. Jimenez for the freshman class of 1976, College Department
    + *Baboga* \- or, Baston Bobits Gang, name adopted by the HS Batch '80 for their class;
    + *Hoi Polloi Society* \- 1999

## Publications

* *Our Seminary* \- School Yearbook (also known as Annual)
* *Legité* \- The official college newsletter
* *Sal Terrae* \- The official high school newsletter
* *Precis* \- The official prayer and song book of the seminary
* *ISDÂ Pahayagan* \- The official newsletter of the Paring Bol-anon all over the world. "The Paring Bol-anon is ISDA; ISDA is the Paring Bol-anon." (*Fr. Vicente Nunag, III, Ulo Sa Isda, ISDA, July 1993 Issue*)
* *Scriptum* \- The unofficial and unauthorized newsletter of the IHMS Batch HS '80 and College '84
* *The Heart of Ayeychemes* \- an anthology of experiences in the '70s and '80s, fragments of thoughts and reflections, tributes and others, written by a group of alumni.

## InfoBox

Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | *Pietas Scientia Sanctitas* ("Piety, Science, Holiness") |
| Type | Diocesan, Roman Catholic Seminary |
| Established | 1950 |
| Affiliation | CEAP, BACS |
| Rector | Fr. Valentino Pinlac, STL |
| Undergraduates | Approx. |
| Postgraduates | Approx. |
| Location | Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines |
| Campus | 1 |
| Alma Mater Song | *I.H.M.S., We love you* |
| Nickname | IHMS, ayeychemes |


title: Polystichum bonapartii

abstract: Polystichum bonapartii is a species of fern in the family Dryopteridaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Polystichum bonapartii

***Polystichum bonapartii*** is a species of fern in the family Dryopteridaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Polystichum bonapartii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Suborder: | Polypodiineae |
| Family: | Dryopteridaceae |
| Genus: | *Polystichum* |
| Species: | ***P. bonapartii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polystichum bonapartii***
Rosenst. | |
|


title: Prattsville (CDP), New York

abstract: Prattsville is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Prattsville, Greene County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 384 at the 2020 census, out of a total population of 774 in the town in 2020.

text:
# Prattsville (CDP), New York

**Prattsville** is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Prattsville, Greene County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 384 at the 2020 census, out of a total population of 774 in the town in 2020.

## Geography

Prattsville is located in western Greene County and occupies the central and northwestern sections of the town of Prattsville. The CDP is bordered to the southwest by Schoharie Creek and to the southeast by its tributary, Batavia Kill. The northwestern edge of the CDP follows the Delaware County line, and the far northern extent of the CDP borders Schoharie County.

New York State Route 23 is Prattsville's Main Street, leading northwest 39 miles (63 km) to Oneonta on the Susquehanna River and southeast 36 miles (58 km) to Catskill on the Hudson River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Prattsville CDP has a total area of 4.1 square miles (10.5 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 355 |  |  |
| 2020 | 384 |  | 8.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
2. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Prattsville CDP, New York". *American Factfinder*. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
3. United States Census Bureau, 2020 U.S. Census Results, Prattsville CDP, New York https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?searchType=web&cssp=SERP&q=Prattsville%20CDP,%20New%20York
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Prattsville, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| PrattsvillePrattsville | |
| Coordinates: 42°18′53″N 74°25′58″W / 42.31472°N 74.43278°W / 42.31472; -74.43278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Greene |
| Town | Prattsville |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.04 sq mi (10.46 km2) |
| Land | 4.04 sq mi (10.46 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,165 ft (355 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 384 |
| Density | 95.10/sq mi (36.72/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 12468 |
| Area code | 518 |
| FIPS code | 36-59740 |
| GNIS feature ID | 961103 |


title: Point pattern analysis

abstract: Point pattern analysis (PPA) is the study of point patterns, the spatial arrangements of points in space. The simplest formulation is a set X = {x ∈ D} where D, which can be called the 'study region,' is a subset of Rn, a n-dimensional Euclidean space.

text:
# Point pattern analysis

**Point pattern analysis** (**PPA**) is the study of *point patterns*, the spatial arrangements of points in space (usually 2-dimensional space). The simplest formulation is a set *X* = {*x**D*} where *D*, which can be called the 'study region,' is a subset of **R***n*, a *n*-dimensional Euclidean space.

## Description

The easiest way to visualize a 2-D point pattern is a map of the locations, which is simply a scatterplot but with the provision that the axes are equally scaled. If D is not the boundary of the map then it should also be indicated. An empirical definition of D would be the convex hull of the points, or at least their bounding box, a matrix of the ranges of the coordinates. Another straightforward way to visualize the points is a 2D histogram (sometimes called a quadrats) that bins the points into rectangular regions. A benefit of quadrat analysis is that it forces the analysis to take into account possible scales within which statistically significant inhomogeneities may be occurring.

## Modeling

The null model for point patterns is complete spatial randomness (CSR), modeled as a Poisson process in **R***n*, which implies that the number of points in any arbitrary region *A* in *D* will be proportional to the area or volume of *A*. Exploring models is generally iterative: if CSR is accepted not much more can be said, but if rejected, there are two avenues. First, one must decide which models are worth exploring, such as investigations of clustering, density, trends, etc. And for each of these models there are appropriate scale ranges, from the finest, which essentially mirrors the point pattern, to the coarsest, which aggregates *D*. It is generally interesting to explore a range of scales within these limits. A particularly robust model of clustered point patterns is diffusion, which can also be thought of as the trajectory of a point doing a random walk.

