title: Maryland Route 23

abstract: Maryland Route 23 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs 20.58 miles (33.12 km) from U.S. Route 1 in Hickory north and west to the Pennsylvania state line near Norrisville, where the highway continues as Pennsylvania Route 24. MD 23 is an L-shaped highway in northwestern Harford County that consists of two major sections. Between US 1 and MD 165 in Jarrettsville, MD 23 is marked east–west along a two-lane road with partial control of access named East–West Highway. From MD 165 to the state line, the state highway is marked north–south along Norrisville Road, a rural two-lane highway that passes through the villages of Madonna and Shawsville. The two sections of MD 23 are connected by a short concurrency with MD 165. MD 23 from Hickory to Jarrettsville was one of the original state highways marked for improvement by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1909 and one of the original state-numbered highways in 1927. The state road was constructed from Hickory to Jarrettsville and from Norrisville to the state line in the early to mid-1910s. The gaps between Jarrettsville and Shawsville and from Shawsville to Norrisville were filled in the early 1920s. East–West Highway was constructed in the early 1960s to replace the parallel Jarrettsville Road. MD 23's eastern terminus was moved to US 1's new bypass of Hickory in 2000.

text:
# Maryland Route 23

**Maryland Route 23** (**MD 23**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs 20.58 miles (33.12 km) from U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Hickory north and west to the Pennsylvania state line near Norrisville, where the highway continues as Pennsylvania Route 24 (PA 24). MD 23 is an L-shaped highway in northwestern Harford County that consists of two major sections. Between US 1 and MD 165 in Jarrettsville, MD 23 is marked eastwest along a two-lane road with partial control of access named **EastWest Highway**. From MD 165 to the state line, the state highway is marked northsouth along Norrisville Road, a rural two-lane highway that passes through the villages of Madonna and Shawsville. The two sections of MD 23 are connected by a short concurrency with MD 165.

MD 23 from Hickory to Jarrettsville was one of the original state highways marked for improvement by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1909 and one of the original state-numbered highways in 1927. The state road was constructed from Hickory to Jarrettsville and from Norrisville to the state line in the early to mid-1910s. The gaps between Jarrettsville and Shawsville and from Shawsville to Norrisville were filled in the early 1920s. EastWest Highway was constructed in the early 1960s to replace the parallel Jarrettsville Road. MD 23's eastern terminus was moved to US 1's new bypass of Hickory in 2000.

## Route description

MD 23 begins at an intersection with US 1 (Hickory Bypass) in Hickory. The state highway heads west as two-lane undivided EastWest Highway, passing south of a park and ride lot serving MTA Maryland commuter buses. MD 23 passes through a commercial area where the highway intersects US 1 Business (Conowingo Road) and Water Tower Way before the road passes through a narrow forested corridor. The state highway intersects Commerce Road at a roundabout; Commerce Road heads north into an industrial park surrounding Forest Hill Airport. After crossing over Bynum Run and the Ma and Pa Trail, a rail trail along the abandoned right-of-way of the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad, MD 23 intersects MD 24 (Rocks Road/Rock Spring Road) just south of Forest Hill. MD 23 continues west through a mix of farmland and forest, passing south of the hamlet of Fairview and crossing over Phillips Mill Road and Morse Road before EastWest Highway reaches its western terminus at MD 165 (Baldwin Mill Road) south of Jarrettsville.

MD 23 turns north and joins MD 165 in a concurrency to the center of Jarrettsville. MD 165 continues north as Federal Hill Road and MD 23 turns west onto Norrisville Road; the east leg of the intersection is Jarrettsville Road. MD 23 heads west through farmland and intersects MD 146 (Jarrettsville Pike) and Madonna Road in the village of Madonna. The state highway gradually curves to the north through Shawsville, where MD 23 intersects two highways that head west into Baltimore County, MD 138 (Troyer Road) and MD 439 (Old York Road). The state highway makes a sharp, curvaceous descent to a crossing of Deer Creek, next to which is the historic Ivory Mills complex located east of the road. MD 23 ascends out of the forested creek valley into Norrisville and meets the north end of MD 136 (Harkins Road). The state highway continues north to just south of the Pennsylvania state line. MD 23 turns west and closely parallels the state line for about 2,000 feet (610 m) before the highway veers northwest to cross the border. The highway continues north as PA 24 (Barrens Road) toward the borough of Stewartstown.

MD 23 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from US 1 in Hickory west to High Point Road west of Forest Hill.

## History

The first section of MD 23 to be paved was the part of the Old York Turnpike from MD 138 to MD 439, which was improved as a 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) macadam state-aid road by 1910. The portion of MD 23 from Hickory to Jarrettsville was designated one of the original state roads by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1909. The state road was constructed with a 14-foot-wide (4.3 m) macadam surface from Hickory to Grafton Shop Road in 1910, from Morse Road to Jarrettsville in 1914, and between Grafton Shop Road and Morse Road in 1915. Another section of 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) macadam road was constructed under state aid from south of Norrisville to the Pennsylvania state line by 1915. The highway from Jarrettsville to MD 138 was under construction as a concrete road by 1919 and completed in 1921. The final portion of MD 23, also paved in concrete, was completed from MD 439 to south of Norrisville in 1923. MD 23 was one of the original state-numbered highways designated by the roads commission in 1927. The state highway was widened to a width of 20 feet (6.1 m) from Hickory to Jarrettsville by 1930.

Jarrettsville Road was replaced by EastWest Highway, which was under construction by 1961 and completed in 1963. The MD 23 designation was moved to the new highway and Jarrettsville Road was immediately transferred to county maintenance. At its eastern end, EastWest Highway was constructed to tie into the Bel Air Bypass that was completed in 1965 and was proposed to continue to east of Hickory. Close to its eastern end, MD 23 curved south to an intersection with Granary Road. MD 23 turned east onto Granary Road for its eastern terminus at US 1 (now US 1 Business). EastWest Highway continued south as MD 23A; at Bynum Road, MD 23A became a one-lane ramp that joined the Bel Air Bypass. In 2000, the Hickory Bypass was completed; US 1 was moved to the new bypass and US 1 Business was extended along US 1's old route through Hickory. As part of the same project, MD 23 was extended east to a new terminus at the Hickory Bypass. EastWest Highway's curve to the south was replaced with a perpendicular intersection with MD 23A, which was renamed Water Tower Way, extended north to new MD 23, and gained a ramp from northbound US 1 at its southern end. The portion of Granary Road that formed MD 23's terminus was designated MD 23B. Both MD 23A and MD 23B were transferred to Harford County maintenance in 2002. MD 23's roundabout at Commerce Road in Forest Hill was constructed in 2008.

## Junction list

MD 23 is signed eastwest east of MD 165 and northsouth west of MD 165. The entire route is in Harford County.

| Location | mi
 | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hickory | 0.00 | 0.00 | US 1 (Hickory Bypass) Baltimore, Rising Sun | Eastern terminus |
| | 0.22 | 0.35 | US 1 Bus. (Conowingo Road) Bel Air |  |
| Forest Hill | 2.00 | 3.22 | MD 24 (Rocks Road/Rock Spring Road) Bel Air, Pylesville |  |
| Jarrettsville | 6.81 | 10.96 |
MD 165 south (Baldwin Mill Road) Baldwin | South end of concurrency with MD 165 |
| | 8.09 | 13.02 |
MD 165 north (Federal Hill Road) / Jarrettsville Road east Pylesville, Forest Hill | North end of concurrency with MD 165; Jarrettsville Road is old alignment of MD 23 |
| Madonna | 10.44 | 16.80 |
MD 146 south (Jarrettsville Pike) / Madonna Road north Jacksonville | Northern terminus of MD 146 |
| Shawsville | 12.66 | 20.37 |
MD 138 west (Troyer Road) / Troyer Road east Monkton | Eastern terminus of MD 138 |
| | 13.88 | 22.34 |

MD 439 west (Old York Road) to I-83 Maryland Line | Eastern terminus of MD 439 |
| Norrisville | 18.58 | 29.90 |
MD 136 east (Harkins Road) Whiteford | Western terminus of MD 136 |
| | 20.58 | 33.12 |
PA 24 north (Barrens Road) Stewartstown | Pennsylvania state line; northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Auxiliary routes

MD 23 previously had two auxiliary routes.

* MD 23A was the designation for the portion of EastWest Highway between Granary Road and the ramp to southbound US 1 (Bel Air Bypass). The 0.38-mile (0.61 km) state highway was constructed in 1963 as a connection between MD 23 and southbound US 1. In 2000, MD 23A was extended north to the new MD 23 and a ramp from northbound US 1 to MD 23A was added. The highway had a new length of 0.53 miles (0.85 km) and was renamed Water Tower Way. MD 23A was removed from the state highway system in 2002.
* MD 23B was the designation for the 0.16-mile (0.26 km) section of Granary Road between US 1 Business and MD 23A (Water Tower Way) that was part of MD 23 from the construction of EastWest Highway in 1963 until 2000. MD 23B was assigned in 2000 and removed from the state system in 2002.

Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 23KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Maryland Route 23 | |
| --- | --- |
| Maryland Route 23 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDSHA | |
| Length | 20.58 mi (33.12 km) |
| Existed | 1927–present |
| Tourist
routes | Mason and Dixon Scenic Byway |
| Major junctions | |
| East end | US 1 in Hickory |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | PA 24 near Norrisville |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| Counties | Harford |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MD 22   MD 24 | |


title: Massacres during the Italo-Turkish War

abstract: A series of massacres were committed by Ottoman and Italian forces during the Italo-Turkish War. In October 1911, Ottoman forces massacred captured Italian troops at Sciara Sciat. In reprisal, Italian troops massacred several thousand civilians in the Mechiya oasis.

text:
# Massacres during the Italo-Turkish War

A series of massacres were committed by Ottoman and Italian forces during the Italo-Turkish War. In October 1911, Ottoman forces massacred captured Italian troops at Sciara Sciat (Arabic: Shar al-Shatt). In reprisal, Italian troops massacred several thousand civilians in the Mechiya oasis.

## Background

Italy invaded Ottoman Tripolitania (Ottoman Libya) in 1911 with the purpose of annexing the territory as an Italian colony; the Ottomans resisted the Italian invasion and the result was the Italo-Turkish War. Some Arabs collaborated with the Italians, mainly in the city of Tripoli, but those in the interior of Libya largely supported the Turks due to their shared religion. During the war Italian troops used indiscriminate violence many times to subdue the native civilians.

## Sciara Sciat massacre

On 23 October 1911, Italian troops were attacked by a 10,000-strong Ottoman force while marching through the Mechiya oasis, at a place called Sciara Sciat. Some accounts stated that Turkish forces captured two companies of the Italian infantry in a nearby cemetery and massacred 503 men.

> *I saw (in Sciara Sciat) in one mosque seventeen Italians, crucified with their bodies reduced to the status of bloody rags and bones, but whose faces still retained traces of their hellish agony. Long rods had been passed through the necks of these wretched men and their arms rested on these rods. They were then nailed to the wall and died slowly with untold suffering. It is impossible for us to paint the picture of this hideous rotted meat hanging pitifully on the bloody wall. In a corner another body was crucified, but as an officer he was chosen to experience refined sufferings. His eyes were stitched closed. All the bodies were mutilated and castrated; so indescribable was the scene and the bodies appeared swollen as shapeless carrion. But that's not all! In the cemetery of Chui, which served as a refuge from the Turks and to whence soldiers retreated from afar, we could see another show. In front of one door near the Italian trenches five soldiers had been buried up to their shoulders, their heads emerged from the black sand stained with their blood: heads horrible to see and there you could read all the tortures of hunger and thirst.*
> Gaston Leroux, correspondent of "Matin-Journal"

Italian corpses were allegedly nailed to trees with their eyes and genitals mutilated, some claim in possible retaliation for sexual offenses against local women perpetrated by the Italian troops.

## Mechiya oasis massacre

On the next day, the Italian military responded by attacking the population of the neighboring Mechiya oasis, massacring about 4,000 people including women and children over the course of three days. Though the Italians allegedly took measures to prevent news of this action from reaching the outside world, foreign press correspondents covered the event in detail. This negative coverage factored into the British Parliament's decision later that month to take a more pro-Turkish course, rejecting a proposed Anglo-Italian Mediterranean agreement.

## Contemporary accounts

Following the events, contemporary accounts supporting and opposing the Italian actions took opposing views of the incident:

> *For three days the oasis was given over to massacre in wholesale and detail. Some 4,000 men, women and children perished in the course of it – the vast bulk of whom were certainly innocent of any participation whatever in the Italian defeat. They were murdered in the streets, in their houses, farms, gardens, and according to a peculiarly horrible narrative by a British officer serving with the Turkish forces, in a mosque, where several hundred women and children had taken refuge. ... All the newspaper correspondents were in agreement as to the main facts.*

Opposing arguments decried the foreign press reporting as overblown:

> *The wildest accusations launched against the Italian troops by half a dozen hysterial - and to put it mildly - inaccurate journalists, most of whom spoke not a word of Italian or Arabic, found ready credence, and the cry of "Italian atrocities" was raised with great effect. ... It must of course be remembered that many of the people who in England were shrieking against Italy, people who had no notion of the meaning of evidence, were the same who, during the Boer war, had shrieked against England, and talked about British "methods of barbarism"...*

## Commemoration

A monument to the Italian infantrymen killed at Sciara Sciat, sculpted by Publio Morbiducci, was erected at the Piazzale di Porta Pia in 1932.

## Citations

* Childs, Timothy Winston (1990). *Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya: 1911-1912*. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09025-8.
* Duggan, Christopher (2008). *The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796*. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-35367-4.
* *The Fortnightly*. Chapman and Hall. 1913.
* Gooch, John (19 June 2014). *The Italian Army and the First World War*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19307-8.
* Leroux, Gaston (23 August 1917). "No title cited". *Matin Journal*.
* Morel, Edmund Dene (1920). *The Black Man's Burden*. National Labour Press, Limited.
* Sgarbi, Vittorio (2011-11-30). *Le meraviglie di Roma: Dal Rinascimento ai giorni nostri* \[*The Wonders of Rome: From the Renaissance to the Present Day*\] (in Italian). Bompiani. ISBN 978-88-587-0607-7.
* Simons, Geoff (2003). *Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie*. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-988-2.
* Ungari, Andrea; Micheletta, Luca (24 July 2014). *The Libyan War 1911-1912*. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-6492-3.

32°53′43.00″N 13°12′37.00″E / 32.8952778°N 13.2102778°E / 32.8952778; 13.2102778


title: Wea Skog

abstract: Wilhelmina H Skog is a South African former cricketer who played as a bowler. She appeared in three Test matches for South Africa in 1972, all against New Zealand, taking three wickets. She played domestic cricket for Western Province and Southern Transvaal.

text:
# Wea Skog

**Wilhelmina H Skog** (born 1938) is a South African former cricketer who played as a bowler. She appeared in three Test matches for South Africa in 1972, all against New Zealand, taking three wickets. She played domestic cricket for Western Province and Southern Transvaal.

## InfoBox

Wea Skog
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Wilhelmina H Skog |
| Born | 1938 (age 8586)<br>Cape Town, South Africa |
| Role | Bowler |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 20) | 25 February 1972 v New Zealand |
| Last Test | 24 March 1972 v New Zealand |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1968/69 | Western Province |
| 1971/72–1983/84 | Southern Transvaal |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition WTest  Matches 3  Runs scored 19  Batting average 19.00  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 11  Balls bowled 420  Wickets 3  Bowling average 42.00  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 1/24  Catches/stumpings 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 2 March 2022 | |


title: Olchowiec, Biłgoraj County

abstract: Olchowiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Obsza, within Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Obsza, 29 km (18 mi) south-east of Biłgoraj, and 105 km (65 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Olchowiec, Biłgoraj County

**Olchowiec** \[ɔlˈxɔvʲɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Obsza, within Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Obsza, 29 km (18 mi) south-east of Biłgoraj, and 105 km (65 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Olchowiec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Olchowiec | |
| Coordinates: 50°20′41″N 22°59′1″E / 50.34472°N 22.98361°E / 50.34472; 22.98361 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Biłgoraj |
| Gmina | Obsza |
| Population | |
| Total | 461 |


title: Padraig O'Malley

abstract: Padraig O'Malley is an Irish international peacemaker, author, and professor. O'Malley specializes in the problems of divided societies, such as South Africa and Northern Ireland. He has written extensively on these subjects and has been actively involved in promoting dialogue among representatives of differing factions. He is currently the John Joseph Moakley Distinguished Professor of Peace and Reconciliation at the University of Massachusetts Boston.

text:
# Padraig O'Malley

**Padraig O'Malley** (born 1942 in Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish international peacemaker, author, and professor. O'Malley specializes in the problems of divided societies, such as South Africa and Northern Ireland. He has written extensively on these subjects and has been actively involved in promoting dialogue among representatives of differing factions. He is currently the John Joseph Moakley Distinguished Professor of Peace and Reconciliation at the University of Massachusetts Boston.

## Early life and education

O'Malley was born in Dublin. He was educated at University College, Dublin, and at Yale, Tufts and Harvard universities in the United States.

## Peace activism

### Northern Ireland

O'Malley spent 20 years involved with the conflict in Northern Ireland. Working with all the political parties to the conflict, he convened the Amherst Conference on Northern Ireland (Massachusetts, 1975), the Airlie House Conference (Virginia, 1985), and co–convened the Arniston Conference with the government of South Africa (Western Cape, 1997).

In 1992, he participated in bringing some of the South African figures to Boston, Massachusetts for a meeting with representatives of the factions in Northern Ireland. In 1996, he helped arrange a second such meeting, in Belfast, attended by South Africans Cyril Ramaphosa of the African National Congress and Roelf Meyer of the white National Party.

In 1997, the Arniston Conference (also known as The Great Indaba) convened all the key parties of The Northern Irish peace process in South Africa to meet with Nelson Mandela. Included in the meeting from Northern Ireland were Martin McGuinness, David Trimble and Peter Robinson.

"The outcome of the Indaba (the Zulu word for "gathering of the minds") was a series of historic events. Seven weeks after the conference, Sinn Féin declared a cease fire that paved the way for negotiations and ultimately the fragile Good Friday Agreement to share power, still in place today. A year later, Trimble and John Hume, leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, were awarded the Nobel prize for peace. And most recently, in fall 2001, the IRA mustered the courage to destroy its weapons to further the cause of peace. That stunning announcement came two weeks after Gerry Adams of Sinn Féin once again visited former president Mandela in South Africa."

O'Malley was also a member of the Opshal Commission, which authored the report "Northern Ireland: A Citizens' Inquiry" (Belfast, 1993).

### South Africa

Between 1989 and 1999, O'Malley conducted 2,000 hours of interviews tracking South Africa's transition to democracy. His work is archived in written transcription and on audio tape at the Robben Island Museum/Mayibuye Archives \[University of the Western Cape\]. His assiduous work of recording the different perspectives and developing attitudes within South Africa during the ten-year period had earned Nelson Mandela's highest regard. What particularly impressed Mr. Mandela was O'Malley's determination to face the greatest challenge posed once upon a time by W.B. Yeats, namely 'to hold in a single thought reality and justice'.

### Iraq

In 2007, based on his philosophy that cultures in conflict are in the best position to help other cultures in conflict, O'Malley became involved in working toward reconciliation within Iraq. He helped arrange a conference at a resort in Finland, where 16 Iraqis met senior negotiators from South Africa (SA), including Cyril Ramaphosa, chief negotiator for the African National Congress (ANC) under the leadership of Nelson Mandela; Roelf Meyer, chief negotiator for South Africa's last whites-only government and Mac Maharaj, who was co. secretary of the South African negotiating process. Senior negotiators from Northern Ireland (NI), including Martin McGuinness from Sinn Féin, currently Deputy First Minister of NI, Jeffrey Donaldson from the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).

O'Malley's role included recruiting the Iraqi participants, then roaming around Baghdad with $40,000 in cash and covertly procuring their airline tickets. The Iraqis concluded the meeting by agreeing among themselves on a statement based partly on the Mitchell Principles developed during the Northern Ireland peace process. *The Boston Globe* reported:

There would be two meetings, Helsinki I and Helsinki II. "The participants in what O'Malley calls "Helsinki II" are an even more senior influential group than those who drafted the Helsinki principles. They include senior members of parliament and prominent tribal leaders. Among them is the head of the Iraqi Constitutional Review Committee, Sheik Humam Hamoudi, whose participation was endorsed by the speaker of the Iraqi parliament. The ethnic representation of the 36 at the meeting roughly reflects that of the Iraqi population, with 25 percent Sunni, 25 percent Kurdish, and 50 percent Shi'ite participation."

### The Forum for Cities in Transition

O'Malley founded and is the Founding Director of the Forum for Cities in Transition, which brings together representatives from divided societies around the world. "Its guiding principle is that one divided society is in the best position to help another." Annual conferences were held from 2009 to 2013 with representatives from 15 cities.

### The Global Alliance of Muslims for Equality (GAME)

O'Malley is the Founding Director of GAME, an organization of Muslim youth representatives from cities across Europe. It was started with an inaugural conference on October 17, 2017, at the Kippure Estate / Glencree Centre for Peace and Reconciliation, where 48 young Muslims from 12 countries wrote a charter of rights for young Muslims. GAME's mission is "to redress the false perceptions of Islam and challenge islamophobia through public forums, communal exchanges, education and dialogue."

## Additional professional life

At the University of Massachusetts Boston, he is the John Joseph Moakley Professor of International Peace and Reconciliation at the John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy Studies and a Senior Fellow in the Center for Development and Democracy. He is also a visiting professor of Political Studies at the University of the Western Cape in South Africa.

He founded and edits the *New England Journal of Public Policy*, a semiannual publication of the McCormack Graduate School.

He is also a frequent contributor to The Boston Globe.

O'Malley has monitored elections in South Africa, Mozambique, and the Philippines on behalf of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs.

He has owned the Plough and Stars pub in Cambridge, Massachusetts since the early 1970s. His brother Peter O'Malley, with DeWitt Henry, started the renowned literary magazine Ploughshares there, publishing it at first, out of the back of the bar.

## Honors and Media

O'Malley was honored with the Peace Abbey Foundation Courage of Conscience Award at the Community Church of Boston in 2018 for playing a major role in breaking the gridlock and promoting peace in South Africa, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East.

He is the subject of the 2016 documentary, The Peacemaker.

## Bibliography

### Books authored

* *Irish Industry: Structure and Performance* (as Patrick O'Malley) (1971 ISBN 978-0-7171-0526-7 and ISBN 978-0-389-04453-6
* *The Uncivil Wars: Ireland Today* (1983, 1990, 1997) ISBN 978-0-85640-301-9 and ISBN 978-0-8070-0223-0 \- won the Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize
* *Biting at the Grave: The Irish Hunger Strikes and the Politics of Despair* (1990) ISBN 978-0-85640-453-5; paperback 1991 ISBN 978-0-8070-0209-4
* *Northern Ireland: Questions of Nuance* (1990) ISBN 978-0-85640-454-2
* *The Point of No Return: The Politics of South Africa on Election Day April 1994* (published by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs)
* *Religion and Conflict: The Case of Northern Ireland* (1995)
* *Shades of Difference: Mac Maharaj and the Struggle for South Africa* (2007) (foreword by Nelson Mandela) ISBN 978-0-670-85233-8
* *The Two-State Delusion: Israel and Palestine - A Tale of Two Narratives* (2015) ISBN 978-0-670-02505-3
* *Perils and Prospects of a United Ireland* (2023) ISBN 978-1843518518

### Books edited

* *The AIDS Epidemic: Private Rights and the Public Interest* (1989) ISBN 978-0-8070-0601-6
* *Homelessness: New England and Beyond* (1992) ISBN 978-0-87023-825-3
* *Uneven Paths: Advancing Democracy in Southern Africa* (1994)
* *Sticks & Stones: Living With Uncertain Wars* (2006) (co-edited with Paul L. Atwood and Patricia Peterson) ISBN 978-1-55849-535-7


title: Prohor Račanin

abstract: Prohor Račanin was a monk-scribe and member of the School of Rača, a scriptorium in Bajina Bašta that was ransacked by the Turks. Most of the monks eventually moved from Serbia to Szentendre in Hungary under the leadership of Arsenije III Crnojević. Monk Prohor, however, left Rača monastery in Bajna Bašta long before the Great Serbian Migration and settled in Belgrade where he taught at a monastery there until he died in 1678. He left several unpublished manuscripts, now held in the archive of the Museum of the Serbian Orthodox Church.

text:
# Prohor Račanin

**Prohor Račanin** (Serbian Cyrillic: Прохор Рачанин; c. 1617 – 1678) was a monk-scribe and member of the School of Rača, a scriptorium in Bajina Bašta that was ransacked by the Turks. Most of the monks eventually moved from Serbia to Szentendre in Hungary under the leadership of Arsenije III Crnojević. Monk Prohor, however, left Rača monastery in Bajna Bašta long before the Great Serbian Migration and settled in Belgrade where he taught at a monastery there until he died in 1678. He left several unpublished manuscripts, now held in the archive of the Museum of the Serbian Orthodox Church.


title: Janek Ratnatunga

abstract: Janek Ratnatunga is a Sri Lankan born Australian academic. A Professor of Accounting, he is currently the Chief Executive Officer of the Institute of Certified Management Accountants (Australia), and an adjunct professor of Accounting at Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia. Formerly, he was the Dean and Head of School of Commerce in University of South Australia and prior to that the Head of the Department of Accounting & Finance and Chair in Business Accounting at Monash University. Ratnatunga is recognized as a pioneer in education innovation and its application in business settings in both macro and micro economic environments. One of the most prestigious and far-reaching achievements of Janek Ratnatunga was his appointment in January 1990 as an Honorary Research Professor in the Shanghai Branch of the Economical, Technical and Social Development Research Centre  of the International Technology and Economy Institute of The State Council, Peoples Republic of China. He was one of the principal advisors charged with implementing the far-reaching market-economy reforms initiated by Chairman Deng Xiaoping. Ratnatunga conducted seminars and workshops in Shanghai and Beijing to senior officials of the State Council. He then followed these up with regular communication giving consultative advice to the institute; including regular on-site visits to Beijing and Shanghai right up to December 2000; by which time China was well on its way to be the global economic powerhouse we see today. Educated at the Royal College, Colombo, he went on to gain his MBA and PhD from the University of Bradford. He has also held academic positions at the University of Melbourne and the University of Canberra in Australia; and the University of Washington, University of Richmond and University of Rhode Island in the USA. He is currently the Editor of the Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research. He has authored/co-authored twenty-eight books on strategic cost management, entrepreneurship, financial accounting, accounting theory and financial modelling; and over 250 academic and professional papers. Most of his contributions are listed on Research Gate. He has worked in the profession as a Chartered Accountant with KPMG, and as a consultant for the World Bank. He has undertaken a consultancy for the Australian Department of Defence in the valuation of strategic capabilities, and has valued the ‘brand’ capabilities of Telecommunication and IT companies. He is also an authority on the business and accounting implications of global warming and carbon trading. His work in the area is titled, “An Inconvenient Truth about Accounting”. In 2009 he received the joint American Accounting Association, AICPA (USA), CIMA (UK) and CMA (Canada) Impact on Management Accounting Practice Award.

text:
# Janek Ratnatunga

**Janek Ratnatunga** is a Sri Lankan born Australian academic. A Professor of Accounting, he is currently the Chief Executive Officer of the Institute of Certified Management Accountants (Australia), and an adjunct professor of Accounting at Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia. Formerly, he was the Dean and Head of School of Commerce in University of South Australia and prior to that the Head of the Department of Accounting & Finance and Chair in Business Accounting at Monash University.

Ratnatunga is recognized as a pioneer in education innovation and its application in business settings in both macro and micro economic environments.

One of the most prestigious and far-reaching achievements of Janek Ratnatunga was his appointment in January 1990 as an *Honorary Research Professor* in the Shanghai Branch of the Economical, Technical and Social Development Research Centre of the International Technology and Economy Institute of The State Council, Peoples Republic of China. He was one of the principal advisors charged with implementing the far-reaching market-economy reforms initiated by Chairman Deng Xiaoping. Ratnatunga conducted seminars and workshops in Shanghai and Beijing to senior officials of the State Council. He then followed these up with regular communication giving consultative advice to the institute; including regular on-site visits to Beijing and Shanghai right up to December 2000; by which time China was well on its way to be the global economic powerhouse we see today.

Educated at the Royal College, Colombo, he went on to gain his MBA and PhD from the University of Bradford. He has also held academic positions at the University of Melbourne and the University of Canberra in Australia; and the University of Washington, University of Richmond and University of Rhode Island in the USA. He is currently the Editor of the Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research*.* He has authored/co-authored twenty-eight books on strategic cost management, entrepreneurship, financial accounting, accounting theory and financial modelling; and over 250 academic and professional papers. Most of his contributions are listed on Research Gate.

He has worked in the profession as a Chartered Accountant with KPMG, and as a consultant for the World Bank. He has undertaken a consultancy for the Australian Department of Defence in the valuation of strategic capabilities, and has valued the ‘brand’ capabilities of Telecommunication and IT companies. He is also an authority on the business and accounting implications of global warming and carbon trading. His work in the area is titled, “*An Inconvenient Truth about Accounting”.*

In 2009 he received the joint American Accounting Association, AICPA (USA), CIMA (UK) and CMA (Canada) Impact on Management Accounting Practice Award.

