title: Mixed flowing gas testing

abstract:
Mixed flowing gas (MFG) is a type of laboratory environmental testing for products, particularly electronics, to evaluate resistance to corrosion due to gases in the atmosphere. Mixed Flowing Gas (MFG) test is a laboratory test in which the temperature (°C), relative humidity (%RH), concentration of gaseous pollutants (in parts per billion, ppb or parts per million ppm level), and other critical variables (such as volume exchange rate and airflow rate) are carefully defined, monitored and controlled. The purpose of this test is to simulate corrosion phenomenon due to atmospheric exposure. The electronic product is exposed to gases such as chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide at levels in the parts per billion range, in a controlled environmental chamber. Test samples that have been exposed to MFG testing have ranged from bare metal surfaces, to electrical connectors, and to complete assemblies. In regards to noble metal
plated connector applications, MFG testing has been widely accepted as a qualification test method to evaluate the performance of these connectors. MFG testing was primarily developed by William H. Abbott at Batelle in the 1980s.  Much of the work was described in a series of “… Progress Report[s] on Studies of Natural and Laboratory Environmental Reactions on Materials and Components,” by Abbott, issued in 1981, ‘83, ‘84 and ‘86. Abbott published two papers on MFG testing in IEEE Transactions in 1988 and 1990.  Other research has evaluated MFG testing. While standard practice MFG testing requires careful definition, monitoring and control of temperature, humidity, gaseous pollutant concentrations, volume exchange rate and airflow rate, there is considerable potential for variations in mass flow, environmental mixing and gradients in the chambers used.  The only realistic benchmark for MFG testing is the use of metal reference coupons. Copper is the most commonly used material.  Silver has also been used.  Copper weight-gain rates are typically four times that observed for silver. Coupons are typically hung in the test chamber located in proximity to the materials under test. Metal coupons should ideally have large surface area and small edge thickness.  Coupons are prepared per ASTM B810-01a.  Coupons are weighed before and after exposure.  The surface deposits are assumed to be copper (I) sulfide, Cu2S, in the case of copper coupons and silver sulfide, Ag2S, for silver.  The weight change for both metals is assumed to be due strictly to the addition of sulfur.  The deposit thickness is determined by multiplying the coupon weight change by the formula weight for the metal sulfide divided by the density of the metal sulfide times the atomic weight of sulfur times the total surface area for the two faces of the coupon (minus any drill hole for hanging). T h i c k n e s s ( c m ) = W e i g h t c h a n g e ( g ) × F. W. ( M 2 S ) ( g / m o l ) ρ ( M 2 S ) ( g / c m 3 ) × A r, s t a n d a r d ( S ) ( g / m o l ) × A r e a ( c m 2 ) Where F.W. = formula weight, ρ = density and Ar,standard is the standard, relative atomic weight. Thicknesses are typically converted from centimeters to Angstrom units. Common practice is to report the calculated copper and silver corrosion levels per ISA 71.04 [see Specification, below] reactive environment exposure severity levels.  The levels are “G1” (mild), “G2” (moderate) and “G3” (harsh), reported as equivalent months or years.  For equivalent months, for copper, the thickness of the deposits in Angstrom units is divided by 300 for G1, 1000 for G2 and 2000 for G3.  For silver, the thickness in Angstrom units is divided by 200, 1000 and 2000, respectively.  For equivalent years, the exposures in months are further divided by 12.

text:
# Mixed flowing gas testing

**Mixed flowing gas (MFG)** is a type of laboratory environmental testing for products, particularly electronics, to evaluate resistance to corrosion due to gases in the atmosphere. Mixed Flowing Gas (MFG) test is a laboratory test in which the temperature (°C), relative humidity (%RH), concentration of gaseous pollutants (in parts per billion, ppb or parts per million ppm level), and other critical variables (such as volume exchange rate and airflow rate) are carefully defined, monitored and controlled. The purpose of this test is to simulate corrosion phenomenon due to atmospheric exposure. The electronic product is exposed to gases such as chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide at levels in the parts per billion range, in a controlled environmental chamber. Test samples that have been exposed to MFG testing have ranged from bare metal surfaces, to electrical connectors, and to complete assemblies. In regards to noble metal plated connector applications, MFG testing has been widely accepted as a qualification test method to evaluate the performance of these connectors.

MFG testing was primarily developed by William H. Abbott at Batelle in the 1980s. Much of the work was described in a series of “… Progress Report\[s\] on Studies of Natural and Laboratory Environmental Reactions on Materials and Components,” by Abbott, issued in 1981, ‘83, ‘84 and ‘86. Abbott published two papers on MFG testing in IEEE Transactions in 1988 and 1990. Other research has evaluated MFG testing.

While standard practice MFG testing requires careful definition, monitoring and control of temperature, humidity, gaseous pollutant concentrations, volume exchange rate and airflow rate, there is considerable potential for variations in mass flow, environmental mixing and gradients in the chambers used. The only realistic benchmark for MFG testing is the use of metal reference coupons. Copper is the most commonly used material. Silver has also been used. Copper weight-gain rates are typically four times that observed for silver. Coupons are typically hung in the test chamber located in proximity to the materials under test.

Metal coupons should ideally have large surface area and small edge thickness. Coupons are prepared per ASTM B810-01a. Coupons are weighed before and after exposure. The surface deposits are assumed to be copper (I) sulfide, Cu2S, in the case of copper coupons and silver sulfide, Ag2S, for silver. The weight change for both metals is assumed to be due strictly to the addition of sulfur. The deposit thickness is determined by multiplying the coupon weight change by the formula weight for the metal sulfide divided by the density of the metal sulfide times the atomic weight of sulfur times the total surface area for the two faces of the coupon (minus any drill hole for hanging).

$Thickness(cm)={Weightchange(g)\times F.W.(M\_{2}S)(g/mol) \over \rho (M\_{2}S)(g/cm^{3})\times A\_{r,standard}(S)(g/mol)\times Area(cm^{2})}$

Where F.W. = formula weight, ρ = density and Ar,standard is the standard, relative atomic weight. Thicknesses are typically converted from centimeters to Angstrom units.

Common practice is to report the calculated copper and silver corrosion levels per ISA 71.04 \[see Specification, below\] reactive environment exposure severity levels. The levels are “G1” (mild), “G2” (moderate) and “G3” (harsh), reported as equivalent months or years. For equivalent months, for copper, the thickness of the deposits in Angstrom units is divided by 300 for G1, 1000 for G2 and 2000 for G3. For silver, the thickness in Angstrom units is divided by 200, 1000 and 2000, respectively. For equivalent years, the exposures in months are further divided by 12.

## Industry specifications

1. ASTM B827-05(2014) \[Replaces ASTM B827-97\]—Standard Practice for Conducting Mixed Flowing Gas Environmental Tests
2. ASTM B845-97(2018) \[Replaces ASTM B845-97\]—Standard Guide for Mixed Flowing Gas Tests for Electrical Contacts
3. ASTM B810-01a(2017) \[Replaces ASTM B810-01a\]—Standard Method for Calibration of Atmospheric Corrosion Test Chambers by Change in Mass of Copper Coupons
4. ASTM B825-97(WITHDRAWN, NO REPLACEMENT)—Standard Test Method for Coulometric Reduction of Surface Films on Metallic Test Samples
5. ASTM B826-09(2015) \[Replaces ASTM B826-97\]—Standard Test Method for Monitoring Corrosion Tests by Electrical Resistance Probes
6. ASTM B808-10(2015) \[Replaces ASTM B808-97\]—Standard Test Method for Monitoring of Atmospheric Corrosion Chambers by Quartz Crystal Microbalances
7. EIA 364, Test Procedure 65A
8. IEC 60068-2-60:2015 RLV
9. IEC 512-11-7
10. ISA 71.04-2013—Environmental Conditions for Process Measurement & Control Systems: Airborne Contaminants


title: Optic stalk

abstract: The optic vesicles project toward the sides of the head, and the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb, while the proximal part remains narrow and constitutes the optic stalk. Closure of the choroidal fissure in the optic stalk occurs during the seventh week of development. The former optic stalk is then called the optic nerve. In short, the optic stalks are the structures that precede the optic nerves embryologically.

text:
# Optic stalk

The optic vesicles project toward the sides of the head, and the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb, while the proximal part remains narrow and constitutes the **optic stalk**.

Closure of the choroidal fissure in the optic stalk occurs during the seventh week of development. The former optic stalk is then called the optic nerve. In short, the optic stalks are the structures that precede the optic nerves embryologically.

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1001 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

## InfoBox

| Optic stalk | |
| --- | --- |
| Transverse section of head of chick embryo of fifty-two hours’ incubation. | |
| Optic cup and choroidal fissure seen from below, from a human embryo of about four weeks. (Optic stalk labeled at center left.) | |
| Details | |
| Carnegie stage | 14 |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *pedunculus opticus* |
| TE | stalk\_by\_E5.14.3.4.2.2.6 E5.14.3.4.2.2.6 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


# Guangzhou F.C. in international competitions

Guangzhou F.C. is a Chinese professional football club based in Guangzhou. Their first participation in international competitions was during the 2012 season, when they competed in the AFC Champions League. Their first match was against Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors, won by Guangzhou 5–1.

Guangzhou won the AFC Champions League on two occasions, in 2013 and 2015.

## Matches

All results list Guangzhou's goal tally first.

Key * (H) = Home
* (A) = Away
* (N) = Neutral

| Season | Competition | Round | Opposition | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors | 5–1 (A), 1–3 (H) |
| | | Buriram United | 1–2 (H), 2–1 (A) |
| | | Kashiwa Reysol | 0–0 (A), 3–1 (H) |
| | Round of 16 | FC Tokyo | 1–0 (H) |
| | Quarter-final | Al-Ittihad | 2–4 (A), 2–1 (H) |
| 2013 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | Urawa Red Diamonds | 3–0 (H), 2–3 (A) |
| | | Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors | 1–1 (A), 0–0 (H) |
| | | Muangthong United | 4–0 (H), 4–1 (A) |
| | Round of 16 | Central Coast Mariners | 2–1 (A), 3–0 (H) |
| | Quarter-final | Lekhwiya | 2–0 (H), 4–1 (A) |
| | Semi-final | Kashiwa Reysol | 4–1 (A), 4–0 (H) |
| | Final | FC Seoul | 2–2 (A), 1–1 (H) |
| 2013 | FIFA Club World Cup | Quarter-final | Al-Ahly | 2–0 (N) |
| | Semi-final | Bayern Munich | 0–3 (N) |
| | Third place match | Atlético Mineiro | 2–3 (N) |
| 2014 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | Melbourne Victory | 4–2 (H), 0–2 (A) |
| | | Yokohama F. Marinos | 1–1 (A), 2–1 (H) |
| | | Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors | 3–1 (H), 0–1 (A) |
| | Round of 16 | Cerezo Osaka | 5–1 (A), 0–1 (H) |
| | Quarter-final | Western Sydney Wanderers | 0–1 (A), 2–1 (H) |
| 2015 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | FC Seoul | 1–0 (H), 0–0 (A) |
| | | Western Sydney Wanderers | 3–2 (A), 0–2 (H) |
| | | Kashima Antlers | 4–3 (H), 1–2 (A) |
| | Round of 16 | Seongnam FC | 1–2 (A), 2–0 (H) |
| | Quarter-final | Kashiwa Reysol | 3–1 (A), 1–1 (H) |
| | Semi-final | Gamba Osaka | 2–1 (H), 0–0 (A) |
| | Final | Al-Ahli | 0–0 (A), 1–0 (H) |
| 2015 | FIFA Club World Cup | Quarter-final | Club América | 2–1 (N) |
| | Semi-final | Barcelona | 0–3 (N) |
| | Third place match | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 1–2 (N) |
| 2016 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | Pohang Steelers | 0–0 (H), 2–0 (A) |
| | | Sydney FC | 1–2 (A), 1–0 (H) |
| | | Urawa Red Diamonds | 2–2 (H), 0–1 (A) |
| 2017 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | Eastern | 7–0 (H), 6–0 (A) |
| | | Suwon Samsung Bluewings | 2–2 (H), 2–2 (A) |
| | | Kawasaki Frontale | 1–1 (H), 0–0 (A) |
| | Round of 16 | Kashima Antlers | 1–0 (H), 1–2 (A) |
| | Quarter-final | Shanghai SIPG | 0–4 (A), 5–1 (H) |
| 2018 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | Buriram United | 1–1 (H), 1–1 (A) |
| | | Cerezo Osaka | 0–0 (A), 3–1 (H) |
| | | Jeju United | 5–3 (H), 2–0 (A) |
| | Round of 16 | Tianjin Quanjian | 0–0 (A), 2–2 (H) |
| 2019 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | Sanfrecce Hiroshima | 2–0 (H), 0–1 (A) |
| | | Daegu FC | 1–3 (A), 1–0 (H) |
| | | Melbourne Victory | 4–0 (H), 1–1 (A) |
| | Round of 16 | Shandong Luneng | 2–1 (H), 2–3 (A) |
| | Quarter-final | Kashima Antlers | 0–0 (H), 1–1 (A) |
| | Semi-final | Urawa Red Diamonds | 0–2 (A), 0–1 (H) |
| 2020 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | Johor Darul Ta'zim | Cancelled |
| | | Suwon Samsung Bluewings | 0–0, 1–1 |
| | | Vissel Kobe | 1–3, 2–0 |
| 2021 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | Cerezo Osaka | 0–2, 0–5 |
| | | Port | 0–3, 1–5 |
| | | Kitchee | 0–1, 0–1 |
| 2022 | AFC Champions League | Group stage | Johor Darul Ta'zim | 0–5, 0–2 |
| | | Kawasaki Frontale | 0–8, 0–1 |
| | | Ulsan Hyundai | 0–3, 0–5 |
|

## Statistics

*As of 30 April 2022*

### By competition

| Competition | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AFC Champions League | 99 | 40 | 26 | 33 | 153 | 133 | +20 | 040.40 |
| FIFA Club World Cup | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 12 | −5 | 033.33 |
|

### By season

| Season | Competition | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win% | Round |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | AFC Champions League | 9 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 13 | +4 | 055.56 | Quarter-finals |
| 2013 | AFC Champions League | 14 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 36 | 11 | +25 | 064.29 | Winners |
| 2013 | FIFA Club World Cup | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | −2 | 033.33 | Fourth place |
| 2014 | AFC Champions League | 10 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 17 | 12 | +5 | 050.00 | Quarter-finals |
| 2015 | AFC Champions League | 14 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 19 | 14 | +5 | 050.00 | Winners |
| 2015 | FIFA Club World Cup | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 6 | −3 | 033.33 | Fourth place |
| 2016 | AFC Champions League | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5 | +1 | 033.33 | Group stage |
| 2017 | AFC Champions League | 10 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 25 | 12 | +13 | 040.00 | Quarter-finals |
| 2018 | AFC Champions League | 8 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 14 | 8 | +6 | 037.50 | Round of 16 |
| 2019 | AFC Champions League | 12 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 14 | 13 | +1 | 033.33 | Semi-finals |
| 2020 | AFC Champions League | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | +0 | 025.00 | Group stage |
| 2021 | AFC Champions League | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 17 | −16 | 000.00 | Group stage |
| 2022 | AFC Champions League | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 24 | −24 | 000.00 | Group stage |
|

### By nation

| Nation | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | 12 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 21 | 14 | +7 | 058.33 |
| Brazil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | −1 | 000.00 |
| China | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 11 | +0 | 033.33 |
| Egypt | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | +2 | 100.00 |
| Germany | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | −3 | 000.00 |
| Hong Kong | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 2 | +11 | 050.00 |
| Japan | 38 | 14 | 10 | 14 | 51 | 50 | +1 | 036.84 |
| Malaysia | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | −7 | 000.00 |
| Mexico | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | +1 | 100.00 |
| Qatar | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | +5 | 100.00 |
| Saudi Arabia | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | −1 | 050.00 |
| South Korea | 24 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 33 | 31 | +2 | 033.33 |
| Spain | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | −3 | 000.00 |
| Thailand | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 14 | 14 | +0 | 037.50 |
| United Arab Emirates | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | +1 | 050.00 |
|

1. "Asian Club Competitions 2012". *RSSSF*. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
2. "Asian Club Competitions 2013". *RSSSF*. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
3. "2013 Technical Report and statistics" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
4. "Asian Club Competitions 2014". *RSSSF*. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
5. "Asian Club Competitions 2015". *RSSSF*. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
6. "2015 Technical Report and statistics" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
7. "Asian Club Competitions 2016". *RSSSF*. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
8. "Asian Club Competitions 2017". *RSSSF*. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.


title: Adarrial Smylie

abstract: Adarrial Smylie is an American former basketball player known for his collegiate career at Southern University between 1997–98 and 1999–2000. Smylie was a three-time All-Southwestern Athletic Conference selection and became the seventh back-to-back SWAC Player of the Year. Smylie attended St. Amant High School in Ascension Parish, Louisiana from 1992 to 1996. Before enrolling at Southern to play for the Jaguars, he played junior college basketball at Pearl River Community College. After a solid career at Pearl River, Smylie went on to score 1,353 points in just three seasons at Southern. He was second in the SWAC in point per game (19.0) as a junior in 1998–99, but also finished first in field-goal percentage (.563), first in rebounding, fourth in blocks per game (1.63) and ninth in free-throw percentage (.732). He was named the SWAC Player of the Year for the first time. Then, as a senior, he led the league in scoring and became a repeat winner of the award. Smylie went undrafted in the 2000 NBA draft. He now works professionally in business.

text:
# Adarrial Smylie

**Adarrial Smylie** is an American former basketball player known for his collegiate career at Southern University between 1997–98 and 1999–2000. Smylie was a three-time All-Southwestern Athletic Conference selection and became the seventh back-to-back SWAC Player of the Year.

Smylie attended St. Amant High School in Ascension Parish, Louisiana from 1992 to 1996. Before enrolling at Southern to play for the Jaguars, he played junior college basketball at Pearl River Community College. After a solid career at Pearl River, Smylie went on to score 1,353 points in just three seasons at Southern. He was second in the SWAC in point per game (19.0) as a junior in 1998–99, but also finished first in field-goal percentage (.563), first in rebounding (8.9 rpg.), fourth in blocks per game (1.63) and ninth in free-throw percentage (.732). He was named the SWAC Player of the Year for the first time. Then, as a senior, he led the league in scoring (18.2 ppg) and became a repeat winner of the award.

Smylie went undrafted in the 2000 NBA draft. He now works professionally in business.

1. "Adarrial Smylie". College Hoopedia. 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
2. "Southwestern Athletic Conference". *Men's College Basketball*. ESPN.com. October 31, 2000. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
3. Dean, Richard (March 15, 2000). "Southland Tourney Works". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
4. "SMYLIE, JEWELL WIN TOP HONORS; SWAC RELEASES ALL-SWAC BASKETBALL TEAM". Onnidan. March 13, 2000. Retrieved July 3, 2012.

## InfoBox

Adarrial Smylie
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) |
| Listed weight | 225 lb (102 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | St. Amant (Ascension Parish, Louisiana) |
| College | Pearl River CC (1996–1997)<br>Southern (1997–2000) |
| NBA draft | 2000: undrafted |
| Position | Center |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Mustafa Said

abstract: Mustafa Said is an Egyptian singer, musicologist, composer and a virtuoso Oud player. He has been living in Beirut since 2004. He is one of the few young talents to devote his career to the classical Arabic repertoire while exploring new forms and new sounds. Former professor at the House of Oud (Cairo), he extends his musical approach from the already existent musical traditions of the east Mediterranean region with the spirit of the two previous musical renaissances: that of the golden age of Abbasid music, and that of the second half of the 19th century. Inspired by the oriental traditional heritage, the compositions and forms of interpretation of Mustafa Said offer a very contemporary approach and place great emphasis on the instrumental and vocal improvisation (Taqsim). Said has composed music for several documentaries and drama and participated in many local and international festivals as a solo performer or as part of an ensemble: Institute of the Arab World (2007), Mugam Festival in Azerbaijan (2009), Songs of Peace and Réconciliation conference in Indonesia (2009), Sounds of Arabia Festival in Abu Dhabi (2010), toured in Japan where he performed 17 concerts and conferences (2010), Fes Festival of World Sacred Music (2010). Mustafa Saïd is also the founder of the Asil Oriental Ensemble and is a lecturer in traditional Arabic ensemble music at the Higher Institute of Music, Antonine University (Lebanon) since 2006.

text:
# Mustafa Said

**Mustafa Said** (مصطفى سعيد) is an Egyptian singer, musicologist, composer and a virtuoso Oud player. He has been living in Beirut since 2004. He is one of the few young talents to devote his career to the classical Arabic repertoire while exploring new forms and new sounds.

Former professor at the House of Oud (Cairo), he extends his musical approach from the already existent musical traditions of the east Mediterranean region with the spirit of the two previous musical renaissances: that of the golden age of Abbasid music, and that of the second half of the 19th century. Inspired by the oriental traditional heritage, the compositions and forms of interpretation of Mustafa Said offer a very contemporary approach and place great emphasis on the instrumental and vocal improvisation (Taqsim).

Said has composed music for several documentaries and drama and participated in many local and international festivals as a solo performer or as part of an ensemble: Institute of the Arab World (2007), Mugam Festival in Azerbaijan (2009), Songs of Peace and Réconciliation conference in Indonesia (2009), Sounds of Arabia Festival in Abu Dhabi (2010), toured in Japan where he performed 17 concerts and conferences (2010), Fes Festival of World Sacred Music (2010). Mustafa Saïd is also the founder of the Asil Oriental Ensemble and is a lecturer in traditional Arabic ensemble music at the Higher Institute of Music, Antonine University (Lebanon) since 2006.

## Discography

Albums * *Rubaiyat El Khayyam* (2008)
* *Asil* (2010)

Contributing artist
```
     .
```

## InfoBox

| Mustafa Said | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Egypt |
| Genres | Arab traditional, Classic, Arab Tarab, Arabic music, Arabesque music, World Music, Middle Eastern music |
| Years active | 1990–present |
| Labels | Forward Music |


title: Pyramid, Nevada

abstract: Pyramid is an unincorporated community in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. At one time, it was a station on the Fernley and Lassen Railway located between Bristol and Big Canyon. There was a post office at this location from March 1904 until November 1959. Pyramid is located north of Sutcliffe, Nevada and should not be confused with Pyramid City, located south of Sutcliffe.

text:
# Pyramid, Nevada

**Pyramid** is an unincorporated community in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. At one time, it was a station on the Fernley and Lassen Railway located between Bristol and Big Canyon. There was a post office at this location from March 1904 until November 1959.

Pyramid is located north of Sutcliffe, Nevada and should not be confused with Pyramid City, located south of Sutcliffe.

## InfoBox

| Pyramid, Nevada | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Pyramid, Nevada | |
| Coordinates: 40°04′30″N 119°42′07″W / 40.07500°N 119.70194°W / 40.07500; -119.70194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
| County | Washoe |
| Elevation | 3,901 ft (1,189 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| Area code | 775 |
| GNIS feature ID | 843007 |


title: Mecyclothorax paraltiusculus

abstract: Mecyclothorax paraltiusculus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Perrault in 1988.

text:
# Mecyclothorax paraltiusculus

***Mecyclothorax paraltiusculus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Perrault in 1988.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyclothorax paraltiusculus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyclothorax* |
| Species: | ***M. paraltiusculus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyclothorax paraltiusculus***<br>Perrault, 1988 | |
|


title: Regional District of Mount Waddington

abstract: The Regional District of Mount Waddington (RDMW) is a regional district in British Columbia. It takes in the lower Central Coast region centred on the Queen Charlotte Strait coast of northern Vancouver Island and the adjoining parts of mainland British Columbia. It has a total land area of 20,288.4 km⁲ and a 2016 census population of 11,035 persons, most of which is in towns on Vancouver Island and adjoining islands. The administrative centre is in the town of Port McNeill. Other municipalities include the district municipality of Port Hardy, the village of Port Alice, and the village of Alert Bay.

text:
# Regional District of Mount Waddington

The **Regional District of Mount Waddington** (**RDMW**) is a regional district in British Columbia. It takes in the lower Central Coast region centred on the Queen Charlotte Strait coast of northern Vancouver Island and the adjoining parts of mainland British Columbia. It has a total land area of 20,288.4 km2 (7,833.4 sq mi) and a 2016 census population of 11,035 persons, most of which is in towns on Vancouver Island and adjoining islands. The administrative centre is in the town of Port McNeill. Other municipalities include the district municipality of Port Hardy, the village of Port Alice, and the village of Alert Bay.

## Demographics

As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Regional District of Mount Waddington had a population of 10,839 living in 4,876 of its 5,743 total private dwellings, a change of -1.8% from its 2016 population of 11,035. With a land area of 20,186.47 km2 (7,794.04 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.5/km2 (1.4/sq mi) in 2021.

Panethnic groups in the Mount Waddington Regional District (1996−2021)
| Panethnic
group | 2021 | | 2016 | | 2011 | | 2006 | | 2001 | | 1996 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| European | 7,075 | 66.06% | 7,070 | 65.04% | 7,935 | 69.79% | 8,530 | 73.41% | 10,245 | 78.3% | 11,545 | 79.13% |
| Indigenous | 3,135 | 29.27% | 3,340 | 30.73% | 3,045 | 26.78% | 2,730 | 23.49% | 2,570 | 19.64% | 2,460 | 16.86% |
| Southeast Asian | 150 | 1.4% | 125 | 1.15% | 130 | 1.14% | 60 | 0.52% | 50 | 0.38% | 155 | 1.06% |
| East Asian | 145 | 1.35% | 150 | 1.38% | 55 | 0.48% | 150 | 1.29% | 120 | 0.92% | 235 | 1.61% |
| South Asian | 70 | 0.65% | 25 | 0.23% | 60 | 0.53% | 40 | 0.34% | 30 | 0.23% | 40 | 0.27% |
| Middle Eastern | 20 | 0.19% | 10 | 0.09% | 0 | 0% | 25 | 0.22% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Latin American | 55 | 0.51% | 55 | 0.51% | 65 | 0.57% | 30 | 0.26% | 15 | 0.11% | 40 | 0.27% |
| African | 40 | 0.37% | 80 | 0.74% | 25 | 0.22% | 30 | 0.26% | 30 | 0.23% | 70 | 0.48% |
| Other | 15 | 0.14% | 15 | 0.14% | 45 | 0.4% | 20 | 0.17% | 50 | 0.38% | 35 | 0.24% |
| Total responses | 10,710 | 98.81% | 10,870 | 98.5% | 11,370 | 98.82% | 11,620 | 99.73% | 13,085 | 99.8% | 14,590 | 99.92% |
| Total population | 10,839 | 100% | 11,035 | 100% | 11,506 | 100% | 11,651 | 100% | 13,111 | 100% | 14,601 | 100% |

* Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

## Municipalities

## Geography

The region is named for Mount Waddington, which lies on its northeastern boundary and is the highest peak entirely within British Columbia (Fairweather Mountain, on the Alaska boundary, is the highest). Also within the regional district is Mount Silverthrone, the highest volcano in Canada, located in the remote Ha-Iltzuk Icefield. The eastern land boundary of the regional district is largely the divide of the Coast Mountains, inland from which is the Chilcotin District, which is part of the Cariboo Regional District. The northern land boundary with the Central Coast Regional District follows a watershed boundary, separating streams that flow into Queen Charlotte Sound north of Cape Caution from those that flow into the Sound to the south or that flow into Queen Charlotte Strait.

The RDMW is relatively underpopulated in comparison to other regional districts, due largely to the fact that most of its land area is rugged mountainscape or remote islands. Within its boundaries are the traditional territories of the Kwakwaka'wakw, who form a significant minority in the region and are the majority in many smaller communities. Band governments and reserve lands are not part of the governance system of the regional district, which is formed of the mayors of the towns and representatives from its electoral areas (though First Nations people living inside municipalities are eligible voters). Sointula, on Malcolm Island, is a historic Finnish Canadian settlement which began life as a cooperative; a similar Danish experiment at Cape Scott was a failure, although the Danish name Holberg remains in the area. Logging and fishing and associated transport and other services, in addition to tourism, are the mainstays of the economic life of the communities of the regional district.

Specific 1. "Contact Us - Directors". Retrieved July 9, 2019.
2.
3. "Regional District of Mount Waddington". *BC Geographical Names*.
4. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and census divisions". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
5. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
6. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
7. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
8. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 20, 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
9. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 2, 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
10. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 4, 2019). "Electronic Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1996 Census". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 23, 2023.

## InfoBox

| Mount Waddington | |
| --- | --- |
| Regional district | |
| Regional District of Mount Waddington | |
| Mount Waddington | |
| Location in British Columbia | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | British Columbia |
| Administrative office location | Port McNeill |
| Government | |
| Type | Regional district |
| Body | Board of directors |
| Chair | Andrew Hory (B) |
| Vice chair | Gaby Wickstrom (Port McNeill) |
| Electoral areas | * A * B * C * D |
| Area | |
| Land | 20,244.27 km2 (7,816.36 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 11,035 |
| Density | 0.545/km2 (1.41/sq mi) |
| Website | www.rdmw.bc.ca |


title: Megaceron antennicrassum

abstract: Megaceron antennicrassum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1960.

text:
# Megaceron antennicrassum

***Megaceron antennicrassum*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1960.

## InfoBox

| *Megaceron antennicrassum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Megaceron*** |
| Species: | ***M. antennicrassum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megaceron antennicrassum***<br>(Martins, 1960) | |
|


title: What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?

abstract: What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? is a 1966 comedy DeLuxe Color film written by William Peter Blatty and directed by Blake Edwards for the Mirisch Company in Panavision. It stars James Coburn and Dick Shawn.

text:
# What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?

***What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?*** is a 1966 comedy DeLuxe Color film written by William Peter Blatty and directed by Blake Edwards for the Mirisch Company in Panavision. It stars James Coburn and Dick Shawn.

## Plot

During the Allied invasion of Sicily, an outfit of U.S. soldiers is assigned to capture the small town of "Valerno", but upon arrival, they discover that the Italian Army garrison led by Captain Fausto Oppo (Sergio Fantoni) have been expecting them. They will willingly surrender, provided they are permitted to complete a soccer match and a wine festival.

Romance and frivolity ensue, as a reluctant, by-the-book Capt. Cash (Dick Shawn) is persuaded by easy-going Lt. Christian (James Coburn) to go along with the locals' wishes. Christian convinces Cash to send a message to headquarters that they have encountered resistance. During an aerial reconnaissance of the town, the Germans mistake the festival for an attack. A nearby German Panzer unit is ordered to come to the Italians' aid, but the Americans accidentally end up conquering all.

## Cast

## Production

The title of the film came to Edwards when he was asked the question by his son Geoffrey.

The film was the first of what was originally intended to be six Mirisch-Geoffrey Productions between Edwards and the Mirisch Company. Edwards was paid $375,000 as producer-director plus 20% of the gross over a certain amount, and a writers' fee when applicable. Edwards and William Peter Blatty had been working on *What Did You Do in the War Daddy?* after *The Pink Panther* but stopped it to make *A Shot in the Dark* and *the Great Race*. Edwards then decided to reactivate the property. According to Edwards, this was Walter Mirsch's idea - " “I told him that I didn’t think it was a good time to do a war comedy — it was right in the middle of the Vietnam War, there were a lot of Gold Star mothers and the perspective on war was not what it should be for this kind of satire."

James Coburn signed in May 1965. He had just made *Our Man Flint*. Shawn, who signed soon afterwards, had just been in *It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World*.

Walter Mirisch says in his memoirs that Edwards was enthusiastic about the film. He said stars James Coburn and Dick Shawn were "hardly big comedic box-office attractions. They were fashionable, but not the personalities who would promise an audience a big comedic romp. I think its casting certainly affected its grossing potential. Unfortunately, it also went considerably over budget."

As Edwards was having marital problems at the time, he did not want to leave the United States, so Mirisch Productions agreed to film the movie in Lake Sherwood, California, for $5 million that included the construction of a large Italian village set. In his study of Edwards, Myron Meisel stated that Coburn imitated Blake Edwards' mannerisms throughout the film.

William Peter Blatty recalled that Edwards and he originally agreed to make the film grim and without comedy for the first 20 minutes. This idea was shelved when, during the scene where Captain Cash visits Charlie Company at their chow line, he holds out his hand and one of the GI mess orderlies ladles beans into the captain's hand.

## Reception

The film grossed $2,650,000 at the box office.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 50% based on 12 reviews, with an average score of 5.80/10.

Edwards and Mirsch only made one more film together, *The Party* (1968).

## Music

The score is by Henry Mancini. It includes "The Swing March" and "In the Arms of Love".

## InfoBox

| What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Blake Edwards |
| Screenplay by | William Peter Blatty |
| Story by | Maurice Richlin
Blake Edwards |
| Produced by | Blake Edwards |
| Starring | James Coburn
Aldo Ray
Dick Shawn
Sergio Fantoni
Giovanna Ralli
Carroll O'Connor
Harry Morgan |
| Cinematography | Philip H. Lathrop |
| Edited by | Ralph E. Winters |
| Music by | Ray Evans
Jay Livingston
Henry Mancini |
| Production
company | The Mirisch Company |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | * August 31, 1966 (1966-08-31) |
| Running time | 116 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | English
Italian
German |
| Budget | $7,000,000 USD |
| Box office | $2,650,000 (est. US/ Canada rentals) |


title: Feast III: The Happy Finish

abstract: Feast III: The Happy Finish is a 2009 American horror comedy film and the third and final installment of the Feast trilogy. The film was released directly to DVD on February 17, 2009.

text:
# Feast III: The Happy Finish

***Feast III: The Happy Finish*** is a 2009 American horror comedy film and the third and final installment of the *Feast* trilogy. The film was released directly to DVD on February 17, 2009.

## Plot

Honey Pie is mauled and beheaded by a monster, which quickly digests and excretes her head. Lightning survived the explosion near him and stumbles off. The remaining survivors (Biker Queen, Tat Girl, Tit Girl, Secrets, Bartender, Slasher, and Greg, now with a pipe lodged in his head) are then attacked by monsters on the roof of the building where they are hiding. Thunder is seen still alive and crawling away after being disemboweled but is run over by a man named Shitkicker.

Shitkicker smashes open the front door of the police station and enters. The rooftop survivors make their way to the jail, where Hobo attempts to kill them but gets beaten by the biker girls. Greg reveals that Slasher has a lot of used cars that the survivors can use to escape. Shitkicker is accidentally shot in the head by Secrets. The gunshot alerts the monsters, who enter the police station. The group then decides to run to the used car lot.

Once they exit, Slasher runs a different way from the group and then trips Hobo as a distraction for the monsters. While a monster begins to eat one of Hobo's legs, Slasher runs towards a metal storage unit. The monster lets Hobo go and resumes going after Slasher, who is joined by Tat and Tit Girl of the biker women. Inside the unit, they meet about a dozen survivors who proceed to gang up and beat Slasher for ripping them off with his car deals. Slasher moves to the back of the unit and stands against the back wall. A monster spots a hole Slasher is standing in front of and uses the hole to rape Slasher, impregnating him. A monster then immediately bursts through Slasher's stomach, giving birth to a Slasher hybrid, killing the dozen survivors inside the unit. Meanwhile, Secrets, Greg, and Bartender find the wounded Lightning and take him with them. Biker Queen frees the biker girls, and they run from the Slasher/monster hybrid. They follow Hobo down a hole in an attempt to hide inside his buried school bus/meth lab.

Monsters follow them and kill Tit Girl. Biker Queen is finally able to get the bus started, and as they leave, Tat Girl sets Hobo and a monster on fire, who then fall out of the back of the bus. The bus emerges from underground with Biker Queen and Tat Girl intending to abandon the remaining survivors; however, the bus dies just as the other survivors catch up. The monsters immediately swarm the bus, but the group is saved by a man named Short Bus Gus, who seemingly has the ability to repel the monsters. He then leads the survivors into the sewers in an attempt to reach the big city. While working their way through the sewers, Tat Girl is killed by infected townies. The survivors are about to be killed by the infected until another survivor known as Jean Claude Segal saves them. Jean Claude tries to lead the survivors to the surface when he is attacked by a monster and has one of his arms bitten off. The survivors are then separated into two groups, Jean Claude and Bartender, and Biker Queen, Secrets, Greg, Lightning, and Short Bus Gus. While trying to cauterize one of Jean Claude's wounds, Bartender accidentally blows off his remaining arm.

The other group of survivors finds the Hive, which is a gigantic rave with infected townies and monsters who spew their vomit on the people, causing horrible mutation and insanity. The survivors are reunited, but are spotted by an infected townie and Biker Queen is infected. Jean Claude volunteers to stay behind to fight off infected townies to give the survivors a chance to escape. Jean Claude manages to fend off the infected townies for a short while before being ripped in half.

Short Bus Gus finds out that it has been his malfunctioning hearing aid that has been repelling the monsters and is impaled by a monster. The Slasher monster finally catches up with the group and kills the attacking monster and then forcibly removes the pipe lodged in Greg's head, killing him. Secrets is insane with grief and savagely attacks the Slasher/monster hybrid, killing him with the same pipe that was lodged in Greg's head.

Biker Queen takes off with one of the monsters, setting off its internal alarm system in an attempt to draw the monsters away from the remaining survivors. Bartender tells Secrets and Lightning that they are the only survivors left and that they have to repopulate now. Secrets looks up just as the foot of a giant robot crushes her, as well as Lightning, and walks away. Bartender slowly walks towards the camera and murmurs "Goddamn it".

## Cast

## Reception

Steve Barton of Bloody Disgusting rated *Feast III: The Happy Finish* 3/5 stars, noting that while it may not be as wild as the second film, it is "still one hell of a good ride". Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting gave it a 4/5 star rating, stating: "While *Feast II* felt nothing like the first film, *Feast III* somehow managed to recapture the entire aesthetics of the original".

## InfoBox

| Feast III: The Happy Finish | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | John Gulager |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Michael Leahy |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Kevin Atkinson |
| Edited by | Kirk Morri |
| Music by | Steve Edwards |
| Distributed by | Dimension Extreme |
| Release date | * February 17, 2009 (2009-02-17) |
| Running time | 77 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Guangzhou Charge

abstract: Guangzhou Charge is a Chinese professional Overwatch esports team based in Guangzhou, Guangdong. The Charge compete in the Overwatch League (OWL) as a member of the league's East region. Founded in 2018, Guangzhou Charge began play as one of eight expansion teams in 2019 and is one of four professional Overwatch teams based in China. The team is owned by Nenking Group and is managed by the esports brand of Nenking, Ultra Prime Esports.

text:
# Guangzhou Charge

**Guangzhou Charge** (simplified Chinese: 广州冲锋; traditional Chinese: 廣州衝鋒; pinyin: *Guǎngzhōu Chōngfēng*) is a Chinese professional *Overwatch* esports team based in Guangzhou, Guangdong. The Charge compete in the Overwatch League (OWL) as a member of the league's East region. Founded in 2018, Guangzhou Charge began play as one of eight expansion teams in 2019 and is one of four professional *Overwatch* teams based in China. The team is owned by Nenking Group and is managed by the esports brand of Nenking, Ultra Prime Esports.

## Franchise history

### OWL expansion

On 2 August 2018, Activision Blizzard announced that Nenking Group, owner of Guangzhou Loong Lions, purchased a seat for Guangzhou in Overwatch League. On 15 October 2018, Nenking announced that Sonny Xiao, the vice president of Nenking and the president of basketball operations for the Guangzhou Long Lions, would be the CEO of the team, Overwatch developer Eddy Meng would be the COO, and Overwatch management veteran Ethan Liu would be the general manager.

On 8 November, the Nenkeng Group announced that the Guangzhou team would be called the Guangzhou Charge. Two weeks later, the Charge announced nine players of their inaugural roster – four DPS, four supports, and one tank. The Charge signed Cho "J1N" Hyo-jin as the team's head coach on 3 December 2018.

### Early years: 2019–present

On 15 February 2019, Guangzhou Charge played their first regular season OWL match against the Chengdu Hunters, in which the Charge lost 2–3. The team's first victory came a week later – a 4–0 sweep against the Dallas Fuel. The team had a subpar performance throughout the first three stages of the 2019 season, posting a 9–12 record through 21 matches with no stage playoff appearances. After the implementation of an enforced 2-2-2 role lock by the league, the Charge flourished, losing only one match in their final seven matches to give them a 15–13 record for the season. Finishing in ninth place in the overall standings, Guangzhou qualified for the Play-In Tournament, where they defeated the Chengdu Hunters in the first round, 4–1. However, they were unable to make it season playoffs, as they fell to the Seoul Dynasty by a score of 1–4 the following day.

Entering the 2020 season, the Charge parted ways with five of their 11 players, signing three new players later in the offseason. In the 2020 season, the Charge picked up their first midseason tournament title after defeating the Shanghai Dragons 4–2 in the Summer Showdown finals. At the end of the season, Guangzhou finished as one of the top two seeds in the Asia region. However, losses to the New York Excelsior and Seoul Dynasty in the Asia Bracket of 2020 Overwatch League playoffs eliminated the Charge from postseason contention.

In the 2021 offseason, the Charge released their entire Korean coaching staff, including head coach Cho "J1N" Hyo-jin. Several weeks later, they signed former San Francisco Shock assistant coach Lee "Arachne" Ji-won as their new head coach for the upcoming season. Guangzhou also made major changes to their roster in the offseason, parting ways with seven of their players and signing three new ones. After a 1–3 record to start the 2021 season, the Charge released head coach Lee "Arachne" Ji-won and assistant coach Kim "Daemin" Dae-min, on 6 May 2021. The Charge signed their former assistant coach Sung-woo "Sungwoo" Hong as their new head coach on 17 June. With a 5–11 regular season record, the Charge finished in second-to-last place in the Eastern region, only ahead of the winless Los Angeles Valiant.

## Team identity

On 9 November 2018, the Nenking Group officially announced the brand of their franchise, the Guangzhou Charge. The name was chosen because it expressed the team's "vision to lead the esports movement in China, and to be at the forefront of innovation. It also \[expressed the\] vision for a competitive team that plays aggressive and bold."

The logo features two stylized letters "G" and "Z", representing Guangzhou. A lightning bolt symbol can be seen in-between the white space of the two letters. The colors represent the scenery of the region, while the name "Charge" represents bold playstyles and innovation in Chinese esports.

"We want to build an international organization and fanbase, so the goal for our team brand was to create a symbol for Guangzhou that people from all of the world can instantly recognize," the team's Marketing and Creative Director Chris Hwang said. "We took inspiration from iconic sports logos where simple letters have grown to represent an entire city"

## Personnel

### Head coaches

| Handle | Name | Seasons | Record | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| J1N | Cho Hyo-jin | 2019–2020 | 29–20 (.592) |  |  |
| Arachne | Lee Ji-won | 2021 | 1–3 (.250) | Released after four games in 2021. |  |
| Sungwoo | Hong Sung-woo | 2021–2023 | 17–24 (.415) | Released after nine games in 2023. |  |

## Awards and records

### Seasons overview

| Season | P | W | L | W% | Finish | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | 28 | 15 | 13 | .536 | 6th, Pacific | Did not qualify |
| 2020 | 21 | 14 | 7 | .667 | 3rd, Asia | Lost in Asia Lower Round 1, 0–3 (Excelsior) |
| 2021 | 16 | 5 | 11 | .313 | 7th, East | Did not qualify |
| 2022 | 24 | 9 | 15 | .375 | 5th, East | Did not qualify |

### Individual accomplishments

**Role Star selections**

* Cr0ng (Nam Ki-cheol) – 2020

**All-Star Game selections**

* Shu (Kim Jin-Seo) – 2019, 2020
* Cr0ng (Nam Ki-cheol) – 2020

**All-Star Game head coaches**

* J1n (Cho Hyo-Jin) – 2020

## Academy team

On 13 March 2019, GZ Academy, also known as GZA, was founded as the academy team of Guangzhou Charge. After a 14 finish in their first season of Overwatch Contenders, team shut down on 30 May, citing a focus on preparations for the Charge's 2020 home arena and teamhouse. On 2 July, in the middle of the second season of 2019 Contenders, it was announced that the roster of Chinese Contenders team The One Winner (T1w) had been signed as the new academy team of Guangzhou Charge, rebranding themselves to T1w.GZA. In 2020, the Charge ended their partnership with T1w. Another OWC team Ignition One (IO) was rebranded to Ultra Prime Academy as the academy team of the Charge.

## InfoBox

Guangzhou Charge
广州冲锋
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2 August 2018 |
| League | Overwatch League |
| Region | East |
| Team history | **Guangzhou Charge**<br>(2018–present) |
| Based in | Guangzhou, China |
| Colors |  |
| Owner | Zhong Naixiong |
| General manager | Zheng “Extra” Jiawen |
| Affiliation(s) | Ultra Prime Academy |
| Main sponsor | Herbalife Nutrition |
| Website | Official website |
| Uniforms | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 广州冲锋 |
| Traditional Chinese | 廣州衝鋒 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngzhōu Chōngfēng | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Adarra

abstract: Adarra is a mountain south of the city of San Sebastian in the Basque Country. It is a popular peak with the local residents. The mountain is flanked on the north by the minor summits of Oindi or Onddi and Onddo to the south, all of them located at the top of a long mountain range of modest height between the Urumea and Leitzaran valleys, which extends south right to the edge of the Navarrese town of Leitza.

text:
# Adarra

**Adarra** (short for "Adarramendi", meaning 'mount of horns' in Basque) is a mountain south of the city of San Sebastian in the Basque Country. It is a popular peak with the local residents. The mountain is flanked on the north by the minor summits of Oindi or Onddi (Basque pronunciation: \['onɟi\], 545 m) and Onddo (781 m) to the south, all of them located at the top of a long mountain range of modest height between the Urumea and Leitzaran valleys, which extends south right to the edge of the Navarrese town of Leitza.

## Geology and vegetation

The mountain stands on the westernmost end of the Pyrenees. Outcrops of slate, sandstone, conglomerates, red silt and other materials can be found on the peak, largely from the Paleozoic Era and Mesozoic Era.

On its eastern slopes, patches of indigenous forest and vegetation abound, while on the western side (especially on the way down to Leitzaran) pine tree used for logging prevails. Grassland strips used for grazing sheep and horses interspersed with forest are common.

## Prehistoric monuments

The mountain and the whole area show several examples of megalithic art, for the most part small monuments which are common on the Atlantic basin of the Basque Country, dating from the Neolithic and Bronze Age. 34 stone circles, four dolmens, three cists and two menhirs can be found locally, dating from the megalithic era.

According to the anthropologist Jose Miguel Barandiaran, legend states that the Basque mythological giant *Sanson* got angry with a crowd of people dancing in Arano, so he intended to kill them. Yet when he was about to hurl a stone at them from the mountain Buruntza, he slipped on cow dung and the stone fell short on this spot, resulting in the current stone of Eteneta.

The ancient remains of a man buried with a dog and lamb were unearthed in a local cavern, dating from around 4,000 BC. The surroundings of the cavern are currently somewhat in a poor condition due to a polluted stream nearby.

## Events

Early on New Years Day, people of all ages, the bravest of whom had been celebrating the night before, pour into Adarra to see the sunrise or just to start the year in a good way. Some people may carry music instruments, including a trikitixa, tabor and pipe, etc. to enliven the atmosphere.

## Access points and trails

### Besabi

The main access point lies at the farmstead-turned-inn *Besabi*. In order to get there by car, starting from a T junction at the road GI-311 (Andoain-Urnieta), the minor road GI-3121 leads to the hamlet *Xoxoka*, where turning left the road GI-4721 heads to *Besabi*. A car-park is located at the end of the road. A cement paved track gradually gains height until a farmhouse with a yard. A wooden barrier opens the way into a beaten mud trail with a steady inclination across the forest.

A stream is crossed and height is gained slowly out of the forest on to the fields. Overcoming the last south-bound stretch to the summit does not take very long, but it is demanding. Right before the summit heaps of stone in a karst terrain cover the trail.

For the descent, walking down the southern side of **Adarra** the Col of Eteneta is reached, where a prehistoric (menhir) rises proud. This spot has been for ages a landmark for shepherds. Turning direction and heading northwest, the meadows give way to bushy landscape and a patch of narrow paths, soon merging into one. The trails cut through the western side of **Adarra** until the beech forest of the ascent is again attained.

Another option back consists of heading down from Adarra straight to the north, the pass of Mantale is reached south of the Aballarri rocks (small dolmen and other vestiges around).

The trail opens its way out of the rocks, then a dramatic slope leads down to a concrete track that heads west back to *Besabi*.

### Leitzaran

From Andoain, the GI-3091 road penetrates into the valley Leitzaran along the river. The former rail course has been arranged as a green way for bicycles and pedestrians. After a tunnel is passed a narrow signposted trail twists up out of the main track among pine trees.

## Further reading

* Alcalde, Iñaki; Perez Azaceta, Jesus M. (2003). Montes de Gipuzkoa; TODAS LAS CUMBRES. Bilbao: Sua Edizioak. ISBN 84-8216-108-3.

## InfoBox

| Adarra | |
| --- | --- |
| The Aballarri rocks on the left and Adarra (centre) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 811 m (2,661 ft) |
| Coordinates | 43°12′25.78″N 01°57′43.9″W / 43.2071611°N 1.962194°W / 43.2071611; -1.962194 |
| Naming | |
| English translation | The Horn |
| Language of name | Basque |
| Pronunciation | Basque: \[aˈdara\] |
| Geography | |
| AdarraLocation in the PyreneesAdarraAdarra (Spain) | |
| Location | Gipuzkoa, Basque Country |
| Parent range | Adarra-Mandoegi |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | From Besabi in Urnieta |


title: Mustafa Said Qadir

abstract: Mustafa Said Qadir has been Vice President of Kurdistan Region under Nechirvan Idris Barzani's administration since 8 September 2019. Mustafa earned a degree from Technical Institute of Agriculture in Baghdad in 1979. He was a political prisoner under the Ba'athist Iraq. He used to hold senior positions within Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, including membership in PUK politburo. Currently he is one of the leaders of the Gorran Movement. Mustafa became a member of the newly established Kurdistan National Assembly in its first the parliamentary election of 1992, and he was appointed as minister of interior in PUK's Sulaymaniyah administration in 1998. He was also minister of Peshmerga. In 2019 Mustafa was selected as Gorran candidate for Vice President of Kurdistan Region.

text:
# Mustafa Said Qadir

**Mustafa Said Qadir** (born 6 July 1958 in Qaladize, Sulaymaniyah Governorate) has been Vice President of Kurdistan Region under Nechirvan Idris Barzani's administration since 8 September 2019.

Mustafa earned a degree from Technical Institute of Agriculture in Baghdad in 1979. He was a political prisoner under the Ba'athist Iraq. He used to hold senior positions within Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, including membership in PUK politburo. Currently he is one of the leaders of the Gorran Movement.

Mustafa became a member of the newly established Kurdistan National Assembly in its first the parliamentary election of 1992, and he was appointed as minister of interior in PUK's Sulaymaniyah administration in 1998. He was also minister of Peshmerga.

In 2019 Mustafa was selected as Gorran candidate for Vice President of Kurdistan Region.

## InfoBox

| Mustafa Said Qadir | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Vice President of Kurdistan Region | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>8 September 2019 | |
| President | Nechirvan Barzani |
| Preceded by | Kosrat Rasul Ali |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 6 July 1958 |
| Political party | Gorran Movement |
|  | |


title: Pyramid, Kentucky

abstract: Pyramid is an unincorporated community located in Floyd County, Kentucky, United States.

text:
# Pyramid, Kentucky

**Pyramid** is an unincorporated community located in Floyd County, Kentucky, United States.

## InfoBox

| Pyramid, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| PyramidLocation within the state of KentuckyPyramidPyramid (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 37°33′53″N 82°43′45″W / 37.56472°N 82.72917°W / 37.56472; -82.72917 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Floyd |
| Elevation | 679 ft (207 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 508886 |


title: Mega Man (1990 video game)

abstract: Mega Man is an action-platform video game that was developed by Stephen Rozner, an ex-employee of Capcom U.S.A, and published in 1990 by Hi Tech Expressions for DOS systems. It is the first game in the Mega Man franchise to be released for home computers. The game had a negative critical response; many reviewers called it one of the worst-ever PC games. Despite this, a sequel titled Mega Man 3: The Robots Are Revolting was released in 1992.

text:
# Mega Man (1990 video game)

***Mega Man*** is an action-platform video game that was developed by Stephen Rozner, an ex-employee of Capcom U.S.A, and published in 1990 by Hi Tech Expressions for DOS systems. It is the first game in the *Mega Man* franchise to be released for home computers.

The game had a negative critical response; many reviewers called it one of the worst-ever PC games. Despite this, a sequel titled *Mega Man 3: The Robots Are Revolting* was released in 1992.

## Gameplay

In *Mega Man*, "Masters" Dyna Man, Sonic Man, and Volt Man can be selected. In each level, the player-character Mega Man fights enemies and obstacles before facing the level's "Robot Master" boss at the level's end.

## Development

Stephen Rozner developed *Mega Man* under his company Rozner Labs. Rozner had previous experience working with a Capcom intellectual property, having ported *Street Fighter* to the Commodore 64. Capcom U.S.A., Inc. purchased Riggs International, a small video-game development company consisting of Rozner as artist and CEO, which it intended to use as an internal development studio but the plan failed and Rozner was tasked with managing external developers. During this time, Rozner began work on *Mega Man*.

During development, Rozner left Capcom U.S.A., which allowed Rozner to release the game when it was finished. Rozner was unable to access Capcom's asset files and assembly code, so he decided to start from nothing and make "whatever he wanted" because he was a fan of the original NES *Mega Man* games. *Mega Man* was released for DOS in 1990.

## Reception

Video-game critics gave *Mega Man* a negative reception; many called it one of the worst PC games of all time. *PC Gamer* listed the game on its list of the worst-ever PC ports, calling it a "monstrous conversion" and a "terrible port". The game also appeared on *USGamer's* list of the worst games on the Internet Archive, calling the level designs "uninspired" and the lack of music "the worst part". *1UP.com*'s Nadia Oxford listed it as one of the worst games in the *Mega Man franchise*. Jeremy Parish of *Polygon* ranked it as the worst game in the main series, calling it "a half-baked, unbalanced, hideous-looking game". Christian Nutt and Justin Speer for *GameSpot* called the game's controls and graphics "abysmal".

Neil Foster of *Hardcore Gaming 101* gave the game a negative review; while he found the addition of Enhanced Graphics Adapter visuals to be a plus, he found the graphics overall to be lacking in imagination when compared to the NES *Mega Man* games. He also panned the gameplay, which he called "dull" and "cheap", and said the level design makes it "drag", and that "everything hits too hard and there’s little mercy invincibility in-between", leading to quick deaths. Foster added the game's enemies are too short to shoot and that narrow passages with low ceilings make jumping difficult. Foster also panned the controls, saying they make the game more difficult than it needs to be and noted some of the game's art assets were stolen and used in *Duke Nukem*. In his book "The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers", John Szczepaniak was less negative towards the game, considering it to be not as bad as fans of the series say it is.

## Sequel

Stephen Rozner and his brother William Rozer developed a sequel titled *Mega Man 3: The Robots Are Revolting*, which was released in 1992 on DOS. The game began as an unrelated game called *Eco Man* and featured a character wearing a hazmat suit exploring polluted land. Hi-Tech Expressions, however, said it would only be published if it was reskinned into a *Mega Man* game to appeal to more buyers, leaving the game with its environmental theme. The sequel was titled *Mega Man 3* rather than *Mega Man 2* because one of the game's Robot Masters resembles Spark Man on the box art.

### Notes

### Citations

1. Foster, Neil. "Mega Man (DOS)". *Hardcore Gamer 101*. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
2. Szczepaniak 2014, pp. 686.
3. Wilde, Tyler (14 April 2017). "The story of the bizarre Mega Man DOS games". *PC Gamer*. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
4. Elliot, Matt (18 August 2016). "The worst PC ports ever". *PC Gamer*. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
5. Williams, Mike (2 January 2016). "The Worst Games on The Internet Archive". *USGamer*. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
6. Oxford, Nadia (24 May 2007). "Mega Manniversary: Mega Mediocrity". *1UP.com*. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007.
7. Parish, Jeremy (17 December 2016). "Ranking the core Mega Man games". *Polygon*. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
8. Nutt, Christian; Speer, Justin (6 November 2003). "The History of Mega Man". *GameSpot*. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
9. Szczepaniak 2014, pp. 686–687.

### Bibliography

* Szczepaniak, John (2014). *The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers*. SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 686–695. ISBN 978-0992926007.

## InfoBox

| Mega Man | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Rozner Labs |
| Publisher(s) | Hi Tech Expressions<br>Capcom |
| Designer(s) | Stephen Rozner |
| Series | *Mega Man* |
| Platform(s) | DOS |
| Release | 1990 |
| Genre(s) | Action, platform |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Reef Encounter

abstract: Reef Encounter is a German-style board game first published in 2004.

text:
# Reef Encounter

***Reef Encounter*** is a German-style board game first published in 2004.

## Gameplay

The game is played on 2, 3, or 4 separate boards depending on the number of players in which the players attempt to grow corals to feed to their parrotfish. Board space is limited, so the players' corals compete with one another for space. Corals are grown by placing polyp tiles on the board. The corals come in five different colors, and each color is weak or strong relative to each of the other colors. For example, red corals may be stronger than orange. Strong corals may overgrow weak ones, allowing the player who placed the tiles to consume the overgrown tiles. Consumed polyp tiles are strategically important, as they are required to perform certain actions and can allow a player to grow corals faster than would be possible otherwise. This hierarchy changes throughout the course of the game. All polyp tiles in a coral must be the same color.

Each player starts the game with four shrimp. When placed on a coral, the shrimp claims the coral for that player and protects adjacent tiles (but not necessarily the entire coral) from being overgrown. Shrimp may be moved freely around the boards during a player's turn.

There are a variety of actions which a player may take during their turn, including:

* Grow a coral or start a new coral by laying polyp tiles on the board. This action required a larva cube of the same color.
* Introduce a shrimp onto the board (once per turn).
* Alter the dominance hierarchy of the corals.
* As the player's last action, draft a larva cube and polyp tiles.

At the beginning of a turn, a player may have their parrotfish eat one shrimp and the coral it is on. Players who have eaten at least one shrimp may "lock" elements of the dominance hierarchy so they cannot be changed by other players. This is important strategically, as the more dominant colors are worth more points. The game typically ends when one player's parrotfish has eaten all four shrimp, or all elements of the dominance hierarchy have been locked.

## Scoring

Players' scores are based on the polyp tiles eaten by the parrotfish. Each tile is worth between 1 and 5 points, depending on where the tile is in the dominance hierarchy. For example, suppose the hierarchy at the end of the game is the following:

* Grey dominates pink, orange, white, and yellow.
* Pink dominates white and yellow.
* Orange dominates pink and yellow.
* White dominates orange and yellow.
* Yellow is dominated by all other colors.

In this case, grey tiles are worth five points (one point, plus one point for each of four dominated colors). Pink, orange, and white are each worth three points (one point, plus one point for each of two dominated colors). Yellow tiles, which do not dominate any other colors, are worth one point each. The player with the most points wins.

## InfoBox

Reef Encounter
| Designers | Richard Breese |
| --- | --- |
| Publishers | Z-Man Games |
| Players | 24 |
| Setup time | 5 minutes |
| Playing time | 90 minutes |
| Chance | Low |
| Age range | 12+ |
| Skills | Strategic thought |


title: Whitewater Group

abstract: Whitewater Group is an Object-oriented software company in the United States. It was acquired by Symantec on June 9, 1992, for US$3.28 million.

text:
# Whitewater Group

**Whitewater Group** is an Object-oriented software company in the United States. It was acquired by Symantec on June 9, 1992, for US$3.28 million.

## Products

* Whitewater Resource Editor for Windows (OEMed to Borland which later replaced it with Resource Workshop)
* Actor object-oriented programming language
* Designed and implemented (under contract) OWL 1.0 framework for Borland C++
* Had active Object-oriented design services division

## InfoBox

Whitewater Group
| Company type | Subsidiary of Symantec |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Computers |
| Founded | Evanston, Illinois, U.S. (1988 (1988)) |
| Fate | Acquired |
| Headquarters | United States |
| Parent | Symantec |


title: Pandemis isotetras

abstract: Pandemis isotetras is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Equatorial Guinea (Bioko).

text:
# Pandemis isotetras

***Pandemis isotetras*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Equatorial Guinea (Bioko).

## InfoBox

| *Pandemis isotetras* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Pandemis* |
| Species: | ***P. isotetras*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pandemis isotetras***<br>(Meyrick, 1934) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tortrix isotetras* Meyrick, 1934 | |


title: Orlando Ruíz

abstract: Orlando Ruíz was a Cuban fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil and team épée events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Orlando Ruíz

**Orlando Ruíz** (5 October 1935  3 December 2017) was a Cuban fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil and team épée events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Orlando Ruíz
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1935-10-05)5 October 1935<br>Las Villas, Cuba |
| Died | 3 December 2017(2017-12-03) (aged 82) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |


title: Ratrospective

abstract: Ratrospective is a 1983 EP by The Boomtown Rats. It was designed as a compilation of the singles that had been released to the US market and was released on the Columbia Records label.

text:
# Ratrospective

***Ratrospective*** is a 1983 EP by The Boomtown Rats. It was designed as a compilation of the singles that had been released to the US market and was released on the Columbia Records label.

## Track listing

1. "Never in a Million Years" - (Geldof) - 3:49
2. "I Don't Like Mondays" - (Geldof) - 4:18
3. "Joey's on the Street Again" - (Geldof) - 5:51
4. "Rat Trap" - (Geldof) - 5:08
5. "She's So Modern" - (Fingers, Geldof) - 2:55
6. "Up All Night" - (Geldof) - 3:34

## InfoBox

| Ratrospective | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by The Boomtown Rats | |
| Released | 1983 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Label | Columbia Records |
| The Boomtown Rats chronology | |
| ***V Deep***
(1982) ***Ratrospective***
(1983) ***In the Long Grass***
(1984) | |


title: Adeline Hayden Coffin

abstract: Adeline Maria Elisabeth Hayden Coffin was a German-born British actress. In an advertisement for her professional availability in 1921 she described herself, or was described by her agent, as suitable for "Sympathetic Mothers, Grandes Dames, and Character Parts".

text:
# Adeline Hayden Coffin

**Adeline Maria Elisabeth Hayden Coffin** (née **de Leuw**; 20 June 1862 – 31 March 1939) was a German-born British actress. In an advertisement for her professional availability in 1921 she described herself, or was described by her agent, as suitable for "Sympathetic Mothers, Grandes Dames, and Character Parts".

## Life

Hayden Coffin was born in Gräfrath (Gut Grünewald, nowadays part of Solingen), North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, daughter of Friedrich-August de Leuw, a landscape painter, and Mary Francis Charrington. She was the granddaughter of the oculist Friedrich-Hermann de Leuw.

Hayden Coffin was a pupil of the composer Alberto Randegger, and married him in 1884 in London. She had worked as a pianist, and taught singing. They were divorced in 1892. Adeline had originally petitioned for a divorce on the grounds that Randegger was cruel to her and that he had been unfaithful. The Solicitor general and the judge in the case found that there was no truth in this, but that in fact Adeline had left her husband and gone to live with the actor Charles Hayden Coffin, who had also been a pupil of Randegger. The divorce was granted on the grounds of Adeline's adultery. She married Hayden Coffin in the same year. Adeline Hayden Coffin died in Kensington, London at age 76.

As well as acting, she also translated a play, *Lady Tetley's Divorce* (later filmed in English as *Lady Tetley's Decree*), from English to German; it was produced at the Royalty Theatre in 1904.

## Critical response

*The Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly* wrote that in *A Little Child Shall Lead Them*, "Adeline Hayden-Coffin is responsible for a coldly perfect study of an ambitious mother". In another article they called her "a Unique Personality" and said "Adeline Hayden-Coffin is much in demand with British film companies, owing to her unique gifts of characterisation. She is the *grande dame par excellence* of the British screen and in this respect occupies the same position with regard to the film that Rose Leclercq some years ago held in connection with the stage". The writer said that Hayden Coffin could play both aristocratic and working-class characters.

*The Bioscope* wrote that in *Kissing Cup's Race* (1920) Hayden Coffin was "excellent, as always, in the role of Constance's somewhat worldly mama". In a review of the same film a couple of weeks later they said that "Adeline Hayden Coffin acts with her usual refinement and art, but has not much to act". The same paper listed Hayden Coffin in 1924 as one of "several well-known players" appearing in *The Flying Fifty-Five*.

In 1925, *The Kinematograph Weekly*, reviewing *Afraid of Love*, called her a "reliable player". In 1928, the same paper, reviewing *The Guns of Loos*, said that "Adeline Hayden-Coffin, whose appearances on the British screen are all too infrequent, is the English mother - around whose daughter the story revolves".

## Activism

Hayden Coffin was on the committee of Our Dumb Friends League and promoted animal rights.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Adeline Hayden Coffin | |
| --- | --- |
| Hayden Coffin from a 1922 publication | |
| Born | Adeline Maria Elisabeth de Leuw
20 June 1862
Gräfrath, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany |
| Died | March 31, 1939(1939-03-31) (aged 76)
Kensington, London |
| Spouses |  |


title: Y (novel)

abstract: Y is the debut novel of American Canadian writer Marjorie Celona. It was published in 2012 by Hamish Hamilton.

text:
# Y (novel)

***Y*** is the debut novel of American Canadian writer Marjorie Celona. It was published in 2012 by Hamish Hamilton.

## Plot

Shortly after being born on Vancouver Island, Shannon is abandoned in front of a YMCA and discovered by Vaughn, an exercise fiend who has arrived at the YMCA before it's opened. Shannon is moved to a few foster homes before finally being adopted by a single mother named Miranda who had a daughter, Lydia-Rose. Though Miranda tries to be a good parent to Shannon, Shannon feels like an outsider in her relationship with both of them. As she grows older, she developed amblyopia in one of her eyes, causing it to go blind. Shannon was a constant victim of bullying due to her strange looks, which pushed her to run away from Vancouver, only to be brought by the police. Shannon begins to search for her birth parents, encountering Vaughn along the way.

With the help of a social worker, Shannon is able to contact a man, Harrison Church, whom she believes is her biological father. After contacting him through a letter, Shannon learns that she was born the day after her half-brother, Eugene, died after ingesting a mixture of cough-syrup and cocaine while Harrison and her mother, Yula, were off getting high in the woods. Not wanting her daughter to know about the things she and Harrison have done, Yula abandoned Shannon in front of the YMCA, knowing that she would have to give up custody of her child anyway after her son's death.

## Awards

*Y* won the Waterstones 11 literary prize and was a shortlisted nominee for the Center for Fiction First Novel Prize, the Amazon.ca First Novel Award and a longlisted nominee for the Scotiabank Giller Prize.


title: Pyramid (Cannonball Adderley album)

abstract: Pyramid is an album by jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California in 1974 featuring performances by Adderley's Quintet with Nat Adderley, Hal Galper, Walter Booker and Roy McCurdy with guest appearances by Phil Upchurch, George Duke, and Jimmy Jones.

text:
# Pyramid (Cannonball Adderley album)

***Pyramid*** is an album by jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California in 1974 featuring performances by Adderley's Quintet with Nat Adderley, Hal Galper, Walter Booker and Roy McCurdy with guest appearances by Phil Upchurch, George Duke, and Jimmy Jones.

## Reception

The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars and states: "Cannonball Adderley is in generally good form on this 1974 recording.... Nothing too earthshattering occurs but this is an improvement over many of Adderley's Capitol recordings." *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* awarded the album 2½ stars.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by Julian "Cannonball" Adderley except as indicated*

1. "Phases" (Hal Galper) - 6:00
2. "My Lady Blue" (Galper) - 4:45
3. "Book-Ends" (David Axelrod) - 5:35
4. "Pyramid" - 3:40
5. "Suite Cannon: The King and I" - 3:13
6. "Suite Cannon: Time In" - 4:33
7. "Suite Cannon: For Melvin Lastie" - 2:36
8. "Oh Bess, Oh Where's My Bess?" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 3:36

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Pyramid | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Cannonball Adderley | |
| Released | 1974 |
| Recorded | 1974 |
| Studio | Fantasy (Berkeley) |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 35:36 |
| Label | Fantasy |
| Producer | David Axelrod |
| Cannonball Adderley chronology | |
| *Inside Straight*
(1973) ***Pyramid***
(1974) *Phenix*
(1975) | |


title: Reef Break

abstract: Reef Break is a French-American crime drama television series. ABC Studios International is producing the television series for French broadcaster M6, as well as for ABC. The series premiered on June 20, 2019 on ABC in the United States. On December 13, 2019, ABC cancelled the series after one season.

text:
# Reef Break

***Reef Break*** is a French-American crime drama television series. ABC Studios International is producing the television series for French broadcaster M6, as well as for ABC. The series premiered on June 20, 2019 on ABC in the United States.

On December 13, 2019, ABC cancelled the series after one season.

## Cast

* Poppy Montgomery as Cat Chambers, a professional surfer and former associate of the Shorepound criminal syndicate, with whom she worked as a smuggler, money launderer, hustler, con artist, and burglar. Now retired, she returns to Reef Island to take up work as a fixer for the island's government.
* Ray Stevenson as Jake Elliot, an aging federal agent stationed on Reef Island, where his exploits are considered legend. Years earlier, he infiltrated Shorepound and met Cat, whom he wound up marrying; he then got her to turn on her partners and broke up the syndicate. Although he and his wife are now separated, he still helps her out from time to time.
* Desmond Chiam as Det. Wyatt Cole, a newly-promoted detective in the Reef Island police department who pairs up with Cat after they share a one-night stand. He doesn't trust her at first, but gradually comes to realize that she genuinely wants to turn over a new leaf.
* Melissa Bonne as Ana Dumont, Wyatt's half-sister and the deputy governor of Reef Island, who hires Cat to assist the police and occasionally handle problems that the governor's office wants to keep out of the spotlight.
* Tamala Shelton as Petra Torrance, a surfer and thief who hates Cat for her part in the death of her father Mike.
* Joey Vieira as Detective Tolan

## Production

The series was announced on May 2, 2018. ABC Studios International is producing the television series for French broadcaster M6. On August 23, 2018, it was announced that ABC had picked up the series for its own 2019 summer schedule. The first season would consist of 13 episodes. On April 10, 2019, it was announced that the series would premiere on ABC in the United States on June 20, 2019.

*Reef Break* was filmed on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Pilot" | Alex Zakrzewski | Ken Sanzel | June 20, 2019 (2019-06-20) | 2.84 |
| In Nimitz Bay, a community on the fictional U.S. territory of Reef Island, retired grifter Cat Chambers returns to testify against the man who tried to kill her five years earlier. Businessman Carter Eastland then hires her to help rescue his daughter Tori, who is being held for a ransom of $6 million, with a local cop, Det. Cole, as her backup. Cole sidelines her, so Cat goes to her estranged husband Jake, who offers to help but also serves her divorce papers. Cole arrests her for violating a crime scene, but releases her when the kidnappers demand that she deliver the ransom in person. However, Cat disobeys instructions and rescues Tori herself, having switched out the ransom money with weights. Cat correctly deduces that Tori faked her kidnapping and saves her from being murdered by her disgruntled accomplice, who she manages to kill when Jake distracts him. Carter gives her use of Tori's beach house in return for her silence, and Cat tries to reconnect with Petra, the daughter of a man she killed during her criminal career. Cat accepts an offer from the deputy governor, Ana, to work as a fixer for the governor's office. | | | | | | |
| 2 | "Lost and Found" | Shawn Seet | Robert Port | June 27, 2019 (2019-06-27) | 1.98 |
| Ana sends Cat after Dax Melvoy, a lawyer with an incriminating video of the governor who's been taken hostage; she's to destroy the video before it can be distributed. Melvoy is rescued, and identifies his abductors as a gang of pirates the police have hunted for seven years. Wyatt forces Doc Yulo, a local drug kingpin, to return a watch that Cat stole for him while they were married. Cat gets Petra's minibike out of impound and trades it to Otter, the local fence and Petra's adopted father, for a map that reveals a secret reef where the pirates are hiding, then steals a boat with Wyatt to find them alone. However, when Wyatt reveals he had police tailing them, Cat kicks him off the boat. Unbeknownst to her, Richard Stuyler, Carter's security chief, is also following, having forced Otter to reveal Cat's plan. The pirates' leader, Raven, lets Cat watch the video and helps her distract Stuyler while alerting Wyatt to their location, forcing him and his men to retreat. Cat sells the video for an inflated price to the governor. Jake tells Cat that she's inspired him to try to be a better man. Cat tells him to keep the watch so she'll always have a reason to see him. | | | | | | |
| 3 | "Buried Things" | Kieran Darcy-Smith | Mark Rosner | July 11, 2019 (2019-07-11) | 2.28 |
| Petra agrees to fence some stolen gold, but her contact is killed during the handoff. Doug O'Casey, the former head of Shorepound, asks for a transfer to Oregon so he can protect his nephew Jasper. Cat goes to her mentor Maeve Devlin for help, but she declines; Cat then plants a tracker on her car. That night, she barely survives an attempt on her life. Suspecting that the cops handling the case, Hines and Inoue, might be dirty, Cat turns to Jake for assistance. By tailing Maeve, they find Sonny Turner, who stole $30 million worth of gold a decade earlier and used part of it to turn his life around while hiding the rest in the jungle. Hines and Inoue grab Petra and her friends and take them to find the gold. Cat persuades Sonny to lead her to the stash with Wyatt and Jake in close pursuit. Hines and Inoue are shot, and Petra and the others are cleared of murder. Even though turning him in would revitalize his career, Jake cuts Sonny loose. Petra puts Cat in touch with Jasper, and she learns that Doug has been lying to her about needing the transfer. Doug smugly infers that he has something in the works, something that only she can figure out. | | | | | | |
| 4 | "Welcome to the Jungle" | Sian Davies | Ken Sanzel | July 18, 2019 (2019-07-18) | 1.85 |
| During a secret meeting with the Sawyer drug syndicate to discuss an incursion of Thai drug traffickers on the island, Cat and Ana are forced to flee when gunmen abduct Dylan Sawyer; they discover that Dylan's son Beau has betrayed him so he can take over and convert his marijuana operation into a massive drug processing facility. While investigating the same case, Wyatt and Jake learn that a drug cook known as the "Chemist" is heading the Thai gang and force the governor to reveal Ana's whereabouts. With no other choice, they go after them with assistance from Stuyler and Eastland's men. Cat and Ana separate and Ana is caught, while Cat is able to intercept the Chemist and take him hostage; as Ana speaks Thai, she is able to convince the traffickers to leave, while both Beau and the Chemist are arrested. Stuyler tells Wyatt he'll be expected to provide a favor if he wants any further assistance. Cat recognizes that Jake still has feelings for her, unaware that he and Ana are in a secret relationship. That evening, when Wyatt comes to stay over, Cat finds an incriminating message from Stuyler on his phone. | | | | | | |
| 5 | "The Green Tide" | Peter Andrikidis | Niceole R. Levy | July 25, 2019 (2019-07-25) | 1.91 |
| 6 | "The Two O'Clock Flight" | Peter Andrikidis | Robert Port | August 1, 2019 (2019-08-01) | 1.97 |
| 7 | "Despot" | Grant Brown | Mark Rosner | August 8, 2019 (2019-08-08) | 1.51 |
| 8 | "The Comeback" | Grant Brown | Laura Wolner | August 15, 2019 (2019-08-15) | 1.77 |
| 9 | "The Hohenzollern Collection" | Kieran Darcy-Smith | Brandon K. Hines | August 22, 2019 (2019-08-22) | 1.95 |
| 10 | "Blue Skies" | Kieran Darcy-Smith | *Teleplay by*: Haley Harris and Mark Rosner
*Story by*: Haley Harris | August 29, 2019 (2019-08-29) | 2.14 |
| 11 | "Dream Lover" | Fiona Banks | Robert Port | August 29, 2019 (2019-08-29) | 1.66 |
| 12 | "Prison Break" | Fiona Banks | Norman Morrill | September 5, 2019 (2019-09-05) | 1.45 |
| 13 | "Endgame" | Steve Pearlman | Michelle Lirtzman | September 13, 2019 (2019-09-13) | 2.14 |

## Reception

### Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes the series has an approval rating of 33% based on 6 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10.

