title: Ohio Art Company

abstract: The Ohio Art Company is an American toy manufacturing company founded in 1908. Based in Bryan, Ohio, the company is principally engaged in two lines of business. The first line of business is the sales, marketing, and distribution of toys. The second line of business is the company's Diversified Products segment which manufactures custom metal lithography products for food container and specialty premium markets. Examples of these are food tins, enclosures, DVD cases, and nostalgic signs.

text:
# Ohio Art Company

**The Ohio Art Company** is an American toy manufacturing company founded in 1908. Based in Bryan, Ohio, the company is principally engaged in two lines of business. The first line of business is the sales, marketing, and distribution of toys. The second line of business is the company's Diversified Products segment which manufactures custom metal lithography products for food container and specialty premium markets. Examples of these are food tins, enclosures, DVD cases, and nostalgic signs.

## History

Henry Winzeler started up his own manufacturing company in 1908. He rented an area to work in Archbold, Ohio and named it the Ohio Art Company because of his profound interest in art and its location. Winzeler began making metal picture frames and various other novelty items that were sold in retail stores all over the US. The company moved locations in 1912 to Bryan, Ohio where it became even more successful with its Cupid Awake/Cupid Asleep picture frames. The Ohio Art Company then installed metal lithography equipment. This was used to produce picture frames made out of wood-grained metal sheets.

In 1917, the Ohio Art Company began manufacturing toys such as the windmills and climbing monkey. After World War I, the toy company grew exponentially, leading to the introduction of colorful tea sets and drums. In the late 1950s, a French electrician named André Cassagnes created a drawing toy that used a joystick, glass and aluminum powder. The combination, which he called the "Telecran", gave users the ability to draw a picture and also erase it. After much collaboration with many individuals, the system they developed in the late 1950s is the same one used today. The name of the product was Etch A Sketch.

In the 1950s, a man named W.C Killgallon began working for the Ohio Art Company. The Killgallon family still owns and operates the Ohio Art Company. The final product of the Etch A Sketch was first produced on July 12, 1960 at the Bryan, Ohio factory. Another toy produced by Ohio Art in the 1960s was the Bizzy Buzz Buzz, invented by Bernard Benson. Though the Ohio Art Company partook in the toy industry and was very successful, the metal lithography sector of the company remains the core part of its business. It is one of the leading producers of specialty lithographic components.

In 1995, the Etch A Sketch toy was featured in the original *Toy Story*, in a scene where one performs a "quick draw" duel with Woody. This short 12 second feature was enough to give a significant sales boost, requiring the production line to work overtime to meet demand. By 1999, the company had again fallen into severe financial trouble from canceled orders of various products, reaching a point where the solvency of the company was in question. However, the company recovered with the prudent decision to agree to again have an Etch A Sketch appear in an animated feature film - this time in *Toy Story 2*. This scene featured an Etch A Sketch being used to present sketches related to the investigation of Woody's kidnapping. At 45 seconds, the scene in question was much longer than the scene in the original movie. The exposure from the highly successful Pixar movie resulted in sales of the toy increasing by 20 percent and ensured the survival of the company.

On February 11, 2016, The Ohio Art Company announced that it has sold its Etch A Sketch and Doodle Sketch brands to Canada-based Spin Master, in a move designed to allow it to focus on its metal lithography business and invest in its manufacturing operations in Bryan. Ohio Art's other toy lines were not included in the sale, however, the company no longer makes toys of any kind.

## Awards

* Nanoblock won Best Toy of the Year Award at the ASTRA trade show in 2011

## Sources

## InfoBox

The Ohio Art Company
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | Expert Market: OART |
| Founded | Archbold, Ohio, 1908 |
| Founder | Henry Winzeler |
| Headquarters | Bryan, Ohio |
| Products | Toys, Games, Color Lithography |
| Website | Ohioart.com |


title: Oil pulling

abstract: Oil pulling is an alternative medical practice in which an edible oil is swished around the mouth for a period of time and then spat out, similar to mouthwash. It originates from Ayurvedic medicine. Practitioners of oil pulling claim it is capable of improving oral health. Its promoters claim it works by pulling out toxins, but there is no credible evidence to support this.

text:
# Oil pulling

Oil pulling is an alternative medical practice in which an edible oil is swished around the mouth for a period of time and then spat out, similar to mouthwash. It originates from Ayurvedic medicine.

Practitioners of oil pulling claim it is capable of improving oral health. Its promoters claim it works by *pulling* out toxins, but there is no credible evidence to support this.

## History

Oil pulling stems from traditional Ayurvedic medicine, whose practitioners may use sunflower oil, olive oil, or other herbal oils instead of coconut oil.

## Criticism

There is no high-quality research on oil pulling, no understanding of a possible mechanism explaining how it would work, and no evidence that it provides any benefit. The American Dental Association agrees that there are no reliable scientific studies supporting the practice of oil pulling for any benefit to oral hygiene or overall wellbeing.

The Canadian Dental Association assessed the practice of oil pulling in 2014 stating: "We sense oil pulling won't do any harm, we're not convinced there are any particular benefits to it."

## Further reading


title: Ohio State Route 86

abstract: State Route 86 is an east–west state highway in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. Its western terminus is at US 20 in Painesville, and its southern terminus is at SR 534 near Windsor. SR 86 does not have an interchange with Interstate 90 but motorists can access I-90's Exit 205 in LeRoy Township via Vrooman Road, a county road. A significant section of SR 86 was rerouted south of Painesville 2007–2008 in a project proposed since the early 1980s. The southern portion of this section, just north of I-90, was rerouted during the 2007 construction season, and the northern, bypassing a section with a history of slope sliding, in 2008, with the road opening in full on October 31. The SR 84/86 overlap was subsequently extended approximately a half-mile. Prior to August 17, 2007, SR 86 overlapped with SR 534 from their intersection to US 322 in Windsor. That overlap has since been removed, with that stretch of road becoming solely SR 534.

text:
# Ohio State Route 86

**State Route 86** (**SR 86**) is an eastwest state highway in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. Its western terminus is at US 20 in Painesville, and its southern terminus is at SR 534 near Windsor.

SR 86 does not have an interchange with Interstate 90 but motorists can access I-90's Exit 205 in LeRoy Township via Vrooman Road, a county road.

A significant section of SR 86 was rerouted south of Painesville 20072008 in a project proposed since the early 1980s. The southern portion of this section, just north of I-90, was rerouted during the 2007 construction season, and the northern, bypassing a section with a history of slope sliding, in 2008, with the road opening in full on October 31. The SR 84/86 overlap was subsequently extended approximately a half-mile.

Prior to August 17, 2007, SR 86 overlapped with SR 534 from their intersection to US 322 in Windsor. That overlap has since been removed, with that stretch of road becoming solely SR 534.

## History

Route 86 was established in 1923 and has had no significant changes since its certification. In 2007, the southern end was truncated at SR 534 northwest of Windsor and in 2008, the near north end overlap with SR 84 was lengthened.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lake | Painesville | 0.00 | 0.00 | US 20 / LECT (East Erie Street) / North State Street |  |
| | | 0.84 | 1.35 |
SR 84 east (East Walnut Avenue) | Western end of SR 84 concurrency |
| | | 1.64 | 2.64 |
SR 84 west (Bank Street) | Eastern end of SR 84 concurrency |
| Geauga | Thompson Township | 10.97 | 17.65 | SR 166 (Rock Creek Road) |  |
| | Montville Township | 14.38 | 23.14 | US 6 |  |
| | 15.42 | 24.82 | SR 528 (Madison Road) |  |
| Ashtabula | Windsor Township | 21.98 | 35.37 | SR 534 (Painesville-Warren Road) |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Ohio State Route 86KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 86 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Length | 21.98 mi (35.37 km) |
| Existed | 1923–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | US 20 in Painesville |
| Major intersections | US 6 in Montville |
| East end | SR 534 in Windsor |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| Counties | Lake, Geauga, Ashtabula |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Ohio State Highway System** | |
| SR 85   SR 87 | |


title: Ohio State Route 93

abstract: State Route 93 is a north–south highway that stretches from Ironton on the Oakley C. Collins Memorial Bridge to State Route 261 in Akron. At a length of 234 miles (377 km), it is the third longest state route in Ohio. The route from Ironton to West Lafayette was once signed as State Route 75. In 1962, to eliminate confusion with an interstate in Ohio having the same number, State Route 75 was replaced by State Route 93 which had previously terminated in West Lafayette.

text:
# Ohio State Route 93

**State Route 93** (**SR 93**) is a northsouth highway that stretches from Ironton on the Oakley C. Collins Memorial Bridge to State Route 261 in Akron. At a length of 234 miles (377 km), it is the third longest state route in Ohio. The route from Ironton to West Lafayette was once signed as State Route 75. In 1962, to eliminate confusion with an interstate in Ohio having the same number, State Route 75 was replaced by State Route 93 which had previously terminated in West Lafayette.

## Route description

Since 2017, the southern terminus of SR 93 has been at the Kentucky state line on the Oakley C. Collins Memorial Bridge over the Ohio River. It travels through downtown Ironton on South Second Street and Park Avenue unsigned. After exiting the city limits, it comes to at an interchange with U.S. Route 52 (US 52), the route's former terminus. As of 2018, this interchange is signed as the beginning of SR 93. The route goes through Wayne National Forest and Lake Vesuvius. After leaving Wayne National Forest, the route enters Jackson County and the town of Oak Hill where it intersects with SR 140 and SR 279. The route passes through less hilly areas as it once did in Lawrence County. The route passes through Jackson, and in the village of Coalton, State Route 93 makes a sharp turn eastward to Wellston, where it overlaps SR 327. After Wellston, SR 93 returns on its northerly route to Hamden, McArthur, Logan, New Lexington, Crooksville, and Zanesville. Between Zanesville and Ironton, SR 93 is a busy truck route and used by many travelers as well. Leaving Zanesville, the route is less traveled heading north to Canal Fulton, whence it gradually becomes more and more traveled as it approaches the Portage Lakes region. From this point to its northern terminus, it is a road in which traffic jams are expected during rush hour.

## Major junctions

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Greenup | Russell |  |  |

To US 23 / KY 244 |  |
| Ohio River | | 0.00–
0.58 | 0.00–
0.93 | Oakley C. Collins Memorial Bridge | |
| Lawrence | Upper Township | 1.44–
1.57 | 2.32–
2.53 | US 52 Chesapeake, Portsmouth | Interchange |
| | Elizabeth Township | 11.02 | 17.73 |
SR 522 west | Eastern terminus of SR 522 |
| | 12.93 | 20.81 |
SR 373 north | Southern terminus of SR 373 |
| | Decatur Township | 15.70 | 25.27 |
SR 373 south | Northern terminus of SR 373 |
| Jackson | Jefferson Township | 29.21 | 47.01 |
SR 140 west / CR 65 (Cambria Road) South Webster, Portsmouth | Eastern terminus of SR 140 |
| | Oak Hill | 32.23 | 51.87 |
SR 279 west (Maple Street) Jackson Lake State Park | Southern end of SR 279 concurrency |
| | 32.36 | 52.08 |
SR 233 east (Main Street) | Western terminus of SR 233 |
| | 32.64 | 52.53 |
SR 279 east (Madison Street) | Northern end of SR 279 concurrency |
| | Lick Township | 43.61–
43.72 | 70.18–
70.36 | SR 32 / SR 124 (James A. Rhodes Appalachian Highway) Athens, Cincinnati | Interchange |
| | Jackson | 44.75 | 72.02 |
SR 139 south (Broadway Street) | Southern end of SR 139 concurrency |
| | 45.00 | 72.42 |
SR 139 ends / Bridge Street / Main Street | Northern end of SR 139 concurrency |
| | 45.19 | 72.73 |
SR 788 north (Athens Street) | Southern terminus of SR 788 |
| | Lick Township | 46.38–
46.50 | 74.64–
74.83 | US 35 Gallipolis, Chillicothe | Interchange |
| | Coal Township | 52.56 | 84.59 |
SR 788 south / Levine Road | Northern terminus of SR 788 |
| | Wellston | 53.99 | 86.89 |
SR 327 south (Pennsylvania Avenue) | Southern end of SR 327 concurrency |
| | 54.85 | 88.27 |
SR 327 north (Broadway) | Northern end of SR 327 concurrency |
| | 55.52 | 89.35 |
SR 349 north Lake Alma State Park | Southern terminus of SR 349 |
| Vinton | Hamden | 57.60 | 92.70 |
SR 160 east (Wilkesville Avenue) | Western terminus of SR 160 |
| | Clinton Township | 58.13 | 93.55 |
SR 683 north Allensville | Southern terminus of SR 368 |
| | 61.75 | 99.38 |
SR 324 south | Northern terminus of SR 324 |
| | McArthur | 64.48 | 103.77 | US 50 (Main Street) |  |
| | Elk Township | 67.51 | 108.65 |
SR 328 north New Plymouth | Southern terminus of SR 328 |
| | Swan Township | 73.90 | 118.93 | SR 56 South Bloomingville, Athens |  |
| Hocking | Logan | 87.36–
87.41 | 140.59–
140.67 | US 33 Athens, Lancaster | Interchange |
| | Falls Township | 92.81 | 149.36 |
SR 312 north Bremen | Southern terminus of SR 312 |
| | 93.38 | 150.28 |
SR 668 north Junction City | Southern terminus of SR 668 |
| Perry | New Straitsville | 99.93 | 160.82 |

SR 216 south (Main Street) to SR 595 | Northern terminus of SR 216 |
| | Shawnee | 102.32 | 164.67 |
SR 155 east / 2nd Street Corning | Western terminus of SR 155 |
| | New Lexington | 110.99 | 178.62 |

SR 13 north / SR 37 west (Main Street) | Southern end of SR 13 / SR 37 concurrency |
| | Bearfield Township | 116.31 | 187.18 |

SR 13 south / SR 37 east McConnelsville, Corning | Northern end of SR 13 / SR 37 concurrency |
| | Harrison Township | 119.85 | 192.88 |
SR 669 east McConnelsville | Southern end of SR 669 concurrency |
| | Crooksville | 122.11 | 196.52 |
SR 669 west (Ridge Avenue) Somerset | Northern end of SR 669 concurrency |
| Muskingum | Newton Township | 130.24 | 209.60 |
US 22 west Lancaster | Southern end of US 22 concurrency |
| | South Zanesville | 133.49 | 214.83 |

SR 719 east to Clay Street / SR 60 / SR 146 / SR 555 | Western terminus of SR 719 |
| | Zanesville | 135.73 | 218.44 |
US 40 west (Main Street) | Southern end of US 40 concurrency |
| | 135.92 | 218.74 |

SR 60 south / SR 146 east (Ninth Street) / Main Street | Southern end of SR 60 / SR 146 concurrency |
| | 135.98 | 218.84 |

SR 60 north / SR 146 west (Underwood Street) to Fountain Square / I-70 | Northern end of SR 60 / SR 146 concurrency |
| | Washington Township | 138.30 | 222.57 |

US 22 east / US 40 east – \[\[, Ohio|\]\] | Northern end of US 22 / US 40 concurrencies |
| | 138.34–
138.46 | 222.64–
222.83 | I-70 Wheeling, W.Va., Columbus | Exit 157 (I-70) |
| | Adamsville | 148.79 | 239.45 |
SR 208 west (East Street) / North Street Dresden | Eastern terminus of SR 208 |
| | Monroe Township | 156.49 | 251.85 |
SR 83 south New Concord | Southern end of SR 83 concurrency |
| | 156.81 | 252.36 |
SR 83 north Coshocton | Northern end of SR 83 concurrency |
| Coshocton | Linton Township | 160.47 | 258.25 |
SR 662 south Cambridge | Northern terminus of SR 662 |
| | | 163.60 | 263.29 |
SR 541 east Kimbolton | Southern end of SR 541 concurrency |
| | | 165.71 | 266.68 |
SR 541 west Coshocton | Northern end of SR 541 concurrency |
| | West Lafayette | 170.31 | 274.09 |
SR 751 north | Southern terminus of SR 751 |
| | Lafayette Township | 172.07 | 276.92 | US 36 Coshocton |  |
| Tuscarawas | Baltic | 183.51 | 295.33 |
SR 651 west (Main Street) | Eastern terminus of SR 651 |
| Holmes | Clark Township | 186.24 | 299.72 |

SR 643 south to SR 557 Charm, Farmerstown | Northern terminus of SR 643 |
| Tuscarawas | Sugarcreek | 189.43 | 304.86 | SR 39 (Main Street) New Philadelphia, Millersburg |  |
| | Wayne Township | 195.60 | 314.79 |
SR 516 east / Cherry Run Road Winfield | Western terminus of SR 516 |
| | Franklin Township | 200.51 | 322.69 |
US 250 south Strasburg | Southern end of US 250 concurrency |
| | FranklinWayne
township line | 201.67 | 324.56 |
US 250 north Wooster | Northern end of US 250 concurrency |
| Stark | Beach City | 202.47 | 325.84 | SR 212 (Redwood Street) |  |
| | Sugar Creek Township | 205.15 | 330.16 |
US 62 west Wilmot | Southern end of US 62 concurrency |
| | 205.51 | 330.74 |
US 62 east Navarre | Northern end of US 62 concurrency |
| | Tuscarawas Township | 210.47 | 338.72 |
SR 241 west Mount Eaton | Southern end of SR 241 concurrency |
| | 210.61 | 338.94 |
SR 241 east / Barrs Street Massillon | Northern end of SR 241 concurrency |
| | 213.50 | 343.59 | SR 172 Massillon, Wooster |  |
| | Lawrence Township | 218.99–
219.10 | 352.43–
352.61 | SR 21 Massillon, Cleveland | Interchange |
| Summit | New Franklin | 222.79 | 358.55 |
SR 236 south (Massillon) / West Comet Road | Northern terminus of SR 236 |
| | | 227.58 | 366.25 | SR 619 Barberton, Hartville |  |
| | Akron | 230.74–
230.84 | 371.34–
371.50 |

I-277 east / US 224 east Mogadore | Exit 2 (I-277); access to I-277 eastbound / from I-277 westbound |
| | 231.53 | 372.61 |
SR 764 east (West Wilbeth Road) | Western terminus of SR 764 |
| | 231.87–
232.11 | 373.16–
373.54 | Kenmore Boulevard / West Wilbeth Road | Interchange |
| | 233.83 | 376.31 | SR 261 (Vernon Odom Boulevard) / East Avenue |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Ohio State Route 93KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 93 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route of SR 93 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Length | 233.83 mi (376.31 km) |
| Existed | 1924–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Oakley C. Collins Memorial Bridge in Ironton |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | SR 261 in Akron |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| Counties | Lawrence, Jackson, Vinton, Hocking, Perry, Muskingum, Coshocton, Tuscarawas, Holmes, Stark, Summit |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Ohio State Highway System** | |
| SR 92   SR 94 | |
| I-75   I-76 | |


title: Zabuyelite

abstract:
Zabuyelite is the natural mineral form of lithium carbonate, with a formula Li2CO3. It was discovered in 1987 at Lake Zabuye, Tibet, after which it is named. It forms colorless vitreous monoclinic crystals. It occurs as inclusions within halite in lithium rich evaporites and as solid phase in fluid inclusions in the mineral spodumene. Associated minerals include halite, gaylussite and northupite in the Tibet locality. In addition to the Tibetan salt lake it has been reported from Bikita and Kamativi
in Zimbabwe, from Kings Mountain, Cleveland County, North Carolina, US and the Tanco pegmatite, Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Canada.

text:
# Zabuyelite

**Zabuyelite** is the natural mineral form of lithium carbonate, with a formula Li23. It was discovered in 1987 at Lake Zabuye, Tibet, after which it is named. It forms colorless vitreous monoclinic crystals.

It occurs as inclusions within halite in lithium rich evaporites and as solid phase in fluid inclusions in the mineral spodumene. Associated minerals include halite, gaylussite and northupite in the Tibet locality.

In addition to the Tibetan salt lake it has been reported from Bikita and Kamativi in Zimbabwe, from Kings Mountain, Cleveland County, North Carolina, US and the Tanco pegmatite, Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Zabuyelite | |
| --- | --- |
| Zabuyelite crystals found in spodumene | |
| General | |
| Category | Carbonate mineral |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | Li2CO3 |
| IMA symbol | Zab |
| Strunz classification | 5.AA.05 |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Crystal class | Prismatic (2/m)
(same H-M symbol) |
| Space group | *C*2/c |
| Identification | |
| Formula mass | 73.89 g/mol |
| Color | Colorless |
| Cleavage | {100} perfect; {011} good |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 3 |
| Streak | White |
| Specific gravity | 2.09 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (–) |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.4285, nβ = 1.5672, nγ = 1.5743 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.1458 |
| Pleochroism | none |
| 2V angle | 25° |
| References |  |


title: Whitton, Texas

abstract: Whitton is an unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Texas, located in Van Zandt County.

text:
# Whitton, Texas

**Whitton** is an unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Texas, located in Van Zandt County.

## History

Whitton is located approximately eight miles southwest of Canton in Van Zandt County along Farm-to-Market Road 1651. The community was named for Elijah Whitton, an early settler from Alabama who built a log house that was still standing in the community in the 1990s. The community was sometimes listed as "Whiton," or "Whitten."

Whitton deeded land for a school in 1886. The Whitton, or Greenwood School, as it was later known, was consolidated with Canton Independent School District in 1949.

In 1978 the former school building was converted into a community center.

## InfoBox

| Whitton, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated Community | |
| Coordinates: 32°28′57″N 95°59′42″W / 32.48250°N 95.99500°W / 32.48250; -95.99500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| Counties | Van Zandt |
| Elevation | 449 ft (137 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 75103 |
| Area code(s) | 903, 430 |
| FIPS code | 78712 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1379271 |


title: Tula language

abstract: Tula is one of the Savanna languages of Gombe State, northeastern Nigeria.

text:
# Tula language

**Tula** (also *Kotule* or *Kitule*) is one of the Savanna languages of Gombe State, northeastern Nigeria.

## Dialects

Kleinewillinghöfer (2014) lists 3 Tula dialects.

* **Tula-Wange** (**Kutule**) is possibly the oldest group. There are several hamlets located on the Tula Plateau. The people refer to themselves as *Kɪtʊlɛ*.
* **Tula-Baule**, possibly former Chadic speakers who had shifted to Tula.
* **Tula-Yiri** or **Yili** is the smallest and most divergent group.

## InfoBox

| Tula | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | northeastern Nigeria |
| Region | Kaltungo LGA, Gombe State |
| Native speakers | (30,000 cited 1998) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `tul` |
| *Glottolog* | `tula1252` |


title: H band (infrared)

abstract: In infrared astronomy, the H band refers to an atmospheric transmission window centred on 1.65 micrometres with a Full width at half maximum of 0.35 micrometres. Save for a limited amount of absorption by water vapor, Earth's atmosphere is highly translucent at the wavelengths covered by the H band. The window is also notably less likely to be contaminated by infrared excess than other bands. The band is useful for a range of infrared observations including the imaging of sunspots, spectroscopic investigation of late-type stars, and imaging planetary phenomena such as extraterrestrial vortices or volcanic activity in the solar system. In addition stellar atmospheres are highly transparent in the H band and stellar light in the window originates from deeper in the stellar atmosphere than any other band. It also includes within it access to several sets of spectral lines including for carbon monoxide and cyanide.

text:
# H band (infrared)

In infrared astronomy, the **H band** refers to an atmospheric transmission window centred on 1.65 micrometres with a Full width at half maximum of 0.35 micrometres (in the near-infrared).

Save for a limited amount of absorption by water vapor, Earth's atmosphere is highly translucent at the wavelengths covered by the H band. The window is also notably less likely to be contaminated by infrared excess than other bands.

The band is useful for a range of infrared observations including the imaging of sunspots, spectroscopic investigation of late-type stars, and imaging planetary phenomena such as extraterrestrial vortices or volcanic activity in the solar system. In addition stellar atmospheres are highly transparent in the H band and stellar light in the window originates from deeper in the stellar atmosphere than any other band. It also includes within it access to several sets of spectral lines including for carbon monoxide and cyanide.


title: Oilfields Workers' Trade Union

abstract: The Oilfields Workers' Trade Union (OWTU) is one of the most powerful trade unions in Trinidad and Tobago. Currently led by Ancel Roget, the union was born out of the 1937 labour riots, the union was nominally led by the imprisoned TUB Butler but was actually organised by lawyer Adrian Cola Rienzi.

text:
# Oilfields Workers' Trade Union

The **Oilfields Workers' Trade Union** (**OWTU**) is one of the most powerful trade unions in Trinidad and Tobago. Currently led by Ancel Roget, the union was born out of the 1937 labour riots, the union was nominally led by the imprisoned TUB Butler but was actually organised by lawyer Adrian Cola Rienzi.

## History

### 1937–1943: Adrian Cola Rienzi Presidency

The union was established on 25 July 1937, and formally registered on 15 September. The first meetings were held in Fyzabad, and the first official headquarters were established on Coffee Street, San Fernando. The first official meeting of the Union was held on 15 July 1937, at Mr. Williams quarters, Coon Town, Forest Reserve, Fyzabad. The first officers elected to office were Caleb Roach, chairman, McDonald Moses, Vice President, E. R. Blades, Secretary and E. Bennet, Treasurer. The OWTU was formally established just days later on 25 July 1937, at its Founding Conference, held at Saltfish Hall, Mucurapo Street in San Fernando. The Union was registered on 15 September 1937.

With Butler having to go into hiding after 19 June, due to a warrant for his arrest on sedition and treason charges, a leader emerged – Adrian Cola Rienzi \- who became the Union's first President General. Rienzi also became the first President of the All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers' Trade Union (ATSEFWTU). At the same time, McDonald Moses was made Vice President of both the OWTU and the ATSEFWTU unions. The OWTU's first Central Office established at 16 Coffee Street in San Fernando was also shared by the ATSEFWTU. The Blue Shirt uniform for which the OWTU is well known has been worn since the 1930s.

From the mid-1930s, workers began to express their discontent through increasingly militant actions. Unemployment was high and wages which were low were reduced even as the employer class sought to ensure that they lost little in the face of the global economic crisis precipitated by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed. In addition to the many issues related to the poor working and social conditions which prevailed, these struggles also had a very important political dimension. The workers were also struggling against colonialism as evidenced by their call for "Home Rule". They knew that achieving independence would be a means to improving the conditions that they were then facing.

In this period of heightened mobilization against these injustices, a leader emerged – Tubal Uriah "Buzz" Butler. Under his leadership the strike began on 19 June 1937 – the day Trinidad and Tobago commemorates today as Labour Day. The strike soon spread throughout Trinidad and involved all major sectors of workers (dockworkers, sugar workers, cocoa estate workers, railway workers and store workers) in the island. The uprising lasted until 2 July, and the colonial authorities required the intervention of British troops from two battleships the Exeter and the Ajax to quell the protests. During this strike, 14 people died, including that of policeman, Charlie King, hundreds were injured and many persons were arrested.

### 1943–1962: John F.F. Rojas Presidency

Under John F.F. Rojas leadership the OWTU became a founding member of the World Federation of Trade Unions.

### 1962-1987: George Weekes Presidency

In the 1960s and 1970s, under the leadership of George Weekes, the union grew into a potent political force, playing a role in the Black Power movement in 1970 and playing a role in the foundation of the United Labour Front. This was the most powerful of the mass actions that were taking place across the Caribbean, as the working class throughout the region were taking a stand and making their voices heard as they struggled against the poor working conditions which they were experiencing. At the same time, the vast majority of workers faced social conditions such as very poor housing, inadequate health care, the lack of educational opportunities and racial discrimination, among other ills.

### 1987–2008: Errol K. McLeod Presidency

Championed the Occupational Safety and Health Act.

### 2008–Present: Ancel Roget Presidency

## InfoBox

**OWTU**
| Oilfields Workers' Trade Union | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Founded | 25 July 1937 (25 July 1937) |
| Headquarters | San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago |
| Location |  |
| Members | 11000 |
| Key people | Ancel Roget, President General |
| Affiliations | ICEM <br>FITUN |
| Website | www.owtu.org |


title: Onslow Burrish

abstract: Onslow Burrish was a British envoy in the Low Countries and Germany.

text:
# Onslow Burrish

**Onslow Burrish** (died 1758) was a British envoy in the Low Countries and Germany.

## Career

Burrish was appointed "to be his Majesty's Resident at the Court of Brussels, and also at that of Liège" in 1743. Afterwards he was Minister to Bavaria 1745–58 and concurrently to Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach (at that time separate margraviates), and to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Cologne and Hesse-Cassel. Later he was sent to Regensburg as part of Lord Newcastle's effort to secure the election of Maria Theresa's son, the future Emperor Joseph II, as King of the Romans (a title of the Holy Roman Empire that carried enormous prestige but little real power) in order to keep that title in the control of Britain's ally Austria.

## Publications

* *Batavia illustrata: or, A view of the policy and commerce of the United Provinces, particularly of Holland : with an enquiry into the alliances of the States General with the Emperor, France, Spain, and Great Britain*, London, 1728; second edition 1742; modern reproductions


title: Mary Jarrett White

abstract: Mary Jarrett White was the first woman to vote in the state of Georgia, casting a vote after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution but before it was logistically feasible for women to do so in Georgia. White was also the last private owner of one of the first land grants in the state of Georgia, and she was the founding organizing regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Toccoa, Georgia.

text:
# Mary Jarrett White

**Mary Jarrett White** was the first woman to vote in the state of Georgia, casting a vote after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution but before it was logistically feasible for women to do so in Georgia. White was also the last private owner of one of the first land grants in the state of Georgia, and she was the founding organizing regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Toccoa, Georgia.

## Life

White was born Mary Jarrett, and was married to Virgil A. White.

White was able to vote before women's suffrage was officially instituted in the state of Georgia through the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. When the amendment was passed, the state decreed that women could vote in the 1920 election only if they had registered 6 months before the election date, which was a tactic to suppress women's votes, since it would not have been reasonable to expect women to register to vote in an election when they did not yet have the right to vote. For reasons that are not known, Mary Jarrett White was the only woman who did actually register 6 months before the election took place, even though at the time the amendment had not been ratified. This made White the only woman to vote in the 1920 election, and the first woman to vote in the state of Georgia.

White was also the last private owner of what is now the Traveler's Rest Historical Site in Toccoa, Georgia. The land was one of the first land grants in the history of Georgia, when it was given by the government to revolutionary war veteran Major Jesse Walton in 1785. White's grandfather, Devereaux Jarrett, bought the site near Toccoa, which came to be known as Jarrett Manor. White sold the home to the state of Georgia in 1955, when it was officially designated a historical site. The Historic American Buildings Survey commissioned drawings of the Traveler's Rest homestead in 1934, and the National Register of Historic Places named Traveler's Rest a National Historic Landmark in 1963.

White was a founder and the first organizing regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Toccoa, and she also served as secretary of the chapter. Several events have been held commemorating her founding of the chapter. In addition to founding the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, White was an active volunteer with prison reform efforts and the Red Cross.

White was an elector for Georgia in the United States Electoral College in 1932.


title: Nandasmo F.C.

abstract: Nandasmo Futbol Clube is a Nicaraguan football team currently playing in the Nicaraguan Primera División. They are based in Nandasmo.

text:
# Nandasmo F.C.

**Nandasmo Futbol Clube** is a Nicaraguan football team currently playing in the Nicaraguan Primera División. They are based in Nandasmo.

## History

Nandasmo was promoted to the Primera Division after the 2015–2016 season.  However, they were immediately relegated after finishing dead last in both the Apertura and Clausura.

## Current squad

| No. | Position | Player | Nation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | GK | Franklin Gómez | Nicaragua |
| 2 | DF | Javier Calero | Nicaragua |
| 3 | DF | Fernando Lopez | Nicaragua |
| 4 | DF | Jadier Ticay | Nicaragua |
| 5 | DF | Luis Méndez | Nicaragua |
| 6 | MF | Eduardo Pérez | Nicaragua |
| 7 | MF | Guillermo Jarquin | Nicaragua |
| 8 | FW | Kairo Ruíz | Nicaragua |
| 9 | FW | Emerson Quintero | Nicaragua |
| 10 | MF | Emigdio Arias | Nicaragua |
| 11 | MF | Jack Tapia | Nicaragua |
| 12 | MF | Rony Ruíz | Nicaragua |
| 13 | MF | Alejandro Ruíz | Nicaragua |
| 14 | FW | Camilo Quiñones | Colombia |
| 15 | FW | Willer Rodriguez | Colombia |
| 16 | MF | Jonathan Lopez | Nicaragua |
| 17 | MF | Menderson Cano | Nicaragua |
| 18 | MF | Fabricio Sandoval | Nicaragua |
| 19 | MF | Emir Medrano | Nicaragua |
| 20 | FW | Leonardo Arias | Nicaragua |
| 21 | DF | Julio Martinez | Nicaragua |
| 22 | GK | Kedler Campos | Nicaragua |

### Squad changes 2016 Apertura

**In:**

## Achievements

## List of coaches

* TBD
* Marcos Bodán (2016)

## InfoBox

Nandasmo F.C.
| Full name | Nandasmo Futbol Clube |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | Estadio <br>Nandasmo, Nicaragua |
| Manager | Marcos Bodán |
| League | Nicaraguan Primera División |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Yuichiro Komiya

abstract: Yuichiro Komiya Yuichiro Komiya is a Japanese male volleyball player. He was a part of the Japan men's national volleyball team in 2015 and is registered again in 2022. On club level, he used to play for Toray Arrows and then transferred to Panasonic Panthers.

text:
# Yuichiro Komiya

**Yuichiro Komiya** (小宮 雄一郎, *Komiya Yūichirō*, born (1992-11-16)16 November 1992) is a Japanese male volleyball player. He was a part of the Japan men's national volleyball team in 2015 and is registered again in 2022. On club level, he used to play for Toray Arrows and then transferred to Panasonic Panthers.

1. "Team Roster – Japan men's volleyball team". *fivb.org*. Retrieved 9 January 2016.

## InfoBox

| Yuichiro Komiya | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Yūichirō Komiya |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Born | (1992-11-16) 16 November 1992
Saitama Prefecture, Japan |
| Height | 192 cm (6 ft 4 in) |
| Weight | 83 kg (183 lb) |
| Spike | 345 cm (136 in) |
| Block | 315 cm (124 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Middle Blocker |
| Current club | Panasonic Panthers |
| Number | 36 (national)
22 (club) |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2015–2018  Toray Arrows  2018–present  Panasonic Panthers | |
| National team | |
| 2015, 2022  Japan | |


title: Yvonne Tracy

abstract: Yvonne Tracy is an Irish female international football defender. She is a well known player at the club and international level, competing in youth cups beginning at age 16.

text:
# Yvonne Tracy

**Yvonne Tracy** (born 27 February 1981) is an Irish female international football defender. She is a well known player at the club and international level, competing in youth cups beginning at age 16.

## Club career

Tracy began her career with Lifford in County Clare. She joined Arsenal Ladies in August 2000 with compatriots Susan Heapes and Caroline Thorpe, and at the same time as Jayne Ludlow. One of seven Irish players then in the Arsenal squad, Tracy was employed in the club's laundry. She won the domestic treble in her first season, and was an unused substitute as Arsenal beat Fulham in the 2001 FA Women's Cup final.

During a league match in 2006 Tracy suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury which kept her out of action for over a year. Republic of Ireland manager Noel King praised Tracy's "incredible spirit" in coming back. However, an injury to the same knee curtailed her appearances in season 2008–09.

Tracy left Arsenal in February 2014.

## International career

Tracy began playing for the national U16 and U18 teams in 1997, alongside Lifford Ladies teammates Aoife Healy and Áine Greene. While still playing for Lifford, Tracy impressed as captain of the Irish U18 team who topped their qualifying group in 1999. Her performances earned her a starting place in the senior team for a match against Croatia, though she had already featured against the Czech Republic in a 1–1 away draw. After becoming a regular at full international level Tracy was nominated for the International Player of the Year in 2000.

Tracy has since won over 40 senior caps for Ireland and was Irish International Player of the Year in 2002. In October 2009 she came on as a substitute for the injured Stef Curtis and scored the winner in Kazakhstan in a 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification - UEFA Group 6 game. Tracy said: "It has been a long, long road to recovery, but it is exciting to return to the pitch and a match-winning goal is a fantastic boost."

## InfoBox

Yvonne Tracy
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1981-02-27) 27 February 1981 | | |
| Place of birth | Limerick, Ireland | | |
| Height | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Lifford |  |  |
|  | St Patrick's Athletic Ladies |  |  |
| 2000–2014 | Arsenal |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | Republic of Ireland |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Yuko Arihama

abstract: Yuko Arihama is a Japanese handball player. She plays on the Japanese national team and participated at the 2011 World Women's Handball Championship in Brazil.

text:
# Yuko Arihama

**Yuko Arihama** (born 18 August 1984) is a Japanese handball player. She plays on the Japanese national team and participated at the 2011 World Women's Handball Championship in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Yuko Arihama | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1984-08-18) 18 August 1984 | | |
| Nationality | Japanese | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Playing position | Left back | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Omron | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Japan | 133 | (345) |


title: Nagaoka Domain

abstract: Nagaoka Domain was a fudai feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Echigo Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Nagaoka Castle, located in what is now part of the city of Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture. It was often referred to as Echigo-Nagaoka Domain to disambiguate itself from the smaller Yamashiro-Nagaoka Domain in what is now Nagaokakyo, Kyoto. The domain was ruled by the Makino clan for most of its history. During the summer of 1868, it was the center of some of the fiercest fighting during the Boshin War. Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku was the son of a Nagaoka samurai.

text:
# Nagaoka Domain

**Nagaoka Domain** (長岡藩, *Nagaoka-han*) was a *fudai* feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Echigo Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Nagaoka Castle, located in what is now part of the city of Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture. It was often referred to as **Echigo-Nagaoka Domain** (越後長岡藩, *Echigo-Nagaoka-han*) to disambiguate itself from the smaller **Yamashiro-Nagaoka Domain** (山城長岡藩, *Yamashiro-Nagaoka-han*) in what is now Nagaokakyo, Kyoto. The domain was ruled by the Makino clan for most of its history. During the summer of 1868, it was the center of some of the fiercest fighting during the Boshin War. Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku was the son of a Nagaoka samurai.

## History

The territory of Nagaoka Domain was originally part of the holdings of Takada Domain with the exception of a 60,000 *koku* holding called Zaodo Domain **(蔵王堂藩, *Zaodo-han*)** held by a branch of the Hori clan for their services to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After the daimyō of Takada Domain, Matsudaira Tadateru was disgraced at the Siege of Osaka in 1616 and relieved of his holdings, Hori Naoyori was awarded with Zaodo Domain and an additional 20,000 *koku* from the former Takada lands. He quickly saw that the seat of Zaodo Domain was in a poor location prone to flooding by the Shinano River, and built a new castle on the high ground on the opposite back at what is now Nagaoka. This marked the start of Nagaoka Domain. In 1618, he was transferred to Murakami Domain, and Nagaoka was assigned to Makino Tadanari, formerly of Nagasaki Domain. In 1620, the domain *kokudaka* was raised by 10,000 *koku*, and was raised again by 2,000 *koku* in 1625. The domain, which extended across the Echigo Plain from western Niigata City, through Koshi District, Santō District and Nishikanbara District was excellent rice land, and also controlled the port of Niigata with its Kitamaebune trade, and therefore the actual revenues of the domain were far in excess of its official *kokudaka*. The actual revenues of the domain were 115,300 *koku* in 1712, and 142,700 *koku* in 1858 as opposed to its official rating of 74,000 *koku*. Under the rule of the Makino clan, the domain was noted for its military organisation and sponsorship of training in the various military arts. During the Battle of Hokuetsu in the Boshin War, Nagaoka joined the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei, and was the site of fierce fighting between pro-Tokugawa forces and the imperial army. Kawai Tsugunosuke and Yamamoto Tatewaki were two senior Nagaoka commanders during the war. After the defeat of the pro-Tokugawa alliance, the domain was reduced to 24,000 *koku*. In July 1871, with the abolition of the han system, Nagaoka Domain briefly became Nagaoka Prefecture, and was merged into the newly created Niigata Prefecture. Under the new Meiji government, the final daimyō of Nagaoka, Makino Tadakatsu served as domain governor, and later was a student at Keio Gijuku. His brother, Makino Tadaatsu was given the *kazoku* peerage title of *shishaku* (viscount) and served as Mayor of Nagaoka and as a member of the House of Peers.

## Bakumatsu period holdings

As with most domains in the han system, Nagaoka Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned *kokudaka*, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.

## List of daimyō

| # | Name | Tenure | Courtesy title | Court Rank | *kokudaka* | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Hori clan** (*tozama*) 1616-1618 | | | | | | |
| 1 | Hori Naoyori (堀直宥) | 1616-1618 | *Tango-no-kami* ( 丹後守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 80,000 *koku* | transfer to Murakami Domain |
| **Makino clan** (*Fudai*) 1618-1871 | | | | | | |
| 1 | Makino Tadanari (牧野忠成) | 1618-1655 | *Uma-no-jo* (右馬允) | Lower 4th (従四位下) | 74,000 *koku* | transfer from Nagasaki Domain |
| 2 | Makino Tadanari (II) (牧野忠成) | 1655-1674 | *Hida-no-kami* (飛騨守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 3 | Makino Tadatoki (牧野忠辰) | 1674-1721 | *Suzuga-no-kami* (駿河守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 4 | Makino Tadakazu (牧野忠寿) | 1721-1735 | *Suruga-no-kami* (駿河守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 5 | Makino Tadashika (牧野忠周) | 1735-1746 | *Minbu-no-sho* (民部少輔) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 6 | Makino Tadataka (牧野忠敬) | 1746-1748 | *Suruga-no-kami* (駿河守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 7 | Makino Tadatoshi (牧野忠利) | 1748-1755 | *Suruga-no-kami* (駿河守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 8 | Makino Tadahiro (牧野忠寛) | 1755-1766 | *Suruga-no-kami* (駿河守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 9 | Makino Tadakiyo (牧野忠精) | 1766-1831 | *Bizen-no-kami* (備前守); *Jijū* (侍従) | Lower 4th (従四位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 10 | Makino Tadamasa (牧野忠雅) | 1831-1858 | *Bizen-no-kami* (備前守) | Lower 4th (従四位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 11 | Makino Tadayuki (牧野忠恭) | 1858-1867 | *Bizen-no-kami* (備前守) | Lower 4th (従四位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 12 | Makino Tadakuni (牧野忠訓) | 1867-1868 | *Suruga-no-kami* (駿河守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 74,000 *koku* |  |
| 13 | Makino Tadakatsu (牧野忠毅) | 1868-1870 | -none- | 3rd (従三位) | 74,000 -\>24,000 *koku* |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Nagaoka Domain長岡藩 | |
| --- | --- |
| Domain of Japan | |
| 1616–1870 | |
| Capital | Nagaoka Castle |
|  | |
| Type | Daimyō |
|  | |
| Historical era | Edo period |
|  | |
| Established | 1616 |
| Disestablished | 1870 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Today part of | Niigata Prefecture |


title: Nandita Mahtani

abstract: Nandita Mahtani is an Indian fashion designer.

text:
# Nandita Mahtani

**Nandita Mahtani** (born 1972) is an Indian fashion designer.

## Career

Mahtani, along with Dino Morea, run a company called Playground. For the past few years, Mahtani has been designing and styling cricketer Virat Kohli.

In 2023 Nandita teamed up with her sister Anu Hinduja to launch the luxury fashion brand, AN-Y1. Their eye-catching women's jumpsuits have since been spotted on celebs and fashion influencers.

## Personal life

Nandita Mahtani was married to businessman Sanjay Kapur for four years, from 1996 to 2000. She also dated Bollywood actors Ranbir Kapoor and Dino Morea and was engaged to actor Vidyut Jamwal. Nandita's sister Anu Mahtani is married to Sanjay Hinduja, the son of industrialist Gopichand Hinduja.

## InfoBox

| Nandita Mahtani | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Born | 1972 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Fashion designer |
| Spouse(s) | Sanjay Kapur   (m. 1996; div. 2000) |


title: Nando Community

abstract: Nando is a town in Anambra East Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. It is located at the Awkuzu junction boundary with Nteje, Aguleri and Igbariam.

text:
# Nando Community

**Nando** is a town in Anambra East Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. It is located at the Awkuzu junction boundary with Nteje, Aguleri and Igbariam.

## Origin

Nando is the fourth and last son of Iguedo. The others being Ogbunike, Umueri and Awkuzu.

### Iguedo

There have been numerous accounts on the life and person of Iguedo. Her history seems to have been a greater puzzle to Historians than that of Eri. However, none of the accounts about her can be out-rightly and correctly accepted or rejected as some of the data came purely through oral tradition and scanty archaeological discoveries although there is near unanimity in the various accounts concerning the strong connection between an individual called Iguedo and the towns that constitute Umu-Iguedo clan.

One of the more accepted opinions hold that she was a daughter of Eri. It is said to have had two wives. The first bore five children: Agulu (founder of Aguleri); Nri Ifiakuanim; Nri Onugu (founder of Igbariam); Ogbodudu (the founder of Amanuke); and a daughter, Iguedo, who bore the founders of Ogbunike, Awkuzu, Umuleri and Nando. The smissind wife, Oboli, gave birth to Onoju who left the Anambra area and became the founder of Igala land.

A second group of thought attempted to tag her as Eri's daughter who was allowed by her father to bear children at home without been married. However, the Oral tradition of the entire Iguedo clans disagree with this assertion as it would have amount to bastardization of Culture if Eri made such a taboo as all of their tradition indicates paternal origin.

A third opinion asserts that Iguedo came from either Agukwu or Onitsha. However, not many people share this view. That Iguedo came from Agukwu (Nri) could be an attempt to explain her relationship with the people of Nri. If she is said to have come from Onitsha, that may again be an effort to account for the profound respect which some parts of Onitsha accord her. It was very well known that *olili-nne-Iguedo* was celebrated by some Onitsha indigenes.

Iguedo's relationship with the people of Onitsha is supported by an oral tradition that asserts that the progenitors of the towns of *Umu-Iguedo* clan were born out of successive marriages of Iguedo to several men. She had first married and gave birth to Ogbunike, and Awkuzu . Later, she married Okebo from Eddah, and the fruit of their marriage was Umu-ulu-eri (progenitor of Umuleri). Finally, Nnamovo, a man who was believed to have come from Onitsha married Iguedo and she gave birth to Nando. It was in the land founded by Nando that Iguedo died and was buried.

Today towns like Ogbunike, Nando, Awkuzu and Umueri who are known as the Umuigwedo clan

### Her Death

On her death at Nando after a lengthy protracted sickness, Nando was said to have invited the rest of the Umu-Iguedo clans (Ogbunike, Awkuzu, Umuleri) for burial arrangement and also sent a message to the other children of Nnammeyi (Nneyi Umuleri) informing them of their mother's death. But then there was commotion and arguments on where to bury her body. Ogbunike who was the eldest of the Iguedos wanted the body to be taken home (Ogbunike) for burial since they are the children of the first child but Nando Objected on the ground that they were the people that took care of her during her old age. Unknown to all of them, Umuleri delegates went outside for private talk and after deciding among themselves that their mother's's corpse would not be lost to others returned singing war music. They further proceeded to cut off her head and took it home with them where it was buried in Nneyi Umuleri at Aro Shrine in present-day mmanoma Nneyi Umuleri.

Today the trace of her tomb is found in the Shrine of the Aro Oracle of Umueri while her body was finally buried in Ubaruisioye Nando. In order to commemorate her memorial, there was a traditional annual Iguaro & "Oriri nne Iguedo" celebrated in Nneyi Umueri and Nando respectively till this very day. And all her Children and relatives are expected to be there for the rituals.

## Structure

Nando comprises eight villages: Agbudu, Akamanato, Abube-Agu, Abube-Uno, Isinyi, Ikem, Ubarunisioye and Umuawo.

## Traditional Leadership

Nando community was originally led by one Igwe who was from Agbudu village (the eldest of the eight). However, when Nando became an autonomous community, fighting ensued over which village would produce the Igwe. This fight was mostly between Ikem and Abube-Agu. However, Igwe Odibefa of Agbudu Nando is still the most recognized Igwe in Nando.

## Markets

Nando has a large central market called the Nkwo market which is located at the intersection between Agbudu, the roads leading to Ubarunisioye, Ikem and Abube-uno. However, each village also has its own small market such as the Afor market of Ikem, the Eke market of Abube-Agu and the Eke market of Ubarunisioye.

## Festivities

Nando people have their special festival period called Onwa Nge during the month of May, during which different masquerades come out to entertain the people and display their various colourful attires.

## Notable people

* HRH Igwe Nnalue Nnaba Aghaeze
* Chief Boniface Nnaba
* HRH Igwe Francis Ibi Mmadu Emesim Aghaeze
* Professor Kenneth Ofokansi, a professor of biopharmaceutics and former Dean of the Faculty of pharmaceutical sciences, University of Nigeria.
* Chief John Iwuno (Igwe Council)
* Chief Ozodigbo Akwobi, the Okpalaeze Nando
* Chief Pius Anwobu, the Okpala Ezue of Nando

### Sources

1. "About Ogbunike | Ogbunike". *ogbunike.ng*. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
2. "Nando: Anambra community where the oldest wears the crown". *www.factcheckng.com*. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
3. "Councillor Builds, Donates Market Stalls To Nando Community – Independent Newspaper Nigeria". 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2024-07-03.


title: Nandod Assembly constituency

abstract: Nandod is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Narmada district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Tribes. The seat came into existence due to the delimitation exercise in 2008 and it is a part of the Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency.

text:
# Nandod Assembly constituency

**Nandod** is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Narmada district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Tribes. The seat came into existence due to the delimitation exercise in 2008 and it is a part of the Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency.

## Segments

This assembly seat represents the following segments

1. Nandod Taluka – entire taluka except Dhefa village
2. Tilakwada Taluka

## Members of Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Picture | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Shabdarshan Tadvi |  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2017 | Vasava Premsinhbhai Devjibhai |  |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2022 | Dr. Darshna Chandubhai Deshmukh(vasava) |  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |

## Election results

### 2022

Gujarat Assembly election, 2022: Assembly constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Dr. Darshna Chandubhai Deshmukh (Vasava) | 70543 | 39.74 |  |
|  | INC | Hareshbhai Jayantibhai Vasava | 42341 | 23.85 |  |
|  | Independent | Harshadbhai Chunilal Vasava | 35362 | 19.92 |  |
|  | AAP | Dr. Prafulbhai Devjibhai Vasava | 24463 | 13.78 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 3104 | 1.75 |  |
| Majority | | |  | 15.89 |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 231,615 |  |  |
|  | BJP **gain** from INC | | Swing |  |  |

### 2017

Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017: Nandod
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Premsinhbhai Vasava** | **81,849** | **48.64** |  |
|  | BJP | Shabdarshan Tadvi | 75,520 | 44.88 |  |
|  | JD(U) | Jesingbhai Tadvi | 2,329 | 1.38 |  |
| Majority | | | 6,329 | 3.76 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,68,277 | 76.42 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 220,199 |  |  |
|  | INC **gain** from BJP | | Swing |  |  |

### 2012

Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Shabdarshan Tadvi | 79580 | 50.14 |  |
|  | INC | Hareshbhai Vasava | 63853 | 40.23 |  |
| Majority | | | 15727 | 9.91 |  |
| Turnout | | | 158709 | 78.25 |  |
|  | BJP **win** (new seat) | | | | |

21°52′N 73°30′E / 21.87°N 73.5°E / 21.87; 73.5

## InfoBox

| Nandod | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 148 for the Gujarat Legislative Assembly | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | Western India |
| State | Gujarat |
| District | Narmada |
| LS constituency | Chhota Udaipur |
| Established | 2008 |
| Total electors | 235,260 |
| Reservation | ST |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 15th Gujarat Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Dr. Darshna Chandubhai Deshmukh(vasava)** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: Yunisleidy García

abstract: Yunisleidy De La Caridad Garcia Abreu is a Cuban track and field athlete who competes as a sprinter. A multiple-time national champion, she was a gold medalist at the 2023 Pan American Games over 100 metres.

text:
# Yunisleidy García

**Yunisleidy De La Caridad Garcia Abreu** (born 11 August 1999) is a Cuban track and field athlete who competes as a sprinter. A multiple-time national champion, she was a gold medalist at the 2023 Pan American Games over 100 metres.

## Early life

Garcia was born in Remedios, part of the Villa Clara Province, Cuba.

## Career

In August 2022, she competed at the 2022 NACAC Championships in Freeport, Bahamas where her Cuban 4x100m relay team finished fifth in the final.

In May 2023, she set a new personal best of 11.16 seconds for the 100 metres. She then bettered that in the same weekend to see a new national record over 100 metres, clocking 11.08 seconds in Martinique to beat the previous record set by Liliana Allen in 1992. In July 2023, she was a bronze medalist at the Central American and Caribbean Games in San Salvador, behind winner Julien Alfred. In August 2023, she was named as part of the Cuban squad for the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest.

Competing at the 2023 Pan American Games, she won gold over 100 metres, silver in the 200 metres and gold in the 4x100m relay.

She ran as part of the Cuban 4x100m relay team at the 2024 World Relays Championships in Nassau, Bahamas.

## InfoBox

Yunisleidy Garcia Abreu
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Yunisleidy De La Caridad Garcia Abreu |
| Nationality | Cuban |
| Born | (1999-11-18) 18 November 1999 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Sprint |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal bests |  |
| Medal record      Women's athletics  Representing  Cuba  Pan American Games  2023 Santiago 100 m  2023 Santiago 4x100 m relay  2023 Santiago 200 m  Central American and Caribbean Games  2023 San Salvador 100 m | |


title: Nangla-Maheshwari

abstract: Nangla-Maheshwari is a village and a gram panchayat in the Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh.

text:
# Nangla-Maheshwari

**Nangla-Maheshwari** is a village and a gram panchayat in the Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh.

## InfoBox

| Nangla-Maheshwari | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Nangla-MaheshwariLocation in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaNangla-MaheshwariNangla-Maheshwari (India) | |
| Coordinates: 29°32′N 78°10′E / 29.54°N 78.16°E / 29.54; 78.16 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Bijnor |
| Elevation | 223 m (732 ft) |
| Population (population\_total = area\_magnitude= sq. km) | |
| Total | 4,000 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 246721 |
| Telephone code | 01342 |
| Vehicle registration | UP-20 |


title: Nangla

abstract: Nangla is a village in Talwandi Sabo Tehsil of Bathinda District in Punjab. Nangla had a population of 2339 in 2001. Its area is 12.15 km⁲.

text:
# Nangla

**Nangla** is a village in Talwandi Sabo Tehsil of Bathinda District in Punjab. Nangla had a population of 2339 in 2001. Its area is 12.15 km2.

## InfoBox

| Nangla | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Bathinda |
| Talukas | Talwandi Sabo |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj (India) |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Regional | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Zac Poor

abstract: Zachary Scott Poor is an American singer-songwriter based in Los Angeles, California who first appeared on the music scene in early 2010 with his EP, "Let's Just Call it Heartbreak", a collaboration with Glee producer Adam Anders. Universal Motown executive Sylvia Rhone took notice of Poor's talent and signed him to his first major label deal in early 2011. Rhone stepped down as President of Motown within months of signing Poor amidst a shakeup at the label. He and Universal parted ways shortly thereafter. Zac Poor's writing career includes collaborations with Carl Falk, Brian Kennedy, Jason Derulo, Nick Jonas, The Backstreet Boys, Howie Dorough, Delta Goodrem, Samantha Jade, The Jonas Brothers, Girls Generation, and several others. He began work on his debut LP in late 2012 and collaborated on several of the album's tracks with up and coming producer Mason Levy (MdL). Poor is set to release the MdL produced EP titled, "The Crossroads Sessions" on December 4, 2015. Poor has most recently been listed as a writer on several tracks on Australian Pop Star Samantha Jade's November 2015 debut LP, NINE, "HOLLOW" by Tori Kelly, the double platinum "Los Que Vivimos" by David Bisbal, and "Burn The Bright Lights" by The Collective.

text:
# Zac Poor

**Zachary Scott Poor** is an American singer-songwriter based in Los Angeles, California who first appeared on the music scene in early 2010 with his EP, "Let's Just Call it Heartbreak", a collaboration with Glee producer Adam Anders. Universal Motown executive Sylvia Rhone took notice of Poor's talent and signed him to his first major label deal in early 2011. Rhone stepped down as President of Motown within months of signing Poor amidst a shakeup at the label. He and Universal parted ways shortly thereafter.

Zac Poor's writing career includes collaborations with Carl Falk (One Direction, Britney Spears), Brian Kennedy (Chris Brown, Rihanna, Rascal Flatts), Jason Derulo, Nick Jonas, The Backstreet Boys, Howie Dorough, Delta Goodrem, Samantha Jade, The Jonas Brothers, Girls Generation, and several others.

He began work on his debut LP in late 2012 and collaborated on several of the album's tracks with up and coming producer Mason Levy (MdL) (Justin Bieber, Maroon 5, Mike Posner). Poor is set to release the MdL produced EP titled, "The Crossroads Sessions" on December 4, 2015.

Poor has most recently been listed as a writer on several tracks on Australian Pop Star Samantha Jade's November 2015 debut LP, NINE, "HOLLOW" by Tori Kelly, the double platinum "Los Que Vivimos" by David Bisbal, and "Burn The Bright Lights" by The Collective.

## Personal life

Poor was raised in Fairfield, Montana and moved to Los Angeles following high school to pursue a career in music.

## InfoBox

| Zac Poor | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Zachary Scott Poor |
| Genres | Pop, Adult Contemporary, Pop rock |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter |
|  | |
| Website | zacpoor.com |


title: Nanjing East railway station

abstract: Nanjing East railway station is a freight railway station in Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

text:
# Nanjing East railway station

**Nanjing East railway station** (Chinese: 南京东站) is a freight railway station in Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

## History

The station was opened in 1908 and was previously called Yaohuamen station (Chinese: 尧化门站). In 1978, the name of the station was changed to Nanjing East. In 2007, a fence was erected around the station.

## InfoBox

| Nanjing East
南京东站 | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu
China |
| Coordinates | 32°07′19″N 118°53′13″E / 32.122050°N 118.886924°E / 32.122050; 118.886924 |
| Line(s) | Beijing–Shanghai railway |
| History | |
| Opened | 1908 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Zabërzan i Ri

abstract: Zabërzan i Ri is a village in the former municipality of Çepan in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar.

text:
# Zabërzan i Ri

**Zabërzan i Ri** is a village in the former municipality of Çepan in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar.

## InfoBox

| Zabërzan i Ri | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zabërzan i Ri | |
| Coordinates: 40°25′N 20°14′E / 40.417°N 20.233°E / 40.417; 20.233 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Berat |
| Municipality | Skrapar |
| Municipal unit | Çepan |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Zabzugu Senior High School

abstract: Zabzugu Senior High School is a community day school located in Tuvugu in the Zabzugu district in the Northern region of Ghana.

text:
# Zabzugu Senior High School

**Zabzugu Senior High School** is a community day school located in Tuvugu in the Zabzugu district in the Northern region of Ghana.

## History

The school was established on 28th January ,1991 and had 83 students. The first headmaster of the school was Mr. Abdulai Mohammed. In 2020, Zabzugu SHS won the first contest for the Northern zone in the National Science and Maths Quiz against Anbariya Senior High School and Gowrie Senior High Technical School.

9°17′56″N 0°22′30″E / 9.299°N 0.375°E / 9.299; 0.375

## InfoBox

| Zabzugu Senior High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Zabzugu, Northern Region<br>Ghana | |
| Information | |
| Type | High school |
| Established | 1991 (1991) |
| Grades | 1–3 |
| Nickname | Zabsec |


title: Zagem

abstract: Zagem or Bazari was a town in the southeast Caucasus, in the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kakheti. It flourished from the 15th to the 17th century as a vibrant commercial and artisanal centre. In the 1550s, it became a dependency of the Karabakh–Ganja province of Safavid Iran. The fortunes of the town were reversed by Safavid military actions in the area in 1615. By the 1720s, the town had been reduced to an insignificant hamlet. The settlement was located in what is now the Zaqatala District of Azerbaijan, but no evidence of the town remains at the site. The toponym Zagem is found exclusively in non-Georgian sources; Georgians knew it as Bazari, meaning "bazaar".

text:
# Zagem

**Zagem** or **Bazari** (Georgian: ბაზარი) was a town in the southeast Caucasus, in the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kakheti. It flourished from the 15th to the 17th century as a vibrant commercial and artisanal centre. In the 1550s, it became a dependency of the Karabakh–Ganja province of Safavid Iran. The fortunes of the town were reversed by Safavid military actions in the area in 1615. By the 1720s, the town had been reduced to an insignificant hamlet. The settlement was located in what is now the Zaqatala District of Azerbaijan, but no evidence of the town remains at the site. The toponym *Zagem* is found exclusively in non-Georgian sources; Georgians knew it as Bazari, meaning "bazaar".

## Etymology and location

Called Bazari ("bazaar") in the Georgian sources, the town was variously known to the Persian authors as Zagam, Zagham, or Zakam, and to the European accounts as Zagem, Zagen, Zagain, Zegharn, or Seggen. The non-Georgian forms are probably related to the toponym *tsagam* (цагъам), meaning "a blackberry bush" in Lezgian, a language of the neighboring mountainous tribe. The town lay in the river plain of Alazani (Qanıx), on the left bank of that river, in the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, where a homonymous village is still found some 25 km south of the city of Zaqatala, close to the border with Georgia.

## History

### Early history

Two Safavid coins minted in Zagam. **Left**: Coin of Shah Abbas the Great (Abbas I) (r.1588–1629).
**Right**: Coin of Shah Safi (r.1629–1642).

The town named Bazari is first documented in Georgian sources in 1392. Owing to its location on a road from Gremi in Kakheti to the neighboring country of Shirvan and proximity to major regional trade routes, as well as due to relative peace and stability achieved by the Bagratid kings of Kakheti, the town of Bazari/Zagem became an important regional commercial and crafts centre, settled by the Georgian, Jewish, Armenian, and Muslim communities. In the 16th century, it emerged as the economic capital of Kakheti and home to a royal residence. Not infrequently, for the contemporary Persian and Turkish sources, "the ruler of Zagam" was a synonym to the king of Kakheti. In the 1550s, the Safavid military leader and official Qalich Beg, son of Oveys Beg Pazuki, assumed the governorship over the town, and ruled for nine years.

Zagem's notability as an economic hub is further emphasized by the existence in the town of a mint, which issued silver coins (*abbasi*) in the name of Safavid shahs and became known to modern scholars with the discovery, in 1967, of two such coins in Birkiani in northeastern Georgia. In total, about 80 coins produced by the Zagem mint have been found throughout the South Caucasus, dating from AH 963 (1555/1556) to AH 1056 (1646/1647) or AH 1066 (1655/1656).

### Vicissitudes

On 7 October 1604, the vicinity of Zagem was the arena of a battle between the Kakhetian and the Turkish-Kumyk armies. The Kakhetian crown-prince George employed 40 musketeers from the retinue of the Russian ambassadors Mikhail Tatishchev and Andrei Ivanov and led his 5,000-strong force to defeat the Turks and force the Kumyks under Sultan-Mut into flight. On 12 March 1605, the same Russian diplomats witnessed in Zagem a royal parricide in which Prince Constantine, apparently at the order of Shah Abbas I of Persia, killed his reigning father Alexander II and elder brother Crown Prince George, the last year's victor over the Turks, and had their entourage massacred.

### Sack of Zagem

Beginning in March 1614, Shah Abbas I undertook a systematic military campaign with the aim to bring Kakheti more firmly into the Safavid empire. To this end, the shah conducted a reorganization of the occupied Kakhetian territory which modified its ethnic and demographic structure. The Kakhetians revolted in 1615 and Shah Abbas returned with his army to deal with the rebels. His commander-in-chief in Shirvan, Yusuf-Khan, advanced with a Qizilbash force consisting of the Ustajlu, Baylat, and Pazuki tribes from the east through Shakki and laid waste to Zagem. The story of the town's destruction is described by the Safavid-era historians Iskandar Beg Munshi and Fazli Isfahani Khuzani. The latter, a Persian official responsible for the task of counting booty after the sack of Zagem, recorded 700 Jewish and Georgian captives, 2,000 severed heads, and 30,000 tumans excluding the booties hidden by the troops. Fazli then went on to report the success to Shah Abbas, who was headquartered near Ganja. Shah Abbas renounced his right over one-fifth of booty, only taking 3 boys and 2 girls. According to the Russian church historian Sergey Belokurov (1891), among the treasures of Zagem looted by the Persians was the chiton of Jesus, which was, in March 1625, presented by the shah's envoys to the Russian tsar Michael I in Moscow.

The surviving population of Zagem—Christians, Muslims, and Jews—was then deported to Persia's interior and mostly resettled to the localities in Mazandaran such as Farrokhabad to help develop the area. A Jewish deportee, Khoja Lale Zar ebn Ya'qub, played an important role in silk trade in the Safavid empire. The vacated lands of Zagem were occupied by the Turkic Qizilbash nomads headed by Bektash Beg Torkman, himself a son of a Qizilbash chieftain and a Georgian princess.

Zagem was never able to recover from the blow dealt in 1616. King Teimuraz I of Kakheti was able to return to the town for a couple of times. It saw a modest revival in the 1630s and early 1640s, but then went in decline and fell under the rule of Safavid regional governors. According to Muhammad Ibrahim b. Zayn al-'Abidin Nasiri's chronicle (c. 1730), by the end of the Safavid period the governor of Zagam was the governor of the Shams al-Dinlu tribe. With the 1722 demise of the Safavid empire and the ensuing chaos at its Caucasian periphery, Zagem lost all vestiges of its past importance as a commercial outpost and faded away.

### Citations

1. Floor 2008, p. 302.
2. Beradze & Smirnova 1988, p. 84.
3. Beradze & Smirnova 1988, pp. 84–85.
4. Minorsky 1980, pp. 166–167.
5. Gvasalia 1977, p. 143.
6. Suny 1994, p. 46.
7. Maeda 2012, p. 479.
8. Beradze & Smirnova 1988, p. 85.
9. Paghava 2013, pp. 218–219.
10. Dundua 2013.
11. Allen 1970, pp. 447–452.
12. Allen 1970, pp. 454–469.
13. Maeda 2006, p. 254.
14. Esbroeck 1993, pp. 225–243.
15. Suny 1994, p. 50.
16. Paghava 2013, pp. 224–225.
17. Paghava 2013, p. 225.

## Sources

* Allen, William Edward David (1970). *Russian embassies to the Georgian kings (1589–1605), Vol. II*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052101029-2.
* Beradze, Grigory G; Smirnova, Lidiya P (1988). Материалы по истории ирано-грузинских взаимоотношений в начале XVII века \[*Materials for the history of Iranian–Georgian relations in the beginning of the 17th century*\] (in Russian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba. ISBN 5-520-00126-X.
* Dundua, G; et al. (2013). "Coins of the Georgian kings and princes in the 15th-16th cc". *Online English-Georgian Catalogue of Georgian Numismatics*. Tbilisi State University. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
* Esbroeck, Michel van (1993). "Invention des reliques comme attribut impérial: la tunique du Christ à Moscou et son symbolisme" \[Acquisition of relics as imperial symbol: the Chiton of Christ in Moscow and its symbolism\]. In Catalano, Pierangelo (ed.). *Roma fuori di Roma: istituzioni e immagini* \[*Rome outside Rome: Institutions and Images*\] (in French and Italian). Rome: Sapienza University of Rome. pp. 225–243.
* Floor, Willem M. (2008). *Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri*. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-193382323-2.
* Gvasalia, Jondo (1977). ბაზარი \[Bazari\]. *ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლოპედია, ტ. 2 \[Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol. 2\]* (in Georgian). Tbilisi.`{{cite encyclopedia}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Maeda, Hirotake (2006). "The forced migrations and reorganisation of the regional order in the Caucasus by Safavid Iran: Preconditions and developments described by Fazli Khuzani". In Ieda, Osamu; Uyama, Tomohiko (eds.). *Reconstruction and interaction of Slavic Eurasia and its neighbouring worlds* (PDF). Slavic Eurasian Studies, No.10. Sapporo: Slavic Research Centre, Hokkaido University. ISBN 493863739-1.
* Maeda, Hirotake (2012). "Exploitation of the Frontier: The Caucasus Policy of Shah 'Abbas I". In Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund (eds.). *Iran and the World in the Safavid Age*. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-185043930-1.
* Minorsky, Vladimir (1980). *Tadhkirat al-Muluk: A Manual of Safavid Administration* (2nd ed.). London: Gibb Memorial Trust. ISBN 978-0-906094-12-9.
* Paghava, Irakli (2013). სეფიანებთან საქართველოს ურთიერთობის ისტორიიდან – კახეთის ქალაქი ბაზარი (ზაგემი) XVII-XVIII საუკუნეებში \[On the Safavid-Georgian Relations: City Of Bazari (Zagemi) in Kakheti in the 17th-18th cc. (According to Numismatic and Written Data)\]. In Sanikidze, George (ed.). ახლო აღმოსავლეთი და საქართველო VI \[*The Near East and Georgia, Vol. 7*\] (PDF) (in Georgian and English). Tbilisi: Ilia State University Press. pp. 218–226. ISBN 978-9941-18-197-9.
* Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). *The Making of the Georgian Nation* (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 025320915-3.


title: Zailan Moris

abstract: Zailan Moris is a Malaysian scholar of Islamic philosophy and former professor of the School of Humanities at the University Sains Malaysia. Her main interests are Islamic philosophy, comparative religion and Sufism.

text:
# Zailan Moris

**Zailan Moris** is a Malaysian scholar of Islamic philosophy and former professor of the School of Humanities at the University Sains Malaysia. Her main interests are Islamic philosophy, comparative religion and Sufism.

## Biography

Zailan Moris graduated with a bachelor's degree from the University Sains Malaysia and completed her Master's from Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. She became interested in Islamic philosophy after being inspired by Iranian philosopher Seyyed Hossein Nasr, and received a PhD in 1994 from the American University in Washington, DC, under his supervision. She wrote her dissertation on the philosophy of Mulla Sadra that has been published under the title *Revelation, intellectual intuition and reason in the philosophy of Mulla Sadra: an analysis of the al-Hikmah al-arshiyyah*. Being a devout student of Nasr, she shares many of his ideas and has discussed and commented upon different aspects of his philosophical thinking. She has helped promote the traditionalist perspective in Malaysia. Moris taught at the Department of Philosophy in the School of Humanities at the University Sains Malaysia until her retirement in 2017.

## Works

Moris has authored and co-authored several books and scholarly articles on different aspects of Islamic philosophy. Some of her publications include:

As author * Al-Ghazali's Theory of happiness : an analysis of the Kimiya-yi-sa adat (1982)
* God and His Attributes: Lessons on Islamic Doctrine (Foundations of Islamic Doctrine) (1989)
* The Islamisation of the Malays : a philosophical analysis of Bahr Al-Lahut : a 12th-century Islamic metaphysical manuscript (2010)
* Revelation, intellectual intuition and reason in the philosophy of Mulla Sadra : an analysis of the al-Hikmah al-arshiyyah (2013)

As editor * Knowledge is light : essays in Islamic studies presented to Seyyed Hossein Nasr by his students in honor of his sixty-sixth birthday (1999)
* Higher Education in the Asia Pacific: Emerging Trends in Teaching and Learning (2008)

## InfoBox

| Zailan Moris | |
| --- | --- |
| Moris (white scarf in the middle) in 2015 with her students at Universiti Sains Malaysia | |
| Born | Zailan Moris |
| Nationality | Malaysian |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University Sains Malaysia, Carleton University, The American University |
| Influences | Seyyed Hossein Nasr |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University Sains Malaysia |
| Notable works | *Revelation, intellectual intuition and reason in the philosophy of Mulla Sadra : an analysis of the al-Hikmah al-arshiyyah (2013)* |
|  | |


title: Nancaicun

abstract: Nancaicun Town is a town on the north of Wuqing District, Tianjin, China. It borders Daliang Town in its north, Cuihuangkou and Dajianchang Towns in its east, Xuguantun and Dongpuwa Subdistricts in its south, as well as Sicundian and Damengzhuang Towns in its west. Its total population was 47,091 as of 2010. Its name came from Nancai Village, which host the town's government. The village used to be part of a larger settlement named Caicun, which was named after Cai family who founded the settlement in the Song dynasty. During the Yuan dynasty, renovation of the Grand Canal opened a waterway that crossed Caicun, dividing it into Nancaicun and Beicaicun.

text:
# Nancaicun

**Nancaicun** **Town** (simplified Chinese: 南蔡村镇; traditional Chinese: 南蔡村鎮; pinyin: *Náncàicūn Zhèn*) is a town on the north of Wuqing District, Tianjin, China. It borders Daliang Town in its north, Cuihuangkou and Dajianchang Towns in its east, Xuguantun and Dongpuwa Subdistricts in its south, as well as Sicundian and Damengzhuang Towns in its west. Its total population was 47,091 as of 2010.

Its name came from Nancai Village, which host the town's government. The village used to be part of a larger settlement named Caicun, which was named after Cai family who founded the settlement in the Song dynasty. During the Yuan dynasty, renovation of the Grand Canal opened a waterway that crossed Caicun, dividing it into Nancaicun and Beicaicun.

## History

Timeline of Nancaicun Town
| Years | Status | Part of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1958 - 1961 | Nancaicun People's Commune | Wuqing County, Hebei |
| 1961 - 1973 | Nancaicun People's Commune
Beicaicun People's Commune | |
| 1973 - 1983 | | Wuqing County, Tianjin |
| 1983 - 1995 | | Nancaicun Township
Beicaicun Township |
| 1995 - 2000 | | Nancaicun Town
Beicaicun Township |
| 2000 - 2001 | | Wuqing District, Tianjin |
| 2001 - present | | Nancaicun Town |

## Administrative divisions

In 2022, Nancaicun Town consists 34 subdivisions, where 4 are residential communities and 31 are villages. They are listed below:

### Residential communities

* Panshui Tingyuan (畔水庭苑)
* Liansheng Huayuan (莲胜花园)
* Panjing Tingyuan (畔景庭苑)
* Feicui Bandao (翡翠半岛)

### Villages

* Nancaicun (南蔡村)
* Bajianfang (八间房)
* Dingfuzhuang (定福庄)
* Zhuangchang (砖厂)
* Zhangxinzhuang (张辛庄)
* Nieguantun (聂官屯)
* Dazicun (达子村)
* Anzhuang (安庄)
* Dingjiaquan (丁家圈)
* Shangfengzhuang (上丰庄)
* Beicaicun (北蔡村)
* Liuyangfang (刘羊坊)
* Zhangyangfang (张羊坊)
* Suyangfang (苏羊坊)
* Xiaoyangfang (肖羊坊)
* Hanyangfang (韩羊坊)
* Wengyangfang (翁羊坊)
* Jiubaihu (九百户)
* Nanjinzhuang (南靳庄)
* Dongxiaoliang (东小良)
* Xixiaoliang (西小良)
* Mapengwa (马棚洼)
* Babaihu (八百户)
* Xiyangfengzhuang (西杨凤庄)
* Caijiafang (蔡家坊)
* Xicuizhuang (西崔庄)
* Sanliqian (三里浅)
* Qibaihu (七百户)
* Tiaoliangwu (粜粮务)
* Liubaihu (六百户)
* Dawangfu (大王甫)

## InfoBox

| Nancaicun Town 南蔡村镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Nancaicun TownNancaicun Town | |
| Coordinates: 39°28′52″N 117°00′37″E / 39.48111°N 117.01028°E / 39.48111; 117.01028 | |
| Country | China |
| Municipality | Tianjin |
| District | Wuqing |
| Village-level Divisions | 4 communities
31 villages |
| Area | |
| Total | 75.18 km2 (29.03 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 9 m (30 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 47,091 |
| Density | 630/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (CST) |
| Postal code | 301709 |
| Area code | 022 |