abstract: The Writers Guild Award for Best Written Comedy was an award presented from 1949 to 1984 by the Writers Guild of America, after which it was discontinued.

text:
# Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written Comedy

The **Writers Guild Award for Best Written Comedy** was an award presented from 1949 to 1984 by the Writers Guild of America, after which it was discontinued.

## Winners & Nominees

### Notes

* The year indicates when the film was released. The awards were presented the following year.

### 1940s

| Year | Film | Writer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1948 (1st) | ***Sitting Pretty*** | **F. Hugh Herbert** |
| | *A Foreign Affair* | Charles Brackett, Billy Wilder, and Richard L. Breen |
| | *Apartment for Peggy* | George Seaton |
| | *I Remember Mama* | Dewitt Bodeen |
| | *June Bride* | Ranald Macdougall |
| | *Miss Tatlock's Millions* | Charles Brackett, and Richard L. Breen |
| | *No Minor Vices* | Arnold Manoff |
| | *The Mating of Millie* | Louella MacFarlane, and St. Clair McKelway |
| | *The Paleface* | Edmund L. Hartmann, Frank Tashlin, and Jack Rose |
| 1949 (2nd) | ***A Letter to Three Wives*** | **Joseph L. Mankiewicz** |
| | *Adam's Rib* | Ruth Gordon, and Garson Kanin |
| | *Come to the Stable* | Oscar Millard, and Sally Benson |
| | *Every Girl Should Be Married* | Stephen Morehouse Avery |
| | *I Was a Male War Bride* | Charles Lederer, Leonard Spigel, and Hagar Wilde |
| | *It Happens Every Spring* | Valentine Davies |
|

### 1950s

| Year | Film | Writer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 (3rd) | ***All About Eve*** | **Joseph L. Mankiewicz** |
| | *Adam's Rib* | Ruth Gordon, and Garson Kanin |
| | *Born Yesterday* | Albert Mannheimer |
| | *Father of the Bride* | Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett |
| | *The Jackpot* | Phoebe Ephron, and Henry Ephron |
| 1951 (4th) | ***Father's Little Dividend*** | **Albert Hackett, and Frances Goodrich** |
| | *Angels in the Outfield* | Dorothy Kingsley, and George Wells |
| | *People Will Talk* | Joseph L. Mankiewicz |
| | *That's My Boy* | Cy Howard |
| | *You're in the Navy Now* | Richard Murphy |
| 1952 (5th) | ***The Quiet Man*** | **Frank Nugent** |
| | *Pat and Mike* | Ruth Gordon, and Garson Kanin |
| | *Room for One More* | Jack Rose, and Melville Shavelson |
| | *The Happy Time* | Earl Felton |
| | *The Marrying Kind* | Ruth Gordon, and Garson Kanin |
| 1953 (6th) | ***Roman Holiday*** | **Ian McLellan Hunter, Dalton Trumbo, and John Dighton** |
| | *How to Marry a Millionaire* | Nunnally Johnson |
| | *Stalag 17* | Billy Wilder, and Edwin Blum |
| | *The Actress* | Ruth Gordon |
| | *The Moon Is Blue* | F. Hugh Herbert |
| 1954 (7th) | ***Sabrina*** | **Billy Wilder, Samuel Taylor, and Ernest Lehman** |
| | *It Should Happen to You* | Garson Kanin |
| | *Knock on Wood* | Melvin Frank, and Norman Panama |
| | *Susan Slept Here* | Alex Gottlieb |
| | *The Long, Long Trailer* | Albert Hackett, and Frances Goodrich |
| 1955 (8th) | ***Mister Roberts*** | **Frank S. Nugent, and Joshua Logan** |
| | *Phffft* | George Axelrod |
| | *The Seven Year Itch* | Billy Wilder, and George Axelroad |
| | *The Tender Trap* | Julius J. Epstein |
| | *To Catch a Thief* | John Michael Hayes |
| 1956 (9th) | ***Around the World in 80 Days*** | **James Poe, John Farrow, and S. J. Perelman** |
| | *Bus Stop* | George Axelrod |
| | *Full of Life* | John Fante |
| | *The Solid Gold Cadillac* | Abe Burrows |
| | *The Teahouse of the August Moon* | John Patrick |
| 1957 (10th) | ***Love in the Afternoon*** | **Billy Wilder, and I.A.L. Diamond** |
| | *Designing Woman* | George Wells |
| | *Don't Go Near the Water* | Dorothy Kingsley, and George Wells |
| | *Operation Mad Ball* | Arthur Carter, Jed Harris, and Blake Edwards |
| | *Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?* | Frank Tashlin |
| 1958 (11th) | ***Me and the Colonel*** | **S.N. Behrman, and George Froeschel** |
| | *Houseboat* | Melville Shavelson, and Jack Rose |
| | *Indiscreet* | Norman Krasna |
| | *Teacher's Pet* | Fay Kanin, and Michael Kanin |
| | *The Reluctant Debutante* | William Douglas-Home, and Julius J. Epstein |
| 1959 (12th) | ***Some Like It Hot*** | **Billy Wilder, and I.A.L. Diamond** |
| | *A Hole in the Head* | Arnold Schulman |
| | *North by Northwest* | Ernest Lehman |
| | *Operation Petticoat* | Stanley Shapiro, and Maurice Richlin |
| | *Pillow Talk* | Stanley Shapiro, and Maurice Richlin |
|

### 1960s

| Year | Film | Writer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 (13th) | ***The Apartment*** | **Billy Wilder, and I.A.L. Diamond** |
| | *North to Alaska* | Martin Rackin, John Lee Mahin, and Claude Binyon |
| | *Ocean's 11* | Harry Brown, and Charles Lederer |
| | *Please Don't Eat the Daisies* | Isobel Lennart |
| | *The Facts of Life* | Norman Panama, and Melvin Frank |
| 1961 (14th) | ***Breakfast at Tiffany's*** | **George Axelrod** |
| | *A Majority of One,* | Leonard Spigelgass |
| | *One, Two, Three* | Billy Wilder, and I.A.L. Diamond |
| | *The Absent Minded Professor* | Bill Walsh |
| | *The Parent Trap* | David Swift |
| 1962 (15th) | ***That Touch of Mink*** | **Nate Monaster and Stanley Shapiro** |
| | *Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation* | Nunnally Johnson |
| | *The Notorious Landlady* | Blake Edwards, and Larry Gelbart |
| | *Period of Adjustment* | Isobel Lennart |
| | *The Pigeon That Took Rome* | Melville Shavelson |
| 1963 (16th) | ***Lilies of the Field*** | **James Poe** |
| | *Charade* | Peter Stone |
| | *Irma la Douce* | I.A.L. Diamond, and Billy Wilder |
| | *Love with the Proper Stranger* | Arnold Schulman |
| | *The Thrill of It All* | Carl Reiner |
| 1964 (17th) | ***Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb*** | **Stanley Kubrick, Peter George, and Terry Southern** |
| | *Father Goose,* | Peter Stone, and Frank Tarloff |
| | *The Pink Panther* | Maurice Richlin, and Blake Edwards |
| | *The World of Henry Orient* | Nora Johnson, and Nunnally Johnson |
| | *Topkapi* | Monja Danischewsky |
| 1965 (18th) | ***A Thousand Clowns*** | **Herb Gardner** |
| | *Cat Ballou* | Walter Newman, and Frank Pierson |
| | *That Darn Cat!* | Mildred Gordon, Gordon Gordon, and Bill Walsh |
| | *The Great Race* | Arthur A. Ross |
| | *What's New Pussycat* | Woody Allen |
| 1966 (19th) | ***The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming*** | **William Rose** |
| | *How to Steal a Million* | Harry Kurnitz |
| | *Our Man Flint* | Hal Fimberg, and Ben Starr |
| | *The Fortune Cookie* | Billy Wilder, and I.A.L. Diamond |
| | *You're a Big Boy Now* | Francis Ford Coppola |
| 1967 (20th) | ***The Graduate*** | **Buck Henry, and Calder Willingham** |
| | *Barefoot in the Park* | Neil Simon |
| | *Divorce American Style* | Norman Lear |
| | *The Flim-Flam Man* | William Rose |
| | *A Guide for the Married Man* | Frank Tarloff |
| 1968 (21st) | ***The Odd Couple*** | **Neil Simon** |
| | *Hot Millions* | Ira Wallach, and Peter Ustinov |
| | *I Love You, Alice B. Toklas!* | Paul Mazursky, and Larry Tucker |
| | *The Producers* | Mel Brooks |
| | *Yours, Mine and Ours* | Melville Shavelson, and Mort Lachman |
| 1969
(22nd) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***Goodbye, Columbus*** | **Arnold Schulman** |
| | *Cactus Flower* | I.A.L. Diamond |
| | *Gaily, Gaily* | Abram S. Ginnes |
| | *John and Marty* | John Mortimer |
| | *The Reivers* | Irving Ravetch, and Harriet Frank Jr. |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice*** | **Paul Mazursky and Larry Tucker** |
| | *If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium* | David Shaw |
| | *Popi* | Tina Pine, and Lester Pine |
| | *Support Your Local Sheriff* | William Bowers |
| | *Take the Money and Run* | Woody Allen, and Mickey Rose |
|

