title: Wangchun Bridge station

abstract: Wangchun Bridge Station is a station on Line 1 of the Ningbo Rail Transit that started operations on 30 May 2014. It is situated under Wangchun Road in Haishu District of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, eastern China.

text:
# Wangchun Bridge station

**Wangchun Bridge Station** (simplified Chinese: 望春桥站; traditional Chinese: 望春橋站; pinyin: *Wàngchūnqiáo Zhàn*) is a station on Line 1 of the Ningbo Rail Transit that started operations on 30 May 2014. It is situated under Wangchun Road (Chinese: 望春路) in Haishu District of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, eastern China.

## Exits

| Exit number | | Exit location |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Exit A | | Wangchun Road |
| Exit C | | Wangchun Road, Xiangcheng Avenue |
| Exit D | | Wangchun Road, Xinyuan Road |

29°53′03″N 121°30′17″E / 29.8843°N 121.5047°E / 29.8843; 121.5047

## InfoBox

| Wangchun Bridge
望春桥 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang
China |
| Operated by | Ningbo Rail Transit Co. Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Line 1 |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| History | |
| Opened | 30 May 2014 |
| Previous names | Wangchun |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Ningbo Rail Transit Following station  Xujiacao Changletowards Gaoqiao West  Line 1  Zemintowards Xiapu  Future services  Songjiacaotowards West Transportation Hub  Line 6  Ningbo Municipal Hospital of TCMtowards Honglian | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wangchukling

abstract: Wangchukling is a town in Bumthang District in central Bhutan.

text:
# Wangchukling

**Wangchukling**  is a town in Bumthang District in central Bhutan.

1. "NGA GeoName Database". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2008-07-03.

## InfoBox

| Wangchukling | |
| --- | --- |
| WangchuklingLocation in Bhutan | |
| Coordinates: 27°33′N 90°44′E / 27.550°N 90.733°E / 27.550; 90.733 | |
| Country | Bhutan |
| District | Bumthang District |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (BTT) |


abstract: Melt - Scandinavian Electro/Industrial Compilation is a various artists compilation album released in 1994 by Cyberware Productions. The album was reissued on April 9, 1996, by Fifth Colvmn Records.

text:
# Melt - Scandinavian Electro/Industrial Compilation

***Melt - Scandinavian Electro/Industrial Compilation*** is a various artists compilation album released in 1994 by Cyberware Productions. The album was reissued on April 9, 1996, by Fifth Colvmn Records.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

Aiding & Abetting called "*Melt* "inconsistent" and "for every decent gothic pop bit like Neuroactive's "Obsession" there's at least one song that just doesn't work." AllMusic awarded the collection two and a half out of five stars and said "*Melt* culls releases from the Scandinavian-based label Cyberware Records, whose roster of artists runs the gamut from industrial to techno to ambient." Sonic Boom noted that "the first half of the compilation consists of more popular EBM style electro with the music slowly transitioning to darkwave instrumentals of a more experimental nature as the album progresses."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Plutonium" | Sven Andersson | Bizarre Alliance | 3:51 |
| 2. | "Burnin' Heretic" (Guitarless Edit) | Stephan Groth | Apoptygma Berzerk | 5:34 |
| 3. | "Obsession" (Plastic Mix) | * Ville Brusi * Vesa Rainne * Jarkko Tuohimaa | Neuroactive | 4:19 |
| 4. | "Mindhallucination" (Brain Mix) | * Kim Løhde Petersen * Michael Hillerup | Birmingham 6 | 5:15 |
| 5. | "Cybers" | * Alex Jarlev * Eskild Trulsen * Jørgen Aase * Rune Kruse * Tarjei E. Krogh * Tomas Kulberg * Truls Are Bakken | Anstalt | 4:06 |
| 6. | "No Rest for the Wicked" (No Vox Version) | Claus Larsen | Leæther Strip | 5:30 |
| 7. | "Gunmaster" |  | The Insult That Made a Man Out of Mac | 2:51 |
| 8. | "Halfdaudur" | * Indriði Einarsson * Guðjón Rúdólf Guðmundsson * Örn Ingólfsson * Þorri Jóhannsson * Ómar Stefánsson * Óskar Thorarensen | Inferno 5 | 4:42 |
| 9. | "Sometimes I Dream" | * Martin Danielsson * Juho Korhonen * Johan Linder | Malaise | 5:25 |
| 10. | "Addicts" | Remyl | Remyl | 3:12 |
| 11. | "Netspace Cowboy" | * Joni Leimu * Olli Mäkelä * Karri Suksia | Chaingun Operate | 4:03 |
| 12. | "Oidipus Rex" (Video Version) | Per Aksel Lundgreen | Angst Pop | 4:16 |
| 13. | "Fifth Skin" (Close Cyberware Mix) | Jouni Havukainen | In Slaughter Natives | 5:58 |
| 14. | "Random Succession" | * Jóhann Eiríksson * G.I. Markússon | Reptilicus | 3:04 |
| 15. | "Under Ten Lies" (Club Slayer Edit) | * Petri Huttunen * Timo Väänänen | Shade Factory | 5:39 |
| 16. | "Lost" | * Annelie Bertilsson * Magnus Fransson * Joel Rydström | Cat Rapes Dog | 3:52 |
| 17. | "The Broken Glass of Shattered Dreams" |  | In Absentia | 5:38 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Melt - Scandinavian Electro/Industrial Compilation* liner notes.

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Finland | 1994 | Cyberware Productions | CD | NET002 |
| United States | 1996 | Fifth Colvmn | | 9868-63217 |

## InfoBox

| Melt - Scandinavian Electro/Industrial Compilation | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Various artists | |
| Released | 1994 (1994) |
| Genre | Electro-industrial |
| Length | 77:16 |
| Label | Cyberware Productions |
| Fifth Colvmn Records chronology | |
| *Frenzied Computer Resonance*
(1994) ***Melt - Scandinavian Electro/Industrial Compilation***
(1994) *Document 01 - Trance/Tribal*
(1994) | |


title: Wanda D'Isidoro

abstract: Wanda Catherine D’Isidoro Arcolín is a Venezuelan actress. D'Isidoro was born to an American mother and a Sicilian father, who met when her mother was an actress. They married and moved to Venezuela, after she was born.

text:
# Wanda D'Isidoro

**Wanda Catherine D’Isidoro Arcolín** (born October 20, 1977, in Boston, Massachusetts) is a Venezuelan actress. D'Isidoro was born to an American mother and a Sicilian father, who met when her mother was an actress. They married and moved to Venezuela, after she was born.

## Career

Her first appearance on television was in the years 1991/1992 when an advertisement of Malt Caracas a man threw in Benji and she was kissed by him when he almost reached the floor. Her charm and beauty allowed her to then enter Venevision.

Started in Venevision, in the "Circo de las Cómplices", where she participated in a competition called "Alice in Wonderland", until she had the opportunity to cheer on "El Club de los Tigritos". Previously, she served as model with Jalymar Salomón in the game show "La Caravana del Dinero".

In 2012, she starred as Priscilla in the Nickelodeon series, *Grachi*, and Verónica Baeza on *El Rostro de la Venganza*.

In 2013, she recorded a production of Telemundo starring as Bárbara Cano, (the main villain) in the soap *Santa Diabla*, which was released in August 2013 and share credits with Gaby Espino, Aaron Diaz, Carlos Ponce and Ximena Duque.

## Filmography

Films
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | *La isla de Los Tigritos* | Herself | Television film |
|

Television
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | *El Circo de las cómplices* |  |  |
| 1993 | *Rosangelica* | Ana Melissa |  |
| 1994 | *El Club de Los Tigritos* | Herself | Hostess |
| 1997 | *Destino de mujer* |  |  |
| 1997 | *Rugemania* | Herself |  |
| 2000 | *Hechizo de amor* | Mabel Alcántara |  |
| 2001 | *Más que amor, frenesí* | Virginia Fajardo de Lara |  |
| 2004 | *¡Qué buena se puso Lola!* | Mary Poppins |  |
| 2005 | *Mujer con pantalones* | Leticia Hewson |  |
| 2005 | *Nunca te diré adiós* |  |  |
| 2006 | *Te tengo en salsa* | Beatrice Perroni |  |
| 2009 | *Los misterios del amor* | Vanessa García |  |
| 2010 | *El fantasma de Elena* | Laura Luna |  |
| 2011 | *Qué el cielo me explique* | Elena Flores |  |
| 2011-12 | *Una Maid en Manhattan* | Catalina Lucero |  |
| 2012 | *Grachi* | Priscila | Recurring role; 31 episodes |
| 2012-13 | *El rostro de la venganza* | Verónica Baeza |  |
| 2013 | *Santa Diabla* | Bárbara Cano de Millan |  |
| 2014 | *Reina de corazones* | Susana Santillán |  |
| 2017 | *La fan* | Guadalupe "Lupita" |  |
| 2017 | *Milagros de Navidad* | Claudia |  |
|

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated Work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Premios 2 de Oro | Best Supporting Actress | Amor a Palos | Won |
| 2012 | Premios Tu Mundo | Best Supporting Actress | Una maid en Manhattan | Won |

## InfoBox

| Wanda D'Isidoro | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Wanda Catherine D’Isidoro Arcolín
(1977-10-20) October 20, 1977
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |


title: Mercury spacesuit

abstract: The Mercury space suit was a full-body, high-altitude pressure suit originally developed by the B.F. Goodrich Company and the U.S. Navy for pilots of high-altitude fighter aircraft. It is best known for its role as the spacesuit worn by the astronauts of the Project Mercury spaceflights. The MK IV Full Pressure Suit ensemble was also used extensively by the US Navy from about 1959 through the early 1970s in aircraft such as the F-4 Phantom, A-3/A-5/RA-5C Vigilante, and F-8 Crusader.

text:
# Mercury spacesuit

The **Mercury space suit** (or **Navy Mark IV**) was a full-body, high-altitude pressure suit originally developed by the B.F. Goodrich Company and the U.S. Navy for pilots of high-altitude fighter aircraft. It is best known for its role as the spacesuit worn by the astronauts of the Project Mercury spaceflights.

The MK IV Full Pressure Suit ensemble was also used extensively by the US Navy from about 1959 through the early 1970s in aircraft such as the F-4 Phantom, A-3/A-5/RA-5C Vigilante, and F-8 Crusader.

## Pre-Mercury development

The suit was designed by Russell Colley (who designed and built the high-altitude pressure suit worn by aviator Wiley Post) as a means of providing an Earth-like atmosphere in the unpressurized high-altitude fighter jets developed by the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy after the Korean War. The Mark IV suit was first introduced in the late 1950s. Prior to the development of the Mark IV suit, the Navy developed different types of the Mark-series full-pressure suits, but all the suits before the Mark IV had problems with both mobility and weight.

The Mark IV suit solved the mobility problems with the use of elastic cord which arrested the "ballooning" of the suit, and at 22 pounds (10.0 kg), was the lightest pressure suit developed for military use. The most severe test of the suit occurred during the record-setting balloon flight of Malcolm Ross and Victor Prather in the Strato-Lab V unpressurized gondola to 113,740 feet (34,670 m) on May 4, 1961. With the advent of pressurized cockpits, and the David Clark Company's contract with the U.S. Air Force and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (later NASA) for a full pressure suit for the X-15 rocket plane, the suit fell out of use.