## Estimation

A fundamental problem of PPA is inferring whether a given arrangement is merely random or the result of some process. The picture illustrates patterns of 256 points using four point processes. The clustered process results in all points having the same location. Popular models are those based on simple circles and ellipses, inter-point (and especially nearest neighbor) distances, quadrats, and intensity functions. Each model yields estimates (that can increase insights into the underlying real-world processes) as well as associated goodness-of-fit diagnostics.

## Applications

PPA has applications in a wide range of areas, including astronomy, archaeology, geography, ecology, biology, and epidemiology. A few topics in the last area are discussed here.

1. A case control study compares the point patterns of organisms both with and without some condition to determine if there were significant differences in their arrangements.
2. Environmental exposure examines the locations of cases and possible sources (e.g. of pollution or carcinogens).
3. Contagion explores the temporal unfolding of the pattern, asking about such phenomena as the location of the 'index case.'
4. Examination of infection compares the arrangements of parasites and hosts (predators and prey, agents and organisms).
5. Analysis of the regularity of retinal mosaics, particularly as a quantitative tool to understand development of the retina.

## Further reading

* Cressie, N. A. C. and C. K. Wikle (2011) *Statistics for spatio-temporal data*. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-69274-4


title: Waverly, Georgia

abstract: Waverly is an unincorporated community and census designated place in Camden County, in the U.S. state of Georgia. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 284.

text:
# Waverly, Georgia

31°05′38″N 81°43′33″W / 31.09389°N 81.72583°W / 31.09389; -81.72583

**Waverly** is an unincorporated community and census designated place in Camden County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 284.

## History

A post office called Waverly was established in 1894. The community derives its name from Sir Walter Scott's Waverley novels.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 281 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 | | | |

Waverly was first listed as a census-designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.

### 2020 census

**Waverly CDP, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2020 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 251 | 89.32% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 19 | 6.76% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 7 | 2.49% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 4 | 1.42% |
| **Total** | **281** | **100.00%** |

## InfoBox

| Waverly | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community
Census designated place | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| County | Camden |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 281 |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |


# Venezuela at the 2012 Summer Paralympics

Venezuela competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom from August 29 to September 9, 2012.

## Medallists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bronze | Marcos Falcon | Judo | Men's 66 kg | August 30 |
| Bronze | Omar Monterola | Athletics | Men's 200 metres T37 | August 31 |

## InfoBox

| Venezuela at the
2012 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | VEN |
| NPC | Comité Paralimpico Venezolano |
| in London | |
| Competitors | 27 |
| Medals
Ranked 73rd | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 2 Total 2 |
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Nate Kiser

abstract: Nate Kiser is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman.

text:
# Nate Kiser

**Nate Kiser** (born May 4, 1982) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman.

## Playing career

Kiser started his junior career with the Compuware Ambassadors of the NAHL, where he played from 1998 to 1999, scoring 5 points in goals and assists and spending a combined 46 minutes in the penalty box during regular season play.

Kiser joined the Plymouth Whalers in the OHL from 1999 to 2003. While with the Whalers, he scored 41 points in combined goals and assists and earned 473 penalty minutes during regular season play. In the post-season, Kiser netted 12 points and 80 penalty minutes.

In 2000, Kiser was picked by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 5th round of the NHL draft. He remained, however, with the Plymouth Whalers.

Kiser turned pro in 2003, moving to the ECHL's Dayton Bombers, where he played from 2003 to 2004. While with the Bombers, he scored 15 points during regular season play and spent 144 minutes in the penalty box. Kiser was also called up to the AHL's Syracuse Crunch, for 5 games, where he earned 1 point and 14 penalty minutes in the regular season.

In 2004, Kiser moved to the South Carolina Stingrays. While with the Stingrays, Kiser has been called up to the AHL's Portland Pirates and Albany River Rats for 5 games and 1 game, respectively. Since joining the Stingrays, Kiser has earned 102 points and 992 penalty minutes in regular season play, with 11 points and 116 penalty minutes in the post-season.

After the February 20, 2010, Stingrays' "Pink in the Rink" game in support of Susan G. Komen for the Cure, Kiser's pink #5 jersey garnered $2,000 at auction for the breast cancer foundation.

