title: London Militia

abstract: The London Militia were the part-time military forces in the City of London. From their formal organisation as the London Trained Bands in 1559 they were periodically embodied for home defence, for example in the army mustered at Tilbury during the Armada Campaign of 1588. They saw a great deal of active service during the English Civil War, including the First and Second Battles of Newbury and the battles of Cheriton and Cropredy Bridge. Throughout their history they were used to suppress civil disorder and insurrection around the capital. In 1794 the London Trained Bands were reconstituted as part of the national Militia, and in 1881 the Royal London Militia became a battalion of the Royal Fusiliers. Although intended to be a reserve unit, the battalion saw considerable action on the Western Front during World War I. After 1921 the militia had only a shadowy existence until its final abolition in 1953.

text:
# London Militia

The **London Militia** were the part-time military forces in the City of London. From their formal organisation as the London Trained Bands in 1559 they were periodically embodied for home defence, for example in the army mustered at Tilbury during the Armada Campaign of 1588. They saw a great deal of active service during the English Civil War, including the First and Second Battles of Newbury and the battles of Cheriton and Cropredy Bridge. Throughout their history they were used to suppress civil disorder and insurrection around the capital. In 1794 the London Trained Bands were reconstituted as part of the national Militia, and in 1881 the Royal London Militia became a battalion of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment). Although intended to be a reserve unit, the battalion saw considerable action on the Western Front during World War I. After 1921 the militia had only a shadowy existence until its final abolition in 1953.

## Early history

The English militia was descended from the Anglo-Saxon *Fyrd*, the military force raised from the freemen of the shires under command of their Sheriff. London was reoccupied, refortified and garrisoned by Alfred the Great in 886 after a Danish occupation. In 1006 the citizen-garrison repelled an assault by King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark. Later, as the capital and largest population centre in the kingdom, the defence of London was politically and strategically important. King Harold marched through London on his way to the Battle of Hastings, so it is highly probable that a sizeable portion of the *fyrdmen* in his army at the battle were Londoners. The universal obligation to serve continued under the Norman and Plantagenet kings and was reorganised under the Assizes of Arms of 1181 and 1252, and again by the Statute of Winchester of 1285.

In the Second Barons' War of 1264 the City supported Simon de Montfort and the barons against King Henry III, and Londoners formed one division of the baronial army at the Battle of Lewes. However, even though they were on the winning side the London footsoldiers were routed and cut down by a fierce cavalry charge led by Prince Edward.

During the Wars of the Roses there was a brief Siege of London when a naval expedition from Calais under the Bastard of Fauconberg allied with Kentish rebels attacked the city in 1471. Led by the Sheriff of London, John Crosby, the Londoners (tradesmen and apprentices who practised archery in the fields on a Sunday and the richer merchants who aspired to be gentlemen and possessed good armour) beat back attacks on London Bridge and the eastern gates of the city.

King Henry VIII strengthened the military capability of the country: in Acts of 1511 (An Act concerning shooting in Long Bows., 3 Hen. 8. c. 3), 1514 (6 Hen. 8. c. 2) and 1541 (the Unlawful Games Act), Parliament reiterated the obligation on boys aged from 7 and upwards, and all men of military age, to practise archery (with English longbows, not crossbows) and for all towns and villages to set up Archery butts. Moorfields and Finsbury Fields were popular archery grounds for Londoners. In 1537 Henry issued a charter to the Fraternity of St George whereby the citizens of London could practise with 'artillery' (missile weapons including longbows and handguns), and in 1539 he called out a 'Great Muster' across the country, when the 16,000-strong ‘Citie Forces’ marched through London from their muster at Mile End and Stepney.

## London Trained Bands

The legal basis of the Shire levy was updated by two acts of 1557 (4 & 5 Ph. & M. c. 2 and c. 3), covering musters and the maintenance of horses and armour, which placed the county militia under a Lord Lieutenant appointed by the monarch, assisted by the deputy lieutenants and justices of the peace. In the City of London the elected Lord Mayor and Aldermen fulfilled these roles and appointed the militia officers. The entry into force of these acts in 1558 is seen as the starting date for the organised militia in England. Regulations for mustering the militia of the City of London were issued by Queen Elizabeth I in 1559.

Although the militia obligation was universal, it was clearly impractical to train and equip every able-bodied man, so after 1572 the practice was to select a proportion of men for the Trained Bands, who were mustered for regular drills. In theory the Trained Bands met for a day’s training in each of the summer months, but for most of the country this was perfunctory, and they were in fact Untrained Bands, who would not serve outside their own district. London was the exception to the rule: its regiments were well trained, capable of putting up a stout defence, and the men were even prepared to leave their businesses for short campaigns. The Fraternity of St George had developed into the ‘Artillery Company of London’ (later the Honourable Artillery Company, HAC) with a drill ground and firing ranges at the Old Artillery Garden outside the city walls at Spitalfields. With similar groups it provided much of the officer corps for the LTBs and ensured that they were among the best-trained and equipped in the country.

### Tilbury

When the militia were mobilised during the Armada Crisis in 1588, the London Trained Bands (LTBs) mustered 6000 men in four regiments (East, North, West and South) for the army assembled at the great camp at Tilbury, where Queen Elizabeth gave her Tilbury speech on 9 August. The LTBs were associated with the forces raised in the suburbs (the 'City Liberties' of Tower Hamlets, Westminster and Southwark).

### Civil War

Control of the trained bands was one of the major points of dispute between King Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War, but with a few exceptions neither side made much use of the trained bands during the war beyond securing the county armouries for their own full-time troops. The most notable exception was the LTBs, which were solidly behind Parliament. Increased to six large regiments just before the outbreak of war, they marched out to confront the Royalist army at the Battle of Turnham Green in November 1642, saving the capital for Parliament. In 1643 the LTBs were increased by six regiments of Auxiliaries, together with the TBs and Auxiliaries of the suburbs of Westminster, Southwark and the Tower Hamlets, brought under the control of the London Militia Committee. For the next two years brigades of City and Suburban TBs and Auxiliaries were regularly loaned to the small Parliamentary armies for specific campaigns.

A City Brigade marched with the Earl of Essex through Royalist-held territory to relieve the Siege of Gloucester and distinguished itself at the subsequent First Battle of Newbury (20 September 1643). Thereafter, brigades of London troops participated in the Siege of Basing House and the battles of Alton (13 December 1643), Cheriton (29 March 1644) and Cropredy Bridge (29 June 1644). However, the men were usually unwilling to serve longer than their first paid month, and later brigades suffered from desertion: sometimes whole regiments set up a cry of 'Home, Home!' The brigade that marched with Essex into Cornwall found itself taken prisoner or locked up in besieged garrisons after the disastrous Battle of Lostwithiel (21 August–2 September). The Second Battle of Newbury (27 October 1644) saw the last participation by a London brigade in the field, but a number of regiments remained in garrisons until the end of 1645.

The creation of the New Model Army (NAM) in 1645 relieved the citizen-soldiers of these duties, but the Army Crisis of 1648 saw Parliament try to use the LTBs as a counterweight to the NAM. The response was poor, but just weeks later the LTBs cheerfully turned out to defend the city against a Royalist force in the Second English Civil War. They also guarded the city during the Third English Civil War of 1650. Under the Commonwealth and Protectorate the English Militia were reformed and integrated into the system of military government. However, the LTBs retained their special status and were not required to serve outside the City without their consent.

### 1660–1794

After the crisis following Oliver Cromwell's death, the City welcomed the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, and the LTBs lined the streets for the arrival of Charles II. They were soon in action in the suppression of Venner's Rising. The LTBs were routinely called out to suppress riots in London, notably by weavers in 1675 and 1689, and trained bandsmen patrolled the streets during the time of the Popish Plot and the Exclusion Crisis of 1678–81.

The LTBs were not employed during the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when London transferred its loyalty to William and Mary, or during the subsequent wars. Generally the militia declined after the Peace of Utrecht, effectively disappearing in most counties, but not London where the LTBs and HAC continued to play a role in civic ceremonies. During the Jacobite Rising of 1745 the LTBs were employed to guard the approaches to London.

The LTBs were deployed on the streets of London during the Gordon Riots of 1780, opening fire on the rioters in defence of the Bank of England. Following the riots a permanent Bank Picquet was stationed every night until 1973, usually provided by the Brigade of Guards, but by the LTBs or HAC during elections (when it was illegal for the army to be stationed in the city).

## Royal London Militia

The London Trained Bands, with their own Act of Parliament, remained outside many of the 18th Century reforms of the militia system. When the City militia were finally reorganised in 1794 the traditional six regiments were reduced to two, the **East London Militia** and the **West London Militia** under the Commissioners of Lieutenancy for the City. Unlike most county militia regiments which could be 'embodied' for permanent service anywhere in the country, one of the London regiments had to remain in the city at all times and the other could not legally be employed more than 12 miles away. Both regiments were awarded the prefix 'Royal' in 1804. They were amalgamated into the **Royal London Militia** in 1820, under its own Act of Parliament (the Militia (City of London) Act 1820).

After years of decline following the Battle of Waterloo, the Militia of the United Kingdom was revived by the Militia Act 1852, enacted during a period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment. Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21–28 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act, Militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time home defence service in three circumstances:

1. 'Whenever a state of war exists between Her Majesty and any foreign power'.
2. 'In all cases of invasion or upon imminent danger thereof'.
3. 'In all cases of rebellion or insurrection'.

Now, rather than being drawn from city merchants, many of the Royal London regiment's officers were retired from the regular army, including a number of members of the Gentlemen at Arms.

The Royal London Militia was embodied for full-time duty from 20 February 1855 to 12 June 1856 during the Crimean War.

The Commission of Lieutenancy for the City built Finsbury Barracks for the Royal London Militia on a site adjacent to the HAC's headquarters at Armoury House. The building was designed by Joseph Jennings and was completed in 1857.

Militia battalions now had a large cadre of permanent staff (about 30). Around a third of the recruits and many young officers went on to join the Regular Army. The Militia Reserve introduced in 1867 consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war.

Under the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Volunteers were grouped into county brigades with Regular battalions and their local Rifle Volunteer Corps – for the Royal Londons this was in Brigade Nos 51 and 52 with the 60th Rifles and the 2nd Middlesex Militia. This was not particularly convenient, when the regimental depot for the Rifles was in Winchester. These were purely administrative arrangements, but a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the *Army List* from December 1875. This assigned Regular and Militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The Royal London Militia were assigned to 1st Brigade of 3rd Division, III Corps. The brigade, consisting of three Irish Militia regiments as well as the Royal Londons, would have mustered at Tunbridge Wells in time of war.

## Royal Fusiliers

The Childers Reforms of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further, formally turning the militia regiments into battalions of their linked regular regiments. However, while the 2nd Middlesex remained with the 60th Rifles, the Royal Londons were transferred to the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), a much more convenient arrangement. Consequently, the regiment became the **4th (Royal London Militia) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers** on 1 July 1881. When the Royal Fusiliers raised two additional regular battalions in 1898, the Royal Londons became the 6th Battalion.

The battalion was embodied from 1 May to 18 October 1900 during the Second Boer War.

## Special Reserve

After the Boer War, the future of the militia was called into question. There were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers) to take their place in the six Army Corps proposed by the Secretary of State for War, St John Brodrick. However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out. Under the more sweeping Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Militia was replaced by the Special Reserve (SR), a semi-professional force whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for regular units serving overseas in wartime, rather like the earlier Militia Reserve. The battalion became the **7th (Extra Reserve) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers**, on 28 June 1908.

### World War I

The 7th (Extra Reserve) Battalion was one of only a few SR battalions that was employed for combat during World War I, probably because the Royal Fusiliers had three SR battalions supporting four regular battalions instead of the usual 1:2 ratio. 7th Royal Fusiliers served (alongside the HAC) in 63rd (Royal Naval) Division on the Western Front, seeing a considerable amount of action from the Battle of the Ancre in late 1916. It fought at Arras and Passchendaele, against the German spring offensive and in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive. It was disembodied for the last time on 3 June 1919.

The SR resumed its old title of Militia in 1921 and then became the Supplementary Reserve in 1924, but almost all militia battalions remained in abeyance after World War I. They remained in the *Army List* , but by 1939 the 7th Royal Fusiliers had no officers listed. The militia were not activated during World War II and were all formally disbanded in April 1953.

## Footnotes

1. Stenton, pp. 258–9, 385.
2. Fortescue, Vol I, pp. 5–7.
3. Holmes, pp. 90–100.
4. Oman, p. 110.
5. Stenton, pp. 290–1, 592–6.
6. Fortescue, Vol I, pp. 12–6.
7. Hay, pp. 60–1
8. Maitland, pp. 162, 276.
9. Nagel, pp. 6–8.
10. Oman, pp. 359–60.
11. Oman, pp. 421–31.
12. Ross, pp. 173–5, 181.
13. Richmond.
14. Money Barnes, p. 22.
15. Emberton, pp. 11–3.
16. Hay, pp. 64, 90.
17. History 1537–1799 at HAC.
18. Beckett, p. 20.
19. Boynton, Chapter II.
20. Cruickshank, p. 17.
21. Emberton, p. 13.
22. Fortescue, Vol I, p. 125.
23. Hay, p. 88.
24. Hay, pp. 258–61.
25. Maitland, pp. 234–5, 278.
26. Roberts, pp. 7–8.
27. Boynton, pp. 13–7.
28. Cruickshank, pp. 24–5.
29. Hay, pp. 11–17, 25–6.
30. Nagel, p. 9.
31. Money Barnes, pp. 40, 80.
32. Firth, pp. 8–11.
33. Embleton, p. 14.
34. Nagel, pp. 10–1.
35. Money Barnes, pp. 25–6.
36. Cruickshank, p. 14.
37. Emberton, pp. 16–7.
38. Hay, pp. 95–6.
39. Leslie, *Muster*.
40. Nagel, pp. 12–4.
41. Emberton.
42. Firth, pp. 15–8.
43. Nagel.
44. Roberts.
45. London Trained Bands at British Civil War Project.
46. Adair.
47. Toynbee & Young.
48. Gardiner, Vol III, pp. 278–9.
49. Childs, pp. 15–6.
50. Money Barnes, p. 66.
51. Western, pp. 72, 80.
52. Money Barnes, p. 98.
53. Acres.
54. Frederick, p. 284.
55. Parkyn.
56. Royal London Militia at Regiments.org.
57. Western, p. 223.
58. Dunlop, pp. 42–5.
59. Grierson, pp. 27–8.
60. Spiers, *Army & Society*, pp. 91–2.
61. Hay, pp. 155–6.
62. *Army List*, various dates.
63. *Hart's*.
64. 'Estate' at HAC.
65. Dunlop, pp. 42–52.
66. Grierson, 84–5, 113, 120.
67. Spiers, *Late Victorian Army*, pp. 97, 102, 126–7.
68. Spiers, *Army & Society*, pp. 195–6.
69. Barnes, Appendix II.
70. Barnes, p. 283.
71. Dunlop, pp. 131–40, 158-62.
72. Spiers, *Army & Society*, pp. 243–2, 254.
73. Dunlop, pp. 270–2.
74. Frederick, pp. vi–vii.
75. Spiers, *Army & Society*, pp. 275–7.
76. Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 117–28.
77. James, p. 49.
78. 63d (RN) Division at Long, Long Trail.
79. Royal Fusiliers at Long, Long Trail.
* W. Marston Acres, 'The Bank of England Picquet', *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research*, Vol 12, No 46 (Summer 1933), pp. 74–83.
* John Adair, *Cheriton 1644: The Campaign and the Battle*, Kineton: Roundwood, 1973, ISBN 0-900093-19-6.
* Maj R. Money Barnes, *The Soldiers of London*, London: Seeley Service, 1963.
* Maj A.F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
* Lindsay Boynton, *The Elizabethan Militia 1558–1638*, London: Routledge & Keegan Paul, 1967.
* John Childs, *The Army of Charles II*, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976, ISBN 0-7100-8301-7.
* C.G. Cruickshank, *Elizabeth's Army*, 2nd Edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
* Col John K. Dunlop, *The Development of the British Army 1899–1914*, London: Methuen, 1938.
* Wilfred Emberton, *Skippon’s Brave Boys: The Origin, Development and Civil War Service of London’s Trained Bands*, Buckingham: Barracuda, 1984, ISBN 0-86023190-9.
* Sir Charles Firth, *Cromwell's Army: A History of the English Soldier during the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate*, 3rd Edn, London: Greenhill, 1992, ISBN 1-85367-120-7.
* Sir John Fortescue, *A History of the British Army*, Vol I, 2nd Edn, London: Macmillan, 1910.
* S.R. Gardiner, *History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate*, Vol III, *1653–1655*, London: Longmans, 1903/Adlestrop: Windrush Press, 1989, ISBN 0-900075-85-6.
* Lt-Col James Moncrieff Grierson (Col Peter S. Walton, ed.), *Scarlet into Khaki: The British Army on the Eve of the Boer War*, London: Sampson Low, 1899/London: Greenhill, 1988, ISBN 0-947898-81-6.
* Lt-Col H.G. Hart, *The New Annual Army List, and Militia List* (various dates from 1840).
* Col George Jackson Hay, *An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force)*, London:United Service Gazette, 1905/Ray Westlake Military Books, 1987, ISBN 0-9508530-7-0.
* Richard Holmes, *Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoats to Dusty Warriors*, London: HarperPress, 2011, ISBN 978-0-00-722570-5.
* Brig E.A. James, *British Regiments 1914–18*, London: Samson Books, 1978/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-197-9.
* Lt-Col J.H. Leslie, ‘A Survey, or Muster, of the Armed and Trayned Companies in London, 1588 and 1599’, *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research*, 1925, Vol 4, No 16 (April–June 1925), pp. 62–71.
* F. W. Maitland, *The Constitutional History of England*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1931.
* Lawson Chase Nagel, *The Militia of London, 1641–1649*, PhD thesis, King's College London, 1982.
* Sir Charles Oman, *A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages*, Vol I, *378–1278AD*, London: Methuen, 1924/Greenhill 1991, ISBN 1-85367-100-2.
* H.G. Parkyn, 'English Militia Regiments 1757–1935: Their Badges and Buttons', *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research*, Vol 15, No 60 (Winter 1936), pp. 216–248.
* C.F. Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish Rising of May 1471’, *English Historical Review*, Vol 85, No 337, October 1970, pp. 673–692.
* Keith Roberts, *London And Liberty: Ensigns of the London Trained Bands*, Eastwood, Nottinghamshire: Partizan Press, 1987, ISBN 0-946525-16-1.
* Charles Ross, *Edward IV*, London: Eyre Methuen, 1974/Yale University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-300-07371-2.
* Edward M. Spiers, *The Army and Society 1815–1914*, London: Longmans, 1980, ISBN 0-582-48565-7.
* Edward M. Spiers, *The Late Victorian Army 1868–1902*, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992/Sandpiper Books, 1999, ISBN 0-7190-2659-8.
* Sir Frank Stenton, *The Oxford History of England*, Vol II, *Anglo-Saxon England*, 3rd Edn, Oxford: Clarendon, 1971, ISBN 0-19-821716-1.
* Margaret Toynbee & Brig Peter Young, *Cropredy Bridge, 1644: The Campaign and the Battle*, Kineton: Roundwood, 1970, ISBN 0-900093-17-X.
* J.R. Western *The English Militia in the Eighteenth Century: The Story of a Political Issue 1660–1802*, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965.

### External sources


title: Look Who's Laughing

abstract: Look Who's Laughing is a 1941 American comedy film directed by Allan Dwan It was produced and distributed by RKO Pictures. The film is built around a number of radio stars from the Golden Age of Radio and centers around radio personality Jim Jordan as Fibber McGee from the comic duo, Fibber McGee and Molly, who plans to build an aircraft factory in a small town. Look Who's Laughing was followed by Here We Go Again (1942), with many of the radio stars reprising their performances. It is also known by the alternative title Look Who's Talking.

text:
# Look Who's Laughing

***Look Who's Laughing*** is a 1941 American comedy film directed by Allan Dwan It was produced and distributed by RKO Pictures. The film is built around a number of radio stars from the Golden Age of Radio and centers around radio personality Jim Jordan as Fibber McGee from the comic duo, Fibber McGee and Molly, who plans to build an aircraft factory in a small town. *Look Who's Laughing* was followed by *Here We Go Again* (1942), with many of the radio stars reprising their performances. It is also known by the alternative title ***Look Who's Talking***.

## Plot

In New York, Edgar Bergen does his last radio performance of the season, a doctor's sketch with his puppet, Charlie McCarthy, and his assistant, Julie Patterson (Lucille Ball). After the performance Bergen hosts an engagement party for Julie and his business partner, Jerry Wood. The next day, Bergen and Charlie are set for their summer vacation. Flying in his new aircraft, Bergen gets lost and lands in Wistful Vista, home of Fibber McGee and Molly.

Bergen's almost crash landing interrupts a meeting with Wistful Vista's Chamber of Commerce. Fibber, president, has just proposed the selling of the town's airstrip to Hilary Horton, owner of the Horton Aircraft Factory. The Commerce and townspeople thought Bergen's aircraft was carrying Horton.

Bergen and Charlie are welcomed with Fibber and Molly inviting them to stay at their home. Learning of Fibber's plans, Bergen offers to convince Hilary, his friend, to build his factory at Wistful Vista. Throckmorton P. Gildersleeve (Harold Peary), secretly working for Ironton Realty, a rival company wanting to purchase Horton's factory, gets a scoop of Fibber and Bergen's plans. He goes to Sam Cudahy (Charles Halton), owner of Ironton Realty, planning to back out of Cudahy's schemes. Threatened by blackmail, Gildersleeve tricks Fibber into paying for an elaborate luncheon to honor their guest. Gildersleeve's trickery continues when he meets Charlie McCarthy, fed up staying at Wistful Vista and wanting to find a way to leave town. Gildersleeve suggests that Charlie sends a fake telegram to Bergen saying that his former assistant, Julie Patterson (Lucille Ball), is ill. On the day Bergen is to fly Hilary Horton to Wistful Vista, he receives the telegram, thus suddenly changing his plans.

Bergen arrives back in New York, discovering Julie is well. Returning quickly to Wistful Vista with a protesting Julie in tow. Bergen's business partner, Jerry (Lee Bonnell), with his former fiancée and Julie's replacement, Marge (Dorothy Lovett), search for Julie. Meanwhile, Fibber, humiliated, resigned from the Chamber of Commerce. His house is also in foreclosure and Cudahy purchased the airstrip.

Charlie confesses to Julie that Gildersleeve suggested sending the fake telegram. Julie then devises a scheme to foil Cudahy into investing in some worthless land belonging to Fibber and for Gildersleeve to trade his land for the airstrip. Bergen successfully convinces Hilary to fly into Wistful Vista. Meanwhile, Jerry and Marge, still searching for Julie, have decided that they are still in love and get married. Back at the McGees', Molly discovers that Julie is in love with Bergen and advises her to "sabotage" him into marriage.

Everyone drives to the airstrip to meet Horton. As Fibber and Molly wait in Bergen's aircraft, he and Julie greet Jerry and Marge, who have just driven into town. When Fibber accidentally takes off, Julie and Bergen follow in another aircraft. Horton's aircraft is also coming and Fibber nearly crashes into him. Bergen climbs aboard the aircraft, and safely lands Fibber and Molly. After returning to the McGee house, Jerry and Marge announce their marriage. At that moment, Horton arrives and informs Bergen that he owns a controlling interest in the Horton company and can build a factory wherever he desires. So, with Fibber's good name restored, Julie embraces Bergen.

## Cast

## Production

Principal photography on *Look Who's Laughing* took place beginning on May 13, 1941 and ending late June 1941. The working title of the film was *Look Who's Talking*. In the opening credits of *Look Who's Laughing*, "the two "O's" in the word "look" become eyeballs and the "O" in the word "who" turns into a laughing mouth."

In a March 12, 1941 story on its pre-production, the *New York Times* headlined "Lucille Ball and Husband, Desi Arnaz, to Co-Star." Arnaz ended up being replaced. It would take ten more years to act with wife Ball, in TV's *I Love Lucy* in 1951.

## Reception

Film historians Richard Jewell and Vernon Harbin in *The RKO Story* (1982) considered *Look Who's Laughing* a surprise winner at the box office. "Released just after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, it had a certain topicality and lunatic attractiveness, but the precise reasons for the picture's sizeable box-office success must forever remain a mystery." The film historians did pinpoint one performance, "Lucille Ball gave a standout performance as Bergen's secretary."

Film reviewer Jim Craddock in a review of *Look Who's Laughing* in the *VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever: 2002* compendium was charitable about a film where radio stars conveniently drop into a town, writing, "Not much plot here, but it might be worth a look to fans of the stars, including Jim and Marion\[sic\] Jordan, better known as Fibber McGee and Molly."

### Notes

### Citations

1. "Detail view: 'Look Who's Laughing'." *American Film Institute*, 2019. Retrieved: June 25, 2019.
2. "RKO Cooking Up New Deal for 'Fibber, McGee'". *Variety*. 11 March 1942. p. 6.
3. Jewell and Harbin 1982, p. 164.
4. "Original print information: 'Look Who's Laughing' (1941)." *TCM*, 2019. Retrieved: June 25, 2019.
5. "Notes: 'Look Who's Laughing' (1941)." *TCM*, 2019. Retrieved: June 25, 2019.
6. Churchill, Douglas (1941-03-12). "Lucille Ball and Husband, Desi Arnaz, to Co-Star -- 'Meet John Doe' Is Arriving Here Tonight". *The New York Times*. p. 19 (Amusements section). Retrieved 2023-05-17.
7. Craddock, Jim (2002). *VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever: 2002*. Gale Group. p. 438. ISBN 0-78-765755-7. Retrieved 2023-05-17.

### Bibliography

* Craddock, Jim, ed. *VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever: 2002*. Detroit: Gale Group, 2002. ISBN 0-78-765755-7.
* Jewell, Richard B. and Vernon Harbin. *The RKO Story*. New York: Arlington House, 1982. ISBN 0-517-54-656-6.

## InfoBox

| Look Who's Laughing | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby card | |
| Directed by | Allan Dwan |
| Written by | James V. Kern
Zeno Klinker (dialogue for Edgar Bergen)
Dorothy Kingsley (dialogue for Edgar Bergen) |
| Produced by | Allan Dwan |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Frank Redman |
| Edited by | Sherman Todd |
| Music by | Roy Webb |
| Production
company | RKO Radio Pictures |
| Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures |
| Release date | * November 21, 1941 (1941-11-21) (U.S.) |
| Running time | 79 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $400,000 |
| Box office | $1.2 million |


title: Lophoglossus substrenuus

abstract: Lophoglossus substrenuus is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Lophoglossus substrenuus

***Lophoglossus substrenuus*** is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2017). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata - Myxophaga - Adephaga*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-33029-0.

## InfoBox

| *Lophoglossus substrenuus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Lophoglossus* |
| Species: | ***L. substrenuus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lophoglossus substrenuus***<br>(Csiki, 1930) | |
|


title: Loricariichthys microdon

abstract: Loricariichthys microdon is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Rupununi basin in Guyana. The species reaches 11 cm in length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

text:
# Loricariichthys microdon

***Loricariichthys microdon*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Rupununi basin in Guyana. The species reaches 11 cm (4.3 inches) in length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

## InfoBox

| *Loricariichthys microdon* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Loricariichthys* |
| Species: | ***L. microdon*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Loricariichthys microdon***<br>(Eigenmann, 1909) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Loricaria microdon* | |


title: Flora Tristan

abstract: Flore Célestine Thérèse Henriette Tristán y Moscoso, better known as Flora Tristan, was a French-Peruvian writer and socialist activist. She made important contributions to early feminist theory, and argued that the progress of women's rights was directly related with the progress of the working class. She wrote several works, the best known of which are Peregrinations of a Pariah (1838), Promenades in London (1840), and The Workers' Union (1843). Tristan was the grandmother of the painter Paul Gauguin.

text:
# Flora Tristan

**Flore Célestine Thérèse Henriette Tristán y Moscoso** (7 April 1803 – 14 November 1844), better known as **Flora Tristan,** was a French-Peruvian writer and socialist activist. She made important contributions to early feminist theory, and argued that the progress of women's rights was directly related with the progress of the working class. She wrote several works, the best known of which are *Peregrinations of a Pariah* (1838), *Promenades in London* (1840), and *The Workers' Union* (1843). Tristan was the grandmother of the painter Paul Gauguin.

## Early life

Tristan's full name was **Flore Célestine Thérèse Henriette Tristán y Moscoso**. Her father, Mariano Eusebio Antonio Tristán y Moscoso, was a colonel of the Spanish Navy, born in Arequipa, a city in Peru. His family was one of the most powerful families in the south of the country; his brother Pío de Tristán became viceroy of Peru. Tristan's mother, Anne-Pierre Laisnay, was French; the couple met in Bilbao, Spain.

When Tristan's father died in 1807, before her fifth birthday, the family's situation changed drastically from the high standards of living Tristan and her mother were accustomed to. In 1833 she travelled to Arequipa to claim her paternal inheritance, which was in possession of her uncle, Juan Pío de Tristán y Moscoso. She remained in Peru until 16 July 1834. Though she never secured her inheritance, Tristan wrote a travel diary about her experiences in Peru during its tumultuous post-independence period. The diary was published in 1838 as *Pérégrinations d'une paria* (*Peregrinations of a Pariah*). Around this time, Tristan met and was influenced by the philosophy of the androgynous mystic Simon Ganneau, as well as the occultist writer Éliphas Lévi, her longtime friend.

## Contributions

Repressed for the most part in history, women's historiography has been gaining traction in the attempt of historians to highlight “minoritized” histories. Through her writings, Flora Tristan was able to show the ability of women to conceptualize the idea of freedom which emanated from her works.

Seeing the failure of the promises of capitalism, Tristan wrote from a deep desire for social progress—combining the women's struggle with socialism. When one traces socialism going together with feminism, Tristan becomes the key person in this amalgamation. Tristan would be known as the “mother of feminism and of popular communitarian socialism”, fighting the prejudice and misogyny that powers women's oppression.

Flora Tristan was “the first woman to try to merge the proto-feminist and social discourses into a critical synthesis, opening the way leading for the future shape of feminism of a proletarian class character, which finds it inconceivable that there exist oppressed women who are capable of oppressing other women”.

Tristan highlighted themes and ideas that give primacy to worker's rights. She was the first one to conceive the idea that the emancipation of the proletariat would be the synthesis of the people's struggle against the bourgeoisie. She further added that this was only to be possible with the emancipation of the sexes.

Tristan organized the fragmented ideas of women's equality at that time, brought by the French Revolution. She provided the platform for the later rise of feminism in the late 19th century. Tristan would die “defending the rights of the proletarian or rather demanding them for him; she died whilst preaching, through her words and her actions, the law of union and love that she had brought to him”.

Flora Tristan's life, works, and ideals have proved fruitful for the excavation of women's work through time. Establishing histories that would focus on the contribution of women, Flora Tristan has provided much in the progressing excavation of women's role in our history.

## Family tree

|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | José Joaquín
de Tristán del Pozo | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | Mercedes
de Moscoso | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | | | |  | |  | |  | | | || | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  | |  | |  | | | |  | | | |  | | | |  | | | |  | |  | |  | |  || | | | | | | | |
| Léonard Chazal | | | | | |  | | Jeanne-Geneviève Buterne | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | Mariano de Tristán y Moscoso | | | | | |  | | Anne-Pierre Laisnay | | | | | |  | | Pío de Tristán y Moscoso | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  |  |  |  || | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  |  |  | |  |  |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Antoine Chazal | | | | | |  | | André Chazal | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | **Flora Tristan** | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | || | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  | |  | |  | | | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  || | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | | Alexandre Chazal | | | | | |  | | Ernest Chazal | | | | | |  | | Clovis Gauguin | | | | | |  | | Aline Chazal | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  | |  | || | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Paul Gauguin | | | | | |  | | Mette-Sophie Gad | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  | |  | || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |
| |  | |  | |  | | | |  | | | |  | | | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  || | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Émile Gauguin | | | | | |  | | Aline Gauguin | | | | | |  | | Clovis Gauguin | | | | | |  | | Jean René Gauguin | | | | | |  | | Paul-Rollon Gauguin | | | | | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Bibliography

* Tristan, Flora. *The Workers Union*. Translated by Beverly Livingston. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983, 77–78.
* Máire Cross. *The Feminism of Flora Tristan*. Berg, Oxford, 1992. ISBN 0-85496-731-1
* Máire Cross. *The Letter in Flora Tristan's Politics, 1835-1844*, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004. ISBN 0-333-77264-4
* *Flora Tristan’s Diary: The Tour of France 1843–1844*, translated, annotated and introduced by Máire Fedelma Cross. Berne: Peter Lang, 2002. ISBN 978-3-906768-48-9
* Dominique Desanti. *A Woman in Revolt: A Biography of Flora Tristan*. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1976. ISBN 0-517-51878-3
* *The London Journal of Flora Tristan*, translated, annotated and introduced by Jean Hawkes. London: Virago Press, 1982. ISBN 0-86068-214-5
* Tristan, Flora. *Peregrinations of a Pariah*, translated by Jean Hawkes. London: Virago Press, 1985. ISBN 0-86068-477-6
* Beik, Doris and Paul. *Flora Tristan: Utopian Feminist: Her Travel Diaries and Personal Crusade.* Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
* Dijkstra, Sandra. *Flora Tristan: Feminism in the Age of George Sand*. London: Pluto Press, 1992. ISBN 0745304508
* Krulic, Brigitte. ‘’Flora Tristan.’’ Paris: Gallimard/NRF, 2022. ISBN 978-2-07-282022-9
* Melzer, Sara E. and Rabine, Leslie W. *Rebel Daughters: Women and the French Revolution*. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, 284.
* Schneider, Joyce Anne. *Flora Tristan: Feminist, Socialist, and Free Spirit*. New York: Morrow, 1980. ISBN 0688222501.
* Strumingher, Laura L. *The Odyssey of Flora Tristan*. New York: Peter Lang, 1988. University of Cincinnati Studies in Historical and Contemporary Europe, vol. 2. ISBN 0820408883

## InfoBox

| Flora Tristan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Flore Célestine Thérèse Henriette Tristán y Moscoso
(1803-04-07)7 April 1803
Bordeaux, France |
| Died | 14 November 1844(1844-11-14) (aged 41)
Bordeaux, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Writer |


title: SS Halifax (1872)

abstract: SS Halifax was a passenger and cargo vessel built for the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway in 1872.

text:
# SS Halifax (1872)

**SS *Halifax*** was a passenger and cargo vessel built for the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway in 1872.

## History

The ship was built by John Elder and Company of Govan and launched on 17 December 1872. She was the second in an order for two ships from the same shipyard, the other being *Huddersfield*.

On 16 February 1876 she left Grimsby for Hamburg, and on 17 February ran ashore at Heligoland. She broke up in a storm on 15 March 1876 and was a total loss. Unfortunately for the railway company had not insured her and this added to the losses reported by the company later that year.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | SS *Halifax* |
| Operator | Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway |
| Port of registry |  |
| Builder | John Elder and Company, Govan |
| Yard number | 149 |
| Launched | 17 December 1872 |
| Out of service | 18 February 1876 |
| Fate | Sunk |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 1,079 gross register tons (GRT) |
| Length | 231 feet (70 m) |
| Beam | 30.2 feet (9.2 m) |


title: Nowe Dłutowo

abstract: Nowe Dłutowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lidzbark, within Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-east of Lidzbark, 16 km (10 mi) west of Działdowo, and 76 km (47 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Nowe Dłutowo

**Nowe Dłutowo** \[ˈnɔvɛ dwuˈtɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lidzbark, within Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-east of Lidzbark, 16 km (10 mi) west of Działdowo, and 76 km (47 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Nowe Dłutowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nowe Dłutowo | |
| Coordinates: 53°11′8″N 19°57′52″E / 53.18556°N 19.96444°E / 53.18556; 19.96444 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Działdowo |
| Gmina | Lidzbark |


title: Raiamas levequei

abstract: Raiamas levequei is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Raiamas which is found in Guinea.

text:
# Raiamas levequei

***Raiamas levequei*** is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus *Raiamas* which is found in Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Raiamas levequei* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Danioninae |
| Genus: | *Raiamas* |
| Species: | ***R. levequei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Raiamas levequei***
Howes & Teugels, 1989 | |
|


title: For My Good Fortune

abstract: "For My Good Fortune" is a song by Pat Boone that reached number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1958.

text:
# For My Good Fortune

"**For My Good Fortune**" is a song by Pat Boone that reached number 23 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in 1958.

## Track listing

7" single (Dot 45-15825, 1958)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Gee, But It's Lonely" | 2:17 |
| 2. | "For My Good Fortune" | 2:09 |

## Charts

| Chart (1958) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 23 |

## InfoBox

| "For My Good Fortune" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Pat Boone | |
| from the album  *Pat Boone Sings* | |
| A-side | "Gee, But It's Lonely" |
| Released | 1958 |
| Recorded | 1958 |
| Length | 2:17 |
| Label | Dot |
| Songwriter(s) | Blackwell, Stevens |
| Pat Boone singles chronology | |
| "If Dreams Came True" / "That's How Much I Love You"
(1958) "**For My Good Fortune**" / "Gee, But It's Lonely"
(1958) "I'll Remember Tonight"
(1958) | |


title: Metasia corsicalis

abstract: Metasia corsicalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in France, Spain, Italy, Croatia and on Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta.

text:
# Metasia corsicalis

***Metasia corsicalis*** is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in France, Spain, Italy, Croatia and on Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta.

## InfoBox

| *Metasia corsicalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Metasia corsicalis, France | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Spilomelinae |
| Genus: | *Metasia* |
| Species: | ***M. corsicalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metasia corsicalis***<br>(Duponchel, 1833) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cledeobia corsicalis* Duponchel, 1833 * *Stenia infidalis* Mann, 1855 | |


title: Mark Mizruchi

abstract: Mark Sheldon Mizruchi is the Robert Cooley Angell Collegiate Professor of Sociology and Barger Family Professor of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan. He also holds an appointment as Professor of Management and Organizations at the University of Michigan Ross School of Business. His research has focused on the political activity of the U.S. corporate elite over the 20th and 21st centuries. He was influential in the development of social network analysis, and has published research in the fields of organizational theory, economic sociology, and political sociology.

text:
# Mark Mizruchi

**Mark Sheldon Mizruchi** (born December 10, 1953) is the Robert Cooley Angell Collegiate Professor of Sociology and Barger Family Professor of Organizational Studies at the University of Michigan. He also holds an appointment as Professor of Management and Organizations at the University of Michigan Ross School of Business. His research has focused on the political activity of the U.S. corporate elite over the 20th and 21st centuries. He was influential in the development of social network analysis, and has published research in the fields of organizational theory, economic sociology, and political sociology.

## Career

Mizruchi received his A.B. from Washington University in St. Louis in 1975 and his M.A. and PhD from the State University of New York at Stony Brook in 1980, both in sociology. From 1980 to 1987 he was a statistical consultant in the computing center of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, becoming an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry (biostatistics). In 1987 he moved to Columbia University, first as Assistant and then as Associate Professor of Sociology. In 1991 he moved to the University of Michigan as Professor of Sociology, with a courtesy appointment as Professor of Business Administration. He was named Barger Family Professor in 2012 and Robert Cooley Angell Collegiate Professor of Sociology in 2014.

## Academic work

Mizruchi's work has centered on, first, the changing ownership and control of the largest U.S. corporations, and, second, corporate political action. His key theoretical work has been explaining the sources of unity and conflict among U.S. big business. When do firms, modeled as independent agents in most social scientific analysis, collaborate to achieve common goals? This line of research addresses a long-standing question about the nature of the corporation: who controls the corporation when ownership is widely dispersed among shareholders? Can managers act in their own interest, and what forces prevent them from doing so?

To address these questions, Mizruchi has empirically focused on relationships between firms arising from corporate board relationships. Many corporate board members serve on more than one corporate board, creating Interlocking directorates that allow for the diffusion of ideas; Mizruchi has investigated how this interlock network has evolved, and the role that it plays in coordinating action. Not all interlocks, however, are created equal. He shows that through the twentieth century, representatives from financial institutions played a central role in the interlock network. Through these network ties, banks were able to monitor firms' behavior, with significant financial consequences. However, his later work demonstrated recent declines in the centrality of banks. This thesis is expanded in his latest book, which highlights the growing fracturing of the U.S. corporate elite over the past forty years, and suggests broad consequences for the governance of the U.S. economy.

## Books

* *The Fracturing of the American Corporate Elite*, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (2013); winner of the George R. Terry Book Award from the Academy of Management, and the Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Award from the Political Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association.
* *The Structure of Corporate Political Action: Interfirm Relations and their Consequences*, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (1992).
* *The American Corporate Network, 1904–1974*, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. (1982).
* with Michael Schwartz (eds.), *Intercorporate Relations: The Structural Analysis of Business*, New York: Cambridge University Press. (1987). Volume 1 of the series *Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences*, edited by Mark Granovetter.

## Fellowships and awards

* Charles Horton Cooley Award for Distinguished Scholarship in Sociology, presented by the Michigan Sociological Association, 2016
* Senior Fellow, Michigan Society of Fellows, nominated May 2016 for a four-year term
* Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Award from the Political Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association, 2014, for *The Fracturing of the American Corporate Elite*
* George R. Terry Book Award from the Academy of Management, 2014, for *The Fracturing of the American Corporate Elite*
* John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, 2011–2012
* National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award, 1988–93
* Invited Fellow (declined), Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 1989

## Major articles

* Berle and Means Revisited: The Governance and Power of Large U.S. Corporations, *Theory and Society, 2004, 33*:579–617.
* with Gerald F. Davis, The Money Center Cannot Hold: Commercial Banks in the U.S. System of Corporate Governance; *Administrative Science Quarterly, 1999, 44*:215–239.
* with Lisa C. Fein, The Social Construction of Organizational Knowledge: A Study of the Uses of Coercive, Mimetic, and Normative Isomorphism, *Administrative Science Quarterly, 1999, 44*:653–683.
* What Do Interlocks Do? An Analysis, Critique, and Assessment of Research on Interlocking Directorates, *Annual Review of Sociology, 1996, 22*:271–298.
* with Linda Brewster Stearns, Board Composition and Corporate Financing: The Impact of Financial Institution Representation on Borrowing, *Academy of Management Journal, 1993, 36*:603–618.
* with Linda Brewster Stearns, A Longitudinal Study of the Formation of Interlocking Directorates, *Administrative Science Quarterly, 1988, 33*:194–210.
* Who Controls Whom?: An Examination of the Relation Between Management and Boards of Directors in Large American Corporations, *Academy of Management Review, 1983, 8*:426–435.

