title: Open-door academic policy

abstract: An open-door academic policy, or open-door policy, is a policy whereby a university enrolls students without asking for evidence of previous education, experience, or references. Usually, payment of the academic fees is all that is required to enroll. Universities may not employ the open-door policy for all their courses, and those that have a universal open-door policy where all courses have no entry requirements are called open universities. The policy is sometimes characterized as a part of an educational revolution. From the dictionary meaning of the open-door policy, which is the idea of granting access to all those who want access, a similar idea can be drawn in terms of education. According to Deepa Rao, the open-door academic policy is one of the main ways in which adult learners become a part of university/college life. The recognized demand for post-secondary education made many institutions commit strongly to the policy, but many concealed limitations in the policy can prevent some from securing a degree.

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# Open-door academic policy

An **open-door academic policy**, or **open-door policy**, is a policy whereby a university enrolls students without asking for evidence of previous education, experience, or references. Usually, payment of the academic fees (or financial support) is all that is required to enroll.

Universities may not employ the open-door policy for all their courses, and those that have a universal open-door policy where all courses have no entry requirements are called *open universities*. The policy is sometimes characterized as a part of an educational revolution. From the dictionary meaning of the *open-door policy*, which is the idea of granting access to all those who want access, a similar idea can be drawn in terms of education.

According to Deepa Rao, the open-door academic policy is one of the main ways in which adult learners become a part of university/college life. The recognized demand for post-secondary education made many institutions commit strongly to the policy, but many concealed limitations in the policy can prevent some from securing a degree.

## History

In the early 20th century, higher education institutions opened at a rapid clip in western countries, and acceptance rates were generally low. This approach was strained as businesses increasingly demanded more employees who had earned advanced degrees. The Civil Rights Movement and the Baby Boom also encouraged administrators to expand the open-door academic policy.

As time went on, colleges and universities lowered their admission standards and increasingly offered financial support to attract more students. In some instances, this practice developed into an open-door policy, and institutions saw increased enrollment.

## Pros and cons

Open-door academic policies have been credited with increasing enrollment in underserved communities facing adverse social or economic factors. The policy has also been credited with producing a skilled workforce and thereby economic benefits for greater society.

Critics of such policies say that graduation rates of colleges are closely tied to their admissions policies. Six years after beginning a four-year program, an average of 60 percent of students nationwide will have graduated. However, that rate varies from 89 percent at colleges that accept less than one-quarter of applicants to 36 percent at those with an open admissions policy. Others have argued that the reduced revenue associated with open-door policies can lead to disinvestment in other aspects of higher education such as employee salaries and technology costs.

## Demographics

Students at open-door universities tend to:

* Be non-traditional students, for example those who have delayed enrollment (those who did not go straight into university education after completing secondary education).
* Be older than students pursuing college directly after secondary education, their average age being 29.
* Possess an adult diploma or GED, rather than a normal high school diploma.

## Limiting factors

Limiting factors restrict the student acceptance rate due to the following situations:

* Funding cuts, which can be supported by further funding. For example, funding through the school e.g. school fairs, raffles etc. Budget rearrangement is also a consideration in terms of allocating a smaller portion of funding for the open-door academic policy courses
* Lack of teaching staff, teachers resources, classroom space
* Over-subscription
* Legal terms restricting access for some students
* Waiting lists
* Prioritizing of students who have submitted
* Increase in education levels of students who submit

## Notable institutions with open-door policies

The open-door academic policy's requirements can differ not only between different countries, but also between sub-national jurisdictions (states, provinces, regions). The following is a list of some universities and colleges around the world that have an open-door academic policy:

1. Ng, Pedro Pak-Tao (1980). "Open-Door Education in Chinese Communes: Rationale, Problems, and Recent Changes". *Modern China*. **6** (3): 327–356. doi:10.1177/009770048000600305. JSTOR 189007. S2CID 143069578.
2. "Open-door policy | meaning of open-door policy in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English | LDOCE".
3. "open-door policy - Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online". *www.ldoceonline.com*. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
4. "NCSALL: The Open Door Policy". *www.ncsall.net*. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
5. Hendrick, Ruth Zimmer; Hightower, William H.; Gregory, Dennis E. (2006). "State Funding Limitations and Community College Open Door Policy: Conflicting Priorities?". *Community College Journal of Research and Practice*. **30** (8): 627–640. doi:10.1080/10668920600746078. S2CID 143762610.
6. Cohen & Brawer, A & F (2003). *The American Community College*. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
7. "What are the graduation rates for students obtaining a bachelor's degree?". *Fast Facts*. National Center for Education Statistics. May 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.


title: Pinch (dubstep musician)

abstract: Rob Ellis, better known as Pinch, is a British dubstep artist from Bristol, England, noted for his fusion of styles such as reggae, World music, and dancehall with dubstep. He released his first album, Underwater Dancehall in 2007, on Tectonic, which he founded. One of Pinch's most well-known tracks is "Qawwali", released on Planet Mu records, which references the devotional singing of the same name, and featured samples of harmonium and singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. His songs appear on compilations such as Box of Dub: Dubstep and Future Dub 2, Science Faction: Dubstep, 10 Tons Heavy and 200. More recently, he has moved away from dubstep towards the UK bass scene, working with producers such as Mumdance and Adrian Sherwood.

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# Pinch (dubstep musician)

**Rob Ellis**, better known as **Pinch**, is a British dubstep artist from Bristol, England, noted for his fusion of styles such as reggae, World music, and dancehall with dubstep. He released his first album, *Underwater Dancehall* in 2007, on Tectonic, which he founded. One of Pinch's most well-known tracks is "Qawwali", released on Planet Mu records, which references the devotional singing of the same name, and featured samples of harmonium and singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. His songs appear on compilations such as *Box of Dub: Dubstep and Future Dub 2* (Soul Jazz Records), *Science Faction: Dubstep* (Breakbeat Science Recordings), *10 Tons Heavy* (Planet Mu) and *200* (Planet Mu). More recently, he has moved away from dubstep towards the UK bass scene, working with producers such as Mumdance and Adrian Sherwood.

## Early life

Ellis was born in Scotland but moved to Newport, Wales at age 6 where he grew up until settling at nearby Bristol as an adult. As a child his interest in music was influenced by his older brother who made him tapes of Dub music.

## Discography

### Studio albums

### EPs and singles

* *War Dub/Alien Tongue* 12": Tectonic TEC001, 2005
* *Punisher* 12"/Digital: Planet Mu ZIQ163, 2006
* *Punisher (remixes)* 12"/Digital: Planet Mu ZIQ163R, 2006
* *Qawwali* 12"/Digital: Planet Mu ZIQ133, 2006
* *One Blood, One Source/Trauma* 12"/Digital: *(limited edition album sampler)* \- Tectonic TEC017, 2007
* *Pepper Spray/Cave Dream* 12"/Digital: Planet Mu ZIQ196, 2007
* *Chamber Dub* 12"/Digital: Soul Jazz Records SJR 187–12, 2008
* *Dr Carlson/136 Trek* 12"/Digital: Punch Drunk DRUNK 007, 2008
* *Croydon House/Elements* 12": Swamp 81 SWAMP 007, 2011
* *Swish/Tunnel Home* 12"/Digital: Deep Medi, 2011
* *Retribution/Get Out Of Here* 12"/Digital: Swamp 81, 2011
* *Acid Reign/M25FM (with Photek)* 12"/Digital: Photek Productions, 2012
* *Shoulda Rolla* (with Roska) Tectonic : 12"/Digital, 2013
* *Bring Me Weed* (with Sherwood) On-U Sound: 12"/CD/Digital, 2013
* *Music Killer* (with Sherwood) On-U Sound : 12"/CD/Digital, 2013
* *Turbo Mitzi/Whiplash (with Mumdance)* Tectonic : 12"/Digital, 2914
* *Obsession (The Possession)* Tectonic : 12"/Digital, 2014
* *Down* Cold Recordings : 12", 2014
* *Big Slug/Lucid Dreaming (with Mumdance)*  Tectonic: 12"/Digital, 2015
* *Stand Strong (with Sherwood)*  Tectonic : CD, 2015
* *Screamer/ No Justice* Tectonic : 12"/Digital, 2016

### Compilation albums

## InfoBox

| Pinch | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Robert Huw Ellis |
| Born | 1980 (age 4344)<br>Scotland |
| Origin | Bristol, England |
| Genres | Dubstep, bass music |
| Occupation(s) | Electronic music producer, DJ |
| Labels | Planet Mu, Soul Jazz, Tectonic, Swamp 81 |


title: NGC 4089

abstract: NGC 4089 is an elliptical galaxy located 340 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. NGC 4089 was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on May 4, 1864 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group. The galaxy hosts an AGN.

