title: Pemberton Memorial Operating Room

abstract: The Pemberton Memorial Operating Room is a National Historic Site of Canada, the first operating room of the Royal Jubilee Hospital in Victoria, British Columbia. It established the Royal Jubilee Hospital as the leading surgical hospital in the province. The construction of the building to house the operating room was financed by a bequest left by Joseph Pemberton, and supplemented with additional funding by his widow Teresa Pemberton, who also partially funded the purchase of equipment. The funds were originally intended for the construction of a maternity ward, but were insufficient for such a project. Interior components were selected and designed to be easily cleaned and disinfected after each surgical procedure, including the mosaic tile floor, and it was connected to a sterilizing room. The design implemented anti-sepsis techniques developed by Joseph Lister, who visited the room in 1897 and was favourably impressed. It was used daily from its completion in 1896 until 1925, when the hospital expanded and built six new operating rooms. The Pemberton Memorial Operating Room was declared a municipal heritage site in 1995 and recognized as a National Historic Site of Canada on 28 November 2005.

text:
# Pemberton Memorial Operating Room

The **Pemberton Memorial Operating Room** is a National Historic Site of Canada, the first operating room of the Royal Jubilee Hospital in Victoria, British Columbia. It established the Royal Jubilee Hospital as the leading surgical hospital in the province.

The construction of the building to house the operating room was financed by a bequest left by Joseph Pemberton, and supplemented with additional funding by his widow Teresa Pemberton, who also partially funded the purchase of equipment. The funds were originally intended for the construction of a maternity ward, but were insufficient for such a project.

Interior components were selected and designed to be easily cleaned and disinfected after each surgical procedure, including the mosaic tile floor, and it was connected to a sterilizing room. The design implemented anti-sepsis techniques developed by Joseph Lister, who visited the room in 1897 and was favourably impressed.

It was used daily from its completion in 1896 until 1925, when the hospital expanded and built six new operating rooms. The Pemberton Memorial Operating Room was declared a municipal heritage site in 1995 and recognized as a National Historic Site of Canada on 28 November 2005.

## Background

John Chapman Davie Jr. began lobbying for a hospital in Victoria in the mid 1880s, planning for a single-level pavilion design of interconnected buildings. The Royal Jubilee Hospital was opened in May 1890, with three wards, an administrative block, residences, and a laboratory. The hospital's debt grew during the early 1890s, but as a result of addressing an 1893 smallpox epidemic, the city passed a bylaw allowing it to pay off the mortgage "as a show of appreciation".

On 9 January 1894, F.B. Pemberton spoke to the hospital's board of directors, stating that a $2,000 bequest had been left to the hospital by his father Joseph Pemberton, who had died in 1893 as a result of a heart attack while horseback riding. Various proposals were made for its use, but the bequest stipulated that it was to be used for development of new property. The board elected to build a maternity ward, for which Joseph Pemberton's widow, Teresa Jane Pemberton donated an additional $1,500. However, the $3,500 was insufficient for such a project.

The hospital's board of directors debated potential uses of the funds, and on 7 October 1895 settled on building an operating room favoured by Davie. It would implement the anti-sepsis techniques developed by Joseph Lister, which Davie had studied during a sabbatical in Europe in the 1880s. The winning design, "Plan 3" by John Teague, was selected on 20 March 1896, and the winning tender for its construction was submitted by Thomas Catterall for $3,614. Teresa Pemberton donated the additional $114.

The cornerstone was installed on 15 May 1896 by Teresa Pemberton, in a ceremony during which she was presented with a silver trowel to "show appreciation for her generous support and flexibility towards the project". The trowel's handle was carved from an oak timber taken from the *Beaver*, the first steamship to operate in the Pacific Northwest of North America. The silver blade was made from silver mined at Bluebell mine, the base from matte obtained from Silver King mine, and the gold ferrule from matte obtained from Le Roi gold mine. Neither the cornerstone, nor the time capsule buried beneath it, has been discovered since then.

Pemberton became the building's namesake for his posthumous bequest. By July 1896, nearing completion of construction, the board of directors was informed that $500 would be required to equip the operating room; this was provided by the Women’s Auxiliary and another donation by Teresa Pemberton. Upon completion, it "established the Jubilee as the leading surgical hospital" in British Columbia.

## Description

The foundation for the building was made of stone. The octagonal operating room is connected to a 12-by-24-foot (3.7 by 7.3 m) sterilizing room at its north end. Painted plaster covered the interior brick walls, and the concrete floor was overlain with a ceramic tile mosaic. Its features, including its large windows, were designed to be easily cleaned and disinfected after each surgical procedure. The original design included kerosene lamps, which were replaced in 1897 by electrical fixtures when the entire hospital was connected to the electricity grid. The building was connected to the hospital via a 15-metre (49 ft) corridor.

It had sufficient capacity only for the patient and surgical team. On 13 September 1897, Lister visited the facility and was "favourably impressed". He recommended the addition of a post-anesthesia recovery room, and the hospital built two the following year for $1,000, the first post-operative recovery rooms in Canada.

A second sterilizing room was built as an addition to the building in 1918. The operating room was used daily until 1925, when six new operating rooms were built in the hospital's east wing expansion. It would be used as the home for the hospital's radiography department, then its cancer agency, and finally its medical records department.

## Heritage site

100m
110yds Pemberton Memorial
Operating Room  R o y a l J u b i l e e
H o s p i t a lLocation of Pemberton Memorial Operating Room within the hospital's campus

In 1981, the Victoria Medical Society lobbied Victoria City Council to protect the Pemberton Memorial Operating Room under bylaw 173. The hospital's board of directors opposed heritage status for the building, as it would interfere with the hospital's development plans. In 1983, the Government of British Columbia cut its spending, including expenditures for health care capital projects, delaying the building's demolition.

An excavation of the building's contents in 1991 found numerous artefacts employed "in the early days" of the building; these were preserved. In 1995, Victoria City Council designated the building, including the operating room and the sterilizing ante-chamber, a municipal heritage site.

It was recognized as a National Historic Site on 28 November 2005, and was officially announced on 3 August 2006 along with the site of the Cypress Hills Massacre and the archaeological site Pointe-du-Buisson. It was listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places on 10 July 2009. A commemorative plaque was installed, and unveiled by Gary Lunn and Ida Chong during a ceremony on 25 June 2010.

## Legacy

In 1909, Teresa Pemberton also provided funding to build the Pemberton Chapel to commemorate her husband. The silver trowel presented to her is now held in the collections of the Royal British Columbia Museum.

The building and operating room represented a "transitional moment in the history of hospital design", in which earlier designs separated the operating room from the hospital, and later designs restricting access to only the patient and surgical team. It also represented a transition in hospital governance, from one of primarily charitable scope "for the poor and destitute" to being managed as a scientific institution.

In 2004, the Victoria Medical Society formed the Victoria Medical Heritage Society as a charity to fund restoration of the Pemberton Memorial Operating Room. It also plans to build a medical history museum adjacent to the building. The chapel and operating room have been connected by a walkway with a garden and courtyard.

* Aldag, John (25 June 2010). "The Government Of Canada celebrates the national historic significance of Pemberton Memorial Operating Room" (Press release). Retrieved 23 January 2017.
* Humphreys, Danda (15 January 2008). "Historic operating room a monument to the advent of antisepsis". *Canadian Medical Association Journal*. **178** (2). Canadian Medical Association: 193–194. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071637. PMC 2175006. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
* Marshall, Shannon (9 April 2009). "120 years at Jubilee Hospital". Vancouver Island Health Authority. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
* Sparrow, Ryan; Audy, Michel (3 August 2006). "New designations recognize the national historic significance of Canadian people, places and events" (Press release). Parks Canada. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
* "Pemberton Memorial Operating Room National Historic Site of Canada". Canadian Register of Historic Places, Parks Canada. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
* "Pemberton Memorial Operating Room National Historic Site of Canada" (Press release). Parks Canada. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
* "Pemberton Memorial Operating Room" (PDF). Vancouver Island Health Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
* "Victoria 150 Countdown". City of Victoria. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
* "Pemberton Memorial". *Victoria Daily Colonist*. 16 May 1896. Retrieved 23 January 2017.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| The operating room in 1902 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Vacant |
| Type | Medical building |
| Coordinates | 48°25′58″N 123°19′40″W / 48.432852°N 123.327862°W / 48.432852; -123.327862 |
| Named for | Joseph Despard Pemberton |
| Owner | Royal Jubilee Hospital |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | John Teague |
| Developer | Thomas Catterall |
|  | |
| National Historic Site of Canada | |
| Official name | Pemberton Memorial Operating Room National Historic Site of Canada |
| Designated | 28 November 2005 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Fotos (album)

abstract: Fotos is the debut album by German indie rock band Fotos, first released in September 2006.

text:
# Fotos (album)

***Fotos*** is the debut album by German indie rock band Fotos, first released in September 2006.

## Track listing

1. "Komm Zurück" ("Come Back") – 3:14
2. "So Fremd" ("So Strange") – 3:02
3. "Ich Bin Für Dich Da" ("I Am Here For You") – 3:16
4. "Es Reißt Uns Auseinander" ("It Tears Us Apart") – 3:10
5. "Viele" ("Lots") – 5:01
6. "Giganten" ("Giants") – 4:53
7. "Du Löst Dich Auf" ("You Come Undone") – 2:44
8. "Wiederhole Deinen Rhythmus" ("Repeat Your Rhythm") – 3:02
9. "Glücklich Eigentlich" ("Luckily Actually") – 3:04
10. "Katharina" – 4:33

## InfoBox

| Fotos | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Fotos | |
| Released | 29 September 2006 |
| Recorded | ? |
| Genre | Indie Rock |
| Length | 35:59 |
| Label | Virgin Germany |
| Fotos chronology | |
| ***Fotos***
(2006) *Nach dem Goldrausch*
(2008) | |


title: Fotosearch

abstract: Fotosearch is a stock photography company, founded in 1998. The company sells royalty-free and rights-managed photography, illustrations, video footage, clipart, and audio clips. Today, with digital images from over 140 publishers, it is one of the world's largest distributors of stock photography. The core feature of the site is its search feature which allows users to access its database of over 15 million images. The site is offered in more than a dozen languages with fully functional search, and the ability to pay in local currency for each site. 24-hour customer support by phone was added in 2005 and is also available for most languages. Images distributed by Fotosearch have been featured in People magazine, The New York Times, and on the February 6, 2006, cover of Newsweek. Stock footage from Fotosearch has been used in several movies and was used in the April 19, 2005 PBS episode of NOVA scienceNOW. The company is located in Waukesha, Wisconsin.

text:
# Fotosearch

**Fotosearch** is a stock photography company, founded in 1998. The company sells royalty-free and rights-managed photography, illustrations, video footage, clipart, and audio clips. Today, with digital images from over 140 publishers, it is one of the world's largest distributors of stock photography.

The core feature of the site is its search feature which allows users to access its database of over 15 million images.

The site is offered in more than a dozen languages with fully functional search, and the ability to pay in local currency for each site. 24-hour customer support by phone was added in 2005 and is also available for most languages.

