title: Xicotencatl II

abstract: Xicotencatl II Axayacatl, also known as Xicotencatl the Younger, was a prince and warleader, probably with the title of Tlacochcalcatl, of the pre-Columbian state of Tlaxcala at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

text:
# Xicotencatl II

**Xicotencatl II Axayacatl**, also known as **Xicotencatl the Younger** (died 1521), was a prince and warleader, probably with the title of *Tlacochcalcatl*, of the pre-Columbian state of Tlaxcala at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

## Biography

An ethnic Tlaxcaltec, Xicotencatl the Younger was the son of the ruler of Tizatlan, one of the four confederate altepemeh of the Tlaxcallan state, of which he was considered to be the *de facto* ruler because of his father's weakened health. His Nahuatl name, pronounced \[ʃiːkoʔˈteːŋkatɬ\], is sometimes also spelled **Xīcohtēncatl** and means "person from Xīcotēnco," a place name that can be translated "at the edge of the bumblebees."

He is known primarily as the leader of the force that was dispatched from Tlaxcallan to intercept the forces of Hernán Cortés and his Totonac allies as they entered Tlaxcallan territory when going inland from the Veracruz coast. His actions are described in the letters of Cortés, Bernal Díaz del Castillo's *Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España* and in the histories of Tlaxcala, such as the one by Diego Muñoz Camargo.

Xicotencatl was described by Castillo as,

> “…a tall man, broad shouldered, and well built, with a large fresh coloured face, full of scars, as if pitted with the smallpox. He may have been about thirty-five years of age, and was earnest and dignified in his deportment.”

When fighting the Spaniards he used an ambush strategy; he first engaged the enemy with a small force that feigned a retreat, and then lured the Spaniards back to a better fortified position where the main force waited. The Spaniards retreated when too many of their men were killed or wounded, and they sought a peace treaty with the Tlaxcaltecs. Maxixcatzin, the ruler of Ocotelolco, was in favour of allying with the Spaniards, but Xicotencatl II opposed this idea and continued to fight, nearly wiping out the Spanish force. However, in a crucial moment, the soldiers from Ocotelolco retreated from the battlefield following the orders of Maxixcatzin, and Xicotencatl was forced to accept the proposed peace treaty.

The Spaniards with the Tlaxcaltec forces marched on Tenochtitlan, where they stayed until the Noche Triste, at which time they were forced to flee the city after an Aztec uprising. The remnants of the Spanish forces made it to Tlaxcala where they once again asked for the assistance of the Tlaxcaltec, and where Xicotencatl II once again spoke against helping them. However, Maxixcatzin's faction was again successful, and the Spaniards stayed in his palace while they regrouped and received reinforcements.

When the final stage of the siege of Tenochtitlan was about to be carried out, Xicotencatl marched on the Aztec capital as the leader of a Tlaxcaltec force, attacking from the north and passing by Texcoco. The night before the final march, he was apprehended and accused of treason by Cortés and by the Ocotelolcan warleader Chichimecateuctli, who said that he had tried to flee back to Tlaxcala. He was summarily and discreetly executed by hanging.

The description of Xicotencatl has been subject to changing attitudes in the understanding of the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. In the early period he was seen mostly as a traitor who tried to halt the arrival of the Spanish "liberation" of the Indians from Aztec dominance. Later he was romantically construed as an indigenous hero who valiantly opposed the onslaught of the Spanish.

Ethnohistorian Ross Hassig assessed his actions in terms of Tlaxcaltec politics, and he proposed that Xicotencatl was mostly acting to further the political interests of his own polity, that of Tizatlan, over the opposing faction of Ocotelolco. The charge of treason lodged against him and his subsequent execution were, in this view, the logical result of the Ocotelolcans finally achieving the upper hand.

1. See for example the description in chapter IX of the Historia de Tlaxcala by Muñoz Camargo

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Xicotencatl II | |
| --- | --- |
| Xicohténcatl Axayacatzin | |
| Regent of Tlaxcalla <br>(*de facto*) | |
| Regency | ? - 1521 |
| *Tlatoani* | Xicotencatl the Elder |
|  | |
| Died | 1521 (aged mid-30s) |
| Father | Xicotencatl the Elder |


title: Newton railway station, Singapore

abstract: Newton railway station was a railway station on the Singapore-Kranji Railway, serving Newton from 1903 to 1932.

text:
# Newton railway station, Singapore

**Newton railway station** was a railway station on the Singapore-Kranji Railway, serving Newton from 1903 to 1932.

## History

Originally to be named **Scott's Road railway station**, **Newton railway station** was opened to the public on 1 January 1903. It was located along Bukit Timah Road, as one of the first four railway stations in Singapore, with the Tank Road, Cluny Road, and Bukit Timah railway stations. The station was built next to Bukit Timah Canal and was near several swamps. The master-in-charge of the station was V. S. Chundrapillai. Pillar boxes were installed in both Newton station and Tank Road station later that year. By February 1906, the station was only serviced by rickshaws, as the tram lines did not extend to the area surrounding the station.

In November 1906, authorities began filling up the swampy ground around Newton station with earth from filter beds at the excavation at Bukit Timah Road. Such measures ensure the prevention of malaria spread, which had been prevalent at the swampy location of the station. A new siding was erected at the station to facilitate the deposition of the earth. By 1909, the loop lines and sidings of the station were lengthened to provide for the increased length of trains.

As it was decided that Tank Road station was unfit to be the terminus of the line, the Bukit Timah-Tank Road section was eventually abandoned. The line would instead deviate between Bukit Panjang and Bukit Timah, travelling down a different route, which ran along the west of the main town, to a new terminal station at Tanjong Pagar. Newton station, along with the rest of the Bukit Timah-Tank Road section of the line, was closed and abandoned on 2 May 1932, with the opening of the new terminus at Tanjong Pagar.

After the station was demolished, the Newton Circus Roundabout was built on the former station grounds.

## Incidents

On 2 November 1904, the engine of a train arriving at Newton station from Tank Road station took the main line instead of the platform line. A truck carrying coal, which had been attached to the engine, veered onto the platform line and was subsequently dragged by the engine across the opposite side, derailing and causing it to fall. The luggage van followed suit, with the third-class compartment partially dislodged. Fortunately, none of the passengers were injured. However, the derailment resulted in the track between Newton station and Tank Road station being blocked. The accident was caused by the movable guiding rail being out of place.

On 27 May 1905, Abdul Nazaar, the gateman of the level crossing at Chancery Lane, near Newton station, fell asleep and failed to open the gate for a train. This resulted in the engine colliding with the gate. However, the train did not sustain any damage. Nazaar was charged with neglecting his duty and endangering the safety of passengers of the railway, on 1 June 1905.

On 10 November 1912, a man named Hamid crashed his car into the railway gate at the crossing near Newton station. A car wheel went over the foot of Gunda Singh, the gatekeeper, who was later admitted to a hospital. Hamid was charged with driving recklessly, injuring Gunda Singh, and mischief by damaging the gate on 11 November.

## InfoBox

| Newton | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Singapore |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Demolished |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 January 1903 |
| Closed | 2 May 1932 |
| Original company | Keretapi Tanah Melayu |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services | |
| Preceding station  Keretapi Tanah Melayu Following station  Cluny Roadtowards Padang Besar  North–South Line  Tank Roadtowards Pasir Panjang | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: New Mann at Newport

abstract: New Mann at Newport is a 1967 album by jazz flutist Herbie Mann. The full title on the cover is New Mann at Newport: Herbie Mann Returns to the Newport Jazz Festival & Plays She's a Carioca/All Blues/Project S/Scratch/Summertime. All but one track were recorded at the Newport Jazz Festival.

text:
# New Mann at Newport

***New Mann at Newport*** is a 1967 album by jazz flutist Herbie Mann. The full title on the cover is ***New Mann at Newport: Herbie Mann Returns to the Newport Jazz Festival & Plays She's a Carioca/All Blues/Project S/Scratch/Summertime***. All but one track were recorded at the Newport Jazz Festival.

## Track listing

### Side one

1. "Project S" (Jimmy Heath) (9:07)
2. "Scratch" (Wayne Henderson) (10:09)

### Side two

1. "She's a Carioca" (Antônio Carlos Jobim, Ray Gilbert) (8:38)
2. "All Blues" (Miles Davis) (7:32)
3. "Summertime" (DuBose Heyward, George Gershwin) (6:20)

## Personnel

Technical

## Charting

The album peaked at 14 on the Billboard Jazz Album chart.

* *New Mann at Newport*, Herbie Mann. Atlantic Records SD1471 (liner notes)

## InfoBox

| New Mann at Newport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Herbie Mann | |
| Released | 1967 |
| Recorded | July 4, 1966 |
| Venue | Newport Jazz Festival, Newport, Rhode Island |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Producer | Nesuhi Ertegun |
| Herbie Mann chronology | |
| *A Mann & A Woman*
(1967) ***New Mann at Newport***
(1967) *Impressions of the Middle East*
(1967) | |


title: Gradually varied surface

abstract: In mathematics, a gradually varied surface is a special type of digital surfaces. It is a function from a 2D digital space (see digital geometry) to an ordered set or a chain. A gradually varied function is a function from a digital space Σ to { A 1, …, A m } where A 1 < ⋯ < A m and A i are real numbers. This function possesses the following property: If x and y are two adjacent points in Σ, assume f ( x ) = A i, then f ( y ) = A i, f ( x ) = A i + 1, or A i − 1. The concept of the continuous function in digital space (can be called digitally continuous functions) was proposed by Azriel Rosenfeld in 1986. It is a function in which the value (an integer) at a digital point is the same or almost the same as its neighbors. In other words, if x and y are two adjacent points in a digital space, |f(x) − f(y)| ≤ 1. So we can see that the gradually varied function is defined to be more general than the digitally continuous function. The gradually varied function was defined by L. Chen in 1989. An extension theorem related to above functions was mentioned by Rosenfeld (1986) and completed by Chen (1989). This theorem states: Let D ⊂ Σ and f : D → { A 1, …, A m }. The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the gradually varied extension F of f is : for each pair of points x and y in D, assume f ( x ) = A i and f ( y ) = A j, we have | i − j | ≤ d ( x, y ), where d ( x, y ) is the (digital) distance between x and y. The gradually varied surface has direct relationship to graph homomorphism.

text:
# Gradually varied surface

In mathematics, a **gradually varied surface** is a special type of digital surfaces. It is a function from a 2D digital space (see digital geometry) to an ordered set or a chain.

