title: Genetic engineering techniques

abstract: Genetic engineering techniques allow the modification of animal and plant genomes. Techniques have been devised to insert, delete, and modify DNA at multiple levels, ranging from a specific base pair in a specific gene to entire genes. There are a number of steps that are followed before a genetically modified organism (GMO) is created. Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert, modify, or delete. The gene must then be isolated and incorporated, along with other genetic elements, into a suitable vector. This vector is then used to insert the gene into the host genome, creating a transgenic or edited organism. The ability to genetically engineer organisms is built on years of research and discovery on gene function and manipulation. Important advances included the discovery of restriction enzymes, DNA ligases, and the development of polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Added genes are often accompanied by promoter and terminator regions as well as a selectable marker gene. The added gene may itself be modified to make it express more efficiently. This vector is then inserted into the host organism's genome. For animals, the gene is typically inserted into embryonic stem cells, while in plants it can be inserted into any tissue that can be cultured into a fully developed plant. Tests are carried out on the modified organism to ensure stable integration, inheritance and expression. First generation offspring are heterozygous, requiring them to be inbred to create the homozygous pattern necessary for stable inheritance. Homozygosity must be confirmed in second generation specimens. Early techniques randomly inserted the genes into the genome. Advances allow targeting specific locations, which reduces unintended side effects. Early techniques relied on meganucleases and zinc finger nucleases. Since 2009 more accurate and easier systems to implement have been developed. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and the Cas9-guideRNA system are the two most common.

text:
# Genetic engineering techniques

**Genetic engineering techniques** allow the modification of animal and plant genomes. Techniques have been devised to insert, delete, and modify DNA at multiple levels, ranging from a specific base pair in a specific gene to entire genes. There are a number of steps that are followed before a genetically modified organism (GMO) is created. Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert, modify, or delete. The gene must then be isolated and incorporated, along with other genetic elements, into a suitable vector. This vector is then used to insert the gene into the host genome, creating a transgenic or edited organism.

The ability to genetically engineer organisms is built on years of research and discovery on gene function and manipulation. Important advances included the discovery of restriction enzymes, DNA ligases, and the development of polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.

Added genes are often accompanied by promoter and terminator regions as well as a selectable marker gene. The added gene may itself be modified to make it express more efficiently. This vector is then inserted into the host organism's genome. For animals, the gene is typically inserted into embryonic stem cells, while in plants it can be inserted into any tissue that can be cultured into a fully developed plant.

Tests are carried out on the modified organism to ensure stable integration, inheritance and expression. First generation offspring are heterozygous, requiring them to be inbred to create the homozygous pattern necessary for stable inheritance. Homozygosity must be confirmed in second generation specimens.

Early techniques randomly inserted the genes into the genome. Advances allow targeting specific locations, which reduces unintended side effects. Early techniques relied on meganucleases and zinc finger nucleases. Since 2009 more accurate and easier systems to implement have been developed. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and the Cas9-guideRNA system (adapted from CRISPR) are the two most common.

## History

Many different discoveries and advancements led to the development of genetic engineering. Human-directed genetic manipulation began with the domestication of plants and animals through artificial selection in about 12,000 BC. Various techniques were developed to aid in breeding and selection. Hybridization was one way rapid changes in an organism's genetic makeup could be introduced. Crop hybridization most likely first occurred when humans began growing genetically distinct individuals of related species in close proximity. Some plants were able to be propagated by vegetative cloning.

Genetic inheritance was first discovered by Gregor Mendel in 1865, following experiments crossing peas. In 1928 Frederick Griffith proved the existence of a "transforming principle" involved in inheritance, which was identified as DNA in 1944 by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. Frederick Sanger developed a method for sequencing DNA in 1977, greatly increasing the genetic information available to researchers.

After discovering the existence and properties of DNA, tools had to be developed that allowed it to be manipulated. In 1970 Hamilton Smiths lab discovered restriction enzymes, enabling scientists to isolate genes from an organism's genome. DNA ligases, which join broken DNA together, were discovered earlier in 1967. By combining the two enzymes it became possible to "cut and paste" DNA sequences to create recombinant DNA. Plasmids, discovered in 1952, became important tools for transferring information between cells and replicating DNA sequences. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified (replicated) and aided identification and isolation of genetic material.

As well as manipulating DNA, techniques had to be developed for its insertion into an organism's genome. Griffith's experiment had already shown that some bacteria had the ability to naturally uptake and express foreign DNA. Artificial competence was induced in *Escherichia coli* in 1970 by treating them with calcium chloride solution (CaCl2). Transformation using electroporation was developed in the late 1980s, increasing the efficiency and bacterial range. In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, *Agrobacterium tumefaciens*, had been discovered. In the early 1970s it was found that this bacteria inserted its DNA into plants using a Ti plasmid. By removing the genes in the plasmid that caused the tumor and adding in novel genes, researchers were able to infect plants with *A. tumefaciens* and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants.

## Choosing target genes

The first step is to identify the target gene or genes to insert into the host organism. This is driven by the goal for the resultant organism. In some cases only one or two genes are affected. For more complex objectives entire biosynthetic pathways involving multiple genes may be involved. Once found genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be inserted into bacteria for storage and modification, creating genetically modified bacteria in the process. Bacteria are cheap, easy to grow, clonal, multiply quickly, relatively easy to transform and can be stored at -80 °C almost indefinitely. Once a gene is isolated it can be stored inside the bacteria providing an unlimited supply for research.

Genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes followed by other tests that identify the best candidates. A simple screen involves randomly mutating DNA with chemicals or radiation and then selecting those that display the desired trait. For organisms where mutation is not practical, scientists instead look for individuals among the population who present the characteristic through naturally-occurring mutations. Processes that look at a phenotype and then try and identify the gene responsible are called forward genetics. The gene then needs to be mapped by comparing the inheritance of the phenotype with known genetic markers. Genes that are close together are likely to be inherited together.

Another option is reverse genetics. This approach involves targeting a specific gene with a mutation and then observing what phenotype develops. The mutation can be designed to inactivate the gene or only allow it to become active under certain conditions. Conditional mutations are useful for identifying genes that are normally lethal if non-functional. As genes with similar functions share similar sequences (homologous) it is possible to predict the likely function of a gene by comparing its sequence to that of well-studied genes from model organisms. The development of microarrays, transcriptomes and genome sequencing has made it much easier to find desirable genes.

The bacteria *Bacillus thuringiensis* was first discovered in 1901 as the causative agent in the death of silkworms. Due to these insecticidal properties, the bacteria was used as a biological insecticide, developed commercially in 1938. The cry proteins were discovered to provide the insecticidal activity in 1956, and by the 1980s, scientists had successfully cloned the gene that encodes this protein and expressed it in plants. The gene that provides resistance to the herbicide glyphosate was found after seven years of searching in bacteria living in the outflow pipe of a Monsanto RoundUp manufacturing facility. In animals, the majority of genes used are growth hormone genes.

## Gene manipulation

All genetic engineering processes involve the modification of DNA. Traditionally DNA was isolated from the cells of organisms. Later, genes came to be cloned from a DNA segment after the creation of a DNA library or artificially synthesised. Once isolated, additional genetic elements are added to the gene to allow it to be expressed in the host organism and to aid selection.

### Extraction from cells

First the cell must be gently opened, exposing the DNA without causing too much damage to it. The methods used vary depending on the type of cell. Once it is open, the DNA must be separated from the other cellular components. A ruptured cell contains proteins and other cell debris. By mixing with phenol and/or chloroform, followed by centrifuging, the nucleic acids can be separated from this debris into an upper aqueous phase. This aqueous phase can be removed and further purified if necessary by repeating the phenol-chloroform steps. The nucleic acids can then be precipitated from the aqueous solution using ethanol or isopropanol. Any RNA can be removed by adding a ribonuclease that will degrade it. Many companies now sell kits that simplify the process.

### Gene isolation

The gene researchers are looking to modify (known as the gene of interest) must be separated from the extracted DNA. If the sequence is not known then a common method is to break the DNA up with a random digestion method. This is usually accomplished using restriction enzymes (enzymes that cut DNA). A partial restriction digest cuts only some of the restriction sites, resulting in overlapping DNA fragment segments. The DNA fragments are put into individual plasmid vectors and grown inside bacteria. Once in the bacteria the plasmid is copied as the bacteria divides. To determine if a useful gene is present in a particular fragment, the DNA library is screened for the desired phenotype. If the phenotype is detected then it is possible that the bacteria contains the target gene.

If the gene does not have a detectable phenotype or a DNA library does not contain the correct gene, other methods must be used to isolate it. If the position of the gene can be determined using molecular markers then chromosome walking is one way to isolate the correct DNA fragment. If the gene expresses close homology to a known gene in another species, then it could be isolated by searching for genes in the library that closely match the known gene.

For known DNA sequences, restriction enzymes that cut the DNA on either side of the gene can be used. Gel electrophoresis then sorts the fragments according to length. Some gels can separate sequences that differ by a single base-pair. The DNA can be visualised by staining it with ethidium bromide and photographing under UV light. A marker with fragments of known lengths can be laid alongside the DNA to estimate the size of each band. The DNA band at the correct size should contain the gene, where it can be excised from the gel. Another technique to isolate genes of known sequences involves polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR is a powerful tool that can amplify a given sequence, which can then be isolated through gel electrophoresis. Its effectiveness drops with larger genes and it has the potential to introduce errors into the sequence.

It is possible to artificially synthesise genes. Some synthetic sequences are available commercially, forgoing many of these early steps.

### Modification

The gene to be inserted must be combined with other genetic elements in order for it to work properly. The gene can be modified at this stage for better expression or effectiveness. As well as the gene to be inserted most constructs contain a promoter and terminator region as well as a selectable marker gene. The promoter region initiates transcription of the gene and can be used to control the location and level of gene expression, while the terminator region ends transcription. A selectable marker, which in most cases confers antibiotic resistance to the organism it is expressed in, is used to determine which cells are transformed with the new gene. The constructs are made using recombinant DNA techniques, such as restriction digests, ligations and molecular cloning.

## Inserting DNA into the host genome

Once the gene is constructed it must be stably integrated into the genome of the target organism or exist as extrachromosomal DNA. There are a number of techniques available for inserting the gene into the host genome and they vary depending on the type of organism targeted. In multicellular eukaryotes, if the transgene is incorporated into the host's germline cells, the resulting host cell can pass the transgene to its progeny. If the transgene is incorporated into somatic cells, the transgene can not be inherited.

