title: Military Illustrated

abstract: Military Illustrated was a long-running military history magazine first published in the United Kingdom by Military Illustrated Ltd founded by Martin Windrow (editor) and Alan Greene. The magazine was subsequently sold to Publishing News Ltd. From September 2007 publication was taken over by ADH Publishing.

text:
# Military Illustrated

***Military Illustrated*** was a long-running military history magazine first published in the United Kingdom by Military Illustrated Ltd founded by Martin Windrow (editor) and Alan Greene. The magazine was subsequently sold to Publishing News Ltd. From September 2007 publication was taken over by ADH Publishing.

## History and profile

*Military Illustrated* was first published in 1986 on a bi-monthly basis, and sub-titled Past & Present. This sub-title was subsequently dropped,and the magazine became a monthly publication. Early issues of the magazine concentrated on uniforms and equipment, as well as occasional articles on modelling and military artists. The editor from issue 70 (March 1994) to date is Tim Newark.

The magazine subsequently changed to coverage of battles, campaigns and general military history including naval and aviation. Most articles are on World War II and earlier history. More recent campaigns such as Vietnam, Korea, Falklands War, and the first Gulf War are occasionally featured. Issue 275 (April 2011) is the last issue of the magazine to be published on paper. The magazine was only available for purchase online for subsequent issues until it was closed due to financial reasons.


title: Weitmannsee

abstract: Weitmannsee is a lake in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. At an elevation of 501 m, its surface area is 33 ha.

text:
# Weitmannsee

**Weitmannsee** is a lake in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. At an elevation of 501 m, its surface area is 33 ha.

## InfoBox

| Weitmannsee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Weitmannsee | |
| Location | Swabia, Bavaria |
| Coordinates | 48°17′13.48″N 10°57′2.24″E / 48.2870778°N 10.9506222°E / 48.2870778; 10.9506222 |
| Primary inflows | *groundwater*, *precipitation* |
| Primary outflows | *groundwater* |
| Basin countries | Germany |
|  | |
| Max. length | ca. 1,150 m (3,770 ft) |
| Max. width | 330 m (1,080 ft) |
| Surface area | 33 ha (82 acres) |
| Surface elevation | 501 m (1,644 ft) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Kissing, Mering |


abstract: The women's +75 kilograms event at the 1998 Asian Games took place on 13 December 1998 at Thunder Dome, Maung Thong Thani Sports Complex. The weightlifter from China won the gold, with a combined lift of 270 kg.

text:
# Weightlifting at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's +75 kg

The **women's +75 kilograms** event at the 1998 Asian Games took place on 13 December 1998 at Thunder Dome, Maung Thong Thani Sports Complex.

The weightlifter from China won the gold, with a combined lift of 270 kg.

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Body weight | Snatch | Cl&Jerk | Total (kg) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ding Meiyuan (CHN) | 90.90 | 120.0 | 150.0 | **270.0** |
|  | Aye Aye Aung (MYA) | 113.45 | 115.0 | 137.5 | **252.5** |
|  | Chen Hsiao-lien (TPE) | 98.35 | 105.0 | 137.5 | **242.5** |
| 4 | Cheng Chia-yi (TPE) | 104.35 | 107.5 | 135.0 | **242.5** |
| 5 | Miyuki Arai (JPN) | 86.80 | 95.0 | 125.0 | **220.0** |
| 6 | Moon Kyung-ae (KOR) | 88.85 | 92.5 | 125.0 | **217.5** |

## InfoBox

| Women's +75 kg <br>at the 1998 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Thunder Dome |
| Date | 13 December |
| Competitors | 6 from 5 nations |
| Medalists | |
| China  Myanmar  Chinese Taipei | |
|


abstract: The women's 75 kilograms event at the 1998 Asian Games took place on 12 December 1998 at Thunder Dome, Maung Thong Thani Sports Complex. The weightlifter from China won the gold, with a combined lift of 242.5 kg.

text:
# Weightlifting at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's 75 kg

The **women's 75 kilograms** event at the 1998 Asian Games took place on 12 December 1998 at Thunder Dome, Maung Thong Thani Sports Complex.

The weightlifter from China won the gold, with a combined lift of 242.5 kg.

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Body weight | Snatch | Cl&Jerk | Total (kg) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Wei Xiangying (CHN) | 73.85 | 115.0 | 127.5 | **242.5** |
|  | Kim Soon-hee (KOR) | 74.15 | 102.5 | 127.5 | **230.0** |
|  | Aye Mon Khin (MYA) | 74.80 | 100.0 | 130.0 | **230.0** |
| 4 | Kuo Shu-fen (TPE) | 74.25 | 100.0 | 125.0 | **225.0** |
| 5 | Ok Son-hui (PRK) | 71.30 | 97.5 | 120.0 | **217.5** |
| 6 | Aphinya Pharksupho (THA) | 69.20 | 92.5 | 122.5 | **215.0** |
| 7 | Tatyana Khromova (KAZ) | 74.25 | 95.0 | 115.0 | **210.0** |
| 8 | Hiromi Fujiwara (JPN) | 74.30 | 95.0 | 110.0 | **205.0** |
| 9 | Ujwala Mane (IND) | 73.10 | 92.5 | 107.5 | **200.0** |

## InfoBox

| Women's 75 kg <br>at the 1998 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Thunder Dome |
| Date | 12 December |
| Competitors | 9 from 9 nations |
| Medalists | |
| China  South Korea  Myanmar | |
|


title: Wea, Kansas

abstract: Wea is an unincorporated community in Miami County, Kansas, United States. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area.

text:
# Wea, Kansas

**Wea** is an unincorporated community in Miami County, Kansas, United States. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area.

## History

The post office in Wea closed in 1903.

This community was named for the Wea Tribe that was part of the Illiniwek Confederacy that came to this reservation land in 1832 along with the Piankishaw, Peoria, and Kaskaskia Tribes.

The Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854 brought squatters who forced land cessions upon these four tribes until they removed to Indian Territory in 1867.

## Education

Wea High School mascot was the Eagles.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Wea, Kansas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| KDOT map of Miami County (legend) | |
| WeaWea | |
| Coordinates: 38°42′55″N 94°40′01″W / 38.71528°N 94.66694°W / 38.71528; -94.66694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Miami |
| Elevation | 1,086 ft (331 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 913 |
| FIPS code | 20-76200 |
| GNIS ID | 479415 |


title: Mill Avenue/Third Street station

abstract: Mill Avenue/3rd Street is a station on the Valley Metro Rail light rail line in Tempe, Arizona, United States. As of the opening of the Tempe Streetcar line on May 20, 2022, it serves as one of two transfer stations between the Valley Metro line and the Streetcar.

text:
# Mill Avenue/Third Street station

**Mill Avenue/3rd Street** (also known as **Downtown Tempe/Town Lake**) is a station on the Valley Metro Rail light rail line in Tempe, Arizona, United States.

As of the opening of the Tempe Streetcar line on May 20, 2022, it serves as one of two transfer stations between the Valley Metro line and the Streetcar.

## Ridership

Weekday Rail Passengers
| Year | In | Out | Average Daily In | Average Daily Out |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | 366,819 | 355,552 | 1,444 | 1,400 |
| 2010 | 294,376 | 311,821 | 1,164 | 1,232 |

## Notable places nearby

33°25′39″N 111°56′26″W / 33.42750°N 111.94056°W / 33.42750; -111.94056

## InfoBox

| Mill Ave/3rd St | |
| --- | --- |
| Valley Metro Rail light rail and Tempe Streetcar station | |
| The station in November 2009 | |
| General information | |
| Other names | Downtown Tempe/Town Lake |
| Location | Mill Avenue and 3rd Street
Tempe, Arizona |
| Owned by | Valley Metro |
| Operated by | Valley Metro Rail |
| Line(s) | Central Phoenix/East Valley Light Rail Line
Tempe Streetcar |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Valley Metro Bus: Tempe Orbit Earth |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade |
| Accessible |  |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 10021 |
| History | |
| Opened | December 27, 2008 (2008-12-27) (Valley Metro Rail)
May 20, 2022 (2022-05-20) (Tempe Streetcar) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Valley Metro Following station  Center Parkway/ Washingtontowards Metro Parkway  Valley Metro Rail  Veterans Way/College Avenuetowards Gilbert Road/Main Street  Hayden Ferry/Rio Salado Parkwaytowards Marina Heights/Rio Salado Parkway  Tempe Streetcar  6th Street/Mill AveOne-way operation  Tempe Beach Park/Rio Salado ParkwayOne-way operation 5th Street/Ash Avetowards Dorsey/Apache Boulevard | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Wello Penguin

abstract: The Penguin is a wave energy converter (WEC) which was developed by Finnish company Wello Oy between 2008 and 2023. Two full-scale device were constructed, and tested in Scotland and Spain respectively, although both tests ended in difficulties. The concept was a rotating-mass type WEC, with an asymmetric counterweight connected to a generator to harvest energy from the movement of the hull in passing waves. An assessment of wave energy technologies in 2020 rated it at a technology readiness level of TRL7, i.e. full-scale prototypical system demonstration in a relevant environment.

text:
# Wello Penguin

The **Penguin** is a wave energy converter (WEC) which was developed by Finnish company **Wello Oy** between 2008 and 2023. Two full-scale device were constructed, and tested in Scotland and Spain respectively, although both tests ended in difficulties.

The concept was a rotating-mass type WEC, with an asymmetric counterweight connected to a generator to harvest energy from the movement of the hull in passing waves. An assessment of wave energy technologies in 2020 rated it at a technology readiness level of TRL7, i.e. full-scale prototypical system demonstration in a relevant environment.

## Device concept

The device is a floating asymmetric hull containing a rotating mass which drives a generator, without the need for hydraulic systems or a gearbox, and uses similar components to wind turbines. Passing waves cause the hull to move in roll, heave, and pitch, this motion driving the asymmetric counterweight and flywheel, connected to an electrical generator housed inside the hull. The counterweight rotates around a vertical axis, nominally parallel to the gravity vector, and can be considered a type of pendulum.

The design is such that all moving parts of the WEC are contained within the hull. The hull also has multiple watertight compartments, which were claimed would keep the device afloat.

Different sources quote the rated power of the Penguin WEC as 0.5 MW, 0.6 MW, or even 1 MW.

## History

Wello Oy was founded in 2008, based in Espoo, Finland. In 2014, Fortum acquired a 13.6% minority share in the company. In September 2023, Wello filed for bankruptcy, ceasing development of the wave energy technology after 15 years.

The concept was initially tested in wave tanks and at sea between 2008 and 2011, before full-scale sea trials.

### Penguin WEC1 at EMEC

This first full-scale 0.5 MW device was tested at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney, Scotland between 2011 and 2019. Initial tests commenced in June 2011. It was then deployed at the grid-connected Billia Croo in 2012, where it was connected to the grid via an 11 kV subsea cable. Initial test data confirmed the prototype was performing as expected from earlier testing.

In April 2015, Wello extended the testing by an additional year. When not being tested, the device was moored at Lyness on the Orkney island of Hoy.

The fourth test deployment commenced in March 2017, however after just over two years of continuous operation, the device sank in March 2019. It had survived waves of over 18 m during that time.

### Clean Energy From Ocean Waves project

The Clean Energy From Ocean Waves (CEFOW) project was funded by the European Horizon 2020 programme. The initial aim was to deploy three 1 MW Penguin WECs at the Wave Hub test site in Cornwall, England. The project was coordinated by Finnish utility company Fortum. WEC1 was to be transferred from EMEC to Wave Hub, and joined by a further two devices manufactured for the project. The project was to include a smart subsea hub using dry-mate connectors to connect the three WECs onto a single export cable.

The location was revised to EMEC, due to the easier nearshore Billia Croo site. WEC1 was redeployed as part of the CEFOW project in March 2017, having been towed back from Falmouth by Green Marine.

The second Penguin WEC was constructed in Tallinn, Estonia, and launched in December 2018. The device was towed across the North Sea to Orkney and moored at Hatston Pier, Kirkwall, however the CEFOW project was cancelled in 2019.

### Penguin 2 at BiMEP

The second-generation device was tested at the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP) in the Basque Country of northern Spain. Wello announced the testing in September 2020, and hoped to deploy the device in October after a two-week tow from Scotland by Saipem. The 44 m long, 0.6 MW device eventually started generating electricity to the Spanish grid in September 2021, having been installed in July. It was proposed to test the device for two years. Saipem were responsible for the installation and the ongoing operations and maintenance.

In December 2021, the device was recovered to Vizcaya harbour after a minor leakage was detected inside the device. It was then moved to the Port of Bilbao, where it had remained for over a year, as of March 2023.

1. Malali, Praveen; Marchand, Kyle (2020). "Assessment of currently available ocean wave energy conversion systems using technology readiness levels" (PDF). *International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology*. **11** (2): 126. doi:10.1504/IJRET.2020.108332. ISSN 1757-3971  via Academia.org.
2. Ford, Jason (5 June 2015). "Wave energy device using wind turbine components set for development at Wave Hub". *The Engineer*. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
3. "Wello Oy: EMEC Wave Clients". *European Marine Energy Centre*. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
4. Boren, Blake C.; Lomonaco, Pedro; Batten, Belinda A.; Paasch, Robert K. (January 2017). "Design, Development, and Testing of a Scaled Vertical Axis Pendulum Wave Energy Converter". *IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy*. **8** (1): 155–163. doi:10.1109/TSTE.2016.2589221. ISSN 1949-3029.
5. Garanovic, Amir (15 February 2022). "Wello retrieves Penguin device due to damage by 'floating object' hit". *Offshore Energy*. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
6. Garanovic, Amir (8 September 2021). "Penguin wave energy device starts producing power offshore Basque Country". *Offshore Energy*. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
7. Visser, Anne (1 September 2014). "Fortum Takes Stake in Wello Oy". *Offshore Wind*. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
8. Garanovic, Amir (20 September 2023). "Wello files for bankruptcy and ceases wave energy operations". *Offshore Energy*. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
9. "UK: Wello's Penguin Wave Energy Converter Performs Successfully". *Offshore Wind*. 27 August 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
10. "Wello extends contract with EMEC for Penguin testing". *Offshore Energy*. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
11. "Penguin device goes under". *The Orcadian*. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
12. "Periodic Reporting for period 4 - CEFOW (Clean energy from ocean waves) | H2020". *CORDIS | European Commission*. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
13. "Clean Energy From Ocean Waves Project". *Wave Hub*. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
14. "Wello launch Penguin WEC2 for H2020 CEFOW array". *Renewable Energy Magazine*. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
15. "Orkney picks up a Penguin". *ReNEWS*. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
16. IEA-OES (12 March 2020). Annual Report 2019 (Report). p. 141.
17. Ajdin, Adis (15 September 2020). "Wello's Penguin set for 2-year trial at BiMEP test site". *Offshore Energy*. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
18. "Wello picks Saipem for Penguin trip". *ReNEWS.biz*. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
19. IEA-OES (9 March 2022). Annual Report: An Overview of Ocean Energy Activities in 2021 (Report). p. 170.
20. "El barco finlandés para extraer energía de las olas se hunde en el Puerto de Bilbao". *Crónica Vasca* (in Spanish). 9 March 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2024.


title: Wendy Winsted

abstract: Wendy L. Winsted was an American folksinger and author. Marc Morrone credited Winsted with popularizing ferrets as pets in the United States in the mid-1970s.

text:
# Wendy Winsted

**Wendy L. Winsted** (September 1, 1947 – 1991) was an American folksinger and author. Marc Morrone credited Winsted with popularizing ferrets as pets in the United States in the mid-1970s.

## Early life and education

Winsted was from Stillwater, Oklahoma, the daughter of Frank Arthor Winsted and Juanita June Preston Winsted. Her mother was a schoolteacher and her father was the city manager of Ponca City, Oklahoma. He also worked in the petroleum industry. She attended Stillwater High School in Oklahoma. She was a pre-medical student at Hunter College in New York City, and working as a veterinary assistant, when she began keeping skunks and later ferrets as pets, and breeding ferrets for sale. She attended medical school at the University of Cincinnati.

## Musical career

After high school, Winsted was a folksinger and songwriter. She was friends with Jean Ray (of Jim and Jean) and Phil Ochs in New York City. In 1971, she opened for Paul Siebel at a coffeehouse in Buffalo, and played with Paul Geremia at Lehigh University. She played guitar and trumpet. She co-wrote a song, "Livin' in the Country", which was recorded by Tom Rush.

## Veterinary career

Winsted perfected the procedure for de-scenting young ferrets (by removing the anal scent sac and neutering males to eliminate their odor). She introduced ferrets to numerous celebrities such as Dick Smothers and David Carradine and appeared on television numerous times with her own ferrets, including an appearance on *Late Night with David Letterman*.

Winsted taught her method of de-scenting ferrets to several breeders and farms across the United States, thereby making de-scented ferrets the standard for being sold at pet stores. She also endorsed skunks as pets, though she admitted it "takes a very special kind of person".

## Publications

* *Ferrets: A Complete Introduction* (1983) ISBN 0-86622-829-2
* *Ferrets In Your Home* (1990) ISBN 0-86622-988-4

## Personal life

Winsted died in the 1990s from ovarian cancer.

## InfoBox

| Wendy Winsted | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September 1, 1947<br>Oklahoma |
| Died | 1991 |
| Occupation(s) | Folksinger, songwriter, author |


title: Wendy Williams (diver)

abstract: Wendy Lian Williams is a retired American diver. She won a bronze medal in the 10 metres platform event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Additional medals that Williams won include a gold at the 1989 FINA Diving World Cup and a bronze at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships. After ending her diving career in 1992, she worked for NBC as a sports commentator.

text:
# Wendy Williams (diver)

**Wendy Lian Williams** (born 14 June 1967) is a retired American diver. She won a bronze medal in the 10 metres platform event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Additional medals that Williams won include a gold at the 1989 FINA Diving World Cup and a bronze at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships. After ending her diving career in 1992, she worked for NBC as a sports commentator.

## Early life and education

Williams was born on 14 June 1967 in St. Louis, Missouri. While spending her childhood in Bridgeton, Missouri, Williams took up trampolining and became a diver before she was three years old. For her post-secondary studies, Williams went to the University of Miami for psychology.

## Career

As a college athlete, Williams appeared at the 1985 Summer Universiade. At the 1984 Outdoor Diving Championships, Williams won silver during the 1-meter springboard event. In subsequent events at the Outdoor Championships that year, Williams won gold in the 3-meter springboard and bronze in the platform. In 1988, Williams won the platform event at both the Indoor and Outdoor Diving Championships. At the end of her time at the University of Miami, she won a gold and two bronzes at the 1989 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships. In international competitions, Williams won gold at the 1989 FINA Diving World Cup and was 5th in the women's 10m platform event at the 1990 Goodwill Games. The following year, she placed in third at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships in the 10m platform.

At the Olympics, Williams won a bronze medal in the platform event at the 1984 United States Olympic Diving Trials but did not qualify for the 1984 Summer Olympics. At the following Olympics, she won another bronze in the 10 meter platform event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Williams ended her diving career in April 1992 due to injury and became a sports commentator for NBC.

## Awards and honors

In 1989, Williams was named the diver of the year in the NCAA. Williams was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.

## Personal life

In 1996 Williams changed her name to Chaya Grace. In 1999 she married Jamie Champion, and officially became Chaya Grace Champion. Their business, The Vibrancy Path, helps people discover and live in alignment with their soul's purpose.

## InfoBox

Wendy Williams
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Wendy Lian Williams |
| Born | (1967-06-14) June 14, 1967<br>St. Louis, Missouri |
| Medal record      Women's diving  Representing the United States  World Diving Cup  1989 Indianapolis 10 m platform  Olympic Games  1988 Seoul  10 m platform  World Aquatics Championships  1991 Perth  10 m platform | |


title: Wendy Witter

abstract: Wendy Witter was a public servant and charity worker from Barton-upon-Humber, North Lincolnshire, England.

text:
# Wendy Witter

**Wendy Witter** MBE (28 February 1936  12 March 2024) was a public servant and charity worker from Barton-upon-Humber, North Lincolnshire, England.

## Biography

Witter was born in Scunthorpe. She attended Scunthorpe High School before starting an apprenticeship with J. Lyons and Co. in London. She returned to Scunthorpe to work in the family window-cleaning business. Wendy moved with husband David moved to Barton-upon-Humber in 1968.

In the following decades Wendy worked as a school governess for St Hugh's Special School in Scunthorpe and Baysgarth School. She was a member of various public and consumer boards including the Gas Consumers' Council. She was an awarded an MBE in the 1992 New Year Honours whilst serving as Chairman of the Humberside Committee for the Employment of Disabled People. She served as the Mayor of Barton-upon-Humber in 1976, 1996, and 2006.

In 2005 Witter was appointed Director of Age UK in North Lincolnshire. She was the Director of the charity Voluntary Action North Lincolnshire from October 2008 until her retirement in October 2014.

