title: Åke Strömmer

abstract: Åke Per-Erik Strömmer was a Swedish sports journalist, radio presenter and television host.

text:
# Åke Strömmer

**Åke Per-Erik Strömmer** (10 June 1936 – 22 February 2005) was a Swedish sports journalist, radio presenter and television host.

## Early life

Strömmer was born on 10 June 1936 in Härnösand, Sweden, the son of Erik Strömmer, an accountant, and his wife May (née Bolin). He passed *studentexamen* in 1956.

## Career

Strömmer was employed at *Västernorrlands Allehanda* from 1957 to 1958 before joining Sveriges Radio the same year. He worked for Sveriges Radio in Luleå from 1959 to 1962 and in Malmö from 1962 to 1963. Strömmer worked for Radiosporten, the sport section of Sveriges Radio in Stockholm from 1963 to 1978, where he served as the head from 1974 to 1978. He was the district manager for Sveriges Radio Falun from 1979 to 1984 and the manager of Borlänge Folkets Hus from 1984 to 1986, as well as for Sveriges Radio Falun from 1987 to 1996. Strömmer worked as a freelancer from 1996 onwards.

Strömmer joined the national Swedish Radio-TV company Sveriges Radio and became a popular figure to viewer and listeners as one of the greatest Sports journalist in Sweden. For Swedish radio he hosted the shows *På minuten* (Swedish counterpart of the UK show *Just a Minute*) and *Minnesmästarna*. He also hosted *Svensktoppen* for the 1978 season. In 1980 he won Stora Journalistpriset. For Swedish television he covered the Olympics on 4 occasions and 2 editions of the Eurovision Song Contest. In 2000 he left SVT and joined rival broadcaster TV4 and returned to sports commentary where he presented the TV4 coverage for the 2000 Summer Olympics as well as football matches.

## Personal life

In 1981, Strömmer married Lena Ingels (born 1937), the daughter of John Jansson and Carin (née Johansson).

## Death

Åke Strömmer died on 22 February 2005 after suffering from cancer. He was interred on 16 May 2005 at Stora Tuna Cemetery near Borlänge.

## InfoBox

| Åke Strömmer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Åke Per-Erik Strömmer
(1936-06-10)10 June 1936
Härnösand, Sweden |
| Died | 22 February 2005(2005-02-22) (aged 68)
Borlänge, Sweden |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Occupation | Sports journalist |
| Spouse | Lena Ingels (m. 1981) |
| Children | 5 |


title: Megan Rohrer

abstract:
Megan Rohrer is an American activist for homeless and LGBTQ+ rights and former Lutheran bishop. Rohrer is the first openly transgender minister ordained in the Lutheran tradition.
Following his reception as a minister in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Rohrer served the church as bishop of its Sierra Pacific Synod from 2021 until asked to resign in June of 2022 after allegations of racism against one of the pastors under his care came to light. On June 23, 2023, Rohrer was removed from the roster of the Sierra Pacific Synod by letter, and rostered ministers were notified by email on June 28.

text:
# Megan Rohrer

**Megan Rohrer** (born 1980) is an American activist for homeless and LGBTQ+ rights and former Lutheran bishop. Rohrer is the first openly transgender minister ordained in the Lutheran tradition.

Following his reception as a minister in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Rohrer served the church as bishop of its Sierra Pacific Synod from 2021 until asked to resign in June of 2022 after allegations of racism against one of the pastors under his care came to light. On June 23, 2023, Rohrer was removed from the roster of the Sierra Pacific Synod by letter, and rostered ministers were notified by email on June 28.

## Early life and education

Rohrer was born on April 3, 1980, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. In 1998, they graduated from high school and enrolled at Augustana University to study religion. In college they came out as gay, and became president of the gay–straight alliance. They encountered resistance, threats, and attempted "cures" by fellow students for their sexuality. Rohrer graduated from Augustana in 2001.

Rohrer moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in 2002 to continue their studies. By this time they had come to identify as transgender. Rohrer attended Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary before transferring to the Pacific School of Religion (PSR) in Berkeley, California, earning a Master of Divinity degree from PSR in 2005 and a Doctor of Ministry degree in 2016.

## Personal life

Rohrer claims to be related to Nicholas of Flüe in the 16th generation.

Rohrer goes by he and they pronouns.

## Career

Rohrer was ordained in 2006, during a time when the ELCA did not allow LGBTQ pastors to openly serve. When the policy changed in 2009, Rohrer became the first openly transgender person to serve as a minister in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

In 2010, Rohrer and six other Bay Area gay and transgender pastors were reinstated into the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, after the national assembly voted to allow partnered gay people to serve as clergy. The pastors' churches had previously been removed from the denomination for ordaining gay and lesbian ministers who refused to adhere to the denomination's document guiding clergy conduct, "Visions and Expectations". At the time "Visions and Expectations" required that candidates for and persons on the clergy roster remain celibate outside of legal marriage and monogamous within marriage.

In 2014, Rohrer was installed as pastor of Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church in San Francisco.

In 2017, Rohrer was hired by the San Francisco Police Department as their first chaplain from the LGBTQ community.

On May 8, 2021, Rohrer was elected bishop of the Sierra Pacific Synod, becoming the first openly trans person to serve as bishop of a major US Christian denomination. On September 11, 2021, Rohrer was installed as bishop.

On December 11, 2021, the Sierra Pacific Synod terminated the employment of Nelson Rabell-González, who presided over Misión Latina Luterana in Stockton, California, and defunded the congregation. The congregation was uninformed about the decision and Rohrer, who attended the service there the next day, declined to provide an explanation. Members of the congregation protested the decision and left the building with a statue of the Virgin of Guadalupe to worship elsewhere. Rohrer also allegedly threatened to call the police on a father and child who remained in the sacristy. Later that month, the Extraordinary Lutheran Ministries suspended Rohrer from their membership for alleged "racist words and actions". In February 2022, the synod announced that Rabell-González was removed for "continual communications of verbal harassment and retaliatory actions from more than a dozen victims," which Rabell-González has denied. On May 27, 2022, Presiding Bishop Elizabeth Eaton called for Rohrer's resignation, but initially declined to pursue disciplinary actions.

In 2022, Rohrer was appointed to the Local Homeless Coordinating Board, which advises the San Francisco Department of Homelessness and Supportive Housing.

On June 3, 2022, the governing body of the Sierra Pacific Synod considered a resolution asking for Rohrer's resignation but, if Rohrer refused, for them to be dismissed through formal adjudication. Out of the 324 legal votes cast, 183 voted for the resolution and 138 voted against. Since passage of this resolution required a two-thirds majority the resolution was defeated. On June 4, following an announcement by Eaton that she would be "initiating the discipline process immediately including suspension of Bishop Rohrer, based on additional information that has come to light", Rohrer resigned as bishop.

On March 1, 2023, Rohrer filed a lawsuit against the ELCA and Sierra Pacific Synod, seeking monetary damages for gender discrimination, openly hostile work environment and workplace harassment.

On June 23, 2023, Rohrer was removed from the ELCA roster of Word and Sacrament by Interim Bishop Claire S. Burkat as a result of the denial of Rohrer's petition for On Leave from Call status.

## Activism

Rohrer has helped the homeless in San Francisco, serving as Executive Director of the Welcome ministry to the homeless and hungry, leading the Singers of the Street choir, distributing sandwiches, and participating in a night ministry with other local pastors. Rohrer has also helped to grow and distribute thousands of pounds of free food from community gardens.

In 2015, Rohrer started a fundraiser to raise bail for Meagan Taylor, a black trans woman who was held in isolation in an Iowa jail.

In the wake of the 2016 Oakland warehouse fire, in which at least three transgender people were killed, Rohrer was called upon by the city of Oakland to provide support and assistance to the community.

Rohrer has advocated for trans people who would be negatively impacted by proposed "bathroom bills" that seek to restrict restroom usage based on sex assigned at birth.

In 2021, Rohrer shared their experiences of being a pastor during the COVID-19 pandemic, and advocated for LGBTQ community members to get vaccinated.

## Awards, honors, and recognition

## Selected publications

Through Grace Lutheran Church and Wilgefortis Press, Rohrer has written a number of books for children in the Good News Children's Book Series.

Children titles authored by Rohrer:

* Rohrer, Megan (2016). *The Radical Jesus Story*. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. ISBN 9781365182563.
* Rohrer, Megan (2016). *Mr Grumpy Christian*. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. ISBN 9781329946873.
* Rohrer, Megan (2016). *Is it a Boy, Girl or Both*. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781329925601.
* Rohrer, Megan (2016). *The Children's Crumbs*. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. ISBN 9781329922198.
* Rohrer, Megan (2016). *The Parable of the Succulent*. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. ISBN 9781329913790.
* Rohrer, Megan (2016). *The Fabulous Creation Story*. LULU Press. ISBN 9781365201462.
* Rohrer, Megan (2016). *Too Sick For Church*. ISBN 9781365188725.
* Rohrer, Megan (2016). *Jesus' Family*. ISBN 9781329956681.

Children titles authored and illustrated by Rohrer:

Children titles authored by Rohrer with diverse illustrators:

Adult titles authored and illustrated by Rohrer:

* Rohrer, Megan (2016). *Faith, Hope and Love Adult Coloring Book*. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781329952072.
* Rohrer, Megan (2016). *Love: Faithful Adult Coloring Book*. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781365110856.

Adult titles authored by Rohrer:

Adult titles co-authored by Rohrer:

Adult titles edited by Rohrer:

* Rohrer, Megan (2014). *Holy Night: Prayers and Meditations for People of the Night: Friends of the San Francisco Night Ministry*. ISBN 9781312256903.

Adult titles co-edited by Rohrer:

* Rohrer, Megan; Keig, Zander (2014). *Manifest: Letters For My Brothers: Transitional Wisdom in Retrospect*. ISBN 9781312461147.
* Rohrer, Megan; Tisdale, Daniel (2014). *Bible Stories: Reimagining Between the Lines*. ISBN 9781312379374.
* Rohrer, Megan; Keig, Zander (2016). *Manifest: Transitional Wisdom on Male Privilege*. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781365276828.

## InfoBox

| Dr.
Megan Rohrer | |
| --- | --- |
| Fifth bishop of the Sierra Pacific Synod | |
| Rohrer in 2017 | |
| Church | Evangelical Lutheran Church in America |
| Elected | 2021 |
| Term ended | 2022 |
| Predecessor | Mark W. Holmerud |
| Successor | Interim Claire S. Burkat |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 2006 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1980-04-03) April 3, 1980
Sioux Falls, South Dakota, US |
| Denomination | Lutheran |
| Spouse | Laurel Rohrer |
| Occupation | * former Lutheran bishop * activist |
| Alma mater |  |


title: Veronika Galušková

abstract: Veronika Galušková is a Czech handballer who plays for DHC Slavia Prague and the Czech Republic national team.

text:
# Veronika Galušková

**Veronika Galušková** (born 30 July 1998) is a Czech handballer who plays for DHC Slavia Prague and the Czech Republic national team.

## InfoBox

| Veronika Galušková | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1998-07-30) 30 July 1998<br>Plzeň, Czech Republic | | |
| Nationality | Czech | | |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Playing position | Right back | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | DHC Slavia Prague | | |
| Number | 66 | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2016– | DHK Baník Most | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Czech Republic | 14 | (13) |


title: Meridiana, Texas

abstract: Meridiana is a master-planned community in Brazoria County, Texas. It is partially located in Iowa Colony, and some future sections will be located in Manvel. Rise Communities LLC is the developer of the community. The community is scheduled to have 5,500 houses on 2,700 acres (1,100 ha) of land.

text:
# Meridiana, Texas

**Meridiana** is a master-planned community in Brazoria County, Texas. It is partially located in Iowa Colony, and some future sections will be located in Manvel.

Rise Communities LLC is the developer of the community. The community is scheduled to have 5,500 houses on 2,700 acres (1,100 ha) of land.

## History

Its groundbreaking was scheduled for April 10, 2015. Its grand opening was scheduled for March 25 and 26, 2017.

## Composition

It is in proximity to the intersection of Texas State Highway 288 and Texas State Highway 6, with the community located south of Highway 6. It is south of Pearland, and the distance from Downtown Houston is about 24 miles (39 km).

Sections of Meridiana Phase 1 are in Iowa Colony, and future phases are also scheduled to be within the city of Manvel.

The 60 feet (18 m) Meridiana Tower is the tallest structure in the community.

## Education

The Alvin Independent School District operates public schools serving Meridiana. Schools with Meridiana in their attendance boundaries include Meridiana Elementary School in Iowa Colony, Jackie Doucet Caffey Junior High School in Manvel, and Iowa Colony High School in Iowa Colony. Previously the secondary schools serving Meridiana were E.C Mason Elementary School, Manvel Junior High School, and Manvel High School, all in Manvel.

Meridiana Elementary was built to serve Meridiana. Rise Communities partnered with the school district to facilitate the school's development. The construction began in June 2015. Its building has two stories. Meridiana Elementary was scheduled to open in 2016.

## Parks and recreation

There is a recreation center, adjacent to Meridiana Elementary, that includes a conservatory, an outdoor play area and fishing area, a cafe, an amphitheater, swimming facilities, and a fitness center.


title: Mark Whittaker

abstract: Mark Cornelius Whittaker is an Australian journalist, non-fiction writer and writing coach. He lives in Berry, New South Wales.

text:
# Mark Whittaker

**Mark Cornelius Whittaker** (born 29 July 1965) is an Australian journalist, non-fiction writer and writing coach. He lives in Berry, New South Wales.

## Early life

Whittaker was born in Sydney, New South Wales, the son of horse racing journalist Bill Whittaker, and attended Newington College (1978–1983).

## Career

In 1985 Whittaker commenced as a copy boy with News Limited and became a staff writer on *The Weekend Australian Magazine* in 1993. Seven years later he left the *Magazine* to travel around Australia and write. In 2005, his book *Sins of the Brother* was made into a television mini-series, *Catching Milat*.

He regularly writes for the *Good Weekend* magazine and *The Australian* newspaper.

In 2016, SBS Australia ran a 5-part podcast series called *Out of Sight: The Untold Story of Adelaide’s Gay Hate Murders* which was written and narrated by Whittaker. The series highlighted gay-hate crimes, including the murder of George Duncan, The Family Murders, and the deaths of David "John" Saint (d. April 1991), Robert Woodland (d. 2004), and Andrew Negre (d. April 2011). The series also connected to SBS's *Deep Water* (TV series) and its related documentary about other unsolved gay hate crimes in Sydney. In 2019, he investigated the death of Jimmy O'Connell to write and narrate a podcast about the murder, *Blood Territory*, for Audible.

## Awards

* 2002 – With wife and co-author, Amy Willesee, won the Asia-Pacific Travel Writing Award for their book on the Kathmandu royals murders
* 2005 – Walkley Award for Magazine Feature Writing for *The Weekend Australian* article "Ordinary Heroes" about the people who attempted to rescue Sophie Delezio and Molly Wood from a burning childcare centre
* 2006 – News Ltd's News Award for Features Journalist of the Year
* 2012 – Kennedy Award for Newspaper Feature Writing for a story about false allegations of sexual assault made against rugby league player Brett Stewart

## Books

* *Granny Killer: The story of John Glover*, Mark Whittaker and Les Kennedy (Sydney, Collins/Angus & Robertson 1992) ISBN 0-207-17766-X
* *Sins of the Brother: The definitive story of Ivan Milat and the Backpacker Murders*, Mark Whittaker and Les Kennedy (Sydney, Macmillan 1998) ISBN 0-7329-0968-6
* *The Road to Mount Buggery: A journey through the curiously named places of Australia*, Mark Whittaker and Amy Willesee (Sydney, Pan Macmillan 2001) ISBN 0-7329-1111-7
* *Walking to Victory*, Adam Gilchrist with Mark Whittaker (Sydney, Macmillan 2003 ISBN 0-7329-1138-9
* *Love & Death in Kathmandu: A strange tale of royal murder*, Mark Whittaker and Amy Willesee (Sydney, Macmillan 2003) ISBN 0-7329-1177-X
* *Ten Years*, Roseanne Catt with Mark Whittaker and Amy Willesee (Sydney, Pan Macmillan Australia 2005) ISBN 0-7329-1190-7
* *Bomber: From Vietnam to hell and back*, Mark Whittaker and Tony Bower-Miles (Sydney, Pan Macmillan Australia 2009) ISBN 978-1-4050-3935-2
* *Brave: Ordinary Australians and their extraordinary acts of courage*, Mark Whittaker (Sydney, Pan Macmillan Australia 2011) ISBN 978-1-4050-3987-1
* *Village Vets*, Anthony Bennett & James Carroll with Mark Whittaker (Sydney, ABC Books 2015) ISBN 9780733335839

## InfoBox

| Mark Whittaker | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mark Cornelius Whittaker
(1965-07-29) 29 July 1965
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Education | Newington College |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, non-fiction writer, writing coach |
| Spouse | Amy Willesee |
| Children | 4 |
| Parent | Bill Whittaker (father) |
| Website | www.markwhittakerwritingcoach.com |


title: Mechanical room

abstract: A mechanical room, boiler room or plant room is a technical room or space in a building dedicated to the mechanical equipment and its associated electrical equipment, as opposed to rooms intended for human occupancy or storage. Unless a building is served by a centralized heating plant, the size of the mechanical room is usually proportional to the size of the building. A small building or home may have at most a utility room but in larger buildings, mechanical rooms can be of considerable size, often requiring multiple rooms throughout the building, or even occupying one or more complete floors. Technical rooms in residential houses typically house technical equipment such as air handling units, central heating, electric panels or water heaters, or gives easy access to utilities such as a building's internal stop-tap for water supply, inspection holes for greywater or sewage lines.

text:
# Mechanical room

A **mechanical room**, **boiler room** or **plant room** is a technical room or space in a building dedicated to the mechanical equipment and its associated electrical equipment, as opposed to rooms intended for human occupancy or storage. Unless a building is served by a centralized heating plant, the size of the mechanical room is usually proportional to the size of the building. A small building or home may have at most a utility room but in larger buildings, mechanical rooms can be of considerable size, often requiring multiple rooms throughout the building, or even occupying one or more complete floors (see: mechanical floor).

Technical rooms in residential houses typically house technical equipment such as air handling units, central heating, electric panels or water heaters, or gives easy access to utilities such as a building's internal stop-tap for water supply, inspection holes for greywater or sewage lines.

## Equipment

Mechanical rooms typically house the following equipment:

Equipment in mechanical rooms is often operated and maintained by a stationary engineer or a maintenance technician. Modern buildings use building automation systems to manage HVAC cycles, lighting, communications, and life safety equipment. Often, the control system hardware is located in the mechanical room and monitored or accessed remotely.

Rooms with only electrical or electronic equipment are not considered mechanical rooms but are instead called electrical rooms.


title: Loessl Sb.1 Münchener Eindecker

abstract: The Sb.1 Münchener Eindecker, Loessl Sb.1 Münchener Eindecker,, was a high-wing single-seat glider with an unusual method of pitch and roll control. It won prizes at the second Rhön competition held on the Wasserkuppe in 1921.

text:
# Loessl Sb.1 Münchener Eindecker

The **Sb.1 *Münchener Eindecker***, **Loessl Sb.1 *Münchener Eindecker***, (monoplane from Munich), was a high-wing single-seat glider with an unusual method of pitch and roll control. It won prizes at the second Rhön competition held on the Wasserkuppe in 1921.

## Design and development

The Sb.1 was designed by two engineering students from the *Technische Universität München* (Technical University of Munich), Ernst von Lößl/Loessl, (cousin of Eugen von Loessl killed at the Wasserkuppe on 9 August 1920) and Albert Finsterwalder. It was built by them with the assistance of the Munich branch of the Bayern Gliding Club during the winter of 1920–21. They were aware of the high-wing monoplane gliders that had been under development by Friedrich Harth, assisted by the teenage Willy Messerschmitt, since before 1915. By about 1920 Harth was convinced that long glider flights depended on energy capture from gusts (ridge and thermal lift was undiscovered) and the Harth-Messerschmitt designs were controlled in pitch by a variable angle of incidence wing and roll by wing warping. Its pilot had two levers, one for roll and the other for pitch. The tailplane was fixed. Lößl and Finsterwalder took these ideas a stage further by making the wings separately rotatable and controlled with a conventional column, which when moved sideways rotated the wings in opposite directions. The fixed tailplane was retained but the conventional fin and rudder of the Harth-Messerschmitt was entirely removed; instead, yaw was controlled by the opening above and below the wing of little wing tip trailing edge double split flap airbrakes. This last feature did not work well so the brakes were replaced by a conventional, rectangular rudder; this was further modified later by adding a triangular tip, forming a balanced rudder. At the same time a fixed fin was added.

