title: Mesostigmata

abstract: Mesostigmata is an order of mites belonging to the Parasitiformes. They are by far the largest group of Parasitiformes, with over 8,000 species in 130 families. Mesostigmata includes parasitic as well as free-living and predatory forms. They can be recognized by the single pair of spiracles positioned laterally on the body. The family with the most described species is Phytoseiidae. Other families of note are Diplogyniidae, Macrochelidae, Pachylaelapidae, Uropodidae and Veigaiidae. Amongst the best known species are Varroa destructor, an economically important parasite of honey bees, as well as the red mite, a parasite of poultry, most commonly chickens.

text:
# Mesostigmata

**Mesostigmata** is an order of mites belonging to the Parasitiformes. They are by far the largest group of Parasitiformes, with over 8,000 species in 130 families. Mesostigmata includes parasitic as well as free-living and predatory forms. They can be recognized by the single pair of spiracles positioned laterally on the body.

The family with the most described species is Phytoseiidae. Other families of note are Diplogyniidae, Macrochelidae, Pachylaelapidae, Uropodidae and Veigaiidae.

Amongst the best known species are *Varroa destructor*, an economically important parasite of honey bees, as well as the red mite (*Dermanyssus gallinae*), a parasite of poultry, most commonly chickens.

## Description

Mesostigmata are mites ranging from 0.12–4 mm long (0.2–4 mm according to another source). They have a pair of stigmatal openings above legs III-IV usually associated with a peritrematal groove. The gnathosoma has a sclerotised ring around the bases of the chelicerae (basis capitulum). The palps have 5 (rarely 4) free segments and usually a subdistal palp apotele. The chelicerae are 3-segmented. The subcapitulum usually has a median groove with transverse rows of 1-many denticles. There are usually bifurcate or membranous corniculi present. Except in some parasitic species, a flagellate tritosternum is present. The coxae of the legs are freely articulating with the body. The intercoxal region has sternal and genital shield elements. Adults have a genital opening and either chelicerae modified for sperm transfer (if male) or a sperm-receiving structure (if female).

The above description applies to adults. Larvae have six legs, instead of the eight possessed by later stages, and may or may not feed. There are two nymphal stages (protonymph, deutonymph) that usually have lightly sclerotized dorsal, intercoxal and ventral plates.

## Ecology

Many Mesostigmata are free-living predators of invertebrates that live in soil and litter, on the soil surface or on plants. There are also some that live in freshwater. Other Mesostigmata are parasites of vertebrates or arthropods, pollen and nectar feeders in flowers, fungus feeders, or saprophages that subsist on dead or decaying organic matter.

The soil-dwelling Mesostigmata are not as abundant as oribatids or prostigmatids that also occur in this habitat, but they are still ubiquitous in soil and may be important predators. Larger species tend to be predators of small arthropods or arthropod eggs, whereas smaller species prey on nematodes. Size of these mesostigmatans decreases with soil depth: plant litter and humus have large species such as *Veigaia* (Veigaiidae), the humus-soil interface has smaller species like *Dendrolaelaps* (Digamasellidae) and the mineral soil has the tiny *Rhodacarellus* (Rhodacaridae).

A few species are known from freshwater habitats, such as wet soil, phytotelmata, waterside vegetation and sewage filter-beds. These appear to move by crawling as no species are known to swim. Some species are known to prey on mosquito eggs and one species was reared on a diet of nematodes.

The parasitic Mesostigmata are mostly in superfamily Dermanyssoidea. These include parasites of invertebrates (e.g. Varroidae) and of vertebrates (other families), as well as both ectoparasites (external) and endoparasites (internal).

Phoresy, the temporary attachment of a smaller animal to a larger one for travel, is common in the Mesostigmata. For example, the freshwater species are phoretic on flies of families Tipulidae, Ceratopogonidae, and Culicidae.

## Economic importance

*Varroa destructor* (Varroidae) is a major pest of honey bees. It harms bees both directly by feeding on fat body tissue, and indirectly by transmitting viruses.

Similarly, the red mite (*Dermanyssus gallinae*) feeds on the blood of birds, including poultry (chickens, turkeys, ducks) and wild birds. It reduces animal health, welfare and production.

In agriculture, soil-dwelling mesostigmatans are important predators of nematodes, springtails and insect larvae, while plant-dwelling mesostigmatans control pests such as spider mites.

## Evolution

The oldest known record of the group is an indeterminate Sejidae deutonymph from the mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber of Myanmar.

## Taxonomy

Taxonomy to families (Beaulieu 2011). Genus and species counts fluctuate over time.

Order **Mesostigmata** G. Canestrini, 1891 Suborder Monogynaspida Camin & Gorirossi, 1955 Infraorder Gamasina Kramer, 1881 Hyporder Arctacariae Johnston, 1982 Superfamily Arctacaroidea Evans, 1955 Family Arctacaridae Evans, 1955 (2 genera, 6 species) Hyporder Dermanyssiae Evans & Till, 1979 Superfamily Ascoidea Voigts & Oudemans, 1905 Family Ameroseiidae Evans, 1961 (10 genera, 148 species) Family Ascidae Voigts & Oudemans, 1905 (17 genera, 338 species) Family Melicharidae Hirschmann, 1962 (12 genera, 201 species) Superfamily Dermanyssoidea Kolenati, 1859 Family Dasyponyssidae Fonseca, 1940 (2 genera, 2 species) Family Dermanyssidae Kolenati, 1859 (2 genera, 26 species) Family Entonyssidae Ewing, 1923 (9 genera, 27 species) Family Haemogamasidae Oudemans, 1926 (5 genera, 78 species) Family Halarachnidae Oudemans, 1906 (7 genera, 43 species) Family Hystrichonyssidae Keegan, Yunker & Baker, 1960 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Iphiopsididae Kramer, 1886 (14 genera, 68 species) Family Ixodorhynchidae Ewing, 1923 (6 genera, 43 species) Family Laelapidae Berlese, 1892 (90 genera, 1316 species) Family Larvamimidae Elzinga, 1993 (6 genera, 43 species) Family Macronyssidae Oudemans, 1936 (34 genera, 233 species) Family Manitherionyssidae Radovsky & Yunker, 1971 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Omentolaelapidae Fain, 1961 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Rhinonyssidae Trouessart, 1895 (8 genera, 510 species) Family Spelaeorhynchidae Oudemans, 1902 (1 genus, 7 species) Family Spinturnicidae Oudemans, 1901 (12 genera, 101 species) Family Varroidae Delfinado & Baker, 1974 (2 genera, 6 species) Superfamily Eviphidoidea Berlese, 1913 Family Eviphididae Berlese, 1913 (19 genera, 108 species) Family Leptolaelapidae Karg, 1978 (12 genera, 48 species) Family Macrochelidae Vitzthum, 1930 (20 genera, 470 species) Family Pachylaelapidae Berlese, 1913 (26 genera, 199 species) Family Parholaspididae Evans, 1956 (12 genera, 96 species) Superfamily Phytoseioidea Berlese, 1916 Family Blattisociidae Garman, 1948 (11 genera, 369 species) Family Otopheidomenidae Treat, 1955 (10 genera, 28 species) Family Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916 (90 genera, 2300 species) Family Podocinidae Berlese, 1913 (2 genera, 25 species) Superfamily Rhodacaroidea Oudemans, 1902 Family Digamasellidae Evans, 1957 (13 genera, 261 species) Family Halolaelapidae Karg, 1965 (4 genera, 80 species) Family Laelaptonyssidae Womersley, 1956 (1 genus, 6 species) Family Ologamasidae Ryke, 1962 (45 genera, 452 species) Family Rhodacaridae Oudemans, 1902 (15 genera, 148 species) Family Teranyssidae Halliday, 2006 (1 genus, 1 species) Superfamily Veigaioidea Oudemans, 1939 Family Veigaiidae Oudemans, 1939 (4 genera, 95 species) Hyporder Epicriiae Kramer, 1885 Superfamily Epicrioidea Berlese, 1885 Family Epicriidae Berlese, 1885 (4 genera, 48 species) Superfamily Heatherelloidea Walter, 1997 Family Heatherellidae Walter, 1997 (1 genus, 2 species) Superfamily Zerconoidea G. Canestrini, 1891 Family Coprozerconidae Moraza & Lindquist, 1999 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Zerconidae G. Canestrini, 1891 (36 genera, 390, species) Hyporder Parasitiae Evans & Till, 1979 Superfamily Parasitoidea Oudemans, 1901 Family Parasitidae Oudemans, 1901 (35 genera, 426 species) Infraorder Uropodina Kramer, 1881 Family Dithinozerconidae Ainscough, 1979 Superfamily Diarthrophalloidea Trägårdh, 1946 Family Diarthrophallidae Trägårdh, 1946 (22 genera, 63 species) Superfamily Microgynioidea Trägårdh, 1942 Family Microgyniidae Trägårdh, 1942 (2 genera, 4 species) Family Nothogynidae Walter & Krantz, 1999 (1 genus, 2 species) Superfamily Thinozerconoidea Halbert, 1915 Family Protodinychidae Evans, 1957 (1 genus, 3 species) Family Thinozerconidae Halbert, 1915 (1 genus, 1 species) Superfamily Uropodoidea Kramer, 1881 Family Baloghjkaszabiidae Hirschmann, 1979 (1 genus, 3 species) Family Brasiluropodidae Hirschmann, 1979 (2 genera, 18 species) Family Cillibidae Trägårdh, 1944 (2 genera, 19 species) Family Clausiadinychidae Hirschmann, 1979 (1 genus, 4 species) Family Cyllibulidae Hirschmann, 1979 (1 genus, 32 species) Family Deraiophoridae Trägårdh, 1952 (1 genus, 36 species) Family Dinychidae Berlese, 1916 (1 genus, 34 species) Family Discourellidae Baker & Wharton, 1952 (1 genus, 76 species) Family Eutrachytidae Trägårdh, 1944 (1 genus, 36 species) Family Hutufeideriidae Hirschmann, 1979 (1 genus, 9 species) Family Kaszabjbaloghiidae Hirschmann, 1979 (1 genus, 6 species) Family Macrodinychidae Hirschmann, 1979 (4 genera, 22 species) Family Metagynuridae Balogh, 1943 (2 genera, 17 species) Family Nenteriidae Hirschmann, 1979 (2 genera, 128 species) Family Oplitidae Johnston, 1968 (8 genera, 163 species) Family Phymatodiscidae Hirschmann, 1979 (1 genus, 10 species) Family Polyaspididae Berlese, 1913 (1 genus, 16 species) Family Prodinychidae Berlese, 1917 (3 genera, 16 species) Family Rotundabaloghiidae Hirschmann, 1979 (4 genera, 165 species) Family Tetrasejaspidae Hirschmann, 1979 (1 genus, 15 species) Family Trachytidae Trägårdh, 1938 (7 genera, 108 species) Family Trachyuropodidae Berlese, 1917 (17 genera, 99 species) Family Trematuridae Berlese, 1917 (13 genera, 401 species) Family Trichocyllibidae Hirschmann, 1979 (5 genera, 57 species) Family Trichouropodellidae Hirschmann, 1979 (1 genus, 11 species) Family Trigonuropodidae Hirschmann, 1979 (1 genus, 87 species) Family Uroactiniidae Hirschmann & Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1964 (3 genera, 67 species) Family Urodiaspididae Trägårdh, 1944 (3 genera, 26 species) Family Urodinychidae Berlese, 1917 (13 genera, 267 species) Family Uropodidae Kramer, 1881 (9 genera, 261 species) Suborder Sejida Kramer, 1885 Superfamily Heterozerconoidea Berlese, 1892 Family Discozerconidae Berlese, 1910 (2 genera, 3 species) Family Heterozerconidae Berlese, 1892 (7 genera, 13 species) Superfamily Sejoidea Berlese, 1885 Family Ichthyostomatogasteridae Sellnick, 1953 (3 genera, 10 species) Family Sejidae Berlese, 1885 (5 genera, 46 species) (5 genera, 46 species) Family Uropodellidae Camin, 1955 (1 genus, 6 species) Suborder Trigynaspida Camin & Gorirossi, 1955 Infraorder Antennophorina Camin & Gorirossi, 1955 Superfamily Aenictequoidea Kethley, 1977 Family Aenictequidae Kethley, 1977 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Euphysalozerconidae Kim, 2008 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Messoracaridae Kethley, 1977 (2 genera, 3 species) Family Ptochacaridae Kethley, 1977 (1 genus, 3 species) Superfamily Antennophoroidea Berlese, 1892 Family Antennophoridae Berlese, 1892 (6 genera, 19 species) Superfamily Celaenopsoidea Berlese, 1892 Family Celaenopsidae Berlese, 1892 (7 genera, 14 species) Family Costacaridae Hunter, 1993 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Diplogyniidae Trägårdh, 1941 (42 genera, 85 species) Family Euzerconidae Trägårdh, 1938 (12 genera, 24 species) Family Megacelaenopsidae Funk, 1975 (2 genera, 2 species) Family Neotenogyniidae Kethley, 1974 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Schizogyniidae Trägårdh, 1950 (6 genera, 10 species) Family Triplogyniidae Funk, 1977 (2 genera, 11 species) Superfamily Fedrizzioidea Trägårdh, 1937 Family Fedrizziidae Trägårdh, 1937 (3 genera, 34 species) Family Klinckowstroemiidae Camin & Gorirossi, 1955 (4 genera, 36 species) Superfamily Megisthanoidea Berlese, 1914 Family Hoplomegistidae Camin & Gorirossi, 1955 (1 genus, 7 species) Family Megisthanidae Berlese, 1914 (1 genus, 30 species) Superfamily Paramegistoidea Trägårdh, 1946 Family Paramegistidae Trägårdh, 1946 (5 genera, 30 species) Superfamily Parantennuloidea Willmann, 1941 Family Parantennulidae Willmann, 1941 (3 genera, 5 species) Family Philodanidae Kethley, 1977 (2 genera, 2 species) Family Promegistidae Kethley, 1977 (1 genus, 1 species) Infraorder Cercomegistina Camin & Gorirossi, 1955 Superfamily Cercomegistoidea Trägårdh, 1937 Family Asternoseiidae Vale, 1954 (2 genera, 3 species) Family Cercomegistidae Trägårdh, 1937 (5 genera, 13 species) Family Davacaridae Kethley, 1977 (2 genera, 4 species) Family Pyrosejidae Lindquist & Moraza, 1993 (2 genera, 3 species) Family Saltiseiidae Walter, 2000 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Seiodidae Kethley, 1977 (1 genus, 1 species) Other *Meliponopus palpifer* Fain & Flechtmann, 1985 has not yet been placed into a family.

