title: Phoenix Cinema

abstract: The Phoenix Cinema is an independent single-screen community cinema in East Finchley, London, England. It was built in 1910 and opened in 1912 as the East Finchley Picturedrome. It is one of the oldest continuously-running cinemas in the UK and shows mainly art-house films. It is distinctive on East Finchley's high road by its large neon sign on the side of the building. Its patrons are Benedict Cumberbatch, Maureen Lipman, Mike Leigh, Ken Loach, Michael Palin, Bill Paterson and Mark Kermode. It is run by a charity as a community cinema.

text:
# Phoenix Cinema

The **Phoenix Cinema** is an independent single-screen community cinema in East Finchley, London, England. It was built in 1910 and opened in 1912 as the **East Finchley Picturedrome**. It is one of the oldest continuously-running cinemas in the UK and shows mainly art-house films.

It is distinctive on East Finchley's high road by its large neon sign on the side of the building. Its patrons are Benedict Cumberbatch, Maureen Lipman, Mike Leigh, Ken Loach, Michael Palin, Bill Paterson and Mark Kermode. It is run by a charity as a community cinema.

## History

### The Picturedrome (1910–1923)

The Cinematograph Act 1909 introduced laws to make cinemas safer. As a result, more purpose-built cinemas began to appear from 1910 onwards including this one. The Phoenix Cinema was built in 1910 by Premier Electric Theatres, however the company went bankrupt before the cinema could be opened. In 1912, the building was purchased by businessmen who had been involved in setting up East Sheen Picturedrome. They finally opened it as 'The East Finchley Picturedrome' in May 1912 with 428 seats. The first screening was of a film about the *Titanic* which had recently sunk. The natural fall of the land was used for the sloped seating with the screen at the High Road end.

### The Coliseum (1924–1936)

In 1924, the cinema's name changed to the "Coliseum". In 1925, the cinema was sold to Home Counties Theatres Ltd, which also owned the Athenaeum Picture Playhouse and the Summerland Cinema, both in Muswell Hill. At this time, the typical programme was silent movies accompanied by live music, plus variety acts such as singers, magicians and comedians. But in 1928, British cinema went through a huge transformation when the first sound film, *The Jazz Singer*, featuring the voice of the film's star Al Jolson, premiered in the Piccadilly Theatre, London. Cinemas across London started the transition to sound and on 22 July 1929 this cinema was the first in the area to show a sound film, screening Al Jolson's *The Singing Fool*.

### The Rex (1937–1975)

In 1937, the building was redesigned and rebuilt in an Art Deco style and reopened as the "Rex" in September 1938. The alterations of 1938 were a response to competition from 1000 seater "picture palaces" being built by chains such as Odeon, ABC and Gaumont in the surrounding area.

Cinema interior designers Mollo & Egan redesigned the auditorium. The original 1910 barrel vaulted ceiling was retained, but decorative Art Deco panels were added along the walls. The auditorium was reversed, with the screen moving to the opposite end. This involved considerable alteration to the flooring to create a rake for the seating. The colour scheme, like today, was red, bronze and gold. The number of seats increased to 528. A projection box was built over the foyer to satisfy the requirements of the Cinematograph Act 1909, with shutters over the windows to the auditorium which could be closed in case of fire. Kershaw Kalee II arc film projectors with RCA sound heads and an RCA high-fidelity 6-valve amplifier were installed. Behind the screen were two RCA loudspeakers, where they remained for over 60 years. Modern heating and ventilation systems were also installed. These alterations together with the improved sight lines from the seating raised the standard of the Rex to meet those of its north London competitors.

The front of the cinema was transformed by architects Howes & Jackman with a move to the sleek lines of 1930s art deco architecture. The turrets and decorative plasterwork were removed to give the exterior a more 'modern' look. Glazed black tiles set against cream plaster and a new canopy stretching across the width of the cinema were accompanied by a neon sign with the new name, The Rex.

The Rex opened as an independent cinema compiling its own programmes, unlike the nearby chain cinemas, whose schedules were decided by their allied production companies.

Advertising from 1938 reassured the public that "If it is good it's on our screen". There was a full programme with a double-bill of two features, a major and minor release, a short and a newsreel, all at the same prices as the chains. Advertising, neglected by the Coliseum, was embraced by The Rex and it was always keeping up with innovations from the larger distributors.

The Rex's programming policy in the late 1930s allowed it to tailor its presentations to its public's tastes. British films were therefore favoured and popular films were presented that had previously gone round the big circuits, allowing patrons to see films they had missed elsewhere or to see a favourite film a second time around. Sunday showings of older films and a standard mid-week change of programme (when the circuits were holding a film for a whole week) provided a rich diet for even the most enthusiastic cinemagoer.

In 1973 the Rex was acquired by the Granada Group. The programming policy changed to commercial circuit releases and the previously steady increase in admissions stalled. The EFNA (East Finchley Neighbourhood Association) produced a petition and an accusatory article, Granada Wrecks the Rex, was published by Keith Lumley resulting in a new owner and a programming policy reversal.

### The Phoenix (1975–present)

The cinema took its current name in 1975 when it was purchased and run by the distribution company Contemporary Films and concentrated on independent, foreign and specialist films, as it does today.

By 1983, audience patterns were changing and Contemporary Films considered that the cinema was no longer economically viable. Charles Cooper, owner of Contemporary Films, wanted to sell the cinema and retire. Upon his retirement, the fate of the cinema hung very much in the balance. In 1983, a property company applied to Barnet Council for planning permission to build an office block on the site occupied by the cinema. The Barnet Planning Committee approved the development but the Greater London Council rejected the proposal. After the consequent public inquiry in April 1984 permission for the office block was granted. Following widespread opposition by local residents (with the patronage of Maureen Lipman) the GLC offered a grant to the Trust to purchase the cinema in June 1985. The building and adjoining land were bought by the Trust in December 1985.

In 1999 an English Heritage review resulted in some thirty cinemas acquiring listed status in recognition of their historic and architectural importance. English Heritage recognised the importance of the Phoenix's original 1910 barrel-vaulted ceiling and the 1938 Mollo and Egan decorative wall panels and in 2000 the cinema received a Grade II listing. As one of the earliest purpose-built cinemas in the UK and one of even fewer still operating as a cinema, the Phoenix is therefore protected from demolition or damaging alterations.

In May 2024, during the Israel-Hamas war, Ken Loach and Mike Leigh resigned as patrons of the cinema in protest at its hosting of the Seret Film Festival, an Israeli state-sponsored cinema festival.

### Phoenix Cinema Trust

Francis Coleman, who was prominent in the campaign to save the Phoenix, was the Trust's first Chair. The current chair is James Kessler QC.

In addition to a full programme of screenings, the Trust carries on educational and community work including Kids Club (an activity for 5- to 10-year-olds, followed by a film screening); Toddler Time (an activity followed by a 30-minute screening of an animation suitable for 2- to 4-year-olds); Bringing up Baby (enabling parents and carers to enjoy the latest releases with their babies of up to a year old); Film studies programme; Cinememories (free dementia friendly screenings supported by a grant from The Mercer's Company); school screenings, holiday workshops and charity screenings.

## Cinema restoration

At the beginning of the Trust's ownership, there were barely funds to run the cinema. The heating was antiquated. So was the projection equipment with its carbon arcs. Programming was another challenge. Contemporary Films had won a quota system against mainstream distributors for newly released American and UK films, which meant that the Phoenix was able to "claim" every fourth or fifth one.

In 1989 the Trust enlarged the upper foyer by repositioning the stairs and creating a new entrance to the auditorium.

In 2010 there was a renovation to celebrate the cinema's centenary designed by HMDW Architects. This introduced a new café-bar with a balcony, reworked the external signage and foyer, and restored the auditorium's barrel-vaulted ceiling, and Art Deco panels.

The Phoenix has also appeared in many films, TV series and photo shoots, providing the backdrop for anything from educational videos to fashion shoots to TV series and big feature films.

Among the cinema's biggest dramatic appearances were in TV comedy. In Channel 4's off-beat comedy series *Black Books*, the show's anti-hero came in when his new alarm system locked him out of his own shop and a hapless Jez tries to impress Zahra on a visit to The Phoenix in series 7, episode 3 of *Peep Show*. Another notable appearance was in the remake of the classic series *Randall and Hopkirk*, with Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer.

Neil Jordan chose the Phoenix as an early 20th-century cinema for a scene in his 1994 box-office hit, *Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles*. Jordan returned to the Phoenix to film scenes in his adaptation of Graham Greene's novel *The End of the Affair*. The Phoenix has also appeared in the films *Nine* (Rob Marshall, 2009), *Nowhere Boy* (Sam Taylor-Wood, 2009) and Eddie Redmayne was featured sitting in the auditorium in the film *My Week with Marilyn* (Simon Curtis, 2011). It was also featured in Season 4, episode 4 of the TV series The Durrells. It will also appear in a feature film due out in 2017 starring Annette Bening and Jamie Bell based on the novel *Films Stars Don't Die in Liverpool*. The Phoenix also appears in the video for the Scissor Sisters track "I Don't Feel Like Dancin'" and was recently featured in a piece directed by Samantha Morton at the *Daydreaming with Stanley Kubrick* exhibition at Somerset House in London.

The longest film shoot at the cinema so far was for the British comedy *Mr Love*, made in 1985 starring Barry Jackson. Following the adventures of a projectionist, the Phoenix was a major star of the film for which the Phoenix's chief projectionist served as a technical adviser.

## Further reading

* *The Phoenix Cinema: A Century of Film in East Finchley*, Gerry Turvey, 2010, published by the Phoenix Cinema Trust. Available for download with Amazon Kindle.

51°35′19″N 0°09′50″W / 51.5885°N 0.1639°W / 51.5885; -0.1639


title: Mościska, Gmina Brzuze

abstract: Mościska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brzuze, within Rypin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Mościska, Gmina Brzuze

**Mościska** \[mɔɕˈt͡ɕiska\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brzuze, within Rypin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Mościska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mościska | |
| Coordinates: 53°03′07″N 19°18′05″E / 53.05194°N 19.30139°E / 53.05194; 19.30139 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Rypin |
| Gmina | Brzuze |


title: John Vavasour

abstract: Sir John Vavasour KS was an English judge. He was apparently part of a minor regional knightly family, and studied law at Inner Temple. He was made a Serjeant-at-Law in 1478 and appointed a King's Serjeant in 1483, followed by a 1485 appointment as Second Justice of Lancaster and a 1495 promotion there to Chief Justice. He had also served as Recorder of York from 1486 until his appointment as Fourth Justice of the Court of Common Pleas on 17 October 1489. He was promoted to Third Justice in 1494 and served as such until 1504. He was knighted in 1501 and discharged as a judge on 16 October 1506, dying shortly after on 26 November.

text:
# John Vavasour

**Sir John Vavasour** KS (c. 1440 – 26 November 1506) was an English judge. He was apparently part of a minor regional knightly family, and studied law at Inner Temple. He was made a Serjeant-at-Law in 1478 and appointed a King's Serjeant in 1483, followed by a 1485 appointment as Second Justice of Lancaster and a 1495 promotion there to Chief Justice.

He had also served as Recorder of York from 1486 until his appointment as Fourth Justice of the Court of Common Pleas on 17 October 1489. He was promoted to Third Justice in 1494 and served as such until 1504. He was knighted in 1501 and discharged as a judge on 16 October 1506, dying shortly after on 26 November.


title: Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea

abstract: Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) east of Palermo and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Messina. Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea borders the following municipalities: Furnari, Novara di Sicilia, Rodì Milici, Terme Vigliatore, Tripi.

text:
# Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea

**Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) east of Palermo and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Messina. Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea borders the following municipalities: Furnari, Novara di Sicilia, Rodì Milici, Terme Vigliatore, Tripi.

## Public transport

### Railways

***Novara-Montalbano-Furnari railway station*** is on the Palermo–Messina railway. It is served by trains run by Trenitalia, including services from Messina.

### Bus and tram

Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea is served by bus provided from **Azienda Siciliana Trasporti**.

## InfoBox

| Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea | |
| Location of Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea | |
| Mazzarrà Sant'AndreaLocation of Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea in ItalyMazzarrà Sant'AndreaMazzarrà Sant'Andrea (Sicily) | |
| Coordinates: 38°5′N 15°8′E / 38.083°N 15.133°E / 38.083; 15.133 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Sicily |
| Metropolitan city | Messina (ME) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Commissars |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.6 km2 (2.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 110 m (360 ft) |
| Population (30 November 2011) | |
| Total | 1,580 |
| Density | 240/km2 (620/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Mazzarresi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 98056 |
| Dialing code | 0941 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Music Trance

abstract: Music Trance is a studio album by Ben E. King, released in 1980. It contains only seven tracks; however, the tracks are some of the longest he ever recorded. As a result, the length of the album is longer than many of his others. The single "Music Trance" peaked at No. 29 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The B-side contained "And This Is Love". The album peaked at No. 73 on the Billboard Top R&B Albums chart.

text:
# Music Trance

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *The New Rolling Stone Record Guide* |  |

***Music Trance*** is a studio album by Ben E. King, released in 1980.

It contains only seven tracks; however, the tracks are some of the longest he ever recorded. As a result, the length of the album is longer than many of his others.

The single "Music Trance" peaked at No. 29 on the *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The B-side contained "And This Is Love". The album peaked at No. 73 on the *Billboard* Top R&B Albums chart.

## Production

The production was shared by productionsherers, Mass Production and Bert DeCoteaux.

## Track listing

1. "Music Trance" (Ben E. King) \[5:56\]
2. "And This Is Love" (Barrie Palmer, Janet Alhanti) \[4:07\]
3. "Touched By Your Love" (Ben E. King, Bert DeCoteaux, Melvin Shaw) \[5:39\]
4. "You've Only Got One Chance To Be Young" (Ben E. King, Melvin Shaw) \[6:16\]
5. "Hired Gun" (Gregory McCoy, James Drumgole) \[6:11\]
6. "Everyday" (Gregory McCoy, James Drumgole) \[5:35\]
7. "Work That Body" (Tyrone Williams) \[6:20\]

## InfoBox

| Music Trance | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ben E. King | |
| Released | 1980 |
| Recorded | Atlantic Studios, New York |
| Genre | Soul |
| Length | 40:04 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Producer | Bert DeCoteaux, Mass Production |
| Ben E. King chronology | |
| *Let Me Live in Your Life*
(1978) ***Music Trance***
(1980) *What Is Soul*
(1981) | |


title: Museo Bellapart

abstract: The Museo Bellapart is a private art museum in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Its collection includes artwork from the mid-19th century to the 1960s.

text:
# Museo Bellapart

The **Museo Bellapart** is a private art museum in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Its collection includes artwork from the mid-19th century to the 1960s.

## InfoBox

Museo Bellapart
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Coordinates | 18°28′55″N 69°55′31″W / 18.481955°N 69.925328°W / 18.481955; -69.925328 |
| Type | Art museum |
| Website | museobellapart.com |


title: Harlan Coben's Shelter

abstract: Harlan Coben's Shelter is an American mystery drama television series starring Jaden Michael, Constance Zimmer, Abby Corrigan, and Adrian Greensmith. It is based on the 2011 young adult novel Shelter by Harlan Coben. The series was released on Amazon Prime Video on August 18, 2023. In November 2023, the series was canceled after one season.

text:
# Harlan Coben's Shelter

***Harlan Coben's Shelter*** is an American mystery drama television series starring Jaden Michael, Constance Zimmer, Abby Corrigan, and Adrian Greensmith. It is based on the 2011 young adult novel *Shelter* by Harlan Coben. The series was released on Amazon Prime Video on August 18, 2023. In November 2023, the series was canceled after one season.

## Synopsis

After his father's sudden death, Mickey Bolitar starts a new life in Kasselton, New Jersey, where he becomes entangled in the mysterious disappearance of Ashley Kent, a student at his school, leading him to discover a dark underworld in the quiet suburban community.

## Cast

### Main

* Jaden Michael as Mickey Bolitar
* Constance Zimmer as Shira Bolitar
* Adrian Greensmith as Arthur Jean "Spoon" Spindell, Jr.
* Abby Corrigan as Emma "Ema" Winslow
* Sage Linder as Rachel Caldwell
* Brian Altemus as Troy Taylor

### Recurring

### Guest

* Hunter Emery as Sunglasses Man
* Dustin Charles as Arthur Jean Spindell, Sr.
* Sophia Adler as Candy

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Pilot" | Patricia Cardoso | *Teleplay by*: Harlan Coben & Charlotte Coben and Ed Decter | August 18, 2023 (2023-08-18) |
| 2 | "Catch Me If U Can" | Edward Ornelas | *Teleplay by*: Charlotte Coben | August 18, 2023 (2023-08-18) |
| 3 | "The Dirt Locker" | Christina Choe | Nicki Renna | August 18, 2023 (2023-08-18) |
| 4 | "Phantom Threads" | Christina Choe | Charlotte Coben | August 25, 2023 (2023-08-25) |
| 5 | "See Me Feel Me Touch Me Heal Me" | Deborah Kampmeier | Alfredo Barrios Jr | September 1, 2023 (2023-09-01) |
| 6 | "Candy's Room" | Deborah Kampmeier | Allen MacDonald | September 8, 2023 (2023-09-08) |
| 7 | "Sweet Dreams Are Made of This" | Edward Ornelas | Alfredo Barrios Jr & Nicki Renna | September 15, 2023 (2023-09-15) |
| 8 | "Found" | Edward Ornelas | Harlan Coben & Charlotte Coben | September 22, 2023 (2023-09-22) |

## Production

On April 19, 2021, it was reported that Amazon Studios had ordered a pilot episode based on Harlan Coben's young adult novel *Shelter*, the first in his Mickey Bolitar trilogy, and that MGM had acquired the rights to all the books in the series. It was also reported that Ed Decter would serve as showrunner.

On September 23, 2021, it was announced that Jaden Michael had been cast in the lead role. It was also announced that Decter had exited the series, and that Coben would now be serving as showrunner. On October 5, 2021, it was announced that Constance Zimmer had joined the cast as Shira Bolitar, Mickey's aunt. On October 27, 2021, it was announced that Adrian Greensmith, Abby Corrigan, and Sage Linder had been added to the cast. The pilot episode was written by Harlan Coben and Charlotte Coben and directed by Patricia Cardoso. It wrapped filming in New Jersey at the end of 2021.

On March 15, 2022, it was announced that *Shelter* had been given a series order by Amazon Studios, to be produced alongside MGM International Television Productions. The series was filmed mostly in Kearny, New Jersey, in the summer and fall of 2022. Harlan Coben and Allen MacDonald are co-showrunners and executive producers, and the series is also executive produced by Edward Ornelas, Erik Barmack, and Patricia Cardoso, with Charlotte Coben as producer.

On November 21, 2023, it was reported that the series had been canceled after one season.

## Release

The first episode was screened at the Monte-Carlo Television Festival on June 16, 2023. The first three episodes of the series were released on Prime Video on August 18, 2023, with new episodes each Friday through the season finale on September 22, 2023.

## Reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, *Harlan Coben's Shelter* has an approval rating of 88% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5 out of 10. The website's general consensus reads, "Carrying off a mature mystery with a light touch, *Shelter* is an absorbing and spry adaptation of Harlan Coben's work." Metacritic calculated an average of 65 out of 100 based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

## InfoBox

| *Harlan Coben's Shelter* | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Genre |  |
| Based on | *Shelter*
by Harlan Coben |
| Developed by | * Harlan Coben * Charlotte Coben |
| Showrunner | Harlan Coben |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | * Erik Barmack * Rola Bauer * Patricia Cardoso * Harlan Coben * Allen MacDonald * Edward Ornelas |
| Producer | Charlotte Coben |
| Cinematography | * John B. Aronson * Sarah Cawley |
| Editors | * Sean Cusack * Guillermo de la Cal |
| Running time | 45–57 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | Amazon Prime Video |
| Release | August 18 (2023-08-18)
September 22, 2023 (2023-09-22) |


title: Harry Liston

abstract: Harry Liston was an English comedian and actor who appeared in music hall, variety shows and other entertainments during the Victorian era and in the first decades of the 20th century.

text:
# Harry Liston

**Harry Liston** (born **John Greenhough**; 7 October 1843 – 12 April 1929) was an English comedian and actor who appeared in music hall, variety shows and other entertainments during the Victorian era and in the first decades of the 20th century.

## Biography

### Early life

Born in Stockport, Cheshire, Liston started work as a commercial traveller before deciding upon a career as a performer.

### Career and later life

Liston made his performing début at the Scotia Music Hall, Glasgow in 1863, continuing on the music hall circuit. Two years later, he moved to London and adopted a new style of performing as a *Lion comique*. He became associated with many popular comedians of the day, including Arthur Lloyd, George Leybourne and Alfred Vance. His repertoire included such songs as "The Ginger-haired Swell", "Naughty Mary Ann" and "I'll Tell Your Wife". Perhaps his best known song became his signature tune, "When Johnny Comes Marching Home". By 1888 and with the *Lion comique* becoming out of date, Liston developed a new entertainment, "Merry Moments", with which he toured concert halls throughout the country.

In later years and with music hall on the decline, Liston made a successful transition to variety. He performed in the northern provinces for the remainder of his career.

Liston retired in 1925 and died four years later, in Manchester, aged 85.

* Anthony, Barry (2010). *The King's Jester*. London: I. B. Taurus & Co. ISBN 978-1-84885-430-7.


title: Đorđe Ćurčija

abstract: Đorđe Obradović, better known as Đorđe Ćurčija or Ćurta (Ћурта), was a commander in the First Serbian Uprising (1804). When he heard of the outbreak against the dahija in Valjevo and Šumadija Obradović was operating as a hajduk (highwayman) and in response he "began to attack the Turks more frequently". He would be purged by his own side before the year was out. As a child, he moved from his village to the Belgrade pashalik. For a while he worked as a furrier (ćurčija) in Krupanj, hence the sobriquet "Ćurčija" that became his surname. Later, he joined a group of hajduks (highwaymen) and was well-liked by his fellow Serbs but feared by the Turks in Podrinje as an Harambaša, a senior commander of a hajduk band. When the uprising broke out in 1804, Obradović joined the insurgents, but already in the first days he showed a certain arbitrariness. He did not take part in the Battle of Čokešina due to a quarrel with Jakov Nenadović, one of the most prominent leaders of the uprising in western Serbia, but soon after he fought together with others against the Turks near Belgrade and during the capture of Požarevac. There he again came into conflict with Jakov Nenadović, and also with Karađorđe, so he went to Mačva with his men. He dominated Jadar, Rađevina and the scaffold towards Sremska Mitrovica and from there he led the fight against the Turks on his own. Undisicplined by nature, his quarrel with Nikola Grbović and Luka Lazarević, as well as an incursion by the Turks from the Drina, hastened the decision to remove him. Ćurčija was suddenly attacked in Novo Selo in the summer of 1804, where he was killed resisting Jakov Nenadović's men. Đorđe Ćurčija's scribe during 1804 was Vuk Stefanović Karadžić.

text:
# Đorđe Ćurčija

**Đorđe Obradović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђорђе Обрадовић; d. 1804), better known as **Đorđe Ćurčija** (Ђорђе Ћурчија) or **Ćurta** (Ћурта), was a commander in the First Serbian Uprising (1804). When he heard of the outbreak against the dahija in Valjevo and Šumadija Obradović was operating as a hajduk (highwayman) and in response he "began to attack the Turks more frequently". He would be purged by his own side before the year was out.

As a child, he moved from his village to the Belgrade pashalik. For a while he worked as a furrier (*ćurčija*) in Krupanj, hence the sobriquet "Ćurčija" that became his surname. Later, he joined a group of hajduks (highwaymen) and was well-liked by his fellow Serbs but feared by the Turks in Podrinje as an Harambaša, a senior commander of a hajduk band.

When the uprising broke out in 1804, Obradović joined the insurgents, but already in the first days he showed a certain arbitrariness. He did not take part in the Battle of Čokešina (28 April 1804) due to a quarrel with Jakov Nenadović, one of the most prominent leaders of the uprising in western Serbia, but soon after he fought together with others against the Turks near Belgrade and during the capture of Požarevac.

There he again came into conflict with Jakov Nenadović, and also with Karađorđe, so he went to Mačva with his men. He dominated Jadar, Rađevina and the scaffold towards Sremska Mitrovica and from there he led the fight against the Turks on his own.

Undisicplined by nature, his quarrel with Nikola Grbović and Luka Lazarević, as well as an incursion by the Turks from the Drina, hastened the decision to remove him. Ćurčija was suddenly attacked in Novo Selo in the summer of 1804, where he was killed resisting Jakov Nenadović's men.

Đorđe Ćurčija's scribe during 1804 was Vuk Stefanović Karadžić.

* Branko Šašić (1998). *Znameniti Šapčani i Podrinci*. Udruženje Građana Sport u Podrinju.


title: Personal Ensign

abstract: Personal Ensign was a champion Thoroughbred racehorse who retired undefeated with 13 wins. At the time, this was the longest win streak for a horse at the elite level of American racing in 80 years. Her come-from-behind victory in the 1988 Breeders' Cup Distaff over Kentucky Derby winner Winning Colors is considered one of the most memorable performances of the Breeders' Cup era. Personal Ensign showed her class early by winning the Grade I Frizette Stakes at age two, but was subsequently injured. After missing nearly a year of racing, she returned in September of her three-year-old season to win four races, including the Grade I Beldame Stakes. As a four-year-old, she won seven races, all but one of which was at the Grade I level, including a victory in the prestigious Whitney Handicap against male horses. She ended her season by repeating in the Beldame and then taking the Breeders' Cup Distaff. For this feat, she was voted the 1988 Eclipse Award as the American Champion Older Female Horse. In retirement, Personal Ensign matched her success on the track as a broodmare, being named the 1996 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year. Her daughter My Flag emulated her by winning a Breeders' Cup race and producing another Breeders' Cup winner, Storm Flag Flying. Her son Our Emblem sired Kentucky Derby winner War Emblem.

text:
# Personal Ensign

**Personal Ensign** (April 27, 1984  April 8, 2010) was a champion Thoroughbred racehorse who retired undefeated with 13 wins. At the time, this was the longest win streak for a horse at the elite level of American racing in 80 years. Her come-from-behind victory in the 1988 Breeders' Cup Distaff over Kentucky Derby winner Winning Colors is considered one of the most memorable performances of the Breeders' Cup era.

Personal Ensign showed her class early by winning the Grade I Frizette Stakes at age two, but was subsequently injured. After missing nearly a year of racing, she returned in September of her three-year-old season to win four races, including the Grade I Beldame Stakes. As a four-year-old, she won seven races, all but one of which was at the Grade I level, including a victory in the prestigious Whitney Handicap against male horses. She ended her season by repeating in the Beldame and then taking the Breeders' Cup Distaff. For this feat, she was voted the 1988 Eclipse Award as the American Champion Older Female Horse.

In retirement, Personal Ensign matched her success on the track as a broodmare, being named the 1996 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year. Her daughter My Flag emulated her by winning a Breeders' Cup race and producing another Breeders' Cup winner, Storm Flag Flying. Her son Our Emblem sired Kentucky Derby winner War Emblem.

## Background

Personal Ensign was a bay mare who was bred in Kentucky by Ogden Phipps, for whom she raced as a homebred. The Phipps family had long been a major factor in the horse racing industry, and Phipps himself had bred multiple champions including Buckpasser and Easy Goer. Produced from a mating of Phipps' homebred stallion Private Account and the mare Grecian Banner, Personal Ensign was a full sister to Personal Flag. Their combined exploits in 1988 led Grecian Banner being named Kentucky Broodmare of the Year, a feat Personal Ensign later also accomplished. Grecian Banner was out of Dorine, a two-time champion filly in Argentina.

Personal Ensign was trained by Claude (Shug) McGaughey, and Randy Romero was her regular jockey. She behaved professionally on the racecourse but could be temperamental on the backstretch.

## Racing career

### 1986: two-year-old campaign

Personal Ensign made her first start on September 28 in a maiden special weight race at Belmont Park. She trailed the field early but made a strong closing drive to win by 12+34 lengths. Her time of 1:2245 for seven furlongs was three-fifths of a second faster than the same day's running of the Grade I Matron Stakes, won by Tappiano.

Personal Ensign then made her stakes debut in the Grade I Frizette Stakes on October 13. She was the 3-10 favorite in a field that was reduced down to just three horses after the scratches of Sea Basque and Tappiano. Although Personal Ensign was known for her late-running style, in this race she was pushed early to prevent the front-runner Collins from getting an easy lead. She and Collins raced head to head for the final half mile, with Personal Ensign prevailing by a head. "Last time, she won in a gallop," said McGaughey. "This time, she had to belly down and fight."

Personal Ensign was being pointed towards the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies, a race in which she would have been the favorite, but became lame after an apparently routine workout on October 26. Tests revealed that she had broken the pastern bone on her right hind leg, an injury that would have been career-ending and perhaps life-threatening just a few years earlier. However, thanks to advances in veterinary surgical techniques, she was operated on by Dr. Larry Bramlage, who inserted five screws into the bone. Bramlage later cited her as one of his personal favorites over his long career. "She was important not only to me, but also to the profession," said Bramlage. "She was really the first prominent horse that showed that not only could you save those horses for breeding if you did a good job with internal fixation but some of them then could come back and perform well."

### 1987: three-year-old campaign

After recovering from surgery, Personal Ensign finally returned to the racetrack on September 6, 1987 in an allowance race at Belmont Park. Going off as the 7-10 favorite, she won by 3+34 lengths. On September 24, she won another allowance race, this time by 7+34 lengths. She then stepped up in class to win the Rare Perfume Stakes on October 10 by 4+34 lengths.

Personal Ensign made her next start on October 18 in the Beldame Stakes run at Belmont Park over 1+14 miles, where she faced older horses for the first time, plus several of the leading three-year-old fillies in the country. She was the second betting choice behind the entry of Coup de Fusil, who had won three straight Grade I races, and Clabber Girl. It was the only time in her career that she was not the favorite. In a change from her normal running style, she stayed close to the pace and took the lead after six furlongs, opening the lead to four lengths in mid-stretch. She won by 2+14 lengths despite tiring late. "I thought she would go a distance, but you don't know until you try it," said McGaughey. "I had no idea how she would run, coming back eight days after the other race. She has never run against this kind."

"Riding her is like pushing a button," said Romero. "She is the fastest filly I ever rode. If she gets in trouble, she is so fast she can get out of it."

Her connections considered sending her to the 1987 Breeders' Cup, but ultimately decided against it because the event was held that year on November 21, much later than the usual date at the beginning of November. The decision possibly cost Personal Ensign the title of three-year-old champion filly: she finished second in the Eclipse Award voting to Sacahuista, who won the Distaff.

### 1988: four-year-old campaign

In 1988, Personal Ensign won all seven of her starts, including the Shuvee Handicap, the Hempstead Stakes, the Maskette Stakes, and the Beldame Stakes all prestigious Grade I races against fillies and mares. At Saratoga, she defeated males in the historic Whitney Handicap. Her swan song was a nose victory over Kentucky Derby winner Winning Colors in the Breeders' Cup Distaff, a race that is often referred to as the most exciting finish in Breeders' Cup history.

Personal Ensign made her four-year-old debut on May 15, 1988 in the Shuvee Handicap at Belmont Park. She went off as the 7-10 favorite in a field of six despite the seven-month layoff and carrying top weight of 121 pounds. She broke slowly, then moved into third along the backstretch. She took the lead turning into the stretch then drew off to win by 1+34 lengths.

Personal Ensign's next start was on June 11 at Belmont Park in the Hempstead Handicap, a race subsequently renamed in her owner's honor. She stalked the early pace then made a strong run down the stretch to win by seven lengths. Her time for 1+18 miles was an excellent 1:4735. She then made the first start of her career away from Belmont Park in the Molly Pitcher Stakes at Monmouth Park on July 4, winning comfortably by eight lengths.

She then shipped to Saratoga in upstate New York for the Whitney Handicap on August 6, facing male horses for the first time. The race attracted only two other horses, multiple stakes winners Gulch (Metropolitan Handicap) and King's Swan (Tom Fool Handicap). Over a sloppy track that favored front runners, Personal Ensign trailed the field by about four lengths for the first five furlongs, then started to make up ground around the turn. After completing the mile in 1:3535, she got her head in front and continued to draw away, winning by 1+12 lengths over Gulch. She completed the nine furlongs in 1:4745. "I can now say she is the best horse I ever road," said Romero. "She ran a great race."

It was her tenth win in a row, matching the streak of Ruffian before the latter filly broke down in her final start. It also moved her to the top of the NTRA polling for Horse of the Year.

Personal Ensign made her next start in the Maskette Stakes over a distance of one mile at Belmont on September 10, where her main rival was Winning Colors, who had won the 1988 Kentucky Derby. Winning Colors was coming off a three-month layoff but was also carrying seven pounds less than Personal Ensign. She was also the only "speed" horse in the field, and as expected went to the early lead. She set a fast pace of 0:4515 for the first half-mile, opening a large lead on the rest of the field. "When she got that far in front," said McGaughey, "I was worried."

Around the turn, Personal Ensign began to close ground and trailed by just two lengths after the six furlongs was completed in 1:0915. In the top of the stretch, she moved alongside Winning Colors but the other filly responded to the challenge. The two dueled for the remaining eighth of a mile until Personal Ensign finally pulled ahead in the final strides to win by three-quarters of a length. "They both made me proud today, especially my filly," said Romero. "A mile isn't even her best distance. I just let her run her race and knew she would get the job done."

On October 16, Personal Ensign entered the Beldame Stakes to defend her victory in the previous year's race. She was "routinely brilliant" on her way to a 5+12 length win, stalking the early pace and then opening up in the stretch. The fans at Belmont gave her a standing ovation.

Personal Ensign made her final start in the Breeders' Cup Distaff at Churchill Downs on November 5. The field included Winning Colors and Goodbye Halo, who had won several major three-year-old filly races while Winning Colors was racing against the colts. Winning Colors went to the lead and set moderate fractions, allowing her to conserve energy. The track was muddy and Personal Ensign did not handle it well, dropping far back and striding cautiously for her footing. McGaughey said to a friend, "Not today... She's beaten."

As they turned into the stretch though, Personal Ensign swung to the center of the track, switched leads and finally hit her best stride. With an eighth of a mile remaining, she was still four lengths behind but Winning Colors was tiring. Goodbye Halo was also moving into contention and the three moved ever closer together. As they neared the finish line, Personal Ensign overtook first Goodbye Halo and then Winning Colors, winning in the final stride by a nose over the latter. The crowd erupted and McGaughey was both jubilant and relieved. "Undefeated," he said. "One of the most courageous performances I've ever seen."

"What's so good about her," said Romero, "she don't want to get beat. She's determined to get the job done, and that's what she did today."

The race drew superlatives from many observers. Edward Bowen, editor-in-chief of the *Blood-Horse* magazine, wrote, "It was a three-filly finish that left its witnesses uplifted and drained at the same time, a moment that leapt fully grown into history." Steven Crist of the *New York Times* named it his racing moment of the year, adding "It might be another 80 years before racing offers so stirring a moment." William Nack, writing for *Sports Illustrated*, called it "one of the most inspired and inspiring moments in recent memory." D. Wayne Lukas, who trained Winning Colors, congratulated McGaughey, saying "That's what it's all about! That's what racing's about!"

Personal Ensign was retired following the Breeders' Cup as the first undefeated champion in American racing in over 80 years. Colin, who raced in 1907 and 1908, was the last such champion, winning all fifteen of his starts.

Personal Ensign was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Older Female Horse. She finished second in the balloting for Horse of the Year to Alysheba.

## Race Record

| Date | Track | Distance | Race | Grade | Finish | Margin | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9/28/1986 | Belmont Park | 7 Furlongs | Maiden |  | 1 | 12+34 lengths | 1:24 3/5 |
| 10/13/1986 | Belmont Park | 8 Furlongs | Frizette Stakes | I | 1 | head | 1:36 2/5 |
| 9/6/1987 | Belmont Park | 7 Furlongs | Allowance |  | 1 | 3+34 lengths | 1:23 1/5 |
| 9/24/1987 | Belmont Park | 1 Mile | Allowance |  | 1 | 7+34 lengths | 1:36 1/5 |
| 10/10/1987 | Belmont Park | 1 Mile | Rare Perfume Handicap | II | 1 | 4+34 lengths | 1:36 3/5 |
| 10/18/1987 | Belmont Park | 1 1/4 Miles | Beldame Stakes | I | 1 | 2+14 lengths | 2:04 2/5 |
| 5/15/1988 | Belmont Park | 1 1/16 Miles | Shuvee Handicap | I | 1 | 1+34 lengths | 1:41 3/5 |
| 6/11/1988 | Belmont Park | 1 1/8 Miles | Hempstead Handicap | I | 1 | 7 lengths | 1:47 3/5 |
| 7/4/1988 | Monmouth Park | 1 1/16 Miles | Molly Pitcher Stakes | II | 1 | 8 lengths | 1:41 4/5 |
| 8/6/1988 | Saratoga Race Course | 1 1/8 Miles | Whitney Handicap | I | 1 | 1+12 lengths | 1:47 4/5 |
| 9/10/1988 | Belmont Park | 1 Mile | Maskette Stakes | I | 1 | 34 length | 1:34 1/5 |
| 10/16/1988 | Belmont Park | 1 1/4 Miles | Beldame Stakes | I | 1 | 5+12 lengths | 2:01 1/5 |
| 11/5/1988 | Churchill Downs | 1 1/8 Miles | Breeders' Cup Distaff | I | 1 | nose | 1:52 |

Source: Lifetime Past Performances

## Record as a broodmare

Personal Ensign became one of the most important broodmares of the late 20th century. She produced ten named foals, most of which were either successful on the track or at stud. Her most notable descendants include:

* Miner's Mark, her first foal, won the G1 Jockey Club Gold Cup.
* Our Emblem, her second foal, was a G1-placed runner who went on to sire notable runners including Kentucky Derby winner War Emblem.
* Traditionally was also a G1 winner and sire.
* My Flag, who was sired by Hall of Fame champion Easy Goer, won four G1 races, including the 1995 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies in a race very similar to Personal Ensign's 1988 Distaff win. Her career earnings totaled over $1,500,000, just $100,000 less than Personal Ensign had earned. Like Personal Ensign, My Flag achieved great success as a broodmare, producing the 2002 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies winner and that year's Eclipse Award-Winning Champion 2-Year Old Filly, Storm Flag Flying. This three-generation success in the Breeders' Cup has not been duplicated by any other mare, and only by one group of stallions.
* Salute, a daughter by Unbridled, was G2-placed, and was also the dam of G1 winner Mr. Speaker.
* Title Seeker, a daughter by Monarchos, was unraced but produced G3 winner Seeking the Title, who in turn produced G1 winner Seeking the Soul.

Personal Ensign was named 1996 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year. She was an alpha mare in the Phipps broodmare band, known for her strong protective instinct towards her foals. At one point, she developed a potentially lethal case of peritonitis, but was able to fight off the infection.

In September 2006, at the age of 22, Personal Ensign (after coming up barren from a mating with Forest Wildcat) was pensioned to the Hancock family's Claiborne Farm. Claiborne breeding shed manager Charles Koch said, "She's still in good shape, looks good, and gets around fine. She's just a little arthritic. She'll be spending time out in the field with other mares Korveya, Arabian Dancer, and Narrate."

Foals by Personal Ensign
| Name | Sire | Year | Record | Earnings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Miners Mark | Mr. Prospector | 1990 | 18-6-4-2 | $967,170 |
| Our Emblem | Mr. Prospector | 1991 | 27-5-5-5 | $366,013 |
| Pennant Champion | Mr. Prospector | 1992 | 7-2-1-2 | $48,070 |
| My Flag | Easy Goer | 1993 | 20-6-3-4 | $1,557,057 |
| Proud and True | Mr. Prospector | 1994 | 9-3-0-2 | $96,170 |
| Traditionally | Mr. Prospector | 1997 | 20-5-1-2 | $495,660 |
| Possibility | A.P. Indy | 2000 | 7-1-0-2 | $43,278 |
| Salute | Unbridled | 2002 | 10-1-3-2 | $103,838 |
| Title Seeker | Monarchos | 2003 | unraced | unraced |
| Baronial | Kingmambo | 2005 | 19-1-2-0 | $57,365 |

## Death and legacy

The pensioned Personal Ensign died on April 8, 2010, in her pasture at Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky, of natural causes.

Personal Ensign was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1993, her first year of eligibility.

In the Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 Racehorses of the 20th Century, Personal Ensign was ranked No. 48. Her win in the Breeders' Cup Distaff was ranked No. 42 in *Horse Racing's Top 100 Moments*, compiled by the Blood-Horse.

In 1997, the Personal Ensign Stakes at Saratoga Springs was named in her honor.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Personal Ensign (USA), bay mare, 1984
| Sire
Private Account (USA)
1976 | Damascus (USA)
1964 | Sword Dancer | Sunglow |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Highland Fling |
| | Kerala | My Babu |
| | Blade Of Time |
| | Numbered Account (USA)
1969 | Buckpasser | Tom Fool |
| | | Busanda |
| | Intriguing | Swaps |
| | Glamour |
| Dam
Grecian Banner (USA)
1974 | Hoist The Flag (USA)
1968 | Tom Rolfe | Ribot |
| | | Pocahontas |
| | Wavy Navy | War Admiral |
| | Triomphe |
| | Dorine (ARG)
1958 | Aristophanes | Hyperion |
| | | Commotion |
| | Doria | Advocate |
| | Donatila (family 6-a) |

Personal Ensign is inbred 5x4 to War Admiral, meaning this sire appears once in the fifth generation of her pedigree, as the sire of Busanda, and once in the fourth generation.

## InfoBox

| Personal Ensign | |
| --- | --- |
| *Personal Ensign* by Bill Heller | |
| Sire | Private Account |
| Grandsire | Damascus |
| Dam | Grecian Banner |
| Damsire | Hoist The Flag |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | April 27, 1984 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Ogden Phipps |
| Owner | Ogden Phipps |
| Trainer | Claude McGaughey |
| Record | 13: 13-0-0 |
| Earnings | $1,679,880 |
| Major wins | |
| Frizette Stakes (1986)
Rare Perfume Stakes (1987)
Beldame Stakes (1987, 1988)
Shuvee Handicap (1988)
Hempstead Handicap (1988)
Molly Pitcher Handicap (1988)
Whitney Handicap (1988)
Maskette Handicap (1988)

**Breeders' Cup wins:**
Breeders' Cup Distaff (1988) | |
| Awards | |
| American Champion Older Female Horse (1988)
Kentucky Broodmare of the Year (1996) | |
| Honours | |
| U.S. Racing Hall of Fame (1993)
#48 - Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century
Personal Ensign Handicap at Saratoga Race Course | |


title: Phoenix Christian Preparatory School

abstract: Phoenix Christian Preparatory School is a private, non-denominational Christian school located in Central Phoenix. It was the first Christian high school in the state of Arizona when it was founded.

text:
# Phoenix Christian Preparatory School

**Phoenix Christian Preparatory School** is a private, non-denominational Christian school located in Central Phoenix. It was the first Christian high school in the state of Arizona when it was founded.

## History

Founded as Old Paths Christian School in 1912, the school was incorporated in 1949 as Phoenix Christian High School, it is a college preparatory. It moved to its current location on Indian School Road a couple of years later.

For most of its history, the school operated as a four year high school. Enrollment at the time was at about 400 to 450 students. In the early 1990s, the junior high school was added, and in 2003, the adjacent Light and Life grade school, previously operated by the Free Methodist church on 18th Avenue, was merged with the high school, forming one system known as Phoenix Christian Unified Schools.

## Demographics

The demographic breakdown of the 380 students enrolled in grades K-12 (NCES does not track demographic information for pre-K students) during the 2013–14 school year was:

* Native American/Alaskan - 0.5%
* Asian/Pacific islanders - 13.1%
* Black - 26.1%
* Hispanic - 29.2%
* White - 31.1%

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Phoenix Christian Preparatory School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1751 W Indian School Road
Phoenix, Arizona 85015
United States | |
| Coordinates | 33°29′41″N 112°5′49″W / 33.49472°N 112.09694°W / 33.49472; -112.09694 |
| Information | |
| Type | private Christian |
| Denomination | non-denominational |
| Superintendent | Jeff Blake |
| Teaching staff | 55 (on a FTE basis) |
| Grades | PK-12 |
| Enrollment | 640 (plus 40 in pre-K) (2023-2024) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 13.5 |
| Nickname | Cougars |
| Accreditation | Association of Christian Schools International |
|  | |


title: McCullough–Price House

abstract: The McCullough–Price House is a 1938 pueblo revival home in Chandler, Arizona. The Chandler Museum is located in the house.

text:
# McCullough–Price House

The **McCullough–Price House** is a 1938 pueblo revival home in Chandler, Arizona. The Chandler Museum is located in the house.

## History

It was built as a winter residence for William D. McCullough of Detroit in 1938, but it was acquired by Arthur and Louise Price in 1950. (Louise Price was the niece of Dr. A. J. Chandler, who founded the city named after him.) In 2001, their daughter, Suzanne Price Propstra, donated the home to the city. By this time, it had been vacant and had become run down. Meanwhile, around the pueblo, major development was occurring, as Chandler Fashion Center was under construction (to open in October 2002). The city began to renovate the property into a state-recognized visitors center which opened in 2007 after $850,000 had been spent on improvements. But financial troubles and "fail\[ure\] to connect with an audience" (according to the city museum administrator Jody Crago) forced its closure in 2009. That same year, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

It reopened in 2011 as an archive research center focusing on local history, office space for museum staffers (moving from the museum in downtown Chandler) and satellite exhibition space.

1. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
2. "City of Chandler, Arizona". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2022-07-13.

Media related to McCullough-Price House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| McCullough–Price House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 300 S. Chandler Village Drive, Chandler, Arizona |
| Coordinates | 33°17′52.404″N 111°54′8.604″W / 33.29789000°N 111.90239000°W / 33.29789000; -111.90239000 |
| Area | 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) |
| Built | 1938 |
| Architect | Lescher & Mahoney; Mougeot, J.W. |
| Architectural style | Pueblo Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 09000311 |
| Added to NRHP | May 20, 2009 |


title: Musalı, Mersin

abstract: Musalı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Toroslar, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 873 (2022). It is at the north of the city center.

text:
# Musalı, Mersin

**Musalı** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Toroslar, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 873 (2022). It is at the north of the city center.

## InfoBox

| Musalı | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| MusalıLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 36°58′N 34°37′E / 36.967°N 34.617°E / 36.967; 34.617 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Mersin |
| District | Toroslar |
| Elevation | 540 m (1,770 ft) |
| Population (2022) | 873 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Area code | 0324 |


title: Xan Fielding

abstract: Alexander Percival Feilman Wallace, known as Xan Fielding, was a British author, translator, journalist and traveller, who served as a Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent in Crete, France and East Asia during World War II. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe and Asia against the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany.

text:
# Xan Fielding

**Alexander Percival Feilman Wallace** DSO (26 November 1918 – 19 August 1991), known as **Xan Fielding**, was a British author, translator, journalist and traveller, who served as a Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent in Crete, France and East Asia during World War II. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe and Asia against the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany.

## Biography

### Early life

Fielding was born in Ootacamund, India, where his father, Alexander James Lumsden Wallace, served in the Indian Army, as a major in the 52nd Sikhs (Frontier Force). Fielding's mother Mary Gertrude (née Feilmann) died soon after his birth, on 13 December 1918, and he was largely brought up in Nice, France, by his maternal grandparents who adopted the name Fielding. For the first eight years of his life, he thought his grandparents were his parents and his seven aunts and uncles were his older siblings. He was educated at Charterhouse School and then studied briefly at the Universities of Bonn, Munich and Freiburg in Germany. In the late 1930s, Fielding moved to Cyprus, where he worked as a sub-editor on *The Cyprus Times* and ran a bar.

The famous actress Vivien Leigh was his first cousin once removed, as her mother Gertrude was the youngest sister of Fielding's maternal grandmother. The actor Gerald Fielding was his uncle and took care of him after the death of his grandparents.

### Crete

Following the fall of France, Fielding joined the Army, and was commissioned into the Cyprus Regiment as a second lieutenant on 1 September 1940. After the fall of Crete in May 1941, he joined the Special Operations Executive, and was eventually landed in Crete with a supply of weapons and explosives by the submarine *Torbay*, under Commander Anthony Miers. Fielding teamed up with Patrick Leigh Fermor, and built an intelligence gathering network which provided detailed information on the movement of Axis troops, shipping, and air transport.

He arranged for the transportation to Egypt of hundreds of Allied soldiers left behind after the evacuation, and now being hidden by the Cretans. After six months Fielding returned to Cairo, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 15 October 1942.

Fielding finally returned to Crete with Arthur Reade in November 1942. In November 1943 he successfully concluded a pact between the two rival groups of andartes, the communist-led EAM-ELAS and the EOK, the national organisation of Crete. He was then relieved by Dennis Ciclitira. In Cairo, he became a member of the Tara household created by Bill Stanley Moss.

### France

In early 1944 Fielding volunteered to join the French section of SOE, and was parachuted into the south of France in mid-1944, where he was met by two other SOE agents: Francis Cammaerts (codename "Roger") and Christine Granville (codename "Pauline") of the "Jockey" network. On 13 August 1944, Fielding, Cammaerts and French agent Christian Sorensen were stopped at a roadblock near Digne. An irregularity in Fielding's papers, plus the large amount of cash he and Cammaerts were carrying, aroused suspicion and they were arrested. Granville soon arrived at Digne prison posing as Cammaerts' wife and, using a mixture of bribery and threats, persuaded the Germans to release them. As a result, the men were led out of prison expecting to be shot, and were astonished to be met by Granville, waiting for them with a car.

### Post-war

Before the war in Europe ended Fielding briefly returned to Crete; he was one of the first Allied officers to enter liberated Athens. He served in the Far East for a few months until the end of the war, and visited Tibet. He then spent six months in Germany serving with the Special Intelligence Service, before serving as a United Nations observer in the Balkans in 1946.

In 1948 he met Daphne Thynne, the wife of Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath. After her divorce, they were married in 1953 and lived in Cornwall, Morocco, Portugal and Uzès.

In 1956 Fielding was hired by Michael Powell to act as technical adviser for the filming of Bill Stanley Moss's book *Ill Met by Moonlight* – the story of Leigh Fermor's and Moss's abduction of General Kreipe, the German commander in Crete. He wrote a number of books; including *The Stronghold*, an account of SOE's Cretan operations, and a memoir of his own wartime experiences *Hide and Seek* (which he dedicated to Christine Granville). In 2014 Folio republished *Hide and Seek* with an introduction by Granville's biographer Clare Mulley. He provided the English translations for many of the works of the French novelist Pierre Boulle, including his best-known books *Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï* (*The Bridge over the River Kwai*) and *La Planète des singes* (*Planet of the Apes*). He translated several books by Jean Lartéguy, as well as works by Gabriel Chevallier, Pierre Schoendoerffer and Jean Hougron. Fielding also collaborated with Patrick Leigh Fermor in a translation from Greek of George Psychoundakis' book *The Cretan Runner*

His marriage to Lady Daphne was dissolved in 1978. He remarried, to Agnes, daughter of Admiral John H. Magruder of the U.S. Navy and the widow of the artist Arshile Gorky.

### Death

Xan Fielding died in Paris on 19 August 1991, aged 72.

## Publications

* *The Stronghold: An Account of the Four Seasons in the White Mountains of Crete* (1953)
* *Hide and Seek: The Story of a War-time Agent* (1954)
* *Corsair Country: The Diary of a Journey along the Barbary Coast* (1958)
* *The Money Spinner: Monte Carlo and its Fabled Casino* (1977)
* *One Man in His Time: The Life of Lieutenant-Colonel N.L.D. ("Billy") McLean DSO* (1990)
* *Images of Spain* (1991)
* *Aeolus Displayed* (1992)
* *A Hideous Disguise* (1994)

## InfoBox

| Major
Xan Fielding
DSO | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Birth name | Alexander Percival Wallace |
| Born | (1918-11-26)26 November 1918
Ootacamund, British India |
| Died | 19 August 1991(1991-08-19) (aged 72)
Paris, France |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1940  1946 |
| Rank | Major |
| Service number | 159770 |
| Unit | Cyprus Regiment
Special Operations Executive |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards |  |
| Other work | Author, translator |


title: Hans Maršálek

abstract: Hans Maršálek was an Austrian typesetter, political activist, detective, historian, and suspected spy for the Soviet Union. A devout socialist and active in the resistance, he was arrested by the Nazis and imprisoned in the Mauthausen concentration camp. After the war, he joined the Austrian political police and was instrumental in tracking down and convicting numerous Nazi criminals. He also became the main chronicler of the camp's history, helped establish the Mauthausen Memorial Museum, and published several books. He was long suspected of being a Soviet asset. Recently uncovered documents indicate there are grounds to believe he was responsible for helping the Soviets kidnap at least four people and illegally render them to Moscow for torture and interrogation.

text:
# Hans Maršálek

**Hans Maršálek** (19 July 1914  9 December 2011) was an Austrian typesetter, political activist, detective, historian, and suspected spy for the Soviet Union. A devout socialist and active in the resistance, he was arrested by the Nazis and imprisoned in the Mauthausen concentration camp. After the war, he joined the Austrian political police and was instrumental in tracking down and convicting numerous Nazi criminals. He also became the main chronicler of the camp's history, helped establish the Mauthausen Memorial Museum, and published several books.

He was long suspected of being a Soviet asset. Recently uncovered documents indicate there are grounds to believe he was responsible for helping the Soviets kidnap at least four people and illegally render them to Moscow for torture and interrogation.

## Early life

Maršálek was born on 19 July 1914 in Vienna to an ethnically Czech family. His father was a builder, his mother worked as a maid. The family lived in Hernals, a working-class district, in humble circumstances. Both parents were members of the Social Democratic Party; Maršálek's father eventually was elected to the Hernals district council on a Social Democratic ticket.

Maršálek was educated in Vienna's Czech School. In his teens, he apprenticed as a typesetter for one of the city's Czech-language newspapers. Following in the footsteps of his parents, Maršálek was politically active from an early age. He was active in the Socialist Workers' Youth and, from 1936 to 1938, in the resistance against the Austrofascist Ständestaat regime. He was arrested and subjected to brutal interrogations for being a member of the Austrian wing of the International Red Aid, an organisation supporting persecuted left-wing dissidents. He also had ties to revolutionary socialists, in particular Johann Otto Haas, and to the Czech communist movement.

## Nazi Germany

Following the 1938 integration of Austria into Nazi Germany, Maršálek fled to Prague to dodge the draft but remained politically active in the Social Democratic expat community. After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, he joined the communist resistance. For the next two years, his main activity was helping German and Austrian dissidents flee the Reich.

In 1941, Maršálek was sent back to Vienna with the mission of finding and recruiting communist-leaning Wehrmacht soldiers. In spite of his wealth of old contacts and the assistance of his Viennese girlfriend, Anna Vavak, the trip was a failure. The population was still enamored with the Nazi movement. Even most erstwhile Nazi opponents had become infected with infatuation and avoided Maršálek, rationalizing that Nazism might be distasteful but resistance was pointless. Observing that seemingly everyone but him was convinced the Nazis would utterly triumph, Maršálek at times questioned his own sanity. Defeated and humiliated, he returned to Prague in August 1941.

In September 1941, the Gestapo launched a mass arrest of members of what they called "the Czech section" of the Austrian Communist Party. Even though he didn't technically fit the bill, Maršálek was caught in the dragnet and arrested on 28 October 1941. After stints in various jails, including three months in a basement in the city's infamous Morzinplatz Gestapo headquarters, he was moved to the Mauthausen concentration camp on 28 September 1942. His prisoner's number was 13,129.

At first put to work in quarrying and logging teams, he was used for clerical work in the camp's office beginning in 1943. In late 1943, an in-camp resistance group formed; Maršálek promptly joined. The group worked to get conspirators assigned to Kapo positions, where they would use what little influence they had to save as many prisoners from death as possible. By March 1944, the camp's office was staffed exclusively by members of the underground. By May 1944, Maršálek was the camp's second highest-ranking clerk. As planned, he used his position to protect ailing fellow prisoners by manipulating their work assignments and to generally be a spanner in the works. He organized acts of sabotage and saved the lives of numerous prisoners.

## After the liberation

When Mauthausen was liberated in May 1945, Maršálek used his resistance connections to help care for and repatriate prisoners. He interrogated Franz Ziereis, the ex-commandant of Mauthausen, who had been captured by the Americans and shot three times in the process. The commandant died immediately after the interrogation. On 28 May he returned to Vienna and joined the State Police (*Staatspolizei*), Austria's domestic political security agency.

In 1946, Maršálek married Anna Vavak, who had been imprisoned in the Ravensbrück concentration camp. She died in 1959.

Drawing on his intimate knowledge about camp and SS internals, he played an important role in prosecuting Nazi criminals of war, especially in the early days. He was a material witness in the Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials, a series of trials held from 29 March to 13 May 1946. The Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials involved 69 defendants, including much of the surviving camp administration on the one hand and top-level supervisors such as Gauleiter August Eigruber on the other hand. With 61 defendants found guilty and 58 death sentences handed down, the camp trials remain the most stringent and successful attempt at holding Mauthausen criminals accountable.

An affidavit written by Maršálek also played a role in the Nuremberg trials.

Maršálek was active in the Austrian organization of Mauthausen survivors, the *Lagergemeinschaft Mauthausen*. Starting in 1946, he helped establish the Mauthausen Memorial. He became the camp's main chronicler, tirelessly collecting documentation. His magnum opus, the *History of the Mauthausen Concentration Camp* (*Geschichte des Konzentrationslagers Mauthausen*), first published in 1974. is considered the definitive account on the Austrian branch of the Nazi extermination through labour machine.

In 1952, Maršálek became a founding member of the *Comité International de Mauthausen*, the international counterpart to the *Lagergemeinschaft*.

In 1963, the Austrian Ministry of the Interior invited Maršálek to establish a museum in the former concentration camp, which had been declared a national memorial site in 1949. Maršálek accepted and took over as the director of the Mauthausen Memorial, a position he filled until his retirement in 1976. On 3 May 1975, the 30th anniversary of the camp's liberation, Maršálek's museum was inaugurated by Chancellor Bruno Kreisky.

## Death

Maršálek died on 9 December 2011 in Vienna. He was cremated at Feuerhalle Simmering, where also his ashes are buried.

## Honours

Maršálek has been called one of the most important members of the Austrian resistance. On 24 November 2009, he received an honorary doctorate in social science from the Johannes Kepler University of Linz. The Hans Maršálek Prize for excellence in memorial, remembrance and awareness work, awarded by the Austrian Mauthausen Committee and the Austrian Camp Association Mauthausen, is named in his honour.

## Publications

* Hacker, Kurt and Maršálek, Hans (1995): *Kurzgeschichte des Konzentrationslager Mauthausen und seiner drei größten Nebenlager Gusen, Ebensee, Melk.* Österreichische Lagergemeinschaft Mauthausen. Vienna, Austria.
* Kohl, Josef and Maršálek, Hans (1950): *Das war Mauthausen.* Globus. Vienna, Austria. No ISBN
* Maršálek, Hans (1947): *Mauthausen mahnt! Kampf hinter Stacheldraht. Tatsachen, Dokumente und Berichte über das grösste Hitler'sche Vernichtungslager in Österreich.* Globus. Vienna, Austria. No ISBN
* Maršálek, Hans (1988): *Die Vergasungsaktionen im Konzentrationslager Mauthausen: Gaskammer, Gaswagen, Vergasungsanstalt Hartheim, Tarnnamen.* Österreichische Lagergemeinschaft Mauthausen. Vienna, Austria.
* Maršálek, Hans (2006): *Die Geschichte des Konzentrationslagers Mauthausen. Dokumentation. 4. Auflage*. Edition Mauthausen. ISBN 3-7035-1235-0


title: Đorđe Čarapić

abstract: Đorđe Čarapić (1773-1826) was a voivode in the First Serbian Uprising and Second Serbian Uprising. He served both leaders – Karađorđe and Miloš Obrenović – during the war of Serbian independence from Turkey. When Miloš tried to impose his power over the Governing State Council, he met with stiff resistance from Đorđe Čarapić, a previous participant in Djak's Rebellion, and Mihailo (Mija) Belisavljević. The Čarapić-Belisavljević Rebellion was far more limited in scope than the previous one; it involved only a small circle of relatives, local leaders, and the peasants of some five villages.

text:
# Đorđe Čarapić

**Đorđe Čarapić** (1773-1826) was a voivode in the First Serbian Uprising and Second Serbian Uprising. He served both leaders – Karađorđe and Miloš Obrenović – during the war of Serbian independence from Turkey. When Miloš tried to impose his power over the Governing State Council, he met with stiff resistance from Đorđe Čarapić, a previous participant in Djak's Rebellion, and Mihailo (Mija) Belisavljević.

The Čarapić-Belisavljević Rebellion was far more limited in scope than the previous one; it involved only a small circle of relatives, local leaders, and the peasants of some five villages.


title: Peter Cozzens

abstract: Peter Cozzens is an American historian and retired U.S. Foreign Service Officer. He has written and/or edited over seventeen books on the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars.

text:
# Peter Cozzens

**Peter Cozzens** (born 1957) is an American historian and retired U.S. Foreign Service Officer. He has written and/or edited over seventeen books on the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars.

## Early life

Peter Cozzens grew up in Wheaton, Illinois.

## Career

### *The Earth Is Weeping*

*The Earth Is Weeping* chronicles the Indian Wars for the American West in their totality. Cozzens begins his narrative with the 1866 resistance movement led by Red Cloud.

Smithsonian.com named it one of the top ten history books of 2016. Amazon highlighted it as one of the best books of 2016 in the history category.

It is the recipient of the 2016 Guggenheim-Lehrman Prize in Military History awarded for the best book published on the subject in the English language in 2016.

## Awards

He received the Superior Honor Award from the US State Department in 1997. In 2002, he received The William R. Rivkin Award from the American Foreign Service Association, awarded to one Foreign Service Officer annually for "extraordinary accomplishment involving initiative, integrity, intellectual courage and constructive dissent". He also received an Alumni Achievement Award from his alma mater Knox College. Cozzens was named the 2016 recipient of the Gilder Lehrman Prize for Military History for his book, *The Earth is Weeping*.

Cozzens serves on the Advisory Council of the Lincoln Prize.

## Personal life

He lives with his wife Antonia Feldman in Kensington, Maryland.

He has detailed his history with bipolar disorder and mental illness, including the potential the condition had to enable his writing career.

## Selected works

* *A Brutal Reckoning: Andrew Jackson, the Creek Indians, and the Epic War for the American South*. Alfred A. Knopf. 2023. ISBN 978-0525659457. OCLC 1330202779.
* *Tecumseh and the Prophet: The Shawnee Brothers Who Defied a Nation*. Alfred A. Knopf. 2020. ISBN 978-1524733254. OCLC 1264231981.
* *The Earth Is Weeping: The Epic Story of the Indian Wars for the American West*. Alfred A. Knopf. 2016. ISBN 9780307958044. OCLC 930364284.
* *Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign*. University of North Carolina Press. 2008. ISBN 9780807832004. OCLC 213358059.
* *General John Pope: a Life for the Nation*. University of Illinois Press. 2000. ISBN 0252023633. OCLC 42289679.
* *The Darkest Days of the War: The Battles of Iuka and Corinth*. University of North Carolina Press. 1997. ISBN 0807823201. OCLC 34984056.
* *The Shipwreck of Their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga*. University of Illinois Press. 1994. ISBN 0252019229. OCLC 29877161.
* *This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga*. University of Illinois Press. 1992. ISBN 0252065948. OCLC 931918657.
* *No Better Place to Die: The Battle of Stones River*. University of Illinois Press. 1990. ISBN 0252016521. OCLC 19266989.

## InfoBox

| Peter Cozzens | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Allegiance | American |
| Service/branch | United States Army,
State Department |
| Awards | The William R. Rivkin Award
Gilder Lehrman Prize for Military History |
| Other work | historian |


title: Mountain View Cemetery (Fresno)

abstract: Mountain View Cemetery is a cemetery in Fresno, California, opened in the 1880s.

text:
# Mountain View Cemetery (Fresno)

**Mountain View Cemetery** is a cemetery in Fresno, California, opened in the 1880s.

## History

In the early 1880s, Moses J. Church donated 80 acres of land along Belmont Avenue for the establishment of cemeteries. He named the combined plot Mountain View Cemetery but subdivided it and allocated it to a number of groups, such as Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist, Episcopal, Christian, Masonic, Odd Fellows and many others. No fences were installed between the areas. John S. Eastwood performed the initial survey the property in 1888 as Fresno's City Engineer at the time. The 10-acres of donated land earmarked for the Armenian community became Ararat Cemetery.

Upkeep for the cemetery was assigned to the local Odd Fellows lodge. In 1910, citizens became concerned with plant overgrowth and lack of a map showing ownership of individual plots at the cemetery. They formed the "Mountain View Cemetery Improvement Association" and took over some management duties.

## Notable interments

* Frank Hamilton Short (1862-1920), lawyer and a states' rights advocate.
* Bertrand W. Gearhart (1890-1955), lawyer and politician who served in the United States House of Representatives for California's 9th congressional district.
* Thomas Edwin Hughes (1830-1919), real estate developer and investor who contributed to the initial development of Fresno.
* Dutch Leonard (1892–1952), pitcher in Major League Baseball who had an 11-year career playing for the Boston Red Sox and Detroit Tigers.
* John Samuel Eastwood (1857–1924), dam engineer and pioneer of hydroelectric power production.
* Alma Rubens (1897–1931), film actress and stage performer.
* Moses J. Church (1819-1900), known for building hundreds of miles of canals in the Fresno area, enabling irrigated agriculture using water from the Kings River.
* Fulton G. Berry (1832-1910), businessman and namesake for Fresno's Fulton Mall.
* Josiah Hall, Union army officer.
* Frank Dusy, (1837–1898), early business leader of Selma, California and a co-inventor of the Fresno Scraper.
* Thomas R. Meux, (1838-1929), physician who served early Fresno and builder of the Meux Home, which became a museum.

1. "Local Brevities". *Fresno Morning Republican*. January 23, 1897. p. 3. Retrieved November 7, 2022  via Newspapers.com.
2. "The cemetery muddle". *Fresno Morning Republican*. April 18, 1885. p. 3. Retrieved November 7, 2022  via Newspapers.com.
3. Rehart, Catherine Morison (1996). *The Valley's Legends and Legacies*. Fresno, California: Quill Driver Books. p. 32.
4. Jackson, Donald C. (1995). *Building the Ultimate Dam: John S. Eastwood and the Control of Water in the West*. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 44. ISBN 0806137339.
5. Sibley, Eugene (July 2015). Ozeran, Janelle (ed.). "A Short History of Fresno County Owned Cemeteries for Indigents: Paupers and Potters Fields". *Fresno County Genealogical Society*. **50** (3). Retrieved November 7, 2022.
6. "Make another effort to improve local cemetery". *Fresno Morning Republican*. March 5, 1910. p. 7. Retrieved November 7, 2022  via Newspapers.com.
7. Gearhart, Bertrand Wesley, *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*

36°44′59″N 119°49′36″W / 36.74972°N 119.82667°W / 36.74972; -119.82667

## InfoBox

| Mountain View Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
| Headstone at Mountain View Cemetery in 2014 | |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Location | 1411 W Belmont Ave, Fresno, California |
| Country | United States |
| Find a Grave | Mountain View Cemetery |


title: John Walker (gymnast)

abstract: John Walker was a British gymnast. He competed in the men's team all-around event at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

text:
# John Walker (gymnast)

**John Walker** (18 January 1883  22 March 1966) was a British gymnast. He competed in the men's team all-around event at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

John Walker
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (1883-01-18)18 January 1883
Walsall, England |
| Died | 22 March 1966(1966-03-22) (aged 83)
Birmingham, England |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Gymnastics |


title: McCullough Range

abstract: The mountains in the McCullough Range lie mostly above the city of Henderson in the U.S. state of Nevada. The range has two distinct areas with the northern portion being primarily volcanic in origin, while the southern part of the range is primarily composed of metamorphic rock. McCullough Range was named after a pioneer settler.

text:
# McCullough Range

The mountains in the **McCullough Range** lie mostly above the city of Henderson in the U.S. state of Nevada. The range has two distinct areas with the northern portion being primarily volcanic in origin, while the southern part of the range is primarily composed of metamorphic rock.

McCullough Range was named after a pioneer settler.

## Wilderness Areas

Some of the northern part of the range is designated as the **North McCullough Wilderness** by the US Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management while some of the southern part of the range is similarly designated as the **South McCullough Wilderness**. In addition the North McCullough Wilderness is within Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area which allows further protection and enhancement. The South McCullough Wilderness is part of Avi Kwa Ame National Monument, designated in 2023.

## McCullough Range geography

The McCullough Range is surrounded by three valleys. First, the Las Vegas Valley lies to the north; next, the north region of the Ivanpah Valley, with two major dry lakes borders the west; and to the east lies the endorheic basin of the Eldorado Valley. The range specifically borders one mountain range at the south, being connected to the northeast higher elevation foothills of the New York Mountains. Just northeast of the intersection of the two ranges, and in the southwest of Eldorado Valley lies the small Highland Range.

## Natural history

### Northern

In the northern portion of the McCullough Range elevation spans from 2,000 ft (610 m) at the eastern base of the range to 5,092 ft (1,552 m) at Black Mountain. The peaks are volcanic in origin, rounded to flat-topped, and have a steep eastern escarpment and a gradual western slope. The area supports a unique combination of plants from the Mojave and Sonoran deserts and Great Basin Desert ecosystems.

The primary vegetation is a creosote bush community with barrel cactus (*Ferocactus cylindraceus*), Joshua trees (*Yucca brevifolia*), various chollas (*Cylindropuntia* spp.) and prickly pears (*Opuntia* spp.). Unlike other mountain ranges in Clark County, the McCullough Range is volcanic in origin. Examples of lava flows, ash falls and glassy zones are clearly visible. The area supports native black gramma grass (*Bouteloua eriopoda*), which is not known to occur anywhere else in Nevada and stands of teddy bear cholla (*Cylindropuntia bigelovii*), which is the northernmost extent of the species. Remarkable petroglyph panels and other important cultural resource features occur within the wilderness area.

Another peak northeast of Black Mountain is home to most of the radio and television transmission towers for the Las Vegas Valley.

### Southern

The southern portion consists of a north–south mountain range that drops off gradually to numerous valleys, foothills and sloping bajadas on the east and west flanks. Elevations range from 2,500 ft (760 m) in the northwest portion of the area to 7,026 ft (2,142 m) at McCullough Mountain in the center of the wilderness. Most of the area is composed of metamorphosed Precambrian rock, granite, and schist, although basalt and andesite flows occur in the northern reaches of the southern portion. Creosote bush (*Larrea tridentata*) scrub occurs below 4,500 ft (1,400 m); Joshua trees, Mojave yucca (*Yucca schidigera*), and other cacti occur between 3,500–5,000 ft (1,100–1,500 m); blackbrush occurs between 4,500–5,000 ft (1,400–1,500 m); pinyon-juniper occurs above 5,000 ft (1,500 m). Scattered mesquite/catclaw communities also occur in washes throughout the area.

Signs of prehistoric and Pre-Columbian habitation have been found in the area, including rock art, occupation and settlement sites, and pinyon pine nut caches. This was part of the historic homeland of the Mojave people.

The desert tortoise, Nelson bighorn sheep, Gambel's quail and chukar are present.

This article incorporates public domain text from Bureau of Land Management sources listed above.

## InfoBox

| McCullough Range | |
| --- | --- |
| The McCullough Range as seen from Eldorado Valley in Southern Nevada | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | McCullough Mountain |
| Elevation | 2,141.5 m (7,026 ft) |
| Geography | |
| McCullough RangeMcCullough Range in Nevada | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
| District | Clark County |
| Range coordinates | 35°54′57″N 115°2′54″W / 35.91583°N 115.04833°W / 35.91583; -115.04833 |
| Topo map | USGS Sloan NE |


title: Wylye Hoard

abstract: The Wylye Hoard is a hoard of Bronze Age jewellery, discovered by metal detectorists in a cultivated field, north-east of the village of Wylye, Wiltshire, England, in 2012. In February 2014, it was declared treasure, under the terms of the Treasure Act 1996.

text:
# Wylye Hoard

The **Wylye Hoard** is a hoard of Bronze Age jewellery, discovered by metal detectorists in a cultivated field, north-east of the village of Wylye, Wiltshire, England, in 2012. In February 2014, it was declared treasure, under the terms of the Treasure Act 1996.

## Discovery

Two members of the "West London Archaeological Searchers", a metal-detecting group, Stuart Gullick and Michael Barker, found the hoard on 4 November 2012. The site was a hilltop location, close to the River Wylye.

## Composition

The find consists of 41 copper alloy objects split across two deposits or concentrations of finds, with a small number of finds found a short distance away. All the objects are of a similar typo-chronology and are likely to represent a single hoard comprising 31 'ornaments', 8 'tools' and 4 'other' or unidentified objects.

The artefacts were recovered by the finders from two deposits in close proximity (c.2-3m apart), with two pits subsequently identified by a local amateur archaeology group (the Wiltshire Archaeology Field Group) on 10 November 2012. There was, however, no opportunity to independently date the pit cuts. The first deposit appears to have been a closed deposit, with the finders noting that the torcs were 'stacked' on top of one another within the pit (verbal communication). The second deposit is likely to have been disturbed by agricultural operations as the objects were dispersed across a small area.

## Inquest

An inquest was held by the Salisbury coroner in February 2014 at which the hoard was declared to be treasure. After valuation by the Treasure Valuation Committee, the hoard was acquired by Salisbury & South Wiltshire Museum (since renamed The Salisbury Museum).

## Excavation

An archaeological excavation of the site was subsequently undertaken by the Wiltshire Archaeology Field Group. No further objects were found.

## InfoBox

| Wylye Hoard | |
| --- | --- |
| Two views of a bracelet from the hoard, in as-found condition | |
| Material | Copper |
| Size | 41 items |
| Discovered | 2012 |
| Discovered by | * Stuart Gullick * Michael Barker |


title: Robert Perišić

abstract: Robert Perišić is a Croatian writer. His books are considered as authentic portrayals of society in transformation and its antiheroes.

text:
# Robert Perišić

**Robert Perišić** (born 1969 in Split, Croatia) is a Croatian writer. His books are considered as authentic portrayals of society in transformation and its antiheroes.

## Biography

Perišić graduated in Literature and Croatian language from the University of Zagreb. Since the beginning of the 1990s he has written poetry, short stories, plays, as well as literary reviews in various distinguished Croatian magazines such as *Feral Tribune* and *Globus*. His novel *Our Man in Iraq* (*Naš čovjek na terenu*) was the bestselling novel of 2008 in Croatia and has been published in numerous European countries and USA. From 1992 to 2000 Perišić was editor-in-chief of the cultural magazines *Godine* and *Godine nove*. Perišić currently lives and works in Zagreb.

## Writing

### *Our Man in Iraq*

*Our Man in Iraq* is a social novel. The main characters of the novel are a young newspaper editor and his cousin, who reports from the Iraq War in 2003. The novel presents typical characters and situations of today's life in post-communist countries torn by political and social confusion, and it also gives compares experiences in the Balkan and Iraq Wars. The subjects of *Our Man in Iraq* include new types of society in Eastern Europe, globalisation, media life, rapid social changes, and their influences on human relationships.

*Our Man in Iraq* was a bestseller in Croatia and received the *Jutarnji list* newspaper prize for the best prose in 2007. The book was also published in English by Istros Books in London in 2012. Perišić's novel has also been awarded the Literaturpreis der Steiermärkischen Sparkasse 2011 in Graz, Austria. It was published in the United States in April 2013 as *Our Man in Iraq*. It had excellent reviews in the US, and was praised by the likes of *The New Yorker*, NPR's "All Things Considered," and *The Guardian*, as well as by writers such as Jonathan Franzen.

### *No-Signal Area*

*No-Signal Area*, Perišić's second novel, follows two entrepreneurs as they renovate a turbine factory in a remote Croatian town. Upon its release, the novel received excellent critical responses in Croatia and neighbouring countries and was shortlisted for several literary awards. The US edition, translated by Ellen Elias-Bursać, was published in April 2020 by Seven Stories Press.

### *A Cat at the End of the World*

*A Cat at the End of the World* (2022) follows an enslaved ancient Greek boy's escape to Dalmatia with his cat Miu, driven by a personified wind. It was published in the US by Sandorf Passage.

### Short stories

Perišić's short counterculture stories have given him a reputation and audience in Croatia and ex-Yugoslavia countries, especially among younger readers. His first collection of twenty short stories *You Can Spit On The One Who'll Ask For Us (Možeš pljunuti onoga tko bude pitao za nas)*, published 1999, was considered as rebellious at the post-war time and it get lot of publicity as a voice of a desperate young generation.

*Horror and Huge Expenses (Užas i veliki troškovi)*, collection of twenty stories published in 2002, was acclaimed by critics and considereds as one of the most important Croatian books of the decade. In this book Perišić gives an authentic, somewhat tragicomic picture of the post-war society meeting consumer society. His short story "No God in Susedgrad" ("Nema boga u Susedgradu") gave the name to an anthology of contemporary Croatian writers published in German in 2008 by Schöffling & Co (*Kein Gott in Susedgrad*). Two of his short stories are included in the anthology of East-European short stories *Pensi che ci saremmo potuti conoscere in un bar?* (Carivan edizione, Roma, 2010).

### Poetry

Perišić's book *Castle America (Dvorac Amerika)* is a collection of poetry published in 1995. The title *Caste America* refers to two of Franz Kafka's novels and the book is a kind of poetic view of a global Kafkian Castle. His second poetry book, *Sometime Later (Jednom kasnije)*, was published in 2012.

### Movies and Theatre

His black comedy *Culture in Suburb (Kultura u predgrađu)* was performed in the City Drama Theatre "Gavella" in Zagreb as part of the programme for the seasons 2000-2002. Perišić wrote the screenplay for the movie *100 Minutes of Glory* (*100 minuta Slave*, 2004), directed by Dalibor Matanić. It is a dark, romantic drama based on the life of a deaf female painter, Slava Raškaj.


title: Neil Burger

abstract: Neil Norman Burger is an American filmmaker. He is known for the fake-documentary Interview with the Assassin (2002), the period drama The Illusionist (2006), Limitless (2011), and the sci-fi action film Divergent (2014).

text:
# Neil Burger

**Neil Norman Burger** is an American filmmaker. He is known for the fake-documentary *Interview with the Assassin* (2002), the period drama *The Illusionist* (2006), *Limitless* (2011), and the sci-fi action film *Divergent* (2014).

## Life and career

Burger was born in Greenwich, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University with a degree in fine arts, he became involved with experimental film in the late 1980s and went on to direct music videos for such alternative artists as the Meat Puppets. He approached MTV about creating and directing a series of inspiring promotional announcements for what would be the *MTV Books: Feed Your Head* campaign against aliteracy. In association with Ridley Scott Associates, he directed commercials for companies including Mastercard, IBM and ESPN, and created a series of television spots for Amnesty International and their campaign for prisoners of conscience.

Burger made his directorial feature debut with *Interview with the Assassin* in 2002, which he also wrote. It won the Best Feature Film category at the Woodstock Film Festival and Avignon Film Festival, and was nominated for three Independent Spirit Awards, including Best First Film and Best First Screenplay.

Burger’s follow up feature was *The Illusionist,* starring Edward Norton and Paul Giamatti. His screenplay for the film was based on the short story "Eisenheim the Illusionist" by Steven Millhauser. It premiered at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and opened the 2006 Seattle International Film Festival and the 2007 Deauville Film Festival. It was nominated for Best Screenplay at the 2007 Independent Spirit Awards and Best Cinematography at the 2007 Academy Awards.

Burger's additional credits include the 2007 post-Iraq War indie drama *The Lucky Ones,* starring Rachel McAdams, Tim Robbins, and Michael Peña; and *Limitless* (2011)*,* starring Bradley Cooper and Robert De Niro, which opened at #1 at the box office and grossed over $160 million worldwide.

In 2014, Burger directed the film *Divergent*, based on the novel by Veronica Roth. Shailene Woodley starred alongside Theo James, Kate Winslet, Miles Teller, Ansel Elgort and Ashley Judd. Released by Lionsgate, it grossed over $280 million worldwide,. Making it Burger's most commercially successful film to date.

Following *Divergent,* Burger directed the first two episodes of Showtime’s Wall Street drama *Billions*, starring Paul Giamatti and Damian Lewis. He then served as an executive producer on CBS’s TV adaptation of *Limitless*. His additional credits include the *Divergent* series films *Insurgent* (2015) and *Allegiant* (2016).

Burger most recently directed *The Upside*, a remake of the French hit *The Intouchables*. Starring Bryan Cranston and Kevin Hart, it was theatrically released in January 2019.

Burger currently resides in New York City with his wife, architect Diana Kellogg, and their family.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Producer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | *Books: Feed Your Head* | Yes | No | No |
| 2002 | *Interview with the Assassin* | Yes | Yes | No |
| 2006 | *The Illusionist* | Yes | Yes | No |
| 2007 | *The Lucky Ones* | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2011 | *Limitless* | Yes | No | Executive |
| 2012 | *The Asset* | Yes | No | No |
| 2014 | *Divergent* | Yes | No | No |
| 2016 | *The Jury* | Yes | No | No |
| | *Billions* | Yes | No | Executive |
| 2017 | *The Upside* | Yes | No | No |
| 2021 | *Voyagers* | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2023 | *The Marsh King's Daughter* | Yes | No | No |

**Executive producer only**

## InfoBox

| Neil Burger | |
| --- | --- |
| Burger in June 2015 | |
| Born | Neil Norman Burger<br>Greenwich, Connecticut, United States |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, writer, producer |
| Years active | 1987-present |
| Notable work | *Interview with the Assassin*, *The Illusionist*, *Limitless*, *Divergent* |
| Spouse | Diana Warner Kellogg  (m. 1997) |


title: Phelsuma vanheygeni

abstract: Phelsuma vanheygeni is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

text:
# Phelsuma vanheygeni

***Phelsuma vanheygeni*** is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

## Etymology

The specific name, *vanheygeni*, is in honor of Belgian herpetologist Emmanuel Van Heygen, who collected the holotype.

## Geographic range

*P. vanheygeni* is found on the Ampasindava peninsula in northern Madagascar.

## Habitat

The natural habitat of *P. vanheygeni* is patches of bamboo in forest, at altitudes of 50–400 m (160–1,310 ft). It appears to be confined to medium-sized bamboo (about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter).

## Description

*P. vanheygeni* measure 31–35 mm (1.2–1.4 in) in snout–vent length and 75–80 mm (3.0–3.1 in) in total length. It is somewhat slender and rather flattened. The dorsal coloration of living specimens (including the head, neck, limbs and tail) is vivid green. There are some small red dots irregularly positioned on the lower back and upper tail; males have usually slightly bigger red dots. The green dorsal coloration is delimited by a yellowish stripe that begins at the rostral scale, continues backwards over the supralabial scales, under the ear opening, and widens at the axilla. The ventral coloration is dirty white; the subcaudal scales have a brown to black pigmentation at their tips. The Ventral and subcaudal scales are smooth (not keeled).

## Reproduction

*P. vanheygeni* is oviparous and glues its eggs to the inside of bamboo stems.

## Further reading

* Berghof H-P (2014). "*Pflege und Vermehrung von* Phelsuma pronki *Seipp, 1994 und* Phelsuma vanheygeni *Lerner, 2004*". *Reptilia, Münster* **19** (105): 38–43. (in German).
* Glaw F, Rösler H (2015). "Taxonomic checklist of the day geckos of the genera *Phelsuma* Gray, 1825 and *Rhoptropella* Hewitt, 1937 (Squamata: Gekkonidae)". *Vertebrate Zoology* **65** (2): 247–283.
* Lerner A (2004). "A new taxonomically isolated species of the genus *Phelsuma* Gray, 1825 from the Ampasindava peninsula, Madagascar". *Phelsuma* **12**: 91–98. (*Phelsuma vanheygeni*, new species).

## InfoBox

| *Phelsuma vanheygeni* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Phelsuma* |
| Species: | ***P. vanheygeni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phelsuma vanheygeni***
Lerner, 2004 | |
|
|  | |


title: Mr. Harvey Lights a Candle

abstract: Mr. Harvey Lights a Candle is a television drama, written by Rhidian Brook and directed by Susanna White, which originally aired on 26 March 2005 on BBC.

text:
# Mr. Harvey Lights a Candle

***Mr. Harvey Lights a Candle*** is a television drama, written by Rhidian Brook and directed by Susanna White, which originally aired on 26 March 2005 on BBC.

## Plot

*Mr. Harvey Lights a Candle* tells the story of a school outing, with a bunch of uncontrollable fifth-formers and three teachers from a London comprehensive school, to Salisbury Cathedral. The children show no interest in the purpose of the trip, and are even indifferent towards a view of Stonehenge which they pass on the way: "a boring pile of stones... perhaps we could sell it". The pupils even get more excited by all the things on offer at a motorway service station they stop at on the way.

The teacher behind the trip, a plump, middle-aged and reticent Mr. Harvey (Timothy Spall), prepares fact sheets about the cathedral for the pupils, but even the other two teachers (Miss Davies, played by Celia Imrie, and Mr. Cole, played by Ben Miles) see little point in the trip. The bunch of kids is a cross-section of multi-cultural London. Two particular outsiders are a Muslim boy (Mo, played by Joshua Malin) and a pretty-yet-vain girl (Helen, played by Natalie Press), who turns out to have little self-esteem, letting boys have sex with her and self-injuring by cutting.

It transpires that Mr. Harvey organised the trip to coincide with the 21st anniversary of his last trip to the cathedral, the day when he proposed to the woman who became his wife. He carries in his wallet a fading photo of the very moment when they got engaged. One of the boys steals his wallet. Helen takes the photo from the wallet, defaces the photo and passes it around the coach for the other pupils to see, to their amusement. Mr. Harvey suspects that one of the pupils had stolen his wallet, but doesn't know who, and confronts Helen, grabbing her and revealing her cut wrists.

When the group finally arrives at Salisbury Cathedral, and the pupils have got out the coach, Mr. Harvey finds the photo – now defaced. He is beside himself with grief and rage. But once inside the cathedral, instead of the expected tour of the building, Mr. Harvey tells the pupils about how his wife had killed herself a year after they had got married.

The pupils are silenced by his story: he has come to terms with his past during the trip, as well as opening up to his colleagues and pupils about the events which had had a profound effect on his life.