title: Piano trio repertoire

abstract: Among the fairly large repertoire for the standard piano trio are the following works: Ordering is by surname of composer.

text:
# Piano trio repertoire

Among the fairly large repertoire for the standard piano trio (violin, cello, and piano) are the following works:

Ordering is by surname of composer.

## A

## B

## C

## D

## E

## F

## G

## H

## I

## J

* Salomon Jadassohn
    + Piano Trio 1 in F major, Op.16 (1858)
    + Piano Trio 2 in E major, Op.20 (1860)
    + Piano Trio 3 in C minor, Op.59 (1880)
    + Piano Trio 4 in C minor, Op.85 (1887)
* Marie Jaëll
    + Piano Trio (1881)
* Betsy Jolas
    + Trio 88 (1988)
    + "Ah! Haydn" (2007)
* Joseph Jongen
    + Piano Trio in B minor, Op. 10 (1897)
    + Trio for Violin, Viola, and Piano, Op. 30 (1907)
    + Deux pieces en trio, Op. 95 (1931)
* John Joubert
    + Landscapes for soprano and piano trio, Op. 129 (1992)
* Paul Juon
    + Piano Trio No. 1 in A minor, Op.17 (1901)
    + Trio-Caprice on Selma Lagerlof's "Gosta Berling" in B minor, Op. 39 \[Trio No. 2\] (1908)
    + Piano Trio No. 3 in G major, Op. 60 (1915)
    + Litaniae. Tone Poem in C minor, Op. 70 \[Trio No. 4\] (1918, rev.1929)
    + Legend in D minor, Op. 83 \[Trio No. 5\] (1930)
    + Suite in C major, Op. 89 (1932)

## K

## L

## M

## N

* Eduard Nápravník
    + Piano Trio No.1 in G minor, Op.24 (1876)
    + Piano Trio No.2 in D minor, Op.62 (1897)
* Lior Navok
    + Piano Trio (1999)
* Laura Netzel
    + Piano Trio No. 1 in D-flat major, Serenade, Op. 50 (1895)
    + Piano Trio No. 2 in G minor, Preludio e fughetta, Op. 68 (1900)
    + Piano Trio No. 3 in D minor, Op. 78 (1903)
* Olga Neuwirth
    + Quasare / Pulsare II (2017)
* Dika Newlin
    + Piano Trio, Op. 2 (1948)
* Carl Nielsen
    + Piano Trio in G minor, FS 3i (1883)
* Ib Nørholm
    + Piano Trio, Op. 22 (1959)
* Vítězslav Novák
    + Piano Trio No. 1 in G minor, Op. 1 (ca. 1890)
    + Piano Trio No. 2 in D minor "Quasi una ballata", Op. 27 (ca. 1900)

## O

* Jane O'Leary
    + Piano Trio (1992)
* George Onslow
    + Piano Trios Nos. 1–3 in A major, C major, G minor, Op. 3 (1807)
    + Piano Trios Nos. 4–6 in E minor, E major, D major, Op. 14 (1817)
    + Piano Trio No. 7 in D minor, Op. 20 (1822)
    + Piano Trio No. 8 in C minor, Op. 26 (1823)
    + Piano Trio No. 9 in G major, Op. 27 (1823)
    + Piano Trio No. 10 in F minor, Op. 83 (1851/2)
* Cornélie van Oosterzee
    + 2 Phantasiestücke for Piano Trio, Op. 18 (1900)
* Morfydd Owen
    + Piano Trio in D major (1915)
* María Luisa Ozaita
    + Piano Trio (1987)

## P

## R

## S

## T

## U

## V

## W

## Y

## Z

## Other combinations for Piano Trio

Many works also exist for less conventional groupings of instruments. Among the most notable are:

Of these repertoires, pieces which include ossia parts for the conventional violin-cello-piano trio include:

* Ludwig van Beethoven
    + Trio for clarinet, cello, piano in B-flat major, Op. 11
* Johannes Brahms
* Max Bruch
    + Trio for clarinet (or violin), cello, and piano in c minor, Op. 5
    + Eight Pieces for clarinet (or violin), cello, and piano, Op. 83
* Mikhail Glinka
    + Trio pathétique, for clarinet (or violin), bassoon (or cello), and piano in D minor, G. iv173

Technically not piano trios, but pieces with ossia parts for the conventional violin-cello-piano trio are:

* Henriette Renié
    + Trio for harpe (or piano), violin and cello in B-flat major, IHR 17 (written in ca. 1901, published in ca. 1910)

## Further reading


title: Sauer S 2500

abstract: The Sauer S 2500 is a family of four stroke aircraft engines certified according to JAR 22-H

text:
# Sauer S 2500

The **Sauer S 2500** is a family of four stroke aircraft engines certified according to JAR 22-H (CS-22 subpart H)

## Design and development

The engine is based on the Wasserboxer, extensively modified for aircraft use and all the parts are custom made. They are certified according to CS-22 subpart H and can therefore be used in motorgliders and light aircraft that are certified as CS-VLA and CS-LSA

## Variants

Sauer S 2500-1-DS1 Sauer S 2500-1-TS1 Sauer S 2500-1-HS1 Sauer S 2500-1-FS1 Sauer S 2500 T A 126 hp (94 kW) turbocharged version no longer available and unknown if it ever was available commercially.

## Specifications

### General characteristics

### Components

* **Valvetrain:** Single overhead exhaust valve, single overhead inlet valve per cylinder
* **Fuel system:** Bing carburetor with altitude compensation
* **Fuel type:** min 98 RON
* **Cooling system:** Air-cooled

### Performance

* **Power output:** 94hp at 3000 rpm, 100hp at 3200 rpm (S 2500-1-FS1)
* **Compression ratio:** 8.8:1

## InfoBox

| Sauer S 2500 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Horizontally opposed piston aircraft engine |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Sauer Flugmotorenbau GmbH |
| Major applications | Motorgliders and light aircraft |
| Developed from | Wasserboxer |


title: O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort

abstract: "O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort" is a Lutheran hymn in German, with text by Johann Rist, first published in Lüneburg in 1642. It was translated into English in several versions. The hymn was used in cantata music, including Bach's first chorale cantata of his second cantata cycle, BWV 20.

text:
# O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort

"**O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort**" (O Eternity, you word of thunder) is a Lutheran hymn in German, with text by Johann Rist, first published in Lüneburg in 1642. It was translated into English in several versions. The hymn was used in cantata music, including Bach's first chorale cantata of his second cantata cycle, BWV 20.

## History

Rist wrote "O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort" as a poem in 16 stanzas. He published it first in his collection *Himlische Lieder* (Heavenly songs) in Lüneburg in 1642, p. 51, in 16 stanzas of 8 lines, entitled "An earnest contemplation of the unending Eternity." It was printed in Burg's *Gesang-Buch* in Breslau in 1746 in full length. Later editions often shortened the song. The melody was written by Johann Schop for "Wach auf, mein Geist, erhebe dich". It was adapted by Johann Crüger for "O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort" when he published it in the 1653 edition of his hymnal *Praxis*.

A translation, "Eternity! tremendous Word, Home-striking Point, Heart-piercing Sword", by John Christian Jacobi appeared in 1722, translating 12 stanzas. "Eternity! terrific word", a translation of stanzas 1, 3, 12 and 16, appeared in the American Lutheran General Synod's Collection in 1850, possibly by William Morton Reynolds. It was reprinted in the Ohio Lutheran Hymnal of 1880. Another translation, "Eternity! most awful word" by Arthur Tozer Russell appeared in his *Psalms & Hymns* in 1851, based on stanzas 1, 2, 9 and 16. A fourth translation, "Eternity, thou word of fear", of stanzas 1, 9, 13 and 16 by Edward Thring was printed in the *Uppingham and Sherborne School Hymn Book* in 1874.

## Text

The text is in 16 stanzas of 8 lines each, with a rhyme scheme AABCCBDD. In a bar form, the stollen have three lines each, while the abgesang has only two lines. In the first edition, a title reads: "An earnest contemplation of the unending Eternity". It has been described as "an impressive and strongly coloured hymn".

## Musical settings

Georg Philipp Telemann composed a church cantata: *O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort* in 1723. The hymn is used in several of Bach's cantatas. In *O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort*, BWV 60, composed for the 24th Sunday after Trinity and first performed on 7 November 1723, the first stanza is used in the opening movement. *O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort*, BWV 20, is a chorale cantata for the first Sunday after Trinity. Bach used three stanzas unchanged and the melody in three movements, and treated paraphrases of the other stanzas in recitatives and arias. It was the first cantata in his second cantata cycle which was meant to contain only chorale cantatas.

### Setting of the tune in Bach's Cantata 20

### Organ settings

Organ preludes were written by Baroque composers such as Tobias Zeutschner, published in *Musicalischer Vorschmack* in Ratzeburg in 1683, Johann Gottfried Walther and Johann Tobias Krebs. In the 20th century, Sigfrid Karg-Elert set the hymn as No. 42 of his 66 Chorale improvisations for organ, published in 1909, and Felix Draeseke composed a chorale prelude the same year, among others.

## InfoBox

| O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort | |
| --- | --- |
| Lutheran hymn | |
| Johann Rist | |
| English | O Eternity, you word of thunder |
| Text | by Johann Rist |
| Language | German |
| Melody | by Johann Schop, adapted by Johann Crüger |
| Published | 1642 (1642) |


title: Peter Gregg (racing driver)

abstract: Peter Holden Gregg was an American race car driver during the golden age of the Trans-Am Series and a five-time winner of the 24 Hours of Daytona. He was also the owner of Brumos, a Jacksonville, Florida, car dealership and racing team.

text:
# Peter Gregg (racing driver)

**Peter Holden Gregg** (May 4, 1940  December 15, 1980) was an American race car driver during the golden age of the Trans-Am Series and a five-time winner of the 24 Hours of Daytona. He was also the owner of Brumos, a Jacksonville, Florida, car dealership and racing team.

## Background

Gregg was born in New York City, the son of a mechanical engineer and manufacturer of marine incinerators.

He graduated from the Deerfield Academy, a private prep school, in 1957 and moved on to Harvard University, where he earned a degree in English in 1961. He had a brief career in filmmaking while also competing as a squash player and then eventually settling on auto racing. After graduating from Harvard, he moved to Europe and attended the Centro-Sud Driving School. He then joined the U.S. Navy and became an air intelligence officer. He was assigned to the Naval Air Station in Jacksonville, Florida, and served there until discharged in 1965. He was married to Jennifer Johnson and had two sons, Jason and Simon.

His legacy lives on in the Peter Gregg Foundation.

## Racing career

While at school, Gregg began his motorsport career in gymkhanas and ice races after an initial appearance in a hill climb in 1958 in Laconia, New Hampshire.

In 1963 he drove an unmodified production Corvette in Osceola County, Florida, and won the SCCA sanctioned race. He became a serious Porsche racer in 1964 with a Porsche 904 and then moved into competition with a Porsche 906. In 1965 he purchased Brumos Porsche, a local dealership, after the death of the owner, Hubert Brundage. He was the SCCA's Southeastern Division champion in 1967 in two classes and scored victories in Daytona and Sebring. In 1968 he acquired a Mercedes-Benz dealership and entered competition in the SCCA's Under-2-Litre section of the Trans-Am Series. He won six Trans-Am races in 1969 and also took the SCCA's B Sedan National Championship. In 1970, he opened a third dealership, SportAuto, selling Fiats and MGs.

In 1971, he was part of the major Trans-Am Series, driving Bud Moore Ford Mustangs, alongside teammate George Follmer. He won the Trans-Am Series in 1973 and 1974 in a Brumos Porsche. By this time, he was involved with IMSA and won the IMSA GTO overall championship in 1971 and 1973, earning him the nickname "Peter Perfect", possibly a reference to a character in a Hanna-Barbera cartoon called the "Wacky Races" and his clean-cut naval officer image. In 1973 he won the 24 Hours of Daytona in a Porsche Carrera co-driven by Hurley Haywood. He then announced his retirement to lead a life as a director of the Jacksonville National Bank, a club tennis player and a speedboat racer out of the Ponte Vedra Yacht Club.

Gregg retracted his retirement and won the 24 Hours of Daytona three more times, in 1975, 1976, and 1978. His 1976 Daytona victory in the #59 BMW E9 Coupe Sport Leicht (CSL) "Batmobile" (the first product of what would become the BMW M Motorsport subsidiary) with co-driver Brian Redman is cited as BMW's first major victory on American soil.

Gregg won IMSA GTO overall championships in 1974, 1975, 1978, and 1979, giving him six career titles in the class. In June 1980, he was due to compete at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in a 924 Carrera GTS for the Porsche factory team along with fellow American Al Holbert, but was injured near Paris; en route to a practice session for the race, he attempted to overtake an ox cart, but a car pulled out in front of him and, in attempting to avoiding a collision, his car careered into a ditch. Artist Frank Stella was his passenger. When doctors refused to allow Gregg to race his place was taken by Derek Bell.

Gregg was given clearance to compete at the Paul Revere 250 at Daytona the following month. His partner, Haywood, who was scheduled to drive for most of the race, soon fell ill while leading, leaving Gregg to fill in, but their Porsche fell back, eventually finishing third. Suffering from double vision, he was soon barred from racing by IMSA.

Gregg’s success with BMW was rewarded with an invitation to order a BMW M1 Procar Championship supercar from the factory. The Gregg car Frank Stella painted is cited as the only BMW Art Car not owned by the factory (although "unofficial", Stella was an official art car artist). Gregg’s widow sold the car in 1990; it was donated to the Guggenheim Museum in 1999 and then sold at the Bonhams 2011 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance auction for $854,000 to art collector, car collector, and BMW dealer Jonathan Sobel. the car was later sold to renowned BMW car collector Peter Gleeson

## Death

Following his road accident in France on June 10, 1980, Gregg suffered from lingering concussion symptoms that included headaches and double vision for several months.

"Peter had been concerned with a lot of things philosophically," business partner Bob Snodgrass said. "And after the accident that happened in Le Mans, Peter went through a rough period of having to face the reality that he was physically not able to race because of his medical problem."

Gregg qualified 11th for the November 30 250-mile race at Daytona but withdrew before the race, claiming the car suffered handling issues.

After a five-month courtship, Gregg married Deborah Jane Marrs, a 25 year-old commercial artist from Miami, on December 6.

Peter Gregg committed suicide by firearm on December 15, 1980, near the beach south of Jacksonville. In his briefcase, he had left a suicide note that said, in part: “I just don’t enjoy life anymore. I must have the right to end it.” Police said that he had recently undergone psychiatric care.

Hurley Haywood, Gregg's close friend, suspects that Gregg's decision was due to multiple factors, "not the least of which was the realization that the man other racers called “Peter Perfect” was no longer the best." New drivers were driving the same kind of car, a Porsche 935, and they were faster. “Peter could not accept the fact that he was not the top dog anymore.”

## Brumos racing after Gregg

Gregg's endurance racing partner, Hurley Haywood, assisted Deborah Gregg as she took the position of Owner/CEO at Brumos Motorcars. She became a successful driver in the Trans Am and endurance series driving for Brumos in the '80s. She remarried and sold the dealerships in the mid-'90s.

In 1991, Brumos Porsche entered a two-car Porsche team in the newly created IMSA SuperCar series and won three straight manufacturer’s championships for Porsche with a pair of traditional white, red, and blue 911 Turbos. Peter's son Simon later competed as a driver in Trans-Am, the American Le Mans Series and the Grand-Am Series. Simon Gregg campaigns a Chevrolet Corvette under the Derhaag Motorsports banner in the SCCA's GT-1-class. He won the SCCA Southeast Conference Major's Tour GT-1 race at Homestead-Miami Speedway in January 2015, and set a new track record for the GT-1 class.

## Awards

## Motorsports results

### SCCA National Championship Runoffs

| Year | Track | Car | Engine | Class | Finish | Start | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1967 | Daytona | Porsche 911 |  | E Sports Racer | 2 | 3 | Running |
| | | Porsche 911 |  | B Sedan | 12 | 3 | Retired |
| 1969 | Daytona | Porsche 911 |  | B Sedan | 1 | 1 | Running |
| 1970 | Road Atlanta | Porsche 914/6 |  | C Production | 8 | 15 | Running |

### 24 Hours of Le Mans results

| Year | Team | Co-drivers | Car | Class | Laps | Pos. | Class
pos. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1966 | Porsche System Engineering | Sten Axelsson | Porsche 906 Carrera 6 | S 2.0 | 321 | DNF | DNF |
| 1973 | Sonauto BP Racing | Guy Chasseuil | Porsche 911 Carrera RSR | GTS 3.0 | 298 | 14th | **3rd** |
| 1976 | BMW Motorsport GmbH | Brian Redman | BMW 3.0 CSL Turbo | Gr. 5
SP | 23 | DNF | DNF |
| 1977 | JMS Racing
ASA Cachia | Claude Ballot-Léna | Porsche 935 | Gr. 5
SP | 315 | **3rd** | **1st** |
| 1978 | Martini Racing Porsche System | Hurley Haywood
Reinhold Joest | Porsche 936/77 | Gr. 6
S 3.0 | 362 | **3rd** | **3rd** |
| 1979 | Charles Pozzi / JMS Racing | Claude Ballot-Léna
Michel Leclère | Ferrari 512 BB-LM | IMSA
GTX | 219 | DNF | DNF |
|


title: Myoleja sinensis

abstract: Myoleja sinensis is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Myoleja of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Myoleja sinensis

***Myoleja sinensis*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Myoleja* of the family Tephritidae.

## InfoBox

| *Myoleja sinensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Genus: | *Myoleja* |
| Species: | ***M. sinensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myoleja sinensis***<br>(Zia, 1937) | |
|


title: Perotrochus lucaya

abstract: Perotrochus lucaya, common name the Lucayan slit shell, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pleurotomariidae, the slit snails.

text:
# Perotrochus lucaya

***Perotrochus lucaya***, common name the **Lucayan slit shell**, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pleurotomariidae, the slit snails.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 25 mm and 60 mm.

The Lucayan slit shell feeds on sessile prey.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Venezuela and in the Atlantic Ocean off the Bahamas at depths between 275 m and 427 m.

* Encyclopedia of Life
* GenBank (2 nucleotides; 0 proteins)
* USNM Invertebrate Zoology Mollusca Collection
* ITIS
* World Register of Marine Species
* "*Perotrochus lucaya*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Perotrochus lucaya* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Pleurotomariida |
| Superfamily: | Pleurotomarioidea |
| Family: | Pleurotomariidae |
| Genus: | *Perotrochus* |
| Species: | ***P. lucaya*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perotrochus lucaya***<br>Bayer, 1965 | |
|


title: Xuefang

abstract: Xuefang is a town in Laiyang, Yantai, in eastern Shandong province, China.

text:
# Xuefang

**Xuefang** (Chinese: 穴坊镇) is a town in Laiyang, Yantai, in eastern Shandong province, China.

## InfoBox

| Xuefang 穴坊镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| XuefangLocation in Shandong | |
| Coordinates: 36°40′05″N 120°43′11″E / 36.66806°N 120.71972°E / 36.66806; 120.71972 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Shandong |
| Prefecture-level city | Yantai |
| County | Laiyang |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Marianne Strengell

abstract: Marianne Strengell was an influential Finnish-American Modernist textile designer in the twentieth century. Strengell was a professor at Cranbrook Academy of Art from 1937 to 1942, and she served as department head from 1942 to 1962. She was able to translate hand-woven patterns for mechanized production, and pioneered the use of synthetic fibers.

text:
# Marianne Strengell

**Marianne Strengell** (a.k.a. **Marianne Hammarström**, May 24, 1909 – May 8, 1998) was an influential Finnish-American Modernist textile designer in the twentieth century. Strengell was a professor at Cranbrook Academy of Art from 1937 to 1942, and she served as department head from 1942 to 1962. She was able to translate hand-woven patterns for mechanized production, and pioneered the use of synthetic fibers.

## Early life

Strengell was born in Helsinki, Finland, daughter of Finnish architect Gustaf Strengell and interior designer Anna Wegelius. She graduated from the Central School of Industrial Design in Helsingfors in 1929, then went to Stockholm where she assisted in the preparations for the 1930 Stockholm Exhibition. Strengell held several positions in Scandinavia, designing rugs, textiles and interiors. One of her earliest positions was as a designer at Hemflit-Kotiahkeruus where her mother, Anna, was director and responsible for starting a cottage industry in weaving for the farmers' wives. Strengell left Scandinavia for the United States in 1936.

## Career

In 1931 Strengell was invited by family friend Eliel Saarinen to work at the Cranbrook Academy of Art; she began teaching there in 1937. In 1942, when Loja Saarinen retired, Strengell replaced her as head of the Department of Weaving and Textile Design. Soon after, a power loom was installed in the weaving studios. She developed a curriculum that emphasized weave structure, versus the more pictorial imagery used by Saarinen. In her 25 years at Cranbrook, she trained many textile artists, including Jack Lenor Larsen, Robert Sailors and Ed Rossbach. Her circle of friends and colleagues included Harry Bertoia, Ben Baldwin, Ray and Charles Eames, Florence Knoll, and Eszter Haraszty. She maintained her role as Department Head of Weaving and Textile Design until she retired from Cranbrook in 1961.

While teaching at Cranbrook, Strengell held a number of outside consulting positions, and worked on industrial design commissions for architects, such as the interior fabrics for Eero Saarinen's General Motors Tech Center and work for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Her emphasis on texture rather than pattern influenced the American market in automotive and interior design. Her versatility in the development of new yarns and fabrics contributed toward the use of textiles as architectural elements. Strengell created original textile designs for automotive interiors for Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation, Chrysler and American Motors, as well as for United Airlines. Her upholstery design "Taj Mahal" for the 1959 Lincoln Continental is iconic. She sometimes worked in conjunction with her husband, architect Olav Hammarström, designing interiors and textiles for his projects. Most notably, they built and designed together the Vera and Laszlo Tisza House for professors Vera and Laszlo Tisza located in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, purchased four of the five original lots that comprised the Tisza property between August 1954 and September 1956 (Barnstable County Registry of Deeds 1954a, 1954b, 1955, 1956), and completed construction in 1960. Olav Hammarström and Marianne Strengell's own vacation home, which they designed for themselves in 1952, is located approximately 400 feet west of the Tisza property across Gross Hill Road.

In 1951, Strengell was sent by the International Cooperation Administration to Japan and the Philippines as a weaving and textile adviser to help establish cottage industries. Simultaneously she acted as a consultant there on weaving and textile production, for the U.N. Technical Assistance Administration. With her husband she developed a new loom to accommodate wider widths of fabric, and she incorporated native fibers, such as coconut and grass, into the textiles. Her efforts helped raise the standard of living in both countries. Strengell and Hammarström traveled the world, working, lecturing, and studying developments in architecture, arts and crafts, and the use of indigenous materials.

Strengell had more than 70 solo exhibitions throughout the United States and the world. In 1983 she began donating her textiles to museums, including the American Museum of Arts and Crafts, the Museum of Modern Art, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Musée des Arts Decoratifs in Montreal, and the Museum of Applied Art in Helsinki, Finland.

Example of her design work are in the Art Institute of Chicago, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the Yale University Art Gallery.

In 1985 Strengell was named as a fellow of the American Craft Council.

## Personal life

She was first married to Cranbrook artist, Charles Yerkes Dusenbury, and had two children, Sandra, and Chris. She later married Olav Hammarström, and she died of throat cancer at their home in Wellfleet, Massachusetts on May 8, 1998.

## Exhibitions

* *Finland 100: The Cranbrook Collection* \- March 21, 2017 - January 14, 2018 Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan

## InfoBox

| Marianne Strengell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1909-05-24)May 24, 1909
Helsinki, Finland |
| Died | May 8, 1998(1998-05-08) (aged 88)
Wellfleet, Massachusetts, US |
| Occupation | Designer |
| Known for | Modern Textile Designer |
| Spouses | * Charles Yerkes Dusenbury,
(m. 1940; div. 1948) *   Olav Hammarström (m. 1949) |
| Children | 2, Sandra and Chris |


title: Mayano Top Gun

abstract: Mayano Top Gun was a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse. His wins included the Kikuka Sho, Arima Kinen, Takarazuka Kinen, Hanshin Daishoten and Tenno Sho. In 1995, he was awarded the JRA Award Horse of the Year and Best Three-year-old Colt.

text:
# Mayano Top Gun

**Mayano Top Gun** (マヤノトップガン, March 24, 1992 - November 3, 2019) was a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse. His wins included the Kikuka Sho, Arima Kinen, Takarazuka Kinen, Hanshin Daishoten and Tenno Sho. In 1995, he was awarded the JRA Award Horse of the Year and Best Three-year-old Colt.

## Background

Mayano Top Gun was a chestnut horse with a white blaze and a long white stocking on his left foreleg bred in Japan by Etsuo Kawakami. He was sired by the American stallion Brian's Time, who finished second in the Preakness Stakes in 1988 before becoming a highly successful breeding stallion in Japan. His dam Alp Me Please was sired by Blushing Groom and was a half-sister of the Grand Prix de Paris winner Swink: as a descendant of the broodmare Sonrisa, she was also a distant relative of the Belmont Stakes winner Ruler on Ice.

## Racing career

### 1995: three-year-old season

Mayano Top Gun began his career racing on dirt and won three of his nine races in the early part of 1995. He was then switched to turf being placed twice at Grade II level in September and October. He emerged as top class performer in the late autumn, winning the Kikuka Sho over 3000 metres at Kyoto on 5 November. In December he contested one of Japan's most prestigious weight-for-age races, the Arima Kinen over 2500 metres at Nakayama and won from Taiki Blizzard and Sakura Chitose O.

### 1996: four-year-old season

In March 1996, Mayano Top Gun was matched against the 1993 Japanese Horse of the Year Narita Brian in the Hanshin Daishoten and was beaten into second place. In June at Kyoto he recorded his biggest success as a four-year-old when he won the Takarazuka Kinen over 2200 metres, beating Sunday Branch and the mare Dance Partner. Later in the year he finished second to Bubble Gum Fellow in the Autumn edition of the Tenno Sho.

### 1997: five-year-old season

In March 1997, Mayano Top Gun won the Hanshin Daishoten from Big Symbol and Gigaton. A month later he contested the Spring edition of the Tenno Sho over 3200 metres at Kyoto. He won from Sakura Laurel (winner of the race in 1996) with Marvelous Sunday in third place.

## Assessment and awards

In 1995, Mayano Top Gun was voted Japanese Horse of the Year and Best Three-year-old Colt.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Mayano Top Gun (JPN), chestnut stallion
| Sire
Brian's Time | Roberto | Hail to Reason | Turn-to |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Nothirdchance |
| | Bramalea | Nashua |
| | Rarelea |
| | Kelley's Day | Graustark | Ribot |
| | | Flower Bowl |
| | Golden Trail | Hasty Road |
| | Sunny Vale |
| Dam
Alp Me Please | Blushing Groom | Red God | Nasrullah |
| | | Spring Run |
| | Runaway Bride | Wild Risk |
| | Aimee |
| | Swiss | Vaguely Noble | Vienna |
| | | Noble Lassie |
| | Gala Host | My Host |
| | Huspah (Family: 14-a) |

## InfoBox

| Mayano Top Gun | |
| --- | --- |
| March 9, 1996 | |
| Sire | Brian's Time |
| Grandsire | Roberto |
| Dam | Alp Me Please |
| Damsire | Blushing Groom |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 24 March 1992 |
| Country | Japan |
| Colour | Chestnut |
| Breeder | Etsuo Kawakami |
| Owner | Yu Tadokoro |
| Trainer | Masahiro Sakaguchi |
| Record | 21: 8-4-5 |
| Earnings | 810,039,000 JPY |
| Major wins | |
| Kikuka Sho (1995)
Arima Kinen (1995)
Takarazuka Kinen (1996)
Hanshin Daishoten (1997)
Tenno Sho (Spring) (1997) | |
| Awards | |
| Japanese Horse of the Year (1995)
JRA Award for Best Three-Year-Old Colt (1995) | |
| Last updated on February 22, 2010 | |


title: Phyllonorycter melacoronis

abstract: Phyllonorycter melacoronis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Japan (Kyushu), the Russian Far East and Korea. The wingspan is 5-5.5 mm. The larvae feed as leaf miners on Rhododendron species, including Rhododendron dauricum and Rhododendron mucronulatum.

text:
# Phyllonorycter melacoronis

***Phyllonorycter melacoronis*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Japan (Kyushu), the Russian Far East and Korea.

The wingspan is 5-5.5 mm.

The larvae feed as leaf miners on *Rhododendron* species, including *Rhododendron dauricum* and *Rhododendron mucronulatum*.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter melacoronis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. melacoronis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter melacoronis***<br>(Kumata, 1963) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lithocolletis melacoronis* Kumata, 1963 | |


title: Sauer S 2200 UL

abstract: The Sauer S 2200 UL is a 4 stroke aircraft engine designed for homebuilt and ultralight aircraft.

text:
# Sauer S 2200 UL

The **Sauer S 2200 UL** is a 4 stroke aircraft engine designed for homebuilt and ultralight aircraft.

## Design and development

The engine is based on the Volkswagen air-cooled engine. It is extensively modified for aircraft use and all the parts are custom made. The engine is derived from the certified engines produced by the same manufacturer and used in several motorgliders and light aircraft.

## Applications

## Specifications (variant)

### General characteristics

### Components

* **Valvetrain:** Single overhead exhaust valve, single overhead inlet valve per cylinder
* **Fuel system:** Bing carburetor with altitude compensation
* **Fuel type:** min 98 RON
* **Cooling system:** Air-cooled

### Performance

## InfoBox

| Sauer S 2200 UL | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Horizontally opposed piston engine |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Sauer Flugmotorenbau GmbH |
| Major applications | Ultralights and Experimental Aircraft |
| Developed from | Volkswagen air-cooled engine |


title: Oberea annamensis

abstract: Oberea annamensis is a species of longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini in the genus Oberea, discovered by Breuning in 1969.

text:
# Oberea annamensis

***Oberea annamensis*** is a species of longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini in the genus *Oberea*, discovered by Breuning in 1969.

## InfoBox

| *Oberea annamensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Oberea* |
| Species: | ***O. annamensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oberea annamensis***<br>Breuning, 1969 | |
|


title: Peter Hare (army officer)

abstract: Captain Peter Hare was a company officer in Butler's Rangers, a militia unit during the American Revolutionary War, and British Loyalist. After the war ended Hare emigrated and settled with his family in Lincoln County, Ontario where he farmed until his death in 1834.

text:
# Peter Hare (army officer)

Captain **Peter Hare** (11 May 1748 — 6 April 1834) was a company officer in Butler's Rangers, a militia unit during the American Revolutionary War, and British Loyalist. After the war ended Hare emigrated and settled with his family in Lincoln County, Ontario where he farmed until his death in 1834.

## Early life

Hare was born on 11 May 1748 in Mohawk River, Tryon County, New York, United States. He was the third son and youngest of four children born to John Hare. Hare was likely to have first enlisted for duty in the 2nd Albany County Militia Regiment. However, on the onset of the American Revolutionary War he resigned from the Rebel regiment and instead joined the Loyalist Butler's Rangers led by John Butler.

## Revolutionary War

Hare was a regimental company captain in Butler's Rangers, a British provincial regiment composed of Loyalists, during the American Revolutionary war. Hare participated in the Wyoming Valley massacre of July 1778 and the Cherry Valley massacre in November of the same year. Due to actions by their allies, Iroquois under the command of Joseph Brant, the unit as a whole was seen as savage.

When the war ended Hare moved to Lincoln County in Ontario where he, like several other veterans who had served with Butler's Rangers, was granted land to farm.

## Family and descendants

Hare married three times. He first married Elizabeth Petree, a French lady, in October 1777. Their wedding took place in the Mohawk Valley of Tryon County. When Elizabeth died in 1785 he remarried Catherine Greenwalt in 1787. Hare thirdly married Margaret (Bowman) Secord, widow of Solomon Secord, after his second wife Catherine died.

Throughout his three marriages Hare had a total of ten children:

* Family of Capt. Peter and Elizabeth (Petree) Hare:
    + Mary Hare (18 Jan 1779 — Mar 1849) married Robert Brown.
    + Catherine Hare (24 Feb 1781 — Abt. 1812) married Isaac Walker.
* Family of Capt. Peter and Catherine (Greenwalt) Hare:
    + Elizabeth Hare (1788 — 1817) married Thomas Bradt.
    + Annie Hare (1790 — ?) married John Bradt.
    + John Hare (9 Jan 1792 — 1817)
    + Peter Hare, Jr. (13 Feb 1794 — 1856) married firstly Magdalena Secord and secondly widow Jane McGaw.
    + William Hare (12 Apr 1796 — 1856)
    + Deborah Hare (12 Sep 1797 — 1884)
    + James H. Hare (26 Jun 1801 — 1880) married Rachel Patterson.
* Family of Capt. Peter and Margaret (Bowman) Hare:
    + Margaret Hare (20 Jun 1812 — 1870) married Robert Henry.

## InfoBox

| Peter Hare | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1748-05-11)11 May 1748
Mohawk River, Province of New York |
| Died | 6 April 1834(1834-04-06) (aged 85)
Lincoln Co., Upper Canada |
| Buried | Snure Cemetery, Lincoln Co. |
| Allegiance | Great Britain (Loyalist) |
| Years of service | Bef. 1776 — June 1784 |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | 2nd Albany County Militia Regiment
Butler's Rangers |
| Battles/wars | **American Revolutionary War**
 |
| Other work | Farmer |


title: Perali

abstract: Perali is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Karlapalem mandal of Tenali revenue division.

text:
# Perali

**Perali** is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Karlapalem mandal of Tenali revenue division.

## Geography

Perali is situated to the north of Nizampatnam Reserved Forest, Bay of Bengal and to the south of the mandal headquarters, Karlapalem, at 15°53′10″N 80°32′49″E / 15.886°N 80.547°E / 15.886; 80.547. It is spread over an area of 2,640 ha (6,500 acres).

## Governance

Perali gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.

## Education

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has 14 schools. These include 4 private and 10 Zilla/Mandal Parishad schools.

## InfoBox

| Perali | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| PeraliLocation in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 15°53′10″N 80°32′49″E / 15.886°N 80.547°E / 15.886; 80.547 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Guntur |
| Mandal | Karlapalem |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj |
| Body | Perali gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,640 ha (6,520 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 11,035 |
| Density | 420/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Area code | +91– |
| Vehicle registration | AP |


title: Xue yuan

abstract: Xueyuan is an officer cadet within the People's Liberation Army. The rank was established in 1988 as part of the revival of the use of rank by the People's Liberation Army. No equivalent rank existed in pre-Cultural Revolution system of rank used by the PLA between 1955 and 1965.

text:
# Xue yuan

**Dress Insignia for Xueyuan**
| *Naval
Force* | *Air
Force* |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

**Xueyuan** (simplified Chinese: 学员; traditional Chinese: 學員; pinyin: *Xuéyuán*) is an officer cadet within the People's Liberation Army. The rank was established in 1988 as part of the revival of the use of rank by the People's Liberation Army. No equivalent rank existed in pre-Cultural Revolution system of rank used by the PLA between 1955 and 1965.


title: Marianne Straub

abstract: Marianne Straub OBE was one of the leading commercial designers of textiles in Britain in the period from the 1940s to 1960s. She said her overriding aim was: "to design things which people could afford.... To remain a handweaver did not seem satisfactory in this age of mass-production". Linda Parry, curator of modern textiles at the Victoria and Albert Museum, described her in 1990 as one of two or three British artists who used their great ability to serve industry. Although she became a leading name in industrial design – creating upholstery for everything from London Underground to BEA aircraft – she almost always developed her ideas on a handloom before applying her technical knowhow to their manufacture. She believed that if more designers tried out their ideas first, there would be fewer bad results.

text:
# Marianne Straub

**Marianne Straub** OBE (23 September 1909 – 8 November 1994) was one of the leading commercial designers of textiles in Britain in the period from the 1940s to 1960s. She said her overriding aim was: "to design things which people could afford. ... To remain a handweaver did not seem satisfactory in this age of mass-production".

Linda Parry, curator of modern textiles at the Victoria and Albert Museum, described her in 1990 as one of two or three British artists who used their great ability to serve industry.

Although she became a leading name in industrial design – creating upholstery for everything from London Underground to BEA aircraft – she almost always developed her ideas on a handloom before applying her technical knowhow to their manufacture. She believed that if more designers tried out their ideas first, there would be fewer bad results.

## Early life and studies

Marianne Straub was born in the village of Amriswil, Switzerland, the second of four daughters of the textile merchant Carl Straub and his wife Cécile Kappeler. She had tuberculosis as a young child and spent over four years in a hospital ward, returning home at the age of eight. Straub studied art at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Zurich, focusing on hand weaving and textiles in the final two years. Her tutor was Heinz Otto Hürlimann, who had studied at Bauhaus. She then spent six months working as a technician/helper at a mill in her village.

She moved to Bradford, England, arriving in 1932 and undertaking a year's study at Bradford Technical College. One reason for choosing this location was that Swiss technical colleges would not accept women students – and at Bradford she was only the third female student. In an interview in 1990, Straub noted that Germany during the early 1930s was out of the question as she was known for being outspoken and her mother did not want to have to rescue her from prison. The Bradford course covered textile maths, weaving technology and raw materials, as well as cloth construction, and its focus was on woollen materials as the city was a major wool manufacturing centre. The experience gave Straub a keen interest in the uses and varieties of fibres and she developed her skills in double cloth textile construction and the use of power looms.

## Move into industry

After finishing her course she was invited to work at Ethel Mairet's Gospels studio at Ditchling where she developed her hand loom techniques. In return, she introduced a variety of double cloth weaves to the studio and developed a firm friendship with Mairet.

Straub then began working as a consultant designer for the Welsh milling industry, advising 72 mills that were supported by the Rural Industries Bureau between 1934–7 and learning the skills of mass production. In 1937 she joined the firm of Helios, a subsidiary of Barlow & Jones as head designer, becoming managing director in 1947.

In 1950, Straub joined the firm of Warner & Sons in Braintree, Essex, and remained associated with the firm until 1970.

One of her most famous early designs for Warner was *Surrey*, a textile that featured in the Festival of Britain in 1951 and was used in the Regatta Restaurant. Based on the crystalline structure of afwillite, it was chosen as representative of textiles of the early post-war period.

## Great Bardfield Artists

In 1953, Straub moved to the north-west Essex village of Great Bardfield, and remains associated with the artists' community that developed there. Her neighbours included John Aldridge RA, Edward Bawden and Audrey Cruddas and Straub became friends with most of them and an integral part of the community. The village's "open house" exhibitions attracted national press attention and thousands visited the remote village to view art in the artists' own homes during the summer exhibitions of 1954, 1955 and 1958.

## Work from the 1960s

While Straub continued to work with Warner until 1970, she was also enlisted by Isabel Tisdall to create designs for the newly launched venture Tamesa Fabrics from 1964 – all designs were manufactured by Warner. Aimed firmly at the contract and commercial market, Tamesa was highly successful in introducing alternatives to the prevailing fashion for bold pattern, instead focusing on texture, tone and high-specification fabrics. Designs from the Tamesa range were to feature on everything from the QE2 to BEA's Trident aircraft – Straub was responsible for many of them, including the Trident seatcovers.

### London Transport commission

Straub was also among the designers used to create the livery for moquette upholstery on London Transport buses and trains. Her blue/green design (known as *Straub*) was used on all buses and trains entering service from 1969 to 1978, notably featuring on trains operating along the Piccadilly line extension to Heathrow Airport opened in 1977. The design – and variations of it – also featured in British Rail carriages of the period.

## Academic work

Straub's work was already well respected by 1952, when she spoke at the international craft conference held at Dartington Hall and argued for the preservation of knowledge among the crafts community.

She became an influential textile teacher, combining work with Warner with teaching at Central School of Art, London from 1956. She also taught at Hornsey College of Art and the Royal College of Art. She was on the advisory council for the School of Art at Goldsmiths' College.

On retirement in 1970, she left Great Bardfield and moved to Cambridge. She continued to maintain her interest in cloth and weaving in retirement. In a letter to curator, academic and author Mary Schoeser some three months before her death, Straub described her design process. "Whilst thinking of the new cloth, I think of its weight, its draping qualities, the handle; I see it in colours...The essence of the whole exercise is to place the cloth, in my imagination, into the situation in which it will be used."

### Awards

Straub was made a Royal Designer for Industry in 1972. In 1993, she received the Sir Misha Black Medal. She was a member of the Red Rose Guild and also a Fellow of the Society of Industrial Artists and Designers (SIAD) and was appointed an OBE for services to textile weaving.

## Publications

* Straub, Marianne (1977). *Hand Weaving and Cloth Design*. Pelham. ISBN 978-0720709681. OCLC 632904298.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Marianne StraubOBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Marianne Straub | |
| Born | (1909-09-23)23 September 1909
Amriswil, Switzerland |
| Died | 8 November 1994(1994-11-08) (aged 85)
Berlingen, Switzerland. |
| Occupation(s) | Textile designer, academic |
| Notable credit(s) | Royal Designer for Industry (1972); Misha Black Medal (1993), OBE |


title: Pipeline bridge

abstract: A pipeline bridge is a bridge for running a pipeline over a river or another obstacle. Pipeline bridges for liquids and gases are, as a rule, only built when it is not possible to run the pipeline on a conventional bridge or under the river. However, as it is more common to run pipelines for centralized heating systems overhead, for this application even small pipeline bridges are common. Pipeline bridges may be made of steel, fiber reinforced polymer, reinforced concrete or similar materials. They may vary in size and style depending on the size of the pipeline being run. As there is normally a steady flow in pipelines, they can be designed as suspension bridges. They may also be added to an existing bridge. A pipeline bridge may be equipped with a walkway for maintenance purposes, but for safety and security reasons, the walkway is usually not open to the public. One of the world's longest pipeline bridges, built in 1970, is 1,040 meters long and crosses the Fuji River in Shizuoka Prefecture of Japan. The highest at 393 m is Hegigio Gorge Pipeline Bridge in Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Pipeline bridge

A **pipeline bridge** is a bridge for running a pipeline over a river or another obstacle. Pipeline bridges for liquids and gases are, as a rule, only built when it is not possible to run the pipeline on a conventional bridge or under the river. However, as it is more common to run pipelines for centralized heating systems overhead, for this application even small pipeline bridges are common.

Pipeline bridges may be made of steel, fiber reinforced polymer, reinforced concrete or similar materials. They may vary in size and style depending on the size of the pipeline being run. As there is normally a steady flow in pipelines, they can be designed as suspension bridges. They may also be added to an existing bridge. A pipeline bridge may be equipped with a walkway for maintenance purposes, but for safety and security reasons, the walkway is usually not open to the public.

One of the world's longest pipeline bridges, built in 1970, is 1,040 meters long and crosses the Fuji River in Shizuoka Prefecture of Japan. The highest at 393 m is Hegigio Gorge Pipeline Bridge in Papua New Guinea.


title: Vladimíra Krásová

abstract: Vladimíra "Vlaďka" Krásová is a Czech IFBB Pro fitness and figure competitor. Krásová began training for bikini competition two years before her professional career and became the Czech Republic Champion in May 2012. In October 2012, she participated in the Amateur Bikini Olympia competition of the inaugural EVL's Prague Pro and became the first, also winning her IFBB Pro card. Her standing in the Bikini Olympia was low but in October 2013, she won the EVL's Prague Bikini Pro competition.

text:
# Vladimíra Krásová

**Vladimíra "Vlaďka" Krásová** is a Czech IFBB Pro fitness and figure competitor (bikini category).

Krásová began training for bikini competition two years before her professional career and became the Czech Republic Champion in May 2012. In October 2012, she participated in the Amateur Bikini Olympia competition of the inaugural EVL's Prague Pro and became the first, also winning her IFBB Pro card. Her standing in the Bikini Olympia was low (16th place) but in October 2013, she won the EVL's Prague Bikini Pro competition.

## InfoBox

| Vladimíra Krásová | |
| --- | --- |
| Bodybuilder | |
| Personal info | |
| Born | (1986-08-19) August 19, 1986<br>Prague, Czechoslovakia |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 57 kg (126 lb) |
| Professional career | |
| Pro-debut | * Pittsburgh Pro * 2013 |
| Best win | * EVL's Prague Pro * 2013 |
| Predecessor | Justine Munro |


title: Phyllonorycter mildredae

abstract: Phyllonorycter mildredae is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is probably widespread through the eastern United States but currently reported from only Washington D.C., Kentucky and Ohio. The length of the forewings is 2.4–3 mm. Adults are on wing from April to early May, July and September. There is probably one generation per year with the adults overwintering. The larvae feed on Populus alba, Populus canescens, Populus grandidentatum and Salix species. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Phyllonorycter mildredae

***Phyllonorycter mildredae*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is probably widespread through the eastern United States but currently reported from only Washington D.C., Kentucky and Ohio.

The length of the forewings is 2.4–3 mm. Adults are on wing from April to early May, July and September. There is probably one generation per year with the adults overwintering.

The larvae feed on *Populus alba*, *Populus canescens*, *Populus grandidentatum* and *Salix* species. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter mildredae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. mildredae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter mildredae***<br>Davis & Deschka, 2001 | |
|


title: Sayyad Expressway

abstract: Sayyad Expressway is an expressway in Tehran. It starts from Babayi Expressway and ends in Sabalan Street. It is named after the assassinated Ali Sayad Shirazi, chief-of-staff of the Iranian Armed Forces during the eight-year Iran–Iraq war.

text:
# Sayyad Expressway

**Sayyad Expressway** is an expressway in Tehran. It starts from Babayi Expressway and ends in Sabalan Street.

It is named after the assassinated Ali Sayad Shirazi, chief-of-staff of the Iranian Armed Forces during the eight-year Iran–Iraq war.

| From North to south | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
 | Babayi Expressway |
|  | Moghan Street |
| U-Turn | | |
|  | Shahid Mousavi Street |
|  | Gilan Street |
|  | Zeinoddin Expressway
 |
|
Shahid Sayyad Shirazi Interchange | Resalat Expressway
Khajeh Abdollah Ansari Street
 |
|  | Masil-e Bakhtar Boulevard |
|  | Qoddusi Street
Janbazan Street
Ostad Hasan Bana Street |
|  | Sabalan Street North |
|  | Police Street |
|
Sepah Square | Khaje Nasir Street
Tusi Street
Sepah Street |
| From South to North | | |

## InfoBox

| Sayyad Shirazi Expressway | |
| --- | --- |
| بزرگراه صیاد شیرازی | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 10.7 km (6.6 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | Babayi Expressway |
| South end | Sepah Square |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Iran |
| Major cities | Tehran |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Object–relational mapping

abstract: Object–relational mapping in computer science is a programming technique for converting data between a relational database and the memory of an object-oriented programming language. This creates, in effect, a virtual object database that can be used from within the programming language. In object-oriented programming, data-management tasks act on objects that combine scalar values into objects. For example, consider an address book entry that represents a single person along with zero or more phone numbers and zero or more addresses. This could be modeled in an object-oriented implementation by a "Person object" with an attribute/field to hold each data item that the entry comprises: the person's name, a list of phone numbers, and a list of addresses. The list of phone numbers would itself contain "PhoneNumber objects" and so on. Each such address-book entry is treated as a single object by the programming language. Various methods can be associated with the object, such as methods to return the preferred phone number, the home address, and so on. By contrast, relational databases, such as SQL, group scalars into tuples, which are then enumerated in tables. Tuples and objects have some general similarity, in that they are both ways to collect values into named fields such that the whole collection can be manipulated as a single compound entity. They have many differences, though, in particular: lifecycle management, references to other entities, and inheritance. As well, objects are managed on-heap and are under full control of a single process, while database tuples are shared and must incorporate locking, merging, and retry. Object–relational mapping provides automated support for mapping tuples to objects and back, while accounting for all of these differences. The heart of the problem involves translating the logical representation of the objects into an atomized form that is capable of being stored in the database while preserving the properties of the objects and their relationships so that they can be reloaded as objects when needed. If this storage and retrieval functionality is implemented, the objects are said to be persistent.

text:
# Object–relational mapping

**Object–relational mapping** (**ORM**, **O/RM**, and **O/R mapping tool**) in computer science is a programming technique for converting data between a relational database and the memory (usually the heap) of an object-oriented programming language. This creates, in effect, a virtual object database that can be used from within the programming language.

In object-oriented programming, data-management tasks act on objects that combine scalar values into objects. For example, consider an address book entry that represents a single person along with zero or more phone numbers and zero or more addresses. This could be modeled in an object-oriented implementation by a "Person object" with an attribute/field to hold each data item that the entry comprises: the person's name, a list of phone numbers, and a list of addresses. The list of phone numbers would itself contain "PhoneNumber objects" and so on. Each such address-book entry is treated as a single object by the programming language (it can be referenced by a single variable containing a pointer to the object, for instance). Various methods can be associated with the object, such as methods to return the preferred phone number, the home address, and so on.

By contrast, relational databases, such as SQL, group scalars into tuples, which are then enumerated in tables. Tuples and objects have some general similarity, in that they are both ways to collect values into named fields such that the whole collection can be manipulated as a single compound entity. They have many differences, though, in particular: lifecycle management (row insertion and deletion, versus garbage collection or reference counting), references to other entities (object references, versus foreign key references), and inheritance (non-existent in relational databases). As well, objects are managed on-heap and are under full control of a single process, while database tuples are shared and must incorporate locking, merging, and retry. Object–relational mapping provides automated support for mapping tuples to objects and back, while accounting for all of these differences.

The heart of the problem involves translating the logical representation of the objects into an atomized form that is capable of being stored in the database while preserving the properties of the objects and their relationships so that they can be reloaded as objects when needed. If this storage and retrieval functionality is implemented, the objects are said to be persistent.

## Overview

Implementation-specific details of storage drivers are generally wrapped in an API in the programming language in use, exposing methods to interact with the storage medium in a way which is simpler and more in line with the paradigms of surrounding code.

The following is a simple example, written in C# code, to execute a query written in SQL using a database engine.

```
var sql = "SELECT id, first_name, last_name, phone, birth_date, sex, age FROM persons WHERE id = 10";
var result = context.Persons.FromSqlRaw(sql).ToList();
var name = result[0]["first_name"];

```

In contrast, the following makes use of an ORM-job API which makes it possible to write code that naturally makes use of the features of the language.

```
var person = repository.GetPerson(10);
var firstName = person.GetFirstName();

```

The case above makes use of an object representing the storage repository and methods of that object. Other frameworks might provide code as static methods, as in the example below, and yet other methods may not implement an object-oriented system at all. Often the choice of paradigm is made for the best fit of the ORM into the surrounding language's design principles.

```
var person = Person.Get(10);

```

## Comparison with traditional data access techniques

Compared to traditional techniques of exchange between an object-oriented language and a relational database, ORM often reduces the amount of code that needs to be written.

Disadvantages of ORM tools generally stem from the high level of abstraction obscuring what is actually happening in the implementation code. Also, heavy reliance on ORM software has been cited as a major factor in producing poorly designed databases.

## Object-oriented databases

Another approach is to use an object-oriented database management system (OODBMS) or document-oriented databases such as native XML databases that provide more flexibility in data modeling. OODBMSs are databases designed specifically for working with object-oriented values. Using an OODBMS eliminates the need for converting data to and from its SQL form, as the data is stored in its original object representation and relationships are directly represented, rather than requiring join tables/operations. The equivalent of ORMs for document-oriented databases are called object-document mappers (ODMs).

Document-oriented databases also prevent the user from having to "shred" objects into table rows. Many of these systems also support the XQuery query language to retrieve datasets.

Object-oriented databases tend to be used in complex, niche applications. One of the arguments against using an OODBMS is that it may not be able to execute ad-hoc, application-independent queries. For this reason, many programmers find themselves more at home with an object-SQL mapping system, even though most object-oriented databases are able to process SQL queries to a limited extent. Other OODBMS provide replication to SQL databases, as a means of addressing the need for ad-hoc queries, while preserving well-known query patterns.

## Challenges

A variety of difficulties arise when considering how to match an object system to a relational database. These difficulties are referred to as the object–relational impedance mismatch.

An alternative to implementing ORM is use of the native procedural languages provided with every major database. These can be called from the client using SQL statements. The Data Access Object (DAO) design pattern is used to abstract these statements and offer a lightweight object-oriented interface to the rest of the application.

ORMs are limited to their predefined functionality, which may not cover all edge cases or database features. They usually mitigate this limitation by providing users with an interface to write raw queries, such as Django ORM.


title: Peter Hemingway

abstract: Peter George Hemingway was a British architect who practiced mainly in Canada and designed many public works, including the Muttart Conservatory and the Central Pentecostal Tabernacle.

text:
# Peter Hemingway

**Peter George Hemingway** (1929 – May 15, 1995) was a British architect who practiced mainly in Canada and designed many public works, including the Muttart Conservatory and the Central Pentecostal Tabernacle.

## Biography

Hemingway was born in Minster, Kent. After gaining a diploma from Rochester Technical College, he immigrated to Canada in 1955. Serving briefly in the Alberta Department of Public Works, Hemingway founded his own practice in 1956. Hemingway won the Massey medal twice for his architecture projects. He died on May 15, 1995.

## Projects

Hemingway designed and was awarded the Massey Medal for the Stanley Engineering Building (1968) and the Peter Hemingway Fitness and Leisure Centre (1968-1970), which was formerly known as Coronation Pool and renamed after the architect in 2007. However, his most well-known and recognizable building is probably the Muttart Conservatory, a group of pyramid-shaped greenhouses in the Edmonton river valley. He was also the architect of the Central Pentecostal Tabernacle in Central Edmonton which was demolished in 2007 despite attempts for it to be given protective status. In 1982 he served as President of the Alberta Association of Architects. He was a frequent contributor to professional publications.

Projects include:

* Stanley Engineering Building (1968)
* Coronation Pool (1970); now Peter Hemingway Fitness and Leisure Centre
* Central Pentecostal Tabernacle (1972)
* Strathcona County Fire Department Station 1 (1975)
* Muttart Conservatory (1976)
* Yellowknife Court House
* St. Peter Evangelical Lutheran Church
* RCMP building or Hemingway Centre

## InfoBox

| Peter Hemingway | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1929
Minster, Kent |
| Died | 15 May 1995(1995-05-15) (aged 65–66)
Edmonton, Alberta |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Rochester Technical College |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Awards | Massey medal, Prix du XXe siecle |
|  | |
| Buildings | Yellowknife Courthouse |
| Projects | Muttart Conservatory |
| Design | Central Pentecostal Tabernacle |
|  | |


title: Mwanzele

abstract: Mwanzele is a dance style originally performed during funerals by the Mijikenda tribe of the Coast Province of Kenya. Popular artists have recorded a number of popular songs using this style of music, the most famous being the late Bini Ya Mama together with his wife. He hailed from Bate village in Dagamra. Bin Hare is another popular Mwanzele performer; he and Nyerere wa Konde both hail from the Malindi region of the coastal province and Kilifi County.

text:
# Mwanzele

**Mwanzele** is a dance style originally performed during funerals by the Mijikenda tribe of the Coast Province of Kenya.

Popular artists have recorded a number of popular songs using this style of music, the most famous being the late Bini Ya Mama together with his wife. He hailed from Bate village in Dagamra. Bin Hare is another popular Mwanzele performer; he and Nyerere wa Konde both hail from the Malindi region of the coastal province and Kilifi County.


title: Perineura rubi

abstract: Perineura rubi is a Palearctic species of sawfly.

text:
# Perineura rubi

***Perineura rubi***  is a Palearctic species of sawfly.

## InfoBox

| *Perineura rubi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Perineura rubi*  Norway | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Symphyta |
| Family: | Tenthredinidae |
| Genus: | *Perineura* |
| Species: | ***P. rubi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perineura rubi***<br>(Panzer, 1801) | |
|


title: Myiarchus

abstract: Myiarchus is a genus of birds in the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. Most species are fairly similar in appearance and are easier to separate by voice than by plumage. Myiarchus flycatchers are fairly large tyrant-flycatchers at 16–23 cm (6.3–9 in) long. They are all partially crested with a brown to gray back and head, a rufous to blackish tail and yellow to pale underparts. They typically forage by perching on an open branch and looking outward and downward for prey, which primarily consists of insects. Once it spots a potential meal, the flycatcher rapidly and directly flies at the insect, which is normally on the exposed upper surface of a leaf or twig. It hovers briefly before the insect before grabbing it in its beak and flying away to typically a new perch.

text:
# Myiarchus

***Myiarchus*** is a genus of birds in the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. Most species are fairly similar in appearance and are easier to separate by voice than by plumage.

*Myiarchus* flycatchers are fairly large tyrant-flycatchers at 16–23 cm (6.3–9 in) long. They are all partially crested with a brown to gray back and head, a rufous to blackish tail and yellow to pale underparts (only exception is the rufous flycatcher with rufous underparts). They typically forage by perching on an open branch and looking outward and downward for prey, which primarily consists of insects. Once it spots a potential meal, the flycatcher rapidly and directly flies at the insect, which is normally on the exposed upper surface of a leaf or twig. It hovers briefly before the insect before grabbing it in its beak and flying away to typically a new perch.

## Taxonomy

The genus *Myiarchus* was introduced in 1844 by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis. The name combines the Ancient Greek *muia* meaning "fly" with *arkhos* meaning "ruler" or "chief". Cabanis did not specify a type species for the genus but this was designated as the short-crested flycatcher by George Gray in 1855.

The genus contains 22 species:

## InfoBox

| *Myiarchus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Brown-crested flycatcher
*Myiarchus tyrannulus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | *Myiarchus*
Cabanis, 1844 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Muscicapa ferox*
Gmelin, JF, 1789 | |


title: Utricularia ameliae

abstract: Utricularia ameliae is a terrestrial carnivorous plant belonging to the genus Utricularia. It is only known from the discharge mound spring habitats of far western Queensland, Australia.

text:
# Utricularia ameliae

***Utricularia ameliae*** is a terrestrial carnivorous plant belonging to the genus *Utricularia* (family Lentibulariaceae). It is only known from the discharge mound spring habitats of far western Queensland, Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia ameliae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Polypompholyx* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Pleiochasia* |
| Species: | ***U. ameliae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia ameliae***<br>R.W.Jobson (2013) | |
|


title: Platform mound

abstract: A platform mound is any earthwork or mound intended to support a structure or activity. It typically refers to a flat-topped mound, whose sides may be pyramidal.

text:
# Platform mound

A **platform mound** is any earthwork or mound intended to support a structure or activity. It typically refers to a flat-topped mound, whose sides may be pyramidal.

## In Eastern North America

The indigenous peoples of North America built substructure mounds for well over a thousand years, starting in the Archaic period and continuing through the Woodland period. Many different archaeological cultures (Poverty Point culture, Troyville culture, Coles Creek culture, Plaquemine culture and Mississippian culture) of North Americas Eastern Woodlands are specifically well known for using platform mounds as a central aspect of their overarching religious practices and beliefs.

These platform mounds are usually four-sided truncated pyramids, steeply sided, with steps built of wooden logs ascending one side of the earthworks. When Europeans first arrived in North America, the peoples of the Mississippian culture were still using and building platform mounds. Documented uses for Mississippian platform mounds include semi-public chief's house platforms, public temple platforms, mortuary platforms, charnel house platforms, earth lodge/town house platforms, residence platforms, square ground and rotunda platforms, and dance platforms.

Many of the mounds were the result of multiple episodes of mound construction, with the mound becoming larger with each event. The site of a mound was usually a site with special significance, either a pre-existing mortuary site or civic structure. This site was covered with a layer of basket-transported soil and clay known as mound fill, and a new structure constructed on its summit. At periodic intervals, averaged about twenty years, these structures would be removed, possibly ritually destroyed as part of renewal ceremonies, and a new layer of fill added, along with a new structure on the now higher summit. Sometimes the surface of the mounds would get a several inches thick coat of brightly colored clay. These layers also incorporated layers of different kinds of clay, soil and sod, an elaborate engineering technique to forestall slumping of the mounds and to ensure their steep sides did not collapse. This pattern could be repeated many times during the life of a site. The large amounts of fill needed for the mounds left large holes in the landscape now known by archaeologists as "borrow pits". These pits were sometimes left to fill with water and stocked with fish.

Some mounds were developed with separate levels (or terraces) and aprons, such as Emerald Mound, which is one large terrace with two smaller mounds on its summit; or Monks Mound, which has four separate levels and stands close to 100 feet (30 m) in height. Monks Mound had at least ten separate periods of mound construction over a 200-year period. Some of the terraces and aprons on the mound seem to have been added to stop slumping of the enormous mound.

Although the mounds were primarily meant as substructure mounds for buildings or activities, sometimes burials did occur there. Intrusive burials occurred when a grave was dug into a mound and the body or a bundle of defleshed, disarticulated bones was deposited into it. Mound C at Etowah has been found to have more than 100 intrusive burials into the final layer of the mound, with many grave goods added, such as Mississippian copper plates (Etowah plates), monolithic stone axes, ceremonial pottery and carved whelk shell gorgets. Also interred in this mound was a paired set of white marble Mississippian stone statues.

### Interpretations

A long-standing interpretation of Mississippian mounds comes from Vernon James Knight, who stated that the Mississippian platform mounds were one of the three "sacra", or objects of sacred display, of the Mississippian religion – also see Earth/fertility cult and Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. He based his theory on analogy to ethnographic and historic data on related Native American tribal groups in the Southeastern United States.

Knight suggests a microcosmic ritual organization based around a "native earth" autochthony, agriculture, fertility, and purification scheme, in which mounds and the site layout replicate cosmology. Mound rebuilding episodes are construed as rituals of burial and renewal, while the four-sided construction acts to replicate the flat earth and the four quarters of the earth.

## In other cultures

The use of platform mounds is documented elsewhere in the world, including:


title: Vladimír Šverák

abstract: Vladimír Šverák is a Czech mathematician. Since 1990, he has been a professor at the University of Minnesota. Šverák made notable contributions to calculus of variations. Šverák obtained his doctorate from the Charles University in Prague in 1986, under supervision of Jindřich Nečas. He worked on problems in the theory of non-linear elasticity. In 1992, he won an EMS Prize for producing a counterexample to a problem first posed by Charles B. Morrey, Jr. in 1950, whether rank-one convexity implies quasiconvexity. In 1994, Šverák was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich. He was named to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2024.

text:
# Vladimír Šverák

**Vladimír Šverák** (born 1959) is a Czech mathematician. Since 1990, he has been a professor at the University of Minnesota. Šverák made notable contributions to calculus of variations.

Šverák obtained his doctorate from the Charles University in Prague in 1986, under supervision of Jindřich Nečas. He worked on problems in the theory of non-linear elasticity. In 1992, he won an EMS Prize for producing a counterexample to a problem first posed by Charles B. Morrey, Jr. in 1950, whether rank-one convexity implies quasiconvexity. In 1994, Šverák was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich.

He was named to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2024.


abstract: Pierre-Marie-Louis de Boisgelin de Kerdu was a French nobleman known for his works as a member of the Knights of Malta and later as an officer of the émigré unit, Régiment Royal Louis.

text:
# Pierre-Marie-Louis de Boisgelin de Kerdu

**Pierre-Marie-Louis de Boisgelin de Kerdu** (5 May 1758 – 9 September 1816) was a French nobleman known for his works as a member of the Knights of Malta and later as an officer of the émigré unit, Régiment Royal Louis.

## Biography

Pierre-Marie-Louis Kerdu was born on 5 May 1758 at the Château of Ville-Balin in Plélo, Brittany to Claude Jean Marie, Comte de Boisgelin and Jeanne Ammanuelle du Hallay de la Borderie. Pierre studied at the Saint-Sulpice seminary and later presented to the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem on 8 August 1782. In 1784 he was commissioned into the French Royal Army as a Sous-lieutenant in the Régiment du Roi (King's Regiment), where he developed a close friendship with the Comte de Plies, Duc de Fortia. The two became so close they began using the pseudonym of 'Caillot-Duval' for their letters.

In 1788, Pierre was promoted to Lieutenant, but left France that year to travel Central Europe and Russia. In 1793, following the French Revolution, Pierre abandoned the Knights, but remained in Malta.

In London, Pierre published his best known book, *Ancient and Modern Malta, containing a description of the ports of the islands of Malta and Gozo* in 1804. In 1809, he published a further three-volume article on the Knights, entitled "Ancient and Modern Malta, containing the description of the island... the history of the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem until the year 1800 and the account of the events which accompanied the entry of the French into Malta and its conquest by the English".

In 1815, following the Bourbon Restoration, Pierre returned to France but was never able to obtain a pension from the new king for himself or any soldiers of the Régiment Royal Louis. On 9 September 1816, Pierre died at the age of 58.

## Siege of Toulon

In 1793, he traveled to Toulon, which had just given itself up to the British as a result of the Federalist revolts. Soon after, through a secret agreement with Louis Stanislas Xavier, Comte de Provence, he organised the Régiment Royal Louis, the only regiment in the name of King Louis XVII. Soon after, he became Captain of the Grenadier Company *(Compagnie des Grenadiers).* After the death of Major Hustin during the Siege of Toulon, he became commanding officer of said regiment until its disbandment in December 1794; and subsequently he retired. Because the regiment had been under his command for the majority of its duration, it is sometimes referred to as the Régiment de Boisgelin.

## Footnotes

1. de La Roque (1891) col.32
2. Saint-Allais (1839) p. 255
3. Traduction française de Fortia de Piles, Paris, 1809.
4. Atkinson Part V, p. 132
5. Atkinson Part VI, p. 313
* Atkinson, C. T. (1943). *Foreign Regiments in the British Army, 1793–1802 Part V – The Mediterranean and Southern Europe*. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Winter 1943, Volume XXII, No. 88 (Winter, 1943). Society for Army Historical Research.
* Atkinson, C. T. (1944). *Foreign Regiments in the British Army, 1793–1802 Part VI – Notes on Each Corps or Regiment, Section IV – Royal Louis to York Rangers*. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Autumn 1944, Volume XXII, No. 91 (Autumn, 1944). Society for Army Historical Research.
* Abbé Joseph de Boisgelin, ''La Maison de Boisgelin'', 1985.
* Paul Lacroix (dit le Bibliophile Jacob), ''Histoire des mystificateurs et des mystifiés'', Paris, 1875.
* Iorédan Larchey, ''Les mystifications de Caillot-Duval : avec un choix de ses lettres les plus étonnantes : suivies des réponses de ses victimes'', Paris, 1864.
* Iorédan Larchey, ''Les Mystifications de Caillot-Duval, choix de ses lettres les plus amusantes avec les réponses de ses victimes''. Nouvelle édition... P., Daragon, 1901.
* Jean Vartier, ''Alphonse de Fortia'', France-Empire, 1985.

## InfoBox

| Monsieur
Pierre Marie Louis de Boisgelin de Kerdu | |
| --- | --- |
| El librisy by Caillot-Duval | |
| Born | (1758-05-05)5 May 1758
Plélo, Brittany, Kingdom of France |
| Died | 9 September 1816(1816-09-09) (aged 58)
Pleubian, Côtes-d'Armor, Kingdom of France |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of France
French Emigres |
| Service/branch | Armée Royale
Armée des Émigrés |
| Years of service | 1784–1795 |
| Rank | Major |
| Unit |  |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards |  |


title: Scale (analytical tool)

abstract: In the study of complex systems and hierarchy theory, the concept of scale refers to the combination of (1) the level of analysis; and (2) the level of observation. The scale of analysis encompasses both the analytical choice of how to observe a given system or object of study, and the role of the observer in determining the identity of the system. This analytical tool is central to multi-scale analysis. For example, on at the scale of analysis of a given population of zebras, the number of predators determines the number of preys that survives after hunting, while at the scale of analysis of the ecosystem, the availability of preys determines how many predators can survive in a given area. The semantic categories of "prey" and "predator" are not given, but are defined by the observer.

text:
# Scale (analytical tool)

In the study of complex systems and hierarchy theory, the concept of scale refers to the combination of (1) the level of analysis (for example, analyzing the whole or a specific component of the system); and (2) the level of observation (for example, observing a system as an external viewer or as an internal participant). The scale of analysis encompasses both the analytical choice of how to observe a given system or object of study, and the role of the observer in determining the identity of the system. This analytical tool is central to multi-scale analysis (see for example, MuSIASEM, land-use analysis).

For example, on at the scale of analysis of a given population of zebras, the number of predators (e.g. lions) determines the number of preys that survives after hunting, while at the scale of analysis of the ecosystem, the availability of preys determines how many predators can survive in a given area. The semantic categories of "prey" and "predator" are not given, but are defined by the observer.


title: OR-AND-invert

abstract: OR-AND-invert gates or OAI-gates are logic gates comprising OR gates followed by a NAND gate. They can be efficiently implemented in logic families like CMOS and TTL. They are dual to AND-OR-invert gates.

text:
# OR-AND-invert

**OR-AND-invert** gates or OAI-gates are logic gates comprising OR gates followed by a NAND gate. They can be efficiently implemented in logic families like CMOS and TTL. They are dual to AND-OR-invert gates.

## Overview

OR-AND-invert gates implement the inverted product of sums. $n$ groups of $m\_{i}$, $m\_{i}\geq 1,i=1\ldots n$ input signals combined with OR, and the results then combined with NAND.

## Examples

### 2-1 OAI-gate

A 2-1-OAI gate realizes the function

$$Y={\overline {(A\lor B)\land C}}$$

with the truth table shown below.

| Truth table 2-1 OAI | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Input**
A   B   C | | | **Output**
Y |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |

### 2-2 OAI gate

A 2-2-OAI gate realizes the function

$$Y={\overline {(A\lor B)\land (C\lor D)}}$$

with the truth table shown below.

| Truth table 2-2 OAI | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **INPUT**
A   B   C   D | | | | **OUTPUT**
Q |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |

## Realization

OAI-gates can efficiently be implemented as complex gates. An example of a 3-1 OAI-gate is shown in the figure below.

## Examples of use

One possibility of implementing an XOR gate is by using a 2-2-OAI-gate with non-inverted and inverted inputs.

1. Hendrichs, Norman. "CMOS OAI31 or-and-invert complex gate". University of Hamburg. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
2. Fischer, P. "Aussagenlogik und Gatter" (PDF). University of Heidelberg. Retrieved 2024-01-21.


abstract: Peter Graham Faithfull Henderson, was an Australian senior public servant. He was Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs between 1979 and 1984. He was also well known for being the son-in-law of Robert Menzies.

text:
# Peter Henderson (Australian public servant)

**Peter Graham Faithfull Henderson**, AC (1 October 1928 – 25 September 2016) was an Australian senior public servant. He was Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs between 1979 and 1984. He was also well known for being the son-in-law of Robert Menzies.

## Early life and marriage

Henderson was born in October 1928. He was educated at Geelong Grammar School, Victoria, and Merton College, Oxford (1947-1950). In May 1955, Henderson married Heather Menzies, daughter of Robert Menzies, the Australian Prime Minister. They had their first child, a daughter, in March 1956, in Jakarta.

## Career and later life

Henderson began his career in the Australian Public Service in the Department of External Affairs in 1951.

He was appointed Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1979. During his time at the department he introduced rules to prevent couples being posted together, which was interpreted by those it affected as a "pincer movement" against career equality for female diplomats.

At the end of his public service career in September 1984, Henderson was offered the choice of a demotion or retirement—he chose to retire, and denounced the Australian Government for using the diplomatic service as a "depository... for people they want to get rid of in Canberra".

Henderson died in Canberra on 25 September 2016.

## Awards

In January 1985, Henderson was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in recognition of distinguished public service.

## References and further reading

## InfoBox

| Peter HendersonAC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs | |
| **In office**
4 September 1979  3 September 1984 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Peter Graham Faithfull Henderson
(1928-10-01)1 October 1928 |
| Died | 25 September 2016(2016-09-25) (aged 87)
Canberra |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Spouse | Heather (née Menzies) |
| Children | 4 |
| Alma mater | University of Oxford |
| Occupation | Public servant |
|  | |


title: Myrmidon Books

abstract: Myrmidon Books is a UK publisher of literary and genre fiction founded in 2006 by Ed Handyside. The company is based in Newcastle upon Tyne in the United Kingdom. The Myrmidon book The Garden of Evening Mists, by Tan Twan Eng, was shortlisted for the 2012 Man Booker Prize. Their catalogue comprises work in a relatively broad range of fictional styles, from high literature to comedic science fiction such as Toby Frost's Space Captain Smith series.

text:
# Myrmidon Books

**Myrmidon Books** is a UK publisher of literary and genre fiction founded in 2006 by Ed Handyside. The company is based in Newcastle upon Tyne in the United Kingdom. The Myrmidon book *The Garden of Evening Mists*, by Tan Twan Eng, was shortlisted for the 2012 Man Booker Prize.

Their catalogue comprises work in a relatively broad range of fictional styles, from high literature to comedic science fiction such as Toby Frost's Space Captain Smith series.

## Selected authors

## InfoBox

Myrmidon Books
| Founded | 2006 (2006) |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Ed Handyside |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Headquarters location | Newcastle upon Tyne |
| Publication types | Books |
| Official website | www.myrmidonbooks.com |


title: Pennsylvania Route 516

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 516 is a 12.5-mile-long (20.1 km) state highway located in York County, Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is the Maryland state line in Manheim Township, where the road continues into that state as Maryland Route 86. The northern terminus is at PA 116 in Spring Grove. PA 516 is a two-lane undivided road that passes through rural areas in southwestern York County. The route heads northeast from the state line to Sticks, where it turns north and intersects the western terminus of PA 851 and crosses PA 216. PA 516 heads northwest and passes through Jefferson before it reaches its northern terminus. PA 516 was designated in 1930 between PA 216 in Sticks and PA 116 south of Spring Grove. The route was extended east from Sticks to PA 616 in New Freedom in 1937. PA 516 was further extended to Interstate 83 (I-83)/U.S. Route 111 and the western terminus of PA 851 east of Shrewsbury in the 1950s, replacing the portion of PA 616 between New Freedom and Railroad. The road between the Maryland border and Sticks was built in the 1950s and PA 516 was realigned to use it in 1961, with the former alignment between Sticks and I-83 becoming a western extension of PA 851.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 516

**Pennsylvania Route 516** (**PA 516**) is a 12.5-mile-long (20.1 km) state highway located in York County, Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is the Maryland state line in Manheim Township, where the road continues into that state as Maryland Route 86 (MD 86). The northern terminus is at PA 116 in Spring Grove. PA 516 is a two-lane undivided road that passes through rural areas in southwestern York County. The route heads northeast from the state line to Sticks, where it turns north and intersects the western terminus of PA 851 and crosses PA 216. PA 516 heads northwest and passes through Jefferson before it reaches its northern terminus.

PA 516 was designated in 1930 between PA 216 in Sticks and PA 116 south of Spring Grove. The route was extended east from Sticks to PA 616 in New Freedom in 1937. PA 516 was further extended to Interstate 83 (I-83)/U.S. Route 111 (US 111) and the western terminus of PA 851 east of Shrewsbury in the 1950s, replacing the portion of PA 616 between New Freedom and Railroad. The road between the Maryland border and Sticks was built in the 1950s and PA 516 was realigned to use it in 1961, with the former alignment between Sticks and I-83 becoming a western extension of PA 851.

## Route description

PA 516 begins at the Maryland border in Manheim Township, heading to the northeast on two-lane undivided Lineboro Road. The road continues into Maryland as MD 86. From the state line, the route runs through open agricultural areas in a narrow valley with a few homes. PA 516 crosses into Codorus Township and reaches the community of Sticks, intersecting the western terminus of PA 851. Here, the route turns north onto Steltz Road and crosses PA 216 a short distance later, becoming Jefferson Road at this point. The road continues north through wooded areas with some homes before heading back into agricultural surroundings with occasional patches of woods and residences. The route turns more to the northwest and continues into the borough of Jefferson, where it becomes Baltimore Street and passes homes. Upon reaching a roundabout with Hanover Street/York Street in the center of town, PA 516 becomes Berlin Street. Upon leaving Jefferson, the route enters North Codorus Township and becomes Jefferson Road again and passes through a mix of farmland and residences. Farther to the north, PA 516 reaches its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 116 to the south of the borough of Spring Grove.

## History

When Pennsylvania legislated routes in 1911, what is now PA 516 was not given a number. PA 516 was designated in 1930 to run from PA 216 in Sticks north to PA 116 south of Spring Grove along a paved road. In 1937, the route was extended east from PA 216 to PA 616 (2nd Street) in New Freedom. In the 1950s, an unnumbered road was built connecting PA 516 in Sticks with MD 86 at the Maryland border. In addition, PA 516 was extended east to an interchange with I-83/US 111 east of Shrewsbury, where the road continued east as PA 851; the extended route replaced PA 616 between New Freedom and Railroad. PA 516 was realigned to run from Sticks to MD 86 at the state line in 1961, with an extended PA 851 replacing the former alignment between Sticks and I-83.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in York County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Manheim Township | 0.000 | 0.000 |
MD 86 south (Main Street) Lineboro | Maryland state line; southern terminus |
| Codorus Township | 2.760 | 4.442 |
PA 851 east (Middletown Road) New Freedom | Western terminus of PA 851 |
| | 2.872 | 4.622 | PA 216 (Glenville Road / Sticks Road) Hanover, Glen Rock |  |
| North Codorus Township | 12.461 | 20.054 | PA 116 (York Road) Spring Grove, Hanover | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 516KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 516 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 12.461 mi (20.054 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | MD 86 at the Maryland state line in Manheim Township |
| Major intersections | PA 851 in Codorus Township
PA 216 in Codorus Township |
| North end | PA 116 in Spring Grove |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | York |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 515   PA 518 | |


title: Xylocopa rufitarsis

abstract: Xylocopa rufitarsis is a species of carpenter bee native to South Africa. It has been assigned to the subgenus Xylomelissa. It was seen to visit flowers of a wide range of plants, many of them Fabaceae such as Acacia karroo, Aspalathus linearis, A. spinescens, Calpurnia glabrata, Lebeckia multiflora, Lebeckia sericea, peas and Tipuana tipu, but also Agave sp., Anchusa capensis, Hermannia gariepina, Lobostemon trichotomus, Moraea cookii, Populus sp., Prenia pallens, Zygophyllum morgsana, Salvia dentata and other Lamiaceae. Nests have been found in Metalasia muricata, Psoralea aphylla and Pinus sp. They are parasitized by Anthrax badius.

text:
# Xylocopa rufitarsis

***Xylocopa rufitarsis*** is a species of carpenter bee native to South Africa. It has been assigned to the subgenus *Xylomelissa*. It was seen to visit flowers of a wide range of plants, many of them Fabaceae such as *Acacia karroo*, *Aspalathus linearis*, *A. spinescens*, *Calpurnia glabrata*, *Lebeckia multiflora*, *Lebeckia sericea*, peas (*Pisum sativum*) and *Tipuana tipu*, but also *Agave* sp., *Anchusa capensis*, *Hermannia gariepina*, *Lobostemon trichotomus*, *Moraea cookii*, *Populus* sp., *Prenia pallens*, *Zygophyllum morgsana*, *Salvia dentata* and other Lamiaceae. Nests have been found in *Metalasia muricata*, *Psoralea aphylla* and *Pinus* sp. They are parasitized by *Anthrax badius*.

## InfoBox

| *Xylocopa rufitarsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female in the Western Cape | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | *Xylocopa* |
| Species: | ***X. rufitarsis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylocopa rufitarsis***<br>Lepeletier, 1841 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *X. maculosa* * *X. rufitarsis namaquaensis* | |


title: Marie-Pierre Castel

abstract: Marie-Pierre Yvonne Tricot, known professionally as Marie-Pierre Castel, or Pony Tricot, was a French actress. She became notable for her collaboration with Jean Rollin, appearing in a number of his films, including, La vampire nue (1970), Le frisson des vampires (1970), Requiem pour un vampire (1971), and Lèvres de sang (1975).

text:
# Marie-Pierre Castel

**Marie-Pierre Yvonne Tricot** (5 February 1949 – 10 February 2013), known professionally as **Marie-Pierre Castel**, or **Pony Tricot**, was a French actress. She became notable for her collaboration with Jean Rollin, appearing in a number of his films, including, *La vampire nue* (1970), *Le frisson des vampires* (1970), *Requiem pour un vampire* (1971), and *Lèvres de sang* (1975).

## Career

Castel started her career working in the beauty industry, as a barber, before deciding on acting as a career choice. She made her screen debut in 1970, when she was cast in Jean Rollin's *La vampire nue*, appearing alongside her twin sister, Catherine, in the first of several roles which she would appear with her sister. The sisters were credited under their own surname of Tricot for their debut roles, but were subsequently known under the pseudonym name of 'Castel', a surname of their relatives. This was followed by more collaborations with Rollin, including *Le frisson des vampires*, and, in her first leading role, *Requiem pour un Vampire*, which is perhaps her most notable performance. Both films were intended to feature Catherine, but when she fell pregnant, Rollin had to find new girls to pair Marie-Pierre with.

Castel would continue to appear in a number of Rollin's films, such as, the comedy, *Tout le monde il en a deux*, and one of his most successful works, *Lèvres de sang*, which starred Jean-Loup Philippe and Annie Belle. Castel accepted work in several of Rollin's pornographic films, when the director was facing financial difficulty at the time while trying to make up the budget for his intended projects, turning to the adult film industry as a viable option; featuring in *Phantasmes*, *Douces pénétrations*, *Introductions* and in her final collaboration with Rollin, *Suce moi vampire*, which was an extended pornographic version of *Lèvres de sang*, with the hardcore scenes shot and inserted into the film in 1976.

She has also worked with directors, Jean-Marie Pallardy and Bernard Launois. Her final acting appearance was in the 1977 Francis Girod film, *René la canne*, starring Gérard Depardieu, Sylvia Kristel and Michel Piccoli.

## Death

Castel died on 10 February 2013 in Nîmes, France, five days after her 64th birthday. The cause of her death was not specified.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | English title | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | *La vampire nue* | *The Nude Vampire* | Georges' servant |  |
| 1971 | *Le frisson des vampires* | *The Shiver of the Vampires* | Servant |  |
| 1971 | *Requiem pour un vampire* | Requiem for a Vampire | Marie |  |
| 1973 | *Le journal érotique d'un bûcheron* | *Erotic Diary* |  |  |
| 1974 | *Tout le monde il en a deux* | *Fly Me the French Way* | Une souris |  |
| 1975 | *Lèvres de sang* | *Lips of Blood* | Jumelle vampire |  |
| 1975 | *Les dépravées du plaisir* | *The Depraved of Pleasure* |  |  |
| 1975 | *Phantasmes* | *Once Upon a Virgin* | La jumelle scout |  |
| 1976 | *Douces pénétrations* | *Sweet Penetrations* | Une soubrette |  |
| 1976 | *Introductions* | *Weekends of a Perverted Couple* | Twin |  |
| 1976 | *Suce-moi vampire* | *Suck Me Vampire* | Jumelle vampire |  |
| 1977 | *René la canne* | *Rene the Cane* |  |  |

1. "TRICOT Marie-Pierre Yvonne". *deces.matchid.io*. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
2. "MARIE-PIERRE YVONNE TRICOT INSEE DEATH DATABASE". *geneafrance.com*. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
3. Majeur, Sophie (1970–1973). "Si jeune et déjà vampire! (So Young and Already a Vampire!)". *Unidentified Magazine*  via Escapist's Advisor: Gene Willow's Blog.
4. "Cathy Tricot aka Catherine Castel Interview 2005". *YouTube*. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
5. "La VAMPIRE NUE (1969)". *bfi.org.uk*. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
6. "Le FRISSON DES VAMPIRES (1970)". *bfi.org.uk*. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
7. "REQUIEM POUR UN VAMPIRE (1972)". *bfi.org.uk*. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
8. "Le Journal érotique d'un bûcheron". *unifrance.org*. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
9. "Tout le monde il en a deux !... (Bacchanales sexuelles)". *unifrance.org*. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
10. "Lèvres de sang". *unifrance.org*. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
11. "Les Dépravées du plaisir". *unifrance.org*. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
12. "PHANTASMES (1975)". *bfi.org.uk*. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
13. "Douces pénétrations". *en.kinorium.com*. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
14. "Introductions". *en.kinorium.com*. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
15. "Suce-moi vampire". *en.kinorium.com*. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
16. "René La Canne". *unifrance.org*. Retrieved 14 May 2023.

## InfoBox

| Marie-Pierre Castel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Marie-Pierre Yvonne Tricot
(1949-02-05)5 February 1949
Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France |
| Died | 10 February 2013(2013-02-10) (aged 64)
Nîmes, France |
| Other names | * Pony Tricot * Pony Castel |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 19691977 |
| Known for | *Requiem pour un Vampire* |
| Relatives | Catherine Castel (sister) |