title: Presbyterianism in the United States

text:
# Presbyterianism in the United States

Presbyterianism has had a presence in the United States since colonial times and has exerted an important influence over broader American religion and culture.

## History

### European origins

Reformed Protestantism, of which Presbyterianism is a subset, originated in the Swiss Reformation under the leadership of Heinrich Bullinger, Huldrych Zwingli, William Farel and John Calvin. Among these men, the theology of John Calvin would have the most influence. A defining characteristic of Reformed theology is a belief in predestination—that before the creation of the world God chose some people for salvation (the elect) and this choice depended completely on God's will and in no way on human merit.

Reformed Protestants rejected many aspects of Roman Catholic theology and practice. Latin was abandoned as a liturgical language in favor of the vernacular, and preaching (rather than celebration of the Mass) became the main emphasis of church services. The traditional seven sacraments were reduced to two—baptism and the Lord's Supper. Many Reformed churches also rejected episcopal polity in favor of presbyterian polity. According to presbyterian polity, rather than rule by bishops, congregations are governed by a representative body of elders called a session. Sessions receive oversight from a series of higher representative authorities: presbyteries, synods, and general assemblies.

Reformed ideas would spread from Continental Europe to Scotland and England where they would shape the Presbyterian churches there. As a result of the Scottish Reformation, the Church of Scotland adopted Reformed theology and presbyterian polity. Its major leader was John Knox, who studied with Calvin in Geneva. The English Reformation went in a different direction. While its Thirty-nine Articles of faith reflect main-stream Reformed theology, the Church of England and the Church of Ireland retained episcopal polity and maintained, in modified form, some liturgical traditions inherited from the Roman Church. Within the English church there were those by the late 1500s who subscribed to presbyterian polity, and these English Presbyterians produced a collection of confessional statements, the Westminster Standards, that, to varying extents, would become authoritative for Presbyterians. In the 1600s, Presbyterianism was brought to northern Ireland as a result of large-scale emigration from Scotland.

### Colonial era

#### Synod of Philadelphia

In the late 1600s, economic problems and religious persecution prompted many Scotch-Irish to migrate to America, and most settled in the Middle Colonies. Their numbers were augmented by Presbyterian migration from Puritan New England, and soon there were enough Presbyterians in America to organize congregations. The first ministers were recruited from Northern Ireland, including Francis Makemie, who is known as the "father of American Presbyterianism." While several Presbyterian churches had been established, they were not yet organized into presbyteries and synods.

In 1706, Makemie and seven other ministers established the first presbytery in North America, the Presbytery of Philadelphia. The presbytery was primarily created to promote fellowship and discipline among its members and only gradually developed into a governing body. Some of the members had Scotch-Irish and Scottish backgrounds. The Scotch-Irish party stressed a dogmatic adherence to confessional standards, professional ministry, and orderly, centralized church government. Other members were of English and Welsh ancestry. Having been born and educated in New England (nearly all had attended Yale College), their views on subscription and church authority were influenced by New England Congregationalism. The New England party emphasized "spontaneity, vital impulse, adaptability" and experiential piety.

As growth continued, the presbytery reorganized itself into America's first synod, the Synod of Philadelphia or General Synod, in 1717. The presbytery had avoided divisive theological controversies, and the synod followed suit in its early years, as it functioned without any official confessional statement. The Church of Scotland and the Irish Synod of Ulster already required clergy to subscribe to the Westminster Confession of Faith, but not the Larger or Shorter Catechisms. This had caused controversy in those countries. In the 1720s, the Scotch-Irish group demanded that all ministers and ministerial candidates subscribe to the Confession. This was opposed by the New England group, which felt that requiring subscription elevated the confession to the same level of authority as the Bible.

In 1729 the Synod reached a compromise, with passage of the Adopting Act. It required clergy to assent to the Westminster Confession and both the Larger and Shorter Catechisms; however, subscription was only required for those parts of the confession deemed an "essential and necessary article of faith". Ministers could declare any scruples to their presbytery or the synod, which would then decide if the minister's views were acceptable.

#### Old Side–New Side Controversy (1730–1758)

During the 1730s and 1740s, the Presbyterian Church was divided over the impact of the First Great Awakening. Drawing from the Scotch-Irish revivalist tradition, ministers such as William and Gilbert Tennent emphasized the necessity of a conscious conversion experience and the need for higher moral standards among the clergy. Gilbert Tennent was personally influenced by the ministry of Jacob Frelinghuysen, a Dutch Reformed pastor in Raritan, New Jersey. Frelinghuysen himself had been influenced by contact with Pietism.

Other Presbyterians were concerned that revivalism presented a threat to church order. In particular, the practice of itinerant preaching across presbytery boundaries, and the tendency of revivalists to doubt the conversion experiences of other ministers, caused controversy between supporters of revivalism, known as the "New Side", and their conservative opponents, known as the "Old Side". While the Old Side and New Side disagreed over the possibility of immediate assurance of salvation, the controversy was not primarily theological. Both sides believed in justification by faith, predestination, and that regeneration occurred in stages.

In 1738, the Synod took two actions that infuriated the revivalists. They first required candidates for ordination who did not have college degrees to be examined by a committee of the Synod before being allowed to join a presbytery. At the time, there were no Presbyterian colleges in America, and candidates for the clergy were forced to attend either Harvard and Yale (both Congregational institutions), or study in Britain. Candidates unable to do so received training from pastors or at informal academies. One such academy was founded by William Tennent and became known as the Log College. The new ordination requirement was taken as an insult to these informally trained ministers, many of whom were revivalists. The second action restricted the right of clergymen to preach outside of their presbytery. Revivalists objected to this restriction, noting that itinerant preaching helped to spread the gospel and alleviate clergy shortages.

Tensions between the two sides continued to escalate. When the Synod met in May 1741, relations between the two factions had reached the breaking point. By the time the meeting had concluded, a definite split had occurred. The Old Side retained control of the Synod of Philadelphia, and it immediately required unconditional subscription to the Westminster Confession with no option to state scruples.

The New Side was initially organized as the Conjunct Presbyteries of New Brunswick and Londonderry. In 1745, the Presbytery of New York, led by moderate revivalist Jonathan Dickinson, left the Philadelphia Synod and joined the Conjunct Presbyteries to form the New Side Synod of New York. The new Synod required subscription to the Westminster Confession in accordance with the Adopting Act, but no college degrees were required for ordination.

While the controversy raged, American Presbyterians were also concerned with expanding their influence. In 1740, a New York Board of the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge was established. Four years later, David Brainerd was assigned as a missionary to the Native Americans. New Side Presbyterians were responsible for founding the College of New Jersey (later, Princeton University), primarily to train ministers, in 1746. In 1755, the New Side Synod created the Presbytery of Hanover (named for Hanover County, Virginia), which encompassed Virginia and the Carolinas. In addition, the Old Side Synod had one minister located in the South.

By 1758, both sides were ready for reconciliation. Over the years, New Side revivalism had become less radical. At the same time, Old Side Presbyterians were experiencing numerical decline and were eager to share in the New Side's vitality and growth. The two synods merged to become the Synod of New York and Philadelphia. The united Synod required unqualified subscription to the Westminster Confession, but clergy candidates would also be examined for their "experimental acquaintance with religion" (i.e. their personal conversion experiences).

Following America's victory in the Revolutionary War, the Synod of New York and Philadelphia proposed the creation of a national Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. The first General Assembly met in 1789.

#### Covenanters and Seceders

Divisions originating in Scotland and Ireland were also duplicated in America, giving rise to Presbyterian denominations not affiliated with either Old Side or New Side synods. Within the Synod of Philadelphia, three ministers had Covenanter sympathies, believing that submission to the National Covenant (1638) and the Solemn League and Covenant (1643) were perpetual obligations. After the Old Side–New Side split, one of these men, Alexander Craighead of Middle Octorara, Pennsylvania, asked Scotland's Reformed Presbytery to send ministers to America (Craighead had already joined the Synod of New York by the time his request was answered). In 1751, the Reformed Presbytery sent John Cuthbertson to serve the Covenanters of Pennsylvania and lay the foundation of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America.

Meanwhile, a group of Presbyterians in Pennsylvania were dissatisfied with the Adopting Act, which allowed qualified subscription to the Westminster Confession. They requested ministers from the Anti-Burgher Associate Presbytery in Scotland, who were called "Seceders" because they had broken away from the Church of Scotland during the First Secession of 1733. In 1753, the Associate Presbytery sent Alexander Gellatley and Andrew Arnot to establish congregations and organize a presbytery. The New Side Presbytery of Newcastle denounced the newcomers as schismatics and declared the Associate Presbytery's Marrow doctrine to be unorthodox. A dispute over exclusive psalmody and whether to use Isaac Watts' or Francis Rous' psalter led one congregation to leave the Synod of New York and join the Associate Presbytery.

In 1782, the majority of Associate Presbyterians joined the majority of Reformed Presbyterians to form the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, thus uniting most Covenanters and Seceders in America. In 1858, the remaining Associate Presbyterians would merge with part of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church to form the United Presbyterian Church of North America.

#### The American Revolution

In view of the Presbyterian doctrine of resistance to tyranny, which was inherent in earlier European revolts such as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, the Dutch Revolution, and the English Civil War, British political commentators (Loyalists) viewed the American Revolution as a "Presbyterian Rebellion."

### Religious revivals

Some Presbyterians supported the revivals of the Second and Third Great Awakenings in the nineteenth century, including Lyman Beecher and Charles G. Finney. In 1810, a group of pro-revivalist Presbyterians in Kentucky broke away from the mainline Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. to form the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. In 1837, revivalism was one of the issues that led to the Old School–New School Controversy in the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.

The American Presbyterian Mission in India was established in the Indian city of Lodiana in 1834. The Semi Centennial Celebration of the Lodiana Mission was held there from December 3–7, 1884.

### Civil War

In 1857, as the United States edged closer to civil war, the New School Presbyterians split over slavery, with the southern New School Presbyterians forming the United Synod of the South. In December 1861, following the outbreak of the Civil War and the Gardiner Spring Resolutions, the Old School Southern Presbyterians, which included men such as James Henley Thornwell and R.L. Dabney, formed the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America. Following the end of the war, the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America renamed itself the Presbyterian Church in the United States.

In 1864, the Old School and New School Southern Presbyterians reunited, with the New School Presbyterians effectively swallowed up by the much larger Old School majority. A reunion of the Old School and New School Presbyterians, despite the protests of Old School Presbyterians, such as Charles Hodge, occurred among the mainline Northern Presbyterians in 1869. Unlike in the south, the Old School and New School reunion led the entire denomination to alter its course. By the 1870s, the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. began downplaying doctrinal disagreements in the name of ecumenism with other denominations. This resulted in a test of confessional orthodoxy within the denomination, resulting in a heresy trial in 1893 for Charles A. Briggs, a professor of Hebrew at Union Theological Seminary in New York, who questioned the literal inspiration of Scripture. In 1903, the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. modified the Westminster Standards to downplay strict Calvinism. One of the results was the reunion of many of the Cumberland Presbyterians with the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. in 1906.

### Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy

In 1909, the presbytery of New York attempted to ordain a group of men who could not affirm the virgin birth of Jesus, leading to the affirmation of five fundamentals as requirements for ordination: the inspiration and inerrancy of Scripture, the deity of Christ, the virgin birth of Christ, the substitutionary atonement of Christ, and the resurrection. In time, these doctrines were explicated in a series of essays known as *The Fundamentals*. In 1922, Harry Emerson Fosdick, a Baptist serving as pastor of a Presbyterian church in New York City, delivered a sermon entitled "Shall the Fundamentalists Win?", igniting the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy. At Princeton Theological Seminary, a New Testament professor J. Gresham Machen, who stood in the tradition of earlier Princetonians such as Charles Hodge and B. B. Warfield, responded with *Christianity and Liberalism*, which argued that liberalism and Christianity were two different religions. Machen founded Westminster Theological Seminary in 1929 and, following a controversy regarding the establishment of an Independent Mission Board that resulted in his suspension from the ministry in the PC-USA, Machen led an exodus of conservatives in 1936 to form what became known as the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. A group within that body, led by men such as Carl McIntire and J. Oliver Buswell, broke away to form the Bible Presbyterian Church in 1937.

### 1950s to the present

The mainline Northern Presbyterians continued to move away from their traditional Presbyterian past, ordaining women in 1956 and merging with the smaller and more conservative century-old United Presbyterian Church in North America in 1958 to form the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that summer. The UPCUSA, under the leadership of Eugene Carson Blake, the denomination's stated clerk, joined the Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Episcopalians, the United Methodists and the United Church of Christ in meetings of the "Consultation on Church Union" and adopted the Confession of 1967, which had a more neo-orthodox understanding of Scripture and called for a commitment to social action. That same year, the UPCUSA published the *Book of Confessions* and modified the ordination vows for their ministers. In the 1970s, the trial of Walter Kenyon, a minister who refused to participate in women's ordinations, lead to a ruling that UPCUSA churches must ordain female officers.

In 1942, the Presbyterian Church in the United States began to experiment with confessional revision, prompting PCUS conservatives, such as L. Nelson Bell, father-in-law of Billy Graham, to begin renewal efforts. The PCUS, like its counterparts in the north, began to embrace neo-orthodoxy and liberalism and opened the position of minister to women. In 1955, Rev. J. Vernon McGee, the fundamentalist pastor of the Church of the Open Door in downtown Los Angeles, had a well-publicized break with the Presbyterian Church, in which he claimed the church's "liberal leadership \[had\] taken over the machinery of the presbytery with a boldness and ruthlessness that is appalling." In 1966, conservatives founded Reformed Theological Seminary in Jackson, Mississippi to educate students along Old School Presbyterian lines. Following merger discussions with the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., in 1956 a proposal was passed by the PCUS general assembly, but rejected by the presbyteries. Nevertheless, the two denominations collaborated on a hymnal and in 1970 a Plan of Union was drawn up. Owing to the lack of an escape clause in the Plan of Union for churches that were opposed to the union and to the increasingly liberal views of the denomination, a group of delegates from roughly 200 churches met in Birmingham, Alabama, in December 1973 to form the National Presbyterian Church, later known as the Presbyterian Church in America. In 1981, theological controversy in the UPCUSA, most notably the General Assembly's affirmation of the National Capitol Union Presbytery's reception of a United Church of Christ minister who allegedly denied the deity, sinless nature and bodily resurrection of Christ, led to the formation of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church, a denomination that puts greater emphasis on their "Essentials of the Faith," a brief statement of evangelical theology, rather than the Westminster Standards. With the strongest conservatives gone from both the UPCUSA and the PCUS, the denominations moved closer to merger and united in 1983 to form the Presbyterian Church (USA).

For the Bible Presbyterians, a disagreement over leadership and the direction of the denomination led to a split in 1957, when the Bible Presbyterian Church–Collingswood Synod, under the control of Carl McIntire, left the Bible Presbyterian Church–Columbus Synod, which in 1961 took the name Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Four years later, the EPC merged with the Reformed Presbyterian Church, General Synod to form the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod. The RPCES, in turn, would join the Presbyterian Church in America in 1982.

In 1975, the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, the Reformed Presbyterian Church in North America, and the Reformed Presbyterian Church Evangelical Synod joined the Christian Reformed Church in North America in forming the North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council (NAPARC), an organization which comprises thirteen confessional Continental Reformed and Presbyterian denominations and federations.

In 1983, the theonomic Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States was formed as an offshoot from the Presbyterian Church in America. Further splits in the RPCUS lead to the creation of the Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery and the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly. Later, a group from the RPCGA formed the Covenant Presbyterian Church.

In recent years, the debate over homosexuality has caused rifts in the PC (U.S.A.). Following the removal of the bar on homosexual clergy in the PC (U.S.A.) on the denominational level in 2010, many churches left the denomination, joining either the Evangelical Presbyterian Church and or the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians, which became its own denomination in 2012.

Other Presbyterian groups formed recently include the Free Presbyterian Church of North America, which initially operated under the auspices of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster until it became a distinct denomination in 2005, the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States, and the Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches, which admits Continental Reformed and Reformed Baptists as well.

Historically, along with Lutherans and Episcopalians, Presbyterians tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having more graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law, and politics.

## Denominations

| Church name | Number of congregations | Notes | North American organization | World organization | Membership |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Presbyterian Church (USA) | 8705 |  |  | WCRC | 1,140,665 |
| Presbyterian Church in America | 1927 |  | NAPARC | WRF | 382,209 |
| Cumberland Presbyterian Church | 709 |  |  | WCRC | 65,087 |
| Evangelical Presbyterian Church | \>600 |  |  | WCRC, WRF | 125,870 |
| Korean American Presbyterian Church | 600 |  | NAPARC | WCRC | 80,000 |
| ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians | 411 |  |  | WCRC | 130,520 |
| Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church | 296 |  | NAPARC | WRF | 22,459 |
| Orthodox Presbyterian Church | 281 |  | NAPARC | ICRC | 32,255 |
| Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America | 153 |  |  | WCRC |  |
| Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America | 100 |  | NAPARC | ICRC | 7,076 |
| Evangelical Assembly of Presbyterian Churches in America | 73 |  |  |  |  |
| Bible Presbyterian Church | 33 |  |  |  | 3,500 |
| Free Presbyterian Church of North America | 24 |  |  |  |  |
| Christian Presbyterian Church | 20 |  |  |  | 6,000 |
| Covenant Presbyterian Church | 13 |  |  |  |  |
| Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery | 12 |  |  |  |  |
| Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church | 12 |  |  |  |  |
| Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly | 8 |  |  |  |  |
| Free Church of Scotland (Continuing) | 5 | (5 congregations in the U.S.) |  | ICRC | 250 |
| Presbyterian Reformed Church | 5 | (5 congregations in the U.S.) | NAPARC |  | 100 |
| Covenant Reformed Presbyterian Church | 4 |  |  |  |
| Covenanting Association of Reformed and Presbyterian Churches | 3 |  |  |  |  |
| Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States | 3 |  |  |  |  |
| American Presbyterian Church | 2 |  |  |  | 60 |
| Free Church of Scotland |  |  |  | ICRC |  |
| Kosin Presbyterian Church in Korea |  |  |  | ICRC |  |
| Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States |  |  |  |  |  |

### Bibliography


title: Presbyterian worship

abstract: Presbyterian worship documents worship practices in Presbyterian churches; in this case, the practices of the many churches descended from the Scottish Presbyterian church at the time of the Reformation.

text:
# Presbyterian worship

**Presbyterian worship** documents worship practices in Presbyterian churches; in this case, the practices of the many churches descended from the Scottish Presbyterian church at the time of the Reformation.

## Theology of worship

Historically, the driving principle in the development of the standards of Presbyterian worship is the regulative principle of worship, which specifies that (in worship), what is not commanded is forbidden.

In addition to those detailed in the *History* section below, Presbyterians also historically have held the following Worship positions:

## History

### Worship at the time of the Reformation

At the start of the Scottish Reformation in 1560 there was no Reformed standard for worship in Scotland, so the shape the Church initially took was dependent on local Protestant patrons.

Writing from exile in Geneva, John Knox described in detail what should be done at weekly worship in a 'Letter of Wholesome Councell' dated 1556. Protestant preachers fleeing Marian persecutions in England brought with them Edward VI's second Book of Common Prayer (of 1552), which was commended by the Lords of the Congregation. Knox too initially supported it (indeed reportedly, he had influenced aspects of it). However, before leaving Geneva and with the encouragement of John Calvin, he had written his own 'Book of Common Order' and it was this that was printed and approved by the General Assembly of 1562. Enlarged, it was reprinted with the Confession and the Psalms in metre in 1564, and it remained the standard until replaced with the Westminster Directory in 1643.

The Regulative principle of worship (see *Theology of Worship*, above) saw many of the previous practices (inherited from the Roman Catholic church) cast aside. Two major points which might be unusual by today's standards were:

* Exclusive psalmody: the doctrine that, in worship, only the Psalms (from the Bible) were to be sung; singing other words was only to be done outside the worship service
* A cappella singing: the doctrine that no instruments were to be used in worship other than the human voice

Both of these were introduced, at least partly, to prevent the singing of hymns to Mary and the Saints.

### Introduction of Continuous Singing

In early times the common method of singing in Presbyterian worship, was lining out, where a precentor read or sang one line and the congregation repeated it after them. The Directory of Public Worship, says this:

That the whole congregation may join herein, every one that can read is to have a psalm book; and all others, not disabled by age or otherwise, are to be exhorted to learn to read. But for the present, where many in the congregation cannot read, it is convenient that the minister, or some other fit person appointed by him and the other ruling officers, do read the psalm, line by line, before the singing thereof.

It appears from the wording that this was a practical measure in 1650, not a doctrinal position. Lining out was used by other denominations as well for the practical reasons that many people were not sufficiently literate or because of a lack of hymnals.

From around 1720 onwards, many advocated the introduction of continuous (or regular) singing. Continuous singing was introduced into many Presbyterian churches worldwide, even those that consider themselves to be following the traditional Presbyterian line on worship; there are some, who still practise lining out, such as the Steelites.

### Introduction of Hymns

In this context, "hymns" means hymns that are not part of the Bible; the word "hymn" is used in the Bible, but it is claimed by advocates of exclusive psalmody that this refers to a specific type of psalm.

After singing psalms for 200 years, in 1861 the Church of Scotland first formally adopted hymns, with the Free Church of Scotland doing the same in 1872. Hymns and other extra-biblical words are now widely used in Presbyterian circles; the details vary from denomination to denomination.

### Introduction of Instruments

In the early nineteenth century, R. William Ritchie of St. Andrew's Church, Glasgow, attempted to introduce an organ into his church, but was informed by the Presbytery of Glasgow that "the use of organs in the public worship of God is contrary to the law of the land and constitution of our Established Church."

In 1863, Robert Lee introduced a harmonium into worship at Greyfriars Kirk, Edinburgh. Lee defended instrumental music at the 1864 General Assembly, who declared that "such innovations should only be put down when they interfered with the peace of the Church and harmony of congregations". A pipe organ was subsequently installed in Greyfriars, and first used in 1865.

## Present practice

Presbyterian churches practice worship the Triune God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This occurs every Sunday (Lords Day). Other services often occur at other times of the week as well as meetings for prayer and Bible Study or simply mid week chapel with communion being served. Most mainline Presbyterians use hymns and with some additions to more modern worship songs being introduced or part of a blended service. Most modern day Presbyterians do not strictly sing Psalms as some once did. John Calvin in Geneva used biblical psalms almost exclusively in the Genevan Psalter, though it contained some gospel canticles and catechetical songs. This psalter was to become a prototype for Reformed worship, but Calvin did not have any objection to the use of original hymns in other churches, and he did not appeal to scripture in his preface to the psalter justifying his preference for the Psalms.\[1\]: 42, 45

Other Presbyterian denominations hold exclusively to the psalms in metre. The psalms in metre are still esteemed by worship leaders in the Church of Scotland while also recognizing the contribution of authors of hymns and worship songs from historic times to the contemporary. Use of contemporary worship songs is employed by some more independent or evangelical congregations within Presbyterianism.

John Calvin's direction for celebration of Holy Communion was every Lord's Day. During the time of the Puritan influence upon some Presbyterians, worship and the celebration of the Eucharist became lessened to once per quarter. This has changed in most mainline Presbyterian denominational churches and celebration of Communion ranges from once a quarter to once a month to every Sunday or Lord's Day Service. This movement is carried forward by those who believe that Word and Sacrament should be present in each service of worship. The Real Presence of Christ (spiritually) is highly viewed and understood. Presbyterians strongly disagree with simply the symbolic or memorial service as taught by many Anabaptists, but do not go as far as the sacramental union view of Lutherans. Presbyterians hold the "Spiritual Real Presence" of Christ in the sacrament of Communion. Today most mainline Presbyterian churches administer Communion by either passing the elements or by intinction.

Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship. However, there is not one fixed "Presbyterian" worship style. Although there are set services for the Lord's Day in keeping with first-day Sabbatarianism,\[24\] one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone (especially in some conservative denominations), or strongly liturgical, approximating the practices of Lutheranism or more of Anglicanism (especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed),\[clarification needed\] or semi-formal, allowing for a balance of hymns, preaching, and congregational participation (favored by probably most American Presbyterians).