### Transformation

Transformation is the direct alteration of a cell's genetic components by passing the genetic material through the cell membrane. About 1% of bacteria are naturally able to take up foreign DNA, but this ability can be induced in other bacteria. Stressing the bacteria with a heat shock or electroporation can make the cell membrane permeable to DNA that may then be incorporated into the genome or exist as extrachromosomal DNA. Typically the cells are incubated in a solution containing divalent cations (often calcium chloride) under cold conditions, before being exposed to a heat pulse (heat shock). Calcium chloride partially disrupts the cell membrane, which allows the recombinant DNA to enter the host cell. It is suggested that exposing the cells to divalent cations in cold condition may change or weaken the cell surface structure, making it more permeable to DNA. The heat-pulse is thought to create a thermal imbalance across the cell membrane, which forces the DNA to enter the cells through either cell pores or the damaged cell wall. Electroporation is another method of promoting competence. In this method the cells are briefly shocked with an electric field of 10-20 kV/cm, which is thought to create holes in the cell membrane through which the plasmid DNA may enter. After the electric shock, the holes are rapidly closed by the cell's membrane-repair mechanisms. Up-taken DNA can either integrate with the bacterials genome or, more commonly, exist as extrachromosomal DNA.

In plants the DNA is often inserted using *Agrobacterium*-mediated recombination, taking advantage of the *Agrobacterium*s T-DNA sequence that allows natural insertion of genetic material into plant cells. Plant tissue are cut into small pieces and soaked in a fluid containing suspended *Agrobacterium*. The bacteria will attach to many of the plant cells exposed by the cuts. The bacteria uses conjugation to transfer a DNA segment called T-DNA from its plasmid into the plant. The transferred DNA is piloted to the plant cell nucleus and integrated into the host plants genomic DNA.The plasmid T-DNA is integrated semi-randomly into the genome of the host cell.

By modifying the plasmid to express the gene of interest, researchers can insert their chosen gene stably into the plants genome. The only essential parts of the T-DNA are its two small (25 base pair) border repeats, at least one of which is needed for plant transformation. The genes to be introduced into the plant are cloned into a plant transformation vector that contains the T-DNA region of the plasmid. An alternative method is agroinfiltration.

Another method used to transform plant cells is biolistics, where particles of gold or tungsten are coated with DNA and then shot into young plant cells or plant embryos. Some genetic material enters the cells and transforms them. This method can be used on plants that are not susceptible to *Agrobacterium* infection and also allows transformation of plant plastids. Plants cells can also be transformed using electroporation, which uses an electric shock to make the cell membrane permeable to plasmid DNA. Due to the damage caused to the cells and DNA the transformation efficiency of biolistics and electroporation is lower than agrobacterial transformation.

### Transfection

Transformation has a different meaning in relation to animals, indicating progression to a cancerous state, so the process used to insert foreign DNA into animal cells is usually called transfection. There are many ways to directly introduce DNA into animal cells *in vitro*. Often these cells are stem cells that are used for gene therapy. Chemical based methods uses natural or synthetic compounds to form particles that facilitate the transfer of genes into cells. These synthetic vectors have the ability to bind DNA and accommodate large genetic transfers. One of the simplest methods involves using calcium phosphate to bind the DNA and then exposing it to cultured cells. The solution, along with the DNA, is encapsulated by the cells. Liposomes and polymers can be used as vectors to deliver DNA into cultured animal cells. Positively charged liposomes bind with DNA, while polymers can designed that interact with DNA. They form lipoplexes and polyplexes respectively, which are then up-taken by the cells. Other techniques include using electroporation and biolistics. In some cases, transfected cells may stably integrate external DNA into their own genome, this process is known as stable transfection.

To create transgenic animals the DNA must be inserted into viable embryos or eggs. This is usually accomplished using microinjection, where DNA is injected through the cell's nuclear envelope directly into the nucleus. Superovulated fertilised eggs are collected at the single cell stage and cultured *in vitro*. When the pronuclei from the sperm head and egg are visible through the protoplasm the genetic material is injected into one of them. The oocyte is then implanted in the oviduct of a pseudopregnant animal. Another method is Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer. The gene is transfected into embryonic stem cells and then they are inserted into mouse blastocysts that are then implanted into foster mothers. The resulting offspring are chimeric, and further mating can produce mice fully transgenic with the gene of interest.

### Transduction

Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. Genetically modified viruses can be used as viral vectors to transfer target genes to another organism in gene therapy. First the virulent genes are removed from the virus and the target genes are inserted instead. The sequences that allow the virus to insert the genes into the host organism must be left intact. Popular virus vectors are developed from retroviruses or adenoviruses. Other viruses used as vectors include, lentiviruses, pox viruses and herpes viruses. The type of virus used will depend on the cells targeted and whether the DNA is to be altered permanently or temporarily.

### Regeneration

As often only a single cell is transformed with genetic material, the organism must be regenerated from that single cell. In plants this is accomplished through the use of tissue culture. Each plant species has different requirements for successful regeneration. If successful, the technique produces an adult plant that contains the transgene in every cell. In animals it is necessary to ensure that the inserted DNA is present in the embryonic stem cells. Offspring can be screened for the gene. All offspring from the first generation are heterozygous for the inserted gene and must be inbred to produce a homozygous specimen. Bacteria consist of a single cell and reproduce clonally so regeneration is not necessary. Selectable markers are used to easily differentiate transformed from untransformed cells.

Cells that have been successfully transformed with the DNA contain the marker gene, while those not transformed will not. By growing the cells in the presence of an antibiotic or chemical that selects or marks the cells expressing that gene, it is possible to separate modified from unmodified cells. Another screening method involves a DNA probe that sticks only to the inserted gene. These markers are usually present in the transgenic organism, although a number of strategies have been developed that can remove the selectable marker from the mature transgenic plant.

### Confirmation

Finding that a recombinant organism contains the inserted genes is not usually sufficient to ensure that they will be appropriately expressed in the intended tissues. Further testing using PCR, Southern hybridization, and DNA sequencing is conducted to confirm that an organism contains the new gene. These tests can also confirm the chromosomal location and copy number of the inserted gene. Once confirmed methods that look for and measure the gene products (RNA and protein) are also used to assess gene expression, transcription, RNA processing patterns and expression and localization of protein product(s). These include northern hybridisation, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, ELISA and phenotypic analysis. When appropriate, the organism's offspring are studied to confirm that the transgene and associated phenotype are stably inherited.

## Gene insertion targeting

Traditional methods of genetic engineering generally insert the new genetic material randomly within the host genome. This can impair or alter other genes within the organism. Methods were developed that inserted the new genetic material into specific sites within an organism genome. Early methods that targeted genes at certain sites within a genome relied on homologous recombination (HR). By creating DNA constructs that contain a template that matches the targeted genome sequence, it is possible that the HR processes within the cell will insert the construct at the desired location. Using this method on embryonic stem cells led to the development of transgenic mice with targeted knocked out. It has also been possible to knock in genes or alter gene expression patterns.

If a vital gene is knocked out it can prove lethal to the organism. In order to study the function of these genes, site specific recombinases (SSR) were used. The two most common types are the Cre-LoxP and Flp-FRT systems. Cre recombinase is an enzyme that removes DNA by homologous recombination between binding sequences known as Lox-P sites. The Flip-FRT system operates in a similar way, with the Flip recombinase recognizing FRT sequences. By crossing an organism containing the recombinase sites flanking the gene of interest with an organism that expresses the SSR under control of tissue specific promoters, it is possible to knock out or switch on genes only in certain cells. This has also been used to remove marker genes from transgenic animals. Further modifications of these systems allowed researchers to induce recombination only under certain conditions, allowing genes to be knocked out or expressed at desired times or stages of development.

Genome editing uses artificially engineered nucleases that create specific double-stranded breaks at desired locations in the genome. The breaks are subject to cellular DNA repair processes that can be exploited for targeted gene knock-out, correction or insertion at high frequencies. If a donor DNA containing the appropriate sequence (homologies) is present, then new genetic material containing the transgene will be integrated at the targeted site with high efficiency by homologous recombination. There are four families of engineered nucleases: meganucleases, ZFNs, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), the CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPRassociated protein (e.g. CRISPR/Cas9). Among the four types, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas are the two most commonly used. Recent advances have looked at combining multiple systems to exploit the best features of both (e.g. megaTAL that are a fusion of a TALE DNA binding domain and a meganuclease). Recent research has also focused on developing strategies to create gene knock-out or corrections without creating double stranded breaks (base editors).

### Meganucleases and Zinc finger nucleases

Meganucleases were first used in 1988 in mammalian cells. Meganucleases are endodeoxyribonucleases that function as restriction enzymes with long recognition sites, making them more specific to their target site than other restriction enzymes. This increases their specificity and reduces their toxicity as they will not target as many sites within a genome. The most studied meganucleases are the LAGLIDADG family. While meganucleases are still quite susceptible to off-target binding, which makes them less attractive than other gene editing tools, their smaller size still makes them attractive particularly for viral vectorization perspectives.

Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), used for the first time in 1996, are typically created through the fusion of Zinc-finger domains and the *Fok*I nuclease domain. ZFNs have thus the ability to cleave DNA at target sites. By engineering the zinc finger domain to target a specific site within the genome, it is possible to edit the genomic sequence at the desired location. ZFNs have a greater specificity, but still hold the potential to bind to non-specific sequences.. While a certain amount of off-target cleavage is acceptable for creating transgenic model organisms, they might not be optimal for all human gene therapy treatments.

### TALEN and CRISPR

Access to the code governing the DNA recognition by transcription activator-like effectors (TALE) in 2009 opened the way to the development of a new class of efficient TAL-based gene editing tools. TALE, proteins secreted by the Xanthomonas plant pathogen, bind with great specificity to genes within the plant host and initiate transcription of the genes helping infection. Engineering TALE by fusing the DNA binding core to the *Fok*I nuclease catalytic domain allowed creation of a new tool of designer nucleases, the TALE nuclease (TALEN). They have one of the greatest specificities of all the current engineered nucleases. Due to the presence of repeat sequences, they are difficult to construct through standard molecular biology procedure and rely on more complicated method of such as Golden gate cloning.

In 2011, another major breakthrough technology was developed based on CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat / CRISPR associated protein) systems that function as an adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea. The CRISPR/Cas system allows bacteria and archaea to fight against invading viruses by cleaving viral DNA and inserting pieces of that DNA into their own genome. The organism then transcribes this DNA into RNA and combines this RNA with Cas9 proteins to make double-stranded breaks in the invading viral DNA. The RNA serves as a guide RNA to direct the Cas9 enzyme to the correct spot in the virus DNA. By pairing Cas proteins with a designed guide RNA CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to induce double-stranded breaks at specific points within DNA sequences. The break gets repaired by cellular DNA repair enzymes, creating a small insertion/deletion type mutation in most cases. Targeted DNA repair is possible by providing a donor DNA template that represents the desired change and that is (sometimes) used for double-strand break repair by homologous recombination. It was later demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 can edit human cells in a dish. Although the early generation lacks the specificity of TALEN, the major advantage of this technology is the simplicity of the design. It also allows multiple sites to be targeted simultaneously, allowing the editing of multiple genes at once. CRISPR/Cpf1 is a more recently discovered system that requires a different guide RNA to create particular double-stranded breaks (leaves overhangs when cleaving the DNA) when compared to CRISPR/Cas9.