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# NGC 4089

**NGC 4089** is an elliptical galaxy located 340 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. NGC 4089 was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on May 4, 1864 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.

The galaxy hosts an AGN.

## InfoBox

| NGC 4089 | |
| --- | --- |
| SDSS image of NGC 4089. NGC 4091 can be seen to the left the image. | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Coma Berenices |
| Right ascension | 12h 05m 37.4s |
| Declination | 20° 33 21 |
| Redshift | 0.024240 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 7267 km/s |
| Distance | 340 Mly (103 Mpc) |
| Group or cluster | NGC 4065 Group |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.65 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | E? |
| Size | ~100,000 ly (31 kpc) (estimated) |
| Apparent size (V) | 0.8 x 0.8 |
| Other designations | |
| PGC 038298, MCG +04-29-017 | |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Fisher County, Texas. This is intended to be a complete list of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Fisher County, Texas. There is one property listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

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# National Register of Historic Places listings in Fisher County, Texas

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Fisher County, Texas**.

This is intended to be a complete list of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Fisher County, Texas. There is one property listed on the National Register in the county.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Foy Steadman Site |  | March 11, 1971
(#71000932) | Address restricted
 | Noodle |  |


title: Pobalscoil Chloich Cheannfhaola

abstract: Pobalscoil Chloich Cheannfhaola (PCC), also known as PCC Falcarragh, is a voluntary/state-funded, coeducational, inter-denominational secondary school in Falcarragh, County Donegal, Ireland. Located north of the town centre of Falcarragh, its catchment area includes the districts of Cloughaneely, Dunfanaghy and Creeslough, although they have also traditionally attracted some students from Gweedore and The Rosses.

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# Pobalscoil Chloich Cheannfhaola

**Pobalscoil Chloich Cheannfhaola** **(PCC)**, also known as **PCC Falcarragh**, is a voluntary/state-funded, coeducational, inter-denominational secondary school in Falcarragh, County Donegal, Ireland. Located north of the town centre of Falcarragh, its catchment area includes the districts of Cloughaneely, Dunfanaghy and Creeslough, although they have also traditionally attracted some students from Gweedore and The Rosses.

## History

Pobalscoil Chloich Cheannfhaola was founded in 1972, replacing Gortahork Vocational School, which had been the main secondary school in the area since 1961.

## Sport

Soccer, Gaelic football and basketball are the main sporting activities of the school. The school has won several All-Ireland and Ulster titles in all three sports.

### Honours

#### Soccer

**All-Ireland**

* 1981/82 FAI Schools Senior A Boys (U-19) Champions
* 2017/18 FAI Schools Minor B Boys (U-15) Champions
* 2018/19 FAI Schools Minor B Boys (U-15) Champions

**Ulster**

* 1981/82 FAI Schools Senior A Boys (U-19) Champions
* 2001/02 FAI Schools Senior A Boys (U-19) Champions
* 2005/06 FAI Schools Senior A Boys (U-19) Champions
* 2017/18 FAI Schools Senior B Boys (U-19) Champions
* 2017/18 FAI Schools Junior B Boys (U-17) Champions
* 2017/18 FAI Schools Minor B Boys (U-15) Champions
* 2018/19 FAI Schools Junior B Boys (U-17) Champions
* 2018/19 FAI Schools Minor B Boys (U-15) Champions
* 2019/20 FAI Schools Minor B Boys (U-15) Champions

#### Gaelic Football

**Ulster** **Under 19**

* 1973/74 Dalton Cup (Ulster U-19 B) Champions
* 1982/83 MacLarnon Cup (Ulster U-19 B) Champions
* 1984/85 MacLarnon Cup (Ulster U-19 B) Champions
* 1985/86 MacLarnon Cup (Ulster U-19 B) Champions

**Ulster** **Under 17**

* 1982/83 Ulster Herald Cup (Ulster U-17 B) Champions

**Ulster** **Under 16**

* 2013/14 Arthurs Cup (Ulster U-16 A) Champions

**Ulster** **Under 15**

* 1978/79 Loch an Iúir Cup (Ulster U-15 B) Champions
* 1980/81 Loch an Iúir Cup (Ulster U-15 B) Champions

**Ulster** **Under 14**

* 1979/80 Corn Cholm Cille (Ulster U-14 B) Champions
* 1988/89 Corn Cholm Cille (Ulster U-14 B) Champions
* 2016/17 McDevitt Cup (Ulster U-14 C) Champions

**Donegal**

* 2004/05 Donegal Senior A Champions
* 2013/14 Donegal U-16 A Champions
* 2015/16 Donegal U-14 A Champions
* 2018/19 Donegal U-16 A Champions

## Notable alumni

### Gaelic football

### Other

## InfoBox

| PCC | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Falcarragh, County Donegal, Ireland | |
| Coordinates | 55°08′31″N 8°06′00″W / 55.141998°N 8.099884°W / 55.141998; -8.099884 |
| Information | |
| Type | Secondary School (Public) |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Inter Denominational |
| Established | 1972 |
| Principal | Meave Sweeney |
| Enrollment | 1035 |


title: Merag

abstract: Merag is a village in Croatia, located on the east coast of Cres. It is connected by ferry to Valbiska on Krk and is accessed via the D101 road which is connected to the D100 road, the main road on the island of Cres. The village has a population of 10.

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# Merag

**Merag** is a village in Croatia, located on the east coast of Cres. It is connected by ferry to Valbiska on Krk and is accessed via the D101 road which is connected to the D100 road, the main road on the island of Cres. The village has a population of 10.

Media related to Merag at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Merag | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Merag | |
| Coordinates: 44°58′33″N 14°26′36″E / 44.97583°N 14.44333°E / 44.97583; 14.44333 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.3 km2 (6.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 22 |
| Density | 1.3/km2 (3.3/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Vasco do Rego

abstract: Vasco do Rego was an Indian Jesuit priest who played a significant role in the promotion of Konkani language, literature and music, particularly after the Annexation of Goa. He was the editor of the religious monthly Dor Mhoineachi Rotti for many years.

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# Vasco do Rego

**Vasco do Rego** SJ (8 January 1925 – 17 February 2021) was an Indian Jesuit priest who played a significant role in the promotion of Konkani language, literature and music, particularly after the Annexation of Goa. He was the editor of the religious monthly *Dor Mhoineachi Rotti* for many years.

## Role played

Rego is credited with playing an important role in translating the Old Testament into Konkani.

## Konkani sacred music

Writing in the *Herald* newspaper, journalist Melvyn Misquita says it was a "humiliating experience" that led Rego to compose "Goa's first Konkani Carol in 1963 and hundreds of original Konkani hymns, including a lengthy 18-verse hymn on St Francis Xavier". Fr. Rego contributed many hymns in the Gaionancho Jhelo.

