title: Raj Kumar Sharma cabinet

abstract: The Raj Kumar Sharma cabinet is the 3rd cabinet of Karnali Province. It was formed on 12 January 2023.

text:
# Raj Kumar Sharma cabinet

The **Raj Kumar Sharma** cabinet is the 3rd cabinet of Karnali Province. It was formed on 12 January 2023.

## History

Raj Kumar Sharma was appointed Chief minister on 12 January 2023, after the 2022 election. He secured the vote of confidence, getting 25 votes against 14 on January 20, 2023. Sharma's claim to chief minister was supported by CPN (UML), RPP, CPN (US), an Independent politician and his own party while Nepali Congress stayed in opposition. He retook vote of confidence on March 31 2023 after RPP's only MPA pulled out of supporton March 2. He again secured it with 38 votes against 1. He was only opposed by RPP. Sharma took the vote of confidence for the third time on 28th April as CPN (UML) withdrew its support on 10th April. He won the vote of confidence by securing 29 votes against 10, being opposed by CPN (UML) and RPP.

## Ministers

| S.N. | Portfolio | Holder | Party | | Constituency | Took office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Cabinet ministers** | | | | | | |
| 1 | **Chief Minister** | Raj Kumar Sharma |  | Maoist Centre | Western Rukum 1 (B) | 12 January 2023 |
| 2 | Minister for Economic Affairs | Bedraj Singh |  | Congress | Jajarkot 1 (A) | 18 April 2023 |
| 3 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure, Energy and Water Resources | Mangal Bahadur Shahi |  | Maoist Centre | Mugu 1 (B) | 12 January 2023 |
| 4 | Minister for Social Development | Khadga Bahadur Pokharel |  | Congress | Surkhet 1 (A) | 18 April 2023 |
| 5 | Minister for Interior Affairs and Law | Krishna Bahadur G.C. |  | Maoist Centre | Surkhet 1 (B) | 25 January 2023 |
| 6 | Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment | Krishna Kumar B.C. |  | Congress | Dailekh 1 (B) | 18 April 2023 |
| 8 | Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives | Bhim Prakash Sharma |  | Maoist Centre | Salyan 1 (A) | 25 January 2023 |
| 8 | Minister for Energy, Water Resource and Irrigation |  |  | Congress |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Raj Kumar Sharma cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
| 3rd Cabinet of Karnali Province | |
| Chief Minister Raj Kumar Sharma | |
| Date formed | 12 January 2023 |
| People and organisations | |
| Governor | Tilak Pariyar |
| Chief Minister | Raj Kumar Sharma |
| No. of ministers | 3 |
| Member parties | * Maoist Centre
**Coalition partners:** * Nepali Congress **External Support:** * Unified Socialist * Independents
**Former members:** * CPN (UML) * RPP |
| Status in legislature | *Provincial Assembly*
30 / 40(75%) |
| Opposition party | CPN (UML) |
| Opposition leader | Yam Lal Kandel |
| History | |
| Election | 2022 |
| Legislature term | 5 years |
| Predecessor | Jeevan Bahadur Shahi cabinet |


title: Ralekoti Mokhahlane

abstract: Ralekoti Mokhahlane is a retired Mosotho footballer who played as a midfielder. He has won six caps for the Lesotho national football team since 2006.

text:
# Ralekoti Mokhahlane

**Ralekoti Mokhahlane** (born 3 June 1986) is a retired Mosotho footballer who played as a midfielder. He has won six caps for the Lesotho national football team since 2006.

## International career

### International goals

*Scores and results list Lesotho's goal tally first.*

| No | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 8 July 2013 | Arthur Davies Stadium, Kitwe, Zambia | Kenya | **1**–0 | 2–2 | 2013 COSAFA Cup |
| 2. | 9 July 2013 | Arthur Davies Stadium, Kitwe, Zambia | Botswana | **1**–2 | 3–3 | 2013 CECAFA Cup |
| 3. | 6 September 2015 | Setsoto Stadium, Maseru, Lesotho | Algeria | **1**–1 | 1–3 | 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |
| 4. | 25 October 2015 | Setsoto Stadium, Maseru, Lesotho | Zimbabwe | **1**–1 | 1–1 | 2016 African Nations Championship qualification |

## InfoBox

Ralekoti Mokhahlane
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ralekoti Mokhahlane | | |
| Date of birth | (1986-06-03) 3 June 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Marabeng, Berea, Lesotho | | |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005–2007 | Likhopo Maseru | 50 | (24) |
| 2007–2008 | LCS | 20 | (12) |
| 2008–2010 | Sfax Railways Sports | 59 | (29) |
| 2010–2011 | Jendouba Sport | 28 | (22) |
| 2011–2012 | Stade Tunisien | 11 | (3) |
| 2012 | ES Beni-Khalled (loan) | 18 | (4) |
| 2012–2014 | FC Balzers | 28 | (12) |
| International career | | | |
| 2006–2019 | Lesotho | 35 | (4) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 4 April 2017 | | | |


title: Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 8

abstract: Download Series Volume 8 is a live album by the rock band the Grateful Dead. It was released as a digital download on December 6, 2005, and features most of the concert performed by the band on December 10, 1973, at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. The songs omitted from the album are "Jack Straw", "Tennessee Jed", "El Paso", and "Brown-Eyed Women" from the first set, and "Me and My Uncle" from the second set. Volume 8 was mastered in HDCD format by Jeffrey Norman.

text:
# Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 8

***Download Series Volume 8*** is a live album by the rock band the Grateful Dead. It was released as a digital download on December 6, 2005, and features most of the concert performed by the band on December 10, 1973, at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina.

The songs omitted from the album are "Jack Straw", "Tennessee Jed", "El Paso", and "Brown-Eyed Women" from the first set, and "Me and My Uncle" from the second set.

*Volume 8* was mastered in HDCD format by Jeffrey Norman.

## Track listing

**Disc one**

*First set:* 1. "Bertha" (Garcia, Hunter) - 7:01
2. "Mexicali Blues" (Weir, Barlow) - 4:12
3. "Deal" (Garcia, Hunter) - 4:50
4. "Big River" (Cash) - 4:54
5. "Don't Ease Me In" (Trad. Arr. By Grateful Dead) - 4:03
6. "Playing In The Band" (Weir, Hart, Hunter) - 20:52

*Second set:* 1.
2. "Promised Land" (Berry) - 3:40
3. "Peggy-O" (Trad. Arr. By Grateful Dead) - 6:03
4. "Row Jimmy" (Garcia, Hunter) - 9:49
5. "Me and Bobby McGee" (Kristofferson, Foster) - 5:59
6. "Big Railroad Blues" (Lewis, Arr. By Grateful Dead) - 4:26

**Disc two**

1. "Truckin' " \> (Garcia, Lesh, Weir, Hunter) - 9:00
2. "Nobody's Fault But Mine" \> (Johnson) - 5:07
3. "Eyes Of The World" \> (Garcia, Hunter) -13:20
4. "Brokedown Palace" (Garcia, Hunter) - 6:23
5. "China Cat Sunflower" \> (Garcia, Hunter) - 5:16
6. "I Know You Rider" (Trad. Arr. By Grateful Dead) - 8:41
7. "Sugar Magnolia" \> (Weir, Hunter) - 6:16
8. "Goin' Down The Road Feeling Bad" \> (Trad. Arr. By Grateful Dead) - 8:46
9. "Sunshine Daydream" (Weir, Hunter) - 3:11

*Encore:* 1.
2. "Casey Jones" (Garcia, Hunter) - 7:26

## Personnel

**Grateful Dead**

**Production**

* Kidd Candelario – recording
* Jeffrey Norman – mastering

## InfoBox

| Grateful Dead
Download Series Volume 8 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Grateful Dead | |
| Released | December 6, 2005 |
| Recorded | December 10, 1973 |
| Length | 149:15 |
| Label | Grateful Dead Productions |
| Grateful Dead chronology | |
| *Fillmore West 1969*
(2005) ***Grateful Dead
Download Series Volume 8***
(2005) *Grateful Dead Download Series: Family Dog at the Great Highway*
(2005) | |


title: Grateful Dead Records Collection

abstract: Grateful Dead Records Collection is a box set of albums by the rock band the Grateful Dead. It contains four albums on five LPs. The albums were previously released by the band's own record company, Grateful Dead Records. They were remastered for the box set, and pressed on 180-gram vinyl. The albums included in the box set are Wake of the Flood, From the Mars Hotel (1974), Blues for Allah (1975), and Steal Your Face. Grateful Dead Records Collection was released on November 24, 2017, as part of Record Store Day Black Friday. Subsequently, the box set was made available as a digital download.

text:
# Grateful Dead Records Collection

***Grateful Dead Records Collection*** is a box set of albums by the rock band the Grateful Dead. It contains four albums on five LPs. The albums were previously released by the band's own record company, Grateful Dead Records. They were remastered for the box set, and pressed on 180-gram vinyl. The albums included in the box set are *Wake of the Flood* (originally released in 1973), *From the Mars Hotel* (1974), *Blues for Allah* (1975), and *Steal Your Face* (a live double album recorded in 1974 and released in 1976).

*Grateful Dead Records Collection* was released on November 24, 2017, as part of Record Store Day Black Friday. Subsequently, the box set was made available as a digital download.

## Track listing

### *Wake of the Flood*

*Wake of the Flood*

Side 1 1. "Mississippi Half-Step Uptown Toodeloo" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter)
2. "Let Me Sing Your Blues Away" (Keith Godchaux, Hunter)
3. "Row Jimmy" (Garcia, Hunter)
4. "Stella Blue" (Garcia, Hunter)

Side 2 1. "Here Comes Sunshine" (Garcia, Hunter)
2. "Eyes of the World" (Garcia, Hunter)
3. "Weather Report Suite"

### *From the Mars Hotel*

*From the Mars Hotel*

Side 1 1. "U.S. Blues" (Garcia, Hunter)
2. "China Doll" (Garcia, Hunter)
3. "Unbroken Chain" (Phil Lesh, Robert Petersen)
4. "Loose Lucy" (Garcia, Hunter)

Side 2 1. "Scarlet Begonias" (Garcia, Hunter)
2. "Pride of Cucamonga" (Lesh, Petersen)
3. "Money Money" (Weir, Barlow)
4. "Ship of Fools" (Garcia, Hunter)

### *Blues for Allah*

*Blues for Allah*

Side 1 1. "Help on the Way" (Garcia, Hunter)
2. "Slipknot!" (Garcia, Godchaux, Bill Kreutzmann, Lesh, Weir)
3. "Franklin's Tower" (Garcia, Kreutzmann, Hunter)
4. "King Solomon's Marbles" (Lesh)
5. "Stronger Than Dirt or Milkin' the Turkey" (Mickey Hart, Kreutzmann, Lesh)
6. "The Music Never Stopped" (Weir, Barlow)

Side 2 1. "Crazy Fingers" (Garcia, Hunter)
2. "Sage & Spirit" (Weir)
3. "Blues for Allah" (Garcia, Hunter)
4. "Sand Castles & Glass Camels" (Garcia, Godchaux, Hart, Kreutzmann, Lesh, Weir)
5. "Unusual Occurrences in the Desert" (Garcia, Hunter)

### *Steal Your Face*

*Steal Your Face*

Side 1 1. "Promised Land" (Chuck Berry)
2. "Cold Rain and Snow" (traditional, arranged by Grateful Dead)
3. "Around and Around" (Berry)
4. "Stella Blue" (Garcia, Hunter)

Side 2 1. "Mississippi Half-Step Uptown Toodeloo" (Garcia, Hunter)
2. "Ship of Fools" (Garcia, Hunter)
3. "Beat It On Down the Line" (Jesse Fuller)

Side 3 1. "Big River" (Johnny Cash)
2. "Black-Throated Wind" (Weir, Barlow)
3. "U.S. Blues" (Garcia, Hunter)
4. "El Paso" (Marty Robbins)

Side 4 1. "Sugaree" (Garcia, Hunter)
2. "It Must Have Been the Roses" (Hunter)
3. "Casey Jones" (Garcia, Hunter)

## Personnel

**Grateful Dead**

**Box set production**

* Produced by Grateful Dead
* Produced for release by David Lemieux
* Mastering: David Glasser
* Lacquer cutting: Chris Bellman
* Plangent Processes wow and flutter reduction: Jamie Howarth

## InfoBox

| Grateful Dead Records Collection | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Box set by Grateful Dead | |
| Released | November 24, 2017 |
| Recorded | 1973 – 1975 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Label | Rhino |
| Producer | Grateful Dead |
| Grateful Dead chronology | |
| *Robert F. Kennedy Stadium, Washington, D.C., July 12 & 13, 1989*
(2017) ***Grateful Dead Records Collection***
(2017) *Dave's Picks Volume 25*
(2018) | |


title: Granges-sur-Aube

abstract: Granges-sur-Aube is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Granges-sur-Aube

**Granges-sur-Aube** (French pronunciation: \[ɡʁɑ̃ʒ syʁ ob\], literally *Granges on Aube*) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Granges-sur-Aube | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Granges-sur-Aube | |
| Location of Granges-sur-Aube | |
| Granges-sur-AubeGranges-sur-Aube | |
| Coordinates: 48°34′57″N 3°51′12″E / 48.5825°N 3.8533°E / 48.5825; 3.8533 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Marne |
| Arrondissement | Épernay |
| Canton | Vertus-Plaine Champenoise |
| Intercommunality | Sézanne-Sud Ouest Marnais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Angélique Brier |
| Area**1** | 8.06 km2 (3.11 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 182 |
| Density | 23/km2 (58/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 51279 /51260 |
| Elevation | 79 m (259 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Granges-sur-Vologne

abstract: Granges-sur-Vologne is a former commune in the Vosges department in northeastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Granges-Aumontzey.

text:
# Granges-sur-Vologne

**Granges-sur-Vologne** (French pronunciation: \[ɡʁɑ̃ʒ syʁ vɔlɔɲ\] , literally *Granges on Vologne*) is a former commune in the Vosges department in northeastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Granges-Aumontzey.

## InfoBox

| Granges-sur-Vologne | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Granges-Aumontzey | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Granges-sur-Vologne | |
| Granges-sur-VologneGranges-sur-Vologne | |
| Coordinates: 48°08′47″N 6°47′22″E / 48.1464°N 6.7894°E / 48.1464; 6.7894 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Vosges |
| Arrondissement | Saint-Dié-des-Vosges |
| Canton | Gérardmer |
| Commune | Granges-Aumontzey |
| Area**1** | 29.64 km2 (11.44 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 2,136 |
| Density | 72/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Gringeaud(e)s |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 88640 |
| Elevation | 473–922 m (1,552–3,025 ft)
(avg. 499 m or 1,637 ft) |
| Website | granges-aumontzey.fr |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Ralph Hess

abstract: Ralph W. Hess is a former member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, serving from 1971 to 1990.

text:
# Ralph Hess

**Ralph W. Hess** (born December 25, 1939) is a former member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, serving from 1971 to 1990.

## InfoBox

| Ralph W. Hess | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania Senate
from the 28th district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1971  November 30, 1990 | |
| Preceded by | Robert O. Beers |
| Succeeded by | Michael Bortner |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-12-25) December 25, 1939
Fawn Grove, Pennsylvania |
|  | |


title: Nowa Wieś, Aleksandrów County

abstract: Nowa Wieś is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Aleksandrów Kujawski, within Aleksandrów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Aleksandrów Kujawski and 19 km (12 mi) south of Toruń.

text:
# Nowa Wieś, Aleksandrów County

**Nowa Wieś** \[ˈnɔva ˈvʲɛɕ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Aleksandrów Kujawski, within Aleksandrów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Aleksandrów Kujawski and 19 km (12 mi) south of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Nowa Wieś | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nowa Wieś | |
| Coordinates: 52°51′56″N 18°39′55″E / 52.86556°N 18.66528°E / 52.86556; 18.66528 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Aleksandrów |
| Gmina | Aleksandrów Kujawski |
| Population | 103 |


title: Valeuil

abstract: Valeuil is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Brantôme en Périgord.

text:
# Valeuil

**Valeuil** (French pronunciation: \[valœj\]) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Brantôme en Périgord.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 249 |  |
| 1968 | 286 | +14.9% |
| 1975 | 267 | −6.6% |
| 1982 | 290 | +8.6% |
| 1990 | 283 | −2.4% |
| 1999 | 356 | +25.8% |
| 2008 | 409 | +14.9% |

## InfoBox

| Valeuil | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Brantôme en Périgord | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Valeuil | |
| ValeuilValeuil | |
| Coordinates: 45°20′02″N 0°37′06″E / 45.3339°N 0.6183°E / 45.3339; 0.6183 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Dordogne |
| Arrondissement | Nontron |
| Canton | Brantôme |
| Commune | Brantôme en Périgord |
| Area**1** | 18.5 km2 (7.1 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 320 |
| Density | 17/km2 (45/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 24310 |
| Elevation | 92–237 m (302–778 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mihonoseki, Shimane

abstract: Mihonoseki was a town located in Yatsuka District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,541 and a density of 118.05 persons per km⁲. The total area was 55.41 km⁲. On March 31, 2005, Mihonoseki, along with the towns of Kashima, Shimane, Shinji, Tamayu and Yatsuka, and the village of Yakumo, was merged into the expanded city of Matsue.

text:
# Mihonoseki, Shimane

**Mihonoseki** (美保関町, *Mihonoseki-chō*) was a town located in Yatsuka District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,541 and a density of 118.05 persons per km2. The total area was 55.41 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Mihonoseki, along with the towns of Kashima, Shimane, Shinji, Tamayu and Yatsuka, and the village of Yakumo (all from Yatsuka District), was merged into the expanded city of Matsue.


title: Music of the Honey Gatherers

abstract: Music of the Honey Gatherers is the second solo studio album by Bengali Baul singer and musician Paban Das Baul. The album was released in the United Kingdom on 24 May 2010 by Riverboat Records and World Music Network.

text:
# Music of the Honey Gatherers

***Music of the Honey Gatherers*** is the second solo studio album by Bengali Baul singer and musician Paban Das Baul. The album was released in the United Kingdom on 24 May 2010 by Riverboat Records and World Music Network.

## Production and recording

Some of the tracks used for the album were recorded on spare days, in between concerts and travels between 2006 and 2009. Few songs ware recorded at Paban's home in Montreuil, France. Other tracks were recorded in September 2009 at WAC Recording Studio in London along with Nimai Goswami. The rest of the songs ware recorded at Net Guru Studios in Kolkata.

## Release and reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

The album was released in the United Kingdom on 24 November 2010 by Riverboat Records a subsidiary of UK based music company World Music Network.

*Evening Standard* commented the album "...some of the most ecstatic and beguiling music in the world". *Financial Times* says that "about six minutes into "Prem Katha Ti Shunte Bhalo", limber drums suddenly kick in, and transcendence hovers."

## Track listing

All music is composed by Paban Das Baul

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Kaliya" |  |
| 2. | "Guru To Dayal" |  |
| 3. | "Gopon Prem" ("Secret Love") |  |
| 4. | "Pagla Ghora" |  |
| 5. | "Murshidi" ("Melody From The Baul Trail") |  |
| 6. | "Kala Re" |  |
| 7. | "Kon Ek Pakhi" |  |
| 8. | "Katha Kare Bolbo Ki" |  |
| 9. | "Shobure Mewa Pholey" |  |
| 10. | "Prem Katha Ti Shunte Bhalo" |  |
| Total length: | | 54:08 |

## Further reading

Sen, Mimlu (2010). *The Honey Gatherers*. London: Rider (imprint). ISBN 9781846041891.

## InfoBox

| Music of the Honey Gatherers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Paban Das Baul | |
| Released | May 24, 2010 (2010-05-24) |
| Recorded | 2006, 2009 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | * folk * world * country |
| Length | 54:08 |
| Label |  |
| Paban Das Baul chronology | |
| *Inner Knowledge*
(1997) ***Music of the Honey Gatherers***
(2010) | |


title: Władysław Baczyński

abstract: Władysław Baczyński was a Polish serial killer who killed 4 people in Wrocław and Bytom from 1946 to 1957.

text:
# Władysław Baczyński

**Władysław Baczyński** (1918 – 17 May 1960) was a Polish serial killer who killed 4 people in Wrocław and Bytom from 1946 to 1957.

## Crimes

The first victim of Baczyński's crime spree was Anna S., killed in 1946 in Bytom. The next victims were killed in Wrocław ten years later, all of them gunned down. When asked about the motive behind the murders, Baczyński explained that he felt aversion towards people who, due to their character, had a tendency to hurt their colleagues. In his opinion, such people were his victims, who were his subordinates for a long time.

## Trial and execution

Baczyński confessed to three out of the four murders, noting that he would've killed even more people. At the time of his trial, he initially tried to simulate a mental illness, but later dropped the act, showing no remorse for his actions. His trial resulted in a death sentence, which Baczyński tried to appeal in the Council of State, but his request was rejected. On 17 May 1960, he was executed by hanging.

## Victims

| Nmb. | Name | Date of death | Place of murder |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Anna S. | 18 July 1946 | Bytom |
| 2. | Chaim N. | 26 November 1956 | Wrocław |
| 3. | Józef S. | 9 January 1957 | Wrocław |
| 4. | Józef W. | 18 April 1957 | Wrocław |

## InfoBox

| Władysław Baczyński | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1918
Second Polish Republic |
| Died | 17 May 1960(1960-05-17) (aged 41–42)
Polish People's Republic |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Murder |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
| Details | |
| Victims | 4 |
| Span of crimes | 1946–1957 |
| Country | Poland |
| State(s) | Lower Silesia, Silesia |
|  | |


title: Nicholas Diddams

abstract: Nicholas Diddams (c.1760–1823) was a Master Shipwright mainly building for the Royal Navy.

text:
# Nicholas Diddams

**Nicholas Diddams** (c.17601823) was a Master Shipwright mainly building for the Royal Navy.

## Life

He was born around 1760 the son of Nicholas Diddams (b.1731) and grandson of John Diddams (1687-1766) and his wife Mary Rolfe (1702-1777).

He appears to have been involved in the design of HMS Experiment (1784). This would place him in Boston, Lincolnshire for the period 1782 to 1784. The Experiment was a cutter employed by HM Revenue services, guarding against smuggling.

He appears in a document of August 1797 has a shipwright concluding the apprenticeship of a John Lane.

In November 1802 he was appointed Chief Shipwright at Sheerness Dockyard. Given that all ships he built were truly huge he must have had considerable experience prior to 1802 to be given such major responsibility. He worked with Sir John Henslow building HMS Antelope. The Royal Navy were so impressed that they moved him to be Chief Shipwright of the far larger Portsmouth Dockyard in 1802/3. He launched his first ship there in 1806.

In 1808 he made a survey drawing of "Algesiras" a Spanish captured ship, brought to Portsmouth for a refit to Royal Navy standards.

Due to the huge lead-in period between commissioning in relation to "need" and launching, the end of the Napoleonic Wars meant that many of his final masterpieces never saw any major action and became obsolete without another war arising.

He died in Portsmouth in 1823. His will is held in the National Archive at Kew.

## Ships built


title: New York Short Line

abstract: The New York Short Line was a railway line in Pennsylvania. It was operated by the Reading Company and built by the New York Short Line Railroad, a subsidiary. It was opened in 1906 to provide a more direct route between Philadelphia and New York City, bypassing the existing route via Jenkintown. The line was conveyed to Conrail in 1976 and is now part of the Trenton Subdivision of CSX.

text:
# New York Short Line

The **New York Short Line** was a railway line in Pennsylvania. It was operated by the Reading Company and built by the New York Short Line Railroad, a subsidiary. It was opened in 1906 to provide a more direct route between Philadelphia and New York City, bypassing the existing route via Jenkintown. The line was conveyed to Conrail in 1976 and is now part of the Trenton Subdivision of CSX.

## History

The Philadelphia and Reading Railway, together with the Central Railroad of New Jersey, maintained its own route between Philadelphia and New York City independent of the Pennsylvania Railroad's Northeast Corridor. Trains came north up the Ninth Street Branch from Reading Terminal via Wayne Junction to the Bethlehem Branch, then east at Jenkintown on to the New York Branch. The New York-bound trains of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) also used this route.

The New York Short Line Railroad was incorporated on May 6, 1903, to build a new cutoff extending from the Newtown Branch at Cheltenham to the New York Branch at Neshaminy Falls. This line, some 9 miles (14 km) long, was 2.1 miles (3.4 km) shorter than the existing route and avoided the congested junction at Jenkintown. To reach Cheltenham, trains would move on the Newtown Branch at Newtown Junction, north of Wayne Junction.

The new line opened on May 27, 1906. To support the additional traffic, the Newtown Branch was double-tracked between Cheltenham and Newtown Junction. Administratively, the Newtown Branch's southern terminus was cut back to Cheltenham Junction once the New York Short Line opened, with the new branch extending from Neshaminy Falls to Newtown Junction. The New York Short Line Railroad was one of twelve Reading properties merged at the end of 1923 to create the new Reading Company. The section of the line from Newtown Junction to Cheltenham Junction was electrified on September 29, 1966, along with the Newtown Branch to Fox Chase.

With the Reading Company's final bankruptcy in 1976, the New York Short Line was conveyed to Conrail. SEPTA regional rail trains, now the Fox Chase Line, continued to share the branch with freight trains between Newtown Junction and Cheltenham Junction. In the mid-1980s, SEPTA studied the possibility of electrifying the branch between Cheltenham Junction and Neshaminy Falls.

The New York Short Line was eventually combined with several other lines to become part of the Trenton Line, later the Trenton Subdivision. Beginning in 1989 the shared double-tracked portion was functionally split, with Conrail and SEPTA each using one track. The two lines were physically separated in 2004–2005.

## InfoBox

| New York Short Line | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Opened | 27 May 1906 (1906-05-27) |
| Conveyed to Conrail | 1 April 1976 (1976-04-01) |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Electrification | 12 kV 25 Hz overhead line |
| Route map | |


title: New Tales of Gisaeng

abstract: New Tales of Gisaeng is a 2011 South Korean television series starring Im Soo-hyang, Sung Hoon, and Han Hye-rin. Written by Im Sung-han and directed by Son Moon-kwon, it aired on SBS from January 23 to July 17, 2011, on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:45 for 52 episodes. It is based on Lee Hyun-su's novel of the same name.

text:
# New Tales of Gisaeng

***New Tales of Gisaeng*** (Korean: 신기생뎐; RR: *Sin Gisaeng Dyeon*; also known as ***New Gisaeng Story***) is a 2011 South Korean television series starring Im Soo-hyang, Sung Hoon, and Han Hye-rin. Written by Im Sung-han and directed by Son Moon-kwon, it aired on SBS from January 23 to July 17, 2011, on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:45 for 52 episodes. It is based on Lee Hyun-su's novel of the same name.

## Plot

"Gisaeng" was the Korean equivalent of a geisha or courtesan knowledgeable in poetry, dance, music, culture and politics, who entertained noblemen and royalty of the Joseon Dynasty. This series explores the premise that gisaeng still existed in modern-day Korea.

Dan Sa-ran (Im Soo-hyang) lost her mother at a young age, and never quite got along with her stepmother and stepsister. Despite her humble background, she carries herself with pride and grace, majoring in classical dance during college. Drawing the attention of Buyonggak's head gisaeng with her dancing talent and classic beauty, Sa-ran enters Korea's sole traditional gisaeng house, an exclusive establishment that serves only VIP guests. Ah Da-mo (Sung Hoon) is a cocky second-generation chaebol with his own set of daddy issues. He can't be bothered to give any woman the time of day... until he meets Sa-ran.

## Cast

### Main characters

### Supporting characters

Dan family * Baek Ok-dam as Dan Gong-joo
* Kim Joo-young as Dan Chul-soo
* Lee Sook as Ji Hwa-ja

Geum family * Han Jin-hee as Geum Eo-san
    + Park Jin as young Eo-san
* Seo Woo-rim as Lee Hong-ah
* Lee Jong-nam as Jang Joo-hee
* Lee Dong-joon as Geum Kang-san
* Lee Dae-ro as Geum Shi-jo
* Lee Sang-mi as Shin Hyo-ri

Ah family * Im Hyuk as Ah Soo-ra
* Kim Hye-jung as Cha Ra-ri
* Ahn Young-joo as Park Ae-ja

Buyonggak * Lee Mae-ri as Lee Do-hwa
* Choi Sun-ja as Hwa-ran's mother
* Park Joon-myun as Noh Eun-ja
* Seo Dong-soo as Ma Dan-se
* Song Dae-kwan as Seo Saeng-kang
* Oh Ki-chan as Oh Bong-yi
* Kang Cho-hee as Han Song-yi
* Kim Yul as Baek Soo-jung
* Seol Yoon as Jang Soo-jin
* Yoon Ji-eun as Song Hye-eun
* Kim Eun-sun as Ye-rang
* Lee Sun-ah as Lee Ji-hyang
* Oh Ji-yeon as Kim-sshi
* Ha Na-kyung

Extended cast * Jeon Ji-hoo as Son-ja
* Jin Ye-sol as Jin Joo-ah
* Lee Soo-jin as Sung Ah-mi
* Park Yoon-jae as Oh Jin-ahm
* Kim Ho-chang as Yoo Tae-young
* Michael Blunck as Kyle
* Shin Goo as Master Joong-bong
* Jun Sung-hwan as Master Jung-do
* Lee Hyo-jung as Ma Yi-joon (CEO Joon Entertainment) The Midas
* Kim Joon-hyung as Do-suk
* Son Ga-young as Choi Young-mim
* Won Jong-rye as Young-nim's mother
* Kim Sun-il as Min-jae
* Min Joon-hyun as manager

## Ratings

| Episode # | Original broadcast date | Average audience share | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | TNmS Ratings | | AGB Nielsen | |
| | | Nationwide | Seoul National Capital Area | Nationwide | Seoul National Capital Area |
| 1 | 23 January 2011 | **8.0%** | 9.9% | 10.4% | 12.2% |
| 2 | 24 January 2011 | 9.9% | 11.9% | 12.4% | 14.2% |
| 3 | 29 January 2011 | 9.2% | 10.7% | 11.4% | 13.2% |
| 4 | 30 January 2011 | 8.3% | **9.8%** | **9.4%** | **10.9%** |
| 5 | 5 February 2011 | 9.0% | 11.3% | 10.2% | 11.3% |
| 6 | 6 February 2011 | 8.9% | 10.3% | 10.8% | 12.0% |
| 7 | 12 February 2011 | 9.7% | 12.1% | 11.0% | 12.0% |
| 8 | 13 February 2011 | 9.0% | 10.8% | 10.9% | 12.5% |
| 9 | 19 February 2011 | 10.4% | 12.1% | 14.5% | 16.3% |
| 10 | 20 February 2011 | 9.0% | 10.3% | 13.6% | 16.0% |
| 11 | 26 February 2011 | 10.1% | 11.4% | 12.7% | 14.4% |
| 12 | 27 February 2011 | 10.1% | 12.1% | 13.7% | 15.7% |
| 13 | 5 March 2011 | 11.2% | 13.0% | 12.7% | 14.4% |
| 14 | 6 March 2011 | 10.5% | 12.3% | 13.7% | 15.2% |
| 15 | 12 March 2011 | 10.7% | 12.8% | 12.6% | 14.3% |
| 16 | 13 March 2011 | 11.5% | 13.7% | 13.4% | 15.5% |
| 17 | 19 March 2011 | 11.4% | 14.0% | 13.2% | 15.4% |
| 18 | 20 March 2011 | 11.0% | 13.1% | 14.4% | 16.6% |
| 19 | 26 March 2011 | 11.3% | 13.1% | 12.5% | 14.1% |
| 20 | 27 March 2011 | 10.8% | 13.3% | 13.0% | 14.9% |
| 21 | 2 April 2011 | 13.7% | 15.9% | 18.0% | 20.2% |
| 22 | 3 April 2011 | 15.6% | 18.2% | 18.7% | 20.5% |
| 23 | 9 April 2011 | 16.0% | 18.7% | 18.7% | 21.0% |
| 24 | 10 April 2011 | 14.8% | 17.9% | 19.2% | 21.9% |
| 25 | 16 April 2011 | 14.9% | 16.9% | 17.0% | 18.4% |
| 26 | 17 April 2011 | 15.7% | 18.5% | 18.5% | 20.9% |
| 27 | 23 April 2011 | 14.6% | 17.2% | 18.7% | 21.0% |
| 28 | 24 April 2011 | 15.1% | 17.5% | 19.3% | 21.0% |
| 29 | 1 May 2011 | 10.1% | 11.8% | 13.3% | 14.9% |
| 30 | 1 May 2011 | 15.7% | 17.2% | 19.0% | 20.5% |
| 31 | 7 May 2011 | 13.0% | 14.3% | 16.4% | 16.9% |
| 32 | 8 May 2011 | 14.8% | 16.9% | 18.3% | 20.1% |
| 33 | 14 May 2011 | 15.2% | 18.5% | 17.6% | 19.6% |
| 34 | 15 May 2011 | 16.4% | 19.6% | 19.1% | 21.4% |
| 35 | 21 May 2011 | 15.0% | 17.3% | 19.2% | 21.8% |
| 36 | 22 May 2011 | 16.5% | 18.9% | 19.3% | 21.0% |
| 37 | 28 May 2011 | 15.9% | 18.7% | 18.5% | 19.8% |
| 38 | 29 May 2011 | 16.3% | 19.1% | 20.2% | 21.9% |
| 39 | 4 June 2011 | 15.6% | 19.1% | 19.3% | 20.2% |
| 40 | 5 June 2011 | 15.9% | 17.0% | 19.4% | 20.7% |
| 41 | 11 June 2011 | 18.1% | 21.0% | 21.7% | 22.9% |
| 42 | 12 June 2011 | 19.3% | 22.8% | 22.3% | 24.1% |
| 43 | 18 June 2011 | 19.1% | 20.9% | 21.0% | 22.0% |
| 44 | 19 June 2011 | 19.6% | 23.5% | 23.1% | 24.5% |
| 45 | 25 June 2011 | 19.5% | 22.2% | 22.4% | 24.3% |
| 46 | 26 June 2011 | 20.3% | 22.2% | 25.0% | 26.5% |
| 47 | 2 June 2011 | 20.4% | 23.3% | 22.5% | 23.2% |
| 48 | 3 June 2011 | 20.9% | 24.6% | 24.4% | 25.8% |
| 49 | 9 June 2011 | 20.1% | 20.8% | 23.6% | 24.7% |
| 50 | 10 June 2011 | 21.1% | 22.3% | 24.7% | 25.9% |
| 51 | 16 June 2011 | 23.2% | **25.1%** | 26.5% | 28.3% |
| 52 | 17 June 2011 | **24.0%** | **25.1%** | **28.3%** | **29.5%** |
| Average | | 14.4% | 16.6% | 17.3% | 19.0% |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Recipient | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | 4th Korea Drama Awards | Best New Actress | Im Soo-hyang | Won |
| | 19th SBS Drama Awards | Special Award, Actor in a Weekend/Daily Drama | Im Hyuk | Nominated |
| | | Han Jin-hee | Nominated |
| | Special Award, Actress in a Weekend/Daily Drama | Kim Hye-sun | Nominated |
| | New Star Award | Sung Hoon | Won |
| | Im Soo-hyang | Won |
| | 2012 | 48th Paeksang Arts Awards | Best New Actress | Nominated |
|

## International broadcast

It aired in Japan on cable channel KNTV from September 9, 2012, to March 3, 2013, with reruns on cable channel BS Japan beginning February 20, 2013. In 2015, Hong Kong's HKTV also played this drama.

## InfoBox

| *New Tales of Gisaeng* | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Also known as | New Gisaeng Story |
| Genre | Romance, Melodrama |
| Written by | Im Sung-han |
| Directed by | Lee Young-hee
Son Moon-kwon |
| Starring | Im Soo-hyang
Sung Hoon
Han Hye-rin |
| Country of origin | South Korea |
| Original language | Korean |
| No. of episodes | 52 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Oh Se-kang |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production company | Golden Pine |
| Original release | |
| Network | Seoul Broadcasting System |
| Release | 23 January (2011-01-23)
17 July 2011 (2011-07-17) |


title: New York State Route 324

abstract: New York State Route 324 (NY 324) is an east–west state highway located in the western portion of New York in the United States. Officially, NY 324 begins at NY 384 in Niagara Falls and overlaps Interstate 190 south to Grand Island, where it separates from I-190 and continues southward as Grand Island Boulevard. As signed, however, NY 324 begins at the southern end of the official overlap and is contained entirely within Erie County. At the southern edge of Grand Island, NY 324 joins I-190 to cross over to the mainland, where it runs due east across three towns before reaching its eastern end at a junction with NY 5 in the town of Clarence. NY 324 is known by two names along its routing: Grand Island Boulevard on Grand Island and Sheridan Drive in the northern suburbs of Buffalo. As the latter, the route serves as a major commercial strip for Tonawanda, Amherst, and Clarence. NY 324, assigned c. 1933, is one of two routes to occupy part of Sheridan Drive; the other is New York State Route 325, which follows the westernmost 1.42 miles (2.29 km) of the street. NY 324 once extended northwest to downtown Niagara Falls; however, it was truncated to its current western terminus on January 1, 1962.

text:
# New York State Route 324

**New York State Route 324** (**NY 324**) is an east–west state highway located in the western portion of New York in the United States. Officially, NY 324 begins at NY 384 in Niagara Falls and overlaps Interstate 190 (I-190, the Niagara Section of the New York State Thruway) south to Grand Island, where it separates from I-190 and continues southward as Grand Island Boulevard. As signed, however, NY 324 begins at the southern end of the official overlap and is contained entirely within Erie County. At the southern edge of Grand Island, NY 324 joins I-190 to cross over to the mainland, where it runs due east across three towns before reaching its eastern end at a junction with NY 5 in the town of Clarence.

NY 324 is known by two names along its routing: Grand Island Boulevard on Grand Island and Sheridan Drive in the northern suburbs of Buffalo. As the latter, the route serves as a major commercial strip for Tonawanda, Amherst, and Clarence. NY 324, assigned c.1933, is one of two routes to occupy part of Sheridan Drive; the other is **New York State Route 325**, which follows the westernmost 1.42 miles (2.29 km) of the street. NY 324 once extended northwest to downtown Niagara Falls; however, it was truncated to its current western terminus on January 1, 1962.

## Route description

According to the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), NY 324 begins at NY 384 in eastern Niagara Falls. NY 324 heads south, overlapping with I-190 (the Niagara Section of the New York State Thruway) across the North Grand Island Bridge to Grand Island, where it leaves the expressway at exit 20. However, as signed, NY 324 begins at the north end of Grand Island, where it splits off from the Interstate Highway as Grand Island Boulevard. South of exit 20, the official and signed routings are identical.

Maintenance of the route is split between NYSDOT, the New York State Thruway Authority (NYSTA), and Erie County. All but the northernmost 0.02 miles (0.03 km) of the portion of the route that overlaps with I-190 is maintained by NYSTA. The two county-maintained sections extend from exit 20B to Grand Island Boulevard on Grand Island and from exit 15 to Grand Island Boulevard in Town of Tonawanda, where NY 324 utilizes small portions of the county-owned Long Road and Kenmore Avenue, respectively. The remainder of NY 324 is maintained by NYSDOT.

From I-190 exit 20, NY 324 runs in a more southeasterly direction, serving as the main commercial strip on Grand Island, before it overlaps I-190 in order to cross the Niagara River. Once on the mainland, the structure of exits on I-190 allows only the westbound portion of NY 325 to use Grand Island Boulevard west of I-190's exit 15, following Grand Island Boulevard past the exit to an intersection with NY 266, then turning right to follow it to exit 17 to merge with I-190. The eastbound route of NY 324 is unable to do so; instead, it parts company with the Interstate Highway on the other side of the river at exit 15, where it turns north to parallel I-190 on Kenmore Avenue. The eastbound portion of Grand Island Boulevard on this stretch is maintained as reference route 950C. After 250 yards (229 m), it veers east onto the Town of Tonawanda's portion of Grand Island Boulevard for 0.5 miles (0.8 km) to a junction with Sheridan Drive. The latter carries NY 325, a 1.42-mile (2.29 km) route that begins at NY 266 on the banks of the Niagara and passes through a commercial and industrial area of the Town of Tonawanda. NY 324 takes on the Sheridan Drive name here and assumes a more due easterly course across northern Erie County. Though the street is signed as a state highway on both NY 324 and NY 325, most residents simply refer to this road by its local name.

Through much of this portion, the road is divided, with a tree-lined median strip. Businesses, both local and national, line both sides of the road and traffic is heavy. It crosses some other major strips such as Niagara Falls Boulevard (U.S. Route 62 or US 62), a major contributor to traffic on Sheridan due to the proximity of the Boulevard Mall, and Millersport Highway (NY 263), which feeds the Amherst campus of the University at Buffalo. In Amherst it meets the Youngmann Expressway (I-290) where NY 240 (Harlem Road), reaches its northern end. Past the Youngmann development abates, green returns to the roadside and the median ends, although the road remains four-lane and high-volume. There is another pocket of development around the Wegmans supermarket north of Williamsville, which has seen some rapid growth in the last few years.

NY 324 crosses its last major route, Transit Road (NY 78), on an overpass just north of the once-thriving Eastern Hills Mall, which had been the premier mall in the Buffalo area until it began losing tenants and customers to the larger Walden Galleria in Cheektowaga. Beyond Transit, the road is still four-lane but primarily residential as it enters the Town of Clarence. After Harris Hill Road, the highway bends to the southeast once again for a final mile into its eastern end at Main Street (NY 5). This last section was widened from two lanes to four in the mid-1990s, and has seen some development but still remains lightly trafficked most of the day.

## History

Sheridan Drive was constructed during the early 1920s as a town of Tonawanda project to help alleviate the anticipated growth of the village of Kenmore. Despite its construction, the new road was not without controversy. During construction, new traffic lights were put in with concrete supports were opposed heavily by the town of Tonawanda and its residents, resulting in the traffic lights not having been built for many years. The town also felt that the construction of a superhighway in the middle of the country in Tonawanda was unjustified with the average traffic in that area. After construction of Sheridan Drive was completed in 1925, a monument with a statue of General Phillip Sheridan was constructed to commemorate the new road. However, the taxpayers feeling enough money had already been spent on the road, the statue of Sheridan was never constructed and only the monument to the road's construction was completed. In order to give the road a new look, the road had large trees planted throughout what was considered a desolate area at the time.

Due to an archaic law in Erie County, the town of Tonawanda and the town of Amherst, who completed the road in 1925, were requested in 1935 to take over $2 million (1935 USD) in debts bonded for its construction. The county noted that the towns' inability to pay for the road made the new road a financial burden for the county. To make things worse, the new road did not bring the immediate influx of business that was advertised and was looking early on as a giant mistake on the part of the county and towns.

When NY 324 was assigned c.1933, it began at NY 384 (River Road; now NY 266) in the town of Tonawanda and followed Sheridan Drive eastward to NY 5 in the town of Clarence. By 1935, what is now NY 324 between Niagara Falls and Tonawanda via Grand Island was designated as NY 325. NY 324 was extended northward to NY 384 in Niagara Falls c.1937, supplanting the entirety of NY 325. The NY 325 designation was reassigned to the short piece of Sheridan Drive not designated as NY 324. The route was extended one final time by 1948 to follow NY 384 westward from the North Grand Island Bridge into downtown Niagara Falls.

NY 324 remained unchanged until January 1, 1962, when the overlap with NY 384 was removed. Although the overlap with the new I-190 on the North Grand Island Bridge was also removed from maps during the same period, and is no longer signed, this overlap was never officially removed from either NYSDOT's description of the route or the annual NYSDOT Traffic Data Report.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Niagara | Niagara Falls | 0.00 | 0.00 |
I-190 north Lewiston | Western terminus; exit 21 (I-190); northern terminus of I-190 / NY 324 overlap |
| | | |
NY 384 / Niagara Scenic Parkway north Niagara Falls State Park, American Falls, Rainbow Bridge, Canada, Seneca Niagara Casino |  |
| Erie | Grand Island | 1.57 | 2.53 |
I-190 south Buffalo | Exit 20B (I-190); southern terminus of I-190 / NY 324 overlap |
| | | 6.17 | 9.93 |
I-190 north Niagara Falls | Exit 18 (I-190); northern terminus of I-190 / NY 324 overlap |
| | Town of Tonawanda | 7.42 | 11.94 | NY 266 (River Road) Tonawandas, Buffalo | Exit 17 (I-190) |
| | 8.02 | 12.91 |

I-290 east (Youngmann Expressway) to I-90 / New York Thruway Tonawanda, Rochester | Exit 16 (I-190); western terminus of I-290 |
| | 8.25 | 13.28 |
I-190 south Buffalo | Exit 15 (I-190); southern terminus of I-190 / NY 324 overlap (eastbound) |
| | 9.05 | 14.56 |

I-190 north / I-290 east | Exit 15 (I-190); southern terminus of I-190 / NY 324 overlap (westbound) |
| | 9.56 | 15.39 |
NY 325 south (Sheridan Drive) | Northern terminus of NY 325 |
| | 9.95 | 16.01 | NY 265 (Military Road) |  |
| | 10.78 | 17.35 | NY 384 (Delaware Avenue) |  |
| | TonawandaAmherst
town line | 13.11 | 21.10 |
US 62 north (Niagara Falls Boulevard) / NY 950K south (Niagara Falls Boulevard) | Western terminus of US 62 / NY 324 overlap; northern terminus of unsigned NY 950K |
| | Amherst | 13.56 | 21.82 |
US 62 south (Bailey Avenue) | Eastern terminus of US 62 / NY 324 overlap |
| | 14.32 | 23.05 | NY 263 (Millersport Highway) |  |
| | 15.09 | 24.29 |
NY 240 south (Harlem Road) | Northern terminus of NY 240 |
| | 15.13 | 24.35 | I-290 (Youngmann Expressway) | Exit 6 (I-290) |
| | 15.90 | 25.59 |
NY 277 south (Union Road) | Northern terminus of NY 277 |
| | AmherstClarence
town line | 19.50 | 31.38 |

NY 78 (Transit Road) to I-90 / New York Thruway |  |
| | Clarence | 22.51 | 36.23 | NY 5 (Main Street) | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Bibliography

* Percy, John W. (1997). *Images of America: The Town of Tonawanda*. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738587172.

Template:Attached KML/New York State Route 324KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| New York State Route 324 | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls area with NY 324 highlighted in red, and NY 325 in blue | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NYSDOT, NYSTA, and Erie County | |
| Length | 22.51 mi (36.23 km) |
| Existed | c.1933–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | I-190 / NY 384 / Niagara Scenic Parkway in Niagara Falls |
| Major intersections | I-190 on Grand Island
NY 265 in Tonawanda
I-290 in Amherst
NY 78 in Amherst / Clarence |
| East end | NY 5 in Clarence |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Counties | Niagara, Erie |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| NY 323   NY 326 | |


title: New England Women's Hockey Alliance

abstract: The New England Women's Hockey Alliance (NEWHA) is a women's college ice hockey conference in the United States. It participates in the NCAA's Division I as a hockey-only conference. As of the most recent 2023–24 NCAA hockey season, the conference is made up of eight teams, with two each in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, and one each in New York and Vermont.

text:
# New England Women's Hockey Alliance

The **New England Women's Hockey Alliance** (**NEWHA**) is a women's college ice hockey conference in the United States. It participates in the NCAA's Division I as a hockey-only conference. As of the most recent 2023–24 NCAA hockey season, the conference is made up of eight teams, with two each in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, and one each in New York and Vermont.

## History

Prior to 2017, the women's ice hockey program at Sacred Heart University was a longstanding independent team, part of no conference. In that year, three NCAA Division II colleges and one Division I college (College of the Holy Cross) were removed from their NCAA Division III hockey conference (the New England Hockey Conference, formerly the ECAC East). Those teams had previously not been eligible for postseason play, but the conference no longer wanted Division I and II teams playing a conference schedule at all. A sixth team, from Post University, announced plans to start playing that year as well.

Sacred Heart, Post, and the other four programs (Holy Cross, St. Michael's, St. Anselm, and Franklin Pierce) then formed a scheduling alliance called the New England Women's Hockey Alliance. This was not a formal conference affiliation, just an agreement among the teams to schedule each other during the regular season; officially the teams would be classified as Division I or Division II independents. (NCAA women's ice hockey makes no distinction between Divisions I and II; the NCAA operates a single National Collegiate Championship for women's hockey that includes both Division I and Division II teams, and scholarship limits in that sport are identical in both divisions.)

Holy Cross intended to be independent only for one season, applying for and gaining membership in Hockey East effective 2018. In that year, the other NEWHA members announced plans to adhere to Division I recruiting rules and offer scholarships, and so applied to the NCAA for the NEWHA to be recognized as an official Division I conference. They also announced the conference would include Long Island University's team when it began play in 2019. NEWHA was approved as a Division I NCAA conference in September 2019. The conference will need to play at least two seasons with the same six members before being granted an automatic bid to the National Collegiate Championship playoffs in women's ice hockey.

The NEWHA expanded to seven members in 2022 with the arrival of Stonehill College, which started a varsity women's hockey team in the 2022–23 season. Stonehill had initially planned to start play in 2021–22, but NCAA-imposed recruiting limits imposed in the wake of COVID-19 led the school to delay the team's start by a year. The latest addition to the NEWHA is Assumption University, which joined for administrative purposes on July 1, 2022, in advance of its first season of varsity play in 2023–24.

On February 22, 2020, Saint Anselm and Franklin Pierce broke the record for longest NCAA women's hockey game with a five-overtime contest in the NEWHA Playoff Tournament that went 147:24. The game eclipsed the previous record of 144:32 in a 2010 game featuring RPI and Quinnipiac.

## Members

### Current members

| Institution | Location | Nickname | Founded | Affiliation | Enrollment | Joined | Men's Hockey conference | Primary Conference | Colors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Assumption University** | Worcester, MA | Greyhounds | 1904 | Private (Catholic) | 2,349 | 2023 | Northeast-10 (D-II) | Northeast-10 (D-II) |  |
| **Franklin Pierce University** | Rindge, NH | Ravens | 1962 | Private (Nonsectarian) | 2,381 | 2017 | Northeast-10 (D-II) | Northeast-10 (D-II) |  |
| **Long Island University** | Brooklyn/Brookville, NY | Sharks | 1926 | Private (Nonsectarian) | 18,500 | 2019 | Independent | Northeast Conference |  |
| **Post University** | Waterbury, CT | Eagles | 1890 | Private (For-profit) | 849 | 2017 | Northeast-10 (D-II) | Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference (D-II) |  |
| **Sacred Heart University** | Fairfield, CT | Pioneers | 1963 | Private (Catholic) | 5,428 | 2017 | Atlantic Hockey America | Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference |  |
| **Saint Anselm College** | Goffstown, NH | Hawks | 1889 | Private (Catholic) | 2,015 | 2017 | Northeast-10 (D-II) | Northeast-10 (D-II) |  |
| **Saint Michael's College** | Colchester, VT | Purple Knights | 1904 | Private (Catholic) | 1,600 | 2017 | Northeast-10 (D-II) | Northeast-10 (D-II) |  |
| **Stonehill College** | Easton, MA | Skyhawks | 1948 | Private (Catholic) | 2,500 | 2022 | Independent | Northeast Conference |  |

### Former member

| Institution | Location | Founded | Type | Nickname | Joined | Left | Current<br>Conference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| College of the Holy Cross | Worcester, Massachusetts | 1843 | Private (Catholic) | Crusaders | 2017 | 2018 | Hockey East |

### Membership timeline

## Champions

| Season | Regular Season | NEWHA Tournament | NCAA National |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017–18 | Saint Anselm | Sacred Heart | No Autobid |
| 2018–19 | Saint Anselm | Saint Anselm | No Autobid |
| 2019–20 | Sacred Heart | LIU | No Autobid |
| 2020–21 | Not Played - COVID | Not Played - COVID | No Autobid |
| 2021–22 | Franklin Pierce & LIU | Franklin Pierce | No Autobid |
| 2022–23 | LIU | LIU | LIU |
| 2023–24 | LIU | Stonehill | Stonehill |

1. USCHO Staff (September 4, 2019). "Alliance approved for NCAA Division I status, effective with '19-20 season". USCHO. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
2. "Stonehill to Add Women's Ice Hockey; Accepts Invitation to Join NEWHA" (Press release). New England Women's Hockey Alliance. December 9, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
3. "Stonehill to Delay First Women's Hockey Season to 2022-23" (Press release). Stonehill Skyhawks. September 11, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
4. "Assumption accepts invitation to join NEWHA as its eighth member" (Press release). New England Women's Hockey Alliance. June 29, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
5. Staff (February 23, 2020). "One night after winning longest game, Saint Anselm women fall". The Union Leader. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
6. "Men's Hockey Announced as Atlantic Hockey Scheduling Partner" (Press release). LIU Sharks. October 15, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
7. "NEWHA Women's Conference Standings: 2017-2018". USCHO. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
8. "Sacred Heart 3, Saint Anselm 1". uscho. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
9. "NEWHA Women's Conference Standings: 2019-2020". USCHO. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
10. "HIGHLIGHTS/REACTION: Women's Ice Hockey 3, Franklin Pierce 0 - 2018-19 NEWHA Championship Game". *YouTube*. Saint Anselm Athletics. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
11. "NEWHA Women's Conference Standings: 2019-2020". USCHO. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
12. "CHAMPIONS! Women's Ice Hockey Defeats Saint Anselm, 1-0 to Capture NEWHA Championship". *LIU Sharks*. Long Island University Athletics. February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
13. "Standings". *College Hockey | USCHO.com*. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
14. "PERCHED AT THE TOP: Women's Ice Hockey Claims NEWHA Title over Saint Anselm, 1-0". *Franklin Pierce*. March 5, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
15. "Standings". *College Hockey | USCHO.com*. Retrieved February 17, 2023.

## InfoBox

New England Women's Hockey Alliance
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Association | NCAA |
| Founded | 2018 |
| Commissioner | Robert M. DeGregorio, Jr. (since 2018) |
| Sports fielded |  |
| Division | Division I |
| No. of teams | 8 |
| Headquarters | Winthrop, Massachusetts |
| Region | New England, New York |
| Official website | newhaonline.com |


title: Newfoundland and Labrador Route 345

abstract: Route 345 is a 16.1-kilometre-long (10.0 mi) north-south highway on New World Island in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It connects the communities of Virgin Arm–Carter's Cove with Tizzard's Harbour on the western half of the island.

text:
# Newfoundland and Labrador Route 345

**Route 345** is a 16.1-kilometre-long (10.0 mi) north-south highway on New World Island in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It connects the communities of Virgin Arm–Carter's Cove with Tizzard's Harbour on the western half of the island.

## Route description

Route 345 begins in Virgin Arm–Carter's Cove at an intersection with Route 340 (Road to the Isles). It winds its way west through town before leaving and heading northwest through rural areas to pass through Chanceport. The highway now winds its way through wooded and hilly terrain for several kilometres to come to an intersection with a spur road leading to Bridgeport, where it turns north to enter Moreton's Harbour. Route 345 has an intersection with a road leading to Valley Pond before winding its way northeast through town. It heads northeast through rural areas for several more kilometres to enter Tizzard's Harbour, where it comes to an end at the centre of town.

## Major intersections

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Virgin Arm-Carter's Cove | 0.0 | 0.0 | Route 340 (Road to the Isles) to Route 1 (TCH) Twillingate, Summerford, Lewisporte | Southern terminus |
|  | 9.1 | 5.7 | Bridgeport Road (Route 345-17) - Bridgeport |  |
| Moreton's Harbour | 10.3 | 6.4 | Valley Pond Road (Route 345-20) - Valley Pond |  |
| Tizzard's Harbour | 16.1 | 10.0 | Main Street | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Route 345 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Infrastructure | |
| Length | 16.1 km (10.0 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Route 340 in Virgin Arm–Carter's Cove |
| North end | Tizzard's Harbour |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Newfoundland and Labrador |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 344   Route 346 | |


title: Newfoundland and Labrador Route 363

abstract: Route 363, also known as Coomb's Cove Road, is a 18.4-kilometre-long (11.4 mi) east–west highway on the Connaigre Peninsula of the island of Newfoundland. It is located entirely with the town of St. Jacques-Coomb's Cove, connecting the communities on the western half of town with Route 362.

text:
# Newfoundland and Labrador Route 363

**Route 363**, also known as **Coomb's Cove Road**, is a 18.4-kilometre-long (11.4 mi) east–west highway on the Connaigre Peninsula of the island of Newfoundland. It is located entirely with the town of St. Jacques-Coomb's Cove, connecting the communities on the western half of town with Route 362 (Belleoram Road).

## Route description

Route 363 begins at a fork in the road in Coomb's Cove and winds its way east along the coastline of Fortune Bay to have an intersection with a local road leading to Wreck Cove. The highway has an intersection with a road leading to Boxey before passing through Mose Ambrose and English Harbour West. Route 363 now winds its way inland through hilly terrain for several kilometres before coming to an end at an intersection with Route 362.

## Major intersections

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Coomb's Cove | 0.0 | 0.0 | Fork in the road at the northern end of town | Western terminus |
|  | 2.9 | 1.8 | Wreck Cove Road (Route 363-15) - Wreck Cove |  |
|  | 6.7 | 4.2 | Boxey Road (Route 363-13) - Boxey |  |
| English Harbour West | 13.4 | 8.3 | Ocean Drive (Route 363-10) - Downtown |  |
|  | 18.4 | 11.4 | Route 362 (Belleoram Road) to Route 360 St. Jacques, Belleoram, Pool's Cove | Eastern terminus; access to  Route 1 (TCH) via Route 360 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Route 363 | |
| --- | --- |
| Coomb's Cove Road | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Infrastructure | |
| Length | 18.4 km (11.4 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Coomb's Cove |
| East end | Route 362 near English Harbour West |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Newfoundland and Labrador |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 362   Route 364 | |


title: Newfoundland and Labrador Route 351

abstract: Route 351 is a highway on the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is one of a small number of provincial routes that start and end on the same highway. It is a very short route, running through its only community, Norris Arm.

text:
# Newfoundland and Labrador Route 351

**Route 351** is a highway on the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is one of a small number of provincial routes that start and end on the same highway (in this case, the Trans-Canada Highway) (Route 1). It is a very short route, running through its only community, Norris Arm.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Norris Arm.

| km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | Route 1 (TCH) Gander, Grand Falls-Windsor | Western terminus |
| 2.2 | 1.4 | Sandy Point Road - Sandy Point, Jumpers Brook |  |
| 11.5 | 7.1 | Route 1 (TCH) Gander, Grand Falls-Windsor | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Route 351 | |
| --- | --- |
| Rattling Brook Road | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Infrastructure | |
| Length | 11.5 km (7.1 mi) |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Newfoundland and Labrador |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 350   Route 352 | |


title: New York City in the American Civil War

abstract: New York City during the American Civil War (1861–1865) was a bustling American city that provided a major source of troops, supplies, equipment and financing for the Union Army. Powerful New York politicians and newspaper editors helped shape public opinion toward the war effort and the policies of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. The port of New York, a major entry point for immigrants, served as recruiting grounds for the Army. Irish-Americans and German-Americans participated in the war at a high rate. The city's strong commercial ties to the South, its growing immigrant population, and anger about conscription led to divided sympathies, with some business men favoring the Confederacy and other opinion in favor of the Union. The New York Draft Riot of 1863, provoked by fears of labor competition and resentment of wealthy men being able to buy their way out of the draft, was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history and featured widespread ethnic Irish violence against blacks in the city. The neighboring and more populous City of Brooklyn, however, was more supportive of the war effort.

text:
# New York City in the American Civil War

New York City during the American Civil War (18611865) was a bustling American city that provided a major source of troops, supplies, equipment and financing for the Union Army. Powerful New York politicians and newspaper editors helped shape public opinion toward the war effort and the policies of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. The port of New York, a major entry point for immigrants, served as recruiting grounds for the Army. Irish-Americans and German-Americans participated in the war at a high rate.

The city's strong commercial ties to the South, its growing immigrant population, and anger about conscription led to divided sympathies, with some business men favoring the Confederacy and other opinion in favor of the Union. The New York Draft Riot of 1863, provoked by fears of labor competition and resentment of wealthy men being able to buy their way out of the draft, was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history and featured widespread ethnic Irish violence against blacks in the city. The neighboring and more populous City of Brooklyn, however, was more supportive of the war effort.

## Early war years

New York City had long been the largest and in many ways the most influential city in the United States. By 1860, its population was a wide variety of diverse cultures, views, opinions, and politics. As Southern states began seceding with the election of Lincoln, New Yorkers in general supported the war effort, but there were several notable early exceptions.

The city and the state had strong economic ties to the South. By 1822, half of the city's exports were related to cotton, which also fed the upstate and New England textile mills. Mayor Fernando Wood won reelection to a second term, serving from 1860 to 1862. He was one of many New York Democrats who were sympathetic to the Confederacy and called "Copperheads" by staunch Unionists. In January 1861, Wood suggested to the City Council for New York City to secede as the "Free City of Tri-Insula" to continue its profitable cotton trade with the Confederacy. Wood's Democratic machine was concerned to maintain the revenues and jobs in the city (which depended on Southern cotton), which also supported the patronage system.

Politically, the city was dominated by Democrats, many of whom were under the control of a political machine known as Tammany Hall. Led by William "Boss" Tweed, the Democrats were elected to numerous offices in New York City, and to the state legislature and judges' seats, often through illegal means. From 1860 to 1870, Tweed controlled most Democratic nominations in the city, and Republicans tended to dominate Upstate New York. Lincoln supporters formed the Union League to support the war effort and the president's policies.

A series of U.S. Army forts, most constructed prior to the war, housed garrisons of Union troops to protect New York Harbor and the city from possible Confederate attack, but none occurred. Fort Lafayette, Fort Schuyler, and several others eventually were used to hold hundreds of Confederate prisoners-of-war. The Army established or expanded several large military hospitals, including McDougall Hospital and De Camp General Hospital, to serve the growing numbers of wounded and ill soldiers. Among the military innovations coming from New York City was the "Wig-Wag Signaling" system, tested in New York Harbor by Major Albert J. Myer.

Riker's Island was used as a military training ground for both white and United States Colored Troops during the Civil War; the latter were authorized in 1863. New soldiers were trained at "Camp Astor", named for the millionaire John Jacob Astor III, who provided funding for the army. Among the early regiments trained at Camp Astor were the Anderson Zouaves, commanded by Col. John Lafayette Riker, a descendant of the family who had owned the island.

The New York Navy Yard, established in 1801 in Brooklyn, was a major facility for the construction and repair of Union Navy ships. By the second year of the Civil War, the Yard had expanded to employ about 6000 men. In addition to government factories, hundreds of small private businesses throughout the New York area, such as the National Arms Company, provided military accoutrements, supplies, sundries, and items of use and comfort to the soldiers.

## Military recruitment

Despite pockets of objections to Lincoln's call for volunteers to serve in the Union army shortly after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, New Yorkers in general rushed to join the army or to raise financial and other support for the new troops. In one three-month period in early 1861, the city raised $150,000,000 for the war effort. By the end of May 1861, New York had raised 30,000 men for the volunteer army, including the "New York Fire Zouaves" (11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment) under a personal friend of Lincoln, Elmer Ellsworth. Troops paraded down Broadway to cheers and shouts as they left for the war. Over the course of the war, the city would send off over 100,000 troops collected from around the state. (based on New York State records, New York City raised over 150,000 volunteers, not including the tens of thousands of militia called up during emergencies during the war. In addition, 30 to 50,000 sailors joined the Navy at New York City.)

Beside the Fire Zouaves, other regiments raised in New York City became prominent in the Union army, including the 1st U.S. Sharpshooters (under Col. Hiram Berdan), the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Hawkins' Zouaves), and the 10th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ("National Guard Zouaves").

In 1862, George Opdyke was elected as mayor of New York City, succeeding Fernando Wood. A staunch supporter of Lincoln since before the war, Opdyke worked hard to raise and equip more state troops, and to prevent commercial panics on Wall Street as the Union's war successes waxed and waned. Under his leadership, recruiting efforts were renewed, particularly targeted at the vast supply of immigrants.

## Draft riots

President Lincoln and much of the Republican element of the U.S. Congress, concerned with the numbers of veteran troops whose terms of enlistments had expired and wanting to press the war to a conclusion, had approved of a conscription law to draft soldiers into the army to augment the number of volunteers. "Draft Week" in New York City was scheduled for mid-July 1863. Because of opposition to the draft, Lincoln sent several regiments of militia and volunteer troops (some fresh off the Gettysburg battlefield) to control the city. The rioters numbered in the thousands, and were predominantly Irish Catholics.

Initially intended to express anger at the draft, which wealthier men could buy substitutes for, the protests quickly degraded into civil disorder against the Republicans and especially against Black Americans. The conditions in the city were such that Maj. Gen. John E. Wool stated on July 16, "Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it." Using artillery and fixed bayonets, after the first day the military suppressed the mob, but not before numerous buildings were ransacked or destroyed, including many homes, the *Tribune* office, an orphanage for blacks, and P.T. Barnum's museum of oddities.

## Media and the war

New York City had a number of widely read newspapers and periodicals, whose influence was felt across the country. Horace Greeley, one of the founders of the Republican Party, developed his *New York Tribune* into America's most influential newspaper from 1840 through 1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as anti-slavery and other reform movements. Greeley, who during the secession crisis of 1861 had espoused a hard line against the Confederacy, became a voice for the Radical Republicans during the war, in opposition to Lincoln's moderation. By 1864 he had lost much of his control over the newspaper, but wrote an editorial expressing defeatism regarding Lincoln's chances of reelection. As his editorials were reprinted across the country, his pessimism was widely read.

The *New York Herald*, under owner James Gordon Bennett Sr., regularly criticized Lincoln's administration and policies, although Bennett and his paper strongly supported the Union. He had endorsed John C. Breckinridge early in the 1860 presidential campaign, then shifted to John Bell. In 1864, Bennett promoted George B. McClellan against Lincoln, but officially endorsed neither candidate.

In addition to the powerful newspapers, New York City was the site of the printing presses of several other important periodicals, such as *Harper's Weekly*, *Frank Leslie's Illustrated News*, and *New York Illustrated News*. The political cartoonist Thomas Nast became a well-known commentator on the war, and his efforts helped stir patriotism and fervor for the Union. Field war correspondents and artists such as Alfred Waud provided the public with first-hand accounts from the Northern armies.

Two journalists for the *Brooklyn Eagle* conspired to exploit the financial situation during early part of 1864, a plot known as the Civil War gold hoax. On May 18, two New York City newspapers, the *New York World* and the *New York Journal of Commerce*, 400,000 more men into the Union army. Share prices soon fell on the New York Stock Exchange when investors began to buy gold, and its value increased 10%. Officials finally traced the source of the story to the two men from the rival Brooklyn newspaper and arrested them.

Thomas W. Knox, a veteran journalist for the *New York Herald*, published a series of scathing attacks on General William Tecumseh Sherman and his men. These contributed to speculation over Sherman's sanity. Knox printed important information related to the Vicksburg Campaign that led to his being charged, tried, and found guilty of disobedience of orders, although he was acquitted on espionage charges.

## 1864 Election Day sabotage

Secret agents from the Confederacy operated in New York City throughout the war, providing information on troop strengths, political views, shipments, etc. to the government in Richmond. Some of these agents planned an act of terrorism for Election Day in November 1864, to burn down several leading city hotels. The plot was initially foiled due to a double agent who turned over communications to Federal officials, and to a massive military presence that deterred the plotters. Election Day, November 8, passed without incident. But, on November 25, the saboteurs finally struck, setting fires at several hotels and other leading landmarks, including P. T. Barnum's museum, which had been rebuilt following the Draft Riots the year before. The city's firefighters extinguished most of the blazes, and the majority of the conspirators escaped to Canada. However, former Confederate officer Robert Cobb Kennedy was arrested, court-martialed, and hanged at Fort Lafayette in the harbor on 25 March 1865.

## Civil War notables from New York City

## Further reading

* Anbinder, Tyler G. "Fernando Wood and New York City's Secession from the Union: A Political Reappraisal." *New York History* 68.1 (1987): 67+.
* Bernstein, Iver. *The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War* (1990)
* Bilby, Joseph G. *The Irish Brigade in the Civil War: the 69th New York and other Irish regiments of the Army of the Potomac* (1998).
* Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. *Gotham: a history of New York City to 1898* (Oxford University Press, 1998).
* Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. *The Encyclopedia of New York City* (Yale University Press, 2nd ed. 2010)
* Jaffe, Steven H. *New York at War: Four Centuries of Combat, Fear, and Intrigue in Gotham* (2012) pp. 141–175; popular.
* James, John A., and David F. Weiman. "The national banking acts and the transformation of New York City banking during the civil war era." *Journal of Economic History* 71.2 (2011): 338–362.
* Kessner, Thomas. *Capital City: New York City and the Men Behind America's Rise to Economic Dominance, 1860-1900* ( Simon and Schuster, 2003).
* Livingston, E. H. *President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War* (1994)
* McKay, Ernest A. *The Civil War and New York City* (1990), a superficial compilation.
* Miller, Richard F. ed. *States at War, Volume 2: A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War* (2014) excerpt; Highly detailed bibliographical and chronological guide to the state and city
* Quigley, David.  *Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy* (Hill and Wang, 2004) excerpt
* Spann, Edward K. *Gotham at War: New York City, 1860-1865* (2002) excerpt
* Strausbaugh, John *City of Sedition: The History of New York City during the Civil War* (Grand Central Publishing, 2016)

### Primary sources

* Mendelsohn, Adam, and Jonathan D. Sarna, eds. *Jews and the Civil War: A Reader* (New York University Press, 2016)
* Strong, George Templeton. *Diary of George Templeton Strong vol 3: The Civil War Years* (1952) online


abstract: The New Zealand standard for school stationery was established in 1984 by the Standards Association Ltd, New Zealand's national standards body. It specifies various types of stationery to ensure that different manufacturers produce compatible products of suitable quality. Standardisation enables schools and businesses to request or order appropriate stationery without regard for brand. The original specifications were devised after consultation with the Department of Education and various teachers' organisations. Products are defined by codes, according to their size, binding and format. This document has been withdrawn without replacement.

text:
# New Zealand standard for school stationery

The **New Zealand standard for school stationery** (known formally as **NZS 8132:1984****Specification for school stationery**) was established in 1984 by the Standards Association Ltd, New Zealand's national standards body. It specifies various types of stationery to ensure that different manufacturers produce compatible products of suitable quality. Standardisation enables schools and businesses to request or order appropriate stationery without regard for brand.

The original specifications were devised after consultation with the Department of Education and various teachers' organisations. Products are defined by codes, according to their size, binding and format.

This document has been withdrawn without replacement.

## Part Index Code

* Number for PRODUCT GROUP
1–21
* Letter for INNER FORMAT
A–Z
* Number for FINISHED SIZE
1–10

### Product Groups

| 1 | Exercise book (Stapled / Soft cover) |
| --- | --- |
| 2 | Lecture Book (Sewn / Hardcovered) |
| 3 | Notebook – Soft cover |
| 4 | Notebook – Hard cover |
| 5 | Indexed notebook – Soft cover |
| 6 | Indexed notebook – Hard cover |
| 7 | Lecture Pad |
| 8 | Spiral Notebooks |
| 9 | School Pads |
| 10 | Newsprint Pads |
| 11 | Typing Pads |
| 12 | Loose Leaf Binders |
| 14 | Accounting loose leaf refills |
| 15 | Subject Dividers |
| 16 | Journal Covers |
| 17 | Drawing Refills |
| 18 | Drawing Wallets |
| 19 | Drawing Folios |
| 21 | Reinforced loose leaf refills |

### Inner Format

| A | Unruled |
| --- | --- |
| B | 7mm Ruled |
| C | Unruled cartridge |
| D | Double Ledger |
| E | 7mm Quad |
| F | 12mm Ruled |
| G | 25mm Ruled |
| H | 10mm Quad |
| I | 9mm Ruled |
| J | 5mm Quad |
| K | 2mm + 10mm Quad |
| L | Alternate leaves 7mm ruled & unruled |
| M | Music |
| N | Natural folder manila |
| P | Ledger |
| Q | Journal |
| R | Cash 3 column |
| S | Money 8 Column |
| T | Cash 14 column |
| U | Top 1/3 blank; bottom 2/3 12mm ruled |
| V | Unruled bank paper |
| W | Unruled bond paper (good quality) |
| X | Trunkboard |
| Y | Coverboard |
| Z | Coloured manila |

### Finished Size of Book

| 1 | Notebook 165 mm × 100 mm |
| --- | --- |
| 2 | 125 mm × 202 mm |
| 3 | 100 mm × 165 mm |
| 4 | 230 mm × 180 mm |
| 5 | 255 mm × 205 mm |
| 6 | 330 mm × 205 mm (Foolscap) |
| 7 | 210 mm × 148 mm (A5 – ISO 216) |
| 8 | 297 mm × 210 mm (A4 – ISO216) |
| 9 | 420 mm × 297 mm (A3 – ISO216) |
| 10 | 597 mm × 420 mm (A2 – ISO216) |

* Code details were sourced from information supplied by Croxley Stationery Ltd of New Zealand.


title: New Zealand state highway network

abstract: The New Zealand state highway network is the major national highway network in New Zealand. Nearly 100 roads in the North and South Islands are state highways. All state highways are administered by the NZ Transport Agency. The highways were originally designated using a two-tier system, national and provincial, with national highways having a higher standard and funding priorities. Now all are state highways, and the network consists of SH 1 running the length of both islands, SH 2 to 5 and 10 to 59 in the North Island, and SH 6 to 8 and 60 to 99 in the South Island, numbered approximately north to south. State highways are marked by red shield-shaped signs with white numbering. Road maps usually number state highways in this fashion. Of the total state highway network, New Zealand currently has 363 km (226 mi) of motorways and expressways with grade-separated access and they carry ten percent of all New Zealand traffic. The majority of the state highway network is made up of single-carriageway roads with one lane each way and at-grade access.

text:
# New Zealand state highway network

The **New Zealand state highway network** is the major national highway network in New Zealand. Nearly 100 roads in the North and South Islands are state highways. All state highways are administered by the NZ Transport Agency.

The highways were originally designated using a two-tier system, national (SH 1 to 8) and provincial, with national highways having a higher standard and funding priorities. Now all are state highways, and the network consists of SH 1 running the length of both islands, SH 2 to 5 and 10 to 59 in the North Island, and SH 6 to 8 and 60 to 99 in the South Island, numbered approximately north to south. State highways are marked by red shield-shaped signs with white numbering (shields for the former provincial highways were blue). Road maps usually number state highways in this fashion.

Of the total state highway network, New Zealand currently has 363 km (226 mi) of motorways and expressways with grade-separated access and they carry ten percent of all New Zealand traffic. The majority of the state highway network is made up of single-carriageway roads with one lane each way and at-grade access.

## History

In the early days all roads were managed by local road boards. Initially they were set up by the Provinces. For example, Auckland Province passed a Highways Act in 1862 allowing their Superintendent to define given areas of settlement as Highways Districts, each with a board of trustees elected by the landowners. Land within the boundaries of highway districts became subject to a rate of not more than 1/- an acre, or of 3d in the £ of its estimated sale value and that was to be equalled by a grant from the Province. By 1913 the government was collecting £21,000 in duty on cars, but spending £40,000 on roads.

The idea of a national network of highways did not emerge until the early twentieth century, when a series of pieces of legislation was passed to allow for the designation of main highways (starting with the Main Highways Act 1922, followed by gazetting of roads) and state highways (in 1936). This saw the National Roads Board, an arm of the Ministry of Works, responsible for the state highway network.

From 1989 to 2008, state highways were the responsibility of Transit New Zealand, a Crown entity. In 1996 the funding of the network was removed from the operational functions with the creation of Transfund New Zealand, which then merged with the Land Transport Safety Authority to create Land Transport New Zealand. That was done to ensure that funding of state highways was considered on a similar basis to funding for local roads and regional council subsidised public transport. In August 2008, Transit and Land Transport NZ merged to become the NZ Transport Agency.

Every five years the NZ Transport Agency will embark on a state highway review to consider whether the existing network should be expanded or reduced, according to traffic flows, changes in industry, tourism and development.

From 2009 many new road schemes were classed as Roads of National Significance and, from 2020, as part of the New Zealand Upgrade Programme.

## Classification

Since 2013, the NZTA has used the One Network Road Classification (ONRC) system to classify state highways and local roads. There are five categories for state highways, with an additional sixth category (Access) used only by local roads. The categories are as follows:

* **National:** Generally these roads link the country's largest urban areas (population greater than 100,000) major ports and major airports. They generally have an annual average daily traffic volume (AADT) of 15,000 or more. Examples includes most of SH 1, SH 29, the Wellington–Palmerston North–Napier route (SH 57, SH 3, SH 2, SH 50A and SH 50) and most State Highways in the Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch urban areas.
* **Regional:** Generally these roads link the country's main urban areas (population greater than 30,000), medium-sized ports, medium-sized airports, and major tourist destinations, or are the major route linking an isolated region. They generally have an AADT of 10,000 or more. Examples include most of SH 2 and SH 3, SH 5, SH 73, and Queenstown–Milford Sound route (SH 6, SH 97 and SH 94).
* **Arterial:** Generally these roads link the country's secondary urban areas (population greater than 10,000), medium-sized ports and regional airports, or are the only route linking an isolated area or provide an important detour function. They generally have an AADT of 3000 or more. Examples includes most of SH 6, SH 8, SH 27, and the SH 1 Desert Road detour (SH 46, SH 47, SH 4 and SH 49)
* **Primary collector:** Generally these roads link the country's minor urban areas (population greater than 2000). They generally have an AADT of 1000 or more. Examples includes most of SH 4, SH 7, SH 35, and SH 83.
* **Secondary collector:** Generally these roads link rural towns (population less than 2000) or rural areas. They generally have an AADT of less than 1000. Examples include SH 43, SH 63, SH 85 and SH 87.

## Volumes

From 2006 information, the busiest stretch of SH 1 was just south of the Auckland Central Motorway Junction, on/near the Newmarket Viaduct, with over 200,000 vehicles (either way) each day. The least busy parts of the network (excluding off-ramps and on-ramps) are on SH 43 north-east of Whangamōmona, with fewer than 120 vehicles (counting both directions) in a day.

The only remaining unsealed sections of state highway are 12 km (7.5 mi) of SH 43 and 20 km (12 mi) of SH 38, though 38% of other roads remain unsealed.

Every year the New Zealand Transport Agency produces a booklet titled *AADT Data*, average annualised daily traffic, that gives traffic volumes on all state highways from their automated vehicle recording system.

## Distance markers

State highways are marked with posts at irregular intervals giving the distance in kilometres from the start of the highway. Until recently, all bridges on the network had at each end a small plaque showing the distance from the start of the highway, usually in the form of a number in kilometres, an oblique stroke, and a further number in kilometres, accurate to the nearest 10 metres. A plaque marked 237/14.12, for example, indicated that the bridge was 14.12 km (9 mi) past a set distance post, that post being 237 km (147 mi) from the start of the highway. In about 2004 these plaques were replaced by a new system, which gives each bridge a single number showing the distance from the start of the highway in hundreds of metres. Under the new system the bridge above would be numbered 2511, as it is 251 km (156 mi) km from the start of the highway. Motorway on- and off-ramps are numbered using the same system.

In this way, travellers can accurately assess their location, and road authorities can identify each bridge uniquely.

Sometimes, houses with RAPID numbering can also be used to determine the position. For example, house number 1530 is 15.3 km (10 mi) from the start of the highway.

## Safety

In early 2008, Transit New Zealand unveiled KiwiRAP (the New Zealand Road Assessment Programme) in cooperation with other government agencies and the New Zealand Automobile Association. The system, based on similar programs overseas, categorises New Zealand state highways according to the safety of discrete 'links' (sections of the network, with a total of 10,856 km of highways separated into 172 links ranging in length from 2.4 km (1 mi) to 318 km (198 mi)). These are graded according to their 'individual risk' and their 'collective risk' based on historical crash data and traffic volumes.

The individual risk is based on the likelihood of a single driver experiencing an accident while travelling the link in question. As of 2008, the three least safe sections of the network based on individual risk were State Highway 62 from Spring Creek to Renwick (Marlborough), State Highway 37 to Waitomo Caves and State Highway 94 from Te Anau to Milford Sound.

The collective risk is based on the total number of crashes that occurred on the link, which pushes safer but very highly travelled sections of the network to the top of the statistical category. As of 2008, the three least safe sections of the network based on collective risk were all on State Highway 2, on the sections from Napier to Hastings, Mount Maunganui to Paengaroa and Bay View to Napier.

Both categories of assessment are to be used as an advisory tool for both drivers to inform them of dangerous road sections as well as to allow traffic controlling authorities to prioritise maintenance and safety improvements.

The 2015–18 National Land Transport Programme aimed to invest $3.2bn (23% of the NLTP total) in safety, including $960m for policing, $132m for road safety promotion and $103m for rural SH safety. The *Safe Roads Alliance* is carrying out rural work on SH 1 (Waikato Expressway, Te Teko-Awakeri), SH 1B (Taupiri-Gordonton), SH 3 (Ohaupo-Te Awamutu, Waitomo-Te Kuiti), SH 11 (Airfield-Lily Pond), SH 12 (Dargaville-Tokatoka), SH 16 (Brigham Creek-Waimauku), SH 23 (Hamilton-Raglan), SH 27 (SH 26-SH 24) and SH 34 (SH 30 to Kawerau). The *Alliance* is using speed reductions, wire rope barriers, wide centrelines, rumble strips, better warning signs and shoulder widening.

## Specific sections

### State Highway 1

State Highway 1 can be considered as a single highway running the length of both main islands, broken in the middle by the ferry connection at Cook Strait. It connects six of the seven largest urban areas and includes the country's busiest stretch of road.

### Touring routes

Many sections of state highway provided are marketed as tourist highways, sometimes jointly with local roading providers. Transit maintains traffic signs on and near state highways to help promote these routes. These include:


title: New Zealand standard school buildings

abstract: New Zealand standard school buildings were largely developed and built in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Following the Second World War, more schools and classrooms were needed to address the pre-existing shortage and to handle the increasing school population with the subsequent baby boom. Using standard designs allowed the demand to be met while reducing construction time and costs.

text:
# New Zealand standard school buildings

**New Zealand standard school buildings** were largely developed and built in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Following the Second World War, more schools and classrooms were needed to address the pre-existing shortage and to handle the increasing school population with the subsequent baby boom. Using standard designs allowed the demand to be met while reducing construction time and costs.

## Primary school designs

For the most part, primary school designs varied between education boards.

Designs included:

* Avalon
* Canterbury Open-Air Veranda
* Canterbury "White Lines"
* Canterbury Education Board Unit System (CEBUS)
* Canterbury Open-Plan
* Dominion Basic
* Formula

## Secondary school designs

In contrast to primary schools, secondary school designs were standardised nationally.

### Nelson Single-Storey

The Nelson Single-Storey is characterised by its single-storey H-shaped classroom blocks with a large toilet and cloak area on one side.:31–33

Studies conducted in 1954 saw the move to separate self-contained blocks in secondary schools. The use of blocks eliminated the need for corridors and the savings in cost allowed enabled assembly halls to be constructed. The result was the Nelson Single-Storey school and the first schools of the type opened in 1957.

Schools built to the Nelson Single-Storey plan include:

### Nelson Two-Storey

The Nelson Two-Storey is a development on the Nelson Single-Storey design and is characterised by its two-storey H-shaped classroom blocks, with stairwells at each end and a large ground-floor toilet and cloak area on one side.:115–118 The first Nelson Two-Storey schools opened in 1960, with the last schools opening in 1970.

There is also a T-shaped half version of the Nelson Two-Storey block. Often these were built as the first stage of a full block, but in some cases the second half was never built.:115–118 Examples of the half-block exist at Western Heights High School in Rotorua, and Central Southland College in Winton.

Schools built to the Nelson Two-Storey plan include:

### S68

The S68 is characterised by its single-storey classroom blocks of cinderblock or masonry construction, featuring low-pitched roofs and internal open courtyards.:43–46

The low-pitched roofs, skylight windows and internal gutters and downpipes are prone to rusting and leaking, causing problems for many schools.

The prototype S68 school was Porirua College, opened in 1968. The first standard S68 schools opened in 1971, with the last schools opening around 1978.

Schools built to the S68 plan include:


abstract: The New Zealand Institute of Food Science and Technology (NZIFST) is a professional society for food scientists and technologists in industry and academia in New Zealand.

text:
# New Zealand Institute of Food Science and Technology

The **New Zealand Institute of Food Science and Technology** (NZIFST) is a professional society for food scientists and technologists in industry and academia in New Zealand.

## History

Kelvin Scott was the inaugural professor of food technology at Massey University, and proposed the establishment of a professional association at the first New Zealand Food Technology Conference in 1964. The society was established in 1964, with branches in Auckland, Hawke's Bay and Wellington, before the first South Island branch followed in 1969, in Christchurch. Scott was the first president of the institute, with Garth Wallace as secretary and treasurer. Scott was made a fellow of the institute in 1967.

The society's aims are to "provide a meeting ground for persons who are associated with the food industry in any way to enable them to discuss common problems".

The first enrolled member of the society was John Clark Andrews (1903–1966), a New Zealand food scientist, chemist and chancellor of Massey University. Andrews has been described as "one of the founders of food science as a profession in New Zealand", and the society's most prestigious award is the annual J. C. Andrews Award, given in his honour. In 1986, the award was won by the institute's first president, Kelvin Scott. In 2023, the award was won by John Brookes, who established biofilm research at Massey.

## Activities

The society publishes the magazine *Food New Zealand* six times per year. It holds an annual conference, and awards fellowships, honorary fellowships and prizes. The most prestigious award given is the J. C. Andrews Award, but the society gives a number of other named awards, such as the Kelvin Scott Memorial Prize, the Mary D. Earle Award for mid-career members, and the Ron Hooker Award for Exemplary Service.

## Fellows

Notable fellows of the New Zealand Institute of Food Science and Technology include:

* Indrawati Oey – Researcher at University of Otago (born 1970)
* Siew-Young Quek – Professor of chemical sciences in New Zealand
* Brian Shorland – New Zealand organic chemist (1909–1999) (honorary fellow)
* Janis Swan – New Zealand food process engineering academic
* Marie Wong – Food technologist at Massey University (and 2019 winner of the J. C. Andrews Award)

## InfoBox

New Zealand Institute of Food Science and Technology
| Abbreviation | NZIFST |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1964 |
| Headquarters | Auckland |
| Website | https://nzifst.org.nz/ |