Kiser retired following the 2010–11 ECHL season. On October 14, 2011, the South Carolina Stingrays inducted Kiser into the Stingrays Hall of Fame at the North Charleston Coliseum.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1998–99 | Compuware Ambassadors | NAHL | | 32 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 46 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–2000 | Plymouth Whalers | OHL | | 63 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 102 | | 23 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 18 |
| 2000–01 | Plymouth Whalers | OHL | | 62 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 105 | | 13 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 26 |
| 2001–02 | Plymouth Whalers | OHL | | 60 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 134 | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 2002–03 | Plymouth Whalers | OHL | | 52 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 132 | | 18 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 26 |
| 2003–04 | Syracuse Crunch | AHL | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | Dayton Bombers | ECHL | | 63 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 144 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | Portland Pirates | AHL | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | South Carolina Stingrays | ECHL | | 58 | 2 | 11 | 13 | 173 | | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 20 |
| 2005–06 | South Carolina Stingrays | ECHL | | 61 | 0 | 12 | 12 | 174 | | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 |
| 2005–06 | Albany River Rats | AHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | South Carolina Stingrays | ECHL | | 64 | 5 | 15 | 20 | 222 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007–08 | South Carolina Stingrays | ECHL | | 53 | 5 | 22 | 27 | 169 | | 20 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 47 |
| 2008–09 | South Carolina Stingrays | ECHL | | 56 | 7 | 13 | 20 | 174 | | 17 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 41 |
| 2009–10 | South Carolina Stingrays | ECHL | | 50 | 1 | 10 | 11 | 94 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 2010–11 | South Carolina Stingrays | ECHL | | 70 | 1 | 11 | 12 | 125 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| AHL totals | | | | 11 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 48 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| ECHL totals | | | | 475 | 26 | 104 | 130 | 1275 | | 53 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 130 |

## InfoBox

| Nate Kiser | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | (1982-05-04) May 4, 1982
Southgate, Michigan, U.S. | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) | | |
| Weight | 225 lb (102 kg; 16 st 1 lb) | | |
| Position | Defense | | |
| Shot | Right | | |
| Played for | **AHL**
Syracuse Crunch
Portland Pirates
Albany River Rats
**ECHL**
Dayton Bombers
South Carolina Stingrays | | |
| NHL draft | 160th overall, 2000
Phoenix Coyotes | | |
| Playing career | 20032011 | | |


title: New Caledonian parakeet

abstract: The New Caledonian parakeet or New Caledonian red-crowned parakeet, is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to New Caledonia. The species was once considered to be conspecific with the red-fronted parakeet of New Zealand but is now considered a full species and is known to be the basal species in the genus Cyanoramphus, which had its origins in New Caledonia.

text:
# New Caledonian parakeet

The **New Caledonian parakeet** (***Cyanoramphus saisseti***) or **New Caledonian red-crowned parakeet**, is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to New Caledonia. The species was once considered to be conspecific with the red-fronted parakeet of New Zealand but is now considered a full species and is known to be the basal species in the genus *Cyanoramphus*, which had its origins in New Caledonia.

## Habitat

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, dry savanna, and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.

*Cyanoramphus* and the New Caledonian endemic genus *Eunymphicus* share a common ancestor. *Cyanoramphus* parakeets flew out from New Caledonia to colonise the Society Islands, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, New Zealand, and several subantarctic islands south of New Zealand.

## Mating

They have been observed participating in polyandry. Both males and females participate in caring for chicks.

* Boon, W, Daugherty C & Chambers, G (2001) The Norfolk Island Green Parakeet and New Caledonian Red-crowned Parakeet are distinct species. *Emu* **101** 113-121

## InfoBox

| New Caledonian parakeet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| CITES Appendix I (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Psittaciformes |
| Family: | Psittaculidae |
| Genus: | *Cyanoramphus* |
| Species: | ***C. saisseti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cyanoramphus saisseti***<br>Verreaux & Des Murs, 1860 | |
|


title: Polen Records

abstract: Polen Records is an independent music label based in Bogota, Colombia, created in 2006 by producer Felipe Álvarez and musician and anthropologist Lucas Guingue. Polen Record's first release was Los Días Adelante (2006) by Bajo Tierra, followed that same year by Bomba Estéreo's debut EP, Vol.1, and Chocquibtown's Somos Pacífico. In 2008 Polen released the Bomba Estéreo album Estalla, which included the international hit Fuego. Polen Records has played a key role in the development of the Colombian alternative music scene, contribution to the development of bands that lead the industry today; as well as pioneers from the latin underground such as Pernett, Systema Solar, Cero39, Mitú and Mucho Indio one of their most interesting releases. From their first release Polen keeps bringing consistent talent with new bands like El Leopardo, Cabruêra, Savan, Rizomagic and Lucas Hill. In 2013, they had an album nominated for the Latin Grammy Awards with Bomba Estéreo's album Elegancia Tropical (2012) as Best Alternative Music Album.

text:
# Polen Records

**Polen Records** is an independent music label based in Bogota, Colombia, created in 2006 by producer Felipe Álvarez and musician and anthropologist Lucas Guingue. Polen Record's first release was *Los Días Adelante* (2006) by Bajo Tierra, followed that same year by Bomba Estéreo's debut EP, *Vol.1*, and Chocquibtown's *Somos Pacífico*. In 2008 Polen released the Bomba Estéreo album *Estalla*, which included the international hit *Fuego*.

Polen Records has played a key role in the development of the Colombian alternative music scene, contribution to the development of bands that lead the industry today; as well as pioneers from the latin underground such as Pernett, Systema Solar, Cero39, Mitú and Mucho Indio one of their most interesting releases.

From their first release Polen keeps bringing consistent talent with new bands like El Leopardo, Cabruêra, Savan, Rizomagic and Lucas Hill.

In 2013, they had an album nominated for the Latin Grammy Awards with Bomba Estéreo's album *Elegancia Tropical* (2012) as Best Alternative Music Album.

