title: River Cheswold

abstract: The River Cheswold is a short river in Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. The river originally formed a southern cut of the River Don, and passed underneath what is Friargate. The flow direction of the river has been changed, and it has been heavily modified, largely being culverted as it passes underneath the railway and bus stations. The river is sometimes labelled the shortest named river in Britain.

text:
# River Cheswold

The **River Cheswold** is a short river in Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. The river originally formed a southern cut of the River Don, and passed underneath what is Friargate. The flow direction of the river has been changed, and it has been heavily modified, largely being culverted as it passes underneath the railway and bus stations. The river is sometimes labelled the shortest named river in Britain.

## History

Although now largely culverted, the Cheswold stretches across the northern part of Doncaster town, from the Don Foundry southwards, then under the railway lines at Doncaster railway station, before turning northwards past St Georges Church and thence following the course of what is now, the River Don Navigation. Originally, the Cheswold was an arm of the River Don, the southernmost arm that flowed south and eastwards across the northern part of Doncaster. It met the original course of the River Don in the Friendly Street/Low Fishergate area, although it is unsure whether or not the route was a natural part of the Don, or if it was channelled through the area. The Grey Friars had a house to the east of what is now Frenchgate near to the Cheswold after which Friar's Bridge is named; Frenchgate was historically the route of the Great North Road. A map of 1767 shows the layout of Doncaster which was largely unchanged since Medieval times, and the writer suggests that the Cheswold was the original course of the River Don, but a northern cut, the present named River Don, was made to feed the mills north of the town. Friar's Bridge over the Cheswold was replaced by a single span bridge in 1740. It has been suggested that during the Medieval period, craft which managed to make the "dangerous passage" up the Don River from the Humber Estuary, would have moored in the Cheswold, which was formerly the most important part of the town, and the highest navigable point on the River Don system.

The Roman Fort, and later on the same site, Doncaster Castle, are both thought to have been built with the northern wall adjacent to the Cheswold, which formed a natural defence, and thus also developing the town's civilian quarter near to the River Cheswold. The ditch around the east wall of the castle was later thought to have been filled by water seeping out of the Cheswold. By the 13th century, when all defensive structures had been abandoned, houses fronted alongside the river, with backyards extending to the riverside. By 1703, before the Don was diverted, the Cheswold was used to supply water to the town. A waterwheel had been installed south of Friar's Bridge on Frenchgate, where the road crossed the river. The wheel was 28 feet (8.5 m) in diameter and 3 feet 10 inches (1.17 m) wide. However, the water supplied was muddy and polluted, particularly from sewage deposited upstream, so many wells in the town were relied upon for fresh water. Water from the Cheswold continued to supply parts of Doncaster up until 1916.

In the 1850s, a weir was installed opposite the Don Foundry at the northern end of the Cheswold arm. Additionally, underneath the railway lines, a culverted archway, some 17 feet 6 inches (5.33 m) wide was built. Besides the railway structures, a bus station was built over the eastern side adjacent to the railway station in 1956. The remaining stretch which is not culverted connects the Don Navigation with the River Don. The flow of water in this channel has been reversed - originally it flowed south-east, but now flows north-west as a drain for the Don Navigation. The northern cut of the Don created Crimpsall Island, which housed Doncaster Power Station, which took water from the Cheswold for its power generation. The site of the power station, on an island between the Don, the Don Navigation, and the Cheswold, is now the location of HMP Doncaster. Due to the prison's location between several watercourses, it is known as *Doncatraz*, after the prison in San Francisco Bay named Alcatraz.

Although culverted, the river still loops underneath Frenchgate and discharges into the River Don (New Cut), being some 0.5 miles (0.8 km) in length; reputedly the shortest river in Britain. The culverted River flows underneath both the railway station, and the bus station, the latter being built in 1956.

## Etymology

The first known record of the river is in a document from 1279, where it is described as *Flum de Cheswalt*. Various spellings have been used since then such as River Chelwald, Chelwald Stream, and Cheswalt. Smith asserts that the origin of the name is uncertain, with the possibility of it being the name of a person. The most likely derivation is that of the Old English *Ceosol* (gravel) and *Wald/Walte* meaning a wall.

1. "Doncaster". *maps.nls.uk*. Retrieved 7 June 2022. The river can be seen to the immediate east of the station and heading northeastwards towards the church grounds between Greyfriars Road and Volunteer Yard
2. "Total destruction of Doncaster Parish Church by fire". *York Herald*. No. 4194. Column B. 5 March 1853. p. 7. OCLC 877360086.
3. Allen et al. 2005, p. 281.
4. Firth 1997, p. 29.
5. Fairbank, F. R. (1893). "The House of Grey Friars, Doncaster". *Yorkshire Archaeological Journal*. **12**. Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society: 485. ISSN 0084-4276.
6. Hey, David (2005). *A history of Yorkshire : "county of the broad acres"*. Lancaster: Carnegie Pub. p. 244. ISBN 1859361226.
7. McComish et al. 2010, p. 80.
8. "Yorkshire Notes". *The York Herald*. No. 11684. Column E. 10 November 1888. p. 12. OCLC 877360086.
9. Firth 1997, p. 30.
10. Tomlinson 1887, p. 22.
11. McComish et al. 2010, p. 76.
12. Hey, David (2005). *A history of Yorkshire : "county of the broad acres"*. Lancaster: Carnegie Pub. p. 110. ISBN 1859361226.
13. Allen et al. 2005, p. 284.
14. Tomlinson 1887, p. 193.
15. Tomlinson 1887, pp. 193, 309.
16. Firth 1997, p. 39.
17. Firth 1997, p. 104.
18. "Later Medieval". *researchframeworks.org*. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
19. Tomlinson 1887, p. 339.
20. "Doncaster (Hansard, 18 July 1956)". *api.parliament.uk*. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
21. "River Cheswold". *maps.nls.uk*. Retrieved 23 August 2022. The arrow in the river indicates the flow in c.1906
22. "Rivers, Canals, Oxbows, Major Streams and Subsidence Flashes" (PDF). *dmbcwebstolive01.blob.core.windows.net*. January 2007. p. 7. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
23. Firth 1997, p. 57.
24. "Behind the gate". *insidetime.org*. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
25. "Rare glimpse inside Doncaster Prison as jail celebrates 22nd anniversary". *Sheffield Star*. 20 June 2016. Gale A455979593.
26. Allen et al. 2005, p. 282.
27. Reeve, Elizabeth (2015). *River Don*. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 1445638681.
28. "Doncaster (Hansard, 18 July 1956)". *api.parliament.uk*. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
29. Smith, A. H. (1962). *The place-names of the west riding of Yorkshire / Part VII, Introduction, bibliography, river-names, analyses*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 122. OCLC 912017133.
30. Jackson, John Edward (1853). *History of the ruined church of St. Mary Magdalene : discovered A.D. 1846 within the old town-hall of Doncaster*. London: George Bell. p. 19. OCLC 1152933369.
31. Smith, A. H. (1962). *The place-names of the west riding of Yorkshire / Part VII, Introduction, bibliography, river-names, analyses*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 123. OCLC 912017133.

### Sources

* Allen, S. J.; Goodburn, D. M.; McComish, J. M.; Rogers, P. Walton (January 2005). "Re-used Boat Planking from a 13th-century Revetment in Doncaster, South Yorkshire". *Medieval Archaeology*. **49** (1). doi:10.1179/007660905x54116.
* Firth, Christopher (1997). 900 years of the Don fishery (Report). Environment Agency. OCLC 786246816.
* McComish, J. M.; Mainman, A. J.; Jenner, A.; Rogers, N. (2010). "Excavations at Low Fishergate, Doncaster, South Yorkshire". *Yorkshire Archaeological Journal*. **82**. Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society. ISSN 0084-4276.
* Tomlinson, John (1887). *Doncaster from the Roman occupation to the present time*. Doncaster: Tomlinson. OCLC 10529915.

## InfoBox

| River Cheswold
River Chelwald
Chelwald Stream | |
| --- | --- |
| Footbridge over the River Cheswold | |
|  | |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| coordinates | 53°31′30″N 1°08′31″W / 53.525°N 1.142°W / 53.525; -1.142 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| coordinates | 53°31′37″N 1°08′42″W / 53.527°N 1.145°W / 53.527; -1.145 |
| Length | 0.5 miles (0.8 km) (original arm) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | River Don |


title: Maryglade College

abstract: Maryglade College was a private Roman Catholic college and seminary located in Memphis, Michigan. It opened in 1960 and closed in 1974.

text:
# Maryglade College

**Maryglade College** was a private Roman Catholic college and seminary located in Memphis, Michigan. It opened in 1960 and closed in 1974.

## Background

Maryglade College Seminary (Catholic) closed its Memphis, Michigan campus in May 1972. The following year students lived at St. James and later St. Nicholas of Tolentine parishes in the Detroit area, and attended classes at the University of Detroit, a Catholic college run by the Jesuit Fathers. Later they acquired property on Quincy Avenue, just behind the University of Detroit which remains to this day as the Motherhouse of the Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions (PIME) Fathers and the center for their promotional activities.

Maryglade College Seminary, which was located at 400 Stoddard Road was under the direction of the PIME Fathers, a missionary society of priests and brothers, and a number of its graduates became priests and missionaries. The founder of the college was Father Nicholas Maestrini, PIME, author of many books on the missions, and regional superior. He also built seminaries in Newark, Ohio (Sts. Peter and Paul Mission Seminary) and Oakland, New Jersey (Queen of the Missions Seminary). The last rector at the closing of the Memphis Michigan campus was Fr. Carlo Brivio, PIME, a well-known entomologist. Maryglade was never very large, but the quality of education there was very high under the direction of many extremely talented priests. It offered one major, viz., Philosophy. Father Lawrence Chiesa PIME, was the head of the department for the greater part of the history of this college seminary.

The large wooded campus, located on the Belle River, was an ideal and remote location for a seminary. The building was designed to hold 120 students and a faculty of 15. There was also a convent attached where Sisters ran the domestic department.

## Kennedy Angel

The seminary chapel was noted for two works of art. The wall behind the main altar contained a very large mosaic showing the symbols of Matthew (angel), Mark (lion), Luke (ox), and John (eagle). They radiated out from a large crucifix, showing the preaching of the gospel to be a command from Christ. The lower part of the mosaic showed stylized buildings representative of Eastern and Western cultures so as to inspire the students to desire missionary activity around the world. The mosaic remains to this day in the chapel. (The building is used today as a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center).

The other noteworthy piece of art in the chapel was the so-called "Kennedy Angel." When President John F. Kennedy was in college in 1939, he posed as an angel in a series of carved panels forming an arch. The series of scenes depicted the life of St. Theresa, the Little Flower. The work was carved by Irena Wiley, (author of *Around the Globe in Twenty Years*). This piece of art was removed from the chapel when the seminary closed.

Maryglade was an accredited institution and was also a member of the Consortium of Catholic Colleges in the Detroit area.


abstract: The Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board (HSHDB) is an Indian government body constituted by the Haryana Government on 12 October 2015 under the chairmanship of Manohar Lal Khattar, then Chief Minister of Haryana. The objective of this board includes the Rejuvenation of the Sarasvati River and the development of the Sarasvati-linked Heritage including the construction of DAM, Reservoir, and Barrage for continuation of flow of water in the paleochannel of Sarasvati, Renovation of temples, Provision of civic amenities to the visiting pilgrims and tourists.

text:
# Harayana Saraswati Heritage Development Board

The **Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board** (HSHDB) is an Indian government body constituted by the Haryana Government on 12 October 2015 under the chairmanship of Manohar Lal Khattar, then Chief Minister of Haryana.

The objective of this board includes the Rejuvenation of the Sarasvati River and the development of the Sarasvati-linked Heritage including the construction of DAM, Reservoir, and Barrage for continuation of flow of water in the paleochannel of Sarasvati, Renovation of temples, Provision of civic amenities to the visiting pilgrims and tourists.

## Projects

In 2021 a budget of 14 crores was allocated by the Haryana Government to this board for the first phase beautification project. This board will also participate in construction of DAM at Adi Badri. The board has also planned on creating 5 riverfronts at Pipli and Pehowa in Kurukshetra district, Bilaspur in Yamunanagar district, and on the Panchkula-Yamunanagar highway near Dosarka village, and the Kaithal-Guhla road.

1. "Home - Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board". Retrieved 2023-03-06.
2. "'Will bring Sarasvati river on surface', says Dhuman Singh after becoming vice-chairman of Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board". *The Times of India*. 2020-10-18. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
3. "Under phase-I Budget of Rs 14 crore to be spent on beautification project of Saraswati channel". *The Times of India*. 2021-11-14. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
4. "'Haryana, Himachal Pradesh CMs to sign MoU to construct dam at Adi Badri to rejuvenate Saraswati river'". *The Times of India*. 2022-01-06. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
5. "Haryana's Saraswati heritage board to develop 5 riverfronts". *The Tribune*. 18 July 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2023.

## InfoBox

The Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board (HSHDB)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 12 October 2015 |
| Jurisdiction | Government of Haryana |
| Annual budget | 14 Crores |
| Agency executives |  |
| Website | https://haryanasarasvatiboard.in/ |


title: Women's World Chess Championship 2011

abstract: The Women's World Chess Championship 2011 was the 35th of its kind. It was organised by FIDE and was played in a match format between the defending champion and a challenger, determined via the FIDE Grand Prix series. On 8 August 2011 the match was awarded to Tirana, Albania. The prize fund was $200,000. The match took place from 13 to 30 November 2011. Champion Hou Yifan retained her title, defeating challenger Koneru Humpy by 5½ - 2½.

text:
# Women's World Chess Championship 2011

The **Women's World Chess Championship 2011** was the 35th of its kind. It was organised by FIDE and was played in a match format between the defending champion and a challenger, determined via the FIDE Grand Prix series.

On 8 August 2011 the match was awarded to Tirana, Albania. The prize fund was $200,000. The match took place from 13 to 30 November 2011. Champion Hou Yifan retained her title, defeating challenger Koneru Humpy by 5½ - 2½.

## Match format

The match was scheduled to be played over 10 games with classical time controls: 90 minutes for first 40 moves with added 30 minutes for the rest of the game and a 30-second increment per move starting from the first move.

Koneru Humpy played White in the first game. Colours then alternated, except after game 4. The two players were ranked second and third in the world at the time, behind only Judit Polgár.

Should the match have been tied after ten games, tie-breaks would have kicked in. Those were:

* Up to four rapid games (25 minutes per player with a 10-second increment from the first move)
* two rapid games (5 minutes per player with a 3-second increment from the first move)
* One armageddon game that Black only needs to draw to win the match (5 minutes for White and 4 minutes for Black with a 3-second increment from move 61)

### Match stats

Women's World Chess Championship 2011
|  | Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Koneru Humpy | 2600 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ |  |
| **Hou Yifan** | **2578** | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ |  |

After eight out of ten games the match was decided, by Hou Yifan drawing with Black and reaching 5½ points.

## Head-to-head record

Prior to the match, Hou Yifan and Koneru Humpy had played 16 games against each other at classical time control with the following statistics:

|  | Hou Yifan | Draws | Koneru Humpy | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hou Yifan (White) – Koneru Humpy (Black) | 5 | 2 | 0 | 7 |
| Koneru Humpy (White) – Hou Yifan (Black) | 3 | 4 | 2 | 9 |
| Total | 8 | 6 | 2 | 16 |

## InfoBox

Women's World Chess Championship 2011
|  | Defending champion | Challenger |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|  | **Hou Yifan** | **Humpy Koneru** |
|  | Scores | | |
|  | Born 27 February 1994
17 years old | Born 31 March 1987
24 years old |
|  | Winner of the
Women's World Chess Championship 2010 | Runner-up of the
FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2009–2011 |
|  | Rating: 2578
(Women's World No. 3) | Rating: 2600
(Women's World No. 2) |
|  | | | |


title: Morris Barnett

abstract: Morris Barnett, was a British actor and dramatist.

text:
# Morris Barnett

**Morris Barnett** (1800  18 March 1856), was a British actor and dramatist.

## Biography

Born into a Jewish family, Barnett was originally brought up to the musical profession. The earlier part of his life was passed in Paris. Having resolved to adopt the stage as a profession, he went as a comedian to Brighton and thence to Bath. In 1833 he was engaged by Alfred Bunn for Drury Lane Theatre, when he made his first great hit in the part of Tom Drops in Douglas Jerrold's comedy 'The Schoolfellows.' He showed his peculiar talents in 'Capers and Coronets,’ and after this he wrote, and performed the title rôle in, 'Monsieur Jacques,’ a musical piece, which in 1837 created a furore at the St. James's Theatre. As a delineator of French character he obtained a celebrity in which, save by Mr. Wigan (Alfred Wigan?), he was unrivalled. After a period devoted chiefly to literary pursuits, he reappeared on the stage of the Princess's Theatre, where his 'Old Guard,’ in the piece of that name, attracted general attention. He then joined the literary staff of the 'Morning Post' and the 'Era,’ of which papers he was the musical critic for nearly seven years. In September 1854 he resolved to go to America, and before his departure gave a series of farewell performances at the Adelphi Theatre. The transatlantic trip was not successful. A period of severe ill-health deprived him of the power of exercising his abilities. He at last sank under the effects of his long illness, and died on 18 March 1856 at Montreal.

## Notable Performances

As a dramatist he acquired celebrity by the comedy of *The Serious Family*, which he adapted from *Le Mari à la Campagne*. Among his other pieces are *Lilian Gervais*, a drama in three acts, adapted from the French play of J. E. Alboize de Pujol and Édouard Déaddé, entitled *Marie Simon*; *Married and Un-married*, a drama; *The Bold Dragoons*, a comic drama; *Circumstantial Evidence*, a comic piece; and *Mrs G. of the Golden Pippin*, a petite opera.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Barnett, Morris". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Nave

abstract: The nave is the central part of a church, stretching from the main entrance or rear wall, to the transepts, or in a church without transepts, to the chancel. When a church contains side aisles, as in a basilica-type building, the strict definition of the term "nave" is restricted to the central aisle. In a broader, more colloquial sense, the nave includes all areas available for the lay worshippers, including the side-aisles and transepts. Either way, the nave is distinct from the area reserved for the choir and clergy.

text:
# Nave

Plan of a large Latin cross church with nave highlightedStrict definitionBroader definition

The **nave** (/nv/) is the central part of a church, stretching from the (normally western) main entrance or rear wall, to the transepts, or in a church without transepts, to the chancel. When a church contains side aisles, as in a basilica-type building, the strict definition of the term "nave" is restricted to the central aisle. In a broader, more colloquial sense, the nave includes all areas available for the lay worshippers, including the side-aisles and transepts. Either way, the nave is distinct from the area reserved for the choir and clergy.

## Description

The nave extends from the entry—which may have a separate vestibule (the narthex)—to the chancel and may be flanked by lower side-aisles separated from the nave by an arcade. If the aisles are high and of a width comparable to the central nave, the structure is sometimes said to have three naves. It provides the central approach to the high altar.

## Etymology

The term *nave* is from *navis*, the Latin word for *ship*, an early Christian symbol of the Church as a whole, with a possible connection to the "Ship of St. Peter" or the Ark of Noah. The term may also have been suggested by the keel shape of the vaulting of a church. In many Nordic and Baltic countries a model ship is commonly found hanging in the nave of a church, and in some languages the same word means both 'nave' and 'ship', as for instance Danish *skib*, Swedish *skepp*, Dutch *schip* or Spanish *nave*.

## History

The earliest churches were built when builders were familiar with the form of the Roman basilica, a public building for business transactions. It had a wide central area, with aisles separated by columns, and with windows near the ceiling. Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is an early church which had this form. It was built in the 4th century on the orders of Roman emperor Constantine I, and replaced in the 16th century.

The nave, the main body of the building, is the section set apart for the laity, while the chancel is reserved for the clergy. In medieval churches the nave was separated from the chancel by the rood screen; these, being elaborately decorated, were notable features in European churches from the 14th to the mid-16th century.

Medieval naves were divided into bays, the repetition of form giving an effect of great length; and the vertical element of the nave was emphasized. During the Renaissance, in place of dramatic effects there were more balanced proportions.

By the 1300s, the maintenance and decoration of the nave of parish churches was the responsibility of the parishioners; the clergy were responsible for keeping the chancel in repair.

## Record-holders


title: Mojstrovica

abstract: Mojstrovica is a peak in the western Karawanks in Slovenia. It is accessible from the village of Belca in the Municipality of Kranjska Gora.

text:
# Mojstrovica

**Mojstrovica** (elevation 1,816 meters or 5,958 feet) is a peak in the western Karawanks in Slovenia. It is accessible from the village of Belca in the Municipality of Kranjska Gora.

## InfoBox

| Mojstrovica | |
| --- | --- |
| MojstrovicaSlovenia | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,816 m (5,958 ft) |
| Coordinates | 46°30′12″N 13°53′28″E / 46.50333°N 13.89111°E / 46.50333; 13.89111 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Slovenia |
| Parent range | Karawanks |


title: Penny Arcade (album)

abstract: Penny Arcade is a jazz album by Joe Farrell on the CTI Records label. It was recorded at the Van Gelder Studio in October 1973.

text:
# Penny Arcade (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

***Penny Arcade*** is a jazz album by Joe Farrell on the CTI Records label. It was recorded at the Van Gelder Studio in October 1973.

## Track listing

### Side one

1. "Penny Arcade" (Joe Beck) – 4:45
2. "Too High" (Stevie Wonder) – 13:15

### Side two

1. "Hurricane Jane" (Joe Farrell) – 4:25
2. "Cloud Cream" (Joe Farrell) – 6:15
3. "Geo Blue" (Joe Farrell) – 7:30

## Personnel

## Recording credits

* Engineer – Rudy Van Gelder
* Producer – Creed Taylor
* Cover photograph – Pete Turner
* Liner photograph – Sheila Green Metzner
* Album design – Bob Ciano

1. Yanow, Scott (2011). "Penny Arcade - Joe Farrell | AllMusic". *allmusic.com*. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
2. Swenson, J., ed. (1985). *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide*. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. p. 77. ISBN 0-394-72643-X.
3. "Joe Farrell - Penny Arcade (LP) at Discogs". www.discogs.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.

## InfoBox

| Penny Arcade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Joe Farrell | |
| Released | 1973 |
| Recorded | October 1973 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJ |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 36:10 |
| Label | CTI Records |
| Producer | Creed Taylor |
| Joe Farrell chronology | |
| *Moon Germs*
(1972) ***Penny Arcade***
(1973) *Upon This Rock*
(1974) | |


title: Percy Bowyer

abstract: Harry Percy Bowyer was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Born in England, Bowyer was part of a strong Collingwood side during his career and played in four premiership teams. He played on a wing and back pocket in the 1929 and 1930 premierships, respectively, and in the ruck for their 1935 and 1936 premierships. Bowyer retired in 1938 after believing, wrongly, that he had a stomach ulcer.

text:
# Percy Bowyer

**Harry Percy Bowyer** (6 September 1909 – 17 November 1998) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Born in England, Bowyer was part of a strong Collingwood side during his career and played in four premiership teams. He played on a wing and back pocket in the 1929 and 1930 premierships, respectively, and in the ruck for their 1935 and 1936 premierships. Bowyer retired in 1938 after believing, wrongly, that he had a stomach ulcer.

## InfoBox

| Percy Bowyer | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bowyer during his Collingwood career | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Harry Percy Bowyer | | |
| Date of birth | 6 September 1909 | | |
| Place of birth | Langley, Buckinghamshire, England | | |
| Date of death | 17 November 1998(1998-11-17) (aged 89) | | |
| Original team(s) | St Saviours | | |
| Height | 179 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 71 kg (157 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1928–1938 | Collingwood | 154 (33) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1938. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Alec Douglas

abstract: Alec Douglas was a South African cricketer. He played seven first-class matches for Eastern Province between 1972 and 1974.

text:
# Alec Douglas

**Alec Douglas** (10 September 1939  17 July 2014) was a South African cricketer. He played seven first-class matches for Eastern Province between 1972 and 1974.

## InfoBox

Alec Douglas
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Alexander Douglas |
| Born | (1939-09-10)10 September 1939
Port Elizabeth, South Africa |
| Died | 17 July 2014(2014-07-17) (aged 74)
Port Elizabeth, South Africa |
| Source: Cricinfo, 13 April 2016 | |


title: River Chew

abstract: The River Chew is a small river in England that flows for some 17 miles (27 km) through the North Somerset countryside to form the Chew Valley before merging with the River Avon. The spring from which the Chew rises is just upstream from Chewton Mendip. Strode Brook and Winford Brook are the main tributaries, both joining the Chew from the left. The river flows northwest from Chewton Mendip through Litton, Chew Valley Lake, Chew Stoke, Chew Magna, and Stanton Drew. The river passes under the A37 at Pensford; flows through the villages of Publow, Woollard, Compton Dando, and Chewton Keynsham; and joins the River Avon at Keynsham. The Two Rivers Way runs alongside the Chew for much of its distance, forming part of the Monarch's Way.

text:
# River Chew

The **River Chew** is a small river in England that flows for some 17 miles (27 km) through the North Somerset countryside to form the Chew Valley before merging with the River Avon.

The spring from which the Chew rises is just upstream from Chewton Mendip. Strode Brook and Winford Brook are the main tributaries, both joining the Chew from the left. The river flows northwest from Chewton Mendip through Litton, Chew Valley Lake, Chew Stoke, Chew Magna, and Stanton Drew. The river passes under the A37 at Pensford; flows through the villages of Publow, Woollard, Compton Dando, and Chewton Keynsham; and joins the River Avon at Keynsham. The Two Rivers Way runs alongside the Chew for much of its distance, forming part of the Monarch's Way.

## The name "Chew"

The name "Chew" may have Celtic origins, cognate with the River Chwefru, *cliwyf-ffrenwy*, "the moving, gushing water"; ancient forms are *Estoca* (Chew Stoke), *Chiu* (Chew Magna), and *Ciwetune* (Chewton Mendip). Its exact meaning admits of several possible explanations, including "winding water", the *ew* being a variant of the French *eau*, "water". The word *chewer* is western dialect for "narrow passage" and *chare* is Old English for "turning."

Another theory is that the name derives from the Welsh *cyw*, "the young of an animal, or chicken", such that *Afon Cyw* would have meant "the river of the chickens".

Other possible explanations are it comes from the Old English word *cēo* ("fish gill"), used in the transferred sense of a ravine, in a similar way to Old Norse *gil*, or possibly a derogatory nickname from Middle English *chowe*, "chough", Old English *cēo*, a bird closely related to the crow and the jackdaw, notorious for its chattering and thieving. Still another suggestion is that the river is named after the Viking war god Tiw.

## Course

The current course of the river was likely established after the last ice age, before which the river had probably followed the course of the Congresbury Yeo to the Bristol Channel. Ice blocking the Bristol Channel would have diverted the Chew such that it flowed north rather than west through Compton Martin to join the Avon.

## Roman use

"Pigs" (ingots) of lead from the Charterhouse Roman Town on Mendip were brought to the river to be transported to Sea Mills on the Avon for shipment overseas.

## Flood of 1968

The Chew Stoke flood of 1968 caused serious damage to towns and villages along its path, sweeping away the bridge at Pensford.

## Fishing

Fish ladders have been installed at three weirs in Keynsham and Chewton Keynsham to allow fish to travel upstream. Fishing rights for the Millground and Chewton sections of the river are owned by Keynsham Angling Club. The Mill Ground stretch of the River Chew consists of the six left-bank fields (looking downstream) from Chewton Place at Chewton Keynsham to the Albert Mill, Keynsham. The water is home to numerous species of fish, including chub, roach, European perch, rudd, gudgeon, dace, grayling, trout, and eel.

For further information, visit the dedicated River Chew website at www.riverchew.co.uk.

## InfoBox

| River Chew | |
| --- | --- |
| River Chew between Stanton Drew and Pensford | |
| Topographical map of the Chew Valley | |
| Location | |
| Country | England |
| County | Somerset |
| District | Chew Valley |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Chewton Mendip |
| location | Mendip Hills, Somerset, England |
| coordinates | 51°16′34″N 2°34′42″W / 51.27611°N 2.57833°W / 51.27611; -2.57833 |
| elevation | 305 m (1,001 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | River Avon, Bristol |
| location | Keynsham, Somerset, England |
| coordinates | 51°25′29″N 2°30′26″W / 51.42472°N 2.50722°W / 51.42472; -2.50722 |
| elevation | 10 m (33 ft) |
| Length | 27 km (17 mi) |
| Basin size | 145 km2 (56 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Keynsham |
| average | 1.18 m3/s (42 cu ft/s) |
| minimum | 0.5 m3/s (18 cu ft/s) |
| maximum | 20 m3/s (710 cu ft/s) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Strode Brook, Winford Brook |


title: María Luisa Ozaita

abstract: María Luisa Ozaita Marqués was a Spanish pianist, harpsichordist, musicologist, conductor and composer.

text:
# María Luisa Ozaita

**María Luisa Ozaita Marqués** (20 May 1939, in Barakaldo, Spain – 5 April 2017, in Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish pianist, harpsichordist, musicologist, conductor and composer.

## Biography

María Luisa Ozaita Marques was born in Barakaldo, Vizcaya, in Spain. She studied with Fernando Remacha, and continued her studies in Copenhagen with Leif Thybo and K.J. Isaksen through a MFA exchange scholarship. She also studied harpsichord in France with Kenneth Gilbert and at Darmstadt in Germany.

Ozaita performed internationally in Europe, North America and Eastern Europe, and her compositions have also been performed internationally. She lectured on music history, and published professional articles in magazines including *Confutatis* and *OpusMusica* and in the book *Women in Music* by Patricia Adkins Chiti. Ozaita also collaborated on the Spanish edition of *Women in Music*. She was a member of the La Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País and was the founding president of the Spanish Association of Women in Music.

## Works

Ozaita composed mainly chamber and symphonic works, but was also known for guitar compositions. Selected works include:

* *Pelleas et Mélisande*, opera with text by Pablo Neruda
* *Prelude and Dance* with four variations (1982)
* *Suite, Op 61* (1991)
* *Suggestions bowling alleys* (1991)
* *Microparts guitar* \[Suite\] (1994): \[I.\] Prelude, \[II.\] Tambourin, \[III.\] Song, \[IV.\] Rags
* *Nana* (1999)
* *Obscura lyrics* (1999)
* *Tribute to Bernard Shaw* (2005)
* *Prelude and mosaic, Op 65* (2005)
* *Nice trio* (2007)
* *Suggestive Quintet* (2007)
* *Theme with Variations* (2010)

Her compositions have been recorded in RNE (Radio Classic), including *Tema con variaciones for piano*.

