title: Unhappy the Land

abstract: Unhappy the Land: The Most Oppressed People Ever, the Irish? is a 2016 book by Liam Kennedy, professor emeritus at Queen's University, Belfast. Kennedy introduces, as well as criticizes, the concept of "most oppressed people ever" (MOPE) to describe what he sees as a pervasive assumption both among Irish nationalists and the Irish diaspora that Irish people have been uniquely victimised throughout history. Throughout the book he plays devil's advocate while questioning many truisms he perceives as being commonly accepted about Irish history.

text:
# Unhappy the Land

***Unhappy the Land: The Most Oppressed People Ever, the Irish?*** is a 2016 book by Liam Kennedy, professor emeritus at Queen's University, Belfast. Kennedy introduces, as well as criticizes, the concept of "most oppressed people ever" (MOPE) to describe what he sees as a pervasive assumption both among Irish nationalists and the Irish diaspora that Irish people have been uniquely victimised throughout history. Throughout the book he plays devil's advocate while questioning many truisms he perceives as being commonly accepted about Irish history.

## Contents

The title comes from Bertolt Brecht's aphorism that "Unhappy the land that is in need of heroes". It is meant somewhat ironically as Kennedy argues against the idea that Ireland is especially unhappy. Kennedy introduces the idea of "most oppressed people ever" (MOPE) in the first chapter, an idea which he believes is the master narrative for Northern Ireland. According to him, “This beguiling framework, which speaks as much to the emotions as to reason, has been enormously influential in shaping historical thought on Ireland, both at the level of folk history and academic writing.” The first part of the book is explicitly comparative, arguing that the British government did not suppress the Irish language and traditions as much as far-right and fascist governments in continental Europe dealt with minorities. Another chapter is focused on criticising analogies between the Great Famine and the Holocaust. Kennedy argues that those who make this analogy are typically vague, as specific parallels do not exist. Instead, the genocide allegations were invented to support the Irish nationalist narrative.

The book is not meant to be comprehensive, but supplies plenty of examples to support his thesis. Another of Kennedy's aims is to question the traditional model of mutually antagonistic Catholic and Protestant communities, in favour of pluralism. He is critical of both unionist and nationalist historiography, coming to similar conclusions about the Proclamation of the Irish Republic and the contemporaneous Ulster Covenant, which he says are "manipulative documents... replete with contradictions, evasions and silences... Each has its quotient of make-believe". He also questions whether a "War of Independence" really took place in Ireland, as it continued to have close ties with the United Kingdom, which was also the main destination of Irish emigrants. He also considers that it is more accurate to consider it a civil conflict between nationalists and unionists that was dealt with as a police action by the British. Full-scale war was prevented by public opinion in Britain, which opposed keeping Ireland in the Union by force.

## Reception

According to a favourable *Irish Times* review, "Kennedy seems to regard the historian’s role as somewhere between professional sceptic, state pathologist and investigative journalist". A review in the *Irish Examiner* describes the book as "a seminal book that poses fundamental questions about the social and political history of Ireland", although it is critical of Kennedy's "unprofessional" dismissal of Tim Pat Coogan's *The Famine Plot*. Irish senator Maurice Hayes said that the book "slaughters almost every sacred cow in sight, from the Famine to the Rising, the Ulster Covenant and the Proclamation of the Republic, the Troubles (however labelled retrospectively) and the Civil War". Ruth Dudley Edwards recommended giving a copy to then-Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams, who, she says, clings to the MOPE mentality "like a comfort blanket".

In an academic review, Professor Penelope Corfield lauds the book for being "Sombre in subject matter, lucid in approach, impressive in range, brilliant in insights, sturdy in documentation, judicious in tone, coolly courageous in its willingness to debunk stereotypes". She writes that the book should be required reading not just for Irish historians but for all those who study human disasters and historical memory. Writing in *Irish Studies Review*, Ian Miller calls *Unhappy the Land* "an intriguing book that sets out to challenge, provoke and presumably annoy many of its readers". He states that it is well-written, thoroughly researched, and convincing.


title: Miyajima Public Aquarium

abstract: Miyajima Public Aquarium is an aquarium on the island of Itsukushima in Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, Japan. The aquarium is accredited as a Museum-equivalent facility by the Museum Act from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

text:
# Miyajima Public Aquarium

**Miyajima Public Aquarium** (宮島水族館, *Miyajima Suizokukan*) is an aquarium on the island of Itsukushima in Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, Japan. The aquarium is accredited as a Museum-equivalent facility by the Museum Act from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

## Overview

The aquarium has around 350 species of aquatic animals include finless porpoises, sea otters, Steller sea lions, sea lions and penguins.

## Exhibits

The aquarium is divided into several sections across two floors featuring different habitats:

* Mudflats of Miyajima
* Sea of Healing
* Whales of Setouchi
* Mysteries of the Sea
* Blessings of the Sea
* Rocky Shore of Friendship
* From Mountains to Sea
* Penguin Pool
* Sea Lion Pool

## History

Miyajima Public Aquarium opened as a prefectural aquarium in 1959. It was transferred to Miyajima, Hiroshima as a town aquarium in 1967, and its buildings were reconstructed in 1981. In 2005, the aquarium was once again transferred to Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima as a city aquarium. In 2011, a roof was installed near the aquarium entrance as part of building renewal efforts to combat weather concerns.

34°17′43″N 132°18′55″E / 34.295392°N 132.315356°E / 34.295392; 132.315356

## InfoBox

| Miyajima Public Aquarium | |
| --- | --- |
| entrance of the aquarium | |
|  | |
| Date opened | 1959 |
| Location | 10-3 Miyajima, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan |
| No. of animals | 13,000 |
| No. of species | 350 |
| Memberships | JAZA |
| Website | http://www.sunameri.jp/index.html |


title: Patreksfjörður

abstract: Patreksfjörður is an Icelandic village in the Westfjords with 721 inhabitants. The town was named after Patrick bishop in the Hebrides who was the spiritual guide of Örlygur Hrappson, the original settler in the area who came from the Hebrides. Its economy is mainly based on its fisheries. Amenities include a swimming pool, bank, campsite, four guesthouses, a hotel, two restaurants, two cafes and a gas station. In town is a hospital, police station and the town hall for the Municipality of Vesturbyggd.

text:
# Patreksfjörður

**Patreksfjörður** (Icelandic pronunciation: \[ˈpʰaːtrɛksˌfjœrðʏr̥\], "Patrick's fjord") is an Icelandic village in the Westfjords with 721 inhabitants (2021 census).

The town was named after Patrick bishop in the Hebrides who was the spiritual guide of Örlygur Hrappson, the original settler in the area who came from the Hebrides. Its economy is mainly based on its fisheries.

Amenities include a swimming pool, bank, campsite, four guesthouses, a hotel, two restaurants, two cafes and a gas station. In town is a hospital, police station and the town hall for the Municipality of Vesturbyggd.

## Climate

Patreksfjörður has a tundra climate (ET).

| Climate data for Kvígindisdalur, 4.7 km (2.9 mi) from Patreksfjörður (1961–1990) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 10.4
(50.7) | 10.5
(50.9) | 10.5
(50.9) | 12.5
(54.5) | 18.6
(65.5) | 21.0
(69.8) | 20.5
(68.9) | 21.0
(69.8) | 18.0
(64.4) | 16.2
(61.2) | 11.7
(53.1) | 11.5
(52.7) | 21.0
(69.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.2
(34.2) | 1.7
(35.1) | 1.4
(34.5) | 3.9
(39.0) | 7.3
(45.1) | 10.1
(50.2) | 11.7
(53.1) | 11.7
(53.1) | 8.8
(47.8) | 5.7
(42.3) | 2.8
(37.0) | 1.5
(34.7) | 5.6
(42.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.2
(29.8) | −0.7
(30.7) | −1.2
(29.8) | 1.3
(34.3) | 4.7
(40.5) | 7.8
(46.0) | 9.4
(48.9) | 9.2
(48.6) | 6.3
(43.3) | 3.6
(38.5) | 0.7
(33.3) | −0.9
(30.4) | 3.3
(37.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.8
(25.2) | −3.1
(26.4) | −3.5
(25.7) | −1.0
(30.2) | 2.3
(36.1) | 5.6
(42.1) | 7.3
(45.1) | 7.2
(45.0) | 4.3
(39.7) | 1.7
(35.1) | −1.6
(29.1) | −3.4
(25.9) | 1.0
(33.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −17.4
(0.7) | −17.0
(1.4) | −18.5
(−1.3) | −18.0
(−0.4) | −9.4
(15.1) | −2.7
(27.1) | 1.5
(34.7) | 0.2
(32.4) | −4.0
(24.8) | −9.2
(15.4) | −12.0
(10.4) | −16.0
(3.2) | −18.5
(−1.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 129.3
(5.09) | 126.0
(4.96) | 124.2
(4.89) | 112.1
(4.41) | 62.7
(2.47) | 79.1
(3.11) | 82.2
(3.24) | 97.4
(3.83) | 116.8
(4.60) | 161.9
(6.37) | 148.4
(5.84) | 136.8
(5.39) | 1,376.9
(54.2) |
| Source: Icelandic Met Office (extremes 1956-2004) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Transport

Patreksfjörður Airport is an unscheduled airport located across the fjord, nearly 5 km (3 mi) south of the town. The nearest airport with scheduled flights is Bíldudalur Airport, 36 km (22 mi) from Patreksfjörður. Eagle Air connects Bíldudalur and Reykjavík with one daily flight. There are scheduled buses from Patreksfjörður to Bíldudalur Airport. The bus also connects Patreksfjörður with nearby villages Bíldudalur and Tálknafjörður.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Patreksfjörður | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Patreksfjörður, June 2008 | |
| Location of the Municipality of Vesturbyggð | |
| Patreksfjörður | |
| Coordinates: 65°35′43″N 23°59′5″W / 65.59528°N 23.98472°W / 65.59528; -23.98472 | |
| Country | Iceland |
| Constituency | Northwest Constituency |
| Region | Westfjords |
| Municipality | Vesturbyggð |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 721 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
| Póstnúmer | 450 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Patna Marathon

abstract: The Patna Half Marathon has been jointly conceptualized by NCC Dte Bihar & Jharkhand and the Department of Art, Youth & Culture to commemorate 75 years of India’s Independence and 50 years of victory in the Indo-Pak war, 1971. By involving the masses in these celebrations, we will foster national pride in India’s achievements and freedom struggle. The event also aims to promote Patna, the beautiful and historical city to the rest of the world, and to support Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, and Nasha Mukt Samaj Abhiyan. Prohibition, Excise & Registration Department, Bihar and the Tourism Department - Government of Bihar are the title sponsor for the event. The event is scheduled for 27 March 2022.

text:
# Patna Marathon

The **Patna Half Marathon** has been jointly conceptualized by NCC Dte Bihar & Jharkhand and the Department of Art, Youth & Culture (Bihar Government) to commemorate 75 years of India’s Independence (Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav) and 50 years of victory in the Indo-Pak war, 1971 (Swarnim Vijay Varsh).

