title: Progress Chapter 167: One Bump Or Two?

abstract: The Progress Chapter 167: One Bump Or Two? was a professional wrestling event promoted by Progress Wrestling. It took place on April 21, 2024, in London, England at The Garage.

text:
# Progress Chapter 167: One Bump Or Two?

The **Progress Chapter 167: One Bump Or Two?** was a professional wrestling event promoted by Progress Wrestling. It took place on April 21, 2024, in London, England at The Garage.

## Production

### Storylines

The event included matches that each resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by Progress' creative writers, while storylines were produced on Progress' events airing on the Demand PROGRESS streaming service.

### Event

The event started with the singles confrontation between Gene Munny and Mark Haskins solded with the victory of the latter. In the second bout, Alexxis Falcon and Charles Crowley picked up a win over Reece and Rogan in tag team competition. Next up, Pro Wrestling Noah rookie in excursion Taishi Ozawa fell short to Luke Jacobs. The fourth bout saw Paul Robinson successfully defending the Progress Proteus Championship for the eighth consecutive time against Homicide in that respective reign, making it clear that he did not deactivate it in early 2020. Next up, Chuck Mambo and TK Cooper outmatched LA Taylor and Skye Smitson in tag team competition. In the semi main event, Yoichi defeated Westside Xtreme Wrestling's wXw Unified World Wrestling Champion Robert Dreissker to secure the first and only defense of the Progress Wrestling Atlas Championship in that respective reign.

In the main event, Big Damo and Axel Tischer defeated PROGRESS World Champion Kid Lykos and Kid Lykos II to secure the first defense of the PROGRESS Tag Team Championship in that respective reign.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mark Haskins (with Vicky Haskins) defeated Gene Munny | Singles match | 12:02 |
| 2 | Cheeky Little Buggers (Alexxis Falcon and Charles Crowley) defeated Reece and Rogan | Tag team match | 8:20 |
| 3 | Luke Jacobs defeated Taishi Ozawa | Singles match | 8:04 |
| 4 | Paul Robinson (c) defeated Homicide | Singles match for the Progress Proteus Championship | 13:58 |
| 5 | Sunshine Machine (Chuck Mambo and TK Cooper) defeated Lana Austin Experience (LA Taylor and Skye Smitson) | Tag team match | 14:52 |
| 6 | Yoichi (c) defeated Robert Dreissker | Singles match for the Progress Wrestling Atlas Championship | 9:56 |
| 7 | Sanity (Big Damo and Axel Tischer) (c) defeated Lykos Gym (Kid Lykos and Kid Lykos II) | Tag team match for the PROGRESS Tag Team Championship | 20:05 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match | | | |

## InfoBox

| Progress Chapter 167: One Bump Or Two? | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster of the event | |
| Promotion | Progress Wrestling |
| Date | April 21, 2024 |
| City | London, England |
| Venue | The Garage |
| Attendance | ~350 |
| Event chronology | |
| **Previous**
Chapter 166: Freedom Walks Again **Next**
Super Strong Style 16 | |


title: Nectow v. City of Cambridge

abstract: Nectow v. City of Cambridge, 277 U.S. 183 (1928), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court reversed the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling, and found that the invasion of the plaintiff's property right was "serious and highly injurious," and that the placement of the locus of the zoning ordinance would not promote the health, safety, convenience or general welfare of the inhabitants of Cambridge. It, along with Euclid v. Ambler, constituted the Supreme Court's case law on zoning until 1974.

text:
# Nectow v. City of Cambridge

42°21′20″N 71°06′35″W / 42.35553°N 71.10967°W / 42.35553; -71.10967

***Nectow v. City of Cambridge***, 277 U.S. 183 (1928), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court reversed the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling, and found that the invasion of the plaintiff's property right was "serious and highly injurious," and that the placement of the locus of the zoning ordinance would not promote the health, safety, convenience or general welfare of the inhabitants of Cambridge. It, along with *Euclid v. Ambler*, constituted the Supreme Court's case law on zoning until 1974.

## Facts

In 1860, the family of Alvan Clark purchased a tract of land in Cambridge, on which the built a telescope lens manufacturing plant and two family homes. To the west of the Clark family homes was the Cambridgeport residential district. To the south, Ford Motor Company built the Cambridge Assembly plant in 1913. During the Clarks' tenure, the lens factory was one of many local industrial businesses. Like other 19th-century American cities, the city did not have a zoning code restricting economic activity to specific districts, allowing the Clarks to put residential and industrial uses in the same tract.

In 1920, the Clark sons moved the family business and sold the entire 140,000-square-foot (3.2-acre) plot to Saul Nectow. Nectow had no specific plan for the site, but intended to resell the property to a new enterprise for redevelopment.

The City of Cambridge established its first zoning ordinance in 1924, which restricted the portion of the Nectow property occupied by the Clark family homesteads to residential uses. A purchaser had agreed to buy the entire tract from Nectow, but reneged on the offer when the new zoning encumbered the residential portion of the tract. Nectow sought to enjoin the city for a regulatory taking that reduced the value of his property.

## InfoBox

| Nectow v. City of Cambridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued April 19, 1928
Decided May 14, 1928 | |
| Full case name | *Nectow v. City of Cambridge* |
| Citations | 277 U.S. 183 (*more*)48 S. Ct. 447; 72 L. Ed. 842 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Appeal from Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts |
| Holding | |
| The governmental power to interfere by zoning regulations with the general rights of the land owner by restricting the character of his use cannot be imposed if it does not bear a substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice William H. Taft  Associate Justices Oliver W. Holmes Jr. **·**  Willis Van Devanter
James C. McReynolds **·**  Louis Brandeis
George Sutherland **·**  Pierce Butler
Edward T. Sanford **·**  Harlan F. Stone | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | Sutherland, joined by *unanimous* |
| Laws applied | |
| U.S. Const. amend. XIV | |


title: Norm Campbell

abstract: Norman Campbell was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Campbell was a wingman for Collingwood in the 1939 VFL Grand Final, which they lost to Melbourne. His brother Colin played with him at the club in 1940 and 1941.

text:
# Norm Campbell

**Norman Campbell** (4 March 1919 – 9 January 1981) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Campbell was a wingman for Collingwood in the 1939 VFL Grand Final, which they lost to Melbourne. His brother Colin played with him at the club in 1940 and 1941.

## References

* Holmesby, Russell; Main, Jim (2007). *The Encyclopedia Of AFL Footballers*. BAS Publishing. ISBN 978-1-920910-78-5.

## InfoBox

| Norm Campbell | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Campbell in 1942 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Norman Campbell | | |
| Date of birth | 4 March 1919 | | |
| Place of birth | Thornbury, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 9 January 1981(1981-01-09) (aged 61) | | |
| Original team(s) | Preston | | |
| Height | 179 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 72 kg (159 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1939–1946 | Collingwood | 68 (1) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1946. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Protorthodes perforata

abstract: Protorthodes perforata is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1883. It is found across the southern United States, from western Texas to southern California and southward to central Mexico. The length of the forewings is 12–14 mm. The forewings exhibit a pale, whitish gray to buffy gray coloration, adorned with darker gray reniform and orbicular spots, each distinguished by their outline accentuated by a contrasting pale line. The hindwings are dirty white with fuscous shading on the margins and veins in both sexes. Adults have been recorded on wing from early April to early July and again from mid-August to late October.

text:
# Protorthodes perforata

***Protorthodes perforata*** is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1883. It is found across the southern United States, from western Texas to southern California and southward to central Mexico.

The length of the forewings is 12–14 mm. The forewings exhibit a pale, whitish gray to buffy gray coloration, adorned with darker gray reniform and orbicular spots, each distinguished by their outline accentuated by a contrasting pale line. The hindwings are dirty white with fuscous shading on the margins and veins in both sexes. Adults have been recorded on wing from early April to early July and again from mid-August to late October.

## InfoBox

| *Protorthodes perforata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Protorthodes* |
| Species: | ***P. perforata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protorthodes perforata***<br>(Grote, 1883) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Taeniocampa perforata* Grote, 1883 * *Eriopyga constans* Dyar, 1918 * *Protorthodes constans* | |


title: Particle velocity

abstract: Particle velocity is the velocity of a particle in a medium as it transmits a wave. The SI unit of particle velocity is the metre per second (m/s). In many cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure as with sound, but it can also be a transverse wave as with the vibration of a taut string. When applied to a sound wave through a medium of a fluid like air, particle velocity would be the physical speed of a parcel of fluid as it moves back and forth in the direction the sound wave is travelling as it passes. Particle velocity should not be confused with the speed of the wave as it passes through the medium, i.e. in the case of a sound wave, particle velocity is not the same as the speed of sound. The wave moves relatively fast, while the particles oscillate around their original position with a relatively small particle velocity. Particle velocity should also not be confused with the velocity of individual molecules, which depends mostly on the temperature and molecular mass. In applications involving sound, the particle velocity is usually measured using a logarithmic decibel scale called particle velocity level. Mostly pressure sensors (microphones) are used to measure sound pressure which is then propagated to the velocity field using Green's function.

text:
# Particle velocity

**Particle velocity** (denoted v or SVL) is the velocity of a particle (real or imagined) in a medium as it transmits a wave. The SI unit of particle velocity is the metre per second (m/s). In many cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure as with sound, but it can also be a transverse wave as with the vibration of a taut string.

When applied to a sound wave through a medium of a fluid like air, particle velocity would be the physical speed of a parcel of fluid as it moves back and forth in the direction the sound wave is travelling as it passes.

Particle velocity should not be confused with the speed of the wave as it passes through the medium, i.e. in the case of a sound wave, particle velocity is not the same as the speed of sound. The wave moves relatively fast, while the particles oscillate around their original position with a relatively small particle velocity. Particle velocity should also not be confused with the velocity of individual molecules, which depends mostly on the temperature and molecular mass.

In applications involving sound, the particle velocity is usually measured using a logarithmic decibel scale called particle velocity level. Mostly pressure sensors (microphones) are used to measure sound pressure which is then propagated to the velocity field using Green's function.

## Mathematical definition

Particle velocity, denoted $\mathbf {v} $, is defined by

$$\mathbf {v} ={\frac {\partial \mathbf {\delta } }{\partial t}}$$

where $\delta $ is the particle displacement.

## Progressive sine waves

The particle displacement of a *progressive sine wave* is given by

$$\delta (\mathbf {r} ,\\,t)=\delta \_{\mathrm {m} }\cos(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t+\varphi \_{\delta ,0}),$$

where

It follows that the particle velocity and the sound pressure along the direction of propagation of the sound wave *x* are given by

$$v(\mathbf {r} ,\\,t)={\frac {\partial \delta (\mathbf {r} ,\\,t)}{\partial t}=\omega \delta \cos \left(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t+\varphi \_{\delta ,0}+{\frac {\pi }{2}\right)=v\_{\mathrm {m} }\cos(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t+\varphi \_{v,0}),}}$$

$$p(\mathbf {r} ,\\,t)=-\rho c^{2}{\frac {\partial \delta (\mathbf {r} ,\\,t)}{\partial x}=\rho c^{2}k\_{x}\delta \cos \left(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t+\varphi \_{\delta ,0}+{\frac {\pi }{2}\right)=p\_{\mathrm {m} }\cos(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t+\varphi \_{p,0}),}}$$

where

* $v\_{\mathrm {m} }$ is the amplitude of the particle velocity;
* $\varphi \_{v,0}$ is the phase shift of the particle velocity;
* $p\_{\mathrm {m} }$ is the amplitude of the acoustic pressure;
* $\varphi \_{p,0}$ is the phase shift of the acoustic pressure.

Taking the Laplace transforms of $v$ and $p$ with respect to time yields

$$\hat {v}(\mathbf {r} ,\\,s)=v\_{\mathrm {m} }{\frac {s\cos \varphi \_{v,0}-\omega \sin \varphi \_{v,0}{s^{2}+\omega ^{2},}}}$$

$$\hat {p}(\mathbf {r} ,\\,s)=p\_{\mathrm {m} }{\frac {s\cos \varphi \_{p,0}-\omega \sin \varphi \_{p,0}{s^{2}+\omega ^{2}.}}}$$

Since $\varphi \_{v,0}=\varphi \_{p,0}$, the amplitude of the specific acoustic impedance is given by

$$z\_{\mathrm {m} }(\mathbf {r} ,\\,s)=|z(\mathbf {r} ,\\,s)|=\left|{\frac {{\hat {p}(\mathbf {r} ,\\,s)}{{\hat {v}(\mathbf {r} ,\\,s)}\right|={\frac {p\_{\mathrm {m} }{v\_{\mathrm {m} }={\frac {\rho c^{2}k\_{x}{\omega }.}}}}}}}}$$

Consequently, the amplitude of the particle velocity is related to those of the particle displacement and the sound pressure by

$$v\_{\mathrm {m} }=\omega \delta \_{\mathrm {m} },$$

$$v\_{\mathrm {m} }={\frac {p\_{\mathrm {m} }{z\_{\mathrm {m} }(\mathbf {r} ,\\,s)}.}}$$

## Particle velocity level

**Sound velocity level** (SVL) or **acoustic velocity level** or **particle velocity level** is a logarithmic measure of the effective particle velocity of a sound relative to a reference value.
Sound velocity level, denoted *L**v* and measured in dB, is defined by

$$L\_{v}=\ln \left({\frac {v}{v\_{0}\right)~\mathrm {Np} =2\log \_{10}\left({\frac {v}{v\_{0}\right)~\mathrm {B} =20\log \_{10}\left({\frac {v}{v\_{0}\right)~\mathrm {dB} ,}}}}}}$$

where

* *v* is the root mean square particle velocity;
* *v*0 is the *reference particle velocity*;
* 1 Np = 1 is the neper;
* 1 B = 1/2 ln 10 is the bel;
* 1 dB = 1/20 ln 10 is the decibel.

The commonly used reference particle velocity in air is

$$v\_{0}=5\times 10^{-8}~\mathrm {m/s} .$$

The proper notations for sound velocity level using this reference are *L**v*/(5 × 10−8 m/s) or *L**v* (re 5 × 10−8 m/s), but the notations dB SVL, dB(SVL), dBSVL, or dBSVL are very common, even though they are not accepted by the SI.

## InfoBox

| Sound measurements | |
| --- | --- |
| Characteristic | Symbols |
| Sound pressure | *p*, SPL, *L*PA |
| Particle velocity | *v*, SVL |
| Particle displacement | δ |
| Sound intensity | *I*, SIL |
| Sound power | *P*, SWL, *L*WA |
| Sound energy | W |
| Sound energy density | w |
| Sound exposure | *E*, SEL |
| Acoustic impedance | Z |
| Audio frequency | AF |
| Transmission loss | TL |
| --- | |
|  | |


title: Shauna

abstract: Shauna is an Irish female given name. It is the female version of the male names Shawn or Sean, both of which are in turn derived from John.

text:
# Shauna

**Shauna** (Irish: Seána) is an Irish female given name. It is the female version of the male names Shawn or Sean, both of which are in turn derived from John.

## People named Shauna

## InfoBox

Shauna
| Pronunciation | Shawnah |
| --- | --- |
| Gender | Female |
| Language(s) | Irish |
| Origin | |
| Meaning | "God is gracious"<br>"Present" |
| Region of origin | Ireland |
| Other names | |
| Alternative spelling | Seána, Shaunagh, Shonagh, Sháuna |
| Nickname(s) | Shaunie, ShaSha, Una |
| Derived | Shawn, Sean, John |
| Related names | John, Sean, Shawn, Shane, Shana |


title: Prices paid index

abstract: The Prices paid index is an index that measures changes in the prices paid for goods and services used in crop and livestock production and family living. The production component of the index accounts for over 65% of the total, and family living expenses represented by the CPI-U account for less than 20% of the index. The remaining components are interest charges on farm real estate and non-real estate debt, taxes payable on farm real estate, and wage rates paid to hired farm labor. NASS currently publishes the index on a 1990-92 = 100 base. Used in calculating the federal grazing fee, among other purposes. The index of prices paid on a 1910-14 = 100 base is called the parity index and is used in calculating the parity ratio.

text:
# Prices paid index

The **Prices paid index** is an index that measures changes in the prices paid for goods and services used in crop and livestock production and family living. The production component of the index accounts for over 65% of the total, and family living expenses represented by the CPI-U account for less than 20% of the index. The remaining components are interest charges on farm real estate and non-real estate debt, taxes payable on farm real estate, and wage rates paid to hired farm labor. NASS currently publishes the index on a 1990-92 = 100 base. Used in calculating the federal grazing fee, among other purposes. The index of prices paid on a 1910-14 = 100 base is called the parity index and is used in calculating the parity ratio.

* This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach. *Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition* (PDF). Congressional Research Service.


title: Pterostylis caulescens

abstract: Pterostylis caulescens is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to New Guinea. It was first formally described in 1946 by Louis Otho Williams from a specimen collected in the Rawlinson Range by Mary Strong Clemens. The description was published in the Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets. Williams noted that it was distinguished from other Pterostylis in New Guinea by its large stem leaves which are 55–75 mm (2–3 in) long and 14–18 mm (0.6–0.7 in) wide. He also noted that he was describing the plant from poor material but that the colour of the flower was "flesh pink". The specific epithet (caulescens) is derived from the Latin word caulis meaning "a stem", hence caulescent.

text:
# Pterostylis caulescens

***Pterostylis caulescens*** is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to New Guinea. It was first formally described in 1946 by Louis Otho Williams from a specimen collected in the Rawlinson Range by Mary Strong Clemens. The description was published in the Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets. Williams noted that it was distinguished from other *Pterostylis* in New Guinea by its large stem leaves which are 55–75 mm (2–3 in) long and 14–18 mm (0.6–0.7 in) wide. He also noted that he was describing the plant from poor material but that the colour of the flower was "flesh pink". The specific epithet (*caulescens*) is derived from the Latin word *caulis* meaning "a stem", hence caulescent.

## InfoBox

| *Pterostylis caulescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Cranichideae |
| Genus: | *Pterostylis* |
| Species: | ***P. caulescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterostylis caulescens***<br>L.O.Williams | |
|


title: Prosoplus rosselli

abstract: Prosoplus rosselli is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1982.

text:
# Prosoplus rosselli

***Prosoplus rosselli*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1982.

## InfoBox

| *Prosoplus rosselli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Prosoplus* |
| Species: | ***P. rosselli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosoplus rosselli***<br>Breuning, 1982 | |
|


title: Norm Charlton

abstract: Norman Wood Charlton III, nicknamed "the Sheriff", is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds, Seattle Mariners, Philadelphia Phillies, Baltimore Orioles, Atlanta Braves, and Tampa Bay Devil Rays.

text:
# Norm Charlton

**Norman Wood Charlton III** (born January 6, 1963), nicknamed "**the Sheriff**", is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds, Seattle Mariners, Philadelphia Phillies, Baltimore Orioles, Atlanta Braves, and Tampa Bay Devil Rays.

## Early life

Charlton was born in Fort Polk, Louisiana, and graduated from James Madison High School in San Antonio, Texas. He attended Rice University in Houston, Texas, playing for coach David Hall, before being drafted by the Montreal Expos with the 28th pick in the first round of the 1984 MLB June Amateur Draft.

## Professional playing career

The left-handed Charlton was best known as being part of the infamous "Nasty Boys" relief pitching corps for the 1990 Reds team who won the World Series. Randy Myers and Rob Dibble were the other two members. The Boys were renowned for their clutch, shutdown performances, particularly during the playoff run; their blazing fastballs; and their bruising beanballs. Charlton is also famous in Cincinnati for plowing over Mike Scioscia to score a run in a nationally televised Sunday night game.

Charlton was also a key member of the two most beloved Mariner teams. During the 1995 "Refuse to Lose" team that was the first Mariner team to reach the playoffs, he was the team's closer after a midseason trade. As a member of the 2001 team that won an MLB record 116 games, Charlton was a lefty specialist, fleshing out a bullpen which also featured Japanese closer Kazuhiro Sasaki, Jeff Nelson, and fellow lefty Arthur Rhodes.

Before the 1998 season, Charlton signed a contract to join the Baltimore Orioles bullpen. He was released on July 28. Charlton signed with the Braves a few days later.

## Coaching career

On October 22, 2007, the Mariners named Charlton as their bullpen coach. His contract, along with those of the remainder of the 2008 coaching staff, was not renewed following the hire of Don Wakamatsu as the club's field manager in November 2008.

## Personal life

Charlton graduated from Rice University in 1986 with political science major, but had enough credit hours to have also majored in religion or physical education. While at Rice, he played baseball for the Rice Owls and set multiple new university records in the sport, including a career ERA of 2.25 and an 11-win season. Charlton's father was also a Rice alumnus, had been an athlete there, and had worked in the university's physical education department.

