title: Omaui

abstract: Omaui is a small coastal village in Southland region, New Zealand. It is located approximately 20 km southwest of Invercargill near a small estuary opposite Sandy Point between Invercargill and Bluff. The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "place of Māui" for Ōmaui.

text:
# Omaui

**Omaui** is a small coastal village in Southland region, New Zealand. It is located approximately 20 km southwest of Invercargill near a small estuary opposite Sandy Point between Invercargill and Bluff.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "place of Māui" for *Ōmaui*.

## History

Omaui was originally a Māori settlement. Sealers and whalers had already utilised the area as a Foveaux Strait base camp in the early 19th century. The first European to survey the village was Robert Williams who had arrived from Australia to scope the possibility of setting up a timber and flax industry on the South Coast.

Omaui Reserve was originally covered in coastal bush of a similar nature to the remnants that remain in the area. This vegetation was completely cleared in the early days and used initially for grazing. Regeneration growth in the early 1950s was mainly of mānuka which was harvested for firewood in the mid-1960s. Over the past 30 years the area has started to regenerate and now has a diversity of species.

## Demographics

Omaui covers 21.94 km2 (8.47 sq mi). It is part of the Woodend-Greenhills statistical area.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 93 |  |
| 2013 | 105 | +1.75% |
| 2018 | 102 | −0.58% |
| Source: | | |

Omaui had a population of 102 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 3 people (−2.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 9 people (9.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 48 households, comprising 57 males and 45 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.27 males per female. The median age was 49.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 18 people (17.6%) aged under 15 years, 6 (5.9%) aged 15 to 29, 54 (52.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 24 (23.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.2% European/Pākehā, 17.6% Māori, and 2.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.9% had no religion, and 32.4% were Christian.

Of those at least 15 years old, 12 (14.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 27 (32.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $29,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 9 people (10.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 48 (57.1%) people were employed full-time, and 9 (10.7%) were part-time.

## InfoBox

| Omaui | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural locality | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 46°31′S 168°15′E / 46.517°S 168.250°E / -46.517; 168.250 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Southland region |
| Territorial authority | Invercargill |
| Community | Bluff Community |
| Electorates |  |
| Government | |
| Territorial authority | Southland District Council |
| Regional council | Southland Regional Council |
| Mayor of Southland | Rob Scott |
| Invercargill MP | Penny Simmonds |
| Te Tai Tonga MP | Tākuta Ferris |
| Area | |
| Total | 21.94 km2 (8.47 sq mi) |
| Population (2018 Census) | |
| Total | 102 |
| Density | 4.6/km2 (12/sq mi) |
| Local iwi | Ngāi Tahu |


title: Omati language

abstract: Omati, or Mini, is a Papuan language spoken in the Omati River area of Papua New Guinea. The two varieties, Barikewa and Mouwase, are quite divergent.

text:
# Omati language

**Omati**, or **Mini**, is a Papuan language spoken in the Omati River area of Papua New Guinea. The two varieties, **Barikewa** and **Mouwase**, are quite divergent.

## InfoBox

| Omati | |
| --- | --- |
| Region | Papua New Guinea |
| Native speakers | 770 (2011) |
| Language family | Papuan Gulf ? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:
`jbk`  Barikewa
`jmw`  Mouwase |
| *Glottolog* | `bari1298`  Barikewa
`mouw1234`  Mouwase |


title: Omota

abstract: Omota is a small settlement in the Municipality of Semič in Slovenia. It lies northeast of Semič, just off the local road to Gradnik. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

text:
# Omota

**Omota** (pronounced \[ɔˈmoːta\]) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Semič in Slovenia. It lies northeast of Semič, just off the local road to Gradnik. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Omota | |
| --- | --- |
| OmotaLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 45°39′41.23″N 15°13′18.24″E / 45.6614528°N 15.2217333°E / 45.6614528; 15.2217333 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Lower Carniola |
| Statistical region | Southeast Slovenia |
| Municipality | Semič |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.33 km2 (0.51 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 238.9 m (783.8 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 45 |
|  | |


title: On a Streetcar Named Success

abstract: "On a Streetcar Named Success" is an essay by Tennessee Williams about the corrupting impact of fame on the artist. The essay first appeared in The New York Times on November 30, 1947, four days before the premiere of A Streetcar Named Desire. It was later republished as "The Catastrophe of Success" and often appears as an introduction to The Glass Menagerie.

text:
# On a Streetcar Named Success

**"On a Streetcar Named Success"** is an essay by Tennessee Williams about the corrupting impact of fame on the artist. The essay first appeared in *The New York Times* on November 30, 1947, four days before the premiere of *A Streetcar Named Desire*. It was later republished as "The Catastrophe of Success" and often appears as an introduction to *The Glass Menagerie*.

## Further reading


title: On the Verge (song)

abstract: "On the Verge" is a song written by Hugh Prestwood, and recorded by American country music artist Collin Raye. It was released in February 1997 as the sixth and final single from Raye's album I Think About You. The song reached #2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in May 1997.

text:
# On the Verge (song)

"**On the Verge**" is a song written by Hugh Prestwood, and recorded by American country music artist Collin Raye. It was released in February 1997 as the sixth and final single from Raye's album *I Think About You*. The song reached #2 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in May 1997.

## Chart performance

"On the Verge" debuted at number 44 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of February 22, 1997.

| Chart (1997) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 2 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 2 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1997) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 16 |
| US Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 4 |

## InfoBox

| "On the Verge" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Collin Raye | |
| from the album  *I Think About You* | |
| Released | February 10, 1997 |
| Recorded | 1995–1996 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:49 |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Hugh Prestwood |
| Producer(s) | John Hobbs
Ed Seay
Paul Worley |
| Collin Raye singles chronology | |
| "What If Jesus Comes Back Like That"
(1996) "**On the Verge**"
(1997) "What the Heart Wants"
(1997) | |


title: Omi-Osun ruins

abstract: The Omi-Ọṣun ruins are the remains of an ancient settlement of the Òkè-Ìlá Òràngún kingdom, located along the Omi-Ọsun river in southwestern Nigeria. The ruins consist of remnants of ancient walls, potsherds, and other relics. Much of the site complex is currently overgrown with thicket, but large portions are being used as farmland. Efforts have been made since the late 1970s to persuade the paramount ruler and the local population to protect the remaining ruins from destruction by farming activity, building, and road construction. These efforts received an authoritatitive boost when the main advocate of the conservation of the ruins, a geologist/geophysicist with archaeological interests, was installed into the royal dynastic position of the Oba'lumo, which provided him with increased access to the royal councils of the Orangun, the paramount king of the region. Omi-Ọṣun was a refuge used by the people of Oke-Ila during various wars and raids that necessitated the evacuation of the city of Oke-Ila. Omi-Ọṣun was finally abandoned by the Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom about after the Peace Treaties at the end of the Yoruba wars of the 19th Century permitted the return to a safe Oke-Ila city. The Omi-Ọṣun ruins are currently of interest to archeologists reconstructing the history of the region's ancient settlements and the development of the Igbomina of north central Yorubaland.

text:
# Omi-Osun ruins

The **Omi-Ọṣun ruins** are the remains of an ancient settlement of the Òkè-Ìlá Òràngún kingdom, located along the Omi-Ọsun river in southwestern Nigeria. The ruins consist of remnants of ancient walls, potsherds, and other relics. Much of the site complex is currently overgrown with thicket, but large portions are being used as farmland. Efforts have been made since the late 1970s to persuade the paramount ruler and the local population to protect the remaining ruins from destruction by farming activity, building, and road construction. These efforts received an authoritatitive boost when the main advocate of the conservation of the ruins, a geologist/geophysicist with archaeological interests, was installed into the royal dynastic position of the Oba'lumo, which provided him with increased access to the royal councils of the Orangun, the paramount king of the region.

Omi-Ọṣun was a refuge used by the people of Oke-Ila during various wars and raids that necessitated the evacuation of the city of Oke-Ila. Omi-Ọṣun was finally abandoned by the Oke-Ila Orangun kingdom about after the Peace Treaties at the end of the Yoruba wars of the 19th Century permitted the return to a safe Oke-Ila city.

The Omi-Ọṣun ruins are currently of interest to archeologists reconstructing the history of the region's ancient settlements and the development of the Igbomina of north central Yorubaland.


title: On the Spot!

abstract: On the Spot! is an album by the pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1967 apart from one track from the 1965 live recordings that produced Jaki Byard Quartet Live!. It was released on the Prestige label.

text:
# On the Spot!

***On the Spot!*** is an album by the pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1967 apart from one track from the 1965 live recordings that produced *Jaki Byard Quartet Live!*. It was released on the Prestige label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars with the review by Scott Yanow stating, "the music serves as a perfect outlet for Jaki Byard's eclectic talents".

## Track listing

*All compositions by Jaki Byard except as indicated*

1. "A-Toodle-Oo, Toodle-Oo" - 3:51
2. "I Fall in Love Too Easily" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) - 2:31
3. "Olean Visit" - 5:58
4. "Spanish Tinge" - 6:17
5. "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (Irving Berlin) - 2:34
6. "On the Spot" - 3:22
7. "GEB Piano Roll" - 2:42
8. "Second Balcony Jump" (Billy Eckstine, Gerald Valentine) - 6:57
9. "P.C. Blues" - 2:19
10. "Snow Flakes" - 3:14

* Recorded at Van Gelder Studio in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, on February 16, 1967, except track 4 which was recorded live at Lennie's on the Turnpike in West Peabody, Massachusetts, on April 15, 1965.

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| On the Spot! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jaki Byard | |
| Released | 1967 |
| Recorded | February 16, 1967 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 39:45 |
| Label | Prestige
PR 7524 |
| Producer | Don Schlitten |
| Jaki Byard chronology | |
| *Freedom Together!*
(1966) ***On the Spot!***
(1967) *Sunshine of My Soul*
(1967) | |


title: On the Spot (film)

abstract: On the Spot is a 1940 American comedy film directed by Howard Bretherton and written by George Waggner and Dorothy Davenport. The film stars Frankie Darro, Mary Kornman, Mantan Moreland, John St. Polis, Robert Warwick and Maxine Leslie. The film was released on June 11, 1940, by Monogram Pictures.

text:
# On the Spot (film)

***On the Spot*** is a 1940 American comedy film directed by Howard Bretherton and written by George Waggner and Dorothy Davenport. The film stars Frankie Darro, Mary Kornman, Mantan Moreland, John St. Polis, Robert Warwick and Maxine Leslie. The film was released on June 11, 1940, by Monogram Pictures.