Images distributed by Fotosearch have been featured in *People magazine*, *The New York Times*, and on the February 6, 2006, cover of *Newsweek*. Stock footage from Fotosearch has been used in several movies and was used in the April 19, 2005 PBS episode of NOVA scienceNOW.

The company is located in Waukesha, Wisconsin.

## History

Fotosearch grew out of Publishing Perfection, founded in 1987, when electronic publishing was in its infancy. From the beginning the company targeted graphics and multimedia professionals through its monthly catalogue. The company specialized in providing the assistance required for buying graphics tools such as laser printers and image scanners. In addition to hardware and software the company began to offer high quality stock images in the early 1990s.

In 1996, Publishing Perfection launched a website offering an online catalogue, expanded product information and special discounts. In 1998, the company introduced the Fotosearch website where customers could search multiple stock photography publishers at a single site.

## InfoBox

Fotosearch Stock Photography
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Stock Photography |
| Founded | 1998 |
| Headquarters | Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA |
| Website | www.fotosearch.com |


title: Fotos (film)

abstract: Fotos is a 1996 Spanish surreal melodrama film written and directed by Elio Quiroga which stars Gustavo Salmerón, Mercedes Ortega, and Miky Molina.

text:
# Fotos (film)

***Fotos*** is a 1996 Spanish surreal melodrama film written and directed by Elio Quiroga (in his directorial debut feature) which stars Gustavo Salmerón, Mercedes Ortega, and Miky Molina.

## Plot

The plot follows the mishaps of sexually-repressed and virgin young woman Azucena who breaks up with her boyfriend and is sexually attacked by plastic artist César. Guided by a Virgin apparition, she takes refuge in a club, where she falls for well-off transvestite stripper Narciso.

## Cast

## Production

*Fotos* is a Plot Films and Comunicación Integral production, and it had the collaboration of Sogedasa. Shooting locations included Jávea and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The film was scored by Carles Casas, edited by Juan Carlos R. Arroyo, and lensed by Ángel Luis Fernández.

## Release

The film was presented at the 29th Sitges Film Festival in October 1996. Distributed by Filmax, it was released theatrically in Spain on 22 November 1996. It has attained cult status.

## Reception

Casimiro Torreiro of *El País* described the film as "a truly spectacular cross between passionate soap opera, homosexual and ghostly iconography, and surreal religious provocation".

## Accolades

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | 29th Sitges Film Festival | Best Screenplay |  | Won |  |
| | | Jury Special Prize | | Won | |

Bibliography * Benavent, Francisco María (2000). *Cine español de los 90. Diccionario de películas, directores y temático*. Bilbao: Ediciones Mensajero. ISBN 84-271-2326-4.
* Mora, Kiko; Mira, Enric; García Escrivá, Vicente (2016). "Las últimas tres décadas de cine rodado en Alicante (1985-2014)". *Alicante se rueda (1902-2014)* (PDF). Alicante: Instituto Alicantino de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert; Museo de la Universidad de Alicante. pp. 59–68. ISBN 978-84-7784-712-0.

## InfoBox

| Fotos | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Elio Quiroga |
| Written by | Elio Quiroga |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Ángel Luis Fernández. |
| Edited by | Juan Carlos R. Arroyo |
| Music by | Carles Casas |
| Production<br>companies | * Plot Films * Comunicación Integral |
| Distributed by | Filmax |
| Release dates | * October 1996 (1996-10) (Sitges) * 22 November 1996 (1996-11-22) (Spain) |
| Country | Spain |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Percy Boulton

abstract: Second Lieutenant Percy Boulton was a British World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories. Boulton was commissioned as a second lieutenant (probationary) on 13 December 1917. He joined 210 Squadron on 7 July 1918. Flying a Sopwith Camel he gained six victories between 11 August and 14 October 1918. His final tally was four German aircraft destroyed, two driven down out of control. Boulton was transferred to the unemployed list on 5 February 1919, and his Distinguished Flying Cross was gazetted on 30 May 1919.

text:
# Percy Boulton

Second Lieutenant **Percy Boulton** DFC (born 8 October 1898, date of death unknown) was a British World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories.

Boulton was commissioned as a second lieutenant (probationary) on 13 December 1917. He joined 210 Squadron on 7 July 1918. Flying a Sopwith Camel he gained six victories between 11 August and 14 October 1918. His final tally was four German aircraft destroyed, two driven down out of control.

Boulton was transferred to the unemployed list on 5 February 1919, and his Distinguished Flying Cross was gazetted on 30 May 1919.

## Bibliography

* Shores, Christopher F.; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990). *Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920*. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-19-4.

## InfoBox

| Percy Boulton | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1898-10-08)8 October 1898<br>Hanley, Staffordshire, England |
| Died | Unknown |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Air Force |
| Rank | Second Lieutenant |
| Unit | No. 210 Squadron RAF |
| Awards | Distinguished Flying Cross |


title: Percy Bradshaw

abstract: Percy Venner Bradshaw, who often signed PVB, was a British illustrator who also created the Press Art School, a correspondence course for drawing.

text:
# Percy Bradshaw

**Percy Venner Bradshaw** (27 November 1877 – 13 October 1965), who often signed PVB, was a British illustrator who also created the Press Art School, a correspondence course for drawing.

## Biography

Percy Bradshaw was born in Hackney, part of London, on 27 November 1877, the son of William Bradshaw, a warehouseman, and his wife Frances Ann. He was baptised in Dover on 27 January 1878. He attended Newport Road School in Leyton where he reached fourth class. He then attended Ivydale Road School from 12 March 1888 to 30 March 1889, moving to Haberdashers' Aske' Boys School at Hatcham. He dropped out of Aske's when he was 14 years old and started working at an advertising agency. Meanwhile, he followed evening courses in art at Goldsmiths College and Birkbeck College.

Bradshaw had his first drawing published in *The Boy's Own Paper* when he was 15 years old, and moved to the art department of the advertising agency. Three years later he became a full-time cartoonist, with his work also appearing in magazines like *Bystander (magazine)*, *Home Chat*, *Sunday Companion*, *Tatler*, *The Sketch* and *The Windsor Magazine*. He also worked for a while for the *Daily Mail*. Bradshaw so closely resembled the Prime Minister, Asquith, that people would doff their hats to him when he went for walks in the park.

Bradshaw married Mabel Alice Bennett (6 January 1881  17 February 1966) , the daughter of the late Edmund Hellyer Bennett (1841–1883) and Mary Anne Gardner (1841–1904), at St Peter's Church in Brockley, Lewisham on 27 July 1910. The wedding was choral, and 160 guests attended the reception at St. Peter's Hall. Among the wedding gifts was a grand piano (from the bride's sister). The couple left for a honeymoon in Switzerland. By 1911 the census shows the newly-weds living at 37 Dacres Road, Forest Hill, London, where they were to remain their entire lives.

The couple had one child, Denise M.

## The Press Art School

He also wrote articles on drawing, appearing in the *Daily Graphic* and in *The Boy's Own Paper*, where his series *Black and White Drawing as a Profession* was so successful that he decided to create his own art correspondence course, the Press Art School, in 1905. He remained principal of the school for more than 50 years, first from his home, later from Tudor Hall in Forest Hill, London.

The school was quite well regarded. Not the least of the advantages that Bradshaw's school offered was that Bradshaw not only offered training, but also introduced the work of his pupils to those editors he considered most likely to use of the sketches. Thus Bradshaw helped Leo Cheyney to sell drawings to *The Boys' Own Paper*, *Bystander* and other publications.

Bradshaw though that the outbreak of the First World War doomed his school, but clever advertising turned the War to his advantage, swelling the ranks of his students. He enrolled over 1,100 new pupils by the end of 1914, over 1,500 in 1915, and averaged over 3,000 enrollments a year for the 1916–1918. By 1918 he had 22 full-time assistants and the GPO needed a special van to deliver his mail. Bradshaw once remarked that *The only difficulty I had was keeping going between wars.*

## Later life

During the First World War, Bradshaw was a special constable; during the second, he worked as a firewatcher. After the first war, he created hundreds of illustrated postcards for specialized companies like Raphael Tuck & Sons, worked again for an advertising agency, and for Sun Enravings from Watford. During the Second World War, he wrote articles about cartoonists for the *London Opinion*, and published humorous poetry.

Bradshaw was a member of the London Sketch Club and in 1958 wrote the history of the Savage Club where he was a committee member. He died in on 13 October 1965 at Hither Green Hospital, Lewisham in London. His estate was valued at £25,000. Mabel Alice survived him by less than six months, dying at Levisham Hospital, London on 17 February 1966. Her estate was valued at £26,543.

## *The Art of the Illustrator*

*The Art of the Illustrator* was probably Bradshaw's most important work. It consisted of a series of portfolios based on twenty leading illustrators. Bradshaw commissioned each of them for a special illustration. Each artist was free to choose the subject, so long as the illustration was representative of the artist's normal technique and that five preliminary stages in its composition should be shown. It is not absolutely clear when the portfolios were published. The Jisc catalogue shows them being issued from 1900 to 1920. However, notices from the press show them as *just issued* in June 1917.. *The Graphic* noted that twelve of the portfolios had already been published by mid-June 1917. Therefore, the dates should probably be 1917–1918. Some of the illustrations are dated 1915 and one may even be dated 1914. This makes sense as some illustrators were bound to take longer to complete their commissions and it took Bradshaw, who was dealing with a huge surge in enrolments, time to write the descriptions.

The portfolios were not cheap, for what they were: a set of six plates and less than thirty pages of text. A review in *The Connoisseur: An Illustrated Magazine for Collectors* in August 1918 gives the cost of the set of twenty portfolios as £7. 7s. (seven guineas) or £8. 8s. (eight guineas) if purchased in monthly instalments. A single portfolio on its own cost 10s 6d. (half a guinea).

Each of the twenty portfolios dealt with the personality and working methods of a leading illustrator with:

1. a biography of the illustrator
2. an illustration or photograph of the illustrator at work in their studio
3. an explanation by the illustrator describing what they have done in each stage of the preparation of the illustration
4. a plate showing an illustration typical of their work
5. five other plates showing the work at five earlier stages of its production, from the first pencil rough to the just before the finished drawing or colour sketch.

Six of the illustrators worked in watercolour, five in pen and ink, two in wash-painting, and one in body-colour. The subjects of the portfolios, and they were:

## Other books by Bradshaw

As with *The Art of the Illustrator* most of Bradshaw's other writing was either didactic, helping art students to learn new techniques and so on, or biographic, such as his *Nice People to Know* or the history of the Savage Club.

Books and similar publications by Bradshaw
| No. | Year | Title | Other authors/Illustrators | Publisher | Pages | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1913 | Art training by nature's methods: preparatory course of instruction |  | Press Art School, London | 24 p., ill., 29 cm |  |
| 2 | 1919 | Advanced Course of Instruction |  | Press Art School, London |  |  |
| 3 | 1925 | Art in advertising: a study of British and American pictorial publicity |  | Press Art School, London | xvi, 496 p., ill. (part col.), 32 x 25 cm. |  |
| 4 | 1929 | Water Colour Painting |  | Press Art School, London | 6 parts, (4º) |  |
| 5 | 1936 | Fashion Drawing & Designing. \[By various authors.\] | Julia Cairns, Grace Cox Ife, Florence E. Ricketts | Press Art School, London | 6 parts, (4º) |  |
| 6 | 1941 | I wish I could draw: a system of art teaching by natural methods |  | The Studio, London | 96 p : ill. (part mounted) diagrs, 26 cm. |  |
| 7 | 1942 | They make us smile |  | Chapman & Hall ltd, London | 112 p : ill, 19 cm. |  |
| 8 | 1943 | Marching On | Bert Thomas | W. H. Allen & Co, London | 127 p., (8º) |  |
| 9 | 1943 | Drawn from memory: adventures in the arts |  | Chapman & Hall, London | vii, 255, 1 p., 24 pl., ill., 22 cm. |  |
| 10 | 1944 | Nice People to know. |  | Chapman & Hall, London | xi, 201 p., (8º) |  |
| 11 | 1945 | I Wish I Could Paint | Ernest W. Haslehust | The Studio, London | 96 p., (4º) |  |
| 12 | 1946 | Line of Laughter |  | W. H. Allen & Co, London | 140 p., (8º) |  |
| 13 | 1946 | Seen in perspective, 1895–1945: a panorama of fifty years |  | Chapman & Hall ltd, London | 219 p., ill., 23 cm. |  |
| 14 | 1949 | The magic of line: a study of drawing through the ages |  | Studio Publications, London | 112 p., ill., 26 cm. |  |
| 15 | 1949 | Come Sketching | Sir Frank Brangwyn, Sir W. Russell Flint, Sydney R. Jones, Francis Marshall, Bertram Nichols, Fred Taylor, Charles Tunnicliffe, and Norman Wilkinson | Studio Publications, London | 96 p., (4º) |  |
| 16 | 1952 | Water-colour: a truly English art |  | Studio Publications, London | 127 p., ill., 30 cm. |  |
| 17 | 1956 | Sketching & Painting indoors. \[With illustrations.\] | Rowland Hilder | Studio Publications, London | 96 p., (8º) |  |
| 18 | 1958 | Brother savages and guests': a history of the Savage Club 1857-1957 |  | W.H. Allen, London | xiii, 162 p., 10 pl., 26 cm. |  |

## Faculty

Faculty (consulting staff) of the Press Art School included

## Alumni

Students of the Press Art School included

1. London Metropolitan Archives (2010). "Admission and Discharge Register for Boys: Ivydale Road School, Southwark. Reference: LCC/EO/DIV07/IVY/AD/001". *Admission and Discharge Register for Boys*. Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com.
2. Bryant, Mark (2018). "Bradshaw, Percy Venner". *The Dictionary of 20th-century British Cartoonists and Caricaturists*. London: Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-315-20279-2. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
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4. National Archives (29 September 1939). *1939 Register; Reference: RG 101/401A: E.D. AORT*. Kew: National Archives.
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8. "Marriages". *Kentish Mercury* (Friday 12 August 1910): 5. 12 August 1910. Retrieved 22 August 2020  via The British Newspaper Archive.
9. "Small ad: Art: The Press Art School". *The Daily News* (Saturday 25 February 1905): 2. 25 February 1905. Retrieved 22 August 2020  via The British Newspaper Archive.
10. "The Last Page". *Pearson's Weekly* (Thursday 06 January 1910): 24. 6 January 1910. Retrieved 22 August 2020  via The British Newspaper Archive.
11. "Books of the day". *Illustrated London News* (Saturday 23 October 1943): 23. 23 October 1943. Retrieved 22 August 2020  via The British Newspaper Archive.
12. "Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Bradshaw and the year of death 1966". *Find a Will Service*. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
13. Bradshaw, Percy Venner (1933). *The Art of the Illustrator: 20 individual portfolios, published from 1915 to 1918*. London: Press Art Scjpp.
14. "Libraries on Discover: Contributing libraries list". *Library Hub Discover*. 25 July 2020. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
15. "About Library Hub Discover". *Library Hub Discover*. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
16. "New Notes of the Week from Far and Near". *The Sphere* (Saturday 02 June 1917): 24. 2 June 1917. Retrieved 12 August 2020  via The British Newspaper Archive.
17. "The education of the illustrator". *The Graphic* (Saturday 09 June 1917): 28. 9 June 1917. Retrieved 12 August 2020  via The British Newspaper Archive.
18. "The Connisseur Bookself". *The Connoisseur: An Illustrated Magazine for Collectors*. **51** (204): 223. 1 August 1918. Retrieved 12 August 2020  via The Internet Archive.
19. "How a *Graphic* artist works". *The Graphic* (Saturday 17 August 1918): 23. 17 August 1918. Retrieved 20 August 2020  via The British Newspaper Archive.
20. "H M Bateman: H. M. Bateman and His Work: The Art of the Illustrator (Limited Edition Prints)". *Illustration Art Gallery with The Book Palace*. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
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23. "William Russell Flint: William Russell Flint and His Work: The Art of the Illustrator (Limited Edition Prints)". *Illustration Art Gallery with The Book Palace*. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
24. "Dudley Hardy: Dudley Hardy and His Work: The Art of the Illustrator (Limited Edition Prints)". *Illustration Art Gallery with The Book Palace*. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
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45. "Art in Advertising". *The Bystander* (Wednesday 14 October 1925): 92. 14 October 1925. Retrieved 22 August 2020  via The British Newspaper Archive.
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53. "William Freancis Marchall (1901-1980, UK)". *Lambiek Comiclopedia*. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
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56. "Fred Taylor (RI 1875-1963)". *Travelling Art Gallery*. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
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## InfoBox

| Percy Venner Bradshaw | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1877-11-27)27 November 1877<br>London, England |
| Died | 13 October 1965(1965-10-13) (aged 87)<br>London, England |
| Occupations | * Illustrator * cartoonist * teacher of illustration |
| Years active | 1892–1958 |
| Notable work | *The Art of the Illustrator* |


title: Fran Papasedero

abstract: Fran Papasedero was an Arena football player and coach. Papasedero coached the Arena Football League's Orlando Predators in the 2002 and 2003 seasons, having been appointed to replace Jay Gruden who wanted to resume his playing career at quarterback for the Predators. He had a 19–11 record and was 3–2 in the playoffs. Following the team's playoff defeat in June 2003, he died in an alcohol-related car accident. Prior to his coaching career, he played for the Albany Firebirds (1993), Massachusetts Marauders (1994), St. Louis Stampede (1995–1996), and Nashville Kats (1997).

text:
# Fran Papasedero

**Fran Papasedero** (March 21, 1969 – June 19, 2003) was an Arena football player and coach. Papasedero coached the Arena Football League's Orlando Predators in the 2002 and 2003 seasons, having been appointed to replace Jay Gruden who wanted to resume his playing career at quarterback for the Predators. He had a 19–11 record and was 3–2 in the playoffs. Following the team's playoff defeat in June 2003, he died in an alcohol-related car accident.

Prior to his coaching career, he played for the Albany Firebirds (1993), Massachusetts Marauders (1994), St. Louis Stampede (1995–1996), and Nashville Kats (1997).

## InfoBox

Fran Papasedero
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 74 | |
| Position: | Offensive linemen / defensive linemen |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1969-03-21)March 21, 1969<br>Boston, Massachusetts |
| Died: | June 19, 2003(2003-06-19) (aged 34) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Springfield |
| Career history | |
| As a player: | |
|  | |
| As a coach: | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career Arena statistics | |
| Receptions: 9  Yards: 56  Touchdowns: 2  Tackles: 82  Sacks: 10.5 | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Regular season: | 19–11 (.633) |
| Postseason: | 3–2 (.600) |
| Career: | 22–13 (.629) |
|  | |
| Player stats at **ArenaFan.com** | |
|  | |


title: Fourth Partition (film)

abstract: The Fourth Partition is a documentary film about the history of Poles in Chicago and the United States. Its focus is on the first wave of over 4,000,000 Poles who migrated from Poland between 1870 and 1920. This film was produced in 2013 by Amerykafilm LLC.,. The world premiere was on November 8, 2013 as part of the 25th Polish Film Festival in America (Chicago), where the film received the "Discovering Eye Award". It was also awarded with "Best Documentary Debut" at the 20th Polish Film Festival in Ann Arbor (Michigan). The film won the popular award at the 3rd Annual Polish Film festival in Vancouver, Ca. (2014). Adrian Prawica was awarded the Waclaw Lednicki Humanities Award from the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences in America (2014), and the Creative Arts Prize from the Polish American Historical Association (2015).

text:
# Fourth Partition (film)

***The Fourth Partition*** is a documentary film about the history of Poles in Chicago and the United States. Its focus is on the first wave of over 4,000,000 Poles who migrated from Poland between 1870 and 1920. This film was produced in 2013 by Amerykafilm LLC., (Adrian Prawica – Director and Editor, Rafał Muskała – Associate Producer, Mirek Miyo Mardosz, Andrzej Krzeptowski-Bohac, Jeton Murtishi, Sławomir Bielawiec, and Jan Zienko – music).

The world premiere was on November 8, 2013 as part of the 25th Polish Film Festival in America (Chicago), where the film received the "Discovering Eye Award". It was also awarded with "Best Documentary Debut" at the 20th Polish Film Festival in Ann Arbor (Michigan). The film won the popular award at the 3rd Annual Polish Film festival in Vancouver, Ca. (2014). Adrian Prawica was awarded the Waclaw Lednicki Humanities Award from the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences in America (2014), and the Creative Arts Prize from the Polish American Historical Association (2015).

## Synopsis

At the dawn of the 20th century, Chicago was the second largest city in the United States with over 2,000,000 residents. It was also the center of Polish culture and political activism in America. With Poland partitioned between Russia, the Habsburg monarchy, and Prussia, over 4,000,000 Poles immigrated to the United States between 1870 and 1920 in search of a better life. In Chicago, they worked in some of the most dangerous factories and mills in the United States. In their neighborhoods, they built communities, churches, and most of all, aided their beloved Poland in her fight for independence. Their story is known as the "Fourth Partition".

Donald Pienkos, James Pula, and Dominic Pacyga discuss places and events from the early 20th century that had historical significance in Polish-American History. They provide a picture of struggling immigrants who didn’t speak the English language, or were aware of the reality in the "New World". They were hired in steel mills and packing houses to do some of the most difficult and often lowest paying manual labor. Historians discuss neighborhoods where Poles lived, built churches, and created their communities. Poles not only named their neighborhoods after Polish parishes (Stanislawowo, Trójcowo, Helenowo) and tried to keep their culture, but also aided Poland in its fight for independence.

The film’s creators present economical and historical reasons for the Polish migration to the United States. The film starts in 1608, at the Jamestown colony, when the first Poles arrive. From there, it talks about the first large Polish settlement in Panna Maria, Texas, and Chicago, as the center for Polish culture in America.

Historians and Polish journalists debate about social and political strengths of Polish community in Chicago, which resulted not only as an active participation in local authorities, but also in fraternal organizations. Poles also created their military structure – "Blue Army" led by General Józef Haller.

## Production

The film was released in 2013 by Amerykafilm, LLC., and was produced by Adrian Prawica & Rafał Muskała. Mirek Mardosz, Andrzej Krzeptowski-Bohac, Jeton Murtishi, Jan Zienko and Sławomir Bielawiec composed the original music score.

## Awards

* 2013 – "Discovering Eye Award" 25th Annual Polish Film Festival in America, USA
* 2013 – "Best Debut" 20th Annual Polish Film Festival in Ann Arbor Michigan, USA
* 2014 – "Popular Award" 3rd Annual Vancouver Polish Film Festival, Canada
* 2014 - "The Waclaw Lednicki Humanities Award "Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences in America
* 2015 - "Creative Arts Prize" Polish American Historical Association


abstract: The Fourth Northern Division of the Irish Republican Army operated in an area covering parts of counties Louth, Armagh, Monaghan, and Down during the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. Frank Aiken was commander and Pádraig Quinn was the quartermaster general. John McCoy was Adjutant General for the division. After McCoy was shot and captured by British Crown forces in 1921, Seán F. Quinn, Pádraig's brother, took over the position. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the Fourth Northern Division was neutral and in control of the Dundalk military barracks after the British Army vacated it on 13 April 1922. Aiken was in Dublin with Richard Mulcahy, arguing against the Free State taking military action against a large anti-treaty IRA force which had taken over the Four Courts. Mulcahy ordered Aiken back to Dundalk. On 4 July, Aiken wrote to Mulcahy stating the Fourth Northern Division would stay neutral, called for an end to the fighting and for the removal of the Oath of Allegiance from the Treaty because "you have the simple national abhorrence of swearing allegiance to a foreign king and allowing part of the Nation to be ruled by people who have a sworn loyalty to that king." On 15 July, Aiken again met in Dublin with Mulcahy, arguing for peace. The following day Mulcahy's men came as friends to Dundalk and captured Aiken's barracks through a breach of faith, and Aiken and his officers and men were imprisoned in Dundalk jail. On 27 July, John McCoy led a small unit that attacked Dundalk, breached the prison wall with dynamite, and in fifteen minutes captured the garrison of 300 men and arms for 400. There no casualties during the jail break. A number of escaping divisional members were recaptured by Free State forces, including John McCoy of Mullaghbawn, who had been shot and captured by British Crown forces in 1921, and who had been a brigadier in the barracks before the Free State troops took command. On 23 April 1923, Aiken was elected chief-of-Staff of the IRA. An Army Council, composed of Aiken, Pilkington and Tom Barry, was named. Seán F. Quinn succeeded him as officer commanding the Fourth Northern Division. On 27 April, Aiken issued a Suspension of Offensives command that all offensive operations should be suspended from noon on 30 April. This marked the end of the civil war.

text:
# Fourth Northern Division of the Irish Republican Army

The **Fourth Northern Division of the Irish Republican Army** operated in an area covering parts of counties Louth, Armagh, Monaghan, and Down during the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. Frank Aiken was commander and Pádraig Quinn was the quartermaster general. John McCoy was Adjutant General for the division. After McCoy was shot and captured by British Crown forces in 1921, Seán F. Quinn, Pádraig's brother, took over the position.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, the Fourth Northern Division was neutral and in control of the Dundalk military barracks after the British Army vacated it on 13 April 1922. Aiken was in Dublin with Richard Mulcahy (Chief of Staff of the IRA until the split), arguing against the Free State taking military action against a large anti-treaty IRA force which had taken over the Four Courts. Mulcahy ordered Aiken back to Dundalk.

On 4 July, Aiken wrote to Mulcahy stating the Fourth Northern Division would stay neutral, called for an end to the fighting and for the removal of the Oath of Allegiance from the Treaty because "you have the simple national abhorrence of swearing allegiance to a foreign king and allowing part of the Nation to be ruled by people who have a sworn loyalty to that king."

On 15 July, Aiken again met in Dublin with Mulcahy, arguing for peace. The following day Mulcahy's men came as friends to Dundalk and captured Aiken's barracks through a breach of faith, and Aiken and his officers and men were imprisoned in Dundalk jail. On 27 July, John McCoy led a small unit that attacked Dundalk, breached the prison wall with dynamite, and in fifteen minutes captured the garrison of 300 men and arms for 400. There no casualties during the jail break. A number of escaping divisional members were recaptured by Free State forces, including John McCoy of Mullaghbawn, who had been shot and captured by British Crown forces in 1921, and who had been a brigadier in the barracks before the Free State troops took command.

On 23 April 1923, Aiken was elected chief-of-Staff of the IRA. An Army Council, composed of Aiken, Pilkington and Tom Barry, was named. Seán F. Quinn succeeded him as officer commanding the Fourth Northern Division. On 27 April, Aiken issued a *Suspension of Offensives* command that all offensive operations should be suspended from noon on 30 April. This marked the end of the civil war.

## Footnotes

1. Eoin Neeson. *The Civil War in Ireland*, 1st edition (1966), p. 213, Mercier Press.
* *The Singing Flame*, Ernie O'Malley, 1978, Anvil Books LTD (ISBN 0-947962-32-8)
* *Irish Republic*, Dorothy Macardle, 1965, Farrar Straus & Giroux (ISBN 0-374-17728-7)
* *Dundalk Democrat*, July 29, 1922 "Dundalk sensation: Jail bombed and prisoners released"


title: People of the City

abstract: People of the City is the debut novel of Cyprian Ekwensi first published in 1954 by Andrew Dakers Ltd. The novel was a predecessor to a number of other city novels in the Nigerian tradition.

text:
# People of the City

***People of the City*** is the debut novel of Cyprian Ekwensi first published in 1954 by Andrew Dakers Ltd. The novel was a predecessor to a number of other city novels in the Nigerian tradition.

## Development

Ekwensi began writing the novel while studying pharmacy on scholarship at the University of London. The novel, originated as a series of stories broadcast on the radio, for West Africans living in Britain after World War II.

Critic Chidi Okonkwo, says that the primary influences for Ekwenksi when developing the novel and his writing style, included "Westerns, detective thrillers, oriental tales like Arabian Nights", "European-hero-in-Africa" tales, like those of H. Rider Haggard, adventure tales like Robert Louis Stevenson's, and Indian films." Okonkwo describes these influences as obscuring Ekwensi's earlier experience translating African indigenous stories into English.

## Style

The novel has a didactic tone.

## Themes

The novel challenges European colonial dominance in Africa.

## Literary criticism

Early reception of the novel was generally positive, focusing on the urban setting.


title: Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School

abstract: The Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School (PALCS) is a public cyber charter school approved by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, and open to all students in grades K–12 who reside in the state of Pennsylvania.

text:
# Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School

The **Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School** (PALCS) is a public cyber charter school approved by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, and open to all students in grades K–12 (ages 5–21) who reside in the state of Pennsylvania.

## Overview

As a cyber school, PA Leadership provides educational content over the Internet. As a Pennsylvania public charter school, any student residing in Pennsylvania can choose to enroll in the school. After a registration and orientation process students receive a laptop computer, 3-in-1 printer-scanner-copier, headset-microphone, textbooks, learning kits and online resources.

## School

### Schedule

PALCS follows a standard school year of 180 days. They have a similar school calendar to a typical brick and mortar, i.e. winter break, spring break, and in-service days. In order to track attendance, students are required to log in to the school's platform, PALCSchool, every school day. Students are not required to log in at any specific time or for any amount of time unless a live class session is scheduled. Families are recommended to set a schedule and actively engage in school work for roughly five to seven hours a day. The flexible structure gives student the ability to participate in extracurricular activities such as traveling, sports, acting or dancing.

PALCSchool is a custom built learning platform with integrations to various online learning and communication systems. Through PALCSchool, students are connected to Canvas, a learning management system, where assignments are posted with deadlines that are typically one week after the assignment is posted by the teacher. Students have access to their assignments 24/7 and can work from any Internet-connected computer.

### Elementary school

PALCS Elementary School, catering to students in grades K-5, provides students with four core classes and multiple electives. Students are required to attend 2–3 virtual lessons a week, each lesson lasts 30–45 minutes. These lessons are at the same time each week.

### Middle school

PALCS Middle School, catering to students in grades 6–8, provides students with four core classes and multiple electives. Attendance for virtual lessons is worth 10% of the grade but is not required. Students are required to take either Personal Fitness, History of Team Sports, or Health. 8th-grade students are required to take Health regardless of any previous classes.

### High school

PALCS High School, with students in grades 9–12, provides students with at least four core classes of varying rank (Academic, College Prep, Honors, AP), and over 95 electives. PALCS High School students are required to either attend the virtual lessons during the course of a week or watch the recording. PALCS courses are NCAA approved for students looking to continue with athletics in their college career.

### Standardized testing

PALCS Students are required to take PSSAs or Keystone Exams during their school career. PALCS provides testing centers statewide that students attend.

## Additional programs

PA Leadership Charter School offers additional programs to currently enrolled students and families. Some of these programs may require an additional application or audition.

### University Scholars Program

The University Scholars Program is an honors program which offers a specialized gifted education curriculum for advanced and motivated learners in grades 6–12. Students interested in this program must show excellence in academics. Students can attend online and on-site in West Chester, PA. Applications and interviews are assessed a year in advance.

### Center for Performing and Fine Arts

The Center for Performing and Fine Arts offers an advanced program to students in grades 6-12 in four disciplines: theater, fine art, music, and dance. Students can attend online or at the Center for Performing and Fine Arts in West Chester, PA. Applications and auditions are assessed a year in advance.

### School for Professional Studies

The School of Professional Studies allows students in grades 9–12 to select a career specialization, complete electives relevant to their specialization and earn a certificate upon graduation. Students can choose from over 15 tracks to help them prepare for college and the workplace. Certificates cover a wide range of topics from arts and humanities to science and technology.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| West Chester office | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1332 Enterprise Drive
West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
United States | |
| Coordinates | 39°59′18″N 75°33′24″W / 39.9884°N 75.5566°W / 39.9884; -75.5566 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public, Cyber charter school |
| Opened | September 13, 2004 (2004-09-13) |
| Founder | James Hanak |
| Status | Open |
| Staff | 254 |
| Faculty | 143 |
| Grades | K–12 |
| Enrollment | 2927  (October 1, 2018) |
| Classes offered | 236 |
| Color(s) | Blue and gold |
| Mascot | Eagle |
| Nickname | PALCS |
| Website | www.palcs.org |


title: Fourth Lake (Vancouver Island)

abstract: Fourth Lake is a lake located on Vancouver Island at the expansion of Sadie Creek south of the Nanaimo River. It is one of the Nanaimo Lakes.

text:
# Fourth Lake (Vancouver Island)

**Fourth Lake** is a lake located on Vancouver Island at the expansion of Sadie Creek south of the Nanaimo River. It is one of the Nanaimo Lakes.

## InfoBox

| Fourth Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Fourth Lake | |
| Location | Vancouver Island, British Columbia |
| Coordinates | 49°04′00″N 124°25′00″W / 49.06667°N 124.41667°W / 49.06667; -124.41667 |
| Lake type | Natural lake |
| Basin countries | Canada |