title: Wellow, Hampshire

abstract: Wellow is a village and civil parish in Hampshire, England that falls within the Test Valley district. The village lies just outside the New Forest, across the main A36 road which runs from the M27 motorway to Salisbury. The nearest town is Romsey, 4 miles (6.4 km) to the east, and the closest city is Southampton, 9 miles (14 km) to the southeast. The parish had a population of 3,239 in the 2021 census. Some people refer to the two villages of East Wellow and West Wellow individually, while others refer to them collectively as Wellow. There is no official administrative or political division which separates the two parts, and they share the same parish council, which also covers the small settlement of Canada. Canada is just inside the New Forest boundary and can only be reached by public road from the roundabout on the A36 at West Wellow.

text:
# Wellow, Hampshire

**Wellow** is a village and civil parish in Hampshire, England that falls within the Test Valley district. The village lies just outside the New Forest, across the main A36 road which runs from the M27 motorway to Salisbury. The nearest town is Romsey, 4 miles (6.4 km) to the east, and the closest city is Southampton, 9 miles (14 km) to the southeast. The parish had a population of 3,239 in the 2021 census.

Some people refer to the two villages of **East Wellow** and **West Wellow** individually, while others refer to them collectively as Wellow. There is no official administrative or political division which separates the two parts, and they share the same parish council, which also covers the small settlement of **Canada**. Canada is just inside the New Forest boundary and can only be reached by public road from the roundabout on the A36 at West Wellow.

## History

King Alfred (d. 899) left "the toune of Welewe" in his will to his eldest daughter Ethelgifu. Thirteen households at "Welue" are mentioned in Domesday Book (1086).

Only the name "Wellow" appears on Saxton's 1575 map of Hampshire; it is spelt "Wellew" in various maps from the seventeenth century. East and West Wellow appear separately by the time of John Harrison's 1788 map, separated by the River Blackwater. Their exact positions on these early maps are hard to reconcile with the modern road and settlement pattern, but until 1895 when the county boundary was realigned, West Wellow was in Wiltshire and East Wellow in Hampshire.

## Amenities

Most of the current housing dates from the twentieth century, with a few earlier buildings (notably some thatched cottages). There is continuing small-scale infill development. All the principal services are found in the larger West Wellow and include some small shops, a petrol station, village hall, recreation ground and Wellow School. The school was originally funded by money from Florence Nightingale's family and bears a plaque recording that information.

The smaller mainly residential East Wellow is approximately one mile to the south-east of West Wellow. Throughout the 1990s, there was discussion of various options for the construction of a Wellow bypass route to relieve the village of the increasing volume of traffic on the A36; but none of these were constructed. The northern boundary of the modern village is effectively the River Blackwater, and the surrounding area is agricultural.

The former Wellow Mill on the Blackwater was served by a complicated series of sluices to deal with changes in water level but was converted to a private residence in 1945, and no machinery remains. Along the river are a series of lakes which form the site of Woodington and Whinwhistle fisheries.

## Church

The parish church of St. Margaret of Antioch is a flint-faced stone structure consecrated in 1215, and the interior contains some wall paintings from this period. Archaeological evidence suggests the site was previously home to a Saxon church and its possible that one of the arches in the chancel dates to around 1180.

In 1251 Henry III of England granted a charter to Wellow to hold an annual fair on the eve of St Margaret's Day. A chancel was added in the 13th century and a south aisle in the 15th. A number of internal fittings come from a now demolished church at Sherfield English from where they were moved in 1860.

The church is notable as the burial site of Florence Nightingale, whose family home was the nearby Embley Park, now a private school. St Margaret's is a destination for many visitors interested in Nightingale and the history of nursing. The church is some distance from the majority of the modern housing, and there is no archaeological evidence that there was ever a substantial settlement close to the church.

## Education

### State-funded schools

* Wellow Primary School

### Independent schools

## InfoBox

| Wellow | |
| --- | --- |
| St Margaret's Church | |
| WellowLocation within Hampshire | |
| Population | 3,239 (2021 Census: Parish of Wellow, Hampshire) |
| London | 73 miles NE |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ROMSEY |
| Postcode district | SO51 |
| Dialling code | 01794 |
|  | |
| Police | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Olena Tsyhankova

abstract: Olena Tsyhankova is a Ukrainian sprint canoeist. She competed at the 2021 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, winning a bronze medal in the C-4 500 m distance.

text:
# Olena Tsyhankova

**Olena Tsyhankova** (born 23 January 1999) is a Ukrainian sprint canoeist.

She competed at the 2021 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, winning a bronze medal in the C-4 500 m distance.

## InfoBox

Olena Tsyhankova
| Tsyhankova (right) at the 2023 Marathon WCh | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Ukrainian |
| Born | (1999-01-23) 23 January 1999<br>Mlyniv, Rivne Oblast, Ukraine |
| Sport | |
| Country | Ukraine |
| Sport | Canoe sprint |
| Medal record      Women's canoe sprint  World Championships  2021 Copenhagen C-4 500 m  Women's canoe marathon  World Championships  2023 Vejen C-1  2023 Vejen C-1 short race  2024 Metković C-1 short race  European Championships  2023 Brod C-1 short race  2024 Poznań C-1 short race | |


title: PTRS-41

abstract: The PTRS-41 is a World War II-era semi-automatic anti-tank rifle firing the 14.5×114mm cartridge.

text:
# PTRS-41

The **PTRS-41** (Russian: **П**ротиво**т**анковое самозарядное **р**ужьё образца 1941 года системы **С**имонова, romanized: ***P**rotivo**t**ankovoye samozaryadnoye **r**uzhyo obraztsa 1941 goda sistemy **S**imonova*, lit. 'Anti-tank-self-loading gun pattern 1941, Simonov system') is a World War II-era semi-automatic anti-tank rifle firing the 14.5×114mm cartridge.

## Design

The PTRS-41 was produced and used by the Soviet Union during World War II. In the years between the World Wars, the Soviet Union began experimenting with different types of armour-piercing anti-tank cartridges. Finding the 12.7×108mm insufficient, they began development of what became the 14.5×114mm armour-piercing round. Rukavishnikov developed his anti-tank rifle M1939 to use this cartridge, but it was not successful because of some manufacturing issues, a sufficient number of more effective anti-tank guns in the Red Army, and high expectations about new German tank armour.

In 1941, the loss of huge amounts of anti-tank artillery created a need for a stop-gap anti-tank weapon, so famous USSR weapons designers such as Vasily Degtyaryov and Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov were tasked to design anti-tank rifles. Both were considered simpler and more suitable to wartime production than an updated Rukavishnikov rifle. Simonov used elements of a family of his 7.62x54R self-loading rifles and carbines which he continued to develop after his 1938 design lost to SVT-38 to create a scaled-up self-loading rifle.

The five-round clip is loaded into the receiver and held under pressure by a swing magazine underneath. On firing the last round, the bolt is held open, and the magazine release catch can be operated only when the bolt is locked back. The gas-operated PTRS has a tendency to jam when dirty, and the 14.5mm cartridge produces significant residue, blocking the gas port. The 14.5mm armour-piercing bullet has a muzzle velocity of 1,013 m/s (3,320 ft/s) and devastating ballistics. It can penetrate an armour plate up to 40 mm (1.6 in) thick at a distance of 100 m (330 ft).

In 1943 Simonov used a scaled-down PTRS-41 design for the SKS, that would accommodate the new 1943-designed 7.62×39mm cartridge.

## History

Along with his partner Vasily Degtyaryov, Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov helped the Soviet Union develop new weapons between the First and Second World War. During this time, Degtyaryov went on to create the PTRD-41 while Simonov created and designed its cousin rifle, the PTRS-41 in 1938. As one of Simonov's creations, the PTRS-41 was sometimes known as simply the "Simonov" on the battlefield. Although more advanced, the PTRS was harder to use and less reliable than the cheaper PTRD while yielding similar performance, so the PTRD was used more often.

The semi-automatic anti-tank rifle was used extensively on the Eastern Front in World War II. It was used successfully by Hero of the Soviet Union Sergeant Yakov Pavlov during the Battle of Stalingrad when the NCO led the defence of Pavlov's House in the city after he mounted rifles on the building's roof. Because the rifles were effective against thin armour at close range, they were able to destroy numerous German Panzers that came into range because they could shoot through the thin armour on their turret-roofs. Guns captured by the Germans were given the designation **14.5 mm PzB 784(r)**.

Although the PTRS-41 anti-armour capabilities quickly diminished after its introduction in 1941 to due increasing thickness of German tank armour, the 14.5×114mm round was still useful against soft-skinned targets such as trucks and in urban warfare.

The AT gun was used again by Communist-backed forces in the Korean War and Chinese Civil War.

PTRS-41 rifles are still in use by Donbas militiamen in Ukraine, during the Russo-Ukrainian War, due to their ability to penetrate APC armour. The ammunition used is World War II vintage.

## Users

### Current

### Former

## Bibliography

* Beevor, Antony (1999). *Stalingrad*. United Kingdom: Penguin. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-14-103240-5.
* Bishop, Chris (2002). *The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II*. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58663-762-0.
* Koll, Christian (2009). *Soviet Cannon - A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and Ammunition in Calibres 12.7mm to 57mm*. Austria: Koll. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-200-01445-9.
* Weeks, Col. John, ed. (1980). *Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1980-81*. Jane's Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-531-03936-6.

