title: Persuasive definition

abstract:
A persuasive definition is a form of stipulative definition which purports to describe the true or commonly accepted meaning of a term, while in reality stipulating an uncommon or altered use, usually to support an argument for some view, or to create or alter rights, duties or crimes.
The terms thus defined will often involve emotionally charged but imprecise notions, such as "freedom", "terrorism", "democracy", etc. In argumentation the use of a persuasive definition is sometimes called definist fallacy. Examples of persuasive definitions include:
  - Democrat – "a leftist who desires to overtax the corporations and abolish freedom in the economic sphere".
  - Democrat – "compassionate person who cares about the poor and wants to make the rich pay their fair share." Persuasive definitions commonly appear in controversial topics such as politics, sex, and religion, as participants in emotionally charged exchanges will sometimes become more concerned about swaying people to one side or another than expressing the unbiased facts. A persuasive definition of a term is favorable to one argument or unfavorable to the other argument, but is presented as if it were neutral and well-accepted, and the listener is expected to accept such a definition without question. The term "persuasive definition" was introduced by philosopher Charles Stevenson as part of his emotive theory of meaning.

text:
# Persuasive definition

A **persuasive definition** is a form of stipulative definition which purports to describe the true or commonly accepted meaning of a term, while in reality stipulating an uncommon or altered use, usually to support an argument for some view, or to create or alter rights, duties or crimes. The terms thus defined will often involve emotionally charged but imprecise notions, such as "freedom", "terrorism", "democracy", etc. In argumentation the use of a persuasive definition is sometimes called definist fallacy. (The latter sometimes more broadly refers to a fallacy of a definition based on improper identification of two distinct properties.)

Examples of persuasive definitions (definist fallacies) include:

* Democrat  "a leftist who desires to overtax the corporations and abolish freedom in the economic sphere".
* Democrat  "compassionate person who cares about the poor and wants to make the rich pay their fair share."

Persuasive definitions commonly appear in controversial topics such as politics, sex, and religion, as participants in emotionally charged exchanges will sometimes become more concerned about swaying people to one side or another than expressing the unbiased facts. A persuasive definition of a term is favorable to one argument or unfavorable to the other argument, but is presented as if it were neutral and well-accepted, and the listener is expected to accept such a definition without question.

The term "persuasive definition" was introduced by philosopher Charles Stevenson as part of his emotive theory of meaning.

## Overview

Language can simultaneously communicate information (informative) and feelings (expressive). Unlike other common types of definitions in logic, persuasive definitions focus on the expressive use of language to affect the feelings of readers and listeners ultimately with an aim to change their behavior. With this fundamentally different purpose, persuasive definitions are evaluated not on their truth or falsehood but rather on their effectiveness as a persuasive device. Stevenson showed how these two dimensions are combined when he investigated the terms he called "ethical" or emotive. He noted that some words, such as *peace* or *war*, are not simply used to describe reality by modifying the cognitive response of the interlocutor. They have also the power of directing the interlocutor's attitudes and suggesting a course of action. For this reason, they evoke a different kind of reaction, emotive in nature. As Stevenson put it "Instead of merely describing people's interests, they change and intensify them. They recommend an interest in an object, rather than state that the interest already exists." These words have the tendency to encourage future actions, to lead the hearer towards a decision by affecting his or her system of interests. Stevenson distinguished between the use of a word (a stimulus) and its possible psychological effects on the addressee's cognitive and the emotive reactions by labeling them as "descriptive meaning" and "emotive meaning". Applying this distinction reveals how the redefinition of an ethical word is transformed into an instrument of persuasion, a tool for redirecting preferences and emotions:

> Ethical definitions involve a wedding of descriptive and emotive meaning, and accordingly have a frequent use in redirecting and intensifying attitudes. To choose a definition is to plead a cause, so long as the word defined is strongly emotive.

In persuasive definitions the evaluative component associated with a concept is left unaltered while the descriptive meaning is modified. In this fashion, imprisonment can become "true freedom", and massacres "pacification". Persuasive definitions can change or distort the meaning while keeping the original evaluations that the use of a word evokes. Quasi-definitions consist in the modification of the emotive meaning of a word without altering the descriptive one. The speaker can quasi-define a word by qualifying the *definiendum* without setting forth what the term actually means. For instance, we can consider the following quasi-definition taken from Casanova's Fuga dai Piombi. In this example (1), the speaker, Mr. Soradaci, tries to convince his interlocutor (Casanova) that being a "sneak" is an honorable behavior:

> I have always despised the prejudice that attaches to the name "spy" a hateful meaning: this name sounds bad only to the ears of who hates the Government. A sneak is just a friend of the good of the State, the plague of the crooks, the faithful servant of his Prince.

This quasi-definition employed in the first case underscores a fundamental dimension of the "emotive" meaning of a word, namely its relationship with the shared values, which are attacked as "prejudices." This account given by the spy shows how describing the referent based on a different hierarchy of values can modify emotive meaning. The value of trust is not denied, but is placed in a hierarchy where the highest worth is given to the State.

Stevenson gives two definitions of the word *culture* in order to illustrate what a persuasive definition can accomplish:

* The original definition: "widely read and acquainted with arts"
* The persuasive definition: "imaginative sensitivity"

Both carry the positive emotive meaning of culture; it is still a good thing to be cultured by either definition. What they change is what exactly it means to be called "cultured." Because being cultured is a positive trait, the society views being well read and acquainted with the arts as positive traits to have. By promoting a persuasive definition of "imaginative sensitivity" the society begins to views those qualities positively because they are attached to a word with a positive emotive meaning.

Unclear, figurative language is often used in persuasive definitions. Although several techniques can be used to form such a definition, the genus and difference technique is the usual one applied. Both definitions in the taxation example above agree that the genus is a procedure relating to governance but disagree on the difference. Persuasive definitions combine elements of stipulative definitions, lexical definitions, and sometimes theoretical definitions.

Persuasive definitions commonly appear in political speeches, editorials and other situations where the power to influence is most in demand. They have been dismissed as serving only to confuse readers and listeners without legitimate purpose. Critical scrutiny is often necessary to identify persuasive definitions in an argument as they are meant to appear as honest definitions.

## Sources


title: Mauricio Fernández Garza

abstract: Mauricio Fernández Garza is a Mexican politician, businessman and collector directly related to the Fernández Ruiloba wealthy and prominent family; owners of PYOSA. He was the mayor of San Pedro Garza García, former senator and current member of the board of Grupo Alfa, a Monterrey-based chemical, food and auto-parts producer. He is well known for his art contribution to Nuevo León. Fernández Garza graduated with a bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering from Purdue University (U.S.), specialized in economics at the Autonomous University of Nuevo León and received a master's degree in business administration from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies. He is the founder and president of Comercializadora de Puros, Uniser, Artesanarte and the Museo del Ojo in García, Nuevo León. In June 2005 he sold one of his companies, Especialidades Cerveceras, S.A. to Fomento Económico Mexicano (FEMSA), the world's second-largest Coca-Cola bottler. Fernández ran for governor of Nuevo León in 2003. He defeated former treasurer Fernando Elizondo in the National Action Party state primaries but lost the gubernatorial election against the candidate of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, Natividad González Parás. He ran for mayor of San Pedro Garza Garcia in 2009 and won the election. His administration began on October 31 of 2009. His successor to the mayorship of San Pedro Garza García was the independent candidate Miguel Treviño.

text:
# Mauricio Fernández Garza

**Mauricio Fernández Garza** (born April 2, 1950 in Monterrey) is a Mexican politician, businessman and collector directly related to the Fernández Ruiloba wealthy and prominent family; owners of PYOSA (Pigmentos Y Oxidos SA). He was the mayor of San Pedro Garza García, former senator and current member of the board of *Grupo Alfa*, a Monterrey-based chemical, food and auto-parts producer. He is well known for his art contribution to Nuevo León.

Fernández Garza graduated with a bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering from Purdue University (U.S.), specialized in economics at the Autonomous University of Nuevo León and received a master's degree in business administration from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies.

He is the founder and president of *Comercializadora de Puros*, *Uniser* (Havana, Cuba), *Artesanarte* and the *Museo del Ojo* in García, Nuevo León. In June 2005 he sold one of his companies, *Especialidades Cerveceras, S.A.* (the makers of premium beer *Casta*) to *Fomento Económico Mexicano (FEMSA)*, the world's second-largest Coca-Cola bottler.

Fernández ran for governor of Nuevo León in 2003. He defeated former treasurer Fernando Elizondo in the National Action Party state primaries (56.5% vs. 20.8%) but lost the gubernatorial election against the candidate of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, Natividad González Parás.

He ran for mayor of San Pedro Garza Garcia in 2009 and won the election. His administration began on October 31 of 2009. His successor to the mayorship of San Pedro Garza García was the independent candidate Miguel Treviño.

## Public Safety

During his campaign, Fernández Garza focused on promoting his anti-crime policies, as the growing crime wave was of concern for many citizens of San Pedro, the wealthiest municipality/city in Mexico. During his campaign, he stated that the city was controlled by the Beltrán Leyva drug cartel \- these statements caused much controversy. He also mentioned that the relative peace seen in the city was due to Beltrán Leyva family members living in the city, and their pacts with other cartels to keep San Pedro a "safe zone".

During his commencement speech, he mentioned that a man who had issued him a death threat had been killed in Mexico City. This happened before the body was found by the authorities.

One of his main strategies against the rising crime rate was the implementation of an "intelligence" body, which operated in secrecy and was financed by the city's wealthy businessmen. The mayor himself called the group "El Grupo Rudo," which translated from Spanish to "The Rough Group." This group created much controversy, as many thought this group operated illegally. The leader of this group was accused of torture by one of Mauricio's bodyguards, and was later killed by a member of another organized group. The son of the ex-governor Alfonso Martinez Dominguez, Francisco Martinez Cardenas, was in charge of collecting the money from the businessmen. The group was soon disintegrated, however many claim it still operates covertly.

In an effort to reduce the increase in kidnappings and delinquency, he formalized a database that kept track of all domestic servant employees. The goal was to keep track of all of these employees, which number the thousands and work in the wealthy family's homes. One of the arguments in favor of such a database was that many of the kidnappings and robberies occurred because of tips given by the employees. Many human right groups rose in protest.

1. Elected under the principle of First Minority
2. "Gana Miguel Treviño en San Pedro con 47.47%". *www.milenio.com*. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
3. Loret de Mola, Carlos (14 April 2010). "Mauricio Fernández Garza debería estar arrestado" (in Spanish). El Informador. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
4. Redacción, ed. (29 November 2011). "Ejecutan en el DF a El Negro Saldaña" (in Spanish). Milenio. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
5. Osorno, Diego Enrique (11 March 2009). "El comando "rudo" de Mauricio Fernández" (in Spanish). Milenio. Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
6. Redacción, ed. (28 March 2011). "Hijo de Martínez Domínguez es liberado gracias a amparo" (in Spanish). Milenio. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
7. "Mauricio Fernández disuelve grupo rudo" (in Spanish). El universal. Retrieved 29 May 2011. Mauricio Fernández, alcalde del municipio metropolitano de San Pedro, considerado el más rico del país, anunció hoy la desintegración de su grupo "rudo", porque ya cumplió con su cometido
8. Padilla Sada, Eduardo (25 April 2011). "Mauricio asegura que CEDH participó en padrón de empleadas domésticas" (in Spanish). Milenio. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
9. Plascencia, Ángel (2 March 2010). "Discriminación en San Pedro" (in Spanish). Reporte Índigo. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2011.

## InfoBox

| Mauricio Fernández Garza | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Senator for Nuevo León | |
| **In office**
1 November 1994  31 August 2000 | |
| Preceded by | *Creation of minority senators* |
| Succeeded by | Ricardo Canavati Tafich |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1950-04-02) 2 April 1950
Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico |
| Political party | National Action Party |
| Education | Purdue University |
|  | |


title: Muszkowo

abstract: Muszkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzeszyce, within Sulęcin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-west of Sulęcin and 30 km (19 mi) south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

text:
# Muszkowo

**Muszkowo** \[muʂˈkɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzeszyce, within Sulęcin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-west of Sulęcin and 30 km (19 mi) south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

## InfoBox

| Muszkowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Muszkowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°32′N 14°58′E / 52.533°N 14.967°E / 52.533; 14.967 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lubusz |
| County | Sulęcin |
| Gmina | Krzeszyce |
| Population | 260 |


title: Fíachu Fínscothach

abstract: Fíacha Fínscothach, son of Sétna Airt, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. His father became High King after killing the previous incumbent, Rothechtaid mac Main, in single combat at Cruachan in defence of Fíachu. Fíachu went into exile, but returned at the head of a "black fleet", and, with the assistance of Muinemón, killed his father and took the throne himself. "Flowers of wine", which were pressed into glass vats, were said to exist during his reign. He ruled for twenty years, until he was killed by his former accomplice, Muinemón. The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 975–955 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 1353–1333 BC.

text:
# Fíachu Fínscothach

**Fíacha Fínscothach**, son of Sétna Airt, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. His father became High King after killing the previous incumbent, Rothechtaid mac Main, in single combat at Cruachan in defence of Fíachu. Fíachu went into exile, but returned at the head of a "black fleet", and, with the assistance of Muinemón, killed his father and took the throne himself. "Flowers of wine" (Old Irish: *fín*, "wine"; *scoth*, "flower", *-ach*, possessive suffix, although *scoth* can also mean "blade" and "voice"), which were pressed into glass vats, were said to exist during his reign. He ruled for twenty years, until he was killed by his former accomplice, Muinemón. The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's *Foras Feasa ar Éirinn* dates his reign to 975–955 BC, that of the *Annals of the Four Masters* to 1353–1333 BC.


title: Pitcairngreen

abstract:
Pitcairngreen is a hamlet in the Scottish council area of Perth and Kinross which is more or less adjoined to the much larger village of Almondbank. It lies 4 miles northwest of Perth. As its name would suggest, two features of the settlement are a green and a cairn. In the 18th century the nearby River Almond was used to power textile mills and the local nobleman Lord Lynedoch created the village to provide housing for mill workers. The village's layout was designed in 1786 to have a green at the centre of it by James Stobie, a factor to John Murray, the 4th Duke of Atholl. The presence of a village green is unusual for a Scottish village as these are more commonly associated with traditional English villages. Stobie designed Pitcairngreen to be an industrial textile manufacturing village for Thomas Graham, a textile manufacturer. Its rivalry with the Manchester textile factories is set out in the poem "The Scottish Village, or Pitcairngreen" by Hannah Cowley which starts with the lines:
  -
    -
      -
        - "Go Manchester and weep thy slighted loom
        - its arts are cherished now in Pitcairne Green." There is a prehistoric burial cairn to the north-east of the village which is made from boulders from the River Almond.

text:
# Pitcairngreen

**Pitcairngreen** (pronounced '**Pit-cairn Green'**) is a hamlet in the Scottish council area of Perth and Kinross which is more or less adjoined to the much larger village of Almondbank. It lies 4 miles (6 kilometres) northwest of Perth. As its name would suggest, two features of the settlement are a green and a cairn.

In the 18th century the nearby River Almond was used to power textile mills and the local nobleman Lord Lynedoch created the village to provide housing for mill workers. The village's layout was designed in 1786 to have a green at the centre of it by James Stobie, a factor to John Murray, the 4th Duke of Atholl. The presence of a village green is unusual for a Scottish village as these are more commonly associated with traditional English villages. Stobie designed Pitcairngreen to be an industrial textile manufacturing village for Thomas Graham, a textile manufacturer. Its rivalry with the Manchester textile factories is set out in the poem "The Scottish Village, or Pitcairngreen" by Hannah Cowley which starts with the lines:

"Go Manchester and weep thy slighted loom its arts are cherished now in Pitcairne Green."

There is a prehistoric burial cairn to the north-east of the village which is made from boulders from the River Almond.

## Amenities

The village has a pub called the Pitcairngreen Inn, a village hall and a green around which the village is built. Originally intended for industrial purposes, such as bleaching, the green now features impressive stands of oak and beech trees, as well as play facilities for the local children.

## InfoBox

| Pitcairngreen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| PitcairngreenLocation within Perth and Kinross | |
| OS grid reference | NO064271 |
| Council area |  |
| Lieutenancy area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | PERTH |
| Postcode district | PH1 |
| Dialling code | 01738 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
|


title: Pentagenella

abstract: Pentagenella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Opegraphaceae. It contains five species.

text:
# Pentagenella

***Pentagenella*** is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Opegraphaceae. It contains five species.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pentagenella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Arthoniomycetes |
| Order: | Arthoniales |
| Family: | Opegraphaceae |
| Genus: | *Pentagenella*
Darb. (1897) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pentagenella fragillima*
Darb. (1897) | |
| Species | |
| *P. corallina*
*P. fragillima*
*P. gracillima*
*P. langei*
*P. ligulata* | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Camanchaca* Follmann & Peine (1999) * *Dictyographa* Darb. (1897) * *Roccella* sect. *Pentagenella* (Darb.) Follmann (1998) | |


title: Xanthomonas cassavae

abstract: Xanthomonas cassavae is a species of bacteria.

text:
# Xanthomonas cassavae

***Xanthomonas cassavae*** is a species of bacteria.

1. "Xanthomonas cassavae". *www.gbif.org*. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthomonas cassavae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Xanthomonadales |
| Family: | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Genus: | *Xanthomonas* |
| Species: | ***X. cassavae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthomonas cassavae***<br>(Wiehe and Dowson 1953) Vauterin *et al.* 1995 | |
|


title: OPEN100

abstract: OPEN100 is a project that claims to provide open-source blueprints to build nuclear power plants. Its stated goal is to reduce the cost and duration of nuclear reactor construction and increase the nuclear power supply 100-fold by 2040 to aid in the decarbonization of the global economy. It was developed by Bret Kugelmass and the Energy Impact Center, a non-profit organization founded by Kugelmass that advocates for clean energy solutions to climate change.

text:
# OPEN100

**OPEN100** is a project that claims to provide open-source blueprints to build nuclear power plants. Its stated goal is to reduce the cost and duration of nuclear reactor construction and increase the nuclear power supply 100-fold by 2040 to aid in the decarbonization of the global economy. It was developed by Bret Kugelmass and the Energy Impact Center, a non-profit organization founded by Kugelmass that advocates for clean energy solutions to climate change.

## Overview

OPEN100 was first announced in February 2020 by Bret Kugelmass and the Energy Impact Center (EIC). Open-source blueprints for the construction of a nuclear power plant were uploaded to the project's website soon after the announcement. Those blueprints contained designs for a power plant with a 100-megawatt pressurized water reactor. The OPEN100 plans aim to standardize nuclear power plant construction to increase speed and cost-effectiveness, allowing plants to be built in under two years for a cost of $300 million. New plant construction would likely face regulatory hurdles in practice, however.

The EIC developed the plan in collaboration with the United States Department of Energy national laboratories and other entities to help increase nuclear power capacity 100-fold by 2040 in an effort to curb and reverse the effects of climate change. In July 2021, it was announced that Transcorp Energy in Nigeria would begin implementing the OPEN100 model to build the country's first nuclear power plants.

## InfoBox

| OPEN100 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of project | Open-source blueprints for nuclear power plant construction |
| Owner | Energy Impact Center |
| Founder | Bret Kugelmass |
| Established | February 25, 2020 (2020-02-25) |
| Status | Active |
| Website | www.open-100.com |


title: Hymenocallis eucharidifolia

abstract: Hymenocallis eucharidifolia is a rare plant in the plant in the Amaryllidaceae. It is native to rainforests in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Guerrero. Hymenocallis eucharidifolia was thought for over a century to be extinct in the wild until rediscovered a few years ago. The species is prized as an ornamental because of its showy white flowers.

text:
# Hymenocallis eucharidifolia

***Hymenocallis eucharidifolia*** is a rare plant in the plant in the Amaryllidaceae. It is native to rainforests in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Guerrero.

*Hymenocallis eucharidifolia* was thought for over a century to be extinct in the wild until rediscovered a few years ago. The species is prized as an ornamental because of its showy white flowers.

## InfoBox

| *Hymenocallis eucharidifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
| Genus: | *Hymenocallis* |
| Species: | ***H. eucharidifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hymenocallis eucharidifolia***<br>Baker | |
|


title: Peter, Paul and Mary discography

text:
# Peter, Paul and Mary discography

This is the discography of American folk group Peter, Paul and Mary.

## Albums

### Studio albums

| Year | Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | US
 | CAN
 | UK
 | |
| 1962 | *Peter, Paul and Mary* |  | 1 |  | 18 |  |
| 1963 | *(Moving)* | * Released: January 1963 * Label: Warner Bros. | 2 | 4 |  |  |
| | *In the Wind* | * Released: October 1963 * Label: Warner Bros. | 1 | 1 | 11 |  |
| 1965 | *A Song Will Rise* | * Released: March 1965 * Label: Warner Bros. | 8 |  |  |  |
| | *See What Tomorrow Brings* | * Released: October 1965 * Label: Warner Bros. | 11 |  |  |  |
| 1966 | *The Peter, Paul and Mary Album* | * Released: August 1966 * Label: Warner Bros. | 22 |  |  |  |
| 1967 | *Album 1700* | * Released: August 1967 * Label: Warner Bros. | 15 | 14 |  | * US: Platinum |
| 1968 | *Late Again* |  | 14 | 10 |  |  |
| 1978 | *Reunion* | * Released: September 5, 1978 * Label: Warner Bros. | 106 |  |  |  |
| 1986 | *No Easy Walk to Freedom* |  | 173 |  |  |  |
| 1990 | *Flowers and Stones* | * Released: November 1990 * Label: Gold Castle |  |  |  |  |
| 1995 | *(LifeLines)* | * Released: April 11, 1995 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |  |  |  |
| 2003 | *In These Times* | * Released: November 11, 2003 * Label: Rhino/Warner Bros. |  |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | | | | |

### Children's albums

| Year | Title | Details | Peak chart
positions | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | US
 | CAN
 | |
| 1969 | *Peter, Paul and Mommy* | * Released: May 25, 1969 * Label: Warner Bros.-Seven Arts | 12 | 8 |  |
| 1993 | *Peter, Paul & Mommy, Too* |  |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | | | |

### Live albums

| Year | Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | US
 | UK
 | |
| 1964 | *In Concert* | * Released: July 24, 1964 * Label: Warner Bros. * Released in the UK as two volumes, the first of which was the charting album | 4 | 20 |  |
| 1967 | *Deluxe/Peter, Paul and Mary in Japan* | * Released: May 1967 * Label: Warner Bros. * Japan-only release |  |  |  |
| 1983 | *Such Is Love* | * Released: April 1982 * Label: Peter, Paul and Mary Co. * First released in 1982 in Australia, before being released in the US in 1983 |  |  |  |
| 1988 | *A Holiday Celebration* | * Released: October 1988 * Label: Gold Castle * With the New York Choral Society |  |  |  |
| 1996 | *LifeLines Live* | * Released: August 6, 1996 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |  |  |
| 2010 | *The Prague Sessions* | * Released: March 9, 2010 * Label: Rhino |  |  |  |
| 2014 | *Discovered: Live in Concert* | * Released: November 14, 2014 * Label: Rhino * Collection of live songs from the 1980s onward that were never recorded in a studio |  |  |  |
| 2019 | *At Newport 1963–65* |  |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | | | |

### Compilation albums

| Year | Title | Details | Peak chart
positions | | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | US
 | CAN
 | UK
 | |
| 1967 | *The Best of Peter, Paul and Mary* | * Released: February 1967 * Label: Warner Bros.-Seven Arts |  |  |  |  |
| 1970 | *The Best of Peter, Paul and Mary: Ten Years Together* | * Released: May 1970 * Label: Warner Bros. | 15 | 9 | 60 | * US: 2xPlatinum |
| 1972 | *The Most Beautiful Songs of Peter, Paul and Mary* | * Released: 1972 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |  |  |  |
| 1998 | *Around the Campfire* | * Released: April 28, 1998 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |  |  |  |
| | *The Collection: Their Greatest Hits & Finest Performances* |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999 | *Songs of Conscience & Concern: A Retrospective Collection* | * Released: March 23, 1999 * Label: Virgin |  |  |  |  |
| | *Weave Me the Sunshine* | * Released: August 6, 1999 * Label: Audio Book & Music Company |  |  |  |  |
| 2004 | *Carry It On* | * Released: February 24, 2004 * Label: Rhino * 4-CD box set with DVD |  |  |  |  |
| 2005 | *The Very Best of Peter Paul and Mary* | * Released: August 23, 2005 * Label: Rhino |  |  |  |  |
| 2008 | *The Solo Recordings (1971–72)* | * Released: November 18, 2008 * Label: Warner Bros./Rhino * 3-CD set comprising the group's members' first three solo albums: *Peter*, *Paul And* and *Mary*. |  |  |  |  |
| 2013 | *If I Had a Hammer: The Legend Begins* | * Released: August 15, 2013 * Label: Remember |  |  |  |  |
| 2018 | *Drop the Needle on the Hits: Best of Peter, Paul & Mary* | * Released: November 16, 2018 * Label: Barnes Noble Consign * Exclusive vinyl-only release |  |  |  |  |
| 2020 | *Anthology: The Deluxe Collection* | * Released: September 25, 2020 * Label: Master Tape * Digital-only release |  |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | | | | |

### Video albums

| Year | Title | Details |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | *25th Anniversary Concert* | * Released: September 20, 1986 * Label: VideoArts * Formats: LaserDisc * Japan-only release |
| 1990 | *Holiday Concert* |  |
| 1993 | *Peter, Paul & Mommy, Too* |  |
| 1996 | *Lifelines Live* | * Released: May 14, 1996 * Label: Warner Reprise Video * Formats: VHS |
| 2004 | *Carry It On – A Musical Legacy* |  |
| 2008 | *We Shall Overcome* | * Released: February 2008 * Label: Veo Star * Formats: DVD * Germany-only release |
| 2014 | *50 Years with Peter Paul And Mary* | * Released: 2014 * Label: Peter, Paul & Mary * Formats: DVD |

## EPs

| Year | Title | Details | Peak chart
positions |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | UK
 |
| 1963 | *Peter, Paul and Mary* | * Released: October 1963 * Label: Warner Bros. | 3 |
| | *Peter, Paul and Mary – Vol. 2* | * Released: December 1963 * Label: Warner Bros. | 5 |
| 1964 | *Moving* | * Released: February 1964 * Label: Warner Bros. | 16 |
| | *In the Wind Vol. 1* | * Released: September 1964 * Label: Warner Bros. | 12 |
| | *In the Wind Vol. 2* | * Released: October 1964 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |
| 1965 | *Paultalk* | * Released: August 1965 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |
| | *Peter, Paul and Mary in Concert Vol. 1* | * Released: October 1965 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |
| 1966 | *Oh, Rock My Soul* | * Released: February 1966 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |
| | *Wasn't That a Time* | * Released: April 1966 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |
| | *Cruel War* | * Released: July 1966 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |
| | *The Last Thing on My Mind* | * Released: October 1966 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |
| 1967 | *If I Were Free* | * Released: February 1967 * Label: Warner Bros. |  |
| 1972 | *Peter, Paul and Mary* | * Released: November 1972 * Label: Warner Bros. * Compilation EP |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | | | |

## Singles

| Year | Titles (A-side, B-side)
Both sides from same album except where indicated | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | US (AC)
 | AUS
 | BE (WA)
 | CAN
 | GER
 | IRE
 | NZ
 | QUE
 | SA
 | UK
 | |
| 1962 | "Lemon Tree"
b/w "Early in the Morning" | 35 | 12 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Peter, Paul and Mary* |
| | "If I Had a Hammer (The Hammer Song)"
b/w "Gone the Rainbow" (from *Moving*) | 10 |  | 26 |  | 17 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  | |
| | "Big Boat"
b/w "Tiny Sparrow" | 93 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *(Moving)* |
| 1963 | "Settle Down (Goin' Down That Highway)"
b/w "500 Miles" (from *Peter, Paul and Mary*) | 56 | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Puff (The Magic Dragon)"
b/w "Pretty Mary" | 2 | 1 | 6 |  | 5 |  |  | 3 | 2 |  | |  |
| | "Blowin' in the Wind"
b/w "Flora" (from (*Moving)*) | 2 | 1 | 11 |  | 25 | 32 |  | 2 | 1 |  | 13 | *In the Wind* |
| | "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
b/w "Autumn to May" (from *Peter, Paul and Mary*) | 9 | 2 | 56 |  | 15 |  |  |  | 5 |  | |  |
| | "Stewball
b/w "The Cruel War" (from *Peter, Paul and Mary*) | 35 | 17 | 89 |  | 21 |  |  |  | 22 |  | |  |
| | "A'Soalin'"
b/w "Hush-a-Bye" (from *In the Wind*) |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *(Moving)* |
| 1964 | "Tell It on the Mountain"
b/w "Old Coat" (from (*Moving)*) | 33 | 7 | 8 |  | 22 |  |  |  | 30 |  | 33 | *In the Wind* |
| | "Oh Rock My Soul (Part 1)"
b/w " Oh Rock My Soul (Part 2)" | 93 |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *In Concert* |
| | "The Times They Are a-Changin'" (UK and Netherlands-only release)
b/w "Blue" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | | 44 |
| 1965 | "For Lovin' Me"
b/w "Monday Morning" | 30 | 5 | 36 |  | 4 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  | *A Song Will Rise* |
| | "When the Ship Comes In"
b/w "The Times They Are a-Changin'" (US, from *In Concert*); "The Cuckoo" (UK) | 91 | 23 | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| | "Early Morning Rain"
b/w "The Rising of the Moon" | 91 | 13 | 34 |  | 39 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *See What Tomorrow Brings* |
| | "San Francisco Bay Blues"(Australia-only release)
b/w "Come and Go with Me" |  |  | 43 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *A Song Will Rise* |
| 1966 | "The Cruel War" (from *Peter, Paul and Mary*)
b/w "Mon Vrai Destin" | 52 | 4 |  |  | 78 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *The Peter, Paul and Mary Album* |
| | "The Other Side of This Life"
b/w "Sometime Lovin'" | 100 | 33 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| | "Hurry Sundown"
b/w "For Baby (For Bobbie)" | 123 | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 1967 | "I Dig Rock and Roll Music"
b/w "The Great Mandella (The Wheel of Life)" | 9 |  | 4 | 9 | 15 |  |  | 9 | 8 |  | 55 | *Album 1700* |
| | "The House Song" (UK-only release)
b/w "Bob Dylan's Dream" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| | "Too Much of Nothing"
b/w "The House Song" (from Album 1700) | 35 |  | 81 |  | 43 |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | *Late Again* |
| 1968 | "Love City (Postcard from Duluth)"
b/w "Yesterday's Tomorrow" | 113 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 1969 | "Day Is Done"
b/w "Make Believe Town" | 21 | 7 |  |  | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Peter, Paul and Mommy* |
| | "Leaving on a Jet Plane"
b/w "The House Song" | 1 | 1 | 30 |  | 1 |  | 2 |  | 2 | 6 | 2 | *Album 1700* |
| | "The Marvelous Toy"
b/w "Christmas Dinner" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Peter, Paul and Mommy* |
| 1978 | "Like the First Time"
b/w "Best of Friends" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Reunion* |
| | "Forever Young"
b/w "Best of Friends" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 1983 | "El Salvador" (with the Bodyworks Band)
b/w "Light One Candle" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *No Easy Walk to Freedom* |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

1. "Peter, Paul & Mary – Billboard 200". *Billboard*. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
2. Peak positions for Peter, Paul and Mary's albums on the Canadian CHUM and *RPM* Album Charts:
3. "PETER PAUL & MARY | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". *www.officialcharts.com*. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
4. "Gold & Platinum". *RIAA*. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
5. "reunion". *www.peterpaulandmary.com*. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
6. "Peter, Paul & Mary – Top Holiday Albums". *Billboard*. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
7. "Peter, Paul & Mary – Folk Albums". *Billboard*. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
8. "Peter, Paul And Mary At Newport 1963-65 - CD :: Shout! Factory". *www.shoutfactory.com*. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
9. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2005 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
10. Peak positions for the Peter, Paul and Mary's EPs in the UK:
11. "Peter, Paul & Mary – Hot 100". *Billboard*. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
12. Whitburn, Joel (1982). *Joel Whitburn's Bubbling Under the Hot 100 1959–1981*. Record Research. p. 129. ISBN 9780898200478.
13. "Peter, Paul & Mary – Adult Contemporary". *Billboard*. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
14. Kent, David (1993). *Australian Chart Book 1970–1992* (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 290. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
15. "ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS". *www.ultratop.be*. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
16. Peak positions for Peter, Paul and Mary's singles on the Canadian CHUM Chart and, from June 1964, *RPM* Singles Chart:
17. "Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts". *www.offiziellecharts.de*. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
18. "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". *irishcharts.ie*. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
19. "flavour of new zealand - search lever". *www.flavourofnz.co.nz*. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
20. "flavour of new zealand - search listener". *www.flavourofnz.co.nz*. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
21. "Compilation des succès par ordre alphabétique d'interprètes (chansons anglophones et allophones)" (PDF). *banq.qc.ca*. p. 613. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
22. "South African Rock Lists Website - SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts (P)". *rock.co.za*. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
23. "Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending December 28, 1963". *Cash Box magazine*. Retrieved September 14, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Peter, Paul and Mary discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio albums | 7 |
| Live albums | 8 |
| Compilation albums | 13 |
| Video albums | 7 |
| EPs | 13 |
| Singles | 29 |
| Children's albums | 2 |


title: Vladimir Stupishin

abstract: Vladimir Stupishin was a Russian diplomat who served as Russia's first Ambassador to Armenia from April 1992 until September 1994 following the break-up of the Soviet Union. Stupishin died on 23 December 2016, at the age of 84.

text:
# Vladimir Stupishin

**Vladimir Stupishin** (27 November 1932 – 23 December 2016) was a Russian diplomat who served as Russia's first Ambassador to Armenia from April 1992 until September 1994 following the break-up of the Soviet Union.

Stupishin died on 23 December 2016, at the age of 84.

## InfoBox

| Vladimir Stupishin | |
| --- | --- |
| Владимир Ступишин | |
|  | |
| 1st Ambassador of Russia to Armenia | |
| **In office**
2 April 1992  13 September 1994 | |
| Preceded by | *Position created* |
| Succeeded by | Andrey Urnov |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1932-11-27)27 November 1932
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Died | 23 December 2016(2016-12-23) (aged 84)
Moscow, Russia |
|  | |


abstract: My Little Pony Live: The World's Biggest Tea Party is a 2006 musical based on the My Little Pony franchise by Hasbro. The musical is produced by VEE Corporation under the direction of Richard Thompson and Vincent Egan. The musical first began in October 2006 and later concluded its performance in 2008. The musical was released on DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment on September 16, 2008 and was filmed at the Kodak Theatre. All shows were performed to a pre-recorded soundtrack. The stage show received negative reviews from critics, audiences and fans alike, especially with the unappealing costumes of the ponies.

text:
# My Little Pony Live: The World's Biggest Tea Party

***My Little Pony Live: The World's Biggest Tea Party*** is a 2006 musical based on the *My Little Pony* franchise by Hasbro. The musical is produced by VEE Corporation under the direction of Richard Thompson and Vincent Egan. The musical first began in October 2006 and later concluded its performance in 2008.

The musical was released on DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment on September 16, 2008 and was filmed at the Kodak Theatre. All shows were performed to a pre-recorded soundtrack.

The stage show received negative reviews from critics, audiences and fans alike, especially with the unappealing costumes of the ponies.

## Synopsis

The ponies in Ponyville need to figure out what they are going to do today. They have so many ideas such as dressing up and playing with ribbons and bows, but don't want to do either of them. So they decide do it all and put on the world's biggest tea party.

## Characters

## Reception

Critical reception for the DVD has been mixed, with Blog Critics stating that while older fans "may want to stick with the animated DVDs", the movie "captures the essence of Hasbro's My Little Pony". Carey Bryson of About.com gave the DVD three stars, praising the movie's ability to hold the attention of children but wishing that the DVD would "have included a featurette about the making of the show". DVD Verdict also reviewed the release, writing that "providing your impressionable youngster won't get creeped out by the sight of her beloved two-dimensional animated pony pals suddenly transforming into real-life visions of surreal terror, there's a solid chance they'll be smiling and mumbling through the lyrics and demanding with some vigor that you take them to the next live My Little Pony show—or else." Common Sense Media criticized the DVD's low educational value, saying parents "will definitely be bored" and that "kids who love the toys would probably enjoy seeing this live more than watching it on DVD". Pinkie Pie let all the ponies down, so they cheer her up.

## InfoBox

| *My Little Pony Live: The World's Biggest Tea Party* | |
| --- | --- |
| Music | Mark Watters<br>Jon Baker |
| Basis | *My Little Pony* by Bonnie Zacherle |
| Productions | 2006—2008 |


title: Piazza Marina

abstract: Piazza Marina is a square of Palermo. It is located down the Cassaro street, in the quarter of the Kalsa, within the historic centre of Palermo. The square is dominated by the great Garibaldi Garden.

text:
# Piazza Marina

**Piazza Marina** is a square of Palermo. It is located down the Cassaro street, in the quarter of the Kalsa, within the historic centre of Palermo. The square is dominated by the great Garibaldi Garden.

## History

In the Middle Ages the area of Piazza Marina was a swamp connected to the ancient port of Palermo, the Cala. During the 14th century the area was cleared. In the Spaniard period, the space of the square was used by the Inquisition (whose headquarters was the adjacent Palazzo Chiaramonte) for its convictions.

In 1863, Giovan Battista Filippo Basile designed the Garibaldi Garden, named after national hero Giuseppe Garibaldi, at the centre of Piazza Marina. This garden is famous because the biggest *Ficus macrophylla* of Europe is situated in it. In the zone of Piazza Marina are also located several buildings like Palazzo Chiaramonte, Palazzo Galletti di San Cataldo, Palazzo Fatta, Palazzo Notarbartolo di Villarosa Dagnino, Palazzo delle Finanze, the Hotel de France, the Teatro Libero, the churches of Santa Maria dei Miracoli, San Giovanni dei Napoletani and Santa Maria della Catena and the Fontana del Garraffo.

On March 12, 1909, the New York police officer Joe Petrosino was killed in Piazza Marina during a top-secret mission against the Mafia. Later a small memorial (an engraved brass plate on a pole) was erected on the square in his remembrance.

## InfoBox

Piazza Marina
| Piazza Marina, Giardino Garibaldi | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
| Coordinates | 38°07′2″N 13°22′6″E / 38.11722°N 13.36833°E / 38.11722; 13.36833 |


title: Ganeti Web Manager

abstract: Ganeti Web Manager is a web-based management interface for the Ganeti solution stack for virtual machine clusters. In 2010 the project was under development at the OSU Open Source Lab which uses Ganeti for hosting open source software projects such as phpBB as well as the Supercell project which provides on-demand virtual machines for software testing. Ganeti Web Manager is free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2.

text:
# Ganeti Web Manager

**Ganeti Web Manager** is a web-based management interface for the Ganeti solution stack for virtual machine clusters. In 2010 the project was under development at the OSU Open Source Lab which uses Ganeti for hosting open source software projects such as phpBB as well as the Supercell project which provides on-demand virtual machines for software testing. Ganeti Web Manager is free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2.

## InfoBox

|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Open Source Lab |
| Initial release | 2010 (2010) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 0.10.2 / September 9, 2013 (2013-09-09) |
|  | |
| Written in | Python |
| Operating system | Linux |
| Platform | Ganeti |
| License | GNU GPL v2 |
| Website | github.com/osuosl/ganeti\_webmgr |


title: Pentamerous Metamorphosis

abstract: Pentamerous Metamorphosis is a remix album by Global Communication originally released in 1993 on Dedicated Records. It is a reworking of the Blood Music album by Chapterhouse and was originally only available as a bonus CD bundled with the Chapterhouse album. It was released as a standalone album later the same year, and then re-released in 1998 in an edited version.

text:
# Pentamerous Metamorphosis

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| Pitchfork Media | 8.2/10 |

***Pentamerous Metamorphosis*** is a remix album by Global Communication originally released in 1993 on Dedicated Records. It is a reworking of the *Blood Music* album by Chapterhouse and was originally only available as a bonus CD bundled with the Chapterhouse album. It was released as a standalone album later the same year, and then re-released in 1998 in an edited version.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Alpha Phase" | 16:39 |
| 2. | "Beta Phase" | 10:49 |
| 3. | "Gamma Phase" | 11:45 |
| 4. | "Delta Phase" | 10:41 |
| 5. | "Epsilon Phase" | 11:18 |
| Total length: | | 61:10 |

* "Beta Phase" is primarily a remix of Chapterhouse's *Don't Look Now*.
* "Gamma Phase" is primarily a remix of Chapterhouse's *There's Still Life* and *Deli*.
* "Delta Phase" is primarily a remix of Chapterhouse's *We Are the Beautiful*.
* "Epsilon Phase" is primarily a remix Chapterhouse's *Love Forever*.

The 1998 re-release was remastered and had minor changes to two tracks: (Beta Phase) to remove an uncleared sample from the film *Return of the Jedi* and (Delta Phase) was shortened by eight bars.

The removed sample:

EV-9D9: "How many languages do you speak?"
C-3PO: "I am fluent in over six million forms of communication"

Though the album is ostensibly a remix album, very little of the unremixed Chapterhouse music remains intact in the remixed tracks, with at most one or two samples clearly recognizable on each track.

Mark Pritchard commenting on the difference between the original '93 release and the '98 re-release at Reload Online said "yeah, the difference was no c3po (in the intro of original beta phase) as things were getting a little hot with the jedi knights thing, and one of the tracks has 8 bars edited out of it. i think it was track 4 (delta phase)"

Tom Middleton commenting on the creation of *Pentamerous Metamorphosis* in the liner notes to the 76:14 album remaster/reissue said "One day we got a call from Andy Sheriff from Chapterhouse who loved our work, and asked if we wanted to remix their entire album? What an amazing opportunity. Sampling from the multi-track tapes, embellishing the themes and distilling the lyrical content from Blood Music into five new pieces. The result was Pentamerous Metamorphosis."

## InfoBox

| Pentamerous Metamorphosis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Remix album by Global Communication | |
| Released | December 1993 |
| Recorded | 1993 |
| Genre | Ambient techno, Ambient |
| Length | 61:10 |
| Label | Dedicated Records |
| Producer | Mark Pritchard, Tom Middleton |
| Global Communication chronology | |
| *A Collection of Short Stories*
(1993) ***Pentamerous Metamorphosis***
(1993) *76:14*
(1994) | |


title: Yaffo, Central African Republic

abstract: Yaffo is a village in the Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture in the northern Central African Republic.

text:
# Yaffo, Central African Republic

**Yaffo** is a village in the Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture in the northern Central African Republic.