By involving the masses in these celebrations, we will foster national pride in India’s achievements and freedom struggle. The event also aims to promote Patna, the beautiful and historical city to the rest of the world, and to support Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, and Nasha Mukt Samaj Abhiyan.

Prohibition, Excise & Registration Department, Bihar and the Tourism Department - Government of Bihar are the title sponsor for the event.

The event is scheduled for 27 March 2022.

## Course

## Event categories

There are three categories for contestant:

* Victory Run – 21 km
* Freedom Run – 10 km
* Celebration Run – 03 km

## Timings

* Victory Run – 5:00 A.M
* Freedom Run – 5:30 A.M.
* Celebration Run \- 6:30 A.M.

## Prizes

Prizes are to be awarded for:

### Male and Female categories 21 KM

* 1st Prize 2,00,000
* 2nd Prize 1,50,000
* 3rd Prize 1,00,000
* 4th- 6th Prize 50,000
* 7th- 10th Prize 25,000

### Male and Female categories 10 KM

* 1st Prize 1,00,000
* 2nd Prize 75,000
* 3rd Prize 50,000
* 4th- 6th Prize 25,000
* 7th- 10th Prize 10,000

## Organizers

Patna Half Marathon 2022 is being organized by NCC directorate Bihar & Jharkhand in association with Govt. of Bihar & its various departments.

NCC Uddan is the financial and operations partner for the event whereas Thinkers and Fillers is the digital partner for the same.

## InfoBox

| Patna Marathon | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 27 march 2022 |
| Event type | Road |
| Distance | Marathon |
| Established | 2021 |
| Official site | www.patnamarathon.co.in |


title: Windows-1250

abstract: Windows-1250 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows to represent texts in Central European and Eastern European languages that use the Latin script. It is primarily used by Czech. It is also used for Polish, Slovak, Hungarian, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian and Albanian. It may also be used with the German language, though it's missing uppercase ẞ. German-language texts encoded with Windows-1250 and Windows-1252 are identical. This has been replaced by UTF-8 far more than Windows-1252 has. As of October 2022, less than 0.04% of all web pages use Windows-1250. Windows-1250 is similar to ISO-8859-2 and has all the printable characters it has and more. However a few of them are rearranged. Most of the rearrangements seem to have been done to keep characters shared with Windows-1252 in the same place but three of the characters moved cannot be explained this way, since those do not occur in Windows-1252 and could have been put in the same positions as in ISO-8859-2 if ˇ had been put e.g. at 9F. IBM uses code page 1250 for Windows-1250.

text:
# Windows-1250

**Windows-1250** is a code page used under Microsoft Windows to represent texts in Central European and Eastern European languages that use the Latin script. It is primarily used by Czech. It is also used for Polish (as can Windows-1257), Slovak, Hungarian, Slovene (as can Windows-1257), Serbo-Croatian (Latin script), Romanian (before a 1993 spelling reform) and Albanian (as can Windows-1252). It may also be used with the German language, though it's missing uppercase . German-language texts encoded with Windows-1250 and Windows-1252 are identical.

This has been replaced by UTF-8 far more than Windows-1252 has. As of October 2022, less than 0.04% of all web pages use Windows-1250.

Windows-1250 is similar to ISO-8859-2 and has all the printable characters it has and more. However a few of them are rearranged (unlike Windows-1252, which keeps all printable characters from ISO-8859-1 in the same place). Most of the rearrangements seem to have been done to keep characters shared with Windows-1252 in the same place but three of the characters moved (Ą, Ľ, ź) cannot be explained this way, since those do not occur in Windows-1252 and could have been put in the same positions as in ISO-8859-2 if ˇ had been put e.g. at 9F.

IBM uses code page 1250 (CCSID 1250 and euro sign extended CCSID 5346) for Windows-1250.

## Character set

The following table shows Windows-1250. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent.

Windows-1250
|  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | EOT | ENQ | ACK | BEL | BS | HT | LF | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | DC4 | NAK | SYN | ETB | CAN | EM | SUB | ESC | FS | GS | RS | US |
| 2x | SP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \< |  | \> |  |
| 4x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \[ |  | \] |  |  |
| 6x | \` |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 7x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | DEL |
| 8x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 9x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ax | NBSP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | SHY |  |  |
| Bx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Dx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ex |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Different from ISO-8859-2   Different from Windows-1252 to match ISO-8859-2   Different from both Windows-1252 and ISO-8859-2     1. "Distribution of Content Languages among websites that use Windows-1250". *w3techs.com*. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
2. "Historical trends in the usage of character encodings for websites, October 2022". *w3techs.com*.
3. "Frequently Asked Questions". *w3techs.com*.
4. "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Czech". *w3techs.com*. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
5. "Code page 1250 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
6. "CCSID 1250 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-27.
7. "CCSID 5346 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
8. *Code Page CPGID 01250 (pdf)* (PDF), IBM
9. *Code Page CPGID 01250 (txt)*, IBM
10. *International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-1250\_P100-1995.ucm*, 2002-12-03
11. *International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5346\_P100-1998.ucm*, 2002-12-03
12. Steele, Shawn (1998), *CP1250 to Unicode table*, Unicode Consortium, CP1250.TXT

## InfoBox

Windows-1250
| MIME / IANA | windows-1250 |
| --- | --- |
| Alias(es) | cp1250 (Code page 1250) |
| Language(s) | Czech, Polish, Slovak, Hungarian, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian (Latin script), Montenegrin, Romanian (before 1993 spelling reform), Turkmen, Rotokas, Albanian, English, German, Irish, Luxembourgish, Dutch |
| Created by | Microsoft |
| Standard | WHATWG Encoding Standard |
| Classification | extended ASCII, Windows-125x |
| Other related encoding(s) | ISO-8859-2 |
|  | |


title: Philips Koninck

abstract:
Philips Koninck, also spelled Philip de Koninck, was a Dutch landscape painter and younger brother of Jacob Koninck. Koninck was the son of the jeweler Aert Koninck. He was married twice; in 1641 with Cornelia, a sister of Abraham Furnerius, living in Rotterdam, and in 1657 with Margaretha van Rhijn from Amsterdam. Philip studied painting under his brother Jacob in Rotterdam. After his second marriage he moved to Amsterdam. According to the Dutch writer on art Arnold Houbraken, Koninck completed his training in Rembrandt’s studio in Amsterdam. In the late 1640s, Koninck, began to paint panoramas, his canvases divided in half, horizontally, between equal measures of earth and sky. Koninck was evidently much affected by Rembrandt etchings like 'The Goldweigher's Field', which looked across a broad sweep of country layered with bands of shade and light. Also the style of Hercules Segers is to be detected in his work.
Impressionable and single-minded, Philips Koninck began to paint like this for the next decade, almost all his panoramas pieced together as if narrow ribbons of darkness and brightness had been laid across the canvas. He was a great success, enough of one, at any rate, to buy and operate a barge line that ran between Amsterdam and Rotterdam via Leiden, so that his business could travel through his own landscapes. He painted chiefly broad, sunny landscapes, full of space, light and atmosphere; they are seen from a high perspective, allowing a prominent view of the sky. Portraits by him, somewhat in the manner of Rembrandt, also exist; there are examples of these in the galleries at Copenhagen and Oslo. Of his landscapes, the principal are View at the mouth of a river at the Hague, with a slightly larger replica in the National Gallery, London; Woodland border and countryside at Amsterdam; and landscapes in Brussels, Florence, Berlin and Cologne. Koninck, a prosperous businessman, living on Reguliersgracht, appears to have painted only a few pictures during the last decade of his life. Several of his works have been falsely attributed to Rembrandt and many more to his nephew Salomon de Koninck (1609–1656), a disciple of Rembrandt, whose paintings and etchings consist mainly of portraits and biblical scenes. He was also the uncle of the painters Jacob II and Daniel de Koninck. All of these painters are to be distinguished from David Koninck (1636?–1687), also known as Rammelaar. David Koninck was born in Antwerp and studied there under Jan Fyt. He later settled in Rome, where he is stated to have died in 1687; this, however, is doubtful. His pictures are chiefly landscapes with animals and still life.

text:
# Philips Koninck

**Philips Koninck** (5 November 1619 – 4 October 1688), also spelled **Philip de Koninck**, was a Dutch landscape painter and younger brother of Jacob Koninck.

Koninck was the son of the jeweler Aert Koninck. He was married twice; in 1641 with Cornelia, a sister of Abraham Furnerius, living in Rotterdam, and in 1657 with Margaretha van Rhijn from Amsterdam. Philip studied painting under his brother Jacob in Rotterdam. After his second marriage he moved to Amsterdam. According to the Dutch writer on art Arnold Houbraken, Koninck completed his training in Rembrandt’s studio in Amsterdam.

In the late 1640s, Koninck, began to paint panoramas, his canvases divided in half, horizontally, between equal measures of earth and sky. Koninck was evidently much affected by Rembrandt etchings like 'The Goldweigher's Field', which looked across a broad sweep of country layered with bands of shade and light. Also the style of Hercules Segers is to be detected in his work. Impressionable and single-minded, Philips Koninck began to paint like this for the next decade, almost all his panoramas pieced together as if narrow ribbons of darkness and brightness had been laid across the canvas. He was a great success, enough of one, at any rate, to buy and operate a barge line that ran between Amsterdam and Rotterdam via Leiden, so that his business could travel through his own landscapes.

He painted chiefly broad, sunny landscapes, full of space, light and atmosphere; they are seen from a high perspective, allowing a prominent view of the sky. Portraits by him, somewhat in the manner of Rembrandt, also exist (e.g. see Joost van den Vondel); there are examples of these in the galleries at Copenhagen and Oslo. Of his landscapes, the principal are *View at the mouth of a river* at the Hague, with a slightly larger replica in the National Gallery, London; *Woodland border and countryside* (with figures by Adriaen van de Velde) at Amsterdam; and landscapes in Brussels, Florence (the Uffizi), Berlin and Cologne. Koninck, a prosperous businessman, living on Reguliersgracht, appears to have painted only a few pictures during the last decade of his life.

Several of his works have been falsely attributed to Rembrandt and many more to his nephew Salomon de Koninck (1609–1656), a disciple of Rembrandt, whose paintings and etchings consist mainly of portraits and biblical scenes. He was also the uncle of the painters Jacob II and Daniel de Koninck.

All of these painters are to be distinguished from David Koninck (1636?–1687), also known as Rammelaar. David Koninck was born in Antwerp and studied there under Jan Fyt. He later settled in Rome, where he is stated to have died in 1687; this, however, is doubtful. His pictures are chiefly landscapes with animals and still life.

## InfoBox

| Philips Koninck | |
| --- | --- |
| Self portrait | |
| Born | (1619-11-05)5 November 1619
Amsterdam |
| Died | 4 October 1688(1688-10-04) (aged 68)
Amsterdam |


title: Free-energy relationship

abstract:
In physical organic chemistry, a free-energy relationship or Gibbs energy relation relates the logarithm of a reaction rate constant or equilibrium constant for one series of chemical reactions with the logarithm of the rate or equilibrium constant for a related series of reactions. Free energy relationships establish the extent at which bond formation and breakage happen in the transition state of a reaction, and in combination with kinetic isotope experiments a reaction mechanism can be determined. Free energy relationships are often used to calculate equilibrium constants since they are experimentally difficult to determine. The most common form of free-energy relationships are linear free-energy relationships (LFER). The Brønsted catalysis equation describes the relationship between the ionization constant of a series of catalysts and the reaction rate constant for a reaction on which the catalyst operates. The Hammett equation predicts the equilibrium constant or reaction rate of a reaction from a substituent constant and a reaction type constant. The Edwards equation relates the nucleophilic power to polarisability and basicity. The Marcus equation is an example of a quadratic free-energy relationship (QFER). IUPAC has suggested that this name should be replaced by linear Gibbs energy relation, but at present there is little sign of acceptance of this change.
The area of physical organic chemistry which deals with such relations is commonly referred to as 'linear free-energy relationships'.

text:
# Free-energy relationship

In physical organic chemistry, a **free-energy relationship** or **Gibbs energy relation** relates the logarithm of a reaction rate constant or equilibrium constant for one series of chemical reactions with the logarithm of the rate or equilibrium constant for a related series of reactions. Free energy relationships establish the extent at which bond formation and breakage happen in the transition state of a reaction, and in combination with kinetic isotope experiments a reaction mechanism can be determined. Free energy relationships are often used to calculate equilibrium constants since they are experimentally difficult to determine.

The most common form of free-energy relationships are linear free-energy relationships (LFER). The Brønsted catalysis equation describes the relationship between the ionization constant of a series of catalysts and the reaction rate constant for a reaction on which the catalyst operates. The Hammett equation predicts the equilibrium constant or reaction rate of a reaction from a *substituent constant* and a *reaction type constant*. The Edwards equation relates the nucleophilic power to *polarisability* and *basicity*. The Marcus equation is an example of a quadratic free-energy relationship (QFER).

IUPAC has suggested that this name should be replaced by *linear Gibbs energy relation*, but at present there is little sign of acceptance of this change. The area of physical organic chemistry which deals with such relations is commonly referred to as 'linear free-energy relationships'.

## Chemical and physical properties

A typical LFER relation for predicting the equilibrium concentration of a compound or solute in the vapor phase to a condensed (or solvent) phase can be defined as follows (following M.H. Abraham and co-workers):

$$\log \mathrm {SP} =c+e\mathrm {E} +s\mathrm {S} +a\mathrm {A} +b\mathrm {B} +l\mathrm {L} $$

where SP is some free-energy related property, such as an adsorption or absorption constant, log K, anesthetic potency, etc. The lowercase letters (e, s, a, b, l) are system constants describing the contribution of the aerosol phase to the sorption process. The capital letters (E, S, A, B, L) are solute descriptors representing the complementary properties of the compounds. Specifically,

* L is the gas–liquid partition constant on *n*-hexadecane at 298 K;
* E = the excess molar refraction (E = 0 for *n*-alkanes).
* S = the ability of a solute to stabilize a neighbouring dipole by virtue of its capacity for orientation and induction interactions;
* A = the solute's effective hydrogen bond acidity; and
* B = the solute's effective hydrogen-bond basicity.

The complementary system constants are identified as

* l = the contribution from cavity formation and dispersion interactions;
* e = the contribution from interactions with solute n-electrons and pi electrons;
* s = the contribution from dipole-type interactions;
* a = the contribution from hydrogen-bond basicity (because a basic sorbent will interact with an acidic solute); and
* b = the contribution from hydrogen-bond acidity to the transfer of the solute from air to the aerosol phase.

Similarly, the correlation of solvent–solvent partition coefficients as log SP, is given by

$$\log \mathrm {SP} =c+e\mathrm {E} +s\mathrm {S} +a\mathrm {A} +b\mathrm {B} +v\mathrm {V} $$

where V is McGowan's characteristic molecular volume in cubic centimeters per mole divided by 100.


title: Viipurin Lauluveikot

abstract: Viipurin Lauluveikot is a Finnish male choir that was founded in Viipuri in 1897 and is one of the oldest men's choirs still active in Finland. After the Second World War, the choir moved from Viipuri to Helsinki because Viipuri had been ceded to the Soviet Union. Many prominent composers and conductors and soloists have worked with Viipurin Lauluveikot. The honorary marches of Viipurin Lauluveikot were composed by Jean Sibelius in 1920 and 1929. Sibelius was later named as an honorary member of the choir. Viipurin Lauluveikot performs the compositions of Jean Sibelius, Oskar Merikanto and Felix Krohn, and of Bach, Lowel Manson, Händel and Beethoven for instance. The choir is very active both in Finland and abroad. It has visited for example England, Japan, Hungary, Lithuania, China and the USA. In 2012 the choir had a 115-years anniversary tour to the previous hometown Viipuri and to St Peterburg, Russia. One of the traditional concerts is the First Advent Sunday concert in the Johanneksenkirkko church in Helsinki. The choir performs every year in the National Independence day flagging ceremony on the sixth of December in Helsinki at Tähtitorninmäki 9.00 a.m. local time. Radio transmission of the event is sent worldwide by Finnish Broadcasting company YLE. This ceremony is the beginning of the Finnish independence day every year.

text:
# Viipurin Lauluveikot

**Viipurin Lauluveikot** is a Finnish male choir that was founded in Viipuri in 1897 and is one of the oldest men's choirs still active in Finland. After the Second World War, the choir moved from Viipuri to Helsinki because Viipuri had been ceded to the Soviet Union.

Many prominent composers and conductors and soloists have worked with Viipurin Lauluveikot. The honorary marches of Viipurin Lauluveikot were composed by Jean Sibelius in 1920 (named Kunniamarssi 1921) and 1929. Sibelius was later named as an honorary member of the choir. Viipurin Lauluveikot performs the compositions of Jean Sibelius, Oskar Merikanto and Felix Krohn, and of Bach, Lowel Manson, Händel and Beethoven for instance.

The choir is very active both in Finland and abroad. It has visited for example England, Japan, Hungary, Lithuania, China and the USA. In 2012 the choir had a 115-years anniversary tour to the previous hometown Viipuri and to St Peterburg, Russia.

One of the traditional concerts is the First Advent Sunday concert in the Johanneksenkirkko church in Helsinki. The choir performs every year in the National Independence day flagging ceremony on the sixth of December in Helsinki at Tähtitorninmäki 9.00 a.m. local time. Radio transmission of the event is sent worldwide by Finnish Broadcasting company YLE. This ceremony is the beginning of the Finnish independence day every year.

## Discography

* Karjalani, Karjalani ... Fuga 9333 (2012)
* Isänmaalle laulamme (2010)
* Yhä kohoaa tuttu torni (2007)
* Te luulette meidän unohtaneen ... (2005)
* Adventin aikaa (2003)
* Viipurin lauluveikot 100-vuotta (1997)
* Kohottakaa riemuhuuto (1997)
* Käyn Luojalle laulamaan (1992)
* Oomme Karjalaa muistelleet (1984)
* Laatokka (1975)
* Joulu- ja hengellisiä lauluja (1970)


title: Niepart

abstract: Niepart is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krobia, within Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Krobia, 20 km (12 mi) south of Gostyń, and 78 km (48 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Niepart

**Niepart** \[ˈɲɛpart\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krobia, within Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Krobia, 20 km (12 mi) south of Gostyń, and 78 km (48 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

## History

The area formed part of Poland since the establishment of the state in the 10th century. Niepart was a private village of Polish nobility, administratively located in the Kościan County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. It was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. It was regained by Poles in 1807 and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, and after the duchy's dissolution in 1815, the village was reannexed by Prussia, and was also part of Germany from 1871. Following World War I, Poland regained independence and control of the village.

Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the village was occupied by Germany until 1945 and local Poles were subjected to various crimes. The administrator of the local estate was among Poles murdered in a public execution perpetrated by the German *Einsatzgruppe VI* in the nearby town of Krobia on October 21, 1939, as part of the *Intelligenzaktion*. In 1941, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles, who were either deported to forced labour in Germany or enslaved as forced labour of new German colonists in the county. Houses and farms of expelled Poles were handed over to new German colonists as part of the *Lebensraum* policy.

## InfoBox

| Niepart | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Old manor house in Niepart | |
| Niepart | |
| Coordinates: 51°42′18″N 16°59′32″E / 51.70500°N 16.99222°E / 51.70500; 16.99222 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Gostyń |
| Gmina | Krobia |
| Population | 520 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | PGS |


title: Sanson (cycling team, 1969)

abstract: Sanson was an Italian professional cycling team that existed for only the 1969 season. The team was one of several professional cycling teams throughout the 1960s and 1970s that were sponsored by Sanson Gelati, an Italian food producer.

text:
# Sanson (cycling team, 1969)

**Sanson** was an Italian professional cycling team that existed for only the 1969 season. The team was one of several professional cycling teams throughout the 1960s and 1970s that were sponsored by Sanson Gelati, an Italian food producer.

## Major wins

Overall Tirreno–Adriatico, Carlo Chiappano Milano–Vignola, Attilio Rota Escalada a Montjuïc, Gianni Motta Giro dell'Emilia, Gianni Motta Stage 10 Giro d'Italia, Carlo Chiappano

Media related to Sanson (cycling team, 1969) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Sanson
| Vittorio Marcelli wearing the team's jersey | |
| --- | --- |
| Team information | |
| Registered | Italy |
| Founded | 1969 (1969) |
| Disbanded | 1969 |
| Discipline(s) | Road |
| Key personnel | |
| Team manager(s) | Vendramino Bariviera |
| Team name history | |
| 1969 | Sanson |


title: Motts Military Museum

abstract: The Motts Military Museum is a military museum located in Groveport, Ohio.

text:
# Motts Military Museum

The **Motts Military Museum** is a military museum located in Groveport, Ohio.

## History

The museum was founded in 1987 by Warren E. Motts in his family home. However, by 1995, the museum announced plans to move to a new location with a 3,500 sq ft (330 m2) building.

After initially attempting to purchase and move Eddie Rickenbacker's Home to the museum in 1996, the museum constructed a replica four years later. The same year, the museum received an M47 Patton tank from Arnold Schwarzenegger. The museum broke ground on a 5,200 sq ft (480 m2) expansion in 2001 and completed it in 2006.

In 2012, the museum acquired a fire truck that was damaged in the September 11th attacks. It received funding from the state to build a shelter for its landing craft in 2015.

## Exhibits

Exhibits include the Ohio Military Hall of Fame, the Ohio Mobile Vietnam Memorial wall and the Vietnam War Dog Team Memorial.

## Collection

### Aircraft

### Ground vehicles

### Other

## InfoBox

Motts Military Museum
| Location within Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1987 (1987) |
| Location | Groveport, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 39°51′32″N 82°53′13″W / 39.859°N 82.887°W / 39.859; -82.887 |
| Type | Military museum |
| Founder | Warren E. Motts |
| Website | www.mottsmilitarymuseuminc.com |


title: Mouna Daaham

abstract: Mouna Daaham is a 1990 Indian Malayalam film, directed by K. Radhakrishnan. The film has musical score by S. P. Venkatesh. It was awarded an A certificate by the censor board.

text:
# Mouna Daaham

***Mouna Daaham*** is a 1990 Indian Malayalam film, directed by K. Radhakrishnan. The film has musical score by S. P. Venkatesh. It was awarded an *A* (restricted to adults) certificate by the censor board.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Sangeetharajan and the lyrics were written by Poovachal Khader.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Ee Raavil" | Unni Menon | Poovachal Khader |  |
| 2 | "Nillu Nillu Penne" | Unni Menon | Poovachal Khader |  |

## InfoBox

| Mouna Daaham | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | K Radhakrishnan |
| Produced by | J. V. Rukmangadhan |
| Starring | Vikram Mama |
| Edited by | V. G. Ambalam
K. Ravi |
| Music by | Sangeetharajan |
| Production
company | Chandrathara Cine Arts |
| Distributed by | Chandrathara Cine Arts |
| Release date | * 1990 (1990) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Moses Boyd

abstract: Moses Boyd is a British jazz drummer, composer, record producer, bandleader and radio host. His debut solo studio album Dark Matter (2020) was nominated for the 2020 Mercury Prize. In 2014, Boyd and saxophonist Binker Golding formed the duo Binker & Moses and released three consecutive albums, with accolades including one MOBO Award, two Jazz FM Awards and a Parliamentary Jazz Award. In 2022, Binker & Moses released their fourth album, Feeding the Machine, to critical acclaim. Boyd's self-titled jazz band Moses Boyd Exodus released several mixtapes in the mid-2010s and together have recorded most of Boyd's solo releases. The group consists of Theon Cross (tubist), Artie Zaitz (guitarist), Binker Golding (saxophonist) and Nathaniel Cross (trombonist). Under his own label, Exodus Records, Boyd made his solo debut with the extended play Absolute Zero in 2017, and followed it up with Displaced Diaspora in 2018. He has additionally collaborated with musicians such as Beyoncé, Little Simz, Lonnie Liston Smith, Zara McFarlane, Obongjayar, Ed Motta, Sons of Kemet, Soweto Kinch, Floating Points, Four Tet and Theon Cross.

text:
# Moses Boyd

**Moses Boyd** (born 30 April 1991) is a British jazz drummer, composer, record producer, bandleader and radio host. His debut solo studio album *Dark Matter* (2020) was nominated for the 2020 Mercury Prize.

In 2014, Boyd and saxophonist Binker Golding formed the duo **Binker & Moses** and released three consecutive albums, with accolades including one MOBO Award, two Jazz FM Awards and a Parliamentary Jazz Award. In 2022, Binker & Moses released their fourth album, *Feeding the Machine*, to critical acclaim.

Boyd's self-titled jazz band **Moses Boyd Exodus** (also known as **the Exodus**) released several mixtapes in the mid-2010s and together have recorded most of Boyd's solo releases. The group consists of Theon Cross (tubist), Artie Zaitz (guitarist), Binker Golding (saxophonist) and Nathaniel Cross (trombonist).

Under his own label, Exodus Records, Boyd made his solo debut with the extended play *Absolute Zero* in 2017, and followed it up with *Displaced Diaspora* in 2018. He has additionally collaborated with musicians such as Beyoncé, Little Simz, Lonnie Liston Smith, Zara McFarlane, Obongjayar, Ed Motta, Sons of Kemet, Soweto Kinch, Floating Points, Four Tet and Theon Cross.

## Early life

Boyd was born and raised in the district of Catford in south London. He describes himself as a "second-generation West Indian" with Dominican descent from his father and Jamaican descent from his mother. He attended Sedgehill School, which was where he began learning drums. Boyd claims that at one point he was taught drums by Bobby Worth. In 2016, he graduated from Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance with a Bachelor of Music degree in jazz drums. While at Trinity Laban, he took part of the jazz education programme Tomorrow's Warriors.

## Other ventures

In addition to music, Boyd was a resident host throughout 2019 on BBC Radio 1Xtra. He also performed a few stints filling in for Gilles Peterson on BBC Radio 6 Music in mid 2020.

## Artistry and reception

### Musical style

Boyd is popularly known for blending multiple genres into jazz to create various new sub-genres. He has been noted to perform and write in the styles of nu-jazz, and fusion, additionally incorporating elements of grime, electronica, highlife and broken beat. Boyd has described his own music as "an extension of black music, the diaspora" that draws influence from afrobeats, soca, reggae, drum and bass and jungle music.

### Critical reception

Boyd is known as a prominent figure within the modern London jazz scene. He has been described by *The Guardian* as "a progenitor of the current London jazz scene", and "a poster boy of the London jazz revival."

### Influences

Boyd has cited Miles Davis's *Kind of Blue* and Dizzee Rascal's *Boy in Da Corner* as major influences. Boyd is closely associated with jazz personality and DJ Gilles Peterson, whom he cites as an influence in learning how to "use jazz in club culture".

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
Jazz
 | UK
Indie
 | UK
Breakers
 | SCO
 |
| *Dark Matter* |  | 2 | 7 | 1 | 52 |

### Collaborative albums

| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
Jazz
 | UK
Indie
 | UK
Breakers
 |
| *Safe and Sound*
(as part of The Peter Edwards Trio) | * Released: 31 March 2014 * Label: Self-released * Compact disc, digital download, streaming |  |  |  |
| *Dem Ones*
(as Binker & Moses) | * Released: 31 May 2015 * Label: Gearbox * Formats: LP, digital download, streaming |  |  |  |
| *A Matter of Instinct*
(as part of The Peter Edwards Trio) | * Released: 17 June 2016 * Label: Self-released * Compact disc, digital download, streaming |  |  |  |
| *Journey To The Mountain Of Forever*
(as Binker & Moses) | * Released: 2 June 2017 * Label: Gearbox * Formats: LP, digital download, streaming | 3 | 42 | 11 |
| *Alive In The East?*
(as Binker & Moses) | * Released: 22 June 2018 * Label: Gearbox * Formats: LP, digital download, streaming | 15 |  | 17 |
| *Displaced Diaspora*
(with Moses Boyd Exodus) | * Released: 28 September 2018 * Label: Exodus * Formats: LP, digital download, streaming |  |  |  |
| *Feeding the Machine*
(as Binker & Moses) | * Released: 25 February 2022 * Label: Gearbox * Formats: LP, digital download, streaming |  |  |  |

### Extended plays

### Mixtapes

* *Footsteps Of Our Fathers* (with Moses Boyd Exodus) (2015)
* *Time and Space* (with Moses Boyd Exodus) (2016)

### Singles

#### As lead artist

List of singles as lead artist, with year and album
| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| As Moses Boyd | | |
| "Rye Lane Shuffle" | 2016 | Non-album singles |
| | | "Drum Dance" |
| "Frontline"
(featuring Kevin Haynes Grupo Elegua) | 2018 | *Displaced Diaspora* |
| "Stranger than Fiction" | 2019 | *Dark Matter* |
| | | "Only You" |
| "Shades of You"
(featuring Poppy Ajudha) | | 2020 |
| As Binker & Moses | | |
| "Intoxication from the Jahvmonisi Leaves" | 2017 | *Journey to the Mountain of Forever* |
| | | "The Valley of the Ultra Blacks" |
| | | "Trees on Fire" |
| | | "Echoes from the Other Side of the Mountain" |
| | "Fete by the River" | *Alive in the East?* |
| | "Children of the Ultra Blacks" | 2018 |
| | "The Birth of Light" |
| | "How Land Learnt to Be Still" |
| | "The River's Tale" |

List of singles as featured artist, with year and album
| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| As Moses Boyd | | |
| "Untitled"
(Mura Masa featuring Moses Boyd) | 2017 | Non-album single |
| | "Pineapple"
(Blue Lab Beats featuring Moses Boyd and Nerija) | *Xover* |
| "Drumming"
(DJ Lag featuring Moses Boyd) | 2018 | *Stampit* \- EP |
| As Binker & Moses | | |
| "Village of the Sun"
(Village Of The Sun featuring Binker & Moses and Simon Ratcliffe) | 2020 | Non-album singles |
| | | "Ted"
(Village Of The Sun featuring Binker & Moses and Simon Ratcliffe) |
|

### Guest appearances

| Title | Year | Other performer(s) | Album/EP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Mãos À Obra" | 2016 | Sonzeira | *Tam Tam Tam Reimagined* |
| | | | "Nana Nada" |
| | | | "Nós Precisamos De Você" |
| "The Balance" | 2018 | Various Artists | *We Out Here* (comp.) |
| | "Dawn" | DJ Khalab | *Black Noise 2084* |
| | "Black Opus" | Louis VI, Pete Johnson | *Sugar Like Salt* |
| | | "Track 7-ish" |
| "Battle" (as part of Binker & Moses) | 2019 | Ashley Henry | *Beautiful Vinyl Hunter* |

### Songwriting, production and performance credits

Adapted from Discogs, Tidal, and AllMusic.

| Year | Album | Artist | Title(s) | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *If You Know Her* | Zara McFarlane | "Move" | Drummer |
| 2015 | *Stories & Rhymes* | Jasmine Powers |  | Drummer |
| | *Aspirations* \- EP | Theon Cross |  | Drummer, mixer |
| | *Arise* | Zara McFarlane | All tracks | Composer, percussionist, vocalist |
| 2016 | *Tam Tam Tam Reimagined* | Sonzeira | "Mãos À Obra"; "Nós Precisamos De Você" and "Nana Nada" | Drummer |
| | *Oscar Jerome* | Oscar Jerome | All tracks | Drummer |
| 2017 | *Escapee* | Daniel Casimir |  | Drummer |
| |  | Zara McFarlane | "All Africa" | Bassist, producer |
| | *Nubya's 5ive* | Nubya Garcia | "Fly Free"; "Contemplation" and "Free Sun" | Drummer |
| | *Peace Begins Within* | Zara McFarlane | "Peace Begins Within" (both original and reggae versions) | Arranger |
| 2018 | *Your Queen Is a Reptile* | Sons of Kemet | "My Queen Is Harriet Tubman"; ""My Queen Is Yaa Asantewaa" and "My Queen Is Albertina Sisulu" | Drummer |
| | *Xover* | Blue Lab Beats | "Pineapple" and "Xover" | Composer and producer |
| | *Starting Today* | Joe Armon-Jones | "Starting Today"; "Almost Went Too Far"; "Mollison Dub"; "London's Face"; "Ragify" and "Outro (Forrow)" | Drummer |
| | *Where Are Your Branches?* | Oscar Jerome, James Massiah | "Smile On A Screen" | Drummer |
| | *Sugar Like Salt* | Louis VI | "Black Opus" and "Track 7-ish" | Drummer |
| | *Fyah* | Theon Cross | "Panda Village" | Drummer, producer |
| 2019 | *The Mage* | Greg Foat | "Of My Hands"; "Endless Love" and "The Magic Radish" | Drummer |
| |  | Zara McFarlane, Dennis Bovell | "East of the River Nile" (both original and alt. takes and their respective dub mixes) | Drummer |
| | *Kolmar* | Max de Wardener | All tracks | Drummer |
| | *Turn to Clear View* | Joe Armon-Jones, Asheber, Georgia Anne Muldrow, Jehst, Obongjayar | "Try To Walk With Me"; "Yellow Dandelion"; "The Leo & Aquarius" and "Self:Love" | Drummer |
| | *Beautiful Vinyl Hunter* | Ashley Henry | "Realisations" and "Battle" | Drummer |
| | *The Lion King: The Gift* | Beyoncé, Tierra Whack, Moonchild Sanelly, Nija, Busiswa, Yemi Alade | "My Power" | Producer |
| 2020 | *Symphonie Pacifique* | Greg Foat | "Prelude"; "Symphonie Pacifique"; "Undulation"; "Anticipation"; "Mu"; "Yonaguni"; "Island Life"; "Nikinakinu" and "Man Vs. Machine" | Drummer, composer |
| | *let all the poisons that lurk in the mud seep out* | Yves Tumor, Kelsey Lu, and Kelly Moran | "let all the poisons that lurk in the mud seep out" | Drummer, composer |
| | *As we stand* | Tori Handlsey | All tracks | Drummer |
| | *Morning Matters* | Yazmin Lacey | "Morning Sunrise" and "Lately (Interlude)" | Producer |
| 2021 | *Boxed In* | Daniel Casimir | All tracks | Drummer |

## Awards and nominations

| Organization | Year | Recipient(s) and nominee(s) | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AIM Independent Music Awards | 2020 | Himself | UK Breakthrough of the Year | Won |  |
| | *Dark Matter* | Best Independent Album | Nominated | |
| | *Dark Matter* Vinyl (Dinked Edition) | Best Creative Packaging | Nominated | |
| Jazz FM Awards | 2016 | Binker & Moses | Breakthrough Act of the Year | Won |  |
| | | UK Jazz Act of the Year | Won | |
| | 2019 | Himself (credited for 1Xtra residency) | Digital Award | Nominated |  |
| | 2020 | Himself | Innovator Award | Nominated |  |
| MOBO Awards | 2015 | Binker & Moses | Best Jazz Act | Won |  |
| | 2017 | | Himself | Won |  |
| | | | 2020 | Pending |  |
| Mercury Prize | 2020 | *Dark Matter* | Album of the Year | Nominated |  |
| Parliamentary Jazz Awards | 2016 | Binker & Moses | Jazz Newcomer of the Year | Won |  |
| PRS for Music Foundation | 2015 | Himself | Steve Reid InNOVAtion Award | Won |  |
| UK Music Video Awards | 2020 | "Stranger Than Fiction" | Best Alternative Video - UK | Nominated |  |
| Worldwide Awards | 2016 | Himself | John Peel Award | Won |  |
| | 2017 | "Rye Lane Shuffle" | Track of the Year | Nominated |  |
| | *Journey To The Mountain Of Forever* | Jazz Album of the Year | Nominated | |
| | | 2018 | *Displaced Diaspora* | Nominated |  |
| Worshipful Company of Musicians | 2014 | Himself | Jazz Young Musician Medal | Won |  |