In January 2015, at the time of the canonisation of Joseph Vaz, the first Goan saint, in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Rego was credited with writing the lyrics to the hymn *Jose Vaza, Amchea Bhava* (Jose Vaz, Our Brother), which was put to music by Fr. Joaquim Loiola Pereira. This hymn was sung at the Mass where Pope Francis elevated the Goan missionary who worked in Ceylon to the altar and which can be heard at about 2:30:48 into this recording.

The site song-from-goa.at has a number of sheet-music versions of the work of Rego.

In March 2016, the nonagenarian Rego was credited with being one of the four - two priests, and as many musicians: Fr Ubald Fernandes, Fr Vasco Rego SJ, Schubert Cotta and Roque Lazarus \- responsible for writing the lyrics of the Konkani film *Enemy*.

## Recognition

In Goa, he is credited with playing a major role in the fields of Bible translations into Konkani and liturgical translation, building a Konkani religious vocabulary, composing hymns both in lyrics and music for Konkani, and developing the world of Konkani preaching and writing in the Roman script of Konkani.

## Long-time Jesuit

He has been a member of the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits since 1945, was ordained priest in Belgium in 1955, and was inspired by his theologian-teacher Fr Pierre Charles, S.J. to use the Konkani language and music in the liturgy of the people in Goa, where Konkani is a widely spoken language.

Rego was the Rector of Goa's famed Bom Jesus Basilica, where the remains of saint Francis Xavier reside, during which period many prominent global figures visited this shrine, among them being Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, President Mario Soares of Portugal, Russian and Indian cosmonauts and Pope John Paul II.

Rego is the grandson of Roque and Claudina Correia Afonso, a couple who had seven priests among their 52 grandchildren. His brother is Fernando do Rego.

## First awardee

He was the first awardee, in 2005, of the Dalgado Konknni Akademi's Mgrs. Dalgado Puroskar, an award for serving the Konkani language for some four years.


title: Operation Enduring Freedom

abstract: Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was the official name used by the U.S. government for both the first stage (2001–2014) of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and the larger-scale Global War on Terrorism. On 7 October 2001, in response to the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush announced that airstrikes against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban had begun in Afghanistan. Beyond the military actions in Afghanistan, Operation Enduring Freedom was also affiliated with counterterrorism operations in other countries, such as OEF-Philippines and OEF-Trans Sahara. After 13 years, on 28 December 2014, President Barack Obama announced the end of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Subsequent operations in Afghanistan by the United States' military forces, both non-combat and combat, occurred under the name Operation Freedom's Sentinel.

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# Operation Enduring Freedom

**Operation Enduring Freedom** (**OEF**) was the official name used by the U.S. government for both the first stage (2001–2014) of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and the larger-scale Global War on Terrorism. On 7 October 2001, in response to the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush announced that airstrikes against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban had begun in Afghanistan. Beyond the military actions in Afghanistan, Operation Enduring Freedom was also affiliated with counterterrorism operations in other countries, such as OEF-Philippines and OEF-Trans Sahara.

After 13 years, on 28 December 2014, President Barack Obama announced the end of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Subsequent operations in Afghanistan by the United States' military forces, both non-combat and combat, occurred under the name Operation Freedom's Sentinel.

## Subordinate operations

Operation Enduring Freedom referred to the U.S.-led combat mission in Afghanistan. The codename was also used for counter-terrorism operations in other countries targeting Al Qaeda and remnants of the Taliban, such as OEF-Philippines and OEF-Trans Sahara, primarily through government funding vehicles.

## Etymology

The U.S. government used the term "Operation Enduring Freedom" to officially describe the War in Afghanistan, from the period between 7 October 2001 and 31 December 2014. Subsequent operations in Afghanistan by the United States' military forces, both non-combat and combat, occurred under the name Operation Freedom's Sentinel.

The operation was originally called "Operation Infinite Justice," but as similar phrases have been used by adherents of several religions as an exclusive description of God, it is believed to have been changed to avoid offense to Muslims who are the majority religion in Afghanistan. In September 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush's remark that "this crusade, this war on terrorism, is going to take a while," which prompted widespread criticism from the Islamic world, may also have contributed to the renaming of the operation.

The term "OEF" typically refers to the phase of the War in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. Other operations, such as the Georgia Train and Equip Program, are only loosely or nominally connected, such as through government funding vehicles. All the operations, however, have a focus on counterterrorism activities.

Operation Enduring Freedom, which was a joint U.S., U.K., and Afghan operation, was separate from the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which was an operation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization nations including the U.S. and the U.K. The two operations ran in parallel, although it had been suggested that they merge.

## Overview

In response to the September 11 attacks, the early combat operations that took place on 7 October 2001 to include a mix of strikes from land-based B-1 Lancer, B-2 Spirit and B-52 Stratofortress bombers, carrier-based F-14 Tomcat and F/A-18 Hornet fighters, and Tomahawk cruise missiles launched from both U.S. and British ships and submarines signaled the start of Operation Enduring Freedom.

The initial military objectives of OEF, as articulated by President George W. Bush in his 20 September address to a Joint Session of Congress and his 7 October address to the country, included the destruction of terrorist training camps and infrastructure within Afghanistan, the capture of al-Qaeda leaders, and the cessation of terrorist activities in Afghanistan.

In January 2002, over 1,200 soldiers from the United States Special Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC) deployed to the Philippines to support the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in their push to uproot terrorist forces on the island of Basilan. Of those groups included are Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah. The operation consisted of training the AFP in counter-terrorist operations as well as supporting the local people with humanitarian aid in Operation Smiles.

In October 2002, the Combined Task Force 150 and United States military Special Forces established themselves in Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier. The stated goals of the operation were to provide humanitarian aid and patrol the Horn of Africa to reduce the abilities of terrorist organizations in the region. Similar to OEF-P, the goal of humanitarian aid was emphasized, ostensibly to prevent militant organizations from being able to take hold amongst the population as well as reemerge after being removed.

The military aspect involves coalition forces searching and boarding ships entering the region for illegal cargo as well as providing training and equipment to the armed forces in the region. The humanitarian aspect involves building schools, clinics and water wells to enforce the confidence of the local people.

Since 2001, the cumulative expenditure by the U.S. government on Operation Enduring Freedom has exceeded $150 billion.

## Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan

### Taliban

Seizing upon a power vacuum after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan after their invasion, the Taliban governed Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001. Their extreme interpretation of Islamic law prompted them to ban music, television, sports, and dancing, and enforce harsh judicial penalties (See Human rights in Afghanistan). Amputation was an accepted form of punishment for stealing, and public executions could often be seen at the Kabul football stadium. Women's rights groups around the world were frequently critical as the Taliban banned women from appearing in public or holding many jobs outside the home. They drew further criticism when they destroyed the Buddhas of Bamyan, historical statues nearly 1,500 years old, because the Buddhas were considered idols.

In 1996, Saudi dissident Osama bin Laden moved to Afghanistan. When the Taliban came to power, bin Laden was able to forge an alliance between the Taliban and his al-Qaeda organization. It is understood that al-Qaeda-trained fighters known as the 055 Brigade were integrated with the Taliban army between 1997 and 2001. It has been suggested that the Taliban and bin Laden had very close connections.

### U.S.-led coalition action

On 20 September 2001, the U.S. stated that Osama bin Laden was behind the 11 September attacks in 2001. The U.S. made a five-point ultimatum to the Taliban:

* Deliver to the U.S. all of the leaders of al-Qaeda
* Release all imprisoned foreign nationals
* Close immediately every terrorist training camp
* Hand over every terrorist and their supporters to appropriate authorities
* Give the United States full access to terrorist training camps for inspection

On 21 September 2001, the Taliban rejected this ultimatum, stating there was no evidence in their possession linking bin Laden to the 11 September attacks.