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| On the Spot | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Howard Bretherton |
| Screenplay by | George Waggner
Dorothy Davenport |
| Story by | George Waggner |
| Produced by | Grant Withers |
| Starring | Frankie Darro
Mary Kornman
Mantan Moreland
John St. Polis
Robert Warwick
Maxine Leslie |
| Cinematography | Harry Neumann |
| Edited by | Russell F. Schoengarth |
| Music by | Edward J. Kay |
| Production
company | Monogram Pictures |
| Distributed by | Monogram Pictures |
| Release date | * June 11, 1940 (1940-06-11) |
| Running time | 62 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Ondina scandens

abstract: Ondina scandens is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Ondina scandens

***Ondina scandens*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 3 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the following locations:

* Mediterranean Sea : Greece, Italy, North Africa.

* Templado, J. and R. Villanueva 2010 *Checklist of Phylum Mollusca*. pp. 148–198 In Coll, M., et al., 2010. The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats. PLoS ONE 5(8):36pp.

## InfoBox

| *Ondina scandens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Ondina* |
| Species: | ***O. scandens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ondina scandens***<br>(Monterosato, 1884) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Evalea alleryi* F. Nordsieck, 1972 * *Evalea scandens* (Monterosato, 1884) * *Evalea scandens farolita* F. Nordsieck, 1972 * *Evalea subulata* F. Nordsieck, 1972 | |


title: Ondina mosti

abstract: Ondina mosti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. This species was named for B. van der Most, member of the former Malacological Working-group, the Hague.

text:
# Ondina mosti

***Ondina mosti*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

This species was named for B. van der Most, member of the former Malacological Working-group, the Hague.

## Description

The shell reaches a length of 2 mm to 2.4 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the following locations at depths between 200 m and 400 m.:

## InfoBox

| *Ondina mosti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Ondina* |
| Species: | ***O. mosti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ondina mosti***<br>van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 1998 | |
|


title: Ondina perezi

abstract: Ondina perezi is a species of marine animal, more specifically a sea snail

text:
# Ondina perezi

***Ondina perezi*** is a species of marine animal, more specifically a sea snail

## Description

Has a dull, small, and slender shell ranging in size form 2.5mm to 2.9mm with flatter and less convex whorls than Ondina diaphana

## Distribution

This species occurs in the following locations:

* United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone, Faroes
* European waters : from Southern Sweden to Northern France.

## InfoBox

| *Ondina perezi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Ondina* |
| Species: | ***O. perezi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ondina perezi***<br>(Dautzenberg & Fisher, 1925) | |
|


title: Oncopera epargyra

abstract: Oncopera epargyra is a moth of the family Hepialidae. It is endemic to Queensland. The larvae are subterranean and emerge from the soil to feed. They probably feed on fallen leaves.

text:
# Oncopera epargyra

***Oncopera epargyra*** is a moth of the family Hepialidae. It is endemic to Queensland.

The larvae are subterranean and emerge from the soil to feed. They probably feed on fallen leaves.

## InfoBox

| *Oncopera epargyra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hepialidae |
| Genus: | *Oncopera* |
| Species: | ***O. epargyra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oncopera epargyra***<br>Turner, 1925 | |
|


title: Ontario Highway 26

abstract: King's Highway 26, commonly referred to as Highway 26, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, connecting the cities of Owen Sound and Barrie. Between these two cities, the highway serves the southern shoreline of Georgian Bay, passing through Meaford, Collingwood and Stayner, as well as passing the Blue Mountain Resort. In addition, the highway serves as the main route to Wasaga Beach, a popular recreational destination during the summer months. Highway 26 was first assumed by the Department of Highways, predecessor to the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, in 1927, along an existing trunk route between Barrie and Owen Sound. Various bypasses, mostly around Collingwood, have improved the route through the intervening years.

text:
# Ontario Highway 26

**King's Highway 26**, commonly referred to as **Highway 26**, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, connecting the cities of Owen Sound and Barrie. Between these two cities, the highway serves the southern shoreline of Georgian Bay, passing through Meaford, Collingwood and Stayner, as well as passing the Blue Mountain Resort. In addition, the highway serves as the main route to Wasaga Beach, a popular recreational destination during the summer months.

Highway 26 was first assumed by the Department of Highways, predecessor to the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, in 1927, along an existing trunk route between Barrie and Owen Sound. Various bypasses, mostly around Collingwood, have improved the route through the intervening years.

## Route description

Highway 26 serves as a major link between Barrie and the Greater Toronto Area, via Highway 400, and the popular tourist region on the southern shore of Georgian Bay. Over the past several years the popularity of this region has increased, and traffic levels have increased accordingly. The routing of the highway takes it from the junction with Highway 6, Highway 10 and Highway 21 in Owen Sound to its terminus at Highway 400 in Barrie at the Bayfield street interchange. For a time, the highway continued southward to Dunlop street, formerly Highway 11, in Barrie, cosigned with Highway 27. The southern portion of Bayfield street was downloaded to the City of Barrie along with Dunlop street in 1997, when these sections of Highway 27 and Highway 11 were eliminated. This shortened the highway's length by 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) and removed the 7.2-kilometre (4.5 mi) concurrency with Highway 27. The current length of the highway is 116.7 kilometres (72.5 mi).

Highway 26 between Owen Sound and Meaford in the west is not as highly travelled as the tourist areas to the east. From Meaford eastwards, the highway runs along the Georgian Bay shoreline, and in The Blue Mountains, extending from Thornbury eastwards through to the west limits of Collingwood. It passes through a nearly continuous corridor of low-density resort-style residential developments, mostly concentrated in the Blue Mountain Resort area. Between Collingwood and Wasaga Beach, the highway is a four-lane divided roadway with roundabouts transitioning to the undivided sections at both ends: one at Mosely Street in Wasaga Beach, and the other at Poplar Sideroad in Collingwood.

It is also not a very straight route, as the highway makes four 90 degree turns: three at signalised intersections, including at High Street in western Collingwood, Hume Street in eastern Collingwood, the intersection with Simcoe Roads 91 and 42 in Stayner, and the unsignalised junction with Simcoe Road 27 (formerly Highway 27) north of Barrie.

Several portions of Highway 26 are maintained under a Connecting Link agreement. Within Owen Sound, Meaford, Thornbury, Collingwood, Stayner and Barrie, maintenance of the route is shared between the MTO and the local municipality.

## History

Highway 26 was first assumed by the Department of Highways on July 2, 1927, along an existing trunk route between Barrie and Owen Sound. It began at a shared terminus with Highway 6 and Highway 10 in downtown Owen Sound, at the present intersection of 2nd Avenue East and 10th Street, and travelled 120.3 kilometres (74.8 mi) to Highway 11 in Barrie, at the intersection of Bayfield Street and Dunlop Street.

When it was established, the route was paved between Meaford and Thornbury, as well as for approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Owen Sound through Woodford; the remainder was gravel-surfaced. The gap between Woodford and Meaford was paved in 1930, followed by the section from the current intersection of Simcoe County Road 53 (Wilson Drive) east to Midhurst and south to Highway 11 in Barrie in 1931. In 1932, the section from the Grey and Simcoe County boundary (at Simcoe County Road 34 / Grey County Road 21) to Stayner was paved. Due to the lack of resource available at the height of the depression, a 3-metre (10 ft)-wide pavement (one lane) was constructed approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east from Stayner to the present intersection of Simcoe County Road 22 (Horseshoe Valley Road West). The gap between there, through Minesing, to Simcoe County Road 53 was paved with a single lane in 1934. That year also aw the section between Thornbury and the Simcoe–Grey County line paved, completing a continuous pavement between Owen Sound and Barrie. The second lane of pavement between Stayner and west of Midhurst was completed over a decade later, in 1947.

Construction of the bypass at the Mosley Street roundabout in Wasaga Beach in July 2012The roundabout in 2017

Since then, the route has remained almost unchanged, except in the Collingwood and Barrie areas. Prior to the completion of the Pretty River Parkway in Collingwood in the mid-1970s, Highway 26 was routed through Collingwood along Hume Street, before making a 90 degree right turn (north) at the intersection with Highway 24 (Now Simcoe Road 124, Hurontario Street) with which it was concurrent until the terminus of Highway 24 at First Street, where Highway 26 makes a 90 degree left turn (west) onto First Street, continuing on the present route. The Pretty River Parkway was a bypass of this highly congested downtown route, branching off to the north from Hume Street and swinging gradually westward along the shoreline until becoming Huron Street, which is the eastward extension of First Street beyond Hurontario. In 2003, Pretty River Parkway was widened to four lanes to match the existing sections of Huron and First Streets.

In 2001, the Georgian Triangle Area Transportation Study determined that traffic levels along Highway 26 both east and west of Collingwood were exceeding capacity. The Simcoe Area Transportation Network Needs Assessment repeated this analysis the following year. Subsequently, work on a new bypass east of Collingwood began on April 11, 2003. The old route was a dangerous section of road with numerous intersecting side streets and private residences with direct highway entrances, while the bypass is a fully-controlled access four-lane divided highway without any at-grade crossings. The new alignment has the highway veer west in the west end of Wasaga Beach, and from a roundabout with Mosley Street it runs parallel to and south of the old route to a roundabout at Poplar Sideroad, near the eastern town limits of Collingwood. The bypass opened on November 14, 2012. The former route is now known as Beachwood Road from Collingwood to Mosley Street in Wasaga Beach. The remaining section of the former alignment south of Mosley Street has been renamed Lyons Court.

Within Barrie, a portion of Highway 26 was transferred to the city in 1998, truncating it at Highway 400. This former portion is now known simply as Bayfield Street.

