title: New Norway

abstract: New Norway is a hamlet located in central Alberta, Canada within Camrose County. Named in 1895, it is located on Highway 21, approximately 100 km (62 mi) southeast of Edmonton and 22 km (14 mi) southwest of Camrose. New Norway is home to a number of small businesses, and has an elementary and secondary school, local fire protection and municipal services provided by Camrose County.

text:
# New Norway

**New Norway** is a hamlet located in central Alberta, Canada within Camrose County. Named in 1895, it is located on Highway 21, approximately 100 km (62 mi) southeast of Edmonton and 22 km (14 mi) southwest of Camrose.

New Norway is home to a number of small businesses, and has an elementary and secondary school, local fire protection and municipal services provided by Camrose County.

## History

In 1892, travelling first on the newly constructed Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) line, the Ole M. Olstad family disembarked in Wetaskiwin and made their way to the Duhamel settlement, which had been established for some years. The family quickly filed *Dominion Lands Act* homesteads a few miles south for themselves and several relatives and friends in the United States. In addition, they purchased available CPR land for $3.00 per acre ($7.41/ha).

For a time the area was known as the "Olstead District". However, as other Norwegian families (along with those of other nationalities) settled in the area, the name changed to New Norway around 1895. By 1903 the fledgling community had a school, general store, and a blacksmith shop to its credit.

In the fall of 1909, in anticipation of the new Grand Trunk Pacific rail line being built nearby, the community was moved (by the use of skids and seven oxen) to its present location NW-11-45-21-W4 (see Dominion Land Survey). According to the *Camrose Canadian*, the townsite of New Norway was put on sale on October 14, 1909, with 14 businesses filing an intent to establish within the first month. Commercial lots sold from $100 to $250, and residential lots were priced from $50 to $150.

New Norway incorporated as a village on May 6, 1910, and its first council was elected on May 9, 1910, with Norman M. Smith, James F. Willows and Evan O. Olstad serving.

Over a century later, the Village of New Norway was dissolved to hamlet status under the jurisdiction of Camrose County effective November 1, 2012.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, New Norway had a population of 307 living in 129 of its 138 total private dwellings, a change of -4.1% from its 2016 population of 320. With a land area of 1.13 km2 (0.44 sq mi), it had a population density of 271.7/km2 (703.7/sq mi) in 2021.

As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, New Norway had a population of 320 living in 126 of its 136 total private dwellings, a change of 15.1% from its 2011 population of 278. With a land area of 1.12 km2 (0.43 sq mi), it had a population density of 285.7/km2 (740.0/sq mi) in 2016.

* *Memory Opens the Door - New Norway and District 1972*. (Local History book, no ISBN)

52°52′09.0″N 112°57′18.1″W / 52.869167°N 112.955028°W / 52.869167; -112.955028

## InfoBox

| New Norway | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| Hamlet of New Norway | |
| New Norway circa 1915 | |
|  | |
| New Norway | |
| Coordinates: 52°52′09.9″N 112°57′18.1″W / 52.869417°N 112.955028°W / 52.869417; -112.955028 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Region | Central Alberta |
| Census division | 10 |
| Municipal district | Camrose County |
| Founded | 1895 |
| Incorporated | 1909 |
| Dissolved | November 1, 2012 |
| Government | |
| MP | Damien Kurek |
| MLA | Wes Taylor |
| Area (2021) | |
| Land | 1.13 km2 (0.44 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 745 m (2,444 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 307 |
| Density | 271.8/km2 (704/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−6 (MDT) |
| Postal code span | T0B |
| Area code | +1-780 |


title: Ohio State Route 94

abstract: State Route 94 is a north–south state highway in the U.S. state of Ohio. It stretches 54 miles (87 km) from U.S. Route 250 and SR 241 in the village of Mount Eaton to U.S. Route 42 in Cleveland.

text:
# Ohio State Route 94

**State Route 94** (**SR 94**) is a northsouth state highway in the U.S. state of Ohio. It stretches 54 miles (87 km) from U.S. Route 250 and SR 241 in the village of Mount Eaton to U.S. Route 42 in Cleveland.

## History

* **1924**: State Route 94 was formed. It originally ran from Riceland, a village south of Orrville, to what was then State Route 36 (now State Route 585) north of Orrville.
* **1926**: Extended north to Cleveland and its current northern terminus along a formerly unnumbered road.
* **1935**: Extended again, this time southward to U.S. Route 250.
* **1938**: Extended past U.S. Route 250 to the town of Fredericksburg.
* **1963**: The route is truncated from Fredericksburg to U.S. Route 30 at Riceland. The former route is now Wayne County Route 94A (Carr Road).
* **1969**: State Route 57 is extended along the existing route of State Route 94 from Riceland to State Route 585 (formerly State Route 5). State Route 94 is rerouted from Wadsworth to its current southern terminus at Mount Eaton.

## Major junctions

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wayne | Mount Eaton | 0.00 | 0.00 | US 250 (Main Street) / SR 241 (Market Street) Wooster, Massillon, New Philadelphia |  |
| | Dalton | 7.13 | 11.47 | US 30 Wooster, Massillon |  |
| | 7.39 | 11.89 |

US 30 Alt. east (Main Street) / Mill Street | Southern end of US 30 Alt. concurrency |
| | 7.59 | 12.21 |

US 30 Alt. west (Main Street) / Church Street | Northern end of US 30 Alt. concurrency |
| | Chippewa Township | 18.21 | 29.31 |

SR 585 south / SR 604 west Wooster, Congress | Southern end of SR 585 concurrency; eastern terminus of SR 604 |
| | 19.07 | 30.69 |
SR 585 north Norton | Northern end of SR 585 concurrency |
| Medina | Wadsworth | 24.78 | 39.88 |
SR 261 east (Akron Road) | Western terminus of SR 261 |
| | | 25.48–
25.56 | 41.01–
41.13 | I-76 / US 224 Akron, Lodi | Exit 9 (I-76) |
| | Sharon Township | 29.42–
29.46 | 47.35–
47.41 | SR 162 Lafayette, Copley | Traffic circle |
| | SharonGranger
township line | 32.03 | 51.55 | SR 18 Medina, Akron |  |
| | Granger Township | 35.95–
36.09 | 57.86–
58.08 | I-271 Erie, Pa., Columbus | Exit 3 (I-271) |
| | GrangerHinckley
township line | 36.70 | 59.06 |
SR 3 south / CR 135 (Ledge Road) – \[\[, Ohio|\]\] | Southern end of SR 3 concurrency |
| | Hinckley Township | 37.73 | 60.72 | SR 606 (Weymouth Road / Hinckley Hills Road) |  |
| | 39.23 | 63.13 |

SR 3 north (Ridge Road) / SR 303 west (Center Road) Brunswick, Cleveland | Northern end of SR 3 concurrency, Southern end of SR 303 concurrency |
| | 40.10 | 64.53 |
SR 606 south (Hinckley Hills Road) Hinckley Reservation | Northern terminus of SR 606 |
| | 40.22 | 64.73 |
SR 303 east (Center Road) Richfield | Northern end of SR 303 concurrency |
| Cuyahoga | North Royalton | 45.73 | 73.60 | SR 82 (Royalton Road) |  |
| | ParmaCleveland
city line | 53.09 | 85.44 |
SR 17 (Brookpark Road) to SR 176 |  |
| | Cleveland | 53.24–
53.31 | 85.68–
85.79 | I-480 Youngstown, Toledo | Exit 16 (I-480) |
| | 54.50 | 87.71 | US 42 / SR 3 (Pearl Road) / Henzrite Avenue |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Ohio State Route 94KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 94 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Length | 54.50 mi (87.71 km) |
| Existed | 1924–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 250 / SR 241 in Mount Eaton |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | US 42 / SR 3 in Cleveland |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| Counties | Wayne, Medina, Cuyahoga |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Ohio State Highway System** | |
| SR 93   SR 95 | |


title: Giandomenico Facchina

text:
# Giandomenico Facchina

## Biography

Giandomenico Facchina was born in 1826 in Sequals, today in the province of Pordenone in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, at that time part of the Lombard-Venetian Kingdom. He was trained in Trieste and Venice. He first worked on the restoration of ancient mosaics, including the St Mark's Basilica in Venice. In the 1850s he traveled to France, first to Montpellier, where he was called to work on the restoration of old floors.

He filed a patent for a method of extracting ancient mosaic pavements at the National Institute of Industrial Property in 1858, reusing a technique already practiced by Venetian mosaic experts. He also used a derivative of this technique, which allows a prefabricated mosaic to be made in the workshop, facilitating production of the mosaic. In this technique, the mosaic tiles are pre-assembled and glued onto a flexible cardboard; the wall to hold the mosaic is then covered with fresh mortar and mosaic installed at once, reducing the working time on site and allowing a considerable reduction of production costs. This technique was used very successful at the Exposition Universelle (1855) in Paris and spread rapidly. It allowed Facchina get many orders. At Paris, he decorated, among others, the new opera house built by Charles Garnier.

Until his death in 1903 Giandomenico Facchina divided his time between his studios in Venice and Paris.

## Main works

Exterior mosaic at the Opéra GarnierDetail of a mosaic in the refectory of the Bibliothèque Sainte-Barbe*Europa*; façade at the Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris

## Source

* Biography by Gianni Colledani @ the Dizionario Biografico dei Friulani

Media related to Giandomenico Facchina at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Giandomenico Facchina | |
| --- | --- |
| Giandomenico Facchina, by
Georges-Léon-Alfred Perrichon (c.1884) | |
| Born | 13 October 1826
Sequals |
| Died | 26 April 1903
Paris |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Occupation | Mosaic artist |


title: Quasimitra sophiae

abstract: Quasimitra sophiae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

text:
# Quasimitra sophiae

***Quasimitra sophiae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

## Description

This species attains a size of about 35 mm.

## Distribution

New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean.

## InfoBox

| *Quasimitra sophiae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Mitridae |
| Genus: | *Quasimitra* |
| Species: | ***Q. sophiae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Quasimitra sophiae***<br>(Crosse, 1862) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mitra sophiae* Crosse, 1862 | |


title: Pelota Mano Court, Trebonne

abstract: Pelota Mano Court is a heritage-listed sports ground at Trebonne Road, Trebonne, Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Ford, Hutton & Newell and built in 1959 by Idillio Quartero and Ken Duffy. It is also known as Basque Handball Court and Fronton (court). It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 July 2001.

text:
# Pelota Mano Court, Trebonne

**Pelota Mano Court** is a heritage-listed sports ground at Trebonne Road, Trebonne, Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Ford, Hutton & Newell and built in 1959 by Idillio Quartero and Ken Duffy. It is also known as Basque Handball Court and Fronton (court). It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 July 2001.

## History

The Pelota Mano (Handball) Court, or fronton, was opened on 28 November 1959, in Trebonne, a small township, eight kilometres west of Ingham in the Herbert River district of North Queensland. Jack Williams, solicitor, opened the court and Reverend Father Tomas Ormazabal, travelling Chaplain for the Spanish community of North Queensland, dedicated it. The court was established through the efforts of the local Basque community.

Handball is an ancient game. The Maya tribes of pre-Columbian America and the ancient Greeks and Romans had versions of the game. The Romans spread it throughout western Europe. In the area of modern-day France, a variation of the Romans' game of "pila" emerged, and during the Middle Ages it became known as "jeu de paume". Basque handball is a derivative of this game.

Andrea Navajero, a Venetian historian, travelled through the Basque county in 1528 and commented on how all the males played this game. Indoor ('courte paume') and outdoor ('longue paume') versions endured during the 18th century, but following the French Revolution the games were nearly abandoned for being associated with royalty and nobility. Its popularity, however, remained in small circles. From the early outdoor version evolved modern tennis and in the Basque country it became the present manifestation of Basque handball.

The Basque pelota mano derives from Roman versions of the game and spread throughout western Europe and France. What became the traditional game "pelota basque" played in church porticos or during village festivals is now played competitively at international competitions. The supreme version of the game is today "cesta-punta" and is played with a long, scooped wicker basket, a "chistera", on a fronton called a "jai-alai".

Besides the chistera, the game can be played with an assortment of equipment, for example, the bare hand, a wooden bat or a wooden-framed strung racket called a "xare". There are also different types of balls, for example, one is covered in leather and weighs 52 grams (1.8 oz), another is covered in parchment and weighs 90 grams (3.2 oz), while yet another is rubber and weighs 40 grams (1.4 oz).

Originally played face to face, the introduction of more rapid rubber balls compelled a change in the game: returning the ball to a wall instead of over the net. Thus Basque handball was born. While theoretically, the game can be played anywhere where there is a high wide wall, three types of pelota mano courts evolved: the "plaza laxoa" or open court with only one wall at the front; the "ezker pareta" or left-wall court with one wall at the front and one on the players left and the "trinketa" or original court of the indoor form with four walls. The handball court at Trebonne is an example of the ezker pareta type of court.

Basque migration to the Herbert River District, North Queensland, began in 1907 and grew in momentum, peaking between 1958 and 1960. The numbers were never great (In the five voyages between 1958 and 1960 that brought Spaniards to Australia, 387 identified themselves as Basque residents) and today there is little, if any, migration of Basques to North Queensland. By the late 1960s only 100 people of Spanish nationality, 85% of whom identified as Basques, remained in the district. Basque immigrants were predominantly male, with most arriving to cut sugar cane. While canecutting was an arduous task and left the canecutter weary by nightfall, on the weekends the cutters were keen to socialise. One popular gathering place was a farm owned by the Mendiolea family, where migrants found hospitality and companionship, home cooked food and family life. In Trebonne in the 1950s improvisation was necessary. The Mendiolea concrete farm house had a high, wide back wall, and, with a tennis ball, many young Basque migrants soon found a traditional outlet for their excess energy - pelota mano.

Another place to socialise was the Trebonne Hotel run by Mr and Mrs Joe Sartoresi. The hotel attracted Spanish and Basque canecutting gangs working and living on the farms west of Ingham and was ideally located on the intersection of the main road from Ingham to Abergowrie and the road to Stone River. Open-air dancing took place on a wooden floor laid over the grass and card games, especially "mus", were played. These pastimes connected the Basque people with their homeland. Eventually they were able to play pelota mano in the grounds of the hotel, courtesy of Joe Sartoresi.

The hotelier was persuaded to build a court by two brothers, Jose Marie and Felix Jayo, who ran a baker's shop across from the hotel at the time, and Albert Urberuaga. They had seen the potential for a proper court in the grounds of the hotel. For many months Sartoresi remained sceptical. The cost was an issue and he had never seen the game played. One afternoon, Sartoresi visited the Mendiolea farm, where he not only saw the vigorous and noisy game in progress, but noted how many people were gathered, and that a good amount of beer was being consumed as the afternoon passed. He came away with a change of heart. He could see that the initial cost of the court would be compensated by the increased clientele and the business they would generate.

In order to build the fronton a plan was required. Albert Urberuaga with Agustin Adarraga obtained a plan from the Basque country, however, being for a plan for a jai-alai court, it was too large and had to be modified in both size and strength. The court also had to comply with building regulations which required that the structure be able to "withstand winds of over 100 miles an hour." Appropriate plans were drawn up by architectural firm, Ford, Hutton and Newell. Builders Idillio Quartero and Ken Duffy were engaged for the construction.

The structure was built on two feet wide and six feet deep foundations. It was constructed of concrete composed of four parts river gravel and sand to one part Portland cement. It was estimated that about 80 long tons (81 t) of cement was used. Both upright walls were reinforced with steel. At the highest point the walls were six metres and at the lowest point, three metres. The court was 18 metres (59 ft) in length and six metres wide. The playing surfaces were finished with a cement render. The cement was mixed in a large cement mixer and transferred to wheelbarrows. The wheelbarrows were pushed up planks on wooden scaffolding constructed around the formwork. In between moves of the scaffolding the slope of the plank increased. As it did a run-up was required with each push of the full wheelbarrow. There was much community interest in the construction and the Basques could hardly restrain their excitement. The two contractors with one paid worker, an apprentice, and some weekend helpers took six weeks to complete the contract.

The playing area was divided into six cuadro (sections) each one marked and numbered in paint. At a later date Jose Badiola, bricklayer, added another 10 feet (3.0 m) of wall to make seven cuadro. Not built to the same specifications as the original this addition was later demolished as it became unsafe. The fronton was also equipped with lights for night games. On the opening day, formalities were conducted by Jack Williams and Father Ormazabal, and tributes were paid to the Sartoresi family, an exhibition game and barbeque were also held. On this occasion and for special competitions traditional Basque clothing was worn to play the game, consisting of a white skirt and trousers with a green or red sash, a guerrko, and espadrille like footwear, known as alpargatas.

The publicans during the heyday of the fronton were Joe Sartoresi and Gino Manini. The first advertised event was a "Monster Dance and Barbecue" held on Saturday, 16 July 1960. Entertainment included an exhibition of handball and an orchestra. A Spanish Handball Club was founded on 24 June 1960. Joe Sartoresi was appointed Patron while Pasqual Badiola was elected president. The Spanish Club held barbeques to raise money for the upkeep of the fronton, to purchase seating and to purchase the goatskin pelotas which were sent from the Basque country.

For nearly a decade, the fronton attracted many people, especially on Friday nights and on the weekend. Up to 200 people gathered, particularly on nights when there was dancing and a barbecue organised by the Club. Over the years, the Spanish Handball Club (variously referred to as the Spanish Club, the Handball Club and the Trebonne Handball Club) was not the only organisation which benefited from the entertainment at the fronton. The Trebonne State School, Ingham Golf Club, Tennis Association, amongst others, have been beneficiaries. In all the years of its use, activity at the fronton peaked from July to December, the harvesting months.

Few of the Basques who came to the Herbert River District in the late 1950s and early 1960s remained. Most, if they did not return to their Basque homeland, settled elsewhere, particularly in Melbourne and Sydney. Today the Pelota Mano Handball Court stands unused, attracting occasional interest from locals and tourists. It remains, however, as a solitary remaining monument, marking the small but significant migration of Basque people to North Queensland.

## Description

The Pelota Mano Handball Court is located in Trebonne Road, Trebonne. The court comprises two reinforced concrete walls and concrete slabs on the ground. The long or side wall (eastern elevation) is eighteen metres in length. The end wall (southern) elevation is six metres in length.

The concrete sections extend beyond the long wall, in a generally northerly direction, for six metres. The slab extension has remains of a brick wall extension which has collapsed. An electrical fuse box and conduits are located on the end wall. The court sits generally in the north-eastern corner of the property, surrounded by a chain wire fence. There is no other development on the property on which the court is located.

## Heritage listing

Pelota Mano Court was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 July 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

The Pelota Mano Court, Trebonne, is significant historically as a rare illustration of the presence of people of Basque origin in Queensland. Basque migration to northern Queensland peaked in the late 1950s, and although small in numbers, contributed significantly to the sustainability of the sugar industry in North Queensland in the 1950s and early 1960s.

**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**

There are few monuments or reminders of the presence of the Basques in Queensland, as many later returned to their homeland or relocated to southern cities, which devolves strong rarity value on the Pelota Mano Court, Trebonne. The place is further significant for its rarity as the only purpose-built fronton constructed in Queensland.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

Constructed with one wall at the front and one on the players left, the Pelota Mano Court is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the "ezker pareta", or left-wall type of traditional Basque handball court construction.