## InfoBox

| PTRS-41 | |
| --- | --- |
| PTRS | |
| Type | Anti-tank rifle |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1941–present |
| Used by | see Users |
| Wars | World War II
Korean War
Chinese Civil War
Syrian Civil War
War in Donbas
Russo-Ukrainian War |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov |
| Designed | 1938–1939 |
| Produced | 1941–1945 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 21 kg (46 lb) |
| Length | 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in) |
| Barrel length | 1.22 m (4 ft 0 in) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 14.5×114mm |
| Caliber | 14.5 mm (0.57 in) |
| Action | Gas-operated; short stroke gas piston, vertically tilting bolt |
| Muzzle velocity | 1,013 m/s (3,320 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 800 m (870 yd) against armoured vehicles |
| Maximum firing range | 1,500 m (1,600 yd) against armoured vehicles |
| Feed system | 5-round integral box magazine |


title: Privilege sign

abstract: A privilege sign is a retail store sign provided by a manufacturer, with the manufacturer's branding on it. The signs may be provided to the store at no cost, in return for the manufacturer's advertising on the sign. Examples include Coca-Cola signs, bar/tavern signage provided by breweries containing that brewery's brand logo above the establishment's name, and painted signs on sides of shops. Privilege signs are no longer popular with manufacturers or stores in the United States, slowly disappearing from storefronts in that country. However, it remains a common fixture in other countries, such as sari-sari stores in the Philippines, where common sponsors of privilege signs include soft drinks, telecommunications services, soap brands and tobacco. Similar such signs still appear on independent newsagents in the United Kingdom with Lycamobile and Coca-Cola being among the most prominent of brands to advertise.

text:
# Privilege sign

A **privilege sign** is a retail store sign provided by a manufacturer, with the manufacturer's branding on it. The signs may be provided to the store at no cost, in return for the manufacturer's advertising on the sign. Examples include Coca-Cola signs, bar/tavern signage provided by breweries containing that brewery's brand logo above the establishment's name, and painted signs on sides of shops.

Privilege signs are no longer popular with manufacturers or stores in the United States, slowly disappearing from storefronts in that country. However, it remains a common fixture in other countries, such as sari-sari stores in the Philippines, where common sponsors of privilege signs include soft drinks, telecommunications services, soap brands and tobacco.

Similar such signs still appear on independent newsagents in the United Kingdom with Lycamobile and Coca-Cola being among the most prominent of brands to advertise.


title: Abdullah Franji

abstract: Abdullah Franji, also known as Abdullah Frangi, is a Fatah member and one of its leaders in Gaza. He has held various posts in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Palestine National Authority.

text:
# Abdullah Franji

**Abdullah Franji**, also known as ***Abdullah Frangi***, (born 1943) is a Fatah member and one of its leaders in Gaza. He has held various posts in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Palestine National Authority.

## Early life and education

Franji was born in Beersheba, Mandate Palestine, on 15 November 1943. His family left the city during the Nakba in 1948 and settled in Gaza. They later settled in Cairo in 1956 during the Suez crisis.

Franji obtained degrees in medicine and in politics in Germany between 1963 and 1973. He joined the Fatah during his studies in the mid-1960s. He received military training in Algeria in 1967. He was arrested in Hebron after his return to the region and left Palestine for Germany when he was released from prison. He is one of the co-founders of the General Union of Palestinian Students and Workers in Europe and served as the president of the Confederation of Palestinian Students in Germany and Austria from 1968 to 1973. Following the opening of the PLO information office in Frankfurt he was involved in the publication of the *Resistentia* magazine which was a PLO propaganda publication.

Franji was hospitalized after he and Eli Lobel, a member of the Israeli dissident group Matzpen, were attacked and injured in an event organized by the Socialist German Student Union to protest the talk of the Israeli ambassador to West Germany Asher Ben-Natan in the summer of 1969. The perpetrators of the attack were Zionists. Franji was elected as a member of the Palestinian National Council in 1972. After the killing of the Israeli Olympic athletes in September 1972 he and some 300 other Palestinians were expelled from Germany.

## Career and activities

Following his graduation Franji served at the Arab League office in Bonn, Germany, in the mid-1970s. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Palestine Information Office in Bonn which was the unofficial representative of the PLO. He became a member of the Fatah Revolutionary Council in 1978 and headed the PLO delegation to Austria in 1982. He served as the permanent PLO representative to United Nations Industrial Development Organization in Vienna between 1982 and 1985.

Franji was elected to the Central Committee of Fatah in August 1989 and became one of the advisers on European affairs to the PLO leader Yasser Arafat. Franji was made the head of the PLO delegation to Germany in 1993 which he held until 1998 and became a member of the Palestinian Central Council in 1998.

Franji headed the Palestine Future Foundation in May–June 2007. He was appointed adviser on foreign affairs to Mahmoud Abbas, president of the Palestinian National Authority, in 2010 with the rank of minister. He was named as the governor of Gaza in 2014. He serves as the Fatah representative in Gaza.

## Views

Franji stated in an interview with *Der Spiegel* in 2006 that the relations between Fatah and Hamas would be better after the recognition of the two-state solution by Hamas. However, two years later he argued that Hamas was responsible for the end of ceasefire in 2007.

Franji published a book entitled *The PLO and Palestine* in 1983.

## InfoBox

| Abdullah Franji | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1943-11-15) 15 November 1943<br>Beersheba, Mandatory Palestine |
| Nationality | Palestinian |
| Political party | Fatah |
| Website | al-frangi.de |
|  | |


title: World Rugby Tbilisi Cup

abstract: The World Rugby Tbilisi Cup is a rugby union competition that was first held in 2013 at Avchala Stadium in Tbilisi with the hosts Georgia joined by Uruguay, who regularly take part in the Nations Cup, and two newly founded teams: Emerging Ireland, who were made up of young Irish players that didn't get selected for the Lions tour to Australia or the national side's tour to North America, and a South Africa President's XV, composed of Currie Cup players. Georgia was the only team to return for the second edition in 2014. They were joined by Spain and two teams that regularly take part in the IRB Nations Cup, Argentina Jaguars and Emerging Italy. In 2015, Emerging Ireland, Emerging Italy and Uruguay returned to the tournament, with Emerging Ireland claiming the title for the first ever time.

text:
# World Rugby Tbilisi Cup

The **World Rugby Tbilisi Cup** is a rugby union competition that was first held in 2013 at Avchala Stadium in Tbilisi with the hosts Georgia joined by Uruguay, who regularly take part in the Nations Cup, and two newly founded teams: Emerging Ireland, who were made up of young Irish players that didn't get selected for the Lions tour to Australia or the national side's tour to North America, and a South Africa President's XV, composed of Currie Cup players.

Georgia was the only team to return for the second edition in 2014. They were joined by Spain and two teams that regularly take part in the IRB Nations Cup, Argentina Jaguars and Emerging Italy. In 2015, Emerging Ireland, Emerging Italy and Uruguay returned to the tournament, with Emerging Ireland claiming the title for the first ever time.

## History

### Teams

The teams that participated in the Tbilisi Cup and their finishing positions are as follows:

| Team | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Argentina XV |  | 1st |  |
| Emerging Ireland | 2nd |  | 1st |
| Georgia | 3rd | 2nd | 3rd |
| Emerging Italy |  | 3rd | 2nd |
| South Africa President's XV | 1st |  |  |
| Spain |  | 4th |  |
| Uruguay | 4th |  | 4th |

## Statistics

Updated 21 June 2015 after 2015 World Rugby Tbilisi Cup.

## InfoBox

World Rugby Tbilisi Cup
| Sport | Rugby union |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2013 |
| No. of teams | 4 |
| Country | **2015 Teams**
Emerging Ireland
Emerging Italy
Georgia
Uruguay |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Emerging Ireland (2015) |


title: Masami Kobayashi

abstract: Masami Kobayashi was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. His name was sometimes misspelled as "Marasmi Kobayashi" or "Marashi Kobayashi" by contemporary United States Navy sources. He was an outspoken proponent of the Treaty Faction within the Imperial Japanese Navy.

text:
# Masami Kobayashi

**Masami Kobayashi** (小林仁, *Kobayashi Masami or Kobayashi Masashi*, 18 June 1890  7 August 1977) was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. His name was sometimes misspelled as "Marasmi Kobayashi" or "Marashi Kobayashi" by contemporary United States Navy sources. He was an outspoken proponent of the Treaty Faction within the Imperial Japanese Navy.

## Biography

Kobayashi was a native of Yonezawa, Yamagata, where his father was a farmer. With the assistance of a clique of admirals within the Imperial Japanese Navy from former Yonezawa Domain (including Yamashita Gentarō and Chūichi Nagumo), he entered military preparatory schools and graduated 4th out of 149 cadets from the 38th class of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy. His classmates included Michitaro Totsuka, Takeo Kurita, Rokuzō Sugiyama, Gunichi Mikawa and Aritomo Gotō. After serving on the cruiser *Kasuga* and battleship *Asahi*, Kobayashi was sent to the United Kingdom as part of the crew bringing the new battlecruiser *Kongō* to Japan. After attending the naval artillery and torpedo warfare schools, he served on the destroyer *Kisaragi* before attending the Naval Staff College in 1916, where he specialized in navigation.

On graduation and promotion to lieutenant, Kobayashi served as chief navigator on the survey vessel *Katsuriki* and the aging cruiser *Akitsushima*. He then returned to shore duty from 1919-1921 with the IJN 3rd Fleet and served as an instructor at the Navy Academy. He returned to the Naval War College in 1921 and was promoted to lieutenant commander on graduation in 1922. His first command was from 1923-1925 of the river gunboat Japanese gunboat *Hira*, which operated on the Yangtze River in Shanghai. From December 1925 to April 1928, Kobayashi served as a naval attaché to the United States. He was promoted to commander on 1 December 1927. After his return to Japan, Kobayashi served as executive officer on the submarine tender *Chōgei*. He was promoted to captain on December 1, 1931. A week later, he was sent to Geneva as an attendant to the Geneva Conference. In November 1932, he returned to the United States as a naval attaché, remaining until June 1934.

In December 1936, Kobayashi was appointed captain of the battleship *Yamashiro*. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Kobayashi became Chief of Staff of the IJN 4th Fleet and was based at Qingdao as an assistant to Rear Admiral Soemu Toyoda. On 1 December 1937, Kobayashi was promoted to rear admiral. From September 1938 to November 1939, he served as Chief of Staff of the Sasebo Naval District. He returned to the China front in November 1939 as Commander of the Naval Base Forces in Wuhan, and from November 1940 in Shanghai. He returned to Japan in May 1941. On 15 October 1941, Kobayashi was promoted to vice admiral.

### World War II

Shortly before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Kobayashi was the commander of the Osaka Guard District. He remained in that position until March 1943 and despite having more combat experience than many of his colleagues, was assigned to personnel recruitment, munitions production, and general bureaucratic duties. It was not until after the tide of the war started to change that Kobayashi was permitted to return to combat status with his appointment to command the IJN 4th Fleet on 1 April 1943. The IJN 4th Fleet was responsible for the defense of the South Pacific, although its responsibilities overlapped, and often conflicted with the IJN 2nd Fleet, IJN 6th Fleet, and the Combined Fleet.

