title: Wildest Dreams (Brandy song)

abstract: "Wildest Dreams" is a song recorded by American recording artist Brandy for her sixth studio album, Two Eleven (2012). It was written by Sean Garrett, Justin Henderson and Christopher Whitacre, with production helmed by Henderson and Whitacre under their production moniker Tha Bizness. "Wildest Dreams" is a mid-tempo R&B ballad which was inspired by R&B music from the 1990s and has lyrics which speak about the disbelief for finding love again. It was inspired by Norwood finding love with music executive Ryan Press. Garrett, who wrote nine songs for Two Eleven, noticed the Norwood and Press's connection and adapted the lyrics for "Wildest Dreams". The song was released for digital download on August 28, 2012, serving as the second single from the album. It managed to peak at number 68 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart but failed to enter the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top twenty of the South Korean Gaon Chart. An accompanying music video for "Wildest Dreams", directed by American photographer Matthew Rolston, was filmed in Los Angeles, California in October 2012 and released to a positive reception by reviewers the following month.

text:
# Wildest Dreams (Brandy song)

"**Wildest Dreams**" is a song recorded by American recording artist Brandy for her sixth studio album, *Two Eleven* (2012). It was written by Sean Garrett, Justin Henderson and Christopher Whitacre, with production helmed by Henderson and Whitacre under their production moniker Tha Bizness. "Wildest Dreams" is a mid-tempo R&B ballad which was inspired by R&B music from the 1990s and has lyrics which speak about the disbelief for finding love again. It was inspired by Norwood finding love with music executive Ryan Press. Garrett, who wrote nine songs for *Two Eleven*, noticed the Norwood and Press's connection and adapted the lyrics for "Wildest Dreams".

The song was released for digital download on August 28, 2012, serving as the second single from the album. It managed to peak at number 68 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart but failed to enter the *Billboard* Hot 100 and reached the top twenty of the South Korean Gaon Chart. An accompanying music video for "Wildest Dreams", directed by American photographer Matthew Rolston, was filmed in Los Angeles, California in October 2012 and released to a positive reception by reviewers the following month.

## Background and release

In early 2009 songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Norwood's record label Epic Records. and after much restructuring Norwood's future with the label seemed uncertain. An interview with producer Tricky Stewart in November 2011 would reveal that Norwood's contract had been terminated with Epic Records and much of the material she had recorded for sixth album *Two Eleven* would remain at Epic, some of which was assigned to other artists. Norwood's joint record deal with RCA and producer Breyon Prescott's Chameleon Records was finalized in late 2010, however, it was not announced to the public until August 2011, when it was also confirmed that Norwood's sixth studio album would be released in 2012. After Norwood was signed in late 2010, professional recording and submissions for the album began.

One of nine songs that Sean Garrett wrote or co-wrote for the album, "Wildest Dreams" was confirmed to be the album's second single on August 20, 2012 during an album listening party at Germano Studios, New York City. Previously Norwood had advocated for a song called "Without You" to be the second single while the label had initially wanted "So Sick" to be the second single. The song made its world premiere on August 21, 2012. It was released for digital download from August 28, 2012.

## Music and lyrics

"Wildest Dreams" is a mid-tempo R&B song written by Sean Garrett, Justin Henderson and Christoper Whitacre, with production helmed by the latter two under the production company moniker Tha Bizness. Described by Norwood as a "90s 2012 record", "Wildest Dream" contains strong themes about love. Speaking on the song's content Norwood said, "It's about love. It's about falling in love with someone and it's almost like it's too good to be true. It's a mid-tempo." The song focuses on falling in love and it feeling better than one could have imagined. MTV *Buzzworthy* described the song as a throwback to "classic R&B" with a "laidback" tone. Steven J. Horrowitz from *Rolling Stone* described the base of the song was described as "thawacking percussion" and melodic production.

> "I reconnected with \[Ryan\] because I had met him before, we kinda fell in love. Basically the song is just about me feeling like, "Wow. I can't believe this is really happening." He loves me for every personality I have. He loves me for every flaw. He accepts me as who I am and he can see me for who I am. He's dope for that. I see him too. So, never in my wildest dreams..."

— Norwood talking to *Rap-Up* about the song.

The title of the song is built around the recurring lines: "And now I'm receiving abundance of love/ And I get it/ But never could imagine it/ Never in my wildest dreams, no, no, no/ Did I think someone could care about me, oh/ Not just the way you love me". A introspective ballad, "Wildest Dreams" includes the lyrics "Never in my wildest dreams did I think someone could care 'bout me/ Not just the way you love me, but you know I'm emotional (sometimes)." During the course of the song, Norwood mentions herself several times, with lines like "It's hard to hold back tears whenever you hold me close, I think about the years and been saying this is all I want, Just wanted someone real to love me for me, me, just Brandy." MTV *Buzzworthy* compared the songs to Norwood's previous singles "Full Moon" (2002) and "Right Here (Departed)" (2008). Norwood said that the song was inspired by her newfound love with music executive Ryan Press.

## Critical reception

The song received critical acclaim. Mark Edward Nero from About.com called the song "one of the album's highlights". He felt that it "manages to be both strong and vulnerable at the same time, something that could also be said about the album as a whole." Andrew Chan, writing for Slant Magazine, found that "kicking off with a hard-knocking throwback beat, the opening seconds pit two familiar Brandys against each other—an ethereal flurry of stacked harmonies against a robotic delivery reminiscent of her style on 2002's futuristic-sounding *Full Moon*." He felt it were the verses "that bring the surprise: a raw, almost abrasive rasp in her tone, complemented by a needle-on-vinyl crackle looped in the background." Jenna Hally Rubenstein from *MTV News*' *Buzzworthy* blog was impressed with "Wildest Dreams", praising Norwood's "lush vocals", the song's melodic production and the strong sentiments of love in the lyrics. *Billboard*'s Andrew Hampp declared "Wildest Dreams" "arguably its strongest moment" on the album, and wrote: "\[It\] is a return to the beat-driven ballads upon which Brandy built her name in the 90s, with warm layers of piano and even jazz flute that recall 1995's "Best Friend." Allmusic, *Rap-Up* and *USA Today* ranked the song among their favorite tracks on the album.

## Music video

### Background

The music video for "Wildest Dreams" was directed by American photographer Matthew Rolston, marking his third collaboration with Norwood following their work on the videos for her singles "Best Friend" (1995) and "Afrodisiac" (2004). As confirmed by Norwood via Twitter, the clip was filmed in Los Angeles, California on October 11, 2012, featuring choreography by Frank Gatson Jr. A 30-second preview of the music video was shown on BET's *106 & Park* on October 16, 2012. The full video premiered on November 2, 2012 on the music video countdown format. Since the premiere the video has reached the top spot on the countdown, which is the second of her videos to do so this year.

A stylized performance video, "Wildest Dreams" features Norwood performing the song onstage in front of cheering fans inside a warehouse, flanked by three back-up singers. Intercut with black-and-white solo shots, Norwood wears skimp blue-jean shorts with red boots in the visuals.

### Reception

The video garnered a generally positive reception by reviewers. Keenan Higgins from *Vibe* magazine wrote that the clip felt like a celebration of the success of the *Two Eleven* album and commented "it's definitely great to see Brandy back at it, and killing it like it's 1998 all over again." Melinda Newman, writing for *HitFix*, found that Norwood was bringing it "old school with the new video." Though she questioned why "there's no room in the video for anything other than Brandy's legs", she declared it as "sexy without ever crossing a line." Sam Lansky of *Idolator* remarked that Norwood was "keeping it simple in the video," and complimented "how effectively Brandy works out that choreography: Wearing high-waisted shorts and looking like she's about 80% legs, Brandy shows she can still pop with the best of 'em. It's clean and elegant. Even with crazy competition, Brandy still does R&B better than the rest." *Juicy* magazine writer Shirea L. Carroll stated the clip was "filled with Beyoncé-esque choreography," which was proving that Norwood "knows how to make 90s R&B current." Blogging website Perezhilton.com called the video "dandy and will make you do the opposite facial expression of the frowny."

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Two Eleven*.

* Tha Bizeness – production
* Sean Garrett – production, writing
* Conrad Golding – recording
* Trehy Harris – mixing assistance
* Justin Henderson – writing
* Jaycen Joshuaby – mixing
* Dave Kutchmastering
* Mike "Snotty" Miller – recording
* Brandy Norwood – vocals
* Christoper Whitacre – writing

## Charts

The song debuted on the US *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs chart at number 93 during the week of September 21, 2012. It peaked at number 68 during the week of October 13, 2012.

Chart performance for "Wildest Dreams"
| Chart (2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| South Korean Gaon International Chart | 19 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 68 |
| US R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay (*Billboard*) | 44 |

## Release history

List of release dates, showing region, release format, label and reference
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | August 21, 2012 | Premiere | Chameleon, RCA Records |  |
| United States | August 28, 2012 | | Digital download |  |
| Germany | | August 31, 2012 | Sony Music Entertainment |  |
| United States | September 11, 2012 | Urban AC | Chameleon, RCA |  |

## InfoBox

| "Wildest Dreams" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Brandy | |
| from the album  *Two Eleven* | |
| Released | August 28, 2012 (2012-08-28) |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 4:28 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Tha Bizness * Sean Garrett |
| Brandy singles chronology | |
| "Put It Down"
(2012) "**Wildest Dreams**"
(2012) "Magic"
(2015) | |


title: Morgan Lindsay

abstract: Lt Col Henry Edzell Morgan Lindsay was a British Army officer who served with the Royal Engineers in various campaigns in the 19th and early 20th centuries. He was a keen amateur sportsman, who played for the Royal Engineers in the 1878 FA Cup Final. Following his retirement from the Army, he became a racehorse trainer with winners in the 1926 and 1928 Welsh Grand Nationals and the 1933 National Hunt Chase at Cheltenham.

text:
# Morgan Lindsay

Lt Col **Henry Edzell Morgan Lindsay** CB, DL (13 February 1857 – 1 November 1935) was a British Army officer who served with the Royal Engineers in various campaigns in the 19th and early 20th centuries. He was a keen amateur sportsman, who played for the Royal Engineers in the 1878 FA Cup Final. Following his retirement from the Army, he became a racehorse trainer with winners in the 1926 and 1928 Welsh Grand Nationals and the 1933 National Hunt Chase at Cheltenham.

## Family and education

Lindsay was born at Tredegar Park, near Newport, South Wales on 11 February 1857, the eldest son of Henry Gore Lindsay (1830–1914), an army officer who later became chief constable of Glamorgan, and his wife, Ellen Sarah (1837–1912), the fourth daughter of Charles Morgan Robinson Morgan, MP for Brecon, who was created the first Baron Tredegar in 1859. Major-General George Mackintosh Lindsay (1880–1956), the expert on mechanized warfare, was his youngest brother, while another brother, Lionel Arthur Lindsay (1861–1945) followed his father as chief constable of Glamorgan.

Lindsay was educated at the Royal Academy, Gosport, before joining the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.

## Football career

Lindsay played football while at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich before joining the Royal Engineers, and was described as "a useful wing player, being fast and not to be removed from the ball". In 1877, he joined the Royal Engineers side which had participated in the FA Cup since its inception in 1871–72, during which period they had reached three finals, winning the trophy in 1875.

In the 1877–78 FA Cup tournament, the Royal Engineers had an easy start, defeating Pilgrims 6–0 in the second round and Welsh side Druids 8–0 in the third round, with Lindsay scoring one of the goals. In the fourth round, they came up against tougher opposition in Oxford University, requiring two replays before the Engineers emerged victorious. The semi-final was a straightforward 2–1 victory over Old Harrovians, setting up a final against the Wanderers, who had won the cup in the two previous seasons. In the final, played at Kennington Oval on 23 March 1878, Lindsay played at inside-right, thus becoming the first Welsh player to appear in an F.A. Cup Final. Although the "Sappers" put up a hard fight, they were unable to prevent the Wanderers winning their third consecutive FA Cup with a final score of 3–1.

Lindsay continued to turn out for the Engineers when his military duties permitted, and is recorded as the scorer of the second Engineers goal in the 6–2 FA Cup fourth round defeat by Old Carthusians on 25 January 1883. In 1880, he played for The South against The North.

## Cricket career

In his youth, Lindsay was also a keen amateur cricketer, and played for Glamorgan (then not a first-class county), as well as playing for the MCC, I Zingari and for South Wales CC.

In later life, he had a cricket ground constructed at his home at Ystrad Fawr, near Ystrad Mynach, and established his own boys' cricket team.

## Military career

Lindsay was commissioned as a (temporary) lieutenant in the Royal Engineers on 2 August 1876, subsequently made permanent with retrospective effect from 2 February 1876. After five years training in England, in February 1881 Lindsay was sent to South Africa, where the First Boer War was drawing to a conclusion. As a member of No. 1 Section, Field Telegraph, (under the overall command of Brigadier-General Sir Evelyn Wood) he remained in South Africa until September 1882, when he returned to England. On his return to England, he was based at Aldershot, but spent eight weeks at the School of Musketry in Hythe, Kent in October and November 1883. From May 1884 to February 1885, Lindsay joined the newly-formed Postal Telegraph Service.

In February 1885, Lindsay was sent to Sudan for the second Suakin Expedition. He was now in command of the 2nd Section Telegraph Battalion, Royal Engineers under the overall command of Lieutenant-General Sir Gerald Graham. During the campaign, he was present at the Battle of Tofrek on 22 March 1885. From 5 April, he became the Director of Telegraph, and remained in Sudan until early June 1885. For his services in Sudan, he was awarded the Egypt Medal with two clasps, together with the Khedive's Star.

On his return to England in June 1885, he was on sick leave for ten weeks, before re-joining the Postal Telegraph Service, where he remained until 30 September 1886.

On 1 October 1886, Lindsay was attached to the Royal Monmouthshire Engineers (Militia) as adjutant, with the rank of captain. On 2 December 1891, he left the Royal Engineers to serve with the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers, initially retaining the rank of captain, with the honorary rank of major being conferred on 30 December 1891.

In May 1900, Lindsay was placed in command of a company from the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers which was sent for service in South Africa in the Second Boer War. The company left Southampton on 6 June 1900 on board *RMS Aurania*, arriving at Cape Town on 29 June, from where they travelled by train to the Orange River Colony for duty with the regular Royal Engineers based at Bloemfontein, where they would be engaged on work repairing the roads, railways and bridges for the next 15 months. In late 1900, the company was transferred to the Imperial Military Railways, with Lindsay being appointed Deputy Superintendent of Works and Officer Commanding the Railway Troops in Orange River Colony. In this capacity, he was based at Kroonstad from where he was responsible for the pay, clothing and discipline of the soldiers of all corps employed on the Imperial Military Railways in the Colony, as well as maintaining the railway network. The company were recalled to England in September 1901, and were disembodied on 14 October 1901.

In the meantime, on 20 March 1901, Lindsay's rank as major was made permanent, with the honorary rank of lieutenant-colonel being awarded on 27 April 1901. For his services in the Boer War, Lindsay was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with three clasps. He also received the substantive rank of major in the Army Reserve of officers.

Having been promoted to Commanding Officer of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers, Lindsay was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB), Civil Division in the 1911 Coronation Honours. Lindsay remained in command of the regiment at the start of World War One, based at the depot in Monmouth, although he did visit the Western Front briefly in January 1917, before relinquishing his commission in favour of Lt.-Col. Roland Forestier-Walker on 24 May 1917.

## Racehorse trainer

From his home at Ystrad Mynach, Lindsay started to train horses for point-to-point races. Among his early successes was the March 1890 point-to-point held by the Glamorgan Hunt at Crossways, near Cowbridge in the Vale of Glamorgan, where his horse Brunette came in the winner.

By 1906, he had turned to training steeplechasers, with his horse Creolin winning the 1906 Scottish Grand National.

His clients included Sir David Llewellyn, 1st Baronet, whose son Harry schooled horses for Lindsay at his training establishment at Ystrad Mynach, as did other successful Welsh jockeys, Fulke Walwyn and Evan Williams.

In 1926, Lindsay trained Miss Balscadden to win the Welsh Grand National, with the same horse winning two years later. In 1929, Miss Balscadden was entered for the Grand National, but failed to finish.

Lindsay's last known success was at Cheltenham in March 1933, when his horse Ego won the National Hunt Steeplechase.

## Public service and politics

Lindsay was a member of Glamorgan County Council from 1892 to 1901, and for Caerphilly District Council from 1892. He was a Justice of the Peace for both Glamorganshire and for County Dublin in Ireland (where the family had a home at Glasnevin). As a J.P., Lindsay was the senior magistrate for the Caerphilly Petty Sessional Division. He was also a deputy lieutenant for Glamorganshire.

He was also very involved in the administration of sport in South Wales, becoming President of both the South Wales Football Association from 1890 to 1922, and the Glamorgan Cricket League. He was also a member of the committee of Glamorgan CCC and assisted with their fund-raising as they moved from Minor County status to becoming a first-class club.

Although on active service in South Africa, in October 1900 Lindsay stood for Parliament in the East Glamorganshire constituency at the general election to represent the Conservative Party. Despite a spirited campaign by his wife, Lindsay failed to secure the seat, losing to the sitting member Alfred Thomas, (later Lord Pontypridd) (Liberal) by 6,994 votes to 4,080.

Lindsay was again selected as the Conservative Party candidate for the 1915 General Election for East Glamorganshire, but this election was not proceeded with following the outbreak of the First World War.

In 1919, Lindsay was the designer of the war memorial at Sutton Courtenay near Abingdon, then in Berkshire, close to the home of his cousin, the garden designer Norah Lindsay.

## Marriage and children

Lindsay married Ellen Katherine Thomas, daughter of George William Griffiths Thomas, a wealthy landowner, on 24 July 1889 at Pontypridd, Glamorganshire.

The couple had six children:

* George Walter Thomas Lindsay, born 29 January 1891
* Claud Frederic Thomas Lindsay, born 20 January 1892
* Ellen Blanche Lindsay, born 22 December 1893
* Archibald Thurston Thomas Lindsay, born 17 June 1897
* Nesta Jessie Lindsay, born 23 May 1898
* David Edzell Thomas Lindsay, born 28 February 1910, died 14 July 1968.

Lindsay's three eldest sons were all killed in the First World War. George served initially with the Royal Artillery, before being attached to the Royal Flying Corps. He was killed on 26 June 1917 when his B.E.2 biplane went into a spinning nosedive at 3,000 feet and crashed at Filton, near Bristol. He was buried in the family vault at Holy Trinity Church, Ystrad Mynach. Archibald served with the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers and was killed by a sniper at Hébuterne on 26 March 1918. He was buried at Foncquevillers Military Cemetery. Claud joined the Royal Field Artillery and was killed while commanding his battery in a rearguard action near Domart, France, on 31 March 1918, less than a week after his brother. He was buried at Hailles Communal Cemetery. In August 2014, Glamorgan County Cricket Club remembered the Lindsay family with a special display in the Museum of Welsh Cricket at the club's Sophia Gardens Stadium.

Ellen married Richard Cope Wilson (1892–1949) in July 1921. She was awarded the British Empire Medal in the 1955 Birthday Honours for her services with the Nottinghamshire Women's Voluntary Services. She died on 9 February 1990.

Nesta married Gerald Towell Stoneham (1890–1982) in July 1927. She was appointed M.B.E. in the 1943 Birthday Honours for her work as commander of the Auxiliary Fire Service in the East End of London during The Blitz, and her work at the National Fire Service Staff College. She died on 11 June 1957.

The family home at Ystrad Fawr was later acquired by Caerphilly Borough Council, and was subsequently demolished and is now the site of the Ysbyty Ystrad Fawr hospital.

## Death and tributes

Lindsay died, aged 78, at his home at Ystrad Fawr on Friday 1 November 1935. He was buried at Holy Trinity Church, Ystrad Mynach on 5 November 1935; the funeral service was conducted by The Revd. Alfred Monahan, the then Archdeacon of Monmouth and Chaplain to the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers with a full military service. The streets of the town were lined with thousands of people. A memorial service was held at Holy Trinity Church on Sunday 17 November, conducted by the Bishop of Llandaff, The Right Revd. Timothy Rees. The bishop paid this tribute to Col. Morgan Lindsay:

> Col. Lindsay's name was held in respect and reverence by all who knew him. He was a great gentleman, a great Christian, and a great Churchman. He was a great gentleman not simply by reason of birth, education, and position, but by reason also of qualities he possessed that made him a gentleman. A gentleman was a man who thought of other people before himself, and Col. Lindsay was one. People saw the integrity of his character, his kind deeds, and generosity as a Christian. and knew that those acts sprang from the grasp he had of eternal realities, the things of the spirit. His outward conduct revealed an inward conviction. He valued the Church not because it was an ancient institution, but because he found in the sacraments and ministry of the Church that which satisfied his soul.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Morgan Lindsay | |
| --- | --- |
| Morgan Lindsay during the First World War
© IWM HU 124166 | |
| Born | (1857-02-13)13 February 1857
Tredegar Park, Newport |
| Died | 1 November 1935(1935-11-01) (aged 78)
Ystrad Mynach, Glamorgan |
| Buried | Holy Trinity Church, Ystrad Mynach |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Rank | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Unit | Royal Engineers |
| Commands | Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers |
| Battles/wars | First Boer War
Mahdist War
Second Boer War |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath |
| Relations | George Mackintosh Lindsay (brother) |


abstract: The 1970 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia, also known as the Palermo Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Palermo, Italy. It was the 22nd edition of the tournament and was held in April 1970. It was an independent event, i.e. not part of the 1970 Grand Prix or World Championship Tennis circuits. István Gulyás won the singles title.

text:
# 1970 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia

The **1970 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia**, also known as the **Palermo Open**, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Palermo, Italy. It was the 22nd edition of the tournament and was held in April 1970. It was an independent event, i.e. not part of the 1970 Grand Prix or World Championship Tennis circuits. István Gulyás won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

István Gulyás defeated  Ilie Năstase 6–1, 6–4, 6–4

### Doubles

Ilie Năstase /  Ion Țiriac defeated  John Clifton /  David Lloyd 17–15, 11–9, 6–1

## InfoBox

| 1970 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | April |
| Edition | 22rd |
| Category | Independent |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Palermo, Italy |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| István Gulyás | |
| Doubles | |
| Ilie Năstase /  Ion Țiriac | |
|  | |


title: Wigthegn

abstract: Wigthegn was a medieval Bishop of Winchester. He was consecrated between 805 and 814. He died in 836.

text:
# Wigthegn

**Wigthegn** was a medieval Bishop of Winchester. He was consecrated between 805 and 814. He died in 836.

## Citations

* Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). *Handbook of British Chronology* (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.

## InfoBox

| Wigthegn | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Winchester | |
| Appointed | between 805 and 814 |
| Term ended | 833 |
| Predecessor | Ealhmund |
| Successor | Herefrith |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | between 805 and 814 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 836 |
| Denomination | Christian |


title: Vélye

abstract: Vélye is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. The inhabitants are called Velytiots in French.

text:
# Vélye

**Vélye** (French pronunciation: \[veli\]) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. The inhabitants are called *Velytiots* in French.

## InfoBox

| Vélye | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Velye | |
| Location of Vélye | |
| VélyeVélye | |
| Coordinates: 48°53′17″N 4°07′37″E / 48.8881°N 4.1269°E / 48.8881; 4.1269 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Marne |
| Arrondissement | Épernay |
| Canton | Vertus-Plaine Champenoise |
| Intercommunality | CA Épernay, Coteaux et Plaine de Champagne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Marie-Laure Werbrouck |
| Area**1** | 10.68 km2 (4.12 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 225 |
| Density | 21/km2 (55/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 51603 /51130 |
| Elevation | 94–137 m (308–449 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mobarak Al-Faneeni

abstract: Mobarak Al-Faneeni is a Kuwaiti professional football player who plays for the Kuwait national team. On 14 November 2019, Al-Faneeni scored his first goal for Kuwait at the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification against Chinese Taipei in a 9–0 victory.

text:
# Mobarak Al-Faneeni

**Mobarak Al-Faneeni** (born on 21 January 2000) is a Kuwaiti professional football player who plays for the Kuwait national team.

On 14 November 2019, Al-Faneeni scored his first goal for Kuwait at the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification against Chinese Taipei in a 9–0 victory.

## International goals

*Scores and results list Kuwait's goal tally first.*

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 27 November 2019 | Abdullah bin Khalifa Stadium, Doha, Qatar | Saudi Arabia | **3**–0 | 3–1 | 24th Arabian Gulf Cup |
| 2. | 14 November 2019 | Al Kuwait Sports Club Stadium, Kuwait City, Kuwait | Chinese Taipei | **3**–0 | 9–0 | 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 3. | 11 June 2022 | Jaber Al-Ahmad International Stadium, Kuwait City, Kuwait | Nepal | **4**–0 | 4–1 | 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualification |
| 4. | 24 June 2023 | Sree Kanteerava Stadium, Bangalore, India | Pakistan | **2**–0 | 4–0 | 2023 SAFF Championship |
| 5. | | | | **3**–0 | | |
|

## InfoBox

Mobarak Al-Faneeni
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mobarak Al-Faneeni | | |
| Date of birth | (2000-01-21) 21 January 2000 | | |
| Place of birth | Kuwait | | |
| Height | 1.66 m (5 ft 5 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Qadsia SC | | |
| Number | 19 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2017–2023 | Al-Salmiya | 47 | (9) |
| 2023– | Qadsia SC |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2019– | Kuwait | 30 | (5) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


abstract: The postage stamps and postal system of the Confederate States of America carried the mail of the Confederacy for a brief period in U.S. history. Early in 1861 when South Carolina no longer considered itself part of the Union and demanded that the U.S. Army abandon Fort Sumter, plans for a Confederate postal system were already underway. Indeed, the Confederate Post Office was established on February 21, 1861; and it was not until April 12 that the American Civil War officially began, when the Confederate Army fired upon U.S. soldiers who had refused to abandon the fort. However, the United States Post Office Department continued to handle the mail of the seceded states as usual during the first weeks of the war. It was not until June 1 that the Confederate Post Office took over collection and delivery, now faced with the task of providing postage stamps and mail services for its citizens. The C.S. Constitution had provided for a national postal service to be established, then required it to be self-financing beginning March 1, 1863. President Jefferson Davis had appointed John Henninger Reagan on March 6, 1861, to head the new Confederate Post Office Department. The Confederate Post Office proved to be very efficient and remained in operation for the entire duration of the Civil War.

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# Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States

The postage stamps and postal system of the Confederate States of America carried the mail of the Confederacy for a brief period in U.S. history. Early in 1861 when South Carolina no longer considered itself part of the Union and demanded that the U.S. Army abandon Fort Sumter, plans for a Confederate postal system were already underway. Indeed, the Confederate Post Office was established on February 21, 1861; and it was not until April 12 that the American Civil War officially began, when the Confederate Army fired upon U.S. soldiers who had refused to abandon the fort. However, the United States Post Office Department continued to handle the mail of the seceded states as usual during the first weeks of the war. It was not until June 1 that the Confederate Post Office took over collection and delivery, now faced with the task of providing postage stamps and mail services for its citizens.

The C.S. Constitution had provided for a national postal service to be established, then required it to be self-financing beginning March 1, 1863 (Section 8. Powers of Congress, Item 7). President Jefferson Davis had appointed John Henninger Reagan on March 6, 1861, to head the new Confederate Post Office Department. The Confederate Post Office proved to be very efficient and remained in operation for the entire duration of the Civil War.

## Beginnings

During the first seven weeks of the Civil War, the U.S. Post Office still delivered mail from the seceded states. Mail that was postmarked after the date of a state's admission into the Confederacy through May 31, 1861, and bearing U.S. (Union) postage is deemed to represent 'Confederate State Usage of U.S. Stamps'. i.e., Confederate covers franked with Union stamps. After this time, private express companies still managed to carry the mail across enemy lines. The three major express companies in operation throughout the south were Adams Express, American Letter Express, and Whiteside's Express. They had been operating freely for approximately two months when the U.S. Post Office ordered an end to such traffic, effective August 26, 1861. Mail destined to states that were not among their own unions now had to be sent by *Flag of Truce*, although some express companies still continued to run their mail operations illegally; Adams continued its Southern operations under a nominally-separate Southern Express Company, in actuality a subsidiary. Mail was also smuggled in and out by blockade-running ships—which, however, were often captured or destroyed by Union ships on blockade patrol. Because Confederate post offices existed for only a few years and official and informal records of them are lacking, relatively little is known about their operations in many regions of the South. Existing data has been studied by several experts in the field, who have reconstructed an account of their existence and operation largely from surviving Confederate covers (stamped-addressed envelopes), and by researchers specializing in advanced studies of Confederate philately, notably Colonel Harvey E. Sheppard, United States Army, Fort Hood, Texas; the late Van Dyk MacBride, Newark, New Jersey; George N. Malpass, St. Petersburg, Florida; Earl Antrim, Nampa, Idaho; David Kohn, Washington, D. C., and a few others, each contributing material in the concerted effort to create an overall account of Confederate postal history.

## Confederate Post Office

One of the first undertakings in establishing the Confederate Post Office was the appointment of John H. Reagan (1818–1905) to Postmaster General, by Jefferson Davis in 1861, making him the first Postmaster General of the newly formed Confederate Post Office. Reagan was a Democratic congressman from Texas (many years after the Civil War, Texas would elect him to a Senate seat). Upon appointment Reagan became a close friend of Davis and was Postmaster General for the duration of the war, making him the only PMG of the short-lived Confederacy. In preparation for wartime mail delivery Reagan proved to be very resourceful. He sent an agent to Washington, D.C. with letters asking the various heads of the U.S. Post Office Department to come work for the new Confederate Post Office. Amazingly nearly all of them did, bringing copies of records and account books along with them. "Reagan in effect had stolen the U.S. Post Office," notable historian William C. Davis wrote. Reagan was obviously an able administrator, presiding over the only C.S.A. cabinet department that functioned well during the war. It established new rates rather higher than those in the Union: 5¢ (equal to $1.7 today) per half-ounce under 500 miles (800 km), 10¢ per half-ounce over 500 miles (800 km), 2¢ for drop letters and circulars. Later the under-500 miles (800 km) rate was raised to 10¢ also. There was a 50¢ rate for express mail, and after 1863 a 40¢ rate for Trans-Mississippi mail to cover the costs of smuggling the mail through a Federal blockade that operated along the entire length of the lower Mississippi River. At the beginning of the war, Union blockades prevented supplies from reaching their destinations in the South, which from time to time resulted in the shortage of postage stamps, paper and other basic supplies that were much needed throughout the Confederate states.

Although the Confederate government had contracted for the printing of its own stamps, they were not yet available on June 1, forcing postmasters all over the South to improvise. Most of the time they simply went back to the old practice of accepting payment in cash and applying a "PAID" hand-stamp to the envelope. However, a number of postmasters, particularly those in the larger cities, could not afford to be handling long lines of cash customers, and developed a variety of Postmaster's provisionals. These took a variety of forms, from envelopes prestamped with a postmark modified to say "paid" or an amount, to regular stamps produced by local printers. Some are today among the great rarities of philately.

## Confederate postage

Within a month after his appointment as Postmaster General, Reagan ordered that ads be placed in both Southern and Northern newspapers seeking sealed proposals from printing companies for producing Confederate postage stamps. Bids arrived from companies in New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Newark, New Orleans, and Richmond. After the war started, however, it became evident that the contract to print Confederate stamps should go to a Confederate firm. The Confederate Post Office Department therefore awarded the contract to lithographers Hoyer & Ludwig, a small firm in Richmond. The stamps they produced were inferior in image quality to the line engraved stamps printed by the U.S. Post Office, but with what resources they had, they produced some handsome images by many accounts. The first Confederate postage issues were placed in circulation in October 1861, five months after postal service between the North and South had ended. Jefferson Davis is depicted on the first issue of 1861. The appearance of a living person on a postage stamp marked a break from the tradition adhered to by the U.S. Post Office, that a person may be depicted on U.S. postage or currency only after death.

### Provisional stamps

During the five months between the U.S. Post office's withdrawal of services from the seceded states and the first issue of Confederate postage stamps, postmasters throughout the Confederacy used temporary substitutes for postal payment. Postmasters had to improvise and used various methods to apply confirmation of postage to mailed covers, ranging from the creation of their own adhesive postage stamps to the marking of letters with either rate-altered hand-stamps or the manuscript indication "Paid." The improvised stamps and pre-paid covers are known to collectors as 'Postmaster Provisionals', so-called because they were used 'provisionally' until the first Confederate general postage stamp issues appeared. Some Confederate post offices would subsequently experience shortages in postage stamps and would revert to the use of Provisional stamps and hand-stamps. There are many dozens of types of Provisional stamps and hand-stamps from different towns and cities about the Confederacy. In some circles, Postmaster Provisionals are referred to as 'locals' since they were intended only for use from the town in which they were issued.

**The following places are known to have issued such provisionals**. \[Where a name appears (other than in manuscript) on the stamp(s), such as that of the Post Master \[P.M.\] or printer, this is appended here in *italics*\]:

* **ATHENS**, Georgia \[*T. Crawford, P.M.*\]
* **BATON ROUGE**, Louisiana \[*J. McCormick*\]
* **BEAUMONT**, Texas
* **BRIDGEVILLE**, Alabama
* **CHARLESTON**, South Carolina
* **DANVILLE**, Virginia \[*W.D Coleman P.M*\]
* **EMORY**, Virginia
* **FREDERICKSBURG**, Virginia \[*R.T. Thom*\]
* **GOLIAD**, Texas \[*J.A. Clarke, Post Master*\]
* **GONZALES**, Texas \[*Coleman & Law, Booksellers and Druggists*\]
* **GREENVILLE**, Alabama
* **GREENWOOD**, Virginia
* **GROVE HILL**, Alabama
* **HELENA**, Texas
* **INDEPENDENCE**, Texas (some issues erroneously inscribed INDEPENDANCE)
* **JETERSVILLE**, Virginia
* **KNOXVILLE**, Tennessee \[*CH Charlton PM*\]
* **LENOIR**, North Carolina
* **LIBERTY**, Louisiana - used stamp of Salem, Virginia
* **LIVINGSTON**, Alabama
* **LYNCHBURG**, Virginia \[*R.H. Glass PM*\]
* **MACON**, Georgia
* **MARION**, Virginia
* **MEMPHIS**, Tennessee \[*M.C Callaway*\]
* **MOBILE**, Alabama
* **MOUNT LEBANON**, Louisiana (only a single example is known to exist)
* **NASHVILLE**, Tennessee \[*W.D. McNish, P M.*\]
* **NEW ORLEANS**, Louisiana \[*J.L. Riddell*\]
* **NEW SMYRNA**, Florida
* **PETERSBURG**, Virginia \[*W.E. Bass, P.M*\]
* **PITTSYLVANIA**, Virginia \[*J.P. Johnson, P.M.*\]
* **PLEASANT SHADE**, Virginia \[*W.E. Davis, P.M.*\]
* **RHEATOWN**, Tennessee \[*D. Pence, P.M*\]
* **SALEM**, Virginia (stamp also used in Liberty, Louisiana)
* **SPARTANBURG**, South Carolina
* **TELLICO PLAINS**, Tennessee \[*M.F. Johnson, P.M.*\]
* **UNIONTOWN**, Alabama
* **UNIONVILLE**, South Carolina
* **VICTORIA**, Texas \[*J.A. Moody, P.M.*\]

### Postage stamps

As the Confederate States existed for only four years, it was able to issue only a modest number of postage stamps, nine basic types in all. During this brief span, the Confederate Post Office contracted with five different printing companies to produce postage stamps: Archer & Daly of Richmond, Virginia; Hoyer & Ludwig of Richmond, Virginia; J. T. Paterson & Co. of Augusta, Georgia; Thomas de la Rue & Co., Ltd., of London, England; and Keatinge & Ball of Columbia, South Carolina. Among them, these firms employed all three methods of printing commonly in use at that time: *lithography,* *typography* and *line-engraving*. The first Confederate Postage stamps were issued and placed in circulation on October 16, 1861, five months after postal service between the North and South had been suspended.

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* The first postage stamp issued by the Confederate States (1861) was a 5¢ green depicting Jefferson Davis. It was printed by the lithograph process by Hoyer and Ludwig of Richmond, Virginia. Like almost all Confederate issues, these stamps were imperforate, and single stamps had to be cut from the sheet with razors or scissors. This stamp was reprinted in blue in 1862.
* A 10¢ blue with Thomas Jefferson also appeared in 1861, designed by Charles Ludwig of Hoyer & Ludwig, Richmond, Virginia. This issue was printed by two different companies: Hoyer & Ludwig and, later, J. T. Paterson & Co. of Augusta, Georgia. The image of Thomas Jefferson used on both printings lithographically reproduced the same image that had been engraved on the U.S. 5-cent issue of 1856. *Secret marks* were added by the Paterson firm to the transfer stones to distinguish its version from the Hoyer & Ludwig prints of the same design. The most typical use was for the ten-cent rate after July 1, 1862. This stamp, like the 5¢ Davis, was reprinted in 1862, in a rose-colored version that is considerably rarer than the blue original.
* In 1862, a 2¢ stamp of Andrew Jackson appeared, in green, and was issued imperforate. This issue was again lithographed by Hoyer & Ludwig of Richmond, Virginia. Only one transfer stone used in this printing. The earliest known usage of this stamp was March 21, 1862. Sheets of this issue consisted of two panes of 100 stamps each arranged in two blocks of fifty (10X5) taken from the 50-subject transfer stone with a wide vertical gutter between panes. This was the last lithographed stamp produced by the Confederate Post Office.
* Also in 1862, a new 5¢ stamp of Davis, this time utilizing typography, was issued in large quantities. Produced by the De La Rue firm in London (which had been supplying postage stamps for England since 1855), it employed an engraving of Davis by Ferdinand Joubert (1810–1884). De La Rue shipped 12,000,000 copies of this issue to the Confederacy, accompanied by a set of printing plates and a supply of English paper so that additional copies could be produced locally. More than 36,000,000 of the 5¢ Davis stamps were subsequently printed from the De La Rue plates by Archer & Daly in Richmond. Archer & Daly eventually ran out of the English paper, and their later printings on Confederate paper tended to become increasingly coarse, with individual examples exhibiting blank areas in the design from plate damage or filled in areas due to plate wear. (Today they can be purchased for approximately US$10 depending on condition.)
* De La Rue also printed and shipped a typographed 1¢ orange stamp depicting John C. Calhoun. The Confederate Post Office had planned to reduce the drop-letter rate to one cent, but this proved impractical and, as a result, the 1¢ stamp was never put into use. Joubert De La Ferte again engraved the central image of Calhoun, placing it in the same framework design used for the Jefferson Davis 5-cent issue, a clear attempt to show that the two stamps were part of the same series. (Later, De La Rue sent altered plates of both typographed stamps to the Confederacy with revised denominations, intended for 2-cent Calhoun and 10-cent Davis issues, but neither stamp was put into production. The printed versions of these that are sometimes seen all date from the 20th century, and cannot be considered true Confederate stamps.)

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* In 1863, a new 2¢ Jackson design appeared, engraved in steel by Frederick Halpin (18051880) and printed by Archer & Daly in pale red. A second printing appeared in brown red. Line-engraving would be employed in all subsequent Confederate stamps.
* Also in 1863, a 10-cent stamp was released bearing the profile of Jefferson Davis in blue. This issue was designed and engraved on steel by John Archer and transferred to either copper plates or steel plates. Many shades of exist for these stamps, ranging from light milky blue and darker blue to shades that tend toward greenish blue and green. There are four similar designs of engraved ten cent stamps.

**Jefferson Davis, 10-cent types of 1863-64**
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* The easiest to distinguish from the other three has the value expressed as "TEN". The portrait of Jefferson Davis was designed and line engraved by John Archer, and then transferred to a copper plate. This issue was imperforate and was printed on soft, porous paper of varying thickness and with colorless gum. The earliest recorded usage is April 23, 1863. Color variations occur from dark-blue to gray-blue.

* The next easiest to distinguish (on which the value is expressed as "10") has straight lines enclosing the design in a rectangle. Several distinct shades of blue occur in this printing. The earliest recorded usage is April 23, 1863. All of these were printed by Archer and Daly of Richmond. This "frame-line" variety is by far the rarest of the stamps issued by the Confederate Post Office. Even poor copies shorn of most of the framing can command prices upwards of US$1000.
* Type I, initially printed by Archer & Daly, Bank Note Engravers, Richmond, Virginia, employs the same engraving as the "Frame Line" issue but without the frame lines. There were approximately 23,800,000 stamps printed from two plates, each with two panes of one hundred. The earliest recorded usage is April 21, 1863.
* Type II, also at first printed by Archer & Daly, is very similar to type I. Frederick Halpin designed and engraved the image of Davis. The corner ornaments are filled, and a faint line follows the outside of the design and encloses it. The Archer & Daly plates for both Type I and Type II were moved from Richmond to Columbia, South Carolina, when the fall of Richmond became imminent in late 1864. The company of Keatinge & Ball then printed the two stamps. A small number of Types I and II in Archer & Daly printings were perforated and released for use by the Confederate Post Office Department in 1864. The perforations (gauge 12+12) on these were often of notably poor quality, and forgeries abound, many of which betray themselves by perforations that either employ the wrong gauge or are cut too crisply.
* A 20¢ stamp with George Washington also appeared in 1863, again employing a design engraved in steel by Halpin and printed by Archer & Daly. This issue saw only limited use, with the result that genuine used copies are today worth 10 times more than mint examples.

## Covers

A considerable number of Confederate covers (i.e. stamped - addressed envelope) survived the Civil War and through the many years since they were mailed and have been avidly sought after and preserved by historians and collectors alike. The war had divided family members and friends across the country, and letter writing naturally increased dramatically, especially to and from the men who were away serving in an army. Letters written by soldiers reveal how they would frequently ask parents, wives and family members to write often and to also ask others to write letters back to them. As mail sent to and from the soldiers became more commonplace in the mail streams of the divided states, various Christian charity groups provided pens, paper and envelopes for the soldiers in response to their constant need for these items, since soldiers on active duty during wartime rarely had the opportunity to buy these things. The variety of mail from this time period provides the student of Civil War history with an excellent cross-reference of the history involved then. Special categories of interest include covers to and from soldiers, patriotic covers, prisoner-of-war covers, Flag of Truce and through-the-lines mail, mail carried by blockade runners to and from Europe, and a variety of other types. All of these specialties have been intensively studied. Although contemporary official records are often fragmentary or missing, and many details remain unclear, the covers with their addresses, dated postmarks, special markings and the letters themselves have provided much insight for historians and collectors in their studies of Civil War postal history. Some forging of material went on in the late 19th century, and authentication is a challenge for experts. As a rule of thumb a collector should be wary of fancy cancels on Confederate mail, as the C.S.A. Post Office never used fancy cancels. Other common types of forgeries include added stamps to a cover and forged postmarks. Another common oversight of the forger is postmarking stamps with dates before the stamp was issued. Many collectors over the years have marked or destroyed fakes and forgeries upon identification in an effort to keep the collecting pool safe from such material. This is a practice common to most of philately.

### Prisoner of war mail

During the American Civil War the number of Union and Confederate soldiers in prisoner of war prisons and camps would reach an astonishing one and a half million men. The prison population at the Andersonville Confederate POW camp alone reached 45,000 men by the war's end. At the onset of the war the United States did not recognize the legitimacy of the Confederate States and refused to establish a system that allowed for a formal prisoner and mail exchange. By the summer of 1862, more than a year into the war, prison populations in the north were at alarming proportions and the U.S. government began to see the necessity of a prisoner and mail exchange system. On July 2, 1862 it signed what was referred to as a *Prisoner exchange cartel*, and by September of that year prison populations were almost emptied. However, as the war dragged on the U.S. government had increasing distrust for the Confederate government and stopped the prisoner and mail exchanges in June 1863, less than a year after it had signed the exchange agreement. *Flag of Truce* mail exchanges resumed a month later and were used until the end of the war. Prisoner mail that was carried by Flag-of-Truce had to be put in an unsealed envelope with address and postage for delivery on the other side, then placed in an outer cover for delivery to the exchange point where the outer envelope would be destroyed and the inner envelope containing the prisoner's letter was inspected. The letter would then be placed in and sealed in the stamped addressed envelope and hand-stamped indicating that the item had been inspected. Often correspondents did not observe the two-envelope regulation, so there are examples of covers where instead of an inner and outer envelope arrangement both U.S. and Confederate postage was applied to the prisoner's letter and where both U.S. and Confederate markings were applied. These covers are often referred to as *dual-use postage covers*. Mail exchange between the divided states was only allowed to cross the lines at specified exchange points. Mail which was going from the North destined to points in the South passed primarily at City Point, Virginia, while most of the mail going from the South to the North passed through at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, and usually bear an Old Point Comfort postmark. A prisoner's cover was usually docketed with the prisoner's name, rank, and company. The marking, "Examined", on the face of the cover, usually in manuscript, indicated that the cover had been opened and examined by prison officials. Once at the exchange point, the outer envelope was removed and discarded while the inner cover containing the prisoner's letter was examined by military officials and delivered. There also exist covers that were carried to transfer points by exchanged prisoners and consequently bear no confederate examiner's markings. Mail to and from the various military prisons and prison camps is one of the most intriguing and challenging areas in Civil War postal history. Letters addressed *to* the various prisoner of war prisons are in most cases much scarcer than letters sent *from* these facilities. The south had its paper shortages and, because Confederate prisons limited the amount of correspondence, mail from Confederate prisons is much rarer than mail from Union prisons.

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### Prisoner of war prisons and camps

When the Civil War got underway, both sides were ill-prepared to deal with the very large numbers of captured troops. For a time a prisoner and mail exchange program was in use that lasted until June 1863, when the U.S. government terminated any further cooperation due to mounting war tensions and increased mistrust. The postmarks and stampings found on wartime mail from military prisons and camps during the war are sought after by historians and collectors, not only for their souvenir value but also as confirmation that various people, events and places existed at the time of mailing indicated by the name, address, postmark and other official markings. The mailed covers often bear the postmark of the nearest town or city from where the prison or camp was located. The study of Civil War military postal history and postmarks is an area of philately that involves a great volume of material covering town names, history, rarity, postmarks, and other official markings found on mail to and from POW facilities. In the navigation boxes below are two partial lists of some of the larger prison facilities, Union and Confederate, in operation during some or all of the war. Numbers for inmate totals are included to provide insight into knowing the amount of any surviving mail that is or may be in existence. There were also prison facilities that contained much smaller numbers of prisoners (a couple listed here) also. Records for some prison facilities are completely lacking, the total numbers of prisoners held, peak prison population amounts, escapes and deaths remaining unknown at the present time. Surviving prisoner of war mail to or from some of these places is exceedingly rare, and in some cases no covers are known to exist.

Union Prisons (List of Prisons/Camps currently not complete)
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(Numbers for inmate totals are approximate.)

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**Postal History Exhibits**   Confederate Prisons (List of Prisons/Camps currently not complete)
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(Numbers for inmate totals are approximate.)

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**Postal History Exhibits**

### Blockade mail

At the onset of the American Civil War it was imperative for the Confederacy to get crucial correspondence to suppliers and other mail into and out of the country. On April 19, 1861, President Lincoln proclaimed a blockade along the entire coastline of the Confederacy to prevent it from obtaining supplies and to prevent it from communicating with the rest of the world by means of mail. Twelve major ports and approximately 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of coastline along the Confederate States were patrolled by some 500 ships that were commissioned by the U.S. Navy; however, some accounts vary considerably and place the number of commissioned ships for blockade patrol at about 200, taking into account the high numbers of Union ships that were withdrawn from blockade duty for repairs. The blockade played a major role in the Union's victory over the Confederate states. By the end of the Civil War, the Union Navy had captured more than 1,100 blockade runners and had destroyed or run aground another 355 vessels. The Union blockade reduced a vital source of revenue for the south, cotton exports, to a fraction of what they were prior to the war, as well as preventing much of its mail from being sent or received. In response to the blockade various specially-built steamers were built and put to use by British investors who were heavily invested in the cotton and tobacco trade. These vessels were typically smaller and lighter in weight, often giving them an advantage of maneuverability and record speeds of up to 17 knots, which enabled them to evade or outrun Union ships on patrol. Their cargoes were usually small, light-weight and often included mail.

### Blockade runners

During the beginning of the Civil War, getting Confederate mail in and out of the Confederacy to and from foreign suppliers and other interested parties overseas posed a problem. At first, getting a ship through the Union blockade was easier, but as the war progressed the number of Union ships on blockade patrol increased while veteran crews were becoming more experienced and growing wiser to the evasive tactics employed by blockade-runners. To escape detection, blockade-runners would often try to get the mail and cargo through by making night runs, especially when the moon was new. Many of the vessels were also painted a dark gray color to help them blend in with the backdrop of the night sea, a practice that earned these vessels the nickname of *Greyhounds*. Some of the steamers also burned a smokeless anthracite coal which greatly reduced their profile against the horizon. However, as the war went on, the prospect of getting a ship through diminished greatly, and many of these ships faced capture or destruction, their cargoes and mail never reaching their ports of destination. As many of the vessels used as blockade-runners were built in England for British investors, the captured crews and passengers were usually British also. The cargo aboard was rewarded to the captain and crew of the capturing vessel, it is assumed as an added incentive for captains and crews on blockade patrolling ships to be extra vigilant. Mail was also confiscated and sometimes used as evidence against the parties involved with the ship and its cargo. Consequently, inbound covers that were prepared by forwarding agents for transfer to and delivery within the Confederacy never received various postmarks or other markings from the Confederate post office.

Among the most notable blockade runners were steamers like the SS *Syren*, a 169-foot (52 m) steel-hulled sidewheel steamer that made a record 33 successful runs through the Union blockade. Another steamer called the *Alice*, a 177-foot (54 m) steel-hulled vessel, made 24 successful runs, while the *Kate*, a wooden-hulled steamer, made 20 successful runs before being run aground in November 1862. It is likely that most of the blockade runners brought mail into the Confederate mail stream, as the Confederate states were in dire need of basic supplies, the procurement of which was conducted through mailed correspondence. The various cargoes would likely have mail attached to them to notify various parties that their shipment has arrived at port. Today, Confederate blockade covers are highly sought after by collectors and historians who often regard these mailings as figurative time-stamps and historical confirmation that various people, ships and post offices existed in and among these times and places.

The principal transfer points for mail arriving from or destined to Europe and other locations were Nassau in the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Cuba. Ships carrying letters that were addressed to points in the Confederacy would deposit their cargo of mail at one of these transfer points. Here the inbound mail was handled by a *forwarding agent* who would remove the mail or inner cover and prepare it for transfer on a blockade runner. Often the forwarding agents would apply their own markings to the cover of mail. Mail placed aboard a blockade runner would then, perhaps with some luck, make its way to the ports of New Orleans, Charleston, or Wilmington, where it was received by Confederate postal operators who would then include it in with the regular Confederate mail for delivery. The captain of the blockade runner would typically get two cents for every letter he delivered to port, which was a nominal sum, as his main source of revenue was from delivering his cargo. The average number of successful runs by a blockade runner was only about four, many of them meeting a fateful ending on their first run. Various ports along the coastline of the Confederacy saw the most traffic from blockade runners. Charleston in South Carolina was particularly well situated as a port for blockade runners with their shallow drafts, as was the Port in Wilmington in North Carolina which saw the most traffic. Because the lower Mississippi River was being blockaded effectively dividing the Western Confederate states from those east, New Orleans became one of the busiest of ports. Consequently, many blockade covers have postmarks from these locations.

### Patriotic covers

The years during the American Civil War were a period marked with strong sentiments and loyalties towards both sides involved, and this sentiment is clearly displayed on various Civil War correspondence known to collectors and historians as *Patriotic Covers*. Citizens, many of whom had family members and friends off fighting in the war, or who had died in battle, often expressed their loyalties with envelopes illustrated with flags, portraits, slogans and allegorical figures such as that of *Liberty*, which clearly captured the sentiments of that time. This practice was most evident in the North where there were many printers, especially in the larger cities, who produced an assortment of envelopes that proudly displayed these designs and which quickly became popular among the citizenry. The situation in the south was quite different. The demand for printers in the agrarian South was much less, and consequently established and qualified printers were generally nonexistent throughout most of the Confederacy. The South also lacked the North's industrialized advantages and supplies, and so the various Confederate patriotic covers that have survived the years are scarce and rare and usually have considerable value.

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### Adversity covers

Due to the Union blockade, the South was unable to get many needed basic supplies including paper, and as such envelopes and writing paper were scarce throughout most of the South. People would reuse old paper and envelopes, bags, and old forms and sometimes would use wallpaper to construct envelopes with. These covers are usually referred to by collectors as *adversity covers*.

### Mourning covers

*Mourning covers* are also widely collected. These are covers which bear signs of sympathy or recognition of an adverse event. The most common type of adversity cover that occurs in Civil War postal history, Confederate or Union, are what is referred to by collectors as *Mourning* covers. Many families shared in the loss of loved ones and friends who died in battle during the four-year war. Letters of sympathy were often sent between family members and friends. The covers often bear various markings, usually pen inscribed by the sender. One of the most common markings found on these covers is the symbolic *black border* put about the outer face of the envelope. As many thousands of men died during the war, the black border became commonplace in the Union and Confederate mail streams and in Civil War philately.

### Manuscript covers

*Manuscript covers* are addressed envelopes that were designated as *Paid* or where the amount of postage due was hand-written with pen and ink. Manuscript markings can also be found along with various hand-stamp markings, or in combination with postage stamps, which were sometimes applied prior to or after the manuscript marking(s). If the manuscript cover was mail carried by a blockade runner, the cover is usually referred to then as a *blockade cover*, and so forth with *patriotic* and other covers.

### Postal history exhibits

Civil War Postal History

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(Image sizes vary but actual cover sizes are generally the same.)  Prisoner of War Covers

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(Image sizes vary but actual cover sizes are generally the same.)

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**Prisoner of War Mail**  Flag of Truce Covers

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(Image sizes vary but actual cover sizes are generally the same.)  Patriotic Covers

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(Image sizes vary but actual cover sizes are generally the same.)

## Further reading

* **Anderson,** John Nathan. (2013) "Money or Nothing: Confederate Postal System Collapse during the Civil War," *American Journalism,* 30 (Winter 2013), 65–86.
* **Bennett**, Michael, (1998) *United States and Confederate Postal History: The 206th Public Auction, November 15, 1998*, Michael Bennett, Incorporated, 214 pages, Book
* **Boyd**, Steven R. (2010). *Patriotic Envelopes of the Civil War: The Iconography of Union and Confederate Covers*, LSU Press, 169 pages, Book
* **Clemens**, William Montgomery (1884). *Confederate Postage-Stamps*, Book
* **Confederate Stamp Alliance**, (2012).*Confederate States of America Catalog and Handbook of Stamps and Postal History*, Confederate Stamp Alliance, 528 pages, Book
* **Deaton**, Charles W. (2012). *The Great Texas Stamp Collection*, University of Texas Press, 118 pages, Book
* **Leavy**, Joseph B. (1916). *The Philatelic Gazette, Volume 6*, Nassau Stamp Co., 396 pages, E'book
* **MacBride**, Van Dyk (1950). *Fort Delaware and Its Prisoner-of-war Covers*, American philatelic, 11 pages, Book
* **Seward**, Henry; MacBride**, Van Dyk** (1952). *Season's Greetings from a Philatelic Confederate*, 2 pages, Book
* **Smith**, R.M. (1864). *The statutes at large of the provisional government of the Confederate States of America,<br>from the institution of the government, February 8, 1861, to its termination, February 18, 1862, inclusive*,
R. M. Smith, printed to Congress, 411 pages, E'book
* **Todd**, Richard Cecil (2009). *Confederate Finance*, University of Georgia Press, 270 pages, ISBN 9780820334547, Book

## Other sources

* August Dietz, *Postal Service of the Confederate States of America* (1929) - the standard work on Confederate philately
* *Dietz Confederate States Catalog and Hand-Book* (1931–1986)
* AskPhil – Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms
* Encyclopaedia of Postal History
* Stuart Rossiter & John Flower: *The Stamp Atlas*
* Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues
* *Civil War Prisons and Their Covers*, by Earl Antrim
* *Prisoners' Mail from the American Civil War*, by Galen D. Harrison. Union and Confederate Civil War covers from prisoners of war in 83 Union and 58 Confederate Prisons, compiled from a total over 2,700 covers.
* *The Handbook of Civil War Patriotic Envelopes and Postal History*, Grant, 1977


title: Voronezh Military District

abstract: The Voronezh Military District was a formation of the Soviet Armed Forces, which existed in 1945–1946 and 1949–1960, respectively. District headquarters was in Voronezh. The District was formed on July 9, 1945, and incorporated the Voronezh Oblast, the Kursk Oblast, the Orel Oblast, and the Tambov Oblast. It was formed from the headquarters of the Orel Military District and the 6th Army. On 4 February 1946, it was included into the Moscow Military District. It was formed for the second time on May 28, 1949. It included the former area of the district, and since January 1954 the newly formed Lipetsk, Belgorod and Balashov areas. In 1955, the district included the 11th Guards Rifle Corps, and the 3rd Guards, 68th and 87th Guards Rifle Divisions, and the 75th Mechanised Division. It was disbanded on 18 August 1960 and its territory and troops incorporated within the Moscow Military District.

text:
# Voronezh Military District

The **Voronezh Military District** was a formation of the Soviet Armed Forces, which existed in 1945–1946 and 1949–1960, respectively. District headquarters was in Voronezh.

The District was formed on July 9, 1945, and incorporated the Voronezh Oblast, the Kursk Oblast, the Orel Oblast, and the Tambov Oblast. It was formed from the headquarters of the Orel Military District and the 6th Army. On 4 February 1946, it was included into the Moscow Military District. It was formed for the second time on May 28, 1949. It included the former area of the district, and since January 1954 the newly formed Lipetsk, Belgorod and Balashov areas. In 1955, the district included the 11th Guards Rifle Corps, and the 3rd Guards, 68th and 87th Guards Rifle Divisions, and the 75th Mechanised Division.

It was disbanded on 18 August 1960 and its territory and troops incorporated within the Moscow Military District.

## Commanders of troops of the Voronezh Military District

## Sources

## Sources

* Military Encyclopedia. Moscow-2002.


abstract: NRHP listings in South and Southeast Baltimore The locations of the National Register properties and districts listed below may be seen in a map by clicking on "Map of all coordinates".           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024. Main:List of RHPs in Baltimore

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in South and Southeast Baltimore

NRHP listings in South and Southeast Baltimore

The locations of the National Register properties and districts listed below (at least for all showing latitude and longitude coordinates below) may be seen in a map by clicking on "Map of all coordinates".

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

Main:List of RHPs in Baltimore

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | District | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bagby Furniture Company Building |  | October 22, 1998
(#98001263) | 509 S. Exeter St.
39°17′05″N 76°36′00″W / 39.284722°N 76.6°W / 39.284722; -76.6 (Bagby Furniture Company Building) | Southeast |  |
| 2 | *BALTIMORE* (tug) |  | November 4, 1993
(#93001613) | 1415 Key Highway
39°16′28″N 76°36′01″W / 39.274444°N 76.600278°W / 39.274444; -76.600278 (*BALTIMORE* (tug)) | South |  |
| 3 | Baltimore and Ohio Locust Point Grain Terminal Elevator |  | December 23, 2004
(#04001379) | 1700 Beason St.
39°16′19″N 76°35′20″W / 39.271944°N 76.588889°W / 39.271944; -76.588889 (Baltimore and Ohio Locust Point Grain Terminal Elevator) | South |  |
| 4 | Baltimore and Ohio Transportation Museum and Mount Clare Station |  | October 15, 1966
(#66000906) | Pratt and Poppleton Sts.
39°17′07″N 76°37′57″W / 39.285278°N 76.6325°W / 39.285278; -76.6325 (Baltimore and Ohio Transportation Museum and Mount Clare Station) | South |  |
| 5 | *BANCROFT* (motor vessel) |  | March 27, 1980
(#80001780) | Fell's Point
39°16′54″N 76°35′30″W / 39.281667°N 76.591667°W / 39.281667; -76.591667 (*BANCROFT* (motor vessel)) | Southeast |  |
| 6 | Bankard-Gunther Mansion |  | August 6, 1980
(#80001781) | 2102 E. Baltimore Street
39°17′31″N 76°35′14″W / 39.291944°N 76.587222°W / 39.291944; -76.587222 (Bankard-Gunther Mansion) | Southeast |  |
| 7 | Barre Circle Historic District |  | January 10, 1983
(#83002926) | Roughly bounded by Scott St., Ramsey St., Boyd St., and Harbor City Boulevard./S. Fremont St.
39°17′08″N 76°37′43″W / 39.285556°N 76.628611°W / 39.285556; -76.628611 (Barre Circle Historic District) | South |  |
| 8 | Building at 239 North Gay Street |  | October 7, 1994
(#94001202) | 239 N. Gay St.
39°17′38″N 76°36′29″W / 39.293889°N 76.608056°W / 39.293889; -76.608056 (Building at 239 North Gay Street) | Southeast | SW corner of Gay and Front. Iron front, Italianate style. |
| 9 | Butchers Hill Historic District |  | December 28, 1982
(#82001582) | Roughly bounded by Patterson Park Ave. and Fayette, Pratt, Chapel, Washington, and Chester Sts.
39°17′29″N 76°35′13″W / 39.291389°N 76.586944°W / 39.291389; -76.586944 (Butchers Hill Historic District) | Southeast |  |
| 10 | Canton Historic District |  | January 29, 1980
(#80001784) | Eastern Ave. and Waterfront, Conklin, and Chester Sts.
39°16′53″N 76°34′34″W / 39.281389°N 76.576111°W / 39.281389; -76.576111 (Canton Historic District) | Southeast |  |
| 11 | Carroll Mansion |  | May 25, 1973
(#73002182) | 800 E. Lombard St.
39°17′19″N 76°36′17″W / 39.288611°N 76.604722°W / 39.288611; -76.604722 (Carroll Mansion) | Southeast |  |
| 12 | Carrollton Viaduct |  | November 11, 1971
(#71001032) | Gwynn's Falls near Carroll Park
39°16′31″N 76°39′19″W / 39.275278°N 76.655278°W / 39.275278; -76.655278 (Carrollton Viaduct) | South |  |
| 13 | Chizuk Amuno Synagogue |  | April 19, 1978
(#78003141) | 27–35 Lloyd St.
39°17′24″N 76°36′04″W / 39.29°N 76.601111°W / 39.29; -76.601111 (Chizuk Amuno Synagogue) | Southeast |  |
| 14 | Coca-Cola Baltimore Branch Factory |  | May 4, 2001
(#01000407) | 1215 E. Fort Ave.
39°16′07″N 76°35′53″W / 39.268611°N 76.598056°W / 39.268611; -76.598056 (Coca-Cola Baltimore Branch Factory) | South |  |
| 15 | Douglass Place |  | September 15, 1983
(#83004214) | 516–524 S. Dallas St.
39°17′06″N 76°35′47″W / 39.285°N 76.596389°W / 39.285; -76.596389 (Douglass Place) | Southeast |  |
| 16 | Dorguth Memorial United Methodist Church |  | August 14, 1979
(#79003216) | Scott and Carroll St.
39°16′56″N 76°37′44″W / 39.282222°N 76.628889°W / 39.282222; -76.628889 (Dorguth Memorial United Methodist Church) | South |  |
| 17 | Dundalk Historic District |  | December 8, 1983
(#83003630) | Roughly bounded by Liberty Parkway, Dunman, Willow Spring, and Sunship Rds., and Chesapeake and Patapsco Aves.
39°15′35″N 76°31′26″W / 39.259722°N 76.523889°W / 39.259722; -76.523889 (Dundalk Historic District) | Southeast |  |
| 18 | Eastern Female High School |  | September 10, 1971
(#71001035) | 249 Aisquith St.
39°17′40″N 76°36′06″W / 39.294444°N 76.601667°W / 39.294444; -76.601667 (Eastern Female High School) | Southeast |  |
| 19 | Equitable Gas Works |  | December 29, 2003
(#03001322) | 1401 Severn St.
39°16′31″N 76°37′56″W / 39.275278°N 76.632222°W / 39.275278; -76.632222 (Equitable Gas Works) | South |  |
| 20 | Federal Hill Historic District |  | April 17, 1970
(#70000859) | Bounded by Baltimore Harbor and Hughes, Hanover, and Cross Sts.
39°16′44″N 76°36′36″W / 39.278889°N 76.61°W / 39.278889; -76.61 (Federal Hill Historic District) | South |  |
| 21 | Federal Hill South Historic District |  | December 22, 2003
(#03001331) | Roughly bounded by Cross St., Olive St., Marshall St., Ostend St., Fort Ave., and Covington St.
39°16′33″N 76°36′39″W / 39.275833°N 76.610833°W / 39.275833; -76.610833 (Federal Hill South Historic District) | South |  |
| 22 | Fells Point Historic District |  | March 28, 1969
(#69000319) | Bounded on the north by Aliceanna St., on the east by Wolfe St., on the south by Baltimore Harbor, and on the west by Dallas St.
39°16′59″N 76°35′34″W / 39.283056°N 76.592778°W / 39.283056; -76.592778 (Fells Point Historic District) | Southeast | Includes later boundary increase. |
| 23 | Flag House |  | December 3, 1969
(#69000320) | 844 E. Pratt St.
39°17′15″N 76°36′13″W / 39.2875°N 76.603611°W / 39.2875; -76.603611 (Flag House) | Southeast |  |
| 24 | Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine |  | October 15, 1966
(#66000907) | Locust Point, at the eastern end of Fort Ave.
39°15′49″N 76°34′48″W / 39.263611°N 76.58°W / 39.263611; -76.58 (Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine) | TBD |  |
| 25 | Gay Street Historic District |  | November 21, 2003
(#03001173) | Bounded by N. Gay, Fallsway, Low and N. Exeter Sts.
39°17′35″N 76°36′26″W / 39.293056°N 76.607222°W / 39.293056; -76.607222 (Gay Street Historic District) | Southeast |  |
| 26 | Hendler Creamery |  | December 20, 2007
(#07001032) | 1100 E. Baltimore St. and 1107 E. Fayette St.
39°17′28″N 76°36′08″W / 39.291111°N 76.602222°W / 39.291111; -76.602222 (Hendler Creamery) | Southeast |  |
| 27 | Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church |  | December 30, 2002
(#02001578) | 106–112 E. West St.
39°16′34″N 76°36′40″W / 39.276111°N 76.611111°W / 39.276111; -76.611111 (Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church) | South |  |
| 28 | House at 9 North Front Street |  | June 14, 1979
(#79003217) | 9 N. Front St.
39°17′26″N 76°36′19″W / 39.290556°N 76.605278°W / 39.290556; -76.605278 (House at 9 North Front Street) | Southeast |  |
| 29 | SS *JOHN W. BROWN* (Liberty Ship) |  | November 17, 1997
(#97001295) | Pier 1, Clinton St.
39°16′04″N 76°34′12″W / 39.267778°N 76.57°W / 39.267778; -76.57 (SS *JOHN W. BROWN* (Liberty Ship)) | Southeast |  |
| 30 | Johns Hopkins Hospital Complex |  | February 24, 1975
(#75002094) | 601 N. Broadway
39°17′50″N 76°35′37″W / 39.297222°N 76.593611°W / 39.297222; -76.593611 (Johns Hopkins Hospital Complex) | Southeast |  |
| 31 | Leadenhall Street Baptist Church |  | March 16, 1979
(#79003218) | 1021–1023 Leadenhall St.
39°16′38″N 76°37′03″W / 39.277222°N 76.6175°W / 39.277222; -76.6175 (Leadenhall Street Baptist Church) | South |  |
| 32 | Little Montgomery Street Historic District |  | April 15, 1982
(#82004748) | W. Montgomery and Leadenhall Sts.
39°16′48″N 76°37′00″W / 39.28°N 76.616667°W / 39.28; -76.616667 (Little Montgomery Street Historic District) | South |  |
| 33 | Lloyd Street Synagogue |  | April 19, 1978
(#78003142) | 11 Lloyd St.
39°17′26″N 76°36′05″W / 39.290556°N 76.601389°W / 39.290556; -76.601389 (Lloyd Street Synagogue) | Southeast | A part of the Jewish Museum of Maryland. |
| 34 | Locust Point Historic District |  | December 26, 2012
(#12001084) | Roughly bounded by Fort Ave., B & O RR., Woodall & Reynolds Sts.
39°16′13″N 76°35′35″W / 39.270404°N 76.593035°W / 39.270404; -76.593035 (Locust Point Historic District) | South |  |
| 35 | Loft Historic District North |  | January 3, 1985
(#85000016) | Roughly bounded by Paca, Redwood, Eutaw, and Lombard Sts.
39°17′18″N 76°37′19″W / 39.288333°N 76.621944°W / 39.288333; -76.621944 (Loft Historic District North) | South |  |
| 36 | Loft Historic District South |  | January 3, 1985
(#85000017) | Along the 500 block of W. Pratt St., bounded by Green St. and the 100 block of S. Paca St.
39°17′10″N 76°37′23″W / 39.286111°N 76.623056°W / 39.286111; -76.623056 (Loft Historic District South) | South |  |
| 37 | Lord Baltimore Hotel |  | December 2, 1982
(#82001587) | 20 West Baltimore St.
39°17′23″N 76°36′58″W / 39.289722°N 76.616111°W / 39.289722; -76.616111 (Lord Baltimore Hotel) | South |  |
| 38 | Maryland White Lead Works |  | December 27, 2002
(#02001604) | 921–979 E. Fort Ave.
39°16′14″N 76°36′04″W / 39.270643°N 76.601018°W / 39.270643; -76.601018 (Maryland White Lead Works) | South |  |
| 39 | McKim's School |  | March 30, 1973
(#73002190) | 1120 E. Baltimore St.
39°17′28″N 76°36′04″W / 39.291111°N 76.601111°W / 39.291111; -76.601111 (McKim's School) | Southeast | McKim Community Center |
| 40 | H.L. Mencken House |  | July 28, 1983
(#83004384) | 1524 Hollins Rd.
39°17′15″N 76°38′29″W / 39.2875°N 76.641389°W / 39.2875; -76.641389 (H.L. Mencken House) | South |  |
| 41 | Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store |  | September 14, 2000
(#00001085) | 1000 S. Monroe St.
39°16′34″N 76°38′41″W / 39.276111°N 76.644722°W / 39.276111; -76.644722 (Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store) | South |  |
| 42 | Mount Auburn Cemetery |  | September 7, 2001
(#01000456) | 2614 Annapolis Rd.
39°15′34″N 76°38′23″W / 39.259444°N 76.639722°W / 39.259444; -76.639722 (Mount Auburn Cemetery) | South |  |
| 43 | Mount Clare |  | April 15, 1970
(#70000860) | Carroll Park
39°16′44″N 76°38′37″W / 39.278889°N 76.643611°W / 39.278889; -76.643611 (Mount Clare) | South |  |
| 44 | National Brewing Company |  | December 30, 2002
(#02001579) | 3601–3901 Dillon St.
39°16′51″N 76°33′53″W / 39.280833°N 76.564722°W / 39.280833; -76.564722 (National Brewing Company) | Southeast |  |
| 45 | National Enameling and Stamping Company |  | December 27, 2002
(#02001583) | 1901 Light St.
39°16′04″N 76°36′38″W / 39.267778°N 76.610556°W / 39.267778; -76.610556 (National Enameling and Stamping Company) | South |  |
| 46 | Old Town Friends' Meetinghouse |  | March 30, 1973
(#73002192) | 1201 E. Fayette St.
39°17′31″N 76°36′04″W / 39.291944°N 76.601111°W / 39.291944; -76.601111 (Old Town Friends' Meetinghouse) | Southeast |  |
| 47 | Parker Metal Decoration Company Plant |  | November 22, 2000
(#00001391) | 333 W. Ostend St.
39°16′31″N 76°37′18″W / 39.275278°N 76.621667°W / 39.275278; -76.621667 (Parker Metal Decoration Company Plant) | South |  |
| 48 | Patterson Park-Highlandtown Historic District |  | December 27, 2002
(#02001623) | Roughly bounded by Patterson Park Ave., E. Fayette St., and Pulaski Highway, Grundy St., Eastern Ave., Patterson Park
39°17′30″N 76°34′23″W / 39.291667°N 76.573056°W / 39.291667; -76.573056 (Patterson Park-Highlandtown Historic District) | Southeast |  |
| 49 | Pigtown Historic District |  | December 28, 2006
(#06001177) | Roughly bounded by McHenry St. and Ramsay St., W. Barre, S. Paca, Ostend and Wicomico Sts., Bush and Bayard Sts, and the railroad line
39°16′49″N 76°37′56″W / 39.280278°N 76.632222°W / 39.280278; -76.632222 (Pigtown Historic District) | South |  |
| 50 | Polish Home Hall |  | December 26, 2007
(#07001311) | 4416 Fairhaven Ave.
39°13′31″N 76°35′25″W / 39.225278°N 76.590278°W / 39.225278; -76.590278 (Polish Home Hall) | South |  |
| 51 | Poppleton Fire Station |  | September 8, 1983
(#83002938) | 756–760 W. Baltimore St.
39°17′20″N 76°37′44″W / 39.288889°N 76.628889°W / 39.288889; -76.628889 (Poppleton Fire Station) | South |  |
| 52 | Procter and Gamble Baltimore Plant |  | October 28, 1999
(#99001280) | 1422 Nicholson St.
39°16′30″N 76°35′30″W / 39.275°N 76.591667°W / 39.275; -76.591667 (Procter and Gamble Baltimore Plant) | South |  |
| 53 | Public School No. 25 |  | September 25, 1979
(#79001111) | S. Bond St.
39°17′06″N 76°35′43″W / 39.285°N 76.595278°W / 39.285; -76.595278 (Public School No. 25) | Southeast |  |
| 54 | Ridgely's Delight Historic District |  | June 6, 1980
(#80001790) | Roughly bounded by S. Fremont Ave. and W. Pratt, Conway, and Russell Sts.
39°17′08″N 76°37′31″W / 39.285556°N 76.625278°W / 39.285556; -76.625278 (Ridgely's Delight Historic District) | South |  |
| 55 | Riverside Historic District |  | April 30, 2008
(#08000358) | Bounded by Race St. from the west, south to Winder, east to Webster, north to Heath, east to Boyle and north to Fort, then west to Marshall
39°16′13″N 76°36′33″W / 39.270253°N 76.609264°W / 39.270253; -76.609264 (Riverside Historic District) | South |  |
| 56 | Rombro Building |  | May 26, 2005
(#94001172) | 22–24 S. Howard St.
39°17′18″N 76°37′12″W / 39.288333°N 76.62°W / 39.288333; -76.62 (Rombro Building) | South |  |
| 57 | St. Alphonsus' Church, Rectory, Convent and Halle |  | May 23, 1973
(#73002195) | 112–116, 125–127 W. Saratoga St.
39°17′35″N 76°37′04″W / 39.293056°N 76.617778°W / 39.293056; -76.617778 (St. Alphonsus' Church, Rectory, Convent and Halle) | Southeast |  |
| 58 | St. Brigid's School and Convent |  | December 27, 2016
(#16000909) | 900 S. East Ave.
39°16′56″N 76°34′17″W / 39.282222°N 76.571329°W / 39.282222; -76.571329 (St. Brigid's School and Convent) |  |  |
| 59 | St. Elizabeth of Hungary |  | November 4, 1994
(#94001278) | Junction of E. Baltimore St. and Lakewood Ave.
39°17′33″N 76°34′45″W / 39.2925°N 76.579167°W / 39.2925; -76.579167 (St. Elizabeth of Hungary) | Southeast |  |
| 60 | St. Leo's Church |  | July 28, 1983
(#83002939) | 221 S. Exeter St.
39°17′15″N 76°36′03″W / 39.2875°N 76.600833°W / 39.2875; -76.600833 (St. Leo's Church) | Southeast |  |
| 61 | St. Michael's Church Complex |  | May 17, 1989
(#89000383) | 1900–1920 E. Lombard St.
39°17′26″N 76°35′24″W / 39.290556°N 76.59°W / 39.290556; -76.59 (St. Michael's Church Complex) | Southeast |  |
| 62 | St. Paul's Cemetery |  | June 30, 1988
(#88000746) | Redwood St. and Martin Luther King Boulevard
39°17′15″N 76°37′41″W / 39.2875°N 76.628056°W / 39.2875; -76.628056 (St. Paul's Cemetery) | South |  |
| 63 | St. Peter the Apostle Church and Buildings |  | October 14, 1976
(#76002184) | 11 and 13 S. Poppleton St. and 848 Hollins St.
39°17′17″N 76°37′56″W / 39.288056°N 76.632222°W / 39.288056; -76.632222 (St. Peter the Apostle Church and Buildings) | South |  |
| 64 | St. Vincent De Paul Roman Catholic Church |  | February 12, 1974
(#74002215) | 120 N. Front St.
39°17′29″N 76°36′24″W / 39.291389°N 76.606667°W / 39.291389; -76.606667 (St. Vincent De Paul Roman Catholic Church) | Southeast |  |
| 65 | *SAVANNAH* (nuclear ship) |  | November 14, 1982
(#82001518) | Patapsco River, Port of Baltimore
39°15′31″N 76°33′20″W / 39.258611°N 76.555556°W / 39.258611; -76.555556 (*SAVANNAH* (nuclear ship)) | South | Previously in York County, Virginia |
| 66 | Shot Tower |  | October 1, 1969
(#69000373) | Southeastern corner of Fayette and Front Sts.
39°17′26″N 76°36′20″W / 39.290556°N 76.605556°W / 39.290556; -76.605556 (Shot Tower) | Southeast | Also known as Phoenix Shot Tower. |
| 67 | School No. 27 (Commodore John Rodgers Elementary School) |  | March 21, 1986
(#86000613) | 2031 E. Fayette St.
39°17′38″N 76°35′16″W / 39.293889°N 76.587778°W / 39.293889; -76.587778 (School No. 27 (Commodore John Rodgers Elementary School)) | Southeast |  |
| 68 | Sonneborn Building |  | October 29, 1982
(#82001588) | 110 S. Paca St.
39°17′11″N 76°37′21″W / 39.286389°N 76.6225°W / 39.286389; -76.6225 (Sonneborn Building) | South |  |
| 69 | South Central Avenue Historic District |  | November 11, 2001
(#01001213) | Approximately 8 blocks centering on Central Ave. between Pratt and Fleet Sts.
39°17′12″N 76°35′58″W / 39.286667°N 76.599444°W / 39.286667; -76.599444 (South Central Avenue Historic District) | Southeast |  |
| 70 | Southern District Police Station |  | December 28, 2001
(#01001373) | 28 E. Ostend St.
39°16′30″N 76°36′47″W / 39.275°N 76.613056°W / 39.275; -76.613056 (Southern District Police Station) | South |  |
| 71 | Turner-White Casket Co. Building |  | January 26, 1995
(#94001553) | 509–511 W. Lombard St.
39°17′14″N 76°37′21″W / 39.287222°N 76.6225°W / 39.287222; -76.6225 (Turner-White Casket Co. Building) | South |  |
| 72 | U.S. Post Office and Courthouse |  | March 25, 1977
(#77001530) | 111 N. Calvert St.
39°17′27″N 76°36′44″W / 39.290833°N 76.612222°W / 39.290833; -76.612222 (U.S. Post Office and Courthouse) | South |  |
| 73 | Union Bros. Furniture Company |  | February 7, 2018
(#100001959) | 1120 S Hanover St.
39°16′34″N 76°36′57″W / 39.276117°N 76.615727°W / 39.276117; -76.615727 (Union Bros. Furniture Company) |  |  |
| 74 | Union Square-Hollins Market Historic District |  | September 15, 1983
(#83002941) | Roughly bounded by Fulton, Fayette, Pratt, and Schroeder Sts.
39°17′13″N 76°38′25″W / 39.286944°N 76.640278°W / 39.286944; -76.640278 (Union Square-Hollins Market Historic District) | South | See Union Square and Hollins Market |
| 75 | WHEC-37 |  | June 7, 1988
(#88001826) | Pier 6
39°17′09″N 76°36′23″W / 39.285833°N 76.606389°W / 39.285833; -76.606389 (WHEC-37) | South |  |
| 76 | Walters Bath No. 2 |  | June 19, 1979
(#79003220) | 900 Washington Boulevard
39°16′59″N 76°37′52″W / 39.283056°N 76.631111°W / 39.283056; -76.631111 (Walters Bath No. 2) | South |  |
| 77 | Wilkens-Robins Building |  | December 3, 1980
(#80001792) | 308–312 W. Pratt St.
39°17′11″N 76°37′12″W / 39.286389°N 76.62°W / 39.286389; -76.62 (Wilkens-Robins Building) | South |  |


