title: Merton Abbey Works

abstract: The Merton Abbey Works was a textile printing factory in Merton, then part of Surrey but now in Greater London, England. Textile industries were active there from approximately 1690 until 1940. From 1880 to 1940, the Works were the factory of the Arts and Crafts movement design firm Morris & Co. The Works were demolished after the closure of Morris & Co in 1940.

text:
# Merton Abbey Works

The **Merton Abbey Works** was a textile printing factory in Merton, then part of Surrey but now in Greater London, England. Textile industries were active there from approximately 1690 until 1940. From 1880 to 1940, the Works were the factory of the Arts and Crafts movement design firm Morris & Co. The Works were demolished after the closure of Morris & Co in 1940.

## The site

Little is known about the premises of the Works before the nineteenth century, when maps, art, photography, and published descriptions of the site all documented its layout. However, an archaeological dig by Museum of London Archaeology in 1992 confirmed that several of the buildings used by the Works dated from the 1700s and two of the buildings in the site's street frontage originated in the 1500s.

When Morris & Co. began their lease in 1881, the Works consisted of a seven-acre site spanning the River Wandle, which runs northeast through the area. The smaller northwestern portion of the premises ran south from Merton High Street to the river and included a street frontage of old homes with a yard and factory buildings beyond. A wooden bridge crossed the Wandle. Beyond the river, the site expanded both south and east, and included a millpond and fields as well as a further factory building. A copper mill, later converted to a paper and cardboard mill, lay to the north and east of the site. To the south was Merton Abbey railway station and, beyond the railway tracks, Merton Abbey Mills.

## History

The Works were part of a long history of textile industry along the River Wandle in what is now southwest London. These industries took advantage of the river’s clean water to bleach and dye fabrics. The first textile industry along the river, in the mid-1600s, was bleaching. By the 1690s, calico printers were also working there.

The Works occupied part of the former site of Merton Priory. After the Priory was destroyed during dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s, several industrial premises were set up on its former lands. By the 1660s, these industries included a bleaching ground. In 1724, a calico printworks had opened at Merton Abbey Mills and in 1752 another followed just downriver (north) at the Merton Abbey Works.

The Works was used by many fabric-printing firms throughout the second half of the 1700s and the first half of the 1800s. Between 1752 and around 1819, the works were used for calico-printing. They were then variously used to print silks, calicos, and woolens between 1819 and 1844. In 1846, Thomas Welch took possession of the Works and began to use it to print tablecloths. Welch's work became well known: one of his tablecloths won a prize medal at the Great Exhibition in 1851. Afterwards, the factory was written about in *The Illustrated exhibitor and magazine of art.* By the late 1870s, however, Welch's firm was on the wane, and by 1880 they were ready to give up their lease.

## Morris & Co.

By the end of the 1870s, Morris & Co. had outgrown their premises at 26 Queen Square, a row house in Bloomsbury, central London. The company's showroom moved to Oxford Street in 1877, and by the end of 1880, the need for a dedicated manufacturing space was also clear. William Morris set out to find a factory space with his friend, ceramicist William De Morgan, who was also looking for a space for his pottery operation. After visiting several sites on the outskirts of London and as far away as Blockley in the Cotswolds, Morris settled on the Merton Abbey Works. The site had much to offer: convenience to central London, the good dyeing water of the Wandle, and the pre-existing buildings and dye facilities of the Welch factory. Morris signed a lease, and in June 1881, Morris & Co. moved in. De Morgan did not join them, but set up his pottery nearby in Merton.

Morris & Co. converted the existing factory buildings to their needs. The primary buildings were two long, two-story "sheds", one on either side of the river. The shed on the north side ran alongside a factory yard. It housed the dye workshop on the ground floor and the stained glass workshop above. The shed on the south side was near the millpond. The hand-weaving workshop for tapestries and carpets was on the ground floor and the fabric printing room was above.

Another smaller shed on the north side of the river held a workshop for semi-automated Jacquard-weave looms. Later, in 1909, another workshop was added in the factory yard to accommodate the company's expansion into the repair of historic tapestries. A shed overhanging the river held a wheel that was used for washing fabric.

In 1886, the American poet Emma Lazarus visited Morris at the Works. In her article about the visit, she recorded that "One is not surprised to find his factory a scene of cheerful, uncramped industry, where toil looks like pleasure, where flowers are blooming in the windows, and sunshine and fresh air brighten the faces of artist and mechanic."

The move to Merton Abbey enabled Morris & Co. to expand their manufacturing operations and to pursue new techniques. Morris had long wanted to find a vivid, consistent, and lightfast blue dye, but had been disappointed by experiments with his former collaborator and manufacturer, Thomas Wardle. At the Merton Abbey Works, Morris and his master-dyers were able to use the indigo discharge technique to achieve the blue he wanted. Inspired, Morris designed many printed fabrics using the technique. One, *Wandle* (1884), was named "to honour our helpful stream."

Morris & Co. operated at the Merton Abbey Works for almost 60 years, creating a wide range of products. However, some of their most well-known goods were manufactured elsewhere, such as wallpapers, which were manufactured by Jeffrey & Co in Islington, London.

**Morris & Co. Products Manufactured at the Merton Abbey Works**

* Dyed embroidery and weaving threads
* Hand-woven carpets
* Hand-woven tapestries
* Jacquard-woven fabrics
* Printed fabrics
* Stained glass
* Tapestry repair

## After Morris & Co.

Morris & Co. closed in 1940. The Merton Abbey Works site was sold to the neighboring cardboard factory, the New Merton Board Mills. The Board Mills expanded onto the site, demolishing the Merton Abbey Works buildings and building on its open land. The Board Mills operated until 1984. The site was then redeveloped. The eastern portion of the site is now part of the premises of a Sainsbury's shopping centre, and the western portion is office buildings.

### Footnotes

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Merton Abbey Works | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Pond at William Morris's Works at Merton*, L.L. Pocock, c. 1880s | |
|  | |
| Operated | c. 1690s–1940 |
| Location | Merton |
| Coordinates | 51°24′55″N 0°10′59″W / 51.41539168°N 0.183062017°W / 51.41539168; -0.183062017 |
| Industry | Textile industry, Calico printing, Textile printing, Weaving, Stained glass |
| Employees | John Henry Dearle |
| Owner(s) | Morris & Co., William Morris |


title: Fernandocrambus parva

abstract: Fernandocrambus parva is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1965. It is found in Chile.

text:
# Fernandocrambus parva

***Fernandocrambus parva*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1965. It is found in Chile.

## InfoBox

| *Fernandocrambus parva* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Fernandocrambus* |
| Species: | ***F. parva*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Fernandocrambus parva***<br>(J. F. G. Clarke, 1965) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Juania parva* J. F. G. Clarke, 1965 | |


title: Heroes (novel)

abstract: Heroes is a 1998 novel written by Robert Cormier. The novel is centred on the character Francis Cassavant, a disfigured young man who has just returned to his childhood home of Frenchtown, Massachusetts, from serving in the Second World War in order to take revenge on a man who sexually assaulted his childhood sweetheart. The structure of the novel involves the use of flashbacks to Francis's childhood in Frenchtown and the events in Frenchtown following the war, when Francis returns.

text:
# Heroes (novel)

***Heroes*** is a 1998 novel written by Robert Cormier. The novel is centred on the character Francis Cassavant, a disfigured young man who has just returned to his childhood home of Frenchtown, Massachusetts, from serving in the Second World War in order to take revenge on a man who sexually assaulted his childhood sweetheart. The structure of the novel involves the use of flashbacks to Francis's childhood in Frenchtown and the events in Frenchtown following the war, when Francis returns.

## Plot

In 1939, teenager Francis Cassavant and his childhood sweetheart Nicole Renard, as well as most young people in Frenchtown, frequent the 'Wreck Centre', the town's recreation centre, headed by charismatic and well-known local figure Larry LaSalle, who was renowned for transforming the lives of the town's children via sports, crafts and dance lessons.

Larry takes a liking to Francis and Nicole especially: he encourages Francis to take up table tennis, at which Francis excels, winning a tournament. He also encourages Nicole to dance which she excels at, too.

In 1941, Pearl Harbor is bombed, and Larry is one of the first men from Frenchtown to enlist in the forces, becoming a marine. While Larry is absent fighting in the Second World War, Francis and Nicole's relationship blossoms. Larry is regularly featured on the news due to his acts of bravery and valour.

In 1942, Larry returns to Frenchtown on leave, and after a celebration welcoming him, he takes the young people to the Wreck Centre. After further festivities, everyone eventually leaves except Larry, Francis and Nicole. Larry orders Francis to leave so he can 'dance' with Nicole, but she silently begs Francis to stay, sensing something wrong. Francis, not willing to disobey Larry due to him being the reason why his table tennis career had been successful, leaves sheepishly, but not before he hears Larry raping Nicole. Too afraid to do anything, Nicole screams at him after Larry had finished and ends their relationship.

Depressed and suicidal following the incident, Francis enlists in the army and attempts to kill himself by throwing himself onto a grenade, however this backfires and Francis is discharged from the forces with severe facial deformities and a Silver Star medal for his bravery in action. In 1945, he returns to Frenchtown and is not recognised by the locals due to his injuries. He returns with the intention to murder Larry as revenge for what he did to Nicole.

Francis, with a gun, visits the now older and weaker Larry to confront him. Larry attempts to manipulate Francis as he did when he was younger into forgiving him, telling him there was nothing he could do to stop the rape as he was just a child, but Francis replies that Nicole was just a child, too. Larry takes out his own gun and commits suicide.

Francis visits a local school where Nicole is staying - he tells her he understands he can never rekindle their relationship, but Nicole kisses him, telling him she realised he truly could not have helped her. They solemnly say goodbye and go their separate ways.

## Themes

The novel has a very complicated outlook on heroism and what defines a hero. Francis is considered to be a hero as his actions during the war saved the lives of others, but the reader is asked to consider if cowardly actions can result in heroic consequences.

The ramifications of war are explored within the text, arguably with the trauma inflicted upon Nicole & Francis by Larry LaSalle representing the way war pays no regard to its effect on people, especially the young.

Religion is also a key theme as Francis is a devoted Catholic. The place of religion within the community of Frenchtown is often emphasised and the values instilled through his Catholic upbringing affects the decisions that Francis makes throughout his life. He also doesn't acknowledge that he is a hero he says that he was just there.