A gradually varied function is a function from a digital space $\Sigma $ to $\\{A\_{1},\dots ,A\_{m}\\}$ where $A\_{1}\<\cdots \<A\_{m}$ and $A\_{i}$ are real numbers. This function possesses the following property: If *x* and *y* are two adjacent points in $\Sigma $, assume $f(x)=A\_{i}$, then $f(y)=A\_{i}$, $f(x)=A\_{i+1}$, or $A\_{i-1}$.

The concept of the continuous function in digital space (can be called digitally continuous functions) was proposed by Azriel Rosenfeld in 1986. It is a function in which the value (an integer) at a digital point is the same or almost the same as its neighbors. In other words, if *x* and *y* are two adjacent points in a digital space, |*f*(*x*)  *f*(*y*)|  1.

So we can see that the gradually varied function is defined to be more general than the digitally continuous function. The gradually varied function was defined by L. Chen in 1989.

An extension theorem related to above functions was mentioned by Rosenfeld (1986) and completed by Chen (1989). This theorem states: Let $D\subset \Sigma $ and $f:D\rightarrow \\{A\_{1},\dots ,A\_{m}\\}$. The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the gradually varied extension $F$ of $f$ is : for each pair of points $x$ and $y$ in $D$, assume $f(x)=A\_{i}$ and $f(y)=A\_{j}$, we have $|i-j|\leq d(x,y)$, where $d(x,y)$ is the (digital) distance between $x$ and $y$.

The gradually varied surface has direct relationship to graph homomorphism.

* L. Chen, The necessary and sufficient condition and the efficient algorithms for gradually varied fill, Chinese Sci. Bull. 35 (10), pp 870–873, 1990.
* A Rosenfeld, \`Continuous' functions on digital pictures, Pattern Recognition Letters, v.4 n.3, p. 177-184, 1986.
* G. Agnarsson and L. Chen, On the extension of vertex maps to graph homomorphisms, Discrete Mathematics, Vol 306, No 17, pp. 2021–2030, 2006.
* L. Boxer, Digitally continuous functions, Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol 15, No 8, pp 833–839, 1994.
* L.M. Chen, Digital Functions and Data Reconstruction, Springer, 2013


title: Rafael Guas Inclán

abstract: Rafael Guas Inclán was a Cuban politician and Vice President of Cuba. He was son of Carlos Guas Pagueras, a Cuban independence general and senator and Rosa Inclan. He was graduate of the University of Havana School of Law where he also later taught classes. Guas was lifelong member of the Liberal Party of Cuba, in 1925 was the youngest elected person to the Cuban House of Representatives, which he presided from April 1927 to August 1933. Guas went into exile, with his father and brother Gregorio after President Gerardo Machado was overthrown in August 1933. The three were involved in an automobile accident in Miami on Dec. 6, 1935, as a result of which their father died. The brothers then returned to Cuba to bury their father. He was a delegate to the Cuban Constitutional Convention 1939-40. He served as senator (1940–44) and governor of the Havana province (1944–48). He was Minister of Communications 1953-54. As president of the Liberal Party, was elected Vice President of Cuba in 1954 as a compromise candidate under Fulgencio Batista. Guas was elected Mayor of Havana in November 1958 but did not assume the post after Castro seized power on January 1, 1959. A street mob burned his law office that day. Guas sought asylum in the Chilean Embassy in Havana and returned to exile with his wife, Luisa Maria Decall and children, Hilda, Luisa, and Carlos Rafael Guas Decall. He tried to join the Brigade 2506 prior to the April 1961 Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion but was rejected because of his age. His son, Carlos Rafael, died in combat at the Bay of Pigs. He died in Miami and is buried at Caballero Rivero Woodlawn North Park Cemetery and Mausoleum there.

text:
# Rafael Guas Inclán

**Rafael Guas Inclán** (1896 – October 12, 1975) was a Cuban politician and Vice President of Cuba.

He was son of Carlos Guas Pagueras, a Cuban independence general and senator and Rosa Inclan. He was graduate of the University of Havana School of Law where he also later taught classes. Guas was lifelong member of the Liberal Party of Cuba, in 1925 was the youngest elected person to the Cuban House of Representatives, which he presided from April 1927 to August 1933.

Guas went into exile, with his father and brother Gregorio (a dentist and also member of the Cuban House of Representatives) after President Gerardo Machado was overthrown in August 1933. The three were involved in an automobile accident in Miami on Dec. 6, 1935, as a result of which their father died. The brothers then returned to Cuba to bury their father.

He was a delegate to the Cuban Constitutional Convention 1939-40. He served as senator (1940–44) and governor of the Havana province (1944–48). He was Minister of Communications 1953-54. As president of the Liberal Party, was elected Vice President of Cuba in 1954 as a compromise candidate under Fulgencio Batista. Guas was elected Mayor of Havana in November 1958 but did not assume the post after Castro seized power on January 1, 1959. A street mob burned his law office that day.

Guas sought asylum in the Chilean Embassy in Havana and returned to exile with his wife, Luisa Maria Decall and children, Hilda, Luisa, and Carlos Rafael Guas Decall (an attorney and member of the Cuban House of Representatives). He tried to join the Brigade 2506 prior to the April 1961 Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion but was rejected because of his age. His son, Carlos Rafael, died in combat at the Bay of Pigs.

He died in Miami and is buried at Caballero Rivero Woodlawn North Park Cemetery and Mausoleum there.


title: Rafael Guijosa

abstract: Rafael Guijosa Castillo is a former Spanish handball player, and current manager of Iran men's national handball team. When playing for the Spanish national team, he won bronze medals both in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Guijosa was voted World Player of the Year 1999 by the International Handball Federation.

text:
# Rafael Guijosa

**Rafael Guijosa Castillo** (born 31 January 1969, in Alcalá de Henares) is a former Spanish handball player, and current manager of Iran men's national handball team. When playing for the Spanish national team, he won bronze medals both in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.

Guijosa was voted World Player of the Year 1999 by the International Handball Federation.

## InfoBox

Rafael Guijosa
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 31 January 1969 |
| Medal record      Men's Handball  Representing  Spain  Olympic Games  1996 Atlanta  Team Competition  2000 Sydney  Team Competition  European Championship  1998 Italy   2000 Croatia | |


title: Rajani Kanta Patir

abstract: Rajani Kanta Patir, also known as R. K. Patir, was an Indian Administrative Service officer. He was the chief secretary of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, retiring from that position in 1982. His autobiography, Dawn in the East: An Autobiography, was published in 1999 and tells his story of being born in a Mising family and becoming successful. In March 2017, it was noted that Patir is deceased.

text:
# Rajani Kanta Patir

**Rajani Kanta Patir** (born 1917, date of death unknown), also known as **R. K. Patir**, was an Indian Administrative Service officer. He was the chief secretary of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, retiring from that position in 1982.

His autobiography, *Dawn in the East: An Autobiography*, was published in 1999 and tells his story of being born in a Mising family and becoming successful. In March 2017, it was noted that Patir is deceased.

## Works

* *Dawn in the east : an autobiography*. New Delhi: Vitastā. 1999. ISBN 978-81-86588-04-8. OCLC 42684571.


title: Grand-Îlet

abstract: Grand-Îlet is an island in the Îles des Saintes archipelago, in the Lesser Antilles. It belongs to the commune (municipality) of Terre-de-Haut into the French department of Guadeloupe.

text:
# Grand-Îlet

**Grand-Îlet** (officially in French: **Grand-Îlet des Saintes**) is an island in the Îles des Saintes archipelago, in the Lesser Antilles. It belongs to the commune (municipality) of Terre-de-Haut into the French department of Guadeloupe.

## Geography

Grand-Îlet is located, 1,200 m (0.75 mi) south of Terre-de-Haut Island.

Of triangular shape, It ends by three headlands: Grosse Pointe in the east is an abrupt cliff which plunges into Dominica Passage, Basse Pointe in the north of the island overlooking la Redonde, in front of which is located a series of sharpened rocks called les Quilles and Pointe des Colibris on the west, forming with the eastern headland of la Coche, the dangerous passage called Passe des Dames. The island is about 900 m (0.56 mi) from east to west and 1,200 m (0.75 mi) from north to south. The official size is 84 hectares (although some mistakes appear with a calculated 48 hectares) . Its highest mount, Morne Grosse Pointe hill culminates at 165 m (540 ft). It contain two coves: Anse du Grand Etang, a rocky inlet characterized by its large pond and Anse des Colibris, on the west side of the island.

Grand-Îlet Passage is formed by Basse Pointe headland and la Redonde.

## Fauna

The island is frequented by sea turtles, which come to reproduce there, but it is the home of the seabirds: magnificent frigatebird (*Fregata magnificens*), brown booby, masked booby, terns, double-crested cormorant (*Phalacrocorax auritus*), pelican, petrels nest on the cliff of the island. Red-footed booby (*Sula sula*) and blue-footed booby (*Sula nebouxii*) are only observable on Grand-Îlet, among the islands of Guadeloupe department. The waste of these birds results in a strong concentration of guano on the rocks and beaches.

The beaches of the island are rich in crabs, in particular the blue land crabs, the blackback land crabs and the sand fiddler crab.

The wading birds of Lesser Antilles live in the large pond of the island.

## Natural reserve and diving

Since 1994, the island is the property of Conservatoire du littoral and is placed under the protection of the agency even if the municipality of Terre-de-Haut and the National Forests Office of Guadeloupe stay the administrators. It is a space protected and classified category IV IUCN.

The xerophile forest of all the islands of the archipelago of les Saintes is also protected, in particular woodlands of *Eugenia axillaris*, an important species among the Lesser Antilles.

Grand Îlet is included in the area of the natural reserve of the islands of les Saintes. It is a remarkable site of submarine observation, due to the presence of a diving *sec* in full swell. It is a submarine mountain which the base is at less 25 m (82 ft) and the top at less 5 m (16 ft) below sea level. The place abounds in an incredible variety of sponges, gorgonians, corals and fishes of the Antilles, attracting the divers.