## Major intersections

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 26, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.

| Division | Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Grey | Owen Sound | 0.0 | 0.0 | Highway 6 / Highway 10 south / Highway 21 south (9th Avenue E / 10th Street E) – Chatsworth, Shallow Lake, Southampton | Beginning of Owen Sound Connecting Link agreement; Highway 26 western terminus |
| | | 1.7 | 1.1 | 14th Avenue E | End of Owen Sound Connecting Link agreement |
| | | 3.0 | 1.9 | County Road 5 south (28th Avenue E) | Owen Sound city limits |
| | Meaford | 4.4 | 2.7 | County Road 15 north |  |
| | 5.8 | 3.6 | County Road 11 south |  |
| | 15.4 | 9.6 | County Road 18 south | Woodford |
| | 22.3 | 13.9 | County Road 112 |  |
| | 26.7 | 16.6 |  | Beginning of Meaford Connecting Link agreement |
| | 28.2 | 17.5 | County Road 12 west (Nelson Street) |  |
| | 29.6 | 18.4 | County Road 7 south (St. Vincent Street) |  |
| | 30.0 | 18.6 |  | End of Meaford Connecting Link agreement |
| | The Blue Mountains | 38.9 | 24.2 | County Road 113 east (10th Line) |  |
| | 39.8 | 24.7 | Peel Street | Beginning of Thornbury Connecting Link agreement |
| | 40.9 | 25.4 | County Road 13 south (Bruce Street) |  |
| | 42.1 | 26.2 | Grey Street | End of Thornbury Connecting Link agreement |
| | 42.7 | 26.5 | County Road 2 south |  |
| | 45.3 | 28.1 | County Road 40 west |  |
| | 52.3 | 32.5 | County Road 19 south | Craigleith |
| GreySimcoe boundary | The Blue MountainsCollingwood boundary | 55.0 | 34.2 | County Road 21 south / County Road 34 south (Osler Bluff Road) / Long Point Road | Beginning of Collingwood Connecting Link agreement |
| Simcoe | Collingwood | 62.2 | 38.6 | Hurontario Street | Formerly Highway 24 south; to County Road 124 south |
| | | 66.5 | 41.3 | County Road 32 west (Poplar Sideroad) | End of Collingwood Connecting Link agreement; beginning of 4-lane divided highway |
| | Wasaga Beach | 72.2 | 44.9 | Mosley Street / Nottawasaga Sideroad 33/34 | End of 4-lane divided highway; formerly Highway 92 east / County Road 33 west |
| | Clearview | 73.8 | 45.9 | County Road 64 east |  |
| | 75.6 | 47.0 | County Road 96 east (Nottawasaga Sideroad 27/28) |  |
| | 75.7 | 47.0 |  | Beginning of Stayner Connecting Link agreement |
| | 77.4 | 48.1 | County Road 91 west (Main Street W)  ---  County Road 42 east (King Street S) | Formerly Highway 91 west; to Airport Road |
| | 78.2 | 48.6 | Mowat Street | End of Stayner Connecting Link agreement |
| | 80.0 | 49.7 | County Road 7 north |  |
| | 86.7 | 53.9 | County Road 10 (Sunnidale Road) | Sunnidale Corners |
| | Springwater | 99.2 | 61.6 | County Road 22 east (Horseshoe Valley Road) – Horseshoe Valley |  |
| | 102.0 | 63.4 | County Road 28 south (George Johnson Road) | Minesing |
| | 107.3 | 66.7 | County Road 53 south (Wilson Drive) |  |
| | Springwater
(Midhurst) | 110.8 | 68.8 | County Road 27 north | Formerly Highway 27 north; former western end of Highway 27 concurrency |
| | 111.6 | 69.3 | County Road 43 west (Snow Valley Road) / Finlay Mill Road |  |
| Barrie | | 114.2 | 71.0 |  | Barrie city limits; beginning of Barrie Connecting Link agreement |
| | 116.7 | 72.5 | Highway 400Sudbury, North Bay, Toronto | Highway 26 eastern terminus; Highway 400 exit 98; cities not listed on signage |
| | 117.9 | 73.3 | Dunlop Street | Former Highway 26 eastern terminus; formerly Highway 11 / Highway 27 south |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
* Closed/former | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Ontario Highway 26KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Highway 26 | |
| --- | --- |
| A map of Highway 26
Highway 26   Connecting Links | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario | |
| Length | 116.7 km (72.5 mi) |
| Existed | July 2, 1927–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Highway 6 / Highway 10 / Highway 21 in Owen Sound |
| Major intersections | Hurontario Street |
| East end | Highway 400 in Barrie |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Major cities | Owen Sound, Barrie |
| Towns | Meaford, Collingwood, Wasaga Beach, Stayner (in Clearview) |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Highway 24   Highway 27 | |
| Former provincial highways  Highway 25 | |


title: Oncideres bondari

abstract: Oncideres bondari is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1923. It is known from Brazil.

text:
# Oncideres bondari

***Oncideres bondari*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1923. It is known from Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Oncideres bondari* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Oncideres* |
| Species: | ***O. bondari*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oncideres bondari***<br>Melzer, 1923 | |
|


title: One Night in Ibiza

abstract: "One Night in Ibiza" is a song by Swiss DJ and producer Mike Candys and singer-songwriter Evelyn. It features rapper Patrick Miller.

text:
# One Night in Ibiza

"**One Night in Ibiza**" is a song by Swiss DJ and producer Mike Candys and singer-songwriter Evelyn. It features rapper Patrick Miller.

## Track listing

CD single - Switzerland (2011) 1. "One Night in Ibiza" (Extended Mix) - 4:33
2. "One Night in Ibiza" (Radio Mix) - 2:49

## Chart performance

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2011) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 13 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 29 |
| Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100) | 15 |
| France (SNEP) | 35 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 11 |
| Poland (Dance Top 50) | 9 |
| Poland (Video Chart) | 1 |
| Romania (Romanian Top 100) | 32 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 7 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2011) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 68 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 70 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 38 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Germany (BVMI) | Gold | 150,000^ |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Platinum | 30,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "One Night in Ibiza" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Mike Candys and Evelyn featuring Patrick Miller | |
| from the album  *Smile* | |
| Released | July 15, 2011 (2011-07-15) |
| Genre | Electro house, eurodance |
| Length | 2:49 |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Mike Candys |
| Mike Candys and Evelyn featuring Patrick Miller singles chronology | |
| "Insomnia"
(2011) "**One Night in Ibiza**"
(2011) "Around the World"
(2011) | |


title: One Night in Istanbul

abstract: One Night in Istanbul, also known as One Night in Istanbul: The Movie, is a British comedy-drama film, directed by James Marquand and produced/written by Nicky Allt. The film stars Steven Waddington, Paul Barber, Lucien Laviscount, Samantha Womack, and Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson. It is based on the play of the same name by Nicky Allt. The film's trailer was revealed on 8 August 2014 and was released on 11 September 2014 exclusively at Odeon Cinemas in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The film was released worldwide on 15 September.

text:
# One Night in Istanbul

***One Night in Istanbul***, also known as ***One Night in Istanbul: The Movie***, is a British comedy-drama film, directed by James Marquand and produced/written by Nicky Allt. The film stars Steven Waddington, Paul Barber, Lucien Laviscount, Samantha Womack, and Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson. It is based on the play of the same name by Nicky Allt.

The film's trailer was revealed on 8 August 2014 and was released on 11 September 2014 exclusively at Odeon Cinemas in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The film was released worldwide on 15 September.

## Plot

Two down on their luck Liverpool cabbies, Tommy and Gerry, strike an unusual deal with a local gangster to take their sons on a trip of a lifetime, to watch their beloved football team play in the European Cup Final in Istanbul. Hoping to use the trip as a chance to bond with their sons, big trouble awaits them in the form of a sexy hotel chambermaid, two ruthless crooks on a mission and a bag of counterfeit cash".

## Cast

## Release

The premiere was held on 10 September 2014 at the Odeon Cinema in Liverpool One and was attended by Steven Gerrard and Jamie Carragher alongside more Liverpool players. The film went on general release in the UK on 11 September. The film was released in the UK on DVD on 2 February 2015.

## InfoBox

| One Night in Istanbul | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | James Marquand |
| Written by | Nicky Allt |
| Based on | *One Night in Istanbul* by Nicky Allt |
| Produced by | Nicky Allt
Peter Slack
Matthew Whyte
Krystian Kozlowski |
| Starring | Steven Waddington
Paul Barber
Lucien Laviscount
Samantha Womack |
| Production
companies | Big Ears Entertainment
Karma Film Productions
Stray Dog Films |
| Distributed by | Stray Dog Films
Liverpool F.C. |
| Release date | * 10 September 2014 (2014-09-10) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Onoba gigas

abstract: Onoba gigas is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

text:
# Onoba gigas

***Onoba gigas*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Onoba gigas* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Rissoidae |
| Genus: | *Onoba* |
| Species: | ***O. gigas*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Onoba gigas***<br>Bozzetti, 2008 | |
|


title: Operation Diesel

abstract:
Operation Diesel was a raid by 700 British troops from the Royal Marines 45 Commando, 42 Commando, and the 3 Commando Brigade's Reconnaissance Force, as well as armoured infantry and close reconnaissance from 1st Battalion Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment on a Taliban drug factory and arms stronghold in the Upper Sangin Valley in Helmand province, Afghanistan on February 7, 2009. The raid captured four drug factories and heroin and opium worth £50 million. In the early hours of February 7 the raid was launched. Within 20 minutes two waves of RAF Chinooks, Royal Navy Sea Kings, Lynx and American Sea Stallions delivered 500 troops from 45 Commando Royal Marines and both British and Afghan special forces into three landing zones half-a-mile from enemy positions. Large vats of opium were abandoned while still being boiled as the Taliban fled the assault. The Task Force Helmand commander, Brig Gordon Messenger called Operation Diesel a "clinical precision strike" that had "a powerful disruptive effect on known insurgent and narcotics networks in the area".
Four drugs factories were captured along with gallons of chemicals used to process opium into heroin. Large numbers of machine guns were also recovered as well as a motor bike that had been primed as a suicide bomb. Twenty Taliban fighters defending the drugs were killed. No UK personnel were killed in the assault.

text:
# Operation Diesel

**Operation Diesel** was a raid by 700 British troops from the Royal Marines 45 Commando, 42 Commando, and the 3 Commando Brigade's Reconnaissance Force, as well as armoured infantry and close reconnaissance from 1st Battalion Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (1 PWRR) on a Taliban drug factory and arms stronghold in the Upper Sangin Valley in Helmand province, Afghanistan on February 7, 2009. The raid captured four drug factories and heroin and opium worth £50 million.

In the early hours of February 7 the raid was launched. Within 20 minutes two waves of RAF Chinooks, Royal Navy Sea Kings, Lynx and American Sea Stallions delivered 500 troops from 45 Commando Royal Marines and both British and Afghan special forces into three landing zones half-a-mile from enemy positions. Large vats of opium were abandoned while still being boiled as the Taliban fled the assault. The Task Force Helmand commander, Brig Gordon Messenger called Operation Diesel a "clinical precision strike" that had "a powerful disruptive effect on known insurgent and narcotics networks in the area". Four drugs factories were captured along with gallons of chemicals used to process opium into heroin. Large numbers of machine guns were also recovered as well as a motor bike that had been primed as a suicide bomb.

Twenty Taliban fighters defending the drugs were killed. No UK personnel were killed in the assault.