## InfoBox

| Mesostigmata
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Varroa destructor* | |
|  | |
| *Dermanyssus gallinae* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Superorder: | Parasitiformes |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
|
| Suborders | |
| * Monogynaspida
Camin & Gorirossi, 1955 * Sejida
Kramer, 1885 * Trigynaspida
Camin & Gorirossi, 1955 | |
| Diversity | |
| about 130 families, 900 genera, \> 8,000 species | |


title: Nippon Foundation

abstract: The Nippon Foundation The Nippon Foundation of Tokyo, Japan, is a private, non-profit grant-making organization. It was established in 1962 by Ryoichi Sasakawa. The foundation's mission is to direct Japanese motorboat racing revenue into philanthropic activities, it uses this money to pursue global maritime development and assistance for humanitarian work, both at home and abroad. In the humanitarian field, it focuses on such fields as social welfare, public health, and education. The foundation has also been criticized for promoting Japanese historical revisionism, particularly in whitewashing Japanese war crimes committed in World War II. In 2001, the Peruvian Congress determined that the foundation financed forced sterilizations in that country (1990-1999). Since 2003 the foundation has promoted sign language with the aim of allowing deaf people to fully participate in society, in this way, they created scholarships for deaf people at Gallaudet University and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) of USA. The current chairman is Yohei Sasakawa, World Health Organization Goodwill Ambassador for Leprosy Elimination, Special Envoy of the Government of Japan for National Reconciliation in Myanmar, and the son of the foundation's founder, Ryoichi Sasakawa.

text:
# Nippon Foundation

**The Nippon Foundation** (日本財団, **Nipponzaidan**) of Tokyo, Japan, is a private, non-profit grant-making organization. It was established in 1962 by Ryoichi Sasakawa. The foundation's mission is to direct Japanese motorboat racing revenue into philanthropic activities, it uses this money to pursue global maritime development and assistance for humanitarian work, both at home and abroad. In the humanitarian field, it focuses on such fields as social welfare, public health, and education. The foundation has also been criticized for promoting Japanese historical revisionism, particularly in whitewashing Japanese war crimes committed in World War II.

In 2001, the Peruvian Congress determined that the foundation financed forced sterilizations in that country (1990-1999).

Since 2003 the foundation has promoted sign language with the aim of allowing deaf people to fully participate in society, in this way, they created scholarships for deaf people at Gallaudet University and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) of USA.

The current chairman is Yohei Sasakawa, World Health Organization Goodwill Ambassador for Leprosy Elimination, Special Envoy of the Government of Japan for National Reconciliation in Myanmar, and the son of the foundation's founder, Ryoichi Sasakawa.

## History

Leadership * 1962–1995 – Ryoichi Sasakawa: a suspected war criminal, businessman, far-right politician, and philanthropist
* 1996–2005 – Ayako Sono: Novelist
* 2005–present – Yōhei Sasakawa: WHO Goodwill Ambassador for Leprosy Elimination, Japan's Ambassador for the Human Rights of People Affected by Leprosy, Special Envoy of the Government of Japan for National Reconciliation in Myanmar.

### Examples of major initiatives

1962–1970

In 1962, The Nippon Foundation was established as the Japan Shipbuilding Industry Foundation under the auspices of the Japanese Motorboat Racing Law. The law and the foundation were initiatives of Ryoichi Sasakawa who, as chair, used them to both help rebuild the Japanese shipbuilding sector, and to conduct philanthropic activities around the world. This system of using gambling revenue to provide aid to needy sectors was a novel one in Japan at that time, and came under intense scrutiny. In response, the foundation strove for transparency in conducting its activities, making its records publicly accessible from its earliest days.

Initiatives pursued in this period include research for the development of super tankers and their engines, direct support for the shipbuilding industry, and the protection of safety in the Strait of Malacca—vital to Japan's national security, due to the fact that more than 80 percent of her oil passes this way.

In the field of public welfare, the foundation pursued such youth-oriented initiatives as the building of sports facilities, the building of day care centers and the promotion of traffic safety education. In addition, it began donating mobile clinics and blood-mobiles, as well as constructing blood banks around the country.

1971–1980

In the 1970s, the foundation continued to pursue its efforts to improve social services through such measures as the distribution of ambulances, training in the use of fire fighting equipment, the development of preventative measures for earthquakes and PR for the fire-fighting sector. It also donated medical ships to provide medical aid for people living on remote islands in Japan's inland sea.

In 1971, it began its overseas work, and in 1974 established the Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation for the purpose of eliminating leprosy as a public health problem—an effort that has resulted in its elimination in all but 1 of the 122 countries where the disease was initially prevalent.

1981–1990

Support for the maritime world remained an important focus in the 1980s, building on the work of the previous decade. Examples of projects include "Swift Wings", which was a sail system designed for modern cargo ships, and research toward a "Techno Superliner", a 1,000-ton cargo vessel that could attain speeds of up to 50 knots.

On the international cooperative support front, the foundation involved itself heavily in disaster relief, sending aid to help the victims of major disasters in countries around the world, and establishing the United Nations Sasakawa Award for Disaster Relief.

Health initiatives that began in this decade include the establishment of the WHO Sasakawa Health prize and a massive project to aid the victims of the Chernobyl nuclear power disaster, under which the foundation spent a total of more than US$50 million over ten years, screening over 200,000 children for thyroid cancer.

Up until 1988, the foundation went by the name the Japanese Shipbuilding Industry Foundation (JSIF), and even donated some supposedly $500,000 worth of fireworks to the Los Angeles 1984 Organizing Committee for use in those Olympics. It was much more than the LA Organizing Committee wanted to use, and they were forced to come up with a 25-minute fireworks show to accommodate the gift and NOT slight the Foundation. Sometime around 1988–1989, the foundation dropped that moniker and went by several other names including the all-inclusive "Nippon" Foundation.

In response to the Ethiopian famine of the mid-1980s, the foundation began a program of agricultural education throughout sub-Saharan Africa that eventually reached 14 countries, improving farmers’ yields by up to six times in some places.

Finally, as a part of its human resources development program, the foundation created the Sasakawa Young Leaders’ Fellowship Fund, a program that would eventually establish million-dollar funds at a total of 68 major universities around the world.

1991–2000

In the 1990s, on the home front, the Nippon Foundation invested heavily in the elderly of Japan, pushing for the improvement of retirement homes, building model retirement homes, and helping the nation to develop its hospice system nearly from the ground up. Related to this field, the foundation also began donating specially equipped vehicles to social welfare facilities and groups, enabling them to provide mobility services to the elderly and those with disability.

The decade also saw one of Japan's worst earthquakes of the 20th century, and the disorganization of volunteer groups in the wake of the quake lead the foundation to put special attention on bringing these many groups together under one umbrella—the volunteer support center—a central body that coordinated volunteer effort in the event of a major disaster.

In the maritime development field, the foundation began to turn its eye to the disparity in the level of training received by maritime experts in various countries. As a result, it provided funding for a scholarship for people from developing countries to attend the World Maritime University, in Malmö, Sweden. In perhaps an even broader effort, it created the International Association of Maritime Universities, uniting 50 institutions around the world, in an effort to standardize both the level of education and the materials used.

2001–present

The past years have seen the foundation continue to build on its work of the first four decades, working in the maritime, welfare and international cooperation fields.

Since its origins, the foundation has been interested in aiding the nation's shipbuilding and maritime efforts, leading it to support both a display of a North Korean spy vessel that had been sunk by the Japanese Self Defense Forces, and a survey of Okinotori Island. In addition, the foundation is providing support toward the establishment of a user-pays system to help the nations surrounding the Strait of Malacca in their efforts to both police the waters and maintain their environmental integrity.

In international affairs, the foundation has most recently built more than 100 elementary schools in Myanmar and 100 in Cambodia. It has established a novel program to provide Mongolian nomadic families with boxes full of traditional medicines that can be replenished, at the cost only of those medicines used, a few times a year, when they come to market.

Following the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Nippon Foundation has provided aid to 1,921 Ukrainians for travel and living expenses in Japan as evacuees, a status distinct from refugees, whom Japan accepts in limited numbers. The foundation's support, totaling 8.58 billion yen ($64 million), is committed for three years and will be limited to 2,000 recipients. In June 2024, the Nippon Foundation also established the Ukrainian Evacuees Assistance Fund. The fund was closed at the end of March 2024 (circa 200 million yen donations as of March 5, 2024).

## Controversies

### Peru National Program for Reproductive Health and Family Planning

According to conclusion of the Investigative Commission appointed by the Peru Congress, the Nippon Foundation was one of the organizations providing financial support for the forced sterilizations of impoverished Peruvians, initially laid out in the leaked documents of "Plan Verde" and subsequently executed by the Alberto Fujimori government as part of its National Population Program.

## Organizations established

* The Blue Sea and Green Land Foundation
* Fondation Franco-Japonaise Sasakawa
* Foundation for Encouragement of Social Contribution
* The Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation
* Japan Gateball Union
* The Japan Science Society
* Japan Social Innovation Investment Foundation
* The Japanese Foundation for the Promotion of Maritime Science and The Museum of Maritime Science
* The Life Planning Center Foundation
* Marine Sports Foundation
* Nippon Ginkenshibu Foundation
* Nippon Music Foundation
* Nippon Taiko Foundation
* Ocean Policy Research Foundation
* Sasakawa Africa Association
* The Sasakawa Central Europe Fund
* Sasakawa Health Science Foundation
* The Sasakawa Japan-China Friendship Fund
* Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation

1. The Nippon Foundation Library, accessed 14 March 2013
2. "Nippon Foundation financial statements,"
3. Nippon Foundation – Careers (Japanese), accessed 14 March 2013
4. "History on Trial: French Nippon Foundation Sues Scholar for Libel to Protect the Honor of Sasakawa Ryōichi—— •French, Japanese documents available".
5. "Nippon Foundation Scholars". *Gallaudet University*. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
6. "Ryoichi SASAKAWA JAPAN" (PDF). *CIA.gov*. The CIA (U.S. Government). Retrieved 3 December 2023.
7. "Foundation History 1952-1970". *The Nippon Foundation*. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
8. "Nippon Foundation financial statements (Japanese) Archived 5 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine,"
9. "Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation"
10. "Eliminating Leprosy, the Nippon Foundation"
11. "United Nations Sasakawa Award for Disaster Relief,"
12. *Thyroid cancer and nuclear accidents : long-term aftereffects of Chernobyl and Fukushima*. Shunʼichi Yamashita, Geraldine Thomas. London. 2017. ISBN 978-0-12-812769-8. OCLC 981463396.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
13. Chernobyl: Message for the 21st Century, p xvii.
14. "Sasakawa Young Leaders’ Fellowship Fund"
15. "The Nippon Foundation's mobility services program"
16. "World Assistance for Cambodia » The Thkeng Nippon Foundation School". Retrieved 22 June 2022.
17. "List: Some of the largest private donations to Ukraine". *AP News*. 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
18. "Nippon Foundation increases support for Ukrainian evacuees". *The Yomiuri Shimbun*. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
19. "Nippon Foundation Increases Support for Ukrainian Evacuees". *Nippon Foundation*. 11 March 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
20. "Informe final sobre la aplicación de la anticoncepción quirúrgica voluntaria (AQV) en los años 1990-2000" (PDF). *Congress of Peru*. June 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
21. McMaken, Ryan (26 October 2018). "How the U.S. Government Led a Program That Forcibly Sterilized Thousands of Poor Peruvian Women in the 1990s | Ryan McMaken". *Foundation for Economic Education*. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
22. "Final Report Concerning Voluntary Surgical Contraception During the Years 1990–2000". *Population Research Institute*. 1 July 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
23. Carranza Ko, Ñusta P. (9 April 2020). "Making the Case for Genocide, the Forced Sterilization of Indigenous Peoples of Peru". *Genocide Studies and Prevention*. **14** (2): 90–102. doi:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1740. S2CID 225282614. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
24. "Sasakawa slips between the lines". *Times Higher Education (THE)*. 4 August 1995. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

## InfoBox

The Nippon Foundation
|
|  |
| Founded | 1 October 1962 (1962-10-01) |
| Founder |  |
| Focus | Education, healthcare, maritime industry |
| Location |  |
| Area served | Global |
| Method | Donations and Grants |
| Key people | Yohei Sasakawa, Chairman<br>Takeju Ogata, President |
| Revenue | 30,938,893,000JPY (FY2012) |
| Employees | 94 (2012) |
| Website | www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/en/ |


title: Heinz Golinski

abstract: Heinz Golinski was a German fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe during World War II and a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Golinski was born on 11 July 1919 in Nordstemmen and was posted as an Unteroffizier to 3./Jagdgeschwader 53 in the autumn of 1941, operating over the German Bight and over Malta. He then served as a test pilot with Messerschmitt. In August 1942, Golinski joined I./JG 53 on the Eastern Front. He claimed his first victory on 28 July 1942, an R-5 biplane. During August, he claimed 17 victories. Golinski claimed 27 victories in September. In late September, I./JG 53 transferred to the Mediterranean. On 16 October 1942, Golinski shot down a Spitfire. However, another Spitfire attacked him and his Bf 109 G-2 crashed killing Golinski. It is thought Golinski was the victim of Canadian ace F/L Henry Wallace "Wally" McLeod of No. 1435 Squadron RCAF. Golinski was posthumously awarded the Deutsches Kreuz in Gold on 5 November, and the Ritterkreuz on 30 December.

text:
# Heinz Golinski

**Heinz Golinski** (11 July 1919 – 16 October 1942) was a German fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe during World War II and a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

Golinski was born on 11 July 1919 in Nordstemmen and was posted as an *Unteroffizier* to 3./Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53) in the autumn of 1941, operating over the German Bight and over Malta. He then served as a test pilot with Messerschmitt. In August 1942, Golinski joined I./JG 53 on the Eastern Front. He claimed his first victory on 28 July 1942, an R-5 biplane. During August, he claimed 17 victories. Golinski claimed 27 victories in September. In late September, I./JG 53 transferred to the Mediterranean.

On 16 October 1942, Golinski shot down a Spitfire. However, another Spitfire attacked him and his Bf 109 G-2 crashed killing Golinski. It is thought Golinski was the victim of Canadian ace F/L Henry Wallace "Wally" McLeod of No. 1435 Squadron RCAF. Golinski was posthumously awarded the Deutsches Kreuz in Gold on 5 November, and the Ritterkreuz on 30 December.

## Awards

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) \[First published 1986\]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* \[*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*\] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
* Obermaier, Ernst (1989). *Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945*\] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
* Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). *Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg* \[*The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War*\] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
* Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). *Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II* \[*The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2*\] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.

## InfoBox

| Heinz Golinski | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 11 July 1919
Nordstemmen, Germany |
| Died | 16 October 1942 (1942-10-17) (aged 23)
Malta |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Luftwaffe |
| Years of service | 1939–1942 |
| Rank | Feldwebel |
| Unit | JG 53 |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


abstract:
In enzymology, a N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - 6-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + H2O ⇌ 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + acetate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 6-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol and H2O, whereas its two products are 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol and acetate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 6-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol acetylhydrolase. Other names in common use include N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol acetylhydrolase, N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase, GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase, GlcNAc-PI deacetylase, and acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: glycosylphosphatidylinositol(gpi)-anchor, and glycan structures - biosynthesis 2.

text:
# N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase

In enzymology, a **N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase** (EC 3.5.1.89) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

6-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + H2O $\rightleftharpoons $ 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + acetate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 6-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol and H2O, whereas its two products are 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol and acetate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **6-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol acetylhydrolase**. Other names in common use include **N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol acetylhydrolase**, **N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase**, **GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase**, **GlcNAc-PI deacetylase**, and **acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase**. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: glycosylphosphatidylinositol(gpi)-anchor, and glycan structures - biosynthesis 2.

* Doering TL, Masterson WJ, Englund PT, Hart GW (1989). "Biosynthesis of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein. Origin of the non-acetylated glucosamine". *J. Biol. Chem*. **264** (19): 11168–73. PMID 2525555.
* Nakamura, N; Inoue, N; Watanabe, R; Takahashi, M; Takeda, J; Stevens, VL; Kinoshita, T (1997). "Expression cloning of PIG-L, a candidate N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol deacetylase". *J. Biol. Chem*. **272** (25): 15834–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.25.15834. PMID 9188481.
* Watanabe R, Ohishi K, Maeda Y, Nakamura N, Kinoshita T. "Mammalian PIG-L and its yeast homologue Gpi12p are N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylases essential in glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis". *Biochem. J*. **339**: 185–92. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3390185. PMC 1220143. PMID 10085243.
* Smit TK; Crossman, A; Borissow, CN; Paterson, MJ; Dix, A; Brimacombe, JS; Ferguson, MA (2001). "Specificity of GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase of GPI biosynthesis and synthesis of parasite-specific suicide substrate inhibitors". *EMBO J*. **20** (13): 3322–32. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.13.3322. PMC 125529. PMID 11432820.

## InfoBox

| N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.5.1.89 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Nanda Pal

abstract: Nanda Pal is the Himalayan mountain peak situated in the eastern part of Uttarakhand state in Pithoragarh district, India. The altitude of the summit is 6,306 m. Nanda Pal is situated on the eastern flank of Milam Glacier on north south massif. Other nearby peaks on the ridge are Ikualari (6,059 m), Nanda Gond (6,315 m), Nital Thaur (6,059 m). Unta Dhura pass lies north to this peak. The peak was climbed in 1974.

text:
# Nanda Pal

**Nanda Pal** is the Himalayan mountain peak situated in the eastern part of Uttarakhand state in Pithoragarh district, India. The altitude of the summit is 6,306 m. Nanda Pal is situated on the eastern flank of Milam Glacier on north south massif. Other nearby peaks on the ridge are Ikualari (6,059 m), Nanda Gond (6,315 m), Nital Thaur (6,059 m). Unta Dhura pass lies north to this peak. The peak was climbed in 1974.

## Climbing History

an Indo-Tibetan Border Police team reached the summit on June 8 despite unfavorable weather. Deputy Leader Ramesh Chandra was one of the ten member who reached the summit.

## InfoBox

| Nanda Pal | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Nanda Pal | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 6,306 m (20,689 ft) |
| Coordinates | 30°31′12″N 80°08′24″E / 30.52000°N 80.14000°E / 30.52000; 80.14000 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India |
| Parent range | Kumaon Himalaya |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 1974 |


title: Roggwil-Wynau railway station

abstract: Roggwil-Wynau railway station is a railway station in the municipality of Roggwil, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Olten–Bern line of Swiss Federal Railways.

text:
# Roggwil-Wynau railway station

**Roggwil-Wynau railway station** (German: *Bahnhof Roggwil-Wynau*) is a railway station in the municipality of Roggwil, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Olten–Bern line of Swiss Federal Railways.

## Services

The following services stop at Roggwil-Wynau:

## InfoBox

| Roggwil-Wynau | |
| --- | --- |
| The station platform in 2018 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Roggwil<br>Switzerland |
| Coordinates | 47°15′5.8680″N 7°48′53.6569″E / 47.251630000°N 7.814904694°E / 47.251630000; 7.814904694 |
| Owned by | Swiss Federal Railways |
| Line(s) | Olten–Bern line |
| Distance | 54.5 km (33.9 mi) from Basel SBB |
| Train operators | Swiss Federal Railways |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 191 (Libero) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2018 | 320 per weekday |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Aargau S-Bahn Following station  LangenthalTerminus  S23  Murgenthaltowards Baden | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Roggwil-WynauLocation within SwitzerlandRoggwil-WynauRoggwil-Wynau (Canton of Bern) | |


title: Nachom-ia Kumpasar

abstract: Nachom-ia Kumpasar, is a Konkani musical drama film. It is based on the lives of two jazz musicians, Chris Perry and Lorna. The film, which takes its title from the name of a song by the two artists, was directed by Bardroy Barretto. It starred Vijay Maurya and Palomi Ghosh in the lead roles. The story is told through over 20 popular Konkani songs from the 1960s and 1970s that have been re-recorded for this film. The film is set in the 1960s and is a tribute to the 'unsung' Konkani musicians of that era. The Goa premiere was held at Ravindra Bhavan, Margao. The film was funded with contributions from friends.

text:
# Nachom-ia Kumpasar

***Nachom-ia Kumpasar*** (English: ***Let's dance to the rhythm***), is a Konkani musical drama film. It is based on the lives of two jazz musicians, Chris Perry and Lorna. The film, which takes its title from the name of a song by the two artists, was directed by Bardroy Barretto. It starred Vijay Maurya and Palomi Ghosh in the lead roles. The story is told through over 20 popular Konkani songs from the 1960s and 1970s that have been re-recorded for this film. The film is set in the 1960s and is a tribute to the 'unsung' Konkani musicians of that era.

The Goa premiere was held at Ravindra Bhavan, Margao. The film was funded with contributions from friends.

## Cast

## Plot

In 1964 Lawry, a young Goan trumpet-player who plays in the nightclubs of Bombay, returns to Goa for a wedding. He and his band need a female singer To give themselves some 'glamour'. He meets Dona and invites her to join the band. While Lawry moulds the impressionable young Dona into a talented singer, they appear to fall in love. He insists she return home to study and take exams. But on one return from a short tour, Dona realises he is married. She is devastated. Later their affair resumes, although her parents warn her against Lawry as they know he is married, and they worry about her career of being a singer. On returning from the next short tour, Lawry speaks to her parents outside the train station and says he will come and speak to them about things. They look pleased, but it is unclear what he might be planning. Whatever this is, everything changes when Lawry goes home and finds out his wife is pregnant. He does not go to meet Dona's parents. They wait for hours. She forgives him this and the affair resumes. But when the other musicians sing a celebration song to Lawry she discovers he is to be a father and she is furious and heart-broken. Lawry imagines breaking down a door and finding Dona dead from hanging herself. We see him dress sombrely with a black tie, but instead of going to Dona's funeral he goes to his own baby's naming ceremony. Instead of committing suicide Dona later sings a song about being betrayed and being 'in heaven', whilst crying on stage...

It is now 1967 or later. Dona signs a musician's contract to record a duet with Mohammed Rafi. She says, 'I won't sing with anyone.' But she does sing with Rafi and Lawry stands next to them playing trumpet.

Dona listens to the advice of the local drunk who thinks she will soon join his 'world of madness' as she is so sad. He offers her alcohol to help with her sorrow. After another gig, Lawry says Dona behaves like a tart with the audience. She says he has treated her that way and she will no longer sing with him. Next day, Logic, the band manager, cannot find Dona for rehearsal. They use a new singer, Usha, for a recording. Logic doesn't think this recording has any magic to it. The band needs Dona.

We see Dona singing with another band and looking somewhat unravelled or drunk. Lawry arrives in the audience. He gets on stage, grabs a mic stand and chases Dona off, shouting about her trying to challenge him. We hear a strike and a shriek. Backstage Dona sobs. Lawry calms down, then leaves.

By 1970 both have success separately with their bands in Bombay. Dona's father dies. Lawry has another child. In Goa in 1974 Dona hides a bottle of spirits under a shawl and appears rough. Lawry's wife is pregnant again.

In 1975 Lawry contemplates how the film industry credited the actors rather than the musicians and composers from Goa on many well-known films.

In 1995 we see a man track down Dona and encourage her to return to the stage. The film ends with footage of the real Lorna Cordeiro singing.

2004 shows a tombstone for Lawry. There is a voiceover in English concerning the decline of Goan musicianship over the decades.

note: The film weaves its lilting narrative through 20 timeless songs based on actual events. Songs are frequently accompanied by flamenco dancers who embody the emotional turmoil of the story-telling. This quasi-biographical film is a tribute to one of Goa’s greatest, yet barely acknowledged legacy - its musicians, who once upon a time set the jazz clubs of Bombay on fire and actually shaped the music of Bollywood cinema. Nachom-ia Kumpasar is a nostalgic musical tale set in the times these musicians lived and died in - unrecognized, unappreciated… and unsung until now.

## Awards

Nachom-ia Kumpasar has won 24 international, 3 national and 10 state awards making it the most awarded Konkani film. At the 62nd National Film Awards, the film won three awards. Bardroy Barretto won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Konkani, Aparna Raina won the award for best production design, and actress Palomi Ghosh received National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention for Female Actor (Feature Film). The film also won Lebara Play Audience Choice Award for best film at London Indian Film Festival 2015 Nachom-ia Kumpasar was also included in the shortlist at the **2016 Oscars for Best Picture and Best Original Score**. The film won three awards at VIFF 2016 Vienna Independent Film Festival, Grand Prix for Best of the Festival as well as the Best Music Film Award and Best Art Direction Award.

### Wins and awards

* 62nd National Film Awards, India 2015:
    + Winner- Best Konkani Film
    + Winner- Best Production Design
    + Special Mention for Best Female Performance- Palomi Ghosh
* London Indian Film Festival 2015:
    + Winner- Lebara Play Audience Choice Award
* Brasov International Film Festival (Romania):
    + Winner- Best Film (out of competition)
* Global Music Award (US):
    + Winner- Silver Medal for Best Music and Original Score
* Lombardy International Film Festival (Milan):
    + Winner- Best Director-Foreign Film
    + Winner- Best Sound Design
    + Winner- Best Original Score
* Tiburon International Film Festival (CA, USA):
    + Winner- Golden Reel Award for Best Musical Film
* United International Film Festival (Hollywood, Los Angeles, CA):
    + Winner: Best Music
* 6th Dada Saheb Phalke Film Festival (India):
    + Winner- Best Music
    + Certificate of Excellence- Best Director
    + Certificate of Excellence- Best Editor
    + Certificate of Excellence- Best Screenplay
    + Certificate of Excellence- Best Cinematography
* Near Nazareth Film Festival (Israel):
    + Winner- Best Feature Film
* 2016 Barcelona Film Festival:
    + Winner- El Rey Award For Excellence in Cinematography
* Mexico International Film Awards:
    + Winner- Golden Palm Award for Best Feature of First Time Filmmaker
* Vienna Independent Film Festival:
    + Winner- Grand Prix (Best Of The Festival)
    + Winner- Best Art Direction
    + Winner- Best Musical Film
* Cordoba Film Festival, Colombia
    + Winner- Best Film
* Washington DC South Asian Film Festival, US
    + Winner: Best Actress
* 8th Goa State Film Festival (2014 & 2015):
    + Winner: Best Film- Bardroy Barretto
    + Winner: Best Director- Bardroy Barretto
    + Winner: Best Actor (Jury Award)- Vijay Maurya
    + Winner: Best Actress (Jury Award)- Palomi Ghosh
    + Winner: Best Music- Chris Perry, Ronnie Monsorate, Jacob Pereira
    + Winner: Best Cinematographer- Suhas Gujarathi
    + Winner: Best Editor- Bardroy Barretto
    + Winner: Best Audiography- Alok De
    + Winner: Best Art Direction- Aparna Raina
    + Winner: Best Costume Designer- Sweta Gomes

### Nominations and shortlists

Lombardy International Film Festival (Milan): Nomination: Best Film Nomination: Best Screen Play

**Oscar Award Contention List (Academy of Motion Pictures, LA):** **Shortlist- Best Picture** **Shortlist- Best Original Score**

Rapid Lion (Johannesburg, SA): Nomination- Best Sound Editing Nomination- Best Female Actor

New York Indian Film Festival (NYC, USA): Nomination- Best Film Nomination- Best Female Actor

## InfoBox

| Nachom-ia Kumpasar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nachom-ia Kumpasar | |
| Directed by | Bardroy Barretto |
| Written by | * Bardroy Barretto * Mridul Toolsidas * Angelo Braganza |
| Screenplay by | * Bardroy Barretto * Mridul Toolsidas |
| Story by | Bardroy Barretto |
| Produced by | Goa Folklore Productions |
| Starring | * Vijay Maurya * Palomi Ghosh |
| Cinematography | Suhas Gujarathi |
| Edited by | * Bardroy Barretto * Lionel Fernandes * Shweta Venkat |
| Music by | * Chris Perry * Ronnie Monserrate * Jacob (Jackson) Pereira |
| Production<br>company | Goa Folklore Productions |
| Release date | * 4 December 2014 (2014-12-04) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Konkani |
| Budget | est. 4 crore (equivalent to 6.0 crore or US$720,000 in 2023) |


title: Amazon kingfisher

abstract: The Amazon kingfisher is a species of "water kingfisher" in subfamily Cerylinae of family Alcedinidae. It is found in the lowlands of the American tropics from southern Mexico south through Central America to northern Argentina.

text:
# Amazon kingfisher

The **Amazon kingfisher** (***Chloroceryle amazona***) is a species of "water kingfisher" in subfamily Cerylinae of family Alcedinidae. It is found in the lowlands of the American tropics from southern Mexico south through Central America to northern Argentina.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The first formal description of the Amazon kingfisher was by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1790 under the binomial name *Alcedo amazona*. The current genus *Chloroceryle* was erected by Johann Jakob Kaup in 1848. The species is monotypic.

## Description

The Amazon kingfisher is about 30 cm (12 in) long. Males weigh 98 to 121 g (3.5 to 4.3 oz) and females 125 to 140 g (4.4 to 4.9 oz). It has the typical kingfisher shape, with a shaggy crest and long heavy bill. The bill is black with some pale yellow at the base of the mandible and its legs and feet are dark gray. Adult males have dark bronzy green upperparts divided by a white collar. They have a white chin and throat, a rich rufous breast with dark green sides, and a white belly with dark green streaks on the side. Adult females lack the rufous breast but the green of the sides extends across the breast almost to its middle. Juvenile males have a buffy rufous breast and both sexes have buff spots on the upperwing coverts and a large yellow patch on their bill.

## Distribution and habitat

The Amazon kingfisher is found from the Mexican states of Sinaloa and Tamaulipas south through Central America into Colombia and Venezuela and separately east of the Andes in every South American country except Chile, reaching as far south as central Argentina. It has been recorded as a vagrant to Aruba, Trinidad, and Texas. It inhabits large rivers, both slow- and fast-flowing, and the wooded shores of lakes and freshwater lagoons. It also occasionally occurs in brackish lagoons, mangroves, and tidal estuaries. It favors open landscapes rather than dense forest. In elevation it is mostly found below 1,200 m (3,900 ft) but occurs as high as 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in Venezuela.

## Behavior

### Movement

The Amazon kingfisher is generally believed to be sedentary but there are records of vagrancy.

### Feeding

The Amazon kingfisher usually hunts from a perch from which it dives into water for its prey. Occasionally it hovers before diving. Its diet is mostly fish, especially those of family Characidae, and crustaceans.

### Breeding

The Amazon kingfisher's breeding season varies geographically. It is generally in the first half of the year in Central America but has not been detailed elsewhere. Both members of a pair excavate a slightly inclined burrow in a river bank or similar feature; it is typically up to 1.6 m (5.2 ft) long and has a nest chamber at the end. The clutch size is three or four eggs. Most incubation at night is by the female and during the day by the male. The incubation period is about 22 days and fledging occurs 29 to 30 days after hatch.

