title: Ponte Nossa

abstract: Ponte Nossa is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Milan and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,048 and an area of 5.6 square kilometres (2.2 sq mi). Ponte Nossa borders the following municipalities: Casnigo, Clusone, Gandino, Gorno, Parre, Premolo.

text:
# Ponte Nossa

**Ponte Nossa** (Bergamasque: *Nòsa*) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Milan and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,048 and an area of 5.6 square kilometres (2.2 sq mi).

Ponte Nossa borders the following municipalities: Casnigo, Clusone, Gandino, Gorno, Parre, Premolo.

## Demographic evolution

## Twin towns — sister cities

Ponte Nossa is twinned with:

## InfoBox

| Ponte Nossa | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Ponte Nossa | |
| Ponte Nossa | |
| Location of Ponte Nossa | |
| Ponte NossaLocation of Ponte Nossa in ItalyPonte NossaPonte Nossa (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°52′N 9°53′E / 45.867°N 9.883°E / 45.867; 9.883 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Province of Bergamo (BG) |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.6 km2 (2.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 465 m (1,526 ft) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 2,048 |
| Density | 370/km2 (950/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Nossesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 24028 |
| Dialing code | 035 |


title: Çamlıca, Gazipaşa

abstract: Çamlıca is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Gazipaşa, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 137 (2022).

text:
# Çamlıca, Gazipaşa

**Çamlıca** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Gazipaşa, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 137 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Çamlıca | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| ÇamlıcaLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 36°23′45″N 32°25′24″E / 36.3957°N 32.4233°E / 36.3957; 32.4233 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Antalya |
| District | Gazipaşa |
| Population (2022) | 137 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Mayfield, Oklahoma

abstract: Mayfield is an unincorporated community in Beckham County, Oklahoma, United States, It is on Oklahoma State Highway 30, 8.5 miles (13.7 km) north of Erick. Its post office opened on December 23, 1902; its first postmaster was Alfred S. Mayfield, for whom the community is named.

text:
# Mayfield, Oklahoma

**Mayfield** is an unincorporated community in Beckham County, Oklahoma, United States, It is on Oklahoma State Highway 30, 8.5 miles (13.7 km) north of Erick. Its post office opened on December 23, 1902; its first postmaster was Alfred S. Mayfield, for whom the community is named.

## InfoBox

| Mayfield, Oklahoma | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Mayfield, Oklahoma | |
| Coordinates: 35°20′20″N 99°52′36″W / 35.33889°N 99.87667°W / 35.33889; -99.87667 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
| County | Beckham |
| Elevation | 2,005 ft (611 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 580 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1100612 |


title: Leon Piniński

abstract: Leon Jan Piniński was a Polish scholar, diplomat, art historian and politician. A professor of Roman law and one-time rector of the Lwów University (1928–1929), he devoted much of his life to a political career in his home city of Lwów, first under Austria-Hungary then in independent Poland.

text:
# Leon Piniński

**Leon Jan Piniński** (8 March 1857 – 4 April 1938) was a Polish scholar, diplomat, art historian and politician. A professor of Roman law and one-time rector of the Lwów University (1928–1929), he devoted much of his life to a political career in his home city of Lwów (modern Lviv, Ukraine), first under Austria-Hungary then in independent Poland.

## Life

Leon Piniński was born in Lwów, then in Austrian-controlled Galicia. A member of the Piniński noble family with the Austrian rank of *hrabia* \- (Count), he was a younger brother of Stanisław whose daughter, Julia Pinińska, inherited the family castle and estate in Grzymałów Hrymailiv. After homeschooling, Leon went on to pass his matura exam at the renowned Jesuit college in Tarnopol. He later graduated from the Faculty of Law at Lwów University. Piniński continued further studies at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin and Vienna. In 1891 he became a professor of Roman law at his *alma mater* and was elected to membership of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences.

A year later he gave up his scholarly career to devote himself to local politics. A member of the *Podolacy* aristocratic political faction, he became one of the most popular conservative politicians in Lwów. In 1889 he was elected to the Imperial Council in Vienna. In 1894 he was also elected to the Galician Sejm. His terms in both offices ended in 1898, when he became the governor of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. During this time he actively opposed the growing popularity of Socialist ideas. He also tried to counter the rise of Ukrainian nationalism. Extremely conservative, in 1903 he was dismissed from office and replaced by the politically liberal industrial mogul, Andrzej Kazimierz Potocki.

Although Piniński retained his seat in the Austro-Hungarian Senate, he retired from public life and devoted himself to advanced studies of law as well as art history. During World War I he briefly returned to politics, but was not as successful as before. Following the rebirth of Poland, Piniński returned to his alma mater as professor of Roman law and lectured on criminal and civil law. In 1928 and 1929 he briefly served as a rector of Lwów University. At the same time, he continued his history of art research and managed to gather an extensive collection of works of art. Most of it he later donated to Wawel Castle Museum and the Ossolineum. A large part of his collection, which included English prints, was later stolen by the Germans during World War II and was never returned to Poland. Piniński himself retired in 1930s and died in Lwów, where he is buried.

## Pretender to the English throne

The Piniński family are descended from Charles I of England and a descendant of Leon's brother, Aleksander, Peter Piniński, has voiced such a claim.

## InfoBox

| Leon Piniński | |
| --- | --- |
| A 1934 portrait of Piniński by Kazimierz Pochwalski | |
|  | |
| Statthalter of Galicia-Lodomeria | |
| **In office**
31 March 1898  June 1903 | |
| Monarch | Franz Joseph I |
| Preceded by | Eustachy Stanisław Sanguszko |
| Succeeded by | Andrzej Kazimierz Potocki |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1857-03-08)8 March 1857
Lemberg, Austrian Empire (now Lviv, Ukraine) |
| Died | 4 April 1938(1938-04-04) (aged 81)
Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine) |
| Alma mater |  |
|  | |


title: Eugene Marathon

abstract: The Eugene Marathon, is a marathon established in 2007, which takes place in Eugene, Oregon. The main event is accompanied by a half marathon, 5K and kids run. The marathon is certified by the USATF, and is a qualifying event for both the Boston Marathon and the United States Olympic Trials. The event features live music performed along the marathon and half-marathon routes, and at the finish as well. The tagline for the event is "Running in the Footsteps of Legends" in honor of the Eugene area's history in the sport, as well as the University of Oregon's tradition of producing great runners.

text:
# Eugene Marathon

The **Eugene Marathon**, is a marathon established in 2007, which takes place in Eugene, Oregon. The main event is accompanied by a half marathon, 5K and kids run. The marathon is certified by the USATF, and is a qualifying event for both the Boston Marathon and the United States Olympic Trials. The event features live music performed along the marathon and half-marathon routes, and at the finish as well.

The tagline for the event is "Running in the Footsteps of Legends" in honor of the Eugene area's history in the sport, as well as the University of Oregon's tradition of producing great runners.

## History

The marathon, established in 2007, was the first major marathon to be held in Eugene since 1984, when the last Nike OTC Marathon was staged. Nearly 5000 entrants participated in the inaugural 2007 marathon events, which featured about thirty elite athletes, many of whom were shooting for qualifying marks for the US Olympic Trials, which were held in New York City in November.

The Eugene area regularly hosts track and field championship events, which in the past have included several National Collegiate Athletic Association track championships and US Olympic Marathon Trials in 1972, 1976 and 1980. In 2021, Eugene will be the first city in the United States to host the International Association of Athletics Federation's 2021 World Championships in Athletics, which is billed as the world's largest sporting event in 2021.

The 2020 edition of the race was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic, with registrants having the option of transferring their registration to 2021 or 2022 for free.

## Course

The Eugene Marathon has been certified by USA Track and Field, the sport's governing body in the United States, at 26.2-mile (42.2 km).

The course is laid out primarily on city streets and bike paths along the Willamette River, following many of the roads and trails used by Oregon's significant runners, such as Steve Prefontaine, Alberto Salazar, Bill McChesney and Mary Decker Slaney.

The Eugene Marathon begins in front of Hayward Field on the University of Oregon campus. Hayward Field was under construction in preparation for the IAAF's 2021 World Championships in Athletics, so the Eugene Marathon began instead at Autzen Stadium between 2019 and 2021. Runners cross the Willamette River and go through downtown and the campus area, then down past South Eugene High School and through Amazon Park. They continue into the edge of the South Hills, then turn back north and eventually get on the riverfront trail system. From here they make a loop that travels through the River Road neighborhood and then across the Owosso Drive footbridge to the Delta Ponds area, Alton Baker Park, and eventually east to Springfield before circling back to finish at Autzen Stadium.

The marathon is a Boston Marathon and US Olympic Marathon Trials qualifier event, and its certification allows record breaking performances to qualify as new world records.

## Community impact

Proceeds from the event benefit various community causes such as CASA of Lane County, American Cancer Society, the Lane County food bank, Pre's Trail, and others.

## Winners

Course record

| Ed. | Date | Male | Time | Female | Time | Refs. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17th | 2024 | Matthew Hernandez | 2:22:30 | Kate Landau | 2:40:52 |  |
| 16th | 2023 | Clint McKelvey | 2:16:34 | Sara Lopez | 2:33:48 |  |
| 15th | 2022 | Tyler Morse | 2:20:29 | Carrie Dimoff | 2:43:51 |  |
| 14th | 2021 | Brian Reid | 2:24:04 | Chelsea Warren | 2:48:40 |  |
|  | 2020 | *cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic* | | | |  |
| 13th | 2019 | Kyle King | 2:18:04 | Jennifer Bigham | 2:41:37 |  |
| 12th | 2018 | Teklu Deneke | 2:22:12 | Kate Landau | 2:35:44 |  |
| 11th | 2017 | Steve DeKoker | 2:29:46 | Hiruni Wijayaratne | 2:43:31 |  |
| 10th | 2016 | Carlos Trujillo | 2:18:54 | Camelia Mayfield | 2:47:45 |  |
| 9th | 2015 | Craig Leon | 2:21:33 | Catherine Watkins | 2:42:35 |  |
| 8th | 2014 | Jacob Chemtai | 2:16:07 | Degefa Biruktayit Eshetu | 2:33:15 |  |
| 7th | 2013 | David Laney | 2:22:34 | Jaymee Marty | 2:48:50 |  |
| 6th | 2012 | Michael Wisniewski | 2:20:41 | Allison Howard | 2:53:07 |  |
| 5th | 2011 | Justin Ricks | 2:22:05 | Katie Blackett | 2:44:14 |  |
| 4th | 2010 | Craig Leon | 2:23:15 | Midori Sperandeo | 2:44:21 |  |
| 3rd | 2009 | Matt Hooley | 2:18:38 | Emily Enstice | 2:58:36 |  |
| 2nd | 2008 | Matthew Norminton | 2:22:04 | Erin Kaspar | 2:52:52 |  |
| 1st | 2007 | James Nielsen | 2:21:01 | Meredith Lambert | 2:44:39 |  |

