title: Russ Craft

abstract: William Russell Craft was an American football defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles and the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football at the University of Alabama and was drafted in the fifteenth round of the 1943 NFL draft. In 1948, Craft was a key member of the Eagles in what became known as the Blizzard Bowl, in which the Eagles’ defense overwhelmed the Cardinals on the way to a 7–0 victory that earned Philadelphia its first N.F.L. championship. In 1949, he was a notable player in helping the Eagles win a second World Championship, a 1947 Division Championship, and was selected to the Pro Bowl twice, in 1951 and 1952. Craft had some other notable achievements. In 1950, against the Chicago Cardinals, the Eagles' defense recorded eight interceptions, including an NFL-record-tying four by Craft. Craft had 22 career interceptions. Then in 1952, while playing against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Craft was able to block three Extra points (PATs). Craft was also a defensive coach for the Steelers. After football, Craft served as the sheriff of Brooke County, West Virginia from 1969 to 1972.

text:
# Russ Craft

**William Russell Craft** (October 15, 1919 – January 12, 2009) was an American football defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles and the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football at the University of Alabama and was drafted in the fifteenth round of the 1943 NFL draft. In 1948, Craft was a key member of the Eagles in what became known as the Blizzard Bowl, in which the Eagles’ defense overwhelmed the Cardinals on the way to a 7–0 victory that earned Philadelphia its first N.F.L. championship. In 1949, he was a notable player in helping the Eagles win a second World Championship, a 1947 Division Championship, and was selected to the Pro Bowl twice, in 1951 and 1952.

Craft had some other notable achievements. In 1950, against the Chicago Cardinals, the Eagles' defense recorded eight interceptions, including an NFL-record-tying four by Craft. Craft had 22 career interceptions. Then in 1952, while playing against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Craft was able to block three Extra points (PATs).

Craft was also a defensive coach for the Steelers.

After football, Craft served as the sheriff of Brooke County, West Virginia from 1969 to 1972.

## InfoBox

Russ Craft
| Craft on a 1952 Bowman football card | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1919-10-15)October 15, 1919 |
| Place of birth | McEwen, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Date of death | January 12, 2009(2009-01-12) (aged 89) |
| Place of death | Wellsburg, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Career information | |
| Position(s) | Defensive back |
| US college | Alabama |
| NFL draft | 1943 / round: 15 / pick: 132 |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 1946–1953 | Philadelphia Eagles |
| 1954 | Pittsburgh Steelers |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
| Pro Bowls | 2 |
| Career stats | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Hendon Aerodrome

abstract: Hendon Aerodrome was an aerodrome in London, England, that was an important centre for aviation from 1908 to 1968. It was situated in Colindale, seven miles (11 km) north west of Charing Cross. It nearly became a central hub of civil aviation, but for the actions of the RAF after the First World War in reserving it for military aviation. It was known as a place of pioneering experiments including the first airmail, the first parachute descent from a powered aircraft, the first night flights and the first aerial defence of a city.

text:
# Hendon Aerodrome

**Hendon Aerodrome** was an aerodrome in London, England, that was an important centre for aviation from 1908 to 1968.

It was situated in Colindale, seven miles (11 km) north west of Charing Cross. It nearly became a central hub of civil aviation ("the Charing Cross of \[the UK's\] international air routes"), but for the actions of the RAF after the First World War in reserving it for military aviation. It was known as a place of pioneering experiments including the first airmail, the first parachute descent from a powered aircraft, the first night flights and the first aerial defence of a city.

## Beginnings

Henry Coxwell and James Glaisher were the first to fly from Hendon in a balloon called the Mammoth in 1862. Ballooning at the Brent Reservoir was a popular spectacle for crowds on bank holidays late in the 19th century. The first powered flight from Hendon was in an 88-foot (27 m) long non-rigid airship built by Spencer Brothers of Highbury. It took off from the Welsh Harp Reservoir in 1909, piloted by Henry Spencer with one passenger, the Australian suffragette Muriel Matters. The first attempt at heavier-than-air flight was by H.P. Martin and G.H. Handasyde, also at Welsh Harp. They constructed a monoplane with four engines in the ballroom of the hotel, but were never able to get airborne.

Inspired by Louis Blériot's flight across the Channel, Everett, Edgecumbe and Co began to experiment with an aircraft to be built at their works at Colindale near Hendon, erecting a small hangar to house it. From 1908 to 1910, their "Grasshopper", as the plane was called, taxied about and left the ground briefly, but failed to get truly airborne, although these attempts attracted quite a crowd.

In 1906, before any powered flight had taken place in Britain, the *Daily Mail* newspaper had challenged aviators to fly from London to Manchester or vice versa, offering a prize of 10,000. The journey had to be completed within twenty-four hours, with no more than two landings. Aircraft and engine design had improved sufficiently by 1910 to make an attempt to win the prize realistic, and both Claude Grahame-White and the French aviator Louis Paulhan prepared for the challenge during April 1910. Grahame-White made two attempts, but it was Paulhan who succeeded. He chose a field on the future aerodrome site as his point of departure. On 27 April he flew 117 miles (188 km) from Hendon to Lichfield, easily the longest flight accomplished in the UK at that time. Before dawn on 28 April he took off and reached Burnage on the outskirts of Manchester after three hours 55 minutes in the air, during a period of just over twelve hours. This was the first true flight from the Hendon site.

## London Aerodrome

Grahame-White created a new company, the Grahame-White Aviation Company, taking control of more than 200 acres (0.81 km2) of Colindale and converting it into what could be recognised as a proper modern airfield. The first occupants were Horatio Barber's Aeronautical Syndicate Ltd and the Bleriot flying school. From 9 to 16 September 1911, the first official UK airmail was flown between Hendon and Windsor as part of the celebrations of the coronation of King George V.

In 1912, the first Aerial Derby started and ended at Hendon. An estimated three million people turned out across London, forming a human ring around the race circuit to see the aviators fly round the metropolis. An estimated two million of these Londoners had never seen an aircraft in flight before. At Hendon Aerodrome at least 45,000 people paid for admission to the enclosures.

These annual events became as important as the Ascot and Epsom races during the London Season. By 1925, 100,000 people were coming to see the display, and it was so popular that there was talk of having to spread it over a few days. The first fatality at Hendon, reported in *The Times* in May 1911, was Bernard Benson (aged 23). On 25 May 1911 he fell 100 feet (30 m) from an ASL Valkyrie.

Several flying schools were located at Hendon, including Grahame-White's, and another established in 1914 by the American aviator George Beatty, in partnership with Handley Page Ltd. These continued normal operation until late 1916. On 11 September 1916, Cicely Ethel Wilkinson qualified as a pilot in a Caudron biplane at the Beatty School at the aerodrome for which she received Royal Aero Club Aviator Certificate number 3522. She was possibly the only woman to qualify as a pilot in Britain during the First World War.

In November 1916, the War Office commandeered the flying schools, after which the aerodrome trained 490 pilots. Claude Grahame-White and other members of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) mounted a night defence of London in 1915, constituting the first aerial defence of London.

After the First World War, the first RAF "Pageant" was held at Hendon in 1920, and it soon became a regular event, known from 1925 as the Royal Air Force Display, and in 1938 as the Empire Air Day.

The aerodrome was briefly active during the Battle of Britain, but for most of the Second World War, was mainly used for transport activities, and flying dignitaries to and from London.

RAF Hendon had three crossed runways with magnetic headings of:

QDM 339 – 3975 x 150 feet QDM 280 – 3000 x 150 feet QDM 014 – 3060 x 150 feet

These runways were removed by 1969.

## Manufacturing at Hendon

Production of aeroplanes was one of the features of the aerodrome's activities under Grahame-White. During the First World War production increased rapidly. To facilitate the transportation of the 3,500 workers and materials, the Midland Railway built a spur from the embanked main line with a platform close to the main line and a loop around the airfield to the plant. It had been Claude Grahame-White's conviction that Hendon would become "the Charing Cross of our international air routes", but the Air Ministry took over in 1922, which led to a protracted and ugly legal action lasting until 1925 when Grahame-White left the site.

## End of flying and airfield closure

The use of Hendon as an airfield was under threat even before the Second World War, since it was considered that RAF Hendon would become an obvious target for enemy bombing raids. After the war the airfield was increasingly unsuitable, particularly because the runways were too short, and the proximity of large residential areas made matters worse. The RAF argued for the military importance of the complex into the 1950s, in case future developments in aviation technology might render the base suitable again, but eventually Hendon Borough Council and the London County Council were able to argue that houses were needed far more than the aerodrome. The last flying unit, the Metropolitan Communication Squadron, left Hendon in November 1957.

The entrance to the aerodrome can be seen in "the parade" scene in the 1967 film *The Dirty Dozen*, with at one point a Kirby Cadet glider of the then-resident 617 Volunteer Gliding School of the Air Training Corps launching in the background. Late in 1968, when two of the three runways had been removed, a Blackburn Beverley was flown in to be an exhibit at the new RAF Museum: this was the last aircraft to land at Hendon. The RAF station finally closed on 1 April 1987.

The site of the aerodrome is now occupied by the Grahame Park housing estate, Hendon Police College, and the RAF Museum which is situated on the southeast side of the site.

## Units

The following squadrons were here at some point:

Units;

## Hendon today

Today, Hendon houses the London branch of the Royal Air Force Museum which portrays the role of the Royal Air Force in the development of aviation and avionics in the United Kingdom. The museum consists of several buildings containing a range of permanent exhibitions including "Our Finest Hour" in the Battle of Britain Hall which was designed, produced and installed by specialist theme park and museum designers Sarner Ltd, the award-winning "Milestones of Flight" which details the major developments in flight technology from 1903 to 2003, two buildings containing various aircraft and helicopters, and part of the Grahame-White Factory, which contains many examples of original aircraft from the First World War and the early days of aviation.

