title: Wanted by the Law

abstract: Wanted by the Law is a 1924 American silent Western film directed by Robert N. Bradbury and starring J.B. Warner, Jay Morley and William McCall.

text:
# Wanted by the Law

***Wanted by the Law*** is a 1924 American silent Western film directed by Robert N. Bradbury and starring J.B. Warner, Jay Morley and William McCall.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Langman, Larry. *A Guide to Silent Westerns*. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992.

## InfoBox

| Wanted by the Law | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Robert N. Bradbury |
| Written by | Robert N. Bradbury |
| Produced by | Anthony J. Xydias |
| Starring | J.B. Warner
Jay Morley
William McCall |
| Cinematography | E.M. MacManigal |
| Production
company | Sunset Productions |
| Distributed by | Aywon Film Corporation |
| Release date | * March 15, 1924 (1924-03-15) |
| Running time | 63 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Mercedes Moltó

abstract: Mercedes Moltó Contreras, known as Mercedes Molto, is a Spanish-born Mexican actress.

text:
# Mercedes Moltó

**Mercedes Moltó Contreras** (born 21 February 1974, in Barcelona, Spain), known as **Mercedes Molto**, is a Spanish-born Mexican actress.

## Biography

Molto was born 21 February 1974, in Barcelona, Spain. She is the daughter of Panamanian otorhinolaryngology medical surgeon Dr. José Moltó Ordoñez and Mercedes Contreras. She completed her primary and secondary studies in Panama, former student of officially CIDMI since she graduated from the International College of Mary Immaculate, located in La Alameda, Panama, is one of the best schools in Panama and there are still teachers who remember her fondly. She studied at CEA Televisa and has participated in a number of telenovelas of that company. At the age of sixteen, she arrived in Mexico, where she began her acting career.

On 15 September 2007, she married surgeon Noel Salgado. In 2013 after 6 years of marriage, they announced they were getting divorced. She currently lives in Miami.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993-94 | *Valentina* | Luisita Basurto | Supporting role |
| 1995 | *Caminos cruzados* | Jackie | Supporting role |
| 1995-96 | *Pobre Niña Rica* | Bárbara de Villagrán | Supporting role |
| 1996-97 | *Mi querida Isabel* | Eugenia | Antagonist |
| 1997-98 | *Sin ti* | Brenda | Supporting role |
| 1998 | *Rencor apasionado* | Martha Valdivia | Special appearance |
| | *Gotita de amor* | Lucrecia Samaniego de Sotomayor | Main antagonist |
| 2000-01 | *Por Un Beso* | Mirna Ballesteros Mendizábal | Main antagonist |
| 2001 | *Mujer, casos de la vida real* |  | TV series |
| 2002 | *La Otra* | Eugenia Guillén Sáenz | Special appearance |
| 2003 | *Niña Amada Mía* | Karina Sánchez de Soriano | Main antagonist |
| 2004 | *Big Brother VIP 3* | Herself | Reality Show-Finished 3rd Place |
| 2005 | *Pablo y Andrea* | Carlota/Úrsula/Bárbara/Socorro Barraza | Main antagonist |
| 2008 | *La rosa de Guadalupe* | Rebeca | TV series |
| | *Mujeres Asesinas* | Silvia | Episode: "Martha, Asfixiante" |
| 2011 | *Como dice el dicho* |  | Episode: "No hay mal..." |
| 2012 | *Relaciones peligrosas* | Benita "Jefa" Mendoza | Co-protagonist |
| 2013 | *Pasión prohibida* | Deniz Lefevre "Mademoiselle" | Co-protagonist |
| 2015 | *Bajo el mismo cielo* | Deborah Sanders | Antagonist |

## Awards and nominations

### Premios TVyNovelas

| Year | Category | Telenovela | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | Best Young Lead Actress | *Mi querida Isabel* | Nominated |
| 2003 | Best Female Antagonist | *Niña Amada Mía* | |

## InfoBox

| Mercedes Molto | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mercedes Moltó Contreras
(1974-02-21) 21 February 1974
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish
Mexican |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1993-present |
| Spouse | Noel Salgado (2007-2013; divorced) |
| Parent(s) | Dr. José Moltó Ordoñez
Mercedes Contreras |


title: Warren Scarfe

abstract: Warren Scarfe was an Australian cyclist. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics. He died during a fall in a training run in 1964.

text:
# Warren Scarfe

**Warren Scarfe** (11 December 1936  4 November 1964) was an Australian cyclist. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics. He died during a fall in a training run in 1964.

## InfoBox

Warren Scarfe
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1936-12-11)11 December 1936
Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 4 November 1964(1964-11-04) (aged 27)
Wiley Park, New South Wales, Australia |
| Medal record      Men's cycling  Representing  Australia  British Empire (and Commonwealth) Games  1958 Vancouver  Men's Time Trial | |


title: Water Works Park (Des Moines)

abstract: Water Works Park is a 1,500 acre park southwest of downtown Des Moines, Iowa and contains the Des Moines Water Works (DMWW) which is a publicly owned municipal water utility that supplies the greater Des Moines metropolitan area. It is one of the largest urban parks in the United States. Located along the Raccoon River west of Fleur Drive, the park offers trails, picnic areas, grills, and fields.

text:
# Water Works Park (Des Moines)

**Water Works Park** is a 1,500 acre park southwest of downtown Des Moines, Iowa and contains the Des Moines Water Works (DMWW) which is a publicly owned municipal water utility that supplies the greater Des Moines metropolitan area. It is one of the largest urban parks in the United States. Located along the Raccoon River west of Fleur Drive, the park offers trails, picnic areas, grills, and fields.

## Arboretum

The park is home to the **Arie den Boer Arboretum**, one of the world's largest collection of crab apple trees, containing approximately 300 varieties. The arboretum was developed under the care of arborist Arie den Boer, in whose honor the arboretum was named in 1961. The Des Moines Water Works staff now maintains through pruning and propagation. Today, the arboretum includes approximately 1,200 trees in the collection.

## Founder's Statue: John Karras and Donald Kaul

On Saturday, April 17, 2021, RAGBRAI **Founder's Statue** of Des Moines Register features writer and copy editor John Karras and two-time Pulitzer finalist Washington columnist Donald Kaul were dedicated in Water Works Park. The bronze statue was designed by Gail Folwell. Beginning in November 2015, both T.J. Juskiewicz, a longtime director of RAGBRAI, and Carl Voss, a former Des Moines Register photographer who both rode and shot the inaugural RAGBRAI, spearheaded the effort to dedicate a statue to Karras and Kaul in downtown Des Moines and originally envisioned the bronze statue to be placed "near the confluence of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers just down the street from the Register's current headquarters at Capital Square and within eyeshot of Principal Park".

## RAGBRAI

The western portion of Water Works Park was the campground for tens of thousands of bicyclists during RAGBRAI XLI in 2013 and will again be the site of the RAGBRAI campground for numerous cyclists including both tents and RVs during RAGBRAI L in 2023. Although RAGBRAI director Matt Phippen planned more than 100,000 riders on the 50-mile (80 km) route on Wednesday July 26, 2023, from Ames to Des Moines to break RAGBRAI’s single-day attendance record of 40,000, who rode the 39.9-mile (64.2 km) route from Winterset to Indianola on Tuesday, July 23, 2019, he wanted to also break the Guinness World Record for the largest single-day bicycle ride, which was set on June 11, 2000, as 48,615 cyclists rode an 18.2-mile (29.3 km) course at Udine, Italy, but, in early June 2023, Guinness World Records discontinued the world record category for the "largest parade of bicycles" by retiring the Udine record. According to Kylie Galloway, who is the United States spokesperson for Guinness World Records, "Within our application process, we provide the applicant with guidelines that are specific to that record category and must be adhered to, to qualify. It is necessary these guidelines are followed to uphold the integrity, accuracy, and authenticity of each record title." For RAGBRAI, the Iowa State Patrol are the official record-keepers of daily rider counts.

## Lauridsen Amphitheater

The park has frequently hosted large festivals and concerts. For example on Tuesday, June 27, 2023, the **Lauridsen Amphitheater** located at 2251 George Flagg Parkway in the eastern portion of Water Works Park hosted Willie Nelson & Family during the Field Daze Music Series. It will also host Styx on July 14, 2023, and, during RAGBRAI L, will host a free Lynyrd Skynyrd concert on Wednesday, July 26, 2023, during which the Water Works Park staff expect at least 35,000 to 50,000 concert goers in attendance. Completed in May 2019, the $1.9 million Lauridsen Amphitheater hosts events on its northside with 2,000 to 25,000 participants. It consists of the amphitheater stage which is under a 2,125 square feet ellipses-shaped canopy of claded color-shifting aluminum composite material measuring 65 feet wide by 45 feet long and supported by two intertwining tree limb-like steel legs that are 23 feet in height on the south and 31 feet on the north. Since the Lauridsen Amphitheater was not built during RAGBRAI XLI in 2013 when Des Moines hosted RAGBRAI XLI in 2013 and had the RAGBRAI campground at the western portion of Water Works Park, many RAGBRAI activities were held in downtown Des Moines along Court Avenue including the evening RAGBRAI concert which was held at the Principal Riverwalk. On July 12–13, 2024, the 15th 80/35 Music Festival will be held in Water Works Park utilizing the Lauridsen Amphitheater according to Sam Carrell who is the executive director of the Water Works Park Foundation. Previously, Eighty Thirty-Five Music Festival was held from 2009 until 2023 at the Western Gateway Park in downtown Des Moines.

The **Killinger Family Stage** is located on the south side of the Lauridsen Amphitheater and often hosts events of less than 2,000.

## Des Moines Biergarten

Established in September 2022, the **Des Moines Biergarten** is located just east of Lauridsen Amphitheater and will be open from Wednesday to Sunday beginning May 17, 2023, until the fall of 2023.

## Other events

Every winter, the park hosts *Jolly Holiday Lights*, a holiday light display. Large portions of the Des Moines Marathon and Hy-Vee Triathlon pass through the park.

## Lot 46 Valley Gardens TCE Superfund Site

In 2004, the Iowa DNR discovered a hazardous waste site near Des Moines Water Works Park and referred the matter to the United States Environmental Protection Agency which took over the site for federal assistance in 2020 and, in June 2023, was recommending that the Lot 46 Valley Gardens TCE Superfund Site be placed on the National Priorities List in March 2024 because the cis-1,2-DCE, which is a breakdown product of trichlorethylene (TCE), is in the nearby groundwater and is migrating toward the park according to Lauren Murphy, who is the remedial project manager of the EPA.

## InfoBox

| Water Works Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Urban park |
| Nearest city | Des Moines, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 41°33′54″N 93°40′16″W / 41.565°N 93.671°W / 41.565; -93.671 |
| Area | 1,500 acres (6,100,000 m2) |
| Opened | 1933 (1933) |
| Operated by | Des Moines Water Works |


title: Water Witch (schooner)

abstract: Water Witch was constructed originally as a steamboat in Otter Creek, Vermont in 1832. In 1835, the Lake Champlain Transportation Company bought her and converted her into a schooner. Piloted by Captain Thomas Mock, who had on board his wife and three children and overloaded with iron ore, Water Witch sank in Lake Champlain during a storm on April 26, 1866. The Mocks′ infant, Roa, was in the cabin, and was lost. The wreck of Water Witch was discovered in 1977 by Derek Grout, a Canadian diver. It is considered one of the oldest fully intact commercial sailing ships located underwater in the United States The schooner lies on the bottom of Lake Champlain between New York and Vermont. The vessel is historically significant for its history and construction. The location of Water Witch is an archaeological grave site preserved by the Underwater Historic Preserve System.

text:
# Water Witch (schooner)

***Water Witch*** was constructed originally as a steamboat in Otter Creek, Vermont in 1832. In 1835, the Lake Champlain Transportation Company bought her and converted her into a schooner. Piloted by Captain Thomas Mock, who had on board his wife and three children and overloaded with iron ore, *Water Witch* sank in Lake Champlain during a storm on April 26, 1866. The Mocks′ infant, Roa, was in the cabin, and was lost.

The wreck of *Water Witch* was discovered in 1977 by Derek Grout, a Canadian diver. It is considered one of the oldest fully intact commercial sailing ships located underwater in the United States The schooner lies on the bottom of Lake Champlain between New York and Vermont. The vessel is historically significant for its history and construction. The location of *Water Witch* is an archaeological grave site preserved by the Underwater Historic Preserve System.

1. Eddy, 2010-2014.
2. Kennard, 2001.

44°14′00″N 73°20′05″W / 44.23333°N 73.33472°W / 44.23333; -73.33472


title: Warren E. Hearnes

abstract: Warren Eastman Hearnes was an American politician who served as the 46th governor of Missouri from 1965 to 1973. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first officeholder eligible to serve two consecutive four-year terms as Governor. He previously served as the Secretary of State of Missouri from 1961 to 1965. After leaving office Hearnes was dogged by a tax investigation, relating to finances in and out of his administration. While later cleared of any wrongdoing, Hearnes faced trouble in future bids for office. He was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in 1976, replacing Jerry Litton who died after winning the nomination, but lost to John Danforth in November. He subsequently lost bids for Missouri Auditor in 1978, and a Circuit Court Judge position in 1980.

text:
# Warren E. Hearnes

**Warren Eastman Hearnes** (July 24, 1923 – August 16, 2009) was an American politician who served as the 46th governor of Missouri from 1965 to 1973. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first officeholder eligible to serve two consecutive four-year terms as Governor. He previously served as the Secretary of State of Missouri from 1961 to 1965.

After leaving office Hearnes was dogged by a tax investigation, relating to finances in and out of his administration. While later cleared of any wrongdoing, Hearnes faced trouble in future bids for office. He was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in 1976, replacing Jerry Litton who died after winning the nomination, but lost to John Danforth in November. He subsequently lost bids for Missouri Auditor in 1978, and a Circuit Court Judge position in 1980.

## Early life

Born in Moline, Illinois, Hearnes moved to Charleston, Missouri, as a child and resided there until his death. After high school, he attended the University of Missouri for a year and a half, until he was drafted. Soon after reporting for duty, Hearnes was appointed by President Roosevelt to the United States Military Academy at West Point, Class of 1946. He married Betty Cooper (born July 24, 1927), his childhood sweetheart, on July 2, 1948. He served in the U.S. Army and was medically discharged in 1949 after he broke his ankle in a softball game. He was a 1952 graduate of the University of Missouri School of Law.

## Political career

While attending law school, he was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 1950 and served until 1961. He served as majority floor leader from 1957 until leaving office.

In 1960, he ran for secretary of state of Missouri. In the primary, he defeated James Kirkpatrick, garnering 42.15% of the vote. He defeated Joseph Badgett in the general election with 56.18% of the vote.

### Governor of Missouri

In 1964, Hearnes challenged the remnants of the Tom Pendergast political machine in the race for governor. During the primary he campaigned against Kansas City establishment candidate Hilary A. Bush charging, "At one time all Missouri was controlled from Kansas City by a man named Pendergast. This type of machine politics should never be allowed to rear its ugly head again in Missouri politics." Among Hearnes' plans was an effort to gain support in western Missouri by the establishment of a four-year college (Missouri Western State University) in the population center of St. Joseph, Missouri despite the presence of a state college (Northwest Missouri State University) less than 50 miles away in the much smaller city of Maryville, Missouri.

Hearnes also campaigned against the Central Trust Bank of Jefferson City, Missouri (which, since its 1902 founding by Lon Stephens, had been the central depository for state funds), saying that the bank's power was creating an atmosphere where establishment forces would "select rather than elect" a leader.

Hearnes won the primary over Bush with 51.9% of the vote. In the general election he won by more than 500,000 votes and 62% of the vote, defeating Republican Ethan A.H. Shepley, chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis. His lieutenant governor in the race was Thomas Eagleton. In 1965 the constitution was amended to permit governors to serve two consecutive terms.

Hearnes considered running as a favorite son candidate in the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, but ultimately withdrew his candidacy. He chaired the Missouri delegation to the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which was selected by a traditional caucus of party members and overwhelmingly supported the candidacy of Hubert Humphrey. At the convention, he spoke in support of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Vietnam policy. Despite this, Hearnes voted to pass a minority report from the convention's Rules Committee which ultimately established the McGovern-Fraser Commission, which would substantially democratize the Democratic primaries. Historians of the primary process have disputed whether Hearnes was confused when he made his vote, or whether he had been convinced by the arguments that a more open primary process was preferable. Hearnes' vote was instrumental to the passage of the minority report, as the entire Missouri delegation followed his lead; this supplied the report with its margin of victory.

Hearnes was re-elected in 1968. He defeated Lawrence K. Roos, former St. Louis County Executive and former president of the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank. He had 60.8% of the vote.

Hearnes' priorities as Governor included improving public education, bettering the state's highways and traffic safety, as well as civil rights and the environment. State aid to public schools increased from $145.5 million to $389.2 million during Hearnes' term as governor, an increase of 167%, and he also increased state aid to higher education from $47.5 million to $144.7 million, an increase of 204%.

He oversaw the increase of state aid to vocational education from $856,000 to $8.8 million, fostering the establishment 53 new area vocational educational schools. While Hearnes was Governor, the State of Missouri built 350 miles of four-lane highways throughout the state. He also created the Missouri Division of Highway Safety and enacted a law providing mandatory breath tests for suspected drunken drivers. Hearnes increased uniform strength of the Missouri State Highway Patrol from 500 to 750 officers.

Hearnes was Governor during the Civil Rights era and as Governor he signed a Public Accommodations Law, Missouri's first civil rights act. As governor he also strengthened the Fair Employment Practices Act and increased the staff of the Human Rights Commission from two employees to 35. Hearnes also enacted the state's first air pollution law, with subsequent strengthening of its provisions. He oversaw the passage of a $150 million water pollution bond issue to provide state matching funds for sewage control construction projects, and created the state's Clean Water Commission to enforce water pollution laws. He also was responsible for the provision of first state financial grants for mass transit and urban rapid transit facilities. He created the Department of Community Affairs to assist local governments in obtaining technical assistance and grants for city planning, zoning, housing, sewage treatment, industrial development, and other municipal and regional projects.

In 1970, he was elected chairman of the National Governor's Association which held its annual conference at Lake of the Ozarks. In the 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he supported Edmund Muskie for president and was considered a possible running mate, had Muskie won the nomination.

## Post-gubernatorial career

After leaving office Hearnes was plagued with tax problems which were ultimately cleared in 1977. His problems were highlighted by an exposé in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Hearnes sued the paper for defamation and the case was ultimately settled with terms undisclosed.

After facing public pressure to appoint a special counsel during the Watergate scandal, President Richard Nixon considered either Hearnes or Pat Brown for the role. Attorney General Elliot Richardson rejected both options, and ultimately appointed Archibald Cox.

Hearnes ran for United States Senate in 1976. He placed second in the primary with 26.9 percent of the vote. The winner, Jerry Litton, had 45.4%, but was killed in a plane crash en route to a primary election victory party on August 3. On August 21, the Democratic state committee selected Hearnes as the replacement nominee over Jim Spainhower by a 38 to 22 vote. Hearnes lost the general election to John Danforth who garnered 56.9% of the vote.

In 1978 he ran unsuccessfully for Missouri state auditor, losing the general election to Republican James F. Antonio, who received 50.8% of the vote. His wife, Betty Cooper Hearnes, began her own political career as a state representative in 1979, serving until 1988. She also was the 1988 Democratic nominee for governor.

In 1980, Hearnes was appointed Circuit Court Judge, making him the first person in Missouri history to serve in all three branches of the state government. However he failed to be elected to the position in the same year.

## Legacy

In 1972, the Hearnes Center on the University of Missouri campus in Columbia, Missouri, was named in honor of the outgoing governor.

In 2005, Warren and Betty Hearnes were awarded the Edwin P. Hubble Medal of Initiative during the Charleston Dogwood-Azalea Festival. The medal was presented by a delegation of citizens from Marshfield, Missouri. The medal is the city of Marshfield's highest honor and is named for a native son.

In the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries Hearnes endorsed the campaign of Hillary Clinton for the Democratic presidential nomination.

In 2010, a bust of Hearnes sculpted by Sabra Tull Meyer was dedicated outside the Mississippi County Courthouse in Charleston, Missouri. Later that year he was also inducted into the Hall of Famous Missourians; his bronze bust is displayed in the state capitol.

In December 2016, Highway 249 near Missouri Southern State University between the I-44 and 49 interchange and East Zora became known as the Governor Warren E. Hearnes Memorial Highway.

## Death

Hearnes died August 16, 2009. He is buried in IOOF Cemetery in Charleston, Missouri, along with his wife who died in 2023. He is also buried with his daughter, Lynn Cooper Hearnes, who was killed in an auto accident on December 31, 2009, only a few months after the death of her father.

## InfoBox

| Warren Hearnes | |
| --- | --- |
| Hearnes in 1967 | |
|  | |
| 46th Governor of Missouri | |
| **In office**
January 11, 1965  January 8, 1973 | |
| Lieutenant | Thomas Eagleton
William S. Morris |
| Preceded by | John M. Dalton |
| Succeeded by | Kit Bond |
| Chair of the National Governors Association | |
| **In office**
August 9, 1970  September 12, 1971 | |
| Preceded by | John Arthur Love |
| Succeeded by | Arch A. Moore Jr. |
| 31st Secretary of State of Missouri | |
| **In office**
January 9, 1961  January 11, 1965 | |
| Governor | John M. Dalton |
| Preceded by | Robert Crawford |
| Succeeded by | James Kirkpatrick |
| Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
from the Mississippi County district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1951  January 4, 1961 | |
| Preceded by | Kelly Jackson |
| Succeeded by | David Rolwing |
| Judge of the Missouri Circuit Court
for the 33rd circuit | |
| **In office**
1980 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Warren Eastman Hearnes
(1923-07-24)July 24, 1923
Moline, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | August 16, 2009(2009-08-16) (aged 86)
Charleston, Missouri, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Betty Cooper |
| Education | United States Military Academy (BS)
University of Missouri (LLB) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1941–1949 |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
|  | |


title: Metasia eremialis

abstract: Metasia eremialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1913. It is found in South Africa.

text:
# Metasia eremialis

***Metasia eremialis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1913. It is found in South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Metasia eremialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Spilomelinae |
| Genus: | *Metasia* |
| Species: | ***M. eremialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metasia eremialis***<br>Hampson, 1913 | |
|


title: Metin Kaplan

abstract: Metin Kaplan is the leader of the Islamic extremist movement Kalifatsstaat which is based in Cologne, Germany.

text:
# Metin Kaplan

**Metin Kaplan** (born 14 November 1952) is the leader of the Islamic extremist movement *Kalifatsstaat* ("Caliphate State") which is based in Cologne, Germany.

## Kalifatsstaat

Kaplan was born in the Turkish province of Erzurum. Kaplan, who was prosecuted as an enemy of the state in Turkey and faced the death penalty, sought political asylum in Germany and traveled there in 1983 as a refugee, together with his father, Cemaleddin Kaplan (also known as Cemaleddin Hocaoğlu), who was a leading figure in Islamist circles among Turkish diaspora in Germany. His father ran two publications: "Tebliğ" and "Ümmet".

After his father's death in 1995, Metin Kaplan became leader of the Caliphate State.

The movement's stated goal is to overthrow the government of Turkey and establish an Islamist state in the country. The movement was previously known as the "Union of Islamic Associations and Communities" and is on Turkey's official list of terrorist organizations as "Hilafet Devleti" (literally: "Caliphate State"). The self-styled "Caliph of Cologne" chose the city of Cologne as his residence. After being closely watched by the German Verfassungsschutz for several years, the movement was outlawed in 2001.

The movement has published a text called "The New World Order" which contains:

> Our goal is the control of Islam over everyday life. In other words, the Koran should become the constitution, the Islamic system of law should become the law, and Islam should become the state... Is it possible to combine Islam with democracy and the layman's system on which it is based? For this question only one answer exists, and that is a resounding "NO!"

## Arrest

His rival İbrahim Sofu was murdered in 1997. Kaplan was convicted by a German court of solicitation of murder and spent four years in jail.

In May 2004, after reassurances that he would not be tortured if he was extradited to Turkey, a German court rescinded his refugee status and authorised his extradition to Turkey. Shortly after the court's decision, before German police could arrest him, Kaplan disappeared from Cologne. After the court decision was temporarily suspended, Kaplan reappeared on 31 May, claiming to have been sick during his disappearance.

On 12 October, the Verwaltungsgericht of Cologne decided that Kaplan could be extradited despite a pending appeal to the Bundesverwaltungsgericht in Leipzig. He was arrested in an internet cafe in Cologne and brought to the Düsseldorf airport, where a chartered Lear Jet took him to Istanbul. On arrival he was immediately arrested by Turkish police and taken to prison. This extradition case is unusual because governments usually refuse to extradite people to face trial for political crimes such as treason and espionage.

Kaplan's trial started on 20 December 2004. In 2005, Kaplan was convicted of attempting to overthrow the constitution and treason. He was sentenced to aggravated life imprisonment. During the trial, Kaplan was confined to the high security prison of Tekirdağ. Turkish authorities have accused him of plotting a terrorist attack against the Turkish government in 1998 and a plot to attack the Anıtkabir by flying a Cessna laden with explosives into it. Kaplan conceded that he believes the state of Turkey should be replaced with an Islamist state, but denies ever having planned to resort to violent means.

## Release from prison and acquittal after retrial

Kaplan's sentence was reduced to 17,5 years in prison in 2010, and he was released from prison in November 2016. He was ultimately acquitted after a retrial on 16 February 2021.


title: Merimbula-Pambula Bulldogs

abstract: Merimbula-Pambula Rugby League Football Club is an Australian rugby league football club based in New South Wales formed in 1924. They conduct teams for both Juniors & Seniors competitions. They participate in the Group 16 Rugby League competition in the south-east corner of New South Wales. The combined team of Pambula-Merimbula won the Far South Coast competition in 1927. During the 1930s, the two towns competed separately. In the bunny seasons following World War II, Pambula participated in First and or Reserve Grade competitions, but Merimbula only fielded a team in 1953. Between 1955 and 1965 neither town entered Group 16, apart from Pambula in 1962. Pambula was revived in 1966 and won a premiership in 1968. The club missed the 2012 and 1974 seasons, before entering as Merimbula from 1975.

text:
# Merimbula-Pambula Bulldogs

**Merimbula-Pambula Rugby League Football Club** is an Australian rugby league football club based in New South Wales formed in 1924. They conduct teams for both Juniors & Seniors competitions. They participate in the Group 16 Rugby League competition in the south-east corner of New South Wales.

The combined team of Pambula-Merimbula won the Far South Coast competition in 1927. During the 1930s, the two towns competed separately.

In the bunny seasons following World War II, Pambula participated in First and or Reserve Grade competitions, but Merimbula only fielded a team in 1953. Between 1955 and 1965 neither town entered Group 16, apart from Pambula in 1962. Pambula was revived in 1966 and won a premiership in 1968. The club missed the 2012 and 1974 seasons, before entering as Merimbula from 1975.

## Notable Juniors

## History

Rugby Union was played by Pambula as early as 1912, with a team challenging the Bega Blues for the Rodd & Chegg Cup in a July encounter. In 1924, a Pambula team challenged Bega for the Hull Cup. In 1925, Pambula entered a Rugby League competition with five other teams: Candelo, Eden, Wyndham and two from Bega.

## InfoBox

**Merimbula-Pambula RL**
| Club information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Merimbula-Pambula Rugby League Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | Bulldogs |
| Colours | Blue
White |
| Founded | 1924 (1924) |
| Exited | 1954 (1954) |
| Readmitted | 1966 (1966) |
| Website | http://websites.sportstg.com/club\_info.cgi?c=0-2395-21979-0-0
https://m.facebook.com/MPBfootballclub/ |
| details | |
| Ground(s) |  |
| Competition | Group 16 Rugby League |
| 2018 | 4th |
| Records | |
| Premierships | **7** (1927, 1936 (P), 1937 (POB), 1938 (M), 1968, 1980, 1993) |
| Runners-up | **7** (1929 (P), 1932 (M), 1933 (P), 1934 (P), 1938 (P), 1940 (M), 1987) |
| Minor premierships | **1** (1933 (P)) |


title: War sand

abstract: War sand is sand contaminated by remains of projectiles used in war. This kind of sand has been found in Normandy, since the invasion of Normandy, among other places. In 1988, the sand on Omaha Beach was discovered to contain man-made metal and glass particles deriving from shrapnel; 4% of the sand in the sample was composed of shrapnel particles ranging in size between 0.06 millimetres (0.0024 in) and 1 mm (0.039 in). Researchers also discovered trace amounts of iron and glass beads in the sand, originating from the intense heat unleashed by munitions explosions in the air and sand.

text:
# War sand

**War sand** is sand contaminated by remains of projectiles used in war. This kind of sand has been found in Normandy, since the invasion of Normandy, among other places. In 1988, the sand on Omaha Beach was discovered to contain man-made metal and glass particles deriving from shrapnel; 4% of the sand in the sample was composed of shrapnel particles ranging in size between 0.06 millimetres (0.0024 in) and 1 mm (0.039 in). Researchers also discovered trace amounts of iron and glass beads in the sand, originating from the intense heat unleashed by munitions explosions in the air and sand.

## Composition identification

In 2013, Dr. Earle McBride, a researcher studying sandstone diagenesis and the textual and compositional maturation of sand during transportation, mixed samples collected from Omaha Beach in 1988 with a blue epoxy, creating an "artificial sandstone", before slicing it into thin sections. Utilising an optical microscope and an external light source, shiny, opaque grains could be identified. Although wave action had elicited rounding on the edges of some coarser grains, the shard-like angularity and corrosion of both coarse and fine grains suggested these grains were man-made. It is believed that the roughness of said grains was imparted by microporous surfaces produced during production and corrosion products post-explosion.

This inspection, alongside tests revealing that the grains were magnetic, led McBride to conclude these grains were pieces of shrapnel.


title: Water hog

abstract: A water hog is a machine that removes water from sports grounds. The water hog was invented by Hugh McLaughlin. Driven by a rider, it has a wide, front roller that absorbs the water, transfers it to a storage tank, and allows it to be discharged in a safe location. Some water hogs can suck off excess water at a rate of 200 gallons per minute and throw it as far as 100 feet away from the machine. It is designed so that it will not damage the turf. Originally devised for use on cricket pitches, it is now used at a wide range of sporting venues including golf putting greens, football grounds, American football stadiums, and at gaelic football stadiums where it has proved very successful.

text:
# Water hog

A **water hog** is a machine that removes water from sports grounds. The water hog was invented by Hugh McLaughlin.

Driven by a rider, it has a wide, front roller that absorbs the water, transfers it to a storage tank, and allows it to be discharged in a safe location. Some water hogs can suck off excess water at a rate of 200 gallons per minute and throw it as far as 100 feet away from the machine. It is designed so that it will not damage the turf.

Originally devised for use on cricket pitches, it is now used at a wide range of sporting venues including golf putting greens, football grounds, American football stadiums, and at gaelic football stadiums where it has proved very successful.

## Incidents

The water hog at the Taunton cricket ground failed, in May 2006, delaying the start of the Somerset v Hampshire C&G Trophy match, which was subsequently abandoned.


title: Methods used to study memory

abstract: The study of memory incorporates research methodologies from neuropsychology, human development and animal testing using a wide range of species. The complex phenomenon of memory is explored by combining evidence from many areas of research. New technologies, experimental methods and animal experimentation have led to an increased understanding of the workings of memory.

text:
# Methods used to study memory

The **study of memory** incorporates research methodologies from neuropsychology, human development and animal testing using a wide range of species. The complex phenomenon of memory is explored by combining evidence from many areas of research. New technologies, experimental methods and animal experimentation have led to an increased understanding of the workings of memory.

## Human subjects

It is usually desirable to study memory in humans because we have the ability to subjectively describe experiences, and have the intellect to perform complex and indirect tests of memory. Lesion studies allow us to reduce the neural mechanisms of memory, and results from finely constructed psychological tests can help us make inferences about how memory works. Neuropsychologists attempt to show that specific behavioural deficits are associated with specific sites of brain damage. The famous case of HM, a man who had both his medial temporal lobes removed resulting in profound amnesia, illustrates how brain damage can tell us a lot about the inner workings of memory. One of the fundamental problems with studying human patients who have already acquired brain damage is the lack of experimental control. Comparisons usually have to be made between individuals; exact lesion location and individual differences cannot be controlled for.

### Item list memory tasks

#### Ebbinghaus

Hermann Ebbinghaus began the scientific study of human memory with this treatise *On Memory* in 1885. Ebbinghaus experimented on himself by testing his own ability to memorize lists of randomly arranged syllables presented at a regular pace of 2.5 syllables per second. He would record how long it took him to memorize a list of syllables and also how quickly he would lose the memorization. With this data, he traced learning and forgetting curves. Ebbinghaus also collected data on his ability to memorize at different times of the day and under different conditions. His work later influenced G.E. Müller who continued the tradition of lists of items to conduct memory experiments on human subjects and using behavioural data to develop models of memory. The two most common types of memory studied using these methods are recognition and recall.

#### Recognition

Recognition memory is the ability to judge whether or not the cued item was previously presented on the list usually with a yes or no response. This memory is akin to the type of memory used for police line-ups. The particular task described used to be called "item recognition". Scientists study the rates of hits (correct "yes" responses) related to the rates of false alarms (incorrect "yes" responses) with statistical analysis to develop theories on how the recognition judgement is stored and retrieved. These theories are then developed into memory models.

#### Recall

Recall memory is the ability to retrieve stored information either by being cued by a particular associated item or without an associated cue. The first is called cued recall and the second is called free recall. In cued recall the participant studies a list of paired items and then is presented one half of those pairs and must recall the associated other half. A common additional task is to have the participant learn a new set of associations with the cued items and study the amount of interference from prior association that occurs. These experiments help to develop theories on how we learn associations and what conditions affect that learning. The free recall does not use item pairs. Instead, participants study a list of items and then recall that list in the order that they retrieve the items from memory. In these experiments the data is drawn from the order in which items are recalled and the inter-response times. This data is used to develop models of memory storage and retrieval.

### Children

Humans are extremely dependent on memory for survival as we are dependent on our ability to identify and remember a wide range of material in order to learn and function, which is why the capability for memory is developed at a very young age. Memory in children is displayed in simpler ways than in adults due to lack of verbal communication and mental capabilities, and therefore the testing methods are similar but are modified to suit age specific abilities.

Observational and experimental methods are used to test children's memory by documenting either their physical actions, emotional (facial) response or attention/ focus, depending on the age (ability) of the child and the type of task provided. An older child can provide answers to both verbal and non-verbal tests to more complex tasks in a more detailed and accurate way and therefore produce more direct data. The change of methods according to age is necessary for several reasons particularly because memory ability expands at certain stages of childhood and can be influenced by biological advances and environmental experience.

From birth, children use observational (imitation) and auditory learning styles with increasing ability to remember complex sequences and concepts. The rapid growth in ability to retain information is partly due to the increase of myelin, which increases the speed of impulses between neurons, especially in the visual and auditory cortexes which become myelinated very early in the development processes. The amount of myelination has a direct effect on the speed of information-processing and in turn the speed and strength at which we are able to remember things. Understanding of contexts and relationships, as well as memory strategies such as chunking and learning of schemas, can also influence the strength of memories and therefore must be considered when choosing a method of testing.

#### Action oriented memory

A well known study used to show early signs of recall memory, examines 3 month old infants behavior with mobiles. The experiment entailed tying a string on a colourful mobile to the infant's foot, so that kicking would cause the mobile to move, pleasing the baby. After the initial training, it was shown that a week later the infants kicked in order to produce movement. Two weeks later the infant resumed the kicking behavior after a short reminder session where they watched the mobile moving (unattached to their foot). This experiment showed a recognition of the mobile, as well as recall (after one week), and cued recall (after 2 weeks). Recognition and recall are two essential aspects of memory; these are particularly useful in children since verbal reporting of memory may not be available yet or as reliable when testing very young participants. At the age of approximately 9 months some infants are able to reproduce some simple actions they observe up to 24 hours after witnessing them. The reproduction of behaviors such as choosing one object over another or repeatedly placing an object in a certain spot is a type of situational memory test used to identify the child's level of memory capability. Deferred imitation, the ability to reproduce behaviour without cuing, can be seen and tested near the age of 18– 24 months. Children become able to replicate more complex events with greater detail, from memory.

Jean Piaget, a child development psychologist, conducted a study testing the cognitive and memory abilities of children around 2 years of age. These tests were conducted using objects presented to the child followed by their removal from sight. This causes very young infants to believe the object no longer exists. At approximately 8–12 months, children will look for the missing object and this display shows memory, as well as a comprehension that it still exists when it is not directly seen. This led to the theory of object permanence which demonstrates the stage at which memory and cognitive development have reached the level of mental representation.

#### Facial recognition

A child as early as 7 days old can shows signs of facial expression imitation such as tongue or lip protrusion and opening of their mouth. There is some debate as to whether this is a voluntary or reflexive action though the ability to imitate demonstrates the infants ability to encode the image and imitate it. Evidence of facial memory over longer delays can be seen in children as early as 2–3 weeks old. Changes in behavior such as crying less and smiling more shows evidence for recognition of a familiar face.

Recognition can also be shown with habituation, the process of attending a familiar stimuli less in preference for a new one. This can be seen as early as 5 months of age in several forms including auditory and visual identification. In a study of 8-10 month infants, both familiar objects/faces and newly presented ones were introduced at different intervals and time delays. Looking time and first looks were recorded, and the results indicated habituation and memory recall.

#### False memories

Accuracy of memory is an important factor when studying memory in children as it has been demonstrated that children's memory more susceptible to suggesting and implanting of false memories than adults. In a study on preschoolers, using a questionnaire method in a yes/no and multiple choice format, the result of forcing an answer in response to a controlled situation differed according to question style. The children showed a preference to saying ‘yes’ to ‘no’ and showed an equal preference for the multiple choice (when neither were correct), neither are an ideal test for memory accuracy in children. The Criterion-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) is designed to decipher truthful from false memories in children and is a part of the Statement Validity Analysis (SVA) which consists of structured interviews, systematic analysis of verbal statements and statement validity checklist. This is a comprehensive protocol that tests the reliability of a child witness's memory of an event or situation which relies on the assumption that false memories are of weaker quality then truthful and accurate memories.

Recognition memory in a legal setting is also different in children than in adults. In a meta-analysis study a line-up style test was used for a child witness to identify a culprit among other suspects. The results show that children over the age of 5 were able to identify a culprit (when the culprit was present) at a comparable rate to adults but children up to age 14 produced far greater number of false identifications when the culprit was not present. It was speculated by Pozzulo & Lindsay that false positives were caused by an inability to produce correct absolute judgments (recall) while relative judgments (recognition) are more successful.

### Technologies

Cognitive neuroscience aims to reduce cognition to its neural basis using new technologies such as fMRI, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG) as well as older methods such as Positron emission tomography (PET) and Electroencephalography (EEG) studies. Due to the correlational designs used in fMRI, many scientists have coined this up and coming field as the new phrenology in the sense that techniques such as fMRI rely heavily on complex statistics. Type 1 errors can lead scientists to draw premature and incorrect causal relationships if improper designs are used.

### Ethics

Human subject research must be carefully designed as to not have any adverse effects on the subject, and not impose on their rights as a human being. Neurological procedures that intentionally lesion the brain are illegal, and therefore those who have already obtained brain damage must be studied. The study of brain damaged patients has its drawbacks, however case studies of brain injured patients has greatly improved our understanding of the neural basis of memory.

All subjects (or their legal representative) must have a clear understanding of the experimental procedure, including any potential dangers to themself, and be in a right state of mind to express consent to the researcher before any tests can be started.

The American Psychological Association uses a strict ethical code concerning research in psychology.

### Experimental designs

A major complication that is raised in memory research is its fallible nature in humans. Having the ability to recall memories does not necessarily mean they are accurate. Our ability to store and process what is going on around us relies on memory being a constructive, fallible process. The technologies explained above may show areas of activation associated with certain behaviors, but without any idea of lesion location, it is difficult to pinpoint exactly what part of the brain relates to which behavioral deficits observed. Neuropsychologists have created various tasks designed to assess specific types of memory so that inferences about lesion location can be drawn from poor performances on these tests. Neuropsychological tests can aid us in understanding specific types of memory associated with specific sites of brain damage.

#### Corsi block tapping

An assessment of visual-spatial memory involves mimicking a researcher as he/she taps nine identical spatially separated blocks. The sequence starts out simple, usually using two blocks, but becomes more complex until the subject's performance suffers. This number is known as the Corsi Span, and averages about 5 for normal human subjects. An fMRI study involving subjects undergoing this test revealed that while the sequence length increases, general brain activity remains the same. So while humans may show encoding difficulty, this is not related to overall brain activation. Whether able to perform the task well or not the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is highly involved. Corsi blocks tasks with a normal forward order requires support from the visuospatial sketch pad, but not from the phonological loop. When the sequence to be recalled becomes longer than three or four items, central executive resources are used

## Animal subjects

The study of memory has greatly benefited from experimentation with animals. Current ethical guidelines state that using animals for scientific purposes is only acceptable when the harm (physical or psychological) done to animals is outweighed by the benefits of the research. Keeping this in mind, we can use research techniques on animals that would not necessarily be performed on humans.

### Basic research

Our understanding of memory has benefited greatly from animal research. Animals brains can be selectively lesioned using surgical, or neurotoxic methods and be assessed before and after the experimental manipulation. Groundbreaking new technology has allowed for genetic manipulation and the creation of knockout mice. Scientists genetically engineer these mice to lack functionally or behaviourally important alleles or have missing or altered gene sequences. Careful observation of behaviors and phenotypes may help uncover the neural substrates of memory and prove to be an essential tool for the study of gene-behaviour interactions.

### Genetics

Animals can be selectively bred for certain behavioural characteristics, such as having strong maze-solving skills. Although the genetic underpinnings of observable phenotypes are extremely difficult to show, behavioural characteristics can be selectively bred. The difficulty lies in the subjective determination of the phenotype. How can one show that an animal has a good memory? There are many confounds when breeding for behaviours, however if animals can be selected for memory and learning ability, maybe we can learn something about how genes contribute to memory systems.

### Technologies

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has intriguing implications for the study of memory in humans, however it can also be used in animal models. fMRI can be used to assess brain functionality in monkeys in the context of a variety of behavioral tasks. Structural MRI can be used to examine the extent and location of brain lesions, so that behavioral abnormalities observed can be directly linked to specific brain structures. High-resolution fMRI can help locate and assess the functionality of large neural networks so that these regions can be further studied using more traditional electrophysiological recording devices.

Single-unit recording directly measures action potentials and can be used in a variety of animals. This technique employed in the macaque monkey led to the discovery of the mirror neuron which has major implications for learning, memory and the perception of self. Single cell recordings can be used to record the activity of single neurons while animals perform tasks related to memory.

Cortical cooling is a relatively new technique that allows for a temporary disruption of function in a chosen area of the brain. Due to the use of large, surgically implanted devices this technique is generally used on primates, however the use of small cryotip implants has implications for use in rats. This exciting new technology allows for reversible lesions, which removes variations between animals so that better causal relationships can be shown. Animals can act as their own controls and this is ideal for any neuroscientific research.

The neurotoxic lesion technique has proven to be essential for studying the neural basis of behavior and memory in animals. Neurotoxins can be used to selectively damage very specific nerve tracts in the brain. Pertaining to the study of memory, areas of interest include the hippocampus, the rhinal cortex, the pre-frontal cortex, and the frontal cortex. The neurotoxic lesion technique uses neurotoxins such as ibotenic acid to selectively disrupt or kill specific neural tracts in any of the areas described above. The animal is anaesthetized and immobilized so that stereotaxic instruments can be used to drill holes in specific locations of the skull. Scientists can then carefully administer microinjections of neurotoxins to damage only the neurons in specific brain areas. This technique allows for the selective lesioning of areas of interest and leaves surrounding supportive tissue unaffected.

### Advantages

Research animals are a good substitute for humans because similar principles are assumed to underlie basic mechanisms of brain function. In order to fully understand human memory, cross-species comparisons in neuropsychology are used so that multiple variables can be manipulated. The more experimental control we have, the easier it is to eliminate confounding variables, and better causal conclusions can be made.

Although there is no single *ideal* animal model of a human, for each problem of interest there is an animal upon which it can be most conveniently studied. For example, the study of spatial memory has benefitted greatly from experimentation and observation of food caching birds. To study auditory learning and memory, songbirds can be used. To study more complex systems such as motor learning, object recognition, short term memory and working memory, often primates such as the macaque monkey are used because of their large brains and more sophisticated intelligence. Small rodents can be used to study aversive conditioning and emotional memory, and contextual/spatial memory. To reduce memory and learning to its genetic basis, mice can be genetically modified and studied. Generally animal studies depend on the principles of positive reinforcement, aversion techniques and Pavlovian conditioning. This type of research is extremely useful and has shed much light on learning and memory in humans.

### Experimental designs

Scientific reductionism has pushed our understanding of memory closer to the neural level. In order to broaden our understanding, we need to draw conclusions from converging evidence. Studying memory in animals such as birds, rodents, and primates is difficult because scientists can only study and quantify observable behaviors. Animal research relies on carefully constructed methodologies, and these are species specific.

A major obstacle to research on the innateness of memory is the scarcity of subjects with apparent superior memory quality to make up a sample from which statistically significant conclusions can be drawn. One solution to this was the brainchild of memory researcher and methodologist, Dr Peter Marshall.The Great Memory Show was a series of events where memory performers were invited to show off their memory abilities to a live audience, in front of TV cameras, but the real motive was to attract a pool of people who may have naturally superior memory quality, to take part in memory research at Royal Holloway, University of London.

#### Primates

The textbook *Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology* by Kolb and Whishaw describes some designs used to study memory in the macaque monkey. Elizabeth Murray and her colleagues trained monkeys to reach through the bars of their cage after a brief delay in order to displace objects under which a reward may be located. During the brief delay the monkey had to use either object recognition memory, or contextual memory to remember where the reward was located. Object recognition is tested with a matching-to-sample task where the monkey had to remember visual characteristics of the object in order to obtain the reward. Alternatively, in the non-matching-to-sample design the monkey must remember the location of the previously seen object. The monkey must then use context and spatial memory in order to correctly displace an object in the same location as previous, in order to obtain the food reward. These two tasks can be used to differentiate between object recognition memory and contextual memory. Murray and her colleagues were able to show that hippocampal lesions impaired contextual memory whereas rhinal cortex lesions impaired object recognition memory. This experimental design allowed for the dissociation of two mutually exclusive brain regions devoted to specific types of memory.

In experiments with the macaque monkey, Earl Miller and his colleagues used the delayed matching to sample (DMS) task to assess working memory in monkeys. The monkey was required to fixate on a computer screen while coloured images were displayed serially for 0.5 seconds, and separated by a one-second delay. The first image shown was the sample, and the monkey was trained to pull a lever when the sample object was shown a second time. In this experiment single-cell recordings were taken from the prefrontal cortex, an area thought to be involved with working memory. In order to verify the location of the recording device, MRI and stereotaxic instruments were used. The ability to use single cell recordings solely for experimental purposes is exclusive to animal testing and has greatly increased our understanding of memory systems.

#### Caching birds

Comparisons of the neuroanatomy of caching and non-caching birds has shed light on the neural basis of spatial memory. David Sherry and his colleagues devised experiments using the displacement of landmarks, to show that caching birds rely on spatial memory and landmark cues to find their caches, and local changes in cache appearance had no effect on food retrieval. They were able to show that changes in neurogenesis are directly related to food storing behavior. Food caching behavior reaches a maximum in August, continues through the winter and declines in the spring. They showed that the amount of neurons added to the hippocampus was also at a max during August and winter, and declined into the spring. Using selective hippocampal lesions, cause-effect relationships were shown. Lesions disrupted cache retrieval and other spatial behavior, however had no effect on actual food caching. The hippocampus has been implicated as a key structure for spatial memory in humans, and studying behavior in food caching birds and other animals has been extremely influential on this view. Sherry and his colleagues were also able to show that food-caching birds have much larger hippocampus’ than non food-caching birds. Without techniques such as cell labeling, neuronal staining and careful post mortem analysis, these comparison studies would be impossible.

#### Songbirds

Songbirds are excellent animal models for studying learning and auditory memory. These birds have highly developed vocal organs, which give them the ability to create diverse and elaborate birdsongs. Neurotoxic lesions can be used to study how specific brain structures are key for this type of learning and scientists can also manipulate the environment in which these birds are raised. In addition, with functional MRI the response to different auditory stimuli has been studied in vivo. In experiments with songbirds, using these two methodologies has led to very interesting discoveries about auditory learning and memory. Much like humans, birds have a critical period when they must be exposed to adult birdsong. The cognitive systems of vocal production and auditory recognition parallel those in humans, and experiments have shown that there are critical brain structures for these processes.

#### Rodents

Rodents are small mammals capable of learning, displaying complex behaviors, and are relatively inexpensive to raise. They are an ideal animal to use for the study of memory. The assessment of learning and memory in rodents has been employed in scientific research for a long time, and there are many experimental methods used. Generally tests of spatial memory employ maze designs where the rodent must run a maze in order to receive a food reward. Learning can be shown when the rodent reduces its average number of errors or wrong turns. Aversive techniques such as the Morris Water Maze can also be used to study spatial memory. The rat is placed in murky water surrounded by sheer walls containing spatial cues. Learning is shown when the rat swims a more direct route to the obscured platform. Small rodents can also be easily conditioned using taste aversion or odor aversion techniques. Performing neurotoxic lesions in these conditioned rodents is an excellent way to study the neural basis of aversion learning and memory.

### Converging evidence

Psychologists who work with animals assume that the things they learn can be applied to the human brain. Memory is a complex system that relies on interactions between many distinct parts of the brain. In order to fully understand memory, researchers must cumulate evidence from human, animal, and developmental research in order to make broad theories about how memory works. Intraspecies comparisons are key. Rats for example display extremely complex behaviours and most of the structures in their brain parallel those in humans. Due to their relatively simple organization, slugs can be useful for studying how neurons interconnect to produce observable behaviour. Fruit flies are useful for studying gene-behaviour interactions because many generations with genetic alterations can be quickly bred in the laboratory.


title: Metis (American musician)

abstract: Jihan Bowes-Little, who performs under the stage name Metis, is a hip hop and spoken word artist originally from Northern California's Bay Area.

text:
# Metis (American musician)

**Jihan Bowes-Little**, who performs under the stage name **Metis**, is a hip hop and spoken word artist originally from Northern California's Bay Area.

## Biography

Bowes-Little grew up in San Francisco. He gained a scholarship to Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island where he studied philosophy and economics, and later studied at the London School of Economics.

Bowes-Little's first career was as a professional basketball player, after which he worked as a trader for investment banks in New York City and London, including the position of vice president, credit trading at Goldman Sachs, while pursuing a second career as a hip hop artist and poet in the evenings since 2007 under the name Metis (a reference to the Greek language, which he describes as "perceiving the true essence of things").

He left Goldman Sachs in January 2009 to concentrate on his music and book and film projects. His first video-single, "Chameleon", was top 20 in South Africa according to Channel O's playlist information. His debut album, *The Path*, produced with members of M People, and with contributions from Busy Signal, Demarco, 88-Keys, K-Salaam, Dilated Peoples, Soul Diggaz, and Curtis Lynch is due for release in 2010. In late 2009, Metis won four awards at the Exposure Music Awards East ceremony in Cambridge, in the categories Best Male Artist, Best Live!, Best Urban Song ("Hustlin"), and Best Alternative Song ("All In").

He has written an autobiography, *The Trade*, which has been picked up by a literary agent and with which he has tried to interest Hollywood directors with a view to turning it into a film.

## Music

1st Mixtape *The Atlas Mixtape* hosted by DJ WhooKid with tracks "Don't Go There" w/ BOB (Atlantic), "I Am Me" w/ Joel Ortiz 2nd Mixtape *The Roark Mixtape* again hosted by WhooKid, with track "The March" ft Skyzoo, for which Metis also shot a video. Both mixtapes received substantial coverage across most major hip-hop blogs including early supporter DJBOOTH.NET, as well as hiphopdx.com and many others. In 2011 Metis' pre-single *Champion* was selected to front the 2011 ESPN Images of the Year commercial, played on SportsCenter across America throughout December and January 2011. The track was self released on iTunes "" - "" In 2012 Metis track "All In" (ft Aynzli Jones) was selected by Coke Zero to front two global television campaigns. The first, "Liquid" to begin airing fall of 2012. The second, larger, campaign "A Step From Zero" to begin airing in early 2013. The "A Step From Zero" extended cut received over 2mm views in its first 2 months online. Metis debut album *The Path* released in 2013 was produced with Jahlil Beats, Printz Board, !llmind, Mark Knight and James Reynolds. Metis is published by Zagazow Records, run by former President of VP Records and Greensleeves Publishing Olivier Chastan. Metis is self-managed. He also manages the singer Aynzli Jones and the producer RedSkull Beats.

## Book

Jihan/Metis has completed a novel based on his experiences as a proprietary trader / rising hip-hop artist entitled 'The Trade'. The book is represented by Charlie Campbell at Ed Victor Agency & Co


title: Methlick

abstract: Methlick is a village in the Formartine area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, situated on the River Ythan 11.2 kilometres (7.0 mi) north-west of Ellon.

text:
# Methlick

**Methlick** (Gaelic: *Maothulach*) is a village in the Formartine area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, situated on the River Ythan 11.2 kilometres (7.0 mi) north-west of Ellon.

## Services

Methlick is served by a parish church, a general store, a garage, a Chinese take-away, a hotel, and a village hall. There is a primary school, with secondary pupils travelling to Meldrum Academy in Oldmeldrum 11.3 kilometres (7.0 mi) away. Methlick village also features a recently renovated play park in 2013 providing a range of play equipment for all ages. Methlick Community Council has dedicated time to fundraise and build an all-weather multi use games area (also known as a MUGA) within their King George V Park. These facilities are free for anyone within and outside of the Methlick community to use.

## Transport

The village is situated at the intersection of the B9005 road from Ellon to Fyvie and the B9170 road from Inverurie to New Deer, both routes crossing the River Ythan at Methlick Bridge.

Methlick is served by regular bus services to Aberdeen and less frequent services linking to Ellon, Fyvie and Inverurie.

## Community

Methlick Community Council represents local views to the principal local authority, Aberdeenshire Council.

A community web site gives local information, news and events: http://methlick.wordpress.com/

## Places of interest

Haddo House, a stately home and arts venue with theatre and concert hall, lies 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) to the south-east of Methlick.

Gight Castle, ancestral home of Lord Byron, lies 4.3 kilometres (2.7 mi) to the west.

## Sport

Methlick has a cricket team which is a member of the Aberdeenshire Cricket Association. The MCC plays at Lairds, in the heart of the village next to the river Ythan.

Methlick football team compete in the Buchan Welfare Football League. They won both the league and the league cup in 2009, the club's most successful achievement in 10 years.

## InfoBox

| Methlick | |
| --- | --- |
| Methlick Bridge, the cast-iron span erected in 1844 and refurbished in 2003 | |
| MethlickLocation within Aberdeenshire | |
| Population | 530 (2022) |
| OS grid reference | NJ857372 |
| Council area |  |
| Lieutenancy area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ELLON |
| Postcode district | AB41 |
| Dialling code | 01651 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
|


title: Watford Colosseum

abstract: Watford Colosseum is an entertainment venue in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. Established in 1938, as the Assembly Rooms for Watford Town Hall, the complex was extended in 2011 with improvements which included new meeting spaces, a new restaurant and new bar facilities. The venue boasts a pipe organ, designed and built by John Compton, which is particularly highly regarded by The Cinema Organ Society. Performers at the venue have included the soprano Maria Callas in September 1954 and the tenor Luciano Pavarotti in June 1995. The Colosseum has been used to record various film soundtracks and is regularly used to host concerts by the BBC Concert Orchestra, including Friday Night is Music Night. It has also housed performances by performers including The Who, Robbie Williams, and Oasis. The Colosseum is also an important venue for boxing matches with heavyweight boxer Tyson Fury building on his reputation, shortly after turning professional, in 2009. The venue also has seen some important and highly popular plays taking place and it regularly holds events in support of charities. The 2020 Snooker Shoot Out professional snooker tournament was held at the Colosseum between 20 and 23 February 2020.

text:
# Watford Colosseum

**Watford Colosseum** is an entertainment venue in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. Established in 1938, as the Assembly Rooms for Watford Town Hall, the complex was extended in 2011 with improvements which included new meeting spaces, a new restaurant and new bar facilities.

The venue boasts a pipe organ, designed and built by John Compton, which is particularly highly regarded by The Cinema Organ Society.

Performers at the venue have included the soprano Maria Callas in September 1954 and the tenor Luciano Pavarotti in June 1995. The Colosseum has been used to record various film soundtracks and is regularly used to host concerts by the BBC Concert Orchestra, including *Friday Night is Music Night*. It has also housed performances by performers including The Who, Robbie Williams, and Oasis.

The Colosseum is also an important venue for boxing matches with heavyweight boxer Tyson Fury building on his reputation, shortly after turning professional, in 2009. The venue also has seen some important and highly popular plays taking place and it regularly holds events in support of charities. The 2020 Snooker Shoot Out professional snooker tournament was held at the Colosseum between 20 and 23 February 2020.

## History

Watford Colosseum was built in 1938 as Watford Town Hall Assembly Rooms on the site of an early 18th century mansion, The Elms, which had been purchased by the council in 1919. It was designed by architect Charles Cowles-Voysey and acoustician Hope Bagenal, and cost £186,000. It acquired a worldwide reputation for its fine acoustics, and throughout the second half of the twentieth century it was used for concerts and recordings by leading orchestras and musicians.

Rising costs and falling attendance led the council to close it in 1994, reopening it in 1995 as the Colosseum in a joint management agreement with a commercial company who had previously operated at the Town and Country Club in London (now known as The Forum, Kentish Town). A steady form of income in the 1980s and early 1990s was the takings from Bus Stop 70's discos and when this revenue fell off in the late 1990s the management company got into financial difficulties: Watford Council provided a £200,000 rescue loan to the management company repayable in 2003.

After the management company collapsed in 2004, the Colosseum was managed by Watford Council until April 2010, when it closed to undergo a £5.5 million refurbishment; reopening in August 2011. Since the re-opening in 2011, the venue has been managed by Qdos Entertainment, which is owned by Nick Thomas and his wife, Sandra.

The refurbishment of 2010/11, which was carried out to a design by RHWL, which subsequently became part of Aedas, and undertaken by Kier Group, included an extension which included grey brick facades which contrasted with the original building and involved large sections of coloured glazing. The internal improvements included new meeting spaces, a new restaurant and new bar facilities. The work on the concert hall itself, on which Arup advised, was minimal in order not to disturb the fine acoustics properties of the facility. The acoustics had been analysed by an acoustics company in 2009, who reported that the size and "shoebox" shape of Watford Colosseum and the flat floor and the materials used in construction allow for pleasant reverberation and good sound quality and clarity, such as to make it among the best in Europe. The facility which extends to 949 square metres (10,210 sq ft), can accommodate 2,000 people standing or 1,392 people seated.

The venue boasts a pipe organ, designed and built by John Compton, which was removed from the Gaumont Palace in Chelsea when it was modernised in 1960 and instead installed at the Colosseum. The organ, which has a four-manual illuminated console, was re-commissioned in 2007, with the first of a series of concerts involving the restored instrument taking place on 12 March 2008. It was returned to its full and original standard in 2011. It has been described by The Cinema Organ Society as "one of the very best Compton organs anywhere in the country" and "one of the most versatile civic instruments in use today."

## Events and activities

The soprano Maria Callas recorded two albums at the venue, then known as the Assembly Rooms, in September 1954. The first album, *Puccini Heroines*, included excerpts from *Manon Lescaut*, *La bohème*, *Madama Butterfly*, *Suor Angelica*, *Gianni Schicchi* and *Turandot*. The second album, *Lyric & Coloratura Arias*, included excerpts from Rossini's *The Barber of Seville*, Verdi's *I vespri siciliani*, Meyerbeer's *Dinorah*, Boito's *Mefistofele*, Delibes's *Lakmé*, Catalani's *La Wally*, Giordano's *Andrea Chénier* and Cilea's *Adriana Lecouvreur*. The conductor for both albums, which were recorded for EMI Records, was Tullio Serafin.

In 1988 Watford was twinned with the town of Pesaro in Italy. In June 1995 the tenor, Luciano Pavarotti, who had a house in Pesaro, agreed to visit the Colosseum where, supported by the Philharmonia Orchestra, he recorded *Hymn of the Nations* by Giuseppe Verdi. From 1996, the Classic Concerts Trust presented regular concerts by the English Classical Players until the end of 2009. The Colosseum was used to record various film soundtracks, including *The Lord of the Rings*, *The Sound of Music*, and *Sleepy Hollow*; and among classical recordings, Julian Lloyd Webber's performance of Elgar's Cello Concerto, conducted by Yehudi Menuhin. It is regularly used to host concerts by the BBC Concert Orchestra, including *Friday Night is Music Night*, and has housed performances by performers including The Who, Robbie Williams, and Oasis.

The Colosseum is also an important venue for boxing matches with heavyweight boxer Tyson Fury building on his reputation, shortly after turning professional, by winning a fight against the Northern-Ireland boxer Scott Belshaw in a technical knockout there in May 2009. Local boxer, Dan Bowie from Holywell, won the WBC British Muaythai Boxing title at the Colosseum in November 2013.

The venue also has seen some important and highly popular plays taking place including *Calendar Girls*, a play about some ladies from Yorkshire raising money by posing for a charity calendar; the play starred Lesley Joseph, Sue Holderness, Ruth Madoc, Camilla Dallerup, Helen Fraser, Deena Payne, Kacey Ainsworth and Kevin Sacre and took place in 2012.

The Watford Colosseum regularly holds events in support of charities. In February 2010 the Hardcore punk band, *Gallows*, whose performers come from Watford and Hemel Hempstead, put on a performance at the venue which raised funds for the Peace Hospice, a local health facility caring for people with a life-limiting or terminal illness, which is funded by public donations. In October 2011 a charity concert, involving Zulu warriors, Ghanaian acrobats and Masai cultural dancers was held at the venue in order to raise funds for an appeal following the 2011 East Africa drought. The rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer, Ms. Dynamite, arranged a function in support of Great Ormond Street Hospital at the venue in April 2012, although that particular event had to be moved at the last minute because of a leaking roof.

The 2020 Snooker Shoot Out professional snooker tournament, which was the 10th edition of the tournament, was held at the Colosseum between 20 and 23 February 2020.

## InfoBox

Watford Colosseum
| The venue in February 2020 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | Rickmansworth Road |
| Location | Watford, England |
| Coordinates | 51°39′33″N 0°24′13″W / 51.6591°N 0.4035°W / 51.6591; -0.4035 |
| Public transit | Watford Junction railway station |
| Type | Theatre |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| Construction | |
| Built | 1938 |
| Opened | 1938 (1938) |
| Renovated | 2010/11 |
| Architect | Charles Cowles-Voysey |
| Website | |
| watfordcolosseum.co.uk | |


title: Watcharapong Klahan

abstract: Watcharapong Klahan is a Thai former professional footballer and football coach. Klahan played for Thailand at the 1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Egypt.

text:
# Watcharapong Klahan

**Watcharapong Klahan** (Thai วัชรพงศ์ กล้าหาญ) is a Thai former professional footballer and football coach.

Klahan played for Thailand at the 1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Egypt.

## InfoBox

Watcharapong Klahan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Watcharapong Klahan | | |
| Date of birth | (1978-08-31) 31 August 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | Suphan Buri, Thailand | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Suphanburi | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2000–2001 | Suphanburi | 7 | (0) |
| 2002–2005 | TOT | 61 | (0) |
| 2007 | Bangkok Bank | 20 | (0) |
| 2008–2010 | Chula United | 39 | (0) |
| 2010–2012 | Sisaket | 42 | (0) |
| 2012–2014 | Army United | 14 | (0) |
| 2015 | Ubon UMT United | 4 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 1996–1997 | Thailand U17 |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2018 | Udon Thani | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 22 June 2008 | | | |


title: Warren Lahr

abstract: Warren Emmett Lahr was an American professional football player who was a defensive back who played for the Cleveland Browns for 11 seasons, mainly in the 1950s. When he retired, he had the most career interceptions in Browns team history with 44. Lahr grew up in Pennsylvania and starred on the West Wyoming High School football team. After graduating in 1941, he attended Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio and played football for the Red Cats as a reserve in 1942. He then served for three years in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He returned to Western Reserve in 1946 and became a star for the team as a left halfback for two seasons. Lahr was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL) in the 1947 draft. However, he signed with the Browns of the rival All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Lahr sat out the 1948 season with an injured knee, but quickly became a regular on defense the following season. He stayed with the Browns through 1959, a period during which the team won one AAFC championship and three NFL championships after merging into that league in 1950. Lahr has the second-most career interceptions in Browns history, trailing only Thom Darden, who passed him with his 45th and final interception in 1981. After leaving the Browns, Lahr settled in Aurora, Ohio and served as a color commentator for Browns games between 1963 and 1967. He died of a heart attack in 1969 at the age of 45.

text:
# Warren Lahr

**Warren Emmett Lahr** (September 5, 1923  January 19, 1969) was an American professional football player who was a defensive back who played for the Cleveland Browns for 11 seasons, mainly in the 1950s. When he retired, he had the most career interceptions in Browns team history with 44.

Lahr grew up in Pennsylvania and starred on the West Wyoming High School football team. After graduating in 1941, he attended Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio and played football for the Red Cats as a reserve in 1942. He then served for three years in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He returned to Western Reserve in 1946 and became a star for the team as a left halfback for two seasons.

Lahr was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL) in the 1947 draft. However, he signed with the Browns of the rival All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Lahr sat out the 1948 season with an injured knee, but quickly became a regular on defense the following season. He stayed with the Browns through 1959, a period during which the team won one AAFC championship and three NFL championships after merging into that league in 1950.

Lahr has the second-most career interceptions in Browns history, trailing only Thom Darden, who passed him with his 45th and final interception in 1981. After leaving the Browns, Lahr settled in Aurora, Ohio and served as a color commentator for Browns games between 1963 and 1967. He died of a heart attack in 1969 at the age of 45.

## Early life and college

Lahr Grew up in West Wyoming, Pennsylvania, a small town in the eastern part of the state. He attended West Wyoming High School, where he was a standout on the football team. However, West Wyoming did not have a strong team, and Lahr's only college scholarship offer came from Western Reserve University, a small school in Cleveland, Ohio. Lahr graduated in 1941 and enrolled at Western Reserve.

Lahr began as a reserve player under Western Reserve head coach Tom Davies in 1942, when he was a sophomore. He played halfback for the Western Reserve Red Cats. However, his college career was interrupted by three years of service in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Lahr returned to Western Reserve in 1946 and had a successful junior season as a left halfback. The Red Cats went undefeated against the three other rival Cleveland schools of the Big Four Conference, and Lahr was named to the 11-member All-Big Four city all-star team after the season. He also won the school's Jack Dempsey Adam Hat trophy for his performance.

Lahr figured prominently in Western Reserve's offense as a senior in 1947. He was switched from halfback to quarterback midway through the season. However, the team was less successful than the previous year.

After the season, officials at the Mid-American Conference, of which Western Reserve was a member, ruled that Lahr and other players who had served in the war could have an extra year of eligibility to play football. Lahr had exhausted his eligibility by playing in 1942, 1946 and 1947, but was not expected to have enough course credits to graduate until 1949. However, Lahr decided to forgo his extra year at Western Reserve and signed with the Cleveland Browns, a professional team in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) coached by Paul Brown. Lahr was also selected by the National Football League's Pittsburgh Steelers late in the NFL draft.

## Professional career

Lahr came to the Browns in 1948 as a third-string quarterback, but had to sit out while recovering from a knee injury he suffered before the season began. The Browns went undefeated in 1948 and won a third straight AAFC championship.

Lahr's first playing time with the team came in 1949, when Cleveland again won the AAFC championship. Brown came close to cutting Lahr when he made a mistake on defense during a preseason game against the San Francisco 49ers. However, Lahr made the team and started the year as a left halfback. He was switched to safety in the middle of the season and played primarily on defense after Browns starter Cliff Lewis was injured. Substituting for Lewis, Lahr quickly became a regular starter on defense and finished the year with four interceptions. One of his interceptions came at the end of a divisional playoff game against the Buffalo Bills and helped the Browns retain a 24–21 lead.

The AAFC dissolved after the 1949 season and the Browns were absorbed by the NFL. Lahr stayed with the team after the transition and was a mainstay of the defensive backfield throughout the 1950s, playing opposite Tommy James. The Browns won the NFL championship in their first year in the league, when Lahr recorded eight interceptions, including two he ran back for touchdowns. He had two interceptions in the Browns' 30–28 win over the Los Angeles Rams in the championship game.

Lahr continued to play mainly as a defensive left halfback in the following seasons, although he spent time at safety in 1952 and his final season in 1959. The Browns advanced to the NFL championship each year between 1951 and 1953, but lost once to the Rams and twice to the Detroit Lions. Lahr was named a first-team All-Pro by sportswriters in 1951, when he had five interceptions and returned two of them for touchdowns. His blown coverage on a late-game touchdown catch by Jim Doran of the Lions in the 1953 championship was a major factor in the Browns loss. He was nevertheless named to the Pro Bowl after the season, having made five interceptions and returned them for 119 yards. The Browns repeated as NFL champions in 1954 and 1955 behind a strong defense and an offensive attack led by quarterback Otto Graham. Lahr was named a first-team All-Pro for the second time in 1956.

Cleveland reached the NFL championship in 1957, losing to the Lions, and made the playoffs in 1958. Lahr stayed with the Browns through the 1959 season, when he was switched from defensive halfback to safety. He had 44 interceptions in his Browns career, which stood as the record for most team interceptions by a Browns player until it was later broken by Thom Darden. He also ran back five interceptions for touchdowns, which remains a team record.

## Later life and death

After retiring from football, Lahr settled in Aurora, Ohio and served as the color commentator alongside announcer Ken Coleman for Browns games broadcast on WJW channel 8 in Cleveland between 1963 and 1967. He was dropped when CBS made changes to its broadcasting lineup in 1968, but continued to work on preseason games. He also worked as a sales agent for Lax Industries in Cleveland and ran a sporting goods business with his close friend Ed Lewis, the athletic director at Adelbert College, which was part of Western Reserve.

Lahr died unexpectedly of a heart attack in 1969, when he was 45 years old. He had recently passed a physical examination, but had come down with the flu the previous week. He and his wife, Rowena, had five daughters. In 2008, Lahr was named a Browns Legend, an honor given by the franchise to a selection of the best players in its history.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

Warren Lahr
| Lahr on a 1954 football card | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 80, 24 | |
| Position: | Defensive halfback, Safety |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1923-09-05)September 5, 1923
Mount Zion, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died: | January 19, 1969(1969-01-19) (aged 45)
Aurora, Ohio, U.S. |
| Career information | |
| High school: | West Wyoming (West Wyoming, Pennsylvania) |
| College: | Western Reserve |
| NFL draft: | 1947 / round: 32 / pick: 294
(By the Pittsburgh Steelers) |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Interceptions: 44  Touchdowns: 5 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Warren Lake

abstract: Warren Lake is a lake in Mahnomen County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Warren Lake was named for Budd Warren, the nephew of William Whipple Warren, an historian, interpreter, and legislator in the Minnesota Territory.

text:
# Warren Lake

**Warren Lake** is a lake in Mahnomen County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

Warren Lake was named for Budd Warren, the nephew of William Whipple Warren, an historian, interpreter, and legislator in the Minnesota Territory.

## InfoBox

| Warren Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Warren Lake | |
| Location | Mahnomen County, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 47°23′23″N 95°51′49″W / 47.38972°N 95.86361°W / 47.38972; -95.86361 |
| Type | lake |


title: Wayne Enoka

abstract: Wayne Enoka is a New Zealand former cricketer and coach. He played three first-class matches for Auckland in 1997/98. After his cricket career, Enoka has appeared on stage in productions of Avenue Q.

text:
# Wayne Enoka

**Wayne Enoka** (born 30 January 1970) is a New Zealand former cricketer and coach. He played three first-class matches for Auckland in 1997/98. After his cricket career, Enoka has appeared on stage in productions of *Avenue Q*.

## InfoBox

Wayne Enoka
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1970-01-30) 30 January 1970<br>Auckland, New Zealand |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 7 June 2016 | |


title: Merlin diamond mine

abstract: The Merlin diamond mine is one of only three diamond mines in Australia. The mine is located in the Northern Territory of Australia, about 80 kilometres south of Borroloola. The mine operated for a period of about three years from 2000 to mid-2003, during which time it produced about 500,000 carats (100 kg) of high quality diamonds. The Merlin mine has an unusually high proportion of gem-quality diamonds: 65% of production is gem-quality, and only 35% is classified as near-gem or industrial quality. This compares to a worldwide average of just 20% gem-quality diamond production at diamond mines worldwide, and a mere 5% gem-quality production at Australia's largest diamond mine, Argyle diamond mine. The high ratio of gem-quality diamonds is responsible for a relatively high value of $108 USD per carat. The known ore grade at Merlin is about 0.2 carats (40 mg) per tonne, although exploration continues under the mine's new owner. The largest diamond produced at the Merlin mine measured 104.73 carats, the largest ever found in Australia, and has been valued at over US$525,000. The mine and mining rights were sold by Rio Tinto Group, to Striker Resources, which explored the possibility of reopening it. Striker has since become North Australian Diamonds, a company which operated the mine for a short period in 2006. Rio Tinto originally acquired the mining lease after a takeover of Ashton mining in which it also gained full control of the Argyle diamond mine. Ashton mining initially developed and operated the mine.

text:
# Merlin diamond mine

The **Merlin diamond mine** is one of only three diamond mines in Australia. The mine is located in the Northern Territory of Australia, about 80 kilometres south of Borroloola. The mine operated for a period of about three years from 2000 to mid-2003, during which time it produced about 500,000 carats (100 kg) of high quality diamonds.

The Merlin mine has an unusually high proportion of gem-quality diamonds: 65% of production is gem-quality, and only 35% is classified as near-gem or industrial quality. This compares to a worldwide average of just 20% gem-quality diamond production at diamond mines worldwide, and a mere 5% gem-quality production at Australia's largest diamond mine, Argyle diamond mine. The high ratio of gem-quality diamonds is responsible for a relatively high value of $108 USD per carat (540 $/g). The known ore grade at Merlin is about 0.2 carats (40 mg) per tonne, although exploration continues under the mine's new owner. The largest diamond produced at the Merlin mine measured 104.73 carats (20.946 g), the largest ever found in Australia, and has been valued at over US$525,000 .

The mine and mining rights were sold by Rio Tinto Group, to Striker Resources, which explored the possibility of reopening it . Striker has since become North Australian Diamonds , a company which operated the mine for a short period in 2006. Rio Tinto originally acquired the mining lease after a takeover of Ashton mining (November 2000) in which it also gained full control of the Argyle diamond mine. Ashton mining initially developed and operated the mine.

## InfoBox

Merlin diamond mine
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Merlin diamond mineLocation in Australia | |
| Location | Borroloola |
| Territory | Northern Territory |
| Country | Australia |
| Coordinates | 16°51′S 136°20′E / 16.85°S 136.34°E / -16.85; 136.34 |
| Production | |
| Products | Diamonds |
| History | |
| Opened | 2000 |
| Closed | 2003 |
| Owner | |
| Company | North Australian Diamonds Limited |
| Website | http://www.nadl.com.au/ |


title: No Yeong-mi

abstract: No Yeong-mi is a South Korean former field hockey player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

text:
# No Yeong-mi

**No Yeong-mi** (born 17 February 1968) is a South Korean former field hockey player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

No Yeong-mi
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | South Korean |
| Born | (1968-02-17) 17 February 1968 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Field hockey |
| Medal record      Women's field hockey  Representing  South Korea  Asian Games  1990 Beijing  Team  1994 Hiroshima  Team | |


title: William A. Johnstone

abstract:
William Arthur Johnstone served in the California legislature in 1902, 1904, 1912 and 1914. He served as Speaker pro Tem of the California Assembly during the 1914 term, and was listed as a Republican. William A. Johnstone ran for re-election to the California Assembly in District 68 as a Progressive in 1915, and lost to L. L. Lostutter (Republican). Three other candidates received smaller numbers of votes. The California Outlook confirms his nomination as a Progressive for that district.
He authored the State Water Commission Act which was signed into law on 19 December 1914.
He was appointed to the California State Water Commission 17 March 1915 and later headed the Los Angeles County Civil Service Commission. William Johnstone was known by the name Will. He was born 15 December 1869 in Ameliasburg, Ontario, Canada. He came to California with his father James Arthur Johnstone in 1890. They established a citrus farm in San Dimas, Los Angeles County. Will applied for naturalization 24 September 1894 and became a citizen of the United States two years later. He married Alice Eugenia Bost 20 December 1902 in Pomona California.
They had three daughters, Margaret, Dorothy and Elizabeth.
Will died 15 September 1937 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada while travelling with his wife.

text:
# William A. Johnstone

**William Arthur Johnstone** (December 15, 1869 – September 15, 1937) served in the California legislature in 1902, 1904, 1912 and 1914. He served as Speaker *pro Tem* of the California Assembly during the 1914 term, and was listed as a Republican. William A. Johnstone ran for re-election to the California Assembly in District 68 (Los Angeles) as a Progressive in 1915, and lost (3,652 to 5240 votes) to L. L. Lostutter (Republican). Three other candidates received smaller numbers of votes. The *California Outlook* confirms his nomination as a Progressive for that district. He authored the State Water Commission Act which was signed into law on 19 December 1914. He was appointed to the California State Water Commission 17 March 1915 and later headed the Los Angeles County Civil Service Commission.

William Johnstone was known by the name Will. He was born 15 December 1869 in Ameliasburg, Ontario, Canada. He came to California with his father James Arthur Johnstone in 1890. They established a citrus farm in San Dimas, Los Angeles County. Will applied for naturalization 24 September 1894 and became a citizen of the United States two years later. He married Alice Eugenia Bost 20 December 1902 in Pomona California. They had three daughters, Margaret, Dorothy and Elizabeth (called Jean). Will died 15 September 1937 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada while travelling with his wife.

1. Vassar, Alexander C. (March 2011). "The Legislators of California" (PDF). *onevoter.org*. p. 17. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
2. "California's Legislature" (PDF). State of California. 2011. p. 293. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
3. *List of Members, Officers, Committees and Attaches and the Rules of the Two Houses of the California Legislature for the Year 1915*. Compiled by Edwin F. Smith, Secretary of Senate; and L. B. Mallory, Chief Clerk of Assembly. Sacramento: California State Printing Office. 1915. p. 108. Retrieved 10 September 2013.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: others (link)
4. "Legislative Nominees". *California Outlook: A Progressive Weekly*. **17**. Los Angeles: California Outlook Company: 16. October 3, 1914. Retrieved 10 September 2013.

## InfoBox

| William A. Johnstone | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the California State Assembly
from the 68th district | |
| **In office**
January 6, 1913 - January 4, 1915 | |
| Preceded by | Prescott F. Cogswell |
| Succeeded by | Lewis L. Lostutter |
| **In office**
January 5, 1903 - January 7, 1907 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Warren Merritt |
| Succeeded by | Prescott F. Cogswell |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1869-12-15)December 15, 1869
Belleville, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | September 15, 1937(1937-09-15) (aged 67)
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Alice Eugenia Bost (m. 1902) |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |