title: List of Kappa Alpha Theta chapters

abstract: Kappa Alpha Theta is an international women's fraternity. In the following list, active chapters are indicated in bold and inactive chapters are indicated in italics.

text:
# List of Kappa Alpha Theta chapters

Kappa Alpha Theta is an international women's fraternity. In the following list, active chapters are indicated in **bold** and inactive chapters are indicated in *italics*.

| Chapter | Charter date and range | Institution | City | State or province | Status | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Alpha** | January 27, 1870 | DePauw University | Greencastle | Indiana | Active |  |
| **Beta** | May 18, 1870 | Indiana University | Bloomington | Indiana | Active |  |
| *Cincinnati Wesleyan*<br>(see **Gamma deuteron**) | December 1, 1870 – 1871 | Ohio Wesleyan Female College | Delaware | Ohio | Inactive; Reformed |  |
| *Millersburg College* | April 13, 1871 – 1872 | *Millersburg Female College* | Millersburg | Kentucky | Inactive |  |
| *Indiana Gamma* | April 26, 1871 – 1874 | Moores Hill (now University of Evansville) | Evansville | Indiana | Inactive |  |
| **Gamma** | February 27, 1874 – 1886; 1906 | Butler University | Indianapolis | Indiana | Active |  |
| *Delta 1* | June 9, 1875 – 1895 | Illinois Wesleyan University | Bloomington | Illinois | Inactive |  |
| *Epsilon* | May 12, 1875 – 1913 | College of Wooster | Wooster | Ohio | Inactive |  |
| *Zeta* | February 1, 1876 – 1886 | Ohio University | Athens | Ohio | Inactive |  |
| **Mu** | May 18, 1876 – 1876; 1881 | Allegheny College | Meadville | Pennsylvania | Active |  |
| *Eta* | December 10, 1879 – 1886; 1893–2016 | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | Michigan | Inactive |  |
| *Theta* | June 9, 1880 – 1891 | Simpson College | Indianola | Iowa | Inactive |  |
| **Iota** | January 29, 1881 – 1965; 1980 | Cornell University | Ithaca | New York | Active |  |
| **Kappa** | March 18, 1881 | University of Kansas | Lawrence | Kansas | Active |  |
| **Lambda** | April 11, 1881 – 2005; 2010 | University of Vermont | Burlington | Vermont | Active |  |
| **Gamma deuteron** | June 1, 1881 – 1882; 1924 | Ohio Wesleyan University | Delaware | Ohio | Active |  |
| **Nu** | January 4, 1882 – 1899; 1959 | Hanover College | Hanover | Indiana | Active |  |
| *Xi* | January 1, 1883 – 1887; 1989–2004 | Wesleyan University | Middletown | Connecticut | Inactive |  |
| **Omicron** | March 3, 1887October 1, 1895; April 14, 1917 | University of Southern California | Los Angeles | California | Active |  |
| **Pi** | March 19, 1887 – 1908; March 5, 1955 | Albion College | Albion | Michigan | Active |  |
| **Rho** | April 7, 1887 – 1889; 1896 | University of Nebraska–Lincoln | Lincoln | Nebraska | Active |  |
| *Sigma* | May 1, 1887 – 1889; 1905–1941 | University of Toronto | Toronto | Ontario | Inactive |  |
| **Tau** | September 29, 1887 | Northwestern University | Evanston | Illinois | Active |  |
| **Upsilon** | February 6, 1889 – 1891; 1892 | University of Minnesota | Minneapolis–Saint Paul | Minnesota | Active |  |
| **Phi** | April 4, 1889 – 1892; 1959 | University of the Pacific | Stockton | California | Active |  |
| **Chi** | October 10, 1889 | Syracuse University | Syracuse | New York | Active |  |
| **Psi** | May 29, 1890 | University of Wisconsin–Madison | Madison | Wisconsin | Active |  |
| **Omega** | June 2, 1890 | University of California, Berkeley | Berkeley | California | Active |  |
| **Alpha Beta** | September 24, 1891 – 1934; 2013 | Swarthmore College | Swarthmore | Pennsylvania | Active, |  |
| **Phi deuteron** | February 4, 1892 – 1944; 1978 | Stanford University | Stanford | California | Active |  |
| **Alpha Gamma** | May 24, 1892 | Ohio State University | Columbus | Ohio | Active |  |
| *Alpha Delta* | May 15, 1896 – 1950 | Goucher College | Towson | Maryland | Inactive |  |
| **Delta** | May 9, 1895 | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign | Champaign | Illinois | Active |  |
| **Alpha Epsilon** | February 20, 1897 – 1912; 1984 | Brown University | Providence | Rhode Island | Active |  |
| *Alpha Zeta* | March 19, 1890 – 1915 | Barnard College | Manhattan | New York | Inactive |  |
| **Alpha Eta** | January 15, 1904 | Vanderbilt University | Nashville | Tennessee | Active |  |
| **Alpha Theta** | September 17, 1904 | University of Texas at Austin | Austin | Texas | Active |  |
| *Alpha Iota* | November 30, 1906 – 1973; 1987–2000 | Washington University in St. Louis | St. Louis | Missouri | Inactive |  |
| *Alpha Kappa* | June 5, 1907 – 1951 | Adelphi University | Garden City | New York | Inactive |  |
| **Alpha Lambda** | May 21, 1908 | University of Washington | Seattle | Washington | Active |  |
| **Alpha Mu** | February 12, 1909 | University of Missouri | Columbia | Missouri | Active |  |
| **Alpha Nu** | July 16, 1909 | University of Montana | Missoula | Montana | Active |  |
| **Alpha Xi** | July 21, 1909 – 1997; 2011 | University of Oregon | Eugene | Oregon | Active |  |
| **Alpha Omicron** | August 25, 1909 | University of Oklahoma | Norman | Oklahoma | Active |  |
| **Alpha Pi** | September 23, 1911 | University of North Dakota | Grand Forks | North Dakota | Active |  |
| **Alpha Rho** | March 9, 1912 | University of South Dakota | Vermillion | South Dakota | Active |  |
| **Alpha Sigma** | November 8, 1913 | Washington State University | Pullman | Washington | Active |  |
| **Alpha Tau** | December 13, 1913 | University of Cincinnati | Cincinnati | Ohio | Active |  |
| *Alpha Upsilon* | May 9, 1914 \- 2014 | Washburn University | Topeka | Kansas | Inactive |  |
| **Alpha Phi** | May 16, 1914 | Tulane University | New Orleans | Louisiana | Active |  |
| **Alpha Chi** | May 22, 1915 | Purdue University | West Lafayette | Indiana | Active |  |
| **Alpha Psi** | October 2, 1915 | Lawrence University | Appleton | Wisconsin | Active |  |
| *Alpha Omega* | December 4, 1915 | University of Pittsburgh | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | Inactive |  |
| *Beta Beta* | May 6, 1916 – 1960 | Randolph-Macon Woman's College | Lynchburg | Virginia | Inactive |  |
| **Beta Gamma** | September 8, 1917 – 2006; 2014 | Colorado State University | Fort Collins | Colorado | Active |  |
| **Beta Delta** | September 15, 1917 | University of Arizona | Tucson | Arizona | Active |  |
| **Beta Epsilon** | November 10, 1917 | Oregon State University | Corvallis | Oregon | Active |  |
| **Beta Zeta** | September 5, 1919 September 5, 1919 | Oklahoma State University–Stillwater | Stillwater | Oklahoma | Active |  |
| **Beta Eta** | November 1, 1919 – 1979; 1988 | University of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | Active |  |
| **Beta Theta** | May 15, 1920 – 1986; 2001 | University of Idaho | Moscow | Idaho | Active |  |
| **Beta Iota** | April 23, 1921 | University of Colorado Boulder | Boulder | Colorado | Active |  |
| **Beta Kappa** | April 30, 1921 | Drake University | Des Moines | Iowa | Active |  |
| **Beta Lambda** | April 29, 1922 | College of William & Mary | Williamsburg | Virginia | Active |  |
| **Beta Mu** | November 18, 1922 | University of Nevada, Reno | Reno | Nevada | Active |  |
| **Beta Nu** | October 18, 1924 | Florida State University | Tallahassee | Florida | Active |  |
| **Beta Xi** | June 15, 1925 | University of California, Los Angeles | Los Angeles | California | Active |  |
| **Beta Omicron** | June 9, 1926 | University of Iowa | Iowa City | Iowa | Active |  |
| **Beta Pi** | June 12, 1926 | Michigan State University | East Lansing | Michigan | Active |  |
| **Beta Rho** | February 18, 1928 | Duke University | Durham | North Carolina | Active |  |
| *Beta Sigma* | March 9, 1929 – July 2022 | Southern Methodist University | Dallas | Texas | Inactive |  |
| **Beta Tau** | June 15, 1929 | Denison University | Granville | Ohio | Active |  |
| **Beta Upsilon** | February 15, 1930 – 1980; 2003 | University of British Columbia | Kelowna | British Columbia | Active |  |
| **Beta Phi** | May 30, 1931 | Pennsylvania State University | University Park | Pennsylvania | Active |  |
| **Beta Chi** | September 26, 1931 | University of Alberta | Alberta | Alberta | Active |  |
| **Beta Psi** | February 27, 1932 | McGill University | Montreal | Quebec | Active |  |
| **Beta Omega** | September 2, 1932 | Colorado College | Colorado Springs | Colorado | Active |  |
| *Gamma Gamma* | January 27, 1933 – 2000 | Rollins College | Winter Park | Florida | Inactive |  |
| **Gamma Delta** | March 6, 1937 | University of Georgia | Athens | Georgia | Active |  |
| **Gamma Epsilon** | September 18, 1937 | University of Western Ontario | London | Ontario | Active |  |
| **Gamma Zeta** | October 3, 1942 – 1971; 1979 | University of Connecticut | Storrs | Connecticut | Active |  |
| *Gamma Eta* | February 6, 1943 – 1979 | University of Massachusetts Amherst | Amherst | Massachusetts | Inactive |  |
| **Gamma Theta** | April 29, 1944 | Carnegie Mellon University | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | Active |  |
| **Gamma Iota** | October 29, 1945 | University of Kentucky | Lexington | Kentucky | Active |  |
| **Gamma Kappa** | November 9, 1946 – 1975; 2017 | George Washington University | Washington | District of Columbia | Active |  |
| **Gamma Mu** | February 14, 1947 | University of Maryland, College Park | College Park | Maryland | Active |  |
| *Gamma Lambda* | March 1, 1947 – 1970 | Beloit College | Beloit | Wisconsin | Inactive |  |
| **Gamma Nu** | June 19, 1947 | North Dakota State University | Fargo | North Dakota | Active |  |
| *Gamma Xi* | February 6, 1948 – 1975 | San Jose State University | San Jose | California | Inactive |  |
| *Gamma Omicron* | March 13, 1948 – 1978 | University of New Mexico | Albuquerque | New Mexico | Inactive |  |
| **Gamma Pi** | May 8, 1948 | Iowa State University | Ames | Iowa | Active |  |
| **Gamma Rho** | January 29, 1950 | University of California, Santa Barbara | Santa Barbara | California | Active |  |
| **Gamma Sigma** | January 26, 1951 – 2011; 2016 | San Diego State University | San Diego | California | Active |  |
| **Gamma Tau** | February 23, 1951 | University of Tulsa | Tulsa | Oklahoma | Active |  |
| **Gamma Upsilon** | April 14, 1951 | Miami University | Oxford | Ohio | Active |  |
| **Gamma Phi** | April 25, 1953 | Texas Tech University | Lubbock | Texas | Active |  |
| **Gamma Chi** | May 23, 1953 | California State University, Fresno | Fresno | California | Active |  |
| **Gamma Psi** | May 15, 1955 | Texas Christian University | Fort Worth | Texas | Active |  |
| **Gamma Omega** | January 26, 1957 – 2000; 2009 | Auburn University | Auburn | Alabama | Active |  |
| **Delta Delta** | March 16, 1957 | Whitman College | Walla Walla | Washington | Active |  |
| **Delta Epsilon** | April 11, 1959 | Arizona State University | Tempe | Arizona | Active |  |
| **Delta Zeta** | May 9, 1959 | Emory University | Atlanta | Georgia | Active |  |
| **Delta Eta** | May 13, 1961 | Kansas State University | Manhattan | Kansas | Active |  |
| **Delta Theta** | April 28, 1962 | University of Florida | Gainesville | Florida | Active |  |
| **Delta Iota** | February 23, 1963 | University of Puget Sound | Puget Sound | Washington | Active |  |
| **Delta Kappa** | March 23, 1963 | Louisiana State University | Baton Rouge | Louisiana | Active |  |
| *Delta Lambda* | January 23, 1965 – 1988 | University of Utah | Salt Lake City | Utah | Inactive |  |
| *Delta Mu* | November 6, 1965 – 1973 | University of Rhode Island | Kingston | Rhode Island | Inactive |  |
| *Delta Nu* | October 29, 1966 – 1989 | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville | Arkansas | Inactive |  |
| *Delta Xi* | December 3, 1966 – 1991 | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | Chapel Hill | North Carolina | Inactive |  |
| **Delta Omicron** | March 1967 | University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa | Alabama | Active |  |
| *Delta Pi* | March 1, 1969 – 1985 | University of Tennessee | Knoxville | Tennessee | Inactive |  |
| *Delta Rho* | June 19, 1969 – 1980 | University of South Florida | Tampa | Florida | Inactive |  |
| *Delta Sigma* | September 26, 1970 | Ball State University | Muncie | Indiana | Inactive |  |
| *Delta Tau* | January 24, 1971 – 1983 | Montana State University | Bozeman | Montana | Inactive |  |
| **Delta Upsilon** | March 4, 1972 | Eastern Kentucky University | Richmond | Kentucky | Active |  |
| *Delta Phi* | November 18, 1972 – 2019 | Clemson University | Clemson | South Carolina | Inactive |  |
| *Delta Psi* | January 24, 1976 – 1998 | University of California, Riverside | Riverside | California | Inactive |  |
| **Delta Omega** | February 7, 1976 | Texas A&M University | College Station | Texas | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Epsilon** | March 20, 1976 | Baylor University | Waco | Texas | Active |  |
| **Delta Chi** | April 3, 1976 | University of Virginia | Charlottesville | Virginia | Active |  |
| *Epsilon Zeta* | February 24, 1979 – 2018 | University of Mississippi | Oxford | Mississippi | Inactive |  |
| **Epsilon Eta** | October 4, 1980 | Centre College | Danville | Kentucky | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Theta** | May 2, 1981 – 1993; 2016 | Stetson University | DeLand | Florida | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Iota** | February 20, 1982 | Westminster College | Fulton | Missouri | Active |  |
| *Epsilon Kappa* | February 27, 1982 – 1992 | Dartmouth College | Hanover | New Hampshire | Inactive |  |
| **Epsilon Lambda** | November 20, 1982 | Dickinson College | Carlisle | Pennsylvania | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Mu** | March 26, 1983 | Princeton University | Princeton | New Jersey | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Nu** | October 30, 1983 – 2003; 2017 | Virginia Tech | Blackburg | Virginia | Active |  |
| *Epsilon Xi* | November 19, 1983 – 1994 | Villanova University | Villanova | Pennsylvania | Inactive |  |
| **Epsilon Omicron** | April 7, 1984 | Randolph-Macon College | Ashland | Virginia | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Pi** | November 17, 1984 | Bucknell University | Lewisburg | Pennsylvania | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Rho** | November 8, 1984 | Lehigh University | Bethlehem | Pennsylvania | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Sigma** | May 18, 1985 | University of California, Irvine | Irvine | California | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Tau** | January 25, 1986 | Yale University | New Haven | Connecticut | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Upsilon** | October 18, 1986 | Columbia University | New York City | New York | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Phi** | November 8, 1986 | University of Chicago | Chicago | Illinois | Active |  |
| *Epsilon Chi* | February 7, 1987 – 1998 | University of Guelph | Guelph | Ontario | Inactive |  |
| **Epsilon Psi** | May 3, 1987 | University of Richmond | Richmond | Virginia | Active |  |
| **Epsilon Omega** | April 9, 1988 | Washington & Jefferson College | Washington | Pennsylvania | Active |  |
| *Zeta Zeta* | May 8, 1988 – 2008 | Colgate University | Hamilton | New York | Inactive |  |
| **Zeta Theta** | January 29, 1989 | California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo | San Luis Obispo County | California | Active |  |
| **Zeta Eta** | February 11, 1989 | Wofford College | Spartanburg | South Carolina | Active |  |
| **Zeta Iota** | May 6, 1989 | Washington & Lee University | Lexington | Virginia | Active |  |
| *Zeta Kappa* | January 27, 1990 – 2001 | University of South Carolina | Columbia | South Carolina | Inactive |  |
| **Zeta Lambda** | March 24, 1990 | College of Charleston | Charleston | South Carolina | Active |  |
| **Zeta Mu** | February 9, 1991 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Cambridge | Massachusetts | Active |  |
| **Zeta Nu** | April 10, 1992 | University of California, Davis | Davis | California | Active |  |
| **Zeta Xi** | January 30, 1993 – 2019; 2022 | Harvard University | Cambridge | Massachusetts | Active |  |
| **Zeta Omicron** | November 13, 1993 – 2002; 2013 | Wake Forest University | Winston-Salem | North Carolina | Active |  |
| *Zeta Pi* | February 12, 1994 – 1996 | Furman University | Greenville | South Carolina | Inactive |  |
| **Zeta Rho** | February 12, 1994 | University of California, San Diego | San Diego | California | Active |  |
| **Zeta Sigma** | April 23, 1994 | Ohio Northern University | Ada | Ohio | Active |  |
| **Zeta Tau** | November 4, 1995 | University of Delaware | Newark | Delaware | Active |  |
| **Zeta Upsilon** | March 9, 1996 | University of Texas at Dallas | Dallas | Texas | Active |  |
| **Zeta Phi** | February 1, 1997 | Pepperdine University | Malibu | California | Active |  |
| **Zeta Chi** | April 20, 1997 – 2009; 2013 | Johns Hopkins University | Baltimore | Maryland | Active |  |
| *Zeta Psi* | November 21, 1998September 12, 2008 | University of Southern Mississippi | Hattiesburg | Mississippi | Inactive |  |
| **Zeta Omega** | March 11, 2000 | Loyola Marymount University | Los Angeles | California | Active |  |
| **Eta Eta** | October 15, 2000 | College of Idaho | Caldwell | Idaho | Active |  |
| **Eta Theta** | November 18, 2000 | University of Central Florida | Orlando | Florida | Active |  |
| **Eta Iota** | March 4, 2001 | University of San Diego | San Diego | California | Active |  |
| **Eta Kappa** | November 18, 2001 | John Carroll University | University Heights | Ohio | Active |  |
| **Eta Lambda** | November 16, 2003 | Santa Clara University | Santa Clara | California | Active |  |
| *Eta Mu* | November 6, 2004February 18, 2022 | Occidental College | Los Angeles | California | Inactive |  |
| *Eta Nu* | November 20, 2004December 12, 2022 | Lake Forest College | Lake Forest | Illinois | Inactive |  |
| **Eta Xi** | November 4, 2006 | Quinnipiac University | Hamden | Connecticut | Active |  |
| *Eta Omicron* | April 22, 2007July 19, 2022 | University of North Florida | Jacksonville | Florida | Inactive |  |
| **Eta Pi** | November 18, 2007 | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland | Ohio | Active |  |
| **Eta Rho** | December 2, 2007 | James Madison University | Harrisonburg | Virginia | Active |  |
| **Eta Sigma** | April 20, 2008 | Chapman University | Orange | California | Active |  |
| **Eta Tau** | November 7, 2010 | University of Tampa | Tampa | Florida | Active |  |
| **Eta Upsilon** | October 23, 2011 | University of San Francisco | San Francisco | California | Active |  |
| **Eta Phi** | November 6, 2011 | Belmont University | Nashville | Tennessee | Active |  |
| **Eta Chi** | December 2, 2012 | Boston University | Boston | Massachusetts | Active |  |
| **Eta Psi** | November 2, 2013 | Tufts University | Medford and Somerville | Massachusetts | Active |  |
| **Eta Omega** | November 9, 2013 | Saint Louis University | St. Louis | Missouri | Active |  |
| **Theta Theta** | November 23, 2013 | North Carolina State University | Raleigh | North Carolina | Active |  |
| **Theta Iota** | January 14, 2014 | Georgetown University | Washington | District of Columbia | Active |  |
| **Theta Kappa** | November 9, 2014 | University of Louisville | Louisville | Kentucky | Active |  |
| *Theta Lambda* | November 14, 2015April 26, 2023 | University of Rochester | Rochester | New York | Inactive |  |
| **Theta Mu** | November 5, 2016 | Colorado School of Mines | Golden | Colorado | Active |  |
| **Theta Nu** | November 12, 2016 | Georgia Institute of Technology | Atlanta | Georgia | Active |  |
| **Theta Xi** | January 28, 2017 | University of California, Santa Cruz | Santa Cruz | California | Active |  |
| **Theta Omicron** | November 11, 2017 | University of North Carolina at Charlotte | Charlotte | North Carolina | Active |  |
| **Theta Pi** | November 18, 2017 | Sacred Heart University | Fairfield | Connecticut | Active |  |

1. Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) \[1879\]. *Baird's Manual of American Fraternities* (20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. p. IV-43–46. ISBN 978-0963715906
2. Lurding, Carroll and Becque, Fran. (December 29, 2022) *Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities*. Urbana: University of Illinois. Accessed January 4, 2023.
3. "Alpha". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
4. "Beta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
5. "Cincinnati Wesleyan". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
6. "Millersburg, Kentucky". *Kentucky Atlas & Gazeteer*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
7. "Millersburg College". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
8. "Indiana Gamma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
9. "Gamma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
10. "Delta 1". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
11. "Epsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
12. "Zeta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
13. "Mu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
14. "Eta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
15. "Theta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
16. "Iota". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
17. "Kappa". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
18. "Lambda". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
19. "Gamma deuteron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
20. "Nu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
21. "Xi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
22. "Omicron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
23. "Pi/Albion". Kappa Alpha Theta.
24. "Rho". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
25. "Sigma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
26. "Tau". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
27. "Upsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
28. "Phi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
29. "Chi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
30. "Psi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
31. "Omega". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
32. "Alpha Beta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
33. "Phi deuteron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
34. "Alpha Gamma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
35. "Alpha Delta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
36. "Delta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
37. "Alpha Epsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
38. "Alpha Zeta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
39. "Alpha Eta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
40. "Alpha Theta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
41. "Alpha Iota". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
42. "Alpha Kappa". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
43. "Alpha Lambda". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
44. "Alpha Mu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
45. "Alpha Nu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
46. "Alpha Xi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
47. "Alpha Omicron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
48. "Alpha Pi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
49. "Alpha Rho". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
50. "Alpha Sigma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
51. "Alpha Tau". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
52. "Alpha Upsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
53. "Alpha Phi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
54. "Alpha Chi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
55. "Alpha Psi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
56. "Alpha Omega". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
57. "Beta Beta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
58. "Beta Gamma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
59. "Beta Delta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
60. "Beta Epsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
61. "Beta Zeta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
62. "Beta Eta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
63. "Beta Theta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
64. "Beta Iota". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
65. "Beta Kappa". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
66. "Beta Lambda". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
67. "Beta Mu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
68. "Beta Nu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
69. "Beta Xi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
70. "Beta Omicron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
71. "Beta Pi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
72. "Beta Rho". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
73. "Beta Sigma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
74. "Beta Tau". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
75. "Beta Upsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
76. "Beta Phi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
77. "Beta Chi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
78. "Beta Psi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
79. "Beta Omega". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
80. "Gamma Gamma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
81. "Gamma Delta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
82. "Gamma Epsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
83. "Gamma Zeta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
84. "Gamma Eta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
85. "Gamma Theta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
86. "Gamma Iota". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
87. "Gamma Kappa". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
88. "Gamma Mu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
89. "Gamma Lambda". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
90. "Gamma Nu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
91. "Gamma Xi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
92. "Gamma Omicron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
93. "Gamma Pi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
94. "Gamma Rho". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
95. "Gamma Sigma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
96. "Gamma Tau". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
97. "Gamma Upsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
98. "Gamma Phi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
99. "Gamma Chi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
100. "Gama Psi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
101. "Gamma Omega". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
102. "Delta Delta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
103. "Delta Epsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
104. "Delta Zeta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
105. "Delta Eta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
106. "Delta Theta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
107. "Delta Iota". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
108. "Delta Kappa". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
109. "Delta Lambda". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
110. "Delta Mu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
111. "Delta Nu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
112. "Delta Xi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
113. "Delta Omicron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
114. "Delta Pi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
115. "Delta Rho". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
116. "Delta Sigma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
117. "Delta Tau". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
118. "Delta Upsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
119. "Delta Phi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
120. "Delta Psi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
121. "Delta Omega". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
122. "Epsilon Epsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
123. "Delta Chi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
124. "Epsilon Zeta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
125. "Epsilon Eta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
126. "Epsilon Theta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
127. "Epsilon Iota". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
128. "Epsilon Kappa". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
129. "Epsilon Lambda". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
130. "Epsilon Mu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
131. "Epsilon Mu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
132. "Epsilon Xi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
133. "Epsilon Omicron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
134. "Epsilon Pi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
135. "Epsilon Rho". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
136. "Epsilon Sigma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
137. "Epsilon Tau". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
138. "Epsilon Upsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
139. "Epsilon Phi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
140. "Epsilon Chi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
141. "Epsilon Psi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
142. "Epsilon Omega". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
143. "Zeta Zeta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
144. "Zeta Theta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
145. "Zeta Eta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
146. "Zeta Iota". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
147. "Zeta Kappa". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
148. "Zeta Lambda". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
149. "Zeta Mu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
150. "Zeta Nu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
151. "Zeta Xi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
152. "Zeta Omicron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
153. "Zeta Pi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
154. "Zeta Rho". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
155. "Zeta Sigma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
156. "Zeta Tau". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
157. "Zeta Upsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
158. "Zeta Phi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
159. "Zeta Chi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
160. "Zeta Psi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
161. "Zeta Omega". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
162. "Eta Eta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
163. "Eta Theta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
164. "Eta Iota". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
165. "Eta Kappa". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
166. "Eta Lambda". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
167. "Eta Mu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
168. "Eta Nu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
169. "Eta Xi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
170. "Eta Omicron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
171. "Eta Pi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
172. "Eta Rho". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
173. "Eta Sigma". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
174. "Eta Tau". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
175. "Eta Upsilon". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
176. "Eta Phi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
177. "Eta Chi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
178. "Eta Psi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
179. "Eta Omega". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
180. "Theta Theta". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
181. "Theta Iota". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
182. "Theta Kappa". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
183. "Theta Lambda". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
184. "Theta Mu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
185. "Theta Nu". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
186. "Theta XI". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
187. "Theta Omicron". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
188. "Theta Pi". *Kappa Alpha Theta*. Retrieved 2023-01-05.


title: Upton Scott Heath

abstract: Upton Scott Heath was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.

text:
# Upton Scott Heath

**Upton Scott Heath** (October 10, 1784 – February 21, 1852) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.

## Education and career

Born on October 10, 1784, in Maryland, Heath was in private practice in Maryland until 1835. He was a city councilman for Baltimore, Maryland from 1825 to 1826.

## Federal judicial service

Heath was nominated by President Andrew Jackson on April 1, 1836, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Maryland vacated by Judge Elias Glenn. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 4, 1836, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on February 21, 1852, due to his death in Baltimore.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Upton Scott Heath | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland | |
| **In office**
April 4, 1836  February 21, 1852 | |
| Appointed by | Andrew Jackson |
| Preceded by | Elias Glenn |
| Succeeded by | John Glenn |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Upton Scott Heath
(1784-10-10)October 10, 1784
Maryland |
| Died | February 21, 1852(1852-02-21) (aged 67)
Baltimore, Maryland |
|  | |


title: FM broadcasting in Canada

text:
# FM broadcasting in Canada

The history of FM broadcasting started just after World War II ended, but the experimental FM network did not begin until the 1960s.

## Domestic FM networks

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's (CBC) first FM outlets were built in Montreal for English and French service (two stations), and one each in Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver.

At least one station, CKOI-FM in Montreal, is licensed for over 300 kW (307,000 watts).

## Regulation of Canadian content

One of the more contentious parts of Canadian broadcast history is the Canadian content (Cancon) requirements. Launched in 1970, to maintain a sense of Canadian stations being "Canadian", it required 35% of all broadcast content be of Canadian origin. With music, a special system was created to clarify what is considered Canadian content and what isn't. Last modified in 1991, most compact discs and cassettes in Canada come with the MAPL symbol on them.

Canadian content is calculated by a simple circle divided into four parts (M, A, P and L). Two of the four parts must be shaded to be considered Canadian content.

In the late 1990s and into the 2000s, there was a migration of Canadian AM stations to FM broadcasting. In some cases, the AM channel has been left idle; in others "specialized" stations have taken over.

## Community broadcasting

Most Canadian cities of 50,000 or more people tend to have a community radio station. Typically these stations operate between 1000 W to 5000 W on FM.

## Aboriginal broadcasting

### FM regulatory aspects

In 1991, Section 3 of the Broadcasting Act was amended to state that "the Canadian broadcasting system ... should ... reflect ... the special place of Aboriginal peoples within (Canadian) society ... ", and that " ... programming that reflects the Aboriginal cultures of Canada should be provided within the Canadian broadcasting system as resources become available for the purpose."

Aboriginal broadcasting has been mostly a post 1980s phenomena in Canada, and has only had formal regulatory support since the 1990s.  Mostly the broadcasting has been on the FM band, as the AM band in Canada is mostly full and has been at capacity due to US night-time MW signals reaching into Canada.

### Mileposts in aboriginal broadcasting

Aboriginal broadcasting in Canada is mostly on the FM band.

In June 2000, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) announced that Aboriginal Voices Radio had been granted a licence for a station in Toronto, with transmitter on the CN Tower.

While only 2% of the content would be in Aboriginal languages, the CRTC stipulated that the programming should be " ... oriented to the native population, and reflect the specific interests and needs of that audience."

In October 2000, Aboriginal Voices applied for a licence to operate a radio network for First Nations audiences, and the application was granted in February 2001. AVR was later granted licences for stations in Ottawa, Calgary, Vancouver, Kitchener-Waterloo and Montreal.

Separately from Aboriginal Voices, numerous smaller First Nations radio stations operate in local communities, although each often serves a large geographic region through the use of rebroadcast transmitters. Such operations include CFNR-FM in Northern British Columbia, the Missinipi Broadcasting Corporation in Saskatchewan, CFWE-FM in Alberta, the Wawatay Native Communications Society in Northwestern Ontario and the Taqramiut Nipingat network in Quebec.

### Aboriginal radio stations

## Station identification

Historical notes

Current practices

* Newfoundland and Labrador was assigned VOA-VOZ, and was assimilated into Canada's assignment when Newfoundland became part of Canada on April 1, 1949.
* Canadian stations normally use call letters from the CFAA-CFZZ and CHAA-CKZZ blocks.

## Current subcarrier services

These are currently permitted subcarrier services, as allowed by the CRTC


title: Portrait of a Man Holding a Letter

abstract: The Portrait of a Man Holding a Letter, also known as The Lawyer, is an oil on canvas painting by Italian painter Giovanni Battista Moroni, from 1570-1572. It is held at the National Gallery, in London. It is considered one of the most representative paintings of the artist's maturity.

text:
# Portrait of a Man Holding a Letter

The ***Portrait of a Man Holding a Letter***, also known as *The Lawyer*, is an oil on canvas painting by Italian painter Giovanni Battista Moroni, from 1570-1572. It is held at the National Gallery, in London. It is considered one of the most representative paintings of the artist's maturity.

## Description

The painting was made after Moroni's decade of living in Albino. In this period, he reached artistic maturity in his depictions of ordinary people, artisans and anonymous scholars. The painting was wrongly titled *The Advocate*, due to a misinterpretation of the note that the subject holds in his right hand. The writing MAG was translated in the past as *Magistrato* (magistrate) differently from *Magnifico* (magnificent), like the artist most likely originally intended. Even the word *Roman* on the sheet as indicated by Italian art historian Mina Gregori it is not a person's name, but a place in Bergamo region, where Moroni had worked.

The portrayed character, whose identity is unknown, perhaps a man of letters, shows a great vitality revealed by the slight rotation of his head and the position of his hands. His face has a vaguely gruff and haughty expression, almost putting the observer at unease. The contained chromatic scale presents the contrast between the whiteness of the ticket he holds, the cuffs and the ruff, with the fully black dress, which allows the evaluation of its velvet fabric, with its folds, shadows and the decorations and the black satin ribbons. The gray-brown background which is slightly illuminated, expresses the truth and the intimacy of the subject, revealed by his gestures.

The softness of the brushstrokes seems to bring Moroni's art closer to Venetian painting, but this canvas is certainly more sparse in material, creamy only for the parts of the face and hands, while for the rest of the portrait, there is a reduction in preparation and pigments of color so as to reveal the texture of the canvas.

## Provenance

The painting was in the collection of the Napoleonic general Teodorio Lechi, with the title *Portrait of a Knight*, according to a catalogue of 1814. It was acquired in 1827, by James Irvine, an English art collector. It was later owned by Alexandre de Portales-Giorgier, a banker of Swiss origin, and later sold by his heirs to Charles Edmond de Pourtalès. It is on display at the National Gallery, in London, since 1865.

## InfoBox

| Portrait of a Man Holding a Letter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Giovanni Battista Moroni |
| Year | 1570-1572 |
| Medium | oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 81.3 cm × 64.8 cm (32.0 in × 25.5 in) |
| Location | National Gallery, London |


title: Owen Johnson (dendrologist)

abstract: Owen Charles Johnson has spent the last twenty years studying and recording over 60,000 trees around Britain, and has developed skills in field identification. He grew up in Hastings near Alexandra Park. He graduated from Durham University in 1988 with a degree in English Literature. He completed a doctorate on the poetry of Ted Hughes. He is a Registrar at the Tree Register where he has compiled and written Champion Trees of Britain and Ireland (2003), The Sussex Tree Book (1998), and the Collins Tree Guide, with illustrations by David More. As a naturalist, he manages a Local Nature Reserve near his home in St Leonards for the Sussex Wildlife Trust. He has also served as a volunteer leader for The Conservation Volunteers's weekly conservation tasks since 1995. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to the Environment. In 2020 he was awarded the Veitch Memorial Medal by the Royal Horticultural Society.

text:
# Owen Johnson (dendrologist)

**Owen Charles Johnson** MBE has spent the last twenty years studying and recording over 60,000 trees around Britain, and has developed skills in field identification.

He grew up in Hastings near Alexandra Park. He graduated from Durham University in 1988 with a degree in English Literature. He completed a doctorate on the poetry of Ted Hughes.

He is a Registrar at the Tree Register where he has compiled and written *Champion Trees of Britain and Ireland* (2003), *The Sussex Tree Book* (1998), and the *Collins Tree Guide*, with illustrations by David More. As a naturalist, he manages a Local Nature Reserve near his home in St Leonards for the Sussex Wildlife Trust. He has also served as a volunteer leader for The Conservation Volunteers's weekly conservation tasks since 1995.

He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to the Environment. In 2020 he was awarded the Veitch Memorial Medal by the Royal Horticultural Society.


title: POCO C++ Libraries

abstract: The POrtable COmponents (POCO) C++ Libraries are computer software, a set of class libraries for developing computer network-centric, portable applications in the programming language C++. The libraries cover functions such as threads, thread synchronizing, file system access, streams, shared libraries and class loading, Internet sockets, and network communications protocols, and include an HTTP server, and an XML parser with SAX2 and DOM interfaces and SQL database access. The modular and efficient design and implementation makes the libraries well suited for embedded system development. The libraries are free and open-source software distributed under the Boost Software License 1.0.

text:
# POCO C++ Libraries

The **POrtable COmponents** (**POCO**) **C++ Libraries** are computer software, a set of class libraries for developing computer network-centric, portable applications in the programming language C++. The libraries cover functions such as threads, thread synchronizing, file system access, streams, shared libraries and class loading, Internet sockets, and network communications protocols (HTTP, FTP, SMTP, etc.), and include an HTTP server, and an XML parser with SAX2 and DOM interfaces and SQL database access. The modular and efficient design and implementation makes the libraries well suited for embedded system development.

The libraries are free and open-source software distributed under the Boost Software License 1.0.

## Overview

POCO is a set of C++ libraries providing users with library support similar to that found in other development environments, like the Java Class Library, .NET Framework, or Apple's Cocoa. POCO is centered on network-centric application domains and developed with modern ANSI/ISO Standard C++ and C++ Standard Library facilities and techniques with emphasis on powerful functionality, ease of use, and consistency. Governed primarily by code quality, consistent style and unit testing, POCO is highly portable, and already ported to a variety of different platforms.

## History

### Library hierarchy

As of 2017, POCO C++ Libraries are split into five core libraries with optional add-on libraries available with each release. The design and hierarchy of POCO C++ is considered well designed. The five core component libraries cover the following areas that can be found in the basic edition:

Foundation * Platform abstraction – Eases porting issues of fundamental types, etc.
* Memory management – Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII), auto\_ptr, reference counting garbage collection, etc.
* String utilities
* Error handling – Extended exception classes
* streams – Encoding and decoding and filtering support
* threads – Concurrent processing support
* Date and time – Date and time support including formatting and high precision timers
* File system – Abstracted file system support
* Logging – Application and system logging, filtering and logging strategies
* Processes – Interprocess communication and memory sharing
* shared libraries – Dynamic library support
* Notifications – Abstracted notification support
* Events – Abstracted event support and strategies
* Crypt – Random number generation, Digests and encoding/decoding engines
* Text – Unicode encoding support
* Regular expressions – Based on Perl compatible regular expression
* URI – Universal Resource Identifier support
* UUID – Universally Unique Identifiers support and generators
* Cache support – Abstracted strategy support
Net * sockets – Abstracted low level network support
* Reactor pattern – Popular network abstraction pattern support
* MIME messages – Encoding support
* HTTP – High level HTTP support for client and servers
* FTP – High level FTP support
* Mail – POP3, SMTP stream based support
* HTML – Form support
XML  JSON * APIs for reading and writing JSON
Util * Configuration files
* Command line options
* Tools and server application framework

One design goal of many targeted decisions are based around POCO C++ providing an easy to use component library that works out of the box. As of 2017, the libraries are available in two package formats: the *basic* and the *complete* editions. The complete edition covers NetSSL, Crypto, Zip, and Data abilities, among others. The basic edition does not, and thus eliminates dependence on external facilities such as OpenSSL, ODBC, and MySQL dependencies.

Being open source enables and encourages development of further library functions. Design and development of existing and upcoming library support is driven by the pragmatic needs of the user base. Library additions occur in a sandbox development environment and are reviewed and integrated into the main library releases as approved by the core development team with input from contributors.

### Release history

* 2004 – Günter Obiltschnig began POCO by developing the class libraries because of being dissatisfied by what was available in C++ class libraries for network centric programming.
* February 21, 2005 – The first public release on SourceForge, under the Sleepycat License, contained the Foundation and XML support libraries.
* May 2005 – Aleksandar Fabijanic made the first contribution.
* January 19, 2006 – POCO 1.0 was released, including the Net library.
* July 2006 – POCO was relicensed under the Boost license.
* May 2007 – POCO 1.3 was released, including the Data library
* December 2010 – POCO 1.4 was released, including many improvements.
* December 2014 – POCO 1.6 was released, including the JSON and MongoDB libraries and many other improvements.
* March 2016 – POCO 1.7 was released, including many improvements.
* March 2018 - POCO 1.9 was released, including support for internationalized Domain Names and additions to supported text encodings.

## Users

Users include:

## InfoBox

POCO C++ Libraries
| Developer(s) | Günter Obiltschnig, et al. |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | February 21, 2005 (2005-02-21) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 1.13.3 / 2024-04-06\[±\] |
|  | |
| Repository | POCO Repository |
| Written in | C++ |
| Operating system | Cross-platform:
**Desktop-server**: Windows, Linux, macOS, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX
**Embedded-mobile**: Windows Embedded Compact, embedded Linux, Android, iOS, QNX, VxWorks |
| Platform | ARM, IA-32, x86-64 |
| Available in | English |
| Type | library or framework |
| License | Boost Software 1.0 |
| Website | pocoproject.org |


title: Exchange operator

abstract: In quantum mechanics, the exchange operator P ^, also known as permutation operator, is a quantum mechanical operator that acts on states in Fock space. The exchange operator acts by switching the labels on any two identical particles described by the joint position quantum state | x 1, x 2 ⟩. Since the particles are identical, the notion of exchange symmetry requires that the exchange operator be unitary.

text:
# Exchange operator

In quantum mechanics, the **exchange operator** $\hat {P}$, also known as **permutation operator**, is a quantum mechanical operator that acts on states in Fock space. The exchange operator acts by switching the labels on any two identical particles described by the joint position quantum state $\left|x\_{1},x\_{2}\right\rangle $. Since the particles are identical, the notion of exchange symmetry requires that the exchange operator be unitary.

## Construction

Anticlockwise rotationClockwise rotationExchange of two particles in 2 + 1 spacetime by rotation. The rotations are inequivalent, since one cannot be deformed into the other (without the worldlines leaving the plane, an impossibility in 2d space).

In three or higher dimensions, the exchange operator can represent a literal exchange of the positions of the pair of particles by motion of the particles in an adiabatic process, with all other particles held fixed. Such motion is often not carried out in practice. Rather, the operation is treated as a "what if" similar to a parity inversion or time reversal operation. Consider two repeated operations of such a particle exchange:

$$\hat {P}\left|x\_{1},x\_{2}\right\rangle =\left|x\_{2},x\_{1}\right\rangle $$

$$\hat {P}^{2}\left|x\_{1},x\_{2}\right\rangle ={\hat {P}\left|x\_{2},x\_{1}\right\rangle =\left|x\_{1},x\_{2}\right\rangle }$$

Therefore, $\hat {P}$ is not only unitary but also an operator square root of 1, which leaves the possibilities

$$\hat {P}\left|x\_{1},x\_{2}\right\rangle =\pm \left|x\_{2},x\_{1}\right\rangle \\,.$$

Both signs are realized in nature. Particles satisfying the case of +1 are called *bosons*, and particles satisfying the case of −1 are called *fermions*. The spin–statistics theorem dictates that all particles with integer spin are bosons whereas all particles with half-integer spin are fermions.