In November 1943, the Allies were victorious at the Battle of Tarawa and Battle of Makin in the Gilbert Islands, and in early February 1944 seized critically strategic positions in the Marshall Islands with the Battle of Kwajalein and the capture of Roi-Namur. Realizing that the major Japanese naval base in the South Pacific at Truk was endangered, Kobayashi ordered the naval assets there transferred to Palau. However, before the transfer could be complete, the United States launched Operation Hailstone, sinking a large number of Japanese warships and transports. The Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff blamed Kobayashi for the defeat and relieved him of his command two days later. On 30 May 1944, Kobayashi was forced from active service and on 31 May 1944, he went into the reserves.

After the surrender of Japan, Kobayashi was detained at Sugamo Prison in Tokyo by the SCAP authorities, and charged with command responsibility for the war crimes perpetrated by Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara in the "Wake Island Massacre". His case never came to trial, and he was released from Sugamo Prison in 1952.

In the post-war period, Kobayashi served as an advisor and instructor for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Masami Kobayashi | |
| --- | --- |
| Vice Admiral Kobayashi Masami (c. 1941–44) | |
| Native name | 小林 仁 |
| Born | 18 June 1890<br>Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan |
| Died | 7 August 1977(1977-08-07) (aged 87) |
| Allegiance | Empire of Japan |
| Service/branch | Imperial Japanese Navy |
| Years of service | 1910–1944 |
| Rank | Vice Admiral |
| Commands | *Hira*, *Yamashiro*, Kanko Area Base, Shanghai Area Auxiliary Base, Naval Hydrography Bureau, Osaka Guard District, 4th Fleet |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Raymond K. Mason

abstract: Raymond Knight Mason was an American business leader for nearly sixty years, almost 40 as head of the Charter Company in Jacksonville, Florida. Charter was in the Fortune 500 for 11 years beginning in 1974 and ranked 61st in 1984.

text:
# Raymond K. Mason

**Raymond Knight Mason** (February 28, 1927 - January 2, 2020) was an American business leader for nearly sixty years, almost 40 as head of the Charter Company in Jacksonville, Florida. Charter was in the Fortune 500 for 11 years beginning in 1974 and ranked 61st in 1984.

## Personal life

Mason was born in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1927. He served in the Merchant Marine during World War II. Raymond and his wife, Minerva were married in 1948 and went to New York City for their honeymoon. They enjoyed New York, and returned so often that in 1972, they purchased one of 75 co-ops at The Pierre, a 41-floor Hotel at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 61st Street that looks like a French chateau. The couple had four children: Raymond, Jr, Walter, Varina and Marcy; they celebrated their 70th wedding anniversary in 2018.

Mason graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1949 with a B.A. in economics and immediately took over his family's Jacksonville business, the **Mason Lumber Company**.

## Charter companies

Mason founded the Charter Company that same year and was the chairman, president and chief executive officer until 1987. The business was divided into three groups.

* **Charter Oil** \- Because of his work with the oil industry, Mason developed a close friendship with Gerald Ford in the early 1970s. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia asked Mason to speak on his behalf to then President Richard Nixon, but Mason was unable to access Nixon because of Watergate. Then Vice President Ford saw him instead, which started their friendship.
* **Charter Insurance**
* **Charter Communications**

## Other business

He was a director of Florida National Banks of Florida, Inc. from 1960 to 1974; in 1978, he became chairman, chief executive officer and controlling shareholder of *American Banks of Florida, Inc.*, until their merger with *SouthTrust of Alabama, Inc.* in 1998.

Mason has served as vice chairman of *Juniper Content Corporation* since January 2007 and as a director of Firestone Communications, which operated a Spanish children's television network. That same year, he acquired a 35 percent interest in *Intrepid Capital Management Inc.*, a Jacksonville Beach investment management firm. He also has an interest in AccentHealth, which provides medical information for consumers. Mason has been chairman of *Rebuilding Services, Inc.* (since July 1949), *Acorn Ventures, Inc.* (since August 1998), *12K, LLC* (since December 2003), managing partner of *Middle East Ventures* and *Connemara Capital Company, LLC* (since December 2003), which are private investment companies with investments in real estate, media, financial services, oil and gas and transportation.

## Mentor

Edward Ball was a powerful figure in business and politics in Florida for decades despite the fact that he never held public office and did not own the assets he controlled. He worked for and with his brother-in-law, Alfred I. du Pont for nine years before running the du Pont trust's businesses by himself for another 46 years. Mr. Ball was Mason's mentor, friend and confidant for decades. Raymond Mason, in turn, was claimed as a mentor by at least a dozen of his young executives at Charter.

In 1976, Mason collaborated with Virginia Harrison to author a book about the life of Edward Ball, *Confusion to the enemy : a biography of Edward Ball*. This book was the "authorized" biography, whereas the book, *Ed Ball, confusion to the enemy* by Leon Odell Griffith, published the previous year, was done by an outsider.

Mason also wrote a booklet about Charter, *"The history of the Charter Company: its challenges and opportunities"*, published by Newcomen Society in North America, 1983.

## Homes

Mason owned two unique properties, both of which were acquired through Edward Ball.

### Jacksonville

Epping Forest was the former estate of Alfred I. du Pont and Jessie Ball du Pont, Edward’s sister. When Jessie died in 1970, Ed Ball arranged the sale of Epping Forest to Raymond Mason.

Mason was good friends with President Gerald Ford and hosted talks between Ford and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in November, 1975 at Epping Forest, Mason's home. Ex-President Ford became a consultant to the Charter Company and attended the funeral of Charter president Jack T. Donnell in 1982.

Mason sold Epping Forest to Herb Peyton and Gate Petroleum in 1984 when Charter was in financial difficulty.

### Ireland

The Mason mansion, which the Masons still own, is a castle in Ballynahinch, County Galway, Ireland, renowned for its salmon fishing, its 350-acre (1.4 km2) landscaped estate and 13,000 acres (53 km2) of woodcock hunting.

Minerva Mason heads a syndicate that has owned Ballynahinch Castle since the late 1970s. It has been run as a hotel since the 1940s and was purchased by Edward Ball in 1957 for a fraction of its present value, which Mrs. Mason estimates at around $15 million.

Mrs. Mason stays about "three months a year in a separate house on the castle grounds" and admits that they spent "millions" on the castle's 28 guest rooms. They recently added an annex of 12 rooms.

## Philanthropy

The Eagle Foundation, Inc. is the entity used by the Masons for charitable donations. On December 7, 2006, the Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens received a $5 million gift to help "create a place of culture and beauty for all", according to museum founder Ninah Cummer's vision. Minerva's association with the museum goes back to the building's opening on November 11, 1961. She was a member of the advisory group to the board and served on the music committee.

The Masons also contributed to the complete renovation of the Swisher Theatre at Jacksonville University, which re-opened in February, 2007.

## InfoBox

| Raymond Knight Mason | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1927-02-28)February 28, 1927
Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida, United States |
| Died | January 2, 2020(2020-01-02) (aged 92)
Jacksonville, Florida U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Banker, Investor, Businessman |
| Years active | 1946-2019 |
| Employer | Charter Company |
| Known for | Making deals |
| Spouse | Julia Minerva Rogers (1948-2019; her death) |
| Parent(s) | Varina Knight and William Marcy Mason |


title: Matigan-i Hazar Datistan

abstract: The Matigan-i Hazar Datistan was the judicial code of the Magistan (Megisthanes), the imperial parliament of the Arsacid Empire and, for a while, of the Sassanid Empire. The Matigan-i Hazar Datistan was a compilation of the social, moral, civil and criminal laws of the time. Although the name suggests a thousand chapters or laws, it is not known whether the code really had that many, and may simply mean 'a significant number'. A considerable portion of the code has been lost.

text:
# Matigan-i Hazar Datistan

The **Matigan-i Hazar Datistan** was the judicial code of the Magistan (Megisthanes), the imperial parliament of the Arsacid Empire (150 BCE–226 CE) and, for a while, of the Sassanid Empire (226–650 CE).

The *Matigan-i Hazar Datistan* was a compilation of the social, moral, civil and criminal laws of the time. Although the name suggests a thousand chapters or laws (*Hazar*: thousand), it is not known whether the code really had that many, and may simply mean 'a significant number'.

A considerable portion of the code has been lost.


title: Mills Act

abstract: The Mills Act is a California state law that allows cities to enter into contracts with the owners of historic structures. Such contracts require a reduction of property taxes in exchange for the continued preservation of the property. The Mills Act is recognized by the state of California as the "single most important economic development incentive program in California for the restoration and preservation of qualified historic buildings by private property owners. Each local government establishes their own criteria and determines how many contracts they will allow in their jurisdiction. For example, the City of Pasadena Historic Property Contract Program was established by ordinance in October 2002 under the authority of the Mills Act. Under this act, local governments may enter into historic property contracts with owners of qualifying privately owned historic properties who agree to rehabilitate, restore and/or maintain their property according to the Secretary of Interior Standards. California's four largest cities as well as more than 75 other city and county governments have instituted Mills Act programs.

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# Mills Act

The **Mills Act** is a California state law that allows cities to enter into contracts with the owners of historic structures. Such contracts require a reduction of property taxes in exchange for the continued preservation of the property.

The Mills Act is recognized by the state of California as the "single most important economic development incentive program in California for the restoration and preservation of qualified historic buildings by private property owners.

Each local government establishes their own criteria and determines how many contracts they will allow in their jurisdiction.

For example, the City of Pasadena Historic Property Contract Program was established by ordinance in October 2002 under the authority of the Mills Act (California Government Code, Article 12, Sections 50280-50290). Under this act, local governments may enter into historic property contracts with owners of qualifying privately owned historic properties who agree to rehabilitate, restore and/or maintain their property according to the Secretary of Interior Standards.

California's four largest cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, and San Jose) as well as more than 75 other city and county governments have instituted Mills Act programs.


title: Oldenburg G 7

abstract: The Oldenburg G 7 steam locomotive was a German 0-8-0 locomotive produced for the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways. It was an eight-coupled engine, intended for heavy goods train duties, and was based on the Prussian G 7. It had a 1,660 mm diameter boiler located 2,820 mm above the top of the rails in the plate frame, and was equipped with a single Walschaerts valve gear as well as a Lentz valve gear. Thirteen were taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn, grouped into DRG Class 55.62 and given numbers 55 6201–55 6213.

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# Oldenburg G 7

The **Oldenburg G 7** steam locomotive was a German 0-8-0 locomotive produced for the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways (*Großherzoglich Oldenburgische Eisenbahn*). It was an eight-coupled engine, intended for heavy goods train duties, and was based on the Prussian G 7. It had a 1,660 mm diameter boiler located 2,820 mm above the top of the rails in the plate frame, and was equipped with a single Walschaerts valve gear as well as a Lentz valve gear. Thirteen were taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn, grouped into **DRG Class 55.62** and given numbers 55 6201–55 6213.

* Hütter, Ingo (2015). *Die Dampflokomotiven der Baureihen 54 bis 59 der DRG, DRB, DB, und DR* (in German). Werl: DGEG Medien. p. 262. ISBN 978-3-937189-85-7.
* Spielhoff, Lothar (1990). *Länderbahn-Dampf-Lokomotiven. Band 1: Preußen, Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, Sachsen und Elsaß-Lothringen* (in German). Stuttgart: Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung. ISBN 3-440-06145-0.
* Vandenberghen, J. (1989). *La guerre 1914 - 1918 et les locomotives "Armistice", 3. Description des locomotives bavaroises, saxonnes, badoises, mecklebourgeoises, oldenbourgeoises* (PDF) (in French). Brussels: SNCB. p. 59.
* Weisbrod, Manfred; Müller, Hans; Petznik, Wolfgang (1978). *Dampflokomotiven deutscher Eisenbahnen, Baureihe 41–59 (EFA 1.2)* (in German) (3rd ed.). Düsseldorf: Alba. pp. 130–132. ISBN 3-87094-082-4.

## InfoBox

| Oldenburg G 7
DRG Class 55.62 | |
| --- | --- |
| An ex-Prussian G 7.1, no. 55 669, in Potsdam on 17 May 1993 | |
| Type and origin  Build date 1912–1918  Total produced 22 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 0-8-0  Driver dia. 1,350 mm (4 ft 5 in)  Adhesive weight 58.6 t (57.7 long tons; 64.6 short tons)  Service weight 58.6 t (57.7 long tons; 64.6 short tons)  Boiler pressure 12 kgf/cm2 (1.18 MPa; 171 lbf/in2)  Heating surface:   Firebox 2.23 m2 (24.0 sq ft)  Evaporative 180.10 m2 (1,938.6 sq ft)  Cylinders 2, compound  High-pressure cylinder 500 mm (19+1116 in)  Low-pressure cylinder 750 mm (29+12 in)  Piston stroke 660 mm (26 in) | |
| Performance figures  Maximum speed 45 km/h (28 mph) | |
| Career  Numbers * GOE: 231–235, 246–247, 251–255, 259–263, 272–276 * DRG: 55 6201–6213 | |


title: PTRF

abstract: Polymerase I and transcript release factor, also known as Cavin1, Cavin-1 or PTRF, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PTRF gene.

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# PTRF

**Polymerase I and transcript release factor**, also known as **Cavin1**, **Cavin-1** or **PTRF**, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the *PTRF* gene.

## Function

PTRF (Cavin1) has been shown to be crucial for caveola formation and function. Deformation caveolae promotes the translocation of cavin-1 from caveolae to the nucleus

Termination of RNA polymerase I catalyzed transcription is a 2-step process that involves pausing of transcription elongation and release of both the pre-ribosomal RNA and Pol I from the DNA template. The pausing is mediated by TTF1 and PTRF.

PTRF is a soluble protein containing putative leucine zipper, nuclear localization signal, and PEST domains.

## Interactions

PTRF (Cavin1) forms trimers with Cavin2 and Cavin3 in caveola formation and has been shown to interact with other membrane associating proteins such as EHD2 and caveolins.

PTRF has been shown to interact with ZNF148.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| CAVIN1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | CAVIN1, CAVIN, CGL4, cavin-1, FKSG13, PTRF, polymerase I and transcript release factor, caveolae associated protein 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 603198; MGI: 1277968; HomoloGene: 7499; GeneCards: CAVIN1; OMA:CAVIN1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_012232   NM\_008986
NM\_001359105
NM\_027160   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_036364   NP\_033012
NP\_001346034   Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 42.4 – 42.42 Mb Chr 11: 100.85 – 100.86 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Raj Vattikuti

abstract: Raj Vattikuti is an American-Indian entrepreneur, business executive and philanthropist. He is the Founder and Chairman of Altimetrik Corp. He is also the founder of Vattikuti Foundation. through which he is involved in many charitable causes. Previously, he was Founder and CEO of Covansys Corp., an IT services company, which was acquired by Computer Sciences Corporation in a $1.3 billion deal.

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# Raj Vattikuti

**Raj Vattikuti** is an American-Indian entrepreneur, business executive and philanthropist. He is the Founder and Chairman of Altimetrik Corp. He is also the founder of Vattikuti Foundation. through which he is involved in many charitable causes. Previously, he was Founder and CEO of Covansys Corp., an IT services company, which was acquired by Computer Sciences Corporation in a $1.3 billion deal.

## Early life and education

Raj Vattikuti was born in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. He is married to Padma Vattikuti. He attended College of Engineering, Guindy India, where he earned a bachelor's degree in Electronic Engineering. He then attended Wayne State University where he earned an MS degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Raj Vattikuti also holds an Honorary Doctorate in Business Administration from Bryant College.

## Career

Prior to his first venture, Raj Vattikuti was an MIS project leader for Chrysler Corporation between 1977 and 1983. Between 1983 and 1985, he was the Director of MIS in Yurika Foods Corporation. He founded Covansys Corp. – initially named Complete Business Solutions, Inc. – in 1985, which was acquired by Computer Science Corporation in 2007. He founded Vattikuti Foundation in 1997; Synova, Inc., in 1998; and Altimetrik Corp., in 2012. He is also the founder of Davinta Technologies, Vattikuti Technologies, and Vattikuti Ventures.

## Awards and recognition

Raj Vattikuti is the recipient of the 2021 Inspire Arts & Music "Champion Award" with his wife, Padma Raj has also received the TiE Detroit 2017 Lifetime Achievement Award, 2007 Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship, 2002 Ellis Island Medal of Honor, and Dykema Gossett 2001 Lifetime Achievement Award.

## Philanthropy

Raj Vattikuti donated $20 million each to Henry Ford Hospital and William Beaumont Hospital in Detroit, Michigan in 2001. He founded the Poverty Alleviation Initiative in 2009 which works towards rural health, education and employment in rural India. In April 2020, he donated $400,000 to facilitate – in partnership with the Henry Ford Health System and the City of Detroit – on-site COVID-19 testing for all residents of the city's 126 nursing homes and senior assisted living facilities.

## InfoBox

| Raj Vattikuti | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 15 April 1950 |
| Occupation(s) | Entrepreneur, Business Executive, Philanthropist |
| Known for | Founder of Altimetrik, Covansys, Synova, Vattikuti Ventures, Vattikuti Technologies, Vattikuti Foundation, and Davinta Technologies |


abstract: The Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011 (H.R. 1981) was a United States bill designed with the stated intention of increasing enforcement of laws related to the prosecution of child pornography and child sexual exploitation offenses. Representative Lamar Smith (R-Texas), sponsor of H.R. 1981, stated that, "When investigators develop leads that might result in saving a child or apprehending a pedophile, their efforts should not be frustrated because vital records were destroyed simply because there was no requirement to retain them."

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# Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011

The **Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011** (H.R. 1981) was a United States bill designed with the stated intention of increasing enforcement of laws related to the prosecution of child pornography and child sexual exploitation offenses. Representative Lamar Smith (R-Texas), sponsor of H.R. 1981, stated that, "When investigators develop leads that might result in saving a child or apprehending a pedophile, their efforts should not be frustrated because vital records were destroyed simply because there was no requirement to retain them."

## Overview

Organizations that support the goal of the bill include the National Sheriffs' Association, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), the National Center for Victims of Crime, and Eastern North Carolina Stop Human Trafficking Now.

H.R. 1981 has been criticized for its scope and privacy implications. Opponents of the bill, which include Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the American Civil Liberties Union, and the American Library Association, take issue with the violation of privacy that would necessarily occur if government could compel ISPs to render subscriber information. Kevin Bankston, an EFF staff attorney, stated that "The data retention mandate in this bill would treat every Internet user like a criminal and threaten the online privacy and free speech rights of every American..., ".

## History

On May 25, 2011, Representative Lamar Smith of Texas introduced the bill. It was co-sponsored by 25 other House Representatives. The bill passed the United States House Judiciary Committee on July 28, 2011, by a vote of 19–10. As of January 2012, the bill had 39 co-sponsors. A Congressional Budget Office report on the costs of enacting the bill was released on October 12, 2011. The bill was never debated or voted in the House of Representatives, and it expired at the end of the 112nd Congress in January 2013.

## Scope

H.R. 1981 would introduce harsher penalties for offenders and make it a crime to financially facilitate the sale, distribution and purchase of child pornography. The bill would also amend Section 2703 of the Stored Communications Act, requiring ISPs to retain user IP addresses thereby enabling identification of "corresponding customer or subscriber information" listed in subsection (c)(2) of 18 USC 2703, for at least one year. Retained information would include subscribers' names, addresses, length of service, telephone numbers, and means and sources of payment for services (including credit card or bank account numbers, if they were used to pay for service.) The bill does not introduce limits on subscriber information that may be retained by the ISPs and accessed by the government. The bill also protects ISPs from civil actions resulting from the loss of data stored as a requirement of the bill. The bill also requires the Attorney General to conduct studies related to the costs of compliance for service providers as well as the compliance standards implemented by service providers. The cost assessment would include hardware, software, and all personnel involved in the compliance and the compliance assessment would include a survey of the privacy standards implemented by the providers and the frequency of reported breaches of data.

Use of the data ISPs would be forced to retain under the bill would not be limited to investigations of child pornography, but would be available for law enforcement perusal for any issue, but only with probable cause and a warrant. However, issues involving unregistered sex offenders would allow for the use of an administrative subpoena, which is different from a warrant or judicial subpoena, and which does not require probable cause. The bill does not grant the right to access subscriber records to any "person or other entity that is not a governmental entity."

The bill also does not provide extra funding to investigate or prosecute additional child pornography related cases.

## Purpose

On July 12, 2011, the Sheriff of Bedford County, VA, provided testimony on H.R. 1981 before the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. In his testimony, Brown claimed that the growth of technology and the ability to claim anonymity has "enabled child pornography to become a worldwide epidemic" and made it more difficult for law enforcement to identify and prosecute child predators. Brown further reasoned that an Internet Service Provider (ISP) could retain client records for a limited span of time, ranging from a couple hours, days, or weeks, and that a lack of uniformity across ISPs "significantly hinders law enforcement's ability to identify predators when they come across child pornography." He then provided an actual account of when his county received a cybertip from the NCMEC involving an individual who posted that they were exposing themselves to a toddler. The only information he claimed law enforcement possessed was the IP address that was accessing a YAHOO Chat room through an nTelos wireless connection. During the investigation, law enforcement discovered that the ISP only retained the Media access control address and IP history for 30 days, a limit that foreclosed their opportunity to access investigative material.

NCEMC, which created CyberTipline over a decade ago, reported that, "To date, more than 51 million child pornography images and videos have been reviewed by the analysts in NCMEC's Child Victim Identification Program" and it is estimated that "\[Forty\] percent or more of people who possess child pornography also sexually assault children" and H.R. 1981 "equips federal, state and local law enforcement agencies with the modern-day tools needed to combat the escalation in child pornography and child exploitation crimes."

It has been suggested by critics including the Center for Democracy and Technology, that H.R. 1981 was framed as a child protection measure at least in part to make it more difficult for members of Congress to reject the bill.

## Privacy issues

Various groups have expressed concerns over the privacy implications of the data providers would be required to retain under the act, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the American Library Association. Concerns raised include the security of the data from a hacker, the nature of the data collected, as well as the potential for misuse by law enforcement, or use in investigations that are not child pornography-related.

Even though only assigned IP addresses and certain subscriber data would be retained, some commenters, including the EFF and some editorialists, have suggested that the data could be used to deduce any given user's personal habits, including a detailed map of where they customarily are at any given point in a day. The CDT also issued a comprehensive memorandum regarding the Data Retention Mandate in H.R. 1981, in which it detailed how data retention provisions in H.R. 1981 would raise issues concerning privacy and free speech, among the few other issues that the bill raises.

Representative Zoe Lofgren, (D-Calif.), a vocal opponent of the bill, presented an amendment to rename the bill the "Keep Every American's Digital Data for Submission to the Federal Government Without a Warrant Act." Rep. John Conyers (D-Mich.) also opposed it, saying "This is not protecting children from Internet pornography. It's creating a database for everybody in this country for a lot of other purposes." She also argued that the bill's pertinence to "commercial" ISPs would allow criminals to circumvent legislation if they used the Internet anonymously in venues including Internet cafes or libraries.

Lamar Smith, however, has defended the data retention requirements present in the bill in stating that, "Some Internet service providers currently retain these \[IP\] addresses for business purposes. But the period of retention varies widely among providers, from a few days to a few months. The lack of uniform data retention impedes the investigation of Internet crimes." Smith also stated that the number of child pornography cases has grown by 150% per year over the past ten years.

Marc Rotenberg, president of the Electronic Privacy Information Center has gone on record for saying that "the bill's expansion of data retention is counter to the growing practice to limit data retention as a mechanism to counter security threats." In addition, Rotenberg also mentions that in fact, there is a strong movement towards data minimization in the information security arena, and that data retention is in direct conflict with that notion. Rotenberg concluded that data minimization and not data retention is the best way to protect consumer privacy.

## Cost

On October 12, 2011 a report by the Congressional Budget Office on the financial impact of the bill was released. This report stated that the cost to the government would be minimal and that the private companies providing Internet services would pay over $200 million in costs. Costs would include servers for storage of the user data.

The Center for Democracy and Technology has issued a report suggesting that the cost of data retention would be much higher than the Congressional Budget Office report indicates, and would grow prohibitively expensive with ongoing trends in internet addressing.

## Similar legislation

H.R. 1981 is similar to Canada's Protecting Children from Internet Predators Act which "requires Internet providers to acquire the ability to engage in multiple simultaneous interceptions and gives law enforcement the power to audit their surveillance capabilities. Should it take effect, the bill would create a new regulatory environment for Internet providers, requiring them to submit a report within months of the law taking effect describing their equipment and surveillance infrastructure. Moreover, they would actively work with law enforcement to test their facilities for interception purposes and even provide the name of employees involved in interceptions to allow for possible RCMP background checks."


title: Janet McCloud

abstract: Janet McCloud, also known as Yet-Si-Blue, was a prominent Native American and indigenous rights activist. Her activism helped lead to the 1974 Boldt Decision, which earned her the title of "The Rosa Parks of the American Indian Movement." She co-founded Women of All Red Nations (WARN) in 1974. In August 1985, the first gathering of the Indigenous Women's Network took place in her backyard in Yelm, Washington.

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# Janet McCloud

**Janet McCloud,** also known as **Yet-Si-Blue,** (March 30, 1934 – November 25, 2003) was a prominent Native American and indigenous rights activist. Her activism helped lead to the 1974 Boldt Decision, which earned her the title of "The Rosa Parks of the American Indian Movement." She co-founded Women of All Red Nations (WARN) in 1974. In August 1985, the first gathering of the Indigenous Women's Network took place in her backyard in Yelm, Washington.

## Ancestry and early life

Janet Renecker (Yet-Si-Blue) was born on the Tulalip Reservation. She was the oldest of three girls and a descendant of Chief Seattle's family. Her childhood was marked by poverty and her stepfather drank which led to him having trouble finding work.

"She thought taverns and drinking was the only way in life," her daughter, Barbara McCloud, states.

Throughout her early years, she and her family moved often. She lived in Tulalip, Taholah, on the Quinault Reservation, and in Seattle's International District. She often took refuge in churches and foster homes, spending much of her formative years in the city—mainly out of touch with tribal customs and traditions.

She married and divorced young before meeting a Nisqually tribal fisherman and electrical lineman named Don McCloud in the early 1950s. The couple soon married, and together would have eight children: six girls and two boys.

## Fishing rights activism

On January 6, 1962, dozens of Washington State game wardens stormed a group of Native Americans fishing the Nisqually River. This resulted in the detainment of five men for illegal fishing. This is important to note as those who were arrested included some of McCloud's relatives. Despite tribal treaties, such as the Treaty of Medicine Creek of 1854, with the federal government that guaranteed fishing and hunting rights to Indians in their traditional tribal lands and waters, state agents periodically squared off with Native Americans.

"When the raid ended after more than eight hours of sorties in wet brush and on the muddy, swollen stream, five Indians had been arrested and charged with \`operating set nets capable of taking game fish.'"

As salmon and steelhead numbers began dwindling in the 1960s, the state began exerting more authority over tribal fisheries, attempting to conserve the catch for the commercial and sport fishing industries. Injunctions were issued allowing the state to regulate tribal fisheries, and the Washington State Supreme Court upheld them. Native Americans began mobilizing. The McCloud's founded the activist group Survival of American Indians Association. In defiance of court orders, members began staging demonstrations dubbed "fish-ins", the beginning of what would come to be known as the Fish Wars.

Joining her husband, Janet McCloud helped organize the protests at the Nisqually River and Puyallup River. Here tribe members would cast traditional nets deemed illegal by the state. Invariably, the "fish-ins" would lead to raids and arrests at the hands of game agents. However, the events drew worldwide attention. Indian elders and activists converged on Washington State. Actor Marlon Brando and rights activist Dick Gregory went to Western Washington, joined fish-ins and lent their celebrity to the cause. The Black Panthers stood side-by-side with Native Americans in protests at the state Capitol in Olympia.

All the while, Janet McCloud documented the struggle as editor of *Survival News*, a newsletter that presented the natives' side of the fish wars. She found an old mimeograph machine at a local thrift store, brought it home and recruited her children to help. Janet's children stood on the battle lines. During one famous on October 13, 1965, a boat carrying several native fishermen, including Janet's husband and two sons, set a tribal net in the river as game wardens lay in waiting. Her son, Jeff McCloud, not yet 10 and a non-swimmer, was dumped in. A scuffle broke out on the shore, where native women and children had gathered peacefully to watch the demonstration. They pelted wardens with debris, while game agents wrestled and beat some of the protesters. Six people were arrested, including Don and Janet McCloud. She served six days and refused to eat while incarcerated. Eventually, the Native American's efforts paid off. On February 12, 1974, U.S. District Judge George Boldt ruled in favor of 14 treaty tribes, upholding the language of their treaties that entitled them to half the salmon and steelhead catch in Washington.

## Resurrecting Native American spirituality

While McCloud was a practicing Catholic, the Fish Wars, along her status as a civil rights leader catapulted her to become more in touch with her native spirituality. While her husband was jailed for a fish-in, McCloud experienced a vision at her Yelm home. "She couldn't rely on the white man's religion; it was hurting her," Joyce McCloud, her daughter-in-law, recalled. "That's when she saw the vision: She was looking out at Mount Rainier, and she saw all the faces of the Great Chiefs." McCloud believed it to be a calling. In the late 1960s, Janet met with Thomas Banyacya, an internationally known Hopi spiritual interpreter, who taught her to search for answers in peace. McCloud befriended Audrey Shenandoah, an Iroquois Indian and Clan Mother of the Onondaga Nation in New York, and adopted Iroquois religious beliefs on nature. "She was always speaking her mind, not backing down for anything," said Tracy Shenandoah, who with his mother came to Yelm to be with McCloud.

During the 1970s, McCloud spread the message of native spirituality and human rights worldwide. She traveled the globe, speaking about indigenous women's rights and social justice. Throughout her fight for women's rights to autonomy she came head to head with white feminist leading the same charge. However, the two sides met at a culture barrier when native women were being used in a eugenics experiment during a birth control movement. The birth control movement did have negative impacts on minority groups due to racist and misunderstanding of culture views of biological roles amongst the native culture. McCloud's social justice work also led her to serve as a delegate to a national conference on corrections, urging prisons to adopt native spirituality traditions for Indian inmates.

## Sapa Dawn Center

Janet McCloud established her home as well as the surrounding 10 acres in Yelm, Washington. She gave this area the name Sapa Dawn Center. The word "Sapa" means grandfather, which paid homage to her husband, Don McCloud, who died in April 1985.

"The elders have said this is a spiritual place. For over 30 years, we've used this land to teach our traditional ways. When all is going crazy . . . our people can come back to the center to find the calming effect; to reconnect with their spiritual self," McCloud, an Indian elder herself, wrote in 1999.

In August 1985, 300 Indigenous women gathered at Sapa Dawn to discuss social and economic issues faced by native families throughout the Western Hemisphere. This led to the formation of the Indigenous Women's Network, a coalition championing native women, families, and tribal sovereignty from Chile to Canada. McCloud was adopted as a founding mother. She ensured that Sapa Dawn would bring its visitors closer to traditional ways of life.

"There was no motel in Yelm then. So we put up tepees. One woman said: 'Where's the motel?' I said, 'Here's a key: tepee number one or tepee number two,'" recalls McCloud.

Leaders of the American Indian Movement, such as Dennis Banks and Russell Means, came to Sapa Dawn, as well as its sweat lodge, before launching their 1973 at Wounded Knee Occupation in South Dakota. In this operation, nearly 200 activist in the American Indian Movement (AIM) took occupation of the Wounded Knee village for 71 days. These activist were protesting the Tribal Chairman, Richard Wilson, as he was corrupt. On May 8, 1973, the group surrendered as the United States government took control of the town.

## Yet-Si-Blue

One important part of Indigenous culture is the naming process of a person. The name given to a Native American individual is based upon their personality as well as significant life changes and milestones. In addition, a child's name can be changed if it no longer fit the essence of the child. Oftentimes, new names are given to signify new life stages and development in children. In addition, names can also be bestowed when an individual perform an honorable accomplishment. McCloud's grandmother gave her the name, "Yet-Si-Blue," which means "the woman who talks."

"She had become a spokeswoman for Indian culture. That was the perfect name," Pete Henry, her uncle, remarked.

## Death

McCloud was immobilized by complications from diabetes, which resulted in high blood pressure, in her final weeks. She died on November 25, 2003, at the age of 69. She was dressed in traditional garb by her granddaughters and covered in a handmade quilt. Her family gathered together in her final days.


title: Multimethodology

abstract: Multimethodology or multimethod research includes the use of more than one method of data collection or research in a research study or set of related studies. Mixed methods research is more specific in that it includes the mixing of qualitative and quantitative data, methods, methodologies, and/or paradigms in a research study or set of related studies. One could argue that mixed methods research is a special case of multimethod research. Another applicable, but less often used label, for multi or mixed research is methodological pluralism. All of these approaches to professional and academic research emphasize that monomethod research can be improved through the use of multiple data sources, methods, research methodologies, perspectives, standpoints, and paradigms. The term multimethodology was used starting in the 1980s and in the 1989 book Multimethod Research: A Synthesis of Styles by John Brewer and Albert Hunter. During the 1990s and currently, the term mixed methods research has become more popular for this research movement in the behavioral, social, business, and health sciences. This pluralistic research approach has been gaining in popularity since the 1980s.

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# Multimethodology

**Multimethodology** or **multimethod research** includes the use of more than one method of data collection or research in a research study or set of related studies. **Mixed methods research** is more specific in that it includes the mixing of qualitative and quantitative data, methods, methodologies, and/or paradigms in a research study or set of related studies. One could argue that mixed methods research is a special case of multimethod research. Another applicable, but less often used label, for multi or mixed research is **methodological pluralism**. All of these approaches to professional and academic research emphasize that monomethod research can be improved through the use of multiple data sources, methods, research methodologies, perspectives, standpoints, and paradigms.

The term *multimethodology* was used starting in the 1980s and in the 1989 book *Multimethod Research: A Synthesis of Styles* by John Brewer and Albert Hunter. During the 1990s and currently, the term *mixed methods research* has become more popular for this research movement in the behavioral, social, business, and health sciences. This pluralistic research approach has been gaining in popularity since the 1980s.

## Multi and mixed methods research designs

There are four broad classes of research studies that are currently being labeled "mixed methods research":

1. *Quantitatively driven approaches/designs* in which the research study is, at its core, a quantitative study with qualitative data/method added to supplement and improve the quantitative study by providing an added value and deeper, wider, and fuller or more complex answers to research questions; quantitative quality criteria are emphasized but high quality qualitative data also must be collected and analyzed;
2. *Qualitatively driven approaches/designs* in which the research study is, at its core, a qualitative study with quantitative data/method added to supplement and improve the qualitative study by providing an added value and deeper, wider, and fuller or more complex answers to research questions; qualitative quality criteria are emphasized but high quality quantitative data also must be collected and analyzed;
3. *Interactive or equal status designs* in which the research study equally emphasizes (interactively and through integration) quantitative and qualitative data, methods, methodologies, and paradigms. This third design is often done through the use of a team composed of an expert in quantitative research, an expert in qualitative research, and an expert in mixed methods research to help with dialogue and continual integration. In this type of mixed study, quantitative and qualitative and mixed methods quality criteria are emphasized. This use of multiple quality criteria is seen in the concept of *multiple validities legitimation*. Here is a definition of this important type of validity or legitimation: Multiple validities legitimation "refers to the extent to which the mixed methods researcher successfully addresses and resolves all relevant validity types, including the quantitative and qualitative validity types discussed earlier in this chapter as well as the mixed validity dimensions. In other words, the researcher must identify and address all of the relevant validity issues facing a particular research study. Successfully addressing the pertinent validity issues will help researchers produce the kinds of inferences and meta-inferences that should be made in mixed research"(Johnson & Johnson, 2014; page 311).
4. *Mixed priority designs* in which the principal study results derive from the integration of qualitative and quantitative data during analysis.

## Desirability

The case for multimethodology or mixed methods research as a strategy for intervention and/or research is based on four observations:

1. Narrow views of the world are often misleading, so approaching a subject from different perspectives or paradigms may help to gain a holistic or more truthful worldview.
2. There are different levels of social research (*i.e.*: biological, cognitive, social, *etc.*), and different methodologies may have particular strengths with respect to one of these levels. Using more than one should help to get a clearer picture of the social world and make for more adequate explanations.
3. Many existing practices already combine methodologies to solve particular problems, yet they have not been theorised sufficiently.
4. Multimethodology fits well with pragmatism.

## Feasibility

There are also some hazards to multimethodological or mixed methods research approaches. Some of these problems include:

1. Many paradigms are at odds with each other. However, once the understanding of the difference is present, it can be an advantage to see many sides, and possible solutions may present themselves.
2. Multimethod and mixed method research can be undertaken from many paradigmatic perspectives, including pragmatism, dialectical pluralism, critical realism, and constructivism.
3. Cultural issues affect world views and analyzability. Knowledge of a new paradigm is not enough to overcome potential biases; it must be learned through practice and experience.
4. People have cognitive abilities that predispose them to particular paradigms. Quantitative research requires skills of data-analysis and several techniques of statistic reasoning, while qualitative research is rooted in in-depth observation, comparative thinking, interpretative skills and interpersonal ability. None of the approaches is easier to master than the other, and both require specific expertise, ability and skills.

## Pragmatism and mixed methods

Pragmatism allows for the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods as loosely coupled systems to support mixed methods research. On the one hand, quantitative research is characterized by randomized controlled trials, research questions inspired by literature review gap, generalizability, validity, and reliability. On the other, qualitative research is characterized by socially constructed realities and lived experiences. Pragmatism reconciles these differences an integrates quantitative and qualitative research as loosely coupled systems, where "open systems interact with each other at the point of their boundaries."

### History of Pragmatism in Multi/Mixed Methods Research

Developed as a philosophical method to solve problems towards the end of the nineteenth century, pragmatism is attributed to the work of philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce. For Peirce, research is conducted and interpreted from the eye of the beholder, as a practical approach to investigating social affairs. He sees science as a communal affair leading to single truths that are arrived at from multiple perspectives. For Peirce, the research conclusions are not as important as how these conclusions are reached. Focus is on answering the research question while allowing the methods to emerge in the process. Peirce pragmatism and its approach to research support qualitatively driven mixed methods studies.

John Dewey extends both, "Peirce pragmatic method and (William) James' radical empiricism (and approach to experience) by application to social and political problems." His philosophical pragmatism takes an interdisciplinary approach, where the divide between quantitative and qualitative research represents an obstacle to solving a problem. In Dewey's pragmatism, success is measured by the outcome, where the outcome is the reason to engage in research. Live experiences constitute reality, were individual lived experiences form a continuum by the interaction of subjective (internal) and objective (external) conditions. In Dewey's continuum of experiences, no experience lives on its own, it is influenced by the experiences that preceded it, and influences those that will follow it. His approach to knowledge is open-minded, and inquire is central to his epistemology.

Following Dewey, quantitatively driven research methods dominated until 1979, when Richard Rorty revived pragmatism. Rorty introduces his own ideas into pragmatism which includes the importance of culture, beliefs, and context. He shifts from understanding how things are to how they could be, and introduces the idea that "justification is audience dependent, and pretty much any justification finds a receptive audience" As Rorty explains, research success is peer dependent, not peer group neutral. From his perspective, MMR is not simply the merging of quantitative and qualitative research, but a third camp with its own peers and supporters.

### Pragmatic philosophical positions

Multiple pragmatic philosophical stands may be used to justify pragmatism as a paradigm when conducting mixed methods research (MMR). A research paradigm provides a framework based on what constitutes and how knowledge is formed. Pragmatism as a philosophy may aid researchers in positioning themselves somewhere in the spectrum between qualitatively driven and quantitatively driven methods. The following philosophical stands can help address the debate between the use of qualitative and quantitative methods, and to ground quantitatively, qualitatively, or equal-status driven MMR.

#### Radical empiricism

Radical empiricism, as articulated by William James, takes reality as a function of our ongoing experiences, constantly changing at the individual level. James emphasizes that reality is not predetermined, and individual free will and chance matter. These ideas fit well with qualitative research emphasizing lived experiences. James also finds the truth in empirical and objectives facts, merging the divide between qualitative and quantitative research. However, James points out that no truth is independent of the thinker. James' brand of pragmatism may be used by researchers conducting qualitatively and equal-status driven MMR.

#### Dialectical Pluralism

Dialectical pluralism is a form of pragmatism that emphasizes intentionally drawing from multiple approaches to conducting research and developing knowledge. The multiple approaches being taken need not agree or converge with one another. Instead, the researcher using dialectical pluralism in the conduct of a mixed-method study may tack back and forth between models and perspectives in order to develop insight.

#### Realism and Critical Realism

Realists and critical realists take the perspective that the world exists independently of our observation and interpretation of it; critical realism goes beyond this to assert that multiple interpretations of the world are likely. Like dialectical pluralism, realist paradigms in the context of pragmatic multi/mixed-methods research emphasize the idea that multiple approaches to knowledge are expected and can be treated as complementary. In contrast to a more strict positivist approach, critical realism sees causality as embedded in the details of a situation and social processes that surround an event.

#### Transformative-Emancipatory

Transformative and emancipatory paradigms emphasize a commitment on the part of the researcher to social justice, as in critical race theory. Researchers conducting multi-method or mixed-methods research within this paradigm tend to orient to issues of "power, privilege, and inequity."

## In contrast to quantitative and qualitative methodologies

One major similarity between mixed methodologies and qualitative and quantitative taken separately is that researchers need to maintain focus on the original purpose behind their methodological choices. A major difference between the two, however, is the way some authors differentiate the two, proposing that there is logic inherent in one that is different from the other. Creswell (2009) points out that in a quantitative study the researcher starts with a problem statement, moving on to the hypothesis and null hypothesis, through the instrumentation into a discussion of data collection, population, and data analysis. Creswell proposes that for a qualitative study the flow of logic begins with the purpose for the study, moves through the research questions discussed as data collected from a smaller group and then voices how they will be analysed.

A research *strategy* is a procedure for achieving a particular intermediary research objective — such as sampling, data collection, or data analysis. We may therefore speak of sampling strategies or data analysis strategies. The use of multiple strategies to enhance construct validity (a form of methodological triangulation) is now routinely advocated by methodologists. In short, mixing or integrating research strategies (qualitative and/or quantitative) in any and all research undertaking is now considered a common feature of good research.

A research *approach* refers to an integrated set of research principles and general procedural guidelines. Approaches are broad, holistic (but general) methodological guides or roadmaps that are associated with particular research motives or analytic interests. Two examples of analytic interests are population frequency distributions and prediction. Examples of research approaches include experiments, surveys, correlational studies, ethnographic research, and phenomenological inquiry. Each approach is ideally suited to addressing a particular analytic interest. For instance, experiments are ideally suited to addressing nomothetic explanations or probable cause; surveys — population frequency descriptions, correlations studies — predictions; ethnography — descriptions and interpretations of cultural processes; and phenomenology — descriptions of the essence of phenomena or lived experiences.

In a *single approach design* (*SAD*)(also called a "monomethod design") only one analytic interest is pursued. In a *mixed or multiple approach design (MAD)* two or more analytic interests are pursued. Note: a multiple approach design may include entirely "quantitative" approaches such as combining a survey and an experiment; or entirely "qualitative" approaches such as combining an ethnographic and a phenomenological inquiry, and a mixed approach design includes a mixture of the above (*e.g.*, a mixture of quantitative and qualitative data, methods, methodologies, and/or paradigms).

A word of caution about the term "multimethodology". It has become quite common place to use the terms "method" and "methodology" as synonyms (as is the case with the above entry). However, there are convincing philosophical reasons for distinguishing the two. "Method" connotes a way of doing something — a procedure (such as a method of data collection). "Methodology" connotes a discourse about methods — *i.e.*, a discourse about the adequacy and appropriateness of particular combination of research principles and procedures. The terms methodology and biology share a common suffix "*logy*." Just as bio-*logy* is a discourse about life — all kinds of life; so too, methodo-*logy* is a discourse about methods — all kinds of methods. It seems unproductive, therefore, to speak of multi-biologies or of multi-methodologies. It is very productive, however, to speak of multiple biological perspectives or of multiple methodological perspectives.

## Further reading

* Andres, Lesley (2012). *Designing and Doing Survey Research*. London: Sage. Survey research from a mixed methods perspective.
* Brannen, Julia. 2005. "Mixing Methods: The Entry of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches into the Research Process." *International Journal of Social Research Methodology* 8:173–184.
* Brewer, J., & Hunter, A. (2006). *Foundations of Multimethod Research: Synthesizing Styles*. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
* Creamer, E. G. (2017). *An Introduction To Fully Integrated Mixed Methods Research*. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
* Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). *Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research*. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
* Curry, L. & Nunez-Smith M. (2014). *Mixed Methods in Health Sciences Research: A Practical Primer*. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
* Greene, J. C. (2007). *Mixed Methods in Social Inquiry*. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
* Guest, G. (2013). Describing mixed methods research: An alternative to typologies. *Journal of Mixed Methods Research*, 7, 141–151.
* Hesse-Biber, S. (2010b). Emerging methodologies and methods practices in the field of mixed method research. *Qualitative Inquiry*, 16(6), 415–418.
* Hesse-Biber, Sharlene and R. Burke Johnson (2015). *The Oxford Handbook of Multimethod and Mixed Methods Research Inquiry*. Oxford University Press.
* Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a Definition Mixed Methods Research. *Journal of Mixed Methods Research*, 1, 112–133.
* Lowenthal, P. R., & Leech, N. (2009). Mixed research and online learning: Strategies for improvement. In T. T. Kidd (Ed.), *Online Education and Adult Learning: New Frontiers for Teaching Practices* (pp. 202–211). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
* Mingers J., Brocklesby J., "Multimethodology: Towards a Framework for Mixing Methodologies", *Omega*, Volume 25, Number 5, October 1997, pp. 489–509 (21)
* Morgan, D. L. (2014). *Integrating Qualitative & Quantitative Methods: A Pragmatic Approach*. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
* Morse, J. M., & Niehaus, L. (2009). *Mixed Methods Design: Principles and Procedures*. Left Coast Press.
* Pepe, A. & Castelli, S. (2013) A cautionary tale on research methods in the field of parents in education. International Journal about Parents in Education, 7(1), pp 1–6.
* Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Johnson, R. B. (2006). The "Validity" Issue in Mixed Methods Research. *Research in the Schools*, 13(1), 48–63.
* Onwuegbuzie, Anthony and Leech, Nancy (2005). "Taking the "Q" Out of Research: Teaching Research Methodology Courses Without the Divide Between Quantitative and Qualitative Paradigms." *Quality and Quantity* 39:267–296.
* Schram, Sanford F., and Brian Caterino, eds. (2006). *Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method*. New York: New York University Press.
* Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009). *Foundations of Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences*. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.


title: Masami Life

abstract: Wasuregusa Masami Life is the 13th album by Masami Okui, released on 3 October 2007.

text:
# Masami Life

***Masami Life*** is the 13th album by Masami Okui, released on 3 October 2007.

## Track listing

1. It's my life
    * Commercial song for *Iromelo Mix*
    * Lyrics: Masami Okui
    * Composition: Monta
    * Arrangement: Toshiro Yabuki, Tsutomu Ohira
2. Limited War
    * Lyrics: Masami Okui
    * Composition, arrangement: Monta
3. -w-
    * Lyrics: Masami Okui
    * Composition: Monta
    * Arrangement: Macaroni, Monta
4. -GAIA2012
    * Lyrics: Masami Okui
    * Composition, arrangement: Mikio Sakai
5. Ring
    * TV drama *Jikuu Keisatsu Wecker Signa* opening song
    * Lyrics: Masami Okui
    * Composition, arrangement: Monta
6. Remote Viewing
    * PS2 Game *Routes PE* and *Routes Portable* opening song
    * Lyrics: Masami Okui
    * Composition: Michio Kinugasa
    * Arrangement: Hideyuki Daichi Suzuki
7. Wasuregusa (ワスレグサ)
    * Lyrics, composition: Masami Okui
    * Arrangement: Hiroshi Uesugi
8. Haitoku no Kiss ~Love of A Fallen Angel~ (背徳のKISS-Love of a fallen angel)
    * Lyrics: Masami Okui
    * Composition, arrangement: Rala
9. Murasaki On -sion- (紫音 -sion-)
    * Lyrics, composition: Masami Okui
    * Arrangement: IPPEI
    * PC Game *Muv-Luv Unlimited* soundtrack
10. Mobile Magic
    * Lyrics: Masami Okui
    * Composition, arrangement: Macaroni
11. Wonderful Days
    * Lyrics: Masami Okui
    * Composition, arrangement: Toshiro Yabuki
12. I Wish

## Sources

Official website: Makusonia

## InfoBox

| Masami Life | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Masami Okui | |
| Released | 3 October 2007 |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Label | evolution |
| Producer | Masami Okui |
| Masami Okui chronology | |
| *Evolution*
(2006) ***Masami Life***
(2007) *Ooku*
(2008) | |


title: Maties Women

abstract: The Stellenbosch University Women's Rugby union team, commonly known as Maties Women, is the women's rugby union club representing Stellenbosch University based in Stellenbosch, Western Cape who compete in the FNB Women's Varsity Cup.

text:
# Maties Women

The **Stellenbosch University Women's Rugby union team,** commonly known as **Maties Women**, is the women's rugby union club representing Stellenbosch University based in Stellenbosch, Western Cape who compete in the FNB Women's Varsity Cup.

## History

They won the inaugural FNB Women's Varsity Cup in 2023 defeating UJ Women 63-9 in the final. In 2024, they were defeated by the UFH Baby Blues 37-31 in the final of the 2024 FNB Women's Varsity Cup.

## Honours

FNB Women's Varsity Cup: 2023 Runners-Up:2024

1. Hare, Rudene (2023-04-13). "Maties Crowned Inaugural Women's Varsity Cup Champions". *gsport4girls*. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
2. "Oh Baby! Fort Hare are Varsity Cup champions". *HeraldLIVE*. Retrieved 2024-04-29.

