title: Luo Guanzhong

abstract: Luo Ben, better known by his courtesy name Guanzhong, was a Chinese novelist who lived during the Ming dynasty. He is also known by his pseudonym Huhai Sanren. Luo Guanzhong is credited with writing Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.

text:
# Luo Guanzhong

| Luo Guanzhong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 羅貫中 |
| Simplified Chinese | 罗贯中 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Luó Guànzhōng  Wade–Giles Lo Kuan-chung  IPA \[lwǒ kwânʈʂʊ́ŋ\]  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Lòh Gunjūng  Jyutping Lo4 Gun3 Zung1 | |
| Birth name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 羅本 |
| Simplified Chinese | 罗本 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Luó Běn  Wade–Giles Lo Pen  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Lòh Bún  Jyutping Lo4 Bun2 | |
| Also known as | |
| Traditional Chinese | 湖海散人 |
| Simplified Chinese | 湖海散人 |
| Literal meaning | Leisure Man of Lakes and Seas |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Húhǎi Sǎnrén  Wade–Giles Ho-hai San-jen  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Wùhhói Sáanyàhn  Jyutping Wu4 Hoi2 Saan2 Jan4 | |
|  | |

**Luo Ben** (c. 1330–1400, or c.1280–1360), better known by his courtesy name **Guanzhong** (Mandarin pronunciation: \[lwo kwanʈʂʊŋ\]), was a Chinese novelist who lived during the Ming dynasty. He is also known by his pseudonym **Huhai Sanren** (Chinese: 湖海散人; pinyin: *Húhǎi Sǎnrén*; lit. 'Leisure Man of Lakes and Seas'). Luo Guanzhong is credited with writing *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.

## Identity

The location and date of Luo Guanzhong's birth are controversial. One possibility was that he was from Taiyuan, and lived in the late Yuan dynasty and early Ming dynasty by the record of his contemporary, the playwright Jia Zhongming (賈仲明), who said that he had met him in 1364. Another possibility was that he was born in Dongyuan, the province of Shandong, in about 1280 – 1360. Literary historians suggest other possibilities for his home, also including Hangzhou and Jiangnan.

According to Meng Fanren (孟繁仁), Luo Guanzhong can be identified in the pedigree of the Luo family, and Taiyuan is most likely his hometown. But, his name is not in this pedigree, and some people believe that pedigree of the Luo Family can't prove that Luo Guanzhong is the author of Three Kingdoms. Some people doubt that If Luo Ben came from Taiyuan, why he had intimate knowledge of people's lives in Shandong, and he had taken all his time and energy to write about them, and not about people in Taiyuan. Some people believe that the source of Taiyuan statement, which was written by Jia Zhongming (賈仲明), is most likely wrong in handwritten copy. According to recent research, there were two people named Luo Guanzhong during this time (陈辽，Chen Liao): one was a drama artist who came from Taiyuan, and the other was the author of the novel who came from Dongping.

Recent research has suggested that his date of birth was between 1315 and 1318. But other sources state it was nearer to 1330.

## Works

The stories forming the bulk of *Romance of the Three Kingdoms* and *Water Margin* are thought to have been developed by many independent storytellers. Shi Nai'an is thought to be the first to assemble *Water Margin* into a unified work, and Luo subsequently brought it to the current form of 100 chapters. Luo is usually considered the author of *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*.

*The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt* (平妖傳) is a shenmo fantasy story attributed to Luo with 20 chapters, developed from the original pieces of storytelling based on a rebellion at the end of the Northern Song, and later expanded by Feng Menglong (馮夢龍) into 40 chapters. *Can Tang Wudai Shi Yanzhuan* (殘唐五代史演義傳) is a chronicle of the end of the Tang dynasty and the following Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, a compilation of storytelling pieces based on the rebellion of Zhu Wen.

## Images

## Bibliography

* *Can Tang Wudai Shi Yanzhuan* (残唐五代史演義, "The End of Tang Dynasty and the Period of the Five Dynasties")
* *Fenzhuang Lou* (粉妝樓, "Cosmetical Building")
* *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*
* *Sui Tang Zhizhuan* (隋唐志傳)
* *Sui Tang Liangchao Zhizhuan* (隋唐兩朝志傳, "The Chronicle of the Sui and Tang Dynasties)
* *The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt* (attributed)
* *Water Margin* (editing)

### Citations

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Luo Guanzhong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1330
Taiyuan (Yuan dynasty) |
| Died | c.1400 |
| Occupation | Writer |


title: Old Bristolians RFC

abstract: Old Bristolians Rugby Football Club is an English amateur rugby union club founded in 1915 and based in Failand, North Somerset. The first team play in Western Counties North. They are a member of the Bristol and District Rugby Football Combination, an organisation which promotes junior rugby union in the city of Bristol.

text:
# Old Bristolians RFC

**Old Bristolians Rugby Football Club** is an English amateur rugby union club founded in 1915 and based in Failand, North Somerset. The first team play in Western Counties North. They are a member of the Bristol and District Rugby Football Combination, an organisation which promotes junior rugby union in the city of Bristol.

## History

Old Bristolians is the rugby club associated with Bristol Grammar School (BGS), but now predominantly made up of players and members who are not BGS alumni.

In 2009–10 OBs won and were promoted from Gloucester 1, and also won the Bristol Combination Cup. In 2011–12 OBs then were promoted from Gloucester Premier to Tribute Western Counties North, again winning the Combination Cup, and finished mid-table in 2013 to 2017.

OBs second team won their league in 2009–10, and again in 2011 and currently play in Tribute Somerset 2 North.

OBs third team is in Tribute Somerset 3 North.

Bristol Grammar School (BGS) was founded in 1532 by two brothers, Robert and Nicholas Thorne, when it was housed in the St Bartholomew's Hospital, as part of the new founding of schools after Henry VIII's closure of the monasteries, where previously a large proportion of England's education had occurred. The school motto Ex Spinis Uvas, which translates as "From Thorns Grapes", is a play upon the names of the school founders Robert and Nicholas Thorne.

## Honours

## Officials

**President** : Rich Berry

**Chairman** : Tristan Fowler

**Hon Secretary** : Ben Bagnall

**Hon Treasurer** : Robert Davies

**Ladies' Rugby** : Aimee Kelly

**Director of Rugby** Simon Hunt (rugby union)

## InfoBox

Old Bristolians RFC
| Full name | Old Bristolians Rugby Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Union | Gloucestershire RFU, Somerset RFU |
| Nickname(s) | OBs |
| Founded | 1915 (1915) |
| Location | Failand, Somerset, England |
| Ground(s) | Old Bristolians Sports Club |
| Chairman | Tristan Fowler |
| President | Rich Berry |
| Coach(es) | Simon Hunt |
| League(s) | Tribute Western Counties North |
| 2021–22 | 6th |
| Official website | |
| www.pitchero.com/clubs/oldbristolians | |


# Results breakdown of the 1999 Spanish local elections (Canary Islands)

This is the results breakdown of the local elections held in the Canary Islands on 13 June 1999. The following tables show detailed results in the autonomous community's most populous municipalities, sorted alphabetically.

## Overall

Councillor share for parties securing \>1.0% of councillors up for election.

PSOE (34.69%)  CC (33.99%)  PP (18.72%)  FNC (3.13%)  Other (9.47%)

 Summary of the 13 June 1999 municipal election results in the Canary Islands
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Councillors | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 268,846 | 32.38 | +1.37 | 434 | +5 |
| | Canarian Coalition (CC)1 | 267,773 | 32.25 | +3.02 | 432 | +30 |
| | Nationalist Canarian Centre (CCN) | 542 | 0.07 | –1.30 | 1 | –18 |
| | Independents of Gran Canaria (IGC) | 531 | 0.06 | –0.35 | 1 | –7 |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 216,744 | 26.11 | –1.21 | 239 | +7 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 215,460 | 25.95 | +0.89 | 443 | +28 |
|  | Canarian Nationalist Federation (FNC) | 22,363 | 2.69 | +1.06 | 40 | –2 |
| | Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) | 9,989 | 1.20 | *New* | 2 | +2 |
| | Lanzarote Independents Party (PIL) | 9,538 | 1.15 | –0.17 | 29 | –2 |
| | Independents of Fuerteventura (IF) | 2,836 | 0.34 | +0.03 | 9 | –2 |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 21,270 | 2.56 | –1.72 | 8 | –8 |
|  | Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) | 13,150 | 1.58 | –0.18 | 2 | ±0 |
|  | Roque Aguayro (RA) | 6,646 | 0.80 | +0.07 | 11 | ±0 |
|  | The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes) | 6,475 | 0.78 | *New* | 4 | +4 |
|  | Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) | 5,765 | 0.69 | +0.08 | 2 | ±0 |
|  | Independent Group of Santa Úrsula (AISU) | 4,388 | 0.53 | +0.04 | 11 | +1 |
|  | Rural Nationalist Bloc (BNR) | 2,728 | 0.33 | *New* | 4 | +4 |
|  | Federal Group of Jinámar Valley (AFV) | 2,527 | 0.30 | +0.11 | 1 | +1 |
|  | Independent Herrenian Group (AHI) | 2,345 | 0.28 | +0.06 | 9 | +1 |
|  | Unity of the People (UP) | 1,319 | 0.16 | *New* | 1 | +1 |
|  | Humanist Party (PH) | 1,112 | 0.13 | +0.03 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Others | 28,870 | 3.48 |  | 68 | –28 |
| Blank ballots | | 10,264 | 1.24 | +0.22 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 830,272 | 100.00 |  | 1,277 | +14 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 830,272 | 99.36 | +0.02 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 5,368 | 0.64 | –0.02 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 835,640 | 61.29 | –3.43 | |
| Abstentions | | 527,790 | 38.71 | +3.43 | |
| Registered voters | | 1,363,430 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

| Popular vote   CC  32.38%  PP  26.11%  PSOE  25.95%  FNC  2.69%  IUC  2.56%  PGC  1.58%  Others  7.49%  Blank ballots  1.24% |
| --- |

## City control

The following table lists party control in the most populous municipalities, including provincial capitals (shown in **bold**). Gains for a party are displayed with the cell's background shaded in that party's colour.

| Municipality | Population | Previous control | | New control | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arona | 29,792 |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |
| **Las Palmas de Gran Canaria** | 352,641 |  | People's Party (PP) |  | People's Party (PP) |
| San Cristóbal de La Laguna | 127,945 |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |
| **Santa Cruz de Tenerife** | 211,930 |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |
| Telde | 83,733 |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |

## Municipalities

### Arona

*Population: 29,792*

 Summary of the 13 June 1999 City Council of Arona election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 4,277 | 33.19 | –6.81 | **8** | –1 |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC)1 | 3,763 | 29.20 | +0.68 | **7** | +1 |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 2,338 | 18.14 | +1.47 | **4** | ±0 |
|  | Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) | 1,509 | 11.71 | +1.66 | **2** | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 248 | 1.92 | –0.73 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) | 247 | 1.92 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Tenerife Democratic Alternative (ADT) | 198 | 1.54 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Independent Tenerife Democratic Action (ADTI) | 143 | 1.11 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Independent Lists of European Citizens (LICE) | 47 | 0.36 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 118 | 0.92 | +0.14 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 12,888 |  | | 21 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 12,888 | 99.40 | –0.24 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 78 | 0.60 | +0.24 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 12,966 | 49.26 | –5.88 | |
| Abstentions | | 13,353 | 50.74 | +5.88 | |
| Registered voters | | 26,319 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

*Population: 352,641*

 Summary of the 13 June 1999 City Council of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 94,088 | 57.54 | +9.18 | **19** | +4 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 24,177 | 14.79 | –3.29 | **5** | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 22,710 | 13.89 | –2.44 | **4** | –1 |
|  | Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) | 9,607 | 5.88 | –0.45 | **1** | –1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 6,605 | 4.04 | –2.59 | 0 | –2 |
|  | Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) | 1,203 | 0.74 | +0.32 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) | 1,106 | 0.68 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Humanist Party (PH) | 691 | 0.42 | +0.08 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Nationalist Maga Alternative (AMAGA) | 580 | 0.35 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Pensionist Assembly of the Canaries (TPC) | 364 | 0.22 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 2,384 | 1.46 | +0.22 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 163,515 |  | | 29 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 163,515 | 99.35 | +0.02 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 1,069 | 0.65 | –0.02 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 164,584 | 54.63 | –5.58 | |
| Abstentions | | 136,697 | 45.37 | +5.58 | |
| Registered voters | | 301,281 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

### San Cristóbal de La Laguna

*Population: 127,945*

 Summary of the 13 June 1999 City Council of San Cristóbal de La Laguna election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 22,936 | 40.19 | +14.66 | **13** | +6 |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 18,188 | 31.87 | –3.70 | **10** | –1 |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 8,557 | 14.99 | –13.54 | **4** | –4 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) | 2,770 | 4.85 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 1,624 | 2.85 | –3.11 | 0 | –1 |
|  | The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes) | 1,158 | 2.03 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) | 623 | 1.09 | +0.71 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Humanist Party (PH) | 211 | 0.37 | +0.11 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 999 | 1.75 | +0.18 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 57,066 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 57,066 | 99.29 | +0.44 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 410 | 0.71 | –0.44 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 57,476 | 56.92 | +0.07 | |
| Abstentions | | 43,498 | 43.08 | –0.07 | |
| Registered voters | | 100,974 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

### Santa Cruz de Tenerife

*Population: 211,930*

 Summary of the 13 June 1999 City Council of Santa Cruz de Tenerife election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 47,719 | 57.46 | +18.29 | **18** | +7 |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 13,887 | 16.72 | –17.14 | **5** | –5 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 11,154 | 13.43 | –2.01 | **4** | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 3,101 | 3.73 | –3.87 | 0 | –2 |
|  | Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) | 2,765 | 3.33 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes) | 1,289 | 1.55 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Independent Tenerife Democratic Action (ADTI) | 664 | 0.80 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) | 458 | 0.55 | –0.14 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Alternative–Independent Citizens of the Canaries (AC–CICA) | 207 | 0.25 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Humanist Party (PH) | 114 | 0.14 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 1,684 | 2.03 | +0.53 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 83,042 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 83,042 | 99.33 | +0.01 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 558 | 0.67 | –0.01 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 83,600 | 49.10 | –1.13 | |
| Abstentions | | 86,664 | 50.90 | +1.13 | |
| Registered voters | | 170,264 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

### Telde

*Population: 83,733*

 Summary of the 13 June 1999 City Council of Telde election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 21,780 | 51.26 | +0.55 | **15** | ±0 |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 11,528 | 27.13 | +1.43 | **8** | ±0 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 2,878 | 6.77 | +2.47 | **1** | +1 |
|  | Federal Group of Jinámar Valley (AFV) | 2,527 | 5.95 | +2.27 | **1** | +1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 1,158 | 2.73 | –0.21 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) | 889 | 2.09 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Citizen Assembly of Telde (ACT) | 706 | 1.66 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | People's Democracy (PD) | 547 | 1.29 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Humanist Party (PH) | 83 | 0.20 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Coalition for Gran Canaria (CGC) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –7.54 | 0 | –2 |
| Blank ballots | | 395 | 0.93 | +0.24 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 42,491 |  | | 25 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 42,491 | 99.15 | –0.30 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 364 | 0.85 | +0.30 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 42,855 | 63.83 | –3.17 | |
| Abstentions | | 24,289 | 36.17 | +3.17 | |
| Registered voters | | 67,144 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

## Island Cabildos


title: Operation Endgame

abstract: Operation Endgame was a 2003–2012 plan under implementation by the Office of Detention and Removal Operations of the United States Department of Homeland Security Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement to detain and deport all removable aliens and "suspected terrorists" currently living in the United States by 2012.

text:
# Operation Endgame

**Operation Endgame** was a 20032012 plan under implementation by the Office of Detention and Removal Operations of the United States Department of Homeland Security Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement to detain and deport all removable aliens and "suspected terrorists" currently living in the United States by 2012.

## Overview

The objectives of the plan are described in a memorandum from the director Anthony S. Tangemann to the Deputy Assistant Director of Field Operations dated June 27, 2003:

> The DRO provides the endgame to immigration enforcement and that is the removal of all removable aliens. This is also the essence of our mission statement and the 'golden measure' to our successes.

A document issued by the Office of Detention and Removal Operations titled "Strategic Plan, 2003-2012 Detention and Removal Strategy for a Secure Homeland "describes Operation Endgame as follows:

> Endgame is the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Office of Detention and Removal (DRO) multi-year strategic enforcement plan. It stresses the effective and efficient execution of the critical service DRO provides its partners and stakeholders to enforce the nation's immigration and naturalization laws. The DRO strategic plan sets in motion a cohesive enforcement program with a ten-year time horizon that will build the capacity to "remove all removable aliens," eliminate the backlog of unexecuted final order removal cases, and realize its vision.


title: María Catalina Irigoyen Echegaray

abstract: María Catalina Irigoyen Echegaray - in religious María Desposorios - was a Spanish Roman Catholic professed religious and a professed member from the Siervos de María Ministros de los Enfermos. From her adolescence she worked to comfort and tend to the old and ill and her religious call manifested while doing this work; she entered the order where her work increased. Her beatification was celebrated on 29 October 2011 in Madrid.

text:
# María Catalina Irigoyen Echegaray

**María Catalina Irigoyen Echegaray** (25 November 1848 - 10 October 1918) - in religious **María Desposorios** \- was a Spanish Roman Catholic professed religious and a professed member from the Siervos de María Ministros de los Enfermos. From her adolescence she worked to comfort and tend to the old and ill and her religious call manifested while doing this work; she entered the order where her work increased.

Her beatification was celebrated on 29 October 2011 in Madrid.

## Life

María Catalina Irigoyen Echegaray was born on 25 November 1848 as the last of eight children to Tiburcio Irigoyen (his house was related to Francis Xavier); she was a twin with the seventh child. Two older sisters were Joaquina and Cipriana who married. Her baptism was celebrated on 26 November at the Pamplona Cathedral.

She began to visit the old and homeless in hospitals since she was thirteen and it was during this noble work that her call to the religious life prompted her to enter a religious order who shared this objective. Her First Communion was celebrated on 26 November 1880 alongside fellow students who all studied under the Dominican nuns.

Her mother died on 17 December 1868 and her father died not long after this on 15 February 1871. In 1878 she requested to enter a religious order and so she entered the novitiate of the Siervos de María Ministros de los Enfermos on 31 December 1881. It was during her time among her new religious that she became acquainted with Maria Soledad Torres y Acosta. Her novitiate in Madrid culminated on 12 March 1882 with the reception of the habit and the assumption of her new religious name. She made her initial vows on 14 May 1883 and she made her solemn profession on 15 July 1889.

The nun died from tuberculosis of the bone on 10 October 1918 in Madrid which she had been diagnosed with back in 1913.

## Beatification

The beatification cause began in an informative process spanning from 15 January 1944 until 5 July 1945. Her spiritual records and other writings received theological approval on 4 April 1948. The formal introduction to the cause came on 14 February 1962 under Pope John XXIII and she became titled as a Servant of God. An apostolic process was also held in Madrid from 21 February 1963 until 18 January 1964 while the Congregation for Rites later validated the processes on 15 January 1966. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints and their consultants approved this cause on 10 December 1980 as did the C.C.S. alone on 24 February 1981. Pope John Paul II titled her as Venerable on 30 March 1981 after confirming her heroic virtue.

The process for a miracle took place in La Paz in Bolivia from 9–21 June 2006 and concerned the healing of a surgeon from a cerebral complication. The C.C.S. validated the process on 31 March 2007 and a medical panel of experts approved this on 20 May 2010. Theologians also approved the cause on 5 October 2010 as did the C.C.S. on 15 February 2011. Pope Benedict XVI approved the beatification after confirming the miracle on 2 April 2011.

Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the beatification on the pope's behalf on 29 October 2011. In his remarks the cardinal praised her "generous care and human closeness" to the ill. Cardinal Antonio María Rouco Varela and Cardinal Antonio Cañizares Llovera were also in attendance at the beatification as was Archbishop Renzo Fratini. Archbishop Edmundo Abastoflor Montero and Bishop Oscar Aparicio were also in attendance.

The current postulator for the cause is Julia Josefa Castillo Ibáñez.