## InfoBox

| Mark Mizruchi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mark Sheldon Mizruchi<br>(1953-12-10) December 10, 1953 |
| Education | Washington University in St. Louis (B.A., 1975), State University of New York at Stony Brook (PhD, 1980) |
| Known for | social network analysis and organizational theory |
| Awards | 2011 Guggenheim Foundation Fellow, 1988–1993 National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Sociology |
| Institutions | University of Michigan, Columbia University |
| Doctoral advisor | Michael Schwartz |
| Other academic advisors | Mark Granovetter |
|  | |


title: Mylène Farmer 2019

abstract: Mylène Farmer 2019 was a concert residency by French recording artist Mylène Farmer, launched in support of her tenth and eleventh studio albums, Interstellaires and Désobéissance. It began on 7 June 2019 and concluded on 22 June 2019 at the Paris La Défense Arena in Nanterre, France. It is Farmer's second residency after Avant que l'ombre... à Bercy in 2006, and her seventh series of concerts, 30 years after her first tour in 1989. The series of concerts was first announced on 30 September 2018, two days after the release of Farmer's eleventh studio album, Désobéissance. Initially, six dates were announced; on 14 October, two new dates were added, and on 14 February 2018, a final date was added, bringing the total number of concerts to nine. Farmer and long-time collaborator Laurent Boutonnat served as creative directors, while Boutonnat directed the show. The concerts were divided into five sections and an encore, and was heavily influenced by cyberpunk aesthetics, especially the film Blade Runner. The concert series received universal critical acclaim, with critics complimenting the stage, the artistic direction, the set list and Farmer's vocals. The residency was also successful commercially, selling 120,000 tickets on the first day; ultimately, the nine shows were attended by 235,000 spectators. An accompanying live album, Live 2019 was released on 18 October 2019, while a concert film, featuring footage shot during all nine dates, was released on 6 December 2019 as Live 2019 - Le Film.

text:
# Mylène Farmer 2019

**Mylène Farmer 2019** was a concert residency by French recording artist Mylène Farmer, launched in support of her tenth and eleventh studio albums, *Interstellaires* and *Désobéissance*. It began on 7 June 2019 and concluded on 22 June 2019 at the Paris La Défense Arena in Nanterre, France. It is Farmer's second residency after *Avant que l'ombre... à Bercy* in 2006, and her seventh series of concerts, 30 years after her first tour in 1989.

The series of concerts was first announced on 30 September 2018, two days after the release of Farmer's eleventh studio album, *Désobéissance*. Initially, six dates were announced; on 14 October, two new dates were added, and on 14 February 2018, a final date was added, bringing the total number of concerts to nine. Farmer and long-time collaborator Laurent Boutonnat served as creative directors, while Boutonnat directed the show.

The concerts were divided into five sections and an encore, and was heavily influenced by cyberpunk aesthetics, especially the film *Blade Runner*. The concert series received universal critical acclaim, with critics complimenting the stage, the artistic direction, the set list and Farmer's vocals. The residency was also successful commercially, selling 120,000 tickets on the first day; ultimately, the nine shows were attended by 235,000 spectators.

An accompanying live album, *Live 2019* was released on 18 October 2019, while a concert film, featuring footage shot during all nine dates, was released on 6 December 2019 as *Live 2019 - Le Film*.

## Background and development

In 2013, Farmer embarked on the *Timeless 2013* tour to promote her albums *Monkey Me* and *Bleu Noir*, before taking a break from performing. She released her album *Interstellaires* in November 2015, but did not promote the album with a concert tour. The series of concerts was first announced on 30 September 2018, two days after the release of Farmer's eleventh studio album, *Désobéissance*.

The tour was designed especially for La Défense Arena, with no other concerts planned for other venues. According to Thierry Suc, Farmer's manager, the two were inspired to conceive a show with the La Défense Arena in mind after seeing The Rolling Stones play in the venue during their *No Filter Tour* in 2017.

On 13 October 2018, the tickets for the first six shows were available to the general public. Due to high demand, two more shows were announced for 18 and 19 June. In February 2019, the ninth show was announced, scheduled for 22 June.

In January 2019, *Gala* announced that Farmer was developing the set list and started preparing for the residency. She later also specified that she chose a domed stadium for her residency because she had conceived her entrance to happen in complete darkness. Rehearsals took place in May 2019 at La Seine Musicale, before moving to La Défense Arena in the two weeks preceding the start of the residency.

Farmer enlisted Emmanuelle Favre to design the stage, which featured an 54-metre opening. The mise-en-scène found inspiration mainly from *Captain Harlock*, *Blade Runner* and *2001: A Space Odyssey*. The set design included a large LED screen, fronted by several smaller LED screens which formed a triangle reminiscent of the Tyrell building in *Blade Runner* and *Blade Runner 2049*. The production design was described as "untransportable" due to the complexity of the stage and the number of smaller LED screens installed above the audience.

Atelier Artefact designed several props for the production, including a *Game of Thrones*-inspired throne and a futuristic lighting rig. Belgian company WIcreations was responsible for the motion gear used in the production, including a 5-metre light-up ring used by Farmer during her entrance, a retracting 24-metre runway, two stage blocks that could be lifted up 6 metres from the floor, and a central stage block which could be lifted up and flown above the audience.

The troupe included 16 dancers, including long-time dancers Aziz Baki and Raphaël Baptista, all of whom sported red hair during the shows. Olivier Schultheis was enlisted as musical director for the concerts, arranging new songs from *Interstellaires* and *Désobéissance* for stage, as well as re-imagining Farmer's older songs. Farmer, Aziz Baki and Parris Goebel choreographed the movements. The concert was divided into six segments, reflecting Farmer's wardrobe, designed by Jean Paul Gaultier. The band featured Johan Dalgaard and Vincent Bidal as keyboards players, Joel Shearer and Sébastien Chouard on guitar, Archive member Jonathan Noyce on bass, and Charles Paxson on drums. The tour's official poster featured a photograph of Farmer falling, shot by Jean-Baptiste Mondino.

## Concert synopsis

The concert was divided into five distinct segments and an encore. It started with a video introduction featuring glitching figures and Farmer on multiple video screens, as well as dark clouds. Farmer ascended from the ceiling in a 5-metre illuminated circle, which landed at the end of the runway. She proceeded along the runway as a futuristic-looking city inspired by *Blade Runner* and *Blade Runner 2049* was shown in the background. Farmer then faced the audience and sang "Interstellaires" in a black ensemble with a golden corset, as the band moved closer to her. "Sans logique" was performed next with Farmer walking on the stage. For the third song, "Rolling Stone," Farmer recreated a choreography assisted by 16 dancers. Farmer then removed her corset and performed "Pourvu qu'elles soient douces" with the dancers; the performance also featured dialogue from the original music video. "Stolen Car" was then performed as a virtual Sting appeared in the background. The section ended with a performance of "Des larmes." Towards the end, Farmer walked out while the band performed an instrumental outro.

The second act opened with a performance of "California." Farmer was joined by two guitarists and female dancers to perform a sensual rendition of the song, while the background featured a cyberpunk cityscape. "M'effondre" was then performed with the short film *Ghost Cell* playing in the background, which depicted "an organic Paris seen as a cell through a virtual microscope." Towards the end, the dancers emerged on two stage blocks that were lifted up for the performance of "L'Âme-stram-gram." The song was mixed with Rammstein's 1997 song "Du hast." The act ended with a hip-hop inspired dance interlude.

The third act saw Farmer performed three intimate ballads: "Un jour au l'autre" was first performed in a white gown as Farmer walked from the stage along the runway. At the end of the runway, she joined pianist Vincent Bidal to perform "Ainsi soit je..." and "Innamoramento." An extended outro was played as she walked back to the main stage.

"Sans contrefaçon" opened the fourth segment, featuring Farmer dressed in a sailor-inspired ensemble. She performed an energetic dance routine before inviting the audience to sing the song together. "Histoires de fesses" was then performed in a jocular way with the LED screens showing anatomically improbable movements created through motion graphic design. The act ended with a rendition of "Sentimentale."

Farmer opened the fifth act with an extended version of "Désenchantée," during which a central stage box was lifted and flown above the audience, with Farmer and two dancers recreating the original choreography on top of it. Farmer then proceeded to invite the audience for a sing-along. "Rêver" was then performed with a pop-rock ballad instrumentation. "Je te rends ton amour" was then performed, with Farmer sitting on a wolf throne, reminiscent of Game of Thrones and Captain Harlock. The main show ended with a mash-up of "C'est dans l'air" and "Fuck Them All." Farmer then thanked the audience as an extended outro of the song was performed.

For the encore, Farmer performed "L'Horloge," a song based on Charles Baudelaire's poem "The Clock." She appeared in front of dark clouds and a pyramid of skulls, reminiscent of the painting *The Apotheosis of War*. Towards the end, the LED screen depicted flames, and orange-coloured smoke appeared on stage. Farmer was then seen walking through the fire after waving goodbye to the audience. Then, the orange-coloured flames quickly turned grey, and the show ended with the smoke flying away.

## Commercial and critical reception

The residency was commercially successful. When tickets for the six original shows were put online, 120,000 tickets were sold on the first day, prompting the organisers to add three additional dates. Ultimately, it is estimated that between 235,000 and 240,000 tickets were sold over nine sold-out shows. Upon the completion of the concert series, *Touring Data* reported that *Mylène Farmer 2019* was the ninth highest-grossing show of 2019 for a female vocalist, with a total revenue of $31,700,000.

The concert series received critical acclaim. Léna Lutaud for *Le Figaro* complimented the modern arrangements of Farmer's older songs and the singer's stage presence. Sylvain Siclier for *Le Monde* described the show as successful and praised its pacing, highlighting that the spectacular sequences were balanced out by more sophisticated performances. *Têtu* described Farmer's voice as crystalline and complimented the show's modernity. *Europe1.fr* described the show as gigantic. Benjamin Locoge for *Paris Match* described the concert as breathtaking and praised the song selection. In a review for *Le Parisien*, Emmanuel Marolle praised the show as exceptional and identified the opening and finale as highlights. Despite the overall positive reaction, several journalists criticised Farmer's decision to use pre-recorded backing vocals instead of traditional in-person backing vocalists.

