title: Vinukonda

abstract: Vinukonda is a town in Palnadu district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipality and the headquarters of Vinukonda mandal and administered under Narasaraopet revenue division.

text:
# Vinukonda

**Vinukonda** is a town in Palnadu district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipality and the headquarters of Vinukonda mandal and administered under Narasaraopet revenue division.

## Etymology

The town was formerly known as *Vishnukundinapuram*. The hill is in the shape of tortoise. Many temples are also found on the top of hill. Srigangasametha Ramalingeswara Swamy temple (according to available sources the deity present in temple was sanctified by Lord Rama). Down the hill Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple was found which was constructed in Gupta's rule.

## History

Dolmens and other megalithic structures have been found in the town's neighbourhood. Inscriptions from about 1000–1400 CE are also to be found in many old temples. The Vishnukundinas, a local dynasty, ruled the adjoining areas from here during the turn of the millennium. During the medieval era, the hill nearby was the site of a fortress. A four-hundred-year-old Jamia Masjid, built in 1640, is the only major relic of Muslim rule in the town.

## Geography

Vinukonda is located at 16°03′N 79°45′E / 16.05°N 79.75°E / 16.05; 79.75. It has an average elevation of 75 metres (246 feet). Much like the rest of Palnadu district, it has very hot summers and mild winters. Rainfall is mostly in July to September. High concentrations of fluorides are found in the underground water reserves and potable water is therefore rare. Summer storage tank is the source of drinking water for the village.

## Demographics

The town had a population of 60,420 and an urban agglomeration population of 63,450.

## Governance

Vinukonda municipality is the civic administrative body of the city. It is a second grade municipality, constituted on 29 May 2005 and spread over an area of 22.82 km2 (8.81 sq mi). The urban agglomeration constituents of the town are Vinukonda municipality and a partial out growth of Brahmanapalle village. The current Member of Legislative Assembly representing Vinukonda town area is Sri G. V. Anjaneyulu from the TDP.

## Transport

The town has a total road length of 106.70 km (66.30 mi). It is located on GunturKurnoolBellary highway. Vinukonda railway station is located on the GunturGuntakal railway line and falls under the Guntur railway division of South Central Railway. A road through Nagarjuna Sagar located at Macherla is a way to reach its neighbouring state Telangana and a shorter route to reach the capital city of Telangana, Hyderabad.

## Education

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English and Telugu.

## InfoBox

| Vinukonda Vishnukundinapuram | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Vinukonda-Nandyal Railway Section along Nallamala Hills | |
| Dynamic map | |
| VinukondaLocation in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 16°03′N 79°45′E / 16.05°N 79.75°E / 16.05; 79.75 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Palnadu district |
| Incorporated (town) | 29 May 2015 |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipal council |
| Area | |
| Total | 37.53 km2 (14.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 95 m (312 ft) |
| Population (2024) | |
| Total | 87,000 |
| Density | 2,300/km2 (6,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 522 647 |
| Vehicle registration | AP-39 |
| Website | vinukonda.cdma.ap.gov.in |


title: Vale of White Horse

abstract: The Vale of White Horse is a local government district of Oxfordshire in England. It was historically part of Berkshire. The area is commonly referred to as the 'Vale of the White Horse'. It is crossed by the Ridgeway National Trail in its far south, across the North Wessex Downs AONB at the junction of four counties. The northern boundary is defined by the River Thames. The name refers to Uffington White Horse, a prehistoric hill figure. As well as being a local authority district, the Vale of White Horse is a geographical, historical and cultural region. The name "Vale of White Horse" predates the present-day local authority district, having been described, for example, in Daniel Defoe's 1748 travel account A Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain. There are references to the name as early as the 17th century; the Elizabethan antiquarian and historian William Camden referred to the "Vale of White Horse" in his 1610 topographical study on the British Isles. Traditionally, the Vale has been understood to cover an area wider than the present-day local authority district, stretching from Buscot, in the west, to Streatley, in the east. The Vale and Downland Museum, based in Wantage, stores and presents the cultural heritage of the region.

text:
# Vale of White Horse

The **Vale of White Horse** is a local government district of Oxfordshire in England. It was historically part of Berkshire. The area is commonly referred to as the 'Vale of *the* White Horse'. It is crossed by the Ridgeway National Trail in its far south, across the North Wessex Downs AONB at the junction of four counties. The northern boundary is defined by the River Thames. The name refers to Uffington White Horse, a prehistoric hill figure.

As well as being a local authority district, the Vale of White Horse is a geographical, historical and cultural region. The name "Vale of White Horse" predates the present-day local authority district, having been described, for example, in Daniel Defoe's 1748 travel account *A Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain*. There are references to the name as early as the 17th century; the Elizabethan antiquarian and historian William Camden referred to the "Vale of White Horse" in his 1610 topographical study on the British Isles. Traditionally, the Vale has been understood to cover an area wider than the present-day local authority district, stretching from Buscot, in the west, to Streatley, in the east. The Vale and Downland Museum, based in Wantage, stores and presents the cultural heritage of the region.

## History

The area has been long settled as a productive fertile chalklands above well-drained clay valleys, and well-farmed with many small woodlands and hills between the Berkshire Downs and the River Thames on its north and east sides. It is named after the prominent and large Bronze Age-founded Uffington White Horse hill figure.

The local government district was formed as part of the 1974 re-organisation, taking in three small Berkshire towns – in descending size order Abingdon, Faringdon and Wantage – and the surrounding rural parishes. There are 68 parishes in the district. Previously, since the 19th century, the administrative areas had been the Municipal Borough of Abingdon, Wantage Urban District, Abingdon Rural District, Faringdon Rural District, and most of Wantage Rural District.

## Politics

The Vale of White Horse District Council is based in Milton Park, Milton. The council has been controlled by either Liberal Democrat or Conservative administrations since Vale of White Horse was created in 1973. The council was run by the Conservative Party from 2011 until the 2019 UK local elections, at which the Liberal Democrats regained control in a landslide, after having previously held the council from 1995 to 2011.

## Geography

The Vale is the valley of the Ock, a stream which joins the Thames from the west at Abingdon. It is almost flat and well wooded, its green meadows and foliage contrasting richly with the bald summits of the Berkshire Downs, which flank it on the south. The numerous elm trees that once were a major feature of the Vale were lost to Dutch Elm Disease. To the north, a low ridge separates it from the upper Thames Valley, holding back the soft Jurassic sedimentary and Cretaceous deposits (Greensand, Gault and Kimmeridge Clay) behind a hard corallian limestone escarpment ridge, in what is technically a hanging valley; but local usage sometimes extends the vale to cover all the ground between the Cotswolds (on the north) and the Berkshire Downs. According to the geographical definition, however, the Vale is from two to five miles wide, and the distance by road from Abingdon to Shrivenham at its head is 18 miles.

Wantage is the only town in the foot or slopes of the vale (Faringdon, on the northwestern rim, is closely associated). Wantage is in a sheltered hollow at the foot of the hills, along which villages concentrate often in long strip parishes. Numerous springs, the run-off from the chalk hills were main local water sources, and an accessible water table enabled the growing of fruits, grains and vegetables.

## Sites of interest

### White Horse Hill

Towards the west, above Uffington, the hills reach a culminating point of 261 m (856 ft) in White Horse Hill. In its northern flank, just below the summit, a gigantic figure of a horse is cut, consisting of deep trenches filled with crushed white chalk. This figure gives name to the hill, the range and the Vale. It is 114 m (374 ft) long and highly stylised, the neck, body and tail varying little in width.

The origin of the figure is unknown. Tradition asserted it to be the monument of a victory over the Danes by King Alfred, who was born at Wantage, but the site of the Battle of Ashdown (871 CE) has been variously located. Moreover, the figure has been dated to the Bronze Age, so it pre-dates the battle by many centuries. Many ancient remains occur in the vicinity of the Horse.

On the summit of the hill there is an extensive and well-preserved circular camp, apparently used by the Romans but of much earlier origin. It is an Iron Age hill fort named Uffington Castle, after the village in the vale below. Within a short distance are Hardwell Castle, a near-square work and, on the southern slope of the hills near Ashdown House, a small camp traditionally called Alfred's Castle. Further to the West, there is Liddington Castle.

A smooth, steep gully on the north flank of White Horse Hill is called the Manger, and to the west of it rises a bald mound named Dragon Hill, the traditional scene of St George's victory over the dragon, the blood of which made the ground bare of grass for ever. But the name may derive from Celtic *Pendragon* ("dragon's head"), which was a title for a king, and may point to an early place of burial.

The Vale as a whole appears at the beginning of *Tom Brown's Schooldays*, as the scene of innocent Saxon boyhood adventures, before the eponymous hero is sent away to school at Rugby. Rosemary Sutcliff's 1977 historical novel *Sun Horse, Moon Horse* takes place in the Vale, telling the tale of the White Horse's creation in ancient Celtic times.

### Waylands Smithy

To the west of White Horse Hill lies a long barrow called Wayland's Smithy, said to be the home of a smith who was never seen, but who shod the horses of travellers if they were left at the place with payment. The legend is elaborated, and the smith appears as a character, in Sir Walter Scott's novel *Kenilworth*, and in Rudyard Kipling's *Puck of Pook's Hill*.

## The Ridgeway

A grassy track represents the Ridgeway, claimed as the oldest road in Europe, perhaps five thousand years old or more. It travels along the crest of the hills, far above what would then have been marshy lowlands or forests, continuing Icknield Street, from the Chilterns to Goring and Streatley on the River Thames. It links The Wash and Salisbury Plain, and would have been an important artery for trade.

Other earthworks, in addition to those near the White Horse, overlook the Vale, such as Letcombe Castle (also known as Segsbury Camp) above Wantage. At the foot of the hills, not far east of the Horse, is preserved the so-called Blowing Stone of Kingston Lisle, a mass of sandstone (a sarsen) pierced with holes in such a way that, when blown like a trumpet, it produces a loud note. It is believed that, in earlier times, the stone served the purpose of a bugle.

Several of the village churches in the Vale are of interest, notably the fine Early English cruciform building at Uffington, that has an octagonal tower and is known as *The Cathedral of the Vale*.

## Economy

Farming is mostly arable. In livestock the range is mixed. The area had a large dairy industry, especially in the 1960s, but it was much reduced by the 21st century, with the large fertile fields supported by subsidies. The Lockinge Estate is a longstanding agricultural employer within the region.

Natural mineral resources are mined (quarried) in the Vale. These include sand, gravel and (formerly) Fuller's Earth.

With the closure of British Leyland's long-established MG works at Abingdon in 1980, there is no motor industry, apart from some specialist car makers and component factories. Macdermid Autotype in Wantage remains one of the few large industrial employers in the region.

The length of the Vale is traversed by the Great Western Main Line and the Cherwell Valley Line. Appleford railway station and Radley railway station are now the only stations within the Vale, although there used to be stations at Challow, Uffington, Grove (near Wantage), Abingdon and Steventon. These all closed as part of the Beeching cuts, in the early 1960s. The nearest mainline stations are now Swindon, Oxford and Didcot Parkway.

The Harwell Science and Innovation Campus is a large employer, particularly for scientists and engineers.

At one time Amey plc had its head office in Sutton Courtenay, Vale of White Horse.

51°36′N 1°30′W / 51.6°N 1.5°W / 51.6; -1.5

## InfoBox

| Vale of White Horse Vale of White Horse District | |
| --- | --- |
| Non-metropolitan district | |
| Characteristic landscape of farmland, hills and woodlands | |
| Vale of White Horse shown within Oxfordshire | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | England |
| Region | South East England |
| Non-metropolitan county | Oxfordshire |
| Historic county | Berkshire |
| Status | Non-metropolitan district |
| Admin HQ | Milton, Vale of White Horse |
| Incorporated | 1 April 1974 (1 April 1974) |
| Government | |
| Type | Non-metropolitan district council |
| Body | Vale of White Horse District Council |
| Executive | Liberal Democrat |
| MPs |  |
| Area | |
| Total | 223.4 sq mi (578.6 km2) |
| Rank | 65th (of 296) |
| Population (2022) | |
| Total | 142,116 |
| Rank | 160th (of 296) |
| Density | 640/sq mi (250/km2) |
| Ethnicity (2021) | |
| Ethnic groups | List |
| Religion (2021) | |
| Religion | List |
| Time zone | UTC0 (GMT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (BST) |
| ONS code | 38UE (ONS)
E07000180 (GSS) |
| OS grid reference | SU3462689188 |
| Website | www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk |


title: Phey

abstract: Phey is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh, India. It is located in the Leh tehsil.

text:
# Phey

**Phey** is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh, India. It is located in the Leh tehsil.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Phey has 57 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 83.16%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 331 | 184 | 147 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 34 | 14 | 20 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 281 | 153 | 128 |
| Literates | 247 | 150 | 97 |
| Workers (all) | 166 | 90 | 76 |
| Main workers (total) | 57 | 39 | 18 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 57 | 39 | 18 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 109 | 51 | 58 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 76 | 27 | 49 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 31 | 23 | 8 |
| Non-workers | 165 | 94 | 71 |

## InfoBox

| Phey | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PheyLocation in Ladakh, IndiaPheyPhey (India) | |
| Coordinates: 34°08′01″N 77°27′57″E / 34.1334873°N 77.4658948°E / 34.1334873; 77.4658948 | |
| Country | India |
| Union Territory | Ladakh |
| District | Leh |
| Tehsil | Leh |
| Elevation | 3,186 m (10,453 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 331 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| 2011 census code | 854 |


title: Utricularia stygia

abstract: Utricularia stygia, the arctic bladderwort or Northern bladderwort, is an affixed aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. stygia is native to northern Europe and North America. This species was originally published by Göran Thor in 1987 but the description was not in Latin and was therefore nomenclaturally invalid. Thor validly published the species a year later. The cited difference that separates U. stygia from U. ochroleuca is the shape of the tiny quadrifid glands inside the bladders, specifically at which angle the "arms" of these glands diverge from one another. Thor, when working on the Utricularia of Sweden noted that this distinction alone allowed for consistent species identification. Both Barry Rice and Peter Taylor have expressed concerns regarding how this method applies to other populations around the world.

text:
# Utricularia stygia

***Utricularia stygia***, the **arctic bladderwort** or **Northern bladderwort**, is an affixed aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia*. *U. stygia* is native to northern Europe and North America. This species was originally published by Göran Thor in 1987 but the description was not in Latin and was therefore nomenclaturally invalid. Thor validly published the species a year later. The cited difference that separates *U. stygia* from *U. ochroleuca* is the shape of the tiny quadrifid glands inside the bladders, specifically at which angle the "arms" of these glands diverge from one another. Thor, when working on the *Utricularia* of Sweden noted that this distinction alone allowed for consistent species identification. Both Barry Rice and Peter Taylor have expressed concerns regarding how this method applies to other populations around the world.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia stygia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Utricularia* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Utricularia* |
| Species: | ***U. stygia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia stygia***<br>G.Thor | |
|


title: Maurice Newman

abstract: Maurice Lionel Newman is an Australian businessman who has served in a range of public roles, including as Chairperson of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, chair of the board of the Australian Stock Exchange, Chancellor of Macquarie University, and a member of the Prime Minister's Business Advisory Council from September 2013 to September 2015. His political views are generally considered conservative and he has been frequently described as a conspiracy theorist in the Australian media. Since 2021, Newman has served as chairman of ADH TV.

text:
# Maurice Newman

**Maurice Lionel Newman** AC (born 20 April 1938 in Ilford, England) is an Australian businessman who has served in a range of public roles, including as Chairperson of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, chair of the board of the Australian Stock Exchange, Chancellor of Macquarie University, and a member of the Prime Minister's Business Advisory Council from September 2013 to September 2015. His political views are generally considered conservative and he has been frequently described as a conspiracy theorist in the Australian media.

Since 2021, Newman has served as chairman of ADH TV.

## Early life

Born in Ilford, in what was then Essex, Newman migrated to Sydney at a young age with his family, settling in Pymble. He was educated at North Sydney Boys High School and the University of Sydney, where he obtained a degree in economics.

## Career

Newman's career spanned forty years in stockbroking and investment banking, including as Managing Director in 1984, and Executive Chairman from 1985 until 1999, of what is now the Deutsche Bank Group in Australia. He was Chairman of the Deutsche Bank Asia Pacific Advisory Board and a Director of Deutsche Bank Asia Pacific from 1999 to 2001. He was also Chairman of Deutsche Asset Management (Australia) Limited from 1997 until 2000; retiring from Deutsche Bank in July 2001.

Newman chaired a number of Asian business alliances including the East Asia and Oceania Stock Exchange Federation, and the Australia Taiwan Business Council. He has been an adviser to Australian governments, as a member of the Consultative Committee on Relations with Japan (1984–1987); a Commissioner of the National Commission of Audit (1996); a member of the Business Advisory Panel established by the Minister for Multicultural Affairs (1997–2002); Chairman of the National Judging Panel for Innovation in Local Government (1997–1998); Chairman of the Commonwealth Government's National Year 2000 Steering Committee (1997–2000) and the Business Mature Age Workforce Advisory Group (2000–2001); Co-Chair of the Singapore Australia Business Alliance Forum (1999–2002); Chairman of the Federal Treasurer's Financial Sector Advisory Council (1998–2007); Member of the New South Wales Premier's Major Events Board (2002–2004); Chairman of the Sydney Convention & Visitors Bureau (2001–2007); and Chairman of Tourism NSW (2002–2007).

In 1997, he was Australia's Private Sector Representative to the First Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Business Forum held in London. In 1999 he led a delegation of senior Australian executives to New York promoting "Australia, the Dynamic Success Story of the Asia Pacific - A Centre for Global Financial Services".

Newman was Chairman of Acrux Limited (1999–2003); Chairman of the Sydney Legacy Citizen's Committee (1998–2004); Member of the Advisory Committee of Australasian Medical Insurance Ltd (January – August 2003); Member of the Advisory Council of the Asia Society AustralAsia Centre (2001–2004); Member of the Business Council of Australia's Chairmen's Panel (2003–2007); and Civil Patron, Royal Australian Naval reserve, Professional Studies Program (2005–2009).

He served as Chancellor of Macquarie University from 2002 to February 2008. Currently he is an Honorary Professor at Macquarie University and Honorary Chair of the Macquarie University Foundation Patrons.

He was a Director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation from 2000 to 2004; and served as Chairman of the ABC between 1 January 2007 to 31 March 2012. On 31 March 2012, he stood down as Chair of the ABC and was succeeded by James Spigelman AC QC.

In 2002 Newman was appointed an Advisor to the Marsh Group of Companies. In June 2004, he was appointed a Director of the Queensland Investment Corporation.

He retired as Chairman of ASX Limited on 24 September 2008.

## Political views

### Conservatism

Newman helped establish the Centre for Independent Studies, a conservative Australian political think-tank. He was a member of the first CIS Board which also included Neville Kennard and Ross Graham-Taylor. Newman was associated with, and spoke at, a CIS event in December 2007 given in honour of conservative economist Milton Friedman. Newman is said to have been a close friend of former Australian Prime Minister John Howard. Interviewed in 2010 about their friendship by the Institute of Company Directors, Newman stated: "Much is made of my friendship with Howard, which is long standing. Little is made of my friendship with Bill Hayden, which is just as close and of longer standing. The truth is, I am not party political. I have voted on both sides of the fence, state and Federal, because I am driven not by labels, but by policies." During Newman's tenure as Chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Rupert Murdoch delivered the 2008 Boyer Lectures, "A Golden Age of Freedom". On the subject of financial market regulation Newman is reported as having said: "Politicians are getting into regulation and Regulators want to get into business. Regulators should look at ways to ensure transparency, but should not end up killing the business."

### Climate change

Newman rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. In a speech to senior ABC staff on 10 March 2010 he said climate change was an example of "group-think".

In answer to the question of whether he was a climate change denier he replied that he was an "agnostic" and claimed that there were "a lot of question marks about some of the fundamental data".

In an opinion piece in September 2013 Newman claimed that "The CSIRO … and the weather bureau, continue to propagate the myth of climate change …". In another 2013 piece he called climate change a delusion, stating that: "\[The IPCC\] progressively has applied mass psychology through a compliant media to spread the delusion that wicked Western industrialists are causing irreparable damage to the climate".

Newman wants the current Australian target for electricity generated by renewable sources dumped because he does not accept climate change science and says renewable energy is pushing up prices.

In August 2014, Newman was widely criticised by leading scientists and newspaper journalists for claiming that the earth is undergoing "cooling" rather than warming. In 2015, Newman argued that climate change is propaganda aimed at bringing about a one world government controlled by the United Nations.

### Wind farms

Newman has actively opposed wind energy development near his rural property at Crookwell in NSW, for example through involvement in the group Crookwell District Landscape Guardians. In 2006 he had his solicitors write to neighbours who had publicly indicated that were considering hosting wind turbines to assert that they would be "liable for substantial damages", and that he was "ready, willing and able to litigate".

Newman opposes the spread of wind energy and has advanced conspiracy theories about its use. In January 2012 he published an article in *The Spectator* in which he wrote,

> "I am not a conspiracy theorist, but we have witnessed the birth of an extraordinary, universal and self-reinforcing movement among the political and executive arms of government, their academic consultants, the mainstream media and vested private sector interests (such as investment banks and the renewables industry), held together by the promise of unlimited government money. It may not be a conspiracy, but long-term, government-underwritten annuities have certainly created one gigantic and powerful oligopoly which must coerce taxpayers and penalise energy consumers to survive." His article concluded, "But don’t expect help from academia, mainstream media or the public service. They are members of the same establishment and worship together at the altar of global warming. By ruthlessly perpetuating the illusion that wind farms can somehow save the planet, they keep the money flowing. All the while the poor become poorer, ever more dependent on welfare and colder in winter."

In July 2014, Newman was "kicked off" a wind farm committee after it was discovered he was attempting to restrict speakers from attending meetings.

### The Great Reset

Newman is a vocal opponent of the 2020 virtual dialogues organized by the World Economic Forum's under the theme of The Great Reset. In his scathing October 10, 2020 article criticizing the WEF 2020 annual meeting on the reset in a post-COVID 19 world, Newman warned that "anyone who fears big government and values free speech, freedom to choose and property rights, should be terrified". If the "dangerous elites" such as Prince Charles, the WEF director Klaus Schwab, the International Monetary Fund's managing director, the secretary general of the United Nations, the European Central Bank's president, the secretary-general of the OECD, and numerous other CEOs of technology companies, and nongovernmental organization representatives, succeed they will use the "opportunity" of the pandemic to further Green Plans and undermine capitalism around the world. Newman said that then President Donald Trump was a "major obstacle" to the WEF realizing its agenda of the great reset of society and the economy. Newman warned that now President Joe Biden—who was Trump's opponent in the 2020 United States presidential election, was Trump's "ideological opposite." Newman focused on certain terms used during the 2020 discussions on how to prepare for a post-COVID-19 world, such as "opportunity", "reimagine", "revamp", to frame the dialogues as a prelude to the imposition of a what he called a nefarious new world order, a well-known conspiracy theory. He said that the preparations for a post-pandemic world is just "another fascist experiment being pushed by controlling elitists" whose children "will receive preferential access to higher education and elite positions" and will ultimately result in "inequality, serfdom and misery". According to the BBC and The New York Times, by November 2021, there was a resurgence in the "baseless" great reset conspiracy theories.


title: ZNF133

abstract: Zinc finger protein 133 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF133 gene.

text:
# ZNF133

**Zinc finger protein 133** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *ZNF133* gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| ZNF133 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | ZNF133, ZNF150, pHZ-13, pHZ-66, zinc finger protein 133 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 604075; HomoloGene: 48184; GeneCards: ZNF133; OMA:ZNF133 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)      n/a   RefSeq (protein)      n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 20: 18.29 – 18.32 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Matanuska River

abstract: The Matanuska River (Dena'ina: Ch'atanhtnu; Ahtna: Ts'itonhna’) is a 75-mile (121 km) long river in Southcentral Alaska, United States. The river drains a broad valley south of the Alaska Range eponymously known as the Matanuska Valley.

text:
# Matanuska River

The **Matanuska River** (Dena'ina*Ch'atanhtnu*Ahtna*Ts'itonhna’*) is a 75-mile (121 km) long river in Southcentral Alaska, United States. The river drains a broad valley south of the Alaska Range eponymously known as the Matanuska Valley.

## Course

Formed by the confluence of its east and south forks, the Matanuska River flows generally southwest to the Knik Arm of Cook Inlet. Downstream of its source, the river is joined by meltwater from Matanuska Glacier in the northern Chugach Mountains. From there it continues through the Matanuska Valley, between the Chugach Mountains to the south and the Talkeetna Mountains to the north. Population centers along its course include Chickaloon, Sutton, Palmer, and Butte. It enters the Knik Arm of Cook Inlet about 9.5 miles (15.3 km) southwest of Palmer and about 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Anchorage.

The Glenn Highway runs roughly parallel to the river for much of its length. Highway bridges over the river, listed from source to mouth, include Glacier Park Bridge, Chickaloon River Bridge, King River Bridge, Old Glenn Highway Bridge, and Glenn Highway Bridge. An Alaska Railroad bridge crosses the river parallel to the Glenn Highway Bridge at Palmer Hay Flats State Game Refuge. Mantanuska Glacier State Recreation Site is along the highway where Glacier Creek enters the river; King Mountain State Recreation Site is near Chickaloon, and Kepler  Bradley Lakes State Recreation Area is near Palmer.

In addition to the glacier, named and unnamed streams that drain the Talkeetna and Chugach ranges feed into the river. These include Glacier, Hicks, Purinton, Caribou, and Coal creeks, and the Chickaloon and King rivers, and many others. The main stem is silty with glacial run-off from spring through fall but at lower flows beneath winter ice, it runs relatively clear.

The Matanuska Valley is one of the most settled regions of Alaska and one of the few areas in the state to support agriculture. Erosion by the glacial braided river has damaged roads, farms, houses, and houses for decades.

### Discharge

The United States Geological Survey operates a stream gauge near Palmer. Mean monthly discharge at this gauge varies from 500 cubic feet per second (14 m3/s) in March to 13,000 cubic feet per second (370 m3/s) in July. The maximum recorded flow was 82,100 cubic feet per second (2,320 m3/s) on August 10, 1971, after the break-out of a natural reservoir on Granite Creek. The minimum recorded flow of 234 cubic feet per second (6.6 m3/s) occurred on April 25, 1956.

## Boating

The river is a popular destination for whitewater enthusiasts who float mainly in rafts or kayaks. Accessible at several bridges and other points along the Glenn Highway, the Matanuska varies from Class II (medium) to III (difficult) on the International Scale of River Difficulty. Expert paddlers sometimes run a tributary, Caribou Creek, that flows past Matanuska Glacier and is rated Class II to IV (very difficult). Hazards along the main stem include swift, cold water; big standing waves and holes along some sections; overhanging or submerged vegetation on the lower reaches, and upriver winds.

## Etymology

The indigenous Dena'ina Athabascan name for the river is *Ch'atanhtnu*, based on the root *-tanh* "trail extends out", meaning literally "trail comes out river". The English place name *Matanuska* derives from a Russian term spelled in various ways, including "Matanooski" and "Mednoviska", and meaning "copper river people", perhaps referring to an implied route from Cook Inlet to the Copper River.

## Further reading

* Kari, James M., *et al.* (2003) \[1987\]. *Shem Pete's Alaska: The Territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Dena'ina*, 2nd ed. Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press.

## InfoBox

| Matanuska River | |
| --- | --- |
| Silt-laden waters of the Chickaloon River (right center) enter the Matanuska River at mile 76 (km 123) of the Glenn Highway (upper right), a major highway connecting Anchorage to the rest of the state. The valley is forested with black cottonwood, balsam poplar, white spruce and paper birch. | |
| South-central Alaska, near Anchorage | |
| Location of the mouth of the Matanuska River in Alaska | |
| Native name | *Ch'atanhtnu* (Tanaina) |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | Matanuska-Susitna |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | confluence of the river's east and south forks |
| coordinates | 61°47′27″N 147°29′07″W / 61.79083°N 147.48528°W / 61.79083; -147.48528 |
| elevation | 2,033 ft (620 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Knik Arm, Cook Inlet |
| location | 9.5 miles (15.3 km) southwest of Palmer |
| coordinates | 61°29′49″N 149°16′11″W / 61.49694°N 149.26972°W / 61.49694; -149.26972 |
| elevation | 0 ft (0 m) |
| Length | 75 mi (121 km) |
| Basin size | 2,100 sq mi (5,400 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Palmer |
| average | 3,875 cu ft/s (109.7 m3/s) |
| minimum | 234 cu ft/s (6.6 m3/s) |
| maximum | 82,100 cu ft/s (2,320 m3/s) |
|  | |


title: Mosaiculia

abstract: Mosaiculia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Tortricinae of the family Tortricidae. It consists of only one species, Mosaiculia mosaica, which is found in Ecuador. The wingspan is about 22 mm.

text:
# Mosaiculia

***Mosaiculia*** is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Tortricinae of the family Tortricidae. It consists of only one species, ***Mosaiculia mosaica***, which is found in Ecuador (Morona-Santiago Province).

The wingspan is about 22 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Mosaiculia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Tribe: | Euliini |
| Genus: | *Mosaiculia*
Razowski & Wojtusiak, 2009 |
| Species: | ***M. mosaica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mosaiculia mosaica***
Razowski & Wojtusiak, 2009 | |
|


title: Ursicinus (magister equitum)

abstract: Ursicinus was a Roman senior military officer, holding the rank of Magister Equitum per Orientem and even Magister Peditum Praesentalis in the later Roman Empire c. 349–359. He was a citizen of Antioch and was well connected in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.

text:
# Ursicinus (magister equitum)

**Ursicinus** was a Roman senior military officer, holding the rank of *Magister Equitum per Orientem* (Master of Horse of the East) and even *Magister Peditum Praesentalis* in the later Roman Empire *c.* 349–359. He was a citizen of Antioch and was well connected in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.

## Career

From AD 349 to 359 he served as Magister Equitum in the East. In 351 or 352 he was entrusted with the suppression of the Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus led by Patricius and Isaac of Diocesarea. Tiberias and Diospolis, two of the cities conquered by the rebels, were almost completely destroyed, while Diocaesarea was razed to the ground. Ursicinus also was ordered to kill several thousand rebels, even young ones.

### Service with Ammianus Marcellinus

In 353, historian Ammianus Marcellinus was attached to the command of Ursicinus at his headquarters in Nisibis, where he remained until recalled in 354 by Gallus, as the magister equitum, to preside at an investigation for treason in Antioch. According to Ammianus, the charges he was called upon to investigate were preposterous, being fabricated by Gallus' paranoia and bloodthirsty-ness, but Ursicinus nonetheless had to put many to death. Constantius, having heard of the ongoing disorders in the administration of the east, decided to dethrone Gallus at once by whatever means possible. Meanwhile, the high chamberlain Eusebius and other enemies of Ursicinus at court had poisoned Constantius' mind against the magister equitum, so that the emperor resolved to recall him to the court on the pretext of promotion, to prevent him from conspiring from afar.

When, in 355, Claudius Silvanus revolted against Emperor Constantius II in Gaul, Ursicinus was sent to him with a letter of recall by Constantius, which he was ordered to deliver in as favorable a manner as possible and dissuade Claudius from revolt. However, since Silvanus' revolt had already reached uncontrollable proportions, Ursicinus had to assassinate Silvanus, thereupon assuming his command.

Ursicinus was ordered to remain in Gaul to supervise Julian as he took command as *Caesar* of Gaul, Spain and Britain. In 357 or 358 Constantius sent him back east to resume his command. The court intrigues of Eusebius the high chamberlain, according to Ammianus, brought about his recall to the court in the same year, where he was to be given the position of master of infantry, taken from Barbatio who was lately executed. Once near the court it would be easy to have him implicated for treason The threat of war from Persia led to his being immediately sent back to the frontier, but he was placed under the orders of Sabinianus, a pusillanimous and debauched old man, who spent the entire ensuing campaign in his luxurious mansion in Edessa. Ursicinus arrived just in time for the Siege of Amida, near which he was nearly captured by the cavalry of the Persian vanguard, and his guard dispersed.

Ursicinus was able to maintain contact with the defenders of the city, and he did his utmost to relieve them but was foiled by the cowardice of Sabinianus, who forbade him in the name of the emperor from putting his soldiers at any risk. In the picturesque language of Ammianus Marcellinus: "So that he seemed like a lion, terrible for his size and ferocity, but with claws cut and teeth drawn, so that he could not save from danger his cubs entangled in the nets of the hunters."

Ursicinus was dismissed after the destruction of Amida (modern Diyarbakır, Turkey) in AD 359 by the Persians, for which he was officially blamed.

The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, who served on Ursicinus' staff, revered him.

## Family

Ursicinus had several sons, most notable was Potentius who died at the Battle of Adrianople.


title: Matthew Allwood

abstract: Matthew Allwood is an Indigenous Australian former professional rugby league footballer who previously played as a centre and wing for the New Zealand Warriors and Canberra Raiders in the National Rugby League.

text:
# Matthew Allwood

**Matthew Allwood** (born 16 November 1992) is an Indigenous Australian former professional rugby league footballer who previously played as a centre and wing for the New Zealand Warriors and Canberra Raiders in the National Rugby League.

## Background

Born in Scone, New South Wales, Allwood played his junior football for Farrer Memorial Agricultural High School before being signed by the Canberra Raiders.

## Playing career

As a youngster, Allwood played for the Country New South Wales Under 17s and Under 18s teams and the New South Wales Combined High Schools team. In 2011 and 2012, Allwood played for the Canberra Raiders' NYC team before moving on to the Raiders' New South Wales Cup team, the Mount Pritchard Mounties in 2013.

### Canberra Raiders

In round 1 of the 2014 season, Allwood made his NRL debut for Canberra against the North Queensland Cowboys at centre in the Raiders 28–22 loss at 1300SMILES Stadium. In Round 7 against the Melbourne Storm, Allwood scored his first NRL career try in Canberra's 24-22 last minute win at Canberra Stadium. Allwood finished his debut year in the NRL with him playing in 11 matches and scoring a try for the capital club. Due to an off-field incident, Allwood was released before the season ended.

### New Zealand Warriors

On 20 May 2014 it was announced that Allwood had signed a three-year contract with the New Zealand Warriors starting in 2015. Allwood played a total of seven games for the New Zealand Warriors. He was contracted with the club until the end of 2017 but mainly played for the clubs NSW Cup team. In 2018, Allwood played for Newcastle in the NSW Cup. He joined the Warriors when their pre-season began in November 2014.

## InfoBox

Matt Allwood
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Matthew Allwood |
| Born | (1992-11-16) 16 November 1992<br>Scone, New South Wales, Australia, |
| Height | 185 cm (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 93 kg (14 st 9 lb) |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Centre, Wing |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2014 Canberra Raiders 11 1 0 0 4  2015–17 New Zealand Warriors 7 6 0 0 16  Total 18 7 0 0 20  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2017 NSW Residents 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: As of 10 January 2024 | |


title: Vaadamalli

abstract: Vaadamalli is a 2011 Indian Malayalam thriller film directed by Alberrt Antoni after his critically acclaimed debut film Kanne Madanguka. The film was shot at various locations in Kochi, Alappuzha, Munnar, Athirapally and Thrissur. Vaadamalli was produced by Sunil Chandrika Nair under the banner of Zoe Estebe Moviez.

text:
# Vaadamalli

***Vaadamalli*** is a 2011 Indian Malayalam thriller film directed by Alberrt Antoni after his critically acclaimed debut film *Kanne Madanguka*.

The film was shot at various locations in Kochi, Alappuzha, Munnar, Athirapally and Thrissur.

*Vaadamalli* was produced by Sunil Chandrika Nair under the banner of Zoe Estebe Moviez.

## Plot

The title symbolizes everlasting love and is set in the backdrop of a music college. It tells the story of a student named Vasu, who hails from a slum. The people in the slum sponsor his education. Vrindha Nambiar comes from a rich family and she falls in love with Vasu. The story takes a dramatic turn when a girl goes missing from the college hostel. The clues to her whereabouts emerge when various students narrate their versions of the events. The Police officer find that a girl took obscene pictures of Vrinda.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| Vaadamalli | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Shyam Balakrishnan | |
| Released | 2011 |
| Genre | Soundtrack |
| Length | 25:11 mins |
| Label | Satyam Audios |
| Producer | Shyam Bakakrishnan |

The songs of this movie were composed by Shyam Balakrishnan, with lyrics by Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma.

| Track | Song | Singer(s) | Duration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Neeyo Mazha" | K. K. Nishad, Neetha Subhir | 4:42 |
| 2 | "Tumanjin" | K. S. Chithra, U. Krish | 4:36 |
| 3 | "Anuragam" | Surmukhi Raman, K. K. Nishad | 4:16 |
| 4 | "Rapukalude" | Surmukhi Raman, P. G. Ragesh | 3:52 |
| 5 | "Neeyo" | Neetha Subhir | 4:40 |
| 6 | "Guitar Solo" |  | 3:16 |
| 7 | "Violin Solo" |  | 1:09 |

## Release

*Rediff* gave the film one out of five stars and wrote that "On the whole, *Vaadamalli* is, to put it mildly, inane".

## InfoBox

| Vaadamalli | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Alberrt Antoni |
| Written by | Rajesh Varma
Lasar Shine |
| Story by | Alberrt Antoni |
| Produced by | Sunil Chandrika Nair |
| Starring | Rahul Madhav
Ramesh Raveendran
Pradeep Chandran
Richa Panai
Niji Mary
Jyothi Chatterji
Bijukuttan
Raveendran |
| Cinematography | Vaidy S. Pillai |
| Edited by | Raja Muhamed |
| Music by | Shyam Balakrishnan |
| Production
company | Zoe Estebe Moviez |
| Distributed by | Zoe Estebe Moviez Release
through Maaxlab |
| Release date | * 10 June 2011 (2011-06-10) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Philipp Schall von Bell

abstract: Philipp Schall von Bell was the commander-in-chief (Landmarschall) of the Livonian Confederation forces during the first two years of the Livonian War (1558–1583). Von Bell was taken prisoner after the disastrous Battle of Ergeme and executed by tsar Ivan IV of Russia. Philipp Schall von Bell joined the Livonian Order around the year 1540. From 1545 he held the post of vice commander (Hauskomtur) in Riga and in 1551 he became commander (Komtur) of Marienburg (Alūksne). After the Livonian War began in 1558, he became the last Land Marshal or commander-in-chief of the Livonian Order. On 2 August 1560, upon hearing the news of Muscovites leaving Dorpat (Tartu) for a siege of Fellin (Viljandi), von Bell set up an ambush near the village Ermes. Von Bell miscalculated the strength of the enemy; he expected to attack and destroy a small detachment but instead ran into the main Muscovite army. His small force of a few hundred members of the Order and 500 auxiliaries succeeded in smashing through the Muscovite front, however, the Russian flank successfully maneuvered through the woods surrounding woodland, enveloped the Livonian forces and forced them to flee in disarray. This was the last field battle of the Livonian Order; after that, the Order only managed to offer resistance from castles, for example in Weissenstein. Philipp Schall von Bell was taken prisoner by Aleksey Adashev's men; in total, the Russians captured eleven senior officers and 120 German nobles. Initially, the Muscovite commanders treated the prisoners with respect, hoping that this would help in securing the loyalty of conquered Livonia. Schall von Bell and senior Livonian officers were sent to the court of tsar Ivan IV of Russia. When they finally met, Ivan was enraged by von Bell's hostile and unforgiving answers, and ordered the immediate execution of the prisoners. Philipp and his brother, Werner Schall von Bell, as well as three other nobles were beheaded, their bodies thrown to the dogs. According to another version of the story, the prisoners were doomed by Adashev's patronage; Ivan had been displeased with Adashev earlier and had demoted him from court service to the combat troops. Aleksey Adashev died of fever in Dorpat in the same year; his brother Daniil was executed by Ivan in 1563. The sole survivor among the high-ranking prisoners of the war, the Bishop of Dorpat Hermann II Wesel, who had been captured in 1558, retained Ivan's favor and was allowed to bury the dead outside of town in accordance with the manner of the Catholic faith. Centuries later, the tombstones of an abandoned cemetery were reused for the pavement of Moscow streets. In 1823, the tomb of Werner Schall von Bell was discovered in the mud of Yakimanka District, and since then has been preserved, first in the Rumyantsev Museum and now in the Moscow Kremlin.

text:
# Philipp Schall von Bell

**Philipp Schall von Bell** (died 1560) was the commander-in-chief (*Landmarschall*) of the Livonian Confederation forces during the first two years of the Livonian War (1558–1583). Von Bell was taken prisoner after the disastrous Battle of Ergeme and executed by tsar Ivan IV of Russia.

Philipp Schall von Bell joined the Livonian Order around the year 1540. From 1545 he held the post of vice commander (*Hauskomtur*) in Riga and in 1551 he became commander (*Komtur*) of Marienburg (Alūksne). After the Livonian War began in 1558, he became the last Land Marshal or commander-in-chief of the Livonian Order.

On 2 August 1560, upon hearing the news of Muscovites leaving Dorpat (Tartu) for a siege of Fellin (Viljandi), von Bell set up an ambush near the village Ermes (Ergeme, Latvia). Von Bell miscalculated the strength of the enemy; he expected to attack and destroy a small detachment but instead ran into the main Muscovite army. His small force of a few hundred members of the Order and 500 auxiliaries succeeded in smashing through the Muscovite front, however, the Russian flank successfully maneuvered through the woods surrounding woodland, enveloped the Livonian forces and forced them to flee in disarray. This was the last field battle of the Livonian Order; after that, the Order only managed to offer resistance from castles, for example in Weissenstein (Paide, Estonia).

Philipp Schall von Bell was taken prisoner by Aleksey Adashev's men; in total, the Russians captured eleven senior officers and 120 German nobles. Initially, the Muscovite commanders treated the prisoners with respect, hoping that this would help in securing the loyalty of conquered Livonia. Schall von Bell and senior Livonian officers were sent to the court of tsar Ivan IV of Russia. When they finally met, Ivan was enraged by von Bell's hostile and unforgiving answers, and ordered the immediate execution of the prisoners. Philipp and his brother, Werner Schall von Bell (*Komtur* of Goldingen), as well as three other nobles were beheaded, their bodies thrown to the dogs. According to another version of the story, the prisoners were doomed by Adashev's patronage; Ivan had been displeased with Adashev earlier and had demoted him from court service to the combat troops. Aleksey Adashev died of fever in Dorpat in the same year; his brother Daniil was executed by Ivan in 1563.

The sole survivor among the high-ranking prisoners of the war, the Bishop of Dorpat Hermann II Wesel, who had been captured in 1558, retained Ivan's favor and was allowed to bury the dead outside of town in accordance with the manner of the Catholic faith. Centuries later, the tombstones of an abandoned cemetery were reused for the pavement of Moscow streets. In 1823, the tomb of Werner Schall von Bell was discovered in the mud of Yakimanka District, and since then has been preserved, first in the Rumyantsev Museum and now in the Moscow Kremlin.


title: Maria Gleta Power Plant

abstract: The Maria Gleta Power Plant is a gas-fired power plant in Godomey, Atlantique Department, Benin.

text:
# Maria Gleta Power Plant

The **Maria Gleta Power Plant** is a gas-fired power plant in Godomey, Atlantique Department, Benin.

## History

The power plant was inaugurated on 29 August 2019 after two years of construction works.

## Technical specifications

The power plant has an installed capacity of 127 MW. It consists of seven generators.

## InfoBox

| Maria Gleta Power Plant | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | Benin |
| Location | Godomey, Atlantique Department |
| Coordinates | 6°25′34.3″N 2°18′23.5″E / 6.426194°N 2.306528°E / 6.426194; 2.306528 |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | 2017 |
| Commission date | 2019 |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Natural gas |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 7 |
| Nameplate capacity | 127 MW |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Mayfair (film)

abstract: Mayfair is a 2018 South African Indian action crime drama film written by Neil McCarthy and directed by Sara Blecher. The film marks the fourth directorial venture for Sara Blecher and the film was set in the suburb of Johannesburg. The film stars Rajesh Gopie and Ronak Patani in the male lead roles. The film had its theatrical release on 2 November 2018 and received positive reviews. The film was also screened at the 62nd BFI London Film Festival and Africa in Motion Film Festival in October 2018.

text:
# Mayfair (film)

***Mayfair*** is a 2018 South African Indian action crime drama film written by Neil McCarthy and directed by Sara Blecher. The film marks the fourth directorial venture for Sara Blecher and the film was set in the suburb of Johannesburg. The film stars Rajesh Gopie and Ronak Patani in the male lead roles. The film had its theatrical release on 2 November 2018 and received positive reviews. The film was also screened at the 62nd BFI London Film Festival and Africa in Motion Film Festival in October 2018.

## Cast

## Synopsis

Zaid Randera (Ronak Patani) returns home to Mayfair in Johannesburg where his father Aziz (Rajesh Gopie), a money launderer is facing death threats from his creditors/lenders. Zaid has been dismissed from his job permanently and finds himself living under the shadow of his father whose status is marred by falling into a debt trap. When a murderous gang threatens the family business, Zaid is compelled into the life he'd hoped to leave behind.

## InfoBox

| Mayfair | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Sara Blecher |
| Written by | Neil McCarthy |
| Produced by | Dayo Ogunyemi |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Miles Goodall |
| Music by | Philip Miller |
| Release date | * 2 November 2018 (2018-11-02) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Language | English |


abstract: This is a list of national conventions held by the Socialist Left Party. The national convention works as the highest decision making organ of the party, and is held every second year.

text:
# List of national conventions held by the Socialist Left Party

This is a list of **national conventions held by the Socialist Left Party**. The national convention works as the highest decision making organ of the party, and is held every second year.

## List of national conventions

| # | Held | Elected leaders | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st |  | Berit Ås | Bergen |
| 2nd | March 4–6 |  |  |
| 3rd | March 1–4 |  | hotel klubben tønsberg |
| 4th |  |  |  |
| 5th |  | Theo Koritzinsky |  |
| 6th |  |  |  |
| 7th | April 3–7 | Erik Solheim |  |
| 8th |  |  | Skien, Telemark |
| 9th |  |  | Hamar |
| 10th | March 15–17 |  | Oslo |
| 11th | June 8–10 |  | Ålesund |
| 12th | May 3–5 | Kristin Halvorsen | Oslo |
| 13th | April 9–11 |  | Lillehammer |
| 14th | March 8–11 |  | Hell |
| 15th | March 6–9 |  | Tromsø |
| 16th | March 31-April 3 |  | Kristiansand |
| 17th | March 22–25 |  | Gardermoen |
| 18th | March 19–22 |  | Bergen |

**General**
The list of national conventions were taken from these sources:

* "Hva er landsmøtet? (1989-2005)". SV.no. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
* "Politikkspalten sitatet og almanakken". *Dagbladet*. May 3, 1997. p. 10. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)(for the 12th)
* "Kneblet av Kosovo-konflikten". *Dagbladet*. April 12, 1999.(for the 13th)

**Specific**


title: Zach Monroe

abstract: Zachary Charles Monroe is an American former professional baseball pitcher who appeared in parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball (1958–1959) with the New York Yankees, and was a member of their 1958 World Series champions. The native of Peoria, Illinois, is an alumnus of Bradley University. He was listed as 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and 198 pounds (90 kg), and threw and batted right-handed. Monroe's career began in 1952 and, interrupted by military service, lasted for nine seasons over 11 years. In June 1958, after he posted a 10–2 record for the Triple-A Denver Bears, he was called up to the Yankees and debuted on the 27th with 31⁄3 hitless innings of relief against the Kansas City Athletics. He went on to work 20 more games for the 1958 Bombers, making six starts and registering a complete game victory on September 2 against the Boston Red Sox at Yankee Stadium. In the 1958 World Series that followed, Monroe appeared in Game 2 in a "mop-up" assignment; coming into the contest in the home half of the eighth inning with the Milwaukee Braves already ahead 10–2, he allowed three runs and three hits. Milwaukee went on to win 13–5 to take a two games to none led in the Series, but the Yankees battled back to win four of the next five contests and their 18th world title. Monroe made the 1959 Yankees' 28-man roster coming out of spring training, but hurled in only three games, all in relief, and was sent to Triple-A at the May cutdown. He did not get another opportunity to pitch in the majors, remaining in the minor leagues through 1962. During his MLB career, Monroe compiled a 4–2 record with one save, one complete game, a 3.38 earned run average, and 19 strikeouts in 24 appearances; in 611⁄3 innings pitched, he permitted 60 hits and 29 bases on balls.

text:
# Zach Monroe

**Zachary Charles Monroe** (born July 8, 1931) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who appeared in parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball (19581959) with the New York Yankees, and was a member of their 1958 World Series champions. The native of Peoria, Illinois, is an alumnus of Bradley University. He was listed as 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and 198 pounds (90 kg), and threw and batted right-handed.

Monroe's career began in 1952 and, interrupted by military service, lasted for nine seasons over 11 years. In June 1958, after he posted a 10–2 record for the Triple-A Denver Bears, he was called up to the Yankees and debuted on the 27th with 313 hitless innings of relief against the Kansas City Athletics. He went on to work 20 more games for the 1958 Bombers, making six starts and registering a complete game victory on September 2 against the Boston Red Sox at Yankee Stadium. In the 1958 World Series that followed, Monroe appeared in Game 2 in a "mop-up" assignment; coming into the contest in the home half of the eighth inning with the Milwaukee Braves already ahead 10–2, he allowed three runs and three hits. Milwaukee went on to win 13–5 to take a two games to none led in the Series, but the Yankees battled back to win four of the next five contests and their 18th world title.

Monroe made the 1959 Yankees' 28-man roster coming out of spring training, but hurled in only three games, all in relief, and was sent to Triple-A at the May cutdown. He did not get another opportunity to pitch in the majors, remaining in the minor leagues through 1962. During his MLB career, Monroe compiled a 4–2 record with one save, one complete game, a 3.38 earned run average, and 19 strikeouts in 24 appearances; in 6113 innings pitched, he permitted 60 hits and 29 bases on balls.

## InfoBox

| Zack Monroe | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1931-07-08) July 8, 1931<br>Peoria, Illinois | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| June 27, 1958, for the New York Yankees | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 3, 1959, for the New York Yankees | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 4–2 |
| Earned run average | 3.38 |
| Strikeouts | 19 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Mathilde Wolff-Mönckeberg

abstract: Mathilde Wolff-Mönckeberg, also known as Tilli, was a German-born writer and translator. She was the seventh child of Johann Georg Mönckeberg, a lawyer and Lord Mayor of Hamburg. After her education at school in Hamburg, she travelled to Florence for further study, where in 1900 she stayed with Aby Warburg and Mary Warburg. She married the Dutch art historian André Jolles (1874–1946) on 8 September 1900 and together they had five children. They moved to Freiburg in 1902 and Berlin in 1909 where Mathilde worked as a translator, before their divorce on 26 July 1918. She then returned to Hamburg and in 1923–4, she published a German translation of the Dutch cultural historian Johan Huizinga's Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (1919),. In 1925, she married Emil Wolff, a Professor of English and Rector of Hamburg University. During the war she wrote a series of unsent letters describing life in Hamburg at this time to her children who were living abroad. These were edited and translated as On the Other Side: Letters to My Children from Germany, 1940–1945 by her daughter Ruth Evans in the 1970s.

text:
# Mathilde Wolff-Mönckeberg

**Mathilde Wolff-Mönckeberg** (1879 – 1958), also known as **Tilli**, was a German-born writer and translator. She was the seventh child of Johann Georg Mönckeberg, a lawyer and Lord Mayor of Hamburg.

After her education at school in Hamburg, she travelled to Florence for further study, where in 1900 she stayed with Aby Warburg and Mary Warburg. She married the Dutch art historian André Jolles (1874–1946) on 8 September 1900 and together they had five children (Hendrik (d.1902), Hendrika, Jacoba, Jan, Otto, Ruth). They moved to Freiburg in 1902 and Berlin in 1909 where Mathilde worked as a translator, before their divorce on 26 July 1918.

She then returned to Hamburg and in 1923–4, she published a German translation (entitled *Herbst des Mittelalters*) of the Dutch cultural historian Johan Huizinga's *Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen* (1919), (English translation *The Autumn of the Middle Ages* (1996)).

In 1925, she married Emil Wolff, a Professor of English and Rector of Hamburg University. During the war she wrote a series of unsent letters describing life in Hamburg at this time to her children who were living abroad. These were edited and translated as *On the Other Side: Letters to My Children from Germany, 1940–1945* by her daughter Ruth Evans in the 1970s (published 1979, London: Peter Owen, republished in 2007 by Persephone Books).


title: Winfield High School (West Virginia)

abstract: Winfield High School is a high school located on the banks of the Kanawha River in Winfield, West Virginia. The community is a rural town, located halfway between Huntington and Charleston, and the school is in the Putnam County Schools school district. Winfield High School is the newest of the four high schools in Putnam County. The school mascot is The General and official school colors are Green and White, with Black also commonly used. The school yearly houses about 800 students. The current building opened in 1980, prior to that what is currently Winfield Middle School housed students in grades 6-12. Winfield High underwent major expansion in 2006 to compensate for the extreme overcrowding of the school and to update many of the facilities. The 6 million dollar project was completed in the fall of 2007. A New Additional Gymnasium and Updates of the various seating were finished in 2012. After several years at the Class AA, Winfield was reclassified as a Class AAA school by the WVSSAC in the fall of 2008. Winfield also competed as a Class A school until the late 60's, giving them the unusual distinction of being a member of all three classes during their history. Winfield is a member of the Mountain State Athletic Conference (MSAC). The facility and mascot were both named after Brevet Lieutenant General Winfield Scott (1786-1866) the longest serving general in American history and national hero. Scott served as a general officer in the United States Army from the War of 1812, Mexican War, Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War. He unsuccessfully ran for United States president against Franklin Pierce in 1852. Scott was the primary architect of the successful Union strategy during the Civil War but was too old to command in the field and retired in 1861.

text:
# Winfield High School (West Virginia)

**Winfield High School** is a high school located on the banks of the Kanawha River in Winfield, West Virginia. The community is a rural town, located halfway between Huntington and Charleston, and the school is in the Putnam County Schools school district.

Winfield High School is the newest of the four high schools in Putnam County. The school mascot is The General and official school colors are Green and White, with Black also commonly used. The school yearly houses about 800 students.

The current building opened in 1980, prior to that what is currently Winfield Middle School housed students in grades 6-12. Winfield High underwent major expansion in 2006 to compensate for the extreme overcrowding of the school and to update many of the facilities. The 6 million dollar project was completed in the fall of 2007. A New Additional Gymnasium and Updates of the various seating were finished in 2012. After several years at the Class AA, Winfield was reclassified as a Class AAA school by the WVSSAC in the fall of 2008. Winfield also competed as a Class A school until the late 60's, giving them the unusual distinction of being a member of all three classes during their history. Winfield is a member of the Mountain State Athletic Conference (MSAC).

The facility and mascot were both named after Brevet Lieutenant General Winfield Scott (1786-1866) the longest serving general in American history and national hero. Scott served as a general officer in the United States Army from the War of 1812, Mexican War (captured Mexico City and became Military Governor), Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War. He unsuccessfully ran for United States president against Franklin Pierce in 1852. Scott was the primary architect of the successful Union strategy during the Civil War but was too old to command in the field and retired in 1861.

## History

Gil McClanahan of *WCHS-TV* stated that administrators at Winfield High had touted their "atmosphere of inclusion", and Mcclanahan stated that there was "unique culture among faculty, staff and students".

## School demographics

The most recent statistics indicate that Winfield High School student body consists of the following racial/ethnic demographics:

93% White \<2% Black \<5% Other

## Awards and recognition for academics

In 2009 Winfield was honored by Business Week as being the top Academic School in West Virginia

* WV Exemplary School - 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
* School of Excellence - 1993-1994, 2003–2004, 2006–2007
* WV Blue Ribbon School - 1996
* National Blue Ribbon School - 1996

## State championships

Baseball *Class AA* (1985, 2001, 2002, 2023)
Softball *Class AA* (2023, 2024)
Boys' Basketball *Class AA*(2004)
Girls' Basketball *Class AA* (2004, 2006)
Cheerleading *Class AA* (2003, 2018)
Football *Class A* (1960, 1961, 1963) *Class AA* (1985, 1987)
Boys' Golf *Class AA* (2004, 2023)
Girls' Soccer *One Class Only* (1995, 1996, 1997) *Class AAA* (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015) *Class AA/A* (2016)
Boys' Soccer "Class AA" (2018)
Girls' Swimming *One Class Only* (2010)
Boys' Track and Field *Class AA/A*(1997, 1998) *Class AA* (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2024)
Girls' Track and Field *Class AA/A* (1998) *Class AA* (2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024) *Class AAA* (2015,2016)
Girls' Volleyball *Class AA* (2006)
Girls' Cross Country *Class AA* (2017, 2018, 2021)
Boys' Cross Country *Class AA* (2021)
Boys' Tennis *Class AA/A* (2018)
Girls' Tennis *Class AA/A* (2017, 2018)

## Notable teachers

1. "Winfield High School Staff List". *whs.putnamschools.com*.
2. "WINFIELD HIGH SCHOOL". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
3. "There's a unique culture among faculty, staff and students at Winfield High School". WCHS-TV. 2018-10-20. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
4. "America's Best High Schools: West Virginia - BusinessWeek". Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2009-08-19.

## InfoBox

| Winfield High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 3022 Winfield Road<br>Winfield, WV 25213 | |
| Coordinates | 38°32′18″N 81°52′42″W / 38.53828°N 81.87833°W / 38.53828; -81.87833 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| School district | Putnam County Schools |
| Principal | Catherine Schoolcraft |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 793 (2022-23) |
| Color(s) | Green and White |
| Nickname | Generals |
| Website | Official website |


title: Utricularia panamensis

abstract: Utricularia panamensis is a small carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. panamensis, a lithophyte, is endemic to Panama and is only known from the type location and other collections in the same area. It was first described by Peter Taylor in 1977 as Utricularia sp. and later published as U. panamensis in 1986.

text:
# Utricularia panamensis

***Utricularia panamensis*** is a small carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia*. *U. panamensis*, a lithophyte, is endemic to Panama and is only known from the type location and other collections in the same area. It was first described by Peter Taylor in 1977 as *Utricularia* sp. and later published as *U. panamensis* in 1986.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia panamensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Utricularia* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Foliosa* |
| Species: | ***U. panamensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia panamensis***<br>Steyerm. ex P.Taylor | |
|


title: Matthew 8:24

abstract: Matthew 8:24 is the 24th verse in the eighth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.

text:
# Matthew 8:24

**Matthew 8:24** is the 24th verse in the eighth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.

## Content

In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is:

Καὶ ἰδού, σεισμὸς μέγας ἐγένετο ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ, ὥστε τὸ πλοῖον καλύπτεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν κυμάτων· αὐτὸς δὲ ἐκάθευδε.

In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:

And, behold, there arose a great tempest in the sea, insomuch that the ship was covered with the waves: but he was asleep.

The New International Version translates the passage as:

Without warning, a furious storm came up on the lake, so that the waves swept over the boat. But Jesus was sleeping.

For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 8:24.

## Analysis

The Greek word σεισμὸς used in this verse for a storm is generally used for earthquakes. The more common word is λαιλαψ which is used in Luke 8:25 and Mark 4:37.

Lapide gives many possible reasons for the storm, which from its sudden nature points to Jesus' divine hand at work. 1) That Jesus might show his power on land and sea (See Rev 10:2 for similar imagery); 2) that Jesus might give the disciples a foretaste of persecutions they would soon face after his ascension; 3) that through his calming the storm his disciples might believe him to be divine.

Origen states that, "Christ slept with respect to His body, but was awake in terms of to His Deity." The sleep of Jonah when the ship was in peril appears to be a type of this.

## Commentary from the Church Fathers

Adamantius (Pseudo-Origen): "Therefore, having entered into the boat He caused the sea to rise; And, lo, there arose a great tempest in the sea, so that the boat was covered by the waves. This tempest did not arise of itself, but in obedience to the power of Him Who gave commandment, who brings the winds out of his treasures. (Jer. 10:13.) There arose a great tempest, that a great work might be wrought; because by how much the more the waves rushed into the boat, so much the more were the disciples troubled, and sought to be delivered by the wonderful power of the Saviour."

Chrysostom: "They had seen others made partakers of Christ’s mercies, but forasmuch as no man has so strong a sense of those things that are done in the person of another as of what is done to himself, it behoved that in their own bodies they should feel Christ’s mercies. Therefore He willed that this tempest should arise, that in their deliverance they might have a more lively sense of His goodness. This tossing of the sea was a type of their future trials of which Paul speaks, I would not have you ignorant, brethren, how that we were troubled beyond our strength. (2 Cor. 1:8.) But that there might be time for their fear to arise, it follows, But he was asleep. For if the storm had arisen while He was awake, they would either not have feared, or not have prayed Him, or would not have believed that He had the power to still it."

| Preceded by
**Matthew 8:23** | **Gospel of Matthew
Chapter 8** | Succeeded by
**Matthew 8:25** |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Matthew 8:24 | |
| --- | --- |
| 8:238:25 | |
| "The storm on the Sea of Galilee", by Johann Michael Probst (1640). | |
| Book | Gospel of Matthew |
| Christian Bible part | New Testament |


title: Vaadhoo (Raa Atoll)

abstract: Vaadhoo is one of the inhabited islands of Raa Atoll, Maldives. Famous for the bioluminescent plankton (Redhan), an annual bioluminescent phenomenon known as "The Sea of Stars" is visible from this island.

text:
# Vaadhoo (Raa Atoll)

**Vaadhoo** (Dhivehi: ވާދޫ) is one of the inhabited islands of Raa Atoll, Maldives. Famous for the **bioluminescent plankton (Redhan),** an annual bioluminescent phenomenon known as "The Sea of Stars" is visible from this island.

## Geography

The island is 194.46 km (121 mi; 105 nmi) north of the country's capital, Malé.

### Ecology

Vaadhoo island is famous for the 'sea of stars.' This marine bioluminescence is generated by phytoplankton known as dinoflagellates. Woodland Hastings of Harvard University has for the first time identified a special channel in the dinoflagellate cell membrane that responds to electrical signals—offering a potential mechanism for how the algae create their unique illumination.

## Demography

Total population of the island was more than 500 in 2007.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 320 |  |
| 2014 | 375 | +17.2% |
| 2006-2014: Census populations<br>Source: | | |

## InfoBox

| Vaadhoo | |
| --- | --- |
| Inhabited island | |
| VaadhooLocation in Maldives | |
| Coordinates: 05°51′19″N 72°59′27″E / 5.85528°N 72.99083°E / 5.85528; 72.99083 | |
| Country | Maldives |
| Administrative atoll | Northern Maalhosmadulu Atoll |
| Distance to Malé | 194.46 km (120.83 mi) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 1.450 km (0.901 mi) |
| Width | 0.400 km (0.249 mi) |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 398 (including foreigners) |
| Time zone | UTC+05:00 (MST) |


title: Front yard

abstract: On a residential area, a front yard or front garden is the portion of land between the street and the front of the house. If it is covered in grass, it may be referred to as a front lawn. The area behind the house, usually more private, is the back yard or back garden. Yard and garden share an etymology and have overlapping meanings. In North America, front yards, which normally include considerable driveway and parking space, tend to be mostly lawn even when large, but in Europe they are often treated as a flower garden and may be heavily planted. In North American suburbia, there may be no physical barriers marking the front and sides of the plot, which would be very unusual in Europe, where there are generally walls, fences or hedges on three sides of the garden.

text:
# Front yard

On a residential area, a **front yard** (United States, Canada, Australia) or **front garden** (United Kingdom, Europe) is the portion of land between the street and the front of the house. If it is covered in grass, it may be referred to as a **front lawn**. The area behind the house, usually more private, is the back yard or back garden. Yard and garden share an etymology and have overlapping meanings.

In North America, front yards, which normally include considerable driveway and parking space, tend to be mostly lawn even when large, but in Europe they are often treated as a flower garden and may be heavily planted. In North American suburbia, there may be no physical barriers marking the front and sides of the plot, which would be very unusual in Europe, where there are generally walls, fences or hedges on three sides of the garden.

## Features

While the front yard's counterpart, the backyard, is often dominated by utilitarian features like vegetable gardens, tool sheds, and clothes lines, the front yard is often a combination decorative feature and recreation area. It is more commonly landscaped for display and is the usual place for display elements such as garden gnomes, plastic flamingos, and yard shrines such as "bathtub Madonnas". An article on London suburbs describes a "model" front garden in Kenton: "The grass ... is neatly mown. There is a flowering cherry and a privet hedge, behind which lurks a plaster gnome."

Depending on climate, local planning regulations or size, a front yard may feature a lawn or grassed area, a driveway or footpath or both and gardens or a vegetable patch or potted plants.

## History and styles

### Australia

The history of the Australian front yard is said to have begun with a regulation enacted in New South Wales in 1829 mandating that new houses be built at least 14 ft (4.3 m) from the street to ensure adequate space in front of each house for a garden.

By the early 1900s, the front yard had become an accepted, "buffer between the private home and the public street". Australians adopted the American ideal of front yards without fences to create "park-like" streets and suburb-wide efforts were undertaken to remove fences and thereby encourage good neighbourly relationships and discourage anti-social behaviour and crime. Daceyville in Sydney was the first suburb where fencing was systematically removed and soon public housing organisations in other states followed the trend. Some even encouraged front yard beautification by running competitions with cash prizes.

During the construction of Australia's planned capital, Canberra, (in the late 1920s) the Federal Capital Commission provided government subsidies to encourage new residents to regularly maintain their front yards.

By the 1950s, there was a clear delineation between front and back yards. There was also, by then, a very clear street-view approach to garden design with the house façade and front yard considered in unison; to "view the whole effect from the street".

### Canada

The development and history of Canadian front yards generally followed early American trends but diverged in the early 1900s.

In the 1920s and 30s, zoning laws were introduced for growing cities like Ottawa and Vancouver. The regulations stipulated minimum front yard "depth" for new houses and ensured home builders shunned the "tenement house evil" of New York City and London.

In many parts of Canada, lower average temperatures and a more pronounced want for privacy led to the increased popularity of tall trees at the side borders of housing blocks, framing the house and front yard. These provided wind breaks in winter and shade in the summer. Lawn ornaments were less common in pre and post-war Canada than in the United States and a large well-kept tract of "featureless" lawn was popular with many middle-class Canadians.

In the post-war era, suburban Canada gained its own distinctive architectural styles and this extended to front yards and gardens. Rather than the stark white façades of stately American houses, wealthy Canadians of the 60s and 70s showed a preference for wood, in particular "diagonal cedar panelling". To match that trend, front yards of such houses were often paved to match the entrances of modern city buildings; "no elite home of the 1970s was complete without a front yard of interlocking brick".

As in other cultures, Canadian front yards became areas of socialisation between the public street and the private home; a space for street parties, family barbecues and neighbourly conversation.

### Europe

In many parts of Europe, the space in question is referred to as a **front garden**.

The earliest form of front garden was the open courtyard popular with Spanish and Italian nobility. As housing evolved, so too did gardens and façades. Enclosed courtyards were surpassed in popularity by the large manicured gardens of French, German and Dutch palaces and stately homes. These traditions were carried by the Europeans to the Americas where courtyards remained popular among Spanish settlers in Florida while productive cottage gardens became commonplace among Dutch settlers and English pilgrims in Massachusetts.

As suburbs developed around major European cities, the attitude to privacy, and by extension to front gardens, was decidedly different from that of the British. As one Dutch commentator highlighted (in the 1950s):

> The Dutch language has no word that expresses the English concept of 'privacy': the right to be alone. It is not without reason that the English language has such a word and ours has not. It is a difference rooted in national character, and it can also be recognised in other places. We have low fences around almost every garden and yard, for example, but the English like high walls and hedges around their gardens, lest passers-by can look inside.

In older cities and townships (with houses built several centuries earlier) front gardens are far less common, with front doors providing residents with access direct to the street. In these cases, planter boxes and micro-gardens have become popular as a way of "greening" façades that would otherwise be without plants; elements that make a, "significant contribution to the quality of the environment".

### United Kingdom

In British English, the space in question is referred to as a **front garden**.

Urban housing in the United Kingdom originally had no separation between the house front and the street. The introduction of the byelaw terraced house, a type of dwelling built to comply with the Public Health Act 1875, raised the standards of accommodation. The provision of a front garden in new houses became common practice during the second half of the 19th century as part of the Domestic Revival style within Victorian architecture: "to provide for the majority of new, even fairly modest, houses, a small front garden or paved forecourt, and a garden or yard at the back". Front gardens were "commonplace" for new residences by the 1870s. The front garden was "largely ornamental" and initially more important than the back, which was sometimes eliminated to allow more space for service areas. A fairly standard layout was adopted with a stone or brick wall to emulate the "grandeur of approach and walled privacy of large houses" and a straight path from the gate to the front door. Often, the cottage garden style of thick planting of mixed types of flowers was adopted. This supposedly originated in the gardens of rural cottages, where front gardens had long been common. In the houses of the working class, the small rear garden was often more functional, as a space for drying clothes, having children play and the like, and any efforts at ornamental gardening took place in the front garden.

Early in the 20th century, housing developments influenced by the garden city movement, initiated by Ebenezer Howard in 1898, featured detached houses with undivided "communal grass areas" in front of them. In essence, the houses shared a front garden.

However, outside these developments the dominant form of new housing in the United Kingdom until after World War II, especially in London, was the semi-detached, which superseded the previous dominant terraced house and where a garden was part of the ideal. The front garden, smaller than the back, was separated from the street by a lower wall than in the Victorian house; some developers planted hedges and provided instructions on their care. Gardening was a widely shared hobby and source of pride; developers sometimes prepared the front garden (almost never the back) as an inducement to buy, and sometimes held contests for the best front garden. However, since the houses were not always provided with garages, as motor vehicles became more common, the front garden was increasingly often used as a car parking area or enclosed by a garage.

During the Great Depression, local authorities encouraged families to grow produce in their own front gardens, thereby increasing community food supplies. Gardening was introduced in some schools, and towns introduced competitions and awards for attractive and productive front gardens. (See Dig for victory.)

In the post-war era of the 1950s and 60s, many of those front garden areas used for parking were paved over and became mini-driveways. This trend also became more common as professional gardeners became less common, thus increasing the need for home owners to maintain what was often a very small section of lawn or planted garden.

### United States

As residential areas were subdivided and developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the "suburban ideal" demanded large front yards, "dominated" by the facades of the houses they bounded.

The size of new front yards gradually decreased during the second half of the 20th century as houses were built closer and closer to the front of housing blocks.

In the 1870s, lawn ornaments became a popular front yard feature, with wrought iron sculpture, bird baths and gazebos being particularly popular. Throughout the 1880s and 90s, wicker lawn furniture became popular before being replaced in the early 1900s by nursery rhyme character and animal ornaments. In the post-war period, kitsch ornaments including plastic flamingoes and garden gnomes became popular.

During the 1930s a new *American Style* took hold, inspired by the architectural designs of Frank Lloyd Wright, Bernard Maybeck and Greene and Greene; "informality, naturalness, interlocking indoor-outdoor design, greatly reduced flower-beds, privacy for outdoor recreation and leisure...".

Local ordinances determine what owners and residents can and cannot do in their front yards. In recent times, sustainability enthusiasts and practitioners have attempted to use their front yards to grow organic produce, in violation of existing codes. In Orlando, Florida, for example, city codes set standards for front yard ground covering and prescribe lawns only. Residents there have received citations for breaching the code by growing vegetable gardens and are currently fighting to have the ordinances amended. The illegality of growing vegetables in the front yard first received public attention due to the Oak Park incident in 2011. The "Urban Farming Guidebook — Planning for the Business of Growing Food in BC's Towns & Cities" provides an explanation to this recurring phenomenon "The Garden City model embraced food production and its systems as key elements of community design. However, the race to the single use zoned suburbs did not include food production as part of the design of suburbs....urban farming was excluded from our lists of permitted uses and such farming became non-conforming or simply illegal uses which, if they were lucky, avoided bylaw attention".

Since the early 2000s, once-common front yard "accoutrements" (like basketball rings on garages) are becoming less common; many are now prohibited by local government ordinances.

## Further reading


title: List of nature centers in Arkansas

text:
# List of nature centers in Arkansas

This is a list of nature centers and environmental education centers in the state of Arkansas.

To use the sortable tables: click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order; click again for reverse alphabetical order.

| Name | Location | County | Region | Summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Crowley's Ridge Nature Center | Jonesboro | Greene | Eastern | 160 acres, operated by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, geology, wildlife and natural history of Crowley's Ridge |
| Delta Rivers Nature Center | Pine Bluff | Jefferson | Central | website, operated by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission in 130-acre Pine Bluff Regional Park, natural and cultural history of the Arkansas River, aquariums |
| Fred Berry Conservation Education Center on Crooked Creek | Yellville | Marion | North Central | website, operated by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, 421 acres, features a wet lab, exhibits and wildlife native to the area, outdoor Ozark native plant garden and wildlife viewing area |
| Janet Huckabee Arkansas River Valley Nature Center | Fort Smith | Sebastian | Western | website, 170 acres, operated by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, natural history of the Arkansas River Valley |
| Ponca Elk Education Center | Ponca | Newton | North Central | website, operated by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, exhibits about elk, black bear and other area wildlife, elk viewing area in Boxley Valley |
| Potlatch Conservation Education Center at Cook's Lake | Casscoe | Arkansas | Eastern | website, 72 acres, operated by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission for conservation education programs |
| Rick Evans Grandview Prairie Conservation Education Center | Columbus | Hempstead | Southwest | website, 4,885 acres, operated by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission for conservation education programs |
| South Fork Nature Center | Clinton | Van Buren | Western | website, 65 acres, 2 miles of trails, located on Greers Ferry Lake, operated by the Gates Rogers Foundation |
| Witt Stephens Jr. Central Arkansas Nature Center | Little Rock | Pulaski | Central | website, located in Julius Breckling Riverfront Park, operated by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, exhibits include state fish habitats, fish and wildlife management and the history of the commission |
|

## Resources

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To change this template's initial visibility, the `|state=` parameter may be used:

* `{{List of nature centers in Arkansas|state=expanded}}` will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.
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Protected areas of the United State


title: Zaida Catalán

abstract: Zaida Catalán was a Swedish politician who was a member of the Green Party and leader of the Young Greens of Sweden between 2001 and 2005. She was an activist on issues including the environment, animal rights, and human rights. Catalán was kidnapped and murdered while on a UN mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in March 2017. Critics alleged that the UN was irresponsible in sending her to a high-conflict zone with limited training and support. On 29 January 2022, a DRC court sentenced over 50 people for the murders of Catalán and her American colleague Michael Sharp.

text:
# Zaida Catalán

**Zaida Catalán** (6 October 1980 – 12 March 2017) was a Swedish politician who was a member of the Green Party and leader of the Young Greens of Sweden between 2001 and 2005.

She was an activist on issues including the environment, animal rights, and human rights (including support of Sweden's sex purchase law; see Prostitution in Sweden).

Catalán was kidnapped and murdered while on a UN mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in March 2017. Critics alleged that the UN was irresponsible in sending her to a high-conflict zone with limited training and support. On 29 January 2022, a DRC court sentenced over 50 people for the murders of Catalán and her American colleague Michael Sharp.

## Biography

### Early life

Zaida Catalán was born in Stockholm but grew up in Högsby in Småland. Her mother was Swedish while her father had come to Sweden as a political refugee from Chile in 1975. She studied law at Stockholm University, obtaining a Master of Law degree.

### Political career

With a background as an animal rights activist, Catalán became the leader of the Young Greens of Sweden in 2001. After two years as the leader of the organisation along with Gustav Fridolin and two years along with Einar Westergaard, she resigned as leader of the Young Greens in 2005.

In late 2008, she announced her candidacy for the European Parliament for 2009. Catalán came fifth in internal voting for the party's list for the European Parliament. Following her personal campaign, Catalán received 16,300 votes in the election, which wasn't enough to get a place in the European Parliament. After the Swedish general election in 2006 she was part of the Stockholm City Council for the Green Party.

In December 2010, Catalán announced that she would leave her work as a lawyer for the Green Party's parliamentary group and start working as an expert on sexual violence for the European Union Police Mission in Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Catalán began working in an expert group for the United Nations in 2016, reporting to the Security Council and directly to the Secretary-General, investigating abuse against the population and human rights violations in the DRC.

## Kidnapping and murder

On 12 March 2017, Catalán and another UN employee, American Michael Sharp, were kidnapped along with Congolese interpreter Betu Tshintela, driver Isaac Kabuayi and two motorbike drivers during a mission near the village Ngombe in the Kasai Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Catalán and Sharp were found dead side by side in a shallow grave about 80 centimetres (31 in) deep on 27 March 2017. A video of the killing of the two surfaced in April 2017. Catalán's body was found beheaded; it was speculated that this was some kind of ritual (*muti*) by the murderers. Despite the arrest of two primary suspects by Congolese authorities, the head was never found. On 26 March 2018, one of the perpetrators, Vincent Manga, was captured by Kananga's military authorities and moved the investigation into a new direction in order to solve the incident.

On 29 March, Swedish authorities launched an investigation into Catalán's murder; the Minister for Education Gustav Fridolin and the Prime Minister Stefan Löfven both expressed their dismay and sadness over her death and offered their condolences to her family. UN Secretary-General António Guterres also offered his condolences.

The UN's approach to Catalán and Sharp's mission received criticism. A *New York Times* editorial described their dispatch to a violent region without safety equipment as an "astoundingly irresponsible approach by the United Nations to an obviously dangerous and hugely important task."

## Trials and sentences

Over 50 people were tried for the murder of Catalán and her American colleague. On 29 January 2022, 51 people were sentenced in a DRC court to a variety of punishments, including death penalty and life imprisonment, the lowest sentence being 10 years of imprisonment. The sentences can be appealed.

## Memorials

On 20 February 2018 the Zaida Catalán Room at the Chilean Embassy in Sweden was inaugurated, and in the same year the Network on Humanitarian Action (NOHA) foundation started a scholarship program in Catalán's memory.

In 2020, the Folke Bernadotte Academy was asked by the Swedish Government to establish a scholarship aimed at supporting the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on women, peace and security. The scholarship was established in Catalán's memory.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Zaida Catalán | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1980-10-06)6 October 1980
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Died | 12 March 2017(2017-03-12) (aged 36)
Kasai, Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Nationality | Swedish |


title: Mason Kayne

abstract: Mason Kayne is an English actor. He was born in Darlington, County Durham, England

text:
# Mason Kayne

**Mason Kayne** (born **James Mason**; 11 June 1985) is an English actor. He was born in Darlington, County Durham, England

## Career

Kayne is best known for his role in the British television series *Ashes To Ashes* as Young Gene Hunt. He also appeared in a music video for the band The Futureheads for their single "Radio Heart" from their third album *This Is Not The World*. In October 2011 Kayne made his theatre debut in the show *An Experiment with an Air Pump* by Shelagh Stephenson where he was cast in the dual role of Thomas Armstrong/Phil.

## InfoBox

| Mason Kayne | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | James Mason
(1985-06-11) 11 June 1985
Darlington, England, United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2008–present |


title: Uruguay at the 1996 Summer Paralympics

abstract: One male athlete from Uruguay competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, United States. Jorge Llerena, who won the bronze medal in the Men's 200 m T10 competition.

text:
# Uruguay at the 1996 Summer Paralympics

One male athlete from **Uruguay** competed at the **1996 Summer Paralympics** in Atlanta, United States. Jorge Llerena, who won the bronze medal in the Men's 200 m T10 competition.

## Medallists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bronze | Jorge Llerena | Athletics | Men's 200m T10 |

## InfoBox

| Uruguay at the
1996 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | URU |
| NPC | Uruguayan Paralympic Committee |
| in Atlanta | |
| Competitors | 1 |
| Medals
Ranked 59th | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 1 Total 1 |
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |