title: Farmland Industries

abstract: Farmland Industries was the largest agricultural cooperative in North America when it eventually sold all of its assets in 2002–04. During its 74-year history, Farmland served its farmer membership as a diversified, integrated organization, playing a significant role in agricultural markets both domestically and worldwide. The Farmland brand and its slogan "Good Food From the Heartland" are now owned by the Chinese-owned, Smithfield Foods, the largest pork producer and processor in the world, but Farmland Foods, Inc. operates independently and continues to market meat products under the "Farmland" brand. Farmland Foods serves both domestic and international markets and has revenues in excess of $3.5 billion annually.

text:
# Farmland Industries

**Farmland Industries** was the largest agricultural cooperative in North America when it eventually sold all of its assets in 2002–04. During its 74-year history, Farmland served its farmer membership as a diversified, integrated organization, playing a significant role in agricultural markets both domestically and worldwide.

The Farmland brand and its slogan "Good Food From the Heartland" are now owned by the Chinese-owned, Smithfield Foods, the largest pork producer and processor in the world, but Farmland Foods, Inc. operates independently and continues to market meat products under the "Farmland" brand. Farmland Foods serves both domestic and international markets and has revenues in excess of $3.5 billion annually.

## History

The cooperative was founded 1929 by Howard A. Cowden as the **Union Oil Company** (as a successor to Cowden Oil Company which he founded the year before). In 1935 it took the name **Consumers Cooperative Association** (CCA), and in 1966 **Farmland Industries, Inc.**

At its peak, the organization was the leading agricultural cooperative in North America, owned by 1,700 farm cooperatives in the United States, Canada and Mexico, which cooperatives were in turn owned by more than 600,000 farmer families. It had 16,000 employees in all 50 states and 90 countries. In 1977 it ranked #78 on the Fortune 100 company list. In 2001, its annual revenues were in excess of $11.8 billion. It was listed as one of Forbes' "most admired" companies. It ranked #170 on the Fortune List when the decision was made to sell the cooperative's assets.

The cooperative provided both agricultural supply and marketing services ranging from petroleum refining, fertilizer manufacture, feeds, shipping, crop production, livestock production, and refrigerated foods sales and marketing. The company was a joint venture partner with a number of other companies, including: Archer Daniels Midland in grain storage, distribution and marketing; Simplot in phosphate production; ConAgra in wheat marketing; Land O'Lakes in feed systems and crop nutrients; Cenex Harvest States in lubricants, propane and refined fuels; Mississippi Chemical in nitrogen production and shipping (Trinidad and Tobago); Norsk Hydro in phosphate fertilizer production and marketing; Wilbur Ellis Company in crop protection product marketing and distribution; U.S. Premium Beef in beef packing; and Kansas State University in agricultural research. Farmland also owned Tradigrain, a group of international grain trading companies headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Tradigrain was a wholly owned subsidiary of Farmland and had branch offices in Buenos Aires, Argentina; Paris, France; Bremen, Germany; Budapest, Hungary; Almaty, Kazakhstan; Tokyo, Japan; Mexico City, Mexico; Moscow, Russia; Seoul, Korea; Kyiv, Ukraine; Mykolaiv, Ukraine, London, United Kingdom; and Akkala, Uzbekistan.

The company operated on a cooperative basis. The member/owners shared numerous commercial and financial benefits, including the sharing of costs for the processing and marketing of goods, competitive prices, and better supply and delivery capabilities. Embracing a farm-to-table mission, the cooperative essentially divided its activities between "inputs" and "outputs." On the input side, Farmland and its joint venture partners helped farmers in their production efforts by providing such items as fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides, animal feeds, and petroleum products. On the output side, Farmland added value to members' food and fiber products and marketed them throughout the world. A major part of the output strategy was to enhance the "Farmland" name and its trademarked phrase, "Proud to be farmer-owned." The cooperative also employed vertical integration as much as possible. With petroleum products, for instance, Farmland pumped crude oil from its own wells, refined it in its own facilities, and marketed the resulting products through its Ampride service stations. With hogs and beef, the cooperative was involved in the raising of the animals through feed, the slaughtering and packaging process, as well as marketing the meats under the "Farmland" brand.

Farmland's founder, Howard A. Cowden, was born in 1893 on a southwestern Missouri farm settled by his grandfather. Unlike other farms in his native Polk County, which averaged less than 100 acres in size, the Cowden farm at 500 acres was one of the largest. Cowden believed strongly that farmers were at an economic disadvantage in the marketplace: they faced high interest rates on mortgages, paid high transportation costs, and had virtually no leverage in the pricing of their commodities. He believed that farmers were faced with a "take-it-or-leave-it" proposition. Cowden became active in the organization of agricultural cooperatives and in 1929 formed a new firm, Union Oil Company, which he organized as a cooperative under Missouri statutes. Since Union Oil was intended as a regional enterprise, Cowden elected to establish headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri. By the end of its first year of operation, Union Oil served 22 local cooperatives and was supplied by Kanotex Corporation. Union Oil became the first cooperative in the country to run an oil-compounding plant. With the organization becoming involved in a wide range of products, it was decided in February 1935 to change the name to "Consumers Cooperative Association" (CCA). CCA had 259 local cooperatives as members and was generating more than $2 million in annual revenues. CCA established a grocery division in 1935 and soon the CO-OP label was applied to over 200 products. To support its petroleum business, CCA built a refinery in Phillipsburg, Kansas. When it became operational in 1939, the facility greatly increased the organization's income and led to a period of prosperity during the 1940s. CCA became involved in a variety of other areas, including the production of flour and feed, the manufacture of household and electrical appliances, and the development of insurance and finance associations. Of particular importance was the feed program, which in its first year generated more revenue than the grocery business did in its tenth year. Another highly profitable business for CAA was fertilizer, which farmers began to use at an accelerated rate. By 1958, CCA topped $100 million in annual revenues, ranked 327th among the Fortune 500, and was one of the largest cooperatives in America. In many ways it was considered an industrial powerhouse, controlling a wide range of assets: oil wells, pipelines, refineries, grease and paint factories, feed mills, fertilizer works, warehouses, and a fleet of trucks. Petroleum products continued to dominate the cooperative's business, accounting for 70 percent of revenues, but that percentage would dip below 50 percent over the next few years as fertilizer became an increasingly more important revenue stream. The emphasis of CCA turned to the farm supply and service field, making the use of the word "consumer" in its title less appropriate. The organization also faced mounting pressure to better serve farmers by engaging in the marketing of agricultural products, an area which CCA had intentionally avoided. In 1958, the CCA Board agreed to become involved in marketing as opportunities might arise. A year later the cooperative purchased the Crawford County Packing Company in Denison, Iowa, and entered the pork processing business, ultimately acquiring food manufacturing facilities throughout the Midwest. During the course of developing its food processing capability, the cooperative sought to improve operating efficiencies, marketing strategies and the relationship with facility employees.

Throughout the latter part of the century, Farmland continued to grow and diversify, turning to international markets, contracting to sell wheat, fertilizer and food products overseas and forming joint ventures with foreign partners. The stated ambition was to gain a presence in "every sector of the global food chain." During this period, Farmland became a North American and international cooperative, expanding its employee base to include executive and administrative functions. The management remained committed to Farmland's original values, seeing the organization as representing the interests of its farmer members. Revenues grew steadily, increasing from $3.4 billion in fiscal 1992 to more than $10.7 billion in 1999.

## Growth and the sale of assets

Throughout the 1990s, the company continued to grow, serving markets worldwide. Its activities became increasingly complex and extensive. In 1998, the company's $2.8 billion asset base included nitrogen complexes in the U.S. and abroad; the second-largest petroleum refinery in the Midwest; phosphate mining operations; grain storage capacity of 145 million bushels; diverse feed manufacturing entities that included feed mills, spray dry plants and commodity sheds; 12 meat plants; and a transportation fleet of more than 4,400 rail cars, 1,060 over-the-road trucks and 1,850 trailers, and interest in 100 dry cargo barges and several ocean-vessels. During this time, the company continued its mission to benefit the independent family farmer and farming interests, stating its mission "to be a global, consumer-driven, producer-owned 'farm-to-table' cooperative system."

In 1997, Farmland entered into a joint venture with Mississippi Chemical Corp. to build an ammonia plant in Trinidad designed to lower production cost of nitrogen fertilizers by utilizing Trinidad's plentiful and lower-cost natural gas supply. Another expansion occurred at the company's Rock Springs, Wyoming SF Phosphates plant, a joint venture with J.R. Simplot Company. Other efforts included a focus on precision farming through programs such as Resource 21, a remote sensing project with Boeing and GDE, AgInfo, a GIS software system offered through Agronomy Services Bureau; and Integrated Crop Management (ICM), a precision farming data management tool. These efforts were designed to stay at the forefront of technologies such as remote sensing, variable rate fertilization, grid sampling, yield mapping and global positioning and geographic information systems. The cooperative built a highly innovative coke-to-nitrogen fertilizer plant adjacent to its petroleum refinery operation in Coffeyville, Kansas. The plant allowed the cooperative to convert petroleum coke—a waste product from the petroleum division—into ammonia that could be used for fertilizer. This project was lauded for its environmental impact.

In June 1999, the company broke ground for a 280,000-square-foot (26,000 m2) headquarters on a 40-acre (160,000 m2) campus just east of Kansas City International Airport to consolidate the offices for 1,000 employees. The building was completed in 2001.

Throughout the 1990s, Farmland was a highly successful venture, serving the needs of its members and participating as an integral part of North American farming. During this time, however, its financial structure became highly leveraged. In 2002, the company faced a liquidity crisis resulting from fluctuations in commodity prices and increased operational and capital costs, as well as the tightening of credit terms from suppliers and increased demands from its bondholders. To achieve stability and to obtain time to explore refinancing alternatives, the cooperative filed for Chapter 11 in May 2002 (in its filing it listed $2.7 billion in assets and $1.9 billion in debt). Although the cooperative continued to operate as a going concern, the reorganization process ultimately resulted in the decision to sell virtually all of the company's assets, including the following subsidiaries: Farmland Foods, Inc., the pork processing division to Smithfield Foods for $367M; Farmland National Beef Packing Company to US Premium Beef for $232M; and the fertilizer production division to Koch Industries. The company's refinery and coke-to-nitrogen fertilizer plant were sold to a hedge fund. It has been noted that the value of Farmland assets far exceeded the amount of its indebtedness. The "Farmland" brand continues to be widely recognized in the food industry.

The Co-op Retirement Plan, which provides a final salary defined benefit retirement plan for member cooperatives' employees, was administered by Farmland. A non-profit, United Benefits Group, was incorporated to take over this service, from 2003.

The reorganization process resulted in the sale of the cooperative's assets, with all creditors completely (over 100 cents on the dollar) repaid by 2006. According to JPMorgan, the liquidating trustee, unsecured creditors received $891 million, which was 104 cents on the dollar, the maximum allowed by law, and allows for interest.