## Leadership

* Founder/Principle: Andy Heily
* Executive Race Director: Courtney Heily
* Race Director: Ian Dobson
* Director of Event Operations: Becky Radliff
* Marketing and Content Coordinator: Jon Marx


title: Wyrzysk Skarbowy

abstract: Wyrzysk Skarbowy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wyrzysk, within Piła County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north-east of Wyrzysk, 37 km (23 mi) east of Piła, and 89 km (55 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Wyrzysk Skarbowy

**Wyrzysk Skarbowy** \[ˈvɨʐɨsk skarˈbɔvɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wyrzysk, within Piła County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north-east of Wyrzysk, 37 km (23 mi) east of Piła, and 89 km (55 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Wyrzysk Skarbowy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wyrzysk Skarbowy | |
| Coordinates: 53°10′N 17°17′E / 53.167°N 17.283°E / 53.167; 17.283 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Piła |
| Gmina | Wyrzysk |


title: Hazards Campaign

abstract: The Hazards Campaign is a UK network established in 1988 to campaign for improved workplace health, safety and welfare, and a reduction in the incidence of work-related injury, ill-health and death. It brings together Hazards Centres, Occupational Health Projects, trade unions, health and safety groups, specific campaigns and individual health and safety activists. Specific campaign groups include the Construction Safety Campaign, the Centre for Corporate Accountability (CCA), the UK WorkStress Network, Families Against Corporate Killers (FACK), asbestos victims' support groups, and RSI Action. The campaign works by: sharing information and skills; campaigning on specific issues; acting as a national voice; issuing press releases; holding conferences; establishing national initiatives, including Workers Memorial Day; lobbying MPs, MEPs and statutory bodies like the Health & Safety Commission and the Health & Safety Executive, and organising demonstrations and protests. The Campaign is a worker-oriented organisation, and promotes trade union organisation in workplaces, increased worker involvement and participation in decision-making, and a radial perspective on the issues. It currently (2006) promotes and supports a number of emerging safety representative networks in different parts of the UK. It meets about four or five times a year; these meetings are open to anyone sharing the aims of the campaign. Its highest profile event is the annual Hazards Conference, the largest regular rank-and-file event in Europe, which attracts around 600 delegates every year.

text:
# Hazards Campaign

The **Hazards Campaign** is a UK network established in 1988 to campaign for improved workplace health, safety and welfare, and a reduction in the incidence of work-related injury, ill-health and death. It brings together Hazards Centres, Occupational Health Projects, trade unions, health and safety groups, specific campaigns and individual health and safety activists. Specific campaign groups include the Construction Safety Campaign, the Centre for Corporate Accountability (CCA), the UK WorkStress Network, Families Against Corporate Killers (FACK), asbestos victims' support groups, and RSI Action.

The campaign works by: sharing information and skills; campaigning on specific issues; acting as a national voice; issuing press releases; holding conferences; establishing national initiatives, including Workers Memorial Day; lobbying MPs, MEPs and statutory bodies like the Health & Safety Commission and the Health & Safety Executive, and organising demonstrations and protests.

The Campaign is a worker-oriented organisation, and promotes trade union organisation in workplaces, increased worker involvement and participation in decision-making, and a radial perspective on the issues. It currently (2006) promotes and supports a number of emerging safety representative networks in different parts of the UK. It meets about four or five times a year; these meetings are open to anyone sharing the aims of the campaign. Its highest profile event is the annual Hazards Conference, the largest regular rank-and-file event in Europe, which attracts around 600 delegates every year.


title: Osensjøen

abstract: Osensjøen or Ossjøen is a lake in the municipalities of Åmot and Trysil in Innlandet County, Norway. The 43.6-square-kilometre (16.8 sq mi) lake has its outlet through Søre Osa to the Renaelva river which continues on to the large river Glomma. The village of Osneset lies at the north end of the lake. Nordre Osen Church and the Old Nordre Osen Church both lie on the northern shore of the lake. The Søre Osen Church lies along the southeastern end of the lake.

text:
# Osensjøen

**Osensjøen** or **Ossjøen** is a lake in the municipalities of Åmot and Trysil in Innlandet County, Norway. The 43.6-square-kilometre (16.8 sq mi) lake has its outlet through *Søre Osa* to the Renaelva river which continues on to the large river Glomma. The village of Osneset lies at the north end of the lake. Nordre Osen Church and the Old Nordre Osen Church both lie on the northern shore of the lake. The Søre Osen Church lies along the southeastern end of the lake.

## InfoBox

| Osensjøen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| OsensjøenLocation of the lakeOsensjøenOsensjøen (Norway) | |
| Location | Trysil and Åmot, Innlandet |
| Coordinates | 61°15′10″N 11°50′45″E / 61.25278°N 11.84583°E / 61.25278; 11.84583 |
| Basin countries | Norway |
|  | |
| Max. length | 26 kilometres (16 mi) |
| Max. width | 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) |
| Surface area | 43.64 km2 (16.85 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 37 metres (121 ft) |
| Max. depth | 117 metres (384 ft) |
| Water volume | 1.61 km3 (0.39 cu mi) |
| Shore length1 | 76.41 kilometres (47.48 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 438 metres (1,437 ft) |
|  | |
| References | NVE |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Estramina (1803 ship)

abstract: Estramina, originally called Extremeña, a two-masted schooner of 102 tons, was built at Guayaquil, in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, now in modern-day Ecuador, and launched on 13 October 1803. A Spanish Naval vessel, it was pierced for 12 guns but was armed with only four 4-pounders and carried a crew of 18. It was commanded by Lieutenant Mariano Isasbiribil, and engaged in hydrographical surveys. On 1 October 1804 it was seized from port of Caldera in Copiapo Bay, Chile, by the armed merchant brig Harrington, Captain William Campbell, and sailed across the Pacific into Australian waters. Campbell probably believed that war between Britain and Spain, if not commenced already, was imminent. He instructed his prize crew to hide Extremeña in Jervis Bay, which is 90 miles to the south of Sydney, New South Wales whilst he sailed to Sydney in Harrington to check on the state of relations between the two countries. When Campbell arrived in Sydney there were no reports that Britain and Spain had been at war when he had seized Extremeña. The Governor of New South Wales, Captain Philip Gidley King RN (1800–06), hearing the Spanish vessel was hiding in Jervis Bay, ordered it to be escorted to Sydney where it was detained pending instructions from the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in London. King also wrote to the Governor of Chile to explain that Extremeña and a Spanish merchant brig St Francisco & St Paulo had been recovered. The diplomatic correspondence was dispatched on His Majesty's Colonial Cutter Integrity on 23 June 1805, but never arrived as Integrity was lost with all hands and without trace. The Governor also reported the event to William Marsden, First Secretary to the Admiralty (1804-1807), stating that Extremeña had been under the command of Don Antonio José del Campo, which was not correct. The position of del Campo would, in the twentieth century, be called Extremeña's executive officer. His signature would have appeared on documents on board and been misinterpreted by Governor King and his advisors who had a limited knowledge of Spanish. Several authors have since copied this error. Meanwhile, based on legal opinion, it was decided to sell Extremeña at public auction and hold the proceeds in trust until a final adjudication could be made. At the time the colonial government was in desperate need of vessels and decided to bid for the vessel itself. The auction took place on 12 June 1806 and the schooner went to the government for £2,100. It was renamed Estramina and gave excellent service for many years under government ownership. Its last commander was Joseph Ross. One of Estramina's tasks was to evacuate the settlers, convicts, guards, and the like from Norfolk Island after the government in New South Wales decided to close the penal colony there. The fate of Estramina was reported by the Commandant at Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, on Friday 19 January 1816, as the vessel was beating out of the harbour with a strong north-east wind and ebb tide, she was obliged to come to anchor, which parted, and she drifted onto a sand bank, then broke up.

text:
# Estramina (1803 ship)

***Estramina***, originally called *Extremeña*, a two-masted schooner of 102 tons, was built at Guayaquil, in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, now in modern-day Ecuador, and launched on 13 October 1803. A Spanish Naval vessel, it was pierced for 12 guns but was armed with only four 4-pounders and carried a crew of 18. It was commanded by Lieutenant Mariano Isasbiribil, and engaged in hydrographical surveys.

On 1 October 1804 it was seized from port of Caldera in Copiapo Bay, Chile, by the armed merchant brig *Harrington*, Captain William Campbell, and sailed across the Pacific into Australian waters. Campbell probably believed that war between Britain and Spain, if not commenced already, was imminent. He instructed his prize crew to hide  *Extremeña* in Jervis Bay, which is 90 miles to the south of Sydney, New South Wales whilst he sailed to Sydney in *Harrington* to check on the state of relations between the two countries.

When Campbell arrived in Sydney there were no reports that Britain and Spain had been at war when he had seized *Extremeña*. The Governor of New South Wales, Captain Philip Gidley King RN (1800–06), hearing the Spanish vessel was hiding in Jervis Bay, ordered it to be escorted to Sydney where it was detained pending instructions from the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in London. King also wrote to the Governor of Chile to explain that *Extremeña* and a Spanish merchant brig *St Francisco & St Paulo* had been recovered. The diplomatic correspondence was dispatched on His Majesty's Colonial Cutter *Integrity* on 23 June 1805, but never arrived as *Integrity* was lost with all hands and without trace.

The Governor also reported the event to William Marsden, First Secretary to the Admiralty (1804-1807), stating that *Extremeña* had been under the command of Don Antonio José del Campo, which was not correct. The position of del Campo would, in the twentieth century, be called *Extremeña*'s executive officer. His signature would have appeared on documents on board and been misinterpreted by Governor King and his advisors who had a limited knowledge of Spanish. Several authors have since copied this error.

Meanwhile, based on legal opinion, it was decided to sell *Extremeña* at public auction and hold the proceeds in trust until a final adjudication could be made. At the time the colonial government was in desperate need of vessels and decided to bid for the vessel itself. The auction took place on 12 June 1806 and the schooner went to the government for £2,100. It was renamed *Estramina* and gave excellent service for many years under government ownership. Its last commander was Joseph Ross.

One of *Estramina*'s tasks was to evacuate the settlers, convicts, guards, and the like from Norfolk Island after the government in New South Wales decided to close the penal colony there.

