abstract: The 1972 United States presidential election in South Dakota took place on November 7, 1972, as part of the 1972 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. South Dakota was the home state of George McGovern, the Democratic Party nominee in the 1972 United States presidential election. Although McGovern, a member of the liberal wing of his party in a relatively conservative state, was at the time of the election a popular two-term Senator, having won re-election in 1968 with 56.8% of the vote, he lost the presidential vote here to incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon. McGovern's loss was heavily influenced by voter opposition to his perceived far-left ideology. Despite his loss in South Dakota, it was the only state that voted more Democratic in 1972 than it had in 1968. South Dakota was McGovern's fourth strongest state after Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Minnesota. McGovern's loss of South Dakota made him the second candidate in four years to lose his state of birth and residence. McGovern remained the last candidate to lose his state of residence until 2000, when Al Gore lost his home state of Tennessee. Mitt Romney would also lose his then-home state of Massachusetts in 2012 to Barack Obama, and Donald Trump would lose his then-home state of New York in 2016, to Hillary Clinton. Bon Homme, Deuel, Davison, Clay, Edmunds, Hanson, McCook, Moody, Sanborn, and Union counties all flipped to McGovern, twice the amount he flipped elsewhere nationwide. South Dakota voted in this election as nearly 15 points more Democratic than the nation at-large, a significant historical anomaly considering that the state normally leans very heavily Republican. In fact, this election marked one of only four times since statehood that South Dakota voted to the left of the nation, and the state is tied for the longest ongoing Republican streak in presidential elections.

text:
# 1972 United States presidential election in South Dakota

The **1972 United States presidential election in South Dakota** took place on November 7, 1972, as part of the 1972 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

South Dakota was the home state of George McGovern, the Democratic Party nominee in the 1972 United States presidential election.

Although McGovern, a member of the liberal wing of his party in a relatively conservative state, was at the time of the election a popular two-term Senator, having won re-election in 1968 with 56.8% of the vote, he lost the presidential vote here to incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon. McGovern's loss was heavily influenced by voter opposition to his perceived far-left ideology. Despite his loss in South Dakota, it was the only state that voted more Democratic in 1972 than it had in 1968. South Dakota was McGovern's fourth strongest state after Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Minnesota.

McGovern's loss of South Dakota made him the second candidate in four years to lose his state of birth (in 1968 Hubert Humphrey also lost South Dakota, where he was born) and residence (also in 1968 Richard Nixon lost New York, where he then lived). McGovern remained the last candidate to lose his state of residence until 2000, when Al Gore lost his home state of Tennessee. Mitt Romney would also lose his then-home state of Massachusetts in 2012 to Barack Obama, and Donald Trump would lose his then-home state of New York in 2016, to Hillary Clinton (who also lived in New York).

Bon Homme, Deuel, Davison, Clay, Edmunds, Hanson, McCook, Moody, Sanborn, and Union counties all flipped to McGovern, twice the amount he flipped elsewhere nationwide. South Dakota voted in this election as nearly 15 points more Democratic than the nation at-large, a significant historical anomaly considering that the state normally leans very heavily Republican. In fact, this election marked one of only four times since statehood that South Dakota voted to the left of the nation, and the state is tied for the longest ongoing Republican streak in presidential elections.

## Results

Electoral results
| Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote | | Electoral
vote | Running mate | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Count | Percentage | | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote |
| **Richard Nixon (incumbent)** | Republican | California | 166,476 | 54.15% | 4 | **Spiro Agnew (incumbent)** | Maryland | 4 |
| **George McGovern** | Democratic | South Dakota | 139,945 | 45.52% | 0 | **Sargent Shriver** | Maryland | 0 |
| **Linda Jenness** | Independent | Georgia | 994 | 0.34% | 0 | **Andrew Pulley** | Illinois | 0 |
| Total | | | 307,415 | 100% | 538 |  | | 538 |
| Needed to win | | | | | 270 |  | | 270 |

### Results by county

| County | Richard Nixon
Republican | | George McGovern
Democratic | | Linda Jenness
Independent | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Aurora | 1,075 | 45.96% | 1,257 | 53.74% | 7 | 0.30% | -182 | -7.78% | 2,339 |
| Beadle | 5,922 | 57.81% | 4,297 | 41.95% | 25 | 0.24% | 1,625 | 15.86% | 10,244 |
| Bennett | 808 | 62.83% | 476 | 37.01% | 2 | 0.16% | 332 | 25.82% | 1,286 |
| Bon Homme | 2,116 | 47.10% | 2,368 | 52.70% | 9 | 0.20% | -252 | -5.60% | 4,493 |
| Brookings | 5,182 | 52.26% | 4,701 | 47.41% | 33 | 0.33% | 481 | 4.85% | 9,916 |
| Brown | 8,134 | 49.44% | 8,216 | 49.94% | 101 | 0.61% | -82 | -0.50% | 16,451 |
| Brule | 1,421 | 45.88% | 1,665 | 53.76% | 11 | 0.36% | -244 | -7.88% | 3,097 |
| Buffalo | 221 | 44.47% | 275 | 55.33% | 1 | 0.20% | -54 | -10.86% | 497 |
| Butte | 2,452 | 68.82% | 1,085 | 30.45% | 26 | 0.73% | 1,367 | 38.37% | 3,563 |
| Campbell | 1,169 | 76.06% | 361 | 23.49% | 7 | 0.46% | 808 | 52.57% | 1,537 |
| Charles Mix | 2,020 | 42.79% | 2,691 | 57.00% | 10 | 0.21% | -671 | -14.21% | 4,721 |
| Clark | 1,617 | 54.59% | 1,336 | 45.10% | 9 | 0.30% | 281 | 9.49% | 2,962 |
| Clay | 2,518 | 47.05% | 2,821 | 52.71% | 13 | 0.24% | -303 | -5.66% | 5,352 |
| Codington | 4,936 | 51.61% | 4,601 | 48.11% | 27 | 0.28% | 335 | 3.50% | 9,564 |
| Corson | 975 | 58.28% | 689 | 41.18% | 9 | 0.54% | 286 | 17.10% | 1,673 |
| Custer | 1,476 | 64.48% | 798 | 34.86% | 15 | 0.66% | 678 | 29.62% | 2,289 |
| Davison | 3,796 | 44.50% | 4,710 | 55.21% | 25 | 0.29% | -914 | -10.71% | 8,531 |
| Day | 1,971 | 41.95% | 2,719 | 57.86% | 9 | 0.19% | -748 | -15.91% | 4,699 |
| Deuel | 1,357 | 49.60% | 1,370 | 50.07% | 9 | 0.33% | -13 | -0.47% | 2,736 |
| Dewey | 1,008 | 58.88% | 699 | 40.83% | 5 | 0.29% | 309 | 18.05% | 1,712 |
| Douglas | 1,434 | 61.68% | 887 | 38.15% | 4 | 0.17% | 547 | 23.53% | 2,325 |
| Edmunds | 1,567 | 48.73% | 1,646 | 51.18% | 3 | 0.09% | -79 | -2.45% | 3,216 |
| Fall River | 2,374 | 67.89% | 1,107 | 31.66% | 16 | 0.46% | 1,267 | 36.23% | 3,497 |
| Faulk | 1,004 | 50.07% | 986 | 49.18% | 15 | 0.75% | 18 | 0.89% | 2,005 |
| Grant | 2,247 | 50.04% | 2,231 | 49.69% | 12 | 0.27% | 16 | 0.35% | 4,490 |
| Gregory | 1,670 | 51.59% | 1,555 | 48.04% | 12 | 0.37% | 115 | 3.55% | 3,237 |
| Haakon | 1,021 | 73.14% | 366 | 26.22% | 9 | 0.64% | 655 | 46.92% | 1,396 |
| Hamlin | 1,693 | 56.85% | 1,276 | 42.85% | 9 | 0.30% | 417 | 14.00% | 2,978 |
| Hand | 1,806 | 57.90% | 1,307 | 41.90% | 6 | 0.19% | 499 | 16.00% | 3,119 |
| Hanson | 876 | 45.96% | 1,022 | 53.62% | 8 | 0.42% | -146 | -7.66% | 1,906 |
| Harding | 637 | 71.57% | 253 | 28.43% | 0 | 0.00% | 384 | 43.14% | 890 |
| Hughes | 4,231 | 67.35% | 2,037 | 32.43% | 14 | 0.22% | 2,194 | 34.92% | 6,282 |
| Hutchinson | 3,092 | 57.82% | 2,248 | 42.03% | 8 | 0.15% | 844 | 15.79% | 5,348 |
| Hyde | 789 | 59.50% | 533 | 40.20% | 4 | 0.30% | 256 | 19.30% | 1,326 |
| Jackson | 581 | 68.68% | 261 | 30.85% | 4 | 0.47% | 320 | 37.83% | 846 |
| Jerauld | 988 | 54.29% | 829 | 45.55% | 3 | 0.16% | 159 | 8.74% | 1,820 |
| Jones | 642 | 64.39% | 346 | 34.70% | 9 | 0.90% | 296 | 29.69% | 997 |
| Kingsbury | 2,320 | 58.62% | 1,632 | 41.23% | 6 | 0.15% | 688 | 17.39% | 3,958 |
| Lake | 2,919 | 50.14% | 2,886 | 49.57% | 17 | 0.29% | 33 | 0.57% | 5,822 |
| Lawrence | 4,795 | 65.22% | 2,533 | 34.45% | 24 | 0.33% | 2,262 | 30.77% | 7,352 |
| Lincoln | 3,201 | 54.92% | 2,617 | 44.90% | 10 | 0.17% | 584 | 10.02% | 5,828 |
| Lyman | 1,166 | 59.98% | 774 | 39.81% | 4 | 0.21% | 392 | 20.17% | 1,944 |
| Marshall | 1,500 | 47.66% | 1,646 | 52.30% | 1 | 0.03% | -146 | -4.64% | 3,147 |
| McCook | 1,963 | 49.53% | 1,993 | 50.29% | 7 | 0.18% | -30 | -0.76% | 3,963 |
| McPherson | 1,950 | 76.92% | 579 | 22.84% | 6 | 0.24% | 1,371 | 54.08% | 2,535 |
| Meade | 3,416 | 67.24% | 1,633 | 32.15% | 31 | 0.61% | 1,783 | 35.09% | 5,080 |
| Mellette | 637 | 59.20% | 433 | 40.24% | 6 | 0.56% | 204 | 18.96% | 1,076 |
| Miner | 1,059 | 44.03% | 1,337 | 55.59% | 9 | 0.37% | -278 | -11.56% | 2,405 |
| Minnehaha | 22,447 | 49.90% | 22,386 | 49.76% | 155 | 0.34% | 61 | 0.14% | 44,988 |
| Moody | 1,648 | 46.37% | 1,895 | 53.32% | 11 | 0.31% | -247 | -6.95% | 3,554 |
| Pennington | 13,654 | 61.16% | 8,592 | 38.48% | 80 | 0.36% | 5,062 | 22.68% | 22,326 |
| Perkins | 1,691 | 65.09% | 900 | 34.64% | 7 | 0.27% | 791 | 30.45% | 2,598 |
| Potter | 1,389 | 61.65% | 858 | 38.08% | 6 | 0.27% | 531 | 23.57% | 2,253 |
| Roberts | 2,187 | 42.29% | 2,976 | 57.54% | 9 | 0.17% | -789 | -15.25% | 5,172 |
| Sanborn | 1,064 | 49.60% | 1,074 | 50.07% | 7 | 0.33% | -10 | -0.47% | 2,145 |
| Shannon | 356 | 22.10% | 1,246 | 77.34% | 9 | 0.56% | -890 | -55.24% | 1,611 |
| Spink | 2,547 | 52.19% | 2,321 | 47.56% | 12 | 0.25% | 226 | 4.63% | 4,880 |
| Stanley | 779 | 60.95% | 492 | 38.50% | 7 | 0.55% | 287 | 22.45% | 1,278 |
| Sully | 773 | 64.90% | 414 | 34.76% | 4 | 0.34% | 359 | 30.14% | 1,191 |
| Todd | 806 | 46.78% | 907 | 52.64% | 10 | 0.58% | -101 | -5.86% | 1,723 |
| Tripp | 2,592 | 62.73% | 1,538 | 37.22% | 2 | 0.05% | 1,054 | 25.51% | 4,132 |
| Turner | 3,007 | 60.02% | 1,993 | 39.78% | 10 | 0.20% | 1,014 | 20.24% | 5,010 |
| Union | 2,271 | 46.90% | 2,554 | 52.75% | 17 | 0.35% | -283 | -5.85% | 4,842 |
| Walworth | 2,416 | 65.10% | 1,287 | 34.68% | 8 | 0.22% | 1,129 | 30.42% | 3,711 |
| Washabaugh | 245 | 53.73% | 211 | 46.27% | 0 | 0.00% | 34 | 7.46% | 456 |
| Yankton | 4,366 | 53.08% | 3,835 | 46.63% | 24 | 0.29% | 531 | 6.45% | 8,225 |
| Ziebach | 486 | 55.86% | 378 | 43.45% | 6 | 0.69% | 108 | 12.41% | 870 |
| Totals | 166,476 | 54.15% | 139,945 | 45.52% | 994 | 0.32% | 26,531 | 8.63% | 307,415 |

#### Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

#### Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

1. "1972 Presidential Election Statistics". Retrieved May 26, 2019.
2. Our Campaigns; SD US Presidential Election Race, November 07, 1972

## InfoBox

1972 United States presidential election in South Dakota
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Richard Nixon** George McGovern   Party Republican Democratic  Home state California South Dakota  Running mate **Spiro Agnew** Sargent Shriver  Electoral vote **4** 0  Popular vote **166,476** 139,945  Percentage **54.15%** 45.52% | |
| ---  County Results | |
| ---  **President before election**
Richard Nixon
Republican **Elected President**
Richard Nixon
Republican | |


title: 1973 Zambian general election

text:
# 1973 Zambian general election

General elections were held in Zambia on 5 December 1973. They were the first elections held since the country was formally declared a one-party state in August, with the United National Independence Party (UNIP) as the only legally permitted party. UNIP leader Kenneth Kaunda was automatically elected to a third five-year term as President, and was confirmed in office via a referendum in which 88.8% of voters approved his candidacy. UNIP also won all 125 seats in the National Assembly. Voter turnout was 39% of the 1,746,107 registered voters for the presidential election, and 33% for the National Assembly election.

Prior to the elections, primary elections were held to elect candidates for the 125 constituencies. Only UNIP members could vote in the primaries, and the top three candidates would be able to stand for the National Assembly election. In total, 532 people stood for election to the National Assembly.

## Results

### President

Kaunda was the sole candidate for president, and voters voted yes or no to his candidacy.

| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Kenneth Kaunda | United National Independence Party | 581,245 | 88.83 |
| Against | | | 73,115 | 11.17 |
| Total | | | 654,360 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 654,360 | 95.02 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 34,326 | 4.98 |
| Total votes | | | 688,686 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 1,746,107 | 39.44 |
| Source: Nohlen *et al.* | | | | |

### National Assembly

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | United National Independence Party | 527,252 | 100.00 | 125 | +44 |
| Presidential appointees | |  | | 10 | +5 |
| Appointed Speaker | |  | | 1 | New |
| Total | | 527,252 | 100.00 | 136 | +11 |
|  | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 527,252 | 90.34 |  | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 56,355 | 9.66 |  | |
| Total votes | | 583,607 | 100.00 |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 1,746,107 | 33.42 |  | |
| Source: African Elections Database | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1973 Zambian general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 39.4% |
| Nominee **Kenneth Kaunda**    Party UNIP   Popular vote **581,245**   Percentage **88.8%** | |
| --- | |
| ---  **President before election**
Kenneth Kaunda
UNIP **Elected President**
Kenneth Kaunda
UNIP | |


title: 1979 Australian Grand Prix

abstract: The 1979 Australian Grand Prix was an open-wheel racing car race held at Wanneroo Raceway north of Perth in Western Australia on 11 March 1979. The race, which was the first round of the 1979 Australian Drivers' Championship, was open to racing cars complying with Australian Formula 1. It was recognised by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport as the 44th Australian Grand Prix and was the only Australian Grand Prix to be held at Wanneroo Raceway.

text:
# 1979 Australian Grand Prix

The **1979 Australian Grand Prix** was an open-wheel racing car race held at Wanneroo Raceway north of Perth in Western Australia on 11 March 1979.

The race, which was the first round of the 1979 Australian Drivers' Championship, was open to racing cars complying with Australian Formula 1 (incorporating Formula 5000 and Formula Pacific). It was recognised by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport as the 44th Australian Grand Prix and was the only Australian Grand Prix to be held at Wanneroo Raceway.

## Classification

Results as follows:

### Qualifying

| Pos | No | Driver | Car | Entrant | Qual | Gap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 84 | Alfredo Costanzo | Lola T430 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Alfredo Costanzo | 0:52.11 |  |
| 2 | 12 | Larry Perkins | Elfin MR8 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Ansett Team Elfin | 0:52.77 | +0.66 |
| 3 | 25 | John Walker | Lola T332 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | John Walker | 0:53.00 | +0.89 |
| 4 | 15 | Terry Hook | Lola T332 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Terry Hook | 0:53.20 | +1.09 |
| 5 | 24 | Jon Davison | Lola T332 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Ranger Truck Rentals | 0:54.20 | +2.09 |
| 6 | 76 | John Wright | Lola T400 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | John Wright | 0:54.27 | +2.16 |
| 7 | 7 | John McCormack | McLaren M23 / Leyland 5.0L V8 | John McCormack | 0:54.67 | +2.56 |
| 8 | 11 | John Bowe | Elfin MR8 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Ansett Team Elfin | 0:55.30 | +3.19 |
| 9 | 10 | Rob Butcher | Lola T332 / Chevrolet V8 | Rob Butcher | 0:55.85 | +3.74 |
| 10 | 71 | John Smith | Ralt RT1 / Ford 1.6L I4 | John Smith | 0:56.59 | +4.48 |
| 11 | 38 | Ivan Tighe | Chevron B37 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Ivan Tighe | 0:57.11 | +5.00 |
| 12 | 30 | Peter Larner | Chevron B39 / Ford 1.6L I4 | Paul England Racing | 0:57.30 | +5.19 |
| 13 | 19 | Barry Singleton | Gardos GL1 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Barry Singleton | 0:58.20 | +6.09 |
| 14 | 8 | Rod Housego | Elfin 622 / Ford 1.6L I4 | Rod Housego | 1:00.70 | +8.59 |
| 15 | 16 | Bob Creasy | Birrana 273 / Ford 1.6L I4 | Bob Creasy | 1:01.00 | +8.89 |
| 16 | 40 | Geoff Nicol | Elfin 622 / Ford 1.6L I4 | Geoff Nicol | 1:01.89 | +9.78 |
| 17 | 3 | Bill Downey | Minos / Ford 1.6L I4 | Bill Downey | 1:03.35 | +11.24 |
| 18 | 17 | Bob Kingsbury | El Toro / Alfa Romeo 1.6L I4 | Bob Kingsbury | 1:05.45 | +13.34 |

### Race

| Pos | No | Driver | Car | Entrant | Laps | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 25 | John Walker | Lola T332 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | John Walker | 63 | 59m 09.72s |
| 2 | 11 | John Bowe | Elfin MR8 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Ansett Team Elfin | 63 | 59m 22.13s |
| 3 | 10 | Rob Butcher | Lola T332 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Rob Butcher | 61 |  |
| 4 | 71 | John Smith | Ralt RT1 / Ford 1.6L I4 | John Smith | 61 |  |
| 5 | 15 | Terry Hook | Lola T332 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Terry Hook | 59 |  |
| 6 | 19 | Barry Singleton | Gardos GL1 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Barry Singleton | 59 |  |
| 7 | 38 | Ivan Tighe | Chevron B37 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Ivan Tighe | 49 |  |
| 8 | 40 | Geoff Nicol | Elfin 622 / Ford 1.6L I4 | Geoff Nicol | 45 |  |
| Ret | 76 | John Wright | Lola T400 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | John Wright | 62 | Engine |
| Ret | 17 | Bob Kingsbury | El Toro / Alfa Romeo 1.6L I4 | Bob Kingsbury | 39 | Battery |
| Ret | 7 | John McCormack | McLaren M23 / Leyland 5.0L V8 | John McCormack | 36 | Gearbox |
| Ret | 8 | Rod Housego | Elfin 622 / Ford 1.6L I4 | Rod Housego | 33 | Exhaust |
| Ret | 3 | Bill Downey | Minos / Ford 1.6L I4 | Bill Downey | 30 | Transmission |
| Ret | 24 | Jon Davison | Lola T332 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Ranger Truck Rentals | 20 | Fuel Pump |
| Ret | 30 | Peter Larner | Chevron B39 / Ford 1.6L I4 | Paul England Racing | 8 | Brakes / Suspension |
| Ret | 12 | Larry Perkins | Elfin MR8 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Ansett Team Elfin | 0 | Accident |
| Ret | 84 | Alfredo Costanzo | Lola T430 / Chevrolet 5.0L V8 | Alfredo Costanzo | 0 | Accident |
| DNS | 16 | Bob Creasy | Birrana 273 / Ford 1.6L I4 | Bob Creasy | 0 | Gearbox |
|

### Notes

## InfoBox

| 1979 Australian Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Round 1 of 3 of the 1979 Australian Drivers' Championship | | | |
|  | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | 11 March 1979 | | |
| Official name | XLIV Australian Grand Prix | | |
| Location | Wanneroo Raceway, Wanneroo, Western Australia | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility | | |
| Course length | 2.411 km (1.498 miles) | | |
| Distance | 63 laps, 151.893 km (93.374 miles) | | |
| Weather | Sunny | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Lola-Chevrolet |
| Time | 0'52.11 | | |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | John Wright
Johnnie Walker | Lola-Chevrolet
Lola-Chevrolet |
| Time | 0'54.92 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | Lola-Chevrolet |
| Second |  | Elfin-Chevrolet |
| Third |  | Lola-Chevrolet |


title: 1974 St. Louis Cardinals (NFL) season

abstract: The 1974 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 55th year with the National Football League and the 15th season in St. Louis. The Cardinals scored 285 points while the defense gave up 218 points, en route to the NFC East Championship. The 10–4 Cardinals qualified for the postseason for the first time since 1948 when the franchise was based in Chicago. It was the team's first winning season since 1970 when the Cardinals went 8–5–1. Although the Cardinals and the Washington Redskins finished with identical 10–4 records, the Cardinals won the NFC East title, because of their two victories over Washington that season. The Cardinals won their first seven games, and were at least tied for first place from Week One to the end of the regular season. The Cardinals would not start a season with a 7–0 record again until 2021. By then, they would be based in Arizona.

text:
# 1974 St. Louis Cardinals (NFL) season

The **1974 St. Louis Cardinals season** was the team's 55th year with the National Football League and the 15th season in St. Louis. The Cardinals scored 285 points while the defense gave up 218 points, en route to the NFC East Championship.

The 10–4 Cardinals qualified for the postseason for the first time since 1948 when the franchise was based in Chicago. It was the team's first winning season since 1970 when the Cardinals went 8–5–1. Although the Cardinals and the Washington Redskins finished with identical 10–4 records, the Cardinals won the NFC East title, because of their two victories over Washington that season.

The Cardinals won their first seven games, and were at least tied for first place from Week One to the end of the regular season.

The Cardinals would not start a season with a 7–0 record again until 2021. By then, they would be based in Arizona.

## Offseason

### NFL draft

| **1974 St. Louis Cardinals draft** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Round | Pick | Player | Position | College | Notes |
| 1 | 7 | J. V. Cain | Tight end | Colorado |  |
| 2 | 33 | Greg Kindle | Guard | Tennessee State |  |
| 3 | 60 | Steve George | Defensive tackle | Houston |  |
| 4 | 85 | Durwood Keeton | Defensive back | Oklahoma | Signed with Southern California Sun (WFL) |
| 4 | 91 | Ike Harris | Wide receiver | Iowa State | Played with Cardinals 75–77 |
| 5 | 111 | Steve Neils | Linebacker | Minnesota |  |
| 8 | 189 | Sergio Albert | Kicker | U.S. International |  |
| 9 | 215 | Reggie Harrison | Running back | Cincinnati |  |
| 10 | 251 | Greg Hartle | Linebacker | Newberry |  |
| 12 | 293 | Roger Wallace | Wide receiver | Bowling Green | Signed with Memphis Grizzlies (WFL) |
| 13 | 319 | Jimmy Poulos | Running back | Georgia | Signed with Jacksonville Express (WFL) |
| 14 | 345 | Charles Smith | Running back | Yankton |  |
| 15 | 371 | Vincent Ancell | Defensive back | Arkansas State |  |
| 16 | 397 | Alonzo Emery | Running back | Arizona State |  |
| 17 | 423 | John Moseley | Defensive back | Missouri |  |
| Made roster | | | | | |

## Roster

| **St. Louis Cardinals roster** | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quarterbacks**       **Running backs**
**Wide receivers**
**Tight ends**
 |  | **Offensive linemen**                 **Defensive linemen**
 |  | **Linebackers**           **Defensive backs**
**Special teams**
 |  | **Reserve lists** **Practice squad**
*rookies in italics*
 |
|

## Hall of Fame Game

* St. Louis Cardinals 21, Buffalo Bills 13

## Regular season

### Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Attendance | Recap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | September 15 | **Philadelphia Eagles** | **W** 7–3 | 1–0 | Busch Memorial Stadium | 40,322 | Recap |
| 2 | September 22 | at **Washington Redskins** | **W** 17–10 | 2–0 | RFK Stadium | 53,888 | Recap |
| 3 | September 29 | Cleveland Browns | **W** 29–7 | 3–0 | Busch Memorial Stadium | 43,472 | Recap |
| 4 | October 6 | at San Francisco 49ers | **W** 34–9 | 4–0 | Candlestick Park | 48,675 | Recap |
| 5 | October 13 | **Dallas Cowboys** | **W** 31–28 | 5–0 | Busch Memorial Stadium | 49,885 | Recap |
| 6 | October 20 | at Houston Oilers | **W** 31–27 | 6–0 | Astrodome | 26,371 | Recap |
| 7 | October 27 | **Washington Redskins** | **W** 23–20 | 7–0 | Busch Memorial Stadium | 49,410 | Recap |
| 8 | November 3 | at **Dallas Cowboys** | **L** 14–17 | 7–1 | Texas Stadium | 64,146 | Recap |
| 9 | November 11 | Minnesota Vikings | **L** 24–28 | 7–2 | Busch Memorial Stadium | 50,183 | Recap |
| 10 | November 17 | at **Philadelphia Eagles** | **W** 13–3 | 8–2 | Veterans Stadium | 61,982 | Recap |
| 11 | November 24 | at **New York Giants** | **W** 23–21 | 9–2 | Yale Bowl | 40,615 | Recap |
| 12 | December 1 | Kansas City Chiefs | **L** 13–17 | 9–3 | Busch Memorial Stadium | 41,863 | Recap |
| 13 | December 8 | at New Orleans Saints | **L** 0–14 | 9–4 | Tulane Stadium | 57,152 | Recap |
| 14 | December 15 | **New York Giants** | **W** 26–14 | 10–4 | Busch Memorial Stadium | 47,414 | Recap |
| **Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text. | | | | | | | |

### Game summaries

#### Week 11 at Giants

**St. Louis Cardinals (8–2) at New York Giants (2–8)**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cardinals | 6 | 0 | 7 | 10 | **23** |
| Giants | 0 | 7 | 7 | 7 | **21** |

*at Yale BowlNew Haven, Connecticut*

* **Date**: November 24
* **Game time**: 1:00 p.m.
* **Game weather**: 45 °F (7 °C) • Wind 9 miles per hour (14 km/h; 7.8 kn)
* **Game attendance**: 40,615
* **Referee**: Bob Frederic
* **TV**: CBS
* Pro-Football-Reference.com

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

#### Week 14

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Giants 0 14 0 0 14  Cardinals 0 0 20 6 **26** |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

### Standings

| NFC East | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W | L | T | PCT | DIV | CONF | PF | PA | STK |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 10 | 4 | 0 | .714 | 7–1 | 8–3 | 285 | 218 | W1 |
| Washington Redskins | 10 | 4 | 0 | .714 | 5–3 | 8–3 | 320 | 196 | W2 |
| Dallas Cowboys | 8 | 6 | 0 | .571 | 4–4 | 6–5 | 297 | 235 | L1 |
| Philadelphia Eagles | 7 | 7 | 0 | .500 | 3–5 | 5–6 | 242 | 217 | W3 |
| New York Giants | 2 | 12 | 0 | .143 | 1–7 | 1–10 | 195 | 299 | L6 |

## Postseason

### NFC Divisional Playoff

* Minnesota Vikings 30, St. Louis Cardinals 14

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cardinals | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | **14** |
| **Vikings** | 0 | 7 | 16 | 7 | **30** |

*at Metropolitan Stadium, Bloomington, Minnesota*

* **TV:** CBS
* **Attendance:** 44,626

## Awards and records

* Jim Hart, NFC Leader, Touchdown Passes, 20 Passes

### Milestones

* Terry Metcalf, 2000 Combined Net Yards (718 Rush Yards, 377 Pass Receiving Yards, 340 Punt Return Yards, 623 Kick Return Yards)

## InfoBox

| 1974 St. Louis Cardinals season | |
| --- | --- |
| Owner | Bill Bidwill |
| Head coach | Don Coryell |
| Home field | Busch Memorial Stadium |
| Results | |
| Record | 10–4 |
| Division place | 1st NFC East |
| Playoff finish | Lost Divisional Playoffs
(at Vikings) 14–30 |
| Pro Bowlers | **T** Dan Dierdorf
**QB** Jim Hart
**RB** Terry Metcalf
**WR** Mel Gray
**CB** Roger Wehrli |
|


title: 1974 Special Honours (New Zealand)

abstract: The 1974 Special Honours in New Zealand were two Special Honours List, published on 3 May and 4 October 1974, in which four judges and a former prime minister received knighthoods.

text:
# 1974 Special Honours (New Zealand)

The **1974 Special Honours in New Zealand** were two Special Honours List, published on 3 May and 4 October 1974, in which four judges and a former prime minister received knighthoods.

## Knight Bachelor

* The Honourable Mr Justice Alec Leslie Haslam – senior puisne judge of the Supreme Court.
* The Honourable Mr Justice Ian Hannay Macarthur – puisne judge of the Supreme Court.
* The Honourable Mr Justice Arthur Owen Woodhouse DSC – judge of the Court of Appeal.

## Order of the British Empire

### Knight Grand Cross (GBE)

Civil division

### Knight Commander (KBE)

Civil division


title: Mass mobilization

abstract: Mass mobilization refers to mobilization of civilian population as part of contentious politics. Mass mobilization is defined as a process that engages and motivates a wide range of partners and allies at national and local levels to raise awareness of and demand for a particular development objective through face-to-face dialogue. Members of institutions, community networks, civic and religious groups and others work in a coordinated way to reach specific groups of people for dialogue with planned messages. In other words, social mobilization seeks to facilitate change through a range of players engaged in interrelated and complementary efforts. The process usually takes the form of large public gatherings such as mass meetings, marches, parades, processions and demonstrations. Those gatherings usually are part of a protest action. Mass mobilization is often used by grassroots-based social movements, including revolutionary movements, but can also become a tool of elites and the state itself. In a study of over 200 violent revolutions and over 100 nonviolent campaigns, Erica Chenoweth has shown that civil disobedience is, by far, the most powerful way of affecting public policy. The study identified that an active participation of around 3.5% of a population will ensure serious political change. Activist and researcher Kyle R Matthews has questioned the applicability of these findings, which conern regime change, to other kinds of movements, such as Extinction Rebellion.

text:
# Mass mobilization

**Mass mobilization** (also known as **social mobilization** or **popular mobilization**) refers to mobilization of civilian population as part of contentious politics. Mass mobilization is defined as a process that engages and motivates a wide range of partners and allies at national and local levels to raise awareness of and demand for a particular development objective through face-to-face dialogue. Members of institutions, community networks, civic and religious groups and others work in a coordinated way to reach specific groups of people for dialogue with planned messages. In other words, social mobilization seeks to facilitate change through a range of players engaged in interrelated and complementary efforts.

The process usually takes the form of large public gatherings such as mass meetings, marches, parades, processions and demonstrations. Those gatherings usually are part of a protest action. Mass mobilization is often used by grassroots-based social movements, including revolutionary movements, but can also become a tool of elites and the state itself.

In a study of over 200 violent revolutions and over 100 nonviolent campaigns, Erica Chenoweth has shown that civil disobedience is, by far, the most powerful way of affecting public policy. The study identified that an active participation of around 3.5% of a population will ensure serious political change. Activist and researcher Kyle R Matthews has questioned the applicability of these findings, which conern regime change, to other kinds of movements, such as Extinction Rebellion.

## Mass mobilization for social movements

Social movements are groups that protest against social or political issues. Different social movements try to make the public and politicians aware of different social problems. For social movements it is important to solve collective action problems. When social movements protest for something in the interest of the whole society, it is easier for the individual to not protest. The individual will benefit the outcome, but will not risk anything by participating in the protest. This is also known as the free-rider problem. Social movements must convince people to join the movement to solve this problem.

