title: Worrall

abstract: Worrall is a small rural village in the civil parish of Bradfield, South Yorkshire, England, 4 miles (6.5 km) north west of Sheffield city centre. It has an area of 233 hectares, and population of 1,306 as of 2006, and borders the Sheffield suburbs of Wadsley, Middlewood and Loxley to the south and east and the adjoining village of Oughtibridge to the north; to the west is a rural area extending towards the village of High Bradfield.

text:
# Worrall

**Worrall** is a small rural village in the civil parish of Bradfield, South Yorkshire, England, 4 miles (6.5 km) north west of Sheffield city centre. It has an area of 233 hectares, and population of 1,306 as of 2006, and borders the Sheffield suburbs of Wadsley, Middlewood and Loxley to the south and east and the adjoining village of Oughtibridge to the north; to the west is a rural area extending towards the village of High Bradfield.

## History

The origins of Worrall go back to Viking times as the names of Towngate Road and Lund Road indicate. Also it is sited away from existing Anglo-Saxon villages such as Wadsley and this was quite common for many Viking settlements. There is no evidence of Anglo-Saxon activity in Worrall. It had its roots in farming and was mentioned in records as part of a manor which also included the areas of Ughill and Wadsley. The manor was held by the Saxon chief Aldene and included 14 bovates of land and an open woodland, a mile square. The villages name derives from the Saxon word *Hrivfull* meaning "top" and this would certainly apply to Worrall's lofty position above the Don and Loxley valleys.

After the Norman Conquest Worrall was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as being part of the land held by Roger de Busli. Throughout its history Worrall was closely connected with the nearby village of Wadsley which lies two km to the SW. A certain Geoffrey ("of Worrell") de la Pole, c,1430-1474, is believed to have been associated with Worrall. In 1541 Henry Everingham was named as lord of the manor of both villages in a charter which granted relief from paying certain duties as long as tenants paid their annual rent. The manor of Worrall was transferred to the ownership of Robert Swyft in 1557 and then to Sir Francis Leake before passing into the estates of the Earl of Shrewsbury. In the 18th century the Stead family estate owned properties in Worrall; at his death Thomas Stead (1728–93) owned 16 properties and 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) in various parts of Hallamshire and Sheffield. Throughout this period Worrall was predominantly a farming community.

Worrall developed some small-scale industry at the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when some small Little Mester workshops were set up to make cutlery and knives. Nearby Wadsley had a reputation for making pocket knives and Worrall found it easier to trade with Wadsley than with the more distant Sheffield.

Ganister mining and quarrying were other industries that grew in the area. Quarrying developed from the middle of the 17th century when there was an expansion of farming in the area and farmhouses and cottages needed to be built for the workers. The biggest quarry in the area was the Middlewood quarry off Mowson Lane which was owned by George Turner. Local historian Joe Castle has suggested that stone from this quarry was used to build the Wicker Arches in Sheffield. The quarry closed at the start of World War II and is now a new housing development. There were three ganister mines in the immediate Worrall area. The Yews Mine and the Langhouse Mine were owned by Charles Bramall, while the Stubbin Mine was owned by the Oughtibridge Silica Firebrick Company and was the last to close in November 1927. The Bramall Company owned 2 silica brickworks in the area - Birtin Works and Caledonia Works, both had closed by 1927.

## Present day

Today Worrall is mostly a residential village with a mixture of new and older housing. Most of its working residents commute to their jobs in Sheffield and other areas. There is a higher proportion of older people in the village compared to the rest of Sheffield with 32% of the population aged between 45 and 64. 87% of the houses in Worrall are owner occupied, a high figure compared to the 60% average for Sheffield as a whole. There are still several farms on the periphery of the village but farming is much reduced from the 19 farms that existed in the immediate area in the 1930s. Some such as Lund Farm, Grange Farm and The Yews Farm have been sold for housing development in recent years. The last farm to operate in the centre of Worrall was the Wiggan dairy farm on Towngate Road. Sycamore Park is a public recreation area off Briarfields Lane in the village; it is 1.4 hectares (3.46 acres) in area and has a playground, mini football pitch, cycle track and picnic benches.

### Significant buildings

There are two public houses in the village. The Blue Ball is believed to have been originally two cottages which were connected at some time to make bigger premises. There is no documented date of origin although first licensed in 1825 (Robert Waite 1825-1833 first Landlord). The Shoulder of Mutton was formerly farm buildings but has been a pub since at least 1817, it was modernised in the 1980s. Worrall Independent Chapel dates from 1878 and has a foundation stone inscribed "This stone was laid by John Wycliffe Wilson of Sheffield July 15th 1878". Worrall National school was founded in 1848 and eventually closed in 1966 with the pupils being transferred to Oughtibridge Primary School; the old school house is now a private residence. Bradfield School, a secondary school for pupils aged between 11 and 16 was built in 1957 on Kirk Edge Road as it leaves the village; there are approximately 1,000 pupils at the school.

Worrall Hall situated on Kirk Edge Road is the oldest building in Worrall but it has three distinct sections all of different time periods. The west wing dates from the 16th century while the central section has a date stone of 1720; the eastern section dates from 1820. The Hall was formerly a listed building but was taken off the list in 1985. It is a private house and has undergone renovation work in recent years after becoming run down. The adjoining Worrall Hall Farm has not been a working farm for many years. The Yews is a building located on Worrall Road as it enters the village from the SE. It dates from the 1880s and was formerly a hospital. It was owned by Sheffield Primary Care Trust and was used as offices for the Mental Health Team. Now it has been sold at auction and there is a renovation project to turn it into a £1million plus valued home.

The Worrall Memorial Hall is a venue for local social and fundraising activities; it is situated next to Sycamore Park. Hillsborough Golf Club lies to the south of the village. The course was created in 1920 with the club house added in 1936. Worrall Male Voice Choir was formed on 7 September 1970 and is a highly respected local vocal group which is based in the village; it has a busy schedule of concerts and fund raising activities. The Monastery of The Holy Spirit, known locally as Kirk Edge convent stands two km to the west of the village. Built in 1871, it is a monastery of the Carmelite order of nuns.

## Notable residents

Stan Shaw, a knife maker and little mester, was born here.

## InfoBox

| Worrall | |
| --- | --- |
| Seen across the Don valley from Birley edge, two km to the east. | |
| WorrallLocation within South Yorkshire | |
| Population | 1,306 (2006) |
| Civil parish |  |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SHEFFIELD |
| Postcode district | S35 |
| Dialling code | 0114 |
|  | |
| Police | South Yorkshire |
| Fire | South Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Fillmore County, Minnesota. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Fillmore County, Minnesota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 37 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Fillmore County, Minnesota

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Fillmore County, Minnesota**. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Fillmore County, Minnesota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.

There are 37 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## History

Fillmore County's National Register properties reflect its development as an agricultural region typical of Southeast Minnesota. Euro-American settlement began in the 1850s and initially relied on rivers and stagecoach roads for transportation. The Forestville Townsite, now a living history museum, preserves a portion of one of these early communities. Several towns vied for county seat status; the William Strong House in Carimona and the Fillmore County Jail and Carriage House in Preston were nominated as the best surviving structures representing this period.

Fillmore County's many rivers and streams powered a milling region of statewide importance before Minneapolis achieved primacy. Additionally, properties like the Quickstad Farm Implement Company and Rushford Wagon and Carriage Company represent the agricultural focus of manufacturing in the county. The Gilded Age prosperity of population centers like Spring Valley and Chatfield is reflected by other listings, several of which are noted for their architecture.