In July 2019 she was given one of the two annual awards by the Barton-upon-Humber Civic Society for her decades of public service in the town.


title: Mills & Gibb

abstract: Mills & Gibb was a U.S. importing and jobbing firm in New York City, New York. It specialized in lace and linen, as well as dry goods. It was originally located at 44 White Street. In 1880, the business moved to the 462 Broadway building, on the northeast corner of Grand and Broadway. It then purchased a site at Fourth Avenue and 22nd Street where it erected in 1910 a 16-story building, now known as 300 Park Avenue South. It was established by Philo L. Mills and John Gibb in 1865. A few years later, William T. Evans was admitted, and in 1903 the firm was incorporated, with Gibb as president; Mills, vice-president; and Evans, as secretary and treasurer.

text:
# Mills & Gibb

**Mills & Gibb** was a U.S. importing and jobbing firm in New York City, New York. It specialized in lace and linen, as well as dry goods. It was originally located at 44 White Street. In 1880, the business moved to the 462 Broadway building, on the northeast corner of Grand and Broadway. It then purchased a site at Fourth Avenue and 22nd Street where it erected in 1910 a 16-story building, now known as 300 Park Avenue South. It was established by Philo L. Mills and John Gibb in 1865. A few years later, William T. Evans was admitted, and in 1903 the firm was incorporated, with Gibb as president; Mills, vice-president; and Evans, as secretary and treasurer.


title: Weirdo (song)

abstract: "Weirdo" is a song by English band the Charlatans. It was released as the first single from the band's second album, Between 10th and 11th, on 24 February 1992, reaching No. 19 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was the band's most successful in the United States, peaking at No. 1 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in May 1992 and No. 10 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Singles chart.

text:
# Weirdo (song)

"**Weirdo**" is a song by English band the Charlatans. It was released as the first single from the band's second album, *Between 10th and 11th*, on 24 February 1992, reaching No. 19 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was the band's most successful in the United States, peaking at No. 1 on the *Billboard* Modern Rock Tracks chart in May 1992 and No. 10 on the *Billboard* Hot Dance Club Play Singles chart.

## Track listings

All tracks were written by Brookes, Blunt, R. Collins, Burgess; except where noted

**7-inch**

1. "Weirdo" – 3:38
2. "Theme from 'The Wish'" (Brookes, M. Collins, Blunt, R. Collins) – 3:31

**12-inch**

1. "Weirdo" – 3:38
2. "Theme from 'The Wish'" (Brookes, M. Collins, Blunt, R. Collins) – 3:31
3. "Sproston Green (US Version)" (Baker, Blunt, R. Collins, Burgess) – 6:01
4. "Weirdo (Alternate Take)" – 3:24

**CD**

1. "Weirdo" – 3:38
2. "Theme from 'The Wish'" (Brookes, M. Collins, Blunt, R. Collins) – 3:31
3. "Weirdo (Alternate Take)" – 3:24
4. "Sproston Green (US Version)" (Baker, Blunt, R. Collins, Burgess) – 6:01

## Charts

| Chart (1992) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 68 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 22 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 67 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 19 |
| US *Billboard* Hot Dance Club Play | 10 |
| US *Billboard* Modern Rock Tracks | 1 |

## InfoBox

| "Weirdo" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by the Charlatans | |
| from the album  *Between 10th and 11th* | |
| Released | 24 February 1992 (1992-02-24) |
| Length | 3:38 |
| Label | Situation Two, Beggars Banquet |
| Songwriter(s) | Martin Blunt, Jon Brookes, Tim Burgess, Rob Collins |
| Producer(s) | Flood |
| The Charlatans singles chronology | |
| "Me. In Time"
(1991) "**Weirdo**"
(1992) "Tremelo Song"
(1992) | |


title: Minarets (California)

abstract:
The Minarets are a series of jagged peaks located in the Ritter Range, a sub-range of the Sierra Nevada in the state of California. They are easily viewed from Minaret Summit, which is accessible by auto. Collectively, they form an arête, and are a prominent feature in the Ansel Adams Wilderness which was known as the Minaret Wilderness until it was renamed in honor of Ansel Adams in 1984. The peaks were named in 1868 by the California Geographical Survey, which reported: "To the south of Mount Ritter are some grand pinnacles of granite, very lofty and apparently inaccessible, to which we gave the name of 'the Minarets.'"
Seventeen of the Minarets have been given unofficial names, including Michael Minaret, Adams Minaret, Leonard Minaret, and Clyde Minaret. Clyde Minaret, named after Norman Clyde, is the tallest of the spires. The Southeast Face Route of Clyde Minaret is a technical rock climb featured in Fifty Classic Climbs of North America. The area is notable for two fatalities:
  - Walter A. Starr, Jr., author of Starr’s Guide to the John Muir Trail and the High Sierra Region, fell to his death while solo-climbing the northwest face of Michael Minaret in 1933.
  - Steve Fossett, an American aviator and adventurer, died in a plane crash near the Minarets in 2007.

text:
# Minarets (California)

The **Minarets** are a series of jagged peaks located in the Ritter Range, a sub-range of the Sierra Nevada in the state of California. They are easily viewed from Minaret Summit, which is accessible by auto. Collectively, they form an arête, and are a prominent feature in the Ansel Adams Wilderness which was known as the Minaret Wilderness until it was renamed in honor of Ansel Adams in 1984.

The peaks were named in 1868 by the California Geographical Survey, which reported: "To the south of Mount Ritter are some grand pinnacles of granite, very lofty and apparently inaccessible, to which we gave the name of 'the Minarets.'" Seventeen of the Minarets have been given unofficial names, including Michael Minaret, Adams Minaret, Leonard Minaret, and Clyde Minaret. Clyde Minaret, named after Norman Clyde, is the tallest of the spires. The Southeast Face Route of Clyde Minaret is a technical rock climb featured in *Fifty Classic Climbs of North America*.

The area is notable for two fatalities:

* Walter A. Starr, Jr., author of *Starr’s Guide to the John Muir Trail and the High Sierra Region*, fell to his death while solo-climbing the northwest face of Michael Minaret in 1933.
* Steve Fossett, an American aviator and adventurer, died in a plane crash near the Minarets in 2007.

## InfoBox

| The Minarets | |
| --- | --- |
| The Minarets from Minaret Lake | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Clyde Minaret |
| Elevation | 12,270 ft (3,740 m)NAVD 88 |
| Prominence | 1,152 ft (351 m) |
| Parent peak | Mount Ritter |
| Listing | SPS Mountaineers peak |
| Coordinates | 37°39′43″N 119°10′41″W / 37.6618792°N 119.1781938°W / 37.6618792; -119.1781938 |
| Geography | |
| The MinaretsLocation in CaliforniaThe MinaretsThe Minarets (the United States) | |
| Location | Madera County, California, U.S. |
| Parent range | Ritter Range, Sierra Nevada |
| Topo map | USGS Mount Ritter |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Mid-cretaceous |
| Mountain type | Metamorphic rock |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 1928 by Norman Clyde |
| Easiest route | Rock climb class 4 |


title: Weak key

abstract: In cryptography, a weak key is a key, which, used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way. Weak keys usually represent a very small fraction of the overall keyspace, which usually means that, a cipher key made by random number generation is very unlikely to give rise to a security problem. Nevertheless, it is considered desirable for a cipher to have no weak keys. A cipher with no weak keys is said to have a flat, or linear, key space.

text:
# Weak key

In cryptography, a **weak key** is a key, which, used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way. Weak keys usually represent a very small fraction of the overall keyspace, which usually means that, a cipher key made by random number generation is very unlikely to give rise to a security problem. Nevertheless, it is considered desirable for a cipher to have no weak keys. A cipher with no weak keys is said to have a *flat*, or *linear*, key space.

## Historical origins

Virtually all rotor-based cipher machines (from 1925 onwards) have implementation flaws that lead to a substantial number of weak keys being created. Some rotor machines have more problems with weak keys than others, as modern block and stream ciphers do.

The first stream cipher machines were also rotor machines and had some of the same problems of weak keys as the more traditional rotor machines. The T52 was one such stream cipher machine that had weak key problems.

The British first detected T52 traffic in Summer and Autumn of 1942. One link was between Sicily and Libya, codenamed "Sturgeon", and another from the Aegean to Sicily, codenamed "Mackerel". Operators of both links were in the habit of enciphering several messages with the same machine settings, producing large numbers of depths.

There were several (mostly incompatible) versions of the T52: the T52a and T52b (which differed only in their electrical noise suppression), T52c, T52d and T52e. While the T52a/b and T52c were cryptologically weak, the last two were more advanced devices; the movement of the wheels was intermittent, the decision on whether or not to advance them being controlled by logic circuits which took as input data from the wheels themselves.

In addition, a number of conceptual flaws (including very subtle ones) had been eliminated. One such flaw was the ability to reset the keystream to a fixed point, which led to key reuse by undisciplined machine operators.

## Weak keys in DES

The block cipher DES has a few specific keys termed "weak keys" and "semi-weak keys". These are keys that cause the encryption mode of DES to act identically to the decryption mode of DES (albeit potentially that of a different key).

In operation, the secret 56-bit key is broken up into 16 subkeys according to the DES key schedule; one subkey is used in each of the sixteen DES rounds. DES *weak keys* produce sixteen identical subkeys. This occurs when the key (expressed in hexadecimal) is:

* Alternating ones + zeros (0x0101010101010101)
* Alternating 'F' + 'E' (0xFEFEFEFEFEFEFEFE)
* '0xE0E0E0E0F1F1F1F1'
* '0x1F1F1F1F0E0E0E0E'

If an implementation does not consider the parity bits, the corresponding keys with the inverted parity bits may also work as weak keys:

* all zeros (0x0000000000000000)
* all 'F' (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
* '0xE1E1E1E1F0F0F0F0'
* '0x1E1E1E1E0F0F0F0F'

Using weak keys, the outcome of the Permuted Choice 1 (PC-1) in the DES key schedule leads to round keys being either all zeros, all ones or alternating zero-one patterns.

Since all the subkeys are identical, and DES is a Feistel network, the encryption function is self-inverting; that is, despite encrypting once giving a secure-looking cipher text, encrypting twice produces the original plaintext.

DES also has *semi-weak keys*, which only produce two different subkeys, each used eight times in the algorithm: This means they come in pairs *K*1 and *K*2, and they have the property that:

$$E\_{1}(E\_{2}(M))=M$$

where E*K*(M) is the encryption algorithm encrypting message *M* with key *K*. There are six semi-weak key pairs:

* 0x011F011F010E010E and 0x1F011F010E010E01
* 0x01E001E001F101F1 and 0xE001E001F101F101
* 0x01FE01FE01FE01FE and 0xFE01FE01FE01FE01
* 0x1FE01FE00EF10EF1 and 0xE01FE01FF10EF10E
* 0x1FFE1FFE0EFE0EFE and 0xFE1FFE1FFE0EFE0E
* 0xE0FEE0FEF1FEF1FE and 0xFEE0FEE0FEF1FEF1

There are also 48 possibly weak keys that produce only four distinct subkeys (instead of 16). They can be found in a NIST publication.

These weak and semi-weak keys are not considered "fatal flaws" of DES. There are 256 (7.21 × 1016, about 72 quadrillion) possible keys for DES, of which four are weak and twelve are semi-weak. This is such a tiny fraction of the possible keyspace that users do not need to worry. If they so desire, they can check for weak or semi-weak keys when the keys are generated. They are very few, and easy to recognize. Note, however, that currently DES is no longer recommended for general use since *all* DES keys can be brute-forced it's been decades since the Deep Crack machine was cracking them on the order of days, and as computers tend to do, more recent solutions are vastly cheaper on that time scale. Examples of progress are in Deep Crack's article.

## List of algorithms with weak keys

* DES, as detailed above.
* RC4. RC4's weak initialization vectors allow an attacker to mount a known-plaintext attack and have been widely used to compromise the security of WEP and ARC4 DMRA DMR.
* IDEA. IDEA's weak keys are identifiable in a chosen-plaintext attack. They make the relationship between the XOR sum of plaintext bits and ciphertext bits predictable. There is no list of these keys, but they can be identified by their "structure".
* Blowfish. Blowfish's weak keys produce *bad* S-boxes, since Blowfish's S-boxes are key-dependent. There is a chosen plaintext attack against a reduced-round variant of Blowfish that is made easier by the use of weak keys. This is not a concern for full 16-round Blowfish.
* GMAC. Frequently used in the AES-GCM construction. Weak keys can be identified by the group order of the authentication key H (for AES-GCM, H is derived from the encryption key by encrypting the zero block).
* RSA and DSA. August 2012 Nadia Heninger, Zakir Durumeric, Eric Wustrow, J. Alex Halderman found that TLS certificates they assessed share keys due to insufficient entropy during key generation, and were able to obtain DSA and RSA private keys of TLS and SSH hosts knowing only the public key.

## No weak keys as a design goal

The goal of having a 'flat' keyspace (i.e., all keys equally strong) is always a cipher design goal. As in the case of DES, sometimes a small number of weak keys is acceptable, provided that they are all identified or identifiable. An algorithm that has unknown weak keys does not inspire much trust.

The two main countermeasures against inadvertently using a weak key:

* Checking generated keys against a list of known weak keys, or building rejection of weak keys into the key scheduling.
* When the number of weak keys is known to be very small (in comparison to the size of the keyspace), generating a key uniformly at random ensures that the probability of it being weak is a (known) very small number.

A large number of weak keys is a serious flaw in any cipher design, since there will then be a (perhaps too) large chance that a randomly generated one will be a weak one, compromising the security of messages encrypted under it. It will also take longer to check randomly generated keys for weakness in such cases, which will tempt shortcuts in the interest of 'efficiency'.

However, weak keys are much more often a problem where the adversary has some control over what keys are used, such as when a block cipher is used in a mode of operation intended to construct a secure cryptographic hash function (e.g. Davies–Meyer).


title: Werner Haseleu

abstract: Werner Haseleu was a German operatic bass-baritone and academic voice teacher. He was a long-term member of the Staatsoper Dresden and the Komische Oper Berlin, often with director Harry Kupfer at both houses. He was known for leading roles in world premieres and contemporary opera.

text:
# Werner Haseleu

**Werner Haseleu** (2 May 1935 – 29 June 2012) was a German operatic bass-baritone and academic voice teacher. He was a long-term member of the Staatsoper Dresden and the Komische Oper Berlin, often with director Harry Kupfer at both houses. He was known for leading roles in world premieres and contemporary opera.

## Life and career

Haseleu was born in Wittenberg and trained in Leipzig. He debuted in 1958 at the Nationaltheater Weimar, and worked there until 1973. He appeared there as Leporello in Mozart's *Don Giovanni*, Don Alfonso in *Così fan tutte*, King Philipp in Verdi's *Don Carlos*, the title role of *Falstaff* and as Ochs in *Der Rosenkavalier* by Richard Strauss, among others.

In 1973 he moved to the Staatsoper Dresden. On 21 April 1974, he took part in the world premiere of Rainer Kunad's *Sabellicus* at the Berlin State Opera. In Dresden he also sang the title role in Bartók's *Bluebeard's Castle* and as Moses in Schoenberg's *Moses und Aron*, directed by Harry Kupfer. He sang leading roles in the world premieres of Udo Zimmermann's *Der Schuhu und die fliegende Prinzessin* on 30 December 1976 and Kunad's *Vincent* on 22 February 1979 in Dresden. In 1983, he performed the title role in Aribert Reimann's *Lear* at the Komische Oper Berlin. He moved to the opera house in 1984 together with Kupfer. Haseleu appeared as Holofernes in the world premiere of *Judith* by Siegfried Matthus on 28 September 1985 at Berlin State Opera. In 1988, he performed as Leporello in Alexander Dargomyzhsky's *The Stone Guest* at the Komische Oper. In 1998, he took part there in Henze's *König Hirsch*.

Haseleu was also a guest at the operas of Leningrad, Prague, at the Internationale Maifestspiele Wiesbaden and in Lausanne. He was also active in the pedagogical sector: He taught from 1961 to 1973 at the Musikhochschule Weimar and from 1973 at the Hochschule für Musik Dresden.

Haseleu died in Leipzig in June 2012 at the age of 77 years and was buried at the Heidefriedhof in Dresden.

## Recordings

Haseleu's voice is preserved on recordings of *Die schweigsame Frau* by Richard Strauss, *Moses und Aron*, Udo Zimmermann's *Levins Mühle*, scenes from *Lear* and *Judith*, and *Der Rosenkavalier*. *Judith* was recorded and broadcast by the Deutscher Fernsehfunk.

## InfoBox

| Werner Haseleu | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1935-05-02)2 May 1935
Wittenberg, Germany |
| Died | 29 June 2012(2012-06-29) (aged 77)
Leipzig, Germany |
| Occupations |  |
| Organizations |  |


title: Mindanao squirrel

abstract: The Mindanao squirrel is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is endemic to the Philippines. In April 22-27, 2024, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in Socsargen and Davao Region documented the rarest sightings of the endemic Philippine pygmy squirrel and Mindanao squirrel inhabiting the 80,864-hectare Mount Apo Natural Park, Director Felix Alicer said.

text:
# Mindanao squirrel

The **Mindanao squirrel** (***Sundasciurus mindanensis***) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is endemic to the Philippines.

In April 22-27, 2024, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in Socsargen and Davao Region documented the rarest sightings of the endemic Philippine pygmy squirrel and Mindanao squirrel inhabiting the 80,864-hectare Mount Apo Natural Park, Director Felix Alicer said.

* Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 *in* Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

## InfoBox

| Mindanao squirrel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Sciuridae |
| Genus: | *Sundasciurus* |
| Species: | ***S. mindanensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sundasciurus mindanensis***
(Steere, 1890) | |
|
|  | |


title: Mindanao shrew

abstract: The Mindanao shrew is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.

text:
# Mindanao shrew

The **Mindanao shrew** (***Crocidura beatus***) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Mindanao shrew | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Eulipotyphla |
| Family: | Soricidae |
| Genus: | *Crocidura* |
| Species: | ***C. beatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crocidura beatus***
Miller, 1910 | |
|
|  | |
| Mindanao shrew range | |


title: Weedley Tunnel

abstract: Weedley Tunnel at grid reference SE 935 331 is a disused tunnel on the former Hull and Barnsley Railway. Weedley Tunnel is 132 yards (121 m) long with a slight curvature. It was originally built to carry two tracks. Access to the tunnel is now restricted, as gates were installed on both portals in 2010. The tunnel is cut through chalk and brick lined throughout and is in relatively good condition when compared to Sugar Loaf Tunnel further east and the much longer Drewton Tunnel. Weedley Tunnel is now used as an access route for the Drewton Estate.

text:
# Weedley Tunnel

**Weedley Tunnel** at grid reference SE 935 331 is a disused tunnel on the former Hull and Barnsley Railway. Weedley Tunnel is 132 yards (121 m) long with a slight curvature. It was originally built to carry two tracks. Access to the tunnel is now restricted, as gates were installed on both portals in 2010. The tunnel is cut through chalk and brick lined throughout and is in relatively good condition when compared to Sugar Loaf Tunnel further east and the much longer Drewton Tunnel.

Weedley Tunnel is now used as an access route for the Drewton Estate.

Media related to Weedley Tunnel at Wikimedia Commons

53°47′10″N 0°34′56″W / 53.7861°N 0.5821°W / 53.7861; -0.5821


title: Weedon, Quebec

abstract: Weedon is a municipality of 2,667 people in Le Haut-Saint-François Regional County Municipality, in Quebec, Canada. On February 9, 2000, the village municipality of Saint-Gérard merged into Weedon.

text:
# Weedon, Quebec

**Weedon** is a municipality of 2,667 people in Le Haut-Saint-François Regional County Municipality, in Quebec, Canada.

On February 9, 2000, the village municipality of Saint-Gérard merged into Weedon.

## InfoBox

| Weedon | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location within Le Haut-Saint-François RCM. | |
| WeedonLocation in southern Quebec. | |
| Coordinates: 45°42′N 71°28′W / 45.700°N 71.467°W / 45.700; -71.467 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Estrie |
| RCM | Le Haut-Saint-François |
| Constituted | February 9, 2000 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jean-Claude Dumas |
| Federal riding | Compton—Stanstead |
| Prov. riding | Mégantic |
| Area | |
| Total | 225.00 km2 (86.87 sq mi) |
| Land | 215.95 km2 (83.38 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 2,667 |
| Density | 12.4/km2 (32/sq mi) |
| Pop 2016-2021 | 0.1% |
| Dwellings | 1,633 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | J0B 3J0 |
| Area code | 819 |
| Highways | R-112
R-161
R-257 |
| Website | www.weedon.ca |


title: Weedon, Buckinghamshire

abstract: Weedon is a village and civil parish north of Aylesbury and south of Hardwick in the Aylesbury Vale district of Buckinghamshire, England. The toponym is derived from the Old English for "hill with a heathen temple". In records dated 1066 the village was recorded as Weodune. Weedon has a Methodist Chapel and a pub called the Five Elms. To the east of the village is the hamlet of East End. Portions of the village have been subject to human settlement since the early Bronze Age, with excavations in the early 2000s suggesting that a field system was in operation, and later Roman settlement has also been identified. Some Neolithic flint working has been recovered but there is no indication of anything more than low-level activity. Some historical sources note that Weedon are closely associated with the Battle of Aylesbury, although current opinion is divided as to the significance of that incident.

text:
# Weedon, Buckinghamshire

**Weedon** is a village and civil parish north of Aylesbury and south of Hardwick in the Aylesbury Vale district of Buckinghamshire, England. The toponym is derived from the Old English for "hill with a heathen temple". In records dated 1066 the village was recorded as *Weodune*.

