title: Multimodal distribution

abstract: In statistics, a multimodal distribution is a probability distribution with more than one mode. These appear as distinct peaks in the probability density function, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Categorical, continuous, and discrete data can all form multimodal distributions. Among univariate analyses, multimodal distributions are commonly bimodal.

text:
# Multimodal distribution

In statistics, a **multimodal** **distribution** is a probability distribution with more than one mode (i.e., more than one local peak of the distribution). These appear as distinct peaks (local maxima) in the probability density function, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Categorical, continuous, and discrete data can all form multimodal distributions. Among univariate analyses, multimodal distributions are commonly bimodal.

## Terminology

When the two modes are unequal the larger mode is known as the major mode and the other as the minor mode. The least frequent value between the modes is known as the antimode. The difference between the major and minor modes is known as the amplitude. In time series the major mode is called the acrophase and the antimode the batiphase.

## Galtung's classification

Galtung introduced a classification system (AJUS) for distributions:

* A: unimodal distribution – peak in the middle
* J: unimodal – peak at either end
* U: bimodal – peaks at both ends
* S: bimodal or multimodal – multiple peaks

This classification has since been modified slightly:

* J: (modified) – peak on right
* L: unimodal – peak on left
* F: no peak (flat)

Under this classification bimodal distributions are classified as type S or U.

## Examples

Bimodal distributions occur both in mathematics and in the natural sciences.

### Probability distributions

Important bimodal distributions include the arcsine distribution and the beta distribution (iff both parameters *a* and *b* are less than 1). Others include the U-quadratic distribution.

The ratio of two normal distributions is also bimodally distributed. Let

$$R={\frac {a+x}{b+y}}$$

where *a* and *b* are constant and *x* and *y* are distributed as normal variables with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. *R* has a known density that can be expressed as a confluent hypergeometric function.

The distribution of the reciprocal of a *t* distributed random variable is bimodal when the degrees of freedom are more than one. Similarly the reciprocal of a normally distributed variable is also bimodally distributed.

A *t* statistic generated from data set drawn from a Cauchy distribution is bimodal.

### Occurrences in nature

Examples of variables with bimodal distributions include the time between eruptions of certain geysers, the color of galaxies, the size of worker weaver ants, the age of incidence of Hodgkin's lymphoma, the speed of inactivation of the drug isoniazid in US adults, the absolute magnitude of novae, and the circadian activity patterns of those crepuscular animals that are active both in morning and evening twilight. In fishery science multimodal length distributions reflect the different year classes and can thus be used for age distribution- and growth estimates of the fish population. Sediments are usually distributed in a bimodal fashion. When sampling mining galleries crossing either the host rock and the mineralized veins, the distribution of geochemical variables would be bimodal. Bimodal distributions are also seen in traffic analysis, where traffic peaks in during the AM rush hour and then again in the PM rush hour. This phenomenon is also seen in daily water distribution, as water demand, in the form of showers, cooking, and toilet use, generally peak in the morning and evening periods.

### Econometrics

In econometric models, the parameters may be bimodally distributed.

## Origins

### Mathematical

A bimodal distribution commonly arises as a mixture of two different unimodal distributions (i.e. distributions having only one mode). In other words, the bimodally distributed random variable X is defined as $Y$ with probability $\alpha $ or $Z$ with probability $(1-\alpha ),$ where *Y* and *Z* are unimodal random variables and $0\<\alpha \<1$ is a mixture coefficient.

Mixtures with two distinct components need not be bimodal and two component mixtures of unimodal component densities can have more than two modes. There is no immediate connection between the number of components in a mixture and the number of modes of the resulting density.

### Particular distributions

Bimodal distributions, despite their frequent occurrence in data sets, have only rarely been studied. This may be because of the difficulties in estimating their parameters either with frequentist or Bayesian methods. Among those that have been studied are

Bimodality also naturally arises in the cusp catastrophe distribution.

### Biology

In biology five factors are known to contribute to bimodal distributions of population sizes:

* the initial distribution of individual sizes
* the distribution of growth rates among the individuals
* the size and time dependence of the growth rate of each individual
* mortality rates that may affect each size class differently
* the DNA methylation in human and mouse genome.

The bimodal distribution of sizes of weaver ant workers arises due to existence of two distinct classes of workers, namely major workers and minor workers.

The distribution of fitness effects of mutations for both whole genomes and individual genes is also frequently found to be bimodal with most mutations being either neutral or lethal with relatively few having intermediate effect.

## General properties

A mixture of two unimodal distributions with differing means is not necessarily bimodal. The combined distribution of heights of men and women is sometimes used as an example of a bimodal distribution, but in fact the difference in mean heights of men and women is too small relative to their standard deviations to produce bimodality when the two distribution curves are combined.

Bimodal distributions have the peculiar property that – unlike the unimodal distributions – the mean may be a more robust sample estimator than the median. This is clearly the case when the distribution is U-shaped like the arcsine distribution. It may not be true when the distribution has one or more long tails.

### Moments of mixtures

Let

$$f(x)=pg\_{1}(x)+(1-p)g\_{2}(x)\\,$$

where *g**i* is a probability distribution and *p* is the mixing parameter.

The moments of *f*(*x*) are

$$\mu =p\mu \_{1}+(1-p)\mu \_{2}$$

$$\nu \_{2}=p\[\sigma \_{1}^{2}+\delta \_{1}^{2}\]+(1-p)\[\sigma \_{2}^{2}+\delta \_{2}^{2}\]$$

$$\nu \_{3}=p\[S\_{1}\sigma \_{1}^{3}+3\delta \_{1}\sigma \_{1}^{2}+\delta \_{1}^{3}\]+(1-p)\[S\_{2}\sigma \_{2}^{3}+3\delta \_{2}\sigma \_{2}^{2}+\delta \_{2}^{3}\]$$

$$\nu \_{4}=p\[K\_{1}\sigma \_{1}^{4}+4S\_{1}\delta \_{1}\sigma \_{1}^{3}+6\delta \_{1}^{2}\sigma \_{1}^{2}+\delta \_{1}^{4}\]+(1-p)\[K\_{2}\sigma \_{2}^{4}+4S\_{2}\delta \_{2}\sigma \_{2}^{3}+6\delta \_{2}^{2}\sigma \_{2}^{2}+\delta \_{2}^{4}\]$$

where

$$\mu =\int xf(x)\\,dx$$

$$\delta \_{i}=\mu \_{i}-\mu $$

$$\nu \_{r}=\int (x-\mu )^{r}f(x)\\,dx$$

and *S**i* and *K**i* are the skewness and kurtosis of the *i*th distribution.

## Mixture of two normal distributions

It is not uncommon to encounter situations where an investigator believes that the data comes from a mixture of two normal distributions. Because of this, this mixture has been studied in some detail.

A mixture of two normal distributions has five parameters to estimate: the two means, the two variances and the mixing parameter. A mixture of two normal distributions with equal standard deviations is bimodal only if their means differ by at least twice the common standard deviation. Estimates of the parameters is simplified if the variances can be assumed to be equal (the homoscedastic case).

If the means of the two normal distributions are equal, then the combined distribution is unimodal. Conditions for unimodality of the combined distribution were derived by Eisenberger. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a mixture of normal distributions to be bimodal have been identified by Ray and Lindsay.

A mixture of two approximately equal mass normal distributions has a negative kurtosis since the two modes on either side of the center of mass effectively reduces the tails of the distribution.

A mixture of two normal distributions with highly unequal mass has a positive kurtosis since the smaller distribution lengthens the tail of the more dominant normal distribution.

Mixtures of other distributions require additional parameters to be estimated.

### Tests for unimodality

* When the components of the mixture have equal variances the mixture is unimodal if and only if $d\leq 1$ or $\left\vert \log(1-p)-\log(p)\right\vert \geq 2\log(d-{\sqrt {d^{2}-1})+2d{\sqrt {d^{2}-1},}}$ where *p* is the mixing parameter and $d={\frac {\left\vert \mu \_{1}-\mu \_{2}\right\vert }{2\sigma },}$ and where *μ*1 and *μ*2 are the means of the two normal distributions and *σ* is their standard deviation.
* The following test for the case *p* = 1/2 was described by Schilling *et al*. Let $r={\frac {\sigma \_{1}^{2}{\sigma \_{2}^{2}.}}}$ The separation factor (*S*) is $S={\frac {\sqrt {-2+3r+3r^{2}-2r^{3}+2(1-r+r^{2})^{1.5}{{\sqrt {r}(1+{\sqrt {r})}.}}}}}$ If the variances are equal then *S* = 1. The mixture density is unimodal if and only if $|\mu \_{1}-\mu \_{2}|\<S|\sigma \_{1}+\sigma \_{2}|.$
* A sufficient condition for unimodality is $|\mu \_{1}-\mu \_{2}|\leq 2\min(\sigma \_{1},\sigma \_{2}).$
* If the two normal distributions have equal standard deviations $\sigma ,$ a sufficient condition for unimodality is $|\mu \_{1}-\mu \_{2}|\leq 2\sigma {\sqrt {1+{\frac {|\log p-\ln(1-p)|}{2}.}}}$

## Summary statistics

Bimodal distributions are a commonly used example of how summary statistics such as the mean, median, and standard deviation can be deceptive when used on an arbitrary distribution. For example, in the distribution in Figure 1, the mean and median would be about zero, even though zero is not a typical value. The standard deviation is also larger than deviation of each normal distribution.

Although several have been suggested, there is no presently generally agreed summary statistic (or set of statistics) to quantify the parameters of a general bimodal distribution. For a mixture of two normal distributions the means and standard deviations along with the mixing parameter (the weight for the combination) are usually used – a total of five parameters.

### Ashman's D

A statistic that may be useful is Ashman's D:

$$D={\frac {\left|\mu \_{1}-\mu \_{2}\right|}{\sqrt {2(\sigma \_{1}^{2}+\sigma \_{2}^{2})}}}$$

where *μ*1, *μ*2 are the means and *σ*1, *σ*2 are the standard deviations.

For a mixture of two normal distributions *D* \> 2 is required for a clean separation of the distributions.

### van der Eijk's A

This measure is a weighted average of the degree of agreement the frequency distribution. *A* ranges from -1 (perfect bimodality) to +1 (perfect unimodality). It is defined as

$$A=U\left(1-{\frac {S-1}{K-1}\right)}$$

where *U* is the unimodality of the distribution, *S* the number of categories that have nonzero frequencies and *K* the total number of categories.

The value of U is 1 if the distribution has any of the three following characteristics:

* all responses are in a single category
* the responses are evenly distributed among all the categories
* the responses are evenly distributed among two or more contiguous categories, with the other categories with zero responses

With distributions other than these the data must be divided into 'layers'. Within a layer the responses are either equal or zero. The categories do not have to be contiguous. A value for *A* for each layer (*A*i) is calculated and a weighted average for the distribution is determined. The weights (*w*i) for each layer are the number of responses in that layer. In symbols

$$A\_{\text{overall}=\sum \_{i}w\_{i}A\_{i}}$$

A uniform distribution has *A* = 0: when all the responses fall into one category *A* = +1.