**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The Pelota Mano Court, Trebonne has social significance, having historically a strong association for the Basque community in Trebonne and surrounding areas as one of the focal points for their cultural and social activities. It remains important to people of Basque descent who still reside in the district, as evidenced by the recently written history of the place.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

The Pelota Mano Court, Trebonne, is significant for its strong association with the Basque community in the district. The small but significant migration of Basque people to the area was instrumental in the success of the sugar industry in North Queensland, particularly in the period following the Second World War.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

## InfoBox

| Pelota Mano Court | |
| --- | --- |
| Pelota Mano Court, 2007 | |
| Location | Trebonne Road, Trebonne, Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 18°37′35″S 146°04′45″E / 18.6265°S 146.0791°E / -18.6265; 146.0791 |
| Design period | 1940s - 1960s (post-World War II) |
| Built | 1959 |
| Architect | Ford, Hutton & Newell |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Pelota Mano Court, Basque Handball Court, Fronton |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 27 July 2001 |
| Reference no. | 601169 |
| Significant period | 1959 (fabric)<br>1959-1970s (historical, social) |
| Builders | Idillio Quartero and Ken Duffy |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Pelota Mano Court in QueenslandPelota Mano Court, Trebonne (Australia) | |


title: Périgueux station

abstract: The Gare de Périgueux is the railway station in the town of Périgueux, in the Dordogne department in France. The station opened in 1857 and is located on the Limoges-Bénédictins - Périgueux and Coutras - Tulle railway lines. The station is served by Intercités and TER (regional) services operated by SNCF, the French national railway.

text:
# Périgueux station

The **Gare de Périgueux** is the railway station in the town of Périgueux, in the Dordogne department in France. The station opened in 1857 and is located on the Limoges-Bénédictins - Périgueux and Coutras - Tulle railway lines. The station is served by Intercités (Long distance) and TER (regional) services operated by SNCF, the French national railway.

## Train services

The station is served by regional trains to Bordeaux, Limoges, Brive-la-Gaillarde and Agen.

| Preceding station | TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Razactowards Bordeaux |  | 31 |  | Château-l'Évêquetowards Limoges |
| |  | 32 |  | Boulazactowards Ussel |
| *Terminus* |  | 34 |  | Boulazactowards Agen or Sarlat-la-Canéda |

45°11′16″N 0°42′27″E / 45.18778°N 0.70750°E / 45.18778; 0.70750


title: WLDR-FM

abstract: WLDR-FM 101.9 Traverse City, Michigan is a radio station owned by broadcaster Roy Henderson, who is WLDR's third owner in its 53-year history.

text:
# WLDR-FM

**WLDR-FM** 101.9 Traverse City, Michigan is a radio station owned by broadcaster Roy Henderson, who is WLDR's third owner in its 53-year history.

## History

WLDR-FM signed on in 1966 by Rod Maxson, a well-known businessman in Traverse City along with Robert L. Greaige who was the one with the knowledge of the radio business. Maxson was the owner of Grand Traverse Auto, the city's Ford dealership. With the exception of the nine years in which they played country, WLDR carried some sort of adult contemporary format for its first 38 years, and today. The station's call letters stood for "Long Distance Radio", suitable since they broadcast at 100 kW.

In 1972, Maxson sold a majority of WLDR to one of his salesmen, Don Wiitala, who owned the station for more than 30 years. Wiitala was a beloved broadcaster known for giving the station a home-spun image. WLDR was a station that has many aspects of many full-service stations; the station, although licensed to broadcast 24 hours, signed on in the morning and signed off at night, aired local high school sporting events, had a "tradio" show  Wiitala even sold his old house on the show  and played music Wiitala found suitable for his audience.

Maxson also sold a minority of WLDR to his son, Dave Maxson, who served as the station's news director until he decided to work for the Reynolds-Jonkhoff Funeral Home. He remains with WLDR to this day though he sold his stake in the station years ago. Rod died in 2005.

Throughout the 1970s, WLDR was coined "Stereo 102". Some say that Wiitala was frugal in the way he ran WLDR; he would go to the local Giantway (a now-defunct grocery/retail outlet with a chain of stores in central and northern Michigan) in Traverse City (now Tom's Food Market and Dunham Sports Outfitters) and buy 45s cheap off the rack. The same tactics were employed in the purchase of LPs. Only obscure record labels would suffice along with artists from a bygone era. The syndicated John Doremus show aired four hours each day. Northern Michigan's first call-in talk show, "Listen to the Mrs." aired weekday afternoons.

In the 1980s, WLDR changed its name to "Sunny 102" to update the station's image.

Throughout the 1990s, WLDR was part of a dying breed: one-station owners. Also, in the age of 24-hour formats, the station signed on at 5 a.m. and signed off at 1 a.m. Although the station promoted a 'family-friendly' image, the station would play a few alternative rock artists, such as Red Hot Chili Peppers and U2. However, the station was losing a lot of listeners to Trish MacDonald-Garber's WLXT/Lite 96. Starting in the late 1990s, Wiitala, who was in his sixties, was taking offers for WLDR. In 2000, he sold WLDR to Roy Henderson and his Fort Bend Broadcasting Group, who maintained WLDR's AC format, but changed the station's named from Sunny 102 to Sunny 101.9.

Before he sold WLDR to Henderson, Wiitala allowed WLDR to remain on the air 24 hours, thanks to a new automated hard drive system. The station also started airing the syndicated Delilah show.

When Henderson purchased WLDR, he also purchased several other stations, such as WOUF 92.1 (Beulah), which simulcasts WLDR-FM, WBNZ 99.3 (Frankfort) and WCUZ 100.1 (Bear Lake) with the intention to move the stations closer to Traverse City and boost their power. The move would also allow Henderson to develop new formats for northern Michigan radio, like he did in Texas with his popular "Texas Rebel Radio" format. Because of objections from other broadcasters, many of the moves never happened, although WOUF has moved to 92.3 and boosted power to 50 kW.

## Changes in 2000: Acquisition of WLDR-AM

In 2000, Henderson also purchased what is now WLDR-AM 1210 in Kingsley. The station was part of a massive overhaul in the Michigan AM dial when Bell Broadcasting increased the power of its WCHB 1200 in Detroit. In order to do so, it purchased two AMs in the Saginaw area: WKNX 1210 Saginaw (signed on in 1947) and WXOX 1250 Bay City (which had been dark since 1993) and moved WKNX to 1250 (now WJMK) and moved 1210 AM to Kingsley in 1997. However, Bell moved the station's aging transmitter to a toxic waste dump near Kingsley, creating transmission troubles. Bell wanted to sell 1210, now with the call letters WJZZ, because it did not want to broadcast in a smaller market out of its footprint. WJZZ had a full-time automated jazz format, but when Bell sold to Radio One, it decided to keep WJZZ off the air as much as possible with a few short-lived stints as urban oldies. Radio One sold WJZZ to Henderson who renamed the station WLDR-AM for a mere $225,000, despite the fact that it now was the most-powerful AM station in the daytime at 50 kW.

In 2001, Henderson gave 1210 a permanent format as talk from the Michigan Talk Radio Network. For a while, he changed the station's call letters to WWJR after a Sheboygan, Wisconsin station gave them up in December 2001 during a rebrand to WHBZ, which gave the station similar calls to Detroit's WWJ and WJR. The call sign was later changed back to WLDR-AM.

In 2004, Henderson changed WLDR-AM from talk to satellite-fed "Country Classics" from Waitt Radio Networks, identifying as "Real Country 1210" (not to be confused with ABC Radio's satellite-delivered format also called "Real Country"). A year later, in 2005, he changed WLDR-FM to country.

WOUF and WCUZ soon began to simulcast each other with an automated "traditional" country format called "The Wolf". It was similar to Texas Rebel Radio, playing everything from Waylon and Willie to some of the most popular alt-country artists of today. "The Wolf" has since disappeared. WOUF (now broadcasting with 50,000 watts at 92.3) and sister station WBNZ 99.3 FM in Frankfort swapped frequencies in July 2009, with WOUF retaining the "Wolf" name on 99.3 but shifting to a rock format while WBNZ's AC format moved to 92.3 as "EZ Rock 92.3." At last report, WCUZ was simulcasting 99.3 WOUF.

Henderson traded WLDR-AM to Stone Communications in exchange for WWKK-AM 750 in Petoskey, Michigan. AM 1210 is now WJNL and simulcasts with Stone Communications' 1110 WJML. WWKK took on the WLDR call letters and dropped its talk format to simulcast WLDR-FM. The station has since changed calls to WARD but continues simulcasting WLDR-FM. Much of WLDR-FM's programming was delivered via satellite using Waitt Radio Networks' "Country Today" format. Sunny Country was also the Traverse City area affiliate for University of Michigan sports and Traverse City Beach Bums baseball.

On October 22, 2014, WLDR-FM, WARD and WBNZ changed to AC, as *101.9 The Bay*. However, shortly after the station's re-launch, a frozen water pipe burst in the station's studios and offices, causing the stations to fall silent for two weeks. Station management submitted a Special Temporary Authority (STA) to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to state that WCUZ, WBNZ and WOUF were to remain silent until repairs were made.

## LMA with Blarney Stone

On October 1, 2018, Henderson entered a local marketing agreement with Grayling-based Blarney Stone Broadcasting. Along with the new agreement came a rebranding, with the station dropping *The Bay* branding and rebranded as *101.9 WLDR*.

Under the LMA with Blarney Stone, Henderson's WOUF in Beulah began simulcasting WQON in Grayling. WOUF's call letters were subsequently changed to WQAN. Meanwhile, WBNZ in Frankfort flipped to a sports talk simulcast of Blarney Stone's WGRY-FM in Roscommon branded as *Up North Sports Radio*.

In mid-October 2019 WLDR went silent (off the air).

## HD Radio

In 2008, WLDR-FM became the first northern Michigan radio station to broadcast in HD Radio. As of August 2013, WLDR's HD Radio channel lineup was:

* WLDR-HD1: simulcast of analog programming with slight delay
* WLDR-HD2: Smooth Jazz as "The Vineyard" (airing the "Smooth Jazz Network" programming from Broadcast Architecture)
* WLDR-HD3: Good Time Oldies
* WLDR-HD4: simulcast of WQON 100.3

(WLDR-FM's logo under previous country format)

## Sources

44°46′12″N 85°41′42″W / 44.770°N 85.695°W / 44.770; -85.695

## InfoBox

WLDR-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Traverse City, Michigan |
| Frequency | 101.9 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | Classic 101.9 FM |
| Programming | |
| Format | Oldies |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Roy E. Henderson * (N Content Marketing, LLC) |
| Sister stations | WGRY-FM, WQON, WLLS, WBNZ |
| History | |
| First air date | July 17, 1966 |
| Former call signs | WLDR (1966-8/13/01) |
| Call sign meaning | **L**ong **D**istance **R**adio |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 24974 |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 100,000 watts |
| HAAT | 192 meters |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: Glomawr, Kentucky

abstract: Glomawr is an unincorporated community located in Perry County, Kentucky, United States. Glomawr is the site of a former coal mine owned by the East Tennessee Coal Co. A post office was established in 1915, and supposedly named for the old Welsh word for high coal.

text:
# Glomawr, Kentucky

**Glomawr** is an unincorporated community located in Perry County, Kentucky, United States.

Glomawr is the site of a former coal mine owned by the East Tennessee Coal Co. A post office was established in 1915, and supposedly named for the old Welsh word for high coal.