## Death

María Luisa Ozaita died in Madrid on 5 April 2017, at the age of 77.


title: Harbor Boat Building Company

abstract: Harbor Boat Building Company was a shipbuilding company on Terminal Island in San Pedro, California. To support the World War II demand for ships General Engineering built: minesweepers, torpedo boats, submarine chasers, and air-sea rescue boats. In 1919 Romolo Rados founded Harbor Boat Building. After the war he renamed the company Harco Shipyard and built and sold a standard design motor boat. In 1959 he sold the company to LTV. The shipyard was closed and the company was sold again in 1971 to Omega-Alpha, Inc. The last ship built was in 1965 for the US Navy. The shipyard was located at 263 Wharf St, San Pedro.

text:
# Harbor Boat Building Company

33°44′17″N 118°16′04″W / 33.738035°N 118.267862°W / 33.738035; -118.267862

**Harbor Boat Building Company** was a shipbuilding company on Terminal Island in San Pedro, California. To support the World War II demand for ships General Engineering built: minesweepers, torpedo boats, submarine chasers, and air-sea rescue boats. In 1919 Romolo Rados founded Harbor Boat Building. After the war he renamed the company **Harco Shipyard** and built and sold a standard design motor boat. In 1959 he sold the company to LTV. The shipyard was closed and the company was sold again in 1971 to Omega-Alpha, Inc. The last ship built was in 1965 for the US Navy. The shipyard was located at 263 Wharf St, San Pedro.

## *Adjutant*-class minesweeper

Harbor Boat Building Company built *Adjutant*-class minesweepers, an auxiliary motor minesweepers for the United States Navy and other counties in the 1950s. The *Adjutant* class had a displacement of 330 long tons (340 ) light, 390 long tons (400 t) full load, a length of 138 ft (42 m), a beam of 27 ft (8.2 m) and a draft of 9 ft (2.7 m). Power was from four Packard 600 hp (450 kW) diesel engines, 2,400 hp (1,800 kW) total with two screws and a top speed of 13.6 knots (25.2 km/h; 15.7 mph). Armed with two 20 mm (0.8 in) Oerlikon cannons anti-aircraft (AA) guns. Built: *Peacock*, *Phoebe*, *Aconite* (M 640), *Azalée* (M 668), *Camélia* (M 671), *Ulvsund* (M 577), *Vilsund* (M 578), *Geumsan*/*Kum San* (MSC 522), *Goheung*/*Ko Hung* (MSC 523), *Geumdok*/*Kum Kok* (MSC 525), *Yeongdong*/*Kyong Dong* (MSC 529) and *Okcheon*/*Ok Cheon* (MSC 530).

## *Pipit*-class coastal minesweeper

Harbor Boat Building Company built *Pipit*-class coastal minesweepers. The ships had a displacement of 210 long tons (213 t), a length of 85 ft 4 in (26.01 m), a beam of 23 ft 4 in (7.11 m). Power of a diesel engine with one shaft and a top speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Armed with two .30 cal (7.62 mm) machine guns. Built: USS *Magpie*, USS *Plover*.

## Yard patrol boat

Harbor Boat Building Company built two yard patrol boats, *YP-617* and *YP-618*. Finished as reefer ships, small refrigerated cargo vessels to supply fresh food to small islands in the South Pacific. Over 250 tons of refrigerated cargo could be carried in ten wood and four steel refrigerated wells. The ship housed three officers and twenty men. The ships were converted to tuna ships after the war. The boats had a length of 128 feet (39 m), beam of 30 feet (9.1 m), and a draft of 14 feet (4.3 m). They were armed with three 20 mm AA gun mounts and propelled by a single propeller creating 560 shaft horsepower (420 kW).

## Air-sea rescue boat

Harbor Boat Building Company built in 1944 US Navy air-sea rescue boats, also called a crash boat (ARB), were: Model 314 at 23 long tons (23 ), length of 63 ft (19 m), beam of 15 ft 4 in (4.67 m), draft of 4 ft (1.2 m). Powered by 630 hp (470 kW) Hall-Scott Defender V12 petrol engines with a top speed of 31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph). They had a crew of 7 or 8 and were armed with two .50 cal. M2 Browning machine guns. The boats had two rigid 795-US-gallon (3,010 ; 662 imp gal) United States Rubber Company bullet sealing fuel tanks. They were a speed boat used to rescue pilots, crew and passengers from downed aircraft in search and rescue, air-sea rescue missions.

## Submarine chaser

Harbor Boat Building Company built submarine chasers that were of the *SC-497*-class design. They had a displacement of 94 tons with a length of 110 feet (34 m), a beam of 17 feet (5.2 m), a draft of 6 feet (1.8 m), and a top speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph). They had a crew of 28. The sub chasers were powered by two 1,540 brake horsepower (1,150 kW) General Motors, Electro-Motive Division, 16-184A diesel engines, and two propellers. They were armed with one Bofors 40 mm gun, two Browning M2 .50 cal. machine guns, two depth charge projector "Y guns", and two depth charge tracks. Some of the submarine chasers were lent to Allies of the United States as part of the Lend-Lease program.

## Motor Torpedo Boat

Harbor Boat Building Company built Motor Torpedo Boats (BPT) in 1943. These had a displacement of 49 tons, a length of 73 feet (22 m), and a top speed of 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph). The BPTs were armed with two 18-inch (460 mm) torpedoes, one 20 mm gun and two .303 cal Vickers machine guns. Power was from three 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) Packard W-14 M2500 gasoline engines with three shafts. Built for the US Navy as BPT boats, they were reclassified to HM MTB for the use as British Motor Torpedo Boats.

## Notable incidents

* SC 723 hull# 152, a 110-foot (34 m) US Navy sub chaser sank in a typhoon on its way to Taiwan on August 27, 1948. She was commissioned as the USS *PC-723* on December 7, 1942.


title: Wong Lo Kat

abstract: Wong Lo Kat, or Wanglaoji in Mandarin pinyin, is a Chinese herbal tea, and one of the most popular tisane drinks in China today. It is sold in many forms and different types of cans or cardboard containers.

text:
# Wong Lo Kat

| Wong Lo Kat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 王老吉 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wánglǎojí  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization wòhng lóuh gāt  Jyutping wong4 lou5 gat1 | |
|  | |

**Wong Lo Kat** (Chinese: 王老吉), or **Wanglaoji** in Mandarin pinyin, is a Chinese herbal tea, and one of the most popular tisane drinks in China today. It is sold in many forms and different types of cans or cardboard containers.

## Ingredients

Wong Lo Kat contains a number of herbal infusions and decoctions, as well as sweeteners:

## History

"Wong Lo Kat" is the Cantonese transliteration of its name in Chinese characters. Wong Lo Kat originated in 1828 during the Qing Dynasty in Guangdong (Kwangtung) and Guangxi (Kwangsi) provinces of China, founded by a doctor Wong Chat Bong (simplified Chinese: 王泽邦; traditional Chinese: 王澤邦; pinyin: *Wáng Zébāng*). Because the Wong family was the inventor of herbal tea brewing in southern China, the brand is synonymous with this type of drink. The recipe has been passed down through multiple generations to today's tea culture.

In around 1949, the Chinese government began seizing private companies and all associated assets. Wong Lo Kat's descendants established operations in Hong Kong, whilst all assets in Mainland China passed to a government-owned subsidiary.

### Trademark dispute in Mainland China

After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Wong Lo Kat (pronounced *Wánglǎojí* in Mandarin) in mainland China has been owned by the government.

"Wanglaoji"'s trademark right holder, Guangzhou Yangcheng Pharmaceutical (广州羊城药业), whose name was later changed to "Guangzhou Wanglaoji Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd." (广州王老吉药业有限公司), a subsidiary of the state-owned Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited (广州医药集团有限公司), licensed the right to use the 王老吉 trade mark to Hong Kong Hung To Group Co., Ltd. (香港鴻道集團有限公司), who marketed the Wong Lo Kat product in red cans, meanwhile the 250 ml green carton version has been produced by Guangzhou Pharmaceutical themselves.

In 1997, Hung To Group and Guangzhou Pharmaceutical signed a trademark license agreement. Hung To Group had legally gained the right to use 王老吉 and, its subsidiary, JDB Beverage Co., Ltd. (加多宝饮料有限公司; aka. *Jiāduōbǎo*) had been the producer of the red can version of Wong Lo Kat in mainland China. JDB Group also used the traditional English name Wong Lo Kat in mainland China, which is the 王老吉 in Cantonese spelling since 1828.

The trademark license was renewed in 2000 to make it valid until 2 May 2010. In 2002 and 2003, two additional extensions were signed, extending the validity to 2013 and 2020 respectively.

The sales by JDB increased more rapidly than by Guangzhou Pharmaceutical. The sales of the red can version was at more than 1 billion RMB while the green carton version had annual sales of estimated 80 million RMB in 2004. In 2008, the red can's sales exceeded 10 billion RMB, its annual sales volume in 2007, 2008 and 2009 topped in Chinese beverage can products.

Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings' general manager Li Yiming (李益民) was found guilty of fraud in 2005. As part of the agreements to extend the license, he accepted payment of 3 million HK dollar's from Hung To Group's Chan Hung To (陳鴻道). Hung To Group states that they considered the payment a legitimate fee in relation to the license agreement extension, however, in light of Li Yiming's known fraudulent activity, and as the funds were never received by Guangzhou Pharmaceutical the payment was officially declared a bribe.

In April 2011, Guangzhou Pharmaceutical submitted a "Wanglaoji" trademark issue for arbitration. On 9 May 2012, China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission ruled that the two additional trademark contracts were invalid, the valid trademark agreement had expired on 2 May 2010, thus Hung To Group and JDB had no right to use "Wanglaoji" trademark after that date.

Since 2011, it had been explicitly printed "produced by JDB" on red can products. The product's name has been completely changed to "JDB" (加多寶; aka. *Jiāduōbǎo*) since May 2012.

Several days after the arbitration, Guangzhou Pharmaceutical started to produce their own red can Wanglaoji beverage.

Wong Chat Bong's descendant in Hong Kong, Wang Jianyi (王健仪), who operated Wong Lo Kat's entity outside the mainland, expressed her support for JDB company.

## InfoBox

Wong Lo Kat/Wanglaoji
王老吉
| A can of JDB's Wong Lo Kat | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Herbal tea |
| Manufacturer | Various (including JDB Group and Guangzhou Pharmaceutical) |
| Country of origin | China |
| Introduced | 1828 (1828) |


title: Neasham

abstract: Neasham is a village approximately four miles to the south east of Darlington in County Durham, England.

text:
# Neasham

**Neasham** is a village approximately four miles to the south east of Darlington in County Durham, England.

## Geography and recreation

The village sits on the banks of the River Tees which, at that point, marks the border between the counties of Durham and North Yorkshire. The crossing at the River Tees at Neasham is the point of the great road north and the point where the bishops crossed into Co Durham (the Land of the Prince Bishops). The layout of Neasham consists of one main street, Teesway, which runs west to east for about half a mile plus some minor turn-offs with residences.

In the summer visitors come to the village for canoeing, fishing, cycling and horseriding.