Before the liquidation was completed, it was accepted that no assets remained to be distributed to the members, the local cooperatives, who had to write off the loss of their equity account balances. A 2004 study in Oklahoma suggested that the most significant effects on cooperatives related to farmer connections and lost business relationships, and the direct financial impact of the write off was low.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Farmland Industries
|
|  |
| Industry | Agricultural marketing cooperative |
| Founded | 1929 (Union Oil Company); 1935 (Consumers Cooperative Association); 1966 (Farmland) |
| Fate | Assets sold in 2002–04 |
| Successor | Smithfield Foods (foods); US Premium Beef (beef); Koch Industries (fertilizer) |
| Headquarters | Kansas City, Missouri |
| Number of employees | 16,000 (2002) |
| Subsidiaries | Farmers Petroleum, Inc.; Farmland Foods, Inc.; Farmland Insurance Agency; Farmland National Beef Packing Co.; Pipeline Company; Farmland Securities Co.; Farmland Transportation, Inc. |
| Website | www.farmlandfoods.com |


abstract: The Farmer's and Merchant's Bank Building, also known as the Garber Bank, is a historic building in Red Cloud, Nebraska. It was built in 1888-1889 by Seward Garber and John W. Moon. The bank's founding president was Silas Garber. Author Willa Cather took inspiration from the Garber family to write about Captain and Mrs Forrester in her 1923 novel, A Lost Lady. She also used the building as inspiration in her 1935 novel, Lucy Gayheart. It was designed in the Renaissance Revival architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 5, 1981.

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# Farmer's and Merchant's Bank Building (Red Cloud, Nebraska)

The **Farmer's and Merchant's Bank Building**, also known as the **Garber Bank**, is a historic building in Red Cloud, Nebraska. It was built in 1888-1889 by Seward Garber and John W. Moon. The bank's founding president was Silas Garber. Author Willa Cather took inspiration from the Garber family to write about Captain and Mrs Forrester in her 1923 novel, *A Lost Lady*. She also used the building as inspiration in her 1935 novel, *Lucy Gayheart*. It was designed in the Renaissance Revival architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 5, 1981.

Media related to Farmer's and Merchant's Bank Building (Red Cloud, Nebraska) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Farmer's and Merchant's Bank Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The building in 2010 | |
|  | |
| Location | 338 North Webster Street, Red Cloud, Nebraska |
| Coordinates | 40°05′19″N 98°31′07″W / 40.08861°N 98.51861°W / 40.08861; -98.51861 (Farmer's and Merchant's Bank Building) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1888 (1888) |
| Architectural style | Renaissance, French Chateauesque |
| MPS | Willa Cather TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 81000377 |
| Added to NRHP | March 5, 1981 |


title: Farmer's lung

abstract: Farmer's lung is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by the inhalation of biologic dusts coming from hay dust or mold spores or any other agricultural products. It results in a type III hypersensitivity inflammatory response and can progress to become a chronic condition which is considered potentially dangerous.

text:
# Farmer's lung

**Farmer's lung** (not to be confused with silo-filler's disease) is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by the inhalation of biologic dusts coming from hay dust or mold spores or any other agricultural products. It results in a type III hypersensitivity inflammatory response and can progress to become a chronic condition which is considered potentially dangerous.

## Signs and symptoms

* Acute Stage: Appears four to eight hours after exposure. Symptoms such as headache, irritating cough, and shortness of breath upon physical exertion.
* Subacute Stage: Symptoms persist without further exposure, and increase in severity. Symptoms include: shortness of breath upon exertion, chronic coughing, physical weakness, occasional fever and sweating, decrease in appetite, aches and pains.
* Chronic Stage: Debilitating effects are now considered long-term. Symptoms include: severe shortness of breath, chronic coughing, physical weakness, occasional fever and sweating at night, decrease in appetite, and general aches and pains.

These symptoms develop between four and eight hours after exposure to the antigens. In acute attacks, the symptoms mimic pneumonia or flu. In chronic attacks, there is a possibility of the victim going into shock and dying from the attack.

## Causes

Permanent lung damage can arise due to one's inability to recognize the cause of symptoms. Farmer's lung occurs because repeated exposure to antigens, found in the mold spores of hay, crops, and animal feed, triggers an allergic reaction within the farmer's immune system. The defense mechanisms of the body present as cold and flu-like symptoms that occur in individuals who experience either acute or chronic reactions.

The mold spores are inhaled and provoke the creation of IgE antibodies that circulate in the bloodstream, these types of immune response are most often initiated by exposure to thermophilic actinomycetes (most commonly *Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula*), which generate IgG-type antibodies. Following a subsequent exposure, IgG antibodies combined with the inhaled allergen to form immune complexes in the walls of the alveoli in the lungs. This causes fluid, protein, and cells to accumulate in the alveolar wall which slows blood-gas interchange and compromises the function of the lung. After multiple exposures, it takes less and less of the antigens to set off the reaction in the lung.

## Prevention

Farmer's lung disease (FLD) is permanent and cannot be reversed, therefore in order to prevent the onset of further stages, farmers should inform their doctor of their occupation and if they have mold in their work environment. Prevention of this respiratory illness can be facilitated through the ventilation of work areas, drying of materials, and the use of a mask when working in confined areas with moldy hay or crops.

## Diagnosis

Diagnoses of Farmer's lung is difficult due to its similarity to cold and flu-like symptoms. Doctors diagnose patients with Farmer's lung under the following conditions:

Examination procedures may include:

• taking a blood test

• taking a chest x-ray

• administering a breathing capacity test

• administering an inhalation challenge

• examining lung tissue

• performing an immunological investigation

• performing a lung function test

• reviewing the clinical history

## Treatment

Depending on the severity of the symptoms, FLD can last from one to two weeks, or it can last for the rest of one's life. Acute FLD has the ability to be treated because hypersensitivity to the antigens has not yet developed. The main treatment options are: rest and reducing the exposure to the antigens through masks and increased airflow in confined spaces where the antigens are present. Any exposure to the antigens once hypersensitivity has occurred can set off another chronic reaction. For chronic FLD, there are no true treatments because the patient has developed hypersensitivity meaning that their condition will last the rest of their life.

## Epidemiology

The growth of mold spores occurs when hay is not dried properly. The growth of these mold spores accumulates over time and will infect the host upon release from the source. When in the air, the farmer may inhale the particles and induce an allergic reaction. The hay at risk for increased volumes of spores is found at the bottom of the pile. The presence of Farmer's Lung Disease peaks during late winter and early spring and is mostly seen after the harvest season when symptoms have set in. This disease is most prevalent in damp climates.

## InfoBox

| Farmer's lung | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Hay shed | |
| Specialty | Respirology |


title: Pandanus laxespicatus

abstract: Pandanus laxespicatus is a screwpine or pandan of the wetlands of Madagascar, and belonging to the monocot family Pandanaceae. It was of fairly recent discovery, having been unknown to science prior to 1951 when described by Martelli and Pichi-Sermolli. For the next seventeen years, it was just another member of a large family, but in 1968 Dr. Benjamin C. Stone discovered that at a certain stage of its growth it produces the longest linear (ribbon-like) leaves of any known plant; up to 33 feet in length and 14 inches in width. P. laxispicatus belongs to the same section (Acanthophylla) as P. pulcher. P. odorissimus and P obeliscus, which are known collectively as the Coniferoids, because their numerous side branches cause them to resemble huge Christmas trees. The very large leaves are known as "crown megaphylls" and sometimes have the appearance of a green "star" at the top of the tree. As the megaphylls fall away with age, they are replaced by side shoots of much smaller leaves which account for the conifer-like appearance of the mature trees.

text:
# Pandanus laxespicatus

***Pandanus laxespicatus*** is a screwpine or pandan of the wetlands of Madagascar, and belonging to the monocot family Pandanaceae. It was of fairly recent discovery, having been unknown to science prior to 1951 when described by Martelli and Pichi-Sermolli. For the next seventeen years, it was just another member of a large family, but in 1968 Dr. Benjamin C. Stone discovered that at a certain stage of its growth (when the trunk is 10 to 13 feet (3 to 4 meters) in height) it produces the longest linear (ribbon-like) leaves of any known plant; up to 33 feet (10 metres) in length and 14 inches (36 centimetres) in width. P. laxispicatus belongs to the same section (Acanthophylla) as P. pulcher. P. odorissimus and P obeliscus, which are known collectively as the Coniferoids, because their numerous side branches cause them to resemble huge Christmas trees. The very large leaves are known as "crown megaphylls" and sometimes have the appearance of a green "star" at the top of the tree. As the megaphylls fall away with age, they are replaced by side shoots of much smaller leaves (usually less than a foot (30 cm) long by an inch (2.5 cm) in width) which account for the conifer-like appearance of the mature trees.

## InfoBox

| *Pandanus laxespicatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Pandanales |
| Family: | Pandanaceae |
| Genus: | *Pandanus* |
| Species: | ***P. laxespicatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pandanus laxespicatus***<br>Martelli | |
|


title: Pandanus iceryi

abstract: Pandanus iceryi ("Vacoas") is a species of plant in the family Pandanaceae. It is endemic to Mauritius.

text:
# Pandanus iceryi

***Pandanus iceryi*** (**"Vacoas"**) is a species of plant in the family Pandanaceae. It is endemic to Mauritius.

## Description

This is a tall (10m), unbranched tree - the only Mauritian *Pandanus* species to grow as one single, tall, palm-like trunk, without any branches. The bright-green leaves end abruptly at the tip, and are armed on the sides with small, white spines. Uniquely, the pale-coloured, oval fruit-head hangs from the main trunk of the plant. Each fruit-head is packed with c.40 drupes.

## Habitat

Its natural habitat is dense forest on Mauritius. It was formerly known from several localities around the island, such as Piton du Milieu, Cent Gaulettes and Fressanges. However the habitat at all these localities has been destroyed. It is threatened by habitat loss and it was thought to be extinct. It was rediscovered in the Vallée de Ferney forests with *Pandanus macrostigma* in 2004. Currently only a few individual plants remain in the wild, although it is now cultivated in Mauritius.

## InfoBox

| *Pandanus iceryi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Pandanales |
| Family: | Pandanaceae |
| Genus: | *Pandanus* |
| Species: | ***P. iceryi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pandanus iceryi***<br>Horne ex Balf.f. | |
|


title: Pancras Square Library

abstract: Pancras Square Library is in the London Borough of Camden located just off the Euston Road in the King's Cross area of the borough. It is situated on the ground floor of Camden Council's Town Hall complex. With a separate children's library it provides a wide selection of books, CDs and DVDs available to borrow, and free internet access, making it central to provide a library service and gateway to other Council services to the local community. The library was originally located in the Euston Road, beside the British Library and St Pancras Chambers, equidistant from King's Cross station and Euston station. It was opened by Princess Anne in April 1971 and was also home to the Shaw Theatre in honour of George Bernard Shaw who, in 1903, was elected as a St Pancras Councillor. There was a lending library on the ground floor and a separate children's library with its own entrance and a reference library on the second floor. The theatre is now part of the four star Novotel London St Pancras hotel.

text:
# Pancras Square Library

**Pancras Square Library** is in the London Borough of Camden located just off the Euston Road in the King's Cross area of the borough. It is situated on the ground floor of Camden Council's Town Hall complex. With a separate children's library it provides a wide selection of books, CDs and DVDs available to borrow, and free internet access, making it central to provide a library service and gateway to other Council services to the local community.