## InfoBox

Maties Women
| Full name | Stellenbosch University Women's Rugby Union Team |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | "The Maroon Machines" |
| Captain(s) | Bianca Augustyn |
| League(s) | Women's Varsity Cup |
| 2024 | 2nd |


title: Olcott Deming

abstract: Olcott Hawthorne Deming was an American career diplomat who was the first ambassador of the United States to Uganda.

text:
# Olcott Deming

**Olcott Hawthorne Deming** (February 28, 1909 – March 20, 2007) was an American career diplomat who was the first ambassador of the United States to Uganda.

## Early life

Deming, a great-grandson of Nathaniel Hawthorne, was born February 28, 1909, in Westchester County, New York.

He graduated from Rollins College in 1935, and worked for the Tennessee Valley Authority and as a teacher in Greenwich, Connecticut.

## Career

Deming joined the State Department in 1942. From 1957 to 1959, he was U.S. consul general in Okinawa. He served as Ambassador to the newly independent nation of Uganda from 1962 to 1965. He retired in 1969, later becoming an official of the American Foreign Service Association.

## Later life

Deming died March 20, 2007, aged 98 of sepsis at a hospice in Washington, D.C.

## InfoBox

| Olcott Hawthorne Deming | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1st United States Ambassador to Uganda | |
| **In office**
January 14, 1963  June 26, 1966 | |
| President | John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson |
| Preceded by | *Office established* |
| Succeeded by | Henry Endicott Stebbins |
| U.S consul general in Okinawa | |
| **In office**
1957–1959 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1909-02-28)February 28, 1909
Westchester County, New York, United States of America |
| Died | March 20, 2007(2007-03-20) (aged 98)
Washington D.C., United States of America |
| Education | Rollins College (1935) |
|  | |


title: Pajero Group

abstract: Pajero Group is a 1994 Pakistani, action and musical film directed by Idrees Khan and produced by Shafiq Butt. Film starring actor Sultan Rahi, Ghulam Mohiuddin, Izhar Qazi, Mustafa Qureshi and Humayun Qureshi, Edited by Mohammad Ashiq Ali Hujra Shah Muqeem.

text:
# Pajero Group

***Pajero Group*** (Urdu and Punjabi: پجارو گروپ) is a 1994 Pakistani, action and musical film directed by Idrees Khan and produced by Shafiq Butt. Film starring actor Sultan Rahi, Ghulam Mohiuddin, Izhar Qazi, Mustafa Qureshi and Humayun Qureshi, Edited by Mohammad Ashiq Ali Hujra Shah Muqeem.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music of Pajero Group is composed by Wajahat Attray with lyrics penned by Waris Ludhianvi.

| Pajero Group | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Wajahat Attray | |
| Released | 22 July 1994 |
| Recorded | 1994 |
| Genre | Film soundtrack |
| Length | 25:22 |
| Language | Punjabi |
| Label | EMI Musical |
| Director | Idrees Khan |
| Producer | Azhar Khan |
| Compiler | Waris Ludhianvi |
| Wajahat Attray chronology | |
| *Daku Raaj* ***Pajero Group*** *International Luteray* | |

### Track listing

| No. | Title | Artist(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Teri Meri Dharkan, Pyar Which Kho Gai" | Noor Jehan & A Nayyar | 5:00 |
| 2. | "Paranda Besabra, Te Kulgia Bekabra" | Noor Jehan | 4:41 |
| 3. | "Bori Bori Teri Nazar Bori" | Saira Naseem | 4:40 |
| 4. | "Weeni Maroor We" | Noor Jehan | 4:06 |
| 5. | "Jawani Sarr Bal Gai" | Noor Jehan | 5:02 |
| 6. | "Bhaga Waliyo Naam Jappo Mula Naam" | Anwar Rafi | 6:05 |

## InfoBox

| Pajero Group | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Idrees Khan |
| Written by | Nasir Adib |
| Produced by | * M Shafiq Butt * Faqeer Muhammad |
| Starring |  |
| Narrated by | M Shafiq Butt |
| Cinematography | Ghazanfar Ali |
| Edited by | Khalid Buki |
| Music by | Wajahat Attre |
| Production<br>companies | * Evernew Studio * Shaab Studio |
| Distributed by | * Shafiq Films |
| Release date | * 22 July 1994 (1994-07-22) (Pakistan) |
| Running time | 143 minutes |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Languages | Urdu&Punjabi, Double version |


title: Graduate of the Year (UK)

abstract: Graduate of the Year is a national competition in the United Kingdom. It is held annually and recognises students who have made the most of university life, whether in an academic or extracurricular context, such as showing exceptional teamwork, charity or volunteering work, taking part in leadership projects and so on. Every year thousands of high-calibre students from across the country compete in several rounds for this prestigious award, with national press coverage and large cash prizes. It is run by Real World magazine Archived 2006-02-09 at the Wayback Machine, the UK's biggest student careers publication and the founding sponsor was the UK's largest accountancy firm PricewaterhouseCoopers. The awards are now sponsored by Enterprise Rent-A-Car. Founded in 2004, over 2004–07 the format was one 'Graduate of the Year' with two runners-up and two-finalists. From 2008 they split into individual awards for Entrepreneur of the Year, Social Responsibility etc.

text:
# Graduate of the Year (UK)

**Graduate of the Year** is a national competition in the United Kingdom. It is held annually and recognises students who have made the most of university life, whether in an academic or extracurricular context, such as showing exceptional teamwork, charity or volunteering work, taking part in leadership projects and so on. Every year thousands of high-calibre students from across the country compete in several rounds for this prestigious award, with national press coverage and large cash prizes. It is run by Real World magazine Archived 2006-02-09 at the Wayback Machine, the UK's biggest student careers publication and the founding sponsor was the UK's largest accountancy firm PricewaterhouseCoopers. The awards are now sponsored by Enterprise Rent-A-Car.

Founded in 2004, over 2004–07 the format was one 'Graduate of the Year' with two runners-up and two-finalists. From 2008 they split into individual awards for Entrepreneur of the Year, Social Responsibility etc.

## 2009

Winner: **Charlie Hogg** (Lancaster) won the Entrepreneur of the Year award.

## 2008

* Winner: **Jonathan Francis** (Nottingham) won the PwC Entrepreneur of the Year award for his work in digitising the antiques sector. He subsequently supported The University of Nottingham in winning The Times Higher Education Award for Entrepreneurial University of the Year 2009. . He presently works for Google's ideas team in the field of data, AI & automation.
* Winner: **Joel Raffel** (Oxford) and **Sean Nuzum** (Southampton) jointly won the Contribution to University award.
* Winner: **Rob Smith and Nick Ellison** (Warwick) won the Club and Society award (Skydiving), for their focus on running charity events alongside club activities. They now run their own charity experience and event management company.
* Winner: **Chris Skilton** and **Laura Sterling** jointly won the Socially Responsible award.

## 2007

* Winner: **Alexander McLean** (Nottingham) was involved in setting up his own charity whilst at university, African Prisons Project, as well as being Vice-President of the University branch of UNICEF. He hopes to work as a barrister in Africa in the future.
* Runners up: **David Langer** (Oxford) was President of the university table tennis and motor racing teams and ran a start-up; he is now a full-time internet entrepreneur. **Xin Hui Chan** (Oxford) has been involved in healthcare campaigning; she is now a doctor.

## 2006

* Winner: **Kirill Makharinsky** (Oxford) was President of Oxford Entrepreneurs, the 2nd largest society in Oxford University, ran several businesses, was a concert pianist, played several sports at university level and achieved a double first in Mathematics. He is now working in Moscow, Russia on an e-travel start-up Ostrovok.ru, which he co-founded in 2011 after successfully founding YouNoodle.
* Runners up: **Jonathan Bailey** (Oxford) worked in debating, drama and journalism. After a 2-year stint at McKinsey he now works for Tony Blair. **Jennifer Lambert** (Leeds) produced international guidelines on child abuse; she is now a doctor.
* Meanwhile, finalist **Harjeet Taggar** (Oxford) went on to sell his internet start-up for $5m  Archived 2009-07-12 at the Wayback Machine.
* Finalist **Adam Taylor** (Warwick). Adam Taylor ran several business and funded himself through university whilst achieving a First class honours in Manufacturing Engineering. Upon graduating Adam joined Lehman Brothers investment bank and then turned internet entrepreneur to co-found PetShop.co.uk. PetShop.co.uk is a home delivery, online pet shop. After the success of PetShop.co.uk Adam has now applied the same customer service and discount pricing to household and health & beauty products and launched Brandreill.co.uk August 2011.
* Finalist **Shazia Saleem** (Warwick) went on to launch her own business 'ieat foods' – the UK's first British favourites halal prepared foods brand. ieat launched 12 lines into Sainsbury's in February 2014 with a launch in Tesco less than 3 months later, making ieat the UK's largest ever ready meal brand launch by a start up

## 2005

* Winner: **Hazel Mowbray** (LSE) was a music teacher at two schools, taught piano, played in University of London's orchestra, was a legal caseworker, rower and Disabilities Officer who has worked in Ecuador and Ethiopia, along with getting a 1st class degree. She now works for the United Nations World Food Programme in Malawi.
* Runners up: **Anjool Malde** (Oxford) worked for BBC and held 20 university positions; he was a stockbroker at Deutsche Bank until his death. **Lauren Buchanan** (LSE) raised £25k for Habitat for Humanity and ran a Methodist Society.
* Finalists: **Shaun Delaney** (Leicester) coordinated and overhauled the student telephone help line, Nightline, as well as leading a variety of other student groups. **Joanna Odds** (Glasgow) resurrected the Student Charities Appeal and took on the sabbatical role of Senior Vice President.

## 2004

* Winner: **Conall Watson** (Nottingham) was Environment & Social Justice Officer, who organised One World Week, got the student union to boycott Nestle, co-founded the Tibet Society and worked at the Fair Trade cafe; he is now a pharmacist.  Archived 2009-07-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Runners-up: **Nicholas Fernie** (Lancaster) was college charity rep, raised money for Oxfam, a homeless shelter, organised a marathon, dance lessons, and was Treasurer and Press officer for Amnesty International. **Hannah Marder** (Bristol) voted in Union elections, attended the AGM, read the student paper, drunk in the student bar and wore the University sweatshirt.
* Finalists: **Ahsan Shah** (London Metropolitan) founded National Black Youth Forum, worked on TimeBank and has done anti-racism work. **Katy Standish** (Durham) has volunteered for Tees Valley Wildlife Trust and worked in Indonesian rainforests.