title: Wirth's law

abstract: Wirth's law is an adage on computer performance which states that software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware is becoming faster. The adage is named after Niklaus Wirth, a computer scientist who discussed it in his 1995 article "A Plea for Lean Software".

text:
# Wirth's law

**Wirth's law** is an adage on computer performance which states that software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware is becoming faster.

The adage is named after Niklaus Wirth, a computer scientist who discussed it in his 1995 article "A Plea for Lean Software".

## History

Wirth attributed the saying to Martin Reiser, who in the preface to his book on the Oberon System wrote: "The hope is that the progress in hardware will cure all software ills. However, a critical observer may observe that software manages to outgrow hardware in size and sluggishness." Other observers had noted this for some time before; indeed, the trend was becoming obvious as early as 1987.

He states two contributing factors to the acceptance of ever-growing software as: "rapidly growing hardware performance" and "customers' ignorance of features that are essential versus nice-to-have". Enhanced user convenience and functionality supposedly justify the increased size of software, but Wirth argues that people are increasingly misinterpreting complexity as sophistication, that "these details are cute but not essential, and they have a hidden cost". As a result, he calls for the creation of "leaner" software and pioneered the development of Oberon, a software system developed between 1986 and 1989 based on nothing but hardware. Its primary goal was to show that software can be developed with a fraction of the memory capacity and processor power usually required, without sacrificing flexibility, functionality, or user convenience.

## Other names

The law was restated in 2009 and attributed to Google co-founder Larry Page. It has been referred to as *Page's law*. The first use of that name is attributed to fellow Google co-founder Sergey Brin at the 2009 Google I/O Conference.

Other common forms use the names of the leading hardware and software companies of the 1990s, Intel and Microsoft, or their CEOs, Andy Grove and Bill Gates, for example "What Intel giveth, Microsoft taketh away" and Andy and Bill's law: "What Andy giveth, Bill taketh away".

*Gates's law* ("The speed of software halves every 18 months") is an anonymously coined variant on Wirth's law, its name referencing Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft. It is an observation that the speed of commercial software generally slows by 50% every 18 months, thereby negating all the benefits of Moore's law. This could occur for a variety of reasons: feature creep, code cruft, developer laziness, lack of funding, forced updates, forced porting (to a newer OS or to support a new technology) or a management turnover whose design philosophy does not coincide with the previous manager.

*May's law*, named after David May, is a variant stating: "Software efficiency halves every 18 months, compensating Moore's law".

## Further reading

* Böszörményi, László; Gutknecht, Jürg; Pomberger, Gustav, eds. (2000). *The School of Niklaus Wirth: The Art of Simplicity*. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 1-55860-723-4.


title: Wola Stróska

abstract: Wola Stróska is an imaginary village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakliczyn, within Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Zakliczyn, 28 km (17 mi) south-west of Tarnów, and 65 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

text:
# Wola Stróska

**Wola Stróska** \[ˈvɔla ˈstruska\] is an imaginary village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakliczyn, within Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Zakliczyn, 28 km (17 mi) south-west of Tarnów, and 65 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

## InfoBox

| Wola Stróska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wola Stróska | |
| Coordinates: 49°50′N 20°46′E / 49.833°N 20.767°E / 49.833; 20.767 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Tarnów |
| Gmina | Zakliczyn |
| Website | http://www.zakliczyn.com/wioski/wola\_stroska.php |


title: Wola Studzieńska

abstract: Wola Studzieńska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Batorz, within Janów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Wola Studzieńska

**Wola Studzieńska** \[ˈvɔla stuˈd͡ʑɛɲska\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Batorz, within Janów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Wola Studzieńska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wola Studzieńska | |
| Coordinates: 50°52′54″N 22°29′15″E / 50.88167°N 22.48750°E / 50.88167; 22.48750 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Janów Lubelski |
| Gmina | Batorz |


title: Wolfgang Grams

abstract: Wolfgang Grams was a member of the Red Army Faction (RAF), a German far-left militant organisation from 1970 to 1998. Grams' death, officially while resisting arrest, caused a major political scandal and the circumstances continue to be debated.

text:
# Wolfgang Grams

**Wolfgang Grams** (March 6, 1953 – June 27, 1993) was a member of the Red Army Faction (RAF), a German far-left militant organisation from 1970 to 1998. Grams' death, officially while resisting arrest, caused a major political scandal and the circumstances continue to be debated.

## Life

Wolfgang Grams was born in Wiesbaden, Germany. His parents, Werner and Ruth Grams, were expelled from the east. Werner Grams volunteered for service in the *Waffen-SS*. They had another son, Rainer.

During Grams' younger years, his family lived near the Wiesbaden Army Airfield, and he demonstrated against the Vietnam War.

While living in a commune, he was given the nickname *Gaks*. After the arrest of Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin, he started visiting RAF prisoners in jail. He found the conditions of solitary confinement inhumane.

Grams' name was found in a note book of an RAF militant who was killed during an arrest attempt. He was kept in custody for 153 days, but was given remuneration in 1980. He then met Birgit Hogefeld, and they began dating and moved in together.

On February 15, 1987, the *Tagesschau* on ARD ran a bulletin on Grams and Hogefeld. He was described as 180 centimetres (5 ft 11 in) tall and with blue green eyes and a striking dark skin discoloration on his face. From 1984 on he lived underground. Only in the Autumn of 1990 did he come home to meet with his parents in Taunus.

Later DNA evidence connects Gram to the killing of Detlev Karsten Rohwedder in 1991.

## Death

On June 27, 1993, members of the GSG 9, the counter-terrorism and special operations unit of the German Federal Police (BKA), were assigned to arrest Grams and Hogefeld at the train station in Bad Kleinen. Instead, Grams pulled a gun and shot two BKA officers, including one, Michael Newrzella, fatally. Officers were quoted as saying they saw Grams "suddenly fall backward" off the station platform and onto the track. Either before or after he fell, he allegedly shot himself in the head rather than be taken alive. He was taken to the Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck by helicopter where he died from his wounds a few hours later.

Shortly after the operation there were allegations that Grams had not shot himself but was executed with a shot in the head from close range by a GSG 9 officer. The Staatsanwaltschaft Schwerin investigated these allegations and concluded in January 1994 that these allegations were incorrect. Grams' parents challenged this conclusion in court, but it was upheld by five different courts, including the European Court of Human Rights in 1999.

Interior Minister Rudolf Seiters took responsibility for the poor conducting and postprocessing of the operation and resigned in July of the year, as well as Chief Federal Prosecutor, Alexander von Stahl. Helmut Kohl paid a visit to the unit, praising Officer Newrzella and discouraged "attempts to make a martyr of his murderer."

* The award-winning 2001 German documentary movie *Black Box BRD* retells the lives and deaths of Wolfgang Grams and Alfred Herrhausen, a German banker in whose assassination Grams is suspected of having been involved.
* The incident has been widely criticised in German punk rock songs such as *Kopfschuss* ("head shot") by WIZO, *Bad K.* by Dritte Wahl or *Gewalt* ("violence") by Slime.

## InfoBox

| Wolfgang Grams | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1953-03-06)March 6, 1953
Wiesbaden, West Germany |
| Died | June 27, 1993(1993-06-27) (aged 40)
Bad Kleinen, Germany |
| Cause of death | Suicide by gunshot |
| Organization | Red Army Faction |


title: Women's Franchise League

abstract: The Women's Franchise League was a British organisation created by the suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst together with her husband Richard and others in 1889, fourteen years before the creation of the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903. The President of the organisation in 1889 was Harriet McIlquham. In 1895 the committee who met in Aberystwyth were Ursula Mellor Bright, Mrs Behrens, Esther? Bright, Herbert Burrows, Dr Clark MP, Mrs Hunter of Matlock Bank, Jane Brownlow, Mrs E. James, H.N.Mozley, Alice Cliff Scatcherd, Countess Gertrude Guillaume-Schack, Jane Cobden Unwin and Dr and Mrs Pankhurst. The organization's main achievement was to secure the vote for some married women in local elections after the campaigning of its members, whereas up to the 1894 Local Government Act voting in municipal elections was only available to some single women. The league broke up in 1903, five years after the death of Richard.

text:
# Women's Franchise League

The **Women's Franchise League** was a British organisation created by the suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst together with her husband Richard and others in 1889, fourteen years before the creation of the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903. The President of the organisation in 1889 was Harriet McIlquham. In 1895 the committee who met in Aberystwyth were Ursula Mellor Bright, Mrs Behrens, Esther? Bright, Herbert Burrows, Dr Clark MP, Mrs Hunter of Matlock Bank, Jane Brownlow, Mrs E. James (who lived locally), H.N.Mozley, Alice Cliff Scatcherd, Countess Gertrude Guillaume-Schack, Jane Cobden Unwin and Dr and Mrs Pankhurst.

The organization's main achievement was to secure the vote for some married women in local elections after the campaigning of its members, whereas up to the 1894 Local Government Act voting in municipal elections was only available to some single women.

The league broke up in 1903, five years after the death of Richard.


title: Wisy

abstract: Wisy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Radoszyce, within Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Radoszyce, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Końskie, and 36 km (22 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Wisy

**Wisy** \[ˈvisɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Radoszyce, within Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Radoszyce, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Końskie, and 36 km (22 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Wisy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wisy | |
| Coordinates: 51°4′46″N 20°13′21″E / 51.07944°N 20.22250°E / 51.07944; 20.22250 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Końskie |
| Gmina | Radoszyce |
| Population | 50 |


title: Wiszary

abstract: Wiszary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryjewo, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Ryjewo, 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Kwidzyn, and 65 km (40 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Wiszary

**Wiszary** \[viˈʂarɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryjewo, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Ryjewo, 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Kwidzyn, and 65 km (40 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For the history of the region, see *History of Pomerania*.

## InfoBox

| Wiszary | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wiszary | |
| Coordinates: 53°49′34″N 19°0′9″E / 53.82611°N 19.00250°E / 53.82611; 19.00250 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kwidzyn |
| Gmina | Ryjewo |


title: Wiswesser line notation

abstract: Wiswesser line notation (WLN), invented by William J. Wiswesser in 1949, was the first line notation capable of precisely describing complex molecules. It was the basis of ICI Ltd's CROSSBOW database system developed in the late 1960s. WLN allowed for indexing the Chemical Structure Index (CSI) at the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). It was also the tool used to develop the CAOCI database, the datafile from which Accelrys' ACD file was developed. WLN is still being extensively used by BARK Information Services. Descriptions of how to encode molecules as WLN have been published in several books.

text:
# Wiswesser line notation

**Wiswesser line notation (WLN)**, invented by William J. Wiswesser in 1949, was the first line notation capable of precisely describing complex molecules. It was the basis of ICI Ltd's CROSSBOW database system developed in the late 1960s. WLN allowed for indexing the Chemical Structure Index (CSI) at the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). It was also the tool used to develop the CAOCI (Commercially Available Organic Chemical Intermediates) database, the datafile from which Accelrys' (successor to MDL) ACD file was developed. WLN is still being extensively used by BARK Information Services. Descriptions of how to encode molecules as WLN have been published in several books.

## Examples

1. Wiswesser, William J. (1951). *Simplified chemical coding for automatic sorting and printing machinery*. Willson Products Inc., Reading, PA.
2. Wiswesser, William J. (1952). "The Wiswesser line formula notation". *Chem. Eng. News*. **30** (34): 3525–3526. doi:10.1021/cen-v030n034.p3523.
3. Wiswesser, William J. (1968). "107 years of line-formula notations (1861-1968)". *Journal of Chemical Documentation*. **8** (3): 146–150. doi:10.1021/c160030a007.
4. Wiswesser, William J. (1982). "How the WLN began in 1949 and how it might be in 1999". *J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci.* **22** (2): 88–93. doi:10.1021/ci00034a005.
5. Wiswesser, William J. (1985). "Historic development of chemical line notation". *J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci.* **25** (3): 258–263. doi:10.1021/ci00047a023.
6. Wiswesser, William J. (1954). *A line-formula chemical notation*. Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, NY.
7. Smith, Elbert George; Addelston, Aaron; Wiswesser, William J. (1968). *The Wiswesser line-formula chemical notation*. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY.
8. Smith, Elbert George; Baker, P. A. (1975). *The Wisswesser Line-Formula Chemical Notation (WLN)*. Chemical Information Management Inc., Cherry Hill, NJ.
9. Apodaca, Rich (July 20, 2007). "Everything Old is New Again - Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN)". Retrieved 2018-03-09.
10. Dalke, Andrew (October 15, 2003). "WLN – History of Chemical Nomenclature". Retrieved 2006-12-17.


title: Women in Aviation International

abstract: Women in Aviation International (WAI) is an organization dedicated to increasing the number of women involved in all aspects of aviation and aerospace. As an international nonprofit organization, WAI provides networking, education, mentoring, and scholarship opportunities for women and men in careers in aviation and aerospace.

text:
# Women in Aviation International

**Women in Aviation International** (**WAI**) is an organization dedicated to increasing the number of women involved in all aspects of aviation and aerospace. As an international nonprofit organization, WAI provides networking, education, mentoring, and scholarship opportunities for women and men in careers in aviation and aerospace.

## About

WAI publishes a magazine called *Aviation for Women* which has six issues per year. WAI also sponsors scholarships for members of WAI.

## History

Dean of academic support at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Peggy Baty Chabrian, had experienced problems recruiting and retaining female aviation students. In order to attract more women, she suggested creating a seminar and invited Moya Lear, Jeana Yeager, Shannon Lucid and Bobbi Trout to speak at the first annual conference in 1990. From that conference, an informal organization was created.

WAI was incorporated in 1994. As the founder of the WAI Conference, Chabrian was named the first full-time president and CEO of the organization in 1996 by the board of directors. By 1998, the group had 3,000 members, and as of September 2023, membership numbered over 17,000 worldwide.

WAI sponsored the first Arab Women in Aviation show at the Dubai International Convention Center in May 2016.

## Annual conference

Each year the organization hosts an annual conference, which has grown from 150 participants in 1990 to approximately 4,500 in 2023. Men are also able to join Women in Aviation International and make up approximately 20% of the membership.

The conference includes educational workshops, networking opportunities with various aspects of the aviation industry, scholarship awards and the annual WAI Pioneer Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony.

In 1996, Robin Lamar and Marcia Buckingham sponsored an organizational meeting for aviation and mechanics at the WAI annual conference, leading to the formation of a new group, called the Association for Women in Aviation Maintenance.

The organization hosted the 35th Annual Women in Aviation Conference in Orlando, FL, March 21–23, 2024.

## Girls in Aviation Day

In 2015, WAI launched Girls in Aviation Day observed on last Saturday of the month of September. The day is intended to interest girls, ages 8 to 17, in aviation careers. A Girl Scout patch was designed for the 2016 Girls in Aviation Day which would be given out to scouts who took part in the day's activities.

## Hall of Fame

The Women in Aviation International Pioneer Hall of Fame was established in 1992. Its purpose is to honor women who make significant contributions as record setters, pioneers, or innovators in the aviation and aerospace industries. WAI solicits nominations from throughout the aviation industry each year for the WAI Pioneer Hall of Fame. Inductees are chosen from the nominations by a committee, "with special consideration given to individuals who have helped other women become successful in aviation or opened doors of opportunity for other women."

### Citations

### Sources

## InfoBox

Women in Aviation International
|
|  |
| Founded | 1990 (Incorporated 1994) |
| Founder | Dr. Peggy Chabrian |
| Type | Professional Association |
| Website | www.wai.org |


title: Women's fencing

abstract: Women's fencing is the practice of fencing by women. It has been present at the Summer Olympic Games since the 1924 Olympics in Paris. Foil was then the only weapon used and Danish Ellen Osiier became the first female Olympic champion in fencing.

text:
# Women's fencing

**Women's fencing** is the practice of fencing by women. It has been present at the Summer Olympic Games since the 1924 Olympics in Paris. Foil was then the only weapon used and Danish Ellen Osiier became the first female Olympic champion in fencing.

## Bibliography

* (in French) Alexandre Bergès, *L'Escrime et la femme*, D. Benoist, Paris, 1896.
* Paola Luisa Mangiacapra, *Comparative Energy Cost of Fencing for Women*, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 1968.
* Zhou Yongchen, "Analysis of the Women's Fencing in Our Country", *Journal of Anhui Sports Science*, 2000.
* Anita Evangelista, Nick Evangelista, *The Woman Fencer*, Wish Publishing, Terre Haute, 2001 – ISBN 9781930546486.
* Milly Mogulof, *Foiled:Hitler's Jewish Olympian: The Helene Mayer Story*, RDR Books, Oakland, 2002 – ISBN 9781571430922.
* Zhang Ai-min, Zhu Yi-qun, Wu Xia-ping, "Investigation and Analysis on the Statue Quo of Chinese Women Sabre Fencing", *Journal of Nanjing Institute of Physical Education*, 2004.
* Sherraine MacKay, *Running With Swords: The Adventures and Misadventures of the Irrepressible Canadian Fencing Champion*, Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Markham, 2005 – ISBN 9781550419825.
* (in Italian) Valentina Vezzali, *A viso scoperto*, Sperling & Kupfer, Milan, 2006 – ISBN 9788820041625.
* Jiang Lan, "Application of Counter Offensive Technology in Modern Women Epee Competition", *Journal of Nanjing Institute of Physical Education*, 2008.
* Dai Qing, Shu Jian-ping, "The Utilization of Counterattack in Female Epee Competition", *Journal of Hefei University*, 2008.
* Raúl Bescós, Marc Esteve, Jordi Porta, Mercè Mateu, Alfredo Irurtia, Martin Voracek, "Prenatal programming of sporting success: Associations of digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker for prenatal androgen action, with world rankings in female fencers", *Journal of Sports Sciences*, 2009.
* M. Voracek, B. Reimer, S. G. Dressler, "Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts sporting success among female fencers independent from physical, experience, and personality factors", *Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports*, 2010.
* Thierry Terret, Cécile Ottogalli-Mazzacavallo, "Women in Weapon Land: The Rise of International Women's Fencing", *The International Journal of the History of Sport*, 2012.
* (in Italian) Valentina Vezzali, Betta Carbone, *Io, Valentina Vezzali*, Baldini & Castoldi, Milan, 2012 – ISBN 9788866203551.


title: Women's Sacrifice

abstract: Women's Sacrifice is a 1922 German silent film directed by Karl Grune and starring Henny Porten, William Dieterle and Albert Bassermann. It was adapted from the play by Georg Kaiser. The film's sets were designed by Paul Leni.

text:
# Women's Sacrifice

***Women's Sacrifice*** (German: ***Frauenopfer***) is a 1922 German silent film directed by Karl Grune and starring Henny Porten, William Dieterle and Albert Bassermann. It was adapted from the play by Georg Kaiser.

The film's sets were designed by Paul Leni.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* James Robert Parish & Kingsley Canham. *Film Directors Guide: Western Europe*. Scarecrow Press, 1976.

## InfoBox

| Women's Sacrifice | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Karl Grune |
| Written by | Imre Frey
Georg Kaiser (play) |
| Produced by | Hanns Lippmann
Henny Porten
Wilhelm von Kaufmann |
| Starring | Henny Porten
William Dieterle
Albert Bassermann |
| Cinematography | Arpad Viragh |
| Production
companies | Gloria-Film
Henny Porten Filmproduktion |
| Distributed by | UFA |
| Release date | * 15 February 1922 (1922-02-15) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages | Silent
German intertitles |


title: Women's Saikyo

abstract: The Women's Saikyo (Strongest) is a Go competition. The tournament was discontinued in 2008. In 2016, the tournament restarted with new sponsor, SENKO Co., Ltd.

text:
# Women's Saikyo

The **Women's Saikyo** (Strongest) is a Go competition. The tournament was discontinued in 2008. In 2016, the tournament restarted with new sponsor, SENKO Co., Ltd.

## Outline

The Women's Saikyo was sponsored by Tokyo Seimitsu up to 2008. The winner's purse was 4,500,000 yen ($42,000).

In 2016, the tournament got new sponsor and restarted its cycle. The official name for the new tournament is Senko Cup Female Saikyo. The winner's purse is ¥8,000,000, while the runner up gets ¥4,500,000. The thinking time was 3 hours with 5 minutes byo-yomi. Hsieh Yimin won the first edition by beating Chiaki Mukai in the final.

## Past winners

| Player | Years Held |
| --- | --- |
| Shinkai Hiroko | 1999, 2004 |
| Kato Tomoko | 2000 |
| Aoki Kikuyo | 2001 |
| Yumiko Okada | 2002 |
| Suzuki Ayumi | 2003 |
| Kobayashi Izumi | 2005 |
| Xie Yimin | 2006 |
| Suzuki Ayumi | 2007 |
| Kato Keiko | 2008 |

## Senko Cup

Senko Cup
| No. | Year | Winner | Runner up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2016 | Hsieh Yimin | Mukai Chiaki |
| 2 | 2017 | Fujisawa Rina | Hsieh Yimin |
| 3 | 2018 | Mannami Nao | Nyu Eiko |
| 4 | 2019 | Fujisawa Rina | Hsieh Yimin |
| 5 | 2020 | Ueno Asami | Hsieh Yimin |
| 6 | 2021 | Fujisawa Rina | Ueno Asami |
| 7 | 2022 | Nyu Eiko | Nakamura Sumire |
| 8 | 2023 | Nyu Eiko | Ueno Asami |
| 9 | 2024 | Fujisawa Rina | Ueno Asami |


title: Woolsey convention

abstract: - This article describes the contract bridge bidding convention. Devised by Kit Woolsey, the convention is a defense against an opponent's one notrump opening; especially used at matchpoints. Initial bids are as follows: The convention has similarities to Multi-Landy.

text:
# Woolsey convention

*This article describes the contract bridge bidding convention.*

Devised by Kit Woolsey, the convention is a defense against an opponent's one notrump opening; especially used at matchpoints. Initial bids are as follows:

| Initial Call | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| Double | Promises a four-card major and a longer minor.
Advancer can bid 2 to ask for the minor (pass or correct), 2 to ask for the major, or 2 or 2 to play. |
| 2 | Promises both majors.
Advancer can bid 2 to ask which is better, so the overcaller's 2 bid can freely be made with 5-4 shape. |
| 2 | Promises one of the major suits. |
| 2/2 | At least 5–5 in the named major and a minor.
2NT by Advancer asks for the minor. |
| 2NT | Promises both minors. |
| 3 of any suit | Natural. |

The convention has similarities to Multi-Landy.

## Abuses

Common abuses as described by Kit Woolsey include:

* 3-1=4-5 distributional hands in the balancing seat regularly double, even with no 4-card major suit.
* Strong hands, with 19 high card points plus, start with a double and then rebid 2 Notrump (or double) to try to expose a psychic bid.
* Good 4-4=4-1 distributional hands with a stiff minor suit can start with 2.
* Single-suited minor hands often start with double, hoping to be able to play at the two-level. These hands will pass a 2 asking bid.


title: Wodynia

abstract: Wodynia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tolkmicko, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Tolkmicko, 27 km (17 mi) north-east of Elbląg, and 81 km (50 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Wodynia

**Wodynia** \[vɔˈdɨɲa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tolkmicko, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Tolkmicko, 27 km (17 mi) north-east of Elbląg, and 81 km (50 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Wodynia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wodynia | |
| Coordinates: 54°17′31″N 19°37′23″E / 54.29194°N 19.62306°E / 54.29194; 19.62306 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Elbląg |
| Gmina | Tolkmicko |
| Population | 40 |


title: Wodziczna, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Wodziczna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzcinica, within Kępno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of Kępno and 159 km (99 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań. Wodziczna was a private town, administratively located in the Wieluń County in the Sieradz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.

text:
# Wodziczna, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Wodziczna** \[vɔˈd͡ʑit͡ʂna\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzcinica, within Kępno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of Kępno and 159 km (99 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

Wodziczna was a private town, administratively located in the Wieluń County in the Sieradz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.

## InfoBox

| Wodziczna | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wodziczna | |
| Coordinates: 51°8′53″N 18°1′23″E / 51.14806°N 18.02306°E / 51.14806; 18.02306 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Kępno |
| Gmina | Trzcinica |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | PKE |


title: Wrockwardine

abstract: Wrockwardine is a village and civil parish in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England. It lies north of The Wrekin and the M54/A5, and west of Wellington. There is a Church of England parish church, St Peter's, dating back to Saxon times.

text:
# Wrockwardine

**Wrockwardine** (/rɒkwɔːrdn/ *ROCK-war-dyne*) is a village and civil parish in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England. It lies north of The Wrekin and the M54/A5, and west of Wellington.

There is a Church of England parish church, St Peter's, dating back to Saxon times.

## The Village

The place-name 'Wrockwardine' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as *Recordine*. It appears as *Wroch Wurthin* in 1169, and *Wrocwurthin* in 1196. The name means 'homestead by the Wrekin'.

**Wrockwardine** is a small village, and St Peter's Church is the main central feature but there are a number of other buildings of historical interest. Wrockwardine Hall stands by the church, on the north side. From the south are the Alms-Houses, and the Old School House, both now private houses. There is a more modern village school opposite the church, used until 2014 as a private nursery but has also been converted into private houses.

On a small green to the north is an unusual war memorial, unveiled in 2006, consisting of a large boulder from the nearby Leaton Quarry, listing the village's dead from both World Wars.

The Alms-Houses were built in 1841 by tenants and neighbours of Edward Cludde of Orleton Hall, "in testimony of their respect for a man who was an eminent example of pure and undefiled religion, visiting the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and keeping himself unspotted from the world." A cedar tree was planted in 2011, to commemorate the 170th anniversary of the building.

## Armorial Bearings

Wrockwardine Parish Council adopted (assumed) armorial bearings at its meeting of 12 December 2018 (Minute 18/104)

Blazon: Armorial bearings

Vert, issuing from base a Saxon Church Or, and in chief two Fountains thereon a helmet with mantling Vert doubled Or and on a Wreath of the Liveries is set for Crest Issuing from a Mural Coronet an Owl Or perched upon a Gate Sable and in an Escrol below the achievement this Motto "Servimus Ultro".Wrockwardine Parish Council Armorial Bearings and Rationale

## St Peter's Church

The church is believed to be of Saxon origin, being mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, but the current building is of Norman origin with later modifications. It is of unusual plan in having a cruciform layout, with the tower at the cross-point rather than at the east or west end of the building. This dates from the 12th century, but the addition of *The Cludde Chapel* on the north transept at the end of the 14th century modifies this shape.

The building shows various evidences of its thousand-year history, beginning with the Norman features. These include a walled-up doorway suggestive of plans for future expansion. An original Norman window in the Chancel was restored in the 19th century with stained glass depicting Holman Hunt's painting of Christ as *The Light of the World*. The church has several very fine stained glass windows. Some, like the one portraying St Peter, are miniatures at high level. Two windows are war memorials: one, at the east end of the south wall, portraying Joan of Arc and St Margaret of Scotland, is inscribed to the memory of Edith Mary Leake who died "in the service of her country" in July 1918 during World War I, the other, in the north wall of plain glass with inserted coloured fragments and uninscribed, is dedicated to the memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Oldham, 4th Gurkha Rifles killed in action in Burma in World War II, who also has an inscribed stone plaque on the left side of the chancel arch.

A brass plaque commemorates men "associated with the parish" who served during the First World War, including four who died, one of whom, Midshipman David Frank Davies, Royal Navy, has his own stone memorial plaque on the south wall.

A kitchen and disabled toilet has been built. Because of the Listed Building status, there were severe restrictions as to how this could be built. It was constructed in one corner, but no alteration to the existing walls was allowed, including for ventilation. This was covered by means of an ionisation air purifier. This method is widely used in Europe, but this is believed to be the first such use in Britain.

In 2015 a scheme of restoration and reordering was proposed. This will include repairs to stonework and roofs, upgrading of the heating system and the building of new community and meeting rooms. Work should begin in 2016. Funding will come from English Heritage and local fundraising.

The church is equipped with an audio induction loop system installed as part of a customised sound system.

Wrockwardine Church is a popular venue for weddings.

## Transport

Wrockwardine is located between the B4394 and B5061 roads, and north of junction 7 of the M54 motorway/A5 dual carriageway. Wellington is located directly to the east, whilst Admaston is to the north.

## Scenes of Wrockwardine

## InfoBox

| Wrockwardine | |
| --- | --- |
| Wrockwardine village, view from by the Old School House | |
| WrockwardineLocation within Shropshire | |
| Population | 3,838 (2011) |
| OS grid reference | SJ624118 |
| Civil parish | * Wrockwardine |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | TELFORD |
| Postcode district | TF5, TF6 |
| Dialling code | 01952 |
|  | |
| Police | West Mercia |
| Fire | Shropshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Wrociszów Górny

abstract: Wrociszów Górny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sulików, within Zgorzelec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border.

text:
# Wrociszów Górny

**Wrociszów Górny** \[vrɔˈt͡ɕiʂuf ˈɡurnɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sulików, within Zgorzelec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border.