The library was originally located in the Euston Road, beside the British Library and St Pancras Chambers (formerly the Midland Grand Hotel), equidistant from King's Cross station and Euston station. It was opened by Princess Anne in April 1971 and was also home to the Shaw Theatre in honour of George Bernard Shaw who, in 1903, was elected as a St Pancras Councillor. There was a lending library on the ground floor and a separate children's library with its own entrance and a reference library on the second floor. The theatre is now part of the four star Novotel London St Pancras hotel.

1. LondonTown.com. "Pancras Square Library London". *LondonTown*. Retrieved 13 April 2019.

51°32′02″N 0°07′35″W / 51.533824°N 0.126410°W / 51.533824; -0.126410


title: Pancrace Bessa

abstract: Pancrace Bessa was a French natural history artist, best known for his botanical illustrations. Bessa was a student of the great engraver Gerard van Spaendonck and worked alongside Pierre-Joseph Redouté, some of whose influence shows in Bessa's detailed and delicate treatment of his subjects. He was a regular exhibitor at the Paris Salons between 1806 and 1831. The standard author abbreviation Bessa is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Bessa's favourite subjects were fruit and flowers, with occasional digressions to birds and mammals. In 1816, the Duchesse de Berry, daughter-in-law of King Charles X of France, extended her patronage to him, which led to his giving painting lessons to the de Berry family. Their art connections went back to the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. Bessa also worked on the French royal watercolour collection on vellum the Velins du Roi from 1823 until his death. In the early nineteenth century, Bessa, Redouté, Jean-Louis Prévost, Lancelot-Théodore Turpin de Crissé, and Madame Vincent raised France to pre-eminence in the genre of botanical painting. Bessa developed a masterful use of stipple engraving technique, an essential part of colour printing. Bessa and Redoute collaborated on the Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de L'Amerique Septentrionale, which appeared between 1810 and 1813. He prepared some 572 watercolours for L'Herbier Général de L'Amateur by Mordant de Launey and Loiseleur Longchamp, which appeared between 1810 and 1826. Description des Plantes cultivees a Malmaison a Navarre used 9 of Bessa's illustrations and 54 by Redouté. Bessa’s final work was Flore des Jardiniers, published in 1836.

text:
# Pancrace Bessa

**Pancrace Bessa** (1 January 1772 – 11 June 1846) was a French natural history artist, best known for his botanical illustrations. Bessa was a student of the great engraver Gerard van Spaendonck and worked alongside Pierre-Joseph Redouté, some of whose influence shows in Bessa's detailed and delicate treatment of his subjects. He was a regular exhibitor at the Paris Salons between 1806 and 1831. The standard author abbreviation Bessa is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

Bessa's favourite subjects were fruit and flowers, with occasional digressions to birds and mammals. In 1816, the Duchesse de Berry, daughter-in-law of King Charles X of France, extended her patronage to him, which led to his giving painting lessons to the de Berry family. Their art connections went back to the *Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry*. Bessa also worked on the French royal watercolour collection on vellum the *Velins du Roi* from 1823 until his death.

In the early nineteenth century, Bessa, Redouté, Jean-Louis Prévost, Lancelot-Théodore Turpin de Crissé, and Madame Vincent raised France to pre-eminence in the genre of botanical painting. Bessa developed a masterful use of stipple engraving technique, an essential part of colour printing. Bessa and Redoute collaborated on the *Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de L'Amerique Septentrionale*, which appeared between 1810 and 1813. He prepared some 572 watercolours for *L'Herbier Général de L'Amateur* by Mordant de Launey and Loiseleur Longchamp, which appeared between 1810 and 1826. *Description des Plantes cultivees a Malmaison a Navarre* used 9 of Bessa's illustrations and 54 by Redouté.

Bessa’s final work was *Flore des Jardiniers*, published in 1836.

*Cobaea scandens**Cydonia oblonga**Hyphaene thebaica*Eurasian eagle-owl with European magpie

## InfoBox

| Pancrace Bessa | |
| --- | --- |
| *Gossypium herbaceum* by Pancrace Bessa | |
| Born | 1 January 1772 |
| Died | 11 June 1846 |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | natural history artist |


title: Palate cleanser

abstract: A palate-cleanser is a serving of food or drink that removes food residue from the tongue, allowing one to more accurately assess a new flavor. Palate-cleansers are often used between tasting wines, cheeses, or other strong flavors. Pickled ginger is used as a palate-cleanser between sushi pieces. Traditional French palate-cleansers include sorbet, bread, apple slices, parsley and mint. Bamia is a traditional Anatolian stew that is sometimes served as a palate-cleanser between food courses at ceremonial feasts.

text:
# Palate cleanser

A **palate-cleanser** is a serving of food or drink that removes food residue from the tongue, allowing one to more accurately assess a new flavor.

Palate-cleansers are often used between tasting wines, cheeses, or other strong flavors. Pickled ginger is used as a palate-cleanser between sushi pieces.

Traditional French palate-cleansers include sorbet, bread, apple slices, parsley and mint.

Bamia is a traditional Anatolian stew that is sometimes served as a palate-cleanser between food courses at ceremonial feasts.


title: Palathalikalu

abstract: Palathalikalu is an Indian sweet dish made during Ganesh Chaturthi in the Delta region of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is made of rice flour, sago, and clarified butter, which is made into a dough and cooked or steamed in milk, and garnished with cashews, raisins, and cardamom powder.

text:
# Palathalikalu

**Palathalikalu** (Telugu: పాలతాలికలు) is an Indian sweet dish made during Ganesh Chaturthi in the Delta region of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is made of rice flour, sago, and clarified butter, which is made into a dough and cooked or steamed in milk, and garnished with cashews, raisins, and cardamom powder.

1. Hari, Gita (16 September 2023). "Ganesh Chaturthi 2023: Apart From Modaks, What Other Sweets Bappa Likes". *Free Press Journal*. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
2. Thomas, Sabu; Rajakumari, Rajendran; George, Anne; Kalarikkal, Nandakumar (3 September 2018). *Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies*. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-36026-5.

## InfoBox

Palathalikalu
| Place of origin | India |
| --- | --- |
| Region or state | Delta Region of Coastal Andhra |
| Main ingredients | Rice flour, milk |


title: Panine gammaherpesvirus 1

abstract: Panine gammaherpesvirus 1 (PnHV-1), commonly known as chimpanzee lymphocryptovirus, is a species of virus in the genus Lymphocryptovirus, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and order Herpesvirales. The virus infects chimpanzee leukocytes. The glycoprotein B (gB) gene of the chimpanzee Lymphocryptovirus is virtually identical to the corresponding gene in the orangutan lymphocryptovirus. This suggests that the virus may have been transmitted between chimps and orangutans relatively recently. It is 35 to 45% homologous to the human Epstein–Barr virus, which is classified in the same genus.

text:
# Panine gammaherpesvirus 1

***Panine gammaherpesvirus 1*** (PnHV-1), commonly known as **chimpanzee lymphocryptovirus**, is a species of virus in the genus *Lymphocryptovirus*, subfamily *Gammaherpesvirinae*, family *Herpesviridae*, and order *Herpesvirales*.

The virus infects chimpanzee (*Pan troglodytes*) leukocytes. The glycoprotein B (gB) gene of the chimpanzee Lymphocryptovirus is virtually identical to the corresponding gene in the orangutan lymphocryptovirus. This suggests that the virus may have been transmitted between chimps and orangutans relatively recently (either in the wild or in captivity).

It is 35 to 45% homologous to the human Epstein–Barr virus, which is classified in the same genus.

## InfoBox

| *Panine gammaherpesvirus 1* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| *Realm*: | *Duplodnaviria* |
| Kingdom: | *Heunggongvirae* |
| Phylum: | *Peploviricota* |
| Class: | *Herviviricetes* |
| Order: | *Herpesvirales* |
| Family: | *Orthoherpesviridae* |
| Genus: | *Lymphocryptovirus* |
| Species: | ***Panine gammaherpesvirus 1*** |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * Chimpanzee lymphocryptovirus * Herpesvirus pan | |


title: Panagiotis Adraktas

abstract: Panagiotis Adraktas is a Greek politician. He was born in Kardamas in northwestern Elis. He is a doctor and doctorate at the Medical Faculty of the University of Athens. He was elected in the 2nd Athens constituency in June 1989, November 1989 and 1990. He returned to Ilia and ran as a politician in 2000, 2004 and 2007 as a member of the New Democracy party. He was a municipal counselor in Chaidari between 1980 and 1986 and Peristeri in 1990.

text:
# Panagiotis Adraktas

**Panagiotis Adraktas** (Greek: Παναγιώτης Αδράκτας, born September 28, 1948) is a Greek politician. He was born in Kardamas in northwestern Elis. He is a doctor and doctorate at the Medical Faculty of the University of Athens. He was elected in the 2nd Athens constituency in June 1989, November 1989 and 1990. He returned to Ilia and ran as a politician in 2000, 2004 and 2007 as a member of the New Democracy party. He was a municipal counselor in Chaidari between 1980 and 1986 and Peristeri in 1990.

* *The first version of the article is translated and is based from the article at the Greek Wikipedia (el:Main Page)*

## Εξωτερικές συνδέσεις


title: Panaiotis

abstract: Panaiotis, also known as Peter Ward, is an American vocalist and composer, currently living in Albuquerque. He received his Master of Music degree from New England Conservatory and a Ph.D. in music from the University of California, San Diego. He has collaborated with composer and accordionist Pauline Oliveros, together co-founding the Deep Listening Band, and Indian santurist Nandkishor Muley.

text:
# Panaiotis

**Panaiotis**, also known as **Peter Ward**, is an American vocalist and composer, currently living in Albuquerque. He received his Master of Music degree from New England Conservatory and a Ph.D. in music from the University of California, San Diego.

He has collaborated with composer and accordionist Pauline Oliveros, together co-founding the Deep Listening Band, and Indian santurist Nandkishor Muley.

## Discography

* *The Ballad of Frankie Silver* (1994)
* *Rising Sun* (2001), with Nandkishor Muley

Performer

## Musical software

In 2014, Panaiotis brought his software and compositional talents to create *Bandojo, an app that lets novices create melodies in accompaniment with musical textures, and jam together with friends. The iOS version was done in collaboration with Andrew Stone.


title: Fatma Mohamed

abstract: Fatma Mohamed is a Romanian actress known for her appearances in all five of director Peter Strickland's feature films, namely Katalin Varga, Berberian Sound Studio, The Duke of Burgundy, In Fabric and Flux Gourmet. Mohamed was nominated for a best supporting actress award by the International Cinephile Society for her role in In Fabric. Interviewed in 2019, Strickland said about Mohamed: "Each film I did with her, I realized there were more and more sides to her." Mohamed grew up in Cluj.

text:
# Fatma Mohamed

**Fatma Mohamed** (born 1975) is a Romanian actress known for her appearances in all five of director Peter Strickland's feature films, namely *Katalin Varga*, *Berberian Sound Studio*, *The Duke of Burgundy*, *In Fabric* and *Flux Gourmet* .

Mohamed was nominated for a best supporting actress award by the International Cinephile Society for her role in *In Fabric*. Interviewed in 2019, Strickland said about Mohamed: "Each film I did with her, I realized there were more and more sides to her."

Mohamed grew up in Cluj.

## Selected films


title: Newton Reigny

abstract: Newton Reigny is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Catterlen, in the Eden District, in the English county of Cumbria, near the town of Penrith. In 1931 the parish had a population of 168.

text:
# Newton Reigny

**Newton Reigny** is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Catterlen, in the Eden District, in the English county of Cumbria, near the town of Penrith. In 1931 the parish had a population of 168.

## History

"'New tūn'...This was held in 1185...by William de Reigni." Therefore, 'new village' (from the Old English), 'held by Reigny'.

On 1 April 1934 the parish was abolished and merged with Catterlen.

## InfoBox

| Newton Reigny | |
| --- | --- |
| The Parish Church of St. John, Newton Reigny | |
| Newton ReignyLocation in Eden, CumbriaNewton ReignyLocation within Cumbria | |
| OS grid reference | NY478315 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | PENRITH |
| Postcode district | CA11 |
| Dialling code | 01768 |
|  | |
| Police | Cumbria |
| Fire | Cumbria |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Pseudastylopsis squamosus

abstract: Pseudastylopsis squamosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1986.

text:
# Pseudastylopsis squamosus

***Pseudastylopsis squamosus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1986.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudastylopsis squamosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudastylopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. squamosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudastylopsis squamosus***<br>Chemsak & Linsley, 1986 | |
|


title: Margaret Douglas, Countess of Arran

abstract: Margaret Douglas, Countess of Arran and Duchess of Châtellerault was a Scottish aristocrat.

text:
# Margaret Douglas, Countess of Arran

**Margaret Douglas, Countess of Arran and Duchess of Châtellerault** was a Scottish aristocrat.

## Background

She was a daughter of James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton and Catherine Stewart, a daughter of James IV of Scotland and Marion Boyd. The couple had three daughters; Margaret, Beatrix, and Elizabeth. He was succeeded by his son-in-law, James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, husband of his daughter Elizabeth. She probably spent much of her childhood at Dalkeith Castle.

Her sister Beatrix married Robert Maxwell, 6th Lord Maxwell, and her sister Elizabeth married to James Douglas, who became the 4th Earl of Morton and Regent of Scotland. The three sisters were all affected by mental ill-health.

## Career

Margaret Douglas married James Hamilton, then Earl of Arran in 1532. The Earl's half-brother James Hamilton of Finnart arranged the marriage and took charge of a payment of 4000 merks from her father. She was granted Hamilton lands in West Lothian, confirmed by royal charter, including Kinneil House, Bo'ness, Inveravon, and the coal mines and salt pans on the shore.

After the death of James V of Scotland, when Mary, Queen of Scots was an infant, Arran became Regent of Scotland. Margaret was bought a mourning cap of state, which is perhaps one of the few references to her position as wife of a premier or the "Lady Governor". Some of her clothes over the next ten years were bought using funds from the royal treasury and are recorded in the surviving accounts. These items were only a part of the costume supplied to her wardrobe over the decade, and no clothes were bought for her from the treasury funds between February 1545 and October 1549.

There were rumours in 1544 that Arran sought a divorce, and 1545 a law suit is mentioned.

Margaret Douglas came to stay at Kinneil House in December 1546. Arran stayed with her during the last week in February 1547. In September 1550 she was at Aberdour Castle.

In January 1549 John Lindsay of Dowhill delivered some of Margaret's clothes to her husband, including a purple velvet night gown with gold passementerie lined with red taffeta, a gown of black cloth of gold with gold passementerie lined with black taffeta, and other gowns and kirtles. Dowhill Castle is in Fife. It is not clear why Lindsay was looking after these clothes. He was perhaps connected more closely with the Douglas family. The costume appears more splendid than other items mentioned in the treasurer's accounts, which were mostly made by her tailor John Anderson.

The English diplomat Thomas Randolph, who was a friend of her son James, mentioned her illness in April 1562 after James had become unwell, and heard he "takes it of his mother whoe indeade with bothe her systers (of which the Erle of Morton hathe married one, and th'other was wyf unto the Lord Maxwell) are certeyne tymes or the most parte of the yere distempered with an unquiet humour".

She died in 1579.

## Children

The children of Margaret Douglas included:

## InfoBox

| Margaret Douglas | |
| --- | --- |
| Countess of Arran
Duchess of Châtellerault | |
| Died | 1579 |
| Noble family | Douglas |
| Spouse(s) | James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault |
| Issue | James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran
David Hamilton
John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Hamilton
Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley
Anne Hamilton, Countess of Huntly
Jean Hamilton
Barbara Hamilton |
| Father | James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton |
| Mother | Catherine Stewart |


title: Neufeld-Occhipinti Jazz Orchestra

abstract: The Neufeld-Occhipinti Jazz Orchestra (NOJO) is a Canadian jazz musical group based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In 2016, it had sixteen members. The group performs mainly music created and arranged by its members. Their present label is True North Records.

text:
# Neufeld-Occhipinti Jazz Orchestra

The **Neufeld-Occhipinti Jazz Orchestra** (**NOJO**) is a Canadian jazz musical group based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In 2016, it had sixteen members. The group performs mainly music created and arranged by its members. Their present label is True North Records.

## History

The Neufeld-Occhipinti Jazz Orchestra was formed in 1994 by Michael Occhipinti and pianist Paul Neufeld. In 1995 the orchestra's first album was produced, and it won a Juno award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album.

In 1998 NOJO release the album *You are Here*, which was re-released in 2000.

In 2002 the band formed a smaller nine piece core group for touring.

NOJO has performed at the Umbria Jazz Winter Festival in Orvieto, Italy, The Jazz Standard in New York, and Montreal’s Festival International de Jazz.

In 2004 the group released the album *City of Neighbourhoods*, with Sam Rivers, on True North Records. The album received distribution in the United States through Rounder Records. IN 2005 they performed at the Toronto Downtown Jazz Festival

The group has released five recordings of original music, each of which has been nominated for a Juno award.

In 2010 the orchestra released *NOJO Explores the Dark Side of the Moon*, which features the band performing original arrangements of Pink Floyd’s classic album.

NOJO has been positively reviewed by Don Heckman, Los Angeles Times, Larry Applebaum, JazzTimes, Frank Rubalino Cadence, Rinus van der Hayden, Brabants Dagblad, Netherlands, and Kerry Doole, The Jazz Report.

A number of well-known musicians have been guest performers with the orchestra, including saxophonist Joe Lovano, trombonist Ray Anderson, trumpeter Kenny Wheeler, clarinetist Don Byron and the late saxophonist Sam Rivers, who both recorded and toured with the ensemble.

## Awards and recognition

* 1996: winner of Juno Award, Best Contemporary Jazz Album, *NOJO*
* 1997: nomination for Juno Award, Best Contemporary Jazz Album, *FireWater*
* 1999: nomination for Juno Award, Best Contemporary Jazz Album, *You Are Here* (with Don Byron)
* 2003: nomination for Juno Award, Contemporary Jazz Album of the Year, *Highwire*
* 2005: nomination for Juno Award, Contemporary Jazz Album of the Year, *City of Neighbourhoods* (with Sam Rivers)

## Discography

* 1995: *NOJO* (Au)
* 1996: *FireWater* (Au)
* 1998: *You Are Here* with Don Byron (True North)
* 2002: *Highwire* with Don Byron and Hugh Marsh (True North)
* 2004: *City of Neighbourhoods* with Sam Rivers (True North)
* 2010: *Explores the Dark Side of the Moon* (True North)

## InfoBox

| Neufeld-Occhipinti Jazz Orchestra | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | NOJO |
| Origin | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Years active | 1994 (1994)–present |
| Labels | True North |
|  | |
| Website | www.nojomusic.com |


# List of compositions by Francisco Tárrega

This is a list of compositions by Francisco Tárrega.

## Main works

* Alborada
* ¡Adelita! (Mazurka)
* Capricho árabe (Arabian Caprice)
* Danza mora (Moorish Dance)
* Gran jota Aragonesa (Grand jota)
* El columpio (The Swing)
* María (Gavotte)
* ¡Marieta! (Mazurka)
* Rosita (Polka)
* Gran vals (Grand Waltz, used in the Nokia tune)
* Danza odalisca (Odalisque Dance)
* Pavana (Pavane)
* Paquito (Waltz)
* Pepita (Pepita)
* Vals en re (Waltz in D major)
* Recuerdos de la Alhambra (Memories of the Alhambra)
* Mazurka en sol (Mazurka in G)
* Sueño mazurka (Dream Mazurka, on a mazurka by Chopin)
* Minueto (Minuet)
* Isabel (Waltz on a theme by Johann Strauss II)
* La cartagenera (The Cartagena)
* Fantasía sobre motivos de "La Traviata" de Verdi (Fantasy on Motives of "La Traviata" by Verdi)
* Fantasía sobre motivos de "Marina" de Arrieta (Fantasy on Motives of "Marina" by Arrieta)
* Serenata española (Spanish Serenade)
* El ratón (The Mouse)
* Manchegas (Spanish Dance)
* ¡Maria! Tango (Maria! Tango, possibly not composed by Tárrega)
* La mariposa (The Butterfly)
* Malagueña fácil (Easy Malagueña)
* Estudio inspirado de Cramer (Study inspired by Cramer)
* Las dos hermanitas (The Two Little Sisters)
* Variaciones sobre El Carnaval de Venecia de Paganini (Variations on Paganini's The Carnival of Venice)
* Lágrima (Teardrop)
* Endecha (Lament)
* Oremus (Let us Pray)