1. Moses Boyd \[@MosesBoyd\_\] (30 April 2018). "Also my bday too. Hows that for coincednce?" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
2. Lewis, John (21 February 2020). "Electronic jazz with a distinctly London accent: Dark Matter by Moses Boyd". *Uncut*. ISSN 1368-0722. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
3. Rogers, Jude (18 July 2020). "On my radar: Moses Boyd on his cultural highlights". *The Guardian*. ISSN 1756-3224. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
4. Davies, Nicola (4 April 2018). "The art of jazz: A conversation with Moses Boyd". *Dummy*. ISSN 2567-7594. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
5. Reed, Davy (5 September 2018). "Displaced Diaspora: Moses Boyd is taking UK jazz on new adventures". *Red Bull*. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
6. Kilpatrick, Ruth (1 March 2020). "Moses Boyd: Shades of Blue". *The Line of Best Fit*. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
7. Todd, Bella (7 April 2017). "Discover Moses Boyd's passion for percussion". *Red Bull*. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
8. "Alumni - Moses Boyd". *Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance*. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
9. Thomas, Andy (10 August 2017). "Moses Boyd Is An Old Soul At The Forefront of U.K. Jazz". *Bandcamp Daily*. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
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11. "1Xtra Residency - Moses Boyd". *Radio Times*. ISSN 0033-8060. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
12. "Moses Boyd sits in with Oscar Jerome, Send The Stems and Covco in the Shakedown Mix". *BBC*. 20 August 2020. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
13. Williams, Phillip (4 August 2019). "A new wave of jazz musicians in the US and UK are blending genres and pushing the sound forward". *Red Bull*. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
14. Hahn, Bryan (20 February 2020). "Moses Boyd on the cross-genre wonder of Dark Matter". *The Fader*. ISSN 1533-5194. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
15. Coldicutt, Elena Richards (20 January 2020). "Musician Moses Boyd aims to fuse musical genres in his radical take on jazz". *The Northern Quota*. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
16. Ottewill, Jim (13 May 2020). "Nu-jazz sensation Moses Boyd on intense drums, self-production and tearing up the rulebook". *MusicTech*. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
17. Cliff, Aimee (3 August 2017). "U.K. Producer Moses Boyd Blends Jazz With Grime On "Square Up"". *The Fader*. ISSN 1533-5194. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
18. Hutchinson, Kate; Olmos, Antonio (8 April 2018). "The British jazz explosion: meet the musicians rewriting the rulebook". *The Guardian*. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
19. Monger, Timothy. "Moses Boyd | Biography & History". *AllMusic*. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
20. "Binker and Moses — the new sound of London jazz". *Financial Times*. 4 November 2016. ISSN 0307-1766. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
21. Lewis, John (21 February 2020). "Moses Boyd – Dark Matter". *uncut.co.uk*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
22. Embley, Jochan (30 April 2019). "London's jazz scene: A guide to the best artists and venues". *Evening Standard*. ISSN 2041-4404. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
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82. Moses Boyd \[@MosesBoyd\_\] (20 December 2018). "Displaced Diaspora has been nominated for Jazz Album Of The Year for the 2019 @gillespeterson Worldwide Awards. Its a public vote so if you want to cast your vote you can do do it…" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
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## InfoBox

| Moses Boyd | |
| --- | --- |
| Boyd in 2019 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1991-04-30) 30 April 1991
Catford, London, England |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations |  |
| Instrument | Drums |
| Years active | 2014–present |
| Labels | * Exodus * Gearbox |
|  | |
| Website | mosesboyd.co.uk |


title: Winter Chill

abstract: Winter Chill is a 1995 novel from Australian author Jon Cleary. It was the twelfth book featuring Sydney detective Scobie Malone and centers on the death of an American lawyer at a convention – and the murder of the security guard who found him.

text:
# Winter Chill

***Winter Chill*** is a 1995 novel from Australian author Jon Cleary. It was the twelfth book featuring Sydney detective Scobie Malone and centers on the death of an American lawyer at a convention – and the murder of the security guard who found him.

## InfoBox

Winter Chill
| First UK edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jon Cleary |
| Language | English |
| Series | Scobie Malone |
| Genre | Detective |
| Publisher | HarperCollins (UK)<br>William Morrow (US) |
| Publication date | 1995 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Preceded by | *Autumn Maze* |
| Followed by | *Endpeace* |


title: Wind Fell

abstract: Wind Fell is a hill in the Ettrick Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The Dumfries and Galloway-Scottish Borders border lies across the hill. Close to the Southern Upland Way, routes of ascent frequently incorporate its track and it is almost always climbed along with the neighbouring hills.

text:
# Wind Fell

**Wind Fell** is a hill in the Ettrick Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The Dumfries and Galloway-Scottish Borders border lies across the hill. Close to the Southern Upland Way, routes of ascent frequently incorporate its track and it is almost always climbed along with the neighbouring hills.

## Subsidiary SMC Summits

| Summit | Height (m) | Listing |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hopetoun Craig | 632 | Tu,Sim,DT,GT,DN |

## InfoBox

| Wind Fell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 665 m (2,182 ft) |
| Prominence | 90 m (300 ft) |
| Listing | Tu,Sim,,sHu,GT,DN |
| Geography | |
| Location | Dumfries and Galloway, Scottish Borders, Scotland |
| Parent range | Ettrick Hills, Southern Uplands |
| OS grid | NT 17897 06166 |
| Topo map | OS *Landranger* 79 |


title: Wind Data Generator

abstract: The Wind Data Generator (WDG) is a wind energy software tool capable of running WRF model to create a wind atlas and to generate wind data at any location, any height of interest for any resolution from 3 km to 10 km. Before investing in the installation of a meteorological measurement mast tower, wind engineers use the WDG software to generate Virtual Met Masts (VMM) at any area of interest and get 30+ years of hourly wind data. These data can be used to run pre-feasibility analyses and generate conceptual layouts for any wind turbine types. Doing so, site selection & ranking decision-making is based on optimized installed capacity (MW) and capacity factor numbers (MWh/year) even before having on-site mast data. The software has other interesting features that can be used to build more profitable wind farms over the long-term. The WDG is used worldwide to bring confidence on the project feasibility at the very early stages of project development in terms of both “quantity” and “quality” of the wind.

text:
# Wind Data Generator

The **Wind Data Generator** (WDG) is a wind energy software tool capable of running WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model) model to create a wind atlas and to generate wind data at any location, any height of interest for any resolution from 3 km to 10 km.

Before investing in the installation of a meteorological measurement mast tower, wind engineers use the WDG software to generate Virtual Met Masts (VMM) at any area of interest and get 30+ years of hourly wind data (speed and direction). These data can be used to run pre-feasibility analyses and generate conceptual layouts for any wind turbine types. Doing so, site selection & ranking decision-making is based on optimized installed capacity (MW) and capacity factor numbers (MWh/year) even before having on-site mast data. The software has other interesting features (Micrositing, MCP, extreme wind speed analyses...) that can be used to build more profitable wind farms (by reducing uncertainties) over the long-term (IEC standards).

The WDG is used worldwide to bring confidence on the project feasibility at the very early stages of project development in terms of both “quantity” (wind speed) and “quality” (shear, turbulence, inflow angles) of the wind.

## Model

The WRF model integrated in the WDG is a fully compressible and non-hydrostatic model. Its vertical coordinate is a terrain-following hydro-static pressure coordinate. The grid staggering is the Arakawa C-grid. The model uses the Runge-Kutta 2nd and 3rd order time integration schemes and 2nd to 6th order advection schemes in both horizontal and vertical directions. It uses a time-split small step for acoustic and gravity-wave modes. The dynamics conserves scalar variables.

## Innovation award

On April 9, 2014 in Paris, French-based MeteoPole was awarded an innovation award from the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the disruptive Wind Data Generator software, becoming the first wind power industry technology to be awarded by the MIT. The company’s CEO, Karim Fahssis, was also named by the MIT Technology Review as one of the world’s top 35 innovators of the year for introducing the path-breaking software to the wind industry. MIT’s TR35 has awarded several of today’s global influencers in its initial editions, including Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin.


abstract: The United Socialist Party of Venezuela Youth is the youth wing of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, which constitutes the initial scope of action of young people within the militant activity and under the party's guidelines.

text:
# United Socialist Party of Venezuela Youth

The **United Socialist Party of Venezuela Youth** (Spanish: *Juventud del Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela*, **JPSUV**) is the youth wing of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, which constitutes the initial scope of action of young people within the militant activity and under the party's guidelines.

## History

JPSUV was founded in Puerto Ordaz, in the state of Bolívar, on 12 September 2008.

### Founding congress

Prior to the founding congress, in July 2008, 140,000 young militants from all over the country were organized to form 14,000 "youth work teams" in the "socialist battalions" of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela. In each work team, a youth representative was chosen in August 2008 for the "socialist circumscription" of the party, to attend as a delegate to the founding congress of the JPSUV, scheduled for the month of September, in accordance as approved by the National Political Direction of the PSUV.

The founding congress of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela Youth (JPSUV) was held between September 11 and 13, 2008 in the city of Puerto Ordaz, Bolívar state, with the participation of more than 1,400 delegates elected from all over the country and It was attended by international delegates from Latin America, Europe, Oceania and the United States.

## Membership

JPSUV has more than 2 million registered members aged between 15 and 30 years.

### Affiliations

JPSUV is a member of the Young People of the Simon Bolivar Patriotic Pole. Internationally it is a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth (FMJD).

## InfoBox

| United Socialist Party of Venezuela Youth
Juventud del Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Secretary General | Rodbexa Poleo |
| Founded | 12 September 2008 (2008-09-12) |
| Headquarters | Av. Libertador, Los Caobos, Parroquia El Recreo, Caracas |
| Membership | 2.2 million |
| Ideology | Socialism of the 21st century
Bolivarianism
Chavismo
Left-wing populism |
| Colours | Red |
| Mother party | United Socialist Party of Venezuela |
| International affiliation | WFDY |
| Website | http://juventud.psuv.org.ve/ |


title: Mobile robot

abstract: A mobile robot is an automatic machine that is capable of locomotion. Mobile robotics is usually considered to be a subfield of robotics and information engineering. Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. Mobile robots can be "autonomous" which means they are capable of navigating an uncontrolled environment without the need for physical or electro-mechanical guidance devices. Alternatively, mobile robots can rely on guidance devices that allow them to travel a pre-defined navigation route in relatively controlled space. By contrast, industrial robots are usually more-or-less stationary, consisting of a jointed arm and gripper assembly, attached to a fixed surface. The joint. Mobile robots have become more commonplace in commercial and industrial settings. Hospitals have been using autonomous mobile robots to move materials for many years. Warehouses have installed mobile robotic systems to efficiently move materials from stocking shelves to order fulfillment zones. Mobile robots are also a major focus of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research. Mobile robots are also found in industrial, military and security settings. The components of a mobile robot are a controller, sensors, actuators and power system. The controller is generally a microprocessor, embedded microcontroller or a personal computer (PC). The sensors used are dependent upon the requirements of the robot. The requirements could be dead reckoning, tactile and proximity sensing, triangulation ranging, collision avoidance, position location and other specific applications. Actuators usually refer to the motors that move the robot can be wheeled or legged. To power a mobile robot usually we use DC power supply instead of AC.

text:
# Mobile robot

A **mobile robot** is an automatic machine that is capable of locomotion. Mobile robotics is usually considered to be a subfield of robotics and information engineering.

Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. Mobile robots can be "autonomous" (AMR - autonomous mobile robot) which means they are capable of navigating an uncontrolled environment without the need for physical or electro-mechanical guidance devices. Alternatively, mobile robots can rely on guidance devices that allow them to travel a pre-defined navigation route in relatively controlled space. By contrast, industrial robots are usually more-or-less stationary, consisting of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and gripper assembly (or end effector), attached to a fixed surface. The joint.

Mobile robots have become more commonplace in commercial and industrial settings. Hospitals have been using autonomous mobile robots to move materials for many years. Warehouses have installed mobile robotic systems to efficiently move materials from stocking shelves to order fulfillment zones. Mobile robots are also a major focus of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research. Mobile robots are also found in industrial, military and security settings.

The components of a mobile robot are a controller, sensors, actuators and power system. The controller is generally a microprocessor, embedded microcontroller or a personal computer (PC). The sensors used are dependent upon the requirements of the robot. The requirements could be dead reckoning, tactile and proximity sensing, triangulation ranging, collision avoidance, position location and other specific applications. Actuators usually refer to the motors that move the robot can be wheeled or legged. To power a mobile robot usually we use DC power supply (which is battery) instead of AC.

## Classification

Mobile robots may be classified by:

* The environment in which they travel:

## Mobile robot navigation

There are many types of mobile robot navigation:

### Manual remote or tele-op

A manually teleoperated robot is totally under control of a driver with a joystick or other control device. The device may be plugged directly into the robot, may be a wireless joystick, or may be an accessory to a wireless computer or other controller. A tele-op'd robot is typically used to keep the operator out of harm's way. Examples of manual remote robots include Robotics Design's ANATROLLER ARI-100 and ARI-50, Foster-Miller's Talon, iRobot's PackBot, and KumoTek's MK-705 Roosterbot.

### Guarded tele-op

A guarded tele-op robot has the ability to sense and avoid obstacles but will otherwise navigate as driven, like a robot under manual tele-op. Few if any mobile robots offer only guarded tele-op. *(See Sliding Autonomy below.)*

### Line-following car

Some of the earliest automated guided vehicles (AGVs) were line following mobile robots. They might follow a visual line painted or embedded in the floor or ceiling or an electrical wire in the floor. Most of these robots operated a simple "keep the line in the center sensor" algorithm. They could not circumnavigate obstacles; they just stopped and waited when something blocked their path. Many examples of such vehicles are still sold, by Transbotics, FMC, Egemin, HK Systems and many other companies. These types of robots are still widely popular in well known Robotic societies as a first step towards learning nooks and corners of robotics.

### Autonomously randomized robot

Autonomous robots with random motion basically bounce off walls, whether those walls are sensed.

### Autonomously guided robot (AGR)

An autonomously guided robot knows at least some information about where it is and how to reach various goals and or waypoints along the way. "Localization" or knowledge of its current location, is calculated by one or more means, using sensors such motor encoders, vision, Stereopsis, lasers and global positioning systems.

Positioning systems often use triangulation, relative position and/or Monte-Carlo/Markov localization to determine the location and orientation of the platform, from which it can plan a path to its next waypoint or goal. It can gather sensor readings that are time- and location-stamped. Such robots are often part of the wireless enterprise network, interfaced with other sensing and control systems in the building. For instance, the PatrolBot security robot responds to alarms, operates elevators and notifies the command center when an incident arises. Other autonomously guided robots include the SpeciMinder and the TUG delivery robots for the hospital.

**Autonomously Mobile Robot (AMR)**

### Sliding autonomy

More capable robots combine multiple levels of navigation under a system called sliding autonomy. Most autonomously guided robots, such as the HelpMate hospital robot, also offer a manual mode which allows the robot to be controlled by a person. The Motivity autonomous robot operating system, which is used in the ADAM, PatrolBot, SpeciMinder, MapperBot and a number of other robots, offers full sliding autonomy, from manual to guarded to autonomous modes.

## History

| Date | Developments |
| --- | --- |
| 1939–1945 | During World War II the first mobile robots emerged as a result of technical advances on a number of relatively new research fields like computer science and cybernetics. They were mostly flying bombs. Examples are smart bombs that only detonate within a certain range of the target, the use of guiding systems and radar control. The V1 and V2 rockets had a crude 'autopilot' and automatic detonation systems. They were the predecessors of modern cruise missiles. |
| 1948–1949 | W. Grey Walter builds Elmer and Elsie, two autonomous robots called Machina Speculatrix because these robots liked to explore their environment. Elmer and Elsie were each equipped with a light sensor. If they found a light source they would move towards it, avoiding or moving obstacles on their way. These robots demonstrated that complex behaviour could arise from a simple design. Elmer and Elsie only had the equivalent of two nerve cells. |
| 1961–1963 | The Johns Hopkins University develops 'Beast'. Beast used a sonar to move around. When its batteries ran low it would find a power socket and plug itself in. |
| 1969 | Mowbot was the very first robot that would automatically mow the lawn. |
| 1970 | The Stanford Cart line follower was a mobile robot that was able to follow a white line, using a camera to see. It was radio linked to a large mainframe that made the calculations.
At about the same time (1966–1972) the Stanford Research Institute is building and doing research on Shakey the Robot, a robot named after its jerky motion. Shakey had a camera, a rangefinder, bump sensors and a radio link. Shakey was the first robot that could reason about its actions. This means that Shakey could be given very general commands, and that the robot would figure out the necessary steps to accomplish the given task.
The Soviet Union explores the surface of the Moon with Lunokhod 1, a lunar rover. |
| 1976 | In its Viking program the NASA sends two unmanned spacecraft to Mars. |
| 1980 | The interest of the public in robots rises, resulting in robots that could be purchased for home use. These robots served entertainment or educational purposes. Examples include the RB5X, which still exists today and the HERO series.
The Stanford Cart is now able to navigate its way through obstacle courses and make maps of its environment. |
| Early 1980s | The team of Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr University Munich builds the first robot cars, driving up to 55 mph on empty streets. |
| 1983 | Stevo Bozinovski and Mihail Sestakov control a mobile robot by parallel programming, using multitasking system of IBM Series/1 computer. |
| 1986 | Stevo Bozinovski and Gjorgi Gruevski control a wheeled robot using speech commands. The project was supported by the Macedonian Association for Scientific Activities. |
| 1987 | Hughes Research Laboratories demonstrates the first cross-country map and sensor-based autonomous operation of a robotic vehicle. |
| 1988 | Stevo Bozinovski, Mihail Sestakov, and Liljana Bozinovska control a mobile robot using EEG signals. |
| 1989 | Stevo Bozinovski and his team control a mobile robot using EOG signals. |
| 1989 | Mark Tilden invents BEAM robotics. |
| 1990s | Joseph Engelberger, father of the industrial robotic arm, works with colleagues to design the first commercially available autonomous mobile hospital robots, sold by Helpmate. The US Department of Defense funds the MDARS-I project, based on the Cybermotion indoor security robot. |
| 1991 | Edo. Franzi, André Guignard and Francesco Mondada developed Khepera, an autonomous small mobile robot intended for research activities. The project was supported by the LAMI-EPFL lab. |
| 1993–1994 | Dante I and Dante II were developed by Carnegie Mellon University. Both were walking robots used to explore live volcanoes. |
| 1994 | With guests on board, the twin robot vehicles VaMP and VITA-2 of Daimler-Benz and Ernst Dickmanns of UniBwM drive more than one thousand kilometers on a Paris three-lane highway in standard heavy traffic at speeds up to 130 km/h. They demonstrate autonomous driving in free lanes, convoy driving, and lane changes left and right with autonomous passing of other cars. |
| 1995 | Semi-autonomous ALVINN steered a car coast-to-coast under computer control for all but about 50 of the 2850 miles. Throttle and brakes, however, were controlled by a human driver. |
| 1995 | In the same year, one of Ernst Dickmanns' robot cars (with robot-controlled throttle and brakes) drove more than 1000 miles from Munich to Copenhagen and back, in traffic, at up to 120 mph, occasionally executing maneuvers to pass other cars (only in a few critical situations a safety driver took over). Active vision was used to deal with rapidly changing street scenes. |
| 1995 | The Pioneer programmable mobile robot becomes commercially available at an affordable price, enabling a widespread increase in robotics research and university study over the next decade as mobile robotics becomes a standard part of the university curriculum. |
| 1996 | Cyberclean Systems  develops the first fully autonomous vacuum cleaning robot that self-charged, operated elevators and vacuumed hallways with no human intervention. |
| 1996–1997 | NASA sends the Mars Pathfinder with its rover Sojourner to Mars. The rover explores the surface, commanded from earth. Sojourner was equipped with a hazard avoidance system. This enabled Sojourner to autonomously find its way through unknown martian terrain. |
| 1999 | Sony introduces Aibo, a robotic dog capable of seeing, walking and interacting with its environment. The PackBot remote-controlled military mobile robot is introduced. |
| 2001 | Start of the Swarm-bots project. Swarm bots resemble insect colonies. Typically they consist of a large number of individual simple robots, that can interact with each other and together perform complex tasks. |
| 2002 | Roomba appears, a domestic autonomous mobile robot that cleans the floor. |
| 2002 | Nevena Bozinovska, Gjorgi Jovancevski, and Stevo Bozinovski carried out Internet-based robot control in a distance learning robotics class. A mobile robot in United States, South Carolina State University, was controlled by students in Europe, Sts. Cyril and Methodius University. |
| 2003 | Axxon Robotics purchases Intellibot, manufacturer of a line of commercial robots that scrub, vacuum, and sweep floors in hospitals, office buildings and other commercial buildings. Floor care robots from Intellibot Robotics LLC operate completely autonomously, mapping their environment and using an array of sensors for navigation and obstacle avoidance. |
| 2004 | Robosapien, a biomorphic toy robot designed by Mark Tilden is commercially available.
In 'The Centibots Project' 100 autonomous robots work together to make a map of an unknown environment and search for objects within the environment.
In the first DARPA Grand Challenge competition, fully autonomous vehicles compete against each other on a desert course. |
| 2005 | Boston Dynamics creates a quadruped robot intended to carry heavy loads across terrain too rough for vehicles. |
| 2006 | Sony stops making Aibo and HelpMate halts production, but a lower-cost PatrolBot customizable autonomous service robot system becomes available as mobile robots continue the struggle to become commercially viable. The US Department of Defense drops the MDARS-I project, but funds MDARS-E, an autonomous field robot. TALON-Sword, the first commercially available robot with grenade launcher and other integrated weapons options, is released. Honda's Asimo learns to run and climb stairs. |
| 2007 | In the DARPA Urban Grand Challenge, six vehicles autonomously complete a complex course involving manned vehicles and obstacles. Kiva Systems robots proliferate in distribution operations; these automated shelving units sort themselves according to the popularity of their contents. The Tug becomes a popular means for hospitals to move large cabinets of stock from place to place, while the Speci-Minder with Motivity begins carrying blood and other patient samples from nurses' stations to various labs. Seekur, the first widely available, non-military outdoor service robot, pulls a 3-ton vehicle across a parking lot, drives autonomously indoors and begins learning how to navigate itself outside. Meanwhile, PatrolBot learns to follow people and detect doors that are ajar. |
| 2008 | Boston Dynamics released video footage of a new generation BigDog able to walk on icy terrain and recover its balance when kicked from the side. |
| 2010 | The Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge has teams of autonomous vehicles map a large dynamic urban environment, identify and track humans and avoid hostile objects. |
| 2016 | The Path following of autonomous mobile robot using passive RFID tags is a new method to follow the path using RFID tags. It is proved that the robot always reaches the destination as close as the distance measurement error even if the distance and angular measurements are not exact. It is also capable of choosing right path among multiple paths. |
| 2016 | The Multi-Function Agile Remote-Controlled Robot (MARCbot) is for the first time used by US police to kill a sniper who killed 5 police officers in Dallas, Texas, which raises ethical questions regarding the use of drones and robots by police as instruments of lethal force against a perpetrator. During the NASA Sample Return Robot Centennial Challenge, a rover, named Cataglyphis, successfully demonstrated autonomous navigation, decision-making, and sample detection, retrieval, and return capabilities. |
| 2017 | Within the ARGOS Challenge robots are developed to work under extreme conditions on offshore oil and gas installations. |


title: Patrecia Scott

abstract: Patrecia Scott was a Canadian-born model as well as television and stage actress who was married to Nathaniel Branden from 1969 until her drowning death in 1977.

text:
# Patrecia Scott

**Patrecia Scott** (January 23, 1940 – March 31, 1977) was a Canadian-born model as well as television and stage actress who was married to Nathaniel Branden from 1969 until her drowning death in 1977.

## Biography

Born Patrecia Gullison, she started attending, in 1961, talks by psychologist and lecturer on Objectivist philosophy Nathaniel Branden, who was also born in Canada. In 1963, she married fellow student Lawrence Scott but, within months of her marriage, became romantically involved with Branden. The relationship ultimately became one of the key factors in Branden's split with his partner, mentor and lover, Ayn Rand.

Having used the name Patrecia Scott for modeling and acting assignments, she divorced Scott in 1966 and sought Rand's advice regarding a new professional name. Rand suggested that she take the surname of Gail Wynand, one of the lead characters in her novel *The Fountainhead*. Her new stage name thus became Patrecia Wynand.

In 1968, she and Branden moved to California and married in November 1969. In 1977, she drowned at home due to what was considered to be an epileptic seizure triggered by sunlight reflecting off the water in the pool while feeding their dog.

## Known as

* Patrecia Scott (first married name and professional name)
* Patrecia Branden (second married name)
* Patrecia Wynand (stage name)

## Television (as Patrecia Wynand)

TV episode title: "Mask of Deceit" Originally aired 1975 TV episode title: "A Woman's Work Is with a Gun" Originally aired January 21, 1975 Character name: Fay TV episode title: "A Walk in the Shadows" Originally aired 1972 Character name: Linda TV episode title: "Jennifer" Originally aired 1971 Character name: Rachel *ABC Movie of the Week* Originally aired 1971 Character name: Hostess

## Sources


title: Patna Medical College and Hospital

abstract: Patna Medical College and Hospital was established in 1925 and originally known as Prince of Wales Medical College, is a medical college located in Patna, the state capital of Bihar, India. It is located on the southern bank of the river Ganges and is now affiliated with Bihar University of Health Sciences. The exact location is on Ashok Rajpath which is also home to other colleges of Patna University. It has more than 1748 beds which is at par with AIIMS. The emergency ward is called IGCE and has an additional 220 beds. It is one of the busiest hospitals in India. The average daily outpatient load is one of the highest in India.

text:
# Patna Medical College and Hospital

**Patna Medical College and Hospital** (abbreviated as **PMCH**) was established in 1925 and originally known as Prince of Wales Medical College, is a medical college located in Patna, the state capital of Bihar, India.

It is located on the southern bank of the river Ganges and is now affiliated with Bihar University of Health Sciences (previously: Patna University and Aryabhatta Knowledge University). The exact location is on Ashok Rajpath which is also home to other colleges of Patna University. It has more than 1748 beds which is at par with AIIMS. The emergency ward is called IGCE (Indira Gandhi Central Emergency) and has an additional 220 beds. It is one of the busiest hospitals in India. The average daily outpatient load is one of the highest in India.

## Campus

Patna Medical College is situated in Ashok Rajpath. The nearest airport is the Patna Airport which is around 10–11 km from the campus. The nearest railway station is the Patna Junction around 5 km from the campus. Gandhi Maidan Bus Stand is 2  km from the campus.

## Upgrades

PMCH is currently being upgraded to be a 5462-bed hospital. This was one of the 37 proposals approved by the cabinet of Government of Bihar in November 2018. The new PMCH premises will be spread over 72.44 lakh square foot area. The new PMCH will have 250 MBBS seats (against the existing 150 MBBS seats), and 200 PG seats (against the existing 146 PG seats). The Rs 5,540- crore project will be executed by the Bihar Medical Infrastructure Structure Corporation Limited. The new hospital will be linked with the under-construction double-decker flyover along Ashok Rajpath and Loknayak Ganga Path (Ganga Expressway). The new building will be constructed employing the Seismic base isolation technique that would protect it from earthquakes, equipped with a helipad on its top.

## PMCH Metro station

PMCH will soon get Metro connectivity as the upcoming PMCH metro station under Patna Metro Rail Project (PMRP) will pass beneath the hospital premises. PMCH station will be part of the 14.45km long Patna Railway Station - Patliputra ISBT Corridor (Corridor-2) of the Patna Metro. PMCH metro station will have 4 entry and exit gates, two inside the PMCH campus and the other two towards the opposite side of road on the Ashok Rajpath. A small subway of 30 metre will also be constructed to provide connectivity towards the entry/exit gate on either side. PMCH metro Station having a length of 225 m, is coming partially inside the campus of PMCH and partially inside the campus of Anjuman Islamia Hall.

In July 2022, the main gate of Patna Medical College and Hospital (PMCH) on Ashok Rajpath was shut to undertake construction work for metro corridor-2. An old gate that led to the emergency department building on its western side, which was closed several years ago, has been reopened to facilitate the movement of doctors and other staff, patients, attendants, ambulances and general public.

## Notable alumni

## Notable faculty

## InfoBox

Patna Medical College Hospital
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Other name | PMCH |
| Former name | Prince of Wales Medical College, Temple Medical School |
| Motto | *Sarve Santu Nirāmayāḥ* (Sanskrit) |
| Motto in English | Let all be healthy |
| Type | Public Medical college |
| Established | 25 February 1925 (1925-02-25) |
| Principal | Dr. Vidya Pati Choudhary |
| Location | Patna, Bihar, 800004, India<br>25°37′15″N 85°09′37″E / 25.620914°N 85.160317°E / 25.620914; 85.160317 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Affiliations | Bihar University of Health Sciences |
| Website | patnamedicalcollege.edu.in |


title: Viipurin Reipas

abstract: Viipurin Reipas was an ice hockey club based in Viipuri (Vyborg). Its ice hockey section was established in 1928. It played in the SM-Sarja for two seasons Reipas was one of the six first hockey teams that played in the first Finnish Championship in 1928.

text:
# Viipurin Reipas

**Viipurin Reipas** was an ice hockey club based in Viipuri (Vyborg). Its ice hockey section was established in 1928. It played in the SM-Sarja for two seasons (1928 and 1932)

Reipas was one of the six first hockey teams that played in the first Finnish Championship in 1928.

## Relocation

After The Winter War and The Continuation War, the city of Viipuri was ceded to Soviet Union and Reipas was forced to move within Finnish borders. In 1945 Reipas relocated to Lahti where it continued, in the new home town of the evacuees, under its original name until renamed to Lahden Reipas. In 1975, Kiekkoreipas was formed to take over hockey operations.

## InfoBox

| Viipurin Reipas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Viipuri (Vyborg) |
| Founded | 1928 (hockey operations) |
| Championships | |
| Playoff championships | **1:** 1928 |