## Characters

There are three main characters in the book:

* **Francis Cassavant**: the main protagonist of the book. He narrates the story in a series of flashbacks, after throwing himself on a grenade to supposedly save his fellow soldiers in the war. This disfigures his face badly; his skin being burnt, 'no ears to speak of except for bits of dangling flesh', his teeth being blown out by the explosion but replaced by dentures, his hair has also been described as falling out. Francis's nostrils are often spoken of as the physical disfigurement which plagues him the most, as they often run and have caused him to wear a bandage over them, secured with a pin at the back of his head which makes it difficult for him to clean. Francis tells how his unsightly appearance often shocks and disturbs passers-by, and as a measure to prevent this wears a white, silk aviator's scarf around the lower half of his face given to him by his hospital friend Enrico, and a Red Sox cap lowered down over his face. Whilst at school he met Nicole Renard and instantly fell in love with her, and continues to be so until at the end of the book. Francis is skilled at table-tennis after having been taught by Larry LaSalle at the 'Wreck Center', and in his Wreck Center days won a trophy for winning a series of table-tennis matches, culminating in the winning match against Larry LaSalle, despite LaSalle 'letting him win'. Although Francis did not enlist as he was not of age when the war began, after Nicole Renard was sexually assaulted and he, mentally traumatized, decided to 'kill himself'. He decided against jumping off the chapel top, and instead lied into the army and some time in the war threw himself on top of a grenade. His plan backfired as this did not kill him, merely mutilated him horribly, and his actions were seen as bravery for defending his comrades and he was given a Silver Star medal for outstanding courage. Throughout the book Francis's main mission is to wait for Larry LaSalle to come back to Frenchtown so he can shoot with a gun he carries in his duffel bag in revenge for LaSalle assaulting Nicole. However he leaves that job to Larry who kills himself anyway.
* **Nicole Renard**: Nicole moves to Frenchtown from Albany and immediately becomes the subject of Francis's attention. Later she is involved in the events concerning Larry LaSalle, who taught her dancing in the 'Wreck Centre'. At the end of the novel, she returns to Albany in an attempt to escape the traumatic memories of her ordeal with LaSalle. Nicole has clearly moved on from the experience with Larry, when Francis visits near the end of the novel the love between the two has disappeared, something which deeply upsets Francis.
* **Larry LaSalle**: LaSalle is the main antagonist of the novel, but during the earlier chapters he is described as a very positive and talented person. He holds classes at the Wreck Centre after his return to Frenchtown and uses his wide range of talents to bring out the best in the young people he works with. He had a very close relationship with Francis and Nicole and he is the main focus of Francis's mission due to his treatment and abuse of Nicole, but after his encounter with Francis, he ends up committing suicide himself.

There are many other characters in the novel that are important but not as important as Francis, Nicole and Larry:

* **Arthur Rivier**: Another veteran from Frenchtown. He takes Francis to the St Jude Club and buys him a drink. He interacts in a positive way with the other veterans but it later becomes clear that he too is traumatized by his experience at war. He once played baseball for the Frenchtown Tigers and recognizes Francis by the sound of his voice.
* **Mrs Belander**: Francis's landlady. She feels sympathy towards Francis, as he is a veteran and is the person who inadvertently reveals that Larry LaSalle has returned to Frenchtown.
* **Joey LeBlanc**: Joey and Francis were childhood friends and went to the cinema together. He was a troublesome figure at school as he used to be talkative. He is a confident person and seems to be the antithesis of Francis. He also became a soldier, and is said to have died at Iwo Jima.
* **Enrico Rucelli**: Francis met Enrico during his time at war. His experiences are used to show the extent of war as he lost both his legs and his left arm. He has a cheerful attitude despite his injuries but he does feel despair.
* **Dr. Abrams**: Doctor to Francis when he was in the war.

## Themes & Context

### Depression

Many of the flashbacks in the novel refer to the Great Depression which was an effect of the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Many families then were poor and underfed. in 1932, Franklin Roosevelt was elected. He began the New Deal, which aimed to solve some of the problems within the country, such as unemployment. One of the schemes was for the government to employ people. This is seen in chapter 5 where Francis talks about people, renovating the 'Wreck Centre', who had been hired under a new municipal program.

### Second World War

On 7 December 1941, the Japanese Empire carried out through the attack on Pearl Harbor, a Hawaiian island. The US then came into the Second World War taking them out of the policy of isolationism.

Fighting occurs both in Europe, where Francis is deployed, and in the Pacific. The novel explores the effects of Pearl Harbor on Frenchtown, as the Wreck Centre closes because of Larry's absence. Many men are recruited to the armed forces, and women are given service jobs in the local factories to make products for the war effort.

### The GI

The GI Bill is mentioned in the text in regards to the later plans of the veterans, which they discuss in the St Jude Club. Joe LaFontaine speaks about how the government would be willing to pay for his college education and intends to become a teacher. However, the positive outlook is shown to be false, as the veterans are later presented as pessimistic people, especially Arthur Rivier, who struggles to cope with not talking about the war.

## Reception

*Publishers Weekly* called it a “thriller” that “will hold fans from first page to last.” It also said it had "complex characters", the “audience will tensely await the inevitable”, and the author was "at the top of his game." Besides, "what really lurks behind the face of a hero." *Heroes* won the Young Adult Library Services Association Best Books for Young Adults Award in 1999.

*Heroes* and 17 other books were challenged by Richard and Alice Ess, founders of the Fairfax County, Virginia group Parents Against Bad Books in Schools. The Complainants requested that no members of the ALA or NEA serve on the reconsideration committees because these organizations “are officially against any attempts at removal of books from any school”. School officials estimated that each challenge cost the school district around $2,600.

### Use in education

The novel has been studied in Wales and England by students aged 14 to 16 as part of the GCSE English Literature syllabus under the WJEC examination board.

## InfoBox

Heroes
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Robert Cormier |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Young Adult Psychological Thriller |
| Publisher | Delacorte Press |
| Publication date | 1998 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Hardcover |
| Pages | 135 |


title: My Next Life (album)

abstract: My Next Life was a planned studio album by Canadian country music artist Terri Clark, intended to be released in August 2007 through BNA Records. The ultimately shelved project was produced by Garth Fundis. Two singles were released from the recording sessions, with "Dirty Girl" and "In My Next Life" charting in Canada and the US. Clark left BNA in November 2008 to become an independent artist and focus on the Canadian market. She re-recorded some of the songs for her next album, The Long Way Home (2009).

text:
# My Next Life (album)

***My Next Life*** was a planned studio album by Canadian country music artist Terri Clark, intended to be released in August 2007 through BNA Records. The ultimately shelved project was produced by Garth Fundis.

Two singles were released from the recording sessions, with "Dirty Girl" and "In My Next Life" charting in Canada and the US. Clark left BNA in November 2008 to become an independent artist and focus on the Canadian market. She re-recorded some of the songs for her next album, *The Long Way Home* (2009).

## Background

In March 2006, Terri Clark announced on her website that she departed ways with Mercury Nashville, the label that she had been with since her album *Terri Clark* was released in 1995. By June of that same year, it was announced that Clark had signed a record deal with BNA Records, a record label known for housing acts such as Kenny Chesney and Lonestar. In this same press interview, it was also announced her first album with the label would be released in 2007. Clark worked with producer Garth Fundis.

The project included a song titled "Nashville Girls", which featured country music artists Martina McBride, Sara Evans, and Reba McEntire.

## Singles

"Dirty Girl" was released as the lead single from the scrapped album on April 2, 2007, to country radio before receiving a digital release on April 24. The song was written by Tom Shapiro and Rivers Rutherford and was originally meant to be offered to a male artist, but Clark helped re-write the song to give it a woman's perspective. It debuted on the US *Billboard* Hot Country Songs chart the week of March 24, 2007, at number 51. It reached a peak position of number 30 for the week of June 2, 2007, staying there for two non-consecutive weeks. It spent 19 total weeks on the chart. It peaked at number 13 on the Canada Country chart as well as number 68 on the Canadian Hot 100.

The title track "In My Next Life" premiered on November 27, 2007, as the second single from the album. It debuted on the US Hot Country Songs chart the week of December 1, 2007, at number 60 and rose to a peak position of number 36 on February 16, 2008, where it stayed for one week. It spent 17 weeks in total. It topped the Canada Country chart for one week on February 23, 2008. It peaked at number 66 on the Canadian Hot 100.

## Cancellation and departure from BNA

*My Next Life* was planned to have a July 24, 2007, release date, but this was pushed back several times. *Billboard* magazine published an estimated release date of August 7, 2007. A spokesperson later announced that Clark's album would be delayed to early 2008.

In November 2008, it was announced that Clark left BNA Records to become independent, abandoning the album project. To members of her fan club, she wrote that there were creative differences between her and BNA, and that she wanted to focus more on the Canadian market.

## Track listing

All songs were produced by Garth Fundis. The songs "Tough With Me" and "Gypsy Boots" were later re-recorded and included on Clark's album *The Long Way Home* (2009), with these versions being produced by Clark alone.

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "In My Next Life" |  | 4:10 |
| 2. | "Look What You've Done to Me" |  |  |
| 3. | "Tough With Me" | * Clark * Shapiro * Collins | 3:34 |
| 4. | "Never Say No" |  |  |
| 5. | "Dirty Girl" |  | 3:02 |
| 6. | "Nashville Girls" (with Sara Evans, Martina McBride, and Reba McEntire) |  |  |
| 7. | "Gypsy Boots" |  | 3:51 |
| 8. | "The Only Time You Call" |  |  |
| 9. | "Happy Yet?" |  |  |
| 10. | "Tumblin' Down" |  |  |
| 11. | "Live from America" |  |  |

## InfoBox

| My Next Life | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album (unreleased) by Terri Clark | |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | BNA Records |
| Producer | Garth Fundis |
|  | |
| Singles from  *My Next Life* | |
| 1. "Dirty Girl"
Released: April 24, 2007 2. "In My Next Life"
Released: November 27, 2007 | |
|  | |


title: Flapjacks from the Sky

abstract: Flapjacks from the Sky is the second studio album by American folk rock group Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams released on High Noon Records in 2004.

text:
# Flapjacks from the Sky

***Flapjacks from the Sky*** is the second studio album by American folk rock group Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams released on High Noon Records in 2004.

## Recording and production

The album was recorded at Sleepy Hollow Studios in New York City and produced by band members Sharkey McEwen and Joziah Longo. McEwen also performed the engineering, mixing and mastering. The band started recording the album in late 2001.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

Soon after its release, radio exposure for the album was nearly nationwide in the United States.

Thom Jurek of AllMusic called the album sophisticated, mature, poetic, and funny in a tasteful, nonzany—or obvious—way. He said that despite the album's length, "time flies by" while listening to it. Jurek praised Joziah Longo's songwriting as superior to that of Tom Petty whose voice his resembles. He also lauded Sharkey McEwen as "a bloody natural lead guitarist who never overplays". Jurek called Tink Lloyd, who plays cello, piccolo, flute and accordion, a "musician's musician".

## Track listing

All songs written by Joziah Longo.