The museum was officially opened at the Colindale (then part of Hendon) London site on 15 November 1972 by Queen Elizabeth II. The hangars housed 36 aircraft at opening. Over the years, the collection has increased in size substantially, and aircraft not on display at Hendon were stored or displayed at smaller local RAF station museums. The Battle of Britain Museum (later Hall) was opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in November 1978. On 3 October 2016 the Battle of Britain Hall was permanently closed and refurbished.

As of 2012, it had over 100 aircraft, including the Avro Lancaster S-Sugar, which flew 137 night sorties. It also includes the only complete Hawker Typhoon. Added in 2018, as part of the RAF Centenary exhibitions, were a Westland Sea King helicopter (once flown by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge), a Gnat jet trainer of the Red Arrows, and a full-scale mock-up of the F-35 Lightning II stealth fighter.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Baldwin, N. C. (1960), *Fifty Years of British Air Mails*, Francis J. Field
* March, Peter R. (1988). *Royal Air Force Yearbook 1988*. Fairford, UK: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund.
* Scholefield, R. A. (2004), "Manchester's Early Airfields, an extended chapter in Moving Manchester", *Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society*, Lancashire & Cheshire Antiquarian Society, ISSN 0950-4699
* Sturtivant, Ray (1997), *Royal Air Force Flying Training and Support Units*, Air-Britain (Historians), ISBN 0-85130-252-1
* Sturtivant, Ray; Hamlin, John. F. (2007). *Royal Air Force flying training and support units since 1912*. UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0851-3036-59.

## InfoBox

| Hendon Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
| Hendon, north London | |
| Aerial view, circa 1941–1942 | |
| Coordinates | 51°36′04″N 0°14′42″W / 51.601°N 0.245°W / 51.601; -0.245 |
| Type | Naval air station
Royal Air Force station |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Air Ministry (1922–1964)
Ministry of Defence |
| Controlled by | Grahame-White Aviation Co.
Royal Navy
Royal Air Force |
| Site history | |
| In use | c.1908 – 1 April 1987 (1987) |
| Battles/wars | First World War
Second World War |


title: Ruda-Skroda

abstract: Ruda-Skroda is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mały Płock, within Kolno County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Kolno and 88 km (55 mi) west of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Ruda-Skroda

**Ruda-Skroda** \[ˈruda ˈskrɔda\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mały Płock, within Kolno County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Kolno and 88 km (55 mi) west of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Ruda-Skroda | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ruda-Skroda | |
| Coordinates: 53°18′N 21°53′E / 53.300°N 21.883°E / 53.300; 21.883 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Kolno |
| Gmina | Mały Płock |
| Population | 118 |


title: Ruda-Opalin

abstract: Ruda-Opalin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ruda-Huta, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of Chełm and 72 km (45 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Ruda-Opalin

**Ruda-Opalin** \[ˈruda ɔˈpalin\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ruda-Huta, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of Chełm and 72 km (45 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Ruda-Opalin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ruda-Opalin | |
| Coordinates: 51°15′N 23°36′E / 51.250°N 23.600°E / 51.250; 23.600 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Chełm |
| Gmina | Ruda-Huta |


title: Henry H. Lyon

abstract: Henry Herbert Lyon was an American politician who served on the Los Angeles City Council and in both chambers of the California State Legislature before his death in 1917.

text:
# Henry H. Lyon

**Henry Herbert Lyon** (April 17, 1879 – November 1, 1917) was an American politician who served on the Los Angeles City Council and in both chambers of the California State Legislature before his death in 1917.

## Political career

In 1906, Lyon ran for Los Angeles City Council for the 7th ward after Edward Kern resigned to become the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. In 1909, the Los Angeles government was reorganized with the new charter, and the ward system was abolished. Lyon ran for re-election but lost as only the first nine were elected, with Richmond Plant beating him by 309 votes. The next year, he became a candidate for the California State Assembly for the 73rd district.

In 1912, he announced himself as a candidate for California State Senate for the 29th district, with Lyon expecting to poll by a large vote. He won the plurality of the vote against two other candidates. He won re-election in 1916 without any opposition; that same year, some of his supporters circulated a petition so that he could run for Mayor of Los Angeles. On April 26, 1917, Lyon announced that he would be running for Los Angeles City Council for the at-large district, placing eleventh and losing the election.

## Assassination

On October 9, 1917, Lyon and his wife were leaving their home when he was shot twice, with Lyon being rushed to the hospital and naming the shooter as Marie Pinzon Edwards. Although expected to survive and recover, Lyon died from the bullet would on November 1, 1917. Edwards was held responsible for his death after he died.

## InfoBox

| Henry H. Lyon | |
| --- | --- |
| Lyon in 1912 | |
|  | |
| Member of the California Senate
from the 29th district | |
| **In office**
January 6, 1913  November 1, 1917 | |
| Preceded by | James B. Holohan |
| Succeeded by | Dwight H. Hart |
| Member of the California State Assembly
from the 73rd district | |
| **In office**
January 2, 1911  January 6, 1913 | |
| Preceded by | Jacob P. Transue |
| Succeeded by | Howard A. Peairs |
| Member of the Los Angeles City Council for the 7th ward | |
| **In office**
December 13, 1906  December 10, 1909 | |
| Preceded by | Edward Kern |
| Succeeded by | *District abolished* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1879-04-17)April 17, 1879
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Died | November 1, 1917(1917-11-01) (aged 38)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Sarah Agnes McGinley  (m. 1899) |
|  | |


title: Henry H. Page House

abstract: The Henry H. Page House is a historic house located at 221 North Union Street in Vermont, Illinois. Horse breeder Henry H. Page had the house built for his family in 1912–13. The house's design reflects a contemporary trend which architectural historian Alan Gowans described as Picturesque Eclectic; while its form distinctly fits a recognizable style, in its case the American Foursquare, its ornamentation borrows from multiple different styles. The large front gable dormer, which includes a horseshoe arch opening and decorated spandrels, is a Queen Anne feature. The cornice features both bracketing and stickwork, decorative elements of the Italianate and Stick styles respectively. The brick piers supporting the front porch come from the American Craftsman style, while the leaded windows are Classical Revival elements. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.

text:
# Henry H. Page House

The **Henry H. Page House** is a historic house located at 221 North Union Street in Vermont, Illinois. Horse breeder Henry H. Page had the house built for his family in 1912–13. The house's design reflects a contemporary trend which architectural historian Alan Gowans described as Picturesque Eclectic; while its form distinctly fits a recognizable style, in its case the American Foursquare, its ornamentation borrows from multiple different styles. The large front gable dormer, which includes a horseshoe arch opening and decorated spandrels, is a Queen Anne feature. The cornice features both bracketing and stickwork, decorative elements of the Italianate and Stick styles respectively. The brick piers supporting the front porch come from the American Craftsman style, while the leaded windows are Classical Revival elements.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Henry H. Page House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 221 N. Union St., Vermont, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 40°17′46″N 90°25′34″W / 40.29611°N 90.42611°W / 40.29611; -90.42611 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1912 (1912)-1913 |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival, Queen Anne, Craftsman |
| MPS | Vermont, Illinois MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 96001289 |
| Added to NRHP | November 7, 1996 |


title: Henry L. Brandon

abstract: Henry Logan Brandon was an American Naval Aviator and attorney. He sat on the Board of Directors of Unocal Corporation of California, and was the company's Vice President of International Development. He also sat on the board of directors of Union Oil in Dahomey, West Africa.

text:
# Henry L. Brandon

**Henry Logan Brandon** (April 22, 1923 – June 21, 1997) was an American Naval Aviator and attorney. He sat on the Board of Directors of Unocal Corporation of California, and was the company's Vice President of International Development. He also sat on the board of directors of Union Oil in Dahomey (now Benin), West Africa.

## Background and family

Henry Logan Brandon was born in Moore County, Tennessee, on April 22, 1923. He died on June 21, 1997, in Pasadena, California.

## World War II

Henry L. Brandon enlisted November 19, 1942, and trained at the Naval Air Primary Training Command 1943. He served as a Naval Aviator from 1945 to 1948. Qualified for carrier landings on an FM-2 Wildcat on the USS *Guadalcanal*, off Jacksonville, Florida. Went through gunnery training on an FG-1D Corsair at US Naval Air Station Alameda. Joined Corsair Fighter-Bomber Squadron VBF-82 in preparation for Operation Downfall.

After his discharge from the Navy he attended the Southern Methodist University, and Vanderbilt University, where he earned a Juris Doctor.

## International business career with Union Oil

During his time with the Unocal Corporation, Brandon worked as the company's general manager in Cuba and Guatemala. In 1961 he became the company's Vice President of International Development. That year he participated in Union's entry into the Indonesian oil market, writing a "contract of work" arrangement, which was a first for Indonesia. In a speech on Indonesian Independence Day in August, 1961, then President Sukarno talked at some length about "production sharing", which included some of Brandon's suggestions.

As Vice President of International Development, he negotiated Unocal's entry into the UAE oil market. In the 1960s, he met extensively with Saqr bin Mohammad Al Qasimi, the Emir of Ras Al Khaimah, to craft the legal agreement between his country and Unocal Corporation.

In 1969 he became Vice President, and a member of the Board of Directors of Union Oil Company of Dahomey, West Africa.

## Footnotes

* Taylor, F. (1976). Unearthing Buried Riches. In *Sign of the 76: The fabulous life and times of the Union Oil Company of California*. (1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 362). Los Angeles: Union Oil Company of California.


title: Rudbjerg

abstract: Until 1 January 2007 Rudbjerg was a municipality on the southwest coast of the island of Lolland in the former Storstrøm County, southern Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 143 km², and had a total population of 3,432 (2005). Its last mayor was Tom Larsen, a member of the Venstre political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was Dannemare. Rudbjerg municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen. It was merged with existing Holeby, Højreby, Maribo, Nakskov, Ravnsborg, and Rødby municipalities to form the new Lolland municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 892 km² and a total population of 49,469 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Sjælland.

text:
# Rudbjerg

Until 1 January 2007 **Rudbjerg** was a municipality (Danish, *kommune*) on the southwest coast of the island of Lolland in the former Storstrøm County, southern Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 143 km², and had a total population of 3,432 (2005). Its last mayor was Tom Larsen, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was Dannemare.