The fate of *Estramina* was reported by the Commandant at Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, on Friday 19 January 1816, as the vessel was beating out of the harbour with a strong north-east wind and ebb tide, she was obliged to come to anchor, which parted, and she drifted onto a sand bank, then broke up.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Spain | |
| Name | *Extremeña* |
| Builder | Guayaquil, Viceroyalty of Peru |
| Launched | 13 October 1803 |
| Captured | by British ship, 1 October 1804 |
| New South Wales | |
| Name | *Estramina* |
| Acquired | by purchase, 12 June 1806 |
| Fate | Wrecked, 19 January 1816 |
| General characteristics (in Spanish service) | |
| Type | Schooner |
| Tons burthen | 102 (bm) |
| Sail plan | Fore-and-aft rig |
| Complement | 18 |
| Armament | 4 × 4-pounder guns |


abstract: Estradiol valerate/norethisterone enantate (EV/NETE), sold under the brand name Mesigyna among others, is a form of combined injectable birth control which is used to prevent pregnancy in women. It contains estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, and norethisterone enantate (NETE), a progestin. The medication is given once a month by injection into muscle. EV/NETE is approved for use in at least 36 countries, and is the most widely used combined injectable contraceptive. It is available widely throughout Latin America, in a few Asian and African countries, and in Turkey.

text:
# Estradiol valerate/norethisterone enantate

**Estradiol valerate/norethisterone enantate** (**EV/NETE**), sold under the brand name **Mesigyna** among others, is a form of combined injectable birth control which is used to prevent pregnancy in women. It contains estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, and norethisterone enantate (NETE), a progestin. The medication is given once a month by injection into muscle.

EV/NETE is approved for use in at least 36 countries, and is the most widely used combined injectable contraceptive. It is available widely throughout Latin America, in a few Asian and African countries, and in Turkey.

## Medical uses

EV/NETE is used as a combined injectable contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women. It is given by intramuscular injection once a month.

### Available forms

EV/NETE is available in the form of an oil solution containing 5 mg estradiol valerate (EV) and 50 mg norethisterone enantate (NETE).

## Pharmacology

### Pharmacodynamics

EV/NETE is a combination of EV, an estrogen, and NETE, a progestogen with weak androgenic activity.

Through its progestogenic activity, NETE has potent antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone levels. A single intramuscular injection of EV/NETE has been found to strongly suppress testosterone levels in men. Levels of testosterone decreased from ~503 ng/dL at baseline to ~30 ng/dL at the lowest point (–94%) which occurred at day 7 post-injection.

### Pharmacokinetics

Peak levels of estradiol after an intramuscular injection of EV/NETE (5 mg/50 mg) are reached within 2 days and range from 232 to 428 pg/mL.

## History

EV/NETE, along with estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (EC/MPA; code name HRP-112), was developed by the World Health Organization. Both EV/NETE and EC/MPA became available in 1993.

## Society and culture

### Generic names

EV/NETE is also known by its former developmental code name *HRP-102*.

### Brand names

EV/NETE has been marketed under a variety of brand names including Chinese Injectable No. 3, Effectimes, Ginediol, Mesigyna, Mesilar, Meslart, Mesocept, Mesygest, Nofertyl, Nofertyl Lafrancol, Noregyna, Norestrin, Norifam, Norigynon, Nostidyn, Sexseg, and Solouna.

### Availability

EV/NETE has been marketed in at least 36 countries, including Argentina, the Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Lucia, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. At least 15 of the countries in which EV/NETE is registered are Caribbean states. EV/NETE is the most widely used combined injectable contraceptive.

## InfoBox

Estradiol valerate /
norethisterone enantate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Estradiol valerate (top) and
norethisterone enantate (bottom) | |
| Combination of | |
| Estradiol valerate | Estrogen |
| Norethisterone enantate | Progestogen |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Mesigyna, others |
| Other names | EV/NETE; HRP-102 |
| Routes of
administration | Intramuscular injection |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |


title: Eucereon zamorae

abstract: Eucereon zamorae is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1894. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.

text:
# Eucereon zamorae

***Eucereon zamorae*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1894. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Eucereon zamorae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Eucereon* |
| Species: | ***E. zamorae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucereon zamorae***<br>Dognin, 1894 | |
|


title: Euceromasia

abstract: Euceromasia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Euceromasia

***Euceromasia*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Euceromasia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Exoristinae |
| Tribe: | Goniini |
| Genus: | *Euceromasia*
Townsend, 1912 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Euceromasia spinosa*
Townsend, 1912 | |


title: Osti (surname)

abstract:
The surname Osti or Osty may refer to:
  - Carlo Osti, Italian footballer
  - Eugène Osty (1874–1938), French physician and psychical researcher
  - Éva Osty, birth name of Éva Darlan, French actress
  - Jean Osty (1920–2011), pen name Jean Lartéguy, French writer, journalist and former soldier
  - Josip Osti (1945–2021), Bosnian poet, prose writer and essayist, literary critic, anthologist and translator
  - Massimo Osti (1944–2005), Italian garment engineer

text:
# Osti (surname)

The surname **Osti** or **Osty** may refer to:

* Carlo Osti (born 1958), Italian footballer
* Eugène Osty (1874–1938), French physician and psychical researcher
* Éva Osty, birth name of Éva Darlan (born 1948), French actress
* Jean Osty (1920–2011), pen name Jean Lartéguy, French writer, journalist and former soldier
* Josip Osti (1945–2021), Bosnian poet, prose writer and essayist, literary critic, anthologist and translator
* Massimo Osti (1944–2005), Italian garment engineer


title: Esther Overton

abstract: Esther Overton is a former Australian swimmer. She competed at the 2008 and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

text:
# Esther Overton

**Esther Overton** (born 26 March 1990) is a former Australian swimmer. She competed at the 2008 and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

## Personal

Overton was born on 26 March 1990 in Launceston, Tasmania. She currently resides in Enfield, South Australia. As of 2012, she is a student at the University of Adelaide where she is working on a Bachelor of Commerce.

Overton has arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, a medical condition which "causes muscle weakness and a tendency for bones to break easily". It also results in joints that are immobile. Her arm has been broken more than forty times, she has coped with multiple bulging discs and had six surgeries on her knee since 2008. Because of her disability, she has required the use of an electric wheelchair and is in constant pain.

## Swimming

Overton is a S1 classified swimmer. When swimming, she cannot use her arms and uses her head instead of hands on the touchpad. She competes in the 50 metres backstroke, freestyle. Overton is a member of the Burnside Swimming Club. She is coached by Shelly Camy, who became her coach eighteen months before the start of the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Part of her training includes Pilates.

Overton started swimming as physiotherapy when she was a baby, and started competing at twelve years old. She made her national team debut at the 2006 IPC World Championships in Durban, winning a silver medal in the 50 metres butterfly and backstroke events. She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in two events. Competing in the 50 metres backstroke event, she finished fifth. In the 50 metres freestyle, she finished sixth. Seven weeks before the 2008 Games, she had a collapsed lung and a day before the start of the Games, she broke an arm.

Overton competed at the 2010 Australian National Championships. Prior to the event, she had applied for an exemption so she could wear a swimsuit that had a zipper. When this was declined, she tried to put on a legal swimsuit and broke her arm in the process but she continued competing with the injury. She competed at the 2010 Paralympic World Championships. At the 2011 Para Pacific Championships, she finished third in the 50 metres backstroke event. In October 2011, she got a new swimming coach. Going into the 2012 National Championships, she was dealing with three bulging spinal discs as a result of swimming into a wall three weeks before the event.

As a twenty-two-year-old, Overton was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the 50 metre backstroke S2 and the 50 metre freestyle S3 events. She was one of three South Australians representing Australia in swimming at the Paralympics.

In April 2013 at the age of 23, Overton retired from professional swimming. She was forced to consider her future after a lack of competitor interest in her classification led to the cancellation her event at the 2013 IPC Swimming World Championships.

She is an inductee of the Swimming South Australia Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

Esther Overton
| 2012 Australian Paralympic team portrait of Overton | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Esther Overton |
| Nationality | Australia |
| Born | (1990-03-26) 26 March 1990<br>Launceston, Tasmania, Australia |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle, butterfly, backstroke |
| Classifications | S1, SB1, SM1 |
| Club | Burnside |
| Coach | Shelly Camy |
|  | |
| Medal record      Women's paralympic swimming  Representing  Australia  World Championships (LC)  2006 Durban Women's 50 m Backstroke S3  2006 Durban Women's 50 m Butterfly S3 | |


title: Oskar Drobne

abstract: Oskar Drobne is a Slovenian football manager and former player who is the head coach of Slovenian PrvaLiga club Mura.

text:
# Oskar Drobne

**Oskar Drobne** (born 6 February 1975) is a Slovenian football manager and former player who is the head coach of Slovenian PrvaLiga club Mura.

## Club career

Drobne played for Varteks in the Croatian Prva HNL during the 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons. He had a brief spell with FC St. Pauli in the German 2. Bundesliga during the 1998–99 season.

## Managerial career

Drobne succeeded Slobodan Grubor as manager of Aluminij in late 2020, only to be dismissed by the club in March 2022.

## InfoBox

Oskar Drobne
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1975-02-06) 6 February 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Celje, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Mura (head coach) | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1981–1995 | Šentjur | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995–1996 | Šentjur |  |  |
| 1996–1998 | Maribor | 56 | (18) |
| 1998–1999 | FC St. Pauli | 2 | (0) |
| 1999–2000 | Gorica | 3 | (0) |
| 1999–2000 | Domžale (loan) | 22 | (23) |
| 2000–2002 | Varteks | 49 | (16) |
| 2002–2003 | Dravograd | 23 | (12) |
| 2003 | Doxa Katokopia |  |  |
| 2004 | Domžale | 17 | (7) |
| 2005 | Celje | 22 | (4) |
| 2005–2007 | Koper | 42 | (23) |
| 2007–2009 | MU Šentjur |  |  |
| 2009–2013 | Kovinar Štore |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1996–1997 | Slovenia U21 | 4 | (1) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2013–2014 | Šmartno 1928 | | |
| 2014–2017 | Mons Claudius | | |
| 2017–2019 | Šampion | | |
| 2019–2020 | Radomlje | | |
| 2020–2022 | Aluminij | | |
| 2022–2024 | Rogaška | | |
| 2024– | Mura | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Osiedle Młodych, Białystok

abstract: - "Osiedle Młodych" is also the name of the housing cooperative administering much of Rataje, Poznań. Osiedle Młodych is one of the districts of the Polish city of Białystok. The Białystok Prison is located at 89 Hetmańska street in the district.

text:
# Osiedle Młodych, Białystok

*"Osiedle Młodych" is also the name of the housing cooperative administering much of Rataje, Poznań.*

**Osiedle Młodych** (meaning "Estate of the Young") is one of the districts of the Polish city of Białystok. The Białystok Prison is located at 89 Hetmańska street in the district.

