title: P. A. Ibrahim Haji

abstract: Pallikere Abdulla Ibrahim Haji was an Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist based in the United Arab Emirates. He had investments in the education, automotive, and jewellery industries. He was the chairman of the PACE Education group, founder and vice-chairman of the Indus Motor Company, and the co-chairman of Malabar Gold. Ibrahim was a recipient of the Indian government's Pravasi Ratna award in 2015.

text:
# P. A. Ibrahim Haji

**Pallikere Abdulla Ibrahim Haji** (6 September 1943 – 21 December 2021) was an Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist based in the United Arab Emirates. He had investments in the education, automotive, and jewellery industries. He was the chairman of the PACE Education group, founder and vice-chairman of the Indus Motor Company, and the co-chairman of Malabar Gold.

Ibrahim was a recipient of the Indian government's Pravasi Ratna award in 2015.

## Early life

Ibrahim was born on 6 September 1943, in Pallikkere, in Kasaragod in the modern Indian state of Kerala, to Abdulla Ibrahim Haji, a textile merchant, and Aysha. He attended the government Mappila LP School, and later the Kottikulam Government Fisheries High School. After completing his schooling, he pursued his diploma in automobile engineering in Chennai.

## Career

Ibrahim emigrated to Dubai in the United Arab Emirates in 1966, traveling in a boat from India. He started his career in the UAE working in the automotive spare parts division of Austin Car distributors, which was owned by Ali Bin Abdulla Al Owais, for a salary of 400 riyals. Speaking later about his beginnings, he would recount that he lived in the *Oonth Bazaar* (transl.camel market) neighborhood of the city, sharing a room with 10 other men. He later moved to the Al Ras neighborhood. He started his entrepreneurial journey in the UAE in 1974 with his own garments business before branching into cosmetics. In 1976, he expanded into the trading business, starting Century Trading Company and later into the jewellery business.

Ibrahim ventured into the education space in 1999 by setting up the PACE Education Group. The group operates schools and colleges in India, the UAE, and Kuwait, with over 20,000 students from over 25 countries. He also operated schools in Kerala, including the RIMs International School and the Manjeri Pace Residential School, and five other institutions in Mangalore, in Karnataka. He was also the co-chairman of the Malabar Group, a retailer of gold and diamonds, and the founder and vice-chairman of the Indus Motor Company. He was a director of the Muslim Printing and Publishing Company, the publishers of *Chandrika* the mouthpiece of the Indian Union Muslim League.

Ibrahim was also the co-founder of the India-Arab foundation in 1981, in advance of the then Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi's visit to the UAE. He also drove many of his charity and community development initiatives through his trust. He was known to have driven a campaign to have international flights operate out of the Calicut airport. Ibrahim received the UAE Golden Visa in 2021 in recognition of his services to the country.

## Death

On 11 December 2021, Ibrahim suffered a stroke in Dubai. He was then moved to Kozhikode in an air ambulance, before dying on 21 December 2021, at the age of 78, at Aster MIMS hospital in Kozhikode. His funeral was completed at Najmul Huda Arabic College Madrasa in Vettekode, Manjeri.

## Honours

## InfoBox

| P. A. Ibrahim Haji | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Pallikere Abdulla Ibrahim
(1943-09-06)6 September 1943
Kasaragod, British India |
| Died | 21 December 2021(2021-12-21) (aged 78)
Kozhikode, Kerala, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Entrepreneur, philanthropist |
| Parent(s) | Abdulla Ibrahim Haji, Aysha |
| Awards | Pravasi Ratna
C H Award
Garshom International Award 2017 |


title: P. A. McHugh

abstract: Patrick Aloysius "P.A." McHugh, also spelt M’Hugh, was an Irish Nationalist politician. He sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom as the Member of Parliament for North Leitrim, from 1892 to 1906, and for North Sligo from 1906 until his death in 1909. McHugh was born at Annagh, Glenfarne, County Leitrim. He was the son of a tenant farmer, Peter M’Hugh of Leitrim, and of Anne McDermott. He entered St Patrick's diocesan college, Cavan, a Catholic seminary, but left without taking orders. He went to Paris and engaged in journalism, and taught science and classics in the Athlone and Sligo Intermediate schools. In 1882 he married Mary Harte, daughter of a J. Harte of Sligo. She died in 1894. He became owner of The Sligo Champion in 1885. He was Mayor of Sligo in 1888, and again in 1895-98 and 1900. He was elected to Sligo County Council on its establishment in 1899 and became its first chairman. He was elected MP for North Leitrim as an Anti-Parnellite Nationalist in 1892, winning comfortably over the Unionist candidate with 87% of the vote. He retained the seat unopposed in 1895. At this election he also challenged the Parnellite Willie Redmond in East Clare, losing by only 57 votes in a poll of over 6,500. In 1900, standing for the reunited Irish Parliamentary Party, he was again challenged in North Leitrim by a Unionist, but again won comfortably, with 91% of the vote. In April 1901 he was imprisoned for six months following a conviction for ‘seditious libel’ on account of an article on Jury Packing in Sligo published in his newspaper. The article had attacked jurymen who had convicted two men of intimidating persons who rented farms from which the former owners had been evicted. On his release, he was given a celebratory lunch by the Lord Mayor of Dublin. In September the following year, he stood before the Irish Court of Bankruptcy after a petition from the Crown Solicitor for Sligo, but this apparently did not affect his political standing. There were rumours he would step down in early 1903, but in 1906 he was returned unopposed both for North Leitrim and for North Sligo, and chose to sit for the latter constituency, which he represented until his death in 1909. A monument erected to him outside the main post office was moved to the front of Sligo Town Hall in the 1970s; 2007 plans to move it again during roadworks were opposed by the council.

text:
# P. A. McHugh

**Patrick Aloysius "P.A." McHugh** (1858 – 30 May 1909), also spelt **M’Hugh**, was an Irish Nationalist politician. He sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom as the Member of Parliament for North Leitrim, from 1892 to 1906, and for North Sligo from 1906 until his death in 1909.

McHugh was born at Annagh, Glenfarne, County Leitrim. He was the son of a tenant farmer, Peter M’Hugh of Leitrim, and of Anne McDermott. He entered St Patrick's diocesan college, Cavan, a Catholic seminary, but left without taking orders. He went to Paris and engaged in journalism, and taught science and classics in the Athlone and Sligo Intermediate schools. In 1882 he married Mary Harte, daughter of a J. Harte of Sligo. She died in 1894. He became owner of *The Sligo Champion* in 1885. He was Mayor of Sligo in 1888, and again in 1895-98 and 1900. He was elected to Sligo County Council on its establishment in 1899 and became its first chairman.

He was elected MP for North Leitrim as an Anti-Parnellite Nationalist in 1892, winning comfortably over the Unionist candidate with 87% of the vote. He retained the seat unopposed in 1895. At this election he also challenged the Parnellite Willie Redmond in East Clare, losing by only 57 votes in a poll of over 6,500. In 1900, standing for the reunited Irish Parliamentary Party, he was again challenged in North Leitrim by a Unionist, but again won comfortably, with 91% of the vote. In April 1901 he was imprisoned for six months following a conviction for ‘seditious libel’ on account of an article on Jury Packing in Sligo published in his newspaper. The article had attacked jurymen who had convicted two men of intimidating persons who rented farms from which the former owners had been evicted. On his release, he was given a celebratory lunch by the Lord Mayor of Dublin. In September the following year, he stood before the Irish Court of Bankruptcy after a petition from the Crown Solicitor for Sligo, but this apparently did not affect his political standing. There were rumours he would step down in early 1903, but in 1906 he was returned unopposed both for North Leitrim and for North Sligo, and chose to sit for the latter constituency, which he represented until his death in 1909.

A monument erected to him outside the main post office was moved to the front of Sligo Town Hall in the 1970s; 2007 plans to move it again during roadworks were opposed by the council.

* *New York Times*, 22 October 1901
* Michael Stenton and Stephen Lees (1978). *Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Vol.2 1886-1918*. Sussex: Harvester Press.
* Brian M. Walker, ed. (1978). *Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801-1922*. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.


title: Ozan Yanar

abstract: Ozan Göksu Yanar is a Finnish politician and a former Member of the Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. He has been the chairman of Federation of Green Youth and Students since 2015. Yanar was elected to the Parliament in the 2015 election, with 4,196 votes. He took part in the 2019 election, but was not re-elected.

text:
# Ozan Yanar

**Ozan Göksu Yanar** (born 3 May 1987 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Finnish politician and a former Member of the Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. He has been the chairman of Federation of Green Youth and Students since 2015.

Yanar was elected to the Parliament in the 2015 election, with 4,196 votes. He took part in the 2019 election, but was not re-elected.

1. "Ozan Yanar". *www.eduskunta.fi*.
2. "Vihreiden nuoret valitsivat puheenjohtajat". Yle. 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
3. "Valitut ehdokkaat Helsingin vaalipiiri". Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
4. "Eduskunnasta pudonnut Ozan Yanar ei ole siivonnut eduskunnan työhuonettaan – päivitys Facebookissa: "En olisi uskonut, että tippuisin"". *Ilta-Sanomat*. Retrieved 20 April 2019.


title: PBT2

abstract: PBT2 is a safe-for-human-use Zinc ionophore and an experimental drug candidate. It is a second-generation 8-hydroxyquinoline analog intended to be a successor to clioquinol and a potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease.

text:
# PBT2

**PBT2** is a safe-for-human-use Zinc ionophore and an experimental drug candidate. It is a second-generation 8-hydroxyquinoline analog intended to be a successor to clioquinol and a potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease.

## Clinical trials

PBT2 was the subject of three phase II clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease ('EURO'), 'IMAGINE' & 'IMAGINE EXTENSION') and one for Huntington's disease ('REACH2HD') trial.

The cognition efficacy results for Alzheimer's disease were mixed. The EURO trial showed some improvements in cognitive functions, in particular executive function domains, while the IMAGINE study did not. Although there is no evidence that PBT2 is of any benefit in Alzheimer's dementia, the number of subjects treated with PBT2 for AD in Phase II placebo controlled trials (N~76) is limited and the trials were not powered to detect cognitive outcomes. In the Phase II PBT2 trial in Huntington disease, whilst the overall cognitive composite measured was not improved, an executive function domain within the composite was significantly improved.

### Phase II studies in AD

**PBT2-201 (EURO)** was a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel three-group study (Phase II) to assess the safety, tolerability and efficacy of two dose levels of PBT2 to slow progression of disease in patients with early AD. Seventy-eight (78) patients were enrolled and all were evaluated for safety and efficacy. PBT2 treatment of 50 and 250 mg a day was well tolerated in patients with AD during 12 weeks of treatment, with some evidence that the PBT2 250 mg/day dose can modulate certain biomarkers associated with AD, notably a significant decrease in CSF Abeta levels, and improvement in aspects of cognitive function as measured by the Executive Function composite z score and the individual Trails Making Test (TMT) Part B and the Category Fluency tests.

**PBT2-204 (IMAGINE)** was a 12-month brain amyloid imaging study in which patients with mild AD (n=42) were administered PBT2 250 mg or placebo. Forty-two (42) patients were enrolled and all were evaluated for safety and efficacy. PBT2 was shown to be safe and very well tolerated over the 52 weeks, with the adverse event profile equivalent between placebo and treated groups. There was no difference in brain amyloid levels between the PBT2- and placebo-treated groups as measured by PiB.

**PBT2-204-Ext (Extension)** Thirty-three (n=33) patients continued on 250 mg PBT2 in an open-label extension study and were evaluated for safety and efficacy, with n=27 patients completing the study. The safety findings indicate that longer-term treatment (up to 104 weeks) with PBT2 250 mg was well tolerated in patients with prodromal or mild AD. The safety findings from this study are consistent with those that would be expected in a population of elderly adults with prodromal or mild AD.

### Phase II study in HD

**PBT2-203 (Reach2HD)** was a 6-month safety, tolerability and efficacy study in HD. Patients with early to mid-stage HD (n=109) received PBT2 100 mg, PBT2 250 mg or placebo once daily. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of two dose levels of PBT2 (100 mg and 250 mg, once daily) compared to Placebo after 26 weeks in participants with early to mid-stage HD. PBT2 was shown to be safe and well tolerated over the 26 weeks, with the adverse event profile equivalent between placebo and PBT2 groups.

The secondary objectives of the study focused on the specific symptoms or manifestations of HD. The primary efficacy objective of the study was to determine the effect of PBT2 on cognition as measured by a cognitive test battery consisting of Category Fluency Test, TMT Parts A and B, Map Search, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Stroop Word Reading Test, Speeded Tapping Task and MoCA. The results of these assessments were used to calculate three composite z-scores of cognition – the Main Composite z-score, Exploratory Composite z-score and Executive Function z-score.

PBT2 showed signs of improving some aspects of cognitive function in the study. The 250 mg dose of PBT2, administered once daily, showed better and statistically significant efficacy over the 12-week treatment period compared to placebo for the Main Composite Cognition Score (p=0.020), Exploratory composite cognition z-score (p=0.016), Executive Function composite Z score (p=0.005) and TMT Part B (p\<0.001), a cognitive assessment tool. At 26 weeks, TMT Part B was statistically significantly improved (p=0.042) and the Executive Function composite z score trending to improvement. In patients with early HD (Total Functional Capacity 11-13), the Executive Function composite z score was statistically significantly improved (p=0.038).

Overall the results indicate that larger trials are needed to fully assess the safety and efficacy profile of PBT2 in AD and HD.

## Other applications

PBT2 has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. In combination with zinc, PBT2 has been shown to reverse antibiotic resistance for a number of clinically significant bacterial pathogens, including *Streptococcus pneumoniae,* methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* (MRSA), group A *Streptococcus* (GAS), and vancomycin-resistant *Enterococcus* (VRE) both *in vitro* and in a mouse infection model.

## InfoBox

PBT2
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 5,7-Dichloro-2-\[(dimethylamino)methyl\]quinolin-8-ol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C12H12Cl2N2O/c1-16(2)6-7-3-4-8-9(13)5-10(14)12(17)11(8)15-7/h3-5,17H,6H2,1-2H3Key: YZPOQCQXOSEMAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * CN(C)CC1=NC2=C(C=C1)C(=CC(=C2O)Cl)Cl | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C12H12Cl2N2O |
| Molar mass | 271.14 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Ošanjići

abstract: Ošanjići is a village in the municipality of Stolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Ošanjići

**Ošanjići** is a village in the municipality of Stolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 1,004.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 749 | 74.6% |
| Croats | 218 | 21.7% |
| Serbs | 11 | 1.1% |
| other/undeclared | 26 | 2.6% |
| **Total** | **1,004** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Ošanjići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ošanjići | |
| Coordinates: 43°05′47″N 17°55′45″E / 43.0964162°N 17.9292059°E / 43.0964162; 17.9292059 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Herzegovina-Neretva |
| Municipality | Stolac |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.11 sq mi (8.06 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 1,004 |
| Density | 320/sq mi (120/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Oševek

abstract: Oševek is a small settlement in the Municipality of Kamnik in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

text:
# Oševek

**Oševek** (pronounced \[ɔˈʃeːʋək\]) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Kamnik in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

## InfoBox

| Oševek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| OševekLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°14′13.92″N 14°37′39.4″E / 46.2372000°N 14.627611°E / 46.2372000; 14.627611 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Upper Carniola |
| Statistical region | Central Slovenia |
| Municipality | Kamnik |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.80 km2 (0.31 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 387.2 m (1,270.3 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 29 |
|  | |


title: Oškinis BRO-16

abstract: The Oškinis BRO-16, sometimes known as the Oškinis BRO-16 Pempė, was a flying boat, biplane training glider, flown and produced in the USSR in the 1970s.

text:
# Oškinis BRO-16

The **Oškinis BRO-16**, sometimes known as the **Oškinis BRO-16 Pempė** (Pempė in Lithuanian translates as Northern Lapwing), was a flying boat, biplane training glider, flown and produced in the USSR in the 1970s.

## Design and development

The BRO-16 was a single-seat training glider, unusual for being both a biplane and a flying boat. It was a development of the BRO-11 land monoplane produced some twenty years earlier and first flew in August 1973.

Its wings were rectangular in plan out to rounded tips. The lower wing was 25% shorter in span than the upper but with about the same chord and ply-covered in contrast to the fabric covered upper wing. Both wings had single-spar structures and were braced together with wide spread, transverse, streamlined and distorted V-struts between the spars. There was no stagger, 3° of dihedral and a large interplane gap. The BRO-16's push-rod activated, fabric-covered ailerons, which could also serve as flaps, were suspended from the upper wing and filled 87% of the span.

The BRO-19's fuselage had a forward nacelle attached to a flat girder fuselage supporting the tail. The largely wooden nacelle was 3.70 m (12 ft 2 in) long and flat-bottomed. The cockpit, close to the nose, was open and placed the pilot over the leading edge of the lower wing which was mounted on the side of the nacelle, about halfway back. The rear of the fuselage was formed by a horizontal girder member, just under the upper wing, attached to the nacelle with a pair of vertical struts between the wings and an oblique strut from the rear of the nacelle to the top of the aft vertical strut. Wires braced the rear fuselage to the wing struts and to the nacelle. Parts of the girder were canvas-covered.

The tail was conventional. Though the triangular fin was very small, the rudder was large, nearly rectangular in profile apart from a blunted top and a slightly angled underside. The tailplane was triangular in plan and carried rectangular elevators. All the tail surfaces were fabric-covered wooden structures.

## Operational history

The BRO-16 was mass produced, though numbers are not available. They operated from the Lithuanian Kaunas Reservoir.

## Variants

BRO-16 Pempėmain production variant. BRO-17U UtochkaShort span (7.00 m (23 ft 0 in) variant. Rectangular plan wings, the upper divided into three staggered, overhanging slats. Completion uncertain.

## Specifications (BRO-16)

*Data from* Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1975-76

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Length:** 5.24 m (17 ft 2 in)
* **Upper wingspan:** 7 m (23 ft 0 in)
* **Lower wingspan:** 5.8 m (19 ft 0 in)
* **Height:** 3.65 m (12 ft 0 in)
* **Wing area:** 8.26 m2 (88.9 sq ft) upper

6.00 m2 (64.58 sq ft) lower * **Aspect ratio:** 3.8:1
* **Airfoil:** TsAGI R-II (14%)
* **Aileron section:** TsAGI R-III (16%)
* **Empty weight:** 129 kg (284 lb)
* **Max takeoff weight:** 204 kg (450 lb)
* **Dihedral:** 3° 24' on both upper and lower wings
* **Incidence:**

**Performance**

* **Wing loading:** 12.3 kg/m2 (2.5 lb/sq ft)

## InfoBox

| BRO-16 | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Flying boat, biplane training glider |
| National origin | USSR |
| Designer | Bronis Oškinis |
| First flight | August 1973 |


title: PC Muñoz

abstract: PC Muñoz is an American recording artist, drummer, producer, and writer based in the San Francisco Bay Area, primarily working in the contemporary classical, funk, pop, and avant-garde jazz genres.

text:
# PC Muñoz

**PC Muñoz** is an American recording artist, drummer, producer, and writer based in the San Francisco Bay Area, primarily working in the contemporary classical, funk, pop, and avant-garde jazz genres.

## Career

Following a stint in the '90s band Alfred with cellist Zoë Keating, Muñoz’s first commercial releases as a leader were *The Trouble I’d Bring You* (Beevine, 1998) and two albums with his band PC Muñoz and the Amen Corner: *A Good Deed in a Weary World* (Beevine, 2002) and *California* (Beevine, 2004), the latter featuring Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Jackson Browne on the title track. His first multimedia release, *Twenty Haiku* (Beevine Records / Talking House Productions, 2005), included Bay Area musicians Scott Amendola, Tammy Hall, Anthony Brown, and Blevin Blectum. In 2005 he also contributed a cover of Flesh for Lulu’s 1980s hit “I Go Crazy” to the album High School Reunion - A Tribute to Those Great 80’s Films on American Laundromat Records.

In 2005 Muñoz co-founded the San Francisco audio production company and record label Talking House Productions with several music industry colleagues. While with Talking House, Muñoz produced the Grammy-nominated *Strange Toys* (Talking House Records, 2008) by composer/cellist Joan Jeanrenaud (formerly of Kronos Quartet) and released the solo album *Grab Bag* (Talking House Records, 2008) featuring Ingrid Chavez, Joan Jeanrenaud, and Doctor Fink. He also co-produced the EP *Sweet Water Soul* (Talking House Records, 2008) by the R&B artist FEMI. Muñoz again joined Jeanrenaud for *Pop-Pop* (Deconet, 2010), a duo album consisting entirely of cello and drums, and co-produced and played drums on Jeanrenaud’s 4th solo album, *Visual Music* (Deconet, 2016).

In 2013 Muñoz created the touring performance project *Half-Breed*, an exploration of multiracial identity, during a fellowship with The Loft Literary Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Muñoz released the digital album Physical Science (featuring Kyle Bruckmann and Bryan Dyer) along with the companion chapbook Inside Pocket of a Houndstooth Blazer in 2018. His writings have appeared in/on DRUM! Magazine, Seagate Creative, Scientific Learning, Grammy.com, Electronic Musician, and the anthology Indigenous Literatures from Micronesia (University of Hawai’i Press, 2019).

Muñoz annually programs live concerts for the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA), including a live “re-imagination” of Carole King’s *Tapestry* album in 2018, and composes for film and dance, including several collaborations with San Francisco choreographer Robert Moses.


title: Outside Looking In (play)

abstract: Outside Looking In is a 1925 Broadway three-act comedy written by Maxwell Anderson, produced by Kenneth Macgowan, Robert Edmond Jones and Eugene O'Neill and directed by Augustin Duncan.

text:
# Outside Looking In (play)

***Outside Looking In*** is a 1925 Broadway three-act comedy written by Maxwell Anderson, produced by Kenneth Macgowan, Robert Edmond Jones and Eugene O'Neill and directed by Augustin Duncan.

## Background

Cleon Throckmorton created the scenic design. The play was adapted from Jim Tully's autobiography *Beggars of Life: A Hobo Autobiography*. The show ran for 113 performances from September 7, 1925 to November 1925 at the Greenwich Village Theatre and continuing from November 1925 to December 1925 at the 39th Street Theatre. This was Jimmy Cagney's legitimate stage debut playing the hobo Little Red.

## Cast

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Outside Looking In | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Maxwell Anderson |
| Date premiered | September 7, 1925 |
| Place premiered | Greenwich Village Theatre,
39th Street Theatre
New York City, New York |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Setting | Williston, North Dakota and Montana |


title: Oxalis tetraphylla

abstract: Oxalis tetraphylla is a bulbous herbaceous perennial plant from Mexico. It is sometimes sold as lucky clover or shamrock. In the wild or feral state it is often called four-leaved wood-sorrel after its family, Oxalidaceae. Other English common names for this plant include Lucky Clover, Four-Leaf Sorrel, Four-Leaf Pink-Sorrel and others. It is sometimes called "the iron cross plant" or "oxalis iron cross" because the leaves loosely resemble the iron cross symbol, though this name is not a classic folk term and has fallen out of favour due to the bad political connotations associated with this symbol. It is in the same genus as the common wood-sorrel and has three wild variants: var. tetraphylla (autonym) distributed in the states of Veracruz, México, Morelos and Michoacán, var. mexicana native to Hidalgo and Guerrero regions and var. guerreroensis native to Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacán and Colima regions.

text:
# Oxalis tetraphylla

***Oxalis tetraphylla*** (often traded under its synonym ***O. deppei***) is a bulbous herbaceous perennial plant from Mexico. It is sometimes sold as **lucky clover** or **shamrock** (though it is neither a clover nor a shamrock). In the wild or feral state it is often called **four-leaved wood-sorrel** after its family, Oxalidaceae. Other English common names for this plant include **Lucky Clover**, **Four-Leaf Sorrel**, **Four-Leaf Pink-Sorrel** and others. It is sometimes called "the iron cross plant" or "oxalis iron cross" because the leaves loosely resemble the iron cross symbol, though this name is not a classic folk term and has fallen out of favour due to the bad political connotations associated with this symbol.

It is in the same genus as the common wood-sorrel (*Oxalis acetosella*) and has three wild variants: var. tetraphylla (autonym) distributed in the states of Veracruz, México, Morelos and Michoacán, var. mexicana native to Hidalgo and Guerrero regions and var. guerreroensis native to Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacán and Colima regions.

## Cultivation

***Oxalis tetraphylla var. tetraphylla*** is the variety most commonly used as an ornamental plant, either potted or in gardens as ground cover. The other two variants are very similar and their green parts (and flowers) look practically identical. All variants of this plant are also edible, the flowers and leaves having a sharp lemon flavour. However, since the oxalic acid in the plant can interfere with the absorption of certain nutrients in the body, especially calcium, too much can be harmful.

* **Hardiness zones:** 7 - 10
* **Heat zones:** 8 - 9
* **Climate zones:** 7 - 24
* **Lifecycle:** Bulbous perennial
* **Propagation:** It multiplies through bulb divisions or through seeds.
* **Sun exposure:** Full sun, Partial sun, does not tolerate shade
* **Water needs:** Average
* **Soil drainage:** well-drained, bulb rot can occur is the soil is soggy
* **Soil type:** Chalk, Clay, Loam, Sandy
* **Soil pH:** from acid to alkaline (6.1 - 7.8), acidity lowers nutrient intake
* **Additional nutrients:** Are usually unnecessary, only for plants growing in nutrient-poor environments or small pots. Use slow-release fertilisers when the plant is not dormant or NPK 5-10-5 type fertilisers in late-spring to encourage blooming.
* **Height:** 6" - 1' (15 cm - 30 cm)
* **Spread:** 4" - 6" (10 cm - 15 cm)
* **Depth:** 3" (7 cm)
* **Uses:** Edging, Ground cover, Patio and Containers

If planted in early spring it will grow and flower throughout spring and summer. Some bulbs can survive a cold winter but in areas with deep frost they should be kept in a cool dry place over winter and replanted in the spring. The bulbs will multiply by autumn.

## InfoBox

| *Oxalis tetraphylla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A single leaf showing its 4 leaflets | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Oxalidaceae |
| Genus: | *Oxalis* |
| Species: | ***O. tetraphylla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxalis tetraphylla***<br>Cav. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Oxalis deppei* Lodd. ex Sweet | |


title: Oxalis violacea

abstract: Oxalis violacea, the violet wood-sorrel, is a perennial plant and herb in the family Oxalidaceae. It is native to the eastern and central United States.

text:
# Oxalis violacea

***Oxalis violacea***, the **violet wood-sorrel**, is a perennial plant and herb in the family Oxalidaceae. It is native to the eastern and central United States.

## Description

*Oxalis violacea* emerges in early spring from an underground bulb and produces leaf stems 7–13 cm (2+34–5 in) tall and flower umbels, or clusters, with up to 19 flowers on stems 9–23 cm (3+12–9 in) tall. The three-part leaves have heart-shaped leaflets. The plant is similar in appearance to small clovers such as the shamrock.

The plant bears lavender to white flowers 1–2 cm (1234 in) wide with white to pale green centers above the foliage, during April or May, rarely to July, and, with rain, sometimes produces additional flowers without leaves from August to October.

## Etymology

The genus name, Oxalis, is from the Greek word oxys, which means "sharp" and refers to the sharp or sour taste from the oxalic acid present in the plant. The specific epithet, violacea, is Latin for violet-colored.

## Distribution and habitat

It is native plant in much of the United States, from the Rocky Mountains east to the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coasts, and through Eastern Canada. It has a tendency to cluster in open places in damp woods and on stream banks, and in moist prairies.

## Conservation

The plant's conservation status is globally secure; however, it is listed as endangered in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, threatened in New York, and a species of special concern in Connecticut. It is presumed extirpated in Michigan.

## Uses

### Medicinal

*Oxalis violacea* was used as a medicinal plant by Native Americans, including the Cherokee and Pawnee peoples.

### Culinary

All parts of the plant are edible – flowers, leaves, stems, and bulb. Oxalis is from the Greek word meaning sour, and this plant has a sour juice. It is used in salads. Moderate use of plant is advisable, as it should not be eaten in large quantities due to a high concentration of oxalic acid, ("salt of lemons") which can be poisonous.

It was a traditional food source of the Native American Apache, Cherokee, Omaha, Pawnee, and Ponca peoples.

### Cultivation

*Oxalis violacea* is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use as a flowering groundcover or perennial plant in traditional and native plant gardens, and for natural landscaping projects. It spreads rapidly by runners and bulbs. In gardens the plant prefers partial shade and moisture.

## InfoBox

| *Oxalis violacea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Oxalidaceae |
| Genus: | *Oxalis* |
| Species: | ***O. violacea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxalis violacea***
L. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ionoxalis violacea* (L.) Small * *Oxalis violacea* L. var. *trichophora* Fassett * *Sassia violacea* (L.) Holub | |


title: Oxyopes salticus

abstract: Oxyopes salticus is a species of lynx spider, commonly known as the striped lynx spider, first described by Hentz in 1845. Its habitat tends to be grasses and leafy vegetation; grassy, weedy fields, and row crops.

text:
# Oxyopes salticus

***Oxyopes salticus*** is a species of lynx spider, commonly known as the **striped lynx spider**, first described by Hentz in 1845. Its habitat tends to be grasses and leafy vegetation; grassy, weedy fields, and row crops.

## Description

Adult specimens have some color variation between orange, cream and brown. Adult females typically have stripes on both the carapace and abdomen, though on many specimens, the stripes are more pronounced on the abdomen. There is a generally a diamond cardiac mark, and macrosetae covering legs I-IV. There is a broad clypeus. Adult females range in size from ~5-6mm, and adult males range in size ~4-5mm.

## Range

Eastern United States from Massachusetts and Iowa south to Florida and Texas, along Mexican border, north along Pacific coast to Oregon. Also much of South and Central America Recently, *O.salticus* has been found in great numbers on the Big Island of Hawai'i as well as the island of Maui (see picture to the right).

## Agricultural importance

A number of authors (Brady 1964, Laster and Brazzel 1968, McDaniel et al. 1981, Young and Lockley 1985) have noted the importance of Oxyopids as a major predator of economically important agricultural pests. In 1961, Kayashima released 45,000 *O. sertatus* spiders into a *Cryptomeria* forest in Japan (in a test plot) and noted a 53% reduction in damage by the gall midge *Contarinia inouyei*. Other studies in India (Sharma & Sarup, 1979; Rao *et al*., 1981) have noted similar results. However, some studies note that *O. salticus* (and other Oxyopids) also prey on beneficial insects (e.g., bees and other pollinators), so their importance in pest control is somewhat questioned.

## Footnotes

* Platnick, Norman I. (2009): The world spider catalog, version 9.5. *American Museum of Natural History*.
* Brady, A.A. (1964). The lynx spiders of North America, North of Mexico (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 131: 429–518.
* Kayashima, I. (1961). Study of the lynx spider, Oxyopes sertatus L. Koch, for biological control of the crytomerian leaf fly (Contarina inouyei Mani). Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, 51. 413.
* Weems, H. V. Jr. and Whitcomb, W. H. Green Lynx Spider, *Peucetia viridans* (Hentz) (Arachnida: Araneae: Oxyopidae). EENY-249 Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: November 2001. Revised March 2011.
* Young, O.P.; Lockley T.C.(1985). The striped lynx spider,Oxyopes salticus \[Araneae: Oxyopidae\], in agroecosystems. *Entomophaga* 30(4): 329–346. Abstract
* Starr, Kim; Starr, Forrest. "Insects of Hawai'i". Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.

## InfoBox

| *Oxyopes salticus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female *O. salticus* from Nashville, Tennessee | |
|  | |
| Male *O. salticus* from Hilo, Hawaii | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Oxyopidae |
| Genus: | *Oxyopes* |
| Species: | ***O. salticus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxyopes salticus***
(Hentz, 1845) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *O.astutus*
*O. gracilis* | |


title: Oxyopes occidens

abstract: Oxyopes occidens is a species of lynx spider in the family Oxyopidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

text:
# Oxyopes occidens

***Oxyopes occidens*** is a species of lynx spider in the family Oxyopidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Oxyopes occidens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Oxyopidae |
| Genus: | *Oxyopes* |
| Species: | ***O. occidens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxyopes occidens***<br>Brady, 1964 | |
|


title: Oxyrhabdium leporinum

abstract:
Oxyrhabdium leporinum, known as Günther's Philippine shrub snake, is a species of snake in the family Cyclocoridae. It is endemic to the Philippines, where it is found on the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Cebu, Negros, and Panay. It was first described in 1858 by Albert Günther, as Rhabdosoma leporinum, in his Catalogue of Colubrine snakes of the British Museum. The type locality is "near the headwaters of Maite River, appr. 3,000 feet, Cuernos de Negros, Negros Oriental Province, Negros Island, Philippines". It is considered a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to its large population, tolerance of some habitat degradation, and its broad distribution, though the subspecies Oxyrhabdium leporinum visayanum may be threatened. Two subspecies are recognized:
  - Oxyrhabdium leporinum leporinum
  - Oxyrhabdium leporinum visayanum Leviton, 1958

text:
# Oxyrhabdium leporinum

***Oxyrhabdium leporinum***, known as **Günther's Philippine shrub snake**, is a species of snake in the family Cyclocoridae. It is endemic to the Philippines, where it is found on the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Cebu, Negros, and Panay.

It was first described in 1858 by Albert Günther, as *Rhabdosoma leporinum*, in his *Catalogue of Colubrine snakes of the British Museum*. The type locality is "near the headwaters of Maite River, appr. 3,000 feet, Cuernos de Negros, Negros Oriental Province, Negros Island, Philippines". It is considered a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to its large population, tolerance of some habitat degradation, and its broad distribution, though the subspecies *Oxyrhabdium leporinum visayanum* may be threatened.

Two subspecies are recognized:

* *Oxyrhabdium leporinum leporinum* (Günther, 1858)
* *Oxyrhabdium leporinum visayanum* Leviton, 1958

## InfoBox

| *Oxyrhabdium leporinum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Oxyrhabdium leporinum leporinum* | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Cyclocoridae |
| Genus: | *Oxyrhabdium* |
| Species: | ***O. leporinum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxyrhabdium leporinum***
(Günther, 1858) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rhabdosoma leporinum* Günther, 1858 * *Stenognathus brevirostris* Peters, 1872 | |


title: Oxyrhabdium modestum

abstract: Oxyrhabdium modestum, commonly known as the Philippine shrub snake, is a species of snake in the family Cyclocoridae. It is found the Philippines on the islands of Basilan, Bohol, Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao, Negros and Samar.

text:
# Oxyrhabdium modestum

***Oxyrhabdium modestum***, commonly known as the **Philippine shrub snake**, is a species of snake in the family Cyclocoridae. It is found the Philippines on the islands of Basilan, Bohol, Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao, Negros and Samar.

## InfoBox

| *Oxyrhabdium modestum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Cyclocoridae |
| Genus: | *Oxyrhabdium* |
| Species: | ***O. modestum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxyrhabdium modestum***
(Duméril, 1853) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Stenognathus modestus* Duméril, 1853 * *Geophis schadenbergi* Fischer 1885 | |


title: PFC Victoria London

abstract: PFC Victoria London is a football club based in Feltham, London, England. They are currently members of the Combined Counties League Division One and play at Robert Parker Stadium, groundsharing with Ashford Town.

text:
# PFC Victoria London

**PFC Victoria London** is a football club based in Feltham, London, England. They are currently members of the Combined Counties League Division One and play at Robert Parker Stadium, groundsharing with Ashford Town.

## History

PFC Victoria London were formed on 1 July 2016, as a club for the Polish community in the United Kingdom. Upon formation, the club joined the Middlesex County League, winning Division Two in their debut season. In the 2017–18 season, PFC Victoria London won Division One (West), gaining promotion to the Middlesex County Premier Division. PFC London Victoria entered the FA Vase for the first time in 2019–20.

In 2024, the club was admitted into the Combined Counties League Division One, following promotion from the Middlesex County League.

## Ground

The club currently groundshare with Ashford Town at Robert Parker Stadium.

## Honours

* **Middlesex County League**
    + Division Two champions: 2016–17
    + Division One (West) champions: 2017–18
* **Polish Football Championships in Great Britain**
    + The SPK General Wladislaw Anders Trophy: 2023

## Records

* Best FA Vase performance: First qualifying round, 2019–20
* Record attendance: 350 vs North Acton, Middlesex County League Division One (West), 7 October 2017

51°25′58.76″N 0°23′47.71″W / 51.4329889°N 0.3965861°W / 51.4329889; -0.3965861

## InfoBox

PFC Victoria London
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | PFC Victoria London |
| Founded | 1 July 2016 (1 July 2016) |
| Ground | Robert Parker Stadium, Stanwell |
| Capacity | 2,550 (250 seated) |
| Chairman | Tom Ruchniewicz |
| Manager | Mateusz Czekalski |
| League | Combined Counties League Division One |
| 2023–24 | Middlesex County League Premier Division, 2nd of 17 (promoted) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: PFC Český Dub

abstract: Podještědský FC Český Dub is a Czech football club located in the town of Český Dub in the Liberec Region. The club has made a number of appearances in the national cup, most recently in the 2011–12 season, although aside from qualifying matches, the last match they won in the competition came in 2004–05, when they defeated Semily on the way to their second round loss versus FK Jablonec 97. Český Dub won promotion to the Czech Fourth Division in 2009. They were in penultimate place in the table at the mid-season break of Divize B in the 2011–12 season. Under management of former Slavia Prague defender Martin Pěnička, the club were unable to fulfil their fixture against Baník Souš. After completing the season, the club moved down the pyramid to play in the ninth tier of football, Fotbalové III. třídy.

text:
# PFC Český Dub

**Podještědský FC Český Dub** is a Czech football club located in the town of Český Dub in the Liberec Region.

The club has made a number of appearances in the national cup, most recently in the 2011–12 season, although aside from qualifying matches, the last match they won in the competition came in 2004–05, when they defeated Semily on the way to their second round loss versus FK Jablonec 97.

Český Dub won promotion to the Czech Fourth Division in 2009.

They were in penultimate place in the table at the mid-season break of Divize B in the 2011–12 season. Under management of former Slavia Prague defender Martin Pěnička, the club were unable to fulfil their fixture against Baník Souš. After completing the season, the club moved down the pyramid to play in the ninth tier of football, *Fotbalové III. třídy*.

## InfoBox

PFC Český Dub
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Podještědský FC Český Dub |
| Founded | 1926, as *SK Český Dub* |
| Ground | Podještědský sportovní areál |
| Capacity | 300 |
| Chairman | Jaroslav Kašpar |
| Manager | Martin Pěnička |
| League | Divize B |
| 2011–12 | 15th |


title: Ozarba hemimelaena

abstract: Ozarba hemimelaena is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found Madagascar, Somalia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

text:
# Ozarba hemimelaena

***Ozarba hemimelaena*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found Madagascar, Somalia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Ozarba hemimelaena* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Ozarba* |
| Species: | ***O. hemimelaena*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ozarba hemimelaena***<br>Hampson, 1910 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tarache transversa* Pagenstecher, 1907 (invalid name) * *Aconzarba hemimelaena* (Hampson, 1910) | |


title: Oxygen fluoride

abstract:
Oxygen fluorides are compounds of elements oxygen and fluorine with the general formula OnF2, where n = 1 to 6. Many different oxygen fluorides are known:
  - Oxygen monofluoride (OF)
  - Oxygen difluoride (OF2)
  - Dioxygen difluoride (O2F2)
  - Trioxygen difluoride or ozone difluoride (O3F2)
  - Tetraoxygen difluoride (O4F2)
  - Pentaoxygen difluoride (O5F2)
  - Hexaoxygen difluoride (O6F2)
  - Dioxygen monofluoride or fluoroperoxyl (O2F) Oxygen fluorides are strong oxidizing agents with high energy and can release their energy either instantaneously or at a controlled rate. Thus, these compounds attracted much attention as potential fuels in jet propulsion systems.

text:
# Oxygen fluoride

**Oxygen fluorides** are compounds of elements oxygen and fluorine with the general formula O*n*F2, where *n* = 1 to 6. Many different oxygen fluorides are known:

Oxygen fluorides are strong oxidizing agents with high energy and can release their energy either instantaneously or at a controlled rate. Thus, these compounds attracted much attention as potential fuels in jet propulsion systems.

## Synthesis, properties and reactions

### Oxygen difluoride (OF2)

A common preparative method involves fluorination of sodium hydroxide:

2 F2 \+ 2 NaOH → OF2 \+ 2 NaF + H2O

OF2 is a colorless gas at room temperature and a yellow liquid below 128 K. Oxygen difluoride has an irritating odor and is poisonous. It reacts quantitatively with aqueous haloacids to give free halogens:

OF2 \+ 4 HCl → 2 Cl2 \+ 2 HF + 2 H2O

It can also displace halogens from their salts. It is both an effective fluorinating agent and a strong oxidizing agent. When reacted with unsaturated nitrogen fluorides with electrical discharge, it results in the formation of nitrogen trifluoride, oxide fluorides and other oxides.

### Dioxygen difluoride (O2F2)

O2F2 precipitates as a brown solid upon the UV irradiation of a mixture of liquid O2 and F2 at −196 °C. It also only appears to be stable below −160 °C. The general method of preparation of many oxygen fluorides is a gas-phase electric discharge in cold containers including O2F2.

O2 \+ F2 → O2F2 (electric discharge, 183 °C)

It is typically an orange-yellow solid which rapidly decomposes to O2 and F2 close to its normal boiling point of about 216 K.

O2F2 reacts violently with red phosphorus, even at −196 °C. Explosions can also occur if Freon-13 is used to moderate the reaction.

### Trioxygen difluoride or ozone difluoride (O3F2)

O3F2 is a viscous, blood-red liquid. It remains liquid at 90 K and so can be differentiated from O2F2 which has a melting point of about 109 K.

Like the other oxygen fluorides, O3F2 is endothermic and decomposes at about 115 K with the evolution of heat, which is given by the following reaction:

2 O3F2 → O2 \+ 2 O2F2

O3F2 is safer to work with than ozone, and can be evaporated, or thermally decomposed, or exposed to electric sparks, without any explosions. But on contact with organic matter or oxidizable compounds, it can detonate or explode. Thus, the addition of even one drop of ozone difluoride to solid anhydrous ammonia will result in a mild explosion, when they are both at 90 K each.

### Fluoroperoxyl

**Fluoroperoxyl** is a molecule such as O–O–F, whose chemical formula is O2F and is stable only at low temperature. It has been reported to be produced from atomic fluorine and dioxygen.

O2 \+ F → O2F

## General preparation of polyoxygen difluorides

| **Reaction equation** | **O2:F2 by volume** | **Current** | **Temperature of bath (°C)** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| O2 \+ F2 ⇌ O2F2 | 1:1 | 10 – 50 mA | ~ -196° |
| 3 O2 \+ 2 F2 ⇌ 2 O3F2 | 3:2 | 25 – 30 mA | ~ -196° |
| 2 O2 \+ F2 ⇌ O4F2 | 2:1 | 4 – 5 mA | ~ -205° |

## Effects on ozone

Oxygen- and fluorine-containing radicals like O2F and OF occur in the atmosphere. These along with other halogen radicals have been implicated in the destruction of ozone in the atmosphere. However, the oxygen monofluoride radicals are assumed to not play as big a role in the ozone depletion because free fluorine atoms in the atmosphere are believed to react with methane to produce hydrofluoric acid which precipitates in rain. This decreases the availability of free fluorine atoms for oxygen atoms to react with and destroy ozone molecules.

O3 \+ F → O2 \+ OF O + OF → O2 \+ F

Net reaction:

O3 \+ O → 2 O2

## Hypergolic propellant

Despite the low solubility of O3F2 in liquid oxygen, it has been shown to be hypergolic with most rocket propellant fuels. The mechanism involves the boiling off oxygen from the solution containing O3F2, making it more reactive to have a spontaneous reaction with the rocket fuel. The degree of reactivity is also dependent on the type of fuel used.

1. Solomon, I. J.; et al. (1968). "Additional Studies Concerning the Existence of O3F2". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **90** (20): 5408–5411. doi:10.1021/ja01022a014.
2. Misochko, Eugenii Ya; Alexander V. Akimov; Charles A. Wight (1999). "Infrared spectroscopic observation of the stabilized Intermediate complex FO3 formed by reaction of mobile Fluorine atoms with ozone molecules Trapped in an Argon Matrix". *The Journal of Physical Chemistry A*. **103** (40): 7972–7977. Bibcode:1999JPCA..103.7972M. doi:10.1021/jp9921194.
3. Streng, A. G. (1963). "The Oxygen Fluorides". *Chemical Reviews*. **63** (6): 607–624. doi:10.1021/cr60226a003.
4. Streng, A. G.; A. V. Grosse (1966). "Two New Fluorides of Oxygen, O5F2 and O6F2". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **88**: 169–170. doi:10.1021/ja00953a035.
5. Jäger, Susanne; et al. (1986). "Fluorine and Oxygen". *Fluorine*. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–161.
6. Nikitin, Igor Vasil'evich; V. Ya Rosolovskii (1971). "Oxygen Fluorides and Dioxygenyl Compounds". *Russian Chemical Reviews*. **40** (11): 889–900. Bibcode:1971RuCRv..40..889N. doi:10.1070/rc1971v040n11abeh001981. S2CID 250903149.
7. Lawless, Edward W.; Ivan C. Smith (1968). *Inorganic high-energy oxidizers: synthesis, structure, and properties*. M. Dekker.
8. Marx, Rupert; Konrad Seppelt (2015). "Structure investigations on oxygen fluorides". *Dalton Transactions*. **44** (45): 19659–19662. doi:10.1039/c5dt02247a. PMID 26351980.
9. Solomon, Irvine J. *Research on Chemistry of O3F2 and O2F2*. No. IITRI-C227-6. IIT RESEARCH INST CHICAGO IL, 1964.
10. Goetschel, Charles T.; et al. (1969). "Low-Temperature Radiation Chemistry. I. Preparation of Oxygen Fluorides and Dioxygenyl Tetrafluoroborate". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **91** (17): 4702–4707. doi:10.1021/ja01045a020.
11. De Marco, Ronald A., and Jean'ne M. Shreeve . "Fluorinated Peroxides." *Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry*. Vol. 16. Academic Press, 1974. 109-176.
12. J.L.Lyman and R. Holland, *J. Phys. Chem.*,**1988**,92, 7232.
13. Francisco J. S. (1993). "An ab initio investigation of the significance of the HOOF intermediate in coupling reactions involving FOO x and HO x species". *The Journal of Chemical Physics*. **98** (3): 2198–2207. Bibcode:1993JChPh..98.2198F. doi:10.1063/1.464199.


title: Oxygen isotope ratio cycle

abstract: Oxygen isotope ratio cycles are cyclical variations in the ratio of the abundance of oxygen with an atomic mass of 18 to the abundance of oxygen with an atomic mass of 16 present in some substances, such as polar ice or calcite in ocean core samples, measured with the isotope fractionation. The ratio is linked to ancient ocean temperature which in turn reflects ancient climate. Cycles in the ratio mirror climate changes in the geological history of Earth.

text:
# Oxygen isotope ratio cycle

**Oxygen isotope ratio cycles** are cyclical variations in the ratio of the abundance of oxygen with an atomic mass of 18 to the abundance of oxygen with an atomic mass of 16 present in some substances, such as polar ice or calcite in ocean core samples, measured with the isotope fractionation. The ratio is linked to ancient ocean temperature which in turn reflects ancient climate. Cycles in the ratio mirror climate changes in the geological history of Earth.

## Isotopes of oxygen

Oxygen (chemical symbol O) has three naturally occurring isotopes: 16O, 17O, and 18O, where the 16, 17 and 18 refer to the atomic mass. The most abundant is 16O, with a small percentage of 18O and an even smaller percentage of 17O. Oxygen isotope analysis considers only the ratio of 18O to 16O present in a sample.

The calculated ratio of the masses of each present in the sample is then compared to a standard, which can yield information about the temperature at which the sample was formed - see Proxy (climate) for details.

## Connection between isotopes and temperature/weather

18O is two neutrons heavier than 16O and causes the water molecule in which it occurs to be heavier by that amount. The additional mass changes the hydrogen bonds so that more energy is required to vaporize H218O than H216O, and H218O liberates more energy when it condenses. In addition, H216O tends to diffuse more rapidly.

Because H216O requires less energy to vaporize, and is more likely to diffuse to the liquid phase, the first water vapor formed during evaporation of liquid water is enriched in H216O, and the residual liquid is enriched in H218O. When water vapor condenses into liquid, H218O preferentially enters the liquid, while H216O is concentrated in the remaining vapor.

As an air mass moves from a warm region to a cold region, water vapor condenses and is removed as precipitation. The precipitation removes H218O, leaving progressively more H216O-rich water vapor. This distillation process causes precipitation to have lower 18O/16O as the temperature decreases. Additional factors can affect the efficiency of the distillation, such as the direct precipitation of ice crystals, rather than liquid water, at low temperatures.

Due to the intense precipitation that occurs in hurricanes, the H218O is exhausted relative to the H216O, resulting in relatively low 18O/16O ratios. The subsequent uptake of hurricane rainfall in trees, creates a record of the passing of hurricanes that can be used to create a historical record in the absence of human records.

In laboratories, the temperature, humidity, ventilation and so on affect the accuracy of oxygen isotope measurements. Solid samples (organic and inorganic) for oxygen isotope measurements are usually stored in silver cups and measured with pyrolysis and mass spectrometry. Researchers need to avoid improper or prolonged storage of the samples for accurate measurements.

## Connection between temperature and climate

The 18O/16O ratio provides a record of ancient water temperature. Water 10 to 15 °C (18 to 27 °F) cooler than present represents glaciation. As colder temperatures spread toward the equator, water vapor rich in 18O preferentially rains out at lower latitudes. The remaining water vapor that condenses over higher latitudes is subsequently rich in 16O. Precipitation and therefore glacial ice contain water with a low 18O content. Since large amounts of 16O water are being stored as glacial ice, the 18O content of oceanic water is high. Water up to 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than today represents an interglacial, when the 18O content of oceanic water is lower. A plot of ancient water temperature over time indicates that climate has varied cyclically, with large cycles and harmonics, or smaller cycles, superimposed on the large ones. This technique has been especially valuable for identifying glacial maxima and minima in the Pleistocene.

## Connection between calcite and water

Limestone is deposited from the calcite shells of microorganisms. Calcite, or calcium carbonate, chemical formula CaCO3, is formed from water, H2O, and carbon dioxide, CO2, dissolved in the water. The carbon dioxide provides two of the oxygen atoms in the calcite. The calcium must rob the third from the water. The isotope ratio in the calcite is therefore the same, after compensation, as the ratio in the water from which the microorganisms of a given layer extracted the material of the shell. A higher abundance of 18O in calcite is indicative of colder water temperatures, since the lighter isotopes are all stored in the glacial ice. The microorganism most frequently referenced for identifying marine isotope stages is foraminifera.

## Research

Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution is recorded in ancient sediments from the Republic of Gabon from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago. Responsible for these fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion.

1. Miller, Dana L.; Mora, Claudia I.; Grissino-Mayer, Henri D.; Mock, Cary J.; Uhle, Maria E.; Sharp, Zachary (July 31 – September 19, 2006). "Tree-ring isotope records of tropical cyclone activity". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006 - National Acad Sciences*. Vol. 103. National Acad Sciences. pp. 14294–14297. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606549103. PMC 1570183. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
2. Tsang, Man-Yin; Yao, Weiqi; Tse, Kevin (2020). Kim, Il-Nam (ed.). "Oxidized silver cups can skew oxygen isotope results of small samples". *Experimental Results*. **1**: e12. doi:10.1017/exp.2020.15. ISSN 2516-712X.
3. "**Paleoclimatology**: The Oxygen Balance". *Nasa Earth Observatory*. 2005-05-06. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
4. Zeebe, Richard E. (1999). "An explanation of the effect of seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal oxygen isotopes". *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta*. **63** (13–14): 2001–2007. Bibcode:1999GeCoA..63.2001Z. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00091-5.
5. Timothy W. Lyons; Christopher T. Reinhard; Noah J. Planavsky (2014). "Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago". *Nature*. **506** (7488): 307–315. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..307L. doi:10.1038/nature13068. PMID 24553238. S2CID 4443958.


title: P-Phenetidine

abstract: p-Phenetidine (4-ethoxyaniline) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H11NO. It is one of the three isomers of phenetidine. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs, dyes, and the sweetener dulcin. p-Phenetidine is a metabolite of the pharmaceutical drugs bucetin and phenacetin and of the preservative ethoxyquin. It is also used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of bucetin, phenacetin, ethoxyquin, and phenacaine. p-Phenetidine has high renal toxicity and it is believed to be responsible for the adverse effects that led to the withdrawal of phenacetin and bucetin from pharmaceutical use. p-Phenetidine is also a possible mutagen.

text:
# P-Phenetidine

***p*-Phenetidine** (**4-ethoxyaniline**) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H11NO. It is one of the three isomers of phenetidine. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs, dyes, and the sweetener dulcin.

*p*-Phenetidine is a metabolite of the pharmaceutical drugs bucetin and phenacetin and of the preservative ethoxyquin. It is also used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of bucetin, phenacetin, ethoxyquin, and phenacaine.

*p*-Phenetidine has high renal toxicity and it is believed to be responsible for the adverse effects that led to the withdrawal of phenacetin and bucetin from pharmaceutical use. *p*-Phenetidine is also a possible mutagen.

## InfoBox

*p*-Phenetidine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 4-Ethoxyaniline | |
| Other names *para*-Phenetidine; 4-Aminophenetole | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.324 |
| EC Number | * 205-855-5 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| RTECS number | * SI6465500 |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C8H11NO/c1-2-10-8-5-3-7(9)4-6-8/h3-6H,2,9H2,1H3Key: IMPPGHMHELILKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * CCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)N | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C8H11NO |
| Molar mass | 137.182 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid; turns red to brown on exposure to air |
| Density | 1.07 g/mL |
| Melting point | 3 °C (37 °F; 276 K) |
| Boiling point | 254 °C (489 °F; 527 K) |
| Solubility in water | 20 g/L (20 °C) |
| Hazards | |
| Flash point | 116 °C (241 °F; 389 K) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Pabna Textile Engineering College

abstract: Pabna Textile Engineering College is a government educational institution in Pabna, Bangladesh that offers a bachelor's degree in textile engineering. It is operated by a department of the Ministry of Textiles and Jute, and an affiliated college of the Bangladesh University of Textiles.

text:
# Pabna Textile Engineering College

**Pabna Textile Engineering College** is a government educational institution in Pabna, Bangladesh that offers a bachelor's degree in textile engineering. It is operated by a department of the Ministry of Textiles and Jute, and an affiliated college of the Bangladesh University of Textiles.

## History

**Pabna Government Weaving School** was established in 1915. It was one of five such outlying schools affiliated to the Serampore Weaving Institute. The school offered a course three to six months in duration, given in Bengali, that taught "practical weaving, design and analysis of cloth, yarn calculation and drawing". By 1921, it was instructing 22 students, the sons of weavers, on 14 fly-shuttle looms.

When the Department of Textiles (DoT) was established in 1978, it took over operation of the school. The DoT also oversaw the public sector textile mills, and expected demand for more mid-level supervisors and skilled technicians in the industry. In 1980, a two years certificate course was introduced. In 1995, that was replaced by a three-year diploma in textile engineering, at which point the school was renamed **Pabna Textile Institute**.

In March 2010, the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council approved a 450 million Bangladeshi taka ($6.4M as of 2010) project to upgrade Pabna Textile Institute to Pabna Textile Engineering College. It then offered a four years B.Sc. in textile engineering in affiliation with the University of Rajshahi, and had 80 students. By 2019, it was an affiliated college of Bangladesh University of Textiles.

## Academics

PTEC offers a four-year B.Sc. in Textile Engineering under the affiliation of Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX). Concerned departments of the college are given below:

1. Department of Yarn Engineering
2. Department of Fabric Engineering
3. Department of Wet Process Engineering
4. Department of Apparel Engineering

## Number of seats

The number of seats for the four-year bachelor's degree in textile engineering program is given below.

| Number of seats as per Dept. | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Serial | Department | Seats |
| 1. | Yarn Engineering | 30 |
| 2. | Fabric Engineering | 30 |
| 3. | Wet Process Engineering | 30 |
| 4. | Apparel Engineering | 30 |
|  | Total | 120 |

## Admission

Admission into this college is competitive and needs a high academic attainment at the SSC and HSC examination. Selection of the student for admission is made through an admission test. Only science students can apply for the admission test. Admission circular is published in the national dailies, college website and website of the Department of Textiles (DOT).

Department of Textiles (DOT) offers 4 years of BSc in Textile Engineering Degree. A single examination was organized by Department of Textiles (DOT) for 8 textile engineering colleges under the affiliation of Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX). Colleges which conduct exams together are: CTEC (2006), PTEC (2006), TECN (2007), SARSTEC (2010), SKTEC (2016), DWMTEC (2018), SRTEC (2021) & SHTEC (2022)

The admission test is conducted on the basis of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ). Students have to answer Physics, Chemistry, Higher Math & English in the admission test. Students can get admission in certain college based on merit list and college preference list.

## InfoBox

Pabna Textile Engineering College
| পাবনা টেক্সটাইল ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং কলেজ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | Pabna Govt. Weaving School, Pabna Textile Institute |
| Type | Public, Research |
| Established | 1915 (1915) (as school) |
| Accreditation |  |
| Academic affiliation | Bangladesh University of Textiles |
| Chairman | Shah Alimuzzaman |
| Principal | Engr. Md. Solaiman |
| Location | Pabna, Bangladesh<br>24°01′13″N 89°14′57″E / 24.0203°N 89.2491°E / 24.0203; 89.2491 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | pabtec.gov.bd |


title: PULHES Factor

abstract: PULHES is a United States military acronym used in the Military Physical Profile Serial System. It is used to qualify an enlistee's physical profile for each military skill. Each letter in the acronym is paired with a number from 1 to 4 to designate the service member's physical capacity. For instance, the MOS 19D Cavalry Scout requires a physical profile of 111121 or better, indicating that the service member may wear glasses but otherwise must have no medical, physical, or psychiatric limitations.

text:
# PULHES Factor

**PULHES** is a United States military acronym used in the Military Physical Profile Serial System. It is used to qualify an enlistee's physical profile for each military skill. Each letter in the acronym (see box below) is paired with a number from 1 to 4 to designate the service member's physical capacity. For instance, the MOS 19D Cavalry Scout requires a physical profile of 111121 or better, indicating that the service member may wear glasses (a "2" in the E category) but otherwise must have no medical, physical, or psychiatric limitations.

## Using numbers

Four numerical designations are used to reflect different levels of functional capacity. The basic purpose of the physical profile serial is to provide an index to overall functional capacity. Therefore, the functional capacity of a particular organ or system of the body, rather than the defect per se, is evaluated in determining the numerical designation 1, 2, 3, or 4.

For example, if a military job requires a physical profile of "123123," that means, in order to qualify for that job, a person must have a medical rating of "1" in the area of "Physical capacity or stamina," a medical rating of "2" or better in the area of "Upper extremities," have a medical rating of "3" or better in the area of "Lower extremities," a rating of "1" in the area of "Hearing and Ears," etc.

As for the numerical designators, they generally mean a military medical evaluation of:

* An individual having a numerical designation of "1" under all factors is considered to possess a high level of medical fitness.
* A physical profile designator of "2" under any or all factors indicates that an individual possesses some medical condition or physical defect that may require some activity limitations.
* A profile containing one or more numerical designators of "3" signifies that the individual has one or more medical conditions or physical defects that may require significant limitations. For those applying for military service, this designation is usually a disqualification. For individuals already in the service, the individual should receive assignments commensurate with his or her physical capability for military duty (i.e., limited duty/assignments)
* A profile serial containing one or more numerical designators of "4" indicates that the individual has one or more medical conditions or physical defects of such severity that performance of military duty must be drastically limited, and usually disqualifies applicants.

## Specific definitions used by the military

These definitions appear to differ somewhat between branches of the military. In general, the categories are the same but criteria for the numerical designators may differ. For Army definitions, see AR 40-501, Table 7-1. The below definitions are derived from Air Force Instruction 48-123 Medical Examinations and Standards "Table 1.1. Physical Profile Serial Chart." and Attachment 3 "HEARING PROFILE".

### P. Physical condition

* P-1. Free of any identified organic defect or systemic disease.
* P-2. Presence of stable, minimally significant organic defect(s) or systemic diseases(s). Capable of all basic work commensurate with grade and position. May be used to identify minor conditions that might limit some deployments to specific locations (i.e. G6PD deficiency).
* P-3. Significant defect(s) or disease(s) are under good control. Capable of all basic work commensurate with grade and position.
* P-4. Organic defect(s), systemic and infectious disease(s) which have already undergone an MEB (Medical Evaluation Board).

### U. Upper extremities

* U-1. Bones, joints, and muscles normal. Able to do hand-to-hand fighting.
* U-2. Slightly limited mobility of joints, mild muscular weakness or other musculoskeletal defects that do not prevent hand-to-hand fighting and are compatible with prolonged effort. Capable of all basic work commensurate with grade and position.
* U-3. Defect(s) causing moderate interference with function, yet capable of strong effort for short periods. Capable of all basic work commensurate with grade and position.
* U-4. Strength, range of motion, and general efficiency of hand, arm, shoulder girdle, and back, includes cervical and thoracic spine severely compromised which has already undergone an MEB (Medical Evaluation Board).

### L. Lower extremities

* L-1. Bones, muscles, and joints normal. Capable of performing long marches, continuous standing, running, climbing, and digging without limitation.
* L-2. Slightly limited mobility of joints, mild muscular weakness, or other musculoskeletal defects that do not prevent moderate marching, climbing, digging, or prolonged effort. Capable of all basic work commensurate with grade and position.
* L-3. Defect(s) causing moderate interference with function, yet capable of strong effort for short periods. Capable of all basic work commensurate with grade and position.
* L-4. Strength, range of movement, and efficiency of feet, legs, pelvic girdle, lower back, and lumbar vertebrae severely compromised which has already undergone an MEB (Medical Evaluation Board).

### H. Hearing (ears)

* H-1.Audiometer average level for each ear not more than 25 dB at 500, 1000, 2000 Hz with no individual level greater than 30 dB. Not over 45 dB at 4000 Hz.
* H-2. Audiometer average level for each ear at 500, 1000, 2000 Hz, or not more than 30 dB, with no individual level greater than 35 dB at these frequencies, and level not more than 55 dB at 4000 Hz; or audiometer level 30 dB at 500 Hz, 25 dB at 1000 and 2000 Hz, and 35 dB at 4000 Hz in better ear. (Poorer ear may be deaf.)
* H-3. Speech reception threshold in best ear not greater than 30 dB HL, measured with or without hearing aid; or acute or chronic ear disease.
* H-4 Functional level below the standards of "3".
* A3.1.1. Definition: Unaided hearing loss in either ear with no single value greater than:

| 500 Hz | 1000 Hz | 2000 Hz | 3000 Hz | 4000 Hz | 6000 Hz |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 dB | 25 dB | 25 dB | 35 dB | 45 db | 45 db |

* A3.2. H-2 Profile

| 500 Hz | 1000 Hz | 2000 Hz | 3000 Hz | 4000 Hz | 6000 Hz |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 35 dB | 35 dB | 35 dB | 45 dB | 55 db | --;db |

* An H-3 profile is any loss that exceeds the values noted above in the definition of an H-2 profile but does not qualify for H-4.
* An H-4 profile is hearing loss sufficient to preclude safe and effective performance of duty, regardless of level of pure tone hearing loss, and despite use of hearing aids. This degree of hearing loss is disqualifying for all military duty.

### E. Eyes

* E-1. Uncorrected visual acuity 20/200 correctable to 20/20 in each eye.
* E-2. Distant visual acuity correctable to not worse than 20/40 in one eye and 20/70 in the other, or 20/30 in one eye and 20/100 in the other eye, or 20/20 in one eye and 20/400 in the other eye.
* E-3. Uncorrected distant visual acuity of any degree that is correctable not less than 20/40 in the better eye.
* E-4. Visual defects worse than E-3 which has already undergone an MEB or ALC fast track as determined by the DAWG.

### S. Psychiatric / Stability

* S-1. Diagnosis or treatment results in no impairment or potential impairment of duty function, risk to the mission or ability to maintain security clearance.
* S-2. World Wide Qualified and diagnosis or treatment results in low risk of impairment or potential impairment that necessitates command consideration of changing or limiting duties.
* S-3. World Wide Qualified and diagnosis or treatment results in high risk due to potential impairment of duty function, risk to the mission or ability to maintain security clearance.
* S-4. Diagnosis or treatment results in high to extremely high risk to the military or patient due to potential impairment of duty function, risk to the mission or ability to maintain security clearance and which has already undergone an MEB (Medical Evaluation Board).

## Sources

* Army Regulation 600-60 Physical Profiling Evaluation System


title: PEN Award for Poetry in Translation

abstract: The PEN Award for Poetry in Translation is given by PEN America to honor a poetry translation published in the preceding year. The award should not be confused with the PEN Translation Prize. The award is one of many PEN awards sponsored by International PEN in over 145 PEN centers around the world. The PEN American Center awards have been characterized as being among the "major" American literary prizes. The award was called one of "the most prominent translation awards."

text:
# PEN Award for Poetry in Translation

The **PEN Award for Poetry in Translation** is given by PEN America (formerly PEN American Center) to honor a poetry translation published in the preceding year. The award should not be confused with the PEN Translation Prize. The award is one of many PEN awards sponsored by International PEN in over 145 PEN centers around the world. The PEN American Center awards have been characterized as being among the "major" American literary prizes. The award was called one of "the most prominent translation awards."

## Guidelines

The $3,000 award is given to a book-length translation of poetry into English published in the United States the previous year. Up to two translators may work on the book. Translators may be of any nationality.

## Winners

PEN Award for Poetry in Translation winners
| Year | Translator | Title | Poet | Publisher | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | Guy Davenport | *7 Greeks* | Various poets | New Directions |  |
| 1997 | Edward Snow | *Uncollected Poems* | Rainer Maria Rilke | Farrar, Straus and Giroux |  |
| 1998 | Eamon Grennan | *Selected Poems* | Giacomo Leopardi | Princeton University Press |  |
| 1999 | Richard Zenith | *Fernando Pessoa & Co.: Selected Poems* | Fernando Pessoa | Grove Atlantic |  |
| 2000 | James Brasfield | *The Selected Poems of Oleh Lysheha* | Oleh Lysheha | Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute |  |
| 2001 | Chana Bloch and Chana Kronfeld | *Open Closed Open* | Yehuda Amichai | Harcourt |  |
| 2002 | Anne Twitty | *Islandia* | Maria Negroni | Station Hill |  |
| 2003 | Khaled Mattawa | *Without an Alphabet, Without a Face: Selected Poems of Saadi Youssef* | Saadi Youssef | Graywolf Press |  |
| 2004 | Peter Cole | *J'Accuse* | Aharon Shabtai | New Directions |  |
| 2005 | Pierre Joris | *Lightduress* | Paul Celan | Green Integer |  |
| 2006 | Wilson Baldridge | *Recumbents* | Michel Deguy | Wesleyan |  |
| 2007 | David Hinton | *The Selected Poems of Wang Wei* | Wang Wei | New Directions |  |
| 2008 | Rosmarie Waldrop | *Lingos I - X* | Ulf Stolterfoht | Burning Deck Press |  |
| 2009 | Marilyn Hacker | *King of a Hundred Horsemen* | Marie Étienne | Farrar, Straus and Giroux |  |
| 2010 | Anne Carson | *An Oresteia: Agamemnon* | Aiskhylos | Faber & Faber |  |
| | | *Elektra* | Sophokles | Faber & Faber |  |
| | | *Orestes* | Euripides | Faber & Faber |  |
| 2011 | Khaled Mattawa | *Adonis: Selected Poems* | Adunis (born Ali Ahmad Said Esber) | Yale University Press |  |
| 2012 | Jen Hofer | *Negro Marfil/Ivory Black* | Myriam Moscona | Les Figues Press |  |
| 2013 | Molly Weigel | *The Shock of the Lenders and Other Poems* | Jorge Santiago Perednik | Action Books |  |
| 2014 | Karen Emmerich and Edmund Keeley | *Diaries of Exile* | Yannis Ritsos | Archipelago |  |
| 2015 | Eliza Griswold | *I Am the Beggar of the World: Landays from Contemporary Afghanistan* |  | Farrar, Straus and Giroux |  |
| 2016 | Sawako Nakayasu | *The Collected Poems of Chika Sagawa* | Chika Sagawa | Canarium Books |  |
| 2017 | Simon Armitage | *Pearl: A New Verse Translation* | The Pearl Poet | Liveright/W. W. Norton & Company |  |
| 2018 | No Award | | | |  |
| 2019 | Richard Sieburth | *A Certain Plume* | Henri Michaux | New York Review Books |  |
| 2020 | Kristin Dykstra and Nancy Gates Madsen | *The Winter Garden Photograph* | Reina María Rodríguez | Ugly Duckling Presse |  |
| 2021 | Steve Bradbury | *Raised by Wolves: Poems and Conversations* | Amang | Phoneme Media |  |
| 2022 | Jennifer Grotz and Piotr Sommer | *Everything I Don’t Know* | Jerzy Ficowski |  |  |
| 2023 | Daniel Borzutzky | *The Loose Pearl* | Paula Ilabaca Nuñez | co-im-press |  |


title: Pachybrachis brevicornis

abstract: Pachybrachis brevicornis is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae.

text:
# Pachybrachis brevicornis

***Pachybrachis brevicornis*** is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 6: Chrysomeloidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26091-7.

## InfoBox

| *Pachybrachis brevicornis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Pachybrachis* |
| Species: | ***P. brevicornis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pachybrachis brevicornis***<br>Fall, 1915 | |
|


title: Pablo M. Vidarte

abstract: Pablo M. Vidarte is a Spanish inventor and president of Arkyne Technologies founder of Bioo, Arkyne's leading project for the generation of electricity from natural systems through biological batteries.

text:
# Pablo M. Vidarte

**Pablo M. Vidarte** is a Spanish inventor and president of Arkyne Technologies founder of Bioo, Arkyne's leading project for the generation of electricity from natural systems through biological batteries.

## Career

Pablo Vidarte developed research on external combustion engines in parallel with studies carried out by NASA. He was a finalist in the national innovation award and appeared on the first European Summit of the Singularity University, created by Google and NASA, in 2013 in Budapest, Hungary.

### Arkyne Technologies

On October 27, 2015, Pablo Vidarte founded the technology company Arkyne Technologies. The company's objective was to serve as a legal vehicle for the development of technological products from their development to their production. The company's first project was called *Geoo*, within the geolocation device industry. The project was launched with a successful prototype, but was later changed by a rapid and abrupt growth of large companies in the sector and a recent invention to generate electricity from natural systems through biological batteries outside. This concept, developed by the company, pivoted its business model. After a period of early development, Pablo Vidarte, and the rest of the members of the entity at that time, decided to call the project Bioo *,* being their first biotechnology company.

### Bioo

In 2016, Pablo founded Bioo, as a project for the development of applied biotechnologies, such as the generation of electricity from natural ecosystems. Based on research around the world related to microbial fuel cell technology applied to water treatments, Vidarte and his team developed a series of biological reactor prototypes. These were capable of obtaining energy from the organic decomposition of carbon -based substances found in the substrate of natural areas, without harming any living being in the process. The company's first hurdle was the ability to replicate these bio-based batteries in industrial volumes after having to stop shipping its first product concepts. These early reactors required high maintenance and were only capable of being produced individually after prior laboratory development. Vidarte and his team made a first round of financing focused on the development of the standardization of an industrial replication model of their reactors.

## Philosophy and work

Vidarte was the writer of the book: *"A New Earth. He who lived a thousand lives"*, and the creator of the Transcentist movement, a philanthropic philosophy based on the future advances of society. Vidarte's philosophy is based on current physics, as well as biology and sociological behaviors on an expanded time scale.

## Awards and recognitions

* Top of the list of the Top 50 of the most innovative companies in Europe: European Parliament, Brussels, 2017.
* Forbes List, "30 Under 30" Europe Edition: Forbes, London, 2017.
* Award from the American Chamber of Commerce in Europe. Brussels, 2018.
* First Prize of "Connect Visions to Solutions": German Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Prague, 2017.
* "Spark-life 2017" Award, London, 2017.
* Forbes List, "30 Under 30" Spain: Forbes, Madrid, 2017.
* Most Disruptive Startup of the Year: Google Inc., South Summit, 2016.
* First Prize in Imagine Express: Imagine Foundation; Imagine C. Center, London, 2016.
* National Company, First Prize: VIII SP InterUniversity Award, Madrid, 2016.
* Madrid & Ja-Ye Europe Science Park Award, Madrid, 2016.
* First Place in Energy and Industry: South Summit, Madrid, 2016.
* Manuel Arroyo Award; Barcelona, 2015.
* Best Business Initiative in Catalonia: Barcelona City Council & Aijec, Barcelona, 2015.


title: Pablo Mac Donough

abstract: Pablo Mac Donough is a professional polo player from Argentina with a 10-goal polo handicap.

text:
# Pablo Mac Donough

**Pablo Mac Donough** is a professional polo player from Argentina with a 10-goal polo handicap.

## Biography

Mac Donough was born in Pehuajo and began playing polo with his family at a young age.

## Career

His career has included wins in the Argentine Open (9), the Hurlingham Open (9), the Tortugas Open (11), the British Open (1) the Queen's Cup (2), and the C.V. Whitney Cup (1). Mac Donough has also played in Spain, winning the Sottogrande Gold (2) and Silver Cups. Won Camara de Diputados (2), Ellerstina Gold Cup 2006.

In Argentina, Mac Donough played with Ellerstina from 2003 to 2010, first alongside Matias Mac Donough and his cousins Gonzalo and Facundo Pieres, and later with Juan Martín Nero in place of his brother. In 2010 the team won the Argentine Triple Crown.

For the 2011 season, Mac Donough and Nero joined La Dolfina to play with Adolfo Cambiaso and David Stirling. The team won three consecutive Triple Crowns from 2013 to 2015, making La Dolfina the only team in polo history to achieve it. The team also won the Argentine Open eight consecutive times from 2013 to 2020.

In 2010, Mac Donough played in the United Kingdom with the Dubai Polo Team and won the Queen's Cup and the British Open.

With his brother Matias, they breed polo ponies through their cria: La Irenita, many of them are now playing in the highest level of polo.

## Family

Pablo is married to Mercedes Venancio. He has a son called Milo Mac Donough, a daughter called Olivia Mac Donough and the youngest son, Rafa Mac Donough.


title: Pachalam

abstract: Pachalam is a region in the city of Kochi in Kerala, India. Goshree bridge road at Marine Drive side ends at Pachalam. Pachalam can also be reached by Chittoor Road. Mulavukad island is on its west, Vaduthala and Chittoor island is on its north, Elamakkara at north east, Mamagalam and Palarivattom is on its east, Kaloor on southeast. It is also located between Marine Drive, Kaloor and Edapally acting as a connecting link between the most important places in Kochi. One of the main attractions near Pachalam is the famous Queen's Walkway, that connects Pachalam to the Gosree bridge Road and to Marine Drive. Although the roads are very narrow, the traffic has increased, as roads inside Pachalam give a much needed respite to motorists who were looking an alternative to escape from the hardships of motoring through Banerjee Road especially during this phase of Kochi Metro construction. A Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies (KITTS) study centre is located in Pachalam.

text:
# Pachalam

**Pachalam** is a region in the city of Kochi in Kerala, India. Goshree bridge road at Marine Drive side ends at Pachalam. Pachalam can also be reached by Chittoor Road. Mulavukad island is on its west, Vaduthala and Chittoor island is on its north, Elamakkara at north east, Mamagalam and Palarivattom is on its east, Kaloor on southeast. It is also located between Marine Drive, Kaloor and Edapally acting as a connecting link between the most important places in Kochi. One of the main attractions near Pachalam is the famous Queen's Walkway, that connects Pachalam to the Gosree bridge Road and to Marine Drive. Although the roads are very narrow (except for the wide Pottakuzhy Road which is badly maintained), the traffic has increased, as roads inside Pachalam give a much needed respite to motorists who were looking an alternative to escape from the hardships of motoring through Banerjee Road especially during this phase of Kochi Metro construction.

A Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies (KITTS) study centre is located in Pachalam.

## Location

## Famous Landmarks In & Around Pachalam

{{plainlist|

* +. shanmughapuram sree subhramanya swami temple
* 1. Pottakuzhy Gas Crematorium (Shmashanam)
* 2. Pottakuzhy Road
* 3. Kattungal Temple
* 4. Pachalam Market
* 5. P.J Antony Ground
* 6. The Virus House
* 7. Little Flower Church
* 8. PJ Antony Ground
* 9. Capernum Charitable Society
* 10. Thachapuzha Sree Balabhadra Devi Kshetram
* 11. Mount Carmel Church, Chathiath
* 12. Link Park Housing Colony.
* 13. Lourdes Hospital
* 14. Goodness Institute of Film and Television
* 15. Siva Rama Menon Road (SRM Road)
* 16. LMCC Girls High School.
* 17. Mount Carmel Church
* 18. the magnetic field \[thekke parambu historical kings\]

## Politics & Administration

Pachalam comes under ward 73 of the Corporation of Cochin. The councillor is Mr. Albert Ambalathingal (Mob:+91 9447810731) of the UDF Party. Also the local MLA is Shri Hibi Eden, again from UDF who also stays very close by.

Pachalam over-bridge was the latest addition to the locality's infrastructure in the year 2015, after a long wait of more than 35 years. However Pachalam bridge is a classic example of how a bridge should not be designed and built. In fact, all the new bridges in Cochin are built with no long term vision of the city in mind and usually starts off and lands into a junction (Aluva Bridge, Pachalam Bridge, Kathrikadavu Bridge etc). http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Pachalam-rail-overbridge-opens-to-traffic/article13994623.ece

Also local MLA along with Kochi Metro Rail has promised the residents of Pachalam for the development and widening of the prominent Pottakuzhy road, which is currently encroached by illegal shops and vehicles parked by workshops/scrapshops on both sides of the road making the life of pedestrians miserable. Also the residents of Pottakuzhy Road are eagerly waiting for a footpath and a model road promised to them long time back.

## Neighbourhood

Pachalam is the abode of many influential and up-class people, though recently it has seen an upsurge in migrants settling down especially in unauthorized, illegal buildings and makeshift arrangements in the area. Although the fewest illegal constructions i.e. 794 was reported from Pachalam division, it is a matter of concern. Although both sides of Pottakuzhy Road are residential areas, many illegal godowns don the area and trucks parked on both sides of the road, makes it immensely difficult for pedestrians and motorists. A prominent violation is the presence of an illegal dry fruits godown inside the famous "Link Park" residential colony in Pachalam. It fraudulently took license in the pretext of hostels and shops and is operating the building as a godown. RTI reply from the Corporation of Kochi clearly states that this godown is illegal yet the authorities refuse to take action for obvious/unknown reasons.

Link Park Colony, Anta Queen Gated Villas, Janatha Colony and other gated communities are some of the prominent residential locations in the area. The gold old departmental stores called "Padma Stores" is situated in Pachalam. "Virus" which was the biggest residential property in South India until a few years back is located very close to the famous Pottakuzhy Bridge.

## InfoBox

| Pachalam | |
| --- | --- |
| neighbourhood | |
| PachalamLocation in Kerala, India | |
| Coordinates: 10°00′N 76°17′E / 10.00°N 76.28°E / 10.00; 76.28 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Ernakulam |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | KL- |
| Nearest city | Kochi |


title: Paenniut

abstract: Paenniut was an important Ancient Egyptian official in charge during the reign of Tutankhamun. He is depicted in tomb TT40 that belongs to the viceroy of Kush Amenhotep called Huy and is also known from a stela found in the Kurkur Oasis. In the tomb of Amenhotep/Huy he bears the title deputy of the fortress of Faras. On the stela he bears several titles, including overseer of the double granary, and governor in Dwatnefert. The most important title was however deputy of Wawat. Wawat was the Egyptian word for Lower Nubia and was with this position, Paenniut was one of the most important officials in charge of this province that was in this time under Egyptian control.

text:
# Paenniut

**Paenniut** (*the one from the town*) was an important Ancient Egyptian official in charge during the reign of Tutankhamun. He is depicted in tomb TT40 that belongs to the viceroy of Kush Amenhotep called Huy and is also known from a stela found in the Kurkur Oasis. In the tomb of Amenhotep/Huy he bears the title *deputy of the fortress of Faras*. On the stela he bears several titles, including *overseer of the double granary*, and *governor in Dwatnefert*. The most important title was however *deputy of Wawat*. Wawat was the Egyptian word for *Lower Nubia* and was with this position, Paenniut was one of the most important officials in charge of this province that was in this time under Egyptian control.


title: POU3F1

abstract: POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU3F1 gene.

text:
# POU3F1

**POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 1** (also known as **Oct-6**) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *POU3F1* gene.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| POU3F1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | POU3F1, OCT6, OTF6, SCIP, POU class 3 homeobox 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 602479; MGI: 101896; HomoloGene: 135923; GeneCards: POU3F1; OMA:POU3F1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_002699   NM\_011141   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_002690   NP\_035271   Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 38.04 – 38.05 Mb Chr 4: 124.55 – 124.55 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: PRND

abstract: Prion protein 2 (dublet), also known as PRND, or Doppel protein, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PRND gene.

text:
# PRND

**Prion protein 2 (dublet)**, also known as **PRND**, or **Doppel protein**, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the *PRND* gene.

## Function

This gene is found on chromosome 20, approximately 20 kbp downstream of the gene encoding cellular prion protein, to which it is biochemically and structurally similar. The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that is found predominantly in testis. Mutations in this gene may lead to neurological disorders.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| PRND | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | PRND, DOPPEL, DPL, PrPLP, dJ1068H6.4, prion protein 2 (dublet), prion like protein doppel | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 604263; MGI: 1346999; HomoloGene: 8236; GeneCards: PRND; OMA:PRND - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_012409   NM\_001126338
NM\_001278257
NM\_001278520
NM\_023043   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_036541   NP\_001119810
NP\_001265186
NP\_001265449
NP\_075530   Location (UCSC) Chr 20: 4.72 – 4.73 Mb Chr 2: 131.79 – 131.8 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Padre Bay

abstract: Padre Bay is a bay within Lake Powell, on the Colorado River in Kane County and San Juan County, Utah. Its waters reach an elevation of 3,704 feet. Located 13.5 miles northeast of Glen Canyon Dam in Lake Powell, Padre Bay is the largest expanse of open water on the man made lake. Padre Bay is bounded by Alstrom Point and the island of Gunsight Butte on the west and Gooseneck Point on the east. Cookie Jar Butte lies between them on the north shore of the bay. At the southern mouth of the bay, north of Dominguez Butte on the south shore is Padres Butte, formerly an island, now with lower water in the lake the tip of Padre Point. Padres Butte marks the location of the Crossing of the Fathers, which is approximately a mile west of the butte. It currently lies under nearly four hundred feet of water.

text:
# Padre Bay

**Padre Bay** is a bay within Lake Powell, on the Colorado River in Kane County and San Juan County, Utah. Its waters reach an elevation of 3,704 feet (1,129 meters). Located 13.5 miles northeast of Glen Canyon Dam in Lake Powell, Padre Bay is the largest expanse of open water on the man made lake. Padre Bay is bounded by Alstrom Point and the island of Gunsight Butte on the west and Gooseneck Point on the east. Cookie Jar Butte lies between them on the north shore of the bay. At the southern mouth of the bay, north of Dominguez Butte on the south shore is Padres Butte, formerly an island, now with lower water in the lake the tip of Padre Point. Padres Butte marks the location of the Crossing of the Fathers, which is approximately a mile west of the butte. It currently lies under nearly four hundred feet of water.

## History

Padre Bay is named for the padres who first recorded and used the Crossing of the Fathers, a historical river crossing of the Colorado River in 1776. A group of ten men, the Dominguez–Escalante Expedition, led by the priests Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and his superior Francisco Atanasio Domínguez, were en route home from a failed attempt to find an overland trail to Monterey, California. They had first attempted to cross the Colorado River at Lee's Ferry in Arizona.

## Attractions

Nearby hiking attractions are the "weathering pits," perfectly round depressions that range between 10 and 50 feet (3 to 15 m) in diameter and are between 20 and 70 feet (6 to 21 m) deep.

Media related to Padre Bay at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Padre Bay | |
| --- | --- |
| Aerial view of Padre Bay of Lake Powell, January 2012 | |
| Padre Bay | |
| Location | Lake Powell, Kane County and San Juan County, Utah |
| Coordinates | 37°05′48″N 111°18′13″W / 37.09667°N 111.30361°W / 37.09667; -111.30361 |
| Type | bay |