### Examples

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. During the Vietnam war, supporters and opponents of the war mobilized for protests. Social movements against the war were groups of students or veterans. These groups did not believe the war was justified and that the United States had to pull out the troops stationed there. To counter these protests, president Richard Nixon addressed the 'silent majority', the people who did support the war, to organize counter protests supporting the war.

Yellow vests movement is a social movement originated in Paris. The protests started when president Emmanuel Macron announced a fuel tax increase. Protesters saw this as a tax on the working class, the people in the countryside who have to drive to work. At first, the movement was successful. A lot of people joined and a majority of the population supported it. After the first weeks, the movement fell apart and some factions became violent. The number of protesters and support of the population decreased.

## Government mass mobilization

Governments can promote mass mobilization to support the causes they promote. Many governments attempt to mobilize the population to participate in elections and other voting events. In particular, it is important for political parties in any country to be able to mobilize voters in order to gain support for their party, which affects voter turnout in general.

### Examples

Nazi Germany applied mass mobilization techniques to win support for their policies. The Nazi Party mobilized the population with mass meetings, parades, and other gatherings. These events appealed to the people's emotions.

North Korea frequently employs mass mobilization to convince its people to publicly express loyalty around important events and holidays. Mobilization is also used to acquire a workforce for tasks such as construction, farm work, keeping public places clean, and urgent disaster relief. Mass mobilization is also used to acquire hard currency. Participating in mobilization campaigns is mandatory and failure to appear may result in penalties. However, for some, it is possible to bribe themselves out of the duty.

## Mass mobilization in social media

The effect of social media on mass mobilization can both be negative and positive. Cyberoptimists believe social media make protests easier to organize. Political ideas spread quickly on social media and everyone can participate in online political actions. Ruijgruk identified four mechanisms the internet helps mobilizing people in authoritarian regimes.

* It reduces the risks of the opposition. To be politically active online is less risky than to be active on the streets. The opposition can meet online and organize protests without having to meet in a physical place.
* It can change the attitude of the citizens. When news independent from the government can spread online, people will get a more honest image of their government. On the long term, even people who are satisfied with their life can become politically active and be mobilized to protest against the regime.
* It reduces uncertainty for individuals. When people see a lot of people will be attending the protests, people are more inclined to join. The risk of getting punished is lower when there are a lot of people at the protests.
* Dramatic videos and pictures will reach more people if they are shared online. People who get to see those images are more inclined to join the protests.

Cyberpessimists point to the effect these online actions have. By liking or sharing a political post, someone might think they are politically active, but they are not really doing anything effective. This useless activism, or slacktivism does not contribute to the overall goal of the social movement. It also increases the collective action problem. Someone might think they already contributed to the cause, so they are less likely to go to a physical protest.

Social media is also used by states in order to check society. Authoritarian states use social media to track and punish activists and political opponents. There are several ways to do this. State led internet providers can use a monopoly position to provide information about internet behaviour to secret services. These providers can also shut down the internet if the government faces mass mobilization, what happened in the Arab Spring.

To organise out of sight of authorities, people use encrypted online messaging services such as WhatsApp or Telegram. Virtual private networks may also be used.

### Examples

DARPA Network Challenge

Tag Challenge

#### Arab Spring

The **Arab Spring** was a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests occurring in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010. Rulers were forced from power in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen; civil uprisings erupted in Bahrain and Syria; major protests broke out in Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, and Oman; with minor protests in Lebanon, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, and Western Sahara. Clashes at the borders of Israel in May 2011, as well as protests by Arab minority in Iranian Khuzestan, were also inspired by the regional Arab Spring.

The protests shared techniques of mostly civil resistance in sustained campaigns involving strikes, demonstrations, marches, rallies, as well as the use of social media to organise, communicate, and raise awareness in the face of state attempts at repression and Internet censorship.

## Nonviolence vs violent tactics

According to Donatella della Porta and Sidney Tarrow, the mechanism that produces violence in the declining phase of the collective action cycle is a result of the competition that arises among different sectors of the social movement. Together they formed a theory stating that as mass mobilisation winds down, political violence rises in magnitude and intensity.

### Examples

#### Italy

In his study of the wave of mass protests that took place in Italy between 1965 and 1975, Sidney Tarrow stated that "\[i\]n the final stages of the cycle, there was an increase in the deliberate use of violence against others. But this increase was a function of the decline of mass protest, not of its extension. Indeed, deliberate targeted violence did not become common until 1972-3, when all the other forms of collective action had declined." All of which leads him to forcefully conclude that "organized violence was the product of demobilization." Donatella della Porta, in her comparative analysis of political violence and cycles of protest in Italy and Germany between 1960 and 1990, maintains that "when mass mobilization declined, the movements went back to more institutional forms of collective action, whereas small groups resorted to more organized forms of violence."

#### USSR

Mark R. Beissinger, in his study on cycles of protest and nationalist violence in the Soviet Union between 1987 and 1992, also detects this pattern, but in this case violence takes the form of ethnic communal conflict rather than terrorism. As he says, "the rise of violence in the USSR in significant part was associated with the decline of nonviolent mobilization contesting interrepublican borders."

#### Russia

During the 1870s, the "populists" or "nihilists", the proponents of a Russian variant of anarchism, organized the so-called "pilgrimages to the people", which involved small groups of members of the urban, petit bourgeois intelligentsia going into small villages to persuade peasants of the necessity of revolution. However, their efforts had little effect on the peasantry, and it was after this bitter experience that they made the momentous decision to adopt terrorist tactics.

## Further reading


title: María Luisa Bergaz Conesa

abstract: María Luisa Bergaz Conesa is a Spanish politician. From 2003-2004 she served as a Member of the European Parliament, representing Spain for the United Left. From November 2003-April 2004 she served as Vice-Chair of the Temporary committee on improving safety at sea. Prior to her appointment, she served as a Member of both the Committee on Petitions and the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, and was a substitute for the European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs and the EP's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality.

text:
# María Luisa Bergaz Conesa

**María Luisa Bergaz Conesa** (born 17 September 1947; Xeraco, Valencian Community) is a Spanish politician. From 2003-2004 she served as a Member of the European Parliament, representing Spain for the United Left. From November 2003-April 2004 she served as Vice-Chair of the Temporary committee on improving safety at sea.

Prior to her appointment, she served as a Member of both the Committee on Petitions and the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, and was a substitute for the European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs and the EP's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality.

## InfoBox

| María Luisa Bergaz Conesa | |
| --- | --- |
| Conesa in 2018 | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
24 July 2003  19 July 2004 | |
| Constituency | Spain |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 17 September 1947 (1947-09-17) (age 77)
Xeraco, Valencian Community, Spain |
| Political party | United Left |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: María Luisa Bonet

abstract: María Luisa Bonet Carbonell is a Spanish computer scientist interested in logic in computer science, including proof complexity and algorithms for the maximum satisfiability problem. She is a professor of computer science at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia.

text:
# María Luisa Bonet

**María Luisa Bonet Carbonell** is a Spanish computer scientist interested in logic in computer science, including proof complexity and algorithms for the maximum satisfiability problem. She is a professor of computer science at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia.

## Education and career

Bonet is originally from Barcelona. After earning a degree in philosophy at the University of Barcelona in 1984, she became a Fulbright Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. She earned a master's degree in mathematics there in 1987, and became a doctoral student of Samuel Buss, studying theoretical computer science. Buss moved to the University of California, San Diego in 1988, but Bonet remained at Berkeley; her 1991 doctoral dissertation, *The Lengths of Propositional Proofs and the Deduction Rule*, listed both Buss and Leo Harrington as co-advisors.

Bonet did postdoctoral research as a Warchawski Assistant Professor at the University of California, San Diego, at the University of Pennsylvania, and at DIMACS in New Jersey. She returned to Barcelona in 1996, to take a position in the computer science department of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia. She became a full professor there in 2007.

## Selected publications

* Bonet, María Luisa; Pitassi, Toniann; Raz, Ran (1997), "Lower bounds for cutting planes proofs with small coefficients" (PDF), *Journal of Symbolic Logic*, **62** (3): 708–728, doi:10.2307/2275569, JSTOR 2275569, MR 1472120; preliminary version in 27th Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC 1995), doi:10.1145/225058.225275
* Bonet, María Luisa; Pitassi, Toniann; Raz, Ran (2000), "On interpolation and automatization for Frege systems" (PDF), *SIAM Journal on Computing*, **29** (6): 1939–1967, doi:10.1137/S0097539798353230, MR 1756400
* Bonet, María Luisa; Esteban, Juan Luis; Galesi, Nicola; Johannsen, Jan (2000), "On the relative complexity of resolution refinements and cutting planes proof systems" (PDF), *SIAM Journal on Computing*, **30** (5): 1462–1484, doi:10.1137/S0097539799352474, MR 1813959
* Bonet, María Luisa; Levy, Jordi; Manyà, Felip (2007), "Resolution for Max-SAT", *Artificial Intelligence*, **171** (8–9): 606–618, doi:10.1016/j.artint.2007.03.001, MR 2333554
* Ansótegui, Carlos; Bonet, María Luisa; Levy, Jordi (2013), "SAT-based MaxSAT algorithms", *Artificial Intelligence*, **196**: 77–105, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.278.7791, doi:10.1016/j.artint.2013.01.002, MR 3024193; based on conference papers in SAT 2009, CCIA 2009, AAAI 2010, and CP 2012


title: Vila de Gràcia

abstract: Vila de Gràcia, which translates as town of Gràcia or Gràcia, is a neighborhood in the Gràcia district of Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain). This neighborhood was the main core of the old town of Gràcia that included also Camp d'en Grassot i Gràcia Nova. One of the things that characterize this neighborhood is its Festa Major. Its history dates back to the 19th century, when, during the patron saint's festivities, the Virgin of Gràcia was carried throughout the town. The citizens, to make the festival a little more fun, began to decorate the streets where the virgin passed. That continued with the annexation to Barcelona. Currently, the streets continue to be decorated, being both a local and tourist attraction. The streets are decorated, with a contest in between. During the Tourist go Home campaign of the citizens of Barcelona against the excess of tourists in Barcelona, they asked that this party be suspended, since, in their words, it was a cluster of tourists in a quiet neighborhood like Gràcia.

text:
# Vila de Gràcia

**Vila de Gràcia** (Catalan pronunciation: \[ˈbilə ðə ˈɣɾasi.ə\]), which translates as town of Gràcia or *Gràcia*, is a neighborhood in the *Gràcia* district of Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain). This neighborhood was the main core of the old town of Gràcia that included also Camp d'en Grassot i Gràcia Nova.

One of the things that characterize this neighborhood (old town) is its Festa Major (patron's festival). Its history dates back to the 19th century, when, during the patron saint's festivities, the Virgin of Gràcia was carried throughout the town. The citizens, to make the festival a little more fun, began to decorate the streets where the virgin passed. That continued with the annexation to Barcelona. Currently, the streets continue to be decorated, being both a local and tourist attraction. The streets are decorated, with a contest in between. During the Tourist go Home campaign of the citizens of Barcelona against the excess of tourists in Barcelona, they asked that this party be suspended, since, in their words, it was a cluster of tourists in a quiet neighborhood like Gràcia.

41°24′14″N 2°09′21″E / 41.4040°N 2.1559°E / 41.4040; 2.1559


title: Vikram Dev University

abstract: Vikram Dev University is a public state university located in the city of Jeypore, Koraput district in Odisha, that offers courses primarily at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. It was established in 1947 by Maharaja of Jeypore Sri Vikram Dev IV or Vikram Deo Verma as Jeypore College and later has been named in his respect.

text:
# Vikram Dev University

**Vikram Dev University** (formerly *Vikram Deb Autonomous College*) is a public state university located in the city of Jeypore, Koraput district in Odisha, that offers courses primarily at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. It was established in 1947 by Maharaja of Jeypore Sri Vikram Dev IV or Vikram Deo Verma as Jeypore College and later has been named in his respect.

## History

### Foundation

As a part of welfare activities of the British-Indian government, on 1 July 1947 the government of Jeypore Estate (Orissa Province) under Maharaja Vikram Deo Verma started this institution of higher education at Jeypore as 'Jeypore College'. As a tribute to his philanthropy the college was renamed to 'Vikram Deb College' in 1961. The college was also upgraded to a first grade college from 1961 and undergraduate courses were started. Honours teaching provisions were made in 1968–73 and Post Graduate courses were started from 1979. The college was declared a lead college in 1991–92.

## Upgradation and expansion (1961-2023)

In 1961, a significant milestone was achieved by Vikram Dev College as it was upgraded to a First Grade College.

To further broaden its academic offerings, the college introduced undergraduate classes in Science and Humanities streams in 1961 and 1963, respectively. This expansion allowed students to pursue a wide range of disciplines and facilitated their holistic development.

Recognizing the importance of specialized knowledge and advanced studies, the college implemented honors teaching between 1968 and 1973. This step aimed to provide students with a deeper understanding of their chosen subjects and promote research-oriented learning.

In 1979, Vikram Dev College took a significant leap forward with the initiation of post-graduate studies in the Department of History. This move provided a platform for aspiring scholars to engage in in-depth research and contribute to the field of academia.

Building upon the success of the post-graduate program in History, the college expanded its offerings in subsequent years. Post-graduate studies were introduced in Economics, Commerce, and Political Science in 1983 and 1990, respectively. These programs enriched the academic landscape of the college and attracted students with a passion for these disciplines.

Recognizing the need to provide comprehensive education from the early stages, in 1983, Vikram Dev College introduced higher secondary streams in Arts, Science, and Commerce. This development allowed students to pursue their desired subjects right from their higher secondary education, fostering a seamless transition into higher studies.

The year 1993-94 witnessed another milestone in the college's journey as post-graduate studies in Chemistry were initiated.

The year 2023 marked a momentous occasion for Vikram Dev College. In response to heavy demand from students, academics, and the general public, the college was declared an affiliating university by the Chief Minister of Odisha Mr. Naveen Patnaik on 2 February 2023. This declaration took place one day before the college's platinum jubilee celebration, signifying not only its remarkable history but also its commitment to fostering higher education and academic growth in the region. The university came into function from 1 June 2023.

## Affiliated colleges

The university has jurisdiction over 4 districts namely Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabarangpur and Rayagada of Odisha. Earlier the jurisdiction of these districts presided over by Berhampur University.

18°52′04″N 82°34′20″E / 18.8678°N 82.5723°E / 18.8678; 82.5723

## InfoBox

Vikram Dev University
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Other name | VDU |
| Former names | Jeypore College (till 1961)
Vikram Deb Autonomous College (till 2023) |
| Motto | *tamaso mā jyotirgamaya* (Sanskrit) |
| Motto in English | "From darkness lead me to light" |
| Established | 1947 (as College)
2023 (as University) |
| Founder | Maharaja Sri Vikram Deo Verma of Jeypore Kingdom |
| Accreditation | NAAC |
| Chancellor | Governor of Odisha |
| Vice-Chancellor | Prof. (Dr.) Devi Prasad Mishra |
| Academic staff | 51 |
| Location | Jeypore, Odisha, India |
| Campus | Urban, 25 acres (10 ha) |
| Youth Groups | NCC, YRC, NSS |
| Website | www.vikramdevuniversity.com |


title: Matana

abstract: Matana is a Burundian town and colline, seat of the Commune of Matana, in Bururi Province.

text:
# Matana

**Matana** is a Burundian town and *colline*, seat of the Commune of Matana, in Bururi Province.

## Geography

It is a mountain town is located at 1,900 metres (6,200 ft), and is crossed in the middle by the national highway RN7, that links Bujumbura (94 km northwest), the largest city and former capital, to the town of Rutana (49 km southeast). It is 15 km north of Songa, 30 km north of Bururi, and the nearest places are the villages of Rubanga and Butwe.

## Religion

Matana is the seat of the homonym Anglican diocese, part of the Province of the Anglican Church of Burundi.

## InfoBox

| Matana | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| MatanaLocation in Burundi | |
| Coordinates: 3°46′01.2″S 29°41′30.0″E / 3.767000°S 29.691667°E / -3.767000; 29.691667 | |
| Country | Burundi |
| Province | Bururi Province |
| Commune | Commune of Matana |
| Elevation | 1,900 m (6,200 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (Central Africa Time) |


title: María de Jesús Nolasco Elías

abstract: María de Jesús Nolasco Elías was a Mexican potter from Ocumicho, Michoacán, a town noted for the creation of colorful ceramic figurines. She learned the craft from another Ocumicho potter named Marcelino Vicente. Her works show imagination, for example the creation of devils emerging from flames, animals devouring each other, images from the life of Christ with indigenous elements and even a representation of the Last Supper, with Jesus eating a watermelon. She also created mermaids, smiling sun faces, portraits of real people and trees of life. Nolasco Elías's pieces were both made with molds and by hand, using local clays, polishing dried pieces with a stone. Her work was shown at the Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico City in 1993, as well as at various exhibitions outside Mexico. She was named a “grand master” by the Fomento Cultural Banamex in 2001.

text:
# María de Jesús Nolasco Elías

**María de Jesús Nolasco Elías** (b. December 8, 1944 - d. 2000) was a Mexican potter from Ocumicho, Michoacán, a town noted for the creation of colorful ceramic figurines.

She learned the craft from another Ocumicho potter named Marcelino Vicente.

Her works show imagination, for example the creation of devils emerging from flames, animals devouring each other, images from the life of Christ with indigenous elements and even a representation of the Last Supper, with Jesus eating a watermelon. She also created mermaids, smiling sun faces, portraits of real people and trees of life.

Nolasco Elías's pieces were both made with molds and by hand, using local clays, polishing dried pieces with a stone.

Her work was shown at the Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico City in 1993, as well as at various exhibitions outside Mexico. She was named a “grand master” by the Fomento Cultural Banamex in 2001.


title: Master of the Houghton Miniatures

abstract: The Master of the Houghton Miniatures is the conventional name of an illuminator probably active in Ghent between 1476 and 1480. He owes his name to a book of hours that he illuminated, currently kept in the Houghton Library at Harvard University.

text:
# Master of the Houghton Miniatures

The **Master of the Houghton Miniatures** is the conventional name of an illuminator probably active in Ghent between 1476 and 1480. He owes his name to a book of hours that he illuminated, currently kept in the Houghton Library at Harvard University.

## Biographical notes

His works have for a long time been confused with those of the Viennese Master of Mary of Burgundy. It was the art historian Thomas Kren who proposed in 2003 to distinguish four miniatures in a book of hours kept at the Houghton Library. The few miniatures attributed to him appear in collaborations with Simon Marmion but there is little connection with the illumination common in Hainaut at that time. He seems to have been quite active in Ghent around 1480 and his style is reminiscent of Hugo van der Goes' art. This similarity has led people to say that the Master of the Houghton Miniatures was probably one of his close collaborators or assistants, or even Goes himself. The latter having died in 1482, there is no chronological objection to this.

## Style

The artist's style is marked by very precise and detailed landscapes in his miniatures. The drawing of his characters is just as precise, paying attention to all the details of the face and hair, as shown in particular by a drawing undoubtedly by the same artist kept in Berlin. He also shows an attachment to the representation of animals stretching their torsos. His art is similar to that of the Viennese Master of Mary of Burgundy but is distinguished by rounder characters, with strong noses, deep-set eyes, and high cheekbones which recall those of Hugo van der Goes.

## Attributed works

* The Emerson-White Hours, 4 miniatures by the master in collaboration with Simon Marmion, the Master of the Dresden Prayerbook, the Ghent Associates and other anonymous artists, before 1482, Houghton Library, MS Typ 443.

* The Huth Hours, 2 miniatures by the master, in collaboration with Simon Marmion, the Master of the Dresden Prayerbook, the Ghent Associates and other anonymous artists, early 1480s, British Library, Add MS 38126.

* Two isolated miniatures taken from a devotional book, c. 1480: *David in Prayer*, and *The Vision of Saint Dominic*.

## Citations

## Reference


title: Master of the High Court of Fiji

abstract: Masters of the High Court are judges authorised by the Fijian Constitution to sit on the High Court. Unlike the more senior puisne judges, who sit on both the High Court and the Court of Appeal, Masters of the High Court sit only on the High Court. The Master of the High Court's power is prescribed by the High Court Act and Order 59 of the Fijian High Court Rules 1988. The first Master of the High Court of Fiji was Janmai Jay Udit. He was appointed in 2005. His appointment was revoked on abrogation of the 1997 constitution on 10 April 2009, together with all other judges and magistrates.

text:
# Master of the High Court of Fiji

**Masters of the High Court** are judges authorised by the Fijian Constitution to sit on the High Court. Unlike the more senior puisne judges, who sit on both the High Court and the Court of Appeal, Masters of the High Court sit only on the High Court. The Master of the High Court's power is prescribed by the High Court Act and Order 59 of the Fijian High Court Rules 1988.

The first Master of the High Court of Fiji was Janmai Jay Udit. He was appointed in 2005. His appointment was revoked on abrogation of the 1997 constitution on 10 April 2009, together with all other judges and magistrates.


title: Master of the Hawks

abstract: The office of Master of the Hawks was created on the English Restoration in 1660. During Charles II's reign, the Master's salary was £390 per annum; in William III's reign, it was increased to £1500. The office was abolished on the accession of Anne in 1702 and the master, the Duke of St Albans, was granted a perpetual pension payable to his heirs. The pension was finally commuted in 1891 by the payment of a lump sum of some £18,000.

text:
# Master of the Hawks

The office of **Master of the Hawks** (or Master Falconer) was created on the English Restoration in 1660. During Charles II's reign, the Master's salary was £390 per annum (approximately £42,000 in 2007); in William III's reign, it was increased to £1500 (approximately £161,900 in 2007). The office was abolished on the accession of Anne in 1702 and the master, the Duke of St Albans, was granted a perpetual pension payable to his heirs. The pension was finally commuted in 1891 by the payment of a lump sum of some £18,000.

## Masters of the Hawks

## Deputy Masters of the Hawks


title: Vinařice (Mladá Boleslav District)

abstract: Vinařice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

text:
# Vinařice (Mladá Boleslav District)

**Vinařice** is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

## Etymology

The oldest name of the village was *Vinařci*, which meant 'little winemakers'. The name was then distorted into its present form.

## Geography

Vinařice is located about 5 km (3 mi) south of Mladá Boleslav and 43 km (27 mi) northeast of Prague. It lies mostly in the Jičín Uplands, the southern part of the municipal territory extends into the Jizera Table. The highest point is the hill Kněžský at 366 m (1,201 ft) above sea level.

## History

The first written mention of Vinařice is in a deed of Agnes of Bohemia from 1227, when it was a property of the Convent of Saint George in Prague. Soon it became property of the lords of Chlum, who held it until 1403, after that it changed owners frequently. The most notable owners of Vinařice were the Waldstein family (1623–1734), who joined it to the Dobrovice estate.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1869 434       1880 452 +4.1%  1890 463 +2.4%  1900 496 +7.1%  1910 491 −1.0% | Year Pop. ±%  1921 507 +3.3%  1930 455 −10.3%  1950 320 −29.7%  1961 334 +4.4%  1970 314 −6.0% | Year Pop. ±%  1980 271 −13.7%  1991 225 −17.0%  2001 248 +10.2%  2011 278 +12.1%  2021 309 +11.2% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Transport

The train station named *Dobrovice* on the railway line Mladá Boleslav–Nymburk, which mainly serves the neighbouring town of Dobrovice, is located in the southern tip of the territory of Vinařice.

## Sights

The main landmark of Vinařice is the Vinařice Castle. It was created by the Renaissance rebuilding of the old fortress, which took place in two phases in the 16th century and around 1630. Later, Baroque modifications were made. Today, the castle is privately owned. It is used for social purposes and as a hotel.

## InfoBox

| Vinařice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Aerial view of the Vinařice Castle | |
|  | |
| VinařiceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°22′26″N 14°57′9″E / 50.37389°N 14.95250°E / 50.37389; 14.95250 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Mladá Boleslav |
| First mentioned | 1227 |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.49 km2 (1.73 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 303 m (994 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 308 |
| Density | 69/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 294 41 |
| Website | www.obecvinarice.cz |


title: Villers-les-Pots

abstract: Villers-les-Pots is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

text:
# Villers-les-Pots

**Villers-les-Pots** (French pronunciation: \[vilɛʁ le po\]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 722 |  |
| 1968 | 731 | +1.2% |
| 1975 | 790 | +8.1% |
| 1982 | 763 | −3.4% |
| 1990 | 855 | +12.1% |
| 1999 | 871 | +1.9% |
| 2008 | 1,020 | +17.1% |

## Transportation

The commune has a railway station, Villers-les-Pots, on the Dijon–Vallorbe line.

## InfoBox

| Villers-les-Pots | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Villers-les-Pots | |
|  | |
| Location of Villers-les-Pots | |
| Villers-les-PotsVillers-les-Pots | |
| Coordinates: 47°12′42″N 5°21′17″E / 47.2117°N 5.3547°E / 47.2117; 5.3547 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Côte-d'Or |
| Arrondissement | Dijon |
| Canton | Auxonne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Cédric Vautier |
| Area**1** | 10.43 km2 (4.03 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,192 |
| Density | 110/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 21699 /21130 |
| Elevation | 182–205 m (597–673 ft)
(avg. 196 m or 643 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Masters of Illusion (album)

abstract: Masters of Illusion is the eponymous debut album of American hip hop group Masters of Illusion, composed of producer KutMasta Kurt and rappers Kool Keith & Motion Man. It was released on November 14, 2000, via Threshold Records. The project features no guest emcees, but does feature DJ cuts/scratches by DJ Revolution, DJ Babu and DJ Rhettmatic. Some CD releases also come with a free instrumental version of the album, as is typical with Kool Keith releases

text:
# Masters of Illusion (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *HipHopDX* |  |
| RapReviews |  |

***Masters of Illusion*** is the eponymous debut album of American hip hop group Masters of Illusion, composed of producer KutMasta Kurt and rappers Kool Keith & Motion Man. It was released on November 14, 2000, via Threshold Records. The project features no guest emcees, but does feature DJ cuts/scratches by DJ Revolution, DJ Babu and DJ Rhettmatic.

Some CD releases also come with a free instrumental version of the album, as is typical with Kool Keith releases (*Dr. Octagonecologyst*, *First Come, First Served*, etc.)

## Track listing

All music is composed by KutMasta Kurt

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Figment" (Intro) |  | 0:39 |
| 2. | "Masters of Illusion" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 3:06 |
| 3. | "We All Over" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 3:43 |
| 4. | "Magnum Be I" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin | 3:21 |
| 5. | "U Want Freestyle?" | * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 2:28 |
| 6. | "Scared Straight" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 3:01 |
| 7. | "Time 2 Get Right" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 4:21 |
| 8. | "Step Up" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 3:20 |
| 9. | "The Funky Redneck" (Skit) | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 1:48 |
| 10. | "East West Hustlers" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 4:24 |
| 11. | "The Bay-Bronx Bridge" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 3:40 |
| 12. | "Call the National Guard" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin | 3:06 |
| 13. | "Back up Kid" | * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 3:34 |
| 14. | "Partnas Confused" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 3:45 |
| 15. | "Souped Up" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 3:23 |
| 16. | "Urban Legends" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 3:41 |
| 17. | "Clifton's Conversation" (Skit) | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 0:21 |
| 18. | "Let Me Talk to You" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 11:52 |
| 19. | "Silk Suit Black Linen" | * P. Laster * K. Matlin * K. Thornton | 1:42 |
| Total length: | | | 1:05:15 |

**Notes**

* Tracks 3, 5, 8, 12 and 14 featured DJ cuts by DJ Revolution
* Track 7 featured DJ cuts by DJ Rhettmatic
* Track 16 featured DJ cuts by DJ Babu

## Personnel

* Kurt Matlin – lyrics, producer, mixing, arranging, executive producer
* Keith Matthew Thornton – lyrics (tracks: 1–3, 5–11, 13–19), vocals
* Paul K. Laster – lyrics (tracks: 1–4, 6–12, 14–19), vocals
* Kurt G. Hoffman – scratches/cuts (tracks: 3, 5, 8, 12, 14)
* Nazareth Nirza – scratches/cuts (track 7)
* Melvin Babu – scratches/cuts (track 16)
* Scott Zuschin – voice (track 1)
* Ken Lee – mastering
* Jim Rasfeld – layout
* James Reitano – artwork

## InfoBox

| Masters of Illusion | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Masters of Illusion | |
| Released | November 14, 2000 |
| Recorded | 1998–2000 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 65:15 |
| Label | Threshold Records |
| Producer | KutMasta Kurt (also exec.) |
|  | |
| Kool Keith chronology | |
| *Pimp to Eat*
(2000) ***Masters of Illusion***
(2000) *Spankmaster*
(2001) | |
| KutMasta Kurt chronology | |
| ***Masters of Illusion***
(2000) *Diesel Truckers*
(2004) | |
| Motion Man chronology | |
| ***Masters of Illusion***
(2000) *Clearing the Field*
(2002) | |
| Singles from  *Masters of Illusion* | |
| 1. "Partnas Confused/Masters Of Illusion"
Released: 1998 2. "Partnas Confused/Magnum Be I"
Released: 1999 3. "We All Over/Souped Up"
Released: 2000 4. "The Bay-Bronx Bridge/Silk Suit, Black Linen"
Released: 2000 5. "Urban Legends/Let Me Talk To You"
Released: 2001 | |
|  | |


title: Matisia exalata

abstract: Matisia exalata is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae sensu lato or Bombacaceae. It is found only in Panama. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Matisia exalata

***Matisia exalata*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae *sensu lato* or Bombacaceae. It is found only in Panama. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Matisia exalata* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | *Matisia* |
| Species: | ***M. exalata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Matisia exalata***
W.S.Alverson | |
|


title: Matisia grandifolia

abstract: Matisia grandifolia, the molinillo, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae sensu lato or Bombacaceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Matisia grandifolia

***Matisia grandifolia***, the **molinillo**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae *sensu lato* or Bombacaceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Matisia grandifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | *Matisia* |
| Species: | ***M. grandifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Matisia grandifolia***
Little | |
|


title: Matisia stenopetala

abstract: Matisia stenopetala is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae sensu lato or Bombacaceae. It is found only in Peru.

text:
# Matisia stenopetala

***Matisia stenopetala*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae *sensu lato* or Bombacaceae. It is found only in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Matisia stenopetala* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | *Matisia* |
| Species: | ***M. stenopetala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Matisia stenopetala***
Standl. & Cuatrec. | |
|


title: Masang Mayoso

abstract: Masang Mayoso is a remote village in Tonkolili District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. The population of the village is almost entirely inhabited by the Temne people and their language also called Temne is by far the most widely spoken language in the village. Masang Mayoso is one of only few places in Sierra Leone where the majority of the people do not understand or speak the Krio language. The village is the birthplace of Foday Sankoh, former leader and founder of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), a rebel group that fought a failed ten-year civil war against the government of Sierra Leone, starting in 1991 and ending in 2002. It later developed into a political party, which existed until 2007.

text:
# Masang Mayoso

**Masang Mayoso** is a remote village in Tonkolili District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. The population of the village is almost entirely inhabited by the Temne people and their language also called Temne is by far the most widely spoken language in the village. Masang Mayoso is one of only few places in Sierra Leone where the majority of the people do not understand or speak the Krio language (the most widely spoken language in Sierra Leone).

The village is the birthplace of Foday Sankoh, former leader and founder of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), a rebel group that fought a failed ten-year civil war against the government of Sierra Leone, starting in 1991 and ending in 2002. It later developed into a political party, which existed until 2007.


title: Vincent Pallotti

abstract: Vincent Pallotti was an Italian cleric and a saint. Born in Rome, he was the founder of the Society of the Catholic Apostolate later to be known as the "Pious Society of Missions". The original name was restored in 1947. He is buried in the church of San Salvatore in Onda. He is considered the forerunner of Catholic Action. His feast day is 22 January. He was the uncle of Cardinal Luigi Pallotti (1829–1890).

text:
# Vincent Pallotti

**Vincent Pallotti** (21 April 1795 – 22 January 1850) was an Italian cleric and a saint. Born in Rome, he was the founder of the Society of the Catholic Apostolate later to be known as the "Pious Society of Missions" (the Pallottines). The original name was restored in 1947. He is buried in the church of San Salvatore in Onda. He is considered the forerunner of Catholic Action. His feast day is 22 January.

He was the uncle of Cardinal Luigi Pallotti (1829–1890).

## Biography

Vincent Pallotti was born in Rome on 21 April 1795, to Pietro and Magdalena De Rossi Pallotti. He was descended from the noble families of the Pallotti of Norcia and the De Rossi of Rome. His early studies were made at the Pious Schools of San Pantaleone, and from there he passed to the Roman College. At the age of sixteen, he resolved to become a priest, and was ordained on 16 May 1818. Shortly thereafter he earned a doctorate in theology. Pallotti is described as small of stature, slight of built, with big blue eyes and penetrating glance.

He was given an assistant professorship at the Sapienza University but resigned it soon after to devote himself to pastoral work. Pallotti worked selflessly looking after the poor in the urban areas of the city for most of his life. He organized schools for shoemakers, tailors, coachmen, carpenters, and gardeners so that they could better work at their trade, as well as evening classes for young farmers and unskilled workers. He soon became known as a "second Saint Philip Neri". He once dressed up as an old woman to hear the confession of a man who threatened "to kill the first priest who came through the door".

## Union of the Catholic Apostolate (UAC)

On 9 January 1835, Pallotti found the Union of the Catholic Apostolate. He expressed his idea in the following words: "The Catholic Apostolate, that is, the universal apostolate, which is common to all classes of people, consists in doing all that one must and can do for the great glory of God and for one’s own salvation and that of one’s neighbor." On 11 July 1835, Pope Gregory XVI gave his approval.

The Society was placed under the protection of Mary, Queen of Apostles. During the cholera plague in 1837, Pallotti ministered to the stricken. In 1838 the Society was ordered dissolved, as it was seen as a duplication of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith. Pallotti appealed this decision to the pope and the order of dissolution was withdrawn.

On 28 October 2003, the Union of Catholic Apostolate was declared an International Public Association of the Faithful by a decree of the Pontifical Council for the Laity.

## Society of the Catholic Apostolate (SAC)

In 1835 Pallotti formed the priests and brothers of the Union he called together into a community he called the "Society of the Catholic Apostolate". However, as soon as Pallotti died in 1850 there was more trouble and presumably the original decree of dissolution was unearthed. When Pallotti's last defender Cardinal Lambruscini died in 1854, the name of the Society was abruptly changed to "The Pious Society of Missions". This lasted until 1947 when "by a gracious act of the Holy See" the original name of the society was restored.

He had an intense devotion to the mystery of the Most Blessed Trinity, and to the Virgin Mary. His contemporaries, including the pope, considered him a saint during his life.

Vincent Pallotti died in Rome, on 22 January 1850.

## Veneration

He was beatified by Pope Pius XII on 22 January 1950. He was canonized in 1963 by Pope John XXIII. On 6 April 1963, he was named principal patron of the Pontifical Missionary Union of Clergy.

When Pallotti's body was exhumed in 1906 and 1950, examiners found his body to be incorrupt, a sign of holiness in the tradition of the Roman Catholic Church. His body is enshrined in the church of San Salvatore in Onda, in Rome, where it can be seen.

## Legacy

Pallotti was deemed a patron of Vatican II for his efforts toward building unity in the church through such practices as inviting the people of his community to worship in the Roman parishes of Eastern Catholic Churches.

His followers are the Pallottines, still operating internationally. They follow his motto, "The love of Christ impels us" (Caritas Christi Urget Nos). Members of the Society of the Catholic Apostolate work as everyday missionaries to "renew faith and rekindle love." They work to fulfill the mission of their founder in the modern world. The Pallottines have major houses in Britain, Germany, New York, Poland, India, Ireland. Belize, and several other locations.

The Congregation of the Sisters of the Catholic Apostolate, commonly referred to as Pallottines, is an international community founded in Rome, Italy by Vincent Pallotti. The Pallottine Sisters trace their beginnings to the Pia Casa di Carità (Pious House of Charity) he established in Rome in 1838. This was a work dedicated to the religious and civil education of young girls who had been abandoned on the streets of Rome to procure food through begging. It is a work that is still operating today.

The Missionary Sisters of the Catholic Apostolate began in Germany as a response to the missionary needs in the Cameroons which were being administrated by the Pallottine Fathers.

During the Christmas Season, a nativity scene that Pallotti made himself is put on display at the Vatican, in the basilica's square, before the Christmas tree. Pallotti promoted the celebration of the Octave of the Epiphany as an act of unity with his Orthodox brethren who celebrated Christmas on 6 January at that time.

## InfoBox

| Saint
Vincent Pallotti | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Priest | |
| Born | (1795-04-21)21 April 1795
Rome, Papal States |
| Died | 22 January 1850(1850-01-22) (aged 54)
Rome, Papal States |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 22 January 1950, Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City by Pope Pius XII |
| Canonized | 20 January 1963, Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City by Pope John XXIII |
| Feast | 22 January |
| Attributes | Priest's cassock |
| Patronage | Pallottines |


title: Vincent P. O'Hara

abstract: Vincent P. O’Hara is a naval author and historian, residing in California.

text:
# Vincent P. O'Hara

**Vincent P. O’Hara** (born 24 December 1951) is a naval author and historian, residing in California.

## Biography

Vincent O’Hara is an independent scholar with a degree in History from the University of California, Berkeley. O’Hara has authored, co-authored or edited seventeen books and contributed articles to publications, including *Naval War College Review*, *MHQ*, *Storia Militare*, *Warship*, *Seaforth World Naval Review*, *America in WWII*, *World War II*, and *World War II History*. He was an assistant editor of ABC Clio's *Encyclopedia of World War II at Sea* and has written introductions to two volumes of the *U.S. Naval Operations in World War II* series by Samuel E. Morison republished by the U.S. Naval Institute. O'Hara was awarded the Naval Institute Press 2015 Author of the Year for *Torch: North Africa and the Allied Path to Victory.* He participated in the 75th anniversary commemorations of the Torch operation in Algiers and Oran, Algeria at the invitation of the U.S. State Department. O'Hara is a co-founder of the Western Naval History Association. He lives in Chula Vista, California.

## Appraisals

* of *Six Victories "*an up close and personal look at the factors that led to triumph and reversal, told from the perspective of “the hundreds of details that are the true fathers of victory. This work is a significant contribution to the naval history of the Mediterranean theater of World War II and one that students of naval history will surely want on their shelf." Randall D. Fortson, Naval History and Heritage Command. "This is an important work on the struggle for control of the Mediterranean and is recommended for specialists and general readers interested in World War II at sea." Corbin Williamson, *Journal of Military History* (April 2020). "Despite the vast amount of detail included in the text, this is a very readable work offering a wealth of new information from British and Italian archives. . . . Thoroughly recommended." Derek Law, *The Mariner's Mirror* (May 2020)
* of *Clash of Fleets* "an essential companion for anyone with an interest in First World War naval history. It is a highly readable masterpiece, a tour d’horizon of the naval war." Nicholas Jellicoe
* Of *Torch,* "In sum, the book is simply impressive. Well written and researched . . . O'Hara once again substantiates his reputation as a leading scholar of the Mediterranean theatre of the Second World War." Bernd Horn, *Canadian Military Review* (Winter 2016). "The book is meticulously researched and well written. The appendices are detailed, providing comprehensive accounts of the French and Allied orders of battle. This work will be of use to scholars who are examining this topic for the first time, as well as those who have expertise in this subject." John Miglietta, *Journal of Military History* (April 2017).
* Of *To Crown the Waves* "The greatest value of the work is its systematic comparison of the nature, dynamics, characteristics, and structure of each navy, along with brief battle narratives." Dr. Stanley D. M. Carpenter, *Naval History* April 2014.
* Of *In Passage Perilous*, "A very readable account of the convoy battles fought inside the Mediterranean in 1942. Drawing heavily on Italian sources, *In Passage Perilous* is carefully researched, objective, balanced and well written. It is likely to become the standard account of the critical phase of the Mediterranean conflict." —H. P. Willmott,
* Of *On Seas Contested*, *Warship 2012* wrote, "This is a book that breaks new ground; it is an absolute must for anyone with aspirations to be a naval historian, and a good read for those simply interested in the navies of the Second World War."
* Of *Struggle for the Middle Sea*, *The Washington Times* asserted that "It is a welcome and clarifying addition to the existing literature of the Mediterranean campaign."
* In reference to the same book, *The Mariner's Mirror* stated, "The detail and depth of the research is notable and the ambition to confront old myths with a fresh eye is a worthy one in which he largely succeeds."
* *The Journal of Military History* wrote "*The US Navy Against the Axis* helps to fill a void in the history of the Second World War and will prove valuable to any student of naval history."
* Of *The German Fleet at War*, *WWII History Magazine* noted "This outstanding book is an invaluable resource for all students of World War II naval history."

## Bibliography

* *Fighting in the Dark: Naval Combat at Night, 1904-1944* editor with Trent Hone, Naval Institute Press (2023) ISBN 9781682477809
* *Innovating Victory: Naval Technology in Three Wars* with Leonard R. Heinz, Naval Institute Press (2022) ISBN 9781682477328
* *Battleship Tirpitz* Naval Institute Press (2022) ISBN 9781591148708
* *Heavy Cruiser Prinz Eugen* Naval Institute Press (2022) ISBN 9781591148722
* *Battleship Massachusetts* Naval Institute Press (2021) ISSN 1042-1920
* *Six Victories: North Africa, Malta, and the Mediterranean Convoy War November 1941-March 1942* Naval Institute Press (2019) ISBN 978-1-68247-460-0
* *Clash of Fleets: Naval Battles of the Great War, 1914–18* with Leonard R. Heinz, Naval Institute Press (2017) ISBN 978-1-68247-008-4
* *Torch: North Africa and the Allied Path to Victory* Naval Institute Press (2015) ISBN 978-1-61251-823-7
* *Black Phoenix: History and Operations of the Marina Repubblicana 1943–1945*, with Enrico Cernuschi, Propeller (2014) ISBN 978-0-615-97861-1
* *To Crown the Waves: The Great Navies of the First World War*, edited with W. David Dickson and Richard Worth, Naval Institute Press (2013) ISBN 978-1-61251-082-8
* *The Royal Navy's Revenge and Other Little-Known Encounters of the War at Sea*, Nimble Books LLC (2013) ISBN 978-1-60888-113-0
* *In Passage Perilous: Malta and the Convoy Battles of June 1942*, Indiana University Press (2012) ISBN 978-0-253-00603-5
* *On Seas Contested: The Seven Great Navies of the Second World War*, edited with W. David Dickson and Richard Worth, Naval Institute Press (2010) ISBN 978-1-59114-646-9
* *Dark Navy: The Italian Regia Marina and the Armistice of 8 September 1943*, with Enrico Cernuschi, Nimble Books LLC (2009) ISBN 978-1-934840-91-7
* *Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies At War In The Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945*, Naval Institute Press and Conway Publishing (2009) ISBN 978-1-84486-102-6
* *The U.S. Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat, 1941–1942*, Naval Institute Press (2007) ISBN 978-1-59114-650-6
* *The German Fleet At War: 1939–1945*, Naval Institute Press (2004) ISBN 978-1-59114-651-3


title: Parker Memorial Baptist Church

abstract: Parker Memorial Baptist Church is a historic Southern Baptist church at 1205 Quintard Avenue in Anniston, Alabama, United States. Built in 1888, it was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1981, and the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

text:
# Parker Memorial Baptist Church

**Parker Memorial Baptist Church** is a historic Southern Baptist church at 1205 Quintard Avenue in Anniston, Alabama, United States. Built in 1888, it was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1981, and the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Parker Memorial Baptist Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage | |
|  | |
| The church in April 2014 | |
|  | |
| Location | 1205 Quintard Ave., Anniston, Alabama |
| Coordinates | 33°39′36″N 85°49′34″W / 33.66000°N 85.82611°W / 33.66000; -85.82611 |
| Area | 1.9 acres (0.77 ha) |
| Built | 1888 |
| Architect | Kennerly, George |
| Architectural style | Gothic |
| MPS | Anniston MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002881 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 3, 1985 |
| Designated ARLH | September 24, 1981 |


title: Mordellistena antennalis

abstract: Mordellistena antennalis is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1990 by Batten.

text:
# Mordellistena antennalis

***Mordellistena antennalis*** is a beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1990 by Batten.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena antennalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. antennalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena antennalis***<br>Batten, 1990 | |
|


title: Luther Elliott House

abstract: The Luther Elliott House is a historic house in Reading, Massachusetts. The modestly sized 1.5-story wood-frame house was built in 1850 by Luther Elliott, a local cabinetmaker who developed an innovative method of sawing wood veneers. The house has numerous well preserved Greek Revival features, including corner pilasters, and a front door surrounded with sidelight windows and pilasters supporting a tall entablature. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

text:
# Luther Elliott House

The **Luther Elliott House** is a historic house in Reading, Massachusetts. The modestly sized 1.5-story wood-frame house was built in 1850 by Luther Elliott, a local cabinetmaker who developed an innovative method of sawing wood veneers. The house has numerous well preserved Greek Revival features, including corner pilasters, and a front door surrounded with sidelight windows and pilasters supporting a tall entablature.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Luther Elliott House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 309 Haven Street,<br>Reading, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°31′24.2″N 71°6′2.86″W / 42.523389°N 71.1007944°W / 42.523389; -71.1007944 |
| Built | 1850 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| MPS | Reading MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 84002598 |
| Added to NRHP | July 19, 1984 |


title: Rhodostemonodaphne

abstract: Rhodostemonodaphne is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lauraceae. It is a neotropical genus consisting of approximately 41 species occurring in Central America and northern South America. This genus has many species that are valued for timber. The classification of the genus is unclear since the species in the genus fall into a well-supported but unresolved clade that also includes species with unisexual flowers currently placed in the genera Endlicheria and part of Ocotea.

text:
# Rhodostemonodaphne

***Rhodostemonodaphne*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lauraceae. It is a neotropical genus consisting of approximately 41 species occurring in Central America and northern South America. This genus has many species that are valued for timber. The classification of the genus is unclear since the species in the genus fall into a well-supported but unresolved clade that also includes species with unisexual flowers currently placed in the genera *Endlicheria* and part of *Ocotea*.

## Description

*Rhodostemonodaphne* are shrubs and trees up to 30 m tall, mostly hardwood evergreen trees. They are dioecious (male and female flowers are on separate trees). The stamens have four locelli situated in a shallow arch towards the apex of the anthers. The leaves are alternately arranged, elliptic with recurved margins, and thin (chartaceous). The inflorescence of small flowers is a panicle with racemose terminations.

## Species

Species include:

* Chanderbali, A.S. (2004). "*Endlicheria* (Lauraceae)". *Flora Neotropica*. **91**: 1–141. JSTOR 4393929.

## InfoBox

| *Rhodostemonodaphne* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Lauraceae |
| Genus: | *Rhodostemonodaphne*<br>Rohwer & Kubitzki |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Oldřichovice (Zlín District)

abstract: Oldřichovice is a municipality and village in Zlín District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. Oldřichovice lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Zlín and 249 km (155 mi) south-east of Prague.

text:
# Oldřichovice (Zlín District)

**Oldřichovice** is a municipality and village in Zlín District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

Oldřichovice lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Zlín and 249 km (155 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 366 |  |
| 1880 | 370 | +1.1% |
| 1890 | 385 | +4.1% |
| 1900 | 405 | +5.2% |
| 1910 | 426 | +5.2% |
| 1921 | 425 | −0.2% |
| 1930 | 390 | −8.2% |
| 1950 | 442 | +13.3% |
| 1961 | 443 | +0.2% |
| 1970 | 400 | −9.7% |
| 1980 | 356 | −11.0% |
| 1991 | 338 | −5.1% |
| 2001 | 359 | +6.2% |
| 2011 | 385 | +7.2% |
| 2021 | 382 | −0.8% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Oldřichovice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church of Saint Zdislava | |
|  | |
| OldřichoviceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°10′54″N 17°33′41″E / 49.18167°N 17.56139°E / 49.18167; 17.56139 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Zlín |
| District | Zlín |
| First mentioned | 1362 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.73 km2 (1.05 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 270 m (890 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 384 |
| Density | 140/km2 (360/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 763 61 |
| Website | www.oldrichovice.cz |


title: Zanna tenebrosa

abstract: Zanna tenebrosa is a large planthopper in the subfamily Zanninae in the family Fulgoridae. The nymphs are sometimes referred to as lantern-flies because of their large lantern like snout, although this does not emit light. This species occurs in mainland Africa, and also in Madagascar, where it has often been known under the name Zanna madagascariensis, and referred to there as the Malagasy lantern bug.

text:
# Zanna tenebrosa

***Zanna tenebrosa*** is a large planthopper in the subfamily Zanninae in the family Fulgoridae. The nymphs are sometimes referred to as lantern-flies because of their large lantern like snout, although this does not emit light. This species occurs in mainland Africa, and also in Madagascar, where it has often been known under the name *Zanna madagascariensis* (or as a subspecies, *Zanna tenebrosa madagascariensis*), and referred to there as the **Malagasy lantern bug**.

## Description

*Zanna tenebrosa* has a thin coating of white waxy powder and a large orange lantern-like head or snout.

## Identification

It can be distinguished from most species by the shape and colour of the head and the colour of the hindwings. The other valid species with such features are flammea and pauliani, the former differing by the apically convex (not truncate) projection of the head, which is called a cephalic process, and from pauliani by the straight (not curved) cephalic process

## Cultural significance

In Madagascar, the adult bugs are known as **sakandry**, and are consumed by the rural people. Roasted whole, they are reported to taste like bacon.

## InfoBox

| *Zanna tenebrosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lantern bug nymph at the Anja Community Reserve | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Fulgoridae |
| Genus: | *Zanna* |
| Species: | ***Z. tenebrosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zanna tenebrosa***<br>(Fabricius, 1775) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Fulgora tenebrosa* Fabricius, 1775 * *Fulgora africana* Palisot de Beauvois, 1820 * *Zanna madagascariensis* (Signoret, 1860) * *Zanna tenebrosa nosibeana* Lallemand, 1959 | |


title: Ojokojo Torunarigha

abstract: Ojokojo Torunarigha is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a forward for German club Chemnitzer FC between 1991 and 1995. He also played international football for Nigeria, and later became a coach at Hertha BSC. His sons Junior and Jordan are also footballers.

text:
# Ojokojo Torunarigha

**Ojokojo Torunarigha** (born 12 March 1970) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a forward for German club Chemnitzer FC between 1991 and 1995. He also played international football for Nigeria, and later became a coach at Hertha BSC. His sons Junior and Jordan are also footballers.

## InfoBox

Ojokojo Torunarigha
| Torunarigha in 1990 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1970-03-12) 12 March 1970 | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1991–1995 | Chemnitzer FC | 77 | (5) |
| International career | | | |
|  | Nigeria |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Olivia von Halle

abstract: Olivia von Halle is a British fashion label known for its range of luxury silk pyjamas and nightwear.

text:
# Olivia von Halle

**Olivia von Halle** is a British fashion label known for its range of luxury silk pyjamas and nightwear.

## Background

Olivia Von Halle (née Falconer) was born in 1983 in Newcastle upon Tyne. She moved to Fairseat, Kent aged two and attended Tonbridge Grammar School for Girls and Combe Bank. After studying Fashion and Textile Management at Leeds University, Olivia von Halle worked for The Future Laboratory in London as a trend forecaster for clients including Louis Vuitton, Gucci Group and Lamborghini. In 2008 she moved to Shanghai, China where she continued working as a trend forecaster and as a luxury brand consultant.

Olivia von Halle is married to Hugo von Halle. The couple have two sons, Hieronymus Vladimir Azax and Dionysus Cosmo Chaos, and a daughter, Triptych Alabama Bliss.

## About

In September 2011, Olivia von Halle launched her eponymous label at London Fashion Week. By 2018, the brand was stocked in over 120 stores across 26 countries including Harrods, Selfridges, Bergdorf Goodman, Neiman Marcus and Net-a-Porter.The brand has been featured in global publications including Vogue, Vanity Fair, Harpers Bazaar, Elle and Tatler.

## Awards

In 2013, Olivia von Halle was announced as a ‘Walpole Brand of Tomorrow 2013’, in association with Mishcon de Reya. Olivia von Halle was declared Lounge and Nightwear brand of the year at the UK Lingerie Awards during an awards ceremony at the Freemason’s Hall. In 2013, Olivia von Halle was awarded the Blue Butterfly Trust Mark for Positive Luxury for the company's corporate social responsibility programme.

## InfoBox

Olivia von Halle
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Fashion |
| Founded | 2011 (2011) |
| Founder | Olivia von Halle |
| Headquarters | London, England |
| Website | oliviavonhalle.com |


title: Oliver S. Powell (politician)

abstract: Oliver Samuel Powell was an American farmer, miller and merchant from River Falls, Wisconsin who spent three consecutive one-year terms as a state legislator.

text:
# Oliver S. Powell (politician)

**Oliver Samuel Powell** (June 19, 1830 – September 26, 1888) was an American farmer, miller and merchant from River Falls, Wisconsin who spent three consecutive one-year terms as a state legislator.

## Background

He was born June 19, 1830, in Madrid, New York, and moved to Augusta, Illinois in 1843. He received a public school education, and became a farmer. In 1849, he came to Stillwater, Minnesota with what was supposedly the first threshing machine north of Prairie du Chien, and threshed the first grain of that fall season.

He came to Wisconsin in 1849, joining his father William and his brothers Nathaniel and Lyman. The brothers claimed adjacent lands, and in 1852 built a sawmill and the first frame building in the area, which was first used as a home, then became a general store known as the "Old Pioneer Store" at the corner of Main and Maple. In 1854 the brothers platted a village first known as Kinnickinnic and sometimes as Greenwood, before finally settling on the name "River Falls" after the falls of the Kinnickinnic River on whose banks it was built.

On September 23, 1860, Powell married L(ydia) Elmira Nichols, a native of Braintree, Vermont. They would have four sons and three daughters. In 1862, Nathaniel died, and Oliver Powell had to take over the store and other family business.

## Public office

He was first elected to the Assembly in 1869 as a Republican without opposition, and was assigned to the standing committee on railroads. He was re-elected in 1870, with 902 votes to 413 for Democrat Joel Foster (who had been the first white settler in what was now Pierce County); and was assigned to the committees on privileges and elections; and on swamps and overflowed lands. He was re-elected again in 1871, receiving 1,133 votes against 609 for Thomas Carney, one of five "people's candidates" running in that election, and was assigned to the committee on ways and means.

During his time in the Assembly, he worked with other local figures to achieve the 1874 creation of a new state normal school in River Falls, the nucleus of what would become the University of Wisconsin–River Falls.

## After the Assembly

Powell died in his cane mill on September 26, 1888.