## InfoBox

| Wrociszów Górny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Wrociszów Górny | |
| Coordinates: 51°02′47″N 15°03′29″E / 51.04639°N 15.05806°E / 51.04639; 15.05806 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Zgorzelec |
| Gmina | Sulików |


title: Work in Fishing Convention, 2007

abstract: Work in Fishing Convention (2007) C 188, was adopted at the 96th International Labour Conference (ILC) of the International Labour Organization ILO in 2007. The objectives of the Convention is to ensure that fishers have decent conditions of work on board fishing vessels with regard to minimum requirements for work on board; conditions of service; accommodation and food; occupational safety and health protection; medical care and social security. It applies to all fishers and fishing vessels engaged in commercial fishing operations. It supersedes the old Conventions relating to fishermen.

text:
# Work in Fishing Convention, 2007

**Work in Fishing Convention (2007) C 188**, was adopted at the 96th International Labour Conference (ILC) of the International Labour Organization ILO in 2007. The objectives of the Convention is to ensure that fishers have decent conditions of work on board fishing vessels with regard to minimum requirements for work on board; conditions of service; accommodation and food; occupational safety and health protection; medical care and social security. It applies to all fishers and fishing vessels engaged in commercial fishing operations. It supersedes the old Conventions relating to fishermen.

## Subject area covered

The following subject areas, among others, are addressed: the responsibilities of fishing vessel owners and skippers for the safety of the fishers on board and the safety of the vessels; minimum age for work on board fishing vessels and for assignment to certain types of activities; medical examination and certification required for work on fishing vessels, with the possibility of exceptions for smaller vessels or those at sea for short periods; manning and hours of rest; crew lists; fishers’ work agreements; repatriation; recruitment and placement of fishers, and use of private employment agencies; payment of fishers; on board accommodation and food; medical care at sea; occupational safety and health; social security; and protection in the case of work-related sickness, injury or death (through a system for fishing vessel owners’ liability or compulsory insurance, workers’ compensation or other schemes).

## Responsibility

Article 8 of the convention provided the liability of owners of fishing vessels. The owner of the fishing vessel had the full responsibility for the master is possessing the resources and equipment necessary to fulfil the obligations of the convention.

## Recommendation

Work in Fishing Recommendation 2007 (No. 199) provides additional guidance on the matters covered by the Convention.

## Ratifications and force

The convention could come into force 12 months after it had been ratified by 10 states, eight of which had to be coastal countries. Following Lithuania's ratification of the convention on 16 November 2016, the convention had come into force on 17 November 2017. As of February 2023, the convention has been ratified by 20 states:

| Country | Date | Status |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Angola | 11 Oct 2016 | In Force |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 28 Jul 2021 | In Force |
| Argentina | 15 Sep 2011 | In Force |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 04 Feb 2010 | In Force |
| Congo | 14 May 2014 | In Force |
| Denmark | 03 Feb 2020 | In Force |
| Estonia | 3 May 2016 | In Force |
| France | 28 Oct 2015 | In Force |
| Kenya | 04 Feb 2022 | In force |
| Lithuania | 16 Nov 2016 | In Force |
| Morocco | 16 May 2013 | In Force |
| Namibia | 20 Sep 2018 | In Force |
| Netherlands | 19 Dec 2019 | In Force |
| Norway | 08 Jan 2016 | In Force |
| Poland | 17 Dec 2019 | In Force |
| Portugal | 26 Nov 2019 | In Force |
| Senegal | 21 Sep 2018 | In Force |
| South Africa | 20 Jun 2013 | In Force |
| Thailand | 30 Jan 2019 | In Force |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 11 Jan 2019 | In Force |
|

1. "Convention C188 - Work in Fishing Convention, 2007 (No. 188)".
2. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Angola".
3. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Antigua and Barbuda".
4. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Argentina".
5. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Bosnia and Herzegovina".
6. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Congo".
7. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Denmark".
8. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Estonia".
9. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for France".
10. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Kenya".
11. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Lithuania".
12. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Morocco".
13. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Namibia".
14. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Netherlands".
15. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Norway".
16. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Poland".
17. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Portugal".
18. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Senegal".
19. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for South Africa".
20. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Thailand".
21. "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".

## InfoBox

Work in Fishing Convention, 2007
| C188 | |
| --- | --- |
| ILO Convention | |
| Date of adoption | June 14, 2007 |
| Classification | Fishermen |
| Subject | Fishermen |
| Previous | Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 |
| Next | none |


title: Work hard, play hard (disambiguation)

abstract:
"Work Hard, Play Hard" is a song by American rapper Wiz Khalifa. Work hard, play hard may also refer to:
  - "Work Hard, Play Hard", a single by Dutch DJ Tiësto
  - Work Hard – Play Hard, a documentary film by German film director Carmen Losmann
  - "Work hard play hard", the figurative English translation of the motto of the Camborne School of Mines
  - "Work Hard, Play Hard", an episode of the 2017 TV series One Day at a Time

text:
# Work hard, play hard (disambiguation)

"**Work Hard, Play Hard**" is a song by American rapper Wiz Khalifa.

**Work hard, play hard** may also refer to:

* "Work Hard, Play Harder", a 2009 song co-written and recorded by American country artist Gretchen Wilson
* "Play Hard", a song by French DJ and record producer David Guetta
* "Creeque Alley", a 1966 song which includes the line, "Don't you work as hard as you play"


title: Worondi Rivulet

abstract: Worondi Rivulet, a perennial stream of the Hunter River catchment, is located in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia.

text:
# Worondi Rivulet

**Worondi Rivulet**, a perennial stream of the Hunter River catchment, is located in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia.

## Course and features

Worondi Rivulet rises on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, east of Terragong and northeast of Merriwa. The river flows generally south by west and then southeast, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Goulburn River, west of Sandy Hollow within Goulburn River National Park. The river descends 330 metres (1,080 ft) over its 45 kilometres (28 mi) course.

32°22′S 150°29′E / 32.367°S 150.483°E / -32.367; 150.483

## InfoBox

| Worondi Rivulet<br>Chinamans Gully | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Australia |
| State | New South Wales |
| Region | NSW North Coast (IBRA), Upper Hunter |
| Local government area | Upper Hunter |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Great Dividing Range |
| location | east of Terragong and northeast of Merriwa |
| elevation | 463 m (1,519 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | confluence with Goulburn River |
| location | west of Sandy Hollow, within Goulburn River National Park |
| elevation | 133 m (436 ft) |
| Length | 45 km (28 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Hunter River catchment |
| Tributaries |  |
| right | Wappinguy Creek |
| National park | Goulburn River NP |
|  | |


title: Mușetești

abstract: Mușetești is a commune in Gorj County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Arșeni, Bârcaciu, Gămani, Grui, Mușetești, Stăncești and Stăncești-Larga.

text:
# Mușetești

**Mușetești** is a commune in Gorj County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Arșeni, Bârcaciu, Gămani, Grui, Mușetești, Stăncești and Stăncești-Larga.

## InfoBox

| Mușetești | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| MușeteștiLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 45°09′N 23°28′E / 45.150°N 23.467°E / 45.150; 23.467 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Gorj |
| Subdivisions | Arșeni, Bârcaciu, Gămani, Grui, Mușetești, Stăncești, Stăncești-Larga |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 1,819 |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Vehicle reg. | GJ |


title: MedTech Europe

abstract:
MedTech Europe is the European trade association representing the medical technology industries, from diagnosis to cure. It represents Diagnostics and Medical Devices manufacturers operating in Europe. It is born as an alliance of two European medical technology associations, EDMA and Eucomed, representing the European IVD and medical device industries, respectively. It was established with the aim to represent the common policy goals of both organisations more effectively, promoting the interests of its members and of the medical technology industry in general.
There are more than 33,000 medical technology companies in Europe. The highest number of them are based in Germany, followed by Italy, the UK, France and Switzerland.

text:
# MedTech Europe

**MedTech Europe** is the European trade association representing the medical technology industries, from diagnosis to cure. It represents Diagnostics and Medical Devices manufacturers operating in Europe. It is born as an alliance of two European medical technology associations, EDMA and Eucomed, representing the European IVD and medical device industries, respectively. It was established with the aim to represent the common policy goals of both organisations more effectively, promoting the interests of its members and of the medical technology industry in general. There are more than 33,000 medical technology companies in Europe. The highest number of them are based in Germany, followed by Italy, the UK, France and Switzerland.

## Structure

After four years of collaboration, on 30 November 2016, EDMA and Eucomed voted to dissolve their respective European associations. MedTech Europe then became a single entity, representing the European medical technology sector, from diagnosis to cure.

## Activities

MedTech Europe generally focuses on five policy areas of common interest to its forming associations. The areas are the environment, health care associated infections (HCAI), industry data, health technology assessment (HTA), and its internal five-year-industry strategy aiming to “increase value-based innovations” that allow "healthcare systems to become more sustainable". It is currently lobbying for the interests of the European medical device and in-vitro diagnostics industry in the revision of the European medical device and in-vitro diagnostics directives.

## MedTech Forum

The MedTech Europe alliance members organise the largest health and medical technology industry conference in Europe, the MedTech Forum. The conference is attended by policymakers, scientific communities, patient representatives, healthcare professionals, academics and representatives of the global medical technology industry.


title: Nectria cinnabarina

abstract: Nectria cinnabarina, also known as coral spot, is a plant pathogen that causes cankers on broadleaf trees. This disease is polycyclic and infects trees in the cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. N. cinnabarina is typically saprophytic, but will act as a weak parasite if presented with an opportunity via wounds in the tree or other stressors that weaken the tree's defense to the disease. A study published in 2011 showed that this complex consists of at least 4 distinct species. There are only a few ways to manage this disease with techniques such as sanitation and pruning away branches that have the cankers. N. cinnabarina is not as significant a problem as other Nectria spp., some of which are the most important pathogens to infect hardwood trees.

text:
# Nectria cinnabarina

***Nectria cinnabarina***, also known as **coral spot**, is a plant pathogen that causes cankers on broadleaf trees. This disease is polycyclic and infects trees in the cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. *N. cinnabarina* is typically saprophytic, but will act as a weak parasite if presented with an opportunity via wounds in the tree or other stressors that weaken the tree's defense to the disease. A study published in 2011 showed that this complex consists of at least 4 distinct species. There are only a few ways to manage this disease with techniques such as sanitation and pruning away branches that have the cankers. *N. cinnabarina* is not as significant a problem as other *Nectria* spp., some of which are the most important pathogens to infect hardwood trees.

## Hosts and symptoms

*Nectria cinnabarina*, also known as coral spot, is a weak pathogen of broadleaf trees. While beech is the main host, the parasite can also affect Sycamore, Horse Chestnut, and Hornbeam. This pathogen usually affects trees that have already been weakened as a result of stressful factors, such as drought or fungal infestation. Physical damage can also make the tree susceptible to the pathogen. The pathogen forms pink fungal blobs (indicative of its sexual stage) on the outside of dead wood which turn a reddish-brown color and become quite hard. The blobs are usually 1 to 4 mm in length. Other symptoms include small twigs and branches dying back and branch necrosis. The bark that is infected becomes weak and tends to snap off in windy weather. The pathogen thrives in dead wood and airborne spores infect living trees and shrubs through wounds. Since it is caused by a weak fungus, isolation of the pathogen from diseased tissue and an analysis for fungal properties, such as induced sporulation or microscopically seeing cross-walls in hyphae, can aid in diagnosis. Furthermore, many fungi studies in media involve the formation of concentric hyphal zonations or rings of sporulation as the colony develops. This zonation is usually attributed to environmental changes. The sporulation rhythm of *N. cinnabarina* is conveyed by concentric rings or spirals and is dependent on temperature.

## Disease cycle

Typically, *N. cinnabarina* grows as a saprophyte on dead wood. If a plant is wounded, the pathogen becomes an opportunistic weak parasite and infects susceptible plants. The complex life cycle of the *N. cinnabarina* would be characterized as polycyclic because it is capable of several infection cycles. During spring or early summer, coral pink or light purplish red spore-producing structures form. These age to tan or brown. This is the sexual stage and is distinguished by the aforementioned pink structures, which are tough perithecia that produce sexual spores. Because *N. cinnabarina* has sporodochial anamorphs, the perithecia form within the sporodochium. In summer and autumn, orange-red fruiting structures are produced; eventually these structures mature to dark red and can survive through the winter. This is the asexual stage and it is characterized by spongy conidia which can be distinguished by the hard, dark red blobs on the bark. Both of these structures release spores that can be dispersed by water and invade susceptible tissue.

## Environment

*Nectria cinnabarina* is common in the cool, temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is widespread throughout the UK and parts of mainland Europe, typically wherever there are hosts for the pathogen. The fungus enters the plant by wounds caused by improper pruning, storm damage, and other types of mechanical damage. Infection typically occurs in these wounds when there is a surplus of water, and the temperature is above freezing. Infection is most common in the spring and fall.

## Management

There are only a few ways to manage disease caused by *N. cinnabarina*. One way to control the spread of this fungus is pruning branches of trees that have cankers. *N. cinnabarina* is a saprophyte and mainly resides in and on dead tissue, but as the fungus progresses, it invades living tissue and causes further disease. Trimming the areas so that no dead tissue remains is important because this removes the areas where the fungus is spreading from dead tissue to living tissue.

Another important control measure is to make sure all pruning tools are sanitized. This will prevent the spread of the fungus from infected branches to healthy branches. Pruning should be done during dry periods to prevent the possibility of creating a wound in the tree while the fungus is sporulating. *N. cinnabarina* is an opportunistic weak parasite that will mainly affect trees that are stressed. Choosing tree species that grow well in the environmental conditions of the area is a good way to keep them from being stressed.

Drought stress, root pruning, and transplantation of trees are all stressors that may cause susceptibility to infection by this fungus and these processes should generally be avoided if the fungus is suspected to be present. Keeping trees from being stressed is important because the natural defense of trees is to form cankers around infected areas, which contain the fungus and prevent it from spreading. However, stressed trees have a slower canker response, which allows the fungus to proliferate and spread to other areas of the tree and may eventually lead to death of the tree.

## Importance

The pathogen was first described in 1791 when the German mycologist and theologian Heinrich Julius Tode described this fungus under the scientific name, *Sphaeria cinnabarina*. This name was changed when Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries transferred the species to the Nectria genus in 1849. The currently adopted scientific name, *Nectria cinnabarina*, was then born. According to the article “The Range and Importance of Nectaria Canker on hardwoods in the NorthEast” by D.S. Welch, one of the most important pathogens to affect hardwood trees is the Nectria genus, or Nectria canker caused by Nectria spp. The Nectria Canker is a fungal infection of the cortex and cambium that spreads slowly over the years. *N. cinnabarina* is not as significant a problem as other Nectria spp., some of which are the most important to infect hardwoods.

## Pathogenesis

*Nectria cinnabarina* is typically saprophytic but will act as a weak parasite if presented with an opportunity via wounds in the tree or other stressors that weaken the tree's defense to the disease. When a tree is stressed it has a slower response to infection by *N. cinnabarina,* which allows the fungus to continue spreading throughout the tree and cause further infection. *N. cinnabarina* typically invades dead tissue first and then spreads to living tissue via hyphae that grow through the xylem. This causes dieback and allows further colonization of the fungus. It is also possible for the spores of the pathogen to infect living tissue through the lenticels, but this typically only occurs in stressed plants.

## InfoBox

| *Nectria cinnabarina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Nectriaceae |
| Genus: | *Nectria* |
| Species: | ***N. cinnabarina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nectria cinnabarina***
(Tode) Fr. (1849) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Cucurbitaria cinnabarina*
*Knyaria purpurea*
*Knyaria vulgaris*
*Nectria cinnabarina var. ribis*
*Nectria fuscopurpurea*
*Nectria ochracea*
*Nectria purpurea*
*Nectria ribis*
*Sphaeria cinnabarina*
*Sphaeria decolorans*
*Sphaeria fragiformis*
*Sphaeria ochracea*
*Tremella purpurea*
*Tubercularia confluens*
*Tubercularia vulgaris* | |


title: 1975 Wightman Cup

abstract: The 1975 Wightman Cup was the 47th edition of the annual women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held at the Public Auditorium in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States.

text:
# 1975 Wightman Cup

The **1975 Wightman Cup** was the 47th edition of the annual women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held at the Public Auditorium in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States.

|
United States
2 | Public Auditorium, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
1975
Hard (Indoors) | |
Great Britain
5 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 Mona Schallau
**Virginia Wade** 2
**6** 2
**6**      2
 **Chris Evert**
Glynis Coles **6**
4 **6**
1      3
 Janet Newberry
**Sue Barker** 4
**6** 5
**7**      4
 Julie Anthony / Janet Newberry
**Ann Haydon-Jones / Virginia Wade** 2
**6** 3
**6**      5
 **Chris Evert**
Virginia Wade **6**
3 **7**
5      6
 Mona Schallau
**Glynis Coles** 3
**6** 6
**7**      7
 Chris Evert / Mona Schallau
**Sue Barker / Glynis Coles** 5
**7** 4
**6** | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1975 Wightman Cup
| Details | |
| --- | --- |
| Edition | 47th |
| Champion | |
| Winning nation | Great Britain |
| 1974 1976 | |