## InfoBox

| Glomawr | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| GlomawrLocation within the state of KentuckyGlomawrGlomawr (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 37°13′36″N 83°9′26″W / 37.22667°N 83.15722°W / 37.22667; -83.15722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Perry |
| Elevation | 906 ft (276 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 512332 |


title: Ohio State Route 852

abstract: State Route 852 is a north–south state highway in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. Its southern terminus is at the Kentucky state line on the Carl Perkins Memorial Bridge over the Ohio River near Portsmouth, and its northern terminus is at an interchange with the State Route 73/State Route 104 concurrency, just north of a complex interchange with U.S. Route 52 about 1.75 miles (2.82 km) west of Portsmouth.

text:
# Ohio State Route 852

**State Route 852** (**SR 852**) is a northsouth state highway in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. Its southern terminus is at the Kentucky state line on the Carl Perkins Memorial Bridge over the Ohio River near Portsmouth, and its northern terminus is at an interchange with the State Route 73/State Route 104 concurrency, just north of a complex interchange with U.S. Route 52 about 1.75 miles (2.82 km) west of Portsmouth.

## Route description

SR 852 begins on the Carl Perkins Memorial Bridge over the Ohio River. The route heads north as a two-lane highway, passing through farmland and woodland. The highway passes the Portsmouth Raceway Park and has an interchange with U.S. Route 52 (US 52), US 23 Truck, SR 73 east, and SR 104 south. The road has a traffic light at an access road from northbound SR 73 and SR 104. SR 852 ends at a partial interchange with SR 73 and SR 104.

The only section of SR 852 that is included as a part of the National Highway System (NHS), is that from the Kentucky state line north to the interchange with US 52. The NHS is a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility and defense. The highway is maintained by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) like all other state routes in the state. The department tracks the traffic volumes along all state highways as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT). This measurement is a calculation of the traffic level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. In 2011, ODOT figured that the lowest traffic levels were present on the section between the Kentucky state line and the interchange with US 52, where only 5,240 vehicles used the highway daily. The peak traffic volume was 12,730 vehicles AADT along a section of SR 852 on the bridge over US 52

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Greenup | South Shore |  |  |

US 23 Truck south / KY 8 | Southern end of US 23 Truck concurrency |
| Ohio River | | 0.00 | 0.00 | Carl Perkins Memorial Bridge (state line) | |
| Scioto | Portsmouth | 0.57–
0.82 | 0.92–
1.32 |

US 23 Truck north / US 52 / SR 73 east / SR 104 south | Northern end of US 23 Truck concurrency |
| | | 0.94 | 1.51 |

SR 73 west / SR 104 north | Northern terminus of SR 852 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Ohio State Route 852KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 852 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Length | 0.94 mi (1,510 m) |
| Existed | 1988–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Carl Perkins Memorial Bridge on the Ohio River near Portsmouth |
| Major intersections |
US 23 Truck / US 52 / SR 73 / SR 104 in Portsmouth |
| North end | SR 73 / SR 104 near Portsmouth |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| Counties | Scioto |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Ohio State Highway System** | |
| SR 850   SR 872 | |


title: Psammechinus

abstract: Psammechinus is a genus of sea urchins in the family Parechinidae containing two species:

text:
# Psammechinus

***Psammechinus*** is a genus of sea urchins in the family Parechinidae containing two species:

| Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Psammechinus microtuberculatus* (Blainville, 1825) | western and eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Adriatic Sea and Aegean Sea |
|  | *Psammechinus miliaris* (P.L.S. Müller, 1771) | eastern Atlantic Ocean from Scandinavia south to Morocco, but not in the Mediterranean Sea |
|

## InfoBox

| *Psammechinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Psammechinus microtuberculatus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Camarodonta |
| Family: | Parechinidae |
| Genus: | *Psammechinus*<br>L. Agassiz & Desor, 1846 |
|


title: Isoetes tegetiformans

abstract: Isoetes tegetiformans, commonly known as mat-forming quillwort or mat-forming Merlin's grass, is an aquatic lycophyte endemic to the U.S. state of Georgia. It grows exclusively in shallow, temporary pools on granite outcrops, often with only 2 cm of soil. Only 7 populations are known to exist, and three of these have been destroyed since the plant's discovery in 1976. The remaining populations are threatened with habitat destruction due to quarrying, though the species is protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. New leaves quickly sprout after fall and winter rains, but during the dry summer months these typically shrivel.

text:
# Isoetes tegetiformans

***Isoetes tegetiformans***, commonly known as **mat-forming quillwort** or **mat-forming Merlin's grass**, is an aquatic lycophyte endemic to the U.S. state of Georgia. It grows exclusively in shallow, temporary pools on granite outcrops, often with only 2 cm of soil. Only 7 populations are known to exist, and three of these have been destroyed since the plant's discovery in 1976. The remaining populations are threatened with habitat destruction due to quarrying, though the species is protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. New leaves quickly sprout after fall and winter rains, but during the dry summer months these typically shrivel.

## InfoBox

| *Isoetes tegetiformans* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Lycophytes |
| Class: | Lycopodiopsida |
| Order: | Isoetales |
| Family: | Isoetaceae |
| Genus: | *Isoetes* |
| Species: | ***I. tegetiformans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Isoetes tegetiformans***
Rury | |
|


title: Modoc Nation

abstract: The Modoc Nation is a federally recognized tribe of Modoc people, located in Ottawa County in the northeast corner of Oklahoma and Modoc and Siskiyou counties in northeast California. The smallest tribe in the state, they are descendants of Captain Jack's band of Modoc people, removed in 1873 after the Modoc Wars from their traditional territory in northern California and southern Oregon. They were exiled to the Quapaw Agency in Indian Territory, where they were colocated with the Shawnee people from east of the Mississippi River. In the 1950s the federally recognized status of the Klamath Reservation and the Modoc was terminated, ending federal assistance to the two tribes. The Modoc tribe in Oklahoma later reorganized independently and gained federal recognition in 1978. They have also acquired a land base and have introduced bison to their area. They have pursued several avenues of economic development in what was an inhospitable environment compared to northern California.

text:
# Modoc Nation

The **Modoc Nation** is a federally recognized tribe of Modoc people, located in Ottawa County in the northeast corner of Oklahoma and Modoc and Siskiyou counties in northeast California. The smallest tribe in the state, they are descendants of Captain Jack's band of Modoc people, removed in 1873 after the Modoc Wars from their traditional territory in northern California and southern Oregon. They were exiled to the Quapaw Agency in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), where they were colocated with the Shawnee people from east of the Mississippi River.

In the 1950s the federally recognized status of the Klamath Reservation (where other Modoc live) and the Modoc was terminated, ending federal assistance to the two tribes. The Modoc tribe in Oklahoma later reorganized independently and gained federal recognition in 1978. They have also acquired a land base and have introduced bison to their area. They have pursued several avenues of economic development in what was an inhospitable environment compared to northern California.

## Government

The Modoc Nation is headquartered in Miami, Oklahoma, and based largely in Ottawa County. Of the 250 enrolled tribal members, 120 live within the state of Oklahoma. The Tribe's chief is Bill Follis, who was instrumental in securing renewed federal recognition in 1978. The tribe's federal recognition had been terminated in the 1950s, along with that of the Klamath Reservation, where other Modoc people lived. The Modoc tribal jurisdictional area falls within Ottawa County, Oklahoma. Follis also led the tribe in acquiring a land base.

The tribe's government complex includes an archives and library. It is the only one in the area dedicated to Native American history and genealogy.

## Economic development

The Modoc Nation operates a housing authority; a casino established in 1998, together with the Miami Nation; and Red Cedar Recycling, founded in 1996 and open to the larger community. They manage the Modoc Bison Project and are a member of the Inter-Tribal Bison Council. They also issue their own tribal license plates. The casino, known as The Stables, is located in Miami, Oklahoma, and includes a restaurant and gift shop.

Red Cedar Recycling provides free cardboard and paper recycling for area businesses and residents; they also pay the market rate for aluminum to recycle. The tribal company provides educational materials about recycling and hosts tire recycling events.

In the 21st century, the tribe engaged in what is known as "payday lending", considered controversial for the often high rates of fees charged to customers. It allowed a corporation to be formed under the tribe's name and legal status in order to bypass state usury laws. While the tribe maintains nothing illegal was done, the leader of the corporation, Scott Tucker was convicted of financial violations and sentenced in January 2018 to more than 16 years in federal prison. His company and others involved were ordered to pay $1.3 billion by the Federal Trade Commission. Today the tribe independently engages in "payday lending" on a far smaller scale, which generates revenue.

## History

The people of the Modoc Nation traditionally occupied some 5,000 square miles of the interior of what is now the California-Oregon border. While their tribal territory encompassed a small area, it was one of great biological diversity. The west was bordered by the Cascade Mountains; to the east was a barren wasteland of alkali flats; forests of Ponderosa pines bordered the north, and what is known as the Lava Beds National Monument formed the southern boundary.

Descended from indigenous cultures who had been in the region for 10,000 years, the historic Modoc were culturally unique. They spoke the Klamath language, as did the neighboring (and competing) Klamath people. Occasionally they formed war parties to drive out unwelcome visitors or raid neighboring tribes. The Modoc were hunters, fishermen, and gatherers who followed the seasons for food. They lived their lives in relative obscurity. The arrival of European Americans in the early 19th century began to encroach on their territory and their lives were changed.

The intrusion of fur traders, followed by European settlers into the Pacific Northwest, had a variety of social and economic effects on the Native populations. The Modoc bartered with fur traders for guns and horses, which they found necessary to compete with neighboring tribes. But eventually the traders and the prospectors gave way to farmers and ranchers, who competed for land and resources and had little regard for the Native inhabitants. These new American invaders traveled west in the mid-19th century by way of the Oregon Trail, which passed directly through traditional Modoc lands.

The Modoc learned to live peacefully with the farming and ranching newcomers, often working for them and trading for livestock and other necessities. But the flow of non-Indians into their ancestral homelands had an enormous effect on the culture of the Modoc people. They embraced many of the settlers' ways. Eventually they adopted clothing patterned after non-Indians, with whom they socialized in the nearby town of Yreka, California.

The Modoc sometimes used names given to them by the white man. For instance, *Keintpoos* became known as Captain Jack, while other men were documented in American records as Scarfaced Charley, Steamboat Frank, Bogus Charley, Shack Nasty Jim, Long Jim, Curly-headed Doctor, and Hooker Jim.

The increasing number of settlers needed more land to farm and to graze. As a result of the enormous pressure of white infiltration into Indian lands in California and Oregon, the Modoc, Klamath and Yahooskin Band of Snake tribes ceded their lands to the United States government and signed a joint reservation treaty in 1864. The Modoc agreed to live alongside the Klamath Indians, although these peoples were traditional enemies.

Life on the reservation was difficult. The more numerous Klamath harassed the Modoc, and the Indian agent neglected them. The Modoc became increasingly frustrated. By 1865, Captain Jack led his band of Modoc off the reservation and returned to their territory of the Lost River (California) area of Northern California.

The treaty signed in 1864 was not ratified by the US Senate until 1870. For two years Captain Jack refused to return to the Klamath reservation, requesting separate property on the Lost River for the Modoc. But with his band in violation of the treaty, the U.S. Army determined to capture the wandering Modoc and return them to the Klamath reservation in Oregon. The confrontation caused the explosive Modoc War.

### Modoc War

With the outbreak of fighting, the Modoc warriors retreated with their wives and children to the nearby Lava Beds. They used the many caves for their defense and refuge. For almost six months, Captain Jack worked with his 57 braves to withstand an army that came to number over a 1,000 men. The military small arms were supported by mountain howitzers and coehorn mortars.

Captain Jack lost only six men by direct combat, while the U.S. Army suffered 45 dead. The latter included E.R.S. Canby, the only United States Army general to lose his life in an Indian war. In April 1873 at a peace commission meeting, Captain Jack and others killed General Edward Canby and Rev. Eleazer Thomas, and wounded two others, mistakenly believing this would encourage the Americans to leave. The Modoc War is estimated to have cost the United States government at least half a million dollars. Given the small number of warriors, this was probably the costliest Indian war ever fought. In comparison, the cost of land for the reservation requested by the Modoc on Lost River was estimated at $10,000.

The war finally ended on June 1, 1873, with the surrender and capture of the Modoc, who were unable to keep themselves supplied with food. Captain Jack and five of his warriors: Schonchin John, Black Jim, Boston Charley, Barncho, and Sioux, were charged with war crimes. They are the only Native Americans to be tried by a military commission on such charges. Gallows were constructed before the trial began, and it was evident the verdicts would be death by hanging. The date set for the execution was October 3, 1873. Captain Jack, Barncho and Sioux were convicted and sentenced to death.

But just before the executions were to take place, the commission commuted the sentences of Barncho and Sioux to life imprisonment at Alcatraz Island in California. The men were not told of the change until after they, along with the other Modoc men, women and children, were forced to watch the execution of Captain Jack.

### Exile from Oregon

To solve the conflict between the Modoc and Klamath at the reservation, the US Commissioner of Indian Affairs (now Bureau of Indian Affairs) decided to relocate the Modoc far to the east, to the Quapaw Agency in northeastern Indian Territory. The Modoc were ordered to pack all their belongings for a long journey but were not told of their destination. On October 12, 1873, 155 Modoc: 42 men, 59 women, and 54 children, were loaded on 27 wagons and departed Fort Klamath, Oregon under guard of Captain H.C. Hasbrouck and soldiers of Battery B, 4th Artillery.

A week later the large expedition stopped for the first time near Yreka, California. When they reached Redding, California, military guards took Barncho and Sioux away from the main group to prison at Alcatraz Island. The remaining Modoc were put aboard a train and housed in cattle cars. None of the people had seen a train before, and they were frightened of the noise and movement. Their four railroad cars were coupled between two other cars filled with soldiers. Guards with loaded muskets stood at the doors of each car day and night. All of the men and boys capable of bearing arms were shackled within the cars, adding to their distress. In this stage, they were transported to Fort D.A. Russell in Wyoming Territory.

Nearing the fort, the Army officers received orders to take the Modoc prisoners to Fort McPherson, Nebraska. Finally arriving there October 29, Captain Hasbrouck turned his charges over to Captain Melville C. Wilkinson, US Army, Special Commissioner in Charge of Indian Removal. The prisoners were placed temporarily on an island in the Platte River, a few miles from the fort, where they hunted and fished for food.

Given the detour to Nebraska, the Modoc were forced to travel 2,000 miles during the cold of late fall, not reaching Baxter Springs, Kansas, until November 16, 1873. The 153 Modoc men, women, and children arrived cold and hungry in this part of Indian Territory.

In Baxter Springs, Captain Wilkinson conferred with Hiram W. Jones, Indian Agent at the Quapaw Agency, as to where to place the Modoc. They decided to locate the band on Eastern Shawnee land, to be supervised directly by Agent Jones. But Jones' Quapaw Agency had not been supplied with additional goods to outfit the prisoners: 153 persons who had little but loose blankets on their backs. With Scarfaced Charley in command and one day's help from three non-Indians, the Modoc built their own temporary wood barracks two hundred yards from the agency headquarters. Some were housed in tents. These accommodations were to be their home until June 1874, when the Office of Indian Affairs purchased 4,000 acres for their reservation from the Eastern Shawnee.

The Quapaw Agency was located on Eastern Shawnee land in the northeast corner of Indian Territory, now Ottawa County, Oklahoma. It was bounded on the north by the Kansas state line and on the east by the Missouri line. The Cherokee Nation formed its western and southern boundaries. The agency had been a sub-agency of the Neosho Agency until 1871, when they were jurisdictionally separated. The tribes constituting the Quapaw Agency were the Confederated Peoria, Eastern Shawnee, Miami, Ottawa, Quapaw, Seneca, and Wyandotte.

Captain Wilkinson remained with his charges until the second week in December. When he left the agency, he reported to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, "on the cars, in the old hotel used for them at Baxter, I found them uniformly obedient, ready to work, cheerful in compliance with police regulations, and with each day providing over and over that they only required just treatment, executed with firmness and kindness to make them a singularly reliable people."

Agent Jones reported no difficulties in enforcing the strictest discipline, although one small area of friction had developed. Some Modoc gambled, resulting in some instances in losing what few possessions they had. When Scarfaced Charley, who had become chief, refused to interfere, Jones appointed Bogus Charley as chief. He served as chief until 1880, when the federal government ended formal Modoc tribal government in Oklahoma for almost 100 years. It appointed officials through the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

### Indian Territory

The first years following removal to Indian Territory were difficult for the Modoc. They suffered much sickness and many hardships due to the corrupt, cruel administration of Agent Jones. During their first winter at the Quapaw Agency, the government did not provide any food, clothing, or medical supplies to them. Jones and the Quapaw Agency did not receive funds for their support for nearly a year after their arrival, when $15,000 was allocated.

Under such conditions, the death rate of children and the aged was especially high. By 1879, after six years at the Quapaw Agency, 54 people had died and only 99 remained of the tribe. By the time of the allotments of communal land to Modoc households in 1891 under the Dawes Act, only 68 adults were left. Many had been born after removal. Especially in the early years, the people depended for their very survival on gifts of money and clothing from eastern charitable organizations, representing many people who were outraged by the government's poor treatment of the Modoc.

During the 1870s the Office of Indian Affairs was rife with corruption; Indian agents were known to bill the U.S. Government for resources intended for the tribes, which were diverted to private sales. These so-called Indian Rings operated on a joint conspiracy between one politician, one Indian agent, and at least one local merchant.

President Ulysses S. Grant tried to eliminate such graft by appointing religious groups and leaders to take over the Indian agencies. The Quakers, or Society of Friends, were prominent appointees among the new Indian agents. The Quakers in charge of the Quapaw Agency in the 1870s were from the same Society of Friends who claim credit for successfully proposing the original Indian "Peace Policy" to President Ulysses S. Grant.

Quaker Hiram W. Jones was the Indian agent at the Quapaw Agency when the 153 Modoc prisoners of war arrived there in 1873. He reported to fellow Quaker, Enoch Hoag, who was Superintendent of the Central Indian Superintendency headquarters in Lawrence, Kansas. As it happened, Jones' wife and Hoag's wives were first cousins. Grant's efforts to eliminate corruption did not succeed here. As historian Albert Hurtado wrote, "the Modoc were victims of a Quaker Indian ring that operated at the Quapaw Agency for nearly a decade during the 1870s". Of the 12 agency employees, 11 were relatives of Agent Jones or Superintendent Hoag.

Soon after the Modoc were settled at the Quapaw Agency, Agent Jones restricted them from trading with anyone but a store next to the agency building; they were prohibited from going to merchants in nearby Seneca, Missouri. Superintendent Hoag's first cousin, T. E. Newlin, operated the store. When Seneca residents filed numerous complaints concerning the intolerable conditions suffered by the Modoc, their claims were dismissed by the federal government. Congressional representatives thought these represented disgruntled merchants who were bitter at being cut out of the lucrative Modoc trade.

The Modoc mortality rate continued to climb. Because of persistent complaints by the Modoc and their non-Indian neighbors, Jones' Indian Agency was investigated by the Office of Indian Affairs in 1874 and again in 1875, but few changes and no criminal charges were made as a result. Following a third investigation in 1878, his system of nepotism and corruption was officially reported. Jones and his family members were described as receiving kickbacks from local merchants for the inflated prices and inferior quality of goods and services provided to the agency. It was not until 1879 that Hiram Jones and his family ring were relieved of their duties at the Quapaw Agency.

The Modoc men and women persevered in adapting to survive. They worked at anything that brought income. The men worked on the farms of their white neighbors, and hauled materials and supplies to surrounding towns. The women sold their beadwork and intricately woven basketry. Both men and women worked in the fields.

Soon they were cultivating their own land and continued to improve the condition and productivity of their farmlands and livestock herds. They were described as improving each year in assimilationist practices of dress, farming, house maintenance, and encouraging their children in reservation and other schools. The Quapaw Agency staff considered them superior among the tribes they supervised.

During the Fall of 1874, Alfred Meacham, one of the four peace commissioners who had met Captain Jack during the Modoc War, visited the Modoc at Quapaw Agency. He was planning a lecture tour of eastern states related to his adventures during the war and tried to recruit men from among the Modoc. He received agency permission for Scarfaced Charley, Shacknasty Jim and Steamboat Frank to accompany him on the tour.

The Modoc were very interested in obtaining an education for their children. Six weeks after removal, 25 of their children had started to attend the Quapaw boarding school some 12 miles north of the agency. Less than one year later, the children were reported as rapidly learning English, and many of the adults also learned to read and write. In 1879, the government constructed a building on the Modoc Reservation that served as both a school and a church. Several of the children later attended the Carlisle Indian School near Arkansas City, Kansas. However, after the death of Adam McCarty, a stepson of Schonchin John, at Carlisle, Modoc families were reluctant to send their children away to school.

The Modoc also became active in the church established for them by the Society of Friends. By 1881, most had converted to the Quaker faith. Three of Captain Jack's warriors, formerly referred to as "blood thirsty and savage renegades," became recorded ministers of the Friends Church. Steamboat Frank, who later took the name Frank Modoc, was the first full-blood American Indian to become a recorded minister of the Society of Friends. He was also the Modoc Church's first minister.

To prepare for the ministry, Frank requested to attend Oak Grove Seminary in Vassalboro, Maine. While there, he became ill. Realizing death was near and wanting to return home to be with his only child, Elwood, he left the seminary. He traveled as far as Portland, Maine, where he died June 12, 1886. He is buried in the Friends Cemetery there.

In 1891, the Society of Friends purchased the church building and relocated it to the current site on County Road S679 adjoining the Modoc Cemetery. The building was enlarged to include living quarters for the Friends missionary and his family. Services were conducted on Sunday and prayer meetings on Wednesday night. With a declining congregation at a time when some Native Americans were returning to traditional practices, in the fall of 1978, the Society of Friends held the last meeting for worship in the church.

## Termination and recognition

The Modoc Tribe in Oklahoma was terminated under a congressional act in the 1950s intended to stimulate assimilation. Members of the tribe maintained an identity and applied to gain official recognition, which was successful in May 1978. This restored the tribe's special relationship with the federal government and made members eligible for Federal assistance. Among their early actions was the purchase of the Modoc Church and its four acres from the Society of Friends. They gained a grant from the US Dept. of Housing and Urban Development to restore the church. An additional $24,000 from the Oklahoma Historical Society made it possible to complete restoration of the church.

The Modoc Friends Church and Cemetery were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the first site so designated in Ottawa County, Oklahoma. Shortly thereafter renovation of the church began, and its dedication on June 10, 1984, celebrated the completion. In 1988, the Major William McBride Chapter, National Society United States Daughters of 1812, placed a historical marker at the church.

The first marked grave in the Modoc Cemetery is inscribed as Rosie Jack, died April 1874. Rosie was the daughter of Captain Jack and his "young wife" Lizzie. Many of the leading participants of the Modoc War were buried in the cemetery in unmarked graves. The church and its cemetery symbolize the losses suffered by the 153 Modoc prisoners of war from the nineteenth century.

Following the Nez Perce War with the United States, Chief Joseph and his people were forcibly removed from their homelands in the Northwest to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1877. Eight months later they were transported by train to Baxter Springs, Kansas. The weakened and sick Nez Perce could not complete the walk to the Quapaw Agency. The Modoc were hired as teamsters to transport the people to Modoc Springs on the reservation, where they set up a temporary camp.

The Nez Perce did not remain long with the Modoc. Less than six months later, Jones had them transferred a few miles north to the Peoria Reservation. Eventually, they were transferred to the Ponca Agency in the western portion of Indian Territory; later they were moved to sites in Washington State and Idaho.

## Twentieth century to present

Pursuant to the Act of March 3, 1909, the United States government allowed the Modoc to return to Oregon. Records indicate that 29 returned; however, several had gone back prior to 1909. Both the Modoc who returned and those who chose to remain in Oklahoma were enrolled at the Klamath Agency. As the years passed, the Modoc language, customs and culture were forgotten.

The Modoc and Klamath tribes were terminated under the Indian termination policy from federal supervision by the Klamath Termination Act, or Public Law 587, enacted on August 13, 1954. At Congressional hearings during 1965, testimony showed the Modoc living in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri had not been properly notified that their tribe would be terminated simultaneously with the Klamath Reservation, as none of the public notices identified that the termination included the Modoc.

Several years later all tribes in the northeastern corner of Oklahoma banded together to establish the Inter-Tribal Council, Inc. of Northeastern Oklahoma. At that time, the Modoc formed an unofficial tribal government. Bert Hayman, whose mother had been one of the youngest prisoners of war, became the first tribal chairman; followed by Vernon "Dutch" Walker, grandson of James Long, the "Youngest Modoc Warrior."

In a special section of the "Reinstatement Act" of 15 May 1978 reversing all of the Oklahoma Termination Acts it addresses the Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma confirming that the provisions of the Klamath Termination Act did not apply to them except as provided for sharing in future claims against the United States.

Bill G. Follis, great grandson of James Long, became chairman in 1973. When the tribe was granted Federal Recognition in 1978, Chief Follis became the first federally recognized chief of the Modoc in Oklahoma since the death of Bogus Charley in 1880. There were several Modoc chiefs at the Quapaw Agency after Bogus but they were only recognized as such by the Modoc people.

Chief Follis, an avid horseman and rancher, continued to lead the Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma until his death in 2022. He was responsible for obtaining federal recognition for the tribe and reestablishing a tribal land base. The Modoc Tribal Complex, located at 515 G Street, S.E., Miami, Oklahoma was completed in the early part of 1982. The complex houses tribal headquarters, tribal archives and library. The library is the only one in the area dedicated solely to Native American history and genealogy. Chief Follis also initiated numerous economic programs such as Red Cedar Recycling, opened to the community in 1996. In 1998, the Modoc and Miami tribes entered into a joint venture to establish The Stables; an off-track betting and high-stakes bingo establishment located next door to the Modoc Tribal Complex. Also, under Chief Follis' leadership, the tribe reintroduced bison to the Modoc prairie with a thriving and ever growing herd. Today, the tribal office administers numerous federal and state programs that benefit tribal members, as well as other Native Americans in the area.

## InfoBox

Modoc Nation
| Tribal flag | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| 200 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| United States ( Oklahoma) | |
| Languages | |
| English | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Quaker), traditional tribal religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| other Modoc, Klamath, Yahooskin | |


title: Quasimitra structilis

abstract: Quasimitra structilis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

text:
# Quasimitra structilis

***Quasimitra structilis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 14 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Austral Islands, French Polynesia.

* Herrmann M. & Salisbury R.A. (2013) Three new Mitridae (Gastropoda) from French Polynesia with a new record for Mitra cernohorskyi (Rehder & Wilson, 1975). Conchylia 44(1-2): 31-43.

## InfoBox

| *Quasimitra structilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Quasimitra structilis* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Mitridae |
| Subfamily: | Mitrinae |
| Genus: | *Quasimitra* |
| Species: | ***Q. structilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Quasimitra structilis***<br>(Herrmann & Salisbury, 2013) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Mitra structilis* Herrmann & Salisbury, 2013 | |


title: Pentameris pictigluma

abstract: Pentameris pictigluma is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae, native to Cameroon in West Africa, Ethiopia to Tanzania in East Africa, and Yemen. It was first described by Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel in 1854 as Aira pictigluma.

text:
# Pentameris pictigluma

***Pentameris pictigluma*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae, native to Cameroon in West Africa, Ethiopia to Tanzania in East Africa, and Yemen. It was first described by Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel in 1854 as *Aira pictigluma*.

## Varieties

As of February 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following varieties:

* *Pentameris pictigluma* var. *gracilis* (S.M.Phillips) Galley & H.P.Linder – Ethiopia and Kenya
* *Pentameris pictigluma* var. *mannii* (Stapf ex C.E.Hubb.) Galley & H.P.Linder – Cameroon
* *Pentameris pictigluma* var. *pictigluma* – Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Yemen

## Conservation

Under the synonym *Pentaschistis mannii*, *Pentameris pictigluma* var. *mannii*, endemic to Cameroon, was assessed as "near threatened" in the 2000 IUCN Red List.

## InfoBox

| *Pentameris pictigluma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | *Pentameris* |
| Species: | ***P. pictigluma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pentameris pictigluma***
(Steud.) Galley & H.P.Linder | |
|
| Varieties | |
| See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
| Of the species:
* *Aira pictigluma* Steud. * *Danthonia anthoxanthiformis* Hochst., nom. superfl. * *Pentaschistis pictigluma* (Steud.) Pilg.  Of var. *gracilis*:
* *Pentaschistis gracilis* S.M.Phillips * *Pentaschistis pictigluma* var. *gracilis* (S.M.Phillips) S.M.Phillips  Of var. *mannii*:
* *Pentaschistis mannii* Stapf ex C.E.Hubb. * *Pentaschistis pictigluma* var. *mannii* (Stapf ex C.E.Hubb.) S.M.Phillips  Of var. *pictigluma*:
* *Danthonia depressa* Hochst. * *Danthonia nana* Engl. * *Danthonia trisetoides var. hackelii* Engl. * *Danthonia trisetoides var. schimperi* Engl. * *Danthonia uberior* Hochst. * *Pentaschistis imatongensis* C.E.Hubb. * *Pentaschistis trisetoides var. schimperi* (Engl.) Pilg. | |


title: Queen Alexandra's birdwing

abstract: Ornithoptera alexandrae, the Queen Alexandra's birdwing, is the largest species of butterfly in the world, with females reaching wingspans slightly in excess of 25 to 28 cm. This birdwing is restricted to the forests of the Oro Province in eastern Papua New Guinea. The species is endangered and one of only four insects to be listed on Appendix I of CITES, making commercial international trade illegal. The other three insects listed are butterflies as well. They are the Parides burchellanus, Papilio homerus, Ornithoptera alexandrae, Achillides chikae chikae.

text:
# Queen Alexandra's birdwing

***Ornithoptera alexandrae***, the **Queen Alexandra's birdwing**, is the largest species of butterfly in the world, with females reaching wingspans slightly in excess of 25 to 28 cm (10 to 11 in). This birdwing is restricted to the forests of the Oro Province in eastern Papua New Guinea.

The species is endangered and one of only four insects to be listed on Appendix I of CITES, making commercial international trade illegal. The other three insects listed are butterflies as well. They are the Parides burchellanus, Papilio homerus, Ornithoptera alexandrae, Achillides chikae chikae (plus subspecies chikae hermeli).

## History

The species was discovered in 1906 by Albert Stewart Meek, a collector employed by Walter Rothschild to collect natural history specimens from New Guinea. In the next year, Rothschild named the species in honour of Alexandra of Denmark. Although the first specimen was taken with the aid of a small shotgun, Meek soon discovered the early stages and bred out most of the first specimens.

Though most authorities now classify this species in the genus *Ornithoptera*, it has formerly been placed in the genus *Troides* or the now defunct genus *Aethoptera*. In 2001 the lepidopterist Gilles Deslisle proposed placing it in its own subgenus (which some writers have treated as a genus); he originally proposed the name *Zeunera*, but this is a junior homonym (with *Zeunera* Piton 1936 \[Orthoptera\]), and his replacement is *Straatmana*.

## Description

**Female:** Female Queen Alexandra's birdwings are larger than males with markedly rounder, broader wings. The female can reach, and slightly exceed, a wingspan of 25 to 28 cm (10 to 11 in), a body length of 8 cm (3.1 in) and a body mass of up to 12 g (0.42 oz), all enormous measurements for a butterfly. The female has brown wings with white markings arranged as two rows of chevrons. The hindwings are brown with a submarginal line of centred yellow triangles. The body is cream coloured and there is a small section of red fur on the brown thorax.

**Male:** There is sexual dimorphism in this species. The wings are long with angular apices. They are iridescent bluish green with a black central band. There is a pronounced sex brand. The underside is green or blue green with black veins. Males are smaller than females. The abdomen is bright yellow. The wingspan of the males can be approximately 20 cm (8 in), but more usually about 16 cm (6.3 in). A spectacular form of the male is form *atavus*, which has gold spots on the hindwings.

## Biology

### Eggs

The eggs are large, light yellow and flattened at the base, fixated to the surface on which they are laid by a bright-orange substance. Under ideal conditions, the female Queen Alexandra's Birdwing is capable of laying over 240 eggs throughout its life.

### Larva

Newly emerged larvae eat their own eggshells before feeding on fresh foliage. The larva is black with red tubercles and has a cream-coloured band or saddle in the middle of its body.

Larvae of this species feed on the shell from which they hatched and then start to extract nutrients from pipe vines of the genus *Pararistolochia* (family Aristolochiaceae), including *P. dielsiana* and *P. schlecteri*. They feed initially on fresh foliage of the host plants and their own eggs, ultimately causing ringbark to the vine before pupating. Plants of the family Aristolochiaceae contain aristolochic acids in their leaves and stems. This is believed to be a potent vertebrate poison and is accumulated by larvae during their development.

### Pupa

The pupa is golden yellow or tan in colour with black markings. Male pupae may be distinguished by a faint charcoal patch on the wing cases; this becomes a band of special scales in the adult butterfly called a sex brand. The time taken for this species to develop from egg to pupa is approximately six weeks, with the pupal stage taking a month or more. Adults emerge from the pupae early in the morning while humidity is still high, as the enormous wings may dry out before they have fully expanded if the humidity drops.

### Imago

The adults may live for three months or more and have few predators, excluding large orb weaving spiders (*Nephila* species) and some small birds. Adults feed at flowers providing a broad platform for the adults to land on, including *Hibiscus*. The adults are powerful fliers most active in the early morning and again at dusk when they actively feed at flowers.

Males also patrol areas of the host plants for newly emerged females early in the morning. Females may be seen searching for host plants for most of the day. Courtship is brief but spectacular; males hover above a potential mate, dousing her with a pheromone to induce mating. Receptive females will allow the male to land and pair, while unreceptive females will fly off or otherwise discourage mating. Males are strongly territorial and will see off potential rivals, sometimes chasing small birds as well as other birdwing species. The flight is usually high in the rainforest canopy, but both sexes descend to within a few meters of the ground while feeding or laying eggs.

## Threats and conservation

The Queen Alexandra's birdwing is considered endangered by the IUCN, being restricted to approximately 100 km2 (40 sq mi) of coastal rainforest near Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. It is nonetheless abundant locally and requires old growth rainforest for its long-term survival. The major threat for this species is habitat destruction for oil palm plantations. However, the eruption of nearby Mount Lamington in the 1950s destroyed a very large area of this species' former habitat and is a key reason for its current rarity.

The species is also highly prized by collectors, and because of its rarity, this butterfly fetches a very high price on the black market, reportedly US$8,500-10,000 in the United States in 2007. In 2001, renowned Canadian researcher Gilles Deslisle was fined CA$50,000 for illegally importing six specimens of Queen Alexandra's birdwings. In 2007, "global butterfly smuggler" Hisayoshi Kojima pleaded guilty to 17 charges after selling a number of endangered butterflies, including a pair of Queen Alexandra's birdwings priced at US$8,500, to a special agent with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Early collectors, frustrated by the height at which adults fly during the day, often used small shotguns to down specimens, but because collectors demand high quality specimens for their collections, most specimens are reared from larvae or pupae.

Although collectors are often implicated with the decline of this species, habitat destruction is the main threat.

The species is listed on Appendix I of CITES, meaning that international commercial trade is illegal. At the 2006 meeting of the CITES Animals Committee, some suggested it should be moved to Appendix II (which would allow restricted trade in the species), as the conservation benefits of sustainable management perhaps are higher than those of the trade ban.

## Other sources

* Parsons, Michael J., 1984 *The Biology and Conservation of Ornithoptera alexandrae*. In: *The Biology of Butterflies*, edited by Vane-Wright & Ackery. Symposia R. ent. Soc. Lond. 11, pp. \[327-332\]
* Parsons, Michael J., 1987 *The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea*.
* Parsons, M. J. 1992. The butterfly farming and trading industry in the Indo-Australian region and its role in tropical forest conservation. *Tropical Lepidoptera* 3 (Suppl. 1): 1-31.pdf Full text
* Parsons, M., 1999 *The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea - Their Systematics and Biology*. Academic Press, London
* Straatman, R. 1971 The life history of *Ornithoptera alexandrae* Rothschild *Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society* 1971 Volume 25:58-64.pdf
* D'Abrera, B. (1975) *Birdwing Butterflies of the World*. Country Life Books, London.
* Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). *Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book*. Gland & Cambridge: IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-603-6  via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
* Haugum, J. & Low, A.M. 1978–1985. *A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies*. 2 volumes. Scandinavian Press, Klampenborg; 663 pp.
* Deslisle, G. (2004) A taxonomic revision of the “birdwing butterflies of paradise”, genus Ornithoptera based on the adult morphology (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae). *Lambillionea*, 104 (4): 1 - 151.

## InfoBox

| Queen Alexandra's birdwing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female (above) and male (below), not to scale | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix I (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Papilionidae |
| Genus: | *Ornithoptera* |
| Subgenus: | *Straatmana*
Deslisle, 2007 |
| Species: | ***O. alexandrae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ornithoptera alexandrae***
(Rothschild, 1907) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Troides alexandrae*
Rothschild, 1907 | |


title: Gmina Rokiciny

abstract: Gmina Rokiciny is a rural gmina in Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Rokiciny, which lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Tomaszów Mazowiecki and 28 km (17 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź. The gmina covers an area of 90.51 square kilometres (34.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,925.

text:
# Gmina Rokiciny

**Gmina Rokiciny** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Rokiciny, which lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Tomaszów Mazowiecki and 28 km (17 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 90.51 square kilometres (34.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,925.

## Villages

Gmina Rokiciny contains the villages and settlements of Albertów, Cisów, Eminów, Janinów, Janków, Jankówek, Łaznów, Łaznów-Kolonia, Łaznówek, Łaznowska Wola, Maksymilianów, Michałów, Mikołajów, Nowe Chrusty, Pogorzałe Ługi, Popielawy, Reginów, Rokiciny, Rokiciny-Kolonia, Stare Chrusty and Stefanów.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Rokiciny is bordered by the gminas of Będków, Brójce, Koluszki and Ujazd.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Rokiciny Rokiciny Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Rokiciny): 51°39′9″N 19°48′10″E / 51.65250°N 19.80278°E / 51.65250; 19.80278 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Tomaszów Mazowiecki |
| Seat | Rokiciny-Kolonia |
| Area | |
| Total | 90.51 km2 (34.95 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 5,925 |
| Density | 65/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.rokiciny.net |


title: Olcott Light

abstract: Olcott Light was built on a pier in Olcott, New York at Eighteen Mile Creek, named for being eighteen miles from the Niagara River at Lake Ontario. The light was no longer needed in the 1930s, and was moved to a local yacht club, where it resided until the early 1960s when it was destroyed. In the summer of 2003, a replica was built from old photographs.

text:
# Olcott Light

**Olcott Light** was built on a pier in Olcott, New York at Eighteen Mile Creek, named for being eighteen miles from the Niagara River at Lake Ontario. The light was no longer needed in the 1930s, and was moved to a local yacht club, where it resided until the early 1960s when it was destroyed. In the summer of 2003, a replica was built from old photographs.

"Olcott Light Rebuilt," Bill Edwards, Lighthouse Digest, April, 2004.

## Further reading

* Oleszewski, Wes. *Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses*, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) ISBN 0-932212-98-0.
* Price, Scott T. "U. S. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation: A Historical Bibliography". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office.
* U.S. Coast Guard. *Historically Famous Lighthouses* (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1957).
* Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia. *Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia* Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) ISBN 1-55046-399-3

## InfoBox

Olcott Light
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Olcott, New York, Lake Ontario |
| Coordinates | 43°20′20″N 78°42′54″W / 43.33889°N 78.71500°W / 43.33889; -78.71500 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1873 |
| Height | 27 feet (8.2 m) |
| Shape | Square, pyramidal |
| Markings | White with Black Lantern |
|  | |
| Light | |
| Deactivated | 1932 |
|  | |


abstract: The 49th National Conference of the African National Congress (ANC) was held from 17 to 22 December 1994 in Bloemfontein, the city in which the ANC was founded. The conference took place several months after the South Africa's first democratic elections, at which the ANC had won 62.65% of the national vote and incumbent ANC President Nelson Mandela had been elected national President. It was therefore the ANC's first national conference as a ruling party, and only its second national conference since its unbanning in 1990. The theme of the conference was "From Resistance to Reconstruction and Nation-Building." Attended by 2,719 voting delegates, it was held at the University of the Free State, which Mandela said was remarkable, given that the university had "condemned [the ANC] as subversive, as treasonable" during apartheid. The conference preserved the outcomes of the 48th National Conference insofar as Mandela was re-elected unopposed as President and Cyril Ramaphosa was re-elected unopposed as Secretary General; however, the composition of the rest of the top leadership changed. Thabo Mbeki, by then national Deputy President and ANC Chairperson, was elected unopposed to replace Walter Sisulu as ANC Deputy President, and parliamentary Chief Whip Arnold Stofile was elected unopposed to replace Thomas Nkobi as Treasurer General. Sisulu, aged 82, had declined to stand for a second term, and Nkobi had died in September. There was contestation around only two positions: National Chairperson and Deputy Secretary General. Jacob Zuma and Cheryl Carolus, respectively, were elected to those positions. In his opening remarks, Mandela reflected upon the journey the ANC had taken to become "the majority organisation in the first ever democratically-elected government" of South Africa. At the conclusion of his closing remarks, however, he chastised some attendees for their "disgraceful behaviour," referring to them as "men who have been infiltrated into our organisation by the enemy to tarnish our image." Mbeki had delivered similar admonishments the day before.

text:
# 49th National Conference of the African National Congress

The **49th National Conference of the African National Congress** (ANC) was held from 17 to 22 December 1994 in Bloemfontein, the city in which the ANC was founded. The conference took place several months after the South Africa's first democratic elections, at which the ANC had won 62.65% of the national vote and incumbent ANC President Nelson Mandela had been elected national President. It was therefore the ANC's first national conference as a ruling party, and only its second national conference since its unbanning in 1990.

The theme of the conference was "From Resistance to Reconstruction and Nation-Building." Attended by 2,719 voting delegates, it was held at the University of the Free State, which Mandela said was remarkable, given that the university had "condemned \[the ANC\] as subversive, as treasonable" during apartheid.

The conference preserved the outcomes of the 48th National Conference insofar as Mandela was re-elected unopposed as President and Cyril Ramaphosa was re-elected unopposed as Secretary General (despite rumours of a challenger); however, the composition of the rest of the top leadership changed. Thabo Mbeki, by then national Deputy President and ANC Chairperson, was elected unopposed to replace Walter Sisulu as ANC Deputy President, and parliamentary Chief Whip Arnold Stofile was elected unopposed to replace Thomas Nkobi as Treasurer General. Sisulu, aged 82, had declined to stand for a second term, and Nkobi had died in September. There was contestation around only two positions: National Chairperson and Deputy Secretary General. Jacob Zuma and Cheryl Carolus, respectively, were elected to those positions.

In his opening remarks, Mandela reflected upon the journey the ANC had taken to become "the majority organisation in the first ever democratically-elected government" of South Africa. At the conclusion of his closing remarks, however, he chastised some attendees for their "disgraceful behaviour," referring to them as "men who have been infiltrated into our organisation by the enemy to tarnish our image." Mbeki had delivered similar admonishments the day before.

## Leadership elections

The following were elected to the ANC "Top Six" leadership positions at the conference:

In an electoral contest over the office of National Chairperson, Jacob Zuma, the outgoing Deputy Secretary General, won comfortably against cabinet Ministers Pallo Jordan and Jeff Radebe. The results of the vote were as follows:

| Position | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| National Chairperson | **Jacob Zuma** | **1,670** | **77.60%** |
| | Pallo Jordan | 255 | 11.85% |
| | Jeff Radebe | 227 | 10.55% |

The only other Top Six position to go to a vote was that of Deputy Secretary General. Sankie Mthembi-Nkondo was understood to be Mandela preferred candidate for Deputy Secretary General, and was also supported by Mbeki and Zuma, but lost "decisively" against the more left-wing candidate, Cheryl Carolus. There was also initially a contest for the position of Treasurer General, but Arnold Stofile was elected unopposed after Henry Makgothi and Sam Motsuenyane withdrew their candidacy. The *Mail & Guardian* reported that Mandela had backed Motsuenyane, and some had viewed Makgothi as the frontrunner.

## National Executive Committee elections

> For the first time in the history of our country, we have under one roof, sharing the same vision and planning as equals, delegates from every sector of South African society, including those who hold the highest offices in the land. This in itself vividly captures the qualitative change our country has undergone: a dream fulfilled and a pledge redeemed. That pledge, made in this mother-city of the ANC 83 years ago by yet another representative gathering, was to transform South Africa into a non-racial and democratic society. As we meet in the environs where they planted the seed, we can proudly say to the founders: the country is in the hands of the people; the tree of liberty is firmly rooted in the soil of the motherland!

Nelson Mandela, political report to the 49th Conference

The National Executive Committee was also elected at the conference. Of the 60 members ultimately elected, the following received the most votes:

1. Bantu Holomisa (1,915 votes)
2. Pallo Jordan (1,879 votes)
3. Peter Mokaba (1,824 votes)
4. Mac Maharaj (1,818 votes)
5. Winnie Mandela (1,802 votes)
6. Sydney Mufamadi (1,769 votes)
7. Terror Lekota (1,732 votes)
8. Valli Moosa (1,725 votes)
9. Harry Gwala (1,685 votes)
10. Dullah Omar (1,680 votes)
11. Ronnie Kasrils (1,677 votes)
12. Steve Tshwete (1,663 votes)
13. Joe Slovo (1,651 votes)
14. Tito Mboweni (1,640 votes)
15. Ahmed Kathrada (1,601 votes)
16. Jeff Radebe (1,596 votes)
17. Trevor Manuel (1,594 votes)
18. Nkosazana Zuma (1,557 votes)
19. Kader Asmal (1,503 votes)
20. Carl Niehaus (1,488 votes)

Some anti-apartheid stalwarts dropped off the NEC, either because they did not seek re-election or because they had been appointed to state offices which precluded them from party leadership. These included Andrew Mlangeni, Albertina Sisulu, Albie Sachs and John Nkadimeng. Notably, the top-ranked candidate, Holomisa, was a new addition to the NEC.

## Resolutions

The conference passed motions for the urgent transformation of the South African state, with particular attention given to the civil service, judiciary system, media and policing. It also reaffirmed several central party and government policies, including the 1992 Ready to Govern policy, the 1994 Reconstruction and Development Programme, and the Health Plan on national health insurance.

Perhaps the greatest undertaking of the conference was a set of wide-ranging amendments to the ANC constitution, including a substantial restructuring of the organisation to adapt to the post-apartheid era. For example, the fourteen regional branches represented in the party were reconstituted as nine provincial branches, each with their own subregions and branches. The conference resolved to increase the size of the NEC to 66 members (including the Top Six), and also to reduce the size of the National Working Committee to the Top Six and no more than a quarter of the elected NEC members. It also committed in principle to ensuring adequate representation of women in decision-making structures, and resolved to consider gender quotas (which were later implemented).

## InfoBox

49th National Conference of the African National Congress
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| ---  2,719 party delegates | |
| Candidate **Nelson Mandela**   Delegate vote ***Unopposed*** | |
| ---  **President before election**
Nelson Mandela
 **Elected President**
Nelson Mandela
 | |


title: Modoc Point, Oregon

abstract: Modoc Point is an unincorporated community in Klamath County, Oregon, United States on U.S. Route 97 on the shore of Upper Klamath Lake. The post office takes its name from Modoc Point, a prominent point on Upper Klamath Lake just south of the community. Modoc Point post office was established in 1916. Earlier, in 1911, the Southern Pacific Railroad established a station named "Lelu" at this point, and the name was changed to Modoc Point in 1916 to match the post office. Chief Lelu was one of the signatories of the Treaty with the Klamath, etc. on October 14, 1864. "Lelu" was a corruption of the French le loup for "gray wolf".

text:
# Modoc Point, Oregon

**Modoc Point** is an unincorporated community in Klamath County, Oregon, United States on U.S. Route 97 on the shore of Upper Klamath Lake.

The post office takes its name from Modoc Point, a prominent point on Upper Klamath Lake just south of the community.

Modoc Point post office was established in 1916. Earlier, in 1911, the Southern Pacific Railroad established a station named "Lelu" at this point, and the name was changed to Modoc Point in 1916 to match the post office. Chief Lelu was one of the signatories of the Treaty with the Klamath, etc. on October 14, 1864. "Lelu" was a corruption of the French *le loup* for "gray wolf".

42°26′41″N 121°52′06″W / 42.444861°N 121.868345°W / 42.444861; -121.868345