title: Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh

abstract: Hamirpur district is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India and Hamirpur town is the district headquarters. Hamirpur district is a part of Chitrakoot Division. The district occupies an area of 4,121.9 km⁲. The district has a population of 1,104,285. As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Uttar Pradesh, after Mahoba and Chitrakoot. Two major rivers Yamuna and Betwa meet here. On the banks of river Betwa lies the "Coarse sand" which is exported to many parts in U.P.

text:
# Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh

**Hamirpur district** is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India and Hamirpur town is the district headquarters. Hamirpur district is a part of Chitrakoot Division. The district occupies an area of 4,121.9 km2. The district has a population of 1,104,285 (2011 census). As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Uttar Pradesh (out of 71), after Mahoba and Chitrakoot. Two major rivers Yamuna and Betwa meet here. On the banks of river Betwa lies the "Coarse sand" which is exported to many parts in U.P.

## Economy

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Hamirpur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Hindustan Unilever and J.K. Cements have factories in Sumerpur town.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1901 | 316,931 |  |
| 1911 | 323,276 | +0.20% |
| 1921 | 309,671 | −0.43% |
| 1931 | 330,690 | +0.66% |
| 1941 | 376,290 | +1.30% |
| 1951 | 386,346 | +0.26% |
| 1961 | 463,768 | +1.84% |
| 1971 | 576,467 | +2.20% |
| 1981 | 689,302 | +1.80% |
| 1991 | 841,438 | +2.01% |
| 2001 | 993,792 | +1.68% |
| 2011 | 1,104,285 | +1.06% |
| source: | | |

| Religions in Hamirpur district (2011) | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Religion | |  | Percent | |
| Hinduism | |  | 91.46% | |
| Islam | |  | 8.26% | |
| Other or not stated | |  | 0.34% | |

According to the 2011 census Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh has a population of 1,104,285, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 417th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 268 inhabitants per square kilometre (690/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 5.78%. Hamirpur has a sex ratio of 860 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 70.16%. 19.00% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 21.84% of the population.

### Languages

Languages of Hamirpur district (2011)

Hindi (66.43%)  Bundeli (32.01%)  Urdu (1.29%)  Others (0.27%)

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 66.43% of the population in the district spoke Hindi, 32.01% Bundeli and 1.36% Urdu as their first language.

Tongues spoken in Hamirpur include Bundeli, which has a lexical similarity of 72-91% with Hindi (compared to 60% for German and English) and is spoken by about 7,800,000 people in Bundelkhand.

## Notable persons

## Villages

Hamirpur is a Town and Tehsil in Hamirpur District of Uttar Pradesh. According to census 2011 information the sub-district code of Hamirpur Block (CD) is 00864. Total area of hamirpur tehsil is 1,105 km2 including 1,089.51 km2 rural area and 15.82 km2 urban area. Hamirpur tehsil has a population of 3,64,464 peoples, out of which urban population is 88,015 while rural population is 2,76,449. Hamirpur has a population density of 330 inhabitants per square kilometre. There are about 68,440 houses in the sub-district, including 16,528 urban houses and 51,912 rural houses.

When it comes to literacy, 60.10% population of hamirpur tehsil is literate, out of which 68.86% males and 49.91% females are literate.

### List of Villages in Hamirpur

| # | Village Name | Gram Panchayat |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Abdullapur | Bhatpura Danda |
| 2 | Amirta | Amirta |
| 3 | Araji Khandehi Jar | Chhani Buzurg |
| 4 | Araji Sager | Chhani Khurd |
| 5 | Arazi Dhanpura | Chhani Buzurg |
| 6 | Arazi Mutnaja Pandheri | Pandheri |
| 7 | Arazi Sani Dhanpura | Chhani Buzurg |
| 8 | Atraia | Atraia |
| 9 | Atrar | Atrar |
| 10 | Babina | Nadehra |
| 11 | Bachrauli | Kumaunpur |
| 12 | Bada Gaon | Bada Gaon |
| 13 | Badanpur | Badanpur |
| 14 | Bahraoli Daria | N/A |
| 15 | Bahrauli Danda | Bachrauli |
| 16 | Baije Islampur | Debiganj |
| 17 | Bainsa Pali | Bhainsa Pali |
| 18 | Bamhanpur | Kutubpur |
| 19 | Banda | Banda |
| 20 | Bank | Bank |
| 21 | Banki | Banki |
| 22 | Bardaha Sahijana Danda | Bardaha Sahijana Danda |
| 23 | Bardaha Sahijana Daria | Bardaha Sahijana Danda |
| 24 | Barua | Baruaa |
| 25 | Basant Nagar Uncha Dehat Gurginj Dehat Dhar Og | N/A |
| 26 | Beri | Beri |
| 27 | Bhabhaura | Jalala |
| 28 | Bhakaul | Dariapur |
| 29 | Bhatpura Danda | Bhatpura Danda |
| 30 | Bhatpura Daria | Bhatpura Danda |
| 31 | Bhauli Danda | Bhauli Danda |
| 32 | Bhauli Daria | Bhauli Danda |
| 33 | Bhaunia | Bhaunia |
| 34 | Bhaura Danda | Bhaura |
| 35 | Bhaura Daria | Bhaura |
| 36 | Bhilawa Danda | Bhilawa Danda |
| 37 | Bhilawa Daria | Bhilawa Danda |
| 38 | Bhitri | Bilota |
| 39 | Bilhadi | Bilhadi |
| 40 | Bilota | Bilota |
| 41 | Bindpuri | Beri |
| 42 | Bir Khera | Bir Khera |
| 43 | Chak Jamrehi Teer | N/A |
| 44 | Chakothi | Chakothi |
| 45 | Chand Purwa Buzurg | Chand Purwa Buzurg |

| 46 | Chand Purwa Khurd | Bhaura |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 47 | Chandaukhi | Chandaukhi |
| 48 | Chandauli Jar | Mawai Jar |
| 49 | Chanduli Teer | Amirta |
| 50 | Chandupur Danda | Chandupur Danda |
| 51 | Chandupur Daria | Chandupur Danda |
| 52 | Chhani Buzurg | Chhani Buzurg |
| 53 | Chhani Khurd | Chhani Khurd |
| 54 | Damer | Damer |
| 55 | Dariapur | Dariapur |
| 56 | Debiganj | Debiganj |
| 57 | Deo Gaon | Deo Gaon |
| 58 | Dhanpura | Dhanpura |
| 59 | Dhundh Pur | Dhundh Pur |
| 60 | Gahtauli | Jalala |
| 61 | Gauri | Atraia |
| 62 | Gimuha Danda | Gimuha Danda |
| 63 | Gimuha Daria | Gimuha Danda |
| 64 | Gujraura | Kakrau |
| 65 | Gulab Ganj | Debiganj |
| 66 | Haraulipur | Umrahat |
| 67 | Helapur Danda | Helapur |
| 68 | Helapur Daria | Helapur |
| 69 | Ind Puri | Beri |
| 70 | Ingohata | Ingohata |
| 71 | Isauli | Terha |
| 72 | Itara | Chand Purwa Buzurg |
| 73 | Jakhela | Jakhela |
| 74 | Jalala | Jalala |
| 75 | Jalla | Jalla |
| 76 | Jamrehi Teer Danda | Bhatpura Danda |
| 77 | Jamrehi Teer Daria | Bhatpura Danda |
| 78 | Jamrehi Upar | Jamrehi Upar |
| 79 | Jhalokher | Jhalokher |
| 80 | Kaithi | Kaithi |
| 81 | Kakrau | Kakrau |
| 82 | Kalauli Jar | Kalauli Jar |
| 83 | Kalauli Teer Danda | Kalauli Teer Danda |
| 84 | Kalauli Teer Daria | Kalauli Teer Danda |
| 85 | Kalla | Kalla |
| 86 | Kanauta Danda | Kanauta Danda |
| 87 | Kanauta Daria | Kanauta Danda |
| 88 | Kandaur Danda | Kandaur Danda |
| 89 | Kandaur Daria | Kandaur Danda |
| 90 | Kanjauli | Saukher |
| 91 | Kariapur | Kakrau |
| 92 | Keeratpur | Bardaha Sahijana Danda |
| 93 | Khandehi Jar | Khadehi Jar |
| 94 | Kharaunj | Kharaunj |
| 95 | Kharehta | Kakrau |
| 96 | Kotupur | Bhauli Danda |
| 97 | Kuan Khera | Mawai Jar |
| 98 | Kuchhechha Danda | Kuchhechha |

| 99 | Kuchhechha Daria | Kuchhechha |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 100 | Kumaunpur | Kumaunpur |
| 101 | Kundaura | Kundaura |
| 102 | Kurara Rural | Kurara Rural |
| 103 | Kusauli | Bhainsa Pali |
| 104 | Kusmara | Kusmara |
| 105 | Kutubpur | Kutubpur |
| 106 | Lahera | Lahra |
| 107 | Lalpura | Kalauli Jar |
| 108 | Magredi | N/A |
| 109 | Majara Kundaura Danda | Kuchhechha |
| 110 | Majara Kundaura Daria | Kuchhechha |
| 111 | Mamrejpur Danda | Mora Kander |
| 112 | Mamrejpur Daria | Mora Kander |
| 113 | Manjhoopur Danda | Manjhoopur Danda |
| 114 | Manjhoopur Daria | Manjhoopur Danda |
| 115 | Manki Kalan | Manki Kalan |
| 116 | Manki Khurd | Manki Khurd |
| 117 | Mauhar | Mauhar |
| 118 | Mawai Jar | Mawai Jar |
| 119 | Mehmoodpur | Pouthia Buzurg |
| 120 | Merapur Danda | Merapur Danda |
| 121 | Merapur Daria | Merapur Danda |
| 122 | Mihuna | Mihuna |
| 123 | Misripur | Misripur |
| 124 | Mora Kander | Mora Kander |
| 125 | Mundera 193 Pauthia Buzurg | Mundera |
| 126 | Nachaut | Kusmara |
| 127 | Nadehra | Nadehra |
| 128 | Narayanpur | Saukher |
| 129 | Narsara | Bachrauli |
| 130 | Nathi Danda | Patara Danda |
| 131 | Nathi Daria | Patara Danda |
| 132 | Nazarpur | Saukher |
| 133 | Nirni | Misripur |
| 134 | Pach Khura | Pachkhura |
| 135 | Pachkhura Buzurg | Pachkhura Buzurg |
| 136 | Pachkhura Khurd | Pachkhura Khurd |
| 137 | Padhauli | Bir Khera |
| 138 | **Palra** | Palra |
| 139 | Pandheri | Pandheri |
| 140 | Para | Para |
| 141 | Para Ojhi Danda | Para Ojhi Danda |
| 142 | Para Ojhi Daria | N/A |
| 143 | Para Rai Pura | Para Rai Pura |
| 144 | Parsani | Mora Kander |
| 145 | Patara Danda | Patara Danda |
| 146 | Patara Daria | Patara Danda |
| 147 | Pateora Danda | Pateora |
| 148 | Pateora Daria | N/A |
| 149 | Patia | Bhauli Danda |
| 150 | Pauthia Khurd | Pouthia Buzurg |

| 151 | Pouthia Buzurg | Pouthia Buzurg |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 152 | Ragaura | Nadehra |
| 153 | Raghwa | Shankarpur |
| 154 | Rameri Danda | Rameri Danda |
| 155 | Rameri Daria | Rameri Danda |
| 156 | Rani Ganj | Beri |
| 157 | Ringna | Saukher |
| 158 | Rithari | Rithari |
| 159 | Rithaura Danda | Gimuha Danda |
| 160 | Rithaura Daria | N/A |
| 161 | Sahurapur Danda | Sahurapur |
| 162 | Sahurapur Daria | Sahurapur |
| 163 | Sarsai | Sarsaii |
| 164 | Saukher | Saukher |
| 165 | Shadipur | Pachkhura Buzurg |
| 166 | Shankerpur | Shankarpur |
| 167 | Shekhoopur | Shekhoopur |
| 168 | Sidra Danda | Para Ojhi Danda |
| 169 | Sidra Daria | N/A |
| 170 | Sikri | Ujnedi |
| 171 | Sikrohi Danda | Sikrohi Danda |
| 172 | Sikrohi Daria | Sikrohi Danda |
| 173 | Simnaudi | Simnaudi |
| 174 | Simra | Misripur |
| 175 | Siwni | Siwni |
| 176 | Sumerpur Rural | N/A |
| 177 | Surajpur Danda | Kuchhechha |
| 178 | Surajpur Daria | Kuchhechha |
| 179 | Surauli Buzurg Danda | Surauli Buzurg |
| 180 | Surauli Buzurg Daria | Surauli Buzurg |
| 181 | Surauli Khurd Danda | Tikrauli |
| 182 | Surauli Khurd Daria | Tikrauli |
| 183 | Swasa Buzurg | Swasa Buzurg |
| 184 | Swasa Khurd | Swasa Khurd |
| 185 | Terha | Terha |
| 186 | Tikonahar | N/A |
| 187 | Tikrauli | Tikrauli |
| 188 | Todarpur | Todarpur |
| 189 | Ujnedi | Ujnedi |
| 190 | Umrahat | Umrahat |
| 191 | Vidokhar Medni | Vidokhar Medni |
| 192 | Vidokhar Purai | Vidokhar Purai |

There are about **192** villages in hamirpur tehsil.

25°45′N 80°00′E / 25.750°N 80.000°E / 25.750; 80.000

## InfoBox

| Hamirpur district | |
| --- | --- |
| District of Uttar Pradesh | |
| Temple in Rath | |
| Location of Hamirpur district in Uttar Pradesh | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| Division | Chitrakoot |
| Headquarters | Hamirpur |
| Tehsils | Hamirpur, Rath, Maudaha, Sarila |
| Government | |
| Lok Sabha constituencies | Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency) |
| Vidhan Sabha constituencies | 1. Hamirpur 2. Rath |
| Area | |
| Total | 4,121 km2 (1,591 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,104,285 |
| Density | 270/km2 (690/sq mi) |
| Urban | 209,848 |
| Demographics | |
| Literacy | 70.16 % |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| Major highways | NH 86 |
| Website | hamirpur.nic.in |


title: Paul Hunter (Australian footballer)

abstract: Paul Hunter is a former professional Australian rules footballer who for played the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

text:
# Paul Hunter (Australian footballer)

**Paul Hunter** (born 9 February 1993) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who for played the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

## Early life

Hunter was raised in Redhead in New South Wales, near Newcastle. Hunter began playing football for Warners Bay Football club. In 2013, Hunter moved to Queensland to play with Redland in south east Brisbane who competed in the NEAFL. Hunter won the NEAFL Rising Star award in 2014 and was also awarded Redland's Best and Fairest, drawing the attention of AFL recruiters.

## AFL career

### Adelaide Crows

Hunter was drafted as a 22-year-old in the 2016 AFL Rookie Draft at pick number 13 overall. He spent three years on the Crows' rookie list, but was unable to break into the senior side with Sam Jacobs and Reilly O'Brien preferred by the Crows. He was redrafted by the Crows with pick 24 in the 2018 Rookie Draft, but again failed to earn senior selection. He was again delisted at the conclusion of the 2019 season.

### South Adelaide (SANFL)

Hunter signed with VFL side Williamstown in early 2020, but the season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He quickly moved to South Australia where he joined South Australian National Football League (SANFL) side South Adelaide. Playing alongside future St Kilda teammate Tom Highmore, Hunter had a prolific season and was named in the SANFL Team of the Year.

### St Kilda

Hunter was given a second chance at AFL level by St Kilda, which selected him for the Pre-Season Supplemental Selection period in February 2021. He was invited to play in an intraclub game where he impressed in the absence of injured players Rowan Marshall, Paddy Ryder and Shaun McKernan. Hunter's performance earned him a contract at his second AFL club. He played in the Saints' two pre-season practice matches against North Melbourne and Carlton. With regular ruckmen Marshall and Ryder unavailable, he finally made his AFL debut at age 28 in the Saints' Round 1 game against the Greater Western Sydney Giants in Sydney.

In October 2021, Hunter was delisted by St Kilda.

## InfoBox

| Paul Hunter | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1993-02-09) 9 February 1993 | | |
| Original team(s) | Redland Football Club | | |
| Draft | No. 13, 2016 AFL rookie draft | | |
| Debut | Round 1, 2021, St Kilda vs. Greater Western Sydney, at Sydney Showground Stadium | | |
| Height | 200 cm (6 ft 7 in) | | |
| Weight | 104 kg (229 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Ruckman | | |
| Playing career | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 2016–2019 | Adelaide | 0 (0) |
| 2021 | St Kilda | 7 (1) |
| Total |  | **7 (1)** |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Richard Solomons

abstract: Richard Leslie Solomons is a British businessman. He was the chief executive of InterContinental Hotels Group until July 2017, when he was succeeded by Keith Barr. He is currently Chair of Rentokil Initial.

text:
# Richard Solomons

**Richard Leslie Solomons** (born 9 October 1961) is a British businessman. He was the chief executive of InterContinental Hotels Group until July 2017, when he was succeeded by Keith Barr. He is currently Chair of Rentokil Initial.

## Education

Solomons has a BA in Economics from the University of Manchester.

## Career

Solomons qualified as a chartered accountant with KPMG in 1985. He then worked in investment banking with Hill Samuel Bank for seven years, including two years in New York. He joined InterContinental Hotels Group in 1992.

Solomons was at IHG for nearly two decades before taking the helm in 2011. He served as Chief Executive of Intercontinental Hotels from July 2011 to July 2017. Prior to this role, he was Chief Financial Officer, and before that Head of Commercial Development since June 2009.

According to The Daily Telegraph, "Solomons' long tenure at the company should make it one of the FTSE's more seamless successions".

Solomons is non-executive director and chairman of the advisory committee to Hotelbeds.

## Personal life

Solomons is married with three children.

## InfoBox

| Richard Solomons | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Richard Leslie Solomons
(1961-10-09) 9 October 1961
London, England |
| Education | University College School |
| Alma mater | University of Manchester |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Title | former CEO, InterContinental Hotels Group |
| Term | 2011–17 |
| Predecessor | Andy Cosslett |
| Successor | Keith Barr |


title: Alardo de Popma

abstract: Alardo de Popma was a Flemish engraver, who worked in Madrid in the early seventeenth century, according to the earliest references to his works. His copperplate engravings include title-pages, frontispieces and portraits, which are characterized by an exceptionally clean and confident line. His is known to have lived in Seville for a time, perhaps in order to undertake a commission there.

text:
# Alardo de Popma

**Alardo de Popma** (before 16171641) was a Flemish engraver, who worked in Madrid in the early seventeenth century, according to the earliest references to his works. His copperplate engravings include title-pages, frontispieces and portraits, which are characterized by an exceptionally clean and confident line.

His is known to have lived in Seville for a time, perhaps in order to undertake a commission there.

## Works

In 1616 he produced the engravings for the *Cronicón de la excelentísima casa de los Ponce de León*, published in 1620. He executed the title-page for the *Comentario sobre las palabras de Nuestra Señora, que se hallan en el Evangelio* by Fr. Pedro de Abreu in 1617. In 1621 he worked with Jan de Courbes to produce a work commissioned by the Order of Merced that included fifteen copper plates. In 1624, he engraved the title-page of Pedro Fernández de Navarrete's *Conservación de las Monarquías y Discursos políticos* (Madrid, 1626) and later the title-page for the *Historia de las Ordenes Militares de Santiago, Calatrava y Alcantara* (Madrid, 1629), by Francisco Caro de Torres, as well as the frontispiece for the *Obras de San Juan de la Cruz* (1630), commissioned by the widow of Pedro Madrigal. Other works include his contributions to *El glorioso doctor San Ildefonso* by Salazar de Mendoza (Toledo, c. 1618) and to *El embajador* by Juan de Vera y Zúñiga (1620). The latter is one of his most renowned works, because of the clarity of the line and the play of light.

* Bryan, Michael (1889). Walter Armstrong; Robert Edmund Graves (eds.). *Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical*. Vol. II L-Z. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 310.
* Enciclopedia Espasa, tomo 46.
* Sevilla archivo municipal
* Los Reyes Solares. Autor Víctor Mínguez, Victor Manuel Minguez Cornelles


title: Marlaine Gordon

abstract: Marlaine Gordon is a British actress.

text:
# Marlaine Gordon

**Marlaine Gordon** is a British actress.

## Acting career

One of Gordon's first roles was playing Amanda Jackson in *Through The Dragon's Eye* (1989), an educational children's programme made for BBC Two's Look and Read productions.

One of her most notable television credits was playing Aisha Pinnock in the BBC sitcom *Us Girls* (1992), but she is most famous for playing the role of Lydia, the bubbly girlfriend of Steve Elliot (Mark Monero), in the popular BBC soap opera *EastEnders* (1995–1996).

## Music career

Marlaine was in a girl band called E'voke.

## Personal life

In 2001 Gordon's boyfriend Martin Rimmer, a soldier with the Queen's Guard, died in the corridor of his barracks following a forbidden alcohol binge with his colleagues. The cause of death given was inhalation of vomit in association with acute alcoholic poisoning.


title: Zhiqian

abstract: Standard cash, or regulation cash coins, is a term used during the Ming and Qing dynasties of China to refer to standard issue copper-alloy cash coins produced in imperial Chinese mints according to weight and composition standards that were fixed by the imperial government. The term was first used for Hongwu Tongbao cash coins following the abolition of large denomination versions of this cash coin series.

text:
# Zhiqian

**Standard cash** (traditional Chinese: 制錢; simplified Chinese: 制钱; pinyin: *zhì qián*; Manchu:
ᠵᡳᡴᠠ; Möllendorff: *Durun i jiha*), or *regulation cash coins*, is a term used during the Ming and Qing dynasties of China to refer to standard issue copper-alloy cash coins produced in imperial Chinese mints according to weight and composition standards that were fixed by the imperial government. The term was first used for Hongwu Tongbao cash coins following the abolition of large denomination versions of this cash coin series.

## Terminology

The term "Zhiqian" was used to discern full-valued cash coins produced by the imperial government from older ones from the Song dynasty period, which were known as *jiuqian* (舊錢), and privately produced forgeries of non-standard weights and alloys that were referred to as *siqian* (私錢) or *sizhuqian* (私鑄錢).

Other terms used during the Ming dynasty for various types of cash coins include *yangqian* (样錢, "Model coin"), also known as *Beiqian* (北錢, "Northern coin"), which referred to full weight (1 *qián*) and fine quality cash coins had were delivered to Beijing as seigniorage revenue. *Fengqian* (俸錢, "Stipend coin") which referred to second rate cash coins that had a weight of 0.9 *qián* and were distributed through the salaries of government officials and emoluments. and *Shangqian* (賞錢, "Tip money") which is a term used to refer to cash coins that were small, thin, and very fragile (comparable to *Sizhuqian*) that were used to pay the wages of employees of the imperial government (including the mint workers themselves) and was one of the most commonly circulating types of cash coins during the Ming dynasty among the general population.

## Design

The design of the standard Chinese cash coin was round, while it had a square centre hole that allowed them to be strung together. The inner rim as well as the outer rim of the cash coin was slightly elevated, and on the obverse side of the coin was the era name (or reign motto) of the reigning emperor, during the Ming dynasty the reverse side of their cash coins tended to be blank, while Qing dynasty period cash coins often contained mint marks.

## Ming dynasty

In the year 1361 the Ming dynasty established its first imperial mint Baoyuanju (寶源局) in the capital city of Yingtian, by Zhu Yuanzhang who at the time ruled under the title of "Prince of Wu" and created the mint before the Mongol Yuan dynasty was driven out of China. The first cash coins produced by the Baoyuanju had the inscription Dazhong Tongbao (大中通寶), these new cash coins continued circulating and co-existing next to older cash coins. Following the Ming conquest of all of China the Ming government started establishing provincial mints, known as Baoquanju (寶泉局), these new cash coins had the inscription Hongwu Tongbao (洪武通寶). The government of the Ming dynasty then made the private production of cash coins illegal. These early Hongwu Tongbao cash coins were issued in multiple denominations, however, after only four years, the denominations larger than 1 *wén* and the Dazhong Tongbao were abolished.

The government of the Ming dynasty attempted to collect all older cash coins and to recast them into 1 *wén* coins with a weight of 1 *qián* (which is about 3.7 grams in the metric system).

While standard 1 *wén* cash coins with the inscriptions Yongle Tongbao (永樂通寶), Xuande Tongbao (宣德通寶), and Hongzhi Tongbao (弘治通寶) were produced, the government of the Ming dynasty had a preference for making and receiving payments in Great Ming Treasure Note paper notes and privately issued banknotes.

The composition of the Yongle Tongbao was generally 63–90% copper (Cu), 10–25% lead (Pb), 6–9% tin (Sn), and 0.04–0.18% zinc (Zn). The Yongle Tongbao cash coins were notably not manufactured for the internal Chinese market where silver coinage and paper money would continue to dominate, but were in fact produced to help stimulate international trade as Chinese cash coins were used as a common form of currency throughout South, Southeast, and East Asia.

In the year 1433, due to the devaluation of the Great Ming Treasure Note banknotes, the government of the Ming dynasty resumed the casting of cash coins again. The casting of these new Xuande Tongbao cash coins was divided between the two Ministry of Public Works mints in both capital cities. Furthermore, Xuande Tongbao cash coins were also produced at the branch mints in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong. The official production of cash coins ceased once again for seven decades in 1435 and the private production of copper-alloy cash coins would once again become commonplace.

Despite the government preferring paper money over copper-alloy cash coins, the Chinese market had a high demand for them, this demand would stimulate an overproduction of forgeries that inundated the markets of Ming China, often these forged cash coins were cast in such miserable quality that a single real Zhiqian could buy 300 fake ones. Consequently, this caused inflation in many different places.

In the year 1503 under the Hongzhi Emperor the production of cash coins was resumed and the Zhiqian were given a standard weight of 1.2 *qián*, the government stipulated that for each catty of pure copper two taels of *haoyin* (好鍚, "superior tin") was to be added to the alloy of these coins. As the government of the Ming dynasty had closed its coin mints for such a long period of time, the government was forced to pardon illegal producers and hire them as mint workers.

Under the reign of the Jiajing Emperor the government of the Ming dynasty would alleviate the situation by producing a large amount of Zhiqian with the inscription Jiajing Tongbao (嘉靖通寶) in the year Jiajing 5 (1527). In the year Jiajing 11 (1553) the government of the Ming dynasty cast 10,000,000 additional Jiajing Tongbao cash coins and allegedly as well as Zhiqian with 9 earlier reign era names, a total amount of 1,000,000 *dìng* (錠). Because of the possibility that under the Jiajing Emperor cash coins were produced with earlier reign titles the attribution of some earlier cash coins is still disputed among modern scholars. However, Schjöth noted that the proposal to also cast 95,000,000 strings of these 9 earlier reign titles might not have actually been adopted and that these cash coins were local and Japanese forgeries. The standard weight of Jiajing Tongbao was 1.2 *qián*.

In the year 1570 during the reign of the Longqing Emperor cash coins with a weight of 1.3 *qián* were once again cast until the death of the emperor in 1572.

In the spring of 1572, the Ming dynasty government once again resumed the production of standard cash coins at the Beijing and Nanjing mints. It did not take long for the mints to be opened in Yunnan, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Huguang, these Zhiqian all weighed 1.3 *qián*. The alloy of the Wanli Tongbao (萬曆通寶) cash coins was set at 93.8% brass and 6.2% tin. The rising price of copper, lack of skilled mint workers, and poor distribution from the government mints all contributed to the failure of the Wanli Tongbao cash coins by the year 1579. The first provincial mint to close was that of Yunnan in the year 1580 which was quickly followed by most provincial mints in 1582. The only successful provincial mints were of Huguang, where three different local mints cast their own cash coins that did not conform to the Zhiqian standards.

In the year 1599 the Wanli administration made another attempt at the restoration of cash coinage, during this attempt the Ministry of Public Works opened up a second mint in the city of Nanjing, this increased the number of furnaces from 60 to 250. Proposals for the Nanjing Ministry of Revenue and River Transport Intendancy to establish new mints in the city were also accepted. The Ever Normal Granary mint was established during this period with 250 furnaces. The city of Nanjing was quickly awash with a glut of coinage, which caused the production of cash coins in the year 1606 to be scaled back to an annual production of 15,000 strings with some government mints being closed.

In the early 17th century, an increase in the price of copper caused the government to reduce the amount of copper in the composition of the Zhiqian in favour of lead. Cash coins with the inscriptions Tianqi Tongbao (天啟通寶) and Chongzhen Tongbao (崇禎通寶) were of poorer quality than those producing during preceding periods, these cash coins tended to be both thin and bristle, due to the reduced amount of copper in their composition. Chinese people at this point started to refrain from using copper-alloy cash coins and the markets preferred the usage of silver ingots instead.

In the year 1622 the Ministry of Revenue established its own mint in Beijing, this was done to help finance the continued rising cost of fighting the Manchu invasions. The Ministry of Revenue also established a number of branch mints in Nanjing, but the rivalry between the Ministry of Revenue and the Ministry of Public Works prevented the Ming dynasty from adopting an effective monetary policy. By the year 1623 there were five different concurrent government mints operating in the city of Nanjing, two of which were run by the Ministry of Public Works, two by the Ministry of Revenue, and one by the Nanjing municipal government.

The melting down of copper artifacts which were of great historical and religious significance upset a number Conservative government officials, which further added to the already ad reputation of the Tianqi Tongbao cash coins.

Some Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins were produced with the denomination 2 *wén* and Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins produced by the Ministry of Public Work mint had the mint mark "工" (Gong) inscribed to its reverse.

The standard Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins initially weighed 1.3 *qián*, but by 1630 cash coins produced in the north had a weight of 1 *qián* and those in the south at most 8 *fēn*.

## Qing dynasty

Prior to the Manchu conquest of China, the Later Jin dynasty already produced its own cash coins with the inscriptions Abkai fulingga han jiha (ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
ᡥᠠᠨ
ᠵᡳᡴᠠ), Tianming Tongbao (天命通寶), and Sure han ni jiha (ᠰᡠᡵᡝ
ᡥᠠᠨ
ᠨᡳ
ᠵᡳᡴᠠ).

During the Qing dynasty period, the Chinese monetary system was a bimetallic system where both copper-alloy cash coins and silver circulated simultaneously. The copper-alloy currency during most of the Qing dynasty period consisted solely of cash coins with a denomination of 1 *wén*, which could be strung together into strings of 1,000 cash coins for larger payments. While strings officially consisted of 1,000 cash coins, normally it would contain only around 980 copper-alloy cash coins. Because all copper-alloy cash coins of the Qing dynasty had both uniform shapes and weights, the denomination of the cash coins were not written down anywhere on the coins themselves, this was because for most of their history, a cash coin was always valued at 1 *wén* and payments were processed by counting the number of cash coins. The government of the Qing dynasty monopolised the production of copper-alloy cash coins, which constituted less than 20% of the total money circulating in China at the time, as well as the mining of copper, while the government allowed for the market to determine the price of silver.

Following capture of Beijing by the Manchus from the Shun dynasty in the year 1644, the government of the Qing dynasty established two imperial mints, one under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Revenue and one under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works. The standard cash coins produced at the Ministry of Revenue mint would later bear the Manchu mint mark "ᠪᠣᠣ
ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ" (Boo Ciowan) and those cast at the Ministry of Public Works mint would have the Manchu mint mark "ᠪᠣᠣ
ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ" (Boo Yuwan). The Qing government then further stipulated that every province should establish their own provincial mint for the production of copper-alloy cash coins.

Standard copper-alloy cash coins were cast by using models, known as *fanzhu* (笵鑄), in these state-operated mints, of which there were two in the city of Beijing, and one in almost each provincial capital city. Zhiqian were to be produced in casting rounds, known as *mǎo* (卯), these casting rounds had a predefined number of cash coins to be produced, copying the imperial standard with their exact standardised dimensions and metallic compositions. The obverse side of the standard cash coin would always contain the current reign era name with "Tongbao" (通寶) inscribed on it.

The initial alloy was fixed at 70% copper, known as *hongtong* (紅銅) and 30% of zinc, known as *baiqian* (白鉛). The two imperial mints in Beijing were the only places where official standard cash coins were manufactured during the early years of the Qing dynasty period. The later official alloy was altered to 60% copper and 40% zinc and/or lead, but the actual compositions would *de facto* be determined by the private market, causing the government of the Qing dynasty to alter the official copper-alloy of the Zhiqian over time.

During the Shunzhi period another type of Zhiqian known as the *Yiliqian* (一厘錢, "one-cash coin"), referred to as *Zheyinqian* (折銀錢, "conversion coins") by Chinese numismatists, was cast, this term was used to designate Shunzhi Tongbao cash coins produced from the year 1653 that had the inscription "一厘" on the left to the square centre hole on their reverse sides, this inscription indicates that the nominal value of the cash coin corresponded to 0.001 tael of silver (1 li (釐 or 厘, "cash"), as a weight). This would mean that the official government conversation rate was set as *zhé yín yì lí qián* (折銀一厘錢), which was proof that silver was of continuing importance as a currency of account. Similar cash coins with this reverse inscription were also being produced by some rulers of the Southern Ming dynasty.

Until the Kangxi Tongbao (康熙通寶) the official composition of the Zhiqian remained at 60% copper and 40% zinc and/or lead, the Yongzheng Tongbao (雍正通寶) cash coins had a composition of 50% copper and 50% zinc and/or lead, and the Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) had an additional 2% tin added to their official alloy. The Zhiqian that contained tin were referred to as Qingqian (青錢, "green cash").

The actual weight of the standard cash coin would also vary over time, this official weight was usually between 1 *qián* (c. 3.7g) and 1.4 *qián*. In the year 1645 the standard weight was altered to 1.2 *qián*, in 1651 this was further changed to 1.25 *qián*, and in the year 1657 to 1.4 *qián*. After the year 1733 it was officially fixed to be at 1.2 *qián*.

The official exchange rate between Zhiqian and silver in the year 1644 was inherited from the mid-Ming period and stood at 7 standard cash coins per 0.01 tael, or 1 *fēn* (分), of silver, while old Ming dynasty period cash coins were traded at a rate of 14 cash coins per 1 *fēn* of silver. In the year 1645 the official exchange rate was fixed at 10 standard cash coins per *fēn* of silver.

During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor the government of the Qing dynasty introduced a number of currency reforms that re-introduced multiple denominations, these large denomination cash coins were referred to as Daqian ("big cash"). These cash coins were produced until the year 1890 and the standard 1 *wén* cash coin would become the norm again until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911. Xianfeng era Zhiqian (or 1 *wén* cash coins) were cast of copper, iron, and zinc. All Xianfeng era Zhiqian had the obverse inscription Xianfeng Tongbao (咸豐通寶).

During the Tongzhi era the weight of the Zhiqian remained at 1.2 *qián*, but due to the depletion of copper in Yunnan and the high import costs of Japanese copper provincial mints would often reduce the weights. In the year 1867 the imperial government issued an unsuccessful edit for all central and eastern provincial mints to cast Zhiqian with a weight of 1 *qián* to be transported to Tianjin to help alleviate copper shortages in Beijing.

The Zhiqian of 1890 was officially given a weight of 1 *qián* to be cast by both the imperial mints in Beijing and provincial mints. In the year 1899 the weight of the Zhiqian was reduced to only 8 *fēn*.

Peng Xinwei estimated that during the late Qing dynasty period, the total copper sector (copper coins including standard cash and the new Great Qing Copper Coin minted after the year 1900) constituted only 17% of the total money in circulation in China.

The standard Xuantong Tongbao (宣統通寶) cash coins produced at the Ministry of Revenue mint between the years 1909 and 1910 had a weight of 6 *fēn* and were both cast and machine-struck.

## Banknotes denominated in Zhiqian

1. Ulrich Theobald (25 May 2016). "*zhiqian* 制錢, standard cash". Chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
2. Hartill 2005, p. 237.
3. Hartill 2005, p. 247.
4. "Chinese coins – 中國錢幣". *Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)*. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
5. "Admiral Zheng He and the Yongle Tongbao Coin". *Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)*. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
6. "An Investigation of the Using of Brass in Casting Coins in Ancient China" (我国古代黄铜铸钱考略) included in "A Collection of Chinese Numismatic Theses" (中国钱币论文集) published in 1992.
7. Rachel Nuwer (15 March 2013). "Six Centuries Ago, Chinese Explorers Left This Coin Behind in Africa – Emperor Yongle was perhaps best known for starting the initial construction of Beijing's Forbidden City, but he also sent huge fleets of ships, under the command of admiral Zheng He, out across the ocean to faraway lands". *SmartNews – Keeping you current*. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
8. "Could a rusty coin re-write Chinese-African history?". BBC News. 17 October 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
9. Robert Kokotailo (1997). "MEDIEVAL CHINESE COINS – TARTAR, MONGOL, MING DYNASTIES – (A.D. 960 to 1644) – MING DYNASTY". Calgary Coin & Antique Shop. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
10. Hartill 2005, p. 249.
11. Hartill 2005, p. 248.
12. Hartill 2005, p. 252.
13. Hartill 2005, p. 253.
14. Hartill 2005, p. 256.
15. Ulrich Theobald (13 April 2016). "Qing Period Money". Chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
16. Xun Yan (March 2015). "In Search of Power and Credibility – Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851–1845)" (PDF). Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
17. Kuroda, "The Collapse of the Chinese Imperial Monetary System". Page = 103.
18. Hartill 2005, p. 4394.
19. Hartill 2005, p. 405.
20. Peng Xinwei, A Monetary History of China, page 595.
21. Hartill 2005, p. 424.

## Sources

* Cong Hanxiang (從翰香) and Xie Hangsheng (謝杭生) (1992). "Zhiqian (制錢)", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu (中國大百科全書), Zhongguo lishi (中國歷史) (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 3, 1535. (in Mandarin Chinese).
* Hartill, David (2005). *Cast Chinese Coins*. Trafford, United Kingdom: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1412054669..
* Hartill, David, *Qing cash*, Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication 37, London, 2003.
* Peng Xinwei (彭信威) (1954 \[2007\]). *Zhongguo huobi shi* (中國貨幣史) (Shanghai: Qunlian chubanshe), 580–581, 597–605. (in Mandarin Chinese).
* Peng Xinwei (彭信威) (1994) *A monetary history of China* (translated by Edward H. Kaplan). Western Washington University (Bellingham, Washington).
* T'ang Yu K'un : 制錢通考 (A comprehensive study of Chinese coins.) (in Mandarin Chinese).


title: Amazon Vine

abstract: Launched in 2007, Amazon Vine is an internal service of Amazon.com that allows manufacturers and publishers to receive reviews for their products on Amazon. Companies pay a fee to Amazon and provide products for review. The products are then passed to Amazon reviewers, who can publish a review. Reviews are not required on any particular item, although Vine members are expected to review most items received. Past and present participating companies include Logitech, HarperCollins, Philips, Samsung, Bose, Sony, Tefal, Microsoft, Breville, Bosch, Garmin, Dyson, Remington, Case Logic, Creative, Braun, Sennheiser, Olympus, LG, Black & Decker, Acer and Walker Books. Reception for the program has been mixed with some people criticizing the program's use of non-professional reviewers while others cited this as a benefit. The Vine program operates independently on Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk, Amazon.fr, Amazon.de, Amazon.ca and Amazon.es.

text:
# Amazon Vine

Launched in 2007, **Amazon Vine** is an internal service of Amazon.com that allows manufacturers and publishers to receive reviews for their products on Amazon. Companies pay a fee to Amazon and provide products for review. The products are then passed to Amazon reviewers, who can publish a review. Reviews are not required on any particular item, although Vine members are expected to review most items received. Past and present participating companies include Logitech, HarperCollins, Philips, Samsung, Bose, Sony, Tefal, Microsoft, Breville, Bosch, Garmin, Dyson, Remington, Case Logic, Creative, Braun, Sennheiser, Olympus, LG, Black & Decker, Acer and Walker Books. Reception for the program has been mixed with some people criticizing the program's use of non-professional reviewers while others cited this as a benefit. The Vine program operates independently on Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk, Amazon.fr, Amazon.de, Amazon.ca and Amazon.es.

## Membership

Vine members (known as "Vine Voices") are selected from the Amazon reviewer base, with the site stating that the selection criteria are "based on the trust \[the members\] earned in the Amazon community for writing accurate and insightful reviews". Previously, there were two Vine newsletters every month from which the Vine Voices could select items to review. The first newsletter appeared on the third Thursday of the month, and the second appeared on the fourth Thursday. Leftover articles from these newsletters went to the "Last Harvest" list, where Vine members could choose unlimited products.

Products available for review originally included essentially any item that was available for sale on Amazon. In return for products received, members were required to post a review within 30 days of delivery. Members were not allowed to sell or give away products received.

The Vine process changed in October 2016. Vine members can voluntarily check the website for a changing array of items and select an unlimited number of items to review from both their targeted Vine offers or from "Vine for All". This change was in response to increased vendor interest in this program. Another member change was Amazon ending all customer online discussion boards, including the ones that previously existed for Amazon Vine program members, in October 2017.

In 2023 the program changed to classify members into silver or gold tiers. The silver tier allows members to request up to three items per day from products valued at $100 or less. To be upgraded to the Gold tier, members must review at least 80 Vine items and 90% of their Vine orders within the six month evaluation period set by Amazon. Gold tier members can request up to eight items per day from products of any value. To remain in this tier, they must review at least 80 Vine items and 90% of their Vine orders within the six month evaluation period set by Amazon.

Beginning July 1, 2015, Vine members in the USA are required to provide tax identification numbers to Amazon before receiving any new materials to review. Amazon uses the estimated tax value (ETV) of products as non-cash, taxable payments to Vine Voices for their services. Ownership of each Vine third-party product transfers to the respective Vine Voice immediately upon the order date, and it is then that the ETV applies for tax purposes. For tax purposes, Amazon issues a 1099 to Vine members. Although included in the Vine Voices list of transferred items, consumable items, such as food, vitamins, and makeup, are valued at $0 and thus have no ETV for the reviewer.

## Criticism

The program has been met with criticism over the program's lack of transparency and the professionalism of its reviewers. Kristen McLean, formerly of the Association of Booksellers for Children, commented that Amazon did not initially disclose that publishers paid to have their products included in the Vine program and that "Amazon is not specific about how many people are in the program, how they're chosen." The program also initially met criticism over the visibility of the reviews, with librarian Elizabeth Bird (author and Top 500 Amazon Reviewer) commenting that her reviews were sometimes "shuffled off to the side" while Vine reviews were more prominently and visibly placed. Bird further commented that some of the reviewers were choosing and criticizing books that they were "not the best representative readers for" and that this highlighted the difference between lay readers and professional reviewers, that latter of who would be more able to "give insightful commentary and acknowledge a book's intended audience".


title: Wind Demon

abstract: Wind Demon is an Israeli long-range air-to-surface cruise missile developed by IAI. The missile is designed to neutralize a wide range of targets at long ranges with minimal resources. The cruise missile was first unveiled at the Farnborough Air Show on 22 July 2024. An advanced missile equipped with an electro-optical homing warhead that provides high survivability, the Wind Demon is designed to meet the market demand for an effective and relatively inexpensive weapon that can be used for prolonged combat.

text:
# Wind Demon

**Wind Demon** is an Israeli long-range air-to-surface cruise missile developed by IAI. The missile is designed to neutralize a wide range of targets at long ranges with minimal resources. The cruise missile was first unveiled at the Farnborough Air Show on 22 July 2024.

An advanced missile equipped with an electro-optical homing warhead that provides high survivability, the Wind Demon is designed to meet the market demand for an effective and relatively inexpensive weapon that can be used for prolonged combat.

## Tactical and technical characteristics

* Flight range: \> 200 km
* Weight: 140 kg
* Circular error probable : 1 m
* Guidance System: Electro-Optical (EO), IIR, HD VIS, Semi-Active Laser Homing, ATR and Man-in-the-Loop Control

## Description

The Wind Demon is launched from airborne platforms such as helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft and follows a predetermined mission plan to attack moving or stationary targets at ranges exceeding 200 kilometers. Flying at low altitudes, the Wind Demon avoids detection, disruption, and interception. The missile is capable of engaging both mobile and stationary targets.

Operators can select fast/slow/fast speed profiles that allow them to react to high speeds or approach points of interest at low speed, all designed for the element of surprise and evasiveness.

## InfoBox

| Wind Demon | |
| --- | --- |


title: Force et honneur

abstract: "Force et honneur" is a song by French rapper Nessbeal, and produced by the Trak Invaders. It was released on 16 August 2011 as the second single from his fourth studio album Sélection naturelle.

text:
# Force et honneur

"**Force et honneur**" is a song by French rapper Nessbeal, and produced by the Trak Invaders. It was released on 16 August 2011 as the second single from his fourth studio album *Sélection naturelle*.

## Music video

A music video for the song was released on Nessbeal's VEVO channel on YouTube on 10 November 2011.

## Track listing

* **Digital download**

1. "Force et honneur" – 3:32

## Chart performance

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| France (SNEP) | 58 |

## InfoBox

| "Force et honneur" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Nessbeal | |
| from the album  *Sélection naturelle* | |
| Released | 6 October 2011 |
| Genre | French hip hop |
| Length | 3:32 |
| Label | 7th Magnitude, Sony Music France |
| Songwriter(s) | Nabil Sahli |
| Producer(s) | Trak Invaders |
| Nessbeal singles chronology | |
| "L'histoire d'un mec qui coule"
(2011) "**Force et honneur**"
(2011) "Gunshot"
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
| "Force et honneur" | |
| Music video | |
| "Force et honneur" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Mircea Rădulescu

abstract: Mircea Rădulescu is a Romanian former football player and manager.

text:
# Mircea Rădulescu

**Mircea Rădulescu** (born 31 August 1941, in Bucharest) is a Romanian former football player and manager.

## Life and career

Rădulescu was born in Bucharest and appeared in nearly 300 football matches. He was a member of Rapid București at junior level and later joined FC Sportul Studențesc București, being part of the great team that promoted in 1971–72 to Liga I. He spent his entire career with Sportul.

He later coached the national teams of Romania, Egypt, Syria and Algeria.

## Honours

### Player

Sportul Studențesc

### Manager

Sportul Studențesc Club Africain

## Selected publications

* Rădulescu, Mircea (2007). *Fotbal. Tehnica – factor prioritar*. Editura Răzeşu. ISBN 978-973-88108-1-5.
* Rădulescu, Mircea; Dima, Marius (2009). *"Fotbal PRO" – Probleme ale antrenorului profesionist*. Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. ISBN 978-973-30-2610-5.

## InfoBox

Mircea Rădulescu
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1941-08-31) 31 August 1941 | | |
| Place of birth | Bucharest, Romania | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Voluntari (youth center manager) | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1956–1959 | Rapid București | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1959–1972 | Sportul Studențesc |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1972–1977 | Sportul Studențesc (youth) | | |
| 1977–1980 | Sportul Studențesc | | |
| 1980–1981 | Romania Olympic (assistant) | | |
| 1981–1985 | Romania (assistant) | | |
| 1984–1986 | Universitatea Craiova | | |
| 1987 | Sportul Studențesc | | |
| 1988–1990 | Romania U-21 | | |
| 1990–1992 | Romania | | |
| 1992–1993 | Rapid București | | |
| 1993–1994 | Egypt | | |
| 1994–1995 | Club Africain | | |
| 1995 | Sportul Studențesc | | |
| 1995–1996 | Rapid București | | |
| 1997 | Universitatea Craiova | | |
| 1997–1998 | Syria | | |
| 2000–2001 | Algeria | | |
| 2015 | Voluntari (caretaker) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Hangup

abstract: Hangup, also called Hang Up and later released under the name Super Dude, is a 1974 film directed by Henry Hathaway. It stars William Elliott and Marki Bey. This was the last film directed by Hathaway. The film falls in the blaxploitation subgenre of "vigilante group cleans up ghetto streets". The film follows a black policeman seeking revenge on the man who got his girlfriend addicted to heroin. The film was distributed by American International Pictures, one of the many films it targeted to the new youth market. Josiah Howard states that the marketing "almost makes it look like a spoof of the genre." Howard described the film as "low budget and flashy, but fast-moving and consistently entertaining." Leonard Maltin wrote "Hathaway has done many fine films, but this, his last, isn't one."

text:
# Hangup

***Hangup***, also called  ***Hang Up*** and later released under the name ***Super Dude***, is a 1974 film directed by Henry Hathaway. It stars William Elliott and Marki Bey. This was the last film directed by Hathaway.

The film falls in the blaxploitation subgenre of "vigilante group cleans up ghetto streets". The film follows a black policeman seeking revenge on the man who got his girlfriend addicted to heroin. The film was distributed by American International Pictures, one of the many films it targeted to the new youth market. Josiah Howard states that the marketing "almost makes it look like a spoof of the genre." Howard described the film as "low budget and flashy, but fast-moving and consistently entertaining." Leonard Maltin wrote "Hathaway has done many fine films, but this, his last, isn't one."

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Hangup
aka Super Dude | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Henry Hathaway |
| Written by | Lee Lazich
Albert Maltz |
| Based on | *The Face of Night*
by Bernard Brunner |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Robert B. Hauser |
| Edited by | Chris Kaeselau |
| Music by | Tony Camillo |
| Production
company | Brut Productions |
| Distributed by |  |
| Release date | * October 1, 1974 (1974-10-01) |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Pazos District

abstract: Pazos District is one of sixteen districts of the province Tayacaja in Peru.

text:
# Pazos District

**Pazos District** is one of sixteen districts of the province Tayacaja in Peru.

12°15′32″S 75°04′13″W / 12.2590°S 75.0704°W / -12.2590; -75.0704

## InfoBox

| Pazos | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Huancavelica |
| Province | Tayacaja |
| Founded | January 31, 1951 |
| Capital | Pazos |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Zacarias Julio Huachos Mendez |
| Area | |
| Total | 152.93 km2 (59.05 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3,840 m (12,600 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | |
| Total | 7,985 |
| Density | 52/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 090711 |


title: Hailu

abstract:
Hailu, also spelled Haylu, is a male name of Ethiopian origin that may refer to:
  - Hailu Shawul, Ethiopian engineer and the chairman of the Coalition for Unity and Democracy
  - Hailu Tekle Haymanot (1868–1950), Ethiopian army commander and nobleman
  - Hailu Mekonnen, Ethiopian long-distance runner and two-time World Cross Country medallist
  - Aynalem Hailu, Ethiopian footballer
  - Hailu Negussie, Ethiopian marathon runner and 2005 Boston Marathon winner
  - Hailu Yimenu, Ethiopian Prime Minister
  - Meseret Hailu, Ethiopian female long-distance runner and world half marathon champion
  - Kassa Hailu (1818–1868), birth name of Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros II
  - Haftamnesh Tesfay Haylu, Ethiopian female long-distance runner

text:
# Hailu

**Hailu** (Amharic: ኃይሉ), also spelled **Haylu**, is a male name of Ethiopian origin that may refer to:

* Hailu Shawul (born 1936), Ethiopian engineer and the chairman of the Coalition for Unity and Democracy
* Hailu Tekle Haymanot (1868–1950), Ethiopian army commander and nobleman
* Hailu Mekonnen (born 1980), Ethiopian long-distance runner and two-time World Cross Country medallist
* Aynalem Hailu (born 1986), Ethiopian footballer
* Hailu Negussie (born 1978), Ethiopian marathon runner and 2005 Boston Marathon winner
* Hailu Yimenu (died 1991), Ethiopian Prime Minister
* Meseret Hailu (born 1990), Ethiopian female long-distance runner and world half marathon champion
* Kassa Hailu (1818–1868), birth name of Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros II
* Haftamnesh Tesfay Haylu (born 1994), Ethiopian female long-distance runner


title: Alard–Baron Knoop Stradivarius

abstract: The Alard–Baron Knoop Stradivarius of 1715 is an antique violin made by luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona (1644–1737). It was made during Stradivari's golden period and is regarded as the "finest of the fine," and nec plus ultra by the W.E. Hill & Sons. The Alard has the original neck with the initials "PS" found in the mortise of the head believed to be those of son, Paolo Stradivari. The Hill brothers conclude this violin is one of the instruments that came into Paolo's possession upon the death of his brother Francesco in 1742. The Alard Stradivarius receives its name from French violinist Jean-Delphin Alard, its most famed owner. Upon the publication of the Hill brothers' work on Stradivari in 1902, The Alard was in the possession of Baron Knoop (1846–1918). The instrument sold at auction in 1981 to a collector in Singapore for US$1.2 million. In the 19th century leading French violin maker Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume made a close copy of the Alard, which today is played by American virtuoso Hilary Hahn.

text:
# Alard–Baron Knoop Stradivarius

The ***Alard–Baron Knoop Stradivarius*** of 1715 is an antique violin made by luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona (1644–1737). It was made during Stradivari's golden period and is regarded as the "finest of the fine," and *nec plus ultra* by the W.E. Hill & Sons. *The Alard* has the original neck with the initials "PS" found in the mortise of the head believed to be those of son, Paolo Stradivari. The Hill brothers conclude this violin is one of the instruments that came into Paolo's possession upon the death of his brother Francesco in 1742.

The *Alard Stradivarius* receives its name from French violinist Jean-Delphin Alard, its most famed owner. Upon the publication of the Hill brothers' work on Stradivari in 1902, *The Alard* was in the possession of Baron Knoop (1846–1918). The instrument sold at auction in 1981 to a collector in Singapore for US$1.2 million.

In the 19th century leading French violin maker Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume made a close copy of the Alard, which today is played by American virtuoso Hilary Hahn.


title: Marlon Stewart (basketball coach)

abstract: Marlon Stewart is an American basketball coach who is currently an assistant coach of Oregon State Beavers under current head coach, Wayne Tinkle.

text:
# Marlon Stewart (basketball coach)

**Marlon Stewart** (born March 16, 1985) is an American basketball coach who is currently an assistant coach of Oregon State Beavers under current head coach, Wayne Tinkle.

## Career

In 2008, Stewart started his professional coaching duties with California Golden Bears. He also became the video coordinator for head coach Mike Montgomery.

In July 2017, it was announced that Stewart would be part of the coaching staff of the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors.

In 2018, Stewart has been named as the director of basketball operations of Oregon State Beavers. The following year, it has been announced that he would become a part of the coaching staff of Wayne Tinkle, wherein he would become an assistant.

In 2021, he was awarded as a recipient of the "Rising Coach Lifetime Award" by Rising Coaches.

## InfoBox

Marlon Stewart
| Oregon State Beavers | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Assistant coach |
| League | WCC |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1985-03-16) March 16, 1985<br>Seattle, Washington |
| Nationality | American |
| Coaching career | 2008–present |
| Career history | |
| As coach: | |
| 2008–2012 | California Golden Bears (assistant) |
| 2014–2017 | Montana Grizzlies (assistant) |
| 2017–2018 | Hawaii Rainbow Warriors (assistant) |
| 2019–present | Oregon State Beavers (assistant) |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Rising Coach Lifetime Award (2021)  **As Assistant Coach:** | |
|  | |


title: Międzybórz, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Międzybórz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczenica, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Rzeczenica, 28 km (17 mi) north-west of Człuchów, and 126 km (78 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Międzybórz, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Międzybórz** \[mjɛnˈd͡zɨbuʂ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczenica, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Rzeczenica, 28 km (17 mi) north-west of Człuchów, and 126 km (78 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Międzybórz | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Międzybórz | |
| Coordinates: 53°46′34″N 16°59′57″E / 53.77611°N 16.99917°E / 53.77611; 16.99917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Człuchów |
| Gmina | Rzeczenica |
| Population | 391 |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 54 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. One site is further designated as a National Historic Landmark. Another property was once listed but has been removed.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 54 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. One site is further designated as a National Historic Landmark. Another property was once listed but has been removed.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | Municipality | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Academy Hill Historic District |  | April 29, 1999
(#99000516) | Roughly bounded by Baughman Street, North Maple Avenue, Kenneth Street, Culbertson Avenue, Beacon Street, and Pennsylvania Avenue
40°18′39″N 79°32′42″W / 40.310833°N 79.545°W / 40.310833; -79.545 (Academy Hill Historic District) | Greensburg |  |
| 2 | Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 4 |  | April 21, 2000
(#00000398) | 1 River Avenue
40°36′52″N 79°42′59″W / 40.614444°N 79.716389°W / 40.614444; -79.716389 (Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 4) | Lower Burrell | Extends into Harrison Township in Allegheny County |
| 3 | Aluminum Research Laboratories |  | July 23, 2013
(#98000413) | Freeport Road
40°34′19″N 79°45′21″W / 40.571944°N 79.755833°W / 40.571944; -79.755833 (Aluminum Research Laboratories) | New Kensington |  |
| 4 | Bells Mills Covered Bridge |  | June 27, 1980
(#80003648) | West of Yukon
40°13′09″N 79°42′37″W / 40.219167°N 79.710278°W / 40.219167; -79.710278 (Bells Mills Covered Bridge) | Sewickley and South Huntingdon Townships |  |
| 5 | Brush Creek Salems Church |  | May 11, 1987
(#87000675) | Southeast of Westmoreland City on Brush Creek Road
40°19′09″N 79°39′30″W / 40.319167°N 79.658333°W / 40.319167; -79.658333 (Brush Creek Salems Church) | Hempfield Township |  |
| 6 | Brush Hill |  | October 14, 1975
(#75001677) | 651 Brush Hill Road
40°19′30″N 79°41′22″W / 40.325°N 79.689444°W / 40.325; -79.689444 (Brush Hill) | Irwin |  |
| 7 | Bushy Run Battlefield |  | October 15, 1966
(#66000696) | 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Harrison City on Pennsylvania Route 993
40°21′21″N 79°37′30″W / 40.355833°N 79.625°W / 40.355833; -79.625 (Bushy Run Battlefield) | Penn Township |  |
| 8 | Byerly House |  | July 18, 1985
(#85001567) | 115 Menk Road, east of New Kensington
40°33′14″N 79°41′02″W / 40.553889°N 79.683889°W / 40.553889; -79.683889 (Byerly House) | Upper Burrell Township |  |
| 9 | Charleroi-Monessen Bridge |  | June 22, 1988
(#88000812) | Legislative Route 247 over the Monongahela River
40°09′06″N 79°54′15″W / 40.151667°N 79.904167°W / 40.151667; -79.904167 (Charleroi-Monessen Bridge) | Monessen | Extends into North Charleroi in Washington County |
| 10 | Citizens National Bank of Latrobe |  | November 1, 2002
(#02001281) | 816 Ligonier Street
40°19′00″N 79°23′05″W / 40.316667°N 79.384722°W / 40.316667; -79.384722 (Citizens National Bank of Latrobe) | Latrobe |  |
| 11 | Compass Inn |  | February 24, 1995
(#95000124) | Junction of U.S. Route 30 (the Lincoln Highway) and California Avenue
40°12′43″N 79°11′57″W / 40.211944°N 79.199167°W / 40.211944; -79.199167 (Compass Inn) | Ligonier Township |  |
| 12 | Concord School |  | September 30, 2014
(#14000817) | Loyalhanna Dam Rd.
40°26′28″N 79°28′04″W / 40.441111°N 79.467916°W / 40.441111; -79.467916 (Concord School) | Loyalhanna Township | 1848 schoolhouse. |
| 13 | Dick Building |  | August 30, 2007
(#07000890) | 201203 East Main Street
40°12′06″N 79°46′00″W / 40.201667°N 79.766667°W / 40.201667; -79.766667 (Dick Building) | West Newton |  |
| 14 | Fairview Park |  | December 27, 2010
(#10001069) | South side of Old Route 22, approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Delmont
40°24′21″N 79°33′21″W / 40.405833°N 79.555972°W / 40.405833; -79.555972 (Fairview Park) | Salem Township |  |
| 15 | Adam Fisher Homestead |  | February 28, 1991
(#91000230) | Brinkerton Road near junction with Mount Pleasant Road, northwest of Calumet
40°13′09″N 79°30′10″W / 40.219167°N 79.502778°W / 40.219167; -79.502778 (Adam Fisher Homestead) | Mount Pleasant Township |  |
| 16 | Fort Ligonier Site |  | January 21, 1975
(#75001678) | South Market Street
40°14′27″N 79°14′16″W / 40.240833°N 79.237778°W / 40.240833; -79.237778 (Fort Ligonier Site) | Ligonier |  |
| 17 | Fullerton Inn |  | June 30, 1983
(#83002285) | 11029 Old Trail Road, west of Irwin
40°19′47″N 79°43′35″W / 40.329722°N 79.726389°W / 40.329722; -79.726389 (Fullerton Inn) | North Huntingdon Township |  |
| 18 | Greensburg Downtown Historic District |  | July 21, 1995
(#95000884) | Roughly bounded by Tunnel Street, Main Street, Third Street and Harrison Avenue
40°18′11″N 79°32′42″W / 40.303056°N 79.545°W / 40.303056; -79.545 (Greensburg Downtown Historic District) | Greensburg |  |
| 19 | Greensburg Railroad Station |  | November 7, 1977
(#77001202) | Harrison Avenue
40°18′16″N 79°32′49″W / 40.304444°N 79.546944°W / 40.304444; -79.546944 (Greensburg Railroad Station) | Greensburg |  |
| 20 | Hannastown Farm |  | March 17, 1994
(#94000209) | Northwest of the junction of Township 825 and Legislative Route 64054
40°21′11″N 79°30′21″W / 40.353056°N 79.505833°W / 40.353056; -79.505833 (Hannastown Farm) | Salem Township |  |
| 21 | Household No. 1 Site (36WM61) |  | March 20, 1986
(#86000465) | Off Timms Lane
40°10′27″N 79°46′44″W / 40.174167°N 79.778889°W / 40.174167; -79.778889 (Household No. 1 Site (36WM61)) | Rostraver Township |  |
| 22 | Kingston House |  | June 30, 1983
(#83002286) | U.S. Route 30, northeast of Youngstown
40°17′28″N 79°20′29″W / 40.291111°N 79.341389°W / 40.291111; -79.341389 (Kingston House) | Unity Township |  |
| 23 | Latrobe Armory |  | December 22, 1989
(#89002076) | 1017 Ridge Avenue
40°19′00″N 79°22′53″W / 40.316667°N 79.381389°W / 40.316667; -79.381389 (Latrobe Armory) | Latrobe |  |
| 24 | Laurel Hill Furnace |  | April 28, 1975
(#75001679) | Southeast of New Florence on Baldwin Run
40°22′00″N 79°03′32″W / 40.366667°N 79.058889°W / 40.366667; -79.058889 (Laurel Hill Furnace) | St. Clair Township |  |
| 25 | Ligonier Armory |  | May 9, 1991
(#91000514) | 358 West Main Street
40°14′49″N 79°14′33″W / 40.246944°N 79.2425°W / 40.246944; -79.2425 (Ligonier Armory) | Ligonier | Demolished. |
| 26 | Ligonier Historic District |  | August 30, 1994
(#94001054) | Junction of Main and Market Streets
40°14′35″N 79°14′16″W / 40.243056°N 79.237778°W / 40.243056; -79.237778 (Ligonier Historic District) | Ligonier |  |
| 27 | Linn Run State Park Family Cabin District |  | February 12, 1987
(#87000107) | 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of Rector on Linn Run Road
40°09′14″N 79°13′00″W / 40.153889°N 79.216667°W / 40.153889; -79.216667 (Linn Run State Park Family Cabin District) | Cook Township |  |
| 28 | Loyalhanna Lodge No. 275 |  | February 2, 2016
(#15001036) | 221 Spring St.
40°18′54″N 79°23′00″W / 40.315000°N 79.383333°W / 40.315000; -79.383333 (Loyalhanna Lodge No. 275) | Latrobe |  |
| 29 | Andrew and Jennie McFarlane House |  | August 4, 2004
(#04000807) | 50 Maus Drive, west of Irwin
40°19′47″N 79°44′21″W / 40.329722°N 79.739167°W / 40.329722; -79.739167 (Andrew and Jennie McFarlane House) | North Huntingdon Township |  |
| 30 | Mount Pleasant Armory |  | December 22, 1989
(#89002079) | Eagle and Spring Streets
40°08′59″N 79°32′54″W / 40.149722°N 79.548333°W / 40.149722; -79.548333 (Mount Pleasant Armory) | Mount Pleasant | Demolished in 1996 |
| 31 | Mount Pleasant Historic District |  | July 23, 1998
(#98000903) | Roughly along Main, South Church, Eagle, Walnut and College Streets
40°08′54″N 79°32′41″W / 40.148333°N 79.544722°W / 40.148333; -79.544722 (Mount Pleasant Historic District) | Mount Pleasant |  |
| 32 | Mount St. Peter Roman Catholic Church |  | May 5, 1998
(#98000398) | 100 Freeport Road
40°33′50″N 79°45′42″W / 40.563889°N 79.761667°W / 40.563889; -79.761667 (Mount St. Peter Roman Catholic Church) | New Kensington |  |
| 33 | New Kensington Downtown Historic District |  | July 23, 1998
(#98000904) | Roughly bounded by 8th Avenue, 3rd Street, 11th Avenue, and Barnes Avenue
40°33′58″N 79°45′58″W / 40.566111°N 79.766111°W / 40.566111; -79.766111 (New Kensington Downtown Historic District) | New Kensington |  |
| 34 | New Kensington Production Works Historic District |  | May 7, 1998
(#98000397) | Roughly along the Allegheny River, from Sixteenth Street to Seventh Street
40°33′56″N 79°46′13″W / 40.565556°N 79.770278°W / 40.565556; -79.770278 (New Kensington Production Works Historic District) | New Kensington |  |
| 35 | Samuel Patterson House |  | March 7, 1985
(#85000472) | Pennsylvania Route 981, north of New Alexandria
40°23′58″N 79°25′20″W / 40.399444°N 79.422222°W / 40.399444; -79.422222 (Samuel Patterson House) | Derry Township |  |
| 36 | Pennsylvania Railroad Station-Latrobe |  | July 17, 1986
(#86001689) | Depot Street
40°19′07″N 79°23′08″W / 40.318611°N 79.385556°W / 40.318611; -79.385556 (Pennsylvania Railroad Station-Latrobe) | Latrobe |  |
| 37 | Plumer House |  | December 6, 1979
(#79002368) | Vine and South Water Street
40°12′33″N 79°46′10″W / 40.209167°N 79.769444°W / 40.209167; -79.769444 (Plumer House) | West Newton |  |
| 38 | Ross Furnace |  | September 6, 1991
(#91001142) | Southwest of Tubmill Reservoir off Pennsylvania Route 711
40°19′33″N 79°05′26″W / 40.325833°N 79.090556°W / 40.325833; -79.090556 (Ross Furnace) | Fairfield Township |  |
| 39 | St. Gertrude Roman Catholic Church |  | September 23, 1983
(#83002287) | 311 Franklin Avenue
40°35′59″N 79°33′52″W / 40.599722°N 79.564444°W / 40.599722; -79.564444 (St. Gertrude Roman Catholic Church) | Vandergrift |  |
| 40 | St. Vincent Archabbey Gristmill |  | January 18, 1978
(#78002486) | Southwest of Latrobe off U.S. Route 30
40°17′43″N 79°24′10″W / 40.295278°N 79.402778°W / 40.295278; -79.402778 (St. Vincent Archabbey Gristmill) | Unity Township |  |
| 41 | Salem Crossroads Historic District |  | September 18, 1978
(#78002484) | Pittsburgh and Greensburg Streets
40°24′44″N 79°34′10″W / 40.412222°N 79.569444°W / 40.412222; -79.569444 (Salem Crossroads Historic District) | Delmont |  |
| 42 | Scottdale Armory |  | May 9, 1991
(#91000518) | 501 North Broadway Street
40°06′17″N 79°35′08″W / 40.104722°N 79.585556°W / 40.104722; -79.585556 (Scottdale Armory) | Scottdale |  |
| 43 | Scottdale Historic District |  | March 29, 1996
(#96000320) | Roughly bounded by Walnut Street, Constitution Way, Arthur Avenue and Jacob's Creek
40°06′05″N 79°35′22″W / 40.101389°N 79.589444°W / 40.101389; -79.589444 (Scottdale Historic District) | Scottdale |  |
| 44 | Sewickley Manor |  | April 19, 1982
(#82003820) | Legislative Route 64136, north of Calumet
40°14′05″N 79°28′56″W / 40.234722°N 79.482222°W / 40.234722; -79.482222 (Sewickley Manor) | Mount Pleasant Township |  |
| 45 | Site of Old Hannastown |  | January 26, 1972
(#72001180) | 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Greensburg
40°20′37″N 79°30′19″W / 40.343611°N 79.505278°W / 40.343611; -79.505278 (Site of Old Hannastown) | Hempfield Township |  |
| 46 | Slickville Historic District |  | June 3, 1994
(#94000522) | Roughly bounded by Greenburg and Second Avenue and Delmont, Court, Cottage and Fred Streets, in Slickville
40°27′27″N 79°31′23″W / 40.4575°N 79.523056°W / 40.4575; -79.523056 (Slickville Historic District) | Salem Township |  |
| 47 | Squirrel Hill Site |  | March 26, 1980
(#80003647) | West of New Florence near the banks of the Conemaugh River
40°22′49″N 79°05′20″W / 40.380278°N 79.088889°W / 40.380278; -79.088889 (Squirrel Hill Site) | St. Clair Township |  |
| 48 | Vandergrift Historic District |  | April 27, 1995
(#95000525) | Roughly bounded by Lincoln, Sherman, Franklin and Washington Avenues, along the outer lot lines
40°36′09″N 79°33′44″W / 40.6025°N 79.562222°W / 40.6025; -79.562222 (Vandergrift Historic District) | Vandergrift |  |
| 49 | John Walter Farmstead |  | July 21, 1995
(#95000885) | 166 Mamont Drive
40°28′19″N 79°35′21″W / 40.471984°N 79.589261°W / 40.471984; -79.589261 (John Walter Farmstead) | Washington Township |  |
| 50 | Samuel Warden House |  | November 7, 1995
(#95001252) | 200 South Church Street
40°08′52″N 79°32′50″W / 40.147778°N 79.547222°W / 40.147778; -79.547222 (Samuel Warden House) | Mount Pleasant |  |
| 51 | Webster Donora Bridge |  | June 22, 1988
(#88000813) | Pennsylvania Route 143 over the Monongahela River at Webster
40°11′03″N 79°51′08″W / 40.184167°N 79.852222°W / 40.184167; -79.852222 (Webster Donora Bridge) | Rostraver Township | Extends into Washington County |
| 52 | West Overton Historic District |  | July 18, 1985
(#85001572) | Frick Avenue
40°06′59″N 79°33′59″W / 40.116389°N 79.566389°W / 40.116389; -79.566389 (West Overton Historic District) | East Huntingdon Township |  |
| 53 | Western Division-Pennsylvania Canal |  | September 17, 1974
(#74001817) | Along the Conemaugh River
40°25′30″N 79°13′48″W / 40.425°N 79.23°W / 40.425; -79.23 (Western Division-Pennsylvania Canal) | Bell Township, Bolivar, Derry Township, Fairfield Township, and Loyalhanna Township | Boundaries increased on November 14, 1982 under the name "Western Division of the PA Canal" |
| 54 | Westmoreland County Courthouse |  | March 30, 1978
(#78002485) | North Main Street
40°18′09″N 79°32′46″W / 40.3025°N 79.546111°W / 40.3025; -79.546111 (Westmoreland County Courthouse) | Greensburg |  |