* Preludio en re (Prelude in D)
* Preludio en mi (Prelude in E)
* Preludio en la (Prelude in A)
* Preludio en sol (Prelude in G)
* Preludio en mi (Prelude in E)
* Preludio en re (Prelude in D)
* Preludio en sol (Prelude in G)
* Preludio en la (Prelude in A)
* Preludio en re (Prelude in D)
* Preludio en la (Prelude in A)
* Preludio en la (Prelude in A)
* Preludio en si (Prelude in B)
* Preludio en mi (Prelude in E)
* Preludio en fa sostenido (Prelude in F-sharp)
* Preludio en re (Prelude in D)
* Preludio en la (Prelude in A)
* Preludio en do (Prelude in C)
* Preludio en mi (Prelude in E)
* Preludio en la (Prelude in A)
* Preludio en la (Prelude in A)
* Preludio en la (Prelude in A)
* Preludio en la menor sobre un fragmento de Schumann (Prelude in A minor after a Fragment by Schumann)
* Preludio sobre un tema de Mendelssohn (Prelude on a Theme by Mendelsohn)
* Preludio pentatonica (Pentatonic Prelude)

* Estudio en forma de minueto (Study in the Form of a Minuet)
* Estudio sobre un tema de Damas (Study on a Theme by Damas)
* Estudio sobre un tema de Alard (Study on a Theme by Alard)
* Estudio sobre un fragmento de Beethoven (Study on a Fragment by Beethoven)
* Estudio sobre un fragmento de Mendelssohn (Study on a Fragment by Mendelssohn)
* Sueño trémolo (Dream (Tremolo))
* Estudio en sol (Study in G)
* Estudio en la (Study in A)
* Estudio en do (Study in C)
* Estudio en mi (Study in E)
* Estudio en la (Study in A)
* Estudio sobre un fuga de Bach (Study on a Fugue by Bach)
* Estudio sobre un tema de Verdi (Study over a Theme by Verdi)
* Estudio brillante de Alard (Brillant Study by Alard) (an arrangement of this song was the main theme of PBS/South Carolina Educational Television program *NatureScene* with naturalist Rudy Mancke)
* Estudio sobre un tema de Wagner (Study on a Theme by Wagner)
* Estudio de arpegios (Arreggio Study)
* Estudio sobre una sonatina de Prudend (Study on a Sonatina by Prudend)
* Estudio de velocidad (Velocity Study)

* Mazurka sobre un tema anónimo español para dos guitarras (Mazurka on an Anonymous Spanish Theme for Two Guitars)

Notes

## Other works

Tárrega made over 120 transcriptions, including arrangements of Spanish music for the guitar. Composers whose works he arranged include Chopin, Schumann, Schubert, Beethoven, Mozart, and Bach.


title: Wanda Jackson Country!

abstract: Wanda Jackson Country! is a studio album by American recording artist Wanda Jackson. It was released in February 1970 via Capitol Records and contained ten tracks. It was Jackson's fifteenth studio album released in her recording career and her fifteen with the Capitol label. The album included four single releases that made chart positions on the American country music survey: "By the Time You Get to Phoenix", "Everything's Leaving", "My Big Iron Skillet" and "Two Separate Bar Stools".

text:
# Wanda Jackson Country!

***Wanda Jackson Country!*** is a studio album by American recording artist Wanda Jackson. It was released in February 1970 via Capitol Records and contained ten tracks. It was Jackson's fifteenth studio album released in her recording career and her fifteen with the Capitol label. The album included four single releases that made chart positions on the American country music survey: "By the Time You Get to Phoenix", "Everything's Leaving", "My Big Iron Skillet" and "Two Separate Bar Stools".

## Background and content

Wanda Jackson recorded a series of Rockabilly selections for Capitol Records in the 1950s, with songs like "Fujiyama Mama" and "Let's Have a Party". She made the transition back into Country music with two top ten songs in 1961. During the remainder of the decade, she became more identified with the Country market, having further hit singles with "The Box It Came In" and "Tears Will Be the Chaser for Your Wine". *Wanda Jackson Country!* was among the studio albums Jackson cut for the Country audience. It was recorded between 1967 and 1969 at the Columbia Studio in Nashville, Tennessee. The sessions were produced by Kelso Herston, Ken Nelson and George Richey. It was her first album to include production credits by George Richey. In her autobiography, Jackson writes her dis-taste for Richey's production work on these sessions: "He wasn't making any suggestions, paying me any attention, or giving me any feedback. That just made me mad."

*Wanda Jackson Country!* consisted of ten tracks. The album included a mixture of original and cover tunes. Among its original tunes was "The Pain of It All", "Everything's Leaving", "Two Separate Bar Stools" and "My Big Iron Skillet". The latter recording was co-written by a friend of Jackson's husband who pitched the song to her. Cover recordings for the album included Tammy Wynette's "Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad" and Charley Pride's "Just Between You and Me". Also featured on the project is an answer song to Glen Campbell's "By the Time I Get to Phoenix". Jackson's husband re-worked the lyrics, along with Melvin Nash, which became "By the Time You Get to Phoenix".

## Release and singles

*Wanda Jackson Country!* was originally released in February 1970 on Capitol Records. The album marked Jackson's fifteen studio release in her career and her fifteenth for the Capitol label. It was originally issued as a vinyl LP, containing five songs on both sides of the record. In later years, it was re-released via Capitol Records Nashville to digital and streaming markets, which included Apple Music. A total of four singles were included on the album, beginning with "By the Time You Get to Phoenix" in January 1968. Two months later, it reached number 48 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles chart.

In June 1969, "Everything's Leaving" was issued as the second single from the album. The single eventually climbed to number 48 on the same *Billboard* chart. "My Big Iron Skillet" was issued as the third single in September 1969. The song became the album's highest-charting hit, peaking at number 20 on the *Billboard* country chart by November 1969. "Two Separate Bar Stools" was spawned as the final single from the album in December 1969. By February 1970, the song had peaked at number 35 on the *Billboard* country chart.

## Track listings

### Vinyl version

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "My Big Iron Skillet" | * Bryan Creswell * Wilda Creswell | 2:11 |
| 2. | "Everything's Leaving" | Red Lane | 2:24 |
| 3. | "Two Separate Bar Stools" | Bill Graham | 2:25 |
| 4. | "You Created Me" | Curtiss Wayne | 2:11 |
| 5. | "Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad" |  | 2:07 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Try a Little Kindness" |  | 2:17 |
| 2. | "Just Between You and Me" | Jack Clement | 2:16 |
| 3. | "The Pain of It All" | Jerry Vanable | 2:37 |
| 4. | "By the Time You Get to Phoenix" |  | 2:12 |
| 5. | "The Hunter" | Lane | 2:26 |

### Digital version

*Wanda Jackson Country!* (Capitol Nashville)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "My Big Iron Skillet" | * B. Creswell * W. Creswell | 2:13 |
| 2. | "Everything's Leaving" | Lane | 2:27 |
| 3. | "Two Separate Bar Stools" | Graham | 2:29 |
| 4. | "You Created Me" | Wayne | 2:13 |
| 5. | "Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad" | * Sherrill * Sutton | 2:08 |
| 6. | "Try a Little Kindness" | * Austin * Sapaugh | 2:17 |
| 7. | "Just Between You and Me" | Clement | 2:19 |
| 8. | "The Pain of It All" | Vanable | 2:44 |
| 9. | "By the Time You Get to Phoenix" | * Goodman * Nash * Webb | 2:14 |
| 10. | "The Hunter" | Lane | 2:28 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| * Canada * United States | February 1970 | Vinyl | Capitol Records |  |
| Australia | | 1974 | World Record Club |  |
| | | World Cassette Club |  |
| United States | 2010s | * Digital * Streaming | Capitol Records Nashville |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Wanda Jackson Country! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Wanda Jackson | |
| Released | February 1970 (1970-02) |
| Recorded | 1967 – 1969 |
| Studio | Columbia Studio |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Capitol |
| Producer |  |
| Wanda Jackson chronology | |
| *Wanda Jackson in Person*
(1969) ***Wanda Jackson Country!***
(1970) *A Woman Lives for Love*
(1970) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Wanda Jackson Country!* | |
| 1. "By the Time You Get to Phoenix"
Released: January 1968 2. "Everything's Leaving"
Released: June 1969 3. "My Big Iron Skillet"
Released: September 1969 4. "Two Separate Bar Stools"
Released: December 1969 | |
|  | |


title: Run to the Stars

abstract: Run to the Stars is a novel by Michael Scott Rohan published in 1982.

text:
# Run to the Stars

***Run to the Stars*** is a novel by Michael Scott Rohan published in 1982.

## Plot summary

*Run to the Stars* is a novel in which the hero must overcome the corrupt government of Earth and escape.

## Reception

Dave Langford reviewed *Run to the Stars* for *White Dwarf* #40, and stated that "Though slow-moving to begin with, and relying on a truly boggling coincidence at the climax, this is a superior SF adventure from an author I know well (bias declared) and whom I hate for getting a fanletter from Ursula Le Guin on his first published story."

Dave Pringle reviewed *Run to the Stars* for *Imagine* magazine, and stated that "At base it's a conventional SF scenario: muscular hero and sexy-but-brainy girlfriend escape from a bureaucratic Earth and make their romantic run to the stars. However, it is all done with marvellous bravura and the narrative fairly crackles with energy. 'Banzai! Arrigato!'"

## Reviews


title: Ruin Academy

abstract: Ruin Academy is an independent cross-over architectural research center in the Urban Core area of Taipei City, Taiwan. It is 'set to re-think the industrial city and the modern man in the box' through research and a series of workshops. The Ruin Academy occupies an abandoned 5-story apartment building in central Taipei. All the interior walls of the building and all the windows are removed in order to grow bamboo and vegetables inside the house. The plants are situated so that their vegetation grows in front of the glassless window spaces, giving privacy to those inside. The professors and students are sleeping and working in mahogany made ad hoc dormitories and have a public sauna in the 5th floor. All the building is penetrated with 6-inch holes in order to let “rain inside”. The architectural control is in a process of giving up in order to let nature to step in. So far it is not giving up – it is too lazy. Architectural control will be given up. Modernism is lost and the industrial machine will become organic. This happens in Taipei and this is what we study. Ruin Academy is an organic machine. Ruin is viewed as a tipping point when a man-made object becomes part of nature.

text:
# Ruin Academy

**Ruin Academy** (established 2010) is an independent cross-over architectural research center in the Urban Core area of Taipei City, Taiwan. It is 'set to re-think the industrial city and the modern man in the box' through research and a series of workshops.

The Ruin Academy occupies an abandoned 5-story apartment building in central Taipei. All the interior walls of the building and all the windows are removed in order to grow bamboo and vegetables inside the house. The plants are situated so that their vegetation grows in front of the glassless window spaces, giving privacy to those inside. The professors and students are sleeping and working in mahogany made ad hoc dormitories and have a public sauna in the 5th floor. All the building is penetrated with 6-inch holes in order to let “rain inside”.