## InfoBox

| Operation Diesel | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | |
| Date February 6–7, 2009  Location Sangin, Afghanistan  Result  Coalition victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United Kingdom
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | Taliban |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Gordon Messenger
Jim Morris | ? |
| Strength | |
| 700–800 | Unknown |
| Casualties and losses | |
| None | 20 confirmed killed |


title: Onnaam Muhurtham

abstract: Onnaam Muhurtham is a 1991 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by Rahim Chelavoor. The film stars Mukesh, Sukumaran, Archana and Siddique in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Kannur Rajan.

text:
# Onnaam Muhurtham

***Onnaam Muhurtham*** is a 1991 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by Rahim Chelavoor. The film stars Mukesh, Sukumaran, Archana and Siddique in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Kannur Rajan.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Kannur Rajan with lyrics by Vijayan.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Karalil Mohangal" | K. S. Chithra, M. G. Sreekumar | Vijayan |  |

## InfoBox

| Onnaam Muhurtham | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Rahim Chelavoor |
| Screenplay by | Rahim Chelavoor |
| Starring | Mukesh
Sukumaran
Archana
Siddique |
| Cinematography | Ramesh |
| Edited by | L. Bhoominathan |
| Music by | Kannur Rajan |
| Production
company | Keemattathil Films |
| Distributed by | Keemattathil Films |
| Release date | * 1991 (1991) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Open Your Heart (Europe song)

abstract: "Open Your Heart" is a power ballad released by the Swedish heavy metal band Europe. It was released twice; in 1984 as a single from the album Wings of Tomorrow, and in 1988 as a single from the album Out of This World. The music video for the 1988 release was directed by Jean Pellerin and Doug Freel and shot in London, England. The lyrics are nearly identical in both these versions, except for one verse: 1984: "Oh girl, before I fall... Maybe the sun will continue to shine, maybe the rain will continue to fall, maybe you want to leave me behind, maybe you'll change and give me a call." 1988: "Before we lose it all... Maybe the time has its own way of healing, maybe it dries the tears in your eyes, but never change the way that I'm feeling, only you can answer my cries."

text:
# Open Your Heart (Europe song)

| "Open Your Heart" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Europe | |
| from the album  *Out of This World* | |
| B-side | "Just the Beginning" |
| Released | October 1988 |
| Genre | Glam metal |
| Length | 4:05 (Album Version)
3:54 (Edited Version) |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Joey Tempest |
| Producer(s) | Ron Nevison |
| Europe singles chronology | |
| "Superstitious"
(1988) "**Open Your Heart**"
(1988) "Let the Good Times Rock"
(1989) | |

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Number One* |  |

"**Open Your Heart**" is a power ballad released by the Swedish heavy metal band Europe. It was released twice; in 1984 as a single from the album *Wings of Tomorrow*, and in 1988 as a single from the album *Out of This World*. The music video for the 1988 release was directed by Jean Pellerin and Doug Freel and shot in London, England.

The lyrics are nearly identical in both these versions, except for one verse:

1984: "Oh girl, before I fall... Maybe the sun will continue to shine, maybe the rain will continue to fall, maybe you want to leave me behind, maybe you'll change and give me a call."

1988: "Before we lose it all... Maybe the time has its own way of healing, maybe it dries the tears in your eyes, but never change the way that I'm feeling, only you can answer my cries."

## Personnel

### 1984 version

### 1988 version

### Charts

| Charts (1988) | Peak
position | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Belgium Ultratop | 31 |  |
| France SNEP | 67 |  |
| Netherlands Dutch Charts | 42 |  |
| UK Singles Chart | 86 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| "Open Your Heart" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Europe | |
| from the album  *Wings of Tomorrow* | |
| B-side | "Wings of Tomorrow" |
| Released | October 1984 |
| Genre | Heavy metal |
| Length | 4:30 |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Joey Tempest |
| Producer(s) | Leif Mases |
| Europe singles chronology | |
| "Stormwind"
(1984) "**Open Your Heart**"
(1984) "Rock the Night"
(1985) | |


title: Operation Anvil (nuclear test)

abstract: Operation Anvil was a series of 21 nuclear tests conducted by the United States in 1975–1976 at the Nevada Test Site. These tests followed the Operation Bedrock series and preceded the Operation Fulcrum series.

text:
# Operation Anvil (nuclear test)

**Operation Anvil** was a series of 21 nuclear tests conducted by the United States in 1975–1976 at the Nevada Test Site. These tests followed the *Operation Bedrock* series and preceded the *Operation Fulcrum* series.

United States' Anvil series tests and detonations
| Name | Date time (UT) | Local time zone | Location | Elevation \+ height | Delivery
Purpose | Device | Yield | Fallout | References | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Marsh* | September 6, 1975 17:00:00.113 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U3kb 37°01′25″N 116°01′45″W / 37.02362°N 116.02909°W / 37.02362; -116.02909 (Marsh) | 1,187 m (3,894 ft)427.21 m (1,401.6 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 7 kt |  |  |  |
| *Peninsula*
*(aborted)* | October 23, 1975 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area near U2em | 1,220 m (4,000 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
 |  | no yield |  |  | Became stuck in shaft while being lowered; abandoned, later destroyed by *Tinderbox/Azul*. |
| *Husky Pup* | October 24, 1975 17:11:26.093 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U12t.03 37°13′18″N 116°10′49″W / 37.22174°N 116.18019°W / 37.22174; -116.18019 (Husky Pup) | 2,036 m (6,680 ft)327.96 m (1,076.0 ft) | tunnel,
weapon effect |  | 15 kt |  |  |  |
| *Kasseri* | October 28, 1975 14:30:00.16 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U20z 37°17′24″N 116°24′45″W / 37.29°N 116.41244°W / 37.29; -116.41244 (Kasseri) | 1,957 m (6,421 ft)1,264.92 m (4,150.0 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | B77 | 1 Mt | Venting detected |  | Full yield test of the B77/B83 |
| *Deck* | November 18, 1975 15:30:00.113 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U3kd 37°01′13″N 116°01′17″W / 37.02031°N 116.02143°W / 37.02031; -116.02143 (Deck) | 1,185 m (3,888 ft)326.14 m (1,070.0 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 5 kt |  |  |  |
| *Inlet* | November 20, 1975 15:00:00.093 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U19f 37°13′30″N 116°22′06″W / 37.2249°N 116.36845°W / 37.2249; -116.36845 (Inlet) | 2,025 m (6,644 ft)818.33 m (2,684.8 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | W78 | 500 kt |  |  |  |
| *Leyden* | November 26, 1975 15:30:00.163 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U9cm 37°07′02″N 116°01′11″W / 37.11721°N 116.01975°W / 37.11721; -116.01975 (Leyden) | 1,303 m (4,275 ft)326.11 m (1,069.9 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 5 kt |  |  |  |
| *Chiberta* | December 20, 1975 20:00:00.164 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U2ek 37°07′39″N 116°03′45″W / 37.1276°N 116.06244°W / 37.1276; -116.06244 (Chiberta) | 1,264 m (4,147 ft)716 m (2,349 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | B77 | 160 kt |  |  |  |
| *Muenster* | January 3, 1976 19:15:00.162 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U19e 37°17′47″N 116°20′03″W / 37.2965°N 116.33407°W / 37.2965; -116.33407 (Muenster) | 2,082 m (6,831 ft)1,452.4 m (4,765 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | B77/B83
(reduced yield?) | 800 kt |  |  | B77 Components Tested |
| *Keelson* | February 4, 1976 14:20:00.112 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U7ai 37°04′09″N 116°01′52″W / 37.06921°N 116.03103°W / 37.06921; -116.03103 (Keelson) | 1,218 m (3,996 ft)639.62 m (2,098.5 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | W76 | 150 kt |  |  |  |
| *Esrom* | February 4, 1976 14:40:00.163 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U7ak 37°06′24″N 116°02′18″W / 37.10655°N 116.03829°W / 37.10655; -116.03829 (Esrom) | 1,258 m (4,127 ft)654.6 m (2,148 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | B77 | 160 kt | Venting detected, 88 Ci (3,300 GBq) |  |  |
| *Fontina* | February 12, 1976 14:45:00.163 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U20f 37°16′17″N 116°29′22″W / 37.27136°N 116.48934°W / 37.27136; -116.48934 (Fontina) | 1,837 m (6,027 ft)1,219 m (3,999 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | B83 | 900 kt |  |  |  |
| *Cheshire* | February 14, 1976 11:30:00.162 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U20n 37°14′33″N 116°25′16″W / 37.242611°N 116.42113°W / 37.242611; -116.42113 (Cheshire) | 1,947 m (6,388 ft)1,167 m (3,829 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | B77 | 350 kt |  |  | See *Whetstone/Cambric*. A test of groundwater mobility in moving buried radiaoactives, this time in volcanic rock/soil. |
| *Shallows* | February 26, 1976 14:50:00.091 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U3jf 37°01′43″N 116°00′59″W / 37.02851°N 116.01649°W / 37.02851; -116.01649 (Shallows) | 1,188 m (3,898 ft)244.85 m (803.3 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | W78 primary? | 2.5 kt | Venting detected |  |  |
| *Estuary* | March 9, 1976 14:00:00.094 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U19g 37°18′34″N 116°21′56″W / 37.30955°N 116.36549°W / 37.30955; -116.36549 (Estuary) | 2,025 m (6,644 ft)856.79 m (2,811.0 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | W78 | 350 kt |  |  |  |
| *Colby* | March 14, 1976 12:30:00.163 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U20aa 37°18′21″N 116°28′21″W / 37.30594°N 116.47237°W / 37.30594; -116.47237 (Colby) | 1,904 m (6,247 ft)1,273.4 m (4,178 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | B77 | 800 kt | Venting detected, 44 Ci (1,600 GBq) |  |  |
| *Pool* | March 17, 1976 14:15:00.09 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U19p 37°15′21″N 116°19′46″W / 37.25584°N 116.32946°W / 37.25584; -116.32946 (Pool) | 2,076 m (6,811 ft)881.18 m (2,891.0 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | W78 | 500 kt |  |  |  |
| *Strait* | March 17, 1976 14:45:00.091 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U4a 37°06′26″N 116°03′16″W / 37.10716°N 116.05432°W / 37.10716; -116.05432 (Strait) | 1,243 m (4,078 ft)782.42 m (2,567.0 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 210 kt |  |  |  |
| *Mighty Epic* | May 12, 1976 19:50:00.17 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U12n.10 37°12′32″N 116°12′48″W / 37.20901°N 116.21333°W / 37.20901; -116.21333 (Mighty Epic) | 2,224 m (7,297 ft)396.24 m (1,300.0 ft) | tunnel,
weapon effect |  | 20 kt |  |  |  |
| *Rivoli* | May 20, 1976 17:30:00.162 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U2eg 37°08′14″N 116°04′03″W / 37.13715°N 116.06745°W / 37.13715; -116.06745 (Rivoli) | 1,279 m (4,196 ft)199.64 m (655.0 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | W79 | 600 t | Venting detected |  |  |
| *Billet* | July 27, 1976 20:30:00.079 | PST (–8 hrs)
 | NTS Area U7an 37°04′31″N 116°02′40″W / 37.07537°N 116.04456°W / 37.07537; -116.04456 (Billet) | 1,222 m (4,009 ft)636.57 m (2,088.5 ft) | underground shaft,
weapons development | B61 | 58 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 |  |  |

1. Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000), *CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3)*, SMDC Monitoring Research
2. "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
3. Hechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (September 25, 1998), *Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site*, Nuclear Science and Technology Division
4. *Operation Argus, 1958* (DNA6039F), Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense, 1982, retrieved November 26, 2013
5. *Official list of underground nuclear explosions*, Sandia National Laboratories, July 1, 1994, retrieved December 18, 2013
6. *United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992* (PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2006, retrieved December 18, 2013
7. Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (February 1, 1994), "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)" (PDF), *Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper*, Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council, archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013, retrieved October 26, 2013
8. *Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1)* (PDF), DOE Nevada Operations Office, August 1996, archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2013, retrieved October 31, 2013
9. Hansen, Chuck (2007) \[1995\]. *Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945* (PDF: CD-ROM & download available) (2nd ed.). Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791915-0-3.
10. "The B83 Bomb". *nuclearweaponarchive.org*. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
11. "The B83 Bomb". *nuclearweaponarchive.org*. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
12. *Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2* (PDF), National Cancer Institute, 1997, retrieved January 5, 2014

## InfoBox

| Operation Anvil | |
| --- | --- |
| *Anvil Husky Pup* test chamber 1. | |
| Information | |
| Country | United States |
| Test site | * NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa * NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa * NTS, Areas 1–4, 6–10, Yucca Flat |
| Period | 1975–1976 |
| Number of tests | 21 |
| Test type | underground shaft, tunnel |
| Max. yield | 1 megatonne of TNT (4.2 PJ) |
| Test series chronology | |
|  | |


title: Operation Apocalypse

abstract: Operation Apocalypse is a computer wargame for the Apple II published by Strategic Simulations in 1981.

text:
# Operation Apocalypse

***Operation Apocalypse*** is a computer wargame for the Apple II published by Strategic Simulations in 1981.

## Gameplay

*Operation Apocalypse* is a game in which four World War II confrontations are simulated between German and American forces.

## Reception

Paul Todd and Russell Sipe reviewed the game for *Computer Gaming World*, and stated that "*Operation Apocalypse* is a two player game. But if you can't find someone with which to play, the computer plays a good game. There are no less than four levels of solitaire play. The computer can even play both sides. The game contains sufficient tactical problems and complexity to give it a realistic feel."

## Reviews

## InfoBox

| Operation Apocalypse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Publisher(s) | Strategic Simulations |
| Designer(s) | Roger Keating |
| Platform(s) | Apple II |
| Release | 1981 |
| Genre(s) | Computer wargame |


title: Operation Appearance

abstract: Operation Appearance was a British landing in the British Somaliland Protectorate against troops of the Italian Army. The Italian conquest of British Somaliland had taken place seven months previously, in August 1940. The British had withdrawn from the protectorate after a delaying action at the Battle of Tug Argan. This withdrawal, after the disastrous conclusion of the Battle of France and the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940, had repercussions among British leaders. It led Prime Minister Winston Churchill to lose confidence in General Archibald Wavell, the British commander in the Middle East, which culminated in Wavell's sacking on 20 June 1941. British, Empire and Commonwealth forces from the United Kingdom, British India, Australia and South Africa in Aden trained for a prospective invasion of British Somaliland. The Far Eastern Fleet provided Force D, comprising two cruisers, two destroyers and a collection of adapted troop transports. To deceive the Italians in Ethiopia about British intentions in East Africa, Operation Camilla was leaked, suggesting that troop movements to Sudan were for an invasion of British Somaliland and that a diversionary operation would come from Kenya in the south. In Operation Canvas, the real invasion plan, Kenya was the base for the main invasion. Force D and the Aden Striking Force conducted a beach landing at Berbera on 16 March 1941, taking the port by 10:00 a.m. The Italian garrison made a precipitate retreat back to Ethiopia and local troops deserted en masse. In a few days, Berbera was developed to receive troops and supplies for the operations against Ethiopia, reducing the supply distance to the fighting front by 500 mi (805 km). A British military administration was imposed on the protectorate, the local police and the Somaliland Camel Corps were re-established, civilians were disarmed and the economy was revived.

text:
# Operation Appearance

**Operation Appearance** (16 March – 8 April 1941) was a British landing in the British Somaliland Protectorate against troops of the Italian Army. The Italian conquest of British Somaliland had taken place seven months previously, in August 1940. The British had withdrawn from the protectorate after a delaying action at the Battle of Tug Argan. This withdrawal, after the disastrous conclusion of the Battle of France and the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940, had repercussions among British leaders. It led Prime Minister Winston Churchill to lose confidence in General Archibald Wavell, the British commander in the Middle East, which culminated in Wavell's sacking on 20 June 1941.

British, Empire and Commonwealth forces from the United Kingdom, British India, Australia and South Africa in Aden trained for a prospective invasion of British Somaliland. The Far Eastern Fleet provided Force D, comprising two cruisers, two destroyers and a collection of adapted troop transports. To deceive the Italians in Ethiopia about British intentions in East Africa, Operation Camilla was leaked, suggesting that troop movements to Sudan were for an invasion of British Somaliland and that a diversionary operation would come from Kenya in the south. In Operation Canvas, the real invasion plan, Kenya was the base for the main invasion.

Force D and the Aden Striking Force conducted a beach landing at Berbera on 16 March 1941, taking the port by 10:00 a.m. The Italian garrison made a precipitate retreat back to Ethiopia and local troops deserted en masse. In a few days, Berbera was developed to receive troops and supplies for the operations against Ethiopia, reducing the supply distance to the fighting front by 500 mi (805 km). A British military administration was imposed on the protectorate, the local police and the Somaliland Camel Corps were re-established, civilians were disarmed and the economy was revived.

## Background

### Strategic situation, 1940

On 10 June 1940, when Italy declared war on Britain and France, Italian military forces commanded by the viceroy and governor general of *Africa Orientale Italiana* (AOI, Italian East Africa), the Duke of Aosta became a threat to the British and French holds on their colonies in East Africa. Italian forces in Eritrea endangered British sea routes along the coast of East Africa, to the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, French Somaliland, British Somaliland and Kenya Colony (British Kenya) were vulnerable to attacks from the AOI. The collapse in France and the Armistice of 22 June 1940 drastically weakened the British strategic position in the Middle East and East Africa. The closure of the Mediterranean to British sea traffic left only the 13,000 mi (21,000 km) voyage around Africa, to supply the British forces in the Middle East. On the eve of the Italian declaration of war, the Italian colonies in East Africa had 91,203 Italian members of the armed forces and police and 199,973 Eritrean, Ethiopian and Somali *ascari*. In July, the British had 47,000 men in British Kenya, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and British Somaliland.

### Italian invasion

Map showing the Italian invasion of the British Somaliland Protectorate (3–19 August 1940) and adjacent territories of French Somaliland, Italian Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland

On 3 August 1940, British reconnaissance aircraft discovered that about 400 Italian troops had crossed the Ethiopian–British Somaliland frontier at Biyad, near Borama (Boorama). The Italian invasion force moved in three widely dispersed columns, co-ordinated by wireless and liaison aircraft. The main (central) Italian column advanced from the region of Harar in Italian Ethiopia, crossed the border south of Borama and reached Hargeisa on 5 August. The Somaliland Camel Corps skirmished with the Italians as they advanced and the central column attacked Hargeisa with infantry and light tanks covered by artillery and air attacks. A Rhodesian infantry company blocking the road retreated, after knocking out three light tanks, while the main British force slowly retired from the town. On the same day, the northern invasion column captured the port of Zeila (Saylac), not far from French Somaliland and then slowly advanced the 150 mi (240 km) down the coast road to Berbera, taking Bulhar (Bulaxaar), about 50 mi (80 km) from Berbera, on 17 August.

The main Italian force advanced in the centre from Hargeisa along the road to Berbera, only slightly delayed by road demolitions and improvised land mines. British troops in advanced positions were withdrawn on 10 August and the Battle of Tug Argan took place from 11 to 15 August. The Italians had achieved air superiority by 6 August and the defenders held the gap against Italian attacks for 72 hours, eventually running out of ammunition. Italian artillery superiority led to the defenders gradually being overwhelmed. By the time that the northern Italian column reached Bulhar, the defence of the Tug Argan gap had begun to collapse. Major-General Alfred Reade Godwin-Austen had been sent to command the forces in British Somaliland and on 14 August, judged that the situation at Tug Argan was irretrievable and was instructed by the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Middle East Henry Maitland Wilson to withdraw from the protectorate (Wavell was in Britain). The garrison retreated to Berbera and by 2:00 p.m. 18 August, most of the contingent had been evacuated to Aden, with the HQ sailing in HMAS *Hobart* on the morning of 19 August; Italian forces entered Berbera that evening. The British suffered 38 men killed and 222 men wounded; the Italians 2,052 casualties.

### Operation Camilla

After the retreat to Aden, the British established Military Mission No. 106 (Hamilton's Mission) to conduct sabotage and subversion operations in occupied British Somaliland. The former Senior Administrative Officer of the protectorate, Reginald Smith, made several secret journeys to the land to glean information. In Cairo, General Archibald Wavell, GOC-in-C Middle East Command concocted Operation Camilla, a deception to mislead the Italians about the transfer of troops to Sudan. The operation was intended to convince the Italians that the troops movements were part of a plan to invade British Somaliland in February 1941 and then advance on Harar. Wavell wrote in a document that,

> ...the loss of British Somaliland has always rankled bitterly between my government and myself. I got a rocket from the government and nearly lost my job at the time.... I have orders to recapture it as soon as resources are available and am most anxious to remove this blot on my reputation.

The document purported Operation Canvas, the invasion of Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia from Kenya, to be a diversion; it was sent to the local commanders in East Africa using means by which the British expected it to leak to the Italians. The main invasion from Kenya required a huge supply effort and the plan to re-capture British Somaliland was intended to create a much closer supply route from Berbera for the southern invasion force. The port was rudimentary but improvements could quickly be effected. Aosta, the Italian commander of the AOI was convinced by February that an invasion of the colony was imminent.