The Sb.1 had an open frame fuselage. A beam less than about 1,900 mm (75 in) long served as a landing skid and supported the controls and the pilot's seat in front of a square cross-section fairing which converged in boat-tail fashion in plan and elevation to a point only a short distance aft of the skid. From the beam a pair of struts converged above the wing, the rear one almost vertical. Two pairs of steel tube struts, attached to the top and bottom of the rear upright, spread out into Vs to support the rectangular plan tailplane. The rest of the structure was wire-braced.

The glider had a wire-braced, wooden, two part, three spar wing with the first spar forming the leading edge and the second the axis of rotation. The wings had constant chord out to angled tips and a thick (16.7%) section. Like the tail surfaces, they were fabric covered. Each leading edge was linked by a short forward extension of the control column by a vertical, outward leaning pushrod providing rotations of up to ±10°.

## Operational history

The second Rhön competition, held in 1921, attracted 46 entries, many more than in the previous year. About half arrived at the Wasserkuppe and not all of these flew. Prizes were awarded for total time in the air (same pilot, duration more than 15 seconds), minimum loss of height in a flight lasting more than 60 seconds) and greatest distance flown. A grand prize for the greatest flight duration lasting more than 5 minutes with a specified maximum altitude loss was not awarded.

Flown by Karl Koller, the Munich aircraft was very successful and was awarded first prize in the height loss and distance flown categories. Koller's greatest distance in one flight was 4.08 km (2.54 mi). He was runner-up to Willi Pelzner in the duration category; Pelzner flew 57 flights on his own hang glider and 5 on the North-Baverian Aviation Society biplane. Nonetheless, Koller's total time of 31.6 minutes was made in only 25 flights and his average duration (76 seconds) was more than double that of the winner. The Hannover Vampyr would have out-flown the others had it not been damaged after only a few flights, as its post-competition performance demonstrated.

At the next Rhön there were fifty-three entrants, ten of which had wings with adjustable incidence angles, including a Harth-Messerschmitt monoplane and the F.V.D. Doris. The winner of the valuable Great Rhön Sailing Prize, the Hannover Vampyr which flew for over three hours, was not one of the ten.

## Specifications (*Münchener Eindecker*)

*Data from* Historische Deutsche Flugzeug bis 1945

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** One
* **Length:** 4.66 m (15 ft 3 in)
* **Wingspan:** 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
* **Wing area:** 15.5 m2 (167 sq ft)
* **Aspect ratio:** 7.8
* **Empty weight:** 56 kg (123 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 131 kg (289 lb)
* **Wing loading:** 8.45 kg/m2 (1.73 lb/sq ft)

**Related lists**

## InfoBox

| Sb.1 *Münchener Eindecker* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Single-seat glider |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Bayern Aeroclub, Munich |
| Designer | Ernst von Loessl and Albert Finsterwalder |
| First flight | 1921 |


title: Gaius Matius

abstract: Gaius Matius was a citizen of ancient Rome notable as a friend of Julius Caesar and of Cicero, who described him in a letter to Trebatius (53BC) as "homo suavissimus doctissimusque". A member of the gens Matia, he belonged to the party of Caesar, and helped Cicero in his relationship with Caesar in 49 and 48 BC. After the murder of Caesar, Matius, a dedicated Caesarian, warned of potential for grave repercussions including possible rebellions in Gaul or revolts of Caesar's legions. When Octavian came to Rome, Matius became one of his close associates. Matius and Octavian managed the July 44 BC games honoring the recently assassinated dictator. An exchange of letters between Cicero and Matius later in 44 has been preserved. A Gaius Matius is recorded as a friend and assistant of Caesar Augustus, an eques who wrote three volumes on gastronomy, and was said by Pliny the Elder to have invented the clipping of shrubs in topiary. It is unclear however if this is the same person, or a later generation: Ronald Syme supposes the later Matius to be the son of the first. According to the Real Academia Española, the Spanish word for apple, manzana derives from Matiāna mala, "apples of Matius". which was mentioned by Pliny and others among fruits that had been recently introduced to Roman tables.

text:
# Gaius Matius

**Gaius Matius** (fl. 1st century BC) (*PW* 1) was a citizen of ancient Rome notable as a friend of Julius Caesar and of Cicero, who described him in a letter to Trebatius (53BC) as "homo suavissimus doctissimusque" (transl.a very sweet and learned man). (Cic. Fam. 7,15,2)

A member of the *gens* Matia, he belonged to the party of Caesar, and helped Cicero in his relationship with Caesar in 49 and 48 BC. After the murder of Caesar, Matius, a dedicated Caesarian, warned of potential for grave repercussions including possible rebellions in Gaul or revolts of Caesar's legions. When Octavian came to Rome, Matius became one of his close associates. Matius and Octavian managed the July 44 BC games honoring the recently assassinated dictator. An exchange of letters between Cicero and Matius later in 44 has been preserved (*Letters to Friends*, 11.27 f.).

A Gaius Matius (*PW* 2) is recorded as a friend and assistant of Caesar Augustus, an *eques* who wrote three volumes on gastronomy (Columella credits him with "mincemeat à la Matius" (*minutal Matianum*)), and was said by Pliny the Elder to have invented the clipping of shrubs in topiary. It is unclear however if this is the same person, or a later generation: Ronald Syme supposes the later Matius to be the son of the first.

According to the Real Academia Española, the Spanish word for apple, *manzana* (and thus the related Portuguese *maçã* and Galician *mazá*) derives from *Matiāna mala*, "apples of Matius". which was mentioned by Pliny and others among fruits that had been recently introduced to Roman tables.


title: Ælfhun (bishop of London)

abstract: Ælfhun was a medieval Bishop of London. Ælfhun was consecrated between 1002 and 1004. He died between 1015 and 1018.

text:
# Ælfhun (bishop of London)

**Ælfhun** was a medieval Bishop of London.

Ælfhun was consecrated between 1002 and 1004. He died between 1015 and 1018.

## Citations

* Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). *Handbook of British Chronology* (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.

## InfoBox

| Ælfhun | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of London | |
| Appointed | between 1002 and 1004 |
| Term ended | between 1015 and 1018 |
| Predecessor | Wulfstan II |
| Successor | Ælfwig |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | between 1002 and 1004 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | between 1015 and 1018 |


title: Mtego wa Noti

abstract: Mtego wa Noti is an administrative ward in Uvinza District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 293 km⁲ (113 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 1,061 m (3,481 ft). In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 16,850 people in the ward, from 15,308 in 2012.

text:
# Mtego wa Noti

**Mtego wa Noti** is an administrative ward in Uvinza District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 293 km2 (113 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 1,061 m (3,481 ft). In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 16,850 people in the ward, from 15,308 in 2012.

## InfoBox

| Mtego wa Noti *Kata ya Mtego wa Noti* (Swahili) | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| Kata ya Mtego wa Noti, Wilaya ya Uvinza | |
| Landscape in Mtego wa Noti Ward, Uvinza District | |
| Mtego wa NotiLocation of Mtego wa Noti | |
| Coordinates: 5°1′12.72″S 31°2′15.36″E / 5.0202000°S 31.0376000°E / -5.0202000; 31.0376000 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Kigoma Region |
| District | Uvinza District |
| Area | |
| Total | 293 km2 (113 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,061 m (3,481 ft) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 16,850 |
| Density | 58/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Tanzanian Postal Code | 47613 |


title: Metepeira palustris

abstract: Metepeira palustris is a species of orb weaver in the spider family Araneidae. It is found in the United States and Canada.

text:
# Metepeira palustris

***Metepeira palustris*** is a species of orb weaver in the spider family Araneidae. It is found in the United States and Canada.

## InfoBox

| *Metepeira palustris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Araneidae |
| Genus: | *Metepeira* |
| Species: | ***M. palustris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metepeira palustris***<br>Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 | |
|


title: Mechanical properties of biomaterials

abstract: Materials that are used for biomedical or clinical applications are known as biomaterials. The following article deals with fifth generation biomaterials that are used for bone structure replacement. For any material to be classified for biomedical applications, three requirements must be met. The first requirement is that the material must be biocompatible; it means that the organism should not treat it as a foreign object. Secondly, the material should be biodegradable; the material should harmlessly degrade or dissolve in the body of the organism to allow it to resume natural functioning. Thirdly, the material should be mechanically sound; for the replacement of load-bearing structures, the material should possess equivalent or greater mechanical stability to ensure high reliability of the graft.

text:
# Mechanical properties of biomaterials

Materials that are used for biomedical or clinical applications are known as biomaterials. The following article deals with fifth generation biomaterials that are used for bone structure replacement. For any material to be classified for biomedical applications, three requirements must be met. The first requirement is that the material must be biocompatible; it means that the organism should not treat it as a foreign object. Secondly, the material should be biodegradable (for in-graft only); the material should harmlessly degrade or dissolve in the body of the organism to allow it to resume natural functioning. Thirdly, the material should be mechanically sound; for the replacement of load-bearing structures, the material should possess equivalent or greater mechanical stability to ensure high reliability of the graft.

## Introduction

The biomaterial term is used for materials that can be used in biomedical and clinical applications. They are bioactive and biocompatible in nature. Currently, many types of metals and alloys (stainless steel, titanium, nickel, magnesium, Co–Cr alloys, Ti alloys), ceramics (zirconia, bioglass, alumina, hydroxyapatite) and polymers (acrylic, nylon, silicone, polyurethane, polycaprolactone, polyanhydrides) are used for load bearing applications. This includes dental replacements and bone joining or replacements for medical and clinical application. Therefore, their mechanical properties are very important. Mechanical properties of some biomaterials and bone are summarized in Table 1. Among them, hydroxyapatite is most widely studied bioactive and biocompatible material. However, it has lower Young's modulus and fracture toughness with a brittle nature. Hence, it is required to produce a biomaterial with good mechanical properties.

## Elastic modulus

Elastic modulus is simply defined as the ratio of stress to strain within the proportional limit. Physically, it represents the stiffness of a material within the elastic range when tensile or compressive loads are applied. It is clinically important because it indicates the selected biomaterial has similar deformable properties with the material it is going to replace. These force-bearing materials require high elastic modulus with low deflection. As the elastic modulus of material increases, fracture resistance decreases. It is desirable that the biomaterial elastic modulus is similar to that of bone. This is because if it is more than bone's elastic modulus then the load is borne by the material only; while the load is borne by bone only if it is less than bone material. The elastic modulus of a material is generally calculated by the bending test, because deflection can be easily measured in this case as compared to very small elongation in compressive or tensile load. However, biomaterials (for bone replacement) are usually porous and the sizes of the samples are small. Therefore, the nanoindentation test is used to determine the elastic modulus of these materials. This method has high precision and is convenient for micro-scale samples. Another method of elastic modulus measurement is the non-destructive method. It is also a clinically very good method because of its simplicity and repeatability since materials are not destroyed.

