title: Wychavon

abstract: Wychavon is a local government district in Worcestershire, England. The largest towns are Evesham and Droitwich Spa; the council is based in the town of Pershore. The district also includes numerous villages and surrounding rural areas, and includes part of the Cotswolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The district's name references the Saxon Kingdom of Hwicce and the River Avon. The population in 2022 was 134,536. The neighbouring districts are Malvern Hills, Worcester, Wyre Forest, Bromsgrove, Redditch, Stratford-on-Avon, Cotswold, and Tewkesbury.

text:
# Wychavon

52°06′50″N 2°04′52″W / 52.114°N 2.081°W / 52.114; -2.081

**Wychavon** is a local government district in Worcestershire, England. The largest towns are Evesham and Droitwich Spa; the council is based in the town of Pershore. The district also includes numerous villages and surrounding rural areas, and includes part of the Cotswolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The district's name references the Saxon Kingdom of Hwicce and the River Avon. The population in 2022 was 134,536.

The neighbouring districts are Malvern Hills, Worcester, Wyre Forest, Bromsgrove, Redditch, Stratford-on-Avon, Cotswold, and Tewkesbury.

## History

The district was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, covering the area of five former districts, which were all abolished at the same time:

The name Wychavon was coined for the new district. "Wych" phonetically recalls the Saxon Kingdom of Hwicce, and "Avon" is for the River Avon.

## Governance

| Wychavon District Council | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | |
| Type | Non-metropolitan district |
| Leadership | |
| Chair | George Duffy,
Conservative
since 15 May 2024 |
| Leader | Christopher Day,
Conservative
since 18 October 2023 |
| Chief Executive | Vic Allison
since 1 August 2020 |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 43 councillors |
| Political groups | Administration (29)   Conservative (29) Other parties (14)   Liberal Democrats (7)   Green (6)   Labour (1) |
| Length of term | 4 years |
| Elections | |
| Voting system | First past the post |
| Last election | 4 May 2023 |
| Next election | 6 May 2027 |
| Meeting place | |
|  | |
| Pershore Civic Centre, Queen Elizabeth Drive, Pershore, WR10 1PT | |
| Website | |
| www.wychavon.gov.uk | |

Wychavon District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Worcestershire County Council. The whole district is covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Since 2014 the council has shared a chief executive and other staff with neighbouring Malvern Hills District Council.

### Political control

The council has been under Conservative majority control since 1999.

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

| Party in control | | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Independent | 1974–1983 |
|  | No overall control | 1983–1987 |
|  | Conservative | 1987–1995 |
|  | No overall control | 1995–1999 |
|  | Conservative | 1999–present |

### Leadership

The leaders of the council since 1999 have been:

| Councillor | Party | | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| John Grantham |  | Liberal Democrats |  | 9 May 1999 |
| Malcolm Meikle |  | Conservative | May 1999 | May 2003 |
| Martin Jennings |  | Conservative | May 2003 | 6 May 2007 |
| Paul Middlebrough |  | Conservative | 22 May 2007 | 20 May 2015 |
| Linda Robinson |  | Conservative | 20 May 2015 | Oct 2018 |
| Bradley Thomas |  | Conservative | 7 Nov 2018 | 18 Oct 2023 |
| Christopher Day |  | Conservative | 18 Oct 2023 |  |

### Composition

Following the 2023 election the composition of the council was:

| Party | | Councillors |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | 29 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 7 |
|  | Green | 6 |
|  | Labour | 1 |
| Total | | 43 |

The next election is due in 2027.

### Elections

Since the last boundary changes in 2023 the council has comprised 43 councillors representing 27 wards, each electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

### Premises

The council is based at Pershore Civic Centre on Queen Elizabeth Drive, which was purpose-built for the council in 1991. The council also maintains offices in Droitwich and Evesham.

## Civil parishes

The whole district is divided into civil parishes. The parish councils for Droitwich Spa, Evesham and Pershore have declared their parishes to be towns, allowing them to take the style "town council". Broadway is a post town, but has not been declared a town by its parish council. The Wychavon district includes the following civil parishes:

## InfoBox

| Wychavon District | |
| --- | --- |
| Non-metropolitan district | |
| Evesham, the district's largest town | |
| Wychavon shown within Worcestershire | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | England |
| Region | West Midlands |
| Non-metropolitan county | Worcestershire |
| Status | Non-metropolitan district |
| Admin HQ | Pershore |
| Incorporated | 1 April 1974 |
| Government | |
| Type | Non-metropolitan district council |
| Body | Wychavon District Council |
| Leadership | Leader & Cabinet (Conservative) |
| MPs | Harriett Baldwin (Conservative)
Chris Bloore (Labour)
Nigel Huddleston (Conservative) |
| Area | |
| Total | 256.2 sq mi (663.5 km2) |
| Rank | 50th (of 296) |
| Population (2022) | |
| Total | 134,536 |
| Rank | 176th (of 296) |
| Ethnicity (2021) | |
| Ethnic groups | List |
| Religion (2021) | |
| Religion | List |
| Time zone | UTC0 (GMT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (BST) |
| ONS code | 47UF (ONS) /\>E07000238 (GSS) |
| OS grid reference | SO9445346235 |


title: Muller Martini

abstract: The Swiss Muller Martini Group, headquartered in Zofingen, is active in the development, manufacture and marketing of a wide range of print finishing systems. The individual group companies are organized under the umbrella of Muller Martini Holding AG, based in Hergiswil/Switzerland. The globally active family business employs around 1,300 people and has production facilities in Switzerland, Germany and the USA. The founder Hans Müller started manufacturing bookbinding equipment in 1946 under the name Grapha Maschinenfabrik. The first machine produced was a hand-fed saddle stitcher, later modernized by the “Swiss Girl” automatic feeder, which could be disengaged and tilted back when not in use. Grapha exhibited its first fully automatic saddle stitcher with an in-line trimmer at Drupa in 1954. During the same time, the company was working on the development of an perfect binder. In 1955, the company incorporated and changed its name to Grapha Maschinenfabrik Hans Müller A. G. That same year Muller sold its first machine in the United States. Other equipment was added, and in 1961 large-scale production of newspaper and magazine inserting machines was started. As Muller expanded, new manufacturing, sales, and service facilities were set up abroad. A United States subsidiary, the Hans Muller Corp. was established in 1967. Martini joined the Muller organization in 1969. Founded by Friedrich von Martini, inventor of a precision rifle, Martini began manufacturing folding and stitching machines in 1850. Martini introduced its Book Sewing Machine in 1897, and more than 10,000 have been produced to date. The Martini automobile, powered by a Martini-designed internal combustion engine, was also introduced in 1897. Automobile production stopped in 1934, when the company decided to concentrate on book binding equipment. Adhesive binding machines were developed by Martini in 1941. Muller Martini developed its first offset web press for business forms in 1972 and was a manufacturer of web presses for direct mail promotional graphics and commercial work. In 1973, Muller Martini USA offices relocated to Hauppauge, Long Island. At the same time, the company name was changed to Muller Martini Corp. A network of sales, product management, and service personnel were also established throughout the United States with Regional Offices in the Atlanta, Chicago, and San Francisco areas. In the United States, Muller Martini started its first manufacturing facility in 1973 to produce bindery and mailroom equipment in Newport News, VA. This plant has been expanded in several steps and today is over 290,000 sq ft (27,000 m⁲), used for automated manufacturing as well as assembly, engineering, and new product development. In 1989, Daverio in Switzerland and KJ in Denmark became part of the Muller Martini, with the ability to produce and market complete newspaper inserting, press finishing, and bindery systems, including conveyors and packaging lines for automatic production. GMA, located in Allentown, Pennsylvania, a supplier of newspaper mailroom systems to the United States market, was acquired by the Muller Martini group of companies in 1992. GMA was renamed Muller Martini Mailroom Systems. Muller Martini took over the manufacture of the VBF product line of case binding machines for hard cover book production in 1998. Manufacturing was moved to a new factory with its own training center in Bad Mergentheim, Germany, within 2 years. In 2007 VBF became Muller Martini Book Technology GmbH. As of January 2002, Muller Martini USA assumed marketing and customer service support for all VBF machines in the United States, along with casemakers made by Hoerauf. In 1991, Hans Müller Sr. transferred the overall responsibility of the Swiss-based company to his son Rudolf Müller, who now holds the position of CEO. Current company development 2004: Muller Martini founded a new business segment "On Demand Solutions", now named "Digital Solutions". The Division was developed to provide commercial quality finishing to the Digital Book Production market. 2008: Introduction of the new generation of machines in the identity-forming color Laserblue 2009: Change at the top: Rudolf Müller takes over as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Bruno Müller becomes the new CEO 2013: Company founder Hans Müller, a pioneer in the graphic arts industry, passes away at the age of 96 2013: Announcement of a major corporate reform to adapt to the rapidly changing market environment in the graphic arts industry, closing of the site in Felben/Switzerland 2014: In November, the company announces that the production of printing presses will be discontinued. On December 1, Muller Martini takes over service responsibility for Heidelberg saddle stitchers and perfect binders 2018: At the end of January, Muller Martini takes over the bookbinding division recently spun off from Kolbus GmbH & Co. KG and the associated 250 employees of the main Kolbus plant in Rahden (Westphalia). 2020: Muller Martini sells MM Druckmaschinen GmbH in Maulburg/Germany to the Goebel Group 2020: Muller Martini Druckverarbeitungs-Systeme AG takes over Muller Martini Electronic AG 2021: Muller Martini closes its site in Bad Mergentheim/Germany 2023: Muller Martini takes over Hunkeler AG in Wikon/Switzerland

text:
# Muller Martini

The Swiss **Muller Martini Group**, headquartered in Zofingen, is active in the development, manufacture and marketing of a wide range of print finishing systems.