### Disc one

1. "Rocket" – 3:26
2. "Sunday in the Rain" – 4:41
3. "Kiss from Eve" – 3:24
4. "Moondog House" – 3:42
5. "Baby Jane" – 5:26
6. "I Wish" – 2:45
7. "Better Life" – 3:30
8. "Living with God" – 3:47
9. "Talkin' to the Buddha" – 9:43
10. "Big Eight Wheeler" – 5:54

### Disc two

1. "Jump-Rope" – 3:42
2. "Bike" – 5:20
3. "Glide" – 4:06
4. "Gonna Get Up" – 1:53
5. "In Her Own World" – 4:16
6. "Sullivan Lane" – 4:29
7. "Look Ma No Hands" – 4:15
8. "Fumes" – 4:56
9. "Call to the Mystic" – 6:00
10. "Flapjacks from the Sky" – 7:11
11. "Nighttime (Ancient Murphy Bonus Track)" – 4:50
12. "The Yodel Song" (hidden track) - 2:21

## Personnel

### Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams

### Guest artists

* Alistair Farrant – organ, piano, harpsichord (on "Look Ma No Hands", "Fumes" and "Flapjacks from the Sky")
* Kolson Pickard – cornet (on "Call to the Mystic")
* Bob Muller – drums (on "Nighttime")

## InfoBox

| Flapjacks from the Sky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams | |
| Released | 2004 (2004) |
| Studio | Sleepy Hollow Studios |
| Genre | Folk rock, psychedelia |
| Length | 46:23 (Disc 1)
53:25 (Disc 2) |
| Label | High Noon |
| Producer |  |
| Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams chronology | |
| *Live at the Towne Crier*
(2001) ***Flapjacks from the Sky***
(2004) *A Night at the Puppet House*
(2004) | |


title: Nogueiró e Tenões

abstract: Nogueiró e Tenões is a civil parish in the municipality of Braga, in the Portuguese district of the same name. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Nogueiró and Tenões. The population in 2011 was 5,129, in an area of 4.43 km⁲.

text:
# Nogueiró e Tenões

**Nogueiró e Tenões** is a civil parish in the municipality of Braga, in the Portuguese district of the same name. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Nogueiró and Tenões. The population in 2011 was 5,129, in an area of 4.43 km2.

## Architecture

## InfoBox

| Nogueiró e Tenões | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
| Nogueiró e TenõesLocation in Portugal | |
| Coordinates: 41°32′53″N 8°23′02″W / 41.548°N 8.384°W / 41.548; -8.384 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Norte |
| Intermunic. comm. | Cávado |
| District | Braga |
| Municipality | Braga |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.43 km2 (1.71 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 5,129 |
| Density | 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |


title: Nobuo Kyo

abstract: Nobuo Kyo is a Japanese actor who is represented by the talent agency Cube. He graduated from Ichikawa High School.

text:
# Nobuo Kyo

**Nobuo Kyo** (姜 暢雄, *Kyō Nobuo*, born March 23, 1979, in Himeji, Hyōgo, Japan) is a Japanese actor who is represented by the talent agency Cube. He graduated from Ichikawa High School.

## Biography

Kyo was born with Korean nationality in Japan and later became a naturalized Japanese. In 1998, he won the photogenic award and P-mail grand prix at the *11th Junon Super Boy Contest*. His application was submitted by his sister. Kyo signed with the talent agency, Cube, and made his stage debut as a member of Studio Life, a troupe Cube managed. In 2002, Kyo later debuted in *Ninpu Sentai Hurricanger* as Isshuu Kasumi / Kuwaga Raiger. After that he appeared in television dramas, films, and stage shows.

Kyo appeared in dramas and films such as *Wakaba*, *Trick*, *Nana2*, and *Hanazakari no Kimitachi e*.

He, with Kohei Yamamoto, Yujiro Shirakawa, Ryuichiro Nishioka, and Yūsuke Tomoi, became a member of the clothes brand Anunnaki.

## Filmography

### TV series

| Year | Title | Role | Network | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *Ninpu Sentai Hurricanger* | Isshuu Kasumi / Kuwaga Raiger | TV Asahi |  |
| 2003 | *Trick* | Aisuke Kikuchi | TV Asahi |  |
| 2007 | *Hanazakari no Kimitachi e* | Oscar M. Himeshima (Masao Himeshima) | Fuji TV |  |
| 2008 | *Zettai Kareshi (TV Series)* | Ishizeki | Fuji TV |  |
| 2009 | *Mei-chan no Shitsuji* | Nezu | Fuji TV |  |
| | *Liar Game: Season 2* | Tatsuya Kawai | Fuji TV | Episodes 5 to 9 |

### Films

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | *Eri Nikubittake* | Ponta |  |
| 2002 | *Ninpu Sentai Hurricanger: Shushutto the Movie* | Isshuu Kasumi / Kuwaga Raiger |  |
| | *Blue Spring* |  |  |
| 2004 | *Is-A* | Katsuji Namihata |  |
| 2006 | *Nana 2* | Ren Honjō |  |
| 2011 | *Into the White Night* | Issei Shinozuka |  |
| 2022 | *Avataro Sentai Donbrothers The Movie: New First Love Hero* | Kuroiwa / Ninpuki |  |

## InfoBox

| Nobuo Kyo | |
| --- | --- |
| 姜 暢雄 | |
| Born | (1979-03-23) March 23, 1979<br>Himeji, Hyōgo, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Agent | Cube |
| Height | 182 cm (6 ft 0 in) |


title: Norris Kenyon

abstract: Norris Vaughan Kenyon was a British Conservative Party politician, who became leader of the opposition on London County Council.

text:
# Norris Kenyon

**Norris Vaughan Kenyon** (5 June 1903  28 April 1958) was a British Conservative Party politician, who became leader of the opposition on London County Council.

## Biography

Educated at St Marylebone Grammar School and the University of London, Kenyon began working for his family's company, the undertakers J. H. Kenyon. He also followed his father, Sir Harold Kenyon, into Conservative Party politics.

When he was 24 years old, Kenyon was elected to Paddington Borough Council, becoming an alderman in 1938. At the 1946 London County Council election, he succeeded his father as a Conservative Party councillor for Paddington South. From 1950 until 1952, he was Mayor of Paddington. In 1952, he became leader of the Conservative Party group on the London County Council, and as such, leader of the opposition, remaining in the post until his death.

Kenyon never stood for Parliament, but spent his spare time serving on various committees: the Bracknell New Town Development Corporation, the Court of the University of London, and as a magistrate in Paddington. In 1955, he was knighted.

1. "Sir Norris Kenyon". *The Times*. 29 April 1958.


title: Norris House

abstract: The Norris House is a historic house located at 1247 Cowper St. in Palo Alto, California. The house was built in 1927 for Kathleen Norris, a novelist and columnist who was once the highest-paid female author in the United States, and her husband Charles Gilman Norris, also a noted novelist. Kathleen Norris' novels featured female characters who represented her ideals of motherhood and moral virtue; her columns appeared in major magazines and included both short stories and advice columns. Charles Gilman Norris wrote novels which touched on contemporary social issues and served as Kathleen's agent. In 1949, the Diocese of San Francisco purchased the house to serve as the Newman Center for Stanford University. Around 2000 the house was sold into private hands again. Architect Birge Clark designed the Spanish Colonial Revival house. At the time, the house was Clark's largest and most expensive design. The house's layout features several one- and two-story sections surrounding a patio. The house is built from white stucco with a tile roof; handcrafted ironwork and woodwork is used in the beams and decorations. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1980.

text:
# Norris House

The **Norris House** is a historic house located at 1247 Cowper St. in Palo Alto, California. The house was built in 1927 for Kathleen Norris, a novelist and columnist who was once the highest-paid female author in the United States, and her husband Charles Gilman Norris, also a noted novelist. Kathleen Norris' novels featured female characters who represented her ideals of motherhood and moral virtue; her columns appeared in major magazines and included both short stories and advice columns. Charles Gilman Norris wrote novels which touched on contemporary social issues and served as Kathleen's agent.

In 1949, the Diocese of San Francisco purchased the house to serve as the Newman Center for Stanford University. Around 2000 the house was sold into private hands again.

Architect Birge Clark designed the Spanish Colonial Revival house. At the time, the house was Clark's largest and most expensive design. The house's layout features several one- and two-story sections surrounding a patio. The house is built from white stucco with a tile roof; handcrafted ironwork and woodwork is used in the beams and decorations.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1980.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Norris House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1247 Cowper St., Palo Alto, California |
| Coordinates | 37°26′33″N 122°8′57″W / 37.44250°N 122.14917°W / 37.44250; -122.14917 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1927 (1927) |
| Built by | Goodenough, Wells |
| Architect | Clark, Birge |
| Architectural style | Spanish Colonial Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 80000859 |
| Added to NRHP | July 24, 1980 |


title: Norris J. Nelson

abstract: Norris J. Nelson was an American politician who served as a member of the Los Angeles City Council from 1939 to 1943.

text:
# Norris J. Nelson

**Norris J. Nelson** (January 31, 1905 – April 3, 1995) was an American politician who served as a member of the Los Angeles City Council from 1939 to 1943.

## Biography

Nelson, the son of Chris Nelson of Norway and Regina Nelson of Minnesota, was born on January 31, 1905, in Bayfield, Wisconsin. He was married on October 2 or 22, 1922, to Adele M. or Edel Marie Nicolaysen of Wisconsin. They had one child, Norris Jerome Jr. The elder Nelson was sued for divorce in 1941, but a reconcilement was effected in 1942, the same year that Nelson joined the Army. He attended a Civil Affairs Training School at Yale and saw service in Scotland and Norway. "His last duty was the disposition of approximately 100,000 persons sent by the Germans into Norway as slave labor."

The Nelsons finally separated in April 1946, and a divorce trial opened in September 1948. Norwegian actress Asta Bertels was mentioned in the testimony, Nelson relating that he brought her from Norway the same month, April 1946, that he separated from his wife and that he was acting as her agent in furthering a Hollywood career; she signed a contract with showgirl impresario Earl Carroll. Superior Judge William J. Palmer granted the divorce to Mrs. Nelson, calling the broken marriage "a wartime casualty."

Nelson moved to California in 1926. His residence address was 6306 Ivarene, Hollywood. He was a Presbyterian and a Republican. He died on April 3, 1995, in Maricopa, Arizona.

## City Council

### Elections

Nelson ran for the Los Angeles City Council District 2 seat in 1937 against the incumbent, James M. Hyde, and was defeated in a close vote, 9,161 to 8,981. In 1939, though, he defeated Hyde easily in the primary election, with no run-off needed, 9,632 to 4,287. In that year Hyde was said to be the victim of a "purge" of the City Council directed by Mayor Fletcher Bowron. He was reelected in 1941 but decided against running again in 1943 in favor of joining the armed forces.

### Controversies

**Government.** Nelson joined Council Member Arthur E. Briggs in 1939 in proposing a combined city-county government with a borough system for Los Angeles.

**Mayor.** He was appointed to a committee of five council members in May 1940 to call on Mayor Fletcher Bowron to complain about "persistent and erroneous" remarks the mayor made about the council in his radio addresses.

