title: Wireless Set Number 10

abstract: The British Army's Wireless Set, Number 10, was the world's first multi-channel microwave relay telephone system. It transmitted eight full-duplex (two-way) telephone channels between two stations limited only by the line-of-sight, often on the order of 25 to 50 miles. The stations were mounted in highly mobile trailers and were set up simply by aiming the two parabolic antennas on the roof at the next station. The system could be extended into a relay by connecting trailers together, or using existing landlines to connect separated trailers. The basic concept became possible with the introduction of two key technologies in 1940: the cavity magnetron, which produced microwave signals with reasonable efficiency; and pulse-code modulation (PCM), which offered a simple way to encode the signals on a magnetron. As the available bandwidth was high, eight channels were combined into a single link using time-division multiplexing. Early experiments with single-duplex (one-way) systems were carried out in 1941 and 1942 which demonstrated the basic concept. By that point, improvements in electronics allowed for a full-duplex system. Testing of a long-range system began in 1942 and overwater tests followed. The system was ready for service in 1944, and military-quality sets were available for D-Day operations. The range was enough that it was used to provide secure communications from the D-Day beaches back to England across the English Channel, and the network was eventually extended into Germany. Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery would later note: By using a chain of No. 10 Set Stations, I was able to maintain my tactical HQ as far forward as I did and still have contact with London. The value of being able to retain personal contact over my Armies in these circumstances cannot be overestimated.

text:
# Wireless Set Number 10

The British Army's **Wireless Set, Number 10**, was the world's first multi-channel microwave relay telephone system. It transmitted eight full-duplex (two-way) telephone channels between two stations limited only by the line-of-sight, often on the order of 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80 km). The stations were mounted in highly mobile trailers and were set up simply by aiming the two parabolic antennas on the roof at the next station. The system could be extended into a relay by connecting trailers together, or using existing landlines to connect separated trailers.

The basic concept became possible with the introduction of two key technologies in 1940: the cavity magnetron, which produced microwave signals with reasonable efficiency; and pulse-code modulation (PCM), which offered a simple way to encode the signals on a magnetron. As the available bandwidth was high, eight channels were combined into a single link using time-division multiplexing.

Early experiments with single-duplex (one-way) systems were carried out in 1941 and 1942 which demonstrated the basic concept. By that point, improvements in electronics allowed for a full-duplex system. Testing of a long-range system began in 1942 and overwater tests followed. The system was ready for service in 1944, and military-quality sets were available for D-Day operations. The range was enough that it was used to provide secure communications from the D-Day beaches back to England across the English Channel, and the network was eventually extended into Germany. Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery would later note:

> By using a chain of No. 10 Set Stations, I was able to maintain my tactical HQ as far forward as I did and still have contact with London. The value of being able to retain personal contact over my Armies in these circumstances cannot be overestimated.

## Description

### Radiotelephony

There had been many systems for transmitting telephone conversations over radio before World War II, but they all suffered from a series of similar problems.

The first was that in order to gain long-range transmission, these systems had to work at relatively low frequencies in the kilohertz range or somewhat higher longwave frequencies that could take advantage of the ionosphere to "skip" their signals. A radio antenna has to be within about an order of magnitude of the wavelength in order to be efficient, and in practice, is often sized to exactly 12 the wavelength to form a half-wave dipole. Thus, these systems used very large antennas.

Another related radio physics effect is the *directivity* of the antenna, its ability to form the signal into a beam. This is related to optical resolution, which is improved with increasing antenna sizes, and decreased with increasing wavelength. The relatively long wavelengths of the signals made focussing difficult without resorting to enormous antenna arrays, and in many cases such signals were broadcast omni- or semi-directionally instead. This meant the signals could be received by ground stations other than the intended one, sometimes thousands of miles away, leading to interference. For secure military communications, such a system had obvious drawbacks.

Finally, the amount of information that can be carried by a radio signal is a function of its bandwidth. A telephone conversation might make do with a bandwidth as small as 4 kHz, but at 150 kHz this represents a fairly large fractional bandwidth. Depending on the antenna and receiver design, the spread of frequencies that can be efficiently received may limit the link to one or two conversations.

All of these problems are reduced by moving to shorter wavelengths. There was considerable experimentation in the immediate pre-war era with newer vacuum tubes that could operate in the very-high frequency (VHF) band. AT&T led a number of these efforts, including a system operating at 150 MHz. This allowed the signal to be more tightly focused, and the increased bandwidth allowed a dozen lines to be carried on the signal using the same equipment used to multiplex calls into the existing landline network. Even at this early time, Bell Labs noted that the system would be much more effective in centimetre wavelengths, and produced an illustration of a system using horn antennas that could carry hundreds of calls. Further experiments were curtailed by the start of the war.

Higher frequency systems had been experimented with, but were significantly limited by the low power of the microwave tubes of the era. A experimental 1931 system across the English Channel produced only 0.5 W of output, and was not used commercially. A commercial system followed in 1935, but while the 300 MHz frequency were considered microwaves at the time, today these would be known as UHF. Several similar experiments were also carried out in Germany, primarily by Telefunken, but they were stymied by low power levels and their multi-channel system was never successfully developed. By the end of World War II they had built out a network, eventually reaching 70,000 kilometres (43,000 mi), using single-channel links and very tall antennas.

### Microwave development

As part of the development of radar, the early years of World War II produced rapid development of microwave-frequency electronics and techniques. One of the key advances was the introduction of the cavity magnetron in 1940.

One of the reasons for the intense interest in microwaves was the issue of antenna size; in the VHF region, radar antennas were on the order of metres long, which made them difficult to use on night fighters. In contrast, the magnetron produced wavelengths of 9 cm, with antennas half that length. This meant they could easily fit within the nose area of a night fighter. A simple half-wave dipole has little directivity, but once again the short wavelengths helped as a suitable focusing arrangement using a parabolic dish about a metre wide reduced the beam width to about 5 degrees. This made the system dramatically more useful; not only was the radio energy focussed into a small area and thus produced far stronger reflections, but those reflections could also be accurately located in space by moving the reflector to point at the target.

The magnetron's potential in communications was understood from the start, but in this role, it had a significant problem. In most radio systems of the era, the audio signal and the radio frequency carrier signal are generated separately and then mixed to produce an amplitude modulated signal that is then amplified for transmission. This requires an amplifier that can produce a range of output frequencies, at least as great as the bandwidth of the audio signal. The magnetron does not allow this; it produces a single frequency that is dependent on its physical construction, defined by the number and size of holes drilled into it. There is no way to modulate the output using a separate signal.

### PCM

In 1937, English engineer Alec Reeves was working at the Paris laboratories of IT&T when he came up with the idea of pulse-code modulation (PCM). In this concept, the analogue waveform is reconstructed from a series of pulses whose width defines the amplitude at that instant. A series of such pulses are sent into a filter to recreate the original analogue signal. When the German forces invaded France in May 1940, Reeves returned to England.

He arrived just as the General Electric Company (GEC) was delivering the first production magnetrons. PCM was almost perfectly matched for transmission using a magnetron. While the magnetron could not be smoothly modulated in amplitude or frequency, it could be turned on and off very rapidly; it is this quality that makes it useful for radar where short pulses are desirable. To carry communications, the original audio signal was sent into a PCM encoder whose pulsed output was then amplified and used as the power supply to the magnetron. The result was a series of microwave pulses representing the audio signal. On reception, the chain of pulses is sent into a circuit that averages the total energy received, reproducing the audio for output.

As the pulses were quite short compared to the 9 kHz sampling time, much of the signal was empty. This could be easily taken advantage of by using another PCM encoder and delaying its pulses slightly so that its signals were sent after the first. This solved the problem of multiplexing multiple signals into a single connection. Previously, telephone systems accomplished this with frequency division multiplexing, shifting each of the channels by a different carrier frequency so they could all be broadcast at the same time in the same way that many radio stations can share the airwaves on different "channels". As the magnetron could not change its frequency, which is based on its physical construction, this technique would not work. With PCM, the signals were spread out in time instead of frequency. This makes the Number 10 the world's first time-division multiplexing (TDM) system.

The first conceptual design, introduced in 1941, was for a single channel half-duplex system. This would operate like a conventional radio set, where users at either end of a connection have to take turns speaking as they share a single channel. As development continued, accurate filters able to cleanly separate two closely spaced microwave frequencies were developed. This led to a new version that used separate frequencies for the upstream and downstream directions, allowing full-duplex operation, albeit with the small downside that two magnetrons and antennas were required. This was not a difficult change; the recently introduced GL Mk. III radar also used separate dishes for transmission and reception and was easily adapted to the new role.

### Into service

The first experimental sets arrived in July 1942 and were used on a two-stage link between Horsham and 64 Baker Street in London. Overwater testing followed between Ventnor on the Isle of Wight and Beachy Head on the south coast. A production order was sent in early 1944.

The first operational use occurred shortly after D-Day when the transceiver at Beachy Head was moved to Cherbourg. As the Allies advanced into Europe, repeaters were created up by connecting two No. 10 trailers back-to-back with conventional telephone wiring, allowing messages to be relayed over longer distances. Where long-distance landlines were available, these were used to extend the connections between stations.

The result was a network of landlines and No. 10 sets that eventually stretched from Germany back to London. In April and May 1945, a network of seven repeaters linked 21st Army Group with its various field headquarters. The sets were extremely successful. In the entirety of the war, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's headquarters lost a direct line to London for a total of one hour.

In post-war debriefings, German radio engineers boasted that they were able to gather British signals with ease. Careful examination of these claims revealed that No. 10 communications had not only never been intercepted, but that the Germans were entirely unaware of its existence.

### Post-war

During the late-war period, the klystron tube had also improved to become a useful system. In contrast to the magnetron, the klystron is a true amplifier, accepting a low-power input signal across a range of frequencies and then outputting it at much higher power. This allowed communications systems to be constructed using frequency division multiplexing. As this was already widely used in telephony with coaxial cable connections, Bell Labs selected this solution for their TD-2 network that was built across the United States during the early 1950s and in many other countries during the later 1950s.

In contrast, PCM was used mostly in military roles before being picked up for civilian uses. Among its most enthusiastic users was the General Post Office, which at that time ran the long distance calling services in the UK. They introduced a series of PCM-based systems that allowed long-distance links to be much further apart as they could cleanly rebuild the original series of pulses even with very low signal levels. This allowed for much higher quality long-distance calling. In 1968 the company opened the first all-PCM digital exchange, with no analog signals until they reached the customer's local exchange.

## Technical description

The complexity of the system was mostly related to the PCM encoding. The system was based on a master clock signal in the form of a sine wave at 9 kHz. The sine wave was processed in a series of tubes to produce a sawtooth wave, which was then gated by the audio signal. When the voltage of the sawtooth was above the voltage of the audio signal, an output pulse was produced – the higher the voltage of the audio signal, the smaller the width of the sawtooth above that level, and the shorter the pulse. The final output was a train of pulses at the 9 kHz reference frequency, the width of each pulse being inversely proportional to the audio signal voltage.

The system as a whole had eight of these samplers, referred to as *separators*. Each one output a pulse of up to 3.5 μs. A fixed delay was added in each sampler, such that channel 2's pulse was output about 5 μs after the one from channel 1. This resulted in a chain of pulses over one complete cycle of the master clock. A separate sync pulse of 20 μs was added in front of channel 1 to allow clock recovery. The pulse chain from the separators is amplified and sent to the transmission magnetron which produces pulses of microwave signal.

Reception is much easier. The microwave signal is received and converted back to the original low-frequency signal using by a superheterodyne tuner. The clock is extracted from the sync signal and each channel is separated out by sampling at fixed times relative to the sync. The separated pulses are fed into low-pass filters that directly produce the original audible signal.

The rest of the system is relatively simple. The magnetron output is sent to a dipole antenna in front of a 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) diameter parabolic reflector. A second reflector antenna was positioned beside the first for reception. The original Mark I units sent signals upstream on 4550 or 4760 MHz, while the receiver was sensitive to the entire range between 4410 and 4888 MHz. The Mark II units shifted this to 4480 and 4840 MHz. The output of the transmitters was typically between 100 and 400 mW.

Range was normally on the order of 20 miles (32 km), but sometimes "well over" 50 miles (80 km). Normally, only seven of the eight telephone channels would be used, leaving one free for the operators at the station to use, or as a backup if one of the others failed.

The system was mounted in a relatively small four-wheel trailer with the antennas on a turntable on top. It could be powered by any mains supply from 100 to 250 volts. The Mark I units could also self-power using two Onan 3 kVA generators mounted on one end of the trailer, while the Mark II used a single PE 95 10 kVA generator with another Onan generator for backup.

### Citations

1. Cambrook 2000.
2. SDRE 2002.
3. Dickieson 1967.
4. "Antenna Fundamentals" (PDF). *United States Naval Academy*. Low frequencies imply long wavelengths, hence low frequency antennas are very large.
5. Sundararajan, D. (4 March 2009). *A Practical Approach to Signals and Systems*. John Wiley & Sons. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-470-82354-5.
6. Free, E.E. (August 1931). "Searchlight radio with the new 7 inch waves" (PDF). *Radio News*. Vol. 8, no. 2. New York: Radio Science Publications. pp. 107–109. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
7. "Microwaves span the English Channel" (PDF). *Short Wave Craft*. Vol. 6, no. 5. New York: Popular Book Co. September 1935. pp. 262, 310. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
8. Prichard, David (1989). *The Radar War: Germany's Pioneering Achievement, 1904-45*. Patrick Stephens. pp. 60–61.
9. Marsh 2018.
10. Lovell 1991, p. 39.
11. Wolff, Christian. "Magnetron". *Radar Tutorial*.
12. "How pulse-code modulation helped win the war and create CDs". *The Telegraph*. 30 December 2016.
13. WW 1945b, p. 384.
14. IWM.
15. PCM 2016.
16. Butement 1946, p. 187.
17. Butement 1946, pp. 188–189.
18. Butement 1946, p. 189.
19. Butement 1946, p. 190.
20. WW 1945a, p. 362.
21. WW 1945b, p. 383.

### Bibliography


title: Hank Erickson

abstract: Henry Nels Erickson was an American professional baseball catcher. Erickson spent seven seasons in professional baseball, one of which was in Major League Baseball with the Cincinnati Reds. Over his major league career, Erickson batted.261 with nine runs, 23 hits, three doubles, two triples, one home run, and four runs batted in (RBIs) in 37 games. His only season in the majors was cut short because of injuries he suffered in an automobile accident. In six minor league seasons, Erickson batted.265 with 333 hits, 49 doubles, 20 triples, and five home runs in 402 games. He played for three teams in the minors; the Double-A Louisville Colonels of the American Association, the Double-A Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League, and the Class-A Waterloo Reds of the Western League. During his career, Erickson had the nickname "Popeye".

text:
# Hank Erickson

**Henry Nels Erickson** (November 11, 1907 – December 13, 1964) was an American professional baseball catcher. Erickson spent seven seasons in professional baseball, one of which was in Major League Baseball with the Cincinnati Reds. Over his major league career, Erickson batted .261 with nine runs, 23 hits, three doubles, two triples, one home run, and four runs batted in (RBIs) in 37 games. His only season in the majors was cut short because of injuries he suffered in an automobile accident.

In six minor league seasons (1931–1934, 1936–1937), Erickson batted .265 with 333 hits, 49 doubles, 20 triples, and five home runs in 402 games. He played for three teams in the minors; the Double-A Louisville Colonels of the American Association, the Double-A Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League, and the Class-A Waterloo Reds of the Western League. During his career, Erickson had the nickname **"Popeye"**.

## Professional career

### Early career

Erickson began his professional career in 1931 with the Double-A Louisville Colonels. In eight games that season, Erickson batted .179 with five hits, and one triple. Erickson spent the next three seasons with the Colonels. In 1932, Erickson batted .301 with 71 hits, nine doubles, six triples, and one home run. The next season, 1933, Erickson batted .298 with 105 hits, 18 doubles, four triples, and two home runs in 105 games. Erickson spent his final season with the Colonels in 1934. During that season, he batted .264 with 57 hits, 10 doubles, five triples, two home runs. Erickson was sent to the Philadelphia Athletics that season, but was sent back before making an appearance.

### Cincinnati Reds

In 1935, Erickson was purchased by the Cincinnati Reds as a part of a rebuilding phase in the franchise. On April 18, after replacing injured catcher Ernie Lombardi in a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Erickson hit his first major league home run. During his time with the Reds, Erickson was given the nickname "Popeye" after the comic strip character. Erickson was involved in an automobile accident in September. He suffered a dislocated right hip, a broken left elbow, a skull fracture, a brain injury, and skull lacerations. Early into his hospital stay, Erickson slipped in and out of consciousness. He was unable to play for the remainder of the season. Injured catcher Ernie Lombardi had to take over the bulk of the catching duties while Erickson was out. Erickson played 37 games with the Reds and batted .261 with nine runs, 23 hits, three doubles, two triples, one home run, and four runs batted in (RBIs).

### Later career

Erickson spent the 1936 season with the Double-A Toronto Maple Leafs in the Cincinnati Reds organization. Erickson was sent down by the Reds to receive the bulk of the catching duties in the minors. He batted .216 with 44 hits, five doubles, and two triples in 73 games that season. On November 25, 1936, the Reds sold Erickson to the Rochester Red Wings. However, Erickson played the entire 1937 season with the Class-A Waterloo Reds. With Waterloo, Erickson batted .232 with 51 hits, seven doubles, and two triples in 66 games. 1937 would prove to be Erickson's final season in professional baseball.

## Personal

Erickson was born on November 11, 1907, in Chicago, Illinois. According to TheDeadBallEra.com, after his professional baseball career was over, Erickson worked as a stockroom manager in Louisville, Kentucky. He died on December 13, 1964, in Louisville. Erickson was buried at Glen Oak Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.

## InfoBox

| Hank Erickson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Catcher** | |
| **Born:** (1907-11-11)November 11, 1907
Chicago, Illinois | |
| **Died:** December 13, 1964(1964-12-13) (aged 57)
Louisville, Kentucky | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 17, 1935, for the Cincinnati Reds | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 2, 1935, for the Cincinnati Reds | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .261 |
| Home runs | 1 |
| Runs batted in | 4 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Peacock Township, Michigan

abstract: Peacock Township is a civil township of Lake County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 398 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Peacock Township, Michigan

**Peacock Township** is a civil township of Lake County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 398 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.8 square miles (93 km2), of which 34.8 square miles (90 km2) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) (2.63%) is water.

## Communities

* **Peacock** is an unincorporated community located northwest of the center of the township. The town hall is located in Peacock.
* **Wolf Lake** is an unincorporated community along the 44th parallel. It is east of a lake named the same name.

## History

Peacock was the name of a station on the Chicago and West Michigan Railroad (later known as the Pere Marquette Railway), 15 miles north of Baldwin. It was named for David J. Peacock, who became the first postmaster on April 15, 1897. The Peacock post office was discontinued in 1943.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 445 people, 220 households, and 144 families residing in the township. The population density was 12.8 per square mile (4.9/km2). There were 1,068 housing units at an average density of 30.7 per square mile (11.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 93.93% White, 0.22% African American, 0.90% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 3.37% from other races, and 1.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.82% of the population.

There were 220 households, out of which 10.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.40.

In the township the population was spread out, with 10.8% under the age of 18, 2.7% from 18 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 37.8% from 45 to 64, and 27.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.3 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $24,167, and the median income for a family was $29,688. Males had a median income of $30,313 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,638. About 15.6% of families and 16.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Peacock Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil township | |
| Location within Lake County | |
| Peacock TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganPeacock TownshipLocation within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 44°01′44″N 85°51′46″W / 44.02889°N 85.86278°W / 44.02889; -85.86278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Lake |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.8 sq mi (92.7 km2) |
| Land | 34.8 sq mi (90.2 km2) |
| Water | 0.9 sq mi (2.4 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,007 ft (307 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 398 |
| Density | 11/sq mi (4.3/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 49644 |
| Area code | 231 |
| FIPS code | 26-63120 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626887 |


title: John Dennis (1771–1806)

abstract: John Dennis was a Representative from Maryland. Dennis was born at his family home, Beverly, in Pocomoke City in the Province of Maryland, on December 17, 1771. He completed preparatory studies at Washington Academy, attended Yale College; studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1793 and commenced practice in Somerset County, Maryland. He later served two terms in the Maryland House of Delegates, before being elected as a Federalist to the United States House of Representatives, where he served from March 4, 1797 to March 3, 1805. During that time, Dennis was one of the House managers appointed in 1798 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against Senator William Blount of Tennessee. He was the father of John Dennis (1807–1859) and uncle of Littleton Purnell Dennis. Dennis died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground.

text:
# John Dennis (1771–1806)

**John Dennis** (December 17, 1771 – August 17, 1806) was a Representative from Maryland.

Dennis was born at his family home, Beverly, in Pocomoke City in the Province of Maryland, on December 17, 1771. He completed preparatory studies at Washington Academy, attended Yale College; studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1793 and commenced practice in Somerset County, Maryland. He later served two terms in the Maryland House of Delegates, before being elected as a Federalist to the United States House of Representatives, where he served from March 4, 1797 to March 3, 1805. During that time, Dennis was one of the House managers appointed in 1798 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against Senator William Blount of Tennessee.

He was the father of John Dennis (1807–1859) and uncle of Littleton Purnell Dennis.

Dennis died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground.

## InfoBox

| John Dennis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maryland's 8th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1797  March 3, 1805 | |
| Preceded by | William Vans Murray |
| Succeeded by | Charles Goldsborough |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1771-12-17)December 17, 1771
Pocomoke City, Province of Maryland, British America |
| Died | August 17, 1806(1806-08-17) (aged 34)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Resting place | Christ Church Burial Ground, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Political party | Federalist |
| Children | John Dennis (1807–1859) |
| Relatives | Littleton Purnell Dennis (nephew) |
| Education | Yale College |
| Occupation | Lawyer, politician |
|  | |


title: Marovandrika

abstract: Marovandrika is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Farafangana, which is a part of Atsimo-Atsinanana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 13,000 in 2001 commune census. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 99.9% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and coffee, while other important agricultural products are pineapple and bananas. Services provide employment for 0.1% of the population.

text:
# Marovandrika

**Marovandrika** is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Farafangana, which is a part of Atsimo-Atsinanana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 13,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 99.9% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and coffee, while other important agricultural products are pineapple and bananas. Services provide employment for 0.1% of the population.

## References and notes

22°31′S 47°40′E / 22.517°S 47.667°E / -22.517; 47.667

## InfoBox

| Marovandrika | |
| --- | --- |
| MarovandrikaLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 22°31′S 47°40′E / 22.517°S 47.667°E / -22.517; 47.667 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Atsimo-Atsinanana |
| District | Farafangana |
| Elevation | 17 m (56 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 13,000 |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |


title: Zipgun

abstract: ZIPGUN are an American punk rock band from Seattle, Washington, United States, primarily active from 1991 to 1994. The original founding members were: guitarist Neil Rogers, singer Robb Clarke, bassist Mark Wooten and drummer Dan Cunneen.

text:
# Zipgun

**ZIPGUN** (stylized in all-caps) are an American punk rock band from Seattle, Washington, United States, primarily active from 1991 to 1994. The original founding members were: guitarist Neil Rogers (The Derelicts, Glazed), singer Robb Clarke (Trids, RC5, The Burnz), bassist Mark Wooten (The Zanny Guys, Noble Firs) and drummer Dan Cunneen (Final Warning, The Obituaries, Seattle's Nightcaps,).

## History

ZIPGUN was formed and led by Neil Rogers, who had previously played guitar for Sub Pop recording artists The Derelicts.

In 1993, Mark Wooten quit the band and was replaced by bassist Andy Sheen. In late 1993 Sheen quit the band and was replaced by former Derelicts bassist Ian Dunsmore.

ZIPGUN broke up in 1994 and then reunited in 1996 for a single show at The Breakroom in Seattle with original bassist, Mark Wooten.

## Background

While ZIPGUN hailed from Seattle in the early 1990s, their music is not considered Grunge. ZIPGUN was one of a number of Seattle bands that avoided the prevailing musical trend, instead choosing to play punk rock. Other Seattle bands sharing the same philosophy during the era include: Gas Huffer, Supersuckers, The Gits, and Coffin Break.

The band was known for their "punk and roll" sound, which is characterized by its raw energy and power; delivered at slower tempos than typical American hardcore. ZIPGUN mined punk rock influences like The Stooges, Ramones, The Damned, and Buzzcocks. They also added elements of then-current bands like Screaming Trees and Mudhoney into their sound.

ZIPGUN was also known for their unpredictable stage performances and sometimes volatile interaction between singer Robb Clarke and guitarist Neil Rogers. (For instance, at their alcohol fueled debut show at Seattle's Crocodile Cafe, Rogers famously broke his Gibson SG guitar over Clarke's back.)

## Legacy

ZIPGUN released three singles and two full-length albums on Pacific Northwest independent record label, Empty Records and several other singles on various labels. The band toured extensively throughout the United States and Canada and appeared in the Doug Pray film Hype!, a documentary chronicling the 1990s Seattle Grunge music scene.

Currently, Rogers plays in Communist Eyes and The Derelicts (reformed in 2017). Clarke continues to play and record with the Seattle punk band The Burnz. Cunneen plays drums for Roxbury Saints and the Perkins Coie Band.

## Discography

* 1991 *Together Dumb/Cool in the Cell* (single) Empty Records
* 1991 *Ten* (one sided promo single) Empty Records
* 1992 *8 Track Player* (CD/LP) Empty Records
* 1992 *The End/Nothing Cures* (single) Musical Tragedies
* 1993 *Put Me Away* (split single w/ Derelicts) Rekkids
* 1993 *Baltimore* (CD/LP) Empty Records
* 1994 *I Can't Wait/Tight Black Pants* (single) Thrill Jockey Records

## InfoBox

| ZIPGUN | |
| --- | --- |
| Zipgun 1992 (l to r) Dan Cunneen, Neil Rogers, Mark Wooten, Robb Clarke | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Seattle, Washington, United States |
| Genres | Punk rock |
| Years active | 1991–1994 |
| Labels | Empty, Thrill Jockey, Rekkids, Musical Tragedies |


title: Wolli Creek Aqueduct

abstract: The Wolli Creek Aqueduct is a heritage-listed sewage aqueduct located at Unwin Street, Earlwood, City of Canterbury-Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia. The Wolli Creek Aqueduct crosses Wolli Creek to Thompson Street, Turella. It was designed by Public Works Department and built in 1895 by the NSW Public Works Department. The property is owned by Sydney Water, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999.

text:
# Wolli Creek Aqueduct

The **Wolli Creek Aqueduct** is a heritage-listed sewage aqueduct located at Unwin Street, Earlwood, City of Canterbury-Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia.

The Wolli Creek Aqueduct crosses Wolli Creek to Thompson Street, Turella. It was designed by Public Works Department and built in 1895 by the NSW Public Works Department. The property is owned by Sydney Water, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999.

## History

The Wolli Creek sewage aqueduct was completed in 1895. The aqueduct was constructed for the Western Main Sewer, later known as the Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer and Southern and Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer No. 1 (SWSOOS). The aqueduct was designed and built by the Sewerage Branch of the Public Works Department (Contract No. 64). The design work was completed by late 1890. The engineer-in-chief of this department at the time was Robert Hickson. The Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer was designed to serve the western suburbs of Sydney. The line extended from the Rockdale end of the Arncliffe sewerage farm (enlarged for the scheme) to the sewer penstock at Premier Street, Marrickville. The contract necessitated the construction of aqueducts over the Cooks River, Wolli Creek and at Arncliffe between Rocky Point Road (Princess Highway) and Illawarra Road (Arncliffe Street) and extensive tunnelling.

The work was undertaken in two contracts relating to the different construction types. The contract for the aqueducts was let to J. F. Carson. The design details of the aqueduct are the same for that of the aqueduct at Cooks River, except for the amendment to include a subway for pedestrians at the southern terminus of the arches at Arncliffe Road (now Turrella Street). Also constructed here was brick semi-circular abutment to the embankment. The original design of the aqueduct provided for a triplicate 1.8-metre (6 ft) diameter wrought iron sewer (although only two pipes were initially laid), carried on 170 metres (560 ft) of segmental 17 brick arches of approximately 9.8-metre (32 ft) span, two 24-metre (80 ft) by 7.6-metre (25 ft) steel lattice girder bridge spans, and 24 metres (80 ft) of a series of mass concrete arches within embankment.

The total length of the aqueduct is approximately 220 metres (720 ft). The bridge spans are of mild steel riveted construction, the sewer carrier pipes being carried on cross beams on two simple lattice girders (on trusses), with a series of small cross lattice girders for wind bracing. The bridge spans are supported on two metal circular piers. The piers of the brick arches are constructed from mass concrete, faced in decorative brick and dressed sandstone and seated on mass concrete foundations founded on a raft of timber piles. The arches are a combination of brick and mass concrete construction. The two original sewer carrier pipes were fabricated from wrought iron and riveted.

Expansion joints of 1.8 metres (6 ft) sections were installed at the junction of the brick arches and the steel lattice bridge and, at the Turrella Street terminus, and above the ninth arch south of the bridge. The third (western) pipe of welded mild steel was laid in 1929. The original pipes have been maintained over the years to present, with selective replacement of defective sections.

The Wolli Creek aqueduct is one of six sewage aqueducts in Sydney completed in the period 1895–1901. Others include the reinforced concrete Monier arches at Whites Creek and Johnstons Creek (1897), the mass concrete/brick arches and iron pipe at Cooks River (1895), the Mosman Bay steel arch (1901), and the stone/concrete and steel pipe at Lewisham (1900).

## Description

The aqueduct comprises the sewer carrier of three 1.8-metre (5 ft 11 in) diameter wrought iron and steel pipes supported on a series of brick arches, and steel bridges. The brick arches are particularly decorative, being white glazed face bricks laid in English bond with decorative motifs picked out in a red coloured brick. The springing points of the arch and cornice are in dressed sandstone. Access to this viaduct in general is difficult, and the exact configuration of the structure not easy to determine, but the carrier emerges from a brick northern abutment below Unwin Street, Undercliffe (known as Unwin's Hill) crossing the creek by the steel trusses and then continuing by the brick arches passing under the East Hills railway to arches and embankment at Turrella and Knoll Streets, Turrella. The aqueduct is a large and impressive built structure situated across the expanse of the Wolli Creek valley.

### Modifications and dates

The barrels were overhauled between 1981 and 1984, and the surface of the cast iron pipes was coated with a modern fibre-glass lining. The steelwork on the two bridge spans has been replaced where necessary. Fencing at either end of the carrier to prevent trespass.

## Heritage listing

As at 22 June 2005, the Wolli Creek Valley sewage aqueduct was an integral and visibly strong component of the original Western Main Carrier (now part of Southern and Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer System), which was one of the Board's major early sewerage schemes. The aqueduct being a combination of brick arches and steel bridges, is an excellent and rare example of a late-nineteenth steel truss bridge (in non railway construction) and decorative face brick work in NSW. The two original sewer carriers are likely to be rare examples of large diameter, long run wrought iron pipes used for such a purpose. Elements of significance are its past and ongoing use, technologies of construction, and setting within the valley of Wolli Creek.

Wolli Creek Aqueduct was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria:

* **The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**

The Wolli Creek sewage aqueduct is an integral and visible component of Western Main Carrier system which subsequently evolved into the Southern and Western Suburbs Ocean Outfall Sewer System. The aqueduct was designed by Robert Hickson, who was a foundation Board member of Sydney Water.

* **The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**

The arches of the aqueduct are excellent examples of decorative face brick (in a basically utilitarian structure), which are unlikely to be built again. The setting of the lattice girder bridge is now particularly notable in the Wolli Creek basin.

* **The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The aqueduct is a major element of the historic built environment of the local government area of Hurstville and provides a focus for an understanding to the contemporary community of the historical development of the local area.

* **The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The aqueduct is an excellent example of a late-nineteenth steel truss bridge (in non-railway construction). The wrought pipes are likely to be a rare example of a large diameter, long run of wrought iron pipe fabricated in 1895. The welded steel pipe of 1929 may also be of significance in consideration of the application of this technology at this early date on a pipe of this length. The face brickwork is a textbook example of the trade in a basically utilitarian structure.

* **The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

Rare in consideration of its scale, siting and mixed use of materials and construction techniques.

* **The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**

Representative in its function which is widespread across Sydney.

### Bibliography

* Sydney Water Corporation (2005). *Wolli Creek Sewage Aqueduct : conservation management plan*.
* Graham Brooks and Associates Pty Ltd (1996). *Sydney Water Heritage Study*.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on Wolli Creek Aqueduct, entry number 01355 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018.

## InfoBox

| Wolli Creek Aqueduct | |
| --- | --- |
| Wolli Creek Aqueduct, 2006 | |
| Location | Unwin Street, Earlwood, City of Canterbury-Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates | 33°55′38″S 151°08′52″E / 33.9272°S 151.1479°E / -33.9272; 151.1479 |
| Built | 1895 |
| Architect | NSW Public Works Department |
| Owner | Sydney Water |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Wolli Creek Aqueduct |
| Type | State heritage (built) |
| Designated | 18 November 1999 |
| Reference no. | 1355 |
| Type | Sewage Aqueduct |
| Category | Utilities – Sewerage |
| Builders | Public Works Department |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Wolli Creek Aqueduct in Sydney | |


title: Fluid construction grammar

abstract: Fluid construction grammar (FCG) is an open-source computational construction grammar formalism that allows computational linguists to formally write down the inventory of lexical and grammatical constructions as well as to do experiments in language learning and language evolution. FCG is an open instrument that can be used by construction grammarians who want to formulate their intuitions and data in a precise way and who want to test the implications of their grammar designs for language parsing, production and learning. The formalism can be tested through an interactive web interface at the FCG website. FCG integrates many notions from contemporary computational linguistics such as feature structure and unification-based language processing, but uses them in a novel way to operationalize insights from construction grammar theory. Constructions are considered bi-directional and hence usable both for parsing and production. Processing is flexible in the sense that FCG provides meta-layer processing for coping with novelty, partially ungrammatical or incomplete sentences. FCG is called 'fluid' because it acknowledges the premise that language users constantly change and update their grammars. The research on FCG is primarily carried out by Luc Steels and his teams at the VUB AI Lab in Brussels and the Language Evolution Lab in Barcelona, and the Sony Computer Science Laboratories in Paris. Besides Steels, current and former contributors to the FCG formalism include Katrien Beuls, Paul Van Eecke, Remi van Trijp, Joris Bleys, Joachim De Beule, Martin Loetzsch, Nicolas Neubauer, Michael Spranger, Wouter Van den Broeck, Pieter Wellens, and others.

text:
# Fluid construction grammar

**Fluid construction grammar** (**FCG**) is an open-source computational construction grammar formalism that allows computational linguists to formally write down the inventory of lexical and grammatical constructions as well as to do experiments in language learning and language evolution. FCG is an open instrument that can be used by construction grammarians who want to formulate their intuitions and data in a precise way and who want to test the implications of their grammar designs for language parsing, production and learning. The formalism can be tested through an interactive web interface at the FCG website.

FCG integrates many notions from contemporary computational linguistics such as feature structure and unification-based language processing, but uses them in a novel way to operationalize insights from construction grammar theory. Constructions are considered bi-directional and hence usable both for parsing and production. Processing is flexible in the sense that FCG provides meta-layer processing for coping with novelty, partially ungrammatical or incomplete sentences. FCG is called 'fluid' because it acknowledges the premise that language users constantly change and update their grammars. The research on FCG is primarily carried out by Luc Steels and his teams at the VUB AI Lab in Brussels and the Language Evolution Lab in Barcelona, and the Sony Computer Science Laboratories in Paris. Besides Steels, current and former contributors to the FCG formalism include Katrien Beuls, Paul Van Eecke, Remi van Trijp, Joris Bleys, Joachim De Beule, Martin Loetzsch, Nicolas Neubauer, Michael Spranger, Wouter Van den Broeck, Pieter Wellens, and others.

## Transient structure

FCG treats parsing and production as a search problem, in which the FCG engine searches for the best utterance to verbalize a meaning (language production) or the best semantic network (or meaning representation) to analyze an utterance (parsing). Each state representation in the search process is called a Transient Structure. A Transient Structure can be considered as an extended feature structure, as it consists of a (flat) list of "units" that consist of a unit-name (a unique constant symbol) and a unit-body (a set of feature-value pairs). Older versions of FCG (before 2011) used to split the transient structure into two separate poles for semantics and syntax, but the current version implements a single representation for all linguistic information.

## Constructions

FCG constructions (or technically speaking: construction schemas) are treated as the operators of the search process. That is, by applying a construction to a transient structure, a new transient structure (or state representation) in the search space may be created. Just like transient structures, constructions mostly consists of units of feature-value pairs. Constructions are however more structured because they contain two distinct parts:

* A conditional part: This part of the construction specifies the conditions under which the construction may apply. Moreover, units of features that appear in the conditional part are split into a "comprehension lock" and a "formulation lock". This split is important for ensuring the bidirectional application of an FCG construction (see below).
* A Contributing part: This part of the construction specifies information that the construction may add to the transient structure if the conditions for application are satisfied.

## Linguistic processing

To decide whether a construction can apply, the conditional part is "matched" against the current transient structure using a unification-based algorithm. In production, only features that are part of the formulation locks of the construction must be matched against the transient structure; whereas in parsing, only features that are part of the comprehension locks will be considered. If a match is successful, the FCG engine will "merge" all of the units of feature-value pairs with the transient structure in a similar unification-based process.

## Flexibility

FCG features a meta-layers of diagnostics, repairs and consolidation strategies that allow the grammar designer to implement ways to handle novelty, errors and unexpected input during processing. These diagnostics and repairs can also be used for exploring the (automated) acquisition of new constructions.


title: Misato segment II myosin-like domain

abstract: The Misato segment II myosin-like domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. The misato protein contains three distinct, conserved domains, segments I, II and III and is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial distribution and morphology. Segments I and III are common to tubulins (INTERPRO), but segment II aligns with myosin heavy chain sequences from Drosophila melanogaster, rabbit (SWISSPROT), and human. Segment II of misato is a major contributor to its greater length compared with the various tubulins. The most significant sequence similarities to this 54-amino acid region are from a motif found in the heavy chains of myosins from different organisms. A comparison of segment II with the vertebrate myosin heavy chains reveals that it is homologous to a myosin peptide in the hinge region linking the S2 and LMM domains. Segment II also contains heptad repeats which are characteristic of the myosin tail alpha-helical coiled-coils. Deletion of the budding yeast homologue is lethal and unregulated expression leads to mitochondrial dispersion and abnormalities in cell morphology. The group of proteins containing this domain is conserved from yeast to human, but its exact function is still unknown.

text:
# Misato segment II myosin-like domain

The **Misato segment II myosin-like domain** is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. The misato protein contains three distinct, conserved domains, segments I, II and III and is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial distribution and morphology.

Segments I and III are common to tubulins (INTERPRO), but segment II aligns with myosin heavy chain sequences from *Drosophila melanogaster* (Fruit fly, SWISSPROT), rabbit (SWISSPROT), and human.

Segment II of misato is a major contributor to its greater length compared with the various tubulins. The most significant sequence similarities to this 54-amino acid region are from a motif found in the heavy chains of myosins from different organisms. A comparison of segment II with the vertebrate myosin heavy chains reveals that it is homologous to a myosin peptide in the hinge region linking the S2 and LMM domains. Segment II also contains heptad repeats which are characteristic of the myosin tail alpha-helical coiled-coils.

Deletion of the budding yeast homologue is lethal and unregulated expression leads to mitochondrial dispersion and abnormalities in cell morphology. The group of proteins containing this domain is conserved from yeast to human, but its exact function is still unknown.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR019605

## InfoBox

| Misat\_Myo\_SegII | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | Misat\_Myo\_SegII |
| Pfam | PF10644 |
| Pfam clan | CL0442 |
| InterPro | IPR019605 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Riverton, Minnesota

abstract: Riverton is a city in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 117 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Brainerd Micropolitan Statistical Area. Riverton is located between Brainerd and Ironton, where the Mississippi River flows past the western end of the Cuyuna iron range.

text:
# Riverton, Minnesota

**Riverton** is a city in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 117 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Brainerd Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Riverton is located between Brainerd and Ironton, where the Mississippi River flows past the western end of the Cuyuna iron range.

## History

In 1855, the Rabbit Lake Indian Reservation for the Rabbit Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa was established in the area by the **Treaty of Washington** also known as the **Treaty with the Chippewa**  (10 Stat. 1165). Soon afterwards, a village of Ojibway (or Ogibeway) was established at the mouth of Rabbit River. However, maps from the 1860s depict the village of Ojibway instead located either at the mouth of the Cedar River or at the mouth of the Ripple River.

Riverton was incorporated in 1912. A post office called Riverton was established in 1913, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1965. The city was named from its location near the Rabbit River.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.85 square miles (2.20 km2), of which 0.77 square miles (1.99 km2) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.21 km2) is water. County Roads 59 and 128 are the main routes in the community. Minnesota State Highway 210 is nearby.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 398 |  |  |
| 1930 | 168 |  | −57.8% |
| 1940 | 141 |  | −16.1% |
| 1950 | 148 |  | 5.0% |
| 1960 | 121 |  | −18.2% |
| 1970 | 103 |  | −14.9% |
| 1980 | 112 |  | 8.7% |
| 1990 | 122 |  | 8.9% |
| 2000 | 115 |  | −5.7% |
| 2010 | 117 |  | 1.7% |
| 2020 | 118 |  | 0.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 117 people, 48 households, and 30 families living in the city. The population density was 151.9 inhabitants per square mile (58.6/km2). There were 61 housing units at an average density of 79.2 per square mile (30.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.3% White and 1.7% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.

There were 48 households, of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.5% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.03.

The median age in the city was 42.2 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.2% were from 25 to 44; 30.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.4% male and 49.6% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 115 people, 51 households, and 29 families living in the city. The population density was 146.5 inhabitants per square mile (56.6/km2). There were 61 housing units at an average density of 77.7 per square mile (30.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.13% White and 0.87% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population. 29.4% were of Norwegian, 25.9% German, 17.6% Swedish and 9.4% American ancestry according to Census 2000.

There were 51 households, out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.1% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $38,250. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $17,321 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,406. There were 4.0% of families and 8.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including 11.1% of under eighteens and 40.0% of those over 64.

## InfoBox

| Riverton | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Location of Riverton
within Crow Wing County, Minnesota | |
| Coordinates: 46°27′30″N 94°02′55″W / 46.45833°N 94.04861°W / 46.45833; -94.04861 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Crow Wing |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.90 sq mi (2.33 km2) |
| Land | 0.81 sq mi (2.10 km2) |
| Water | 0.09 sq mi (0.23 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,230 ft (370 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 118 |
| Density | 145.68/sq mi (56.24/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 56455 |
| Area code | 218 |
| FIPS code | 27-54736 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2396386 |


title: Peckoltia caenosa

abstract: Peckoltia caenosa is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in streams in the llanos of Venezuela that are part of the Orinoco drainage basin. The streams that it inhabits are typically slow-flowing and muddy, and the species is often seen hiding inside submerged hollow logs during the day. The species reaches 15.7 cm SL. Its specific epithet is derived from a Latin word meaning "muddy" or "dirty", referring both to the species' mottled coloration and the muddy habitats in which it is found. This species sometimes appears in the aquarium trade, where it is usually referred to either as the mud pleco or by one of two L-numbers associated with it, which are LDA-020 and LDA-021.

text:
# Peckoltia caenosa

***Peckoltia caenosa*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in streams in the llanos of Venezuela that are part of the Orinoco drainage basin. The streams that it inhabits are typically slow-flowing and muddy, and the species is often seen hiding inside submerged hollow logs during the day. The species reaches 15.7 cm (6.2 inches) SL. Its specific epithet is derived from a Latin word meaning "muddy" or "dirty", referring both to the species' mottled coloration and the muddy habitats in which it is found.

This species sometimes appears in the aquarium trade, where it is usually referred to either as the **mud pleco** or by one of two L-numbers associated with it, which are LDA-020 and LDA-021.

## InfoBox

| *Peckoltia caenosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Peckoltia* |
| Species: | ***P. caenosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Peckoltia caenosa***<br>Armbruster, 2008 | |
|


title: John Doyle (drummer)

abstract: John Doyle is an English drummer, who was a member of new wave bands like Magazine and The Armoury Show. He reunited with Magazine for a tour in February 2009.

text:
# John Doyle (drummer)

**John Doyle** (born 6 May 1959 in Manchester, England) is an English drummer, who was a member of new wave bands like Magazine and The Armoury Show. He reunited with Magazine for a tour in February 2009.

## Biography

While at William Hulme's Grammar School, with friends on the stage staff formed a band. He then played with various local Manchester bands, including Idiot Rouge, alongside Neil Cossar, later of power pop band The Cheaters, and Nick Simpson, later frontman of 23 Jewels.

In the last gig with Idiot Rouge, at Manchester Polytechnic, guitarist John McGeoch, who was attending, asked Doyle if he wanted to audition for his band, Magazine. Doyle joined the band in October 1978, replaced Speedometors' Paul Spencer who had completed their tour across Europe, beginning in Munich, during their *Real Life* debut album tour. Doyle played on *Secondhand Daylight*, *The Correct Use of Soap*, the live album *Play* and *Magic, Murder and the Weather*. In 1981, he collaborated with Ken Lockie, playing drums on some tracks of *The Impossible* album. He also collaborated with Armande Atti and Akira Mitake.

In 1983, he joined The Armoury Show, working again with John McGeoch, who left Magazine in 1980. The band was commercially unsuccessful, and Doyle left them in 1986 to collaborate with Pete Shelley, until 1987. He played percussion on one track on Barry Adamson's debut album *Moss Side Story* (1988).

Toured with Shelley in 1985–6. Had a family and eventually became Artworker working at various advertising agencies.

He also collaborated with Dave Formula, for his solo album, *Satellite Sweetheart*, released on 15 February 2010.

In 2009, he reunited with Magazine for a number of UK and European concerts, radio and TV performances.

## Discography

With Magazine:

With Ken Lockie:

* *The Impossible* album (1981)

With The Armoury Show:

With Barry Adamson:

## InfoBox

| John Doyle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1959-05-06) 6 May 1959
Manchester, England |
| Genres | Pub rock, punk rock, post-punk, new wave, synthpop, alternative rock |
| Occupation(s) | Drummer, artworker |
| Instruments | Drums |
| Years active | 1978 – c.1988
2009 – 2011 (tour with Magazine) |
| Labels | Polydor, Geffen |
|  | |
| Website | Myspace: Doyley |


title: Maroussia Paré

abstract: Maroussia Paré is a French sprinter. She competed in the 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China.

text:
# Maroussia Paré

**Maroussia Paré** (born 18 July 1996) is a French sprinter. She competed in the 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China.

## InfoBox

Maroussia Paré
| Maroussia Paré in 2017 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | French |
| Born | (1996-07-18) 18 July 1996
Bordeaux, France |
| Height | 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) |
| Weight | 52 kg (115 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Track and field |
| Event(s) | 100 metres
4 × 100 metres relay |
| Club | Us Talence |
| Coached by | Alain Lastecoueres (2012–) |
| Medal record      Women's athletics  Representing  France  European Championships  2024 Rome 4×100 m relay | |


title: Mojca Kumerdej

abstract: Mojca Kumerdej is a Slovene writer, philosopher and critic. She works as the cultural chronicler for the daily newspaper Delo.

text:
# Mojca Kumerdej

**Mojca Kumerdej** (born 1964) is a Slovene writer, philosopher and critic. She works as the cultural chronicler for the daily newspaper *Delo*.

## Biography

Kumerdej graduated in philosophy and sociology of culture from the University of Ljubljana. Her debut novel *Krst nad Triglavom* (The Baptism over Mount Triglav) is a parody and a witty and ironical revision of one of Slovene literary history's most important works, the epic poem *Krst pri Savici* (The Baptism at the Savica) by France Prešeren. Her next two published books, *Fragma* and *Temna snov*, are collections of short stories. Her stories have been translated into many languages and have been published in various Slovene and foreign literary journals and anthologies.

In 2017, Kumerdej received a Prešeren Fund Award for her second novel *Kronosova žetev*.

## Published works

* *Krst nad Triglavom* (The Baptism over Mount Triglav), novel, (2001)
* *Fragma* (Fragma), short stories, (2003)
* *Temna snov* (Dark Matter), short stories, (2011)
* *Kronosova žetev* (Chronos' Harvest), novel (2016)

## InfoBox

| Mojca Kumerdej | |
| --- | --- |
| Kumerdej (2023) | |
| Born | 1964 (age 5960) |
| Occupation | Writer, philosopher, critic |
| Notable works | Fragma, Temna snov |


title: Natural Area Reserves System Hawaii

abstract: The Natural Area Reserves System (NARS) of Hawaii is a statewide attempt to preserve in perpetuity, as relatively unmodified as possible, specific land and water areas which support communities of the natural flora and fauna, as well as the geological sites, of Hawaii.

text:
# Natural Area Reserves System Hawaii

The **Natural Area Reserves System** (NARS) of **Hawaii** is a statewide attempt to preserve in perpetuity, as relatively unmodified as possible, specific land and water areas which support communities of the natural flora and fauna, as well as the geological sites, of Hawaii.

## History

Established in 1970 by Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 195, the system presently consists of 19 reserves on five islands, encompassing more than 109,000 acres (440 km2) of the State's ecosystems. The diverse areas found in the NARS range from marine and coastal environments to lava flows, tropical rainforests, and even an alpine desert. Within these areas one can find rare endemic plants and animals, many of which are on the edge of extinction.

The Natural Area Reserves System is administered by the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Currently, management teams are working to control the encroachment of non-native plants and animals which threaten the existence of the natural biota on the reserves.

The reserves include:

### Hawaiʻi Island

### Kauaʻi

### Maui

### Molokaʻi

* Olokuʻi
* Puʻu Aliʻi

### Oʻahu


title: Winners Park F.C.

abstract: Winners Park is a football (soccer) club based in Mookgopong, which is a town roughly 100 km southwest of Polokwane on the N1 and R101 roads, situated inside the Limpopo province of South Africa. They were relegated from the National First Division to Vodacom League in May 2010. This imposed a set of changes for the club, including a move of their home venue from Seshego Stadium, to the less expensive Mookgopong Grounds.

text:
# Winners Park F.C.

**Winners Park** is a football (soccer) club based in Mookgopong, which is a town roughly 100 km southwest of Polokwane on the N1 and R101 roads, situated inside the Limpopo province of South Africa. They were relegated from the National First Division to Vodacom League in May 2010. This imposed a set of changes for the club, including a move of their home venue from Seshego Stadium, to the less expensive Mookgopong Grounds.

## InfoBox

Winners Park
| Full name | Winners Park Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *Badumedi (The Believers)* |
| Founded | 1984 |
| Ground | Mookgopong Grounds,
Mookgopong, Limpopo,
South Africa |
| Capacity | 5,000 |
| Chairman | Morris Chokoe |
| Manager | Innocent Mayoyo |
| League | Vodacom League,
Limpopo Province |
| 2010–11 season | 2 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Mitchell House (Gentry, Arkansas)

abstract: The Mitchell House is a historic house at 115 North Nelson in Gentry, Arkansas. Built in 1927, it is the finest local example of Craftsman architecture. It is a 1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof that extends over the front porch. The roof's wide eaves and porch area have exposed rafter ends and large brackets typical of the style, and there are wide shed roof dormers at the front and rear. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

text:
# Mitchell House (Gentry, Arkansas)

The **Mitchell House** is a historic house at 115 North Nelson in Gentry, Arkansas. Built in 1927, it is the finest local example of Craftsman architecture. It is a 1+12-story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof that extends over the front porch. The roof's wide eaves and porch area have exposed rafter ends and large brackets typical of the style, and there are wide shed roof dormers at the front and rear.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mitchell House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 115 N. Nelson, Gentry, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 36°16′9″N 94°28′55″W / 36.26917°N 94.48194°W / 36.26917; -94.48194 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1927 (1927) |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/craftsman |
| MPS | Benton County MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 87002423 |
| Added to NRHP | January 28, 1988 |


title: Hanna Astrup Larsen

abstract: Hanna Astrup Larsen was a Norwegian-American writer, literary editor, and translator. Larsen is best known from her editing roles with the American-Scandinavian Review. In 1921, Larsen was also appointed as the literary secretary of The American Scandinavian Foundation; in this role, she edited over 70 books published by that foundation.

text:
# Hanna Astrup Larsen

**Hanna Astrup Larsen** (Decorah, 1873-Elmsford, 1945) was a Norwegian-American writer, literary editor, and translator.

Larsen is best known from her editing roles with the *American-Scandinavian Review* (where she was literary editor from 1913 until 1921, when she was appointed editor). In 1921, Larsen was also appointed as the literary secretary of The American Scandinavian Foundation; in this role, she edited over 70 books published by that foundation.

## Biography

Larsen was born in Decorah, Iowa on September 1, 1873, died in Elmsford, New York on December 3, 1945 and is buried in Lutheran Cemetery in Decorah, Iowa.

Hanna Astrup Larsen's father, Peter Laurentius Larsen, was a notable Norwegian Lutheran educator who became the founding president of Luther College.

### Career

Hanna Astrup Larsen's early career began with editing roles at a number of Scandinavian-American newspapers, including the Norwegian language *Amerika* (Madison, Wisconsin) and the Swedish/English language *Pacific Posten* (San Francisco, California). Larsen then became special contributor to the *San Francisco Chronicle* and *The San Francisco Call*.

From 1908-1912, Larsen was a contributing writer for newspapers and magazines in New York (including Gustav Stickley's *The Craftsman,* where she published articles featuring Swedish painter Anna Boberg and the Elverhoj art colony in upstate New York). Larsen would later write articles for *The New York Times*.

Larsen was the author of *Knut Hamsun* (Alfred A. Knopf, 1922), a biography of the Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun; she also wrote *Selma Lagerlöf* (Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1936), a biography of the Swedish author; in 1909, Lagerlöf was the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Larsen was the editor of a number of Scandinavian-language story collections, including *Norway's Best Stories* (W. W. Norton & Co., 1928), *Sweden's Best Stories* (W. W. Norton & Co., 1928), and *Denmark's Best Stories* (W. W. Norton & Co., 1928).

Larsen translated a number of Danish-language story collections and books, which were republished in the United States, including Jens Peter Jacobsen's *Marie Grubbe* (published in English in 1917) and *Niels Lyhne* (published in English in 1919) and *Twelve Stories* by Steen Steensen Blicher.

### Recognition

Hanna Astrup Larsen was acknowledged to be "the first female editor-in-chief of a Norwegian language paper in America" when she was hired by Olaf Tveitmoe, publisher of San Francisco-based, newspaper *Pacific Posten*.

### Awards

In the 1930s, Hanna Astrup Larsen received a number of international honors, including the Swedish Vasa Medal in 1931, the Norwegian Distinguished Service Medal in 1933, and the Royal Danish Medal of Merit in 1937.

## Works by Larsen


title: PayScale

abstract: Payscale is an American compensation software and data company which helps employers manage employee compensation and employees understand their worth in the job market.

text:
# PayScale

**Payscale** is an American compensation software and data company which helps employers manage employee compensation and employees understand their worth in the job market.

## History

The website was launched on January 1, 2002. It was founded by Joe Giordano and John Gaffney. Mike Metzger was CEO from 2004 to 2019. Scott Torrey, a 20-year veteran of SAP Concur, started as CEO on August 26, 2019 and stepped down on November 16, 2021. Alex Hart was then named CEO in November of 2021. In January of 2024 Chris Hays assumed the role of CEO.

On April 24, 2014, Warburg Pincus acquired Payscale in a deal worth up to $100 million.

On April 25, 2019, Francisco Partners announced a majority investment in Payscale at an enterprise value of $325 million.

## Overview

Payscale was developed to help people and businesses obtain accurate, real-time information on job market compensation. While Payscale started by crowdsourcing compensation data from employees to power its products for employers, its Software as a Service offerings have evolved to allow businesses to utilize multiple compensation data sources, including Payscale's Crowdsourced and Company Sourced offerings as well as data from other providers. Customers can also manage their employee compensation strategy and structure within the platform and perform robust compensation analytics. For employees, the service works via the Internet by enabling individuals to submit their job profile and salary data, which is then compared to others like them. They receive a free report on their market worth.

The company generates revenue by selling SaaS subscriptions, compensation data and services to employers, to aid in determining correct market rates for hiring, benchmarking and budgeting, and by targeted advertising to employees that visit its website.

Payscale surveys its users' income and background, and since 2007, it has published an annual ranking of American colleges and universities by their estimated return on investment. The rankings have been popular with the public but controversial among scholars of higher education.

Payscale puts on an annual compensation industry event called Compference and publishes original research on compensation-related topics such as the gender pay gap, college return on investment and salary history.

In 2021, Payscale merged with Payfactors, a leading competitor. The new company operates under the Payscale brand. Later that year, Payscale acquired pay equity and compensation management company CURO. In 2022, Payscale acquired Agora, a software development company focused on pay transparency and employee experience.

## InfoBox

Payscale
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Private |
| Available in | Multilingual |
| Founded | January 1, 2002 (2002-01-01) |
| Headquarters | Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Founder(s) | Joe Giordano<br>John Gaffney |
| Key people | Chris Hays, CEO |
| Industry | Internet |
| URL | www.payscale.com |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Registration | Optional |
| Current status | Active |


title: Richard Norman (philosopher)

abstract: Richard J. Norman is a British academic, philosopher and humanist. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Kent, and a patron of Humanists UK.

text:
# Richard Norman (philosopher)

**Richard J. Norman** is a British academic, philosopher and humanist. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Kent, and a patron of Humanists UK.

## Life

Norman formerly taught philosophy at the University of Kent, where his areas of interest were mainly moral and political philosophy, including both theoretical and practical ethics.

## Works

His published works include:

* *The Moral Philosophers* (1983)
* *Free and Equal* (1987)
* *Ethics, Killing and War* (1995)
* *On Humanism* (2004, 2012)
* *Religion and Atheism* (2017, Editor)


title: Marquette Iron Rangers

abstract: The Marquette Iron Rangers were a semi-pro team that played in the United States Hockey League from 1964-1976 and were five-time champions. The team played the majority of their home games at the Palestra in Marquette, Michigan. The Marquette Iron Rangers made ice hockey history when they signed the female goalie phenomenon Karen Koch to a professional contract in 1969. By doing so, Koch became the first woman to play professional hockey in North America, if not the world. The 1973–1974 team featured the Carlson Brothers. Jack Carlson went on to play in the NHL and WHA, while his brothers Steve Carlson and Jeff Carlson became famous for starring as the Hanson Brothers in the movie Slap Shot. Steve also played in the NHL and WHA, while Jeff played in the WHA. In their second incarnation, the Iron Rangers were an amateur senior ice hockey team from Marquette that played in the Great Lakes Hockey League at Lakeview Arena. After one season, the team changed names to the Marquette Mutineers after running into ownership-related problems.

text:
# Marquette Iron Rangers

The **Marquette Iron Rangers** were a semi-pro team that played in the United States Hockey League from 1964-1976 and were five-time champions (three league and two playoffs). The team played the majority of their home games at the Palestra in Marquette, Michigan.

The Marquette Iron Rangers made ice hockey history when they signed the female goalie phenomenon Karen Koch to a professional contract in 1969. By doing so, Koch became the first woman to play professional hockey in North America, if not the world. The 1973–1974 team featured the Carlson Brothers. Jack Carlson went on to play in the NHL and WHA, while his brothers Steve Carlson and Jeff Carlson became famous for starring as the Hanson Brothers in the movie *Slap Shot*. Steve also played in the NHL and WHA, while Jeff played in the WHA.

In their second incarnation, the Iron Rangers were an amateur senior ice hockey team from Marquette that played in the Great Lakes Hockey League at Lakeview Arena. After one season, the team changed names to the Marquette Mutineers after running into ownership-related problems.


title: Moissac

abstract: Moissac is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France. The town is situated at the confluence of the rivers Garonne and Tarn at the Canal de Garonne. Route nationale N113 was constructed through the town and between Valence-d'Agen and Castelsarrasin. It is served by Moissac station on the Bordeaux-Toulouse line.

text:
# Moissac

**Moissac** (French pronunciation: \[mwasak\]) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France. The town is situated at the confluence of the rivers Garonne and Tarn at the Canal de Garonne. Route nationale N113 was constructed through the town and between Valence-d'Agen and Castelsarrasin. It is served by Moissac station on the Bordeaux-Toulouse line.

## History

Initially Moissac was part of the department of Lot. In 1808, Napoleon decreed the city be attached to the new department of Tarn-et-Garonne. It was the chief town of the district from 1800 to 1926.

Moissac was heavily damaged in March 1930 by flooding of the Tarn, which devastated much of southwestern France. It was counted as a 100-year flood. One hundred twenty people were reported to have died in the city.

In 2020, National Rally politician Romain Lopez was elected mayor.

## Moissac Abbey

Moissac is known internationally for the artistic heritage preserved in the medieval Moissac Abbey. This church is a site on the World Heritage Site Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France.

Saint-Pierre Church, former abbey church with the portal (1130), one of the masterpieces of Romanesque sculpture. All that remains of the 11th-century building is the massive bell tower-porch, a sort of keep with a walkway, built for defensive purposes but whose top floor only dates from the end of the Gothic period.

## Sights

* Church of Saint-Martin de Moissac. Parts of the church date from the 3rd century. The church has preserved paintings from the XIVth century. The church was classified as a historic monument in 1922.
* Church of Saint-Michel de Moissac. The old Saint-Michel de Moissac church located at 49 rue Malaveille, mentioned in 1073, but its origin can be older.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 11,856 |  |
| 1975 | 11,826 | −0.04% |
| 1982 | 11,184 | −0.79% |
| 1990 | 11,971 | +0.85% |
| 1999 | 12,321 | +0.32% |
| 2007 | 12,377 | +0.06% |
| 2012 | 12,470 | +0.15% |
| 2017 | 13,039 | +0.90% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Waterways

There are important waterways in Moissac: the Tarn flows through the centre of town, as does the Canal de Garonne (formerly Canal latéral à la Garonne), the extension of the Canal du Midi from Toulouse to Bordeaux. Together, these two canals are sometimes known as the *Canal des deux mers* (lit. canal of the two seas) connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea.

## Twin towns

## InfoBox

| Moissac | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Cloister of the Saint-Pierre abbey | |
|  | |
| Location of Moissac | |
| MoissacMoissac | |
| Coordinates: 44°06′20″N 1°05′10″E / 44.1056°N 1.0861°E / 44.1056; 1.0861 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Tarn-et-Garonne |
| Arrondissement | Castelsarrasin |
| Canton | Moissac |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Romain Lopez (RN) |
| Area**1** | 85.95 km2 (33.19 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 13,748 |
| Density | 160/km2 (410/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 82112 /82200 |
| Elevation | 59–199 m (194–653 ft)
(avg. 76 m or 249 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Natsumi Hara

abstract: Natsumi Hara is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

text:
# Natsumi Hara

**Natsumi Hara** (原 奈津美, *Hara Natsumi*, born August 18, 1988) is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## National team career

Hara was born on August 18, 1988. On March 29, 2005, when she was 16 years old, she debuted for the Japan national team against Australia.

## National team statistics

| Japan national team | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2005 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 1 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Natsumi Hara
原 奈津美
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Natsumi Hara | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-08-18) August 18, 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Japan | | |
| Height | 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005 | Japan | 1 | (0) |
| Medal record      Representing  Japan  AFC U-16 Women's Championship  2005 South Korea | | | |


title: Mount Vernon, Pennsylvania

abstract: Mount Vernon is an unincorporated community located within Elizabeth Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States.

text:
# Mount Vernon, Pennsylvania

**Mount Vernon** is an unincorporated community located within Elizabeth Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States.

## InfoBox

| Mount Vernon | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Mount VernonLocation within the state of PennsylvaniaMount VernonMount Vernon (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 40°17′30″N 79°48′39″W / 40.29167°N 79.81083°W / 40.29167; -79.81083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Allegheny |
| Township | Elizabeth Township |
| Elevation | 1,076 ft (328 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1181874 |


title: Pedro Portocarrero (bishop)

abstract: Pedro Portocarrero was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Cuenca (1597–1600), Bishop of Córdoba (1594–1597), and Bishop of Calahorra y La Calzada (1589–1594).

text:
# Pedro Portocarrero (bishop)

**Pedro Portocarrero** (died 1600) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Cuenca (1597–1600), Bishop of Córdoba (1594–1597), and Bishop of Calahorra y La Calzada (1589–1594).

## Biography

Pedro Portocarrero was born in Spain. On 20 March 1589, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Sixtus V as Bishop of Calahorra y La Calzada. On 4 June 1589, he was consecrated bishop by Gaspar de Quiroga y Vela, Archbishop of Toledo, with Sebastián Pérez (bishop), Bishop of Osma, and Diego de la Calzada, Titular Bishop of *Salona*, serving as co-consecrators. On 12 January 1594, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of Córdoba. On 28 May 1597, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of Cuenca. He served as Bishop of Cuenca until his death on 20 September 1600.

While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Pedro Manso Zuñiga, Bishop of Calahorra y La Calzada (1594); and Francisco Reinoso Baeza, Bishop of Córdoba (1597).

## Further reading

* Juan Antonio Llorente. *Historia crítica de la Inquisición de España: Obra original conforme á lo que resulta de los archivos del Real Consejo de la Suprema, y de los tribunales del Santo-oficio de las provincias*. Publicado por en la Imprenta del Censor, (1822) *Digitized by Google 12 Sep 2007'*.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Pedro Portocarrero | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Cuenca | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuenca |
| In office | 1597–1600 |
| Predecessor | Juan Fernández Vadillo |
| Successor | Andrés Pacheco |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Calahorra y La Calzada (1589–1594)
Bishop of Córdoba (1594–1597) |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 4 June 1589
by Gaspar de Quiroga y Vela |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Spain |
| Died | 20 September 1600
Cuenca, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |


title: Mitejima Station

abstract: Mitejima Station Mitejima Station is a railway station on the West Japan Railway Company JR Tōzai Line in Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.

text:
# Mitejima Station

**Mitejima Station** (御幣島駅, *Mitejima-eki*) is a railway station on the West Japan Railway Company JR Tōzai Line in Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.

## Layout

| **1** | JR Tōzai Line | for Amagasaki, Takarazuka and Sannomiya |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | JR Tōzai Line | for Kitashinchi, Kyobashi and Shijonawate |

## History

Mitejima Station opened on 8 March 1997,coinciding with the opening of the JR Tōzai Line between Kyobashi and Amagasaki.

Station numbering was introduced in March 2018 with Mitejima being assigned station number JR-H47.

## Surroundings

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| West Japan Railway Company (JR West) | | | | |
| JR Tōzai Line | | | | |
| Ebie |  | Local |  | Kashima |
| Ebie |  | Regional Rapid Service |  | Kashima |
| Ebie |  | Rapid Service |  | Kashima |

34°42′46″N 135°27′21″E / 34.7127°N 135.4558°E / 34.7127; 135.4558

## InfoBox

| Mitejima Station
海老江 | |
| --- | --- |
| Exit #1 in 2023 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 大阪市西淀川区御幣島一丁目8先
Osaka
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34° 42′ 45.32″W 135° 27′ 20.45″E |
| Owned by | JR West |
| Operated by | JR West |
| Managed by | JR West |
| Line(s) | JR Tozai Line |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Train operators | JR West |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Parking | No |
| Bicycle facilities | No |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | JR-H47 |
| History | |
| Opened | 8 March 1997 (1997-03-08) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Roaring Wheels

abstract: Roaring Wheels is a 2000 Hong Kong action movie directed by Aman Chang. The film stars Karen Mok, Dave Wong, Moses Chan and Maggie Siu in the lead roles.

text:
# Roaring Wheels

***Roaring Wheels*** is a 2000 Hong Kong action movie directed by Aman Chang. The film stars Karen Mok, Dave Wong, Moses Chan and Maggie Siu in the lead roles.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Roaring Wheels | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Aman Chang |
| Starring | Karen Mok
Dave Wong
Moses Chan
Maggie Siu
An-ting Yeh |
| Release date | * 19 October 2000 (2000-10-19)  (Hong Kong) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Language | Cantonese |


title: Pediasia matricella

abstract: Pediasia matricella is a species of moth in the family Crambidae described by Georg Friedrich Treitschke in 1832. It is found in Italy, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Ukraine, Russia. In the east, the range extends to Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Turkmenistan, Jordan, Syria, Iran and Israel.

text:
# Pediasia matricella

***Pediasia matricella*** is a species of moth in the family Crambidae described by Georg Friedrich Treitschke in 1832. It is found in Italy, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Ukraine, Russia. In the east, the range extends to Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Turkmenistan, Jordan, Syria, Iran and Israel.

## Subspecies

* *Pediasia matricella matricella* (Europe, southern Russia, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Jordan, Syria, Iran)
* *Pediasia matricella stenopterella* (Amsel, 1949) (Mesopotamia, Turkmenistan)

## InfoBox

| *Pediasia matricella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pediasia* |
| Species: | ***P. matricella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pediasia matricella***<br>(Treitschke, 1832) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phycis matricella* Treitschke, 1832 * *Crambus matricellus* var. *obscurus* Caradja, 1931 * *Crambus matricella stenopterellus* Amsel, 1949 | |


title: Richard Pelham

abstract: Richard Ward "Dick" Pelham, born Richard Ward Pell, was an American blackface performer. He was born in New York City. Pelham regularly did blackface acts in the early 1840s both solo and as part of a duo or trio. His early performances were in the mould of Thomas D. Rice; he did song-and-dance versions of "Gumbo Chaff" and "Oh Pshaw!", among others. His brother, Gilbert Pelham, paired with him for part of his early career. The song "Massa Is a Stingy Man" became their trademark tune. Pelham was also a renowned dancer; by 1845, he was ranked so highly that William Henry Lane did an impression of him. In 1843, Pelham became one of the founding members of the Virginia Minstrels, the first group to present a full minstrel show during a performance at the New York Bowery Amphitheatre on February 6, 1843. Through April 1843, he played tambourine as the Virginia Minstrels toured New York City and Boston. Pelham's style was something new for the time; in addition to traditional techniques, he played it like a drum. Pelham and Frank Brower, who played the bones, were the first minstrel endmen, and greatly influenced the stereotype. Pelham's stage demeanor involved "looks and movements comic beyond conception. He seemed animated by a savage energy; and [the handling of his instrument]... nearly wrung him off his seat. His white eyes rolled in a curious frenzy... and his hiccupping chuckles were unsurpassable." Pelham's signature non-musical bit was his "A Brief Battering at the Blues", a comic monologue and prototypical stump speech. On April 21, 1843, when the group broke up. Pelham decided to settle in England. He briefly helped reform the Virginia Minstrels in the spring of 1844 when he met up with Brower and Joel Sweeney in Liverpool. The trio convinced Dan Emmett to rejoin, and the new ensemble played the Theatre Royal, Dublin, from April 24 to May 7. They toured through June, then broke up again. Over the next few decades, Pelham continued to perform, only now with British minstrel troupes. Pablo Fanque, one of Victorian England's most celebrated circus proprietors, helped popularize a Pelham sketch in England through performances at his circus in the 1860s. One of the most popular routines at Pablo's circus at Bolton in 1868 was Pelham's "Wha's Your Ticket?" in which an actor portrays "the character of a Negro engaged to collect tickets at a bal masque with express instructions to allow no one to pass without, but who by his blundering allows all to enter without that requisite." The sketch was described in 1859 as a "new afterpiece expressly imported from New Orleans by permission of R.W. Pelham Esq." The sketch was still being performed in England as a "laughable American sketch" as late as 1888. The huge success of a recent British tour by the African-American Master Juba may have adversely affected Pelham's career there as his performance suffered in comparison. His final performance was on August 19, 1856. Richard Pelham eventually married an English actress. He died in or near Liverpool in October 1876.

text:
# Richard Pelham

**Richard Ward "Dick" Pelham** (February 13, 1815 – October 1876), born **Richard Ward Pell**, was an American blackface performer. He was born in New York City.

Pelham regularly did blackface acts in the early 1840s both solo and as part of a duo or trio. His early performances were in the mould of Thomas D. Rice; he did song-and-dance versions of "Gumbo Chaff" and "Oh Pshaw!", among others. His brother, Gilbert Pelham, paired with him for part of his early career. The song "Massa Is a Stingy Man" became their trademark tune. Pelham was also a renowned dancer; by 1845, he was ranked so highly that William Henry Lane did an impression of him.

In 1843, Pelham became one of the founding members of the Virginia Minstrels, the first group to present a full minstrel show during a performance at the New York Bowery Amphitheatre on February 6, 1843. Through April 1843, he played tambourine as the Virginia Minstrels toured New York City and Boston. Pelham's style was something new for the time; in addition to traditional techniques, he played it like a drum. Pelham and Frank Brower, who played the bones, were the first minstrel endmen, and greatly influenced the stereotype. Pelham's stage demeanor involved "looks and movements comic beyond conception. He seemed animated by a savage energy; and \[the handling of his instrument\] . . . nearly wrung him off his seat. His white eyes rolled in a curious frenzy . . . and his hiccupping chuckles were unsurpassable." Pelham's signature non-musical bit was his "A Brief Battering at the Blues", a comic monologue and prototypical stump speech.

On April 21, 1843, when the group broke up. Pelham decided to settle in England. He briefly helped reform the Virginia Minstrels in the spring of 1844 when he met up with Brower and Joel Sweeney in Liverpool. The trio convinced Dan Emmett to rejoin, and the new ensemble played the Theatre Royal, Dublin, from April 24 to May 7 . They toured through June, then broke up again.

Over the next few decades, Pelham continued to perform, only now with British minstrel troupes. Pablo Fanque, one of Victorian England's most celebrated circus proprietors (later immortalized in The Beatles song "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!"), helped popularize a Pelham sketch in England through performances at his circus in the 1860s. One of the most popular routines at Pablo's circus at Bolton in 1868 was Pelham's "Wha's Your Ticket?" in which an actor portrays "the character of a Negro engaged to collect tickets at a bal masque with express instructions to allow no one to pass without, but who by his blundering allows all to enter without that requisite." The sketch was described in 1859 as a "new afterpiece expressly imported from New Orleans by permission of R.W. Pelham Esq." The sketch was still being performed in England as a "laughable American sketch" as late as 1888.

The huge success of a recent British tour by the African-American Master Juba may have adversely affected Pelham's career there as his performance suffered in comparison. His final performance was on August 19, 1856. Richard Pelham eventually married an English actress. He died in or near Liverpool in October 1876.

Notes Sources * Brodsky Lawrence, Vera (1988). *Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong*. Volume I: Resonances, 1839 – 1849. The University of Chicago Press.
* Nathan, Hans (1962). *Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy*. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
* Stark, Seymour (2001). *Men in Blackface: True Stories of the Minstrel Show*. Xilibris Corporation.
* Wilmeth, Don B., and Miller, Tice L., eds. (1996). *Cambridge Guide to American Theatre*. New York: Cambridge University Press.

## InfoBox

| Richard Pelham | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Richard Ward Pell
(1815-02-13)February 13, 1815
New York City, New York, United States |
| Died | October 1876 (age 61 )
Liverpool, England |