title: Motive (law)

abstract: A motive is the cause that moves people to induce a certain action. In criminal law, motive in itself is not an element of any given crime; however, the legal system typically allows motive to be proven to make plausible the accused's reasons for committing a crime, at least when those motives may be obscure or hard to identify with. However, a motive is not required to reach a verdict. Motives are also used in other aspects of a specific case, for instance, when police are initially investigating. The law technically distinguishes between motive and intent. "Intent" in criminal law is synonymous with mens rea, which means the mental state shows liability which is enforced by law as an element of a crime. "Motive" describes instead the reasons in the accused's background and station in life that are supposed to have induced the crime. Motives are often broken down into three categories: biological, social and personal.

text:
# Motive (law)

A **motive** is the cause that moves people to induce a certain action. In criminal law, motive in itself is not an element of any given crime; however, the legal system typically allows motive to be proven to make plausible the accused's reasons for committing a crime, at least when those motives may be obscure or hard to identify with. However, a motive is not required to reach a verdict. Motives are also used in other aspects of a specific case, for instance, when police are initially investigating.

The law technically distinguishes between motive and intent. "Intent" in criminal law is synonymous with *mens rea* ('guilty mind'), which means the mental state shows liability which is enforced by law as an element of a crime. "Motive" describes instead the reasons in the accused's background and station in life that are supposed to have induced the crime. Motives are often broken down into three categories: biological, social and personal.

## Objections

There are two objections to motive when considering punishment. The first is volitional objection, which is the argument that the person cannot manage his or her own motives and therefore cannot be punished for them. The second objection is neutrality objection. This is based on the idea that our society has contrasting political opinions and therefore a government’s preference should be limited.

## Pertinence

There are four different ways a defendant's motive can be pertinent to his or her criminal liability. Motive can be fully inculpatory or exculpatory or only partially inculpatory or exculpatory. When one has acted with a specific motive, lawful behavior becomes illegal, and this is when motive is fully inculpatory. If illegal activity with a particular motive does not hold a defendant responsible then that motive is fully exculpatory. When a motive supplies inadequate defense to a crime, the motive is partially exculpatory. When a motive says the kind of infraction for which the defendant is responsible, the motive is partially inculpatory.