**Dogs.** In 1941 Nelson proposed a law stating that dog owners "must not allow their pets to commit nuisances upon sidewalks, lawns, in public buildings, conveyances, apartment houses, beaches, and the like." He said letters had "poured into his office favoring the measure by a ratio of 50 to 1." Later he said he had received some "vicious" letters, threatening that dog owners would band together and defeat him in the next election.

**Strike.** He submitted a proposal that would make it unlawful "for any person by the use of force or violence or threat of violence, to prevent or to attempt to prevent any person from engaging in any lawful vocation within this city." Regarding the then-current strike against North American Aviation (1941), he said:

> We know how these agitators will act. The Army will guard the plant all right, but how about the homes, the wives and the children of the workmen? I tell you, these men who wish to work are scared stiff. If they go back to work they will be in deadly peril of their lives and their futures. They know these agitators will go to their homes and beat them up and threaten them. ... We should take this action to stiffen their morale. ...

**Elections.** Also in 1941, he proposed a new voting system that he said would take the "hate" out of city elections because it would do away with the necessity for a primary election followed by a final vote, which he said simply lengthened the period of virulent campaigning..

> Under its provisions, there would be selection of the two candidates with the highest first-vote choices. The second-choice votes would then be tabulated and the candidate with the most combined first and second-choice votes would be elected.

**Clothing.** Nelson advocated an ordinance that would outlaw the wearing of zoot suits within the city on the grounds that the high-waisted, wide-legged, tight-cuffed, pegged trousers favored by young Hispanic men in 1943 had become a "public nuisance."

---

## InfoBox

| Norris J. Nelson | |
| --- | --- |
| Nelson in 1940 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Los Angeles City Council from the 2nd District | |
| **In office**
July 1, 1939  June 30, 1943 | |
| Preceded by | James M. Hyde |
| Succeeded by | Lloyd G. Davies |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1905-01-31)January 31, 1905
Bayfield, Wisconsin |
| Died | April 3, 1995(1995-04-03) (aged 90)
Maricopa, Arizona |
| Political party | Republican |
| Children | 1 |
| Profession | Politician |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
|  | |


title: Noisefest

abstract: Noise Festival, started in 2001, is an annual experimental music festival that takes place in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The festival is organized by DRMK, a "Collective for the Development of Youth Culture", as would be translated from the name in Slovene. Over the years, artists from many different countries have participated in the festival. Noise Festival is the longest-running annual event of its kind, and the only one in this part of the world that is rapidly developing a cult following. The two-day event is held in or around April. In 2003, the festival lasted three days instead of two. The countries that have been represented by artist's are: Australia, Basque Country, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Canada, Cambodia, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Iran and US

text:
# Noisefest

**Noise Festival** (also known as 'Noisefest', 'Nojzfest', etc.), started in 2001, is an annual experimental music festival that takes place in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The festival is organized by DRMK (Društvo za Razvoj Mladinske Kulture), a "Collective for the Development of Youth Culture", as would be translated from the name in Slovene.

Over the years, artists from many different countries have participated in the festival. Noise Festival is the longest-running annual event of its kind, and the only one in this part of the world that is rapidly developing a cult following. The two-day event is held in or around April. In 2003, the festival lasted three days instead of two.

The countries that have been represented by artist's are: Australia, Basque Country, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Canada, Cambodia, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Iran and US

## History

The festival has taken place annually since 2001 in Metelkova, in the center of Ljubljana. Apart from a wide range of music performances, it has also featured video screenings, lectures, workshops, photography exhibitions, DJ sets, and a CD/Vinyl Record/Cassette market.

### 2001

**April 13–14, Klub Gromka**

* Minimal Bastard (Shitenia)
* Hermit (Canada), Ovo (Italy)
* Koji Asano (Japan)
* Inu Yaroh (Japan)
* Praying for Oblivion (USA)
* Sist en 343 (Ljubljana / Slovenia)
* Kozmik Rajders (Ljubljana / Slovenia)
* Karmakumulator (Croatia)
* Hruki & Kunstl (Ljubljana / Slovenia)

### 2002

**April 12–13, Klub Gromka**

* Deca Debilane (Ljubljana / Slovenia)
* Pero-Fotar (Bevke / Slovenia)
* Paradox X (Brezovica / Slovenia)
* Marko Ciciliani (Croatia), (r) (Italy)
* Sikhara (USA), USAISAMONSTER (USA)
* Karmakumulator (Croatia)
* Dog Eat Hot Dog (Brežice / Slovenia)
* Marko Cicliani & Jerko Valdevit (Croatia)
* Slovenian Noise Combo (Slovenia)

### 2003

**April 10–12, Klub Gromka**

* Andreas Hagberg (Sweden)
* Kunstwerk Gegen Kunstsein "Fleischkrawal Projekt" (ljubljana / Slovenia)
* Shitoba (Slovakia), 7 That Spells (Croatia
* Küpper Busch Junior (Domžale / Slovenia)
* Ffliperr (Brežice / Slovenia)
* Đuro Iz Druge Galaksije (Brežice / Slovenia)
* Ned (Francija), Äquatorkälte (Germany)
* G.Las (Germany)
* Discothèque Grönland (Germany)
* Niemand (Germany)

### 2004

**April 9–10, Klub Gromka**

* Đuro Iz Druge Galaksije (Brežice / Slovenia)
* Ventolin Orchestra (Italy)
* Urbsounds feat. RBNX (Slovakia)
* Jamka (Slovakia)
* Urbanfailure (Slovakia)
* Justice Yeldham and the Dynamic Ribbon Device (Australia)
* Lain (Domžale / Slovenia)
* Kawasaki Motoguzzi (USA)
* Gen 26 (Ljubljana / Slovenia)
* Suši Pank (Domžale / Slovenia)
* Ovo (Italy)
* Par Nobile Fratrum (Brežice / Slovenia)
* Man Manly (USA)
* Shitoba (Slovakia)
* Amper-O-Mat (Celje / Slovenia)
* W.K.L. (Germany)

### 2005

**April 12–13, Klub Gromka**

* Zurichagainstzurich (Italy)
* Tiws/Reca (Netherlands)
* Nautical Almanac (USA)
* Sikhara (USA)
* Shitoba (Slovakia)
* Democrisy (USA)
* Matthew Ostrowski & George Cremaschi (USA)
* Amper-O-Mat (Celje / Slovenia)
* Ventolin Orchestra (Italy)
* Mondo Cane (Italy)

### 2006

**April 14, Klub Šot 24,5**

* A.U.B. (Ljubljana / Slovenia)
* Dave Phillips (Switzerland)
* Guignol Dangereux (Italy)
* Jean Philippe Gross (France)

### 2007

**April 13–14, Menza Pri Koritu**

* Massaccesi (USA)
* Odrz (Italy)
* Noise.Wall (Croatia)
* Pamba (Serbia)
* Mattin (Basque Country)
* Suši Pank (Domžale / Slovenia)
* Eric Boros (Canada)
* Cities in Desolation (Greece)
* Rinus van Alebeek (Netherlands)
* Aanalog Suicide (Turkey)

### 2008

**April 11–12, Menza Pri Koritu**

* Goosli Noise (Russia)
* Gokkun (Bulgaria)
* Milf Wolf (Netherlands)
* Jesus is Angry and Your Local God: Choking Bishops (Greece)
* Aluviana (Ljubljana / Slovenia)
* Cock Cobra (Netherlands)
* Broken Sleep (Canada)
* Gingagaruga (Italy)
* Franz Fjodor (Netherlands)
* Supraphon Family (Slovakia)
* Squirt (Brežice / Slovenia)

### 2009

**April 3–4, Menza Pri Koritu**

* Bipolar Joe (Ireland)
* Smetnja (Croatia)
* Company Fuck (Australia)
* Jesus is Angry (Greece)
* DJ Digital Ramone (Koper / Slovenia)
* Kikiriki (Maribor / Slovenia)
* Mr. Brutal's Hexen Kuche vs. Geisterfahrer (Beltinci / Slovenia)
* Šundrdisko (Domžale / Slovenia)
* Vomit Sprinkler (Brežice / Slovenia)

### 2010

**April 2–3, Menza Pri Koritu**

* End of Silence (Germany)
* SKLO (Czech republic)
* Fake Mistress (Germany)
* Fukte vs. Suburban Howl (Italy)
* Aluviana (Ljubljana / Slovenia)
* Supraphon Family (Slovakia)
* Napalmed (Czech republic)
* Dezroyadam (Turkey)
* The Superusers (Australia)
* Bas Bleu (Ljubljana / Slovenia)
* Billy Harris (USA)
* Jesus is Angry (Greece)

### 2011

**April 1–2, Menza Pri Koritu**

* Slip-Mattology (Italy)
* SKLO (Czech republic)
* Fukte (Italy)
* Andraž Jež (Ljubljana / Slovenia)
* Kikiriki (Maribor / Slovenia)
* Bally Corgan (USA)
* Lafidki (Cambodia)
* Ecoute La Merde (France)
* Ayankoko (France)
* Fragile (Italy)

### 2012

**April 13–14, Menza Pri Koritu**

* Pascal Cretain "Mindfuck Royale"- performance (Greece)
* Ontervjabbit (Hrastnik / Slovenia)
* Hoehenkontrolle (Germany)
* Narayan & Lunar Dawn (Croatia)
* Luxury Mollusc (Ireland)
* Mould (Vojsko / Slovenia)
* 7 Minutes of Nausea (Germany)
* Astma (duo: Alexei Borisov and Olga Nosova) (Russia)
* Hermetic Brisk (Bosnia)

**Also on Saturday**

30 minute video-projection entitled "TeleJunkster: How to lose friends and alienate potential sex partners" by Jesus Himself.

### 2013

**April 12–13, Menza Pri Koritu**

* Cadlag (Slovenia)
* Cathal Rodgers (Ireland)
* Dead Body Collection (Serbia)
* Dezroy Adam (Turkey)
* Extreme Smoke 57 (Slovenia)
* Fukte vs. Molestia Auricularum (Italy)
* Holzkopf (Canada)
* IOIOI (Italy)
* Java Delle (Germany)
* Jikuuuuuuuuuuu (Japan)
* Narayana (Croatia)
* Null/Void (Ireland)
* Nundata (Serbia)
* NW "Cup" (France)
* Paranoiz (Hungary)
* Phoresy (Ireland)
* Sist En 343 (Slovenia)
* DJ Balli + Slpizza (Italy)
* THEB10K (Slovenia).

## Aesthetic

The **Noisefest** is based on experimental and noise music and art, with almost all derivatives included. The artists that have performed at the festival range from noise music, industrial music, electronic music, and ambient music to avant garde, sludge rock, noisecore, and death metal. There have even been poetry readings. All other art forms featured in the festival are in some way related to this aesthetic. Metelkova's Yugoslav military history and architecture are integral parts of this aesthetic.