## Former listing

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Date removed | Location | Municipality | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | General Greene Hotel |  | August 29, 1980
(#80003646) | June 16, 1986 | 24 West Otterman Street
 | Greensburg | Built in 1903. Demolished in January 1984. |
| 2 | McCormick House |  | October 21, 1976
(#76002286) | December 21, 1976 | 508 Main St.
 | Irwin |  |


title: Wind Erosion on European Light Soils

abstract: WEELS was a research project funded as part of the EU Environment and Climate Programme, intended to develop a small-scale model of wind erosion at the level of individual farms and fields, based on research at three test sites in Lower Saxony, Scania, and Suffolk. WEELS was a collaborative project between University College London, the Geological Survey of Lower Saxony at the Institute of Soil Technology, Bremen, Lund University, and Wageningen University. It ran from 1997 to 2000.

text:
# Wind Erosion on European Light Soils

**WEELS** ("Wind Erosion on European Light Soils") was a research project funded as part of the EU Environment and Climate Programme, intended to develop a small-scale model of wind erosion at the level of individual farms and fields, based on research at three test sites in Lower Saxony, Scania, and Suffolk.

WEELS was a collaborative project between University College London, the Geological Survey of Lower Saxony (Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung) at the Institute of Soil Technology, Bremen, Lund University, and Wageningen University. It ran from 1997 to 2000.

* http://www.dow.wau.nl/eswc/research/weels1.html Archived 11 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
* "WEELS - Wind Erosion on European Light Soils". Archived from the original on 1 October 2000. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
* WEELS final report Archived 30 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine, as downloadable pdf files


title: Force density

abstract:
In fluid mechanics, the force density is the negative gradient of pressure. It has the physical dimensions of force per unit volume. Force density is a vector field representing the flux density of the hydrostatic force within the bulk of a fluid. Force density is represented by the symbol f, and given by the following equation, where p is the pressure:
  - f = − ∇ p. The net force on a differential volume element dV of the fluid is:
  - d F = f d V Force density acts in different ways which is caused by the boundary conditions. There are stick-slip boundary conditions and stick boundary conditions which affect force density. In a sphere placed in an arbitrary non-stationary flow field of viscous incompressible fluid for stick boundary conditions where the force density's calculations leads to show the generalisation of Faxen's theorem to force multipole moments of arbitrary order. In a sphere moving in an incompressible fluid in a non-stationary flow with mixed stick-slip boundary condition where the force of density shows an expression of the Faxén type for the total force, but the total torque and the symmetric force-dipole moment. The force density at a point in a fluid, divided by the density, is the acceleration of the fluid at that point. The force density f is defined as the force per unit volume, so that the net force can be calculated by:
  - F = ∫ f d 3 r. The force density in an electromagnetic field is given in CGS by:
  - f = ρ E + J c × B, where ρ is the charge density, E is the electric field, J is the current density, c is the speed of light, and B is the magnetic field.

text:
# Force density

In fluid mechanics, the **force density** is the negative gradient of pressure. It has the physical dimensions of force per unit volume. Force density is a vector field representing the flux density of the hydrostatic force within the bulk of a fluid. Force density is represented by the symbol **f**, and given by the following equation, where *p* is the pressure:

$\mathbf {f} =-\nabla p$.

The net force on a differential volume element *dV* of the fluid is:

$$d\mathbf {F} =\mathbf {f} dV$$

Force density acts in different ways which is caused by the boundary conditions. There are stick-slip boundary conditions and stick boundary conditions which affect force density.

In a sphere placed in an arbitrary non-stationary flow field of viscous incompressible fluid for stick boundary conditions where the force density's calculations leads to show the generalisation of Faxen's theorem to force multipole moments of arbitrary order.

In a sphere moving in an incompressible fluid in a non-stationary flow with mixed stick-slip boundary condition where the force of density shows an expression of the Faxén type for the total force, but the total torque and the symmetric force-dipole moment.

The force density at a point in a fluid, divided by the density, is the acceleration of the fluid at that point.

The force density **f** is defined as the force per unit volume, so that the net force can be calculated by:

$\mathbf {F} =\int f(\mathbf {r} )d^{3}\mathbf {r} $.

The force density in an electromagnetic field is given in CGS by:

$\mathbf {f} =\rho \mathbf {E} +{\frac {\mathbf {J} }{c}\times \mathbf {B} }$,

where $\rho $ is the charge density, **E** is the electric field, **J** is the current density, c is the speed of light, and **B** is the magnetic field.

1. Force Density. Eric Weisstein's World of Physics. Accessed March 8th, 2012.
2. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications Volume 84, Issue 3, Pages 435-641 (1976) Accessed 19 January 2015
3. Force Density. Eric Weisstein's World of Physics. Accessed 17 January 2015.

## InfoBox

| Force density | |
| --- | --- |
| Common symbols | $\mathbf {f} $ |
| SI unit | N·m−3 |
| In SI base units | kg·−2·−2 |
| Dimension | $\mathsf {L}^{-2}{\mathsf {M}{\mathsf {T}^{-2}}}$ |


title: Mircea Puta

abstract: Mircea Puta was a Romanian mathematician, the 1983 recipient of the Simion Stoilow Prize of the Romanian Academy. He is the author of over 190 articles and two books. Puta started his undergraduate studies at West University of Timișoara in 1969, graduating in 1974. He earned his Ph.D. degree in 1979, under the supervision of Dan Papuc, after which he joined the faculty at his alma mater, becoming a Professor in 1993.

text:
# Mircea Puta

**Mircea Puta** (February 1, 1950 July 26, 2007) was a Romanian mathematician, the 1983 recipient of the Simion Stoilow Prize of the Romanian Academy. He is the author of over 190 articles and two books.

Puta started his undergraduate studies at West University of Timișoara in 1969, graduating in 1974. He earned his Ph.D. degree in 1979, under the supervision of Dan Papuc, after which he joined the faculty at his alma mater, becoming a Professor in 1993.

## Bibliography

* Puta, Mircea (1993). *Hamiltonian Mechanical Systems and Geometric Quantization*. Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 260. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1992-4. ISBN 0-7923-2306-8. MR 1247960.
* Craioveanu, Mircea; Puta, Mircea; Rassias, Themistocles M. (2001). *Old and new aspects in spectral geometry*. Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 534. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2475-3. ISBN 1-4020-0052-9. MR 1880186. OCLC 47893050.
* Birtea, Petre; Puta, Mircea; Ratiu, Tudor S.; Tudoran, Răzvan (2005). "Symmetry breaking for toral actions in simple mechanical systems". *Journal of Differential Equations*. **216** (2): 282–323. arXiv:math/0311451. Bibcode:2005JDE...216..282B. doi:10.1016/j.jde.2005.06.003. MR 2162338. S2CID 16695256.
* Birtea, Petre; Puta, Mircea; Tudoran, Răzvan Micu (2007). "Periodic orbits in the case of a zero eigenvalue". *Comptes Rendus Mathematique*. **344** (12): 779–784. arXiv:0705.2361. doi:10.1016/j.crma.2007.05.003. MR 2340447. S2CID 115165829.


title: Hangum

abstract: Hangum is a village development committee in Panchthar District in the Province No. 1 of eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2925 people living in 526 individual households. Aarubote VDC in to the east, Mouwa VDC and Olane VDC in the north, Limba and Durdimba in the South respectively.

text:
# Hangum

**Hangum**  is a village development committee in Panchthar District in the Province No. 1 of eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2925 people living in 526 individual households.

Aarubote VDC in to the east, Mouwa VDC and Olane VDC in the north, Limba and Durdimba in the South respectively.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Retrieved 12 December 2008.

## InfoBox

| Hangum हाङगुम | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
| HangumLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 26°57′N 87°35′E / 26.95°N 87.59°E / 26.95; 87.59 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Province | Province No. 1 |
| District | Panchthar District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 2,925 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Pavel Mareš (speedway rider)

abstract: Pavel Mareš was an international speedway rider from the Czech Republic.

text:
# Pavel Mareš (speedway rider)

**Pavel Mareš** (20 January 1943 – 4 June 2023) was an international speedway rider from the Czech Republic.

## Speedway career

Mareš won the silver medal in the 1965 Czechoslovakian Individual Speedway Championship. He also partnered Václav Verner to the World Pairs final at the 1971 Speedway World Pairs Championship where they finished just outside the medals in fourth place behind winners Poland.

Mareš also raced in ice speedway and participated in the 1967 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship.

Like many Czech riders of the time, the Czechsolovak authorities rarely allowed riders to compete for British league teams but they did allow club sides such as Prague to tour the United Kingdom, which allowed Mareš to race in Britain in 1967 and again in 1971. By 1974 he was a recognised name in speedway circles in the United Kingdom despite not being able to ride in the British leagues.

## World Final appearances

### World Pairs Championship

## InfoBox

Pavel Mareš
| Born | 20 January 1943 (1943-01-20)<br>Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia |
| --- | --- |
| Died | 4 June 2023(2023-06-04) (aged 80) |
| Nationality | Czech |
| Career history | |
| **Czechoslovakia** | |
| 1964 | Rudá Hvězda Praha |
|  | |
| Individual honours | |
| 1965 | Czechoslovakian final silver medal |
|  | |
| Team honours | |
| 1971 | World Pairs finalist |
|  | |


title: Haitian Music Award

abstract: The Haitian Music Awards (HMA), is an annual Haitian music awards show that officially first took place on Sunday April 12, 2009 at the renowned Avery Fisher Hall at New York’s Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.

text:
# Haitian Music Award

The **Haitian Music Awards** (**HMA**), is an annual Haitian music awards show that officially first took place on Sunday April 12, 2009 at the renowned Avery Fisher Hall at New York’s Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.

## History

The first Haitian Music Awards (on a more international stage) took place during the month of February 2009. This inaugural music awards honored the pioneer and founder of *compas direct*, Nemours Jean-Baptiste and showcased the works of artists from the entire Haitian music spectrum.

*Compas on Broadway* is the premier Haitian Music Awards event and the first of its kind in New York City. The nominees included individual bands such as the legendary Tabou Combo, Djakout Mizik, Nu-Look, Carimi, T-Vice, and not limited to individual artists as Emeline Michel, Misty Jean and Alan Cavé.

## InfoBox

| Haitian Music Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| *Current: Haitian Music Award of 2017* | |
| Awarded for | Outstanding achievements for Haitian artists in the record industry. |
| Country | Haiti |
| First awarded | 2009 |


title: Marolles, Calvados

abstract: Marolles is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

text:
# Marolles, Calvados

**Marolles** (French pronunciation: \[maʁɔl\] ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 462 |  |
| 1968 | 412 | −10.8% |
| 1975 | 394 | −4.4% |
| 1982 | 493 | +25.1% |
| 1990 | 565 | +14.6% |
| 1999 | 625 | +10.6% |
| 2008 | 664 | +6.2% |

## InfoBox

| Marolles | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Mont-Hérault Manor | |
| Location of Marolles | |
| MarollesMarolles | |
| Coordinates: 49°08′20″N 0°22′23″E / 49.1389°N 0.3731°E / 49.1389; 0.3731 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Calvados |
| Arrondissement | Lisieux |
| Canton | Lisieux |
| Intercommunality | CA Lisieux Normandie |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Roland Edeline |
| Area**1** | 12.22 km2 (4.72 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 744 |
| Density | 61/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 14403 /14100 |
| Elevation | 79–184 m (259–604 ft)
(avg. 166 m or 545 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


abstract: Modern Times: Photography in the 20th Century was the first exhibition focussed on artists of the 20th century to be held by the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. The show, whose title is also Modern Times in Dutch and which ran from November 2014 to January 2015, was also the first exhibition to be held in the re-opened Philips Wing, a part of the museum that was remodeled to host temporary exhibitions. It was the museum's second photography exhibition after its successful A new art: Photography in the 19th century, held in 1996.

text:
# Modern Times: Photography in the 20th Century

***Modern Times: Photography in the 20th Century*** was the first exhibition focussed on artists of the 20th century to be held by the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. The show, whose title is also *Modern Times* in Dutch and which ran from November 2014 to January 2015, was also the first exhibition to be held in the re-opened Philips Wing, a part of the museum that was remodeled to host temporary exhibitions. It was the museum's second photography exhibition after its successful *A new art: Photography in the 19th century*, held in 1996.

## Background

The Rijksmuseum published a jubilee book in 1985 celebrating 100 years of its history. This contained numerous old photographs of construction and early museum displays that could not be attributed to individual photographers, but uncovered several gems in the collection that needed curation. The museum highlights guide produced in the same year did not yet include any of the museum's 130,000 photographs of the 19th century. Photography was apparently still considered a secondary art, and, as such, not deserving mention in the guidebook. It wasn't until 1994, when the museum appointed the current (as of 2014) curators Mattie Boom and Hans Rooseboom for its growing photography collection, that a shift in appreciation began. The highlights guide published in 1995 included three photographs: one by each of Gustave Le Gray, Eduard Isaac Asser, and George Hendrik Breitner. The next step was to hold a photography exhibition, which became *A new art*, a collaboration with the Van Gogh Museum in 1996.

## The 20th century in photographs

The museum's collection of over 20,000 20th-century photographs includes images of government-sponsored works such as bridges and sluice gates, and images of inspection visits by paid agents to foreign lands. Many early photographers could not afford to make prints without government sponsorship of some kind. Besides works acquired from defunct government agencies, works have been donated by photographers' families and other purchases have been sponsored by friends of the museum. The exhibition is meant as an overview of the museum's 20th-century works, most of which have been acquired since 1994.

The oldest photos in the exhibition are by the oldest artist in the show: Eadward Muybridge's motion studies of a horse (*Sallie Gardner at a Gallop*). The first photograph in the show is a portrait of Susan Sontag by Peter Hujar. Her collection of essays *On Photography* was quoted as one of the sources of inspiration for the show ("To collect photography is to collect the world"). The last works in the show are color portrait photos taken in Suriname by the youngest artist in the show, the Dutch photographer Viviane Sassen.

The list of artists represented in the show is presented on the gallery wall as a timeline. In order of appearance (sorted by birth date), they are as follows: