title: Ministry of Heavy Industries

abstract: The Ministry of Heavy Industries is an executive agency of the Government of India. The Ministry entails for promoting the engineering industry viz. machine tools, heavy electrical, industrial machinery, and auto industry and administration of 40 operating Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) and 4 autonomous organizations. As of June 2024, the Honourable Minister is H. D. Kumaraswamy and the Honourable Minister of State is Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma.

text:
# Ministry of Heavy Industries

The **Ministry of Heavy Industries** is an executive agency of the Government of India. The Ministry entails for promoting the engineering industry viz. machine tools, heavy electrical, industrial machinery, and auto industry and administration of 40 operating Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) and 4 autonomous organizations.

As of June 2024, the Honourable Minister is H. D. Kumaraswamy and the Honourable Minister of State is Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma.

## History

The Ministry of Heavy Industries was previously called Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprise. On 7 July 2021 the Ministry has been renamed as Ministry of Heavy Industries as the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) was shifted to the Ministry of Finance.

## Structure

### Autonomous Bodies

There are four autonomous bodies under the ownership of *Ministry of Heavy Industries*.

### Central Public Sector Undertakings

There are 40 CPSUs under the ownership of *Ministry of Heavy Industries*, of which 16 are operational.

* Andrew Yule and Company (AYCL)
* Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)
* Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Ltd.
* Bridge & Roof Company (India) Ltd.
* Cement Corporation of India (CCI)
* Engineering Projects (India) Ltd.(EPI)
* Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd. (HEC)
* HMT Ltd.(Holding Company with Tractor Division)
* HMT (Bearings ) Limited (a subsidiary of HMT)
* HMT Machine Tools (a subsidiary of HMT)
* Hindustan Salts Ltd. (HSL)
* Sambhar Salts Ltd. (SSL) (Subsidiary of HSL)
* Instrumentation Ltd. Kota (IL)
* Nepa Limited (NEPA)
* Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Ltd.(subsidiary of ILK)
* Richardson & Cruddass (1972) Ltd.(R & C)

### Industrial Sectors Regulation

The Industrial sectors regulated by the *Ministry of Heavy Industries* are:

* Heavy Engineering Equipment and Machine Tools Industry
* Heavy Electrical Engineering Industry
* Automotive Sector, including Tractors and Earth Moving Equipment

#### 20 Sub-sectors

20 Sub-sectors under the 3 broad sectors are as under:

* Boilers
* Cement Machinery
* Dairy Machinery
* Electrical Furnace
* Diesel Engines
* Material Handling Equipment
* Metallurgical Machinery including Steel Plant Equipment
* Earthmoving and Mining Machinery
* Machine Tool
* Oil Field Equipment
* Printing Machinery
* Pulp and Paper Machinery
* Rubber Machinery
* Switchgear and Control Gear
* Plastic Processing Machinery
* Sugar Machinery
* Turbines & Generator Set
* Transformers
* Textile Machinery
* Food Processing Machinery

## Cabinet Ministers

| No. | Portrait | | Minister
(Birth-Death)
Constituency | Term of office | | | Political party | Ministry | Prime Minister | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | From | | To | Period || | |
| Minister of Heavy Industries | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 |  |  | **Manubhai Shah**
(1915–2000)
MP for Jamnagar
(MoS) | 13 June 1956 | 30 August 1956 | **78 days** | Indian National Congress | Nehru II |  | **Jawaharlal Nehru** |
| 2 |  |  | **Govind Ballabh Pant**
(1887–1961)
Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh | 30 August
1956 | 14 November
1956 | | | | | **76 days** |
| 3 |  |  | **Morarji Desai**
(1896–1995)
*Unelected* | 14 November
1956 | 16 April
1957 | | | | | **153 days** |
| Minister of Steel and Heavy Industries | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 |  |  | **Chidambaram Subramaniam**
(1910–2000)
MP for Palani | 10 April
1962 | 21 November
1963 | **1 year, 225 days** | Indian National Congress | Nehru IV |  | **Jawaharlal Nehru** |
| Minister of Steel, Mines and Heavy Industries | | | | | | | | | | |
| (4) |  |  | **Chidambaram Subramaniam**
(1910–2000)
MP for Palani | 21 November
1963 | 27 May
1964 | **201 days** | Indian National Congress | Nehru IV |  | **Jawaharlal Nehru** |
| | | | 27 May
1964 | 9 June
1964 | | | Nanda I |  | **Gulzarilal Nanda** |
| Minister of Steel and Heavy Engineering | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5 |  |  | **C. M. Poonacha**
(1910–1990)
MP for Mangalore | 14 February
1969 | 15 November
1969 | **274 days** | Indian National Congress (R) | Indira II |  | **Indira Gandhi** |
| 6 |  |  | **Swaran Singh**
(1907–1994)
MP for Jullundur | 15 November
1969 | 27 June
1970 | | | | | **224 days** |
| 7 |  |  | **Bali Ram Bhagat**
(1922–2011)
MP for Arrah | 27 June
1970 | 15 March
1971 | | | | | **261 days** |
| 8 |  |  | **Mohan Kumaramangalam**
(1916–1973)
MP for Pondicherry | 18 March
1971 | 2 May
1971 | | **45 days** | | | Indira III |
| Minister of Heavy Industry | | | | | | | | | | |
| 9 |  |  | **T. A. Pai**
(1922–1981)
Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka | 5 February
1973 | 10 October
1974 | **1 year, 247 days** | Indian National Congress (R) | Indira III |  | **Indira Gandhi** |
| *Ministry disestablished during this interval* | | | | | | | | | | |
| Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises | | | | | | | | | | |
| 10 |  |  | **Manohar Joshi**
(1937–2024)
MP for Mumbai North Central | 13 October
1999 | 9 May
2002 | **2 years, 208 days** | Shiv Sena | Vajpayee III |  | **Atal Bihari Vajpayee** |
| 11 |  |  | **Suresh Prabhu**
(born 1953)
MP for Rajapur | 9 May
2002 | 1 July
2002 | | | | | **53 days** |
| 12 |  |  | **Balasaheb Vikhe Patil**
(1932–2016)
MP for Kopargaon | 1 July
2002 | 24 May
2003 | | | | | **327 days** |
| 13 |  |  | **Mohite Subodh Baburao**
(born 1961)
MP for Ramtek | 24 May
2003 | 22 May
2004 | | | | | **364 days** |
| 14 |  |  | **Santosh Mohan Dev**
(1934–2017)
MP for Silchar
(MoS, I/C until 29 January 2006) | 23 May
2004 | 22 May
2009 | **4 years, 364 days** | Indian National Congress | Manmohan I |  | **Manmohan Singh** |
| 15 |  |  | **Vilasrao Deshmukh**
(1945–2012)
Rajya Sabha MP for Maharashtra | 28 May
2009 | 19 January
2011 | | **1 year, 236 days** | | | Manmohan II |
| 16 |  |  | **Praful Patel**
(born 1957)
Rajya Sabha MP for Maharashtra | 19 January
2011 | 26 May
2014 | | **3 years, 127 days** | | | Nationalist Congress Party |
| 17 |  |  | **Anant Geete**
(born 1951)
MP for Raigad | 27 May
2014 | 30 May
2019 | **5 years, 3 days** | Shiv Sena | Modi I |  | **Narendra Modi** |
| 18 |  |  | **Arvind Sawant**
(born 1951)
MP for Mumbai South | 31 May
2019 | 11 November
2019 | | **164 days** | | | Modi II |
| 19 |  |  | **Prakash Javadekar**
(born 1951)
Rajya Sabha MP for Maharashtra | 11 November
2019 | 7 July
2021 | | **1 year, 238 days** | | | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Minister of Heavy Industries | | | | | | | | | | |
| 20 |  |  | **Mahendra Nath Pandey**
(born 1957)
MP for Chandauli | 7 July
2021 | 9 June
2024 | **2 years, 338 days** | Bharatiya Janata Party | Modi II |  | **Narendra Modi** |
| 21 |  |  | **H. D. Kumaraswamy**
(born 1957)
MP for Mandya | 10 June
2024 | Incumbent | **121 days** | Janata Dal (Secular) | | | Modi III |
|

## Ministers of State

| No. | Portrait | | Minister
(Birth-Death)
Constituency | Term of office | | | Political party | Ministry | Prime Minister | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | From | | To | Period || | |
| Minister of State for Heavy Industries | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 |  |  | **Manubhai Shah**
(1915–2000)
MP for Jamnagar | 30 August 1956 | 16 April
1957 | **229 days** | Indian National Congress | Nehru II |  | **Jawaharlal Nehru** |
| Minister of State for Steel and Heavy Engineering | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 |  |  | **K. C. Pant**
(1931–2012)
MP for Nainital | 14 February
1969 | 27 June
1970 | **1 year, 108 days** | Indian National Congress (R) | Indira II |  | **Indira Gandhi** |
| Minister of State for Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 |  |  | **Vallabhbhai Kathiria**
(born 1954)
MP for Rajkot | 13 October 1999 | 29 January 2003 | **3 years, 108 days** | Bharatiya Janata Party | Vajpayee III |  | **Atal Bihari Vajpayee** |
|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 |  |  | **Santosh Kumar Gangwar**
(born 1948)
MP for Bareilly | 8 September 2003 | 22 May
2004 | | | | | **257 days** |
|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5 |  |  | **Kanti Singh**
(born 1957)
MP for Arrah
(Heavy Industries) | 29 January
2006 | 6 April
2008 | **2 years, 68 days** | Rashtriya Janata Dal | Manmohan I |  | **Manmohan Singh** |
| 6 |  |  | **Raghunath Jha**
(1939–2018)
MP for Bettiah | 6 April
2008 | 22 May
2009 | | | | | **1 year, 46 days** |
| 7 |  |  | **Pratik Prakashbapu Patil**
(born 1973)
MP for Sangli | 28 May
2009 | 14 June
2009 | **17 days** | Indian National Congress | | | Manmohan II |
| 8 |  |  | **Arun Subhashchandra Yadav**
(born 1974)
MP for Khandwa | 14 June
2009 | 19 January
2011 | | | | | **1 year, 219 days** |
| 9 |  |  | **Sai Prathap Annayyagari**
(born 1944)
MP for Rajampet | 19 January
2011 | 12 July
2011 | | | | | **174 days** |
|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| 10 |  |  | **Pon Radhakrishnan**
(born 1952)
MP for Kanniyakumari | 26 May
2014 | 9 November
2014 | **167 days** | Bharatiya Janata Party | Modi I |  | **Narendra Modi** |
| 11 |  |  | **G. M. Siddeshwara**
(born 1952)
MP for Davanagere | 9 November
2014 | 12 July
2016 | | | | | **1 year, 246 days** |
| 12 |  |  | **Babul Supriyo**
(born 1970)
MP for Asansol | 12 July
2016 | 30 May
2019 | | | | | **2 years, 322 days** |
| 13 |  |  | **Arjun Ram Meghwal**
(born 1953)
MP for Bikaner | 31 May
2019 | 7 July
2021 | | **2 years, 37 days** | | | Modi II |
| Minister of State for Heavy Industries | | | | | | | | | | |
| 14 |  |  | **Krishan Pal Gurjar**
(born 1957)
MP for Faridabad | 7 July
2021 | 9 June
2024 | **2 years, 338 days** | Bharatiya Janata Party | Modi II |  | **Narendra Modi** |
| 15 |  |  | **Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma**
(born 1967)
MP for Narasapuram | 10 June
2024 | Incumbent | | **121 days** | | | Modi III |
|

## Deputy Ministers

| No. | Portrait | | Minister
(Birth-Death)
Constituency | Term of office | | | Political party | Ministry | Prime Minister | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | From | | To | Period || | |
| Deputy Minister of Steel and Heavy Industries | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 |  |  | **Prakash Chandra Sethi**
(1919–1996)
MP for Indore | 8 June
1962 | 21 November
1963 | **1 year, 166 days** | Indian National Congress | Nehru IV |  | **Jawaharlal Nehru** |
| Deputy Minister of Steel, Mines and Heavy Engineering | | | | | | | | | | |
| (1) |  |  | **Prakash Chandra Sethi**
(1919–1996)
MP for Indore | 21 November
1963 | 27 May
1964 | **201 days** | Indian National Congress | Nehru IV |  | **Jawaharlal Nehru** |
| | | | 27 May
1964 | 9 June
1964 | | | Nanda I |  | **Gulzarilal Nanda** |
| Deputy Minister of Steel and Heavy Engineering | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 |  |  | **Mohammad Shafi Qureshi**
(1928–2016)
MP for Anantnag | 14 February
1969 | 18 March
1971 | **2 years, 77 days** | Indian National Congress (R) | Indira II |  | **Indira Gandhi** |
| | | | 18 March
1971 | 2 May
1971 | | | Indira III | | |
| Deputy Minister of Heavy Industry | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 |  |  | **Siddheshwar Prasad**
(1929–2023)
MP for Nalanda | 5 February
1973 | 9 November
1973 | **277 days** | Indian National Congress (R) | Indira III |  | **Indira Gandhi** |
| 4 |  |  | **Chaudhary Dalbir Singh**
(1926–1987)
MP for Sirsa | 9 November
1973 | 10 October
1974 | | | | | **335 days** |
|

1. भारी उद्योग मन्त्रालय transl.Bhārī Udyōga Mantrālaya
2. The ministry's competences were transferred to the Ministry of Industry.

## InfoBox

Ministry of Heavy Industries
| Branch of Government of India | |
| --- | --- |
| Ministry of Heavy Industries | |
| Ministry overview | |
| Formed | 7 July 2021 |
| Jurisdiction | Government of India |
| Annual budget | 6,171 crore (US$740 million) (2023-24 est) |
| Ministry executives |  |
| Website | heavyindustries.gov.in |


title: 1949 Gator Bowl

abstract: The 1949 Gator Bowl was a college football post-season bowl game that featured the Missouri Tigers and the Clemson Tigers.

text:
# 1949 Gator Bowl

The **1949 Gator Bowl** was a college football post-season bowl game that featured the Missouri Tigers and the Clemson Tigers.

## Background

Missouri went 8-2, an improvement of two games from last season, with a five-game winning streak occurring after a 21-7 loss to Ohio State. They finished 5-1 in the Big Seven Conference, losing to Oklahoma 41-7.

Meanwhile, in 1947, Clemson had gone 4-5, though they won their last three games to finish with a second straight losing season. In 1948, however, they got off to a hot start, routing Presbyterian and NC State with 59 points and allowing none. They rose to #14 by week 4, as they ran the table and finished the regular season 10-0, with a perfect 5-0 record in the Southern Conference. This was their first conference title since 1940. Going into this game, the Tigers had won 13 straight games as they went to their first bowl game in nine years.

## Game summary

* Clemson - Fred Cone, 1 yard touchdown run (Jack Miller kick)
* Clemson - Fred Cone, 1 yard touchdown run (Miller kick)
* Missouri - Harold Entsminger, 23 yard touchdown run (Dawson kick)
* Missouri - Harold Entsminger, 1 yard touchdown run (Dawson kick)
* Clemson - John Poulos 9 yard touchdown pass from Bobby Gage (Miller kick)
* Missouri - Safety
* Clemson - Miller, 32 yard field goal
* Missouri - Kenneth Bounds, 20 yard touchdown pass from Braznell (Dawson kick)

Missouri had 16 first downs to Clemson's 19, while rushing for 225 yards on 52 carries to Clemson's 186 yards on 42 carries. Missouri passed for 73 yards while Clemson passed for 112. Both teams had 298 yards. Missouri had 3 punts and a 31.0 yard average while Clemson punted once for 35 yards. Missouri lost the ball twice on fumbles while Clemson had one interception. Missouri had four penalties for 42 yards and Clemson had 2 penalties for 10 yards.

For Clemson, Gage went 10-of-23 for 112 yards and one touchdown, while rushing for 25 yards on 15 carries. Fred Cone rushed for 72 yards on 14 carries for two touchdowns. Harold Entsminger rushed for 77 yards on 17 carries and two touchdowns for Missouri

The attendance for the game was 35,273.

## Aftermath

The following year, Missouri went 7-4, while Clemson went 4-4-2. Missouri went to the Gator Bowl the following year, but lose again. Clemson did not go to another Gator Bowl until 1952.

## InfoBox

| 1949 Gator Bowl | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Missouri** 0 14 2 7 23  **Clemson** 14 0 7 3 24 | |
| Date | January 1, 1949 |
| Season | 1948 |
| Stadium | Gator Bowl Stadium |
| Location | Jacksonville, Florida |
| MVP | HB Bobby Gage (Clemson) |
| Referee | Louis House (Big Seven;<br>split crew: Big Seven, Southern) |
| Attendance | 35,273 |
|


title: Trzaskowo

abstract: Trzaskowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwonak, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Czerwonak and 17 km (11 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Trzaskowo

**Trzaskowo** \[tʂasˈkɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwonak, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Czerwonak and 17 km (11 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Trzaskowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Trzaskowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°32′4″N 17°1′11″E / 52.53444°N 17.01972°E / 52.53444; 17.01972 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Poznań |
| Gmina | Czerwonak |
| Population | 62 |


title: Vinaninkarena

abstract: Vinaninkarena is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Antsirabe II, which is a part of Vakinankaratra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 11,000 in 2001 commune census. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 90% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 10% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and wheat, while other important agricultural products are vegetables, cassava, barley and potatoes.

text:
# Vinaninkarena

**Vinaninkarena** is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Antsirabe II, which is a part of Vakinankaratra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 11,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 90% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 10% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crops are rice and wheat, while other important agricultural products are vegetables, cassava, barley and potatoes.

## References and notes

19°57′S 47°3′E / 19.950°S 47.050°E / -19.950; 47.050

## InfoBox

| Vinaninkarena | |
| --- | --- |
| VinaninkarenaLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 19°57′S 47°3′E / 19.950°S 47.050°E / -19.950; 47.050 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Vakinankaratra |
| District | Antsirabe II |
| Elevation | 1,439 m (4,721 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 11,000 |
| Ethnicities | Merina |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |


title: Vijay Ghate

abstract: Vijay Ghate is an Indian tabla player. He was awarded with "Padma Shri" award in 2014, the fourth highest civilian award by Government of India.

text:
# Vijay Ghate

**Vijay Ghate** (born 18 October 1964) is an Indian tabla player. He was awarded with "Padma Shri" award in 2014, the fourth highest civilian award by Government of India.

## Early life

Ghate was born in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. He started learning his art at an early age of three in Jabalpur. He then moved to Mumbai, and learned for over twelve years under Taalyogi Pandit Suresh Talwalkar.

## Career

Vijay Ghate was personally chosen by Pandit Suresh Talwalker to play on his behalf in many concerts. Ghate accompanied Indian classical musicians, including Hariprasad Chaurasia, Vilayat Khan, Pandit Jasraj, Kaushiki Chakrabarty, Shivkumar Sharma, Amjad Ali Khan, Shahid Parvez, and Vishwa Mohan Bhatt as well as Indian Classical Kathak dancers including Birju Maharaj and Nandkishore Kapote.

Ghate also collaborated with jazz guitarist, Larry Coryell and saxophonist, George Brooks.

## *TaalChakra*

*Taalchakra* is a music festival started by Vijay Ghate and few others. This festival provides a platform for young musicians to perform. Different artists from various genres of music perform at the festival.

## InfoBox

| Vijay Ghate | |
| --- | --- |
| Vijay Ghate performing in Bharat bhavan Bhopal September 2015 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Vijay |
| Born | (1964-10-18) 18 October 1964 |
| Origin | Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| Genres | Indian classical music |
| Occupation | musician |
| Instrument | Tabla |
| Years active | 1990 onwards |
|  | |
| Website | vijayghate.com |


abstract:
Masters M45 hammer throw world record progression is the progression of world record improvements of the hammer throw M45 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics. The M45 division consists of male athletes who have reached the age of 45 but have not yet reached the age of 50, so exactly from their 45th birthday to the day before their 50th birthday. The M45 division throws exactly the same 7.257 kg implement as the Open division. Most of these competitors all threw their records in open competition. In 1922 through 1925 Matt McGrath threw 49.89, 51.14, 52.53 and 54.09.
  - Key
  -   Incomplete information
  Pending

text:
# Masters M45 hammer throw world record progression

**Masters M45 hammer throw world record progression** is the progression of world record improvements of the hammer throw M45 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics.  The M45 division consists of male athletes who have reached the age of 45 but have not yet reached the age of 50, so exactly from their 45th birthday to the day before their 50th birthday. The M45 division throws exactly the same 7.257 kg implement as the Open division. Most of these competitors all threw their records in open competition. In 1922 through 1925 Matt McGrath threw 49.89, 51.14, 52.53 and 54.09.

Key

*Incomplete information*   *Pending*

| Distance | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 79.42 | Aleksandr Dryhol | Ukraine | 25.04.1966 | Jablonec | 29.04.2012 |
| 78.47 | Aleksandr Dryhol | Ukraine | 25.04.1966 | Donetsk | 13.04.2012 |
| 75.27 | Aleksandr Dryhol | Ukraine | 25.04.1966 | Kyiv | 20.07.2011 |
| 70.36 | Mick Jones | United Kingdom | 23.07.1963 | London | 05.06.2010 |
| 67.74 | Yuriy Sedykh | Ukraine | 11.06.1955 | Clermont Ferrand | 20.05.2001 |
| 64.70 | Dave McKenzie | United States | 10.05.1949 | Sacramento | 04.06.1995 |
| 63.46 | Murofushi Shigenobu | Japan | 02.10.1945 | Miyazaki | 13.10.1993 |
| 62.86 | Srecko Stiglic | Yugoslavia | 11.06.1943 | Sarajevo | 04.09.1988 |
| 62.52 | Hans Pötsch | Austria | 20.03.1933 | Dornbirn | 18.07.1981 |
| 61.20 | Guy Husson | France | 02.03.1931 | Aix les Bains | 12.09.1976 |
| 60.32 | Josef Matoušek | Czechoslovakia | 07.09.1928 | Jablonec | 25.05.1974 |
| 57.51 | Karl Storch | Germany | 21.08.1913 | Wetzlar | 28.06.1959 |
|

Masters Athletics Hammer Throw list All Time Athletics


title: Villacourt

abstract: Villacourt is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Villacourt

**Villacourt** (French pronunciation: \[vilakuʁ\]) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Villacourt | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Villacourt | |
|  | |
| Location of Villacourt | |
| VillacourtVillacourt | |
| Coordinates: 48°27′24″N 6°21′00″E / 48.4567°N 6.35°E / 48.4567; 6.35 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meurthe-et-Moselle |
| Arrondissement | Lunéville |
| Canton | Lunéville-2 |
| Intercommunality | CC Meurthe, Mortagne, Moselle |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Hervé Poirot |
| Area**1** | 14.1 km2 (5.4 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 347 |
| Density | 25/km2 (64/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 54567 /54290 |
| Elevation | 254–359 m (833–1,178 ft)
(avg. 360 m or 1,180 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Matilda Lotz

abstract: Matilda Lotz (1858–1923) was an American painter. She was one of California's premiere female artists, as well as a prominent animal portraitist. Lotz was born and raised in the Lotz House, which became the site of an American Civil War Battle, and is now on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Matilda Lotz

**Matilda Lotz** (1858–1923) was an American painter. She was one of California's premiere female artists, as well as a prominent animal portraitist. Lotz was born and raised in the Lotz House, which became the site of an American Civil War Battle, and is now on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Early life

Matilda Lotz was born in Franklin, Tennessee, on November 29, 1858, to German parents. Her father, Johann Albert Lotz, was a master carpenter who designed and built the family home, where they lived with her mother, Margaretha and her brothers, Paul and Augustus. The Lotz family home became the site of the Battle of Franklin; Lotz, who was only six years old at the time, and her family were forced to hide in their neighbor's brick basement for hours as the battle raged on, as their wooden house would not have provided sufficient protection. When they emerged after seventeen hours, their property was filled with dead and wounded soldiers, and their house was turned into a hospital for several months. The Lotz family home has been turned into a Historic site and has begun collecting examples of Lotz's work.

Lotz began an interest in art early in life, as a child she would draw farm and household animals in the dirt. When given the chance, she used coal from the fireplace and small scraps of paper to practice drawing. Reportedly, she also once tried drawing on a wall, but was disciplined for doing so.

## Education

The Lotz family left Franklin, and briefly migrated to Memphis, Tennessee before moving to San Jose, California. Lotz began her art career in the 1860s; her first painting lessons came from her brother Paul. In 1874, Lotz attended the San Francisco School of Design (now San Francisco Art Institute) on a six-year course with Virgil Macey Williams, where she won several medals and received the highest honors. She continued her education in Paris in the 1880s with Felix-Joseph Barrias, and later Emile van Marcke. It was while in Paris that Lotz received two gold medals from the Paris Academy, the first woman to receive such an honour, and an honorable mention from the Paris Salon.

## Later career

Lotz travelled throughout Europe and North Africa, uncommon for a single, un-chaperoned woman, and her journeys influenced her work. She also painted portraits while visiting her family in California, including that of William Randolf Hearst and Leland Stanford. Lotz returned to Paris in the 1890s where she worked closely for several years with French artist Rosa Bonheur. During this time she was also invited to London by the Duke of Portland, where she was commissioned by British nobility for animal paintings, as well as to Tata, Hungary for animal portraiture. Lotz was living in Algiers at the outbreak of World War I, but was forced to leave by the French and returned to Tata in 1915, until her death on February 21, 1923. She married painter Ferenc Blaskovits later in her life.

## Exhibitions

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Matilda Lotz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | November 29, 1858
Franklin, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | February 21, 1923
Tata, Tatai járás, Komárom-Esztergom, Hungary |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | San Francisco School of Design |
| Spouse | Ferenc Blaskovits |


title: Villers-le-Tourneur

abstract: Villers-le-Tourneur is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

text:
# Villers-le-Tourneur

**Villers-le-Tourneur** is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 197 |  |
| 1975 | 171 | −2.00% |
| 1982 | 165 | −0.51% |
| 1990 | 141 | −1.95% |
| 1999 | 161 | +1.48% |
| 2009 | 182 | +1.23% |
| 2014 | 179 | −0.33% |
| 2020 | 202 | +2.04% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Villers-le-Tourneur | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
| Location of Villers-le-Tourneur | |
| Villers-le-TourneurVillers-le-Tourneur | |
| Coordinates: 49°37′38″N 4°34′04″E / 49.6272°N 4.5678°E / 49.6272; 4.5678 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Ardennes |
| Arrondissement | Rethel |
| Canton | Signy-l'Abbaye |
| Intercommunality | Crêtes Préardennaises |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-François Derrière |
| Area**1** | 7.85 km2 (3.03 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 209 |
| Density | 27/km2 (69/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 08479 /08430 |
| Elevation | 222 m (728 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Villers-lès-Cagnicourt

abstract: Villers-lès-Cagnicourt is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

text:
# Villers-lès-Cagnicourt

**Villers-lès-Cagnicourt** (French pronunciation: \[vilɛʁ  kaɲikuʁ\], literally *Villers near Cagnicourt*) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

## Geography

Villers-lès-Cagnicourt is situated some 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Arras, at the junction of the D939 and D13 roads.

## History

The village church has plaques dedicated to several Canadian soldiers decorated for valour in the fighting nearby in 1918, including Sergeant Arthur George Knight, VC, of the 10th Battalion, CEF.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 224 |  |
| 1975 | 225 | +0.06% |
| 1982 | 207 | −1.18% |
| 1990 | 201 | −0.37% |
| 1999 | 212 | +0.59% |
| 2007 | 230 | +1.02% |
| 2012 | 256 | +2.17% |
| 2017 | 264 | +0.62% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Places of interest

* The church of St.Martin, rebuilt, along with much of the village, after World War I.

## InfoBox

| Villers-lès-Cagnicourt | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The centre of Villers-lès-Cagnicourt | |
| Location of Villers-lès-Cagnicourt | |
| Villers-lès-CagnicourtVillers-lès-Cagnicourt | |
| Coordinates: 50°13′23″N 3°00′36″E / 50.2231°N 3.01°E / 50.2231; 3.01 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Pas-de-Calais |
| Arrondissement | Arras |
| Canton | Brebières |
| Intercommunality | CC Osartis Marquion |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Yves Legros |
| Area**1** | 4.4 km2 (1.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 253 |
| Density | 58/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 62858 /62182 |
| Elevation | 47–79 m (154–259 ft)
(avg. 54 m or 177 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Masters of Madness Tour

abstract: The Masters of Madness Tour was the double bill North American concert tour co-headlined by American rock bands Alice Cooper and Marilyn Manson. Launched in support of Cooper's 26th full-length studio LP, 2011's Welcome 2 My Nightmare and Manson's 8th full-length studio LP, 2012's Born Villain, the tour visited stadiums from June 1, 2013 through July 7, 2013.

text:
# Masters of Madness Tour

The **Masters of Madness Tour** (also known as the **Shock Therapy Tour**) was the double bill North American concert tour co-headlined by American rock bands Alice Cooper and Marilyn Manson. Launched in support of Cooper's 26th full-length studio LP, 2011's *Welcome 2 My Nightmare* and Manson's 8th full-length studio LP, 2012's *Born Villain*, the tour visited stadiums from June 1, 2013 through July 7, 2013.

## Tour

Prior to the commencement of the tour, Manson performed two warm up shows as part of the tour without the company of Cooper, the first was in San Diego, and the second was in Tempe, on May 29, 2013, and May 30, 2013, respectively. Manson and Cooper kicked off their co-headlined tour on June 1, 2013, at the Isleta Amphitheater in Albuquerque. The opening act for this tour was a Hollywood, CA band, Picture Me Broken. Its lead singer, Layla 'Brooklyn' Allman is the daughter of Gregg Allman. The band's drummer (Shaun Foist) went on to become the drummer for alternative rock band, Breaking Benjamin.

## Line-up

Line-up
| Role | Artist |
| --- | --- |
| Co-headlining | Alice Cooper |
| Co-headlining | Marilyn Manson |
| Opening act | Picture Me Broken |

## Set List

## Tour dates

List of concerts, showing date, city, country, and venue
| Date | City | Country | Venue | Opening Act(s) | Attendance | Revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North America | | | | | | |
| June 1, 2013 | Albuquerque | United States | Isleta Amphitheater | Picture Me Broken |  |  |
| June 3, 2013 | Morrison | | Red Rocks Amphitheatre | |  |  |
| June 4, 2013 | West Valley City | | USANA Amphitheatre | |  |  |
| June 6, 2013 | Los Angeles | | Gibson Amphitheatre | |  |  |
| June 7, 2013 | Tucson | | AVA Amphitheater | |  |  |
| June 8, 2013 | El Paso | | Don Haskins Center | |  |  |
| June 10, 2013 | Grand Prairie | | Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie | | 2,990 / 4,010 | $136,372 |
| June 13, 2013 | Cleveland | | Jacobs Pavilion | |  |  |
| June 14, 2013 | Buffalo | | Buffalo Outer Harbor Site | |  |  |
| June 15, 2013 | Montebello | Canada | Marina Montebello | |  |  |
| June 17, 2013 | Columbia | United States | Merriweather Post Pavilion | |  |  |
| June 18, 2013 | Reading | | Sovereign Center | | 3,184 / 4,666 | $144,559 |
| June 20, 2013 | Gilford | | Meadowbrook U.S. Cellular Pavilion | | 2,053 / 5,930 | $85,903 |
| June 21, 2013 | Uncasville | | Mohegan Sun Arena | | 3,007 / 3,735 | $92,120 |
| June 23, 2013 | Pittsburgh | | Stage AE | |  |  |
| June 25, 2013 | St. Charles | | Family Arena | |  |  |
| June 27, 2013 | Bonner Springs | | Cricket Wireless Amphitheater | |  |  |
| June 28, 2013 | Rockford | | BMO Harris Bank Center | |  |  |
|

## InfoBox

Masters of Madness
| North American tour by Alice Cooper and Marilyn Manson | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster for the Masters of Madness Tour | |
| Location | United States and Canada |
| Associated album | *Welcome 2 My Nightmare* and *Born Villain* |
| Start date | June 1, 2013 (2013-06-01) |
| End date | July 28, 2013 (2013-07-28) |
| Legs | 1 |
| No. of shows | * 18 in North America |
| Alice Cooper tour chronology  * **Masters of Madness** * (2013)  Marilyn Manson tour chronology  * **Masters of Madness** * (2013) | |


title: Masters of Horror (soundtrack)

abstract: Masters of Horror is the soundtrack accompanying the television series Masters of Horror. Volume 1 sold over 50,000 copies.

text:
# Masters of Horror (soundtrack)

***Masters of Horror*** is the soundtrack accompanying the television series *Masters of Horror*. Volume 1 sold over 50,000 copies.

## Volume 1 Track listing

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

Disc One
| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Small Silhouette" | Mudvayne | 3:02 |
| 2. | "ShaunLuu" | Norma Jean | 3:43 |
| 3. | "Enjoy the Silence" (Depeche Mode cover) | It Dies Today | 4:00 |
| 4. | "Lazarus (In the Wilderness)" | Funeral for a Friend | 2:47 |
| 5. | "You Will Remember Tonight" | Andrew W.K. | 3:24 |
| 6. | "Very Invisible" | Armor for Sleep | 4:22 |
| 7. | "What's Up Now" | Scary Kids Scaring Kids | 4:23 |
| 8. | "This Is My Own" | Shadows Fall | 4:46 |
| 9. | "Nervous Breakdown" (Black Flag cover) | The Bled | 2:07 |
| 10. | "The Big Sleep" | Murder by Death | 4:00 |
| 11. | "Division St." (acoustic) | Thursday | 4:34 |
| 12. | "Overload" | Bloodsimple | 3:23 |
| 13. | "Megalodon" (live) | Mastodon | 4:38 |
| 14. | "Bottled Up" | Death by Stereo | 3:07 |
| 15. | "At Least You Bought Her Flowers" | Fall River | 4:51 |

Disc Two
| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "We Are One" (feat. Serj Tankian) | Buckethead | 4:01 |
| 2. | "Obstructed View" | Rise Against | 2:02 |
| 3. | "Bats!" | The Bronx | 2:24 |
| 4. | "Betwixt Her Getaway Sticks" | From Autumn to Ashes | 3:10 |
| 5. | "Keith the Music" | Every Time I Die | 3:14 |
| 6. | "In Transit (For You)" | Matchbook Romance | 5:20 |
| 7. | "Hindsight" | BEDlight for BlueEYES | 4:03 |
| 8. | "We Can Never Break Up" | Alkaline Trio | 3:08 |
| 9. | "Beast and the Harlot" (live) | Avenged Sevenfold | 6:04 |
| 10. | "Discover Me Like Emptiness" | In Flames | 4:11 |
| 11. | "The Thin Red Line" | A Change of Pace | 2:51 |
| 12. | "Victoria Iceberg" | Bear vs. Shark | 3:56 |
| 13. | "If Ever" (Acoustic) | Gratitude | 3:52 |
| 14. | "237" | Fear Before the March of Flames | 3:16 |
| 15. | "Contrast of Light and Dark" | Yesterdays Rising | 6:04 |

## Volume 2 Track listing

| Masters of Horror, Vol. 2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Various Artists | |
| Released | October 24, 2006 |
| Genre | Heavy metal, hard rock |
| Length | 59:07 |
| Label | Immortal |

| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "New Hate Rising" | Hatebreed | 2:36 |
| 2. | "Foetus of a New Day Kicking" | Cradle of Filth | 3:44 |
| 3. | "Virtual Environment" | Lacuna Coil | 5:23 |
| 4. | "Needles" (Live Acoustic) | Seether | 4:53 |
| 5. | "I Like to Move in the Night" | Eagles of Death Metal | 4:00 |
| 6. | "Dirthouse" (Live Acoustic) | Shinedown | 4:50 |
| 7. | "Threnody" | Chimaira | 4:04 |
| 8. | "The Devil" | Wax on Radio | 7:06 |
| 9. | "Black Refuge" | Junip | 3:27 |
| 10. | "Drop Your Panties" | Wounded Cougar | 2:40 |
| 11. | "This Calling" | All That Remains | 3:39 |
| 12. | "Effigy" | The Smashup | 4:37 |
| 13. | "The Machine" | Asunder | 4:35 |
| 14. | "The Afterlife" | 2Cents | 3:33 |

## InfoBox

| Masters of Horror | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Soundtrack album by Various Artists | |
| Released | October 18, 2005 |
| Genre | Heavy metal, hard rock |
| Length | 1:54:43 |
| Label | Immortal |


title: Masters of Menace

abstract: Masters of Menace is a 1990 comedy film about a motorcycle gang.

text:
# Masters of Menace

***Masters of Menace*** is a 1990 comedy film about a motorcycle gang.

## Plot

The Masters of Menace are a motorcycle club. When one of their own dies while testing his top fuel Harley, they decide to cross the country to go bury him. With the coffin in the back of the pick-up truck and the tight-butt lawyer in the front, their craving for beer combined with lack of manners will disturb quite a few people wherever they go, including law enforcement.

## Cast

## Home media

The film was released on VHS in the United States by RCA/Columbia.

## InfoBox

| Masters of Menace | |
| --- | --- |
| Movie poster | |
| Directed by | Daniel Raskov |
| Written by | Daniel Raskov
Tino Insana |
| Produced by | Tino Insana
Catalaine Knell |
| Starring | David Rasche
Catherine Bach
Tino Insana |
| Music by | Hawk Wolinski |
| Production
company | CineTel Films |
| Distributed by | New Line Cinema |
| Release date | * September 7, 1990 (1990-09-07) |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Matlosana Mall

abstract: Matlosana Mall is a shopping centre located in Klerksdorp, North West Province, South Africa.

text:
# Matlosana Mall

**Matlosana Mall** is a shopping centre located in Klerksdorp, North West Province, South Africa.

## Development

The mall is conveniently placed at the eastern entrance to the city, and will cater for neighbouring nodes as well. With easy access from surrounding towns, it is strategically positioned as the catalyst of the N12 development corridor. This growth node stretches between Klerksdorp and Stilfontein and are earmarked as a vital economic growth area in the region.

## Tenants

The mall's mix of 145 stores is led by anchor retailers Checkers, Pick n Pay, Woolworths, Edgars, Foschini, Sportsman's Warehouse and Incredible Connection.

The mall hosts all major banks including FNB, Nedbank, Standard Bank, Absa, Capitec Bank, as well as all key cellular stores like, MTN, Cell C, Telkom and Vodacom.

The mall also hosts over 14 fast food and restaurant options lik KFC, Spur and Wimpy.

Cinema chain, Ster Kinekor, has announced at the cinema in the mall in be closing down after the chain has served staff with a section 189(3) notice (Labour Relations Act) back in February 2024, beginning the retrenchment process of 236 of its 728 employees.

## Growpoint objection

The largest property investment holding company listed on the JSE‚ Growthpoint Properties‚ has invoked the ire of Klerksdorp townsfolk over its aversion to a lucrative new development in the town.

The property group‚ which owns the town's 20‚000m² City Mall in the central business district‚ has objected to the North West Townships Board over the municipality allowing a new development on the outskirts of town - the R1bn Matlosana Mall being built by Stellenbosch-based Abacus Asset Management.

Plans for the 60‚000m² mall - situated at the eastern entrance to the town along the N12 - have been met with fierce hostility by opposing developers ever since first being mooted in 2007.

But the high-level fighting has impeded much-needed economic growth and stifled job creation‚ say townsfolk who earlier this month marched on Growthpoint.

Organised by the Matlosana Development Forum‚ marchers demanded the group explain why it was opposed to the new mall‚ even though it was unlikely to poach City Mall's central business district customers.

Growthpoint's appeal to the townships board is a last-ditch attempt to halt the Matlosana Mall after fellow Klerksdorp development‚ Flamwood Walk - through owners Diggers Development - had its appeal over the development to the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) dismissed with costs in November last 2011.

Managing director of Abacus‚ said the development would create 2‚000 temporary jobs during the 19 months of construction‚ and thereafter 1‚500 permanent jobs.

## InfoBox

| Matlosana Mall | |
| --- | --- |
| Matlosana Mall at night | |
| General information | |
| Type | Regional mall |
| Address | 151 Joe Slovo Road, Klerksdorp, South Africa |
| Opening | 23 October 2014 (2014-10-23) |
| Cost | R1 billion |
| Owner | Redefine Properties |
| Technical details | |
| Floor area | 65,000 m2 (700,000 sq ft) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architecture firm | SVA International |
| Developer | Abacus Development Company |
| Other information | |
| Number of stores | 145 |
| Number of anchors | 8 |
| Parking | * 2,842 parking bays * 1,000 basement parking bays |
| Website | |
| matlosanamall.co/home/ | |


title: Vincent Ongandzi

abstract: Vincent Ongandzi is a Cameroonian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

text:
# Vincent Ongandzi

**Vincent Ongandzi** (born 22 November 1975) is a Cameroonian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## InfoBox

Vincent Ongandzi
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1975-11-22) 22 November 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Meyossoa, Cameroon | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1996 | Tonnerre |  |  |
| 1997 | Unisport Bafang |  |  |
| 1998 | Stade Bandjoun |  |  |
| 1999–2002 | Unisport Bafang |  |  |
| 2003 | Tonnerre |  |  |
| 2003–2006 | Bloemfontein Celtic | 22 | (0) |
| 2006–2007 | Apollon Limassol | 6 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 1995–1998 | Cameroon | 11 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Vin délimité de qualité supérieure

abstract: Vin délimité de qualité supérieure, usually abbreviated as VDQS, was the second highest category of French wine, below appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in rank, but above vin de pays. VDQS was sometimes written as AOVDQS, with AO standing for appellation d'origine. VDQS wines were subject to restrictions on yield and vine variety, among others. There were relatively few VDQS as they typically moved on to AOC status after a number of years. VDQS therefore represented a small part of overall French wine production. In 2005, VDQS wines made up 0.9% of volume amounting from 409,472 hectoliters of production. 42.3% of the VDQS wines produced in that year were white, with the remaining 57.7% being either red or rosé. The VDQS category was eliminated altogether in 2011, with remaining VDQS wines either moving to AOC status or to the EU-governed protected geographical indication status.

text:
# Vin délimité de qualité supérieure

**Vin délimité de qualité supérieure** (French pronunciation: \[vɛ̃ delimite  kalite sypeʁjœʁ\], "delimited wine of superior quality"), usually abbreviated as **VDQS**, was the second highest category of French wine, below *appellation d'origine contrôlée* (AOC) in rank, but above *vin de pays* (country wine). VDQS was sometimes written as AOVDQS, with AO standing for *appellation d'origine*. VDQS wines were subject to restrictions on yield and vine variety, among others.

There were relatively few VDQS as they typically moved on to AOC status after a number of years. VDQS therefore represented a small part of overall French wine production. In 2005, VDQS wines made up 0.9% of volume amounting from 409,472 hectoliters of production. 42.3% of the VDQS wines produced in that year were white, with the remaining 57.7% being either red or rosé.

The VDQS category was eliminated altogether in 2011, with remaining VDQS wines either moving to AOC status or to the EU-governed *protected geographical indication* (French: indication géographique protégée) status.

## History

The VDQS category was created in 1949 to fill the gap between the categories *Vin de pays* (VdP) and AOC, the most prestigious with correspondingly demanding requirements. Typically, VDQS was a stepping stone to full AOC status, and unlike VdP covered local rather than regional areas.

When Algeria was still a French colony, a number of Algerian *crus* were granted VDQS status. At the time of Algerian independence in 1962, they numbered 12.

The frequency with which new VDQS were created varied over the years. Between 1984 and 1994 not a single new VDQS was added.

As a result of an ongoing crisis in the French wine industry, Bernard Pomel was tasked with making proposals on how to remedy the situation. The so-called *Pomel report*, which was presented to the French minister of agriculture on March 23, 2006, among other things proposed a simplification of the French wine classification system. This included eliminating the VDQS category. After political deliberations that somewhat delayed the initial timelines for the reform, the French parliament made the proposal into law in December 2007. The final wines labelled VDQS were those of the 2010 vintage, and by December 31, 2011, VDQS was removed entirely from the classification system. Existing VDQS areas had until then to either qualify for full AOC status or to become *vins de pays*. The latter was itself replaced by the *protected geographical indication (PGI)* classification (in France generally in its French form: *indication géographique protégée*). Almost all VDQS areas opted to achieve AOC status, initiating relevant procedures from 2008 to 2009.


title: Vin doux naturel

abstract: Vin doux naturel (VDN) is a style of lightly fortified wine, typically made from white Muscat grapes or red Grenache grapes in the south of France.

text:
# Vin doux naturel

**Vin doux naturel** (VDN) is a style of lightly fortified wine, typically made from white Muscat grapes or red Grenache grapes in the south of France.

## Appellations

There are numerous appellations (Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée, AOC) for VDN, including:

Corsica:

Languedoc:

Rhône:

Roussillon:

## Styles

As the name suggests, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise, Muscat de Rivesaltes and Muscat de Frontignan are all made from the white Muscat grape, whilst Banyuls and Maury are made from red Grenache. Other wines, like those of Rivesaltes AOC, can be made from red or white grapes. Regardless of the grape, fermentation is stopped by the addition of up to 10% of a 190 proof (95% abv) grape spirit. The Grenache vins doux naturels can be made in an oxidised or unoxidised style whereas the Muscat wines are protected from oxidation to retain their freshness.

Specific substyles, depending on AOC, include five colors: blanc (white), rosé (pink), ambré (amber), grenat (garnet), tuilé (tiled); and two further qualifications: hors d'âge (beyond age), and rancio (rancid, "mellowed with age").

## History

The production of vins doux naturels was perfected by Arnaud de Villeneuve at the University of Montpellier in the 13th century and they are now quite common in the Languedoc-Roussillon region of southern France.


title: Vin gris

abstract: Vin gris is a variant of rosé wine made from red grapes, in particular Pinot noir and Pinot gris. Pinot noir is a black grape, but can also be used to make rosé or white wine. When the grapes are brought to the winery and crushed, the juice is run off and removed from contact with the skin, leaving the color and flavor compounds from the skin behind. The juice is then typically fermented in stainless steel tanks before being bottled shortly after, without any aging in oak barrels. Producing a small volume of vin gris can also be used as a technique to improve Pinot noir. Removing some clear juice increases the concentration of colors and flavor compounds from the skins in the remaining juice intended for making red wine; the resulting rosé is known as a saignée (bled).

text:
# Vin gris

**Vin gris** (French: \[vɛ̃ gʁi\]) is a variant of rosé wine made from red grapes, in particular Pinot noir and Pinot gris. Pinot noir is a black grape, but can also be used to make rosé or white wine. When the grapes are brought to the winery and crushed, the juice is run off and removed from contact with the skin, leaving the color and flavor compounds from the skin behind. The juice is then typically fermented in stainless steel tanks before being bottled shortly after, without any aging in oak barrels.

Producing a small volume of vin gris (or rosé) can also be used as a technique to improve Pinot noir. Removing some clear juice increases the concentration of colors and flavor compounds from the skins in the remaining juice intended for making red wine; the resulting rosé is known as a saignée (bled).

## Grape varieties

Another grape used to produce vin gris is Gamay, particularly in Lorraine, where the Côtes de Toul zone produces a light vin gris. The vinification is the same as with Pinot noir (short contact of the white juice with the red skins during the pressing), but the fruity flavor of Gamay greatly changes the taste of the wine.

Champagne is often made using this process, when it is known as blanc de noirs.

The Moschofilero, an indigenous grape of Arcadia, Greece, is a grape with pink-to-purple skin and white flesh, and makes blanc de gris wines of the Mantineia appellation of origin.


title: Mathurin de Savonnières

abstract: Mathurin de Savonnières, born in Angers and died in 1586 in Paris, was a French bishop of the sixteenth century. Mathurin was the son of Jean, Lord of Brétèche, and Olive de Mathefelon. His brother Jacques was Abbot of Cadouin and Melleray and his sister Jeanne Abbess of Cordillon.

text:
# Mathurin de Savonnières

**Mathurin de Savonnières**, born in Angers and died in 1586 in Paris, was a French bishop of the sixteenth century. Mathurin was the son of Jean, Lord of Brétèche, and Olive de Mathefelon. His brother Jacques was Abbot of Cadouin and Melleray and his sister Jeanne Abbess of Cordillon.

## Biography

He was commendatory abbot of Eaunes, in the diocese of Toulouse, and is, in this capacity, syndic of the States of the province of Comminges, Astarac and Bigorre. Henri III appointed him to the bishopric of Bayeux in 1583, by the favor of François de Bourbon-Conti, who received the income from the bishopric of which he cannot have the title. This prelate most often resides in Paris.


title: Viola arborescens

abstract: Viola arborescens is a species of Viola and is also known as the tree violet. The average height is anywhere from 8 to 10 inches. Viola arborescens requires direct sunlight to grow. Viola arborescens is very cold hardy, and is in bloom all winter and into early spring.

text:
# Viola arborescens

***Viola arborescens*** is a species of *Viola* and is also known as the **tree violet**. The average height is anywhere from 8 to 10 inches. *Viola arborescens* requires direct sunlight to grow. *Viola arborescens* is very cold hardy, and is in bloom all winter and into early spring.

## Color

The *Viola arborescens* displays color all winter and into early spring. Typical natural colors include magenta, gold, light blue, dark purple, maroon and off-white.

## Distribution

*Viola arborescens* is native to the western Mediterranean Basin. It is found in southern France, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands, eastern and southern Spain, southwestern Portugal (around the Sagres Point), Morocco and Algeria.

## InfoBox

| *Viola arborescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | *Viola* |
| Species: | ***V. arborescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Viola arborescens***<br>L. | |
|


title: Viola beckwithii

abstract: Viola beckwithii, known commonly as the Great Basin violet, Beckwith's violet, and sagebrush pansy, is a species of violet native to the western United States. It is an early-flowering plant of sagebrush habitats in the Great Basin region. This is a perennial herb with several decumbent or erect stems growing from a caudex. The stems are up to about 22 centimeters long, often with much of their length underground. The fleshy compound leaves have dissected leaflets of varying shape and size. Flowers arise from the leaf axils. The upper two petals are reddish violet, and the lower three are purplish to white with purple veining and yellow or orange bases.

text:
# Viola beckwithii

***Viola beckwithii***, known commonly as the **Great Basin violet**, **Beckwith's violet**, and **sagebrush pansy**, is a species of violet native to the western United States. It is an early-flowering plant of sagebrush (*Artemisia tridentata*) habitats in the Great Basin region.

This is a perennial herb with several decumbent or erect stems growing from a caudex. The stems are up to about 22 centimeters long, often with much of their length underground. The fleshy compound leaves have dissected leaflets of varying shape and size. Flowers arise from the leaf axils. The upper two petals are reddish violet, and the lower three are purplish to white with purple veining and yellow or orange bases.

## InfoBox

| *Viola beckwithii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | *Viola* |
| Species: | ***V. beckwithii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Viola beckwithii***
Torr. & A.Gray | |
|


title: Vimont station

abstract: Vimont station is a commuter rail station operated by Exo in Laval, Quebec, Canada. It is served by the Saint-Jérôme line. The station is in ARTM fare zone B, and currently has 200 parking spaces. Prior to the reform of the ARTM's fare structure in July 2022, it was in zone 3.

text:
# Vimont station

**Vimont station** is a commuter rail station operated by Exo in Laval, Quebec, Canada. It is served by the Saint-Jérôme line.

The station is in ARTM fare zone B, and currently has 200 parking spaces. Prior to the reform of the ARTM's fare structure in July 2022, it was in zone 3.

## History

### CP Service

There was previously a Canadian Pacific Railway station called "Petite-Cote" at this location.

### AMT Service

The station was opened on October 18, 2006, by the former Agence Métropolitaine de Transport (AMT) following growing demand for service following the collapse of the De la Concorde overpass in Laval. The station has since become a permanent stop on the line. Between 2011 and 2013, the double track was extended north through the station, requiring the construction of a second side platform.

### RTM service

On June 1, 2017, the AMT was dissolved and replaced by two new governing bodies, the Autorité régionale de transport métropolitain (ARTM) and the Réseau de transport métropolitain (RTM). The RTM took over all former AMT services, including service at this station.

## Connecting bus routes

### Société de transport de Laval

| Société de transport de Laval | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| No. | Route Name | Route Map
(Click on "Route map") | Schedule |
| 27 | Vimont \- Metro Cartier | Map | Schedule, north bound
South bound |
| 45 | Vimont \- Chomedey / Metro Montmorency | Map | Schedule, north bound
South bound |

## Future plans

The station will be made permanent once the City of Laval completes the extension of boulevard Dagenais between boulevard des Laurentides and boulevard Industriel. The new station calls for 300 permanent parking spaces, kiss and ride spaces, and a bus loop. After completion of the first phase, the ARTM will evaluate the long-term needs of the station, which could call for up to 600 parking spaces, and plan for the second phase, if required.

## InfoBox

| Vimont | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 150 boul. Bellerose Ouest,
Laval, Quebec H7K 3B6 |
| Coordinates | 45°36′16″N 73°44′35″W / 45.60444°N 73.74306°W / 45.60444; -73.74306 |
| Operated by | Exo |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Société de transport de Laval |
| Construction | |
| Parking | 470 spaces |
| Bicycle facilities | 14 spaces |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | ARTM: B |
| History | |
| Opened | October 18, 2006 (2006-10-18) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2019 | 333,100 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Exo Following station  Sainte-Rosetoward Saint-Jérôme  Saint-Jérôme  De La Concordetoward Lucien-L'Allier | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Matsubase Station

abstract: Matsubase Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Uki, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.

text:
# Matsubase Station

**Matsubase Station** (松橋駅, *Matsubase-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Uki, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.

## Lines

The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 212.3 km from the starting point of the line at Mojiko.

## Layout

The station consists of one island platform with an elevated station building. The east and west exits are connected by a free passage. The station is staffed.

### Platforms

| **1** | Kagoshima Main Line | for Shin-Yatsushiro and Yatsushiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Kagoshima Main Line | for Kumamoto |

## History

Matsubase Station was opened on 28 January 1895 as a station on the Kyushu Railway, which was nationalized in 1907. The first station building was strafed in an air raid on 27 July 1945, killing 24 people in a train stopped at the station. After the privatization of the Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under JR Kyushu.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2020, the station was used by an average of 1340 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 109th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

## Surrounding area

* Uki City Hall
* Shiranui Art Museum
* Tsukaharadaira Kofun

Media related to Matsubase Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Matsubase Station
松橋駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Matsubase Station in January 2017 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Goryo Shiranuhimachi, Uki-shi, Kumamoto-ken 869-0551
Japan |
| Coordinates | 32°39′08″N 130°40′14″E / 32.65222°N 130.67056°E / 32.65222; 130.67056 |
| Operated by | JR Kyushu |
| Line(s) | Kagoshima Main Line |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Other information | |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 January 1895 (1895-01-28) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2020 | 1340 daily |
| Rank | 109th (among JR Kyushu stations) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR Kyushu Following station  Ogawatowards Kagoshima  Kagoshima Main Line  Utotowards Mojikō | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Matsubase StationLocation within Kumamoto PrefectureMatsubase StationMatsubase Station (Japan) | |


title: Matsubara Station (Nagasaki)

abstract: Matsubara Station Matsubara Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Ōmura, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.

text:
# Matsubara Station (Nagasaki)

**Matsubara Station** (松原駅, *Matsubara-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Ōmura, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.

## Lines

The station is served by the Ōmura Line and is located 28.5 km from the starting point of the line at Haiki. Aside from the local services on the line, some trains of the Rapid *Seaside Liner* also stop at the station.

## Station layout

The station consists of two side platforms serving two tracks. A siding branches off the main tracks and runs in between the station building and the platforms. The station building, a modern steel-frame structure, is unstaffed and serves as a waiting room with an automated ticket vending machine. A level crossing provides access to the station platforms.

## History

The private Kyushu Railway, in building a line to Nagasaki, had opened a track southwards from Tosu to Saga and Takeo (today Takeo-Onsen) by 1895. By 1897, the track had reached Haiki. In the next phase of expansion, the track was extended towards Ōmura which opened as the new terminus on 20 January 1898. Matsubara was opened on the same day as an intermediate station between Haiki and Ōmura. When the Kyushu Railway was nationalized on 1 July 1907, Japanese Government Railways (JGR) took over control of the station. On 12 October 1909, track from Tosu through Haiki to Nagasaki was designated the Nagasaki Main Line. On 1 December 1934, another route was given the designation Nagasaki Main Line and the track from Haiki, through Matsubara to Isahaya was designated the Ōmura Line. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, control of the station was given to JR Kyushu.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2014, there were a total of 27,802 boarding passengers, giving a daily average of 76 passengers.

## Surrounding area

Media related to Matsubara Station (Nagasaki) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Matsubara Station
松原駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Matsubara Station in 2009 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Matsubara-honmachi, Ōmura-shi, Nagasaki-ken 856-0009
Japan |
| Coordinates | 32°58′41″N 129°56′45″E / 32.9781°N 129.9459°E / 32.9781; 129.9459 |
| Operated by | JR Kyushu |
| Line(s) | Ōmura Line |
| Distance | 28.5 km from Haiki |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 + 1 siding |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Parking | Available |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 20 January 1898 (1898-01-20) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2014 | 76 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR Kyushu Following station  Ōmura Rail Yardtowards Isahaya  Ōmura Line**Local**  Chiwatatowards Haiki  Takematsutowards Isahaya  Ōmura Line**Seaside Liner** | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Matsubara StationLocation within Nagasaki PrefectureMatsubara StationMatsubara Station (Japan) | |


title: Waterbury Career Academy

abstract: The Waterbury Career Academy is a high school located in the North End section of Waterbury, Connecticut, in the United States. The school consists of four strands. Students are able to pick a strand at the end of their freshman term. It is a part of Waterbury Public Schools. Jade L. Gopie took the role as Principal in August 2020 after former principal Dr. Louis A. Padua announced his retirement. Then in October 2021, Michael Harris, former assistant principal, was promoted to principal after Gopie was promoted to Assistant Superintendent. As of 2023, School is currently run by Principal Michael Harris and Assistant Principals Jennifer Franceskino and Peter Flammia Their first graduating class occurred in 2017.

text:
# Waterbury Career Academy

The **Waterbury Career Academy** is a high school located in the North End section of Waterbury, Connecticut, in the United States. The school consists of four strands. Students are able to pick a strand at the end of their freshman term. It is a part of Waterbury Public Schools. Jade L. Gopie took the role as Principal in August 2020 after former principal Dr. Louis A. Padua announced his retirement. Then in October 2021, Michael Harris, former assistant principal, was promoted to principal after Gopie was promoted to Assistant Superintendent.

As of 2023, School is currently run by Principal Michael Harris and Assistant Principals Jennifer Franceskino and Peter Flammia

Their first graduating class occurred in 2017.

## Strands

* Information Technology and Engineering/Business
* Manufacturing
* Education & Training
* Health Sciences

41°33′27″N 73°01′13″W / 41.5575°N 73.0203°W / 41.5575; -73.0203

## InfoBox

| Waterbury Career Academy | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Waterbury, Connecticut | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Opened | Fall 2013 |
| School district | Waterbury Public Schools |
| Principal | Michael Harris |
| Faculty | 70-90 staff members |
| Enrollment | 865 (2016-17) |
| Color(s) | Black and Gold |
| Mascot | Spartans |
| Website | https://wca.waterbury.k12.ct.us/ |


title: Mike Reilly (1980s linebacker)

abstract: Michael Dennis Reilly is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker with the Los Angeles Rams in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football with the Oklahoma Sooners, and was drafted by the Rams in the eighth round of the 1982 NFL draft. During training camp as a Rams rookie in 1982, Reilly was involved in a car accident that killed a 17-year-old boy. He served a one-year jail sentence for drunken driving and felony vehicular manslaughter.

text:
# Mike Reilly (1980s linebacker)

**Michael Dennis Reilly** (born February 14, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker with the Los Angeles Rams in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football with the Oklahoma Sooners, and was drafted by the Rams in the eighth round of the 1982 NFL draft. During training camp as a Rams rookie in 1982, Reilly was involved in a car accident that killed a 17-year-old boy. He served a one-year jail sentence for drunken driving and felony vehicular manslaughter.

## InfoBox

Mike Reilly
| No. 57 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1959-02-14) February 14, 1959
Miami, Florida, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight: | 217 lb (98 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Christopher Columbus
(Miami, Florida) |
| College: | Oklahoma |
| NFL draft: | 1982 / round: 8 / pick: 207 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Gene Ontology Term Enrichment

abstract: Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment is a technique for interpreting sets of genes making use of the Gene Ontology system of classification, in which genes are assigned to a set of predefined bins depending on their functional characteristics. For example, the gene FasR is categorized as being a receptor, involved in apoptosis and located on the plasma membrane. Researchers performing high-throughput experiments that yield sets of genes often want to retrieve a functional profile of that gene set, in order to better understand the underlying biological processes. This can be done by comparing the input gene set with each of the bins (terms) in the GO – a statistical test can be performed for each bin to see if it is enriched for the input genes. The output of the analysis is typically a ranked list of GO terms, each associated with a p-value.

text:
# Gene Ontology Term Enrichment

**Gene Ontology** (**GO**) **term enrichment** is a technique for interpreting sets of genes making use of the Gene Ontology system of classification, in which genes are assigned to a set of predefined bins depending on their functional characteristics. For example, the gene FasR is categorized as being a receptor, involved in apoptosis and located on the plasma membrane.

Researchers performing high-throughput experiments that yield sets of genes (for example, genes that are differentially expressed under different conditions) often want to retrieve a functional profile of that gene set, in order to better understand the underlying biological processes. This can be done by comparing the input gene set with each of the bins (terms) in the GO – a statistical test can be performed for each bin to see if it is enriched for the input genes.

The output of the analysis is typically a ranked list of GO terms, each associated with a p-value.

## Background

### The Gene Ontology

The Gene Ontology (GO) provides a system for hierarchically classifying genes or gene products into terms organized in a graph structure (or an ontology). The terms are groups into three categories: molecular function (describing the molecular activity of a gene), biological process (describing the larger cellular or physiological role carried out by the gene, coordinated with other genes), and cellular component (describing the location in the cell where the gene product executes its function). Each gene can be described (annotated) with multiple terms. The GO is actively used to classify genes from humans, model organisms and a variety of other species.

Using the GO, it is possible to retrieve the set of terms used to describe any gene, or conversely, given a term, return the set of genes annotated to that term. For the latter query, the hierarchical system of the GO is employed to give complete results. For example, a query for the GO term for nucleus should return genes annotated to the term "nuclear membrane".

### Interpreting high throughput data

Certain types of high-throughput experiments (e.g., RNA seq) return sets of genes that are over- or under-expressed. GO can be used to functionally profile this set of genes and to determine which GO terms appear more frequently than would be expected by chance when examining the set of terms annotated to the input genes. For example, an experiment may compare gene expression in healthy cells versus cancerous cells. Functional profiling can be used to elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms associated with the cancerous condition. This is also called term enrichment or term overrepresentation, as we are testing whether a GO term is statistically enriched for the given set of genes.

## Methods

There are a variety of methods for performing a term enrichment using GO. Methods may vary according to the type of statistical test applied, the most common being a Fisher's exact test / hypergeometric test. Some methods make use of Bayesian statistics. There is also variability in the type of correction applied for Multiple comparisons, the most common being the Bonferroni correction.

Methods also vary in their input – some take unranked gene sets, others take ranked gene sets, with more sophisticated methods allowing each gene to be associated with a magnitude (e.g., expression level), avoiding arbitrary cutoffs.

## Tools


abstract:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 5000 metres W45 division of Masters athletics.
  - Key
  -   Incomplete information
  Pending

text:
# Masters W45 5000 metres world record progression

This is the progression of world record improvements of the 5000 metres W45 division of Masters athletics.

Key

*Incomplete information*   *Pending*

| Hand | Auto | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 15:55.71 | Nicole Leveque | France | 27.01.1951 | Angers | 01.06.1996 |
| 16:17.5 |  | Evy Palm | Sweden | 31.01.1942 | Oslo | 04.07.1987 |
|  | 17:33.3 | Dot Browne | Australia | 06.02.1941 | Adelaide | 30.03.1986 |
|  | 17:41.24 | Anne Marie Grüner | Germany | 26.05.1940 | Rome | 27.06.1985 |
|  | 18:09.03 | Maria Pia d'Orlando | Italy | 02.11.1934 | Christchurch | 11.01.1981 |
| 18:16.6 |  | Maria Pia d'Orlando | Italy | 02.11.1934 | Helsinki | 08.08.1980 |
|

Masters Athletics 5000 m list


title: Mycoglaena

abstract: Mycoglaena is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown.

text:
# Mycoglaena

***Mycoglaena*** is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (*incertae sedis*).

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Mycoglaena* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Subdivision: | Pezizomycotina |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | *Incertae sedis* |
| Family: | *Incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | ***Mycoglaena***
Höhn. (1909) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Mycoglaena subcoerulescens*
(Nyl.) Höhn. (1909) | |
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Watu Kobese

abstract: Watu Kobese is a South African chess International Master and FIDE Trainer (2005). He has won the South African Closed Championship three times, in 1998, 2003 and 2011, and the South African Open twice, in 2004 and 2008. Kobese was awarded by FIDE the title of International Master (IM) in 1995. He played for South Africa in the Chess Olympiads of 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018 Kobese is the author of Masidlale Uthimba, the first Xhosa chess book, published in July 2015 and translated from a version he wrote in Zulu nine years before.

text:
# Watu Kobese

**Watu Kobese** (born 27 June 1973) is a South African chess International Master and FIDE Trainer (2005).

He has won the South African Closed Championship three times, in 1998, 2003 and 2011, and the South African Open twice, in 2004 and 2008. Kobese was awarded by FIDE the title of International Master (IM) in 1995. He played for South Africa in the Chess Olympiads of 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018

Kobese is the author of *Masidlale Uthimba*, the first Xhosa chess book, published in July 2015 and translated from a version he wrote in Zulu nine years before.

1. "Men's Chess Olympiads: Watu Kobese". OlimpBase. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
2. Mariska Morris (10 July 2015). "First Xhosa chess book launched". GroundUp. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
3. Sandiso Phaliso (8 July 2015). "First isiXhosa chess book to build kings, queens". *Independent Online*. Retrieved 10 July 2015.

## InfoBox

| Watu Kobese | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Born | (1973-06-27) 27 June 1973 |
| Title | International Master (1995) |
| Peak rating | 2419 (January 2005) |


title: 1949 Giro di Lombardia

text:
# 1949 Giro di Lombardia

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Fausto Coppi (ITA) Bianchi-Ursus   2  Ferdi Kübler (SUI) Tebag   3  Nedo Logli (ITA) Arbos   4  Fiorenzo Magni (ITA) Wilier-Triestina   5  Antonio Covolo (ITA) Frejus   6  Giorgio Albani (ITA) Legnano   7  Giulio Bresci (ITA) Wilier-Triestina   8  Pasquale Fornara (ITA) Legnano   9  Antonin Rolland (FRA) Ricci   10  Giancarlo Astrua (ITA) Benotto |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1949 Giro di Lombardia
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 1949 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Results | |
| Winner  Fausto Coppi (ITA)  Second  Ferdi Kübler (SUI)  Third  Nedo Logli (ITA) | |
|


title: Trouble in Shangri-La

abstract: Trouble in Shangri-La is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Stevie Nicks. Released in 2001, it was her first new solo album since 1994's Street Angel. The album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200, Nicks' highest peak since 1983's The Wild Heart, with sales of 109,000 copies in its first week. The album remained in the top 10 in its second week holding the #9 spot and sold 76,000 copies. The album spent a total of 20 weeks on the Billboard 200. It achieved Gold status within six weeks of its release for shipping 500,000 copies in the U.S. As of February 2011, the album has sold over 663,000 copies in the US. Three singles were released: "Every Day", "Planets of the Universe", and "Sorcerer". Nicks' renewed success also spawned a very successful tour entitled 'The Trouble in Shangri-La Tour'. The tour was the 27th highest-grossing tour of 2001 and grossed $14.1 million from 38 shows.

text:
# Trouble in Shangri-La

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| Slant Magazine |  |

***Trouble in Shangri-La*** is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Stevie Nicks. Released in 2001, it was her first new solo album since 1994's *Street Angel*. The album debuted at number five on the *Billboard* 200, Nicks' highest peak since 1983's *The Wild Heart*, with sales of 109,000 copies in its first week. The album remained in the top 10 in its second week holding the #9 spot and sold 76,000 copies. The album spent a total of 20 weeks on the *Billboard* 200. It achieved Gold status within six weeks of its release for shipping 500,000 copies in the U.S. As of February 2011, the album has sold over 663,000 copies in the US. Three singles were released: "Every Day", "Planets of the Universe", and "Sorcerer".

Nicks' renewed success also spawned a very successful tour entitled 'The Trouble in Shangri-La Tour'. The tour was the 27th highest-grossing tour of 2001 and grossed $14.1 million from 38 shows.

## Background

Shortly after the muted reception to her previous album, *Street Angel*, and a crushing bout of writer's block caused by Klonopin dependency between 1987 and 1994, Nicks asked close friend Tom Petty to help her write and record a new album. Petty advised her that she did not need any help and to have more faith in her own abilities, which Nicks recounts in the track "That Made Me Stronger". Nicks then proceeded to write the title track to the album and the closing song "Love Is", but while crafting a track for the 1996 movie Twister, titled "Twisted", she was reunited with former lover and Fleetwood Mac frontman, Lindsey Buckingham, which formed part of a chain of events that led to the full reunion of the *Rumours* line-up of the band in 1997.

One of the tracks on the album, "Fall from Grace", recounts the ever-troubled relationship between Fleetwood Mac members as experienced during that 1997 reunion, which nonetheless culminated in the multi-platinum selling live album *The Dance*. This somewhat turbulent experience was a 9-month interruption to the recording of *Shangri-La* but it inspired Nicks to pen this track, and another, "Thrown Down", which, although recorded for her solo album, ultimately surfaced in a newer version on the 2003 Fleetwood Mac release *Say You Will*.

Following promotion for her 1998 3-disc retrospective *Enchanted* and an accompanying tour (both at the insistence of her former label Atlantic, who wanted to capitalise on the 1997 reunion of Fleetwood Mac, and complete Nicks' six-album deal), Nicks finally continued to record her material for *Shangri-La*, enlisting the help of Sheryl Crow, who had been a fan of Nicks for some years. The pair worked on a couple of tracks that would end up on the soundtrack to the movie *Practical Magic* (see below), but Crow also contributed the song "It's Only Love", and performed on and co-produced several other tracks. The two became good friends and Nicks, in return, performed on Crow's 2002 album *C'mon C'mon*, including writing and providing lyrics for the b-side song "You're Not the One". The pair have also performed on stage together numerous times since the 1990s.

When Crow's own career commitments in 1999 prevented her from completing work on the album, Nicks initially produced one track, "Bombay Sapphires", alone. At the suggestion of their mutual management company, Macy Gray performed backing vocals. Nicks then enlisted the help of John Shanks for co-production duties on the remaining tracks to be recorded. He had previously sent her a demo of a track he had co-written with Damon Johnson, "Every Day", which she liked, and it was the first track the pair then recorded at Shanks' home. The track would also be released to radio as a single. Johnson recorded his own version of the song for his album *Release* in 2010. Shanks is also notable for helping Nicks to finally record a completed studio version of her 1976 composition "Planets of the Universe" after several failed attempts over the years with other producers. It was the last track to be completed for the album in late 2000, and it went all the way to #1 on Billboard's Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart.

The dragon that is used for the "S" in Nicks' name on the album cover (and also appears elsewhere on the disc art) was drawn by Sarah McLachlan, who also provides keyboards and background vocals on the album's closing track, "Love Is".

## Songs

Though most of the songs on this album were relatively recent compositions, written between the years 1995 and 2000, there are three songs that date back to the 1970s:

* "**Candlebright**" dates backs to the "Buckingham-Nicks" sessions (previously titled "Nomad"). The song was recorded by Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham in demo form, and was almost used on Fleetwood Mac's 1975 eponymous album, however "Rhiannon" ultimately made the album instead.
* "**Sorcerer**" also dates back to the "Buckingham-Nicks" era and was recorded as a demo, as well as being performed on the subsequent tour. It was also considered for some Fleetwood Mac projects, in particular 1979's *Tusk*, before ending up on *Trouble in Shangri-La*. The track had also previously been recorded by Marilyn Martin (with backing vocals by Nicks) in 1984 for the film soundtrack *Streets of Fire*. In 2016 a previously unreleased full production recording of the song was released on the expanded reissue of Nicks' album *The Wild Heart*, recorded during the sessions for that album but ultimately shelved.
* "**Planets of the Universe**" was written during the *Rumours* period while Nicks and Buckingham were separating, which was Nicks' inspiration for the song. A rough demo (performed by Fleetwood Mac) ended up on the remastered and expanded release of *Rumours* in 2004. Nicks chose to include only an edited version of the song on *Trouble in Shangri-La*, omitting a verse which she ultimately felt was 'too spiteful' towards Buckingham. The full-length 2001 version of this song, with the extra verse (as originally demo-ed on the expanded release of *Rumours*), did appear on a 6 track single release in late 2001.

Two tracks from the *Shangri-La* sessions were given to film soundtracks. "If You Ever Did Believe", which Nicks recorded with Sheryl Crow, became the theme song to the 1998 Warner Bros. film Practical Magic. The track's origins actually lie in the coda of a 1976 demo of "Gold Dust Woman", one of Nicks' signature tracks from the Fleetwood Mac album *Rumours*. The song was released as a promotional 7-inch vinyl single to radio stations in the US, and a video featuring Crow and Nicks was made for VH-1 promotion. To date, CD availability of the track is restricted to very-hard-to-find promotional CD singles issued to US radio stations, or the *Practical Magic* soundtrack album, which also features a newly recorded version of Nicks' 1973 composition "Crystal", originally recorded for the *Buckingham Nicks* and 1975 *Fleetwood Mac* album releases with Lindsey Buckingham on lead vocals. The version for Practical Magic features Nicks on lead vocals, with Crow on backing vocals.

Before Nicks herself released "If You Ever Did Believe", the song was given to singer-songwriter Louise Goffin. It appears on Goffin's self-titled second album from 1981. Nicks sings background vocals on the track and is credited as such on the inner sleeve.

Another track, "Touched by an Angel", was given to the 2001 remake of *Sweet November*, starring Keanu Reeves and Charlize Theron. Again, availability of the track is restricted to the movie soundtrack CD.

## Videos

Two promotional videos were shot for single releases; "Every Day" features Nicks performing in an enchanted forest setting, and "Sorcerer" featured Nicks with Sheryl Crow, both playing guitars in a straightforward performance set in a room where the lyrics to various Nicks songs magically appear on the walls. Both of these videos are available, with optional Nicks' commentary, on the DVD supplement of the 2007 release *Crystal Visions - The Very Best of Stevie Nicks*.

A promo-clip for "If You Ever Did Believe", featuring both Crow and Nicks, was exclusively produced for VH-1 airplay, but to date has not been made commercially available.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Trouble in Shangri-La" | Nicks | John Shanks, Nicks | 4:50 |
| 2. | "Candlebright" | Nicks | Sheryl Crow, Nicks | 4:41 |
| 3. | "Sorcerer" | Nicks | Crow, Nicks | 4:55 |
| 4. | "Planets of the Universe" | Nicks | Shanks, Nicks | 4:46 |
| 5. | "Every Day" | Shanks, Damon Johnson | Shanks | 3:36 |
| 6. | "Too Far from Texas" (Duet with Natalie Maines) | Steve Booker, Sandy Stewart | Mike Campbell, Crow, Nicks | 3:48 |
| 7. | "That Made Me Stronger" | Nicks, Scott F. Crago, Timothy Drury | Crow, Jeff Trott, Nicks | 4:19 |
| 8. | "It's Only Love" | Crow | Crow, Trott, Nicks | 3:31 |
| 9. | "Love Changes" | Nicks | David Kahne | 4:23 |
| 10. | "I Miss You" | Nicks, Rick Nowels | Nowels | 4:15 |
| 11. | "Bombay Sapphires" | Nicks | Nicks | 4:05 |
| 12. | "Fall from Grace" | Nicks | Shanks, Nicks | 4:31 |
| 13. | "Love Is" | Nicks | Pierre Marchand | 4:30 |
| Total length: | | | | 56:10 |

## Personnel

### Production

* Shari Sutcliffe – production coordinator
* Stephen Walker – art direction, design
* Sarah McLachlan – graphic design
* Vena – photo illustration
* Norman Seeff and Neal Preston – photography
* Howard Kaufman and Sheryl Louis – management

**Technical**

* Mark DeSisto – engineer (1, 4, 5, 12)
* Brian Scheuble – engineer (2, 3, 7, 8, 11)
* Dan Chase – engineer (4, 5, 12), Pro Tools engineer (4, 5, 12)
* Don Smith – engineer (6)
* Rob Brill – engineer (9)
* Randy Wine – engineer (10)
* Mike Plotnikoff – engineer (13)
* Wayne Rodrigues – additional engineer (10), Pro Tools engineer (10)
* Dominique Grand – additional engineer (13)
* Pierre Marchand – additional engineer (13)
* James Murray – Pro Tools engineer (1, 12)
* Lars Fox – Pro Tools engineer (5, 7)
* Buddy Judge – Pro Tools engineer (11)
* Robert Breen, Steve Kaplan, Chris Reynolds, Jamie Sickora, Matt Silva, Justin Smith and Howard Willing – assistant engineers
* Chris Lord-Alge – mixing at Image Recording Studios (Los Angeles, California)
* Doug Sax and Robert Hadley – mastering at The Mastering Lab (Hollywood, California)

## Charts

### Singles

| Single | Chart (2001) | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Every Day" | Adult Contemporary | 17 |
| "Planets of the Universe" | Hot Dance Music/Club Play | 1 |
| "Sorcerer" | Adult Contemporary | 21 |

## Tour

**Trouble in Shangri-La Tour - 2001**

Opening night set list (with Sheryl Crow):

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Trouble in Shangri-La | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Stevie Nicks | |
| Released | May 1, 2001 |
| Recorded | 1995–2001 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Rock, country |
| Length | 56:10 |
| Label | Reprise |
| Producer |  |
| Stevie Nicks chronology | |
| *Enchanted*
(1998) ***Trouble in Shangri-La***
(2001) *Crystal Visions – The Very Best of Stevie Nicks*
(2007) | |


title: Luis Parra

abstract: Luis Eduardo Parra Rivero is a Venezuelan politician who was in a dispute with Juan Guaidó for a year over who was the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela based on a vote on 5 January 2020. The investigative journalism website Armando.info reported in 2019 that Parra was among nine lawmakers that mediated in favor of two businessmen linked with the government, and was accused of being involved in corruption with the Local Committees for Supply and Production (CLAP) program of the Nicolás Maduro government. After the investigation was published, Parra was expelled from his party Justice First, along with other deputies. Parra is currently subjected to foreign sanctions for his involvement in the 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election.

text:
# Luis Parra

**Luis Eduardo Parra Rivero** (born 7 July 1978) is a Venezuelan politician who was in a dispute with Juan Guaidó for a year over who was the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela based on a vote on 5 January 2020.

The investigative journalism website Armando.info reported in 2019 that Parra was among nine lawmakers that mediated in favor of two businessmen linked with the government, and was accused of being involved in corruption with the Local Committees for Supply and Production (CLAP) program of the Nicolás Maduro government. After the investigation was published, Parra was expelled from his party Justice First, along with other deputies.

Parra is currently subjected to foreign sanctions for his involvement in the 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election.

## Political career

Luis Parra is a native of Yaracuy elected to represent its second circuit in the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election on the list of the victorious Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD). Prior to holding office, he was an opposition student activist in Yaracuy and host of regional radio program “Más Claro no Canta un Gallo” broadcast by Rumbera Network. In 2005 he was a substitute councilor in the Independencia Municipality, Yaracuy. In 2013, he was a candidate for mayor of Independencia. In the 2017 Venezuelan regional elections, he stood as the MUD candidate for the governorship of Yaracuy, losing to the ruling party candidate, Julio César León Heredia. He served as president of the Commission for the Environment, Natural Resources and Climate Change between 2018 and 2019.

### CLAP affair

On 1 December 2019, the website Armando.info published an investigation reporting that nine parliamentarians mediated in favor of two businessmen linked with the government. Parra was accused of being involved in corruption with the Local Committees for Supply and Production (CLAP) program of the Nicolás Maduro government. Parra denied the accusations, saying “There is a smear campaign against us and some of our fellow legislators in the Venezuelan parliament”, and describing himself as a victim of “extortion.”

After the investigation was published, the deputies Parra, José Brito, Conrado Pérez and José Gregorio Noriega were suspended and expelled from their parties Justice First and Popular Will. Parra, Brito and Pérez objected to their expulsion and filed a case before Venezuela's Supreme Tribunal of Justice, in which they petitioned the court to have their party membership reinstated.

**parla** On 5 January 2020, the 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election took place to determine who would be the President of the National Assembly for the period 2020-21 period, the last election of the IV legislature.

On the morning of the election, Parra announced his candidacy to the presidency of the National Assembly by surprise, against the incumbent president Juan Guaidó. Parra–who was previously barred from access to the legislative chambers–was granted access to the legislative palace while others of the opposition (to Maduro) were blocked at the entrance. Parra was joined by National Assembly deputies loyal to Maduro. In a chaotic scene, a hand vote was hastily taken and Parra was declared president. Opposition media said that only 18 former members of the opposition (known as “la bancada Clap”, the CLAP bench) supported Parra. The opposition reported that quorum was not achieved and no votes were counted. Police forces blocked the access to parliament to opposition members and media. A separate session was carried out outside parliament where 100 of the 167 deputies re-elected Juan Guaidó as president of the parliament.

Parra told reporters 140 lawmakers were present in the session and that his candidacy was approved with 81 votes. Ruling party deputy Pedro Carreño told AFP that the vote took place with 150 deputies present and that Parra received the simple majority of 84 needed to win. Nicolás Maduro recognized Parra as the new president of the National Assembly, saying that "there was a rebellion inside the National Assembly" and that "the National Assembly has made a decision".

Regarding the controversy of the opposition attempting to enter the Palacio Federal Legislativo, Maduro said "if the failed Guaidó did not want to enter it was because he did not have the votes", dismissing that Guaidó and his supporters were prevented from entering. When reporters asked Parra for the official tally of votes–usually released the same day–he said that it "was not available" and there is not announced date for its release. Guaidó called Parra a “pseudo deputy” who had “betrayed the nation.”

Parra said in an interview on 10 January that he had “a permanent channel of communication” with the U.S. since he assumed presidency of the Assembly, but special envoy to Venezuela for the U.S. government Elliot Abrams subsequently said his assertion was “absolutely false.”

Russia, one of Maduro's closest international allies, welcomed Parra's election. The Russian Foreign Ministry said that the election contributes to the return of the intra-Venezuelan political struggle to the constitutional field that will find a peaceful exit to the ongoing crisis. Opposition deputies denounced that Russia looked after supporting Parra to improve its businesses in Venezuela, including to increase the Russian shareholder participation in oil contracts and other mining concessions that need the approval of the National Assembly and that it would not have with Guaidó.

The Episcopal Conference of Venezuela rejected Luis Parra claim to the presidency of the National Assembly being "contrary to all constitutional legality", according to its presidency. Days later, Luis Parra accompanied by armed forces tried to meet the organization, but he was denied entry. Parra and his allies announced that they would come back with "more reinforcement".

The pro-Maduro Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ) ruled in favor of Parra on 25 May 2020, recognizing him as the sole president of the National Assembly.

#### International sanctions

The United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctioned Parra and seven other individuals, "who, at the bidding of Maduro, attempted to block the democratic process in Venezuela,” according to U.S. Secretary of Treasury Steven Mnuchin on 13 January 2020. The sanctioned have their assets in the U.S. frozen and are not allowed to do business with U.S. financial markets nor with U.S. citizens. The list also includes the other members of Parra's appointed board of directors: Franklyn Duarte, José Goyo Noriega and Negal Morales.

Hours later, Maduro's Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza published a statement saying that the sanctions imposed by the U.S. Treasury against Parra and others seek to "interfere and undermine the proper functioning of democratic institutions, with the unusual intention to designate from Washington the authorities of the legislative power." The statement also argues that these tactics are "contrary to international law and undermine the stability, peace and self-determination of the Venezuelan people".

In June 2020, Luis Parra, Franklyn Duarte, Jose Gregorio Noriega, alongside other 8 individuals were sanctioned by the governments of the European Union after the Supreme Tribunal of Justice certified Parra as president of the National Assembly.

## InfoBox

| Luis Parra | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the National Assembly | |
| **In office**
5 January 2016  5 January 2021 | |
| Constituency | Yaracuy |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Luis Eduardo Parra Rivero
(1978-07-07) 7 July 1978
Independencia Municipality, Yaracuy, Venezuela |
| Political party | Venezuela First (since September 2020)
Independent (December 2019–September 2020)
Justice First (until December 2019) |
|  | |


title: Ludger Schuknecht

abstract: Ludger Schuknecht is a German economist who has been serving as vice president and Corporate Secretary of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank since 2021. From 2018 to 2021, Schuknecht was one of four Deputy Secretaries-General of the OECD, under the leadership of Secretaries-General José Ángel Gurría and Mathias Cormann.

text:
# Ludger Schuknecht

**Ludger Schuknecht** (born 2 December 1962 in Gelsenkirchen) is a German economist who has been serving as vice president and Corporate Secretary of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank since 2021.

From 2018 to 2021, Schuknecht was one of four Deputy Secretaries-General of the OECD, under the leadership of Secretaries-General José Ángel Gurría and Mathias Cormann.

## Early life and education

Schuknecht studied economics at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and George Mason University. In June 2000 he obtained his habilitation from the University of Constance.

## Career

Previously Schuknecht was Chief Economist at the German Ministry of Finance and heading the Directorate General Fiscal Policy and International Financial and Monetary Policy there. In this role he advised Minister Wolfgang Schäuble on economic policy issues in the domestic and international sphere. He acted as the chief negotiator for Germany in the founding of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Schuknecht left after the departure of the fiscally conservative Schäuble and the arrival of his social democrat successor Olaf Scholz. In 2019, he was replaced with Jakob von Weizsäcker.

Before that Schuknecht was Senior Advisor in the Directorate General of Economics of the European Central Bank where he prepared monetary policy decision making.

Schuknecht had also headed the ECB's fiscal surveillance section and served with the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund.

As a scholar, Schuknecht's research focuses on public expenditure policies and reform and the analysis of economic boom-bust episodes. Together with Vito Tanzi he published "Public Spending in the 20th Century: A Global Perspective".

## Other activities

## Personal life

Schuknecht is married and has three children.

## InfoBox

| Ludger Schuknecht | |
| --- | --- |
| Ludger Schuknecht, 2017 | |
| Born | (1962-12-02) December 2, 1962<br>Gelsenkirchen, Germany |
| Education | Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and George Mason University |
| Occupation | Economist |
| Known for | Vice President of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank |
| Children | 3 |