The exchange operator commutes with the Hamiltonian and is therefore a conserved quantity. Therefore, it is always possible and usually most convenient to choose a basis in which the states are eigenstates of the exchange operator. Such a state is either completely symmetric under exchange of all identical bosons or completely antisymmetric under exchange of all identical fermions of the system. To do so for fermions, for example, the antisymmetrizer builds such a completely antisymmetric state.

In 2 dimensions, the adiabatic exchange of particles is not necessarily possible. Instead, the eigenvalues of the exchange operator may be complex phase factors (in which case $\hat {P}$ is not Hermitian), see anyon for this case. The exchange operator is not well defined in a strictly 1-dimensional system, though there are constructions of 1-dimensional networks that behave as effective 2-dimensional systems.

## Quantum chemistry

A modified exchange operator is defined in the Hartree–Fock method of quantum chemistry, in order to estimate the exchange energy arising from the exchange statistics described above. In this method, one often defines an energetic exchange operator as:

$$\hat {K}\_{j}(x\_{1})f\_{i}(x\_{1})=\phi \_{j}(x\_{1})\int {{\frac {\phi \_{j}^{\*}(x\_{2})f\_{i}(x\_{2})}{r\_{12}\mathrm {d} x\_{2}}}}$$

where $\hat {K}\_{j}(x\_{1})$ is the one-electron exchange operator, and $f(x\_{1})$, $f(x\_{2})$ are the one-electron wavefunctions acted upon by the exchange operator as functions of the electron positions, and $\phi \_{j}(x\_{1})$ and $\phi \_{j}(x\_{2})$ are the one-electron wavefunction of the $j$-th electron as functions of the positions of the electrons. Their separation is denoted $r\_{12}$. The labels 1 and 2 are only for a notational convenience, since physically there is no way to keep track of "which electron is which".


title: Ezra G. Levin

abstract: Ezra G. Levin is co-chair of the law firm Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, and has been involved in corporate law for more than 40 years as a counselor, teacher and director. He has been listed in the peer selected The Best Lawyers in America since its inception. Levin has served on the board of directors of numerous clients including a Fortune 200 company, served as trustee of a failed brokerage firm, and has held several judicial appointments as special master. He has taught courses in corporate law, corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions, and securities regulation, and has advised public and private corporations in those areas.

text:
# Ezra G. Levin

**Ezra G. Levin** (born Ezra Gurion Levin; February 10, 1934 – October 31, 2022) is co-chair of the law firm Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, and has been involved in corporate law for more than 40 years as a counselor, teacher and director. He has been listed in the peer selected The Best Lawyers in America since its inception.

Levin has served on the board of directors of numerous clients including a Fortune 200 company, served as trustee (appointed by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation) of a failed brokerage firm, and has held several judicial appointments as special master. He has taught courses in corporate law, corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions, and securities regulation, and has advised public and private corporations in those areas.

## Education

## Other activities

## Teaching

## Professional Affiliations

## Biography

Ezra lives with his wife Batya Levin in The Bronx NYC. He has 2 children and 6 grandchildren who live in Israel and Colorado.


title: PICO process

abstract:
The PICO process is a mnemonic used in evidence-based practice to frame and answer a clinical or health care related question, though it is also argued that PICO "can be used universally for every scientific endeavour in any discipline with all study designs". The PICO framework is also used to develop literature search strategies, for instance in systematic reviews. The PICO acronym has come to stand for:
  - P – Patient, problem or population
  - I – Intervention
  - C – Comparison, control or comparator
  - O – Outcome(s) An application that covers clinical questions about interventions, as well as exposures, risk/ prognostic factors, and test accuracy, is:
  - P – Patient, problem or population
  - I – Investigated condition
  - C – Comparison condition
  - O – Outcome(s) Alternatives such as SPICE and PECO can also be used. Some authors suggest adding T and S, as follows:
  - T - Timing
  - S - Study type

text:
# PICO process

The **PICO process** (or framework) is a mnemonic used in evidence-based practice (and specifically evidence-based medicine) to frame and answer a clinical or health care related question, though it is also argued that PICO "can be used universally for every scientific endeavour in any discipline with all study designs". The PICO framework is also used to develop literature search strategies, for instance in systematic reviews.

The PICO acronym has come to stand for:

* **P**  Patient, problem or population
* **I**  Intervention
* **C**  Comparison, control or comparator
* **O**  Outcome(s) (e.g. pain, fatigue, nausea, infections, death)

An application that covers clinical questions about interventions, as well as exposures, risk/ prognostic factors, and test accuracy, is:

* **P**  Patient, problem or population
* **I**  Investigated condition (e.g. intervention, exposure, risk/ prognostic factor, or test result)
* **C**  Comparison condition (e.g. intervention, exposure, risk/ prognostic factor, or test result respectively)
* **O**  Outcome(s) (e.g. symptom, syndrome, or disease of interest)

Alternatives such as SPICE and PECO (among many others) can also be used. Some authors suggest adding T and S, as follows:

## PICO as a universal technique

It was argued that PICO may be useful for every scientific endeavor even beyond clinical settings. This proposal is based on a more abstract view of the PICO mnemonic, equating them with four components that is inherent to every single research, namely (1) research object; (2) application of a theory or method; (3) alternative theories or methods (or the null hypothesis); and (4) the ultimate goal of knowledge generation.

Juxtaposing PICO with universal components of all research endeavors
| PICO component | Abstract component inherent to all research designs |
| --- | --- |
| Problem | Research object |
| Intervention | Application of a theory or method |
| Comparison | Alternative theories or methods (or, in their absence, the null hypothesis) |
| Outcome | Knowledge generation |

This proposition would imply that the PICO technique could be used for teaching academic writing even beyond medical disciplines.

## Examples

**Clinical question**: "In children with headache, is paracetamol more effective than placebo against pain?"

* **P**opulation = Children with headaches; keywords = children + headache
* **I**ntervention = Paracetamol; keyword = paracetamol
* **C**ompared with = Placebo; keyword = placebo
* **O**utcome of interest = Pain; keyword = pain

Pubmed (health research database) search strategy:children headache paracetamol placebo pain

**Clinical question**: "Is the risk of having breast cancer higher in symptom-free women with a positive mammography compared to symptom-free women with a negative mammography?"

* **P**opulation = Women without a history of breast cancer
* **I**nvestigated test result = Positive result on mammography
* **C**omparator test result = Negative result on mammography
* **O**utcome of interest = Breast cancer according to biopsy (or not)

## Similar Frameworks

The PICO framework was originally developed to frame interventional clinical questions. PICO inspired other frameworks such as PICOS, PICOT, PICOTT, PECO, PICOTS, PECODR, PEICOIS, PICOC, SPICE, PIPOH, EPICOT+, PESICO, PICo, and PS.


title: Eyebroughy

abstract: Eyebroughy is a small, rocky islet in the Firth of Forth, 200 m off East Lothian, Scotland.

text:
# Eyebroughy

**Eyebroughy** (or archaically **Ibris**; NT493859) is a small, rocky islet in the Firth of Forth, 200 m off East Lothian, Scotland.

## Location

Eyebroughy sits 200 metres (220 yd) off the East Lothian coast, 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) to the north northeast of the village of Gullane and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of North Berwick. It is in the parish of Dirleton and sits opposite the western part of Dirleton's East Links, at low tide it may be possible to walk to the island. It formed part of the estate of Archerfield.

## Environment

It is an RSPB reserve, and the birds breeding on the island include common eider, great cormorant and herring gull, wintering birds include ruddy turnstone and purple sandpiper. The island is formed from an intrusion of trachytes from the lower Carboniferous. Eyebroughy is part of the Firth of Forth Islands Species Protection Area. It has been described as small and very narrow.

## Shipwrecks

Two shipwrecks are noted for Eybroughy. The first was the 94-ton wooden schooner *Jane* which was stranded on Eyebroughy, with a cargo of alum and a single passenger on its way from Goole to Leith, on 18 December 1892. The second is that of the 310-ton lighter *Bertha*, which loaded with salvage equipment. This vessel was lost on 21 December 1900 as it driven away from a stranded steamer and ran into Eyebroughy.

## Literary references

The Scottish historical novelist Nigel Tranter, who lived in nearby Luffness, mentioned Eyebroughy in at least two of his novels, *Drug on the Market* and *Flowers of Chivalry*.

1. "Eyebroughy". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
2. "OS1/15/23/14". Scotland's Places. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
3. Ian J. Andrews; Keith Gillon, eds. (2019). *Lothian Bird report 2017*. Lothian Branch, Scottish Ornithologists Club.
4. "Firth of Forth Islands SPA". Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
5. "Topographical Dictionary of Scotland". British Library. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
6. "Jane: Eyebroughy, Firth Of Forth". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
7. "Bertha: Eyebroughy, Firth Of Forth". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
8. Nigel Tranter (1963). *Drug on the Market*. Hachette UK, 2013. ISBN 1444768697.
9. Nigel Tranter (1987). *Flowers of Chivalry*. Hachette UK, 2012. ISBN 1444757636.

Media related to Eyebroughy at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Eyebroughy
| <br>Eyebroughy, with rocks in foreground | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| EyebroughyThe island shown within East Lothian | |
| Coordinates | 56°04′00″N 2°49′00″W / 56.066667°N 2.816667°W / 56.066667; -2.816667 |
| Physical geography | |
| Island group | Islands of the Forth |
| Administration | |
| Council area | East Lothian |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |
|  | |


title: Outline of sociology

abstract: The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the discipline of sociology: Sociology – the study of society using various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to understand human social activity, from the micro level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structure.

text:
# Outline of sociology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the discipline of sociology:

**Sociology**  the study of society using various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to understand human social activity, from the micro level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structure.

## Nature of sociology

### Definition

Sociology can be described as all of the following:

* The study of society.
* Academic discipline  body of knowledge given to - or received by - a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialise in.
* Field of science  widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer reviewed research is published. There are many sociology-related scientific journals.
    + Social science  field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society.

### Essence of sociology

#### Overall

Sociology

#### Key themes across sociological research

## Branches of sociology

### Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary fields involving sociology

## History of sociology

## Theoretical perspectives in sociology

### Approaches

#### Positivism

#### Critical realist

#### Structural

#### Challenging structure

#### Social interactions

#### Behavioural

#### Social justice

#### Applied

#### Ecological

### Levels of analysis

## Methodology and methods in sociology

## General sociology concepts

## Sociology by location

## Sociologists

## Sociological publications

Sociology journals
Magazines

Sociology books

## Sociological associations

Sociological associations

## Academies


title: FA People's Cup

abstract: The FA People's Cup is an annual English association football tournament organised by The Football Association. The first installment of the tournament, ran in partnership with the British Broadcasting Corporation's "Get Inspired" campaign took place in 2015. The tournament is open to any football player over the age of 16 and is technically made up of 15 separate tournaments with 15 finals. Categories include male, female, disability and futsal. The finals are played at St George's Park National Football Centre near Burton-on-Trent. The winners of each cup get tickets to that season's FA Cup Final. Winners

text:
# FA People's Cup

The **FA People's Cup** is an annual English association football tournament organised by The Football Association. The first installment of the tournament, ran in partnership with the British Broadcasting Corporation's *"Get Inspired"* campaign took place in 2015.

The tournament is open to any football player over the age of 16 and is technically made up of 15 separate tournaments with 15 finals. Categories include male, female, disability (separate tournaments for men and women) and futsal. The finals are played at St George's Park National Football Centre near Burton-on-Trent. The winners of each cup get tickets to that season's FA Cup Final.

**Winners**

List of FA People's Cup Winners
|  | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male | Prize Hunters | Hunters | Woolpack United | TCFC | Scorpionz Blue |
| Female | Liverpool Feds | A-Town Ladies | Plymouth | FC United | Who are You |
| Male Veterans | Canaries All Stars | Liberties Vets | Liberties Vets | Options Management | White Horse |
| Female Veterans | n/a | Hackney Jurassics | Hackney Jurassics | Nottingham Vets | Hackney Jurassics |
| Female Disability | n/a | n/a | Aston Villa | Aston Villa | Plymouth Warriors |
| Walking Football | Codnor FC | Grimsby Ancient Mariners | Wokingham UB50 | Fleetwood Town Flyers | Pele's Pearls |
| Female Walking Football | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Birmingham WFW Blues |
| Male Disability | The Manchester Amputees | Midtown | Exeter City | Westcliff United | Reading FC Deaf |
| Male Disability League | n/a | n/a | Portland | Danby Rovers | FC United Manchester White |
| Male Disability Championship | n/a | n/a | Warriors | Swale Tigers | Swale Tigers |
| Cerebral Palsy | West Midlands CP | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| U14 Boys | G4G FC | Sandwell Academy | Sproatley Juniors | Finesse Academy | n/a |
| U14 Girls | AFC Kempston | Harvesters Ladies | Kingston Select | Stevenage Girls | n/a |
| U16 Boys | ARD7 | St. John's Wood FC | Dorking | Chewton | n/a |
| U16 Girls | Cambridge Utd | Frampton Rangers | Sprowston Girls | Bolton Lionesses | n/a |
| U16 Disability | n/a | Grange Academy | Cedarsfield | Maidstone United | Maidstone United Raiders FC |
| Male Higher Education | n/a | n/a | Filthy Fellas | LADS FC | n/a |
| Female Higher Education | n/a | n/a | Wockey FC | Poppy's Players | n/a |
| University Male | n/a | n/a | n/a | Filthy Fellas | Team Best |
| University Female | n/a | n/a | n/a | Lboro Rangers | Aston University |
| College Futsal Male | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Disco Trimmers |
| College Futsal Female | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Balotelli-Tubbies |


title: FCM 36

abstract: The FCM 36 or Char léger Modèle 1936 FCM, was a light infantry tank designed for the French Army prior to World War II. It had a crew of two and was equipped with a short 37mm main armament and a 7.5mm coaxial machine gun. The FCM 36 was developed from 1934 onwards as part of a programme to replace the obsolete Renault FT. As it was more expensive to produce than competing designs, only a limited production of a hundred was authorised. It featured some advanced technologies such as a diesel engine and extensive use of welded sloped armour. In 1940, the type equipped the 503e Groupement de Bataillons de Chars, which unsuccessfully counterattacked the decisive German breakthrough at Sedan.

text:
# FCM 36

The **FCM 36** or *Char léger Modèle 1936 FCM*, was a light infantry tank designed for the French Army prior to World War II. It had a crew of two and was equipped with a short 37mm main armament and a 7.5mm coaxial machine gun.

The FCM 36 was developed from 1934 onwards as part of a programme to replace the obsolete Renault FT. As it was more expensive to produce than competing designs, only a limited production of a hundred was authorised. It featured some advanced technologies such as a diesel engine and extensive use of welded sloped armour.

In 1940, the type equipped the *503e Groupement de Bataillons de Chars*, which unsuccessfully counterattacked the decisive German breakthrough at Sedan.

## Development

In 1933, the Hotchkiss company proposed to build a cheap mass-produced light infantry tank. In reaction to this proposal the French Army invited the whole of French industry to offer alternative designs. In the end, three of the competing prototypes would be taken into production: the Hotchkiss H35, the Renault R35 and the FCM 36.

The *Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée* (FCM), located at Toulon, had some previous experience with tank production as it had constructed the ten giant Char 2C tanks in 1921 and had been involved in the development of the Char B1. Engineer Bourdot, who had designed the suspension of the Char B, was ordered to create a modern tank design taking full advantage of the large electro-welding capacity of the wharf. In March 1934 he presented a wooden mock-up that was approved by the Army. On 2 April 1935 the prototype was delivered to the *Commission de Vincennes*, with a turret equipped with two machine-guns. The commission was quite impressed by the vehicle, especially because of its welded sloped armour and the use of a diesel engine promising a good range. It was a bit heavier than the specified nine metric tons at 10,168 kilogrammes. However the prototype was untestable because of mechanical problems. After the first evaluation had been finished on 9 June it was sent back to the manufacturer.

In fact FCM had not tested the prototype itself yet; this was now done and many shortcomings became apparent. As a result, the vehicle was completely redesigned with a new and lighter hull and turret configuration, suspension and track. The roof of the engine compartment was now bolted on to ease replacement. On 10 September it was again sent to Vincennes only to be sent back on 23 October to have its suspension reinforced. On 19 December it returned to be tested until 14 May 1936. It was then approved on the provision that the armour would be thickened from 30 to 40mm, according to the new specifications. This was done by welding an appliqué 10mm armour plate on top of the main armour, a feature maintained for the production vehicles. The prototype was now brought to the attention of the *Commission d'Infanterie*, who declared on 9 July that it was the best of all competitors, especially since it had been proven on 17 June to be completely gas-proof, a unique quality that was considered a very desirable feature at the time.

## Production

Even before the type had been approved, however, because of Germany's remilitarization of the Rhineland, on 26 May an order was hastily made for a hundred vehicles of the *Char léger Modèle 1936 FCM* for 450,000 FF a piece. The production vehicles had to be equipped with a 37 mm gun. The Hotchkiss H35 and Renault R35 would also be taken into production, and as these competing types were a lot cheaper they would constitute the bulk of the French light infantry tanks produced. The reason to coproduce the more expensive third type was its development potential. The FCM 36 was seen as the most advanced French tank and should function as a test bed for further improvements. This also meant there was no hurry to start series production. The production facilities only began to be prepared from December 1936 and actual manufacture was delayed for a year to first test a newer design with a stronger engine and a lighter track. Only when this did not render the expected results, the original type was produced, with the first delivery on 2 May 1938. During 1938 and 1939 several modifications were tested on vehicle number 30,057 including a new track, clutch and engine, but none of these would be applied on the existing vehicles.

On 12 May 1938 and 3 February 1939 two additional orders were made of a hundred each. However, when the last tank, series number 30,100, of the original order was delivered on 13 March 1939, FCM suddenly announced that it would permanently cease production unless the price was raised to at least 900,000 FF, apparently the actual cost of production. Also FCM indicated that given its increased demanded production quota of the Char B1, there simply would be no capacity to manufacture any FCM 36s before September 1940. In view of these circumstances Inspector-General Jacomet allowed the production of the hull to be discontinued. The FCM turret however had already been planned to become the standard for all light tanks, as the old standard APX-R turret in the beginning suffered from serious production delays; when these eased an earlier proposal to have it replaced after number 1350 was postponed; but it was still considered to cease production after number 2000 as the APX-R turret was heavier (1,552 to 1,287kg) and yet inferior in protection to the FCM turret because of constant quality problems with its cast steel that was either too soft or too brittle. However, this issue was complicated by the planned introduction of the longer 37 mm gun as tests showed that the welds of the FCM type had to be reinforced to prevent them from cracking by the stronger recoil; as a result the existing vehicles would not be fitted with the new gun.

## Description

The FCM 36 was a small vehicle, 4.46m long, 2.20m high and 2.14m wide, with a crew of two. It had a weight of 12.35 metric tons. The armour consisted of many panels electro-welded together into an pyramidal shape to avoid shot-traps and fully implement the principle of sloped armour. Such a configuration was unique at the time. This included the upper track run and the suspension units, protected by zig-zag armour plates. The engine deck is the only armour which is bolted as this enables easier access to the engine. As the armour is of good quality, the 40mm thickness angled at 30 to 45 degrees from the vertical, renders an equivalence of about 45–55mm, enough to regularly defeat the standard anti-tank guns of its day, even when the gun was ideally positioned. The reclining armour implied that more raking shots would quickly start to deflect. The type was the only actually produced French tank of the period that featured a diesel engine, which gave the vehicle a superior range of 225 kilometres from a fuel tank of 217 litres.

In other aspects, it conformed to the French design standards. French tanks were usually slow compared to their German, British or Soviet counterparts. The V-4 91hp Berliet diesel allowed for a top speed of just 24 km/h (15 mph). The suspension was accordingly simplistic, consisting of eight road wheels per side sprung by eight vertical coil springs. The tank could cross a two metres trench and climb a 70cm obstacle or an 80% slope. Also very limited is the armament: apart from the 7.5mm Châtellerault MAC31 machine gun, the standard short L/21 37mm SA 18 gun was fitted, a cannon with very poor anti-armour capacity.

## Operational history

As very few FCM 36s were to be produced, only a limited number of units would be equipped with the type. However these would happen to participate in the key event of 1940 during the Battle of France: the crossing of the Meuse river, by XIX Army Corps of Heinz Guderian on 14 May 1940.

In March and April 1939 two battalions were created. Unique among those battalions equipped with light infantry tanks, these units would be called *Bataillon de Chars Légers* or BCLs: the *4e* and *7e BCL*, that each received 45 FCM 36s. They had an organic strength of 39 (three companies of thirteen), a materiel company of six and used five tanks for driver training. Of the other ten tanks, eight were used for driver training, one was destroyed testing the efficiency of the German Teller mine, and one remained with the factory to serve as a test bed. On 25 August 1939, upon mobilisation, the BCLs were renamed *Bataillons de Chars de Combat*. The 7e BCC was incorporated into the *503e Régiment de Chars de Combat*, the 4e BCC into the 502e RCC.

After war was declared against Germany in September 1939, both FCM 36 battalions were combined, together with 3e BCC, a R 35 unit, into the *503e Groupement de Bataillons de Chars*, the armour reserve of the Second Army. When German infantry on 13 May 1940 established a bridgehead over the Meuse at Sedan, the FCM 36 battalions were late in the afternoon ordered to counterattack and reduce it, cooperating with an infantry regiment, as they themselves had no organic infantry component. Due to the rout of the last French defence line at Bulson during the night and the ensuing confusion, the approach march could not begin until early in the morning of the 14th, when the first German tanks started to cross the river on pontoon bridges. The German armoured vanguard and 7e BCC collided near Bulson. The French tanks destroyed some lighter German armoured fighting vehicles, but their weak guns were insufficient to deal with the Panzerkampfwagen III, armoured with 30 mm plate, though the latter had likewise trouble in penetrating the FCM 36 armour, as the tungsten core APCR round was not yet made available. Both sides slugged it out, often engaging at the shortest possible distance. In the end, the appliqué armour of the FCM 36 failed and the welds, being weaker points between the plates, including the lower turret corners just above the chassis, were penetrated. The 7e BCC had to withdraw, leaving 26 of the 36 employed tanks behind.

When 7e BCC had failed, the attack by 4e BCC was halted. The battalion attacked and defended Stonne on 15 May, but was driven from this key position with some losses. Until 23 May it would be attached to 3 DIM.

Both battalions were now kept in reserve to rebuild their numbers from the matériel and training units. During Fall Rot they executed successful counterattacks on 9 and 10 June on the Aisne position, against German infantry units. Later they tried to cover the retreat of the French Army, losing most of their combined strength of 45 in fights with German tanks.

### German use

The Germans captured 37 FCM 36s, using the administrative designation *Panzerkampfwagen 737 FCM (f)* for them. After some improvised use by units in May and June 1940, they were not as such employed by them. In 1943 ten were rebuilt as Marder I tank destroyers, with the 75mm PaK 40 anti-tank gun and officially called *7.5cm PaK40(Sf) auf Geschützwagen FCM(f)*. These were employed by 21 *Panzerdivision* in the Battle of Normandy in 1944. Twelve were in 1942 rebuilt as self-propelled artillery, the *10.5cm leFH 16/18 (Sf) auf Geschuetzwagen FCM (f)*.

### Postwar

One FCM 36 survives at the Musée des Blindés at Saumur. It has been restored to running condition.

* Pascal Danjou, 2007, *FCM 36*, Editions du Barbotin, Ballainvilliers

## Further reading

* Leland Ness (2002). *Jane's World War II Tanks and Fighting Vehicles: The Complete Guide*. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-711228-9.

## InfoBox

| FCM 36 | |
| --- | --- |
| The last surviving FCM 36 in the Musée des Blindés in Saumur | |
| Type | Light infantry tank |
| Place of origin | France |
| Service history | |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1933–1936 |
| Manufacturer | Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée |
| Unit cost | ₣ 450,000 |
| Produced | 1938–1939 |
| No. built | 100 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 12.35 metric tons |
| Length | 4.46 m (14 ft 8 in) |
| Width | 2.14 m (7 ft 0 in) |
| Height | 2.20 m (7 ft 3 in) |
| Crew | 2 (commander, driver) |
| --- | |
| Armor | 40 mm |
| Main
armament | 37 mm L/21 SA 18 gun |
| Secondary
armament | 7.5 mm MAC31 Reibel machine gun coaxial |
| Engine | V-4 Berliet diesel engine
91 hp (67 kW) |
| Power/weight | 7.36 hp/tonne |
| Transmission | 5 forward, 1 reverse |
| Suspension | vertical coil spring |
| Ground clearance | 0.36 m |
| Fuel capacity | 217 litres |
| Operational
range | 225 km |
| Maximum speed | 24 km/h (15 mph) |


abstract: Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid, to Najran, took place in 10AH of the Islamic Calendar, Around June 631 AD. The event is mentioned partly in the Quran verse 3:61. The event is also mentioned by the Muslim jurist Tabari, who mentions that Muhammad wrote a letter to Khalid ibn al-Walid. Those letters are also mentioned by Muhammad Hamidullah in his French book Six Originaux des letters diplomatiques du Prophete e l'Islam, which contains a collection of six of the Muhammad's letters whose original texts have been preserved, that he compiled. Muhammad Hamidullah considered the letters authentic. The translator of Tabari, Volume 9, The last Years of the Prophet, Isma'il Qurban Husayn, mentions in the footnote on page 83, that the letter mentioned by Tabari is also in the texts collected by Muhammad Hamidullah.

text:
# Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Najran)

**Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid**, to Najran, took place in 10AH of the Islamic Calendar, Around June 631 AD.

The event is mentioned partly in the Quran verse 3:61. The event is also mentioned by the Muslim jurist Tabari, who mentions that Muhammad wrote a letter to Khalid ibn al-Walid. Those letters are also mentioned by Muhammad Hamidullah in his French book *Six Originaux des letters diplomatiques du Prophete e l'Islam*, which contains a collection of six of the Muhammad's letters whose original texts have been preserved, that he compiled. Muhammad Hamidullah considered the letters authentic. The translator of Tabari, Volume 9, The last Years of the Prophet, Isma'il Qurban Husayn, mentions in the footnote on page 83, that the letter mentioned by Tabari is also in the texts collected by Muhammad Hamidullah.

## Background

Najran consisted of Christian tribes, and polytheist tribes. A year before this Expedition, the Christian portion of the Banu al-Harith sent a delegation led by a bishop. The Christian delegation started to debate with Muhammad, claiming that Jesus was the son of God. According to Ibn Kathir, the Quran verse 3:61 was "revealed" about this event:

> But whoever disputes with you in this matter after what has come to you of knowledge, then say: Come let us call our sons and your sons and our women and your women and our near people and your near people, then let us be earnest in prayer, and pray for the curse of God on the liars. <sup>\[Quran 3:61\]</sup>

The delegation refused to convert to Islam, it is reported that one of Muhammad's companion said to the Christians:

> If you have already decided that you will remain in your religion and your creed regarding your fellow (\`Isa), then conduct a treaty with the man (Muhammad) and go back to your land.' \[Quote referenced in Tafsir ibn Kathir\]

According to *Ar-Rahīq al-Makhtum* (The Sealed Nectar), a modern Islamic hagiography of Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author Saif ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, having refused to convert to Islam, Muhammad ordered the tribe to pay the Jizyah and give Muhammad 2,000 garments, in exchange for peace and security. A part of the tribe were still practising Idolatry, and Muhammad only had a treaty with the Christian part of the tribe, so he sent Khalid ibn Walid with a group of armed men to call on the rest of the tribe to embrace Islam. William Muir also claims that Muhammad told Khalid to attack them if they refused to convert.

## Expedition

When Khalid arrived at the destination he sent armed men on horses on all directions to proclaim to the people:

> Ye people! Embrace Islam, and ye Shall be safe. **\[Tabari Volume 9\]**

The remaining inhabitants agreed to convert, and Muhammad sent a despatch (official report), making it known that he was happy with the result.

It is mentioned by Tabari that Khalid ibn al-Walid, stayed with them to teach them Islam, then returned with a deputation of the tribe to Muhammad. Muhammad criticised the tribe for previously defending themselves against him when his followers attacked them, he said "You are the ones when driven away would push forward.", and then said that if they did not surrender when Khalid was sent to them, he would have cut their heads off, he said:

> "Had Khalid b. al-Walid not written to me that you had surrendered and had not fought, I would have thrown your heads underneath your feet."**\[Tabari Volume 9\]**

Muhammad then engaged in an argument with them about how they defeated previous tribes which attacked them.

## Islamic primary sources

The event is partly mentioned in the Quran verse 3:61

The event is also mentioned by the Muslim Jurist Tabari, as follows:

> The Messenger of God sent Khalid b. al-Walid in the month of Rabi' II, or Jumada I, in the year 10/631 to Banu al Harith b. Kab in Najran and ordered to invite them to Islam for three days before he fought them. If they should respond to him \[with the acceptance of Islam\], then he was to accept it from them, and to stay with them and teach them the Book of God, the sunnah of His prophet, and the requirements of Islam \[ma'alim al-islam), if they should decline then he was to fight them.
>
> Khalid departed and came to them, sending out riders in every direction inviting them to Islam and saying, "O people, accept Islam, and you will be safe." So they embraced Islam and responded to his call. Khalid stayed with them, teaching them Islam, the Book of God, and the sunnah of His prophet. Then Khalid wrote to the Messenger of God: "In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, to Muhammad the Prophet, the Messenger of God, from Khalid b. al-Walid. Peace be upon you, O Messenger of God, and God's mercy and blessings." The Messenger of God wrote to him:570 "In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, from Muhammad, the Prophet, the Messenger of God, to Khalid b. al-Walid. I praise God, the only God, unto you, the only God.
>
> Now then: O Messenger of God, God bless you. You sent me to the Banu al-Harith b Ka'b and ordered that when i came to them, I should not fight them for three days and that I should Invite them to Islam. \[You also ordered that\] if they accepted it, I should accept it from them and teach then the requirements of Islam. The Book of God and the Sunnah of His Prophet. If they did not accept Islam, I was to fight them. I came to them and invited them to Islam for three days as the Messenger of God commanded me, and I sent riders among them riders among them \[announcing\], 'O Banu al-Harith, embrace Islam, and you will be safe.' They have surrendered and did not fight, and I am staying in their midst ordering them \[to do\] what God has ordered, forbidding them from \[doing\] what God has forbidden, and teaching them the requirements of Islam and Sunnah of the Prophet, until the Messenger of God writes to me. Peace be upon you, O Messenger of God, and God's mercy and blessings.
>
> The Messenger of God wrote to him: "In the name of God the most compassionate the most merciful, from Muhammad, the Prophet, the Messenger of God, to Khalid b. al-Walid. Peace be upon you. I praise God, the only God, unto you. Now then: Your letter has reached me via a Messenger with news that the Banu al Harith \[b. Ka'b\] surrender before they fought and responded to your invitation of Islam and pronouncement (of the shahadah) that there is no God, except God alone, who has no associate and that Muhammad is His servant and His Messenger. God has guided them with His guidance, so give them good tidings and warn them and return, and let their deputation come with you. Peace be upon you, and God's mercy and His blessings." Then Khalid b. al-Walid came back to the Messenger of God and with him came the deputation of Banu al-Harith b. Ka'b. Qays b. al-Husayn b. Yazid b. Qanan Dhu al-Ghussah, Yazid b. 'Abd al-Madan,Yazid b. al-Muhajjal, 'Abdallah b. Qurayz , al- Ziyadi, Shadad b. Abdullah al-Qanani, and Amr b. Abdallah al-Dababi were among the delegation.
>
> When they came to the Messenger of God, he saw them and asked who those people were, because they looked like Indians. He was told that they were the Banu al-Harith b. Ka'b. When they stood before the Messenger of God, they greeted him and said, "We testify that you are the Messenger of God and that there is no god but Allah." He replied, "And I testify that there is no god but Allah, and that I am the Messenger of God". Then he said "You are the ones when driven away would push forward." They then became silent and none of them answered him. He repeated it three times and none of them replied.
>
> When he repeated it the fourth time Yazid b. 'Abd al-Madan replied, "Yes, O Messenger of God, we are the ones who, when driven away, pushed forward," and he repeated it four times. The Messenger of God said, "Had Khalid b. al-Walid not written to me that you had surrendered and had not fought, I would have thrown your heads underneath your feet."...
>
> **\[Tabari, Volume 9, The last Years of the Prophet 82-84\]**

Tabari said Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr was the narrator of the event. The information of the letters mentioned by Tabari in the above has also been collected by Muhammad Hamidullah (and he considers his letters authentic ). Muhammad Hamidullah collected 6 of Muhammad's letters whose original texts have been preserved, he compiled it in his French book *Six Originaux des letters diplomatiques du Prophete e l'Islam*. The translator of Tabari, The last Years of the Prophet, Isma'il Qurban Husayn, mentions in the footnote on page 83, that the letter mentioned by Tabari is also in the texts collected by Muhammad Hamidullah.

* Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), *The last years of the Prophet*, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-88706-691-7
* Hamidullah, Muhammad. *The life and work of the Prophet of Islam, Volume 1*. s.n. p. 279. ISBN 978-969-8413-00-2. Original from: University of Michigan. Note: Author wrote:
> “Maybe more will be known one day on the story of this precious document, and who has preserved it throughout centuries. In the present state of our knowledge, the trace of the tearing, the trace of the seald, the very old aspect of the greatest part of the writing greatest part of the writing and the conformity of the text with what the classical authors have cited incline us to believe it, at least for the time being, as **authentic**

about the letters he collected, throughout his book, he has sections called “The Original of the Letter” or similar.


title: Oz Bach

abstract: Paul Michael "Oz" Bach was an American folk musician and bassist for the 1960s group Spanky and Our Gang. Bach entered music in 1962 as a guitarist, singer and comedian, before switching to bass in 1963. He then played as a back-up musician for Fred Neil, Tom Paxton, Bob Gibson and Josh White. In 1965, Bach and his friend Nigel Pickering made the acquaintance of Elaine "Spanky" McFarlane, a singer from Chicago. The three later became Spanky and Our Gang. The trio released their eponymous debut album in 1967. He left the band prior to the release of their second album Like to Get to Know You in 1968. He then began to work as an arranger for Linda Ronstadt, Steve Miller and Sérgio Mendes. In the late sixties, Bach joined band such as Wings, Spooner Summit, and Tarantula. After 1972, Bach started a talk show in Florida and directed an award-winning short film "Froggy Went A-Courtin'" (1977). Bach died of cancer in September 1998. He was buried at the Blue Ridge Gardens of Memory Cemetery at Pisgah Forest, North Carolina. He was married four times and had seven children: Philip, Kelly, Kim, Jessica, Sarah, Belinda and Jonathan.

text:
# Oz Bach

**Paul Michael "Oz" Bach** (June 24, 1939 – September 21, 1998) was an American folk musician and bassist for the 1960s group Spanky and Our Gang.

Bach entered music in 1962 as a guitarist, singer and comedian, before switching to bass in 1963. He then played as a back-up musician for Fred Neil, Tom Paxton, Bob Gibson and Josh White. In 1965, Bach and his friend Nigel Pickering made the acquaintance of Elaine "Spanky" McFarlane, a singer from Chicago. The three later became Spanky and Our Gang. The trio released their eponymous debut album in 1967.

He left the band prior to the release of their second album *Like to Get to Know You* in 1968. He then began to work as an arranger for Linda Ronstadt, Steve Miller and Sérgio Mendes. In the late sixties, Bach joined band such as Wings, Spooner Summit, and Tarantula.

After 1972, Bach started a talk show in Florida and directed an award-winning short film "Froggy Went A-Courtin'" (1977).

Bach died of cancer in September 1998. He was buried at the Blue Ridge Gardens of Memory Cemetery at Pisgah Forest, North Carolina. He was married four times and had seven children: Philip, Kelly, Kim, Jessica, Sarah, Belinda and Jonathan.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Oz Bach | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Paul Michael Bach
(1939-06-24)June 24, 1939
Paw Paw, West Virginia |
| Died | September 21, 1998(1998-09-21) (aged 59)
Asheville, North Carolina |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Bass player for Spanky and Our Gang |


title: PK-16 Lower Dir-III

abstract: PK-16 Lower Dir-III is a constituency for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

text:
# PK-16 Lower Dir-III

**PK-16 Lower Dir-III** (پی کے-16 دیر زیریں-3) is a constituency for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

## Elections 2013

The following table shows the names of candidates, their parties and the votes they secured in the general elections held on May 11, 2013.

| Contesting Candidates | Party Affiliation | Votes Polled |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Muzafar Said | Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan | 14456 |
| Mehmood Zeb Khan | Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians | 9691 |
| Muhammad Ayoub Khan | Awami National Party | 7010 |
| Muhammad Inam Khan | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf | 6977 |
| Aayaz Ud Din | Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam (F) | 1996 |
| Farooq Iqbal Badshah | Pakistan Muslim League (N) | 1074 |
| Muhammad Nabi Shah | Independent | 121 |
| Bahadar Khan | Independent | 71 |
| Shah Khizar Khan | Independent | 52 |
| Habibullah | APML | 44 |

## InfoBox

| PK-16 Lower Dir-III | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency
for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly | |
|  | |
| Region | Timergara Tehsil, Rabat UC of Balambat Tehsil and Khadagzai of Lower Dir District |
| Current constituency | |
| Party | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf |
| Member(s) | Shafi Ullah |
| Created from | PK-94 Lower Dir-I (2002–2018)
PK-15 Lower Dir-III (2018–2023) |


title: WHCE

abstract: WHCE is a non-commercial Contemporary Hit Radio formatted broadcast radio station. The station is licensed to Highland Springs, Virginia and Metro Richmond in Virginia. WHCE is owned by Henrico County Public Schools and operated under their Henrico County Schools. On-air operations are handled by the students at the Advance Career Education Center at Highland Springs, which was previously called the Highland Springs Technical Center.

text:
# WHCE

**WHCE** is a non-commercial Contemporary Hit Radio formatted broadcast radio station. The station is licensed to Highland Springs, Virginia and Metro Richmond in Virginia. WHCE is owned by Henrico County Public Schools and operated under their Henrico County Schools.

On-air operations are handled by the students at the Advance Career Education Center at Highland Springs, which was previously called the Highland Springs Technical Center.

## InfoBox

WHCE
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Metro Richmond |
| Frequency | 91.1 FM MHz |
| Branding | Mix91fm |
| Programming | |
| Format | Contemporary Hit Radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| First air date | September 29, 1980 |
| Former call signs | WHCE-FM (1980–1981)
WHCE (1981–2003)
DWHCE (2003–2004)
WHCE (2004–Present) |
| Call sign meaning | Henrico County Education |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 26916 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 3,000 Watts |
| HAAT | 32 meters (105 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°32′18.50″N 77°19′25.90″W / 37.5384722°N 77.3238611°W / 37.5384722; -77.3238611 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | WHCE Webstream |
| Website | WHCE Online |


title: New Era (Cloudscape album)

abstract: New Era is a 2012 studio album by the Swedish metal band Cloudscape. It is the first album to feature the band's new lineup: Fredrik Joakimsson (drums), Håkan Nyander (bass) and Stefan Rosqvist (guitar). Two music videos were released to promote New Era. On the song "Share Your Energy", drummer Peter Wildoer guests on growls.

text:
# New Era (Cloudscape album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Imhotep |  |
| Stormbringer |  |

***New Era*** is a 2012 studio album by the Swedish metal band Cloudscape. It is the first album to feature the band's new lineup: Fredrik Joakimsson (drums), Håkan Nyander (bass) and Stefan Rosqvist (guitar). Two music videos (*Your Desire* and *Before Your Eyes*) were released to promote *New Era*. On the song "Share Your Energy", drummer Peter Wildoer guests on growls.

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Silver Ending" | M. Andersson/R. Landin | 05.30 |
| 2. | "Share Your Energy" | F. Joakimsson/M. Andersson | 03.38 |
| 3. | "Kingdom Of Sand" | M. Andersson/P. Svärd | 03.47 |
| 4. | "Pull The Brake" | F. Joakimsson/M. Andersson | 04.35 |
| 5. | "Seen It All Before" | M. Andersson | 06.40 |
| 6. | "Your Desire" | F. Joakimsson/M. Andersson | 05.41 |
| 7. | "Voyager 9" | F. Joakimsson/P. Svärd | 08.37 |
| 8. | "Simplicity...huh..." | M. Andersson | 03.44 |
| 9. | "Before Your Eyes" | M. Andersson | 05.41 |
| 10. | "Violet Eve" | F. Joakimsson/M. Andersson | 05.05 |
| 11. | "Into The Unknown" | F. Joakimsson/P. Svärd | 04.55 |
| 12. | "Heroes" | M. Andersson/R. Landin, M. Andersson | 04.30 |

## Personnel

* Mike Andersson - Lead & Backing Vocals
* Stefan Rosqvist - Guitars (Daniel Pålsson on album)
* Patrik Svärd - Guitars
* Håkan Nyander - Bass & Backing Vocals
* Fredrik Joakimsson - Drums & Percussion

## InfoBox

| New Era | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Cloudscape | |
| Released | 27 July 2012 |
| Recorded | Recorded at "RoastingHouse studio One" |
| Genre | Progressive metal, Power metal |
| Length | 58 Minutes |
| Label | Dead End Exit (EU)
Nightmare Records (U.S, Canada) |
| Producer | Theo Theander |
| Cloudscape chronology | |
| *Global Drama*
(2008) ***New Era***
(2012) *Touring Europe With A Blast From The Past*
(2014) | |