Weedon has a Methodist Chapel and a pub called the Five Elms. To the east of the village is the hamlet of East End.

Portions of the village (and later parish) have been subject to human settlement since the early Bronze Age, with excavations in the early 2000s suggesting that a field system was in operation, and later Roman settlement has also been identified. Some Neolithic flint working has been recovered but there is no indication of anything more than low-level activity.

Some historical sources note that Weedon (and Weedon Hill) are closely associated with the Battle of Aylesbury, although current opinion is divided as to the significance of that incident.

## Housing development

Prior to 2011 land within the parish southwest of the village and adjoining the northern edge of Aylesbury was designated a 'major development area called Weedon Hill. When completed the housing development will include 850 houses, a local centre and a secondary school.

Additionally, an extension of the Chiltern Line was constructed which included a new station, opened in 2008, called Aylesbury Vale Parkway. In 2010 the district council decided that from May 2011 the Weedon Hill development would form part of the new civil parish of Buckingham Park.

Media related to Weedon, Buckinghamshire at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Weedon | |
| --- | --- |
| Chapel at Weedon | |
| WeedonLocation within Buckinghamshire | |
| Population | 275 (2011 Census) |
| OS grid reference | SP8118 |
| Civil parish | * Weedon |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Aylesbury |
| Postcode district | HP22 |
| Dialling code | 01296 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Buckinghamshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Miminiska Water Aerodrome

abstract: Miminiska Water Aerodrome is an aerodrome located on Lake Miminiska, Ontario, Canada.

text:
# Miminiska Water Aerodrome

**Miminiska Water Aerodrome** (TC LID: **CMA4**) is an aerodrome located on Lake Miminiska, Ontario, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Miminiska Water Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Wilderness North Air |
| Location | Lake Miminiska |
| Time zone | EST (UTC−05:00) |
| Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC−04:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,000 ft / 305 m |
| Coordinates | 51°36′05″N 088°34′51″W / 51.60139°N 88.58083°W / 51.60139; -88.58083 |
| Map | |
| CMA4Location in Ontario | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  n/a n/a n/a Water | |
| Source: Water Aerodrome Supplement | |


title: Mimipochira

abstract:
Mimipochira is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae. It contains the following species:
  - Mimipochira fruhstorferi Breuning, 1956
  - Mimipochira sikkimensis

text:
# Mimipochira

***Mimipochira*** is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae. It contains the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Mimipochira* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Genus: | ***Mimipochira*** |
|


title: Mineral Hills, Michigan

abstract: Mineral Hills was a village in southeastern Iron River Township, Iron County, in the U.S. state of Michigan. In the 2000 census, the village population was 214. Effective July 1, 2000, the village of Mineral Hills and the city of Stambaugh were consolidated with the city of Iron River.

text:
# Mineral Hills, Michigan

**Mineral Hills** was a village in southeastern Iron River Township, Iron County, in the U.S. state of Michigan. In the 2000 census, the village population was 214.

Effective July 1, 2000, the village of Mineral Hills and the city of Stambaugh were consolidated with the city of Iron River.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.8 km2 (1.5 sq mi), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 214 people, 90 households, and 57 families residing in the village. The population density was 57.0 people /km2 (148 people/sq mi). There were 95 housing units at an average density of 25.3 units /km2 (66 units/sq mi). The racial makeup of the village was 96.73% White, 0.47% Native American, 0.47% from other races, and 2.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population.

There were 90 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.6% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the village, the age of the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,750, and the median income for a family was $33,472. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $16,667 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,486. About 17.0% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

1. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
2. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.

46°06′48″N 88°38′52″W / 46.11333°N 88.64778°W / 46.11333; -88.64778

## InfoBox

| Mineral Hills, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Former village | |
| Former location within Iron County | |
| Mineral HillsLocation within the state of Michigan | |
| Coordinates: 46°6′59″N 88°38′51″W / 46.11639°N 88.64750°W / 46.11639; -88.64750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Iron |
| Township | Iron River |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.4 sq mi (3.8 km2) |
| Land | 1.4 sq mi (3.8 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,598 ft (487 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 214 |
| Density | 147.6/sq mi (57.0/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| FIPS code | 26-54580 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1620839 |


title: Minidisc (album)

abstract: Minidisc is the first album by Gescom. The album was originally only released in MiniDisc format, but was later pressed to CD. In addition, the album has been released on bleep.com. The personnel for this album were Sean Booth and Rob Brown, and Russell Haswell.

text:
# Minidisc (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Minidisc*** is the first album by Gescom. The album was originally only released in MiniDisc format, but was later pressed to CD. In addition, the album has been released on bleep.com. The personnel for this album were Sean Booth and Rob Brown (alias Autechre), and Russell Haswell (from Or Records).

## Overview

*Minidisc* was the world's first ever MiniDisc-only release and was designed to take advantage of the format's (then exclusive) zero seek time: *Minidisc* contains 45 pieces split into 88 tracks which are intended to be played in shuffle mode, creating a quasi-unique, aleatoric arrangement every time it is played, a technique also used for the compact disc releases *Masque* by the King Crimson-related ProjeKct Three and *Apollo 18* by They Might Be Giants.

The tracks on this album reveal the influence of DSP techniques. Half of the album can be related to drone music or ambient music, the other half to acousmatic music or electroacoustic music.

The release was included in Pitchfork Media's 2010 list of "ten unusual CD-era gimmicks".

## Recreating the experience

Gescom wanted to make use of the seamless shuffle play unique to the MD format and created this sequence of 88 short tracks to be played in any order at random. Most CD players cannot do seamless random playback because there is always a slight delay between tracks. People listening to digital versions will get the full MD experience as most music players now have gapless playback even in shuffle mode.

## Track listing

The original MD album had an exact total of 67:06; later CD or MP3 versions may be one second off from the original durations.

1. "Cut Begin \[1\]" – 0:14
2. "Cut Begin \[2\]" – 0:10
3. "Cut Begin \[3\]" – 0:13
4. "Cut Begin \[4\]" – 0:08
5. "Cut Begin \[5\]" – 0:12
6. "Cut Begin \[6\]" – 0:16
7. "Cut Begin \[7\]" – 0:20
8. "Amendment 84" – 1:05
9. "Helix Shatterproof" – 1:06
10. "A Newer Beginning \[1\]" – 0:18
11. "A Newer Beginning \[2\]" – 1:09
12. "Polarized Beam Splitter \[1\]" – 0:37
13. "Polarized Beam Splitter \[2\]" – 0:09
14. "Polarized Beam Splitter \[3\]" – 0:43
15. "Polarized Beam Splitter \[4\]" – 1:19
16. "Polarized Beam Splitter \[5\]" – 0:22
17. "Inter" – 2:41
18. "RMI Corporate ID 1" – 0:09
19. "Pricks \[1\]" – 0:23
20. "Pricks \[2\]" – 3:56
21. "Pricks \[3\]" – 0:23
22. "Pricks \[4\]" – 0:06
23. "Devil" – 0:30
24. "Is We \[1\]" – 3:08
25. "Is We \[2\]" – 0:51
26. "Dan Dan Dan \[1\]" – 0:27
27. "Dan Dan Dan \[2\]" – 0:14
28. "Dan Dan Dan \[3\]" – 0:15
29. "Dan Dan Dan \[4\]" – 0:16
30. "Le Shark \[1\]" – 0:04
31. "Le Shark \[2\]" – 0:05
32. "Le Shark \[3\]" – 0:06
33. "Le Shark \[4\]" – 0:06
34. "Le Shark \[5\]" – 0:11
35. "Le Shark \[6\]" – 0:18
36. "Le Shark \[7\]" – 0:15
37. "1D Shapethrower" – 2:12
38. "Shoegazer" – 4:12
39. "Vermin \[1\]" – 0:14
40. "Vermin \[2\]" – 0:48
41. "Vermin \[3\]" – 0:14
42. "Hemiplegia 1" – 1:05
43. "Mcdcc" – 1:02
44. "Gortex" – 0:23
45. "Alf Sprey" – 0:13
46. "Interchangeable World \[1\]" – 0:09
47. "Interchangeable World \[2\]" – 0:33
48. "Interchangeable World \[3\]" – 1:17
49. "Cranusberg \[1\]" – 0:48
50. "Cranusberg \[2\]" – 4:15
51. "Cranusberg \[3\]" – 2:55
52. "Raindance" – 0:38
53. "Horse" – 0:04
54. "New Contact Lense" *\[sic\]* – 1:30
55. "Of Our Time" – 1:47
56. "Crepe \[1\]" – 0:04
57. "Crepe \[2\]" – 0:28
58. "Crepe \[3\]" – 0:04
59. "Crepe \[4\]" – 0:23
60. "Wab Wat" – 0:49
61. " 'MC" – 0:14
62. "Peel" – 1:03
63. "IGE" or "I G E" – 0:08
64. "Knutsford Services" – 0:57
65. "Fully \[1\]" – 2:24
66. "Fully \[2\]" – 1:46
67. "Squashed to Pureness \[1\]" – 0:09
68. "Squashed to Pureness \[2\]" – 0:15
69. "Squashed to Pureness \[3\]" – 0:10
70. "Squashed to Pureness \[4\]" – 0:49
71. "Yo! DMX Crew" – 2:47
72. "Go On" – 1:36
73. "Stroyer 2 \[1\]" – 0:20
74. "\_ \[1\]" – 1:05
75. "\_ \[2\]" – 0:09
76. "Shep" – 1:08
77. "Langue" – 0:08
78. "Poke \[1\]" – 0:10
79. "Poke \[2\]" – 0:15
80. "Poke \[3\]" – 0:31
81. "Poke \[4\]" – 0:14
82. "Hemiplegia 2" – 0:17
83. "Territory of Usage \[1\]" – 0:17
84. "Territory of Usage \[2\]" – 0:36
85. "Tomo \[1\]" – 0:15
86. "Tomo \[2\]" – 0:17
87. "RMI Corporate ID 2" – 0:07
88. "PT/AE" – 0:07

1. The original MD liner notes even say "01:07:06:23" precisely. The CD actual total is 67:06 or 67:07 ("Disc length: 4027", depending on the player) including rounded-down approximation: the erroneous "66:18" or "66:28" are only the sum of approximative, individually rounded-down durations (cf. Freedb and Gnudb references).
2. Bush, John. Allmusic review
3. Schiller, Mike (23 January 2007). "Gescom: MiniDisc". PopMatters.
4. "Gescom :: MiniDisc (Or, CD)". Igloo Magazine. 11 November 2006.
5. "Staff Lists: A Feature About Nothing: The 1990s in Lists | Features | Pitchfork". *Pitchfork*. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

## InfoBox

| Minidisc | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gescom | |
| Released | (MD) 27 July 1998
(CD) 13 November 2006 |
| Genre | Experimental, ambient, drone, acousmatic, electroacoustic, glitch |
| Length | 67:06 |
| Label | Touch/Or ONLY 3 |
| Gescom chronology | |
| *That*
(1998) ***Minidisc***
(1998) *ISS:SA*
(2003) | |


title: Peter Prince Field

abstract: Peter Prince Field is a public-use airport located 3 miles (4.8 km) east of the central business district of the city of Milton in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States. The airport is publicly owned.

text:
# Peter Prince Field

30°38′15.435″N 086°59′37.15″W / 30.63762083°N 86.9936528°W / 30.63762083; -86.9936528

**Peter Prince Field** (FAA LID: **2R4**) is a public-use airport located 3 miles (4.8 km) east of the central business district of the city of Milton in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States. The airport is publicly owned.

## InfoBox

| Peter Prince Field | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public use |
| Owner | Santa Rosa County, Admin Ct |
| Operator | Jared Lowe |
| Serves | Milton, Florida |
| Location | Santa Rosa County, Florida |
| Elevation AMSL | 82 ft / 25 m |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  18/36 3,703 1,129 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2018) | |
| Aircraft operations (year ending 3/7/2018) 93,950  Based aircraft 146 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Hubert Bruls

abstract: Hubertus Maria Franciscus "Hubert" Bruls is a Dutch politician who has served as Mayor of Nijmegen since 2012. A member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), he has also served as chairman of the Dutch Security Council since 2016.

text:
# Hubert Bruls

**Hubertus Maria Franciscus "Hubert" Bruls** (born 6 February 1966) is a Dutch politician who has served as Mayor of Nijmegen since 2012. A member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), he has also served as chairman of the Dutch Security Council since 2016.

## Early life

Bruls attended the former Bisschoppelijk College in Sittard – a gymnasium, the highest level of Dutch secondary education. He then studied political science at Radboud University Nijmegen, before working for the trade union NOVON/ABVAKABO. From 1998, he served as a member of the municipal council of Nijmegen and later an alderman in its municipal executive.

## Career

Bruls has held the mayorship of Nijmegen since May 2012, with the city's municipal council approving a second six-year term in 2018, and a third six-year term from 2024.

He is also *ex officio* chairman of the South Gelderland safety region, as well as, since 2016, chairman of the Security Council (*Veiligheidsberaad*), which encompasses the 25 Dutch safety regions. In this last role he was the main liaison between the Minister of Health and the safety regions during the COVID-19 pandemic. He currently also serves as deputy chairman of the Association of Netherlands Municipalities (VNG) under the leadership of chairman and The Hague Mayor Jan van Zanen.

Before becoming Mayor of Nijmegen Bruls was a member of the House of Representatives (2002–2005) and Mayor of Venlo (2005–2012).

## Personal life

Bruls is married and has two daughters.

## Notes and references

### Notes

### References

1. "Resume as Mayor of Nijmegen" (in Dutch). Municipality of Nijmegen. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
2. Willems, Geert (6 June 2018). "Bruls: nog eens zes jaar burgemeester van Nijmegen" (in Dutch). De Gelderlander. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
3. Veenink, Erin (20 December 2023). "Bruls mag nog zes jaar blijven van Nijmeegse gemeenteraad". *Rgld.nl* (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: year (link)
4. "Most Dutch heeded call to stay home over weekend; also do so today: Security Council" (in Dutch). NL Times. 13 April 2020.
5. "Samenstelling en leden" (in Dutch). Veiligheids Beraad. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
6. "Voetbal, muziek en boeken: de ideale zaterdag van burgemeester Hubert Bruls" (in Dutch). De Gelderlander. 14 December 2019.

## InfoBox

| Hubert Bruls | |
| --- | --- |
| Bruls in 2012 | |
|  | |
| Mayor of Nijmegen | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
21 May 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Thom de Graaf |
| Mayor of Venlo | |
| **In office**
1 October 2005  21 May 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Wim Dijkstra |
| Succeeded by | Antoin Scholten |
| Member of the House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
23 May 2002  11 October 2005 | |
| Alderman of Nijmegen | |
| **In office**
28 April 1999  24 April 2002 | |
| Municipal councillor of Nijmegen | |
| **In office**
14 April 1998  23 May 2002 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-02-06) 6 February 1966
Nuth, Netherlands |
| Political party | Christian Democratic Appeal |
| Alma mater | Radboud University Nijmegen |
|  | |


title: Martin of Opava

abstract: Martin of Opava, O.P. also known as Martin of Poland, was a 13th-century Dominican friar, bishop and chronicler.

text:
# Martin of Opava

**Martin of Opava**, O.P. (died 1278) also known as **Martin of Poland**, was a 13th-century Dominican friar, bishop and chronicler.

## Life

Known in Latin as *Frater Martinus Ordinis Praedicatorum* (Brother Martin of the Order of Preachers), he is believed to have been born, at an unknown date, in the Silesian town of Opava, at that time part of the Margraviate of Moravia.

From the middle of the 13th century, Martin was active in Rome as confessor and chaplain for Pope Alexander IV and his successors, Urban IV, Clement IV, Gregory X, Innocent V, Adrian V and John XXI (d. 1277), the last pope to appear in his chronicles. On 22 June 1278, Pope Nicholas III, while in Viterbo, appointed him archbishop of Gniezno.

While travelling to his new episcopal see, Martin died in Bologna, where he was buried at the Basilica of San Domenico, near the tomb of the founder of his Order.

## Works

Martin's Latin chronicle, the *Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum*, was intended for the school-room. It is mostly derivative in content and is therefore of limited value to modern historians. However, its importance is in the way the material is presented, which is a quantum leap forward in didactic method. The genius lies in its layout: each double page covers fifty years with fifty lines per page. The left-hand pages give the history of the papacy, with one line per year, and the right-hand pages give the history of emperors, the two accounts being kept strictly parallel. This was a revolutionary approach in graphic design, which was not appreciated by all his contemporaries: many manuscripts simply copy the text without retaining the page layout, which results in a rather chaotic chronology. The chronicle was enormously influential; over 400 manuscripts are known, and the influence on many dozens of later chroniclers is palpable. Translations were made into many medieval vernaculars, including Middle English, as well as an Old French translation by Sébastien Mamerot in the late 15th century. Martin's *Chronicon* is the most influential source for the legend of "Pope Joan". It was also a source for Rashid al-Din Hamadani's *Jami al-Tawarikh*.

Other of his works include the *Promptuarium Exemplorum*.

## Further reading

* Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken, "Studien zur Überlieferung der Chronik des Martin von Troppau (Erfahrungen mit einem massenhaft überlieferten historischen Text)", in *Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters*, 41 (1985), pp. 460–531.
* Wolfgang-Valentin Ikas, "Martinus Polonus' Chronicle of the Popes and Emperors. A Medieval Best-seller and its Neglected Influence on English Medieval Chroniclers", in *The English Historical Review*, 116 (2001), pp. 327-341 (also ISBN 3-89500-313-1)
* Wolfgang-Valentin Ikas, "Neue Handschriftenfunde zum Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum des Martin von Troppau", in *Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters*, 58 (2002), pp. 521–537.
* Wolfgang-Valentin Ikas, *Martin von Troppau (Martinus Polonus), O.P. (gest. 1278) in England. Überlieferungs- und wirkungsgeschichtliche Studien zu dessen Papst- und Kaiserchronik* (Wissensliteratur im Mittelalter 40) Wiesbaden: Verlag Dr. Ludwig Reichert 2002. ISBN 3-89500-313-1 Review article
* Ludwig Weiland (ed.), "Martini Oppaviensis chronicon pontificum et imperatorum". MGH SS 22 (1872), pp. 377–475 Faksimile bei Gallica
* H. Daniel Embree (ed.), *The Chronicles of Rome. An Edition of the Middle English 'The Chronicle of Popes and Emperors' and 'The Lollard Chronicle',* Woodbridge 1999.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency
Martin of Opava | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Gniezno | |
|  | |
| Church | Roman Catholic |
| Archdiocese | Gniezno |
| Installed | 1278 |
| Term ended | 1278 |
| Predecessor | Janusz z Tarnowa |
| Successor | Jakub Świnka |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 2 March 1259 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1215–1220 |
| Died | 1278
Bologna |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Oasis (Amir song)

abstract: "Oasis" is a song performed by French-Israeli singer Amir Haddad. The song was released as a digital download on 25 June 2015. The song was released as the lead single from his second studio album Au cœur de moi (2016). The song was written by Silvio Lisbonne, Nazim and Amir Haddad. The song peaked at number 101 in the French Singles Chart.

text:
# Oasis (Amir song)

"**Oasis**" is a song performed by French-Israeli singer Amir Haddad. The song was released as a digital download on 25 June 2015. The song was released as the lead single from his second studio album *Au cœur de moi* (2016). The song was written by Silvio Lisbonne, Nazim and Amir Haddad. The song peaked at number 101 in the French Singles Chart.

## Commercial performance

On 11 July 2015, the song entered the French Singles Chart at number 101 in its first week of release, the song dropped to number 116 in its second week before dropping out the charts.

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "Oasis" was first released onto YouTube on 25 June 2015, at a total length of three minutes and fifteen seconds.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Oasis" | 3:16 |

## Chart performance

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2015) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| France (SNEP) | 101 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| France | 25 June 2015 | Digital download | Warner Music Group |
|

## InfoBox

| "Oasis" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Amir | |
| from the album  *Au cœur de moi* | |
| Released | 25 June 2015 |
| Recorded | 2015 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:16 |
| Label | Warner Music Group |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Amir singles chronology | |
| "**Oasis**"
(2015) "J'ai cherché"
(2016) | |


title: Occupational crime

abstract: Occupational crime is crime that is committed through opportunity created in the course of legal occupation. Thefts of company property, vandalism, the misuse of information and many other activities come under the rubric of occupational crime. The concept of occupational crime - as one of the principal forms of white-collar crime - has been quite familiar and widely invoked since the publication of Clinard and Quinney's influential Criminal Behavior Systems: A Typology. More recently, however, the term occupational crime has been applied to activities quite removed from the original meaning of white collar crime, and it has been used interchangeably with such terms as occupational deviance and workplace crime. In the interest of greater conceptual clarity within the field of white collar crime the argument is made here for restricting the term 'occupational crime' to illegal and unethical activities committed for individual financial gain - or to avoid financial loss - in the context of a legitimate occupation. The term 'occupational deviance' is better reserved for deviation from occupational norms, and the term 'workplace crime' is better reserved for conventional forms of crime committed in the workplace. The conceptual conflation of fundamentally dissimilar activities hinders theoretical, empirical, and policy-related progress in the field of white collar crime studies.

text:
# Occupational crime

**Occupational crime** is crime that is committed through opportunity created in the course of legal occupation. Thefts of company property, vandalism, the misuse of information and many other activities come under the rubric of occupational crime.

The concept of occupational crime - as one of the principal forms of white-collar crime \- has been quite familiar and widely invoked since the publication of Clinard and Quinney's influential Criminal Behavior Systems: A Typology. More recently, however, the term occupational crime has been applied to activities quite removed from the original meaning of white collar crime, and it has been used interchangeably with such terms as occupational deviance and workplace crime. In the interest of greater conceptual clarity within the field of white collar crime the argument is made here for restricting the term 'occupational crime' to illegal and unethical activities committed for individual financial gain - or to avoid financial loss \- in the context of a legitimate occupation. The term 'occupational deviance' is better reserved for deviation from occupational norms (e.g. drinking on the job; sexual harassment), and the term 'workplace crime' is better reserved for conventional forms of crime committed in the workplace (e.g. rape; assault). The conceptual conflation of fundamentally dissimilar activities hinders theoretical, empirical, and policy-related progress in the field of white collar crime studies.


title: Odontochilus

abstract: Odontochilus is a small genus from the orchid family (Orchidaceae). These terrestrial, mycoparasitic orchids occur from China, Japan, the Himalayas, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Melanesia. The genus is related to Gonatostylis, endemic to New Caledonia.

text:
# Odontochilus

***Odontochilus*** is a small genus from the orchid family (Orchidaceae). These terrestrial, mycoparasitic orchids occur from China, Japan, the Himalayas, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Melanesia. The genus is related to *Gonatostylis*, endemic to New Caledonia.

## Species

Species accepted as of June 2014:

1. *Odontochilus acalcaratus* (Aver.) Ormerod (2002). - southern Vietnam
2. *Odontochilus asraoa* (J.Joseph & Abbar.) Ormerod (2005) - India, Nepal, Bhutan
3. *Odontochilus brevistylus* Hook.f., (1890) - Tibet, Yunnan, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam
4. *Odontochilus clarkei* Hook.f. (1890) - India, Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, Myanmar
5. *Odontochilus crispus* (Lindl.) Hook.f. (1890) - India, Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan
6. *Odontochilus degeneri* L.O.Williams (1942) - Fiji
7. *Odontochilus duplex* (Holttum) Ormerod (2005) - Thailand, Malaysia
8. *Odontochilus elwesii* C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f. (1890) - India, Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, Myanmar, Taiwan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan
9. *Odontochilus grandiflorus* (Lindl.) Hook.f. (1890) - Bhutan, Assam
10. *Odontochilus guangdongensis* S.C.Chen, S.W.Gale & P.J.Cribb (2009) - Guangdong, Hunan
11. *Odontochilus hasseltii* (Blume) J.J.Wood (2011) - Borneo, Java, Sumatra
12. *Odontochilus hydrocephalus* (J.J.Sm.) J.J.Wood (2011)- Borneo
13. *Odontochilus inabae* (Hayata) Hayata ex T.P.Lin \- Japan, Yakushima, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Vietnam
14. *Odontochilus lanceolatus* (Lindl.) Blume (1859) - India, Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, Myanmar, Sikkim, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan
15. *Odontochilus longiflorus* (Rchb.f.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. (1894) - New Guinea, Solomons, Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu
16. *Odontochilus macranthus* Hook.f. (1890) - Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand
17. *Odontochilus nanlingensis* (L.P.Siu & K.Y.Lang) Ormerod (2003) - Guangdong, Taiwan
18. *Odontochilus poilanei* (Gagnep.) Ormerod (2002) - Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Tibet, Yunnan
19. *Odontochilus reniformis* (Hook.f.) Ormerod (1998) - Perak
20. *Odontochilus saprophyticus* (Aver.) Ormerod (2003) - Hainan, Vietnam
21. *Odontochilus serriformis* (J.J.Sm.) J.J.Wood (2011) - Sabah
22. *Odontochilus tashiroi* (Maxim.) Makino (1900) - Ryukyu Islands
23. *Odontochilus tetrapterus* (Hook.f.) Av.Bhattacharjee & H.J.Chowdhery (2011) - Manipur
24. *Odontochilus tortus* King & Pantl. (1896) - Guangxi, Hainan, Tibet, Yunnan, Assam, Sikkim, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
25. *Odontochilus umbrosus* (Aver.) Ormerod (2002) - Vietnam
26. *Odontochilus uniflorus* (Blume) H.A.Pedersen & Ormerod (2009) - Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand

* Omerod P. (2003). "Orchidaceous additions to the floras of China and Vietnam". *Taiwania*. **48** (3): 139–146.
* Ormerod Paul (2005). "Notulae Goodyerinae (II)". *Taiwania*. **50** (1): 1–10.
* Royal Botanical gardens, Kew (January 2006). "new species". *Orchid Research Newsletter*. **47**.

## InfoBox

| *Odontochilus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Odontochilus lanceolatus*
1918 illustration | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Cranichideae |
| Subtribe: | Goodyerinae |
| Genus: | *Odontochilus*
Blume, 1859 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cystopus* Blume, illegitimate homonym * *Evrardia* Gagnep., illegitimate homonym * *Pristiglottis* Cretz. & J.J.Sm. * *Evrardianthe* Rauschert * *Evrardiana* Aver., illegitimate superfluous name | |


title: Odontocolon

abstract: Odontocolon is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. There are at least 40 described species in Odontocolon.

text:
# Odontocolon

***Odontocolon*** is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. There are at least 40 described species in *Odontocolon*.

## Species

These 42 species belong to the genus *Odontocolon*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Odontocolon* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Ichneumonidae |
| Subfamily: | Xoridinae |
| Genus: | *Odontocolon*<br>Cushman, 1942 |
|


title: Official history

abstract: An official history is a work of history which is sponsored, authorised or endorsed by its subject. The term is most commonly used for histories which are produced for a government. The term also applies to commissions from non-state bodies including histories of commercial companies. An official biography is an authorised biography. Official histories frequently have the advantage that the author has had access to archives, been allowed to interview subjects and use other primary sources closed to independent historians. Because of the close relationship between author and subject, such works may be partisan in tone and to lack historical objectivity. Such bias varies and some official histories have been called exercises in propaganda; in other cases the authors have retained a measure of independence.

text:
# Official history

An **official history** is a work of history which is sponsored, authorised or endorsed by its subject. The term is most commonly used for histories which are produced for a government. The term also applies to commissions from non-state bodies including histories of commercial companies. An official biography (one written with the permission, cooperation and sometimes the participation of its subject or heirs) is an **authorised biography**.

Official histories frequently have the advantage that the author has had access to archives, been allowed to interview subjects and use other primary sources closed to independent historians. Because of the close relationship between author and subject, such works may be (or be perceived to be) partisan in tone and to lack historical objectivity. Such bias varies and some official histories have been called exercises in propaganda; in other cases the authors have retained a measure of independence.

## Early official histories

There is a tradition of history written or published under official patronage; Polydore Vergil wrote the *Anglica Historia* (drafted by 1513 and published in 1534), a history of England, at the request of King Henry VII (r.1485–1509); William Camden's *Annales Rerum Gestarum Angliae et Hiberniae Regnate Elizabetha* (1615–1627), recounts the history of the reign of Elizabeth I of England (1558–1603). In early-modern Europe, royal courts appointed official historians, including the *Kongelig historiograf* (Historiographer Royal) in the kingdom of Denmark–Norway from 1594, the *Rikshistoriograf* in Sweden from 1618, the Historiographer Royal in England from 1660 and the Historiographer Royal in Scotland from 1681.

Each book in the *Twenty-Four Histories* records the official history of a Chinese dynasty. Sixteen of the histories were written between the 7th and 15th centuries. The first is *Records of the Grand Historian*, authored by Sima Qian (c.145c.86 BCE) in the Han dynasty and the last is *History of Ming* (completed in the 1730s). From the Tang dynasty (618–907) a government office for historiography compiled official histories. They were revised and expanded by the compilers during the dynasty and the succeeding dynasty published a final edition.

## Modern official histories

The modern form of official history began in the mid-nineteenth century in reports written as military guides for later officers. The histories were detailed descriptions of events, not easy reading for a lay audience and left judgements to the discretion of a mainly professional readership. After the First World War, the New Zealand government decided that after a total war, its official histories should be written for a public who had fought in the war or supported the war effort. After the Second World War, the low academic standard of military education, especially in historical analysis, led to a view that professionally trained historians should write official histories, applying their academic training to explain why as well as describe what. Since many of the academics had participated in the war, they could be expected to have experience of military service and knowledge of the war to inform their writing. A contemporary view is that official history should incorporate the three points of view, containing the detailed description needed for works of military instruction but also to be suitable for a general readership and to show how participants tried to solve problems, drawing lessons from their successes and failures. None of the points of view to be served by the production of official history is immune to error, because work by a military historian might be fraudulent for personal or political reasons, distorting the record. Populist history can dilute the story to the point of worthlessness and civilian academics can be prone to select facts and interpretations according to ideals, ideology and preconceived ideas.

Military histories written as textbooks might be thought to have a basis in truth, necessary to teach useful lessons to students. The British *Report of the Committee on the Lessons of the Great War* (Kirk Report, 1931) drew on the published volumes of the British official history and the conclusions were incorporated into a new edition of *Field Service Regulations*. That operations might be conducted in Iraq and Iran, led to official history volumes being produced against the objections of the Foreign Office. Military histories concentrated on the doings of national contingents, with only rare references to those of allied and opposing armies, since they had their own histories. Comparative analysis can be absent and national bias from ulterior motives, like mythologising and apologetics can also be found. The Australian *Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918* edited by Charles Bean contains exaggerations of the significance of the Australian contribution, the prowess of Australian soldiers and disparagement of soldiers from Britain and its allies. Australian failures and casualties are sometimes blamed on British higher commanders, when high-ranking Australian officers could justly be criticised. The post-war Royal Air Force (RAF) was at risk of abolition and to justify its existence needed a function that could not be replicated by the army or navy. The parts of *The War in the Air* (six text volumes and an appendix volume, 1922–1937) written by Walter Raleigh and Henry Jones, gave undue emphasis to strategic bombing, which unbalanced the work.

Embarrassing events can be disguised by underwriting as happened in *Histoire de La Grande Guerre*, where the French Army Mutinies of 1917 occurred in 43 percent of the French Army, yet were passed over in a few paragraphs in *Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre*. Many of the historians, editors and contributors to the *History of the Great War* (1915–1949) had been senior officers during the war, which had the advantage first-hand knowledge of events and experience of military art for the work but this risked allowing a desire to protect reputations to intrude, leading to unfair blame, particularly on outsiders. Volume III of the Royal Navy history *Naval Operations* (1923) had the narrative of the Battle of Jutland (1916) and the draft text was revised at the request of some serving officers present at the battle, to remove critical remarks about them. When a revised edition was published in 1940, many of the officers were retired or dead but the excised passages were not restored. The British Army *Military Operations....* volumes have been criticised for dishonesty in not blaming General Headquarters (GHQ) for the extent of British casualties and for exculpating Sir Douglas Haig (commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from December 1915 to the Armistice). That the history is a description of events, rather than an analytical work with criticism and conclusions, means that Haig and other commanders may escape blame, yet it leaves the reader free to form conclusions.

### Military official histories

#### Austria-Hungary

#### Australia

#### Belgium

#### Britain

#### Canada

#### France

#### Germany

#### Italy

#### India

#### Netherlands

#### New Zealand

#### United States

#### South Africa

## Footnotes

* Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John; MacIntyre, Stuart, eds. (2001) \[1998\]. *The Oxford Companion to Australian History* (rev. ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-551503-9.
* Hartman, Charles; DeBlasi, Anthony (2012). "The Growth of Historical Method in Tang China". In Foot, Sarah; Robinson, C. F. (eds.). *The Oxford History of Historical Writing: 400–1400*. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923642-8.
* Wells, N. J. (2011). *Official Histories of the Great War 1914–1918*. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-906-4.

## Further reading

* Grey, Jeffrey, ed. (2003). *The Last Word? Essays on Official History in the United States and British Commonwealth*. Contributions to the Study of World History No. 106. Westport, CN: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-31083-6.
* Higham, R. D. S., ed. (1970). *Official Histories: Essays and Bibliographies from Around the World*. Kansas State University Library Bibliography Series (No.8). Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University Library. OCLC 129244.
* Higham, Robin, ed. (1999). *The Writing of Official Military History*. Contributions in Military Studies (No. 171). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30863-2.
* Orpen, N. (1968). *East African and Abyssinian Campaigns*. South African Forces, World War II. Vol. I (online scan ed.). Cape Town, SA: Purnell. OCLC 499914466. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
* Pöhlmann, Markus (2002). *Kriegsgeschichte und Geschichtspolitik: Der Erste Weltkrieg: Die amtliche deutsche Militärgeschichtsschreibung 1914–1956* \[*War History and the Politics of History: The First World War: Official German Military Historiography*\]. Krieg in der Geschichte (Band 12). Vol. XII. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. ISBN 978-3-506-74481-4.
* Qureshi, N. A.; et al. (1963). Prasad, Bisheshwar (ed.). *East African Campaign, 1940–41*. Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War (1939–1945) (online ed.). Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan). OCLC 480344871. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
* Ueberschär, Gerd; Müller, Rolf-Dieter, eds. (2002). *Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment*. Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-501-9.


title: Occupational psychosis

abstract: Occupational psychosis occurs when one's occupation or career makes one so biased that one could be described as psychotic. Especially common in tight occupational circles, individuals can normalize ideas or behaviours that seem absurd or irrational to the external public.

text:
# Occupational psychosis

**Occupational psychosis** occurs when one's occupation or career makes one so biased that one could be described as psychotic. Especially common in tight occupational circles, individuals can normalize ideas or behaviours that seem absurd or irrational to the external public.

## Overview

The term was created by John Dewey. The most accessible introduction to this concept is Chapter III of Kenneth Burke's *Permanence and Change*. Burke is careful to say, "Incidentally, it might be well to recall that Professor Dewey does not use the word 'psychosis' in the psychiatric sense; it applies simply to a *pronounced character* of the mind" \[original emphasis\] (pg. 49.).

In fact, Robert K. Merton's notion of occupational psychosis is also important: "The transition to a study of the negative aspects of bureaucracy is afforded by the application of Thorstein Veblens concept of "trained incapacity," Dewey's notion of "occupational psychosis" or Daniel Warnotte's view of "professional deformation". Trained incapacity refers to that state of affairs in which one's abilities function as inadequacies or blind spots. Actions based upon training and skills which have been successfully applied in the past may result in inappropriate responses under changed conditions. An inadequate flexibility in the application of skills will, in a changing milieu, result in more or less serious maladjustments. Thus, to adopt a barnyard illustration used in this connection by Kenneth Burke, chickens may be readily conditioned to interpret the sound of a bell as a signal for food. The same bell may now be used to summon the trained chickens to their doom as they are assembled to suffer decapitation. In general, one adopts measures in keeping with one's past training and, under new conditions which are not recognized as significantly different, the very soundness of this training may lead to the adoption of the wrong procedures. Again in Burke's almost echolalic phrase, "people may be unfitted by being fit in an unfit fitness"; their training may become an incapacity.

Dewey's concept of occupational psychosis rests upon much the same observations. As a result of their day-to-day routines, people develop special preferences, antipathies, discriminations and emphases. (The term "psychosis" is used by Dewey to denote a "pronounced character of the mind".) These psychoses develop through demands put upon the individual by the particular organization of his occupational role.

The concepts of both Veblen and Dewey refer to a fundamental ambivalence. Any action can be considered in terms of what it attains or what it fails to attain."

And again Merton footnotes *Permanence and Change* (1935), pp. 50, 58–59: "I believe that John Dewey's concept of "occupational psychosis" best characterizes this secondary aspect of interest. Roughly, the term corresponds to the Marxian doctrine that a society's environment in the historical sense is synonymous with society's methods of production. Professor Dewey suggests that a tribe's ways of gaining sustenance promote certain specific patterns of thought which, since thought is an aspect of action, assist the tribe in its productive and distributive operations. This special emphasis, arising in response to the economic pattern, he calls the tribe's occupational psychosis. Once this psychosis is established by the authority of the food-getting patterns (which are certainly primary as regards problems of existence) it is carried over into other aspects of the tribal culture."

1. Merton, Robert, *Social Theory and Social Structure*, Simon & Schuster, 1968, p. 252.
2. Burke, Kenneth (1954). *Permanence and Change*. Los Altos, CA: Hermes Publications.


title: Yuichiro Mukae

abstract: Yuichiro Mukae is a professional Japanese baseball player. He plays outfielder for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp.

text:
# Yuichiro Mukae

**Yuichiro Mukae** (迎 祐一郎, *Mukae Yuichiro*, born December 22, 1981 in Nishimatsuura District, Saga, Japan) is a professional Japanese baseball player. He plays outfielder for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp.

## InfoBox

| Yuichiro Mukae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Hiroshima Toyo Carp – No. 91 | |
| **Outfielder / Coach** | |
| **Born:**  (1981-12-22) December 22, 1981
Nishimatsuura District, Saga, Japan | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| NPB debut | |
| July 8, 2002, for the Orix BlueWave | |
| Last appearance | |
| June 14, 2014, for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp | |
| NPB statistics
(through 2014 season) | |
| Batting average | .196 |
| Hits | 100 |
| Home runs | 10 |
| RBIs | 40 |
| Stolen Bases | 13 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
| **As player** **As coach**
* Hiroshima Toyo Carp (2015–present) | |


title: María José García-Pelayo

abstract: María José García-Pelayo Jurado is a Spanish People's Party (PP) politician. She has served on the city council of her hometown of Jerez de la Frontera since 1995, with three spells as mayor. She has also sat in both houses of the Cortes Generales including three spells in the Senate, and in the Parliament of Andalusia (1996–2011).

text:
# María José García-Pelayo

**María José García-Pelayo Jurado** (born 6 January 1968) is a Spanish People's Party (PP) politician. She has served on the city council of her hometown of Jerez de la Frontera since 1995, with three spells as mayor (2003–2005; 2011–2013; 2023–). She has also sat in both houses of the Cortes Generales including three spells in the Senate (2011–2015; 2022–2023; 2023–), and in the Parliament of Andalusia (1996–2011).

## Biography

Born in Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia, García-Pelayo graduated with a law degree from the University of Cádiz. She was introduced to politics at age 24 by Miguel Arias Cañete, a law firm colleague who later became a government minister. First elected to her hometown's city council in 1995, she became mayor for the first time in 2003. She later reflected that she did not feel that she was mayor due to the dominance of her predecessor and coalition party, Pedro Pacheco of the Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA). In January 2005, a motion of no confidence in her was supported by the PSA and handed the mayoralty to Pilar Sánchez of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).

García-Pelayo served in the provincial deputation of the Province of Cádiz as the PP spokesperson from 1999 to 2003, as well as serving in the Parliament of Andalusia where she was vice president. In June 2011, she was sworn in for a second term as mayor, after her party took 15 seats on the council. She left the regional parliament at the end of 2011, after being elected to the Senate of Spain in the general election. In the 2015 local elections, the PP was the most voted in Jerez with 11 seats, but lost power to a three-way pact between the PSOE, Ganemos Jerez and the United Left (IU). Later that year, she was investigated by the Supreme Court of Spain for alleged perversion of justice and falsification of documents, while other local members of her party were investigated in the Gürtel case. The case against her was dropped in May 2016.

In the 2015 Spanish general election, García-Pelayo was elected to the Congress of Deputies by the Cádiz constituency. In July 2022, she moved back to the Senate, when she was named by President of the Regional Government of Andalusia Juanma Moreno. She began a third spell as mayor of Jerez after winning an absolute majority of seats in the 2023 local elections, and was also elected for a third stint in the Senate by the constituency. In September 2023, she was inaugurated as president of the Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces (FEMP) after the PP took the majority of mayoralties, thus succeeding the Socialist mayor of Vigo, Abel Caballero.