## Broadcast and recording

A live album titled *Live 2019* was released on 18 October 2019 and has sold over 100,000 units, earning a Platinum classification in France. On 7 November 2019, the live film of the concert was also shown in cinemas for one date only. The screening had a total of 155,000 spectators around the world (130,000 in France), in 18 different countries and 625 cinemas. Released on home media on 6 December 2019, the film sold over 80,000 units (2x Diamond) in 3 weeks.

The concert was also broadcast two times in 2020 on the M6 Group channels: first on 14 January on channel W9, bringing together 989,000 viewers. A second broadcast took place on 31 December on channel M6, this time bringing together 1,365,000 viewers.

The concert special is also available on Amazon Prime Video. In addition, a three-part documentary offering about the conception and development of the residency entitled *Mylène Farmer, L'Ultime création* was released on 25 September 2020, also on Amazon Prime Video.

## Set list

The following setlist was the same for the nine concerts of the residency.

1. "Coming from the Vortex" (intro)
2. "Interstellaires"
3. "Sans logique"
4. "Rolling Stone"
5. "Pourvu qu'elles soient douces"
6. "Stolen Car" (virtual duet with Sting)
7. "Des larmes"
8. "California"
9. "M'effondre"
10. "L'âme-stram-gram" (contains elements of "Du hast")
11. "Hard Hip Hop" (interlude; contains elements of "Bucky Done Gun")
12. "Un jour ou l'autre"
13. "Ainsi soit je..."
14. "Innamoramento"
15. "Sans contrefaçon"
16. "Histoires de fesses" (contains elements of "Histoires de fesses - Extended Version")
17. "Sentimentale"
18. "Désenchantée"
19. "Rêver"
20. "Je te rends ton amour"
21. "C’est dans l’air" / "Fuck Them All"
22. "L'Horloge"

### Notes

* During the show on 18 June, Sting joined Farmer for a live duet performance of "Stolen Car." A duet performance of "Les Mots" was also rehearsed for the date, but was later not included in the show.
* According to the documentary special *L'Ultime Création*, "N'oublie pas" was also rehearsed for the concerts, but was later not included in the set list.

## Personnel

### Show

* Mylène Farmer & Laurent Boutonnat – creative and artistic directors
* Laurent Boutonnat – director
* Thierry Suc for TS3 (FIMALAC) - producer (also Mylène Farmer's manager)
* Emmanuelle Favre – show architect (in collaboration with Dimitri Vassiliu)
* Dimitri Vassiliu - lights architect
* Jérome Devoise & Stéphane Plisson - sound
* Anthony Souchet - artistic advisor
* Jean Paul Gaultier \- Costumes

### Band

* Mylène Farmer – vocals, background vocals
* Vincent Bidal – piano, keyboards
* Johan Dalgaard - keyboards
* Joël Shearer - guitar
* Sébastien Chouard - guitar
* Jonathan Noyce - bass
* Charlie Paxson – drums
* Olivier Schultheis – musical director (with Christophe Voisin Boisvinet)
* Sting \- guest

### Choreographers

* Parris Goebel assisted by Cullen Neale - choreographer of "Pourvu qu'elles soient douces," "California," "L'Âme-stram-gram" and "Hard Hip Hop"
* Mylène Farmer & Aziz Baki - choreographers of "Sans contrefaçon" and "Désenchantée"
* Mylène Farmer - choreographer of "Rolling Stone"
* Aziz Baki - choreographer of "Histoires de fesses" and Mashup ("Fuck them all" / "C'est dans l'air")
* Valérie Bony – supervising choreographer
* Christophe Danchaud – supervising choreographer

### Dancers

* Aziz Baki
* Raphaël Baptista
* Jade Gaumet
* Jocelyn Laurent
* Martin Gavidia
* Delphine Tournie
* Mehdi Layo Leyre
* Antoine Randon
* Thomas Gréaux
* Kenji Matsunaga
* Ellie Spyth
* Jamie Mason
* Melissa Crispim Freire
* Michael Boateng
* Samuel Max Fleet
* Thomas Fryearson

## Shows

| **Date** **(2019)** | **City** | **Country** | **Venue** | **Attendance** **(Tickets sold / available)** | **Revenue** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 June | Nanterre | France | Paris La Défense Arena | 235,000 / 235,000 | $31,700,000 |
| 8 June | | | | | |
| 11 June | | | | | |
| 12 June | | | | | |
| 14 June | | | | | |
| 15 June | | | | | |
| 18 June | | | | | |
| 19 June | | | | | |
| 22 June | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Mylène Farmer 2019
| Residency by Mylène Farmer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Nanterre, France |
| Venue | Paris La Défense Arena |
| Associated albums |  |
| Start date | 7 June 2019 (2019-06-07) |
| End date | 22 June 2019 (2019-06-22) |
| No. of shows | 9 |
| Guests | Sting (18 June 2019) |
| Attendance | 235,000 |
| Box office | US $31.7 million |
| Website | Official website (archived) |
| Mylène Farmer concert chronology | |


abstract: North Rose-Wolcott Central School District is a school district in North Rose and Wolcott, New York, United States. The superintendent is Mr. Michael Pullen. The district operates three schools: North Rose-Wolcott High School, Leavenworth Middle School, and North Rose Elementary School.

text:
# North Rose-Wolcott Central School District

**North Rose-Wolcott Central School District** is a school district in North Rose and Wolcott, New York, United States. The superintendent is Mr. Michael Pullen.

The district operates three schools: North Rose-Wolcott High School, Leavenworth Middle School, and North Rose Elementary School.

## Administration

The district offices are located at 11631 Salter-Colvin Road in Wolcott. The superintendent is Mr. Michael Pullen.

### Administrators

* Mr. Michael Pullen, superintendent
* Mrs. Megan Paliotti, assistant superintendent for instruction
* Mrs. Carrie Petrie, school business administrator
* Ms. Chelsea Eaton, director of special education and pupil services
* Mr. Marc Blankenberg, director of athletics

### Board of education

* Ms. Lucinda Collier  president
* Ms. Tina Reed – vice president
* Mr. John Boogaard
* Ms. Shelly Cahoon
* Ms. Linda Eygnor
* Ms. Lesley Haffner
* Mr. Travis Kerr

### Selected former superintendents

*Previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses*

## North Rose-Wolcott High School

| North Rose-Wolcott High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 11631 Salter-Colvin Road
Wolcott, Wayne, New York 14590 | |
| Information | |
| Principal | Nicole Sinclair |
| Vice Principal | Lisa Visalli |
| Grades | -12 |
| Website | North-Rose Wolcott High School |

**North-Rose Wolcott High School** is located at 11631 Salter-Colvin Road in Wolcott and serves grades 9 through 12. The principal position is Ms. Nicole Sinclair, and the current assistant principal is Ms. Lisa Visalli.

### History

#### Selected former principals

*Previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses*

#### Selected former assistant principals

*Previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses*

* Mr. Sherman Parker1967-1975 (Curriculum Coordinator - North Rose-Wolcott Central School District, named Principal of Lyons Junior/Senior High School)
* Mr. Robert Sherill
* Mr. Edward J. Maguire1980-1987 (Principal - Avon Elementary School, named Curriculum Coordinator of North Rose-Wolcott Central School District)
* Ms. Angela Kirkey2000-2004 (unknown, named Coordinator for Pupil Personnel Services of North Rose-Wolcott Central Schools)
* Mrs. June Muto2004-2007 (Math teacher - North Rose-Wolcott High School, named Principal of North Rose-Wolcott High School)
* Mr. Paul Schiener2007-208 (unknown, named Assistant Principal of Leavenworth Middle School)
* Mr. John P. Sochha2008 (Business/Computer teacher - North Rose-Wolcott High School, named Business/Computer teacher at Geneva High School)
* Mr. Kyle Vacanti
* Mrs. June Muto2009-2011 (Principal - North Rose-Wolcott High School, named Assistant Principal of Leavenworth Middle School)
* Mrs. Kathleen J. Hoyt2011-2014 (Director of Athletics - North Rose-Wolcott Central School District, named Assistant Principal of North Rose-Wolcott Alternative High School)
* Mr. Brian Read2014-2016 (Math teacher at Newark Central School District, named Principal of North Rose-Wolcott High School)

### Schedule

| Period Number/Activity | Beginning Bell | End Bell |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Warning Bell** | 7:38 |  |
| **1st Period** | 7:40 | 8:16 |
| **2nd Period** | 8:20 | 9:14 |
| **3rd Period** | 9:18 | 9:57 |
| **4th Period** | 10:01 | 10:55 |
| **1st Lunch** | 10:55 | 11:25 |
| **5th Period** | 10:59 | 11:53 |
| **5th Period** | 11:29 | 12:23 |
| **2nd Lunch** | 11:53 | 12:23 |
| **6th Period** | 12:27 | 1:21 |
| **7th Period** | 1:25 | 2:25 |
| **Academic Period** | 2:25 | 2:55 |
|

## Leavenworth Middle School

| Leavenworth Middle School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 5957 New Hartford Street
Wolcott, Wayne, New York 14590 | |
| Information | |
| Principal | Crystal Rupp |
| Assistant Principal | Scott Hassall |
| Grades | - |
| Website | Leavenworth Middle School |

Leavenworth Middle School is located at 5957 New Hartford Street in Wolcott and serves grades 5 through 8. The current principal is Ms. Crystal Rupp, and the current assistant principal is Mr. Scott Hassall.

### History

#### Selected former principals

* Mr. John F. Boogaard Jr.?-2007
* Mrs. Michele Sullivan2007-2013 (Principal - Avoca Central School, named Principal of Alternative Learning of North Rose-Wolcott Central School District)

#### Selected former assistant principals

*Previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses*

* Mr. Neil P. Thompson1998-2003
* Mr. Paul Schiener2009-2011 (Vice Principal - North Rose-Wolcott High School, named Vice Principal of Tully Junior/Senior High School)
* Mrs. June Muto2011-2013 (Vice Principal - North Rose Wolcott High School, named Assistant Principal of North Rose Elementary School)

## North Rose Elementary School

| North Rose Elementary School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 10456 Salter Road
North Rose, Wayne, New York 14516 | |
| Information | |
| Principal | Karen Haak |
| Asst. Principal | Benjamin Stopka |
| Grades | - |
| Website | North Rose Elementary School |

**North Rose Elementary School** is located at 10456 Salter Road in North Rose and serves grades K through 4. The current principal is Mrs. Karen Haak, and the current assistant principal is Mr. Benjamin Stopka.

### History

For many years, North Rose Elementary served Grades 3 through 5. In 2011, the school re-consolidated to house Grades K to 4 after Florentine Hendrick Elementary was closed.

#### Selected former principals

* Ms. Mary Augusta Boogaard?-2003
* Mr. Neil Thompson2003-2010

## Defunct school

### Florentine Hendrick Elementary School

| Florentine Hendrick Elementary School | |
| --- | --- |
| Information | |
| Grades | - |

**Florentine Hendrick Elementary School** was located at 5751 New Hartford Street in Wolcott and served grades K through 2. The school closed in 2011.

#### History

##### Selected former principals

* Mrs. Linda Haensch?-2011

## Selected former administrators

| Year | Superintendent | Florentine Hendrick
Principal | NR-W Elementary
Principal | NR-W Elementary
Vice Principal | Middle School
Principal | Middle School
Vice Principal | High School
Principal | High School
Vice Principal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1999-2000** | Charlie Kortz | Linda Haensch | Mary Boogaard |  | John Boogaard | Neil Thompson | Bob Ceccarelli |  |
| **2000-2001** | Charlie Kortz | Linda Haensch | Mary Boogaard |  | John Boogaard | Neil Thompson | Bob Ceccarelli | Angela Kirkey |
| **2001-2002** | Charlie Kortz | Linda Haensch | Mary Boogaard |  | John Boogaard | Neil Thompson | Bob Ceccarelli | Angela Kirkey |
| **2002-2003** | Lucinda Miner\* | Linda Haensch | Mary Boogaard |  | John Boogaard | Neil Thompson | Bob Ceccarelli | Angela Kirkey |
| **2003-2004** | Dan Starr | Linda Haensch | Neil Thompson |  | John Boogaard |  | Bob Ceccarelli | Angela Kirkey |
| **2004-2005** | Dan Starr | Linda Haensch | Neil Thompson |  | John Boogaard |  | Bill Rotenberg | June Muto |
| **2005-2006** | Lucinda Miner | Linda Haensch | Neil Thompson |  | John Boogaard |  | Bill Rotenberg | June Muto |
| **2006-2007** | Lucinda Miner | Linda Haensch | Neil Thompson |  | John Boogaard |  | Bill Rotenberg | June Muto |
| **2007-2008** | Lucinda Miner | Linda Haensch | Neil Thompson |  | Michele Sullivan |  | June Muto | Paul Schiener |
| **2008-2009** | Lucinda Miner | Linda Haensch | Neil Thompson |  | Michele Sullivan | Paul Schiener | June Muto | Kyle Vacanti |
| **2009-2010** | Miner/Ferguson\* | Linda Haensch | Neil Thompson |  | Michele Sullivan | Paul Schiener | Tina Wilson | June Muto |
| **2010-2011** | John Walker | Linda Haensch | Jennifer Hayden |  | Michele Sullivan | Paul Schiener | Ceccarelli\*/Benz | June Muto |
| **2011-2012** | John Walker |  | Jennifer Hayden | June Muto | Michele Sullivan | June Muto | Paul Benz | Kathy Hoyt |
| **2012-2013** | John Walker |  | Jennifer Hayden | June Muto | Michele Sullivan | June Muto | Paul Benz | Kathy Hoyt |
| **2013-2014** | John Walker |  | Jennifer Hayden | June Muto | Mark Mathews |  | Paul Benz | Kathy Hoyt |
| **2014-2015** | Hann\*/Vigliotti |  | Jennifer Hayden | June Muto | Mark Mathews | Kristin DeFeo | Paul Benz | Brian Read |
| **2015-2016** | Steve Vigliotti |  | Jennifer Hayden | June Muto | Mark Mathews | Kristin DeFeo | Paul Benz | Brian Read |
| **2016-2017** | Steve Vigliotti |  | Jennifer Hayden | June Muto | Mark Mathews | Kristin DeFeo | Brian Read | Robyn Grant |
|

*Denotes interim appointment

## InfoBox

| North-Rose Wolcott Central School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Wolcott, New York United States | |
| District information | |
| Motto | Academics. Commitment. Excellence. |
| Grades | UPK-12 |
| Superintendent | Michael Pullen |
| Schools | 3 |
| Students and staff | |
| Athletic conference | Section V |
| District mascot | Cougars |
| Colors | Green and White |
| Other information | |
| Website | http://www.nrwcs.org |


title: Nowy Buczek

abstract: Nowy Buczek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipka, within Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Lipka, 19 km (12 mi) north-east of Złotów, and 119 km (74 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań. Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, 1772-1945 Prussia and Germany. For more on its history, see Złotów County.

text:
# Nowy Buczek

**Nowy Buczek** \[ˈnɔvɨ ˈbut͡ʂɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipka, within Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Lipka, 19 km (12 mi) north-east of Złotów, and 119 km (74 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, 1772-1945 Prussia and Germany. For more on its history, see Złotów County.

## InfoBox

| Nowy Buczek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nowy Buczek | |
| Coordinates: 53°26′54″N 17°16′35″E / 53.44833°N 17.27639°E / 53.44833; 17.27639 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Złotów |
| Gmina | Lipka |
| Population | 200 |


title: Loricariichthys nudirostris

abstract: Loricariichthys nudirostris is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is endemic to Brazil, where it occurs in the Amazon River basin. The species reaches 23.5 centimetres (9.3 in) in standard length, can weigh up to at least 89.6 grams (3.16 oz), and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

text:
# Loricariichthys nudirostris

***Loricariichthys nudirostris*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is endemic to Brazil, where it occurs in the Amazon River basin. The species reaches 23.5 centimetres (9.3 in) in standard length, can weigh up to at least 89.6 grams (3.16 oz), and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

## InfoBox

| *Loricariichthys nudirostris* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Loricariichthys* |
| Species: | ***L. nudirostris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Loricariichthys nudirostris***
(Kner, 1853) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Loricaria nudirostris* (Kner, 1853) | |


title: Paul W. Jones

abstract: Paul Wayne Jones is an American diplomat who was the United States Chargé d'affaires to Pakistan and the former United States Ambassador to Poland. Prior to that, he served as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs at the United States Department of State and earlier he served as the U.S. Ambassador to Malaysia. He arrived in Warsaw, Poland, and began serving as ambassador on September 24, 2015. He is widely regarded as one of the Foreign Service's only senior experts on both Europe and East Asia.

text:
# Paul W. Jones

**Paul Wayne Jones** (born 1960) is an American diplomat who was the United States Chargé d'affaires to Pakistan and the former United States Ambassador to Poland. Prior to that, he served as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs at the United States Department of State and earlier he served as the U.S. Ambassador to Malaysia. He arrived in Warsaw, Poland, and began serving as ambassador on September 24, 2015. He is widely regarded as one of the Foreign Service's only senior experts on both Europe and East Asia.

## Early life and education

Jones was born and raised in Yorktown Heights, New York. He earned his B.A. from Cornell University. His post-graduate work includes a Masters of Arts in Public Administration from University of Virginia and a Masters of Science in National Security Affairs from the Naval War College.

## Career

Jones joined the United States Foreign Service in 1987. For the next two years, he served as consular and political officer in Bogota, Colombia, during a period when narco-traffickers threatened the country. He returned to Washington in 1989, where he worked in the State Department’s 24-hour Operations Center during the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, U.S. military operations in Panama and coup attempts in the Philippines. Jones' next assignment was in Moscow, from 1992 to 1994. Jones returned to Washington as desk officer for the Benelux countries. After the Dayton Agreement, Jones was sent to Sarajevo beginning in January 1996 as the Executive Assistant to the Head of Mission of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Ambassador Robert Frowick. Jones was then selected by Ambassador Christopher R. Hill to be the first Deputy Chief of Mission to Macedonia, where he served from the summer of 1996 to 1999.

After a year at the Naval War College, Jones served on the Secretary of State's staff as Director of the Secretariat Staff, working the transition between Secretaries Madeleine Albright and Colin Powell. He then became Director of the Balkans office in the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. Jones graduated from the State Department’s Senior Seminar in 2004, and then was assigned as Deputy Chief of Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in Vienna until 2005.

Jones' career began to focus on Asia in 2005, when he was assigned as Chargé d'Affaires and Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Manila, under Ambassador Kristie Kenney. In January 2009, Richard Holbrooke asked Jones to serve as his Deputy Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan. Jones worked intensively with Holbrooke on Afghanistan and Pakistan until assuming his new role as the U.S. Ambassador to Malaysia in September 2010.

### Ambassador to Malaysia (2010–2013)

Jones was nominated by President Barack Obama for the position of ambassador to Malaysia on July 12, 2010. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 5, 2010, and he was sworn in by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in Washington, D.C., on September 8. Jones arrived in Malaysia on September 13 and presented his Letter of Credence from President Obama to the then King of Malaysia, Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin, at the Palace on October 18, 2010.

In his role as ambassador, Jones has emphasized strengthening ties between the United States and Malaysia in education and exchanges, science and technology, trade and investment, entrepreneurship, and security. During Jones' tenure, both Secretary of State Clinton and United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates separately made their first ever visits to Malaysia in November 2010.

### Return to the United States (2013–2015)

After serving as ambassador, Jones returned to the United States joining the U.S. Department of State in the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. He served as the Principle Deputy Assistant Secretary from 2013-2015. He was responsible for all aspects of U.S. policy and operations in Europe, particularly Russia and Ukraine. In this role, he was particularly well known for his interest in cooperation among the Arctic nations.

### Ambassador to Poland (2015–2018)

On June 8, 2015, Jones was nominated to serve as the United States Ambassador to Poland. Ambassador Jones had his hearing before the U.S. Senate on July 24, 2015 during which he said, "Poland has become one of our closest allies in NATO." He also stated, "Our partnership is based on democratic values and engagement in politics aimed at peace and social prosperity." U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry swore in Ambassador Jones on September 11, 2015. He arrived in Warsaw, Poland, and began serving as ambassador on September 24, 2015. He left his post on July 28, 2018.

### Chargé d’Affaires a.i. to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (2018–Present)

Ambassador Paul W. Jones became U.S. Chargé d’Affaires a.i. to Pakistan in September 2018.

## Awards and honors

Jones received the Robert C. Frasure Memorial Award for peace building in the southern Philippines in 2008. He is the recipient of the Presidential Meritorious Service Award and several Superior Honor Awards.

## Personal life

Jones' mother, Evelyn Hale White Jones, was born in Mumbai, India, to British parents. His father, John Wayne Jones, was born and raised in Missouri and was a veteran of World War II in the Pacific. His great-grandfather was the physician Sir William Hale-White and his great-great-grandfather was the author William Hale White, who wrote under the pen name Mark Rutherford. He is also the nephew of sailor and author Hal Roth. He has two sisters; one is a physician and the other a schoolteacher.

Jones is married to Catherine Jones, an award-winning author and freelance writer, who is the daughter of retired U.S. Ambassador Brandon Grove and Marie Cheremeteff Abernethy. They have two children, Aleksandra and Hale. In addition to English, Jones also speaks Spanish, Russian and some Polish.

## InfoBox

| Paul Jones | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chargé d’Affaires ad interim of Pakistan | |
| **In office**
September 22, 2018  August 31, 2020 | |
| President | Donald Trump |
| Preceded by | David Hale |
| Succeeded by | Angela Aggeler
(chargé d'affaires a.i.) |
| United States Ambassador to Poland | |
| **In office**
September 24, 2015  July 28, 2018 | |
| President | Barack Obama
Donald Trump |
| Preceded by | Stephen Mull |
| Succeeded by | Georgette Mosbacher |
| United States Ambassador to Malaysia | |
| **In office**
October 18, 2010  July 8, 2013 | |
| President | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | James Keith |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Yun |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1960 (age 6364)
Yorktown Heights, New York, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Cornell University
University of Virginia
Naval War College |
|  | |


title: Hocquigny

abstract: Hocquigny is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France. As of 2019, the population of Hocquigny was 188 people.

text:
# Hocquigny

**Hocquigny** (French pronunciation: \[ɔkiɲi\]) is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France. As of 2019, the population of Hocquigny was 188 people.

## InfoBox

| Hocquigny | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
| Location of Hocquigny | |
| HocquignyHocquigny | |
| Coordinates: 48°48′51″N 1°24′15″W / 48.8142°N 1.4042°W / 48.8142; -1.4042 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Manche |
| Arrondissement | Avranches |
| Canton | Bréhal |
| Intercommunality | Granville, Terre et Mer |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Arnaud Martinet |
| Area**1** | 3.05 km2 (1.18 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 191 |
| Density | 63/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 50247 /50320 |
| Elevation | 67–126 m (220–413 ft)
(avg. 126 m or 413 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: SS Hilda

abstract: SS Hilda was a steamship owned by the London and South Western Railway. She was used on the Southampton - Channel Islands - St Malo service until she sank in 1905 with the loss of at least 125 lives.

text:
# SS Hilda

**SS** ***Hilda*** was a steamship owned by the London and South Western Railway. She was used on the Southampton \- Channel Islands \- St Malo service until she sank in 1905 with the loss of at least 125 lives.

## Construction

*Hilda* was built by Aitkin & Mansel, Whiteinch, Glasgow at a cost of £33,000. She was yard number 117 and was launched in July 1882. Completion was in January 1883. *Hilda* was 235 feet 6 inches (71.78 m) long, with a beam of 29 feet 1 inch (8.86 m) and a depth of 14 feet 2 inches (4.32 m). *Hilda* was powered by two 220 horsepower (160 kW) compound steam engines which were made by John and James Thompson and Company, Glasgow. They had cylinders of 37 inches (94 cm) and 69 inches (180 cm) bore by 39 inches (99 cm) stroke. The 1894-fitted boilers were made by Day, Summers and Company, of the Northam Iron Works, Southampton. These gave her a speed of 14 knots (26 km/h). She was 848 GRT, and had a licensed passenger capacity of 566. *Hilda* carried six lifeboats with a capacity of 348 people, as well as 12 lifebuoys and 318 lifejackets.

## Service

*Hilda* completed her sea trials on 13 January 1883 and was handed over to the LSWR that day. She was employed on the Southampton - Jersey - St Malo Service. On 7 October 1890, she was replaced by *Stella* on that service and transferred to the direct service between Southampton and St Malo. In 1894, new boilers were fitted by Day, Summers and Company and electric light was fitted throughout the ship.

## Sinking

*Hilda* had left Southampton at 22:00 on 17 November 1905 on her regular service to Saint-Malo in Brittany. She was carrying 103 passengers. Thick fog forced her to anchor off Yarmouth, Isle of Wight to await better weather conditions. The voyage was resumed at 06:00 on 18 November. *Hilda* passed through the Race of Alderney at 12:30, and after leaving Jersey behind, the weather conditions worsened. By 18:00, *Hilda* was approaching St Malo. The lights from the town were visible, as was the Jardin Lighthouse but snow squalls reduced visibility and Captain Gregory was forced to abandon the attempt to reach port.

Several times the visibility improved briefly but then deteriorated. *Hilda* was forced to abandon each attempt to reach port. Around 23:00, the visibility improved again and another attempt to enter the harbour was made. A few minutes later, *Hilda* struck the Pierre de Portes rocks, which lie to the west of the entrance channel to St Malo harbour. Distress rockets were fired and the passengers donned their lifejackets. Attempts were made to launch the lifeboats, but five of them either could not be launched or were dashed to pieces on the rocks. The sixth washed up at Saint-Cast-le-Guildo, some 15 miles (24 km) west of St Malo. The tide was ebbing, and *Hilda* broke in two some 15 minutes after running aground. About 20 or 30 people on the stern part of the wreck managed to climb the rigging to await rescue. By 09:00 on 19 November, when they were discovered by SS *Ada*, only six remained. A total of 125 people had died. Amongst the dead were 70 Breton "Onion Johnnies" returning from selling produce in Britain.

Captain William Gregory had been employed by London and South Western Railway for 36 years. He joined the company in 1869 at the age of 20. His first command was SS *Honfleur* in 1880. In 1885, he was appointed as master of *Hilda*. The only surviving crew member was able-bodied seaman James Grinter. He had been twice shipwrecked before. The five surviving passengers were Olivier Caroff of Roscoff, Tanguy Laot of Cléder, Jean Louis Mouster of La Feuillée, Paul-Marie Pen of Cléder and Louis Rozec of Plouzévédé.

Another London and South Western Railway steamer, SS *Stella*, was wrecked on The Casquets, Channel Islands, on 30 March 1899 with 112 fatalities. On 21 February 1907 the Great Eastern Railway suffered the loss of SS *Berlin*, wrecked off the Hook of Holland with 141 fatalities.

## Inquiry

An inquiry was held under The Merchant Shipping Act of 1894 into the circumstances of the loss of *Hilda*. It was held at the Caxton Hall, Caxton St, London with the Court of Inquiry sitting on 1, 2 and 8 February 1906. The inquiry found that the ship was seaworthy, with lifesaving equipment provision meeting the legislated standard of the time. There was no finding of recklessness or negligence on the part of Captain Gregory.

## Legacy

The remains of *Hilda* lie at 48°40.49′N 2°5.72′W / 48.67483°N 2.09533°W / 48.67483; -2.09533 in 25 metres (82 ft) of water at high tide. The engines, boilers, propeller shaft and some ironwork remain. The propeller was removed in 1997 and is on display in Dinard. In November 2005, an exhibition was held in St Malo commemorating the 100th anniversary of the shipwreck. On 19 November, flowers were cast upon the water at the wreck site in memory of the victims, and some divers placed a string of onions on the wreck in memory of the Onion Johnnies. A memorial service was held in St Malo Cathedral on 20 November.

## InfoBox

| The wreck of SS *Hilda* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Hilda* |
| Owner | London and South Western Railway |
| Port of registry | Southampton |
| Route | * Southampton - Jersey - St Malo (1883–90) * Southampton - St Malo (1890–1905) |
| Builder | Aitken & Mansel, Whiteinch, Glasgow |
| Cost | £33,000 |
| Yard number | 117 |
| Launched | July 1882 |
| Completed | January 1883 |
| Out of service | 18 November 1905 |
| Identification | United Kingdom Official Number 86327 |
| Fate | Wrecked on La Pierre des Portes reef |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 848 GRT |
| Length | 235 ft 6 in (71.78 m) |
| Beam | 29 ft 1 in (8.86 m) |
| Depth | 14 ft 2 in (4.32 m) |
| Installed power | Compound steam engines 1,530 hp (1,140 kW) |
| Propulsion | Single screw |
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h) |
| Capacity | 566 passengers |
| Crew | 28 |


title: Rainieria calceata

abstract: Rainieria calceata is a species of stilt-legged flies belonging to the family Micropezidae.

text:
# Rainieria calceata

***Rainieria calceata*** is a species of *stilt-legged flies* belonging to the family Micropezidae.

## Distribution and habitat

This species is present in Central and Western Europe (Albania, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland) and in the Near East. These stilt-legged flies are usually found in old forests. They are mainly associated with beech deciduous forests.

## Description

*Rainieria calceata* can reach a body length of about 5–10 millimetres (0.20–0.39 in). These stilt-legged flies have a very elongate, parallel-sided, slender black bodies. The head is small and rounded, with short antennae. The abdomen is black, long and narrow. They show characteristic long thin legs. The fore legs are markedly smaller than the other pairs. Femora are black at base. The tarsal segments of the first and third legs are white. The narrow wings are infuscated, with a dark tip and some darker markings.

## Biology

This species breeds and develops in moist organic debris and rotting wood in hollow tree-trunks.

## InfoBox

| *Rainieria calceata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Rainieria calceata*. Dorsal view | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Micropezidae |
| Genus: | *Rainieria* |
| Species: | ***R. calceata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rainieria calceata***<br>(Fallen, 1820) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Calobata calceata* Fallen, 1820 * *Rainiera calceata* (Fallén, 1820) | |


title: Pecalang

abstract: Pecalang are a type of local "traditional" security officers of an administrative village in Bali, Indonesia. Throughout Indonesia, they are uniquely present in Bali only and usually are engaged in mundane tasks such as assisting traffic control, but during large events are tasked with general security. They work in coordination with other state security and law enforcement agencies, which are the Satpol PP and the police. Pecalangs are local security bodies and report only to the village head, a Kepala Desa. Pecalangs are not modern phenomena created for tourism; rather, Bali had hansip and pecalang security bodies for hundreds of years before the advent of modern tourism. These forces traditionally reported to one of the royal families of the historic Bali Kingdoms, also considered as their eyes and ears. It has been reported that some 22,000 pecalang have been deployed for Nyepi celebrations in 2017.

text:
# Pecalang

**Pecalang** (pronounced as "pechalang") are a type of local "traditional" security officers of an administrative village in Bali, Indonesia. Throughout Indonesia, they are uniquely present in Bali only and usually are engaged in mundane tasks such as assisting traffic control, but during large events (usually religious) are tasked with general security. They work in coordination with other state security and law enforcement agencies, which are the Satpol PP and the police. Pecalangs are local security bodies and report only to the village head, a *Kepala Desa* (akin to a Punong Barangay in the Philippines). Pecalangs are not modern phenomena created for tourism; rather, Bali had hansip and pecalang security bodies for hundreds of years before the advent of modern tourism. These forces traditionally reported to one of the royal families of the historic Bali Kingdoms, also considered as their eyes and ears.

It has been reported that some 22,000 pecalang have been deployed for Nyepi celebrations in 2017.

## Uniform

Pecalangs wear Balinese sarongs colored checkered white and black and usually wear black vests over their shirts. They also wear the traditional Balinese headdress known as "Udeng".