Most Presbyterian churches follow the traditional liturgical year and observe the traditional holidays, holy seasons, such as Advent, Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter, Pentecost, etc. They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc. Many incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary. Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days.

Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full-length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite), which some, particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement, hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past.

Presbyterians admit the authority of the Presbytery or Synod over all worship services in order to ensure that the worship of God, Father Son and Holy Spirit, is carried on properly and regularly in each congregation within the 'bounds' (area of jurisdiction). This is done by the appointment of Ministers by the Presbytery, who can also dismiss (depose) the Ministers should their conduct of regular worship be unsatisfactory. In modern times an effective presbytery is a forum for discussing and disseminating approaches to worship, always recognizing the supreme authority of the Word of God (Old and New Testaments of the Bible).

In the Church of Scotland, the cancellation of any regular service of worship is a serious matter. Services are carried out even by small rural congregations in the most extreme weather and under conditions of power failure and other privations. Elders, teaching and ruling, make every effort to ensure continuity or worship in every parish of Scotland at the published times.

1. Westminster Confession of Faith, Chapter XXI, paragraph I
2. Burleigh, J. H. S. *A Church History of Scotland*. pp. 160–163.
3. Westminster Confession of Faith, Chapter XXI, paragraph V
4. *Of the Singing of Psalms*, Directory of Public Worship
5. "The Regular Singing Controversy". *www.varsitytutors.com*. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
6. "Colossians 3:16". *www.prca.org*. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
7. Sing the Lord's Song! Part 7, John W. Keddie
8. "Rev. Dr. Wm. Ritchie of St. Andrew's Church and his Violin". *www.electricscotland.com*. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
9. Laurence James Moore, *Sing to the Lord a New Song: A Study of Changing Musical Practices in the Presbyterian Church of Victoria, 1861–1901*. Available at http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp49.29082005/02whole.pdf Archived 2007-08-30 at the Wayback Machine.
10. Horton, Michael S. (2000). "AT LEAST WEEKLY: THE REFORMED DOCTRINE OF THE LORD'S SUPPER AND OF ITS FREQUENT CELEBRATION" (PDF). United States: Mid-America Journal of Theology. pp. 147–169. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2023-04-27.


title: Presbyterium

abstract: Presbyterium is a modern term used in the Catholic Church and Eastern Catholic Churches after the Second Vatican Council in reference to a college of priests, in active ministry, of an individual particular church such as a diocese or eparchy. The body, in union with their bishop as a collective, is a symbol of the collaborative and collegial nature of their sacerdotal ministry as inspired by the reforms made during the Second Vatican Council. The presbyterium is most visible during the ordination of new priests and bishops and the Mass of the Chrism: the Holy Thursday Mass where the blessing of the oils used in the sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, Anointing of the Sick, and Holy Orders takes place. They are also visible during other special liturgical functions such as the wake and burial of their bishop. Liturgically, within Catholicism, the presbyterium is the area of the church in which the clergy functions. It is more commonly called the sanctuary.

text:
# Presbyterium

**Presbyterium** is a modern term used in the Catholic Church and Eastern Catholic Churches after the Second Vatican Council in reference to a college of priests, in active ministry, of an individual particular church such as a diocese or eparchy. The body, in union with their bishop as a collective, is a symbol of the collaborative and collegial nature of their sacerdotal ministry as inspired by the reforms made during the Second Vatican Council.

The presbyterium is most visible during the ordination of new priests and bishops and the Mass of the Chrism: the Holy Thursday Mass where the blessing of the oils used in the sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, Anointing of the Sick, and Holy Orders takes place. They are also visible during other special liturgical functions such as the wake and burial of their bishop.

Liturgically, within Catholicism, the presbyterium is the area of the church in which the clergy functions. It is more commonly called the sanctuary.

## Etymology

The word *presbyterium* is the Latinised form of the Greek πρεσβυτέριον (*presbuterion*), 'council of elders, presbytery', from Greek πρεσβύτερος (*presbuteros*), the comparative form of πρέσβυς (*presbus*), 'elder'.

## Presbyterate

The **presbyterate** is another term used to refer to the sacerdotal collegiality of priests with their bishop, commonly used in the Anglican Communion. Within churches which hold apostolic succession, it is reflected in the concelebration of the Eucharist, in joining the bishop in the laying on of hands on an ordinand to the priesthood, in collegial processions, at inductions, funerals, and other liturgical activities. In the Catholic Church it is used to refer to the second order of priesthood - one is said to be "ordained to the presbyterate". Paragraph 1536 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states that there are three distinct orders of apostolic ministry in the sacrament of Holy Orders: episcopate, presbyterate and diaconate


title: Prescott Durand Crout

abstract: Prescott Durand Crout was an American mathematician. Crout was born in Ohio, but lived and worked in Massachusetts. In 1929 he finished the MIT class. His PhD thesis was entitled "The Approximation of Functions and Integrals by a Linear Combination of Functions".On January 2, 1933 he married Charlotte Louise Zander. They had four children. He was member of the MIT Faculty of Mathematics from 1934 to 1973 and emeritus from 1973 to his death in 1984. He belonged to the Radiation Laboratory staff from 1941 to 1945. His students at the MIT were Francis Hildebrand (1940), Carl Nordling (1941), Frank Bothwell (1946), Norman Painter (1947), Merle Andrew (1948), Frederick Holt (1950), and Carl Steeg, Jr. (1952). He died, aged 77, in Lexington, Middlesex, Massachusetts. Prescott Durand Crout is author of the book "The Determination of Fields Satisfying Laplace's, Poisson's, and Associated Equations by Flux Plotting". He is the inventor of the Crout matrix decomposition.

text:
# Prescott Durand Crout

**Prescott Durand Crout** (July 28, 1907  September 25, 1984) was an American mathematician.

Crout was born in Ohio, but lived and worked in Massachusetts. In 1929 he finished the MIT class. His PhD thesis (supervisor: George Rutledge) was entitled "The Approximation of Functions and Integrals by a Linear Combination of Functions".On January 2, 1933 he married Charlotte Louise Zander. They had four children.

He was member of the MIT Faculty of Mathematics from 1934 to 1973 and emeritus from 1973 to his death in 1984. He belonged to the Radiation Laboratory staff from 1941 to 1945. His students at the MIT were Francis Hildebrand (1940), Carl Nordling (1941), Frank Bothwell (1946), Norman Painter (1947), Merle Andrew (1948), Frederick Holt (1950), and Carl Steeg, Jr. (1952). He died, aged 77, in Lexington, Middlesex, Massachusetts. Prescott Durand Crout is author of the book "The Determination of Fields Satisfying Laplace's, Poisson's, and Associated Equations by Flux Plotting". He is the inventor of the Crout matrix decomposition.


title: Prince of Dance

abstract: Prince of Dance was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. As a two-year-old in 1988 he showed outstanding promise and was rated one of the best colts of his generation in Europe, finishing first in all four of his races including the Washington Singer Stakes, Champagne Stakes and Dewhurst Stakes. In the following spring he won the Newmarket Stakes but ran badly when third favourite for the 1989 Epsom Derby. He was euthanised later that year after he was found to be suffering from cancer of the spine.

text:
# Prince of Dance

**Prince of Dance** (21 April 1986  1989) was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. As a two-year-old in 1988 he showed outstanding promise and was rated one of the best colts of his generation in Europe, finishing first in all four of his races including the Washington Singer Stakes, Champagne Stakes and Dewhurst Stakes (a dead heat with Scenic). In the following spring he won the Newmarket Stakes but ran badly when third favourite for the 1989 Epsom Derby. He was euthanised later that year after he was found to be suffering from cancer of the spine.

## Background

Prince of Dance was a bay horse with a broad white blaze and two white socks bred in Ireland by the Ballymacoll Stud. During his racing career he was owned by Ballymacoll's part-owner Michael Sobell and was trained at West Ilsley in Berkshire by Dick Hern. During the latter part of the 1988 season, when Hern was recovering from hear surgery, the colt was trained by bis assistant Neil Graham. Prince of Dance was ridden in all but one of his races by the Scottish jockey Willie Carson.

Prince of Dance was from the first crop of foals sired by Sadler's Wells, who won the Irish 2,000 Guineas, Eclipse Stakes and Irish Champion Stakes in 1984 went on to be the Champion sire on fourteen occasions. Prince of Dance was the first foal of Sun Princess, an outstanding racemare who won The Oaks, Yorkshire Oaks and St Leger in 1983. Her dam, Sunny Valley, also produced Saddlers' Hall and was the direct female ancestor of Millenary and Conduit. Sun Princess herself went on to produce Ballet Queen who became an influential broodmare in Japan.

## Racing career

### 1988: two-year-old season

Prince of Dance made his racecourse debut in the Sandwich Maiden Stakes over seven furlongs at Ascot Racecourse of 23 July. Starting at odds of 5/2 in an eight-runner field he took the lead two furlongs out and won by half a length from Batshoof, a colt who went on to win the Prince of Wales's Stakes. The colt was then moved up in class for the Listed Washington Singer Stakes at Newbury Racecourse on 12 August. Starting the 6/4 favourite he took the lead approaching the final furlong and drew way in the closing stages to win by six lengths from Zalazl. He was subsequently disqualified when it was found that he had been ineligible to run in the race. At the time the Washington Singer Stakes was restricted to horses whose sires had won over a distance of one and a half miles, but Sadler's Wells had never won a race at a distance beyond ten furlongs. Prince of Dance was stepped up in class gain for the Group Two Champagne Stakes at Doncaster Racecourse on 9 September and started the 1/2 favourite ahead of six opponents. The best-fancied of his rivals were the Henry Cecil-trained Shining Steel, Chief's Image (third in the Phoenix Stakes) and Elmayer. After tracking the early leaders he took the lead a furlong and a half from the finish and won by two lengths from Shining Steel with Free Sweater three lengths back in third.

On 14 October Prince of Dance started 6/4 favourite for Britain's most prestigious race for juveniles, the Dewhurst Stakes over seven furlongs at Newmarket Racecourse. His five rivals were Opening Verse, Saratogan (from the Vincent O'Brien stable), Zayyani, Samoan (Bernard Van Cutsem Stakes) and the 33/1 outsider Scenic. Samoan led the field before Scenic went to the front a quarter of a mile out with Prince of Dance moving up smoothly to dispute the lead approaching the final furlong. The race devolved into a struggle between Prince of Dance and Scenic and the two colts crossed the line together with Saratogan just behind in third place. After studying the photo-finish the judge declared a dead heat, making Prince of Dance and Scenic the joint-winners of the Group One contest. Dick Hern, who was hospitalised at the time later watched video replay of the race and said "That horse is carrying its tail slightly to one side, has it always done that? You need to get that checked out." Marcus Tregoning who was an assistant to Hern believed that his mentor had spotted the first sign of the spinal problem that led to the horse's death a year later.

### 1989: three-year-old season

Prince of Dance had been regarded as the stable's leading classic contender, ahead of Al Hareb and Nashwan but had training problems in early spring and bypassed the 2000 Guineas. He began his second season in the Newmarket Stakes over ten furlongs on 5 May in which he carried top weight of 129 pounds and started the 4/6 favourite against three opponents. He got the better of the Barry Hills-trained Observation Post inside the final furlong and won by half a length with the pair finishing well clear of the other two runners.

On 7 June Prince of Dance was one of twelve colts to contest the 210th running of The Derby over one and a half miles and started the 11/2 third choice in the betting behind the 2000 Guineas winner Nashwan and Cacoethes. With Carson opting to ride Nashwan, the ride on Prince of Dance went to the American Steve Cauthen. After making some progress approaching the final turn Prince of Dance faded badly in the straight and finished tenth, more than twenty lengths behind the winner.

Investigations into the horse's condition following his poor run at Epsom revealed that he was suffering from cancer of the spine and he was euthanised in late 1989.

## Assessment

In 1988, the independent Timeform organisation gave Prince of Dance a rating of 128, making him their top-rated juvenile alongside Scenic.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Prince of Dance (IRE), bay stallion, 1986
| Sire
Sadler's Wells (USA)
1981 | Northern Dancer (CAN)
1961 | Nearctic | Nearco |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Lady Angela |
| | Natalma | Native Dancer |
| | Almahmoud |
| | Fairy Bridge (USA)
1975 | Bold Reason | Hail To Reason |
| | | Lalun |
| | Special | Forli |
| | Thong |
| Dam
Sun Princess (IRE)
1980 | English Prince (IRE)
1971 | Petingo | Petition |
| | | Alcazar |
| | English Miss | Bois Roussel |
| | Virelle |
| | Sunny Valley (IRE)
1972 | Val de Loir | Vieux Manoir |
| | | Vali |
| | Sunland | Charlottesville |
| | Sunny Gulf (Family: 1-l) |

## InfoBox

| Prince of Dance | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Sadler's Wells |
| Grandsire | Northern Dancer |
| Dam | Sun Princess |
| Damsire | English Prince |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 21 April 1986 |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Ballymacoll Stud |
| Owner | Michael Sobell |
| Trainer | Dick Hern
Neil Graham
Dick Hern |
| Record | 6: 4-0-0 |
| Earnings | £129,161 |
| Major wins | |
| Washington Singer Stakes (1988, disqualified)
Champagne Stakes (1988)
Dewhurst Stakes (1988)
Newmarket Stakes (1989) | |
| Awards | |
| Timeform rating 128 (1988)
Timeform top-rated two-year-old (1988) | |


title: Preživjet ću

abstract: "Preživjet ću" is a pop song by the Croatian singer Ana Bebić, released as her debut single on 5 January 2009. Bebić came to media prominence as a semifinalist of talents show Operacija trijumf.

text:
# Preživjet ću

"**Preživjet ću**" (English translation: *I Will Survive*) is a pop song by the Croatian singer Ana Bebić, released as her debut single on 5 January 2009. Bebić came to media prominence as a semifinalist of talents show *Operacija trijumf*.

## Song information

"Preživjet ću" was written by popular Serbian composing duo Filip Miletić and Miloš Roganović for one of the contestants of talents show *Operacija trijumf*. It was meant to be recorded by Aleksandar Belov, but it was then given to Ana Bebić after she was heard singing it in the show (although it was rumoured after Bebić started a relationship with songwriter Filip Miletić). The song was recorded by Bebić in December 2008, and performed and released on 5 January 2009, the final of *Operacija trijumf*. Miletić and Roganović eventually decided to write and produce the whole album of Bebić.

## Promotion

Ana Bebić performed "Preživjet ću" at the final event of *Operacija trijumf*, on 5 January 2009 — the audience knew each and every word of the lyrics. She also performed the song at both *Operacija trijumf* concerts held on 19 and 20 April 2009 at the Belgrade's Sava Centar, the *Operacija trijumf* at the Belgrade's club *H2O* on 30 April, and during the tour she was on with members of OT Band and several other Operacija Trijumf students, covering Montenegro and many cities across Serbia.

## Controversies

During the *Operacija trijumf*, Bebić recorded a song named "Preživeću" in Serbo-Croatian. When the song was premiered on 5 January 2009 in the *Operacija trijumf* final, Bebić was singing entirely in Serbian, and the song became an instant hit. However, her Croatian fans considered she, as a native Croatian, should sing in Croatian only; Bebić eventually announced that the whole song would be recorded in Croatian. Her Serbian fans were disappointed — the song did not sound the same in Croatian, especially the word "Ubica" (Serbian: *Murderer*), which was now "Ubojica" (Croatian: *Murderer*). The name of the song was also changed in Croatian, and is now known as "Preživjet ću".

There were also rumours that "Preživjet ću" is plagiarized from "Prinzesschen", the song of German singer LaFee; however they were denied by the song's songwriters Filip Miletić and Miloš Roganović. It was also rumoured that the song, which should be recorded by another *Operacija trijumf* contestant Aleksandar Belov, was given to Bebić due to her romance with Miletić.

## Chart positions

| Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Serbian B92 Singles Charrt | 1 |
| Macedonian Singles Chart | 3 |

## InfoBox

| "Preživjet ću" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Ana Bebić | |
| from the album  *TBR* | |
| Released | 5 January 2009 |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Genre | Pop music |
| Length | 3:20 |
| Label | Melody Music |
| Songwriter(s) | Filip Miletić, Miloš Roganović |
| Producer(s) | Mirko Vukomanović |
| Ana Bebić singles chronology | |
| "**Preživjet ću**"
(2009) "Mrzim spore stvari"
(2009) | |


title: Princess Anne's Battery

abstract: Princess Anne's Battery is an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located on Willis's Plateau at the northern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, below Princess Caroline's Battery. It was named after Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, the eldest daughter of George II. However, its name is often confused with those of other batteries in the area. In 1732, guns were first mounted on the battery, which also saw action during the Great Siege of Gibraltar. Princess Anne's Battery was updated in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with the latter modernisation entailing the installation of four QF 5.25 inch guns with both anti-aircraft and coastal defence capabilities. The battery was manned into the early 1980s, after which it was decommissioned. The guns were refurbished in the early twenty-first century, and represent the world's only intact battery of 5.25 inch anti-aircraft guns. Princess Anne's and Amelia’s Battery are listed with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust.

text:
# Princess Anne's Battery

**Princess Anne's Battery** is an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located on Willis's Plateau at the northern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, below Princess Caroline's Battery. It was named after Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, the eldest daughter of George II. However, its name is often confused with those of other batteries in the area. In 1732, guns were first mounted on the battery, which also saw action during the Great Siege of Gibraltar. Princess Anne's Battery was updated in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with the latter modernisation entailing the installation of four QF 5.25 inch guns with both anti-aircraft and coastal defence capabilities. The battery was manned into the early 1980s, after which it was decommissioned. The guns were refurbished in the early twenty-first century, and represent the world's only intact battery of 5.25 inch anti-aircraft guns. Princess Anne's and Amelia’s Battery are listed with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust.

## Early history

Princess Anne's Battery is in Gibraltar, the British Overseas Territory at the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula. The artillery battery is located on Willis's Plateau at the northern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, below the Great Siege Tunnels and above Princess Caroline's Battery. It overlooks Spain, Gibraltar International Airport, and the Bay of Gibraltar. The site was initially known as the 3rd Willis's Battery. It was renamed after Anne, Princess Royal (1709  1759), the eldest daughter of King George II, also known as Princess Anne of Orange following her marriage to William IV, Prince of Orange. The battery's position off Willis's Road near Princess Caroline's Battery is thought to be responsible for it frequently being mistaken for that battery. It is also sometimes referred to as St. Anne's Battery, or confused with Princess Amelia's Battery or Princess Royal's Battery, with the first a misnomer and the latter two in close proximity to the Princess Anne's Battery site.

The battery was built in 1732, with the guns mounted at that time consisting of five 12 pounders. In 1771, it was reported that Princess Anne's Battery had five cannons directed toward the isthmus, and another four to address "the rear of the enemy approaches." It was in use at the time of the Great Siege of Gibraltar, and an explosion of the magazine at Princess Anne's Battery on 11 June 1782 took the lives of fourteen men. The following August, the flank of the battery was rebuilt. Later, in the nineteenth century, the battery was updated with four 3 inch guns and three 13 inch mortars. During the mid twentieth century, Princess Anne's Battery was refurbished. While the decision was made in 1942 to arm it with new guns, it wasn't until 1956 that four new QF 5.25 inch guns serving a dual role had been installed on the battery. They performed both anti-aircraft and coastal defense functions and featured completely enclosed turrets, with a 1 B mounting. The four guns are partially surrounded by concrete rings which contain ammunition lockers. Three of the emplacements feature concrete bunkers with partially sunken magazines and engine rooms off to the side, while the fourth's magazine and engine room are completely subterranean. Gun No. 4 is on somewhat higher ground than the first three guns. It is also immediately adjacent to the site of Princess Amelia's Battery.

## Recent history

Princess Anne's Battery was staffed and operational into the early 1980s. Since then, the guns have been decommissioned and have sustained the effects of weather and vandalism. Accordingly, security measures now prevent easy access to the site, which is not routinely open to the public. Rather, access is arranged through the Gibraltar Tourist Board. At the turn of the twenty-first century, it was proposed that the area be developed as a tourist attraction. While improvements were made to the area, ultimately opposition to the suggestion put the plans on hold. The guns have recently been refurbished. The restoration of gun No. 3 at Princess Anne's Battery was performed in two phases, in July 2006 and September 2007. The 2006 refurbishment was undertaken by members of the 106 (Yeomanry) Regiment of the Royal Artillery during exercise Marble Tor 5. The 2007 restoration was performed by the 101 Battalion of the Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (Volunteers) during exercise Marble Tor 6.

In 2008, retired Major David Seed received a special commendation during the presentation of Heritage Awards by the Gibraltar Heritage Trust. His award acknowledged the role he played in arranging the annual Marble Tor exercises that involved refurbishment of heritage sites, including not only Princess Anne's Battery, but also Flat Bastion Magazine, Parson's Lodge Battery, Witham's Cemetery, and the 100 ton gun. In May 2011, the Gibraltar Heritage Trust sponsored the 22nd annual painting contest. Princess Anne's Battery and Princess Caroline's Battery were the themes of the competition, whose winners were awarded prizes by the Governor of Gibraltar, Sir Adrian Johns. Princess Anne's Battery is listed with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust, and represents the world's only complete battery of 5.25 inch anti-aircraft guns.

## InfoBox

| Princess Anne's Battery | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Fortifications of Gibraltar | |
| Upper Rock Nature Reserve, Gibraltar | |
| One of four guns at Princess Anne's Battery, with the Rock in background | |
| Diagram of Princess Anne's Battery with north to the left<br>A-Gun 1, B-Gun 2, C and D-Gun 3, E-Gun 4 | |
| Princess Anne's Battery | |
| Coordinates | 36°08′46″N 5°20′48″W / 36.145982°N 5.346789°W / 36.145982; -5.346789 |
| Type | Artillery Battery |
| Site information | |
| Condition | Good |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1732 (1732) |
| In use | Decommissioned late 20th Century |


title: Proctor, Pennsylvania

abstract: Proctor is an unincorporated community in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, United States.

text:
# Proctor, Pennsylvania

**Proctor** (also **Proctorville**) is an unincorporated community in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, United States.

## InfoBox

| Proctor, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Proctor's general store | |
| ProctorProctor | |
| Coordinates: 41°25′12″N 76°48′27″W / 41.42000°N 76.80750°W / 41.42000; -76.80750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Lycoming |
| Township | Plunketts Creek |
| Elevation | 804 ft (245 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 570 and 272 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1204449 |


title: Princeton Area Community Foundation

abstract: The Princeton Area Community Foundation (PACF), established in 1991, is a community foundation based in Lawrenceville, New Jersey that serves Mercer County and central New Jersey. The community foundation is devoted to the well-being of people in the region, providing organizational support to individuals, families, businesses, and organizations who wish to create permanent charitable funds. The grants help fund programs in education, the arts, housing, environment, community development, and human services. The PACF invests and oversees the charitable funds while awarding grants and scholarships, promoting philanthropy, and supporting Central Jersey's local nonprofit sector.

text:
# Princeton Area Community Foundation

The **Princeton Area Community Foundation** (**PACF**), established in 1991, is a community foundation based in Lawrenceville, New Jersey that serves Mercer County and central New Jersey. The community foundation is devoted to the well-being of people in the region, providing organizational support to individuals, families, businesses, and organizations who wish to create permanent charitable funds. The grants help fund programs in education, the arts, housing, environment, community development, and human services. The PACF invests and oversees the charitable funds while awarding grants and scholarships, promoting philanthropy, and supporting Central Jersey's local nonprofit sector.

## Special awards

The following special awards are administered by the PACF:

* Rebecca Annitto's Service Opportunities for Students (SOS) Fund Internship Award
* Diana Rochford Memorial Fund Service Award Internship Award
* Thomas George Artists Fund Award


title: Procopius of Gaza

abstract: Procopius of Gaza was a Christian sophist and rhetorician, one of the most important representatives of the famous school of his native place. Here he spent nearly the whole of his life teaching and writing and took no part in the theological movements of his time.

text:
# Procopius of Gaza

**Procopius of Gaza** (c. 465–528 AD) was a Christian sophist and rhetorician, one of the most important representatives of the famous school of his native place. Here he spent nearly the whole of his life teaching and writing and took no part in the theological movements of his time.

## Life and work

The little that is known of him is to be found in his letters and the *encomium* by his pupil and successor Choricius. Like many other members of the rhetorical school of Gaza, he studied in Alexandria and then became a teacher for rhetorics in his home town of Gaza though other cities like Antioch, Tyre and Caesarea Maritima vied for his service.

He was the author of numerous rhetorical and theological works. Of the former, his panegyric on the emperor Anastasius alone is extant; the description of the Hagia Sophia and the monody on its partial destruction by an earthquake are spurious.

His letters (163 in number), addressed to persons of rank, friends, and literary opponents, throw valuable light upon the condition of the sophistical rhetoric of the period and about the academic circles in Alexandria and Gaza.

Procopius' theological writings consist of commentaries on the *Octateuch*, the books of Kings and Chronicles, Isaiah, the Proverbs, the Song of Songs and Ecclesiastes. They are amongst the earliest examples of the "catenic" (*catena*, chain) form of commentary, consisting of a series of extracts from the fathers, arranged, with independent additions, to elucidate the portions of Scripture concerned. Photius (cod. 206), while blaming the diffuseness of these commentaries, praises the writer's learning and style, which, however, he considers too ornate for the purpose. He also wrote a monody on the earthquake of Antioch in 526 AD in and an ekphrasis of a clock in Gaza.

Complete editions of the works of Procopius in Migne, *Patrologia Graeca*, lxxxvii; the letters also in *Epistolographi graeci*, ed. R. Hercher (1873); see also K. Seitz, *Die Schule von Gaza* (1892); L. Eisenhofer, *Procopius von Gaza* (1897); further bibliographical notices in K Krumbacher, *Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur* (1897), and article by G. Kruger in *Herzog-Hauck's Realencyclopädie für protestantische Theologie* (1905).

## Bibliography

* *Procopius Gazaeus. Opuscula rhetorica et oratoria*. E. Amato (ed.). Berolini-Novi Eboraci 2009.
* *Prokop von Gaza. Eclogarum in libros historicos Veteris Testamenti epitome*. Teil 2: Der Exoduskommentar. Hrsg. von K. Metzler. Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter 2020.
* *Prokop von Gaza. Der Exoduskommentar*. Über-setztundmitAnmerkungenversehen (DiegriechischenchristlichenSchrift-steller der ersten Jahrhunderte. Neue Folge 28). Berlin–Boston: De Gruyter 2020.
* *Rose di Gaza: gli scritti retorico-sofistici e le Epistole di Procopio di Gaza*. Eugenio Amato (ed.), (Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso, 2010) (Hellenica, 35).
* Amato E. "Un discorso inedito di Procopio di Gaza: In Meletis et Antoninae nuptias", *Revue des études tardo-antiques* 1 (2011-2012), pp. 15–69.
* Corcella A. "Tre nuovi testi di Procopio di Gaza: una dialexis inedita e due monodie già attribuite a Coricio", *Revue des études tardo-antiques* 1 (2011-2012), pp. 1–14.


title: Profilage

abstract: Profilage is a French television series created by Fanny Robert and Sophie Lebarbier and broadcast since April 23, 2009 on TF1 in France. In Belgium, the series has been broadcast on RTBF since May 25, 2013. In the United States, the series is broadcast on PBS, where the name of the series is translated as "The Paris Murders," and "Profilage" Season 4 is designated as "The Paris Murders" Season 1.

text:
# Profilage

***Profilage*** is a French television series created by Fanny Robert and Sophie Lebarbier and broadcast since April 23, 2009 on TF1 in France. In Belgium, the series has been broadcast on RTBF since May 25, 2013. In the United States, the series is broadcast on PBS, where the name of the series is translated as "The Paris Murders," and "Profilage" Season 4 is designated as "The Paris Murders" Season 1.

## Background

The series relates the investigations of Chloé Saint-Laurent then Adèle Delettre, two psychologists specialized in criminology. Their exceptional experience and sensitivity allow them to decipher the state of mind of murderers as victims, thus enabling investigators from the 3rd Division of the Judicial Police (DPJ) in Paris to solve the most disturbing cases.

## Cast

| Main cast | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Actor/actress | Character | Seasons | | | | | | | | |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Odile Vuillemin | Chloé Saint-Laurent | Main | | | | | | Guest |  | |
| Guillaume Cramoisan | Matthieu Pérac | Main | | Flashback |  | Flashback |  | Guest |  | |
| Vanessa Valence | Fred Kancel | Main | | | | | Guest | Flashback |  | |
| Raphaël Ferret | Hyppolite de Courtène | Main | | | | | | | | |
| Jean-Michel Martial | Grégoire Lamarck | Main | | | | | | | | |
| Didier Ferrari | Le doc | Main |  | | | | | | | |
| Guillaume de Tonquédec | |  | Main |  | | | | | | |
| Laurence Cormerais | Delphine Pérac | Recurring | Main |  | | | | | | |
| Marie Kremer | Louise Drancourt |  | Main | Mentioned |  | Guest |  | | | |
| Philippe Bas | Thomas Rocher | Main | | | | | | | | |
| Valérie Dashwood | Bérénice |  | | Main | | | | | | |
| Laurent Hennequin | Alexandre Hoffman |  | | Main | Guest |  | | | | |
| Benjamin Baroche | Antoine Garrel |  | | Recurring | Main | Recurring | Mentioned |  | | |
| Éric Berger | Tobias Roze |  | | | | Main | Mentioned |  | | |
| Sophie de Fürst | Emma Tomasi |  | | | | | Main | | | Guest |
| Juliette Roudet | Adèle Delettre |  | | | Guest | Recurring | | Main | | |
| Julia Piaton  ---  Diane Dassigny | Jessica Kancel |  | | | Guest | Recurring | Guest | Main | | |
|

## InfoBox

| *Profilage* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Police procedural
Psychological Thriller
Drama |
| Created by | Fanny Robert |
| Starring | Juliette Roudet (seasons 4, 5, 6 \[recurring\] seasons 7-9 \[main\])
Philippe Bas (actor) (seasons 3-10)
Raphaël Ferret
Sophie de Fürst (seasons 6-8 \[main\] season 9 \[guest\])
Jean-Michel Martial
Odile Vuillemin (seasons 1-6 \[main\] season 7 \[guest\])
Diane Dassigny (seasons 7-10)
Vanessa Valence (seasons 1-5)
Valérie Dashwood (seasons 3-10)
Guillaume Cramoisan (seasons 1-2) |
| Music by | Alexandre Fortuit |
| Country of origin | France |
| No. of seasons | 10 |
| No. of episodes | 102 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Producer | Stéphane Marsil |
| Running time | about 50-55 minutes (about 1 hour) |
| Original release | |
| Release | April 23, 2009 (2009-04-23)
August 27, 2020 (2020-08-27) |


abstract: Professor Layton and the New World of Steam is an upcoming puzzle-adventure game by Level-5 for the Nintendo Switch. It is part of the Professor Layton series and is scheduled to be released in 2025.

text:
# Professor Layton and the New World of Steam

***Professor Layton and the New World of Steam*** is an upcoming puzzle-adventure game by Level-5 for the Nintendo Switch. It is part of the *Professor Layton* series and is scheduled to be released in 2025.

## Development

*New World of Steam* was announced for the Nintendo Switch during a Nintendo Direct on 8 February 2023, with no release date revealed. No gameplay was shown; the teaser trailer consisted of Professor Hershel Layton walking through an industrial area. A new trailer was released in March 2023, revealing that the game takes place one year after the end of *Professor Layton and the Unwound Future*, with the story taking place in an American town named Steam Bison. Steam Bison has a steampunk aesthetic.

In November 2023, it was announced that *New World of Steam* would be released in 2025. Some details of the plot were released on the game's official website, with "highly advanced steam engines" causing a technological revolution in Steam Bison and a "mysterious incident" prompting Luke Triton to invite Hershel Layton to the town. A second trailer dropped two days before the Tokyo Game Show in 2024, detailing more of the game's plot and showing a new antagonist in Gunman King Joe, a mysterious ghostly cowboy-like figure. At the game show itself, a timed demo was publicly available.

The puzzles for the game will be designed by a group named QuizKnock, as Akira Tago, the puzzle designer for the other *Professor Layton* games, died in 2016. Yo Oizumi will be reprising his role as Hershel Layton from previous titles, while Mio Imada will be voicing Luke Triton in place of Maki Horikita, who announced her retirement from acting in 2017.

## Release

*Professor Layton and the New World of Steam* will be released on the Nintendo Switch worldwide in 2025.

1. Northup, Travis (8 February 2023). "A New Professor Layton Game Is Coming to Nintendo Switch". *IGN*. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
2. Reyes, Jess (13 February 2023). "Everything we know about 'Professor Layton and The New World of Steam'". *Inverse*. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
3. Stewart, Marcus (8 February 2023). "Professor Layton And The New World Of Steam Announced For Switch". *Game Informer*. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
4. Plant, Logan (13 March 2023). "Professor Layton's New Switch Game Is Also Bringing Back Luke". *IGN*. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
5. Yin-Poole, Wesley (29 November 2023). "Professor Layton and the New World of Steam Out in 2025, Apparently on Nintendo Switch". *IGN*. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
6. "Professor Layton and the New World of Steam – LEVEL-5 Vision 2024 trailer". *Gematsu*. 24 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
7. "Hands On: Professor Layton & The New World Of Steam - New World, But Feels Like The Old Prof". *Nintendo Life*. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
8. Norman, Jim (30 November 2023). "Professor Layton And The New World Of Steam: Everything We Know So Far". *Nintendo Life*. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
9. "Actress Maki Horikita announces retirement". *The Mainichi*. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.

## InfoBox

| Professor Layton and the New World of Steam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Level-5 |
| Publisher(s) | Level-5 |
| Series | *Professor Layton* |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo Switch |
| Release | 2025 |
| Genre(s) | Puzzle, adventure |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Pristava, Borovnica

abstract: Pristava is a small settlement in the hills south of Borovnica in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.

text:
# Pristava, Borovnica

**Pristava** (pronounced \[pɾiˈstaːʋa\]) is a small settlement in the hills south of Borovnica in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.

## InfoBox

| Pristava | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| PristavaLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 45°53′34.42″N 14°22′5.5″E / 45.8928944°N 14.368194°E / 45.8928944; 14.368194 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Inner Carniola |
| Statistical region | Central Slovenia |
| Municipality | Borovnica |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.06 km2 (0.41 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 477.9 m (1,567.9 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 15 |
| Density | 14/km2 (37/sq mi) |
|  | |


title: Progress Chef

abstract: Progress Chef is a configuration management tool written in Ruby and Erlang. It uses a pure-Ruby, domain-specific language (DSL) for writing system configuration "recipes". Chef is used to streamline the task of configuring and maintaining a company's servers, and can integrate with cloud-based platforms such as Amazon EC2, Google Cloud Platform, Oracle Cloud, OpenStack, IBM Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and Rackspace to automatically provision and configure new machines. Chef contains solutions for both small and large scale systems.

text:
# Progress Chef

**Progress Chef** (formerly **Chef**) is a configuration management tool written in Ruby and Erlang. It uses a pure-Ruby, domain-specific language (DSL) for writing system configuration "recipes". Chef is used to streamline the task of configuring and maintaining a company's servers, and can integrate with cloud-based platforms such as Amazon EC2, Google Cloud Platform, Oracle Cloud, OpenStack, IBM Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and Rackspace to automatically provision and configure new machines. Chef contains solutions for both small and large scale systems.

## Features

The user writes "recipes" that describe how Chef manages server applications and utilities (such as Apache HTTP Server, MySQL, or Hadoop) and how they are to be configured. These recipes (which can be grouped together as a "cookbook" for easier management) describe a series of resources that should be in a particular state: packages that should be installed, services that should be running, or files that should be written. These various resources can be configured to specific versions of software to run and can ensure that software is installed in the correct order based on dependencies. Chef makes sure each resource is properly configured and corrects any resources that are not in the desired state.

Chef can run in client/server mode, or in a standalone configuration named "chef-solo". In client/server mode, the Chef client sends various attributes about the node to the Chef server. The server uses Elasticsearch to index these attributes and provides an API for clients to query this information. Chef recipes can query these attributes and use the resulting data to help configure the node.

Traditionally, Chef was used to manage Linux but later versions add support for Microsoft Windows.

It is one of the major configuration management systems on Linux, along with CFEngine, Ansible and Puppet. More than a configuration management tool, Chef, along with Puppet and Ansible, is one of the industry's most notable Infrastructure as Code (IAC) tools.

## History

Chef Software, Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Computer software |
| Founded | 2008 |
| Headquarters | Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Key people | Barry Crist (CEO), Adam Jacob, Jesse Robbins, Jez Humble |
| Products | Chef |
| Website | www.chef.io/chef/ |

### Opscode

Chef was created by Adam Jacob as a tool for his consulting company, whose business model was to build end-to-end server/deployment tools. Jacob showed Chef to Jesse Robbins, who saw its potential after running operations at Amazon. They founded a new company (**Opscode**) with Barry Steinglass, Nathen Haneysmith, and Joshua Timberman to turn Chef into a product. The company Chief Technology Officer was Adam Jacob. **Chef Software, Inc.** was a corporation headquartered in Seattle, Washington.

The project was originally named "marionette", but the word was too long and cumbersome to type; naming the format modules were prepared in "recipe" led to the project being renamed "Chef".

In February 2013, Opscode released version 11 of Chef. Changes in this release included a complete rewrite of the core API server in Erlang.

In Sep 2015, Chef Chef was valued at $360 million after a $40 million venture capital funding round.

In November 2015, the company acquired a German security startup, VulcanoSec.

In April 2019, the company announced that the source code for their software would continue to be released under the Apache 2.0 license, while binaries would only be available under the terms of a proprietary license. In response, the Cinc project began releasing Apache 2.0 licensed binaries of several Chef products.

In 2019, it was discovered by a journalist that U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement was paying Chef approximately $95,000 per year for a software license. At that time, a former Chef employee deleted his code repository in protest of the contract. The company did not announce any changes to its contracting processes or partners.

### Chef Automate

Chef offered a single commercial product, Chef Automate, released at ChefConf in July 2016. Chef Automate included a full-stack continuous deployment pipeline, and automated testing for compliance and security. Chef Automate built on two of Chef's open source projects - Chef and InSpec - and integrated with the company's third open source project, Habitat. Habitat offered "application automation" to simplify running complex applications in different environments including containers, traditional data servers, or PaaS.

Chef offered three versions of its product: Chef Basics (free, open source), Hosted Chef ($72/node, minimum 20 node purchase), and Chef Automate ($137/node, annual subscription).

### Progress

On September 8, 2020, Progress announced the acquisition of Chef, with an intended final date in October.

A press release gave the price of acquisition at $220 million. The merged company was named **Progress Chef**.

## Platform support

Chef is supported on multiple platforms according to a supported platforms matrix for client and server products. Major platform support for clients includes AIX, Amazon Linux, Debian, CentOS/RHEL, FreeBSD, macOS, Solaris, SUSE Linux, Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu. Additional client platforms include Arch Linux and Fedora. Chef Server is supported on RHEL/CentOS, Oracle Linux, SUSE Linux and Ubuntu.

## Customers

Chef is used by Facebook,,OpenStreetMap, AWS OpsWorks, Prezi, and BlackLine.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Progress Chef
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Progress |
| Initial release | January 2009 (2009-01) |
|  | |
| Stable release(s) | |
| Server 15.10.12 / August 29, 2024 (2024-08-29)  Client 18.5.0 / July 9, 2024 (2024-07-09) | |
|  | |
| Repository | github.com/chef/chef |
| Written in | **Client**: Ruby<br>**Server**: Ruby, Erlang |
| Operating system | Linux, MS Windows, FreeBSD, macOS, IBM AIX, Solaris |
| Type | Configuration management, System administration, Network management, Cloud management, Continuous delivery, DevOps, Infrastructure as Code |
| License | Apache License 2.0 |
| Website | www.chef.io |


title: Prosoplus pulcher

abstract: Prosoplus pulcher is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1908. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Prosoplus pulcher

***Prosoplus pulcher*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1908. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Prosoplus pulcher* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Prosoplus* |
| Species: | ***P. pulcher*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosoplus pulcher***<br>(Aurivillius, 1908) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Axiothea? pulchra* Aurivillius, 1908 | |