### Vocalization

The Amazon kingfisher makes a "\[l\]oud, harsh, repeated 'tek' or 'klek'" and a "staccato 'chrit'" that may be extended into a rattle. It also makes "frog-like" calls. Another vocalization is "an accelerating series of clear notes...'see see see...su su su su'" that is thought to be a greeting or alarm call.

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the Amazon kingfisher as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range. Its estimated population of at least a half million mature individuals is, however, believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.

## InfoBox

| Amazon kingfisher | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A male at Iberá Wetlands, Corrientes Province, Argentina | |
|  | |
| A female at San Ignacio, Belize | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Coraciiformes |
| Family: | Alcedinidae |
| Subfamily: | Cerylinae |
| Genus: | *Chloroceryle* |
| Species: | ***C. amazona*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chloroceryle amazona***
(Latham, 1790) | |
|
|  | |


title: Phasgonophora

abstract: Phasgonophora is a genus of chalcidid wasps in the family Chalcididae. There are at least two described species in Phasgonophora.

text:
# Phasgonophora

***Phasgonophora*** is a genus of chalcidid wasps in the family Chalcididae. There are at least two described species in *Phasgonophora*.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus *Phasgonophora*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Phasgonophora* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phasgonophora sulcata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Chalcididae |
| Subfamily: | Chalcidinae |
| Genus: | *Phasgonophora*<br>Westwood, 1832 |
|


title: List of links golf courses

abstract: The following is a list of links golf courses; also included are many "links-style" courses and courses that share many of the features of links courses.

text:
# List of links golf courses

The following is a list of **links golf courses**; also included are many "links-style" courses and courses that share many of the features of links courses.

## Scotland

Dumfries and Galloway * Southerness Golf Club, Southerness, Dumfriesshire
* Wigtownshire County Golf Club, Glenluce, Wigtownshire

Strathclyde * Dundonald Links Golf Club, Irvine, Ayrshire
* Gailes Links Golf Club, Irvine, Ayrshire
* Irvine Golf Club, Irvine, Ayrshire
* Kilmarnock (Barassie) Golf Club – Barassie Links and Hillhouse Course, Barassie, Ayrshire
* Prestwick Golf Club, Prestwick, Ayrshire
* Prestwick St Nicholas Golf Club, Prestwick, Ayrshire
* Royal Troon Golf Club – Old Course and Portland Course, Troon, Ayrshire
* Troon Darley Golf Club, Troon, Ayrshire
* Troon Lochgreen Golf Club, Troon, Ayrshire
* Turnberry – Ailsa, King Robert the Bruce, and Arran Courses, Turnberry, Ayrshire
* West Kilbride Golf Club, West Kilbride, Ayrshire
* Western Gailes Golf Club, Irvine, Ayrshire

Argyll and Isles * Colonsay Golf Club, Isle of Colonsay
* Dunaverty Golf Club, Southend, Kintyre
* Machrie Golf Club, Isle of Islay
* Machrihanish Golf Club – Championship Course, Campbelltown, Kintyre
* Macrihanish Dunes Golf Club, Campbelltown, Kintyre
* Shiskine Golf Club, Blackwaterfoot, Isle of Arran

Lothian  Fife Angus * Arbroath Golf Links, Arbroath, Angus
* Carnoustie Golf Links – Championship, Burnside, and Buddon Courses, Carnoustie, Angus
* Monifieth Golf Links – Medal Course and Ashludie Course, Monifieth, Angus
* Panmure Golf Club, Barry, Angus
* Montrose Golf Links – Medal Course and Broomfield Course, Montrose, Angus

North East  Moray Coast Highlands and Islands

## England

North West North East  South West * Bude and North Cornwall Golf Club, Bude, Cornwall
* Burnham & Berrow Golf Club – Championship Course and Channel Course, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset
* Minehead & West Somerset Golf Club, Minehead, Somerset
* Mullion Golf Club, Helston, Cornwall
* Newquay Golf Club, Newquay, Cornwall
* Perranporth Golf Club, Perranporth, Cornwall
* Royal North Devon Golf Club, Westward Ho!, Devon
* St. Enodoc Golf Club – Church Course, Rock, Cornwall
* Saunton Golf Club – East and West Courses, Braunton, Devon
* Thurlestone Golf Club, Kingsbridge, Devon
* Trevose Golf and Country Club – Championship Course, Trevose, Cornwall
* Warren Golf Club, Dawlish, South Devon
* West Cornwall Golf Club, Lelant, Cornwall
* Weston-super-Mare Golf Club, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset

South East  East Anglia Midlands * Sandilands Golf Club, Sutton on Sea, Lincolnshire (closed 2018)
* Seacroft Golf Club, Skegness, Lincolnshire

## Wales

## Northern Ireland & Channel Islands

Channel Islands Northern Ireland * Ardglass Golf Club – Ardglass, County Down
* Bushfoot Golf Club, Portballintrae, County Antrim
* Castlerock Golf Club – Mussenden Course and Bann Course, Castlerock, County Londonderry
* Kirkistown Castle Golf Club, Cloughey, County Down
* Portstewart Golf Club – Strand Course, Old Course, and Riverside Courses, Portstewart, County Londonderry
* Royal County Down Golf Club – Championship Course and Annesley Course, Newcastle, County Down
* Royal Portrush Golf Club – Dunluce Course and Valley Course, Portrush, County Antrim

## Ireland

South East * Arklow Golf Club, Arklow, Co Wicklow
* Corballis Links Pitch and Putt Club, Donabate, Co Dublin
* The European Club, Arklow, Co Wicklow
* The Island Golf Club, Donabate, Co Dublin
* Portmarnock Golf Club – Championship Course and Yellow Course, Portmarnock, Co Dublin
* Portmarnock Hotel and Golf Links, Portmarnock, Co Dublin
* Rosslare Golf Club – Championship Course and Burrow Course, Rosslare, Co Wexford
* The Royal Dublin Golf Club, Bull Island, Co Dublin
* Rush Golf Club, Rush, Co Dublin
* St Anne's Golf Club, Bull Island, Co Dublin
* Sutton Golf Club, Sutton, Co Dublin

North East  Munster Connacht  Donegal

## Rest of Europe

Belgium * Royal Ostend Golf Club, De Haan, West-Vlaanderen

Denmark * Fanø Golf Links, Fanø, Jutland

Estonia * Pärnu Bay Golf Links, Pärnu

Finland * Tapiola Golf, Espoo, Nyland

France * Dinard Golf, Saint-Briac-sur-Mer, Bretagne
* Granville Golf Club, Bréville-sur-Mer, Basse-Normandie

Germany * Golf Club Budersand, Sylt, Nordfriesland
* Golf Club Föhr, Nieblum, Nordfriesland
* Golf Club Nordeney, Nordeney, Ostfriesische Inseln
* Nordsee Golf Club, Sankt Peter-Ording, Nordfriesland

Netherlands * Domburgsche Golf Club, Domburg, Zeeland
* Kennemer Golf Club, Zandvoort, North Holland
* Noordwijkse Golf Club, Noordwijk, South Holland
* Royal Haagsche Golf & Country Club, Wassenaar, South Holland
* Zandvoortse Golf Club Sonderland, Zandvoort, North Holland

Norway * Lofoten Golf Links, Gimsøy, Lofoten

Portugal * West Cliffs Golf Links, Obidos
* Oitavos Dunes, Cascais, Lisbon

Sweden

## United States

Midwest and Rocky Mountains Northeast  Pacific  South * Kiawah Island Golf Resort \- Ocean Course, Kiawah Island, South Carolina
* Streamsong Resort (Red, Blue, and Black courses), Streamsong, Florida

## Canada

## Australia

New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland Victoria * Barwon Heads Golf Club, Barwon Heads
* Cheltenham Golf Club, Cheltenham
* Commonwealth Golf Club, Oakleigh South, Melbourne
* Curlewis Golf Club, Curlewis
* Eagle Ridge Golf Course, Boneo
* Flinders Golf Club, Flinders
* Huntingdale Golf Club, Oakleigh South, Melbourne
* Kingston Heath, Cheltenham, Melbourne
* Lonsdale Links, Point Lonsdale
* Metropolitan Golf Club, Oakleigh South, Melbourne
* Moonah Links – Open Course and Legends Course, Fingal
* Mornington Golf Club, Mornington
* Peterborough Golf Club, Peterborough
* Portarlington Golf Club, Portarlington
* Port Fairy Golf Club, Port Fairy
* Portsea Golf Club, Portsea
* Queenscliff Golf Club, Swan Island
* RACV Cape Schanck, Cape Schanck
* RACV Torquay Resort, Torquay
* Royal Melbourne Golf Club, Black Rock, Melbourne
* Sanctuary Lakes Golf Club, Point Cook, Melbourne
* Sandringham Golf Links, Sandringham, Melbourne
* Sandy Golf Links, Cheltenham, Melbourne
* Sorrento Golf Club, Sorrento
* Southern Golf Club, Keysborough, Melbourne
* Spring Valley Golf Club, Clayton South, Melbourne
* St Andrews Beach, Fingal
* The Dunes Golf Links, Rye
* The National Golf Club - Old Course, Moonah Course, Gunnamatta Course and Long Island Course, Cape Schanck
* The Sands Torquay, Torquay
* Thirteenth Beach Golf Links - Beach Course and Creek Course, Connewarre
* Victoria Golf Club, Cheltenham, Melbourne
* Woodlands Golf Club, Mordialloc, Melbourne
* Yarra Yarra Golf Club, Bentleigh East, Melbourne

Western Australia South Australia  Tasmania

## New Zealand

South Island  North Island * Paraparaumu Beach Golf Club, Paraparaumu

## South Africa


title: Nipple (disambiguation)

abstract:
A nipple is part of the breast, in anatomy. Nipple may also refer to:
  - Nipple or teat, on a baby bottle

text:
# Nipple (disambiguation)

A **nipple** is part of the breast, in anatomy.

**Nipple** may also refer to:

## Engineering

* Nipple (plumbing), a type of pipe fitting
* Spoke nipple, which binds each spoke to a bicycle wheel rim
* Grease nipple, used to put grease into a gearbox or moving part needing lubrication using a grease gun
* Nipple mouse, a pointing device on a laptop
* Nipple (firearm), in a percussion firearm, it is an extension of the touch hole to which a percussion cap is fitted.
* Nipple, on the end of a Bowden cable
* Nipple, the fifth wheel coupling kingpin on a semi-trailer

## Music


title: Helen Lengfeld

abstract: Helen Lengfeld was an American golfer and founder of the California Women's Amateur Championship. Lengfeld learned to play golf starting at the age of eight, playing at the Raymond Hotel while vacationing with her parents. In 1926, Lengfeld help found the Women’s Golf Association of Northern California, winning its first tournament the following year. During World War II, Lengfeld organized 400 voluntary services groups for women across the United States. She organized several amateur golf tournaments in her life, including the California Women's Amateur Championship, presenting the idea to S.F.B. Morse. She also founded the junior version of the tournament. She was also named one of the five most influential women in golf by Golf Digest. Lengfeld died in 1986 at the age of 88.

text:
# Helen Lengfeld

**Helen Lengfeld** was an American golfer and founder of the California Women's Amateur Championship.

Lengfeld learned to play golf starting at the age of eight, playing at the Raymond Hotel while vacationing with her parents. In 1926, Lengfeld help found the Women’s Golf Association of Northern California, winning its first tournament the following year.

