title: Nikolay Goldobin

abstract: Nikolay Sergeevich Goldobin is a Russian professional ice hockey right winger currently playing for HC Spartak Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Goldobin was selected by the San Jose Sharks in the first round of the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

text:
# Nikolay Goldobin

**Nikolay Sergeevich Goldobin** (Николай Сергеевич Голдобин; born 7 October 1995) is a Russian professional ice hockey right winger currently playing for HC Spartak Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Goldobin was selected by the San Jose Sharks in the first round (27th overall) of the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

## Playing career

Goldobin played in the 2008 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the HC CSKA Moscow youth team.

### Junior

Goldobin was drafted by the Sarnia Sting in the 1st round (36th overall) of the 2012 OHL Priority Selection. Goldobin was also selected 8th overall by Metallurg Novokuznetsk in the 2012 KHL Junior Draft. Heading into the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, Goldobin was viewed as a top prospect and possible top 15 pick.

Goldobin began his major junior career in 2011 playing with Russkie Vityazi Chekhov in the Russian Junior Hockey League and he was chosen to compete at the 2012 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament with Team Russia. He joined the Sarnia Sting in 2012 where he led all rookies in goals (30) and points (68) during the 2012–13 OHL season. His outstanding play continued during his second season with Sarnia, as he led the Sting with 94 points in 67 games, good enough for 6th in scoring in the league for the 2013–14 OHL season. He was invited to play in the 2014 CHL Top Prospects Game where he scored a goal and an assist, and was named player of the game for Team Cherry.

### Professional

On 26 September 2014, the Sharks announced they had signed Goldobin to a three-year entry-level contract. He was later reassigned to the Finnish club HIFK for the 2014–15 Liiga season.

In his first full North American season, Goldobin was assigned to begin the 2015–16 season with the Sharks AHL affiliate, the San Jose Barracuda. After one game with the Barracuda, Goldobin received a recall to the Sharks following an injury to center Logan Couture on 16 October 2015. He was inserted immediately into the Sharks top scoring line and made his NHL debut in a 2–1 shootout victory over the New Jersey Devils. In his second game, Goldobin scored his first NHL goal against Jaroslav Halak of the New York Islanders on 17 October 2015, on a feed from Joe Thornton.

On 28 February 2017, he was traded from San Jose along with a conditional 4th round-pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft to the Vancouver Canucks for Jannik Hansen. He made his debut for the Canucks on 4 March 2017, scoring the game-winning goal in a 4–3 victory over the Los Angeles Kings.

In the 2018–19 season, his first full season with the Canucks, Goldobin recorded 27 points in 63 games. On 4 September 2019, the Canucks re-signed him to a one-year, $900,000 contract extension. On 30 September 2019, just before the start of the 2019-20 season, Goldobin was placed on waivers by the Canucks. He cleared waivers the next day and was assigned to the Utica Comets. Goldobin remained with the Comets for the majority of the season, finishing among the club's leading scorers with 50 points in 51 games, before the season was cancelled due to COVID-19.

As an impending restricted free agent with the Canucks, Goldobin opted to leave North America by signing a two-year contract with his original Russian club, CSKA Moscow of the KHL, on 18 June 2020. In the 2020–21 season, Goldobin appeared in 21 regular season games with CSKA, collecting 4 goals and 11 points before he was transferred to a fellow KHL club, Metallurg Magnitogorsk, for the remainder of the season on 14 December 2020.

Following three seasons with Metallurg, Goldobin's rights were traded to fellow Russian club, Spartak Moscow, in exchange for Danila Kvartalnov on 5 June 2023. He was then signed to a two-year contract to commence from the 2023–24 season.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2011–12 | Russkie Vityazi Chekhov | MHL | | 50 | 13 | 9 | 22 | 8 | | 9 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| 2012–13 | Sarnia Sting | OHL | | 68 | 30 | 38 | 68 | 12 | | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2013–14 | Sarnia Sting | OHL | | 67 | 38 | 56 | 94 | 21 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | HIFK | Liiga | | 38 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 12 | | 8 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
| 2014–15 | Worcester Sharks | AHL | | 9 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2015–16 | San Jose Barracuda | AHL | | 60 | 21 | 23 | 44 | 18 | | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 2015–16 | San Jose Sharks | NHL | | 9 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | San Jose Barracuda | AHL | | 46 | 15 | 26 | 41 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | San Jose Sharks | NHL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Vancouver Canucks | NHL | | 12 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Utica Comets | AHL | | 3 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017–18 | Utica Comets | AHL | | 30 | 9 | 22 | 31 | 8 | | 5 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
| 2017–18 | Vancouver Canucks | NHL | | 38 | 8 | 6 | 14 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018–19 | Vancouver Canucks | NHL | | 63 | 7 | 20 | 27 | 18 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019–20 | Utica Comets | AHL | | 51 | 19 | 31 | 50 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019–20 | Vancouver Canucks | NHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | CSKA Moscow | KHL | | 21 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | Metallurg Magnitogorsk | KHL | | 19 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 10 | | 12 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 2 |
| 2021–22 | Metallurg Magnitogorsk | KHL | | 42 | 16 | 23 | 39 | 33 | | 23 | 8 | 10 | 18 | 6 |
| 2022–23 | Metallurg Magnitogorsk | KHL | | 59 | 19 | 17 | 36 | 8 | | 11 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 2023–24 | Spartak Moscow | KHL | | 67 | 37 | 41 | 78 | 20 | | 11 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 8 |
| NHL totals | | | | 125 | 19 | 27 | 46 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| KHL totals | | | | 208 | 78 | 94 | 172 | 75 | | 57 | 18 | 20 | 38 | 20 |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Russia | IH18 | 5th | | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| 2015 | Russia | WJC |  | | 7 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 11 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 2 |

## Awards and honours

| Honours | Year |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| CHL Top Prospects Game Player of the Game (Team Cherry) | 2014 |  |

## InfoBox

| Nikolay Goldobin | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Goldobin in 2014 | | | |
| Born | (1995-10-07) 7 October 1995
Moscow, Russia | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) | | |
| Weight | 196 lb (89 kg; 14 st 0 lb) | | |
| Position | Right wing | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| KHL team
Former teams | *Spartak Moscow*
HIFK
San Jose Sharks
Vancouver Canucks
CSKA Moscow
Metallurg Magnitogorsk | | |
| NHL draft | 27th overall, 2014
San Jose Sharks | | |
| Playing career | 2014present | | |


title: Gonality of an algebraic curve

abstract:
In mathematics, the gonality of an algebraic curve C is defined as the lowest degree of a nonconstant rational map from C to the projective line. In more algebraic terms, if C is defined over the field K and K(C) denotes the function field of C, then the gonality is the minimum value taken by the degrees of field extensions
  - K(C)/K(f) of the function field over its subfields generated by single functions f. If K is algebraically closed, then the gonality is 1 precisely for curves of genus 0. The gonality is 2 for curves of genus 1 (elliptic curves) and for hyperelliptic curves (this includes all curves of genus 2). For genus g ≥ 3 it is no longer the case that the genus determines the gonality. The gonality of the generic curve of genus g is the floor function of
  - (g + 3)/2. Trigonal curves are those with gonality 3, and this case gave rise to the name in general. Trigonal curves include the Picard curves, of genus three and given by an equation
  - y⁳ = Q(x) where Q is of degree 4. The gonality conjecture, of M. Green and R. Lazarsfeld, predicts that the gonality of the algebraic curve C can be calculated by homological algebra means, from a minimal resolution of an invertible sheaf of high degree. In many cases the gonality is two more than the Clifford index. The Green–Lazarsfeld conjecture is an exact formula in terms of the graded Betti numbers for a degree d embedding in r dimensions, for d large with respect to the genus. Writing b(C), with respect to a given such embedding of C and the minimal free resolution for its homogeneous coordinate ring, for the minimum index i for which βi, i + 1 is zero, then the conjectured formula for the gonality is
  - r + 1 − b(C). According to the 1900 ICM talk of Federico Amodeo, the notion (but not the terminology) originated in Section V of Riemann's Theory of Abelian Functions. Amodeo used the term "gonalità" as early as 1893.

text:
# Gonality of an algebraic curve

In mathematics, the **gonality** of an algebraic curve *C* is defined as the lowest degree of a nonconstant rational map from *C* to the projective line. In more algebraic terms, if *C* is defined over the field *K* and *K*(*C*) denotes the function field of *C*, then the gonality is the minimum value taken by the degrees of field extensions

*K*(*C*)/*K*(*f*)

of the function field over its subfields generated by single functions *f*.

If *K* is algebraically closed, then the gonality is 1 precisely for curves of genus 0. The gonality is 2 for curves of genus 1 (elliptic curves) and for hyperelliptic curves (this includes all curves of genus 2). For genus *g* ≥ 3 it is no longer the case that the genus determines the gonality. The gonality of the generic curve of genus *g* is the floor function of

(*g* \+ 3)/2.

**Trigonal curves** are those with gonality 3, and this case gave rise to the name in general. Trigonal curves include the Picard curves, of genus three and given by an equation

*y*3 = *Q*(*x*)

where *Q* is of degree 4.

The **gonality conjecture**, of M. Green and R. Lazarsfeld, predicts that the gonality of the algebraic curve *C* can be calculated by homological algebra means, from a minimal resolution of an invertible sheaf of high degree. In many cases the gonality is two more than the Clifford index. The **Green–Lazarsfeld conjecture** is an exact formula in terms of the graded Betti numbers for a degree *d* embedding in *r* dimensions, for *d* large with respect to the genus. Writing *b*(*C*), with respect to a given such embedding of *C* and the minimal free resolution for its homogeneous coordinate ring, for the minimum index *i* for which β*i*, *i* \+ 1 is zero, then the conjectured formula for the gonality is

*r* \+ 1 − *b*(*C*).

According to the 1900 ICM talk of Federico Amodeo, the notion (but not the terminology) originated in Section V of Riemann's *Theory of Abelian Functions.* Amodeo used the term "gonalità" as early as 1893.

* Eisenbud, David (2005). *The Geometry of Syzygies. A second course in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry*. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 229. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 171, 178. ISBN 0-387-22215-4. MR 2103875. Zbl 1066.14001.


# Open water swimming at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships

These are the results from the open water swimming competition at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships, which took place in Perth, Western Australia. The US led the competition.

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | United States (USA) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | Australia (AUS) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (3 entries) | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

## Medal summary

### Men

### Women

## InfoBox

| Open water swimming at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Host city | Perth, Australia |
| Events | 2 |
| 1994 | |


title: Pyar Ka Rog

abstract: Pyar Ka Rog is a 1994 Bollywood film written and directed by Akashdeep Sabir. Ravi Behl, Shammi Kapoor, Anupam Kher and Sheeba were the leading artists. Sanjay Dutt, Vinod Khanna and Chunkey Pandey made cameo appearance Archana Puran Singh s.

text:
# Pyar Ka Rog

***Pyar Ka Rog*** is a 1994 Bollywood film written and directed by Akashdeep Sabir. Ravi Behl, Shammi Kapoor, Anupam Kher and Sheeba were the leading artists. Sanjay Dutt, Vinod Khanna and Chunkey Pandey made cameo appearance Archana Puran Singh s.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Bappi Lahiri and the lyrics were penned by Rani Malik.

1. " Dil Pe Hai Tera Naam" - Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy
2. "Ja Ja Ke Kahaan Minnaten Fariyad Karoge" - Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
3. "Tana Nana Tana Nana" - Bappi Lahiri, Sharon Prabhakar
4. "Tum Ho Bilkul Buddhu" - Babla Mehta, Debashish Dasgupta, Bela Sulakhe

## InfoBox

| Pyar Ka Rog | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Akashdeep Sabir |
| Starring | Ravi Behl<br>Sheeba |
| Music by | Bappi Lahiri |
| Release date | * 1994 (1994) |


title: Ivor Lloyd Tuckett

abstract: Ivor Lloyd Tuckett was a British professor of physiology, physician, and skeptic.

text:
# Ivor Lloyd Tuckett

**Ivor Lloyd Tuckett** (1 February 1873 – 28 November 1942) was a British professor of physiology, physician, and skeptic.

## Career

Tuckett was born at Cleveland Gardens, London. He studied natural science and physiology at Trinity College, Cambridge between 1890 and 1894, where he was awarded the degrees of BA (1893-4), MA (1897), and MD (1910). He was a physician at University College Hospital and was made a Fellow of University College London.

Tuckett worked as an ophthalmologist in Norwich and on the Isle of Wight. He held an interest in yacht racing. From 1896 to 1910 Tuckett was an active researcher and published many papers in the *Journal of Physiology*. He wrote an important paper on the structure of non-meduallated nerve fibres. He was elected a member of The Physiological Society in 1896.

He married Anna Marie Christine Wickman on 6 April 1899.

## Skepticism

Tuckett became known as an exposer of the false claims of spiritualists. He is best known for his book *The Evidence for the Supernatural: A Critical Study Made with "Uncommon Sense"* (1911). The book exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums and is a criticism of the claims of psychical research. It received a positive review in the *British Medical Journal*.

It was also positively reviewed in *The Lancet* which concluded "It is decidedly a book to be read by all who are interested in human psychology; and every practitioner of medicine ought to place himself in this category." Psychologist Joseph Jastrow highly recommended the book in a detailed review for *The Dial*. He described it as "thorough in execution, so broad in treatment, so acceptable in form and content, is a cause for congratulation in the rationalistic camp."

## Publications

**Books**

**Papers**

* Tuckett, Ivor Lloyd. (1912-1913). *Psychical Researchers and "the Will to Believe"*. *Bedrock* 1: 180–204.
* Tuckett, Ivor Lloyd. (1912-1913). *The Illogical Position of Some Psychical Researchers*. *Bedrock* 1: 470–487.

## InfoBox

| Ivor Lloyd Tuckett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1 February 1873 |
| Died | 28 November 1942 (1942-11-29) (aged 69) |
| Occupation(s) | Physiologist, skeptic |


title: Philip Morris International (golf)

abstract: The Philip Morris International was a professional team golf tournament, played from 1972 and 1976. The 1972 and 1973 tournaments were called the Marlboro Nations' Cup. There was no tournament in 1974 but the event was played in 1975 and 1976 under a different name. All events were played in France. The tournament had a knock-out format with up to 16 teams competing. There were two players in each team, each match consisting of a foursomes followed by two singles matches. The 1972 event was played at Mandelieu-la-Napoule near Cannes, the 1973 and 1975 events were played at Hardelot near Boulogne in northern France. In 1976 it was played at Divonne-les-Bains on the Swiss border near Geneva. In 1972 and 1973 all the team were European, with the exception of Morocco who competed in 1972. Australia and South Africa competed in 1975 and they were joined by the United States, Argentina and New Zealand in 1976.

text:
# Philip Morris International (golf)

The **Philip Morris International** was a professional team golf tournament, played from 1972 and 1976. The 1972 and 1973 tournaments were called the **Marlboro Nations' Cup**. There was no tournament in 1974 but the event was played in 1975 and 1976 under a different name. All events were played in France. The tournament had a knock-out format with up to 16 teams competing. There were two players in each team, each match consisting of a foursomes followed by two singles matches.

The 1972 event was played at Mandelieu-la-Napoule near Cannes, the 1973 and 1975 events were played at Hardelot near Boulogne in northern France. In 1976 it was played at Divonne-les-Bains on the Swiss border near Geneva.

In 1972 and 1973 all the team were European, with the exception of Morocco who competed in 1972. Australia and South Africa competed in 1975 and they were joined by the United States, Argentina and New Zealand in 1976.

## Winners

| Year | Venue | Winners | Points | Runner-up | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Philip Morris International | | | | | |
| 1976 | Divonne Golf Club | United States |  | Scotland | ½ |
| 1975 | Hardelot Golf Club | France | 2 | South Africa | 1 |
| 1974 | No tournament | | | | |
| Marlboro Nations' Cup | | | | | |
| 1973 | Hardelot Golf Club | Scotland | 2 | France | 1 |
| 1972 | Cannes-Mandelieu Golf Club | Spain | 2 | Wales | 1 |

## 1972

Source:

### Teams

| Country | Players |
| --- | --- |
| Austria | Hansi Egger and Oswald Gartenmaier |
| Belgium | Donald Swaelens and Flory Van Donck |
| Denmark | Herluf Hansen and Henning Kristensen |
| England | Tony Jacklin and Peter Townsend |
| France | Jean Garaïalde and Bernard Pascassio |
| Ireland | Jimmy Kinsella and John O'Leary |
| Italy | Roberto Bernardini and Baldovino Dassù |
| Morocco | B H Aomar and B R Messaoud |
| Netherlands | Jan Dorrestein and Simon van den Berg |
| Portugal | Henrique Paulino and J Rodrigues |
| Scotland | Brian Barnes and Harry Bannerman |
| Spain | Valentín Barrios and Ángel Gallardo |
| Sweden | B Johannson and J Rosell |
| Switzerland | R Barras and Ronald Tingley |
| Wales | Brian Huggett and David Vaughan |

### Results

## 1973

Source:

### Teams

| Country | Players |
| --- | --- |
| Austria | Hansi Egger and Oswald Gartenmaier |
| Belgium | Donald Swaelens and Philippe Toussaint |
| Denmark | Per Greve and Herluf Hansen |
| England | Neil Coles and Tony Jacklin |
| France | Jean Garaïalde and Bernard Pascassio |
| Ireland | John O'Leary and Eddie Polland |
| Italy | Roberto Bernardini and Alberto Croce |
| Netherlands | Jan Dorrestein and Simon van den Berg |
| Scotland | Brian Barnes and Bernard Gallacher |
| Spain | Valentín Barrios and Ángel Gallardo |
| Sweden | Thure Holmstrom and Jan Rosell |
| Switzerland | B Cordonnier and Ronald Tingley |
| Wales | Brian Huggett and David Vaughan |
| West Germany | Gerhard Koenig and Toni Kugelmüller |

### Results

## 1975

Source:

### Teams

| Country | Players |
| --- | --- |
| Australia | Jack Newton and Bob Shearer |
| Belgium | Philippe Toussaint and Flory Van Donck |
| Denmark | Per Greve and Herluf Hansen |
| England | Neil Coles and Peter Townsend |
| France | Jean Garaïalde and Bernard Pascassio |
| Ireland | Christy O'Connor Jnr and John O'Leary |
| Italy | Roberto Bernardini and Alberto Croce |
| Netherlands | Hans Lemmens and Simon van den Berg |
| Portugal | Antonio Barnabe and Domingos Silva |
| Scotland | Andrew Brooks and David Chillas |
| South Africa | Hugh Baiocchi and John Fourie |
| Spain | José María Cañizares and Manuel Piñero |
| Sweden | Thure Holmstrom and Gunnar Mueller |
| Switzerland | Franco Salmina and Ronald Tingley |
| Wales | Craig Defoy and David Llewellyn |
| West Germany | Withdrew |

### Results

## 1976

Source:

### Teams

| Country | Players |
| --- | --- |
| Argentina | Not known |
| Austria | German Egger and Hansi Egger |
| Australia | David Graham and Bob Shearer |
| Belgium | Not known |
| England | Maurice Bembridge and Peter Butler |
| France | Jean Garaïalde and Bernard Pascassio |
| Ireland | Eamonn Darcy and Christy O'Connor Jnr |
| Italy | Roberto Bernardini and Baldovino Dassù |
| Netherlands | Martin Groenendaal and Hans Lemmens |
| New Zealand | Bob Charles and Simon Owen |
| Scotland | Brian Barnes and Bernard Gallacher |
| South Africa | Bobby Cole and Dale Hayes |
| Spain | Salvador Balbuena and Antonio Garrido |
| Switzerland | Franco Salmina and Fausto Shiroli |
| United States | Tommy Aaron and Barry Jaeckel |
| West Germany | Karl-Heinz Gögele and Jürgen Harder |

### Results


title: William Lashner

abstract: William Lashner is an American novelist who formerly worked as a trial lawyer. He is a graduate of NYU School of Law and the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa. He has served as trial attorney in the Criminal Division of the United States Justice Department. He lives with his family outside of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His novels include, Hostile Witness (1995); Bitter Truth (1997) aka Veritas; Fatal Flaw (2003); Past Due (2004); Falls the Shadow (2005); Marked Man (2007); Kockroach; A Killer's Kiss (2008); and Blood and Bone (2009).

text:
# William Lashner

**William Lashner** (born 1956) is an American novelist who formerly worked as a trial lawyer. He is a graduate of NYU School of Law and the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa. He has served as trial attorney in the Criminal Division of the United States Justice Department. He lives with his family outside of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

His novels include, *Hostile Witness* (1995); *Bitter Truth* (1997) aka *Veritas*; *Fatal Flaw* (2003); *Past Due* (2004); *Falls the Shadow* (2005); *Marked Man* (2007); *Kockroach* (as "Tyler Knox", 2007); *A Killer's Kiss* (2008); and *Blood and Bone* (2009).