## Demographics

## Events

*Bonfire night*\- on the playing field next to the river the village holds a huge bonfire with local people starting to collect branches, furniture etc. in early September. In 2006 Stockton Borough Council tried to stop the bonfire because of health and safety but failed. Afterwards there is also fireworks. This has now been stopped due to the high cost of insurance. The last display and bonfire was in 2009.

*Ducky Derby*\- People buy plastic ducks and then they are all released into the river and the first one to the finishing line wins a prize.

Media related to Neasham at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Neasham | |
| --- | --- |
| NeashamLocation within County Durham | |
| Population | 376 (Including Sockburn. 2011) |
| OS grid reference | NZ329104 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Darlington |
| Postcode district | DL2 |
|  | |
| Police | Durham |
| Fire | County Durham and Darlington |
| Ambulance | North East |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Molecular term symbol

abstract:
In molecular physics, the molecular term symbol is a shorthand expression of the group representation and angular momenta that characterize the state of a molecule, i.e. its electronic quantum state which is an eigenstate of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian. It is the equivalent of the term symbol for the atomic case. However, the following presentation is restricted to the case of homonuclear diatomic molecules, or other symmetric molecules with an inversion centre. For heteronuclear diatomic molecules, the u/g symbol does not correspond to any exact symmetry of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian. In the case of less symmetric molecules the molecular term symbol contains the symbol of the group representation to which the molecular electronic state belongs. It has the general form: where
  - S is the total spin quantum number
  - Λ (Lambda) is the projection of the orbital angular momentum along the internuclear axis
  - Ω (Omega) is the projection of the total angular momentum along the internuclear axis
  - g / u indicates the symmetry or parity with respect to inversion through a centre of symmetry
  - + / − is the reflection symmetry along an arbitrary plane containing the internuclear axis

text:
# Molecular term symbol

In molecular physics, the **molecular term symbol** is a shorthand expression of the group representation and angular momenta that characterize the state of a molecule, i.e. its electronic quantum state which is an eigenstate of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian. It is the equivalent of the **term symbol** for the atomic case. However, the following presentation is restricted to the case of homonuclear diatomic molecules, or other symmetric molecules with an inversion centre. For heteronuclear diatomic molecules, the *u/g* symbol does not correspond to any exact symmetry of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian. In the case of less symmetric molecules the molecular term symbol contains the symbol of the group representation to which the molecular electronic state belongs.

It has the general form:

$^{2S+1}\Lambda \_{\Omega ,(g/u)}^{(+/-)}$

where

* $S$ is the total spin quantum number
* $\Lambda $ (Lambda) is the projection of the orbital angular momentum along the internuclear axis
* $\Omega $ (Omega) is the projection of the total angular momentum along the internuclear axis
* $g/u$ indicates the symmetry or *parity* with respect to inversion ( $\hat {i}$) through a centre of symmetry
* $+/-$ is the reflection symmetry along an arbitrary plane containing the internuclear axis

## Λ quantum number

For atoms, we use *S*, *L*, *J* and *MJ* to characterize a given state. In linear molecules, however, the lack of spherical symmetry destroys the relationship $\[{\hat {\mathbf {L} }^{2},{\hat {H}\]=0}}$, so *L* ceases to be a good quantum number. A new set of operators have to be used instead: $\\{{\hat {\mathbf {S} }^{2},{\hat {\mathbf {S} }\_{z},{\hat {\mathbf {L} }\_{z},{\hat {\mathbf {J} }\_{z}={\hat {\mathbf {S} }\_{z}+{\hat {\mathbf {L} }\_{z}\\}}}}}}}$, where the *z*-axis is defined along the internuclear axis of the molecule. Since these operators commute with each other and with the Hamiltonian on the limit of negligible spin-orbit coupling, their eigenvalues may be used to describe a molecule state through the quantum numbers *S*, *MS*, *ML* and *MJ*.

The cylindrical symmetry of a linear molecule ensures that positive and negative values of a given $m\_{\ell }$ for an electron in a molecular orbital will be degenerate in the absence of spin-orbit coupling. Different molecular orbitals are classified with a new quantum number, λ, defined as

$$\lambda =|m\_{\ell }|$$

Following the spectroscopic notation pattern, molecular orbitals are designated by a lower case Greek letter: for λ = 0, 1, 2, 3,... orbitals are called σ, π, δ, φ... respectively, analogous to the Latin letters s, p, d, f used for atomic orbitals.

Now, the total *z*-projection of *L* can be defined as

$$M\_{L}=\sum \_{i}{m\_{\ell }\_{i}.}$$

As states with positive and negative values of *ML* are degenerate, we define

Λ = |*ML*|,

and a capital Greek letter is used to refer to each value: Λ = 0, 1, 2, 3... are coded as Σ, Π, Δ, Φ... respectively (analogous to S, P, D, F for atomic states). The molecular term symbol is then defined as

2*S*+1Λ

and the number of electron degenerate states (under the absence of spin-orbit coupling) corresponding to this term symbol is given by:

* (2*S*+1)×2 if Λ is not 0
* (2*S*+1) if Λ is 0.

## Ω and spin–orbit coupling

Spin–orbit coupling lifts the degeneracy of the electronic states. This is because the *z*-component of spin interacts with the *z*-component of the orbital angular momentum, generating a total electronic angular momentum along the molecule axis **J**z. This is characterized by the *MJ* quantum number, where

*MJ* = *MS* \+ *ML*.

Again, positive and negative values of *MJ* are degenerate, so the pairs (*ML*, *MS*) and (*ML*, *MS*) are degenerate: {(1, 1/2), (1, 1/2)}, and {(1, 1/2), (1, 1/2)} represent two different degenerate states. These pairs are grouped together with the quantum number Ω, which is defined as the sum of the pair of values (*ML*, *MS*) for which *ML* is positive. Sometimes the equation

Ω = Λ \+ *MS*

is used (often Σ is used instead of *MS*). Note that although this gives correct values for Ω it could be misleading, as obtained values do not correspond to states indicated by a given pair of values (*ML*, *MS*). For example, a state with (1, 1/2) would give an Ω value of Ω = |1| + (1/2) = 1/2, which is wrong. Choosing the pair of values with *ML* positive will give a Ω = 3/2 for that state.

With this, a **level** is given by

$$^{2S+1}\Lambda \_{\Omega }$$

Note that Ω can have negative values and subscripts *r* and *i* represent regular (normal) and inverted multiplets, respectively. For a 4Π term there are four degenerate (*ML*, *MS*) pairs: {(1, 3/2), (1, 3/2)}, {(1, 1/2), (1, 1/2)}, {(1, 1/2), (1, 1/2)}, {(1, 3/2), (1, 3/2)}. These correspond to Ω values of 5/2, 3/2, 1/2 and 1/2, respectively. Approximating the spin–orbit Hamiltonian to first order perturbation theory, the energy level is given by

*E* = *A* *ML* *MS*

where *A* is the spin–orbit constant. For 4Π the Ω values 5/2, 3/2, 1/2 and 1/2 correspond to energies of 3*A*/2, *A*/2, *A*/2 and 3*A*/2. Despite having the same magnitude of Ω, the levels Ω = ±1/2 have different energies and so are not degenerate. States with different energies are assigned different Ω values. For states with positive values of *A* (which are said to be *regular*), increasing values of Ω correspond to increasing values of energies; on the other hand, with *A* negative (said to be *inverted*) the energy order is reversed. Including higher-order effects can lead to a spin-orbital levels or energy that do not even follow the increasing value of Ω.

When Λ = 0 there is no spin–orbit splitting to first order in perturbation theory, as the associated energy is zero. So for a given *S*, all of its *MS* values are degenerate. This degeneracy is lifted when spin–orbit interaction is treated to higher order in perturbation theory, but still states with same |*MS*| are degenerate in a non-rotating molecule. We can speak of a 5Σ2 substate, a 5Σ1 substate or a 5Σ0 substate. Except for the case Ω = 0, these substates have a degeneracy of 2.

## Reflection through a plane containing the internuclear axis

There are an infinite number of planes containing the internuclear axis and hence there are an infinite number of possible reflections. For any of these planes, molecular terms with Λ \> 0 always have a state which is symmetric with respect to this reflection and one state that is antisymmetric. Rather than labelling those situations as, e.g., 2Π±, the ± is omitted.

For the Σ states, however, this two-fold degeneracy disappears, and all Σ states are either symmetric under any plane containing the internuclear axis, or antisymmetric. These two situations are labeled as Σ+ or Σ.

## Reflection through an inversion center: u and g symmetry

Taking the molecular center of mass as origin of coordinates, consider the change of all electrons' position from (*xi*, *yi*, *zi*) to (*xi*, *yi*, *zi*). If the resulting wave function is unchanged, it is said to be *gerade* (German for even) or have even parity; if the wave function changes sign then it is said to be *ungerade* (odd) or have odd parity. For a molecule with a center of inversion, all orbitals will be symmetric or antisymmetric. The resulting wavefunction for the whole multielectron system will be *gerade* if an even number of electrons are in *ungerade* orbitals, and *ungerade* if there are an odd number of electrons in *ungerade* orbitals, regardless of the number of electrons in *gerade* orbitals.

An alternative method for determining the symmetry of an MO is to rotate the orbital about the axis joining the two nuclei and then rotate the orbital about a line perpendicular to the axis. If the sign of the lobes remains the same, the orbital is *gerade*, and if the sign changes, the orbital is *ungerade*.

## Wigner-Witmer correlation rules

In 1928 Eugene Wigner and E.E. Witmer proposed rules to determine the possible term symbols for diatomic molecular states formed by the combination of a pair of atomic states with given atomic term symbols. For example, two like atoms in identical 3S states can form a diatomic molecule in 1Σg+, 3Σu+, or 5Σg+ states. For one like atom in a 1Sg state and one in a 1Pu state, the possible diatomic states are 1Σg+, 1Σu+, 1Πg and 1Πu. The parity of an atomic term is *g* if the sum of the individual angular momentum is even, and *u* if the sum is odd.

