title: Gothenburg Concert Hall

abstract: Gothenburg Concert Hall is a concert hall located in Gothenburg, Sweden, which was built in 1935. The architect for the facility was Nils Einar Ericsson, a major advocate of Functionalism. However, the Concert Hall has a Neo-Classical exterior look, due to the surrounding area at Götaplatsen where the building is placed – the Art Museum and the City Theatre are solid classically designed buildings as well, and were built before the Concert Hall. In contrast to the exterior, the Concert Hall's interior is modernistic. The main auditorium’s plain shaped walls are clad in yellowish-red maple veneer and there are 1,300 seats. There is also a smaller concert hall, Stenhammarsalen, for chamber concerts. The acoustic qualities of Gothenburg Concert Hall have given it a reputation well outside the Swedish borders; Deutsche Grammophon has used the Concert Hall as a studio for a number of records, for example. A number of progressive rock bands have also performed at the Gothenburg Concert Hall. The Concert Hall is the home stage of the Gothenburg Symphony.

text:
# Gothenburg Concert Hall

**Gothenburg Concert Hall** is a concert hall located in Gothenburg, Sweden, which was built in 1935. The architect for the facility was Nils Einar Ericsson, a major advocate of Functionalism. However, the Concert Hall has a Neo-Classical exterior look, due to the surrounding area at Götaplatsen where the building is placed – the Art Museum and the City Theatre are solid classically designed buildings as well, and were built before the Concert Hall. In contrast to the exterior, the Concert Hall's interior is modernistic.

The main auditorium’s plain shaped walls are clad in yellowish-red maple veneer and there are 1,300 seats. There is also a smaller concert hall, Stenhammarsalen, for chamber concerts. The acoustic qualities of Gothenburg Concert Hall have given it a reputation well outside the Swedish borders; Deutsche Grammophon has used the Concert Hall as a studio for a number of records, for example.

A number of progressive rock bands (among others Yes and Roxy Music) have also performed at the Gothenburg Concert Hall.

The Concert Hall is the home stage of the Gothenburg Symphony.

57°41′49″N 11°58′45″E / 57.69694°N 11.97917°E / 57.69694; 11.97917

## InfoBox

| Gothenburg Concert Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| Gothenburg Concert Hall | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Neoclassical architecture |
| Town or city | Gothenburg |
| Country | Sweden |
| Completed | 1935 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Nils Einar Ericsson |
| Other information | |
| Seating capacity | 1,300 |


title: Pyrausta genialis

abstract: Pyrausta genialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by South in 1901. It is found in China.

text:
# Pyrausta genialis

***Pyrausta genialis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by South in 1901. It is found in China.

## Subspecies

* *Pyrausta genialis genialis*
* *Pyrausta genialis reductalis* Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1937 (China: Yunnan)

## InfoBox

| *Pyrausta genialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrausta* |
| Species: | ***P. genialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrausta genialis***<br>South in Leech & South, 1901 | |
|


title: 8/25/00 – Jones Beach, New York

abstract: 8/25/00 – Jones Beach, New York is a two-disc live album and the forty-first in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the first North American leg of the tour on February 27, 2001.

text:
# 8/25/00 – Jones Beach, New York

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***8/25/00 – Jones Beach, New York*** is a two-disc live album and the forty-first in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the first North American leg of the tour on February 27, 2001.

## Overview

The album was recorded on August 25, 2000 in Wantagh, New York at Jones Beach Amphitheater. It was selected by the band as one of 18 "Ape/Man" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found "really exciting." AllMusic gave it four and a half out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Zac Johnson said, "The last show in Jones Beach proves to be one of those nights where everything falls into place: The band feeds off of the crowd's energy, and the audience pays them back in full. One of the better shows in this series by far." It debuted at number 159 on the *Billboard* 200 album chart.

## Track listing

### Disc one

1. "Sometimes" (Eddie Vedder) – 3:19
2. "Grievance" (Vedder) – 3:09
3. "Corduroy" (Dave Abbruzzese, Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, Mike McCready, Vedder) – 4:25
4. "Whipping" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 2:43
5. "Do the Evolution" (Gossard, Vedder) – 3:32
6. "Animal" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 2:41
7. "Evacuation" (Matt Cameron, Vedder) – 2:57
8. "Red Mosquito" (Ament, Gossard, Jack Irons, McCready, Vedder) – 5:22
9. "In Hiding" (Gossard, Vedder) – 5:16
10. "Even Flow" (Vedder, Gossard) – 5:15
11. "Mankind" (Gossard) – 3:52
12. "Untitled" (Vedder) – 2:19
13. "MFC" (Vedder) – 2:30
14. "Rearviewmirror" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 7:46
15. "Present Tense" (McCready, Vedder) – 5:55
16. "Given to Fly" (McCready, Vedder) – 4:04
17. "Thin Air" (Gossard) – 3:28

### Disc two

1. "Off He Goes" (Vedder) – 5:50
2. "Black" (Vedder, Gossard) – 7:08
3. "Jeremy" (Vedder, Ament) – 6:02
4. "Immortality" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 7:20
5. "Encore Break" – 0:44
6. "Go" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 2:54
7. "Insignificance" (Vedder) – 4:31
8. "In My Tree" (Gossard, Irons, Vedder) – 4:52
9. "Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 4:32
10. "Better Man" (Vedder) – 5:54
11. "Smile" (Ament, Vedder) – 6:21
12. "Baba O'Riley" (Pete Townshend) – 6:22
13. "Yellow Ledbetter" (Ament, McCready, Vedder) – 6:25

## Personnel

Pearl Jam Production

## Chart positions

| Chart (2001) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 159 |

## InfoBox

| 8/25/00 – Jones Beach, New York | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Pearl Jam | |
| Released | February 27, 2001 |
| Recorded | August 25, 2000, Jones Beach Amphitheater, Wantagh, New York, United States |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 137:28 |
| Language | English |
| Label | Epic |
| Pearl Jam chronology | |
| *8/24/00 – Jones Beach, New York*
(2001) ***8/25/00 – Jones Beach, New York***
(2001) *8/27/00 – Saratoga, New York*
(2001) | |


title: Photon surface

abstract:
Photon sphere (definition):
A photon sphere of a static spherically symmetric metric is a timelike hypersurface { r = r p s } if the deflection angle of a light ray with the closest distance of approach r o diverges as r o → r p s. For a general static spherically symmetric metric g = − β d t 2 − α d r 2 − σ r 2, the photon sphere equation is: 2 σ β + r d σ d r β − r d β d r σ = 0. The concept of a photon sphere in a static spherically metric was generalized to a photon surface of any metric. Photon surface (definition) : A photon surface of (M,g) is an immersed, nowhere spacelike hypersurface S of such that, for every point p∈S and every null vector k∈TpS, there exists a null geodesic γ :(-ε,ε)→M of (M,g) such that γ ˙ (0)=k, |γ|⊂S. Both definitions give the same result for a general static spherically symmetric metric. Theorem:
Subject to an energy condition, a black hole in any spherically symmetric spacetime must be surrounded by a photon sphere. Conversely, subject to an energy condition, any photon sphere must cover more than a certain amount of matter, a black hole, or a naked singularity.

text:
# Photon surface

**Photon sphere** (*definition*):
A photon sphere of a static spherically symmetric metric is a timelike hypersurface $\\{r=r\_{ps}\\}$ if the deflection angle of a light ray with the closest distance of approach $r\_{o}$ diverges as $r\_{o}\rightarrow r\_{ps}.$

For a general static spherically symmetric metric

$g=-\beta \left(r\right)dt^{2}-\alpha (r)dr^{2}-\sigma (r)r^{2}(d\theta ^{2}+\sin ^{2}\theta d\phi ^{2}),$

the photon sphere equation is:

$2\sigma (r)\beta +r{\frac {d\sigma (r)}{dr}\beta (r)-r{\frac {d\beta (r)}{dr}\sigma (r)=0.}}$

The concept of a photon sphere in a static spherically metric was generalized to a photon surface of any metric.

**Photon surface** (*definition*) :
A photon surface of (M,**g**) is an immersed, nowhere spacelike hypersurface S of (M, **g**) such that, for every point p∈S and every null vector **k***T*pS, there exists a null geodesic $\gamma $:(-ε,ε)→M of (M,**g**) such that $\dot {\gamma }$(0)=**k**, |γ|⊂S.

Both definitions give the same result for a general static spherically symmetric metric.

**Theorem**:
Subject to an energy condition, a black hole in any spherically symmetric spacetime must be surrounded by a photon sphere. Conversely, subject to an energy condition, any photon sphere must cover more than a certain amount of matter, a black hole, or a naked singularity.


title: Ramón Núñez (Cuban footballer)

abstract: Ramón Núñez Armas is a Cuban footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Ramón Núñez (Cuban footballer)

**Ramón Núñez Armas** (born 19 April 1953) is a Cuban footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Ramón Núñez
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ramón Núñez Armas | | |
| Date of birth | (1953-04-19) 19 April 1953 | | |
| Place of birth | Manatí, Cuba | | |
| Height | 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1972–1974 | Oriente Las Tunas |  | (19) |
| 1975–1977 | Mineros Las Tunas |  | (33) |
| 1978–1987 | Las Tunas |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | Cuba |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Rankit

abstract: In statistics, rankits of a set of data are the expected values of the order statistics of a sample from the standard normal distribution the same size as the data. They are primarily used in the normal probability plot, a graphical technique for normality testing.

text:
# Rankit

In statistics, **rankits** of a set of data are the expected values of the order statistics of a sample from the standard normal distribution the same size as the data. They are primarily used in the normal probability plot, a graphical technique for normality testing.

## Example

This is perhaps most readily understood by means of an example. If an i.i.d. sample of six items is taken from a normally distributed population with expected value 0 and variance 1 (the standard normal distribution) and then sorted into increasing order, the expected values of the resulting order statistics are:

1.2672,   0.6418,   0.2016,   0.2016,   0.6418,   1.2672.

Suppose the numbers in a data set are

65, 75, 16, 22, 43, 40.

Then one may sort these and line them up with the corresponding rankits; in order they are

16, 22, 40, 43, 65, 75,

which yields the points:

| data point | rankit |
| --- | --- |
| 16 | 1.2672 |
| 22 | 0.6418 |
| 40 | 0.2016 |
| 43 | 0.2016 |
| 65 | 0.6418 |
| 75 | 1.2672 |

These points are then plotted as the vertical and horizontal coordinates of a scatter plot.

### Alternative method

Alternatively, rather than *sort* the data points, one may *rank* them, and *rearrange* the rankits accordingly. This yields the same pairs of numbers, but in a different order.

For:

65, 75, 16, 22, 43, 40,

the corresponding ranks are:

5, 6, 1, 2, 4, 3,

i.e., the number appearing first is the 5th-smallest, the number appearing second is 6th-smallest, the number appearing third is smallest, the number appearing fourth is 2nd-smallest, etc. One rearranges the expected normal order statistics accordingly, getting the **rankits** of this data set:

| data point | rank | rankit |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 65 | 5 | 0.6418 |
| 75 | 6 | 1.2672 |
| 16 | 1 | 1.2672 |
| 22 | 2 | 0.6418 |
| 43 | 4 | 0.2016 |
| 40 | 3 | 0.2016 |

## Rankit plot

A graph plotting the rankits on the horizontal axis and the data points on the vertical axis is called a **rankit plot** or a **normal probability plot**. Such a plot is necessarily nondecreasing. In large samples from a normally distributed population, such a plot will approximate a straight line. Substantial deviations from straightness are considered evidence against normality of the distribution.

Rankit plots are usually used to visually demonstrate whether data are from a specified probability distribution.

A rankit plot is a kind of Q–Q plot – it plots the order statistics (quantiles) of the sample against certain quantiles (the rankits) of the assumed normal distribution. Q–Q plots may use other quantiles for the normal distribution, however.

## History

The rankit plot and the word ***rankit*** was introduced by the biologist and statistician Chester Ittner Bliss (18991979).

* Probit analysis developed by C. I. Bliss in 1934.


title: Metasia criophora

abstract: Metasia criophora is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1899. It is found in Kenya.

text:
# Metasia criophora

***Metasia criophora*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1899. It is found in Kenya.

## InfoBox

| *Metasia criophora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Spilomelinae |
| Genus: | *Metasia* |
| Species: | ***M. criophora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metasia criophora***<br>Hampson, 1899 | |
|


title: Nirtenia

abstract: Nirtenia is an Afrotropical genus of potter wasps.

text:
# Nirtenia

***Nirtenia*** is an Afrotropical genus of potter wasps.

## InfoBox

| *Nirtenia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Subfamily: | Eumeninae |
| Genus: | *Nirtenia*<br>Giordani Soika, 1989 |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Radiata Stories

abstract: Radiata Stories is an action role-playing video game. It was developed by tri-Ace and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 2. It was released on January 27, 2005 in Japan and September 6 in North America. The game received mixed reception in both Japan and in North America upon release, though over time it has developed a loyal fanbase. It sold over 413,000 copies worldwide. Noriyuki Iwadare composed the soundtrack.

text:
# Radiata Stories

***Radiata Stories*** is an action role-playing video game. It was developed by tri-Ace and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 2. It was released on January 27, 2005 in Japan and September 6 in North America.

The game received mixed reception in both Japan and in North America upon release, though over time it has developed a loyal fanbase. It sold over 413,000 copies worldwide. Noriyuki Iwadare composed the soundtrack.

## Gameplay

*Radiata Stories* places great emphasis on its persistent world and non-player characters (NPCs) each with their own lives, lifestyles, jobs, personalities, homes, dialogues and schedules, which are controlled by the game's Day/Night system.

The game provides the novel ability to kick almost anything. Kicking furniture and other inanimate objects will occasionally turn up items or dagols (the local currency). Kicking NPCs several times will cause them to fight Jack, or summon guards to fight for or with them. Jack gains experience, money, and possibly items when he wins these duels, but will not lose the game if he is defeated. Jack may only win a duel against each character once each day.

### Combat

There is no overworld map during fights. Battles takes place on a separate screen in real time, though monsters appear on the field screen. The player has direct control of Jack's movement and actions in all three dimensions, though bringing up menus pauses the action. Jack is the only character the player controls directly; all other party members are run by the in-game AI. The player can issue commands to individual party members, and the entire party can be ordered into tactical formations via the "Link System".

### NPC recruitment

176 NPCs are recruitable. Some need only to be talked to, while others must be placated with fetch quests, dueled, recruited after Jack or a certain character has reached a certain level, or during certain moments in the game's story. After recruitment, they are placed on his "Friends List", at which point the player may include most of them in Jack's party at almost any time. The Friends List also provides capsule biographies for each character. It is impossible to complete everything during a single playthrough.

NPC party members can strengthen their single skill, but they do not learn new ones, and cannot be given new weapons, armors and accessories, so skills and equipment are significant criteria in choosing one's teammates. There is also no "magic" stat, forcing the player to constantly recruit new party members as magic spells do not increase in power.

Depending on the path the player chooses, they will lose certain characters that they recruited, and characters they didn't recruit will be unrecruitable for the rest of the game. Also, certain areas of the game will be inaccessible.

### Post-game play

After completing the game, the player may continue playing the same game, unlocking a bonus dungeon, the Dragon Lair Cave. If the player chooses the option "Strong from Start", they will retain all their skills, money, and some items. All the characters the player recruited will be kept in their Friends List, but the player must recruit the characters again in subsequent playthroughs.

## Plot

### Setting

*Radiata Stories* takes place in the land of Radiata. The land has many regions linked by great bridges. In the center region is Radiata City, where the story starts and may continue, given the human path is chosen.

In Radiata, humans and fairy creatures live together in peace until the story progresses. Just about halfway through the game, the player must choose a side by either choosing the Human path or the Non-Human path.

### Characters

The three main characters of *Radiata Stories* are Jack Russell, an insubordinate and happy-go-lucky teenager; Ridley Silverlake, a composed female Knight who was trained to be a warrior since birth and feels the pressure of expectations from others; and Ganz Rothschild, the polite and gentle Captain of their brigade who is prone to becoming overexcited. Prominent supporting characters include the Prime Minister Larks; the cunning Knight Cross Ward; Lord Jasne, Ridley's overprotective father and the Lord Chamberlain of Radiata Castle; Lucian, Lord Jasne's advisor; and Gawain Rothschild, Ganz's father and presumed murderer of Jack's father, Cairn Russell.

The 300 characters and 175 recruitable NPCs of *Radiata Stories* were all given unique personalities and backstories. Every time a character is unlocked, he or she shows up on the player's Friends List, which also provides a summary of their history or personality. Due to the game having two mutually exclusive story branches, it is impossible to recruit every NPC during the same playthrough. Thus, the game must be played at least twice to unlock all characters' entries on the Friends List.

Radiata is home to Radiata Castle, its Knights of the realm and four Guilds. Most humans in town belong to one of the guilds, while others, including many from the country side, do not claim any guild affiliation. Fairy creatures are grouped by species.

### Story

The game begins with Jack, the protagonist, joining the Knights of Radiata under the command of Captain Ganz Rothschild, son of Gawain Rothschild, the alleged killer of Cairn Russell, Jack's father. Also in his brigade is a young girl named Ridley Silverlake. One day, while trying to broker a trade agreement with the elves, Jack's brigade is attacked by blood orcs. The knights slay the orcs, but Ridley is seriously wounded during the battle. Her life is saved when her spirit gets merged with that of an elf who was killed by one of the blood orcs. After Ridley's father, Lord Jasne, finds out what happened, he pressures Prime Minister Lord Larks into expelling Jack and Ganz from the knights.

Jack goes on to join another group of mercenaries from Theatre Vancoor. Ridley is promoted to captain, but guilt over the expulsion of Jack and Ganz slowly builds in her, and she rebels. Ganz is unable to pass the test necessary to join Theater Vancoor, and through several encounters joins Void, the bandit guild.

As the game progresses, tension builds between the humans and the non-humans. One day, the Radiata Knights are sent to persuade the dwarves to continue trade with the humans. During negotiations, however, Cross Ward, leader of the squadron of knights, disobeys his orders and has the knights attack the dwarves. The dwarves that are not killed in the battle are enslaved. This starts a war between the humans and the non-humans.

Days later, Jack is visited by Ridley, who tells him that she is going to visit the elf capital city. At this point, the player must choose to either follow Ridley, or attend a meeting at Radiata Castle with Larks.

If the player chooses to attend the meeting, Jack is reinstated as a Radiata Knight. He learns that the non-humans are protected by four dragons, based on the four elements. One was killed by his father many years ago, and another was killed by Cross Ward when he enslaved the dwarves. Jack is ordered to accompany Cross and General Dynas to kill the remaining two. Jack also encounters Gawain and vows to kill him.

If the player follows Ridley to the elf city, Jack joins the fairy creatures in the war against the humans. Cross kills the dragons instead of Jack, who attempts to defend the dragons. Jack also learns the truth about his father's death from Gawain, who joins Jack.

After the dragons are slain, Ridley visits Jack and informs him that she is going south to meet her destiny. After a final skirmish between the humans and the fairy creatures, the king's advisor turns into the Silver Dragon Aphelion, one of the two apocalyptic dragons. Aphelion flies south, in the same direction that Ridley went, so Jack follows.

At the castle, Jack finds that the Gold Dragon, Quasar, the other apocalyptic dragon, plans to use Ridley as a vessel to destroy the humans. If Jack followed the human path, Aphelion kills Ridley to prevent this. Enraged by Ridley's death, Jack kills the Silver Dragon. He then leaves Radiata. If Jack followed the non-human path, he is able to prevent Ridley's death, and defeats Aphelion. The victory comes at the cost of both Ganz and Gawain. Jack and Ridley then return to Radiata together.

### Cameos

tri-Ace incorporated characters and references to their other games in *Radiata Stories*. Ganz wears *Star Ocean 2*'s Claude C. Kenni's clothes when he is part of the Bandit Guild. Jack can obtain Fayt Armor, which changes his appearance to that of Fayt Leingod from *Star Ocean 3*. Four bonus bosses are from other games: Lenneth Valkyrie and Lezard Valeth from *Valkyrie Profile*; and Gabriel Celestra and the Ethereal Queen, who are tri-Ace staples. Of these, only Valkyrie is recruitable and her armor can also be spotted inside the kings' chambers in the Radiata Castle, as part of the background.

## Audio

The soundtrack was composed by Noriyuki Iwadare. Prior to this, all tri-Ace music was composed by Motoi Sakuraba. Keeping in line with their tradition to refer to past games, three of Sakuraba's original compositions were rearranged by Iwadare. These are "Mission to Deep Space" (also in *Star Ocean 2*, *Valkyrie Profile*, and *Star Ocean 3*), "An Incarnation of Devil "(*Star Ocean 2*, *Valkyrie Profile*, and *Star Ocean 3*), and "Highbrow" (also in *Star Ocean 3*). Tri-Crescendo, which has a strong affiliation with Sakuraba, was credited with "Sound Direction" for the game. Furthermore, the soundtrack was released under the TEAM Entertainment label which is the primary promoter and distributor of Sakuraba.

The original soundtrack was 2 CDs with 79 songs. One month later Iwadare released "Radiata Stories: Arranged Album" which rearranged 16 songs from the original soundtrack.

*The Sacramento Bee* said the music was "peppy and cheerful, if unmemorable" but that the sound effects were "largely recycled from the developer's previous games, all the way back to 1999's "*Star Ocean: The Second Story*". GameSpot remarked that "none of the music will get stuck in your head, but you won't want to mute it either". Game Informer said the soundtrack was a "masterpiece". The game does not support Dolby Surround sound.

In 2004, all Japanese preorders of *Radiata Stories* came with a bonus audio disc, "tri-Ace Battle Sound Collection". The disc contained 2 battle themed tracks from *Star Ocean*, *Star Ocean 2*, *Star Ocean 3*, *Valkyrie Profile*, and *Radiata Stories*, respectively.

The theme song of the Japanese version of the game, "Fortune", was sung by Japanese Pop star Nami Tamaki, who became known for her debut single "Believe", the third opening theme of *Mobile Suit Gundam SEED*. She also played a recruitable party character of the same name in the game. The character Nami was modeled after Tamaki's likeness and her lines were voiced by the singer. It was her first single of 2005 and her 16th single overall. A music video with scenes from *Radiata Stories* and her dressed in her character's clothing was released in January 2005. The Japanese television advertisement for *Radiata Stories* featured the song in the background. This song is found in her second album *Make Progress*, which also includes "Reason", the first ending theme for *Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny*.

The character's name was changed to Rachel in the English version and "Fortune" played during the ending credits.

## Reception

*Radiata Stories* was highly anticipated in Japan receiving the "Game Awards Future" by the Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association in 2004 which is awarded to games that are "expected to be major hits". It was the 12th most pre-ordered game the week of November 17, 2004. According to *Famitsu*, it was the 20th most wanted game in early October but had jumped up to the 3rd most wanted the week before its release.

A Japanese reviewer noted that the game had humorous dialogue but a simple battle system which made it suitable for beginners. The game sold well in Japan where it debuted as the top-selling game for two weeks, selling 152,000 copies, 54% of the ordered shipment, the day it debuted. It was the 11th best selling game the first half of 2005 and the 37th best-selling game in Japan in 2005 overall selling 10,000 more copies than *Devil May Cry 3* and selling about 294,000 copies overall in Japan.

During an interview, Roppyaku Tsurumi of SCEJ said most Japanese RPG character designs were cookie-cutter and indistinct noting "even when I look at the characters in *Radiata Stories*, it just looks like the other games" but he had no problems distinguishing manga characters.

The North American reception to *Radiata Stories* was lukewarm. *Radiata Stories* was the top rental on GameFly the week of its debut. and debuted at the 20 most profitable game for September. Overall, it sold about 119,000 copies outside Japan total for the month of September. Mainstream reviewers enjoyed the game overall stating that, while not ground-breaking, the game was simple, whimsical, and entertaining.

*Radiata Stories* was awarded "Game of the Month" in *Game Informer* in October 2005. Jack Russell placed No. 6 on *Game Informer*'s "Top 10 Heroes of 2005" list and *Radiata Stories* was in "The Top 50 Games of 2005" in the January 2006 issue of *Game Informer* and in "The Top 12 Games of 2005" by Games Radar. It was nominated for "Role-Playing Game of the Year" during the 9th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards held by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. It was also nominated for Best Role Playing Game of 2005 by 1UP.com.

Two 5-issue manga series were released based on *Radiata Stories*: *The Epic of JACK* and *The Song of RIDLEY*. Both were 5 issues published between 2005 and 2007.

A limited run of a boxed set of 6 figurines from *Radiata Stories* and *Star Ocean* included Jack and Ridley.

* *Radiant Historia* – a similarly titled game with common development staff members.

1. ***Radiata Stories*** (ラジアータ ストーリーズ, *Rajiaata Sutooriizu*)

## InfoBox

| Radiata Stories | |
| --- | --- |
| North American box art | |
| Developer(s) | tri-Ace |
| Publisher(s) | Square Enix |
| Director(s) | Naoki Akiyama |
| Producer(s) | Yoshinori Yamagishi |
| Programmer(s) | Yoshiharu Gotanda |
| Artist(s) | * Takashi Joono * Hiroshi Konishi |
| Writer(s) | Masatoshi Midori |
| Composer(s) | Noriyuki Iwadare |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation 2 |
| Release | * JP: January 27, 2005 * NA: September 6, 2005 |
| Genre(s) | Action role-playing |
| Mode(s) | Single-playing |


title: Orbirail

abstract: Orbirail was a name for a suggested orbital railway route around London. It would have connected the extended North London line, East London line, the South London line and the West London line, possibly including the Gospel Oak to Barking line. The combined line would have orbited London in Zone 2, Zone 3 and (possibly) Zone 4. It is not to be confused with London's existing circular railway, the Circle line of the London Underground.

text:
# Orbirail

**Orbirail** was a name for a suggested orbital railway route around London.

It would have connected the extended North London line, East London line, the South London line and the West London line, possibly including the Gospel Oak to Barking line. The combined line would have orbited London in Zone 2, Zone 3 and (possibly) Zone 4.

It is not to be confused with London's existing circular railway, the Circle line of the London Underground.

## Status

Although Orbirail had no official status as a planned project, the completion of Transport for London's *London Overground* on 9 December 2012 achieved substantially the same objective.

On 12 February 2009, Mayor Boris Johnson and Transport Secretary Geoff Hoon announced £75 Million to fund the southern extension of the Overground network between Surrey Quays and Clapham Junction as part of the East London line extension, creating the final connection of an orbital railway for London to be completed in time for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, the timeline published by TfL in April 2011 stated the line would not open until late 2012, well after both the Summer Olympics and Paralympics.

## History of orbital railways in London

London's railway system was largely built in the 19th century, by competing private companies. The benefits of an integrated transport system were unknown at this time and each main-line railway company built its own terminus in central London and operated radial routes from that point. For example, Waterloo railway station in south-west central London is the focus of lines radiating out to the south and west. Meanwhile, metropolitan and suburban railways developed also on radial lines.

The first orbital rail service was the Inner Circle, now the Circle line, operated over the central sections of the Metropolitan line and District line. This linked most of the main-line stations and was a commercial success.

This success led to the operation of a number of other semi-orbital routes within the capital, over existing main-line routes and sections of the Inner Circle:

London was a much smaller city than it is now and most commercial activity was focused at the centre. These outer routes failed to attract the passenger numbers hoped for and were eventually cut back or ended while other, more radial services on the lines continued.

Other semi-orbital routes fared little better. Throughout the 20th century London's railways operated on a radial model and the few remaining semi-orbital passenger routes withered, with the lines used mainly for freight services. The national railway network was privatised with radial franchises. Only the Circle line enjoyed success.

Throughout the 20th century London expanded both in size and population and employment ceased to be as heavily concentrated in the centre. Many more people were travelling through central London by Underground and many of them were travelling in on one radial route only to travel out again on another. Congestion increased and additional Underground lines were built at great expense.

The idea of reviving and expanding the semi-orbital routes to relieve some of the load on central London in a more cost-effective way than the building of new tube lines was considered, coalescing around the suggested name "Orbirail", but it won few friends in the National Rail network for commercial and operational reasons.

The situation changed drastically with the creation of Transport for London as a single body with overall responsibility for transport in London. During Ken Livingstone's term as Mayor of London, TfL exploited the potential in the neglected peripheral rail routes and started to plan a complete orbital rail system by joining these routes together (albeit with no plan for a single fully orbital service). The new system was eventually launched as the London Overground, and work continues to complete the orbital route as more lines are added to the system. The eventual London Overground network will (by 2013) cover a route which bears a striking resemblance to the Outer Circle line with the East London line extension and South London line being used to complete the loop.

Political support for the principle of Orbirail continued after the change of leadership following the 2008 London mayoral election. During his election campaign, Boris Johnson published a transport manifesto which highlighted the problems associated with orbital journeys around London:

## R25

The **R25** was a proposed railway orbital around the Zone 3 area of London. First proposed in the Mayor of London's £1.3 trillion London Infrastructure 2050 plan, the line would have used some existing Network Rail and London Overground lines, linked by stretches of new railway.

## Arguments for and against

> TfL estimate that just under half of all Londoners' journeys start and finish in outer London. Only around a quarter of these are made by public transport. This is because public transport options for orbital journeys are poor by comparison to the car. One of the limitations of the public transport network in outer London is the lack of direct and convenient orbital routes. (...) In fact, many orbital routes are only made accessible by making a radial journey into central London.

The manifesto noted that 64% of journeys in outer London were made by cars or vans, and suggested that improved orbital public transport would help to reduce this figure, proposing a trial of orbital express bus routes linking key suburban rail terminals.

*Orbirail'*s proponents believe that it would be a relatively low-cost project, involving only a small amount of new track, some improvements to existing lines and an increase in train frequency. It would allow many people to make journeys without passing through *Zone 1*, thus relieving congestion on central London's railways.

There are complications which could prevent these lines running as single fully orbital route. Orbital railways have an intrinsic timetabling robustness problem. The trains are constantly "in orbit" so there is little scope for "recovery time" if they are delayed. A single delay can have long-lasting knock-on effects and be much more disruptive than on a radial railway. Recovery time can be created by timetabling for longer stops at some stations but this increases journey times and reduces train frequency. (For this reason, on 13 December 2009 the Circle line was changed to a spiral route with distinct endpoints.) In this light, it is hard to see a larger and more complicated orbital railway being approved.

An alternative to a single fully orbital route would be two or more semi-orbital routes that join to encircle London. TfL's London Overground is an example of this: in Clapham Junction and in Highbury and Islington, the two halves of the London Overground Orbital Route meet.

An additional problem is poor interchange with many of the radial routes. The proposed route offers no interchange with the Great Western Main Line, Chiltern Main Line, the East Coast Main Line, the Great Eastern Main Line or the London, Tilbury and Southend line. Only local services on the West Coast Main Line stop at Willesden Junction. It has similarly poor interchange with many London Underground lines. Poor interchange options are a general problem with most of London's older railways, which were built by competing private companies in the 19th century before the need for a coherent and integrated transport network was understood.


title: Gjepalaj

abstract: Gjepalaj is a village and a former municipality in the Durrës County, western Albania. During the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality Shijak. The population at the 2011 census was 3,449.

text:
# Gjepalaj

**Gjepalaj** is a village and a former municipality in the Durrës County, western Albania. During the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality Shijak. The population at the 2011 census was 3,449.

1. "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6368. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
2. "2011 census results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-01-11.

## InfoBox

| Gjepalaj | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal unit | |
| Gjepalaj | |
| Coordinates: 41°20′N 19°35′E / 41.333°N 19.583°E / 41.333; 19.583 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Durrës |
| Municipality | Shijak |
| Population (2011) | |
| Municipal unit | 3,449 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: 8/7/00 – Atlanta, Georgia

abstract: 8/7/00 – Atlanta, Georgia is a two-disc live album and the twenty-ninth in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the first North American leg of the tour on February 27, 2001.

text:
# 8/7/00 – Atlanta, Georgia

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***8/7/00 – Atlanta, Georgia*** is a two-disc live album and the twenty-ninth in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the first North American leg of the tour on February 27, 2001.

## Overview

The album was recorded on August 7, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia at Philips Arena. It was selected by the band as one of 18 "Ape/Man" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found "really exciting." Allmusic gave it three out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Zac Johnson said, "If it could have held its level of intensity, it would rank among the best in this series. Nevertheless it is still a terrific performance, one that fans will cherish."

## Track listing

### Disc one

1. "Release" (Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, Eddie Vedder) – 5:25
2. "Corduroy" (Dave Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 4:36
3. "Insignificance" (Vedder) – 4:25
4. "Animal" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 2:47
5. "Hail, Hail" (Gossard, Vedder, Ament, McCready) – 5:07
6. "Nothing as It Seems" (Ament) – 5:43
7. "Rival" (Gossard) – 3:45
8. "Given to Fly" (McCready, Vedder) – 3:38
9. "Light Years" (Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 4:49
10. "Do the Evolution" (Gossard, Vedder) – 3:52
11. "Even Flow" (Vedder, Gossard) – 5:20
12. "In Hiding" (Gossard, Vedder) – 7:39
13. "Daughter" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 8:28
14. "Better Man" (Vedder) – 4:46

### Disc two

1. "Nothingman" (Vedder, Ament) – 5:22
2. "Leatherman" (Vedder) – 2:19
3. "Grievance" (Vedder) – 3:14
4. "Rearviewmirror" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 7:16
5. "Encore Break" – 1:18
6. "Once" (Vedder, Gossard) – 3:19
7. "Breakerfall" (Vedder) – 4:27
8. "Immortality" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 7:28
9. "Crazy Mary" (Victoria Williams) – 6:37
10. "Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 3:55
11. "Porch" (Vedder) – 3:58
12. "Fuckin' Up" (Neil Young) – 8:22
13. "Yellow Ledbetter" (Ament, McCready, Vedder) – 6:25

## Personnel

Pearl Jam Production

## InfoBox

| 8/7/00 – Atlanta, Georgia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Pearl Jam | |
| Released | February 27, 2001 |
| Recorded | August 7, 2000, Philips Arena, Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 134:20 |
| Language | English |
| Label | Epic |
| Pearl Jam chronology | |
| *8/6/00 – Greensboro, North Carolina*
(2001) ***8/7/00 – Atlanta, Georgia***
(2001) *8/9/00 – West Palm Beach, Florida*
(2001) | |


title: Photon structure function

abstract: The photon structure function, in quantum field theory, describes the quark content of the photon. While the photon is a massless boson, through certain processes its energy can be converted into the mass of massive fermions. The function is defined by the process e + γ → e + hadrons. It is uniquely characterized by the linear increase in the logarithm of the electronic momentum transfer log Q⁲ and by the approximately linear rise in x, the fraction of the quark momenta within the photon. These characteristics are borne out by the experimental analyses of the photon structure function.

text:
# Photon structure function

The **photon structure function**, in quantum field theory, describes the quark content of the photon. While the photon is a massless boson, through certain processes its energy can be converted into the mass of massive fermions. The function is defined by the process *e* \+ γ → *e* \+ hadrons. It is uniquely characterized by the linear increase in the logarithm of the electronic momentum transfer log *Q2* and by the approximately linear rise in *x* , the fraction of the quark momenta within the photon. These characteristics are borne out by the experimental analyses of the photon structure function.

## Theoretical basis

Photons with high photon energy can transform in quantum mechanics to lepton and quark pairs, the latter fragmented subsequently to jets of hadrons, i.e. protons, pions, etc. At high energies  *E* the lifetime *t* of such quantum fluctuations of mass *M* becomes nearly macroscopic:  *t**E/M2*; this amounts to flight lengths as large as one micrometer for electron pairs in a 100 GeV photon beam, while even for light hadrons the length is on the order of 10 fermi, i.e. 10x the radius of a proton. High energy photon beams have been generated by photon radiation off electron beams in *e**e*+ circular beam facilities such as PETRA at DESY in Hamburg and LEP at CERN in Geneva. Exceedingly high photon energies may be generated in the future by shining laser light on teraelectronvolt electron beams in a linear collider facility.

The classical technique for analyzing the virtual particle content of photons is provided by scattering electrons off the photons. In high-energy, large-angle scattering the experimental facility can be viewed as an electron microscope of very high resolution *Q*, corresponding to the momentum transfer in the scattering process according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The intrinsic quark structure of the target photon beam is revealed by observing characteristic patterns of the scattered electrons in the final state.

The incoming target photon splits into a nearly collinear quark–antiquark pair. The impinging electron is scattered off the quark to large angles, the scatter pattern revealing the internal quark structure of the photon. Quark and antiquark finally transform to hadrons. Photon structure function can be described quantitatively in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of quarks as constituents of the strongly interacting elementary particles, which are bound together by gluonic forces. The primary splitting of photons to quark pairs, cf. Fig. 1, regulates the essential characteristics of the photon structure function, the number and the energy spectrum of the quark constituents within the photon. QCD refines the picture by modifying the shape of the spectrum, to order unity unlike the small modifications naively expected as a result of asymptotic freedom.

Quantum mechanics predicts the number of quark pairs in the photon splitting process to increase logarithmically with the resolution *Q*, and (approximately) linearly with the momenta *x*. The characteristic behavior

$$F\_{2,B}^{\gamma }(x,Q^{2})=f\_{B}(x)\log {Q^{2}/\Lambda ^{2}+...}$$

with

$$f\_{B}(x)={\frac {3\alpha }{2\pi }\sum \_{q,{\bar {q}e\_{q}^{4}x\[x^{2}+(1-x)^{2}\]}}}$$

is predicted for the photon structure function in the quark model to leading logarithmic behavior; where α is the fine-structure constant and the fractional quark charges are denoted  *eq*; with the factor 3 accounting for the quark color degrees. Turning on the radiation of gluon quanta off quarks in QCD, the quark momenta are reshuffled partly from large to small *x* values with increasing resolution. At the same time the radiation is damped moderately due to asymptotic freedom. The delicate interplay between photon splitting and damped gluon radiation re-normalizes the photon structure function

$$F\_{2,B}^{\gamma }(x,Q^{2})\rightarrow F\_{2}^{\gamma }(x,Q^{2})=f(x)\log {Q^{2}/\Lambda ^{2}}$$

to order unity, leaving the logarithmic behavior in the resolution *Q* untouched apart from superficially introducing the fundamental QCD scale Λ, but tilting the shape of the structure function  *fB* (*x*) → *f* (*x*)  by damping the momentum spectrum at large *x*. These characteristics, dramatically different from the proton parton density, are unique features of the photon structure function within QCD. They are the origin of the excitement associated with the photon structure function.

While electron scattering off photons maps out the quarks' spectra, the electrically neutral gluon content of the photons can best be analyzed by jet pair production in photon–proton scattering. Gluons as components of the photon may scatter off gluons residing in the proton, and generate two hadron jets in the final state. The complexity of these scattering processes, due to the superposition of many subprocesses, renders the analysis of the gluon content of the photon quite complicated.

The quantitative representation of the photon structure function introduced above is strictly valid only for asymptotically high resolution *Q*, i.e. the logarithm of *Q* being much larger than the logarithm of the quark masses. However, the asymptotic behavior is approached steadily with increasing *Q* for *x* away from zero as demonstrated next. In this asymptotic regime the photon structure function is predicted uniquely in QCD to logarithmic accuracy.

## Experimental analyses

Up to now the photon structure function has only been investigated experimentally by electron scattering off a beam of quasi-real photons. The experiments use the so-called two-photon reactions at electron–positron colliders *ee+**ee+*\+ *h*, where *h* represents all the remaining hadrons in the final state. The kinematics chosen is characterized by the electron scattered at large angles and the positron at very small angles thus providing a calculable flux of quasi-real photons (Weizsäcker–Williams approximation). The cross section for electron–photon scattering is then analyzed in terms of the photon structure function quite analogously to studies of the nucleon structure in electron–nucleon scattering.

In order to ensure a small virtual mass of the target photon one uses the so-called anti-tagging. Special forward detectors are arranged down to small angles close to the beam pipe. Events with a positron signal in these detectors are eliminated from the analysis. By contrast, events with the positrons travelling undetected down the beam pipe, are accepted. The energy of the emitted quasi-real target photon is unknown. Whereas the four-momentum transfer squared  *Q*2  can be determined alone from the energy and angle of the scattered electron, x has to be calculated from  *Q*2  and the invariant mass  Mh  of the hadronic system using *x* = *Q*2 */* (*Q*2 \+ *Mh*2) .  The experimental situation is thus comparable to neutrino–nucleon scattering where the unknown energy of the incoming neutrino also requires the determination of  Mh  for calculating the kinematical parameters of the neutrino quark scattering process.

The hadronic system produced in two-photon reactions has in general a rather high momentum along the beam direction resulting in small hadronic scattering angles. This kinematic feature again requires special forward detectors. A high efficiency in reconstructing hadronic events is now also essential. Nevertheless, losses of hadronic energy are practically unavoidable and the real hadronic energy is therefore determined using sophisticated unfolding techniques.

The first measurement of the photon structure function has been performed using the detector PLUTO at the DESY storage ring PETRA followed subsequently by many investigations at all large electron–positron colliders. A comprehensive discussion of data and theory can be found in reviews of 2000 and 2014. It is customary to display the structure function in units of the fine-structure constant  α . The basic theoretical features discussed above are impressively verified by the data. The increase of  *F*2*γ*(*x, Q*2)  with x, shown in Fig. 2 at  *Q*2 =  4.3 GeV2 and 39.7 GeV2, is obviously quite different from the behaviour of the proton structure function, which falls with rising x, and it demonstrates nicely the influence of the photon splitting to quark pairs. The predicted  log*Q*2  dependence of  *F*2*γ*(*x, Q*2)  is clearly demonstrated in Fig. 3, here plotted for data with  0.3 \< *x* \< 0.5 .

In both figures the data are compared to theoretical calculations, the curves representing the analysis of photon structure function data based on the standard higher-order QCD prediction for three light quarks supplemented by the charm quark contribution and a residual hadronic component accounted for by vector meson dominance. The numerical values were calculated using Λ = 0.338 GeV and a charm quark mass of 1.275 GeV.

One might be tempted to use the data for a precision measurement of  Λ . However, while the asymptotic solution, defined properly at higher order, appears superficially very sensitive to  Λ , spurious singularities at small x require either technical ad-hoc regularizations or the switching to the evolution from pre-fixed initial conditions at small  *Q*2 . Both techniques reduce the sensitivity to  Λ . Nevertheless, values of

$$\alpha \_{\mathsf {s}\left(M\_{\mathsf {Z}\right)=0.1198\pm 0.0028{}\_{\mathsf {\ \[\ expmt.\ err.\]\ }\pm 0.0040{}\_{\mathsf {\ \[\ theor.\ err.\]\ }}}}}$$

in analyses of the QCD coupling along these lines agree well with other experimental methods.

It is remarkable to realize that even a single parameter (Λ) fit performed to all data with  *x* \> 0.45,  *Q*2 \>  59 GeV2 or to all data with  *x* \> 0.1  leads to very similar results for *α*s(*M*Z) .

## Conclusion

In summary, the prediction for the number of quarks and their momentum spectrum in high-energy photons, with characteristics very much different from the proton, together with the value of the QCD coupling constant, are borne out nicely by the experimental analyses — a fascinating success of QCD.


title: Ramón Nivar

abstract: Ramón A. Nivar Martínez is a former Major League Baseball utility player who played for the Texas Rangers and Baltimore Orioles from 2003 to 2005.

text:
# Ramón Nivar

**Ramón A. Nivar Martínez** (born February 22, 1980) is a former Major League Baseball utility player who played for the Texas Rangers and Baltimore Orioles from 2003 to 2005.

## Career

Nivar was original signed as an undrafted free agent by the Texas Rangers in 1998. In 2003 with the Double-A Frisco RoughRiders, he hit .347 and was selected as Baseball America 2nd Team Minor League All-Star, Texas League All-Star Second Baseman and Texas League Minor League Player of the Year. He also played for the World team in the 2003 All-Star Futures Game.

Nivar made his Major League debut on July 30, 2003, for the Rangers against the Boston Red Sox as a ninth inning defensive replacement. He played in 28 games with the Rangers that season, hitting .211 in 90 at bats. After playing in seven more games in 2004 he was traded to the Baltimore Orioles in March 2005, appearing in seven games with the Orioles that season.

Before 2006 Nivar signed a minor league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals but did not make the roster. He played some games for the independent York Revolution in 2007 and then signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres at the end of the season.

Nivar was released during 2008 spring training. He later played in the Can-Am League for the New Jersey Jackals and finished the season with for the Newark Bears of the Atlantic League, batting .327.

In 2009, Los Angeles Dodgers signed Nivar to a minor league contract and assigned him to Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts. On May 4, 2010, Ramon was promoted to triple-A Albequrque

Nivar is a career .223 hitter in 42 Major League games, including 13 runs, 12 RBI and five stolen bases without home runs.

## InfoBox

| Ramón Nivar | |
| --- | --- |
| **Infielder/Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1980-02-22) February 22, 1980<br>San Cristobal, Dominican Republic | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 30, 2003, for the Texas Rangers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| June 11, 2005, for the Baltimore Orioles | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .223 |
| Runs | 13 |
| Runs batted in | 12 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Rant (disambiguation)

abstract: A rant or diatribe is a kind of oration. Rant(s) or The Rant(s) may also refer to:

text:
# Rant (disambiguation)

A **rant** or diatribe is a kind of oration.

**Rant**(**s**) or **The Rant**(**s**) may also refer to:

## Literature

## Music

## Other uses

* "The Rant", a commercial in the I Am Canadian media campaign for Molson Canadian Beer
* Ranter, member of a seventeenth-century English religious movement

## People with the surname

* Christopher Rants (born 1967), American politician from Iowa
* James Rant (1936–2003), British judge and Judge Advocate General
* Thomas Rant (1604–1671), English lawyer and Member of Parliament in 1660
* Zoran Rant (1904–1972), Slovene mechanical engineer, scientist and professor


title: Metasia ectodontalis

abstract: Metasia ectodontalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1903. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

text:
# Metasia ectodontalis

***Metasia ectodontalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1903. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

## InfoBox

| *Metasia ectodontalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Spilomelinae |
| Genus: | *Metasia* |
| Species: | ***M. ectodontalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metasia ectodontalis***<br>Lower, 1903 | |
|


title: Ninon Hesse

abstract: Ninon Hesse was an art historian and Hermann Hesse's third wife. Ninon Ausländer was born to a Jewish lawyer in Czernowitz, Ukraine and studied archaeology, art history and medicine in Vienna, Austria. In 1918, she married caricaturist B. F. Dolbin, whom she left in 1920; the official divorce only took place in 1931. Although she had written a letter to Hesse after reading his novel Peter Camenzind in 1910, she only met him in 1922. She met him again at Zürich in the winter of 1926 and the pair cultivated a close relationship when they returned to the city a year later. The two lived together from 1927 and got married in November 1931. They lived in Casa Bodmer at Montagnola. Ninon Hesse played an important role in Hermann Hesse's life not only as the love of his life, but also as she helped him to continue with his work when his eyes got weak by reading to him and writing for him, and collecting and editing his writings and letters after his death in 1962. It was Ninon, for example, who transcribed her husband's letters and family documents dating to Hermann's early years, particularly from his studies at Basel Knabenhaus. She has also maintained that her husband's works were not to be filmed as this was his will.

text:
# Ninon Hesse

**Ninon Hesse** (née Ausländer; 18 September 1895 – 22 September 1966, in Montagnola) was an art historian and Hermann Hesse's third wife.

Ninon Ausländer was born to a Jewish lawyer in Czernowitz, Ukraine and studied archaeology, art history and medicine in Vienna, Austria. In 1918, she married caricaturist B. F. Dolbin, whom she left in 1920; the official divorce only took place in 1931.

Although she had written a letter to Hesse after reading his novel *Peter Camenzind* in 1910, she only met him in 1922. She met him again at Zürich in the winter of 1926 and the pair cultivated a close relationship when they returned to the city a year later. The two lived together from 1927 and got married in November 1931. They lived in Casa Bodmer at Montagnola.

Ninon Hesse played an important role in Hermann Hesse's life not only as the love of his life, but also as she helped him to continue with his work when his eyes got weak by reading to him and writing for him, and collecting and editing his writings and letters after his death in 1962. It was Ninon, for example, who transcribed her husband's letters and family documents dating to Hermann's early years, particularly from his studies at Basel *Knabenhaus.* She has also maintained that her husband's works were not to be filmed as this was his will.


title: Goodrich Falls

abstract: Goodrich Falls is a populated place in the town of Bartlett along the Ellis River in Carroll County, New Hampshire, United States. The falls were featured in stereoscopic images in the 19th century including by Kilburn Brothers and Nathan W. Pease. New Hampshire Route 16 bridges the river just upstream from the falls. The Goodrich Falls Hydroelectric Plant was completed in 1935. It was built by Edwin Moody, owner of the Black Mountain Ski Area, and Phil Robertson. Moody and local inventor George Morton constructed one of the first ski lifts in New Hampshire and used the plant to power the lift and lodge. Goodrich Falls Hydroelectric Corporation took over the plant in 1977. In 1899, the town of Jackson paid the Goodrich Falls Electric Company to illuminate Honeymoon Bridge, a wooden covered bridge over the Ellis River.

text:
# Goodrich Falls

**Goodrich Falls** is a populated place in the town of Bartlett along the Ellis River in Carroll County, New Hampshire, United States. The falls were featured in stereoscopic images in the 19th century including by Kilburn Brothers and Nathan W. Pease. New Hampshire Route 16 bridges the river just upstream from the falls.

The Goodrich Falls Hydroelectric Plant was completed in 1935. It was built by Edwin Moody, owner of the Black Mountain Ski Area (then known as Moody's), and Phil Robertson. Moody and local inventor George Morton constructed one of the first ski lifts in New Hampshire and used the plant to power the lift and lodge. Goodrich Falls Hydroelectric Corporation took over the plant in 1977.

In 1899, the town of Jackson paid the Goodrich Falls Electric Company to illuminate Honeymoon Bridge, a wooden covered bridge over the Ellis River.

44°7′34″N 71°11′24″W / 44.12611°N 71.19000°W / 44.12611; -71.19000


title: Giuseppe Scarabelli

abstract: Giuseppe Scarabelli Gommi Flamini was an Italian geologist, palaeontologist and politician; he is remembered as the founder of Italian prehistoric archaeology and was the first archaeologist to carry out a stratigraphic excavation in Italy. Scarabelli is particularly remembered for his discovery of ancient stone weapons found in and around Imola, and the article he wrote on the subject in 1850.

text:
# Giuseppe Scarabelli

**Giuseppe Scarabelli Gommi Flamini** (5 September 1820 – 28 October 1905) was an Italian geologist, palaeontologist and politician; he is remembered as the founder of Italian prehistoric archaeology and was the first archaeologist to carry out a stratigraphic excavation in Italy. Scarabelli is particularly remembered for his discovery of ancient stone weapons found in and around Imola, and the article he wrote on the subject in 1850.

## Biography

Scarabelli was born in Imola, his father being a doctor, Giovanni Scarabelli, and his mother, the countess Elena Gommi Flamini. On the death in 1845 of his maternal uncle Giacomo, Scarabelli inherited the noble title of count, even if he did not choose to use the title during his lifetime.

He received his primary and secondary education at home, taught by tutors chosen by the family. After 1840 he began studying anatomy at the universities of Bologna and Florence. He then moved on to the study of natural sciences by going, as an auditor, to the University of Pisa. Here he had the opportunity to attend the lessons of two of the greatest Italian experts of the period, Paolo Savi and Leopoldo Pilla. From them he learned the research techniques of stratigraphic geology, an innovative discipline at that time. On 31 January 1851 he married Countess Giovanna Alessandretti.

## Scientific work

In the years between 1843 and 1847, he travelled to many Italian regions: he was in Tuscany, in Milan, in various pre-alpine lakes (Como, Maggiore, Lugano), in Verona, Vicenza, Naples and Sicily. Back in his native region, Scarabelli undertook systematic investigations relating to the position and age of the bones of some large mammals that had inhabited the Imola Apennines in prehistoric times. Another innovative line of research, which gave him a leading role in the affirmation of geology and palethnology in Italy, was represented by the study of the stone weapons collected there. In 1850 he published the results of his research in the study *Observations on ancient hard stone weapons that were collected in the Imola area*, considered one of the first scientific contributions to Italian prehistory, with particular reference to objects from the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.

In addition to field research, he also devoted himself to geological cartography. Scarabelli was the first to make geological maps according to modern methods of the Republic of San Marino (1848), of the Province of Bologna (1853), of Ravenna (1854) and of northern Marche. In 1858 he published a large monograph, created with the Veronese scholar Abramo Massalongo, dedicated to studies on the fossil flora and stratigraphic geology of the Senigallia area. The work had as its object the vast collection of artefacts that Scarabelli personally acquired upon the death of the previous owner, near Senigallia. The first major work that Scarabelli had to carry out after the unification of Italy was the geological map of the province of Forlì, commissioned in 1865. The scholar from Imola worked on the project for several years. The final result, a monumental 1: 50,000 scale map, was excellent for scientific precision and accurate graphic design.

Protagonist of the period of fervor of studies and specialist publications of the second half of the nineteenth century, he was a promoter of the International Congresses of Geology and those of Anthropology and Archeology. A precursor of modern archaeological research, he presented at the Bologna Congress in 1871 the discoveries made in the Grotta del Re Tiberio (in the Vena del Gesso Romagnola), the first excavation carried out with the stratigraphic method. In 1878 at the Universal Exposition in Paris he was awarded a bronze medal for his Geological Map of part of the Apennines at a scale of 1:200,000.

Between 1873 and 1883 he was engaged in archaeological excavations in the prehistoric village located on Mount Castellaccio. The resulting voluminous essay, *The fully explored prehistoric station on Monte Castellaccio* (1887), was exemplary both for the method of exposure and for the sections and excavation plans; even today, Scarabelli's essay is the only example of a complete excavation of a Bronze Age village in Italy. In collaboration with Edoardo Brizio, between 1891 and 1901 he directed the excavations of the prehistoric village of San Giuliano near Toscanella di Dozza (the report was published after his death).

Since 1857 he was one of the founders of the Imola "Cabinet of Natural History", the first nucleus of the Museum which is now named after him. A member of the Accademia dei Lincei, Scarabelli was president of the Italian Geological Society in 1888.

## Political activities

A fervent patriot, Scarabelli participated in the Risorgimento uprisings until the vote of annexation of the Legation of Romagna to the Kingdom of Sardinia (1859). He was the first mayor of Imola after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (from 1860 to 1866); in 1864 he was appointed senator of the Kingdom. He was also the president of two institutions that still exist in Imola: the kindergarten (founded in 1847, today the Kindergarten) and the Cassa di Risparmio (founded in 1855). He died in Imola in 1905, and is buried in the local Piratello cemetery.


title: Izatha picarella

abstract: Izatha picarella is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is known from the Nelson and Marlborough districts of the northern South Island. The wingspan is 22.5–28.5 mm for males and 20.5–28 mm for females. Adults are on wing from September to January. Larvae have been reared from dead wood of apple and from dead branches of Melicytus ramiflorus.

text:
# Izatha picarella

***Izatha picarella*** is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is known from the Nelson and Marlborough districts of the northern South Island.

The wingspan is 22.5–28.5 mm for males and 20.5–28 mm for females. Adults are on wing from September to January.

Larvae have been reared from dead wood of apple (probably *Malus domesticus*) and from dead branches of *Melicytus ramiflorus*.

## InfoBox

| *Izatha picarella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Oecophoridae |
| Genus: | *Izatha* |
| Species: | ***I. picarella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Izatha picarella***<br>(Walker, 1864) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oecophora picarella* Walker, 1864 * *Psecadia teras* Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 | |


title: Pickaxe

abstract: A pickaxe, pick-axe, or pick is a generally T-shaped hand tool used for prying. Its head is typically metal, attached perpendicularly to a longer handle, traditionally made of wood, occasionally metal, and increasingly fiberglass. A standard pickaxe, similar to a "pick mattock", has a pointed end on one side of its head and a broad flat "axe" blade opposite. A gradual curve characteristically spans the length of the head. The next most common configuration features two spikes, one slightly longer than the other. The pointed end is used both for breaking and prying, the axe for hoeing, skimming, and chopping through roots. Developed as agricultural tools in prehistoric times, picks have evolved into other tools such as the plough and the mattock. They also have been used in general construction and mining, and adapted to warfare.

text:
# Pickaxe

A **pickaxe**, **pick-axe**, or **pick** is a generally T-shaped hand tool used for prying. Its head is typically metal, attached perpendicularly to a longer handle, traditionally made of wood, occasionally metal, and increasingly fiberglass.

A standard pickaxe, similar to a "pick mattock", has a pointed end on one side of its head and a broad flat "axe" blade opposite. A gradual curve characteristically spans the length of the head. The next most common configuration features two spikes, one slightly longer than the other.

The pointed end is used both for breaking and prying, the axe for hoeing, skimming, and chopping through roots.

Developed as agricultural tools in prehistoric times, picks have evolved into other tools such as the plough and the mattock. They also have been used in general construction and mining, and adapted to warfare.

## Etymology

The Oxford Dictionary of English states that both *pick* and *pickaxe* have the same meaning, that being a tool with a long handle at right angles to a curved iron or steel bar with a point at one end and a chisel or point at the other, used for breaking up hard ground or rock.

The term *pickaxe* is a folk etymology alteration of Middle English *picas* via Anglo-Norman *piceis*, Old French *pocois*, and directly from Medieval Latin *picosa* 'pick', related to Latin *picus* 'woodpecker'. Though modern picks usually feature a head with both a pointed end and an adze-like flattened blade on the other end, current spelling is influenced by *axe*, and *pickaxe*, *pick-axe*, or sometimes just *pick* cover any and all versions of the tool.

## History

In prehistoric times a large shed deer antler from a suitable species (e.g. red deer) was often cut down to its shaft and its lowest tine and used as a one-pointed pick, and with it sometimes a large animal's shoulder blade as a crude shovel. During war in medieval times, the pickaxe was used as a weapon.

## As a weapon

The historic pickaxe was readily adapted to a weapon for hand-to-hand combat in ancient times. Over the centuries aspects of it were incorporated in various battle axes.

A pickaxe handle (sometimes called a "pickhandle" or "pick helve") is sometimes used on its own as a club for bludgeoning. In *The Grapes of Wrath* by John Steinbeck, pick handles were used against migrant farmers, and Georgia governor Lester Maddox famously threatened to use a similar, more slender axe handle to bar blacks from entering a whites-only restaurant in the heated days of the American civil rights movement of the 1960s. A pick handle is officially used as a baton in the British Army.

Pickaxes are commonly carried by Pioneer Sergeants in the British Army.

A normal pickaxe handle is made of ash or hickory wood and is about 3 ft (91 cm) and weighs about 2.5 lb (1.1 kg). British Army pickaxe handles must, by regulation, be exactly 3 ft (91 cm) long, for use in measuring in the field. New variant designs are:

They are sometimes made with a steel casing on the thick end.

## InfoBox

Pickaxe
| Pickaxe on the ground | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Pick, pickax |
| Classification | Digging tool |
| Types | Railroad pick, miner's pick |
| Related | Mattock |


title: Rand Building

abstract: The Rand Building is a skyscraper and the second tallest building in Buffalo, New York. At the time it was built in 1929, it was the tallest in the city at a height of 405 feet (123 m). The building was built on the site of the 1903 Olympic Theatre and it has been suggested that the Rand Building was the inspiration for the Empire State Building.

text:
# Rand Building

The **Rand Building** is a skyscraper and the second tallest building in Buffalo, New York. At the time it was built in 1929, it was the tallest in the city at a height of 405 feet (123 m). The building was built on the site of the 1903 Olympic Theatre and it has been suggested that the Rand Building was the inspiration for the Empire State Building.

## History

The building is named for George F. Rand Sr. (1864–1919), former president and chairman of the board of directors of Marine Midland Bank, who was killed in a plane crash near Caterham in Surrey, England.

The Buffalo Broadcasting Company moved its stations WGR and WKBW to the building; the stations had moved out of the building by 1959. Today, the stations in the Townsquare Media cluster (WTSS, WBLK, WBUF, and WYRK) broadcast from studios in the Rand Building and have their transmitting antennas located atop its beacon.

Adjacent to the Rand Building is 10 Lafayette Square in Lafayette Square.

George F. Rand Jr. had a private dining room on the top floor of the building that he used for business lunches. When the building opened, it featured an elaborate lighting system that highlighted its art deco stepped back style.

In December 2014, the building was sold by real estate developer David L. Sweet to Paul J. Kolkmeyer, a developer and former CEO of First Niagara Bank, for $3.89 million. Kolkmeyer's firm, Amherst-based Priam Enterprises LLC, buys, manages and develops residential apartment buildings and student housing in Buffalo and the surrounding communities. In addition to purchasing the Rand Building, Kolkmeyer purchased the Main Court Building at 438 Main St. (for $4.5 million), as well as the Main Seneca Building, designed by Green & Wicks, at 237 Main St., the Roblin Building at 241 Main St., (together for $2.56 million) and The Stanton Building, designed by Richard A. Waite, at 251 Main St. (for $646,569).

## Timeline

The site of the present day Rand Building went through various iterations before the Rand Building was constructed in 1929.

* 1830s - Lumber yard
* 1845 - Lafayette Presbyterian Church
* 1850 - Church destroyed in fire and rebuilt
* 1862 - A larger church was built to replace the previous structure
* 1901-1913 - Congregation moved and the church building was sold and remodeled into a burlesque house called Lafayette Theater
* 1908 - Private residence on corner demolished for new building by architects Seames and Zeitler called the Park Hof restaurant
* 1914 - Sold, remodeled, and reopened as the "Olympic Theater," which showed films and vaudeville
* 1929 - Rand Building constructed

## InfoBox

| Rand Building | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Office |
| Location | 14 Lafayette Square<br>Buffalo, New York 14203 |
| Coordinates | 42°53′10.30″N 78°52′24.40″W / 42.8861944°N 78.8734444°W / 42.8861944; -78.8734444 |
| Completed | 1929 |
| Owner | Main Street Buffalo Properties, LP |
| Management | Priam Enterprises, LLC |
| Height | |
| Antenna spire | 405 feet (123.4 m) |
| Roof | 351 feet (107.0 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 29 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | F. J. & W. A. Kidd (1929); James William Kideney & Associates |
| Main contractor | John W. Cowper Company |


title: Rant (novel)

abstract: Rant: An Oral Biography of Buster Casey is a novel by Chuck Palahniuk released on May 1, 2007. Palahniuk has indicated that Rant is the first in what will become a three-book series. Rant is told in the form of an oral biography. When the story begins, the reader discovers that the main character, Buster Landru "Rant" Casey, is already deceased. Throughout the book various people discuss their memories of Buster and the world he lived in, presenting stories in an occasionally conflicting timeline. The paperback edition became a national bestseller in May 2008 and remained on the New York Times Paperback Fiction Bestseller List for six weeks. Author and anthropologist Victor Turner is briefly quoted as one of the contributors.

text:
# Rant (novel)

***Rant: An Oral Biography of Buster Casey*** is a novel by Chuck Palahniuk released on May 1, 2007. Palahniuk has indicated that *Rant* is the first in what will become a three-book series.

*Rant* is told in the form of an oral biography. When the story begins, the reader discovers that the main character, Buster Landru "Rant" Casey, is already deceased. Throughout the book various people discuss their memories of Buster and the world he lived in, presenting stories in an occasionally conflicting timeline.

The paperback edition became a national bestseller in May 2008 and remained on the *New York Times* Paperback Fiction Bestseller List for six weeks.

Author and anthropologist Victor Turner is briefly quoted as one of the contributors.

## Plot summary

Buster Casey is born in the rural town of Middleton with the senses of smell and taste far more advanced than other humans. He acquires the nickname Rant from a childhood prank involving animal organs which results in numerous people becoming ill. The sound of the victims vomiting resembles the word *rant*, which becomes a local synonym for vomit and therefore Buster's nickname.

As a child, Rant discovers a massive wealth that turns the small town's economy on its head. He becomes obsessed with getting bitten by rabid animals along with venomous snakes and spiders. After his first bite from a black widow spider, Rant discovers that toxic spider bites cause him to get an erection. He uses this effect to leave school and eventually threatens his way to an early diploma and a rather large check that he uses to leave town. When Rant arrives in the city, it becomes clear to the reader that the novel takes place in a dystopian future, where urban dwellers are forcefully divided by curfew into two separate classes: the respectable Daytimers and the oppressed Nighttimers.

Rant becomes a Nighttimer and finds himself swept up in the Nighttimer lifestyle that revolves around "Party Crashing", a covert demolition derby played out on city streets at night. The game is organized by an unknown entity and is set during a designated window of time. The object of the game is to crash, not too forcefully, into other players who sport a certain "flag", such as a Christmas tree on their car's roof or the words "Just Married" scrawled on their vehicle's rear windshield. Rant meets Echo Lawrence, a fellow Crasher. She and Rant fall in love. Rant starts a nationwide rabies epidemic that eventually erupts into zombie-invasion-like proportions that calls for those infected with rabies to be shot and killed on sight.

Rant eventually dies during a Party Crashing event. His death is viewed and listened to by millions on national television and the *Graphic Traffic* radio show. However, when the car is pried open, his body is missing. After his "death", many interviewees share their speculations about Rant's strange fate and its implications for society along with the rabies outbreak.

Some interviewees and friends of Rant speculate that crashing a car while in a given state of mind will jar a person outside of time. Once this is accomplished, they can then go back and kill off all of their ancestors, in turn making them immortal. Or they can, through incest, make themselves into something more than human. The latter is believed to have happened to Green Taylor Simms, a fellow Party Crasher, who is implied to be Buster Casey in some form.

## Film adaptation

On September 11, 2014, Palahniuk announced that James Franco had optioned the film rights to *Rant*.

## InfoBox

Rant: An Oral Biography of Buster Casey
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Chuck Palahniuk |
| Cover artist | Rodrigo Corral<br>Jacob Magraw-Mickelson |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction, satire, horror |
| Publisher | Doubleday |
| Publication date | May 1, 2007 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardcover, paperback); e-book |
| Pages | 319 |
| ISBN | 978-0-385-51787-4 |
| OCLC | 71322095 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 22 |
| LC Class | PS3566.A4554 R36 2007 |


title: Metin Kaçan

abstract: Metin Kaçan was a Turkish author, who is best known for his novel Ağır Roman, which was translated into German, and a movie, directed by Mustafa Altıoklar (1999), was based on it.

text:
# Metin Kaçan

**Metin Kaçan** (15 November 1961 – 6 January 2013) was a Turkish author, who is best known for his novel *Ağır Roman* (*Cholera Street*), which was translated into German (Kaçan 2003), and a movie (*Ağır Roman*), directed by Mustafa Altıoklar (1999), was based on it.

## Literary career

Besides *Ağır Roman*, Kaçan is also the author of the novel *Fındık Sekiz*, a collection of short stories, "A ship to the Islands" (*Adalara Vapur*, Kaçan 2002), and a book written in a mixed style between prose and poetry, entitled "The Tiger at Withdrawal" (*Harman Kaplan*, Kaçan 1999).

Much of Kaçan's writings deals with life in Istanbul, in particular its poor quarter Dolapdere (not far from Taksim Square). To Dolapdere, he sarcastically gave the name "Cholera" (*Kolera* in Turkish) in *Ağır Roman*, thereby recalling both its shabbiness and the fact that the great Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz died there from the cholera in 1855. Mickiewicz Museum at Dolapdere, still open to visitors today, figures in "Ağır Roman". The title of this novel plays ingeniously with the polysemy of the Turkish word *Roman*, which means both "gypsy" and "novel". Also, together with the adjective *ağır*, which means "heavy" or "slow" in Turkish, *Roman* is the designation for a special kind of street music, played by some of the novel's protagonists.

*Ağır Roman* tells the tragic story of a young hero, who grows up in *Cholera* quarter but finally fails and commits suicide. His failure parallels the failure of the quarter itself, whose ancient structures as well as its multi-ethnic and multi-religious composition disintegrate.

*Fındık Sekiz* tells a story about two cars, that appear sometimes as personified figures, and that take the semi-autobiographical protagonist Meto on a mystical journey. At the same time, Meto's conflict with a woman, who manages to have him thrown into prison through fraudulent statements, is related, which might reflect some of Kaçan's own experiences.

Kaçan's style is heavily imbued with Turkish slang. This choice gives his writings a non-conformistic, frequently vulgar, but overall extremely vivid and creative tone, which has been hailed, among others, by Yıldız Ecevit. Other characteristics of his writing are the personification of natural phenomena and inanimate items such as cars (in particular in *Fındık Sekiz*), autobiographical details (Kaçan grew up in Dolapdere), the blurring of the limitations of poetry and prose, and references to mysticism, in particular Muslim mysticism (Sufism). His best-selling novel, *Ağır Roman* was translated into French by Actes Sud in 2010.

## Rape conviction

In 1995, Kaçan was arrested for torturing and raping his ex-girlfriend. He was released on bail pending the outcome of the trial, which ended five years later with a prison sentence of eight years and nine months. The appeals court upheld Kaçan's conviction. In 2006, he was caught by the police in his hometown while attending the funeral of a relative and sent to prison to serve his sentence. After spending close to four years in prison, the remainder of his sentence was commuted.

## Death

Kaçan committed suicide by jumping from the Bosphorus Bridge on 6 January 2013. On that day, he took a cab in Esenler on the European side of Istanbul and requested to be driven to Üsküdar on the Asian side. He asked the driver to stop on the bridge so that he could take photographs. He got out of the vehicle, ran to the edge of the bridge, and threw himself off. His brother confirmed the suicide on 8 January. His body washed ashore on 18 January, twelve days after his disappearance, on the coast of Marmara Sea at Beylikdüzü. Kaçan was 51 years old.

## Literature by Metin Kaçan

* Jaklaban-Andante *Graffiti* (1989) Istanbul, Joker Yayınları
* Kaçan, Metin et Kemal Aratan *İstedikleri Yere Gidenler* (1991) Istanbul, Joker Yayınları
* Kaçan, Metin *Ağır Roman* (1995) Istanbul, Can Yayınları.
* Kaçan, Metin *Fındık Sekiz* (1997) Istanbul, Can Yayınları
* Kaçan, Metin *Harman Kaplan* (1999) Istanbul, Can Yayınları
* Kaçan, Metin *Adalara Vapur* (2002) Istanbul, Can Yayınları
* Kaçan, Metin *Cholera Blues* (2003) Berlin, Dağyeli
* Kaçan, Metin *Cervantesin Yeğeni* (2005) Istanbul, Can Yayınları
* Kaçan, Metin *Haselnuss 8* (2008) Berlin, Dağyeli

## Literature about Metin Kaçan

* Hess 1998a. Hess, Michael Reinhard: Ağır Roman. *Istanbuler Almanach* 2 (1998). 64–66.
* Hess 1998b. Hess, Michael Reinhard: A Glance at the Wilder Side of Turkey: Ağır Roman. *Orientalia Suecana* 67 (1998). 55–67.
* Ecevit 2004. Ecevit, Yıldız: Türk Romanında Postmodernist Açılımlar \[Postmodern Tendencies in the Turkish novel\]. 3rd ed. Istanbul: Iletisim Yayınları.
* Hess 2005. Hess, Michael Reinhard: The Turkish Car Novel on a Trip: fındık sekiz by Metin Kaçan. W*iener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes* 95 (2005). 87–118.

## InfoBox

| Metin Kaçan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1961-11-15)15 November 1961
Kayseri |
| Died | 6 January 2013(2013-01-06) (aged 51)
Istanbul |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Notable works | *Ağır Roman* |


title: Ninon Lemarchand

abstract: Ninon Lemarchand is a French professional squash player. She competed at the 2019 Women's World Junior Squash Championships. She achieved her highest career PSA ranking of 171 in May 2021 during the 2020-21 PSA World Tour.

text:
# Ninon Lemarchand

**Ninon Lemarchand** (born 20 May 2003) is a French professional squash player. She competed at the 2019 Women's World Junior Squash Championships. She achieved her highest career PSA ranking of 171 in May 2021 during the 2020-21 PSA World Tour.

## InfoBox

Ninon Lemarchand
| Country | France |
| --- | --- |
| Residence | Oudon |
| Born | (2003-05-20) 20 May 2003<br>Nantes, Saint Etienne |
| Height | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 58 kg (128 lb) |
| Turned Pro | 2019 |
| Retired | Active |
| Racquet used | Technifibre |
| women's singles | |
| Highest ranking | 171 (May 2021) |
| Current ranking | 171 (May 2021) |
| Updated on 30 May 2021. | |


title: Goodrich Court

abstract: Goodrich Court, Goodrich, Herefordshire, England was a 19th-century, neo-gothic mock castle built by the antiquarian Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick in 1828. Designed by the architect Edward Blore, the court is described by Pevsner as a "fantastic and enormous tower-bedecked house." The court's situation, on a hilltop facing Goodrich Castle, so offended the poet William Wordsworth that he wished "to blow away Sir Samuel Meyrick's impertinent structure and all the possessions it contained." Meyrick built the court to house his very significant collection of armour and antiquities, much of which subsequently passed to the British Museum and to the Wallace Collection. In the years following its construction, Meyrick's house and its collections became a notable element of the Wye Tour. Meyrick's son predeceased him and after Meyrick's death, the court passed through a number of hands, housing pupils from Felsted School during the Second World War. When the school left, the building was stripped of its contents, furnishings and fixtures, and completely demolished in 1949–50. Today, apart from a small lodge and the stables, the only significant remainder is the Monmouth Gatehouse, which stands on the Monmouth to Ross-on-Wye Road.

text:
# Goodrich Court

**Goodrich Court**, Goodrich, Herefordshire, England was a 19th-century, neo-gothic mock castle built by the antiquarian Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick in 1828. Designed by the architect Edward Blore, the court is described by Pevsner as a "fantastic and enormous tower-bedecked house." The court's situation, on a hilltop facing Goodrich Castle, so offended the poet William Wordsworth that he wished "to blow away Sir Samuel Meyrick's impertinent structure and all the possessions it contained."

Meyrick built the court to house his very significant collection of armour and antiquities, much of which subsequently passed to the British Museum and to the Wallace Collection. In the years following its construction, Meyrick's house and its collections became a notable element of the Wye Tour.

Meyrick's son predeceased him and after Meyrick's death, the court passed through a number of hands, housing pupils from Felsted School during the Second World War. When the school left, the building was stripped of its contents, furnishings and fixtures, and completely demolished in 1949–50. Today, apart from a small lodge and the stables, the only significant remainder is the Monmouth Gatehouse, which stands on the Monmouth to Ross-on-Wye Road.

## History

Samuel Meyrick was an antiquarian with an interest in Welsh history who claimed, incorrectly, to be related to the Welsh prince Owain Gwynedd. Meyrick originally intended to buy and restore a genuine Marches castle as his ancestral home, but was unable to acquire one. He explored the possibility of buying Goodrich Castle after a visit in 1823; "the very thing to suit us, so exactly that it seems to have been made on purpose"; but was unable to complete negotiations. Instead he decided to build his own new castle alongside the ruined castle which he named Goodrich Court. Architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner called it a "fantastic and enormous castellated tower-bedecked house", whilst its siting, directly opposite the genuine Norman castle, a positioning which foreshadowed that of Peckforton Castle and Beeston Castle, caused William Wordsworth to condemn it as "impertinent".

After Meyrick's death in 1848, Goodrich Court was bought by George Moffatt, a Liberal party Member of Parliament. The Moffatts extended the castle, including building new stables in the same style as the original property. During the Second World War the castle was used by Felsted School, which was evacuated from Essex to the area. The broadcaster Kenneth Kendall recalled life at the court during the evacuation; "The house was furnished with amazing furniture and paintings (with) armour everywhere. I remember one boy got stuck inside a Jacobean helmet and had to be rescued by the headmaster." When the school relocated at the end of the war the court was stripped of its fittings in 1946 and demolished in 1949. The Monmouth Gate, on the road to Ross-on-Wye, is the only significant surviving remnant of the court.

## Architecture

Designed by the Gothic Revival architect Edward Blore to Meyrick's instructions, Goodrich Court was built of local red sandstone in the neo-gothic style, and although based on the Edwardian architecture seen at Goodrich Castle, to some it more resembled a French chateau. Enjoying a gatehouse, portcullis, battlements, a moat and towers, it was also noted for the Armoury, a large hall which contained Meyrick's collection of armour. Many of the details of the castle utilised the heraldic symbols of Alymer de Valence, a medieval lord at Goodrich Castle in the early 14th century.

The Monmouth Gate, which remains intact, is described by Pevsner as of "red stone with round towers and machicoulis." It is a Grade II listed building.

## InfoBox

| Goodrich Court | |
| --- | --- |
| The court in the mid 19th century | |
| Type | Castle |
| Location | Goodrich, Herefordshire |
| Coordinates | 51°52′53″N 2°37′53″W / 51.8814°N 2.6314°W / 51.8814; -2.6314 |
| Built | 1828 |
| Demolished | 1949 |
| Architect | Edward Blore |
| Architectural style(s) | Gothic Revival |
|  | |
| Location of Goodrich Court in Herefordshire | |


title: Orlando Romero

abstract: Orlando Romero is a former boxer from Peru. Nicknamed "Romerito" he was one of South America's top ranked lightweights during the 1980s.

text:
# Orlando Romero

**Orlando Romero** (born March 3, 1960, in Trujillo, Peru) is a former boxer from Peru. Nicknamed "Romerito" he was one of South America's top ranked lightweights during the 1980s.

## Professional boxing career

Orlando Romero began his professional career as a boxer on February 24, 1979, defeating Rafael Pando by a six round decision in Lima.

Romero won his first four bouts, then drew (tied) with Miguel Macias after six rounds, on July 21. Only two weeks later, on August 3, he started another winning streak, when he beat Luis Carhuamaca by decision in six, also in Lima.

On October 22, he had his first bout outside Lima, when he knocked out Carlos Soriano in the second round at Trujillo. After four additional wins, Romero returned to Lima, where he defeated Domingo Gonzalez on April 19, 1980, by a knockout in six rounds, to win the Peruvian national Lightweight title.

After two more victories, Romero added the Latin American Lightweight title with a twelve round decision victory over Leonidas Asprilla, who also fought Aaron Pryor, by a decision in twelve, on September 20 in Lima.

Romero had fourteen more victories in a row before challenging Ray Mancini for the WBA world Lightweight title. Among the fighters he beat were Oscar Huertas (twice), Antonio Cruz (against whom Romero retained the Latin American Lightweight title by a twelve-rounds decision on May 17, 1982, in Lima) and Jerome Artis.

On September 15, 1983, Romero had his first world title try, and his first fight abroad, when he challenged Mancini for the WBA world Lightweight championship, at New York's Madison Square Garden. Romero was attempting to become Peru's first world boxing champion in history. After eight rounds, the fight was close, with one judge (Nicasio Drake), having it a 77–77 tie, while two judges, (Ismael W. Fernandez and Yusaku Yoshida) having Mancini ahead by 77–76 and 79–77, respectively, but Mancini retained the title when he knocked Romero out in the ninth round. Having won 26 bouts in a row, Romero had been inflicted his first defeat as a professional boxer.

Romero gained some celebrity outside Peru after this bout, with *Ring En Español* dedicating various articles to the Peruvian boxer. On January 14, 1984, he outpointed former Samuel Serrano world title challenger Benedicto Villablanca over ten rounds in Trujillo. He followed that win with a ten-round decision on May 4 over Robert Mullins, who had also boxed Héctor Camacho.

After one more win, he lost to another well-known Peruvian boxer, the then up and coming Geronimo Luque, by a knockout in nine rounds on December 1, at Lima.

Romero won two of his last three fights, before losing his last contest, to namesake and countryman Orlando Romero Uribe. He then retired from professional boxing.

Romero won 35 bouts, losing 3 and drawing (tying) in 1, with 12 wins by knockout.

## After boxing

In 1998, Romero moved to Spain, where he operates a Peruvian food restaurant.

In 2013, he was named "honorary world champion" by the World Boxing Association during a convention held in Lima, Peru, during which he and Ray Mancini reunited.

## InfoBox

| Orlando Romero | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Orlando Romero Peralta
July 13, 1959
Trujillo, Peru |
| Other names | Romerito |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) | Lightweight |
| Height | 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) |
| Reach | 173cm (68in) |
| Stance | Southpaw |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 39 |
| Wins | 35 |
| Wins by KO | 12 |
| Losses | 3 |
| Draws | 1 |
| No contests | 0 |
|  | |