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Allis Barn |  | April 27, 1982
(#82005038) | 24461 Heron Rd.
43°42′40″N 92°01′58″W / 43.711043°N 92.032742°W / 43.711043; -92.032742 (Allis Barn) | Preston | Three-story barn built circa 1899, associated with 19th-century stock farming and Milwaukee's Allis-Chalmers company, a key Midwestern manufacturer of milling equipment. Now the centerpiece of a resort. |
| 2 | Francis H. Bartlett House |  | May 24, 1984
(#84001410) | 135 S. Gold St.
43°42′21″N 92°16′07″W / 43.705701°N 92.268623°W / 43.705701; -92.268623 (Francis H. Bartlett House) | Wykoff | 1876 Second Empire house of Wykoff's co-founder, built the same year the town was incorporated. |
| 3 | Bridge No. 5722 |  | July 20, 2011
(#11000467) | N. Section St. (U.S. Route 63) over Spring Valley Creek
43°41′17″N 92°23′21″W / 43.688015°N 92.389076°W / 43.688015; -92.389076 (Bridge No. 5722) | Spring Valley | 1936 bridge on a concrete box culvert, an unusual basis for a bridge on a U.S. highway. |
| 4 | Bridge No. L4770 |  | November 6, 1989
(#89001827) | Township Road 213 over Mahoney Creek
43°44′23″N 92°05′39″W / 43.739587°N 92.094285°W / 43.739587; -92.094285 (Bridge No. L4770) | Fountain | Short, semicircular stone arch bridge built circa 1915, of a distinctive type developed by the State Highway Commission in the 1910s for use in rural southeast Minnesota. Likely demolished (see talk page). Photo is of the site only. |
| 5 | Chatfield Public Library |  | April 27, 1982
(#82005033) | 314 Main St. S.
43°50′41″N 92°11′14″W / 43.844674°N 92.187336°W / 43.844674; -92.187336 (Chatfield Public Library) | Chatfield | 1915 Prairie School Carnegie library designed by Claude and Starck. |
| 6 | Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Depot |  | March 5, 2018
(#100002162) | Northwest corner of West Prairie Ave. & Main St. N.
43°31′47″N 91°55′48″W / 43.529761°N 91.930028°W / 43.529761; -91.930028 (Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Depot) | Canton | Passenger and freight depot in use 1881–1949; a significant contributor to Canton's economic growth. |
| 7 | Commercial House Hotel |  | July 19, 2001
(#01000747) | 146 S. Broadway
43°41′13″N 92°23′29″W / 43.687069°N 92.391297°W / 43.687069; -92.391297 (Commercial House Hotel) | Spring Valley | Hotel built in 1874 and twice expanded, a key amenity in the commercial development of Spring Valley from the railroad into the automobile era. |
| 8 | Daniel Dayton House |  | December 6, 1977
(#77000732) | Off County Highway 17
43°34′46″N 92°04′13″W / 43.579509°N 92.070376°W / 43.579509; -92.070376 (Daniel Dayton House) | Harmony | One of Minnesota's few surviving stagecoach inns, built in 1857 on the DubuqueSt. Paul Stage Road. Also noted for its stone architecture and association with Harmony Township's pioneer era. |
| 9 | Samuel Thompson Dickson House |  | August 15, 1985
(#85001755) | 225 3rd St. SW
43°50′35″N 92°11′28″W / 43.843135°N 92.191013°W / 43.843135; -92.191013 (Samuel Thompson Dickson House) | Chatfield | 1863 house of a prosperous mill owner, best surviving symbol of Chatfield's once-robust flour milling industry. |
| 10 | Fillmore County Jail and Carriage House |  | March 5, 1982
(#82002947) | 109 Houston St. NW
43°40′15″N 92°05′07″W / 43.670953°N 92.085139°W / 43.670953; -92.085139 (Fillmore County Jail and Carriage House) | Preston | Fillmore County's long-serving law complex, with an Italianate jail/office/residence built 1869–70 and adjacent carriage house built circa 1900. Now a bed and breakfast. |
| 11 | Forestville Townsite-Meighan Store |  | April 13, 1973
(#73000976) | County Highway 12 in Forestville Mystery Cave State Park
43°38′34″N 92°12′54″W / 43.642881°N 92.215065°W / 43.642881; -92.215065 (Forestville Townsite-Meighan Store) | Forestville Township | 1853 townsite representative of the rapid frontier settlement following the treaties of 1851. Also associated with populist political figures William and Thomas Meighan. Now a Minnesota Historical Society living history museum. |
| 12 | George H. Haven House |  | November 19, 1982
(#82000559) | 132 Winona St.
43°50′50″N 92°11′11″W / 43.847119°N 92.186523°W / 43.847119; -92.186523 (George H. Haven House) | Chatfield | 1874 Italianate house with an 1892 Greek Revival annex. |
| 13 | Inspiration Point Wayside Rest |  | November 16, 2015
(#15000790) | MN 16, 2 mi. SW. of Cty. Rd. 21
43°41′39″N 91°59′48″W / 43.694028°N 91.996667°W / 43.694028; -91.996667 (Inspiration Point Wayside Rest) | Lanesboro | One of Minnesota's early NPS rustic style roadside parks established by the state highway department with New Deal assistance, constructed 1934–37, and its only surviving example built by a Civilian Conservation Corps erosion control camp. |
| 14 | Lanesboro Historic District |  | September 9, 1982
(#82002946) | Roughly Kirkwood, Coffee, and Parkway Sts.
43°43′15″N 91°58′37″W / 43.720934°N 91.977032°W / 43.720934; -91.977032 (Lanesboro Historic District) | Lanesboro | Well-preserved commercial and industrial districts of a 19th-century milling and railroad town, with 36 contributing properties. |
| 15 | Lenora Methodist Episcopal Church |  | November 19, 1982
(#82001892) | County Highways 23 and 24
43°34′26″N 91°52′48″W / 43.573823°N 91.880135°W / 43.573823; -91.880135 (Lenora Methodist Episcopal Church) | Lenora | Church built 1856–1865, anchor of one of Fillmore County's few settlements established before railroad access. |
| 16 | Ellen M. Lovell House |  | November 19, 1982
(#82001893) | 218 Winona St.
43°50′48″N 92°11′10″W / 43.846661°N 92.186014°W / 43.846661; -92.186014 (Ellen M. Lovell House) | Chatfield | 1896 house also known as **Oakwenwald Terrace**, nominated as one of Minnesota's leading examples of Shingle style architecture. Now a bed and breakfast. |
| 17 | McMichael Grain Elevator |  | March 24, 2023
(#100008805) | 205 Main Ave. N.
43°33′23″N 92°00′37″W / 43.5563°N 92.010274°W / 43.5563; -92.010274 (McMichael Grain Elevator) | Harmony | Well-preserved example of a wooden crib-framed grain elevator, built in 1879 by an important regional grain trading company on a rail line instrumental in the development of Harmony and its surroundings. |
| 18 | Milwaukee Elevator |  | May 31, 2006
(#06000454) | Fillmore St. and Root River State Trail
43°40′14″N 92°04′46″W / 43.670448°N 92.079468°W / 43.670448; -92.079468 (Milwaukee Elevator) | Preston | 1902 grain elevator typifying the engineering and construction of such structures in rural Minnesota. |
| 19 | Norway Township Stone House |  | April 27, 1982
(#82005034) | County Highway 10
43°43′49″N 91°46′58″W / 43.730177°N 91.782666°W / 43.730177; -91.782666 (Norway Township Stone House) | Rushford | Circa-1870s house significant for its locally unique masonry construction and its association with Fillmore County's Norwegian immigrant settlement, particularly Norway Township—one of southeast Minnesota's earliest and largest such communities. |
| 20 | Parsons Block and Hall |  | November 19, 1982
(#82000560) | 112 S. Broadway
43°41′15″N 92°23′28″W / 43.687437°N 92.391189°W / 43.687437; -92.391189 (Parsons Block and Hall) | Spring Valley | Elaborate 1871 Italianate building with a second-floor meeting hall, which provided essential commercial and social space in burgeoning Spring Valley. |
| 21 | Bernard H. Pietenpol Workshop and Garage |  | April 27, 1982
(#82002949) | 16044 County Highway 5
43°35′17″N 92°17′19″W / 43.588065°N 92.288745°W / 43.588065; -92.288745 (Bernard H. Pietenpol Workshop and Garage) | Cherry Grove | 1921 workshop of Bernard Pietenpol (1901–1984), pioneering designer of homemade aircraft. |
| 22 | Preston Brewery |  | April 27, 1982
(#82005035) | Bluff St.
43°40′24″N 92°04′38″W / 43.673378°N 92.077296°W / 43.673378; -92.077296 (Preston Brewery) | Preston | 1859 brewery, Fillmore County's oldest surviving industrial building and a symbol of Preston's early settlement. |
| 23 | Preston Overlook |  | August 4, 2003
(#03000732) | On U.S. Route 52
43°40′25″N 92°04′25″W / 43.673494°N 92.073578°W / 43.673494; -92.073578 (Preston Overlook) | Preston | Exemplary early Minnesota highway wayside, built 1937–38. Also noted for its National Park Service rustic design by landscape architect Arthur R. Nichols. |
| 24 | Quickstad Farm Implement Company |  | April 27, 1982
(#82005036) | Mill St.
43°47′11″N 91°50′03″W / 43.786495°N 91.834129°W / 43.786495; -91.834129 (Quickstad Farm Implement Company) | Peterson | 1875 and 1901 buildings representative of the area's agricultural manufacturing economy. The latter building also exemplifies Fillmore County's stone industrial facilities. |
| 25 | Rushford City Mill |  | April 27, 1982
(#82002806) | 301 Winona St.
43°48′52″N 91°45′20″W / 43.81453°N 91.755626°W / 43.81453; -91.755626 (Rushford City Mill) | Rushford | 1875 mill representing Rushford's industrial development and Fillmore County's importance as Minnesota's first wheat and flour producing region. |
| 26 | Rushford Wagon and Carriage Company |  | April 27, 1982
(#82002948) | Elm St.
43°48′33″N 91°45′18″W / 43.80909°N 91.754867°W / 43.80909; -91.754867 (Rushford Wagon and Carriage Company) | Rushford | Sole remaining building of a factory complex established in 1872, source of the widely used Rushford Wagon and a symbol of Rushford's agricultural manufacturing industry. |
| 27 | Michael Scanlan House |  | April 27, 1982
(#82005037) | 708 Parkway S.
43°42′46″N 91°58′35″W / 43.712778°N 91.976389°W / 43.712778; -91.976389 (Michael Scanlan House) | Lanesboro | Circa-1892 Queen Anne house of a prominent Lanesboro resident active in commerce and politics. Now a bed and breakfast. |
| 28 | Southern Minnesota Depot |  | June 20, 1986
(#86001363) | 401 S. Elm St.
43°48′25″N 91°45′19″W / 43.807029°N 91.755295°W / 43.807029; -91.755295 (Southern Minnesota Depot) | Rushford | 1867 railway station symbolizing the impact of the Southern Minnesota Railroad on Rushford, whose development exploded upon becoming the line's western terminus. Now a museum and visitor center. |
| 29 | Spring Valley Carnegie Library |  | April 27, 1982
(#82002951) | 201 South Broadway
43°41′12″N 92°23′26″W / 43.686667°N 92.390556°W / 43.686667; -92.390556 (Spring Valley Carnegie Library) | Spring Valley | 1904 Carnegie library noted as an intact small-town example of Beaux-Arts architecture and as a symbol of Spring Valley's early-20th-century progressivism. |
| 30 | Spring Valley Mausoleum |  | April 27, 1982
(#82004911) | Spring Valley Cemetery
43°40′57″N 92°22′49″W / 43.6826°N 92.380224°W / 43.6826; -92.380224 (Spring Valley Mausoleum) | Spring Valley | Mausoleum built 1913–14 as a symbol of Spring Valley's rising affluence and modernity during the Progressive Era. |
| 31 | Spring Valley Methodist Episcopal Church |  | May 12, 1975
(#75000979) | 221 W. Courtland St.
43°41′17″N 92°23′35″W / 43.688097°N 92.392965°W / 43.688097; -92.392965 (Spring Valley Methodist Episcopal Church) | Spring Valley | Victorian Gothic church built 1876–78, noted for its polychrome façade and numerous stained glass windows. Now the **Spring Valley Methodist Church Museum**. |
| 32 | Ephraim Steffens House |  | April 27, 1982
(#82002952) | 404 North Broadway
43°41′29″N 92°23′33″W / 43.691421°N 92.392573°W / 43.691421; -92.392573 (Ephraim Steffens House) | Spring Valley | 1877 Victorian Gothic house of a prosperous local entrepreneur and politician. |
| 33 | William Strong House |  | April 27, 1982
(#82002953) | 508 North Huron Ave.
43°41′35″N 92°23′44″W / 43.692941°N 92.395502°W / 43.692941; -92.395502 (William Strong House) | Spring Valley | 1879 Second Empire house of wealthy local banker William H. Strong (d. 1909). |
| 34 | William Strong House |  | April 27, 1982
(#82005040) | County Highway 12
43°39′37″N 92°09′32″W / 43.660246°N 92.158974°W / 43.660246; -92.158974 (William Strong House) | Carimona Township | William Strong's earlier house, dating to the late 1850s; the only surviving structure of an 1853 village significant to Fillmore County's early settlement and government. |
| 35 | Tunnel Mill |  | May 12, 1975
(#75000978) | 28036 County Highway 1
43°45′43″N 92°22′48″W / 43.761811°N 92.380018°W / 43.761811; -92.380018 (Tunnel Mill) | Spring Valley | 1871 gristmill uniquely powered by a tunnel shortcutting a horseshoe bend in a creek; the last surviving representative of one of Minnesota's key milling regions in northwestern Fillmore County. Now a craft smithing center. |
| 36 | Walker and Valentine House |  | April 27, 1982
(#82005039) | 504 High St.
43°48′55″N 91°45′18″W / 43.815398°N 91.755044°W / 43.815398; -91.755044 (Walker and Valentine House) | Rushford | Semi-detached house built 1859–61 for two of Rushford's founders and early industrial entrepreneurs. Also noted for its local stone construction. |
| 37 | Wykoff Commercial Historic District |  | August 5, 1994
(#94000831) | 100 S. Gold–123 N. Gold St.
43°42′26″N 92°16′06″W / 43.70733°N 92.268301°W / 43.70733; -92.268301 (Wykoff Commercial Historic District) | Wykoff | Well preserved and architecturally cohesive commercial district of a railway-based agricultural center, with 17 contributing properties mostly dating to the 1890s. |


title: Morag Siller

abstract: Morag Siller was a Scottish actress, voice artist, and radio personality. Siller died of breast cancer aged 46.

text:
# Morag Siller

**Morag Siller** (1 November 1969 – 15 April 2016) was a Scottish actress, voice artist, and radio personality.

Siller died of breast cancer aged 46.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Siller was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was adopted at the age of three with her twin brother. While in school, she initially wanted to be a pianist but realised she would probably never be able to do it as a profession. Her attention then turned to becoming a policewoman but discovered she couldn’t apply as she was an inch shy of the department's height requirement of 5'4".

During her school years, she had appeared in plays, but only as an excuse to get out of classes. She attended the Edinburgh Acting School part-time, until she moved to London at the age of 18. She attended the Sylvia Young Theatre School followed by a postgraduate degree at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. While still in school, she landed a small part in the David Puttnam film *Memphis Belle*.

### Acting career

Since 1992 Siller has performed in films, West End theatre, television, and radio. She has also appeared in numerous television commercials and pop videos, including Morrissey, Holly Johnson, Thompson Twins and Comic Relief. In 2000 she fulfilled an ambition by writing and co-directing a comedy sketch show, *The Brushed Forward Arrangement.*

She created semi-regular roles on television, such as Flora Kilwillie in *Monarch of the Glen*, Marilyn Dingle in *Emmerdale* and Leona in *Casualty*, (for which she won AOL's award for Best Dramatic Performance in a Television Series in 2000). She performed in two musicals, *Les Misérables* and *Mamma Mia!*. She also played Karen alongside Maureen Lipman and Anne Reid in the ITV comedy drama, *Ladies of Letters*.

### Personal life

In May 2005 Morag married her long term partner, classical musician Tim Nicholson. The couple lived in Cheshire, England. She had no children.

## Credits

### Theatre

| Role | Production | Director | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Voltemand | Hamlet | Lyndsey Turner | Barbican Centre |
| Puttana | 'Tis Pity She's A Whore | Michael Longhurst | Shakespeare's Globe |
| Mrs Plumb | Pastoral | Steve Marmion | Soho Theatre |
| *Unknown* | After Black Roses | Chris Wright | Royal Exchange |
| Woman / Nurse Porter | Orpheus Descending | Sarah Frankcom | Royal Exchange |
| Rosie | *Mamma Mia!* | Phyllida Lloyd | No.1 / International Tour |
| Pope Joan/Janine/Mrs Kidd | *Top Girls* |  | Library, Manchester |
| Various | *The Brushed Forward Arrangement* | Morag Siller | Hen & Chickens Theatre / London |
| Luce/Courtesan | *A Comedy of Errors* | Ian Brown | West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds |
| Simpson | *Tons of Money* |  | Bristol Old Vic, Bristol |
| Ensemble & Madame Thenadiere | *Les Misérables* |  | No 1 Tour & West End, London |
| Barge Woman & Narrator | *The Wind in the Willows* |  | Sheffield Crucible, Sheffield |
| Audrey | *Blue Remembered Hills* |  | Sheffield Crucible, Sheffield |
| Elvira Swainscott | *Elvis Is Alive & She's Beautiful* |  | Edinburgh Festival, Edinburgh |
| Jude Kelly | *Mail Order Bride* |  | West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds |
| Princess Zizi | *Chatsky* | Jonathan Kent | Almeida Theatre and UK Tour |
| Kylie | *Taking Liberties* | Jack Shepherd/Sara Sugarman | Hackney Empire, London |
| Doreen | *A Talk in the Park* |  | Kings Head, London |
| Anita | *West Side Story* |  | Edinburgh Theatre, Edinburgh |
| Jan | *Grease* |  | Brunton Theatre, Musselburgh |
| Glinda The Good Witch | *The Wizard of Oz* |  | Netherbow Theatre, Edinburgh |
| Mrs Lovett | *Sweeney Todd* |  | Churchill Theatre, London |
| Eve | *Fear of Water* |  | Orange Tree, London |

### TV

| Role | Production | Production Company |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dr Ferguson | *Marchlands* | ITV Studios |
| Karen | *Ladies of letters* | Tiger Aspect |
| Mrs Kilbraith | *Jinx* | BBC TV |
| Margery Bloom | *Doctors* | BBC TV |
| Tanya Bryant | *Ghost Squad* | Company Pictures |
| Prostitute | *Robert Louis Stevenson* | BBC Scotland |
| Marilyn Dingle | *Emmerdale* | Yorkshire TV |
| Mrs. Rust | *Swiss Toni II* | Tiger Aspect |
| Wendy | *Grease Monkeys* | BBC TV |
| Brenda | *Doctors* | BBC TV |
| Barbara | *Night and Day* | Granada TV |
| Leona | *Casualty* | BBC TV |
| Nurse Penny Lambirth | *Fields of Gold* | BBC TV |
| Sister Dolores | *Peak Practice* | Carlton TV |
| DIY Saleswoman | *Los Dos Bros* | Talkback |
| Flora Kilwillie | *Monarch of the Glen* | BBC Scotland |
| Leila | *Masie Raine* | Fair Game Films |
| Driving Instructor | *The Man* | BBC TV/Crucial Films |
| Karen Kennedy | *The Bill* | Thames |
| Maggie | *Education Film* | BBC TV |
| Flossy | *Candy Floss* | BBC Scotland |
| Nancy | *Trial and Retribution* | LWT |
| Susan Makepeace | *Hetty Wainthrop Investigates* | BBC TV |
| Sharon | *Life and Death* | LWT |
| Homeless Mum | *O Mary This London* | BBC TV |
| Waitress | *A View to a Thrill* | BBC Scotland |

### Film

| Role | Production | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jessie | *Summer Solstice* | Giles Foster |
| Whore | *Stanley/The Libertine* | Lawrence Dunmore |
| Lisa Gibbons | *Dreams* | Michael Hilyn |
| Sarah | *Secret Society* | Imogen Kimmel |
| Mary Lee | *House of Mirth* | Terence Davies |
| Baitdigger & Claudia | *The Hurting* | Kaprice Kea |
| Gloria | *Exploding into Life* | Simon Gascoigne |
| Farm Girl/Jitterbugger | *Memphis Belle* | Michael Caton-Jones / David Puttnam |

### Content source

*As of 14 January 2009, this article is derived in whole or in part from* MoragSiller.com*. The copyright holder has licensed the content in a manner that permits reuse under CC BY-SA 3.0 and GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed. The original text was at "Morag Siller Biography"*

## InfoBox

| Morag Siller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1969-11-01)1 November 1969
Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Died | 15 April 2016(2016-04-15) (aged 46)
Withington, Manchester, England |
| Education | Sylvia Young Theatre School
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art |
| Occupations | * Actress * writer * voice artist * presenter |
| Years active | 1990–2016 |
| Spouse | Tim Nicholson |
| Website | moragsiller.com |


title: Mi-Chemin

abstract: Barairo Knockin' Beat Mi-Chemin is Yuki Uchida's second album, released in Japan on 21 September 1995 by King Records. It reached number three on the Oricon charts.

text:
# Mi-Chemin

***Mi-Chemin*** is Yuki Uchida's second album, released in Japan on 21 September 1995 by King Records (reference: KICS-510). It reached number three on the Oricon charts.

## Track listing

1. *Made in Asia* (MADE IN ASIA)
2. *Barairo Knockin' Beat* (バラ色Knockin'Beat)
3. *Odoru Crazy Girl no Bouken* (踊るCrazy Girlの冒険)
4. *Tabun Sou ne Kitto* (たぶん・そうね・きっと)
5. *Ame Nochi Ame* (雨のち雨)
6. *Toui Kioku* (遠い記憶)
7. *"Suimasen"* (「すいません」)
8. *Yurenaide Kokoro* (揺れないでココロ)
9. *Getsuyoubi no Asa* (月曜日の朝)
10. *Baby's Growing Up ~Slow version~* (BABY'S GROWING UP ~SLOW VERSION~)
11. Bonus Track : *Only You ~Tribal Mix~*

## InfoBox

| Mi-Chemin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Yuki Uchida | |
| Released | 21 September 1995 |
| Recorded | Japan |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Label | King Records |
| Yuki Uchida chronology | |
| *Junjō Karen Otome Moyō*
(1995) ***Mi-Chemin***
(1995) *Merry Christmas for You*
(1995) | |


title: Navia saxicola

abstract: Navia saxicola is a plant species in the genus Navia. This species is endemic to Venezuela.

text:
# Navia saxicola

***Navia saxicola*** is a plant species in the genus *Navia*. This species is endemic to Venezuela.

* Holst, Bruce K. (1 February 1994). "Checklist of Venezuelan Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution by State and Levels of Endemism". *Selbyana*. **15** (1). ISSN 2689-0682. JSTOR 41759858.

## InfoBox

| *Navia saxicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Navia* |
| Species: | ***N. saxicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Navia saxicola***<br>L.B.Sm. | |
|


title: 16 Cygni

abstract: 16 Cygni or 16 Cyg is a triple star system approximately 69 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It consists of two Sun-like yellow dwarf stars, 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B, together with a red dwarf, 16 Cygni C. In 1996 an extrasolar planet was discovered in an eccentric orbit around 16 Cygni B.

text:
# 16 Cygni

**16 Cygni** or **16 Cyg** is a triple star system approximately 69 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It consists of two Sun-like yellow dwarf stars, 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B, together with a red dwarf, 16 Cygni C. In 1996 an extrasolar planet was discovered in an eccentric orbit around 16 Cygni B.

## Distance

The parallax of the two brightest stars were measured as part of the Hipparcos astrometry mission. This yielded a parallax of 47.44 milliarcseconds for 16 Cygni A and 47.14 milliarcseconds for 16 Cygni B. Since the two components are associated, it is reasonable to assume they lie at the same distance, so the different parallaxes are a result of experimental error (indeed, when the associated parallax errors are taken into account, the ranges of the parallaxes overlap). Using the parallax of the A component, the distance is 21.1 parsecs. The parallax of the B component corresponds to a distance of 21.2 parsecs.

## Stellar components

16 Cygni is a hierarchical triple system. Stars A and C form a close binary with a projected separation of 73 AU. The orbital elements of the A–C binary are currently unknown. At a distance of 860 AU from A is a third component designated 16 Cygni B. The orbit of B relative to the A–C pair was determined in 1999 and not updated since (as of June 2007): plausible orbits range in period from 18,200 to 1.3 million years, with a semimajor axis ranging from 877 to 15,180 AU. In addition B orbits between 100 and 160 degrees inclination, that is against the A–C pole such that 90 degrees would be ecliptical.

Both 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B are yellow dwarf stars similar to the Sun. Their spectral types have been given as G1.5V and G3V, with A being a little hotter than the Sun, and B somewhat cooler. The system was within the field of view of the original mission of the *Kepler* spacecraft, which collected extremely precise photometric data of the stars. From these measurements, asteroseismology models have calculated precise masses of 1.08 and 1.04 times the solar mass for 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B respectively, and independent ages of around 7 billion years for each star. The system has also been observed through interferometry, which allowed the determination of the angular diameter of each star. The angular diameters together with the asteroseismology models were used to calculate radii of 1.229 and 1.116 times the solar radius for components A and B respectively.

### Abundances

Despite having the same age and presumably the same primordial composition, observations show a small difference in the metallicity of the two 16 Cygni stars. The primary star has an iron abundance of 1.26 times the solar value, compared to 1.13 for the secondary star. A similar trend has been found for all other metals, with the primary component having an average of 10% more metals than B. One possibility is that this difference is linked to the planet 16 Cygni Bb, since its formation may have removed metals from the protoplanetary disk around 16 Cygni B. However, another study found no difference in heavy element abundances between 16 Cygni A and B.

Another chemical peculiarity between the stars is in their lithium abundance. Measurements of the lithium abundance in the system show a 4 times higher abundance in component A than in 16 Cygni B. Compared to the Sun, 16 Cygni A has 1.66 as much lithium, while 16 Cygni B has only 0.35. It has been hypothesized that the accretion of about 1 Earth mass of metals by 16 Cygni B soon after the system's formation may have destroyed the lithium in the star's atmosphere. Another proposed scenario is the engulfment of a Jupiter-mass planet by 16 Cygni A, which increased the amount of lithium in the star's outer atmosphere.

## Planetary system

In 1996 an extrasolar planet in an eccentric orbit was announced around the star 16 Cygni B. The discovery by the radial velocity method was made from independent observations from the McDonald Observatory and Lick Observatory. The planet's orbit takes 799.5 days to complete, with a semimajor axis of 1.69 AU. It has a very high eccentricity of 0.69, which might be the result of gravitational perturbations from 16 Cygni A. In particular, simulations show the planet's eccentricity oscillates between low and high values in timescales of tens of millions of years.

Like the majority of extrasolar planets detectable from Earth, 16 Cygni Bb was deduced from the radial velocity of its parent star. At the time that only gave a lower limit on the mass: in this case, about 1.68 times that of Jupiter. In 2012, two astronomers, E. Plavalova and N.A. Solovaya, showed that the stable orbit would demand about 2.38 Jupiter masses, such that its orbit was inclined at either 45° or 135°.

The eccentric orbit and mass of 16 Cygni Bb makes it extremely unlikely that a terrestrial sized planet will be found orbiting within the star's habitable zone.

For the 16 Cyg B system, only particles inside approximately 0.3 AU remained stable within a million years of formation, leaving open the possibility of short-period planets. For them, observation rules out any such planet of over a Neptune mass.

There was a METI message sent to the 16 Cygni system. It was transmitted from Eurasia's largest radar—the 70-meter (230-foot) Eupatoria Planetary Radar. The message was named Cosmic Call 1; it was sent on May 24, 1999, and it will reach 16 Cygni in November 2069.

The 16 Cygni B planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2.38 ± 0.04 MJ | 1.693 | 799.5 | 0.689 ± 0.011 |  |  |

## InfoBox

16 Cygni
|
16 Cygni in optical light | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 | |
| **Constellation** | Cygnus |
|
| **16 Cygni A** | |
| **Right ascension** | 19h 41m 48.9535s |
| **Declination** | +50° 31 30.220 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 5.96 |
| **16 Cygni B** | |
| **Right ascension** | 19h 41m 51.9727s |
| **Declination** | +50° 31 03.089 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 6.20 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | G1.5Vb / G2.5Vb / M?V |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| U−B color index | 0.19 / 0.20 |
| B−V color index | 0.64 / 0.66 |
|
|
|
|
| Variable type | *None* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
| 16 Cyg A | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | −27.31(13) km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −148.034(28) mas/yr
Dec.: −159.030(28) mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 47.3239 ± 0.0197 mas |
| **Distance** | 68.92 ± 0.03 ly
(21.131 ± 0.009 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 4.29 |
| 16 Cyg B | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | −27.87(12) km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −134.482(18) mas/yr
Dec.: −162.698(27) mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 47.3302 ± 0.0171 mas |
| **Distance** | 68.91 ± 0.02 ly
(21.128 ± 0.008 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 4.53 |
| Details | |
| 16 Cyg A | |
| **Mass** | 1.08±0.02 |
| **Radius** | 1.229±0.008 |
| **Luminosity** | 1.55±0.07 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.292±0.003 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 5,830 ± 11 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.101 ± 0.008 dex |
| **Rotation** | 23.8+1.5
1.8 d |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 2.23 ± 0.07 km/s |
| **Age** | 7.07±0.26 Gyr |
| 16 Cyg B | |
| **Mass** | 1.04±0.02 |
| **Radius** | 1.116±0.006 |
| **Luminosity** | 1.25±0.05 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.359±0.002 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 5,751 ± 11 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.054 ± 0.008 dex |
| **Rotation** | 23.2+11.5
3.2 d |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 1.35 ± 0.08 km/s |
| **Age** | 6.74±0.24 Gyr |
| Other designations | |
| **16 Cygni A**
BD+50 2847, GCTP 4634.00, GJ 765.1 A, HD 186408, HIP 96895, HR 7503, LTT 15750, SAO 31898, Struve 4046A
**16 Cygni B**
BD+50 2848, GJ 765.1 B, HD 186427, HIP 96901, HR 7504, LTT 15751, SAO 31899, Struve 4046B, KIC 12069449 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |
|  | A data2 |
|  | B data3 |


title: 1660s in South Africa

abstract: The following lists events that happened during the 1660s in South Africa.

text:
# 1660s in South Africa

The following lists events that happened during the **1660s in South Africa**.

## Events

### 1660

* The Dutch East India Company imports the first horses into the Cape from Batavia
* Jan Danaert leads a horseback expedition from the Cape settlement to the east and reaches what he names the Olifants River
* Pieter Everaert leads an unsuccessful horseback expedition from the Cape settlement to the north in an attempt to locate the land of the Namaqua

### 1661

* Pieter Cruythoff is sent out from the Cape settlement to investigate the suitability of the interior for agriculture

### 1662

### 1663

### 1664

### 1665

* 18 August - The first Dutch Reformed Church congregation is founded at the Cape and J. van Arkel is appointed the first minister

### 1666

### 1667

* The first Malays arrive as slaves

### 1668

## Births

## Deaths

See Years in South Africa for list of References

## InfoBox

|  | **1660s in South Africa** |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1640s 1650s « 1660s » 1670s 1680s | | |
|  |  |  |
| List of years in South Africa | | |


title: 1660s in architecture

text:
# 1660s in architecture

| 1650s . 1660s in architecture . 1670s |
| --- |
| Architecture timeline |

## Buildings and structures

### Buildings

## Events

* 1661 – English astronomer Christopher Wren advises on repairs to Old St Paul's Cathedral in London and declines appointment to direct new fortifications at Tangier, his earliest known direct involvement with practical architecture.
* 1666: September 2–5 – The Great Fire of London destroys most of the city including Old St Paul's Cathedral.
* 1667: August 18 – In an effort to prevent narrow streets from being blocked from all light by tall buildings, the city of Paris enacts its first building code limiting the height of new construction. Buildings may be no taller than eight toise15.6 metres (51 ft) — tall. In 1783, rules are implemented to consider the width of the street.
* 1668 – Roger Pratt becomes the first person knighted for services to architecture.
* 1668: June – William Talman appointed Comptroller of the King's Works in England.
* 1669: March 19 – Christopher Wren appointed Surveyor of the King's Works in England.

## Births

## Deaths

1. "Daniel Marot | People | Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum". *collection.cooperhewitt.org*. Retrieved 2023-07-20.

## InfoBox

| List of years in architecture (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| Buildings and structures *+...* |


title: 103rd Aero Squadron

abstract:
The 103rd Aero Squadron was an aviation pursuit squadron of the U.S. Air Service that served in combat in France during World War I. Its original complement included pilots from the disbanded Lafayette Escadrille and Lafayette Flying Corps. One of those pilots, Paul F. Baer, became the first ace of an American unit in World War I. The 103rd Aero Squadron was the first U.S. pursuit squadron in action during World War I and had the longest combat service, from 19 February to 11 November 1918. It earned six battle participation credits, flew 470 combat missions, engaged in 327 combats, destroyed 45 German aircraft in aerial combat and claimed an additional 40 as probably destroyed, shot down two balloons, flew 3,075 hours over the front lines, and dropped 4,620 pounds of bombs. Its casualties were five killed in action, two killed in flying accidents, four prisoners of war, three wounded in action, and one injured in a forced landing. The commander of the 1st Pursuit Wing, in general orders, said of the 103rd:
"In February last the Lafayette Escadrille of the French Army was transferred to the 103rd Aero Squadron, United States Army. It was the first, and for nearly two months it was the only American Air Service organization on the front. Since that time it is not too much to say that pilots who served in this squadron have formed the backbone of American Pursuit Aviation on the front...No task was too arduous or too hazardous for it to perform successfully. In the recent decisive operations of the First American Army the 103rd Aero Squadron has done its share." – Lt. Col. Burt M. Atkinson, 16 November 1918 The history and lineage of the 103rd Aero Squadron continues as part of the 94th Fighter Squadron of the United States Air Force.

text:
# 103rd Aero Squadron

| Service record | |
| --- | --- |
| Operations | French Air Service
3rd Pursuit Group
Western Front, France: 18 February – 11 November 1918 |
| Victories | * Enemy aircraft shot down: 49 * Enemy balloons shot down: 2 * Total enemy aircraft destroyed: 51 |

The **103rd Aero Squadron** was an aviation pursuit squadron of the U.S. Air Service that served in combat in France during World War I. Its original complement included pilots from the disbanded Lafayette Escadrille and Lafayette Flying Corps. One of those pilots, Paul F. Baer, became the first ace of an American unit in World War I.

The 103rd Aero Squadron was the first U.S. pursuit squadron in action during World War I and had the longest combat service, from 19 February to 11 November 1918. It earned six battle participation credits, flew 470 combat missions, engaged in 327 combats, destroyed 45 German aircraft in aerial combat and claimed an additional 40 as probably destroyed, shot down two balloons, flew 3,075 hours over the front lines, and dropped 4,620 pounds of bombs. Its casualties were five killed in action, two killed in flying accidents, four prisoners of war, three wounded in action, and one injured in a forced landing.

The commander of the 1st Pursuit Wing, in general orders, said of the 103rd:

> "In February last the Lafayette Escadrille of the French Army was transferred to the 103rd Aero Squadron, United States Army. It was the first, and for nearly two months it was the only American Air Service organization on the front. Since that time it is not too much to say that pilots who served in this squadron have formed the backbone of American Pursuit Aviation on the front...No task was too arduous or too hazardous for it to perform successfully. In the recent decisive operations of the First American Army the 103rd Aero Squadron has done its share." – Lt. Col. Burt M. Atkinson, 16 November 1918

The history and lineage of the 103rd Aero Squadron continues as part of the 94th Fighter Squadron of the United States Air Force.

## History

The 103rd Aero Squadron was organized on 31 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas, where its enlisted members, drawn from other units, trained until being moved to Garden City, New York for preparation for overseas movement. On 23 November 1917 the unit sailed on board the RMS *Baltic* from its port of embarkation at New York City. The *Baltic* joined a convoy at Halifax, Nova Scotia and arrived at Liverpool on 7 December 1917. Because of a measles outbreak, it was quarantined at Winnall Down Camp outside Winchester until 23 December 1917, when it proceeded to France through Southampton and Le Havre. The squadron arrived at Issoudun on 28 December 1917, where it spent the month of January constructing hangars for the instructional school being built there. On 1 February it resumed training for combat at the front.

On 11 February 1918 Major William Thaw, formerly with the Lafayette Escadrille, took command of the 103rd Squadron at the Ferme de La Noblette, near La Cheppe, followed on 18 February by the assignment of 17 former pilots of the Lafayette Escadrille and Lafayette Flying Corps. Combat operations began almost immediately in early March, using Spad VII fighters, and flying with the newly formed *Groupe de Combat 21* (21st Pursuit Group) of the *Aéronautique Militaire* in support of the French 4th Army, and the squadron recorded its first aerial victory on 11 March.

At La Noblette, the squadron was relieved by another French Escadrille and moved west on 10 April to the Reims area, in support of the French 6th Army, then north to the coast of the North Sea at Leffrinckoucke on 2 May, to support the French Detachment of Army of the North until 29 June. While at Leffrinckoucke its airdrome was subjected to frequent air attacks, and it received a citation 22 October 1918 from the commander in chief of the French Armies of the North and Northeast for its "brilliance" in operations in the face of adversity.

The display of its distinctive "Indian Head" insignia from the Lafayette Escadrille was authorized by the Chief of Air Service AEF, Brig. Gen. Benjamin Foulois, on 6 May 1918. Two days later 1st Lt. Paul F. Baer shot down two German airplanes to become the first ace of an American unit. By mid-May the 103rd was the leading American pursuit squadron, with half of the AEF's 28 aerial victories. Baer was the sole ace of the AEF, with nearly one-third of all victories, but he was shot down in a fight with eight Albatros D.Va fighters of the *Leutnant der Reserve* August Raben-led Jasta 18 near Laventie on 22 May, after *Gefreiter* Deberitz of Jasta 18 severed the flight control cables of Baer's SPAD VII with the gunfire from his Albatros, and Baer was captured following his crash, with only a broken knee as his sole injury.

On 4 July 1918 the squadron relocated to Toul and was assigned to an American command, the 2nd Pursuit Group. On 29 July Thaw moved up to command of the new 3rd Pursuit Group and was replaced by Lafayette Escadrille veteran Capt. Robert L. Rockwell. The 103rd relocated to Vaucouleurs in the Meuse department of France for operations with the 3rd Pursuit Group. In September the squadron shifted northwest to Lisle-en-Barrois to support the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. On 18 October, Capt. Robert Soubiran, another Escadrille veteran and a former member of the 103rd, returned to the squadron to take command. The squadron recorded its last aerial combat on 4 November near Montmédy, claiming three aircraft destroyed. At the hour of the armistice, the squadron had 21 Spad XIIIs and 21 pilots available for operations.

Three of the five pursuit groups operational at the end of the war were commanded by former pilots of the 103rd Aero Squadron, and ten other pilots were selected to command pursuit squadrons. 14 pilots received 21 awards of the French *Croix de Guerre*, and eight received 17 awards of the Distinguished Service Cross. Seven pilots were recognized as aces with five recording all their kills with the 103rd. Beginning 13 September 1918, 1st Lt. Frank O'D. Hunter shot down eight German aircraft in six weeks, tying Baer for the lead in squadron victories, for which he received five awards of the DSC and the *Croix de Guerre* with palm. Baer was released at the Armistice by the Germans and returned to the squadron. He submitted a claim for a kill occurring on the morning he was shot down, which was confirmed, and became the leading ace of the 103rd with nine victories.

After the armistice, the squadron was based at Foucaucourt and assigned to the First Army, alerted for possible occupation service with the Third Army. It received nine new pilots in early December, but was taken off operations on 14 December. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron. All of its pilots except four were transferred out of the squadron by 4 January 1919, and those four by 24 January.

The remainder of the squadron and its equipment followed by truck within a week. Soubiran turned over command to the squadron adjutant, 1st Lt. John P. Healy, at Colombey-les-Belles on 1 February 1919. Personnel at Colombey were moved to their port of embarkation at Brest and sailed to New York aboard the armored cruiser USS *Frederick* on 19 February 1919. The 103rd returned to Garden City to muster out its personnel, and became a unit on paper only by 18 March. It officially demobilized on 18 August 1919.

On 8 April 1924 the 103rd Aero Squadron was reconstituted and consolidated with the 94th Pursuit Squadron to maintain its history and lineage.

### Lineage

* Organized as **103rd Aero Squadron** on 31 August 1917

Re-designated as: **103rd Aero Squadron (Pursuit)**, 13 February 1918 Absorbed American pilots of Escadrille de Lafayette (Aéronautique Militaire), 18 February 1918 Re-designated as: **103rd Aero Squadron**, 4 March 1919 * Demobilized on 18 Aug 1919

### Assignments

* Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 31 August 1917
* Aviation Concentration Center, 5 November 1917
* 3rd Air Instructional Center, 28 December 1917
* Air Service Headquarters, AEF, 13 February 1918

Attached to *Groupe de Combat 21*, Fourth Army (France) 18 February 1918 – 10 April 1918 Attached to Sixth Army (France) 11 April 1918 to 30 April 1917 Attached to Army of the North (France) 31 April 1918 to 4 July 1918 * 2nd Pursuit Group, 4 July 1918
* 3rd Pursuit Group, 7 August 1918
* 1st Air Depot, 5 January 1919
* Commanding General, Services of Supply, 6–19 February 1919
* Eastern Department, 4 March – 18 Aug 1919

### Stations

### Combat sectors and campaigns

| Streamer | Sector/Campaign | Dates | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Champagne Sector | 19 February – 9 April 1918 |  |
|  | Aisne sector | 11–30 April 1918 |  |
|  | Ypres-Lys sector, Belgium | 2 May – 29 June 1918 |  |
|  | Toul sector | 5 July – 11 September 1918 |  |
|  | St. Mihiel Offensive Campaign | 12–16 September 1918 |  |
|  | Meuse-Argonne Offensive Campaign | 18 October – 11 November 1918 |  |

### Aces

### Other personnel

DSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation; KIA: killed in action

### Officers assigned during hostilities

Former members of Lafayette Flying Corps in *italics*; former members of Lafayette Escadrille in **bold**
A ♦ symbol indicates present for duty on 11 November 1918
**Pilots**

**Headquarters**

Footnotes Citations  1. Series "H", Section "O", Volume 29, Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918-May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
2. *Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service*, Series M, Volume 38, "Compilation of Confirmed Victories and Losses of the AEF Air Service as of 26 May 1919"
3. Maurer, Maurer (1969). *USAF Historical Study 133: "U.S. Air Service Victory Credits, World War I"*. Maxwell AFB, AL: Historical Research Division, Air University. pp. 63–64.
4. 103rd Aero Squadron (1918). "Operations Summary". *Gorrell's History - AEF Air Service*. fold3. Retrieved 16 March 2012.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
5. Atkinson, Burt M. (1918). "General orders No. 17". *Gorrell's History - AEF Air Service*. fold3. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
6. "History of the 103rd Aero Squadron". *Gorrell's History - AEF Air Service*. fold3. 1919. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
7. van Wyngarden, Greg (2011). *Osprey Elite Aviation Units #40: Jasta 18 - The Red Noses*. Oxford UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-1-84908-335-5.
8. 94th FS USAF Fact Sheet Archived 13 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, AFHRA. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
9. Series "E", Volume 7, History of the 103rd Squadron. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
10. United States War Department (1920), Battle Participation of Organizations of the American Expeditionary Forces in France, Belgium and Italy, 1917–1919, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1920
11. Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey. Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0- 948817-54-2, ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.
12. "Military Times Hall of Valor Search, 103rd Aero Squadron". Retrieved 3 September 2013.
13. "Daring Air Captain Killed in Action". The New York Times Company. 22 March 1918. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
14. "Doyen Parsons Wardwell Collection (AFC/2001/001/04631)". Retrieved 22 September 2017.

## InfoBox

| 103rd Aero Squadron | |
| --- | --- |
| 103rd Aero Squadron - SPAD Spad XIII C.1 of Capt. Robert Soubiran, 103rd Aero Squadron, Serial # S7714. | |
| Active | 1917-19 |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | United States Army Air Service |
| Type | Squadron |
| Role | Pursuit |
| Size | 24 officers, 150 men, 24 aircraft |
| Part of | American Expeditionary Forces |
| Garrison/HQ | France |
| Engagements |
World War I |
| Decorations |
French Croix de Guerre with Two Palms
French Fourragere |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Maj. William Thaw II
 |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron insignia of the Lafayette Escadrille which was brought forward to the 103rd Aero Squadron |  |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Fighter | Spad VII, 1918
Spad XIII, 1918 |


title: 1431 Luanda

abstract: 1431 Luanda, provisional designation 1937 OB, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 July 1937, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the city of Luanda.

text:
# 1431 Luanda

**1431 Luanda**, provisional designation 1937 OB, is a stony Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 July 1937, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named after the city of Luanda.

## Orbit and classification

*Luanda* is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony S-type asteroid and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,549 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 14 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1937.

## Physical characteristics

*Luanda* has been characterized as a /-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. The LCDB assumes it to be a common stony S-type asteroid, in-line with the family's overall spectral type.

### Rotation period

In December 1997, a rotational lightcurve of *Luanda* was obtained from photometric observations at the Félix Aguilar Observatory in Argentina . Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.360 hours with a brightness variation of 1.0 magnitude (U=2). In January 2007, French amateur astronomer René Roy obtained a period of 4.141 hours with an amplitude of 0.77 magnitude (U=9-). A high brightness amplitude indicates that the body has an elongated rather than spherical shape.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, *Luanda* measures 13.61 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.36.

The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes a standard albedo for Eunomian asteroids of 0.21 – derived from 15 Eunomia, the parent body of this family – and calculates a diameter of 13.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the city of Luanda, capital of Angola. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5182).

## InfoBox

1431 Luanda
| Modelled shape of *Luanda* from its lightcurve | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | C. Jackson |
| Discovery site | Johannesburg |
| Discovery date | 29 July 1937 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1431) Luanda |
| Named after | Luanda
(Capital of Angola) |
| Alternative designations | 1937 OB **·** 1949 KZ |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (middle)
Eunomia |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 80.22 yr (29,300 days) |
| Aphelion | 3.0989 AU |
| Perihelion | 2.1408 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.6199 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.1829 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.24 yr (1,549 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 293.57 |
| Mean motion | 0° 13m 56.64s / day |
| Inclination | 13.987° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 117.73° |
| Argument of perihelion | 224.19° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 13.608±1.966 km
13.88 km (calculated) |
| Synodic rotation period | 4.141±0.004 h
5.360±0.002 |
| Geometric albedo | 0.21 (assumed)
0.360±0.347 |
| Spectral type | **·**  (assumed) |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 11.06 **·** 11.6 **·** 11.7 **·** 12.38±0.42 |
|  | |


title: 1843 in Belgium

abstract: Events in the year 1843 in Belgium.

text:
# 1843 in Belgium

Events in the year **1843 in Belgium**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Publications

Periodicals Monographs and reports * *État de l'instruction moyenne en Belgique, 1830-1842*
* *Notice statistique sur les Journaux Belges: 1830-1842*
* Edward Dobson, *An Historical, Statistical, and Scientific Account of the Railways of Belgium from 1834 to 1842* (London, John Weale)
* Charles Marcellis, *Coup d'oeuil sur la Belgique en 1843*
* Pierre-Joseph Van Beneden, *Recherches sur l'embryogénie des tubulaires*
* Pierre-Joseph Van Beneden, *Mémoire sur les campanulaires de la côte d'Ostende*

Literature

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1843<br>List of years in Belgium |


title: 1843 in Canada

abstract: Events from the year 1843 in Canada.

text:
# 1843 in Canada

Events from the year **1843 in Canada**.

## Incumbents

### Federal government

### Governors

### Premiers

## Events

### Full date unknown

* Fort Victoria built by British to strengthen their claim to Vancouver Island.
* David Thompson sends a set of refined maps to London.
* Lord Metcalfe comes to Montreal.
* The Cornwall and Chambly Canals are opened.
* Survey of Boundary, between the U.S. and Canada, is begun.
* Grace Marks is controversially convicted of murder after her trial on November 3 and 4, 1843. The crime and trial will form the basis for Margaret Atwood's novel *Alias Grace* in 1996.

## Births

### January to June

### July to December

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


# 1810 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in Pennsylvania on October 9, 1810, for the 12th Congress. The Federalists were in decline in Pennsylvania at this time. In six of the eleven districts there were no Federalist candidates.

## Background

Eighteen Representatives had been elected in 1808, 16 Democratic-Republicans and 2 Federalists. One Democratic-Republican resigned and was replaced by another Representative from the same party, so that there was still a 16-2 division. Four of the Democratic-Republicans and two of the Federalists were "quids", a short-lived alliance of moderate Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. That was the last year in which the quids as a movement existed.

## Congressional districts

Pennsylvania was divided into 11 districts, of which four were plural districts with 11 Representatives between them, with the remaining 7 Representatives elected from single-member districts. The districts were:

Note: Many of these counties covered much larger areas than they do today, having since been divided into smaller counties

## Election results

Fifteen incumbents (14 Democratic-Republicans and 1 Federalist) ran for re-election, of whom ten were re-elected. The incumbents John Ross (DR) of the 2nd district, Robert Jenkins (F) of the 3rd district and Matthias Richards (DR) also of the 3rd district did not run for re-election. Two seats changed from Federalist to Democratic-Republican control and one seat changed from Democratic-Republican to Federalist control, for a net loss of 1 seat by the Federalists. In the 1st district, there was a split between three "New School" and one "Old School" Democratic-Republicans, which split the Democratic-Republican vote enough to allow one of the three seats in that district to be won by a Federalist.

**1810 United States House election results**
| District | Democratic-Republican | | | Federalist | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st
3 seats | **Adam Seybert (I)** | **6,276** | **19.8%** | **James Milnor** | **4,359** | **13.7%** |
| | **William Anderson (I)** | **6,218** | **19.6%** | Thomas Truxton | 4,343 | 13.7% |
| | John Porter (I) | 3,143 | 9.9% | Thomas Dick | 4,269 | 13.4% |
| | Robert McMullin | 3,127 | 9.9% |  | | |
| 2nd
3 seats | **Robert Brown (I)** | **5,444** | **19.1%** | William Milnor (I) | 4,132 | 14.5% |
| | **Jonathan Roberts** | **5,409** | **19.0%** | Levi Paulding | 4,033 | 14.2% |
| | **William Rodman** | **5,377** | **18.9%** | William Latimere | 3,955 | 13.9% |
| |  | | | Charles Miner | 102 | 0.4% |
| 3rd
3 seats | **Joseph Lefever** | **6,616** | **18.4%** | Daniel Hiester (I) | 5,770 | 16.0% |
| | **Roger Davis** | **6,612** | **18.3%** | Samuel Bethel | 5,437 | 15.1% |
| | **John M. Hyneman** | **6,201** | **17.2%** | Mark J. Biddle | 5,410 | 15.0% |
| 4th
2 seats | **David Bard (I)** | **5,436** | **50.0%** |  | | |
| | **Robert Whitehill (I)** | **5,429** | **50.0%** | |
| 5th | **George Smith (I)** | **3,576** | **100%** |  | | |
| 6th | **William Crawford (I)** | **2,332** | **56.6%** | David Cassat | 1,790 | 43.4% |
| 7th | **William Piper** | **1,428** | **58.5%** |  | | |
| | John Rea (I) | 1,015 | 41.5% | |
| 8th | **William Findley (I)** | **2,735** | **60.9%** |  | | |
| | John Kirkpatrick | 1,757 | 39.1% | |
| 9th | **John Smilie** | **1,401** | **100%** |  | | |
| 10th | **Aaron Lyle (I)** | **1,344** | **70.4%** | Thomas L. Birch | 564 | 29.6% |
| 11th | **Abner Lacock** | **2,897** | **51.0%** |  | | |
| | Adamson Tannehill | 2,455 | 43.2% | |
| | Samuel Smith (I) | 326 | 5.7% | |

## Post-Election

All 18 Representatives elected in October appeared in Washington at the start of the 12th Congress. John Smilie (DR) of the 9th district died December 30, 1812. Abner Lacock (DR) of the 11th district resigned February 24, 1813, after being elected to the Senate. Both had been re-elected to the 13th Congress, and both districts were left vacant for the remainder of the 12th Congress.

1. New School
2. Old School
3. Changed parties
4. Quid
5. "12th Congress membership roster" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012.

## InfoBox

United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, 1810
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 18 Pennsylvania seats to the United States House of Representatives | |
| Majority party Minority party   Party Democratic-Republican Federalist  Last election 16 2  Seats won 17 1  Seat change  1  1 | |


title: 1810 United States census

abstract: The 1810 United States census was the third census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 6, 1810. It showed that 7,239,881 people were living in the United States, of whom 1,191,362 were slaves. The 1810 census included one new state: Ohio. The original census returns for the District of Columbia, Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey, and Ohio were lost or destroyed over the years. Most of Tennessee's original forms were also lost, other than Grainger and Rutherford counties. This was the first census in which New York was ranked as the most populous state, if excluding West Virginia from Virginia. Otherwise this would be the last census with Virginia ranked as the most populous state.

text:
# 1810 United States census

The **1810 United States census** was the third census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 6, 1810. It showed that 7,239,881 people were living in the United States, of whom 1,191,362 were slaves.

The 1810 census included one new state: Ohio. The original census returns for the District of Columbia, Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey, and Ohio were lost or destroyed over the years. Most of Tennessee's original forms were also lost, other than Grainger and Rutherford counties.

This was the first census in which New York was ranked as the most populous state, if excluding West Virginia from Virginia. Otherwise this would be the last census with Virginia ranked as the most populous state.

## Census questions

The 1810 census form contained the following information (identical to the 1800 census):

1. City or township
2. Name of the head of family
3. Number of free white males under age 10
4. Number of free white males age 10 to under 16
5. Number of free white males age 16 to under 26
6. Number of free white males age 26 to under 45
7. Number of free white males age 45 and over
8. Number of free white females under age 10
9. Number of free white females age 10 to under 16
10. Number of free white females age 16 to under 26
11. Number of free white females age 26 to under 45
12. Number of free white females age 45 and over
13. Number of all other free persons
14. Number of slaves

## Note to researchers

Census taking was not yet an exact science. Before 1830, enumerators lacked pre-printed forms, and some drew up their own, resulting in pages without headings. Some enumerators did not tally their results. As a result, census records for many towns before 1830 are idiosyncratic. This is not to suggest that they are less reliable than subsequent censuses, but that they may require more work on the part of the researcher.

## Data availability

No microdata from the 1810 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.

## State rankings

| Rank | State | Population |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | Virginia | 983,152 |
| 02 | New York | 959,049 |
| 03 | Pennsylvania | 810,091 |
| 04 | Massachusetts | 700,745 |
| 05 | North Carolina | 556,526 |
| 06 | South Carolina | 415,115 |
| 07 | Kentucky | 406,511 |
| 08 | Maryland | 380,546 |
| 09 | Connecticut | 262,042 |
| 10 | Tennessee | 261,727 |
| 11 | Georgia | 251,407 |
| 12 | New Jersey | 245,555 |
| 13 | Ohio | 230,760 |
|  | Maine | 228,705 |
| 14 | Vermont | 217,713 |
| 15 | New Hampshire | 214,360 |
|  | West Virginia | 105,469 |
| 16 | Rhode Island | 76,931 |
|  | Louisiana | 76,556 |
| 17 | Delaware | 72,674 |
|  | Mississippi | 31,306 |
|  | Indiana | 24,520 |
|  | Missouri | 19,783 |
|  | District of Columbia | 15,471 |
|  | Illinois | 12,282 |
|  | Alabama | 9,046 |
|  | Michigan | 4,762 |
|  | Arkansas | 1,062 |

## City rankings

| Rank | City | State | Population | Region (2016) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | New York | New York | 96,373 | Northeast |
| 02 | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 53,722 | Northeast |
| 03 | Baltimore | Maryland | 46,555 | South |
| 04 | Boston | Massachusetts | 33,787 | Northeast |
| 05 | Charleston | South Carolina | 24,711 | South |
| 06 | Northern Liberties | Pennsylvania | 19,874 | Northeast |
| 07 | New Orleans | Territory of Orleans | 17,242 | South |
| 08 | Southwark | Pennsylvania | 13,707 | Northeast |
| 09 | Salem | Massachusetts | 12,613 | Northeast |
| 10 | Albany | New York | 10,762 | Northeast |
| 11 | Providence | Rhode Island | 10,071 | Northeast |
| 12 | Richmond | Virginia | 9,735 | South |
| 13 | Norfolk | Virginia | 9,193 | South |
| 14 | Washington | District of Columbia | 8,208 | South |
| 15 | Newark | New Jersey | 8,008 | Northeast |
| 16 | Newport | Rhode Island | 7,907 | Northeast |
| 17 | Newburyport | Massachusetts | 7,634 | Northeast |
| 18 | Alexandria | District of Columbia | 7,227 | South |
| 19 | Portland | Massachusetts | 7,169 | Northeast |
| 20 | Portsmouth | New Hampshire | 6,934 | Northeast |
| 21 | Nantucket | Massachusetts | 6,807 | Northeast |
| 22 | Gloucester | Massachusetts | 5,943 | Northeast |
| 23 | Schenectady | New York | 5,903 | Northeast |
| 24 | Marblehead | Massachusetts | 5,900 | Northeast |
| 25 | New Haven | Connecticut | 5,772 | Northeast |
| 26 | Petersburg | Virginia | 5,668 | South |
| 27 | New Bedford | Massachusetts | 5,651 | Northeast |
| 28 | Lancaster | Pennsylvania | 5,405 | Northeast |
| 29 | Savannah | Georgia | 5,215 | South |
| 30 | Charlestown | Massachusetts | 4,959 | Northeast |
| 31 | Georgetown | District of Columbia | 4,948 | South |
| 32 | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | 4,768 | Northeast |
| 33 | Beverly | Massachusetts | 4,608 | Northeast |
| 34 | Groton | Connecticut | 4,451 | Northeast |
| 35 | Brooklyn | New York | 4,402 | Northeast |
| 36 | Middleborough | Massachusetts | 4,400 | Northeast |
| 37 | Gilmanton | New Hampshire | 4,338 | Northeast |
| 38 | Lexington | Kentucky | 4,326 | South |
| 39 | Woodbridge | New Jersey | 4,247 | Northeast |
| 40 | Plymouth | Massachusetts | 4,228 | Northeast |
| 41 | Lynn | Massachusetts | 4,087 | Northeast |
| 42 | Hudson | New York | 4,048 | Northeast |
| 43 | Hartford | Connecticut | 3,955 | Northeast |
| 44 | Taunton | Massachusetts | 3,907 | Northeast |
| 45 | Middletown | New Jersey | 3,849 | Northeast |
| 46 | Smithfield | Rhode Island | 3,828 | Northeast |
| 47 | Danbury | Connecticut | 3,606 | Northeast |
| 48 | South Kingstown | Rhode Island | 3,560 | Northeast |
| 49 | Greenwich | Connecticut | 3,533 | Northeast |
| 50 | Reading | Pennsylvania | 3,462 | Northeast |
| 51 | Evesham | New Jersey | 3,445 | Northeast |
| 52 | New London | Connecticut | 3,238 | Northeast |
| 53 | Andover | Massachusetts | 3,164 | Northeast |
| 54 | South Amboy | New Jersey | 3,071 | Northeast |
| 55 | Trenton | New Jersey | 3,002 | Northeast |
| 56 | Norwalk | Connecticut | 2,983 | Northeast |
| 57 | Elizabeth | New Jersey | 2,977 | Northeast |
| 58 | Norwich | Connecticut | 2,976 | Northeast |
| 59 | North Kingstown | Rhode Island | 2,957 | Northeast |
| 60 | Coventry | Rhode Island | 2,928 | Northeast |
| 61 | York | Pennsylvania | 2,847 | Northeast |
| 62 | Hackensack | New Jersey | 2,835 | Northeast |
| 63 | Berlin | Connecticut | 2,798 | Northeast |
| 64 | Springfield | Massachusetts | 2,767 | Northeast |
| 65 | Londonderry | New Hampshire | 2,766 | Northeast |
| 66 | Farmington | Connecticut | 2,748 | Northeast |
| 67 | Bristol | Rhode Island | 2,698 | Northeast |
| 68 | Haverhill | Massachusetts | 2,682 | Northeast |
| 69 | Pittsfield | Massachusetts | 2,665 | Northeast |
| 70 | Worcester | Massachusetts | 2,577 | Northeast |
| 71 | Cincinnati | Ohio | 2,540 | Midwest |
| 72 | Nashville | Tennessee | 2,490 | South |

## InfoBox

| 1810 United States census | |
| --- | --- |
| ---  --- | |
| Seal of the United States Marshals Service, which administered the census | |
| A page of the 1810 United States census | |
| General information | |
| Country | United States |
| Authority | Office of the United States Marshal |
| Results | |
| Total population | 7,239,881 ( 36.4%) |
| Most populous state | Virginia
983,152 |
| Least populous state | Delaware
72,674 |


title: 152d Depot Brigade (United States)

abstract: The 152d Depot Brigade was a training and receiving formation of the United States Army during World War I, and was successively commanded by Brigadier Generals George W. Read, John E. Woodward, George H. Estes, George D. Moore, Edward Sigerfoos, and William Jones Nicholson.

text:
# 152d Depot Brigade (United States)

The **152d Depot Brigade** was a training and receiving formation of the United States Army during World War I, and was successively commanded by Brigadier Generals George W. Read, John E. Woodward, George H. Estes, George D. Moore, Edward Sigerfoos, and William Jones Nicholson.

## History

Secretary of War Newton Baker authorized Major General Franklin Bell to organize the 152d Depot Brigade, an element of the 77th Division. The brigade was later detached and placed directly under Camp Upton, New York, as an independent unit. The depot brigade filled two purposes: one was to act as a receiving unit for men sent to camps by local draft boards; the other was to train replacements for the American Expeditionary Forces.

Irving Berlin wrote the musical revue "Yip Yip Yaphank", including the song "Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning" while assigned to a unit of the 152d Depot Brigade at Camp Upton in 1918.

## Purpose

The role of depot brigades was to receive and organize recruits, provide them with uniforms, equipment and initial military training, and then send them to France to fight on the front lines. The depot brigades also received soldiers returning home at the end of the war and completed their out processing and discharges. Depot brigades were often organized, reorganized, and inactivated as requirements to receive and train troops rose and fell, and later ebbed and flowed during post-war demobilization.

Depot brigades were organized into numbered battalions (1st Battalion, 2d Battalion, etc.), which in turn were organized into numbered companies. The major U.S. depot brigades organized for World War I, which remained active until after post-war demobilization included: 151st (Camp Devens); 152d (Camp Upton); 153d (Camp Dix); 154th (Camp Meade); 155th (Camp Lee); 156th (Camp Jackson); 157th (Camp Gordon); 158th (Camp Sherman); 159th (Camp Taylor); 160th (Camp Custer); 161st (Camp Grant); 162d (Camp Pike); 163d (Camp Dodge); 164th (Camp Funston); 165th (Camp Travis); 166th (Camp Lewis); and 167th (Camp McClellan).

* *Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War*. Vol. 3, Part 1: Center of Military History Publication No. 23-3—Zone of the Interior: Organizations and Activities of the War Department. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Army. 1988 \[1st. pub. GPO: 1949\].
* *Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War*. Vol. 3, Part 2: Center of Military History Publication No. 23-4—Zone of the Interior: Territorial Departments, Tactical Divisions Organized in 1918, and Posts, Camps, and Stations. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Army. 1988 \[1st. pub. GPO: 1949\].
* *Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War*. Vol. 3, Part 3: Center of Military History Publication No. 23-5—Directory of Troops. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Army. 1988 \[1st. pub. GPO:1949\].
* Wilson, John B. (1998). *Center of Military History Publication No. 60-14-1—Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades* (Army Lineage Series ed.). Wash., DC: U.S. Dept. of the Army.
* U.S. War Dept. War Plans Div. A.W.C. (1918). Trng. Circ. No. 23—Training Regulations for Depot Brigades (Report). U.S. War Dept. Document No. 859. Washington, DC: U.S. War Dept.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| 152d Depot Brigade | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1917–1919 |
| Disbanded | May 1919 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | Army |
| Type | Depot |
| Role | Receiving and training |
| Size | Brigade |
| Garrison/HQ | Camp Upton, New York |
| Engagements | World War I |


title: 152nd Airlift Wing

abstract: The 152nd Airlift Wing is a unit of the Nevada Air National Guard, stationed at Nevada Air National Guard Base, Nevada. If activated to federal service with the United States Air Force, the Wing is operationally gained by the 18th Air Force of the Air Mobility Command.

text:
# 152nd Airlift Wing

The **152nd Airlift Wing (152 AW)** is a unit of the Nevada Air National Guard, stationed at Nevada Air National Guard Base, Nevada. If activated to federal service with the United States Air Force, the Wing is operationally gained by the 18th Air Force of the Air Mobility Command.

## Overview

The Nevada Air National Guard's 152nd Airlift Wing has a primary wartime mission of providing rapid airlift and airdrop of cargo and troops. They can also fly specialized reconnaissance missions in support of military command and control operations, counter drug operations, disaster relief and photo mapping for federal and state agencies. The unit is tasked to deploy anywhere on the globe within an assigned response time to perform both day and night missions.

In addition to the wartime mission, the 152nd Airlift Wing also has a peacetime mission to train combat ready aircrew and assigned personnel. The unit has a State mission and has been called on numerous occasions to support local state emergencies such as fires, floods, riots and search and rescue operations.

The mission is accomplished with eight assigned C-130H "Hercules" transport aircraft. Force structure developments in the Air National Guard during Fiscal Year 2000 focused on equipment upgrades providing enhanced capability for Air National Guard units, which previously led to the 152nd Airlift Wing converting from the C-130E to the C-130H. This conversion also included a modification which provided an additional Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) asset package to the Air National Guard called **Scathe View** for carriage by C-130 aircraft. It features forward-looking infrared radar (FLIR), daylight TV, spotter scope, and laser range- finder.

## Units

* 152nd Operations Group

192nd Airlift Squadron * 152nd Maintenance Group
* 152nd Mission Support Group
* 152nd Medical Group
* 152nd Intelligence Squadron
* 232nd Combat Training Squadron (GSU at Nellis AFB)

## History

On 19 April 1958, the Nevada Air National Guard 192d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the **152nd Fighter-Interceptor Group** was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 192nd FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 192nd Headquarters, 192nd Material Squadron (Maintenance), 192nd Combat Support Squadron, and the 192nd USAF Dispensary. The 152nd FIS was assigned to Air Defense Command. Also in 1958, the 192nd's day-only F-86A Sabres were sent to other units and the 192nd received the day/night/all-weather F-86L Sabre Interceptor aircraft.

### Tactical Reconnaissance

In 1961 Air Defense Command was reorganizing and the 192nd was transferred to Tactical Air Command. TAC re-designated the 152nd as a Tactical Reconnaissance Group, and equipped the 192d TRS with RB-57B Canberra reconnaissance aircraft. Tactical Reconnaissance would be the mission of the unit for the next 30 years. The RB-57s were the reconnaissance version of the B-57 Canberra light bomber, which has replaced the World War II B-25 Mitchell during the Korean War. The RB-57s were used by the active-duty Air Force beginning in the mid-1950s and it began to be sent to Air National Guard units in the late 1950s when the McDonnell RF-101A Voodoo entered service.

The 192nd used the RB-57s primarily to carry out photographic surveys of areas hit by natural disasters such as hurricanes or tornadoes. It was placed on alert during the 1961 Berlin Crisis and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, however it was not activated or deployed overseas.

In 1965 the RF-4C Phantom II began to enter active USAF service, and the 192nd received supersonic McDonnell RF-101H Voodoos to replace the subsonic RB-57s. The unit served during the 1968 Pueblo Crisis. On 26 January 1968 the Nevada Air National Guard was called to active duty as part of a national effort to meet the threat posed by North Korean seizure of the U.S. Navy ship the "USS Pueblo." During the next 16 months, Nevada Air Guardsmen served in Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, North Africa and some 18 bases within the United States. During this tour, the 192nd Reconnaissance Squadron was awarded the 5th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, only the second unit selected for this honor. All Nevada Air National Guard units were released from active duty on 9 June 1969.

In 1971, the RF-101Hs were replaced by RF-101B Voodoos that were re-manufactured after serving in the Canadian Air Force. However, unlike the F-101Hs, the "B" model was extremely expensive to operate in the field, requiring several costly and time-consuming fixes in order to maintain an acceptable operating standard. The career of the RF-101B with the Nevada ANG was relatively brief, giving way to the RF-4C Phantom II in 1975.

The 192nd Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron operated the RF-4C Phantom for nearly 20 years. The RF-4C was still in service at the time of the 1990 Gulf Crisis and in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the 106th TRS of the 117th TRW of the Alabama ANG was deployed to Sheik Isa Air Base in Bahrain. This unit was redeployed in December 1990 and the 152nd TRG was deployed. Falling in on the Portable Photography and Interpretation Facility (PPIF) the High Rollers dug in and operated from Sheik Isa through Desert Shield and Desert Storm. With combat operations beginning in January as part of Operation Desert Storm, the 192nd flew combat missions in the RF-4C.

When the first strikes against Iraq started on 17 January 1991, the RF-4Cs were in action from the start. At first, they were limited to daylight operations, flying over Kuwait almost every day in search of Republican Guard units. They flew over Baghdad looking for such targets as rocket fuel plants, chemical weapons plants, and command and communications centers. Later, the RF-4Cs were regularly diverted from other photographic missions to go and look for Scud launchers hiding in western Iraq. No RF-4Cs were lost in action and eventually flew over 1,000 combat hours and 350 combat flying missions. The unarmed Nevada aircraft took over 19,000 photographic prints using 300,000 feet of film without a single target lost from processing. Legend has it, the Commander, Colonel "Woody" Clark was credited with the only known Combat kill of an enemy fighter by a reconnaissance aircraft. During one mission Col Clark and his wing-man were approached by Iraqi air force jets. Unarmed and unafraid, they prepared for rapid departure by dropping their fuel cells to bug out. Woody's fuel cell is said to have struck one of the approaching Iraqi Fighters. The High Rollers have been the stuff of legend for many years.

Following the end of Desert Storm, Reno and the State of Nevada gave the High Rollers a parade. Most members understood this was the Country's way of making up for past failure by recognizing them and all Veterans. With a 1992 reorganization of the Air Force, the group's gaining command shifted from the disestablishing Tactical Air Command to the newly established Air Combat Command. The group and flying squadron also dropped the word "tactical" from their titles and became simply the 152nd Reconnaissance Group and 192nd Reconnaissance Squadron.

The RF-4Cs began their retirement from USAF and Air National Guard service in the early 1990s. The 192nd RS finally turned in its last four RF-4Cs on 27 September 1995, their planes being flown to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage. These aircraft were the last RF-4Cs in operational service, and with their retirement the era of RF-4C service with the U.S. Air Force came to an end.

### Current operations

The Nevada Air National Guard began the conversion to a new aircraft and mission in October 1995, with training and construction to support the Airlift mission and the Pacer Coin Reconnaissance mission. The unit received its first C-130E Hercules aircraft on 9 April 1996, and became an operational Airlift Wing in April 1997.

Pacer Coin was a day/night, all-weather reconnaissance and surveillance system which provided imagery intelligence support to theater and other commanders in support of drug interdiction operations for U.S. Southern Command. The unit assumed this mission when it converted to the C-130E Hercules in October 1995. The Nevada Air Guard had the only Pacer Coin aircraft in the inventory. The special sensors and optics on-board provided photo reconnaissance capability.

The 152nd AW also took part in "Operation Joint Guard" (August 1997 – December 1997) in support of peacekeeping operations in Bosnia. The unit deployed one aircraft and 130 personnel to provide reconnaissance support to the region with its Pacer Coin capability. Operating from Aviano Air Base, Italy, the unit was scheduled to remain in-theater for approximately 60 days, but was not returned home until after 104 days. Their deployments complete, the Pacer Coin aircraft was retired on 15 May 1998.

In May 1998, the United States military group (USMILGP) Commander Ecuador, requested the Nevada Air National Guard to send experienced individuals that could interface with the Ecuadorian Air Force, Army, and civilian mapping agency personnel. The purpose was to train them in the planning and execution of photo reconnaissance to assist them in their efforts to overcome the drug trafficking problems in their country. A week prior to the actual exercise to test the new methods and information, personnel from the 152nd AW deployed to Mariscal Sucre International Airport, Quito to conduct training and classes aimed at improving the skills of Aircrew and Photo Interpreters. Classes were conducted for a week with classroom training as well as practical exercises.

The 152nd Airlift Wing began conversion from the C-130E to the C-130H in 1998. This conversion also included a modification, which provided additional Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) asset to the Air National Guard called Scathe View. Scathe View is composed of a high-endurance, adverse weather-operable, specially modified C-130H aircraft; a roll-on/roll-off sensor control and communications pallet operated by 2 on-board airborne imagery analysts; and the Wescam (subsequently L-3) MX-15 "pentasensor", a day or night capable imagery sensor with a laser range finder and a laser illuminator. The Scathe View system disseminates intelligence data and information directly to ground forces in real time via on-board voice and data communications suites.

Scathe View had been an essential component of search and rescue, aerial mapping and Humanitarian Relief Operations (HUMRO) during post-Hurricane Katrina operations in 2005.

In September 2007, the Nevada Air National Guard utilized the Scathe View system in the search for millionaire adventurer and pilot Steve Fossett. The 152nd Intelligence Squadron, part of the Nevada Air National Guard's 152nd Airlift Wing, was the only unit at that time equipped with the Scathe View system.

As of 2007, the 152nd Intelligence Squadron had 8 C-130H aircraft fitted with the system. At that time it was also planned to upgrade the MX-15 sensor and to provide a Beyond Line of Sight capability, allowing passing of data to intermediate higher headquarters and worldwide users.

### Lineage

* Designated **152nd Fighter-Interceptor Group**, and allotted to Nevada ANG, 1958

Extended federal recognition and activated, 19 April 1958 Re-designated: **152nd Tactical Reconnaissance Group**, 1 March 1961 Federalized and placed on active duty, 26 January 1968 In non-operational status, 26 January 1968 Returned to operational status, 7 June 1969 Released from active duty and returned to Nevada state control, 7 June 1969 Re-designated: **152nd Reconnaissance Group**, 15 March 1992 Status changed from Group to Wing, 1 January 1996 Re-designated: **152nd Airlift Wing**, 1 January 1996-Present

### Assignments

Gained by: 28th Air Division, Air Defense Command Gained by: Reno Air Defense Sector, Air Defense Command, 15 February 1959 Gained by: Tactical Air Command, 1 March 1961 Gained by: Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 Gained by: Air Mobility Command, 1 April 1997-Present

### Components

Assigned to 152 OG, 1 January 1996-Present

### Stations

Designated: Nevada Air National Guard Base, Nevada, 1991-Present

### Aircraft

## Decorations

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| 152nd Airlift Wing | |
| --- | --- |
| 152nd Airlift Wing C-130 landing at Nevada AGB | |
| Active | 1958-Present |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Nevada |
| Branch | Air National Guard |
| Type | Wing |
| Role | Airlift |
| Part of | Nevada Air National Guard |
| Garrison/HQ | Nevada Air National Guard Base, Reno, Nevada |
| Nickname(s) | High Rollers |
| Tail Code | Blue tail stripe, "High Rollers" |
| Insignia | |
| 152d Airlift Wing emblem |  |


abstract: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the Netherlands was signed between the Netherlands and Tokugawa Shogunate in Edo on August 18, 1858. It opened several Japanese ports and cities for Dutch trade and confirmed extraterritoriality to Dutch nationals in Japan. It was one of the so-called Ansei Treaties.

text:
# 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan

The **Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the Netherlands** (日蘭修好通商条約, Nichiran Shūkō Tsūshō Jōyaku) was signed between the Netherlands and Tokugawa Shogunate in Edo (now Tokyo) on August 18, 1858. It opened several Japanese ports and cities for Dutch trade and confirmed extraterritoriality to Dutch nationals in Japan. It was one of the so-called Ansei Treaties.

## Background

On 31 March 1854, the United States of America succeeded in concluding a treaty with the Japanese Shogunate, called the Convention of Kanagawa or Perry Treaty. As a consequence, the US had the right to establish a consulate in the coastal town of Shimoda. The first US Consul at Shimoda was Townsend Harris, who arrived in Shimoda on 21 August 1856. Great Britain succeeded in concluding a similar convention with the Shogunate on 14 October 1854. Russia concluded a treaty with Japan on 7 February 1855. The Russian Treaty bore basic elements of extraterritoriality for both Russian nationals in Japan and Japanese nationals in Russia.

The Dutch established formal trade relations with Japan in 1609. From 1639, they became the only Western country allowed to do trade with Japan. From 1641 onwards, they were confined to Dejima, a small man-made island in the Bay of Nagasaki. Confronted with the advance of other Western powers in East Asia, the Dutch in vain tried to induce Japan to negotiate a treaty with them in 1844. However, they succeeded in signing a temporary agreement with the Japanese government on 9 November 1855, which was transformed into a formal treaty on 30 January 1856..  It had 28 articles, considerably more than the US-Japan Convention of Kanagawa (12 articles) or the Convention between Japan and Great Britain of 1854 (7 articles). Article 2 even ensured the right of extraterritoriality for Dutch citizens in Japan. The Netherlands and Russia each signed a supplementary treaty with Japan, respectively on 16 and 24 October 1857, both in Nagasaki. These treaties gave them more detailed trading rights.

US Consul Townsend Harris observed the rather restrictive interpretation of the Kanagawa Treaty of 1854 by the Japanese authorities and concluded that his country should strive for a broader treaty of amity and commerce with Japan. On 29 July 1858, after months of patient negotiations by Harris, Japan and the United States signed a treaty of amity and commerce in Edo (current Tokyo). This Treaty did not only contain commercial rights for individual citizens, but elevated the relations between the two countries to a political level, introducing friendly diplomatic relations.

## Negotiations

On 23 April 1858, Janus Henricus Donker Curtius, Dutch Commissioner at Nagasaki, arrived in Edo to perform a ceremonial visit to the Shogun, which took place on 8 May 1858. During his stay in Edo, Curtius became aware of Harris' negotiations with the Shogunate for a treaty of amity and commerce. Curtius had negotiated the Convention of 1855, the Treaty of 1856 and the Supplementary Treaty of 1857 between Japan and the Netherlands, and was determined to open similar treaty negotiations with the Shogunate as Harris. However, Harris received assurances from the Shogunate that Japan would not sign any treaty or convention with another foreign power before the expiration of 30 days after the signing of a treaty with the United States.

Curtius remained in Edo for three months, during which he held treaty negotiations with the Shogunate. Despite objections from the Imperial Court in Kyoto against the draft treaty with the United States negotiated by Townsend Harris, Curtius succeeded in obtaining the agreement from the Shogunate for a draft treaty between Japan and the Netherlands in August 1858, after which he left for Nagasaki.

## Signing and ratification

The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan was officially signed on 18 August 1858 in Edo by J.H. Donker Curtius for the Netherlands, and Nagai Genbato, Okabe Suruga no kami and Iwase Higo no kami for the Shogunate. The Treaty entered into force on 4 July 1859. The Dutch Government ratified the treaty on 24 December 1858. The exchange of the ratifications took place on 1 March 1860, at Dejima.

## Description

The most important articles of the Dutch-Japanese Treaty of 1858 are as follows:

* Establishment of diplomatic relations (art. 1)
* Additional to Nagasaki and Hakodate, opening of following Japanese ports or cities for Dutch citizens: Kanagawa (July 4, 1859), Hyogo (January 1, 1863), a port at the west coast of Japan (January 1, 1860), Edo (January 1, 1862), and Osaka (January 1, 1863) (art. 2)
* Introduction of preferential Japanese import tariffs (art. 3)
* Confirmation of extraterritorial rights for Dutch citizens in Japan (art. 5)
* Freedom of religion for Dutch citizens in Japan (art. 7)
* Introduction of a clause of most favoured nation (art. 9)

The first Dutch Consul-General in Japan was Jan Karel de Wit. He took up his position on 28 February 1860 and was based in Dejima, Nagasaki


abstract: The 1894 Tuskegee Golden Tigers football team represented Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute—now known as Tuskegee University—as an independent during the 1894 college football season. Led by first-year head coach James B. Washington, the Golden Tigers compiled a record of 0–1.

text:
# 1894 Tuskegee Golden Tigers football team

The **1894 Tuskegee Golden Tigers football team** represented Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute—now known as Tuskegee University—as an independent during the 1894 college football season. Led by first-year head coach James B. Washington, the Golden Tigers compiled a record of 0–1.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| January 1 | at Atlanta | Atlanta, GA | L 0–10 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1894 Tuskegee Golden Tigers football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 0–1 |
| Head coach |  |
|