### Ratings

Viewership and ratings per episode of *Reef Break*
| No. | Title | Air date | Rating/share
(18–49) | Viewers
(millions) | DVR
(18–49) | DVR viewers
(millions) | Total
(18–49) | Total viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Pilot" | June 20, 2019 | 0.5/3 | 2.84 | 0.2 | 1.31 | 0.7 | 4.16 |
| 2 | "Lost and Found" | June 27, 2019 | 0.3/2 | 1.98 | 0.2 | 1.10 | 0.5 | 3.08 |
| 3 | "Buried Things" | July 11, 2019 | 0.4/2 | 2.28 | 0.1 | 1.24 | 0.5 | 3.52 |
| 4 | "Welcome to the Jungle" | July 18, 2019 | 0.3/2 | 1.85 | 0.1 | 1.17 | 0.4 | 3.02 |
| 5 | "The Green Tide" | July 25, 2019 | 0.3/2 | 1.91 | 0.1 | 1.13 | 0.4 | 3.04 |
| 6 | "The Two O'Clock Flight" | August 1, 2019 | 0.3/2 | 1.97 | 0.1 | 1.13 | 0.4 | 3.10 |
| 7 | "Despot" | August 8, 2019 | 0.2/1 | 1.51 | 0.1 | 1.00 | 0.4 | 2.69 |
| 8 | "The Comeback" | August 15, 2019 | 0.2/2 | 1.77 | 0.2 | 1.02 | 0.4 | 2.82 |
| 9 | "The Hohenzollern Collection" | August 22, 2019 | 0.3/2 | 1.95 | 0.2 | 1.14 | 0.5 | 3.15 |
| 10 | "Blue Skies" | August 29, 2019 | 0.4/2 | 2.14 | 0.1 | 0.90 | 0.5 | 3.17 |
| 11 | "Dream Lover" | August 29, 2019 | 0.2/1 | 1.66 | 0.1 | 1.01 | 0.4 | 2.79 |
| 12 | "Prison Break" | September 5, 2019 | 0.3/1 | 1.45 | 0.1 | 1.01 | 0.4 | 2.46 |
| 13 | "Endgame" | September 13, 2019 | 0.3/2 | 2.14 | 0.1 | 1.01 | 0.4 | 3.15 |

## InfoBox

| *Reef Break* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre |  |
| Created by | Ken Sanzel |
| Starring |  |
| Composer | Michael Yezerski |
| Country of origin |  |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producers |  |
| Cinematography | * Bruce Young * Geoffrey Hall * Tony Mirza |
| Editors | * Ben Joss * James Manche * Peter Carrodus * Mandy Jacobs * Ahmad Halimi * Andrew Macneil * Charlie Werdlih * Mark Warner |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 41–43 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network |  |
| Release | June 20 (2019-06-20)
September 13, 2019 (2019-09-13) |


title: Mehmet Tevfik Biren

abstract: Mehmet Tevfik Biren was an Ottoman government official and liberal politician of the short-lived Ottoman Liberty Party. He was in favor of signing the Treaty of Sèvres. He was the son of an Ottoman bureaucrat, growing up in Istanbul. He studied civil administration until 1885 and following became the Mutsarrif of Jerusalem between 1897 until 1901. As he left Jerusalem, he became a Vali to several provinces of the Ottoman Empire, at the end becoming a Minister of Finance during the last Ottoman Government. Following the end of the First World War he was arrested by the Allied Forces and sent to Malta as one of the Malta Exiles.

text:
# Mehmet Tevfik Biren

**Mehmet Tevfik Biren** (1867 – 1956) was an Ottoman government official and liberal politician of the short-lived Ottoman Liberty Party. He was in favor of signing the Treaty of Sèvres. He was the son of an Ottoman bureaucrat, growing up in Istanbul. He studied civil administration until 1885 and following became the Mutsarrif of Jerusalem between 1897 until 1901. As he left Jerusalem, he became a Vali to several provinces of the Ottoman Empire, at the end becoming a Minister of Finance during the last Ottoman Government. Following the end of the First World War he was arrested by the Allied Forces and sent to Malta as one of the Malta Exiles.


title: Mlinci

abstract: Mlinci is a dish in Croatian, Serbian and Slovenian cuisine. It is a thin dried flatbread that is prepared by pouring boiled salted water or soup over the mlinci. To prepare homemade mlinci, a dough is made of flour, salt, and water, sometimes also with eggs and fat. The dough is then rolled out about 1 mm thick and 20 to 30 cm wide, and baked in an oven or on a hot plate. Later it is broken into pieces about 5 cm in size before final preparation with hot water or soup. Before serving, mlinci can also be quickly fried in poultry fat. Turkey with mlinci is a Croatian folk-cuisine specialty, especially in Zagorje and Slavonija. In Slovenia, duck or goose with mlinci is traditionally eaten on St. Martin's Day. In Serbia, they are usually prepared in the province of Vojvodina, where they are served with a pork or chicken fillet in smetana sauce. Mlinci can also be served by soaking the dried pieces in the drippings from roast meats. The roast meat is removed from the pan and the broken pieces are placed in the fat in the tray, and then baked for a short amount of time. The mlinci is then served as a side dish accompanying the main roast.

text:
# Mlinci

**Mlinci** is a dish in Croatian, Serbian and Slovenian cuisine. It is a thin dried flatbread that is prepared by pouring boiled salted water or soup over the *mlinci*.

To prepare homemade *mlinci*, a dough is made of flour, salt, and water, sometimes also with eggs and fat. The dough is then rolled out about 1 mm thick and 20 to 30 cm wide, and baked in an oven or on a hot plate. Later it is broken into pieces about 5 cm in size before final preparation with hot water or soup.

Before serving, *mlinci* can also be quickly fried in poultry fat. Turkey with *mlinci* is a Croatian folk-cuisine specialty, especially in Zagorje and Slavonija. In Slovenia, duck or goose with *mlinci* is traditionally eaten on St. Martin's Day. In Serbia, they are usually prepared in the province of Vojvodina, where they are served with a pork or chicken fillet in smetana sauce.

*Mlinci* can also be served by soaking the dried pieces in the drippings from roast meats. The roast meat is removed from the pan and the broken pieces are placed in the fat in the tray, and then baked for a short amount of time. The *mlinci* is then served as a side dish accompanying the main roast.

1. *Mlinci sa jajima*, Maxi, 2023, UPC 8600197394177

## InfoBox

Mlinci
| Roast chicken with *mlinci* and sauce | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Flatbread |
| Course | Side dish |
| Place of origin | Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia |
| Main ingredients | Flour, salt, and water |
|  | |


title: Pandemis lamprosana

abstract: Pandemis lamprosana, the woodgrain leafroller moth, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from the north-eastern United States, Quebec and Ontario. The length of the forewings is 8-10.5 mm for males and 9.5–12 mm for females. Adults are on wing from late June to July in one generation per year. The larvae feed on the leaves of various deciduous trees, including Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Acer spicatum, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula papyrifera, Ostrya virginiana, Gleditsia triacanthos, Fagus species, Quercus species, Hamamelis species, Sassafras species, Fraxinus species, Platanus species, Prunus virginiana, Populus tremuloides, Tilia americana, Ulmus americana and Ulmus rubra. Full-grown larvae reach a length of about 20 mm.

text:
# Pandemis lamprosana

***Pandemis lamprosana***, the **woodgrain leafroller moth**, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from the north-eastern United States, Quebec and Ontario.

The length of the forewings is 8-10.5 mm for males and 9.5–12 mm for females. Adults are on wing from late June to July in one generation per year.

The larvae feed on the leaves of various deciduous trees, including *Acer rubrum*, *Acer saccharinum*, *Acer spicatum*, *Betula alleghaniensis*, *Betula papyrifera*, *Ostrya virginiana*, *Gleditsia triacanthos*, *Fagus* species, *Quercus* species (including *Quercus rubra*), *Hamamelis* species, *Sassafras* species, *Fraxinus* species (including *Fraxinus americana*), *Platanus* species, *Prunus virginiana*, *Populus tremuloides*, *Tilia americana*, *Ulmus americana* and *Ulmus rubra*. Full-grown larvae reach a length of about 20 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Pandemis lamprosana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Pandemis* |
| Species: | ***P. lamprosana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pandemis lamprosana***<br>(Robinson, 1869) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tortrix lamprosana* Robinson, 1869 | |


title: Origo (song)

abstract: "Origo" is a song written and performed by Hungarian singer and rapper Joci Pápai. The song was released as a digital download on 4 January 2017 through Magneoton. It represented Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017.

text:
# Origo (song)

"**Origo**" (English: Origin) is a song written and performed by Hungarian singer and rapper Joci Pápai. The song was released as a digital download on 4 January 2017 through Magneoton. It represented Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017.

## Eurovision Song Contest

On 8 December 2016, Pápai was announced as one of the competitors in *A Dal 2017*, Hungary's national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2017. He advanced from the third heat on 4 February 2017, and the first semi-final on 10 February, to the final, held on 18 February, where he was declared the winner. Pápai competed in the first half of the second semi-final at the Eurovision Song Contest on 11 May 2017 and was subsequently qualified for the Grand Final.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Origo" | 3:23 |

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Hungary (Rádiós Top 40) | 14 |
| Hungary (Single Top 40) | 2 |
| Hungary (Stream Top 40) | 6 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Single Tip) | 12 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 97 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 70 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Worldwide | 4 January 2017 | Digital download | Magneoton |
|

## InfoBox

| "Origo" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Joci Pápai | |
| Released | 4 January 2017 |
| Length | 3:23 |
| Label | Magneoton |
| Songwriter(s) | * József Pápai |
| Joci Pápai singles chronology | |
| "Senki más"
(2016) "**Origo**"
(2017) "Özönvíz"
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Eurovision Song Contest 2017 entry | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Artist(s) | Joci Pápai |
| Language | Hungarian |
| Composer(s) | József Pápai |
| Lyricist(s) | József Pápai |
| Finals performance | |
| Semi-final result | 2nd |
| Semi-final points | 231 |
| Final result | 8th |
| Final points | 200 |
| Entry chronology | |
| **◄ "Pioneer" (2016)** | |
| **"Viszlát nyár" (2018) ►** | |
|  | |


title: Ras Munif

abstract: Ras Munif is a town located in the Gilead hills of Northern Jordan in the Ajloun Governorate. The town lies in an area with some of the most fertile land in the Kingdom and due to that it has a population of mainly farmers or falah in Arabic. Ras Munif has some ruins of old houses that are approximately 200 years old in its western side. The town had a population of about 2047 residents according to the last census in 2015.

text:
# Ras Munif

**Ras Munif** (Arabic: رأس منيف ) is a town located in the Gilead hills of Northern Jordan in the Ajloun Governorate. The town lies in an area with some of the most fertile land in the Kingdom and due to that it has a population of mainly farmers or falah in Arabic. Ras Munif has some ruins of old houses that are approximately 200 years old in its western side. The town had a population of about 2047 residents according to the last census in 2015.

32°22′51″N 35°48′22″E / 32.38083°N 35.80611°E / 32.38083; 35.80611