The individual group companies are organized under the umbrella of Muller Martini Holding AG, based in Hergiswil/Switzerland. The globally active family business employs around 1,300 people and has production facilities in Switzerland, Germany and the USA.

The founder Hans Müller started manufacturing bookbinding equipment in 1946 under the name *Grapha Maschinenfabrik*. The first machine produced was a hand-fed saddle stitcher, later modernized by the “Swiss Girl” automatic feeder, which could be disengaged and tilted back when not in use. Grapha exhibited its first fully automatic saddle stitcher with an in-line trimmer at Drupa in **1954**. During the same time, the company was working on the development of an perfect binder.

In 1955, the company incorporated and changed its name to Grapha Maschinenfabrik Hans Müller A. G. That same year Muller sold its first machine in the United States. Other equipment was added, and in 1961 large-scale production of newspaper and magazine inserting machines was started. As Muller expanded, new manufacturing, sales, and service facilities were set up abroad. A United States subsidiary, the Hans Muller Corp. was established in 1967.

Martini joined the Muller organization in 1969. Founded by Friedrich von Martini, inventor of a precision rifle, Martini began manufacturing folding and stitching machines in 1850. Martini introduced its Book Sewing Machine in 1897, and more than 10,000 have been produced to date. The Martini automobile, powered by a Martini-designed internal combustion engine, was also introduced in 1897. Automobile production stopped in 1934, when the company decided to concentrate on book binding equipment. Adhesive binding machines were developed by Martini in 1941.

Muller Martini developed its first offset web press for business forms in 1972 and was a manufacturer of web presses for direct mail promotional graphics and commercial work. In 1973, Muller Martini USA offices relocated to Hauppauge, Long Island. At the same time, the company name was changed to Muller Martini Corp. A network of sales, product management, and service personnel were also established throughout the United States with Regional Offices in the Atlanta, Chicago, and San Francisco areas.

In the United States, Muller Martini started its first manufacturing facility in 1973 to produce bindery and mailroom equipment in Newport News, VA. This plant has been expanded in several steps and today is over 290,000 sq ft (27,000 m2), used for automated manufacturing as well as assembly, engineering, and new product development.

In 1989, Daverio in Switzerland and KJ in Denmark became part of the Muller Martini, with the ability to produce and market complete newspaper inserting, press finishing, and bindery systems, including conveyors and packaging lines for automatic production.

GMA, located in Allentown, Pennsylvania, a supplier of newspaper mailroom systems to the United States market, was acquired by the Muller Martini group of companies in 1992. GMA was renamed Muller Martini Mailroom Systems.

Muller Martini took over the manufacture of the VBF product line of case binding machines for hard cover book production in 1998. Manufacturing was moved to a new factory with its own training center in Bad Mergentheim, Germany, within 2 years. In 2007 VBF became Muller Martini Book Technology GmbH. As of January 2002, Muller Martini USA assumed marketing and customer service support for all VBF machines in the United States, along with casemakers made by Hoerauf.

In 1991, Hans Müller Sr. transferred the overall responsibility of the Swiss-based company to his son Rudolf Müller, who now holds the position of CEO.

**Current company development**

2004: Muller Martini founded a new business segment "On Demand Solutions", now named "Digital Solutions". The Division was developed to provide commercial quality finishing to the Digital Book Production market.

2008: Introduction of the new generation of machines in the identity-forming color Laserblue

2009: Change at the top: Rudolf Müller takes over as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Bruno Müller becomes the new CEO

2013: Company founder Hans Müller, a pioneer in the graphic arts industry, passes away at the age of 96

2013: Announcement of a major corporate reform to adapt to the rapidly changing market environment in the graphic arts industry, closing of the site in Felben/Switzerland

2014: In November, the company announces that the production of printing presses will be discontinued. On December 1, Muller Martini takes over service responsibility for Heidelberg saddle stitchers and perfect binders

2018: At the end of January, Muller Martini takes over the bookbinding division recently spun off from Kolbus GmbH & Co. KG and the associated 250 employees of the main Kolbus plant in Rahden (Westphalia).

2020: Muller Martini sells MM Druckmaschinen GmbH in Maulburg/Germany to the Goebel Group

2020: Muller Martini Druckverarbeitungs-Systeme AG takes over Muller Martini Electronic AG

2021: Muller Martini closes its site in Bad Mergentheim/Germany

2023: Muller Martini takes over Hunkeler AG in Wikon/Switzerland

## Products

## Production facilities

Muller Martini has production facilities in Switzerland and Germany.

* Muller Martini AG, Zofingen (Switzerland)
* Muller Martini Maschinen & Anlagen AG, Hasle and Stans (Switzerland)
* Muller Martini Buchbindetechnologie GmbH, Rahden (Germany)

## InfoBox

Muller Martini
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Printing, Graphic Arts Print Finishing |
| Founded | 1946 |
| Headquarters | Switzerland in: Zofingen, Aargau. |
| Area served | Global |
| Key people | Bruno Müller (CEO) Martin Wipfli (Chairman of the Board) |
| Products | Bookbinding equipment |
| Number of employees | 1300 |
| Website | http://www.mullermartini.com |


title: Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC

abstract: Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC, 601 U.S. 23 (2024), is a United States Supreme Court case regarding the standard for bringing a whistleblower retaliation claim under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

text:
# Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC

***Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC***, 601 U.S. 23 (2024), is a United States Supreme Court case regarding the standard for bringing a whistleblower retaliation claim under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

## Prior history

In 2002, the United States Congress enacted the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX). Passed in the aftermath of various major corporate accounting scandals (including Enron and WorldCom) SOX mandated certain financial record keeping and reporting practices for corporations. The Act imposes responsibilities upon a public corporation's board of directors, and adds criminal penalties for misconduct.

In order to encourage disclosure, SOX protects whistleblowers who report financial wrongdoing by providing a civil cause of action to protect against retaliation by employers. The portion of SOX that amended Title 18 states that when a whistleblower invokes the Act, claiming that he was fired for his reporting, his claim is "governed by the legal burdens of proof set forth in section 42121(b) of title 49, United States Code." Under that framework, the employee meets his burden of proof by demonstrating that his reporting "was a contributing factor in the unfavorable personnel action alleged in the complaint." If the employee meets this burden, then the employer can only prevail if it "demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that the employer would have taken the same unfavorable personnel action in the absence of that behavior."

## Background

From 2007 to 2008, Trevor Murray worked for UBS, a multinational investment bank and financial services company. In 2011, he was recruited back to UBS. When he returned, Murray was responsible for researching UBS's commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS), and reporting his findings to the firm's current and prospective customers. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations required Murray to certify, under penalty of law, that his findings accurately reflected his personal and independent views.

Despite this, Murray's supervisors pressured him into skewing his findings in favor of UBS business strategies. Although UBS's compliance department had physically separated Murray's workspace from the trading floor (which actively sold CMBS) to ensure compliance, his supervisors continued to attempt to influence Murray's work. Notwithstanding Murray's internal memoranda describing the firm's CMBS trading as "risky", his supervisors continued to describe it as profitable and successful.

In early December 2011, Murray's supervisor, Michael Schumacher, prepared a glowing review of Murray's performance. He had not yet been made aware of the pressure Murray was receiving from the trading desk. Later that month, the two met and Murray revealed the situation to Schumacher, saying that it "wasn't just unethical, it was illegal" Schumacher relayed this to one of his supervisors, Larry Hatheway. Schumacher proposed to Hatheway that Murray should either be fired or moved to the trading desk. Two days later, Murray and Schumacher met again, and Schumacher gave Murray his performance review — Schumacher did not mention to Murray that his job was in jeopardy. Murray reiterated his perception of unlawful behavior on behalf of the trading desk, but Schumacher advised Murray to just print favorable findings. After another supervisor declined to move Murray to the trading desk, Schumacher and Hatheway agreed to fire Murray. On February 6, 2012, Schumacher fired Murray.

## Lower court history

In August 2012, Murray filed a claim with the Department of Labor alleging that his employment was terminated in retaliation because of his whistleblowing, in violation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. After 180 days, his complaint lapsed, and Murray exercised his right to file a *de novo* action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

### District Court

Murray's case went to trial in 2017. At trial, Murray contested that: he was unlawfully pressured by the UBS trading desk to skew his work product in favor of UBS's CMBS business, in violation of SEC regulations; he reported this behavior to his supervisor, who then advised him to capitulate, and; that he was fired for his unfavorable reporting. On the other hand, UBS contended that Murray's entire claim was fabricated — that there was no pressure directed at Murray, and thus none of his behavior could have been protected by SOX. Jurors were instructed that, for Murray to prevail on his retaliation claim, he must prove four factors: (1) that he engaged in protected conduct, (2) that his employer was aware of this conduct, (3) that he was fired, and (4) that his conduct was a contributing factor in his termination.

The jury was instructed that, if it found the existence of these four factors, it should shift to the second step of SOX's burden shifting framework. Namely, in order to prevail, UBS would need to demonstrate that it would have terminated Murray's employment regardless of his engagement in protected activity. If they found that UBS had improperly retaliated against Murray, then he would be entitled to compensation. The jury found that Murray had proven all four elements of his claim, but that UBS had not met its burden of proof. Murray was awarded nearly $1 million in damages.

### Court of Appeals

On appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, UBS made two arguments. First, it argued that Murray had failed to prove that UBS had acted with "retaliatory intent" when it terminated Murray's employment. Second, it argued that the burden of proving retaliatory intent should fall on Murray, rather than requiring UBS to show a lack of such retaliatory intent. The Court disagreed with UBS on its first argument, finding that sufficient evidence had been presented at trial to prove that UBS had acted with retaliatory intent. However, it agreed with UBS on its second argument, that the jury should have been instructed that it was Murray's burden to prove retaliatory intent. Murray unsuccessfully petitioned for an *en banc* rehearing of his case.

## Supreme Court

On January 13, 2023, Murray petitioned the Supreme Court to hear his case. On May 1, 2023, the Court granted *certiorari*. Oral argument was held on October 10, 2023.

On February 8, 2024, Justice Sotomayor delivered a unanimous opinion, siding with Murray. The justices held that with the protections of SOX, a whistleblower does not have to prove that their employer acted with "retaliatory intent", but that they do need to prove that their activity, protected by SOX, contributed to what the employer did in response.

## InfoBox

| Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued October 10, 2023
Decided February 8, 2024 | |
| Full case name | *Trevor Murray v. UBS Securities LLC, and UBS AG* |
| Docket no. | 22-660 |
| Citations | 601 U.S. 23 (*more*) |
| Argument | Oral argument |
| Decision | Opinion |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *Murray v. UBS Sec.*, 43 F.4th 254 (2d Cir. 2022). *Murray v. UBS Sec., LLC*, 14 Civ. 927 (KPF) (S.D.N.Y. 2020) |
| Questions presented | |
| Under the burden-shifting framework that governs Sarbanes-Oxley cases, must a whistleblower prove his employer acted with a "retaliatory intent" as part of his case in chief, or is the lack of "retaliatory intent" part of the affirmative defense on which the employer bears the burden of proof? | |
| Holding | |
| A whistleblower seeking to invoke the protections of section 806 of the SOX Act must prove that their protected activity was a contributing factor in the employer’s unfavorable personnel action, but need not prove that the employer acted with “retaliatory intent.” | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice John Roberts  Associate Justices Clarence Thomas **·**  Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor **·**  Elena Kagan
Neil Gorsuch **·**  Brett Kavanaugh
Amy Coney Barrett **·**  Ketanji Brown Jackson | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Sotomayor, joined by unanimous |
| Concurrence | Alito, joined by Barrett |


title: Multiphonic

abstract: A multiphonic is an extended technique on a monophonic musical instrument in which several notes are produced at once. This includes wind, reed, and brass instruments, as well as the human voice. Multiphonic-like sounds on string instruments, both bowed and hammered, have also been called multiphonics, for lack of better terminology and scarcity of research. Multiphonics on wind instruments are primarily a 20th-century technique, though the brass technique of singing while playing has been known since the 18th century and used by composers such as Carl Maria von Weber. Commonly, no more than four notes will be produced at once, though for some chords on some instruments it is possible to get several more.

text:
# Multiphonic

A **multiphonic** is an extended technique on a monophonic musical instrument (one that generally produces only one note at a time) in which several notes are produced at once. This includes wind, reed, and brass instruments, as well as the human voice. Multiphonic-like sounds on string instruments, both bowed and hammered, have also been called multiphonics, for lack of better terminology and scarcity of research.

Multiphonics on wind instruments are primarily a 20th-century technique, though the brass technique of singing while playing has been known since the 18th century and used by composers such as Carl Maria von Weber. Commonly, no more than four notes will be produced at once, though for some chords on some instruments it is possible to get several more.

## Technique

### Woodwind instruments

On woodwind instruments—e.g., saxophone, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, flute, and recorder—multiphonics can be produced either with new fingerings, by using different embouchures, or voicing the throat with conventional fingerings. There have been numerous fingering guides published for the woodwind player to achieve harmonics. Multiphonics on reed instruments can also be produced in the manners described below for brass instruments.

It is said to be impossible to recreate exactly the conditions between one player and the next, due to minute differences in instruments, reeds, embouchure, and other things. This, however, is not entirely true; the multiphonic will depend on the room temperature and other such things, but essentially multiphonics sound the same due to the harmonic structure of the multiphonic. A multiphonic fingering that works for one player may not work for that same player on a different instrument, or a different player on the same instrument, or even after switching reeds. This is often the result of slightly different construction of two instruments from different makers.

### Brass instruments

In brass instruments, the most common method of producing multiphonics is by simultaneously playing the instrument and singing into it. When the sung note has a different frequency than the played note (preferably within the harmonic series of the played note), several new notes that are the sums/differences of the frequencies of the sung note and the played note are produced; leading to the popular term trumpet/trombone/horn growl. This technique is also called "horn chords". The tone sung doesn't necessarily have to be in the played tone's harmonic series, but the effect is more audible if it is. The tone quality of brass multiphonics is influenced strongly by the voice of the player.

Another method is referred to as "lip multiphonics", in which a brass player alters the airflow to blow between partials, in the harmonic series of the slide position/valve. The outcome is just as stable as any multiphonic and perfectly structured. When the frequencies add together or subtract from each other (essentially merge), the fundamental is recreated. For example: A 440 and A 220. This would combine to make 660, creating a new fundamental of the second lowest B of the piano.

A third method, known as 'split tones' or double buzz, produces multiphonics when players make their lips vibrate at different speeds against each other. The most common result is a perfect interval, but the range of intervals produced can vary broadly.

### String instruments

String instruments can also produce multiphonic tones when strings are bowed or hammered (as in piano multiphonics) between the harmonic nodes. This works best on larger instruments like double bass and cello. Another technique involves the rotational oscillation mode of the string, which might be twisted to adjust the rotational tension. Other multiphonic extended techniques used are prepared piano, prepared guitar and 3rd bridge.

### Vocal multiphonics

The technique of producing multiphonics with the voice is called overtone singing (typically with secondary resonant structure) or throat singing (typically with additional tones from throat trills).

There is another technique done in whistling, where whistlers hum in their throats while whistling with the front parts of their mouths. This is well known for achieving a spacey "ring modulation" sound (e.g. by Jim Carrey in *The Truman Show*). All three vibrations—whistle, voice and throat trill—can be combined also.

## How multiphonics work

In general, when playing a wind instrument, the tone that comes out consists of the *fundamental*the pitch usually identified as the note being playedas well as pitches with frequencies that are integer multiples of the frequency of the fundamental. (Only pure sine wave tones lack these overtones.) Normally, only the fundamental pitch is perceived as being played.

By controlling the air flow through the instrument and the shape of the column (by changing fingering or valve position), a player may produce two distinct tones not part of the same harmonic series.

## Notation

Multiphonics may be notated in score in a variety of ways. When exact pitches are specified, one method of notation is simply to indicate a chord, leaving the performer to figure out what techniques are necessary to achieve it. Common on woodwind music is to specify a particular fingering underneath the required note; as different fingerings produce different qualities of sound, a composer who is concerned about the precise effect created may wish to do this. (The same fingering can cause different result on instruments from different manufacturers, due to variations in construction.) Approximate pitches may be specified by wavy lines or in cluster notation to designate acceptable ranges of sound. There is, however, a wide range of notation used to designate multiphonics, with several individual composers preferring notations not in common use. Piano multiphonic notation can include, among other factors, the numbers of sounding partials or fingering distances on the string. Such notations have been developed in recent studies by C. J. Walter and J. Vesikkala.

## Use in literature

The first real use of multiphonics in literature are of the brass "horn chord" style. Carl Maria von Weber used this technique in horn compositions, leading up to his well-known Concertino for horn and orchestra of 1815.

Woodwind multiphonics and brass lip multiphonics did not make appearances in classical music until the 20th century, with pioneering compositions such as Luciano Berio's *Sequenzas* for solo wind instruments and *Proporzioni* for solo flute by Franco Evangelisti using them extensively in 1958. Multiphonics are widely today used in contemporary classical music.

The technique is used in jazz as early as the 1920s by Adrian Rollini on his bass saxophone. Then it was largely forgotten until Illinois Jacquet used them in the 1940s. Multiphonics were also widely used by John Coltrane, and jazz flautist Jeremy Steig.

1. Cello Multiphonics *cellomultiphonics.blogspot.com*, accessed 29 January 2023
2. Vesikkala, Juhani (2016). "Multiphonics of the grand piano : timbral composition and performance with flageolets". University of Helsinki.
3. Distler, Jed (2006-05-31). "Berio: Sequenzas - Classics Today". *www.classicstoday.com*. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
4. Drees, Stefan. "Experiment and discourse: Luciano Berio's "Sequenze"". *musiksalon.universaledition.com*. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
5. McAlvin, Bonnie (2018-04-17). "Using Flute Physics to Tune Multiphonics". *ÍMPAR: Online Journal for Artistic Research* (in Portuguese). **2** (2): 2–18. doi:10.34624/impar.v2i2.2290. ISSN 2184-1993. Early formal usages of flute multiphonics include the Sequenza by Luciano Berio (1958) and Proporzioni by Franco Evangelisti (1958)
6. Fitzwater, Aleah (January 27, 2021). "Multiphonics in Music". *Notestem*. Retrieved 2023-08-04.

## Further reading

* Gerald Farmer, *Multiphonics and Other Contemporary Clarinet Techniques*, Shall-u-mo Publications, Rochester, New York, 1982
* Murray Campbell: "Multiphonics". Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy. Accessed 24 Jan 05. (subscription access)
* Richard E. Berg and David G. Stork, *The Physics of Sound*. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1982.
* Ian Mitchell, "Smith, William O(verton) \[Bill\]", *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan, 2001.
* Kurt Stone, *Music Notation in the Twentieth Century*. W. W. Norton, New York, 1980
* Robert Dick, *The Other Flute*. Oxford University Press, 1975
* Nora Post, *Multiphonics for the Oboe*
* Paul Keenan, Document accompanying Ph.D. *Lip Multiphonics and Composition*
* John Gross. *Multiphonics for the Saxophone: A Practical Guide; 178 Different Note Combinations Diagrammed and Explained*, Advance Music, 1999. OCLC 475411398
* Randall Hall, *Multiphonic Etudes for Solo Saxophone*. Reed Music, 2009
* Jean-Marie Londeix, *Hello! Mr. Sax*. Alphonse Leduc, 1989


title: Wylye railway station

abstract: Wylye railway station is a former railway station in Wylye, Wiltshire, UK, in the Wylye Valley. The station name was spelled "Wiley" by the GWR until 1874. The main building was on the left side of the line when travelling east towards Salisbury with a goods shed east of the platform and a level crossing beyond. Originally single track, the line from the west was doubled in 1900 and onwards towards Salisbury in 1901. Passenger services were withdrawn on 19 September 1955 but goods traffic continued to be handled until 2 October 1961. The signal box was closed in 1973 when the level crossing was given automatic barriers.

text:
# Wylye railway station

**Wylye railway station** is a former railway station in Wylye, Wiltshire, UK, in the Wylye Valley. The station name was spelled "Wiley" by the GWR until 1874. The main building was on the left side of the line when travelling east towards Salisbury with a goods shed east of the platform and a level crossing beyond. Originally single track, the line from the west was doubled in 1900 and onwards towards Salisbury in 1901.

Passenger services were withdrawn on 19 September 1955 but goods traffic continued to be handled until 2 October 1961. The signal box was closed in 1973 when the level crossing was given automatic barriers.

1. Quick, M. E. (2002). *Railway passenger stations in England, Scotland and Wales – a chronology*. Richmond: Railway and Canal Historical Society. p. 467. OCLC 931112387.
2. Oakley, Mike (2004). *Wiltshire Railway Stations*. Wimbourne: The Dovecote Press. ISBN 1-904349-33-1.

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Codford
Line open, station closed |  | Great Western Railway
Salisbury branch line |  | Langford
Line open, station closed |

## InfoBox

| Wylye | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Wylye, Wiltshire
England |
| Coordinates | 51°08′11″N 1°59′22″W / 51.1363°N 1.9894°W / 51.1363; -1.9894 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Great Western Railway |
| Post-grouping | Great Western Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 30 June 1856 (1856-06-30) | Opened |
| 19 September 1955 (1955-09-19) | Closed to passengers |
| 2 October 1961 (1961-10-02) | Closed for goods |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Muselet

abstract: A muselet is a wire cage that fits over the cork of a bottle of champagne, sparkling wine or beer to prevent the cork from emerging under the pressure of the carbonated contents. It derives its name from the French museler, to muzzle. The muselet often has a metal cap incorporated in the design which may show the drink maker's emblem. They are normally covered by a metal foil envelope. Muselets are also known as wirehoods or Champagne wires.

text:
# Muselet

A ***muselet*** (French: \[myz.le\]) is a wire cage that fits over the cork of a bottle of champagne, sparkling wine or beer to prevent the cork from emerging under the pressure of the carbonated contents. It derives its name from the French *museler,* to muzzle. The muselet often has a metal cap incorporated in the design which may show the drink maker's emblem. They are normally covered by a metal foil envelope. Muselets are also known as wirehoods or Champagne wires.

## History

When champagne was first produced the pressure of the sparkling wine was maintained by wooden plugs sealed with oil-cloth and wax. This method proved inconsistent either from leaking or blowing out of the stopper and a method of restraining the corks using cord was developed. In 1844, Adolphe Jacquesson invented the more secure method involving steel wire, however the early muselets were not easy to install and proved somewhat inconvenient to open. Further developments led to the modern muselet which is made of steel wire twisted to add strength and with a small loop of wire twisted into the lower ring which can be untwisted to release the pressure of the muselet and give access to the cork.

Cortellazzi (1952) of Marmirolo were the first to produce muselets (or wirehoods) in Italy, the brilliant idea of A. Jacquesson who resolved once and for all the problem of bottling sparkling wines: losing valuable effervescence through the cork. The Cortellazzi brothers (Otello and Evangelista), owners of an artisan shop that had started its business in iron making, the brothers later specialised in the manufacture of wirehoods for Spumante sparkling wine bottles thanks to their invention of the first machine that produces these components out of a single metal wire.

## Modern muselets

Traditionally, muselets require six half-turns to open.

Muselets are now machine-made in millions. A modern development has seen the production of personalized caps within the muselet, which display the emblems or name of the manufacturer. These may vary in colour and design from year to year and between different manufacturers. This has stimulated a market for the collection of these caps.

* Media related to Muselets at Wikimedia Commons


title: Xenien

abstract: Xenien is a Germanization of the Greek Xenia "host gifts", a title originally applied by the Roman poet Martial to a collection of poems which were to accompany his presents. Following this precedent, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe named a collection of distichs, which he wrote together with Friedrich Schiller, Die Xenien, in which the two friends avenged themselves on opposing critics. They were first published in the Musenalmanach. The Xenien were prompted by the indifference and animosity of contemporary criticism, and its disregard for what the two poets regarded as the higher interests of German poetry. The Xenien succeeded as a retaliation on the critics, but the masterpieces which followed them proved in the long run much more effective weapons against the prevailing opinions.

text:
# Xenien

***Xenien*** is a Germanization of the Greek *Xenia* "host gifts", a title originally applied by the Roman poet Martial (1st century AD) to a collection of poems which were to accompany his presents.

Following this precedent, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe named a collection of distichs, which he wrote together with Friedrich Schiller, *Die Xenien*, in which the two friends avenged themselves on opposing critics. They were first published in the *Musenalmanach*. The *Xenien* were prompted by the indifference and animosity of contemporary criticism, and its disregard for what the two poets regarded as the higher interests of German poetry. The *Xenien* succeeded as a retaliation on the critics, but the masterpieces which followed them proved in the long run much more effective weapons against the prevailing opinions.


title: Murders of Ming Qu and Ying Wu

abstract: The murders of Ming Qu and Ying Wu occurred on April 11, 2012, when two men shot and murdered two Chinese graduate students from USC who were sitting in their 2003 BMW parked 1 mile (1.6 km) outside of the University of Southern California (USC) campus in Los Angeles, California. It sparked safety concerns around the campus in South Los Angeles, an area notorious for its history of crime-ridden neighborhoods. The two suspects, Javier Bolden and Bryan Barnes, aged 19 and 20 at the time of the shooting, were arrested in connection with the murders. In 2014, Barnes was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. In October of the same year, Bolden was also found guilty, and in November was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole.

text:
# Murders of Ming Qu and Ying Wu

The **murders of Ming Qu and Ying Wu** occurred on April 11, 2012, when two men shot and murdered two Chinese graduate students from USC who were sitting in their 2003 BMW parked 1 mile (1.6 km) outside of the University of Southern California (USC) campus in Los Angeles, California. It sparked safety concerns around the campus in South Los Angeles, an area notorious for its history of crime-ridden neighborhoods.

The two suspects, **Javier Bolden** and **Bryan Barnes**, aged 19 and 20 at the time of the shooting, were arrested in connection with the murders. In 2014, Barnes was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. In October of the same year, Bolden was also found guilty, and in November was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole.

## Details

On April 11, 2012, at 1:00 a.m., students Ming Qu and Ying Wu were shot to death after sitting in their parked 2003 BMW on the 2700 block of Raymond Avenue, located one mile northwest from the University of Southern California campus. After noticing two men with guns approaching them in the car, Qu managed to get out of the car and run to a nearby home where he pounded on the door but was shot several times in the head. Wu was killed by a single shot to the chest while she was sitting in the front passenger's seat. At the time of the shooting, it was raining heavily, creating challenging conditions at the crime scene. Qu and Wu were both taken to California Hospital Medical Center in downtown Los Angeles, where they were both pronounced dead on arrival. The two 23-year-old students were both from Mainland China and were studying electrical engineering.

### Arrests

Police traced a cell phone taken by the perpetrators from the scene of the shooting. On May 18, 2012, that led to the arrest of Bryan Barnes, 20 years old, who was living near USC's campus in the South Los Angeles area. A second suspect, 19-year-old Javier Bolden, a resident of Palmdale, was detained that day. They were both charged with two counts of murder.

Bolden and Barnes were also charged with attempted murder in an unrelated shooting in December 2011 at a party in South Los Angeles, which left a woman seriously wounded and a man paralyzed.

Officials also suspect Barnes of firing multiple rounds at a party on February 12, wounding a 20-year-old man. The two are eligible for the death penalty according to prosecutors.

## Aftermath

Bryan Barnes pled guilty to two counts of murder on February 25, 2014, and was immediately sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole. Barnes also admitted two so-called special circumstances that could have made him eligible for the death penalty. Co-defendant Javier Bolden was convicted in October 2014 and sentenced to life without parole.

### Response

About one thousand people gathered at a memorial in mourning for the two victims at the Shrine Auditorium the following week of the shooting. Los Angeles Chinese Consul General Qiu Shaofang made the following statement: "The ministry of foreign affairs, ministry of education and the Consulate General of the People’s Republic of China in Los Angeles acted immediately after the tragedy happened and have committed \[to\] join efforts in tackling problems arising from the incident."

### Criticism

The area surrounding University of Southern California's campus is an urban, low income community that has a historically high hate crime rate.

The parents of the two students filed a lawsuit against the school for misrepresenting security on campus. The lawsuit was dismissed by Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Michael Johnson in February 2013. Johnson found no connection between the killings and the university's self-reported efforts to protect students, stating that "causation is an insurmountable issue for the plaintiffs."

## InfoBox

| Murders of Ming Qu and Ying Wu | |
| --- | --- |
| Ying Wu (left) and Ming Qu | |
| Location | 2700 Raymond Avenue,
Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Date | April 11, 2012 (2012-04-11)
1:00 a.m. |
| Attack type | Murder, robbery |
| Deaths | 2 |
| Perpetrators | Javier Bolden
Bryan Barnes |
| Convictions | First-degree murder under special circumstances (2 counts) |


title: Xenidae

abstract: Xenidae is a family of twisted-winged insects in the order Strepsiptera. There are about 13 genera and more than 120 described species in Xenidae.

text:
# Xenidae

**Xenidae** is a family of twisted-winged insects in the order Strepsiptera. There are about 13 genera and more than 120 described species in Xenidae.

## Genera

These 13 genera belong to the family Xenidae:

## InfoBox

| Xenidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Xenos peckii* pupae on a paper wasp (New York) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Strepsiptera |
| Suborder: | Stylopidia |
| Family: | Xenidae<br>Saunders, 1872 |
|


title: Muhammad al-Shurafi

abstract: Muhammad al-Shurafi is a Yemeni poet and playwright. He was born in Hajja Governorate and studied at Cairo University. Subsequently he joined the Yemeni foreign service. al-Shurafi has published more than twenty books, including poetry collections, plays and verse plays. His poetry is notable for its engagement with social issues, particularly that of women's rights. al-Shurafi's poetry has been translated into English and was represented in a 1988 anthology on modern Arabian literature.

text:
# Muhammad al-Shurafi

**Muhammad al-Shurafi** (born 1940) is a Yemeni poet and playwright. He was born in Hajja Governorate and studied at Cairo University. Subsequently he joined the Yemeni foreign service. al-Shurafi has published more than twenty books, including poetry collections (*Women's Tears*, *To Her I Sing*), plays and verse plays (*In the Land of Two Edens*, *Seasons of Migration and Madness*). His poetry is notable for its engagement with social issues, particularly that of women's rights.

al-Shurafi's poetry has been translated into English and was represented in a 1988 anthology on modern Arabian literature (edited by Salma Khadra Jayyusi).


title: Wyżyny (Bydgoszcz district)

abstract: Wyżyny is a district in Bydgoszcz, Poland.

text:
# Wyżyny (Bydgoszcz district)

**Wyżyny** is a district in Bydgoszcz, Poland.

## History

Construction was started in the Wyżyny district on 3 May 1971. The development was intended to house around 60,000 inhabitants and was completed in 1982. Its main architect was Andrzej Modrzejewski.

## Public buildings

**Schools**

* Elementary school number 25
* Junior High number 16
* I.J.Paderewski Junior High number 17
* Synów Pułków Junior High number 38
* High school number 9

## Main streets

53°06′29″N 18°02′02″E / 53.1081°N 18.0339°E / 53.1081; 18.0339


title: Murod Kholmukhamedov

abstract: Murod Kholmukhamedov is an Uzbek footballer who currently plays as a defender for Kokand 1912 in the Uzbekistan Super League. He is also a member of the Uzbekistan national team.

text:
# Murod Kholmukhamedov

**Murod Kholmukhamedov** (born 23 December 1990) is an Uzbek footballer who currently plays as a defender for Kokand 1912 in the Uzbekistan Super League. He is also a member of the Uzbekistan national team.

## International goals

*Scores and results list Uzbekistan's goal tally first.*

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 3 September 2020 | Lokomotiv Stadium, Tashkent, Uzbekistan | Tajikistan | **2**–1 | 2–1 | Friendly |

## Honours

**Pakhtakor Tashkent**

## InfoBox

Murod Kholmuhamedov
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Murod Kholmukhamedov | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-12-23) 23 December 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union | | |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Kokand 1912 | | |
| Number | 70 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008–2015 | Pakhtakor Tashkent | 46 | (0) |
| 2006 | Dalian Shide (loan) | 4 | (0) |
| 2016 | Sogdiana Jizzakh | 27 | (3) |
| 2017–2022 | Kokand 1912 | 89 | (31) |
| 2020 | Bunyodkor (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2009– | Uzbekistan | 11 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Xenimpia

abstract: Xenimpia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. It was described by Warren in 1895.

text:
# Xenimpia

***Xenimpia*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. It was described by Warren in 1895.

## Species

Some species of this genus are:

## InfoBox

| *Xenimpia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Ennominae |
| Genus: | *Xenimpia*<br>Warren, 1895 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hexeris* Saalmüller, 1891 * *Procypha* Warren, 1897 * *Triprora* Warren, 1897 | |


title: Muroc, California

abstract: Muroc is a former settlement in Kern County, California in the Mojave Desert. It was located on Rogers Dry Lake 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Edwards, at an elevation of 2283 feet. Circa 1929, Valyermo, Llano, Wilsona, Neenach, Domino, and Muroc, were all described as "post offices that serve scattered ranches. All these communities are reached by automobile, and roads lead from the [Antelope Valley] to desert towns lying to the north and east." Muroc still appeared on maps as of 1942. Muroc's site is now on Edwards Air Force Base. After World War II Muroc served as an important test flight location; in 1947 Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in the Muroc vicinity. A post office operated at Muroc from 1910 to 1951. The name honors early settlers Ralph and Clifford Corum — their surname spelled backwards is "Muroc".

text:
# Muroc, California

**Muroc** (also known as, **Rogers**, **Rod**, **Yucca**, and **Rodriguez**) is a former settlement in Kern County, California in the Mojave Desert.

It was located on Rogers Dry Lake 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Edwards, at an elevation of 2283 feet (696 m). Circa 1929, Valyermo, Llano, Wilsona, Neenach, Domino, and Muroc, were all described as "post offices that serve scattered ranches. All these communities are reached by automobile, and roads lead from the \[Antelope Valley\] to desert towns lying to the north and east."

Muroc still appeared on maps as of 1942. Muroc's site is now on Edwards Air Force Base. After World War II Muroc served as an important test flight location; in 1947 Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in the Muroc vicinity.

A post office operated at Muroc from 1910 to 1951. The name honors early settlers Ralph and Clifford Corum — their surname spelled backwards is "Muroc".

## InfoBox

| Muroc | |
| --- | --- |
| Former settlement | |
| Mojave Desert, 1929, including Muroc along the Santa Fe rail line | |
| Coordinates: 34°55′23″N 117°52′20″W / 34.92306°N 117.87222°W / 34.92306; -117.87222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Kern County |
| Elevation | 2,283 ft (696 m) |


title: Xeniidae

abstract: Xeniidae is a family of soft coral in the order Alcyonacea.

text:
# Xeniidae

**Xeniidae** is a family of soft coral in the order Alcyonacea.

## Predators

Predatory sea slugs of the genus *Phyllodesmium* are reported to feed on Xeniidae species. Representatives of this family have been observed to provide shelter to juvenile fish.

## List of genera

The family contains the following genera:

* Data related to Xeniidae at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| Xeniidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Heteroxenia fuscescens* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Octocorallia |
| Order: | Alcyonacea |
| Suborder: | Alcyoniina |
| Family: | Xeniidae<br>Ehrenberg, 1828 |
|


title: Muriel (fishing trawler)

abstract: Muriel was a New Zealand fishing trawler that was built in 1907 by Messrs Lane & Sons of Totara North. In 1937, Muriel stranded on Sumner Bar at Christchurch, New Zealand, and was a total loss.

text:
# Muriel (fishing trawler)

***Muriel*** was a New Zealand fishing trawler that was built in 1907 by Messrs Lane & Sons of Totara North. In 1937, *Muriel* stranded on Sumner Bar at Christchurch, New Zealand, and was a total loss.

## Description

*Muriel*, No. 121,590, was a wooden screw steamer of 59 tons gross and 22 tons net register. The trawler had a length of 64.7 feet (19.7 m), a beam of 16.2 feet (4.9 m), and a depth of 8 feet (2.4 m). *Muriel*'s engines were rated at 18 horsepower (13 kW). *Muriel* was owned by P Feron & Sons and commanded by Captain William Stephen, who had been master of the vessel since 1929.

## Newspaper articles

**The below article was published in 1907 during the construction of *Muriel*:**

*Mr. Dolbel, of Napier, owner of the trawler* Result*, is to take delivery of another trawler from Messrs Lane and of Whangaroa, at an early date. The new trawler, which is a wooden vessel, is to be named the* Muriel*. Her principal dimensions are : Length overall, 70 ft \[21.3 meters\]; beam, 16 ft \[4.9 meters\]; and depth of hold, 8 ft \[2.4 meters\]. Her equipment will be a facs'milo type of the Noia Niven, with cold storage, and the gear inseparable from a trawler. The vessel is fitted with two pole masts, and has a small cabin aft.*

**\*In the *Evening Post*, Wellington on 24 July 1911, page 2:** *A strong effort is being made to develop the trawling industry at Lyttelton (states the* Christchurch Press*). On Friday afternoon the steamer trawler* Result *arrived in the port, after a smart run of fifty-one hours from Napier. Her arrival brings the number of vessels engaged in the trawling industry at Lyttelton up to five, the fleet now comprising the* Muriel*,* Result*,* Purau*,* Mullogh*, and* Pilot*. The fishing grounds are off Banks Peninsula, outside of a line drawn from Port Levy rocks to Long Look Out Point, and also to the northward of Lyttelton Heads. During the winter months fish are not very plentiful, but some fairly good hauls are made even made at this part of the year. In the summer months the trawlers get some large hauls of flat fish. The financial results are not always as good as the demand for fish in Christchurch seems to warrant. The market fluctuates very considerably, and one best flat fish at times bring very poor prices.*

***Grey River Argus*, 2 November 1910, Page 1:** *YOUNG MAN DROWNED.*

*(By : Telegraph — Per Press Association)*

*NAPIER, Oct- 31. John William Dephoff, a single man aged 31 years, employed on the trawler* Muriel*, fell overboard yesterday and was drowned. The body was recovered later.*

## Sumner Bar stranding

At 7:20 p.m. on 7 October 1937, *Muriel* was returning from the Motunau fishing grounds. Two hours out from Lyttelton, on a smooth sea, *Muriel* ran into fog. She was moving inwards to pick up the Godley Head signal. She then struck Sumner Bar, Christchurch. One of the rudder chains carried away and she was helpless.

High tide aided the launch of the Sumner Lifeboat Institution's vessel *Rescue 2*. The crew were safely removed and she was abandoned until 7:00 a.m. the next morning. *Muriel* was later dismantled after many failed salvage attempts. A court of inquiry found that *Muriel* went ashore in dense fog. They considered the master's positions and ordered him to pay 10 pounds 10 towards the cost of the inquiry.

## *Muriel* stranding timetable

5:00am- *Muriel* leaves for Motunau Fishing Grounds

6:00am- JOURNEY TO MOTUNAU

7:00am- JOURNEY TO MOTUNAU

8:00am- JOURNEY TO MOTUNAU

9:00am- *Muriel* arrives at Motunau and commences trawling

10:00am- MOTUNAU TRAWLING

11:00am- MOTUNAU TRAWLING

12:00pm- MOTUNAU TRAWLING

1:00pm- MOTUNAU TRAWLING

2:00pm- MOTUNAU TRAWLING

3:00pm- MOTUNAU TRAWLING

4:00pm- William Stephen decides to head back to port 4:45pm- Weather thickened and land could not be seen

5:00pm- VOYAGE TO HOME PORT CONTINUES 5:30pm- William checks course and is on course

6:00pm- Thick fog sets in. Light southeast wind 6:30pm- Engines at full speed 6:30pm–7:00pm- Skipper expects to hear Godley Head′s fog signal. He also doubts the vessel′s position and alters course.

7:00pm- *Muriel* running at half speed ca. 7:20pm- *Muriel* strikes Sumner Bar at 3 to 4 knots

8:00pm- RESCUE ATTEMPTS CONTINUE

9:00pm- Crew abandoned ship in a lifeboat

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Muriel* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Muriel* |
| Owner | P Feron & Sons |
| Builder | Messrs Lane & Sons, Totara North |
| Fate | Ran aground 7 October 1937 at Christchurch, New Zealand |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Fishing trawler |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | 64.7 ft (19.7 m) |
| Beam | 16.2 ft (4.9 m) |
| Installed power | 18 hp (13 kW) engines |


title: Pinker Pinker

abstract: Pinker Pinker was a notable Australian thoroughbred racehorse. A daughter of Reset (AUS) from the mare Miss Marion (AUS), she was foaled in 2007 and was trained throughout her career by Greg Eurell. Pinker Pinker showed above average ability from an early age with Group 1 placings in the AJC Oaks and Epsom Handicap. Her biggest win was in the 2011 Cox Plate when ridden by Craig Williams. In April 2012, when being prepared for the Queen of the Turf Stakes she suffered anaphylactic shock following an injection from veterinary staff and died.

text:
# Pinker Pinker

**Pinker Pinker** was a notable Australian thoroughbred racehorse.

A daughter of Reset (AUS) from the mare Miss Marion (AUS), she was foaled in 2007 and was trained throughout her career by Greg Eurell.

Pinker Pinker showed above average ability from an early age with Group 1 placings in the AJC Oaks and Epsom Handicap.

Her biggest win was in the 2011 Cox Plate when ridden by Craig Williams.

In April 2012, when being prepared for the Queen of the Turf Stakes she suffered anaphylactic shock following an injection from veterinary staff and died.

## InfoBox

| Pinker Pinker | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Reset |
| Grandsire | Zabeel |
| Dam | Miss Marion |
| Damsire | Success Express |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | (2007-08-28)28 August 2007 |
| Died | 4 April 2012(2012-04-04) (aged 4) |
| Country | Australia |
| Colour | Bay or Brown |
| Trainer | Greg Eurell |
| Record | 18: 6-3-2 |
| Earnings | A$2,609,368 |
| Major wins | |
| W S Cox Plate (2011)
Angus Armanasco Stakes (2011)
Let's Elope Stakes (2011)
Schweppervescence Trophy (2011) | |


title: Nuba (album)

abstract: Nuba is an album by American jazz drummer Andrew Cyrille, vocalist Jeanne Lee, and saxophonist Jimmy Lyons, recorded in 1979 for the Italian Black Saint label. The two versions of "Nuba" are based on Jeanne Lee's poem "Nuba", written in June 1979 and dedicated to Lyons and Cyrille. "In These Last Days" is a setting of Lee's 1973 poem of the same name, from her collection "The Valley of Astonishment and Bewilderment." The texts of both poems are included in the liner notes, and the opening lines of "Nuba" appear on the album cover preceding the title.

text:
# Nuba (album)

***Nuba*** is an album by American jazz drummer Andrew Cyrille, vocalist Jeanne Lee, and saxophonist Jimmy Lyons, recorded in 1979 for the Italian Black Saint label.

The two versions of "Nuba" are based on Jeanne Lee's poem "Nuba", written in June 1979 and dedicated to Lyons and Cyrille. "In These Last Days" is a setting of Lee's 1973 poem of the same name, from her collection "The Valley of Astonishment and Bewilderment." The texts of both poems are included in the liner notes, and the opening lines of "Nuba" appear on the album cover preceding the title.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz & Blues Album Guide* |  |
| *Tom Hull – on the Web* | B+ |

The AllMusic review by Ron Wynn stated: "Those seeking a standard trio or straight jazz date are advised to look elsewhere; there was nothing conventional or predictable about this one". The authors of *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* awarded the album 4 stars, and wrote: "this highly lyrical album is almost a miniature opera, developing the ideas on Cyrille's astonishing solo record, *What About?*, which finds him vocalizing – albeit without words – the pain and frustration of the black experience in America. Lyons's calm and stoical approach is the perfect conduit for this music, and both men seem to be working at the opposite extreme from the fierce abstraction of the \[Cecil\] Taylor group."

In his article "Jeanne Lee's Voice," writer Eric Porter analyzes Lee's poetry and performance in "In These Last Days," placing it in the context of her commitment to social change. He acknowledges that analysis of the poem's text is incomplete without taking into account "how Lee improvises the poem in performance, for it is her intonation, her repetition and elongation of words and syllables, her screams and nonlinguistic utterances, and her interactions with the other instrumentalists on the piece that allow us to better understand how her improvising voice and body may also have been engaged in a less evident kind of tactical work both in its social moment and in relation to the wider system of meanings embedded in improvisational practices." Porter notes that the first half of the poem expresses an urgency that situates the text within the social crises and struggles that occurred in the United States during the 1960s and 70s, but recognizes the optimism of the closing lines, which may be read as a statement of Lee's ongoing focus on family and on using music to initiate social transformation: "There is great joy / in being / Naima's Mother / and unassailable strength in being on the Way."

## Track listing

*All compositions by Andrew Cyrille except as indicated* 1. "Nuba 1" – 7:27
2. "Cornbread Picnic (Maize)" – 4:58
3. "The One Before Zero" – 5:23
4. "JJ&A" (Andrew Cyrille, Jeanne Lee, Jimmy Lyons) – 5:12
5. "In These Last Days" (Lee) – 7:35
6. "Sorry" (Lyons) – 6:58
7. "Nuba 2" – 7:50

* Recorded at Fontana Studio 7 in Milano, Italy in June 1979

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Nuba | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Andrew Cyrille, Jeanne Lee & Jimmy Lyons | |
| Released | 1979 |
| Recorded | June 1979 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 45:23 |
| Label | Black Saint |
| Producer | Giacomo Pellicciotti |
| Andrew Cyrille chronology | |
| *Metamusicians' Stomp*
(1978) ***Nuba***
(1979) *Special People*
(1980) | |


title: Virginia Board of Public Works

abstract: The Virginia Board of Public Works was a governmental agency which oversaw and helped finance the development of Virginia's transportation-related internal improvements during the 19th century. In that era, it was customary to invest public funds in private companies, which were the forerunners of the public service and utility companies of modern times. The state often invested in up to 40% of the stock to build turnpikes, toll bridges, canals, and water and rail transportation enterprises. A January 2, 1822, House Report from the Committee on Roads and Canals noted that Virginia, in 1816, enacted a law, creating a board of public works, with power to appoint engineers and surveyors, and, also, creating a fund, to be applied exclusively to the rendering navigable, and uniting by canals, the principal rivers, and more intimately connecting, by means of public highways, the different parts of the commonwealth.

text:
# Virginia Board of Public Works

The **Virginia Board of Public Works** was a governmental agency which oversaw and helped finance the development of Virginia's transportation-related internal improvements during the 19th century. In that era, it was customary to invest public funds in private companies, which were the forerunners of the public service and utility companies of modern times. The state often invested in up to 40% of the stock to build turnpikes, toll bridges, canals, and water and rail transportation enterprises. A January 2, 1822, House Report from the Committee on Roads and Canals noted that

> Virginia, in 1816, enacted a law, creating a board of public works, with power to appoint engineers and surveyors, and, also, creating a fund, to be applied exclusively to the rendering navigable, and uniting by canals, the principal rivers, and more intimately connecting, by means of public highways, the different parts of the commonwealth.

## Claudius Crozet: Virginia's State Engineer

Claudius Crozet (1789–1864), a civil engineer and educator who helped found the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), was Principal Engineer and later Chief Engineer of the Board of Public Works. He was involved with the planning and construction of many of the canals, turnpikes, bridges, and railroads in Virginia, including the area which is now West Virginia. Of the many people who helped build Virginia's transportation infrastructure, Crozet is one of the better-known individuals. His work in the Antebellum period was exceptionally well-documented.

## Massive state debt

In 1861, with the onset of the American Civil War, Virginia's investments in "Public Works" was interrupted. The State had purchased a total of $48,000,000 worth of stock in turnpike, toll bridge, canal, and water and rail transportation enterprises.

After the War, many of the improvements had been destroyed but the debt remained to be paid. This state debt became a major issue during Reconstruction, including questions about an apportionment to the newly created State of West Virginia. Politicians Harrison H. Riddleberger of Woodstock, an attorney, and former Confederate Major General William Mahone, a railroad builder, organized the Readjuster Party largely based upon this issue. Their coalition of newly enfranchised blacks, Republicans, and Conservative Democrats was a factor in state politics, electing William E. Cameron as governor, and sending both Riddleberger and later Mahone to the U.S. Congress. Mahone held a powerful swing vote in the U.S. Senate during the short administration of President James A. Garfield, who was assassinated. By the 1890s, the Readjusters were no longer a major force, and Conservative Democrats ruled Virginia until the late 1960s.

Virginia's infrastructure debt issue with West Virginia was finally resolved in 1915, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that West Virginia owed Virginia $12,393,929.50. The final installment of this sum was paid off in 1939.

## Shift from financing to regulatory role, creation of SCC

After the American Civil War, the Board's role shifted from financing to a regulatory role, as the rebuilding and expansion of the railroads were financed largely by Northern interests. The canals and turnpikes under the Board's authority declined as shipping shifted to the newer technology. The Board of Public Works was replaced by the Virginia General Assembly with a new agency, the Virginia State Corporation Commission in 1903.

## Historical archives

Hundreds of plans and drawings of the Board of Public Works have been retained in the archives of the Library of Virginia. Many are available for viewing on-line through the Internet.

The Library of Virginia's official website notes: "Few collections in other archival institutions are comparable. Over the years, researchers have used the records for many purposes. Maps, plans, and correspondence relating to canals have aided in the restoration of canal locks and other surviving canal features. Records relating to turnpikes and railroads assisted in resolving right-of-way questions. Field survey notes help identify changes in topography and aid in the location of archaeological sites. Surprising as it may seem, sketches made in the 1830s and 1850s of county boundaries are still consulted today."

## InfoBox

Virginia Board of Public Works
| Agency overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Formed | February 5, 1816 (1816-02-05) |
| Dissolved | February 28, 1903 (1903-02-28) |
| Jurisdiction | Virginia |
| Headquarters | Richmond, Virginia |
| Parent department | Governor of Virginia |


title: Unity Buildings

abstract: The Unity Buildings in Liverpool, England consist of the 86 m (282 ft) tall Unity Residential and 64 m (210 ft) Unity Commercial. They are respectively 27 and 16 storeys tall and the city's eighth and thirteenth tallest buildings. The buildings are located immediately within Liverpool city centre on Chapel Street and were completed in 2007. As the names suggest, the taller of the two towers consists primarily of flats and residential units, whilst the smaller tower is primarily office space. The residential tower contains 162 residential units of mainly two and three bedroom duplex apartments, as well as a residents' gym and underground parking. Prior to the construction of the Unity Buildings, another project was tipped for development on the same site. The 145 metres (476 ft) 40 storey building was to be called 'Capital Exchange', however it was scrapped in favour of the Unity Buildings.

text:
# Unity Buildings

The **Unity Buildings** in Liverpool, England consist of the 86 m (282 ft) tall **Unity Residential** and 64 m (210 ft) **Unity Commercial**. They are respectively 27 and 16 storeys tall and the city's eighth and thirteenth tallest buildings (although typically speaking, the towers are one entity as they are both connected to one another). The buildings are located immediately within Liverpool city centre on Chapel Street and were completed in 2007. As the names suggest, the taller of the two towers consists primarily of flats and residential units, whilst the smaller tower is primarily office space. The residential tower contains 162 residential units of mainly two and three bedroom duplex apartments, as well as a residents' gym and underground parking. Prior to the construction of the Unity Buildings, another project was tipped for development on the same site. The 145 metres (476 ft) 40 storey building was to be called 'Capital Exchange', however it was scrapped in favour of the Unity Buildings.

## Awards

The Unity Buildings alongside Palestra in London won the Royal Institute of British Architects' annual tall buildings awards in 2007, the RIBA described the towers as follows: "arrangement minimises any interruption to views of the Mersey and allows Unity, with its Dazzle Camouflage patterns."

Media related to Unity Buildings at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Unity Buildings | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Mixed use |
| Location | Liverpool, England, United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 53°24′28″N 2°59′41″W / 53.4078°N 2.9947°W / 53.4078; -2.9947 |
| Construction started | 2004 |
| Completed | 2007 |
| Height | |
| Roof | 86 metres (282 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 27 and 16 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Allford Hall Monaghan Morris |


title: Pelecystola

abstract: Pelecystola is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tineidae.

text:
# Pelecystola

***Pelecystola*** is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tineidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pelecystola* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pelecystola nearctica* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Genus: | ***Pelecystola***<br>Meyrick, 1920 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Zularcha* Meyrick, 1937 * *Neurozestis* Meyrick, 1938 | |


title: Philcade Building

abstract: The Philcade Building is an office building in downtown Tulsa, Oklahoma at the southeast corner of East 5th Street and South Boston Avenue. Designed by Leon B. Senter, for oilman Waite Phillips, it was begun in 1929 and completed in 1931. It is noted for its Art Deco zigzag style architecture. The building was listed in the National Register on September 18, 1986, under National Register Criterion C. Its NRIS number is 86002196. It is also a contributing property of the Oil Capital Historic District in Tulsa. Initially named the Philcade, which was derived from the name of the owner, the building was renamed the Stanolind Building, after the company bought the building from Phillips in 1942. Stanolind was a subsidiary of Standard Oil Company (Indiana). It became the Amoco North Building after Amoco bought Standard Oil Company (Indiana) and renamed all of its subsidiaries with the Amoco trade name, and the 501 Boston Building. The Tulsa Preservation Commission identified the building location as 515 South Boston Avenue, which disagrees with other sources. The name Philcade has returned to popular usage.

text:
# Philcade Building

The **Philcade Building** is an office building in downtown Tulsa, Oklahoma at the southeast corner of East 5th Street and South Boston Avenue. Designed by Leon B. Senter, for oilman Waite Phillips, it was begun in 1929 and completed in 1931. It is noted for its Art Deco zigzag style architecture. The building was listed in the National Register on September 18, 1986, under National Register Criterion C. Its NRIS number is 86002196. It is also a contributing property of the Oil Capital Historic District in Tulsa.

Initially named the Philcade, which was derived from the name of the owner, the building was renamed the **Stanolind Building**, after the company bought the building from Phillips in 1942. Stanolind was a subsidiary of Standard Oil Company (Indiana). It became the **Amoco North Building** after Amoco bought Standard Oil Company (Indiana) and renamed all of its subsidiaries with the Amoco trade name, and the **501 Boston Building**. The Tulsa Preservation Commission identified the building location as 515 South Boston Avenue, which disagrees with other sources. The name Philcade has returned to popular usage.

## Building description

The Philcade was designed to complement the Philtower Building, which stood directly across 5th Street and was also owned initially by Waite Phillips.The Philcade's architectural style is said to be Art Deco Zigzag style, while the Philtower is listed as Gothic Revival. The Philcade is 13 stories tall (not including the penthouse that was added later), and covered with buff brick. The first three stories on the north side have a terra cotta facing. The ground floor, mezzanine and second floor were designed to house retail stores. Office suites filled the building from the third story up. The NRHP application for the building says that it actually had 13 stories plus a penthouse. The latter was added in 1937, and designed to be a private residence for Waite Phillips and his wife.

### Exterior design

The building went through several major design changes before its completion. Phillips originally planned for it to be six stories tall. He then changed the height to nine stories, and finally increased it to 13 stories. Above the second floor, the office tower had a cross section shaped like an "H", with the wings extending north and south. The recessed area between the wings created a light well that provided ventilation as well as light to the inner offices.

The exterior of the ground floor, mezzanine and second floor are covered with terra cotta. Exterior ornamentation on these floors reflect French Moderne design, featuring stylized flora and fauna, Egyptian motifs, and naturalistic forms. The terra cotta roofline also has Egyptian style decoration. The main entrances to the building have Egyptian style columns that extend to the second floor. The columns stop at a horizontal terra cotta beam which bears a crest with the initials "WP" surrounded by carved vines, fruits and flowers.

### 1937 modification

In 1937, Phillips had the open light well on the south enclosed and topped by the penthouse that would become the Phillips' residence. Waite and his wife lived there after they decided to donate their mansion, Villa Philbrook, to the city of Tulsa. The mansion became the home of the Philbrook Museum of Art. The cooling towers for the Philcade's air conditioning system were placed atop the two wings extending north, so that they could not be seen easily from the street level.

### Interior design

The Philcade may be better known for its interior design, especially its lavishly decorated lobby. Marble pilasters support a plaster frieze, covered with gold leaf, at the mezzanine. The arched ceiling is decorated with geometric designs that are hand painted in red, blue, green, purple, and brown. The ceiling is trimmed with gold leaf. Bronze filagree chandeliers hang from the center of each ceiling design.

Floors 3 to 13 were devoted to multi-use office suites, having repetitive designs and lacking significant architectural detail. The penthouse, added in 1937, has 23 rooms, containing 4,000 square feet (370 m2) of space. Rooms in the penthouse residence have walls paneled with hardwood and Art Deco type details. The Phillips moved in about the time they donated their Villa Philbrook to Tulsa as a museum.

### Connecting tunnel

The Philcade and the Philtower are connected by a tunnel built in 1929 that runs beneath 5th Street, a distance of 80 feet (24 m). The reason given was to facilitate moving freight between the two buildings. Some sources have said that Waite Phillips feared that he might be kidnapped by gangsters while walking between his home and his office, and that the tunnel would offer him more security. It was not an unreasonable fear, because there had already been instances in other cities where wealthy men were kidnapped off streets and held for ransom.

This tunnel was the first such built in Tulsa. More would be constructed during the next decade, connecting with other important buildings. The tunnel remained open for general usage for many years. The tunnel door beneath the Philcade is now locked at all times, making this segment closed to the public.

## InfoBox

| Philcade Building | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former names | Philcade Building, Stanolind Building, Amoco North Building, 501 South Boston Building |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Art Deco Zigzag style |
| Address | 5th Street and Boston Avenue (southeast corner) |
| Town or city | Tulsa, Oklahoma |
| Country | US |
| Coordinates | 36°09′05″N 95°59′19″W / 36.1515°N 95.9887°W / 36.1515; -95.9887 |
| Groundbreaking | 1929 |
| Completed | 1931 |
| Renovated | 1937 (major addition floors 313 and penthouse) |
| Height | 167 feet |
| Technical details | |
| Material | Reinforced concrete |
| Floor count | 13 (excluding penthouse) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Leon B. Senter |
| Architecture firm | Smith & Senter |
|  | |
|  | |
| Philcade Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Part of | Oil Capital Historic District (ID10001013) |
| NRHP reference No. | 86002196 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 18, 1986 |
| Designated CP | December 13, 2010 |
|  | |


title: Percy Francis (footballer)

abstract: Percy Ollivant Francis was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Derby County.

text:
# Percy Francis (footballer)

**Percy Ollivant Francis** (9 January 1875–1947) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Derby County.

## InfoBox

Percy Francis
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Percy Ollivant Francis | | |
| Date of birth | 9 January 1875 | | |
| Place of birth | Derby, England | | |
| Date of death | 1947 (aged 7172) | | |
| Position(s) | Inside Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1893–1896 | Derby County | 16 | (6) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Xanthia togata

abstract: Xanthia togata, the pink-barred sallow, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is a Holarctic species, and is found throughout Europe and east through the Palearctic to Central Asia, and Siberia up to the Ussuri. The distribution area includes the United States and Canada. It was first described by the German entomologist Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper in 1788 from the type specimen in Germany

text:
# Xanthia togata

***Xanthia togata***, the **pink-barred sallow**, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is a Holarctic species, and is found throughout Europe and east through the Palearctic to Central Asia, and Siberia up to the Ussuri. The distribution area includes the United States and Canada. It was first described by the German entomologist Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper in 1788 from the type specimen in Germany

## Life-cycle

### Imago

Forewing deep yellow, the markings purplish brown; a blotch on costa beyond basal line; inner line wavy, interrupted; median shade curved, interrupted; outer line double, lunulate dentate, the space including median and outer lines shaded with purplish; orbicular stigma yellow, marked only by one or two reddish points; reniform yellow with its upper part slightly and its lower completely marked with purplish; the interval between the stigmata a purplish blotch; submarginal line indicated only by purplish spots; fringe yellow chequered with purplish; hindwing yellowish white, more yellow along termen, often showing a dark grey outer line; *ochreago* Bkh. \[Type\] differs only in having a red central band instead of the purplish brown one, —in *togata* Esp. \[Type\] the median and double outer lines remain clear without any dark suffusion. The wingspan is 27–30 mm. and the length of the forewings is 13–16 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is deep yellow. There is a purple, variable in width median fascia extending from the costa. Antemedian and post median lines are reduced to purple dots. The irregular subterminal line is also reduced to a series of small dark dots. The hindwings are pale yellowish white, darker in the outer field. Very similar to *Xanthia icteritia* but the median fascia is complete and *togata* is distinguished from the *icteritia* by the purple pigmentation of the head and shoulders. The moth flies from August to October depending on the location.

### Ova

The pale-brown eggs are a flattened sphere, with relatively few ribs which are more prominent above the equator. They are laid in small rows and inserted behind the buds of sallows (*Salix* species) or poplar (*Populus* species). The moth overwinters as an egg.

### Larva

Larva brownish grey, dotted with red and yellow; dorsal line pale, with darker edges, but obscure; spiracular line broadly pale. They feed at first in the catkins, which are usually the first to fall. The later instars feeds on the leaves of herbaceous plants. Before pupating the larva aestivates for a few weeks. The larva is similar to the sallow (*X. icteritia*) and should be bred for confirmation.

## InfoBox

| Pink-barred sallow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Xanthia* |
| Species: | ***X. togata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthia togata***<br>(Esper, 1788) | |
|