## Hardness

Hardness is a measure of plastic deformation and is defined as the force per unit area of indentation or penetration. Hardness is one of the most important parameters for comparing properties of materials. It is used for finding the suitability of the clinical use of biomaterials. Biomaterial hardness is desirable as equal to bone hardness. If higher than the biomaterial, then it penetrates in the bone. Higher hardness results in less abrasion. As said above, biomaterials sample are very small, therefore micro- and nano-scale hardness tests (Diamond Knoop and Vickers indenters) are used.

## Fracture strength

The strength of a material is defined as the maximum stress that can be endured before fracture occurs. Strength of biomaterials (bioceramics) is an important mechanical property because they are brittle. In brittle materials like bioceramics, cracks easily propagate when the material is subject to tensile loading, unlike compressive loading. A number of methods are available for determining the tensile strength of materials, such as the bending flexural test, the biaxial flexural strength test and the weibull approach. In bioceramics, flaws influence the reliability and strength of the material during implantation and fabrication. There are a number of ways that flaws can be produced in bioceramics such as thermal sintering and heating. It is important for bioceramics to have high reliability, rather than high strength.

The strength of brittle materials depends on the size of flaws distributed throughout the material. According to Griffith's theory of fracture in tension, the largest flaw or crack will contribute the most to the failure of a material. Strength also depends on the volume of a specimen since flaw size is limited to the size of the specimen's cross section. Therefore, the smaller the specimen (e.g., fibers), the higher the fracture strength. Porosity of implanted bioceramic has a tremendous influence on the physical properties. Pores are usually formed during processing of materials. Increasing the porosity and pore size means increasing the relative void volume and decreasing density; this leads to a reduction in mechanical properties and lowers the overall strength of bioceramic.

To use ceramics as self-standing implants that are able to withstand tensile stresses is a primary engineering design objective. Four general approaches have been used to achieve this objective: 1) use of the bioactive ceramic as a coating on a metal or ceramic substrate 2)strengthening of the ceramic, such as via crystallization of glass 3) use of fracture mechanics as a design approach and 4) reinforcing of the ceramic with a second phase.

For example, hydroxyapatite and other calcium phosphates bioceramics are important for hard tissue repair because of their similarity to the minerals in natural bone, and their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, but they have poor fatigue resistance and strength. Hence, bioinert ceramic oxides with high strength are used to enhance the densification and the mechanical properties of them.

## Fracture toughness

Fracture toughness is required to alter the crack propagation in ceramics. It is helpful to evaluate the serviceability, performance and long term clinical success of biomaterials. It is reported that the high fracture toughness material improved clinical performance and reliability as compare to low fracture toughness. It can be measured by many methods e.g. indentation fracture, indentation strength, single edge notched beam, single edge pre cracked beam and double cantilever beam.

## Fatigue

Fatigue is defined as failure of a material due to repeated/cyclic loading or unloading (tensile or compressive stresses). It is also an important parameter for biomaterial because cyclic load is applied during their serving life. In this cyclic loading condition, micro crack/flaws may be generated at the interface of the matrix and the filler. This micro crack can initiate permanent plastic deformation which results in large crack propagation or failure. During the cyclic load several factor also contribute to microcrack generation such as frictional sliding of the mating surface, progressive wear, residual stresses at grain boundaries, stress due to shear.

Table 1: Summary of mechanical properties of cortical bone and biomaterial

| Material | Tensile strength (*MPa*) | Compressive strength (*MPa*) | Elastic modulus (*GPa*) | Fracture toughness (*MPa. m**−1/2*) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bioglass | 42 | 500 | 35 | 2 |
| Cortical Bone | 50–151 | 100–230 | 7–30 | 2–12 |
| Titanium | 345 | 250–600 | 102.7 | 58-66 |
| Stainless steel | 465–950 | 1000 | 200 | 55–95 |
| Ti-Alloys | 596–1100 | 450–1850 | 55–114 | 40–92 |
| Alumina | 270–500 | 3000–5000 | 380–410 | 5–6 |
| Hydroxyapatites | 40–300 | 500–1000 | 80–120 | 0.6–1 |

Fatigue fracture and wear have been identified as some of the major problems associated with implant loosening, stress-shielding and ultimate implant failure. Although wear is commonly reported in orthopaedic applications such as knee and hip joint prostheses, it is also a serious and often fatal experience in mechanical heart valves. The selection of biomaterials for wear resistance unfortunately cannot rely only on conventional thinking of using hard ceramics, because of their low coefficient of friction and high modulus of elasticity. This is because ceramics are generally prone to brittle fracture (having a fracture toughness typically less than 1 MPa√m) and need absolute quality control to avoid fatigue fracture for medical device applications. The development of fatigue fracture and wear resistant biomaterials looks into the biocomposites of two or more different phases such as in interpenetrating network composites. The advantage of these composites is that one can incorporate controlled drug release chemicals, friction modifiers, different morphologies to enable better host–implant performance and chemical entities to reduce or aid removal of wear debris. Of equal importance are the tools developed to predict fatigue fracture/wear using new methodologies involving in vitro tests, computational modelling to obtain design stresses and fracture/wear maps to identify mechanisms.

## Viscoelasticity

Viscoelasticity, a material property characterized by the extrusion of dual solid and liquid-like behaviors, is typically found in an array of polymer-based biomaterials, including those used in biomedical devices as well as in clinical settings. From polymer-based surface coatings on drug-eluting stents to entangled tissue networks that have load-bearing capabilities and hydrogels that possess complex crosslinks, all of these examples display viscoelastic behavior. Often times, flow plasticity theory and linear elasticity are utilized to describe the rheological behavior of metals and other hard materials, yet they are not commonly used to elaborate on the material behavior of biomaterials. Viscoelasticity is often described in terms of its time-dependent material properties associated with its characteristic stress relaxation time. Additionally, the energy dissipation associated with the liquid-like portion of the response to an applied load can be funneled into the complex modulus, which is represented by two distinct categories: one real and one imaginary, for the viscoelastic response\[10\]. The viscoelastic response of a biomaterial can be modeled by linear mathematical models, and atypically a non-linear mathematical models that corresponds to the loading capabilities of the biomaterial in use.

### Viscoelasticity in polymeric biomaterials

There is a tendency for polymeric biomaterials to display the same characteristics as solid, rigid materials over a short time span, in addition to exhibiting exceptional flow behavior over longer periods of time. This translates to long-term analysis and studies focused towards ensuring the mechanical integrity of these biomaterials to prevent potential deformation and mechanical failure once employed in a clinical setting. The viscoelastic behavior is typically dependent on factors such as the crosslink density, the average molecular weight, the degree of crystallinity, and the degree of entanglement as well as the general chemistry of the biomaterial. There are modeling programs employed to probe the material behavior over an array of temperatures and applied frequencies, as well as to decrease the potential for complexity in synthesizing polymers at the industrial level and for commercial use. The programs themselves often focus on decreasing the rate of mechanical and environmental degradation by focusing on probing the rate sensitivity as well as creep response\[11\]. For example, in polymeric grafts that act as replacements for tissues, the viscoelastic response is necessary to be mimicked to ensure ample biocompatibility and structural stability over the life-span of the material.

### Viscoelasticity in tissue

Tissues themselves are, at their fundamental level, an amalgamation of entangled and crosslinked polymer networks that are composed of collagen, other organic compounds found in the human body, and long polymer chain structures. The degree at which entanglement occurs, crosslinking behavior between other compounds, and the interpenetration ability of excess polymer networks determines the outstanding character of a tissue network. Everything from macroscopic structural to atomistic-level arrangements in a tissue, such as the crimping behavior seen in tendons, can give way to nonlinear elastic behavior which can be highly expressed due to the intermolecular arrangements within the material. Since tissues are hydrolyzed to maintain biological function, this often affects their mechanical performance as it often results in the liquid component affecting the deformation response of the material. Additionally, the degree of crosslinking present in an individual crosslinked collagen network can be prone to the biological environment of said crosslinked network\[12\]. With that in mind, the time-dependent mechanical properties of tissues can be incredibly interdependent on molecular interactions and the chemical environment in which a specific tissue is native to. In comparison to other tissue, articular cartilage itself begins to enlarge when subjected to unloading and this puts the microstructure of the material into a state of tension. Articular cartilage, a native biomaterial, typically supplies a soft base for tail end of narrow bones located in synovial joints while providing lubrication capabilities that allow joints to interact without excess friction. The cartilage itself is composed of collagen fiber within an entangled gel-like structure. This tissue structure behaves similar to a viscoelastic solid in the sense that the response to strain under an excess load is dependent on the rate of the load. Furthermore, when a mechanical load is applied to the tissue, the fluid is forced out of the porous membranes of the biomaterial which exacerbates permanent deformation, while simultaneously stifling viscous flow and decreasing energy in the material overall. Overall, the viscoelastic characteristics and the viscous attributes in the liquid phase play a role in the dynamic behavior of tissue, and tissue-based materials.

## Further reading

* Ward, I.M. (1983). *The Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers*. New York: Wiley.
* Sychterz, C.J., Yang, A., and Engh, C.A. (1999). "Analysis of temporal wear patterns of porous-coated acetabular components: Distinguishing between true wear and so-called bedding-in". *Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American)*, 81A(6), 821–30.
* Saito, M., and Marumo, Y. (2010). "Collagen cross-links as a determinant of bone quality: a possible explanation for bone fragility in aging, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus". *Osteoporosis International* 21(2), 195–214.
* Ichim, Q. Li, W. Li, M.V. Swain, J. Kieser (2007). "Modelling of fracture behaviour in biomaterials". *Biomaterials* 28(7). 1317–1326.
* S.H Teoh (2000). "Fatigue of biomaterials: a review". *International Journal of Fatigue* 22(10). 825–837.
* Bhatia, S. K. (2010). *Biomaterials for clinical applications*. Springer.
* Hench, L. L. (1993). *An introduction to bioceramics* (Vol. 1). World Scientific.


title: Maroochydore Multi Sports Complex

abstract: Maroochydore Multi Sports Complex is a multi-purpose community sports facility located in Maroochydore, Sunshine Coast, Queensland.

text:
# Maroochydore Multi Sports Complex

**Maroochydore Multi Sports Complex** is a multi-purpose community sports facility located in Maroochydore, Sunshine Coast, Queensland.