## Notable artists

## InfoBox

| Polen Records | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Founder | Felipe Álvarez |
| Genre | latin alternative, cumbia, electrocumbia |
| Location | Bogotá, Colombia |
| Official website | www.polenrecords.com |


title: Outrun the Sky

abstract: Outrun the Sky is the third studio album by American singer Lalah Hathaway. It was released on September 28, 2004, via then Universal-distributed Mesa/Blue Moon Recordings. Her first album in a decade, it peaked at number 34 on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

text:
# Outrun the Sky

***Outrun the Sky*** is the third studio album by American singer Lalah Hathaway. It was released on September 28, 2004, via then Universal-distributed Mesa/Blue Moon Recordings. Her first album in a decade, it peaked at number 34 on the US *Billboard* Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

## Background

In 2003, Hathaway signed with Universal-distributed Mesa/Blue Moon Records. In 2004, she released a cover version of Luther Vandross's song "Forever, for Always, for Love" which later appeared on the all-star tribute album *Forever, for Always, for Luther* (2004) and peaked at number one on *Billboard*'s Adult R&B Songs chart. For her fourth album, Hathaway consulted producers Rex Rideout, Mike City, and David Delhomme as well as Vivian Sessoms and Chris Parks to work with her.

Hathaway took an active hand in the production of *Outrun the Sky*, writing or co-writing nine songs on the album and producing or co-producing six of them. The album's closing track was originally written in 1993 after Hathaway had moved to Los Angeles. She cited it "the most personal song on the album." The track, "Better And Better" began as a track intended for Eric Benét's album of the same name (2005). His finished track is the same as the one used on this album. Benét's lead and backgrounds were simply removed, and Hathaway's were added.

## Promotion

Originally recorded for the all-star tribute album *Forever, for Always, for Luther* (2004), *Outrun the Sky* was preceded by Hathaway's rendition of the same titled Luther Vandross song. Also serving as the album lead single, it became her first number one hit on *Billboard*'s Adult R&B Songs chart. Follow-up "Better and Better," produced by Mike City, reached number 21 on the same chart. A third single, "How Many Times," also produced by City, failed to chart.

Following the release of the album's first two singles, Hathaway went on the Daughters of Soul tour, put together by Sandra St. Victor of The Family Stand, co-headlining by St. Victor, Nona Hendryx, Chaka Khan's daughter Indira, Nina Simone's daughter Simone, and Joyce Kennedy of Mother's Finest. On its initial run in 2004, it played four dates at three European jazz festivals, including the Nice Jazz Festival in France, the Pori Jazz Festival in Finland and the Jazzaldia Festival in San Sebastián, Spain.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Orlando Sentinel |  |

*Outrun the Sky* earned generally positive reviews from music critics. AllMusic editor David Jeffries responded that "it's her warm voice, smooth delivery, and allegiance to fad-free R&B that keeps the faithful patiently waiting. Delivering on all counts, *Outrun the Sky* is a fan's dream and the singer's best showcase since her debut." He called the album a "showcase" on which Hathaway not only does "cover a wider spectrum of tones and moods but she also producers and writes most of the highlights of the album." Jim Abbott of the Orlando Sentinel wrote "Outrun the Sky is worth the wait for fans of old-school singing without the self-indulgent histrionics that American Idol contestants confuse with emotion. Although these 13 songs lack the distinctive punch needed to rival Alicia Keys — the gold standard for modern R&B; — the album is filled with subtle charm."

Mark Anthony Neal from *PopMatters* found that *Outrun the Sky* was in the spirit of Hathaway's previous album *The Song Lives On* but "finds its place. There are obvious attempts to garner some support from urban radio \[...\] but Hathaway'’s strength throughout her career has been the ballad. No longer feeling the need to compete with some of her R&B peers, Hathaway makes the transition here to song stylist — think Nancy Wilson — adding a level of depth by writing many of the project's songs." *SoulTracks* critic Chris Rizik noted that "while her 1999 disc with Joe Sample, *The Song Lives On*, was a career album that couldn't be replicated, with *Outrun the Sky* Lalah Hathaway has created a classy and welcome addition to her discography that should be gobbled up by her patient, devoted fans."

## Track listing

*Outrun the Sky* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "How Many Times" |  | Mike City | 3:40 |
| 2. | "Back Then" | * Hathaway * Chris Parks * Vivian Sessoms | * Parks * Sessoms | 4:50 |
| 3. | "Your Favorite Song" | Flowers | City | 4:07 |
| 4. | "Forever, for Always, for Love" | Luther Vandross | * Rex Rideout * Bud Harner | 5:52 |
| 5. | "Better and Better" | Flowers | City | 4:04 |
| 6. | "Outrun the Sky" | Hathaway | Hathaway | 3:06 |
| 7. | "If U Ever" | * Hathaway * David Delhomme | * Hathaway * Delhomme | 3:48 |
| 8. | "In the End" | * Parks * Sessoms | * Parks * Sessoms | 4:15 |
| 9. | "Admit It" | * Hathaway * Parks * Sessoms * Wondress Hutchinson | * Parks * Sessoms * Hathaway\[a\] | 5:34 |
| 10. | "Stronger" | * Hathaway * Delhomme | * Hathaway * Delhomme | 5:47 |
| 11. | "We Were 2" | * Hathaway * Delhomme | * Hathaway * Delhomme | 8:10 |
| 12. | "More" | * Hathaway * Delhomme | * Hathaway * Delhomme | 5:11 |
| 13. | "Boston" | Hathaway | Hathaway | 5:37 |
| Total length: | | | | 45:06 |