Media related to Osiedle Młodych, Białystok at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Młodych | |
| --- | --- |
| District (*osiedle*) of Białystok | |
| Marczukowska Street in Młodych, May 2020 | |
| Location of Młodych District within Białystok | |
| Coordinates: 53°08′02″N 23°07′15″E / 53.133776°N 23.120942°E / 53.133776; 23.120942 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| City | Białystok |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.766 km2 (0.682 sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | +48 85 |
| Vehicle registration | BI |


title: Etymology of Arab

abstract: The proper name Arab or Arabian has been used to translate several different but similar-sounding words in ancient and classical texts which do not necessarily have the same meaning or origin. The etymology of the term is closely linked to that of the place name Arabia.

text:
# Etymology of Arab

The proper name ***Arab*** or ***Arabian*** (and cognates in other languages) has been used to translate several different but similar-sounding words in ancient and classical texts which do not necessarily have the same meaning or origin. The etymology of the term is closely linked to that of the place name *Arabia*.

## Semitic etymology

The root of the word has many meanings in Semitic languages including *desert*, *nomad*, *merchant*, and *comprehensible* with all of these having varying degrees of relevance to the emergence of the name. It is also possible that some forms were metathetical from root ع-ب-ر *ʿ-B-R* "moving around", and hence, it is alleged, "nomadic".

The plurality of meanings results partly from the assimilation of the proto-Semitic غ *ghayin* with ع **ʿayin** in some languages. In Hebrew the word ערב **ʿarav** thus has the same triconsonantal root as the root meaning "west" (מערב **maʿarav**) "setting sun" or "evening" (מעריב **maʿariv**, ערב **ʿerev**). The direct Arabic cognate of this is غرب **ġarb** ("west", etc.) rather than عرب **ʿarob**; however, in Ugaritic and Sayhadic, languages which normally preserve proto-Semitic *ghayin*, this root is found with *ʿayin* adding to the confusion. The first recorded use of the root is in the Hebrew word עֶ֥רֶב *ereb*, Genesis 1:5, and its meaning there is "evening."

## In Arabic

The oldest surviving indication of an Arab identity is an inscription made in early Arabic using the Nabatean Aramaic alphabet in 328 CE, which refers to Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr as "King of all the Arabs".

In the Qur'an, the word عرب **ʿarab** does not appear, only the nisba adjective, **ʿarabiyy-un**: The Qur'an is referring to itself as عربيّ **ʿarabiyy-un** "Arabic" and مبين **mubīn-un** "clear". The two qualities are connected, for example in Quran 43:2-3, "By the *clear* Book: We have made it an *Arabic* recitation in order that you may understand", and the Qur'an came to be regarded as the prime example of العربية **al-ʿarabiyyatu**, the language of the Arabs. The term **ʾiʿrāb** is from the same root, referring to a particularly clear and correct mode of speech. Bedouin elders still use this term with the same meaning; those whose speech they comprehend (i.e. Arabic-speakers) they call *Arab*, and those whose speech is of unknown meaning to them, they call عجم **ʿajam** (or عجمي **ʿajamī** ). In the Persian Gulf region, the term *Ajam* is often used to refer to the Persians.

The plural noun **ʾaʿrāb** refers to the Bedouin tribes of the desert who rejected Islam, for example in Quran 9:97,

الأعراب أشدّ كفرًا و نفاقًا **al-ʾaʿrāb-u ʾašadd-u kufr-an wa-nifāq-an**
"the Bedouin are worse in disbelief and hypocrisy".

Based on this, in early Islamic terminology, عرب **ʿarab** referred to sedentary Arabs, living in cities such as Mecca and Medina, and أعراب **ʾaʿrāb** referred to the Arab Bedouins, carrying a negative connotation as shown in the prior Qur'anic verse. Following the Islamic conquest of the 8th century, however, the language of the nomadic Arabs came to be regarded as preserving the highest purity by the grammarians following Abi Ishaq, and the term كلام العرب **kalam al-ʿArab** "language of the Arabs" came to denote the uncontaminated language of the Bedouins.

*Cf. the modern toponyms Algarve (from Gharb al-Andalus) and Arava*

## In Assyrian

The term *mâtu arbâi* describing Gindibu is found in Assyrian texts and is translated as *of Arab land*. Variations of the ethnonym are also found including: **ʿArabi**, **ʿArubu**, **ʿAribi** and **ʿUrbi**. The presence of Proto-Arabic names amongst those qualified by the terms arguably justifies the translation "Arab" although it is not certain if they all in fact represent the same group. They may plausibly be borrowings from Aramaic or Canaanite of words derived from either the proto-Semitic root **ġ-r-b** or **ʿ-r-b**.

It is in the case of the Assyrian forms that a possible derivation from **ġ-r-b** ("west") is most plausible, referring to people or land lying west of Assyria in a similar vein to the later Greek use of the term Saracen meaning in Arabic "Easterners", **šarqiyyūn** for people living in the east.

The word 'Arab' is thought by some Historians to be an Assyrian word, meaning "Westerner". The first written reference to Arabs was by the Assyrian King Sennacherib, 800 B.C., in which he tells of conquering the "ma'rabayeh" (Westerners).

## In Hebrew

In Hebrew the words *ʿarav* and *ʿaravah* literally mean "desert" or "steppe". In the Hebrew Bible the latter feminine form is used exclusively for the Aravah, a region associated with the Nabateans, who spoke Arabic. The former masculine form is used in Isaiah 21:13 and Ezekiel 27:21 for the region of the settlement of Kedar in the Syrian Desert. 2 Chronicles 9:14 contrasts "kings of *ʿarav*" with "governors of the country" when listing those who brought tribute to King Solomon. The word is typically translated Arabia and is the name for Arabia in Modern Hebrew. The New Revised Standard Version of the Bible uses instead the literal translation "desert plain" for the verse in Isaiah. The adjectival noun *ʿaravi* formed from *ʿarav* is used in Isaiah 13:20 and Jeremiah 3:2 for a desert dweller. It is typically translated Arabian or Arab and is the modern Hebrew word for Arab. The New Revised Standard Version uses the translation "nomad" for the verse in Jeremiah.

In the Bible, the word *ʿarav* is closely associated with the word *ʿerev* meaning a "mix of people" which has identical spelling in unvowelled text. Jeremiah 25:24 parallels "kings of *ʿarav*" with "kings of the *ʿerev* that dwell in the wilderness". The account in 1 Kings 10:15 matching 2 Chronicles 9:14 is traditionally vowellized to read "kings of the *ʿerev* ". The people in question are understood to be the early Nabateans who do indeed appear to have been a mix of different tribes. The medieval writer Ibn an-Nadim, in *Kitab al-Fihrist*, derived the word "Arab" from a Syriac pun by Abraham on the same root: in his account, Abraham addresses Ishmael and calls him *uʿrub*, from Syriac *ʿrob*, "mingle".

The Bible Kings I 10:15 also refers to the 'Kings of Ereb' - וְכׇל־מַלְכֵ֥י הָעֶ֖רֶב. This is in context of a listing of King Solomon's great wealth, of which some came from his apparent vassals and lesser potents. Commentators there link the word ereb to the Hebrew word for dependence, guarantee, guarantor, patron, and collateral (see for example Genesis 45:32). Commentators explicitly assume these Kings of Ereb are linked with the ethnic grouping, Arab. The etymology thus means Arabs were vassal kings or lords, in this case, subservient to the ruling Jewish kings of the time and region.

The early Nabateans are also referred to as *ʿarvim* in Nehemiah 4:7 and the singular *ʿarvi* is applied to Geshem a leader who opposed Nehemiah. This term is identical to *ʿaravi* in unvowelled text but traditionally vowelized differently. It is usually translated "Arabian" or "Arab" and was used in early 20th century Hebrew to mean Arab. However it is unclear if the term related more to *ʿarav* or to *ʿerev*. On the one hand its vowelization resembles that of the term *ʿarvati* (Arbathite) which is understood as an adjective formed from *ʿaravah*; thus it is plausibly a similarly formed adjective from *ʿarav* and thus a variant of *ʿaravi*. On the other hand, it is used in 2 Chronicles 21:16 for a seemingly different people located in Africa plausibly the same Africans referred to as an *ʿerev* (mix of people) in Ezekiel 30:5. Any of the other meanings of the root are also possible as the origin of the name.

The words *ʿaravim* (plural of *ʿaravi* ) and *ʿarvim* appear the same in unvowelled texts as the word *ʿorvim* meaning ravens. The occurrences of the word in 1 Kings 17:4-6 are traditionally vowellized to read *ʿorvim*. In the Talmud (*Chullin* 5a) a debate is recorded as to whether the passage refers to birds or to a people so named, noting a Midianite chieftain named Oreb (*ʿorev*: raven) and the place of his death, the Rock of Oreb. Jerome understood the term as the name of a people of a town which he described as being in the confines of the Arabians. (Genesis Rabba mentions a town named Orbo near Beth Shean.) One meaning of the root ʿ-r-b in Hebrew is "exchange/trade" (*laʿarov*: "to exchange", *maʿarav*: "merchandise") whence *ʿorvim* can also be understood to mean "exchangers" or "merchants", a usage attested in the construct form in Ezekiel 27:27 which speaks of *ʿorvei maʿaravekh*: "exchangers of thy merchandise". The Ferrar Fenton Bible translates the term as "Arabians" in 1 Kings 17:4-6.

2 Chronicles 26:17 mentions a people called *ʿArviyim* who lived in Gur-baal. Their name differs from those mentioned above in the Bible in that it contains an extra letter yod but is also translated "Arabian". 2 Chronicles 17:11 mentions a people called *Arvi'im* who brought Jehoshaphat tribute of rams and he-goats. Their name is also generally translated as "Arabians" although it differs noticeably in spelling from the above-mentioned names as it contains the letter aleph at the end of the stem. Nothing else is known about these groups.