## InfoBox

| Norm Charlton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1963-01-06) January 6, 1963<br>Fort Polk, Louisiana, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Switch**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 19, 1988, for the Cincinnati Reds | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 7, 2001, for the Seattle Mariners | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 51–54 |
| Earned run average | 3.71 |
| Strikeouts | 808 |
| Saves | 97 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Privilege separation

abstract: In computer programming and computer security, privilege separation (privsep) is one software-based technique for implementing the principle of least privilege. With privilege separation, a program is divided into parts which are limited to the specific privileges they require in order to perform a specific task. This is used to mitigate the potential damage of a computer security vulnerability.

text:
# Privilege separation

In computer programming and computer security, **privilege separation** (**privsep**) is one software-based technique for implementing the principle of least privilege. With privilege separation, a program is divided into parts which are limited to the specific privileges they require in order to perform a specific task. This is used to mitigate the potential damage of a computer security vulnerability.

## Implementation

A common method to implement privilege separation is to have a computer program fork into two processes. The main program drops privileges, and the smaller program keeps privileges in order to perform a certain task. The two halves then communicate via a socket pair. Thus, any successful attack against the larger program will gain minimal access, even though the pair of programs will be capable of performing privileged operations.

Privilege separation is traditionally accomplished by distinguishing a *real* user ID/group ID from the *effective* user ID/group ID, using the setuid(2)/setgid(2) and related system calls, which were specified by POSIX. If these are incorrectly positioned, gaps can allow widespread network penetration.

Many network service daemons have to do a specific privileged operation such as open a raw socket or an Internet socket in the well known ports range. Administrative utilities can require particular privileges at run-time as well. Such software tends to separate privileges by revoking them completely after the critical section is done, and change the user it runs under to some unprivileged account after so doing. This action is known as *dropping root* under Unix-like operating systems. The unprivileged part is usually run under the "nobody" user or an equivalent separate user account.

Privilege separation can also be done by splitting functionality of a single program into multiple smaller programs, and then assigning the extended privileges to particular parts using file system permissions. That way the different programs have to communicate with each other through the operating system, so the scope of the potential vulnerabilities is limited (since a crash in the less privileged part cannot be exploited to gain privileges, merely to cause a denial-of-service attack).

## Examples

### Dovecot

Another email server software designed with privilege separation and security in mind is Dovecot.

### OpenBSD

Separation of privileges is one of the major OpenBSD security features.

### OpenSSH

OpenSSH uses privilege separation to ensure *pseudo terminal* (***pty***) creation happens in a secure part of the process, away from per connection processes with network access.

### Postfix

The implementation of Postfix was focused on implementing comprehensive privilege separation.

### Solaris

Solaris implements a separate set of functions for privilege bracketing.


title: Particle system

abstract: A particle system is a technique in game physics, motion graphics, and computer graphics that uses many minute sprites, 3D models, or other graphic objects to simulate certain kinds of "fuzzy" phenomena, which are otherwise very hard to reproduce with conventional rendering techniques – usually highly chaotic systems, natural phenomena, or processes caused by chemical reactions. Introduced in the 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan for the fictional "Genesis effect", other examples include replicating the phenomena of fire, explosions, smoke, moving water, sparks, falling leaves, rock falls, clouds, fog, snow, dust, meteor tails, stars and galaxies, or abstract visual effects like glowing trails, magic spells, etc. – these use particles that fade out quickly and are then re-emitted from the effect's source. Another technique can be used for things that contain many strands – such as fur, hair, and grass – involving rendering an entire particle's lifetime at once, which can then be drawn and manipulated as a single strand of the material in question. Particle systems are defined as a group of points in space, guided by a collection of rules defining behavior and appearance. Particle systems model phenomena as a cloud of particles, using stochastic processes to simplify the definition of dynamical system and fluid mechanics with that are difficult to represent with affine transformations.

text:
# Particle system

A **particle system** is a technique in game physics, motion graphics, and computer graphics that uses many minute sprites, 3D models, or other graphic objects to simulate certain kinds of "fuzzy" phenomena, which are otherwise very hard to reproduce with conventional rendering techniques – usually highly chaotic systems, natural phenomena, or processes caused by chemical reactions.

Introduced in the 1982 film *Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan* for the fictional "Genesis effect", other examples include replicating the phenomena of fire, explosions, smoke, moving water (such as a waterfall), sparks, falling leaves, rock falls, clouds, fog, snow, dust, meteor tails, stars and galaxies, or abstract visual effects like glowing trails, magic spells, etc. – these use particles that fade out quickly and are then re-emitted from the effect's source. Another technique can be used for things that contain many strands – such as fur, hair, and grass – involving rendering an entire particle's lifetime at once, which can then be drawn and manipulated as a single strand of the material in question.

Particle systems are defined as a group of points in space, guided by a collection of rules defining behavior and appearance. Particle systems model phenomena as a cloud of particles, using stochastic processes to simplify the definition of dynamical system and fluid mechanics with that are difficult to represent with affine transformations.

## Typical implementation

Particle systems typically implement the following modules:

* An **emission stage**, which provides a location and generates new particles.
* A **simulation stage**, which update parameters and simulates how particles evolve.
* A **rendering stage**, which specifies how to render a particle.

### Emission stage

An emitter implements a spawning rate (how many particles are generated per unit of time), the particles' initial velocity vector (the direction they are emitted upon creation). When using a mesh object as an emitter, the initial velocity vector is often set to be normal to the individual face(s) of the object, making the particles appear to "spray" directly from each face but this is optional.

### Simulation stage

During the **simulation** stage, the number of new particles that must be created is calculated based on spawning rates and the interval between updates, and each of them is spawned in a specific position in 3D space based on the emitter's position and the spawning area specified. Each of the particle's parameters (i.e. velocity, color, etc.) is initialized according to the emitter's parameters. At each update, all existing particles are checked to see if they have exceeded their lifetime, in which case they are removed from the simulation. Otherwise, the particles' position and other characteristics are advanced based on a physical simulation, which can be as simple as translating their current position, or as complicated as performing physically accurate trajectory calculations which take into account external forces (gravity, friction, wind, etc.). It is common to perform collision detection between particles and specified 3D objects in the scene to make the particles bounce off of or otherwise interact with obstacles in the environment. Collisions between particles are rarely used, as they are computationally expensive and not visually relevant for most simulations.

### Rendering stage

After the update is complete, each particle is rendered, usually in the form of a textured billboarded quad (i.e. a quadrilateral that is always facing the viewer). However, this is sometimes not necessary for games; a particle may be rendered as a single pixel in small resolution/limited processing power environments. Conversely, in motion graphics particles tend to be full but small-scale and easy-to-render 3D models, to ensure fidelity even at high resolution. Particles can be rendered as Metaballs in off-line rendering; isosurfaces computed from particle-metaballs make quite convincing liquids. Finally, 3D mesh objects can "stand in" for the particles — a snowstorm might consist of a single 3D snowflake mesh being duplicated and rotated to match the positions of thousands or millions of particles.

## Particle System Taxonomy

In 1983, Reeves defined only **animated** points, creating moving particulate simulations — sparks, rain, fire, etc. In these implementations, each frame of the animation contains each particle at a specific position in its life cycle, and each particle occupies a single point position in space. For effects such as fire or smoke that dissipate, each particle is given a fade out time or fixed lifetime; effects such as snowstorms or rain instead usually terminate the lifetime of the particle once it passes out of a particular field of view.

In 1985, Reeves extended the concept to include rendering the entire life cycle of each particle simultaneously, the result transforms particles into **static** strands of material that show the overall trajectory, rather than points. These strands can be used to simulate hair, fur, grass, and similar materials. The strands can be controlled with the same velocity vectors, force fields, spawning rates, and deflection parameters that animated particles obey. In addition, the rendered thickness of the strands can be controlled and in some implementations may be varied along the length of the strand. Different combinations of parameters can impart stiffness, limpness, heaviness, bristliness, or any number of other properties. The strands may also use texture mapping to vary the strands' color, length, or other properties across the emitter surface.

In 1987, Reynolds introduces notions of flocking, herding or schooling behaviors. The **boids model** extends particle simulation to include external state interactions including goal seeking, collision avoidance, flock centering, and limited perception.

In 2003, Müller extended particle systems to fluidics by simulating viscosity, pressure and surface tension, and then rendered surfaces by interpolating the discrete positions with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics.

A cube emitting 5000 animated particles, obeying a "gravitational" force in the negative Y directionThe same cube emitter rendered using static particles, or strands

## Developer-friendly particle system tools

Particle systems code that can be included in game engines, digital content creation systems, and effects applications can be written from scratch or downloaded. Havok provides multiple particle system APIs. Their Havok FX API focuses especially on particle system effects. Ageia \- now a subsidiary of Nvidia \- provides a particle system and other game physics API that is used in many games, including Unreal Engine 3 games. Both GameMaker Studio and Unity provide a two-dimensional particle system often used by indie, hobbyist, or student game developers, though it cannot be imported into other engines. Many other solutions also exist, and particle systems are frequently written from scratch if non-standard effects or behaviors are desired.

1. Reeves, William (1983). "Particle SystemsA Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects" (PDF). *ACM Transactions on Graphics*. **2** (2): 91–108. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.517.4835. doi:10.1145/357318.357320. S2CID 181508. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
2. Hastings EJ, Guha RK, Stanley KO (2008-12-09). "Interactive evolution of particle systems for computer graphics and animation". *IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation*. **13** (2): 418–32. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.365.5720. doi:10.1109/TEVC.2008.2004261. S2CID 11390585.
3. Sims K (1990-09-01). "Particle animation and rendering using data parallel computation" (PDF). *Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques*. pp. 405–413. doi:10.1145/97879.97923. ISBN 0897913442. S2CID 2791741. Retrieved 2022-01-17.
4. Reeves, William T.; Blau, Ricki (July 1985). "Approximate and probabilistic algorithms for shading and rendering structured particle systems". *ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics*. **19** (3): 313–322. doi:10.1145/325165.325250.
5. Reynolds, Craig (1987). "Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model". *Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques*. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 25–34. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.103.7187. doi:10.1145/37401.37406. ISBN 978-0-89791-227-3. S2CID 546350.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
6. Müller M, Charypar D, Gross M. "Particle-Based Fluid Simulation for Interactive Applications" (PDF). *SIGGRAPH Symposium on Computer Animation*. Retrieved 2022-01-18.


title: Shail Upadhya

abstract: Shail Upadhya was a Nepalese diplomat, United Nations disarmament expert and fashion designer.

text:
# Shail Upadhya

**Shail Upadhya** (1935 – 2013) was a Nepalese diplomat, United Nations disarmament expert and fashion designer.

## Career

As a second career, Upadhya worked as a fashion designer, becoming a social fixture in New York City, known for his flamboyant and colorful suits and outfits. He was a prominent presence in the 2011 documentary film *Bill Cunningham New York,* about New York Times fashion photographer Bill Cunningham. He lived in New York City, Southampton, New York, and Miami, Florida.

