title: S. Muthiah

abstract: Subbiah Muthiah was an Indian writer, journalist, cartographer, amateur historian and heritage activist known for his writings on the political and cultural history of Chennai city. He was the founder of the fortnightly newspaper Madras Musings and the principal organizer of the annual Madras Day celebrations. Muthiah was also the founder-President of the Madras Book Club.

text:
# S. Muthiah

**Subbiah Muthiah** MBE (13 April 1930 – 20 April 2019) was an Indian writer, journalist, cartographer, amateur historian and heritage activist known for his writings on the political and cultural history of Chennai city. He was the founder of the fortnightly newspaper *Madras Musings* and the principal organizer of the annual Madras Day celebrations. Muthiah was also the founder-President of the Madras Book Club.

## Early life and education

Muthiah was born in Pallathur in the Ramnad district of Madras Presidency, British India in a Nagarathar family on 13 April 1930. Muthiah had his early schooling in Ladies' College, S. Thomas' Preparatory School and Royal College in Colombo and completed his matriculation in India in 1946 at Montfort European School, Yercaud. Between 1946 and 1951, Muthiah studied arts and engineering in the United States of America and returned to Ceylon after obtaining his master's degree in International Relations in 1951.

## With *The Times of Ceylon*

On his return to Ceylon, Muthiah took up a job with *The Times of Ceylon* and served the newspaper for 17 years eventually rising to the second position in the newspaper's hierarchy and heading the weekly Sunday edition. When the citizenship laws of the country were amended in 1968, Muthiah, who was not yet a citizen of Ceylon lost his job and had to move to India.

## In India

Muthiah settled down in the city of Madras and took up a job with T. T. K. Maps, a newly formed cartographic division of T. T. K. Healthcare Ltd where he was tasked with preparation of tourist guides and books on South India. In 1981, Muthiah wrote his first book *Madras Discovered* based on the research he had done to prepare tourist guides on Madras city. He followed it with two more books on Madras and one each on Parry's and Simpson's Ltd.

## Post-retirement

On his retirement from T. T. K. Maps in 1990, Muthiah took up writing full-time and founded the fortnightly newspaper *Madras Musings*. Muthiah also involved himself in heritage activism for Madras city and wrote regular columns for Indian newspapers most prominently *The Hindu*. In 1999, Muthiah co-founded *Chennai Heritage*, a foundation for heritage conservation in Chennai. Muthiah was also one of the brains behind the annual Madras Day celebrations held in Chennai city on the anniversary of the founding of the settlement of Fort St. George by Andrew Cogan and Francis Day on 22 August 1639.

In 2011, Muthiah published the book *Madras Miscellany*, a collection of articles from weekly columns of the same name that he had written for *The Hindu* since November 1999. Muthiah also volunteered to edit the gazetteer on Chennai that was commissioned by the British Council through the Association of British Scholars, India Chapter. Volume one of the 3-volume gazetteer titled *Madras, Chennai: A 400 year record of the first city of Modern India* on "The Land, People and Governance" and volume two on "Services, Education and the Economy" were published in 2008 and 2014 respectively and a third on "Information, Culture and Entertainment" was under preparation.

## Honors

On 7 March 2002, Muthiah was made an "Honorary Member of the Civil Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire". The award was presented to him by Michael Herrige, British High Commissioner to India at a function in Chennai. The citation read that the award was presented for "service by those who are not British citizens but who have pursued ideals which Britain values and shares".

## Personal life

Muthiah's father, N. M. Subbiah Chettiar (1905–2002) was a stockbroker and politician who served as a mayor of Colombo, British Ceylon and was one of the founders of the Ceylon India Congress formed in 1939. He even stood for elections for the House of Representatives of Ceylon from the Nuwara Eliya constituency in 1947 and lost.

Muthiah married Valliammai Achi (1950–2013) in 1969. The couple had two daughters Ranjani and Parvathi. Valliammai worked as a Company Secretary till her death in 2013. Muthiah lived in Chennai where he spent most of his day on his desk. After spending the evening at the Madras Club, he used to retire to his home, where he had two glasses of Indian whisky before dinner.

## Criticism

At the inauguration of the 2009 edition of the Chennai Book Fair, M. Karunanidhi, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu regretted the fact that Muthiah's book *Madras Rediscovered* did not make even a passing mention of the tenures of C. N. Annadurai or himself.

## Works

* Muthiah, S. (1981). *Madras Discovered*. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd.
* Ramaswami, N. S.; Muthiah, S. (1988). *Parrys 200: A saga of resilience*. Affiliated East West Press Pvt. Limited.
* Muthiah, S. (1987). *Madras discovered : a historical guide to looking around, supplemented with tales of "Once upon a city".* Affiliated East-West Press.
* Muthiah, S. (1989). *Tales of old and new Madras: the dalliance of Miss Mansell and 34 other stories of 350 years*. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd.
* Muthiah, S. (1990). *An atlas of India*. OUP
* Muthiah, S. (1990). *Madras, the gracious city*. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd.
* Muthiah, S. (1990). *Getting India on the move: the 150 year saga of Simpsons of Madras*. Higginbotham's.
* Muthiah, S. (1990). *Madras, its yesterdays, todays, and tomorrows.* Association of British Council Scholars, South India.
* Muthiah, S. (1991). *Words in Indian English: A reader's guide*. Indus.
* Muthiah, S. (1992). *Madras discovered : a historical guide to looking around, supplemented with tales of "Once upon a city"*. Affiliated East-West Press.
* Muthiah, S.; Khullar, Rupinder (1992). *The splendours of South India*. UBS Publishers' Distributors.
* Muthiah, S. (1993). *A planting century: the first hundred years of the United Planters' Association of Southern India, 1893–1993*. Affiliated East West Press.
* Muthiah, S. (1995). *Madras, its past and present*. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-81-85938-24-0.
* Muthiah, S. (1995). *At home in Madras. Overseas Women’s Club.*
* Muthiah, S. (1997). *The Spencer Legend*. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd.
* Muthiah, S. (1998). *The spirit of Chepauk: the MCC story, a 150 year sporting tradition*. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd.
* Muthiah, S.; Ramnarayan, V. (1998). *All in the game, a pictorial history of the Madras Cricket Club*. The Madras Cricket Club.
* Perera, S. S.; Muthiah, S. (1999).*The Janashakthi book of Sri Lanka cricket, 1832-1996*. Janashakthi Insurance.
* Muthiah, S. (2000). *Looking back from "Moulmein": a biography of A.M.M. Arunachalam*. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd.
* Muthiah, S. (2000). *Madras that is Chennai, Queen of the Coromandel*. Palaniappa Brothers.
* Muthiah, S. (2002). *The ace of clubs, the story of the Madras Club*. The Madras Club.
* Muthiah, S. (2002). *B.S. Abdur Rahman – a visionary with a mission.*
* Muthiah, S.; Kalpana, K., Schiffer, Frank. (2003). *Madras : the architectural heritage.* Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage.
* Muthiah, S. (2004). *60 landmark years.* L&T and ECC.
* Muthiah, S. (2004). *Madras Rediscovered*. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd.
* Muthiah, S. (2004). *Changing Chennai: a symposium on the queen of the Coromandel*. Singh.
* Muthiah, S. (2004). *The Indo Lankans, their 200-year saga.* Indian Heritage Foundation.
* Muthiah, S. (2005). *Madras that is Chennai, gateway to the South*; Ranpar Publishers.
* Muthiah, S. (2006). *150 Years of excellence, a pictorial history of the University of Madras*. University of Madras.
* Muthiah, S. (2006). *The Chettiar heritage, T*he Chettiar Heritage.
* Muthiah, S. (2006). *A tradition of Madras that is Chennai, the Taj Connemara*. The Taj Connemara.
* Muthiah, S. (2006). *A work of genius, the Senate House of the University of Madras*. University of Madras
* Muthiah, S. (2007). *Overcoming challenge: the 125 year saga of Chennai Port, the harbour that men made*. Chennai Port Trust.
* Muthiah, S.; Gopalan, K. N. (2008). *Moving India on wheels: The story of Ashok Leyland*. Ashok Leyland.
* Muthiah, S. (2008). *Born to dare: the life of Lt. Gen. Inderjit Singh Gill, PVSM, MC*. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-08188-2.
* Muthiah, S. (2008). *Madras, Chennai: a 400 year record of the first city of modern India*, Vols. 1, 2 and 3; Association of British Scholars; Vol. 1 came out in 2008 and Vol. 3 in 2019.
* Muthiah, S. (2009). *The school in the Park, a hundred years of the Sacred Heart School.*
* Muthiah, S.; Sathyanarayanan, S.; Satish, Swapna; Sathasivam, Kumaran (2009). *The Raj Bhavans of Tamil Nadu*. South Zone Cultural Centre.
* Muthiah, S. (2010). D*own by the Adyar.* Madras Boat Club.
* Muthiah, S. (2011). *Madras Miscellany: a decade of people, places and potpourri*. East West. ISBN 978-93-8003-284-9.
* Muthiah, S. (2012). *Walkabout in Oz.* Ranpar Publishers.
* Muthiah, S. (2012). *A Kodaikanal icon, the 125 year old history of a Kodi landmark (the story of the Kodaikanal Club)*. Ranpar Publishers.
* Muthiah, S.; Maclure, Harry. (2014) *The Anglo Indians, a 500 year history.* Niyogi Books.
* Muthiah, S.; Meyyappan Junior. (2014). *A Chettiar album.* The Chettiar Heritage.
* Muthiah, S. (2016). *The Madras Musings silver jubilee book*. Chennai Heritage.
* Muthiah, S. (2016). *T.T. Vasu – The man who could never say no*. Ranpar Publishers.
* Muthiah, S. (2016). *Office chai, planter’s brew*. Westland.
* Muthiah, S. (2016). *The magnificent Shevaroys.* Ranpar Publishers.

## InfoBox

| Subbiah MuthiahMBE | |
| --- | --- |
| S. Muthiah speaking at a Madras Day 2015 presentation on "The story of photography in Madras" | |
| Born | Muthiah
(1930-04-13)13 April 1930
Pallathur, Madura District, Madras Presidency, British India |
| Died | 20 April 2019(2019-04-20) (aged 89)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | journalist |
| Employer | T. T. K. Maps |
| Known for | books on the History of Chennai, conservation activities |
| Title | MBE |
| Spouse | Valliammai Muthiah  (m. 1969; died 2013) |
| Children | Ranjani,
Parvathi |


title: SIGLEC5

abstract: Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIGLEC5 gene. SIGLEC5 has also been designated CD170.

text:
# SIGLEC5

**Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 5** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *SIGLEC5* gene. SIGLEC5 has also been designated **CD170** (cluster of differentiation 170).

## Further reading

* PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 5 (SIGLEC5)

## InfoBox

| SIGLEC5 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Human UniProt search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SIGLEC5, CD170, CD33L2, OB-BP2, OBBP2, SIGLEC-5, sialic acid binding Ig like lectin 5 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 604200; HomoloGene: 55783; GeneCards: SIGLEC5; OMA:SIGLEC5 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_003830
NM\_001384708
NM\_001384709   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_003821   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 19: 51.61 – 51.63 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: YWCA

abstract: The Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) is a nonprofit organization with a focus on empowerment, leadership, and rights of women, young women, and girls in more than 100 countries. The World office is currently based in Geneva, Switzerland, and the nonprofit is headquartered in Washington, DC. The YWCA is independent of the YMCA, but a few local and national YMCA and YWCA associations have merged into YM/YWCAs or YMCA-YWCAs and belong to both organizations, while providing the programs from each.

text:
# YWCA

The **Young Women's Christian Association** (**YWCA**) is a nonprofit organization with a focus on empowerment, leadership, and rights of women, young women, and girls in more than 100 countries.

The World office is currently based in Geneva, Switzerland, and the nonprofit is headquartered in Washington, DC.

The YWCA is independent of the YMCA, but a few local and national YMCA and YWCA associations have merged into YM/YWCAs or YMCA-YWCAs and belong to both organizations, while providing the programs from each (an example being Sweden, which did so in 1966).

## Governance structure

The World Board serves as the governing body of the World YWCA, comprising representatives from all regions of the global YWCA movement. It oversees the organization's operations and activities. On the other hand, the World Council acts as the legislative authority and governing body of the World YWCA. It convenes every four years to make significant decisions affecting the entire movement, including policy, constitution, strategic direction, and budgets. During the World Council meetings, 20 women are elected to serve on the World Board, representing various member associations affiliated with the global YWCA movement.

## History

The YWCA history dates back to 1855, when the philanthropist Lady Mary Jane Kinnaird founded the North London Home for nurses travelling to or from the Crimean War. The home addressed the needs of single women arriving from rural areas to join the industrial workforce in London, by offering housing, education and support with a "warm Christian atmosphere". Kinnaird's organisation merged with the Prayer Union started by evangelist Emma Robarts in 1877.

The Australian YWCA was formed in 1880 when Mary Jane Barker organised the initial meeting in Sydney. Ann Alison Goodlet became its first President. Goodlet served until 1903.

In 1884, the YWCA was restructured. Until then, London had had almost a separate organisation, but there was now one YWCA organisation. Beneath this there were separate staffs and Presidents for London, England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, "Foreign" and Colonial and Missionary. This organisation distributed Christian texts and literature, but it also interviewed young women in an effort to improve living conditions. In 1884, they were working amongst Scottish fisherwomen, publishing their own magazine and operating a ladies' restaurant in London.

The World YWCA was founded in 1894, with USA, Great Britain, Norway and Sweden as its founding mothers.

The first world conference of the YWCA was held in 1898 in London, with 326 participants from 77 countries from around the world.

### Early 20th century

In the beginning of the 20th century, a shift began within the YWCA. While industrialization had been a founding concern of the association, it had sought primarily to evangelise, and to protect women morally and socially from the consequences of urban life. But the emerging socialist movement began to affect these objectives. The first sign of this was during the 1910 World YWCA conference in Berlin, when a resolution was passed against considerable opposition, requiring the association to study social and industrial problems, and to educate working women about the "social measures and legislation enacted in their behalf." Over time the well-organised activists were able to take control of the YWCA, discard its original purposes, and employ it as part of their own movement. By 1920 the process was complete, and the YWCA became a largely secular organisation in all but name, with ties to Social Gospel groups.

Until 1930, the headquarters of the World YWCA were in London. The executive committee was entirely British, with an American General Secretary. This policy resulted in a resolutely Anglocentric lens through which the association viewed the world. In 1930, however, the World YWCA headquarters were moved to Geneva, Switzerland, the same city as the newly formed League of Nations. This was symbolic of the drive to become a more diverse association, and also to co-operate fully with other organizations in Geneva (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross and the YMCA).

### World War II

In several countries, particularly in Eastern Europe, YWCAs were suppressed and disbanded. Throughout occupied Europe, however, women worked to construct support systems for their neighbors and refugees.

Shortly after the end of the war, the YWCA worked to fortify the bonds of women throughout the world by holding the first World Council meeting in nearly a decade in Hangzhou in 1947. This was significant in being the first World Council held outside of the West, and further voiced the desire to be an inclusive, worldwide movement. It also served to bring together women who lived in countries that had been enemies during the war, and to raise awareness among the western YWCAs that the ruin of war was not limited to Europe.

During the following decades, the World YWCA spent much time researching and working with the issues of refugees, health, HIV and AIDS, literacy, the human rights of women and girls, the advancement of women and the eradication of poverty; mutual service, sustainable development and the environment; education and youth, peace and disarmament, and young women's leadership. These issues continue to play an integral role in the World YWCA movement.

## Programs

### YWCA Week Without Violence

Each year during the third week of October, YWCAs worldwide focus on raising awareness to end violence against women and girls.

### YWCA Week of Prayer

Starting in 1904, the World YWCA and the World Alliance of YMCAs have issued a joint call to prayer during the Week of Prayer and World Fellowship. During this week, the two movements pray and act together on a particular theme in solidarity with members and partners around the world. The week-long event is a Bible study based on that year's theme.

### World YWCA Day

In 1948, World YWCA's Observance Day was born, to help each member see how she could act locally in relation to the theme for the year. Some chosen themes for the Observance Day have been: My Faith and My Work, My Place in the World, My Contribution to World Peace, I Confront a Changing World, Toward One World and My Task in Family Life Today. In 1972, the event name was changed to World YWCA Day, and the date of celebration for World YWCA Day became April 24.

## YWCAs around the world

YWCA has a presence in over 100 countries, and includes national and regional entities in eight global regions. Many regional YWCAs operate as independent entities at the local level and belong to their country's national YWCA body as part of a federated, membership-based model.

### Europe

The European YWCA includes national YWCAs in Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Great Britain, Norway, Romania, and more. The European YWCA is a regional legally registered body, serving as an umbrella organization for the national YWCAs around the European continent. YWCA Scotland works under the name **The Young Women's Movement**.

### Middle East

The YWCAs of the Middle East region are in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Palestine.

### Africa

There are over 20 national YWCAs serving communities across the Africa region, including in Burkina Faso, Malawi, South Africa, and Togo.

### Asia

YWCA has a presence in a number of countries in Asia, including Bangladesh, China, India, Korea, Nepal, Taiwan, Philippines and Thailand. Sophia Cooke established of the Young Women's Christian Association in Singapore in 1875.

### Pacific

National YWCAs in the Pacific region include New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Samoa. In 1878, Dunedin activists established the first YWCA in the southern hemisphere. The YWCA branch in Christchurch was established in 1883 to support visitations to the sick; and, in 1885 Auckland's chapter started up with a strong focus on providing a clean and properly supervised living space for working girls. YWCA Australia dates back to 1880, when the first YWCA in the country was established in Sydney to help migrant women.

### North America

In North America, YWCA has a presence in the United States and Canada. YWCA USA was founded in 1858 and today has over 200 member associations, serving over 2 million women, girls, and their families. YWCA USA is one of the largest provider of domestic violence programs and shelters in the United States. YWCA Canada dates back to 1870. Today, YWCA Canada has over 30 member associations, serving 1 million women, girls, and their families.

YWCA USA is headquartered in Washington, DC. Previously its headquarters were in the Empire State Building in New York City.

### Caribbean

National YWCAs in the Caribbean region include Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, and Trinidad & Tobago.

### Middle and South America

YWCAs of Latina America include Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Honduras, and Suriname.

### Leadership since 1855

|
|  |
Past Presidents
| Name | Country | Year |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mrs. J. Herbert Tritton | United Kingdom | 1898–1902 |
| Mrs. George Campbell | United Kingdom | 1902–1906 |
| Miss Mary Morley | United Kingdom | 1906–1910 |
| Mrs. J. Herbert Tritton | United Kingdom | 1910–1914 |
| The Hon. Mrs. Montague Weldgrave | United Kingdom | 1914–1924 |
| The Rt. Hon. The Baroness Parmoor | United Kingdom | 1924–1928 |
| The Hon. Mrs. Montague Weldgrave | United Kingdom | 1928–1930 |
| Miss C. M. Van Asch Van Wijck | Netherlands | 1930–1938 |
| Miss Ruth Rouse | United Kingdom | 1938–1946 |
| Miss C. M. Van Asch Van Wijck | Netherlands | 1946–1947 |
| Miss Lilace Reid Barnes | USA | 1947–1955 |
| The Hon. Isabel Catto | United Kingdom | 1955–1963 |
| Dr. Una B. Porter | Australia | 1963–1967 |
| Mrs. Athena Athanassiou | Greece | 1967–1975 |
| Dame Nita Barrow | Barbados | 1975–1983 |
| Mrs. Ann Northcote | Canada | 1983–1987 |
| Dr. Jewel Freeman Graham | USA | 1987–1991 |
| Mrs. Razia Ismail Abbasi | India | 1991–1995 |
| Mrs. Anita Andersson | Sweden | 1995–1999 |
| Ms. Jane Lee Wolfe | USA | 1999–2003 |
| Ms Mónica Zetzsche | Argentina | 2003–2007 |
| Susan Brenan | Australia | 2007–2011 |
| Deborah Thomas-Austin | Trinidad and Tobago | 2011–2019 |
| Mira Rizeq | Palestine | 2019–pres. |

|
|  |
Past General Secretaries
| Name | Country | Year |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Miss Annie Reynolds | USA | 1894–1904 |
| Miss Clarissa Spencer | USA | 1904–1920 |
| Miss Charlotte T. Niven | USA | 1920–1935 |
| Miss Ruth Woodsmall | USA | 1935–1947 |
| Miss Helen Roberts | United Kingdom | 1947–1955 |
| Miss Elizabeth Palmer | USA | 1955–1978 |
| Miss Erica Brodie | New Zealand | 1978–1982 |
| Mrs. Ruth Sovik | USA | 1982–1985 |
| Miss Ellen Clark (acting) | USA | 1985–1986 |
| Mrs. Genevieve Jacques (acting) | France | 1986–1987 |
| Mrs. Elaine Hesse Steel | New Zealand | 1987–1997 |
| Dr. Musimbi Kanyoro | Kenya | 1998–2007 |
| Mrs. Nyaradzai Gumbonzvanda | Zimbabwe | 2007–2016 |
| Ms. Malayah Harper | Canada | 2016–2019 |
| Mrs. Casey Harden | USA | 2019–pres. |

## Partners

The World YWCA is involved and is a part of the Big Six Alliance of Youth Organisations (World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations, World Young Women's Christian Association, World Organization of the Scout Movement, World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Foundation). It is also a member of Accountable Now, ACT Alliance, and has consultative status with United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). World YWCA works in partnership with a number of ecumenical players (World Council of Churches, Lutheran World Federation, etc.) and a number of international institutional and government donors.

## Bibliography

* Mary S. Sims, *The YWCA: An Unfolding Purpose* (New York: Woman's Press, 1950)
* Mary S. Sims, *The Purpose Widens, 1947-1967* (New York: YWCA, 1969)
* Anna Rice, *A History of the World's Young Women's Christian Association* (New York: Woman's Press 1947)
* Karen Garner, *Global Feminism and Postwar Reconstruction: The World YWCA Visitation to Occupied Japan*, 1947
* Carole Seymour-Jones, *Journey of Faith: The History of the World YWCA 1945-1994* (London: Allison & Busby 1994)
* Dorothea Browder, *A Christian Solution of the Labor Situation: How Workingwomen Reshaped the YWCA's Religious Mission and Politics* (Journal of Women's History, Vol. 19, Summer 2007)
* List of other YWCA articles

### Archives

## InfoBox

YWCA
| Young Women's Christian Association | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Founded | 1855 (1855) |
| Founder | Mary Jane Kinnaird<br>Emma Robarts |
| Founded at | London, United Kingdom |
| Headquarters | Geneva, Switzerland |
| Region | Worldwide |
| Website | www.worldywca.org |


title: Flight to Forever

abstract: Flight to Forever is a science fiction novella by American writer Poul Anderson, first published in serial form in Super Science Stories in November 1950, and then published again in paperback in 1955. This is one of many science fiction works written during the 1950s that involved time travel.

text:
# Flight to Forever

***Flight to Forever*** is a science fiction novella by American writer Poul Anderson, first published in serial form in *Super Science Stories* in November 1950, and then published again in paperback in 1955. This is one of many science fiction works written during the 1950s that involved time travel.

## Plot summary

In 1973, physicist Martin Saunders test drives a time machine that Saunders, his girlfriend Eve, and his colleague McPherson have constructed. Martin and his friend Sam Hull set the time machine to the year 2073. Arriving in the year 2073, Martin finds his house in ruins and the nearby village completely gone. The men attempt to return to 1973, only to find that the time machine does not have the energy required to move backwards in time further than 2008. In desperation, they begin to go forward in time in the hope of finding technology that can help them travel back in time.

Arriving in the year 2500, the men visit a futuristic village. They are confronted by a militia that murders Sam and chases Martin back to the time machine. Martin travels to the year 3000, where he meets a tavern keeper named Belgotai, who confirms he must travel forward to a more advanced civilization to find the technology he needs. In exchange for this information, Martin agrees to take Belgotai with him in the time machine.

The men make several stops in various centuries trying to find a backwards time machine. The time machine, which is unable to materialize inside solid matter, gets stuck inside a massive stone pyramid for 20,000 years. The time machine finally materializes in the year 25,296, and the men find that the Earth has been annexed as part of a vast multi-galactic empire.

The two men arrive in the year 50,000 and are granted asylum at a nearby castle. Here they meet Empress Taurey, the last remaining monarch of the empire, and Vargor, a prince and head of the Empress's bodyguard. She explains that the empire has crumbled to the point where the Earth is the only planet remaining. Martin is convinced to help the Empress in her war to reconquer the galaxy. He is able to modify her largest warship to jump through time and surprise the enemy. After the battle, Martin spends a year helping to build a second galactic empire and getting closer to Taurey. He is later drugged by a jealous Vargor, and placed back in the time machine as it is sent forward through time.

For four million years, the time machine is covered by a vast ocean, and when it recedes, Martin appears in an impossible city with godlike beings. They modify his time machine, and send him forward in time. He makes several more stops before finally reaching the end of the universe.

Eventually, after several billion years, the universe begins to reform around the time machine. Martin sees the formation of the universe, the Earth and the Moon and realizes that the universe is cyclical. He eventually is able to pilot forward in time to 1973, where the time machine self-destructs after Martin exits.

## Characters

**Martin Saunders**: The main character of the novella. He is a physicist who is stuck in a time machine that can only go forward. Despite only wanting to travel 100 years into the future, he ends up traveling throughout the whole of time until the end of the Universe. Along the way, he helps to found the second galactic empire, and falls in love with Taurey.

**Belgotai**: A bartender and mercenary that Martin travels with after the year 3000. He is enlisted as a soldier in the galactic army. He is abandoned when Martin leaves the year 50,000.

**Sam Hull**: The initial partner that Martin sets out from 1973 with. He is killed in the year 2500 by a militia.

**Empress Taurey**: The last remaining monarch of the first galactic empire, and later the first monarch of the second galactic empire. She is a love interest of Martin.

**Prince Vargor**: A prince, and the head of the Taurey's bodyguard. He is in love with Taurey. He drugs Martin, and banishes Martin from the year 50,000 in the time machine.

**McPherson**: Martin's colleague, who helps him invent the time machine.

**Eve**: Martin's girlfriend, who helps him invent the time machine.

## Re-releases

*Flight to Forever* has been re-released in several different collections outside of Poul's work. These include Flight to Forever and Other Stories, and The End of the World: Stories of the Apocalypse. It has regularly been re-released within Poul's work in collections of his stories.

*Flight to Forever* is the main inspiration for the *Futurama* episode "The Late Philip J. Fry". In this episode, Fry, Bender and Professor Farnsworth get stuck in the professor's time machine that only moves forward. The plot is largely the same as the novella.

## Reception

*Flight to Forever* was placed on several lists of the best science fiction in 1952 and 1953. It was awarded 4 out of 5 stars on Goodreads.com and was called a "classic story" by FantasticFiction.com. Amazon hailed it as a "memorable time travel adventure" from one of the "most heralded sci-fi authors of all time".

1. "Authors : Anderson, Poul : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". *www.sf-encyclopedia.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
2. "The End of the World". *www.goodreads.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
3. *"Futurama" The Late Philip J. Fry (TV Episode 2010)*, retrieved 2019-02-26
4. "Title: Flight to Forever". *www.isfdb.org*. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
5. "Flight to Forever". *www.goodreads.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
6. "Poul Anderson". *www.fantasticfiction.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
7. Anderson, Poul; Kornbluth, Cyril M. (April 2011). *The Syndic & Flight to Forever*. Armchair Fiction & Music. ISBN 978-1612870243.

## InfoBox

Flight to Forever
| First book edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Poul Anderson |
| Cover artist | Stanley Pitt |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Published | November 1, 1950 |
| Publication place | United States |
| ISBN | 978-1-60239-967-9 |


title: R.Pattanam

abstract: R. Pattanam is a village in Rasipuram taluk, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India. The residents' major occupation is agriculture. Here it has two lakes Pattanam lake which is largest lake in Rasipuram taluk and alathoor lake. Both collect the rain water through canal from the bodhamalai hills.

text:
# R.Pattanam

**R. Pattanam** is a village in Rasipuram taluk, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India. The residents' major occupation is agriculture. Here it has two lakes Pattanam lake which is largest lake in Rasipuram taluk and alathoor lake. Both collect the rain water through canal from the bodhamalai hills.

1. Tamil Nadu Government - Namakkal District - Rasipuram Taluk
2. List of Polling Station for Rasipuram Assembly Segment

## InfoBox

| R.Pattanam Aalathur pattanam | |
| --- | --- |
| Village Panchayat | |
| R.PattanamLocation in Tamil Nadu, IndiaR.PattanamR.Pattanam (India) | |
| Coordinates: 11°28′19″N 78°12′39″E / 11.47197°N 78.210889°E / 11.47197; 78.210889 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Namakkal |
| Population | |
| Total | 9,200 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Website | www.rpattanam.com |


title: Nim Hall

abstract: Norman MacLeod "Nim" Hall was a rugby union international who represented England from 1947 to 1955. He also captained his country.

text:
# Nim Hall

**Norman MacLeod** "**Nim**" **Hall** (2 August 1925 – 25 June 1972) was a rugby union international who represented England from 1947 to 1955. He also captained his country.

## Early life

Nim Hall was born on 2 August 1925 in Huddersfield and attended Worksop College a public school in North Nottinghamshire where he first started playing rugby at the age of 11. Whilst at Worksop, Hall represented North of Thames Public Schools and was widely regarded as one of the finest schoolboy rugby players of the early 1940s. The Worksop College Rugby team of 1941/1942 of which Hall played a major part were voted schoolboy rugby team of the year alongside Bedford School, with Hall contributing 129 points out of a total of 403 for the season.

## After school

After leaving Worksop College in 1943 Hall enlisted with the Royal Signals and played rugby for St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Paddington and the Army representative team.

## Rugby union career

Hall made his international debut on 18 January 1947 at Cardiff Arms Park in the Wales vs England match. Of the 17 matches he played for his national side he was on the winning side on nine occasions. He played his final match for England on 12 February 1955 at Lansdowne Road in the Ireland vs England match.

## Death

Nim Hall died on 25 June 1972 at Paddington Hospital in London after a short illness.

## InfoBox

Nim Hall
| Birth name | Norman MacLeod Hall |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 2 August 1925 |
| Place of birth | Huddersfield, England |
| Date of death | 25 June 1972(1972-06-25) (aged 46) |
| Place of death | (registered in) Paddington, London, England |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Fly-half  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1947–1955 England  17  (Pts:39;
Conv:8;
Pens:4;
Drop:3) | |


abstract: The list of the knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit presents the chronological list of knights and commanders of the most important French Order of the Holy Spirit, established by Henry III (1578), abolished under the French Revolution (1791), re-established under the Restoration (1814), abolished in turn by the July Monarchy (1830).

text:
# List of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit

Collar of the commanders (prelates) of the Order of the Holy SpiritCollar of the Chevaliers of the Order of the Holy Spirit

The **list of the knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit** presents the chronological list of knights and commanders of the most important French Order of the Holy Spirit, established by Henry III (1578), abolished under the French Revolution (1791), re-established under the Restoration (1814), abolished in turn by the July Monarchy (1830).

## Under Henry III

**Henry III** was the founder of the order, First sovereign chief of the order.

### First promotion (31 December 1578)

### Second promotion (21 December 1579)

### Third promotion (21 December 1580)

### Fourth promotion (21 December 1581)

### Fifth promotion (21 December 1582)

### Sixth promotion (21 December 1583)

* Prelate received on 31 December, in the Church of the Grands-Augustins, in Paris :
* Knights received on the same day :
    + Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Fontaines, vice-admiral of France, lieutenant général in Bretagne.
    + René de Rochefort, baron de Frôlois, governor of Blésois.
    + Jean de Vivonne, marquis de Pisany, sénéchal of Saintonge.
    + Louis Chasteigner, seigneur de la Rocheposay, governor of la Marche.
    + Bernard de Nogaret, seigneur de la Valette, then Admiral of France.
    + Henri de Joyeuse, comte du Bouchage, then duc de Joyeuse, pair and marshal of France.
    + Nicolas de Grimonville, seigneur de Larchant, captain of the 100 Archers of the King's Guard.
    + Louis d'Amboise, comte d'Aubijoux.
    + François de La Valette, seigneur de Cornusson, governor and sénéchal of Toulouse.
    + François de Cazillac, baron de Cessac.
    + Joachim de Dinteville, lieutenant général of the government of Champagne.
    + Joachim de Châteauvieux, comte de Confolant, honorary Knight of Queen Marie de Médicis.
    + Charles de Balsac, seigneur de Clermont d'Entragues.
    + Charles du Plessis, seigneur de Liancourt, then marquis de Guercheville and comte de Beaumont-sur-Oise, governor of Paris.
    + François de Chabanes, marquis de Curton, lieutenant général in Auvergne.
    + Robert de Combault, first master of the King's chambers.
    + François, seigneur de Sénectaire (or Saint-Nectaire) and la Ferté-Nabert.

### Seventh promotion (21 December 1584)

* Knights received on 31 December, in the Church of the Grands-Augustins, in Paris :
    + Jean de Saint-Larry, baron de Termes, maréchal de camp and governor of Metz.
    + Jean de Vienne, baron de Ruffey, governor of Bourbonnais.
    + Louis de Castellanne, named Adhémar de Monteil, comte de Grignan, lieutenant général in Provence.

### Eighth promotion (21 December 1585)

* Knights received on 31 December, in the Church of the Grands-Augustins, in Paris :
    + Charles de Bourbon, comte de Soissons pair and grand-master of France.
    + Jean, seigneur de Vassé, baron de la Roche-Mabille.
    + Adrien Tiercelin, seigneur de Brosse and Sarcus, then lieutenant général in Champagne.
    + François Chabot, marquis de Mirebeau, comte de Charny.
    + Gilles de Souvré, marquis de Courtenvaux, marshal of France.
    + François d'O, seigneur de Fresnes, first gentleman of the King's chamber, Superintendent of Finances, governor of Paris and Isle de France.
    + Claude de La Châtre, baron de la Maisonfort, then marshal of France.
    + Giraud de Mauléon, seigneur de Gourdan, governor of Calais.
    + Jacques de Loubens, seigneur de Verdalle.
    + Louis de Berton, seigneur de Crillon, named *le Brave*, mestre de camp of the Guards' regiment.
    + Jean d'Angennes, seigneur de Poigny, ambassador in Savoy and Vienna.
    + François de La Jugie du Puy-Duval, seigneur and baron de Rieux, governor of Narbonne.
    + François-Louis d'Agoût de Montauban, comte de Sault.
    + Guillaume de Saulx, vicomte de Tavannes, lieutenant général in Bourgogne.
    + Meri de Barbezières, seigneur de la Roche-Chémeraut, grand-marshal of the King's chambers.
    + François du Plessis, father of the cardinal, grand-provost and captain of the Life Guards.
    + Gabriel Nompar de Caumont, comte de Lauzun.
    + Hector de Pardaillan, seigneur de Montespan and Gondrin.
    + Louis de Champagne, comte de la Suze au Maine.
    + René de Bouillé, comte de Crancé, governor of Périgueux.
    + Louis Du Bois, seigneur des Arpentis, governor of Touraine.
    + Jean d'O, seigneur de Manou, captain of the 100 Archers of the King's Guard.
    + Henri de Silly, comte de La Rocheguyon, damoiseau de Commercy.
    + Antoine de Bauffremont, named *de Vienne*, marquis d'Arc en Barrois.
    + Jean du Chastelet, seigneur de Thon, governor of Langres.
    + François d'Escoubleau, seigneur de Sourdis, then marquis d'Alluye, first squire of the great stable.
    + Charles d'Ongnies, comte de Chaulnes.
    + David Bouchard, vicomte d'Aubeterre, governor of Périgord.

### Ninth promotion (21 December 1586)

* Knights received on 31 December, in the Church of the Grands-Augustins, in Paris :
    + Georges de Villequier, vicomte de la Guierche.
    + Jacques de Mouy, seigneur de Pierrecourt, state councilor.
    + Charles de Vivonne, seigneur de la Chasteigneraye, sénéchal of Saintonge.
    + Jacques le Veneur, comte de Tillières, lieutenant général of Haute-Normandie.

### Tenth promotion (21 December 1587)

### During the reign of Henry III, Knights and commanders appointed without having been received

Several eminent personages were appointed Knight or Commander of the Order of the Holy Spirit during the reign of Henry III, without having been received, and therefore they cannot be counted as members of the order. However, as proof of their appointments exists either in the archives of the order itself, or in the genealogies of the great officers of the crown, it seemed necessary to recall their names.

#### Year 1578

#### Year 1580

* Knights :
    + Charles de Vendôme de Rubempré, governor of Rue.
    + Jean de Pontevés, baron de Cotignac, grand sénéchal and admiral of Provence.
    + Jean de Rieux, marquis d'Asserac.

#### Year 1582

* Knight:
    + Charles de Belleville, comte de Cosnac, lieutenant général in Saintonge.

#### Year 1584

* Knights:
    + Jean Louis de La Rochefoucauld, comte de Randan.
    + Charles de Mouy, seigneur de la Meilleraye, vice-admiral of France.

#### Year 1585

* Knights:
    + Michel de Castelnau, seigneur de Mauvissère, ambassador in England, governor of Saint-Dizier.
    + Hector Renaud de Durfort, comte Launac.
    + François de Brailly, seigneur de Mainvilliers.

#### Year 1587

* Knight:
    + Christophe, baron de Bassompierre.

#### Year 1588

* Commander :
* Knights :
    + Philippe d'Angennes, seigneur de Fargis, governor of Maine.
    + René du Bellay, prince d'Yvetot.
    + Artus de Maillé, seigneur de Brézé, governor of Anjou.

## Under Henri IV

Henri IV, second sovereign head of the order, did not receive the collar until his coronation, 28 February 1594, and during this interval made the most senior chevalier to preside in his place (it was Marshal de Biron, the father, who presided in the absence of the king).

### First promotion (31 December 1591)

### Second promotion (7 December 1595)

* Prelates received in the Grands-Augustins church in Paris :
    + Philippe du Bec, archbishop and duc de Reims.
    + Henri I d'Escoubleau de Sourdis, bishop of Maillezais.
* Knights :

### Third promotion (5 January 1597)

* Knights received in the church of the Saint-Ouen Abbey of Rouen :
    + Henry I, duke of Montmorency, pair, Marshal and Constable of France.
    + Hercule de Rohan, duc de Montbazon, comte de Rochefort, pair, Grand veneur of France and governor of Paris.
    + Charles de Montmorency, baron, then duc de Damville, Admiral of France.
    + Alphonse d'Ornano, colonel général of the Corsicans, Marshal of France.
    + Urbain de Laval, seigneur de Bois-Dauphin, marquis de Sablé, Marshal of France.
    + Charles II de Luxembourg, comte de Brienne and Roussy, governor of Metz.
    + Gilbert de La Trémoille, marquis de Royan, comte d'Olonne, captain of the 100 Gentlemen of la maison du Roi and sénéchal of Poitou.
    + Jacques Chabot, marquis de Mirebeau, comte de Charny, mestre de camp of the regiment of Champagne and lieutenant général in Bourgogne.
    + Jean, sire de Bueil, comte de Sancerre and Marans, Grand-échanson de France.
    + Guillaume de Gadagne, baron de Verdun, seigneur de Bouthéon, governor of Lyonnais.
    + Louis de L'Hôpital, marquis de Vitry, captain of the King's Life guards, governor of Meaux.
    + Pons de Lauzières-Thémines-Cardaillac, marquis de Thémines, sénéchal and governor of Quercy, Marshal of France.
    + Louis d'Ognies, comte de Chaulnes, governor of Péronne, Montdidier and Roye.
    + Edme de Malain, baron de Lux, lieutenant général in Bourgogne.
    + Antoine d'Aumont de Rochebaron, comte de Châteauroux, marquis de Nolay, governor of Boulogne.
    + Louis de La Châtre, baron de la Maisonfort, governor of Berry, then Marshal of France.
    + Jean de Durfort, seigneur de Born, lieutenant général of the artillery of France.
    + Louis de Bueil, seigneur de Racan, Marshal General of France, governor of Croizic.
    + Claude d'Harville, seigneur de Paloiseau, baron de Nainville, governor of Compiègne and Calais.
    + Eustache de Conflans, vicomte d'Ouchy, lieutenant général, governor of Saint-Quentin.
    + Louis de Grimonville, seigneur de Larchant, governor of Evreux.
    + Charles de Neufville, baron then marquis d'Alincourt and Villeroy, comte de Bury, Grand Marshal of the King's bedchamber and governor of Lyonnais.

### Fourth promotion (2 January 1599)

* Knights received in the Grands-Augustins church in Paris.
    + Anne de Lévis, duc de Ventadour, pair de France, governor of Limousin, lieutenant général of the government of Languedoc.
    + Jacques Mitte de Chevrières, comte de Miolans, seigneur de Chévrières, baron de Saint-Chaumont, lieutenant général of the government of Lyonnais.
    + Jean-François de Faudoas d'Averton, comte de Belin, governor of Ham, Paris and Calais.
    + Bertrand de Baylens, baron de Poyanne, governor of Acqs and sénéchal of Bordeaux.
    + René de Rieux, seigneur de Sourdéac, marquis d'Oixant (*Ouessant*), governor of Brest.
    + Brandelis de Champagne, marquis de Villaines.
    + Jacques de l'Hospital, marquis de Choisi, governor and sénéchal of Auvergne.
    + Robert de La Vieuville, baron de Rugle, Grand Falconer of France, and governor of Reims.
    + Charles de Matignon, comte de Torigni, lieutenant général in Basse-Normandie.
    + François Juvénal des Ursins, marquis de Trainel, colonel of the French Reiters, Marshal General of France, ambassador in England.

### Fifth promotion (1606)

### Sixth promotion (12 March 1608)

* Knights received in Rome :
    + Alexandre Sforza-Conti, duc de Segni, prince de Valmontane, comte de Santafior
    + Jean Antoine Ursin, duc de Santo-Gemini, prince de Scandriglia, and comte d'Ercole

### During the reign of Henri IV, knights and commanders appointed and died without having been received

#### Year 1595

* Anne d'Anglure, marquis de Givry
* Michel d'Estourmel, seigneur de Guyencourt
* Jean de Montluc, Marshal of France
* Gaspard de Schomberg, colonel of the Reiters
* Jean de Levis, seigneur de Mirepoix
* Jean, marquis de Goetquen
* Robert de Harlay
* François de Senicourt

#### Year 1599

* Sebastien marquis de Rosmadec

#### Year 1604

* Henri de Noailles
* Nicolas de Harlay
* François de l'Isle
* Jean-Paul d'Esparbès de Lussan
* Bernard de Beon du Masses
* Jean de Gontault
* Jérôme de Gondi

## Under Louis XIII

Louis XIII, third sovereign head of the order, received the collar on 18 October 1610, the day after his coronation.

### First promotion (18 October 1610)

* Knight :

### Second promotion (september 1618)

### Third promotion (31 December 1619)

* Prelates received in the Grands-Augustins Church in Paris :
* Knights :
    + Gaston Jean-Baptiste de France, duc d'Orléans, brother of King Louis XIII.
    + Louis de Bourbon, comte de Soissons, pair and Grand-master of France, governor of Dauphiné.
    + Charles de Lorraine, duc de Guise, pair de France, prince de Joinville, governor of Provence.
    + Henri de Lorraine, duc de Mayenne and Aiguillon, pair and Grand Chamberlain of France, governor of Guyenne.
    + Claude de Lorraine, prince de Joinville, duc de Chevreuse, pair and Grand Chamberlain of France, governor of Haute and Basse Marche.
    + César, duc de Vendôme, Beaufort, Étampes and Ponthièvre, prince de Martigues, governor of Bretagne, pair and then Grand master and surintendant général of the navigation and commerce of France.
    + Charles de Valois, duc d'Angoulême, comte d'Auvergne, etc., pair de France and colonel général of the light cavalry.
    + Charles de Lorraine, duc d'Elbeuf, pair de France, governor of Picardie.
    + Henri, duc de Montmorency, pair and admiral of France, governor of Languedoc, then Marshal of France.
    + Emmanuel de Crussol, duc d'Uzès, pair de France, honorary knight of Queen Anne of Austria.
    + Henri de Gondi, duc of Retz and Beaupreau, pair de France.
    + Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, pair and Grand Falconer of France, governor of Picardie, Constable of France.
    + Honoré d'Albert, duc de Chaulnes, pair and Marshal of France, governor of Picardie.
    + Louis de Rohan, comte de Rochefort, then prince de Guémené, duc de Montbazon, pair and Grand veneur de France.
    + Joachim de Bellengreville, seigneur de Neuville-Gambetz, de Bomicourt, etc., Provost of l'hôtel du Roi and of France.
    + Martin III du Bellay, prince of Yvetot, marquis of Thouarcé, etc., lieutenant général in Normandy, then in Anjou, captain of 50 armed men of the Ordinances, Marshal General of France.
    + Charles, sire de Créquy, prince de Poix, comte de Sault, then duc de Lesdiguières, pair and marshal of France.
    + Gilbert Filhet, seigneur de la Curée and la Roche-Turpin, captain of 50 armed men, Marshal General of France.
    + Philippe de Béthune, comte de Charost, bailli de Mantes and Meulant, ambassador in Scotland, Rome, Savoy and Germany.
    + Charles de Coligny, marquis d'Andelot, lieutenant général of the government of Champagne.
    + Jean François de La Guiche, seigneur de Saint-Géran, comte de la Palisse, governor of Bourbonnais, then Marshal of France.
    + René Du Bec, marquis de Vardes and La Bosse, State councillor, captain of 50 armed men, governor of pays de Thiérache.
    + Antoine Arnaud de Pardaillan de Gondrin, seigneur de Pardaillan, Gondrin and Antin, marquis de Montespan, captain of the Life Guards, maréchal de camps, and lieutenant général in the province of Guyenne.
    + Henri de Schomberg, comte de Nanteuil, Superintendent of Finances, governor of Haute and Basse Marche and Limousin, Marshal of France.
    + François de Bassompierre, colonel général of the Swiss, then Marshal of France.
    + Henri de Bourdeille, vicomte de Bourdeille, marquis d'Archiac, captain of 100 armed men, sénéchal and governor of Périgord.
    + Jean-Baptiste d'Ornano, comte de Montlor, colonel général of the Corsicans, lieutenant général in Normandy, governor of the King's brother, then Marshal of France.
    + Timoléon d'Espinay, seigneur de Saint-Luc, comte d'Estelan, governor of Brouage, lieutenant général in Guyenne and Marshal of France.
    + Henri de Bauffremont, marquis de Sénecey, governor of Auxonne.
    + René Potier, comte then Duke of Tresmes, pair de France, captain of the Life Guards, lieutenant général of the government of Champagne.
    + Philippe-Emmanuel de Gondi, comte de Joigny, général of the galleys.
    + Charles d'Angennes, marquis de Rambouillet, vidame du Mans, seigneur d'Arquenay, etc., captain of the 100 Gentlemen of la maison du Roi, ambassadeur extraordinaire in Spain.
    + Louis de Crévant, vicomte de Brigueil, marquis d'Humières, captain of the 100 Gentlemen of la maison du Roi and governor of Compiègne.
    + Bertrand de Vignolles, dit de la Hire, baron de Vignolles, seigneur de Casaubon and Preschat, lieutenant général in Champagne, First Marshal General of France, governor of Sainte-Ménéhould.
    + Antoine II de Gramont, souverain de Bidache, comte de Guiche and Louvignières, then duc de Gramont, vice-roi de Navarre and Béarn, governor of Bayonne.
    + François Nompar de Caumont, comte de Lauzun, State councillor, captain of 50 armed men.
    + Melchior Mitte, comte de Miolans, marquis de Saint-Chaumontand Montpezal, seigneur de Chevrières, State minister, lieutenant général of the King's armies, and government of Provence, ambassadeur extraordinaire in Rome.
    + Léonor de la Magdeleine, Seigneur then marquis de Ragny, King's lieutenant in the county of Charollois.
    + Jean de Warignies, seigneur de Blainville, master of the King's wardrobe.
    + Léon d'Albert, seigneur de Brantes, captain lieutenant of the Guards light horse, governor of Blaye, then duc de Piney-Luxembourg and pair de France.
    + Nicolas de Brichanteau, marquis de Nangis, State councillor, captain of 50 armed men.
    + Charles de Vivonne, baron de la Chasteigneraye, governor of Parthenay.
    + André de Cochefilet, comte de Vauvineux, baron de Vaucelas, ambassador in Spain.
    + Gaspard Dauvet, seigneur des Marêts, State councillor, governor of Beauvais and pays de Beauvaisis, ambassador in England.
    + Lancelot, seigneur de Vassé, baron de la Roche-Mabile, seigneur d'Esquilly, etc., State councillor.
    + Charles, sire de Rambures, maréchal de camps, governor of Doullens.
    + Antoine de Buade, seigneur de Frontenac, baron de Palluau, captain of the Saint-Germain-en-Laye castle, first master of l'hôtel du Roi.
    + Nicolas de L'Hospital, marquis then duc de Vitry, Marshal of France, governor of la Brie.
    + Jean de Souvré, Marquis de Courtanvaux, State councillor, first gentilhomme of the King's Chamber, and governor of Touraine.
    + François de L'Hospital, seigneur du Hallier, comte de Rosnay, captain of the King's Life guards, then Marshal of France and State minister.
    + Louis de la Marck, marquis de Mauny, first Squire of Queen Anne of Austria.
    + Charles de La Vieuville, marquis then duc de La Vieuville, captain of the King's Life guards, Superintendent of Finances, and Grand Falconer of France.
    + Louis d'Aloigny, marquis de Rochefort, baron de Craon and bailli du Berri.
    + César-Auguste de Saint-Lary, baron de Termes, Grand Squire of France.
    + Alexandre de Rohan, marquis de Marigny, captain of 100 armed men.
    + François de Silly, comte then duc de la Rocheguyon, Grand Louvetier de France.
    + Antoine-Hercule de Budos, marquis de Portes, vice-amiral de France.
    + François V, comte then duc de La Rochefoucauld, governor of Poitou.
    + Jacques d'Etampes, seigneur de Valençai, Grand Marshal of the King's bedchamber, then governor of Calais.
    + Henri d'Albret, baron de Moissens, mestre de camp of a thousand-foot soldiers maintained for the King in the country of Bigorre.

### Fourth promotion (26 July 1622)

At the Grenoble cathedral.

### Fifth promotion (28 June 1625)

At the chapel of Somerset House, London, on 28 June 1625.

### Sixth promotion (24 March 1632)

### Seventh promotion (14 may 1633)

At Fontainebleau.

* Knights :
    + Henri d'Orléans, duc de Longueville, governor of Normandie.
    + Henri de Lorraine, comte d'Harcourt, Grand Squire de France.
    + Louis de Valois, comte d'Alets, then duc d'Angoulême and governor of Provence.
    + Henri de La Trémoille, duc de Thouars, pair de France, prince de Tarente and Talmond, comte de Laval, etc.
    + Charles de Lévis, duc de Ventadour, pair de France, lieutenant général in Languedoc and governor of Limousin.
    + Henri de Nogaret de La Valette, dit de Foix, duc de Candale, pair de France.
    + Charles de Schomberg, duc de Halluin, colonel général of the Reiters, Marshal of the German troops, governor of Languedoc, pair and Marshal of France.
    + François de Cossé, duc de Brissac, pair and Grand Panetier of France.
    + Bernard de Nogaret, de la Valette and Foix, duc de la Valette and Epernon, colonel général of the French infantery française, governor of Metz.
    + Charles-Henri, comte de Clermont and Tonnerre, marquis de Crusy, etc., first baron and hereditary Constable of the Dauphiné, State councillor and captain of 100 armed men.
    + François Hannibal d'Estrées, marquis de Cœuvres, Marshal of France, then duc and pair of France.
    + Jean de Nettancourt, comte de Vaubecourt, baron d'Orne and Choiseul, State councillor, Marshal General of France, governor of Châlons.
    + Henri I de Saint-Nectaire, or Senneterre, marquis de la Ferté-Nabert, ambassador in England and Rome, State minister.
    + Philibert, vicomte de Pompadour, the King's lieutenant général in Limousin.
    + René aux Epaules, dit *de Laval*, marquis de Néelle, maréchal de camp.
    + Guillaume de Simiane, marquis de Gordes, captain of the Life Guards.
    + Charles, comte de Lannoi, first maître d'hôtel du Roi, governor of Montreuil.
    + François de Nagu, marquis de Varennes, governor of Aigue-Mortes.
    + Urbain de Maillé, marquis de Brézé, Marshal of France, governor of Calais and Saumur.
    + Jean de Galard de Béarn, comte de Brassac, governor of Saintonge.
    + François de Noailles, comte d'Ayen, State councillor, captain of 100 armed men of the Ordinances, Marshal General of France, lieutenant général in Auvergne.
    + Bernard de Baylens, baron de Poyanne, lieutenant général in pays de Béarn.
    + Gabriel de La Vallée-Fossés, marquis d'Everly, maréchal de camp, governor of Lorraine and of Montpellier and Verdun.
    + Charles de Livron, marquis de Bourbonne, lieutenant général en Champagne, maréchal de camp.
    + Gaspard-Armand, vicomte de Polignac, marquis de Chalançon, governor of Puy-en-Velay.
    + Louis, vicomte then duc d'Arpajon, marquis de Séverac, lieutenant général of the King's armies.
    + Charles d'Escoubleau, marquis de Sourdis and Alluye, State councillor, Marshal General of France, governor of Orléans.
    + François de Blanchefort de Bonne de Créqui, comte de Sault, then duc de Lesdiguières, pair de France and governor of Dauphiné.
    + François de Béthune, comte d'Orval, then duc de Béthune, first Squire of Queen Anne of Austria.
    + Claude de Rouvroy de Saint-Simon, pair and Grand Louvetier de France, then duc de Saint-Simon.
    + Charles du Camboût, baron de Pont-Château and la Roche-Bernard, marquis de Coislin, governor of Brest, the King's lieutenant général in Basse-Bretagne.
    + François de Vignerot, marquis du Pont-de-Courlai, governor of Havre de Grâce, then général of the galleys of France.
    + Charles de La Porte, marquis then duc de la Meilleraye, pair, Grand master of the artillery and Marshal of France.
    + Gabriel de Rochechouart, marquis then duc de Mortemart, pair of France, and governor of Paris.
    + Antoine d'Aumont de Rochebaron, seigneur de Villequier, then duke, pair and Marshal of France
    + Just-Henri, comte de Tournon and Roussillon, sénéchal d'Auvergne, maréchal de camp.
    + Louis de Mouy, seigneur de la Meilleraye, lieutenant général of the government of Normandie.
    + Charles de Damas, comte de Thianges, maréchal de camp, lieutenant général of pays de Bresse and Charollois.
    + Hector de Gelas de Voisins, marquis de Leheron and Ambres, vicomte de Lautrec, sénéchal and governor of Lauragais.
    + Henri de Baudean, comte de Parabère, marquis de la Mothe-Sainte-Heraye, vicomte de Pardaillan, seigneur de Castelnau, etc., State councillor, governor of Haut and Bas-Poitou.
    + Jean de Monchy, marquis de Montcavrel, governor of Ardres and Etampes.
    + Roger du Plessis, seigneur de Liancourt, marquis de Guercheville, comte de la Rocheguyon, then duc de Liancourt and pair de France.
    + Charles de Rouvroy de Saint-Simon, a.k.a. marquis de Saint-Simon, seigneur du Plessis and Pont-Sainte-Maixence, colonel of the regiment of Navarre, lieutenant général of the King's armies and governor of Senlis.

### Eighth promotion (22 may 1642)

At camp before the city of Perpignan.

### Knights appointed during the reign of Louis XIII, who died without having been received

#### 1611

#### 1612

#### 1613

* Armand-Léon de Durfort, seigneur de Born, lieutenant général of the artillery of France

#### 1614

* Antoine d'Authun, seigneur de la Baume, sénéchal of Lyon
* Charles comte d'Escars, baron d'Aix

#### 1615

* Louis de Montbron, seigneur de Fontaines and Chalandray
* César de Dizimieu, governor of the city and castle of Vienne
* Étienne de Bonne, vicomte de Tallard

#### 1616

* Léon de Durfort
* Louis de Gouffier, duc de Rouannois

#### 1618

* Emmanuel de Savoie, baron de Pressigny, sénéchal and governor of Châtellerault
* Henri des Prez, seigneur de Montpezat
* Charles de Balzac, bishop and comte de Noyon, pair of France
* Claude de Joyeuse, comte de Grand-Pré

#### 1619

* Alexandre de Vieuxpont, marquis de Coëmur, vice-amiral of Bretagne
* André d'Oraison
* Jacques de Castille, baron de Castelnau
* Claude-François de la Baume, comte de Mont-Revel
* Henri de Balzac, seigneur de Clermont d'Entragues
* Edme de Rochefort, marquis de la Boullaye, lieutenant général in Nivernois

#### 1621

* Jacques du Blé, marquis d'Uxelles.

#### 1625

* François de Savary, marquis de Maulevrier
* François de L'Aubespine, baron de Hauterive

#### 1626

* Adrien de Montluc Montesquiou, prince de Chabannois, lieutenant général in pays de Foix

#### 1629

* César de Balzac d'Entragues, seigneur de Gré
* Jean-Louis de Rochechouart, seigneur de Chandenier
* Louis de Marillac, comte de Beaumont-le-Roger, Marshal of France

#### 1633

* Emmanuel-Philibert de la Beraudière
* Jean Caylar d'Anduze de Saint-Bonnet, seigneur de Thoiras, Marshal of France
* Charles de Levis, comte de Charlus
* Entio, marquis de Bentivoglio
* Georges de Brancas, duc de Villars, pair de France

## Under Louis XIV

Louis XIV, known as 'the great', fourth head and sovereign *Grand maître de l'Ordre*, received the collar of *l'Ordre* the day after his coronation on 8 June 1654.

### First promotion (Paris, 28 April 1653)

### Second promotion (Reims, 8 June 1654)

### Third promotion (Paris, 31 December 1661)

### Fourth promotion (Paris, 4 November 1663)

### Fifth promotion (12 December 1671)

### Sixth promotion (Rome, 29 September 1675)

### Seventh promotion (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 22 December 1675)

* Knight :
    + François de Béthune, marquis de Chabris, ambassadeur extraordinaire in Poland

### Eighth promotion (Żółkiew, Poland, 30 November 1676)

### Ninth promotion (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 1 January 1682)

### Tenth promotion (Versailles, 2 June 1686)

### Eleventh promotion (Versailles, 31 December 1688)

### Twelfth promotion (Versailles, 29 May 1689)

### Thirteenth promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1693)

### Fourteenth promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1694)

### Fifteenth promotion (Zhovkva, Russia, 13 April 1694)

### Sixteenth promotion (Versailles, 22 May 1695)

### Seventeenth promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1696)

* Prelate :
* Knights :
    + Louis de Guiscard, comte de Neuvy-sur-Loire, marquis de Guiscard-Magny, governor of Sedan and Namur, lieutenant-général.

### Eighteenth promotion (Rome, 4 December 1696)

### Nineteenth promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1698)

### Twentieth promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1699)

### Twenty first promotion (Versailles, 7 June 1699)

* Knight :
    + Guido Vaïni, prince de Cantaloupe, duc de Selci

### Twenty second promotion (Rome, 19 December 1700)

### Twenty third promotion (Versailles, 15 May 1701)

### Twenty fourth promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1703)

### Twenty-fifth promotion (Versailles, 27 May 1703)

* Knight :
    + Charles-Amédée de Broglie, comte de Revel, lieutenant général.

### Twenty sixth promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1705)

* Prelate :
    + Jean d'Estrées, abbot of Évron, Préau and St-claude, ambassador in Portugal
* Knight :
    + Roger Brulart, marquis de Sillery, vicomte de Puisieux, lieutenant général and ambassadeur extraordinaire in Switzerland

### Twenty seventh promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1705)

### Twenty eighth promotion (Versailles, 1 March 1705)

### Twenty ninth promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1709)

### Thirtieth promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1711)

### Thirty first promotion (Versailles, 2 December 1712)

* Knight :
    + Louis, duc d'Aumont, pair de France, marquis de Piennes, comte de Berzé, etc., first gentleman of the King's chamber and ambassadeur extraordinaire in England.

### Thirty second promotion (Versailles, 7 June 1713)

### During the reign of Louis XIV, Knights named who died without being received

#### Year 1643

#### Year 1644

* Giulio Cesare Colonna di Sciarra, II prince de Carbognano, duc de Bassanello
* N. de Soyecourt, Marshal General of France

#### Year 1646

* Rostaing Antoine d'Eure-du-Puis Saint-Martin, seigneur d'Aiguebonne
* Antoine d'Estourmel, first Squire of Marguerite of Lorraine, Duchess of Orléans

#### Year 1648

#### Year 1649

* N. marquis de Trans
* Dominique Séguier, bishop of Meaux

#### Year 1650

* N. marquis d'Hautefort
* Claude Yves, marquis d'Allègre

#### Year 1651

* Jacques de Mauvisière de Castelnau, marshal of France
* Roger-Hector de Pardaillan, marquis d'Antin
* Sébastien de Rosmadec, marquis de Molac
* Louis Châlon du Blé, marquis d'Huxelles
* Gabriel de Caumont, comte de Lauzun
* François Sicaire, marquis de Bourdeilles
* Charles-Antoine de Ferrières, marquis de Sauvebeuf
* Jean-Pierre, marquis d'Aubeterre
* Louis de Caillebot, marquis de la Salle
* N. de Barrault
* Isaac de Pas, marquis de Feuquières
* François de Choiseul, marquis de Praslin
* Louis Olivier, marquis de Leuville
* N. d'Aumont
* Henri Bourcier de Barry de Saint-Aulnès
* François de Gontaut de Biron
* Georges Isauré, marquis d'Hervaut
* Philibert de Pompadour, marquis de Laurière
* Jean de Lambert
* Philippe, baron de Meillars.
* Paul-Antoine de Cassagnet, marquis de Fimarcon
* Charles de Monchy d'Hocquincourt, marshal of France

#### Year 1652

* N. d'Hauterive
* N. de Souillac de Maumeige
* N. baron de Clairavault
* Louis de Bridieu
* Hilaire de Laval, marquis de Trèves
* Achille de Harlay, marquis de Bréval-Chanvalon
* François-Marie de Broglio de Revel
* François de la Béraudière
* Odet de Harcourt, comte de Croisy
* N., marquis de Cauvisson
* Armand-Jean Mitte, marquis de Saint-Chaumont
* Nicolas Dauvet, comte Desmarêts, Grand fauconnier de France
* Antoine-François de Lamet

#### Year 1653

* N., marquis du Bec, comte de Moret
* François, comte d'Estain

#### Year 1658

#### Year 1661

* Abraham de Fabert d'Esternay, Marshal of France, Governor of Sedan, appointed Knight on the Orders of the King, but did not take advantage of this honor, "not being in a position to prove himself. The letter whose Majesty honored him on the invincibility of this obstacle manifests the greatness and goodness of the master and eternalizes the merit of the subject. " (Catalogue des Chevaliers de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit, p. 306.)

#### Year 1703

#### Year 1708

## Under Louis XV

The fifth head and sovereign *Grand maître de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit*, Louis XV received the collar of l'Ordre the day after his coronation, at Reims, on 27 October 1722.

### 1st promotion (26 July 1717)

Proclaimed at Versailles, but reception done at Madrid :

### 2nd promotion (27 October 1722)

### 3rd promotion (3 June 1724, Versailles)

* Knights :
    + Louis de Bourbon-Condé (1709-1771), comte de Clermont-en-Argonne.
    + Charles de Lorraine, known as *prince Charles*, Grand Squire of France.
    + Charles-Louis de Lorraine, prince de Mortagne, sire de Pons, lieutenant general.
    + Jean-Charles de Crussol, duc d'Uzès, first pair de France, governor of Saintonge and Angoumois.
    + Maximilien-Henri de Béthune, duc de Sully, pair de France, prince d'Enrichemont, governor of Mantes.
    + Louis-Antoine de Brancas, duc de Villars, pair de France, comte de Lauragais.
    + François, duc de la Rochefoucauld, pair de France, Grand master of the King's wardrobe.
    + Charles-François-Frédéric de Montmorency-Luxembourg, duc de Piney-Luxembourg, pair de France, governor of Normandy.
    + Louis Nicolas de Neufville de Villeroy, duc de Villeroy, pair de France, captain of the Life Guards.
    + Louis de Rochechouart, duc de Mortemart, pair de France, first gentleman of the King's Chamber.
    + Paul-Hippolyte de Beauvilliers, duc de Saint-Aignan, pair de France, first gentleman of the King's Chamber and governor of Le Hâvre-de-Grâce.
    + François-Bernard Potier, duc de Tresme, pair de France, first gentleman of the King's Chamber.
    + Adrien Maurice de Noailles, duc de Noailles, pair de France, Knight of the Golden Fleece, Grandee of Spain first class, captain of the 1st company of the Life Guards and governor of Roussillon.
    + Armand de Béthune, duc de Charost, pair de France, captain of the Life Guards.
    + Jacques Fitz-James, duc de Berwick, Fitz-James, Léria and Xérica, peer of France and England, Grandee of Spain first class, Knight of the Order of the Garter and of the Golden Fleece, marshal of France.
    + Louis Antoine de Pardaillan de Gondrin, duc d'Antin, marquis de Montespan, pair de France, governor of Orléanais.
    + Louis Auguste d'Albert d'Ailly, duc de Chaulnes, pair de France, captain-lieutenant of the Guards light horse.
    + Marie-Joseph, duc d'Hostun, comte de Tallard, pair de France, governor of comté de Bourgogne.
    + Louis de Brancas, des comtes de Forcalquier, comte de Cereste, known as *marquis de Brancas*, Grandee of Spain, Knight of the Golden Fleece, etc., marshal of France.
    + Jacques Bazin, seigneur de Bezons, marshal of France, governor of Cambrai.
    + Pierre de Montesquiou d'Artagnan, marshal of France, governor of city and citadel of Arras.
    + Louis-Nicolas Le Tellier, marquis de Souvré, master of the King's wardrobe.
    + Louis Sanguin, marquis de Livry, first master of the King's Chambers.
    + Louis-Jean-Baptiste Goyon de Matignon, known as *comte de Matignon*, comte de Gacé, governor of pays d'Aunis.
    + Anne-Jacques de Bullion, marquis de Fervaques, governor of Maine.
    + Charles-François de Vintimille du Luc, des comtes de Marseille, comte du Luc, State councillor of the sword, King's lieutenant in the Provence.
    + Louis de Prie, marquis de Planès, known as *marquis de Prie*, ambassador in Turin.
    + Louis de Mailly, marquis de Nesle and Mailly en Boulonois, prince of Orange.

* + François-Marie de Hautefort, marquis de Hautefort, Pompadour and Sarcelles, lieutenant général.
    + Joseph de Montesquiou, known as *comte d'Artagnan*, lieutenant général and captain-lieutenant of the 1st company of Mousquetaires.
    + François, comte d'Estaing, marquis de Murole, lieutenant général.
    + Armand de Madaillan de Lesparre, marquis de Lassay, lieutenant général of the government of Bresse and Bugey.
    + Pierre Bouchard d'Esparbez de Lussan, comte d'Aubeterre, lieutenant général.
    + Joachim de Montaigu, vicomte de Beaune, marquis de Bouzoles, lieutenant général of the province of Auvergne.
    + François de Franquetot, comte de Coigny, lieutenant général and colonel-général of the dragoons, then duc de Coigny and marshal of France.
    + Jean de Montboisier, comte de Canillac, lieutenant général, captain-lieutenant of the 2nd company of Mousquetaires and governor of cities and citadels of Amiens and Corbie.
    + Jacques-Joseph Vipart, marquis de Silly, State councillor of the sword, lieutenant général.
    + Jacques de Cassagnet-Tilladet-Narbonne, marquis de Fimarcon, lieutenant général of the province of Roussillon, governor of Mont-Louis.
    + Henri de Saint-Nectaire, known as *marquis de Sennecterre*, lieutenant général and ambassador in England.
    + Pierre-Magdeleine de Beauvau, comte de Beauvau, lieutenant général.
    + Louis de Gand de Mérode de Montmorency, prince d'Isenghien, lieutenant général.
    + Louis-Pierre Engilbert de la Marck-Bouillon, known as *comte de la Marck*, lieutenant général.
    + César de Saint-Georges, marquis de Coué-Vérac, lieutenant général of the province of Poitou.
    + Alain-Emmanuel, marquis de Coëtlogon, marshal and vice-admiral of France, grand-cross in the Order of Saint-Louis.
    + Jean-Baptiste François Desmarets, marquis de Maillebois, master of the King's wardrobe, lieutenant général of Languedoc and governor of Saint-Omer.
    + Charles-Henri Gaspard de Saulx, vicomte de Tavannes, lieutenant général of the province of Bourgogne.
    + Gaspard de Clermont-Tonnerre, marquis de Vauvillars and Crusy, commissaire général of the cavalry, then marshal of France.
    + François de Simiane, marquis d'Esparron, first gentleman of the Chamber of the duc d'Orléans.
    + Joseph-François de la Croix, marquis de Castries, honorary knight of Madame la duchesse d'Orléans, governor and sénéchal of Montpellier.
    + Pierre-Gaspar, marquis de Clermont-Gallerande, first Squire of the duc d'Orléans, brigadier in the King's army and bailli of Dôle.

### 4th promotion (1 January 1725)

* Knight :
    + Marie-Thomas-Auguste Goyon, chevalier marquis de Matignon, baron de Briquebec, comte de Gacé, brigadier des armées du Roi.

### 5th promotion (1 January 1726)

### 6th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1728)

### 7th promotion (Versailles, 16 May 1728)

* Knights :
    + Jacques-Henri de Lorraine, prince de Lixen, Grand master of the house of the Duke de Lorraine, brigadier des armées du Roi.
    + Alexandre de La Rochefoucauld, duc de la Roche-Guyon, pair de France, Grand master of the King's wardrobe and brigadier des armées du Roi.
    + Louis-Antoine-Armand, duc de Gramont, pair de France, lieutenant général, colonel of the French Guards.
    + François-Joachim-Bernard Potier, duc de Gesvres, pair de France, first gentleman of the King's Chamber.
    + Paul-François de Béthune, duc de Charost, pair de France, captain of the King's Life Guard and lieutenant général.
    + François, duc d'Harcourt, pair de France, captain of the King's Life Guard and lieutenant général of the comté de Bourgogne.
    + Réné Mans, sire de Froulai, comte de Tessé, grandee of Spain, lieutenant général, first squire of the Queen.
    + Louis-Armand de Brichanteau, marquis de Nangis, lieutenant-général, honorary knight of the Queen.

### 8th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1729)

### 9th promotion (Seville, Spain, 25 April 1729)

### 10th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1731)

* Knights :
    + Charles Eugène de Lévis-Charlus, duc de Lévis and pair de France, comte de Charlus and Saignes, lieutenant général.
    + Christian Louis de Montmorency-Luxembourg, prince de Tingry, comte souverain de Luxe, lieutenant général.
    + Alexandre-Magdeleine-Rosalie de Châtillon, baron d'Argenton, known as *comte de Châtillon*, grand bailli of Haguenau, lieutenant général.
    + Henri-Camille, marquis de Beringhen, de Châteauneuf and Uxelles, first Squire of the King.

### 11th promotion (Versailles, 13 May 1731)

* Knights:
    + Jean-Baptiste de Durfort, duc de Duras, comte de Rozan, baron de Pujols, lieutenant général and later marshal of France.
    + François-Marie de Broglie, comte de Revel, baron de Ferrières, then duc de Broglie and marshal of France.
    + Philippe Charles de La Fare, marquis de la Fare, Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece, Marshal General of France, lieutenant général in the province of Languedoc.

### 12th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1733)

### 13th promotion (Versailles, 24 May 1733)

### 14th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1735)

### 15th promotion (Madrid, 22 March 1736)

### 16th promotion (Versailles, 20 May 1736)

* Knight :
    + Jean-Hercules de Rosset, marquis de Rocozel, baron de Pérignan, then duc de Fleury and pair de France.

### 17th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1737)

### 18th promotion (Rome, 15 September 1737)

* Knights :
    + Jerôme Vaini, prince de Cantaloupe, duc de Selci.

### 19th promotion (Versailles, 17 May 1739)

* Knights :
    + Jacques François de Chastenet de Puységur, comte de Chessy, marshal of France.
    + Claude-Théophile de Béziade, marquis d'Avarey-sur-Loire, lieutenant général, governor of Péronne.
    + Louis de Regnier, marquis de Guerchy, lieutenant général
    + Antoine de la Font, marquis de Savine, lieutenant général and director général of the cavalry.
    + François de Bricqueville, comte de la Luzerne, seigneur de Monfreville, lieutenant général, vice-amiral of the Flotte du Ponant.
    + Louis-Dominique de Cambis, marquis de Cambis-Velleron, lieutenant général, ambassador in England.
    + Jacques de Monceaux d'Auxy, marquis d'Auxy, colonel of the Royal-Comtois Regiment.

### 20th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1740)

### 21st promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1740)

### 22nd promotion (Versailles, 5 June 1740)

### 23rd promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1741)

### 24th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1742)

### 25th promotion (Fontainebleau, 13 May 1742)

### 26th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1743)

### 27th promotion (Versailles, 2 June 1743)

* Knight :
    + Jean de Gassion, chevalier marquis de Gassion and Alluye, lieutenant général.

### 28th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1744)

### 29th promotion (Versailles, 6 January 1745)

* Prelate :
    + Armand de Rohan, cardinal de Soubise, bishop and prince of Strasbourg, Grand Almoner of France.

### 30th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1745)

* Knights :
    + Louis-Marie-d'Aumont, duc d'Aumont, pair de France, first gentleman of the King's Chamber, then lieutenant général and governor of Boulonnais.
    + Guy Michel de Durfort de Lorges, duc de Randan, lieutenant général.
    + Charles-Louis de Montsaulnin, comte de Montal, lieutenant général.
    + Jean-Charles de Sennectaire ou Sennetaire, chevalier-marquis of Sennectaire and Brinon, lieutenant général, then marshal of France.
    + Henri-Louis de Choiseul, marquis de Meuze, lieutenant général.
    + Henri-Charles de Saulx, comte de Tavannes, marquis de Trichâteau, lieutenant général for the King in Bourgogne.

### 31st promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1746)

* Knight :
    + Louis Riggio Saladino-Branciforti-Colonna, prince of Campo-Florido, Grandee of Spain first class, captain général of the Guards of the King of Spain, ambassador in France.

### 32nd promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1746)

* Prelate :
* Knights :
    + Nicolas-Joseph-Balthasar de Langlade, vicomte du Chayla, lieutenant général, director général of the cavalry.
    + Ulrich Frédéric Woldemar de Lowendal, lieutenant général, then marshal of France.
    + Pierre de Bérenger, comte de Charmes and Gua, lieutenant général.
    + Louis Charles César Le Tellier, comte d'Estrées, baron de Montmirail, inspector général of the cavalry, lieutenant général, then marshal of France.
    + Claude Annet d'Apchier, known as *comte d'Apchier*, lieutenant général.

### 33rd promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1747)

* Knights :
    + Charles O'Brien, comte de Thomond, vicomte de Clare, Peer of the Kingdom of Ireland, lieutenant général, then marshal of France.
    + Jacques-François Milano Franco-Arragon, 2nd prince of Ardore and the Holy Empire, gentleman of the chamber of the King of the Two Sicilies and his ambassador in France.

### 34th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1748)

### 35th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1748)

### 36th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1749)

### 37th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1749)

* Knights :
    + Louis de Noailles, duc d'Ayen, marquis de Maintenon, marshal of France, captain of the 1st company of the King's Life Guards, governor of Roussillon.
    + Louis-Armand-François de La Rochefoucauld, duc d'Estissac, grand master of the King's wardrobe.
    + François-Marie de Villers la Faye, comte de Vaulgrenant, ministre plénipotentiaire in Dresden, ambassadeur extraordinaire in Spain.

### 38th promotion (Versailles, 25 May 1749)

* Knights :
    + Louis César de La Baume Le Blanc, duc de La Vallière, pair and Grand Falconer of France.
    + Charles-François, marquis de Sassenage, honorary knight of madame la Dauphine.
    + Louis, comte de Mailly, lieutenant général, first Squire of madame la Dauphine.
    + Anne-Léon, baron de Montmorency, leader of his house, lieutenant général.
    + Louis de Talaru, marquis de Chalmazel, first master of the Queen's Chambers.
    + François-Louis le Tellier, comte de Rebellac, marquis de Souvré and Louvois, lieutenant général.

### 39th promotion (Versailles, 17 May 1750)

### 40th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1751)

* Knight :
    + Michel-Ferdinand d'Albert d'Ally, duc de Chaulnes, pair de France, lieutenant général, governor of Picardy and Artois.

### 41st promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1752)

### 42nd promotion (Versailles, 21 May 1752)

### 43rd promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1753)

* Knight :
    + Emmanuel d'Hautefort, marquis d'Hautefort and Sarcelles, comte de Montignac, Marshal General of France, ambassadeur extraordinaire in the Germanic Empire.

### 44th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1753)

* Knights :
    + André-Hercule de Rosset, duc de Fleury, pair de France, lieutenant général, first gentleman of the King's Chamber.
    + Bufile-Hyacinthe-Toussaint de Brancas, des comtes de Forcalquier, comte de Céreste.
    + Paul-Gallucio de l'Hôpital, marquis de Châteauneuf-sur-Cher, lieutenant général, ambassadeur extraordinaire in Saint Petersburg, inspector général of the cavalry and dragoons, first Squire of Adélaïde de France.
    + Antoine-Paul-Jacques de Quélen, prince de Carency, comte de la Vauguyon, lieutenant général, governor of the King's children, first gentleman of the King's Chamber, Grand master of the King's wardrobe.
    + Louis de Conflans, marquis d'Armentières, marshal of France.
    + Pierre-Emmanuel, marquis de Crussol, Marshal General of France, ministre plénipotentiaire in Parma.

### 45th promotion (Versailles, 10 June 1753)

* Prelates :
    + Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon, archbishop of Narbonne, then Reims, and in this capacity, first ecclesiastical peer, Grand Almoner of France and cardinal, in charge of the sheet of benefices.
    + Louis Constantin de Rohan, bishop and prince of Strasbourg, cardinal.
    + François-Claude de Beaufort-Montboissier-Canillac, auditor in Rome.

### 46th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1756)

* Knights :
    + Camille-Louis de Lorraine, known as *prince Camille*, sire de Pons, prince de Mortagne, etc., Marshal General of France, then lieutenant général.
    + Anne-Pierre, duc d'Harcourt, pair and marshal of France, lieutenant général of the province of Normandy.
    + Charles de Fitz-James, duc de Fitz-James-Warti, pair de France, lieutenant général.
    + Emmanuel Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, duc d'Aiguillon, pair de France, lieutenant général, commander-in-chief in Bretagne, minister and State secretary in the Foreign affairs and War departement.

### 47th promotion (Versailles, 6 June 1756)

### 48th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1757)

* Knight :
    + François, des comtes de Baschi, comte de Baschi-Saint-Estève, ambassador for France in Portugal.

### 49th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1757)

### 50th promotion (Versailles, 29 May 1757)

### 51st promotion (Versailles, 14 May 1758)

### 52nd promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1759)

### 53rd promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1759)

* Prelate :
* Knights :
    + Marie-Charles-Louis d'Albert, duc de Luynes and Chevreuse, pair de France, colonel général of the dragoons, governor and lieutenant général in Paris.
    + Louis Georges Érasme de Contades, marquis de Contades, seigneur de la Verne, Montgeoffroy and La Roche-Thibaut, Colonel of the Flanders infantry regiment, Brigadier des armées du roi, Maréchal de camp, lieutenant général, then inspector général of the infantry in 1745, Marshal of France in 1758, chevalier des ordres du Roy and governor of Strasbourg.
    + Louis-Robert Mallet de Graville, dit *comte de Graville*, comte de Chamilly, lieutenant général, inspector général of the cavalry and the dragoons, commander-in-chief in the province of Roussillon, Conflans and Cerdagne.
    + François-Charles, comte de Rochechouart, marquis de Faudoas, lieutenant général, governor of Orléans and the Orléanais, ministre plénipotentiaire at the court of Infante Don Philippe, Duke of Parma.
    + Claude-Louis-François Regnier, comte de Guerchy, lieutenant général.
    + Emmanuel de Croÿ, prince du Saint-Empire, Marshal General of France, the King's commander in Artois, Picardy, Calaisis and Boulonnais.
    + Hyacinthe-Gaëtan de Lannion, known as *comte de Lannion*, baron de Malestroit, pair de Bretagne, life-time president of the States of Bretagne, governor and lieutenant général of the island of Minorca.

### 54th promotion (18 May 1760)

### 55th promotion (21 July 1760)

### 56th promotion (22 July 1760)

### 57th promotion (8 September 1760)

### 58th promotion (Versailles, 10 May 1761)

### 59th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1762)

### 60th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1762)

### 61st promotion (Versailles, 30 May 1762)

### 62nd promotion (25 August 1762)

### 63rd promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1763)

### 64th promotion (Versailles, 2 February 1764)

* Knights :
    + Charles-Gaspar-Michel, comte de Saulx-Tavannes, lieutenant général in the government of the Duchy of Burgundy, honorary Knight to the Queen.
    + Louis Nicolas Victor de Félix d'Ollières, comte du Muy, marshal of France, minister and State Secretary of the departement of War.

### 65th promotion (Versailles, 10 June 1764)

### 66th promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1767)

### 67th promotion (2 February 1767)

### 68th promotion (Versailles, 7 June 1767)

* Knights :
    + Philippe de Noailles, duc de Mouchy, marshal of France, Grandee of Spain first class.
    + Gabriel Marie de Talleyrand, comte de Périgord, Grandee of Spain first class, Marshal General of France, governor and lieutenant général of the province of Haut et Bas Berry.
    + Louis-Paul, marquis de Brancas, Grandee of Spain first class, lieutenant général, lieutenant général in the government of Provence.
    + Claude Guillaume Testu de Balincourt, marquis de Balincourt, marshal of France.
    + Charles-François-Christian de Montmorency-Luxembourg, prince de Tingry, lieutenant général, captain of the Life Guardes of the King.
    + Charles-Léonard de Baylens, marquis de Poyanne, lieutenant général, mestre-de-camp, inspector and commander of the carabiniers corps.
    + Emmanuel-Louis-Auguste, comte de Pons-Saint-Maurice, lieutenant général, first gentleman of the duc d'Orléans.
    + Philippe Henri de Ségur, marquis de Ségur, then marshal of France and secretary of State of War.

### 69th promotion (1 January 1768)

* Knight :
    + Jules-César Barberini, prince de Palestrina.

### 70th promotion (22 May 1768)

### 71st promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1771)

* Prelate :
    + Jean-Joseph Chapelle de Jumillac-Saint-Jean, archbishop of Arles.
* Knight :

### 72nd promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1773)

* Knights :
    + Louis VI Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duc de Bourbon.
    + Gabriel Louis François de Neufville de Villeroy, duc de Villeroy and Retz, pair de France, captain of the 1st French company of the King's Life Guards, lieutenant général, governor of Lyon, and the provinces of Lyonnais, Forez and Beaujolais.
    + Louis Potier de Gesvres, duc de Tresmes, pair de France, lieutenant général, governor and lieutenant général of the province of Île-de-France.
    + Jean-Baptiste-Joachim Colbert, marquis de Croissy, lieutenant général.
    + Louis II du Bouchet de Sourches, marquis de Sourches, lieutenant général, Grand Prevost of France.
    + Jean-Baptiste-François, marquis de Montmorin de Saint-Hérem, lieutenant général.

### During the reign of Louis XV, Knights and commanders appointed and died without having been received

#### 1724

#### 1725

#### 1731

* Conrad-Alexandre, comte de Rottembourg.

#### 1745

#### 1746

#### 1748

* Anne-Louis de Thiard, *marquis de Bissy, mestre-de-camp général of the cavalry*, named *chevalier des Ordres du Roi* in an extraordinary session called by the king at Choisy on 4 May 1748. This appointment was cancelled when news arrived that he had died of wounds sustained during the Siege of Maastricht, however by a brêvet on 17 May 1748 his family was granted permission to add the honour of the order to their coat of arms.

#### 1749

* Marc-Antoine Front de Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire, marquis de Lanmary, etc., ambassador in Sweden. Receiving appointment to the order on 1 January 1749, he died in Stockholm before he could be formerly enrolled. His family obtained a brêvet on 25 May of that year to allow them to display the honour in their coat of arms.
* Fernando de Silva y Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Huescar, etc., Spanish ambassador to France between 1746 and 1749

#### 1750

#### 1756

#### 1757

#### 1760

#### 1761

#### 1767

#### 1768

## Under Louis XVI

The sixth head and sovereign *Grand maître de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit*, Louis XVI received the collar of *l'Ordre* on 2 February 1767, seven years before becoming king.

### 1st promotion (Versailles, 1 January 1776)

* Knights :
    + Jean-Louis-Roger de Rochechouart, marquis de Rochechouart.
    + Antoine Louis François de La Roche-Aymon, marquis de La Roche-Aymon.
    + Charles Daniel de Talleyrand-Périgord, comte de Talleyrand-Périgord.
    + Jean François de La Rochefoucauld, vicomte de La Rochefoucauld, marquis de Surgères, seigneur de Doudeauville.
    + Jean François de Talaru, vicomte de Talaru, seigneur de Montpeyroux.
* Commanders :

### 2nd promotion (26 may 1776)

### 3rd Promotion (1 January 1777)

### 4th Promotion (2 February 1777)

* Knights :
    + Louis Alexandre Céleste d'Aumont, duc d'Aumont, pair de France.
    + Louis Melchior Armand de Polignac, vicomte de Polignac, marquis de Chalencon.
    + Pierre Raymond de Bérenger, marquis de Bérenger, comte de Gua.

### 5th Promotion (9 November 1777)

### 6th Promotion du (1 January 1778)

* Commander :
    + Pierre Augustin Bernardin de Rosset de Rocozels de Fleury, bishop of Chartres, grand almoner of the Queen.

### 7th Promotion (2 February 1778)

### 8th Promotion (9 June 1778)

* Knights :
    + Charles François Elzéar de Vogüe, marquis de Vogüe, comte de Montlaur, baron d'Aubenas.
    + Alexandre Marie Léonor de Saint-Mauris de Montbarrey, prince de Montbarrey and of the Holy Empire.
    + Louis Bruno de Boisgelin, comte de Boisgelin, marquis de Cucé, baron de La Rochebernard.

### 9th Promotion (1 January 1780)

### 10th Promotion (14 may 1780)

### 11th Promotion (1 January 1781)

### 12th Promotion (2 February 1782)

### 13th Promotion (1 January 1784)

* Knights :
    + Maximilien Antoine Armand de Béthune, duc de Sully and pair de France, sovereign prince of Henrichemont and Boisbelle, marquis de Lens, comte de Béthune and Montgommery, baron of La Chapelle d'Aiguillon and Mêle-sur-Sarthe.
    + Paul François de Quelen de La Vauguyon, duc de La Vauguyon and pair de France, prince de Carency.
    + Marie Louis Caillebot, marquis de La Salle, seigneur de Montpinçon.
    + Louis Auguste Augustin d'Affry, comte d'Affry, seigneur de Saint-Barthélémy and Brétigny.
    + Charles Claude Andrault, marquis de Maulévrier-Langeron.
    + Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen.
    + Auguste Louis Hennequin, marquis d'Ecquevilly, seigneur de La Motte-Verigny, Gouzon, Presles.
    + Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, marshal of France.
    + Louis Antoine Auguste de Rohan-Chabot, duc de Chabot, vicomte de Bignan, baron de Kerguehéneuc.
    + François Claude Amour de Bouillé du Chariol, « marquis » de Bouillet, seigneur de Saint-Giron, baron d'Alleret.
    + Adrien Louis de Bonnières, duc de Guines.
    + Charles Léopold de Jaucourt, seigneur de Chazelles, « marquis » de Jaucourt.
    + Jean Baptiste Charles François de Clermont d'Amboise, marquis de Reynel.
    + Anne-Pierre de Montesquiou, seigneur de Pont-Saint-Pierre, « marquis » de Montesquiou-Fezensac.
    + Charles François Gaspard Fidèle de Vintimille, seigneur de Figanières and Vidauban, « marquis » de Vintimille.
    + Charles François Casimir de Saulx, duc de Tavannes.
    + Louis François Marie de Pérusse, comte des Cars and Saint-Bonnet.
    + Joseph Hyacinthe François de Paule Rigaud, comte de Vaudreuil and pair de France, Grand Falconer of France.
    + Valentin Ladislas Esterhazy de Galantha, comte de Grodeck and Magnate of Hungary.
    + Louis Étienne François, comte de Damas-Crux.
    + Armand Marc de Montmorin, comte de Saint-Hérem.
    + Alexandre Charles Emmanuel de Crussol-Florensac, baron de Crussol and pair de France, bailiff of the Order of Malta.

### 14th Promotion (30 may 1784)

### 15th Promotion (1 January 1785)

### 16th Promotion (2 February 1785)

### 17th Promotion (2 February 1786)

### 18th Promotion (11 June 1786)

### 19th Promotion (12 November 1786)

* Knight :
    + Louis de Bourbon, infante of Spain, hereditary prince of Parma, then King of Etruria.

### 20th Promotion (27 may 1787)

### 21st Promotion (2 February 1788)

### 22nd Promotion (1 January 1789)

### 23rd Promotion (2 February 1789)

### 24th Promotion (31 may 1789)

## Under Louis XVII

> The unfortunate child, son of Louis XVI, reigned from behind the bars of the Temple from 21 January 1793 to 8 June 1795 and is not known to have received the collar of the *Ordre du Saint-Esprit* as this customarily only conferred on prince's after receiving their first communion.Given the royalists recognised him as king he is considered among them to be the seventh head and sovereign *Grand Maître de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit.*

## Under Louis XVIII

> The eighth head and sovereign *Grand Maître de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit* Louis XVIII received the collar of the Order on 7 June 1767. For the knights of *Saint-Esprit*, the republic, consulate and empire never existed and the reign of Louis XVIII began on 8 June 1795 upon the death of the young king, his nephew, and continued without interruption until 1824.

### First promotion (1808)

Monseigneur de Talleyrand-Périgord, who was part of the Council of King Louis XVIII and who had followed this prince to Germany and from there to England, was appointed in 1808 Grand Almoner of France and Prelate Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit, in the death of Cardinal de Montmorency.

### Second promotion (1810)

### Third promotion (1811)

### Fourth promotion (1815)

### Fifth promotion (1816)

### Sixth promotion (1818)

### Seventh promotion (Paris, 30 September 1820)

### Eighth promotion (1821)

### Ninth promotion (1823)

### Tenth promotion (5 February 1824)

## Under Charles X

The ninth head and sovereign *Grand maître de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit*, Charles X received the collar of *l'Ordre* on 1<sup>er</sup> January 1771.

### First promotion (Reims, 30 May 1825)

Promotion's made on the occasion of the coronation.

### Second promotion (Paris, 14 May 1826)

### Third promotion (Paris, 3 June 1827)

### Fourth promotion (Paris, 25 May 1828)

### Fifth promotion (Paris, 19 February 1829)

### Sixth and final promotion (Tuileries, 31 May 1830, Pentecost)

## Annexes

### Bibliographie

* Teulet, Alexandre (1864). *Liste chronologique et alphabétique des chevaliers et des officiers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis sa création en 578 jusqu'à son extinction en 1830*. Paris: Librairie héraldique de J.-B. Dumoulin. p. 190.;
* Panhard, Félix (1868). *L'Ordre du Saint-Esprit aux XVIII<sup>e</sup> et XIX<sup>e</sup> siècles: notes historiques et biographiques sur les membres de cet ordre depuis Louis XV jusqu'à Charles X*. Paris: Librairie héraldique de J.-B. Dumoulin. p. 284.;
* Pinoteau, Hervé (1983). *Etat de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit en 1830: Autour des dynasties françaises; et, La survivance des ordres du roi*. Vol. 2. Éditeur Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 165. ISBN 9782723302135.;
* Popoff, Michel; Pinoteau, préface d'Hervé (1996). *Armorial de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit: d'après l'œuvre du père Anselme et ses continuateurs*. Paris: Le Léopard d'or. p. 204. ISBN 2-86377-140-X.;

## Notes and references


title: Ferraguig

abstract: Ferraguig is a town and commune in Mascara Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 2,379.

text:
# Ferraguig

**Ferraguig** is a town and commune in Mascara Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 2,379.

35°32′N 0°09′E / 35.533°N 0.150°E / 35.533; 0.150

## InfoBox

| Ferraguig | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and town | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Mascara Province |
| Population (1998) | |
| Total | 2,379 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |


title: Uruguay at the 2004 Summer Paralympics

abstract: Uruguay competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. The team included three athletes, but won no medals.

text:
# Uruguay at the 2004 Summer Paralympics

**Uruguay** competed at the **2004 Summer Paralympics** in Athens, Greece. The team included three athletes, but won no medals.

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games, including game-eligible alternates in team sports.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Judo | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Total | 2 | 0 | 2 |

## Olympic diplomas

| Name | Sport | Event | Rank | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Henry Borges| | Judo | Men's −60 kg | 7 | 18 September |

## Sports

### Athletics

### Judo

| Athlete | Event | Preliminary | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage
round 1 | Repechage
round 2 | Final/
Bronze medal contest |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result |
| Henry Borges | Men's 60kg | Perez (CUB)
W/O |  | | Ren P (CHN)
**W** 1000–0000 | Biro (HUN)
**L** 0020-1000 | Did not advance |
| Alfredo Viera | Men's 66kg | Bye | Fujimoto (JPN)
**L** 0000-1000 |  | Kail (GBR)
**L** 0000-0200 | Did not advance | |

## InfoBox

| Uruguay at the
2004 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | URU |
| NPC | Uruguayan Paralympic Committee |
| in Athens | |
| Competitors | 3 in 2 sports |
| Medals
Ranked 76th | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: North Dakota Highway 42

abstract: North Dakota Highway 42 is a north–south highway located in northwestern North Dakota. The highway traverses northern Williams and Divide Counties. The southern terminus is at ND 50 near Corinth and the northern terminus is a continuation as Saskatchewan Highway 350 (Hwy 350) at the Canadian border.

text:
# North Dakota Highway 42

**North Dakota Highway 42** (**ND 42**) is a north–south highway located in northwestern North Dakota. The highway traverses northern Williams and Divide Counties. The southern terminus is at ND 50 near Corinth and the northern terminus is a continuation as Saskatchewan Highway 350 (Hwy 350) at the Canadian border.

## Route description

ND 42 begins at a junction with ND 50 near the small town of Corinth, in northern Williams County. After going through town, it enters Divide County, and meets ND 5 in the county seat, Crosby. For 8 miles (13 km), ND 42 runs concurrently with ND 5 from Crosby to just south of Ambrose. ND 42 turns northward to end at the Canadian border. The roadway continues northward beyond the Ambrose–Torquay Border Crossing and port of entry as Hwy 350, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) south of Torquay, Saskatchewan.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Williams |  | 0.000 | 0.000 | ND 50 | Southern terminus |
| Divide | Crosby | 23.176 | 37.298 |
ND 5 east | Southern end of ND 5 concurrency |
| |  | 31.128 | 50.096 |
ND 5 west | Northern end of ND 5 concurrency |
| | Canada–United States border | 37.441 | 60.255 | Highway 350 | Northern terminus, continues north as Hwy 350 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## History

From 1926 to 1927, ND 42 was previously designated onto an alignment now designated as ND 37.

Template:Attached KML/North Dakota Highway 42KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| North Dakota Highway 42 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NDDOT | |
| Length | 37.441 mi (60.255 km) |
| Existed | 1927–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | ND 50 near Corinth |
| Major intersections | ND 5 in Crosby |
| North end | Highway 350 at the Canada–United States border |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Dakota |
| Counties | Divide |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **North Dakota State Highway System** | |
| ND 41   ND 43 | |