## Project Mercury

When NASA began the Mercury Project in 1958, one of the first needs was a "space suit": a pressure suit to protect the astronaut in the event of a sudden depressurization of the cabin in the vacuum of space. NASA tested both the Navy Mark IV suit and the X-15 high-altitude suit, and chose the Mark IV because it was less bulky than the David Clark suit, and could be easily modified for the new space role.

The Mercury suit incorporated several changes from the Navy Mark IV:

* Replacement of the "open loop" breathing system with a "closed loop" system, eliminating the rubber diaphragm around the wearer's face. Oxygen entered the suit through a hose connected at the wearer's waist, circulated through the suit to provide cooling, and exited through a hose on the right side of the helmet, or through the face opening depending on whether the faceplate was closed or open. A small pressure bottle connected by a small hose to a connector next to the astronaut's left jaw was used to pressurize a pneumatic seal when the faceplate was closed.
* Replacement of the dark gray nylon outer shell with one made of aluminum-coated nylon, for thermal control purposes
* Replacement of the black leather safety boots with ones made first from white coated leather, later aluminumized nylon-coated leather, again for thermal control.
* Introduction of straps and zippers to provide a snug fit, along with refinements in the shoulder, elbow, and knee retaining cords
* Special gloves with four curved fingers for grasping the controls, with the middle finger made straight for pushing buttons and flipping toggle switches. (In the book *We Seven*, the astronauts pointed out that the special design of the gloves allowed them to avoid the use of a "swizzle stick" for the buttons and switches.)
* A "biomed" flap on the right thigh for the connection of biomedical sensors to the spacecraft's telemetry systems.

Each astronaut had three pressure suits: one for training, one for flight, and one for a backup. All three suits cost US$20,000 total and unlike the military Mark IV suits, had to be individually tailored to each astronaut.

No Mercury pressure suit ever failed during launch. No crewed Mercury capsule ever lost pressure during a mission, so the suits never needed to be inflated after launch. The only suit-related incident was an uncapped ventilation inlet valve which almost led to the drowning of astronaut Gus Grissom: at the end of the MR-4 mission the hatch cover blew off while in the Atlantic Ocean and the capsule began to fill with water, forcing Grissom to make an emergency exit without securing his suit for the recovery operations. The most frequent suit complaints of the astronauts were discomfort due to poor temperature control, and inability to turn the head within the pressurized suit.

## Specifications

* **Name:**: Mercury Spacesuit
* **Derived from:** Navy Mark IV
* **Manufacturer:** B.F. Goodrich Company
* **Missions:** MR-3 to MA-9
* **Function:** Intra-vehicular activity (IVA)
* **Pressure type:**  Full
* **Operating pressure:** 3.7 pounds per square inch (26 kPa)
* **Suit Weight:** 22 lb (10 kg)
* **Primary life support:** Vehicle provided
* **Backup life support:** Vehicle provided

## Later modifications

After the MR-3 flight in May 1961, the Mercury pressure suit underwent several changes to incorporate improvements, mainly for comfort and mobility. These changes included:

* Incorporation of wrist bearings and ring locks on the sleeves starting with Grissom's MR-4 suit. Alan Shepard's MR-3 suit had gloves that were zippered onto the suit itself, preventing the astronaut from easily rotating his wrists to control the spacecraft's controllers.
* Incorporation of a urine collection device (UCD) starting with the MA-6 suit. Shepard, going through long countdown delays, had had to urinate into the heavy cotton underwear in his suit; the engineers had felt a UCD was not needed because the flight itself was to last only 15 minutes. While a crude system that consisted of Grissom wearing two pairs of rubber pants was incorporated on MR-4, a purpose-built system was utilised from MA-6 onwards.
* Incorporation of a convex mirror, dubbed the "Hero Medal," on the chest of the astronauts so that the same onboard camera used to record the astronaut could also cover the instrument panel, eliminating the weight of a separate camera which had been used for this purpose on MR-3. This was eliminated beginning with MA-8.
* After the near drowning of astronaut Gus Grissom during recovery operations after the MR-4 a small inflatable life vest was worn on the astronaut's chest.

In preparation for the final Mercury mission, flown by Gordon Cooper, the suit underwent the most modifications, most notably the replacement of the leather boots with ones incorporated directly into the suit. Other changes were made in the shoulder construction, along with the pressure helmet. A new mechanical seal for the faceplate eliminated the need for the small pressure bottle and hose, and incorporated new microphones and an oral thermometer; the latter eliminated the rectal thermometer used on prior flights. Cooper wore neither the convex mirror or the life vest. Shepard, who was Cooper's backup, had an identical flight and backup suit for the mission, and was to wear the modified suit for the cancelled MA-10 flight. MA-9 was the last flight of the Mercury pressure suit.

## Later use

After Mercury, the pressure suit was used for the early development phases for the Gemini program, but because of the success of the X-15 high altitude pressure suit, the bigger room on the Gemini spacecraft, and the need to develop a suit for Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) outside the spacecraft, the Mercury suit was phased out of NASA service and was replaced with the basic G3C version of the X-15 suit. Since then, NASA has used either the David Clark Company, ILC Dover, Hamilton Sundstrand, or Oceaneering International for all pressure and spacesuit needs. B.F. Goodrich would only be used after Mercury for the production of the landing gear tires for the Space Shuttle, but this has since been done by Michelin.


title: Mercury telluride

abstract: Mercury telluride (HgTe) is a binary chemical compound of mercury and tellurium. It is a semi-metal related to the II-VI group of semiconductor materials. Alternative names are mercuric telluride and mercury(II) telluride. HgTe occurs in nature as the mineral form coloradoite.

text:
# Mercury telluride

**Mercury telluride** (HgTe) is a binary chemical compound of mercury and tellurium. It is a semi-metal related to the II-VI group of semiconductor materials. Alternative names are mercuric telluride and mercury(II) telluride.

HgTe occurs in nature as the mineral form coloradoite.

## Physical properties

All properties are at standard temperature and pressure unless stated otherwise. The lattice parameter is about 0.646 nm in the cubic crystalline form. The bulk modulus is about 42.1 GPa. The thermal expansion coefficient is about 5.2×10−6/K. Static dielectric constant 20.8, dynamic dielectric constant 15.1. Thermal conductivity is low at 2.7 W·m2/(m·K). HgTe bonds are weak leading to low hardness values. Hardness 2.7×107 kg/m2.

### Doping

N-type doping can be achieved with elements such as boron, aluminium, gallium, or indium. Iodine and iron will also dope n-type. HgTe is naturally p-type due to mercury vacancies. P-type doping is also achieved by introducing zinc, copper, silver, or gold.

### Topological insulation

Mercury telluride was the first topological insulator discovered, in 2007. Topological insulators cannot support an electric current in the bulk, but electronic states confined to the surface can serve as charge carriers.

## Chemistry

HgTe bonds are weak. Their enthalpy of formation, around −32kJ/mol, is less than a third of the value for the related compound cadmium telluride. HgTe is easily etched by acids, such as hydrobromic acid.

## Growth

Bulk growth is from a mercury and tellurium melt in the presence of a high mercury vapour pressure. HgTe can also be grown epitaxially, for example, by sputtering or by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy.

Nanoparticles of mercury telluride can be obtained via cation exchange from cadmium telluride nanoplatelets.

## InfoBox

Mercury telluride
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Systematic IUPAC name Mercury telluride | |
| Other names Mercuric telluride, mercury(II) telluride | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.031.905 |
| EC Number | * 235-108-9 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/Hg.Te | |
| SMILES * \[Te\]=\[Hg\] | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | HgTe |
| Molar mass | 328.19 g/mol |
| Appearance | near black cubic crystals |
| Density | 8.1 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 670°C |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | Sphalerite, cF8 |
| Space group | F43m, No. 216 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Mercury selenide

abstract: Mercury selenide (HgSe; sometimes mercury(II) selenide) is a chemical compound of mercury and selenium. It is a grey-black crystalline solid semi-metal with a sphalerite structure. The lattice constant is 0.608 nm. HgSe occurs naturally as the mineral Tiemannite, and is a component of the "intimate mixture" of HgSe and Se known as HgSe2. Along with other II-VI compounds, colloidal nanocrystals of HgSe can be formed.

text:
# Mercury selenide

**Mercury selenide** (HgSe; sometimes **mercury(II) selenide**) is a chemical compound of mercury and selenium. It is a grey-black crystalline solid semi-metal with a sphalerite structure. The lattice constant is 0.608 nm.

HgSe occurs naturally as the mineral Tiemannite, and is a component of the "intimate mixture" of HgSe and Se known as HgSe2.

Along with other II-VI compounds, colloidal nanocrystals of HgSe can be formed.

## Applications

* Selenium is used in filters in some steel plants to remove mercury from exhaust gases. The solid product formed is HgSe.
* HgSe can be used as an ohmic contact to wide-gap II-VI semiconductors such as zinc selenide or zinc oxide.

## Toxicity

Toxic hydrogen selenide fumes can be evolved on exposure to acids. HgSe is non-toxic as long as it is not ingested due to its insolubility.

HgSe is forms large insoluble clusters with proteins during digestion, and a very precise co-administration of selenium during mercury ingestion has shown to reduce the resulting intoxication. The effect is too finicky for any practical use, but selenium's ability to complex mercury has been proposed to explain why relatively high mercury levels do not intoxicate deep-sea fish.

1. Park, Chang-Woo; Smith, Donna M.; Pell, Michael A.; Ibers, James A. (1997). "Different Products from the Chemical and Electrochemical Reduction of 'HgSe2': \[K(2.2.2-cryptand)\]2\[HgSe2\] and \[PPh4\]2\[Hg(Se4)2\]·en". *Inorg. Chem*. **36** (5): 942–943. doi:10.1021/ic960786v.
2. Watanabe, C. (2002). "Modification of Mercury Toxicity by Selenium: Practical Importance?". *The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine*. **196** (2): 71–77. doi:10.1620/tjem.196.71. PMID 12498318.

## InfoBox

Mercury(II) selenide
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name Mercury selenide | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.039.903 |
| EC Number | * 243-910-5 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/Hg.SeKey: YQMLDSWXEQOSPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N * InChI=1S/Hg.Se | |
| SMILES * \[Se\]=\[Hg\] | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | HgSe |
| Molar mass | 279.55 g/mol |
| Appearance | grey-black solid |
| Odor | odorless |
| Density | 8.266 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 1,000 °C; 1,830 °F; 1,270 K |
| Solubility in water | insoluble |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | sphalerite |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Heat capacity (*C*) | 178 Jkg1K1 |
| Std enthalpy of
formation f*H*298) | 247 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H300, H310, H330, H373, H410 |
| Precautionary statements | P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P310, P302+P350, P304+P340, P310, P314, P320, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501 |
| **NFPA 704** (fire diamond) |  |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Mercury oxide
Mercury sulfide
Mercury telluride |
| Other cations | Zinc selenide
Cadmium selenide |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Willie Coffey

abstract: William Lynch Coffey is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician. He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley since 2011, and previously Kilmarnock and Loudoun from 2007 to 2011, before boundary changes. Coffey studied at the University of Strathclyde where he obtained a degree in Computer Science. He subsequently worked as Software Development Manager and latterly as a Quality and Risk Manager with Learning and Teaching Scotland before his election to the Scottish Parliament. He has been a councillor on East Ayrshire Council.

text:
# Willie Coffey

**William Lynch Coffey** (born 24 May 1958) is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician. He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley since 2011, and previously Kilmarnock and Loudoun from 2007 to 2011, before boundary changes.