## InfoBox

| Yaffo | |
| --- | --- |
| YaffoLocation in the Central African Republic | |
| Coordinates: 8°12′N 20°41′E / 8.200°N 20.683°E / 8.200; 20.683 | |
| Country | Central African Republic |
| Prefecture | Bamingui-Bangoran |
| Sub-prefecture | N'Délé |
| Time zone | UTC \+ 1 |


title: Hyssopus (plant)

abstract:
Hyssopus (hyssop) is a genus of herbaceous or semi-woody plants in the family Lamiaceae, native from the east Mediterranean to central Asia as far east as Mongolia. They are aromatic, with erect branched stems up to 60 cm long covered with fine hairs at the tips. The leaves are narrow oblong, 2–5 cm long. The small blue flowers are borne on the upper part of the branches during summer. By far the best-known species is the herb hyssop, widely cultivated outside its native area in the Mediterranean. Though commonly called "hyssop", anise hyssop and all Agastache species are not members of Hyssopus. However, both genera are in the mint family.
  - Species
  - Hyssopus ambiguus (Trautv.) Iljin ex Prochorov. & Lebel - Altai Republic of Russia, Kazakhstan
  - Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss. - Altai Republic, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia
  - Hyssopus latilabiatus C.Y.Wu & H.W.Li - Xinjiang
  - Hyssopus macranthus Boriss. - Altai Republic of Russia, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan
  - Hyssopus officinalis L. - central + southern Europe, Algeria, Morocco, east to Iran
  - Hyssopus seravschanicus (Dub.) Pazij - Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
  - Hyssopus subulifolius (Rech.f.) Rech.f. - Afghanistan.

text:
# Hyssopus (plant)

***Hyssopus*** (**hyssop**) is a genus of herbaceous or semi-woody plants in the family Lamiaceae, native from the east Mediterranean to central Asia as far east as Mongolia. They are aromatic, with erect branched stems up to 60 cm long covered with fine hairs at the tips. The leaves are narrow oblong, 2–5 cm long. The small blue flowers are borne on the upper part of the branches during summer. By far the best-known species is the **herb hyssop** (*H. officinalis*), widely cultivated outside its native area in the Mediterranean.

Though commonly called "*hyssop*", anise hyssop (*Agastache foeniculum*; also called blue giant hyssop) and all *Agastache* species are not members of *Hyssopus*. However, both genera are in the mint family.

Species 1. *Hyssopus ambiguus* (Trautv.) Iljin ex Prochorov. & Lebel - Altai Republic of Russia, Kazakhstan
2. *Hyssopus cuspidatus* Boriss. \- Altai Republic, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia
3. *Hyssopus latilabiatus* C.Y.Wu & H.W.Li - Xinjiang
4. *Hyssopus macranthus* Boriss. - Altai Republic of Russia, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan
5. *Hyssopus officinalis* L. \- central + southern Europe, Algeria, Morocco, east to Iran
6. *Hyssopus seravschanicus* (Dub.) Pazij - Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
7. *Hyssopus subulifolius* (Rech.f.) Rech.f. - Afghanistan.

## History

The name *hyssop* can be traced back almost unchanged through the Greek ύσσωπος (*hyssopos*). The name hyssop appears in some translations of the Bible, but researchers have suggested that the Biblical accounts refer not to the plant currently known as hyssop but rather to a related herb. The Septuagint translates the name as ὕσσωπος *hyssop*, and English translations of the Bible often follow this rendering. The Hebrew word אזוב (*esov* or *esob*) and the Greek word ὕσσωπος probably share a common (unknown) origin. The biblical plant is discussed further at ezov.

## End Uses

The herb hyssop is used both as a condiment and a medicine. Hyssop leaves and flowers are used to flavor salads and soups. It is also used in the preparation of liquor and perfumes. In addition, it is used as a pot herb.

This herb is used in the treatment of throat and lung complaints, and is regarded as a stimulant, carminative, and expectorant. It is also effective in treating nervous disorders and toothache. Additionally, it is useful for treating pulmonary, digestive, uterine, urinary and asthma problems. Its leaves are stimulant, stomachic, carminative, and soothing to colic, and its juice is used to treat roundworms.

In addition to its use as a flavoring agent in bitters and tonics, hyssop oil is also used in perfumery. Various types of bronchial catarrh and asthma can be treated with it in small quantities.

Media related to Hyssopus at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Hyssop | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Inflorescence | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Nepetoideae |
| Tribe: | Mentheae |
| Genus: | *Hyssopus*<br>L., 1753 |
|


abstract: The People Choice Awards for Favorite Country Artist has been awarded since 2010.The category was split by Favorite Male Country Artist, Favorite Female Country Artist and Favorite Country Group in 2015. The all-time winner in this category is Taylor Swift with 4 wins.

text:
# People's Choice Award for Favorite Country Artist

The **People Choice Awards for Favorite Country Artist** has been awarded since 2010.The category was split by Favorite Male Country Artist, Favorite Female Country Artist and Favorite Country Group in 2015. The all-time winner in this category is Taylor Swift with 4 wins.

## Winners and nominees

| Year | Recipient | Nominees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | **Taylor Swift** |  |
| 2013 | **Taylor Swift** |  |
| 2012 | **Taylor Swift** |  |
| 2011 | **Taylor Swift** |  |
| 2010 | **Carrie Underwood** |  |
|

## InfoBox

| People Choice Awards for Favorite Country Artist | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | America |
| Presented by | People Choice Awards |
| First awarded | 2010 |
| Currently held by | Taylor Swift |
| Most awards | Taylor Swift (4) |


title: Vladimir Strzhizhevsky

abstract: Captain Vladimir Ivanovich Strzhizhevsky was a World War I flying ace. He volunteered for military service on 14 October 1914, after graduation from Petrograd Technical Institute. Incomplete and confusing records credit him with eight confirmed and four unconfirmed aerial victories during his 1916-1917 combat on the Romanian Front. His second wound ended his tally of aerial victories. The advent of the October Revolution saw him co-opted into the Red Air Force for the end of the war. On 4 November 1918, he defected to the White Russian Army, and served with them for two years. When they were expelled from Russia, Strzhizhevsky accompanied them. He became a Yugoslav citizen and joined their air force.

text:
# Vladimir Strzhizhevsky

Captain **Vladimir Ivanovich Strzhizhevsky** (26 December 1894 – 22 August 1940) was a World War I flying ace. He volunteered for military service on 14 October 1914, after graduation from Petrograd Technical Institute. Incomplete and confusing records credit him with eight confirmed and four unconfirmed aerial victories during his 1916-1917 combat on the Romanian Front. His second wound ended his tally of aerial victories. The advent of the October Revolution saw him co-opted into the Red Air Force for the end of the war. On 4 November 1918, he defected to the White Russian Army, and served with them for two years. When they were expelled from Russia, Strzhizhevsky accompanied them. He became a Yugoslav citizen and joined their air force.

## Biography

Vladimir Ivanovich Strzhizhevsky was born into gentry on 26 December 1894 in Mogilev. He was raised in the Russian Orthodox faith. He attended Petrograd Technical Institute, majoring in electro-mechanical engineering, until volunteering for military service on 14 October 1914. Four days later, he began training in the theory of aviation at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute. He graduated on 2 January 1915, and was forwarded to Gatchinsky Military Air Force School for practical training.

After aviation training, he graduated from Flying School in Sevastopol on 29 July 1915. His initial posting was to the 16th *Korpusnoi Aviatsionniy Otryad* (Corps Aviation Detachment) on 10 August 1915. He arrived at the 16th KAO on 5 September; on 14 September 1915, he was promoted to *Podporuchik*. By January 1916, Strzhizhevsky had flown 43 combat sorties for a flight time of 65 hours 44 minutes. During this period, he was awarded all four classes of the Cross of Saint George and promoted to *Praporshchik* on 10 February 1916.

On 9 March 1916, while on patrol, Strzhizhevsky's aircraft engine failed and brought him down into a crashlanding. The machine was a write-off, and Strzhizhevsky suffered serious injuries to his right leg and face. He was hospitalized until 24 June 1916, and sent for physical therapy in Odessa until July. He would not return to battle until 24 August 1916, when he joined the 9th *Aviatsionniy Otryad Istrebitlei* (Fighter Aviation Detachment). His first assignment there was to run the photo lab; it may have been in deference to his health issues. At any rate, he did not fly again until December 1916. Over the next three months, he gradually flew a slowly increasing number of missions as his health improved. When the combined Austro-Hungarian and German forces broke open the Romanian front in early 1917, the 9th Fighter Aviation Detachment moved its base to Săucești. From this airfield, only 13 kilometers behind their own fighting lines, Strzhizhevsky gained his aerial successes and was awarded the Fourth Class Order of Saint George for his bravery. On 17 March 1917, he scored his first aerial victory. He would score three more times in April 1917, twice while on escort missions and once while on patrol. His victory tally ended on 18 July 1917, when he was hit in the right leg by two bullets while engaging the enemy and shooting down Augustin Novák. When Strzhizhevsky returned to base, he was again medically evacuated. He had never been recommended for honors by his squadron commander, Ivan Loiko; however the Romanians bequeathed him their Order of the Crown.

Strzhizhevsky returned to his unit in late September or early October 1917. In October, he flew only four sorties, all in a new Spad VII, serial number S1435. He was then transferred to the 10th Fighter Aviation Detachment. On 11 November 1917, he was promoted to *Podporuchik*.

As the October Revolution threw the Russian war effort into chaos, Strzhizhevsky was co-opted into the Red Air Force as the commander of the First Voronezh Aviation Group. However, on 4 November 1918, he deserted across the lines to join the White Russian Army; he also served in the Armed Forces of South Russia. On 21 July 1920, he was promoted to Captain. In November 1920, he left Russia with the fleeing White Army. From the Crimea, he found his way to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and joined their air force.

Vladimir Ivanovich Strzhizhevsky died at South Velebit's Visočica Peak on 22 August 1940. He was buried in the Belgrade's New Cemetery.

## List of aerial victories

Most aviation historians list seven confirmed victories for Strzhizhevsky; the most recent text states five. The below list is a compilation of his victory claims. Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically. Unconfirmed victories are denoted by "u/c".

See also Aerial victory standards of World War I, List of World War I flying aces from the Russian Empire

| No. | Date/time | Aircraft | Foe | Result | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| u/c | 9 November 1915 | Morane-Saulnier L serial number MS496 | Enemy observation balloon | Dropped bombs and flechettes | Southwest of Vaga | Balloon sagged to ground |
| u/c | 20 February 1916 | Morane-Saulnier MS507 | Enemy aircraft | Forced down | Zastaki |  |
| 1 | 17 March 1917 | Nieuport 21 s/n N1719 | Enemy aircraft | Fell out of sight | Herzh region (Oituz River Valley) | Russian ground troops reported aircraft impact close behind opposing lines |
| 2 | 11 April 1917 | Spad VII s/n 1446 | LVG C-Class two-seater | Set afire | Siret, Kingdom of Romania | Crashed in trenches of the Romanian 5th Infantry Division |
| u/c | 16 April 1917 @ 0915 hours | Spad VII s/n 1446 | Hansa-Brandenburg D.I |  |  |  |
| 3 | 17 April 1917 | Nieuport 17 s/n 1448 | Enemy aircraft | Spun down into forest | Racoasa |  |
| 4 | 23 April 1917 | Nieuport 17 s/n N1448 | LVG C-Class two-seater | Crashlanded near Russian troops | Vicinity of Siret | Aircrew from *Flieger-Abteilung* 42 captured |
| u/c | 11 May 1917 | Nieuport 17 s/n N1448 | Enemy aircraft | Bogda-Neshti |  |  |
| 5 | 17 May 1917 | Spad VII s/n 1446 | Hansa-Brandenburg D.I | Crashed | Bacau, Kingdom of Romania | Air crew killed in action |
| 6 | 17 June 1917 @ 1230 hours | Spad VII | Fokker Eindekker |  | Usa River Valley |  |
| 7 | 18 June 1917 | Nieuport 17 s/n N1448 | Hansa-Brandenburg C.I s/n 67.54 | Crashed into ravine; destroyed | West of Poiana Uzului | Aircrew from Austro-Hungarian *Fliegerkompanie* 39 captured |
| 8 | 18 July 1917 | Nieuport 17 s/n N1448 | Enemy two-seater/Hansa-Brandenburg C.I s/n 67.52 | Forced landing behind own lines | Near Magyaros | Observer KIA; pilot WIA/with Loiko |
|

## Honors and awards

## Sources of information

* Allen Durkota; Thomas Darcey; Victor Kulikov. *The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft and World War I.* Flying Machines Press, 1995. ISBN 0963711024, 9780963711021.
* Norman Franks. *Nieuport Aces of World War I.* Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85532-961-1, ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4.
* Norman Franks; Russell Guest; Gregory Alegi. *Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI*. Grub Street, 1997. ISBN 1-898697-56-6, ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5.
* Victor Kulikov. *Russian Aces of World War 1: Aircraft of the Aces*. Osprey Publishing, 2013. ISBN 1780960611, 9781780960616.

## InfoBox

| Vladimir Ivanovich Strzhizhevsky (alternate spellings: Strizhevsky, Strishzhevskii) | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 26 December 1894
Mogilev, Russian Empire (located in present day Belarus) |
| Died | 22 August 1940
Medak |
| Buried | Belgrade's new cemetery |
| Allegiance | Russia; Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
| Service/branch | Imperial Russian Air Service; Red Air Force; White Air Force; Royal Yugoslav Air Force |
| Years of service | 1914-1917 (IRAS); 1918 (Red Air Force); 1919-1920 (White Air Force); 1920 onwards (RYAF) |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | 16th Corps Air Detachment,
9th Corps Fighter Detachment,
10th Corps Fighter Detachment |
| Awards | Cross of Saint George All four classes;
Order of Saint Anna Fourth Class "For Bravery";
Order of Saint George Fourth Class;
Order of Saint Vladimir Fourth Class with Swords and Ribbon;
Kingdom of Romania's Order of the Crown with Swords |
| Other work | Joined Yugoslavian air force and became Yugoslav citizen |


title: Maria Lankowitz

abstract: Maria Lankowitz is a small market township near Köflach in the district of Voitsberg in the Austrian state of Styria, at the foot of the Stubalpe mountain.

text:
# Maria Lankowitz

**Maria Lankowitz** is a small market township near Köflach in the district of Voitsberg in the Austrian state of Styria, at the foot of the Stubalpe mountain.

## History

Maria Lankowitz was first mentioned in records in 1415. The 15th-century church is the most important Styrian place of pilgrimage after Mariazell.

## Economy

On the mountain pastures, where the Lipizzaner horses to the Spanish Riding School in Vienna graze in summer, there are ski pistes and cross-country ski runs. The former coal mines have been turned into a lake and a golf course.

## InfoBox

| Maria Lankowitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Street in Maria Lankowitz | |
|  | |
| Maria LankowitzLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 47°3′45″N 15°3′45″E / 47.06250°N 15.06250°E / 47.06250; 15.06250 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Styria |
| District | Voitsberg |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Josef Riemer (SPÖ) |
| Area | |
| Total | 104.29 km2 (40.27 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 515 m (1,690 ft) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 2,858 |
| Density | 27/km2 (71/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | A-8591 |
| Area code | 6 16 13 |
| Website | www.maria-lankowitz.at |


title: My Little Pony Collectible Card Game

abstract: The My Little Pony Collectible Card Game is a two-player collectible card game based on the animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. It is produced by Enterplay LLC under license from Hasbro, and follows from Enterplay's previous work to produce a trading card series based on the same show. The game requires each player to form a deck with one "Mane" character, 10 Problem cards that earn the players points when solved, and many other cards representing Friends, Resources, and other concepts; these cards are based on characters and other elements from the series. The goal is to play cards from one's hand to face off against any Problems put forth by either player, scoring points for doing so. The player to score a set number of points first is declared the winner. The game is distributed in pre-made one- or two-deck starter packs, and booster packs to expand a player's library. Since its release, the game has received seven major expansions and several themed decks. The game has generally been well-received, providing an easy-to-learn experience for both the younger demographic of the show as well as the older players including the adult and male fans of the series. Enterplay has stated the game has sold well in the hobby store market and have arranged for various tournaments in such stores and fan conventions.

text:
# My Little Pony Collectible Card Game

The ***My Little Pony Collectible Card Game*** (abbreviated as ***MLPCCG***) is a two-player collectible card game based on the animated television series *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic*. It is produced by Enterplay LLC under license from Hasbro, and follows from Enterplay's previous work to produce a trading card series based on the same show.

The game requires each player to form a deck with one "Mane" character, 10 Problem cards that earn the players points when solved, and many other cards representing Friends, Resources, and other concepts; these cards are based on characters and other elements from the series. The goal is to play cards from one's hand to face off against any Problems put forth by either player, scoring points for doing so. The player to score a set number of points first is declared the winner. The game is distributed in pre-made one- or two-deck starter packs, and booster packs to expand a player's library. Since its release, the game has received seven major expansions and several themed decks.

The game has generally been well-received, providing an easy-to-learn experience for both the younger demographic of the show as well as the older players including the adult and male fans of the series. Enterplay has stated the game has sold well in the hobby store market and have arranged for various tournaments in such stores and fan conventions.

## Gameplay

*MLPCCG* is a two-player game, with each player using a set of cards. One card is a Mane character printed on both sides, exactly 10 cards are Problem cards which are kept in a separate draw pile, and the remaining are various Friends, Resources, Events, and Troublemakers; there must be a minimum of 45 of these cards for a legal deck. Each Mane and Friend card are associated with one of six colors, representing the show's six main characters – Twilight Sparkle, Rainbow Dash, Pinkie Pie, Rarity, Applejack, and Fluttershy – and their respective Elements of Harmony, and a numerical power value. Friends, Resources, Events, and Troublemakers have various power costs associated to play or face those cards, a combination of action tokens (earned during play) and colored power required (based on what cards the player has in play already). Problems have two sets of values, one based on colored power requirements representing what the owner needs to face the Problems, and general power that their opponent needs to face the Problem. Both Problems and Troublemakers include point values representing scoring elements for the game.

Players set up the game by placing their Mane character in their Start state, drawing and placing a Problem card from that pile, and dealing themselves their hand from the remaining deck. On each turn, players earn a number of action tokens (at least 2) based on their current score. They can then play cards from their hand to their "home" space (not challenging any Problem) with what action tokens they have, and then move any of their Mane or Friends to one of the Problem cards, as long as they have met the specific requirements. As long as a player has faced a problem unopposed, they earn a point towards their score, as well as bonus points if they are first at a problem. If a player moves their Mane or Friends to a Problem that is already challenged, a face off occurs between the two sides, the winner determined by the combined value of the cards on both sides. The winner earns additional points, and the Problem is then subsequently removed and replaced by the owner with a new Problem. The first player to earn 15 points is the winner.

Additional cards and abilities can be used to influence the results of facing against Problems. The Mane character has a specific condition that allows the player to flip the card to its Boosted side that provides improved abilities and bonuses for that player. Resources can modify the power and abilities of a given Friend card. Events can be used to perform one-time actions that can include playing additional cards, gaining action tokens, or "exhausting" an opponent's Friend to remove that card from a Problem. Troublemakers are played onto Problems that prevent the opponent from facing the Problem until they win a faceoff against the Troublemaker card.

As a collectible card game, *MLPCCG* is shipped as a number of pre-made decks with 59 cards, each focused around one of the main characters, and 12-card booster packs. Cards have various rarities, included limited foil editions of some cards. Players can construct their deck from all available cards with some restrictions on including duplicate cards.

## Development and release

Prior to developing the game, Enterplay was licensed by Hasbro to print a series of standard trading cards based on the *Friendship Is Magic* property. The trading cards were popular particularly with the older brony fandom creating high aftermarket value, leading to the development of a second and third series of the cards.

Enterplay announced the CCG in August 2013, with the first premiere sets and boosters shipping on December 13, 2013. Enterplay also published additional material for the card game, such as binders and playmats. Since its release, Enterplay has released nine major expansions, several themed packs, and promotional cards available through conventions and tourneys.

| Name | Release date | Number of Unique Cards | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Premiere | December 13, 2013 | 216 | Includes Twilight Sparkle, Applejack, Rarity, Rainbow Dash, Pinkie Pie, and Fluttershy Manes. |
| Canterlot Nights | May 16, 2014 | 210 | The cards of Princess Celestia and Princess Luna each have two different versions with alternate artwork, but are otherwise the same. |
| Rock 'N Rave | August 2014 | 14 | Featuring manes Maud Pie and DJ Pon-3. |
| Celestial Solstice | August 2014 | 10 | Includes six previously published decks, and oversized Twilight Sparkle and Princess Celestia Mane cards. |
| The Crystal Games | October-November, 2014 | 212 | Includes Spike, Princess Cadance, Cutie Mark Crusaders, and Derpy Hooves Mane cards. |
| Absolute Discord | May 8, 2015 | 216 | The card of Discord is a foiled fixed card released as a teaser in the Discord Collector's Tin product. |
| Equestrian Odysseys | August 28, 2015 | 218 | The promo set of 12 cards cannot be found in booster packs. |
| High Magic | November 20, 2015 | 152 | Each theme deck contains two double-sided Token cards that can be put into play via card abilities. |
| Marks in Time | June 10, 2016 | 145 | Instead of theme decks, three Draft packs were released with this set |
| Defenders of Equestria | June 16, 2017 | 142 |  |
| Seaquestria and Beyond | November 24, 2017 | 142 |  |
| Friends Forever | December 14, 2018 | 141 |  |
| Leaders and Legends | November 3, 2019 |  |  |
|

Enterplay has collaborated with various hobby and game stores and conventions such as GenCon and BronyCon to host *MLPCCG* tournaments, with special cards and prizes for the winners.

## Reception

*U.S. Gamer* rated the game four out of five stars, calling the game an "enjoyable and solid two-player game" with good flexibility and accessible for players of all ages, with their primary criticism about the poor instruction booklet included with the game. Kotaku editor Mike Fahey stated that the game is "not *Hearthstone*, but it's pretty damn entertaining once you know what's going on".

Enterplay's President Dean Irwin stated that the sales of the premiere releases were very positive, selling well within the hobby game market, in contrast to the trading cards which did well in the mass retail store market. The popularity of the premiere release forced Enterplay to reprint the set by mid-February 2014.

## InfoBox

*My Little Pony Collectible Card Game*
| Card back for *My Little Pony Collectible Card Game* | |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturers | Enterplay LLC |
| Publication | December 13, 2013 |
| Genres | Collectible card game |
| Languages | English |
| Players | 2 |
| Age range | 10+ |


title: Piazza Medaglie d'Oro

abstract: Piazza Medaglie d'Oro, in the Arenella district, is one of the main squares in the Vomero district, in the city of Naples. In the square, octagonal in shape, eight streets radiate out, including some of the main arteries of the district, making it one of the nodal points of the neapolitan urban structure, crossroads and switching point of the Fifth Municipality of Naples, which includes the two Arenella and Vomero. The square is also important from the point of view of toponymy, as it is located at the center of a series of streets dedicated to neapolitans decorated with a gold medal for military valour, almost all from the first half of the twentieth century; among these Ugo Niutta, Mario Fiore, Giuseppe Orsi, Raffaele Tarantini, Guido Menzinger, Raffaele Libroia, Francesco Azzi, Teodoro Capocci, Raffaele Stasi, Domenico De Dominicis and several others. The gardens in the center of the square were dedicated to the memory of Silvia Ruotolo, an innocent victim of the Camorra, who was killed on June 11, 1997, having found herself by chance in the middle of a settling of scores between rival clans in Salita Arenella, near her house.

text:
# Piazza Medaglie d'Oro

**Piazza Medaglie d'Oro**, in the Arenella district, is one of the main squares in the Vomero district, in the city of Naples. In the square, octagonal in shape, eight streets radiate out, including some of the main arteries of the district, making it one of the nodal points of the neapolitan urban structure, crossroads and switching point of the Fifth Municipality of Naples, which includes the two Arenella and Vomero.

The square is also important from the point of view of toponymy, as it is located at the center of a series of streets dedicated to neapolitans decorated with a gold medal for military valour, almost all from the first half of the twentieth century; among these Ugo Niutta, Mario Fiore, Giuseppe Orsi, Raffaele Tarantini, Guido Menzinger, Raffaele Libroia, Francesco Azzi, Teodoro Capocci, Raffaele Stasi, Domenico De Dominicis and several others. The gardens in the center of the square were dedicated to the memory of Silvia Ruotolo, an innocent victim of the Camorra, who was killed on June 11, 1997, having found herself by chance in the middle of a settling of scores between rival clans in Salita Arenella, near her house.

## Description and history

The whole area of the square and the surrounding area were still outside the city perimeter until the end of the 19th century. The first urbanization project of the area, in which the square was the main point according to a radial design already very similar to the current one and inspired by the ideas of the French urban planner Georges Eugène Haussmann, dates back to 1885 by Adolfo Giambarba, already responsible for the elaboration of the projects for the "*Risanamento di Napoli*". This realization hypothesis, however, did not find immediate realization due to economic difficulties and the banking crisis of the late nineteenth century.

Although therefore already planned in 1886, the works began only in 1927, based on an agreement stipulated the previous year and which provided for the accommodation of over fifty thousand people on an extension of about 250,000 square meters, with only modifications minors to the design of Giambarba. The works continued for several years, while Piazza Medaglie d'Oro in particular was completed in 1930.

In the square there is the homonymous station of Line 1 of the Naples underground, and it is in this square that, symbolically, on December 22, 1977, in the presence of the mayor Maurizio Valenzi and the transport councilor Luigi Buccico, the "first stone" of the new metro line. The station was built between 1980 and 1990, based on a design by Michele Capobianco and Daniele Zagaria and opened in 1993. The station has six exits located in the square (originally there were seven, but later the exit located in the central flowerbed of the square was closed and buried in the 2010s), plus five lifts for the Handicapped people. Inside the station, the platforms are served by two platforms.


title: Ganesocoris

abstract: Ganesocoris is a genus of assassin bugs.

text:
# Ganesocoris

***Ganesocoris*** is a genus of assassin bugs.

## Partial list of species

## InfoBox

| *Ganesocoris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Reduviidae |
| Subfamily: | Reduviinae |
| Genus: | ***Ganesocoris***<br>Miller, 1955 |
|


title: Pendlebury Colliery

abstract:
Pendlebury Colliery, usually called Wheatsheaf Colliery after the adjacent public house, was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield after 1846 in Pendlebury near Manchester, then in the historic county of Lancashire, England. The colliery, sunk in 1846, was owned by Andrew Knowles and Sons and had two ten foot diameter shafts 24 yards apart.>
The colliery originally had pitch pine timber headgear and a winding engine supplied by John Musgrave & Sons of Bolton that operated until 1944.
The colliery was ventilated by furnace until the 20th century when ventilation fans were installed. Wrought iron boilers to raise steam for powering pumps, air compressors and haulage were originally sited near the bottom of No.2 shaft, the upcast shaft. The shaft bottom was reached at 1,775 feet. The colliery accessed several coal seams including the Rams, Crumbouke and Doe mines.
In 1896 the colliery employed 640 men underground and 165 surface workers while in 1923 there were 563 underground and 172 surface workers. The colliery became part of Manchester Collieries in 1929 and the National Coal Board in 1947. The colliery was connected by tunnel to Newtown Colliery in 1957 but closed in June 1961. The colliery was situated on the north-east side of Bolton Road (A666), Pendlebury between Carrington Street and City Walk on what is now the Wheatsheaf Industrial Estate.

text:
# Pendlebury Colliery

**Pendlebury Colliery**, usually called **Wheatsheaf Colliery** after the adjacent public house, was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield after 1846 in Pendlebury near Manchester, then in the historic county of Lancashire, England.

The colliery, sunk in 1846, was owned by Andrew Knowles and Sons and had two ten foot diameter shafts 24 yards apart.\> The colliery originally had pitch pine timber headgear and a winding engine supplied by John Musgrave & Sons of Bolton that operated until 1944. The colliery was ventilated by furnace until the 20th century when ventilation fans were installed. Wrought iron boilers to raise steam for powering pumps, air compressors and haulage were originally sited near the bottom of No.2 shaft, the upcast shaft. The shaft bottom was reached at 1,775 feet. The colliery accessed several coal seams including the Rams, Crumbouke and Doe mines. In 1896 the colliery employed 640 men underground and 165 surface workers while in 1923 there were 563 underground and 172 surface workers.

The colliery became part of Manchester Collieries in 1929 and the National Coal Board in 1947. The colliery was connected by tunnel to Newtown Colliery in 1957 but closed in June 1961.

The colliery was situated on the north-east side of Bolton Road (A666), Pendlebury between Carrington Street and City Walk on what is now the Wheatsheaf Industrial Estate.

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

* Hayes, Geoffrey (2004), *Collieries and their Railways in the Manchester Coalfields*, Landmark, ISBN 1-84306-135-X
* Preece, Geoff (1985), *Coal Mining in Salford, A Photographic Record*, City of Salford Cultural Services, ISBN 0-901952-12-5

53°30′50″N 2°19′30″W / 53.514°N 2.325°W / 53.514; -2.325


title: Music of Remembrance

abstract: Music of Remembrance is a non-profit classical chamber music organization based in Seattle whose purpose is to find and perform music composed by victims of the Holocaust, irrespective of their background, as well as to perform related newly commissioned works.

text:
# Music of Remembrance

**Music of Remembrance** is a non-profit classical chamber music organization based in Seattle whose purpose is to find and perform music composed by victims of the Holocaust, irrespective of their background, as well as to perform related newly commissioned works.

## History

Music of Remembrance was founded 1998 in Seattle by Mina Miller, who is also president and artistic director, to find and perform music composed by victims of the Holocaust, irrespective of their background, as well as to perform related newly commissioned works.

The company presents two concerts each year in Benaroya Hall: one in spring to mark Holocaust Remembrance Day and the other in fall for the anniversary of *Kristallnacht*. They also give a free *Sparks of Glory* series of concerts with associated commentary at venues including the Seattle Art Museum and run an educational outreach program throughout Washington State. In 2005, they established the David Tonkonogui Memorial Award for young musicians. Since 2015, Music of Remembrance present a free community-wide concert at Benaroya Hall every January to mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day and the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Also since 2015, they have brought their programs to the Bay Area with an annual major concert in San Francisco.

The 2020–2021 season was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and replaced by a series of four online concerts.

Most of the performing instrumental artists are drawn from the Seattle Symphony. Seattle Symphony violinist Mikhail Shmidt, violist Susan Gulkis Assadi, and clarinetist Laura DeLuca have performed with Music of Remembrance since its founding. Flutist Zart Dambourian-Eby, violinist Natasha Bazhanov, cellist Walter Gray, pianist Jessica Choe, and double bassist Jonathan Green have made frequent appearances.

## Repertoire

Music of Remembrance's repertoire is made up of historic pieces by composers who perished in or survived the Holocaust and contemporary commissions that share lessons of the Holocaust.

The company's first recording, *Art from Ashes – volume 1* (2002), included: *Serenata*, written in Terezín concentration camp in 1942, the only surviving piece by Robert Dauber who died in Dachau in 1945; *Five Pieces for String Quartet* (1924) by Erwin Schulhoff, who died in Wülzburg in 1942, and Herman Berlinski's *Flute Sonata*, lost when he left Paris and reconstructed in the USA in 1942.

Music specially commissioned by the company includes *Camp Songs* (2002) by Paul Schoenfield, five songs set to poems by Aleksander Kulisiewicz who was interned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. This piece was one of three finalists for the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 2003 and was also on their first recording.

Music of Remembrance also commissioned three pieces by Jake Heggie: *For a Look or A Touch* (2007, for baritone and actor), about the persecution of gay men during the Holocaust; *Another Sunrise* (2012, soprano), based on the life and work of Polish resistance member and Auschwitz survivor Krystyna Żywulska and *Farewell, Auschwitz* (2013, soprano, mezzo-soprano, baritone), based on lyrics by Żywulska translated by Gene Scheer. Heggie incorporated these pieces into an opera in three parts, *Out of Darkness* (2013) with libretto by Scheer, of which Music of Remembrance presented the world première May 2016 in Seattle, with further performances planned for San Francisco.

The company's presentations also include more established music, such as *Different Trains* (1988) by Steve Reich, which compares his experiences of travelling by train in America with the very different experiences of being transported to a concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Europe, and *Verklärte Nacht* (1899) by Arnold Schoenberg, who recognised the Nazi danger early and emigrated to America in 1934. This was the music for the world première of Donald Byrd's dances *Transfigured Night* performed by Spectrum Dance Theatre.

## Discography

Music of Remembrance's first CD was on the Innova label. Since then, they have recorded several CDs for Naxos.

Audio CDs
| Year | Title | Record Label |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *Art From Ashes* | Innova |
| 2004 | *Letter to Warsaw* | Naxos |
| 2006 | *Brundibár* | Naxos |
| 2008 | *For a Look or a Touch* | Naxos |
| 2009 | *Camp Songs & Ghetto Songs* | Naxos |
| 2011 | *Vedem* | Naxos |
| 2014 | *Out of Darkness* | Naxos |
| 2016 | *After Life* | Naxos |
| 2020 | *The Parting* | Naxos |

DVDs
| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2008 | *Unsilenced* |
| 2010 | *The Boys of Terezín* |
| 2015 | *Out of Darkness* |
| 2018 | *Hear Our Story Now* |

## Commissions

Music of Remembrance commissions Holocaust-inspired works by living composers to build a bridge between Holocaust musicians and a new generation of artists and audiences. These new works are intended to embrace the Holocaust’s legacy of spiritual resistance through music, and of communicating this legacy to audiences in today’s world.

Music
| World
première | Title | Composer | Description | Instrumentation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | *A Vanished World* | David Stock | A snapshot of the pre-war world of East European Jewry, living on the edge of the abyss. | Flute, viola, harp |
| 2002 | *Camp Songs* | Paul Schoenfield | Musical setting of five poems written in Sachsenhausen concentration camp compiled by Aleksander Kulisiewicz. | Mezzo-soprano, baritone, clarinet, violin, cello, double bass, piano |
| 2003 | *Fathers* | Lori Laitman | Musical setting of Holocaust related poems by Anne Ranasinghe and David Vogel that focus on father-child relationships. | Baritone, violin, cello, piano |
| 2004 | *Letters to Warsaw* | Thomas Pasatieri | Musical setting of six texts by Pola Braun written in the Warsaw Ghetto and Majdanek concentration camp. | Soprano, piano |
| 2005 | *The Seed of a Dream* | Lori Laitman | Musical setting of poems from the Vilna Ghetto by Abraham Sutzkever. | Mezzo-soprano, cello, piano |
| 2005 | *In Memoriam* | Gerard Schwarz | A musical tribute to cellist David Tonkonogui, a teacher of Schwarz’s son Julian. | Solo cello, string quartet |
| 2007 | *For a Look or a Touch* | Jake Heggie | Duet between actor and singer based on the journal of Manfred Lewin written for his lover Gad Beck, who tells his story in *Paragraph 175 (film)*. | Actor, baritone, flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano |
| 2008 | *Ghetto Songs* | Paul Schoenfield | Based on the poetry in a notebook of Mordechai Gebirtig. | Soprano, baritone, clarinet, violin, cello, double bass, piano |
| 2008 | *Rudolf and Jeanette* | Gerard Schwarz | A musical tribute to Schwarz’s maternal grandparents, Rudolf and Jeanette Weiss, who were murdered at a concentration camp in Riga, Latvia. | Flute, oboe, bassoon, trumpet, horn, 2 violins, viola, 2 cellos, double bass, piano, harp, celesta |
| 2008 | *Mayn Shvester Khaye* | David Stock | Arrangement of the song by Israeli singer Chava Alberstein based on the poem written by Pole Binem Heller for his sister, who died in Treblinka extermination camp. | Mezzo-soprano, clarinet, string quartet |
| 2009 | *Pictures from the Private Collection of God* | Aharon Harlap | Song cycle based on the poetry of Yaakov Barzilai, a Hungarian Holocaust survivor. | Mezzo-soprano, baritone, oboe, string quartet |
| 2010 | *Vedem* | Lori Laitman | Based on the story of boys at Terezín publishing a clandestine journal *Vedem*. | Boychoir, mezzo-soprano, tenor, clarinet, violín, cello, piano |
| 2011 | *Kolo't ("Voices")* | Betty Olivero | Based on the history of Sephardic settlement at Thessaloniki and an anonymous poem from a resident who survived Auschwitz concentration camp. | Mezzo soprano, clarinet, violin, viola, cello, harp, percussion |
| 2012 | *Another Sunrise* | Jake Heggie | Song cycle based on the life of writer Krystyna Zywulska from an interview in Barbara Engelking's book *Holocaust and Memory*. | Soprano, clarinet, violin, cello, double bass, piano |
| 2013 | *For a Look or a Touch* (song cycle) | Jake Heggie | Based on the journal of Manfred Lewin written for his lover Gad Beck, who tells his story in the film Paragraph 175. | Actor, baritone, flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano |
| 2013 | *Farewell, Auschwitz* | Jake Heggie | Based on *Wiazanka z Effektenkammer* by lyricist Krystyna Zywulska written in Auschwitz. | Soprano, mezzo-soprano, baritone, clarinet, violín, cello, double bass, piano |
| 2014 | *In Sleep the World is Yours* | Lori Laitman | Song cycle based on the poetry of Selma Meerbaum-Eisinger who died at 18 in a Nazi labor camp. | Soprano, oboe, piano |
| 2014 | *The Yellow Ticket* (arrangement) | Alicia Svigals | Film score for 1918 silent movie *Der Gelbe Schein* based on Abraham Schomer’s melodrama *Afn Yam un “Ellis Island”* and Aleksandr Amfiteatrow’s novel *The Yellow Pass*. | Violin, clarinet, piano |
| 2015 | *After Life* | Tom Cipullo | Chamber opera based on an imagined reunion of the ghosts of Gertrude Stein and Pablo Picasso as they discuss culpability of artists in WWII occupied France. | Soprano, mezzo-soprano, bass, flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano |
| 2016 | *Out of Darkness* | Jake Heggie | A two-act opera. Act one, “Krystyna,” tells the story of poet Krystyna Zywulska in Auschwitz. Act two, “Gad,” imagines the renunion of homosexuals Gad Beck and Manfred Lewin torn apart under Nazi rule in Berlin. | 2 sopranos, mezzo-soprano, baritone, actor/baritone, flute, clarinet (Bb and A), violín, cello, double bass, piano |
| 2017 | *Wilderness Mute* | Keiko Fujiie | Song cycle based on eye-witness accounts of Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. | Soprano, baritone, clarinet, violin, cello, double bass |
| 2017 | *to open myself, to scream* | Mary Kouyoumdjian | Multi-media work inspired by the life of Roma painter and writer Ceija Stojka who survived three concentration camps. | Clarinet, bass clarinet, trumpet, violin, cello, double bass, recording, click track, projection |
| 2017 | *Snow Falls* | Ryuichi Sakamoto | Text from a poem by Kiyoko Nagase about a mother visited by the ghost of her son lost in the atomic bombing with melodies from the film score to *Nagasaki: Memories of My Son*. | Narrator, violin, piano |
| 2018 | *Gaman* | Christophe Chagnard | Multi-media work based on the diaries of Takuichi Fujii and Kamekichi Tokita from their WWII incarceration at Minidoka Relocation Center. | Soprano, baritone, clarinet/bass clarinet, string quartet, fue (Japanese flute), taiko drum |
| 2019 | *The Parting* | Tom Cipullo | Chamber opera based on the life and work of Hungarian poet Miklós Radnóti set on his last night with wife Fanni before his WWII conscription. | Soprano, mezzo-soprano, baritone, flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano |
| 2019 | *Veritas* | Shinji Eshima | Multi-media work with media projections by Kate Duhamel based on *Vandalized Doors* series by sculptor Al Farrow. | Cello, double bass, projection |
| 2019 | *Passage* | Ryuichi Sakamoto | Narrated poem by Kareem Lotfy with string quartet about an Arab Spring refugee. | Narrator, string quartet |
| 2020 | *Stormy Seas* | Sahba Aminikia | Musical portraits of 5 true stories of child boat refugees. Based on the book of the same name by Mary Beth Leatherdale and Eleanor Shakespeare. | 5 child singers, clarinet/bass clarinet, violin, cello, piano |
| 2021 | *Return to Amasia* | Eric Hachikian | Based on a grandson of the Armenian genocide searching for his roots. | String quartet |
| 2022 | *Tres Minutos* | Nicolas Lell Benavides | Chamber opera inspired by a real program that reunites families separated by immigration policies at the U.S. – Mexico border, but only for three minutes. | Soprano, tenor, baritone, clarinet, violín, cello, double bass, piano |

Choreography
| World
première | Title | Choreographer | Composer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | *The Wind* | Donald Byrd | Franz Schreker |
| 2010 | *The Dybbuk Suite* | Donald Byrd | Joel Engel |
| 2013 | *Zeks Yiddishe Lider un Tantz* | Pat Hon | Betty Olivero |
| 2014 | *Tap Dance* | Donald Byrd | Dick Kattenburg |
| 2014 | *Transfigured Night* | Donald Byrd | Arnold Schoenberg |
| 2015 | *La Revue de Cuisine* | Olivier Wevers | Bohuslav Martinů |
| 2017 | *Lullaby & Doina* | Olivier Wevers | Osvaldo Golijov |

## Young Artist Award

In 2005, Music of Remembrance established the David Tonkonogui Memorial Award in memory of cellist David Tonkonogui (1958–2003). This is open to young musicians from the Seattle area who wish to perform music with a connection to the Holocaust. As well as a monetary award for continuing musical study, recipients are invited to perform at a Music of Remembrance concert.

Past Awards
| Year | Name | Instrument |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Julian Schwarz | cello |
| 2006 | Jocelyn Chang | violin |
| 2008 | Marie Rossano | violin |
| 2012 | Benjamin Shmidt | cello |
| 2013 | Takumi Taguchi | violin |
| 2016 | Evan Johanson | violin |
| 2018 | Kina Pak | cello |
| 2019 | Sophie Denhard | double bass |
| 2019 | Zoe Lonsinger | violin |
| 2020 | Julin Cheung | flute |
| 2021 | Leyna Kitahama | cello |
| 2021 | Tokuji Miyasaka | violin |
| 2022 | Seohyun Hwang | violin |

**Citations:**