title: Vocea României season 3

abstract: The third season of the Romanian reality talent show Vocea României premiered on ProTV on September 28, 2013. Pavel Bartoș and Nicoleta Luciu returned as hosts, with Vlad Roșca as the social media correspondent. All four coaches returned for their third season. The show was moved from its usual Tuesday evening slot to Saturday evening. This season brought rule changes. During the battle round, opposing coaches have the ability to steal the singer that was sent home by the original coach. If more than one coach hits their button to recruit the singer in question, it is up to the contestant to decide which coach he or she wants to work with. Each coach can save two contestants, which means the battle round will end with nine singers on each team, rather than seven. The sing-off further reduces each team to eight singers for the live shows, rather than six as in the previous season. The season finale aired on December 26, 2013. Mihai Chițu, mentored by coach Horia Brenciu, was declared winner of the season. It was Brenciu's second consecutive victory as a coach.

text:
# Vocea României season 3

The **third season** of the Romanian reality talent show *Vocea României* premiered on ProTV on September 28, 2013. Pavel Bartoș and Nicoleta Luciu returned as hosts, with Vlad Roșca as the social media correspondent. All four coaches returned for their third season. The show was moved from its usual Tuesday evening slot to Saturday evening.

This season brought rule changes. During the battle round, opposing coaches have the ability to steal the singer that was sent home by the original coach. If more than one coach hits their button to recruit the singer in question, it is up to the contestant to decide which coach he or she wants to work with. Each coach can save two contestants, which means the battle round will end with nine singers on each team, rather than seven. The sing-off further reduces each team to eight singers for the live shows, rather than six as in the previous season.

The season finale aired on December 26, 2013. Mihai Chițu, mentored by coach Horia Brenciu, was declared winner of the season. It was Brenciu's second consecutive victory as a coach.

## Pre-selections

Cluj-NapocaTimișoaraIașiBrașovBucharestclass=notpageimage|Cities where the pre-selections were held.

Pre-selections took place in the following cities:

| Location | Date | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cluj-Napoca | April 7, 2013 | Hotel Belvedere |
| Timișoara | April 14, 2013 | Hotel Continental |
| Iași | April 21, 2013 | Hotel Unirea |
| Brașov | April 28, 2013 | Hotel Kronwell |
| Bucharest | May 12, 2013 | Ramada Bucharest Parc Hotel |

## Teams

Color key

| Coaches | Top 56 artists | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Horia Brenciu |  | | | | | |
| | **Mihai Chițu** | Ana-Maria Mirică | *Georgia Dascălu* | Denisa Moșincat | Árpi Török | Florin Ilinca |
| | *Andrei Hanghiuc* | Florin Timbuc | Diana Arvinte | ~~Kinga Farkas~~ | ~~Adrian Nour~~ | ~~Gabriel Kisczuk~~ |
| | Ana-Maria Bucșă | Andrada Ghiorma | Răzvan Răducă | Ruxandra Măcărescu |  | |
| Marius Moga |  | | | | | |
| | Sânziana Niculae | Jovana Milovanović | Felix Burdușa | Andi Grasu | Angelo Simonică | *Elena Șalaru* |
| | Andrei Loică | Dana Torop | *Gabriel Kisczuk* | ~~Georgia Dascălu~~ | ~~Răzvan Pașca~~ | ~~Bogdan Olaru~~ |
| | Diana Dolcan | Mihai Farkaș | Elis Opriș | Mădălina Omania |  | |
| Smiley |  | | | | | |
| | *Adrian Nour* | Claudia Iuga | Stella Anița | Iolanda Moldoveanu | Nicoleta Țicală | George Secioreanu |
| | Lucian Frâncu | Răzvan Alexa | *Bogdan Olaru* | ~~Andrei Hanghiuc~~ | ~~Elena Șalaru~~ | Adrian Molnar |
| | Valentin Câmpeanu | Cosmin Arsene | Gabriel Onilă | Gabriel Burduja |  | |
| Loredana Groza |  | | | | | |
| | Marius Marin | Muneer al-Obeidli | Alina Dorobanțu | Florin Mândru | Andrei Chermeleu | *Kinga Farkas* |
| | Iulia Dumitrache | Aurel Niamțu | *Răzvan Pașca* | Dudu Isabel | Ana Kalmar | Marcela Scripcaru |
| | Claudiu Grosu | Alina Păun | Mihai Băjinaru | Romeo Zaharia |  | |
| Note: *Italicized* names are stolen contestants (names struck through within former teams). | | | | | | |

## Blind auditions

The first phase of the competition, the blind auditions, taped August 5–8, 2013 at the MediaPro Studios, Buftea, began airing when the season premiered on September 28, 2013.

Color key

|  | Coach hit his/her "I WANT YOU" button |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist defaulted to this coach's team |
|  | Artist elected to join this coach's team |
|  | Artist eliminated with no coach pressing his or her "I WANT YOU" button |
|

### Episode 1 (September 28)

The first of six pre-recorded audition episodes aired on Saturday, September 28, 2013. The season 2 finalists opened the show with a performance of "Don't Stop Believin'".

| Order | Artist | Age | Hometown | Song | Coach's and contestant's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Brenciu | Loredana | Smiley | Moga |
| 1 | Bogdan Olaru | 22 | Moreni, Dâmbovița | "Help!" |  |  |  |  |
| 2 | Iulia Dumitrache | 23 | Bucharest | "Shy Guy" |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | Gabriel Onilă | 34 | Bucharest | "Fragile" |  |  |  |  |
| 4 | Marian Radu | 27 | Răcari, Dâmbovița | "Lost" |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | Marta Onilă | 28 | Bucharest | "Nah Neh Nah" |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Dana Torop | 27 | Craiova, Dolj | "I Look to You" |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | Gabriel Kisczuk | 32 | Rădăuți, Suceava | "I'm Still Standing" |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | Valerian Coșug | 61 | Bucharest | "Dance Me to the End of Love" |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | Mihai Chițu | 33 | Bucharest | "The Great Pretender" |  |  |  |  |
| 10 | Ana-Maria Mirică | 35 | Ploiești, Prahova | "Cabaret" |  |  |  |  |
| 11 | Andrada Ghiorma | 28 | Cisnădie, Sibiu | "Skinny Love" |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | Aurel Niamțu | 64 | Iași, Iași | "Cine iubește și lasă \[Blestem\]" |  |  |  |  |
| 13 | Răzvan Alexa | 22 | Verșeni, Iași | "No Woman, No Cry" |  |  |  |  |

### Episode 2 (October 5)

The second episode was aired on October 5, 2013.

| Order | Artist | Age | Hometown | Song | Coach's and contestant's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Brenciu | Loredana | Smiley | Moga |
| 1 | Diana Irina Vasian | 26 | Lupeni | "Try" |  |  |  |  |
| 2 | Diana Arvinte | 24 | Constanța, Constanța | "American Woman" |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | Adrian Molnar | 28 | Reghin, Mureș | "Just the Way You Are" |  |  |  |  |
| 4 | Giulio Laurențiu Vasilescu | 34 | Bucharest | "Crying in the Rain" |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | Ana Kalmar | 24 | Cluj-Napoca, Cluj | "Next to Me" |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Florin Ilinca | 22 | Bucharest | "Du hast" |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | Sânziana Niculae | 19 | Urziceni, Ialomița | "Blue Jeans" |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | Elena Carafizi | 19 | Chișinău, Moldova | "Why Don't You Love Me?" |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | Angelo Simonică | 17 | Bucharest | "The Man Who Can't Be Moved" |  |  |  |  |
| 10 | Alexandru Cibotaru | 28 | Chișinău, Moldova | "Atât de singur" |  |  |  |  |
| 11 | Adrian Nour | 32 | Galați, Galați | "The Girl from Ipanema" |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | Muneer al-Obeidli | 29 | Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates | "Ride It" |  |  |  |  |
| 13 | Cosmin Pienariu | 32 | Sebeș, Alba | "Te iubesc, femeie" |  |  |  |  |
| 14 | Alina Păun | 17 | Bucharest | "One and Only" |  |  |  |  |

### Episode 3 (October 12)

The third episode was aired on October 12, 2013.

| Order | Artist | Age | Hometown | Song | Coach's and contestant's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Brenciu | Loredana | Smiley | Moga |
| 1 | Silviu Mircescu | 23 | Bucharest | "Dragostea-i nebună" |  |  |  |  |
| 2 | Claudia Iuga | 34 | Arad, Arad | "Holding Out for a Hero" |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | Răzvan Pașca | 25 | Baia Mare, Maramureș | "When I Was Your Man" |  |  |  |  |
| 4 | Fănel Cornelius | 38 | Castrop-Rauxel, Germany | "You" |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | Stella Anița | 30 | Bucharest | "Impossible" |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Ruxandra Măcărescu | 27 | Bucharest | "You Know I'm No Good" |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | Claudiu Grosu | 28 | Bucharest | "Volare" |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | Adrian Pleșcău | 23 | Brașov, Brașov | "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | Felix Burdușa | 21 | Focșani, Vrancia | "What Goes Around... Comes Around" |  |  |  |  |
| 10 | Jovana Milovanović | 17 | Kovin, Serbia | "I Was Here" |  |  |  |  |
| 11 | Mihaela Câmpean | 49 | Bucharest | "Dream a Little Dream of Me" |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | Andrei Chermeleu | 28 | Bucharest | "Red" |  |  |  |  |
| 13 | Marcela Scripcaru | 24 | Bucharest | "Queen of the Night" |  |  |  |  |

### Episode 4 (October 19)

The fourth episode was aired on October 19, 2013.

| Order | Artist | Age | Hometown | Song | Coach's and contestant's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Brenciu | Loredana | Smiley | Moga |
| 1 | Monica Budui | 25 | Târgu-Jiu, Gorj | "Don't Know Why" |  |  |  |  |
| 2 | Andrei Hanghiuc | 31 | Bucharest | "I Need a Dollar" |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | Elena Șalaru | 22 | Chișinău, Moldova | "Bring Me to Life" |  |  |  |  |
| 4 | Mihai Farkaș | 21 | Făgăraș, Brașov | "Please Forgive Me" |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | Ștefan Lăutaru | 21 | Bucharest | "Jailhouse Rock" |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Valentin Câmpeanu | 22 | Târgu Neamț, Neamț | "Insatiable" |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | Kinga Farkas | 22 | Lupeni, Hunedoara | "Unfaithful" |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | Lucian Frâncu | 26 | Brașov, Brașov | "Whataya Want from Me" |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | Cătălina Săplăcan | 20 | Dej, Cluj | "Love You like a Love Song" |  |  |  |  |
| 10 | Florin Mândru | 37 | Târgu Mureș, Mureș | "The Road to Hell" |  |  |  |  |
| 11 | Árpi Török | 34 | Cluj-Napoca, Cluj | "I Got You (I Feel Good)" |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | Geanina Iorgoaia | 25 | Timișoara, Timiș | "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" |  |  |  |  |
| 13 | Elis Opriș | 18 | Mangalia, Constanța | "Upside Down" |  |  |  |  |

### Episode 5 (October 26)

The fifth episode was aired on October 26, 2013.

| Order | Artist | Age | Hometown | Song | Coach's and contestant's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Brenciu | Loredana | Smiley | Moga |
| 1 | Andi Grasu | 30 | Lugoj, Timiș | "Red" |  |  |  |  |
| 2 | Alin Nica | 32 | Dudeștii Noi, Timiș | "Sway" |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | Iolanda Moldoveanu | 21 | Brașov, Brașov | "Skyfall" |  |  |  |  |
| 4 | George Secioreanu | 22 | Tulcea, Tulcea | "Copacul" |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | Alina Dorobanțu | 20 | Slatina, Olt | "I Don't Believe You" |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Mihai Napu | 46 | Bucharest | "Not the Same Dreams Anymore" |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | Andrei Loică | 16 | Măgurele, Ilfov | "If You're Not the One" |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | Răzvan Răducă | 25 | Bacău, Bacău | "Ain't No Sunshine" |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | Diana Dolcan | 20 | Brașov, Brașov | "Down on My Knees" |  |  |  |  |
| 10 | Octavian Clonda | 33 | Brașov, Brașov | "Wherever You Will Go" |  |  |  |  |
| 11 | Denisa Moșincat | 22 | Oradea, Bihor | "A Moment Like This" |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | Mihai Băjinaru | 41 | Bucharest | "Sex Bomb" |  |  |  |  |
| 13 | Dudu Isabel | 37 | Cluj-Napoca, Cluj | "Jump" |  |  |  |  |

### Episode 6 (November 2)

The sixth and last blind audition episode aired on November 2, 2013.

| Order | Artist | Age | Hometown | Song | Coach's and contestant's choices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Brenciu | Loredana | Smiley | Moga |
| 1 | Ana-Maria Bucșă | 16 | Botoșani, Botoșani | "Hero" |  |  |  |  |
| 2 | Alexandra Șipoș | 17 | Bucharest | "Try" |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | Cosmin Arsene | 29 | Sinaia, Prahova | "Goodbye My Lover" |  |  |  |  |
| 4 | Marius Marin | 33 | Slobozia, Ialomița | "She" |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | Georgia Dascălu | 17 | Bucharest | "Girl on Fire" |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Nicoleta Țicală | 24 | Bucharest | "Cry Baby" |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | Florin Timbuc | 18 | Brașov, Brașov | "Bed of Roses" |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | Georgiana Jecu | 27 | Oradea, Bihor | "Waterloo" |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | Mădălina Omania | 31 | Botoșani, Botoșani | "This World" |  |  |  |  |
| 10 | Gabriel Burduja | 34 | Reșița, Caraș-Severin | "I Got a Woman" |  |  |  |  |
| 11 | Alex Florea | 21 | Constanța, Constanța | "Save Room" |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | Diana Odeșteanu | 44 | Brașov, Brașov | "Crazy" |  |  |  |  |
| 13 | Romeo Zaharia | 36 | Vaslui, Vaslui | "Kiss" |  |  |  |  |

## The battles

After the blind auditions, each coach had fourteen contestants for the battle rounds, taped October 10 and 11, 2013, at the MediaPro Studios, Buftea, and aired November 9–23, 2013. Coaches began narrowing down the playing field by training the contestants with the help of "trusted advisors". Each episode featured eight or ten battles consisting of pairings from within each team, and each battle concluding with the respective coach eliminating one of the two contestants. "Steals" were introduced this season, where each coach could steal two contestants from another team when they lost their battle round. The names of the coaches who attempted to steal each losing contestant are ticked; the chosen coach is highlighted. The trusted advisors for these episodes are:

* Monica Anghel (working with Horia Brenciu)
* Cornel Ilie (working with Loredana Groza)
* Șerban Cazan (working with Smiley)
* Randi (working with Marius Moga)

Color key

|  | Artist won the battle and advanced to the next round |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist lost the battle, but was stolen by another coach |
|  | Artist lost the battle and was eliminated |

### Episode 7 (9 November)

The seventh episode aired on November 9, 2013.

| Coach | Order | Winner | Song | Loser | 'Steal' result | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Brenciu | Loredana | Smiley | Moga |
| Smiley | 1 | Claudia Iuga | "When You're Gone" | Gabriel Burduja |  |  |  |  |
| Horia Brenciu | 2 | Diana Arvinte | "Dance Dance" | Gabriel Kisczuk |  |  |  |  |
| Marius Moga | 3 | Jovana Milovanović | "The World Is Not Enough" | Mădălina Omania |  |  |  |  |
| Loredana Groza | 4 | Aurel Niamțu | "Nu m-am gândit la despărțire" | Romeo Zaharia |  |  |  |  |
| Smiley | 5 | Iolanda Moldoveanu | "Another Day in Paradise" | Gabriel Onilă |  |  |  |  |
| Marius Moga | 6 | Angelo Simonică | "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" | Elis Opriș |  |  |  |  |
| Horia Brenciu | 7 | Mihai Chițu | "Kids" | Ruxandra Măcărescu |  |  |  |  |
| Smiley | 8 | George Secioreanu | "Creep" | Elena Șalaru |  |  |  |  |
| Loredana Groza | 9 | Alina Dorobanțu | "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" | Mihai Băjinaru |  |  |  |  |
| Marius Moga | 10 | Dana Torop | "If You Don't Know Me By Now" | Bogdan Olaru |  |  |  |  |
|

### Episode 8 (16 November)

The eighth episode aired on November 16, 2013.

| Coach | Order | Winner | Song | Loser | 'Steal' result | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Brenciu | Loredana | Smiley | Moga |
| Smiley | 1 | Nicoleta Țicală | "Delicate" | Cosmin Arsene |  |  |  |  |
| Horia Brenciu | 2 | Árpi Török | "Locked Out of Heaven" | Răzvan Răducă |  |  |  |  |
| Marius Moga | 3 | Andi Grasu | "Summer of '69" | Răzvan Pașca |  |  |  |  |
| Loredana Groza | 4 | Andrei Chermeleu | "Suddenly" | Alina Păun |  |  |  |  |
| Smiley | 5 | Stella Anița | "Beneath Your Beautiful" | Andrei Hanghiuc |  |  |  |  |
| Marius Moga | 6 | Felix Burdușa | "With You" | Mihai Farkaș |  |  |  |  |
| Horia Brenciu | 7 | Ana-Maria Mirică | "Inima ta" | Adrian Nour |  |  |  |  |
| Smiley | 8 | Răzvan Alexa | "Somebody to Love Me" | Valentin Câmpeanu |  |  |  |  |
| Loredana Groza | 9 | Florin Mândru | "N'oubliez jamais" | Claudiu Grosu |  |  |  |  |
| Marius Moga | 10 | Andrei Loică | "Fix You" | Diana Dolcan |  |  |  |  |
|

### Episode 9 (16 November)

The ninth episode aired on November 23, 2013.

| Coach | Order | Winner | Song | Loser | 'Steal' result | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Brenciu | Loredana | Smiley | Moga |
| Loredana Groza | 1 | Marius Marin | "Tonight" | Marcela Scripcaru |  |  |  |  |
| Horia Brenciu | 2 | Florin Timbuc | "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" | Kinga Farkas |  |  |  |  |
| Smiley | 3 | Lucian Frâncu | "Love Me Again" / "Get Lucky" | Adrian Molnar |  |  |  |  |
| Loredana Groza | 4 | Muneer al-Obeidli | "I Belong to You" | Ana Kalmar |  |  |  |  |
| Horia Brenciu | 5 | Florin Ilinca | "Where the Wild Roses Grow" | Andrada Ghiorma |  |  |  |  |
| Marius Moga | 6 | Sânziana Niculae | "Turn Off the Light" | Georgia Dascălu |  |  |  |  |
| Loredana Groza | 7 | Iulia Dumitrache | "It Takes Two" | Dudu Isabel |  |  |  |  |
| Horia Brenciu | 8 | Denisa Moșincat | "La La La" | Ana-Maria Bucșă |  |  |  |  |

## The Sing-off

At the end of the battle rounds, each coach advanced seven contestants from their team to the live shows, leaving the other two to duel for the eighth and last spot, in an extra round called "the sing-off" (*cântecul decisiv*). The contestants sang their blind audition songs again and the coaches chose one contestant each.

**Color key:**

|  | Artist won the Sing off and advanced to the Live shows |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist lost the Sing off and was eliminated |

| Coach | Order | Artist | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Marius Moga | 1 | Jovana Milovanović | "I Was Here" | Advanced |
| | 2 | Gabriel Kisczuk | "I'm Still Standing" | Eliminated |
| Horia Brenciu | 3 | Diana Arvinte | "American Woman" | Eliminated |
| | 4 | Georgia Dascălu | "Girl on Fire" | Advanced |
| Loredana Groza | 5 | Răzvan Pașca | "When I Was Your Man" | Eliminated |
| | 6 | Iulia Dumitrache | "Shy Guy" | Advanced |
| Smiley | 7 | Nicoleta Țicală | "Cry Baby" | Advanced |
| | 8 | Bogdan Olaru | "Help!" | Eliminated |

## Live shows

Color key

|  | Artist was saved by the public vote |
| --- | --- |
|  | Artist was chosen by their coach |
|  | Artist was eliminated |

### Live Playoffs (Week 1 & 2)

Four contestants from each team competed in each of the first two live shows, which aired on Sunday, December 1 and Saturday, December 7, 2012, respectively. In either of the two shows, the public vote could save one contestant from each team, the second one being chosen by the coach. The other two contestants were eliminated.

#### Week 1 (December 1)

Episode 10 (December 1)
| Coach | Order | Artist | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Smiley | 1 | Lucian Frâncu | "18 ani" | Eliminated |
| Horia Brenciu | 2 | Andrei Hanghiuc | "Isn't She Lovely?" | Eliminated |
| Loredana Groza | 3 | Alina Dorobanțu | "Lie, ciocârlie" | Public vote |
| Marius Moga | 4 | Andrei Loică | "Let Her Go" | Eliminated |
| Smiley | 5 | Claudia Iuga | "Hot Stuff" | Public vote |
| Horia Brenciu | 6 | Florin Timbuc | "Mama, I'm Coming Home" | Eliminated |
| Loredana Groza | 7 | Aurel Niamțu | "De vrei să știi ce înseamnă român" | Eliminated |
| Marius Moga | 8 | Jovana Milovanović | "Tu n-ai avut curaj" | Moga's choice |
| Smiley | 9 | Răzvan Alexa | "Oare știi" | Eliminated |
| Horia Brenciu | 10 | Denisa Moșincat | "Iartă" | Public vote |
| Loredana Groza | 11 | Iulia Dumitrache | "Think Twice" | Eliminated |
| Marius Moga | 12 | Dana Torop | "Mociriță" | Eliminated |
| Smiley | 13 | Iolanda Moldoveanu | "Believe" | Smiley's choice |
| Horia Brenciu | 14 | Ana-Maria Mirică | "Hora din Moldova" | Brenciu's choice |
| Loredana Groza | 15 | Florin Mândru | "18 til I Die" | Loredana's choice |
| Marius Moga | 16 | Andi Grasu | "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" | Public vote |
|

Non-competition performances
| Order | Performer | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Top 32 contestants | "Deșteaptă-te, române!" |
| 2 | Stromae | "Alors on danse" |
| 3 | Stromae | "Papaoutai" |
| 4 | What's Up and deMoga Music | "La mulți ani" |
|

#### Week 2 (December 7)

Episode 11 (December 7)
| Coach | Order | Artist | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Horia Brenciu | 1 | Arpi Török | "Baila morena" | Eliminated |
| Loredana Groza | 2 | Kinga Farkas | "Born This Way" | Eliminated |
| Smiley | 3 | George Secioreanu | "As Long as You Love Me" | Eliminated |
| Marius Moga | 4 | Angelo Simonică | "Rockstar" | Eliminated |
| Horia Brenciu | 5 | Florin Ilinca | "Summer Wind" | Eliminated |
| Loredana Groza | 6 | Andrei Chermeleu | "Father Figure" | Eliminated |
| Smiley | 7 | Stella Anița | "I'm Outta Love" | Smiley's choice |
| Marius Moga | 8 | Elena Șalaru | "Waterfalls" | Eliminated |
| Horia Brenciu | 9 | Georgia Dascălu | "Ain't No Other Man" | Brenciu's choice |
| Loredana Groza | 10 | Marius Marin | "September" | Public vote |
| Smiley | 11 | Nicoleta Țicală | "Run to You" | Eliminated |
| Marius Moga | 12 | Felix Burdușa | "I'll Make Love to You" | Moga's choice |
| Horia Brenciu | 13 | Mihai Chițu | "One More Try" | Public vote |
| Loredana Groza | 14 | Muneer al-Obeidli | "Desert Rose" | Loredana's choice |
| Smiley | 15 | Adrian Nour | "La bohème" | Public vote |
| Marius Moga | 16 | Sânziana Niculae | "Give Me One Reason" | Public vote |

Non-competition performances
| Order | Performer | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Smiley and Dorian | "Can I Get A..." |
| 2 | Edi Stancu Dance Crew | "Bang Bang" |
| 3 | Julie Mayaya and Zaza Band | "Stay" |

### Quarterfinals (Week 3)

All 16 remaining contestants competed in the third live show on Saturday, December 14, 2013. Voting proceeded as before.

Episode 12 (December 14)
| Coach | Order | Artist | Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Marius Moga | 1 | Andi Grasu | "Don't Stop Me Now" | Eliminated |
| Loredana Groza | 2 | Alina Dorobanțu | "Jolene" | Eliminated |
| Horia Brenciu | 3 | Georgia Dascălu | "Because You Loved Me" | Eliminated |
| Smiley | 4 | Adrian Nour | "Buona sera signorina" | Smiley's choice |
| Loredana Groza | 5 | Florin Mândru | "Runaway Train" | Eliminated |
| Marius Moga | 6 | Jovana Milovanović | "I Will Always Love You" | Moga's choice |
| Horia Brenciu | 7 | Denisa Moșincat | "All I Want for Christmas Is You" | Eliminated |
| Smiley | 8 | Stella Anița | "Hallelujah" | Eliminated |
| Marius Moga | 9 | Sânziana Niculae | "The Show Must Go On" | Public vote |
| Loredana Groza | 10 | Marius Marin | "Nights in White Satin" | Public vote |
| Horia Brenciu | 11 | Ana-Maria Mirică | "Flashdance... What a Feeling" | Brenciu's choice |
| Smiley | 12 | Iolanda Moldoveanu | "It's Raining Men" | Eliminated |
| Loredana Groza | 13 | Muneer al-Obeidli | "Hello" | Loredana's choice |
| Smiley | 14 | Claudia Iuga | "Stop!" | Public vote |
| Marius Moga | 15 | Felix Burdușa | "Breathe Easy" | Eliminated |
| Horia Brenciu | 16 | Mihai Chițu | "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" | Public vote |

Non-competition performances
| Order | Performer | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Horia Brenciu | "Hello" |
| 2 | Baletul Edi Stancu | "Happy" |
| 3 | Daniel Dragomir | "Niciodată nu e de ajuns" |

### Semi-final (Week 4)

All eight remaining contestants performed two songs each in the semi-final on Saturday, December 21, 2016. Within each team, the coach and the viewers each had a 50/50 say; the contestant with the highest combined score went on to the final.

Episode 13 (December 21)
| Coach | Artist | Order | First Song | Order | Second Song | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Smiley | Claudia Iuga | 1 | "Iarna (Milioane)" | 9 | "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" | Eliminated |
| Marius Moga | Jovana Milovanović | 2 | "O Holy Night" | 10 | "Bleeding Love" | Eliminated |
| Horia Brenciu | Ana-Maria Mirică | 3 | "Theme from *New York, New York*" | 11 | "Vis de iarnă" | Eliminated |
| Loredana Groza | Muneer al-Obeidli | 4 | "Sanie cu zurgălăi" | 12 | "Talk Dirty" / "Nour el ain" | Eliminated |
| Smiley | Adrian Nour | 5 | "Joy to the World" | 13 | "The Blower's Daughter" | Advanced |
| Marius Moga | Sânziana Niculae | 6 | "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town" | 14 | "Georgia on My Mind" | Advanced |
| Horia Brenciu | Mihai Chițu | 7 | "La Viflaim, colo-n jos" | 15 | "Delilah" | Advanced |
| Loredana Groza | Marius Marin | 8 | "It's Not Unusual" | 16 | "Everybody Loves Somebody" | Advanced |

Non-competition performances
| Order | Performer | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Loredana and Carla's Dreams | "Lumea ta" |
| 2 | Baletul Edi Stancu | Medley of folk and trance music |
| 3 | Liviu Teodorescu | "Ești piesă" |

Results
| Coach | Finalist | | Coach/televote percentages | Eliminated | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Smiley | Adrian Nour | 117% | 50%  50% | 83% | Claudia Iuga |
| | | | 67%  33% | | |
| Marius Moga | Sânziana Niculae | 113% | 50%  50% | 87% | Jovana Milovanović |
| | | | 63%  37% | | |
| Horia Brenciu | Mihai Chițu | 117% | 50%  50% | 83% | Ana-Maria Mirică |
| | | | 67%  33% | | |
| Loredana Groza | Marius Marin | 114% | 50%  50% | 86% | Muneer al-Obeidli |
| | | | 64%  36% | | |

### Week 5: final (December 26)

The top 4 contestants performed in the grand final on Thursday, December 26, 2013. This week, the four finalists performed a solo song, a duet with their coach and a duet with a famous singer. The public vote determined the winner, and that resulted in a victory for Mihai Chițu, Horia Brenciu's second consecutive victory as a coach.

Episode 14 (December 26)
| Coach | Artist | Order | Solo song | Order | Duet song (with coach) | Order | Duet song (with famous singer) | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Horia Brenciu | Mihai Chițu | 7 | "Caruso" | 1 | "'O sole mio" | 11 | Medley (with Corina Chiriac):<br>"O clipă de sinceritate"<br>"Păi de ce?"<br>"Ne cunoaștem din vedere"<br>"Unde erai?"<br>"Opriți timpul" | Winner |
| Loredana Groza | Marius Marin | 2 | "Rhythm of My Heart" | 9 | "Unforgettable" | 5 | "Cântec pentru prieteni" (with Paul Ciuci) | Fourth place |
| Smiley | Adrian Nour | 10 | "Loucura" | 6 | "I Can't Dance" | 3 | "A Whole New World" (with Sore) | Third place |
| Marius Moga | Sânziana Niculae | 12 | "Killing Me Softly with His Song" | 4 | "Hips Don't Lie" | 8 | "Who Wants to Live Forever" (with Bodo) | Runner-up |

Non-competition performances
| Order | Performer | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Angelo, Andrei Chermeleu, Răzvan, Andrei Loică, George, Ana-Maria, Georgia, Iolanda, Iulia, Stella, Muneer, Felix, Alina, Dana, Jovana, Claudia, Florin Ilinca, Aurel, Andrei Hanghiuc, Florin Mândru | "Oh Happy Day" |
| 2 | Georgia Dascălu | "Ambition" |
| 3 | DeM'Boyz***** | "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)" |
| 4 | Shift and Imre Vízi | "După ani și ani" |
| 5 | Loredana Groza | "It's Magic" |
| 6 | Mihai Chițu and Horia Brenciu | "'O sole mio" (winning reprise) |

***** Band that consists of Felix Burdușa, Andrei Loică and Angelo Simonică, former Team Moga contestants.

Results
| Place | Coach | Artist | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Horia Brenciu | Mihai Chițu | 37.34% |
| 2 | Marius Moga | Sânziana Niculae | 36.56% |
| 3 | Smiley | Adrian Nour | ? |
| 4 | Loredana Groza | Marius Marin | ? |

## Elimination chart

Color key Artist info   Result details

### Overall

| # | | Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Mihai Chițu |  | Safe | Safe | Safe (117 p.) | **Winner** (37.34%) |
|  | Sânziana Niculae |  | Safe | Safe | Safe (113 p.) | Runner-up (36.56%) |
|  | Adrian Nour |  | Safe | Safe | Safe (117 p.) | 3rd place |
|  | Marius Marin |  | Safe | Safe | Safe (114 p.) | 4th place |
|  | Jovana Milovanović | Safe |  | Safe | Eliminated (87 p.) | Eliminated<br>(5th – 8th) |
|  | Muneer al-Obeidli |  | Safe | Safe | | Eliminated (86 p.) |
|  | Claudia Iuga | Safe |  | Safe | | Eliminated (83 p.) |
|  | Ana-Maria Mirică | Safe |  | Safe | | Eliminated (83 p.) |
|  | Stella Anița |  | Safe | Eliminated | Eliminated<br>(Week 3) | |
|  | Iolanda Moldoveanu |  | Safe | | Eliminated |
|  | Georgia Dascălu |  | Safe | | Eliminated |
|  | Denisa Moșincat | Safe |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Alina Dorobanțu | Safe |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Florin Mândru | Safe |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Felix Burdușa | Safe |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Andi Grasu | Safe |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Angelo Simonică |  | Eliminated | Eliminated<br>(Week 2) | | |
|  | Elena Șalaru |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Nicoleta Țicală |  | | Eliminated |
|  | George Secioreanu |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Andrei Chermeleu |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Kinga Farkas |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Árpi Török |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Florin Ilinca |  | | Eliminated |
|  | Andrei Loica | Eliminated | Eliminated <br>(Week 1) | | | |
|  | Dana Torop | | Eliminated |
|  | Iulia Dumitrache | | Eliminated |
|  | Aurel Niamțu | | Eliminated |
|  | Andrei Hanghiuc | | Eliminated |
|  | Florin Timbuc | | Eliminated |
|  | Lucian Frâncu | | Eliminated |
|  | Răzvan Alexa | | Eliminated |
|

## Controversies

Giulio Vasilescu, a contestant in episode 2, claimed that his audition song (which he felt put him at a disadvantage) had been imposed upon him. None of the coaches pressed the "I WANT YOU" button.

The *Vocea României* production team was accused of nepotism in the case of contestant Muneer al-Obeidli by people who stated that Al-Obeidli had had a relationship with one of the producers, Roxana Paulică, and a long-lasting friendship with producer Mona Segall. Al-Obeidli was eliminated in the semi-final.

Contestant Romeo Zaharia, eliminated in episode 7 by Loredana after his duet with Aurel Niamțu, expressed his dissatisfaction with the coach's choice, claiming that the contest was staged and that Niamțu had been positively discriminated for the sake of diversity. Nico, a friend of Zaharia, has stated that he had threatened to jump off the building, in response to the result.

Niamțu, eliminated in episode 10 by his coach, Loredana Groza, claimed that Horia Brenciu, who had noted that all of his performances fell into a single musical genre, the romance, had unfairly and repeatedly criticized him as an excuse to solve a personal dispute with Groza. The contestant has also stated that he considered Brenciu an arrogant, valueless person, even having a live argument with him in the evening of his elimination. Other contestants claimed, on the contrary, that it was Niamțu who was arrogant and that his behavior was difficult to tolerate. In 2014, Niamțu accused ProTV, saying that they had intentionally rejected his son, Ionuț, who had signed up for the fourth season of the show.

## Ratings

| Phase | # | Original airdate | Timeslot<br>(EEST / EET) | National | | | | Urban | | | | 18–49 | | | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Rk | Avg<br>(000) | Rtg<br>(%) | Shr<br>(%) | Rk | Avg<br>(000) | Rtg<br>(%) | Shr<br>(%) | Rk | Avg<br>(000) | Rtg<br>(%) | |
| Blind auditions | 1 | September 28, 2013 | Saturday, 8:30 PM | 1 | 2,182 | 11.5 | 23.1 | 1 | 1,307 | 12.5 | 25.7 | 1 | 765 | 13.7 |  |
| | | 2 | October 5, 2013 | 1 | 2,242 | 11.8 | 21.6 | 1 | 1,251 | 11.9 | 22.3 | 1 | 819 | 14.7 |  |
| | | 3 | October 12, 2013 | 1 | 2,253 | 11.8 | 22.3 | 1 | 1,257 | 12.0 | 23.4 | 1 | 813 | 14.6 |  |
| | | 4 | October 19, 2013 | 1 | 2,238 | 11.8 | 22.5 | 1 | 1,288 | 12.3 | 24.2 | 1 | 766 | 13.7 |  |
| | | 5 | October 26, 2013 | 1 | 2,878 | 15.1 | 27.9 | 1 | 1,678 | 16.0 | 30.2 | 1 | 956 | 17.1 |  |
| | | 6 | November 2, 2013 | 1 | 2,540 | 13.4 | 26.0 | 1 | 1,514 | 14.4 | 27.7 | 1 | 882 | 15.8 |  |
| Battles | | 7 | November 9, 2013 | 1 | 2,615 | 13.7 |  | 1 | 1,481 | 14.1 | 29.0 | 1 | 890 | 15.9 |  |
| | | 8 | November 16, 2013 | 1 | 2,319 | 12.2 | 24.7 | 1 | 1,410 | 13.4 | 26.4 | 1 | 739 | 13.2 |  |
| | | 9 | November 23, 2013 | 1 | 2,334 | 12.3 | 24.3 | 1 | 1,408 | 13.4 | 27.2 | 1 | 853 | 15.3 |  |
| Live shows | 10 | December 1, 2013 | Sunday, 8:30 PM | 1 | 1,606 | 8.4 | 19.5 | 1 | 1,103 | 10.5 | 22.6 | 1 | 552 | 9.9 |  |
| | 11 | December 7, 2013 | Saturday, 8:30 PM | 1 | 1,767 | 9.3 | 20.2 | 1 | 1,162 | 11.1 | 23.9 | 1 | 580 | 10.4 |  |
| | | 12 | December 14, 2013 | 1 | 1,622 | 8.5 | 19.6 | 1 | 1,001 | 9.5 | 22.2 | 1 | 529 | 9.5 |  |
| Semi-final | | 13 | December 21, 2013 | 1 | 1,716 | 9.0 | 20.3 | 1 | 994 | 9.5 | 21.6 | 1 | 600 | 10.7 |  |
| Final | 14 | December 26, 2013 | Thursday, 8:30 PM | 1 | 1,803 | 9.5 |  | 1 | 1,013 | 9.7 |  | 1 | 552 | 9.8 |  |

## InfoBox

| *Vocea României* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 3 | |
|  | |
| Hosted by | Pavel Bartoș |
| Coaches | Horia Brenciu<br>Loredana Groza<br>Smiley<br>Marius Moga |
| Winner | Mihai Chițu |
| Winning coach | Horia Brenciu |
| Runner-up | Sânziana Niculae |
|  | |
| No. of episodes | 14 |
| Release | |
| Original network | ProTV |
| Original release | September 28 (2013-09-28) <br>December 26, 2013 (2013-12-26) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Gerard de Jode

abstract: Gerard de Jode was a Netherlandish cartographer, engraver, and publisher who lived and worked in Antwerp. In 1547, De Jode was admitted to the Guild of St. Luke, and began his work as a publisher. He frequently printed the works of other cartographers, including Giacomo Gastaldi's world map in 1555, Jacob van Deventer's map of the Duchy of Brabant in 1558, and Ortelius' eight-sheet world map in 1564.

text:
# Gerard de Jode

**Gerard de Jode** (also known as **Petrus de Jode**; c.1511 – 5 February 1591) was a Netherlandish cartographer, engraver, and publisher who lived and worked in Antwerp.

In 1547, De Jode was admitted to the Guild of St. Luke, and began his work as a publisher. He frequently printed the works of other cartographers, including Giacomo Gastaldi's world map in 1555, Jacob van Deventer's map of the Duchy of Brabant in 1558, and Ortelius' eight-sheet world map in 1564.

## Background

His most outstanding work is a two volume atlas *Speculum Orbis Terrarum* published in 1578. It was aimed at competing with another atlas, *Theatrum Orbis Terrarum* by Ortelius, published eight years earlier in 1570. The competing atlas had become so popular by the time he finally published his own atlas however, that his version never sold well, despite his outstanding reputation. Only about a dozen examples have survived.

De Jode made plans for another enlarged edition, which was uncompleted at his death in 1591. His son Cornelis de Jode took over and published the *Speculum Orbis Terrae* in 1593. This never sold well either. Scholars consider many of De Jode's maps to be superior to those of Ortelius, both in detail and style.

In constructing his world map, *Hemispherium Ab Æquinoctiali Linea, Ad Circulum Poli Antarctici*, published in 1593, De Jode was strongly influenced by Guillaume Postel's 1581 polar planisphère, *Polo aptata Nova Charta Universi*. De Jode was probably the maker of a globe made in Antwerp that also owes much to the cosmographic ideas of Guillaume Postel.

*Speculum Orbis Terrarum* was once the object of an attempted theft from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, by rare map thief Forbes Smiley. Smiley was caught and arrested after a library staff member found his X-Acto knife on the floor.

## InfoBox

| Gerard de Jode | |
| --- | --- |
| de Jode in an graving by Hendrick Goltzius | |
| Born | Unknown date, c.1511
Nijmegen |
| Died | 5 February 1591(1591-02-05) (aged 79–80)
Antwerp |
| Other names | * Geerardus de Jode * Petrus de Jode |
| Occupation(s) | Cartographer, engraver, publisher |


title: Pygospina

abstract: Pygospina is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae. There are about five described species in Pygospina.

text:
# Pygospina

***Pygospina*** is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae. There are about five described species in *Pygospina*.

## Species

These five species belong to the genus *Pygospina*:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Pygospina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Delphacidae |
| Subfamily: | Delphacinae |
| Genus: | *Pygospina*<br>Caldwell in Caldwell & Martorell, 1951 |
|


title: Psalmus Hungaricus (Kodály)

abstract: Psalmus Hungaricus, Op. 13, is a choral work for tenor, chorus and orchestra by Zoltán Kodály, composed in 1923. The Psalmus was commissioned to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the unification of Buda, Pest and Óbuda for a gala performance on 19 November 1923 along with the Dance Suite by Béla Bartók, and the Festival Overture by Ernő Dohnányi, who conducted the concert. The work's first performance outside Hungary took place under Volkmar Andreae in Zürich on 18 June 1926. This marked a turning point in the international recognition of Kodály as a composer, beyond his renown as an ethnomusicologist and music educator.

text:
# Psalmus Hungaricus (Kodály)

***Psalmus Hungaricus***, Op. 13, is a choral work for tenor, chorus and orchestra by Zoltán Kodály, composed in 1923. The Psalmus was commissioned to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the unification of Buda, Pest and Óbuda for a gala performance on 19 November 1923 along with the *Dance Suite* by Béla Bartók, and the *Festival Overture* by Ernő Dohnányi, who conducted the concert. The work's first performance outside Hungary took place under Volkmar Andreae in Zürich on 18 June 1926. This marked a turning point in the international recognition of Kodály as a composer, beyond his renown as an ethnomusicologist and music educator.

## Background

The text is based on the gloss of Psalm 55, "Give ear to my prayer, oh God", by 16th-century poet, preacher, and translator Mihály Vég. Uncommonly, Kodály chose a sacred text to mark a secular occasion; the libretto's passages of despair and call to God provide opportunities for the composer to address Hungary's tragic past and disastrous post-Trianon Treaty predicament, when it lost over 70% of its national territory. The music reflects the nation's crisis during and after World War I (the partition of the historical Hungary), and the text draws a parallel between the sorrows of King David and the suffering of the Magyars in Ottoman Hungary. Thus, the *Psalmus Hungaricus* encompasses two and a half millennia of political distress.

## Description

At the beginning of the first movement, a terse orchestral prelude yields quickly to a brief subdued choral entry. The solo tenor follows closely with the rhapsodic aria, "Oh, that I had wings like a dove". After the first tenor solo section, the chorus responds with a brief, gentle passage, but the tenor reacts vehemently, indicting those sinners who plot the downfall of innocents. This provokes a wordless female choral lamentation, and their cries joined by the tenor's part propel the work to the climactic choral assertion that "God shall hear, and afflict them". A dramatic monologue sung by the tenor ensues, continuing nearly to the movement's finale, when the chorus erupts.

The second movement follows *attacca* without pause, in a contrasting pensive mood, featuring extended solos for clarinet and violin, over a shimmering undercurrent of harp and pizzicato strings. The tenor returns with a lyrical, yearning aria, "But reassure my heart", which combines fervor and tenderness.

The final movement primarily features the entire chorus, alternating sounds of martial bombast with words of defiance. The work ends with a hushed prayer.

Although Kodály never literally quotes Hungarian folk songs in *Psalmus*, he integrates folklike pentatonic motifs with plagal cadences that combine to make this music an intense national experience for generations of Hungarians. One of Kodály's genuine masterworks, *Psalmus Hungaricus* has rarely been performed or recorded outside of Hungary.

## Discography

* Gabor Carelli, North Texas State College Chorus and Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Antal Doráti, cond., recorded 5 January 1949, RCA Victor DM 1331, issued May 1950; issued on CD by the Doráti Society, coupled with a Kodály rarity, Jesus and the Traders
* Ernst Haefliger, Radio Symphony Orchestra of Berlin, Ferenc Fricsay, cond., 1959 (Deutsche Grammophon) (in German).
* József Simándy, Musikaliska Sällskapet Chorus and Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, Antal Doráti, cond., live recording 16 December 1967, BIS CD 421–424, issued January 1988
* József Simándy, Hungarian State Radio Chorus and Hungarian State Orchestra, Antal Doráti, cond., recorded 24–27 September 1968 (Hungaroton).
* Lajos Kozma, Brighton Festival Chorus, London Symphony Orchestra, István Kertész, cond., 1970 (Decca).
* Janos B. Nagy, Hungarian Radio Chorus and Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra, Arpad Joó, cond., 1982 (Arts Music).
* Daroczy, Budapest Festival Orchestra, Sir Georg Solti, cond., 1998 (London).
* Nilsson, Raymond, London Philharmonic Orchestra & Chorus \[Janos Ferencsik, Conductor\], 1989 (Priceless CD D25335)(also Everest Records SDBR-3022)\*
* Sir Charles Mackerras. Danish Radio Symphony Orchestra and Chorus.

## Further reading

* "*Psalmus Hungaricus*", *The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music*, Michael Kennedy and Joyce Bourne, 1996
* Jonathan D. Green, *A Conductor's Guide to Choral-Orchestral Works, Twentieth Century*, part II, Rowman & Littlefield, 1998, p. 86.


title: Necrotizing gingivitis

abstract: Necrotizing gingivitis (NG) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of interdental papillae. This disease, along with necrotizing periodontitis (NP) and necrotizing stomatitis, is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the three general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis). The often severe gum pain that characterizes NG distinguishes it from the more common gingivitis or chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If NG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NP is used. Treatment of NG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name trench mouth arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.

text:
# Necrotizing gingivitis

**Necrotizing gingivitis** (**NG**) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of interdental papillae (the sections of gum between adjacent teeth). This disease, along with necrotizing periodontitis (NP) and necrotizing stomatitis, is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the three general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis).

The often severe gum pain that characterizes NG distinguishes it from the more common gingivitis or chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If NG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species.

Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NP is used. Treatment of NG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics (usually metronidazole) in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name **trench mouth** arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.

## Signs and symptoms

In the early stages some affected people may complain of a feeling of tightness around the teeth. Three signs/symptoms must be present to diagnose this condition:

* Severe gum pain.
* Profuse gum bleeding that requires little or no provocation.
* Interdental papillae are ulcerated with dead tissue. The papillary necrosis of NG has been described as "punched out".

Other signs and symptoms may be present, but not always.

Malaise, fever and/or cervical lymph node enlargement are rare (unlike the typical features of herpetic stomatitis). Pain is fairly well localized to the affected areas. Systemic reactions may be more pronounced in children. Cancrum oris (noma) is a very rare complication, usually in debilitated children. Similar features but with more intense pain may be seen in necrotizing periodontitis in HIV/AIDS.

## Causes

Necrotizing periodontal diseases are caused by a mixed bacterial infection that includes anaerobes such as *P. intermedia* and *Fusobacterium* as well as spirochetes, such as *Treponema*.

Necrotizing gingivitis may also be associated with diseases in which the immune system is compromised, including HIV/AIDS. Necrotizing gingivitis is an opportunistic infection that occurs on a background of impaired local or systemic host defenses. The predisposing factors for necrotizing gingivitis are smoking, psychological stress, malnutrition, and immunosuppression.

The following zones of infection have been described (superficial to deep): the bacterial zone, the neutrophil rich zone, the necrotic zone and the spirochetal zone.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually clinical. Smear for fusospirochaetal bacteria and leukocytes; blood picture occasionally. The important differentiation is with acute leukemia or herpetic stomatitis.

### Classification

Necrotizing gingivitis is part of a spectrum of disease termed necrotizing periodontal diseases. It is the most minor form of this spectrum, with more advanced stages being termed necrotizing periodontitis, necrotizing stomatitis, and the most extreme, cancrum oris.

Necrotizing periodontitis (NP) is where the infection leads to attachment loss, and involves only the gingiva, periodontal ligament and alveolar ligament. Progression of the disease into tissue beyond the mucogingival junction characterizes necrotizing stomatitis.

## Treatment

Treatment includes irrigation and debridement of necrotic areas (areas of dead and/or dying gum tissue), oral hygiene instruction and the uses of mouth rinses and pain medication. If there is systemic involvement, then oral antibiotics may be given, such as metronidazole. As these diseases are often associated with systemic medical issues, proper management of the systemic disorders is appropriate.

## Prognosis

Untreated, the infection may lead to rapid destruction of the periodontium and can spread, as necrotizing stomatitis or noma, into neighbouring tissues in the cheeks, lips or the bones of the jaw. As stated, the condition can occur and be especially dangerous in people with weakened immune systems. This progression to noma is possible in malnourished susceptible individuals, with severe disfigurement possible.

## Epidemiology

In developed countries, this disease occurs mostly in young adults. In developing countries, NUG may occur in children of low socioeconomic status, usually occurring with malnutrition (especially inadequate protein intake) and shortly after the onset of viral infections (e.g. measles).

Predisposing factors include smoking, viral respiratory infections and immune defects, such as in HIV/AIDS. Uncommon, except in lower socioeconomic classes, this typically affects adolescents and young adults, especially in institutions, armed forces, etc., or people with HIV/AIDS. The disease has occurred in epidemic-like patterns, but it is not contagious.

## History

Necrotizing gingivitis has been observed for centuries. Xenophon observes sore mouth and foul smelling breath in Greek soldiers in the 4th century BC. Hunter describes the clinical features of necrotizing gingivitis in 1778, differentiating it from scurvy (avitaminosis C) and chronic periodontitis. Jean Hyacinthe Vincent, a French physician working at the Paris Pasteur Institute describes a fusospirochetal infection of the pharynx and palatine tonsils, causing "ulcero-membranous pharyngitis and tonsillitis", which later became known as Vincent's angina. Later in 1904, Vincent describes the same pathogenic organisms in "ulceronecrotic gingivitis". Vincent's angina is sometimes confused with NUG, however the former is tonsillitis and pharyngitis, and the latter involves the gums, and usually the two conditions occur in isolation from each other.

The term trench mouth evolved because the disease was observed in front line soldiers during World War I, thought to be a result at least partly because of extreme psychologic stress they were exposed to. The same condition was appearing in civilians during periods of bombing raids, who were away from the front line, and who had relatively good diets during wartime due to rationing, so it is assumed that psychologic stress was the significant causative factor. It has also been associated with high tobacco use in the army.

Many other historical names for this condition (and Vincent's angina) have occurred, including: "acute membranous gingivitis", "fusospirillary gingivitis", " fusospirillosis", "fusospirochetal gingivitis", "phagedenic gingivitis", "Vincent stomatitis", "Vincent gingivitis", and "Vincent infection".

In the late 1980s-early 1990s, it was originally thought that some necrotizing periodontal diseases seen in severely affected AIDS patients were strictly a sequela of HIV, and it was even called HIV-associated periodontitis. It is now understood that its association with HIV/AIDS was due to the immunocompromised status of such patients; it also occurs with higher prevalence in association with other diseases in which the immune system is compromised.

The 1999 American Academy of Periodontology Classification termed the condition "necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis". The "ulcerative" descriptor was removed from the name, because ulceration is considered to be secondary to the necrosis.

## InfoBox

| Necrotizing gingivitis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | **NG**, **Trench mouth** |
|  | |
| A fairly mild presentation of necrotizing gingivitis at the typical site on the gums of the anterior mandibular teeth. | |
| Specialty | Periodontology |
| Symptoms | pain, bad breath, fever, bleeding gums |
| Complications | Progression |
| Causes | bacterial infection by Prevotella intermedia, Treponema, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium spp, Spirochetes and compromised host immune response |
| Risk factors | HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, psychological stress, sleep deprivation, inadequate oral hygiene, pre-existing gingivitis, history of necrotizing periodontal disease, tobacco and alcohol use, youth, white ethnicity, orthodontics |
| Diagnostic method | Based on clinical findings (necrosis, ulcer of interdental papilla; gingival bleeding, pain, pseudomembrane formation, halitosis) |
| Differential diagnosis | herpetic gingivostomatitis, mucous membrane pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, toothbrush abrasion |
| Prevention | oral hygiene |
| Treatment | debridement (dental), metronidazole |


title: Pseudathyma martini

abstract: Pseudathyma martini, or Martin's false sergeant, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, and the Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of forests.

text:
# Pseudathyma martini

***Pseudathyma martini***, or **Martin's false sergeant**, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, and the Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of forests.

## InfoBox

| Martin's false sergeant | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudathyma* |
| Species: | ***P. martini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudathyma martini***<br>Collins, 2002 | |
|


title: Patrick Singleton

abstract: Patrick Singleton is a Bermudian luger who competed in the late 1990s and early 2000s before going into skeleton in 2002. In 1998, Singleton finished 27th in the men's singles event while he finished 37th in the same event four years later. He finished 19th in the men's skeleton event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He suffered an injury shortly before the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and did not compete. Singleton's best finish at the FIBT World Championships was 24th at Calgary in 2005.

text:
# Patrick Singleton

**Patrick Singleton** OLY (born October 15, 1974) is a Bermudian luger who competed in the late 1990s and early 2000s before going into skeleton in 2002. In 1998, Singleton finished 27th in the men's singles event while he finished 37th in the same event four years later.

He finished 19th in the men's skeleton event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He suffered an injury shortly before the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and did not compete.

Singleton's best finish at the FIBT World Championships was 24th at Calgary in 2005.


title: Northern Cypriot identity card

abstract: Northern Cypriot identity card are issued by the government of the de facto state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus for the purpose of identification. It can be used as a travel document to enter Turkey, the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, and Cyprus.

text:
# Northern Cypriot identity card

**Northern Cypriot identity card** are issued by the government of the *de facto* state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus for the purpose of identification. It can be used as a travel document to enter Turkey, the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, and Cyprus (only at the land border with North Cyprus).

## Physical appearance

The coat of arms of North Cyprus is situated in the center on both sides of the card. On the top of the front side, the name of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' is printed in English, and Turkish (*Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti*). The card is valid for 10 years (5 years for children) from the time of issue.

### Identity information page

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus identity cards include the following data:

*Front*

* Photo of card holder
* Identity number
* Given names
* Surname
* Date of birth
* Place of birth
* Sex
* Nationality
* Document number
* Document expiry date
* Signature of holder

*Back*

* Mother’s name
* Father's name
* Maiden name
* Issuer

The identity cards also contain a biometric chip and machine readable zone on the reverse side.

## InfoBox

| Northern Cypriot identity card | |
| --- | --- |
| Front & Rear example of a Northern Cypriot Identity Card | |
| Type | Compulsory identity document, optional replacement for passport in the listed countries/territories |
| Issued by | North Cyprus |
| Purpose | Identification |
| Valid in | ---  **^1** : Land border only. |
| Eligibility | Northern Cyprus citizenship |
| Expiration | * Adult - 10 years * Child - 5 years |
| Cost | * Adult - ₺302 * Child above 11 years - ₺302 |


title: Shawn Slovo

abstract: Shawn Slovo is a South African screenwriter, best known for the film A World Apart, based on her childhood under apartheid. She is the daughter of South African Communist Party leaders Joe Slovo and Ruth First. She wrote the screenplay for the 2006 film Catch a Fire, and for the 2001 film Captain Corelli's Mandolin. In the late 1970s, she served as Robert De Niro's personal assistant while he made the films Raging Bull and The King of Comedy. She also wrote the screenplay for Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight. Slovo lives in London and often works for Working Title Films. Her sister Gillian Slovo is also a writer and her sister Robyn Slovo is a producer. Slovo's family is Jewish.

text:
# Shawn Slovo

**Shawn Slovo** (born 1950) is a South African screenwriter, best known for the film *A World Apart*, based on her childhood under apartheid. She is the daughter of South African Communist Party leaders Joe Slovo and Ruth First. She wrote the screenplay for the 2006 film *Catch a Fire* (also a historical film about apartheid), and for the 2001 film *Captain Corelli's Mandolin*.

In the late 1970s, she served as Robert De Niro's personal assistant while he made the films *Raging Bull* and *The King of Comedy*. She also wrote the screenplay for *Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight*.

Slovo lives in London and often works for Working Title Films. Her sister Gillian Slovo is also a writer and her sister Robyn Slovo is a producer.

Slovo's family is Jewish.


title: Pristiphora cincta

abstract: Pristiphora cincta is a Holarctic species of sawfly.

text:
# Pristiphora cincta

***Pristiphora cincta*** is a Holarctic species of sawfly.

## InfoBox

| *Pristiphora cincta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pristiphora cincta* Alaska | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Symphyta |
| Family: | Tenthredinidae |
| Genus: | *Pristiphora* |
| Species: | ***P. cincta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristiphora cincta***<br>Newman, 1837 | |
|


title: West Texas Historical Association

abstract: The West Texas Historical Association is an organization of both academics and laypersons dedicated to the preservation and dissemination of the total history of West Texas, loosely defined geographically as all Texas counties and portions of counties located west of Interstate 35.

text:
# West Texas Historical Association

The **West Texas Historical Association** is an organization of both academics and laypersons dedicated to the preservation and dissemination of the total history of West Texas, loosely defined geographically as all Texas counties and portions of counties located west of Interstate 35.

## History

The group was founded in Abilene in 1924. Among its founding members were Roy Crane, William Curry Holden and Rupert N. Richardson.


title: Purple Violet Stakes

abstract:
The Purple Violet Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually during the first week of September at Arlington Park in Arlington Heights, Illinois, though now it runs in July. Open to three-year-old fillies registered in the State of Illinois, the non-graded stakes is contested at a distance of one mile on Polytrack synthetic dirt. Inaugurated in 1976, it was known as the Colfax Maid Stakes until 1997. Since inception it has been contested at various distances:
  - 6.5 furlongs : 1976-1978
  - 7 furlongs : 1979-1987, 1990-1994
  - 8 furlongs : 1988-1989, 1995-present It was run in two divisions in 1984. there was no race run in 1998 and 1999.

text:
# Purple Violet Stakes

The **Purple Violet Stakes** is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually during the first week of September at Arlington Park in Arlington Heights, Illinois, though now it runs in July. Open to three-year-old fillies registered in the State of Illinois, the non-graded stakes is contested at a distance of one mile (8 furlongs) on Polytrack synthetic dirt.

Inaugurated in 1976, it was known as the **Colfax Maid Stakes** until 1997.

Since inception it has been contested at various distances:

* 6.5 furlongs : 1976-1978
* 7 furlongs : 1979-1987, 1990-1994
* 8 furlongs : 1988-1989, 1995-present

It was run in two divisions in 1984. there was no race run in 1998 and 1999.

## Winners

| Year
 | Winner
 | Jockey
 | Trainer
 | Owner
 | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | Wildwood Kantharos | Scott Becker | Christopher A. Emigh | William Stiritz | 1:39.65 |
| 2014 | Countess Cashmere | C. H. Marquez Jr. | Tom Swearingen | John Carver | 1:37.83 |
| 2013 | Bold Kitten | Florent Geroux | Wayne Catalano | Ken & Sarah Ramsey | 1:37.54 |
| 2012 | La Tia | Constantino Roman | Brian Williamson | Hernandez Racing Club | 1:38.24 |
| 2010 | Heavenly Lass |  | Christine Janks | Asiel Stable | 1:39.35 |
|

## InfoBox

Purple Violet Stakes
| Restricted stakes race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Arlington Park
Arlington Heights, Illinois, United States |
| Inaugurated | 1976 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred \- Flat racing |
| Website | www.arlingtonpark.com |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1 mile (8 furlongs) |
| Surface | Polytrack synthetic dirt |
| Track | left-handed |
| Qualification | Three-year-old fillies |
| Weight | Assigned |
| Purse | 50,000+ |


title: Prunus alaica

abstract: Prunus alaica is a species of bush cherry native to Central Asia.

text:
# Prunus alaica

***Prunus alaica*** is a species of bush cherry native to Central Asia.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus alaica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Subgenus: | *Prunus subg. Prunus* |
| Section: | *Prunus sect. Microcerasus* |
| Species: | ***P. alaica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus alaica***<br>(Pojark.) Gilli | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cerasus alaica* Pojark. * *Microcerasus prostrata* f. *alaica* (Pojark.) Eremin & Yushev | |


title: Protosticta anamalaica

abstract: Protosticta anamalaica, the Anamalai reedtail, is a species of insect in the suborder Zygoptera, the damselflies. It is endemic to the Western Ghats mountain range region of India. P. anamalica typically lives in 950 meter mid elevation semi-evergreen forest. The species has several pale yellow stripes on its abdomen and a dark brown pterostigma. The species was described in the year 2022 by Sadasivan, Nair and Samuel.

text:
# Protosticta anamalaica

***Protosticta anamalaica***, the **Anamalai reedtail**, is a species of insect in the suborder Zygoptera, the damselflies. It is endemic to the Western Ghats mountain range region of India. *P. anamalica* typically lives in 950 meter (3116 feet) mid elevation semi-evergreen forest. The species has several pale yellow stripes on its abdomen and a dark brown pterostigma. The species was described in the year 2022 by Sadasivan, Nair and Samuel.

## InfoBox

| *Protosticta anamalaica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Platystictidae |
| Genus: | *Protosticta* |
| Species: | ***P. anamalaica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protosticta anamalaica***<br>Sadasivan, Nair & Samuel, 2022 | |
|


title: Patrick Sinclair

abstract: Lieutenant-General Patrick Sinclair was a British Army officer and governor in North America. He is best remembered for overseeing the construction of Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island in what was to become the U.S. state of Michigan.

text:
# Patrick Sinclair

Lieutenant-General **Patrick Sinclair** (1736  31 January 1820) was a British Army officer and governor in North America. He is best remembered for overseeing the construction of Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island in what was to become the U.S. state of Michigan.

## Biography

Sinclair was born in Lybster, Scotland, and enlisted in the Army at about age 18. In 1758 he was commissioned ensign in the 42nd Foot and was involved in the attack on Guadeloupe later that year.

By 1760, Sinclair was at Oswego, New York, where he was promoted lieutenant, and involved in the Seven Years' War. His battalion were part of the force heading to attack Montreal under the command of Major-General Amherst. They captured a French brig near Fort Lévis and Sinclair was given command. After Amherst's force captured Fort Lévis in what became known as the Battle of the Thousand Islands, Sinclair was assigned to the area for the rest of Amherst's campaign. In 1761 he exchanged into the 15th Foot in order to stay in the area.

This contact with the Great Lakes attracted Sinclair and he was able to change his commission to serve on the lakes. He started out commanding ships on Lake Ontario but, in 1764, he was moved to the upper Great Lakes where he served until 1767. In 1767, he was removed from active service at Fort Sinclair, which he had built in 1764 under orders from Colonel John Bradstreet.

In 1769, he went to England on a recruiting trip and tried to be reassigned to the Great Lakes. He was promoted captain in 1772, but retired to his home in Lybster at half-pay later the same year.

However, in 1775, his wish to return to the Great Lakes was granted with an appointment as Lieutenant-Governor and Superintendent of Michilimackinac. He was thwarted in taking up his post by unrest in the Thirteen Colonies and he reached his posting via Nova Scotia and Quebec in 1779. He almost immediately began to move Fort Michilimackinac and its community to Mackinac Island. There, after an extreme effort and large expense, Fort Mackinac was occupied in 1781. In 1781, Sinclair joined the 84th Foot. By 1782, when he was promoted major, his expenses had come under investigation and he returned to Quebec to untangle his finances.

Sinclair was not able to clear up his problems but he was allowed to return to Lybster. He continued to work on clearing up unpaid bills and ended up in debtors' prison for a time. He never recovered financially and spent his remaining years on his estate drawing his half pay from the military and also from his time as lieutenant-governor of Michilimackinac.

In 1793 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, in 1797 colonel, in 1803 major general, and in 1810 lieutenant-general.

As a private citizen, Sinclair acquired a large tract of land, which he called the Pinery, on the west bank of the St. Clair River in eastern Michigan. In 1780, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, a prisoner at Fort Michilimackinac was the caretaker of the property. Du Sable and his wife, Kitiwaha, a Potawatomi Indian, oversaw the Pinery for four years, living in a cabin at the mouth of the Pine River in what is now the city of St. Clair, Michigan. Later in the 1780s, they became the original settlers of Chicago.

* Armour, David A. (1983). "Sinclair, Patrick". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). *Dictionary of Canadian Biography*. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.


title: Northern Cyprus citizenship

abstract: Northern Cyprus nationality law governs the acquisition, transmission, and loss of Northern Cyprus citizenship. Naturalized Northern Cyprus citizens are persons granted citizenship by the de facto Government of Northern Cyprus, which is recognized only by Turkey.

text:
# Northern Cyprus citizenship

**Northern Cyprus nationality law** governs the acquisition, transmission, and loss of Northern Cyprus citizenship. Naturalized Northern Cyprus citizens are persons granted citizenship by the *de facto* Government of Northern Cyprus, which is recognized only by Turkey.

## Viewpoint of the Republic of Cyprus

It has been the policy of the *de facto* state of Northern Cyprus to encourage non-Greek immigration into the country, as decided upon shortly after the Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus to increase their numbers relative to the population of the Greek-Cypriots in the Republic of Cyprus. Most of the immigrants come from the Anatolia region of Turkey, but a few others from the United Kingdom come to live in Northern Cyprus in order to take advantage of property sales. No immigration is permitted, however, that would threaten the demographic status of the ethnic Turkish majority.

It is estimated that Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus and their children currently make up about 50% of the population in the *de facto* state, but the number of naturalizations remains unknown.

The Government of the Republic of Cyprus views the immigration policy of Northern Cyprus as a means to upset the island's demographics, and as a theft of Greek-Cypriot owned property. They, therefore, officially regard any naturalized Northern Cyprus citizens as 'illegal settlers', who would be subject to deportation in the event of Cypriot reunification. It is the policy of the Republic of Cyprus to refuse naturalized Northern Cyprus citizens entry into the Republic of Cyprus through the Green Line checkpoints since they have entered into Cyprus through what is considered as an unlawful port of entry. The refusal of entry to the Republic mainly applies to the Turkish settlers, as Turkish citizens of Turkey are permitted to enter the Republic of Cyprus, only through the lawful ports of entry.

The Republic of Cyprus has declared any Northern Cyprus seaport or airport to be an unlawful port of entry; however, in practice, Ercan Airport is used as the principal civilian airport of Northern Cyprus, and the same applies to the ports of Famagusta and Kyrenia.

Furthermore, the government of the Republic of Cyprus considers the immigration policy of Northern Cyprus to be in violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 ("Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War"), which prohibits the transfer by an occupying power of its own civilian population into the territory it is occupying. Also, in Resolutions 33/15 (1978), 24/30 (1979) and 37/253 (1983), the United Nations General Assembly deplored "all unilateral actions that change the demographic structure of Cyprus".

## Practical difficulties

As a Northern Cyprus passport is not recognised by most national governments (much like the republic itself), naturalised citizens have to resort to Turkish or other nations' passports in order to travel internationally. Many Turkish Cypriots who are born in Cyprus with parents who can trace their Cypriot and legal residence before the partition applied for and received a Cypriot passport from the recognised Republic of Cyprus. That said, some individuals, particularly children, have had difficulties in accessing Republic of Cyprus citizenship. In 2021, Turkish Cypriot officials were stripped of their ROC passports. Any citizen of Northern Cyprus is entitled to citizenship of Turkey and to receive a Turkish passport.

## Recent policy changes

In 2005, after an increase in both crime and unemployment, the previously unrestricted immigration policy for Turkish migrants was tightened. In the wake of this new policy, a number of Turkish migrants have been deported and immigration procedures have changed to allow Northern Cyprus to better screen migrant applicants. Turkey itself regards policy change as a heavy-handed reaction, thus causing the first major area of disagreement between Northern Cyprus and Turkey.

## InfoBox

| Northern Cyprus Citizenship Act | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parliament of Northern Cyprus | |
| **Long title** * An Act relating to Northern Cyprus citizenship | |
| Enacted by | Government of Northern Cyprus |
| **Status:** Current legislation | |


title: Voronezh Congress

abstract: The Voronezh Congress of the Russian Narodnik Land and Liberty group was held in Voronezh in southwestern Russia in June 1879. It started on 18 June and went on for three to four days attended by about twenty people. It was a clandestine meeting taking place amidst the repression following Alexander Soloviev's attempt assassinate Tsar Alexander II in April 1879 – an event which had in fact led to a political crisis in the group. The conference failed to resolve the differences between the two major factions, which split only agreeing to dissolve their former organisation.

text:
# Voronezh Congress

The **Voronezh Congress** of the Russian Narodnik Land and Liberty group was held in Voronezh in southwestern Russia in June 1879. It started on 18 June and went on for three to four days attended by about twenty people. It was a clandestine meeting taking place amidst the repression following Alexander Soloviev's attempt assassinate Tsar Alexander II in April 1879 – an event which had in fact led to a political crisis in the group. The conference failed to resolve the differences between the two major factions, which split only agreeing to dissolve their former organisation.

## Lipetsk Congress

In June 1879 in nearby Lipetsk. a preparatory congress was organised by the "political" faction which was to become the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will). Expecting to be outnumbered and potentially expelled, they want to plan an immediate response following the main congress. They did not inform those from rival factions.


title: Princeton field-reversed configuration

abstract: The Princeton Field Reversed Configuration (PFRC) is a series of experiments in plasma physics, an experimental program to evaluate a configuration for a fusion power reactor, at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). The experiment probes the dynamics of long-pulse, collisionless, low s-parameter field-reversed configurations (FRCs) formed with odd-parity rotating magnetic fields. FRCs are the evolution of the Greek engineer's Nicholas C. Christofilos original idea of E-layers which he developed for the Astron fusion reactor. The PFRC program aims to experimentally verify the physics predictions that such configurations are globally stable and have transport levels comparable with classical magnetic diffusion. It also aims to apply this technology to the Direct Fusion Drive concept for spacecraft propulsion.

text:
# Princeton field-reversed configuration

The **Princeton Field Reversed Configuration** (**PFRC**) is a series of experiments in plasma physics, an experimental program to evaluate a configuration for a fusion power reactor, at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). The experiment probes the dynamics of long-pulse, collisionless, low s-parameter field-reversed configurations (FRCs) formed with odd-parity rotating magnetic fields. FRCs are the evolution of the Greek engineer's Nicholas C. Christofilos original idea of E-layers which he developed for the Astron fusion reactor. The PFRC program aims to experimentally verify the physics predictions that such configurations are globally stable and have transport levels comparable with classical magnetic diffusion. It also aims to apply this technology to the Direct Fusion Drive concept for spacecraft propulsion.

## History

The PFRC was initially funded by the United States Department of Energy. Early in its operation it was contemporary with such RMF-FRCs as the Translation Confinement Sustainment experiment (TCS) and the Prairie View Rotamak (PV Rotamak).

At PPPL, the experiment PFRC-1 ran from 2008 through 2011. PFRC-2 is running as of 2023. PFRC-3 is scheduled next. PFRC-4 is scheduled for the late-2020s.

As of 2023 fusion had not been achieved.

## Experiments and results

The PFRC-1 and PFRC-2 experiments have heated electrons to energies in excess of 100 eV and plasma durations to 300 ms, more than 104 times longer than the predicted tilt instability growth time.

### PFRC-1

### PFRC-2

PFRC-2 experimental results
| Parameter | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Pulse length | 300 ms |
| Magnetic field strength | to 350 G (vacuum ) |
| RMF Frequency | 2-14 MHz |
| RMF Power | to 200 kW |
| RMF Coupling | 60% |
| Plasma temperature | 100 eV e- at 4.3 MHz |
| Plasma radius | 8 cm |
| Electron density | 1013 /cc |
| Gas | H2, He, Ne, Ar |
| Excluded flux | 0.6 mVs |
| Energy confinement time | 5x10-5 s |

## Odd-parity rotating magnetic field

The electric current that forms the field-reversed configuration (FRC) in the PFRC is driven by a rotating magnetic field (RMF). This method has been well-studied and produced favorable results in the Rotamak series of experiments. However, rotating magnetic fields as applied in these and other experiments (so-called *even parity RMFs*) induce opening of the magnetic field lines. When a transverse magnetic field is applied to the axisymmetric equilibrium FRC magnetic field, rather than magnetic field lines closing on themselves and forming a closed region, they spiral around in the azimuthal direction and ultimately cross the separatrix surface which contains the closed FRC region.

The PFRC uses RMF antennae that produce a magnetic field which flips direction about a symmetry plane oriented with its normal along the axis, half-way along the length of the axis of the machine. This configuration is called an *odd parity* rotating magnetic field (RMFo). Such magnetic fields, when added in small magnitude to axisymmetric equilibrium magnetic fields, do not cause opening of the magnetic field lines and overall topology is preserved. The critical threshold magnitude of 'odd parity' rotating magnetic field which opens up the axisymmetric equilibrium magnetic field lines and fundamentally changes field topology is rather high. Thus, the RMF is not expected to contribute to transport of particles and energy out of the core of the PFRC.

## Low s-parameter

In an FRC, the name s-parameter is given to the ratio of the distance between the magnetic null and the separatrix, and the thermal ion Larmor radius. That is how many ion orbits can fit between the core of the FRC and where it meets the bulk plasma. A high-s FRC would have very small ion gyroradii compared to the size of the machine. Thus, at high s-parameter, the model of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) applies. MHD predicts that the FRC is unstable to the "n=1 tilt mode," in which the reversed field tilts 180 degrees to align with the applied magnetic field, destroying the FRC.

A low-s FRC is predicted to be stable to the tilt mode. An s-parameter less than or equal to 2 is sufficient for this effect. However, only two ion radii between the hot core and the cool bulk means that on average only two scattering periods (velocity changes of on average 90 degrees) are sufficient to remove a hot, fusion-relevant ion from the core of the plasma. Thus the choice is between high s-parameter ions that are *classically* well confined but *convectively* poorly confined, and low s-parameter ions that are *classically* poorly confined but *convectively* well confined.

The PFRC has an s-parameter between 1 and 2. Stabilizing the tilt-mode is predicted to aid confinement more than the small number of tolerable collisions will hurt confinement.

## Spacecraft propulsion

Scientists from Princeton Satellite Systems are working on a new concept called Direct Fusion Drive (DFD) that is based on the PFRC but has one open end through which exhaust flows to generate thrust. It would produce electric power and propulsion from a single compact fusion reactor. The first concept study and modeling (Phase I NASA NIAC) was published in 2017, and was proposed to power the propulsion system of a Pluto orbiter and lander. Adding propellant to the cool plasma flow results in a variable thrust when channeled through a magnetic nozzle. Modeling suggests that the DFD might produce 5 Newtons of thrust per each megawatt of generated fusion power. About 35% of the fusion power goes to thrust, 30% to electric power, 25% lost to heat, and 10% is recirculated for the radio frequency (RF) heating. The concept was awarded a Phase II to further advance the design and shielding.


title: West Texas Boys Ranch

abstract: West Texas Boys Ranch (WTBR) is a Christian private residential community for boys located in Tankersley, unincorporated Tom Green County, Texas, near San Angelo. The 963-acre (390 ha) facility is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, and it is open to any qualified boy, regardless of his or his family's ability to pay the tuition. The ranch uses donations to fund its services. The ranch can accommodate up to 40 boys, who come from across the United States. The ranch does not take custody of its boys, and it is not a boot camp, detention center, drug rehabilitation center, or a "last resort" for hardcore juvenile offenders.

text:
# West Texas Boys Ranch

**West Texas Boys Ranch** (**WTBR**) is a Christian private residential community for boys located in Tankersley, unincorporated Tom Green County, Texas, near San Angelo. The 963-acre (390 ha) facility is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, and it is open to any qualified boy, regardless of his or his family's ability to pay the tuition. The ranch uses donations to fund its services. The ranch can accommodate up to 40 boys, who come from across the United States. The ranch does not take custody of its boys, and it is not a boot camp, detention center, drug rehabilitation center, or a "last resort" for hardcore juvenile offenders.

## History

The ranch has provided a community for boys since 1947.

In December 1999, former counselor Larry Wisenbaker pleaded guilty to multiple sexual crimes involving minors at St. Jude's Ranch for Children in Boulder City, Nevada. He had previously been accused of sexual misconduct involving 8 boys at West Texas Boys Ranch which had not been investigated by Texas police before he left the state. He was fired from West Texas Boys Ranch after complaints of sexual abuse early in his employment in 1998. Wisenbaker was sentenced to four life terms in prison in February 2000 after District Judge Kathy Hardcastle became aware that he was previously convicted of assaulting a child at Hephzibah Home for Children in Macon, Georgia.

In 2003 a FedEx Cessna Caravan crashed on a plot of land belonging to the ranch.

## Operations

The facility consists of 5 residential cottages, each with max capacity of 8 boys. Each boy is assigned to a particular cottage, which is overseen by a husband and wife team. If a team has children, those children are also a part of the cottage household. Every boy participates in chores, such as cleaning his room, cleaning his shared bathroom, and cleaning his laundry. Several chores, such as mopping the kitchen, vacuuming the living room, and taking out the trash, are rotated among the boys. Each boy has a rank, depending on his behavior. The lowest rank with the fewest privileges is the Tumbleweed, while the highest rank, Wrangler, has the most privileges.There was also a former rank of Top hand even higher than Wrangler, but due to issues with boys who misused the level, it was removed from the system. Each level shows the depth to which each boy is trying to work the program, and the higher the level the more responsibility each boy has. Each boy can see his progress on a chart so he knows what he needs to do to attain a certain rank. Each resident works with livestock, such as Longhorn cattle, show pigs, and horses. During the summer boys work in ranching jobs.

## Composition

The cottages are Brown Cottage, Doss Cottage, Minear Cottage, and Stevens Cottage. Minear, named after Roy and Evelyn Minear, was built in 1983. Brown, funded by a donation from Wilbur Carr Brown of San Angelo, Texas, was built in 1984. Doss, funded by a donation from the M.S. Doss Foundation in Seminole, Texas, was built in 1985. Stevens, funded by a donation from Perry and Ruby Stevens of Fredericksburg, Texas, was built in 1985.

## Education

Every boy in the home is enrolled in Central High School or Lonestar Middle School in San Angelo. If a boy has an issue at school, the school staff will notify the West Texas Boys Ranch staff. Irion County High School and San Angelo Texas Leadership Charter Academy are schools boys formerly attended.

31°19′57″N 100°36′55″W / 31.332569°N 100.615393°W / 31.332569; -100.615393


title: Purple World

abstract: Purple World is the second studio album by American rapper Big Moe, from Houston, Texas. It was released on April 23, 2002, via Wreckshop Records, Priority Records and Capitol Records.

text:
# Purple World

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *RapReviews* |  |

***Purple World*** is the second studio album by American rapper Big Moe, from Houston, Texas. It was released on April 23, 2002, via Wreckshop Records, Priority Records and Capitol Records.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" (Skit) |  | 0:24 |
| 2. | "Purple World" (featuring jordan dodds, Tyte Eyes, D Gotti & Dirty $) | T-Gray | 4:13 |
| 3. | "S.U.C." (featuring Big Hawk & Lil' Keke) | Blue | 4:02 |
| 4. | "Confidential Playa" (featuring Z-Ro, Tyte Eyes & Ronnie Spencer) | Blue | 3:58 |
| 5. | "Purple Stuff" (featuring D Gotti) | Salih Williams | 3:14 |
| 6. | "When I" (featuring D Gotti) | Salih Williams | 3:02 |
| 7. | "Doctor's Office (Skit)" (featuring Momma Moe) |  | 1:43 |
| 8. | "Still Da Barre Baby" (featuring Ronnetta Spencer) | Salih Williams | 2:40 |
| 9. | "Cash" (featuring D-Reck & Pimp C) | Blue | 4:34 |
| 10. | "Dime Piece (Skit)" (featuring K-Love & Toon) |  | 0:36 |
| 11. | "Dime Piece" (featuring Salih Williams, Tyte Eyes & Isis Ré) | Salih Williams | 3:16 |
| 12. | "Feel Me" (featuring K-Love, Toon & Noke D) | Noke D | 4:15 |
| 13. | "It's About to Go Down" (featuring Lil' Flip, Noke D, Mr. 3-2, D Gotti & Toon) | Blue | 4:12 |
| 14. | "The Letter" (featuring Enjoli) | Salih Williams | 3:24 |
| 15. | "Mashin' for Mine" (featuring Isis Ré, Noke D & Dirty $) | Salih Williams | 4:33 |
| 16. | "We Won't Stop" (featuring Z-Ro & Dirty $) | Noke D | 3:05 |
| 17. | "Thug Thang" (featuring Big Pokey, Dirty $, D-Reck, D Gotti & The 1st Lady) | Salih Williams | 3:14 |
| 18. | "Parlay" (featuring Trademark & Ronnie Spencer) | Salih Williams | 4:22 |
| 19. | "Purple Stuff (Remix)" (featuring Project Pat, Big Pokey, D Gotti & Ronnie Spencer) | Salih Williams | 4:10 |
| Total length: | | | 1:02:57 |

## Charts

| Chart (2002) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 29 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 3 |

*Purple World* at Discogs (list of releases)

## InfoBox

| Purple World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Big Moe | |
| Released | April 23, 2002 (2002-04-23) |
| Recorded | 20012002 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Southern hip hop |
| Length | 1:02:57 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | * D-Reck (exec.) * Salih Williams * Blue * Noke D * T-Gray |
| Big Moe chronology | |
| *City of Syrup*
(2000) ***Purple World***
(2002) *Moe Life...*
(2003) | |


title: Pseudastylopsis nebulosus

abstract: Pseudastylopsis nebulosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Horn in 1880.

text:
# Pseudastylopsis nebulosus

***Pseudastylopsis nebulosus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Horn in 1880.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudastylopsis nebulosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudastylopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. nebulosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudastylopsis nebulosus***<br>(Horn, 1880) | |
|


title: Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins

abstract: The Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins is a Roman Catholic church in Marseille.

text:
# Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins

The **Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins** is a Roman Catholic church in Marseille.

## Location

The church building is located on the Old Port of Marseille. The exact address is Quai des Belges, 13001 Marseille.

## History

The original building on site was owned by the Knights Templar. However, in 1369, it was given to a community of Augustinian hermits. By 1447, they decided to spearhead the construction a new church building. It was dedicated in 1542, even though the vault was only completed in 1588.

During the Ancien Régime (15th century to 18th century), it was used for professional ceremonies. For example, ship-porters had their own altars in the church as early as 1390: one dedicated to Saint Peter, and a second one to Saint Paul.

Pope Clement VII (1478–1534) married his niece, Catherine de' Medici (1519–1589), to Henry II of France (1519–1559), in this church on October 28, 1533.

During the French Revolution of 1789, it came close to being destroyed. However, it was salvaged. Shortly after, it was renamed in honour of Saint Augustine. Later, it was sold to a businessman. Later, it was returned to the Catholic Church.

The façade was destroyed in 1801, due to construction work on the street, and it was rebuilt in 1875. In 1803, it was named in honour of Saint Ferréol de Vienne, a Roman Catholic martyr from the 3rd century who was the namesake of another church in Marseille which was destroyed during the French Revolution.

The high altar was designed by Dominique Fossaty, as were the altars of the Augustinians and of the ship-porters. Inside the church can also be found the Mazenod family's tomb dating back to 1564 and the Montolieu family's tomb, dating back to 1695. The relics of Saint Louis of Toulouse (1274–1297) are also in the church.

The church has a few works of art. Three paintings by Michel Serre (1658-1733) are displayed inside the church: *Sainte Marguerite*, *Le repos pendant la fuite en Égypte*, and *La Vierge à l'enfant apparaissant à Saint Pierre et Saint Paul*. There is also a bust of Saint Ferréol de Vienne. Additionally, there is a sculpture of Saint Augustine designed by Raymond Servian (1903-1953). Another sculpture, by Élie-Jean Vézien (1890-1982), represents Saint Theresa. Yet another sculpture, this time by Louis Botinelly (1883-1962), is of Joan of Arc. A more recently sculpture, designed by Yves le Pape in 1979, depicts the Holy Family.

The neogothic pipe organ, designed by Augustin Zieger, dates back to 1844.

## At present

The church building is open every weekday from 9AM to 6:30PM. Mass is said every weekday at 12PM and 6PM, every Saturday at 6PM, every Sunday at 9:30AM, 11AM and 7PM.

## InfoBox

| Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins | |
| --- | --- |
| Façade of the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins | |
|  | |
| 43°17′47″N 5°22′28″E / 43.2963°N 5.3744°E / 43.2963; 5.3744 | |
| Location | Quai des Belges
Marseille 13001
Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur |
| Country | France |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Tradition | Augustinian |
| History | |
| Founded | 1447 |
| Dedicated | 1542 |
| Relics held | Louis of Toulouse |
| Architecture | |
| Architectural type | church |
| Style | Gothic |
| Completed | 1588 |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Marseille |
| Clergy | |
| Rector | Hervé Giraud |
| Vicar(s) | Paul Carpentier
Etienne Labignette |


title: Pseudepicorsia septentrionis

abstract: Pseudepicorsia septentrionis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1964. It is found in Peru.

text:
# Pseudepicorsia septentrionis

***Pseudepicorsia septentrionis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1964. It is found in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudepicorsia septentrionis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudepicorsia* |
| Species: | ***P. septentrionis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudepicorsia septentrionis***<br>Munroe, 1964 | |
|


title: Patrick Everard (Jacobite)

abstract: Patrick Everard was an Irish Jacobite politician and soldier. Everard was the son of Richard Everard and Maud Netterville. In 1689, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for Kells in the Patriot Parliament summoned by James II of England. During the Williamite War in Ireland, Everard was a lieutenant in Sir Michael Creagh's Regiment of Infantry. He was attainted in 1691, forfeiting his estate.

text:
# Patrick Everard (Jacobite)

**Patrick Everard** (died 1720) was an Irish Jacobite politician and soldier.

Everard was the son of Richard Everard and Maud Netterville. In 1689, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for Kells in the Patriot Parliament summoned by James II of England. During the Williamite War in Ireland, Everard was a lieutenant in Sir Michael Creagh's Regiment of Infantry. He was attainted in 1691, forfeiting his estate.


title: Northern Cyclist Battalion

abstract: The Northern Cyclist Battalion was a bicycle infantry battalion of the Territorial Force, part of the British Army. Formed in 1908, it served in the United Kingdom throughout the First World War and in 1920 it was converted as part of the Royal Garrison Artillery.

text:
# Northern Cyclist Battalion

The **Northern Cyclist Battalion** was a bicycle infantry battalion of the Territorial Force, part of the British Army. Formed in 1908, it served in the United Kingdom throughout the First World War and in 1920 it was converted as part of the Royal Garrison Artillery.

## History

### Formation

The majority of the battalion was newly raised at Sunderland (later at Newcastle-on-Tyne) in October 1908 as a bicycle infantry battalion of the British Army's Territorial Force. One existing cyclist company at Sunderland transferred from the 3rd Volunteer Battalion, Durham Light Infantry. Initially designated as the **8th (Cyclist) Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers**, in 1910 the new unit was separated from that regiment and redesignated as the independent **Northern Cyclist Battalion**.

In August 1914, the battalion was headquartered at the Hutton Terrace drill hall, Sandyford Road in Newcastle-on-Tyne and had the following companies:

At the outbreak of the First World War, the battalion was in Northern Command, unattached to any higher formation. It was to be used as mobile infantry, and for work on signals, scouting and similar activities.

### First World War

In accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (*7 Edw. 7, c.9*) which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split in August and September 1914 into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. Later, 3rd Line units were formed to act as reserves, providing trained replacements for the 1st and 2nd Lines.

#### 1/1st Northern Cyclist Battalion

The battalion was mobilized on 4 August 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War and moved to its war station at Morpeth. In 1915 it was transferred to the Army Cyclist Corps. By 1916 it had moved to Alnwick where it remained as part of the Tyne Garrison until the end of the war. The battalion was disembodied on 24 January 1919.

#### 2/1st Northern Cyclist Battalion

The 2nd Line battalion was formed in late 1914 and also remained in England throughout the war. In 1916 it was at Skegness and in June 1918 it was at Burton Constable as part of the Humber Garrison where it remained. The battalion was disbanded on 17 April 1919.

On 4 July 1915, the battalion provided personnel for the *10th Provisional Cyclist Company* at Chapel St Leonards.

#### 3/1st Northern Cyclist Battalion

The 3rd Line battalion was formed at Newcastle in 1915 to provide trained replacements for the 1st and 2nd Line battalions. It was disbanded in March 1916 and the men were posted to 1/1st and 2/1st Battalions and to the Machine Gun Corps.

### Post war

*See main article 55th (Northumbrian) Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery*

The Territorial Force was disbanded after the First World War, although this was a formality and it was reformed in 1920. From 1 October 1921 it was renamed as the Territorial Army.

One major change with the new Territorial Army had an effect on the number of infantry battalions. The original 14 divisions were reformed with the pre-war standard of three brigades of four battalions each, for a total of 168 battalions. Infantry were no longer to be included as Army Troops or part of the Coastal Defence Forces so the pre-war total of 208 battalions had to be reduced by 40. This was achieved by either converting certain battalions to other roles, usually artillery or engineers, or by amalgamating pairs of battalions within a regiment. In particular, based on war time experience, the Army decided to dispense with cyclists units and the existing battalions were either disbanded or converted to artillery or signals units.

The Northern Cyclist Battalion was reformed at Newcastle on 7 February 1920. Together with the former 3rd Northumbrian (County of Durham) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery it formed a medium artillery brigade of the Royal Garrison Artillery as **3rd (Northumbrian) Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery**, soon redesignated as 55th (Northumbrian) Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery:

* Headquarters  *absorbed HQ and Ammunition Column of 3rd Northumbrian (County of Durham) Brigade, RFA*
* 217th Medium Battery
* 218th Medium Battery  *formed from 1st Durham Battery, RFA*
* 219th Medium Battery  *formed from 2nd Durham Battery, RFA*
* 220th Medium Battery  *formed from 1st Durham Battery, RFA*

1. "Army Cyclist Corps at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
2. Frederick 1984, p. 277
3. Clive Dunn, *The Fighting Pioneers: the Story of the 7th Durham Light Infantry*, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2015, ISBN 978-1-47382-348-8, p. 16.
4. Westlake 1986, p. 243
5. Conrad, Mark (1996). "The British Army, 1914". Retrieved 23 August 2015.
6. James 1978, p. 118
7. Baker, Chris. "The Cyclist Battalions TF". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
8. Rinaldi 2008, p. 35
9. "The Northern Cyclist Battalion and Northumbrian HAA, Royal Artillery 1908-1960 at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 27 December 2005. Retrieved 8 July 2017.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
10. Frederick 1984, p. 278
11. Westlake 1986, p. 47
12. "The Royal Artillery". Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). Retrieved 13 April 2013.
13. Baker, Chris. "What was an artillery brigade?". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
14. Frederick 1984, p. 734

## Bibliography

* Frederick, J.B.M. (1984). *Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978*. Wakefield, Yorkshire: Microform Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
* James, Brigadier E.A. (1978). *British Regiments 1914–18*. London: Samson Books Limited. ISBN 0-906304-03-2.
* Rinaldi, Richard A (2008). *Order of Battle of the British Army 1914*. Ravi Rikhye. ISBN 978-0-97760728-0.
* Westlake, Ray (1986). *The Territorial Battalions, A Pictorial History, 1859–1985*. Tunbridge Wells: Spellmount.

## InfoBox

| Northern Cyclist Battalion | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | October 1908 – 7 February 1920 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Allegiance | British Crown |
| Branch | British Army |
| Type | Bicycle infantry |
| Size | Up to three battalions |
| Part of | Northern Command (peacetime) |
| Garrison/HQ | Hutton Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne |
| Service | First World War |