## Ethics

The festival is based on DIY ethics and remains independent of the mainstream music industry. This is another unique aspect of the festival. It is considered an international celebration of DIY Culture, with a focus on experimental arts. Communal vegetarian meals are organized every day of the festival for the artists and the audience. Since a lot of the artists have self-released albums which are not always widely available worldwide, the festival also acts as a swap meet for rare records and other artworks.

## InfoBox

| Noise Festival | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Experimental music |
| Location(s) | Ljubljana, Slovenia |
| Years active | 2001-present |


abstract: At the 1924 Winter Olympics one individual Nordic combined event was contested. It was held on Saturday, February 2, 1924 and on Monday, February 4, 1924. Unlike today the ski jump was the last event held. Both events were also individual medal events. The winner, Thorleif Haug was also the winner of both cross-country skiing races, and the podium was identical to that in the 50 km cross-country.

text:
# Nordic combined at the 1924 Winter Olympics

At the **1924 Winter Olympics** one individual **Nordic combined** event was contested. It was held on Saturday, February 2, 1924 (cross-country skiing) and on Monday, February 4, 1924 (ski jumping). Unlike today the ski jump was the last event held. Both events were also individual medal events. The winner, Thorleif Haug was also the winner of both cross-country skiing races, and the podium was identical to that in the 50 km cross-country.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Thorleif Haug
Norway | Thoralf Strømstad
Norway | Johan Grøttumsbråten
Norway |

## Results

### Final standings

| Place | Competitor | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Thorleif Haug (NOR) | **18.906** |
| 2 | Thoralf Strømstad (NOR) | **18.219** |
| 3 | Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR) | **17.854** |
| 4 | Harald Økern (NOR) | **17.260** |
| 5 | Axel-Herman Nilsson (SWE) | **14.063** |
| 6 | Josef Adolf (TCH) | **13.720** |
| 7 | Walter Buchberger (TCH) | **13.625** |
| 8 | Menotti Jakobsson (SWE) | **12.823** |
| 9 | Verner Eklöf (FIN) | **12.583** |
| 10 | Klébert Balmat (FRA) | **12.333** |
| 11 | Sigurd Overby (USA) | **12.219** |
| | Peter Schmid (SUI) | **12.219** |
| 13 | Josef Bím (TCH) | **12.083** |
| 14 | Alexandre Girard-Bille (SUI) | **11.604** |
| 15 | Hans Eidenbenz (SUI) | **11.438** |
| 16 | Sulo Jääskeläinen (FIN) | **11.365** |
| 17 | Xaver Affentranger (SUI) | **11.188** |
| 18 | Gilbert Ravanel (FRA) | **11.063** |
| 19 | Andrzej Krzeptowski (POL) | **9.531** |
| 20 | Adrien "André" Vandelle (FRA) | **8.167** |
| 21 | Anders Haugen (USA) | **5.750** |
| 22 | John Carleton (USA) | **5.104** |
|  | Ragnar Omtvedt (USA) | DNF |
| | Franciszek Bujak (POL) | DNF |
| | Nils Lindh (SWE) | DNF |
| | István Déván (HUN) | DNF |
| | Aladár Háberl (HUN) | DNF |
| | Béla Szepes (HUN) | DNF |
| | Otakar Německý (TCH) | DNF |
| | Martial Payot (FRA) | DNF |

## Participating nations

A total of 30 Nordic combined skiers from nine nations competed at the Chamonix Games:

## InfoBox

| Nordic Combined
at the I Olympic Winter Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Le Tremplin Olympique du Mont (ski jumping)
Stade Olympique de Chamonix (cross-country skiing) |
| Dates | 2–4 February 1924 |
| Competitors | 30 from 9 nations |
| Winning Score | 37.812 |
| Medalists | |
| Thorleif Haug  Norway  Thoralf Strømstad  Norway  Johan Grøttumsbraaten  Norway | |
|


title: Nola lucidalis

abstract: Nola lucidalis is a moth of the family Nolidae first described by Francis Walker in 1864. It is found in the Indian subregion, Sri Lanka, Borneo, Java, the Philippines and Taiwan.

text:
# Nola lucidalis

***Nola lucidalis*** is a moth of the family Nolidae first described by Francis Walker in 1864. It is found in the Indian subregion, Sri Lanka, Borneo, Java, the Philippines and Taiwan.

## Description

Its forewings are triangular and whitish. A broad, oblique, dark brown band is found postmedially. The antemedial band is blackish and tapers from costa to dorsum.

## InfoBox

| *Nola lucidalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Nolidae |
| Genus: | *Nola* |
| Species: | ***N. lucidalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nola lucidalis***<br>(Walker, 1864) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Celama lucidalis* Walker, 1864 * *Pisara? lucidalis* Walker, 1864 * *Nola dimidiata* Snellen, 1875 * *Celama nephodes* Hampson, 1914 | |


title: Non-access stratum

abstract:
Non-access stratum (NAS) is a functional layer in the NR, LTE, UMTS and GSM wireless telecom protocol stacks between the core network and user equipment. This layer is used to manage the establishment of communication sessions and for maintaining continuous communications with the user equipment as it moves. The NAS is defined in contrast to the Access Stratum which is responsible for carrying information over the wireless portion of the network.
A further description of NAS is that it is a protocol for messages passed between the User Equipment, also known as mobiles, and Core Nodes that is passed transparently through the radio network. Examples of NAS messages include Update or Attach messages, Authentication Messages, Service Requests and so forth. Once the User Equipment (UE) establishes a radio connection, the UE uses the radio connection to communicate with the core nodes to coordinate service. The distinction is that the Access Stratum is for dialogue explicitly between the mobile equipment and the radio network and the NAS is for dialogue between the mobile equipment and core network nodes. For LTE, the Technical Specification for NAS is 3GPP TS 24.301. For NR, the Technical Specification for NAS is TS 24.501.
+- – - – - -+ +- – - – - – -+
| HTTP | | Application |
+- – - – - -+ +- – - – - – -+
| TCP | | Transport |
+- – - – - -+ +- – - – - – -+
| IP | | Internet |
+- – - – - -+ +- – - – - – -+
| NAS | | Network |
+- – - – - -+ +- – - – - – -+
| AS | | Link |
+- – - – - -+ +- – - – - – -+
| Channels | | Physical |
+- – - – - -+ +- – - – - – -+

text:
# Non-access stratum

**Non-access stratum** (NAS) is a functional layer in the NR, LTE, UMTS and GSM wireless telecom protocol stacks between the core network and user equipment. This layer is used to manage the establishment of communication sessions and for maintaining continuous communications with the user equipment as it moves. The NAS is defined in contrast to the Access Stratum which is responsible for carrying information over the wireless portion of the network. A further description of NAS is that it is a protocol for messages passed between the User Equipment, also known as mobiles, and Core Nodes (e.g. Mobile Switching Center, Serving GPRS Support Node, or Mobility Management Entity) that is passed transparently through the radio network. Examples of NAS messages include Update or Attach messages, Authentication Messages, Service Requests and so forth. Once the User Equipment (UE) establishes a radio connection, the UE uses the radio connection to communicate with the core nodes to coordinate service. The distinction is that the Access Stratum is for dialogue explicitly between the mobile equipment and the radio network and the NAS is for dialogue between the mobile equipment and core network nodes.

For LTE, the Technical Specification for NAS is 3GPP TS 24.301. For NR, the Technical Specification for NAS is TS 24.501.

```
+- – - – - -+       +- – - – - – -+
| HTTP      |       | Application |
+- – - – - -+       +- – - – - – -+
| TCP       |       | Transport   |
+- – - – - -+       +- – - – - – -+
| IP        |       | Internet    |
+- – - – - -+       +- – - – - – -+
| NAS       |       | Network     |
+- – - – - -+       +- – - – - – -+
| AS        |       | Link        |
+- – - – - -+       +- – - – - – -+
| Channels  |       | Physical    |
+- – - – - -+       +- – - – - – -+
```

## Functionality

The following functions exist in the non-access stratum:

* Mobility management: maintaining connectivity and active sessions with user equipment as the user moves
* Call control management
* Session management: establishing, maintaining and terminating communication links
* Identity management

1. Martin Sauter (2006). *Communication systems for the mobile information society*. John Wiley & Sons. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-470-02676-2.


title: North Carolina's 23rd House district

abstract: North Carolina's 23rd House district is one of 120 districts in the North Carolina House of Representatives. It has been represented by Democrat Shelly Willingham since 2015.

text:
# North Carolina's 23rd House district

**North Carolina's 23rd House district** is one of 120 districts in the North Carolina House of Representatives. It has been represented by Democrat Shelly Willingham since 2015.

## Geography

Since 2023, the district has included all of Edgecombe, Martin, and Bertie counties. The district overlaps with the 3rd and 5th Senate districts.

## District officeholders since 1983

### Multi-member district

| Representative | Party | Dates | Notes | Representative | Party | Dates | Notes | Representative | Party | Dates | Notes | Counties |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Ken Spaulding** | Democratic | January 1, 1983 –
January 1, 1985 | Redistricted from the 16th district.
Retired to run for Congress. | **Paul Pulley Jr.** | Democratic | January 1, 1983 –
January 1, 1985 | Redistricted from the 16th district.
Redistricted to the 68th district. | **George W. Miller Jr.** | Democratic | January 1, 1983 –
January 1, 1985 | Redistricted from the 16th district.
Redistricted to the 69th district. | **1983–1985**
All of Durham County. |
| **Mickey Michaux** | Democratic | January 1, 1985 –
January 1, 2003 | Redistricted to the 31st district. |  | | | | | | | | **1985–2003**
Part of Durham County. |
| | | | | **Sharon Thompson** | Democratic | January 1, 1989 –
January 1, 1991 | Redistricted from the 68th district. | **George W. Miller Jr.** | Democratic | January 1, 1989 –
January 1, 2001 | Redistricted from the 69th district.
Lost re-nomination | |
| | | | | | | | | **Paul Luebke** | Democratic | January 1, 1991 –
January 1, 2003 | Redistricted to the 30th district. | |
| | | | | **Paul Miller** | Democratic | January 1, 2001 –
January 1, 2003 | Redistricted to the 29th district. ||

### Single-member district

| Representative | Party | Dates | Notes | Counties |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Joe Tolson** | Democratic | January 1, 2003 –
January 1, 2015 | Redistricted from the 71st district.
Retired. | **2003–2013**
Parts of Edgecombe and Wilson counties. |
| | | | | **2013–2023**
All of Edgecombe and Martin counties. |
| | **Shelly Willingham** | Democratic | January 1, 2015 –
Present |  |
| | | | | **2023–Present**
All of Edgecombe, Martin, and Bertie counties. |

## Election results

### 2022

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2022
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Shelly Willingham (incumbent)** | **16,488** | **54.42%** |
|  | Republican | James Crowell Proctor | 13,809 | 45.58% |
| Total votes | | | **30,297** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2020

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2020
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Shelly Willingham (incumbent)** | **21,754** | **58.76%** |
|  | Republican | Claiborne Holtzman | 14,656 | 39.59% |
|  | Green | Abbie "Bud" Lane | 612 | 1.65% |
| Total votes | | | **37,022** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2018

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2018
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Shelly Willingham (incumbent)** | **15,959** | **60.85%** |
|  | Republican | Claiborne Holtzman | 10,266 | 39.15% |
| Total votes | | | **26,225** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2016

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2016
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Shelly Willingham (incumbent)** | **27,208** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **27,208** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2014

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district Democratic primary election, 2014
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Shelly Willingham** | **2,978** | **35.61%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **R. B. "Rusty" Holderness** | **2,543** | **30.41%** |
|  | Democratic | Taro Knight | 1,715 | 20.51% |
|  | Democratic | Bronson Williams | 1,126 | 13.47% |
| Total votes | | | **8,362** | **100%** |

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district Democratic primary run-off election, 2014
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Shelly Willingham** | **2,702** | **52.16%** |
|  | Democratic | R. B. "Rusty" Holderness | 2,478 | 47.84% |
| Total votes | | | **5,180** | **100%** |

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2014
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Shelly Willingham** | **18,660** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **18,660** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2012

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district Democratic primary election, 2012
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joe Tolson (incumbent)** | **7,575** | **58.75%** |
|  | Democratic | William Solomon Jr. | 5,318 | 41.25% |
| Total votes | | | **12,893** | **100%** |

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2012
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joe Tolson (incumbent)** | **30,670** | **100%** |
| Total votes | | | **30,670** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2010

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2010
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joe Tolson (incumbent)** | **12,043** | **53.38%** |
|  | Republican | Gerald Shepheard | 10,517 | 46.62% |
| Total votes | | | **22,560** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2008

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2008
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joe Tolson (incumbent)** | **20,211** | **62.21%** |
|  | Republican | Garland Shepheard | 12,275 | 37.79% |
| Total votes | | | **32,486** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2006

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2006
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joe Tolson (incumbent)** | **7,924** | **71.05%** |
|  | Republican | Henry Williams II | 3,228 | 28.95% |
| Total votes | | | **11,152** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2004

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2004
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joe Tolson (incumbent)** | **17,040** | **65.93%** |
|  | Republican | Henry Williams II | 8,804 | 34.07% |
| Total votes | | | **25,844** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2002

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2002
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joe Tolson (incumbent)** | **9,678** | **53.38%** |
|  | Republican | Bettie West | 8,244 | 45.47% |
|  | Libertarian | Douglas Ellis | 207 | 1.14% |
| Total votes | | | **18,129** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2000

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district Democratic primary election, 2000
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Luebke (incumbent)** | **15,105** | **31.15%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Mickey Michaux (incumbent)** | **14,256** | **29.40%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Miller** | **10,238** | **21.12%** |
|  | Democratic | George W. Miller Jr. (incumbent) | 8,886 | 18.33% |
| Total votes | | | **48,485** | **100%** |

North Carolina House of Representatives 23rd district general election, 2000
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Luebke (incumbent)** | **57,471** | **33.70%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Mickey Michaux (incumbent)** | **51,329** | **30.10%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Paul Miller** | **44,521** | **26.11%** |
|  | Libertarian | Robert Dorsey | 9,819 | 5.76% |
|  | Libertarian | Raymond Ubinger | 7,397 | 4.34% |
| Total votes | | | **170,537** | **100%** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

| North Carolina's 23rd State
House of Representatives
district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Representative | Shelly Willingham
Rocky Mount |
| Demographics | 41% White
53% Black
5% Hispanic |
| Population (2020) | 74,713 |


title: Norby

abstract: Norby is a fictional robot created by Janet Asimov and Isaac Asimov who stars in his own series of children's science fiction books, The Norby Chronicles. His first appearance was in the 1983 book Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot, in total he appeared in 11 novels in the 'Norby' series. According to Isaac Asimov, although Janet Asimov did 90% of the work, his "name was wanted on the book for the betterment of sales [and he] went over the manuscript and polished it a bit."

text:
# Norby

**Norby** is a fictional robot created by Janet Asimov and Isaac Asimov who stars in his own series of children's science fiction books, *The Norby Chronicles*. His first appearance was in the 1983 book *Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot*, in total he appeared in 11 novels in the 'Norby' series. According to Isaac Asimov, although Janet Asimov did 90% of the work, his "name was wanted on the book for the betterment of sales \[and he\] went over the manuscript and polished it a bit."

## Novels in the *Norby* series

1. *Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot* (1983)
2. *Norby's Other Secret* (1984)
3. *Norby and the Lost Princess* (1985)
4. *Norby and the Invaders* (1985)
5. *Norby and the Queen's Necklace* (1986)
6. *Norby Finds a Villain* (1987)
7. *Norby Down to Earth* (1989)
8. *Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure* (1989)
9. *Norby and the Oldest Dragon* (1990)
10. *Norby and the Court Jester* (1991)
11. *Norby and the Terrified Taxi* (1997) (written alone by Janet Asimov, after her husband's death)

### Collections

The 'Norby' novels were combined into collections (each with a new cover image and title) by Ace Books:

* *The Norby Chronicles* (featuring 'Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot', and 'Norby's Other Secret'.)
* *Norby: Robot for Hire* (featuring 'Norby and the Lost Princess', and 'Norby and the Invaders'.)
* *Norby Through Time and Space* (featuring 'Norby and the Queen's Necklace', and 'Norby Finds a Villain'.)

## Origin, appearance, and abilities

Norby was originally a robot named the Searcher, created by the robot Mentor First on the planet Jamya. When the Mentor's robots were in danger of deactivation due to exhausting their fuel, the Searcher was deployed in order to find a promised refueling ship sent by the Others, the creators of the Mentors. The small robot succeeded in locating the ship, but before he could warp it back to Jamya, it crashed in Earth's asteroid belt. The impact of the crash also rendered the Searcher immobile, until the ship was discovered many years later by a salvager and inventor named McGillicuddy. McGillicuddy was a robot maker himself, albeit his were of cruder design than the Mentor's. One of his damaged robots was created from a tubby barrel that originally contained Norb's Nails, later becoming the basis for Norby's name. McGillicuddy used the Searcher's parts to repair his damaged robot. Norby eventually fell into the possession of a used-robot shop where he was sold to Jefferson Wells, a space cadet looking for a teaching robot.

Norby's body reflects his outer origins as a barrel, while his arms are retractable and have double-sided palms (and two thumbs). His head is round with four eyes, two on each side, and the top is a dome which he can retract into his barrel. His feet are also extendable/retractable. Norby has a tenor voice but can communicate through telepathy by touch.

Norby is equipped with a miniature anti-gravity device allowing him to float. He also possesses the ability to travel through hyperspace, although his navigating abilities are sometimes unreliable. He also has the capability to travel through time via hyperspace. Norby's many features make him a target for scientists, the army, and the rogue Inventor's Guild who wish to disassemble and study him.

## Heroic feats

In the first Norby book, *Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot*, Norby and his owner Jefferson Wells stop the villain Ing the Ingrate from taking over the Solar System.

In the second book, *Norby's Other Secret*, Norby and Jeff travel to the planet Jamya to restore the mental health of Norby's creator, Mentor First. Along the way they learn about the Others, a race that bio-engineered the intelligent Jamyn dragons.

The third book, *Norby and the Lost Princess,* introduces the planet Izz and its displaced human settlers. While Norby and company prepare for a singing contest, they go to Izz where they find out that Princess Rinda has taken the only Izzian hyperspace ship to Melodia. Norby, Jeff, Fargo, Yobo, and Albany go to the planet on a rescue mission only to be imprisoned by the native insect life.

The fourth book, *Norby and the Invaders*, pits Norby and Jeff against a race of balloon-shaped aliens nicknamed the Invaders. The Invaders kidnap the Grand Dragon at the novel's outset and place her in an underwater zoo on their homeworld. An intelligent vine named the Dookoza attempts to thwart a rescue mission by Jeff and Norby, but they end up freeing the Grand Dragon and leaving the Dookoza on the planet Melodia.

The fifth book, *Norby and the Queen's Necklace* sends Norby and Jeff to the French Revolution using the Queen's Necklace, a time travel device that also involved Marie Antoinette in a scandal. After escaping the Bastille, Norby and Jeff take a Frenchman named Marcel on a wild romp through time as they attempt try to find the origin of the device. Jeff meets a council of the Others in this book.

The sixth book, *Norby Finds a Villain* introduces the character of Threezey the Clown, the alter ego of Ing. In this book, Ing/Threezey kidnaps Pera at a magic show and tries to use her to create a superbomb that will leave him as the only thing left in the universe. He instead opens a portal to another reality where the tree-like Master Cult (MC) rule, and accidentally bring them to the Solar System where they proceed to conquer Earth.

In the seventh book, *Norby Down to Earth*, Norby learns about his origins as well as the fate of the spacer McGillicuddy, who converted him to his current form.

The eighth book, *Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure*, finds Norby and Jeff stranded in ancient Africa with Admiral Yobo.

The ninth book, *Norby and the Oldest Dragon*, takes place almost entirely on the planet Jamya, which is being menaced by an attack from an intelligent cloud. The dragon in the title refers to the Dowager Dragon, mother of the Grand Dragon (the current ruler of Jamya).

The tenth book, *Norby and the Court Jester*, is set once more on the planet Izz and brings back the villain Ing for a third appearance.

The final book in the series, *Norby and the Terrified Taxi*, centers around Lizzie, an intelligent taxi first introduced in *Norby Down to Earth*. They must find and stop *Garc the Great* who wants to change history.