## Prelude

### Plan

The British made use of such resources as were available to British Forces Aden (Air Vice-Marshal Ranald Reid) to re-capture Berbera and expand it into a bridgehead sufficient to supply 15,000 troops. About 3,000 men of the Aden Striking Force, comprising the 1/2nd Punjab Regiment and 3/15th Punjab Regiment of the British Indian Army (1895–1947), which had fought in the colony during the Italian invasion, a Somali commando detachment and the 1401/1402 (Aden) Companies, Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps Group and 150 motor transport (MT) would be transported 140 nmi (160 mi; 260 km) across the Gulf of Aden. The East Indies Fleet, comprising ships of the Royal Navy and the Royal Indian Navy were to contribute Force D (Captain Harold Hickling), the cruisers HMS *Glasgow* and *Caledon*, the destroyers HMS *Kandahar* and *Kipling*, the auxiliary cruisers *Chakdina* and *Chantala*, Royal Indian Navy trawlers *Netravati* and *Parvati* (Lieutenant HMS Choudri, R.I.N.), the troop transports S.S. Beaconsfield and Tuna and ML 109. Force D was to conduct the voyage in two parts, the advanced part comprising *Kandahar*, *Chantala*, *Chakdina*, *Parvati*, *Netravati* and the cargo ships *Beaconsfield* and *Tuna*, carrying troops and towing three tugs and six lighters. The second wave of Force D comprised *Glasgow*, *Caledon*, *Kingston* and M.L. 109, all transporting troops.

### Preparations

Training began in January, ships were converted to carry troops, two of the lighters, designed by the Sea Transport Officer, Aden, Commander Vernon were to be used as floating piers, fitted with ramps to ease the unloading of the MT, including armoured cars. The RAF flew reconnaissance sorties to find suitable landing points, discover Italian defensive preparations and find potential landing grounds for their aircraft. With fire support from the cruisers and destroyers, the invasion force was to land on beaches between reefs to the east and west of Berbera, create a bridgehead and then re-occupy the protectorate. The air photographs obtained were an incomplete set and the Navy considered that towing vessels from Aden was risky because the tows could part and delay the voyage. In poor visibility finding Berbera could not be guaranteed and approaching an unsurveyed, hostile and dark shore at night, then finding gaps in the reefs wide enough to tow through the lighters was a gamble. The importance of Berbera to the British offensive against Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia was such that the risks were accepted. On the three nights before the landings, the RAF bombed the big Italian base at Dire Dawa in Ethiopia.

### Voyage

On 14 March the first echelon departed Aden at 10:45 p.m. but only 10 nmi (12 mi; 19 km) out, tows parted, some wrapping around the ships' propellers. To keep to the schedule a quick change of plan was made; *Kandahar* left the tugs and lighters for *Beaconsfield* and *Tuna* to tow. The naval ships went ahead to make rendezvous 10 nmi (12 mi; 19 km) north of the Berbera Light at 1:00 a.m. on 16 March according to the plan. The sloop HMS *Shoreham* was sent from Aden to assist *Beaconsfield* and *Tuna* by 3:30 p.m. on 15 March. The second echelon sailed an hour later and rendezvoused as planned. At 1:00 a.m. on 16 March *Glasgow*,  *Caledon*, *Chantala*, *Chakdina*, *Netravati*, *Parvati* and M.L. 109 were to land the 1/2 and 3/15 Punjab at Main Beach, 2 nmi (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) west of Berbera Light covered by a bombardment from *Glasgow*, along with *Kandahar* and *Kingston*, which carried the (mostly Somali) 200-man Commando of Force G (R) who were to make the subsidiary landing east of Berbera, covered by *Kandahar*. The ships were to close on the coast at 12 kn (14 mph; 22 km/h). *Shoreham*, *Beaconsfield*, *Tuna* with the three tugs and six lighters in tow, were about midway between Aden and Berbera, moving at 6 kn (6.9 mph; 11 km/h).

## Invasion

### Landings

At 1:01 a.m. on 16 March *Glasgow*, *Kandahar*, *Kingston* and M.L. 109 moved forward at 20 kn (23 mph; 37 km/h) towards Berbera Light and to find the gaps in the reefs off the landing beaches. *Caledon*, *Chantala*, *Chakdina*, *Netravati* and *Parvati* were to arrive off the west beach at 2:30 a.m. and drop anchor near *Glasgow* which would be showing a red light out to sea. During the approach lights were seen ashore from vehicles on the Hargeisa Road, bound for Berbera. At 2:03 a.m. on 16 March, the Berbera Light was seen on a bearing 186° at 3 nmi (3.5 mi; 5.6 km) distance. *Kandahar* and *Kingston* separated from the force and made for the eastern beach; *Glasgow* stopped and launched a motor boat and skiff for Commander Vernon to use to find the gap in the reef off the western beach. The gap was hard to find and there was a delay of 63 minutes in landing the first tows. *Kandahar* and *Kingston* found their gap in the reef off the eastern beach at 3:00 a.m. although the reconnaissance photographs had shown this to be the harder of the two to find. The delay led to apprehension by Colonel Pollock and Captain Hickling (the captain of Glasgow) that the landing might occur in daylight.

The landing at the eastern beach due at 3:30 a.m. was also delayed; at 3:26 a.m. a Somali fisherman in a canoe rowed up to *Glasgow*. The fisherman said that Italians still occupied the town but some had left by lorry that night; there were Italians near the Berbera Light. The Somali was sent to find the gap in the reefs but Vernon found it at 3:58 a.m. At 4:13 a.m. the signal "Land, follow Glasgow's boats" was given and four minutes later *Glasgow* began to bombard the main beach with H.E. from its 4-inch guns and 2-pounder pom-poms. The fire from the 4-inch main armament was that used for E-boat attack, with half the shells bursting on impact and the other half bursting 50 ft (15 m) over the target, until 4:20 a.m. when *Kingston* received the order to begin landing on the eastern beach. *Kandahar* bombarded the beach from 4:25–4:35 a.m. Tows moved through the gaps to the eastern and western beaches, success signals coming from at the western beach was made at 4:48 a.m. and at the eastern beach at 5:26 a.m. During the disembarkations shells burst among the tows and ships offshore, thought to be from four to six 4-inch guns and some ineffectual machine-gun fire; the 6-inch, 4-inch and pom-poms of the bombardment ships silenced the Italian artillery. *Glasgow* mainly engaged trenches near the Berbera Light and west of the aerodrome. *Kandahar* concentrated on the defences to the east of the town.

### Berbera

Photograph of the Berbera landscape (2012)

Anticipating a British landing, the Duke of Aosta, the Viceroy of the AOI, had agreed to the evacuation of the protectorate. On 14 March the Italian garrison began to evacuate the territory and the 17th Colonial Brigade retired to Dire Dawa. The 70th Colonial Brigade remained, except for its commander, Brigadier-General Arturo Bertello who passed through Dire Dawa just before it was captured. When the naval bombardment began, about 1,500 Somali troops in Italian service and their Italian officers and NCOs retreated from Berbera towards Hargeisa. The first wave, comprising the 15th Punjab Regiment, was carried by *Parvati* which towed a tug and barge for the landing. *Parvati* was bracketed by three 4-inch shells but the landing was carried out without loss against scant opposition. The 2nd Punjab Regiment landed and advanced through the 15th Punjab towards the town, as a party of the 15th Punjab moved inland to cut the coast road. All of the troops involved got ashore before dawn. Little opposition was met with ashore and the town was captured by 9:20 a.m. on 16 March. The British and Indian troops suffered few casualties and over 100 prisoners were taken. Due to a mistake, the Aden Pioneers, who were unarmed, had been ordered to attack with the Punjabis and their commander, Captain S. J. H. Harrison wrote later,

> The sun was just peeping over the eastern skyline \[;\] we came under rifle fire...when to our utter amazement we saw the Italian enemy leaping out of their trenches and racing towards transport vehicles....The vehicles started up and the entire enemy column high-tailed in a great cloud of yellowish grey dust...southwards...to Hargeisa....

A diversion to the east of Berbera was engaged by sixty members of the garrison but the landing party suffered only one Somali soldier killed and a British officer wounded. A wireless message sent to London that "The British flag flies again over Berbera" but the invaders had forgotten to bring one and had to borrow it from a resident. RAF fighters provided a standing patrol on the day of the invasion and for the next four days.

The second echelon ships had arrived by the time that Berbera fell and tugs checked the harbour for mines with Oropesa sweeps. By 2:00 p.m. Force D was unloading; the special motor transport pier consisting of the two modified lighters was assembled at the spit and motor transport unloaded from *Beaconsfield* by 6:00 p.m. The landing force was well established ashore with adequate stores and rations, local water being available. Air reconnaissance reported the hinterland to be deserted (naval protection ended on 18 March when *Glasgow* departed; air cover continued until 20 March). The Shaad and customs piers had been damaged but could be repaired with local materials; demolitions at the power station and refrigerating plant required assistance from Aden to make them operational. The water supply was about to be blown up but the occupation troops prevented it. Mining of the aerodrome had been carried out and the RAF was informed. The landing force sent 43 Italian prisoners of war to Aden in *Parvati* on the day of the landings, as the hospital ship Karapara which was not needed. About 5:33 a.m. on 17 March some aircraft were heard and a barrage was fired; no further Italian aircraft were seen during the day.

On 11 March the 1st South African Brigade Group and the 22nd East African Brigade Group had been placed under the command of the 11th (African) Division, joining the 3rd (Nigerian) Brigade Group. The division advanced from Barawa (Brava), south of Mogadishu in Italian Somaliland. On 25 February the division departed Mogadishu and on 17 March, patrols of the 3rd (Nigerian) Brigade reached Jijiga, cutting the road to Harar, the Italian line of retreat from the protectorate. On 19 March, Brigadier Buchanan and a staff officer arrived by air at Berbera to take command of Bucforce, a temporary name for the 2nd South African Infantry Brigade, most of which had sailed from Mombasa on 16 March and was due on 22 March. On 20 March, a party of Nigerian troops reached Tug Wajale, from whence two armoured cars drove to Berbera along the road from Hargeisa and joined with the Aden Striking Force. The Italian 70th Colonial Brigade became one of the many units of the Italian colonial forces in the AOI that had begun to desert en masse. When Bertello was captured in Western Abyssinia, he claimed that his brigade had "melted away". On 21 March, Lieutenant-General Alan Cunningham, commander of the East African Force, visited to congratulate the victors, to make arrangements for the expansion of the port facilities and announce the establishment of a British military administration.

## Aftermath

### Analysis

The Italian occupation had lasted seven months; in the British official history volume I (1957), I. S. O. Playfair wrote that the port was quickly prepared, despite a shortage of lighters, no electric lights, the heat and the *Kharif* (autumn wind) blowing sand and increasing the surf. Within the week, the 11th African Division was receiving supplies through Berbera, shortening by 500 mi (805 km) its supply line. In 2016, Andrew Stewart, in "The First Victory..." wrote that the British ascribed the success of Appearance to the extent of the preparations and training. He speculated that the use of ships as floating piers might have influenced the use of Mulberry harbours in the Normandy landings.

### Subsequent events

After the Italian garrison fled, a prisoner of war camp was built, eventually big enough for 5,000 men, to accommodate Italian prisoners taken in the region. Two battalions of the 2nd South African Brigade arrived by sea from Kenya, the third battalion arriving two weeks later, after making a road march with the brigade transport. On 8 April, Brigadier Arthur Chater, the former commander of the Somaliland Camel Corps was appointed Military Governor. The Italians had abandoned Zeila on 18 March and a retired Somali police inspector uncovered a hidden British flag, raised it and began to collect abandoned Italian arms and equipment. On 23 March a Somaliland police officer landed and recalled the local police. The Somaliland Camel Corps had been disbanded after the British evacuation and by the time British returned to the headquarters in Burao on 18 April, 80 per cent of the former members had made their way to Berbera. On 4 May a company of the corps began a mission to suppress a Mijjertein raiding party, the rest of the corps conducting disarmament operations with a motley of captured Italian weapons and equipment.

Many of the buildings in Berbera had been damaged, government stations demolished and the civilian wireless and telephone networks were out of action. Army signals units had to carry civilian administration messages until the infrastructure had been restored. The economy of the protectorate had been greatly harmed by the war, internal trade had stopped, there were no regular shipping services with Aden and only dhows were available. There was little food in the territory but the livestock herd had increased since 1939 and had suffered little from the Italians. The fall of Addis Ababa restored confidence, internal trade resumed and by the autumn the export trade had revived. Once Berbera replaced Mogadishu as an entrepôt, demand for labour increased; payment in wages and in food acted as an economic stimulus and local businessmen immediately made use of the sea traffic to and from Berbera; a return to normal conditions did not occur Zeila and Boramo, near the border with French Somaliland, due to the need to blockade the pro-Vichy regime.

## Footnotes

1. Stewart 2016, pp. 48–70.
2. Stewart 2016, pp. 71–77.
3. Stewart 2016, pp. 77–94.
4. Raugh 1993, p. 82.
5. Stewart 2016, p. 116.
6. Stewart 2016, pp. 116, 137–138; Rankin 2009, pp. 316–317.
7. Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 54; Wavell 1946, p. 3,529.
8. Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 54; Raugh 1993, p. 178; Collins 1964, p. 46.
9. Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 55.
10. Collins 1964, pp. 46–47.
11. Stewart 2016, pp. 139, 138.
12. Collins 1964, p. 46.
13. Collins 1964, p. 47.
14. Collins 1964, pp. 47–48.
15. Del Boca 2001, p. 506.
16. Stewart 2016, p. 138.
17. Collins 1964, p. 49.
18. Raugh 1993, p. 178.
19. Stewart 2016, pp. 138–140.
20. Collins 1964, pp. 50, 49.
21. Playfair et al. 1957, pp. 416–418.
22. Orpen 1968, p. 227.
23. Abys 1942, pp. 90–91.
24. Stewart 2016, pp. 138–140; Rodd 1970, p. 177.
25. Playfair et al. 1957, p. 418.
26. Stewart 2016, pp. 139–140.
27. Rodd 1970, p. 177.
28. Rodd 1970, pp. 180–181.
29. Rodd 1970, pp. 180–182.
* Collins, D. J. E. (1964). Prasad, B. (ed.). *The Royal Indian Navy 1939–1945*. Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War (online ed.). Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan). OCLC 4079794. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
* Del Boca, A. (2001) \[1986\]. *Gli italiani in Africa Orientale La caduta dell'Impero* \[*Italians in East Africa: The Fall of the Empire*\]. Oscar Mondadori; Oscar storia, 33, 41, 44 (in Italian) (ebook ed.). Milano: Italians in East Africa The Fall of the Empire. ISBN 978-88-04-46946-9.
* Orpen, N. (1968). *East African and Abyssinian Campaigns*. South African Forces, World War II. Vol. I (online ed.). Cape Town, SA: Purnell. OCLC 499914466. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
* Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (1957) \[1954\]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). *The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)*. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th ed.). HMSO. OCLC 494123451. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
* Rankin, N. (2009) \[2008\]. *Churchill's Wizards: The British Genius for Deception, 1914–1945*. US title: A Genius for Deception: How Cunning Helped the British Win Two World Wars, Oxford University Press, New York. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-19-538704-9.
* Raugh, H. E. (1993). *Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship*. London: Brassey's. ISBN 0-08-040983-0.
* Rodd, F. (1970) \[1948\]. *British Military Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa during the Years 1941–1947* (repr. Greenwood Press, Westport Connecticut ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-8371-4319-5.
* Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992) \[1968\]. *Chronik des Seekrieges, 1939–1945* \[*Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two*\] (in German). Translated by Masters, D. (2nd rev. ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-105-X.
* Stewart, Andrew (2016). *The First Victory: The Second World War and the East Africa Campaign*. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-20855-9.
* *The Abyssinian Campaigns: The Official Story of the Conquest of Italian East Africa. (Issued for the War Office by The Ministry of Information)*. London: HMSO. 1942. OCLC 162657275. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
* Wavell, A. (10 July 1946). *Official Despatch: Operations in East Africa November 1940 – July 1941* (PDF). London Gazette. pp. 3527–3599. Retrieved 9 October 2019.

## Further reading

* Glover, Michael (1987). *An Improvised War: The Ethiopian Campaign, 1940–1941*. L. Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-241-9.
* Mackenzie, Compton (1951). *Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence*. Vol. I. London: Chatto & Windus. OCLC 59637091.
* Mockler, A. (1987) \[1984\]. *Haile Selassie's War* (2nd. pbk. Grafton Books \[Collins\], London ed.). London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-586-07204-7.
* Shores, C. (1996). *Dust Clouds in the Middle East: The Air War for East Africa, Iran, Syria, Iran and Madagascar, 1940–42*. London: Grub Street. ISBN 1-898697-37-X.
* Sutherland, J.; Canwell, D. (2009). *Air War East Africa 1940–1941: The RAF Versus the Italian Air Force*. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. ISBN 978-1-84468-804-3.

## InfoBox

| Operation Appearance | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of The East African Campaign of the Second World War | |
| <br>Indian soldiers at the Recapture of Berbera, March 1941. | |
| Date 16 March – 8 April 1941  Location Somalia Governorate, Italian East Africa<br>(Occupied British Somaliland)09°33′N 44°04′E / 9.550°N 44.067°E / 9.550; 44.067  Result  Allied victory  Territorial<br>changes  Re-establishment of British Somaliland | |
| Belligerents | |
| United Kingdom | Italy |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Archibald Wavell<br>Ranald Reid | Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta<br>Arturo Bertello |
| Units involved | |
| 1st Punjab Regiment<br>2nd Punjab Regiment<br>11th African Division<br>15th Punjab Regiment<br>Somali commando detachment<br>1401/1402 (Aden) Companies, Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps Group | 70th Colonial Infantry Brigade |
| Strength | |
| 2 battalions<br>attached units<br>2 cruisers<br>2 destroyers<br>2 auxiliary cruisers<br>2 trawlers<br>2 transports | Colonial infantry brigade |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 1 killed<br>1 wounded | |


title: Onychoteuthis banksii

abstract: Onychoteuthis banksii, the common clubhook squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It is the type species of the genus Onychoteuthis. This species was thought to have a worldwide distribution but with the revision of the genus Onychoteuthis in 2010, it is now accepted that Onychoteuthis banksii is restricted to the central and northern Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico while a recently described species, Onychoteuthis horstkottei, is found in the Pacific Ocean. The type locality is the Gulf of Guinea.

text:
# Onychoteuthis banksii

***Onychoteuthis banksii***, the **common clubhook squid**, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It is the type species of the genus *Onychoteuthis*. This species was thought to have a worldwide distribution but with the revision of the genus *Onychoteuthis* in 2010, it is now accepted that *Onychoteuthis banksii* is restricted to the central and northern Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico while a recently described species, *Onychoteuthis horstkottei*, is found in the Pacific Ocean. The type locality is the Gulf of Guinea.

## Description

The maximum mantle length is 350 mm (14 in). The eight arms are all of equal size and the tentacles are 27% of the mantle length. The clubs on the end of the tentacles bear two rows of strongly recurved hooks. There are two intestinal photophores, the anterior one being larger than the posterior one; there are also photophores in the form of whitish patches on the underside of the eyeballs.

Most squid live in deep water, and in these, the lens of the eye is translucent to ultraviolet light. However, *O. banksii* lives near the surface where ultraviolet light penetrates the water, and the lens is yellow, strongly absorbing blue light.

## Distribution and habitat

Although this species used to be considered to have a global distribution in tropical and temperate seas, it is now accepted that it is restricted to the north and central Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, with other species in the species complex occupying other parts of its previous range. It occurs in open waters from the sea surface down to depths of 800 m (2,600 ft); it often rises to the surface at nights, sometimes being found on the decks of ships.

## Ecology

Like all squid, *O. banksii* is a predator. With its long tentacles it can catch prey much larger than its relatively small mouth. The posterior salivary gland secretes a toxin which helps subdue the prey while the horny beak breaks it into small pieces that the squid is able to swallow; to a human, the bite of this squid feels like a wasp sting. The biology of this species is poorly known; it is short-lived, with females shedding their feeding tentacles at maturity, and after spawning, losing their turgidity and becoming weak.

* Leach, W.E. 1817. Synopsis of the Orders, Families, and Genera of the Class Cephalopoda. *The Zoological Miscellany; being Descriptions of New or Interesting Animals* **3**(30): 137-141.
* Pfeffer, G. 1912. Die Cephalopoden der Plankton-Expedition. Zugleich eine Monographische Übersicht der Oegopsiden Cephalopoden. *Ergebniss der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung* **2**: 1-815.

## InfoBox

| Common clubhook squid | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Oegopsida |
| Family: | Onychoteuthidae |
| Genus: | *Onychoteuthis* |
| Species: | ***O. banksii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Onychoteuthis banksii***
(Leach, 1817) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Loligo banksii* Leach, 1817 * *Loligo bianconii* Vérany, 1847 * *Onychoteuthis fleuryi* Reynaud, 1830 * *Onychoteuthis lesueurii* d'Orbigny, 1835 * *Onychoteuthis molinae* Lichtenstein, 1818 * *Teleoteuthis carolii* Joubin, 1900 | |


title: Operational Command North

abstract: Operational Command North is a command of the Ukrainian Ground Forces in northern Ukraine. It was formed in 2013 from the Western Operational Command and Territorial Directorate North by reforming the 13th Army Corps. The operation command traces its history back to Territorial Directorate "North", which was created on the basis of Northern Territorial Operational Command by Directive No.322/1/010 of the Minister of Defence of Ukraine on 20 May 2005. The previous Northern Operational Command was created in 1996 and based on the 1st Army Corps that continued the traditions of the 1st Guard Red-Banner Army. It encompassed six oblasts: Poltava, Sumy, Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Chernihiv, and Cherkasy. The command consisted of units and military formations of the 8th Army Corps. On 15 August 2005, temporary Chief of the Directorate Colonel Yuriy Horoliuk signed the first Order within the Directive. This day is considered the creation date for the Directorate. The Territorial Directorate "North" was the first to switch to a new system of control.

text:
# Operational Command North

**Operational Command North** is a command of the Ukrainian Ground Forces in northern Ukraine. It was formed in 2013 from the Western Operational Command and Territorial Directorate North by reforming the 13th Army Corps.

The operation command traces its history back to **Territorial Directorate "North"**, which was created on the basis of Northern Territorial Operational Command by Directive No.322/1/010 of the Minister of Defence of Ukraine on 20 May 2005.

The previous Northern Operational Command was created in 1996 and based on the 1st Army Corps that continued the traditions of the 1st Guard Red-Banner Army. It encompassed six oblasts: Poltava, Sumy, Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Chernihiv, and Cherkasy. The command consisted of units and military formations of the 8th Army Corps.

On 15 August 2005, temporary Chief of the Directorate Colonel Yuriy Horoliuk signed the first Order within the Directive. This day is considered the creation date for the Directorate. The Territorial Directorate "North" was the first to switch to a new system of control.

## History

When Ukraine gained independence, the 1st Guards Army was stationed on Ukrainian territory with its headquarters at Chernihiv. During the early 1990s, the army was reformed into the 1st Army Corps. In 1996, the Northern Operational and Territorial Command was formed from the corps. At the beginning of 1998, the command was split into the Northern Operational Command, managing operations in the area. The Northern Territorial Command controlled other functions. In August 2005, Territorial Directorate "North" was established from the Northern Operational Command.

The Directorate was responsible for territory spanning over 196,000 km2 (75,676 sq mi), in which 15,000,000 people lived in 2008. The oblasts (provinces) of Kharkiv, Poltava, Sumy, Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Chernihiv, and Cherkasy were all are under the Directorate control. The Directorate was in charge of the 7 oblasts and Kyiv City Military Commissariat, 135 regional military commissariats, 530 military units and bases. As of 2008, the mission of the directorate was to organize territorial defence, recruit conscripts and contract soldiers and manage infrastructure.

In November 2013, the directorate was reformed into Operational Command North. The command absorbed units of the disbanded 13th Army Corps.

## Organization

Operational Command North includes ground force units in Poltava, Sumy, Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Chernihiv, and Cherkasy oblasts, as well as in the city of Kyiv.

### Additional forces

The following formations of other branches of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, respectively the general staff of the Ukrainian ground forces, are based in the area of Operational Command North and can be assigned to the command as needed:

## Commanders

This table includes commanders of Northern Operational Command (1992–2005), Territorial Directorate "North" (2005–2013) and Operational Command North (2014–).

### Commanders

### Chiefs of staff - first deputy commanders

### Deputy commanders

* Major General Andriy Hryshchenko (2015 - 2016)
* Colonel Ihor Krasota (2016 - July 2018)
* Major General Vasyl Osypchuk (July 2018 - August 2019)
* Major General Oleksiy Otserklevych (2020 - present)

## InfoBox

| Operational Command North | |
| --- | --- |
| Оперативне командування «Північ» | |
| Operation Command North sleeve patch | |
| Active | 1996–present |
| Country | Ukraine |
| Branch | Ground Forces |
| Type | Military district |
| Role | administrative control |
| Part of | Armed Forces of Ukraine |
| Garrison/HQ | Chernihiv |
| Anniversaries | 15 August |
| Commanders | |
| Current
commander | Dmytro Krasylnykov |


title: Opiranserin

abstract: Opiranserin (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name; developmental code name VVZ-149) is a selective and combined glycine GlyT2 transporter blocker (IC50Tooltip Half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 0.86 μM), purine P2X3 receptor antagonist (IC50 = 0.87 μM), and serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist (IC50Tooltip Half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 1.3 μM) which is under development by Vivozon for the intravenous treatment of postoperative pain. As of April 2017, it is in phase II clinical trials for this indication. The INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name of the drug was issued in 2017.

text:
# Opiranserin

**Opiranserin** (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name; developmental code name **VVZ-149**) is a selective and combined glycine GlyT2 transporter blocker (IC50Tooltip Half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 0.86 μM), purine P2X3 receptor antagonist (IC50 = 0.87 μM), and serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist (IC50Tooltip Half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 1.3 μM) which is under development by Vivozon for the intravenous treatment of postoperative pain. As of April 2017, it is in phase II clinical trials for this indication. The INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name of the drug was issued in 2017.

## InfoBox

Opiranserin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | VVZ-149; VVZ-000149 |
| Routes of
administration | Intravenous |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 4-Butoxy-*N*-(\[4-(dimethylamino)oxan-4-yl\]methyl)-3,5-dimethoxybenzamide | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C21H34N2O5 |
| Molar mass | 394.512 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O=C(NCC1(N(C)C)CCOCC1)C2=CC(OC)=C(OCCCC)C(OC)=C2 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C21H34N2O5/c1-6-7-10-28-19-17(25-4)13-16(14-18(19)26-5)20(24)22-15-21(23(2)3)8-11-27-12-9-21/h13-14H,6-12,15H2,1-5H3,(H,22,24) * Key:JQUVQWMHZSYCRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |


title: Optical interconnect

abstract: In integrated circuits, optical interconnects refers to any system of transmitting signals from one part of an integrated circuit to another using light. Optical interconnects have been the topic of study due to the high latency and power consumption incurred by conventional metal interconnects in transmitting electrical signals over long distances, such as in interconnects classed as global interconnects. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) has highlighted interconnect scaling as a problem for the semiconductor industry. In electrical interconnects, nonlinear signals are transmitted by copper wires conventionally, and these electrical wires all have resistance and capacitance which severely limits the rise time of signals when the dimension of the wires are scaled down. Optical solution are used to transmit signals through long distances to substitute interconnection between dies within the integrated circuit (IC) package. In order to control the optical signals inside the small IC package properly, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology can be used to integrate the optical components and the electronic parts together effectively.

text:
# Optical interconnect

In integrated circuits, **optical interconnects** refers to any system of transmitting signals from one part of an integrated circuit to another using light. Optical interconnects have been the topic of study due to the high latency and power consumption incurred by conventional metal interconnects in transmitting electrical signals over long distances, such as in interconnects classed as *global interconnects*. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) has highlighted interconnect scaling as a problem for the semiconductor industry.

In electrical interconnects, nonlinear signals (e.g. digital signals) are transmitted by copper wires conventionally, and these electrical wires all have resistance and capacitance which severely limits the rise time of signals when the dimension of the wires are scaled down. Optical solution are used to transmit signals through long distances to substitute interconnection between dies within the integrated circuit (IC) package.

In order to control the optical signals inside the small IC package properly, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology can be used to integrate the optical components (i.e. optical waveguides, optical fibers, lens, mirrors, optical actuators, optical sensors etc.) and the electronic parts together effectively.

## Problems of the current interconnect in the package

Conventional physical metal wires possess both resistance and capacitance, limiting the rise time of signals. Bits of information will overlap with each other when the frequency of signal is increased to a certain level.

## Benefits of using optical interconnection

Optical interconnections can provide benefits over conventional metal wires which include:

1. More predictable timing
2. Reduction of power and area for clock distribution
3. Distance independence of performance of optical interconnects
4. No frequency-dependent Cross-talk
5. Architectural advantages
6. Reducing power dissipation in interconnects
7. Voltage isolation
8. Density of interconnects
9. Reducing the wiring layers
10. Chips could be tested in a non-contact optical test set
11. Benefits of short optical pulses

## Challenges for optical interconnect

However, there are still many technical challenges in implementing dense optical interconnects to silicon CMOS chips. These challenges are listed as below:

1. Receiver circuits and low-capacitance integration of photodetectors
2. Evolutionary improvement in optoelectronic devices
3. Absence of appropriate practical optomechanical technology
4. Integration technologies
5. Polarization control
6. Temperature dependencies and process variation
7. Losses and errors
8. Testability
9. Packaging


title: Operating System Concepts

abstract: Operating System Concepts by Abraham Silberschatz and James Peterson is a classic textbook on operating systems. It is often called the "dinosaur book", as the first edition of the book had on the cover a number of dinosaurs labeled with various old operating systems. The bigger dinosaurs were labeled with the older big OSs. The ape-like creature was labeled UNIX. The idea was that like dinosaurs, operating systems evolve. The book has been published in updated editions since 1983. The third edition added the author Peter Galvin, and the sixth edition added the author Greg Gagne. As of 17 December 2012 the textbook was in its ninth edition.

text:
# Operating System Concepts

***Operating System Concepts*** by Abraham Silberschatz and James Peterson is a classic textbook on operating systems. It is often called the "dinosaur book", as the first edition of the book had on the cover a number of dinosaurs labeled with various old operating systems. The bigger dinosaurs were labeled with the older big OSs. The ape-like creature was labeled UNIX. The idea was that like dinosaurs, operating systems evolve.

The book has been published in updated editions since 1983. The third edition added the author Peter Galvin, and the sixth edition added the author Greg Gagne. As of 17 December 2012 the textbook was in its ninth edition.

## InfoBox

Operating System Concepts
| Cover of the "Dinosour book" (1982 edition) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Abraham Silberschatz and James Peterson |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Computer Science |
| Publisher | Addison-Wesley |
| Publication date | 1982 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |
| ISBN | 978-0-201-06097-3 |


title: Opostega luticilia

abstract: Opostega luticilia is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1915. It is known from Queensland in Australia. Adults have been recorded in October.

text:
# Opostega luticilia

***Opostega luticilia*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1915. It is known from Queensland in Australia.

Adults have been recorded in October.

## InfoBox

| *Opostega luticilia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Opostega* |
| Species: | ***O. luticilia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opostega luticilia***<br>Meyrick, 1915 | |
|


title: Opostega ischnophaea

abstract: Opostega ischnophaea is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1930. It is found in India. The wingspan is 6–7 mm.

text:
# Opostega ischnophaea

***Opostega ischnophaea*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1930. It is found in India.

The wingspan is 6–7 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Opostega ischnophaea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Opostega* |
| Species: | ***O. ischnophaea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opostega ischnophaea***<br>Meyrick, 1930 | |
|