title: Ozara, Imo

abstract:
Ozara, Oru West is a town in Oru West Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. It comprises seven villages, namely: Umuogu, Umuokporoma, Umuezike, Umuobioma, Etitilabu, Ubahalanuwam, and Aboh. Umuogu is the eldest village in Ozara and the youngest is Aboh Ozara. It has three elementary schools, which are Town School, Central School, and Aboh Primary School. Ozara has many Christian churches, prominent among which is St Patrick Catholic Parish. The population is estimated at 3000 people. Towns neighboring Ozara are Ohakpu, Amorka, Egbuoma and Mgbidi. It is located northeast of Imo State at the boundary with Anambra State. Ozara has a local market called Orie Ozara which takes place every four days in a week. The major occupations of Ozara people are farming and trading.
The late Nze Kevin Chukwudire Umenyido-Ebochukwu of Umuobioma was the first educated teacher from Ozara, after graduating from the famous Government College Umuahia. Ozara people through self effort built three primary schools namely Ozara Central Primary School, Ozara Town School and Aboh Primary School, one secondary school Namely, Comprehensive Secondary School located in Ubahalanuwam, a health center, electricity project and a plan for a road project before the unfortunate contest for traditional ruler that has lasted for years set them back.
Ozara has a table land with so many tall palm trees.

text:
# Ozara, Imo

**Ozara, Oru West** is a town in Oru West Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. It comprises seven villages, namely: Umuogu, Umuokporoma, Umuezike, Umuobioma, Etitilabu, Ubahalanuwam, and Aboh. Umuogu is the eldest village in Ozara and the youngest is Aboh Ozara. It has three elementary schools, which are Town School, Central School, and Aboh Primary School. Ozara has many Christian churches, prominent among which is St Patrick Catholic Parish. The population is estimated at 3000 people. Towns neighboring Ozara are Ohakpu, Amorka, Egbuoma and Mgbidi. It is located northeast of Imo State at the boundary with Anambra State.

Ozara has a local market called Orie Ozara which takes place every four days in a week. The major occupations of Ozara people are farming and trading. The late Nze Kevin Chukwudire Umenyido-Ebochukwu of Umuobioma was the first educated teacher from Ozara, after graduating from the famous Government College Umuahia. Ozara people through self effort built three primary schools namely Ozara Central Primary School, Ozara Town School and Aboh Primary School, one secondary school Namely, Comprehensive Secondary School located in Ubahalanuwam, a health center, electricity project and a plan for a road project before the unfortunate contest for traditional ruler that has lasted for years set them back. Ozara has a table land with so many tall palm trees.


abstract: "In the Presence of Mine Enemies" was an American television play broadcast on May 18, 1960. It was the 16th episode of the fourth season of the CBS television series Playhouse 90, and also the final broadcast in the show's four-year run. The play depicted the struggles of Jews living in the Warsaw Ghetto in the months before the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Rod Serling wrote the teleplay, and the cast included Charles Laughton, Arthur Kennedy, Susan Kohner, and Robert Redford.

text:
# In the Presence of Mine Enemies (Playhouse 90)

"**In the Presence of Mine Enemies**" was an American television play broadcast on May 18, 1960. It was the 16th episode of the fourth season of the CBS television series *Playhouse 90*, and also the final broadcast in the show's four-year run.

The play depicted the struggles of Jews living in the Warsaw Ghetto in the months before the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Rod Serling wrote the teleplay, and the cast included Charles Laughton, Arthur Kennedy, Susan Kohner, and Robert Redford.

## Plot

The play is set in the Warsaw Ghetto in the months before the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. It opens with a Nazi calling out names of Jews to be deported and closeups of grim Jewish faces as a song of Jewish mourning plays in the background. A Nazi asks: "They call them in here to pick out the ones who are to die, and yet they sing. Jews. Who can explain Jews?".

Rabbi Adam Heller lives with his beautiful daughter Rachel. His son Paul returns home in the first act after escaping from a Nazi prison camp. The rabbi and his son are at odds: the rabbi believes faith will guide the Jews through the war, but Paul has seen the savagery of the Nazis and advocates resistance.

A Christian peddler, Josef Chinik, aids the Hellers with food and books. Another character, Israel, collects weapons for an army of resistance forming in the ghetto.

At the end of the first act, a German officer, Capt. Richter, and a younger German soldier, Sgt. Lott, arrive to investigate rumours that the building is being used by a resistance group. In the second act, Capt. Richter rapes Rachel. On learning of the rape, Rabbi Heller becomes disillusioned and says, "My life has been an endless prayer and prolonged supplication to a God without ears, to a God without eyes.". Paul takes a knife and leaves the apartment to kill Richter.

In the final half hour, the Nazis conduct a search for Richter’s killer. Chinik falsely confesses that he killed Richter in order to save his Jewish friends. Chinik is executed, and his death causes Rabbi Heller to break down.

Three months pass, and Rachel is pregnant. Paul and Israel talk of the uprising planned for that evening. Sgt. Lott returns to the Hellers' apartment, professes his love for Rachel, begs the rabbi for forgiveness, and offers to escape with her. The rabbi forgives Lott. Initially, Paul resists the idea of Rachel leaving with a Nazi but then relents, allowing them to leave.

The play closes as the uprising begins with gunfire heard outside the apartment. Paul and Rabbi Heller walk down the stairs to join the uprising, a rifle in Paul's hand and a book in the rabbi's hand.

## Production

Peter Kortner was the producer. Fielder Cook was the director, and Rod Serling wrote the teleplay.

The cast included Charles Laughton as Rabbi Adam Heller, Arthur Kennedy as Paul Heller, Susan Kohner as Rachel Heller, Oscar Homolka as Josef Chinik, George Macready as Capt. Richter, Sam Jaffe as Emmanuel, Robert Redford as Sergeant Lott, Otto Waldis as Kohn, and Bernard Kates as Israel.

### Serling's script

Rod Serling originally submitted the story, then titled *Epitaph for a Walled City*, in April 1959. In the original story, Paul refused to consent to his sister leaving with Lott, and Rabbi Heller killed his son so that his daughter would have a chance to live. The script was approved by CBS, but was shelved when two of the sponsors objected to the "depressing" subject matter.

A writer's strike in January 1960 created a shortage of scripts, and Serling's Warsaw Ghetto story was scheduled for production.

The production was ultimately sponsored by Allstate Insurance, a consortium of natural gas companies, and Camel cigarettes. A commercial aired during the play extolling the benefits of "silent gas" has been criticized as "utterly inappropriate."

In one scene, Capt. Richter explains the purported virtue of anti-Semitism, telling Sgt. Lott "there is morality in hatred" as "nations can feed on it and be strengthened by it and in the process become unified." Jack Gould of *The New York Times* found the exchange to be "absolutely chilling."

The play's title is taken from Psalm 23:5: "Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over."

Serling's teleplay was remade in 1997 for Showtime, also under the name *In the Presence of Mine Enemies*.

## Reception

### Reviews

Jack Gould of *The New York Times* called it "a drama of searing tragedy and nobility." He gave high praise to Serling's teleplay and its "moving affirmation of the dignity and indestructibility of the human being."

Fred Danzig of the UPI gave a mixed review. He wrote that "Serling's dialogue, as usual, was eloquent, sharp and rolled forth with great smoothness." However, he found the overall dramatic effect to be that of "a debating society atmosphere where raw, desperate human feelings were called for."

Cynthia Lowry of the Associated Press called it a well-acted, grim and impactful drama that "pulled no punches" and "carried its bitter lesson."

In *The Boston Globe*, Percy Shain gave it a mixed review. He called it "powerfully written" and "grim, strong fare -- a story of stature -- something TV usually tries to avoid." He also praised CBS for airing it and called it "a worthy requiem to a distinguished series." On the other hand, he concluded it was "not entirely successful" as a drama as it lacked "the full-blooded flow of action" and ended up as "primarily a study in words rather than in deeds." While he praised the performances of Kennedy and Kohner, Shain criticized the performances of Homolka, Jaffe, and Laughton. He found Laughton to be miscast and a "caricature of a man." Serling also reportedly "loathed" Laughton's performance.

Bill Fiset in the *Oakland Tribune* praised Laughton's performance as "superb" and wrote that "\[t\]elevision's most distinguished program" "went out in considerable style."

### Criticism as anti-Semitism

The CBS switchboard was flooded with calls after the broadcast, some complaining of the show's purported anti-Semitic aspects, including Paul's derision of his father's religious devotion and the sympathetic portrayal of Sgt. Lott. The novelist Leon Uris sent a telegram to CBS president Frank Stanton declaring the play to be "the most disgusting presentation in the history of American television" and demanding that the negative be burned. Stanton replied to Uris with a defense of the production and an expression of "shock that an eminent author would demand action tantamount to book burning."

## Bibliography

* Parisi, Nicholas (2018). *Rod Serling: His Life, Work, and Imagination*. The University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781496817501.

## InfoBox

| "**In the Presence of Mine Enemies**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Playhouse 90* episode | |
| Robert Redford and Susan Kohner | |
| Episode no. | Season 4<br>Episode 16 |
| Directed by | Fielder Cook |
| Written by | Rod Serling |
| Original air date | May 18, 1960 (1960-05-18) |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|


title: Geophilus crenulatus

abstract: Geophilus crenulatus is a species of soil centipede in the family Geophilidae found in a ravine above the Hemis monastery in India, 3525 meters above sea level. It was originally thought to be a subspecies of G. intermissus and named Geophilus intermissus var. crenulata. The original description of this species is based on a specimen measuring 22 mm in length with 57 pairs of legs.

text:
# Geophilus crenulatus

***Geophilus crenulatus*** is a species of soil centipede in the family Geophilidae found in a ravine above the Hemis monastery in India, 3525 meters above sea level. It was originally thought to be a subspecies of *G. intermissus* and named *Geophilus intermissus var. crenulata*. The original description of this species is based on a specimen measuring 22 mm in length with 57 pairs of legs.

## InfoBox

| *Geophilus crenulatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Chilopoda |
| Order: | Geophilomorpha |
| Family: | Geophilidae |
| Genus: | *Geophilus* |
| Species: | ***G. crenulatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Geophilus crenulatus***<br>Silvestri, 1936 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Geophilus intermissus var. crenulata* (Silvestri, 1936) | |


title: Michael Roberts (tennis)

abstract: Michael Roberts is a former professional tennis player. Roberts was a collegiate tennis player for UC Irvine before competing on the professional tour in the early 1990s, where he reached a best singles world ranking of 415. He made his only ATP Tour main draw appearance as a doubles qualifier at the 1990 Volvo Tennis Los Angeles tournament, partnering Van Winitsky.

text:
# Michael Roberts (tennis)

**Michael Roberts** is a former professional tennis player.

Roberts was a collegiate tennis player for UC Irvine before competing on the professional tour in the early 1990s, where he reached a best singles world ranking of 415. He made his only ATP Tour main draw appearance as a doubles qualifier at the 1990 Volvo Tennis Los Angeles tournament, partnering Van Winitsky.

## ATP Challenger finals

### Doubles: 1 (0–1)

| Result | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | Jul 1994 | Aptos, United States | Hard | Donny Isaak | Brian MacPhie<br>Alex O'Brien | 2–6, 6–7 |

## InfoBox

Michael Roberts
| Country (sports) | United States |
| --- | --- |
| Prize money | $10,309 |
| Singles | |
| Highest ranking | No. 415 (July 25, 1994) |
| Grand Slam singles results | |
| Australian Open | Q1 (1994) |
| Wimbledon | Q1 (1994) |
| US Open | Q1 (1994) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 0–1 |
| Highest ranking | No. 269 (June 21, 1993) |
| Grand Slam doubles results | |
| Wimbledon | Q1 (1994) |


title: German submarine U-333

abstract: German submarine U-333 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 11 March 1940 at the Nordseewerke yard at Emden, launched on 14 June 1941, and commissioned on 25 August 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Peter-Erich Cremer. After training with the 5th U-boat Flotilla at Kiel, on 1 January 1942 U-333 was transferred to the 3rd U-boat Flotilla based at La Pallice for front-line service. The U-boat made 12 combat patrols in the next three years, and sank seven merchant ships totalling 32,107 gross register tons (GRT), damaged another of 8,327 GRT, and also engaged and damaged the Flower-class corvette HMS Crocus. U-333 was sunk in the English Channel by British warships using a Squid on 31 July 1944. U-333 bore the "three little fishes" emblem on its conning tower.

text:
# German submarine U-333

**German submarine *U-333*** was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 11 March 1940 at the Nordseewerke yard at Emden, launched on 14 June 1941, and commissioned on 25 August 1941 under the command of *Kapitänleutnant* Peter-Erich Cremer. After training with the 5th U-boat Flotilla at Kiel, on 1 January 1942 *U-333* was transferred to the 3rd U-boat Flotilla based at La Pallice for front-line service.

The U-boat made 12 combat patrols in the next three years, and sank seven merchant ships totalling 32,107 gross register tons (GRT), damaged another of 8,327 GRT, and also engaged and damaged the Flower-class corvette HMS *Crocus*. *U-333* was sunk in the English Channel by British warships using a Squid on 31 July 1944.

*U-333* bore the "three little fishes" emblem on its conning tower.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-333* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-333* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

### First patrol

*U-333* sailed from Kiel on 27 December 1941, through the North Sea, and into the Atlantic. On 1 January 1942 the U-boat was attacked by an unidentified enemy aircraft, but was not damaged. *U-333* then joined the wolfpack 'Ziethen' on 17 January 1942, and at 20:45 on 22 January, attacked the 3,429 GRT Greek merchant ship *Vassilios A. Polemis*, a straggler from Convoy ON 53. The ship, hit amidships by a single torpedo, broke in two and sank within ten minutes. The U-boat questioned the 12 survivors from the crew of 33, and gave them bread and cigarettes.

At 15:25 on 24 January, about 85 nautical miles (157 km; 98 mi) southeast of Cape Race, *U-333* attacked the 4,765 GRT Norwegian merchant ship *Ringstad*, which had lost contact with Convoy ON 55 after several days of storms. The ship was hit on the starboard side by a single torpedo, and the crew of 43 abandoned ship in three lifeboats. After 20 minutes the ship sank, the U-boat surfaced to question the crew, offered water and food, and gave them a heading to the nearest land before wishing them good luck and leaving. However, in heavy weather two lifeboats containing 30 men were lost, while the third lifeboat was eventually spotted, covered in ice, five days later by an aircraft that brought USS *Swanson* to their rescue.

#### The sinking of **Spreewald**

At 16:50 hours on 31 January 1942, north of the Azores *U-333* attacked an unescorted and zigzagging 5,083 GRT merchant ship with a single torpedo, which promptly sent out a distress signal *en clair* under the name *Britanny*. Cremer examined the ship from a distance of 400 metres (440 yd) before *U-333* torpedoed the ship again at 18:33, and sank her. Unfortunately, she was in fact the German blockade runner *Spreewald*, en route from Dairen in Manchuria to Bordeaux with a cargo of 3,365 tons of rubber, 230 tons of tin, 20 tons of tungsten, and quinine, as well as 86 prisoners from ships that had been sunk by the auxiliary cruiser *Kormoran*. Cremer failed to identify her, as she was camouflaged as the Norwegian ship *Elg* and was ahead of schedule.

A search for survivors was promptly launched. *U-333* and *U-575*, which was waiting to escort the ship into port and *U-123*, which was waiting to transfer an injured crewman to the ship, were soon joined by *U-701* and *U-582*, which were returning from their patrols, and *U-332* and *U-105*, which had just begun theirs.

Late on 2 February, *U-105* picked up 25 crewmen and 55 prisoners in three lifeboats and three rafts. Another lifeboat, containing 11 crewmen and 13 prisoners was missing and *U-105* searched for a further three days before giving up and setting a course to Lorient. To compound the disaster, when a Dornier Do 24 flying boat was sent out to pick up a severely injured sailor, it crashed in rough seas. *U-105* rescued the seven-man crew and sank the aircraft with gunfire. Of the 152 aboard the **Spreewald**, 72 were killed.

After returning from his patrol on 9 February 1942, Cremer was court-martialled, but was found not guilty.

### Second patrol

*U-333* left her new home port of La Pallice on 30 March 1942, and headed across the Atlantic to the coast of Florida. There, on 6 May, she attacked three ships, sinking two. The first was the unescorted 8,327 GRT American tanker *Java Arrow*, hit by two torpedoes eight miles (13 km) off Vero Beach at 05:43. The attack killed two officers on watch below, the 45 survivors abandoned ship in two lifeboats. They were later picked up by the submarine chaser USS *PC-483* and a Coast Guard vessel. Four men returned to the ship and dropped the anchor to prevent the ship from going aground. The Master then went to Fort Pierce and returned later with 14 of his crew and the salvage tugs *Ontario* and *Bafshe* which towed the tanker to Port Everglades. The ship was repaired and returned to service in 1943.

Meanwhile, at 09:35, off Fort Pierce, *U-333* hit the unescorted 1,294 GRT Dutch merchant ship *Amazone* with a single torpedo on the port side. The ship, en route to New York from Curaçao with a cargo of 926 tons of coffee and oil, sank within two minutes. Fourteen crewmen were lost, while the 11 survivors were picked up by the submarine chaser USS *PC-484*.

Finally, at 23:25 the unescorted and unarmed 7,088 GRT American tanker *Halsey* was hit by two torpedoes off St Lucie Inlet, ripping a hole in the side 60 feet (18 m) long. The ship, en route from Corpus Christi, Texas to New York, was laden with 40,000 barrels (6,400 m3) of naphtha and 40,000 barrels (6,400 m3) of heating oil. The crew of 32 abandoned ship in two lifeboats, almost being asphyxiated by naphtha fumes. An hour later the *Halsey* exploded, broke in two, and burst into flames. The lifeboats were soon found by USS *PC-451*, and towed to land by two fishing vessels.

The next day, 7 May, *U-333* was hunted by a convoy escort ship, and badly damaged by depth charges, forcing the U-boat to return to France. However, at 09:05 on 10 May, she attacked the unescorted 5,214 GRT British Clan Line merchant ship *Clan Skene* about 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) south-east of Cape Hatteras. The ship, carrying 2,006 tons of chrome ore from Beira in Portuguese East Africa to New York, was hit by two torpedoes and sank. Nine crewmen were killed, while 73 survivors were later picked up by the destroyer USS *McKean*. Cremer noted in his *Kriegstagebücher* ("War diary") that the sinking of this ship was like *.. a balm after these terrible depth charges*. *U-333* finally arrived back at La Pallice on 26 May.

### Third patrol

*U-333*'s next patrol was uneventful. Departing La Pallice on 11 August 1942, she joined wolfpack 'Blücher' north-east of the Azores from 14 to 18 August, but had no successes, and returned to port on 24 August after only 14 days at sea.

### Fourth patrol

*U-333* sailed from La Pallice once more on 1 September 1942, and headed south to the coast of West Africa, joining wolfpack 'Iltis' between 6–23 September.

On 6 October the U-boat engaged the British Flower-class corvette HMS *Crocus* about 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) south-west of Freetown, Sierra Leone. *Crocus* detected *U-333* by radar, and closed at high speed. The U-boat was rammed twice, and exchanged gunfire at close range before submerging, while the corvette dropped depth charges. The *U-333* lay low, later surfacing and making her escape under cover of darkness. Both vessels suffered damage and sustained casualties. On the U-boat three men were killed; *Bootsmaat* Heinz Kurze, *Maschinenobergefreiter* Erwin Levermann, and the First Watch Officer (second-in-command) *Oberleutnant zur See* Bernhard Hermann, while several men were wounded, including the commander Peter-Erich Cremer. Command of *U-333* was taken by the Second Watch Officer (third-in-command) *Leutnant zur See* Helmut Kandzior, who took the U-boat to a rendezvous with *U-107* three days later, where *Kapitänleutnant* Lorenz Kasch, a Captain under instruction, assumed temporary command. *U-333* also received medical assistance from a doctor on the *Milchkuh* *U-459*.

On 21 October the inbound *U-333* was attacked by the British submarine HMS *Graph* about 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) north-north-east of Cape Ortegal, Spain. The British submarine was formerly the German *U-570*, captured on 27 August 1941, extensively studied, and commissioned into the Royal Navy. *Graph*, on her first war patrol in British service, fired a spread of four torpedoes at the surfaced U-boat, but lookouts spotted the tracks and *U-333* managed to evade them. *U-333* arrived back at La Pallice two days later, on 23 October 1942, and Cremer then spent three months in hospital.

### Fifth patrol

*Oberleutnant zur See* Werner Schwaff was appointed temporary commander of *U-333* on 22 November 1942, and set sail from La Pallice on his first patrol on 20 December 1942. The U-boat sailed out to patrol the Atlantic south-west of Iceland, joining wolfpacks 'Falke' from 28 December 1942 to 19 January 1943, and 'Landsknecht' from 19 to 28 January 1943. However she had no successes, and eventually returned to base on 5 February 1943 after a patrol lasting 48 days.

### Sixth patrol

Two days after departing from La Pallice on 2 March 1943, *U-333* was attacked in the Bay of Biscay by a British Wellington Mk.VIII bomber from No. 172 Squadron RAF equipped with a Leigh light. When the aircraft illuminated the U-boat, it was met with a barrage of AA fire. The bomber passed over *U-333*, and dropped four depth charges before crashing into the sea, killing the crew of six. Two depth charges actually hit *U-333*, but one broke up without detonating and the other bounced off and caused only light damage.

*U-333* continued her patrol, returning to the seas south-west of Iceland, and joining wolfpack 'Dränger' on 14 March. There, on 19 March at 21:28, she torpedoed and sank the 5,234 GRT Greek merchant ship *Carras*, a straggler from Convoy SC 122, which had been hit by a torpedo from *U-666* earlier. All the crew of 34 survived and were picked up by the British rescue ship *Zamalek*. *U-333* joined wolfpack 'Seewolf' from 21 to 30 March, but had no more successes before returning to La Pallice on 13 April.

*Carras* would be the last ship sunk by *U-333*, as the balance of power in the Battle of the Atlantic now swung in favour of the Allies, culminating in Black May (1943).

### Seventh patrol

On 18 May 1943 Peter-Erich Cremer, now recovered from his injuries and promoted to the rank of *Korvettenkapitän*, reassumed command of *U-333*. On 2 June the U-boat sailed from La Pallice and headed south to the coast of West Africa. However, she had no success, and returned to base on 31 August after 91 days.

### Eighth patrol

*U-333*'s next patrol began on 21 October 1943, heading out into the Atlantic north-east of the Azores, where she joined wolfpack 'Schill' on the 25th. On 4 November, while shadowing a KMS convoy, bound for Gibraltar from Liverpool, *U-333* surfaced in heavy fog, but was forced to dive by a destroyer and heavily depth charged, but managed to escape unharmed.

*U-333* joined wolfpack 'Schill 1' on 16 November. On the 18th, while attacking the combined convoys SL 139 and MKS 30, the U-boat was rammed by the frigate HMS *Exe*, losing her periscope. *U-333* was then subjected to an attack from warships and an aircraft that lasted for eight hours, before making her escape. The U-boat returned to La Pallice on 1 December 1943 having had no success.

### Ninth and tenth patrol

*U-333* sailed out on a patrol on 10 February 1944, but returned after only two days on the 12th. The U-boat left again on 14 February and headed into the waters west of Ireland. There, on 21 March, the U-boat was spotted by Allied aircraft which in turn brought in the Royal Navy's renowned U-boat hunters, the 2nd Support Group, under the command of Captain F.J. Walker. Pursued relentlessly, Cremer eventually took *U-333* to the bottom and sat on the sea floor at a depth of 131 feet (40 m) for 10 hours. Although releasing the U-boat from the grip of the mud was a problem, she eventually freed herself, and once again *U-333* escaped. The U-boat returned to base on 20 April 1944, again having had no success.

### Eleventh patrol

Departing from La Pallice on 6 June 1944, *U-333* fell victim to the increased anti-submarine activity by the Allies after the Normandy landings. On 10 June, while still in the Bay of Biscay, *U-333* was attacked by an Australian Sunderland flying boat patrol bomber of No. 10 Squadron RAAF, and suffered some damage, although she managed to repel the aircraft with her flak. The next day *U-333* was attacked, again by another Sunderland, this time from No. 228 Squadron RAF. *U-333* managed to shoot the aircraft down, but suffered further damage, forcing her to abort her patrol and return to base on 13 June.

### Twelfth patrol

On 19 July 1944 Cremer left *U-333* in order to commission the new Type XXI *Elektroboot* *U-2513*, and *Kapitänleutnant* Hans Fiedler was appointed as commander on the 20th. His first, and *U-333*'s final patrol began on 23 July, as she headed into the Western Approaches.

#### Sinking

*U-333* was sunk on 31 July 1944, west of the Scilly Isles, in position 49°39′N 07°28′W / 49.650°N 7.467°W / 49.650; -7.467 (U-333 (sunk)), by the first use of the Squid anti-submarine mortar from the British Royal Navy sloop *Starling* and frigate *Loch Killin* of the 2nd Support Group. All 45 hands were lost.

### Wolfpacks

*U-333* took part in nine wolfpacks, namely:

* Zieten (17 – 22 January 1942)
* Blücher (14 – 18 August 1942)
* Iltis (6 – 23 September 1942)
* Falke (28 December 1942 – 19 January 1943)
* Landsknecht (19 – 28 January 1943)
* Dränger (14 – 20 March 1943)
* Seewolf (21 – 30 March 1943)
* Schill (25 October – 16 November 1943)
* Schill 1 (16 – 19 November 1943)

## Summary of raiding history

Between August 1941 and July 1944 *U-333* sailed on 12 combat patrols, and sank seven merchant ships totalling 32,107 GRT, damaged another of 8,327 GRT, and also engaged and damaged the 925 tons Flower-class corvette HMS *Crocus*. She also shot down two aircraft.

Ships attacked by *U-333*
| Date | Ship | Tonnage | Nationality | Convoy | Fate and location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 22 January 1942 | *Vassilios A. Polemis* | 3,429 | Greece | ON-53 | Sunk at 42°32′N 52°38′W / 42.533°N 52.633°W / 42.533; -52.633 (Vassilios A. Polemis (ship)) |
| 24 January 1942 | *Ringstad* | 4,765 | Norway | ON-55 | Sunk at 45°50′N 51°04′W / 45.833°N 51.067°W / 45.833; -51.067 (Ringstad (ship)) |
| 31 January 1942 | *Spreewald* | 5,083 | Nazi Germany |  | Sunk at 45°12′N 24°50′W / 45.200°N 24.833°W / 45.200; -24.833 (Spreewald (ship)) |
| 6 May 1942 | *Amazone* | 1,294 | Netherlands |  | Sunk at 27°21′N 80°04′W / 27.350°N 80.067°W / 27.350; -80.067 (Amazone (ship)) |
| 6 May 1942 | *Halsey* | 7,088 | United States |  | Sunk at 27°14′N 80°03′W / 27.233°N 80.050°W / 27.233; -80.050 (Halsey (ship)) |
| 6 May 1942 | *Java Arrow* | 8,327 | United States |  | Damaged at 27°35′N 80°08′W / 27.583°N 80.133°W / 27.583; -80.133 (Java Arrow (ship)) |
| 10 May 1942 | *Clan Skene* | 5,214 | United Kingdom |  | Sunk at 31°43′N 70°43′W / 31.717°N 70.717°W / 31.717; -70.717 (Clan Skene (ship)) |
| 6 October 1942 | HMS *Crocus* | 925 | Royal Navy |  | Damaged at 07°52′N 14°57′W / 7.867°N 14.950°W / 7.867; -14.950 (HMS Crocus (ship)) |
| 19 March 1943 | *Carras* | 5,234 | Greece | SC 122 | Sunk at 54°05′N 24°19′W / 54.083°N 24.317°W / 54.083; -24.317 (Carras (ship)) |

### Notes

### Citations

1. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Type VIIC boat *U-333*". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
2. Helgason, Guðmundur. "War Patrols by U-boat *U-333*". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
3. Gröner 1991, pp. 43–46.
4. Helgason, Guðmundur. "1st Patrol of *U-333* 27 Dec 1941 to 9 Feb 1942". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
5. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Vassilios A. Polemis". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
6. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ringstad". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
7. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Spreewald". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
8. Helgason, Guðmundur. "2nd Patrol of *U-333* (30 Mar to 26 May 1942)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
9. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Java Arrow". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
10. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Amazone". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
11. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Clan Skene". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
12. Helgason, Guðmundur. "3rd Patrol of *U-333* (11 to 24 Aug 1942". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
13. Helgason, Guðmundur. "4th Patrol of *U-333* (1 Sep to 23 Oct 1942". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
14. Helgason, Guðmundur. "HMS *Crocus* (K49)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
15. "U-Boat Operations: *U-333*". *ubootwaffe.net*. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
16. Helgason, Guðmundur. "HMS *Graph* (P715)". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
17. Helgason, Guðmundur. "5th Patrol of *U-333* (20 Dec 1942 to 5 Feb 1943". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
18. Helgason, Guðmundur. "6th Patrol of *U-333* (2 Mar to 13 Apr 1943". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
19. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Carras". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
20. Helgason, Guðmundur. "7th Patrol of *U-333* (2 Jun to 31 Aug 1943". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
21. Helgason, Guðmundur. "8th Patrol of *U-333* (21 Oct to 1 Dec 1943". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
22. Helgason, Guðmundur. "10th Patrol of *U-333* (14 Feb to 20 Apr 1944". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
23. Helgason, Guðmundur. "*Korvettenkapitän* Peter-Erich Cremer". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
24. Helgason, Guðmundur. "12th Patrol of *U-333* (23 to 31 Jul 1944". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
25. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by *U-333*". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.

## Bibliography

* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary*. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945* \[*German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945*\]. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
* Cremer, P. (1984). *U-Boat Commander: A Periscope View of the Battle of the Atlantic*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-969-3.
* Peter Cremer (trans. Fritz Brustat-Naval) :*U 333 : the Story of a U-boat ace*, Triad, London, 1986.
* Sharpe, Peter (1998). *U-Boat Fact File*. Great Britain: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-072-9.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-333* |
| Ordered | 23 September 1939 |
| Builder | Nordseewerke, Emden |
| Yard number | 205 |
| Laid down | 11 March 1940 |
| Launched | 14 June 1941 |
| Commissioned | 25 August 1941 |
| Fate | Sunk on 31 July 1944 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40–56 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 02 500 |
| Commanders: | * *Kptlt.* Peter-Erich Cremer * 25 August 1941 – 6 October 1942 * *Lt.z.S.* Helmut Kandzior * 6 – 9 October 1942 * *Kptlt.* Lorenz Kasch * 9 October – 22 November 1942 * *Oblt.z.S.* Werner Schwaff * 22 November 1942 – 17 May 1943 * *K.Kapt.* Peter-Erich Cremer * 18 May 1943 – 19 July 1944 * *Kptlt.* Hans Fiedler * 20 – 31 July 1944 |
| Operations: | * 12 patrols: * 1st patrol: * 27 December 1941 – 9 February 1942 * 2nd patrol: * 30 March – 26 May 1942 * 3rd patrol: * 11 – 24 August 1942 * 4th patrol: * a. 1 September – 9 October 1942 * b. 9–23 October 1942 * 5th patrol: * 20 December 1942 – 5 February 1943 * 6th patrol: * 2 March – 13 April 1943 * 7th patrol: * 2 June – 31 August 1943 * 8th patrol: * 21 October – 1 December 1943 * 9th patrol: * 10 – 12 February 1944 * 10th patrol: * 14 February – 20 April 1944 * 11th patrol: * 6 – 13 June 1944 * 12th patrol: * 23 – 31 July 1944 |
| Victories: | * 7 merchant ships sunk
(32,107 GRT) * 1 merchant ship damaged
(8,327 GRT) * 1 warship damaged
(925 tons) |


title: Vijay Shankar Vyas

abstract: Vijay Shankar Vyas was a noted agricultural economist of India. He hailed from Pushkarna Brahmin community in Bikaner and authored six books. Vyas died on 12 September 2018.

text:
# Vijay Shankar Vyas

**Vijay Shankar Vyas** (21 August 1931 – 12 September 2018) was a noted agricultural economist of India. He hailed from Pushkarna Brahmin community in Bikaner and authored six books. Vyas died on 12 September 2018.

## Career

Vyas was the Director of IIM, Ahmedabad; IDS, Jaipur and Senior Advisor, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, the world Bank. Professor Vyas was Emeritus Professor at the Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur. He was a member of the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank of India. Prof. V.S. Vyas was founder Director of Agro-Economic Research Centre (AERC) of Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, GOI at Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India. Dr. V. S. Vyas has established rich traditions of research in agricultural economics at AERC, SPU, VVN, GUJARAT.

## Education

Vyas authored / co-authored six books and published numerous articles in notable national and international journals. He was invited to deliver lectures and keynotes in many workshops and seminars in India and abroad. The contribution made him an honorary life member of the International Association of Agricultural Economists. He was elected as a Fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

## Awards

Vyas received the Padma Bhushan award in 2006 from the Government of India. He was honoured at the award ceremony by the President of India on Republic Day. Vyas served as Chairman and Member of Boards, at International, National and State Level.


title: Zehra Özbey Torun

abstract: Zehra Özbey Torun is a Turkish female para-archer competing in the women's recurve bow standing event. A former wheelchair basketball player, she competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

text:
# Zehra Özbey Torun

**Zehra Özbey Torun** (born 7 September 1982) is a Turkish female para-archer competing in the women's recurve bow standing event. A former wheelchair basketball player, she competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

## Results

Paralympic Games

7 Individual Recurve - Open 2016 Rio de Janeiro, BRA

World Championships

2 Team Recurve - Open 2019 's-Hertogenbosch, NED

9 Individual Recurve - Open 2019 's-Hertogenbosch, NED

9 Individual Recurve - Open 2017 Beijing, CHN

European Championships

6 Individual Recurve - Open 2018 Plzen, CZE

## Early life

Zehra Özbay Torun was born with disability on 7 September 1982.

She lives in Antalya, Turkey, where she moved to after her marriage. She has a baby and works in the state service.

## Sporting career

Zehra Özbay Torun began her sports career with Wheelchair DanceSport. She than switched over to wheelchair basketball and played in the national team. She took a break in her active sports life as she learned her pregnancy after the marriage. Nine months after giving birth to a baby, she returned to sports. She switched over to wheelchair archery in order to have more free time for her baby. After a brief training by Vedat Erbay in the Vedat Erbay SK, she was admitted to the Turkey women's national wheelchair archery team.

She competed at the 2016 European Qualifier held in Saint-Jean-de-Monts, France, and obtained a quota spot for 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

## InfoBox

Zehra Özbey Torun
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1982-09-07) 7 September 1982 |
| Home town | Antalya, Turkey |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Paralympic archery |
| Event | Recurve bow |
| Club | Vedat Erbay SK |
| Coached by | Vedat Erbay |


title: Pouteria subsessilifolia

abstract: Pouteria subsessilifolia is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Pouteria subsessilifolia

***Pouteria subsessilifolia*** is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Pouteria subsessilifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Sapotaceae |
| Genus: | *Pouteria* |
| Species: | ***P. subsessilifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pouteria subsessilifolia***
Cronquist | |
|


title: New Mexico State Road 140

abstract: State Road 140 (NM 140) is a 2.828-mile-long (4.551 km), paved, two-lane state highway in Doña Ana County in the U.S. state of New Mexico. NM 140's southern terminus is south of Rincon at the road's junction with NM 185. The road's northern terminus is north of Rincon at the road's junction with Interstate 25 (I-25) and U.S. Route 85 (US 85). The road continues as Doña Ana County Route E 016 north of I-25. In Rincon NM 140 is also known as Rincon Road.

text:
# New Mexico State Road 140

**State Road 140** (**NM 140**) is a 2.828-mile-long (4.551 km), paved, two-lane state highway in Doña Ana County in the U.S. state of New Mexico. NM 140's southern terminus is south of Rincon at the road's junction with NM 185. The road's northern terminus is north of Rincon at the road's junction with Interstate 25 (I-25) and U.S. Route 85 (US 85). The road continues as Doña Ana County Route E 016 (CR E 016) north of I-25. In Rincon NM 140 is also known as Rincon Road.

## Route description

The highway begins at the junction with NM 185 south of Rincon. The road heads north through the fields of Rincon Valley and after 0.45 miles (0.72 km) crosses the Rio Grande river over a 400.3-foot-long (122.0 m) bridge, built in 1975. The road continues north through agricultural areas and at 1.300 miles (2.092 km) intersects with NM 154. The highway then turns northeasterly and travels through the community of Rincon, passing by BNSF Railroad Depot, proceeds under I-25 overpass, before reaching its northeastern terminus at intersection with I-25.

## History

The road connecting US 85 with Rincon first appears on roadmaps dating back from early 1930s. An alternative route from Rincon to Hatch was constructed some time in early 1940s. In early 1950s the road connecting NM 185 with Rincon passing through Hatch was designated NM 140. In 1988 the New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) went through a radical road renumbering program, and the stretch from Rincon to Hatch became known as NM 154, whereas the section from Rincon south to NM-185 was designated as NM 140.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Doña Ana County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.000 | 0.000 | NM 185 Hatch, Las Cruces | Southern terminus |
| Rincon | 1.300 | 2.092 |
NM 154 west Hatch | Eastern terminus of NM 154 |
| | 2.828 | 4.551 | I-25 / US 85 Albuquerque, Las Cruces | Northern terminus, I-25 exit 35 |
| | CR E16 | Continuation beyond I-25 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/New Mexico State Road 140KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Road 140 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NMDOT | |
| Length | 2.828 mi (4.551 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | NM 185 near Rincon |
| North end | I-25 / US 85 near Rincon |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Mexico |
| Counties | Doña Ana |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **New Mexico State Highway System** | |
| NM 138   NM 142 | |


title: Oxygen monofluoride

abstract: Oxygen monofluoride is an unstable binary inorganic compound radical of fluorine and oxygen with the chemical formula OF. This is the simplest of many oxygen fluorides.

text:
# Oxygen monofluoride

**Oxygen monofluoride** is an unstable binary inorganic compound radical of fluorine and oxygen with the chemical formula OF. This is the simplest of many oxygen fluorides.

## Synthesis

* OF is a radical that can be formed by thermal of photolytic decomposition of OF
2.

OF2 → OF + F F + O3 → OF + O2

## Atmosphere

Oxygen- and fluorine-containing radicals like O2F and OF occur in the atmosphere. These, along with other halogen radicals, have been implicated in the destruction of ozone in the atmosphere. However, the oxygen monofluoride radicals are assumed to not play as big a role in the ozone depletion because free fluorine atoms in the atmosphere are believed to react with methane to produce hydrofluoric acid which precipitates in rain.

O3 \+ F → O2 \+ OF O + OF → O2 \+ F

## InfoBox

Oxygen monofluoride
| Names | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names Fluorine oxide, fluorooxy radical, fluorooxidanyl | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| Gmelin Reference | 535 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/FO/c1-2Key: FXOFAYKVTOLJTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * \[O\]F | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | OF |
| Molar mass | 35.00 g/mol |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: In the Precious Age

abstract: In the Precious Age is the seventh studio album by Japanese singer/songwriter Mari Hamada, released on September 1, 1987 by Invitation. Produced by Mike Clink, it is Hamada's first album to be recorded outside Japan. It features collaborations with Bobby Caldwell and Toto members Mike and Jeff Porcaro. The album was reissued alongside Hamada's past releases on January 15, 2014. In the Precious Age peaked at No. 29 on Oricon's albums chart.

text:
# In the Precious Age

***In the Precious Age*** is the seventh studio album by Japanese singer/songwriter Mari Hamada, released on September 1, 1987 by Invitation. Produced by Mike Clink, it is Hamada's first album to be recorded outside Japan. It features collaborations with Bobby Caldwell and Toto members Mike and Jeff Porcaro. The album was reissued alongside Hamada's past releases on January 15, 2014.

*In the Precious Age* peaked at No. 29 on Oricon's albums chart.

## Track listing

Side A
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Voice of Minds" |  | * Seals * Bogan | 4:22 |
| 2. | "Fire and Ice" | Hamada | Hiroyki Ohtsuki | 3:56 |
| 3. | "999 ~One More Reason~" | * Pat DeRemer * Damon Danielson * Hamada | * DeRemer * Danielson | 3:27 |
| 4. | "Lovelace" | Hamada | Ohtsuki | 3:02 |
| 5. | "In the Precious Age" | * DeRemer * Robin Lerner * Tom Harriman * Hamada | * DeRemer * Lerner * Harriman | 3:30 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Front Page" | * DeRemer * Danielson * Hamada | * DeRemer * Danielson | 4:27 |
| 2. | "My Trial" | Hamada | Ohtsuki | 4:34 |
| 3. | "Self-Love" | Hamada | Takanobu Masuda | 4:35 |
| 4. | "Saturation" | Hamada | Keiji Katayama | 3:38 |
| 5. | "Fall in Love" (English) | Hamada | Katayama | 3:26 |

CD bonus track
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ain't No Angel" | * Roy Freeland * Rick Neigher * Hamada | * Freeland * Neigher | 3:44 |

## Charts

| Chart (1987) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 29 |

## Personnel

(Credits courtesy of Sessiondays )

* Michael Landau \- guitar (all tracks except 3,5,8), acoustic guitar (10)
* Tim Pierce – guitar (3,11)
* Dan Huff – guitar (2,8)
* John Pierce – bass (all tracks except 3,5,7,10)
* Mike Porcaro – bass (3,7)
* Bill Cuomo – keyboards (all tracks except 4,10)
* John Van Tongeren – keyboards (1,7)
* Jeff Porcaro – drums (3,7)
* John Keane – drums, backing vocals (1,4,9,11)
* Mark Droubay – drums (2,8)
* Myron Grombacher – drums (6)
* Bobby Caldwell – backing vocals (1,7)

## InfoBox

| In the Precious Age | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mari Hamada | |
| Released | September 1, 1987 (1987-09-01) |
| Studio |  |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 38:56 |
| Language | * Japanese * English |
| Label | Invitation |
| Producer | Mike Clink |
| Mari Hamada chronology | |
| *Now & Then*
(1986) ***In the Precious Age***
(1987) *Anthology 1987*
(1987) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *In the Precious Age* | |
| 1. "999 ~One More Reason~"
Released: August 21, 1987 (1987-08-21) | |
|  | |


title: Pongolapoort Dam

abstract: Pongolapoort Dam, commonly referred to as Jozini Dam creating Lake Jozini, is an arch type dam in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa located on the Phongolo River. The dam is situated just north of the settlement of Jozini, 280 km north-east of the port city of Durban. The dam was constructed in 1973 at the eastern end of the narrow gorge separating the Lebombo and Ubombo ranges. The dam mainly serves for irrigation purposes and its hazard potential has been ranked high (3). The Phongolo River is the dam's largest feeder and outlet as well as the dam's only perennial feeder.

text:
# Pongolapoort Dam

**Pongolapoort Dam**, commonly referred to as **Jozini Dam** creating **Lake Jozini**, is an arch type dam (double-curvature single-arch) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa located on the Phongolo River. The dam is situated just north of the settlement of Jozini, 280 km north-east of the port city of Durban. The dam was constructed in 1973 at the eastern end of the narrow gorge separating the Lebombo and Ubombo ranges. The dam mainly serves for irrigation purposes and its hazard potential has been ranked high (3). The Phongolo River is the dam's largest feeder and outlet as well as the dam's only perennial feeder.

## History

Prior to the construction of the Pongolapoort Dam, the land was Africa's first formally recognised conservation area. The Pongola Game Reserve was proclaimed in 1894 by the then President of the Transvaal Republic Paul Kruger. This would ultimately lead to the proclamation of the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi, Mkuze and Ndumo Game Reserves as well as one of Africa's greatest wildlife conservation parks, the Kruger National Park.

## Wildlife

The dam is flanked by private wildlife reserves as well as the Pongola Game Reserve which has many private lodges as well campsite for fishing. Wildlife and birdlife abound in the area. Mammals to be sought include elephant, leopard, white and black rhinoceros, buffalo, hippopotamus, waterbuck, bushbuck, nyala, greater kudu, zebra, giraffe and spotted hyaena.

The dam and its surrounds support over 350 bird species which includes rarities such as African broadbill, saddle-billed and yellow-billed storks, African finfoot, Pel's fishing owl and Narina trogon. The dam also supports a breeding colony of pink-backed and great white pelicans. Additionally the dam supports a stable population of Nile crocodiles.

The dam is also home to the southernmost population of tigerfish. Other fish species include catfish and kurper.

## Water quality

No information regarding the water quality of the dam but can be assumed to be fair. The Pongola Rivers major form of pollution is agricultural pesticides which make their way into the river due to the heavy use of land for agriculture above the dam.

## Houseboat fire

Ballito based company *Shayamanzi Houseboats* is running a luxury houseboat operation on Lake Jozini. On 9 October 2021 one of the boats, *Shayamanzi I*, caught fire and completely burnt after a faulty engine overheated. The four crew members and five German tourists dived into the rough water, where three people (two crew member and one tourist) died,they were confirmed dead, while other people were never found and confirmed dead. The cause of the fire and possible negligence is under investigation by South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA).

## InfoBox

| Pongolapoort Dam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Pongolapoort Dam in South AfricaPongolapoort Dam (KwaZulu-Natal) | |
| Official name | Pongolapoort Dam |
| Country | South Africa |
| Location | Northern KwaZulu-Natal |
| Coordinates | 27°25′06″S 32°04′17″E / 27.4183°S 32.0714°E / -27.4183; 32.0714 |
| Purpose | Irrigation |
| Opening date | 1973 (1973) |
| Owner(s) | Department of Water Affairs |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Arch dam |
| Impounds | Phongolo River |
| Height | 89 m |
| Length | 451 m |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Pongolapoort Dam Reservoir |
| Total capacity | 2 445 900 000 m3 |
| Catchment area | 7814 km2 |
| Surface area | 13 272.8 ha |


title: Michael Roberts (mathematician)

abstract: Michael Roberts, was an Irish mathematician and academic of Trinity College, Dublin (TCD), who served as Erasmus Smith's Professor of Mathematics there 1862-1879.

text:
# Michael Roberts (mathematician)

**Michael Roberts** (18 April 1817 – 4 October 1882), was an Irish mathematician and academic of Trinity College, Dublin (TCD), who served as Erasmus Smith's Professor of Mathematics there 1862-1879.

## Life

Roberts was born into a well-established landed gentry family in County Cork, whose ancestors had settled there from Kent about 1630. His mother was of Scottish origins, descended from the Colonel Stewart who was governor of Edinburgh Castle and took part in the Jacobite rising of 1715.

Roberts had a twin brother, William, and they were educated together at Midleton School, Cork. A portrait is reported of Roberts and his twin brother at the age of sixteen. He entered TCD in 1833. He was awarded a classical scholarship in 1836, but studied mostly under the notable mathematician and natural philosopher James MacCullagh. On graduating BA in 1838, he was elected a fellow of Trinity, and in 1862 became Erasmus Smith's Professor of Mathematics, a position he held until 1879, when he was elected as Senior Fellow. In 1848 he had been appointed the first Professor of Mathematics at Queen's College, Galway, but he resigned from the position before the college opened to students in 1849.

## Research

Among Roberts's earlier lectures were a series on the Theory of Invariants and Covariants, on which he published papers. Next, he took an interest in hyperelliptic integrals, a subject developed by Jacobi, Riemann, and Weierstrass. In 1871 he published a "Tract on the Addition of Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Integrals", constructing a trigonometry of hyperelliptic functions on the analogy of that of elliptic functions.

Roberts discovered many properties of geodesic lines and lines of curvature on the ellipsoid, especially in relation to umbilics, and from 1845 published papers in the *Journal de Mathématiques*, the *Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy*, *Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal*, *Nouvelles Annales de Mathématiques*. In 1850 he wrote in the *Journal de Mathématiques* of the lines of curvature and asymptotic lines on a surface, at any point of which the sum of the principal curvatures is zero. The International Exhibition of 1851 at Hyde Park displayed a small model ellipsoid, on which the lines of curvature had been traced according to a method Roberts invented. Roberts published several papers on the properties and functions of the roots of algebraic equations, and on covariants and invariants. From 1868 to 1873 he published work in *Annali di Matematica*, including in 1869 and 1871 two papers on Abelian function.

## Personal life

In 1851, Roberts married Kate Atkin, a daughter of John Drew Atkin, of Merrion Square, Dublin, and they had seven children, three sons and four daughters.

In the 1870s, his health began to fail, and he died in Dublin in October 1882.


title: Princess of Zweeloo

abstract:
The Princess of Zweeloo or Zweeeloo Princess was a 5th-century woman whose grave was found in 1952 in Zweeloo, Coevorden municipality, Drenthe province, Netherlands. Her nickname comes from the richness of the grave goods found in her grave. Fragments of textile found in her grave show that she wore a linen gown with a woolen cloak or shawl. She had
a collection of 30 large glass beads around her waist, and the beads from her amber necklace form the largest collection of amber found in the Netherlands. Other finds from her grave include a brooch, made in northern Germany, in the form of a butterfly; an amulet made from the tooth of a beaver; a silver ring; a bronze armband; two bronze keys, and silver toilet articles. Some of these objects are displayed in the Drents Museum, in Assen, where they are classed as one of the "top exhibits". Her grave was one of a group of graves on the north eastern edge of a large excavation site. There are horse graves in the vicinity, and since horses were not buried as grave goods for women it is thought that her husband's grave may have been one of those lost to later sand extraction from the site.

text:
# Princess of Zweeloo

The **Princess of Zweeloo** or **Zweeeloo Princess** was a 5th-century woman whose grave was found in 1952 in Zweeloo, Coevorden municipality, Drenthe province, Netherlands. Her nickname comes from the richness of the grave goods found in her grave.

Fragments of textile found in her grave show that she wore a linen gown with a woolen cloak or shawl. She had a collection of 30 large glass beads around her waist, and the beads from her amber necklace form the largest collection of amber found in the Netherlands. Other finds from her grave include a brooch, made in northern Germany, in the form of a butterfly; an amulet made from the tooth of a beaver; a silver ring; a bronze armband; two bronze keys, and silver toilet articles. Some of these objects are displayed in the Drents Museum, in Assen, where they are classed as one of the "top exhibits".

Her grave was one of a group of graves on the north eastern edge of a large excavation site. There are horse graves in the vicinity, and since horses were not buried as grave goods for women it is thought that her husband's grave may have been one of those lost to later sand extraction from the site.


title: Porta Romana (Milan Metro)

abstract: Porta Romana is a station on Line 3 of the Milan Metro which opened on 16 December 1990 as part of the extension of the line from Duomo to Porta Romana. The line terminated here until 12 May 1991, when it was extended south to San Donato. The station is located at the extreme south of Corso di Porta Romana, in Piazza Medaglie d'Oro. According to the first projects, the station was to be called Medaglie d'Oro after the homonymous square. The station, like all others on Line 3, is underground, and it is the first one in the southern track to be built in a single tunnel, marking the exit from the city center. The station is near Bocconi University.

text:
# Porta Romana (Milan Metro)

**Porta Romana** is a station on Line 3 of the Milan Metro which opened on 16 December 1990 as part of the extension of the line from Duomo to Porta Romana. The line terminated here until 12 May 1991, when it was extended south to San Donato.

The station is located at the extreme south of Corso di Porta Romana, in Piazza Medaglie d'Oro. According to the first projects, the station was to be called *Medaglie d'Oro* after the homonymous square.

The station, like all others on Line 3, is underground, and it is the first one in the southern track to be built in a single tunnel, marking the exit from the city center.

The station is near Bocconi University.

## InfoBox

| Porta Romana | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Corso Lodi near Porta Romana, Milan |
| Coordinates | 45°27′06″N 9°12′11″E / 45.45167°N 9.20306°E / 45.45167; 9.20306 |
| Owned by | Azienda Trasporti Milanesi |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | STIBM: Mi1 |
| History | |
| Opened | 16 December 1990 (1990-12-16) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Milan Metro Following station  Crocettatowards Comasina  Line 3  Lodi T.I.B.B.towards San Donato | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Porta RomanaLocation in Milan Porta RomanaLocation in Lombardy Porta RomanaLocation in Northern Italy Porta RomanaLocation in Italy | |


title: Villaconancio

abstract: Villaconancio is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 85 inhabitants.

text:
# Villaconancio

**Villaconancio** is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 85 inhabitants.

41°52′N 4°13′W / 41.867°N 4.217°W / 41.867; -4.217

## InfoBox

| Villaconancio | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Palencia |
| Area | |
| Total | 34 km2 (13 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 63 |
| Density | 1.9/km2 (4.8/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


title: National Poultry Show

abstract: The National Poultry Show is the largest poultry show in the Southern Hemisphere, held quadrennially on the year of the Olympics and attracting exhibitors from across Australia. It was hosted in Canberra until 2014, when it transferred to Sydney in 2016 following a dispute between the Royal National Capital Agricultural Society and the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales over the issue of borrowing cages from RAS NSW to use for the show in Canberra. The show has in the past hosted 5,000 birds and 1,500 exhibitors, requiring up to 58 judges, some of whom have been international. The 2020 poultry show was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.

text:
# National Poultry Show

The **National Poultry Show** (previously the **Royal Canberra National Poultry Show**) is the largest poultry show in the Southern Hemisphere, held quadrennially on the year of the Olympics and attracting exhibitors from across Australia.

It was hosted in Canberra until 2014, when it transferred to Sydney in 2016 following a dispute between the Royal National Capital Agricultural Society and the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales (RAS NSW) over the issue of borrowing cages from RAS NSW to use for the show in Canberra.

The show has in the past hosted 5,000 birds and 1,500 exhibitors, requiring up to 58 judges, some of whom have been international.

The 2020 poultry show was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.


title: Pouteria silvestris

abstract: Pouteria silvestris is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Costa Rica.

text:
# Pouteria silvestris

***Pouteria silvestris*** is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| *Pouteria silvestris* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Sapotaceae |
| Genus: | *Pouteria* |
| Species: | ***P. silvestris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pouteria silvestris***
T.D.Penn. | |
|


title: New Zealand sprat

abstract: The New Zealand sprat is a herring-like, marine fish in the family Clupeidae found in the subtropical southwest Pacific Ocean endemic to New Zealand. It belongs to a genus Sprattus of small oily fish, usually known by their common name, sprats. Its depth range is from the surface to 110 m, and its length is up to 13 cm.

text:
# New Zealand sprat

The **New Zealand sprat** (*Sprattus muelleri*) is a herring-like, marine fish in the family Clupeidae found in the subtropical southwest Pacific Ocean endemic to New Zealand. It belongs to a genus *Sprattus* of small oily fish, usually known by their common name, sprats.

Its depth range is from the surface to 110 m, and its length is up to 13 cm.

## InfoBox

| New Zealand sprat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| New zealand sprat | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Clupeiformes |
| Family: | Clupeidae |
| Genus: | *Sprattus* |
| Species: | ***S. muelleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sprattus muelleri***
(Klunzinger, 1879) | |
|


title: PWS-19

abstract: The PWS-19 was a Polish reconnaissance and bomber plane prototype of the 1930s, constructed in the PWS.

text:
# PWS-19

The **PWS-19** was a Polish reconnaissance and bomber plane prototype of the 1930s, constructed in the PWS (*Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów* \- Podlasie Aircraft Factory).

## Development

The PWS-19 was constructed in 1930 in order to replace the French-designed bombers Potez 25 and Breguet 19 in the Polish Air Force. It was a development of the PWS-17, which remained unbuilt. Main designers were Zbysław Ciołkosz and Antoni Uszacki. It was planned to be produced in two variants: reconnaissance PWS-19A2 and bomber PWS-19B2. It was a conventional design, a strutted high-wing monoplane with quite elegant silhouette, open cockpits and fixed landing gear. It was fitted with double tailfins to obtain a good field of defense fire.

In 1934 Antoni Uszacki designed a smaller plane basing on the PWS-19, designated **PWS U-6**, with G-1620 Mors 400 hp engine. It participated in a contest for an army cooperation plane, but lost against RWD-14 Czapla and was not built.

## Operational history

The only prototype first flew in Biała Podlaska in September 1931. During tests it showed quite good flight characteristics, although the rudders had to be enlarged to improve manoeuvrability and stability. However, on March 17, in 1933, the wings distorted in a dive and the prototype crashed (killing an observer). The Air Force considered ordering the PWS-19A2 powered by a Bristol Pegasus engine, but at the same time, a more modern aircraft the PZL.23 Karaś had been developed by PZL \- a low-wing monoplane of all-metal construction. As a result, works upon the PWS-19 stopped.

## Description

Mixed construction high-wing (parasol) monoplane. A fuselage of a steel frame, covered with duralumin in front section and canvas in mid and rear sections. Two-spar wings, of wooden construction, plywood covered. Stabilizers, rudder and elevator of metal construction, canvas covered. Twin vertical tailfins. Crew of two (pilot and observer/gunner) in open individual cockpits. Conventional fixed landing gear, with a rear skid. The plane was fitted with RKL/D radio and camera.

Engine: 9 cylinder air-cooled radial Pratt & Whitney Hornet T2 in front, with a Townend ring (there were optional Bristol Jupiter VII or Bristol Pegasus). Two-blade metal propeller of a fixed pitch. Fuel tank 420 L in a fuselage, dropped in emergency.

Armament: single fixed front-mounted 7.7 mm Vickers machinegun with an interrupter gear, in the right fuselage side, single 7.7mm Vickers on a ring mounting of the observer. Up to 250 kg bombs (maximum bomb size - up to 50 kg).

## Operators

Poland

## Specifications

*Data from*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2 (pilot, observer/gunner)
* **Length:** 9.17 m (30 ft 1 in)
* **Wingspan:** 14.5 m (47 ft 7 in)
* **Height:** 3.16 m (10 ft 4 in)
* **Wing area:** 29 m2 (310 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 1,340 kg (2,954 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 1,950 kg (4,299 lb)
* **Max takeoff weight:** 2,185 kg (4,817 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Pratt & Whitney Hornet T2 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 391 kW (525 hp) (nominal)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 234 km/h (145 mph, 126 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 190 km/h (120 mph, 100 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 99 km/h (62 mph, 53 kn) ~
* **Range:** 700 km (430 mi, 380 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 7,200 m (23,600 ft)
* **Rate of climb:** 7.5 m/s (1,480 ft/min)
* **Wing loading:** 67 kg/m2 (14 lb/sq ft)

**Armament**

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

## Further reading

* Glass, Andrzej (1977). *Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893–1939* (in Polish). Warsaw: WKiŁ.

## InfoBox

| PWS-19 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Reconnaissance / bomber plane |
| Manufacturer | PWS |
| Status | Prototype |
| Primary user | Polish Air Force |
| Number built | 1 |
| History | |
| First flight | September 1931 |


title: Serniki

abstract: Serniki is a village in Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Serniki. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Lubartów and 22 km (14 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Serniki

**Serniki** \[sɛrˈniki\] is a village in Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Serniki. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Lubartów and 22 km (14 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Serniki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Church of Saint Mary Magdalene | |
| Serniki | |
| Coordinates: 51°26′N 22°40′E / 51.433°N 22.667°E / 51.433; 22.667 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Lubartów |
| Gmina | Serniki |


title: Micronesia Challenge

abstract: The Micronesia Challenge is a regional inter-governmental initiative in the western Pacific region that would facilitate more effective conservation of marine and forest resources in Micronesia. On 5 November 2005, President of Palau Tommy E. Remengesau, Jr. called on his regional peers to join him in the Micronesia Challenge, which would conserve 30 percent of near shore coastal waters and 20 percent of forest land by 2020. Joining the initiative were Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and Marshall Islands, and the U.S. territories of Guam and Northern Mariana Islands. These nations and territories represent nearly 5 percent of the marine area of the Pacific Ocean and 7 percent of its coastlines.

text:
# Micronesia Challenge

The **Micronesia Challenge** is a regional inter-governmental initiative in the western Pacific region that would facilitate more effective conservation of marine and forest resources in Micronesia.

On 5 November 2005, President of Palau Tommy E. Remengesau, Jr. called on his regional peers to join him in the Micronesia Challenge, which would conserve 30 percent of near shore coastal waters and 20 percent of forest land by 2020. Joining the initiative were Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and Marshall Islands, and the U.S. territories of Guam and Northern Mariana Islands. These nations and territories represent nearly 5 percent of the marine area of the Pacific Ocean and 7 percent of its coastlines.


title: Gerhard Franz

abstract: Gerhard Franz was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

text:
# Gerhard Franz

**Gerhard Franz** (26 February 1902 – 24 December 1975) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

## Awards and decorations

* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) \[1986\]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* \[*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*\] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.

## InfoBox

| Gerhard Franz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 26 February 1902 |
| Died | 24 December 1975(1975-12-24) (aged 73) |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Army |
| Years of service | 1917–45 |
| Rank | Generalmajor |
| Commands | 256. Volksgrenadier-Division |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


title: Porta San Giorgio, Florence

abstract: The Porta San Giorgio is a medieval gateway located on the south-east end of the Oltrarno walls of Florence, Italy. Ramparts of the Belvedere fortress, begun in 1590, stand adjacent to the gate. The road away from Florence soon passes the church of San Leonardo in Arcetri.

text:
# Porta San Giorgio, Florence

The **Porta San Giorgio** is a medieval gateway located on the south-east end of the Oltrarno walls of Florence, Italy. Ramparts of the Belvedere fortress, begun in 1590, stand adjacent to the gate. The road away from Florence soon passes the church of San Leonardo in Arcetri.

## History and decoration

The gateway was erected in 1324 in the sixth and last set of walls for the city of Florence. It was named after the nearby, but no longer extant, Church of San Giorgio. Giorgio Vasari attributed the architecture to Bernardo Daddi, although more recently it has been attributed to Andrea Orcagna. In 1529, during the siege of Florence, the gateway was sealed by Michelangelo, to defend it against cannonades. In a reconstruction during 1937, the inner portal was widened.

The interior lunette of the archway has a 14th-century fresco by Bicci di Lorenzo, *Madonna and Child Between Saints*, with St George on the right in armor, his shield bearing a red cross on a white field, once the heraldic symbol of Florence. On the outer face is a marble plaque with a bas-relief, *St George Slaying the Dragon*, by Andrea da Pontedera.

43°45′47″N 11°15′18″E / 43.76293°N 11.25497°E / 43.76293; 11.25497


title: Villadangos del Páramo

abstract: Villadangos del Páramo is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,018 inhabitants.

text:
# Villadangos del Páramo

**Villadangos del Páramo** (Spanish pronunciation: \[biʎaˈðaŋɡos ðel ˈpaɾamo\]) is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,018 inhabitants.

42°31′N 5°46′W / 42.517°N 5.767°W / 42.517; -5.767

## InfoBox

| Villadangos del Páramo, Spain | |
| --- | --- |
| Villadangos del Páramo Town Hall | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | León |
| Municipality | Villadangos del Páramo |
| Area | |
| Total | 45 km2 (17 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 1,094 |
| Density | 24/km2 (63/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: National Power Training Institute

abstract: National Power Training Institute (NPTI), is a government training institution under Ministry of Power, Government of India with its Corporate Office at Faridabad. NPTI had been providing its dedicated service for more than five decades.

text:
# National Power Training Institute

**National Power Training Institute (NPTI)**, is a government training institution under Ministry of Power, Government of India with its Corporate Office at Faridabad. NPTI had been providing its dedicated service for more than five decades.

## History

The Central Water and Power Commission (Power Wing) established Thermal Power Station Personnel Training Institutes in 1965–1975 at Neyveli (1965), Durgapur (1968), Badarpur, Delhi (1974) and Nagpur (1975) for training the engineers of thermal power stations which were being established in the country during that time. It also established the Power Systems Training Institute (PSTI) in 1972 and Hot Line Training Centre (HLTC) in 1974 at Bangalore. With the bifurcation of the Central Water and Power Commission into the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and Central Water Commission (CWC) in the 1970s, the Institute came under the Central Electricity Authority (CEA). In the late 1970s the Raj Dekshya Committee set up by the Government of India to improve the power sector of the country recommended among many things formal training for the personnel employed in the power industry. Accordingly, the Indian Electricity Rule was amended to make training mandatory for the personnel employed in the generating stations and associated sub stations. With this the Thermal Power Station Personnel Training Institutes under the Central Electricity Authority were carved out and formed into a separate autonomous body under the Ministry of Power as the Power Engineers Training Society (PETS) in 1980 to give more importance to Power Training and to have an accelerated growth of the Institutes. Later, in 1993 Power Engineers Training Society (PETS) was renamed as National Power Training Institute (NPTI). Power Systems Training Institute (PSTI) and Hot Line Training Centre (HLTC) was merged with NPTI in 2002.

The National Power Training Institute (NPTI) grew continuously through the tenure of Indian governments. The Institute, which previously conducted training only in thermal power generation has now equipped itself to conduct training in all segments of the power sector i.e. generation, transmission and distribution. In the last four decades of its existence NPTI has trained thousands of engineers, supervisors and technicians from most of the Electricity Boards, public and private sector utilities and personnel from developing nations.

## InfoBox

National Power Training Institute
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | Praveenyam Paropavarthishcha |
| Motto in English | Together in Pursuit of Excellence |
| Established | 1965 (1965) |
| Director General | Dr. Tripta Thakur |
| Location | 28°27′44″N 77°18′53″E / 28.462222°N 77.314722°E / 28.462222; 77.314722 |
| Headquarters | Faridabad, Haryana, India |
| Website | npti.gov.in |


title: Portland Museum of Art

abstract: The Portland Museum of Art, or PMA, is the largest and oldest public art institution in Maine. Founded as the Portland Society of Art in 1882. It is located in the downtown area known as The Arts District in Portland, Maine.

text:
# Portland Museum of Art

The **Portland Museum of Art**, or PMA, is the largest and oldest public art institution in Maine. Founded as the **Portland Society of Art** in 1882. It is located in the downtown area known as The Arts District in Portland, Maine.

## History

The PMA used a variety of exhibition spaces until 1908; that year Margaret Jane Mussey Sweat bequeathed her three-story mansion, now known as the **McLellan House**, and sufficient funds to create a gallery in memory of her late husband, Lorenzo De Medici Sweat, who was a U.S. Representative. Noted New England architect John Calvin Stevens designed the **L. D. M. Sweat Memorial Galleries**, which opened to the public in 1911.

Over the next 65 years, as the size and scope of the exhibitions expanded, the limitations of the museum's galleries, storage, and support areas became apparent. From 1960 to 1962, Donelson Hoopes served as its director. In 1976, Maine native Charles Shipman Payson promised the museum his collection of 17 paintings by Winslow Homer. Recognizing the museum's physical limitations, he also gave $8 million toward the building of an addition to be designed by Henry Nichols Cobb of I. M. Pei & Partners. Construction began on the Charles Shipman Payson Building in 1981, and within two years the $8.2 million facility was opened to the public.

Payson's gift of the Homer paintings served as a catalyst for the museum's expansion as well as for significant long-term loans and outright gifts to the museum. In direct response to the Payson gift, the 1979 gift of the Hamilton Easter Field Art Foundation Collection added more than 50 paintings, sculptures, and works on paper by American modernists to the collection. In 1991, the Joan Whitney Payson Collection (owned by Charles Payson's wife Joan Whitney, a Whitney family heiress and New York City socialite) of 20 impressionist and post-impressionist works of art was given to the museum on permanent loan. In 1996, Elizabeth B. Noyce, art collector and Maine philanthropist, bequeathed 66 works of American art, which is the most extensive and diverse gift of American art ever presented to the museum.

The PMA attracts approximately 140,000 visitors a year, and has around 8,500 members.

## Collection

The museum's collection includes more than 22,000 artworks, dating from the 18th century to the present. The PMA's collection features works by artists including Winslow Homer, Marsden Hartley, John Marin, Louise Nevelson, Andrew Wyeth and John Greenleaf Cloudman. The museum has the largest European collection in Maine. The major European movements from impressionism through surrealism are represented by the Joan Whitney Payson, Albert Otten, and Scott M. Black collections, which include works by Giambattista Pittoni, Mary Cassatt, Edgar Degas, René Magritte, Claude Monet, Edvard Munch, Pablo Picasso, and Auguste Rodin. The **Elizabeth B. Noyce Collection**, a bequest of 66 paintings and sculptures, includes paintings by George Bellows, Alfred Thompson Bricher, Abraham Walkowitz, and Jamie Wyeth, and masterpieces by Childe Hassam, Fitz Henry Lane, and N. C. Wyeth.

## Facilities

The museum's three architecturally significant buildings unite three centuries that showcase the history of American art and culture.

Since its opening in 1983, the Charles Shipman Payson Building has been the public face of the museum. Although the original vision of both the architect and the museum's strategic plan was to integrate all three buildings, the Charles Shipman Payson Building the L. D. M. Sweat Memorial Galleries, and the McLellan House only recently has the museum been positioned to achieve this goal. In January 2000, the museum launched a $13.5 million capital campaign to raise funds for the preservation and educational interpretation of its two historic structures.

The project to integrate the three buildings began in the fall of 2000 and was completed in October 2002. The McLellan House and L. D. M. Sweat Memorial Galleries have an emphasis on 19th-century American art, and the Payson Building houses European and American works from the 20th and 21st centuries. The project to "complete the Museum" returned the McLellan House to its original neoclassical elegance and the L. D. M. Sweat Memorial Galleries to their Beaux-Arts splendor, in the process creating distinctive spaces for the museum's outstanding collection of 19th-century American art. The museum's expanded space allows a more complete presentation of the permanent collection, which in recent years has grown in quality and historical importance. In 2014, Scott Simons Architects was engaged to develop a campus masterplan to help position the museum for growth. The museum is open from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. every day except Monday and Tuesday.

In 2022, the museum presented plans for a 5,600 m2 (60,000 sq ft) expansion, announcing four finalist teams led by international firms Adjaye Associates, Toshiko Mori, MVRDV, and LEVER who created the winning design.

## InfoBox

Portland Museum of Art
| McLellan House, Portland Museum of Art | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Portland, Maine |
| Coordinates | 43°39′13″N 70°15′44″W / 43.65361°N 70.26222°W / 43.65361; -70.26222 |
| Type | Art Museum |
| Website | portlandmuseum.org |


# New Zealand at the 1988 Summer Paralympics

New Zealand won 17 medals at the 1988 Summer Paralympics: 2 golds, 4 silver and 11 bronze medals.

## InfoBox

| New Zealand at the
1988 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | NZL |
| NPC | Paralympics New Zealand |
| Website | paralympics.org.nz |
| in Seoul | |
| Medals
Ranked 30th | Gold 2 Silver 4 Bronze 11 Total 17 |
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: PWS-23

abstract: PWS-23 was a Polish heavy bomber and transport plane design created by Zbysław Ciołkosz and Antoni Uszacki of the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów (PWS) factory in Biała Podlaska. Intended as a heavier, trimotor version of the PWS-22 and submitted along with it to the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs in 1929, it was intended as a possible replacement for outdated Farman Goliath and improvised Fokker F.VII bombers in use by the Polish Army at the time. It was created in two possible configurations: the PWS-23 B3N and PWS-23T. However, both designs were rejected along with the PWS-22, and the PWS-23 remained on paper only.

text:
# PWS-23

**PWS-23** was a Polish heavy bomber and transport plane design created by Zbysław Ciołkosz and Antoni Uszacki of the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów (PWS) factory in Biała Podlaska. Intended as a heavier, trimotor version of the PWS-22 and submitted along with it to the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs in 1929, it was intended as a possible replacement for outdated Farman Goliath and improvised Fokker F.VII bombers in use by the Polish Army at the time. It was created in two possible configurations: the **PWS-23 B3N** (B3N being an acronym for "bomber, trimotor, night") and **PWS-23T** (T for transport). However, both designs were rejected along with the PWS-22, and the PWS-23 remained on paper only.

## History

In the early 1920s the Polish Army was seeking home-made "retribution bombers", that is heavy bombers in modern terminology. However, all proposals by Polish aircraft manufacturers were rejected as none were deemed skilled and experienced enough to build large, complicated bombers. Because of that the newly created 2nd Destroyer Squadron of the 1st Air Regiment in 1926 was equipped with 32 Farman Goliath bombers bought in France. However soon it became clear that the French bomber, designed in 1918, was already obsolete. Furthermore, the Goliaths were seriously underpowered and could not fly on one engine only, a serious flaw in a bomber. Because of that the Department of Air of the Ministry of Military Affairs renewed interest in a home-produced heavy bomber.

As a stop-gap solution, the Polish state bought in February 1928 a license for Fokker F.VIIB/3m long-range passenger aircraft to be produced at the Lublin-based Plage i Laśkiewicz works. By the end of that year Jerzy Rudlicki of Plage i Laśkiewicz modified the design to build the plane in bomber configuration as well: windows were sealed, the passenger cabin replaced with bomb racks for up to 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb) bombs and a single dorsal machine gun nest. The plane, while mechanically sound, was but a stop-gap solution and the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs continued to seek a full-featured replacement for the Goliaths.

Meanwhile the LOT Polish Airlines were seeking a modern passenger plane to replace its ageing fleet of Junkers F.13 and Fokker F.VIIB/3m, and PWS-23T was presented to the Department of Aeronautics to compete with the T-600 design by State Aviation Works in June 1928. PWS' design was more complicated than its competitor, but provided accommodation for up to 20 passengers and 400 kilograms (880 lb) of cargo, twice as much as the competitor. In the end however the T-600 was accepted and a single prototype was built for evaluation under the new PZL.4 designation.

The night bomber shared a similar fate. In 1929 Plage i Laśkiewicz presented the ministry with a much heavier "flying fortress" Lublin R-XVIII design, while PWS sent two projects: PWS-22 and PWS-23. Eventually all designs were rejected and the unsuccessful LWS-6 Żubr was chosen as an interim design before the modern PZL.37 Łoś could be introduced in the 1930s. The PWS-23 remained a project only.

## Technical description

The PWS-23 was a high parasol wing aircraft of mixed construction, with a fixed undercarriage. A geodetic airframe of welded steel or aluminium tubing was to be covered with plywood and canvas. The wooden parasol wings reinforced with two girders were attached to the fuselage with a pyramid-like mounting.

Defensive armament included 5 machine guns, including two in a double nose mount, 2 in a double dorsal mount and 1 in a ventral retractable turret. The bombload was to exceed 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb). The avionics included a radio, electric installation for night flights and cabin heating for the crew.

Both the bomber and transport versions were to be powered by three Bristol Jupiter IV 9Asb engines of 309–331 kilowatts (414–444 hp), including two tractors and one pusher.


title: Independence Day (book series)

abstract: The feature film Independence Day has been the inspiration for a series of novels. The first three novels were originally published in the 1990s based on the 1996 release of the first film, and were republished in March 2016 as a single-volume edition.

text:
# Independence Day (book series)

The feature film *Independence Day* has been the inspiration for a series of novels. The first three novels were originally published in the 1990s based on the 1996 release of the first film, and were republished in March 2016 as a single-volume edition (*The Complete Independence Day Omnibus*).

## *Independence Day*

The first book in the series is the novelization of the first film. Author Stephen Molstad wrote the novel to help promote the film shortly before its release. The novel goes into further detail on the characters, situations, and overall concepts not explored in the film. The novel presents the film's finale as originally scripted, with the character played by Randy Quaid stealing a missile and roping it to his cropduster biplane.

## *Independence Day: Silent Zone*

Following the film's success, a prequel novel entitled *Independence Day: Silent Zone* was written by Molstad in February 1998. The novel is set in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and details the early career of Dr. Brackish Okun.

## *Independence Day: War in the Desert*

Molstad wrote a third novel, *Independence Day: War in the Desert* in July 1999. Set in Saudi Arabia on July 3, it centers around Captain Cummins and Colonel Thompson (ranks corrected to Squadron Leader and Group Captain respectively in the Omnibus reissue which only contains the first three novels), the two Royal Air Force officers seen receiving the Morse code message in the film.

## *Independence Day: Crucible*

*Independence Day: Crucible*, by Greg Keyes, is the fourth book in the series, published in May 2016 bridging the events of *Independence Day* and its sequel.

## *Independence Day: Resurgence*

*Independence Day: Resurgence*, by Alex Irvine, is the novelization of the film of the same name, and the fifth book in the series. It was published on June 21, 2016, three days before the release of the second film on June 24, 2016.

## InfoBox

*Independence Day*
| * *Independence Day* * *Independence Day: Silent Zone* * *Independence Day: War in the Desert* * *Independence Day: Crucible* * *Independence Day: Resurgence*  --- | |
| --- | --- |
| Author |  |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher |  |
| Published | 1996–2016 |
| Media type | Print (hardcover and paperback) |


title: George A. Peapples

abstract: George Alan Peapples was a General Motors executive who was United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1977 to 1980.

text:
# George A. Peapples

**George Alan Peapples** (born November 6, 1940; died March 7, 2012) was a General Motors executive who was United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) from 1977 to 1980.

## Early life

Peapples was born in Benton Harbor, Michigan. He was educated at the University of Michigan, receiving a B.A. in Economics in 1962 and an M.B.A. in Finance in 1963. Peapples was also the Drum Major for the University of Michigan Marching Band.

## Career

Peapples began his career in the General Motors financial staff in Detroit. In 1968, he was transferred to the GM treasurer's office in New York City. He was promoted in 1971 to director of the capital analysis and investments section. In 1973, he became assistant divisional comptroller of GM's Delco Moraine division. He became assistant treasurer, bank relations of GMC in 1975.

On October 12, 1977, President of the United States Jimmy Carter nominated Peapples as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller). Peapples held this office from November 3, 1977, until September 1980. He was awarded the Navy Distinguished Public Service Medal for his work in the United States Department of the Navy.

On leaving government service, Peapples returned to GM as assistant comptroller of the corporation. In 1982, he was made vice-president and finance manager of General Motors Canada, and in 1986, he was promoted to become president and general manager of General Motors Canada. Peapples also served as a director of the Conference Board of Canada.

## Personal life

Peapples died in 2012 in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

## InfoBox

| George A. Peapples | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1940-11-06)November 6, 1940
Benton Harbor, Michigan |
| Died | March 7, 2012(2012-03-07) (aged 71)
Ann Arbor, MI |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan |
| Occupation | Businessperson |


title: Michaelis (dictionary)

abstract: Michaelis is a brand of dictionaries of the Portuguese language published in Brazil by Melhoramentos. Under this brand are also books about the grammar of a variety of foreign languages. The first Michaelis dictionary was created by the end of the 19th century by the German lexicographer Henriette Michaelis in a partnership with her sister Carolina Michaelis de Vasconcelos. The dictionary has versions in Portuguese, English, Spanish, Italian, French, German, and Japanese.

text:
# Michaelis (dictionary)

***Michaelis*** is a brand of dictionaries of the Portuguese language published in Brazil by Melhoramentos. Under this brand are also books about the grammar of a variety of foreign languages. The first *Michaelis* dictionary was created by the end of the 19th century by the German lexicographer Henriette Michaelis in a partnership with her sister Carolina Michaelis de Vasconcelos. The dictionary has versions in Portuguese, English, Spanish, Italian, French, German, and Japanese.

## History

In July 2015, an online petition by the LGBT community was created demanding the dictionary to review the definition of "marriage". The definition was, among others, a "legitimate union between man and woman". The petition requested that the word "people" were used instead of "man" and "woman". The petition got more than three thousand endorsements. The director of Melhoramentos made the requested changes.

During an event in April 2023, digital edition of Michaelis dictionary paid homage to footballer Pelé by incorporating him as a lemma, a few months subsequent to his death. It was reported that the printed versions of the dictionary would also feature this inclusion. The synonyms for "pelé", a noun and adjective that can be used for both masculine and feminine contexts, are "exceptional, incomparable, and unique".