## Notes and references

* Conservatoire du littoral (2010), Dacota (ed.), La Guadeloupe entre terre et mer
* Sylvestre, Richard (2010), Association génération découverte avec la participation du Parc national et la Région Guadeloupe (ed.), Sept trésors des Antilles, vol. tome 1

## InfoBox

Grand-Îlet
| View of Grand-Îlet from Terre-de-Haut Island | |
| --- | --- |
| Grand-Îlet lies to the south of Terre-de-Haut Island | |
| Grand-ÎletGrand-ÎletGrand-Îlet | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Caribbean Sea |
| Coordinates | 15°50′15″N 61°35′30″W / 15.83750°N 61.59167°W / 15.83750; -61.59167 |
| Archipelago | Îles des Saintes |
| Area | 0.84 km2 (0.32 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 165 m (541 ft) |
| Highest point | Morne Grosse Pointe |
| Administration | |
| **France** | |
| Overseas department | Guadeloupe |
| Canton | Trois-Rivières |
| commune | Terre-de-Haut |
| Mayor | Louis Molinié |
| Demographics | |
| Population | uninhabited |
| Additional information | |
| Natural Reserve of *Conservatoire du littoral*. Catégorie IV IUCN. | |


title: GrandPa's

abstract:
GrandPa's or GrandPa Pidgeon's was a discount store founded in 1954 by Tom and Mildred Pidgeon, spreading across the midwest from its Bridgeton, Missouri origins, which remained truly "discount", when most others like Venture, Kmart and Target gradually raised prices in order to finance a more attractive layout and broader range of merchandise. Tom Pidgeon, born in Sebring, Ohio in 1902, was in the low price china business from the early 1930s to the early 1950s. He sold his company, Pidgeon Vitrified China in 1953 when he foresaw the impact plastic was having on the lower end dinnerware market. The first Grandpa Pidgeon's was opened in February 1954 and managed by his son-in-law, John (Jack) Holley, born in 1924 in Galena, Kansas.
In 1958 Jack Holley began a separate but related enterprise known as Grandpa's, and opened a store on Collinsville Road between East St. Louis and Collinsville, Illinois. Also another location in Swansea on Highway 159 which later became the questionable Value City and is now currently Rural King. Over the next decade, Holley subsequently opened several other stores in the St. Louis metropolitan area, before buying the company outright from his father-in-law in 1968. Holley formed the Gramex Corporation in 1970, which also oversaw such companies as Forsythe Computers and Omni Sports, which was forced to close due to increasing competition. In 1986 Jack Holley retired and turned the company over to his oldest son Tom Holley, who presided over an expansion both within and outside the metro St. Louis area into locations such as Greenville, Illinois and Farmington, Missouri, among other places. By the late 1990s there were thirteen Grandpa's locations. GrandPa's was sold, in 1999, to Value City. It had approximately $200,000,000 in sales in its final year. It was profitable until its sale, failing to end only 1993 in the black, but was said to be facing a harder struggle near the end. The company was known for their newspaper distributed advertising circulars that were printed mostly with black ink on a brown paper, in contrast to the glossy full color circulars of competitors.

text:
# GrandPa's

**GrandPa's** or **GrandPa Pidgeon's** was a discount store founded in 1954 by Tom and Mildred Pidgeon, spreading across the midwest from its Bridgeton, Missouri (located in St. Louis County) origins, which remained truly "discount", when most others like Venture, Kmart and Target gradually raised prices in order to finance a more attractive layout and broader range of merchandise. Tom Pidgeon, born in Sebring, Ohio in 1902, was in the low price china business from the early 1930s to the early 1950s. He sold his company, Pidgeon Vitrified China in 1953 when he foresaw the impact plastic was having on the lower end dinnerware market. The first Grandpa Pidgeon's was opened in February 1954 and managed by his son-in-law, John (Jack) Holley, born in 1924 in Galena, Kansas. In 1958 Jack Holley began a separate but related enterprise known as Grandpa's, and opened a store on Collinsville Road between East St. Louis and Collinsville, Illinois. Also another location in Swansea on Highway 159 which later became the questionable Value City and is now currently Rural King. Over the next decade, Holley subsequently opened several other stores in the St. Louis metropolitan area, before buying the company outright from his father-in-law in 1968.

Holley formed the Gramex Corporation in 1970, which also oversaw such companies as Forsythe Computers and Omni Sports, which was forced to close due to increasing competition.

In 1986 Jack Holley retired and turned the company over to his oldest son Tom Holley, who presided over an expansion both within and outside the metro St. Louis area into locations such as Greenville, Illinois and Farmington, Missouri, among other places. By the late 1990s there were thirteen Grandpa's locations.

GrandPa's was sold, in 1999, to Value City. It had approximately $200,000,000 in sales in its final year. It was profitable until its sale, failing to end only 1993 in the black, but was said to be facing a harder struggle near the end.

The company was known for their newspaper distributed advertising circulars that were printed mostly with black ink on a brown paper, in contrast to the glossy full color circulars of competitors.

* Deal$, chain of discount stores founded by Tom Holley in St. Louis, later sold
* Jack Murdock (actor), portrayed Grandpa Pidgeon in television advertisements

## InfoBox

GrandPa's, Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Defunct |
| Industry | Retail (Department & Discount) |
| Founded | 1954, St. Louis, Missouri |
| Headquarters | St. Louis, Missouri |
| Key people | Tom Holley, Jack Holley |
| Products | Clothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, jewelry, beauty products, electronics, and housewares. |
| Website | none |


title: Rajiana

abstract:
Rajiana is a village of Malwa region in District Moga, Punjab. The village is divided into pattis like Vigha patti, Narang ki patti, Haveli patti, Joga Patti, Ghoga Patti, Wazir patti, Rania Patti etc. The people of the village belongs to various religions, most of them are Jatt Sikhs of Brar clan. The village has three panchayats; Rajiana, Rajiana Patti Vigha and Rajiana Khurd. There are three water works and 3 water filters in the village supplying pure water to the villagers.
There is a Co-operative bank, Revenue office, Corporate society for farmers, two petrol pumps, three Government schools, three private school, Government hospital, Government veterinary hospital, Multiplex and Hotel, two playgrounds, 5 mini parks, two marriage resorts, mobile towers and all other facilities.

text:
# Rajiana

**Rajiana** is a village of Malwa region in District Moga, Punjab. The village is divided into pattis like Vigha patti, Narang ki patti, Haveli patti, Joga Patti, Ghoga Patti, Wazir patti, Rania Patti etc. The people of the village belongs to various religions, most of them are Jatt Sikhs of Brar clan. The village has three panchayats; Rajiana, Rajiana Patti Vigha and Rajiana Khurd. There are three water works and 3 water filters in the village supplying pure water to the villagers. There is a Co-operative bank, Revenue office, Corporate society for farmers, two petrol pumps, three Government schools, three private school, Government hospital, Government veterinary hospital, Multiplex and Hotel, two playgrounds, 5 mini parks, two marriage resorts, mobile towers and all other facilities.

## Location

This village is situated on Moga-Kotkapura highway. It takes about 30 minutes by bus from Moga and Kotkapura to reach the village. Surrounding villages are Bagha Purana, Alamwala, Rode, G.T.B. Garh, Kotla Mehar Singh Wala, Veroke, Channu wala and Budh Singh Wala.

## History

The background of the village belongs to Brar Jatts. Brar originated from the Bhattis of Jaisalmer, colonised this area and subsequently pushed Gills from this site towards Moga. The village is approximately 600 years old and it is named for Saint Baba Rajapir. Although the village was made by Brar Jatts, at this time people of most of the religions and clans live in the village.

## Population

Population of the village is about 8,490 as of figures available by 'India Census 2011'. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. 10% of the population is under 9 years of age and 15% of the population is over 75 years.

## Education

Rajiana has a literacy rate of 78.13%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82.25% and female literacy is 74.58%. Modern generation is getting higher and professional education from reputed institutes and abroad. The village has many government and private schools which play an important role in improving literacy rates in childhood. Following educational institutes are running in the village:

* Govt. Elementary School 1 (Previously named Govt. Primary School)
* Govt. Elementary School 2
* Govt. Senior Secondary School (Previously named Govt. High School)
* Khalsa Public School, Rajiana
* Guru Nanak Group of institutes, GT Road, Rajiana
* Guru Hargobind Public School, Kotla Road, Rajiana
* Sant Miha Singh Rajapir Convent Senior Secondary School, Budh Singh wala Road.

## Economy

Main occupation of the villagers is agriculture, main crops are wheat, rice and chaara. Day-by-day new generation is adopting new occupations such as, business, transportation, going abroad, etc.

## 2011 Census

Rajiana is a large village located in Bagha Purana Tehsil of Moga district, Punjab with total 1650 families residing. Village has a population of 8490 of which 4516 are males while 3974 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Rajiana village population of children with age 0-6 is 791 which makes up 9.32% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Rajiana village is 910. Child Sex Ratio for the Rajiana as per census is 861, higher than Punjab average of 846.

Literacy rate of Rajiana village is 78.13%. In Rajiana Male literacy stands at 82.25% while female literacy rate was 74.58%.

### Caste Factor

In Rajiana village, Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 38.26% of total population. The village Rajiana currently doesn't have any Schedule Tribe (ST) population.

### Work Profile

In Rajiana village out of total population, 2978 were engaged in work activities. 78.98% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 21.02% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 2978 workers engaged in Main Work, 953 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 506 were Agricultural labourer

## InfoBox

| Rajiana | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| RajianaLocation in Punjab, IndiaRajianaRajiana (India) | |
| Coordinates: 30°41′32″N 75°05′25″E / 30.69225°N 75.090179°E / 30.69225; 75.090179 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Moga |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj (India) |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 8,490 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 142038 |
| Telephone code | 01636 |
| Vehicle registration | PB69 |
| Sex ratio | 1000:910 / |
| Literacy | 78.13% |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Faridkot |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Bagha Purana |


title: Rakkayi Koyil

abstract: Rakkayi Koyil is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed and co-written by Manivasagam. The film stars Vijayakumar, Selva and Kasthuri, with an ensemble supporting cast including Manorama, Goundamani and Senthil. It was released on 5 February 1993.

text:
# Rakkayi Koyil

***Rakkayi Koyil*** (transl.Rakkayi's Temple) is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed and co-written by Manivasagam. The film stars Vijayakumar, Selva and Kasthuri, with an ensemble supporting cast including Manorama, Goundamani and Senthil. It was released on 5 February 1993.

## Plot

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Aathirama Killathae" | Vaali | Mano, Minmini | 4:47 |
| 2. | "Naatukkullae Jathiyundu" | Vaali | Mano | 5:12 |
| 3. | "Ellorukkum Vandathu" | Vaali | Mano | 5:13 |
| 4. | "Unthan Paadal Ennai" | Pulamaipithan | Mano, Uma Ramanan | 5:05 |
| 5. | "Thirunaal Thodanguthu" | Vaali | Mano | 5:28 |
| Total length: | | | | 25:45 |

## Reception

R. P. R of *Kalki* praised Vijayakumar's performance and the cinematography but called Ilaiyaraaja's music average.

## InfoBox

| Rakkayi Koyil | |
| --- | --- |
| Title card | |
| Directed by | Manivasagam |
| Written by | K. C. Thangam (dialogues) |
| Screenplay by | Manivasagam |
| Story by | Manivasagam |
| Produced by | M. Natarajan
M. Appu |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | R. H. Ashok |
| Edited by | L. Kesavan |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja |
| Production
company | Patel Cine Arts |
| Release date | * 5 February 1993 (1993-02-05) |
| Running time | 145 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Grammy Hall of Fame

abstract:
The Grammy Hall of Fame is a hall of fame to honor musical recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance. Inductees are selected annually by a special member committee of eminent and knowledgeable professionals from all branches of the recording arts. It is compiled by The Recording Academy in the United States, and was established in 1973. Recordings in all genres are eligible for selection, and must be over 25 years old to be considered. Additions to the list are chosen annually by a committee of recording arts professionals. Alphabetical listing by title:
  - List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (A–D)
  - List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (E–I)
  - List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (J–P)
  - List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (Q–Z)

text:
# Grammy Hall of Fame

The **Grammy Hall of Fame** is a hall of fame to honor musical recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance. Inductees are selected annually by a special member committee of eminent and knowledgeable professionals from all branches of the recording arts. It is compiled by The Recording Academy in the United States, and was established in 1973. Recordings (singles and albums) in all genres are eligible for selection, and must be over 25 years old to be considered. Additions to the list are chosen annually by a committee of recording arts professionals.

Alphabetical listing by title:


title: Mihona

abstract: Mihona is a town and a Nagar Panchayat in Bhind district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

text:
# Mihona

**Mihona** is a town and a Nagar Panchayat in Bhind district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

## Geography

Mihona is located at 26°17′N 78°59′E / 26.28°N 78.98°E / 26.28; 78.98. It has an average elevation of 154 metres (505 feet).

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Mihona had a population of 14,799. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Mihona has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 55%. In Mihona, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Administration

The civic administration of the town is managed by the Mihona Nagar Panchayat and the town is divided into 15 wards.

## List of villages in Mihona

1. Achalpura
2. Ahroli
3. Asnehat
4. Badetar
5. Badokhari
6. Badokhri
7. Banthri
8. Banuapura
9. Barehat
10. Barehet
11. Birkhadi
12. Bhakoti
13. Biswari
14. Bohara
15. Chandokh
16. Chachipura
17. Chaklen
18. Dabreha Jagir
19. Daulatpura Sani
20. Dhohar
21. Dhonpura
22. Dolatpura Abbal
23. Dubka
24. Gudha
25. Gurira
26. Hirapura
27. Imalaha
28. Itai
29. Jaganpura
30. Jaitpura Gudha
31. Kakora
32. Kanhai Ka Pura
33. Katha
34. Kathaa
35. Kathghara Mafi
36. Khurd
37. Khurdua
38. Kunwarpura No 1
39. Lalpura
40. Lidhora
41. Lohchara
42. Machhand
43. Machhariya
44. Mahaveerganj
45. Malpura
46. Matiyavali Khurd
47. Matiyawali Bujurg
48. Morkhi
49. Nakara
50. Parrayach
51. Rahawali Behad
52. Rahawali Ubari
53. Rahawli Ubari
54. Ranapura
55. Rajpura
56. Rari Shikarpura
57. Rawatpura Sani
58. Sikari Jagir
59. Singpura
60. Surghan
61. Thanupura

## Education

## InfoBox

| Mihona | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| MihonaLocation in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaMihonaMihona (India) | |
| Coordinates: 26°17′N 78°59′E / 26.28°N 78.98°E / 26.28; 78.98 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Bhind |
| Area | |
| Total | 171 km2 (66 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 154 m (505 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 14,799 |
| Density | 87/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Mihonawale |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-MP |
| Vehicle registration | MP-30 |
| Website | bhind.nic.in |


title: Local knowledge problem

abstract: In economics, the local knowledge problem is the argument that the information required for rational economic planning is distributed among individual actors and thus unavoidably exists outside the knowledge of a central authority. Economist Friedrich Hayek observed that "practically every individual has some advantage over all others because he possesses unique information of which beneficial use might be made, but of which use can be made only if the decisions depending on it are left to him or are made with his active cooperation", while Leonid Hurwicz also noted that there is no incentive for people to share this information truthfully with a central authority.

text:
# Local knowledge problem

In economics, the **local knowledge problem** is the argument that the information required for rational economic planning is distributed among individual actors and thus unavoidably exists outside the knowledge of a central authority. Economist Friedrich Hayek observed that "practically every individual has some advantage over all others because he possesses unique information of which beneficial use might be made, but of which use can be made only if the decisions depending on it are left to him or are made with his active cooperation", while Leonid Hurwicz also noted that there is no incentive for people to share this information truthfully with a central authority.

## Friedrich Hayek's description

Friedrich Hayek described this distributed local knowledge as such:

> Today it is almost heresy to suggest that scientific knowledge is not the sum of all knowledge. But a little reflection will show that there is beyond question a body of very important but unorganized knowledge which cannot possibly be called scientific in the sense of knowledge of general rules: the knowledge of the particular circumstances of time and place. It is with respect to this that practically every individual has some advantage over all others because he possesses unique information of which beneficial use might be made, but of which use can be made only if the decisions depending on it are left to him or are made with his active cooperation. We need to remember only how much we have to learn in any occupation after we have completed our theoretical training, how big a part of our working life we spend learning particular jobs, and how valuable an asset in all walks of life is knowledge of people, of local conditions, and of special circumstances. To know of and put to use a machine not fully employed, or somebody's skill which could be better utilized, or to be aware of a surplus stock which can be drawn upon during an interruption of supplies, is socially quite as useful as the knowledge of better alternative techniques. And the shipper who earns his living from using otherwise empty or half-filled journeys of tramp-steamers, or the estate agent whose whole knowledge is almost exclusively one of temporary opportunities, or the arbitrageur who gains from local differences of commodity prices, are all performing eminently useful functions based on special knowledge of circumstances of the fleeting moment not known to others.

Because while incomplete this distributed knowledge is essential to economic planning, its necessity is cited as evidence in support of the argument that economic planning must be performed in a similarly distributed fashion by individual actors. In other words, economic planning by a central actor (e.g. a government bureaucracy or a central bank) necessarily lacks this information because, as Hayek observed, statistical aggregates cannot accurately account for the universe of local knowledge:

> One reason why economists are increasingly apt to forget about the constant small changes which make up the whole economic picture is probably their growing preoccupation with statistical aggregates, which show a very much greater stability than the movements of the detail. The comparative stability of the aggregates cannot, however, be accounted for—as the statisticians occasionally seem to be inclined to do—by the "law of large numbers" or the mutual compensation of random changes. The number of elements with which we have to deal is not large enough for such accidental forces to produce stability. The continuous flow of goods and services is maintained by constant deliberate adjustments, by new dispositions made every day in the light of circumstances not known the day before, by B stepping in at once when A fails to deliver. Even the large and highly mechanized plant keeps going largely because of an environment upon which it can draw for all sorts of unexpected needs; tiles for its roof, stationery for its forms, and all the thousand and one kinds of equipment in which it cannot be self-contained and which the plans for the operation of the plant require to be readily available in the market.

As such, the local knowledge problem is a microeconomic counterargument to macroeconomic arguments that favor central planning and regulation of economic activity.


title: Xeromphalina campanelloides

abstract: Xeromphalina campanelloides is a species of Mycenaceae fungus. The fungus is known from coastal British Columbia and Washington, and eastern montane New York and Quebec. It was described as new to science in 1988 by Canadian mycologist Scott Redhead.

text:
# Xeromphalina campanelloides

***Xeromphalina campanelloides*** is a species of Mycenaceae fungus. The fungus is known from coastal British Columbia and Washington, and eastern montane New York and Quebec. It was described as new to science in 1988 by Canadian mycologist Scott Redhead.

## InfoBox

| *Xeromphalina campanelloides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Mycenaceae |
| Genus: | *Xeromphalina* |
| Species: | ***X. campanelloides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xeromphalina campanelloides***<br>Redhead (1988) | |
|


title: Xanthophyllum bicolor

abstract: Xanthophyllum bicolor is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. The specific epithet bicolor is from the Latin meaning 'two-coloured', referring to the different colours of the leaf and petiole.

text:
# Xanthophyllum bicolor

***Xanthophyllum bicolor*** is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. The specific epithet **bicolor** is from the Latin meaning 'two-coloured', referring to the different colours of the leaf and petiole.

## Description

*Xanthophyllum bicolor* grows up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 32 centimetres (10 in). The bark is dark brown and smooth. The flowers are yellowish-orange, drying to brown-orange. The round fruits are blue turning light brown and measure up to 2 cm (1 in) in diameter.

## Distribution and habitat

*Xanthophyllum bicolor* is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests at low altitude.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthophyllum bicolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Polygalaceae |
| Genus: | *Xanthophyllum* |
| Species: | ***X. bicolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthophyllum bicolor***<br>W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes | |
|


title: Nick Heather

abstract: Brian "Nick" Heather is a clinical psychologist, alcohol researcher and Emeritus Professor of Alcohol & Other Drug Studies at Northumbria University. He was one of the pioneers of brief intervention techniques to reduce alcohol misuse, and has challenged the disease theory of alcoholism and has over five hundred research publications and books.

text:
# Nick Heather

**Brian** "**Nick**" **Heather** (born 1938) is a clinical psychologist, alcohol researcher and Emeritus Professor of Alcohol & Other Drug Studies at Northumbria University. He was one of the pioneers of brief intervention techniques to reduce alcohol misuse, and has challenged the disease theory of alcoholism and has over five hundred research publications and books.