During World War II, Lengfeld organized 400 voluntary services groups for women across the United States. She organized several amateur golf tournaments in her life, including the California Women's Amateur Championship, presenting the idea to S.F.B. Morse. She also founded the junior version of the tournament. She was also named one of the five most influential women in golf by *Golf Digest*.

Lengfeld died in 1986 at the age of 88.


title: NAA35

abstract: N(alpha)-acetyltransferase 35, NatC auxiliary subunit is a protein in humans that is encoded by the NAA35 gene.

text:
# NAA35

**N(alpha)-acetyltransferase 35, NatC auxiliary subunit** is a protein in humans that is encoded by the NAA35 gene.

## InfoBox

| NAA35 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | NAA35, EGAP, MAK10, MAK10P, bA379P1.1, N(alpha)-acetyltransferase 35, NatC auxiliary subunit, N-alpha-acetyltransferase 35, NatC auxiliary subunit | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 1925939; HomoloGene: 5781; GeneCards: NAA35; OMA:NAA35 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_024635
NM\_001321881
NM\_001321882
NM\_021929   NM\_030153
NM\_001384120
NM\_001384121   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001308810
NP\_001308811
NP\_078911   NP\_084429
NP\_001371049
NP\_001371050   Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 85.94 – 86.03 Mb Chr 13: 59.73 – 59.78 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam

abstract: Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-Tamil bilingual drama film directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery and written by S. Hareesh. It is produced by Mammootty kampany & Amen Movie Monastery. The film stars Mammootty, Ramya Suvi, Ramya Pandian and Ashokan. Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam was released theatrically on 19 January 2023 and received critical acclaim. At the 53rd Kerala State Film Awards, it won two awards, including Best Film and Best Actor (Mammootty).

text:
# Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam

***Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam*** (English: ***Like An Afternoon Dream***) is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-Tamil bilingual drama film directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery and written by S. Hareesh. It is produced by Mammootty kampany & Amen Movie Monastery. The film stars Mammootty, Ramya Suvi, Ramya Pandian and Ashokan.

*Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam* was released theatrically on 19 January 2023 and received critical acclaim. At the 53rd Kerala State Film Awards, it won two awards, including Best Film (Pellissery and George Sebastian) and Best Actor (Mammootty).

## Plot

A group of Malayali tourists are returning to Kerala after visiting the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health in Velankanni, Tamil Nadu. While the other tourists are asleep, tour leader James stops the bus at a remote village in Tamil Nadu. He takes a stroll around the place, enters a house and starts acting like a member of the family, behaving like a Tamilian and speaking in Tamil. An old blind woman in the house appears to recognize him as her son, based on his voice and mannerisms. Not finding James, the other tourists come looking for him. His familiarity with the community confuses everyone who travelled with him, as well as the villagers. Eventually the people realize he has taken on the character, mannerisms and language of Sundaram, a member of the family who had disappeared two years earlier. The family of Sundaram starts to believe that he has been reincarnated. But James progressively gets confused when people don't accept him as Sundaram. He doesn't recognize the changes in the village, such as the new temple that had not been built when Sundaram went missing. He also chances to see his face mirrored for the first time, when he visits the barber, which shocks him into reality. James' real family and friends plot to sedate him in order to get him back to Kerala, and get him help for his presumed mental disorder. They plan to give him the sedative with his tea after his afternoon nap. However, after falling asleep James regains his true identity and willingly goes with them to board the bus. The ending is open to interpretation. The character named Sundaram and the entire escapade could merely be a dream that James had on the bus all the while.

## Cast

* Mammootty as James/Sundaram
* Ramya Suvi as Sally, James' wife
* Ramya Pandian as Kuzhali, Sundaram's wife
* Poo Ramu as Nambi, Sundaram's father
* Ashokan as Babukutty
* Devaki as Muth, Sundaram's daughter
* Vipin Atley as Tomy
* Rajesh Sharma as Bus driver
* T. Suresh Babu as James' Father-in-law
* Gireesh Perincheeri as Eeshoppan
* Balan Parakkal as Jhony
* G. M. Kumar as Village Head
* Namo Narayana as Sundaram's brother
* Ramachandran Durairaj as Shanmugham
* Thomas Panicker as Monayi
* Manoranjan as Jose

## Production

On 7 November 2021, Lijo Jose Pellissery officially announced the film by sharing the title through social media. *Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam* is the first-time collaboration between Mammootty and Lijo Jose Pellissery. The film was produced by Mammootty's newly launched production house Mammootty Kampany.

On 7 November 2021, principal photography took place in the village of Manjanaickenpatti, near Palani, Tamil Nadu. Filming was wrapped up on 7 December 2021.

## Release

The movie premiered at 27th International Film Festival of Kerala(IIFK) on 12 December 2022. The film received positive reviews and huge demand for world premiere. Audience praised both Mammootty and Lijo Jose Pellissery.

On 19 January 2023, *Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam* went into general release on theatres.

### Home media

The streaming rights of the film were sold to Netflix. It released on 23 February 2023.

## Reception

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 83% of 6 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.4/10. *Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakam* received mostly positive reviews from critics.

Baradwaj Rangan, reviewing for *Galatta Plus*, described the film as "magical" and "an instant classic" and continued that "to experience a film like this – at once muddled and filled with clarity – is to feel transcendentally alive." Simon Abrams from *RogerEbert.com* gave the film 3.5 out of 4 and wrote that "*Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam* feels like a deep and abidingly strange trip to Pellissery’s memory palace" and that "Pellissery confirms his prominence among a new wave of Malayalam-speaking Indian filmmakers."

Anna M. M. Vetticad of *Firstpost* gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "Apart from the music and sound design, the highlight of *Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam* is its immersive central performance...the thespian does not give either James or Sundaram any quirks, yet masterfully conveys their divergent personalities leaving us in no doubt as to who is who and when. This team-up with Lijo confirms that Mammootty is steering his career into a whole new experimental phase, embracing not just the sort of middle-of-the-road, slice-of-life ventures that have endeared Malayalam cinema to a pan-India audience, but also entering an unapologetically philosophical arena."

Prem Udayabhanu of *Onmanorama* reviewed the film as *post-siesta drama a lofty cinematic experience* and wrote "The orchestrated chaos we see in *Jallikattu* or *Churuli* is amiss. But through the interplay of hallucination and trance Lijo’s scriptwriter S Harish infuses into Mammotty’s character, the master craftsman pulls the actor and the audience to a lofty plain of cinematic excellence. We cannot but embrace this irrational reel exuberance."

Analysing the movie, Sajesh Mohan of *Onmanorama* wrote In ‘Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam’, Lijo Jose Pellissery must have asked cinematographer Theni Eswar to observe the actors like a master of mindfulness. For that's what his camera does. The shots are static yet the frames are dynamic and once the film enters Sundaram’s village through James's siesta dream, the shots acquire an aura that makes it resemble the visualisations of a Tao master. In lieu of adding haze and glow or grading the dream sequence differently, Theni Eswar achieves a differentiation relying on the aesthetic method of frames within a frame.

Manoj Kumar R. of *The Indian Express* rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "The visuals are almost meditative. Every frame tells more than one story."

## Accolades

| Year | Award/Festival | Category | Recipient |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | International Film Festival of Kerala | The Silver Crow Pheasant Award *(Rajatha Chakoram)* | *Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam* \- Lijo Jose Pellissery |
| | Padmarajan Award | Best Director | Lijo Jose Pellissery |
| 2023 | 53rd Kerala State Film Awards | Best Film | Lijo Jose Pellissery
George Sebastian (as producer) |
| | | Best Actor | Mammootty |
| 2024 | 69th Filmfare Awards South | Best Actor (Malayalam) | Mammootty |
|

## InfoBox

| Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Lijo Jose Pellissery |
| Screenplay by | S. Hareesh |
| Story by | Lijo Jose Pellissery |
| Produced by | Mammootty |
| Starring | Mammootty
Ramya Pandian
Ashokan |
| Cinematography | Theni Eswar |
| Edited by | Deepu S. Joseph |
| Production
companies | Mammootty Kampany
Amen Movie Monastery (co-producer) |
| Distributed by | Wayfarer Films |
| Release dates | * 12 December 2022 (2022-12-12) (IFFK) * 19 January 2023 (2023-01-19) (India) |
| Running time | 104 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Languages | Malayalam
Tamil |


title: Roko Mišlov

abstract: Roko Mišlov is a Croatian footballer who plays as a midfielder for SPG Wels, which he captains.

text:
# Roko Mišlov

**Roko Mišlov** (born 26 May 1988) is a Croatian footballer who plays as a midfielder for SPG Wels, which he captains.

## Club career

He made his Croatian First Football League debut for HNK Šibenik on 21 March 2012 in a game against NK Lokomotiva. He has been playing in Austria since 2013, except for a season in Poland.

## InfoBox

Roko Mišlov
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-05-26) 26 May 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Zadar, Croatia | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | SPG Wels | | |
| Number | 6 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–2006 | NK Zadar | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2011 | NK Zadar | 17 | (1) |
| 2009 | NK Velebit (loan) |  |  |
| 2009–2010 | HNK Primorac (loan) |  |  |
| 2010–2011 | NK Raštane (loan) |  |  |
| 2011–2012 | HNK Primorac |  |  |
| 2012–2013 | HNK Šibenik | 37 | (4) |
| 2013–2018 | TSV Hartberg | 146 | (27) |
| 2018–2019 | SKN St. Pölten | 29 | (0) |
| 2019–2020 | Miedź Legnica | 8 | (2) |
| 2019–2020 | Miedź Legnica II | 4 | (0) |
| 2020 | SV Horn | 12 | (0) |
| 2020– | SPG Wels | 94 | (25) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 May 2024 | | | |


title: Nagiichi

abstract: Nagiichi (ナギイチ) is the fourth single by Japanese girl group NMB48. It has sold 375,785 copies. The title "Nagiichi" is shortened from "Nagisade ichiban kawaī GIRL!!"

text:
# Nagiichi

***Nagiichi*** (ナギイチ) is the fourth single by Japanese girl group NMB48. It has sold 375,785 copies. The title "Nagiichi" is shortened from "Nagisade ichiban kawaī GIRL!!" (渚で一番かわいいGIRL!!, lit. The cutest GIRL on the beach!!)

## Members

### "Nagiichi"

Senbatsu\* Centers: Sayaka Yamamoto, Watanabe Miyuki

* Team N: Mayu Ogasawara, Kanako Kadowaki, Riho Kotani, Rina Kondo, Kei Jonishi, Miru Shiroma, Aina Fukumoto, Nana Yamada, Sayaka Yamamoto, Akari Yoshida, Miyuki Watanabe
* Team M: Momoka Kinoshita, Eriko Jo, Airi Tanigawa, Ayaka Murakami, Fuuko Yagura

### "Rifujin Ball"

Undergirls * Team N: Rika Kishino, Haruna Kinoshita, Kanna Shinohara, Shiori Matsuda, Yuuki Yamaguchi
* Team M: Riona Ota, Rena Kawakami, Yuuka Kodokari, Yui Takano, Ayame Hikawa, Runa Fujita, Mao Mita, Sae Murase, Natsumi Yamagishi
* Kenkyūsei: Yuki Azuma, Yuumi Ishida, Mizuki Uno, Ayaka Okita, Narumi Koga, Arisa Koyanagi, Sorai Sato, Hiromi Nakagawa, Rurina Nishizawa, Momoka Hayashi, Mizuki Hara, Hitomi Yamamoto, Hono Akazawa, Akari Ishizuka, Anna Ijiri, Mirei Ueda, Mako Umehara, Yuuri Oota, Yuuka Katou, Emika Kamieda, Konomi Kusaka, Rina Kushiro, Hazuki Kurokawa, Saki Kono, Rikako Kobayashi, Nanami Sasaki, Kamo Sugimoto, Riko Takayama, Sora Togo, Riko Hisada, Arisa Miura, Kanako Muro, Syu Yabushita, Tsubasa Yamauchi

### "Saigo no Catharsis"

Shirogumi * Team N: Riho Kotani, Haruna Kinoshita, Rina Kondo, Rika Kishino, Kei Jonishi, Kanna Shinohara, Aina Fukumoto, Sayaka Yamamoto
* Team M: Eriko Jo, Ayaka Murakami, Fuuko Yagura, Yuuka Kodakari

### "Boku ga Mou Sukoshi Daitan Nara"

Akagumi * Team N: Mayu Ogasawara, Kanako Kadowaki, Miru Shiroma, Nana Yamada, Akari Yoshida, Yuuki Yamaguchi, Miyuki Watanabe
* Team M: Airi Tanigawa, Momoka Kinoshita, Keira Yogi, Ayame Hikawa, Rena Shimada

### "Hatsukoi no Yukue to Play Ball"

NMB Seven * Team N: Mayu Ogasawara, Aina Fukumoto, Nana Yamada, Sayaka Yamamoto, Miyuki Watanabe
* Team M: Eriko Jo, Airi Tanigawa

### "Warukii"

* Team N: Miyuki Watanabe

## Oricon charts

| Release | Oricon Singles Chart | Peak position | Debut sales (copies) | Sales total (copies) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 9, 2012 | Daily Chart | 1 | 231,200 | 449,098 |
| | Weekly Chart | 2 | 375,785 | |
| | Monthly Chart | 4 | 410,142 | |
|

## InfoBox

| "Nagiichi （ナギイチ）" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by NMB48 | |
| from the album  *Teppen Tottande!* | |
| B-side | * "Rifujin Ball" * "Saigo no Catharsis" (Type-A) * "Boku ga Mō Sukoshi Daitan nara" (Type-B) * "Hatsukoi no Yukue to Play Ball" (Type-C) * "Warukī" (Theater Edition) |
| Released | May 9, 2012 (2012-05-09) |
| Label | laugh out loud! records |
| Songwriter(s) | Yasushi Akimoto |
| Producer(s) | Yasushi Akimoto |
| NMB48 singles chronology | |
| "Junjō U-19"
(2012) "**Nagiichi （ナギイチ）**"
(2012) "Virginity"
(2012) | |


title: Polytrichastrum alpinum

abstract: Polytrichastrum alpinum, also known as Alpine haircap, is a species of moss from the family Polytrichaceae. It is widely distributed and may be found growing among other moss species.

text:
# Polytrichastrum alpinum

***Polytrichastrum alpinum***, also known as **Alpine haircap**, is a species of moss from the family Polytrichaceae. It is widely distributed and may be found growing among other moss species.

## Description

*Polytrichastrum alpinum* grows to form a loose, muddy green or bluish-green to brownish lawn. Typically, it grows 15 centimetres (6 in) up to 20 centimetres (8 in) high. The upright to erect stems often carry tufted branches of equal length above. In the lower part of the stems, leaves are small and scale-like, but become larger in the upper stem section – usually 7–10  mm long. The broad-oval, yellowish-to-brownish sheath at the leaf base is linear-lanceolate and occupies less than a third of the total leaf length. Leaf edges are serrated, fitting together when dry and bending back and protruding when wet. The leaf rib is cut in the upper part, emerging from the back as a short spike from the blade tip.

The spreading part of the leaf is covered with numerous lamellae (up to 40), these are in the middle of the leaf, 5-9 cells high. At the end cell, the lamella cross section is larger, ovoid and papillose. In the upper leaf, cells are square to rectangular, while lower down they become more elongated and have a hyaline (glassy) appearance.

The moss is dioecious and bears fruit fairly often, with spores maturing in summer. Spores are 14 to 20 μm in size and have fine hairs. The spore capsule is up to 5 centimetres (2 in) long, red below and yellowish above. The olive-brown to black seta (stalk) is slightly curved and tilted and has an elliptical-cylindrical shape. It has a contrasting neck with numerous large, single-celled stomata.

## Ecology and distribution

The moss grows in a variety of habitats, from shaded to sunny sites, and on fresh to moist, nutrient-poor, calcareous and base-poor soils. The moss may also colonise stony soil, boulders and snowy grikes above the treeline.

In Europe, it is often found in arctic and boreal regions, while further south it is restricted to montane landscapes and alpine areas. It is also found in Asia, Africa, the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica.

## Possible species confusion

In some localities, *Polytrichastrum alpinum* may be confused with *Pogonatum urnigerum*. Key distinguishing features are that the spore capsules of the Alpine moss are at the bottom of large single-celled stomata; the capsule outer wall has smooth cells; the leaf sheath is much longer than that of *Pogonatum urnigerum* and the leaf blade is narrower and more spiky.

1. "Polytrichastrum alpinum". *World Flora Online*. 12 March 2024.
* Jan-Peter Frahm, Wolfgang Frey, J. Döring: Moss flora. 4 Edition, UTB Publishing, 2004, ISBN 3-8252-1250-5
* Ruprecht Duell, Barbara Duell wonder: Moose determine easy and secure. Source Wiebelsheim & Meyer, 2008, ISBN 978-3-494-01427-2
* Fog, Philippi: The Moose Baden-Württemberg Volume 1 1 Edition, Ulmer Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-8001-3527-2

## InfoBox

| *Polytrichastrum alpinum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Polytrichopsida |
| Order: | Polytrichales |
| Family: | Polytrichaceae |
| Genus: | *Polytrichastrum* |
| Species: | ***P. alpinum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polytrichastrum alpinum***<br>(Hedw.) G.L.Sm | |
|


title: Joseph (Ignatius) Shanahan

abstract: Joseph Shanahan B.Sc., C.S.Sp. (1871–1943) was an Irish-born priest of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit (Spiritans), who served as a bishop in Nigeria – first as prefect apostolic of Lower Niger and then as vicar apostolic of Southern Nigeria.

text:
# Joseph (Ignatius) Shanahan

**Joseph Shanahan** B.Sc., C.S.Sp. (1871–1943) was an Irish-born priest of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit (Spiritans), who served as a bishop in Nigeria – first as prefect apostolic of Lower Niger (now Onitsha) and then as vicar apostolic of Southern Nigeria.

## Life

Born Joseph Ignatius Shanahan on 6 June 1871 in Glankeen, Borrisoleigh, County Tipperary, Ireland. He joined the Holy Ghost Order in Beauvais, France in 1886, where his uncle Pat Walsh (Brother Adelm) had also joined the Holy Ghost Fathers. He returned to Ireland, to Rockwell College, where he served as prefect and dean of studies. He was ordained in 1900 in Blackrock College, and went to Nigeria in 1902.

He was instrumental in the setting up of the Kiltegan Fathers when in 1920, following his ordination in Maynooth as Bishop for Southern Nigeria (then a British protectorate) he appealed to students in Maynooth College for missionaries to Nigeria and Africa.

In 1924 Bishop Shanahan founded a missionary society for women, the Missionary Sisters of the Holy Rosary, in Killeshandra, County Cavan, Ireland.

He returned to Africa, to Kenya to act as chaplain to the Carmelite Sisters in Nairobi in 1938. Bishop Shanahan died at Nairobi, Kenya, on Christmas Day 1943 aged 72 years, and was initially buried in the community cemetery in St Mary's School in Nairobi, Kenya. However, in January 1956 his remains were brought back to Nigeria for the "second burial" in the Cathedral Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity, Onitsha.

The Bishop Shanahan National School, in Templeogue, Dublin, developed on land donated by the Holy Ghost Fathers, is named in his honour. Shanahan University is a proposed university being developed in the diocese of Onitsha.

1. "Onitsha (Archdiocese) \[Catholic-Hierarchy\]". *www.catholic-hierarchy.org*. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
2. "Bishop Joseph (Ignatius) Shanahan \[Catholic-Hierarchy\]". *www.catholic-hierarchy.org*. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
3. Founders Cause www.mshr.org
4. The Beginnings 1920s www.spms.org
5. The Holy Rosary Sisters Story www.knuns.org
6. Joseph Shanahan by Deirdre Bryan, Dictionary of Irish Biography.
7. Bishop Joseph Shanahan Archived 2016-11-02 at the Wayback Machine Onitsha Archdiocese.
8. The History of Bishop Shanahan National School, About Us, Bishop Shanahan National School - Official Website.
9. Shanahan University Plans, Onitsha Archdiocese.


title: Fritillaria przewalskii

abstract:
Fritillaria przewalskii is a Chinese flowering plant species in the lily family Liliaceae. It is found only in China, in the Provinces of Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan. It produces bulbs up to 15 mm in diameter. The stem is up to 50 cm tall, with pendent, nodding flowers which are yellow with deep purple spots. The species is named for Polish-Russian explorer Colonel Nikolai Przhevalsky, 1839–1888.
  - formerly included
  - Fritillaria przewalskii var. longistigma Y.K.Yang & J.K.Wu, now called Fritillaria sichuanica S.C.Chen

text:
# Fritillaria przewalskii

***Fritillaria przewalskii*** is a Chinese flowering plant species in the lily family Liliaceae. It is found only in China, in the Provinces of Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan.

It produces bulbs up to 15 mm in diameter. The stem is up to 50 cm tall, with pendent, nodding flowers which are yellow with deep purple spots.

The species is named for Polish-Russian explorer Colonel Nikolai Przhevalsky, 1839–1888.

formerly included

## InfoBox

| *Fritillaria przewalskii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Liliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Lilioideae |
| Tribe: | Lilieae |
| Genus: | *Fritillaria* |
| Species: | ***F. przewalskii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Fritillaria przewalskii***<br>Maxim. ex Batalin 1893 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| Synonymy * *Fritillaria gansuensis* S.C.Chen & G.D.Yu * *Fritillaria przewalskii* var. *discolor* Y.K.Yang & Y.S.Zhou * *Fritillaria przewalskii* f. *emacula* Y.K.Yang & J.K.Wu * *Fritillaria przewalskii* var. *tessellata* Y.K.Yang & Y.S.Zhou * *Fritillaria przewalskii* var. *gannanica* Y.K.Yang & J.Z.Ren | |


title: Nikolina Dijaković

abstract: Nikolina Dijaković is a Bosnian football defender.

text:
# Nikolina Dijaković

**Nikolina Dijaković** (born 3 May 1989) is a Bosnian football defender.

## InfoBox

Nikolina Dijaković
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1989-05-03) 3 May 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Bosnia and Herzegovina | | |
| Height | 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | SFK 2000 Sarajevo | | |
| Number | 26 | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011– | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 17 | (0) |
| ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 15:23, 1 October 2015 (UTC) | | | |


title: Roscoe B. Stephenson Jr.

abstract: Roscoe Bolar Stephenson Jr. was an American jurist from Virginia. He was born at Covington, Virginia. He attended the public schools of Alleghany County, Virginia, and received both his B.A. (1943) and his J.D. (1947) from Washington and Lee University. After being admitted to the bar in 1947, he practiced law in Covington for twenty-six years. From 1952 to 1964, he served as Commonwealth's Attorney for Alleghany County. On July 12, 1973, he was elected as a judge for the Twenty-Fifth Judicial Circuit. He stayed in that position until he was elected to the Supreme Court of Virginia in February 1981. Justice Stephenson retired from active service in 1997, but continued his service to the Court as a Senior Justice until mid-2010. Justice Stephenson died on May 30, 2011, in Covington, Virginia.

text:
# Roscoe B. Stephenson Jr.

**Roscoe Bolar Stephenson Jr.** (February 22, 1922 – May 30, 2011) was an American jurist from Virginia. He was born at Covington, Virginia. He attended the public schools of Alleghany County, Virginia, and received both his B.A. (1943) and his J.D. (1947) from Washington and Lee University. After being admitted to the bar in 1947, he practiced law in Covington for twenty-six years. From 1952 to 1964, he served as Commonwealth's Attorney for Alleghany County. On July 12, 1973, he was elected as a judge for the Twenty-Fifth Judicial Circuit. He stayed in that position until he was elected to the Supreme Court of Virginia in February 1981. Justice Stephenson retired from active service in 1997, but continued his service to the Court as a Senior Justice until mid-2010. Justice Stephenson died on May 30, 2011, in Covington, Virginia.

## InfoBox

| Roscoe B. Stephenson Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia | |
| **In office**
March 2, 1981  July 1, 1997 | |
| Preceded by | Lawrence W. I'Anson |
| Succeeded by | Cynthia D. Kinser |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Roscoe Bolar Stephenson Jr.
(1922-02-22)February 22, 1922
Covington, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | May 30, 2011(2011-05-30) (aged 89)
Covington, Virginia, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Washington & Lee University |
|  | |


title: Nano–Mugen Compilation 2009

abstract: "Yoru no Call" Nano–Mugen Compilation 2009 is a compilation album released by Asian Kung-Fu Generation to advertise their eighth annual Nano-Mugen Festival held at the Yokohama Arena through July 19-20th.

text:
# Nano–Mugen Compilation 2009

***Nano–Mugen Compilation 2009*** is a compilation album released by Asian Kung-Fu Generation to advertise their eighth annual Nano-Mugen Festival held at the Yokohama Arena through July 19-20th.

## Track listing

1. "Yoru no Call" (夜のコール, "Call of the Night")Asian Kung-Fu Generation
2. "Zak and Sara" – Ben Folds
3. "Stereotypes" - Farrah
4. "Oats We Sow" – Gregory and the Hawk
5. "Suburban Knights" – Hard-Fi
6. "Silver Birch" – The Hiatus
7. "Morning Sun" – Ryujin Kiyoshi
8. "Surrender" – Lostage
9. "Everything Must Go" – Manic Street Preachers
10. "Marm" – Mudy on the Sakuban
11. "Weightless" – Nada Surf
12. "Pinhole" (ピンホール, *Pinhōru*)Ogre You Asshole
13. "Night Fishing Is Good" (ナイトフィッシングイズグッド, *Naito Fisshingu Izu Guddo*)Sakanaction
14. "8823" – Spitz
15. "Magic Blue Van" – Straightener
16. "Rock Star (Understand)" – The Young Punx
17. "Hello (Yomigaeru Live Version)" (HELLO(蘇えるライブバージョン), *Hello Yomigaeru Raibu Bājon*)Unicorn

## InfoBox

| Nano-Mugen Compilation 2009 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Various artists | |
| Released | July 1, 2009 |
| Genre | Alternative rock, Punk rock, Indie |
| Label | Ki/oon/Tsutaya Records
KSCL-1407 |
| Nano-Mugen chronology | |
| *Nano-Mugen Compilation 2008*
(2008) ***Nano-Mugen Compilation 2009***
(2009) *Nano-Mugen Compilation 2011*
(2011) | |


title: Roger Hill (broadcaster)

abstract: Roger Hill is a British radio presenter, producer and art director, from Leicester England. He is best known for presenting the UK's longest-running alternative music programme called 'The Popular Music Show' on BBC Radio Merseyside.

text:
# Roger Hill (broadcaster)

**Roger Hill** is a British radio presenter, producer and art director, from Leicester England. He is best known for presenting the UK's longest-running alternative music programme called 'The Popular Music Show' on BBC Radio Merseyside.

## Life

Hill was raised in Leicester, England. He studied at Cambridge University, receiving a degree in English and Drama.

Hill went on to become a teacher in Leeds, England. After he left the city, he was unemployed and put on one of the first job creation schemes, after moving in with his brother in Newcastle Upon Tyne, and found work in a theatre company in Liverpool.

## Career

In the 1970s and 1980s, he helped local teenagers to act, write and direct as a director at Liverpool’s Everyman Youth Theatre.

In the 1990s, he performed on stage as his alter ego Mandy Romero. Hill has presented 'The Popular Music Show' (or 'PMS') since 1982 when he joined BBC Radio Merseyside. It was previously called 'Pure Musical Sensations' and 'Rockaround'. It was first presented by Phil Ross. The programme was previously rock-oriented, with various musical genres added in later years. Roger was asked to take over the show after Ross left to work in London.

Hill also presents 'PMS' on the digital radio station Melodic Distraction.

In 2015, Hill was featured in a BBC Radio 4 programme 'Man with the Mohican', highlighting the impact Hill had on generations of city performers.

In 2022, Hill celebrated 40 years as the presenter and producer of 'The Popular Music Show' on the BBC, with a special edition of the programme.

Hill helped set up the Citadel Arts Centre in St Helens, in which he contributed to Arts Council policy on community theatre.

Hill was previously a lecturer at the Liverpool Institute of Performance Arts.

Alongside broadcasting, Hill has worked in educational research, theatre, drama and Performance Art duties at the Bluecoat Art Centre.

## InfoBox

| Roger Hill | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Roger Hill |
| **Career** | |
| Show | The Popular Music Show |
| Station | BBC Radio Merseyside |
| Time slot | Weekly,Sundays at 9 pm |
| Style | Television and radio presenter |
| Country | United Kingdom |
|  | |


title: Naiyou subing

abstract: A nǎiyóu sū bǐng is a buttery flaky pastry made into a thin circle. It is a speciality food in the Dajia District of Taiwan. The dough has many layers, of which each is very thin and crisp. The filling is composed of butter and maltose. A typical nǎiyóu sū bǐng has a diameter of approximately 20 centimetres (7.9 in) and a thickness of about 1 centimetre (0.39 in). There is also a smaller variety with a diameter of approximately 10 centimetres (3.9 in).

text:
# Naiyou subing

A **nǎiyóu sū bǐng** (Chinese: 奶油酥餅; pinyin: *nǎiyóu sūbǐng*; lit. 'shortbread') is a buttery flaky pastry made into a thin circle. It is a speciality food in the Dajia District of Taiwan. The dough has many layers, of which each is very thin and crisp. The filling is composed of butter and maltose. A typical nǎiyóu sū bǐng has a diameter of approximately 20 centimetres (7.9 in) and a thickness of about 1 centimetre (0.39 in). There is also a smaller variety with a diameter of approximately 10 centimetres (3.9 in).

* 張尊禎 (2009-04-01). *台灣糕餅五十味–舌尖上的懷舊旅行*. 台灣: 遠流出版事業股份有限公司. pp. 103頁–104頁. ISBN 978-957-32-6456-9.

## InfoBox

Nǎiyóu sū bǐng
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | pastry |
| Place of origin | Taiwan |
| Region or state | Taichung |


title: Polytribax

abstract: Polytribax is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. There are about 15 described species in Polytribax.

text:
# Polytribax

***Polytribax*** is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. There are about 15 described species in *Polytribax*.

## Species

These 15 species belong to the genus *Polytribax*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Polytribax* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Polytribax pallescens* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Ichneumonidae |
| Tribe: | Aptesini |
| Genus: | *Polytribax*<br>Förster, 1869 |
|


title: Joseph (Khazar)

abstract:
Joseph ben Aaron was king of the Khazars during the 950s and 960s.
Joseph was the son of Aaron II, a Khazar ruler who defeated a Byzantine-inspired war against Khazaria on numerous fronts. Joseph's wife was the daughter of the king of the Alans. Whether Joseph was the Khagan or the Bek of the Khazars is contested among historians. He describes leading Khazar armies which seems to imply the role of the Bek. However, as he does not refer to a co-ruler in his writings, it is possible that by his time the two-king system had been abandoned altogether. Joseph actively sought contact with Jews elsewhere in the diaspora. He corresponded with Hasdai ibn Shaprut, a rabbi in Cordoba, and invited him to settle in Khazaria. He is also mentioned in the Schechter Letter. Joseph was involved in wars against the Kievan Rus and the Pechenegs, as well as sporadic fighting with the Byzantines in the Crimea. He reported that he was allied with the Muslim states around the Caspian Sea against Varangian marauders from Rus' and Scandinavia. Joseph's ultimate fate is unknown. As the destruction of the Khazar empire by Sviatoslav I of Kiev occurred soon after his correspondence with Hasdai, it is possible that Joseph was ruler during the Khaganate's collapse.

text:
# Joseph (Khazar)

**Joseph ben Aaron** was king of the Khazars during the 950s and 960s. Joseph was the son of Aaron II, a Khazar ruler who defeated a Byzantine-inspired war against Khazaria on numerous fronts. Joseph's wife (or probably, one of many wives) was the daughter of the king of the Alans.

Whether Joseph was the Khagan or the Bek of the Khazars is contested among historians. He describes leading Khazar armies which seems to imply the role of the Bek. However, as he does not refer to a co-ruler in his writings, it is possible that by his time the two-king system had been abandoned altogether (see Khazar Kingship).

Joseph actively sought contact with Jews elsewhere in the diaspora. He corresponded with Hasdai ibn Shaprut, a rabbi in Cordoba, and invited him to settle in Khazaria. He is also mentioned in the Schechter Letter.

Joseph was involved in wars against the Kievan Rus and the Pechenegs, as well as sporadic fighting with the Byzantines in the Crimea. He reported that he was allied with the Muslim states around the Caspian Sea against Varangian marauders from Rus' and Scandinavia.

Joseph's ultimate fate is unknown. As the destruction of the Khazar empire by Sviatoslav I of Kiev occurred soon after his correspondence with Hasdai (in 967 or 969), it is possible that Joseph was ruler during the Khaganate's collapse.

## Sources


title: Methodist Church, Great Budworth

abstract: The Methodist Church, Great Budworth, is a former Wesleyan Methodist Church in the village of Great Budworth, Cheshire, England. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. It was built in the middle of the 19th century for Rowland Egerton-Warburton of nearby Arley Hall. It is constructed in brick, has a slate roof, and consists of a rectangular building with a service wing at right angles. It is now closed and is used as a private house.

text:
# Methodist Church, Great Budworth

The **Methodist Church, Great Budworth**, is a former Wesleyan Methodist Church in the village of Great Budworth, Cheshire, England. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. It was built in the middle of the 19th century for Rowland Egerton-Warburton of nearby Arley Hall. It is constructed in brick, has a slate roof, and consists of a rectangular building with a service wing at right angles. It is now closed and is used as a private house.

## InfoBox

| Methodist Church, Great Budworth | |
| --- | --- |
| Methodist Church, Great BudworthLocation in Cheshire | |
| 53°17′40″N 2°30′17″W / 53.2945°N 2.5047°W / 53.2945; -2.5047 | |
| OS grid reference | SJ 665 776 |
| Location | Great Budworth, Cheshire |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Methodist |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Redundant |
| Heritage designation | Grade II |
| Designated | 27 August 1986 |
| Specifications | |
| Materials | Brick, slate roof |