## InfoBox

| Janek Ratnatunga | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Sri Lanka |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Education | University of Bradford<br>Royal College Colombo |
| Occupation | Chief Executive Officer |
| Employer | Institute of Certified Management Accountants (Australia) |


title: María Adela Gard de Antokoletz

abstract: María Adela Gard de Antokoletz was one of fourteen women who founded the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo movement. Her son Daniel was abducted in November 1976. Later, when she was working for the provincial courts in Buenos Aires, she joined other mothers of missing children to found the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. This group was dedicated to finding out what had happened to their missing children. As part of this group, María Adela Gard de Antokoletz led protest marches every Thursday on Buenos Aires's Plaza de Mayo holding a picture of her son. Throughout her life, she received death threats because of her work, but she refused to forget what had happened to her son.

text:
# María Adela Gard de Antokoletz

**María Adela Gard de Antokoletz** (October 11, 1911 – July 23, 2002) was one of fourteen women who founded the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo movement. Her son Daniel was abducted in November 1976. Later, when she was working for the provincial courts in Buenos Aires, she joined other mothers of missing children to found the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. This group was dedicated to finding out what had happened to their missing children. As part of this group, María Adela Gard de Antokoletz led protest marches every Thursday on Buenos Aires's Plaza de Mayo holding a picture of her son. Throughout her life, she received death threats because of her work, but she refused to forget what had happened to her son.

## Disappearance of Daniel

Antokoletz was from San Nicolás de los Arroyos. She had a son, Daniel, who was a lawyer and a professor. In his legal career, he defended political prisoners.

He was known internationally and was connected with the Organization of American States and the United Nations. However, due to the many disappearances of those who were considered a threat to the political regime in Argentina, his mother advised him to give up his work or leave the country to avoid confrontation with the government. In 1976, Daniel disappeared during Argentina's Dirty War, which lasted from 1976 until 1983. Antokoletz had no idea what happened to her son, and unfortunately would never find out. During this time period in Argentina, thousands of political opponents either disappeared or were tortured and killed by the military dictatorship. Daniel's disappearance, along with the disappearances of thousands of other sons and daughters, led Antokoletz and a group of mothers to seek information about the location of their missing children and question the role of the government in the disappearance of their loved ones.

## Participation in the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

In April 1977, María Adela Gard de Antokoletz and thirteen other women met in the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires. They started by holding vigils in the Plaza dedicated to their missing children in order to show the government that they would not give up trying to gain information about their lost sons and daughters. Through their actions they were able to bring attention from all over the world to those who had disappeared under the military dictatorship. As time went on, the women began to participate in protest marches to demand information about the disappearances. Antokoletz led many of these marches on Thursday afternoons, and she always marched holding a picture of her son. This founding group of women, as well as the many women who would later join them in their fight for justice became known as the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo.

The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo have been a significant part of the human rights movement in Argentina. Their fight started out as a desire to find out what happened to their missing children, but it turned into a fight for the right of a dignified life for all people. The group represented a push back against the fear and silence that were being imposed on Argentine society during the Dirty War. As a founding member of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, Antokoletz played a significant role in the group and was elected vice president. As the divorced wife of a diplomat, she was able to enjoy a higher standard of living than many of the other mothers. In 1981, she and Hebe de Bonafini travelled to the United States of America as representatives for the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. While in the United States, the women received a peace prize on behalf of the Mothers from the Rothko Ecumenical Movement.

In addition to traveling to the United States, these two women also traveled to Europe, where they were received very well. While in Europe, they were able to meet with Prime Minister Felipe González of Spain and President François Mitterrand of France. They also visited Pope John Paul II in Rome due to the fact that the Mothers felt betrayed by the Catholic Church in Argentina and they felt the need to appeal to the Pope for help.

The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo eventually split into two separate groups based on differences in opinion. Antokoletz was part of the Línea Fundadora, which means “Founding Line.” This group differed from the other faction of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in that it did not want to be a radical opposition group, but instead wanted to be an interest group. As an interest group, they wanted to show support for the government, even though they did not agree with all of the government's decisions, and they wanted to work with the government to gain information rather than protesting against it. Despite these differences, the women continued to protest, even when democracy was put into place in Argentina. Antokoletz and the other mothers wanted the perpetrators to take responsibility for what had happened and to give them information about what had happened to their missing children. Unfortunately, those who had been convicted of war crimes were pardoned in 1994. The Mothers faced a lot of difficulty throughout their protests, and they were subjected to death threats and harassment, as well as attempts to silence them through arrests and murder. However, these women kept fighting for their children, and some, such as Antokoletz, continued to protest until they died.

## Views on disappearances

María Adela Gard de Antokoletz had her own views on the disappearances that took place in Argentina and what should be done to ensure that the disappearances permanently come to an end. She believed that the people who disappeared were taken by those in power because they had ideas and were trying to teach them to others, which could potentially make them a threat to the system. In response, a person spreading ideas went missing, and it seemed almost as if the person had never existed in the first place. Antokoletz believed that the point of this system of disappearances was a way for those in power to ensure that nothing changed among the people, which would allow them to remain in power.

Antokoletz also believed that the people who committed these awful crimes must be brought to justice in order for there to be peace in society. She felt that as long as the criminals went unpunished, it would send a signal to the guilty that they did not have to take responsibility for their actions and therefore could continue to do whatever they wanted. If this continued, she predicted that the people would continue to live in fear of the oppressive regime. Antokoletz had strong feelings about the Catholic Church. She felt that the people had been betrayed by the Church and that the “upper hierarchy” did not help the disappeared or their families and communities in times of need. She sincerely believed that if the Church had stepped in and taken action against the violence, many lives could have been saved.

María Adela Gard de Antokoletz promoted the idea that people should fight for their freedom. She said, “A society that does not fight for its rights becomes a sick society, a society that lives in fear and horror that it can happen again.” She was certain that the only way for people to escape from a repressive regime is to push back by demanding rights and justice. If this is not done, the society will constantly live with the fear that the atrocities of the past can be repeated in the future. Antokoletz kept working even in her old age to ensure that these horrible disappearances never happened again, because she felt that she owed it to the disappeared.

## Later life

Antokoletz remained active with the Mothers until her death in 2002. At the time of her death, she was ninety years old, making her the oldest member of the group. Sadly, she never learned the truth about what happened to Daniel, but it was assumed that he was thrown into the Rio de la Plata in Buenos Aires. After her death, her family prepared a death notice that listed Daniel as one of the mourners, but it also listed him as “missing.” However, the notice of her death was never printed because of the mention of her son. Antokoletz's last wish was that her ashes were to be scattered in the Rio de la Plata, and her wish was granted. Flowers were also thrown into the river to commemorate Antokoletz and all of the disappeared.


title: Mathias Zahradka

abstract: Mathias Zahradka was an Austrian weightlifter. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Mathias Zahradka

**Mathias Zahradka** (16 January 1912  28 May 1982) was an Austrian weightlifter. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Mathias Zahradka
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Born | (1912-01-16)16 January 1912
Vienna, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 28 May 1982(1982-05-28) (aged 70)
Vienna, Austria |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Weightlifting |


title: Mimallonidae

abstract: Mimallonidae (mimallonids), sometimes known as "sack-bearer" moths for the larval case-building behavior, are a family of Lepidoptera containing over 300 named species in 43 genera. These moths are found only in the New World, with most taxa occurring in the Neotropics. Adult moths are externally similar to those belonging to some of the other Macroheterocera families Bombycoidea and Drepanoidea, and thus have been variously treated as belonging to either one of these or other superfamilies.

text:
# Mimallonidae

**Mimallonidae** (**mimallonids**), sometimes known as "sack-bearer" moths for the larval case-building behavior, are a family of Lepidoptera containing over 300 named species in 43 genera. These moths are found only in the New World, with most taxa occurring in the Neotropics. Adult moths are externally similar to those belonging to some of the other Macroheterocera families Bombycoidea and Drepanoidea, and thus have been variously treated as belonging to either one of these or other superfamilies.

## Distribution

Mimallonids are restricted to the New World, and are distributed in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean (Cuba and The Bahamas). The vast majority of genera and species are found in the tropical regions of the New World, with only five described species from the United States.

## Biology

Not much has been published on the natural history of adult Mimallonidae, though most species are thought to be nocturnal. At least three species have diurnal males. Young caterpillars live inside of folded leaves or beneath silken networks, and build portable or semi-portable cases out of silk, frass, and plant material as they grow. The cases are open on either end and vary from irregular in structure to spindle-shaped. The openings of the cases can be blocked by the head and/or the flattened anal plate of the last segment of the body. The sack-like case-making behavior of the caterpillars have earned them the common name "sack-bearers".

Mimallonidae larvae feed on several families of plants, including (but not limited to): Anacardiaceae, Clusiaceae, Combretaceae, Fagaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae and Rubiaceae. Research at the Area de Conservación, Guanacaste, Costa Rica has resulted in the rearing of many species of Mimallonidae, including some from several additional families of plants.

## Systematics and evolution

The current consensus, especially in works based on phylogenetic results, consider Mimallonidae to be the sole family of **Mimallonoidea**. Other phylogenetic studies of all major Lepidoptera lineages support the placement of Mimallonidae as sister to all Macroheterocera, but within the broader clade Obtectomera. This phylogenetic placement means that mimallonid moths are not more closely related to any one family of Lepidoptera, but are equally related (share a common ancestor with) all members of the extremely diverse clade Macroheterocera. Morphological features, particularly of the larvae, support the uniqueness of this family and distinctness from Macroheterocera.

The systematic relationships with Mimallonidae have been subject to two revisions, resulting in two different classification schemes. William Schaus revised the family and named most of the genera, he then separated the genera into two subfamilies: Lacosominae and Mimalloninae. These subfamilies were based on the presence (Lacosominae) or the absence (Mimalloninae) of the frenulum. It was later realized that this character varies within genera, and thus was deemed a sympleisiomorphy. Using molecular phylogenetics, specifically with the technique of anchored hybrid enrichment, the family was reorganized based on the recognition and naming of robustly supported clades, which were further strengthened with morphological apomorphies. The clades which were robustly supported across all analyses were assigned subfamily status, resulting in recognition of seven subfamilies in Mimallonidae. Using both molecular and morphological phylogenetics, all 42 genera (including some newly described ones) were assigned to the named clades. The 300+ species of the family, too, have been formally classified according to their phylogenetic arrangement.

Recently, many of the species formally placed in the genus *Cicinnus* have been transferred to *Gonogramma*, making *Gonogramma* one of the most diverse mimallonid genera.

### Subfamilies, tribes, and genera

Below are the named clades of Mimallonidae, with their constituent genera assigned to their subfamily and tribe (wherever applicable).

## Importance to humans

Mimallonidae have been reported as pests of some economically significant crops. In Surinam, *Mimallo amilia* has been noted as a pest of guava (*Psidium gaujava*). In Brazil, *M. amilia* is a known pest of eucalyptus (*Eucalyptus urophylla*) and *Psychocampa callipius* a pest of cashew (*Anacardium occidentale*).

In addition to some Mimallonidae species being regarded as pests, others have been considered as potential biological controls of invasive plants. Species belonging to the genus *Druentica* have been considered as potential control agents of *Miconia calvescens* (where it is invasive throughout the Pacific Islands, including Hawaii and Australia) and *Clidemia hirta* in Hawaii. *Aceclostria mus* has been evaluated as a potential control agent of the Brazilian pepper tree (*Schinus terebinthifolius*) in the United States.

## Sources

* ACG Page of images of Mimallonidae from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| Mimallonidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Adalgisa eliasi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| *Clade*: | Ditrysia |
| *Clade*: | Apoditrysia |
| *Clade*: | Obtectomera |
| *Clade*: | Macroheterocera |
| Superfamily: | Mimallonoidea |
| Family: | Mimallonidae |
|
| Subfamilies | |
|  | |
| Diversity | |
| 300 species | |


title: Olchowiec-Kolonia, Krasnystaw County

abstract: Olchowiec-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żółkiewka, within Krasnystaw County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Olchowiec-Kolonia, Krasnystaw County

**Olchowiec-Kolonia** \[ɔlˈxɔvjɛt͡s kɔˈlɔɲa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żółkiewka, within Krasnystaw County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Olchowiec-Kolonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Olchowiec-Kolonia | |
| Coordinates: 50°56′30″N 22°53′16″E / 50.94167°N 22.88778°E / 50.94167; 22.88778 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Krasnystaw |
| Gmina | Żółkiewka |


title: Raitale

abstract: Raitale is a village in Parner taluka in Ahmednagar district of state of Maharashtra, India.

text:
# Raitale

**Raitale** is a village in Parner taluka in Ahmednagar district of state of Maharashtra, India.

## Religion

The majority of the population in the village is Hindu.

## Raitale village

The majority of the population has farming as their primary occupation.

## InfoBox

| Raitale | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Ahmadnagar |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj (India) |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone code | 022488 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-MH |
| Vehicle registration | MH-16,17 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Ahmednagar |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Parner |
| Website | maharashtra.gov.in |


title: Prosenella unicolor

abstract: Prosenella unicolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2003. It is known from Brazil.

text:
# Prosenella unicolor

***Prosenella unicolor*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2003. It is known from Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Prosenella unicolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Prosenella* |
| Species: | ***P. unicolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosenella unicolor***<br>Martins & Galileo, 2003 | |
|


title: Academic league

abstract: In Brazil, the academic leagues are associations of students of different years of medical graduation who seek to deepen their knowledge, orienting themselves according to the principles of the “university tripod”: teaching, research and extension. In general, the leagues are arranged into different areas, like neurology, trauma, oncology, pediatrics and cardiology. The academic leagues have similarities to the learning communities found in American and Canadian universities. However, the academic leagues are small groups, with the students responsible for the organizing and planning processes, with the assistance of a teacher. The activities occur regularly throughout the curricular semester, usually in unusual schedules, involving students from different years and even from different medical universities. The academic leagues are frequently discussed in seminars and conferences, such as Brazilian Congress of Medical Education, which promote scientific development and enable the exchange of experience between peers. Although, there is no clear concept about them.

text:
# Academic league

In Brazil, the **academic leagues** are associations of students of different years of medical graduation who seek to deepen their knowledge, orienting themselves according to the principles of the “university tripod”: teaching, research and extension. In general, the leagues are arranged into different areas, like neurology, trauma, oncology, pediatrics and cardiology.

The academic leagues have similarities to the learning communities found in American and Canadian universities. However, the academic leagues are small groups, with the students responsible for the organizing and planning processes, with the assistance of a teacher. The activities occur regularly throughout the curricular semester, usually in unusual schedules, involving students from different years and even from different medical universities. The academic leagues are frequently discussed in seminars and conferences, such as Brazilian Congress of Medical Education, which promote scientific development and enable the exchange of experience between peers. Although, there is no clear concept about them.

## Motivations and critics

They are extracurricular activities, so participation highlights the students' motivation to active pursuit of knowledge. The academic leagues have optional participation, being environments theoretically free of academic formalities, with a system of self-management of learning and have a mitigation of the classic hierarchical environment of the teacher-student relationship. Thus, it is understood that learning within them becomes more enjoyable. Some Brazilian authors, however, list critiques to the academic leagues. The possible subversion of the formal curricular structure, reproduction of academic defects, early specialization, the risk of the practice of medicine without guidance and supervision, and the emphasis on teaching and research to the detriment of university extension, reduced to specific campaigns and activities.

There are many motivations that lead students to participate in an academic league: need to approach clinical practice, deficiencies in the curriculum, search for social recognition, among others. Therefore, it is to be expected that there is immense variability among the academic leagues, showing that because it is a student initiative and based on an initial problem, each group of students finds ways to deal with such problems.

## Base-activities

Despite the variability, however, it is possible to note the base-activity pattern in the teaching-research-extension tripod. In general, all academic leagues have periodic programmed activities with the objective of discussing the subject of interest among the students, based on theoretical basis, in the form of classes, discussion of articles or seminars. Also, most of the leagues described participation in academic events, as listeners, lecturers or carrying out scientific papers.

## Health sciences

Although the academic leagues started and is still a theme predominantly related to the medical students, they have been created in other health sciences. Sometimes, academic leagues are created to “workaround” problems of the curricula.

## Academic leagues entities

Some specialty societies stimulate the creation of academic leagues in their area, introducing content that are not yet on the formal curriculum, and creating networks of knowledge exchange among the leagues of their area. There are other experiences of entities that congregate several academic leagues, the most notable being the Brazilian Association of Academic Leagues, founded in 2006. There is also the Brazilian Committee of Trauma Leagues, which brings together the academic leagues focused on the study of trauma and emergency medicine.


title: Mullaitivu Lighthouse

abstract: Mullaitivu Lighthouse was a lighthouse in Mullaitivu in northern Sri Lanka. Built in 1896, the 20 metres (66 ft) lighthouse had an iron skeletal tower. The lighthouse is believed to have been destroyed in 1996/97 during the Sri Lankan Civil War.

text:
# Mullaitivu Lighthouse

**Mullaitivu Lighthouse** was a lighthouse in Mullaitivu in northern Sri Lanka. Built in 1896, the 20 metres (66 ft) lighthouse had an iron skeletal tower. The lighthouse is believed to have been destroyed in 1996/97 during the Sri Lankan Civil War.

## InfoBox

Mullaitivu Lighthouse
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Northern Province, Sri Lanka |
| Coordinates | 9°17′28″N 80°48′40″E / 9.291°N 80.811°E / 9.291; 80.811 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1896 |
| Construction | iron |
| Height | 20 m (66 ft) |
|  | |
| Light | |
| Focal height | 20 m (66 ft) |
| Range | 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) |
| Characteristic | Fl(2) W 10s |
|  | |


title: Massacres and Matinees

abstract: "Massacres and Matinees" is the second episode of the fourth season of the anthology television series American Horror Story, which premiered on October 15, 2014, on the cable network FX. In this episode, a curfew is placed on Jupiter, as the police investigate the freak show when they suspect that a police officer was murdered on the premises. It was written by Tim Minear and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon.

text:
# Massacres and Matinees

"**Massacres and Matinees**" is the second episode of the fourth season of the anthology television series *American Horror Story*, which premiered on October 15, 2014, on the cable network FX. In this episode, a curfew is placed on Jupiter, as the police investigate the freak show when they suspect that a police officer was murdered on the premises. It was written by Tim Minear and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon.

## Plot

The police arrive at the freak show to investigate the detective's disappearance and inform Elsa that a curfew is now in place in Jupiter following the string of murders. Meanwhile, the carnival strong man Dell Toledo, Jimmy's father, and his three-breasted hermaphrodite wife Desiree arrive and ask Elsa for a job. Elsa makes Dell head of security but soon realizes her mistake after Dell schedules a matinee against Elsa's orders, attacks Jimmy, and frames another performer, Meep, for the murder of the detective after Jimmy tried to frame Dell. Meep is arrested by the police and murdered by inmates in jail. His body is returned to the freak show, where the fellow freaks gather around and mourn.

Dandy asks Jimmy if he can join the freak show, as he dreams of being on stage, but after Dandy accidentally insults Jimmy, he is rebuffed and sent away. After falling into a fit of rage, Dandy returns home to find that his mother, Gloria, has hired Twisty the Clown to cheer him up. However, Twisty storms off after Dandy tries to look inside his clown bag. Dandy follows Twisty back to his trailer where the two children Twisty is holding hostage attempt an escape but are recaptured by Twisty and Dandy.

## Reception

### Reviews

"Massacres and Matinees" has received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the episode has an approval rating of 85% based on 13 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "The dark themes of "Massacres and Matinees" are reminiscent of themes of season two, only more vibrant this time around."

Erik Adams of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode a B rating, stating: "Following the dull, clean monochrome of *Coven*, the popping colors and three-ring grime of *Freak Show* is refreshing." Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a rating of 8.0/10, writing: "The clown is still ghastly, Dandy is still spoiled and sinister, and the introduction of Dell now brings a new carny power struggle to the show. All steps in the right direction." Numerous other critics praised the introduction of Michael Chiklis and Angela Bassett's characters, as well as the Clown's and Dandy's storylines.

### Ratings

"Massacres and Matinees" was watched by 4.53 million viewers with a 2.3 18–49 ratings share, down 0.8 from the previous episode. It was the highest rated cable show of the night.

### See Also

Humbug \- an X-Files episode investigating murders at a Freak Show.

## InfoBox

| "**Massacres and Matinees**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *American Horror Story* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 4
Episode 2 |
| Directed by | Alfonso Gomez-Rejon |
| Written by | Tim Minear |
| Featured music | "Criminal" by Sarah Paulson
"Valentine Waltz No. 2" by George Antheil
"Sloppy Drunk" by Walter Brown & Jay McShann's Orchestra
"Hot Biscuits" by Jay McShann
"Love Me, My Love" by Dean Martin |
| Production code | 4ATS02 |
| Original air date | October 15, 2014 (2014-10-15) |
| Running time | 55 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Guilt (American TV series)

abstract: Guilt is an American mystery drama television series that premiered on Freeform on June 13, 2016. The series was created by Kathryn Price and Nichole Millard, and produced by Lionsgate Television. Freeform gave a pilot order in June 2015, and picked the show up to series in November 2015. On October 20, 2016, Freeform announced they had canceled the series after one season. Daisy Head stars as Grace Atwood, an American student in London whose roommate, Molly Ryan, is murdered. As people begin suspecting her, they start to accuse her of the crime. The show features an ensemble cast with Head as Grace Atwood, Emily Tremaine as Grace's sister, Billy Zane as the defense lawyer hired to protect Grace, Cristian Solimeno and Naomi Ryan as two members of the police, Sam Cassidy as a member of the British Royal Family, Simona Brown and Zachary Fall as acquaintances of Grace, and Kevin Ryan as Molly Ryan's brother.

text:
# Guilt (American TV series)

***Guilt*** is an American mystery drama television series that premiered on Freeform on June 13, 2016. The series was created by Kathryn Price and Nichole Millard, and produced by Lionsgate Television. Freeform gave a pilot order in June 2015, and picked the show up to series in November 2015. On October 20, 2016, Freeform announced they had canceled the series after one season.

Daisy Head stars as Grace Atwood, an American student in London whose roommate, Molly Ryan, is murdered. As people begin suspecting her, they start to accuse her of the crime. The show features an ensemble cast with Head as Grace Atwood, Emily Tremaine as Grace's sister, Billy Zane as the defense lawyer hired to protect Grace, Cristian Solimeno and Naomi Ryan as two members of the police, Sam Cassidy as a member of the British Royal Family, Simona Brown and Zachary Fall as acquaintances of Grace, and Kevin Ryan as Molly Ryan's brother.

## Plot

Young student Grace Atwood finds herself in a mess when her best friend, Molly Ryan, is murdered, and she becomes the prime suspect of the crime. Grace's sister, Natalie, is beside her at all costs, but does not know whether to believe what Grace says. While the London police investigate the murder, members of the high-end sex club Courtenay continue to practice their explicit and secret nights of sex with prostitutes. There are many suspected of having murdered Molly, but, in all that time, was Grace guilty of the murder, or she was just a young lady caught in the journalistic spotlight and the hard investigation regime?

## Cast and characters

### Main

* Daisy Head as Grace Atwood: An American college student living in London who is accused of murder after her roommate Molly is found dead in their flat.
* Emily Tremaine as Natalie Atwood: An Assistant District Attorney from Boston who flies to London to support Grace after learning her younger sister is implicated in Molly's murder.
* Cristian Solimeno as D.S. Alex Bruno: The one who leads the Molly Ryan murder case. He also begins to develop feelings for Natalie Atwood.
* Naomi Ryan as Gwendolyn "Gwen" Hall: A Crown Prosecutor assigned to the Molly Ryan case who had a previous sexual relationship with D.S. Bruno.
* Simona Brown as Roz Walters: An up-and-coming British DJ living with Grace and Molly who lives a double life as a worker at a high-end sex club.
* Zachary Fall as Luc Pascal: A drug-addicted artist and Grace's boyfriend who becomes a prime suspect in Molly's murder.
* Kevin Ryan as Patrick Ryan: Molly's older brother who wants retribution for his sister's death.
* Sam Cassidy as Prince Theo: A member of the British Royal Family and a client of high-end sex clubs who shares a personal connection with Molly.
* Billy Zane as Stan Gutterie: A lawyer who is hired by James (Grace's and Natalie's step father) to help Grace.

### Recurring and guest

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | US viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Pilot" | Gary Fleder | Kathryn Price & Nichole Millard | June 13, 2016 (2016-06-13) | 0.49 |
| After a crazy night full of drugs and alcohol organized by Grace Atwood and Molly Ryan in their apartment. The next day, Grace and her boyfriend Luc and Roz have the lifeless body of Molly on the floor with multiple stabs and blood splashed everywhere. After investigating the murder scene, traces of Molly's blood were found on Grace's feet, making her a prime suspect in the case. So D.S. Bruno, the lead detective in Molly's case and associate D.I. Pike bring Grace in for questioning. Gwendolyn Hall, the crown prosecutor on the case, watches over the cops as they question Grace on the whereabouts of Molly's cell phone. She says that Molly lost him in Diablo, the nightclub they had visited the night of Molly's murder. Grace tells them that Molly thought she was being watched. Afterwards, Bruno is confronted by Gwendolyn who thinks he was too soft with Grace and that he should have questioned her further about the traces of blood on her feet. Bruno explains that there is insufficient evidence to warrant an arrest, so Gwendolyn reluctantly agrees that Grace should be released. Natalie, Grace's older sister, who is an assistant prosecutor, decides to fly to London after being called by Grace and told about Molly's death. The cops discovers that Molly was pregnant and quickly concludes that this could have been a motive for the murder. But with the father unknown, the cops must work on getting a DNA sample. Luc decides to take Grace to Paris with him for a few days. But not long after their attempted departure, the cops ambush Grace and Luc's train in search of the couple, their attempt to move them straight to the top of the suspects list. Suspicions are roused even further when a video of Molly giving Luc to lap-dance surfaces. Grace and Natalie's stepfather, James Lahue, hires the best but controversial defense attorney, Stan Gutterie to defend her. Natalie does not agree and suspects that James and Molly had a relationship. Back to the crime scene, Bruno and Pike discover that a stuffed monkey belonging to Molly had been taken from the crime scene and they begin to question whether Grace was in fact telling the truth about Molly's stalker. But it's not long before Grace is back in the limelight when a video of her slashing the tires of Linley's wife's car resurfaces. She claims that she did not know Linley was married when she got her, but the jealous and violent streak in her personality leaves Natalie questioning whether her sister is innocent after all. | | | | | | |
| 2 | "American Psycho" | Gary Fleder | Kathryn Price & Nichole Millard | June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20) | 0.33 |
| Stan does everything in his power to find the blackmailer when a video of Grace attacking Molly goes viral; Natalie becomes suspicious of her stepfather James when he arrives in London only to start acting suspicious; and Molly's brother Patrick sets out to avenge her death. | | | | | | |
| 3 | "Exit Wounds" | Larry Shaw | Nelson Soler | June 27, 2016 (2016-06-27) | 0.33 |
| Grace spirals into a depression after reading hateful remarks about herself online; Det.Bruno investigates the shootings at Prof. Linley's cottage; and Prince Theo worries his connection to Molly will become public. Meanwhile, Stan tries to help Grace's stepfather after he's blackmailed with incriminating photos. | | | | | | |
| 4 | "Blood Ties" | Larry Shaw | Shaina Fewell | July 11, 2016 (2016-07-11) | 0.25 |
| Gwendolyn's possible bias is uncovered by Natalie. Meanwhile, a past indiscretion haunts Det. Bruno; Grace asks Luc to proceed with his art show; and Natalie and Det. Bruno can't help but recognize their intensifying chemistry. | | | | | | |
| 5 | "The Eye of the Needle" | Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum | Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer | July 18, 2016 (2016-07-18) | 0.29 |
| Grace is rescued from the paparazzi by a Good Samaritan who may have ulterior motives. Meanwhile, Natalie and Det. Bruno search for Grace; and Patrick goes undercover to learn more about his sister and her murderer. | | | | | | |
| 6 | "A Simple Plan" | Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum | Elle Triedman | July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25) | 0.30 |
| Gwen desperately searches for evidence to link Grace to Molly's murder; Luc is on lockdown at the police station; Stan works to get Luc released; Det. Bruno discovers shocking information; and Grace teams up with Roz to put attention on another suspect. Meanwhile, Natalie's sent to distract Finch; Kaley finds it difficult to deny her attraction to Patrick; and Charlotte becomes suspicious of Prince Theo after he's caught in a lie. | | | | | | |
| 7 | "A Fall from Grace" | Mairzee Almas | Fredrick Kotto | August 1, 2016 (2016-08-01) | 0.34 |
| After Grace is arrested, Natalie begins to suspect her sister to be Molly's killer; Charlotte buys a dog for Prince Theo in the hopes that he will tell her the truth about who Molly is while Kaley discovers the identity of Gentlemen 33; Neville claims to have seen Theo standing over Molly's corpse with a bloody knife the night she was killed. | | | | | | |
| 8 | "Eyes Wide Open" | Mairzee Almas | Bryan Q. Miller | August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08) | 0.31 |
| When Grace undergoes hypnosis under Stan's suggestion, she recalls the night Molly was killed and realizes she didn't kill her; Charlotte threatens to expose Theo; Neville's mother wants Natalie to stay away from her son; Neville's information leads Bruno to decide to testify against Theo despite the prince's threats; Kaley gives up her life of prostitution and Roz moves in with Luc. | | | | | | |
| 9 | "The Crown v Atwood" | Larry Shaw | Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer | August 15, 2016 (2016-08-15) | 0.30 |
| Stan and Gwen face off in the courtroom as the Grace case finally begins. Natalie and Bruno try to find new evidence to prove Grace's innocence before it's too late, and Grace pursues another way of gaining her freedom. | | | | | | |
| 10 | "What Did You Do?" | Larry Shaw | Kathryn Price & Nichole Millard | August 22, 2016 (2016-08-22) | 0.40 |
| The crown prosecutor is convinced Grace Atwood killed her flatmate Molly Ryan and now it's in the hands of the jury. As the jury deliberates Grace's fate, Detectives Bruno and Pike rush to uncover who is behind the Hertfordshire murder and if the two cases are related. To buy time, Stan and Natalie try and postpone the court proceedings, not knowing that Grace has an escape plan of her own in motion. Some revelations are made, and, in the end, someone is victim of a sudden killer. | | | | | | |

## Reception

On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 60% approval rating based on 10 critics. The site's critical consensus reads: "*Guilt* stumbles through over-packed twists, weak dialogue, and unrealistic behavior, yet ultimately emerges as a fun, sensationalized soap". On Metacritic, the first season of the show holds a 52 out of 100 score based on 8 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

## InfoBox

| *Guilt* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre |  |
| Created by | * Kathryn Price * Nichole Millard |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | Freeform |
| Release | June 13 (2016-06-13)
August 22, 2016 (2016-08-22) |


title: Mimalblymoroides kaszabi

abstract: Mimalblymoroides kaszabi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1969. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Mimalblymoroides kaszabi

***Mimalblymoroides kaszabi*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1969. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Mimalblymoroides kaszabi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Mimalblymoroides*** |
| Species: | ***M. kaszabi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimalblymoroides kaszabi***<br>(Breuning, 1969) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mimamblymora kaszabi* Breuning, 1969 | |


title: FM broadcasting in the United Kingdom

abstract: FM sound broadcasting began in the United Kingdom on 2 May 1955 when the BBC started an FM broadcasting service the Light Programme, the Third Programme and the Home Service to the south east of England. There are now over 40 BBC and over 250 commercial FM sound broadcasting stations in the United Kingdom.

text:
# FM broadcasting in the United Kingdom

**FM sound broadcasting** began in the United Kingdom on 2 May 1955 when the BBC started an FM broadcasting service the Light Programme, the Third Programme and the Home Service to the south east of England. There are now over 40 BBC and over 250 commercial FM sound broadcasting stations in the United Kingdom.

## BBC

The BBC began using *FM sound broadcasting* in 1955, but at that time AM sound broadcasting predominated. The BBC's 'popular music' station known as Radio 1 opened in 1967 but only broadcast on MW until the end of the 1980s. Radio 1 ended medium wave broadcasting in 1994 when the FM transmitter roll-out was almost completed. Previously, Radio 1 had 'borrowed' BBC Radio 2's FM frequencies for approximately 24 hours each week, gradually reducing at the end of the 1980s until the final 'borrow' took place in March 1990, five months before Radio 2 became the BBC's first FM-only service when on 27 August 1990, BBC Radio 5 began broadcasting on Radio 2's MW frequencies.

Currently, with the exception of BBC Radio 5 Live, all of the BBC's analogue services are provided on FM, although Radio 4 also broadcasts on long wave (MW in some areas) and some Local Radio stations also still broadcast opt-outs on medium wave. BBC policy was to refer to FM as VHF on air until 30 September 1984 when FM became its official term.

## Commercial broadcasting

Legal commercial broadcasting began in the United Kingdom in 1973, with the launch of LBC, though offshore pirate radio stations operated in the 1960s to 1990s, usually from ships anchored off the coast of Britain.

Early licences were granted to wide-area stations, such as Capital Radio which served London and the home counties. Later more local stations were introduced. There is also one national commercial radio station, Classic FM.

Commercial radio stations simulcasted on both FM and medium waves from the beginning until the IBA asked radio stations to end the practice and from 1988 stations began to offer separate stations on each waveband. Typically another service, often a 'gold' format, was introduced on AM and the original service continued on FM.

## Frequency utilisation

From 1955 the band 88.0 – 94.6 MHz was used (allotted and assigned) for three BBC national networks. Over the next 40 years, the band grew piecemeal to 87.5 – 108.0 MHz, allowing for five national networks and many local stations.

Until 1995, parts of the band had been used in the United Kingdom for mobile service by police, fire brigades and the fuel and power industries. These parts were *reassigned* to broadcasting service gradually over many years as the communications services were transferred to new equipment in other parts of the spectrum.

The current *frequency allotment plan* is based on an ITU agreement made in Geneva in 1984. The table below shows which kind of *broadcasting transmitter stations* are the main users of each part of the band. There are many exceptions. In some areas there is some commercial usage of the 'BBC local' sub bands while in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland the 'Radio 4' and 'BBC Local' ranges are used interchangeably. Community radio stations and RSLs tend to be fitted into any locally-available position.

| Sub-band (MHz) | Main usage |
| --- | --- |
| 87.5 – 88.0 | Restricted Service Licences |
| 88.0 – 90.2 | BBC Radio 2 |
| 90.2 – 92.4 | BBC Radio 3 |
| 92.4 – 94.6 | BBC Radio 4 |
| 94.6 – 96.1 | BBC Local Radio |
| 96.1 – 97.6 | Independent Local Radio |
| 97.6 – 99.8 | BBC Radio 1 |
| 99.8 – 102.0 | Independent National Radio (currently Classic FM) |
| 102.0 – 103.5 | Independent Local Radio |
| 103.5 – 104.9 | BBC Local Radio |
| 104.9 – 108.0 | Independent Local Radio |

## Subcarriers

The United Kingdom permits only Radio Data System (RDS) subcarriers. RDS dynamic (changing) PS is not permitted.

## Future switch off

The UK government is planning for a switchover from FM to digital radio once take-up and coverage meets certain criteria. Successive governments have admitted that FM VHF Band II analogue radio would not cease until the majority use digital, so no actual date has ever been agreed. Digital listening figures however consistently include satellite, DTT and online streaming, not just DAB. In any case there is a commitment to maintain community FM radio. This means that as long as there are significant numbers of listeners on FM in the United Kingdom no government is likely to take the politically unpopular decision to turn off analogue. Support for the FM switch off in the UK is limited. In July 2020, provided the stations also broadcast on digital radio, the British Government decided to allow Ofcom to renew analogue FM and AM licences for a further ten-year period.


title: Rafael del Riego

abstract: Rafael del Riego y Flórez was a Spanish general and liberal politician, who played a key role in the establishment of the Liberal Triennium.

text:
# Rafael del Riego

**Rafael del Riego y Flórez** (7 April 1784 – 7 November 1823) was a Spanish general and liberal politician, who played a key role in the establishment of the Liberal Triennium (*Trienio liberal* in Spanish).

## Early life

Riego was born on 7 April 1784 (according to other sources 24 November 1785) in Tuña, Tineo in Asturias. After graduating from the University of Oviedo in 1807, he moved to Madrid, where he joined the army.

## Peninsular War

In 1808, during the Spanish War of Independence he was taken captive by the French and imprisoned in El Escorial, from where he eventually escaped.

On 10 November he took part in the Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros, after which he once again was taken prisoner. Three days later he was sent to France, and, after he changed his name to "Riego" (without the "del"), was eventually released. He traveled around England and the German states, and in 1814 he returned to Spain, right before the Spanish Constitution of 1812 was abolished by Fernando VII. In Spain, Riego once again joined the army with a rank of lieutenant colonel and took an oath to the Constitution. During the six years of absolutism that followed the restoration of King Fernando VII, Spanish liberals wished to restore the Spanish Constitution, which the King had abolished in May 1814. Riego joined the freemasons and collaborated with liberals in several conspiracies against the King, which failed.

## 1820 revolt

In 1819, the King was forming an army of ten battalions to fight in the Spanish American wars of independence. Riego was given command of the Asturian Battalion. After arriving in Cádiz, together with other liberal officers, he started a mutiny on 1 January 1820, demanding the return of the 1812 Constitution.

Riego's troops marched through the cities of Andalusia with the hope of starting an anti-absolutist uprising, but the local population was mostly indifferent. An uprising, however, took place in Galicia, and it quickly spread throughout Spain. On 7 March 1820, the royal palace in Madrid was surrounded by soldiers under the command of General Francisco Ballesteros, and on 10 March, the King agreed to restore the Constitution.

## Later life

The new progressive government promoted Riego to field marshal and made him Captain General of Galicia. On 8 January 1821 he took command of Aragon, and moved to Zaragoza. On 18 June, he married his cousin Maria Teresa del Riego y Bustillos. On 4 September 1821, because of a failed republican revolt, he was wrongly accused of republicanism and imprisoned.

However, his popularity grew, and demonstrations took place in Madrid demanding his release. In March 1822, he was elected to the Cortes Generales and eventually released from prison.

In December 1822, at the Congress of Verona, the Quintuple Alliance countries decided that a Spain that was bordering on republicanism was a threat to the balance of Europe, and France was chosen to force a restoring of the absolute monarchy in Spain.

On 7 April 1823, the French army crossed over the Pyrennes. Riego took command of the Third Army and resisted the invaders as well as local absolutist groups. On 15 September he was betrayed and taken prisoner in a country estate near the village of Arquillos, Jaén. He was taken to Madrid. Despite asking for clemency from the King, having approached religion and repented of his "constitutional crimes" during his imprisonment, completely retracting at the last minute his political convictions to the delight of the absolutists, Riego was found guilty of high treason against altar and throne, as he was one of the members of parliament who voted in favor of taking the power from the King. On 7 November 1823, he was hanged at La Cebada Square in Madrid.

## Memory

*El Himno de Riego*, a song written in honour of Riego, became the anthem of the First (1873–1874) and Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). Currently his portrait is displayed in the building of the Cortes Generales.

## InfoBox

| Rafael del Riego | |
| --- | --- |
| Detail from an anonymous portrait of Rafael del Riego (19th century) | |
| Born | 7 April 1784
Tuña, Spain |
| Died | 7 November 1823(1823-11-07) (aged 39)
Madrid, Spain |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Spain |
| Service/branch | Spanish Army |
| Years of service | 1807–1822 |
| Rank | Captain general |
| Battles/wars | Peninsular War |


title: Prosoplus pseudovalgus

abstract: Prosoplus pseudovalgus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.

text:
# Prosoplus pseudovalgus

***Prosoplus pseudovalgus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.

## InfoBox

| *Prosoplus pseudovalgus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Prosoplus* |
| Species: | ***P. pseudovalgus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosoplus pseudovalgus***<br>Breuning, 1938 | |
|


title: Jason Gobel

abstract: Jason Göbel is an American guitarist, best known for being a member of the progressive metal band Cynic during their original run. With Cynic, he recorded on several of their first demos as well as on their 1993 debut album Focus.

text:
# Jason Gobel

**Jason Göbel** (born September 30, 1970) is an American guitarist, best known for being a member of the progressive metal band Cynic during their original run.

With Cynic, he recorded on several of their first demos as well as on their 1993 debut album *Focus*.

## History

Gobel joined Cynic in 1988, alongside Jack Kelly, Mark Van Erp, Paul Masvidal, and Sean Reinert. He first met the band at a show where they played alongside his brother's band, who introduced them after their set. In 1989, the band released Reflections of a Dying World with Gobel on guitars, with Masvidal taking over vocal duties. The band released two other demos between the years of 1990 and 1991, before the band members received individual offers to join additional bands.

While Reinert and Masvidal had joined Death and Tony Choy had joined both Atheist and Pestilence, Gobel had joined the Florida-based death metal band Monstrosity. Gobel noted this was done with the strategy of passing the Cynic name around the scene by the individual members' reputations. The band were needing another guitarist for their album and had five songs finished, with Gobel working on three more. In 1992, the band released their debut album *Imperial Doom* with Gobel working alongside future Cannibal Corpse vocalist George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher and future Malevolent Creation members Jon Rubin, Mark Van Erp, and Lee Harrison.

Once Cynic received a label offer from Roadrunner Records, Gobel returned to the band alongside Masvidal and Reinert, who had recently been fired from Death with the new member bassist Sean Malone. Roadrunner released a split with Cynic as well as Pestilence and progressive thrash metal band Believer, called *The Breed Beyond*. The band recorded their debut album, *Focus*, which was put out through Roadrunner in 1993. The album is widely considered one of the greatest progressive metal albums ever, however, it did not initially go over well. The band embarked on the *Focus* tour with Cannibal Corpse and dissolved soon thereafter due to the lack of interest from the audience.

Following the dissolution of Cynic, Gobel formed a project with Masvidal and Reinert in an attempt to create a more commercially viable project with Portal, a lighter side project of the band Cynic. The project had backing from Atlantic Records, however, it did not release for many years due to the individual members' contract with Roadrunner. The demo came out in 1995, however the project dissolved by 1996. Gobel played with Gordian Knot, a band formed by Sean Malone, also a former Cynic member on the 2003 album, *Emergent*.

In 2020, Gobel returned from his musical hiatus with Eggshell Repair Kit, a project that featured Reinert and two former *Traced in Air*-era Cynic members guitarist Tymon Kruidenier and bassist Robin Zielhorst, who were both in Our Oceans and Exivious as well. The project debut in September 2020, following Reinert's passing. Since returning to music, Gobel began working with Santiago Dobles (ex-Pestilence, Aghora) on a project called Verdana.

## Personal life

He lives in Miami with his two children. When Gobel was 17, he began working as a dog trainer, assisting dogs in training for bomb detection, cadaver detection, drug detection, and several other forms of training. He worked in the field for around 10 years. He also operated as a locksmith during his time with Cynic.

## Bands

**Current**

* Verdana

**Former**

* Cynic (1988-1994)
* Portal (1994-1996)
* Eggshell Repair Kit (2020)

**Session**

## InfoBox

| Jason Gobel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September 30, 1970
Miami, Florida, U.S. |
| Genres | Progressive metal
Technical death metal
progressive rock |
| Occupation | Guitarist |
| Instrument(s) | Guitar, Keyboards |


title: Wouter Gudde

abstract: Wouter Gudde is a Dutch former footballer.

text:
# Wouter Gudde

**Wouter Gudde** (born 5 August 1984) is a Dutch former footballer.

## Club career

Gudde is a defender who was born in Schiedam and made his debut in professional football, being part of the Sparta Rotterdam squad in the 2004–05 season.

## InfoBox

Wouter Gudde
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Wouter Henricus Gudde | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-08-05) 5 August 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | Schiedam, Netherlands | | |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2004–2008 | Sparta Rotterdam | 72 | (1) |
| 2008–2010 | RKC Waalwijk | 69 | (3) |
| 2010–2011 | Excelsior | 17 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 13 July 2016 | | | |


title: Mathurin-Léonard Duphot

abstract: Léonard Mathurin Duphot was a French general and poet, whose Ode aux mânes des héros morts pour la liberté was highly fashionable at the time.

text:
# Mathurin-Léonard Duphot

**Léonard Mathurin Duphot** (21 September 1769  28 December 1797) was a French general and poet, whose *Ode aux mânes des héros morts pour la liberté* was highly fashionable at the time.

## Life

Duphot was born in la Guillotière, a suburb of Lyon, a stonemason's son. He joined the Vermandois regiment on 25 July 1785 aged 15, rising to sergeant on 25 March 1792, joining the French expedition to Savoy and being sent to Nice. He was a member of one of the national volunteer battalions created on the outbreak of the French Revolution. He was made chef de bataillon adjudant-général in November 1794 and fought with distinction in several actions of the Italian campaign in 1796. He was often mentioned in dispatches by general Augereau. On 13 June 1795 he came off the list of active officers and in February 1796 he was drafted back into the army for home service, though he returned to Augereau and Italy in August 1796, fighting at Mantua, Rivoli and La Favorita.

Bonaparte then put Duphot in charge of organising the troops of the Cisalpine Republic. He rose to Général de brigade in the armée d'Italie on 30 March 1797. He then went to Rome with the French ambassador Joseph Bonaparte, where they both tried to incite a Republican revolt, especially by holding a Republican festival at Joseph's palace. This caused a riot and Duphot was fatally shot on December 28, 1797 by Papal State troops. On December 29, 1797, the 250th Roman Catholic Church Pope Pius VI moved quickly and sent a formal apology to the French Directory for the death of Brig General Duphot. However, the apology was not accepted by the 1st Republic, and thus his death gave Bonaparte the pretext he needed to occupy Rome, abolish the Papal States and set up the Roman Republic \- in *Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène*, Napoleon said of him "he was a general of the greatest promise. He was virtue itself.". Duphot had been due to marry Joseph's sister-in-law Désirée Clary the day after his death - she eventually married Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, and became Queen of Sweden, when he became King Charles XIV John in 1818.

## Sources

* Marie-Nicolas Bouillet and Alexis Chassang (dir.), "Léonard Duphot" in *Dictionnaire universel d’histoire et de géographie*, 1878
* Mullié, Charles (1852). "Duphot (Léonard)". *Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850* (in French). Paris: Poignavant et Compagnie.


title: Raymond Kalla

abstract: Raymond Koned Kalla Nkongo, known as Kalla, is a Cameroonian former professional footballer who played as a central defender. His main asset was a powerful physique, and he had already been picked by the Cameroonian national team for three World Cups – and started – in his mid-20s.

text:
# Raymond Kalla

**Raymond Koned Kalla Nkongo** (born 22 April 1975), known as **Kalla**, is a Cameroonian former professional footballer who played as a central defender.

His main asset was a powerful physique, and he had already been picked by the Cameroonian national team for three World Cups – and started – in his mid-20s.

## Club career

Kalla was born in Douala. After starting professionally at Canon Sportif de Yaoundé, he went on to play in four countries: first Panachaiki F.C. in Greece then Spain's CF Extremadura, where he competed in both major divisions.

In 2002, after Extremadura dropped another category to the third level, Kalla signed with VfL Bochum in Germany– he scored five times in his last season, second-best in the squad – but the club was relegated from the Bundesliga. He also received a three-match ban for anti-doping rules breaching, in late 2003.

Subsequently, Kalla joined Turkish side Sivasspor for the 2005–06 campaign, returning home for two final years at Union Douala and retiring at age 33.

## International career

Kalla won 63 caps for Cameroon, and was a participant at three consecutive FIFA World Cups: 1994, 1998 and 2002. In the first he (aged 19) played all the matches and minutes, often being partnered by another youngster, Rigobert Song (17), in an eventual group stage exit. He was part of the victorious 2000 and 2002 African Cup of Nations squads.

After the 2002 World Cup, Kalla announced to retire from the national team due to conflicts with the Federation structure, which he accused of poor organization, but eventually changed his mind.

Initially summoned for the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations, Kalla was forced to withdraw due to injury, and retired for the second and definitive time.

## InfoBox

Raymond Kalla
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Raymond Koned Kalla Nkongo | | |
| Date of birth | (1975-04-22) 22 April 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Douala, Cameroon | | |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–1995 | Canon Yaoundé |  |  |
| 1995–1998 | Panachaiki | 71 | (3) |
| 1998–2002 | Extremadura | 121 | (1) |
| 2002–2005 | VfL Bochum | 77 | (6) |
| 2005–2006 | Sivasspor | 26 | (0) |
| 2006–2008 | Union Douala |  |  |
| Total |  | **295** | **(10)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1994–2006 | Cameroon | 83 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Mattermost

abstract: Mattermost is an open-source, self-hostable online chat service with file sharing, search, and third party application integrations. It is designed as an internal chat for organisations and companies, and mostly markets itself as an open-source alternative to Slack and Microsoft Teams.

text:
# Mattermost

**Mattermost** is an open-source, self-hostable online chat service with file sharing, search, and third party application integrations. It is designed as an internal chat for organisations and companies, and mostly markets itself as an open-source alternative to Slack and Microsoft Teams.

## History

The code was originally proprietary, as Mattermost was used as an internal chat tool inside SpinPunch, a game developer studio, but was later open-sourced. The 1.0 was released on October 2, 2015.

The project is maintained and developed by Mattermost Inc. The company generates funds by selling support services and additional features that are not in the open-source edition.

It was also integrated into GitLab as "GitLab Mattermost". In 2017 GitLab acquired Gitter, another popular chat tool, but in 2021 GitLab sold Gitter to Element, the parent company of Matrix.

## Features

In the media, Mattermost is mostly regarded as an alternative to the more popular Slack. Aside from the in-browser version, there are desktop clients for Windows, MacOS and Linux and mobile apps for iOS and Android.

As of version 6.0 Mattermost includes kanban board and playbook features integrated in main interface.

## InfoBox

Mattermost
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Mattermost Inc |
| Initial release | October 2, 2015 (2015-10-02) |
| Repository |  |
| Written in | Go, JavaScript |
| Available in | 16 languages |
| License | MIT License for "Mattermost Team Edition" Linux binary server compiled by Mattermost, Inc., AGPLv3 for uncompiled Mattermost server source code, (Apache License 2.0 for Admin Tools and Configuration Files), and Apache License 2.0 for the rest |
| Website | mattermost.com |