## Early life

Nick Heather was born in London in 1938 and was the son of an off-license manager. Born and still officially named Brian Heather, in an interview for the Journal Addiction he explained after his birth his father remarked he looked like "old Nick" due to thick black hair. In his late teens he joined the Royal Air Force under one of the last phases of National Service, posted mostly in Germany. After various jobs he decided he would take A-levels by correspondence course in an attempt to go to University and in 1965 he received a degree in Psychology and Statistics from University College London, followed by MSc at the University of Leeds and PhD at the University of Dundee.

In 1976 his first book was published 'Radical Perspectives in Psychology', which critiqued psychiatry and some of the academic approaches to psychology at the time.

## Challenging the disease model of 'alcoholism'

Heather has had a number of books published which present evidence and theories that intend to disprove the notion that alcoholism exists as a disease. In 1981 Heather co-authored a book on controlled drinking, which looked at a number of studies that found some dependent drinkers were able to return to problem free drinking. In 1997 Heather's co-authored book 'Problem Drinking' was published by Oxford Medical Publications. The book extensively explored alcohol problems and their interpretation through various research and debate, repeatedly setting out evidence to contest disease model interpretations of alcohol problems.

As well as evidence of controlled drinking in some formerly dependent drinkers, a wide variety of other evidence is set out to contest the disease model. One strong theme of the book is the complexity of alcohol problems, whereby dependence itself can vary greatly in severity. As such, Heather argues that there is no hard and fast line between 'alcoholics' and 'non-alcoholics', so the concept is inherently flawed. Also argued are that many people who do indeed develop alcohol dependence do recover, often spontaneously or without subscribing to any formal support. Dependence does not also mean an inevitable progression into worsening addiction and ultimately 'rock bottom', as is often claimed by disease model advocates.

Despite arguing that alcohol problems are in a large part attributable to social learning theory, Heather still recognises the role of genetics as an influencing risk factor for developing alcohol dependence. However whilst some people may have a genetic predisposition, there are a wide range of socio-psychological factors that also significantly influence risk of dependency, rendering disease model thinking simplistic and flawed. In the 2007 interview with the Addiction Journal, Nick Heather stated he was "depressed by the resurgence of the notion that there is something called ‘alcoholism’ which is a brain disease", which has "held us back from a proper understanding of alcohol problems and how they may be resolved in all kinds of ways".

Heather was also instrumental in establishing the 'New Directions in the Study of Alcohol Group' (NDSAG) in the 1970s, which allowed those working in the addictions field to come together to discuss and challenge notions such as the disease model. Heather remains Honorary President of the Group, which in 2016 holds its 40th annual conference.

## The development of brief interventions

The delivery of brief intervention for non-dependent drinkers is a key alcohol public health policy in many countries across the globe. Although some literature credits the early development of brief intervention to the United States, its true origins go back to the Scottish Highlands through work by Heather and colleagues.

By the 1980s Heather was becoming an experienced alcohol researcher, specifically focusing on work relating to 'controlled drinking'. In part, brief interventions came about because of difficulties recruiting dependent drinkers for studies meant Heather and colleagues sought other participants out through primary care. Heather collaborated with the Scottish Health Education Group to produce a screening and intervention pack for general practitioners called DRAMS (Drinking Responsibly and Moderately with Self-control). Heather has stated the Scottish Health Education Group was an important and innovative group in the 1970s and 1980s but was closed down by the government for criticising government policy.

Although other researchers later delivered some of the research trials that more convincingly proved the effectiveness of brief intervention approaches, Heather has continued to play a significant and influential role in their continued development including involvement in many further research trials and journal articles.

## Publications

Heather has over 500 publications, mainly peer reviewed journal articles and a number of book titles. Most recently he co-edited 'Addiction & Choice: rethinking the relationship' with Gabriel Segal, which includes a number of chapters by leading experts in the addiction field. The book explores a 'multidisciplinary perspective from philosophy, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology and the law, demonstrating to readers how diverse positions from varying academic and scientific disciplines can cohere to form a radically new perspective on addiction'.

## Jellinek Memorial Award

In 2017 Heather was awarded the Jellinek Memorial Award. The award, in honour of E.M Jellinek, is an international award presented to scientists who have made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of knowledge in the alcohol addiction field.

1. Nick Heather's University of Northumbria profile page
2. Heather, Nick (1986). "Minimal Treatment Interventions for Problem Drinkers". *Current Issues in Clinical Psychology*. pp. 171–186. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6775-2\_18. ISBN 978-1-4615-6777-6.
3. Heather, Nick (April 1989). "Psychology and Brief Interventions". *British Journal of Addiction*. **84** (4): 357–370. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00578.x. PMID 2655770.
4. Journal Interview 84 (2007). "Conversation with Nick Heather". *Society for the Study of Addiction*. **102** (4): 523–533. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01671.x. PMID 17362290.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
5. Heather, Nick (1976). *Radical Perspectives in Psychology*. Law Book Co of Australasia. ISBN 978-0416818604.
6. Heather, Nick; Robertson, Ian (1981). *Controlled Drinking*. Methuen young books. ISBN 978-0416719703.
7. Heather, Nick; Robertson, Ian (1997). *Problem Drinking*. Oxford Medical Publications. ISBN 978-0192628619.
8. Heather, Nick; Campion , ., P; Neville, R; Maccabe, D (1987). "Evaluation of a controlled drinking minimal intervention for problem drinkers in general practice (the DRAMS Scheme)". *Coll Gen Pract*. **37** (37): 358–63. PMC 1711039. PMID 3448228.
9. Heather, Nick (2017). *Addiction and choice: Rethinking the relationship*. Oxford New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872722-4. OCLC 961310783.
10. *Addiction and Choice*. OUP. 2016-09-22. ISBN 9780198727224. Retrieved 13 December 2016. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help)
11. "Northumbria academic receives prestigious international award for alcohol research".


title: New Manor Town

abstract: New Manor Town is an affordable housing project in the town of Manor, India. The housing complex is in close proximity to the industrial towns of Palghar and Boisar.

text:
# New Manor Town

**New Manor Town** is an affordable housing project in the town of Manor, India. The housing complex is in close proximity to the industrial towns of Palghar and Boisar.

## Location

**New Manor Town** is located 78 km from Mumbai in the newly formed Palghar district, now considered a part of Mumbai's Extended Western Suburb. It is well connected via rail and road. Palghar is the nearest railway station on the Mumbai's Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway) while the Mumbai-Ahmedabad National Highway 8 (India) connects Manor to Mumbai. The Manor-Wada Road conveniently connects to Nashik and the interiors of Maharashtra.

### Employment centers

* MIDC Tarapur, Maharashtra's largest industrial belt, is located 30 min from Manor
* Palghar, the district headquarters of Maharashtra's 36th and newest district, is only 20 min from New Manor Town

## Rapid urbanization

The newly formed Palghar district is home to almost 3 million people and has seen population growth of 40% between 2001-2011 as per the Census of India. Palghar's population growth rate even overshadows Thane's growth of 36% during the same period. Being 35% urbanized, the newly formed district has a population density of 562/km2, making it more densely populated than Poona. Thanks to the 'Housing for All' government scheme and the Make In India initiative to boost manufacturing, this industrial area can be expected to prosper, especially considering its proximity to Mumbai, India's business capital.

## Infrastructure

New Manor Town was made self-sustainable by placing civic infrastructure like schools, colleges, hospitals and banks within walking distance from the market place. Additionally, travelling is made convenient by taxis to Palghar and Boisar.

Riddhi Siddhi Builders by Kamath Group is a mini township that offers 1 & 2 BHK flats with plenty of fresh air and peaceful surroundings. The residential complex has been built Khushi Aangan by Mr Sunil Jain and Riddhi Siddhi Builders by Mr Sudhakar Kamath.

1. "Maharashtra adds 1.5 crore people in a decade". Archived from the original on 7 November 2014.
2. "Make in India official website".
3. *Khushi Aangan.avi*. Khushi Paradise. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021  via YouTube.

## InfoBox

| New Manor Town | |
| --- | --- |
| Affordable Housing Project | |
| New Manor TownLocation in Maharashtra, India | |
| Coordinates: 19°43′30″N 72°54′03″E / 19.725034°N 72.900843°E / 19.725034; 72.900843 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Palghar |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Nearest station | Palghar |
| www.newmanortown.in | |


title: New Jersey Route 44T

abstract: Route 44T, also known as the Gloucester County Tunnel, was a proposed state highway and vehicular tunnel during the 1930s from Gloucester County, New Jersey to Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. The route was to begin at the state line near Paulsboro, New Jersey, heading eastward as a freeway through several southern New Jersey communities and providing access from New Jersey Route 42 to the Delaware River. The plans for the original freeway date back to 1930, when the original studies and requests were decided on by the New Jersey State Legislature. Plans soon followed in Pennsylvania, but after three years of receiving approval, the Gloucester County Tunnel experienced several setbacks. In 1938, the New Jersey State Legislature designated the State Highway Route 44-T designation, as a suffixed tunnel spur of New Jersey Route 44. By the 1953 renumbering, Route 44-T was already repealed and decommissioned while the tunnel was never constructed by the Gloucester County Tunnel Commission.

text:
# New Jersey Route 44T

**Route 44T**, also known as the **Gloucester County Tunnel**, was a proposed state highway and vehicular tunnel during the 1930s from Gloucester County, New Jersey to Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. The route was to begin at the state line near Paulsboro, New Jersey, heading eastward as a freeway through several southern New Jersey communities and providing access from New Jersey Route 42 to the Delaware River.

The plans for the original freeway date back to 1930, when the original studies and requests were decided on by the New Jersey State Legislature. Plans soon followed in Pennsylvania, but after three years of receiving approval, the Gloucester County Tunnel experienced several setbacks. In 1938, the New Jersey State Legislature designated the State Highway Route 44-T designation, as a suffixed tunnel spur of New Jersey Route 44. By the 1953 renumbering, Route 44-T was already repealed and decommissioned while the tunnel was never constructed by the Gloucester County Tunnel Commission.

## Route description

State Highway Route 44-T was designated to start at the Pennsylvania state line near the community of Paulsboro along the Gloucester County Tunnel. Route 44-T would then head eastward along the tunnel, coming ashore in Paulsboro and onto lands in New Jersey. In New Jersey, the highway was proposed to head eastward along the Pine Barrens region as a freeway, interchanging with State Highway Route 44 (also designated U.S. Route 130) in Paulsboro. From there, it would head to the northeast, interchanging with State Highway Route 45 further east. From that point, the highway was to continue eastward, interchanging with State Highway Route 47 in Blackwood. After interchanging with State Highway Route 41 in Blackwood, Route 44-T would head eastward, interchanging with State Highway Route 42 (also designated U.S. Route 322) in Williamstown, where the designation would terminate.