## Overview

Maroochydore Multi Sports Complex has three floodlit ovals for Australian rules football, three soccer pitches and more than 20 floodlit outdoor netball courts. The complex regularly hosts community events for these sports, and has also hosted a pre-season Australian Football League (AFL) match in 2012. The Brisbane Lions women's team played several of their home matches throughout 2022 season 6 at the complex, prior to moving to their permanent ground in Springfield in 2023. Maroochydore Football Club plays home matches in various AFL Queensland sanctioned leagues at the facility.

In 2020 the venue underwent a $2.7 million upgrade that included construction of a new multi-sport field with hybrid turf, as well as improved lighting, interchange boxes for players, coaches boxes and additional earth mounds for spectators. Consequently the complex was a training hub for at least five AFL clubs in the COVID-19affected 2020 and 2021 seasons.

The venue was selected to host the 2020 Australian Football International Cup event prior to its cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## InfoBox

Maroochydore Multi Sports Complex
| The main playing field, in use for an AFL Women's game between Brisbane and Collingwood. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Maroochydore, Queensland |
| Coordinates | 26°38′40″S 153°03′30″E / 26.644553°S 153.058249°E / -26.644553; 153.058249 |
| Capacity | 5,000 |
| Surface | Grass |
| Tenants | |
| Brisbane Lions (AFLW) (2022 (S6))
AFL Queensland
Maroochydore Football Club
Sunshine Coast Masters Australian Football Queensland
Sunshine Coast AFL Umpires
Buderim United Churches Soccer
Sunshine Coast Netball Association | |


title: Øivind S. Jorfald

abstract: Øivind Sigvart Jorfald is a Norwegian cartoonist, visual artist, illustrator and animator, based in Asker. Øivind S. Jorfald mainly works in hand coloured engravings, lithography and drawings/watercolor paintings. His pictures are mostly small and of a humorous nature. The sea and women are repeating motifs in his pictures. He has also illustrated a number of books, mostly children's books. Øivind Jorfald has also made a number of animated films, including Steinen, for which he won an Amanda Award in 1990. In 1981, he released the book Bygging av flaskeskuter.

text:
# Øivind S. Jorfald

**Øivind Sigvart Jorfald** (born 8 September 1950) is a Norwegian cartoonist, visual artist, illustrator and animator, based in Asker.

Øivind S. Jorfald mainly works in hand coloured engravings, lithography and drawings/watercolor paintings. His pictures are mostly small and of a humorous nature. The sea and women are repeating motifs in his pictures. He has also illustrated a number of books, mostly children's books. Øivind Jorfald has also made a number of animated films, including *Steinen*, for which he won an Amanda Award in 1990. In 1981, he released the book *Bygging av flaskeskuter*.


title: Verticordia roei

abstract: Verticordia roei, commonly known as Roe's featherflower is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with narrow leaves and is often covered with masses of creamy-white coloured flowers in late spring.

text:
# Verticordia roei

***Verticordia roei***, commonly known as **Roe's featherflower** is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with narrow leaves and is often covered with masses of creamy-white coloured flowers in late spring.

## Description

*Verticordia roei* is a shrub which grows to a height of 1 m (3 ft) with a single main stem at its base. The leaves on the stems are linear to narrow elliptic in shape, triangular in cross-section, 1.5–4 mm (0.06–0.2 in) long and have a rounded end.

The flowers are scented and arranged in corymb-like groups on erect stalks from 12–20 mm (0.5–0.8 in) long. The floral cup is a broadly hemispherical in shape, about 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long, ribbed and covered with short hairs. The sepals are creamy-white, sometimes pink, 6–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long, with 5 to 7 long-hairy or feathery lobes. The petals are a similar colour to the sepals, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, dished with small teeth around its edge. The style is 1–3 mm (0.04–0.1 in) long, with a few short hairs. Flowering time is from October to November.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Verticordia roei* was first formally described by Stephan Endlicher in 1838 and the description was published in *Stirpium Australasicarum Herbarii Hugeliani Decades Tres*. The type specimen was collected by John Septimus Roe. The specific epithet (*roei*) honours Roe, the first surveyor-general of Western Australia.

Alex George undertook a review of the genus *Verticordia* in 1991 and described two subspecies:

George placed this species in subgenus *Verticordia*, section *Catocalypta* along with *V. inclusa*, *V. apecta*, *V. insignis*, *V. habrantha*, *V. lehmannii* and *V. pritzelii*.

## Distribution and habitat

This verticordia usually occurs in sandy soil, often with clay or loam over laterite. Subspecies *roei* is widespread and locally common in areas between Merredin, Boorabbin, Wickepin, Hyden and Lake Grace in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions. Subspecies *meiogona* has a smaller distribution near Dalwallinu and Mukinbudin in the Avon Wheatbelt and Coolgardie bioregions.

## Conservation

Subspecies *meiogona* is classified as "Priority One" meaning that it is known from only one or a few locations which are potentially at risk. Subspecies *roei* is classified as "not threatened".

## Use in horticulture

Subspecies *roei* has proven to be difficult to propagate and maintain in cultivation but more success has been achieved with subspecies *meiogona*. The latter subspecies has been grown from cuttings and by grafting onto *Chamelaucium uncinatum* rootstock.

## InfoBox

| Roe's featherflower | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Verticordia roei* subsp. *roei* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Verticordia* |
| Subgenus: | *Verticordia* subg. *Verticordia* |
| Section: | *Verticordia* sect. *Catocalypta* |
| Species: | ***V. roei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Verticordia roei***<br>Endl. | |
|


title: Menconico

abstract: Menconico is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km south of Milan and about 45 km south of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 465 and an area of 28.2 km². Menconico borders the following municipalities: Bobbio, Romagnese, Santa Margherita di Staffora, Varzi, Zavattarello.

text:
# Menconico

**Menconico** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km south of Milan and about 45 km south of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 465 and an area of 28.2 km².

Menconico borders the following municipalities: Bobbio, Romagnese, Santa Margherita di Staffora, Varzi, Zavattarello.

## Demographic evolution

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
3. All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.

## InfoBox

| Menconico | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Menconico | |
| Location of Menconico | |
| MenconicoLocation of Menconico in ItalyMenconicoMenconico (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 44°48′N 9°17′E / 44.800°N 9.283°E / 44.800; 9.283 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Province of Pavia (PV) |
| Area | |
| Total | 28.2 km2 (10.9 sq mi) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 465 |
| Density | 16/km2 (43/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 27050 |
| Dialing code | 0383 |


title: Marlava

abstract: Marlava is a south Indian village in Peddapuram Mandal in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh.

text:
# Marlava

**Marlava** is a south Indian village in Peddapuram Mandal in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh.

## InfoBox

| Marlava | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| MarlavaLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaMarlavaMarlava (India) | |
| Coordinates: 17°09′23″N 82°07′19″E / 17.1562800°N 82.1219400°E / 17.1562800; 82.1219400 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | East Godavari |
| Talukas | Peddapuram Mandal |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


abstract: The mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes reveal them as one of the strongest materials in nature. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are long hollow cylinders of graphene. Although graphene sheets have 2D symmetry, carbon nanotubes by geometry have different properties in axial and radial directions. It has been shown that CNTs are very strong in the axial direction. Young's modulus on the order of 270–950 GPa and tensile strength of 11–63 GPa were obtained.

text:
# Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes

The **mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes** reveal them as one of the strongest materials in nature. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are long hollow cylinders of graphene. Although graphene sheets have 2D symmetry, carbon nanotubes by geometry have different properties in axial and radial directions. It has been shown that CNTs are very strong in the axial direction. Young's modulus on the order of 270–950 GPa and tensile strength of 11–63 GPa were obtained.

## Strength

Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. This strength results from the covalent sp2 bonds formed between the individual carbon atoms. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (9,100,000 psi). (For illustration, this translates into the ability to endure tension of a weight equivalent to 6,422 kilograms-force (62,980 N; 14,160 lbf) on a cable with cross-section of 1 square millimetre (0.0016 sq in). Further studies, such as one conducted in 2008, revealed that individual CNT shells have strengths of up to ≈100 gigapascals (15,000,000 psi), which is in agreement with quantum/atomistic models. Since carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3 to 1.4 g/cm3, its specific strength of up to 48,000 kN·m·kg−1 is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steel's 154 kN·m·kg−1.

Under excessive tensile strain, the tubes will undergo plastic deformation, which means the deformation is permanent. This deformation begins at strains of approximately 5% and can increase the maximum strain the tubes undergo before fracture by releasing strain energy.

Although the strength of individual CNT shells is extremely high, weak shear interactions between adjacent shells and tubes lead to significant reduction in the effective strength of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube bundles down to only a few GPa. This limitation has been recently addressed by applying high-energy electron irradiation, which crosslinks inner shells and tubes, and effectively increases the strength of these materials to ≈60 GPa for multi-walled carbon nanotubes and ≈17 GPa for double-walled carbon nanotube bundles.

CNTs are not nearly as strong under compression. Because of their hollow structure and high aspect ratio, they tend to undergo buckling when placed under compressive, torsional, or bending stress.

Comparison of mechanical properties
| Material | Young's modulus (TPa) | Tensile strength (GPa) | Elongation at break (%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNT)E | ≈1 (from 1 to 5) | 13–53 | 16 |
| Armchair SWNTT | 0.94 | 126.2 | 23.1 |
| Zigzag SWNTT | 0.94 | 94.5 | 15.6–17.5 |
| Chiral SWNT | 0.92 |  |  |
| MWNTE | 0.2–0.8–0.95 | 11–63–150 |  |
| Stainless steelE | 0.186–0.214 | 0.38–1.55 | 15–50 |
| Kevlar–29&149E | 0.06–0.18 | 3.6–3.8 | ≈2 |

EExperimental observation; TTheoretical prediction

### Radial elasticity

On the other hand, there was evidence that in the radial direction they are rather soft. The first transmission electron microscope observation of radial elasticity suggested that even the van der Waals forces can deform two adjacent nanotubes. Later, nanoindentations with atomic force microscope were performed by several groups to quantitatively measure radial elasticity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and tapping/contact mode atomic force microscopy was also performed on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Young's modulus of on the order of several GPa showed that CNTs are in fact very soft in the radial direction. A complete phase diagram giving the transition to the radially collapsed geometry as function of diameter, pressure and number of tube-walls has been produced from semiempirical grounds.

Radial direction elasticity of CNTs is important especially for carbon nanotube composites where the embedded tubes are subjected to large deformation in the transverse direction under the applied load on the composite structure.

One of the main problems in characterizing the radial elasticity of CNTs is the knowledge about the internal radius of the CNT; carbon nanotubes with identical outer diameter may have different internal diameter (or the number of walls). In 2008, a method using an atomic force microscope was introduced to determine the exact number of layers and hence the internal diameter of the CNT. In this way, mechanical characterization is more accurate.

## Hardness

Standards single-walled carbon nanotubes can withstand a pressure up to 25 GPa without \[plastic/permanent\] deformation. They then undergo a transformation to superhard phase nanotubes. Maximum pressures measured using current experimental techniques are around 55 GPa. However, these new superhard phase nanotubes collapse at an even higher, albeit unknown, pressure.

The bulk modulus of superhard phase nanotubes is 462 to 546 GPa, even higher than that of diamond (420 GPa for single diamond crystal).

## Wettability

The surface wettability of CNT is of importance for its applications in various settings. Although the intrinsic contact angle of graphite is around 90°, the contact angles of most as-synthesized CNT arrays are over 160°, exhibiting a superhydrophobic property. By applying a voltage as low as 1.3 V, the extreme water repellant surface can be switched to a superhydrophilic one.

## Kinetic properties

Multi-walled nanotubes are multiple concentric nanotubes precisely nested within one another. These exhibit a striking telescoping property whereby an inner nanotube core may slide, almost without friction, within its outer nanotube shell, thus creating an atomically perfect linear or rotational bearing. This is one of the first true examples of molecular nanotechnology, the precise positioning of atoms to create useful machines. Already, this property has been utilized to create the world's smallest rotational motor. Future applications such as a gigahertz mechanical oscillator are also envisioned.

## Defects

As with any material, the existence of a crystallographic defect affects the material properties. Defects can occur in the form of atomic vacancies. High levels of such defects can lower the tensile strength by up to 85%. An important example is the Stone–Wales defect, otherwise known as the 5-7-7-5 defect because it creates a pentagon and heptagon pair by rearrangement of the bonds. Because of the very small structure of CNTs, the tensile strength of the tube is dependent on its weakest segment in a similar manner to a chain, where the strength of the weakest link becomes the maximum strength of the chain.

## Plastic deformation

A typical 3D material undergoes plastic deformation, meaning that the deformation is permanent, by the movement of 1D dislocations through the material. During this process, these dislocations can interact with each other and multiply. Because CNTs are themselves 1D materials, the well-known generation and multiplication mechanisms (such as a Frank-Read source) for 1D dislocations do not apply.

Instead, CNTs undergo plastic deformation through the formation and movement of defects, primarily topological defects such as the Stone–Wales defect or 5-7-7-5 defect. The 5-7-7-5 defect can also be thought of as a pair of 5-7 defects, in which each defect is adjacent to one 5-membered and two 7-membered rings. This defect structure is metastable, so it takes an energy of several eV to nucleate, or form. In addition, the defect moves by the separate migration of the 5-7 defect pairs. This motion is also associated with an energy barrier. The exact energy depends on the configuration and chirality of the particular CNT. The activation energy for the formation of these defects in a CNT of diameter $D$ and chiral angle $\chi $ can be estimated as

$E=10.0-0.58/D-17.5\epsilon -27\epsilon \sin(2\chi +46^{\circ })$ eV,

where $\epsilon $ is the external strain. This activation energy barrier partially explains the low ductility of CNTs (~6–15%) at room temperature. However, it can be overcome at high temperatures or with the application of suitable strains. For example, the defect is nucleated at positions experiencing high tensile stress in armchair-type CNTs, and at positions experiencing high compressive stress in zigag-type CNTs.

Applied stresses can overcome the energy barrier needed to move 5-7 defect pairs. Another way of understanding this is that when strained, a CNT releases strain by forming these defects spontaneously. For example, in (5,5) tubes, a critical tensile strain of ~5% results in defect generation. The defect structure reduces strain because the heptagon geometry is able to stretch more than the original hexagonal rings, while the C-C bond remains about the same length. Bending the tubes beyond a critical curvature has the same effect. This behavior can be approximated by a simple, semi-quantitative analysis. Applying a stress $\sigma $ over a tube of length $L$ and diameter $L$ does work approximately equal to

$$b\int \_{0}^{L}\sigma (L)dL=\lambda b\rho D^{2}$$

on the tube, where $b$ is the Burgers vectors for the defect, $\rho $ is the bending curvature, and $\lambda $ relates the Young's modulus of the CNT to that of graphene. The energy increase resulting from the defect creation and the separation of the 5-7 pairs is approximately given by

$E(L)=2E\_{core}+A\lambda b^{2}g(D)$.

Here, $E\_{core}$ is the dislocation core energy and $g(D)$ gives the interaction energy between the defect pairs. Defect motion occurs when the work done by an applied stress overcomes it, such that the required bending curvature is inversely proportional to the diameter of the CNT:

$\rho \_{yield}\approx {\frac {2E\_{core}/\lambda b+Abg(D)}{D^{2}}}$.

Similarly, thermal vibrations can provide the energy required for defect nucleation and motion. In fact, a combination of stress and high temperature is required to induce observable plastic deformation in CNTs. This has been achieved in the literature via the application of a current, which causes resistive heating in the material. For CNTs subjected to temperatures above 1500 K, elongations up to 280% have been reported. This kind of behavior is called superplasticity. At these high temperatures, kinks may form and move by climb as well as glide. Climb of kinks is evidenced by the fact that they do not always move along the close-packed planes in CNTs, but rather along the length of a tube. When kinks do glide along close-packed planes in CNTs, they follow a helical path. It is proposed that elevated temperatures allow for the diffusion of vacancies, so that defects climb through a process similar to that observed in 3D crystalline materials.


title: Loka pri Zidanem Mostu

abstract: Loka pri Zidanem Mostu is a village on the left bank of the Sava River in the Municipality of Sevnica in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

text:
# Loka pri Zidanem Mostu

**Loka pri Zidanem Mostu** (pronounced \[ˈloːka pɾi ˈziːdanɛm ˈmoːstu\] ) is a village on the left bank of the Sava River in the Municipality of Sevnica in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from *Loka* to *Loka pri Zidanem Mostu* (literally, 'Loka near Zidani Most') in 1952. The toponym *Loka* is frequent in Slovenia and comes from the common noun *loka* 'flood-meadow', referring to the local geography.

## Church

The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Helena and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Celje. It was originally a 13th-century church that was restyled in the Baroque in 1740.

## Notable people

Notable people that were born or lived in Loka pri Zidanem Mostu include:

## Demographics

Population by age groups and sex, 2002
|  | 0–14 | 15–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 65–74 | 75+ | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male | 20 | 20 | 23 | 20 | 28 | 24 | 31 | 20 | 186 |
| Female | 19 | 16 | 23 | 25 | 22 | 29 | 48 | 104 | 286 |
| Total | 39 | 36 | 46 | 45 | 50 | 53 | 79 | 124 | 472 |

## InfoBox

| Loka pri Zidanem Mostu | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
|  | |
| Loka pri Zidanem MostuLocation of Loka pri Zidanem Mostu in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°3′20.44″N 15°12′29.98″E / 46.0556778°N 15.2083278°E / 46.0556778; 15.2083278 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Lower Sava |
| Municipality | Sevnica |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.64 km2 (0.63 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 210.3 m (690.0 ft) |
| Population (Census 2002) | |
| Total | 472 |
| Density | 290/km2 (750/sq mi) |
| Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, census of 2002. | |


title: Pietari Hannikainen

abstract: Pietari (Petter) Mikonpoika Hannikainen, surname changed to Hanén during his early years of studying until 1852, was a Finnish writer, journalist and surveyor, and a member of the Hannikainen family of writers and musicians.

text:
# Pietari Hannikainen

**Pietari (Petter) Mikonpoika Hannikainen**, surname changed to **Hanén** during his early years of studying until 1852, (August 24, 1813 Sääminki – September 27, 1899 Parikkala) was a Finnish writer, journalist and surveyor, and a member of the Hannikainen family of writers and musicians.

## Life

Hannikainen was born to parents Mikael Abrahamsson Hannikainen (b.1771), a farmowner and county judge from Sääminki Kiilanmäki, and to Katarina Löppönen (b.1785), his father’s second wife. The composer Pekka Juhani Hannikainen was Pietari Hannikainen’s nephew. He graduated in 1833 and continued studying at the University of Helsinki. During a time of Fennomania in Finland he was one of the first students to complete an examination of Finnish language. He became highly involved in the promotion of the Finnish language and in 1851 he also took back his original name of Hannikainen, which had been changed to Hanén when he started school. It was also in 1851 that he bought a farm in Parikkala where he lived until his death in 1899. He is buried in Parikkala.

Pietari Hannikainen was married to Katarina Margareta Krank (b. 1862) from 1854 to 1862. After the death of his first wife he married Emilia Savander (b. 1910) in 1864. His children from these two marriages were sons August Edvard Hannikainen (1854-1939) Hiittinen district Hitis representative, Peter Woldemar Hannikainen (1858-1928) general director of the Finnish Forest Administration Metsähallitus and State Councillor (Russia), Karl Onni Gerhard Hannikainen (1865-1930) author and rector of Kuopio Lyceum, Tauno Robert Alarik Hannikainen (1868-1953) Antrea district Kamenogorsk doctor and councillor of medicine, and daughters Armias Forsblom (1860-1946) she and her husband were tenant housekeepers of the Koitsanlahti Manor, Fanny Vilhelmiina Ilmoni (1854-1934) mother of Finnish painter Einar Ilmoni who was a student of Helene Schjerfbeck.

## Career

Hannikainen became a deputy surveyor in 1835 and received the title of surveyor in 1843. He worked as a deputy surveyor in Viipuri Province from 1849 as a permanent commission surveyor in 1857–1866, as a permanent commissioner 1866–1874 and as a senior commissioner 1874–1879. Parallel to his work as a surveyor Hannikainen became deeply involved in linguistic and literary aspects of Fennomania writing numerous plays and works in Finnish and working as a journalist and editor for the newspaper Kanawa. The newspaper was considered as the Finnish version of the Swedish language newspaper Saima which at the time was run by Johan Vilhelm Snellman. The Kanawa newspaper was published in Vyborg between 1845 and 1847. It dealt with religious and state (political) issues. Snellmann, who was a prominent Fennoman philosopher, often translated articles from Hannikainen’s Kanawa and printed them in Saima. Kanawa was closed down by the authorities in 1847. Hannikainen later contributed to several newspapers, such as Suometar Uusi Suomi, of which he was the editor-in-chief until 1848.

His play Silmänkääntäjä, ie Jussi Oluvisen matka Hölmölään (The Conjurer, ie Jussi Oluvisen’s travel to Foolsville), the very first publicly presented play in Finnish language, was first performed in Lappeenranta in 1846 and then in Kuopio in 1847. Hannikainen already wrote the play end of 1830, when he was working as a surveyor's assistant in Hölmölä village in Ruokolahti. In total, Hannikainen wrote nine plays, four of which were unpublished. Hannikainen also wrote poems and translated numerous works including plays by authors such as Ludvig Holberg, William Shakespeare and Miguel de Cervantes. The words he forged or introduced into the general Finnish language are modern, guardian, publicity, profitability, gaze, accounting, accountant, craftsman, business, sales, council, name (verb), act (verb), pre-school, people’s school, learning school (see Education in Finland), share (noun), dividend, purchase, print, protocol, heroism, commit, conjugate (words), financial, commission (noun), wholesaler, future, import, photograph, vice judge (varatuomari), society, community and vowel.

## Works

* Silmänkääntäjä, the first publicly performed play in Finnish (performed in 1847). E-book from Gutenberg .
* Antonius Putronius , play adaptation. E-book from Gutenberg .
* Liukas-kielinen, comedy in five acts. E-book from Gutenberg .
* Pietar Patelin, satire in three acts. E-book from Gutenberg .
* Selima, a fairy-tale comedy in five acts. E-book from Gutenberg .
* Serkukset, short story (1848)
* Karjala G.W. Wilén: Descriptions of Finnish Provinces 3 (1864)
* Savonmaa G.W. Wilén: Descriptions of Finnish Provinces 2 (1864)
* Talvikukkasia, collected works (1865).
* Pitäjään-kirjasto, opiksi ja huviksi Suomen pereille (1869)
* Lapsuuden ystävät, comedy (1873)
* Neitsyt Siiri, play (1875)
* Jutelmia läheltä ja kaukaa 1. (1882). E-book from Gutenberg .
* Jutelmia läheltä ja kaukaa 2. (1884). E-book from Gutenberg .

## Translations

* Robert Trapp: Asianajajia eli lainopillinen käsikirja Suomen kansalle, Vyborg (1847)
* Alfred Nicolas Rambaud: Venäjän historia, vanhimmista ajoista alkaen vuoteen 1877; translated into Finnish by P. Hannikainen. Edlund, Helsinki (1880)
* Eugène Manuel: Työväen elämästä, play; translated into Finnish language by P. Hannikainen. Theatre literature 29. Telén, Kuopio 1899, 2nd edition (1908)

## Tributes

There is a road named Pietari Hannikainen Road in Pohjois-Haaga, in Helsinki.


title: Vasalja

abstract: Vasalja is a village in Vas county, Hungary.

text:
# Vasalja

**Vasalja** is a village in Vas county, Hungary.

## Sightseeings

The old church has origin from the Árpád age. It has romanesque style, the southern doorway is decorated by a triangular outstanding roof. In the tympanon the lamb and the cross can be seen carved in traditional form.

## InfoBox

| Vasalja | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Vas county in Hungary | |
| VasaljaLocation of Vasalja | |
| Coordinates: 47°00′45″N 16°31′04″E / 47.01250°N 16.51764°E / 47.01250; 16.51764 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Vas |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.24 km2 (4.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 338 |
| Density | 30.07/km2 (77.9/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 9921 |
| Area code | 94 |


title: Æscwig of Dorchester

abstract: Æscwig was a medieval Bishop of Dorchester, when the town was seat of the united dioceses of Lindsey and Dorchester. Æscwig was a monk at Winchester and then abbot of Bath. In 973 he was sent by King Edgar on an embassy to Germany, and information he learnt there about Ottonian royal ritual may have played a part in the planning of Edgar's coronation. In old age, he was chosen to lead a sea-fyrd against the Danes in 992. Æscwig was consecrated between 975 and 979 and died on 23 April 1002.

text:
# Æscwig of Dorchester

**Æscwig** (or **Œswy**) was a medieval Bishop of Dorchester, when the town was seat of the united dioceses of Lindsey and Dorchester.

Æscwig was a monk at Winchester and then abbot of Bath. In 973 he was sent by King Edgar on an embassy to Germany, and information he learnt there about Ottonian royal ritual may have played a part in the planning of Edgar's coronation. In old age, he was chosen to lead a sea-fyrd against the Danes in 992.

Æscwig was consecrated between 975 and 979 and died on 23 April 1002.

## Citations

* Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). *Handbook of British Chronology* (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
* Hart, Cyril (1975). *The Early Charters of Northern England and the North Midlands*. Leicester: Leicester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7185-1131-9.
* Lapidge, Michael, ed. (2009). *Byrhtferth of Ramsey: The Lives of St Oswald and St Ecgwine* (in Latin and English). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955078-4.
* Roach, Levi (2013). *Kingship and Consent in Anglo-Saxon England, 871–978*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03653-6.

## InfoBox

| Æscwig | |
| --- | --- |
| See | Bishop of Dorchester |
| Term ended | 23 April 1002 |
| Predecessor | Alnothus |
| Successor | Alfhelmus |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | between 975 and 979 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1002 |
| Denomination | Christian |


title: Melanie Balcomb

abstract: Melanie Balcomb is an American basketball coach who is the head coach of the Ohio Dominican Panthers women's basketball team. She was previously the head coach for the Vanderbilt women's basketball team from 2002–2016.

text:
# Melanie Balcomb

**Melanie Balcomb** (born September 24, 1962) is an American basketball coach who is the head coach of the Ohio Dominican Panthers women's basketball team. She was previously the head coach for the Vanderbilt women's basketball team from 2002–2016.

## Career

Balcomb attended Hightstown High School, in Hightstown, New Jersey, where she starred as a point guard for the girls' varsity basketball team from 1976 to 1980. She attended Trenton State College (now The College of New Jersey), where she set school records for career assists and steals, and she scored over 1,000 points in her collegiate basketball career.

Before arriving at Vanderbilt, Balcomb was head coach at Xavier for seven years, leading the Lady Musketeers to a school-record 31 wins and an Elite Eight appearance in 2001.

Balcomb resigned from Vanderbilt at the end of 2016 season and was subsequently hired by the South Carolina women's basketball team to direct offensive analytics.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Ashland**  *(Great Lakes Valley)* (1993–1995) | | | | | | | | |
| 1993–94 | Ashland | 18–9 |  |  |  |
| 1994–95 | Ashland | 10–17 |  |  |  |
| **Ashland:** | | 28–26 (.519) |  |  | | | | |
| **Xavier**  *(Atlantic 10 Conference)* (1995–2002) | | | | | | | | |
| 1995–96 | Xavier | 15–13 | 7–9 | 8th |  |
| 1996–97 | Xavier | 10–17 | 5–11 | 8th |  |
| 1997–98 | Xavier | 17–12 | 11–5 | T-2nd | WNIT 1st Round |
| 1998–99 | Xavier | 24–9 | 11–5 | T-4th | NCAA 2nd Round |
| 1999-00 | Xavier | 26–5 | 13–3 | 3rd | NCAA 1st Round |
| 2000–01 | Xavier | 31–3 | 15–1 | 1st | NCAA Elite Eight |
| 2001–02 | Xavier | 12–19 | 5–11 | 10th |  |
| **Xavier:** | | 135–78 (.634) | 67–45 (.598) |  | | | | |
| **Vanderbilt**  *(SEC)* (2002–2016) | | | | | | | | |
| 2002–03 | Vanderbilt | 22–10 | 9–5 | T-5th | NCAA 2nd Round |
| 2003–04 | Vanderbilt | 26–8 | 8–6 | 4th | NCAA Sweet Sixteen |
| 2004–05 | Vanderbilt | 24–8 | 10–4 | 3rd | NCAA Sweet Sixteen |
| 2005–06 | Vanderbilt | 21–11 | 8–6 | T-5th | NCAA 2nd Round |
| 2006–07 | Vanderbilt | 28–6 | 10–4 | T-3rd | NCAA 2nd Round |
| 2007–08 | Vanderbilt | 25–9 | 11–3 | 3rd | NCAA Sweet Sixteen |
| 2008–09 | Vanderbilt | 26–9 | 10–4 | T-2nd | NCAA Sweet Sixteen |
| 2009–10 | Vanderbilt | 23–11 | 9–7 | T-3rd | NCAA 2nd Round |
| 2010–11 | Vanderbilt | 20–12 | 10–6 | T-3rd | NCAA 1st Round |
| 2011–12 | Vanderbilt | 23–10 | 9–7 | 7th | NCAA 2nd Round |
| 2012–13 | Vanderbilt | 21–12 | 9–7 | 7th | NCAA 2nd Round |
| 2013–14 | Vanderbilt | 18–13 | 7–9 | T-6th | NCAA 1st Round |
| 2014–15 | Vanderbilt | 15–16 | 5–11 | T-11th |  |
| 2015–16 | Vanderbilt | 18–14 | 5–11 | 11th |  |
| **Vanderbilt:** | | 309–142 (.685) | 119–82 (.592) |  | | | | |
| **Ohio Dominican**  *(Great Midwest Athletic Conference)* (2022–present) | | | | | | | | |
| 2022–23 | Ohio Dominican | 6–21 | 3–17 | 13th |  |
| **Ohio Dominican:** | | 6–21 (.222) | 3–17 (.150) |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 478–266 (.642) |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Melanie Balcomb
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Current position | |
| Title | Head Coach |
| Team | Ohio Dominican |
| Conference | Great Midwest Athletic Conference |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1962-09-24) September 24, 1962
Trenton, New Jersey |
| Playing career | |
| 1985–1989 | Trenton State |
|  | |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1989–1990 | Ohio (Asst.) |
| 1990–1993 | Providence (Asst.) |
| 1993–1995 | Ashland |
| 1995–2002 | Xavier |
| 2002–2016 | Vanderbilt |
| 2017 | Texas Tech (Asst.) |
| 2019–2021 | Purdue (Assoc.) |
| 2021–2022 | Ohio Dominican (Asst.) |
| 2022–present | Ohio Dominican |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 472–245 (.658) |
|  | |


title: Victoria Alexandrina Katherine Bruce

abstract: The Honourable Victoria Alexandrina Katherine Bruce (1898–1951) was the first woman to be appointed governor of a Scottish woman's prison in 1946 when she became governor of Duke Street Prison in Glasgow. Victoria Alexandrina Katherine Bruce was born 13 September 1898 at Kennet House in Clackmannan, Scotland. She was the daughter of Alexander Hugh Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh, and Lady Katherine Eliza Gordon. She became interested in social work and worked as a voluntary librarian in the boy's wing of HM Prison Wandsworth between 1928 and 1931. She was then appointed as a Probation Officer in the juvenile courts in London. In 1937, Bruce was appointed as deputy governor of the Aylesbury Borstal. She then moved to Manchester to be the deputy governor of Strangeways prison. In 1943, she was appointed the governor of the women's borstal at Aylesbury. She introduced a 'house' system, modelled on English public schools. In 1946, she was appointed governor of Duke Street Prison in Glasgow. She died on 25 November 1951 in her quarters at Duke Street Prison and was buried at Clackmannan in Scotland.

text:
# Victoria Alexandrina Katherine Bruce

The Honourable **Victoria Alexandrina Katherine Bruce** (1898–1951) was the first woman to be appointed governor of a Scottish woman's prison in 1946 when she became governor of Duke Street Prison in Glasgow.

Victoria Alexandrina Katherine Bruce was born 13 September 1898 at Kennet House in Clackmannan, Scotland. She was the daughter of Alexander Hugh Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh, and Lady Katherine Eliza Gordon.

She became interested in social work and worked as a voluntary librarian in the boy's wing of HM Prison Wandsworth between 1928 and 1931. She was then appointed as a Probation Officer in the juvenile courts in London.

In 1937, Bruce was appointed as deputy governor of the Aylesbury Borstal. She then moved to Manchester to be the deputy governor of Strangeways prison.

In 1943, she was appointed the governor of the women's borstal at Aylesbury. She introduced a 'house' system, modelled on English public schools.

In 1946, she was appointed governor of Duke Street Prison in Glasgow.

She died on 25 November 1951 in her quarters at Duke Street Prison and was buried at Clackmannan in Scotland.


title: Mersiha Aščerić

abstract: Mersiha Aščerić is a Bosnian football defender currently playing in the Bosnian Championship for SFK 2000 Sarajevo, with which she has also played in the Champions League. She has been a member of the Bosnian national team for over a decade, and is its captain.

text:
# Mersiha Aščerić

**Mersiha Aščerić** is a Bosnian football defender currently playing in the Bosnian Championship for SFK 2000 Sarajevo, with which she has also played in the Champions League. She has been a member of the Bosnian national team for over a decade, and is its captain.

## InfoBox

Mersiha Ašćerić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mersiha Ašćerić | | |
| Date of birth | (1978-07-18) 18 July 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | Sarajevo, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | SFK 2000 | | |
| Number | 9 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | SFK 2000 |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1999– | Bosnia and Herzegovina |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Marissa Nadler (album)

abstract: Marissa Nadler is the fifth studio album by American musician Marissa Nadler. It was released on June 14, 2011, by Box of Cedar Records. The song "Baby, I Will Leave You In The Morning" was released as a free download on March 8, followed by a music video for the song.

text:
# Marissa Nadler (album)

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 80/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Beats Per Minute* | 81% |
| *Cokemachineglow* | 78% |
| *Consequence of Sound* | B |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 6/10 |
| *MusicOMH* |  |
| *Paste* | 9/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 8.1/10 |
| *PopMatters* | 7/10 |
| *Slant Magazine* |  |

***Marissa Nadler*** is the fifth studio album by American musician Marissa Nadler. It was released on June 14, 2011, by Box of Cedar Records. The song "Baby, I Will Leave You In The Morning" was released as a free download on March 8, followed by a music video for the song.

## Background

On November 5, 2010, Marissa Nadler started a Kickstarter campaign to support the start of the album. She received $17,037 from 390 people to start up the campaign. The album was recorded over a three-week period in January 2011.

## Release

On March 25, 2011, Nadler announced the release of her eponymous album, explaining:

> "It's the most honest, natural record I've ever written... I'm no longer hiding. The mystery still exists in the music as an aesthetic tool, but the songs cut harder because of the vocal mix, with more varied colors than my other records."

### Singles

The first single "Baby I Will Leave You in The Morning" was released on March 26, 2011.

### Music videos

Nadler released her music video "Alabaster Queen" on August 10, 2011, which features director Joana Linda.

The next music video "In Your Lair, Bear" was released on December 14, 2011.

On February 12, 2013, Nadler released the music video to "Wedding" with director Derrick Belcham.

## Tour

In support of the album, Nadler went on tour, starting at Bowery Ballroom in New York City on September 9, 2011, and finishing at the Kuudes Linja club in Finland on October 16, 2011.

## Critical reception

*Marissa Nadler* was met with "generally favorable" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 80 based on 19 reviews.

In a review for AllMusic, critic reviewer Thom Jurek said: "*Marissa Nadler* is, ironically, her lushest, warmest, most sophisticated offering yet, with its lyric and melodic concerns honed to a stiletto's edge. Nothing here feels the least bit overdone. Marissa Nadler is a sensual, provocative, enticing work of vision and maturity." Jordan Cronk of *Cokemachineglow* wrote: In that sense the record's self-titled nature is a most accurate description: as a reconciliation of her most innate stylistic tendencies it's a beautiful realization of her skills as an arranger and songwriter. Nadler subtly nudges at the contours of her melodies, stretching tracks across a more expansive backdrop than ever before, with strings, keys, vibraphone, slide guitar, cello, and light percussion coloring the mix with a rose-tinted atmosphere of longing and conflicted devotion." At *Drowned in Sound*, David Edwards described *Marissa Nadler* as "strikingly beautiful".

Writing for *Paste*, Stephen Deusner explained: "Nadler emerges with her strongest album yet, a beguiling distillation of her quirks and concerns that nevertheless reveals some new tricks. The self-titled aspect is telling, as this album truly represents an artist coming into her own.

### Accolades

Publications' year-end list appearances for *Marissa Nadler*
| Critic/Publication | List | Rank | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Drowned in Sound* | *Drowned in Sound*'s Top 75 Albums of 2011 | 43 |  |
| *Obscure Sound* | *Obscure Sound*'s Top 50 Albums of 2011 | 36 |  |

## Track listing

*Marissa Nadler* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "In Your Lair, Bear" | 5:59 |
| 2. | "Alabaster Queen" | 2:30 |
| 3. | "The Sun Always Reminds Me of You" | 4:25 |
| 4. | "Mr. John Lee (Revisited)" | 4:39 |
| 5. | "Baby, I Will Leave You in the Morning" | 4:01 |
| 6. | "Puppet Master" | 5:11 |
| 7. | "Wind Up Doll" | 3:49 |
| 8. | "Wedding" | 3:52 |
| 9. | "Little King" | 3:38 |
| 10. | "In a Magazine" | 2:31 |
| 11. | "Daisy, Where Did You Go?" | 4:25 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Marissa Nadler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Marissa Nadler | |
| Released | June 14, 2011 |
| Recorded | January 2011 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 45:00 |
| Label | Box of Cedar |
| Producer | Brian McTear |
| Marissa Nadler chronology | |
| *Little Hells*
(2009) ***Marissa Nadler***
(2011) *The Sister*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Marissa Nadler* | |
| 1. "Baby I Will Leave You in The Morning"
Released: March 26, 2011 | |
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title: Means–ends analysis

abstract: Means–ends analysis (MEA) is a problem solving technique used commonly in artificial intelligence (AI) for limiting search in AI programs. It is also a technique used at least since the 1950s as a creativity tool, most frequently mentioned in engineering books on design methods. MEA is also related to means–ends chain approach used commonly in consumer behavior analysis. It is also a way to clarify one's thoughts when embarking on a mathematical proof.

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# Means–ends analysis

**Means–ends analysis** (**MEA**) is a problem solving technique used commonly in artificial intelligence (AI) for limiting search in AI programs.

It is also a technique used at least since the 1950s as a creativity tool, most frequently mentioned in engineering books on design methods. MEA is also related to means–ends chain approach used commonly in consumer behavior analysis. It is also a way to clarify one's thoughts when embarking on a mathematical proof.

An important aspect of intelligent behavior as studied in AI is *goal-based* problem solving, a framework in which the solution to a problem can be described by finding a sequence of *actions* that lead to a desirable goal. A goal-seeking system is supposed to be connected to its outside environment by sensory channels through which it receives information about the environment and motor channels through which it acts on the environment. (The term "afferent" is used to describe "inward" sensory flows, and "efferent" is used to describe "outward" motor commands.) In addition, the system has some means of storing in a *memory* information about the *state* of the environment (afferent information) and information about actions (efferent information). Ability to attain goals depends on building up associations, simple or complex, between particular changes in states and particular actions that will bring these changes about. Search is the process of discovery and assembly of sequences of actions that will lead from a given state to a desired state. While this strategy may be appropriate for machine learning and problem solving, it is not always suggested for humans (e.g. cognitive load theory and its implications).

## How means–ends analysis works

The MEA technique is a strategy to control search in problem-solving. Given a current state and a goal state, an action is chosen which will reduce the *difference* between the two. The action is performed on the current state to produce a new state, and the process is recursively applied to this new state and the goal state.

Note that, in order for MEA to be effective, the goal-seeking system must have a means of associating to any kind of detectable difference those actions that are relevant to reducing that difference. It must also have means for detecting the progress it is making (the changes in the differences between the actual and the desired state), as some attempted sequences of actions may fail and, hence, some alternate sequences may be tried.

When knowledge is available concerning the importance of differences, the most important difference is selected first to further improve the average performance of MEA over other brute-force search strategies. However, even without the ordering of differences according to importance, MEA improves over other search heuristics (again in the average case) by focusing the problem solving on the actual differences between the current state and that of the goal.

## Some AI systems using MEA

The MEA technique as a problem-solving strategy was first introduced in 1961 by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon in their computer problem-solving program General Problem Solver (GPS). In that implementation, the correspondence between differences and actions, also called *operators*, is provided a priori as knowledge in the system. (In GPS this knowledge was in the form of a *table of connections*.)

When the action and side-effects of applying an operator are penetrable the search may select the relevant operators by inspection of the operators and do without a table of connections. This latter case, of which the canonical example is STRIPS, an automated planning computer program, allows task-independent correlation of differences to the operators which reduce them.

Prodigy, a problem solver developed in a larger learning-assisted automated planning project started at Carnegie Mellon University by Jaime Carbonell, Steven Minton and Craig Knoblock, is another system that used MEA.

Professor Morten Lind, at Technical University of Denmark has developed a tool called Multilevel Flow Modeling (MFM). It performs means–ends based diagnostic reasoning for industrial control and automation systems.