## InfoBox

| Blessed
María Catalina Irigoyen Echegaray | |
| --- | --- |
| Religious | |
| Born | (1848-11-25)25 November 1848
Pamplona, Navarra, Kingdom of Spain |
| Died | 10 October 1918(1918-10-10) (aged 69)
Madrid, Kingdom of Spain |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 29 October 2011, Almudena Cathedral, Madrid, Spain by Cardinal Angelo Amato |
| Feast | 10 October |
| Attributes | Religious habit |


title: ZNF318

abstract: Zinc finger protein 318 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF318 gene.

text:
# ZNF318

**Zinc finger protein 318** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *ZNF318* gene.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| ZNF318 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | ZNF318, TZF, ZFP318, HRIHFB2436, zinc finger protein 318 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 617512; MGI: 1889348; HomoloGene: 22808; GeneCards: ZNF318; OMA:ZNF318 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_014345   NM\_021346
NM\_207671   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_055160   NP\_067321
NP\_997554   Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 43.31 – 43.37 Mb Chr 17: 46.69 – 46.73 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Nagahamulla

abstract:
Nagahamulla is a small locality in Pelawatte, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
It is also near the Parliament of Sri Lanka.

text:
# Nagahamulla

**Nagahamulla** is a small locality in Pelawatte, Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is also near the Parliament of Sri Lanka.

## Famous For

* Nagahamulla is famous for its Wetland Reserve and Bird Sanctuary.
* New water reserve tank is also currently under construction.

## InfoBox

| Nagahamulla | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
| Nagahamulla | |
| Coordinates: 6°53′05″N 79°55′56″E / 6.884781°N 79.932253°E / 6.884781; 79.932253 | |
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Province | Western Province |
| District | Colombo District |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone) |


title: ZNF320

abstract: Zinc finger protein 320 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF320 gene.

text:
# ZNF320

**Zinc finger protein 320** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF320 gene.

## Function

ZNF320 encodes a Kruppel-like zinc finger protein. Members of this protein family are involved in activation or repression of transcription.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| ZNF320 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | ZNF320, ZFPL, zinc finger protein 320 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 606427; HomoloGene: 66159; GeneCards: ZNF320; OMA:ZNF320 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)      n/a   RefSeq (protein)      n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 19: 52.86 – 52.9 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Nandashan

abstract: Nandashan Town is an urban town in Yuanjiang, Yiyang, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

text:
# Nandashan

**Nandashan Town** (simplified Chinese: 南大膳镇; traditional Chinese: 南大膳鎮; pinyin: *Nándàshàn zhèn*) is an urban town in Yuanjiang, Yiyang, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

## Administrative division

The town is divided into 30 villages and one community, the following areas: Nanda Community, Nanfengyuan Village, Zhenjiao Village, Xiaoluosihu Village, Zhongxing Village, Niuzhou Village, Xifuyuan Village, Yinan Village, Nandahe Village, Sanxin Village, Kangningyuan Village, Huying Village, Xiaobo Village, Helihong Village, Dudi Village, Yongdong Village, Huafengyuan Village, Lingguanzui Village, Huasheng Village, Shuangfeng Village, Beiling Village, Nanyukou Village, Nanjingyuan Village, Dongjia Village, Doudoukou Village, Yongsheng Village, Beidashi Village, Dadongkou Village, Gaofengyu Village, Beidayu Village, and Donghuyu Village (南大社区、南丰垸村、镇郊村、晓螺丝湖村、众兴村、牛洲村、西福垸村、义南村、南大河村、三新村、康宁垸村、互英村、小波村、合利红村、堵堤村、永东村、华丰垸村、灵官咀村、华胜村、双丰村、北岭村、南渔口村、南京垸村、东浃村、石剅口村、永胜村、北大市村、大东口村、高丰渔村、北大渔村、东湖渔村).

## InfoBox

| Nandashan 南大膳镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| town | |
| NandashanLocation in Hunan | |
| Coordinates: 29°00′44″N 112°42′49″E / 29.0121°N 112.7136°E / 29.0121; 112.7136 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Prefecture-level city | Yiyang |
| County-level city | Yuanjiang |
| Area | |
| Total | 169.7 km2 (65.5 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 100,000 |
| Density | 590/km2 (1,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Area code | 0737 |


title: Yuko Aoki

abstract: Yuko Aoki is a former Japanese bikini model and singer.

text:
# Yuko Aoki

**Yuko Aoki** (青木 裕子, *Aoki Yūko*) (born on February 5, 1977, in Takahata, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan) is a former Japanese bikini model and singer.

## Career

She first started modeling in 1995, and became a "Visual Queen of the Year" at Fuji TV for 1996. She was a frequent cover girl on Japanese bikini photo magazines in the late 1990s. She appeared in the advertising campaign for Suntory's Milpower (ミルパワー, *mirupawaa*) product.

Aoki stopped modeling in 1998, and officially retired from modeling in 2000 to focus on a music career.

In February 1998, Aoki held a healing music concert at Casals Hall, near Ochanomizu Station in Tokyo. In June 1999, she sought to raise money through her singing for the refugees in Kosovo. On December 16, 2002, Aoki revealed a chocolate covered statue of David Beckham in Tokyo to generate publicity. In 2003 she released an album titled *Blue* on the Universal Japan label. She is currently the lead vocalist for the band Icy Blue. She has been the cover model for (and subject of major articles in) nearly fifty issues of various magazines in Japan, including *Weekly Playboy'*s March 12, 1996 issue.

Aoki started appearing for professional wrestling promotion Hustle in 2005, acting primarily as an announcer. In February 2006, Yuko got in a storyline in which she would audition for a full-time job in Hustle, but general manager Hiroko Suzuki verbally attacked her and made her cry until Wataru Sakata came to her rescue. Aoki became Sakata's valet, and helped him to win a match against Hiroko's husband Kenzo Suzuki.

### Private life

In 2010, she retired from the entertainment industry after getting married. After her retirement, while raising children, she worked at her parents' conveyor belt sushi restaurant in Yonezawa.

## InfoBox

| Yuko Aoki | |
| --- | --- |
| 青木 裕子 | |
| Born | (1977-02-05) February 5, 1977<br>Yamagata Prefecture, Japan |
| Years active | 1995–2010 |
| Height | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) |
| Spouse | Unknown (m. 2010) |


title: Yuji Shimada

abstract: Yuji Shimada is a Japanese mixed martial arts and professional wrestling referee, as well as professional wrestling booker, authority figure and occasional wrestler. He has refereed more than 1,000 contests in major MMA promotions including Pride Fighting Championships, Strikeforce, One, M-1 Global, Dream, Deep, Super Fight League and Rizin Fighting Federation. He was formerly the head referee and head of the rules committee for Icon Sport.

text:
# Yuji Shimada

**Yuji Shimada** (島田 裕二, *Shimada Yūji*, born November 24, 1966 in Fukuyama, Hiroshima) is a Japanese mixed martial arts and professional wrestling referee, as well as professional wrestling booker, authority figure and occasional wrestler. He has refereed more than 1,000 contests in major MMA promotions including Pride Fighting Championships, Strikeforce, One, M-1 Global, Dream, Deep, Super Fight League and Rizin Fighting Federation. He was formerly the head referee and head of the rules committee for Icon Sport.

## Biography

He started his career in combat sports when he moved to United States to learn catch wrestling after graduating from Toyo University. Shimada trained under Masami Soranaka, Karl Gotch's student and son-in-law, who also taught him the job of refereeing. After returning to Japan, he started his referee career for Soranaka's promotion Pro Wrestling Fujiwara Gumi, moving to Battlarts after its demise. Around this time, he also worked for K-1, Fighting Network Rings and All Japan Pro Wrestling.

With the establishing of Pride in 1997, Shimada became its main referee. He became known for his personal style, which included gesticulating and yelling his orders, demanding aggression from the fighters at all times (usually by giving the command "Action!"), and asking insistently "give up?" every time one of them attempted a submission move. He was booed in every introduction, although reasons were unclear but likely due to him playing villainous characters in Japanese professional wrestling.

## Professional wrestling career

### Hustle (2004-2008)

Shimada appeared in professional wrestling promotion Hustle from its starting in 2004. Playing a villainous character, he was introduced as a staff officer and spokesperson for the heel faction Takada Monster Army. He often appeared along with Commander An Jo and Generalissimo Takada, who typically ordered him to make plans against the heroic faction Hustle Army. After many failures, Shimada was demoted to private in February 2005. During this period, in order to save himself from dishonor, he claimed not to be Shimada himself, but a relative of his named Yuzo Shimada. He got to be chosen as Hustle's general manager in September 2008, passing his role as a soldier to Private Shoji, but he left the promotion in storyline due to a loss against Genichiro Tenryu in a special match. Shimada stopped working for Hustle shortly after.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *Nagurimono* | Himself |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Yuji Shimada | |
| --- | --- |
| Shimada in HUSTLE in 2008. | |
| Born | Yuji Shimada<br>(1966-11-24) November 24, 1966 |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Occupation(s) | MMA and professional wrestling referee |


title: ZFP91-CNTF

abstract: Zinc finger protein 91 homolog (mouse), ciliary neurotrophic factor transcription unit, also known as ZFP91-CNTF, is a human gene. The genes ZFP91 and CNTF are adjacent on chromosome 11. In addition to a monocistronic transcript from each locus, a co-transcribed transcript also exists. The co-transcribed mRNA encodes an isoform of ZFP91 but does not appear to encode a CNTF protein.

text:
# ZFP91-CNTF

**Zinc finger protein 91 homolog (mouse), ciliary neurotrophic factor transcription unit**, also known as **ZFP91-CNTF**, is a human gene.

The genes ZFP91 and CNTF are adjacent on chromosome 11. In addition to a monocistronic transcript from each locus, a co-transcribed transcript also exists. The co-transcribed mRNA encodes an isoform of ZFP91 but does not appear to encode a CNTF protein.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| ZFP91-CNTF | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | ZFP91-CNTF, ZFP91-CNTF readthrough (NMD candidate), ZNF757, ZFP91, Zfp-91 | | |
| External IDs | GeneCards: ZFP91-CNTF; OMA:ZFP91-CNTF - orthologs | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_170768   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     n/a   n/a   Location (UCSC) n/a n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Nandom Senior High School

abstract: Since 1965, Ghana has been home to the FIC Congregation. Their visit to Ghana was prompted by an invitation from the Late Cardinal Peter Porekuu Dery, Bishop of the Diocese of Wa at the time. In order to promote teaching, education, and youth development, the FIC Brothers founded Nandom Secondary School, which is today Nandom Senior High. St Michael Secondary School was established in Kaleo in 1968. It was relocated to Nandom once the school building was finished. The Nandom Senior High is a Catholic secondary school for boys, located in Nandom, in the Nandom district of the Upper West Region in Ghana. The school was formerly called St. Michael's Secondary School.

text:
# Nandom Senior High School

Since 1965, Ghana has been home to the FIC Congregation. Their visit to Ghana was prompted by an invitation from the Late Cardinal Peter Porekuu Dery, Bishop of the Diocese of Wa at the time. In order to promote teaching, education, and youth development, the FIC Brothers founded Nandom Secondary School, which is today Nandom Senior High. St Michael Secondary School was established in Kaleo in 1968. It was relocated to Nandom once the school building was finished.

The **Nandom Senior High** is a Catholic secondary school for boys, located in Nandom, in the Nandom district of the Upper West Region in Ghana. The school was formerly called **St. Michael's Secondary School**.

## History

The school was founded in 1968 by the Friars of Immaculate conception (FIC) brothers with an initial number of 38 students and this has risen to 858 in recent periods.

Nandom Senior High School, also known as NANSEC, has enjoyed some glories especially in the period of General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary and Advanced levels. This is evident in the year 1976 when the school witnessed outstanding results.

## Headmasters

* Rev. Bro. Albert Ketelaars
* Rev. Bro. Nicholas Zumana
* Guo Kilian Popyin
* Rev. Bro. Joachim Naah

## Notable alumni


title: Nandol Dehegam railway station

abstract: Nandol Dehegam railway station is a railway station on Ahmedabad–Udaipur Line under the Ahmedabad railway division of Western Railway zone. This is situated beside State Highway 141 at Dahegam in Gandhinagar district of the Indian state of Gujarat.

text:
# Nandol Dehegam railway station

**Nandol Dehegam railway station** is a railway station on Ahmedabad–Udaipur Line under the Ahmedabad railway division of Western Railway zone. This is situated beside State Highway 141 at Dahegam in Gandhinagar district of the Indian state of Gujarat.

## InfoBox

| Nandol Dehegam railway station | |
| --- | --- |
| Passenger train station | |
| General information | |
| Location | State Highway 141, Dahegam, Gandhinagar district, Gujarat<br>India |
| Coordinates | 23°10′27″N 72°48′57″E / 23.17417°N 72.815845°E / 23.17417; 72.815845 |
| Elevation | 76 metres (249 ft) |
| Owned by | Indian Railways |
| Operated by | Western Railway |
| Line(s) | Ahmedabad–Udaipur line |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on-ground station) |
| Parking | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Status | Functioning |
| Station code | NHM |
| Zone(s) | Western Railway |
| Division(s) | Ahmedabad |
| History | |
| Opened | 1879 |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Indian Railways Following station  Dabhodatowards ?   Western Railway zoneAhmedabad–Udaipur Line  Jaliya Mathtowards ? | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Yuri Bazilevs

abstract: Yuri Bazilevs is the E. Paul Sorensen Chair at the Brown University School of Engineering. His research is highly cited. Before coming to Brown in 2018, Bazilevs taught at the University of California, San Diego's Jacobs School of Engineering. Bazilevs earned his bachelor's and master's degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and his doctorate from the University of Texas at Austin.

text:
# Yuri Bazilevs

**Yuri Bazilevs** is the E. Paul Sorensen Chair at the Brown University School of Engineering. His research is highly cited. Before coming to Brown in 2018, Bazilevs taught at the University of California, San Diego's Jacobs School of Engineering.

Bazilevs earned his bachelor's and master's degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and his doctorate from the University of Texas at Austin.

## Honors and awards

## InfoBox

| Yuri Bazilevs | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Brown University |
|  | |


title: Zac Power

abstract: Zac Power is an Australian children's book series by a team of writers under the corporate pseudonym H. I. Larry. The series is based upon the adventures of Zac Power, a twelve-year-old boy, and his fifteen-year-old brother, Leon. Zac is a secret agent for the fictitious intelligence agency GIB, and Zac's adventures frequently see him saving the world. The series was published by Hardie Grant Egmont.

text:
# Zac Power

**Zac Power** is an Australian children's book series by a team of writers under the corporate pseudonym H. I. Larry. The series is based upon the adventures of Zac Power, a twelve-year-old boy, and his fifteen-year-old brother, Leon. Zac is a secret agent for the fictitious intelligence agency GIB (Government Investigation Bureau), and Zac's adventures frequently see him saving the world. The series was published by Hardie Grant Egmont.

## Test Drive and Spy Camp/Spy Recruit

The Test Drive and Spy Camp/Spy Recruit series are designed for younger readers, with larger print and lower word counts. Both series are listed on the NSW Premier's Reading Challenge years 7–8 list, whereas the other Zac Power series are on the years 9–13 list.

Test Drive consists of 16 books, written by Louise Park (published 2009–2010) and Spy Camp of eight (published 2010).

## Mega, Extreme, and Ultimate

The Mega Mission (2008) and Extreme Mission (2009) series each have a continuing story that spans four books. They have both also been published as single-volume “four books in one” editions. Authorship for all eight books is claimed by Chris Morphew.

*Zac Power Ultimate Mission* is a single-volume chapter book (264 pages).

## Special Files

Published in 2011, each book in the Special Files series contains two stories from the original Zac Power series.

## List of titles

**Author notes**: \[HB\] Hilary Badger; \[MB\] Meredith Badger; \[CM\] Chris Morphew; \[CMi\] Chris Miles; \[ML\] Mat Larkin;

### Original series

1. *Poison Island* \[HB\]
2. *Deep Waters* \[HB\]
3. *Mind Games* \[HB\]
4. *Frozen Fear* \[HB\] \[Bestseller\]
5. *Tomb of Doom* \[MB\]
6. *Night Raid* \[HB\]
7. *Lunar Strike*
8. *Sudden Drop*
9. *Blockbuster* \[HB\] \[Bestseller\]
10. *Shockwave* \[Bestseller\]
11. *High Risk*
12. *Undercover*
13. *Sky High* \[CM\] \[Bestseller\]
14. *Volcanic Panic* \[CM\]
15. *Boot Camp* \[HB\]
16. *Swamp Race* \[CM\]
17. *Thrill Ride* \[Bestseller\]
18. *Horror House* \[Bestseller\]
19. *Close Shave* \[CM\]
20. *Shipwreck*
21. *Overdrive*
22. *River Rampage*
23. *Foul Play*
24. *Fossil Fury* \[CMi\] \[Bestseller\]
25. *Shock Music* \[ML\] \[Bestseller\]

### Special titles

1. *Ultimate Mission* \[CMi\]

### Test drive

1. *Zac’s Moon Trip*
2. *Zac’s Wild Rescue*
3. *Zac’s Icy Pole*
4. *Zac’s Sticky Fix*
5. *Zac’s Freaky Frogs*
6. *Zac’s Ski Mission*
7. *Zac’s Bank Bust*
8. *Zac’s Shark Attack*
9. *Zac’s Power On*
10. *Zac’s Water World*
11. *Zac’s Rocket Launch*
12. *Zac’s Skate Break*
13. *Zac’s Double Dare*
14. *Zac’s Quicksand*
15. *Zac’s High Dive*
16. *Zac’s Space Race*

### Spy Camp/Spy Recruit

1. *Zac Blasts Off*
2. *Zac Strikes Out*
3. *Zac Cracks Down*
4. *Zac Climbs High*
5. *Zac Runs Wild*
6. *Zac Wipes Out*
7. *Zac Jets On*
8. *Zac Heats Up*

### Mega Mission

1. *Base Camp*
2. *Code Red*
3. *Moon Rider*
4. *High Stakes*

All four books published 2008; *Zac Power Mega Missions* collection published 2009.

### Extreme Mission

1. *Sand Storm*
2. *Dark Tower*
3. *Ice Patrol*
4. *Water Blast*

All four books published 2009; *Zac Power Extreme Missions* collection published 2010.

### Special Files

1. *The Fear Files* (consists of *Horror House* & *Thrill Ride*)
2. *The Rock Star Files* (consists of *Blockbuster* & *Shock Music*)
3. *The Underwater Files* (consists of *Deep Waters* & *Shipwreck*)
4. *The Sky Files* (consists of *Sky High* & *Lunar Strike*)
5. *The Undercover Files* (consists of *Boot Camp* & *Undercover*)
6. *The City Files* (consists of *Fossil Fury* & *Mind Games*)
7. *The Volcano Files* (consists of *Poison Island* & *Volcanic Panic*)
8. *The Desert Files* (consists of *Sudden Drop* & *Tomb of Doom*)

## Film adaptation

On 1 May 2019 Screen Australia announced an upcoming animation film called *Zac Power - The Movie*. Australian TV producer David Webster has been hired to direct the film, who also wrote *Erky Perky*. It is based on a script written by John Armstrong and will be produced by Barbara Stephen, Patrick Egerton and Celine Goetz, who have all worked on various Australian animated films.


title: Nanny Still

abstract: Nanny Elisabet Still-McKinney, best known professionally by her maiden name Nanny Still, was a Finnish industrial designer and glass artist, and one of the country's most influential designers of the post-war period.

text:
# Nanny Still

**Nanny Elisabet Still-McKinney** (31 July 1926 — 7 May 2009), best known professionally by her maiden name **Nanny Still**, was a Finnish industrial designer and glass artist, and one of the country's most influential designers of the post-war period.

## Career

Nanny Still studied design at the Central School of Industrial Arts in Helsinki (now part of the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture) from 1945 to 1949.

Straight after graduation she joined the design team at Riihimäki Glass, as only their second woman designer, and remained associated with Riihimäki for over quarter of a century, until 1976 when the factory stopped producing artisanal glass. Afterwards she designed for many manufacturers in and outside of Finland, including Rosenthal of Germany.

Her perhaps best known glass tableware design is the 1958 *Harlekiini* of simple geometric shapes in a deep Mediterranean blue.

Still drew attention from early on with her bold use of colours and unconventional shapes. She also became recognised for her technical know-how and mastery of manufacturing methods.

Although best known for glass, Still designed over her long and varied career a wide range of items, from crockery and cutlery to jewellery.

From the 1990s onwards, Still worked mostly on glass sculptures creating utilising in particular the *pâte de verre* casting technique.

## Recognition

In 1972, Still received the *Pro Finlandia* medal of the Order of the Lion of Finland.

Some of her designs are included in the collections of the British Museum, MoMA and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, among others.

Major retrospective exhibitions of Still's *oeuvre* were held at least in Belgium (1995, 2006), Finland (1996, 2001) and Hungary (1998).

## Personal life

In 1958, Nanny Still married American engineer George C. McKinney, the European and Middle East director of the Virginia Port Authority, and the following year the couple settled in Brussels, where Still lived the rest of her life.

## Further reading

* Koivisto, Kaisa: *Glass by Nanny Still: skymaiden* (Finnish Glass Museum, 2003)

## InfoBox

| Nanny Still-McKinney | |
| --- | --- |
| Nanny Still in 1960 | |
| Born | Nanny Elisabet Still
(1926-07-31)31 July 1926
Helsinki, Finland |
| Died | 7 May 2009(2009-05-07) (aged 82)
Brussels, Belgium |
| Known for | Glass design |
| Spouse | George Clagett McKinney  (m. 1958) |


title: Narrative film

abstract: Narrative film, fictional film or fiction film is a motion picture that tells a fictional or fictionalized story, event or narrative. Commercial narrative films with running times of over an hour are often referred to as feature films, or feature-length films. The earliest narrative films, around the turn of the 20th century, were essentially filmed stage plays and for the first three or four decades these commercial productions drew heavily upon the centuries-old theatrical tradition. In this style of film, believable narratives and characters help convince the audience that the unfolding fiction is real. Lighting and camera movement, among other cinematic elements, have become increasingly important in these films. Great detail goes into the screenplays of narratives, as these films rarely deviate from the predetermined behaviours and lines of the classical style of screenplay writing to maintain a sense of realism. Actors must deliver dialogue and action in a believable way, so as to persuade the audience that the film is real life.

text:
# Narrative film

**Narrative film**, **fictional film** or **fiction film** is a motion picture that tells a fictional or fictionalized story, event or narrative. Commercial narrative films with running times of over an hour are often referred to as feature films, or feature-length films. The earliest narrative films, around the turn of the 20th century, were essentially filmed stage plays and for the first three or four decades these commercial productions drew heavily upon the centuries-old theatrical tradition.

In this style of film, believable narratives and characters help convince the audience that the unfolding fiction is real. Lighting and camera movement, among other cinematic elements, have become increasingly important in these films. Great detail goes into the screenplays of narratives, as these films rarely deviate from the predetermined behaviours and lines of the classical style of screenplay writing to maintain a sense of realism. Actors must deliver dialogue and action in a believable way, so as to persuade the audience that the film is real life.

## General

Probably the first fictional film ever made was the Lumière's *L'Arroseur arrosé*, which was first screened at the Grand Café Capucines on December 28, 1895. A year later in 1896, Alice Guy-Blaché directed the fictional film *La Fée aux Choux*. Perhaps the best known of early fictional films is Georges Méliès’s *A Trip to the Moon* from 1902. Most films previous to this had been merely moving images of everyday occurrences, such as *L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat* by Auguste and Louis Lumière. Méliès was one of the first directors to progress cinematic technology, which paved the way for narratives as style of film. Narrative films have come so far since their introduction that film genres such as comedy or Western films, were, and continue to be introduced as a way to further categorize these films.

Narrative cinema is usually contrasted to films that present information, such as a nature documentary, as well as to some experimental films (works such as *Wavelength* by Michael Snow, *Man with a Movie Camera* by Dziga Vertov, or films by Chantal Akerman). In some instances pure documentary films, while nonfiction, may nonetheless recount a story. As genres evolve, from fiction film and documentary a hybrid one emerged, docufiction.

Many films are based on real occurrences, however these too fall under the category of a “narrative film” rather than a documentary. This is because films based on real occurrences are not simply footage of the occurrence, but rather hired actors portraying an adjusted, often more dramatic, retelling of the occurrence (such as *21* by Robert Luketic).

Unlike literary fiction, which is typically based on characters, situations and events that are entirely imaginary/fictional/hypothetical, cinema always has a real referent, called the "pro-filmic", which encompasses everything existing and done in front of the camera.

Since the emergence of classical Hollywood style in the early 20th century, during which films were selected to be made based on the popularity of the genre, stars, producers, and directors involved, narrative, usually in the form of the feature film, has held dominance in commercial cinema and has become popularly synonymous with "the movies." Classical, invisible film making (what is often called realist fiction) is central to this popular definition. This key element of this invisible film making lies in continuity editing.

* David Bordwell, Mark Dherrick Cuevas, and Kristin Thompson. 1997. *Film Art: An Introduction*. Fifth ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN 0-07-114073-5.


title: Narrative gerontology

text:
# Narrative gerontology

Narrativity has previously been applied as a method of research and form of therapy. Narrative gerontology applies narratives to explore the metaphor of “life as story” and is intended as a “heuristic for the study of aging”. Thus, narrative gerontology can be understood as a method to view ageing and what it entails and it encompasses the view that people can add value to their lives by creating and maintaining a personal narrative.

## Motives for creating narratives

Constructing narratives can be thought to be primarily motivated by the desire to make sense of experiences. Narratives may be combined with interpersonal manipulation such as teaching or impressing listeners.

Possible needs to gain meaning from experiences include:

1. **Interpreting experiences concerning objective goals or subjective fulfilment states.** Stems from the desire to obtain rewards for the self. Expressing an event in specific ways can manipulate others’ perceptions and inferences thereby increasing chances of obtaining the reward.
2. **Seeking value by constructing stories that depict actions positively.** People may feel that they do not completely hold certain identities until these identities reach social reality (through being recognised and accepted by others). Therefore, stories may be told to cause surrounding people to validate identity claims.
3. **To pass along information.** Narratives appear to be effective in teaching others. For example, the average college student will typically recall illustrative anecdotes to a greater degree than the actual principles taught.
4. **The desire to attract others and seeking self-worth.** Narratives that evoke emotional movement can be used to entertain people which aids in increasing the narrator’s attractiveness.

## Themes

Gerontological narratives are organized around a number of themes, such as time, story and wisdom.

### Time

The narrative perspective takes the stance that time is human, not real and felt, not measured. In this respect, human time is considered ‘narrative’ or ‘story time’. Storytime embodies the subjective time of an individual’s life and may vary with flow and focus.

#### Flow

Storytime is considered open with humans being unable to foreshadow events because there are no set endings available to send signals to the past. However, it has been argued that in later reminiscing about life, an individual may “backshadow” where “the past is treated as if it had inevitability lead to the present”. A further proposed possibility called “sideshadowing” refers to a middle realm of possibility where actual events in addition to potential events are made visible.

#### Focus

Instead of equal attention, humans have a varied focus on each occurrence in life. For example, multiple years can be summarised under titles like “good times” or short events can take much longer to recall. Discourse time refers to the inequities between experiences and recollections and can be broken down into three overarching features – order, duration and frequency.

### Story

Self-storying takes the viewpoint of a novel analogy whereby there is a focus on the narrativity of life in addition to the way it is a “story-world”. It involves stages, levels, genres and contexts.

#### Stages

Three phases of narrative development have been outlined. The pre-mythic phase occurs during childhood, whereby material is being gathered for what later becomes part of the narrative. The mythic phase occurs between adolescence to adulthood and narratives are engaged with greater awareness. The post-mythic phase occurs in later adulthood, during which people edit and retell their life stories.

#### Levels

* The “outside” story – unevaluated events of one’s existence, the sum of which form the “whole” story.
* The “inside” story – an individual’s experience of life. It refers to what is subjectively made of or from stories and is considered an edit of the outside story.
* The “inside-out” story – the inside story that is expressed to others. It can depend on a range of factors such as the storyteller’s mood or audience.
* The “outside-in” story – personal or external interpretations of one’s story that are imposed on their life.

#### Genres

Narratives are typically constructed to reach a particular goal and may take three forms:

* Progressive – progress toward achieving the goal is enhanced.
* Regressive – progress toward achieving the goal is impeded.
* Stability – there is no change in progress toward achieving the goal.

Combinations of these forms can result in the formation of genres within narratives. For example, progressive to regressive could be considered a tragedy.

#### Contexts

Narratives can be culturally shaped, involving societies within which humans live. Narrative environments refer to stories of immediate communities such as families, along with broader communities such as gender and any ideological or religious master narratives that the individual believes in.

### Wisdom

The subjective understanding of wisdom development includes patterns in narrative structure, self-reflective processes and life-event characteristics. Narrative coherence, meaning-making and personal growth have been positively correlated with wisdom in addition to the reconstructive and analytical components of self-reflection. Life events tend to be relatively fundamental, culturally non-normative and emotionally negative. Other frequently reported events include those concerning relationships (such as divorce) and those that are life-threatening (such as serious illness).

## Investigations

Research suggests that the richer the story the more resilient the person.

Using guided autobiographies, research has found that as individuals aged, their narratives suggested they were self-attributing traits of the opposite genders, albeit to different extents. As such, on an individual level, narratives of men and women and how they interpret their lives is not explained by gender role stereotypes.

Research suggests narratives can differ depending on the mode of narration. Overall, autobiographical writing groups express more self-refining moments or those related to individual turning points. Conversely, oral reminiscence groups express more group-defining or generally shared historical moments.

Traumatic events challenge the ability to create narratives that provide meaning to events due to the desire to avoid the reflection of associated memories. However, the perception of social support may aid the creation or maintenance of a coherent narrative identity. Analysis of narratives of male veterans found that those with coherent narratives reported positive interactions with family and friends in earlier and later life while those with incoherent narratives reported negative interactions.

## Inclusion of technology

Common motivations for sharing life narratives through reminiscence involve the maintenance of a sense of self and the intergenerational transfer of knowledge. Further purposes include reinforcing claims to dignity and acting as a means of revisiting positive experiences. However, the nearness of death can create feelings of potential ‘social erasure’. Recording memories using digital tools have been explored, including the possibility of intergenerational digital storytelling. The ability to preserve memories thus provide a semblance of ‘life after death’ and a method of allowing the elderly to feel that they continue to play a role in their loved ones’ lives once they pass.


title: Narputta Nangala

abstract: Narputta Nangala Jugadai (1933–2010) was an Aboriginal Australian artist born at Karrkurutinytja, who later lived at Haasts Bluff (Ikuntji) in the Northern Territory. Her language group was Pintupi/Pitjantjatjara, and her Dreaming was "Snake", "Jangala, Two Men" and "Two Women". She was a senior artist in her community at Ikuntji and prominent among the Ikuntji Women's Centre painters. She was the wife of the painter, Timmy Tjungurrayi Jugadai, and mother of Daisy Jugadai Napaltjarri and Molly Jugadai Napaltjarri. DACS represents Narputta Nangala with respect to copyright licensing.

text:
# Narputta Nangala

**Narputta Nangala Jugadai** (1933–2010) was an Aboriginal Australian artist born at Karrkurutinytja, who later lived at Haasts Bluff (Ikuntji) in the Northern Territory. Her language group was Pintupi/Pitjantjatjara, and her Dreaming was "Snake", "Jangala, Two Men" and "Two Women". She was a senior artist in her community at Ikuntji and prominent among the Ikuntji Women's Centre (later Ikuntji Artists) painters. She was the wife of the painter, Timmy Tjungurrayi Jugadai, and mother of Daisy Jugadai Napaltjarri and Molly Jugadai Napaltjarri.

DACS represents Narputta Nangala with respect to copyright licensing.

## Career & Collections

Her work *Karrkurutinytja* (a depiction of her birthplace) is held in the Art Gallery of New South Wales.

Seven works are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, four again entitled *Kaakurutinytja* (Lake MacDonald), in addition to the works: *One Jakamarra*, 1995, *Ngurrapalangu*, 1994, and *Tjangala kutjarra, kuniya kutjarra, Kaakurutinytja*, 1996.

The Art Gallery of South Australia holds an untitled 1996 work.

The Art Gallery of Western Australia also holds a painting entitled *Karrkurutinytja*.

Her work, *Karrakuurrutinytja,* 1997 was featured in the 14th National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Award.

In 1997 she won the Open Painting section of the Telstra National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards.

Her work, *Goanna dreaming*, sold at Christies in 2005 for $US 2,677.

## Exhibitions

She had exhibitions at the Campbelltown Art Centre and at the Museum of Contemporary Aboriginal Art as well as galleries in Brisbane and Melbourne.

### Solo exhibitions

* May 1995, *Minyma Tjukurrpa: Kintor/Haast's Bluff Art Project*, Tandanya Adelaide

### Group exhibitions

* May 1995, *Minyma Tjukurrpa: Kintore/Haast's Bluff Canva Project*, Tandanya Adelaide. In-collaboration with artists from Nampitjinpa Women of Kintore and other Ikuntji artists as part of the Kintor/Haast's Bluff Art Project
* April 1996, *Miracles of the Desert: three artists form the Ikuuntji Women's Centre*, along with Eunice Napanangka and Daisy Jugadai at Haast's Bluff
* April 1997, *Ikuntji Tjuta In Canberra,* Alliance Francaise Canberra. Narputta Nangala attended the opening of this exhibition with fellow Ikuntji artist, Alice Nampitjinpa.
* October 1999, *Ikuntji Tjuta: touring*, Campbelltown City Bicentennial Art Gallery. Group exhibition of paintings from the Ikuntji Women's Centre, Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory
* June 2001, *Narputta & Katungka*, Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi, Melbourne. Joint exhibition of recent paintings by Narputta Nangala and fellow Ikuntji artist, Katungha Napanangka
* 18 April to 16 June 2002, *Spirit Country: Contemporary Australian Aboriginal Art from the Gantner Meyer Collectio*n, Brisbane City Gallery. Her standout pieces included her two versions of *Two Women* (1997) used 'repetitive horizontal bands of hills signifying a long journey'.

## InfoBox

| Narputta Nangala | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1933<br>Karrkurutinytja |
| Died | May 2010 (age 76–77) |
| Known for | Painting |
| Awards | Winner, "Open Painting", Telstra National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards |


title: 1956–57 NHL transactions

abstract: The following is a list of all team-to-team transactions that have occurred in the National Hockey League (NHL) during the 1956–57 NHL season. It lists which team each player has been traded to and for which player(s) or other consideration(s), if applicable.

text:
# 1956–57 NHL transactions

The following is a list of all **team-to-team transactions** that have occurred in the National Hockey League (NHL) during the **1956–57 NHL season**. It lists which team each player has been traded to and for which player(s) or other consideration(s), if applicable.

## Transactions

Notes 1. Montreal held the rights to recall the players. MacPherson returned to Montreal after training camp on October 10, 1956. Mosdell returned to Montreal on September 20, 1957.
2. Montreal held the rights to recall the player. Mazur returned to Montreal in November, 1956 (exact date unknown).
3. Transaction completed in June, 1957 (exact date unknown).


title: Obskure

abstract: Obskure is a death metal band from Ceará Brazil, formed in 1989.

text:
# Obskure

**Obskure** is a death metal band from Ceará Brazil, formed in 1989.

## History

The band was formed in May 1989, by the brothers Amaudson and Jolson Ximenes.

The group cast the demo tapes *Uterus and Grave* (1990), *Oppressions in Obscurity* (1992) and  *The Singing Of Hungry* (1994) and joined several collective albums by independent labels in Brazil and abroad.

In 1998, they released their first full-length album, *Overcasting*.

In 2001 the band released a promo-CD, *The emptiness Spectable*, with the participation of Alex Camargo from Krisiun on vocals and they were invited to play alongside the thrash band in the closing concert of their world tour for the album *Conquerors of Armageddon* in São Paulo. In 2005, they released the promo-CD *From one who stopped dreaming*.

In 2008, the band was chosen among fifty others to represent Ceará in the national phase to represent Brazil at the Wacken Open Air, held in São Paulo. Right after it, they launched their video-clip "Christian Sovereign".

The band's second album, entitled *Dense Shades of Mankind*, was released in early 2012. It has been well received by the critics.

The band was to be at the Metal Open Air festival, but cancelled their performance, as many other invited bands.

## Members

* Germano Monteiro (vocals)
* Amaudson Ximenes (rhythm guitar)
* Daniel Boyadjian (lead guitar/vocals)
* Jolson Ximenes (bass)
* Wilker Dângelo (drums)
* Fábio Barros (keyboard)

## Discography

* *Uterus and Grave* \- 1990
* *Oppressions in Obscurity* \- 1992
* *The Singing of Hungry* \- 1993
* *Overcasting* (Promo-tape) - 1996
* *Overcasting* (CD) - 1998
* *The Emptiness Spectable* \- 2001 (EP CD)
* *From One Who Stopped Dreaming* \- 2005 (EP CD)
* *Dense Shades of Mankind* \- 2012 (CD)
* *Sacrifice of the Wicked* \- 2017

## InfoBox

| Obskure | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Brazil |
| Genres | Death metal |
| Years active | 1989–present |
|  | |
| Members | Amaudson Ximenes
Daniel Boyadjian
Jolson Ximenes
Wilker Dângelo
Fábio Barros
Germano Monteiro |
|  | |
| Website | www.myspace.com/obskuredeathmetal |


title: Oligeria

abstract: Oligeria is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Lymantriinae described by Turner in 1921. Its only species, Oligeria hemicalla, the tiny tussock moth, was first described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1905. It is found in the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria.

text:
# Oligeria

***Oligeria*** is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Lymantriinae described by Turner in 1921. Its only species, ***Oligeria hemicalla***, the **tiny tussock moth**, was first described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1905. It is found in the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria.

## InfoBox

| *Oligeria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Lymantriinae |
| Tribe: | Lymantriini |
| Genus: | ***Oligeria***
Turner, 1921 |
| Species: | ***O. hemicalla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oligeria hemicalla***
(Lower, 1905) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Orgyia hemicalla* Lower, 1905 | |


title: HMS Hyacinth (1806)

abstract: HMS Hyacinth was an 18-gun ship-sloop of the Cormorant class in the Royal Navy, launched in 1806 at Great Yarmouth. In 1810 she was reclassed as a 20-gun Post-ship. She was again re-rated as 24 guns in 1817. Hyacinth took part in some notable actions on the coast of Spain, one of which earned qualified in 1817 for the Naval General Service Medal. She was broken up in 1820.

text:
# HMS Hyacinth (1806)

**HMS *Hyacinth*** was an 18-gun ship-sloop of the *Cormorant* class in the Royal Navy, launched in 1806 at Great Yarmouth. In 1810 she was reclassed as a 20-gun Post-ship (but without being re-armed). She was again re-rated as 24 guns in 1817. *Hyacinth* took part in some notable actions on the coast of Spain, one of which earned qualified in 1817 for the Naval General Service Medal. She was broken up in 1820.

## Service

*Hyacinth* was commissioned in October 1806 under Commander John Davie.

On 21 April 1807 *Hyacinth* captured the  *Frau Justina*. Then on 15 August 1807 *Hyacinth*, under Commander John Davie, captured the *Zeenymph*. That same day *Hyacinth* was in company with *Forrester* and *Flora* when *Flora* captured the fishing vessels *Hoop*, *Nepthun* and *Hoffnung*. Nine days later *Hyacinth* and *Vestal* were in company with *Flora* when *Flora* captured the *St. Sylvester*.

*Hyacinth* then sailed for South America on 15 February 1808. In August 1809, Commander John Carter took command while *Hyacinth* was still in South America. She returned to Britain and spent the period May through July 1811 in Portsmouth undergoing maintenance. At some point in 1812 the Admiralty re-rated *Hyacinth* as a post ship, and Captain Thomas Ussher took command of her.

### Attack on the *Brave* and the *Napoleon*

In the spring of 1812 *Hyacinth* received the task of stopping several fast vessels that were operating as privateers from Malaga, all under the command of "Barbastro". Unfortunately, *Hyacinth* was not fast enough to catch the privateers and although Usher disguised her as a merchantman, this ruse too failed. Usher then assembled a small squadron consisting of *Goshawk*, *Resolute* and Gunboat No. 16 to attack the privateers in their base.

On the evening of 29 April, Usher sent in his squadron's boats carrying a cutting out party. *Hyacinth'*s gig and pinnace with Usher, Lieutenant Thomas Hastings and 26 men, attacked a battery of fifteen 24-pounder guns. Her barge, with Lieutenant Francis Spilsbury and John Elgar, purser, and 24 men attacked a second battery of four 24-pounder guns opposite the first. Commander Lilburne of *Goshawk*, with 40 men in Lieutenant Cull's gunboat, attacked the chief privateer ship *Brave* (or *Braave*, alias *Sebastiani*). The remaining boats, under Lieutenant Keenan, attacked the other privateers.

Usher and his party went in ahead and took possession of their target battery in less than five minutes. He fired a rocket that was the signal for the gunboat and the other boats to come in. Midshipman Pierce and 12 men then boarded and captured the *Brave* despite facing 33 crew men who had remained aboard after Barbastro and the bulk of his crew had jumped overboard. Lilburne followed the plan by attacking the remaining privateer vessels. To assist the attack, Usher turned the guns in the battery that he had captured around and fired on the castle of Gibralfaro; the British kept up the cannonade until they had exhausted the available ammunition.

When the British sought to withdraw, soldiers from the French 57th. regiment lined the mole, firing their muskets as the prize crews brought out their prizes. The castle too fired at the withdrawing British with its cannons. Then the wind died away, which slowed the withdrawal; it was at this time that Lilburne was mortally wounded. The French fire forced the British to leave behind most of the vessels they had captured. Before they did so, they damaged them as much as they could.

The British were able to bring out *Brave* and *Napoleon* (alias *Diaboloten*), both of 10 guns. The boarding party also retrieved an eagle that Napoleon had presented to Barbastro and that he had left on *Brave*. The attack had a heavy cost for the British. The gunboat sank during her return passage to Gibraltar and in all, the British lost 15 men killed and 53 wounded. In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issue of the Naval General Service Medal with the clasp "Malaga 29 May 1812" for this action.

### Other action on the coast of Granada

In May 1812, *Hyacinth* and *Termagant* and *Basilisk* supported Spanish guerrillas on the coast of Granada, against the French. On 24 May with *Hyacinth* and *Termagant*, *Basilisk* took a French privateer of two guns, and a brass cannon. Prize money for the "capture of a brass gun and the destruction of a French privateer, name unknown" was payable in March 1836.

*Hyacinth* destroyed the castle at Nerja on 25 May. The British squadron then supported a guerrilla offensive against Almunecar. The British destroyed a privateer of two guns and 40 men under the castle. They the fired on the castle, creating breaches in its walls. The French then retreated to Grenada after having spiked the castle's guns, which consisted of two brass 24-pounders, six iron 18-pounders, a 6-pounder, and a howitzer. The French also left behind a number of deserters, Flemish and German draftees, who had long looked for an opportunity to quit their involuntary service.

In June 1812 Captain William Hamillton was appointed to command *Hyacinth*. When the War of 1812 broke out, the British captured several American ships in the Mediterranean. *Hyacinth* shared with *San Juan*, *Sabine*, *Lavinia*, *Hindostan* and *Tuscan* in the American *droits* for *Phoenix*, *Margaret*, *Allegany* and *Tyger*, captured on 8 August 1812 at Gibraltar after the arrival of the news of the outbreak of the War of 1812.

Ten days later, *Hyacinth* and *Blossom* were in sight when the letter of marque *Sir Alexander Ball* captured the American ship *Grace Ann Green*. Nine days after that, *Hyacinth* and *Argo* captured the *Eliza*.

Hamillton's temporary successor in November was Captain John Lampen Manley. In January 1813 Alexander Sharpe replaced Manley.

## Fate

*Hyacinth* remained in the Mediterranean until 1815. Later, in 1817, she sailed to Brazil. *Hyacinth* was broken up in December 1820.

## Citations

1. "No. 20939". *The London Gazette*. 26 January 1849. p. 246.
2. Winfield (2008), p.259.
3. "No. 16609". *The London Gazette*. 2 June 1812. p. 1068.
4. "No. 16179". *The London Gazette*. 3 September 1808. p. 1220.
5. "No. 16721". *The London Gazette*. 17 April 1813. p. 779.
6. "No. 16874". *The London Gazette*. 26 March 1814. p. 661.
7. Brett (1871), p.290.
8. "No. 16954". *The London Gazette*. 8 November 1814. p. 2215.
9. Marshall (1827), Supplement, Part 1, pp.345-8.
10. "No. 19362". *The London Gazette*. 4 March 1836. p. 435.
11. James (1837), Vol. 6, pp.63-4.
12. "No. 16619". *The London Gazette*. 30 June 1812. p. 1279.
13. "No. 17133". *The London Gazette*. 4 May 1816. p. 829.
14. "No. 17136". *The London Gazette*. 14 May 1816. p. 911.
15. "No. 17106". *The London Gazette*. 3 February 1816. p. 210.
16. "No. 17081". *The London Gazette*. 18 November 1815. p. 2307.
* Brett, Edwin John (1871) *Brett's illustrated naval history of Great Britain, from the earliest period to the present time: a reliable record of the maritime rise and progress of England*. (Publishing Off.)
* James, William (1837). *The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV*. Vol. 6. R. Bentley.
* Marshall, John (1823–1835). "Index". *Royal Naval Biography*. London: Longman and company.
* Winfield, Rif (2008). *British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates*. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.

## InfoBox

| *Hyacinth* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMS *Hyacinth* |
| Ordered | 12 July 1805 |
| Builder | John Preston, Great Yarmouth |
| Laid down | November 1805 |
| Launched | 30 August 1806 |
| Completed | 21 November 1806 at Chatham Dockyard |
| Commissioned | October 1806 |
| Out of service | Broken up December 1820 |
| Honours and<br>awards | Naval General Service Medal with the clasp "Malaga 29 May 1812" |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | 18-gun *Cormorant*-class sloop |
| Tons burthen | 4242394 (bm) |
| Length | * 108 ft 9 in (33.1 m) (overall) * 91 ft 1.875 in (27.8 m) (keel) |
| Beam | 29 ft 7 in (9.0 m) |
| Depth of hold | 9 ft (2.74 m) |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Sail plan | Sloop |
| Complement | 121 |
| Armament | * Upper deck: 16 × 32-pounder carronades; * QD: 6 × 18-pounder carronades * Fc: 2 × 6-pounder guns + 2 × 18-pounder carronades |


title: Operation Epsilon

abstract: Operation Epsilon was the codename of a program in which Allied forces near the end of World War II detained ten German scientists who were thought to have worked on Nazi Germany's nuclear program. The scientists were captured between May 1 and June 30, 1945, as part of the Allied Alsos Mission, mainly as part of its Operation Big sweep through southwestern Germany. They were interned at Farm Hall, a bugged house in Godmanchester, near Cambridge, England, from July 3, 1945, to January 3, 1946. The primary goal of the program was to determine how close Nazi Germany had been to constructing an atomic bomb by listening to their conversations.

text:
# Operation Epsilon

**Operation Epsilon** was the codename of a program in which Allied forces near the end of World War II detained ten German scientists who were thought to have worked on Nazi Germany's nuclear program. The scientists were captured between May 1 and June 30, 1945, as part of the Allied Alsos Mission, mainly as part of its Operation Big sweep through southwestern Germany.

They were interned at Farm Hall, a bugged house in Godmanchester, near Cambridge, England, from July 3, 1945, to January 3, 1946. The primary goal of the program was to determine how close Nazi Germany had been to constructing an atomic bomb by listening to their conversations.

## List of scientists

The following German scientists were captured and detained during Operation Epsilon:

## Background

The participants of the Manhattan Project perceived themselves as being in a competition with the Germans, who had a head start due to the discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn in Germany in late 1938.

In 1944, the ALSOS mission, under scientific leadership of Samuel Goudsmit, was tasked with closely following the Western Allied invading forces to locate and seize individuals, documents, and materials related to the German Atomic Bomb program. By November 1944, the evidence gathered was sufficient to convince Goudsmit that there was no German Atomic Bomb under development. Despite this, many individuals, particularly in America, remained skeptical.

The mission continued with a similar objective, primarily for intelligence purposes. Goudsmit hand-picked ten individuals who were apprehended, mostly in Hechingen, by a joint Anglo-American raiding party led by Colonel Boris Pash, the key military figure of ALSOS. Hechingen, located on the eastern edge of the Black Forest, was where the majority of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Physik, including an incomplete nuclear reactor pile that had been moved after being bombed out in Berlin.

R. V. Jones proposed that Farm Hall in England, owned by the Secret Service, would be suitable to accommodate the captured individuals. He also recommended installing microphones there before their arrival. This practice had become standard with high-ranking prisoners of war since it had been observed that their private conversations could be more revealing than formal interrogations.

## Transfer to England

The scientists captured in Germany by the Alsos Mission were flown to England. Harteck said in a 1967 interview that some scientists had not adjusted to losing their German elite status. When Max von Laue was told they were to fly to England the next day, he said, "Impossible .... tomorrow is my colloquium .... Couldn’t you have the airplane come some other time?". Walther Gerlach expected respect for the "plenipotentiary for nuclear physics" in Germany; he was shocked when he asked for a glass of water and was told by the guard to "look for an empty can in the trash barrel". Harteck joked with the British officer when he saw the plane taking them to England that if an "accident" was planned they would have used an older plane.

Farm Hall, a country house in Godmanchester, Huntingdonshire (now in Cambridgeshire), had been used by M.I.6 and S.O.E for agents who were to be flown into occupied Europe from RAF Tempsford but was vacant. R V Jones suggested to Stewart Menzies that German nuclear physicists then held in France at an American internment camp known as "Dustbin" (partly because he was told that an American general had said that *the best way of dealing with the post-war nuclear physics problem in Germany was to shoot all their nuclear physicists*). He also recommended to Menzies, the head of M.I.6, that the house be fitted with microphones to gauge the physicists' reactions to Allied progress with the dropping of the bomb.

## Farm Hall transcripts

On July 6, the microphones picked up the following conversation between Werner Heisenberg and Kurt Diebner, both of whom had worked on the German nuclear project and had been seized as part of the Allied Alsos Mission, Diebner in Berlin and Heisenberg in Urfeld,

> Diebner: I wonder whether there are microphones installed here? Heisenberg: Microphones installed? *(laughing)* Oh no, they're not as cute as all that. I don't think they know the real Gestapo methods; they're a bit old fashioned in that respect.

All of the scientists expressed shock when informed of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Some first doubted that the report was genuine. They were told initially of an official announcement that an "atomic bomb" had been dropped on Hiroshima, with no mention of uranium or nuclear fission. Harteck said that he would have understood the words "uranium" or "nuclear (fission) bomb", but he had worked with atomic hydrogen and atomic oxygen and thought that American scientists might have succeeded in stabilising a high concentration of (separate) atoms; such a bomb would have had a tenfold increase over a conventional bomb.

The scientists then contemplated how the American bomb was made and why Germany did not produce one. The transcripts seem to indicate that the physicists, in particular Heisenberg, had either overestimated the amount of enriched uranium that an atomic bomb would require or consciously overstated it, and that the German project was at best in a very early, theoretical stage of thinking about how atomic bombs would work; in fact, it is estimated that they would have never been able to produce the amount they needed in the four years they wanted to create an atomic bomb. Heisenberg specifically thought that the amount of Uranium 235 needed at critical mass was about a thousand times more than what would make an atomic bomb explode.

Some of the scientists indicated that they were happy that they had not been able to build a nuclear bomb for Adolf Hitler, while others more sympathetic to the Nazi party (Diebner and Gerlach) were dismayed at having failed. Otto Hahn, one of those who were grateful that Germany had not built a bomb, chided those who had worked on the German project, saying "If the Americans have a uranium bomb then you're all second-raters."

All were physicists except for Hahn and Harteck, who were chemists, and all except Max von Laue had participated in the German nuclear project. During his incarceration in Farm Hall, Hahn was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize for Chemistry "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei".

A group of eight people, including Peter Ganz, led by Major T. H. Rittner, was responsible for eavesdropping, recording, copying and translating. Only relevant technical or political information, about ten percent of all words heard, was recorded, transcribed and translated. The recordings were made with six to eight machines on shellac-coated metal discs. After the selective transcriptions had been made, the discs and recordings were destroyed. The transcripts were sent as reports to London and the American consulate, and were then forwarded to General Leslie Groves of the Manhattan Project in 24 reports, over 250 pages.

In February 1992 the transcripts were declassified and published.

## Dramatisation of Farm Hall

On 24 February 1992 the BBC broadcast a Horizon drama-documentary entitled *Hitler's Bomb* based on the events at Farm Hall and examining the reasons for the failure of the German nuclear weapons program. The documentary was produced by David Sington with dramatic reconstructions written by Nick Perry.

The events at Farm Hall were dramatised on BBC Radio 4 on 15 June 2010, in "Nuclear Reactions", written by Adam Ganz, son of one of the interpreters, Peter Ganz.

A play titled *Operation Epsilon* by Alan Brody, based on the original transcripts, received its first reading as part of the Catalyst Collaborative at MIT (Boston) in 2008, followed by a workshop reading in New York in 2010, directed by Andy Sandberg and produced by Ellen Berman. Brody and Sandberg subsequently developed the play in a 2011 workshop at the Asolo Repertory Theatre (Sarasota, Florida). Prior to its world premiere production in early 2013 with the Nora Theatre Company at Central Square Theater (Cambridge, Massachusetts).

A further adaptation, *Farm Hall* by Katherine M. Moar, was performed as a staged reading at the Theatre Royal, Bath on 21 September 2019. It was later revived as a full production directed by Stephen Unwin at Jermyn Street Theatre and the Theatre Royal, Bath in 2023, and as a tour of the same production at Cambridge Arts Theatre, Perth Theatre, Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Oxford Playhouse and Richmond Theatre later in 2023. *Farm Hall* transferred to the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London with the original cast for a short run in August 2024.

52°18′57″N 0°10′45″W / 52.31583°N 0.17917°W / 52.31583; -0.17917


title: María José García Borge

abstract: María José García Borge is a Spanish nuclear physicist. She serves as a research professor at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) in Madrid and is a leader and spokesperson for ISOLDE at CERN in Switzerland. She is a member of the Real Academia de las Ciencias and was a fellow of the European Organization for Nuclear Research from 1984 to 1986.

text:
# María José García Borge

**María José García Borge** (born November 9, 1956) is a Spanish nuclear physicist. She serves as a research professor at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) in Madrid and is a leader and spokesperson for ISOLDE at CERN in Switzerland. She is a member of the Real Academia de las Ciencias and was a fellow of the European Organization for Nuclear Research from 1984 to 1986.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Borge was born on November 9, 1956, in Madrid. Her parents were José García Prol and Esther Borge Rodriguez. She earned three degrees from University Complutense, graduating in 1978 with a physics degree, 1979 with a graduate physics degree, and 1982 with a Doctor of Philosophy in physics.

### Career

Borge worked as a teaching assistant at University Complutense from 1981 to 1983. From 1982 to 1983, she worked as a postdoctoral researcher at University of Arizona. In 1986, she began working as a researcher at the National Research Council in Madrid.

In 2012, she began heading the physics group for the ISOLDE facility at CERN.

### Personal life

On September 9, 1989, Borge married Olof Erik Ingemar Tengblad. Borge is of ethnic Spanish descent.

## InfoBox

| María José García Borge | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1956-11-09) 9 November 1956<br>Madrid, Spain |
| Occupation | nuclear physicist |


title: Nabokov House

abstract: Nabokov House is a house in Saint Petersburg with the modern street number of 47 Great Morskaya Street, 190000. In 1897, the mansion became the property of the liberal statesman and jurist Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, and as such the house hosted many important political meetings, including the final session of the National Congress of Zemstvos (1904). It was also in this mansion that novelist Vladimir Nabokov was born in 1899. The first floor of the house contains the Nabokov Museum dedicated to the author's life.

text:
# Nabokov House

**Nabokov House** is a house in Saint Petersburg with the modern street number of 47 Great Morskaya Street (*Bol'shaia morskaia ulitsa*), 190000. In 1897, the mansion became the property of the liberal statesman and jurist Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, and as such the house hosted many important political meetings, including the final session of the National Congress of Zemstvos (1904).

It was also in this mansion that novelist Vladimir Nabokov was born in 1899. The first floor of the house contains the Nabokov Museum dedicated to the author's life.

## History of the house

It is a medium to large townhouse that was built during the 19th century in the Neo-Renaissance style for the Polovtsev family.

Between 1897 and the October Revolution, the house was the property of the liberal statesman and jurist Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, who had obtained it as a dowry of Elena Rukavishnikova. As such, it became host to many political meetings, particularly in the lead up and following the first Russian Revolution of 1905. It was in this house that the final session of the National Congress of Zemstvos was hosted in 1904.

The house is also notable for being the home of Vladimir Vladimirovich, who lived in the house until November 1917. The house is meticulously described in his autobiography *The Other Shores* and *Speak, Memory*. For Vladimir, the house remained *the only house in the world*. Subsequently, even when he grew rich, he never acquired any other house and preferred to live in hotels.

A close childhood friend of Olga Nabokova was Ayn Rand (Alisa Rosenbaum). As children, the two would engage in endless political debates in this house; while Nabokova defended constitutional monarchy, Rand supported republican ideals.

The house was broken into by Bolshevik revolutionaries during the October Revolution (1917).

### Nabokov Museum

Since April 1998, the first floor of the house (*the family floor* in Nabokov's time) is occupied by the **Nabokov Museum** and the upper two stories (*the parents' floor* and *the children's floor*) are occupied by the offices of the newspaper *Nevskoe Vremya*. In the museum space are the *Phone room*, *Dining room*, *Library*, *Committee Room* (where most of the meetings of the Constitutional Democratic party were held) and the *Kitchen*.

Very little has remained from the Nabokov family's life in the house. Time and history spared nothing except the interiors of several rooms on the first and second floors of the building and the old stained-glass window above the flight of stairs leading to the third floor.

Nabokov memorabilia, including Vladimir Nabokov's personal effects (index cards, pencils, eyeglasses, scrabble game), as well as books and other objects connected to his life and art, form the core of the museum's collection. The museum is dedicated to fostering Nabokov's memory and his artistic legacy and cultural values, both within Russia and internationally. The museum houses exhibits related to Nabokov's life and milieu and provides a research library for Nabokov scholars, and also holds many events and activities inspired by Nabokov: readings of works by Nabokov and those he admired, (such as Chekhov and Joyce), lectures, international or single-nation conferences ("Nabokov and Russia," "Nabokov and England," "Nabokov and France," "Nabokov and Germany," "Nabokov and the United States"), an annual international Nabokov summer school, and exhibitions and installations related to Nabokov. Its activities have the regular support of leading Nabokov scholars from around the world.

### Vandalism in 2013

* A series of threatening letters were sent to the museum, threatening staff whether 'they are afraid of the wrath of God for the promotion of the pedophile Nabokov'.
* On the night of January 10, 2013, unknown vandals broke the windows of the Museum, throwing into the house a bottle with a note containing threats and insults. A few days later, Artyom Suslov, the organizer of the play 'Lolita', was also severely beaten up in Saint Petersburg, with a video released on the internet of the beating, in which Suslov was made to confess to promoting pedophilia.
* On the night of 29 January 2013, vandals defaced the wall of the Museum with the word "pedophile". Law enforcement authorities later initiated a criminal case under Art. 214 of the Russian Criminal Code to investigate the defacement of the museum.
* On 20 February 2013, vandals attacked the Nabokov Rozhdestveno Memorial Estate

### Museum info

* 190000, St.Petersburg # 47 Bol'shaya Morskaya

The museum is open daily from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m., Saturday and Sunday from 12 p.m. to 5 p.m., and closed Monday.

59°55′55″N 30°18′17″E / 59.9319°N 30.3048°E / 59.9319; 30.3048