Coffey studied at the University of Strathclyde where he obtained a degree in Computer Science. He subsequently worked as Software Development Manager and latterly as a Quality and Risk Manager with Learning and Teaching Scotland before his election to the Scottish Parliament. He has been a councillor on East Ayrshire Council.

## Politics

He was first elected to Kilmarnock and Loudoun District Council in 1992 and subsequently to East Ayrshire Council (covering the Onthank ward in northern Kilmarnock) in 1999, 2003 and 2007 before retiring from local government at the 2012 Local Elections.

He is the brother of former Provost and Cllr. Danny Coffey who came within 1,210 votes of winning the Kilmarnock and Loudoun Holyrood constituency in 2003 and died on 26 February 2006. Their sister Helen held Danny's Altonhill, Hillhead & Longpark council ward in a by-election with an increased majority and a 5.6% swing from Labour, before both she and Willie were elected to the new multi-member Kilmarnock North ward in 2007.

### Scottish Parliament

Coffey won the Kilmarnock and Loudoun seat for the SNP in May 2007 with a vote of 14,297 and a majority of 1,342. He serves on the Scottish Parliament's Audit Committee and has campaigned on numerous occasions to protect the Scotch whisky industry, particularly in his own area.

In 2017 Coffey was reported to Holyrood authorities for "inappropriate language" and "unsolicited attention" by a female civil servant. Coffey denied the allegation and stated that he did not recognise the claims about his behaviour.

In April 2022, Coffey was an object of ridicule after he was asked to open a debate which he expected to close, and failed to amend his speech accordingly: as a result, he stated that he would be "reflecting on the contributions to this debate", when in fact no one had spoken. He was told to sit down by the Presiding Officer.

### Committees

During his tenure as an MSP, Coffey has been a member of the following committees:

* Public Audit and Postlegislative Scrutiny Committee (30 March 2017 – 3 December 2020)
* Economy Energy and Fair Work Committee (3 September 2019 – 10 September 2019)
* Economy Energy and Fair Work Committee (6 September 2018 – 3 September 2019)
* Finance and Constitution Committee (29 September 2016 – 3 September 2019)
* Economy Jobs and Fair Work Committee (24 May 2018 – 6 September 2018)
* Equalities and Human Rights Committee (29 September 2016 – 30 March 2017)
* Equal Opportunities Committee (8 June 2016 – 29 September 2016)
* Finance Committee (8 June 2016 – 29 September 2016)
* European and External Relations Committee (18 September 2012 – 23 March 2016)
* Local Government and Regeneration Committee (27 November 2014 – 23 March 2016)
* Public Audit Committee (1 June 2011 – 27 November 2014)
* Public Audit Committee (11 December 2008 – 22 March 2011)
* Equal Opportunities Committee (26 February 2009 – 20 May 2010)
* Equal Opportunities Committee (26 June 2008 – 26 February 2009)
* Audit Committee (13 June 2007 – 10 December 2008)

## InfoBox

| Willie CoffeyMSP | |
| --- | --- |
| MSP portrait, 2012 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Scottish Parliament
for Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley
Kilmarnock and Loudoun (2007–11) | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
3 May 2007 | |
| Preceded by | Margaret Jamieson |
| Majority | 5,993 (18.81%) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1958-05-24) 24 May 1958
Ayrshire, Scotland |
| Political party | Scottish National Party |
|  | |


title: Pothole Gulch

abstract: Pothole Gulch is a gulch whose bed is broken by numerous potholes, draining the southeast portion of Vindication Island, South Sandwich Islands. The descriptive name was applied by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1971.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Pothole Gulch". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

text:
# Pothole Gulch

**Pothole Gulch** (57°7′S 26°46′W / 57.117°S 26.767°W / -57.117; -26.767) is a gulch whose bed is broken by numerous potholes, draining the southeast portion of Vindication Island, South Sandwich Islands. The descriptive name was applied by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1971.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Pothole Gulch". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

Pothole Valley
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 57°7′0″S 26°46′0″W / 57.11667°S 26.76667°W / -57.11667; -26.76667 |
| Administration | |
| **Sovereignty in dispute between Argentina and the United kingdom** | |


title: Vulcan's Forge (novel)

abstract: Vulcan's Forge is an adventure novel by Jack Du Brul. This is the 1st book featuring the author’s primary protagonist, Philip Mercer.

text:
# Vulcan's Forge (novel)

***Vulcan's Forge*** is an adventure novel by Jack Du Brul. This is the 1st book featuring the author’s primary protagonist, Philip Mercer.

## Plot introduction

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union launched a secret operation against the United States, detonating a nuclear bomb on the ocean floor and creating a volcano that would take decades to rise to the surface.

Now, two hundred miles off Hawaii, an island is forming-an island that holds unimaginable wealthe and power for those who control it. As the fight to claim the island rages from the halls of power to the depths of the ocean, Philip Mercer must wage a battle against both man and nature to bring the world back from the edge of destruction.

1. Du Brul, Jack. *The Vulcan's Forge*. Back Cover. 978-0451412102.

## InfoBox

Vulcan's Forge
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jack Du Brul |
| Language | English |
| Series | Philip Mercer novels |
| Genre | Adventure, Techno-thriller novel |
| Publisher | Forge Books |
| Publication date | 1998 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 348 pp |
| ISBN | 978-0-312-86481-1 |
| OCLC | 62754601 |
| Followed by | *Charon's Landing* |


title: Zhuangqiao station

abstract: Zhuangqiao Station, is a metro station of Line 2, Wuxi Metro. It started operations on 28 December 2014.

text:
# Zhuangqiao station

**Zhuangqiao Station** (Chinese: 庄桥站), is a metro station of Line 2, Wuxi Metro. It started operations on 28 December 2014.

## Station Layout

| **3F** | Side Platform, doors will open on the right | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | **West** | towards Meiyuan Kaiyuan Temple |
| | **East** | towards Anzhen |
| | Side Platform, doors will open on the right | |

| **2F** | Station Hall | Service Center, Ticket vending machine, Toilet, Elevator |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **Ground** |
| --- |
| |  | Exits |

| **B1** | Equipment area |  |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Exits

There are 4 exits for this station.

31°34′47″N 120°22′28″E / 31.57972°N 120.37444°E / 31.57972; 120.37444

## InfoBox

| Zhuangqiao
庄桥 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Xishan District, Wuxi, Jiangsu
China |
| Operated by | Wuxi Metro Corporation |
| Line(s) | Line 2 |
| Platforms | 2 (1 side platform) |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 December 2014 (2014-12-28) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Wuxi Metro Following station  Dongtingtowards Meiyuan Kaiyuan Temple  Line 2  Yunlintowards Anzhen | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1966 Scottish League Cup final

abstract: The 1966 Scottish League Cup final was played on 29 October 1966 at Hampden Park in Glasgow and it was the final of the 21st Scottish League Cup competition. The final was contested by the Old Firm rivals Rangers and Celtic for a third consecutive year. Celtic won the match 1–0, with Bobby Lennox scoring the only goal. This meant that Celtic completed the first leg of the Quadruple in 1966–67, as they won all three major Scottish domestic honours and the 1967 European Cup Final.

text:
# 1966 Scottish League Cup final

The **1966 Scottish League Cup final** was played on 29 October 1966 at Hampden Park in Glasgow and it was the final of the 21st Scottish League Cup competition. The final was contested by the Old Firm rivals Rangers and Celtic for a third consecutive year. Celtic won the match 1–0, with Bobby Lennox scoring the only goal.

This meant that Celtic completed the first leg of the Quadruple in 1966–67, as they won all three major Scottish domestic honours and the 1967 European Cup Final.

## Match details

| Rangers | 0–1 | Celtic |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report (Page 4) | Lennox |

Hampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 94,532

| **RANGERS:**   GK  Norrie Martin  FB  Kai Johansen  FB  David Provan  RH  John Greig  CH  Ron McKinnon  LH  Dave Smith  RW  Willie Henderson  IF  Bobby Watson  CF  George McLean  IF  Alex Smith  LW  Willie Johnston   **Substitutes:**  LW  Davie Wilson   **Manager:**  Scot Symon | **CELTIC:**   GK  Ronnie Simpson  FB  Tommy Gemmell  FB  Willie O'Neill  RH  Bobby Murdoch  CH  Billy McNeill  LH  John Clark  RW  Jimmy Johnstone  IF  Bobby Lennox  CF  Joe McBride  IF  Bertie Auld  LW  John Hughes   **Substitutes:**  FW  Stevie Chalmers   **Manager:**  Jock Stein |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1966 Scottish League Cup final
| Event | 1966–67 Scottish League Cup |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date | 29 October 1966 |
| Venue | Hampden Park, Glasgow |
| Attendance | 94,532 |
|


title: Wilhelm Kühne (aviator)

abstract: Offizierstellvertreter Wilhelm Kühne was a World War I flying ace credited with seven confirmed aerial victories and five unconfirmed ones.

text:
# Wilhelm Kühne (aviator)

*Offizierstellvertreter* **Wilhelm Kühne** (11 December 1888 – 30 August 1918) was a World War I flying ace credited with seven confirmed aerial victories and five unconfirmed ones.

## Biography

Wilhelm Kühne was born on 11 December 1888, though his birthplace is unknown. On 13 October 1909, he began his military service in Fusilier Regiment No. 10 of the German Army. In late 1913, he transferred to aviation service.

At some point, he trained as a pilot, as he flew for *Flieger-Abteilung* (Flier Detachment) 14. He then attended the *Jastaschule* (Fighter School) in Warsaw to convert to piloting single seat fighters. On 15 February 1917, he was posted to *Jagdstaffel 29* as a fighter pilot. He staked his first victory claim there, for 12 May 1917, but it was unconfirmed.

In January 1918, he was transferred to *Jagdstaffel 15*. On 20 March, he moved to *Jagdstaffel 18* when the two fighter squadrons swapped pilots. Five days later, he scored his first confirmed aerial victory. He continued to score and submit claims, but several of his claims were awarded to other pilots under the German confirmation system. By 28 August 1918, he was credited with seven confirmed victories, with six more denied.

On 30 August 1918, he engaged Airco DH.4s from No. 55 Squadron RAF of the Independent Air Force and was killed in action. By the time of his death, he had won both classes of the Iron Cross and been credited with destroying four enemy observation balloons and three enemy airplanes. However, he had not been commissioned.

## Sources of information

## InfoBox

| Wilhelm Kühne | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1888-12-11)11 December 1888 |
| Died | 30 August 1918(1918-08-30) (aged 29) |
| Allegiance | Germany |
| Service/branch | Aviation |
| Rank | *Offizierstellvertreter* (Officer candidate) |
| Unit | FA 14
*Jagdstaffel 15*
*Jagdstaffel 29*
*Jagdstaffel 18* |
| Awards | Iron Cross (both classes) |


title: Mumias West Constituency

abstract: Mumias West is a constituency in Kenya. It is one of twelve constituencies in Kakamega County. Mumias West Sub County has an approximate population of 111862, with an approximate area of 165.3 square km. There are four wards in Mumias West namely: Mumias central, Mumias North, Etenje, and Musanda. The current member of parliament of Mumias West sub county is Hon. Naicca, Johnson Manya who has been on the seat from the year 2013 up to date on the ODM party ticket.

text:
# Mumias West Constituency

**Mumias West** is a constituency in Kenya. It is one of twelve constituencies in Kakamega County. Mumias West Sub County has an approximate population of 111862, with an approximate area of 165.3 square km. There are four wards in Mumias West namely: Mumias central, Mumias North, Etenje, and Musanda.

| Ward name | Approx. Population | Approx. area in square km |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mumias central | 37214 | 33.6 |
| Mumias north | 15765 | 35.7 |
| Etenje | 28162 | 50.6 |
| Musanda | 30721 | 45.4 |

The current member of parliament of Mumias West sub county is Hon. Naicca, Johnson Manya who has been on the seat from the year 2013 up to date on the ODM party ticket.

## InfoBox

| Mumias West | |
| --- | --- |
| constituency | |
| Country | Kenya |
| County | Kakamega County |


title: Ugni candollei

abstract: Ugni candollei is a species of shrub, 80 cm in height, with white, 5-petal flowers, endemic to Chile. Its fruit is edible, and is used by natives to make a chicha. It is reported to be an oneirogen.

text:
# Ugni candollei

***Ugni candollei*** is a species of shrub, 80 cm in height, with white, 5-petal flowers, endemic to Chile. Its fruit is edible, and is used by natives to make a chicha. It is reported to be an oneirogen.

## Distribution

It is distributed between Maule Region and Los Lagos Region, also it can be found near the coast.

## InfoBox

| *Ugni candollei* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Ugni* |
| Species: | ***U. candollei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ugni candollei***<br>(Barnéoud) O.Berg | |
|


title: Zilla diodia

abstract: Zilla diodia is an orb-weaver spider species found from Europe to Azerbaijan. This species was originally described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1802 as Aranea diodia.

text:
# Zilla diodia

***Zilla diodia*** is an orb-weaver spider species found from Europe to Azerbaijan. This species was originally described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1802 as *Aranea diodia*.

## Webs

*Zilla diodia* build very fine, vertical orb webs with often more than 50 radii and sticky spiral loops. The radii in the webs of this species – unlike those in most other orb webs – are double stranded at the periphery of the web and single stranded near the centre, presumably as an adaptation to the different forces acting on the inner and outer part of the radii.

## InfoBox

| *Zilla diodia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult female of *Zilla diodia* in net. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Araneidae |
| Genus: | *Zilla* |
| Species: | ***Z. diodia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zilla diodia***<br>(Walckenaer, 1802) | |
|
| Subspecies | |
| * *Zilla diodia embrikstrandi* (Kolosvary, 1938) — Italy | |


abstract: This is a list of structures, sites, districts, and objects on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina: As of May 1, 2015, there are more than 2,900 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in all 100 North Carolina counties, including 39 National Historic Landmarks, two National Historic Sites, one National Military Park, one National Memorial and one National Battlefield.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina

This is a list of **structures, sites, districts, and objects on the National Register of Historic Places** in North Carolina:

As of May 1, 2015, there are more than 2,900 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in all 100 North Carolina counties, including 39 National Historic Landmarks, two National Historic Sites, one National Military Park, one National Memorial and one National Battlefield.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings by county

The following are approximate tallies of current listings by county. These counts are based on entries in the National Register Information Database as of April 24, 2008 and new weekly listings posted since then on the National Register of Historic Places web site. There are frequent additions to the listings and occasional delistings and the counts here are approximate and not official. The counts in this table exclude boundary increase and decrease listings which modify the area covered by an existing property or district and which carry a separate National Register reference number.

|  | **County** | **\# of Sites** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Alamance | 71 |
| 2 | Alexander | 3 |
| 3 | Alleghany | 11 |
| 4 | Anson | 7 |
| 5 | Ashe | 27 |
| 6 | Avery | 14 |
| 7 | Beaufort | 19 |
| 8 | Bertie | 25 |
| 9 | Bladen | 14 |
| 10 | Brunswick | 16 |
| 11 | Buncombe | 119 |
| 12 | Burke | 43 |
| 13 | Cabarrus | 30 |
| 14 | Caldwell | 20 |
| 15 | Camden | 9 |
| 16 | Carteret | 17 |
| 17 | Caswell | 25 |
| 18 | Catawba | 63 |
| 19 | Chatham | 55 |
| 20 | Cherokee | 10 |
| 21 | Chowan | 25 |
| 22 | Clay | 4 |
| 23 | Cleveland | 30 |
| 24 | Columbus | 7 |
| 25 | Craven | 55 |
| 26 | Cumberland | 70 |
| 27 | Currituck | 13 |
| 28 | Dare | 33 |
| 29 | Davidson | 58 |
| 30 | Davie | 20 |
| 31 | Duplin | 19 |
| 32 | Durham | 81 |
| 33 | Edgecombe | 37 |
| 34 | Forsyth | 113 |
| 35 | Franklin | 39 |
| 36 | Gaston | 36 |
| 37 | Gates | 10 |
| 38 | Graham | 8 |
| 39 | Granville | 46 |
| 40 | Greene | 11 |
| 41 | Guilford | 116 |
| 42 | Halifax | 43 |
| 43 | Harnett | 18 |
| 44 | Haywood | 30 |
| 45 | Henderson | 39 |
| 46 | Hertford | 35 |
| 47 | Hoke | 5 |
| 48 | Hyde | 11 |
| 49 | Iredell | 53 |
| 50 | Jackson | 20 |
| 51 | Johnston | 36 |
| 52 | Jones | 9 |
| 53 | Lee | 18 |
| 54 | Lenoir | 31 |
| 55 | Lincoln | 32 |
| 56 | Macon | 25 |
| 57 | Madison | 18 |
| 58 | Martin | 29 |
| 59 | McDowell | 15 |
| 60 | Mecklenburg | 106 |
| 61 | Mitchell | 9 |
| 62 | Montgomery | 8 |
| 63 | Moore | 30 |
| 64 | Nash | 32 |
| 65 | New Hanover | 27 |
| 66 | Northampton | 17 |
| 67 | Onslow | 15 |
| 68 | Orange | 54 |
| 69 | Pamlico | 2 |
| 70 | Pasquotank | 13 |
| 71 | Pender | 17 |
| 72 | Perquimans | 18 |
| 73 | Person | 12 |
| 74 | Pitt | 32 |
| 75 | Polk | 26 |
| 76 | Randolph | 22 |
| 77 | Richmond | 18 |
| 78 | Robeson | 23 |
| 79 | Rockingham | 46 |
| 80 | Rowan | 67 |
| 81 | Rutherford | 26 |
| 82 | Sampson | 49 |
| 83 | Scotland | 15 |
| 84 | Stanly | 16 |
| 85 | Stokes | 15 |
| 86 | Surry | 29 |
| 87 | Swain | 12 |
| 88 | Transylvania | 22 |
| 89 | Tyrrell | 3 |
| 90 | Union | 12 |
| 91 | Vance | 23 |
| 92 | Wake | 215 |
| 93 | Warren | 25 |
| 94 | Washington | 10 |
| 95 | Watauga | 23 |
| 96 | Wayne | 19 |
| 97 | Wilkes | 23 |
| 98 | Wilson | 28 |
| 99 | Yadkin | 8 |
| 100 | Yancey | 8 |
| (duplicates) | | (15) |
| Total: | | 3,056 |


title: Ziller House

abstract: The Henry H. and Bertha Sterzing Ziller House is a historic residence in Austin, Texas. It was originally built circa 1877 and purchased by the Zillers in 1881. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It is located at 1110 Blanco St.

text:
# Ziller House

The **Henry H. and Bertha Sterzing Ziller House** is a historic residence in Austin, Texas. It was originally built circa 1877 and purchased by the Zillers in 1881. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It is located at 1110 Blanco St.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ziller House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Recorded Texas Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1110 Blanco<br>Austin, Texas, USA |
| Coordinates | 30°16′32″N 97°45′14″W / 30.27556°N 97.75389°W / 30.27556; -97.75389 |
| Built | ca. 1877 |
| NRHP reference No. | 98000449 |
| RTHL No. | 12736 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | May 8, 1998 |
| Designated RTHL | 2001 |


title: Natural Attraction

abstract: "Natural Attraction" is a song originally recorded by American country artist Billie Jo Spears. It was composed by Dennis Linde and Alan Rush. Released as a single via United Artists Records, it reached the top 40 of the American country chart in 1980. It was the second single spawned from Spears's 1980 album Standing Tall.

text:
# Natural Attraction

"**Natural Attraction**" is a song originally recorded by American country artist Billie Jo Spears. It was composed by Dennis Linde and Alan Rush. Released as a single via United Artists Records, it reached the top 40 of the American country chart in 1980. It was the second single spawned from Spears's 1980 album *Standing Tall*.

## Background, recording, and release

Billie Jo Spears had a series of commercially successful years during the seventies, including the number one single "Blanket on the Ground" (1975) and the top ten single "Misty Blue" (1976). She continued having top 20 singles through 1981. One of her final top 40 singles on the label was 1980's "Natural Attraction". The song was written by Dennis Linde and Alan Rush. It was recorded at the Jack Clement Recording Studio in Nashville, Tennessee. The session was produced by Larry Butler.

"Natural Attraction" was first included as an album track on Spears's 1980 studio album titled *Standing Tall*. It was then spawned as its second single in June 1980 by United Artists Records. It was backed on the B-side by the song "You Could Know as Much About a Stranger". It was distributed as a seven-inch vinyl disc. The song debuted on the American *Billboard* Hot Country Songs chart. It spent a total of nine weeks there, peaking at number 39 in August 1980.

## Track listing

**7" vinyl single**

* "Natural Attraction" – 3:23
* "You Could Know as Much About a Stranger" – 3:14

## Charts

Weekly chart performance for "Natural Attraction"
| Chart (1980) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 39 |

## InfoBox

| "Natural Attraction" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Billie Jo Spears | |
| from the album  *Standing Tall* | |
| B-side | "You Could Know as Much About a Stranger" |
| Released | June 1980 (1980-06) |
| Recorded | July 1979 (1979-07) |
| Studio | Jack Clement Recording (Nashville, Tennessee) |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | United Artists |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Larry Butler |
| Billie Jo Spears singles chronology | |
| "Standing Tall"
(1980) "**Natural Attraction**"
(1980) "Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad"
(1980) | |


title: War of the Castle of Love

abstract: The War of the Castle of Love was a conflict in 1215–1216 between Padua and Treviso on one side and Venice on the other. It began with an exchange of insults at a festival, escalated to raiding and finally to open warfare. The decisive engagement was fought near the mouth of the Adige on 22 October 1215 and a peace treaty was signed on 9 April 1216. Narrative sources for the war include the Liber chronicorum of Rolandino of Padua, Les estoires de Venise of Martino Canal, the Chronicon of Andrea Dandolo, De origine urbis Venetiarum of Marino Sanuto and Historie venete of Gian Giacomo Caroldo.

text:
# War of the Castle of Love

The **War of the Castle of Love** was a conflict in 1215–1216 between Padua and Treviso on one side and Venice on the other. It began with an exchange of insults at a festival, escalated to raiding and finally to open warfare. The decisive engagement was fought near the mouth of the Adige on 22 October 1215 and a peace treaty was signed on 9 April 1216.

Narrative sources for the war include the *Liber chronicorum* of Rolandino of Padua, *Les estoires de Venise* of Martino Canal, the *Chronicon* of Andrea Dandolo, *De origine urbis Venetiarum* of Marino Sanuto and *Historie venete* of Gian Giacomo Caroldo.

## Pageant

The March of Treviso was sometimes known poetically as the *marca amorosa* (amorous march) or *marca gioiosa* (joyous march) on account of its supposed predilection for pageantry. In 1214, Treviso declared a "court of solace and mirth" to be held over eight days starting on Easter. On this most of the sources agree. Several, however, place it in a different year. Sanuto places it on Whit Monday 1213. Rolandino dates it to Albizzo da Fiore's term as *podestà*, which probably lasted from 29 June 1214 until 29 June 1215. The *Cronaca Foscariniana*, a late 15th-century source that had access to earlier records, places the festival on 8 June 1215. According to the late source, it was held in celebration of a peace agreement between rival families signed at Spineda on 1 March 1215.

Invitations were sent throughout the March and also to Venice and Lombardy. The number of attendees from out of town was reckoned at 1,200 gentlemen with their wives, with 360 of these men coming from Venice and the rest from Padua, Vicenza, Verona, Friuli, Feltre and Belluno. The total in attendance was over 5,000 plus 640 guests hosted by Treviso. The peace treaty signed after the war refers to the festival as the *ludi Tarvisii*, games of Treviso.

Festivities including dancing and jousting in the streets and piazzas. The centrepiece, however, was the wooden "castle of love" constructed outside the Porta San Tomaso in a place called La Spineta, corresponding to the neighbourhood of Selvana today. This was defended by ladies and damsels against the assaults of the young men of Treviso, Padua and Venice, who threw flowers, pastries and spices, respectively, at the battlements. Rolandino describes the weapons of this pageant as follows:

> and the arms and engines wherewith men fought against it were apples and dates and muscat-nuts \[nutmeg\], tarts and pears and quinces, roses and lilies and violets, and vases of balsam or ambergris or rosewater, amber, camphor, cardamums, cinnamon, cloves, pomegranates, and all manner of flowers or spices that are fragrant to smell and fair to see.

A panel of knights was supposed to referee the event and decide to which city the castle would surrender. Eventually the Venetians switched to throwing ducats, which the women abandoned the battlements to pick up. When the Venetians moved to enter the castle, a fight ensued with the Paduans. The rectors of Treviso and the commander of the Paduan militia, Paolo da Sermodele, intervened to break it up, and so narrowly averted bloodshed.

## War

Warfare did not break out immediately as a result of the spoiled pageant, but relations between Padua and Venice turned sour. According to the *Cronaca Altinate*, Doge Pietro Ziani strove to maintain peace through diplomacy so that Venice could concentrate on its recent acquisitions in Greece. The year following the pageant was spent in diplomatic exchanges and raids until Venice severed commercial relations with Padua. In the words of Rolandino:

> For in process of time the enmity between Paduans and Venetians waxed so sore that all commerce of trade forbidden on either side, and the confines were guarded lest anything should be brought from one land to the other: then men practised robberies and violence, so that discord grew afresh, and wars, and deadly enmity.

In the autumn of 1215, Padua invaded Venetian territory and attacked the Torre delle Bebbe near the mouth of the Adige. This tower had been built by Venice to control the traffic on the Adige. Its garrison consisted of men from Chioggia and some sailors. In preparation for the Paduan assault, they filled its base with earth, dug a ditch around it and created a covering for it with ropes taken from ships in order to protect it from the projectiles of siege engines. Taking advantage of high tide on 22 October, the defenders sortied, supported by a small fleet, sacked the Paduan camp and took at least 400 prisoners. One source puts it at 400 knights plus many foot soldiers besides, but Dandolo records it as 200 knights and 200 foot soldiers. The Paduan captain, Geremia da Peraga, was among the captives. For its service, Chioggia was released from its annual tribute to Venice of three hens per household.

Owing to unusually heavy rains, the ground was exceptionally marshy and the Paduans were forced to break up in retreat. Some of the retreating Paduans encountered a force under the *podestà* of Treviso that had been coming to reinforce them. Observing the rout, the Trevisans returned home. The author of the *Cronaca Foscariniana* and Bartolomeo Zuccato writing in the 16th century both report the Paduan–Trevisan alliance as having been signed on 4 September 1215. Other sources give 4 February 1215.

Following the intervention of Patriarch Wolfger of Aquileia, separate peace treaties for Padua and Treviso were signed on 9 April 1216 at San Giorgio in Alga in Venice. This achievement is mentioned on Wolfger's tombstone. Wolfger's influence stemmed in part from his position as the superior of the suffragan bishops of Treviso and Padua, but he may also have received a papal commission from Innocent III when he attended the Fourth Lateran Council in November 1215. The pope was at the time preparing a new crusade, which required general peace among the Christian powers of Europe. Present at the signing of the treaties was the prominent peacemaker Giordano Forzatè, who had probably acted as one of the Paduan government's advisers. According to the treaties, "on the occasion of the games of Treviso, the devil instigating, no small war between Venetians and Paduans arose" (*instigante diabolo, occasione ludi Tarvisii, inter Venetos et Paduanos werra non modica fuisset suborta*).

One of the articles of the treaty stipulated that the wealthy Jacopo da Sant'Andrea and twenty-five other Paduans would be at the disposal of the doge of Venice (perhaps to be tried). This suggests that Jacopo may have been behind Padua's decision to go to war.

## Bibliography


title: Wilson Palacios

abstract: Wilson Roberto Palacios Suazo is a Honduran former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. Born in La Ceiba, he played for Victoria and Olimpia in Honduras before moving to England, where he played for Birmingham City and Wigan Athletic. In 2009, he joined Tottenham Hotspur, generally playing central defensive midfield as he did for Wigan, though he was occasionally used as a right midfielder for Spurs. In August 2011, Palacios joined Stoke City for an undisclosed fee believed to be around £6 million. He struggled to make an impact in his four seasons at Stoke, however, and left the club in 2015. He subsequently had a spell in the North American Soccer League with Miami, before returning to Honduras where he played for Olimpia and Real Sociedad. He retired in December 2019. He was a regular player for Honduras from 2003 to 2014, helping them qualify for and playing at the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups.

text:
# Wilson Palacios

**Wilson Roberto Palacios Suazo** (Spanish pronunciation: \[ˈwilsom paˈlasjos\]; born 29 July 1984) is a Honduran former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

Born in La Ceiba, he played for Victoria and Olimpia in Honduras before moving to England, where he played for Birmingham City and Wigan Athletic. In 2009, he joined Tottenham Hotspur, generally playing central defensive midfield as he did for Wigan, though he was occasionally used as a right midfielder for Spurs. In August 2011, Palacios joined Stoke City for an undisclosed fee believed to be around £6 million. He struggled to make an impact in his four seasons at Stoke, however, and left the club in 2015. He subsequently had a spell in the North American Soccer League with Miami, before returning to Honduras where he played for Olimpia and Real Sociedad. He retired in December 2019.

He was a regular player for Honduras from 2003 to 2014, helping them qualify for and playing at the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups.

## Club career

### Olimpia

Palacios, along with brothers Milton, Jerry, Johnny and Edwin, started his career as a footballer with Victoria, from which all five players were later transferred to Olimpia.

Palacios made 102 appearances and scored 32 goals for Olimpia. He became one of the idols of the team and quickly started to attract international attention after winning five league titles with Olimpia in the 2002–03 Apertura tournament, as well as the 2003–04 Clausura, 2004–05 Clausura, 2005–06 Apertura and the 2005–06 Clausura tournaments. He is especially remembered for scoring a goal from the half-way line against Marathón in the final minutes of a game in 2006 to win the 2005–06 Clausura tournament to become champions of Honduras.

After having a very successful career in Honduras, Palacios looked to make his name in the European leagues. On 14 July 2007, Palacios announced that he would travel to Serbia for a couple of months for a trial with Red Star Belgrade. He stayed for less than a month and despite impressing during his stay, he did not join the club after Red Star refused to pay a salary of, reportedly, US$1.5 million for a three-year contract. Palacios also had trials with Cagliari, AS Monaco, and Arsenal.

### Birmingham City (loan)

After a recommendation from Arsenal's manager, Arsène Wenger, Premier League club Birmingham City gave Palacios a trial which proved successful, and he signed a six-month loan on 31 August 2007. He made his debut on 22 September in a goalless draw with Liverpool at Anfield, and in October, manager Steve Bruce, who likened Palacios to a young Paul Ince, said that Birmingham intended to make his loan a permanent transfer. However, Bruce left for Wigan Athletic, and the player's absence following his brother's kidnap meant that new manager Alex McLeish had not seen enough of him to sign him permanently.

### Wigan Athletic

On 11 January 2008, Palacios re-joined Bruce at Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee, and made his debut the following day against Derby County. He became an important piece in Bruce's system and was linked to the likes of Manchester United, Liverpool, Bayern Munich and Real Madrid. On 16 January 2009, Bruce stated that a deal with Tottenham Hotspur for Palacios was "virtually agreed"; he said Palacios leaving would be "like losing his right arm" and did not want to part with "one of the best midfield players in the country." The deal was confirmed five days later.

### Tottenham Hotspur

Despite having reservations about moving to London from the north-west of England where he was settled, Palacios agreed personal terms on a 5+12-year contract with Tottenham Hotspur, committing his future to the club until 2014. On 21 January 2009, the club announced to the London Stock Exchange that they had agreed a fee of £12 million for Palacios and that the player had passed his medical, but that the transfer could only be completed once he received a work permit. He made his Tottenham debut in a 3–2 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on 31 January, and assisted with the second goal after Bolton goalkeeper Jussi Jääskeläinen parried Palacios' shot and Darren Bent put in the rebound.

His battling performance in his second match, against local rivals Arsenal, earned him the man of the match award, since when he had some excellent performances in the Spurs midfield. He was cup-tied for the 2009 Football League Cup Final. Palacios scored his first goal in English football against Hull City on 19 August 2009 after a through ball by Robbie Keane. After scoring, Palacios pointed towards the sky in honour of his murdered brother Edwin, whose body had been found earlier in the year. Manager Harry Redknapp appreciated Palacios' ability to make Tottenham difficult to play against, comparing his style and effectiveness to that of Graham Roberts some 25 years earlier. During the 2009–10 season, he played 43 matches for Tottenham and helped the club reach the UEFA Champions League for the first time. The following season, Palacios was restricted to 16 starts in the Premier League, though he did play a key role in Tottenham's run to the quarter-final of the Champions League.

### Stoke City

Palacios joined Stoke City on 31 August 2011, signing a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee, reported as £6 million; his Spurs team-mate Peter Crouch also joined Stoke on the same day. Both made their debuts in a 1–0 win against Liverpool on 10 September. The start to his Stoke career, however, was restricted by a knee injury and tonsillitis, and he eventually made his first league start on 21 December away at Manchester City. Palacios was never a regular that season, although he did start the majority of the team's European fixtures. Manager Tony Pulis revealed that his fitness level and a long-standing knee injury had been the problem and that the fans would not see the best of him before he had undergone a full pre-season training schedule. However, in 2012–13, he was unable to get into the starting line-up; he made just four league appearances, all as a substitute.

Palacios was named by Mark Hughes to start the first match of the 2013–14 season, away at Liverpool, but he pulled out after feeling ill in the warm-up and was taken to hospital where he underwent what was described as a minor surgical procedure. Palacios enjoyed more playing time under Hughes in 2013–14, playing 21 times as Stoke finished ninth in the Premier League. Stoke tried to sell Palacios in the summer of 2014 to Middle Eastern club Qatar SC, but that club reported that he failed a medical. Hughes selected Palacios just five times for the matchday squad in the 2014–15 season; on each occasion, he was an unused substitute. He was released at the end of the season, having made 53 appearances in four years. Stoke chairman Peter Coates defended his signing: "He was such a good player at Wigan and Spurs, where he only lost his place to \[Luka\] Modrić. We certainly thought at the time we were getting a very good player, but for whatever reason it hasn't worked out. I know he has had personal problems in the past – his brother was kidnapped and killed in 2009 – but sometimes you just don't know the reason why things don't work out. It's a great shame because it has cost us a huge amount of money, but it's also a shame for the player because his career hasn't developed either. We all lost. He did, we did."

### Later career

Following his release from Stoke, Palacios went on trial at Hull City, though he did not sign with the club. On 10 December 2015, Palacios joined newly formed North American Soccer League club Miami FC. He made 18 appearances during the 2016 season before being released in November 2016.

He returned to Honduras where he played for his former club, Olimpia, and for Real Sociedad. In December 2019, he announced his retirement from playing with the intention of becoming a players' agent.

## International career

Palacios wore the number 8 jersey with the Honduras national team. He made his debut for the senior squad in an April 2003 friendly against Paraguay and went on to play 97 matches with Honduras, scoring four goals, in an international career lasting from 2003 to 2014. Together with David Suazo, Palacios is one of the best known Honduran international players.

In the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, Honduras achieved a historical distinction by including Jerry, Johnny and Wilson Palacios in their squad. They became the first trio of brothers to represent a single nation in the World Cup.

Palacios was sent off in the first half of their opening game of the 2014 World Cup against France for two bookable offences; Honduras went on to lose 3–0.

## Personal life

Palacios is the brother of Milton, Jerry, Johnny and Edwin. On 30 October 2007, his brother Edwin, then aged 14, was kidnapped by five armed men from the family home in La Ceiba. In November 2007, the family paid a £125,000 ransom and it was reported that Edwin had been released, but this proved not to be the case. In January 2009, Palacios' mother made a televised appeal for the kidnappers to open communication with the family, expressing her need to find out if Edwin was still alive, her fears that Palacios' big-money transfer to Tottenham would only strengthen the kidnappers' demands, and a request for help from the British authorities. She stressed that Palacios' team received the transfer fee but the player had only his salary, and that the family's situation was distressing for him.

On 8 May 2009, following a confession from two leaders of the 18th Street gang, police found a body in the municipality of El Paraíso which they believed to be the remains of Edwin. Palacios returned home to Honduras the next day on compassionate leave. On 28 May, the body was confirmed as that of Edwin, and his funeral was held the following day in La Ceiba. On 30 May, despite his loss, Wilson Palacios joined up with the national team to train in preparation for the World Cup qualifying games against the United States and El Salvador.

In September 2011, Palacios had his car confiscated by Staffordshire Police after he failed to provide them with his driving licence.

## Career statistics

### Club

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National Cup | | League Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Olimpia | 2001–02 | Liga Nacional Honduras | 9 | 0 |  | |  | |  | |  |  |
| | 2002–03 | Liga Nacional Honduras | 12 | 2 |  | |  | |  | |  |  |
| | 2003–04 | Liga Nacional Honduras | 17 | 3 |  | |  | |  | |  |  |
| | 2004–05 | Liga Nacional Honduras | 24 | 3 |  | |  | |  | |  |  |
| | 2005–06 | Liga Nacional Honduras | 33 | 11 |  | |  | |  | |  |  |
| | 2006–07 | Liga Nacional Honduras | 37 | 13 |  | |  | |  | |  |  |
| | Total | | 132 | 32 |  | |  | |  | | 132 | 32 |
| Birmingham City (loan) | 2007–08 | Premier League | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 7 | 0 |
| Wigan Athletic | 2007–08 | Premier League | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 17 | 0 |
| | 2008–09 | Premier League | 21 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 24 | 0 |
| | Total | | 37 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0 |
| Tottenham Hotspur | 2008–09 | Premier League | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| | 2009–10 | Premier League | 33 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0 |  | | 43 | 1 |
| | 2010–11 | Premier League | 21 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 31 | 0 |
| | Total | | 65 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 86 | 1 |
| Stoke City | 2011–12 | Premier League | 18 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| | 2012–13 | Premier League | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 4 | 0 |
| | 2013–14 | Premier League | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 |  | | 21 | 0 |
| | 2014–15 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 |
| | Total | | 38 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 53 | 0 |
| Miami FC | 2016 | North American Soccer League | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| Olimpia | 2017–18 | Liga Nacional Honduras | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Real Sociedad | 2018–19 | Liga Nacional Honduras | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 279 | 33 | 12 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 319 | 33 |

### International

Appearances and goals by national team and year
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Honduras |
| | 2003 | 5 | 0 |
| | 2004 | 10 | 0 |
| | 2005 | 12 | 1 |
| | 2006 | 6 | 1 |
| | 2007 | 13 | 0 |
| | 2008 | 11 | 2 |
| | 2009 | 10 | 0 |
| | 2010 | 6 | 0 |
| | 2011 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2012 | 6 | 0 |
| | 2013 | 11 | 1 |
| | 2014 | 5 | 0 |
| Total | | 97 | 5 |

### International goals

*Scores and results list Honduras's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Palacios goal.*

List of international goals scored by Wilson Palacios
| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 21 February 2005 | Estadio Mateo Flores, Guatemala City, Guatemala | Belize | 4–0 | 4–0 | UNCAF Nations Cup 2005 |
| 2. | 6 September 2006 | Estadio Tiburcio Carías Andino, Tegucigalpa, Honduras | El Salvador | 2–0 | 2–0 | Friendly |
| 3. | 4 June 2008 | Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, San Pedro Sula, Honduras | Puerto Rico | 2–0 | 4–0 | 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 4. | 14 June 2008 | Estadio Juan Ramón Loubriel, Bayamón, Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico | 2–2 | 2–2 | 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 5. | 10 September 2013 | Estadio Tiburcio Carías Andino, Tegucigalpa, Honduras | Panama | 2–2 | 2–2 | 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification |
|

## Honours

### Club

**CD Olimpia**

### Individual

1. "W. Palacios". *Soccerway*. Perform Group. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
2. "Wilson Palacios Profile". Premier League. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
3. "El Olimpia se afianza en liderato tras vencer 3–2 al Marathón" \[Olimpia clinch the title after beating Marathón 3–2\]. *Terra* (in Spanish). 13 November 2006. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
4. "Hondureño Wilson Palacios viaja a prueba con el Estrella Roja de Belgrado" \[Honduran Wilson Palacios is going to trial with Red Star Belgrade\]. *Terra* (in Spanish). 14 July 2007. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
5. "CZ: Bez dogovora sa Palasiosom" \[Red Star: No deal with Palacios\]. *B92* (in Serbian). 26 July 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
6. Herbert, Ian (17 January 2009). "Wilson Palacios: My amazing journey". *The Independent*. London. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
7. "Birmingham sign Honduran Palacios". BBC Sport. 31 August 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
8. "Games played by Wilson Palacios in 2007/2008". *Soccerbase*. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
9. Tattum, Colin (4 October 2007). "Blues keen on permanent Palacios deal". *Birmingham Mail*. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
10. Tattum, Colin (10 January 2008). "McLeish: Palacios was just too risky". *Birmingham Mail*. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
11. "Wigan complete Palacios signing". BBC Sport. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
12. McIntyre, Derby (12 January 2008). "Derby 0–1 Wigan". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
13. Maguire, Mike (15 January 2009). "Manchester United back in for Wilson Palacios?". Goal. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
14. Wilson, Zack (20 January 2009). "Wilson Palacios joins Tottenham Hotspur – reports". Goal. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
15. "Steve Bruce warns Liverpool off a swoop for Wilson Palacios". *The Mirror*. 22 August 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
16. "Tottenham tie up Wilson Palacios deal; Steve Bruce bemoans loss of "right arm"". *The Mirror*. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
17. "Tottenham agree deal for Palacios". BBC Sport. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
18. "Regulatory Announcement: Tottenham Hotspur plc: Player transfer". London Stock Exchange. 21 January 2009. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
19. Lyon, Sam (31 January 2009). "Bolton 3–2 Tottenham". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
20. "Spurs held by depleted Gunners". Sky Sports. 8 February 2009. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
21. Hytner, David (24 February 2009). "Pavlyuchenko concerned about starting for Spurs in the Carling Cup final". *The Guardian*. London. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
22. Lyon, Sam (19 August 2009). "Hull 1–5 Tottenham". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
23. "Wilson Palacios: Honduras star player at World Cup 2010". *The Daily Telegraph*. London. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
24. Lawrence, Amy (23 August 2009). "Wilson Palacios shines as Harry's hard man to give Tottenham an edge". *The Guardian*. London. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
25. "Wilson Palacios". Stoke City F.C. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
26. "Tottenham Hotspur's Wilson Palacios seals move to Stoke City". BBC Sport. 31 August 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
27. Sinnott, John (10 September 2011). "Stoke 1–0 Liverpool". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
28. "Pulis tips Palacios to be a hit". Sky Sports. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
29. Lansley, Peter (1 December 2011). "Stoke City v Dynamo Kiev: Upson wants breathing space". *The Times*. London. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
30. "Palacios handed league debut". Stoke City F.C. 21 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
31. "Games played by Wilson Palacios in 2012/2013". *Soccerbase*. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
32. "Premier League: Stoke midfielder Wilson Palacios sidelined by 'minor surgical procedure'". Sky Sports. 17 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
33. "Games played by Wilson Palacios in 2013/2014". *Soccerbase*. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
34. "Wilson Palacios's Qatar move falls through as Potters look for new deal". *Stoke Sentinel*. 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
35. *Stoke City v Liverpool Official Matchday Magazine*. Stoke-on-Trent: O Publishing. 24 May 2015.
36. "Peter Coates defends Wilson Palacios signing". *Stoke Sentinel*. 23 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
37. Smailes, James (15 July 2015). "Wilson Palacios joins Hull City on trial and could become first summer signing". *Hull Daily Mail*. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
38. "Miami FC makes big strides toward 2016 NASL season". Miami FC. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
39. "The Miami FC announces roster adjustments". *Miami FC*. 21 November 2016. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
40. "¡Sorpresa! Wilson Palacios jugará en la Real Sociedad de Tocoa" \[Surprise! Wilson Palacios will be playing for Real Sociedad de Tocoa\]. *La Prensa* (in Spanish). Honduras. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
41. "Real Sociedad anuncia salida de Wilson Palacios" \[Real Sociedad announce the departure of Wilson Palacios\]. *La Tribuna* (in Spanish). Honduras. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
42. "Welcome change for Honduras squad". BBC Sport. 11 May 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
43. "World Cup 2010: Palacios brothers to create history". BBC Sport. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
44. Chowdhury, Saj (15 June 2014). "France 3-0 Honduras". BBC Sport. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
45. ""El Wigan recibe el dinero, no Wilson": Orfilia" \["Wigan get the money, not Wilson": Orfilia\]. *La Prensa* (in Spanish). Honduras. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
46. "Creen que osamenta sea de hermano de Wilson" \[Remains believed to be those of Wilson's brother\]. *La Prensa* (in Spanish). Honduras. 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
47. "Birmingham confirm kidnap of midfielder's brother". *The Guardian*. London. 31 October 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
48. "Palacios relieved brother is free". BBC Sport. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
49. "Player's brother 'still captive'". BBC News. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
50. Fricker, Martin; Brennan, Michael (7 February 2009). "Wilson Palacios exclusive: Spurs' star's mum on the search for his kidnapped brother Edwin". *The Mirror*. London. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2009. I need to find out about my little boy He was only 14 when he was taken. I need to know if he's dead or if he's still alive. I can't take any more of this pain. My children went into football and that has brought problems for my family, but they only ever wanted fame, not money. ... Wilson's team gets the transfer money, he only gets his salary. I am obviously very happy for Wilson but my heart is with my poor little boy Edwin, my baby. I need the people who watch Wilson play football to know he's carrying a big sadness with him.
51. "Palacios brother feared murdered". BBC Sport. 9 May 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
52. Morales, Ninoska (29 May 2009). "Dolor e impotencia en el sepelio de Edwin Palacios" \[Pain and powerlessness at the funeral of Edwin Palacios\]. *La Prensa* (in Spanish). Honduras. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
53. Fricker, Martin (1 October 2011). "Wilson Palacios has his £200,000 Bentley confiscated by cops". *Daily Mirror*. London. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
54. "Games played by Wilson Palacios in 2008/2009". *Soccerbase*. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
55. "Games played by Wilson Palacios in 2009/2010". *Soccerbase*. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
56. "Games played by Wilson Palacios in 2010/2011". *Soccerbase*. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
57. "Games played by Wilson Palacios in 2011/2012". *Soccerbase*. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
58. "Games played by Wilson Palacios in 2014/2015". *Soccerbase*. Centurycomm. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
59. Mamrud, Roberto (24 July 2014). "Wilson Roberto Palacios – International Appearances". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 25 October 2020.
60. "Gareth, Daws scoop awards". Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 3 May 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

## InfoBox

Wilson Palacios
| Palacios with Honduras in 2008 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Wilson Roberto Palacios Suazo | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-07-29) 29 July 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | La Ceiba, Honduras | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2000–2002 | Victoria | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2002–2008 | Olimpia | 102 | (32) |
| 2007–2008 | Birmingham City (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| 2008–2009 | Wigan Athletic | 37 | (0) |
| 2009–2011 | Tottenham Hotspur | 65 | (1) |
| 2011–2015 | Stoke City | 38 | (0) |
| 2016 | Miami FC | 18 | (0) |
| 2018–2019 | Olimpia | 3 | (0) |
| 2019 | Real Sociedad | 9 | (0) |
| Total |  | **279** | **(33)** |
| International career | | | |
| 2003–2014 | Honduras | 97 | (5) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Georgia's 14th Senate district

abstract: Georgia's 14th State Senate district is one of 56 districts in the Georgia State Senate. Located entirely within Fulton County, it includes portions of Alpharetta, Johns Creek, Roswell, and Sandy Springs, as well as a small slice of the city of Atlanta. The district is home to the headquarters of several major corporations, including Newell Brands, United Parcel Service, Veritiv, and WestRock. The 14th district was historically located in southwestern Georgia. Its first occupant was Jimmy Carter—at the time a political newcomer—who held the seat from 1963 to 1967. Population shifts within Georgia eventually led the 14th district to be moved to the northern suburbs of Atlanta, where it remains today. Since 2023, it has been represented by Democrat Josh McLaurin. President Joe Biden carried the district by 20 points over Donald Trump in 2020, making it one of the few white-majority seats in the state to support Biden.

text:
# Georgia's 14th Senate district

**Georgia's 14th State Senate district** is one of 56 districts in the Georgia State Senate. Located entirely within Fulton County, it includes portions of Alpharetta, Johns Creek, Roswell, and Sandy Springs, as well as a small slice of the city of Atlanta. The district is home to the headquarters of several major corporations, including Newell Brands, United Parcel Service, Veritiv, and WestRock.

The 14th district was historically located in southwestern Georgia. Its first occupant was Jimmy Carter—at the time a political newcomer—who held the seat from 1963 to 1967. Population shifts within Georgia eventually led the 14th district to be moved to the northern suburbs of Atlanta, where it remains today. Since 2023, it has been represented by Democrat Josh McLaurin. President Joe Biden carried the district by 20 points over Donald Trump in 2020, making it one of the few white-majority seats in the state to support Biden.

## History

Following the abolition of the county unit system in 1962, Jimmy Carter announced his intention to run for the reconfigured 14th District. His main opponent in the Democratic primary was Homer Moore, a warehouseman who had the support of powerful state Rep. Joe Hurst. Shortly before the election, Hurst informed Moore's campaign manager that he was "getting ready to stuff the ballot box" to secure Moore's victory. On election night, results from Quitman County showed clear indications of fraud. Though 496 votes had been tabulated, it was later revealed that only 333 people had signed in to vote.

Carter sued in state court, drawing attention to hundreds of fake ballots that had been neatly folded and placed in a ballot box. Though he prevailed in court, Moore's name remained on the general election ballot. Ultimately, a judge ordered that the general election for the seat be a write-in contest, which Carter won handily.

In 1966, Carter abandoned this seat to run unsuccessfully for governor. He was succeeded by Hugh Carter, his cousin and a staunch segregationist.

## List of senators

| Member | Party | Years | Residence | Electoral history | Counties |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *District created January 14, 1963.* | | | | | |
|
**Jimmy Carter** | Democratic | January 14, 1963 –
January 9, 1967 | Plains | Elected in 1962.
Re-elected in 1964.
Retired to run for governor. | Chattahoochee, Quitman, Randolph, Stewart, Sumter, Terrell, Webster |
| **Hugh Carter** | Democratic | January 9, 1967 –
January 12, 1981 | | Elected in 1966.
Re-elected in 1968.
Re-elected in 1970.
Re-elected in 1972.
Re-elected in 1974.
Re-elected in 1976.
Re-elected in 1978.
Retired. | |
| | | | | Chattahoochee, Randolph, Stewart, Sumter, Terrell, Webster |
| | | | | Dougherty (part), Lee, Macon (part), Marion, Schley, Sumter, Taylor, Terrell |
| | **Lewis H. McKenzie** | Democratic | January 12, 1981 –
January 14, 1991 | Montezuma | Elected in 1980.
Re-elected in 1982.
Re-elected in 1984.
Re-elected in 1986.
Re-elected in 1988.
Retired. |
| | | | | | Lee, Macon, Peach, Schley, Sumter, Taylor, Terrell |
| |
**George Hooks** | Democratic | January 14, 1991 –
January 8, 2013 | Americus | Elected in 1990.
Re-elected in 1992.
Re-elected in 1994.
Re-elected in 1996.
Re-elected in 1998.
Re-elected in 2000.
Re-elected in 2002.
Re-elected in 2004.
Re-elected in 2006.
Re-elected in 2008.
Re-elected in 2010.
Resigned on January 8, 2013. |
| | | | | | Dougherty (part), Lee, Macon, Peach, Schley, Sumter, Taylor |
| | | | | | Chattahoochee (part), Dougherty (part), Harris (part), Lee (part), Macon, Marion, Meriwether (part), Muscogee (part), Quitman, Schley, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taylor, Upson (part), Webster |
| | *Vacant from January 8, 2013, to January 14, 2013.* | | | | |
|
**Barry Loudermilk** | Republican | January 14, 2013 –
September 4, 2013 | Cassville | Redistricted from the 52nd district and re-elected in 2012.
Resigned on September 4, 2013. | Bartow (part), Cherokee (part), Cobb (part) |
| *Vacant from September 4, 2013, to December 12, 2013.* | | | | | |
| **Bruce Thompson** | Republican | December 12, 2013 – January 9, 2023 | White | Elected to finish Loudermilk's term.
Re-elected in 2014.
Re-elected in 2016.
Re-elected in 2018.
Re-elected in 2020.
Redistricted to the 52nd district and retired to run for Labor Commissioner. | |
| **Josh McLaurin** | Democratic | January 9, 2023 – present | Atlanta | Elected in 2022. | Fulton (part) |

## InfoBox

| Georgia (U.S. state)'s 14th
State Senate district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| The 14th district since 2023. | |
| Senator | Josh McLaurin
Atlanta |
| Demographics | 58.9% White
27.1% Black
8.8% Hispanic
4.0% Asian
2.3% Native American
0.6% Hawaiian/Pacific Islander |
| Population (2020)
Voting age
Citizens of voting age | 191,402
145,428
132,748 |


title: McLean (singer)

abstract: McLean is an English singer from Dagenham, east London. He was signed to Asylum Records and then Atlantic Records. His debut single "Broken" was released on 26 October 2009. The song was produced by The Schizofreniks and first released independently on 26 March 2007 on Schizofreniks Records, and has since then accrued over 20 million hits across major social networking sites, including YouTube and MySpace.

text:
# McLean (singer)

**McLean** (born **Anthony McLean**, 24 June 1980) is an English singer from Dagenham, east London. He was signed to Asylum Records and then Atlantic Records. His debut single "Broken" was released on 26 October 2009. The song was produced by The Schizofreniks and first released independently on 26 March 2007 on Schizofreniks Records, and has since then accrued over 20 million hits across major social networking sites, including YouTube and MySpace.

## Early life and career

McLean was born in 1980 in East London and grew up in Dagenham, Essex. He is the son of the lovers rock musician, John McLean. He is the brother of the footballer Aaron McLean. Under the pseudonym of "Digga", he collaborated with MJ Cole on "Gotta Have It"; then with drum and bass duo Chase & Status on the song "Take U There", which featured on the debut album, *More Than Alot*. “Broken” was the underground song that caught the eye of big record companies and Mclean was signed to Atlantic.

### Debut album

McLean worked with record producers Fraser T Smith, Phil Tan, Dylan "3D" Dresdow, Nate 'Danja' Hills, plus Naughty Boy (of Wiley and Chipmunk fame). Confirmed songs included "My Name", "Great Escape", "Try Me", "Finally in Love", "Broken" and the Smith-produced "One More Night". However, the album was never released. In 2013, Mclean released a free album on SoundCloud called *Digga’s House*. In 2019, there were rumours McLean was soon to release a much anticipated EP.

## Personal life

He is the nephew of 1990s singer Bitty McLean and is the older brother of professional footballer Aaron McLean.

McLean has two daughters from a past relationship and is currently residing in Essex with his partner.

## Discography

### Singles

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK | UK
R&B | |
| 2009 | "Broken" |  | 22 | *Finally in Love*
(unreleased) |
| 2010 | "My Name" | 10 | 5 | |
| | "Finally in Love" | 44 | 16 | |
| 2013 | "Lie to Me" |  |  |  |
| As a featured artist | | | | | |
| 2009 | "I Got Soul" (with Young Soul Rebels) | 10 | 1 | *Charity single* |
| 2011 | "Killed Me" (with Ironik) |  |  | *Ironik* |
| | "Someone" (with Friction) |  |  | Non-Album single |

### Guest appearances

| Year | Single | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | "Take U There" (with Chase & Status) | *More Than Alot* |
| | "Bringing It Home" (with Frisco) | *Fully Grown* |
| | "I Made It" (with Devlin) | "Bud, Sweet & Beers" |

## InfoBox

| McLean | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Anthony McLean |
| Also known as | Digga |
| Born | (1980-06-24) 24 June 1980 |
| Origin | Dagenham, London, England |
| Genres | R&B, soul, hip hop, grime |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 2006–present |
| Labels | Asylum, Atlantic |
|  | |
| Website | www.mclean-music.com |


title: Missy Gold

abstract: Missy Gold is an American psychologist and former child actress. She is known as portraying the governor's daughter, Katie Gatling, on the sitcom Benson (1979–86).

text:
# Missy Gold

**Missy Gold** (born **Melissa Fisher**; July 14, 1970) is an American psychologist and former child actress. She is known as portraying the governor's daughter, Katie Gatling, on the sitcom *Benson* (1979–86).

## Career

Gold appeared on *Eight Is Enough*, *Fantasy Island*, *The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries*,*Trapper John, M.D.* before playing Katie Gatling on *Benson*.

Gold is now a licensed psychologist.

## Personal life

Gold was born on July 14, 1970.

Her acting siblings include older sister Tracey (best known as Carol on *Growing Pains*), younger sister Brandy (best known as Alexis on *St. Elsewhere*) and Jessie, who has had a variety of guest spots.

Gold earned a B.A. at Georgetown University and then earned a Ph.D. from California School of Professional Psychology.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1976 | *Captains and the Kings* | Mary Armagh as a Child | Miniseries |  |
| 1977 | *Rafferty* | Judy Cardler | Episode: "The Epidemic" |  |
| 1977 | *The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries* | Grace | Episode: "Will the Real Santa Claus...?" |  |
| 1978 | *Little Mo* | Brenda Brinker | Television film |  |
| 1978 | *Sword of Justice* | Nancy | Episode: "Aloha, Julie Lang" |  |
| 1978 | *Ishi: The Last of His Tribe* | Little Girl | Television film |  |
| 1978 | *The Kid from Not-So-Big* | Bobbi |  |  |
| 1979 | *Eight Is Enough* | Missy Kappleton | Episode: "Best of Friends" |  |
| 1979 | *How the West Was Won* | Stacy Willow | Episode: "The Forgotten" |  |
| 1979 | *Project U.F.O.* | Billie Ryerson | Episode: "Sighting 4025: The Whitman Tower Incident" |  |
| 1979–1986 | *Benson* | Katherine 'Katie' Olivia Gatling | 158 episodes |  |
| 1980 | *Fantasy Island* | Stephanie Hendricks | Episode: "The Love Doctor/Pleasure Palace/Possessed" |  |
| 1981 | *Twirl* | Traci Jordan | Television film |  |
| 1984 | *Trapper John, M.D.* | Rachel McCall | Episode: "Moonlighting Becomes You" |  |
| 1984 | *Celebrity Hot Potato* | Herself | 5 episodes |  |
| 1986 | *The Blinkins* | Blink | Voice role , 4 episodes |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Missy Gold | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Melissa Fisher
(1970-07-14) July 14, 1970
Great Falls, Montana, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Georgetown University
California School of Professional Psychology |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, psychologist |
| Years active | 1976–1986 |
| Known for | *Benson* |
| Relatives | Tracey Gold (sister) |


title: Mormidea lugens

abstract: Mormidea lugens is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae found in the Caribbean, Central America, and Eastern North America. In Illinois, adults have been observed emerging from overwintering sites in late April, and continue to be observed until early November, and appear to be bivoltine in this area. Eggs are approximately 0.7 millimetres (0.028 in) in diameter, pale yellow, and laid in small clusters of 6 to 11 eggs. Adults are bronze in color, with a white-yellow border around the scutellum, and are 5.0–7.2 millimetres (0.20–0.28 in) in length. In laboratory conditions, at approximately 24 °C (75 °F), development from eggs to adults has been documented to take between 39 and 50 days, and appears to be affected by the species of host plant. Mormidea lugens has been documented to feed on timothy, sedges, as well as deer-tongue grass, and Bosc's panic-grass. It has been collected from pale sedge and wide-leaved spiderwort but has not observed feeding on these species, and deer-tongue grass appears to be an insufficient food source for development.

text:
# Mormidea lugens

***Mormidea lugens*** is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae found in the Caribbean, Central America, and Eastern North America. In Illinois, adults have been observed emerging from overwintering sites in late April, and continue to be observed until early November, and appear to be bivoltine in this area. Eggs are approximately 0.7 millimetres (0.028 in) in diameter, pale yellow, and laid in small clusters of 6 to 11 eggs (mean = 9.6). Adults are bronze in color, with a white-yellow border around the scutellum, and are 5.0–7.2 millimetres (0.20–0.28 in) in length. In laboratory conditions, at approximately 24 °C (75 °F), development from eggs to adults has been documented to take between 39 and 50 days, and appears to be affected by the species of host plant. *Mormidea lugens* has been documented to feed on timothy, sedges (including *Carex shortiana*, *C. amphibola*, *C. normalis*), as well as deer-tongue grass (*Panicum clandestinum*), and Bosc's panic-grass (*P. boscii*). It has been collected from pale sedge (*C. blanda*) and wide-leaved spiderwort (*Tradescantia subaspera*) but has not observed feeding on these species, and deer-tongue grass appears to be an insufficient food source for development.

## Further reading

* Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. Vol. 2nd Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.
* Aukema, Berend; Rieger, Christian, eds. (2006). *Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region, vol. 5: Pentatomomorpha II*. The Netherlands Entomological Society. ISBN 9071912280.
* Blatchley, W.S. (1926). *Heteroptera, or true bugs of eastern North America, with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida*. Nature Publishing. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.6871.
* Henry, Thomas J.; Froeschner, Richard C., eds. (1988). *Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States*. E. J. Brill. ISBN 0-916846-44-X.
* McPherson, J.E. (1982). *The Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera) of Northeastern North America*. Southern Illinois University Press.
* Paiero, S.M.; Marshall, S.A.; McPherson, J.E.; Ma, M.S. "Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and parent bugs (Acanthosomatidae) of Ontario and adjacent areas...". *Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification*. **24**: 1–183.
* Rider, David A. (2012). "The Heteroptera (Hemiptera) of North Dakota I: Pentatomorpha: Pentatomoidea". *The Great Lakes Entomologist*. **45** (3–4): 312–380. ISSN 0090-0222.
* Walker, Francis (1871). *Catalogue of the Specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the Collection of the British Museum, pt. IV*. British Museum. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.9254.

## InfoBox

| *Mormidea lugens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Pentatomidae |
| Genus: | *Mormidea* |
| Species: | ***M. lugens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mormidea lugens***<br>(Fabricius, 1775) | |
|


title: 1970 Salvadoran legislative election

text:
# 1970 Salvadoran legislative election

Legislative elections were held in El Salvador on 8 March 1970. The result was a victory for the National Conciliation Party, which won 34 of the 52 seats. However, the election was marred by massive fraud. Voter turnout was just 41.6%.

## Results

|  | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|  | National Conciliation Party | 315,560 | 59.75 | 34 | +7 |
|  | Christian Democratic Party | 142,659 | 27.01 | 16 | –3 |
|  | Nationalist Democratic Union | 32,450 | 6.14 | 1 | New |
|  | Salvadoran Popular Party | 28,606 | 5.42 | 1 | –3 |
|  | National Revolutionary Movement | 8,832 | 1.67 | 0 | –2 |
| Total | | 528,107 | 100.00 | 52 | 0 |
|  | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 528,107 | 84.83 |  | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 94,463 | 15.17 |  | |
| Total votes | | 622,570 | 100.00 |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 1,494,931 | 41.65 |  | |
| Source: Nohlen | | | | | |

## Bibliography

* Political Handbook of the world, 1970. New York, 1971.
* Anderson, Thomas P. 1988. Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. New York: Praeger. Revised edition.
* Caldera T., Hilda. 1983. Historia del Partido Demócrata Cristiano de El Salvador. Tegucigalpa: Instituto Centroamericano de Estudios Políticos.
* Eguizábal, Cristina. 1984. "El Salvador: elecciones sin democracia." Polemica (Costa Rica) 14/15:16-33 (marzo-junio 1984).
* Haggerty, Richard A., ed. 1990. El Salvador, a country study. Washington: Library of Congress, Federal Research Division.
* Herman, Edward S. and Frank Brodhead. 1984. Demonstration elections: U.S.-staged elections in the Dominican Republic, Vietnam, and El Salvador. Boston: South End Press.
* Montgomery, Tommie Sue. 1995. Revolution in El Salvador: from civil strife to civil peace. Boulder: Westview.
* Webre, Stephen. 1979. José Napoleón Duarte and the Christian Democratic Party in Salvadoran Politics 1960-1972. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
* White, Alastair. 1973. El Salvador. New York: Praeger Publishers.
* Williams, Philip J. and Knut Walter. 1997. Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

## InfoBox

1970 Salvadoran legislative election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 52 seats in the Legislative Assembly<br>27 seats needed for a majority | |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–  PCN Fidel Sánchez 59.75 34 +7  PDC  27.01 16 −3  UDN  6.14 1 New  PPS  5.42 1 −3   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. | |


title: Malarinia calcopercula

abstract: Malarinia calcopercula is a species of small land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Diplommatinidae.

text:
# Malarinia calcopercula

***Malarinia calcopercula*** is a species of small land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Diplommatinidae.

## Distribution

This land snail is endemic to Madagascar.

## Habitat

This species lives in subtropical or tropical dry forests.

## InfoBox

| *Malarinia calcopercula* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Caenogastropoda
informal group Architaenioglossa |
| Superfamily: | Cyclophoroidea |
| Family: | Diplommatinidae |
| Genus: | *Malarinia* |
| Species: | ***M. calcopercula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Malarinia calcopercula***
Emberton, 1994 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hainesia crocea* (Sowerby, 1847) * *Malarinia* sp. 1 (Emberton et al., 1996), (Emberton, 1997) | |