## History

The plans for a tunnel across the Delaware River from Gloucester County, New Jersey to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania date back to 1930, when the state of New Jersey set aside funding to study the feasibility of such an accomplishment. The origination for the tunnel were by local businessmen and officials who suggested another crossing across the Delaware after the success with the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. This coincided with plans in 1930 to build new tunnels from New York to New Jersey and vice versa with Pennsylvania. The states of New Jersey and Pennsylvania continued further interest, with Governor Gifford Pinchot signing a preliminary bill at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania on December 23, 1933 for a new tunnel. The tunnel was proposed to be 10 miles (16 km) south of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge in Camden. In May 1935, the New Jersey State Highway Department started purchasing lands around the proposed tunnel location in Paulsboro for the construction, which as proposed would take about two years to construct and provide 4,000 jobs to men in the region. In 1937, the Gloucester County Tunnel Commission was authorized by legislature to help foresee ownership and construction of the new tunnel, which had yet to be constructed. After another year of financial setbacks, the permits to the construct the Gloucester County Tunnel was approved once again, despite protests by officials in Philadelphia. The project at this point would cost $17.5 million (1938 USD) to construct. The Pennsylvania State Legislature in Harrisburg performed the same actions a year later.

As a result of the signing of the roadway in New Jersey, the New Jersey State Legislature set forth the proposed designation of State Highway Route 44-T as the approaches to the tunnel and a freeway built off the tunnel. The designation came as a spur of U.S. Route 130/State Highway Route 44 in Paulsboro. A year later, the Route 44-T designation was extended to end at State Highway Route 42 in Williamstown. Although plans for a tunnel continued into the late 1940s, no tunnel was ever constructed, and the Route 44-T designation was repealed by the state highway renumbering on January 1, 1953.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Gloucester County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Paulsboro |  |  | Pennsylvania state line | Proposed western terminus of Route 44T. |
| |  |  | US 130 / Route 44 |  |
| |  |  | Route 45 |  |
| Blackwood |  |  | Route 47 |  |
| |  |  | Route 41 | Original proposed eastern terminus of Route 44T. |
| Williamstown |  |  | US 322 / Route 42 | Proposed eastern terminus of Route 44T. |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

* Moraseski, Dan; Alpert, Steve (2009). "44T". Alps Roads. Retrieved November 17, 2009.

## InfoBox

| Route 44T | |
| --- | --- |
| Gloucester County Tunnel | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by New Jersey State Highway Department | |
| Existed | 1938-1939–by 1953 |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Pennsylvania state line in Paulsboro |
| East end | Route 42 in Williamstown |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Jersey |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 44   Route 45 | |


title: New Jersey Route 44

abstract: Route 44 is a state highway located in Gloucester County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It runs 10.28 mi (16.54 km) from Barker Avenue in Bridgeport to a cul-de-sac at a ramp from southbound Interstate 295 (I-295)/U.S. Route 130 in Thorofare. The route, which is mostly a two-lane undivided road, passes through the communities of Gibbstown and Paulsboro in the northern part of the county, a short distance south of the Delaware River. Route 44 generally runs a short distance to the north of I-295/US 130 for much of its length. In 1923, Route 17S was legislated along the current route followed by Route 44 today, running between Penns Grove and Westville. The only portion of Route 17S ever built ran from Penns Grove to Salem. Route 44 was designated in 1927 to replace Route 17S between Penns Grove and Westville. By the 1940s, Route 44 was extended south to Salem and US 130 was designated concurrent with the route north of Penns Grove. Several spurs of Route 44 had existed or were planned prior to 1953, including Route S44, which ran concurrent with US 322 to the ferry between Bridgeport and Chester, Pennsylvania; Route S44A, a never-built bypass of Camden; and Route 44T, which was to run from a tunnel under the Delaware River in Paulsboro east to Route 42. In 1953, Route 44 was replaced by US 130 north of Deepwater and by Route 49 south of there. After two bypasses were built for US 130 around Carneys Point and between Bridgeport and Westville, Route 44 was redesignated along the former US 130. After I-295 was completed in the 1960s, US 130 returned to its original alignment in Carneys Point and replaced that portion of Route 44.

text:
# New Jersey Route 44

**Route 44** is a state highway located in Gloucester County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It runs 10.28 mi (16.54 km) from Barker Avenue in Bridgeport to a cul-de-sac at a ramp from southbound Interstate 295 (I-295)/U.S. Route 130 (US 130) in Thorofare. The route, which is mostly a two-lane undivided road, passes through the communities of Gibbstown and Paulsboro in the northern part of the county, a short distance south of the Delaware River. Route 44 generally runs a short distance to the north of I-295/US 130 for much of its length.

In 1923, **Route 17S** was legislated along the current route followed by Route 44 today, running between Penns Grove and Westville. The only portion of Route 17S ever built ran from Penns Grove to Salem. Route 44 was designated in 1927 to replace Route 17S between Penns Grove and Westville. By the 1940s, Route 44 was extended south to Salem and US 130 was designated concurrent with the route north of Penns Grove. Several spurs of Route 44 had existed or were planned prior to 1953, including Route S44, which ran concurrent with US 322 to the ferry between Bridgeport and Chester, Pennsylvania; **Route S44A**, a never-built bypass of Camden; and Route 44T, which was to run from a tunnel under the Delaware River in Paulsboro east to Route 42. In 1953, Route 44 was replaced by US 130 north of Deepwater and by Route 49 south of there. After two bypasses were built for US 130 around Carneys Point and between Bridgeport and Westville, Route 44 was redesignated along the former US 130. After I-295 was completed in the 1960s, US 130 returned to its original alignment in Carneys Point and replaced that portion of Route 44.

## Route description

Route 44 begins at an intersection with Main Street and Barker Avenue in the community of Bridgeport in Logan Township, heading to the east on Crown Point Road, a two-lane undivided road. Shortly after beginning, the route heads through wooded areas a short distance to the north of Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Penns Grove Secondary and intersects County Route 671 (CR 671). The road turns northeast and comes to an interchange with US 130 and continues closely parallel to the railroad line as it passes through more rural areas with some homes, coming to a junction with CR 684 and Flood Gate Road, the latter of which heads northwest to provide access to Bridgeport Speedway. Route 44 enters Greenwich Township upon crossing the marshy Repaupo Creek and becomes a local road called West Broad Street. The route passes over the railroad tracks and continues east into residential and commercial areas of Gibbstown, intersecting CR 607/CR 673 and CR 680 within the town.

At the intersection with CR 653, Route 44 enters Paulsboro and passes more developed areas, soon meeting CR 678. The route intersects CR 667 in the center of Paulsboro before crossing the Mantua Creek on a lift bridge and entering wetlands within West Deptford Township. Here, the road heads into a mix of rural lands and development, crossing CR 656 and the Little Mantua Creek. Route 44 intersects the Mid-Atlantic Parkway, which provides access to I-295 and US 130 a short distance to the south, before continuing into inhabited areas. Here, the road crosses the Conrail line and CR 643. The route becomes a four-lane road and has access ramps to and from southbound I-295/US 130 prior to coming to a crossroads with CR 640 in Thorofare. Past CR 640, the route closely parallels I-295/US 130 and crosses Woodbury Creek. Route 44 passes a mobile home park before coming to an end at cul-de-sac that has an access ramp to southbound Route 44 from southbound I-295/US 130.

## History

What is now Route 44 was originally legislated as Route 17S in 1923, a route that was to run from Penns Grove to Westville. By 1927, however, the only portion of Route 17S that had existed was a road that ran from Penns Grove south to Salem. In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering that occurred that year, Route 44 was designated to run from Penns Grove to Westville, replacing what had been legislated as Route 17S. By the end of the 1930s, Route 44 was extended south from Penns Grove to Salem and US 130 was also designated along with Route 44 north of Penns Grove by 1941.

Prior to 1953, several spurs of Route 44 existed or were planned. Route S44 was designated in 1939 as a connection from Route 44 in Bridgeport to the ferry across the Delaware River to Chester, Pennsylvania, and was concurrent with US 322. The S44 designation was removed in 1953 to avoid the concurrency with US 322. In 1974, the Commodore Barry Bridge was built, bypassing the ferry, and the old alignment of US 322 became Route 324. Route S44A was planned in 1938 as an eastern bypass of Camden from Route 45 in Brooklawn to Route 40 (now Route 70) and Route 41 in Delaware Township (now Cherry Hill), mostly along what is now CR 551. The bypass was never built, although part of what would have been the bypass north of Haddonfield is now Route 41. Route 44T was planned in 1938 as an approach to a never-built tunnel under the Delaware River near Paulsboro. Originally, the route was to run from the tunnel east to the intersection of Route 41 and Route 47 in Deptford Township. In 1939, the planned route was extended east to Route 42 between Blackwood and Williamstown.

In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, Route 44 was replaced by US 130 north of the Delaware Memorial Bridge approach in Deepwater and by Route 49 south of there. However, US 130 was moved to new freeway alignments around Carneys Point and between Bridgeport and Westville. The bypassed alignments of US 130, originally unnumbered, eventually became Route 44. After I-295 was built in the 1960s, it bypassed the portion of the US 130 freeway in Bridgeport and was designated along the US 130 freeway north to Westville and around Carneys Point. US 130 was moved back onto its old alignment in Carneys Point, replacing that portion of Route 44.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Gloucester County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Logan Township | 0.00 | 0.00 |

Main Street / Barker Avenue to I-295 north / US 130 north | Southern terminus of Route 44 |
| | 0.86 | 1.38 |

US 130 to I-295 north Commodore Barry Bridge | Interchange |
| West Deptford Township | 9.20 | 14.81 |

I-295 south / US 130 south | I-295/US 130 exit 21 |
| | 10.28 | 16.54 |
I-295 / US 130 / Route 44 south | Northern terminus of Route 44; I-295/US 130 exit 22 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/New Jersey Route 44KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Route 44 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NJDOT | |
| Length | 10.28 mi (16.54 km) |
| Existed | 1927–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Main Street / Barker Avenue in Bridgeport |
| North end | I-295 / US 130 in West Deptford Township |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Jersey |
| Counties | Gloucester |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 43   Route 45 | |


title: New York's 33rd State Assembly district

abstract: New York's 33rd State Assembly district is one of the 150 districts in the New York State Assembly. It has been represented by Clyde Vanel since 2017.

text:
# New York's 33rd State Assembly district

**New York's 33rd State Assembly district** is one of the 150 districts in the New York State Assembly. It has been represented by Clyde Vanel since 2017.

## Geography

District 33 is located in Queens, comprising the neighborhoods of Cambria Heights, St. Albans, Hollis, Queens Village, Bellerose and parts of Floral Park.

## Recent election results

### 2024

2024 New York State Assembly election, District 33
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | Clyde Vanel (incumbent) |  |  |
|  | Write-in | |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  | **100.0** |

### 2022

2022 New York State Assembly election, District 33
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Clyde Vanel (incumbent)** | **5,806** | **85.4** |
|  | Democratic | Oster Bryan | 972 | 14.3 |
|  | Write-in | | 20 | 0.3 |
| Total votes | | | **6,798** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | **Democratic** | **Clyde Vanel (incumbent)** | **24,305** | **99.4** |
|  | Write-in | | 151 | 0.6 |
| Total votes | | | **24,456** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2020

2020 New York State Assembly election, District 33
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Clyde Vanel (incumbent)** | **11,466** | **85.4** |
|  | Democratic | Oster Bryan | 1,927 | 14.4 |
|  | Write-in | | 30 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **13,423** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | **Democratic** | **Clyde Vanel (incumbent)** | **47,035** | **99.6** |
|  | Write-in | | 195 | 0.4 |
| Total votes | | | **47,230** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2018

2018 New York State Assembly election, District 33
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Clyde Vanel (incumbent)** | **11,274** | **79.7** |
|  | Democratic | Oster Bryan | 2,849 | 20.1 |
|  | Write-in | | 27 | 0.3 |
| Total votes | | | **14,150** | **100.0** |
|  | **Reform** | **Lalita Etwaroo** | **91** | **49.5** |
|  | Reform | Oster Bryan | 78 | 42.4 |
|  | Reform | Clyde Vanel (incumbent, write-in) | 11 | 6.0 |
|  | Write-in | | 4 | 2.1 |
| Total votes | | | **184** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Democratic | *Clyde Vanel* | 32,009 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Clyde Vanel* | 649 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Clyde Vanel (incumbent)** | **32,658** | **91.6** |
|  | Republican | *Lalita Etwaroo* | 2,527 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Lalita Etwaroo* | 353 |  |
|  | Reform | *Lalita Etwaroo* | 85 |  |
|  | Total | Lalita Etwaroo | 2,965 | 8.3 |
|  | Write-in | | 35 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **35,658** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2016

2016 New York State Assembly election, District 33
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Clyde Vanel** | **1,822** | **32.3** |
|  | Democratic | Nantasha Williams | 1,590 | 28.2 |
|  | Democratic | Bryan Block | 1,402 | 24.9 |
|  | Democratic | Roy Paul | 599 | 10.6 |
|  | Democratic | Sabine French | 204 | 3.6 |
|  | Write-in | | 22 | 0.4 |
| Total votes | | | **5,639** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | **Democratic** | **Clyde Vanel** | **40,212** | **88.2** |
|  | Republican | *Goldy-Francois Wellington* | 3,854 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Goldy-Francois Wellington* | 596 |  |
|  | Total | Goldy-Francois Wellington | 4,450 | 9.8 |
|  | New Ideas | Leroy Gadsden | 914 | 2.0 |
|  | Write-in | | 31 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **45,607** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2014

2014 New York State Assembly election, District 33
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Barbara M. Clark* | 15,108 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Barbara M. Clark* | 871 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Barbara M. Clark (incumbent)** | **15,979** | **99.5** |
|  | Write-in | | 79 | 0.5 |
| Total votes | | | **16,058** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2012

2012 New York State Assembly election, District 33
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Barbara M. Clark (incumbent)** | **3,184** | **63.8** |
|  | Democratic | Clyde Vanel | 1,807 | 36.2 |
|  | Write-in | | 2 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **4,993** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Democratic | *Barbara M. Clark* | 33,795 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Barbara M. Clark* | 769 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Barbara M. Clark (incumbent)** | **34,564** | **89.4** |
|  | More Jobs | Clyde Vanel | 4,093 | 10.6 |
|  | Write-in | | 18 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **38,675** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2010

2010 New York State Assembly election, District 33
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Barbara M. Clark (incumbent)** | **3,539** | **66.6** |
|  | Democratic | Clyde Vanel | 1,773 | 33.4 |
|  | Write-in | | 3 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **5,315** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Democratic | *Barbara M. Clark* | 20,240 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Barbara M. Clark* | 1,321 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Barbara M. Clark (incumbent)** | **21,561** | **99.9** |
|  | Write-in | | 22 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **21,583** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

| New York's 33rd
State Assembly district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Assemblymember | Clyde Vanel
Cambria Heights |
| Registration | 74.1% Democratic
5.9% Republican
17.4% No party preference |
| Demographics | 7% White
53% Black
14% Hispanic
18% Asian
0% Native American
0% Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
4% Other |
| Population (2020) | 133,715 |
| Registered voters | 88,306 |


title: New York's 30th State Senate district

abstract: New York's 30th State Senate district is one of 63 districts in the New York State Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Cordell Cleare since 2021.

text:
# New York's 30th State Senate district

**New York's 30th State Senate district** is one of 63 districts in the New York State Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Cordell Cleare since 2021.

## Geography

District 30 is primarily based in Harlem in northern Manhattan, but also includes portions of East Harlem, the Upper West Side, Morningside Heights, Hamilton Heights, and Washington Heights.

The district overlaps with New York's 10th, 12th, and 13th congressional districts, and with the 67th, 68th, 69th, 70th, 71st, and 72nd districts of the New York State Assembly.

## Recent election results

### 2024

2024 New York State Senate election, District 30
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Cordell Cleare* |  |  |
|  | Working Families | *Cordell Cleare* |  |  |
|  | Total | Cordell Cleare (incumbent) |  |  |
|  | Write-in | |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  | **100.0** |

### 2022

2022 New York State Senate election, District 30
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Cordell Cleare (incumbent)** | **13,686** | **69.9** |
|  | Democratic | Shana Harmongoff | 5,711 | 29.2 |
|  | Write-in | | 185 | 0.9 |
| Total votes | | | **19,582** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Democratic | *Cordell Cleare* | 55,813 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Cordell Cleare* | 5,936 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Cordell Cleare (incumbent)** | **61,749** | **99.6** |
|  | Write-in | | 253 | 0.4 |
| Total votes | | | **62,002** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2021 special

2021 New York State Senate special election, District 30
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Cordell Cleare** | **43,148** | **88.6** |
|  | Republican | Oz Sultan | 2,896 | 5.9 |
|  | Hope 4 NY | Shana Harmongoff | 2,560 | 5.3 |
|  | Write-in | | 106 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **48,710** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2020

2020 New York State Senate election, District 30
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Brian Benjamin (incumbent)** | **115,397** | **93.1** |
|  | Republican | Oz Sultan | 8,477 | 6.8 |
|  | Write-in | | 148 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **124,022** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2018

2018 New York State Senate election, District 30
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Brian Benjamin* | 55,813 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Brian Benjamin* | 5,936 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Brian Benjamin (incumbent)** | **96,528** | **99.6** |
|  | Write-in | | 362 | 0.4 |
| Total votes | | | **96,890** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2017 special

2017 New York State Senate special election, District 30
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Brian Benjamin** | **8,106** | **91.2** |
|  | Republican | Dawn Simmons | 287 | 3.2 |
|  | Write-in | Joyce Johnson | 261 | 2.9 |
|  | Reform | Ruben Vargas | 190 | 2.1 |
|  | Write-in | | 47 | 0.6 |
| Total votes | | | **8,891** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2016

2016 New York State Senate election, District 30
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Bill Perkins* | 107,425 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Bill Perkins* | 5,719 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Bill Perkins (incumbent)** | **113,144** | **95.1** |
|  | Republican | Jon Girodes | 5,619 | 4.7 |
|  | Write-in | | 269 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | | | **118,894** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2014

2014 New York State Senate election, District 30
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Bill Perkins* | 39,534 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Bill Perkins* | 5,437 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Bill Perkins (incumbent)** | **44,971** | **95.0** |
|  | Republican | Jon Girodes | 2,338 | 4.9 |
|  | Write-in | | 64 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **47,373** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2012

2012 New York State Senate election, District 30
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Bill Perkins* | 94,489 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Bill Perkins* | 3,651 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Bill Perkins (incumbent)** | **98,140** | **99.9** |
|  | Write-in | | 141 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **98,281** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### Federal results in District 30

| Year | Office | Results |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | President | Biden 91.9 – 6.9% |
| 2016 | President | Clinton 93.7 – 4.0% |
| 2012 | President | Obama 95.3 – 3.8% |
| | Senate | Gillibrand 95.5 – 3.4% |

## InfoBox

| New York's 30th
State Senate district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
|  | |
| Senator | Cordell Cleare
Harlem |
| Registration | 79.2% Democratic
4.0% Republican
13.9% No party preference |
| Demographics | 21% White
39% Black
31% Hispanic
6% Asian |
| Population (2017) | 348,896 |
| Registered voters | 241,635 |


title: New York's 33rd State Senate district

abstract: New York's 33rd State Senate district is one of 63 districts in the New York State Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Gustavo Rivera since 2011, following his victory over incumbent Pedro Espada Jr. in the 2010 Democratic primary elections.

text:
# New York's 33rd State Senate district

**New York's 33rd State Senate district** is one of 63 districts in the New York State Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Gustavo Rivera since 2011, following his victory over incumbent Pedro Espada Jr. in the 2010 Democratic primary elections.

## Geography

District 33 covers many neighborhoods in the central and south Bronx, including Kingsbridge Heights, Tremont, East Tremont, Crotona, Fordham, Belmont, Van Nest, and Morris Park.

The district overlaps with New York's 13th, 14th, and 15th congressional districts, and with the 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 86th, and 87th districts of the New York State Assembly.

## Recent election results

### 2024

2024 New York State Senate election, District 33
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Gustavo Rivera* |  |  |
|  | Working Families | *Gustavo Rivera* |  |  |
|  | Total | Gustavo Rivera (incumbent) |  |  |
|  | Republican | *Dion Powell* |  |  |
|  | Conservative | *Dion Powell* |  |  |
|  | Total | Dion Powell |  |  |
|  | Write-in | |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  | **100.0** |

### 2022

2022 New York State Senate election, District 33
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gustavo Rivera (incumbent)** | **6,095** | **51.9** |
|  | Democratic | Miguelina Camilo | 5,589 | 47.6 |
|  | Write-in | | 63 | 0.5 |
| Total votes | | | **11,747** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Democratic | *Gustavo Rivera* | 30,136 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Gustavo Rivera* | 2,884 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Gustavo Rivera (incumbent)** | **33,020** | **99.5** |
|  | Write-in | | 163 | 0.7 |
| Total votes | | | **33,183** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2020

2020 New York State Senate election, District 33
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Gustavo Rivera* | 63,207 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Gustavo Rivera* | 4,061 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Gustavo Rivera (incumbent)** | **67,268** | **87.9** |
|  | Republican | Dustin Martinez | 8,288 | 10.8 |
|  | Conservative | Steven Stern | 890 | 1.2 |
|  | Write-in | | 62 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **76,508** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2018

2018 New York State Senate election, District 33
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic | *Gustavo Rivera* | 45,627 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Gustavo Rivera* | 906 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Gustavo Rivera (incumbent)** | **46,533** | **95.0** |
|  | Republican | Nicole Torres | 2,099 | 4.3 |
|  | Conservative | Steven Stern | 302 | 0.6 |
|  | Write-in | | 23 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **48,957** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2016

2016 New York State Senate election, District 33
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gustavo Rivera (incumbent)** | **6,036** | **62.7** |
|  | Democratic | Fernando Cabrera | 3,549 | 36.9 |
|  | Write-in | | 37 | 0.4 |
| Total votes | | | **9,622** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Democratic | *Gustavo Rivera* | 60,230 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Gustavo Rivera* | 1,723 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Gustavo Rivera (incumbent)** | **61,953** | **97.8** |
|  | Conservative | Steven Stern | 1,340 | 2.1 |
|  | Write-in | | 52 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **63,345** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2014

2014 New York State Senate election, District 33
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gustavo Rivera (incumbent)** | **5,516** | **58.9** |
|  | Democratic | Fernando Cabrera | 3,785 | 40.4 |
|  | Write-in | | 62 | 0.7 |
| Total votes | | | **9,363** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Democratic | *Gustavo Rivera* | 19,128 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Gustavo Rivera* | 681 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Gustavo Rivera (incumbent)** | **19,809** | **93.0** |
|  | Republican | *Steven Stern* | 940 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Steven Stern* | 186 |  |
|  | Total | Steven Stern | 1,126 | 5.3 |
|  | Independence | Jose Padilla Jr. | 342 | 1.6 |
|  | Write-in | | 24 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | | | **21,301** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### 2012

2012 New York State Senate election, District 33
| Primary election | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gustavo Rivera (incumbent)** | **4,988** | **69.2** |
|  | Democratic | Manuel Tavarez | 2,193 | 30.4 |
|  | Write-in | | 26 | 0.4 |
| Total votes | | | **7,207** | **100.0** |
| General election | | | | |
|  | Democratic | *Gustavo Rivera* | 56,222 |  |
|  | Working Families | *Gustavo Rivera* | 945 |  |
|  | **Total** | **Gustavo Rivera (incumbent)** | **57,167** | **96.1** |
|  | Republican | *Michael Walters* | 1,884 |  |
|  | Conservative | *Michael Walters* | 412 |  |
|  | Total | Michael Walters | 2,296 | 3.9 |
|  | Write-in | | 15 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **59,478** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### Federal results in District 33

| Year | Office | Results |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | President | Biden 84.1 – 15.1% |
| 2016 | President | Clinton 93.1 – 5.5% |
| 2012 | President | Obama 95.9 – 3.8% |
| | Senate | Gillibrand 96.2 – 3.3% |

## InfoBox

| New York's 33rd
State Senate district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
|  | |
| Senator | Gustavo Rivera
University Heights, Bronx |
| Registration | 78.1% Democratic
4.3% Republican
15.0% No party preference |
| Demographics | 4% White
23% Black
69% Hispanic
2% Asian |
| Population (2017) | 332,109 |
| Registered voters | 169,523 |


title: Rakesh Bhatnagar

abstract: Rakesh Bhatnagar is an Indian educationist, scientist, and the current Vice Chancellor of Amity University Rajasthan. Previously he has served as the 27th Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University.

text:
# Rakesh Bhatnagar

**Rakesh Bhatnagar** is an Indian educationist, scientist, and the current Vice Chancellor of Amity University Rajasthan. Previously he has served as the 27th Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University.

## Early life

He has an M. Sc. from Kanpur University and Phd from National Sugar Institute.

## Career

He has served as the dean of the school of biotechnology at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), the Vice Chancellor of Kumaun University, the director of the academic staff college at JNU, and the director of the Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility at JNU. Dr. Bhatnagar also served as the Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. He helped develop a genetically engineered vaccine against anthrax. He is an elected fellow of several major Indian science academies and is a recipient of many honors, including the 2016 President of India Visitor's Award for Innovation. His team has also developed a DNA vaccine against Rabies. His research group has initiated research in other important infectious disease systems like Mycobacterium, Brucella; aiming to open avenues for their control. His areas of interest are Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases, Recombinant Vaccine Development, and Programmed Cell Death in Prokaryotes.

## InfoBox

| Rakesh Bhatnagar | |
| --- | --- |
| Bhatnagar in his office at BHU | |
|  | |
| Vice-Chancellor of Amity University Rajasthan | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
6 July 2021 | |
| 27th Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University | |
| **In office**
28 March 2018  28 March 2021 | |
| Appointed by | Ramnath Kovind |
| Preceded by | Girish Chandra Tripathi |
| Succeeded by | Sudhir K. Jain |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1951-07-31) 31 July 1951
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Spouse | Dr. Nirupama Banerjee Bhatnagar |
| Alma mater | National Sugar Institute
Kanpur University, Kanpur |
| Occupation | Biotechnology
Educationist |
| Awards | Presidents Visitor's Award
INSA Fellow
NASI Fellow
IAS Fellow |
| Website | Scholar-Profile |
|  | |


title: Rajupalem, Guntur district

abstract: Rajupalem is a village in Palnadu district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Rajupalem mandal of Sattenapalli revenue division.

text:
# Rajupalem, Guntur district

**Rajupalem** is a village in Palnadu district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Rajupalem mandal of Sattenapalli revenue division.

## Government and politics

Rajupalem gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member. The ward members are headed by a Sarpanch.

## InfoBox

| Rajupalem | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| RajupalemLocation in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 14°07′00″N 79°44′00″E / 14.1167°N 79.7333°E / 14.1167; 79.7333 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Palnadu |
| Mandal | Rajupalem |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj |
| Body | Rajupalem gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,178 ha (2,911 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 4,139 |
| Density | 350/km2 (910/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 522xxx |
| Area code | +91– |
| Vehicle registration | AP |


title: Rambutan (cryptography)

abstract: Rambutan is a family of encryption technologies designed by the Communications-Electronics Security Group (CESG), the technical division of the United Kingdom government's secret communications agency, GCHQ. It includes a range of encryption products designed by CESG for use in handling confidential communications between parts of the British government, government agencies, and related bodies such as NHS Trusts. Unlike CESG's Red Pike system, Rambutan is not available as software: it is distributed only as a self-contained electronic device which implements the entire cryptosystem and handles the related key distribution and storage tasks. Rambutan is not sold outside the government sector. Technical details of the Rambutan algorithm are secret. Security researcher Bruce Schneier describes it as being a stream cipher based cryptosystem with 5 shift registers each of around 80 bits, and a key size of 112 bits. RAMBUTAN-I communications chips are made by approved contractors Racal and Baltimore Technologies/Zergo Ltd. CESG later specified RAMBUTAN-II, an enhanced system with backward compatibility with existing RAMBUTAN-I infrastructure. The RAMBUTAN-II chip is a 64-pin quad ceramic pack chip, which implements the electronic codebook, cipher block chaining, and output feedback operating modes and the cipher feedback mode in 1 or 8 bits. Schneier suggests that these modes may indicate Rambutan is a block cipher rather than a stream. The three 64 bit modes operate at 88 megabits/second. Rambutan operates in three modes: ECB, CBC, and 8 bit CFB.

text:
# Rambutan (cryptography)

**Rambutan** is a family of encryption technologies designed by the Communications-Electronics Security Group (CESG), the technical division of the United Kingdom government's secret communications agency, GCHQ.

It includes a range of encryption products designed by CESG for use in handling confidential (not secret) communications between parts of the British government, government agencies, and related bodies such as NHS Trusts. Unlike CESG's Red Pike system, Rambutan is not available as software: it is distributed only as a self-contained electronic device (an ASIC) which implements the entire cryptosystem and handles the related key distribution and storage tasks. Rambutan is not sold outside the government sector.

Technical details of the Rambutan algorithm are secret. Security researcher Bruce Schneier describes it as being a stream cipher (linear-feedback shift register) based cryptosystem with 5 shift registers each of around 80 bits, and a key size of 112 bits. RAMBUTAN-I communications chips (which implement a secure X.25 based communications system) are made by approved contractors Racal and Baltimore Technologies/Zergo Ltd. CESG later specified RAMBUTAN-II, an enhanced system with backward compatibility with existing RAMBUTAN-I infrastructure. The RAMBUTAN-II chip is a 64-pin quad ceramic pack chip, which implements the electronic codebook, cipher block chaining, and output feedback operating modes (each in 64 bits) and the cipher feedback mode in 1 or 8 bits. Schneier suggests that these modes may indicate Rambutan is a block cipher rather than a stream. The three 64 bit modes operate at 88 megabits/second. Rambutan operates in three modes: ECB, CBC, and 8 bit CFB.


title: Rambwe

abstract: Rambwe is a village in the Commune of Mpanda in Bubanza Province in north western Burundi.

text:
# Rambwe

**Rambwe** is a village in the Commune of Mpanda in Bubanza Province in north western Burundi.

## InfoBox

| Rambwe | |
| --- | --- |
| RambweLocation in Burundi | |
| Coordinates: 3°9′39″S 29°23′25″E / 3.16083°S 29.39028°E / -3.16083; 29.39028 | |
| Country | Burundi |
| Province | Bubanza Province |
| Commune | Commune of Mpanda |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (Central Africa Time) |