## Bibliography

* Edward Lipinski, *Semitic Languages: Outlines of a Comparative Grammar*, 2nd ed., Orientalia Lovanensia Analecta: Leuven 2001. ISBN 90-429-0815-7
* The Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton Company, 1907, Online Edition, K. Night 2003: article Arabia
* The Jewish Encyclopedia, Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906, Online Edition, JewishEncyclopedia.com, 2002: article Arabia
* The New Revised Standard Version, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America, 1989, 1995.
* Fenton, Ferrar. *The Holy Bible in modern English : containing the complete Sacred Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments*, Destiny Publishers, Merrimac, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1906, 1966. OCLC 234057370
* Grunebaum, G. E. von (1970). *Classical Islam: A History 600 A.D. - 1258 A.D.*. Aldine Publishing Company. ISBN 0-202-15016-X
* Durant, Will (1950). *The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization -- Christian, Islamic, and Judaic -- from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325-1300*. The Story of Civilization, volume IV. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 45079949.


title: Ottawa Black Bears

abstract: The Ottawa Black Bears are a professional box lacrosse franchise based in Ottawa, Ontario. With their inaugural season in 2024-2025, they will be members of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) and will play home games at the Canadian Tire Centre.

text:
# Ottawa Black Bears

The **Ottawa Black Bears** are a professional box lacrosse franchise based in Ottawa, Ontario. With their inaugural season in 2024-2025, they will be members of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) and will play home games at the Canadian Tire Centre.

## History

On February 20, 2024, John Rodenburg of CFGO Radio reported that the New York Riptide would be relocating to Ottawa following the conclusion of the 2023–24 season and will play their home games at Canadian Tire Centre for the 2024–25 season. The team cited poor attendance and their eviction from Nassau Coliseum as factors in the move. The next day, NLL commissioner Brett Frood made the official announcement that the Riptide would be relocating to Ottawa and rebranding as the Ottawa Black Bears. This marks the first time professional box lacrosse has been played in Ottawa since 2003, when the Ottawa Rebel played their final season in Canada's capital before relocating to Edmonton and later to Saskatchewan, where they are now known as the Saskatchewan Rush.

## InfoBox

Ottawa Black Bears
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Box lacrosse |
| First season | 2025 |
| League | National Lacrosse League |
| Team history | **New York Riptide** 2018–2024 |
| Location | Ottawa, Ontario |
| Arena | Canadian Tire Centre |
| Colours | Black, Red, Gold, White<br> |
| Owner | GF Sports |
| Head coach | Dan Ladouceur |
| General manager | Rich Lisk |
| Website | OttawaBlackBears.ca |


title: Eupithecia sardoa

abstract: Eupithecia sardoa is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North Africa and on Corsica, Sardinia, and Mallorca. It was recently recorded from the Parco Naturale della Maremma in Italy.

text:
# Eupithecia sardoa

***Eupithecia sardoa*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North Africa and on Corsica, Sardinia, and Mallorca. It was recently recorded from the Parco Naturale della Maremma in Italy.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia sardoa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. sardoa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia sardoa***<br>Dietze, 1910 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eupithecia peterseni* Wagner, 1914 | |


title: Eudistylia polymorpha

abstract: Eudistylia polymorpha, the giant feather duster worm, is a species of marine polychaete worm belonging to the family Sabellidae. Its common name is from the crown of tentacles extended when the animal is under water.

text:
# Eudistylia polymorpha

***Eudistylia polymorpha***, the **giant feather duster worm**, is a species of marine polychaete worm belonging to the family Sabellidae. Its common name is from the crown of tentacles extended when the animal is under water.

## Description

*E. polymorpha* has a body up to 25 cm (10 in) long and 1.2 cm (0.5 in) thick and lives within a tube. This is parchment-like and composed of sediment cemented with mucus. It is a brownish colour, translucent and often strengthened with sand and shell fragments. On rocky shores, it may be hidden in a crevice and difficult to dislodge. The branchiae (feeding appendages) in the feathery crown also function as gills. They are also known as radioles, and are a shade of red or brown, banded with paler sections. Shades vary, but the most frequent colouration is maroon with orange tips. They arise from two spiral, deeply cleft, bases. They bear eyespots which alert them to sudden shadows or movements nearby. This enables the crown to be retracted into the tube very rapidly when danger threatens. The posterior segments of the worm bear hooked bristles which help anchor it in its tube. *E. polymorpha* can be distinguished from the very similar *Eudistylia vancoveri* by the cleft in the crown. Also, *E. vancoveri* generally has red branchiae with white tips.

## Distribution and habitat

The range of *E. polymorpha* extends along the western coast of North America, from Alaska to California. It is found in the intertidal zone in tide pools and in the neritic zone at depths up to 420 m. It tends to grow in groups and can be found growing on rocks, reefs, pilings, wharves and marinas.

## Biology

*Eudistylia polymorpha* is a filter feeder, catching food particles with its pinnately branched radioles. It prefers to live in moving water so a constant stream of particles comes within reach. These are trapped by the feeding appendages and moved by cilia down grooves in the radioles to the large, funnel-shaped mouth. The gut takes up most of the coelom space and there is a faecal groove for ejection of undigested debris. Any particles too large to be ingested get incorporated into the tube structure.

Reproduction takes place in the spring, and fertilization is external. The gonads are on the dorsal side of the abdomen and the gametes mature in the coelomic spaces. They are then passed forward by cilia along the faecal groove and are released into the water column. The larvae are planktonic and grow rapidly. After about three or four weeks, they settle out as segmented larvae.

## InfoBox

| *Eudistylia polymorpha* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eudistylia polymorpha* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| *Clade*: | Pleistoannelida |
| *Clade*: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Sabellida |
| Family: | Sabellidae |
| Genus: | *Eudistylia* |
| Species: | ***E. polymorpha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eudistylia polymorpha***<br>(Johnson, 1901) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bispira polymorpha* Johnson, 1901 * *Distylia monterea* Chamberlin, 1919 * *Eudistylia intermedia* Bush, 1905 | |


title: Eudistenia

abstract: Eudistenia costipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus Eudistenia.

text:
# Eudistenia

***Eudistenia costipennis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus ***Eudistenia***.

## InfoBox

| *Eudistenia costipennis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Eudistenia*** |
| Species: | ***E. costipennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eudistenia costipennis***<br>Fall, 1907 | |
|


title: Otago University AFC

abstract: Otago University AFC is a amateur association football club in Dunedin, New Zealand. The men's first team competes in the Southern Premier League and has previously competed in the Southern League. The Women's First Team competes in the Women's South Island League.

text:
# Otago University AFC

**Otago University AFC** is a amateur association football club in Dunedin, New Zealand. The men's first team competes in the Southern Premier League and has previously competed in the Southern League. The Women's First Team competes in the Women's South Island League.

## History

The club is affiliated with the Otago University Students' Association, and not directly affiliated to the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand; it is one of the oldest clubs associated with the University of Otago, established in 1939. They are based at Logan Park in an area immediately beside the university campus, and play their home fixtures at the nearby Caledonian Ground. The men's first team also participates in the Chatham Cup, New Zealand's premier knockout tournament. The Women's First team competes in the Kate Sheppard Cup. As a member of Southern Football, the club was also affiliated with Southern United of the New Zealand Football Championship.

The clubs best run in the Chatham Cup was in 2014 where they made it to the final 16 before losing 0–1 to Dunedin Technical. However in the 2021 edition, the club made the quarter-finals for the first time, facing North Shore United away.

The club strip is traditionally the Otago region colours of blue and varsity gold, the away strip is traditionally baby blue.

Photo of the first Otago University Football Team, 1886Otago University Men's first XI, 2014 wearing home strip

## InfoBox

Otago University AFC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Otago University Association Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | Varsity, Uni, OUAFC |
| Founded | 1939 |
| Ground | Logan Park, Dunedin North |
| President | Jerry Mackey |
| League | Southern Premier League |
| 2024 | Southern Premier League, 4th of 10 |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Eucalyptus adesmophloia

abstract: Eucalyptus adesmophloia is a mallee that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. Its fresh bark is grey, the leaves are a glossy dark green, the flowers are white and borne in large groups, and the fruits are conical to hemispherical.

text:
# Eucalyptus adesmophloia

***Eucalyptus adesmophloia*** is a mallee that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. Its fresh bark is grey, the leaves are a glossy dark green, the flowers are white and borne in large groups, and the fruits are conical to hemispherical.

## Description

*Eucalyptus adesmophloia* is a mallee that grows to a height of 7 m (20 ft). It has loose, rough bark that is shed in plates and short strips to reveal smooth grey and cream-coloured new bark. The leaves are lance-shaped, 15–80 mm (0.6–3 in) long and 16–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) wide, dull at first before becoming glossy and dark green. The flowers are borne in groups of between 9 and 27 on an angular peduncle 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long, each flower on a pedicel up to 1 mm (0.04 in) long. The flower buds are greenish, 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide with a smooth, conical operculum as long as, or up to 50% longer than the floral cup. The stamens are white. The fruits are woody, conical to hemispherical capsules 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long and wide.

## Taxonomy and naming

This eucalypt was first formally described in 1993 by Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper who gave it the name *Eucalyptus decipiens* subsp. *adesmophloia* and published the description in the journal *Nuytsia*. In 2012, Dean Nicolle and Malcolm French raised it to species status as *Eucalyptus adesmophloia*. The specific epithet (*adesmophloia*) is derived from Greek, meaning "unfettered bark", referring to the loose, ribbony bark of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

*Eucalyptus adesmophloia* grows in mallee shrubland between the Stirling Range, Bremer Bay, Manypeaks and the Fitzgerald River National Park where it is common.

## Conservation

This eucalypt has been classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## InfoBox

| *Eucalyptus adesmophloia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *E. adesmophloia* growing near Porongurup National Park | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. adesmophloia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus adesmophloia***
(Brooker & Hopper) D.Nicolle & M.E.French | |
|


title: Eucalyptus absita

abstract: Eucalyptus absita, commonly known as the Badgingarra box, is a mallee that is endemic to a small area near Badgingarra in Western Australia. It has smooth gray bark, sometimes fibrous near its base, white flowers and conical to cup-shaped fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus absita

***Eucalyptus absita***, commonly known as the **Badgingarra box**, is a mallee that is endemic to a small area near Badgingarra in Western Australia. It has smooth gray bark, sometimes fibrous near its base, white flowers and conical to cup-shaped fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus absita* is a mallee that grows to a height of 2.5–10 m (8–30 ft) and has smooth grey bark over copper-coloured and green sections, sometimes with fibrous greyish brown to yellowish bark for up to 2 m (7 ft) at the base. The leaves on young plants are dull green to bluish, elliptic in shape, up to 80 mm (3 in) long and 60 mm (2 in) wide. Adult leaves are glossy green on both sides with a dense network of veins, lance-shaped and up to 105 mm (4 in) long and 33 mm (1 in) wide on a petiole up to 20 mm (0.79 in) long. The flowers are borne in groups of up to seven in leaf axils. The buds are club-shaped, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) wide. The stamens are white, curve inwards and the outer ones lack anthers. Flowering occurs between April and July and the fruit are cone-shaped with the narrower end towards the base to cup-shaped, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) wide with a thin rim.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Eucalyptus absita* was first formally described in 1992 by Peter Grayling and Ian Brooker who published the description in the journal *Nuytsia* from specimens collected by Brooker south east of Badgingarra in 1986. The specific epithet (*absita*) is derived from the Latin word *abitus* meaning "departure" or "exit", referring to the remoteness of this species compared to the similar "box" trees of eastern Australia. The letter 's' was added without explanation.

*Eucalyptus absita* has been assigned to section *Adnataria* (boxes), allied to *Eucalyptus* subgenus *Symphyomyrtus*. Within the *Adnataria* section, *E. absita* is part of a subgroup, series *Buxeales* which are all found in south-eastern Australia, with only three occurring in Western Australia, those being *Eucalyptus cuprea*, *Eucalyptus absita* and *Eucalyptus lucasii*. All three have inflexed stamens which separates them from the eastern species.

The species is recognised as hybridising with sister taxon *Eucalyptus loxophleba*, the York Gum.

## Distribution and habitat

Badgingarra box is only known from three small stands on a roadside and in paddocks grazed by livestock, one stand containing a single tree. The species is only known to occur between Badgingarra and Dandaragan.

## Conservation

This eucalypt has been classified as "endangered" under the Australian Government *Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999* and as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia) and a Recovery Plan has been prepared. The main threats to the species are road maintenance, lack of associated vegetation, weed invasion, damage by livestock and lack of opportunities for reproduction.

## InfoBox

| Badgingarra box | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucalyptus absita* habit | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (EPBC Act) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. absita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus absita***
Grayling & Brooker | |
|


title: Eucalyptus accedens

abstract: Eucalyptus accedens, commonly known as smooth bark wandoo or powderbark wandoo is a species of tree endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. Although the common names suggest it is similar to wandoo,, the two species are very different botanically. The bark of E. accedens has talc-like powder, at least on the protected side of the trunk and the tree usually grows on laterite in higher places.

text:
# Eucalyptus accedens

***Eucalyptus accedens***, commonly known as **smooth bark wandoo** or **powderbark wandoo** is a species of tree endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. Although the common names suggest it is similar to wandoo, (*Eucalyptus wandoo*), the two species are very different botanically. The bark of *E. accedens* has talc-like powder, at least on the protected side of the trunk and the tree usually grows on laterite in higher places.

## Description

*Eucalyptus accedens* is a tree which typically grows to a height of 15 to 25 metres (49 to 82 ft) with branches high up the trunk and forms a lignotuber. Its diameter can be as large as 1.5 metres (5 ft) and hollows will readily form in dead branches or where limbs have fallen. The smooth bark is notable for being covered in a talc-like powder. It is pale-white when fresh, turning a shade of orange before being shed again. The adult leaves are arranged alternately and are the same dull blue-green colour on both sides. The blade is 8 to 18 centimetres (3.1 to 7.1 in) in length and 1.2 to 3 cm (0.47 to 1.18 in) wide with a lanceolate shape and tapers to a pointed tip. The leaf petioles are 1.3 to 3.2 cm (0.51 to 1.26 in) long.

White flowers are produced between December and April. The inflorescence is single and axillary with a peduncle 0.7 to 1.7 cm (0.28 to 0.67 in) long. It will form pedicellate buds in clusters of 7, 9 or 11, with cylindrical to obovoid or ovoid shape. It forms fruit that are pedicellate and cylindrical to barrel-shaped with a width of 0.5 to 0.9 cm (0.20 to 0.35 in). The fruits contain brown seeds with an ovoid or flattened-ovoid shape and a length of 1.5 to 2.5 mm (0.06 to 0.10 in).

*Eucalyptus wandoo* and *E. accedens* have a very similar appearance, but can be distinguished by the orangey coloured powdery coating on the bark of *E. accedens* that appears seasonally. It also has larger, more rounded buds and more rounded juvenile foliage.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Eucalyptus accedens* was first formally described in 1904 by William Vincent Fitzgerald from specimens he had collected near Pingelly the previous year. The specific epithet (*accedens*) is a Latin word meaning "approaching" or "resembling", referring to the similarity of the bark of this species to that of *E. wandoo*.

## Distribution and habitat

Powderbark wandoo will grow in gravelly or clay-loam soils over laterite. It is commonly found on stony ridges or lateritic breakaways and often above stands of *Eucalyptus wandoo*. Its range extends from south east of Geraldton in the Mid West region south through the Darling Range as far as Williams, Western Australia in the Wheatbelt region.

Occurring on woodland areas, associated species include *E. wandoo* as *E. wandoo* often occurs below *E. accedens* in the overstorey landscape, and occasionally with *E. astringens*, and sometimes with *E. marginata* on the western fringe. In the understorey, shrubs such as *Hypocalymma angustifolia*, *Hibbertia hypericoides*, *Hakea lissocarpha*, *Acacia pulchella*, *Hovea chorizemifolia*, *Gastrolobium microcarpum*, *Lepidosperma leptostachyum* and *Bossiaea eriocarpa* are often found.

## Conservation

This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## Uses

### Use in horticulture

*Eucalyptus accedens* is now commonly sold as an ornamental shade or shelter tree. Bark is often used to deter ants. It tolerates a wide range of soil types except for lime and is reasonably drought tolerant and is available as seed or seedlings.

The powder that accumulates on the trunk was tested as a deterrent for arthropods in 2004. The results demonstrated that ant mortality was much greater on paper discs coated with the powder than on control discs.

## InfoBox

| Powderbark wandoo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucalyptus accedens* in the Avon Valley National Park | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. accedens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus accedens***
W.Fitzg. | |
|


title: Otto Dimroth

abstract: Otto Dimroth was a German chemist. He is known for the Dimroth rearrangement, as well as a type of condenser with an internal double spiral, the Dimroth condenser. His son Karl Dimroth was also a renowned chemist, who described the first synthesis of 3-benzoxepin.

text:
# Otto Dimroth

**Otto Dimroth** (28 March 1872 – 16 May 1940) was a German chemist. He is known for the Dimroth rearrangement, as well as a type of condenser with an internal double spiral, the Dimroth condenser.

His son Karl Dimroth was also a renowned chemist, who described the first synthesis of 3-benzoxepin.

1. D. Otto (1909). "Ueber intramolekulare Umlagerungen. Umlagerungen in der Reihe des 1, 2, 3-Triazols". *Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie*. **364** (2): 183–226. doi:10.1002/jlac.19093640204.
2. W. M. Otto Dimroth (1927). "Intramolekulare Umlagerung der 5-Amino-1,2,3-triazole". *Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie*. **459** (1): 39–46. doi:10.1002/jlac.19274590104.
3. Dimroth, K.; Pohl, G. (1961). "3-Benzoxepin". *Angew. Chem.* **73** (12): 436. doi:10.1002/ange.19610731215.
4. Dimroth, K.; Pohl, G.; Follmann, H. (1966). "Die Synthese von Derivaten des 3-Oxepins und des Furans durch eine zweifache Wittig-Reaktion". *Chem. Ber.* (in German). **99** (2): 634–641. doi:10.1002/cber.19660990238.
* L. Ebert (1941). "Obituary: Otto Dimroth. 1872-1940". *Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft*. **74** (1): A1–A23. doi:10.1002/cber.19410740124.

## InfoBox

| Otto Dimroth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 28 March 1872
Bayreuth, German Empire |
| Died | 16 May 1940(1940-05-16) (aged 68)
Aschaffenburg, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of Greifswald,
University of Munich,
University of Würzburg |
| Doctoral advisor | Johannes Thiele |
|  | |


title: Otterfing

abstract: Otterfing is a municipality in the district of Miesbach in Bavaria in Germany.

text:
# Otterfing

**Otterfing** is a municipality in the district of Miesbach in Bavaria in Germany.

## Geography

### Geographical Location and Municipal Area

Otterfing lies on end moraine hills of the last Ice Age in the foothills of the Alps overlooking the Mangfall Mountains. The village Otterfing is located in the middle of Upper Bavaria on the Bundesstraße 13 only 4 km north of Holzkirchen directly on the southern border of the administrative district Munich. In the north, the Hofoldinger Forest borders the municipal area. After the dissolution of this forest area as a community-free area, parts of it were added to Otterfing on 1 January 2011.

The state capital Munich is 30 km away, the district town Miesbach 23 km, Wolfratshausen 21 km, Bad Tölz 22 km and Rosenheim 37 km.

### Parts of Otterfing

Besides Otterfing itself there are five districts:

* Bergham, approx. 0.5 km west of the town centre
* Heigenkam, approx. 2.4 km northwest
* Holzham, approx. 0.7 km southeast
* Palnkam, approx. 1.6 km southwest of the town centre and 1 km west of the main road Bundesstrasse 13
* Wettlkam, approx. 2.2 km northwest

### Neighbouring Communities

Sauerlach, Aying (both districts Munich), Holzkirchen (district Miesbach) and Dietramszell (district Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen).

## History

### Until Foundation of Community

Archaeological finds prove the settlement already in the Celtic period. In 1942, during excavation work near the station, the grave of a woman from the late Roman period (ca. 350 to 355 AD) was discovered. Among other burial objects, a coin from the reign of Constantius II. was recovered from a depth of 1.30 metres.

Otterfing was first mentioned in a document in 1003 in a traditional book of the Tegernsee monastery as "Otolvinga". After many different spellings the place is already called Otterfing in 1568 in the Bavarian country tables of Philipp Apian.

Otterfing has been an independent political community since the administrative reforms in Bavaria in 1818.

### District Membership

Until 1 July 1972 Otterfing belonged to the former Wolfratshausen district. When this was merged with the district of Bad Tölz, Otterfing joined the district of Miesbach.

### Population Growth

* 1818: 435 inhabitants
* 1875: 629 inhabitants
* 1945: 768 inhabitants
* 1950: 1492 inhabitants
* 1961: 1542 inhabitants
* 1970: 1925 inhabitants
* 1975: 2489 inhabitants
* 1991: 3476 inhabitants
* 1995: 3719 inhabitants
* 2000: 4122 inhabitants
* 2005: 4337 inhabitants
* 2010: 4519 inhabitants
* 2015: 4699 inhabitants

## Politics

### Local Council

After the last local elections on 16 March 2014, the municipal council has 16 members. Voter turnout was 65.3%. The election brought the following result:

|  | CSU | 6 seats | (36,6 %) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | SPD | 4 seats | (23,5 %) |
|  | Freie Wählergemeinschaft | 3 seats | (22,5 %) |
|  | GRÜNE | 3 seats | (17,4 %) |

### Emblem

Otterfing has only had its own municipal coat of arms since 1972.

It shows the three golden crowns of the Tegernsee monastery on a blue background above. In the middle are two silver ibexes from the coat of arms of those of Kurz von Senftenau, from whom the Count dynasty of Valley originates. Tegernsee and Valley were important landowners in the village until the community was formed in 1818.

The golden arch below symbolises the Teufelsgraben, a dry valley south of Otterfing, where the melting water of the Isar-Loisach glacier once flowed off.

## Transport

Otterfing is located on the Munich-Holzkirchen railway line and is directly connected to the Munich S-Bahn line S3, which runs every 20 or 40 minutes in the direction of Munich and Holzkirchen. The Bavarian Oberlandbahn serves Otterfing during rush hours.

The federal highway B8 is three kilometers east of the town center; the nearest Sauerlach junction in the north can be reached in ten kilometers and Holzkirchen in the south in eight kilometers.

## Religion

About 59% of the population are Roman-Catholic, 14% Protestant; about 27% do not belong to any other religious community.

The parish church and landmark of Otterfing is St. Georg. Branch churches are in the districts of Bergham (St. Valentin) and Wettlkam (Heilig Kreuz).

The Evangelical Methodist Church has a service centre in Otterfing.

Two congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses share the Kingdom Hall in Otterfing.

## Bibliography (German)

* Eduard Moser: *Ein oberbayerisches Bauerndorf im Holzlande – Otterfing bei Holzkirchen (Oberbayern)*, Heimatbücherverlag Müller & Königer, München, 1925
* Gemeinde Otterfing (Herausgeberin): *Otterfing – Heimatbuch*, Band 1, 2005

## InfoBox

| Otterfing | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Saint George Church | |
|  | |
| Location of Otterfing within Miesbach district | |
| Otterfing Otterfing | |
| Coordinates: 47°55′N 11°41′E / 47.917°N 11.683°E / 47.917; 11.683 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Upper Bavaria |
| District | Miesbach |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202026) | Michael Falkenhahn (SPD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 18.40 km2 (7.10 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 675 m (2,215 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 4,806 |
| Density | 260/km2 (680/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 83624 |
| Dialling codes | 08024 |
| Vehicle registration | MB |
| Website | www.otterfing.de |


title: Otterbäckens BK

abstract: Otterbäckens Bandyklubb, Otterbäckens BK, is a bandy club in Gullspång, Sweden. The team colours are blue and white. The club was founded in 1935. The club was playing in Allsvenskan, the second level bandy league in Sweden, until 2011 when it was relegated to Division 1. After two years in Division 1, the club got promoted to Allsvenskan again for the 2013-14 season and stayed there for the 2014/15 season. The club is more successful in the youth department, e.g. winning the Swedish Championship for youth teams in 2006.

text:
# Otterbäckens BK

**Otterbäckens Bandyklubb**, *Otterbäckens BK*, is a bandy club in Gullspång, Sweden. The team colours are blue and white. The club was founded in 1935.

The club was playing in Allsvenskan, the second level bandy league in Sweden, until 2011 when it was relegated to Division 1. After two years in Division 1, the club got promoted to Allsvenskan again for the 2013-14 season and stayed there for the 2014/15 season. The club is more successful in the youth department, e.g. winning the Swedish Championship for youth teams in 2006.

## InfoBox

| Otterbäckens BK | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Gullspång, Sweden |
| League | Division 1 |
| Division | Mellersta |
| Founded | 1935 (1935) |


title: Otterbäcken

abstract: Otterbäcken right on the shores of Vänern is a locality situated in Gullspång Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 722 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Otterbäcken

**Otterbäcken** right on the shores of Vänern is a locality situated in Gullspång Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 722 inhabitants in 2010.

## Business

In Otterbäcken is a plywood factory run by Moelven-Vänerply. The plant is capable of producing 95,000 m³ of plywood a year. The company has about 160 employees and is the largest employer in the municipality.

During summer the campsite with its beach, playground, small kiosk and volleyball field attracts tourists and also the drive-in bingo during the later half of summer draws crowds. In the winter the local bandy team Otterbäckens BK is the great attraction.

## InfoBox

| Otterbäcken | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| OtterbäckenOtterbäcken | |
| Coordinates: 58°57′N 14°02′E / 58.950°N 14.033°E / 58.950; 14.033 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Västergötland |
| County | Västra Götaland County |
| Municipality | Gullspång Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.47 km2 (0.57 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 722 |
| Density | 492/km2 (1,270/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Eugene Palmer (artist)

abstract: Eugene Oliver Palmer is a Jamaican-born British artist. His work uses archival records, photographs, and contemporary media imagery as basis for his paintings. Palmer has had a long association with art curators and exhibitors Eddie Chambers and Keith Piper and is recognised as one of the leading Black artists working in Britain. He currently lives and works in St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex.

text:
# Eugene Palmer (artist)

**Eugene Oliver Palmer** (born 1955) is a Jamaican-born British artist. His work uses archival records, photographs, and contemporary media imagery as basis for his paintings. Palmer has had a long association with art curators and exhibitors Eddie Chambers and Keith Piper and is recognised as one of the leading Black artists working in Britain. He currently lives and works in St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex.

## Biography

Eugene Oliver Palmer was born in Kingston, Jamaica, and came to England as a child with his parents in 1966. Growing up, he was influenced by two different cultures and it is the memories of these and influences from them that have shaped his artistic career.

In the mid-1970s he completed an Art Foundation course in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, before going on to secure a BA (Hons) from Wimbledon School of Art in 1978, followed a few years later by a Teaching Certificate from Garnett College, London, and an MA in Painting from Goldsmiths College, in the mid-1980s.

Starting with colourful and bright abstract paintings of the early to mid-1980s, Palmer began exploring a variety of different areas of painting as his career progressed. Common themes in his work are explorations of cultural history and cultural identity.

His early career encompassed exhibiting at such venues as Bedford Gill Gallery, 198 Gallery, and the Duncan Campbell Gallery, and group exhibitions included the New Contemporaries, *Caribbean Expressions in Britain* in the mid-1980s and *Black Art: Plotting the Course*.

## Solo exhibitions


title: Eupithecia submiranda

abstract: Eupithecia submiranda is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Suriname. The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are dingy olive-ochreous. The markings are dull dark grey. The hindwings are similar, but the grey markings are much duller.

text:
# Eupithecia submiranda

***Eupithecia submiranda*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Suriname.

The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are dingy olive-ochreous. The markings are dull dark grey. The hindwings are similar, but the grey markings are much duller.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia submiranda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. submiranda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia submiranda***<br>(Warren, 1906) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tephroclystia submiranda* Warren, 1906 | |


# Eurasian lynx reintroduction in Great Britain

The Eurasian lynx is the target of ongoing species reintroduction proposals in Great Britain. Proposed locations include the Scottish Highlands and Kielder Forest in Northumberland, England.

## Background

Lynx are currently extinct in Great Britain, although the date of their extinction is not known with certainty. The youngest physical remains of Lynx, from Kinsey Cave in Craven, have been carbon-dated to between 150 CE and 600 CE. A literary reference to what are likely lynx in Cumbria, dating to between the seventh and the tenth centuries, occurs in the Welsh poem Dinogad's Smock, suggesting they may not have been extirpated from the island of Great Britain until the Middle Ages. A written record indicating the presence of a large cat in southern Scotland in the mid 18th century is noted by scholar Lee Raye, who tentatively argues that it may refer to a late-surviving population of lynx. Since the extinction of the grey wolf from Britain in 1680 (see Wolves in Great Britain), the island contains no terrestrial apex predators.

In the post-Apex predator period, red and roe deer populations have increased dramatically due to having no natural predators; with excessive deer foraging leading to prevention of forest regeneration, the stripping of tree vegetation, and removing of the shrub layer in forests, which provides a habitat for birds such as nightingales and willow warblers. Reintroducing large predators such as the lynx are seen by rewilding experts as a means of restoring balance in the ecosystem and keeping deer numbers under control.

## Proposals

### England

Lynx Trust UK are a registered charity campaigning for the reintroduction of lynx to the Kielder Forest in Northumberland. In 2018, a proposal to release six animals was turned down by then-Environment Secretary Michael Gove, due to findings that the proposal did not "meet the necessary standards set out in the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) guidelines and fails to give confidence that the project could be completed in practical terms or that the outputs would meet the stated aims". In 2020 the Trust began preparing a second proposal to be submitted, with three animals proposed.

The Wild East Project has proposed lynx reintroduction to areas of East Anglia.

### Scotland

Lynx reintroduction into the Scottish Highlands has been proposed since 2008, and a study by Lynx Trust UK and the University of Lancaster found that the Scottish countryside would be able to support a population of up to 250 animals. In 2020, Lynx Trust UK began a consultation into releasing lynx into the Queen Elizabeth Forest Park north of Glasgow.

## Support

The proposals have met opposition from sheep farmers, citing threats the lynx would pose to their flocks; despite research indicating that because lynx also predate on foxes, the number of lambs killed would reduce.

Tony Juniper, chairman of Natural England, voiced his support for the "inspiring" proposal in 2020, stating that it could help to cut deer numbers. Scottish rewilding charity Trees for Life supports lynx reintroduction, claiming it would "restore ecological processes that have been missing for centuries, and provide a free and efficient deer management service".


title: Eurasian least shrew

abstract: The Eurasian least shrew, also called the lesser pygmy shrew, is the second-smallest mammal by mass after the Etruscan shrew.

text:
# Eurasian least shrew

The **Eurasian least shrew** (***Sorex minutissimus***), also called the **lesser pygmy shrew**, is the second-smallest mammal by mass after the Etruscan shrew.

## Appearance

The Eurasian least shrew weighs only 1.2–4 g (0.042–0.141 oz) and has a body less than 4 cm (1.6 in) long, with a 2.5 cm (0.98 in) tail. It has a brown back and a light grey underside, with a fairly clear boundary in between. The color of the back varies seasonally from chocolate brown in summer to light brown in winter. The same bicolor pattern extends to the tail, which has a dark brown tuft of hair at the end. The feet are the same color as the belly, with brown heels.

## Distribution

The Eurasian least shrew inhabits the northern taiga region, and is found throughout Siberia, in northern Europe (Finland, northern Sweden and parts of Norway) and on the islands of Sakhalin and Hokkaidō. It can be found in diverse habitats, including both coniferous and deciduous forests, open fields, and the edges of bogs. The population density appears to be fairly low throughout, though its prevalence may be underestimated in surveys since its small size lets it escape many commonly used traps.