## Recurring characters

* Jefferson "Jeff" Wells: A 14-year-old cadet in the Space Academy, Jeff is Norby's "owner" and partner. Jeff originally purchases Norby, with the help of a loan from Admiral Yobo, to learn Martian Swahili for a class (Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot). His brother Fargo serves as his guardian, as their parents died when Jeff was only 10.
* Farley Gordon "Fargo" Wells: a secret agent for Admiral Boris Yobo of Space Command. Handsome, charming, musical, and a bit arrogant, he dates Albany Jones in the first book, and married her in later novels. Fargo is ten years older than Jeff and serves as his guardian.
* Admiral Boris Yobo: Jeff's commanding officer and Fargo's boss, Yobo has a big appetite for adventure and a larger one for food. Yobo originally gave Jeff the money to buy Norby from a used robot shop. Due to his high rank in Space Command, Yobo tends to become a quasi-liaison to whatever world Norby takes him.
* Albany Jones: A police officer and daughter of the Mayor of Manhattan. She fought Ing with the help of other police officers in the first novel and eventually marries Fargo.
* Zargl: A dragon from Jamya, Zargl is the great-niece of the Grand Dragon. Zargl, along with her mother Zi, are the very first dragons Jeff and Norby meet on their first trip to Jamya (Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot). Zargl has joined Jeff and Norby and some of their adventures outside of Jamya as well (particularly in Norby and the Lost Princess).
* Mentor First: An ancient Jamyn robot with three eyes and four arms, Mentor First constructed Norby as a way to contact his creators, the "Others," for supplies (Norby's Other Secret). Mentor First went insane for a long time, out of loneliness, worry, and lack of the ability to refuel, but eventually returned to full health thanks to Norby and Jeff. Norby refers to Mentor First as "Father."
* Rembrandt: A four armed, three eyed "Other" living in present time (Norby and Jeff have also met Others in the past and future), Rembrandt studies and creates visual art. He lives on a museum ship run by the computer Y.I.B., which stands for Your Immense Brain, a nickname Norby gave her. Jeff calls him Rembrandt, after the famed Renaissance artist, as his real name is unpronounceable to humans (Norby Finds a Villain).
* Rinda: The 11-year-old Crown Princess of Izz (a planet colonized by humans taken from Earth by the Others). Rinda used her royal influence to board Izz's first hyperspace ship and accidentally hit a button which took it to a planet she termed Melodia. The music-loving alien inhabitants of this planet fed Rinda to a sacred tree; she became part of the tree for a while but was later restored to her human self (Norby and the Lost Princess). She has a crush on Jeff.
* Pera: A robot similar to Norby, Pera was initially created by the Others to monitor the formation of the planet Melodia (Norby and the Lost Princess). Though Pera was intended to be crushed as Melodia formed, Norby and Jeff attempted to rescue her by taking her into hyperspace (due to an electronic field around the planet, Pera instead held onto her recording device as it went into hyperspace, saving Norby and Jeff instead). Pera stayed with Rinda on Izz as a companion. When she was kidnapped by Threezy/Ing, she opened an inter-dimensional portal allowing the Master Cult to take over the universe (Norby Finds a Villain). Pera is extremely observant and must always tell the truth.
* The Grand Dragon: The ruler of Jamya, the Grand Dragon is large, regal and loves nothing more to be praised.
* Lizzie: A floating, talking, and thinking taxicab who takes Norby and friends around Manhattan (Norby Down to Earth; Norby and the Terrified Taxi). Her circuits were adjusted by McGillicuddy, so she shares some origins with Norby.
* Oola: Jeff's all-purpose pet (Norby's Other Secret). She is green and normally looks like a cat but has the ability to shape-shift to fit the desires of those near her. Her species was bio-engineered by Mentor First. Oola is vegetarian.
* Ing/Threezy: The first villain of the series, Ing tries to take control of the Solar System with his band of Ingrates in Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot. After Norby stops his initial attempt, he later resurfaces as Threezy the Clown, intent on setting off a bomb in hyperspace and destroying the universe (Norby Finds a Villain). He ends up as Court Jester on the planet Izz (Norby and the Court Jester).

## Miscellany

It has been speculated that Norby was named by his authors after Norbert Wiener, the "Father of Cybernetics".

Note that in "Norby and the Lost Princess", King Fizzwell talks about a Spacecraft Challenger Disaster, more than one year before the real disaster occurred.

## Comics

The Norby Chronicles were made into serialization comics for the Scouting magazine Boys' Life in the 1990s. The comics were adapted from the first and second books in the series. The first was "Norby the Mixed-Up Robot" running for 18 chapters, from January 1990, to July 1991. The second series "Norby's Other Secret" ran from January 1993, to December 1995 and was presented in 32 chapters. The first chapter of each series being two full pages in length while the subsequent chapters were in one page.

1. Isaac Asimov (1995). *I. Asimov: A Memoir*. Bantam Books. p. 368. ISBN 0-553-56997-X.
2. "School Library Journal". **30** (4). Dec 1983: 63. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
3. *Kirkus Reviews*. Nov 15, 1986.
4. *Booklist*. Vol. 94. Jan 1, 1998. p. 809.
5. Page from *Boys' Life*, Dec 1995
6. *Boys' Life*. 1990. by permission of Boy Scouts of America

## InfoBox

| Norby | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Norby Chronicles* character | |
| Norby as he appears in his first comic strip series, in Boys' Life, January 1990 | |
| First appearance | *Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot* |
| Last appearance | *Norby and the Terrified Taxi* |
| Created by | Janet Asimov
Isaac Asimov |
| In-universe information | |
| Nickname | Seeker |
| Species | Robot |
| Gender | Male |
| Family | Mentor One (original creator)
Jeff Wells (owner) |
| Nationality | Jamya (planet) |


title: North East Fife (district)

abstract: North East Fife was one of three local government districts in the Fife region of Scotland from 1975 to 1996.

text:
# North East Fife (district)

56°19′08″N 3°00′43″W / 56.319°N 3.012°W / 56.319; -3.012

**North East Fife** was one of three local government districts in the Fife region of Scotland from 1975 to 1996.

## History

The district was created in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which established a two-tier structure of local government across mainland Scotland comprising upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. North East Fife was one of three districts created within the region of Fife, along with Dunfermline and Kirkcaldy. The district covered the whole area of 15 former districts from the historic county of Fife, which were all abolished at the same time:

In 1996 Scotland's districts and regions were abolished under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. Fife became a single unitary council area, headquartered in Glenrothes as the regional council had also been.

The area is still covered by the North East Fife (UK Parliament constituency).

## Political control

The first election to the district council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 16 May 1975. Political control of the council from 1975 was as follows:

| Party in control | | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | 1975–1984 |
|  | Alliance | 1984–1988 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 1988–1996 |

### Elections

| **Year** | **Seats** | **Liberal Democrats** | **Conservative** | **Independent / Other** | **Notes** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |  |  |  | |
| 1974 | 18 | 0 | 13 | 5 |  |
| 1977 | 18 | 1 | 14 | 3 |  |
| 1980 | 18 | 5 | 11 | 2 |  |
| 1984 | 18 | 10 | 6 | 2 |  |
| 1988 | 18 | 12 | 4 | 2 |  |
| 1992 | 18 | 13 | 4 | 1 |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |

### District result maps

## Premises

The council was based at County Buildings on St Catherine Street in Cupar. The building had been built in 1817 as the county's sheriff court and meeting place for the Commissioners of Supply which preceded the county council. It had then served as the headquarters of Fife County Council between 1890 and 1975, with a large extension to the east being added in 1925.

1. "Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973", *legislation.gov.uk*, The National Archives, 1973 c. 65, retrieved 23 April 2023
2. "Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994", *legislation.gov.uk*, The National Archives, 1994 c. 39, retrieved 17 February 2023
3. "Compositions calculator". *The Elections Centre*. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
4. "No. 23959". *The Edinburgh Gazette*. 26 March 1996. p. 762.
5. Historic Environment Scotland. "County Buildings and former Court House, excluding 4-storey offices and police station adjoining to rear and single storey block to east, St Catherine Street, Cupar (LB24160)". Retrieved 23 April 2023.

## InfoBox

| North East Fife | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|
County Buildings, Cupar | |
|
*North-East Fife district within Scotland*
 | |
| Population |  |
| 1994 | 69,930 |
|  | |
| History |  |
| Created | 16 May 1975 |
| Abolished | 31 March 1996 |
| Succeeded by | Fife |
|  | |
| Government | North East Fife District Council |
| HQ | Cupar |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: North Macedonia–Spain relations

abstract: North Macedonia–Spain relations are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between these two countries. North Macedonia has an embassy in Madrid and three consulates in Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia. Spain has an embassy in Skopje. Both countries are members of the Council of Europe, and NATO. Also North Macedonia is an EU candidate and Spain is an EU member.

text:
# North Macedonia–Spain relations

**North Macedonia–Spain relations** are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between these two countries. North Macedonia has an embassy in Madrid and three consulates in Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia. Spain has an embassy in Skopje. Both countries are members of the Council of Europe, and NATO. Also North Macedonia is an EU candidate and Spain is an EU member.

## Diplomatic relations

Currently, Spain does not maintain any dispute with North Macedonia. Spain supports the aspiration of Euro-Atlantic integration of the country. Spain and North Macedonia established diplomatic relations on July 28, 1994. The celebration of the 20th anniversary of this event took place in October 2014 in Skopje.

On April 9, 1999, Foreign Minister Abel Matutes traveled to North Macedonia to offer political and economic support and the unconditional adherence of the Spanish Executive to the Government of North Macedonia for his welcome to thousands of Albanian-Kosovar refugees, a result of the Kosovo crisis and the NATO bombings that began in March of that year.

On the occasion of the NATO summit in Washington on April 25, 1999, the then president of the Spanish Government, José María Aznar, pledged before the president of North Macedonia, Kiro Gligorov, to intensify the Spanish humanitarian aid to assist refugees from Kosovo. The permanent diplomatic mission of Spain in Skopje was created by R.D. 866/2006 of July 14. Mr. José Manuel Paz Agüeras was appointed first Ambassador of Spain with residence in Skopje, in North Macedonia through R.D. 1003/2006 of September 8. Between the two countries there is a fluid exchange of candidates for International Organizations.

Macedonian Prime Minister Zoran Zaev travelled to Spain in May 2021, paying a visit to the Senate and meeting Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez. This was the first official visit to Spain by a Macedonian head of government.

## Economic relations

Since 2001, trade between North Macedonia and Spain has been characterized by a significant deficit for Spain, with coverage that in 2010 was only 49%. This pattern changed significantly during 2012, 2013 and 2014, showing positive coverage rates for Spain.

In 2014, the main products exported from Spain to North Macedonia were meat products, women's clothing, ceramic products, animal feed, electronic components, automobiles, unprocessed tobacco and technical fabrics.

In the same year, the main products imported into Spain from North Macedonia were steel products, electrical equipment (24.7% of the total) followed by far by unprocessed clothing, footwear and tobacco.

According to data from DataInvex, the investment flows between the two countries are almost non-existent: Spanish investments in North Macedonia were −0'91, 0'12 and 0'09 million euros in 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively. In 2012 they reached 0.2 million euros. DataInvex does not collect investment data in North Macedonia in 2013. The accumulated investments since 1993 are €157 million. DataInvex has not registered investments from North Macedonia in Spain since 2009, when they amounted to 3 million euros.

## Cooperation

Spain granted to North Macedonia an FAD loan for hydroelectric constructions worth 4 million euros from the Aid Funds development.

The Spanish fund to help meet the Millennium Goals has allocated $5 million to finance the United Nations Program for the Promotion of Dialogue and Inter-Ethnic Collaboration in North Macedonia, managed locally by UNDP, UNESCO and UNICEF.

In December 2006, under the auspices of the International and Ibero-American Foundation for Administration and Public Policies (FIIAAPP), a visit was made by Spanish experts who gave a seminar on community fund management. Spain was awarded a 22-month EU twinning on training for the fight against money laundering, with a resident Spanish expert who finished in August 2009. Between May 2010 and January 2012, a cooperation project on tax matters between the EU and North Macedonia led by Spain was developed. As of February 2011, an 18-month-old Ombudsman from North Macedonia was initiated, with a Spanish resident coordinator. It was a joint project presented by the offices of the Ombudsman of Spain and France, led by Spain. In December 2011, a second Franco-Spanish twinning for adult education began, with French leadership.

As of February 2016, two twinnings are under development. The first, aimed at improving the tax administration of North Macedonia began its execution during the month of February 2015. The second, on improving the environment, began its execution in April of the same year. A third and fourth projects are about to take off in 2016. The first is a twinning whose goal is to harmonize with the new insurance directive and the second (a “light” twinning, without a resident advisor) on matters to combat discrimination.

## InfoBox

North Macedonia–Spain relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
North Macedonia |
Spain |
|  | |


# North Macedonia–United Arab Emirates relations

International relations exist between the nations of North Macedonia and the United Arab Emirates. North Macedonia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi. United Arab Emirates has a non-resident embassy in Rome.

In March 2023, the President of North Macedonia, Stevo Pendarovski, met with the President of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. Sheikh Mohamed expressed wishes for a further enhancement of relations between the UAE and North Macedonia. North Macedonia brought a delegation along to the meeting, and the UAE involved its ministers in the meeting.

After the meeting in 2023, a memorandum of understanding was announced providing visa exemptions to holders of passports issued by either of the two nation's governments. The MoU was described in the Khaleej Times as 'testament to the strengthening of bilateral relations between the United Arab Emirates and the Republic of North Macedonia and aims to facilitate travel between the two nations.'

Later that month, the UAE sent a delegation to Ohrid in North Macedonia, and announced its support of a European Union-sponsored plan to normalise relations between Serbia and the Republic of Kosovo. Due to its geography, Balkan security issues are important to North Macedonia. This support from the UAE was re-iterated by the UAE's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, after visiting Belgrade and Pristina.

Other bilateral meetings between the leaders of the two nations include an October 2022 meeting between the Prime Minister of North Macedonia and the UAE's prime minister Bin Rashid Al Maktoum. International flights between the two nations was discussed at that meeting.

Some citizens of the United Arab Emirates have fled the state, and sought asylum in North Macedonia. These applications for asylum have in some cases been rejected. The rejection of Hind Mohammad Albolooki's asylum application in 2019 by North Macedonia made international headlines. Her case was rejected by North Macedonia and she attempted to seek asylum elsewhere.

The United Arab Emirates is a common destination for migrants from North Macedonia; particularly for those seeking work.

## InfoBox

North Macedonia–United Arab Emirates relations
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| --- | --- |
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|  |  |
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North Macedonia |
United Arab Emirates |
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| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of North Macedonia, Abu Dhabi | Represented
through the
Emirati Embassy, Rome, Italy |


abstract: North Macedonia–United Kingdom relations are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between the Republic of North Macedonia and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Both countries are members of the Council of Europe and NATO.

text:
# North Macedonia–United Kingdom relations

**North Macedonia–United Kingdom relations** are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between the Republic of North Macedonia and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Both countries are members of the Council of Europe and NATO.

## History

Diplomatic relations were first established in 1993 following North Macedonia's (then formerly known officially as the Republic of Macedonia) independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. The UK has supported both North Macedonia's bid to join the European Union and North Macedonia's accession to NATO. In June 1996, the first British-Macedonian parliamentary group was established.

## Economic relations

On 3 December 2020, North Macedonia and the United Kingdom signed the Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement to continue preferential trade terms after the end of the UK's Brexit transition period. The agreement also strengthened political, economic, security and cultural ties between both nations.

## Diplomatic missions

The current ambassador of North Macedonia to the United Kingdom is Aleksandra Miovska, while Rachel Galloway currently serves as the British ambassador to North Macedonia. North Macedonia operates an embassy in London, and the UK has an embassy in Skopje.

## InfoBox

North Macedonia–United Kingdom relations
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| --- | --- |
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United Kingdom |
North Macedonia |
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| Diplomatic mission | |
| United Kingdom Embassy, Skopje | North Macedonia Embassy, London |
| Envoy | |
| Ambassador Rachel Galloway | Ambassador Aleksandra Miovska |


abstract: The North Hollywood Amelia Earhart Regional Library, formerly Sidney Lanier Branch Library, also referred to as North Hollywood Branch and North Hollywood Library, is a branch library in the Los Angeles Public Library system, located at 5211 N. Tujunga Avenue in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Opened in 1929, the building was declared a Los Angeles Cultural-Historic Monument in 1986 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

text:
# North Hollywood Amelia Earhart Regional Library

The **North Hollywood Amelia Earhart Regional Library**, formerly **Sidney Lanier Branch Library**, also referred to as **North Hollywood Branch** and **North Hollywood Library**, is a branch library in the Los Angeles Public Library system, located at 5211 N. Tujunga Avenue in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Opened in 1929, the building was declared a Los Angeles Cultural-Historic Monument in 1986 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

## History

### Founding and expansion

The North Hollywood Amelia Earhart Regional Library began as two bookcases in the corner of a City of Lankershim post office. As it grew, it moved to a designated section in a feed store at the corner of Lankershim Boulevard and Margate Street, and then to its own building on Margate Street.

In 1923, Lankershim was annexed by the City of Los Angeles, and four years later, the neighborhood changed its name to North Hollywood. The library was also renamed the Sidney Lanier Branch, in keeping with the then tradition of naming Los Angeles branch libraries after literary figures. In 1927, the library moved to a larger location on Bakman Street, and it moved to its current location on July 29, 1929. This final building was designed by Louis Eugene Weston and Louis Eugene Weston Junior, the architectural duo also responsible for American Legion Post 43. The budget for the building was approximately $25,000 ($443,605 in 2023).

The library's continued growth and designation as a regional branch for the San Fernando Valley necessitated an expansion. In 1956, architect John James Landon designed an addition almost tripled its original size. The addition, which cost $183,000 ($2.05 million in 2023), was dedicated on June 22, 1956.

### Renaming

In 1980, community members requested that the library be renamed to honor famed aviator Amelia Earhart, who had lived in the North Hollywood area and frequently used the library. The name change was enacted the following year. A statue of Earhart also stands in the park adjacent to the library.

### Repairs and restoration

The library was one of many structures damaged by the 1994 Northridge earthquake, with a majority of this building's repairs funded by MCA/Universal through the "Adopt-a-Branch" program. The library officially reopened on April 17, 1995, the last damaged branch to reopen.

By 2002, the library was once again in need of restoration and expansion. A new plaza, parking lot, and 1,400 square feet (130 m2) of interior space were added to the building, increasing the facility to 15,150 square feet (1,407 m2). M2A Architects and ARK Construction performed the restoration.

## Architecture and design

The North Hollywood Amelia Earhart Regional Library is a one-story Spanish Colonial Revival Mission-styled stucco and red brick building that features a Spanish tile double roof. The upper roof is shallow hip in design and hangs over a clerestory that contains seven multi-pane recessed windows flanked by two large and colorful terra cotta coat of arms, all centered over the entrance to the building.

The lower roof, located below the clerestory windows on the building's south and east sides, extends over offices and a porch that covers three-quarters of the front of the building. The lower roof is supported by a row of stylized concrete columns and capitals resting on a two foot high concrete wall finished by a brick course. The underside of the porch roof is finished with exposed rafters.

Entry to the building is through decorative wrought iron gates flanked by Mexican tile window grilles set with green antique glass, then a small rectangular vestibule. The building's interior features an open beam ceiling and a fireplace on the south end. Quotes from the Sidney Lanier are located above the fireplace and charging desk.

The building's 1956 addition matches the original in brick work, roof, and exterior detailing.

## Historic designations and awards

This branch was designated Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #302 in 1986, and in 1987, the it and several other Los Angeles Public Library branches were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of Los Angeles Branch Library System TR.

In 2003 and 2004, the library received State of California Governor's Design Award, the Los Angeles Conservancy Preservation Award, and the California Preservation Foundation Design Award, all for the restorations done in 2002.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| North Hollywood Amelia Earhart Regional Library | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 302 | |
|  | |
| The library in 2008 | |
|  | |
| Location | 5211 N. Tujunga Ave., North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California |
| Coordinates | 34°09′57″N 118°22′46″W / 34.1657°N 118.3794°W / 34.1657; -118.3794 |
| Area | 15,150 square feet (1,407 m2) |
| Built | 1930, expanded in 1956 and 2002 |
| Architect | Weston & Weston
John James Landon |
| Architectural style | Spanish Colonial Revival |
| Restored | 1994-1995, 2002 |
| Restored by | M2A architects
ARK Construction |
| MPS | Los Angeles Branch Library System TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 87001018 |
| LAHCM No. | 302 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | May 19, 1987 |
| Designated LAHCM | June 27, 1986 |


title: North Butler High School

abstract: North Butler High School is a rural public high school in Greene, Iowa, United States. It is a part of the North Butler Community School District; it was operated by the Greene Community School District until 2011, when that district merged into the North Butler district. It was a merger of Greene High School and Allison–Bristow High School, and it began operations in 2004 after the Greene and Allison–Bristow school districts began a grade-sharing agreement.

text:
# North Butler High School

**North Butler High School** is a rural public high school in Greene, Iowa, United States. It is a part of the North Butler Community School District; it was operated by the Greene Community School District until 2011, when that district merged into the North Butler district.

It was a merger of Greene High School and Allison–Bristow High School, and it began operations in 2004 after the Greene and Allison–Bristow school districts began a grade-sharing agreement.

## Athletics

The athletic extracurricular activities at North Butler High School are cross country, football, volleyball, basketball, wrestling, golf, track and field, softball, baseball, cheer leading, and dance team. The Bearcats participate in the Top of Iowa Conference.

In 2004, its American football classification was 1A, while its predecessor schools were Class A.

### State championships

The girls' basketball team were the Class 2A State Champions in 2006 and 2007.

## InfoBox

| North Butler Jr/Sr High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 201 North 5th Street
Greene, Iowa 50636
United States | |
| Coordinates | 42°53′57″N 92°47′58″W / 42.8993°N 92.7995°W / 42.8993; -92.7995 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public secondary |
| Motto | "It's great to be a bearcat" |
| School district | North Butler Community School District (2011–present)
Greene Community School District (2004–2011) |
| Superintendent | Joel Foster |
| Principal | Heather Holm |
| Teaching staff | 24.10 FTE |
| Grades | 7–12 |
| Enrollment | 271 (2022-23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 11.24 |
| Campus | Rural |
| Color(s) | Navy and maize
 |
| Athletics conference | Top of Iowa Conference |
| Mascot | Bearcats |
| Website | www.northbutler.k12.ia.us |