On 22 September 2001 the United Arab Emirates and later Saudi Arabia withdrew their recognition of the Taliban as the legal government of Afghanistan, leaving neighboring Pakistan as the only remaining country with diplomatic ties.

On 4 October 2001, it was reported that the Taliban covertly offered to turn bin Laden over to Pakistan for trial in an international tribunal that operated according to Islamic shar'ia law. On 7 October 2001, the Taliban proposed to try bin Laden in Afghanistan in an Islamic court. This proposition was immediately rejected by the US.

On 14 October 2001, the Taliban proposed to hand bin Laden over to a third country for trial, but only if they were given evidence of bin Laden's involvement in the events of 11 September 2001.

The UN Security Council, on 16 January 2002, unanimously established an arms embargo and the freezing of identifiable assets belonging to bin Laden, al-Qaeda, and the remaining Taliban.

### Combat operations start

On Sunday 7 October 2001, American and British warplanes began fighting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda. Cruise missiles were fired from warships.

The Northern Alliance, aided by Joint Special Operations teams consisting of Green Berets from the 5th Special Forces Group, aircrew members from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR), and Air Force Combat Controllers, fought against the Taliban. Aided by U.S. bombing and massive defections, they captured Mazar-i-Sharif on 9 November. They then rapidly gained control of most of northern Afghanistan, and took control of Kabul on 13 November after the Taliban unexpectedly fled the city. The Taliban were restricted to a smaller and smaller region, with Kunduz, the last Taliban-held city in the north, captured on 26 November. Most of the Taliban fled to Pakistan.

The war continued in the south of the country, where the Taliban retreated to Kandahar. Whilst in Kandahar the Taliban agreed to surrender but the deal was rejected by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld as it would have provided amnesty to Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar. After Kandahar fell in December, remnants of the Taliban and al-Qaeda continued to mount resistance. Meanwhile, in November 2001 the U.S. military and its allied forces established their first ground base in Afghanistan to the south west of Kandahar, known as FOB Rhino.

The Battle of Tora Bora, involving U.S., German, British and Northern Alliance forces took place in December 2001 to further destroy the Taliban and suspected al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. In early March 2002 the United States military, along with allied Afghan military forces, conducted a large operation to destroy al-Qaeda in an operation code-named Operation Anaconda.

The operation was carried out by elements of the United States 10th Mountain Division, 101st Airborne Division, the U.S. special forces groups TF 11, TF Bowie, TF Dagger, TF K-Bar, British Royal Marines, the Norwegian *Forsvarets Spesialkommando* (FSK), *Hærens Jegerkommando* and *Marinejegerkommandoen*, Canada's 3rd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, Canada's Joint Task Force 2, the German KSK, and elements of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment and of the New Zealand Special Air Service and the Afghan National Army.

After managing to evade U.S. forces throughout the summer of 2002, the remnants of the Taliban gradually began to regain their confidence. A U.S. and Canadian led operation (supported by British and Dutch forces), Operation Mountain Thrust was launched in May 2006 to counter renewed Taliban insurgency.

Since January 2006, the NATO International Security Assistance Force undertook combat duties from Operation Enduring Freedom in southern Afghanistan, the NATO force chiefly made up of British, Canadian and Dutch forces (and some smaller contributions from Denmark, Romania and Estonia and air support from Norway as well as air and artillery support from the U.S.) (*see the article Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2006*). The United States military also conducts military operations separate from NATO as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in other parts of Afghanistan, in areas such as Kandahar, Bagram, and Kabul (including Camp Eggers and Camp Phoenix.)

### International support

The United States was supported by several nations during Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan in 2001–2003 and in subsequent coalition operations directly or indirectly in support of OEF. See the article Afghanistan War order of battle for the disposition of coalition forces in Afghanistan as of 2012.

### Result

The U.S.-led coalition initially removed the Taliban from power and seriously crippled al-Qaeda and associated militants in Afghanistan. However, success in quelling the Taliban insurgency since the 2001 invasion has faltered. As the war dragged on, the Taliban demonstrated they could not be defeated also thanks to sanctuary in neighboring Pakistan.

On 9 October 2004, Afghanistan elected Hamid Karzai president in its first direct elections. The following year, Afghans conducted the 2005 Afghan parliamentary election on 18 September. Since the invasion, hundreds of schools and mosques have been constructed, millions of dollars in aid have been distributed, and the occurrence of violence has been reduced.

While military forces interdicted insurgents and assured some form of security, Provincial reconstruction teams were tasked with infrastructure building, such as constructing roads and bridges, assisting during floods, and providing food and water to refugees. Many warlords have participated in an allegiance program, formally recognizing the legitimacy of the government of Afghanistan, and formally surrendering their soldiers and weapons. Subsequent actions have led to questions about their true loyalties.

The Afghan National Army, Afghan National Police, and Afghan Border Police were being trained to assume the task of securing their nation.

On 31 December 2014, Operation Enduring Freedom concluded, and was succeeded by Operation Freedom's Sentinel on 1 January 2015.

In 2020, the US left Afghanistan to the Taliban under an agreement ensuring a safe passage for American forces out of the country by mid 2021. On 15 August 2021, all of Afghanistan, besides Kabul, was back in the hands of Taliban. By August 31, all US and allied forces departed the Hamid Karzai International Airport, thus ending any official operations within Afghanistan.

### Criticism

Hardliner newspapers in Iran and religious scholars in Lebanon suggested "Infinite Imperialism," "Infinite Arrogance," or "Infinite Injustice" might have been more appropriate name for the operation.

AFP, reporting on a news story in the Sunday, 3 April 2004, issue of *The New Yorker*, wrote that retired Army Colonel Hy Rothstein, "who served in the Army Special Forces for more than 20 years \[and was\] commissioned by the Pentagon to examine the war in Afghanistan, concluded the conflict created conditions that have given 'warlordism, banditry and opium production a new lease on life.' "

The conduct of U.S. forces was criticised in a report entitled *Enduring Freedom – Abuses by U.S. Forces in Afghanistan* by U.S.-based human rights group Human Rights Watch in 2004. Some Pakistani scholars, such as Masood Ashraf Raja, editor of Pakistaniaat, have also provided a more specific form of criticism that relates to the consequences of the Global War on Terrorism on the region.

## Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines (OEF-P)

### Abu Sayyaf Group

The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) Al Harakat Al Islamiyya, is deemed a "foreign terrorist organization" by the United States government. Specifically, it is an Islamist separatist group based in and around the southern islands of the Republic of the Philippines, primarily Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao.

Since inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and extortion in their fight for an independent Islamic state in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Its claimed overarching goal is to create a Pan-Islamic superstate across the *Malay* portions of Southeast Asia, spanning, from east to west, the large island of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago (Basilan and Jolo islands), the large island of Borneo (Malaysia and Indonesia), the South China Sea, and the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar).

### Jemaah Islamiyah

Jemaah Islamiyah is a militant Islamic terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a fundamentalist Islamic theocracy in Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, the south of Thailand and the Philippines. Jemaah Islamiyah originally used peaceful means to achieve its goals, but later resorted to terrorism because of its connections with al-Qaeda.

Financial links between Jemaah Islamiyah and other terrorist groups, such as Abu Sayyaf and al-Qaeda, have been found to exist. Jemaah Islamiyah means "Islamic Group" or "Islamic Community" and is often abbreviated JI.