CRISPR/Cas9 is efficient at gene disruption. The creation of HIV-resistant babies by Chinese researcher He Jiankui is perhaps the most famous example of gene disruption using this method. It is far less effective at gene correction. Methods of base editing are under development in which a “nuclease-dead” Cas 9 endonuclease or a related enzyme is used for gene targeting while a linked deaminase enzyme makes a targeted base change in the DNA. The most recent refinement of CRISPR-Cas9 is called Prime Editing. This method links a reverse transcriptase to an RNA-guided engineered nuclease that only makes single-strand cuts but no double-strand breaks. It replaces the portion of DNA next to the cut by the successive action of nuclease and reverse transcriptase, introducing the desired change from an RNA template.


title: Vietnam International Challenge

abstract: The Vietnam International Challenge, formerly Vietnam Satellite and Hanoi International, is an international badminton tournament held in Vietnam. This tournament has been an International Challenge level since 2008. Another tournament named Vietnam International Series established in 2014, and Vietnam Open established in 1996.

text:
# Vietnam International Challenge

The **Vietnam International Challenge**, formerly **Vietnam Satellite** and **Hanoi International**, is an international badminton tournament held in Vietnam. This tournament has been an International Challenge level since 2008. Another tournament named Vietnam International Series established in 2014, and Vietnam Open established in 1996.

## Previous winners

| Year | Men's singles | Women's singles | Men's doubles | Women's doubles | Mixed doubles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Tam Lok Tin | Chien Yu-chin | Liu Kwok Wa
Wong Tsz Yin | Chen Yueh-ying
Tsai Chia-chun | Chen Yuan-ting
Tsai Chia-chun |
| 2002 | Jakrapan Thanathiratham | Wu Huimin | Hendri Saputra
Denny Setiawan | Wu Huimin
Wu Ying | Sudket Prapakamol
Salakjit Ponsana |
| 2004 | Ahn Hyun-suk | Silvi Antarini | Rian Sukmawan
Yoga Ukikasah | Duanganong Aroonkesorn
Kunchala Voravichitchaikul | Nuttaphon Narkthong
Kunchala Voravichitchaikul |
| 2005 | Simon Santoso | Sujitra Ekmongkolpaisarn | Gan Teik Chai
Mohd Zakry Abdul Latif | Ha Jung-eun
Oh Seul-ki | Hwang Ji-man
Oh Seul-ki |
| 2006 | Nguyễn Tiến Minh | Jang Soo-young | Sudket Prapakamol
Patapol Ngernsrisuk | Kim Min-jung
Oh Seul-ki | Songphon Anugritayawon
Kunchala Voravichitchaikul |
| 2007 | Tan Chun Seang | Tracey Hallam | Mohammad Ahsan
Bona Septano | Yulianti
Richi Puspita Dili | Tri Kusharjanto
Yunita Tetty |
| 2008 | Nguyễn Tiến Minh | Lyddia Cheah | Hong Chieng Hun
Ng Kean Kok | Frances Liu
Vanessa Neo | Lim Khim Wah
Ng Hui Lin |
| 2009 | | Ratchanok Intanon | Takeshi Kamura
Takuma Ueda | Pia Zebadiah Bernadet
Debby Susanto | Tontowi Ahmad
Richi Puspita Dili |
| 2010 | Hsueh Hsuan-yi | Lee Hyun-jin | Goh Wei Shem
Teo Kok Siang | Jung Kyung-eun
Yoo Hyun-young | Hendri Saputra
Vanessa Neo |
| 2011 | Lee Dong-keun | Tee Jing Yi | Fernando Kurniawan
Wifqi Windarto | Choi Hye-in
Lee Se-rang | Patipat Chalardchaleam
Savitree Amitrapai |
| 2012 | Derek Wong | Nitchaon Jindapol | Ricky Karanda Suwardi
Muhammad Ulinnuha | Pia Zebadiah Bernadet
Rizki Amelia Pradipta | Hafiz Faizal
Pia Zebadiah Bernadet |
| 2013 | Chan Kwong Beng | Hanna Ramadini | Liao Min-chun
Yang Po-han | Narissapat Lam
Puttita Supajirakul | Chan Yun Lung
Tse Ying Suet |
| 2014 | Nguyễn Tiến Minh | Hung Shih-han | Selvanus Geh
Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo | Yano Chiemi
Yumiko Nishiyama | Alfian Eko Prasetya
Annisa Saufika |
| 2015 | Firman Abdul Kholik | Kana Itō | Lu Ching-yao
Tien Tzu-chieh | Anggia Shitta Awanda
Ni Ketut Mahadewi Istarani | Fran Kurniawan
Komala Dewi |
| 2016 | Nguyễn Tiến Minh | Vũ Thị Trang | Ong Yew Sin
Teo Ee Yi | Yuki Fukushima
Chiharu Shida | Yuta Watanabe
Arisa Higashino |
| 2017 | | Pornpawee Chochuwong | Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
Chirag Shetty | Erina Honda
Nozomi Shimizu | Shi Longfei
Tang Pingyang |
| 2018 | Kento Momota | Dinar Dyah Ayustine | Maneepong Jongjit
Nanthakarn Yordphaisong | Baek Ha-na
Lee Yu-rim | Đỗ Tuấn Đức
Phạm Như Thảo |
| 2019 | Firman Abdul Kholik | Hirari Mizui | Kenas Adi Haryanto
Rian Agung Saputro | Nita Violina Marwah
Putri Syaikah | Hiroki Midorikawa
Natsu Saito |
| 2020 | *Cancelled* | | | | |
| 2021 | *Cancelled* | | | | |
| 2022 | *Cancelled* | | | | |
| 2023 | Takuma Obayashi | Nguyễn Thùy Linh | Jin Yong
Na Sung-seung | Lee Yu-lim
Shin Seung-chan | Jafar Hidayatullah
Aisyah Salsabila Putri Pranata |
| 2024 | Huang Ping-hsien | Sim Yu-jin | Chiu Hsiang-chieh
Liu Kuang-heng | Laksika Kanlaha
Phataimas Muenwong | Pakkapon Teeraratsakul
Phataimas Muenwong |

## Performances by nation

*As of the 2024 edition*

| Rank | Nation | MS | WS | MD | WD | XD | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Indonesia | 3 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 6 | **24** |
| 2 | Thailand | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 5 | **15** |
| 3 | South Korea | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 1 | **13** |
| 4 | Japan | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | **10** |
| 5 | Chinese Taipei | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | **9** |
| | Malaysia | 2 | 2 | 4 |  | 1 | **9** |
| | Vietnam | 6 | 2 |  |  | 1 | **9** |
| 8 | China |  | 1 |  | 1 | 1 | **3** |
| | Hong Kong | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 | **3** |
| | Singapore | 1 |  |  | 1 | 1 | **3** |
| 11 | England |  | 1 |  |  |  | **1** |
| | India |  |  | 1 |  |  | **1** |
| Total | | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 100 |

1. 2000 winners
2. 2002 winners
3. 2004 winners
4. 2005 winners
5. 2007 winners
6. 2008 winners
7. 2009 winners
8. 2010 winners
9. 2011 winners
10. 2012 winners
11. 2013 winners
12. 2014 winners
13. 2015 winners
14. 2016 winners
15. 2017 winners
16. 2018 winners
17. 2019 winners
18. 2020
19. "BWF Statement on Postponement of Vietnam International Challenge". *bwfbadminton.com*. Badminton World Federation. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
20. 2021
21. 2022
22. 2023 winners
23. CIPUTRA HANOI - YONEX SUNRISE Vietnam International Challenge 2024 winners


title: Mykola Hordiychuk

abstract: Mykola Hordiychuk is a retired Ukrainian weightlifter. He competed in the men's heavyweight event at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He lifted in total 395.0 kg and originally finished 11th but his result was subsequently annulled. Later he served disqualification for doping abuse.

text:
# Mykola Hordiychuk

**Mykola Hordiychuk** (born 5 February 1983) is a retired Ukrainian weightlifter. He competed in the men's heavyweight event at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He lifted in total 395.0 kg and originally finished 11th but his result was subsequently annulled. Later he served disqualification for doping abuse.

## InfoBox

Mykola Hordiychuk
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Ukrainian |
| Born | (1983-02-05) 5 February 1983<br>Magnitogorsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Weightlifting |
| Medal record      Men's weightlifting  Representing  Ukraine  Summer Universiade  2011 Shenzhen −105 kg | |


title: Wang Du (artist)

abstract: Wang Du is a contemporary Chinese artist who focuses on three-dimensional painted objects. Traditionally trained in Guangzhou, he now lives and has his studio in Paris. His works show strong influences of contemporary Western art and culture, and represent his own notions of modernity and development, and his personal relationship with both China and the West.

text:
# Wang Du (artist)

**Wang Du** (Chinese: 王度, born 1956) is a contemporary Chinese artist who focuses on three-dimensional painted objects. Traditionally trained in Guangzhou, he now lives and has his studio in Paris. His works show strong influences of contemporary Western art and culture, and represent his own notions of modernity and development, and his personal relationship with both China and the West.

## Biography

Born in Wuhan, in Hubei Province, the son of a factory manager, Wang sketched and painted from a very young age, beginning to work for the Cultural Revolution government at the age of sixteen. He produced posters and painted interiors while working in mines and a steel company, while exercising his creative skills and ideas privately. He had his first exhibition in 1976, at the age of 20, the year that Mao Zedong died. Moving to Guangzhou, Wang took the entrance exams for university and failed them in 1977, but succeeded in 1981 and enrolled at the Guangzhou Institute of Fine Arts.

Though offered a diverse program in both traditional Chinese and Western art, Wang desired to broaden his horizons further. His experience, like that of many artists, during the Cultural Revolution was one of copying and producing propaganda, not of expressing or exercising creativity, and this mode of artistic education was simply too traditional for him. As China continued to open to public expression and greater freedoms for artists, Wang left university in 1985, without graduating.

Amidst a growing, burgeoning artistic community, Wang founded a group called "Southern," along with a number of other artists and intellectuals, to share in one another's work, and to engage in intellectual discussion. Together, they organized performances, and a wide variety of other artistic and intellectual works. He also organized talks at the local library, inviting a variety of speakers to lecture on a monthly basis, until, in late 1987, an agent of the Ministry of the Interior who had been attending his lectures warned him to stop. He complied, fearing that if he did not, he could be imprisoned.

Two years later, after speaking out against corruption, he was arrested and imprisoned for nine months, after which he left for Paris, having married a French journalist he met in Guangzhou. He began to produce and exhibit art there, and gained a number of connections in the French art world through his wife. In 1992, at an exhibition in Switzerland, he was strongly influenced by the work of Jeffrey Deitch, and wrote about it in the first issue of a self-titled magazine, describing the intriguing notions Deitch's work evoked about humanity's artificial and rapid evolution, modern-day science having far more of an effect on society than history and traditional culture.

One of his major exhibitions which came shortly afterwards reflected his difficulties in adjusting to French (and European and Western) society and culture, and involved three-dimensional painted objects drawn from images of his daily life in Paris. The influence of Deitch's *Post Human* exhibition was revealed in an exhibition by Wang in 1997, which featured sculptures or statues of nude figures who represented, Wang said, the people of the future, who enjoy the ability, through biotechnology, to redesign their bodies as they choose.

## Art

These would be the first of many similar pieces created by Wang, human figures which represent gender play, and a more general play with the human form as a whole. Some of his figures are genderless, some decidedly female with grossly enlarged breasts, or highly muscular male figures. Many, whether sitting on the ground or suspended in the air, are cut off at the legs, or at the torso. One of his more famous pieces, perhaps, is of a young Chinese boy, only his upper half, pulling back on a slingshot, his forward hand greatly enlarged so as to indicate a play with foreshortening and perspective.

Another exhibition, created in the same year and toured around the world, was called *Cities on the Move*. In this, Wang experimented with concepts related to modern advertising and subliminal experiences. The exhibition included sculpture statues of prostitutes hidden around unexpected corners of the gallery, and watchtowers in the style of the Great Wall of China which emitted a myriad of background soundtracks, conversations and the like recorded by Wang in restaurants, karaoke bars, trains, and various other places around China.

Much of his work since then has focused on the relationship between the media and the public consciousness, and on the artificial controls and manipulation imposed by the media. He has been quoted as saying "I organize my projects just like the media do with reality." An exhibition called *Disposable Reality* and presented in 2000 features a number of his three-dimensional creations, derived directly out of magazine images also displayed in the gallery. These range from an American father and son at a shooting gallery to a nude blonde in front of a computer tuned to a porn website to snow leopards, Jacques Chirac, Jiang Zemin, and a Lebanese soldier bearing an AK-47.

His latest works have turned to large-scale sculptures representing crumpled up newspaper, either en masse in trash cans, buildings or other repositories, or individually, in giant exploded versions of ordinary, everyday trash.

## Solo exhibitions (selection)

## Group exhibitions (selection)

## Secondary literature

* Uta Grosenick, Caspar Schübbe (Editor): *China Art* (English / German / Chinese). Dumont, Köln 2007, ISBN 3-8321-7769-8
* Joachim Peter Kastner (Editor): *Wang Du. China Daily, Services top task for Games*. Skulpturensammlung Viersen. Viersen 2010, ISBN 978-3-9813463-1-2

* Nuridsany, Michel. China Art Now. Paris: Editions Flammarion, 2004. pp62–73.


title: Minnesota State Highway 218

abstract: Minnesota State Highway 218 was a highway that originally ran from U.S. Route 218 in St. Paul to U.S. Route 210 in Brainerd. In 1935, it was extended south to Owatonna along the former route of U.S. 218. Around 1949, it was extended north of Brainerd to Merrifield.

text:
# Minnesota State Highway 218

**Minnesota State Highway 218** was a highway that originally ran from U.S. Route 218 in St. Paul to U.S. Route 210 in Brainerd. In 1935, it was extended south to Owatonna along the former route of U.S. 218. Around 1949, it was extended north of Brainerd to Merrifield.

## Route description

Highway 218 ran generally north-south, passing through Brainerd, Pierz, Foley, Becker, Big Lake, Elk River, Anoka, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Rosemount, Farmington, Northfield, Faribault, and Owatonna.

It ran concurrent with U.S. Routes 10, 12, and 52 at various points between St. Paul and Becker.

The route ran through the counties of Rice, Dakota, Ramsey, Hennepin, Anoka, Sherburne, Benton, Morrison, and Crow Wing.

## History

State Highway 218 was authorized in 1933 from St. Paul to Brainerd. In 1935, U.S. Route 218 was truncated to end in Owatonna, and the MN-218 designation was extended along this route.

In 1949, it was extended north of Brainerd to the town of Merrifield.

The route was decommissioned in 1961. The bulk of the road south of St. Paul became State Highway 3, and most of the route north of Becker became State Highway 25.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Steele | Owatonna | 0 | 0.0 | US 14 / US 65 | Southern end of US 65 overlap |
| Rice | Walcott Township | 10 | 16 | US 65 | Northern end of US 65 overlap |
| | Faribault | 15 | 24 | MN 60 |  |
| | 17 | 27 | MN 21 |  |
| | Northfield | 32 | 51 | MN 19 |  |
| Dakota | Farmington | 45 | 72 | MN 50 | Southern end of MN 50 overlap |
| | | 46 | 74 | MN 50 | Northern end of MN 50 overlap |
| | Wescott | 59 | 95 | MN 49 |  |
| |  | 62 | 100 | US 52 / MN 55 | Southern end of US 52 overlap |
| |  | 66 | 106 | MN 100 |  |
| Ramsey | St. Paul | 71 | 114 | US 52 (Robert Street) / MN 56 (Concord Street) | Northern end of US 52 overlap |
| | |  |  | MN 5 (Kellogg Boulevard) |  |
| | |  |  | US 212 (8th Street) |  |
| | |  |  | US 12 / US 52 / MN 56 (University Avenue) / US 10 (Marion Avenue) | Eastern end of US 12 / US 52 / MN 56 overlap |
| | |  |  | MN 51 (Snelling Avenue) |  |
| Hennepin | Minneapolis |  |  | MN 56 (University Avenue) | Western end of MN 56 overlap |
| | |  |  | Washington Avenue Bridge over the Mississippi River | |
| | |  |  | MN 36 (Cedar Avenue) |  |
| | |  |  | US 65 south,  US 8 north (3rd Avenue S.) |  |
| | |  |  | US 12 (Hennepin Avenue) | Western end of US 12 overlap |
| | |  |  | MN 152 (Washington Avenue) |  |
| | |  |  | US 169 (Lyndale Avenue) |  |
| | |  |  | MN 278 (Lowry Avenue) | Southern end of MN 278 overlap |
| | Robbinsdale |  |  | MN 278 (36th Avenue N.) | Northern end of MN 278 overlap |
| |  |  | MN 100 |  |
| | Brooklyn Park |  |  | MN 152 | Southern end of MN 152 overlap |
| | Osseo |  |  | MN 152 | Northern end of MN 152 overlap |
| | Champlin |  |  | US 169 | Southern end of US 169 overlap |
| Mississippi River | |  |  | Anoka–Champlin Mississippi River Bridge | |
| Anoka | Anoka |  |  | US 10 / MN 56 | Eastern end of US 10 overlap |
| Sherburne | Elk River |  |  | US 169 north,  MN 101 south | Northern end of US 169 overlap |
| | Big Lake |  |  | MN 25 |  |
| | Becker |  |  | US 10 / US 52 | Western end of US 10 / 52 overlap |
| Benton | Glendorado Township |  |  | MN 95 | Eastern end of MN 95 overlap |
| | St. George Township |  |  | MN 95 | Western end of MN 95 overlap |
| | Foley |  |  | MN 23 |  |
| Morrison | Genola |  |  | MN 27 | Southern end of MN 27 overlap |
| | Buh Township |  |  | MN 27 | Northern end of MN 27 overlap |
| Crow Wing | Brainerd |  |  | MN 18 |  |
| | |  |  | US 210 |  |
| | |  |  | Mississippi River | |
| | Merrifield |  |  | CR 3 |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Minnesota State Highway 218KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Trunk Highway 218 | |
| --- | --- |
| MN 218 highlighted in red over a modern map | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MnDOT | |
| Length | 189 mi (304 km) |
| Existed | 1933–1961 |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 65 in Owatonna |
| North end | CR 3 in Merrifield |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Minnesota Trunk Highway System** | |


title: 1933 Tampico hurricane

abstract: The 1933 Tampico hurricane was a deadly tropical cyclone late in the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the second system of the season to reach Category 5‑equivalent intensity on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. It developed on September 16 near the Lesser Antilles, and slowly intensified while moving across the Caribbean Sea. Becoming a hurricane on September 19, its strengthening rate increased while passing south of Jamaica. Two days later, the hurricane reached peak winds, estimated at 160 mph (260 km/h). After weakening, it made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula, destroying several houses. One person was killed offshore Progreso, Yucatán during the storm. Over land, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm, although it re-intensified slightly in the Gulf of Mexico. On September 25, it made a second landfall just south of Tampico, Tamaulipas with winds at around 110 mph (180 km/h), and it quickly dissipated over land. Damage was heaviest there, estimated at $5 million (1933 USD) and there were hundreds of deaths. About 75% of the houses in Tampico were damaged, including about 50% of houses that had severe to total destruction to their roofs. The destruction prompted the declaration of martial law, and there was a curfew instated.

text:
# 1933 Tampico hurricane

The **1933 Tampico hurricane** was a deadly tropical cyclone late in the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the second system of the season to reach Category 5equivalent intensity on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. It developed on September 16 near the Lesser Antilles, and slowly intensified while moving across the Caribbean Sea. Becoming a hurricane on September 19, its strengthening rate increased while passing south of Jamaica. Two days later, the hurricane reached peak winds, estimated at 160 mph (260 km/h). After weakening, it made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula, destroying several houses. One person was killed offshore Progreso, Yucatán during the storm.

Over land, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm, although it re-intensified slightly in the Gulf of Mexico. On September 25, it made a second landfall just south of Tampico, Tamaulipas with winds at around 110 mph (180 km/h), and it quickly dissipated over land. Damage was heaviest there, estimated at $5 million (1933 USD) and there were hundreds of deaths. About 75% of the houses in Tampico were damaged, including about 50% of houses that had severe to total destruction to their roofs. The destruction prompted the declaration of martial law, and there was a curfew instated.

## Meteorological history

A tropical disturbance moved westward across the tropical Atlantic Ocean in mid-September. On September 16, it was estimated that a tropical depression developed about 185 mi (298 km) east-northeast of Tobago. It moved west-northwestward through the Lesser Antilles, passing about 14 mi (23 km) south of Grenada; however, the system was very weak, and the island reported east winds of only 12 mph (19 km/h). After entering the Caribbean Sea, the depression intensified into a tropical storm on September 18, and a day later it became a hurricane. On September 20 it passed to the south of Jamaica while quickly strengthening. At 0000 UTC on September 21, a ship in the eye reported a barometric pressure of 929 mbar (27.4 inHg). Ordinarily, the pressure reading would suggest winds of 153 mph (246 km/h); however, observations from the ship indicated the hurricane was smaller than normal, with a radius of maximum winds of 8 mi (13 km). As a result, the peak winds were estimated at 160 mph (260 km/h), or a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.

After peaking in intensity, the hurricane continued to the northwest. Early on September 22, it passed about 50 mi (80 km) south of Cozumel before making landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula. Its landfall intensity was unknown; the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in 2012 suggested that the storm could have retained Category 5 status until landfall, although local observations did not validate the theory. In the original analysis of the season, the landfall intensity was estimated at 105 mph (169 km/h). As a compromise, the 2012 reanalysis estimated the hurricane struck land with winds of 140 mph (230 km/h). The cyclone rapidly weakened while crossing the Yucatán peninsula, and on September 23 it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). It quickly reintensified into a hurricane while moving toward the northeast Mexican coastline. At around 0000 UTC on September 25, the hurricane made its final landfall just south of Tampico, Tamaulipas with winds of 110 mph (180 km/h); this was based on a ship in the eye reporting a pressure of 960 mbar (28 inHg). Within 12 hours, the storm dissipated over land.

## Impact

While passing south of Jamaica, the hurricane produced high surf in Kingston. Heavy rains from the storm affected much of the island, which disrupted travel and caused one mudslide. In Cozumel offshore the Yucatán Peninsula, winds reached 76 mph (122 km/h) from the southeast. There, the hurricane destroyed a fishing pier and several houses. While the storm crossed the peninsula, Progreso, Yucatán reported east winds of 55 mph (89 km/h). Offshore Progreso, the storm capsized a boat, killing one person.

Before the hurricane made its final landfall, the threat of heavy rainfall prompted evacuations around Tampico, just 10 days after another hurricane hit the same region. Near Tampico, a ship reported winds of 81 mph (130 km/h), and a station in Tampico recorded winds of 53 mph (85 km/h). High winds cut power lines and blew off or heavily damaged the roofs of half of the city's houses. A high accompanying storm surge washed away many people from their homes, and several barges were washed away. The harbor was filled with debris after the storm, rendering it unusable. Portions of the city were flooded up to 15 ft (4.6 m) deep. According to news reports, the hurricane damaged about 75% of Tampico. Majority of the damage was to poorly constructed houses, although a large hospital in Tampico was also destroyed, killing 87 people. Roads were blocked throughout the city, and the river was closed to boating. The rail line was impacted, which disrupted relief supplies from reaching the region. Outside of the city, the hurricane increased levels along the Pánuco and Tamesí rivers, which remained above flood stage for several days. West of Tampico, the hurricane flooded the entire city of Cárdenas, San Luis Potosí, killing 20 and injuring 200 people. In Pánuco, Veracruz, about 5,000 people were left homeless. In San Luis Potosí state, 30 people were killed when a dam burst. Heavy rainfall in Monterrey caused rivers to flood. Damage spread as far as the west coast of Mexico. Throughout the country, air travel was disrupted, and several train lines were washed out, leaving three trains missing.

Initial news reports suggested a death toll of up to 5,000 people, and the storm was considered "the greatest disaster in recent Mexican history". Two days after the storm dissipated, the death toll was set at 54, with 850 people injured and potentially thousands that were buried. Search and rescue teams dug through the debris of the Tampico to find survivors and victims. In 1997, the National Hurricane Center listed the death toll between 184200, and damage was estimated at $5 million (1933 USD).

In the aftermath of the storm, food and medical supplies rapidly diminished. After the storm dissipated, doctors and nurses traveled to the city to assist in the aftermath, while trains carried food and water. A train from Monterrey to Tampico carried food, medicine, and soldiers to assist in rebuilding, but was delayed by ongoing flooding. Military planes were utilized to transport aid. Martial law was declared in Tampico following the storm, and officials imposed a 7 p.m. curfew. Uninjured citizens helped clear the roads. President Abelardo L. Rodríguez asked the governors of the Mexican states to send aid and for residents to send money to the Bank of Mexico. Following the storm, residents overcrowded the buildings that remained standing in Tampico.

1. Jack Williams (May 17, 2005). "Hurricane scale invented to communicate storm danger". USA Today. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
2. Chronological List of All Continental United States Hurricanes: 1851-2012 (Report). Hurricane Research Division. June 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
3. Chris Landsea; et al. (May 2012). Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (1933) (Report). Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
4. C. L. Mitchell (October 1933). "Tropical Disturbances of September 1933" (PDF). *Monthly Weather Review*. **61** (9). American Meteorological Society: 275–276. Bibcode:1933MWRv...61..274M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1933)61\<274:TDOS\>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
5. "Storm Passes Southward of Jamaica; Very Heavy Rains as Result of the Disturbance". *The Daily Gleaner*. September 21, 1933. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
6. "Storm Betters Mexican Coast". *The Evening Independent*. Associated Press. September 23, 1933. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
7. "Tampico Wrecked by Hurricane". *The Courier-Mail*. Australian Press Association. September 27, 1933. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
8. Clark Lee (September 26, 1933). "Tampico Life Loss May Run to Thousands". *Montreal Gazette*. Associated Press. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
9. Lee Davis (2008). *Natural Disasters*. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-8160-7000-8.
10. Clark G. Lee (September 27, 1933). "Famine, Disease Threaten Mexico in Storm Wake". *Ellensburg Daily Record*. Associated Press. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
11. Jacques D'Armand (September 25, 2012). "Hurricane Ravages Mexico". *San Jose News*. United Press.
12. "5,000 Dead, Injured in Tampico Gale". *The Painesville Telegraph*. September 27, 1933. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
13. "Tampico Laid Waste by Flood and Gale; 5,000 casualties". *The Calgary Daily Herald*. United Press. September 26, 1933. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
14. "Floods Add to Mexico Damage". *The Portsmouth Times*. Associated Press. September 28, 1933. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
15. "5,000 Killed, Hurt in Storm". *The Pittsburgh Press*. United Press. September 27, 1933. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
16. Edward N. Rappaport; Jose Fernandez-Partagas; Jack Beven (May 28, 1995). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996 (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 47). Retrieved June 2, 2012.
17. "Tampico Refugees Jam Buildings; Fear Epidemic". *The Southeast Missourian*. October 2, 1933. Retrieved July 15, 2013.

## InfoBox

Hurricane Fourteen
| Surface weather analysis of the hurricane on September 21 | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | September 16, 1933 |
| Dissipated | September 25, 1933 |
| Category 5 major hurricane | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 160 mph (260 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 929 mbar (hPa); 27.43 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | ~184 |
| Damage | $5 million (1933 USD) |
| Areas affected | Jamaica, Yucatán Peninsula, Tamaulipas |
| IBTrACS | |
| ---  Part of the **1933 Atlantic hurricane season** | |


title: True Wealth

abstract: True Wealth: How and Why Millions of Americans are Creating a Time-Rich, Ecologically Light, Small-Scale, High-Satisfaction Economy is a 2010 book by Juliet Schor that argues for a redefinition of wealth based on allocation of free time, making things for oneself, environmentally-aware consumption, and stronger social connections. It was originally published as Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth and retitled for its paperback edition.

text:
# True Wealth

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| The author speaks on Book TV, June 2010 | |

***True Wealth: How and Why Millions of Americans are Creating a Time-Rich, Ecologically Light, Small-Scale, High-Satisfaction Economy*** is a 2010 book by Juliet Schor that argues for a redefinition of wealth based on allocation of free time, making things for oneself, environmentally-aware consumption, and stronger social connections.

It was originally published as ***Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth*** and retitled for its paperback edition.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

True Wealth
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Juliet Schor |
| Publisher | Penguin Press |
| Publication date | 2010 |
| Pages | 258 |
| ISBN | 978-1-59420-254-4 |


title: Vietnam Idol season 1

abstract: Vietnam Idol is the first season of the interactive reality series produced in Vietnam. The show was hosted by Thanh Thảo and Nguyên Vũ. It began airing on Ho Chi Minh Television together with many other local channels in Hanoi (HTV), Hai Phong, Da Nang (DRT), Khanh Hoa and Quang Ninh Nguyễn Ngọc Phương Vy, from Ho Chi Minh City, was crowned the winner of the season. Her prizes included $10,000 and a contract with Music Faces, a record company in Vietnam.

text:
# Vietnam Idol season 1

***Vietnam Idol*** (now retroactively known as Vietnam Idol season 1) is the first season of the interactive reality series produced in Vietnam. The show was hosted by Thanh Thảo and Nguyên Vũ. It began airing on Ho Chi Minh Television together with many other local channels in Hanoi (HTV), Hai Phong, Da Nang (DRT), Khanh Hoa and Quang Ninh

Nguyễn Ngọc Phương Vy, from Ho Chi Minh City, was crowned the winner of the season. Her prizes included $10,000 and a contract with *Music Faces*, a record company in Vietnam.

## Early process

### Auditions

Auditions were held at the following locations:

### Theater rounds

The contestants who passed the auditions, arrived in Ho Chi Minh City for the theater round where they were given songs from the judges to perform. Based on those performances, 30 contestants were chosen by the judges to proceed to the Piano Show.

### Piano rounds

On the June 27, 2007, the Piano Show began, with the Top 30 Contestants singing in Ho Chi Minh City for the judges and the viewers. The contestants were allocated numbers so that viewers could vote for their favourite(s). The viewers were able to vote by phone or by SMS. Contestants were divided into three groups of ten with the top 3 contestants from each group advancing to the Gala Round. Eight from the three groups that did not proceed to the finals during the first three rounds, competed for the last position in the Top 10 during the Wildcards round.

### Finals

The gala round involves the contestants singing each week, with the contestant with the fewest votes each week being eliminated, until one contestant is left and crowned Vietnam Idol 2007. Before it began Thùy Dương withdrew from the Top 10 due to health issues with Ngọc Minh replacing her as he had received the second highest number of votes in the Wildcards round.

### Grand finale

On the 26th of September, the final two contestants, Phương Vy and Ngọc Ánh were given their last chance to sing for the votes of the Vietnamese public. The Grand Finale was held at Hoa Binh Theatre, Ho Chi Minh City on the 3rd of October. During the night, all Top 10 contestants returned to perform with other guest stars. With 53.44% of 723,024 votes, Phương Vy was announced the winner of Vietnam Idol 2007 ahead of Ngọc Ánh. As winner of Vietnam Idol she represented Vietnam in the Asian Idol competition.

## Finalists

(*In order of elimination*)

## Themes

* **Week 1: Self-Expressing Songs**

Original air: Aug 01 & 03 2007 *Bottom 3:* Ngọc Minh, Thanh Phong & Ngọc Bích *Eliminated:* Ngọc Bích *Special guest(s):* *Practised in:* * **Week 2: Top Hits**

Original air: Aug 08 & 10 *Bottom 3:* Ngọc Minh, Thanh Phong & Thảo Trang *Eliminated:* Thanh Phong *Special guest(s):* *Practised in:* * **Week 3: World-Inspirational**

Original air: Aug 15 & 17 *Bottom 3:* Ngọc Ánh, Ngọc Minh & Xuân Linh *Eliminated:* Xuân Linh *Special guest(s):* *Practised in:* * **Week 4: Rock Night**

Original air: Aug 22 & 24 *Bottom 3:* Duy Khánh, Thảo Trang & Hải Yến *Eliminated:* Hải Yến *Special guest(s):* *Practised in:* Original air: Aug 29 & 31 *Bottom 3:* Duy Khánh, Trà My & Thảo Trang *Eliminated:* Trà My *Special guest(s):* *Practised in:* * **Week 6: Folk-Inspiration**

Original air: Sep 05 & 07 '*Bottom 2:* Ngọc Minh, Thảo Trang *Eliminated:* Thảo Trang *Special guest(s):* *Practised in:* * **Week 7: Judges' Choice**

Original air: Sep 12 & 14 *Top 4:* Ngọc Ánh, Duy Khánh, Ngọc Minh & Phương Vy *Eliminated:* Duy Khánh *Special guest(s):* *Practised in:* * **Week 8: I Raise My Voice for My Darlings**

Original air: 19 & 21 *Top 3:* Ngọc Ánh, Ngọc Minh & Phương Vy *Eliminated:* Ngọc Minh *Special guest(s):* *Practised in:* * **Week 9: Contestants' favourite**

Original air: September 26 * **Grand finale**

Original air: October 3 '*Final two:* Ngọc Ánh & Phương Vy '*Winner:* Phương Vy *Special guest(s):* Top 10, Tuấn Hưng, Elvis Phương and other prominent music artists in Vietnam

## Elimination

**Legends**
| Female | Male | Top 30 | Wildcard | Top 10 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Did not perform | Safe | Bottom 3 | Bottom 2 | Eliminated |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| *Stage:* | | **Semi-Finals** | | | **Wild
Card** | **Finals** | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Week:* | | 06/29 | 07/06 | 07/13 | 07/20 | 08/03 | 08/10 | 08/17 | 08/24 | 08/31 | 09/07 | 09/14 | 09/21 | 10/03 |
| Place | Contestant | Result | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **1** | Phương Vy |  | Top 10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **Winner** |
| **2** | Ngọc Ánh |  | Top 10 |  |  | Btm 2 |  | Btm 3 |  |  |  |  |  | **Runner-Up** |
| **3** | Ngọc Minh | Wild Card |  |  | **Elim*** |  | Btm 2 | Btm 2 |  |  | Btm 2 |  | **Elim** |  |
| **4** | Duy Khánh |  |  | Top 10 |  |  |  |  | Btm 3 | Btm 3 |  | **Elim** |  | |
| **5** | Thảo Trang |  | Top 10 |  |  |  | Btm 3 |  | Btm 2 | Btm 2 | **Elim** |  | | |
| **6** | Trà My |  |  | Top 10 |  |  |  |  |  | **Elim** |  | | | |
| **7** | Hải Yến |  |  | Wild Card | Top 10 |  |  |  | **Elim** |  | | | | |
| **8** | Xuân Linh | Top 10 |  |  |  |  |  | **Elim** |  | | | | | |
| **9** | Thanh Phong | Top 10 |  |  |  | Btm 3 | **Elim** |  | | | | | | |
| **10** | Ngọc Bích | Top 10 |  |  |  | **Elim** |  | | | | | | | |
| **11** | Thùy Dương |  |  | Top 10 | **WD** |  | | | | | | | | |
| **Wild Card** | Tuấn Anh |  |  | Wild Card | **Elim** |  | | | | | | | | |
| | Hạ Trâm |  | Wild Card |  | |  | | | | | | | | |
| | Cẩm Vân |  | Wild Card |  | |  | | | | | | | | |
| | Khắc Tuận |  | Wild Card |  | |  | | | | | | | | |
| | Nhật Thanh | Wild Card |  |  | |  | | | | | | | | |
| | Đức Tiến | Wild Card |  |  | |  | | | | | | | | |
| **Semi** | Hữu Giang |  |  | **Elim** |  | | | | | | | | | |
| | Phú Cường |  |  | |  | | | | | | | | | |
| | Phương Ly |  |  | |  | | | | | | | | | |
| | Hòa Mi |  |  | |  | | | | | | | | | |
| | Huyền Trang |  |  | |  | | | | | | | | | |
| | Thu Trang |  | **Elim** |  | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Thanh Đàn | |  |  | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Hồ Tiến Đạt | |  |  | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Đăng Thanh | |  |  | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Huỳnh Mai | **Elim** |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Tấn Minh |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Bích Thảo |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Ái Thi |  | | | | | | | | | | | |

* Before the finals occurred, Thuỳ Dương had stated that she was no longer in the competition due to her health, so Ngọc Minh was chosen to replace with the second highest votes in Wild Card.

### Album

| Years | Recording Artist | Informations |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Phương Vy | ***Lúc mới yêu**** Released: March 8 * Recording Label: Music Faces Records |
| | Trà My | ***Hãy nói anh yêu em**** Released: May 9 * Recording Label: |
| | Duy Khánh | ***Dối gian - Lỗi lầm**** Released: May 23 * Recording Label: Rạng Đông Audio & Video |
| | Thảo Trang | ***Lạ**** Released: May 23 * Recording Label: |
| | Võ Hạ Trâm | ***Hát**** Released: November 14 * Recording Label: |
| 2009 | Phương Vy | ***Có đôi lần**** Released: April 23 * Recording Label: Music Faces Records |
| | Hải Yến | ***Và anh đã đến**** Released: July 7 * Recording Label: |
| | Ngọc Ánh | ***Ngày hôm qua là thế**** Released: August 12 * Recording Label: DIHAVINA |
| | ***Giật mình**** Released: August 12 * Recording Label: DIHAVINA |
|

## InfoBox

| *Vietnam Idol* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 1 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Hosted by | Thanh Thảo |
| Judges | Siu Black
Hà Dũng
Tuấn Khanh |
| Winner | Phương Vy |
| Runner-up | Ngọc Ánh |
| Finals venue | Hòa Bình Theater, HCMC |
|  | |
| Release | |
| Original network | Ho Chi Minh Television |
| Original release | May 23 (2007-05-23)
October 3, 2007 (2007-10-03) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Gecarcinus nobilii

abstract: Gecarcinus nobili, also known as the Red land crab, Ghostly moon crab, or Colombian land crab, is a species of land crab closely related to the halloween moon crab. It was described in 2014. It is from the Neotropical Pacific coast of northwestern South America.

text:
# Gecarcinus nobilii

***Gecarcinus nobili**,* also known as the **Red land crab**, **Ghostly moon crab**, or **Colombian land crab**, is a species of land crab closely related to the halloween moon crab (*G. quadratus*). It was described in 2014. It is from the Neotropical Pacific coast of northwestern South America.

## Range and habitat

*G. nobilii* is found along the South American Pacific coast, from Colombia to Peru. It inhabits the mangrove, tropical rainforest and other habitats that lines the coast.

## Behavior

It behaves almost indistinguishably from its relative *G. quadratus*.

## InfoBox

| *Gecarcinus nobilii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male *G. nobilii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Brachyura |
| Family: | Gecarcinidae |
| Genus: | *Gecarcinus* |
| Species: | ***G. nobilii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gecarcinus nobilii***<br>Perger & Wall, 2014 | |
|


title: Vic Roschkov Sr.

abstract: Vic Roschkov Sr. is a Canadian editorial cartoonist and illustrator, now living in London, Ontario, Canada. Born in Kyiv in the Soviet Ukraine, he was raised in Windsor, Ontario before moving to London, Ontario, as a young adult and later began his career in journalism at the Windsor Star in the early 1970s. Roschkov subsequently moved to the Toronto Star where he won the prestigious National Newspaper Award for cartooning in 1980—the first time that he'd submitted an editorial cartoon for consideration. Roschkov later worked for the Edmonton Sun. Roschkov has had a selection of his cartoons published by Prentice-Hall and for many years was staff cartoonist at the Edmonton Sun. Numerous Roschkov editorial cartoons have been acquired by the National Archives of Canada and are now part of its permanent collection in Ottawa, Ontario. Vic Roschkov Sr. has two sons: Vic is also a notable artist living in London, Ontario, and Tom is a musician who lives in Edmonton.

text:
# Vic Roschkov Sr.

**Vic Roschkov Sr.** is a Canadian editorial cartoonist and illustrator, now living in London, Ontario, Canada.

Born in Kyiv in the Soviet Ukraine, he was raised in Windsor, Ontario before moving to London, Ontario, as a young adult and later began his career in journalism at the *Windsor Star* in the early 1970s. Roschkov subsequently moved to the *Toronto Star* where he won the prestigious National Newspaper Award for cartooning in 1980—the first time that he'd submitted an editorial cartoon for consideration.

Roschkov later worked for the *Edmonton Sun*.

Roschkov has had a selection of his cartoons published by Prentice-Hall and for many years was staff cartoonist at the *Edmonton Sun*. Numerous Roschkov editorial cartoons have been acquired by the National Archives of Canada and are now part of its permanent collection in Ottawa, Ontario.

Vic Roschkov Sr. has two sons: Vic is also a notable artist living in London, Ontario, and Tom is a musician who lives in Edmonton.

## Further reading

* *Roschkov Editorial Cartoons* by Vic Roschkov, Prentice Hall of Canada Ltd., September, 1979; ISBN 0-13-783316-4.


title: Myrcia portoricensis

abstract: Myrcia portoricensis is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Puerto Rico.

text:
# Myrcia portoricensis

***Myrcia portoricensis*** is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Puerto Rico.

## InfoBox

| *Myrcia portoricensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Myrcia* |
| Species: | ***M. portoricensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myrcia portoricensis***
(Britt.) Cedeño-Mald. & Breckon ex F.S.Axelrod | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Calyptranthes portoricensis* Britt. * *Myrcia maricaensis* Alain | |


title: War Research Service

abstract: The War Research Service (WRS) was a civilian agency of the United States government established during World War II to pursue research relating to biological warfare. Established in May 1942 by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, the WRS was embedded in the Federal Security Agency, the federal agency that administered Social Security and other New Deal programs in the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Headed by George W. Merck, president of the Merck & Co. pharmaceutical firm, the WRS was headquartered at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Being a civilian agency, the WRS was initially tasked to supervise the military Chemical Warfare Service's biological program. However, the WRS was disbanded in 1944, and the weapons research was continued under the exclusive oversight of the CWS.

text:
# War Research Service

The **War Research Service** (WRS) was a civilian agency of the United States government established during World War II to pursue research relating to biological warfare. Established in May 1942 by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, the WRS was embedded in the Federal Security Agency, the federal agency that administered Social Security and other New Deal programs in the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Headed by George W. Merck, president of the Merck & Co. pharmaceutical firm, the WRS was headquartered at Fort Detrick, Maryland.

Being a civilian agency, the WRS was initially tasked to supervise the military Chemical Warfare Service's biological program. However, the WRS was disbanded in 1944, and the weapons research was continued under the exclusive oversight of the CWS.


title: Mine countermeasures vessel

abstract:
A mine countermeasures vessel or MCMV is a type of naval ship designed for the location of and destruction of naval mines which combines the role of a minesweeper and minehunter in one hull. The term MCMV is also applied collectively to minehunters and minesweepers. Most modern MCMVs are designed to locate, identify, and neutralize or remove underwater mines. Any explosive device that is placed in or near water to damage or destroy ships, submarines, or other naval vessels is classified as a mine. They can pose a significant threat to naval operations, maritime trade, and coastal security. The primary purpose of a MCMV is to ensure safe passage for friendly naval and commercial vessels by clearing waterways, harbors, and shipping lanes of potential mine hazards. These vessels use various specialized technologies and techniques to accomplish their mission:
  - Mine Detection: MCMVs are equipped with a variety of sensors and sonar systems that can detect underwater mines. These sensors use sound waves to locate objects on the seabed. They can differentiate between different types of objects and provide data to help operators identify potential mines.
  - Mine Identification: Once a potential mine is detected, MCMVs use remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to visually inspect and identify the object. This is crucial as some objects on the seabed might be harmless debris rather than actual mines.
  - Mine Neutralization or Removal: If a confirmed mine is detected, MCMVs employ different methods to neutralize or remove the threat. These methods include:
    - Mine Disposal: Some mines can be remotely detonated using explosive charges attached by the MCMV. This is done carefully to minimize the risk of collateral damage.
    - Mine Sweeping: MCMVs can tow mine-sweeping equipment that physically cuts the mooring or triggering mechanisms of the mines, rendering them ineffective.
    - Divers: In certain cases, human divers might be used to defuse or remove mines manually. Contrary to popular belief, there is very little chance of a human triggering a mine because the signature of diver is significantly different from a boat. However, the risks of submersing, ascending and descending during deep dives still deters such operations.
  - Mine Countermeasures Drones: Some modern MCMVs are equipped with unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) or drones that can conduct mine detection, identification, and even disposal tasks without risking human lives.
  - Mine Avoidance: In addition to direct mine countermeasures, MCMVs might also work in conjunction with other naval assets to help ships navigate around known or suspected minefields. These vessels are typically equipped with advanced navigation, communication, and data processing systems to effectively carry out their mission. They often have a dedicated crew of mine warfare specialists, explosive ordnance disposal experts, and naval engineers who work together to ensure safe maritime operations.They play a critical role in maintaining maritime security by locating, identifying, and neutralizing underwater mines, thereby ensuring safe passage for naval and commercial vessels in potentially hazardous waters.

text:
# Mine countermeasures vessel

A **mine countermeasures vessel** or **MCMV** is a type of naval ship designed for the location of and destruction of naval mines which combines the role of a minesweeper and minehunter in one hull. The term MCMV is also applied collectively to minehunters and minesweepers.

Most modern MCMVs are designed to locate, identify, and neutralize or remove underwater mines. Any explosive device that is placed in or near water to damage or destroy ships, submarines, or other naval vessels is classified as a mine. They can pose a significant threat to naval operations, maritime trade, and coastal security.

The primary purpose of a MCMV is to ensure safe passage for friendly naval and commercial vessels by clearing waterways, harbors, and shipping lanes of potential mine hazards. These vessels use various specialized technologies and techniques to accomplish their mission:

1. **Mine Detection**: MCMVs are equipped with a variety of sensors and sonar systems that can detect underwater mines. These sensors use sound waves to locate objects on the seabed. They can differentiate between different types of objects and provide data to help operators identify potential mines.
2. **Mine Identification**: Once a potential mine is detected, MCMVs use remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to visually inspect and identify the object. This is crucial as some objects on the seabed might be harmless debris rather than actual mines.
3. **Mine Neutralization or Removal**: If a confirmed mine is detected, MCMVs employ different methods to neutralize or remove the threat. These methods include:
    1. **Mine Disposal**: Some mines can be remotely detonated using explosive charges attached by the MCMV. This is done carefully to minimize the risk of collateral damage.
    2. **Mine Sweeping**: MCMVs can tow mine-sweeping equipment that physically cuts the mooring or triggering mechanisms of the mines, rendering them ineffective.
    3. **Divers**: In certain cases, human divers might be used to defuse or remove mines manually. Contrary to popular belief, there is very little chance of a human triggering a mine because the signature (combination of weight, pressure, movements etc) of diver is significantly different from a boat. However, the risks of submersing, ascending and descending during deep dives still deters such operations.
4. **Mine Countermeasures Drones**: Some modern MCMVs are equipped with unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) or drones that can conduct mine detection, identification, and even disposal tasks without risking human lives.
5. **Mine Avoidance**: In addition to direct mine countermeasures, MCMVs might also work in conjunction with other naval assets to help ships navigate around known or suspected minefields.

These vessels are typically equipped with advanced navigation, communication, and data processing systems to effectively carry out their mission. They often have a dedicated crew of mine warfare specialists, explosive ordnance disposal experts, and naval engineers who work together to ensure safe maritime operations.They play a critical role in maintaining maritime security by locating, identifying, and neutralizing underwater mines, thereby ensuring safe passage for naval and commercial vessels in potentially hazardous waters.

## Classes of Ships

### Past

**Present**


title: 1933 Sydney Carnival

abstract: The 1933 Sydney Carnival was the eighth edition of the Australian National Football Carnival, an Australian football interstate competition. The carnival was held in Sydney over an eleven-day period between Wednesday 2 August and Saturday 12 August. During the competition, Queensland broke a 20-game carnival losing streak when they accounted for Canberra by 42 points. The Canberrans were competing in their inaugural Australian National Football Carnival. New South Wales were the better of the weaker set of teams, defeating each of Tasmania, Canberra and Queensland. Once more, South Australian and Western Australia outfits were no match for Victoria. During the carnival, Australian rules football officials entered a conference with New South Wales Rugby League officials with the view to developing a hybrid between the two sports, known as universal football. A trial match featuring members of the Queensland team was held in private on Friday 11 August, but nothing further came of the proposal.

text:
# 1933 Sydney Carnival

The **1933 Sydney Carnival** was the eighth edition of the Australian National Football Carnival, an Australian football interstate competition. The carnival was held in Sydney over an eleven-day period between Wednesday 2 August and Saturday 12 August.

During the competition, Queensland broke a 20-game carnival losing streak when they accounted for Canberra by 42 points. The Canberrans were competing in their inaugural Australian National Football Carnival.

New South Wales were the better of the weaker set of teams, defeating each of Tasmania, Canberra and Queensland. Once more, South Australian and Western Australia outfits were no match for Victoria.

During the carnival, Australian rules football officials entered a conference with New South Wales Rugby League officials with the view to developing a hybrid between the two sports, known as universal football. A trial match featuring members of the Queensland team was held in private on Friday 11 August, but nothing further came of the proposal.

## Results

| Winning team | Score | Losing team | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Tasmania** | **31.29 (215)** | Canberra | 12.5 (77) |
| **South Australia** | **13.17 (95)** | Western Australia | 10.24 (84) |
| **Victoria** | **23.17 (155)** | New South Wales | 14.18 (102) |
| **New South Wales** | **19.22 (136)** | Queensland | 6.15 (51) |
| **Victoria** | **19.14 (128)** | South Australia | 17.11 (113) |
| **New South Wales** | **16.14 (110)** | Canberra | 12.10 (82) |
| **Victoria** | **24.16 (160)** | Tasmania | 15.10 (100) |
| **South Australia** | **13.18 (96)** | Western Australia | 12.11 (83) |
| **Queensland** | **20.16 (136)** | Canberra | 14.10 (94) |
| **New South Wales** | **20.12 (132)** | Tasmania | 15.17 (107) |
| **Victoria** | **14.16 (100)** | Western Australia | 12.13 (85) |
| **Tasmania** | **21.11 (137)** | Queensland | 7.14 (56) |
| **Western Australia** | **17.22 (124)** | New South Wales | 16.18 (114) |
| **Victoria** | **15.16 (106)** | South Australia | 9.8 (62) |
|

## InfoBox

1933 Sydney Carnival
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Australian football |
| Location | Sydney, Australia |
| Dates | 2 August 1933–12 August 1933 |
| Format | Round Robin |
| Teams | 7 |
| Final champion | |
| Victoria | |
|  | |


title: Lucy Temple

abstract: Lucy Temple is a novel by American author Susanna Rowson. It was first published posthumously in 1828 under the title Charlotte's Daughter, or, The Three Orphans. It was a sequel to Rowson's extremely popular novel Charlotte Temple. Lucy Temple is the daughter of Charlotte Temple, the main character in the first novel.

text:
# Lucy Temple

***Lucy Temple*** is a novel by American author **Susanna Rowson**. It was first published posthumously (together with a memoir of the author by Samuel Lorenzo Knapp) in 1828 under the title ***Charlotte's Daughter, or, The Three Orphans***. It was a sequel to Rowson's extremely popular novel *Charlotte Temple*. Lucy Temple is the daughter of Charlotte Temple, the main character in the first novel.

## Plot

The plot centers around the three orphans under the charge of the clergyman Mr. Matthews. One of them, Lucy, the daughter of Charlotte Temple, falls in love with Lieutenant Franklin, only to later discover that he is her half-brother, as he is the son of Montraville, Charlotte's seducer. Having her plans for marriage thwarted, Lucy then devotes her life to educating children and caring for the poor.

* Full text of book online


title: Methylammonium halide

abstract: Methylammonium halides are organic halides with a formula of [CH3NH3]+X−, where X is F for methylammonium fluoride, Cl for methylammonium chloride, Br for methylammonium bromide, or I for methylammonium iodide. Generally they are white or light colored powders.

text:
# Methylammonium halide

**Methylammonium halides** are organic halides with a formula of \[CH3NH3\]+X, where X is F for methylammonium fluoride, Cl for methylammonium chloride, Br for methylammonium bromide, or I for methylammonium iodide. Generally they are white or light colored powders.

## Applications

These salts are components of perovskite solar cells, which are being evaluated for commercialization. The iodide is the most commonly used. Magneto-optical data storage concepts are also being testing based on various ammonium halides.

## Production

These compounds are usually prepared by combining equimolar amounts of methylamine with the appropriate halide acid. For instance methylammonium iodide is prepared by combining methylamine and hydrogen iodide at 0 °C for 120 minutes followed by evaporation at 60 °C, yielding crystals of methylammonium iodide.

CH3NH2 \+ HI → \[CH3NH3\]I

## Crystallography

These compounds' crystallography has been the subject of much investigation. J.S. Hendricks published an early paper on them in 1928. Methylammonium chloride was investigated again in 1946 and methylammonium bromide in 1961.