Simplified correlation rules for electronic states of diatomic molecules resulting from given states of separated (unlike) atoms
| Atomic Term Symbols | Molecular Term Symbols |
| --- | --- |
| Sg \+ Sg or Su \+ Su | Σ+ |
| Sg \+ Su | Σ |
| Sg \+ Pg or Su \+ Pu | Σ, Π |
| Sg \+ Pu or Su \+ Pg | Σ+, Π |
| Sg \+ Dg or Su \+ Du | Σ+, Π, Δ |
| Sg \+ Du or Su \+ Dg | Σ, Π, Δ |
| Sg \+ Fg or Su \+ Fu | Σ, Π, Δ, Φ |
| Sg \+ Fu or Su \+ Fg | Σ+, Π, Δ, Φ |
| Pg \+ Pg or Pu \+ Pu | Σ+(2), Σ, Π(2), Δ |
| Pg \+ Pu | Σ+, Σ(2), Π(2), Δ |
| Pg \+ Dg or Pu \+ Du | Σ+, Σ(2), Π(3), Δ(2), Φ |
| Pg \+ Du or Pu \+ Dg | Σ+(2), Σ, Π(3), Δ(2), Φ |
| Pg \+ Fg or Pu \+ Fu | Σ+(2), Σ, Π(3), Δ(3), Φ(2), Γ |
| Pg \+ Fu or Pu \+ Fg | Σ+, Σ(2), Π(3), Δ(3), Φ(2), Γ |
| Dg \+ Dg or Du \+ Du | Σ+(3), Σ(2), Π(4), Δ(3), Φ(2), Γ |
| Dg \+ Du | Σ+(2), Σ(3), Π(4), Δ(3), Φ(2), Γ |
| Dg \+ Fg or Du \+ Fu | Σ+(2), Σ(3), Π(5), Δ(4), Φ(3), Γ(2), Η |
| Dg \+ Fu or Du \+ Fg | Σ+(3), Σ(2), Π(5), Δ(4), Φ(3), Γ(2), Η |

## Alternative empirical notation

Electronic states are also often identified by an empirical single-letter label. The ground state is labelled X, excited states of the same multiplicity (i.e., having the same spin quantum number) are labelled in ascending order of energy with capital letters A, B, C...; excited states having different multiplicity than the ground state are labelled with lower-case letters a, b, c... In polyatomic molecules (but not in diatomic) it is customary to add a tilde (e.g. $\tilde {X}$, $\tilde {a}$) to these empirical labels to prevent possible confusion with symmetry labels based on group representations.


title: Pennesières

abstract: Pennesières is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Pennesières

**Pennesières** is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Pennesières | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Pennesières | |
|  | |
| Location of Pennesières | |
| PennesièresPennesières | |
| Coordinates: 47°29′09″N 6°05′54″E / 47.4858°N 6.0983°E / 47.4858; 6.0983 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Haute-Saône |
| Arrondissement | Vesoul |
| Canton | Rioz |
| Area**1** | 9.07 km2 (3.50 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 195 |
| Density | 21/km2 (56/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 70405 /70190 |
| Elevation | 273–411 m (896–1,348 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: River Churnet

abstract: The River Churnet is a river in Staffordshire, England. It is a tributary of the River Dove.

text:
# River Churnet

The **River Churnet** is a river in Staffordshire, England. It is a tributary of the River Dove.

## Etymology

The origins of the name "Churnet" are unknown, though it is thought to derive from the pre-English, British name for the river.

## Course

The source of the river is located over 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level in the Staffordshire moorlands, near the gritstone escarpment of the Roaches, and next to the A53 Leek to Buxton road, It is only a few hundred yards away from Black Brook which ultimately, through the Dane and Weaver, flows into the Irish Sea; however, the Churnet, through the Dove, Trent and Humber Estuary, ultimately flows into the North Sea.

After flowing downhill for a few miles it reaches Tittesworth Reservoir, a major supplier of fresh water to the Potteries and Leek. After it leaves the dam at Tittesworth, it flows into the ancient market town of Leek, where it was used until quite recently to aid the manufacture of dyes that were used in the town's textile and silk industries. South of Cheddleton, the river flows through the Churnet Valley, an area of outstanding beauty with ancient woodland, an abundance of wildlife and industrial heritage.

The Caldon Canal locks into the river at Oak Meadow Ford Lock, 2 miles on from Cheddleton and river and canal are one until Consall Forge, where the canal goes its own way again. The river continues through the valley, past ancient woodland and the Bolton Copper works at Froghall, then through the villages of Oakamoor and Alton. It flows past the JCB factory at Rocester and shortly afterwards joins the River Dove near the hamlet of Combridge.

## Churnet Valley

The course of the river from Cheddleton to Rocester runs through the Churnet Valley – a part of Staffordshire that has been known either as Staffordshire's Rhineland or Staffordshire's Little Switzerland. Throughout the valley there are steep gorges and banks, with an abundance of woodland and Wildlife. There are several woods owned by the National Trust and the RSPB.

## Industry

The Churnet has been heavily influenced by industry along its length for nearly a thousand years and as a result became possibly the most polluted river in Europe. The river was heavily used in Leek by the textile industry to make dyes. The dyeing industry was established in 1734 and it was claimed that the water from the Churnet was the finest in Europe for this purpose. In nearby Cheddleton the Churnet was used to power a flint mill that ground down flint for use in the pottery industry. Further downriver at Froghall and at Oakamoor the Thomas Bolton Copper works used the power of the Churnet to help manufacture the world's first transatlantic telegraph cables. The processes involved in manufacturing copper wire at the sites caused high levels of pollution.

The Churnet Valley was heavily involved in the iron-smelting industry and it is documented from as long ago as 1290 that iron was smelted using the river as its main source of energy. The early forges were at East Wall, near Oakamoor, but a later forge is still standing at Consall, next to the locks on the Caldon Canal.

The Caldon Canal runs with the river through the Churnet Valley and along parts the river is canalised. There was intensive freight traffic on the waterway transporting limestone and ironstone from the wharves on the canal. Today the only industrial use of the river is by the sand quarry at Oakamoor.

Since the decline of industry in Leek and the Churnet Valley, the quality of the water has improved so much that a programme of re-introducing salmon is underway.

52°56′8.9″N 1°50′57.5″W / 52.935806°N 1.849306°W / 52.935806; -1.849306

## InfoBox

| Churnet (Staffordshire) | |
| --- | --- |
| A narrowboat has just locked down into the Churnet river at Oak Meadow Ford lock | |
| Location | |
| Country | England |
| Region | Staffordshire |
| District | The Roaches, Leek, Churnet Valley |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | The Roaches, Staffordshire Moorlands, Staffordshire, England |
| elevation | 460 m (1,510 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Near Combridge, East Staffordshire, England |


title: Mary Hall (actress)

abstract: Mary Hall, born Mary deLuce White, was an American stage actress who appeared on Broadway from 1901 to 1929. She was part of the Castle Square Theatre in Boston, and a leading lady with Boston's Empire Theatre and the Pike Theatre of Cincinnati. She took her stage name from her first marriage to Smith B. Hall, with whom she was mother of sportscaster Halsey Hall. She died in New York City at age 84. Often billed as English due to early tours in London, she was born to judge Henry P. White and Euphemia deLuce of Kansas City, Missouri, in a family of a three children. She became a prominent social leader in Kansas City, and married newspaperman Smith B. Hall in 1895. The "statuesque brunette" was nominated queen of the Kansas City flower parade in 1896, and entered the stage the same year, in a production of In Old Kentucky in Toledo, Ohio. She divorced Hall and married Dr. Charles Tabb Pearce in 1904. She later married newspaperman and theatrical manager William Antisdel, actor-manager Frederick E. Bryant, and the unemployment activist Urbain J. Ledoux.

text:
# Mary Hall (actress)

**Mary Hall** (c.1876 – December 8, 1960), born **Mary deLuce White**, was an American stage actress who appeared on Broadway from 1901 to 1929. She was part of the Castle Square Theatre in Boston, and a leading lady with Boston's Empire Theatre and the Pike Theatre of Cincinnati. She took her stage name from her first marriage to Smith B. Hall, with whom she was mother of sportscaster Halsey Hall. She died in New York City at age 84.

Often billed as English due to early tours in London, she was born to judge Henry P. White and Euphemia deLuce of Kansas City, Missouri, in a family of a three children. She became a prominent social leader in Kansas City, and married newspaperman Smith B. Hall in 1895. The "statuesque brunette" was nominated queen of the Kansas City flower parade ("Kween Karnation") in 1896, and entered the stage the same year, in a production of *In Old Kentucky* in Toledo, Ohio. She divorced Hall and married Dr. Charles Tabb Pearce in 1904. She later married newspaperman and theatrical manager William Antisdel (who claimed they were never legally married), actor-manager Frederick E. Bryant, and the unemployment activist Urbain J. Ledoux.


title: Harbor Bluffs, Florida

abstract: Harbor Bluffs is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,860 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Harbor Bluffs, Florida

**Harbor Bluffs** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,860 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Harbor Bluffs is located at 27°54′28″N 82°49′30″W / 27.90778°N 82.82500°W / 27.90778; -82.82500 (27.907699, -82.825074).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.5 km2 (0.97 sq mi), of which 1.8 km2 (0.69 sq mi) is land and 0.7 km2 (0.27 sq mi) (27.37%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 2,659 |  |  |
| 2000 | 2,807 |  | 5.6% |
| 2010 | 2,860 |  | 1.9% |
| 2020 | 2,646 |  | −7.5% |
| source: | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,807 people, 1,186 households, and 876 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,548.3 people/km2 (4,010 people/sq mi). There were 1,251 housing units at an average density of 690.0 units/km2 (1,787 units/sq mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.04% White, 0.11% African American, 0.04% Native American, 1.57% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.96% of the population.

There were 1,186 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.4% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.1% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19.3% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 30.7% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $61,397, and the median income for a family was $68,000. Males had a median income of $49,943 versus $30,900 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $39,261. About 3.9% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.9% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Harbor Bluffs, Florida | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Location in Pinellas County and the state of Florida | |
| Coordinates: 27°54′28″N 82°49′30″W / 27.90778°N 82.82500°W / 27.90778; -82.82500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Pinellas |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.95 sq mi (2.47 km2) |
| Land | 0.69 sq mi (1.79 km2) |
| Water | 0.26 sq mi (0.67 km2) |
| Elevation | 10 ft (3 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,646 |
| Density | 3,818.18/sq mi (1,475.20/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 33770 |
| Area code | 727 |
| FIPS code | 12-28650 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1867150 |


title: Wong Lin Ken

abstract: Wong Lin Ken was a Singaporean politician and historian. He served as the first Ambassador of Singapore to the United States. A member of the People's Action Party (PAP), Wong also served as the Minister for Home Affairs from 1970 to 1972 and the Member of Parliament (MP) representing Alexandra Constituency from 1968 to 1976.

text:
# Wong Lin Ken

**Wong Lin Ken** (Chinese: 黄麟根; 1931 – 16 February 1983) was a Singaporean politician and historian. He served as the first Ambassador of Singapore to the United States. A member of the People's Action Party (PAP), Wong also served as the Minister for Home Affairs from 1970 to 1972 and the Member of Parliament (MP) representing Alexandra Constituency from 1968 to 1976.

## Early life

Wong was born in 1931 in Penang, which was then a part of the Straits Settlements. He attended St. George's Boys School in Balik Pulau and Penang Free School. He later won a Government Bursary to study at the University of Malaya and a Queen's Scholar to study at the University of London. In 1959, he got a doctorate in history.

In 1953, Wong went on an expedition trip led by G. de G. Sieveking, including Emily Sadka, where they found masonry in Malay fortifications and the remains of an ancient Chinese trading ship.

He worked as a senior lecturer in history at the University of Singapore, the chairman of the Adult Education Board, and the director of the External Affairs Bureau of the People's Action Party. Wong was a part of a five-man delegation led by then-Minister for Interior and Defense Goh Keng Swee that attended the 1966 U.N. General Assembly.

## Political career

Wong made his political debut in 1964 at the 1964 Malaysian general election where he contested for Bukit Bintang as a People's Action Party (PAP) candidate against Tan Toh Hong of Alliance Party, Ishak Muhamad of Socialist Front, and Abdul Aziz Ismail of Malaysian Islamic Party. He lost with only 31.12% of the vote.

In 1967, he was appointed the first Ambassador of Singapore to the United States and ended in 1968, and by 1969, was back to working at the University of Singapore.

During the 1968 general election, Wong contested for Member of Parliament (MP) of Alexandra Constituency and was elected unopposed. In 1970, Wong was appointed the Minister for Home Affairs (MHA) and was sworn in by then-President Yusof Ishak. In 1971, Wong announced the Central Narcotics Bureau, a department under the MHA.

In the 1972 general election, Wong contested for MP of Alexandra Constituency again, against Wong Kui Yu from Workers' Party and S. A. Hamid from United National Front. He was elected with 77.52% of the vote.

## Death

On 16 February 1983, Wong committed suicide by hanging using a nylon cord in his bathroom after having heard a loud noise from his neighbour's house. According to his wife, Lilli Wong, and his psychiatrist, Ho Eng Siong, he had been suffering from depression and entered a panicked reaction after the sudden loud noise. He was cremated at Mount Vernon Columbarium and was survived by his wife and 3 children.

## InfoBox

| Wong Lin Ken | |
| --- | --- |
| 黄麟根 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Ambassador of Singapore to the United States | |
| **In office**
7 April 1967  December 1968 | |
| President | Yusof Ishak |
| Prime Minister | Lee Kuan Yew |
| Preceded by | *position established* |
| Succeeded by | Ernest Steven Monteiro |
| Minister for Home Affairs | |
| **In office**
6 September 1970  15 September 1972 | |
| Prime Minister | Lee Kuan Yew |
| Preceded by | Ong Pang Boon |
| Succeeded by | Edmund W. Barker |
| Member of Parliament representing Alexandra Constituency | |
| **In office**
6 May 1968  6 December 1976 | |
| Preceded by | *constituency established* |
| Succeeded by | Tan Soo Khoon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1931
Penang, Straits Settlements |
| Died | 16 February 1983 (aged 51)
Singapore |
| Nationality | Singaporean |
| Spouse | Lilli Wong |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | University of Malaya
University of London |
|  | |


title: Moosbach (Lauter)

abstract: The Moosbach is a stream, approximately 6.6 kilometres (4.1 mi) long, in the South Palatine part of the Wasgau region in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is a right tributary of the Lauter, whose upper reaches are known as the Wieslauter.

text:
# Moosbach (Lauter)

The **Moosbach** is a stream, approximately 6.6 kilometres (4.1 mi) long, in the South Palatine part of the Wasgau region in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is a right tributary of the Lauter, whose upper reaches are known as the *Wieslauter*.

## Geography

### Course

The *Moosbach* rises at a height of 289 m above NN in the central Wasgau in the region known as the Dahner Felsenland, southwest of the Kaletschkopf hill (453.1 m above NN) in a woodland within the *Moosbachtal* Nature reserve. Its source is a spring called the *Moosbrunnen*. It initially presses northwards through a narrow, wooded valley between the Red Rock (*Roten Felsen*) on the left and the *Kaletschkopf* on the right. At the *Moosbach-Halde* it changes direction to run northeast and then fills a small pond south of the *Moosbachhütte* hut and shortly thereafter the rather larger and very scenic pond of Kranzwoog. Very gradually it turns towards the east. It runs along the southern slopes of the *Lehmberg* (386.2 m above NN). South of the *Wolfdell* it passes through two more small ponds in succession and its then fed from the right by the Seibertsbach stream coming from the south. About 300 metres (1,000 ft) downstream the *Moosbach* bends to the left and now flows in a northerly direction west of the *Mehrsberg* (328.2 m above NN). Shortly afterwards it passes through the *Neudahner Weiher*, which lies on the southeastern slopes of the *Sägköpfchen* (317.9 m above NN). To the east, not far from this lake, rises Neudahn Castle. The *Moosbach* empties from the right into the *Wieslauter* at a height of 206 m above NN.

### Tributaries

## Biosphere

The nature reserve of *Moosbachtal* ist 111 hectares in area. Its calcareous grassland, wet meadows, intermediate bogs, dystrophic ponds with siltation zones, springs, streams, bushes and woods offer a multitude of species their own habitat, so that it forms one of the most important reserves in Südwestpfalz.

### Flora

Alder grows in the carrs in the valley, albeit threatened at times by spruce and beech, and in the wet meadows deer fern, milk parsley, yellow flag and marsh marigold thrive. Cranberries, bog pondweed, tussock sedge, bogbean, cottongrass, water lilies, marsh gentian and bog arum also grow richly here. One feature of the valley is the occurrence of the fungi, alder bracket and lilac milk cap.

### Fauna

Grass snakes, Alpine newts, Common toads and Common frogs occur in the carrs, and great spotted woodpeckers and red-backed shrike may also be seen there. Dragonflies and damselflies thrive greatly on the brown water ponds; a total of 37 different species have been identified in the valley, including the blue hawker. Other insects living in the valley include the stag beetle, der swallowtail and the large marsh grasshopper.

## Geology

Geologically the valley is characterised by depositions of bunter sandstone, which is overlain in places by marsh from the Cenozoic. Occasionally, black peat occurs here.

## Tourism

Through the Moosbach valley run several walks, such as the Water Lily Tour (*Seerosentour*). A campsite at the Neudahner Weiher offers the opportunity to camp in the middle of the Palatine Forest. The valley has recently been opened up by the establishment of the eponymous railway halt of *Moosbachtal* on the Wieslauter Railway. The stop is served by passenger excursion trains on Wednesdays as well as at weekends and on public holidays from May to October.

## InfoBox

| Moosbach | |
| --- | --- |
| A *Ritterstein* by the source of the Moosbach | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Südwestpfalz |
| Reference no. | DE: 23726 |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | in the Dahner Felsenland southwest of the Kaletschkopf |
| coordinates | 49°07′51″N 7°42′52″E / 49.130708°N 7.714385°E / 49.130708; 7.714385 |
| elevation | 289 m above sea level (NN) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | northwest of Dahn into the Wieslauter |
| coordinates | 49°09′56″N 7°45′22″E / 49.165575°N 7.756174°E / 49.165575; 7.756174 |
| elevation | 206 m above sea level (NN) |
| Length | 6.60 km (4.10 mi) |
| Basin size | 13.605 km2 (5.253 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | LauterRhineNorth Sea |


title: Neaspilota achilleae

abstract: Neaspilota achilleae is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Neaspilota of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Neaspilota achilleae

***Neaspilota achilleae*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Neaspilota* of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Canada, United States.

## InfoBox

| *Neaspilota achilleae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Tephritinae |
| Tribe: | Terelliini |
| Genus: | *Neaspilota* |
| Species: | ***N. achilleae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neaspilota achilleae***<br>Johnson, 1900 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neaspilota achilliae* Phillips, 1923 * *Neaspilota ochilleae* Foote, Blanc & Norrbom, 1993 * *Trypeta achillae* Woodworth, 1913 | |


title: Mokey

abstract: Mokey is a 1942 American comedy-drama film released by MGM, directed by Wells Root and starring Dan Dailey, Jr., Donna Reed and Bobby Blake.

text:
# Mokey

***Mokey*** is a 1942 American comedy-drama film released by MGM, directed by Wells Root and starring Dan Dailey, Jr., Donna Reed and Bobby Blake.

## Plot

Eight-year-old Mokey's widowed father Herbert remarries and the young stepmother Anthea has difficulty interacting with the little boy who, even though his intentions are good, continues to fall into trouble.

## Cast

## Reception

The film made $179,000 in the US and Canada and $98,000 elsewhere during its initial theatrical run, causing MGM a loss of $205,000.

## InfoBox

| Mokey | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Wells Root |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Based on | stories<br>by Jennie Harris Oliver |
| Produced by | J. Walter Ruben |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Charles Rosher, a.s.c. |
| Edited by | Frank Sullivan |
| Music by | Lennie Hayton |
| Distributed by | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
| Release date | * April 1942 (1942-04) |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $353,000 |
| Box office | $277,000 |


title: Pennypit Park

abstract: Pennypit Park is a sports complex located in the town of Prestonpans, East Lothian in Scotland. It consists of two sports fields, one for association football and the other rugby union. It is the home of East of Scotland Football League club Preston Athletic F.C. and rugby union club Preston Lodge RFC. It has a capacity of 1,500 with 313 seats.

text:
# Pennypit Park

**Pennypit Park** is a sports complex located in the town of Prestonpans, East Lothian in Scotland. It consists of two sports fields, one for association football and the other rugby union. It is the home of East of Scotland Football League club Preston Athletic F.C. and rugby union club Preston Lodge RFC. It has a capacity of 1,500 with 313 seats.

## History

Pennypit Park was constructed after Preston Links Park was bought by the South of Scotland Electricity Board in order to build Cockenzie power station. In return, Pennypit Park was constructed over an old coal pit dating to 1202. The name came from miners in the area who were earning a penny a shift working there so it became known as "The Penny Pit". The pitch was planted in the 1950s. In the 1970s, Preston Lodge RFC and East Lothian District Council paid for a new pavilion and rugby pitch to be constructed. In 1992, with Pennypit Park in need of renovations, the Pennypit Community Trust was set up and raised £500,000 for redevelopment. The redevelopment was completed in 1994. The ground has been used to host the Scotland Development XV rugby team and Rugby tens.

Preston Lodge used to have their clubhouse at Pennypit Park following the sale of their old clubhouse at Rope Walk. In 2013, they moved their social space from Pennypit Park to Prestongrange Bowling Club after purchasing their clubhouse. In 2013, a Scottish Cup match between Preston Athletic and Queen's Park was abandoned by fans throwing smoke bombs. In 2016, the stadium was vandalised with graffiti on the stand and beer bottles thrown on the pitch.

## InfoBox

Pennypit Park
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Pennypit ParkLocation in East Lothian | |
| Location | Prestonpans, East Lothian, Scotland |
| Coordinates | 55°57′26.25″N 2°59′10.97″W / 55.9572917°N 2.9863806°W / 55.9572917; -2.9863806 |
| Capacity | 1,500 (313 seated) |
| Surface | Grass |
| Tenants | |
| Preston Athletic F.C.<br>Preston Lodge RFC | |


title: Frances Cherry

abstract: Frances Eleanor Cherry was a New Zealand novelist, short-story writer, and teacher of creative writing.

text:
# Frances Cherry

**Frances Eleanor Cherry** (née **Birchfield**; 25 November 1937 – 24 April 2022) was a New Zealand novelist, short-story writer, and teacher of creative writing.

## Biography

Cherry was born on 25 November 1937 in Wellington. Her parents, Albert and Connie Birchfield, were well known communists and she described her embarrassment as a teenager at seeing her mother making a speech on a soapbox in Courtenay Place, or her father selling the *People’s Voice* in Cuba Street.

Cherry wrote novels for both adults and children, and her short fiction has appeared in anthologies and educational publications and been broadcast on radio. Her work often includes themes of feminism, lesbianism and anti-establishment ideas. *Dancing With Strings* was described by Aorewa McLeod, a lecturer at the University of Auckland, as "New Zealand's first lesbian novel".

Cherry ran memoir and novel writing workshops for more than 20 years in adult community education classes around Wellington. When cutbacks led to many of those courses being cut, she continued to run them in her own home.

Cherry lived in Wellington, and died there on 24 April 2022.

## Awards and prizes

*Leon* was shortlisted in the Senior Fiction category of the 2001 New Zealand Post Children’s Book Awards and was also named as a 2001 Storylines Notable Book.

## Bibliography

Adult fiction * *Dancing with Strings* (1989)
* *The Widowhood of Jacki Bates* (New Women’s Press, 1991)
* *Washing up in Parrot Bay* (Steele Roberts, 1999)

Short stories * *The Daughter-in-Law and Other Stories* (New Women’s Press, 1986)
* *Gate Crasher* (Earl of Seacliff Art Workshop, 2006)
* *Out of Her Hair and Other Stories* (Earl of Seacliff Art Workshop, 2009)
* *Double Act: stories from Frances Cherry and Annabel Fagan* (Earl of Seacliff Art Workshop, 2010)

Memoir * *To be Perfectly Frances* (Steele Roberts, 2018)

Children’s and young adult fiction * *In the Dark* (Mallinson Rendel, 1999)
* *Leon* (Mallinson Rendel, 2000)
* *Flashpoint* (Scholastic, 2006)
* *Kyla* (Scholastic, 2009)
* *Pay Back* (CreateBooks, 2017)

## InfoBox

| Frances Cherry | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Frances Eleanor Birchfield
(1937-11-25)25 November 1937
Wellington, New Zealand |
| Died | 24 April 2022(2022-04-24) (aged 84)
Wellington, New Zealand |
| Occupation | Writer |


title: John Larsen (footballer)

abstract: John Høholt Larsen, known as John Larsen, is a Danish former football (soccer) player in the defender position. He played for Helsingør IF, Lyngby BK and Vejle BK, winning the 1983 and 1992 Danish championships with Lyngby. He played 19 games for the Denmark national football team, scoring one goal against the United Arab Emirates. He also represented the Denmark national under-21 football team.

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# John Larsen (footballer)

**John Høholt Larsen** (born 25 May 1962), known as **John Larsen**, is a Danish former football (soccer) player in the defender position. He played for Helsingør IF, Lyngby BK and Vejle BK, winning the 1983 and 1992 Danish championships with Lyngby. He played 19 games for the Denmark national football team, scoring one goal against the United Arab Emirates. He also represented the Denmark national under-21 football team.


title: Mary Virginia Proctor

abstract: Mary Virginia Proctor was an American journalist, philanthropist, and social activist. For more than 30 years, she was owner and editor of an influential democratic newspaper. Meanwhile, she was active in Ohio state politics and for many years, served on important state boards. For several years, she held the position of president of the Ohio Newspaper Women's Association.

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# Mary Virginia Proctor

**Mary Virginia Proctor** (née, **Swindler**; after first marriage, **Proctor**; after second marriage, **Wilson**; May 1854 – July 3, 1927) was an American journalist, philanthropist, and social activist. For more than 30 years, she was owner and editor of an influential democratic newspaper. Meanwhile, she was active in Ohio state politics and for many years, served on important state boards. For several years, she held the position of president of the Ohio Newspaper Women's Association.

## Early life and education

Mary Virginia Swindler was born in a quaint old homestead on a farm in Rappahannock County, Virginia, in May 1854. Her parents were Capt. James William Swindler (1826–1905) and Louisa ("Lucy") Catherine Johnson (1826–1882). Mary's siblings were: John, Henry, James, Adalade, Richard, Edwin, Emma, Ellen, and Adda ("Addie"). Her uncles were General Aylette A. Swindler, C.S.A. and Captain Albert C. Swindler, C.S.A.

In 1858, her parents removed to Greene County, Ohio, and settled upon a farm, where Mary grew to adulthood, receiving her education in a rural school. When scarcely fifteen years of age, she began teaching neighborhood schools, but, after two years, feeling the necessity of a broader education, she entered the Xenia Female College, a Methodist institution, where in eighteen months, she was graduated.

## Career

### Journalist

After her graduation, Proctor was engaged as a teacher in the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, in Xenia, Ohio. In her capacity as teacher, she served in that institution until 1879. At the time of her incumbency, Thomas Meigher Proctor was engaged in editing the *Home Weekly*, a paper devoted to the interests of the institution, and was connected with many of the leading daily journals of the country. Their acquaintance ended in marriage on November 27, 1879, in the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home.

After the marriage, Mr. Proctor continued the management of the *Home Weekly* for nearly a year, when they removed to Wilmington, Ohio, where he became the editor and proprietor of the *Clinton County Democrat*. Merrill Anne Proctor, their only child, was born in Wilmington. They continued to live in Wilmington until 1883, and during that time, Mrs. Proctor contributed many articles to the *Clinton County Democrat*.

In 1883, they removed to Lebanon, Ohio, where they commenced the management of the *Lebanon Patriot*, its prosperity attributed to the ability of Mrs. Proctor. After Mr. Proctor died on July 13, 1891, the widow assumed the management of the paper. Her firm adherence to the standards and tenets of the Democratic party placed the paper in the front ranks of literary journalism and also made it a leading party organ. Although it was not always easy for Proctor, her thorough understanding of political issues made her a leader in Warren County politics. Democrats generally recognized this fact and often accepted her judgment and far-sighted opinions while others were prone to chafe under her directorship. Firm, uncompromising in her attitude towards all political chicanery, she yet remained respected by all citizens. In addition, she was a regular contributor to *The Cincinnati Enquirer*, and furnished many articles to other dailies and magazines.

Proctor's newspaper work received recognition from the journalists of the state. City papers offered inducements for her to join their staff of writers. But she loved her home in Lebanon and remained there.

In 1894, during the administration of President Grover Cleveland, a vacancy occurring in the Lebanon post office. Proctor decided that she could fill the place acceptably, procured the required recommendations, secured the appointment, and filled the position.

### Activist

Proctor was zealous in the temperance cause. From the day of its first issue, her newspaper was conscientiously devoted to the overthrow of the saloon, and her paper proved a strong agency in the Miami valley for prohibition. It was mainly through the efficient work of Proctor, both personally and editorially, that her town went "dry" under the Beal law.

Another field of activity in which Proctor devoted her energies was the equal suffrage cause. She has won many "votes for women", not only through her clear statements and logical facts as presented through the *Patriot*, but more by the capability she evinced as a bread-winner.

### Philanthropist

Her philanthropy and executive ability procured state recognition. For more than fifteen years, she served on the board of lady visitors of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' home, receiving her appointment from two separate governors. Other state institutions also placed under her oversight as a state inspector into their needs and management. She was asked to take charge of the Girls' Industrial home at Delaware, Ohio, for she was recognized as one of the best sociological thinkers and workers in the state of Ohio. The duties of probation officer of Warren county were also entrusted to her.

## Personal life

Mary's first marriage was to Thomas Meigher Proctor on November 27, 1879. Merrill Anne Proctor, their only child, was born in Wilmington.

On October 7, 1896, Proctor married Dillon Brook Wilson (1851–1918), a prominent lawyer of Lebanon.

She united with the Methodist Episcopal Church in early life and a part of her time was devoted to its cause.

Mary Swindler Proctor Wilson died July 3, 1927, at the home of her daughter in Williamsburg, Virginia. She had been in declining health for some time, and had broken a hip four weeks earlier after a fall. She was buried in Lebanon, Ohio.

## InfoBox

| Mary Virginia Proctor | |
| --- | --- |
| "A Woman of the Century" | |
| Born | Mary Virginia Swindler
May 1854
Rappahannock County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | July 3, 1927(1927-07-03) (aged 73)
Williamsburg, Virginia, U.S. |
| Other names | Mary Virginia Wilson |
| Alma mater | Xenia Female College |
| Occupations | * journalist * activist * philanthropist |
| Spouse | * Thomas Meigher Proctor  (m. 1879; died 1891) Dillon Brook Wilson  (m. 1896; died 1918) |
| Children | Merrill Anne Proctor |


title: Hanse - Die Expedition

abstract: Hanse: Die Expedition is a strategic business simulation game released in 1994 by Ascon.The game was not released in an English-language version.

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# Hanse - Die Expedition

***Hanse: Die Expedition*** is a strategic business simulation game released in 1994 by Ascon.The game was not released in an English-language version.

## Gameplay and plot

The player is a trader in the 13th Century, in the German seaport town of Lübeck. The aim is to become mayor of Lübeck within 250 turns.

1. "Hanse / Hanse: Die Expedition". *Hall of Light*. Retrieved 2024-03-13.

"Hanse/Hanse: Die Expedition". *Hall of Light*. Retrieved March 13, 2024.

## InfoBox

| Hanse: Die Expedition | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Ascon |
| Platform(s) | DOS, Amiga |
| Release | 1994 |