## InfoBox

| William Lashner | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1956 (age 6768) |
| Pen name | Tyler Knox |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | New York University School of Law<br>Iowa Writers' Workshop |
| Website | |
| www.williamlashner.com | |


title: Ralph Cotton

abstract: Ralph W. Cotton was an American author working in the western genre. He was born March 16, 1945 near Caneyville, Kentucky. He died on February 14, 2024, in New Albany, Indiana. Cotton's debut novel, While Angels Dance: The Life and Times of Jeston Nash, was published on June 1, 1994, by St. Martin's Press. He subsequently published over 80 novels, including three under Ralph Compton's byline after Compton's death.

text:
# Ralph Cotton

**Ralph W. Cotton** was an American author working in the western genre. He was born March 16, 1945 near Caneyville, Kentucky. He died on February 14, 2024, in New Albany, Indiana.

Cotton's debut novel, *While Angels Dance: The Life and Times of Jeston Nash*, was published on June 1, 1994, by St. Martin's Press. He subsequently published over 80 novels, including three under Ralph Compton's byline after Compton's death.


title: Rajneesh Gurbani

abstract: Rajneesh Gurbani is an Indian cricketer who plays for Vidarbha. He made his List A debut on 10 December 2015 in the 2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut on 3 January 2016 in the 2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his first-class debut for Vidarbha in the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy on 27 October 2016. He made his Twenty20 debut on 3 January 2016, in the 2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, where he took 1 for 20 in 3 overs. In the semi-finals of the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy, he took twelve wickets in the match for Vidarbha against Karnataka, including career-best figures of 7/68 in the second innings. He won the man of the match award and Vidarbha advanced to their first final in the history of the Ranji Trophy. In the final, he took a hat-trick, becoming the second bowler to take one in the final of the Ranji Trophy. Vidarbha won the game by 9 wickets to win their first ever Ranji Trophy title, with Gurbani named as man of the match. He was the leading wicket-taker for Vidarbha in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy, with 39 dismissals in six matches. In July 2018, he was named in the squad for India Red for the 2018–19 Duleep Trophy. In the opening fixture of the tournament, he took 7 wickets for 81 runs, and was named the man of the match. In October 2018, he was named in India C's squad for the 2018–19 Deodhar Trophy.

text:
# Rajneesh Gurbani

**Rajneesh Gurbani** (born 28 January 1993) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Vidarbha. He made his List A debut on 10 December 2015 in the 2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut on 3 January 2016 in the 2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his first-class debut for Vidarbha in the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy on 27 October 2016.

He made his Twenty20 debut on 3 January 2016, in the 2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, where he took 1 for 20 in 3 overs.

In the semi-finals of the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy, he took twelve wickets in the match for Vidarbha against Karnataka, including career-best figures of 7/68 in the second innings. He won the man of the match award and Vidarbha advanced to their first final in the history of the Ranji Trophy. In the final, he took a hat-trick, becoming the second bowler to take one in the final of the Ranji Trophy. Vidarbha won the game by 9 wickets to win their first ever Ranji Trophy title, with Gurbani named as man of the match. He was the leading wicket-taker for Vidarbha in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy, with 39 dismissals in six matches.

In July 2018, he was named in the squad for India Red for the 2018–19 Duleep Trophy. In the opening fixture of the tournament, he took 7 wickets for 81 runs, and was named the man of the match. In October 2018, he was named in India C's squad for the 2018–19 Deodhar Trophy.

## InfoBox

Rajneesh Gurbani
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Rajneesh Naresh Gurbani |
| Born | (1993-01-28) 28 January 1993<br>Nagpur, Maharashtra, India |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium-fast |
| Role | Bowler |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2015/16–present | Vidarbha |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 20 January 2021 | |


title: Waqar Hussain

abstract: Waqar Hussain is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Multan in the 2013–14 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 23 October 2013. He made his Twenty20 debut for Multan in the 2018–19 National T20 Cup on 16 December 2018. In March 2019, he was named in Baluchistan's squad for the 2019 Pakistan Cup.

text:
# Waqar Hussain

**Waqar Hussain** (born 12 September 1993) is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Multan in the 2013–14 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 23 October 2013. He made his Twenty20 debut for Multan in the 2018–19 National T20 Cup on 16 December 2018. In March 2019, he was named in Baluchistan's squad for the 2019 Pakistan Cup.

## InfoBox

Waqar Hussain
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1993-09-12) 12 September 1993<br>Okara, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Source: Cricinfo, 6 September 2018 | |


title: Nikon I, M and S

abstract: The Nikon was the first camera introduced by the optical manufacturer Nippon Kogaku KK. It is a 35mm rangefinder camera, in retrospect known as the Nikon I. The original design was approved by September 1946, and the camera was released in March 1948. At first, it was sold locally, and it did not come to the attention of the western media until 1950, when photographers from the magazine Life were shown photographs taken with these cameras. The lenses draw special attention, like the Nikkor-P.C 1:2 f=8.5cm. A demand to fit Nikkors to the reporters' Leicas were immediately met at the factory in Tokyo, and soon the word spread about these Japanese lenses which were just as good as, or possibly better than their German counterparts. The camera design was strongly inspired by the German Contax and Leica cameras. After careful studies of these, Nippon Kogaku had decided to base their camera on the Contax, but substitute the complicated shutter design for the cloth focal plane shutter of the Leica, these being considered the best features from either camera. The original Nikon I, as introduced in 1948, had no flash synchronisation, but was otherwise a fully-fledged up-to-date rangefinder camera. The designers chose the 24 × 32 mm frame size pioneered by the Minolta 35 launched a year earlier by Chiyoda Kogaku, known as the Nippon format, which yielded more frames per length of film, and matched more closely the common paper sizes. However, the camera never caught on, because the US administration in Tokyo did not permit export to the US due to the non standard format, incompatible with the Kodak slide mounts. In consequence, the Nikon M was introduced in the autumn 1949. This model is recognised by the M preceding the body number. Nippon Kogaku had settled for an intermediate frame format of 24 × 34 mm, hoping to find acceptance on the export market. Why Nippon Kogaku was reluctant to go all the way to the widely accepted standard size, is not fully understood, the camera itself seems prepared to accommodate the full frame size for the vast majority of situations. In fact, a new improved model was planned, retaining the non-standard frame format. This was the Nikon S, long overdue when made available early in 1951; it is a Nikon M with flash sync contacts, two sockets at the upper left-hand edge of the body. All cameras sold with this feature are considered a Nikon S by the factory, even if marked M, though collectors do distinguish these as more valuable than the S. The Nikon S sold well, and became the first Nikon imported to the US market. A number of Nikon S cameras have one more serial number digit, known as the 8-digit Nikon S. When reaching 6099999 the engraver continued at 60910000, but it was soon realized that the long serial number was impractical, and after some 1200 cameras, the numbering reverted to 6100000. The 609 prefix in the serial number refers to the date the design was approved in September 1946. Several further Nikon rangefinder models were introduced throughout the 1950s: the S2, S3, S4, and SP. The latter three were built on the same frame with different features; the Nikon F SLR shares the basic body configuration of the latest rangefinder models.

text:
# Nikon I, M and S

The **Nikon** was the first camera introduced by the optical manufacturer Nippon Kogaku KK. It is a *35mm* rangefinder camera, in retrospect known as the *Nikon I*. The original design was approved by September 1946, and the camera was released in March 1948. At first, it was sold locally, and it did not come to the attention of the western media until 1950, when photographers from the magazine *Life* were shown photographs taken with these cameras. The lenses draw special attention, like the *Nikkor-P.C 1:2 f=8.5cm*. A demand to fit *Nikkors* to the reporters' *Leicas* were immediately met at the factory in Tokyo, and soon the word spread about these Japanese lenses which were just as good as, or possibly better than their German counterparts. The camera design was strongly inspired by the German Contax and Leica cameras. After careful studies of these, Nippon Kogaku had decided to base their camera on the Contax, but substitute the complicated shutter design for the cloth focal plane shutter of the Leica, these being considered the best features from either camera.

The original **Nikon I**, as introduced in 1948, had no flash synchronisation, but was otherwise a fully-fledged up-to-date rangefinder camera. The designers chose the 24 × 32 mm frame size pioneered by the Minolta 35 launched a year earlier by Chiyoda Kogaku, known as the *Nippon format*, which yielded more frames per length of film, and matched more closely the common paper sizes. However, the camera never caught on, because the US administration in Tokyo did not permit export to the US due to the non standard format, incompatible with the Kodak slide mounts.

In consequence, the **Nikon M** was introduced in the autumn 1949. This model is recognised by the M preceding the body number. Nippon Kogaku had settled for an intermediate frame format of 24 × 34 mm, hoping to find acceptance on the export market. Why Nippon Kogaku was reluctant to go all the way to the widely accepted standard size, is not fully understood, the camera itself seems prepared to accommodate the full frame size for the vast majority of situations. In fact, a new improved model was planned, retaining the non-standard frame format.

This was the **Nikon S**, long overdue when made available early in 1951; it is a Nikon M with flash sync contacts, two sockets at the upper left-hand edge of the body. All cameras sold with this feature are considered a Nikon S by the factory, even if marked M, though collectors do distinguish these as more valuable than the S. The Nikon S sold well, and became the first Nikon imported to the US market. A number of Nikon S cameras have one more serial number digit, known as the *8-digit Nikon S*. When reaching *6099999* the engraver continued at *60910000*, but it was soon realized that the long serial number was impractical, and after some 1200 cameras, the numbering reverted to *6100000*. The *609* prefix in the serial number refers to the date the design was approved in September 1946.

Several further Nikon rangefinder models were introduced throughout the 1950s: the S2, S3, S4, and SP. The latter three were built on the same frame with different features; the Nikon F SLR shares the basic body configuration of the latest rangefinder models.


title: Quintus Egrilius Plarianus

abstract: Quintus Egrilius Plarianus was a Roman senator, who was active during the reigns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. He was suffect consul for one of the nundinia in the first half of AD 144, as the colleague of Lucius Aemilius Carus. Plarianus was the son of Marcus Acilius Priscus Egrilius Plarianus; he also is known to have had a sister, Egrilia M.f. Plaria. Although his family had its origins in Ostia, it is likely he spent most of his life in Rome. Plarianus is known to have been governor of Moesia superior from c.152 to c.155 and proconsular governor of Africa. An inscription from Avitta Bibba attests he was governor of that province in the year 159, with his son Quintus Egrilius Plarianus as his legate or assistant. While governing Africa, Plarianus received a letter from the literary figure Fronto, recommending one Julius Aquilinus for a job in his administration, praising the young man for his learning and eloquence.

text:
# Quintus Egrilius Plarianus

**Quintus Egrilius Plarianus** was a Roman senator, who was active during the reigns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. He was suffect consul for one of the *nundinia* in the first half of AD 144, as the colleague of Lucius Aemilius Carus. Plarianus was the son of Marcus Acilius Priscus Egrilius Plarianus; he also is known to have had a sister, Egrilia M.f. Plaria. Although his family had its origins in Ostia, it is likely he spent most of his life in Rome.

Plarianus is known to have been governor of Moesia superior from c.152 to c.155 and proconsular governor of Africa. An inscription from Avitta Bibba (now in Tunisia) attests he was governor of that province in the year 159, with his son Quintus Egrilius Plarianus as his legate or assistant. While governing Africa, Plarianus received a letter from the literary figure Fronto, recommending one Julius Aquilinus for a job in his administration, praising the young man for his learning and eloquence.


title: Ophionereis schayeri

abstract: Ophionereis schayeri, Schayer's brittle star, is a brittle star in the family Ophionereididae.

text:
# Ophionereis schayeri

***Ophionereis schayeri***, **Schayer's brittle star**, is a brittle star in the family Ophionereididae.

## Description

The central disk is up to 2.5 centimetres wide, with arms to 15 centimetres long. The species is a filter-feeder that sifts sand and mud from the ocean floor for detritus and plankton.

## Habitat and distribution

Schayer's Brittle Star is found off the coast of Australia. Areas include New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. It is the largest and most common brittle star found near Sydney.

The species occurs from the inter-tidal zone to 180 metres below sea level. This brittle star may be found under boulders in tidal areas. It moves quickly away from light when exposed. To reduce exposure to high temperatures, *O. schayeri* will form clusters under boulders in rocky reef habitats. Under these boulders, they scavenge for food by extending their arms out at night. Like many species inhabiting tide pools, *O. schayeri* may be particularly susceptible to the increased temperatures and ocean acidification engendered by climate change.

## Life cycle

As all brittle stars, Schayer’s brittle star undergoes a process of metamorphoses throughout their life cycle, starting from planktotrophy and moving to brooded lecithotrophy. The larva of a Schayer’s brittle star is bilaterally symmetrical, with a ciliated band around the body. The next developmental form is a vitellaria larva, bordered by ciliary ridges. The vitellaria larva soon develops juvenile tube feet and ventral skeletal plates. This metamorphosis results in a full body transformation from bilateral to radial symmetrical form, the last of which resembles other members of the Echinodermata phylum. (Selvakumaraswamy & Byrne, 2004). This evolutionary adaptation from planktotrophic to lecithotrophic development can be associated with an increased maternal reliance. The lecithotrophic development evolved along with a larger egg. Both of these evolutionary adaptations led to an increase in triglyceride present in the eggs. The effect of this increase in triglyceride levels on the eggs is still currently undergoing research (Inke *et al*, 2006).

## Bioluminescence

Similar to the related species *O. fasciata*, Schayer's brittle star is capable of bioluminescence, which may function as a warning to predators. It is hypothesized that this behavioral phenomenon requires extra-cellular calcium, associating with the radial nerve chord in order to trigger the luminescence. The fluorescent cells are photocytes, which can be found under the ventral, dorsal, and lateral arm plates. The true functional purpose of this bioluminescence has yet to be studied.

## InfoBox

| *Ophionereis schayeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Ophiuroidea |
| Order: | Ophiurida |
| Family: | Ophionereididae |
| Genus: | *Ophionereis* |
| Species: | ***O. schayeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ophionereis schayeri***<br>Müller & Troschel 1844 | |
|


title: Pyar Ke Kabil

abstract: Pyar Ke Kabil is a 1987 Indian Bollywood film directed by Anil Ganguly and produced by Suresh Grover. It stars Rishi Kapoor and Padmini Kolhapure in lead roles, with Bindu, Utpal Dutt and Deven Verma in supporting roles. It is a loose copy of 1968 film Do Kaliyan, starring Biswajeet and Mala Sinha.

text:
# Pyar Ke Kabil

***Pyar Ke Kabil*** is a 1987 Indian Bollywood film directed by Anil Ganguly and produced by Suresh Grover. It stars Rishi Kapoor and Padmini Kolhapure in lead roles, with Bindu, Utpal Dutt and Deven Verma in supporting roles. It is a loose copy of 1968 film *Do Kaliyan*, starring Biswajeet and Mala Sinha.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

Lyrics: Indeevar

"Red Light, No Green Light" and "Tere Jaisa Mukhda To", nicely sung by Kishore Kumar, remain popular.

| Song | Singer |
| --- | --- |
| "Aaj Ki Raat" | **Asha Bhosle** |
| "Meri Pyari Baby" | **Asha Bhosle** |
| "Red Light, No Green Light" | Kishore Kumar |
| "Tere Jaisa Mukhda" | Kishore Kumar |
| "Tere Jaisa Mukhda" | S. Janaki |
| "Bachche To Bhagwaan Ki" | S. Janaki |
|

## InfoBox

| Pyar Ke Kabil | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Anil Ganguly |
| Produced by | Suresh K Grover |
| Starring | Rishi Kapoor<br>Padmini Kolhapure |
| Music by | Bappi Lahiri |
| Release date | * 21 February 1987 (1987-02-21) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Philip Morris (tobacconist)

abstract: Philip Morris (1835–1873) was a British tobacconist and cigarette importer, whose name was later used for Philip Morris & Co. Ltd. established in New York City in 1902.

text:
# Philip Morris (tobacconist)

**Philip Morris** (1835–1873) was a British tobacconist and cigarette importer, whose name was later used for Philip Morris & Co. Ltd. established in New York City in 1902.

## Life and career

In 1847, Philip Morris's family opened a tobacco shop on Bond Street in London, where he sold loose tobacco and pre-rolled cigarettes. By 1854, he had started making his own cigarettes. In 1870, Morris began to produce Philip Morris Cambridge and Philip Morris Oxford Blues (later called Oxford Ovals and Philip Morris Blues).

Morris died in 1873 at age 38, while his widow Margaret and brother, Leopold Morris, carried on his cigarette trade.


title: Monnett Mini

abstract: The Monnett Mini, also called the Mini Messashidt, was an early John Monnett modification of the Parker Jeanies Teenie.

text:
# Monnett Mini

The **Monnett Mini**, also called the **Mini Messashidt**, was an early John Monnett modification of the Parker Jeanies Teenie.

## Design and development

The Mini was based on the JT-1 with a larger chord wing, a fully enclosed cockpit and removable wings. The aircraft was all-metal low-wing single seater with conventional landing gear. The prototype aircraft featured a Messerschmitt paint scheme. Power came from a 1300cc Volkswagen air-cooled engine that would be the basis for most of Monnett's future designs.

## Operational history

The Mini was introduced at the Experimental Aircraft Association airshow in 1970. Monnett was not pleased with the aircraft which demonstrated a 1400fpm descent rate power-off. Shortly thereafter built the VW-powered Sonerai I design, introduced in 1971.

## Specifications (variant specified)

*Data from* Air Trails

**General characteristics**

**Performance**

* **Cruise speed:** 87 kn (100 mph, 160 km/h)
* **Stall speed:** 56 kn (65 mph, 105 km/h)

**Related development**

## InfoBox

| Mini | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Homebuilt aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Designer | John Monnett, Cal Parker |
| First flight | 1970 |
| Introduction | 1970 |
| Number built | 1 |
| Developed from | Parker JT-1 |


title: Rajneesh Karnatak

abstract: Rajneesh Karnatak is an Indian career banker who serves as the managing director and chief executive officer (CEO) of Bank of India, a public sector bank in India. He was appointed to this position by the government of India in 2023.

text:
# Rajneesh Karnatak

**Rajneesh Karnatak** is an Indian career banker who serves as the managing director and chief executive officer (CEO) of Bank of India, a public sector bank in India. He was appointed to this position by the government of India in 2023.

## Education

Karnatak completed his Master of Commerce from D.A.V. College Dehradun and obtained certification as a certified associate from the Indian Institute of Banking and Finance (IIBF) in 1996. In 2008, he completed the advanced management programme (AMP) at the International Management Institute. In 2018, he participated in the leadership development programme at the Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikcode.

He was also a part of the first batch of senior executives selected by the Financial Services Institutions Bureau (erstwhile Banks Board Bureau) for the leadership development program conducted by IIM Bangalore and Egon Zehnder.

## Career

Prior to his appointment as the managing director and CEO of Bank of India, Karnatak was an executive director at Union Bank of India. He also served in other banks such as Punjab National Bank and Oriental Bank of Commerce.

After the amalgamation of Oriental Bank of Commerce into Punjab National Bank, Karnatak headed the credit monitoring division and the corporate credit division in Punjab National Bank.

Karnatak has served in various non-executive roles as well. He was the non-executive chairman of UBI Services Ltd., representing Union Bank of India, and a non-independent non-executive director on the Board of UBI (UK) Limited. He also served as a nominee director on behalf of Punjab National Bank on the board of PNB Housing Finance Ltd. and India SME Asset Reconstruction Company Limited. He also served as a board trustee on the governing board of IIFCL Asset Management Co (IAMCL).

In 2023, Karnatak was appointed MD and CEO of Bank of India. He's featured on various business news channels, including CNBC, TV18, ET Now, Business Today TV, and Times Now.

## InfoBox

| Rajneesh Karnatak | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Education | Master of Commerce |
| Occupation | Banking Executive |
| Office | Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Bank of India |
| Predecessor | Atanu Kumar Das |


title: Wanjiku Mugane

abstract: Caroline Wanjiku Mugane is an attorney and investment banker in Kenya, the largest economy in the East African Community. She is the managing director of Fedha Connect Limited, a company that raises capital for businesses in agribusiness, real estate, oil and gas. She is a member of the board of directors of Kenya Airways, the national airline. She has previously served on the boards of Equity Bank, East African Breweries, and Standard Securities.

text:
# Wanjiku Mugane

**Caroline Wanjiku Mugane** is an attorney and investment banker in Kenya, the largest economy in the East African Community. She is the managing director of *Fedha Connect Limited*, a company that raises capital for businesses in agribusiness, real estate, oil and gas. She is a member of the board of directors of Kenya Airways, the national airline. She has previously served on the boards of Equity Bank, East African Breweries, and Standard Securities.

## Work history

Following her graduation from Georgetown Law School, she worked with SG Warburg in London and Johannesburg. In 1998, she and a partner founded **First Africa Capital**, a finance advisory company based in Nairobi, with offices in Johannesburg and London. In 2006, Standard Chartered Kenya acquired 25% shareholding in First Africa, where Ms. Mugane served as the chief executive officer. In 2009, Standard Chartered acquired 100% of First Africa stock, renaming the company Standard Chartered Securities (SCS). Ms. Wanjiku Mugane served as the CEO at SCS from 2006 until Standard Chartered Bank closed the subsidiary in 2013. In 2001, at the age of 37, she was appointed as a non-executive director of East African Breweries, serving in that capacity until she resigned in 2009. For a number of years prior to 2007, Ms. Wanjiku Mugane served as a non-executive director of Equity Bank.

## InfoBox

| Wanjiku Mugane | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1964 (age 5960)
Kenya |
| Nationality | Kenyan |
| Citizenship | Kenya |
| Alma mater | **Georgetown University**
(Master of Laws)
**University of Nairobi**
(Bachelor of Laws)
**Kenya School of Law**
(Diploma in Legal Practice) |
| Occupation | Lawyer & Business Executive |
| Years active | 1998–present |
| Known for | Investment banking |
| Title | **Managing Director**
Fedha Connect Limited |


title: Quintus Fabius Catullinus

abstract: Quintus Fabius Catullinus was a Hispano-Roman politician and senator in the second century AD.

text:
# Quintus Fabius Catullinus

**Quintus Fabius Catullinus** was a Hispano-Roman politician and senator in the second century AD.

## Career

In 128 AD, Catullinus was appointed Legate of Legio III *Augusta* in Numidia when the Emperor Hadrian visited the province. At that time he dedicated two altars to *"Jupiter the most excellent"* and *"To the mighty Winds of Good Weather",* when the rains came after a long drought during the Emperor's visit. The Emperor praised Catullinus' training of his soldiers.

In 130 AD, he was elected consul together with Marcus Flavius Aper as his colleague.


title: J20 Nationell

abstract: J20 Nationell is a junior ice hockey league composed of 20 teams in Sweden. Previously known as the J20 SuperElit, it is the highest-level junior ice hockey league in Sweden. The teams are divided in two groups, or divisions, Norra (North) and Södra (South), and are usually associated with a professional team in either the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) or HockeyAllsvenskan in order to develop talented youth for the professional teams. The winning team of the J20 Nationell playoffs is awarded the Anton Cup.

text:
# J20 Nationell

**J20 Nationell** is a junior ice hockey league composed of 20 teams in Sweden. Previously known as the J20 SuperElit, it is the highest-level junior ice hockey league in Sweden. The teams are divided in two groups, or divisions, *Norra* (North) and *Södra* (South), and are usually associated with a professional team in either the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) or HockeyAllsvenskan in order to develop talented youth for the professional teams. The winning team of the J20 Nationell playoffs is awarded the Anton Cup.

## Game format

Each J20 Nationell game is an ice hockey game played between two teams and is 60 minutes long. The game is composed of three 20-minute periods. At the 60-minute mark, the team with the most goals wins the game. If a game is tied after regulation time, overtime ensues. During the regular season, overtime is a five-minute, four-on-four (four skaters, one goaltender) sudden death period, in which the first team to score a goal wins the game. In the playoffs, however, a 10-minute, four-on-four sudden death period (20 minutes in the final) is played to determine a winner. In the regular season as well as the playoffs, if both teams are tied after the overtime period, penalty shots ensues. Best team of three penalty shots wins; if both teams are still tied, sudden death penalty shots will ensue until a winning team has been determined.

## Teams

The J20 Nationell currently consists of 20 teams divided into two divisions, *Norra* (North) and *Södra* (South). The five best teams from each of these two divisions play in the Winter series known as *Top 10*, while the remaining teams from Norra and Södra have to play in a "continuation group" during winter. In the continuation group, the two worst teams have to play in a relegation-and-promotion playoff series to stay in J20 Nationell for the next season and avoid relegation to the second-tier league J20 Elit. Clubs whose senior team is in the SHL cannot be relegated. Theoretically, there is a possibility that two 'new' teams will play in J20 Nationell at the beginning of each season.

### 2019–20 season

| *Norra*  Team City Arena  AIK Stockholm Ritorps Ishall  Brynäs IF Gävle Gavlerinken Arena  Djurgårdens IF Stockholm Hovet
Stora Mossen  Leksands IF Leksand Tegera Arena  Luleå HF Luleå Coop Norrbotten Arena  Modo Hockey Örnsköldsvik Fjällräven Center  Mora IK Mora FM Mattsson Arena  Skellefteå AIK Skellefteå Skellefteå Kraft Arena  Timrå IK Timrå NHK Arena  VIK Västerås HK Västerås ABB Arena Nord | *Södra*  Team City Arena  Frölunda HC Gothenburg Frölundaborg  Färjestad BK Karlstad Löfbergs Arena  HV71 Jönköping Kinnarps Arena  Karlskrona HK Karlskrona NKT Arena Karlskrona  Linköpings HC Linköping Stångebro Ishall
Saab Arena  IF Malmö Redhawks Malmö Malmö Isstadion  Rögle BK Ängelholm Lindab Arena  Södertälje SK Södertälje Scaniarinken  Växjö Lakers Växjö Vida Arena  Örebro HK Örebro Behrn Arena |
| --- | --- |

## Season structure

As of the 2019–20 season.

The J20 Nationell season is divided into a regular season from mid-September through the beginning of March, where teams play each other in a predefined schedule; and the playoffs starting in March and ending in the beginning of April, which is an elimination tournament where two teams play against each other in order to advance to the next round. The final remaining team wins the Anton Cup and is crowned the Swedish Junior Champions, or *Svenska juniormästare* in Swedish.

In the regular season, each team may ice up to two skaters and one goaltender aged 20 or higher in each game. In the playoffs, however, no over-aged players are allowed in any game.

### Regular season

In the regular season, each team plays 45 games. Points are awarded for each game, with three points awarded for a win in regulation, one point for losing in overtime/shootout, two points for winning in overtime/shootout, and zero points for a loss in regulation. Based on geographical location, the 20 teams are divided into two groups: *Norra* ("North") and *Södra* ("South"). The groups are played as round-robins, where each team plays all other teams in their group three times. After 27 games for each team, the top five teams in each group advance to a spring series called the *Top 10* group. The remaining teams from each group play in a "continuation group". In both the Top 10 group and the continuation group, each team plays all other teams in their group twice.

The ten teams from the Top 10 group, and the six highest-ranked teams from the continuation group, qualify for the playoffs. The two worst-ranked teams from the continuation group have to play in a relegation-and-promotion playoff series against the two winners from the second-tier league J20 Elit in order to qualify for the next season of J20 Nationell. The playoff series are played as best-of-three series where the two teams that win two games qualify for the next season of J20 Nationell. The two J20 Nationell teams get home-ice advantage for the second game and, if necessary, the third game; the J20 Elit teams get home-ice advantage for the first game.

### Playoffs

The J20 Playoffs, also known as the Anton Cup playoffs, is an elimination tournament. In the pre-qualification games as well as the quarterfinals, two teams battle to win a best-of-three series in order to advance to the next round. The semifinals, the final as well as the bronze medal game, are all played as one-game series, at a neutral venue which is the same for all these games.

The first round of the playoffs are the pre-qualifications for quarterfinals, known as the eighth finals, which consists of all teams from the Top 10 group and the six qualified teams from the continuation group. Each of the seven highest-ranked teams from the Top 10 group choose which of the teams ranked 9–16 overall (the two worst Top 10 teams and the six continuation teams) to play, with the highest-ranked team choosing first. In the second round, known as the quarterfinals, the 1st–3rd overall ranked teams of the remaining ones choose which of the teams ranked 5–8 from round one to play. In the third round, the semifinals, the top remaining seed chooses which of the two lowest remaining seeds to play. In each round, the two remaining teams are matched against each other. In the fourth round, the finals, the two remaining teams face each other. The two teams that lose in the semifinals play for the bronze medal.

In the first round and the second round, the higher-ranked team is said to be the team with home-ice advantage. Two of the three games are played at this team's home venue — the second game and, if necessary, the third game, with the first game being played at the lower-ranked team's home venue.

## Trophies and awards

At the end of the J20 Nationell playoffs, the Swedish Junior Champions are awarded the Anton Cup.

## InfoBox

J20 Nationell
| Sport | Ice hockey |
| --- | --- |
| No. of teams | 20 |
| Country | Sweden |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Modo Hockey (8th title) |


title: Philip Mack

abstract: Rear Admiral Philip John Mack DSO* was an officer of the British Royal Navy.

text:
# Philip Mack

Rear Admiral **Philip John Mack** DSO (6 October 1892 – 29 April 1943) was an officer of the British Royal Navy.

## Biography

He was the eldest son of Major Philip Paston Mack (1854–1923) of the 12th Lancers, and Kate Lucy Pearce (1869–1955), of Paston Hall, Paston, Norfolk.

Mack joined the Navy on 15 September 1905, aged 13, as a naval cadet at the Osborne and Britannia Royal Naval Colleges. On 9 August 1910 he was posted to the battlecruiser *Indomitable* as a midshipman, transferring to the cruiser *Amethyst* on 15 July 1913, having been promoted to sub-lieutenant on 15 June.

Mack was promoted to lieutenant on 15 September 1914, and subsequently served during World War I aboard the torpedo-boat destroyer *Tigress*, the battleship *Lord Nelson*, and the former collier *River Clyde*, which had been requisitioned and refitted for use as a landing ship during the Gallipoli campaign from April 1915, and from which Mack was eventually invalided home. From January to April 1917 he commanded the Q-ship *Result* (Q 23), a 122-ton three-masted steel-hulled topsail schooner, in which he engaged and damaged the U-boat *UC-45* on 15 February, and on 4 April engaged another U-boat near the Noord Hinder lightvessel off Vlissingen. *Result* was seriously damaged by gunfire from the submarine, and was eventually returned to her owners in August. Mack subsequently received a Mention in Despatches on 21 April 1917. He then commanded another Q-ship, the former cargo ship *Tay and Tyne*, later the RFA *Industry*.

Mack was promoted to lieutenant commander on 15 September 1922, and from late 1923 commanded the S-class destroyer *Tumult*, and then from October 1923 until early 1925 the destroyer *Wishart* in the Mediterranean Fleet. From December 1925 until mid-1927 he was the executive officer of the heavy cruiser *Hawkins* on the China Station, receiving promotion to commander on 30 June 1927. Between 9 April 1928 and 1 May 1930 he was the commander of the destroyer *Wryneck* and a Divisional Commander in the 1st Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet. From July 1930 he served on the staff of the Operations Division at the Admiralty, returning to sea in July 1932 to serve as executive officer of the battleship *Nelson* in the Home Fleet until promoted to the rank of captain on 31 December 1934. After completing the Senior Officers' War Course at the War College at Greenwich, he was appointed a naval attaché at Buenos Aires in December 1935, remaining there until November 1938.

### World War II

Mack returned to England and on 20 March 1939 was appointed Captain (D) of the 7th Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet, in the destroyer *Jervis*. For brief period between April and June 1940 he commanded *Janus*, while *Jervis* was under repair at the Swan Hunter yard in Newcastle, after a collision with the Swedish ship SS *Tor* near Longstone Lighthouse.

Mack then returned to *Jervis*, to serve as Captain (D) of the 14th Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 11 July 1940. After leading his flotilla in the Battle of the Tarigo Convoy on 16 April 1941 he received a bar to his DSO on 1 August 1941, and for his part in the Battle of Cape Matapan in late March 1941 he received a second Mention in Despatches on 3 February 1942.

On 6 May 1942 he was appointed commander of the battleship *King George V*, and was promoted to rear admiral on 12 January 1943. Rear-Admiral Mack was killed in an air crash on 29 April 1943 and is buried in St. Margaret Churchyard, Paston.

## Personal life

In 1930 he married Elizabeth Dawson, daughter of Cecil Percy Dawson, of Shanghai, China.

His younger brothers Commander Richard Herbert Mack OBE (1896–1967) and Commander Edward Mack DSO DSC (1909–1985) also served in the Royal Navy during World War II.

## InfoBox

| Philip John Mack | |
| --- | --- |
| Mack onboard HMS King George V in 1942 | |
| Born | (1892-10-06)6 October 1892<br>Paston Hall, Paston, Norfolk |
| Died | 29 April 1943(1943-04-29) (aged 50) |
| Buried | Saint Margaret's church, Paston, Norfolk |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1905–1943 |
| Rank | Rear admiral |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards |  |


title: Radomice Drugie

abstract: Radomice Drugie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Morawica, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Morawica and 17 km (11 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Radomice Drugie

**Radomice Drugie** \[radɔˈmit͡sɛ ˈdruɡʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Morawica, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Morawica and 17 km (11 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Radomice Drugie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Radomice Drugie | |
| Coordinates: 50°44′38″N 20°41′10″E / 50.74389°N 20.68611°E / 50.74389; 20.68611 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Kielce |
| Gmina | Morawica |
| Population | 333 |


title: Radomice, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

abstract: Radomice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wleń, within Lwówek Śląski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Wleń, 14 km (9 mi) south of Lwówek Śląski, and 101 km (63 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Radomice, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

**Radomice** \[radɔˈmit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wleń, within Lwówek Śląski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Wleń, 14 km (9 mi) south of Lwówek Śląski, and 101 km (63 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Radomice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Saints James and Catherine church | |
| Radomice | |
| Coordinates: 51°0′1″N 15°36′43″E / 51.00028°N 15.61194°E / 51.00028; 15.61194 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Lwówek Śląski |
| Gmina | Wleń |


title: Mercy (disambiguation)

abstract: Mercy is leniency or compassion. In sport, the mercy rule may be applied. Mercy may also refer to:

text:
# Mercy (disambiguation)

**Mercy** is leniency or compassion. In sport, the mercy rule may be applied.

**Mercy** may also refer to:

## Places

## Arts and entertainment

### Fictional characters

### Fictional places

### Film

### Games

* Mercy (game), a children's game that involves the bending back of an opponent's hands
* Mercy, a move related to the Fatality in the video game series *Mortal Kombat*

### Literature

### Music

#### Albums

#### Songs

### Television

## Organizations

## Schools

## People

## Other uses


title: Nikon F 80-200mm lens

abstract: Nikon F 80-200mm lens refers to several generations of single-lens reflex telephoto zoom lenses for made by Japanese camera manufacturer Nikon.

text:
# Nikon F 80-200mm lens

**Nikon F 80-200mm lens** refers to several generations of single-lens reflex telephoto zoom lenses for made by Japanese camera manufacturer Nikon.

## Overview

Nikon has manufactured nine different zoom lenses with a focal-length range of 80 to 200 mm range for its F-mount 35mm film cameras and latterly its digital SLR lineup. They were all released during the film camera era, but are compatible with Nikon's subsequent digital SLRs. All lenses have a push-pull design except where noted:

* **f/4.5 MK-I** (discontinued)
* **f/4.5 MK-II** (discontinued)
* **f/4.0 AI-S** (discontinued)
* **f/2.8 ED AI-S** (discontinued)
* **f/2.8D ED AF**  (pictured, discontinued)
* **f/2.8D ED AF II** (discontinued)
* **f/2.8D ED AF III** (two-ring, discontinued)
* **f/4.5-5.6D AF**  (two-ring, discontinued)
* **f/2.8D IF-ED AF-S** (two-ring, discontinued)

All models are out of production, including the latest "AF-S 80-200mm f/2.8D IF-ED". Instead, Nikon has released a range of new lenses in a similar focal length, such as the AF-S VR 70-200mm f/2.8G lens in 2003. The new lenses include Internal focusing (IF), vibration reduction (VR), and a fully-electronic control system which does without the traditional aperture control ring (G).

## Specifications

| Attribute | f/4.5 MK-I | f/4.5 MK-II | f/4.0 | f/2.8 ED | f/2.8 ED AF MK-I | f/2.8D ED AF MK-II | f/2.8D ED AF MK-III | f/4.5-5.6D AF | f/2.8D IF-ED AF-S |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AF | No | | | | Yes | | | | |
| Silent Wave Motor | No | | | | | | | | Yes |
| Maximum aperture | f/4.5 | | f/4.0 | f/2.8 | | | | f/4.5-5.6 | f/2.8 |
| Minimum aperture | f/32 | | | | f/22 | | | f/32 | f/22 |
| Weight | 880 g
1.94 lb | 750 g
1.65 lb | 810 g
1.79 lb | 1,900 g
4.2 lb | 1,200 g
2.6 lb | | 1,300 g
2.9 lb | 300 g
0.66 lb | 1,580 g
3.48 lb |
| Maximum diameter | 74.5 mm
2.93 in | 73 mm
2.9 in | | 99 mm
3.9 in | 85.5 mm
3.37 in | 87 mm
3.4 in | | 72 mm
2.8 in | 88 mm
3.5 in |
| Length | 162 mm
6.4 in | | | 223 mm
8.8 in | 184.5 mm
7.26 in | 185 mm
7.3 in | 187 mm
7.4 in | 87.5 mm
3.44 in | 187 mm
7.4 in |
| Filter diameter | 52mm | | 62mm | 96mm | 77mm | | | 52mm | 77mm |
| Horizontal viewing angle | 25.4 - 10.3° | | | | | | | | |
| Vertical viewing angle | 17.1 - 6.9° | | | | | | | | |
| Diagonal viewing angle | 30.3 - 12.3° | | | | | | | | |
| Groups/elements | 10/15 | 9/12 | 9/13 | 11/15 | 11/16 | | | 8/10 | 14/18 |
| \# of diaphragm blades | 7 | | 9 | | | | | 7 | 9 |
| Closest focusing distance | 1.8 m
5.9 ft | | 1.2 m
3.9 ft | 2.5 m
8.2 ft | 1.4 m
4.6 ft | | | 1.5 m
4.9 ft | |
| Release date | 1969 | 1977 | 1981 | 1982 | 1988 | 1992 | 1997 | 1995 | 1998 |
| Patent(s) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| MSRP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Citations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Photos


title: Opogona percnodes

abstract: Opogona percnodes is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in India and Sri Lanka. The wingspan is 12–15 mm. The forewings are dark fuscous, with purplish-bronzy reflections. The hindwings are dark fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged.

text:
# Opogona percnodes

***Opogona percnodes*** is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in India and Sri Lanka.

The wingspan is 12–15 mm. The forewings are dark fuscous, with purplish-bronzy reflections. The hindwings are dark fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged.

## InfoBox

| *Opogona percnodes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Genus: | *Opogona* |
| Species: | ***O. percnodes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opogona percnodes***<br>Meyrick, 1910 | |
|


title: J'Nai Bridges

abstract: J’Nai Bridges is a two time Grammy-Award winning American mezzo-soprano. She is a winner of the Marian Anderson Award and has performed for the Metropolitan Opera, Washington National Opera, and San Francisco Opera. BET has described her as The Beyoncé of opera.

text:
# J'Nai Bridges

**J’Nai Bridges** is a two time Grammy-Award winning American mezzo-soprano. She is a winner of the Marian Anderson Award and has performed for the Metropolitan Opera, Washington National Opera, and San Francisco Opera. BET has described her as *The Beyoncé of opera*.

## Early life and education

Bridges was raised in Lakewood, Washington. She was the third of four children and grew up listening to Motown music with her parents and singing at church. She attended high school at the Charles Wright Academy in Tacoma. Her focus was originally on basketball, but she became interested in singing after taking choir as an elective. After deciding to focus on music, she attended the Manhattan School of Music and then the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia for graduate school. While participating in a young artists' program at the Lyric Opera of Chicago, she was mentored by Renée Fleming.

## Career

She names Black opera stars Denyce Graves, Shirley Verrett, Kathleen Battle, and Jessye Norman, at whose funeral she sang, as inspirations.

Bridges sang at the Kennedy Center for the first time after winning a 2012 Marian Anderson Award. She competed in the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition in 2015. In 2016, she sang the role of Suzuki in *Madama Butterfly* at San Diego Opera, where she met and became friends with soprano Latonia Moore, and she performed at the Los Angeles Opera as Nefertiti in *Akhnaten* by Philip Glass.

In 2017, she performed the role of Josefa Segovia in the premiere of John Adams's *Girls of the Golden West* at San Francisco Opera., and in the 2019 European debut of the opera at the Dutch National Opera in Amsterdam. In June 2019, she returned to San Francisco for the title role in Bizet's *Carmen*. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut reprising her role in *Akhnaten* in November 2019, and her Washington National Opera debut as Delilah in *Samson and Delilah* by Saint-Saëns in March 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic put her on-stage career on hold in favor of virtual programing. After the murder of George Floyd, she proposed and led an online panel of Black opera singers with Los Angeles Opera. She returned to the stage in January 2022 for Palm Beach Opera's production of *Carmen*.

In March 2022 she performed with the National Philharmonic in composer Adolphus Hailstork and librettist Herbert Martin's new work "A Knee on the Neck," a tribute to George Floyd. Critic Michael Andor Brodeur wrote that Bridges was "especially gripping" in the performance.

In 2023, she was profiled in an episode of the PBS series American Masters entitled “In the Making”. She also reunited with Latonia Moore at San Diego Opera for a concert.

## Awards

| Year | Award | Category | Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Marian Anderson Award |  |  |  |
| 2021 | Grammy Awards | Best Choral Performance | For *Danielpour: The Passion of Yeshua* |  |
| 2022 | Grammy Awards | Best Opera Recording | For *Glass: Akhnaten* |  |

## InfoBox

| J’Nai Bridges | |
| --- | --- |
| Bridges at the Saint-Georges International Music Festival in 2019 | |
| Education | Charles Wright Academy |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Operatic mezzo-soprano |
| Awards | Marian Anderson Award, Grammy Award |


title: Phu Phong Glass Joint Stock Company

abstract: Phu Phong Glass Joint Stock Company is a company based in the outskirts of Ho Chi Minh City that makes architectural glass and float glass for use in furniture and construction materials. Phu Phong's main offices are in Ho Chi Minh City. Its stock is listed at the Hanoi Securities Trading Center, symbol is PPG.

text:
# Phu Phong Glass Joint Stock Company

**Phu Phong Glass Joint Stock Company** (CTCP Sản xuất Thương mại Dịch vụ Phú Phong) is a company based in the outskirts of Ho Chi Minh City that makes architectural glass and float glass for use in furniture and construction materials. Phu Phong's main offices are in Ho Chi Minh City. Its stock is listed at the Hanoi Securities Trading Center, symbol is PPG.

## InfoBox

Phu Phong Glass Joint Stock Company
| Native name | *Sản xuất Thương mại Dịch vụ Phú Phong* |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Glass Manufacturing |
| Headquarters | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |


title: William III, Duke of Bavaria

abstract: William III (1375 – 12 September 1435;, was Duke of Bavaria-Munich, together and in concord with his older brother Ernest, Duke of Bavaria. William III was a son of John II and a member of the Parakeet Society.

text:
# William III, Duke of Bavaria

**William III** (1375  12 September 1435; (German: *Wilhelm III., Herzog von Bayern*), was Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1397–1435), together and in concord with his older brother Ernest, Duke of Bavaria. William III was a son of John II and a member of the Parakeet Society.

## Biography

William was born in Munich.

After the extinction of the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria-Straubing, counts of Holland and Hainaut, William and his brother Ernest struggled with their cousins Henry and Louis but finally received half of Bavaria-Straubing in 1429.

William III supported Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor against the Hussites and was a possible candidate for the Emperor's succession but died already in 1435. His own son (by his wife Margaret of Cleves) was Duke Adolf of Bavaria who succeeded him as a co-regent of Ernest until he died in 1441. William III is buried in the Frauenkirche in Munich.

## Citations

## General bibliography

* Klaus von Andrian-Werburg: *Urkundenwesen, Kanzlei, Rat und Regierungssystem der Herzoge Johann II., Ernst und Wilhelm III. von Bayern-München (1392–1438)*. Lassleben, Kallmünz 1971, ISBN 3-7847-4410-9 (*Münchener historische Studien, Abteilung Geschichtliche Hilfswissenschaften*, Vol. 10; dissertation, University of Munich 1961).
* Karin Kaltwasser: *Herzog und Adel in Bayern-Landshut unter Heinrich XVI. dem Reichen (1393–1450)*. Dissertation, University of Regensburg 2004.
* August Kluckhohn: *Herzog Wilhelm III. von Bayern, der Protector des Baseler Konzils und Statthalter des Kaisers Sigmund*. In: *Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte*. Vol. 2, 1862, pp. 519–615.
* Christoph Kutter: *Die Münchener Herzöge und ihre Vasallen. Die Lehenbücher der Herzöge von Oberbayern-München im 15. Jahrhundert. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Lehnswesens*. Dissertation, University of Munich 1993.
* Sigmund Ritter von Riezler: *Wilhelm III., Herzog von Baiern-München*. In: *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB)*. Vol. 42, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1897, pp. 703–705 (online).
* Theodor Straub: *Bayern im Zeichen der Teilungen und Teilherzogtümer*. In: Max Spindler, Andreas Kraus (eds.): *Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte*. 2nd edition. Vol. 2, C. H. Beck, München 1988, ISBN 3-406-32320-0, pp. 196–287, especially 248–249.


title: Radomice Pierwsze

abstract: Radomice Pierwsze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Morawica, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Morawica and 17 km (11 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Radomice Pierwsze

**Radomice Pierwsze** \[radɔˈmit͡sɛ ˈpjɛrfʂɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Morawica, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Morawica and 17 km (11 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Radomice Pierwsze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Radomice Pierwsze | |
| Coordinates: 50°44′7″N 20°40′8″E / 50.73528°N 20.66889°E / 50.73528; 20.66889 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Kielce |
| Gmina | Morawica |


title: Ralph E. Oesper

abstract: Ralph Edward Oesper was an American chemist and historian of chemistry. He is noted for his biographies of scientists, emphasizing their personal lives in addition to their scientific contributions. Oesper translated significant works in the field of chemistry to various languages especially English. As an independent investigator, he developed improved analytical methods. These contributions included new reagents for certain types of titrations. One such new reagent, Oesper's Salt, is named after him.

text:
# Ralph E. Oesper

**Ralph Edward Oesper** (14 June 1886 – 10 December 1977) was an American chemist and historian of chemistry. He is noted for his biographies of scientists, emphasizing their personal lives in addition to their scientific contributions. Oesper translated significant works in the field of chemistry to various languages especially English. As an independent investigator, he developed improved analytical methods. These contributions included new reagents for certain types of titrations. One such new reagent, Oesper's Salt, is named after him.

## Personal life and education

Oesper was born in Cincinnati and attended public schools before enrolling at the University of Cincinnati in 1904. There he earned a bachelor's degree in 1908, a master's degree in 1909, and a PhD in 1914 with Lauder William Jones as his thesis advisor. These degrees were all in the field of chemistry or analytical chemistry.

On 29 June 1910 he married Helen Gertrude Wilson (1885–1972). The couple had one child, Peter Oesper, who also became a chemistry professor.

## Career

Following completion of his PhD degree, Oesper taught for a brief time at New York University and then at Smith College as a non-tenure track faculty member. He then in 1918 became a tenure track faculty member and later a full professor at the University of Cincinnati, where he remained until his retirement in 1951 as professor emeritus. In retirement, he remained active as an occasional lecturer, a journal editor, and a translator of scientific books and articles.

Oesper wrote approximately 300 scientific articles on analytical and organic chemistry, colloid chemistry and chemical history. He was fluent in the German language and translated about 20 chemistry books and numerous articles from German into English. He also translated chemistry articles from French and Dutch into English.

### Analytical chemistry

Early in his career as an independent researcher, Oesper continued investigations in analytical chemistry. His scientific accomplishments at this stage of his career included demonstrating the utility of the compound ferrous ethylene diamine sulfate in certain applications especially redox titrations. This compound replaced Mohr's salt (ferrous ammonium sulfate) in many applications because of its greater stability compared to Mohr's salt. He published these findings in 1947. Ferrous ethylene diamine sulfate is often referred to as "Oesper's Salt", in recognition of Oesper's scientific contributions.

A further contribution to analytical chemistry was his demonstration of the use of naphthidine as an indicator for certain chromate titrations such as for chloride ion. This improved indicator resulted in better testing results. He published this finding in 1934.

### Biographies and translations

Following extensive European travel in the 1920s, Oesper began writing and compiling biographies of notable European chemists. These biographies were published in the United States in 1929 in a journal article entitled "What a Chemist May See in Europe". The publication included 24 biographies, examples including Fritz Haber, Alfred Nobel, Wilhelm Ostwald, Joseph Priestley, Jeremias Benjamin Richter amongst others.

As part of his career as a researcher in analytical chemistry, in 1938 Oesper translated a significant treatise on analytical methods from the German language into English, thereby making the information more broadly available. From then, Oesper continued to translated important scientific works.

Oesper wrote numerous short biographies of notable chemists and lectured on the history of chemistry. Particularly notable was his 1975 book *The Human Side of Scientists*, which emphasized the lives of the scientists over their scientific contributions *per se*. The book includes 138 short biographies of scientists, mostly chemists.

### Honors and legacy

In 1954, Oesper received the 5th annual Eminent Chemist award by the American Chemical Society. In 1956 he received the first Dexter Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry from the American Chemical Society. In 1966 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Cincinnati.

Oesper was a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Chemical Education, Chymia, Mikrochemie, and Microchimica Acta.

Oesper bequeathed his extensive library to the University of Cincinnati. This included a financial endowment to fund projects on the history of chemistry. The University of Cincinnati with the Cincinnati section of the American Chemical Society present an annual Oesper Award and Symposium series, named in Ralph Oesper's honor.

## Selected publications

### Articles

* Oesper, Ralph E.; Broker, Walter; Cook, Walter A. (1925). "New chlorocarbonates derived from aromatic and dihydroxy alcohols". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **47** (10): 2609–2610. doi:10.1021/ja01687a028.
* Cohen, Stuart; Oesper, Ralph E. "The Preparation of Naphthidine." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition". **8** (4). 1936: 306–307. doi:10.1021/ac50102a036. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* Oesper, Ralph E.; Deasy, Clara L. (1 April 1939). "The Preparation of Lead Tetraacetate". *J. Am. Chem. Soc*. **61** (4): 972–973. doi:10.1021/ja01873a510.
* Oesper, R. E.; Fulmer, R. E. (1 June 1953). "New Analog of Cupferron". *Anal. Chem*. **25** (6): 908–909. doi:10.1021/ac60078a016.

### Books

As translator:

As author:

* Oesper, Ralph E. *The Human Side of Scientists*, University Publications, 1975.

## InfoBox

| Ralph Edward Oesper | |
| --- | --- |
| Oesper in the 1908
University of Cincinnati yearbook | |
| Born | June 14, 1886
Cincinnati, Ohio U.S. |
| Died | December 10, 1977(1977-12-10) (aged 91)
Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Occupation | Science historian |
| Spouse | Helen Wilson Oesper |
| Children | Peter Oesper |
| Awards | Dexter Award |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Ph.D. |
| Alma mater | University of Cincinnati |
| Thesis | *Some New Hydroxyurethanes and Chromoisomeric Silver Salts of their Acyl Derivatives* (1914) |
| Doctoral advisor | Lauder William Jones |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | History of Science
Analytical chemistry |
| Institutions | University of Cincinnati |
| Notable works | *The Human Side of Scientists* (book)
New analytical reagents |
|  | |


title: Mercy (band)

abstract: Mercy is an American pop group from Florida. The group's 1969 single "Love", written by Jack Sigler, Jr., soared to No. 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, and also peaked at No. 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart. "Love" was released in April and had sold over one million copies by July 15, earning a gold record from the R.I.A.A., although the group did not receive the award until October 2009. The track was originally released on the small Tampa, Florida-based Sundi record label, at which time it was also included in the movie, Fireball Jungle. The B-side of the Sundi single was entitled "Fire Ball". During the single's rapid rise in the charts, an album was released by a group calling themselves "The Mercy", that included the Sundi recording, as well as several other songs that were not recorded by any of the original Mercy members. The song was re-recorded on the Warner Brothers label, with the addition of new band members, and included on the Warner Brothers album, Love Can Make You Happy, which peaked at No. 38 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart. Mercy had one other Billboard Hot 100 hit, the song "Forever", which reached No. 79 in June 1969. The band is still touring with Sigler, the original lead vocalist and founder of the group. Mercy released their latest EP on iTunes in 2009.

text:
# Mercy (band)

**Mercy** is an American pop group from Florida. The group's 1969 single "Love (Can Make You Happy)", written by Jack Sigler, Jr., soared to No. 2 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 singles chart, and also peaked at No. 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart. "Love (Can Make You Happy)" was released in April and had sold over one million copies by July 15, earning a gold record from the R.I.A.A., although the group did not receive the award until October 2009.

The track was originally released on the small Tampa, Florida-based Sundi record label, at which time it was also included in the movie, *Fireball Jungle*. The B-side of the Sundi single was entitled "Fire Ball".

During the single's rapid rise in the charts, an album was released by a group calling themselves "The Mercy" (with a cover showing three female models), that included the Sundi recording, as well as several other songs that were not recorded by any of the original Mercy members.

The song was re-recorded on the Warner Brothers label, with the addition of new band members, and included on the Warner Brothers album, *Love Can Make You Happy*, which peaked at No. 38 on the U.S. *Billboard* 200 chart. Mercy had one other *Billboard* Hot 100 hit, the song "Forever", which reached No. 79 in June 1969.

The band is still touring with Sigler, the original lead vocalist and founder of the group. Mercy released their latest EP on iTunes in 2009.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album | *Billboard* 200 | Record Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | *Love (Can Make You Happy)* |  | Sundi Records |
| 1969 | *Love Can Make You Happy* | 38 | Warner Bros. Records |
|

### Singles

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | | | Record Label | B-side | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US | AC | Canada | | | |
| 1969 | "Love (Can Make You Happy)" | 2 | 2 | 2 | Sundi Records | "Fire Ball" | *Love (Can Make You Happy)* |
| | "Love (Can Make You Happy)" |  |  |  | Warner Bros. Records | "Never My Love" | *Love Can Make You Happy* |
| | "Forever" | 79 | 24 | | 60 | | "The Mornings Come" |
| | "Hello Baby" |  |  | |  | "Heard You Went Away" |  |
|

## Members

Current Touring Members * Jack Sigler, Jr.
* Suzanne Sigler
* Butch Darby
* Kevin Dennis

Touring Members - Warner Bros. Recording * Jack Sigler, Jr.
* Ronnie Caudill
* Buddy Good
* Debbie Lewis
* Brenda McNish
* James Marvell
* Roger Fuentes

Original Members - Sundi Recording * Jack Sigler, Jr.
* Ann Smith (future Sigler)
* John Hudson
* Roy Shultz
* Brenda McNish
* Debbie Lewis
* Ronnie Caudill
* Lou Facenda
* Deni Hawley

## InfoBox

| Mercy | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Florida, USA |
| Genres | Pop |
|  | |
| Members | Jerry Sigler Jr.<br>See full personnel at Members |


title: Niesłusz

abstract: Niesłusz is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Myślibórz, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

text:
# Niesłusz

**Niesłusz** \[ˈɲɛswuʂ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Myślibórz, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

## InfoBox

| Niesłusz | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Niesłusz | |
| Coordinates: 53°00′55″N 14°44′15″E / 53.01528°N 14.73750°E / 53.01528; 14.73750 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | West Pomeranian |
| County | Myślibórz |
| Gmina | Myślibórz |


title: Golf Resort Tycoon

abstract: Golf Resort Tycoon is a business simulation computer game developed by Cat Daddy Games and published by Activision Value in 2001.

text:
# Golf Resort Tycoon

***Golf Resort Tycoon*** is a business simulation computer game developed by Cat Daddy Games and published by Activision Value in 2001.

## Gameplay

The game is based on the premise of players constructing their own golf resorts with a limited amount of funds hoping to earn more income through the satisfaction of the resort's attendees. There are two gameplay modes: Instant Action and Challenges. Instant Action allows a player to freely create their own golf resort. Challenges requires a player to complete specific series of tasks.

## Reception

Most of the reviews for Golf Resort Tycoon stated that it was a mediocre game overall. GameSpot gave it a 6.2, stating "*Golf Resort Tycoon* can be a nice diversion and a decent way to kill time in short spurts, but it's definitely not for everyone. GameZone rated the game 8 of 10 saying it is challenging and addictive.

### Sequels

A sequel to *Golf Resort Tycoon*, *Golf Resort Tycoon II* was released in 2002.

## InfoBox

| Golf Resort Tycoon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Cat Daddy Games |
| Publisher(s) | Activision Value |
| Platform(s) | Windows |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Business simulation |
| Mode(s) | Single player |


title: Opogona trichoceros

abstract: Opogona trichoceros is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in New Guinea.

text:
# Opogona trichoceros

***Opogona trichoceros*** is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Opogona trichoceros* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Genus: | *Opogona* |
| Species: | ***O. trichoceros*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opogona trichoceros***<br>Meyrick, 1930 | |
|


title: Pzazz

abstract: Pzazz are a group of young Irish sopranos. They have released one single, "Daughter of Connolly", which is to be used as the theme song for the upcoming movie Connolly, a film about James Connolly. The women are Claire Halligan and Fiona McManus. Three of the women are classically trained sopranos. They all had performing experience before joining the group. Halligan had toured and performed with numerous orchestras, appearing on TV and singing and acting in a number of stage productions. McManus had appeared on TV's "Popstars" and had obtained a music degree from Trinity College. Pzazz completed their national tour of Ireland, supporting The Celtic Tenors in late December 2005/January 2006. They received a considerable amount of media attention in Ireland around April/May 2006, when they appeared in many magazines, for example, newspapers, national radio, and television amongst many others.

text:
# Pzazz

**Pzazz** are a group of young Irish sopranos.

They have released one single, "Daughter of Connolly", which is to be used as the theme song for the upcoming movie *Connolly*, a film about James Connolly.

The women are Claire Halligan and Fiona McManus.

Three of the women are classically trained sopranos. They all had performing experience before joining the group. Halligan had toured and performed with numerous orchestras, appearing on TV and singing and acting in a number of stage productions. McManus had appeared on TV's "Popstars" and had obtained a music degree from Trinity College.

Pzazz completed their national tour of Ireland, supporting The Celtic Tenors in late December 2005/January 2006. They received a considerable amount of media attention in Ireland around April/May 2006, when they appeared in many magazines, for example (*The Star*, *News of the World*), newspapers (*The Irish Times*, *Irish Independent*, *Irish Examiner*), national radio (BBC Radio Ulster, RTÉ with Tom McGurk), and television (RTÉ's "Nationwide", TV3's "Ireland AM") amongst many others.

## InfoBox

| **Pzazz** | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Ireland |
| Genres | Classical |
|  | |
| Website | Official site |


abstract: The 8th Secretariat of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), officially the 8th Secretariat of the Political Bureau of the MPLA Central Committee, was elected at the 1st Ordinary Meeting of the 8th Politburo on 14 December 2021.

text:
# 8th Secretariat of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola

The **8th Secretariat of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)**, officially the 8th Secretariat of the Political Bureau of the MPLA Central Committee, was elected at the 1st Ordinary Meeting of the 8th Politburo on 14 December 2021.

## Members

| Rank | Name | 7th SEC | | Title | Gender |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | New | Rank | | |
| 1 | João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço | Old | 1 | MPLA President | Male |
| 2 | Luísa Pedro Francisco Damião | Old | 1 | MPLA Vice President | Female |
| 3 | Paulo Pombolo | Old | 1 | MPLA General Secretary | Male |
| 4 | Jorge Inocêncio Dombolo | Old | 1 | Secretary of Organisation and Societal Insertion | Male |
| 5 | Maria Idalina Valente | Old | 1 | Secretary of Economic Policy | Female |
| 6 | Maricel Marinho da Silva Capama | Old | 1 | Secretary of Social Policy | Female |
| 7 | Mário Pinto de Andrade | Old | 1 | Secretary of State Reform, Public Administration and Municipalities | Male |
| 8 | Rui Luís Falcão Pinto de Andrade | Old | 1 | Secretary of Information and Propaganda | Male |
| 9 | João de Almeida Azevedo Martins | Old | 1 | Secretary of Political and Electoral Affairs | Male |
| 10 | Manuel Domingos Augusto | Old | 1 | Secretary of International Relations | Male |
| 11 | Maria Ângela Teixeira de Alves S. Bragança | Old | 1 | Secretary of Staff Policy | Female |
| 12 | Pedro de Morais Neto | Old | 1 | Secretary of Former Combatants and Veterans of the Homeland | Male |
| 13 | Carla Maria Leitão Ribeiro de Sousa | Old | 1 | Secretary of Administration and Finance | Female |
| 14 | Virgílio Ferreira de Fontes Pereira | Old | 1 | President of the MPLA Parliamentary Group | Male |
| 15 | Marie Antoinette Baptista | Old | 1 | Coordinator of the Discipline and Audit Committee | Female |
| 16 | Joana Domingos dos Santos Filipe Tomás | Old | 1 | General Secretary of the Organisation of Angolan Women | Female |
| 17 | Crispiniano Vivaldino E. dos Santos | Old | 1 | First National Secretary of the Youth of MPLA | Male |