1. Li, Hangqian. (2016). "A modified sequential deposition method for fabrication of perovskite solar cells". *Solar Energy*. **126**: 243–251. Bibcode:2016SoEn..126..243L. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2015.12.045.
2. Náfrádi, Bálint (24 November 2016). "Optically switched magnetism in photovoltaic perovskite CH3NH3(Mn:Pb)I3". *Nature Communications*. **7**: 13406. arXiv:1611.08205. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713406N. doi:10.1038/ncomms13406. PMC 5123013. PMID 27882917.
3. Qiu, Jianhang; Qiu, Yongcai; Yan, Keyou; Zhong, Min; Mu, Cheng; Yan, He; Yang, Shihe (2013), "All-solid-state hybrid solar cells based on a new organometal halide perovskite sensitizer and one-dimensional TiO2 nanowire arrays", *Nanoscale*, **5** (8): 3245–3248, Bibcode:2013Nanos...5.3245Q, doi:10.1039/C3NR00218G, PMID 23508213
4. Hendricks, J.S. (1928), "The crystal structures of the monomethyl ammonium halides", *Z. Kristallogr.*, **67** (1): 106–118, doi:10.1524/zkri.1928.67.1.106, S2CID 101288454
5. Hughes, Edward W.; Lipscomb, William N. (1946), "The Crystal Structure of Methylammonium Chloride", *J. Am. Chem. Soc.*, **68** (10): 1970–1975, doi:10.1021/ja01214a029
6. Gabe, E.J. (1961), "The crystal structure of methylammonium bromide", *Acta Crystallogr.*, **14** (12): 1296, Bibcode:1961AcCry..14.1296G, doi:10.1107/S0365110X6100382X


title: Mihnevo

abstract: Mihnevo is a village in Petrich Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria.

text:
# Mihnevo

**Mihnevo** is a village in Petrich Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Mihnevo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mihnevo | |
| Coordinates: 41°27′N 23°12′E / 41.450°N 23.200°E / 41.450; 23.200 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Blagoevgrad Province |
| Municipality | Petrich Municipality |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Pocono Mountain School District

abstract: Pocono Mountain School District, often abbreviated PMSD for short, is a large, rural public school district located in Monroe County in Northeastern Pennsylvania. As of the 2022–23 school year, the district had an enrollment of 8,003 students in its schools, according to National Center for Education Statistics data. Pocono Mountain School District encompasses approximately 304 square miles (790 km⁲) and is divided into two parts: Pocono Mountain East and Pocono Mountain West. The Pocono Mountain East attendance area includes: Jackson Township, Pocono Township, Paradise Township, Barrett Township and Mount Pocono Borough. The schools serving Pocono Mountain East are: Swiftwater Elementary Center (K-3), Swiftwater Intermediate School (4-6), Pocono Mountain East Junior High School (7-8), and Pocono Mountain East High School (9-12). It also includes a small area east of Route 380 that is Coolbaugh Township. Pocono Mountain West attendance area includes: Tobyhanna Township, Tunkhannock Township and most of Coolbaugh Township. The schools serving Pocono Mountain West include: Tobyhanna Elementary School (K-3), Clear Run Elementary School (K-2), Clear Run Intermediate School (3-6), Pocono Mountain West Junior High School, (7-8), and Pocono Mountain West High School (9-12). According to 2000 local census data, the district serves a resident population of approximately 60,000 people. Pocono Mountain East High School is located in Swiftwater, Pennsylvania in the heart of The Poconos. The school currently houses students in grades nine through twelve, and is joined on the campus by the East Junior High School, Swiftwater Intermediate School and the newest school Swiftwater Elementary School, built in 2008.

text:
# Pocono Mountain School District

**Pocono Mountain School District**, often abbreviated **PMSD** for short, is a large, rural public school district located in Monroe County in Northeastern Pennsylvania.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the district had an enrollment of 8,003 students in its schools, according to National Center for Education Statistics data.

Pocono Mountain School District encompasses approximately 304 square miles (790 km2) and is divided into two parts: Pocono Mountain East and Pocono Mountain West. The Pocono Mountain East attendance area includes: Jackson Township, Pocono Township, Paradise Township, Barrett Township and Mount Pocono Borough. The schools serving Pocono Mountain East are: Swiftwater Elementary Center (K-3), Swiftwater Intermediate School (4-6), Pocono Mountain East Junior High School (7-8), and Pocono Mountain East High School (9-12). It also includes a small area east of Route 380 that is Coolbaugh Township. Pocono Mountain West attendance area includes: Tobyhanna Township, Tunkhannock Township and most of Coolbaugh Township. The schools serving Pocono Mountain West include: Tobyhanna Elementary School (K-3), Clear Run Elementary School (K-2), Clear Run Intermediate School (3-6), Pocono Mountain West Junior High School, (7-8), and Pocono Mountain West High School (9-12). According to 2000 local census data, the district serves a resident population of approximately 60,000 people.

Pocono Mountain East High School is located in Swiftwater, Pennsylvania in the heart of The Poconos. The school currently houses students in grades nine through twelve, and is joined on the campus by the East Junior High School, Swiftwater Intermediate School and the newest school Swiftwater Elementary School, built in 2008.

## Regions and constituent municipalities

The district is divided into three regions, which include the following municipalities:

### Region I

### Region II

### Region III

## History

Before the need for another campus complex, one high school served the entire district. The first high school of the district—originally called Pocono Mountain High School—Pocono Mountain East High School (PMEHS) is located in Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, along with Swiftwater Elementary Center (SEC), Swiftwater Intermediate School (SIS), and Pocono Mountain East Junior High School (PMEJHS). All four schools share the same campus. Starting in the 2013–14 school year, those who attend the East campus attend SEC for grades K - 3, SIS for grades 4 - 6, PMEJHS for grades 7 - 8, and PMEHS for grades 9 - 12. Before 2008, the building that is now SEC did not exist. The current intermediate school was then the elementary school, and the junior high school was the intermediate school.

Once the district split, the West high school was built in 2002. Those who attend the West campus attend either Tobyhanna Elementary Center (TEC- Pocono Pines), Clear Run Elementary Center (CREC -Mt. Pocono), or Coolbaugh Elementary and Learning Centers (CEC/CLC -Tobyhanna). Students then all come together and attend the middle school at Clear Run Intermediate School (CRIS- Mt.Pocono) across from CREC. After spending two years there, students are then moved over to the West Junior High School on the Sullivan Trail Campus, across from the West high school. The Class of 2006 was the first graduating class to attend West for the full four years.

In May 2012, the Pocono Mountain School Board closed three schools due to sharply declining enrollment and significant budget shortfall. It closed:Coolbaugh Elementary Center, Swiftwater Intermediate, and Coolbaugh Learning Center. The closing brought the layoffs of 280 district employees, 142 of which are professional staff, which includes administrators and teachers. The Intermediate school at Clear Run opened in 1995 with The elementary Center which opened In 1997. In 2002 before the new Campus was constructed they renamed clear run schools to a better and shorter name. Swiftwater Intermediate was opened in 1998, both Intermediate Schools severed grades 6–8.

## Extracurriculars

The Pocono Mountain School District offers a variety of clubs, activities and an extensive sports program.

### Mascots

The entire district was originally home of the Cardinals. However, when it was determined that a new school would have to be built, another squad was then needed. The Cardinals still remain at the original high school, the East high school. Barrett Elementary Center, Pocono Elementary Center, and Swiftwater Elementary Center are also Cardinals. PM West is home to the Panthers. The Cardinals are red and white, and the Panthers are blue and silver.

### Athletics

Both Pocono Mountain East and Pocono Mountain West High Schools compete athletically in the Eastern Pennsylvania Conference (EPC) in the District XI division of the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association, one of the premier high school athletic divisions in the nation.

### Sports

The school districts sports include:

Pocono Mountain East High School   Pocono Mountain West High School   Pocono Mountain West Junior High School

According to PIAA directory July 2012

## Notable alumni

41°06′12″N 75°23′16″W / 41.10341°N 75.38771°W / 41.10341; -75.38771

## InfoBox

| Pocono Mountain School District | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
| 135 Pocono Mountain School Road, PO Box 200 Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, 18370
United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1960 |
| Budget | $208.8 million |
| NCES District ID | 4219500 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 8,003 (2022-23) |
| Teachers | 698.2 (on an FTE basis) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 11.51 |
| Athletic conference | Eastern Pennsylvania Conference |
| District mascot | Cardinal - Panther |
| Colors | Red, Black and White - Blue and Silver |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.pmsd.org |


title: Vijayanagara coinage

abstract: The Vijayanagara Empire from 1336–1646, was situated in Southern India and had a complex currency system that was used after the Empire ceased to exist. The standard unit of coin issued by the Vijayanagara Empire was the gold Pagoda in English or Varaha of 3.4 gr. The Varaha was also called the Hon, Gadyana or a Pon and came in the Ghattivaraha, Doddavaraha and Suddhavaraha coin. In the gold issue the different coins came in Varaha, this is used as a reference for the other coins values. 1 gold Varaha = 2 Pratapas = 4 Katis = 8 Chinna = 4 Haga = 2 Bele. 1 Pana or Varaha equaled 16 tara silver coins, with the 1 Tara to 3 copper Jital. The copper Duggani was equal to 2 copper kani or kakin, 5 Kasu and 10 Ara Kasu There were also other units of silver and copper based on their relationship with the Pagodagold. Several gold ramatankas, feature the scene of God Vishnu's incoronation, were also issued in the Vijayanagara Empire. These coins are now used as objects of worship in the modern Indian homes.

text:
# Vijayanagara coinage

The **Vijayanagara Empire** from 1336–1646, was situated in Southern India and had a complex currency system that was used after the Empire ceased to exist.

The standard unit of coin issued by the Vijayanagara Empire was the gold Pagoda in English or Varaha of 3.4 gr. The Varaha was also called the Hon, Gadyana or a Pon and came in the Ghattivaraha, Doddavaraha and Suddhavaraha coin. In the gold issue the different coins came in Varaha, this is used as a reference for the other coins values. 1 gold Varaha = 2 Pratapas = 4 Katis = 8 Chinna = 4 Haga = 2 Bele. 1 Pana or Varaha equaled 16 tara silver coins, with the 1 Tara to 3 copper Jital. The copper Duggani was equal to 2 copper kani or kakin, 5 Kasu and 10 Ara Kasu There were also other units of silver and copper based on their relationship with the Pagodagold.

Several gold ramatankas (token coins), feature the scene of God Vishnu's incoronation, were also issued in the Vijayanagara Empire. These coins are now used as objects of worship in the modern Indian homes.

1. "Vijayanagara coins". Govindraya Prabhu S. Archived from the original on 9 September 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
2. Desikachari, T. (1991). *South Indian Coins*. Asian Educational Services. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-206-0155-0.