## Behavior

Due to its small size and reclusive habits, the Eurasian least shrew can be difficult to spot. Like shrews in general, the Eurasian least shrew mainly eats insects, but will also dine on carrion or any other source of protein it finds. In winter, it may occasionally seek food indoors. Because of its small size for a mammal, the Eurasian least shrew has an extremely high metabolic rate and must eat frequently to avoid starvation; in captivity it has been reported to eat 120 meals a day, consuming three to four times its own weight each day. The Eurasian least shrew is active around the clock, with occasional sleep periods of 10–50 minutes each.

The Eurasian least shrew can swim well, and in captivity even seems to enjoy playing in water. Its small size also makes the Eurasian least shrew a phenomenal climber: it has been observed climbing up even the smooth inside corner of a glass terrarium. Its eyesight is poor, but it has very good hearing. While the Eurasian least shrew frequently emits sounds, much of its communication is in frequencies beyond the limits of human hearing.

## Breeding

The female Eurasian least shrew has one or two litters a year, each typically consisting of 3–6 offspring. Little is known about the typical lifetime of the Eurasian least shrew in the wild, but in captivity some have managed to reach an age of over 2.5 years.

## Identification

The Eurasian least shrew may be mistaken for the slightly larger Eurasian pygmy shrew (*S. minutus*), which is commonly found in the same areas. Besides the size difference, the two species may be distinguished by the tail and feet of the least shrew being noticeably shorter in proportion to its body.

* Siivonen, Lauri (ed.) (1972). *Suomen Nisäkkäät*. Otava, Keuruu. ISBN 951-1-00075-6.
* Jensen, Birger (1993). *Suomen ja Pohjolan Nisäkkäät*. (Original title: *Nordens Pattedyr*.) WSOY, Porvoo. ISBN 951-0-19340-2.
* Bjärvall, Anders; Ullström, Staffan (1995). *Euroopan nisäkkäät*. (Original title: *Däggdjur. Alla Europas arter*.) Tammi, Helsinki. ISBN 951-31-0700-0.
* Siivonen, Lauri; Sulkava, Seppo (1999). *Pohjolan nisäkkäät (Mammals of Northern Europe)*. Otava, Keuruu. ISBN 951-1-13004-8.
* Savela, Markku. *Lepidoptera and some other life forms*, "*Sorex minutissimus*". URL accessed 9 March 2006.

## InfoBox

| Eurasian least shrew | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Specimen exhibited in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan. | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Eulipotyphla |
| Family: | Soricidae |
| Genus: | *Sorex* |
| Species: | ***S. minutissimus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sorex minutissimus***
Zimmermann, 1780 | |
|
|  | |
| Eurasian least shrew range | |


title: Eulophonotus

abstract: Eulophonotus is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae endemic to sub-Saharan Africa.

text:
# Eulophonotus

***Eulophonotus*** is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae endemic to sub-Saharan Africa.

## Species

* Yakovlev, R.V. & R.J. Murphy, 2013: The Cossidae (Lepidoptera) of Malawi with descriptions of two new species. *Zootaxa*, **3709 (4)**: 371–393. Abstract:

## InfoBox

| *Eulophonotus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Eulophonotus stephania | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cossidae |
| Genus: | ***Eulophonotus***<br>Felder, 1874 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Callocossus* Aurivillius, 1910 * *Engyophlebus* Karsch, 1900 * *Zeuzerops* Strand, 1910 | |


title: Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion

abstract: Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens. The technique is named after Örjan Ouchterlony, the Swedish physician who developed the test in 1948 to evaluate the production of diphtheria toxins from isolated bacteria.

text:
# Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion

**Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion** (also known as **passive double immunodiffusion**) is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens. The technique is named after Örjan Ouchterlony, the Swedish physician who developed the test in 1948 to evaluate the production of diphtheria toxins from isolated bacteria.

## Procedure

A gel plate is cut to form a series of holes ("wells") in an agar or agarose gel. A sample extract of interest (for example human cells harvested from tonsil tissue) is placed in one well, sera or purified antibodies are placed in another well and the plate left for 48 hours to develop. During this time the antigens in the sample extract and the antibodies each diffuse out of their respective wells. Where the two diffusion fronts meet, if any of the antibodies recognize any of the antigens, they will bind to the antigens and form an immune complex. The immune complex precipitates in the gel to give a thin white line (precipitin line), which is a visual signature of antigen recognition.

The method can be conducted in parallel with multiple wells filled with different antigen mixtures and multiple wells with different antibodies or mixtures of antibodies, and antigen-antibody reactivity can be seen by observing between which wells the precipitate is observed. When more than one well is used there are many possible outcomes based on the reactivity of the antigen and antibody selected. The zone of equivalence lines may give a full identity (i.e. a continuous line), partial identity (i.e. a continuous line with a spur at one end), or a non-identity (i.e. the two lines cross completely).

The sensitivity of the assay can be increased by using a stain such as Coomassie brilliant blue, this is done by repeated staining and destaining of the assay until the precipitin lines are at maximum visibility.

## Theory

Precipitation occurs with most antigens because the antigen is multivalent (i.e. has several antigenic determinants per molecule to which antibodies can bind). Antibodies have at least two antigen binding sites (and in the case of immunoglobulin M there is a multimeric complex with up to 10 antigen binding sites), thus large aggregates or gel-like lattices of antigen and antibody are formed. Experimentally, an increasing amount of antigen is added to a constant amount of antibody in solution. Initially at low antigen concentration, all of the antibody is contained in the precipitate. This is called the antibody-excess zone (i.e. prozone phenomenon). As more antigen is added, the amount of protein precipitated increases until the antigen/antibody molecules are at an optimal ratio. This is known as the zone of equivalence or equivalence point. When the amount of antigen in solution exceeds the amount of antibody, the amount of precipitation will decrease. This is known as the antigen excess zone.

1. Hornbeck, Peter (February 2017). "Double-Immunodiffusion Assay for Detecting Specific Antibodies (Ouchterlony)". *Current Protocols in Immunology*. **116** (1): 2.3.1–2.3.4. doi:10.1002/cpim.18. PMID 28150863. S2CID 35908711.
2. Moticka, Edward J. (2015). *A Historical Perspective on Evidence-Based Immunology*. Elsevier. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-12-398381-7.
3. Paul, William E., ed. (2008). "Immunodiffusion and the Ouchterlony Method". *Fundamental Immunology* (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 176–177. ISBN 9780781765190. p. 176 p. 177


title: Eunidia anteflava

abstract: Eunidia anteflava is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lepesme and Stephan von Breuning in 1953.

text:
# Eunidia anteflava

***Eunidia anteflava*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lepesme and Stephan von Breuning in 1953.

## InfoBox

| *Eunidia anteflava* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Eunidia* |
| Species: | ***E. anteflava*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eunidia anteflava***<br>Lepesme & Breuning, 1953 | |
|


title: Euphorbia mammillaris

abstract: Euphorbia mammillaris is a plant species endemic to Cape Province of South Africa. Euphorbia mammillaris, also known as African or Indian corn-cob, is a fast-growing shrublet, with thick stems that are chalky green, erect and ribbed. The variegated form, E. mammillaris variegata, is normally a beige-white colour when protected under shade cover, trees, other plants, or rocks; its white stems will become tinged with magenta, fuchsia, and tones of rosy-pink in areas of more sun exposure, times of drought, or in colder weather. Nearing maturity, the plant can reach a foot to two feet tall. Each stem can have from seven to seventeen ribs of thick, hexagonal tubercles growing next to each other vertically, which resembles the look of a corn-cob. The pseudo-spines are pinkish white, thick and pointy, almost like blunt toothpicks, only up to 0.4 inches (1 cm) long and scattered around the top of the plants. From late winter to early summer, this succulent produces small red and orange flowers from each stem. The scientific name E. mammillaris gives credence to the plant’s superficial resemblance to American cactus; in this case, the Mammillaria cacti. Ironically, most Mammillaria cacti are globular, low-growing plants, while Euphorbia mammillaris is rather vertical and columnar in shape and growth habit. However, this is outward appearance-specific, as this succulent is not a true cactus. Additionally, Euphorbia plants are all fairly toxic, containing caustic latex sap, which drips profusely when the plant is damaged. Care must be taken and gloves worn when handling; if this liquid gets into an open wound on the skin, or into the eyes, mouth, ears, nose, burning pain and allergic reaction is likely to occur. In certain extreme instances, swelling of the throat can develop, with anaphylactic shock and suffocation leading to possible death.

text:
# Euphorbia mammillaris

***Euphorbia mammillaris*** (often mis-spelled *Euphorbia mamillaris*) is a plant species endemic to Cape Province of South Africa. *Euphorbia mammillaris*, also known as African or Indian corn-cob, is a fast-growing shrublet, with thick stems that are chalky green, erect and ribbed.

The variegated form, *E. mammillaris variegata*, is normally a beige-white colour when protected under shade cover, trees, other plants, or rocks; its white stems will become tinged with magenta, fuchsia, and tones of rosy-pink in areas of more sun exposure, times of drought, or in colder weather. Nearing maturity, the plant can reach a foot to two feet tall. Each stem can have from seven to seventeen ribs of thick, hexagonal tubercles growing next to each other vertically, which resembles the look of a corn-cob. The pseudo-spines are pinkish white, thick and pointy, almost like blunt toothpicks, only up to 0.4 inches (1 cm) long and scattered around the top of the plants. From late winter to early summer, this succulent produces small red and orange flowers from each stem.

The scientific name *E. mammillaris* gives credence to the plant’s superficial resemblance to American cactus; in this case, the *Mammillaria* cacti. Ironically, most *Mammillaria* cacti are globular, low-growing plants, while *Euphorbia mammillaris* is rather vertical and columnar in shape and growth habit. However, this is outward appearance-specific, as this succulent is not a true cactus. Additionally, Euphorbia plants are all fairly toxic (poisonous if ingested), containing caustic latex sap, which drips profusely when the plant is damaged. Care must be taken and gloves worn when handling; if this liquid gets into an open wound on the skin, or into the eyes, mouth, ears, nose (or any mucous membrane), burning pain and allergic reaction is likely to occur. In certain extreme instances (especially if oral contact is made), swelling of the throat can develop, with anaphylactic shock and suffocation leading to possible death.

## InfoBox

| *Euphorbia mammillaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| CITES Appendix II (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus: | *Euphorbia* |
| Species: | ***E. mammillaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euphorbia mammillaris***<br>L. | |
|