### 1970s

| Year | Film | Writer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1970
(23rd) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***M\*A\*S\*H*** | **Ring Lardner Jr.** |
| | *Lovers and Other Strangers* | Renée Taylor, Joseph Bologna, David Zelag Goodman |
| | *The Owl and the Pussycat* | Buck Henry |
| | *The Twelve Chairs* | Mel Brooks |
| | *Where's Poppa* | Robert Klane |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***The Out-of-Towners*** | **Neil Simon** |
| | *The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes* | Billy Wilder, and I.A.L. Diamond |
| | *Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronk* | Gabriel Walsh |
| | *Start the Revolution Without Me* | Fred Freeman, and Lawrence J. Cohen |
| | *The Cheyenne Social Club* | James Lee Barrett |
| 1971
(24th) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***Kotch*** | **John Paxton** |
| | *A New Leaf* | Elaine May |
| | *Fiddler on the Roof* | Joseph Stein |
| | *Little Murders* | Jules Feiffer |
| | *The Boy Friend* | Ken Russell |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***The Hospital*** | **Paddy Chayefsky** |
| | *Bananas* | Woody Allen, and Mickey Rose |
| | *Carnal Knowledge* | Jules Feiffer |
| | *Made for Each Other* | Renée Taylor, and Joseph Bologna |
| | *Taking Off* | Miloṡ Forman, Jean-Claude Carrière, John Guare, and Jon Klein |
| 1972
(25th) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***Cabaret*** | **Jay Presson Allen** |
| | *Avanti!* | Billy Wilder, and I.A.L. Diamond |
| | *Butterflies Are Free* | Leonard Gershe |
| | *The Heartbreak Kid* | Neil Simon |
| | *Travels with My Aunt* | Jay Presson Allen, and Hugh Wheeler |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***What's Up, Doc?*** | **Peter Bogdanovich, Buck Henry, David Newman, and Robert Benton** |
| | *Get to Know Your Rabbit* | Jordan Crittenden |
| | *Hammersmith Is Out* | Stanford Whitmore |
| | *Minnie and Moskowitz* | John Cassavetes |
| | *The War Between Men and Women* | Melville Shavelson, and Danny Arnold |
| 1973
(26th) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***Paper Moon*** | **Alvin Sargent** |
| | *40 Carats* | Leonard Gershe |
| | *Godspell* | David Greenne, and John-Michael Tebelak |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***A Touch of Class*** | **Melvin Frank and Jack Rose** |
| | *American Graffiti* | George Lucas, Gloria Katz, and Willard Huyck |
| | *Blume in Love* | Paul Mazursky |
| | *Sleeper* | Woody Allen, and Marshall Brickman |
| | *Slither* | W.D. Richter |
| 1974
(27th) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz*** | **Mordecai Richler, and Lionel Chetwynd** |
| | *The Front Page* | Billy Wilder, and I.A.L. Diamond |
| | *Young Frankenstein* | Gene Wilder, and Mel Brooks |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***Blazing Saddles*** | **Mel Brooks, Norman Steinberg, Andrew Bergman, Richard Pryor, and Alan Uger** |
| | *California Split* | Joseph Walsh |
| | *Claudine* | Tina Pine, and Lester Pine |
| | *Phantom of the Paradise* | Brian de Palma |
| | *The Sugarland Express* | Hal Barwood, Matthew Robbins, and Steven Spielberg |
| 1975
(28th) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***The Sunshine Boys*** | **Neil Simon** |
| | *Hester Street* | Joan Micklin Silver |
| | *The Prisoner of Second Avenue* | Neil Simon |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***Shampoo*** | **Robert Towne and Warren Beatty** |
| | *Heats of the West* | Rob Thompson |
| | *Smile* | Jerry Belson |
| | *The Return of the Pink Panther* | Frank Waldman, and Blake Edwards |
| 1976
(29th) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***The Pink Panther Strikes Again*** | **Frank Waldman, and Blake Edwards** |
| | *Family Plot* | Ernest Lehman |
| | *Stay Hungry* | Charles Gaines, and Bob Rafelson |
| | *The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings* | Hal Barwood, and Matthew Robbins |
| | *The Ritz* | Terrence McNally |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***The Bad News Bears*** | **Bill Lancaster** |
| | Murder by Death | Neil Simon |
| | *Next Stop, Greenwich Village* | Paul Mazursky |
| | *Silent Movie* | Mel Brooks, Ron Clark, Rudy De Luca, and Barry Levinson |
| | *Silver Streak* | Colin Higgins |
| 1977
(30th) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***Oh, God!*** | **Larry Gelbart** |
| | *The Spy Who Loved Me* | Christopher Wood, and Richard Maibaum |
| | *Semi-Tough* | Walter Bernstein |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***Annie Hall*** | **Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman** |
| | *Star Wars* | George Lucas |
| | *Slap Shot* | Nancy Dowd |
| | *The Goodbye Girl* | Neil Simon |
| 1978
(31st) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***Heaven Can Wait*** | **Elaine May, and Warren Beatty** |
| | *California Suite* | Neil Simon |
| | *Same Time, Next Year* | Bernard Slade |
| | *Superman* | Mario Puzo, David Newman, Leslie Newman, and Robert Benton |
| | *Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe?* | Peter Stone |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***Movie Movie*** | **Larry Gelbart and Sheldon Keller** |
| | *A Wedding* | John Considine, Patricia Resnick, Allan F. Nicholls, and Robert Altman |
| | *Animal House* | Harold Ramis, Douglas Kenney, and Chris Miller |
| | *House Calls* | Max Shulman, Julius J. Epstein, Alan Mandel, and Charles Shyer |
| | *Once in Paris...* | Frank D. Gilroy |
| 1979
(32nd) | Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium | |
| | ***Being There*** | **Jerzy Kosinski** |
| | *Starting Over* | James L. Brooks |
| | *A Little Romance* | Allan Burns |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***Breaking Away*** | **Steve Tesich** |
| | *10* | Blake Edwards |
| | *Manhattan* | Woody Allen, and Marshall Brickman |
|

### 1980s

| Year | Nominees | Writer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1980
(33rd) | Best Comedy Adapted from Other Another Medium | |
| | ***Airplane!*** | **Jim Abrahams, David Zucker, and Jerry Zucker** |
| | *Hopscotch* | Brian Garfield, and Bryan Forbes |
| | *Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back* | Leigh Brackett, and Lawrence Kasdan |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***Private Benjamin*** | **Nancy Meyers, Harvey Miller, and Charles Shyer** |
| | *Nine to Five* | Colin Higgins, and Patricia Resnick |
| | *Return of the Secaucus* | John Sayles |
| | *Stardust Memories* | Woody Allen |
| 1981
(34th) | Best Comedy Adapted from Other Another Medium | |
| | ***Rich and Famous*** | **Gerald Ayres** |
| | *For Your Eyes Only'* | Richard Maibaum, and Michael G. Wilson |
| | *First Monday in October* | Jerome Lawrence, and Robert E. Lee |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***Arthur*** | **Steve Gordon** |
| | *Raiders of the Lost Ark* | Lawrence Kasdan, George Lucas, and Philip Kaufman |
| | *S.O.B.* | Blake Edwards |
| | *The Four Seasons* | Alan Alda |
| 1982
(35th) | Best Comedy Adapted from Other Another Medium | |
| | ***Victor Victoria*** | **Blake Edwards** |
| | *Fast Times at Ridgemont High* | Cameron Crowe |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***Tootsie*** | **Don McGuire, Larry Gelbart, and Murray Schisgal** |
| | *Diner* | Barry Levinson |
| | *My Favorite Year* | Norman Steinberg, and Dennis Palumbo |
| 1983
(36th) | Best Comedy Adapted from Other Another Medium | |
| | ***Terms of Endearment*** | **James L. Brooks** |
| | *A Christmas Story* | Jean Shepherd, Leigh Brown, and Bob Clark |
| | *To Be or Not to Be* | Thomas Meehan, and Ronny Graham |
| | Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen | |
| | ***The Big Chill*** | **Lawrence Kasdan, and Barbara Benedek** |
| | *Risky Business* | Paul Brickman |
| | *Zelig* | Woody Allen |
|

## InfoBox

| Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written Comedy | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Film |
| Country | United States |
| Presented by | Writers Guild of America |
| First awarded | 1949 |
| Last awarded | 1984 |
| Website | http://www.wga.org/ |


abstract: Visa requirements for Slovenian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Slovenia by the authorities of other states. As of July 2024, Slovenian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 184 countries and territories, ranking the Slovenian passport 10th overall in terms of travel freedom, according to the Henley Passport Index.

text:
# Visa requirements for Slovenian citizens

**Visa requirements for Slovenian citizens** are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Slovenia by the authorities of other states. As of July 2024, Slovenian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 184 countries and territories, ranking the Slovenian passport 10th overall in terms of travel freedom (tied with passports from Iceland, Latvia and Slovakia), according to the Henley Passport Index.

## Visa requirements map

## Visa requirements

## Territories and disputed areas

Visa requirements for Slovenian citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas and restricted zones:

Europe Africa Asia Caribbean and North Atlantic Oceania South Atlantic and Antarctica

## Non-ordinary passports

Holders of various categories of official Slovenian passports have additional visa-free access to the following countries - **Azerbaijan** (diplomatic passports), **Cuba** (diplomatic or service passports), **Egypt** (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), **Indonesia** (diplomatic or service passports), **Kazakhstan** (diplomatic passports), **Libya** (diplomatic, official or service passports), **Russia** (diplomatic passports) and **Vietnam** (diplomatic or service passports). Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa-free access to **Cape Verde**, **Ethiopia**, **Mali** and **Zimbabwe**.

## Non-visa restrictions

### Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages. Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.

### Vaccination

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require *all* incoming passengers older than nine months to one year to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

### Passport validity length

Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.

However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens or even accept passports that have already expired (but *not* been cancelled).

Some countries, such as Japan, Ireland and the United Kingdom, require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives and South Africa.

### Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States, routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record, while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.

### *Persona non grata*

The government of a country can declare a diplomat *persona non grata*, banning them from entering the country or expelling them if they have already entered. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner *persona non grata* permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.

### Israeli stamps

Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Syria, and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

### Biometrics

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside.

Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan, Argentina, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Japan, Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken), Malaysia upon entry and departure, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Uganda, the United Arab Emirates and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its own legislation), intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa. The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders. In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.

## Right to consular protection in non-EU countries

When in a non-EU country where there is no Slovenian embassy, Slovenian citizens as EU citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country.

See also List of diplomatic missions of Slovenia.

1. Custom procedure for 24-hour visa-free transit is required in principle, except in Beijing (both Capital and Daxing), Shanghai Pudong, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu Tianfu and Xi'an if no leaving of international transit areas.
2.
3.
4. * Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    * Lantui - Baka (China)
    * Meuang mom - Wan Pong (Myanmar)
    * Tanalaeng Dry Port - Nongkai (Thailand)
    * Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    * Pakxan - Bungkan (Thailand)
    * Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    * Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    * Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    * Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    * Phoudou (Thailand)
    * Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    * Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
    * Lalai (Vietnam)
    * Pangmone - Phayao (Thailand)
    * Daktaock - Nam Giang (Vietnam)
    * Savannakhet Airport
5. * Vientiane
    * Savannakhet
    * Bokeo
6. * Vientiane
    * Savannakhet
    * Khammouane
    * Bokeo
7. * Samliemkham (Thailand and Myanmar)
    * Tanalaeng - Nongkai (Thailand)
    * Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    * Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    * Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    * Boten - Bo han (China)


title: Megat Burhainuddin

abstract: Megat Burhainuddin bin Megat Abdul Rahman was an ex Vice-Chancellor and Chief Executive Officer of Nilai University, as well as the Deputy Chairman of the St. John Council of Malaysia and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of St. John Ambulance of Malaysia.

text:
# Megat Burhainuddin

**Megat Burhainuddin bin Megat Abdul Rahman** was an ex Vice-Chancellor and Chief Executive Officer of Nilai University, as well as the Deputy Chairman of the St. John Council of Malaysia and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of St. John Ambulance of Malaysia.

## Career

After graduating from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Megat Burhainuddin has undergone specialty training in Public Health Medicine and served in the Government of Malaysia for 30 years as Public Health Medicine Specialist with special interest in Health Services Management Health Planning and Health Manpower Planning. Following this he attended other courses in several Universities, including Health Planning in University of Toronto, Canada; Health Economics in London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, Management Training in Central Officer Training Institute in Seoul, Korea, and Advanced Management in Harvard Business School, Harvard University, United States.

In the area of training he held the position of Director of the Institute of Public Health and Director of Training and Manpower Planning at the Ministry of Health. In Health Services Management he was appointed the Director of Kuala Lumpur Hospital during which he was responsible for smooth running and efficient management of the premier hospital and the National Referral Centre of the country's medical care system. Following this, he was responsible for planning for the Health Services of the country as Director of Planning and Development. The last appointment held in the Ministry of Health was the Deputy Director General of Health where he was given responsibility of coordinating the development of Medical Care Services.

After his retirement from the civil service and prior to his appointment at MAHSA University College, he was the Principal and Chief Executive Officer of Melaka-Manipal Medical College, an educational institution twinned with Manipal Academy of Higher Education, an established deemed University in India.

Megat Burhainuddin also has presented papers at both local and international level on varying topics in relation to Health Policy Formulation and Development; in particular, Health Economics and Financing; Health Technology Development and Health Manpower Development. He was appointed short-term consultant by international organizations, including W.H.O., in the field of Health Services Management, Health Planning and Human Resources Development including Training; and, I.D.R.C., Canada, in the field of Health Systems Research.

## Appointments

Megat Burhainuddin was a council member of the Malaysian Medical Council. As a council member, he has presided over a number of Preliminary Investigation Committees, including the probe into the possible misconduct on the post-mortem conducted on A. Kugan, a detainee who died in 2009 whilst in police custody.

He was also a Fellow of the Academy of Medicine Malaysia.

## Awards and honours

* Panglima Jasa Negara (P.J.N., which carries the title *Datuk*) - 1999
* Darjah Dato' Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP, which carries the title *Dato'*) - 1990
* Johan Setia Mahkota (J.S.M.) - 1991
* Kesatria Mangku Negara (K.M.N.) - 1987
* Commander (Brother) of the Order of St John (CStJ) - 1991
* Serving Brother of the Order of St John (SBStJ) - 1987

1. "Nilai University". *www.nilai.edu.my*.
2. "Organisational Structure - St. John Ambulance of Malaysia, National Headquarters". *www.sjam.org.my*.
3. ":: Malaysian Medical Council :: - Council Members". Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
4. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/4/18/nation/3721711&sec=nation%5B%5D
5. "Academy of Medicine of Malaysia - Fellows". *www.acadmed.org.my*.
6. "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat".
7. "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat".
8. "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat".

## InfoBox

| Yang Berbahagia Prof. Datuk Dr.Megat Burhainuddin bin Megat Abdul RahmanPJN DPMP JSM KMN | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Perak |
| Died | 13 February 2023<br>Hospital Ampang |
| Citizenship | Malaysian |
| Known for | Vice Chancellor of Nilai University |


title: Vastaamo data breach

abstract: Vastaamo was a Finnish private psychotherapy service provider founded in 2008. On 21 October 2020, Vastaamo announced that its patient database had been hacked. Private information obtained by the perpetrators was used in an attempt to extort Vastaamo and, later, its clients. The extorters demanded 40 bitcoins, roughly worth 450,000 euros at the time, and threatened to publish the records if the ransom was not paid. To add pressure to their demands, the extorters published hundreds of patient records a day on a Tor message board. After extortion of the company failed, the extorters sent emails to the clients whose data they had obtained, demanding that they pay ransoms in order to avoid publication of their sensitive personal data. These ransom demands were sent to roughly 30,000 victims. The company's security practices were found to be inadequate: the sensitive data was not encrypted and anonymized and the system root did not have a defined password. The patient records were first accessed by intruders in November 2018, while the security flaws continued to exist until March 2019. In December 2021, the Finnish Data Protection Authority (DPA) fined Vastaamo 608,000 euros for violating the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This cyber-attack became the biggest criminal case in Finland history. It also turned into an international scandal and a cyber-attack unprecedented in its scope due to the tactic called double extortion applied by the cyber criminals. On October 28, 2022, the National Bureau of Investigation named the suspect behind the breach as 25-year-old Aleksanteri Julius Kivimäki. Kivimäki was charged in absentia at Helsinki District Court for aggravated data breach, aggravated attempted extortion, aggravated distribution of information infringing private life, blackmail, breach of confidentiality and falsification of evidence. An arrest warrant was filed with Europol and Interpol against Kivimäki stating that he was in Dubai. In 2015, Kivimäki, then a member of Lizard Squad, was found guilty on over 50,000 counts of computer crime. Kivimäki was arrested in France on 3 February 2023. He was extradited to Finland on 24 February.

text:
# Vastaamo data breach

**Vastaamo** was a Finnish private psychotherapy service provider founded in 2008. On 21 October 2020, Vastaamo announced that its patient database had been hacked. Private information obtained by the perpetrators was used in an attempt to extort Vastaamo and, later, its clients. The extorters demanded 40 bitcoins, roughly worth 450,000 euros at the time, and threatened to publish the records if the ransom was not paid. To add pressure to their demands, the extorters published hundreds of patient records a day on a Tor message board.

After extortion of the company failed, the extorters sent emails to the clients whose data they had obtained, demanding that they pay ransoms in order to avoid publication of their sensitive personal data. These ransom demands were sent to roughly 30,000 victims. The company's security practices were found to be inadequate: the sensitive data was not encrypted and anonymized and the system root did not have a defined password. The patient records were first accessed by intruders in November 2018, while the security flaws continued to exist until March 2019.

In December 2021, the Finnish Data Protection Authority (DPA) fined Vastaamo 608,000 euros for violating the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This cyber-attack became the biggest criminal case in Finland history. It also turned into an international scandal and a cyber-attack unprecedented in its scope due to the tactic called double extortion applied by the cyber criminals.

On October 28, 2022, the National Bureau of Investigation named the suspect behind the breach as 25-year-old Aleksanteri Julius Kivimäki. Kivimäki was charged in absentia at Helsinki District Court for aggravated data breach, aggravated attempted extortion, aggravated distribution of information infringing private life, blackmail, breach of confidentiality and falsification of evidence. An arrest warrant was filed with Europol and Interpol against Kivimäki stating that he was in Dubai. In 2015, Kivimäki, then a member of Lizard Squad, was found guilty on over 50,000 counts of computer crime.

Kivimäki was arrested in France on 3 February 2023. He was extradited to Finland on 24 February.

## Background

Vastaamo was a Helsinki-based private psychotherapy center founded in 2008 that provided private mental-health services to its patients. It was a firm with twenty-five therapy centers throughout the Nordic country of 5.5 million people. Vastaamo operated as a sub-contractor for Finland's public health system. Ville Tapio, ex-CEO of Vastaamo first heard from the hacker on 28 September 2020. He immediately notified various government authorities, including the police. On 21 October 2020, Vastaamo announced that its confidential treatment records of approximately 36,000 psychotherapy patients and 400 employees had been compromised. The psychotherapy center received a ransom demand for 450,000 euros in Bitcoin. The leaked patient database contained psychotherapy clients’ personal information, such as their full names, home addresses, email addresses, social security numbers, names of the clinics where they received treatments, and therapists’ and doctors’ notes from each session.

As the company resisted to pay the ransom, the hacker, using the alias “ransom\_man,” published the therapist session notes of at least 300 patients, including politicians and police officers, on a public forum through the Tor network. The therapist session notes contained information about adulterous relationships, suicide attempts and pedophilic thoughts. The hacker approached victims of the security breach directly with extortion emails demanding ransoms of 200 euros paid in Bitcoin, with the amount increased to 500 euros unless paid within 24 hours. A 10-gigabyte data file containing private notes between at least 2,000 patients and their therapists had appeared on websites on the “dark web.” Patient information was stolen during two attacks, which started as early as 2018. This first intrusion on Vastaamo's database took place in November 2018, and the systems were penetrated between the end of November 2018 and March 2019. PTK Midco, a holding company owned by Intera Partners, a Finnish private equity firm, which acquired a 70% stake in Vastaamo in May 2019. The company has asked for inquiry into acquisition and also requested that its acquisition of the company be cancelled and the purchase price be returned for failure to disclose hacking.

Ville Tapio was relieved of his duties as the chief executive of the psychotherapy center on 26 October 2020. Vastaamo was declared bankrupt by the decision of the Helsinki District Court in February 2021. In early March 2021, its staff and services were transferred to Verve, a provider of occupational welfare services. The company's patient database was not transferred over to Verve.

## Impact

The security breach has shaken societal trust in Finland's institutions, violated sensitive systems, and damaged faith in online social networks that are supposed to be properly secured. Thousands of victims have suffered anxiety, insecurity, and stress from this traumatic event, and the psychological effects from the trauma are long-lasting. This created a national opportunity for public discussion about mental health issues. Additionally, weak security of health-care systems has been brought to the surface. This hacking incident had a wide impact on healthcare industry's obligations to secure their networks and increase their accountability. The security breach served as a wake-up call for Finland's cyber security who then increased preparation for digital attacks on medical healthcare providers and private education institutions. Focus on balancing availability of information and data governance has increased along with investments in companies' computer security since the hacking incident occurred. As a result of the data breach, the Finnish Data Protection Authority (DPA) started taking the violations of the GDPR more seriously and increased enforcement activities. The outcomes of investigations of the security breach, and also any sanctions established, now serve as a reference point to any future legal assessments.

## Responding to the hack

Immediately following the hack, the cabinets from the Finnish government held their regular Wednesday meeting to address cybersecurity issues, create new legislation regarding data security and identity thefts, and promise emergency support for the victims. More than 22,600 victims of blackmail in 2020 have visited The Victim Support Finland (RIKU), an organization that provides counseling and support to victims of crimes. Various Finnish organizations have quickly established ways to help the victims, including direct dial-in numbers to churches and therapy services. Organizations that provide victim support services include Finnish Red Cross, Mental Health Finland, Victim Support Finland and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Additionally, many companies working with social security numbers and debt collecting had taken action to help the victims whose identities have been stolen. In order to rebuild public trust in the government and authorities, the Finnish central government requested that government agencies make sure the processing and handling of personal information is secure to minimize the leakage of personal data. Additionally, ministries conducted reviews on what they can do better within their own departments and how they can assure the public about the security of their personal data. The Finland's National Bureau of Investigation introduced an unprecedented Finnish criminal code, where a person can be found guilty of the privacy violation of the data subject when they process personal data, either intentionally or through gross negligence, and cause damage or significant inconvenience to the data subject. Furthermore, the Finnish government accelerated legislation that allowed its citizens to change their personal identity codes when there is a data breach that would involve high risk of identity theft.

In February 2023, 25-year-old Aleksanteri Kivimäki was extradited to Finland from France. He has since been kept in custody over crimes related to the hacking of patient records from the Vastaamo psychotherapy centre.

In April 2023, Helsinki District Court sentenced the ex-CEO of Vastaamo, Ville Tapio, to a three-month suspended sentence. He was found guilty of a data protection crime mandated in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

In October 2023, Aleksanteri Kivimäki was charged with stealing records of psychotherapy patients and over 21,000 counts of extortion. His trial was scheduled to start on 13 November.

In April 2024 Aleksanteri Kivimäki was sentenced to six years and three months in prison. Author and information technology consultant Petteri Järvinen has used the relatively light sentence as proof that cybercrime often has no serious consequences for the perpetrator in Finland, even if the victims suffer from its results for the rest of their lives.

## InfoBox

Vastaamo data breach
| Date | * November, 2018 (first intrusion) * March, 2019 (second penetration) * October 21, 2020 (became public) |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Finland |
| Type | cyberattack, data breach, ransomware |
| Target | Vastaamo |
| Suspects | Aleksanteri Kivimäki |


title: Michael Goldfield

abstract: Michael Goldfield is an American political scientist, author, labor activist, and former student activist. He is an emeritus professor of industrial relations and human resources in the department of political science at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, and a faculty associate at the Harry Bridges Center for Labor Studies at the University of Washington.

text:
# Michael Goldfield

**Michael Goldfield** (May 2, 1943) is an American political scientist, author, labor activist, and former student activist. He is an emeritus professor of industrial relations and human resources in the department of political science at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, and a faculty associate at the Harry Bridges Center for Labor Studies at the University of Washington.

## Early life and activism: Sojourner Truth Organization 1968-1972

Prior to his academic career, Goldfield was an activist and organizer, first with the Students for a Democratic Society and later with the Sojourner Truth Organization, where he was a founding member and a part of the organization's Westside branch. Goldfield was employed at the International Harvester plant in Melrose Park, IL where he sought to engage in workplace organizing as a part of the Sojourner Truth Organization's political work. At the International Harvester plant, Goldfield was involved in establishing a dissident caucus within the plant's union chapter organized by the United Auto Workers. Despite resolutions adopted by the Sojourner Truth Organization calling on membership to engage in more mass organizing, which entailed a further openness to engaging with industrial unions, the Organization as a whole remained critical to unions and a significant tendency within the Organization remained skeptical of membership involving themselves in trade union politics.,  As one of the Organization's most experienced workplace organizers, and a member whose rank-and-file coworkers encouraged him to run as a shop steward at the Harvester plant, Goldfield expressed enthusiasm in greater union involvement, a decision for which certain membership within the Organization criticized him.

In 1973, Goldfield, who felt that this criticism led to his marginalization within the Organization, co-wrote a position paper endorsed by the Organization's Westside branch entitled "Crisis in the STO," which issued criticisms of numerous aspects of Organization's positions, from class consciousness to its theoretical positions on party formation. After the release of the paper, Goldfield and his supporters eventually departed the Sojourner Truth Organization, resulting in the Organization's first split.

## Career

Goldfield has contributed to scholarly discussions on the labor history of the United States, particularly to debates on the cause of union density decline, and its relationship to race and ethnicity in the United States. In his first book, *The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States*, Goldfield argues that the decline of American union density beginning in 1955 was the result of both changes in government policy that restricted workers' rights to unionize, including the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, and the growth of anti-union consulting agencies, which businesses employ to deter union organizing. Goldfield's contribution to the debate on union density decline has been recognized as significant in that it attributes the decline in union power not to American demographic and industrial shifts but instead to an increasing political hostility to unions in the United States.

In Goldfield's second book, *The Color of Politics: Race and the Mainsprings of American Politics*, he argues that progressive and socialist politics in the United States have been stifled by racism. Further, Goldfield claims that the failure of American labor unions to confront racism and organize African-American workers contributed to the inability of labor unions to play a greater political role in American society. Francis Fox Piven referred to the book as a "magisterial review of the role of racism in American history".

Goldfield has also participated in debates within political science on the origins of the New Deal. In response to Theda Skocpol's critiques of Neo-Marxist theories of the state, Goldfield issued a defense culminating in an exchange in *American Political Science Review*. Skocpol's defense of her critiques, and her subsequent assessment of Goldfield's arguments in what have become known as the Wagner Act Debates, are regarded as an important moment in the development of academic theories of the state.

## Selected bibliography

### Solely authored books

* (1987) *The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States* (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press) (ISBN 0226301036)
* (1997) *The Color of Politics: Race and the Mainsprings of American Politics* (New York: The New Press) (ISBN 1565843258)
* (2020) *The Southern Key: Class, Race, and Radicalism in the 1930s and 1940s* (New York: Oxford University Press) (ISBN 0190079320)

### Co-authored books

### Edited Volumes

* (2008) *Labour, Globalization and the State: Workers, Women and Migrants Confront Neoliberalism* edited by Debdas Banerjee and Michael Goldfield (London: Routledge) (ISBN 0415558905)

a. For a synopsis of this position within the Sojourner Truth Organization see "The Steward's Position" published in 1973, which closes with the lines "The call to stewardship will probably be heard by any communist who is doing good mass work. It should be accepted for what it is ... a call to take a greater role of leadership ... To the extent that it is a call to leadership, the communist should respond not by taking the steward's position but by creating an alternative to it."

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Michael Goldfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1943-05-02)May 2, 1943 |
| Nationality | American |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Ph.D |
| Alma mater | Williams College (B.A., 1965)
University of Chicago (Ph.D., 1984) |
| Thesis | *Organized Labor in the United States of America: Its Recent Decline and Future Prospects as Reflected in NLRB Union Certification Election Results* (1984) |
| Academic advisors | Ira Katznelson, Adam Przeworski, Philippe Schmitter |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Political scientist |
| Institutions | Wayne State University (1992-present)
Cornell University (1984-1992) |
|  | |


title: Gambling in Taiwan

abstract: Gambling in Taiwan is prohibited by the Criminal Code of the Republic of China. State-run lotteries, like the Uniform Invoice lottery, are the only legal form of gambling on mainland Taiwan. The construction of casinos on some off-shore islands was legalized in 2009, though to date none have been built. Some gambling-style games are allowed either on special days or under special restricted circumstances.

text:
# Gambling in Taiwan

**Gambling in Taiwan** is prohibited by the Criminal Code of the Republic of China. State-run lotteries, like the Uniform Invoice lottery, are the only legal form of gambling on mainland Taiwan. The construction of casinos on some off-shore islands was legalized in 2009, though to date none have been built. Some gambling-style games (such as cards and mahjong) are allowed either on special days or under special restricted circumstances.

## History

Taiwan has a long history of gambling, with widespread activity during the 17th, 18th and 19th century Qing Dynasty era. Locals partook in more than 100 well-known gambling games. According to historians, the most popular game was the *flower match game* which became popular to the point of social disruption;

> The peak of the flower match game was in 1896, with many citizens wallowed in gambling and unable to stop. This caused some people to become robbers and others to even sold their daughters to brothels to pay their gambling debts.

Thereafter, Taiwanese authorities began introducing a range of restrictions on gaming, including an attempted (but ultimately failed) ban in 1897. During the period of Japanese colonization, gambling continued in Taiwan with illegal gambling supported by Japanese organized crime.

Introduced in 1935, the Criminal Code of the Republic of China prohibited both public gambling and the provision of venues for gamblers to assemble (e.g., casinos). Under the law, gamblers are allowed to play cards for non-currency items like matchsticks and citizens can play games like mahjong at Chinese New Year under "temporary amusement" clauses.

The popular Patriotic Lottery was active between 1950 and 1987 to raise funds for the government. In 1951, Taiwan introduced the Uniform Invoice lottery. Other forms of gambling like casino-style gaming, poker machines and bookmaking remain illegal. Some political figures have claimed that, as a result, illegal casinos, gaming and sports betting have thrived. In 1997, three well-known Taiwanese baseball players confessed to having fixed matches at the behest of illegal gambling syndicates.

Over the course of the last decade, Taiwan's legislature has debated a number of proposals aiming to legalize casino-style gaming.

## Online gambling

In recent years, online gambling sites have become popular with Taiwanese citizens seeking forms of gaming not offered in Taiwan itself and gaming with better odds than state-run lotteries. The turn away from state lotteries has led to major losses by the banks that run them, like the Taipei Fubon Bank. By 2003, there were already 2,000 online gaming sites available to Taiwanese customers. According to the deputy commander for technology at the Criminal Investigation Division of Keelung City;

> The abundance of illegal gambling websites also proved difficult to crack down upon due to their high mobility, let alone the legal websites, which have resulted in many social problems as gamblers do not know whom to seek help from for their addictions.

In 2003, the Criminal Investigation Bureau announced it was referring 300 Taiwanese customers of the United Kingdom–based online gaming site, Sportingbet, for prosecution. The company maintained it had done nothing wrong and had not breached Taiwan's laws.

## Illegal gambling

In January 2013, Taiwanese authorities announced they were investigating the alleged transfer of US$180 million from Taiwanese gamblers to casinos in Macau by the Taiwan-based branch of Melco Crown, a joint venture of Hong Kong–based Melco International and Australia-based Crown Limited.

In February 2013, authorities revealed they were investigating claims that desperate gamblers, looking for any opportunity to place bets, had established a betting-ring so they could wager on the life expectancy of terminally ill cancer patients. Reports suggested that the families of poor patients had agreed to participate because it allowed them to pay for a decent funeral for their relative. The following month, a "mid-level" prosecutor was indicted on unrelated corruption charges following accusations she helped to cover up illegal gambling operations and pressured other prosecutors to cease investigating illegal gaming operations.

## Legalization of offshore gaming facilities

In 2009, legislative amendments to the *Offshore Islands Development Act* legalized the establishment of casinos on the islands of Kinmen, Matsu, and Penghu if more than 50% of local residents agreed in a referendum. To date, though a number of such facilities have been proposed, none have been opened. Despite the amendment, US-based gaming experts have suggested that completion of a casino anywhere within Taiwanese territory is unlikely before 2017.

In 2013, Green Party Taiwan central executive committee member and candidate, Pan Han-shen, published a scathing opinion-editorial piece in the *Taipei Times* claiming that proposed casinos, if built, would become "cess pools" of corruption that would encourage money laundering.

Since the announcement of the most recent proposals, Premier, Jiang Yi-huah, has reaffirmed his view that any move to legalize gambling on mainland Taiwan would require a "national consensus".

## Recent proposals

### Penghu Islands proposal

In 2009, shortly after the passing of the *Offshore Islands Development Act*, the residents of the Penghu Islands became the first to hold a referendum on the development of a local casino. The residents rejected the casino-resort plan 17,359 votes to 13,397. Though only 42% of eligible voters cast ballots, the result was nonetheless valid and binding.

### Matsu Islands proposal

In 2012, the residents of the Matsu Islands voted in favor of allowing the construction of a casino on the islands - 57% supportive, 43% opposed - surpassing the 50% rate of support required for such a proposal to pass. The population of the islands has since increased dramatically, with a increased population support rate of 11.24% since the referendum.

William Weidner, of Weidner Resorts Taiwan and US lobby group Freedom's Watch, is behind the US$8 billion proposal to build a casino on Matsu. He has pledged US$2.5 billion (part of the total $8 billion) to improve local infrastructure, including an upgrade of the Matsu Beigan Airport. But his proposal has drawn some criticism after he suggested that plans for the casino (along with local infrastructure funding) might be withdrawn if the Government of Taiwan does not move quickly enough to amend laws as necessary.

### New Taipei City proposal

In 2013, at the celebration for Chinese New Year, tycoon Terry Gou proposed the development of a Las Vegas-style casino industry in New Taipei City and additional "convention and exhibition facilities" in the Tamsui District. Mayor Eric Chu agreed that such a plan would make the city more competitive and would attract more foreign tourists.

### Keelung Islet proposal

Gou has also suggested that a casino could be established on the Keelung Islet, a 23 ha island formerly used as a military training off the Taiwanese coast near the port city of Keelung. The plan would involve the use of a decommissioned cruise ship with existing on-board casino, hospitality and accommodation facilities.


title: Merise, Estonia

abstract: Merise is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Mustjala Parish.

text:
# Merise, Estonia

**Merise** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Mustjala Parish.

58°29′31″N 22°09′54″E / 58.49194°N 22.16500°E / 58.49194; 22.16500

## InfoBox

| Merise | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Saare County |
| Parish | Saaremaa Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Maruthappuzha

abstract: The Maruthappuzha is a tributary of the Punnappuzha in Kerala, India, which merges with the Karimpuzha and thus finally joins the Chaliyar. The Maruthappuzha originates as two separate streams from the Devala and the Pandalur areas of Nilagiri district and join near Marutha to form the Maruthappuzha. The Muringamunda Puzha and Karakkodan puzha also joins with the Maruthappuzha at Palemad and Munda respectively. The Maruthappuzha is also known as the Kalakkanpuzha because of the muddy colour of its water. The Maruthappuzha-Punnappuzha belt is famous for its gold deposits; although it has not been exploited on a large scale.

text:
# Maruthappuzha

The **Maruthappuzha** is a tributary of the Punnappuzha in Kerala, India, which merges with the Karimpuzha and thus finally joins the Chaliyar. The Maruthappuzha originates as two separate streams from the Devala (eastern branch) and the Pandalur (northern branch) areas of Nilagiri district and join near Marutha to form the Maruthappuzha. The Muringamunda Puzha (coming from forests north of Thannikkadavu) and Karakkodan puzha (originating from the foothills of Nadukani forests) also joins with the Maruthappuzha at Palemad and Munda respectively.

The Maruthappuzha is also known as the Kalakkanpuzha because of the muddy colour of its water.

The Maruthappuzha-Punnappuzha belt is famous for its gold deposits; although it has not been exploited on a large scale.


title: Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache

abstract: The Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, abbreviated Wb in bibliographic references, is a large German-language dictionary of the Egyptian language published between 1926 and 1961 by Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow. It is a comprehensive work encompassing 3000 years of linguistic history, including Old, Middle, and Late Egyptian as well as hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Classical Greco-Roman period. The dictionary contains approximately 16,000 headwords in five main volumes, two secondary volumes, and five volumes of primary source references. It is therefore the largest and most complete printed dictionary of Ancient Egyptian in existence. Begun in 1897 as a research project at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, the dictionary is also known as the "Berlin Dictionary". Interrupted by both World War I and World War II, the first volumes were published in 1926 and the final volume released in 1961. Today the dictionary forms the basis of the new Altägyptisches Wörterbuch, a comprehensive update of the original and an online digitization project being conducted under the auspices of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities since 1993.

text:
# Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache

The ***Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache*** (*Dictionary of the Egyptian Language*), abbreviated ***Wb*** in bibliographic references, is a large German-language dictionary of the Egyptian language published between 1926 and 1961 by Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow. It is a comprehensive work encompassing 3000 years of linguistic history, including Old, Middle, and Late Egyptian as well as hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Classical Greco-Roman period. The dictionary contains approximately 16,000 headwords in five main volumes, two secondary volumes, and five volumes of primary source references. It is therefore the largest and most complete printed dictionary of Ancient Egyptian in existence.

Begun in 1897 as a research project at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, the dictionary is also known as the "**Berlin Dictionary**". Interrupted by both World War I and World War II, the first volumes were published in 1926 and the final volume released in 1961. Today the dictionary forms the basis of the new *Altägyptisches Wörterbuch* (*Dictionary of Ancient Egyptian*), a comprehensive update of the original and an online digitization project being conducted under the auspices of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities since 1993.

## History

The project was launched in 1897 by Adolf Erman during the reign of Wilhelm II and supported with 120,000 Reichsmark. The project was undertaken at scientific Academies in Berlin, Göttingen, Leipzig and Munich elected by a Commission. Although cooperative international work was interrupted by World War I, the number of archived source texts had grown to 1,374,806 by 1918. Erman and Grapow published an intermediate result of the work as the "Egyptian Concise Dictionary" in 1921. In 1926 the five main volumes, financed by John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and autographed by the Danish Egyptologist Wolja Erichsen, were published.

## Literature

* Adolf Erman, Hermann Grapow (ed.): *Wörterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache*. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1926–1961.
* Adolf Erman, Hermann Grapow: *Das Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache. Zur Geschichte eines großen wissenschaftlichen Unternehmens der Akademie*. Berlin 1953.
* Wolfgang Kosack: *Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache.* Herausgegeben von Adolf Erman und Hermann Grapow. Erweitert, korrigiert und ergänzt von Wolfgang Kosack. 5 Bände, 5644 Seiten. Christoph Brunner, Nunningen 2018, ISBN 978-3-906206-40-0.


title: Vivienne McAuliffe

abstract: Vivienne Jill McAuliffe was an English singer and songwriter, best known as lead singer of English jazz-rock fusion band Affinity and as a founding member of Principal Edwards Magic Theatre while at University of Exeter. McAuliffe also worked with Patrick Moraz while he was a member of the rock band Yes, singing on his first two solo albums. She also worked with Gerry Rafferty on his number one album City to City.

text:
# Vivienne McAuliffe

**Vivienne Jill McAuliffe** (19 July 1948 – 21 October 1998) was an English singer and songwriter, best known as lead singer of English jazz-rock fusion band Affinity and as a founding member of Principal Edwards Magic Theatre while at University of Exeter. McAuliffe also worked with Patrick Moraz while he was a member of the rock band Yes, singing on his first two solo albums. She also worked with Gerry Rafferty on his number one album *City to City*.

## History

In 1968 McAuliffe was a founder member of a loosely-based artistic co-operative called the Principal Edwards Magic Theatre at Exeter University. They were one of the first groups signed up with BBC Radio 1 disc jockey John Peel on his record label Dandelion Records. McAuliffe was the lead vocalist of the band. They used theatre as part of their act, however tensions between theatre and rock group developed which led eventually to the break-up of the group in December 1971.

The Principal Edwards Magic Theatre produced two albums while McAuliffe was still a member; *Soundtrack* in 1969 and *The Asmoto Running Band* in 1971, both on the Dandelion label. After leaving the Principal Edwards Magic Theatre, McAuliffe joined Affinity. They had first met McAuliffe at Exeter University while they were playing one of their last gigs with their original line-up. They had material for a whole new set and club dates soon followed. However, they never released a studio album, and it wasn't until 2003 that *1971–1972* was released after the band had split up in 1972. Three members of Affinity—Mo Foster (bass guitar), Mike Jopp (guitar), and Grant Serpell (drums)—went off to tour with Mike d'Abo (former member of Manfred Mann), and subsequently the band split up.

McAuliffe went on to sing with various bands around London. She also sang on many records, with artists such as Gerry Rafferty on his album *City to City*, Patrick Moraz's *The Story of I* and *Out in the Sun* and ex-members of Genesis, including Phil Collins and Anthony Phillips on *The Geese & the Ghost*.

In later life McAuliffe worked with the fashion designer John Galliano, and eventually became a senior lecturer at the London College of Fashion.

## Discography

**Principal Edwards Magic Theatre** * *Soundtrack* (1969)
* *The Asmoto Running Band* (1971)

**Affinity** **Pete Brown** * *The "Not Forgotten" Association* (1973)

**Patrick Moraz** **Michael Chapman** * *The Man Who Hated Mornings* (1977)

**Anthony Phillips** **Gerry Rafferty** **Vapour Trails** * *Vapour Trails* (1979)

**Aviator** **Camel** * "Neon Magic" (co-writer) (1979)

## InfoBox

| Vivienne McAuliffe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Vivienne Jill McAuliffe |
| Born | (1948-07-19)19 July 1948 |
| Died | 21 October 1998(1998-10-21) (aged 50) |
| Occupations | * Singer * songwriter |
| Formerly of | Principal Edwards Magic Theatre, Affinity, Patrick Moraz, Gerry Rafferty, Camel, Aviator, Michael Chapman, Pete Brown, Anthony Phillips. |


title: WS-I Basic Profile

abstract: The WS-I Basic Profile, a specification from the Web Services Interoperability industry consortium (WS-I), provides interoperability guidance for core Web Services specifications such as SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI. The profile uses Web Services Description Language (WSDL) to enable the description of services as sets of endpoints operating on messages. To understand the importance of WSI-BP, note that it defines a much narrower set of valid services than the full WSDL or SOAP schema. Many common platforms support WSI-BP but do not support services outside of it. Compare the WSDL 1.1 specification to the subset permitted in WSI-BP. Also note that WSI-BP generally narrows the SOAP specification. There is a notable exception where WSI expands on the SOAP standard, and that is in adding xml:lang attribute on fault elements.

text:
# WS-I Basic Profile

The **WS-I Basic Profile** (official abbreviation is BP), a specification from the Web Services Interoperability industry consortium (WS-I), provides interoperability guidance for core Web Services specifications such as SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI. The profile uses Web Services Description Language (WSDL) to enable the description of services as sets of endpoints operating on messages.

To understand the importance of WSI-BP, note that it defines a much narrower set of valid services than the full WSDL or SOAP schema. Many common platforms (listed below) support WSI-BP but do not support services outside of it. Compare the WSDL 1.1 specification to the subset permitted in WSI-BP. Also note that WSI-BP generally narrows the SOAP specification. There is a notable exception where WSI expands on the SOAP standard, and that is in adding xml:lang attribute on fault elements.

## Versions

* Version 1.0 of this profile was released in early 2004.
* Version 1.1 published in 2006 does not have the same scope as version 1.0. The part of version 1.0 dealing with serialization of envelopes and their representation in messages has been moved to a new profile called Simple Soap Binding Profile (SSBP)
* Version 1.2 was finalized in November 2010. The main new features are the support for MTOM binary attachments and WS-Addressing
* Version 2.0 was also published in November 2010. It uses SOAP 1.2, UDDI 3 and WS-Addressing

## Compliant framework

Here is a list of frameworks claiming to be compliant with this profile :


title: Lotte Stam-Beese

abstract: Charlotte Ida Anna "Lotte" Stam-Beese was a German-Dutch architect, photographer and urban planner who helped with the reconstruction of Rotterdam after World War II.

text:
# Lotte Stam-Beese

**Charlotte Ida Anna "Lotte" Stam-Beese** (28 January 1903 – 18 November 1988) was a German-Dutch architect, photographer and urban planner who helped with the reconstruction of Rotterdam after World War II.

## Biography

Beese was born in Reisicht, Silesia, Germany (now Rokitki, Poland). As a young adult she first found work as a weaver in Dresden.

Before beginning her career as an architect, Beese was a successful photographer. Though she only worked with the medium professionally for a short period from 1926 to 1930, her work had a disproportionate impact and is now held in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, Arthur M. Sackler Museum, the J. Paul Getty Museum the Museum of Fine Arts Houston, and Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

From 1926 to 1928 she attended the Bauhaus school in Dessau. In the next years of the interwar period she worked in office in Berlin, Moscow, Ukraine, Brno, and Amsterdam.

From 1946 to 1968, Beese worked as an urban-planning architect, and later as chief architect, for the Agency for Urban Development and Reconstruction of Rotterdam, which had been heavily bombed in 1940 during the Second World War.

## Work

### Bauhaus school

Starting in 1926, she attended the Bauhaus school, where she studied with Josef Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, Joost Schmidt, and Gunta Stölzl. She enrolled to study the more "feminine" subject of weaving, but later, Beese got accepted into an architecture course from Hannes Meyer as the first woman to study in the building department of Bauhaus Dessau.

Compared to his predecessor, Meyer was less prejudiced about the idea of women studying subjects that were dominated by and previously reserved for men. Beese was a good student but Meyer was not convinced of Beese's future prospects, unless she would marry a male architect and work for his firm.

Meyer, Bauhaus-director and a married man with two children, and Beese started a love affair. Despite the school's liberal climate, the affair was not approved of, and in December 1928, Meyer suggested Beese to leave Bauhaus, which she did.

### Office in Berlin, Moscow, Ukraine, Brno, and Amsterdam

In 1928 Hannes Meyer hired Beese at his office in Berlin, but she was dissatisfied. He then tried to find Beese another job through his network, in vain. She was turned down by Walter Traulau, because, as indicated in a letter to his friend, he did not "like working with women". Later, she followed him to Moscow, where she also met Mart Stam, whom she would later marry. Although reuniting with Meyer had not been a success, she had become pregnant.

She moved back to Brno, to continue her work at Bohuslav Fuchs' architecture firm, and gave birth in Brno to her son, Peter. Beese took Fuchs to court because he, as correspondence with a lawyer reveals, refused to pay the necessary allowance for the three months' maternity leave that he had offered. She did not return to his firm, and, given her status as a single mother and the deepening economic crisis, she struggled to find new work in Brno.

Later, Beese left to Ukraine and ran into her former Bauhaus lecturer and Dutch architect Mart Stam, with whom she started a love affair. Due to difficulties that were arising from the changing climate of the USSR, Stam and Beese decided to marry before moving to the Netherlands in 1934.

In Amsterdam, the couple set up their own firm, Stam en Beese Architecten, and in 1935, they had a daughter, Ariane. Because of her early departure at the Bauhaus, she had never received a diploma. This made it harder for her to become an architect in the Netherlands, due to the union's pressure to the Association of Dutch Architects to dismiss non-graduates from the professional world before the end of the year, in 1940.

That year, at age 37, she got admitted to start a degree in architecture at the VHBO in Amsterdam, due to her unique prior experience. The combination of her studies and the care for two children added pressure on her marriage with Stam. In 1943, they divorced, after Stam committed adultery. However, Lotte Stam-Beese decided to keep Stam's name, because the affiliation with his last name could give her a head start as an independent female architect in the Netherlands. She graduated in 1945.

### Agency for Urban Development and Reconstruction of Rotterdam, 1946–1948

At the Agency for Urban Development and Reconstruction of Rotterdam Beese was one of the few women who made such a huge contribution to the reconstruction. Designing in a Functionalist style and influenced by the planning ideologies of the CIAM association, Beese worked on several (social) housing districts around the city, including:

* Kleinpolder (1946–1952),
* Pendrecht (1948–1952),
* Westpunt in Hoogvliet (1956–1957),
* het Lage Land (1961–1962) and
* Alexanderpolder/Ommoord (1957–1971).

### Urban planning concepts

She included the 'neighborhood concept' (wijkgedachte) and 'cluster' (wooneenheid) in her plan for Pendrecht, which is considered to be her most significant architectural contribution. The neighborhood concept referred to the neighborhood as a self-supporting geographical unit, a city within a city, with a social structure and community reminiscent of that of a village. During the post-war reconstruction, the neighborhood idea became a widely employed model for the creation of communities and the harmonious ordering of society.

The cluster was a form of spatial organization with a physical and social connection between each home and the neighborhood as a whole. Beese introduced a small-scale unit, the 'stamp' (stempel), to represent a microcosm of the larger community. The design of each stamp was tailored to the needs of different categories of residents such as families, single dwellers and elderly. The spatial arrangement of the freestanding blocks of different heights also reflected the social diversity. Shopping centers, schools and churches of different denominations were divided over the neighborhoods, with some traffic-free streets in between.

Buildings were separated by communal gardens and strips of greenery, with the hope that residents of these different stamps would meet and interact in the open spaces. The diversity of residents in a small-scale district would be representative of an open, democratic society, with a close-knit neighborhood quality. However, in the following decades, the idea of the neighborhood unit had been abandoned and large parts of Pendrecht were modified or torn down.

## InfoBox

| Lotte Beese | |
| --- | --- |
| Lotte Beese and Helmut Schulze at the Tracing Table. c. 1928. | |
| Born | Charlotte Ida Anna Beese
(1903-01-28)28 January 1903
Reisicht, Germany (now Rokitki, Poland) |
| Died | 18 November 1988(1988-11-18) (aged 85)
Krimpen aan den IJssel, Netherlands |
| Nationality | German / Dutch |
| Alma mater | Bauhaus school, Dessau |
| Occupation | Architect |


title: Martin Kovaľ

abstract: Martin Kovaľ is a professional Slovak footballer who plays as a winger.

text:
# Martin Kovaľ

**Martin Kovaľ** (born 10 February 1999) is a professional Slovak footballer who plays as a winger.

## Club career

### FK Senica

Kovaľ made his Fortuna Liga debut for Senica against Ružomberok on 6 May 2017, coming on as a 75th minute substitute for Boris Bališ. During his tenure Erik Daniel had scored the second goal for Ružomberok and Adam Pajer connected sole strike for Senica in the 1:2 home defeat.

## InfoBox

Martin Kovaľ
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Martin Kovaľ | | |
| Date of birth | (1999-02-10) 10 February 1999 | | |
| Place of birth | Bratislava, Slovakia | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2007–2013 | FKM Karlova Ves Bratislava | | |
| 2010–2011 | Petržalka (loan) | | |
| 2012 | Slovan Bratislava (loan) | | |
| 2013–2016 | Senica | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2016–2017 | Senica | 2 | (0) |
| 2017–2020 | Žilina B | 16 | (0) |
| 2019 | Skalica (loan) | 10 | (0) |
| 2019–2020 | ViOn Zlaté Moravce (loan) | 27 | (3) |
| 2020–2022 | ViOn Zlaté Moravce | 23 | (5) |
| International career | | | |
| 2018 | Slovakia U19 | 2 | (0) |
| 2019–2020 | Slovakia U21 | 8 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16:20, 15 June 2022 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 17 November 2020 | | | |


title: Michael Glöckle

abstract: Michael Glöckle is a German slalom canoeist who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He won a silver medal in the K-1 team event at the 1991 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Tacen.

text:
# Michael Glöckle

**Michael Glöckle** is a German slalom canoeist who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He won a silver medal in the K-1 team event at the 1991 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Tacen.

## InfoBox

Michael Glöckle
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe slalom | | |
| Representing  Germany | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1991 Tacen | K-1 team |


title: Gambling in Turkey

abstract: Gambling in Turkey is highly regulated. Turkey banned casinos in 1998, and it banned non-state online gambling in 2006. A state lottery and betting services exists, however, and has some online gambling, and illegal gambling continues to persist.

text:
# Gambling in Turkey

**Gambling in Turkey** is highly regulated. Turkey banned casinos in 1998, and it banned non-state online gambling in 2006. A state lottery (Milli Piyango) and betting services exists, however, and has some online gambling, and illegal gambling continues to persist.

## History

Gambling horses were originally legalised in 1984, and casinos in 1990. New restrictions were introduced in September 1996, including limiting opening hours to 8 hours per day and requiring winnings to be paid by cheque. These followed the July 1996 assassination of "casino king" Ömer Lütfü Topal. A law banning casinos (partly because of accusations of money-laundering) was unexpectedly announced and approved in December 1996 and (following legal action against it) took effect on 11 February 1998. However, illegal casinos continue to exist. At the time of the ban casinos were a $1bn industry employing around 20,000 people. Sudi Özkan, another "casino king" with 20 casinos, left the country for a time, after the Ministry of Treasury and Finance found that he allegedly siphoned nearly $700m to Switzerland "off the books," eventually returning under a tax amnesty offered by Turkish authorities.

Online gambling was banned in 2006, but the measures to ban it have had limited success. In 2009 it was estimated that a quarter of Swedish firm Betsson's revenues came from Turkey. In 2013 the Turkish Parliament planned to increase penalties for those using online gambling as well as those enabling financial transactions in relation to online gambling.

## Online gambling

Online gambling in Turkey is currently prohibited, with the exception of the state-owned sports betting company, IDDAA, which is the only Turkish entity that is allowed to offer internet gambling services. The law that prohibits online gambling in Turkey was passed in 2007 and recently, Turkey has also been taking measures to prevent players from using foreign internet gambling websites as well. Despite the ban on gambling, many Turkish players continue to bet on online gambling sites and are recognized as leading gamblers. In 2013 Turkish government issued the law by which Turkey has become the first country in the world to target individual players instead of gambling operators. Sanctions for anyone caught in Turkey to access online gambling services is a penalty of between £100 and £500 (about $55–278). Casino operators dealing with the Turkish market and bankers serving them can also face the prison conditions at the same time.


title: Merishausen

abstract: Merishausen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

text:
# Merishausen

**Merishausen** is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

## History

Merishausen is first mentioned in 846 as *Morinishusun*.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Azure a Mullet Or.*

## Geography

Merishausen has an area, as of 2006, of 17.5 km2 (6.8 sq mi). Of this area, 30.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 65.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.2%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The municipality is located in the Schaffhausen district on the German border. It is located on the Durach river along an important trade route between southern Germany and Switzerland.

## Demographics

Merishausen has a population (as of 2008) of 779, of which 10.0% are foreign nationals. Of the foreign population, (as of 2008), 50% are from Germany, 10.9% are from Italy, and 39.1% are from another country. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 7.4%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (97.0%), with English being second most common ( 1.1%) and Italian being third ( 0.6%). The age distribution of the population (as of 2008) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15.7%.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 56% of the vote. The next two most popular parties were the SP (22.8%), and the FDP (21.2%) .

In Merishausen about 78.2% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). In Merishausen, as of 2007, 2.34% of the population attend kindergarten or another pre-school, 7.72% attend a Primary School, 2.48% attend a lower level Secondary School, and 2.76% attend a higher level Secondary School.

As of 2000, 14.1% of the population belonged to the Roman Catholic Church and 74.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1771 | 467 |
| 1798 | 674 |
| 1850 | 932 |
| 1900 | 632 |
| 1950 | 539 |
| 2000 | 644 |
|

## Economy

Merishausen has an unemployment rate of 0.38%. As of 2005, there were 58 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 20 businesses involved in this sector. 29 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 7 businesses in this sector. 54 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 19 businesses in this sector.

As of 2008 the mid year average unemployment rate was 0.5%. There were 35 non-agrarian businesses in the municipality and 16.2% of the (non-agrarian) population was involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 83.8% were involved in the third. At the same time, 49.6% of the working population was employed full-time, and 50.4% was employed part-time. There were 117 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 49.6% of the workforce. As of 2000 there were 67 residents who worked in the municipality, while 246 residents worked outside Merishausen and 34 people commuted into the municipality for work.

As of 2008, there are 3 restaurants in the village and the hospitality industry in Merishausen employs 9 people.

## Heritage sites of national significance

The *Pfarrscheune* or parish tithe barn on the *Kirchgasse* is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The village church was built in 1838 on the site of the earlier, first mentioned in 846, St. Martins Church. The nearby tithing barn was built in 1560, and today is a farm house.

## Weather

Merishausen has an average of 130.1 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 996 mm (39.2 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Merishausen receives an average of 108 mm (4.3 in) of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 11.7 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 12.6, but with only 93 mm (3.7 in) of rain or snow. The driest month of the year is September with an average of 64 mm (2.5 in) of precipitation over 11.7 days.

## InfoBox

| Merishausen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Merishausen | |
| MerishausenMerishausen | |
| Coordinates: 47°45′N 8°36′E / 47.750°N 8.600°E / 47.750; 8.600 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Schaffhausen |
| District | n.a. |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.57 km2 (6.78 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 533 m (1,749 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 859 |
| Density | 49/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 8232 |
| SFOS number | 2936 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-SH |
| Surrounded by | Bargen, Beggingen, Blumberg (DE-BW), Büttenhardt, Hemmental, Schaffhausen, Tengen (DE-BW) |
| Website | www.merishausen.ch
Profile (in German), SFSO statistics |


title: Maruthi

abstract: Maruthi Dasari, known mononymously as Maruthi, is an Indian director, screenwriter, producer who works primarily in Telugu cinema. He is known for directing low budget films like Ee Rojullo and Bus Stop. Maruthi is associated with Maruthi Talkies, a film production house in the Telugu film industry.

text:
# Maruthi

**Maruthi Dasari**, known mononymously as **Maruthi**, is an Indian director, screenwriter, producer who works primarily in Telugu cinema. He is known for directing low budget films like *Ee Rojullo* and *Bus Stop*. Maruthi is associated with Maruthi Talkies, a film production house in the Telugu film industry.

## Personal life

Maruthi was born in Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He completed his education in Machilipatnam. Later Maruthi moved to Hyderabad after his graduation. He learnt animation and later joined DQ Entertainment International, where he was part of the first batch of animators in the city.

## Career

Maruthi embarked on his professional journey as a co-producer for the films *Premisthe* and *A Film by Aravind*. He then transitioned into film distribution, handling various movie releases. Subsequently, he ventured into the realm of designing ads and creative content.

During this time, Chiranjeevi became aware of Maruthi's skills and enlisted him to design a flag for the Praja Rajyam Party. Maruthi also contributed promotional ads for the party and created a logo for *Athadu*. In 2011, Ram Gopal Varma made *Dongala Mutha* using a 5D camera on a tight budget, a move that caught Maruthi's attention. Inspired, he decided to venture into low-budget filmmaking.

In 2012, Maruthi's directorial debut, *Ee Rojullo*, hit the screens to positive acclaim from critics. Despite being made on a modest budget of 50 lakhs, the film surpassed expectations by grossing over 10 crores. It emerged as one of the most successful Tollywood films in 2012. Shortly after, in November 2012, his second directorial venture, *Bus Stop*, was released and declared a Hit.

In 2013, Maruthi wrote and produced *Prema Katha Chitram* under Maruthi Talkies, introducing his cameraman J. Prabhakar Reddy as the director. The film turned out to be a sudden hit, grossing 20 crores. Maruthi continued his production journey with films like *Prema Katha Chitram*, *Romance*, *Mahesh*, *Villa-2*, *Love You Bangaram*, and *Green Signal*.

His subsequent directorial projects included *Kotha Janta* with Allu Sirish and *Babu Bangaram* with Venkatesh. Maruthi also contributed as a writer and screenwriter for *Bhadram Be Careful Brotheru*, which received critical acclaim. His collaboration with Nani on *Bhale Bhale Magadivoy* in 2015 proved to be a super hit, gaining praise for Nani's outstanding performance.

In 2014, Maruthi announced a project titled *Radha* starring Venkatesh and Nayantara. However, the film faced a setback when a writer accused Maruthi of copying his story, leading to the project being shelved.

## Filmography

Key
|  | Denotes films that have not yet been released |
| --- | --- |

Films
| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Producer | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | *Ee Rojullo* | Yes | Yes | Yes |  |
| | *Bus Stop* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| 2013 | *Prema Katha Chitram* | No | Yes | Yes |  |
| | *Romance* | No | No | Yes |  |
| 2014 | *Love You Bangaram* | No | No | Yes |  |
| | *Green Signal* | No | No | Yes |  |
| | *Lovers* | No | Screenplay | Yes |  |
| | *Kotha Janta* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| 2015 | *Best Actors* | No | No | Yes |  |
| | *Bhale Bhale Magadivoy* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| 2016 | *Bhadram Be Careful Brotheru* | No | Yes | No |  |
| | *Babu Bangaram* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| | *Rojulu Marayi* | No | Yes | No |  |
| 2017 | *London Babulu* | No | No | Yes |  |
| | *Mahanubhavudu* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| 2018 | *Brand Babu* | No | Yes | No |  |
| | *Shailaja Reddy Alludu* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| 2019 | *Prati Roju Pandage* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| 2021 | *Manchi Rojulochaie* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| | *3 Roses* | No | Creator | No | Aha web series |
| 2022 | *Pakka Commercial* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| 2025 | *The Raja Saab* | Yes | Yes | No |  |

### Cameo appearances

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Ceremony | Category | Film | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | 2nd South Indian International Movie Awards | Best Debut Director (Telugu) | *Ee Rojullo* | Won |
| 2016 | 5th South Indian International Movie Awards | Best Director (Telugu) | *Bhale Bhale Magadivoy* | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Maruthi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2005 - present |


abstract: The 1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 24 to 26, 1810, to elect 17 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 12th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 11th United States Congress.

text:
# 1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York

The **1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York** were held from April 24 to 26, 1810, to elect 17 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 12th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 11th United States Congress.

## Background

17 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1808 to a term in the 11th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1809. William Denning never took his seat, and eventually resigned, leaving a vacancy in the 2nd District. The other 16 representatives' term would end on March 3, 1811. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1810, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1811, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on November 4, 1811.

## Congressional districts

After the U.S. census of 1800, New York's representation in the House was increased to 17 seats. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature had re-apportioned the congressional districts, dividing New York County seemingly at random into two districts. After the election of one Democratic-Republican and one Federalist in 1802, the Dem.-Rep. majority in the State Legislature gerrymandered the two districts together in an Act passed on March 20, 1804, so that two congressmen would be elected on a general ticket by the voters of both districts, assuring the election of two Democratic-Republicans. On April 8, 1808, the State Legislature re-apportioned the districts again, separating the 2nd and the 3rd District, and creating two districts with two seats each to be filled on a general ticket: the 2nd and the 6th.

Due to the double-seat districts, there were then only 15 districts; the 16th and 17th were eliminated.

The districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1808. Only four new counties were created inside some districts: in the 5th D., Sullivan Co. was split from Ulster Co.; in the 7th D., Schenectady Co. was split from Albany Co.; in the 8th D., Franklin Co. was split from Clinton Co.; and in the 15th D., Niagara Co. was split from Genesee Co.

**Note:** There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.

## Result

12 Democratic-Republicans and 5 Federalists were elected to the 12th Congress, and one Democratic-Republican to fill the vacancy in the 11th Congress. The incumbents Sage, Emott, Livingston, Sammons, Gold, Tracy and Porter were re-elected. Mitchill was elected to fill the vacancy, and to succeed himself in the next Congress.

1810 United States House election result
| District | Democratic-Republican | | Federalist | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Ebenezer Sage** | **3,362** | David Gardiner | 235 |
|  | **Samuel L. Mitchill** | **6,203** | John B. Coles | 5,621 |
| | **William Paulding, Jr.** | **6,175** | Peter A. Jay | 5,597 |
|  | **Pierre Van Cortlandt, Jr.** | **3,944** | John Bradner | 2,226 |
|  | Daniel C. Verplanck | 2,994 | **James Emott** | **3,125** |
|  | **Thomas B. Cooke** | **3,057** | Gerrit Abeel | 2,813 |
|  | Roger Skinner | 7,033 | **Robert Le Roy Livingston** | **7,367** |
| | James L. Hogeboom | 7,033 | **Asa Fitch** | **7,366** |
|  | John V. Veeder | 2,324 | **Harmanus Bleecker** | **3,163** |
|  | **Benjamin Pond** | **3,560** | James McCrea | 2,623 |
|  | **Thomas Sammons** | **3,628** | Richard Van Horne | **3,266** |
| 10 | **Silas Stow** | **3,571** | Simeon Ford | 3,387 |
| 11 | Thomas Skinner | 3,675 | **Thomas R. Gold** | **4,079** |
| 12 | **Arunah Metcalf** | **3,975** | John M. Bowers | 3,094 |
| 13 | **Uri Tracy** | **4,357** | Nathaniel Waldron | 2,884 |
| 14 | **Daniel Avery** | **4,570** | John Harris | 1,975 |
| 15 | **Peter B. Porter** | **4,804** | Ebenezer F. Norton | 3,331 |
| Special | **Samuel L. Mitchill** |  | John B. Coles |  |
|

Note: The Anti-Federalists called themselves "Republicans." However, at the same time, the Federalists called them "Democrats" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as "Democratic Republicans" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.

## Aftermath and special election

Samuel L. Mitchill took his seat in the 11th United States Congress on December 4, 1810.

The House of Representatives of the 12th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on November 4, 1811, and 16 representatives took their seats on this day. Only Paulding arrived later, and took his seat on November 28, 1811.

Robert Le Roy Livingston resigned his seat on May 6, 1812. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in the former 6th district (the districts had been re-apportioned in the meanwhile) at the next congressional election in December 1812, and was won by Thomas P. Grosvenor, of the same party. Grosvenor took his seat on January 29, 1813.

1. John B. Coles, state senator 1800-02
2. John Bradner, of Orange Co., assemblyman 1786
3. Gerrit (or Garret) Abeel, assemblyman 1796 and 1798-99
4. John Veeder, of Schenectady, state senator 1806-09
5. Richard Van Horne (b. ca. 1770, d. March 12, 1823 Danube), assemblyman 1808-09
6. Simeon Ford, DA of Herkimer Co. 1818-23, assemblyman 1820-21 and 1822
7. *Abridgment of the Debates in Congress from 1789 to 1856* (Vol. IV; page 424)
8. *Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States* (page 88)

## Sources

## InfoBox

United States House of Representatives elections in New York of 1810
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 17 New York seats to the United States House of Representatives | |
| Majority party Minority party   Party Democratic-Republican Federalist  Last election 9 8  Seats won 12 5  Seat change  3  3  Popular vote 74,215 62,152  Percentage 54.4% 45.6% | |


title: Murphydoris

abstract: Murphydoris is a genus of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Goniodorididae.

text:
# Murphydoris

***Murphydoris*** is a genus of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Goniodorididae.

## Genus description

***Murphydoris singaporensis*** Sigurdsson, 1991 is the type species of the genus *Murphydoris*. The generic name *Murphydoris* was created to honor the zoologist and ecologist D. H. Murphy, who is on the staff at the National University of Singapore.

The genus *Murphydoris* lacks peri-anal ctenidia (comb-like respiratory gills); its rhinophores are non-lamellate and its radula formula is n x 1.1.0.1.1. The lateral teeth are unicuspid (= with a single tapering point) with 12 denticles and the marginal teeth are bicuspid.

## Distribution

The type locality for *Murphydoris singaporensis* is mangroves between Kranji and Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve in Singapore.

## Species description

*Murphydoris singaporensis* was firstly collected by Jon B. Sigurdsson, and was described as a new species in 1991.

This is a small nudibranch with a body length of 5 mm and a body width of 2 mm. It was found along the coast of Singapore, between colonies of the bryozoan *Sundanella sibogae* (order Ctenostomatida).

In this animal, the mantle is colorless and translucent, showing the colors of the internal organs. The surface of the mantle shows irregular dark reddish-brown blotches. Behind the rhinophores there is a large horse shoe shaped spot. There are no mantle papillae in front of the non-lamellate, non-retractile rhinophores. The mantle ridge is situated at either side of the anus and is reduced to three pairs of bifid tentacles. Its penis is armed with many spines. It lays its spawn in loose white coils.

When these nudibranchs respond to a threat, they adopt a defensive posture: they flatten their body allowing numerous spicules to penetrate through the body wall, so that the nudibranch assumes the aspect of a hedgehog, covered in spines. The numerous glands on the body wall also probably contribute to the effectiveness of this defensive posture.

## Species

Other species have been tentatively placed in *Murphydoris*, but have not yet been named and are undescribed species:

* *Murphydoris* sp. 1 Marshall & Willan, 1999 \- this is a small species (about 0.5 cm long) living amongst algae along the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Its color is yellow-white with black spots and orange ridges. The rhinophores and gills have the same color but have white tips.
* *Murphydoris* sp. “GBR Murphydoris” Coleman, 2001
* *Murphydoris* sp. 1 Cobb & Willan, 2006
* *Murphydoris* sp. “Black’s Murphydoris” Coleman, 2008
* *Murphydoris* sp. 1 Debelius & Kuiter, 2007

## InfoBox

| *Murphydoris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Nudibranchia |
| Superfamily: | Onchidoridoidea |
| Family: | Goniodorididae |
| Genus: | *Murphydoris*<br>Sigurdsson, 1991 |
|