*The architectural control is in a process of giving up in order to let nature to step in. So far it is not giving up – it is too lazy. Architectural control will be given up. Modernism is lost and the industrial machine will become organic. This happens in Taipei and this is what we study. Ruin Academy is an organic machine.* Ruin is viewed as a tipping point when a man-made object becomes part of nature.

## Research topics

The research and design workshops engage with architecture, urban design and environmental art. Anarchic Grandmothers, Academic Squatting, Urban Acupuncture-these are some of the ideas behind the Ruin Academy. The Academy workshops include: Organic Acupuncture (spontaneous and often illegal urban farms and community gardens balancing the industrial Taipei and tuning the city towards the organic); "River Urbanism (landscape urbanism); "Illegal Architecture" (Architecture that uses the city energy source, like a parasite. Casagrande adds, “many spontaneous and often illegal communities are growing that are more complex and fruitful than official development and official architecture – often blindly directed by economy and centralised politics. Anarchist grandmothers are cultivating illegal community gardens and urban farms everywhere around Taipei. They are breaking the city.” The Academy is focused in the research of the ruining processes of Taipei that keep the city alive.

The International Society of Biourbanism published in 2013 Marco Casagrande's book *Biourban Acupuncture - From Treasure Hill of Taipei to Artena*, which explains the operations, methodology and aims of the Ruin Academy in detail. For the industrial cities, biourban acupuncture offers a path to achieve the Third Generation City. Cities, to be the fall of the machine, where “the ruin” is the reality produced by nature, that reclaims the artefact. Biourbanism happens, when nature force takes the initiative, affects the design of industrial society, and becomes co- architect. The Ruin Academy received the *World Architecture Community Award* in 2011. The Academy is operated by the Taiwanese JUT Foundation for Arts & Architecture, in cooperation with Finland-based Casagrande Laboratory.

## *Anarchist Gardener*

The Ruin Academy publishes an independent free newspaper, the *Anarchist Gardener*, edited by Nikita Wu. The newspaper is an open form collage of the Academy's thinking on the future of the built human environment. A special issue of the newspaper has been produced for the Shenzhen & Hong Kong Bi-City Biennial of Architecture and Urbanism 2012 . and for the Austrian Museum of Contemporary art MAK exhibition Eastern Promises, 2013.


title: Hemiandrus sterope

abstract: Hemiandrus sterope, the lightning wētā, is a species of Hemiandrus. It is a medium-sized ground wētā, and was discovered in the Marlborough Sounds alongside three other wētā species, published in 2020. The name 'lightning' comes from one of the Pleiades sisters.

text:
# Hemiandrus sterope

***Hemiandrus sterope***, the **lightning wētā**, is a species of *Hemiandrus*. It is a medium-sized ground wētā, and was discovered in the Marlborough Sounds alongside three other wētā species, published in 2020. The name 'lightning' comes from one of the Pleiades sisters.

## Behaviour

The male lightning wētā beats its abdomen against a leaf or other structures. It is believed that it is used as a form of communication by creating vibrations that other wētā can listen to.

## InfoBox

| *Hemiandrus sterope* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Anostostomatidae |
| Genus: | *Hemiandrus* |
| Species: | ***H. sterope*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hemiandrus sterope***<br>Trewick, Taylor-Smith & Morgan-Richards 2020 | |
|


title: Rufus Pollock

abstract: Rufus Pollock is a British economist, activist and social entrepreneur. He has been a leading figure in the global open knowledge and open data movements, starting with his founding in 2004 of the non-profit Open Knowledge Foundation which he led until 2015. From 2007–2010 he was the Mead Fellow in Economics at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and from 2010–2013 he was a Shuttleworth Foundation fellow. In 2012 was appointed an Ashoka Fellow and remains an Associate of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law at the University of Cambridge and continues to serve on the board of Open Knowledge International. Since leaving Open Knowledge International, his work has moved to focus more on broader issues of social transformation and in 2016 he co-founded a new non-profit "Life Itself". However, he has continued to work actively on the economics and politics of the information age, including publishing "The Open Revolution: Rewriting the Rules of the Information Age" in 2018. Whilst at Open Knowledge International he initiated a variety of projects, many of which continue to be active. In 2005 he created The Open Definition which provided the first formal definition of open content and open data, and which has remained the standard reference definition. In 2005–06 he created the first version of CKAN, open source software for finding and sharing datasets, especially open datasets. CKAN has evolved and is the leading open data platform software in the world, used by governments including the US and UK, to publish millions of public datasets. He helped to lead or co-found other organizations including Open Rights Group, Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure, Creative Commons UK, Datopian (founder) and Life Itself (co-founder).

text:
# Rufus Pollock

**Rufus Pollock** (born 1980) is a British economist, activist and social entrepreneur.

He has been a leading figure in the global open knowledge and open data movements, starting with his founding in 2004 of the non-profit Open Knowledge Foundation which he led until 2015. From 2007–2010 he was the Mead Fellow in Economics at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and from 2010–2013 he was a Shuttleworth Foundation fellow. In 2012 was appointed an Ashoka Fellow and remains an Associate of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law at the University of Cambridge and continues to serve on the board of Open Knowledge International. Since leaving Open Knowledge International, his work has moved to focus more on broader issues of social transformation and in 2016 he co-founded a new non-profit "Life Itself". However, he has continued to work actively on the economics and politics of the information age, including publishing "The Open Revolution: Rewriting the Rules of the Information Age" in 2018.

Whilst at Open Knowledge International he initiated a variety of projects, many of which continue to be active. In 2005 he created The Open Definition which provided the first formal definition of open content and open data, and which has remained the standard reference definition. In 2005–06 he created the first version of CKAN, open source software for finding and sharing datasets, especially open datasets. CKAN has evolved and is the leading open data platform software in the world, used by governments including the US and UK, to publish millions of public datasets.

He helped to lead or co-found other organizations including Open Rights Group (2005, co-founder and board member), Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure (2005-6, UK director), Creative Commons UK, Datopian (founder) and Life Itself (co-founder).

## Work

On 24 May 2004 Pollock founded in Cambridge, UK the *Open Knowledge Foundation* as a global non-profit network that promotes and shares open knowledge including open data and open content - information that is openly and freely available.

In 2007 and 2009, Pollock published two important papers regarding the optimal copyright term, where he proposed based on an economical model with empirically-estimable parameters an optimal duration of 15 years, significantly shorter than any currently existing copyright term.

He has held the Mead Research Fellowship in economics at Emmanuel College, Cambridge.

In 2009, he was credited by web inventor Tim Berners-Lee for starting the Raw Data Now meme.

In 2010 he was appointed as one of the four founding members of the UK Government's Public Sector Transparency Board.

In 2018 he published his first book The Open Revolution: Rewriting the Rules of the Information Age, making it openly available for download online.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Rufus Pollock | |
| --- | --- |
| Pollock in 2017 | |
| Born | 1980 (age 4344) |
| Alma mater |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Thesis | *Should We Give Every Cow Its Calf? Monopoly, Competition and Transaction Costs in the Promotion of Innovation and Creativity* (2008) |
| Doctoral advisor |  |
|  | |
| Website | rufuspollock.com |


title: Rubella Ballet

abstract: Rubella Ballet are an English gothic anarcho-punk band formed in 1979, who released several albums before splitting up in 1991. They reformed in 2000.

text:
# Rubella Ballet

**Rubella Ballet** are an English gothic anarcho-punk band formed in 1979, who released several albums before splitting up in 1991. They reformed in 2000.

## History

The band was formed by drummer Sid Truelove (born Grant Carol, 18 April 1960, Sutton Coldfield, a former chef, later also the drummer with Flux of Pink Indians), former Fatal Microbes Pete Fender (Dan Sansom, guitar), Gem Stone (Gemma Sansom, bass) and It (Quentin North, also bass), with vocalists Annie Anxiety and Womble. Annie, Womble and It were involved only initially, left and were replaced by vocalist Zillah Minx (born Zillah Elaine Ashworth, 31 March 1961, Birkenhead). Fender and Stone were the son and daughter of Poison Girls singer Vi Subversa. The band used Poison Girls equipment to jam and write songs and their first performance was when they took to the stage at a Crass/Poison Girls concert. They had originally been called Rubella Babies. The band's first proper gig was a fundraiser for the Theatre Royal in Stratford, which ended in a riot, and the band played frequently, often asking audience members to put them up after gigs.

The new line-up were soon known for wearing brightly coloured dayglo clothes on stage, to differentiate themselves from the anarcho-punk bands who tended to wear black, 'army-surplus' style clothing. Pete Fender left at the end of 1982 and soon afterwards joined Omega Tribe as a full-time member, having been their early mentor and record producer.

The band released one album on cassette tape, entitled *Ballet Bag* (1981) and a 4 track 7-inch EP, *Ballet Dance* (1982), both for Poison Girls' XNTRIX Records, after rejecting the opportunity to put out a record on the Crass label. Adrian Thrills, reviewing the single in the *NME* stated "the Ballet have an appealing sharp edge to their claustrophobic punk thrash, a poppy surge and even a discernable funk readjustment...of course, they could always just be taking the piss". After releasing the "42f" single on Jungle Records (with Sean replacing Fender) the band started their own Ubiquitous label. Rubella Ballet toured extensively with Poison Girls and Crass, and recorded two John Peel sessions for BBC Radio. In 1984, they embarked on an ill-fated tour of Italy to promote "42f". The band had only been given single airline tickets and after a week of playing without getting paid, they returned to England by train.

The band's line-up underwent several changes before their next release, "Money Talks" (1985); Sean and Gem had left, to be replaced by Adam and Rachel Minx (Zillah's younger sister Rachel Irene Jane Ashworth), and Adam himself has replaced by Steve Cachman prior to the recording of the debut album *At Last, It's Playtime*, the same year, an album that has been described as "chugging mid-paced stuff, many of the tracks dominated by Zillah's steamroller-flat vox". The line-up stabilized over the next few years, the band recording a second album, *If...* in 1986. A compilation and a double live album followed, but it would be 1990 before the next studio album, *At the End of the Rainbow*. The band split up shortly after its release, Sid already playing in the dance band Xenophobia.

In 2000, the band reformed for a performance at the European Gathering festival in Milton Keynes, and have continued on and off since, with the core members Sid and Zillah joined by a varying line-up including original guitarist Fender. A retrospective covering the first half of the band's career, *Anarchy in the U.V.*, including *Ballet Bag*, *Ballet Dance*, *At Last It's Play Time*, the 12-inch version of "Money Talks", and two previously unreleased tracks, was released in December 2008. A second volume was released in 2010, containing the remaining tracks from the band's back-catalogue. They went on to release Planet Punk in 2014 and Danger of Death in 2018. In late 2019, Emily Flea joined the band as bassist. Rubella Ballet continue to perform with their most recent release being Rich with Our Money in 2023.

## Discography

Chart placings shown are from the UK Indie Chart.

### Singles

* *Ballet Dance* EP (1982), XNTRIX (#6)
* "42f" (1984), Jungle, JUNG12 (12-inch) - (#10)
* "Money Talks" (1985), Ubiquitous, DayGlo1
* "Arctic Flowers" (1986), Ubiquitous, DayGlo3 (12-inch)

### Albums

* *Ballet Bag* (1981), XNTRIX (cassette only, with booklet and badge)
* *At Last Its Playtime* (1985), Ubiquitous, DayGlo2
* *IF* (1986), Ubiquitous, DayGlo 4
* *At The End Of The Rainbow* (1990), Brave/One Little Indian BND2LP
* *Planet Punk* (2014) Overground
* *Danger of Death* (2018) Overground
* *Rich with our money* (2023), No Romance

#### Compilations, live albums, remixes

* *Cocktail Mix* (1987), Ubiquitous, DayGlo5 (*Ballet Bag* \+ *Ballet Dance*)
* *The Ballet's Birthday Box* (double LP) (1988), Ubiquitous, DayGlo6 - (two lps with badge, poster, cut-out doll, sticker & booklet)
* *Greatest Trips* (1990), Brave/One Little Indian BND3CD
* *Death Rock Daze* (2007), UVP Productions UVP001 (Limited Edition)
* *Anarchy in the U.V.* (2008), Overground
* *Nevermind the Day-Glo.* (2010), Overground
* *Ballet Bag* plus 2 x John Peel Sessions (2017), Dark Entries
* *Day-Glo Daze* (2018) Near Dark

## Video

* *Freak Box* (1984), Ubiquitous - Live concert, 60 min, VHS.

## InfoBox

| Rubella Ballet | |
| --- | --- |
| Rubella Ballet playing at the Clarendon Club, London, Christmas Eve 1985 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | London, England |
| Genres | Punk rock, anarcho-punk, post-punk, gothic rock |
| Years active | 19791991, 2000present |
| Labels | Xntrix, Ubiquitous |
|  | |
| Members | Sid Truelove
Zillah Minx
Emily Flea |
|  | |
| Past members | Gem Stone
It
Annie Anxiety
Womble
Sean
Adam
Rachel Minx
Steve Cachman
Pete Fender
Phil
Paris Ite |


title: Ruben Gunawan

abstract: Ruben Muljadi Gunawan was an Indonesian chess Grandmaster (1999). Born in Jakarta, his earlier achievement was winning the Indonesian U16 championship in 1982 in Bandung. This victory qualified him to play in the Asian Junior Chess Championship 1983, which took place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ruben Gunawan won the championship and was awarded the FIDE Master title. In 1984 he won the Indonesian U19 championship. Gunawan played for Indonesia in the Chess Olympiads of 2000 in Istanbul, and 2004 in Calvià. He died at the age of 38 in Manado because of heart failure and pneumonia that he had during the Calvià Olympiad. He achieved the 1009th rank at FIDE position in July 2005. His Elo rating at that time was 2463, while the highest rating he ever achieved was 2507 in January 1999.

text:
# Ruben Gunawan

**Ruben Muljadi Gunawan** (17 April 1968 – 27 August 2005) was an Indonesian chess Grandmaster (1999).

Born in Jakarta, his earlier achievement was winning the Indonesian U16 championship in 1982 in Bandung. This victory qualified him to play in the Asian Junior Chess Championship 1983, which took place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ruben Gunawan won the championship and was awarded the FIDE Master title. In 1984 he won the Indonesian U19 championship.

Gunawan played for Indonesia in the Chess Olympiads of 2000 in Istanbul, and 2004 in Calvià.

He died at the age of 38 in Manado because of heart failure and pneumonia that he had during the Calvià Olympiad. He achieved the 1009th rank at FIDE position in July 2005. His Elo rating at that time was 2463, while the highest rating he ever achieved was 2507 in January 1999.

## InfoBox

| Ruben Gunawan | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Born | (1968-04-17)April 17, 1968
Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Died | August 27, 2005(2005-08-27) (aged 37)
Manado, Indonesia |
| Title | Grandmaster (1999) |
| Peak rating | 2507 (January 1999) |


title: Ruben Grijalva

abstract: Ruben Grijalva is a former director of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, appointed in 2006. He received some media attention during the California wildfires of October 2007. In one press report, he asserted that state agencies had done all they could to send useful resources to battle the wildfires. He resigned from the position in February 2009 and went to work as a private consultant. Previously while serving as a Public Safety Officer with the City of Sunnyvale, Grijalva successfully negotiated the surrender of mass murderer Richard Farley in the ESL shootings, an event that triggered anti-stalking laws nationwide. Grijalva was later portrayed by Richard Yniguez in the movie I Can Make You Love Me, which recounted the stalking of Laura Black.

text:
# Ruben Grijalva

**Ruben Grijalva** is a former director of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, appointed in 2006. He received some media attention during the California wildfires of October 2007. In one press report, he asserted that state agencies had done all they could to send useful resources to battle the wildfires. He resigned from the position in February 2009 and went to work as a private consultant.

Previously while serving as a Public Safety Officer with the City of Sunnyvale, Grijalva successfully negotiated the surrender of mass murderer Richard Farley in the ESL shootings, an event that triggered anti-stalking laws nationwide. Grijalva was later portrayed by Richard Yniguez in the movie *I Can Make You Love Me*, which recounted the stalking of Laura Black.

## Death of Raymond Zack Investigation

In 2011, Grijalva was contracted by the City of Alameda to conduct an investigation into the death of Raymond Zack, a mentally ill man who succumbed to hypothermia while standing in the waters off of Robert Crown Memorial Beach, while Alameda firefighters and police officers stood on the shore.

1. "CAL FIRE chief Ruben Grijalva has resigned". *California Fire News*. February 4, 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
2. "People v. Farley, S024833". 2009-07-02.
3. "Shootings suspect haunted woman". 1988-02-18.
4. "Unwanted Suitor's Fixation on Woman Led to Carnage". *Los Angeles Times*. 1988-02-18.
5. "A rampage by a fired computer company technician who..." 1988-02-17.
6. "*I Can Make You Love Me* on Internet Movie Database". *IMDb*.
7. "Ex-California Fire Marshal to Investigate Alameda Drowning". 2011-06-29.
8. "Retired California State Fire Chief to Review Alameda Drowning". 2011-06-30.


title: Henry Coyle (politician)

abstract: Henry Coyle was a National Army officer and later a Cumann na nGaedheal politician. He was elected at the 1923 general election to the 4th Dáil as Teachta Dála (TD) for Mayo North. In 1924, Coyle was sentenced to three years' imprisonment for bouncing cheques. Because his sentence was for more than six months, he was disqualified from the Oireachtas from 9 May 1924 under Section 51 of the Electoral Act 1923. The by-election caused by his disqualification was won by John Madden of Sinn Féin. Coyle remains the only TD to have been disqualified in this way.

text:
# Henry Coyle (politician)

**Henry Coyle** (died 29 May 1979) was a National Army officer and later a Cumann na nGaedheal politician.

He was elected at the 1923 general election to the 4th Dáil as Teachta Dála (TD) for Mayo North. In 1924, Coyle was sentenced to three years' imprisonment for bouncing cheques. Because his sentence was for more than six months, he was disqualified from the Oireachtas from 9 May 1924 under Section 51 of the Electoral Act 1923. The by-election caused by his disqualification was won by John Madden of Sinn Féin.

Coyle remains the only TD to have been disqualified in this way.

## InfoBox

| Henry Coyle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Teachta Dála | |
| **In office**<br>August 1923  9 May 1924 | |
| Constituency | Mayo North |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 29 May 1979 |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Political party | Cumann na nGaedheal |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | National Army |
|  | |


title: Rugby sevens at the 2014 Asian Games

abstract: Rugby sevens at the 2014 Asian Games was held in Namdong Asiad Rugby Field, Incheon from 30 September to 2 October 2014.

text:
# Rugby sevens at the 2014 Asian Games

**Rugby sevens** at the **2014 Asian Games** was held in Namdong Asiad Rugby Field, Incheon from 30 September to 2 October 2014.

## Schedule

| P | Preliminary round | ¼ | Quarterfinals | ½ | Semifinals | F | Finals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Event↓/Date → | 30th
Tue | 1st
Wed | | 2nd
Thu | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men | P | P | ¼ | ½ | F |
| Women | P | P | | ½ | F |

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men
 | Japan
Yusaku Kuwazuru
Shota Hagisawa
Michael Leitch
Lepuha Latuila
Makoto Kato
Masakatsu Hikosaka
Katsuyuki Sakai
Takashi Suzuki
Rakuhei Yamashita
Kazushi Hano
Lomano Lemeki
Masaki Watanabe | Hong Kong
Kwok Ka Chun
Jack Capon
Max Woodward
Michael Coverdale
Cado Lee
Keith Robertson
Alex McQueen
Mark Wright
Rowan Varty
Jamie Hood
Tom McQueen
Salom Yiu | South Korea
Han Kun-kyu
Yoon Tae-il
Kim Jeong-min
Yang Young-hun
Oh Youn-hyung
Kim Sung-soo
Kim Gwong-min
Kim Hyun-soo
Park Wan-yong
Kim Nam-uk
Jeong Yeon-sik
Lee Yong-seung |
| Women
 | China
Guan Qishi
Yang Hong
Liu Yang
Yang Min
Yu Xiaoming
Sun Tingting
Lu Yuanyuan
Chen Keyi
Jiang Qianqian
Sun Shichao
Zhou Lilian
Yu Liping | Japan
Chiharu Nakamura
Aya Takeuchi
Noriko Taniguchi
Makiko Tomita
Mifuyu Koide
Chisato Yokoo
Keiko Kato
Yuka Kanematsu
Rei Yamada
Marie Yamaguchi
Ano Kuwai
Yoko Suzuki | Kazakhstan
Veronika Stepanyuga
Yelena Yevdokimova
Oxana Shadrina
Lyudmila Sapronova
Amina Baratova
Marianna Balashova
Kundyzay Baktybayeva
Anna Yakovleva
Symbat Zhamankulova
Svetlana Klyuchnikova
Liliya Bazyaruk
Nigora Nurmatova |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Japan (JPN) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | China (CHN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | Hong Kong (HKG) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | South Korea (KOR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

## Draw

A draw ceremony was held on 21 August 2014 to determine the groups for the men's and women's competitions. The teams were seeded based on their results in past four years starting from the 2010 Asian Games.

### Men

* India withdrew, therefore Pakistan, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia advanced to the main round without playing the repechage round.

### Women

* India withdrew, The revised draw took place few days before the competition.

## Final standing

### Men

| Rank | Team | Pld | W | D | L |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Japan | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Hong Kong | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
|  | South Korea | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Sri Lanka | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 5 | Philippines | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 6 | China | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 7 | Thailand | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 8 | Chinese Taipei | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 9 | Malaysia | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| 10 | Lebanon | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 11 | Pakistan | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 12 | Saudi Arabia | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 |

### Women

| Rank | Team | Pld | W | D | L |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | China | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Japan | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
|  | Kazakhstan | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | Hong Kong | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | Thailand | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
| 6 | Singapore | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 7 | Uzbekistan | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 8 | Malaysia | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 9 | South Korea | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 10 | Laos | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 |

## InfoBox

| Rugby sevens
at the 2014 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Namdong Asiad Rugby Field |
| Dates | 30 September – 2 October 2014 |
| Competitors | 263 from 16 nations |
|


title: Henry C. Miller

abstract: Henry Carleton Miller was a justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court from February 1, 1894, to March 4, 1899. Born in Covington, Louisiana. Miller attended private schools and thereafter read law without supervision to gain admission to the bar in 1851. Miller was a United States Attorney from 1856 to 1861, and a Confederate States of America District Attorney during the American Civil War, from 1861 to 1865, appointed to the latter position by Confederate president Jefferson Davis. Later in life, Miller became a professor of law at Tulane University Law School, teaching admiralty and marine law, international law, and jurisdiction and practice of courts of admiralty. He was elected dean of the law school in 1889. Miller became a justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court in 1894, and served until his death, in New Orleans, on March 4, 1899. Miller died in his home shortly after an operation intended to relieve a bout of intense pain in his intestines. Although the operation was deemed a success, and the pain was alleviated, he shortly thereafter lapsed into a coma, from which he never recovered. Miller was married to Louisa Knox of St. Landry Parish. He was a member of The Boston Club of New Orleans.

text:
# Henry C. Miller

**Henry Carleton Miller** (February 1, 1828 – March 4, 1899) was a justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court from February 1, 1894, to March 4, 1899.

Born in Covington, Louisiana. Miller attended private schools and thereafter read law without supervision to gain admission to the bar in 1851. Miller was a United States Attorney from 1856 to 1861, and a Confederate States of America District Attorney during the American Civil War, from 1861 to 1865, appointed to the latter position by Confederate president Jefferson Davis. Later in life, Miller became a professor of law at Tulane University Law School, teaching admiralty and marine law, international law, and jurisdiction and practice of courts of admiralty. He was elected dean of the law school in 1889.

Miller became a justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court in 1894, and served until his death, in New Orleans, on March 4, 1899. Miller died in his home shortly after an operation intended to relieve a bout of intense pain in his intestines. Although the operation was deemed a success, and the pain was alleviated, he shortly thereafter lapsed into a coma, from which he never recovered.

Miller was married to Louisa Knox of St. Landry Parish. He was a member of The Boston Club of New Orleans.


title: Rudyard, Montana

abstract: Rudyard is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hill County, Montana, United States. The population was 258 at the 2010 census. The community was established as a switching station on the Great Northern Railway. The post office opened in 1910. It is named after author Rudyard Kipling.

text:
# Rudyard, Montana

**Rudyard** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hill County, Montana, United States. The population was 258 at the 2010 census.

The community was established as a switching station on the Great Northern Railway. The post office opened in 1910. It is named after author Rudyard Kipling.

## Geography

Rudyard is located western Hill County at 48°33′38″N 110°33′17″W / 48.56056°N 110.55472°W / 48.56056; -110.55472 (48.560633, -110.554737). U.S. Route 2 runs along the southern edge of the community, leading east 41 miles (66 km) to Havre, the county seat, and west 62 miles (100 km) to Shelby.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.93 square miles (2.4 km2), all land.

### Antipodes

Rudyard has the distinction of being the only community in the contiguous United States that sits atop a non-oceanic antipode, that being one of the Kerguelen Islands.

### Climate

| Climate data for Rudyard 19S, Montana, 1991–2020 normals, 2003-2020 snowfall: 2878ft (877m) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 64
(18) | 68
(20) | 79
(26) | 90
(32) | 91
(33) | 100
(38) | 106
(41) | 104
(40) | 98
(37) | 90
(32) | 75
(24) | 62
(17) | 106
(41) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 52.5
(11.4) | 52.4
(11.3) | 63.6
(17.6) | 78.6
(25.9) | 84.4
(29.1) | 90.5
(32.5) | 98.2
(36.8) | 96.9
(36.1) | 90.5
(32.5) | 78.6
(25.9) | 65.0
(18.3) | 53.7
(12.1) | 99.6
(37.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 26.1
(−3.3) | 31.3
(−0.4) | 42.2
(5.7) | 54.1
(12.3) | 63.4
(17.4) | 71.7
(22.1) | 82.4
(28.0) | 80.8
(27.1) | 69.5
(20.8) | 54.5
(12.5) | 40.2
(4.6) | 30.2
(−1.0) | 53.9
(12.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 14.9
(−9.5) | 19.1
(−7.2) | 29.1
(−1.6) | 40.4
(4.7) | 49.9
(9.9) | 58.6
(14.8) | 67.0
(19.4) | 65.1
(18.4) | 54.8
(12.7) | 41.2
(5.1) | 28.6
(−1.9) | 18.8
(−7.3) | 40.6
(4.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 3.8
(−15.7) | 6.9
(−13.9) | 16.0
(−8.9) | 26.7
(−2.9) | 36.4
(2.4) | 45.4
(7.4) | 51.6
(10.9) | 49.4
(9.7) | 40.0
(4.4) | 28.0
(−2.2) | 16.9
(−8.4) | 7.5
(−13.6) | 27.4
(−2.6) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −22.8
(−30.4) | −19.9
(−28.8) | −6.0
(−21.1) | 13.7
(−10.2) | 24.4
(−4.2) | 37.0
(2.8) | 43.3
(6.3) | 39.9
(4.4) | 29.8
(−1.2) | 13.6
(−10.2) | −4.5
(−20.3) | −17.9
(−27.7) | −32.0
(−35.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −41
(−41) | −40
(−40) | −36
(−38) | −8
(−22) | 14
(−10) | 32
(0) | 37
(3) | 34
(1) | 20
(−7) | −12
(−24) | −24
(−31) | −41
(−41) | −41
(−41) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.42
(11) | 0.32
(8.1) | 0.43
(11) | 1.15
(29) | 1.77
(45) | 2.57
(65) | 1.24
(31) | 1.15
(29) | 1.11
(28) | 0.83
(21) | 0.53
(13) | 0.38
(9.7) | 11.9
(300.8) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 5.6
(14) | 3.9
(9.9) | 3.1
(7.9) | 2.8
(7.1) | 1.0
(2.5) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 1.3
(3.3) | 2.0
(5.1) | 3.1
(7.9) | 4.5
(11) | 27.3
(68.7) |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: XMACIS (snowfall, temp records & monthly max/mins) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| Climate data for Rudyard 21 N, Montana, 1991–2020 normals, 2001-2020 snowfall: 3000ft (914m) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 66
(19) | 68
(20) | 79
(26) | 87
(31) | 92
(33) | 98
(37) | 103
(39) | 104
(40) | 96
(36) | 83
(28) | 76
(24) | 62
(17) | 104
(40) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 54.5
(12.5) | 53.2
(11.8) | 64.8
(18.2) | 77.0
(25.0) | 85.1
(29.5) | 90.9
(32.7) | 97.5
(36.4) | 96.6
(35.9) | 91.4
(33.0) | 77.1
(25.1) | 64.5
(18.1) | 53.1
(11.7) | 97.1
(36.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 30.0
(−1.1) | 32.9
(0.5) | 42.9
(6.1) | 55.5
(13.1) | 66.1
(18.9) | 73.1
(22.8) | 82.9
(28.3) | 82.8
(28.2) | 71.3
(21.8) | 56.3
(13.5) | 40.5
(4.7) | 32.4
(0.2) | 55.6
(13.1) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 17.3
(−8.2) | 20.2
(−6.6) | 29.7
(−1.3) | 40.9
(4.9) | 51.0
(10.6) | 58.6
(14.8) | 65.8
(18.8) | 64.6
(18.1) | 54.9
(12.7) | 41.5
(5.3) | 28.0
(−2.2) | 19.6
(−6.9) | 41.0
(5.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 4.6
(−15.2) | 7.5
(−13.6) | 16.4
(−8.7) | 26.3
(−3.2) | 35.8
(2.1) | 44.2
(6.8) | 48.6
(9.2) | 46.4
(8.0) | 38.5
(3.6) | 26.6
(−3.0) | 15.5
(−9.2) | 6.8
(−14.0) | 26.4
(−3.1) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −24.3
(−31.3) | −21.0
(−29.4) | −7.3
(−21.8) | 11.0
(−11.7) | 22.3
(−5.4) | 34.6
(1.4) | 39.2
(4.0) | 35.8
(2.1) | 26.3
(−3.2) | 7.1
(−13.8) | −9.2
(−22.9) | −20.2
(−29.0) | −33.3
(−36.3) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −38
(−39) | −38
(−39) | −33
(−36) | −15
(−26) | 10
(−12) | 29
(−2) | 36
(2) | 28
(−2) | 19
(−7) | −12
(−24) | −32
(−36) | −45
(−43) | −45
(−43) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.30
(7.6) | 0.35
(8.9) | 0.41
(10) | 0.94
(24) | 1.81
(46) | 2.37
(60) | 1.34
(34) | 1.07
(27) | 1.12
(28) | 0.78
(20) | 0.50
(13) | 0.35
(8.9) | 11.34
(287.4) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 5.6
(14) | 6.3
(16) | 4.8
(12) | 3.5
(8.9) | 1.8
(4.6) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 1.7
(4.3) | 3.2
(8.1) | 5.9
(15) | 5.2
(13) | 38
(95.9) |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: XMACIS (snowfall, temp records & monthly max/mins) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 270 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 275 people, 126 households, and 71 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 295.8 inhabitants per square mile (114.2/km2). There were 155 housing units at an average density of 166.7 per square mile (64.4/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.18% White, 0.73% Native American, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population.

There were 126 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were non-families. 38.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 2.9% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,393, and the median income for a family was $34,844. Males had a median income of $25,694 versus $15,833 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,889. About 7.2% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.9% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 or over.

## Transportation

Amtrak’s Empire Builder, which operates between Seattle/Portland and Chicago, passes through the town on BNSF tracks, but makes no stop. The nearest station is located in Havre, 41 miles (66 km) to the east.

## Education

North Star High School and middle school are located in Rudyard. They are known as the Knights. North Star Elementary school is located in Gildford.

## InfoBox

| Rudyard, Montana | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Location of Rudyard, Montana | |
| Coordinates: 48°33′38″N 110°33′17″W / 48.56056°N 110.55472°W / 48.56056; -110.55472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| County | Hill |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.92 sq mi (2.37 km2) |
| Land | 0.92 sq mi (2.37 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 3,114 ft (949 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 270 |
| Density | 294.76/sq mi (113.77/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 59540 |
| Area code | 406 |
| FIPS code | 30-64900 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0776006 |