One theoretical problem with this index is that it assumes that the intervals are equally spaced. This may limit its applicability.

### Bimodal separation

This index assumes that the distribution is a mixture of two normal distributions with means (*μ*1 and *μ*2) and standard deviations (*σ*1 and *σ*2):

$$S={\frac {\mu \_{1}-\mu \_{2}{2(\sigma \_{1}+\sigma \_{2})}}}$$

### Bimodality coefficient

Sarle's bimodality coefficient *b* is

$$\beta ={\frac {\gamma ^{2}+1}{\kappa }}$$

where *γ* is the skewness and *κ* is the kurtosis. The kurtosis is here defined to be the standardised fourth moment around the mean. The value of *b* lies between 0 and 1. The logic behind this coefficient is that a bimodal distribution with light tails will have very low kurtosis, an asymmetric character, or both – all of which increase this coefficient.

The formula for a finite sample is

$$b={\frac {g^{2}+1}{k+{\frac {3(n-1)^{2}{(n-2)(n-3)}}}}}$$

where *n* is the number of items in the sample, *g* is the sample skewness and *k* is the sample excess kurtosis.

The value of *b* for the uniform distribution is 5/9. This is also its value for the exponential distribution. Values greater than 5/9 may indicate a bimodal or multimodal distribution, though corresponding values can also result for heavily skewed unimodal distributions. The maximum value (1.0) is reached only by a Bernoulli distribution with only two distinct values or the sum of two different Dirac delta functions (a bi-delta distribution).

The distribution of this statistic is unknown. It is related to a statistic proposed earlier by Pearson – the difference between the kurtosis and the square of the skewness (*vide infra*).

### Bimodality amplitude

This is defined as

$$A\_{B}={\frac {A\_{1}-A\_{an}{A\_{1}}}}$$

where *A*1 is the amplitude of the smaller peak and *A*an is the amplitude of the antimode.

*A*B is always \< 1. Larger values indicate more distinct peaks.

### Bimodal ratio

This is the ratio of the left and right peaks. Mathematically

$$R={\frac {A\_{r}{A\_{l}}}}$$

where *A*l and *A*r are the amplitudes of the left and right peaks respectively.

### Bimodality parameter

This parameter (*B*) is due to Wilcock.

$$B={\sqrt {\frac {A\_{r}{A\_{l}\sum P\_{i}}}}}$$

where *A*l and *A*r are the amplitudes of the left and right peaks respectively and *P**i* is the logarithm taken to the base 2 of the proportion of the distribution in the ith interval. The maximal value of the *ΣP* is 1 but the value of *B* may be greater than this.

To use this index, the log of the values are taken. The data is then divided into interval of width Φ whose value is log 2. The width of the peaks are taken to be four times 1/4Φ centered on their maximum values.

### Bimodality indices

Wang's index

The bimodality index proposed by Wang *et al* assumes that the distribution is a sum of two normal distributions with equal variances but differing means. It is defined as follows:

$$\delta ={\frac {|\mu \_{1}-\mu \_{2}|}{\sigma }}$$

where *μ*1, *μ*2 are the means and *σ* is the common standard deviation.

$$BI=\delta {\sqrt {p(1-p)}}$$

where *p* is the mixing parameter.

Sturrock's index

A different bimodality index has been proposed by Sturrock.

This index (*B*) is defined as

$$B={\frac {1}{N}\left\[\left(\sum \_{1}^{N}\cos(2\pi m\gamma )\right)^{2}+\left(\sum \_{1}^{N}\sin(2\pi m\gamma )\right)^{2}\right\]}$$

When *m* = 2 and *γ* is uniformly distributed, *B* is exponentially distributed.

This statistic is a form of periodogram. It suffers from the usual problems of estimation and spectral leakage common to this form of statistic.

de Michele and Accatino's index

Another bimodality index has been proposed by de Michele and Accatino. Their index (*B*) is

$$B=|\mu -\mu \_{M}|$$

where *μ* is the arithmetic mean of the sample and

$$\mu \_{M}={\frac {\sum \_{i=1}^{L}m\_{i}x\_{i}{\sum \_{i=1}^{L}m\_{i}}}}$$

where *m**i* is number of data points in the *i*th bin, *x**i* is the center of the *i*th bin and *L* is the number of bins.

The authors suggested a cut off value of 0.1 for *B* to distinguish between a bimodal (*B* \> 0.1)and unimodal (*B* \< 0.1) distribution. No statistical justification was offered for this value.

Sambrook Smith's index

A further index (*B*) has been proposed by Sambrook Smith *et al*

$B=|\phi \_{2}-\phi \_{1}|{\frac {p\_{2}{p\_{1}}}}$

where *p*1 and *p*2 are the proportion contained in the primary (that with the greater amplitude) and secondary (that with the lesser amplitude) mode and *φ*1 and *φ*2 are the *φ*-sizes of the primary and secondary mode. The *φ*-size is defined as minus one times the log of the data size taken to the base 2. This transformation is commonly used in the study of sediments.

The authors recommended a cut off value of 1.5 with B being greater than 1.5 for a bimodal distribution and less than 1.5 for a unimodal distribution. No statistical justification for this value was given.

Otsu's method

Otsu's method for finding a threshold for separation between two modes relies on minimizing the quantity $\frac {n\_{1}\sigma \_{1}^{2}+n\_{2}\sigma \_{2}^{2}{m\sigma ^{2}}}$ where *n**i* is the number of data points in the *i*th subpopulation, *σ**i*2 is the variance of the *i*th subpopulation, *m* is the total size of the sample and *σ*2 is the sample variance. Some researchers (particularly in the field of digital image processing) have applied this quantity more broadly as an index for detecting bimodality, with a small value indicating a more bimodal distribution.

## Statistical tests

A number of tests are available to determine if a data set is distributed in a bimodal (or multimodal) fashion.

### Graphical methods

In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal. Empirically, it has been found useful to plot the frequency against the log( size ) of the particles. This usually gives a clear separation of the particles into a bimodal distribution. In geological applications the logarithm is normally taken to the base 2. The log transformed values are referred to as phi (Φ) units. This system is known as the Krumbein (or phi) scale.

An alternative method is to plot the log of the particle size against the cumulative frequency. This graph will usually consist two reasonably straight lines with a connecting line corresponding to the antimode.

Statistics

Approximate values for several statistics can be derived from the graphic plots.

$$\mathit {Mean}={\frac {\phi \_{16}+\phi \_{50}+\phi \_{84}{3}}}$$

$$\mathit {StdDev}={\frac {\phi \_{84}-\phi \_{16}{4}+{\frac {\phi \_{95}-\phi \_{5}{6.6}}}}}$$

$$\mathit {Skew}={\frac {\phi \_{84}+\phi \_{16}-2\phi \_{50}{2(\phi \_{84}-\phi \_{16})}+{\frac {\phi \_{95}+\phi \_{5}-2\phi \_{50}{2(\phi \_{95}-\phi \_{5})}}}}}$$

$$\mathit {Kurt}={\frac {\phi \_{95}-\phi \_{5}{2.44(\phi \_{75}-\phi \_{25})}}}$$

where *Mean* is the mean, *StdDev* is the standard deviation, *Skew* is the skewness, *Kurt* is the kurtosis and *φ*x is the value of the variate *φ* at the *x*th percentage of the distribution.

### Unimodal vs. bimodal distribution

Pearson in 1894 was the first to devise a procedure to test whether a distribution could be resolved into two normal distributions. This method required the solution of a ninth order polynomial. In a subsequent paper Pearson reported that for any distribution skewness2 \+ 1 \< kurtosis. Later Pearson showed that

$$b\_{2}-b\_{1}\geq 1$$

where *b*2 is the kurtosis and *b*1 is the square of the skewness. Equality holds only for the two point Bernoulli distribution or the sum of two different Dirac delta functions. These are the most extreme cases of bimodality possible. The kurtosis in both these cases is 1. Since they are both symmetrical their skewness is 0 and the difference is 1.

Baker proposed a transformation to convert a bimodal to a unimodal distribution.

Several tests of unimodality versus bimodality have been proposed: Haldane suggested one based on second central differences. Larkin later introduced a test based on the F test; Benett created one based on Fisher's G test. Tokeshi has proposed a fourth test. A test based on a likelihood ratio has been proposed by Holzmann and Vollmer.

A method based on the score and Wald tests has been proposed. This method can distinguish between unimodal and bimodal distributions when the underlying distributions are known.

### Antimode tests

Statistical tests for the antimode are known.

Otsu's method

Otsu's method is commonly employed in computer graphics to determine the optimal separation between two distributions.

### General tests

To test if a distribution is other than unimodal, several additional tests have been devised: the bandwidth test, the dip test, the excess mass test, the MAP test, the mode existence test, the runt test, the span test, and the saddle test.

An implementation of the dip test is available for the R programming language. The p-values for the dip statistic values range between 0 and 1. P-values less than 0.05 indicate significant multimodality and p-values greater than 0.05 but less than 0.10 suggest multimodality with marginal significance.

### Silverman's test

Silverman introduced a bootstrap method for the number of modes. The test uses a fixed bandwidth which reduces the power of the test and its interpretability. Under smoothed densities may have an excessive number of modes whose count during bootstrapping is unstable.

### Bajgier-Aggarwal test

Bajgier and Aggarwal have proposed a test based on the kurtosis of the distribution.

### Special cases

Additional tests are available for a number of special cases:

Mixture of two normal distributions

A study of a mixture density of two normal distributions data found that separation into the two normal distributions was difficult unless the means were separated by 4–6 standard deviations.

In astronomy the Kernel Mean Matching algorithm is used to decide if a data set belongs to a single normal distribution or to a mixture of two normal distributions.

Beta-normal distribution

This distribution is bimodal for certain values of is parameters. A test for these values has been described.

## Parameter estimation and fitting curves

Assuming that the distribution is known to be bimodal or has been shown to be bimodal by one or more of the tests above, it is frequently desirable to fit a curve to the data. This may be difficult.

Bayesian methods may be useful in difficult cases.

### Software

Two normal distributions

A package for  is available for testing for bimodality. This package assumes that the data are distributed as a sum of two normal distributions. If this assumption is not correct the results may not be reliable. It also includes functions for fitting a sum of two normal distributions to the data.

Assuming that the distribution is a mixture of two normal distributions then the expectation-maximization algorithm may be used to determine the parameters. Several programmes are available for this including Cluster, and the R package nor1mix.

Other distributions

The mixtools package available for R can test for and estimate the parameters of a number of different distributions. A package for a mixture of two right-tailed gamma distributions is available.

Several other packages for R are available to fit mixture models; these include flexmix, mcclust, agrmt, and mixdist.

The statistical programming language SAS can also fit a variety of mixed distributions with the PROC FREQ procedure.

In Python, the package Scikit-learn contains a tool for mixture modeling

### Example software application

The CumFreqA program for the fitting of composite probability distributions to a data set (X) can divide the set into two parts with a different distribution. The figure shows an example of a double generalized mirrored Gumbel distribution as in distribution fitting with cumulative distribution function (CDF) equations:

```
X < 8.10 : CDF = 1 - exp[-exp{-(0.092X**^**0.01+935)}]
X > 8.10 : CDF = 1 - exp[-exp{-(-0.0039X**^**2.79+1.05)}]
```


title: Çamlıca, Göynük

abstract: Çamlıca is a village in the Göynük District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 149 (2021).

text:
# Çamlıca, Göynük

**Çamlıca** is a village in the Göynük District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 149 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Çamlıca | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ÇamlıcaLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°23′55″N 30°50′09″E / 40.3986°N 30.8357°E / 40.3986; 30.8357 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Bolu |
| District | Göynük |
| Population (2021) | 149 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Money Talks (soundtrack)

abstract: Money Talks: The Album is the soundtrack to Brett Ratner's 1997 comedy film Money Talks. It was released on August 12, 1997 through Arista Records and features hip hop and R&B music. The album peaked at No. 37 on the Billboard 200 and No. 6 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and was certified gold by the RIAA on December 19, 1997.

text:
# Money Talks (soundtrack)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Money Talks: The Album*** is the soundtrack to Brett Ratner's 1997 comedy film *Money Talks*. It was released on August 12, 1997 through Arista Records and features hip hop and R&B music. The album peaked at No. 37 on the *Billboard* 200 and No. 6 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and was certified gold by the RIAA on December 19, 1997.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Avenues" (performed by Refugee Camp All-Stars, Pras & Ky-Mani Marley) |  | 4:18 |
| 2. | "My Everything" (performed by Barry White & Faith Evans) | Stevie J | 4:11 |
| 3. | "No Way Out" (performed by Puff Daddy, Black Rob & Kelly Price) |  | 3:43 |
| 4. | "A Dream" (performed by Mary J. Blige) | Rodney Jerkins | 5:02 |
| 5. | "Money Talks" (performed by Lil' Kim & Andrea Martin) | Timbaland | 5:06 |
| 6. | "Penetration" (performed by Next & Naughty by Nature) |  | 4:34 |
| 7. | "Tell Me How You Want It" (performed by SWV) |  | 4:54 |
| 8. | "Everyday" (performed by Angie Stone & Devox) |  | 3:30 |
| 9. | "Keep It Bubblin'" (performed by Brand Nubian) | Grand Puba | 4:43 |
| 10. | "The Teaching" (performed by Me'Shell NdegéOcello) |  | 3:48 |
| 11. | "Feel So Good" (performed by Ma$e) |  | 4:01 |
| 12. | "Things Just Ain't the Same" (performed by Deborah Cox) | Andre Evans | 3:38 |
| 13. | "Back in You Again" (performed by Rick James & Lil' Cease) |  | 4:06 |
| 14. | "The Real Thing" (performed by Lisa Stansfield) |  | 4:19 |
| 15. | "You're the First, the Last, My Everything" (performed by Barry White) | Barry White | 4:33 |
| Total length: | | | 1:04:26 |

**Note:** "If You Want Me to Stay" by Sly and the Family Stone was featured in the movie but was not included on the soundtrack.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1997) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 39 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 37 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 6 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1997) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 94 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Money Talks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Soundtrack album by Various artists | |
| Released | August 12, 1997 |
| Recorded | 1996–1997 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 1:04:26 |
| Label | Arista |
| Producer |  |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Money Talks* | |
| 1. "Feel So Good"
Released: October 14, 1997 2. "Avenues"
Released: 1997 3. "The Real Thing"
Released: 10 March 1997 4. "Things Just Ain't the Same"
Released: June 3, 1997 5. "A Dream"
Released: August 1998 6. "Everyday"
Released: 2000 | |
|  | |


title: Francis Burt (judge)

abstract: Sir Francis Theodore Page Burt was an Australian jurist who served as the 11th Chief Justice of Western Australia, from 1977 to 1988, and the 27th Governor of Western Australia, from 1990 to 1993. Burt was born in Cottesloe, a suburb of Perth Western Australia, and educated at Guildford Grammar School. He studied law at the University of Western Australia, and also served in the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force during the Second World War. Burt was made a justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1969, and was promoted to Chief Justice in 1977. As Chief Justice, he served as lieutenant-governor. When the Governor of Western Australia, Gordon Reid, resigned in 1989, Burt was appointed to succeed him and served as governor until 1993.

text:
# Francis Burt (judge)

**Sir Francis Theodore Page Burt** AC KCMG QC (14 June 1918 – 8 September 2004) was an Australian jurist who served as the 11th Chief Justice of Western Australia, from 1977 to 1988, and the 27th Governor of Western Australia, from 1990 to 1993.

Burt was born in Cottesloe, a suburb of Perth Western Australia, and educated at Guildford Grammar School. He studied law at the University of Western Australia, and also served in the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force during the Second World War. Burt was made a justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1969, and was promoted to Chief Justice in 1977. As Chief Justice, he served as lieutenant-governor. When the Governor of Western Australia, Gordon Reid, resigned in 1989, Burt was appointed to succeed him and served as governor until 1993.

## Biography

Born in Mosman Park, Western Australia, Burt's great-grandfather, Sir Archibald Burt, was Chief Justice of Western Australia from 1861 to 1879, while his grandfather, Septimus Burt, was Attorney-General and Agent-General when responsible government was granted to Western Australia in December 1890. Archibald Burt had been a slaveholder in the West Indies. Burt was educated at Guildford Grammar School and later studied law at the University of Western Australia. During the Second World War he served in the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force.

After being admitted to the Bar in 1941, Burt gained his skills as a Queen's Counsel in 1959, and in 1961 founded the independent Bar in Western Australia. With others, he established Bar Chambers in 1962. He was appointed as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1969, a position he held until 1977 when he was promoted to Chief Justice of Western Australia. He retired in 1988.

Burt was afforded a state funeral on his death in 2004. He is buried at Karrakatta Cemetery. The Francis Burt Chambers located in Allendale Square, Perth, and the Francis Burt Law Education Centre and Museum in Stirling Gardens are both named in his honour.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableSir Francis BurtAC KCMG QC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 27th Governor of Western Australia | |
| **In office**
20 March 1990  31 October 1993 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Premier | Carmen Lawrence
Richard Court |
| Preceded by | Gordon Reid |
| Succeeded by | Michael Jeffery |
| 11th Chief Justice of Western Australia | |
| **In office**
1977–1988 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Lawrence Jackson |
| Succeeded by | David Malcolm |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francis Theodore Page Burt
(1918-06-14)14 June 1918
Mosman Park, Western Australia |
| Died | 8 September 2004(2004-09-08) (aged 86)
Perth, Western Australia |
| Alma mater | University of Western Australia |
| Nickname | "Red" |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Branch/service | Royal Australian Navy
Royal Australian Air Force |
| Years of service | 1940–1942 (RAN)
1943–1946 (RAAF) |
| Rank | Flight Lieutenant |
| Unit | HMAS *Leeuwin*
No. 10 Squadron RAAF |
| Battles/wars | Second World War |
|  | |


title: Peter Erskine (artist)

abstract: Peter Erskine is an American artist who specializes in creating solar spectrum environmental artworks using light.

text:
# Peter Erskine (artist)

**Peter Erskine** (born 1941) is an American artist who specializes in creating solar spectrum environmental artworks using light.

## Life and work

Erskine studied Political Science at Yale University followed by Sculpture at University of Pennsylvania. He first encountered artists that used light as a medium when he moved to California in 1980. Erskine decided to combine light art with politics and highlight the growing environmental crisis, such as the destruction of the ozone layer and global warming. His work attempts to reveal the power and beauty of the sun, as well as humanity's precarious relationship with it. He uses prisms to allow the sun's light to be appreciated without having to look directly at it.

Erskine moved to live at the CoHo Ecovillage, Corvallis, Oregon in 2007.

### Notable works

* *Secrets of the Sun: Millennial Mediations*, Rome, Italy (1992) - created within the Roman Markets of Trajan. Erskine used physical and computer models to plan the light effects.
* *Sunrise*, Essen, Germany (1999) - a heliostat was used to project light onto the city's Zollverein Coking Plant (now a museum).
* *New Light on Rome*, Rome, Italy (2000) - Erskine projected light through prisms onto five of Rome's most important buildings, to mark the new millennium.
* *Inside a Diamond*, CoHo Ecovillage, Corvallis, Oregon, USA (2011 ongoing) - light-refracting plastic panels were used to project light onto the communal spaces.


title: John Patrick Kenny

abstract: John Patrick Kenny is the founder of JKX Oil & Gas, one of the United Kingdom's largest oil production and exploration businesses.

text:
# John Patrick Kenny

**John Patrick Kenny** (born 1942) is the founder of JKX Oil & Gas, one of the United Kingdom's largest oil production and exploration businesses.

## Career

Educated at University College, London where he studied chemical engineering, John Kenny established the *JP Kenny Group of Companies* in the 1978.

Just before he sold the business to Wood Group in 1993 he established *JP Kenny Exploration & Production Ltd*, the forerunner of JKX Oil & Gas.

He subsequently left JKX Oil & Gas and is now Chairman of *Ascent Resources* plc, another listed company.

In 1995 he was appointed a Fellow of University College, London.


title: Matthaei Botanical Gardens

abstract: The University of Michigan Matthaei Botanical Gardens includes botanical gardens, natural areas with trails, and several research-quality habitats and is part of the organization Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum. It was established in 1907. The botanical gardens includes outdoor display gardens, the Gaffield Children's Garden, a 10,000+ square-foot conservatory, and natural areas with walking trails. The gardens are named after former Michigan regent Frederick C. Matthaei Sr. and his wife Mildred, who donated 200 acres (0.81 km⁲) of land.

text:
# Matthaei Botanical Gardens

The **University of Michigan Matthaei Botanical Gardens** (300 acres, 121 hectares) includes botanical gardens, natural areas with trails, and several research-quality habitats and is part of the organization Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum. It was established in 1907.

The botanical gardens includes outdoor display gardens, the Gaffield Children's Garden, a 10,000+ square-foot conservatory, and natural areas with walking trails. The gardens are named after former Michigan regent Frederick C. Matthaei Sr. and his wife Mildred, who donated 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land.

## Gardens and hardy collections

The gardens and hardy collections consist of several formal displays and outdoor plantings:

* **Alexandra Hicks Herb Knot Garden** \- modern version of a Tudor period garden, with hedges of the yew (*Taxus x media 'hicksii'*) and boxwood (*Buxus sempervirens ‘Green Gem’*), as well as lavender (*Lavandula angustifolia ‘Hidcote’*), creeping thyme (*Thymus serpyllum*), and winter savory (*Satureja montana*). The Herb Knot Garden honors "Sandy" Hicks (1934-1991) for her interest in herb and culinary gardening and healing plants and for her enthusiasm in sharing these interests with others.
* **Demonstration Prairie** \- a restored prairie, restoration beginning in 1967, on previously agricultural land.
* **Gaffield Children's Garden** \- The garden features several play areas and interactive stations.
* **Gateway Garden of New World Plants** \- ornamental plants native to the Americas, including coreopsis, cosmos, marigolds, ornamental peppers, petunias, phlox, sunflowers, tropical salvias, and verbenas.
* **Helen V. Smith Woodland Wildflower Garden** \- more than 100 native species of wildflowers, woody plants, and ferns of the southern Great Lakes Region.
* **Labyrinth** \- located in a quiet setting, the labyrinth provides the opportunity for walking meditation, contemplation, and tranquility
* **Marie Azary Rock Garden** \- a rock garden featuring plants that thrive in rocky habitats.
* **Matteson Farmstead and Historic Barns** \- the Matteson farmhouse dates to the 1860s. The smaller barn was built circa 1845-1865, while the larger, gambrel-roofed barn is circa 1875-1900. The farmstead and barns are currently closed to the public (August 2011).
* **Norman Memorial Garden** \- The Norman Memorial Grove is near the west entrance to the Sue Reichert Discovery Trail. The Grove has been expanded with new plantings of native oak, maple, hickory, and sassafras.
* **Perennial Garden** \- Spring and summer bloom.
* **Sam Graham Trees** \- A special collection of major trees native to the state of Michigan.
* **Urban Pocket Garden** \- European hornbeam (*Carpinus betulus*), eastern white pines (*Pinus strobus*), and Kentucky coffeetree (*Gymnocladus dioicus*).

## Conservatory

The 10,000+ square-foot conservatory was designed by architect Alden Dow, and completed in 1964. It is believed to be the largest university-operated display greenhouse in the United States. The conservatory contains three distinct areas:

## Natural areas and trails

The natural areas include mature woodlands, wetlands, several ponds, and a constructed tall-grass prairie, with four nature trails covering 3.2 miles.

* **Dix Pond Trail** \- Nature reclaims old pastures, planted woodlots, and long-abandoned gravel pits.
* **Fleming Creek Trail** \- Abundant habitat diversity along with smaller wildlife.
* **Marilyn Bland Prairie** \- a rich span of wildlife lives in the prairie, old fields, oak openings, and wetlands that are close to the historic Matteson farm and barns.
* **Sam Graham Trees Trail** \- Find Michigan's important trees arrayed in wetland to upland woods and into savanna habitats along this trail.
* **Sue Reichert Discovery Trail** \- Child-oriented.

42°18′4.2″N 83°39′50.5″W / 42.301167°N 83.664028°W / 42.301167; -83.664028

1. "Visitor Guide & Map" (PDF). *Matthaei Botanical Gardens University of Michigan*. June 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
2. Marowski, Steve (24 December 2020). "New director picked for Matthaei Botanical Gardens, Nichols Arboretum". *Michigan Live*. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
3. "Strategic Plan". *Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum*. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
4. Bush, Larry (26 March 1973). "Regent-Emeritus Fred Matthaei Dies". *Ann Arbor News*. Retrieved 2024-02-02  via Ann Arbor District Library.

## InfoBox

Matthaei Botanical Gardens
| Outdoor gardens at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1907 (1907) |
| Location | 1800 N. Dixboro Rd, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 |
| Coordinates | 42°16′53″N 83°43′24″W / 42.28131°N 83.72329°W / 42.28131; -83.72329 |
| Type | Arboretum and Botanical Gardens |
| Director | Anthony Kolenic |
| Curator | David Michener |
| Owner | University of Michigan |
| Website | Matthaei Botanical Gardens & Nichols Arboretum |


title: Hans-Wolfgang Arndt

abstract: Hans-Wolfgang Arndt is a German lawyer, professor for tax law and former president (rector) of the University of Mannheim from 2001 to 2012. Previously he was professor for tax law at the Department für Rechtswissenschaften at the University of Konstanz.

text:
# Hans-Wolfgang Arndt

**Hans-Wolfgang Arndt** (born 1945 in Prague, Czech Republic) is a German lawyer, professor for tax law and former president (rector) of the University of Mannheim from 2001 to 2012. Previously he was professor for tax law at the *Department für Rechtswissenschaften* (department of law) at the University of Konstanz.

## Education

He obtained his Ph.D. in Law at the Ruhr University Bochum in 1972, after having earned the first and second Staatsexamen in law at the University of Tübingen and Humboldt University Berlin.

## Academics

Arndt worked as scientific assistant during the time of his second *Staatsexamen* studies and referendary at the University of Mainz. After having received his Ph.D. in 1972 and the following habilitation at the Ruhr University Bochum in 1977, Arndt conducted research and teaching at the University of Konstanz until 1983. In late 1982, the University of Mannheim (UMA) proposed Arndt a position as chaired professor at the Department of Tax and Public Law, a proposal that he accepted in 1983. In 2001 Arndt succeeded Peter Frankenberg in his role as rector of the university.

During his time as rector Arndt changed UMA's academic profile from a university with a broad subject offering to a university with a strong focus on interdisciplinary social sciences, business administration, economics, law and computer science research. This process called *Profilschärfung* (profile sharpening) took place between 2001-2008 and decreased the number of departments as well as offered subjects tremendously. Furthermore, Arndt pushed the development and introduction of an international business school at the University of Mannheim - the Mannheim Business School, that since its opening in 2005 has gained international reputation and a place among the best global business schools. Hans-Wolfgang Arndt's period as rector at University of Mannheim ended in July, 2012 with his retirement, his successor is Ernst-Ludwig von Thadden.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Hans-Wolfgang Arndt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1945-04-02) 2 April 1945
Prague, Czech Republic |
| Nationality | German |
| Alma mater | University of Tübingen
Humboldt University Berlin
Ruhr University Bochum
University of Mainz |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Public Law, Corporate Law, Tax Law, Taxation |
| Institutions | University of Mannheim |
|  | |


title: Robot Chicken season 5

abstract: The fifth season of the stop-motion television series Robot Chicken originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. Season five officially began on December 12, 2010, on Adult Swim, with "Robot Chicken's DP Christmas Special", and contained a total of twenty episodes. The episode titles are amalgamations of titles of what the show's crew members consider good and bad movies, in that order. The show was filmed in 16:9 widescreen starting this season. This is the last season to be co-produced by ShadowMachine Films, Sony Pictures Digital, and Cartoon Network Productions, and the last to be streamed censored on HBO Max before it went without the bleeps starting with Season 6.

text:
# Robot Chicken season 5

The **fifth season** of the stop-motion television series *Robot Chicken* originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. Season five officially began on December 12, 2010, on Adult Swim, with "Robot Chicken's DP Christmas Special", and contained a total of twenty episodes. The episode titles (excluding DP’s Christmas Special) are amalgamations of titles of what the show's crew members consider good and bad movies, in that order.

The show was filmed in 16:9 widescreen starting this season.

This is the last season to be co-produced by ShadowMachine Films, Sony Pictures Digital, and Cartoon Network Productions, and the last to be streamed censored on HBO Max before it went without the bleeps starting with Season 6.

## Overview

The fifth season of *Robot Chicken* includes many TV, movie, commercial, pop culture parodies, all acted out by dolls and action figures, including parodies like: the creators imagine what Batman and Robin think about their Christmas jingle - hint: don't sing it if you value your life; what Skeletor is forced to do when Snake Mountain is foreclosed on; Gargamel puts himself in a Smurf body to gain the trust of the village; Major Nelson uses Jeannie to get back at NASA for firing him, NASA's Lego people have a very bad launch day, The creators imagine how Cabbage Patch Kids are made, The Keebler Elves go to war against the Cookie Monster, Strawberry Shortcake attempts to name Baby Needs-a-Name, A group of mentally challenged soldiers take on Hitler and the SS, The Joker finally gets what coming to him, Optimus Prime chooses his kick-ass name, what Eternia's 24-hour gym might be like, Princess Peach's parents react when they first met Mario, what life at Hogwarts would really be like, Superman tries to escape Lois' nagging, Doc Brown obtains plutonium, Dora the Explorer embarks on a dangerous Mt. Everest excursion, A bunch of Spocks from the future gather for a surprise party, A lost The Lord of the Rings manuscript gets finished by Tolkien's 6-year-old grandson, and Sex and the City 3 tries to be more guy-oriented.

The fifth-season finale celebrates the show's 100th episode, featuring an alternate storyline, in which the Robot Chicken from the show's opening sequence is accidentally freed from the chair by the castle maid and escapes the Mad Scientist's lair. When RC returns home, he comes to find that his house has been broken into and discovers that his wife has been kidnapped by the Mad Scientist and is being forced to take his place in the chair. RC is then forced to return to the Mad Scientist's castle and battle his way through a series of *Robot Chicken* characters before finally meeting his maker in a final battle for his wife.

## Guest stars

Many celebrities have guest starred in *Robot Chicken* season five; they include Mila Kunis, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Macaulay Culkin, Seth MacFarlane, Sasha Barrese, Clare Grant, Michael Ian Black, Katee Sackhoff, Christian Slater, Fred Tatasciore, Dave Sheridan, Michelle Trachtenberg, Abraham Benrubi, Eden Espinosa, Alyson Hannigan, Chris Parnell, Skeet Ulrich, Tamara Garfield, Olivia Munn, Alan Tudyk, Lea Thompson, Sean Astin, Donald Faison, Katy Mixon, Andy Richter, Marc Summers, Amy Smart, Rove McManus, Adrianne Palicki, Pete Wentz, Kevin Bacon, Gary Coleman (final role before his death), Kyle Chandler, Elijah Wood, J.K. Simmons, Harland Williams, Amy Brenneman, Emma Stone, Diablo Cody, Kristen Bell, Nathan Fillion, Jennifer Field, Stuart Townsend, Bryan Cranston, Megan Fox, Brian Austin Green, Sam Kwasman, Josh Groban, Mark Hamill, Katelin Peterson, Freddie Prinze Jr., Zachary Gordon, Laura Ortiz, Magda Apanowicz, Quinton Flynn, Alison Brie, Stephen Stanton, Tisha Campbell-Martin, Mae Whitman, Christopher McCulloch, Jeri Ryan, Dana Daurey, Jon Hamm, Patrick Stump, Jeremy Renner, Affion Crockett, Christopher Lloyd, Jena Malone, Rachael Leigh Cook, Rachael MacFarlane and Frank Welker.

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 81 | 1 | "Robot Chicken's DP Christmas Special" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Brendan Hay,
Daniel Libman, Matthew Libman, Matthew Senreich & Zeb Wells | December 12, 2010 (2010-12-12) | 506 |
| It's Christmas, and the *Robot Chicken* writers and animators are out to put your precious Yuletide memories through the wood chipper. In this installment: Santa Claus gets revenge on the Coca-Cola company for using his likeness without his permission; a look at caveman Christmas; COBRA's henchmen from *GI Joe* sing "Deck the Halls"; Macaulay Culkin reprises his role as Kevin MacCallister in a sketch that shows how Kevin setting up the traps for Marv and Harry are more dangerous than Marv and Harry falling victim to them; Santa doesn't want to hear Mrs. Claus' voice after his long night of delivering presents; the real story of how Mary got pregnant with Jesus; Batman and Robin go after some punk kids who sing the "Batman smells" version of "Jingle Bells"; an elf's murderous thoughts as he builds toys on an assembly line; Composite Santa is summoned by a boy, "Bloody Mary"-style; the Grinch's heart "...growing three sizes that day" is actually a fatal condition; when a little boy asks his father if Santa is real, it turns into the iconic twist ending to *The Usual Suspects*; and Superman vs. Santa Claus on who's the fastest.
*Cast:* Clare Grant, Seth Green, George Lowe, Seth MacFarlane, Breckin Meyer, Matthew Senreich
*Guest stars:* Sasha Barrese, Macaulay Culkin
**Note**: This is the first episode produced in 16:9 high definition. | | | | | | |
| 82 | 2 | "Saving Private Gigli" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer,
Eric Schaar, Matthew Senreich & Zeb Wells | January 9, 2011 (2011-01-09) | 501 |
| *Robot Chicken'*s recurring characters storm the beaches of Normandy; Predator stalks high school boys in the gym shower; a woman's bathtub suicide is interrupted by her husband using the toilet; Carl's balloon ride from the movie *Up* goes pear-shaped thanks to real-world physics; The Blockheads from *Gumby* get sentenced to death by Play-Doh Fun Factory; the real reason why Charlie Brown's parents' voices are represented by muted trumpet; Voldemort gets a nose job -- and a reason to go after Harry Potter; audience members' reactions to *Stomp!* have more rhythm than the actual show; couples skydiving turns into a marriage proposal, followed by a fight between the fiance and the ex-boyfriend; the Doozers from *Fraggle Rock* hire an illegal immigrant; and Skeletor rents out his castle to a fraternity to keep the bank from foreclosing on him.
*Cast:* Seth Green, Breckin Meyer, Dan Milano, Patrick Pinney, Tom Root, Matthew Senreich
*Guest stars:* Michael Ian Black, Katee Sackhoff, Christian Slater, Michelle Trachtenberg
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Saving Private Ryan* and *Gigli*. | | | | | | |
| 83 | 3 | "Terms of Endaredevil" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer,
Eric Schaar, Matthew Senreich & Zeb Wells | January 16, 2011 (2011-01-16) | 502 |
| Discover the secret origins of Mo-Larr, Eternian Dentist; a bald eagle wears a toupee; a sneak peek at *Transformers 3*; a LEGO man goes to court over teaching subversive material to children; a hot dog gets sexually humiliated by mustard; another sneak peek at *Transformers 3*; a rabbi refuses to "eat" a pig; Lara Croft from the *Tomb Raider* games is as cold as Tracy Ullman is annoying; Tobey Maguire and Jake Gyllenhaal star in the new movie, *Earnest as F@\*k*; yet another sneak peek at *Transformers 3*; He-Man's father moves in with him; Kermit gets a prostate exam; Gargamel infiltrates the Smurfs' village with an avatar; and He-Man's father calls his son in a post-credits stinger.
*Cast:* Abraham Benrubi, Eden Espinosa, Danny Goldman, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer, Dan Milano, Patrick Pinney, Matthew Senreich
*Guest star:* Colin Hanks
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Terms of Endearment* and *Daredevil*. | | | | | | |
| 84 | 4 | "Big Trouble in Little Clerks 2" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer,
Eric Schaar, Matthew Senreich & Zeb Wells | January 23, 2011 (2011-01-23) | 503 |
| *Cast:* Seth Green, Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells
*Guest stars:* Dan Fogler, Alyson Hannigan, Chris Parnell, Meredith Salenger, Patrick Stump, Skeet Ulrich
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Big Trouble in Little China* and *Clerks 2*. | | | | | | |
| 85 | 5 | "Kramer vs. Showgirls" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer,
Eric Schaar, Matthew Senreich & Zeb Wells | January 30, 2011 (2011-01-30) | 504 |
| *Cast:* Tamara Garfield, Seth Green, Jonathan Lipow, Breckin Meyer, Matthew Senreich, Frank Welker
*Guest stars:* Olivia Munn, Dave Sheridan, Alan Tudyk
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Kramer vs. Kramer* and *Showgirls*. | | | | | | |
| 86 | 6 | "Malcolm X: Fully Loaded" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer,
Eric Schaar, Matthew Senreich & Zeb Wells | February 6, 2011 (2011-02-06) | 505 |
| *Cast:* Abraham Benrubi, Madison Dylan, Donald Faison, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer, Dan Milano, Matthew Senreich, Frank Welker
*Guest star:* Sean Astin
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Malcolm X* and *Herbie: Fully Loaded*. | | | | | | |
| 87 | 7 | "Major League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Brendan Hay,
Daniel Libman, Matthew Libman, Matthew Senreich & Zeb Wells | February 13, 2011 (2011-02-13) | 507 |
| **Skits:** "Bart's Punishment", "Best 60 Seconds, "Meet the Bachelors", "Spider Sense", "Ballerina", "Oompa Loompas", "Unwrapped: Sundaes", "Dogs Doing It", "SpongeBob Krabby Patties", "Another Night in the Museum?", "Lucky Man", "Sidekick Elevator", "Humping Pinball", "Keebler Attacked"
*Cast:* Seth Green, Tom Root, Matthew Senreich, Stephen Stanton, Zeb Wells
*Guest stars:* Katy Mixon, Andy Richter, Marc Summers, Lea Thompson
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Major League* and *The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen*. | | | | | | |
| 88 | 8 | "Schindler's Bucket List" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Brendan Hay,
Daniel Libman, Matthew Libman, Matthew Senreich & Zeb Wells | February 20, 2011 (2011-02-20) | 508 |
| *Cast:* Seth Green, Keith Ferguson, Drew Massey, Breckin Meyer, Matthew Senreich, Amy Smart, Victor Yerrid
*Guest stars:* Rove McManus, Adrianne Palicki, Katee Sackhoff
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Schindler's List* and *The Bucket List*. | | | | | | |
| 89 | 9 | "No Country for Old Dogs" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Brendan Hay,
Daniel Libman, Matthew Libman, Matthew Senreich & Zeb Wells | February 27, 2011 (2011-02-27) | 509 |
| Johnny Five gets stuck in the basement (three-part sketch throughout episode), two whiny kids and Batman complain in the backseat of a car; Morgan Freeman narrates the night he nearly died in a car crash in 2008; a kid goes hysterically blind in this PSA for The Kids Who Have Seen Their Parents Jerking Off Fund; Superman tricks Lois Lane, Lana Lang, and Batman into thinking he sacrificed his powers for them; the "very special episode" of *Diff'rent Strokes* where Arnold and Dudley get groomed and nearly molested by a pedophilic bike shop owner becomes a parody of the Liam Neeson movie *Taken*; Rainbow Brite's sister, Rainbow Dim, is a conspiracy theorist; a bar hook-up turns into a mash-up of the "stolen kidney" and "You Have AIDS' mirror message" urban legends; the "hook-handed hitchhiker" urban legend is actually a wholesome story of how a man met his wife; the *Veggie Tales* spoof *Fruity Fables* takes on the need for sex education in public schools; and the mentally disabled take down Adolf Hitler and his Nazi regime in this send-up of *Inglorious Basterds*.
*Cast:* Seth Green, Tom Kane, Mila Kunis, Breckin Meyer, Josh Perry, Matthew Senreich
*Guest stars:* Kyle Chandler, Gary Coleman, Emma Stone
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *No Country for Old Men* and *Old Dogs*. | | | | | | |
| 90 | 10 | "Catch Me If You Kangaroo Jack" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Brendan Hay,
Daniel Libman, Matthew Libman, Matthew Senreich & Zeb Wells | March 6, 2011 (2011-03-06) | 510 |
| *Cast:* Keith Ferguson, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer, Matthew Senreich, Adam Talbott
*Guest stars:* Diablo Cody, Josh Groban, Mark Hamill, Emma Stone
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Catch Me If You Can* and *Kangaroo Jack*. | | | | | | |
| 91 | 11 | "Beastmaster and Commander" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer,
Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells & Harland Williams | October 23, 2011 (2011-10-23) | 511 |
| Hal Jordan loses his hands to, well, the hands of Sinestro, and without anywhere to put a ring, faces the possibility of no longer being a Green Lantern. Optimus Prime chooses his kick-ass name, albeit to the dismay of his relatively common named comrades. The presenter of a TV bloopers show displays scenes from his own life, including all of his mistakes and regrets he's forced to smile through.
*Cast:* Abraham Benrubi, Seth Green, Jamie Kaler, Breckin Meyer, Matthew Senreich
*Guest stars:* Kevin Bacon, Zachary Gordon, Jena Malone, Katelin Peterson
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *The Beastmaster* and *Master and Commander*. | | | | | | |
| 92 | 12 | "Casablankman" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer,
Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells & Harland Williams | October 30, 2011 (2011-10-30) | 512 |
| *Cast:* Rachael Leigh Cook, Eden Espinosa, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer, Tom Root, Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells, Harland Williams
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Casablanca* and *Blankman*. | | | | | | |
| 93 | 13 | "The Departy Monster" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer,
Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells & Harland Williams | November 6, 2011 (2011-11-06) | 513 |
| *Cast:* Seth Green, Rachael MacFarlane, Breckin Meyer, Matthew Senreich,
*Guest stars:* Amy Brenneman, J. K. Simmons, Pete Wentz, Harland Williams, Elijah Wood
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *The Departed* and *Party Monster*. | | | | | | |
| 94 | 14 | "Some Like It Hitman" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer,
Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells & Harland Williams | November 13, 2011 (2011-11-13) | 514 |
| A look at life at Hogwarts, Donald Duck's sister has a dangerous escort job, and Betty Crocker and Sara Lee fight to the death.
**Skits:** "High Noon", "Hogwarts Lessons", "Ordering Waters", "Bake-Off Beatdown", "Mighty Shield", "You're Terminated", "Alien Versus Predator", "Aquaman Vs. Big Oil", "The Chamber Pot", "Duck Duck Party"
*Cast:* Jennifer Field, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Seth Green, Mila Kunis, Sam Kwasman, Matthew Senreich
*Guest stars:* Kristen Bell, Nathan Fillion, Stuart Townsend
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Some Like It Hot* and *Hitman*. | | | | | | |
| 95 | 15 | "The Core, the Thief, His Wife, and Her Lover" | Chris McKay | Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer,
Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells & Harland Williams | November 20, 2011 (2011-11-20) | 515 |
| *Cast:* Seth Green, Sam Kwasman, Breckin Meyer, Matthew Senreich
*Guest stars:* Megan Fox, Brian Austin Green, Danny Pudi, Mary Steenburgen
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *The Core* and *The Cook, the Thief, His Wife, and Her Lover*. | | | | | | |
| 96 | 16 | "The Godfather of the Bride 2" | Chris McKay | Jordan Allen-Dutton, Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green,
Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells & Erik Weiner | December 4, 2011 (2011-12-04) | 518 |
| *Cast:* Eden Espinosa, Seth Green, Matthew Senreich, Fred Tatasciore
*Guest stars:* Alison Brie, Bryan Cranston, Affion Crockett, Jon Hamm
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *The Godfather* and *Father of the Bride 2*. | | | | | | |
| 97 | 17 | "The Curious Case of the Box" | Chris McKay | Jordan Allen-Dutton, Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green,
Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells & Erik Weiner | December 11, 2011 (2011-12-11) | 517 |
| *Cast:* Quinton Flynn, Seth Green, Breckin Meyer, Laura Ortiz, Matthew Senreich
*Guest stars:* Magda Apanowicz, Bryan Cranston, Freddie Prinze, Jr.
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *The Curious Case of Benjamin Button* and *The Box*. | | | | | | |
| 98 | 18 | "Fool's Goldfinger" | Chris McKay | Jordan Allen-Dutton, Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green,
Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells & Erik Weiner | December 18, 2011 (2011-12-18) | 519 |
| *Cast:* Jordan Allen-Dutton, Dana Daurey, Seth Green, Matthew Senreich, Erik Weiner
*Guest stars:* Bryan Cranston, Jon Hamm, Jeremy Renner, Jeri Ryan, Patrick Stump
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Fool's Gold* and *Goldfinger*. | | | | | | |
| 99 | 19 | "Casablankman 2" | Chris McKay | Jordan Allen-Dutton, Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green,
Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells & Erik Weiner | January 8, 2012 (2012-01-08) | 516 |
| Doc Brown obtains plutonium; Jesus talks to normal humans; and Bella and Edward's life together is examined.
*Cast:* Rachael Leigh Cook, Seth Green, Chris McCulloch, Breckin Meyer, Matthew Senreich, Stephen Staunton
*Guest stars:* Tisha Campbell-Martin, Affion Crockett, Christopher Lloyd, Mae Whitman
**Note**: The title, like Casablankman's, is a mash-up of the films *Casablanca* and *Blankman*. | | | | | | |
| 100 | 20 | "Fight Club Paradise" | Chris McKay | Jordan Allen-Dutton, Matthew Beans, Mike Fasolo, Seth Green,
Matthew Senreich, Zeb Wells & Erik Weiner | January 15, 2012 (2012-01-15) | 520 |
| **Skits:** "The Escape", "Sex and the City 3", "Power Forest Rangers", "Egyptian Boobies", "Chicken Clinic", "The Rescue"
*Cast:* Seth Green, Jamie Kaler, George Lowe, Breckin Meyer, Matthew Senreich, Fred Tatasciore
*Guest stars:* Michael Ian Black, Clark Duke, Katee Sackhoff, Christian Slater, Michelle Trachtenberg
**Note**: The title is a mash-up of the films *Fight Club* and *Club Paradise*. This is also the final episode streamed censored on HBO Max. Starting with Season 6, all episodes are streamed uncensored and featured without the bleeps. | | | | | | |

## DVD release

| Title | Release date | | | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Region 1 | Region 2 | Region 4 | |
| "Robot Chicken: Season Five: Uncensored" | October 25, 2011 | TBD | November 30, 2011 | 81-100 |
| This two disc boxset includes all 20 episodes from Season 5. The special features include deleted scenes, deleted animatics with video introductions, episode commentaries with celebrity guests, behind the scenes featurettes, and on-air promotions. | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *Robot Chicken* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 5 | |
| DVD cover | |
| No. of episodes | 20 |
| Release | |
| Original network | Adult Swim |
| Original release | December 12, 2010 (2010-12-12)
January 15, 2012 (2012-01-15) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: Mound Bayou, Mississippi

abstract: Mound Bayou is a city in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,533 at the 2010 census, down from 2,102 in 2000. It was founded as an independent black community in 1887 by former slaves led by Isaiah Montgomery. Mound Bayou Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Mound Bayou has a 96.8% African-American majority population in 2020, one of the largest of any community in the United States. The current mayor of Mound Bayou is Leighton Aldridge.

text:
# Mound Bayou, Mississippi

**Mound Bayou** is a city in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,533 at the 2010 census, down from 2,102 in 2000. It was founded as an independent black community in 1887 by former slaves led by Isaiah Montgomery. Mound Bayou Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Mound Bayou has a 96.8% African-American majority population in 2020, one of the largest of any community in the United States. The current mayor of Mound Bayou is Leighton Aldridge.

## History

Mound Bayou traces its origin to freed African Americans from the community of Davis Bend, Mississippi. Davis Bend was started in the 1820s by planter Joseph E. Davis (elder brother of former Confederate president Jefferson Davis), who intended to create a model slave community on his plantation. Davis was influenced by the utopian ideas of Robert Owen. He encouraged self-leadership in the slave community, provided a higher standard of nutrition and health and dental care, and allowed slaves to become merchants. In the aftermath of the Civil War, Davis Bend became an autonomous free community when Davis sold his property to former slave Benjamin Montgomery, who had run a store and been a prominent leader at Davis Bend. The prolonged agricultural depression, falling cotton prices, flooding by the Mississippi River, and white hostility in the region contributed to the economic failure of Davis Bend.

Isaiah T. Montgomery led the founding of Mound Bayou in 1887 in northwest Mississippi. The bottomlands of the Delta were a relatively undeveloped frontier, and freedmen had a chance to make money by clearing land and using the profits to buy lands in such frontier areas. In 1892, the Mound Bayou Normal Institute, a black school was founded by the American Missionary Association.

African Americans throughout the United States celebrated the Mound Bayou example. In 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered his train to make a special stop in the town. From the platform, he proclaimed that he was witnessing “an object lesson full of hope for the colored people and therefore full of hope for the white people, too.” Four years later, Washington, in a speech to a crowd of thousands, hailed Mound Bayou as a “place where a Negro may get inspiration by seeing what other members of his race have accomplished...\[and\] where he has an opportunity to learn some of the fundamental duties and responsibilities of social and civic life.”

By 1900 two-thirds of the owners of land in the bottomlands were black farmers. With the loss of political power due to state disenfranchisement, high debt and continuing agricultural problems, most of them lost their land and by 1920 were landless sharecroppers. As cotton prices fell, the town suffered a severe economic decline in the 1920s and 1930s.

Shortly after a fire destroyed much of the business district, Mound Bayou began to revive in 1942 after the opening of the Taborian Hospital by the International Order of Twelve Knights and Daughters of Tabor, a fraternal organization. For more than two decades, under its Chief Grand Mentor Perry M. Smith, the hospital provided low-cost health care to thousands of black people in the Mississippi Delta. The chief surgeon was T.R.M. Howard, who eventually became one of the wealthiest black men in the state. Howard owned a plantation of more than 1,000 acres (4.0 km2), a home-construction firm, and a small zoo, and he built the first swimming pool for black people in Mississippi.

In 1952, Medgar Evers moved to Mound Bayou to sell insurance for Howard's Magnolia Mutual Life Insurance Company. Howard introduced Evers to civil rights activism through the Regional Council of Negro Leadership which organized a boycott against service stations that refused to provide restrooms for black people. The RCNL's annual rallies in Mound Bayou between 1952 and 1955 drew crowds of ten thousand or more. During the trial of Emmett Till's killers, black reporters and witnesses stayed in Howard's Mound Bayou home, and Howard gave them an armed escort to the courthouse in Sumner.

Author Michael Premo wrote:

> Mound Bayou was an oasis in turbulent times. While the rest of Mississippi was violently segregated, inside the city there were no racial codes ... At a time when blacks faced repercussions as severe as death for registering to vote, Mound Bayou residents were casting ballots in every election. The city has a proud history of credit unions, insurance companies, a hospital, five newspapers, and a variety of businesses owned, operated, and patronized by black residents. Mound Bayou is a crowning achievement in the struggle for self-determination and economic empowerment.

## Geography

U.S. Routes 61 and 278 bypass Mound Bayou to the west and lead south 9 miles (14 km) to Cleveland, the largest city in Bolivar County, and north 27 miles (43 km) to Clarksdale.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Mound Bayou has a total area of 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 287 |  |  |
| 1910 | 537 |  | 87.1% |
| 1920 | 803 |  | 49.5% |
| 1930 | 834 |  | 3.9% |
| 1940 | 806 |  | −3.4% |
| 1950 | 1,328 |  | 64.8% |
| 1960 | 1,354 |  | 2.0% |
| 1970 | 2,134 |  | 57.6% |
| 1980 | 2,917 |  | 36.7% |
| 1990 | 2,222 |  | −23.8% |
| 2000 | 2,102 |  | −5.4% |
| 2010 | 1,533 |  | −27.1% |
| 2020 | 1,534 |  | 0.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

**Mound Bayou, Mississippi – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 17 | 14 | 7 | 0.81% | 0.91% | 0.46% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 2,061 | 1,503 | 1,485 | 98.05% | 98.04% | 96.81% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.05% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0.24% | 0.07% | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0.05% | 0.00% | 0.33% |
| Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 9 | 1 | 26 | 0.43% | 0.07% | 1.69% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 8 | 14 | 11 | 0.38% | 0.91% | 0.72% |
| **Total** | **2,102** | **1,533** | **1,534** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 1,534 people, 641 households, and 376 families residing in the city.

### 2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 1,533 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 98.0% Black, 0.9% White, 0.1% Asian and 0.1% from two or more races. 0.9% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,102 people, 687 households, and 504 families living in the city. The population density was 2,395.1 inhabitants per square mile (924.8/km2). There were 723 housing units at an average density of 823.8 per square mile (318.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.43% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.81% White, 0.05% from other races, and 0.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.38% of the population.

There were 687 households, out of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.7% were married couples living together, 43.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.66.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.7% under the age of 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 67.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $17,972, and the median income for a family was $19,770. Males had a median income of $21,700 versus $18,988 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,227. About 41.9% of families and 45.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 58.5% of those under age 18 and 34.5% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

### Primary and secondary schools

The city of Mound Bayou is served by the North Bolivar Consolidated School District, which operates I.T. Montgomery Elementary School in Mound Bayou and Northside High School in Shelby. The elementary school is named after Mound Bayou cofounder Isaiah T. Montgomery.

From its earliest years, Mound Bayou has struggled with inadequate educational infrastructure. According to a 1915 report in the Cincinnati *Labor Advocate*, Mound Bayou's school was attended by more than 300 students who were forced to make use of equipment held to be "inadequate for 50 pupils". Teachers at the school were "poorly paid" and the school year limited to only five months.

St. Gabriel Mission School in Mound Bayou was of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Jackson (formerly Roman Catholic Diocese of Natchez and Roman Catholic Diocese of Jackson-Natchez). It opened as a K-8 school on September 7, 1954. The high school opened in 1958. In 1961 the high school closed. Its non-preschool grades ended in 1994 when it was converted into a preschool. The preschool closed in 2001.

On July 1, 2014, the North Bolivar School District consolidated with the Mound Bayou Public School District to form the North Bolivar Consolidated School District. John F. Kennedy Memorial High School in Mound Bayou, formerly the secondary school of the Mound Bayou district, closed in 2018.

### Colleges and universities

Bolivar County residents have residency for two community colleges: Coahoma Community College and Mississippi Delta Community College. Their main campuses respectively are in unincorporated Coahoma County and Moorhead in Sunflower County.

## Health care

The last hospital in town closed in 1983.

A branch of Delta Health Center is located in Mound Bayou. Founded in Mound Bayou in 1967, Delta Health Center was the first rural community health center in the United States.

## Notable people

### Born in Mound Bayou

### Lived or worked in Mound Bayou

## Cultural references

Ed Townsend wrote the Marvin Gaye hit song "Let's Get It On" in Mound Bayou.

## Further reading

* Hermann, Janet (1981). *The Pursuit of a Dream*. New York: OUP.
* David and Linda Royster Beito, *T.R.M. Howard: Doctor, Entrepreneur, Civil Rights Pioneer* (Oakland: Independent Institute), 2018. ISBN 978-1598133127.

## InfoBox

| Mound Bayou, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
|  | |
| Nickname: Jewel of the Delta | |
| Location of Mound Bayou in Mississippi | |
| Mound Bayou, MississippiLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 33°52′50″N 90°43′41″W / 33.88056°N 90.72806°W / 33.88056; -90.72806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Bolivar |
| Founded | July 12, 1887 |
| Incorporated
-City status | February 23, 1898
May 12, 1972 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Leighton Aldridge |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.88 sq mi (2.27 km2) |
| Land | 0.88 sq mi (2.27 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 144 ft (44 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,534 |
| Density | 1,749.14/sq mi (675.62/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 38762 |
| Area code | 662 |
| FIPS code | 28-49320 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0673895 |
| Website | www.cityofmoundbayou.com |


abstract: Wrestling at the Islamic Solidarity Games has been contested at 2010(Cancelled) and 2017 edition of the event. The sport is expected to be contested at the upcoming 2022 Islamic Solidarity Games in Konya, Turkey.

text:
# Wrestling at the Islamic Solidarity Games

**Wrestling** at the **Islamic Solidarity Games** has been contested at 2010(Cancelled) and 2017 edition of the event. The sport is expected to be contested at the upcoming 2022 Islamic Solidarity Games in Konya, Turkey.

## Editions

| Games | Year | Host city | Host country | Events |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| II | 2010 | Tehran | Iran | *Cancelled* |
| IV | 2017 () | Baku | Azerbaijan | 24 |
|  | 2022 () | Konya | Turkey | 30 |

## Medal table

*Updated after the 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games*

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Azerbaijan (AZE) | 20 | 14 | 12 | 46 |
| 2 | Iran (IRI) | 13 | 4 | 13 | 30 |
| 3 | Kyrgyzstan (KGZ) | 9 | 9 | 5 | 23 |
| 4 | Turkey (TUR) | 4 | 13 | 21 | 38 |
| 5 | Uzbekistan (UZB) | 4 | 6 | 13 | 23 |
| 6 | Nigeria (NGR) | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 7 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 1 | 4 | 13 | 18 |
| 8 | Albania (ALB) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Guinea (GUI) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Ivory Coast (CIV) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 11 | Turkmenistan (TKM) | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 12 | Algeria (ALG) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 13 | Tajikistan (TJK) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| | Tunisia (TUN) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 15 | Bahrain (BHR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Bangladesh (BAN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Cameroon (CMR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Guinea-Bissau (GBS) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Iraq (IRQ) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Pakistan (PAK) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (20 entries) | | 54 | 54 | 94 | 202 |


title: Nello L. Teer Company

abstract: Nello L. Teer Company was a privately owned General Contracting firm founded in 1909 by Nello Leguy Teer. It was headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, and grew to be one of the largest construction companies in the world. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based global chemical and materials company Koppers purchased the company and today much of the aggregate assets are part of Lehigh Hanson - Heidelberg Materials in North America, rail assets are part of CSX, the road construction aspects are held within the Colas Group, and some of the real estate management aspects were transferred to Teer Associates.

text:
# Nello L. Teer Company

**Nello L. Teer Company** was a privately owned General Contracting firm founded in 1909 by Nello Leguy Teer. It was headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, and grew to be one of the largest construction companies in the world. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based global chemical and materials company Koppers purchased the company and today much of the aggregate assets are part of Lehigh Hanson - Heidelberg Materials in North America, rail assets are part of CSX, the road construction aspects are held within the Colas Group, and some of the real estate management aspects were transferred to Teer Associates.

## History

Research Triangle Park. The Great North Road. The Israeli Air Bases. The Blue Ridge Parkway.

## Divisions

### Africa Office

In 1968, the company opens an Africa Office in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.

### Asphalt Division

In 1945, the Asphalt Division was formed to do defense work in Gulfport, Mississippi; and later highway work in North Carolina.

### Building Division

The Building Division was officially launched in 1965, but it was not until 1973, The Nello Teer Company bought Romeo Guest Associates of Greensboro, a well-established industrial building firm. With 80 years of experience, Romeo Guest Associates became the Building Division of the Nello L. Teer Company without any changes in management. The experienced Guest firm built major manufacturing plants in 13 states, a distinction that added a competitive element to the Nello L. Teer Company’s newly formed Heavy and Industrial Division. Today Romeo Guest Associates, Inc., is an employee-owned company based in Durham, North Carolina.

### Central American Division

In 1955, the Central American Division opens its headquarters in Guatemala City, marking the launch of Nello L. Teer International.

### Central Engineering and Contracting Corporation

In 1940, Central Engineering and Contracting Corporation opens and is responsible for owning and maintaining the company’s equipment. In 1980, the company owned over 5,000 pieces of yellow iron that was located in North America, Central America, Africa, and the Middle East.

### Concrete Paving Division

The Concrete paving Division was started to pave the Colonial Highway, Williamsburg, Virginia.

### Dredging Division

In 1955, the Dredging Division was started with work in Florida, Virginia and later Maryland.

### Durham-Southern Railway

When the Nello L. Teer Company bought the Durham and Southern Railway in 1954, it was still using steam engines. Four Baldwin 1200 Horse power Diesel Electric Locomotives were purchased in 1956 to replace the steam locomotives.

### Quarry Division

The Quarry Division operated several quarries including the Crabtree Quarry in Raleigh, North Carolina. Other quarries were located in Durham, Holly Springs, New Bern, Princeton, Raleigh, Rocky Mount, and Rougemount.

### Teer Enterprises

In, 1969 The Nello L. Teer Company signed a franchise agreement with Triangle Service Center, Incorporated, the for-profit arm of RTP developer Research Triangle Foundation. During the period of 1969 to 1979, the company completed the 128-room Governors Inn Hotel, 50 and 100 Park Offices. The company, in 1972, placed its real estate development assets in Teer Enterprises, Ltd. then launched the construction of 200 Park Offices and 300 Park Offices. The company started construction on 400 Park Offices in 1980 which was eventually occupied by GTE Government Systems and it then expanded Governors Inn to 203 rooms including additional meeting and lounge rooms. The Nello L. Teer Company merged with Koppers Company on August 1, 1980; however, the deal did not include Teer Enterprises. During 1982 the company began work on 500, 600, 700, and 800 Park Offices, which includes the IBM complex. Teer Enterprises was sold by the family in 1985 and management was transferred to a new company called Teer Associates.

### Webster County Coal Company

In 1974, the Nello L. Teer Company added another layer to its activities by entering the coal mining industry. The company started a surface mining division called Webster County Coal Company. The coal stripping division started in West Virginia and Western Pennsylvania on property previously owned by the company and areas owned by established mining businesses. The Nello L. Teer Company brought a new angle to the coal stripping process by applying highway construction techniques to surface mining. Using conventional construction equipment, the Webster County Coal Company’s mines were producing up to 1.2 million tons of high-grade coal annually.

## Some Noteworthy Projects

### North America

* Blue Ridge Parkway - 17 Sections including the first and last
* Capeheart Housing Project - 849 Units (JV with H. L. Coble Construction Company) - Cherry Point, North Carolina (1959)
* Capeheart Housing Project - 1500 Units (JV with H. L. Coble Construction Company & W. H. Weaver Construction Company) - Seymour Johnson Air Base
* Jordan Lake Dam - North Carolina
* Liggett and Myers Tobacco Company Headquarters - Durham, North Carolina
* Forsyth County Hospital - Charlotte, North Carolina
* Maine Turnpike - Section which ran from Portland to Augusta - Maine
* Roanoke Rapids Dam - North Carolina
* Duke University Chapel Excavation - Durham, North Carolina
* George P. Stevenson Dam - Sinnemahoning, Pennsylvania
* Cherry Point Marine Corps Air Station - Runway Construction - North Carolina
* Pennsylvania Turnpike - Concrete Paving Operations near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
* Blue Cross Blue Shield Building, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
* Iceland NATO Airfield \- Keflavik, Iceland
* Reigal Paper Plant - North Carolina
* West Virginia Turnpike - Six Sections - West Virginia
* Kenan Stadium - Excavation - Chapel Hill, North Carolina
* Roanoke Civic Center
* I-495 Maryland
* Duke University Medical Center - Durham, North Carolina
* Governors Inn, RTP, North Carolina
* Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters - Durham, North Carolina
* Wake County Courthouse - Raleigh, North Carolina
* Fort Lee - Grading and paving for streets and parade grounds - Virginia
* Raleigh-Durham Airport - Runway grading and paving of two perpendicular runways - North Carolina
* Winston-Salem Airport - Runway grading and paving - North Carolina
* Bear Creek Dam, Scranton, Pennsylvania
* Seymour Johnson Air Base - Expansion for B-52 jet bombers - Goldsboro, North Carolina
* Broken Bow Dam, Broken Bow, Oklahoma
* Titan II Missile Base, Tucson, Arizona (JV with J.A. Jones Construction Company & Dwight W. Winkleman Construction Company)
* K-2 Vienna Route Metro Subway (e.g., Clarendon Metro station), Arlington, Virginia
* Smithland Dam, Kentucky (JV with\[J.A. Jones Construction Company)

### International

#### Africa

* Great North Road - Tanzania, Africa
* Four United States air bases in Morocco, Northern Africa including Nouasseur Air Base

Atlas Constructors (A Joint Venture of Morrison-Knudsen, Nello L. Teer Company, Bates & Rogers Construction Corp., Blythe Bros. Company, and Ralph R. Mills Co., Inc.)

#### Central America

#### Middle East

### South America

* Guri Dam \- Excavation and Aggregate Production - Venezuela

## InfoBox

**Nello L. Teer Company**
|
|  |
| Company type | Privately held company |
| Industry | General Contractor |
| Founded | 1909 |
| Founders | Nello L. Teer |
| Headquarters | Durham, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Services | General Construction |
| Number of employees | 5000 |
| Website | www.nelloteer.com |


title: Peter Hogan (footballer)

abstract: Peter Hogan was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Peter Hogan (footballer)

**Peter Hogan** (28 November 1945 – 1 December 2007) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Peter Hogan | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Peter Hogan | | |
| Date of birth | (1945-11-28)28 November 1945 | | |
| Date of death | 1 December 2007(2007-12-01) (aged 62) | | |
| Original team(s) | Portland | | |
| Height | 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Weight | 76 kg (168 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Rover | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1963–66 | Richmond | 40 (57) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1966. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: John Patrick Hayden

abstract: John Patrick Hayden was an Irish nationalist politician. As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party, he served in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1897 to 1918 as Member of Parliament (MP) for South Roscommon. He was also editor and proprietor of the Westmeath Examiner, published in Mullingar, County Westmeath, and a member of the Irish Board of Agriculture. He was imprisoned four times by the British administration under different Coercion Acts. He was the seventh son of Luke and Mary Hayden of County Roscommon, and was educated at St Comans, Roscommon. In 1912 he married Henrietta Hill, daughter of Thomas Scott of Hannaville, Greenisland, County Antrim. Hayden founded the Westmeath Examiner in 1882, when he was not yet 20. In his early days he also made valuable contributions to Irish literature. He was an active campaigner during the Land War and Plan of Campaign of the 1880s. Like his older brother Luke Hayden, MP for South Leitrim and later for South Roscommon, John Hayden supported Charles Stewart Parnell during the split in the Irish nationalist movement from 1890 over Parnell's leadership. As a result, the Westmeath Examiner was subjected to a clerically organized boycott, and only survived commercially through a pact between Unionists and Parnellites on the Mullingar Board of Guardians, dividing advertising between pro-Parnellite and Unionist papers and excluding the clericalist Westmeath Independent. On Luke's unexpected death in 1897, John Hayden was adopted as the Parnellite candidate to succeed him at South Roscommon. He was returned unopposed at the ensuing by-election and remained unopposed in the same seat at each succeeding general election until 1918, when he was defeated by the prominent Sinn Féiner Harry Boland by 10,685 votes to 4,233. Fitzpatrick gives a vivid account of the turbulent election campaign at South Roscommon in 1918. In spite of his role as a land campaigner, in the early 1900s Hayden was himself the target for hostile agitation headed by Laurence Ginnell, who saw him as symbolising the Irish Party's hypocritical tolerance of ‘grazing’, the operation of large tracts of land for cattle-rearing rather than as smaller holdings for poorer farmers. Hayden was a close associate of the leader of the Irish Party, John Redmond. He was consulted by Redmond before he made his historic statement in the British House of Commons in August 1914 committing Irish Volunteer support for Britain and her Allies and in the First World War. He was also one of the committee of six who drafted the Irish Parliamentary Party manifesto for the 1918 general election. After his Parliamentary defeat, Hayden continued to take an active part in the editorship of the Westmeath Examiner until a fortnight before his death. By the time Hayden died at the age of 91 in July 1954, he was thought to be the last survivor of the Irish Parliamentary Party which had dominated Irish politics up to 1918.

text:
# John Patrick Hayden

**John Patrick Hayden** (25 April 1863 – 3 July 1954) was an Irish nationalist politician. As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party, he served in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1897 to 1918 as Member of Parliament (MP) for South Roscommon. He was also editor and proprietor of the *Westmeath Examiner*, published in Mullingar, County Westmeath, and a member of the Irish Board of Agriculture. He was imprisoned four times by the British administration under different Coercion Acts.

He was the seventh son of Luke and Mary Hayden of County Roscommon, and was educated at St Comans, Roscommon. In 1912 he married Henrietta Hill, daughter of Thomas Scott of Hannaville, Greenisland, County Antrim.

Hayden founded the *Westmeath Examiner* in 1882, when he was not yet 20. In his early days he also made valuable contributions to Irish literature. He was an active campaigner during the Land War and Plan of Campaign of the 1880s. Like his older brother Luke Hayden, MP for South Leitrim and later for South Roscommon, John Hayden supported Charles Stewart Parnell during the split in the Irish nationalist movement from 1890 over Parnell's leadership. As a result, the *Westmeath Examiner* was subjected to a clerically organized boycott, and only survived commercially through a pact between Unionists and Parnellites on the Mullingar Board of Guardians, dividing advertising between pro-Parnellite and Unionist papers and excluding the clericalist *Westmeath Independent*.

On Luke's unexpected death in 1897, John Hayden was adopted as the Parnellite candidate to succeed him at South Roscommon. He was returned unopposed at the ensuing by-election and remained unopposed in the same seat at each succeeding general election until 1918, when he was defeated by the prominent Sinn Féiner Harry Boland by 10,685 votes to 4,233. Fitzpatrick (2003, pp. 109–12) gives a vivid account of the turbulent election campaign at South Roscommon in 1918.

In spite of his role as a land campaigner, in the early 1900s Hayden was himself the target for hostile agitation headed by Laurence Ginnell, who saw him as symbolising the Irish Party's hypocritical tolerance of ‘grazing’, the operation of large tracts of land for cattle-rearing rather than as smaller holdings for poorer farmers.

Hayden was a close associate of the leader of the Irish Party, John Redmond. He was consulted by Redmond before he made his historic statement in the British House of Commons in August 1914 committing Irish Volunteer support for Britain and her Allies and in the First World War. He was also one of the committee of six who drafted the Irish Parliamentary Party manifesto for the 1918 general election.

After his Parliamentary defeat, Hayden continued to take an active part in the editorship of the *Westmeath Examiner* until a fortnight before his death. By the time Hayden died at the age of 91 in July 1954, he was thought to be the last survivor of the Irish Parliamentary Party which had dominated Irish politics up to 1918 (but see entry on Patrick Whitty).

## Sources

* Paul Bew, *Conflict and Conciliation in Ireland 1890–1910: Parnellites and Radical Agrarians*, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1987
* *Dod's Parliamentary Companion*, 1912
* David Fitzpatrick, *Harry Boland's Irish Revolution*, Cork University Press, 2003
* Stephen Gwynn, *John Redmond’s Last Years*, London, Edward Arnold, 1919
* *Irish Times*, 5 July 1954
* F. S. L. Lyons, *John Dillon: A Biography*, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968
* Patrick Maume, *The Long Gestation: Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918*, Dublin, Gill & MacMillan
* Brian M. Walker (ed.), *Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922*, Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 1978
* *Who Was Who* 1951-1960

* "Hayden, John P.". *Thom's Irish Who's Who*. Dublin: Alexander Thom and Son Ltd. 1923. p. 106  via Wikisource.

## InfoBox

| John Patrick Hayden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for South Roscommon | |
| **In office**
15 July 1897  25 November 1918 | |
| Preceded by | Luke Patrick Hayden (Parnellite) |
| Succeeded by | Harry Boland (Sinn Féin) |
| Majority | *Elected unopposed* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1863-04-25)25 April 1863
County Roscommon |
| Died | 3 July 1954(1954-07-03) (aged 91) |
| Citizenship | British, then Irish |
| Political party |  |
| Spouse | Henrietta Hill (m. 1912) |
| Relations | Luke Patrick Hayden, MP (brother) |
| Profession | Editor and proprietor, *Westmeath Examiner* |
|  | |


title: Matt Faleuka

abstract: Matthew Faleuka Tagelagi, known as Matt Faleuka, is a Niuean rugby union footballer. He plays as a wing and as a fullback.

text:
# Matt Faleuka

**Matthew Faleuka Tagelagi** (born 9 January 1979), known as **Matt Faleuka**, is a Niuean rugby union footballer. He plays as a wing and as a fullback.

## Career

Faleuka is one of the best players of the small island nation of Niue and is currently the capitan of Niue national rugby union team.

He played for the New Zealand Universities team in 2002 before representing Niue at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester in both Rugby Sevens and athletics. From 2003 he played for Northland. before moving to Overmach Rugby Parma in 2007

## InfoBox

Matt Faleuka
| Birth name | Matthew Faleuka Tagelagi |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1979-01-09) 9 January 1979 |
| Height | 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 90 kg (14 st) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Wing<br>Fullback  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2007 Parma  7  (0)  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2004-2007 Northland  19  (10)  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2011 Niue 7's  5  (5) | |


title: Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke

abstract: Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke was a German zoologist, ornithologist, and herpetologist. He was married to ornithologist Maria Koepcke, and was the father of mammalogist Juliane Koepcke.

text:
# Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke

**Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke** (13 June 1914 – 21 November 2000) was a German zoologist, ornithologist, and herpetologist. He was married to ornithologist Maria Koepcke, and was the father of mammalogist Juliane Koepcke.

## Scientific work in Peru

Koepcke studied at the University of Kiel, Germany, earning a doctorate in Natural Sciences in 1947. He then traveled to Peru where he started work at the Javier Prado Museum of Natural History in Lima, an institution affiliated with the National University of San Marcos.

Along with his wife Maria, whom he met at the University of Kiel and later married in Peru, he spent much of his life studying the Peruvian and South American fauna. He co-authored with Maria many scientific publications, mostly ornithological. His greatest individual academic accomplishment was the publication (in German) of the 1,684 page two volume opus entitled *Die Lebensformen: Grundlagen zu einer universell gültigen biologischen Theorie* (Life Forms: The basis for a universally valid biological theory), in 1971 and 1973. According to François Vuilleumier, curator of the Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History in New York City:

> The number of topics covered in this monumental work (volume 1, pages 1–789; volume 2, pages 790–1,684) is simply astonishing, and includes the concept of adaptation, death of individuals and of species, homology, systematics, ecological specialization, teleology, convergences, social signalization, mimicry, sexuality, mating systems, and many others. Richly illustrated, this work draws its empirical examples from many forms of life, where birds, and Peruvian or South American birds especially, figure prominently.

On 24 December 1971, Koepcke's wife Maria was killed in the crash of LANSA Flight 508 in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Their daughter, Juliane, who was on the flight with her mother was the sole survivor of the crash, having fallen from 3,000 m (10,000 ft) still strapped into her seat. Injured, Juliane Koepcke survived 11 days hiking without food until she was rescued.

## Return to Germany

After returning from Peru to Germany, Koepcke lived in Hamburg, where he worked at the herpetology department and taught zoology at the Zoological Institute and Museum of the University of Hamburg.

## Eponyms

A species of Peruvian lizard, *Microlophus koepckeorum*, is named in honor of him and his wife.

## InfoBox

| Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke | |
| --- | --- |
| Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke ca. 1980 | |
| Born | (1914-06-13)13 June 1914
Saatzig, Pomerania, German Empire |
| Died | 21 November 2000(2000-11-21) (aged 86)
Hamburg, Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Zoologist, ornithologist, herpetologist |
| Spouse | Maria Koepcke |
| Children | Juliane Koepcke Diller |