Jemaah Islamiyah is thought to have killed hundreds of civilians. Also, it is suspected of carrying out the Bali car bombing on 12 October 2002, in which suicide bombers attacked a nightclub killing 202 people and wounding many more. Most of the casualties were Australian tourists. After this attack, the U.S. State Department designated Jemaah Islamiyah as a Foreign Terrorist Organization. Jemaah Islamiyah is also suspected of carrying out the Zamboanga bombings, the Metro Manila bombings, the 2004 Australian embassy bombing and the 2005 Bali terrorist bombing.

### U.S. actions

In January 2002, 1,200 Members of United States Special Operations Command, Pacific (SOCPAC) were deployed to the Philippines to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in uprooting al-Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah and Abu Sayyaf. The members of SOCPAC were assigned to assist in military operations against the terrorist forces as well as humanitarian operations for the island of Basilan, where most of the conflict was expected to take place.

The United States Special Forces (SF) Unit trained and equipped special forces and scout rangers of the AFP, creating the Light Reaction Company (LRC). The LRC and elements of SOCPAC deployed to Basilan on completion of their training. The stated goals of the deployment were denying the ASG sanctuary, surveiling, controlling, and denying ASG routes, surveiling supporting villages and key personnel, conducting local training to overcome AFP weaknesses and sustain AFP strengths, supporting operations by the AFP "strike force" (LRC) in the area of responsibility (AOR), conducting and supporting civil affairs operations in the AOR.

### Result

The desired result was for the AFP to gain sufficient capability to locate and destroy the ASG, to recover hostages and to enhance the legitimacy of the Philippine government. Much of the operation was a success: the ASG was driven from Basilan and one U.S. hostage was recovered. The Abu Sayyaf Group's ranks, which once counted more than 800 members, was reduced to less than 100. The humanitarian portion of the operation, Operation Smiles, created 14 schools, 7 clinics, 3 hospitals and provided medical care to over 18,000 residents of Basilan. Humanitarian groups were able to continue their work without fear of further kidnappings and terrorists attacks by the Abu Sayyaf Group.

## Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA)

Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a specific terrorist organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect terrorist activities in the region and to work with host nations to deny the reemergence of terrorist cells and activities. Operations began in mid-2002 at Camp Lemonnier by a Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF) augmented by support forces from Fort Stewart, Fort Hood, and Fort Story. In October 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was established at Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier, taking over responsibilities from the CJSOTF. CJTF-HOA comprised approximately 2,000 personnel including U.S. military and Special Operations Forces (SOF), and coalition force members, Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150). The coalition force consists of ships from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, India, Italy, Pakistan, New Zealand, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region. Since 2003, the U.S. Military also conducts operations targeting Al-Qaeda-linked fighters in Somalia, these operations had reportedly killed between 113 and 136 militants by early 2016. On 7 March 2016, a further 150 were killed in U.S. airstrikes on an al Shabaab training camp north of Mogadishu.

CJTF-HOA has devoted the majority of its efforts to train selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency tactics. Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include the rebuilding of schools and medical clinics, as well as providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained. The program expands as part of the Trans-Saharan Counter Terrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in training the forces of Chad, Niger, Mauritania and Mali.

### U.S. action

"Operation Enduring Freedom"

* 7 October 2001 – 28 December 2014
* Casualties U.S. Coalition: 3,486 Dead
* Taliban/Al-Qaeda:25,500–40,500 Dead

Anti-piracy operations were undertaken by the coalition throughout 2006 with a battle fought in March when US vessels were attacked by pirates. In January 2007, during the war in Somalia, an AC-130 airstrike was conducted against al-Qaeda members embedded with forces of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) operating in southern Somalia near Ras Kamboni. US naval forces, including the aircraft carrier USS *Dwight D. Eisenhower*, were positioned off the coast of Somalia to provide support and to prevent any al-Qaeda forces escaping by sea. Actions against pirates also occurred in June and October 2007 with varying amounts of success.

"Operation Resolute Support/Freedom's Sentinel"

* 1 January 2015 – Present
* Casualties U.S. Coalition: 1 January 2015 – Present | 70 Dead\* – Subject to change
* Taliban/Al-Qaeda:

Effective 1 January 2015, Secretary of Defense Hagel announced that the new U.S. mission in Afghanistan will focus on training, advising, and assisting Afghan security forces and designated as Operation Freedom's Sentinel. 19 About 13,500 U.S. troops are expected in Afghanistan through 2015 and will be assisted by troops from NATO allies.

## Military decorations

Since 2002, the United States military has created military awards and decorations related to Operation Enduring Freedom

NATO also created a military decoration related to Operation Enduring Freedom:

## Further reading

* Maloney, Sean M (2005), *Enduring the Freedom: A Rogue Historian in Afghanistan*, Washington, DC: Potomac Books, ISBN 1-57488-953-2.

## InfoBox

| Operation Enduring Freedom | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the war on terror and War in Afghanistan | |
| <br>U.S. soldiers of the Army's 10th Mountain Division deployed during Operation Enduring Freedom 2009 | |
| Date 7 October 2001 – 28 December 2014 (in Afghanistan)<br>(13 years, 2 months and 3 weeks)  Location Afghanistan, Philippines, Somalia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Sahara Desert | |
| Belligerents | |
| **In Afghanistan:** *(completed)*<br>**In the Philippines:** *(completed)*<br>**In Somalia/Horn of Africa:**<br>**In Georgia:** *(completed)*<br>**In Kyrgyzstan:** *(completed)*<br>**Other nations** | **In Afghanistan:**<br>**In the Philippines:**<br>**In Somalia:**<br>**In Sahara:** |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| CIC George W Bush (2001–2009)<br><br>CIC Barack Obama (2009–2014)<br>GEN Tommy Franks (2001–2003)<br>GEN John Abizaid (2003–2007)<br>ADM William J. Fallon (2007–2008)<br>GEN Martin Dempsey (2008–2015)<br>MRAF Sir Graham Stirrup (2003–2011)<br>GEN David Petraeus (2008–2010) | Mohammad Omar <br>Osama bin Laden <br>Ayman al-Zawahiri <br>Khadaffy Janjalani <br>Riduan Isamuddin (POW) |
| Casualties and losses | |
| **45,000+** killed<br>**2,380** killed by January 2016<br>**456** killed<br>**158** killed<br>**90** killed<br><br>**57** killed<br>**53** killed<br>**43** killed<br>**41** killed<br>**40** killed<br>**34** killed<br>**32** killed<br>Others **200+** killed | **In Afghanistan:**<br>* **72,000+ killed**  **In the Philippines:**<br>**In Somalia:** |


title: Yucca Army Airfield

abstract: Yucca Army Airfield is a former military airfield located about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Yucca, in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. It is on the east side of Interstate 40, 25 miles (40 km) south of Kingman. It is now used as a private facility owned by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles named Chrysler Arizona Proving Grounds.

text:
# Yucca Army Airfield

**Yucca Army Airfield** is a former military airfield located about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Yucca, in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. It is on the east side of Interstate 40, 25 miles (40 km) south of Kingman. It is now used as a private facility owned by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles named Chrysler Arizona Proving Grounds.

## Military use

In 1943–44, the US Army Air Forces acquired 2,284 acres (9.24 km2) to build a satellite airfield for the use of Kingman AAF and its gunnery school. Activated on 1 December 1941, the facility consisted of two 6,000' asphalt runways, taxiways, control tower, 45 buildings, roads, a railroad spur, electrical utilities, water utilities, and a sewage disposal plant.

Yucca AAF was commanded by the 3019th Army Air Force Base Unit, part of the AAF's 36th Flying Training Wing, Western Flying Training Command. It was primarily a flexible gunnery school, with the adjoining Yucca Air to Air Gunnery Range being located to the southwest. It consisted of a total of 550,000 acres (2,200 km2), and the range had four runways. Bell P-39 and P-63 fighters were used as gunnery targets at Yucca Aux AAF. B-26 bombers were also used as target tugs at Yucca AAF.

In addition to the main base, the adjoining Yucca Air to Air Gunnery Range was located to the southwest of Yucca AAF. It consisted of a total of 550,000 acres, and the range had four airfields. The civil Port Kingman Airport was also utilized as an auxiliary landing field:

Yucca AAF was closed and turned over to the Army Division Engineers on 23 December 1945. It was declared surplus in 1946 and responsibility for it was given to the War Assets Administration.

## Civil use

In 1954 the Packard Motor Company acquired the airport facility and began using the runways for automobile testing. Ford eventually built an extensive automotive proving ground surrounding the airfield.

As of 2002, the airfield itself was still operated by Ford as a private airfield, known as the **Arizona Proving Ground Airport**. Ford also continued to use some of the original military facilities, including the control tower, runways, taxiways, and parking aprons. However, all of the original military buildings (except for the control tower) had been removed.

The Yucca airfield was evidently closed by Ford at some point between 2002 and 2006. As of 2018 the airport is listed as an abandoned paved runway.

In 2007 the airfield was sold to Chrysler, which now operates the Chrysler Arizona Proving Grounds at this location. Harley-Davidson Motor Company has entered into an agreement to use the vehicle test facility to test their motorcycles. Harley-Davidson occupies several buildings at the test facility, including at least one they custom built.

The USAAF technical site is now being used by buildings as part of the proving ground. The only wartime structure evident in aerial photos of the facility is the air traffic control tower. The wartime runways and taxiways are still in use.

1. Cyclopic Army Auxiliary Airfield #1
2. Hackberry Army Auxiliary Airfield #3
3. Topock Army Auxiliary Airfield #5
4. Lake Havasu Auxiliary Army Airfield #6
5. Signal Auxiliary Army Airfield #7
6. Port Kingman Airport
7. "SkyVector: Flight Planning / Aeronautical Charts". *skyvector.com*. Retrieved 2018-04-04.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* Manning, Thomas A. (2005), *History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002*. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas OCLC 71006954, 29991467
* Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), *Locating Air Force Base Sites, History’s Legacy*, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC. OCLC 57007862, 1050653629
* Thole, Lou (1999), *Forgotten Fields of America : World War II Bases and Training, Then and Now* – Vol. 2. Publisher: Pictorial Histories Pub, ISBN 1-57510-051-7

## InfoBox

| Yucca Army Airfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Arizona World War II Army Airfields | |
| Mohave County, about 1-mile (1.6 km) west of Yucca, Arizona | |
| 2006 USGS airphoto | |
| Yucca AAF | |
| Coordinates | 34°52′32″N 114°07′33″W / 34.87556°N 114.12583°W / 34.87556; -114.12583 (Yucca AAF) |
| Type | USAAF training airfield |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | United States Army Air Forces |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1943 |
| In use | 1943–1946 |
| Garrison information | |
| Garrison | 36th Flying Training Wing |


title: Senator Nolan Jones

abstract: Senator Nolan Jones was an American record company owner, producer, singer, and songwriter who worked in R&B and blues. He recorded and promoted Louisiana and Mississippi performers and songs for more than four decades.

text:
# Senator Nolan Jones

**Senator Nolan Jones** (November 9, 1934 – November 28, 2008) was an American record company owner, producer, singer, and songwriter who worked in R&B and blues. He recorded and promoted Louisiana and Mississippi performers and songs for more than four decades.

## Early years

Senator Nolan Jones was born in Jackson, Mississippi on November 9, 1934. "I was always interested in music," he recalled. “I was a big blues lover, you never could play enough blues for me. I used to duck in the cafes and ice cream parlors on Farish and Fortification streets and listen to people like Buddy Johnson, Muddy Waters, Jimmy Liggins and Louis Jordan on the jukebox. I even saw Elmore James play in Jackson." He moved with his family to New Orleans, Louisiana in 1951. Jones remained in the city after his parents soon returned to Jackson. He worked as a laborer for two years until he was drafted into the Army in 1953. While stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, Jones performed with the Desperados, a vocal group whose members included Oscar Toney Jr. and Jo Jo Benson. "I joined a group called the Desperados as a vocalist", he remembered. "We worked around Augusta and Atlanta." The band opened shows for national acts such as The "5" Royales and Hank Ballard and The Midnighters at area clubs.

Discharged from the Army in 1957, Jones returned to New Orleans. He was one of a number of Mississippi musicians who settled and worked in the Crescent City. This group includes Eddie “Guitar Slim” Jones, Babe Stovall, and Little Freddie King. Jones worked the edges of the city's music scene, occasionally sitting in at local clubs like the Club Tiajuana and Dew Drop Inn. He helped Al Johnson write "You Done Me Wrong", which Johnson recorded in 1958 for Ron Records.

## 1960s

Jones began to frequent Joe Assunto's One Stop Record Shop at 330 South Rampart Street in the early 1960s. Assunto was the brother-in-law of Joe Ruffino, owner of the Ric and Ron record labels. Ric Records artists Professor Longhair and Johnny Adams were among the musicians who could often be found at One Stop. Assunto employed both of them in the store at various times sweeping, packing, shipping, and making deliveries. Jones convinced One Stop clerk Eugene "Whurley Burley” Burlison that he might profit from his association with Assunto if he launched his own record label. This led to Jones recording "Let Yourself Go" backed with "Call The Sheriff" on Whurley Burley Records in 1963. Assunto teamed with Henry Hildebrand, Jr., owner of the record distribution company All South Distributors, in 1963 to found Watch Records. They employed Wardell Quezergue and Earl King, two top local arranger/producers. Jones' second studio session, with Quezergue at the helm, generated "I Think Of You" backed with "Sugar Dee" for the Watch label in 1965 . Earl King noted, "Senator been tryin' to get rid of "I Think Of You" since 1954. He auditioned that song for Johnny Vincent, Joe Ruffino, and Eddie Bo's label." Jones recorded "Whatcha Gonna Do" backed with "Boston Fleet", a Wardell Quezergue-produced release, for Hot Line Records in 1965. Writer Michael Hurtt noted, "'Whatcha Gonna Do' reveals a jarring side of the Senator, who's amped with the sweat-drenched dedication of a revivalist preacher, testifying all the way to kingdom come." Jones continued to record sporadically through the 1960s for a handful of labels including Hot Line Records, Sapphire Records, Bell Records, International City Records, and his own Shagg Records label. "Sweet Thing" backed with the topical "Miniskirt Dance" was leased to Bell Records in 1967 for national distribution, but failed to chart. Jones said that despite insignificant sales, his records kept him in demand for live performances.

Realizing he was not going to be successful as a singer, Jones turned his hand to recording and promoting New Orleans artists. He saw a wealth of local talent that was not being recorded. Local artists, he said, "were stealing the show from national acts" who had recorded hit records. Jones started Black Patch, his first record label, in 1968. The label's name was a reference to the patch he wore over his left eye, lost in an accident. Jones signed Rockie Charles to Black Patch Records, after Charles had been turned down by Dave Bartholomew of Imperial Records and Allen Toussaint of Minit Records and Instant Records. Charles, who worked as a tugboat captain on the Mississippi River, had learned the guitar from his father, a bluesman who played juke joints in Plaquemines Parish. Jones took Charles into the studio to record "Riccasha" backed with "Sinking Like A Ship". The record launched Charles' musical career despite generating only local interest. He later backed O.V. Wright, Otis Redding, Percy Sledge, and others on the road. Jones folded the Black Patch label when Charles' record failed to sell.

## 1970s

Jones' launched a second label on the heels of the closing of Black Patch he called Shagg Records, after the nickname his old friend Eugene "Whurley Burley" Burlison from One Stop Record Shop gave him. The first Shagg recording was "Kid Stuff" backed with "As Sure As You're Born" by the Barons. He recorded a handful of releases on artists Guitar Ray, Vickie Labat, Donald Lee Richardson, and under his own name. He made an arrangement with Cosimo Matassa to distribute the Shagg releases he recorded at Matassa's studio.

Jones started several labels in the succeeding years, eventually consolidating them under his Erica Productions. His business was an office in the Masonic building on St. Bernard Avenue. "As I got more artists, I didn't want to go to a radio station with seven records on the same label," Jones pointed out, "because I know the deejays would just say 'Oh I can't play all of those records, they're on the same label.' So I started new labels and I switched the colors on the record labels to make them look different." A street-smart hustler, he recorded a lot of New Orleans talent that might have otherwise gone unheard. A list of Jones' labels includes Black Patch, Shagg, Hep’ Me, Jenmark, Super Dome, JB's, Gamma, Paid, and Mode. He often kept several labels active at the same time.

Jones not only recorded New Orleans talent who would have otherwise gone unrecorded such as Rockie Charles and Charles Brimmer, but up-and-coming stars such as Walter "Wolfman" Washington and Bobby Powell. He also recorded well-known local musicians Johnny Adams, Tommy Ridgely, Chris Kenner, Chuck Carbo, and Barbara George. Jones produced some New Orleans artists in Baton Rouge at Lionel Whitfield's studio. After Allen Toussaint and record man Marshall Sehorn opened Sea-Saint Studios in 1973 the studio did well producing hits like "Lady Marmalade" for LaBelle, and recording a succession of well-known artists including Paul McCartney, Paul Simon, Rod Stewart, John Mayall, and Elvis Costello. In 1978 they brought in engineer Cosimo Matassa, and opened the studio to independent producers, among them Senator Jones. Jones struck a deal with Marshall Sehorn that exchanged a percentage of his record sales for studio time at Sea-Saint.

In 1974, Jones paid musician Willie Norman "Bill" Sinegal $65 for the rights to his song "Second Line". Sinegal had recorded the song in 1964 with the Skyliners- including New Orleans jazz musicians James Rivers on sax and Milton Batiste on trumpet. He said he borrowed the intro from Dave Bartholomew's "Good Jax Boogie", and the body of the song from "Joe Avery's Blues", a traditional jazz number. Batiste said it also had elements of "Picou's Blues" and "Whuppin’ Blues". Sinegal and the Skyliners' recording stirred some interest, but when Jones re-recorded it with Stop, Inc. the song took off. It became a perennial Mardi Gras favorite.

## 1980s

Rap music had become popular with young black fans in New Orleans by the early 1980s. In 1983, Jones released one of the first rap records to come out of the city on his Super Dome Records label. The twelve-inch single by Parlez was titled “Make It, Shake It, Do It Good!”, a Carnival-themed song with references to Mardi Gras Indians, the Zulu Parade, and other Mardi Gras traditions. By 1985, the local radio market had become dominated by stations controlled by corporate interests and long distance owners airing national playlists. With no chance of being broadcast, Jones could not sell his artists' records to distributors and record stores. He was out of the business for a few years before moving back to Jackson, Mississippi. There he worked for a short time with Jackson music men Johnny Vincent and George Jackson. He also did radio promotion for Jackson-based Malaco Records for two years.

## Later years

In the 1990s, Jones partnered with Warren Hildebrand of Mardi Gras Records to record and promote Sweet Miss Coffy, Peggy Scott-Adams, the Love Doctor, Sir Charles Jones and others on his Hep' Me Records label, for the down home radio market in a genre known as Southern soul. Sir Charles recalled, "When we came to Jackson we were homeless and hungry. Senator Jones (no relation) took us under his wing, and with faith in our ability and confidence in our skill, we released our first CD" on his Hep' Me Records (now a subsidiary of Mardi Gras Records). As "Uncle Bobo", Jones was the host of a late-night radio program on WMPR in Jackson.

Senator Jones died at his home at age 74 on November 28, 2008.

## Discography

*New Orleans, La. 1963*

* "Let Yourself Go" b/w "Call The Sheriff" - Whurley Burley Records 101

*New Orleans, La. 1965*

* "Sugar Dee" b/w "I Think Of You" - Watch Records 6337

*New Orleans, La. 1966*

* "Whatcha Gonna Do" b/w "Boston Fleet" - Hot Line Records 120

*New Orleans, La. 1966*

* "Give Me Another Chance" b/w "A Dream" - Sidra (E) 9014

*New Orleans, La. 1966*

* "My Baby's Back" b/w "Baby It's Too Late" - Sapphire Records 913

*New Orleans, La. 1968*

* "Sweet Thing" b/w "Miniskirt Dance" - Bell Records 687

*New Orleans, La. 1968*

* "Do You Love Me" b/w "Who's Loving Her Now" - Shagg Records 713
* "The Fat Man" b/w "Today And Tonight" - Shagg Records 801

*New Orleans, La. 1971*

* "Eenie Meenie Miney Minnie & Moe" b/w "Country Soul" - International City Records 729

*Memphis, Tenn. and Pearl, Ms. 1998*

* (as Uncle Bo-Bo) "Did You Sleep With Mary?" b/w "Catfish Pond"- Hep' Me Records 1000
* (as Senator Jones & His Louisiana Red Hot Crawfish Orchestra) "Melencholy" (sic) "Baby" - Hep' Me Records

## InfoBox

| Senator Nolan Jones | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Senator Nolan Jones |
| Born | (1934-11-09)November 9, 1934
Jackson, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Died | November 28, 2008(2008-11-28) (aged 74)
Raymond, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Genres | Rhythm and blues, Blues |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter, producer, record label owner |
| Years active | 1958-2008 |
| Labels | Whurley Burley Records, Watch Records, Hot Line Records, Sidra Records, Bell Records, International City Records, Black Patch Records, Shagg Records, Superdome Records, Jenmark Records, JB's Records, and Hep' Me Records |


title: Plum-headed parakeet

abstract: The plum-headed parakeet is a species of parakeet in the family Psittacidae. It is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent and was once thought to be conspecific with the blossom-headed parakeet before being elevated to a full species. Plum-headed parakeets are found in flocks, the males having a pinkish purple head and the females, a grey head. They fly swiftly with twists and turns accompanied by their distinctive calls.

text:
# Plum-headed parakeet

The **plum-headed parakeet** (***Psittacula cyanocephala***) is a species of parakeet in the family Psittacidae. It is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent and was once thought to be conspecific with the blossom-headed parakeet (*P. roseata*) before being elevated to a full species. Plum-headed parakeets are found in flocks, the males having a pinkish purple head and the females, a grey head. They fly swiftly with twists and turns accompanied by their distinctive calls.

## Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the plum-headed parakeet in his *Ornithologie* based on a specimen collected in India. He used the French name *Le perruche a teste bleu* and the Latin name *Psittaca cyanocephalos*. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his *Systema Naturae* for the twelfth edition he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the plum-headed parakeet. Linnaeus included a terse description, coined the binomial name *Psittacus cyanocephalus* and cited Brisson's work. The specific name *cyanocephalus/cyanocephala* combines the Ancient Greek words *kuanos* "dark-blue" and *-kephalos* "-headed". This species is now placed in the genus *Psittacula* which was introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1800.

## Description

The plum-headed parakeet is a mainly green parrot, 33 cm long with a tail up to 22 cm. The male has a red head which shades to purple-blue on the back of the crown, nape and cheeks, while the female has a blueish-gray head. There is a narrow black neck collar with verdigris below on the nape and a black chin stripe that extends from the lower mandible. There is a red shoulder patch and the rump and tail are bluish-green, the latter tipped white. The upper mandible is orangish-yellow, and the lower mandible is dark. The female has a dull bluish grey head and lacks the black and verdigris collar, which is replaced by yellow. The upper-mandible is corn-yellow and there is no black chin stripe or red shoulder patch. Immature birds have a green head and both mandibles are yellowish. The dark head is acquired after a year. The delicate bluish red appearance resembling the bloom of a peach is produced by a combination of blue from the optical effects produced by the rami of the feather and a red pigment in the barbules.

Some authors have considered the species to have two subspecies, the nominate from peninsular India (type locality restricted to Gingee) and the population from the foothills of the Himalayas as *bengalensis* on the basis of the colour of the head in the male which is more red and less blue. Newer works consider the species to be monotypic.

The different head colour and the white tip to the tail distinguish this species from the similar blossom-headed parakeet (*P. roseata*). The shoulder patch is maroon coloured and the shorter tail is tipped yellow in *P. roseata*.

A supposed species of parakeet, the so-called intermediate parakeet *Psittacula intermedia* is thought to be a hybrid of this and the slaty-headed parakeet (*P. himalayana*).

## Habitat and distribution

The plum-headed parakeet is a bird of forest and open woodland, even in city gardens. They are found from the foothills of the Himalayas south to Sri Lanka. They are not found in the dry regions of western India. They are sometimes kept as pets and escaped birds have been noted in New York, Florida and in some places in the Middle East.

## Behaviour and ecology

The plum-headed parakeet is a gregarious and noisy species with a range of raucous calls. The usual flight and contact call is *tuink?* repeated now and then. The flight is swift, and the bird often twists and turns rapidly. It makes local movements, driven mainly by the availability of the fruit and blossoms which make up its diet. They feed on grains, fruits, the fleshy petals of flowers (*Salmalia*, *Butea*) and sometimes raid agricultural fields and orchards. The breeding season in India is mainly from December to April, and July to August in Sri Lanka. Courtship includes bill rubbing and courtship feeding. It nests in holes, chiselled out by the pair, in tree trunks, and lays 4–6 white eggs. The female appears to be solely responsible for incubation and feeding. They roost communally. In captivity, it can learn to mimic beeps and short whistling tunes, and can talk very well.

*Neoaulobia psittaculae*, a quill mite, has been described from the species. A species of *Haemoproteus*, *H. handai*, has been described from blood samples from the plum-headed parakeet.

## History

Ctesias of Cnidus, a 5th-century BC Greek physician to the emperor Artaxerxes II, who ruled the Achaemenid Empire, accompanied Artaxerxes on his 401 BC campaign against his brother Cyrus the Younger. He was author of the lost *Indica*, a description of India which he wrote based on his experience in Persia and information he gathered from Persian accounts. Fragments of the *Indica* were preserved by Photius of Constantinople in his *Bibliotheca* in the 9th century AD; one of these has been identified as describing *Psittacula cyanocephala* and its abilities as a talking bird. It is likely Ctesias saw the bird himself, with an Indian handler; though his description could also apply to *Psittacula roseata*, that species is native to areas far further east and is much less likely candidate in Greater Iran. In his summary of Ctesias, Photius wrote:

Media related to Psittacula cyanocephala at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Plum-headed parakeet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A male and female. | |
|  | |
| Calls | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Psittaciformes |
| Family: | Psittaculidae |
| Genus: | *Psittacula* |
| Species: | ***P. cyanocephala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psittacula cyanocephala***
(Linnaeus, 1766) | |
|
|  | |
| Distribution range of plum-headed parakeet | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Psittacus cyanocephalus* Linnaeus, 1766 * *Himalayapsitta cyanocephala* | |


abstract: Pinnawala South Grama Niladhari Division is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Padukka Divisional Secretariat of Colombo District of Western Province, Sri Lanka. It has Grama Niladhari Division Code 456A. Pinnawala South is a surrounded by the Pinnawala North, Uggalla, Elamalawala, Waga North, Waga West, Neluwattuduwa and Kahahena Grama Niladhari Divisions.

text:
# Pinnawala South Grama Niladhari Division

400m
440ydsPinnawala South

**Pinnawala South Grama Niladhari Division** is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Padukka Divisional Secretariat of Colombo District of Western Province, Sri Lanka. It has Grama Niladhari Division Code 456A.

Pinnawala South is a surrounded by the Pinnawala North, Uggalla, Elamalawala, Waga North, Waga West, Neluwattuduwa and Kahahena Grama Niladhari Divisions.

## Demographics

### Ethnicity

The Pinnawala South Grama Niladhari Division has a Sinhalese majority (99.4%). In comparison, the Padukka Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Pinnawala South Grama Niladhari Division) has a Sinhalese majority (95.8%)

Ethnicity in Pinnawala South

Sinhalese (99.4%)  Other (0.6%)

### Religion

The Pinnawala South Grama Niladhari Division has a Buddhist majority (98.4%). In comparison, the Padukka Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Pinnawala South Grama Niladhari Division) has a Buddhist majority (94.6%)

Religion in Pinnawala South

Buddhist (98.4%)  Other (1.6%)

## InfoBox

| Pinnawala South | |
| --- | --- |
| Grama Niladhari Division | |
| Coordinates: 6°52′29″N 80°07′44″E / 6.874782°N 80.128815°E / 6.874782; 80.128815 | |
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Province | Western Province |
| District | Colombo District |
| Divisional Secretariat | Padukka Divisional Secretariat |
| Electoral District | Colombo Electoral District |
| Polling Division | Avissawella Polling Division |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.44 km2 (0.94 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 44 m (144 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 1,518 |
| Density | 622/km2 (1,610/sq mi) |
| ISO 3166 code | LK-1118010 |


title: George Clark (Australian footballer)

abstract: George Leslie Clark was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# George Clark (Australian footballer)

**George Leslie Clark** (2 September 1898 – 24 October 1978) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| George Clark | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | George Leslie Clark | | |
| Date of birth | (1898-09-02)2 September 1898 | | |
| Place of birth | Broadford, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 24 October 1978(1978-10-24) (aged 80) | | |
| Place of death | Kilmore, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Broadford | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1922 | Richmond | 1 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1922. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Pirates Cup (Women)

abstract: The Pirates Cup (Women) is an U/21 women's soccer tournament hosted by Orlando Pirates.

text:
# Pirates Cup (Women)

The **Pirates Cup (Women)** is an U/21 women's soccer tournament hosted by Orlando Pirates.

## History

The inaugural edition consisted of eight U/21 women's teams and was held at Wits Marks Park in Emmarentia on the 21st of March 2023. Tuks Ladies U/21 defeated UJ Ladies U/21 2-1 in the final.

## Champions

List of past champions:

| Year | Champions | Runners-up |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | Tuks Ladies | UJ Ladies |
| 2024 | JVW | Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies B |

## Awards

The following players were rated best:

| Year | Golden Boot | Team | MVP | Team | Golden Glove | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | Victoria Biathole (7 goals) | UJ Ladies U/21 | Onewane Laka | Tuks Ladies U/21 |
| 2024 | Lithemba Samsam
Sibahle Maneli (5 goals) | TS Galaxy Queens | Julia Goncalves | JVW | Mbali Ntimane | Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies |

The tournament is sponsored by:

## InfoBox

Pirates Cup (Women)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Organising body | Orlando Pirates F.C. |
| Founded | 2023 |
| Region | South Africa |
| Number of teams | 8 |
| Current champions | JVW (1st title) |
| Most successful team(s) | Tuks Ladies U/21
JVW
(1 title) |
| *2024* | |