Rudbjerg municipality ceased to exist as the result of *Kommunalreformen* ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with existing Holeby, Højreby, Maribo, Nakskov, Ravnsborg, and Rødby municipalities to form the new Lolland municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 892 km² and a total population of 49,469 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Sjælland (Zealand Region).

54°45′N 11°07′E / 54.750°N 11.117°E / 54.750; 11.117


title: Rudbjerggaard

abstract: Rudbjerggaard, situated 7 km south of Nakskov, is the only half-timbered manor house on the island of Lolland in south-eastern Denmark.

text:
# Rudbjerggaard

**Rudbjerggaard**, situated 7 km south of Nakskov, is the only half-timbered manor house on the island of Lolland in south-eastern Denmark.

## History

### Early history

The first known reference to Rudbjerggaard is from 1231 when it is mentioned as crown land in the Danish Census Book. The first more widely known owner of the estate was Mogens Ebbesøn, for many years the king's vassal first at Aalholm Castle and later Koldinghus. His family owned Rudbjerggaard for more than a century.

Mogens Grubbe acquired Rudbjerggaard in 1555 but already the following year sold it to Erik Rud from the manors of Fuglsang and Møgelkær. The first part of *Rudbjerggaard*, *rud-*, originally derives from the Danish for *rye* but is later associated with his family name.

### Knud Rud's new house

Around the turn of the century, Erik Rud's son,Knud Eriksen Rud, who had taken over the house in 1502, constructed a new seat on the estate, probably completed in 1606 since that date features on the staircase tower of the main wing. Knud Rud married Ellen Marsvin on 1 January 1607 but died a few years later, in 1611, making her twice a widow at the age of 39. Before his death, Rud granted Rudbjerggaard to Marsvin's daughter by her first husband, Kirsten Munk, who would become morganatically married to the widowed King Christian IV in 1615. However, due to her young age, her mother, who was an accomplished business on the way to becoming one of the richest landowners in Denmark, managed the estate on her behalf, until selling it with the king's permission in 1616, probably due to its remote location.

Up through the century, Rudbjerggaard grew considerably, although hit hard by the Swedish Wars. Most of the complex was demolished in the 18th and 19th century but the east wing was spared and later extended in both directions to form the present building. The large staircase tower is in masonry while the rest of the building is timber-framed.

### Reventlow era

In 1891, the estate was acquired by Ludvig Eduard Alexander, Count of Reventlow, born at nearby Pederstrup Manor. He died in 1916 and is interred at nearby Tillitse Church. His widow kept the estate until her death in 1938. It then passed to their son Einar Ludvig August Reventlow.

## Architecture

The current house is the main wing of Rud's originally three- or four-winged complex from 1606. It is built in timber framing, except for the octagonal staircase tower, which is in dressed masonry. The house is still surrounded by the original moats.

## Rudbjerggaard today

Rudbjerggaard covers 459 hectares of farmland and 392 hectares of forest. Fredsholm covers 914 hectares of farmland and 129 hectares of forest.

## List of owners

* (1200-tallet) Kronen
* ( -1466) Christiern Rud
* (1466-1481) Mogens Ebbesen Galt
* (1481-1496) Dorothea Eriksdatter Rosenkrantz, gift Galt
* (1480- ) Eline Lauritzdatter Vasspyd
* (1496-1500) Erik Galt og Ebbe Galt
* (1500-1529) Anders Ebbesen Galt
* (1500-1531) Sophie Galt
* (1500-1548) Peder Andersen Galt
* (1529-1554) Ebbe Andersen Galt
* ( -1535) Laurids Madsen Vaspyd
* (1548- ) Erik Grubbe
* ( -1577) Erik Rud
* (1577- ) Jacob Rud

Ø (1577-1592) Peder Rud

* (1577-1606) Corfitz Rud
* (1577-1611) Knud Rud
* (1611-1616) Kirsten Munk
* (1616-1622) Pernille Gyldenstierne gift Rosenkrantz
* (1622-1623) Eiler Urne
* (1623-1626) Joachim von Barnewitz
* (1626-1640) Øllegaard Hartvigsdatter Pentz, married 1.) von Barnewitz og 2.) von Passow
* (1640-1653) Frederik von Barnewitz
* (1653-1674) Ide Jørgensdatter Grubbe gift von Barnewitz
* (1653-1677) Joachim von Barnewitz
* (1677-1679) Jens Rodsteen
* (1679-1692) Christian Bülow
* (1679-1719) Frederik Rodsteen
* (1679-1715) Else Magdalene Sybille Rodsteen, gift Lehsten
* (1692-1728) Frederik Barnewitz Bülow
* (1719-1723) Jens Christopher von Lehsten
* (1728-1755) Caspar Friderich von Bülow
* (1755-1757) Ida Margrethe Reventlow, gift Knuth
* (1757-1805) Conrad Ditlev Knuth
* (1805-1815) Carl Conrad Gustav Knuth
* (1815-1819) Boet efter Carl Conrad Gustav Knuth
* (1819) Simon Andersen Dons og Johan Ferdinand de Neergaard
* (1819-1823) Simon Andersen Dons
* (1823- ) Carl Conrad Gustav Knuth
* ( -1855) Carl Vilhelm Emil Knuth
* (1855-1865) Julius Gustav Berger Klemp
* (1865-1889) Michael Frederik Gustav Smith
* (1889-1891) Adolph Tesdorpf
* (1891-1916) Ludvig Eduard Alexander Reventlow
* (1916-1938) Benedicte Ulfsparre Bech, gift Reventlow
* (1938-1940) Boet efter Benedicte Ulfsparre Bech, gift Reventlow
* (1940-1978) Einar Ludvig August Reventlow
* (1978- ) Gustav Erik Reventlow von Rosen

## InfoBox

| Rudbjerggaard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Vernacular |
| Location | Lolland |
| Country | Denmark |
| Coordinates | 54°46′1″N 11°7′35″E / 54.76694°N 11.12639°E / 54.76694; 11.12639 |
| Construction started | C. 1600 |


title: Henri Bortoft

abstract: Peter Henri Bortoft was a British independent researcher and teacher, lecturer and writer on physics and the philosophy of science. He is best known for his work The Wholeness of Nature, considered a relevant and original recent interpretation of Goethean science. His book Taking Appearance Seriously: The Dynamic Way of Seeing in Goethe and European Thought was published in 2012. Bortoft completed his studies at the University of Hull, and then performed postgraduate research on the foundations of quantum physics at Birkbeck College, where theoretical physicist David Bohm introduced him to the problem of wholeness in quantum theory. Subsequently, Bortoft worked with John G. Bennett on Bennett's Systematics, which was Bennett's methodology for assisting the systematic and progressive understanding of systems, complexity, and wholeness, and on efforts with Bennett and with Kenneth W. Pledge to develop a formal language that was rigorously descriptive of scientific activity. Those efforts were published in Systematics: The Journal of the Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences, listed below. Bortoft taught physics and philosophy of science at Schumacher College in the framework of the program in Holistic Science. He held numerous lectures and seminars in Great Britain and the United States on the scientific work of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and on the development of modern science. Bortoft died on 29 December 2012 at his home in Matlaske, Norfolk, aged 74.

text:
# Henri Bortoft

**Peter Henri Bortoft** (1938 – 29 December 2012) was a British independent researcher and teacher, lecturer and writer on physics and the philosophy of science. He is best known for his work *The Wholeness of Nature*, considered a relevant and original recent interpretation of Goethean science. His book *Taking Appearance Seriously: The Dynamic Way of Seeing in Goethe and European Thought* was published in 2012.

Bortoft completed his studies at the University of Hull, and then performed postgraduate research on the foundations of quantum physics at Birkbeck College, where theoretical physicist David Bohm introduced him to the problem of wholeness in quantum theory. Subsequently, Bortoft worked with John G. Bennett on Bennett's *Systematics* (also known as Multi-Term Systems), which was Bennett's methodology for assisting the systematic and progressive understanding of systems, complexity, and wholeness, and on efforts with Bennett and with Kenneth W. Pledge to develop a formal language that was rigorously descriptive of scientific activity. Those efforts were published in *Systematics: The Journal of the Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences*, listed below.

Bortoft taught physics and philosophy of science at Schumacher College in the framework of the program in *Holistic Science*. He held numerous lectures and seminars in Great Britain and the United States on the scientific work of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and on the development of modern science.

Bortoft died on 29 December 2012 at his home in Matlaske, Norfolk, aged 74.

## Works

* Henri Bortoft *Taking Appearance Seriously: The Dynamic Way of Seeing in Goethe and European Thought*, Floris Books, 2012, ISBN 978-086315-927-5.
* *The Wholeness of Nature: Goethe's way toward a science of conscious participation in nature*, Lindisfarne Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-940262-79-9.
* *Goethe's Scientific Consciousness*, Octagon press, 1986, ISBN 978-0-904674-10-1. Note that *Goethe's Scientific Consciousness* is reused as part II of the book *The Wholeness of Nature*
* *"Counterfeit and Authentic Wholes"*, In D. Seamon and R. Mugerauer, eds.: *Dwelling, Place and Environment: Toward a Phenomenology of Person and World*, pp. 281–302, Columbia University Press, 1985.
* *The Whole: Counterfeit and Authentic*, Systematics, 9 (2) (September, 1971), pp. 43–73.
* *Review Discussion: A Systematic Critique of the Management of Science*, Systematics, 7 (4) (March, 1971), pp. 347–351.
* *The Ambiguity of ‘One’ and ‘Two’ in Young’s Experiment*, Systematics, 8 (3) (December, 1970), available online at http://www.toutley.demon.co.uk/HB.htm Archived 11 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
* *Language, Will, and the Fact*, Systematics, 6 (3) (December, 1968).
* *“The Resolution by a Rigorous Descriptive Method of Some Dilemmas in Physical Science – Part 1”*, Systematics, 4 (2) (September, 1966). This article reflects Bortoft’s development of the idea of a rigorous descriptive method in the earlier article below and restates the Descriptive Model more concisely and elegantly, with an emphasis on the collective, sociological will of the scientific community.
* with J. G. Bennett and K. W. Pledge: *Towards an Objectively Complete Language: An essay in objective description as applied to scientific procedure* Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Systematics, 3 (3) (December, 1965).

## InfoBox

| Peter Henri Bortoft | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1938 |
| Died | 29 December 2012 (age 74)<br>Matlaske, Norfolk, England |
| Other names | Henri Bortoft |
| Occupation(s) | Researcher, teacher, lecturer and writer |
| Known for | Study of Goethe, and the development of modern science |
| Notable work | *The Wholeness of Nature* |


title: Runcinia acuminata

abstract: Runcinia acuminata is a species of crab spiders. Females reach a body length of about 10 mm, males less than 6 mm. They are often found in seeding heads of grasses, where the females build and camouflage their egg sacs. They mainly feed on moths that visit these grasses.

text:
# Runcinia acuminata

***Runcinia acuminata*** is a species of crab spiders.

Females reach a body length of about 10 mm, males less than 6 mm. They are often found in seeding heads of grasses, where the females build and camouflage their egg sacs. They mainly feed on moths that visit these grasses.

## Distribution

This species is known from Bangladesh to Japan, Borneo, New Guinea and Australia (New South Wales and Queensland).

## Name

The species name is derived from Latin *acuminatus* "pointed".

## InfoBox

| *Runcinia acuminata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Runcinia acuminata* on *Plantago* plant | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Thomisidae |
| Genus: | *Runcinia* |
| Species: | ***R. acuminata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Runcinia acuminata***
(Thorell, 1881) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Misumena elongata*
*Pistius acuminatus*
*Runcinia elongata*
*Runcinia albostriata* | |


title: Ruffels Pictures

abstract: Ruffels Pictures was a British film distribution outfit during the silent era. The company often handled films produced at Kew Bridge Studios. Julius Hagen, later the owner of Twickenham Studios, was employed as a salesman for Ruffels in his earlier career.

text:
# Ruffels Pictures

**Ruffels Pictures** was a British film distribution outfit during the silent era. The company often handled films produced at Kew Bridge Studios. Julius Hagen, later the owner of Twickenham Studios, was employed as a salesman for Ruffels in his earlier career.

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *The History of the British Film, 1918-1929*. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.
* Richards, Jeffrey (ed.). *The Unknown 1930s: An Alternative History of the British Cinema, 1929– 1939*. I.B. Tauris & Co, 1998.


title: Russia at the 2002 Winter Paralympics

abstract: Russia competed at the 2002 Winter Paralympics in Salt Lake City, United States. 26 competitors from Russia won 21 medals including 7 gold, 9 silver and 5 bronze and finished 5th in the medal table.

text:
# Russia at the 2002 Winter Paralympics

**Russia** competed at the **2002 Winter Paralympics** in Salt Lake City, United States. 26 competitors from Russia won 21 medals including 7 gold, 9 silver and 5 bronze and finished 5th in the medal table.

## InfoBox

| Russia at the
2002 Winter Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | RUS |
| NPC | Russian Paralympic Committee |
| Website | www.paralymp.ru (in Russian) |
| in Salt Lake City | |
| Competitors | 26 |
| Medals
Ranked 5th | Gold 7 Silver 9 Bronze 5 Total 21 |
| Winter Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| Soviet Union (1988)
Unified Team (1992)
Neutral Paralympic Athletes (2018) | |


title: Russian Arctic islands

abstract: The Russian Arctic islands are a number of islands groups and sole islands scattered around the Arctic Ocean.

text:
# Russian Arctic islands

The **Russian Arctic islands** are a number of islands groups and sole islands scattered around the Arctic Ocean.

## Geography

The islands are all situated within the Arctic Circle and are scattered through the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean, namely, the Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea and Bering Sea. The area extends some 7,000 kilometres (4,300 miles) from Karelia in the west to the Chukchi Peninsula in the east.

The largest of the Arctic islands is Severny Island, with an area of about 48,904 km2 (18,882 sq mi). It is Russia's second largest island next to Sakhalin Island, and the fourth largest island in Europe.

## History

The Russian Empire officially claimed the Arctic islands to its north in a Note of the Russian Government of 20 September 1916 - this covered the islands of Henrietta, Jeannette, Bennett, Herald, Edinenie, New Siberia, Wrangel, Novaya Zemlya, Kolguev, Vaigach and others. On 15 April 1926, the Soviet Union reaffirmed this claim.

## Islands

The area includes from west to east:

* **Victoria Island** (Остров Виктория; Ostrov Viktoriya), about 14 km2 (5.4 sq mi)
* **Franz Josef Land** (Земля Франца Иосифа; Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa), about 16,134 km2 (6,229 sq mi)
    + Zemlya Georga (Земля Георга, Zemlya Georga), about 2,821 km2 (1,089 sq mi)
    + Wilczek Land (Земля Вильчека; Zemlya Vil'cheka), about 2,203 km2 (851 sq mi)
    + Graham Bell Island, (Остров Греэм-Белл, Ostrov Graham Bell), about 1,557 km2 (601 sq mi)
    + Alexandra Land (Земля Александры, Zemlya Aleksandry), about 1,130 km2 (440 sq mi)
    + Hall Island (Arctic) (Остров Галля, Ostrov Gallya), about 1,049 km2 (405 sq mi)
    + Salisbury Island (Остров Солсбери; Ostrov Solsberi), about 960 km2 (370 sq mi)
* **Kolguyev Island** (о́стров Колгу́ев, Ostrov Kolguev), about 3,497 km2 (1,350 sq mi)
* **Novaya Zemlya** (Новая Земля, Novaya Zemlya), about 90,605 km2 (34,983 sq mi)
    + Severny Island (остров Сeверный, Severny ostrov), about 48,904 km2 (18,882 sq mi)
    + Yuzhny Island ( Южный остров, Yuzhny ostrov), about 33,275 km2 (12,848 sq mi)
    + Vaygach Island, Вайгaч, Vaygach), about 3,398 km2 (1,312 sq mi)
* **Bely Island**, (Остров Белый, Ostrov Beliy), about 1,810 km2 (700 sq mi)
* **Shokalsky Island**, (Остров Шокальского, Ostrov Shokal'skogo), about 428 km2 (165 sq mi)
* **Vilkitsky Island (Kara Sea)**, (Остров Вильки́цкого; Ostrov Vil'kitskogo), about 154 km2 (59 sq mi)
* **Oleniy Island**, (Остров Олений, Ostrov Oleniy), about 1,197 km2 (462 sq mi)
* **Zapovednik Islands** (Острова Заповедник), about 4,921 km2 (1,900 sq mi)
    + Dikson \- Sibiryakov Islands, (Диксон-Сибиряковский острова), about 871 km2 (336 sq mi)
    + The Kara Sea Islands, (Острова Карского моря), about 4,000 km2 (1,500 sq mi)
    + Nordenskiöld Archipelago (Архипелаг Норденшельда, Arkhipelag Nordenshel'da), about 50 km2 (19 sq mi)
        - *Litke Islands* (острова Литке; Ostrova Litke)
        - *Tsivolko Islands* (острова Циволько; Ostrova Tsivolko)
        - *Pakhatusov Islands* (острова Пахтусова; Ostrova Pakhtusova)
        - *Vostochnyye Islands* (Восточные острова; Ostrova Vostochnyye, Eastern Islands)
        - *Vilkitsky Islands* (острова Вилькицкого, Ostrova Vilkitskogo)
        - *Lafetenyye and Prolifnyye Islands* (Ostrova Lafetnyye i Prolivnyye)
* **Vize Island** (Остров Визе, Ostrov Vize), about 289 km2 (112 sq mi)
* **Ushakov Island** (Остров Ушакова, Ostrov Ushakova), about 328 km2 (127 sq mi)
* **Severnaya Zemlya** (Северная Земля, Severnaja Zemlja), about 36,554 km2 (14,114 sq mi)
    + October Revolution Island (Остров Октябрьской Революции, Ostrov Oktyabrskoy Revolyutsii), about 14,170 km2 (5,470 sq mi)
    + Bolshevik Island (о́стров Большеви́к, Ostrov Bolshevik), about 11,206 km2 (4,327 sq mi)
    + Komsomolets Island (остров Комсомолец, Ostrov Komsomolets), about 8,812 km2 (3,402 sq mi)
    + Pioneer Island (остров Пионeр, Ostrov Pioner), about 1,527 km2 (590 sq mi)
* **Bolshoy Begichev Island**, (Большой Бегичев, Bolshoy Begichev), about 1,764 km2 (681 sq mi)
* **New Siberian Islands** (Новосиби́рские острова, Novosibirskiye Ostrova), about 36,290 km2 (14,010 sq mi)
    + Anzhu Islands (Острова Анжу, Ostrova Anzhu), about 29,900 km2 (11,500 sq mi)
    + De Long Islands (Острова Де-Лонга, Ostrova De-Longa), about 228 km2 (88 sq mi)
    + Lyakhovsky Islands (Ляховские острова, Ostrova Lyakhovskiye), about 6,100 km2 (2,400 sq mi)
* **Medvezhyi Islands** (Медвежьи острова, Medvezhyi ostrova), about 65 km2 (25 sq mi)
* **Ayon Island** (Айон, Ayon), about 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi)
* **Wrangel Island** (остров Врaнгеля, Ostrov Vrangelya), about 7,608 km2 (2,937 sq mi)
* **Big Diomede** (остров Ратманова, Ostrov Ratmanova), about 29 km2 (11 sq mi)

* *Islands of the Arctic*, by J. A. Dowdeswell and M. J. Hambrey. ISBN 0-521-81333-6, Cambridge University Press, 2002

74°46′32″N 57°33′46″E / 74.77556°N 57.56278°E / 74.77556; 57.56278


title: Russian Amerika

abstract: Russian Amerika is an alternate history novel written by Stoney Compton. It is set in a world where Alaska was still owned by Russia in 1987.

text:
# Russian Amerika

***Russian Amerika*** is an alternate history novel written by Stoney Compton. It is set in a world where Alaska was still owned by Russia in 1987.

## Background

The story is an alternate history, set in North America, which is made up of several nations:

The reasons for this different political environment are only hinted here and there in the story, but apparently the Point of divergence is that the Civil War started in the 1850s and resulted in a victory by the Confederacy. As a post-war consequence, the US loses all ground west of the Mississippi River as American-claimed western lands secede from the Union and create their own sovereign countries in the wake of the victorious South. With the dissolution of most of its territories and influence, the United States is reduced to a struggling collective of the Great Lake and Northeastern states surrounded by hostile and powerful neighboring countries. With its economy devastated in the aftermath of the war, the US is unable to buy Alaska from Russia, so it remains a commonwealth colony throughout the 19th and 20th century.

Not many further details about the new timeline are explained except for the geopolitical landscape changes of North America that continued to change from the new-found American nations skirmishing at border states, then Canada also dissolves into individual British/French/Native colonies, and it is suggested in the sequel that Napoleon III conquered Quebec by the late 1800s. At the turn of the 20th century, without the US to interfere in the Gulf of Mexico, Spain reconquers and annexes Latin America relatively unopposed. Eventually, the American nations have managed to cease hostilities with one another and formed the North American Treaty Organization, an alternate version of the real-world NATO, but it is unknown if it is a quasi military alliance or a non-aggression pact.

The altered history of the world is not explained as much as North America except for such important events, like that the World War I did happen, as it is called the Great War. The Russian Communist revolution failed two times as Vladimir Lenin has been either exiled or executed, which is unknown, but the Tsar did rule the Russian Empire with a ruthless regime regardless. At some point, the Tsar of Russia married the Crown Princess of Spain; what effect this had is not explained, but is hinted at having given the Russians great control in Europe for some time—for Russia has developed a long-time alliance with Spain for it to re-establish its colonial empire on North America. The Second World War occurred in Europe, but it was another stalemated campaign similar to the First World War. The Japanese Empire had fought a war in the Pacific with the Republic of California after a surprise-attack on California's naval fleet in San Diego, a parallel to Pearl Harbor, but the altered Pacific War's outcome is left unanswered.

Along with this altered timeline came a slowed development of technology keeping the world of July 1987 at a roughly 1940s level, as no jet engines, television, atomic weapons, nor computers were ever invented (with the exception of command logic machines), but helicopters do exist without turbine propulsion and the preferred means of telecommunications in this time is by VHF radio. Political changes were slow as well, for no international communities (the League of Nations or the UN) were established either, and some countries still practice human slavery.

## Plot

History suggests that the year is Summer of 1987 as the book begins.

Most of the plot follows a mixed-raced man named Gregori Grogorievich. A decorated but disgraced Imperial Russian Army Major, Gregori has left the military for a maritime life in Southeastern Alaska and has a sport fishing boat which he uses for charters and occasional smuggling. He is hired one day by a Tsarist government official to make a rendezvous with a mysterious woman named Valari Kominskiya, but things go badly. The official gets drunk and tries to rape Valari and kill Gregori, but the official is killed in self-defense and thrown overboard. As Gregori tries to find out how to get out of Russian Amerika with Valari for political asylum, he is betrayed by her, as Valari is actually a spy and a high-ranking officer in the Russian Army. Gregori is captured by the government and falsely charged with the murder of the official (who was actually Valari's superior) and with the attempted rape of Valari, leading to a sentence of life of hard labor on the Russian-Canadian Highway.

After long winter months of being subjected to brutal slavery, he and a group of other prisoners are rescued by a band of native Alaskans and are taken into the wilderness to evade the Russian manhunters called *promyshlennik* sent to capture or kill the prisoners. It turns out that Gregori's native Alaskan rescuers are revolutionaries called the Dené Republik that seek to liberate their Yukon lands and Alaska itself from Imperial Russia which has driven them away from their home for hundreds of years. The revolutionaries offer Gregori a place in their ranks to fight the Russians. Without much choice to go back to his old life, and longing to have a chance to get revenge for being betrayed by the tyranny and corruption of the Tsarist government, Gregori joins the Alaskan forces. Throughout the winter of 1987 and early 1988, he and the other group of prisoners who also agree to join and fight their common enemy, are trained under the Dené to fight a guerrilla war against the Russian military scattered throughout Alaska while the Dené begin establishing the foundations of their would-be democracy of the new Alaska.

At first the rebels are outnumbered in the face of the Imperial forces, but after successful attacks against fortified colonial towns, capturing weapons, recruiting more people of Alaska against Imperialist rule, and military assistance from the US and California, it appears victory for independence is plausible. Although the war to liberate Alaska will go far beyond what Gregori expected of a revolution, from surviving and losing friends to the relentless pursuit from Valari partnered with a vengeful *promyshlennik*, traitors within the separatist Dené itself, and the unforgiving frontier, to rallying international support for the cause to fight an all-out war against the wrath of the Russian Empire that would surely decide the future of all the nations of North America.

## Sequels

In 2011 the follow-up *Alaska Republik* was published.

## Reception

*Publishers Weekly* praised Compton's "depiction of warfare under extreme arctic conditions" as "horrifyingly realistic and vivid", and noted the "plausible backstory" for the timeline.

## InfoBox

Russian Amerika
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Stoney Compton |
| Cover artist | Kurt Miller |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Alternate history novel |
| Publisher | Baen Books |
| Publication date | April 3, 2007 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 464 pp (first edition, hardback) |
| ISBN | 978-1-4165-2116-7 (first edition, hardback) |
| OCLC | 76898100 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.6 22 |
| LC Class | PS3603.O49 R87 2007 |


abstract: Rural and isolated practice registered nurse (RIPRN), also rural and isolated practice endorsed registered nurse (RIPERN), is an endorsement for registered nurses practising in rural, isolated and remote areas in Australia. Such nurses hold the post-nominal RIPRN. The program of study is delivered at a post-graduate certificate or diploma level, and is recognised by the Australian Health Practitioner's Registration Authority (AHPRA) as "scheduled medicines endorsement". The only other endorsement recognised for nurses by AHPRA is that of a midwife. Once endorsed as RIPRN, nurses in may initiate the administration and supply of certain restricted and controlled drugs, or scheduled medicines under a drug therapy protocol (DTP). The DTP requires that clinical guidelines around the use of the medicines are in place - called health management protocols (HMP). In Queensland the HMPs are contained within the statewide Primary Clinical Care Manual (PCCM). The PCCM is updated in line with Cochrane Library data and other evidence-based medicine sources every two years to remain current. If completing the course through Queensland Health as the education provider, the program includes written and practical assessment over an 11-month period of time. Otherwise by Graduate Diploma through a University, the courses usually take 12 months.

text:
# Rural and isolated practice registered nurse

**Rural and isolated practice registered nurse** (**RIPRN**), also **rural and isolated practice endorsed registered nurse** (**RIPERN**), is an endorsement for registered nurses practising in rural, isolated and remote areas in Australia. Such nurses hold the post-nominal RIPRN.

The program of study is delivered at a post-graduate certificate or diploma level, and is recognised by the Australian Health Practitioner's Registration Authority (AHPRA) as "scheduled medicines endorsement (rural and isolated practice)". The only other endorsement recognised for nurses by AHPRA is that of a midwife.

Once endorsed as RIPRN, nurses in may initiate the administration and supply of certain restricted and controlled drugs, or scheduled medicines (that normally require a prescription) under a drug therapy protocol (DTP). The DTP requires that clinical guidelines around the use of the medicines are in place - called health management protocols (HMP). In Queensland the HMPs are contained within the statewide Primary Clinical Care Manual (PCCM). The PCCM is updated in line with Cochrane Library data and other evidence-based medicine sources every two years to remain current.

If completing the course through Queensland Health as the education provider, the program includes written and practical assessment over an 11-month period of time. Otherwise by Graduate Diploma through a University, the courses usually take 12 months.

## Course content

Content of the program includes:

* Legislation and context of practice
* Pharmacology
* Clinical skills assessments
* Immunisation for nurses
* Primary health care case studies


title: Rural area

abstract: In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry are typically described as rural, as well as other areas lacking substantial development. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes. Rural areas have unique economic and social dynamics due to their relationship with land-based industry such as agriculture, forestry, and resource extraction. Rural economics can be subject to boom and bust cycles and vulnerable to extreme weather or natural disasters, such as droughts. These dynamics alongside larger economic forces encouraging urbanization have led to significant demographic declines, called rural flight, where economic incentives encourage younger populations to go to cities for education and access to jobs, leaving older, less educated and less wealthy populations in the rural areas. Slower economic development results in poorer services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure. This cycle of poverty contributes to why three quarters of the global impoverished live in rural areas according to the Food and Agricultural Organization. Some communities have successfully encouraged economic development in rural areas, with policies such as increased access to electricity or internet. Historically, development policies have focused on larger extractive industries, such as mining and forestry. However, recent approaches more focused on sustainable development take into account economic diversification in these communities.

text:
# Rural area

In general, a **rural area** or a **countryside** is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry are typically described as rural, as well as other areas lacking substantial development. Different countries have varying definitions of *rural* for statistical and administrative purposes.

Rural areas have unique economic and social dynamics due to their relationship with land-based industry such as agriculture, forestry, and resource extraction. Rural economics can be subject to boom and bust cycles and vulnerable to extreme weather or natural disasters, such as droughts. These dynamics alongside larger economic forces encouraging urbanization have led to significant demographic declines, called rural flight, where economic incentives encourage younger populations to go to cities for education and access to jobs, leaving older, less educated and less wealthy populations in the rural areas. Slower economic development results in poorer services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure. This cycle of poverty contributes to why three quarters of the global impoverished live in rural areas according to the Food and Agricultural Organization.

Some communities have successfully encouraged economic development in rural areas, with policies such as increased access to electricity or internet. Historically, development policies have focused on larger extractive industries, such as mining and forestry. However, recent approaches more focused on sustainable development take into account economic diversification in these communities.

## Regional definitions

### North America

#### Canada

In Canada, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development defines a "predominantly rural region" as having more than 50% of the population living in rural communities where a "rural community" has a population density less than 150 people per square kilometre. In Canada, the census division has been used to represent "regions" and census consolidated sub-divisions have been used to represent "communities". Intermediate regions have 15 to 49 percent of their population living in a rural community. Predominantly urban regions have less than 15 percent of their population living in a rural community. Predominantly rural regions are classified as rural metro-adjacent, rural non-metro-adjacent and rural northern, following Philip Ehrensaft and Jennifer Beeman (1992). Rural metro-adjacent regions are predominantly rural census divisions which are adjacent to metropolitan centres while rural non-metro-adjacent regions are those predominantly rural census divisions which are not adjacent to metropolitan centres. Rural northern regions are predominantly rural census divisions that are found either entirely or mostly above the following lines of latitude in each province: Newfoundland and Labrador, 50th; Manitoba, 53rd; Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan, 54th. As well, rural northern regions encompass all of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut.

Statistics Canada defines rural areas by their population counts. This has referred to the population living outside settlements of 1,000 or fewer inhabitants. The current definition states that census rural is the population outside settlements with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and a population density below 400 people per square kilometre.

#### United States

Rural areas in the United States, often referred to as rural America, consists of approximately 97% of the United States' land area. An estimated 60 million people, or one in five residents (17.9% of the total U.S. population), live in rural America. Definitions vary from different parts of the United States government as to what constitutes those areas.

Rural areas tend to be poorer and their populations are older than in other parts of the United States because of rural flight, declining infrastructure, and fewer economic prospects. The declining population also results in less access to services, such as high-quality medical and education systems.

### South America

#### Brazil

In Brazil, there are different notions of "rural area" and "countryside". Rural areas are any place outside a municipality's urban development (buildings, streets) and it is carried by informal usage. Otherwise, countryside (*interior* in Portuguese) are officially defined as all municipalities outside the state/territory capital's metropolitan region. Some states as Mato Grosso do Sul do not have any metropolitan regions, thus all of the state, except its capital is officially countryside. Rio de Janeiro is singular in Brazil and it is de facto a metropolitan state, as circa 70% of its population are located in Greater Rio. In the Federal District it is not applicable and there is no countryside as all of it is treated as the federal capital. Brasília is nominally the capital, but the capitality is shared through all Federal District, because Brazil de facto defines its capital as a municipality, and in municipal matters, the Federal District is treated and governs as a single municipality, city-state-like (Brasília, DF).

### Europe

#### France

15% of the French population lives in rural areas, spread over 90% of the country. The government under President Emmanuel Macron launched an action plan in 2019 amid the yellow vests movement in favor of rural areas named the "Agenda Rural". Among many initiatives recommended to redynamize rural areas, energy transition is one of them. Research is being carried out to assess the impact of new projects in rural areas.

In 2018, the government had launched the "Action Cœur de Ville" program to revitalize town centers across the country. 222 towns were selected as part of the five-year program. One of the program's aims is to make the towns attractive so the areas nearby can also benefit from investments.

#### Germany

Germany is divided into 402 administrative districts, 295 rural districts and 107 urban districts. As one of the largest agricultural producers in the European Union, more than half of Germany's territory which is almost 19 million hectares, is used for farming, and located in the rural areas. Almost 10% of people in Germany have jobs related to the agricultural, forest and fisheries sectors; approximately a fifth of them are employed in the primary production. Since there is a policy of equal living conditions, people see rural areas as equivalent as urban areas. Village renewal is an approach to develop countryside and supports the challenges faced in the process of it.

#### United Kingdom

In Britain, there are various definitions of a rural area. "Rural" is defined by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), using population data from the latest census, such as the United Kingdom Census 2001. These definitions have various grades, but the upper point is any local government area with more than 26% of its population living in a rural settlement or market town ("market town" being defined as any settlement which has permission to hold a street market). A number of measures are in place to protect the British countryside, including green belts.

### Asia

#### China

Rural society in the People's Republic of China encompasses less than half of China's population (roughly 45%) and has a varied range of standard of living and means of living. Life in rural China differs from that of urban China. In southern and coastal China, rural areas are developing and, in some cases, statistically approaching urban economies. In northwest and western regions, rural society is still perceived as lowly and primitive. Basic needs such as running water and accessible transportation are a problem in these areas.

#### India

Rural areas are also known as the 'countryside' or a 'village' in India. It has a very low population density. In rural areas, agriculture is the chief source of livelihood along with fishing, cottage industries, pottery etc.

Almost every Indian economic agency today has its own definition of rural India, some of which follow: According to the Planning Commission, a town with a maximum population of 15,000 is considered rural in nature. In these areas the panchayat makes all the decisions. There are five people in the panchayat. The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) defines 'rural' as follows:

* An area with a population density of up to 400 per square kilometer,
* Villages with clear surveyed boundaries but no municipal board,
* A minimum of 75% of male working population involved in agriculture and allied activities.

RBI defines rural areas as those areas with a population of less than 49,000 (tier -3 to tier-6 cities).

It is generally said that the rural areas house up to 70% of India's population. Rural India contributes a large chunk to India's GDP by way of agriculture, self-employment, services, construction etc. As per a strict measure used by the National Sample Survey in its 63rd round, called monthly per capita expenditure, rural expenditure accounts for 55% of total national monthly expenditure. The rural population currently accounts for one-third of the total Indian FMCG sales.

#### Japan

In Japan, rural areas are referred to as "Inaka" which translates literally to "the countryside" or "one's native village".

#### Pakistan

According to the 2017 census about 64% of Pakistanis live in rural areas. Most rural areas in Pakistan tend to be near cities and are peri-urban areas. This is due to the definition of a rural area in Pakistan being an area that does not come within an urban boundary. Rural areas in Pakistan that are near cities are considered as suburban areas or suburbs.

The remote rural villagers of Pakistan commonly live in houses made of bricks, clay or mud. Socioeconomic status among rural Pakistani villagers is often based upon the ownership of agricultural land, which also may provide social prestige in village cultures. The majority of rural Pakistani inhabitants livelihoods is based upon the rearing of livestock, which also comprises a significant part of Pakistan's gross domestic product. Some livestock raised by rural Pakistanis include cattle and goats.

### Oceania

#### New Zealand

In New Zealand census areas are classified based on their degree of rurality. However, traffic law has a different interpretation and defines a **Rural area** as "*... a road or a geographical area that is not an urban traffic area, to which the rural speed limit generally applies.*"

## Economics

Rural economics is the study of rural economies. Rural economies include both agricultural and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than agricultural economics which focus more on food systems. Rural development and finance attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities and rural poverty. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with rural electrification and rural tourism providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.

Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of economic geography: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade, land use, and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.

### Development

Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Often, rural regions have experienced rural poverty, poverty greater than urban or suburban economic regions due to lack of access to economic activities, and lack of investments in key infrastructure such as education.

Rural development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. However, changes in global production networks and increased urbanization have changed the character of rural areas. Increasingly rural tourism, niche manufacturers, and recreation have replaced resource extraction and agriculture as dominant economic drivers. The need for rural communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource-based businesses.

Education, entrepreneurship, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure all play an important role in developing rural regions. Rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies. In contrast to urban regions, which have many similarities, rural areas are highly distinctive from one another. For this reason there are a large variety of rural development approaches used globally.

### Electricity

Rural electrification is the process of bringing electrical power to rural and remote areas. Rural communities are suffering from colossal market failures as the national grids fall short of their demand for electricity. As of 2019, 770 million people live without access to electricity – 10.2% of the global population. Electrification typically begins in cities and towns and gradually extends to rural areas, however, this process often runs into obstacles in developing nations. Expanding the national grid is expensive and countries consistently lack the capital to grow their current infrastructure. Additionally, amortizing capital costs to reduce the unit cost of each hook-up is harder to do in lightly populated areas (yielding higher per capita share of the expense). If countries are able to overcome these obstacles and reach nationwide electrification, rural communities will be able to reap considerable amounts of economic and social development.

### Migration

Rural flight (also known as rural-to-urban migration, rural depopulation, or rural exodus) is the migratory pattern of people from rural areas into urban areas. It is urbanization seen from the rural perspective.

In industrializing economies like Britain in the eighteenth century or East Asia in the twentieth century, it can occur following the industrialization of primary industries such as agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry—when fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of output to market—and related secondary industries (refining and processing) are consolidated. Rural exodus can also follow an ecological or human-caused catastrophe such as a famine or resource depletion. These are examples of push factors.

The same phenomenon can also be brought about simply because of higher wages and educational access available in urban areas; examples of pull factors.

Once rural populations fall below a critical mass, the population is too small to support certain businesses, which then also leave or close, in a vicious circle. Even in non-market sectors of the economy, providing services to smaller and more dispersed populations becomes proportionately more expensive for governments, which can lead to closures of state-funded offices and services, which further harm the rural economy. Schools are the archetypal example because they influence the decisions of parents of young children: a village or region without a school will typically lose families to larger towns that have one. But the concept (urban hierarchy) can be applied more generally to many services and is explained by central place theory.

Government policies to combat rural flight include campaigns to expand services to the countryside, such as electrification or distance education. Governments can also use restrictions like internal passports to make rural flight illegal. Economic conditions that can counter rural depopulation include commodities booms, the expansion of outdoor-focused tourism, and a shift to remote work, or exurbanization. To some extent, governments generally seek only to manage rural flight and channel it into certain cities, rather than stop it outright as this would imply taking on the expensive task of building airports, railways, hospitals, and universities in places with few users to support them, while neglecting growing urban and suburban areas.

### Poverty

Rural poverty refers to situations where people living in non-urban regions are in a state or condition of lacking the financial resources and essentials for living. It takes account of factors of rural society, rural economy, and political systems that give rise to the marginalization and economic disadvantage found there. Rural areas, because of their small, spread-out populations, typically have less well maintained infrastructure and a harder time accessing markets, which tend to be concentrated in population centers.

Rural communities also face disadvantages in terms of legal and social protections, with women and marginalized communities frequently having a harder time accessing land, education and other support systems that help with economic development. Several policies have been tested in both developing and developed economies, including rural electrification and access to other technologies such as internet, gender parity, and improved access to credit and income.

In academic studies, rural poverty is often discussed in conjunction with spatial inequality, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas. Both rural poverty and spatial inequality are global phenomena, but like poverty in general, there are higher rates of rural poverty in developing countries than in developed countries.

Eradicating rural poverty through effective policies and economic growth is a continuing difficulty for the international community, as it invests in rural development. According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development, 70 percent of the people in extreme poverty are in rural areas, most of whom are smallholders or agricultural workers whose livelihoods are heavily dependent on agriculture. These food systems are vulnerable to extreme weather, which is expected to affect agricultural systems the world over more as climate change increases.

Thus the climate crisis is expected to reduce the effectiveness of programs reducing rural poverty and cause displacement of rural communities to urban centers. Sustainable Development Goal 1: No Poverty sets international goals to address these issues, and is deeply connected with investments in a sustainable food system as part of Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger.

## Rural health

In medicine, rural health or rural medicine is the interdisciplinary study of health and health care delivery in rural environments. The concept of rural health incorporates many fields, including wilderness medicine, geography, midwifery, nursing, sociology, economics, and telehealth or telemedicine.

Rural populations often experience health disparities and greater barriers in access to healthcare compared to urban populations. Globally, rural populations face increased burdens of noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, contributing to worse health outcomes and higher mortality rates. Factors contributing to these health disparities include remote geography, increased rates of health risk behaviors, lower population density, decreased health insurance coverage among the population, lack of health infrastructure, and work force demographics. People living in rural areas also tend to have less education, lower socioeconomic status, and higher rates of alcohol and smoking when compared to their urban counterparts. Additionally, the rate of poverty is higher in rural populations globally, contributing to health disparities due to an inability to access healthy foods, healthcare, and housing.

Many countries have made it a priority to increase funding for research on rural health. These research efforts are designed to help identify the healthcare needs of rural communities and provide policy solutions to ensure those needs are met.

## Academic study

Because of their unique dynamics, different academic fields have developed to study rural communities.

### Economics

Rural economics is the study of rural economies. Rural economies include both agricultural and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than agricultural economics which focus more on food systems. Rural development and finance attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities and rural poverty. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with rural electrification and rural tourism providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.

Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of economic geography: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade, land use, and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.

### Rural planning

**Rural planning** is an academic discipline that exists *within* or *alongside* the field of urban planning, regional planning or urbanism. The definition of these fields differs between languages and contexts. Sometimes the terms are used interchangeably.

Specific interventions and solutions will depend entirely on the needs of each region in each country, but generally speaking, regional planning at the macro level will seek to:

* Resist development in flood plains or along earthquake faults. These areas may be utilised as parks, or unimproved farmland.
* Designate transportation corridors using hubs and spokes and considering major new infrastructure
* Some thought into the various 'role's settlements in the region may play, for example some may be administrative, with others based upon manufacturing or transport.
* Consider designating essential nuisance land uses locations, including waste disposal.
* Designate Green belt land or similar to resist settlement amalgamation and protect the environment.
* Set regional level 'policy' and zoning which encourages a mix of housing values and communities.
* Consider building codes, zoning laws and policies that encourage the best use of the land.
* Allocation of land.

### Sociology

Rural sociology is a field of sociology traditionally associated with the study of social structure and conflict in rural areas. It is an active academic field in much of the world, originating in the United States in the 1910s with close ties to the national Department of Agriculture and land-grant university colleges of agriculture.

While the issue of natural resource access transcends traditional rural spatial boundaries, the sociology of food and agriculture is one focus of rural sociology, and much of the field is dedicated to the economics of farm production. Other areas of study include rural migration and other demographic patterns, environmental sociology, amenity-led development, public-lands policies, so-called "boomtown" development, social disruption, the sociology of natural resources (including forests, mining, fishing and other areas), rural cultures and identities, rural health-care, and educational policies. Many rural sociologists work in the areas of development studies, community studies, community development, and environmental studies. Much of the research involves developing countries or the Third World.

## Further reading


title: Henry Kohlert

abstract: Henry Kohlert was an American racing driver and aviator.

text:
# Henry Kohlert

**Henry Kohlert** (March 8, 1892 – December 18, 1939) was an American racing driver and aviator.

## Biography

Kohlert served in the United States Army 67th Balloon Corps during World War 1. After the war he became an Automotive Mechanic, Automotive Dealer and Race car Driver. He raced a 1924 Miller 122 converted to a supercharged 91 cubic inch per AAA rules. He purchased the car from fellow racer and Indianapolis 500 winner Tommy Milton in 1926. He raced in the 1927 Indianapolis 500 replacing Fred Lecklider on lap 19. On lap 49 at the 120 mile mark Cliff Bergere collided with him causing him to be thrown from the car. The car flipped three times in mid-air as Bergere passed underneath. A bystander jumped on the track and pulled him into the infield where he was mistaken for dead. He was rushed to the hospital and was released a few weeks later. During this time he recovered with fellow racer Norman Batten who was burned when his car caught fire in the race. A year later Kohlert qualified for the 1928 Indianapolis 500 and finished 13th. Afterwards he sold the car and bought a 1928 Waco 9 biplane. He leased land from a local farmer and after 3 years sold the interest to the plane and the field to a group of businessmen. The field later became known as Dupage Airport in West Chicago Illinois. All the time he ran an Automotive Dealership in St. Charles Illinois which sold Nash and Ford cars. In 1937 he purchased Batten's Miller Fengler/Junior 8 from Batten's widow. He installed a 122 Miller engine from Harry Hartz's Indianapolis winner and with several modifications included bigger brakes and a better oiling system Kohlert entered the car with Chicago dirt track racer Duke Nalon at the wheel. The car placed 11th in 1938 and Kohlert came back to qualify with Nalon and the car in 1939 but a broken camshaft ended the run before the car could qualify.

## Motorsports career results

### Indianapolis 500 results

## InfoBox

| Henry Kohlert | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1892-03-08)March 8, 1892
St. Charles, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | December 18, 1939(1939-12-18) (aged 47)
St. Charles, Illinois, U.S. |
|  | |
| Champ Car career | |
| 1 race run over 1 year | |
| First race | 1928 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis) |
| Wins Podiums Poles  0 0 0 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Henry Tucker (colonial storekeeper)

abstract: Henry Tucker was a Royal Navy officer and the first colonial storekeeper for the newly established Colony of New Zealand.

text:
# Henry Tucker (colonial storekeeper)

**Henry Tucker** (1793 – 26 August 1850) was a Royal Navy officer and the first colonial storekeeper for the newly established Colony of New Zealand.

## Early life

Tucker entered Royal Navy service at the Plymouth Yard on 29 November 1802, initially as a Shipwright apprentice under the Master Measurer. Tucker completed his apprenticeship on 14 December 1811, when he then became the Clerk to the Master Measurer, remaining in this role until 1822. This was a role of some responsibility requiring above-average literacy and numeracy skills and would have provided Tucker with intimate knowledge of the behind the scenes logistic workings of the Royal Navy.

On 16 November 1817 Tucker married Elizabeth Howell (1795–1844) at South Wraxall, Wiltshire, England. It is known that their union produced a daughter Emma Mary who was born in 1829 (died 1859) and a son, William Tucker who was born on 5 January 1843. Elizabeth died on 16 December 1844, and Tucker remarried on 20 December 1845 to Emily Shell.

Tucker, with a wife to support, must have decided that a career as a purser would be a profitable and logical path of advancement. At that time pursers were warranted by the Admiralty but did not require professional qualifications. However, some kind of financial surety was required; 20 years as Clerk to a Master Measurer provided that. The duties of a purser were to oversee supply and issue of victuals, slops and other consumables. The purser was one of the five standing officers of the ship. (A standing officer was permanently assigned to a ship.) The purser's position presented many opportunities to the canny to enrich himself, often at the expense of the crew. Bligh of HMS *Bounty* fame, served as his own purser, with the actual work falling to his clerk. The regulations of the Royal Navy demanded that individuals aspiring to become pursers serve at least one year as a captain's clerk, which Tucker completed on HMS *Calliope*, and in 1825 he obtained his promotion to the rank of Purser and Paymaster.

In 1828 Tucker was the purser aboard HMS *Icarus*, an 18-gun brig-sloop which was then part of the Royal Navy Barbados Station in the Caribbean, undertaking anti-piracy and anti-slavery patrols.

In 1840 Tucker was the purser and paymaster on HMS *Buffalo*, which whilst anchored in Mercury Bay off Whitianga, loaded with kauri spars, was wrecked in a storm on 28 July 1840. Given the remoteness of New Zealand at that time, Tucker was, along with the rest of the crew of HMS *Buffalo*, stranded in New Zealand, with the choice to either settle or find passage on the next available ship out.

## Career in New Zealand

In 1840 New Zealand became a Crown Colony separate from New South Wales. William Hobson, the incoming governor, requested that Tucker remain in the colony and undertake the office of colonial storekeeper. To this Tucker consented, occupying that position from 19 December 1840 to 1844 when the position was cancelled.

In the new colony, the role of colonial storekeeper was a key position within the quickly expanding colonial administration. The storekeeper's responsibility was to support the colonial administration with its logistical needs. Imperial troops in New Zealand were the responsibility of the Board of Ordnance, with which no doubt Tucker had a close working relationship.

Records show that Tucker as colonial storekeeper was purchasing all manner of goods including tents, blankets, stationery, printing supplies, building products, animals and feed. A primary duty of the storekeeper was to store and issue arms to settlers' militia should the need arise. By December 1842 Tucker had the following in store:

In late 1843 the Colonial Secretary of New Zealand deemed the position of Colonial Storekeeper as unnecessary and the position was to be cancelled. This was seen as an unpopular move and was questioned by the newspapers of the day, as Tucker was a popular individual in the community, and especially in the light that as soon as he was made redundant, a Mr Leach was appointed, under a different job title to the office of Colonial Storekeeper. The duties of the Colonial Storekeeper were in time assumed by the Superintendent of Public Works. No longer Colonial Storekeeper, Tucker remained in Government service first as the Chief Clerk Audit from 17 February 1844, and on 24 July 1844 he was appointed as the Chief Clerk, Governor's private affairs.

On 8 August 1846 it was announced in the nation's newspapers that Tucker was to be released from Government service. Judging by the newspaper articles of the time, Tucker was a well-respected public servant and there was some disappointment that he was released from public service.

## Final years

Late in 1846 Tucker returned to England, where he was shortly afterwards appointed Paymaster and Purser of HMS *Acheron*, a Hermes-class wooden paddle sloop of the Royal Navy. Whilst *Acheron* was undertaking a coastal survey of New Zealand, ill-health compelled Tucker to relinquish his post aboard this vessel. Years of service had greatly impaired his constitution, which rapidly gave way, and for the last three or four months he suffered with much fortitude and resignation despite being in great pain, until he died on 26 August 1850 in Auckland, New Zealand.

Having been so recently on active service and a much respected public figure in the colony, Tucker's funeral was a martial affair: the coffin, covered with the Union Jack, and surmounted with his hat and sword, carried to the grave by a party of blue jackets landed for that purpose from HMS *Fly*. The funeral party included his son, the Governor of the New Zealand Colony, senior military officials and a long and highly respectable train of civilians and former shipmates from HMS *Buffalo*. Tucker is buried at the Symonds Street Cemetery in central Auckland.

The *Daily Southern Cross* newspaper summarised Henry Tucker as:

> The late Mr Tucker may, without the smallest approach to monument or eulogy, be affirmed to have been a worthy, upright man. Sailors are accurate judges of character, and the soubriquet – "Honest" Ben Tucker" – which, according to Captain Edward Stanley was the appellation given him by his messmates, proved the high estimation in which he was held.

## Legacy

As the first colonial storekeeper of New Zealand, Henry Tucker has been adopted as the godfather of the New Zealand Army's Supply Trades. The former Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps named its unofficial Senior NCO, Warrant Officer and Officer social and professional development club "The Henry Tucker Club", a tradition which has carried over to the Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment. Today his name adorns lecture rooms at the Supply Wing of the NZ Army Trade Training School and is also used as the name of the a combined exercise and field phase of the Supply Technician RNZALR, Intermediate and Senior Supply courses.

## InfoBox

| Henry Tucker | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1793
United Kingdom |
| Died | 26 August 1850 (aged 57)
Auckland, New Zealand |
| Resting place | Symonds Street Cemetery |
| Occupation | Naval Officer |
| Known for | Royal Navy Purser and Paymaster (Supply Officer) and first Colonial Storekeeper of the Colony of New Zealand |
| Spouse(s) | Elizabeth Howell (died 1844)
Emily Shell (married 1845) |
| Children | 2, including William Tucker |


title: Ruth Rothstein

abstract: Ruth M. Rothstein was a nationally recognized public health activist who lived by the conviction that health care is a right, not a privilege, and that institutions have a responsibility to the community. Rothstein, who died on Aug. 4, 2013 at the age of 90, paved the way for women in healthcare administration, rising from a job as a laboratory technician to run health care systems in one of the largest cities in the nation. Rothstein served as president and CEO of Mount Sinai Medical Center, director of Cook County Hospital, and Chief of the Cook County Department of Public Health. From 2003 until her death, she helped guide Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in North Chicago, Ill., as chairman of the board of trustees.

text:
# Ruth Rothstein

**Ruth M. Rothstein** (April 5, 1923 - August 4, 2013) was a nationally recognized public health activist who lived by the conviction that health care is a right, not a privilege, and that institutions have a responsibility to the community.

Rothstein, who died on Aug. 4, 2013 at the age of 90, paved the way for women in healthcare administration, rising from a job as a laboratory technician to run health care systems in one of the largest cities in the nation. Rothstein served as president and CEO of Mount Sinai Medical Center, director of Cook County Hospital, and Chief of the Cook County Department of Public Health. From 2003 until her death, she helped guide Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in North Chicago, Ill., as chairman of the board of trustees.

## Early life

Rothstein was born on April 5, 1923, in Brooklyn, N.Y. and grew up during the Depression in a fourth-floor walk-up in the immigrant Jewish neighborhood of Brownsville. She attended Hebrew School and played violin. The oldest of four children, she often accompanied her father, a Socialist and union organizer, to labor meetings and demonstrations. By age 11 she was making speeches on street corners about the need for work relief.

The family had no money for college. Rothstein recalled that she went to work out of high school and that's when she bought her first winter coat.

## Union organizer, Wife, Mother, Lab technician

She left New York in her early 20s and moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where she took a job with the United Electrical Workers union organizing women who worked for General Electric, Westinghouse, and General Motors.

Five years later, she accepted a job offer with the union in Chicago, but upon arriving there found that she had been hired to replace another woman. She refused the job.

She then took a job with the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers. She married labor lawyer David Rothstein in 1950 and the couple had two children, Martha and Jonathan. In 1952, she returned to the workforce at the urging of a friend who needed help in the laboratory at Jackson Park Hospital in Chicago. There, Rothstein became an on-the-job trained lab technician and advanced to director of personnel.

## Saving Mt. Sinai

In 1966, she was recruited by a physician to use her organizing skills at Mt. Sinai Hospital Medical Center. She was initially rejected by the CEO of the hospital because she lacked a college degree. But she was soon hired to work in admitting. She spent the next 25 years working to rejuvenate the failing Jewish hospital, which had closed itself off from neighborhoods filled with poor blacks and Hispanics.

After she was named an executive in 1970, she opened employment at the West Side hospital to residents of the neighborhood, including a nearby public housing project and worked to integrate the hospital into the life of the community and to bring change not only in health care delivery, but in employment and housing. She started programs including rape counseling, family planning and nutrition.

Rothstein saw Mt. Sinai as a bridge between the Jewish and non-Jewish communities. It took a decade of hard work to change the image of the hospital, to re-build pride and value in the institution among Jews and to convince the state that the hospital, which served primarily public aid patients, was an indispensable asset.

## Rebuilding Cook County Hospital

After serving as president and CEO from 1977 to 1991, Rothstein left Mt. Sinai, turning her attention to public health at a county level. Cook County Hospital had lost national accreditation in 1990. It was in administrative disarray and its building was crumbling. In the OB Department, women were giving birth on a “labor line,” on cots lined side by side in one large room. Many patients traveled long distances for treatment. Rothstein said she saw the lack of access as a social justice issue.

Rothstein was almost 70 when she helped to orchestrate the third largest health system in the nation, the Cook County Bureau of Health and a controversial plan for construction of a new county hospital - the John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County. She also oversaw the addition of nearly 30 neighborhood clinics in underserved areas of the city and the construction of a dedicated HIV-AIDS outpatient treatment center, which was renamed in her honor - the Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center.

Rothstein served as the first chief of the Cook County Bureau of Health and president and CEO of the Schwab Rehabilitation Center and Cook County Hospital until 2004. She continued to serve on governing boards and advisory committees, including the American Hospital Association, Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago and National Association of Public Hospitals.

## Future of health care

At Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, where she served on the Board of Trustees beginning in 2001, Rothstein helped focus the academic mission, strategize clinical partnerships and build financial stability. She was a champion of interprofessional medical and healthcare education and team-based care.

“The future of American health care demands practitioners who can work together and communicate effectively,” Rothstein said. “We’re graduating men and women who can carry the commonsense of interprofessionalism into clinical practice.”

The university in 2012, its centennial year, recognized Rothstein for her "transforming influence in the world of health care and medicine," with the Rosalind Franklin, PhD Life in Discovery Award. It further acknowledged her service and that of longtime trustee Mr. Gail Warden, by naming a new interprofessional learning center in their honor. cite

Rothstein received numerous awards throughout her professional career, including honorary degrees. She opened doors for women and stressed mentorship.

“Those of us who have gotten there - make sure you take another woman with you,” she said.

## Discrimination

Rothstein experienced discrimination as a Jew growing up in New York and, as a woman, she faced rejection by an all-male networking group of Jewish hospital CEOs. She eventually became the chairman of the group.

## Religion

Rothstein was not religious, but she embraced her Jewish identity, observing the high holidays and fasting on Yom Kippur, she said, because that was the way she was raised.

“I felt that being a Jew meant that you helped others,” she said. “I believed that being a Jew meant that you didn’t have to believe in organized religion to reach out in the whole arena of social justice. I believed that being a Jew meant that you fought against discrimination not only against Jews but against anybody, because if you discriminate against anybody, you discriminate against Jews.”

* Ruth M. Rothstein in First Person: An Oral History, 1995
* Ruth Rothstein - Oral History. JUFVideos
* Jewish Women's Archive
* Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science: A Centennial View, 2012.
* Helix, Fall 2013. Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science

## Categories

## InfoBox

| Ruth Rothstein | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1923-04-05)April 5, 1923<br>Brooklyn, NY, U.S. |
| Died | August 4, 2013(2013-08-04) (aged 90) |