Upadhya was interviewed on *Da Ali G Show* by Sacha Baron Cohen's character Brüno at New York Fashion Week.

## InfoBox

| Shail Upadhya | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 9 August 1935
Nepal |
| Died | 31 January 2013 (aged 77)
New York City |
| Occupation | Nepalese fashion designer |


abstract: The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology is a German institute for evolutionary biology. It is located in Plön, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

text:
# Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology

The **Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology** is a German institute for evolutionary biology. It is located in Plön, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

## History

The institute was founded by German zoologist Otto Zacharias as *Hydrobiologische Station zu Plön*. Working in Italy in the 1880s, Zacharias was inspired by the highly recognised Stazione Zoologica in Naples, founded in 1870 by Anton Dohrn, to set up the first biological station for freshwater research in Germany. He secured financial support from the Prussian government and several private individuals to establish it on Großer Plöner See in 1891, as a private research institute.

As the director, Zacharias published research reports from 1893 on the Station's activities, which were recorded from 1905 in the Archives of Hydrobiology. In so-called "summer schools" Zacharias trained teachers and laity interested in working with the microscope.

It became part of the Max Planck Society in 1948, and was renamed in 1966 as the **Max Planck Institute of Limnology**.

It was renamed again as Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in 2007, marking a change of the research focus towards evolutionary biology.

54°9′36″N 10°26′2″E / 54.16000°N 10.43389°E / 54.16000; 10.43389

## Departments

## Research groups

* Behavioural Genomics (Miriam Liedvogel)
* Biological Clocks (Tobias Kaiser)
* Dynamics of Social Behavior (Christian Hilbe)
* Evolutionary Cell Biology (Javier López Garrido)
* Craniofacial Biology (Marketa Kaucka )
* Environmental Genomics (Eva Stukenbrock)
* Antibiotic Resistance Evolution (Hinrich Schulenburg)
* Evolutionary Genomics (John Baines)
* Evolutionary Immunogenomics (Tobias L. Lenz)


title: Prentice McCray

abstract: Prentice Marcellus McCray Jr. is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arizona State Sun Devils and was selected by the Detroit Lions in the eighth round of the 1973 NFL draft. He was cut by Detroit during training camp in 1973 and did not play that entire year. The follow spring, the New England Patriots signed him as a free agent. McCray was selected to the 1974 NFL All-Rookie Team as a member of the Patriots, starting all 14 games with three interceptions for 61 yards and a fumble recovery. His best and most memorable season was in 1976. During a game versus the New York Jets on November 21 at Shea Stadium, he intercepted Joe Namath twice and ran back both interceptions for touchdowns totaling 118 yards. He was named to the Patriots 70's All-Decade team in 2009.

text:
# Prentice McCray

**Prentice Marcellus McCray Jr.** (born March 1, 1951) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arizona State Sun Devils and was selected by the Detroit Lions in the eighth round of the 1973 NFL draft. He was cut by Detroit during training camp in 1973 and did not play that entire year. The follow spring, the New England Patriots signed him as a free agent.

McCray was selected to the 1974 NFL All-Rookie Team as a member of the Patriots, starting all 14 games with three interceptions for 61 yards and a fumble recovery. His best and most memorable season was in 1976. During a game versus the New York Jets on November 21 at Shea Stadium, he intercepted Joe Namath twice and ran back both interceptions for touchdowns totaling 118 yards. He was named to the Patriots 70's All-Decade team in 2009.

## InfoBox

Prentice McCray
| No. 34 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Safety |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1951-03-01) March 1, 1951<br>Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 188 lb (85 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Edison (Stockton, California) |
| College: | Arizona State |
| NFL draft: | 1973 / round: 8 / pick: 200 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Interceptions: 15  INT yards: 352  Touchdowns: 2 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Wengi

abstract: Wengi is a municipality in the Seeland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

text:
# Wengi

**Wengi** is a municipality in the Seeland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## History

Wengi is first mentioned around 1261-63 as *Wengw*. In 1303 it was mentioned as *Wengi*.

The earliest traces of human settlement come from neolithic tools discovered at Wengimoos. A few scattered Roman era artifacts were discovered at Äbeni. During the Early and High Middle Ages the wooden castle of Guldige Hubel in Übererlenacher guarded the village. During the Middle Ages, the village of Wengi and the hamlets of Scheunenberg and Waltwil were all part of the municipality of Grossaffoltern and were owned by the House of Kyburg. After the extinction of the Kyburgs, the villages passed through the hands of a number of nobles.

The village St. Mary's Church was probably first built during the 8th or 9th century. The first church was replaced with a new building in the 13th century and was built as the seat of a dean. In 1521 the second church was destroyed in a fire. It was rebuilt with a nave and dedicated to St. Maurice.

Beginning in the 18th century and continuing until World War II, peat was harvested for heating from the Wengimoos bog. The extensive peat bogs proved to be a difficult obstacle during the amelioration of the Limpach valley between 1944-51. In 1961, the Wengimoos was made into a nature preserve to protect the delicate bog ecosystem.

## Geography

Wengi has an area of 7.08 km2 (2.73 sq mi). Of this area, 5.15 km2 (1.99 sq mi) or 72.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.18 km2 (0.46 sq mi) or 16.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.54 km2 (0.21 sq mi) or 7.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.09 km2 (22 acres) or 1.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.1 km2 (25 acres) or 1.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.0%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 62.4% is used for growing crops and 9.8% is pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.3% is in lakes and 1.0% is in rivers and streams.

The municipality is located in the upper Limpach valley. It consists of the village of Wengi and the hamlets of Scheunenberg, Waltwil and Janzenhaus.

On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Büren, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Seeland.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Argent three Roses Gules barbed and seeded proper in Pale.*

## Demographics

Wengi has a population (as of December 2020) of 630. As of 2010, 8.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000-2010) the population has changed at a rate of 12.2%. Migration accounted for 7.1%, while births and deaths accounted for 6.4%.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (530 or 96.0%) as their first language, French is the second most common (10 or 1.8%) and Portuguese is the third (4 or 0.7%).

As of 2008, the population was 52.2% male and 47.8% female. The population was made up of 293 Swiss men (47.6% of the population) and 28 (4.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 272 Swiss women (44.2%) and 22 (3.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 207 or about 37.5% were born in Wengi and lived there in 2000. There were 217 or 39.3% who were born in the same canton, while 82 or 14.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 36 or 6.5% were born outside of Switzerland.

As of 2010, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15%.

As of 2000, there were 224 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 277 married individuals, 32 widows or widowers and 19 individuals who are divorced.

As of 2000, there were 51 households that consist of only one person and 17 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 208 apartments (95.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 5 apartments (2.3%) were seasonally occupied and 5 apartments (2.3%) were empty. As of 2010, the construction rate of new housing units was 1.6 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2011, was 2.94%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Politics

In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 43% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the BDP Party (18%), the SPS (10%) and the Green Party (8.2%). In the federal election, a total of 242 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 55.4%.

## Economy

As of  2011, Wengi had an unemployment rate of 1.59%. As of 2008, there were a total of 161 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 88 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 29 businesses involved in this sector. 19 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 54 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 17 businesses in this sector.

In 2008 there were a total of 121 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 60, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 16 of which 14 or (87.5%) were in manufacturing and 2 (12.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 45. In the tertiary sector; 8 or 17.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 26.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 11 or 24.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 4.4% were technical professionals or scientists, 5 or 11.1% were in education.

In 2000, there were 28 workers who commuted into the municipality and 195 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 7.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 6.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 57% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 39 or 7.1% were Roman Catholic, while 441 or 79.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.54% of the population), and there were 18 individuals (or about 3.26% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Islamic. 45 (or about 8.15% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 14 individuals (or about 2.54% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Wengi about 213 or (38.6%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 83 or (15.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 83 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.1% were Swiss men, 30.1% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 73 students attending classes in Wengi. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 14 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 14.3% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 14.3% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 3 primary classes and 59 students. Of the primary students, 6.8% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 3.4% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

As of 2000, there were 13 students in Wengi who came from another municipality, while 36 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Wengi | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Wengi village administration building | |
|  | |
| Location of Wengi | |
| WengiWengi | |
| Coordinates: 47°5′N 7°24′E / 47.083°N 7.400°E / 47.083; 7.400 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Bern |
| District | Seeland |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.1 km2 (2.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 480 m (1,570 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 613 |
| Density | 86/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 3251 |
| SFOS number | 0394 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-BE |
| Surrounded by | Balm bei Messen (SO), Diessbach bei Büren, Grossaffoltern, Rapperswil, Ruppoldsried, Schnottwil (SO) |
| Website | www.wengi-be.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Gianfranco Terenzi

abstract: Gianfranco Terenzi was a Sammarinese politician who served as captain regent on four occasions. He was a member of the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party. His first term was with Rossano Zafferani. His second term was with Enzo Colombini from. His third term was with Loris Francini from April 2006 to October 2006. His fourth term was with Guerrino Zanotti. Terenzi died on 20 May 2020 after being hit by a truck, aged 79.

text:
# Gianfranco Terenzi

**Gianfranco Terenzi** (2 January 1941 – 20 May 2020) was a Sammarinese politician who served as captain regent on four occasions. He was a member of the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party.

His first term was with Rossano Zafferani (October 1987-April 1988). His second term was with Enzo Colombini from (October 2000-April 2001). His third term was with Loris Francini from April 2006 to October 2006. His fourth term was with Guerrino Zanotti (October 2014-April 2015).

Terenzi died on 20 May 2020 after being hit by a truck, aged 79.

## InfoBox

| Gianfranco Terenzi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Captain Regent of San Marino | |
| **In office**
1 October 2014  1 April 2015Serving with Guerrino Zanotti | |
| Preceded by | Luca Beccari
Valeria Ciavatta |
| Succeeded by | Andrea Belluzzi
Roberto Venturini |
| **In office**
1 April 2006  1 October 2006
Served with Loris Francini | |
| Preceded by | Antonello Bacciocchi
Claudio Muccioli |
| Succeeded by | Antonio Carattoni
Roberto Giorgetti |
| **In office**
1 October 2000  1 April 2001
Served with Enzo Colombini | |
| Preceded by | Gian Marco Marcucci
Maria Domenica Michelotti |
| Succeeded by | Fabio Berardi
Luigi Lonfernini |
| **In office**
1 October 1987  1 April 1988
Served with Rossano Zafferani | |
| Preceded by | Carlo Franciosi
Renzo Renzi |
| Succeeded by | Umberto Barulli
Rosolino Martelli |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1941-01-02)2 January 1941
San Marino, San Marino |
| Died | 20 May 2020(2020-05-20) (aged 79)
Serravalle, San Marino |
| Political party | Christian Democratic Party |
|  | |


title: Prosoplus rufobrunneus

abstract: Prosoplus rufobrunneus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.

text:
# Prosoplus rufobrunneus

***Prosoplus rufobrunneus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.

## InfoBox

| *Prosoplus rufobrunneus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Prosoplus* |
| Species: | ***P. rufobrunneus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosoplus rufobrunneus***<br>Breuning, 1938 | |
|


title: Ncuncuni Constituency

abstract: Ncuncuni is a constituency in the Kavango West region of Namibia. It is located west of Rundu, one of Namibia's largest cities. It had a population of 38,281 in 2011, up from 26,623 in 2001. As of 2020 the constituency had 4,554 registered voters.

text:
# Ncuncuni Constituency

**Ncuncuni** (until 2013: **Rundu Rural West**) is a constituency in the Kavango West region of Namibia. It is located west of Rundu, one of Namibia's largest cities. It had a population of 38,281 in 2011, up from 26,623 in 2001. As of 2020 the constituency had 4,554 registered voters.

## Establishment

Due to the rapid growth of Rundu, constituencies in the vicinity have undergone many changes. In 2003 this constituency was established in the Kavango Region as **Rundu Rural West** through a split of the Rundu Rural constituency.

In 2013 the Kavango Region was split into Kavango East and Kavango West. The constituency was renamed **Ncuncuni**; It belongs to Kavango West. Its former sister constituency Rundu Rural East belongs to Kavango East and was also renamed. It got its original name back and is now again Rundu Rural.

## Politics

Ncuncuni constituency is traditionally a stronghold of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) party. In the 2004 regional election SWAPO candidate Herbert Shixwameni received 5,134 of the 5,784 votes cast. He resigned in 2008 when he left SWAPO to form the All People's Party (APP) with his younger brother, Ignatius. In the resulting by-election in 2008, Rosa Kavara, also of SWAPO, became constituency councillor. Kavara was re-elected in the 2010 regional election, winning over Herbert Shixwameni (now APP) and Moses Nyundu of the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP). Kavara was subsequently elected to represent the Kavango Region in the National Council of Namibia as one of 7 women on the 24 person body.

As in all Kavango West constituencies, SWAPO won the 2015 regional election by a landslide. Incumbent Rosa Kavara received 1,159 votes, followed by Valerianus Ndango Haupindi (APP, 380 votes). Councillor Kavara died in January 2008. A by-election was held that was won by Ritha Sindjanga (SWAPO, 1097 votes), Paulus Mangundu of the APP came second with 355 votes. The 2020 regional election likewise went to SWAPO. Its candidate Leopoldine Nseu received 864 votes, far ahead of Protasius Shihwameni of the APP with 262 votes.

17°56′S 19°46′E / 17.933°S 19.767°E / -17.933; 19.767


title: Noroliveroline

abstract: Noroliveroline is an anticholinergic alkaloid.

text:
# Noroliveroline

**Noroliveroline** is an anticholinergic alkaloid.

## InfoBox

Noroliveroline
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name 2′*H*-12-Nor\[1,3\]dioxolo\[4′,5′:1,2\]-6aβ-aporphin-7β-ol | |
| Systematic IUPAC name (7a*S*,8*S*)-6,7,7a,8-Tetrahydro-2*H*,5*H*-benzo\[*g*\]\[1,3\]benzodioxolo\[6,5,4-*de*\]quinolin-8-ol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C17H15NO3/c19-16-11-4-2-1-3-10(11)14-13-9(5-6-18-15(13)16)7-12-17(14)21-8-20-12/h1-4,7,15-16,18-19H,5-6,8H2/t15-,16-/m0/s1Key: CKIYSMRPIBQTHQ-HOTGVXAUSA-N * InChI=1/C17H15NO3/c19-16-11-4-2-1-3-10(11)14-13-9(5-6-18-15(13)16)7-12-17(14)21-8-20-12/h1-4,7,15-16,18-19H,5-6,8H2/t15-,16-/m0/s1Key: CKIYSMRPIBQTHQ-HOTGVXAUBH | |
| SMILES * C1CN\[C@@H\]2\[C@H\](C3=CC=CC=C3C4=C2C1=CC5=C4OCO5)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C17H15NO3 |
| Molar mass | 281.311 g·mol−1 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds | Michelalbine, R-(-)-norushinsunine |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Privilege revocation (computing)

abstract: Privilege revocation is the act of an entity giving up some, or all of, the privileges they possess, or some authority taking those (privileged) rights away.

text:
# Privilege revocation (computing)

**Privilege revocation** is the act of an entity giving up some, or all of, the privileges they possess, or some authority taking those (privileged) rights away.

## Information theory

Honoring the Principle of least privilege at a granularity provided by the base system such as sandboxing of (to that point successful) attacks to an unprivileged user account helps in reliability of computing services provided by the system. As the chances of restarting such a process are better, and other services on the same machine aren't affected (or at least probably not as much as in the alternative case: i.e. a privileged process gone haywire instead).

## Computer security

In computing security *privilege revocation* is a measure taken by a program to protect the system against misuse of itself.

Privilege revocation is a variant of privilege separation whereby the program terminates the privileged part immediately after it has served its purpose. If a program doesn't revoke privileges, it risks the escalation of privileges.

Revocation of privileges is a technique of defensive programming.


title: Parkeisenbahn Chemnitz

abstract: The Parkeisenbahn Chemnitz (PEC) is a narrow gauge children's railway in Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany. It is 2.3 kilometres long and has one station, two stops, one depot and one block post. Until 1990 it was operated as a Pioniereisenbahn. The Parkeisenbahn has six diesel locomotives, two steam locomotives, nine passenger wagons and some other vehicles. It has the route number 12248. With the exception of the engine driver and the station master, all jobs around the railway are done by children and teenagers.

text:
# Parkeisenbahn Chemnitz

The **Parkeisenbahn Chemnitz** (PEC) is a narrow gauge children's railway in Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany. It is 2.3 kilometres long and has one station, two stops, one depot and one block post. Until 1990 it was operated as a Pioniereisenbahn. The Parkeisenbahn has six diesel locomotives, two steam locomotives, nine passenger wagons and some other vehicles. It has the route number 12248.

With the exception of the engine driver and the station master, all jobs around the railway are done by children and teenagers.

## Sources

1. "Bahnland-Sachsen.de.tl". *(private Saxon railway website)* (in German). LF. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.

50°50′51″N 12°54′35″E / 50.8475°N 12.9097°E / 50.8475; 12.9097

## InfoBox

| Parkeisenbahn Chemnitz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Engine 6006 in Bahnhof Küchwaldwiese (2003) | |
| Overview | |
| Locale | Küchwald, Chemnitz-Schloßchemnitz, Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany |
| Termini | Küchwaldwiese |
| Service | |
| Route number | 12248 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 2.3 km (1.4 mi) |
| Number of tracks | 1 |
| Track gauge | 600 mm |
| Operating speed | 15 km/h |
| Route map | |


title: Shaikpet

abstract: Shaikpet is located near Tolichowki in Hyderabad, India. It is a mandal in Hyderabad District and one of the oldest suburbs of Hyderabad. There was a legislative assembly seat in its name; now after delimitation this area comes in Jubilee Hills seat. It is administered as Ward No. 94 of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. The councillor of Shaikpet Division is Mohammed Rashed Farazuddin.

text:
# Shaikpet

**Shaikpet** is located near Tolichowki in Hyderabad, India. It is a mandal in Hyderabad District and one of the oldest suburbs of Hyderabad. There was a legislative assembly seat in its name; now after delimitation this area comes in Jubilee Hills seat. It is administered as Ward No. 94 of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. The councillor of Shaikpet Division is Mohammed Rashed Farazuddin.

## Revenue Villages of Shaikpet

Mandals and villages of Hyderabad District include:

* Shaikpet
* Hakeempet
* Bakhtawarguda

## Prominent Residential Gated Communities at Shaikpet

* Aditya Empress Towers
* Aditya Empress Park
* Aditya Empress Heights
* Aparna One
* Aparna Aura
* Sri Aditya Le Grandiose
* Sri Aditya Athena
* Western Plaza
* Harsha Sky High

## Prominent Commercial Establishments at Shaikpet

* D Mart
* RP Business Park
* Bajaj Electronics
* Passport Office

## Prominent Educational Institutes at Shaikpet

* G Narayanamma Institute of Information technology
* International School
* Oasis School
* Aakash Institute

## InfoBox

| Shaikpet Shaikpet Mandal | |
| --- | --- |
| Inner City | |
| Shaikpet skyline | |
| ShaikpetLocation in Telangana, India | |
| Coordinates: 17°24′13″N 78°23′56″E / 17.4034882°N 78.3989032°E / 17.4034882; 78.3989032 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| District | Hyderabad District |
| Named for | Sheikh Mohammed Basha |
| Government | |
| Body | GHMC |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu, Deccani Urdu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 500008 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Secunderabad |
| Planning agency | GHMC |


title: Vlad Bilețchi

abstract: Vlad Bilețchi is a Moldovan lawyer and politician. He is an activist for the unification of Moldova and Romania and was president of the Moldovan branch of the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) political party.

text:
# Vlad Bilețchi

**Vlad Bilețchi** (born 7 September 1994) is a Moldovan lawyer and politician. He is an activist for the unification of Moldova and Romania and was president of the Moldovan branch of the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) political party.

## Personal life

Bilețchi was born on 7 September 1994 in Chișinău, Moldova. He was born into a family of intellectuals, with his grandfather being the Moldovan historian and literary critic Nicolae Bilețchi, from whom he claims to have inherited his "love" for "the tricolor" (the Romanian flag) and the Romanian nation. After finishing his Baccalaureate, Vlad Bilețchi studied at the Economics Faculty of Moldova State University and specialized in business and administration, getting his degree in 2016 and later obtaining a master's degree in public law while studying at the Law Faculty of the same university. He therefore is a lawyer and also eventually became professor at the Gheorghe Asachi Romanian-French High School.

## Activism

Bilețchi is president of the unionist (with Romania) organization Public Association Union – ODIP, which he founded in 2014. This organization started in 2017 an information campaign about a possible union between Moldova and Romania to spread awareness in the country, starting in Chișinău in June and later spreading to localities of 13 different districts of Moldova from July to August through the so-called "Union Caravans". This campaign was successful, with about 100 people going to around 300 Moldovan localities. Bilețchi determined that there were people supporting the union in all these localities and that his goal in the future was to increase their number.

Bilețchi was one of the main organizers of a pro-union march with Romania in Chișinău on 25 March 2018 and of the 2018 Centenary March. Bilețchi and Union – ODIP were also involved in a restoration project started in 2018 for the Heroes' Cemetery of Chișinău.

In 2019, Bilețchi and Union – ODIP participated in a campaign to rebuild the Kindergarten-Gymnasium Dimitrie Cantemir in the village of Aluatu and provide it with teaching material. The school was then the only school teaching in Romanian in the Taraclia District. Union – ODIP donated clothes, toys and books for the pupils, while an economic agent from Romania donated and installed the necessary equipment for the presence of Wi-Fi in the school. Other rebuilding works were financially backed by the Governments of Moldova and Romania.

## Political career

In the 2019 Moldovan parliamentary election, Bilețchi postulated as a candidate for the Liberal Party of Moldova although he was not part of the party.

In March 2020, he joined the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), a political party from Romania. He ran as a candidate for the Moldovan branch of the party during the 2021 Moldovan parliamentary election.

Bilețchi criticized Igor Dodon and his 2021 statements in which he threatened to expel the ambassadors of Western countries (including Romania) and the European Union (EU) in Moldova. On the 29th anniversary of the Transnistria War, Bilețchi and Union – ODIP protested in front of the Russian embassy in Chișinău about the presence of Russian troops in Transnistria and demanded their withdrawal.

Bilețchi resigned as president of the Moldovan branch of AUR on 30 January 2022, but he maintained his powers as president until 15 May. On this day, an extraordinary congress took place with the aim of electing a new president of the party. Another extraordinary congress on 10 September elected Boris Volosatîi as the new president.

## InfoBox

| Vlad Bilețchi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the Alliance for the Union of Romanians\[a\] | |
| **In office**
27 March 2021  15 May 2022 | |
| Succeeded by | Boris Volosatîi |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1994-09-07) 7 September 1994
Chișinău, Moldova |
| Political party | Alliance for the Union of Romanians (2020–present) |
| Other political
affiliations | Liberal Party (until 2019) |
| Alma mater | Moldova State University |
| Occupation | Civic activist, politician, lawyer |
| Religion | Romanian Orthodox Church (Metropolis of Bessarabia) |
| a.  of the Moldovan branch of the party | |
|  | |


title: Prestahnúkur

abstract: The peak Prestahnúkur with a height of 1,223 m (4,012 ft), is in the Western Volcanic Zone to the west of the Highlands of Iceland to the west of Langjökull glacier, or to be more specific, to the west of Geitlandsjökull glacier, a part of the Langjökull. The volcano Prestahnúkur includes the terrain under the Geitlandsjökull glacier continuous to the peak and also includes fissure fields to its north and south.

text:
# Prestahnúkur

Prestahnúkurclass=notpageimage|Prestahnúkur on the map of Iceland

The peak **Prestahnúkur** (Icelandic pronunciation: \[ˈpʰrɛstaˌn̥uːkʏr̥\] ) with a height of 1,223 m (4,012 ft), is in the Western Volcanic Zone to the west of the Highlands of Iceland to the west of Langjökull glacier, or to be more specific, to the west of Geitlandsjökull glacier, a part of the Langjökull. The volcano Prestahnúkur includes the terrain under the Geitlandsjökull glacier continuous to the peak and also includes fissure fields to its north and south.

## The volcanic system

The central volcano Prestahnúkur consists of a rhyolite tuya that was formed entirely under ice, and has been dated as 89 ± 24 ka, but another dating is about 60 ka. Two vents have been found. At the base of the northern flank is a geothermal area, with the rhyolite and hot springs suggesting that a long-lived magma chamber is or has been present. There has been intermittent seismic activity, mostly in an area about 8 km (5.0 mi) wide centred at the central volcano, but as no dyke intrusions have been observed, so it is unproven that the volcano is active.

In 2009 geologists in their research of earthquake events in the area showed that volcanic fissures lie in direction southwest-northeast and reach under the glaciers Þórisjökull and Geitlandsjökull-Langjökull. The Prestahnúkur fissure swarm has subsequently been defined as extending both to the north and south of the central volcano with a total length between 40–80 km (25–50 mi) and width up to 20 km (12 mi). To the north the Hallmundarhraun lava flow is believed to have most likely erupted sometime between 782 and 860 CE and extends well beyond Eiríksjökull. The Jökulkrókur lava to its west is between 1800 to 4500 years BP and one of the Geitlandshraun lava flows to its south-east has been dated to 8900 years BP. The other Geitlandshraun lava flow is under ice just north of the central volcano and is undated, but older. The Ok shield volcano rises to a height of 1,141 m (3,743 ft) to the east-nor-east of the central volcano. To the south-east of the central volcano some of the fissure swarm is now covered by lava from the Skjaldbreiður shield volcano which is in a neighbouring volcanic system. The southern extent of the fissure swarm is unclear and may overlap with that of the Hengill volcanic system. Intraglacial volcanic formations in the fissure swarm include tuyas produced by fissure eruptions through single vents and tindars. Apart from the Hrúðurkarlar tindars which cut obliquely across the swarm, the tindars parallel the fissure swarm at a strike of about 30°.

### Rock Geology

The central volcanoes rhyolite has for Iceland a high silica content of about 77%, and must have come from a single batch of magma over a relatively short time span of less than 20 years. It was for some time a popular exploited construction material, partly for export. But the mine has been closed. The fissure swarm lavas are basaltic olivine tholeiite.

## The name

The name means "peak of the priests".

The origin of the name was an expedition of two priests into the highlands in the 17th century. It was seen as quite an enterprise at the time when they went into this region. They explored especially a valley behind the Þórisjökull called Þórisdalur, which had a bad reputation in sagas and folk stories because it was believed to be haunted by ghosts and that lawless people would be living there. As is clear today, they found nothing of the sort, but they were regarded as heroes when they came back from this expedition.

## Highland Road Kaldidalur and mountaineering

The highland road Kaldadalsvegur is situated not far from the mountain and it is possible to access the mountain by a bad jeep track and climb it.

1. Sæmundsson 2019, Short Description.
2. Sæmundsson 2019, Detailed Description.
3. Hjartardóttir et al. 2015, p. 8744.
4. McGarvie et al. 2007, p. 46.
5. Sæmundsson 2019, Detailed Description: Eruption history and pattern.
6. McGarvie et al. 2007, p. 43.
7. Patterson, Bedford & Casbeer 2024, Conclusions.
8. Hjartardóttir et al. 2015, pp. 8745, 8755.
9. Sigurlaug Hjaltadóttir, Kristin S. Vogfjörd. Icelandic Meteorological Institute. Kortlagning sprungna í nágrenni Prestahnúks með smáskjálftum. Kortlagnin jarðhita í gosbeltum Íslands, annar áfangi. skyrsla VI/2009-011
10. Hjartardóttir et al. 2015, p. 8742.
11. Hjartardóttir et al. 2015, pp. 8744–8745.
12. Hjartardóttir et al. 2015, p. 8745.
13. Hjartardóttir et al. 2015, pp. 8753.
14. McGarvie et al. 2007, pp. 43, 45.
15. Sæmundsson 2019, Fissure Swarm.
16. Íslandshandbókin. Fyrra bindi. Reykjavík 1989, bls. 114

### Sources

* Patterson, R.V.; Bedford, C.C.; Casbeer, P.D. (2024). Source to sink investigations of Prestahnúkur volcano, Iceland: analog for Gale Crater, Mars (PDF) (Report). USRA 55th LPSC. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
* Hjartardóttir, Á.R.; Hjaltadóttir, S.; Einarsson, P.; Vogfjörd, K.; Muñoz-Cobo Belart, J. (2015). "Fracturing and earthquake activity within the Prestahnúkur fissure swarm in the Western Volcanic Rift Zone of Iceland". *Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth*. **120**: 8743–8757. doi:10.1002/2015JB012341.
* Sæmundsson, Kristján (2019). "Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Prestahnúkur Alternative name: Prestahnjúkur".
* McGarvie, D.W.; Stevenson, J.A.; Burgess, R.; Tuffen, H.; Tindle, A.G. (2007). "Volcano–ice interactions at Prestahnúkur, Iceland: rhyolite eruption during the last interglacial–glacial transition". *Annals of Glaciology*. **45**: 38–47. Bibcode:2007AnGla..45...38M. doi:10.3189/172756407782282453. hdl:20.500.11820/72691d25-caed-4789-8db0-a09e82a7cf1a.

## InfoBox

| Prestahnúkur | |
| --- | --- |
| Prestahnúkur | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,223 m (4,012 ft) |
| Coordinates | 64°35′N 20°40′W / 64.583°N 20.667°W / 64.583; -20.667 |
| Naming | |
| English translation | peak of the priests |
| Language of name | Icelandic |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Iceland |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Subglacial |
| Last eruption | about 900 CE |
| Selected geological features near the Prestahnúkur volcanic system (red outlines). Approximate surface mapping of lava flows mentioned in text are shades of violet with oldest (Ok shield volcano) the lightest shading. Other shading shows: '"\`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000005-QINU\`"'   calderas, '"\`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000006-QINU\`"'  central volcanoes and '"\`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000007-QINU\`"'  fissure swarms, '"\`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000008-QINU\`"'  subglacial terrain above 1,100 m (3,600 ft), and '"\`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000009-QINU\`"'  seismically active areas. Clicking on the image enlarges to full window and enables mouse-over with more detail. | |


title: Mimiphiastus vivesi

abstract: Mimiphiastus vivesi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Mimiphiastus. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1978.

text:
# Mimiphiastus vivesi

***Mimiphiastus vivesi*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Mimiphiastus***. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1978.

## InfoBox

| *Mimiphiastus vivesi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Mimiphiastus*** |
| Species: | ***M. vivesi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimiphiastus vivesi***<br>Breuning, 1978 | |
|


title: Gianfredo Camesi

abstract: Gianfredo Camesi is a Swiss painter. Camesi moved to Geneva in 1960 where he started experimenting with painting and sculpture. Towards the end of the 1960s he started his association with the gallery of Renée Ziegler in Zurich and Jan Runnqvist from Galerie Bonnier in Geneva. In 1973 he represented Switzerland at the 12th São Paulo Art Biennial with a series of 400 watercolours and 15 paintings. In 1975 he moved to France before returning to Switzerland where he settled in his native Ticino. Twenty-seven of his works are part of the collection of the Museo d'Arte della Svizzera Italiana (MASI) in Lugano.

text:
# Gianfredo Camesi

**Gianfredo Camesi** (born 24 March 1940) is a Swiss painter.

Camesi moved to Geneva in 1960 where he started experimenting with painting and sculpture. Towards the end of the 1960s he started his association with the gallery of Renée Ziegler in Zurich and Jan Runnqvist from Galerie Bonnier in Geneva. In 1973 he represented Switzerland at the 12th São Paulo Art Biennial with a series of 400 watercolours and 15 paintings. In 1975 he moved to France before returning to Switzerland where he settled in his native Ticino.

Twenty-seven of his works are part of the collection of the Museo d'Arte della Svizzera Italiana (MASI) in Lugano.


title: Prosoplus pullatus

abstract: Prosoplus pullatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1859.

text:
# Prosoplus pullatus

***Prosoplus pullatus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1859.

## InfoBox

| *Prosoplus pullatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Prosoplus* |
| Species: | ***P. pullatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosoplus pullatus***<br>(Pascoe, 1859) | |
|


title: Neaspilota alba

abstract: Neaspilota alba is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Neaspilota of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Neaspilota alba

***Neaspilota alba*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Neaspilota* of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

United States.

## InfoBox

| *Neaspilota alba* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Tephritinae |
| Tribe: | Terelliini |
| Genus: | *Neaspilota* |
| Species: | ***N. alba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neaspilota alba***<br>Loew, 1861 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Noronha elaenia

abstract: The Noronha elaenia is a Vulnerable species of bird in subfamily Elaeniinae of family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is endemic to the Fernando de Noronha archipelago off the coast of Brazil.

text:
# Noronha elaenia

The **Noronha elaenia** (***Elaenia ridleyana***) is a Vulnerable species of bird in subfamily Elaeniinae of family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is endemic to the Fernando de Noronha archipelago off the coast of Brazil.

## Taxonomy and systematics

In the mid twentieth century several authors suggested that the Noronha elaenia should be treated as a subspecies of the large elaenia (*E. spectabilis*) or the lesser elaenia (*E. chiriquensis*). Those suggestions did not gain wide acceptance and by the 1990s had been shown to be wrong. The three species' vocalizations are significantly different.

## Description

The Noronha elaenia is about 17 cm (6.7 in) long. It is large elaenia with a small crest. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a mostly olive-brown head with a minimal or no white stripe in the middle of the crest. Their upperparts are dark grayish olive. Their wings are dusky with white tips on the coverts that show as three wing bars. Their tail is dusky. Their throat is grayish, their breast dark olive-gray, and their belly and undertail coverts yellow. Both sexes have a dark brown iris, a black bill with a dull pinkish base to the mandible, and black legs and feet.

## Distribution and habitat

The Noronha elaenia is found only on Fernando de Noronha and Rata islands in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, in the Atlantic off Pernambuco state. It inhabits scrublands, dry woodland and other open forest, and thickets and gardens near human habitations.

## Behavior

### Movement

The Noronha elaenia is a year-round inhabitat on the islands.

### Feeding

The Noronha elaenia feeds on insects and small fruits, especially those of *Ficus noronhae*. Its foraging behavior is not known but is assumed to be similar to that of other *Elaenia* members; for example see here.

### Breeding

The Noronha elaenia breeds between June and August. Its nest is a cup made from fibers of plants in the gourd family Cucurbitaceae and some thin twigs, lined with plant down, and often placed on a bare tree branch. The clutch size appears to be one or two eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.

### Vocalization

The Noronha elaenia's calls vary; one is a "high, descending 'tUuuw' in series with 1.5 sec intervals".

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the Noronha elaenia as Vulnerable. The total area of the two islands it inhabits is about 38 km2 (15 sq mi) of which only about 18 km2 (6.9 sq mi) has suitable habitat. Its estimated population of 500 mature individuals is believed to be stable. "All large trees have been cut and all remaining vegetation is secondary. There are proposals to further develop tourism and this would cause yet greater damage to its habitat. It may suffer predation from introduced mammals such as rats and cats...Fire may pose a credible threat, and an introduced vine is reported to threaten remaining preferred habitat." It is the least common of the three land birds resident on the archipelago. "Nevertheless, its future should be secure so long as sufficient forest cover survives."

## InfoBox

| Noronha elaenia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Noronha elaenia at Fernando de Noronha, Brazil | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | *Elaenia* |
| Species: | ***E. ridleyana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elaenia ridleyana***
Sharpe, 1888 | |
|
|  | |


title: Protecteur-class replenishment oiler

abstract: The Protecteur-class auxiliary oiler replenishment (AOR) ships were used by the Royal Canadian Navy to resupply ships at sea with food, munitions, fuel and spare parts. They had more sophisticated medical and dental facilities than smaller warships. At 172 metres (564 ft) the ships were some of the largest operated by the RCN. Entering service in 1969, the last vessel of the class was paid off in 2016.

text:
# Protecteur-class replenishment oiler

The ***Protecteur*-class auxiliary oiler replenishment** (AOR) ships were used by the Royal Canadian Navy to resupply ships at sea with food, munitions, fuel and spare parts. They had more sophisticated medical and dental facilities than smaller warships. At 172 metres (564 ft) the ships were some of the largest operated by the RCN. Entering service in 1969, the last vessel of the class was paid off in 2016.

## General characteristics

The *Protecteur*-class replenishment oilers were 171.9 m (564 ft 0 in) long, 23.2 m (76 ft 1 in) wide, and displaced up to a maximum of 24,700 tonnes (24,310 long tons) when fully loaded. Powered by two Babcock & Wilcox boilers, feeding a single General Electric steam turbine engine, the ships reached a maximum speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph). At 20 knots, the range of the *Protecteur* class was limited to 4,100 nautical miles (7,600 km; 4,700 mi), but could be extended to 7,500 nmi (13,900 km; 8,600 mi) when only traveling at 11.5 knots (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph). The *Protecteur* class could safely navigate in as little as 10.1 m (33 ft 2 in) of water.

*Protecteur*-class oilers carried a crew of three hundred and sixty five men and women, including 27 officers, and 45 air detachment personnel who operated and supported three embarked CH-124 Sea King helicopters. The crew was also responsible for loading and unloading the cargo of the *Protecteur* class, which included up to 14,590 t (14,360 long tons) of fuel, 400 t (394 long tons) of aviation fuel, 1,048 t (1,031 long tons) of dry cargo, and 1,250 t (1,230 long tons) of ammunition.

Two 20 mm Phalanx close-in weapon system points and six .50 calibre machine guns helped protect the cargo and crew of the *Protecteur* class if their BAE Systems Mark 36 SRBOC chaff launchers or AN/SLQ-25 Nixie towed decoy did not prevent enemy weaponry from endangering the ship.

## Ships in class

The Royal Canadian Navy listed the following two ships in the *Protecteur* class. Both ships were built by Saint John Shipbuilding.

|
|  |
*Protecteur* class construction data
| Ship | Hull number | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate | Home port |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Protecteur* | AOR 509 | 16 December 1966 | 18 July 1968 | 30 August 1969 | Paid off 14 May 2015 | CFB Esquimalt, British Columbia |
| *Preserver* | AOR 510 | 17 October 1967 | 30 July 1970 | 7 August 1970 | Paid off 21 October 2016 | CFB Halifax, Nova Scotia |
|

## Retirement and future

On 19 September 2014, Vice-Admiral Mark Norman of the Royal Canadian Navy announced the retirement of both *Protecteur* and *Preserver*, along with the *Iroquois*-class destroyers HMCS *Iroquois* and HMCS *Algonquin*. General wear and tear notwithstanding, *Protecteur* was involved in a very serious engine room fire in February 2014 and more recently corrosion problems were found on *Preserver*. On 27 November 2015, *Protecteur* and *Algonquin* were sold to R.J. MacIsaac Ltd. of Antigonish, Nova Scotia for scrapping. They were towed to Liverpool, Nova Scotia, where the vessels were to be broken up. *Preserver* was paid off on 21 October 2016.

Plans for replacing the class were first introduced in 2004. Lack of spare parts for the boilers and the fact that the *Protecteur* class are monohull tankers were the main driving points to replacing the class. The ships were intended to continue to operate until 2017, however, the Joint Support Ship Project will not be completed until two years later, leaving a gap in the ability for the RCN to refuel and resupply her own ships while deployed.

The Royal Canadian Navy looked at other options to fill the gap until the arrival of the two *Protecteur*-class auxiliary vessels in 2019 at the earliest. The navy is currently leasing replenishment vessels from other navies, and converted a civilian container ship to a replenishment vessel.

## InfoBox

| HMCS *Protecteur* alongside a tugboat | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | *Protecteur* class |
| Builders | Saint John Shipbuilding |
| Operators | Royal Canadian Navy |
| Preceded by | *Provider* |
| Succeeded by | *Protecteur* class and MV *Asterix* (interim) |
| In commission | 30 August 1969 – 21 October 2016 |
| Planned | 2 |
| Completed | 2 |
| Scrapped | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Replenishment oiler |
| Displacement | * 8,380  (8,248 long tons) standard * 24,700 t (24,310 long tons) full load |
| Length | 171.9 m (564 ft 0 in) |
| Beam | 23.2 m (76 ft 1 in) |
| Draught | 10.1 m (33 ft 2 in) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
| Range | 4,100 nmi (7,600 km; 4,700 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
| Complement | 365 officers and crew (men and women) including 45 in air detachment |
| Electronic warfare <br>& decoys |  |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried | 3 × CH-124 Sea King helicopters |


title: Matthew Graham

abstract: Matthew Graham is a British television writer, and the co-creator of the BBC/Kudos Film and Television science fiction series Life on Mars, which debuted in 2006 on BBC One and has received international critical acclaim.

text:
# Matthew Graham

**Matthew Graham** is a British television writer, and the co-creator of the BBC/Kudos Film and Television science fiction series *Life on Mars*, which debuted in 2006 on BBC One and has received international critical acclaim.

## Career

Graham began his career writing for the Children's ITV bicycle courier teen drama *Streetwise* in 1990, co-penning every episode of its second and third series. Following this, he moved to the BBC to write for fellow children's dramas *Byker Grove* and *The Biz*, as well as *EastEnders*. Graham then wrote for the popular BBC Two drama series *This Life*, and created and wrote the post-apocalyptic drama serial *The Last Train* for ITV. He also wrote episodes for *Spooks* and *Hustle*, and "Fear Her", an episode of the 2006 series of *Doctor Who*.

*Ashes to Ashes*, a *Life on Mars* sequel which he co-created with *Life on Mars* writer/co-creator Ashley Pharoah, was first broadcast on BBC One on 8 January 2008, to an audience of 7 million, according to overnight figures. In the US, ABC commissioned a remake of *Life on Mars*, also to be called *Life on Mars*, developed by David E. Kelley, creator of *Ally McBeal*, for broadcast in the 2007/08 midseason.

In 2006, Graham formed Monastic Productions with Pharoah (co-creator of *Life on Mars*). Monastic Productions are involved in the *Life on Mars* spin-off *Ashes to Ashes*, as well as in co-producing *Bonekickers*, a 6-part drama series about archaeology set in Bath. Both series are productions for BBC One. *Bonekickers* was not renewed after the first series, but *Ashes to Ashes* completed its third and final series in May 2010.

In November 2010, Graham announced the production of a new television series co-created with Pharoah for ITV. *Eternal Law* tells the story of two angels who are sent to Earth to assist in the salvation of mankind as lawyers in a York law firm. He also confirmed that he would be returning to the world of *Doctor Who* in 2011, writing the fifth and sixth episodes of the sixth series, a two-part story entitled "The Rebel Flesh" and "The Almost People".

His adaptation of the novel *Childhood's End* aired on Syfy in December 2015.

He wrote “The Hood Maker”, the first episode in the Channel 4/Amazon Video series *Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams,* which first aired in September 2017.

## Writing credits

| Production | Notes | Broadcaster |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Streetwise* | * 14 episodes (1990-1992) | ITV |
| *EastEnders* | * 12 episodes (1992–1995) | BBC One |
| *Byker Grove* | * 6 episodes (1992) | |
| *The Biz* | * 2 episodes (1995) | |
| *This Life* | * 4 episodes (1996–1997): * "Cheap Thrills" (1996) * "Just Sex" (1996) * "The Bi Who Came in from the Cold" (1997) * "How to Get in Bed by Advertising" (1997) | BBC Two |
| *Thief Takers* | * "One Last Hurrah" (1997) | ITV |
| *City Central* | * "Justice to Be Done" (1998) * "Throwing It All Away" (1998) | BBC One |
| *The Last Train* | * 6 episodes (1999) | ITV |
| *Reach for the Moon* | * Television miniseries (2000) | |
| *EastEnders* | * 9 episodes (2000–2002) | BBC One |
| *EastEnders: Return of Nick Cotton* | * Television film (2000) | |
| *The Gentleman Thief* | * Television film (2001) | |
| *Impact* | * Television film (2002) | N/A |
| *Spooks* |  | BBC One |
| *POW* |  | ITV |
| *Hustle* | * "Picture Perfect" (2004) * "Confessions" (2005) | BBC One |
| *Walk Away and I Stumble* | * Television film (2005) | ITV |
| *Doctor Who* |  | BBC One |
| *Life on Mars* | * 16 episodes (2006–2007) | |
| *Bonekickers* | * 6 episodes (2008) | |
| *Ashes to Ashes* | * 24 episodes (2008–2010) | |
| *Eternal Law* |  | ITV |
| *R'ha* | * Short film (2013) | N/A |
| *Childhood's End* | * Television miniseries (2015) | Syfy |
| *Kat & Alfie: Redwater* | * 1 episode (2017) | BBC One |
| *Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams* | * "The Hood Maker" (2017) | Channel 4/Amazon Video |
| *The Spanish Princess* | * 12 episodes (2019–2020) | Starz |
|

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Work | Category | Result | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award | *This Life* | TV – Original Drama Serial (with Richard Zajdlic, Mark Davies Markham, Joe Ahearne, Ian Iqbal Rashid, Amelia Bullmore, Eirene Houston, Annie Caulfield, Jimmy Gardner and William Gaminara) | Won |  |
| 2006 | TV Quick Awards | *Life on Mars* | Best New Drama (with Tony Jordan and Ashley Pharoah) | Nominated |  |
| 2007 | British Academy Television Awards | | Best Writer | Nominated |  |
| 2007 | Broadcasting Press Guild Awards | | Writer's Award (with Tony Jordan and Ashley Pharoah) | Won |  |
| 2007 | TV Quick Awards | | Best Loved Drama (with Tony Jordan and Ashley Pharoah) | Nominated |  |
| 2007 | Edgar Allan Poe Awards | *Life on Mars*: "Episode 1" | Best Television Episode Teleplay | Won |  |
| 2007 | Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award | *Life on Mars*: Series 2 | Soap/Series (TV) (with Chris Chibnall, Mark Greig, Ashley Pharoah, Guy Jenkin, Tony Jordan and Julie Rutterford) | Nominated |  |
| 2008 | Banff Rockie Award | *Life on Mars*: "Episode 8" | Best Continuing Series (with S. J. Clarkson) | Nominated |  |
| 2008 | Cinéma Tous Ecrans | *Ashes to Ashes* | Audience Award for Best International Television Series (with Ashley Pharoah) | Won |  |
| 2008 | Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award | | Television Drama Series (with Ashley Pharoah, Mark Greig, Julie Rutterford and Mick Ford) | Nominated |  |
| 2010 | TRIC Awards | | TV Crime Programme (with Tony Jordan and Ashley Pharoah) | Nominated |  |
| 2010 | TV Quick Awards | | Best Drama Series (with Ashley Pharoah) | Won |  |
| 2010 | Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award | | Television Drama Series (with Ashley Pharoah, Julie Rutterford, Tom Butterworth, Chris Hurford, Jack Lothian and James Payne) | Nominated |  |
| 2011 | TRIC Awards | | TV Drama Programme of the Year (with Ashley Pharoah) | Nominated |  |
| 2011 | SFX Awards | *Ashes to Ashes*: "Finale" | Best TV Episode (with David Drury) | Won |  |
| 2011 | Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award | *Doctor Who* | Best Television Drama Series (with Steven Moffat, Richard Curtis, Stephen Thompson, Gareth Roberts and Neil Gaiman) | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Matthew Graham | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Screenwriter and television producer. |
| Period | 1990–present |
| Genre | Drama, adventure, science fiction |
| Children | 2 |


title: Premier of Dominica

abstract: The Premier of Dominica was responsible for chairing Cabinet meetings in Dominica following the passage of the West Indies Associated States Act. Under this act, the Cabinet had responsibility for domestic affairs, while foreign affairs were determined out of London. The Premier was appointed by the Governor. Edward Oliver LeBlanc and Patrick John both held the position. The position of Premier was succeeded by that of Prime Minister upon Dominica's independence, on 3 November 1978.

text:
# Premier of Dominica

The **Premier of Dominica** was responsible for chairing Cabinet meetings in Dominica following the passage of the West Indies Associated States Act. Under this act, the Cabinet had responsibility for domestic affairs, while foreign affairs were determined out of London.

The Premier was appointed by the Governor. Edward Oliver LeBlanc and Patrick John both held the position. The position of Premier was succeeded by that of Prime Minister upon Dominica's independence, on 3 November 1978.

## List of premiers of Dominica


title: Mineral Fork Formation

abstract: The Mineral Fork Formation is a mapped Proterozoic bedrock unit in Utah.

text:
# Mineral Fork Formation

The **Mineral Fork Formation** is a mapped Proterozoic bedrock unit in Utah.

## Description

Granger et al. (1952) describe the Mineral Fork Formation as black tillite consisting of boulders, cobbles and pebbles of quartzite, limestone, or granitic rocks in a black sandy matrix, with dark-gray to black varved slate or shale, dark-gray quartzite, and occasional channel fillings of boulder conglomerate.

### Exposures

According to Yonkee et al. (2000), the Mineral Fork is exposed at the following locations in Utah:

And also:

### Fossils

Abundant microfossils of planktonic alga of *Bavlinella faveolata*.

## Age

The presence of *Bavlinella faveolata* in the formation indicates a likely age of 750–650 Ma, because this fossil occurs elsewhere where it is well-dated radiometrically. The Mineral Fork Formation is no older than 1,250 Ma and no younger than 540 Ma. Thus it is likely Neoproterozoic but possibly Mesoproterozoic.

## InfoBox

| Mineral Fork Formation | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: Proterozoic | |
| Boulder of diamictite of the Mineral Fork Formation, along the Elephant Head Trail, Antelope Island, Utah. | |
| Type | sedimentary |
| Underlies | Mutual Formation (Big Cottonwood Canyon), Tintic Formation (Santaquin-Provo), or Kelly Canyon Formation (Antelope Island) |
| Overlies | Farmington Canyon Complex (Antelope Island), Big Cottonwood Formation (other locations) |
| Thickness | 1000 to 3000 feet |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Tillite, Shale, Quartzite, Conglomerate |
| Location | |
| Region | Southern Rocky Mountains |
| Extent | Wasatch Mountains, Antelope Island |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Mineral Fork, Salt Lake County, Utah |
| Named by | Granger et al., 1952 |


title: Ginseng, Kentucky

abstract: Ginseng is an unincorporated community located in LaRue County, Kentucky, United States. The town was named for the crop ginseng, which was harvested by locals to be sold at market in Elizabethtown, Kentucky. Its post office, opened in 1898 with Charles Merrill as its postmaster was closed in 1957.

text:
# Ginseng, Kentucky

**Ginseng** is an unincorporated community located in LaRue County, Kentucky, United States. The town was named for the crop ginseng, which was harvested by locals to be sold at market in Elizabethtown, Kentucky. Its post office, opened in 1898 with Charles Merrill as its postmaster was closed in 1957.

## InfoBox

| Ginseng, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| GinsengLocation in KentuckyGinsengLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 37°30′17″N 85°34′52″W / 37.50472°N 85.58111°W / 37.50472; -85.58111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | LaRue |
| Elevation | 554 ft (169 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 508091 |