**Notes**

* **^\[a\]**  signifies additional producers

## Personnel

* Lalah Hathaway – vocals, backing vocals (2, 7, 8)
* Mike City – other instruments (1, 3), all instruments (5)
* Chris Parks – keyboards (2, 8, 9), guitars (2, 6-13), bass (2, 6-13), drum programming (2, 8, 9)
* Rex Rideout – keyboards (4), programming (4)
* Sundra Manning – Hammond B3 organ (4)
* Tim CarmonRhodes piano (6, 7, 10-13), organ (6, 7, 10-13), Hammond B3 organ (9)
* David Delhomme – keyboards (6, 7, 10-13), guitars (6, 7, 10-13)
* Erick Walls – guitars (1, 3)
* Ray Fuller – guitars (4)
* John "Jubu" Smith – guitars (6, 7, 10-13), additional guitars (9)
* Sekou Bunch – bass (4)
* Doug Livingston – pedal steel guitar (6, 10)
* Michael White – drums (4)
* Poogie Bell – drums (6, 7, 10-13)
* Lenny Castro – percussion (4)
* Ricky Rodriguez – percussion (6, 7, 10-13)
* Brandon Fields – saxophones (4)
* Nick Lane – trombone (3), horn arrangements (4)
* Lee Thornburg – trumpet (4)
* Vivian Sessoms – backing vocals (2, 8)
* Kenya Hathaway – backing vocals (7, 10)
* Jenny Douglas-McRae – backing vocals (8)

### Production

* George Nauful – executive producer, A&R direction
* Raymond A. Shields II – executive producer, management
* Pat Shields – A&R coordination, marketing
* Jack Frisch – art direction, design
* Kate Garner – photography
* Katrina Porter – hair stylist
* Kim Todd – make-up
* Marie Flemings – clothing

**Technical**

* Steve Hall – mastering at Future Disc (Hollywood, California)
* Jim Morgan – recording (1)
* Dave Pensado – mixing (1, 3, 5)
* Chris Parks – recording (2, 8, 9)
* Craig Burbidge – mixing (2, 6-13)
* Franny Graham – recording (3, 5)
* Steve Sykes – recording (4)
* Ray Bardani – mixing (4)
* Anthony Jeffries – recording (6, 7, 10-13)
* Ethan Wiloughby – mix assistant (1)
* Jason Merritt – mix assistant (4)
* Mark Green – additional engineer (4)
* Rex Rideout – additional engineer (4)

## Charts

Chart performance for *Outrun the Sky*
| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 34 |

## Release history

Release dates and formats for *Outrun the Sky*
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | September 28, 2004 |  | * Mesa * Blue Moon |  |

## InfoBox

| Outrun the Sky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lalah Hathaway | |
| Released | September 28, 2004 |
| Length | 45:06 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | * Mike City * David Delhomme * Bud Harner * Lalah Hathaway * Chris Parks * Rex Rideout * Vivian Sessoms |
| Lalah Hathaway chronology | |
| *The Song Lives On*
(1999) ***Outrun the Sky***
(2004) *Self Portrait*
(2008) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Outrun the Sky* | |
| 1. "Forever, for Always, for Love"
Released: 2004 2. "Better and Better"
Released: 2004 3. "How Many Times"
Released: 2004 | |
|  | |


title: Sentiero Azzurro

text:
# Sentiero Azzurro

The Verde Azzurro path, or "Blue trail" is a hiking route that runs entirely within the Cinque Terre National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, primarily connecting the five main villages.

Currently listed as route 592, it is commonly referred to as Trail SVA2, the former path number of the CAI of La Spezia. The path has historically been used by the local inhabitants to travel on foot between the villages of the park.

## Route

The path starts from Riomaggiore to reach Monterosso al Mare through Manarola, Corniglia, and Vernazza and is about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long. The maximum altitude is reached in Prevo, a tiny hamlet of Vernazza, at about 200 metres (660 ft) asl. It takes over 5 hours of walking to cover it entirely and can be considered divided into four distinct sections.

* 592-1 (SVA2): The first stretch, between Riomaggiore and Manarola, is better known as Via dell'Amore. It is the shortest and easiest segment at about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), and can be covered in less than half an hour. The path is closed since 24 September 2012  and it is expected to be opened in summer 2024 .
* 592-2 (SVA2): The second stretch, between Manarola and Corniglia, is 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) long and takes about 1 hour to walk. This section is rated as easy. The path is closed since 2013 .
* 592-3 (SVA2): The third section, between Corniglia and Vernazza, is 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) long and takes 1.5 – 2 hours. This section is rated as moderate to difficult.
* 592-4 (SVA2): The fourth section, between Vernazza and Monterosso al Mare, is 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) long and takes no less than 2 hours. This section is rated as moderate to difficult.

The overall difference in height of the path is about 600 metres (2,000 ft), largely concentrated in the two longest stretches between Corniglia and Monterosso al Mare.

## Visitation and Trekking Card

It is one of the most popular hiking routes in the area, and the only trail in the national park requiring a fee. Along the route, there are checkpoints for the Cinque Terre Trekking Card, a hiking permit instituted in 2001 by the park authority. The card is aimed at allowing the use of the services provided by the Cinque Terre National Park Authority and constitutes a sort of self-financing. The proceeds of the Cinque Terre Cards are mainly used to upkeep and restore the territory, as well as to provide transport services within the territory. The card is purchasable online as well as at any of the welcome centers found in the park. The price is 7.50 EUR (2024) .

## Closures

Due to the unstable nature of the land in this area, frequent landslides result in regular trail closures. The park authorities recommend all visitors to check the status of trails prior to beginning any treks through the park.

Since fall of 2019, the popular Via dell'Amore segment has been closed due to renovations to the trail, and is expected to reopen in spring 2023.

1. "Cinque Terre Card | Parco Nazionale delle Cinque Terre". *www.parconazionale5terre.it*. Retrieved 20 August 2020.

## InfoBox

| Sentiero Azzurro | |
| --- | --- |
| The path between Vernazza and Monterosso | |
| Sentiero Azzurro | |
| Length | 12 km (7.5 mi) |
| Location | Italy | Liguria |
| Designation | SVA |
| Trailheads | Riomaggiore | Monterosso al Mare |
| Elevation change | 600 m (2,000 ft) |
| Website | www.parconazionale5terre.it |


title: Pongsan station

abstract: Pongsan station is a railway station located in Pongsan-ŭp, Pongsan County, North Hwanghae Province, North Korea. It is on located on the P'yŏngbu Line, and it is the starting point of the Pongsan Line.

text:
# Pongsan station

**Pongsan station** is a railway station located in Pongsan-ŭp, Pongsan County, North Hwanghae Province, North Korea. It is on located on the P'yŏngbu Line, and it is the starting point of the Pongsan Line.

## History

Pongsan station was originally opened by the Chosen Government Railway in 1906 as **Madong station**; the name was changed after the establishment of the DPRK.

## InfoBox

| Pongsan
봉산 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 봉산역 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Bongsan-nyeok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Pongsan-nyŏk* |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Pongsan-ŭp,
Pongsan-gun
North Hwanghae
North Korea |
| Coordinates | 38°28′04″N 125°51′42″E / 38.46778°N 125.86167°E / 38.46778; 125.86167 |
| Owned by | Korean State Railway |
| Operated by | Korean State Railway |
| Platforms | 4 (2 island platforms) |
| Tracks | 6 |
| Connections | None |
| History | |
| Opened | 1906 |
| Electrified | Yes |
| Previous names | Madong |
| Original company | Chosen Government Railway |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Korean State Railway Following station  East Sariwŏntowards P'yŏngyang  P'yŏngbu Line  Ch'ŏnggyetowards Kaesŏng  West PongsanTerminus  Pongsan Line  *Terminus* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Preeti Bose

abstract: Preeti Bose is an Indian cricketer. She plays for Haryana women's cricket team in domestic matches. She is the first woman player from Haryana to play for the India women's team, Railways team and T20 Women's Asia Cup final. She plays for Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Women's Premier League (WPL).

text:
# Preeti Bose

**Preeti Bose** (born 20 April 1992 in Sonipat, Haryana) is an Indian cricketer. She plays for Haryana women's cricket team in domestic matches. She is the first woman player from Haryana to play for the India women's team, Railways team and T20 Women's Asia Cup final.

She plays for Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Women's Premier League (WPL).

## International career

### One Day International

On 19 February 2016, Bose played her first one-day international match for India Women against Sri Lanka Women and took two wickets.

Preeti Bose's bowling helped India win the 2016 Women's Asia Cup T20 title by 17 runs against Pakistan in Bangkok.

## InfoBox

Preeti Bose
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Preeti Bose |
| Born | (1992-04-20) 20 April 1992<br>Sonipat, Haryana |
| Batting | Right-hand bat |
| Bowling | Left-arm orthodox |
| Role | Bowler |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Only ODI (cap 116) | 19 February 2016 v Sri Lanka |
| T20I debut (cap 52) | 18 November 2016 v West Indies |
| Last T20I | 4 December 2016 v Pakistan |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2010/11–2018/19 | Haryana |
| 2019/20–present | Railways |
| 2023 | Royal Challengers Bangalore |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition WODI WT20I  Matches 1 5  Runs scored - 2  Batting average - -  100s/50s -/- -/-  Top score - 2\*  Balls bowled 48 96  Wickets 2 5  Bowling average 4.00 15.80  5 wickets in innings - -  10 wickets in match - -  Best bowling 2/8 3/14  Catches/stumpings -/- 1/- | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 12 November, 2019 | |


title: Point of zero charge

abstract: The point of zero charge (pzc) is generally described as the pH at which the net electrical charge of the particle surface is equal to zero. This concept has been introduced in the studies dealing with colloidal flocculation to explain why pH is affecting the phenomenon. A related concept in electrochemistry is the electrode potential at the point of zero charge. Generally, the pzc in electrochemistry is the value of the negative decimal logarithm of the activity of the potential-determining ion in the bulk fluid. The pzc is of fundamental importance in surface science. For example, in the field of environmental science, it determines how easily a substrate is able to adsorb potentially harmful ions. It also has countless applications in technology of colloids, e.g., flotation of minerals. Therefore, the pzc value has been examined in many application of adsorption to the environmental science. The pzc value is typically obtained by titrations and several titration methods have been developed. Related values associated with the soil characteristics exist along with the pzc value, including zero point of charge (zpc), point of zero net charge (pznc), etc.

text:
# Point of zero charge

The **point of zero charge (pzc)** is generally described as the pH at which the net electrical charge of the particle surface (i.e. adsorbent's surface) is equal to zero. This concept has been introduced in the studies dealing with colloidal flocculation to explain why pH is affecting the phenomenon.

A related concept in electrochemistry is the electrode potential at the point of zero charge. Generally, the pzc in electrochemistry is the value of the negative decimal logarithm of the activity of the potential-determining ion in the bulk fluid. The pzc is of fundamental importance in surface science. For example, in the field of environmental science, it determines how easily a substrate is able to adsorb potentially harmful ions. It also has countless applications in technology of colloids, e.g., flotation of minerals. Therefore, the pzc value has been examined in many application of adsorption to the environmental science. The pzc value is typically obtained by titrations and several titration methods have been developed. Related values associated with the soil characteristics exist along with the pzc value, including zero point of charge (zpc), point of zero net charge (pznc), etc.

## Term definition of point of zero charge

The point of zero charge is the pH value for which the net surface charge of adsorbent is equal to zero. This concept has been introduced by an increase of interest in the pH of the solution during adsorption experiments. The reason is that the adsorption of some substances is very dependent on pH. The pzc value is determined by the characteristics of an adsorbent. For example, the surface charge of adsorbent is described by the ion that lies on the surface of the particle (adsorbent) structure like image. At a lower pH, hydrogen ions (protons, H+) would be more adsorbed than other cations (adsorbate) so that the other cations would be less adsorbed than in the case of the negatively charged particle. On the other hand, if the surface is positively charged and pH is increased, anions will be less adsorbed as pH increases. From the view of the adsorbent, if the pH of the solution is below the pzc value, the surface charge of the adsorbent would become positive so that the anions can be adsorbed. Conversely, if the pH is above the pzc value, the surface charge would be negative so that the cations can be adsorbed.

For example, the electrical charge on the surface of silver iodide (AgI) crystals can be determined by the concentration of iodide ions present in the solution above the crystals. Then, the pzc value of the AgI surface will be described by a function of the concentration of I in the solution (or by the negative decimal logarithm of this concentration, -log10 \[I\] = *p*I).

## Relation of pzc to isoelectric point

The pzc is the same as the isoelectric point (iep) if there is no adsorption of other ions than the potential determining H+/OH at the surface. This is often the case for pure ("pristine surface") oxides in suspension in water. In the presence of specific adsorption, pzc and isoelectric point generally have different values.

## Method of experimental determination

The pzc is typically obtained by acid-base titrations of colloidal dispersions while monitoring the electrophoretic mobility of the particles and the pH of the suspension. Several titrations are required to distinguish pzc from iep, using different supporting electrolytes (including varying the electrolyte ionic strength). Once satisfactory curves are obtained (acid/base amount—pH, and pH—zeta potential), the pzc is established as the common intersection point (cip) of the lines. Therefore, pzc is also sometimes referred to as cip.

Besides pzc, iep, and cip, there are also numerous other terms used in the literature, usually expressed as initialisms, with identical or (confusingly) near-identical meaning: zero point of charge (zpc), point of zero net charge (pznc), point of zero net proton charge (pznpc), pristine point of zero charge (ppzc), point of zero salt effect (pzse), zero point of titration (zpt) of colloidal dispersion, and isoelectric point of the solid (ieps) and point of zero surface tension (pzst or pzs).

## Application in electrochemistry

In electrochemistry, the electrode-electrolyte interface is generally charged. If the electrode is polarizable, then its surface charge depends on the electrode potential.

IUPAC defines the *potential at the point of zero charge* as the potential of an electrode (against a defined reference electrode) at which one of the charges defined is zero.

The potential of zero charge is used for determination of the absolute electrode potential in a given electrolyte.

IUPAC also defines the *potential difference with respect to the potential of zero charge* as:

*E*pzc = *E**E*σ=0

where:

* *E*pzc is the electrode potential difference with respect to the point of zero charge, *E*σ=0
* *E* is the potential of the same electrode against a defined reference electrode in volts
* *E*σ=0 is the potential of the same electrode when the surface charge is zero, in the absence of specific adsorption other than that of the solvent, against the reference electrode as used above, in volts

The structure of electrolyte at the electrode surface can also depend on the surface charge, with a change around the pzc potential. For example, on a platinum electrode, water molecules have been reported to be weakly hydrogen-bonded with "oxygen-up" orientation on negatively charged surfaces, and strongly hydrogen-bonded with nearly flat orientation at positively charged surfaces.

At pzc, the colloidal system exhibits zero zeta potential (that is, the particles remain stationary in an electric field), minimum stability (exhibits maximum coagulation or flocculation rate), maximum solubility of the solid phase, maximum viscosity of the dispersion, and other peculiarities.

## Application in environmental geochemistry

In the field of environmental science, adsorption is involved in many techniques that can eliminate pollutants and governs the concentration of chemicals in soils and/or atmosphere. When studying pollutant degradation or a sorption process, it is important to examine the pzc value related to adsorption. For example, natural and organic substrates including wood ash, sawdust, etc. are used as an adsorbent by eliminating harmful heavy metals like arsenic, cobalt, mercury ion and so forth in contaminated neutral drainage (CND), which is a passive reactor that could possible metal adsorption with low-cost materials. Therefore, the pzc values of the organic substrates were evaluated to optimize the selection of materials in CND. Another example is that the emission of nitrous acid, which controls the atmosphere's oxidative capacity. Different soil pH leads to the different surface charges of minerals so the emission of nitrous acid would be varied, further impacting on the biological cycle involved in the nitrous acid species.

## Further reading

* Kosmulski M. (2009). *Surface Charging and Points of Zero Charge*. CRC Press; 1st edition (Hardcover). ISBN 978-1-4200-5188-9


abstract: Mexico formally declared war on the Axis Powers in support of the Allies on May 22, 1942, following losses of oil ships in the Gulf of Mexico, most notably the Potrero del Llano and the Faja de Oro, to German submarine attacks. After its declaration of war, Mexico was active in convincing other Latin American states to support the allies.

text:
# Mexican declaration of war on Germany, Italy, and Japan

Mexico formally declared war on the Axis Powers in support of the Allies on May 22, 1942, following losses of oil ships in the Gulf of Mexico, most notably the *Potrero del Llano* and the *Faja de Oro*, to German submarine attacks. After its declaration of war, Mexico was active in convincing other Latin American states to support the allies.

## Text of the declaration

> **THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED MEXICAN STATES DECREES:**
>
> ARTICLE I. It is declared that as of May 22, 1942, there exists a state of war between the United Mexican States and Germany, Italy and Japan.
>
> ARTICLE II. The President of the Republic will make the appropriate declaration and the international notifications that may be in order.
>
> **TRANSITORY ARTICLES**
>
> ARTICLE I. This law will enter into effect on the date of its publication in the Official Diary of the Republic.
>
> ARTICLE II. This law will solemnly be made known throughout the Republic.
>
> In compliance with Section I, of Article 89, of The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, and for its publication and observance, I issue this Decree at the residence of the Federal Executive Power, in the City of Mexico, Federal District, on the 1st day of June 1942.
>
> (sgd.) Manuel Avila Camacho


title: ZTBL FC

abstract: Zarai Taraqiati Football Club served as the football section of the Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited, formerly known as Agriculture Development Bank of Pakistan. In its brief history, the club won the Football Federation League, the second tier of Pakistani football in the second year after its inception. Based in Islamabad, the club played their home games in Jinnah Sports Stadium, Islamabad.

text:
# ZTBL FC

**Zarai Taraqiati Football Club** served as the football section of the Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited, formerly known as Agriculture Development Bank of Pakistan. In its brief history, the club won the Football Federation League, the second tier of Pakistani football in the second year after its inception.

Based in Islamabad, the club played their home games in Jinnah Sports Stadium, Islamabad.

## History

### Early years

The club was formed in 2010 by Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited to represent the bank in departmental matches. It was the fifth bank-based team to play in top-division of Pakistani football after Habib Bank, National Bank and the formerly dissolved teams of Allied Bank and Muslim Commercial Bank. In 2010–11, the club competed in the 2010–11 Pakistan Football Federation League, they were placed in the group B with Ashraf Sugar Mills, Pakistan Railways and Pakistan Television. On 29 November 2010, the club played its first-ever competitive match, ending in a 2–0 loss to Pakistan Television. Four days later they lost to Pakistan Railways with a similar scoreline. On 1 December 2010, the club recorded its first ever victory when they defeated Ashraf Sugar Mills 2–1. The club finished third in their group and failed to qualify for the final stages.

### Success

In 2011–12 the club once again competed in the Football Federation League. The club finished second in their group, winning three consecutive matches against Higher Education Commission, Mecca Flour Mills and Pakistan Railways before losing the final league game to rivals Pakistan Television. Both Zarai Taraqiati and Pakistan Television advanced to final stage, Zarai Taraqiati won topped their group two points ahead of Pakistan Television and got promotion to Pakistan Premier League winning 2 out of 3 games, losing their only game to rival Pakistan Television. They defeated Wohaib 3–1 in the finals of 2011–12 Pakistan Football Federation League to win the second division title.

On 7 September 2012, the club played their first ever 2012–13 Pakistan Premier League match against title-holders Khan Research Laboratories in a 0–3 loss at home. The club went 7 matches without any win, drawing four and losing three matches. The club recorded their first win of the season against Baloch Quetta in a 1–0 victory. On 17 September, the defeated Karachi Port Trust 2–0, causing a major upset, and on 25 December, completed the double over Karachi Port Trust when they defeated them 2–1 away. The club ended its first top-flight season with just victories from 30 matches and finished at 14th place, two points above relegation zone.

### Downfall and dissolution

Zarai Taraqiati started their 2013–14 Pakistan Premier League with 3–0 defeat to Pakistan Air Force. Their first victory of the campaign came against Pakistan Navy with a 2–0 away win. The club recorded their biggest victory after defeating newly promoted Pak Afghan Clearing 3–0 away. They withdrew after playing just seventeen games and all remaining matches were awarded 3–0 loss to them. Soon after withdrawing from the league, the parental organisation dissolved the team.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Zarai Taraqiati Football Club
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited Football Club |
| Short name | ZTBL |
| Founded | 2010 (2010) |
| Dissolved | 2014 (2014) |
| Ground | Jinnah Sports Stadium |
| Capacity | 48,200 |
| Parental Organisation | Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |