title: Felix Gmür

abstract: Felix Gmür is a Swiss Roman Catholic bishop. He is the bishop of Basel since his installation on 16 January 2011. He had previously served as secretary of the Swiss Bishops' Conference. Gmür was born in Lucerne in 1966. From 1986 to 1990 he studied philosophy at the School of Philosophy in Munich and at the Sèvres Centre in Paris and received a licentiate in philosophy. From 1990 to 1994 he studied theology at the Universities of Fribourg and Munich, ending with a degree in theology. After 1994 he continued his studies of philosophy and exegesis in Munich, also attending courses in art history. In 1997 he obtained his doctorate in philosophy on the aesthetics of Ludwig Wittgenstein. While studying in Munich, he was a student at the supraregional seminary of that city, the Herzogliches Georgianum. From 1997 to 1999 did the pastoral internship in the diocese of Basel, working first as a pastoral assistant and later as a deacon in the parish of S. Antonio in Basel. He was ordained a priest on 30 May 1999 in Lucerne for the diocese of Basel. From 1999 to 2001 and was then vicar of the parish of St. Antonio in Basel. From 2001 to 2004 he studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University as a student at the Pontifical Teutonic Institute of Santa Maria dell'Anima. From 2004 to 2006 he was Vice-Rector of the Major Seminary in Basel to Lucerne, while working in parishes and Menzingen Neuheim. From 2006 until 2010 he served as secretary of the Swiss Bishops' Conference. Gmür was elected by an 18-head advisory council of the cantonal bishopric on 8 September and his nomination was submitted for approval to the pope. Gmür was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI on 23 November 2010. Gmür was consecrated and installed on 16 January 2011, in Olten. In September 2019, Gmür allowed blessings of same-sex unions in the diocese of Basel. Ahead of the opening of the 2023 synod, Gmür expressed support for the end of mandatory priestly celibacy and for the ordination of women.

text:
# Felix Gmür

| Styles of
**Felix Gmür** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | The Most Reverend |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Bishop |
| Posthumous style | not applicable |

**Felix Gmür** (born 7 June 1966) is a Swiss Roman Catholic bishop. He is the bishop of Basel since his installation on 16 January 2011. He had previously served as secretary of the Swiss Bishops' Conference.

Gmür was born in Lucerne in 1966. From 1986 to 1990 he studied philosophy at the School of Philosophy (of the Jesuits) in Munich and at the Sèvres Centre in Paris and received a licentiate in philosophy. From 1990 to 1994 he studied theology at the Universities of Fribourg and Munich, ending with a degree in theology.

After 1994 he continued his studies of philosophy and exegesis in Munich, also attending courses in art history. In 1997 he obtained his doctorate in philosophy on the aesthetics of Ludwig Wittgenstein. While studying in Munich, he was a student at the supraregional seminary of that city, the Herzogliches Georgianum.

From 1997 to 1999 did the pastoral internship in the diocese of Basel, working first as a pastoral assistant and later as a deacon in the parish of S. Antonio in Basel. He was ordained a priest on 30 May 1999 in Lucerne for the diocese of Basel. From 1999 to 2001 and was then vicar of the parish of St. Antonio in Basel. From 2001 to 2004 he studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University as a student at the Pontifical Teutonic Institute of Santa Maria dell'Anima. From 2004 to 2006 he was Vice-Rector of the Major Seminary in Basel to Lucerne, while working in parishes and Menzingen Neuheim. From 2006 until 2010 he served as secretary of the Swiss Bishops' Conference.

Gmür was elected by an 18-head advisory council of the cantonal bishopric on 8 September and his nomination was submitted for approval to the pope. Gmür was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI on 23 November 2010. Gmür was consecrated and installed on 16 January 2011, in Olten.

In September 2019, Gmür allowed blessings of same-sex unions in the diocese of Basel.

Ahead of the opening of the 2023 synod, Gmür expressed support for the end of mandatory priestly celibacy and for the ordination of women.

1. "RINUNCE E NOMINE, 23.11.2010 NOMINA DEL VESCOVO DI BASEL (SVIZZERA)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
2. Ring, Trudy (13 September 2019). "Swiss Catholic Diocese OK With Marriage Equality, Sort Of". *www.advocate.com*. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
3. "Swiss Bishop Calls for Women's Ordination, End to Celibacy Ahead of Synod". *CNA World*. National Catholic Register. 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency
Felix Gmür | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Basel | |
| Church | Roman Catholic |
| Diocese | Diocese of Basel |
| Appointed | 23 November 2010 |
| Installed | 16 January 2011 |
| Predecessor | Kurt Koch |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 30 May 1999
by Kurt Koch |
| Consecration | 16 January 2011
by Kurt Koch |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-06-07) June 7, 1966
Lucerne, Switzerland |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Motto | *Intellegentes quae sit voluntas Domini* |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Felix Gillet

abstract: Felix Gillet was a California pioneer nurseryman, horticulturist, sericulturist, and writer who made several important introductions of superior European deciduous fruit and nut trees to California and the northwestern United States. Beginning in 1869, in his Barren Hill Nursery in Nevada City, Gillet cultivated his own imported scion wood and home-grown nursery stock, experimented with grafting and hybridizing, and continually wrote articles on horticulture and his plant selections, while remaining active in Nevada City civic affairs. Publishing his own nursery catalog for 37 years and advertising widely, he sold his walnuts, filberts (hazelnuts), chestnuts, prunes, figs, strawberries, grapes, peaches, cherries, citrus and dozens of other fruit and nut varieties throughout California and the Pacific Northwest. The commercial walnut variety "Felix Gillet" was named in his honor.

text:
# Felix Gillet

**Felix Gillet** (March 25, 1835  January 27, 1908) was a California pioneer nurseryman, horticulturist, sericulturist, and writer who made several important introductions of superior European deciduous fruit and nut trees to California and the northwestern United States. Beginning in 1869, in his Barren Hill Nursery in Nevada City, Gillet cultivated his own imported scion wood and home-grown nursery stock, experimented with grafting and hybridizing, and continually wrote articles on horticulture and his plant selections, while remaining active in Nevada City civic affairs. Publishing his own nursery catalog for 37 years and advertising widely, he sold his walnuts, filberts (hazelnuts), chestnuts, prunes, figs, strawberries, grapes, peaches, cherries, citrus and dozens of other fruit and nut varieties throughout California and the Pacific Northwest. The commercial walnut variety "Felix Gillet" was named in his honor.

## Early life and career

Little is known of Gillet's early life in France before he settled in Nevada City around 1859. Published the day after Gillet died, a *Grass Valley Morning Union* newspaper article stated he was born in Roucheford \[sic\] — probably Rochefort — a port town in southwestern France several miles up the river Charente from the Atlantic Ocean. He had three sisters. At age 16, in 1851, he reputedly spent time at a naval school in Rochefort and made several trans-Atlantic crossings working in the shipping industry. By 1852, he was in Boston, where he learned the barber trade. He possibly was a houseguest of prominent Bostonians Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe, who hosted visits by some European immigrants seeking a new life in America. In 1858, Gillet was a barber in San Jose, California, where French orchardists were establishing large fruit and nut farms. In February 1859, at age 24, he moved to the prosperous gold mining town of Nevada (City) in the Sierra Nevada foothills.

Gillet opened a barbershop on Commercial Street, just below Pine Street, in downtown Nevada City. He also sold French finery such as pens, stationery, toys and novelties. He would operate the shop until 1882. Soon after arriving in Nevada City, Gillet became acquainted with an important influence, Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Ducray, who with his younger brother Jean Claude had mined gold and farmed in Nevada City since 1850. As young men, the Ducray brothers had quickly made money in mining interests, and then established large, mostly self-sufficient French-style farms at the edge of Nevada City. Gillet admired Jean-Baptiste Ducray's idyllic 35-acre farm of fruit and nut trees, grape vines, beehives and roses, which had been reclaimed from land mine-stripped to bedrock. To investigate the nursery trade and French horticulture, Gillet returned to France for 10 months in 1864, then returned to Nevada City. In February 1865, he reopened his shop. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1866. From 1866 until 1880, Gillet also filed eight gold mining claims. There is no record of what he did with them.

In either the fall of 1869 or August 1870, Gillet purchased with $250 in gold coin 16 acres of land just outside town and started establishing a farm and plant nursery. Like that of his friends the Ducrays, Gillet's land was mostly granite bedrock recently surface-mined, timbered and left barren. While friends cast doubt on his success as a nurseryman, Gillet built a house and established his Barren Hill Nursery while continuing to run the barbershop. Gillet then spent $3,000 ($49,180 in 2011, adjusting for inflation) on a large order of walnut, filbert, chestnut, mulberry, prune, and fig trees from France. He risked his personal wealth that his imported scion wood and nursery stock would arrive alive, and would not fail to grow in Nevada County. It's not known how the live plants were shipped, but the recent completion of the transcontinental railroad would have significantly shortened the transportation time, if Gillet had his plants shipped from Europe to the East Coast, then freighted by rail to California.

In the spring of 1871, after he spent a year and a half growing and propagating his imported fruit and nut trees, and carefully observing the climate and topographic conditions that produced the best results in his nursery and elsewhere, Gillet began selling nursery stock. His catalog included his first important introductions to California agriculture — soft-shelled Franquette, Mayette and other walnuts from France. These cultivars were unknown in California and Gillet's stock became widely planted and thrived. Open-pollinated seedlings of these early introductions would later produce superior cultivars still grown today. Gillet also imported, propagated and hybridized many other fruit and nut trees, grapes, berries and ornamentals. Paying (or possibly trading) for advertising space to promote his plant stock, he became a regular horticultural writer in regional newspapers and became knowledgeable about still-pioneering horticultural efforts throughout California and the Pacific Northwest. From at least the late 1860s, he also persistently championed domestic sericulture and promoted planting mulberry trees as hosts for silkworms, despite little evidence it was economically viable in the United States. In 1870, Gillet promoted the silky floss of common milkweed as a textile fiber.

Gillet's advertisements and writings in horticultural journals, such as the popular weekly *Pacific Rural Press* (published in San Francisco), established his reputation for offering superior French varieties of fruit and nut trees. Besides importing stock, Gillet made selections of superior offspring he grew in his nursery. He experimented with grafting varieties of fruits to hardy wild specimens, and specialized in introducing varieties that thrived in poor soil conditions, which ensured that his introductions would succeed in many different western locations. In the mid-1870s, Gillet's work with strawberries resulted in his introduction of new varieties and his publication in 1876 of an authoritative 32-page booklet on "fragriculture," the growing of strawberries. A January 1877 edition of the *California Farmer and Journal of Useful Sciences* stated Gillet sold 48 varieties of strawberries.

Gillet's next notable plant introduction to California (in 1883) was a free stone dessert prune from the Clairac region of France, which he called "Clairac Mammoth" (a.k.a. "Imperial Epineuse"). At a time when most California fruit was consumed fresh, dried and canned dessert prunes were a popular, expensive import from France. California prune growers as early as 1854 had attempted to cut into this lucrative market by importing and growing French prune trees, but struggled to copy French drying methods. Gillet competed with John Rock, another well-known nurseryman in Niles (Fremont), to market hardier prune trees that produced very large fruit. Gillet introduced his Clairac prune trees two years before Rock. Both men crossed or grafted the French prunes with wild California plums to produce a variety that was more drought-tolerant and hardier in upland orchards, than in lowlands such as the Santa Clara Valley, then the prune growing center of California.

Gillet's last and most enduring plant introduction was in 1885, when he sold a large quantity of filbert (hazelnut) stock to orchardists in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Although filberts had been grown in Oregon since the 1850s, Gillet's imported "Barcelona" and "DuChilly" varieties proved to be superior. The "Barcelona" variety remains the most widely planted in Oregon, which today produces 98 percent of the filbert crop in the United States. Ironically, filberts do not grow well in the Sierra foothills, where Gillet propagated them.

## Reputation and rivals

In 1881, Gillet became a member of the Nurserymen's Committee of the first California Fruit Growers' Convention. Gillet and fellow pioneer nurseryman W.B. West of Stockton were members of the first California Horticultural Commission, a forerunner of the California Department of Food and Agriculture. After just a decade of importing, cultivating, experimenting, selling and prolifically writing about fruits, nuts and berries, Gillet was a respected figure in California horticulture and regarded as an unsurpassed expert in French varieties of fruits and nuts. Gillet's reputation also was created, in part, by tireless self-promotion. In a Feb. 9. 1884 advertisement in the *Pacific Rural Press*, Gillet touted his nursery as "the finest nut-bearing tree nursery in the U.S." His catalog at that time offered 17 varieties of walnut, including eight grafted from European varieties; seven varieties of chestnuts, six varieties of filberts, seven varieties of prunes, 55 varieties of English gooseberries, and 107 varieties of grapes. These numbers would increase; at one point, the nursery offered 241 types of grapes, including several varieties previously unknown in California.

Gillet's regional renown, however, would be eclipsed by Luther Burbank, whose 1893 descriptive catalog "New Creations in Fruits and Flowers" stunned the horticultural world with the introduction of many previously unknown fruit, vegetable and flower hybrids. The catalog made Burbank internationally famous. It is not known if Burbank and Gillet corresponded, or met, but they undoubtedly were aware of each other and were commercial competitors. The 1897-98 biennial report of the California State Board of Horticulture comparatively evaluated Gillet's "Clairac Mammoth"/"Imperial Epineuse" prune with Burbank's "Sugar." In a paper presented at the 1904 Northwest Fruit Growers' Association, Gillet acknowledged Burbank's "Sugar" prune variety, but noted that his imported French trees produced a superior dessert prune and sent the delegation samples for taste comparison.

Another Gillet rival was John Rock (born Johann Fels), whose large, Fremont-based California Nursery Company (established in 1865) introduced French prune scion wood in 1886 and claimed to sell the best varieties for dessert prunes. Gillet had made the same claim since 1883. For several years, Gillet's advertisements denounced unnamed rivals, whom he said fraudulently claimed his nursery stock as their own. Of the German-born nurseryman, Luther Burbank said, "John Rock is the most learned man in his profession to be found in California."

## Civic and later life

Besides tending his nursery and gardens, Gillet experimented with wine making, did book binding and wrote essays and columns about horticulture, astronomy, navigation, and California Indians. He closed his barbershop in 1882 to devote his full energy to his nursery. Possibly due to his admiration of abolitionists Samuel and Julia Ward Howe, Gillet was among the few whites who, in the Reconstruction Era, publicly supported equal rights for Nevada County's few African-Americans — some of whom were former slaves. Gillet's racial tolerance, however, did not extend to the Chinese, whose businesses in Nevada City were adjacent to his own. Gillet was one local leader of the Workingmen's Party of California, a nativist labor organization whose agitation against Chinese immigrant workers on the Central Pacific Railroad led to the federal Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. In April 1881, Nevada City passed an ordinance that "all Chinese shall be removed from the Nevada City within 60 days." From 1878 to 1881, Gillet was twice elected to the Nevada City Town Trustees. He helped make the city government more effective and progressive and reportedly never missed a session. He was a trustee during construction of a new city hall.

In 1890, Gillet's close friends, Jean-Baptiste and Julia Catherine Ducray both died, leaving their large orchard estate to their niece and adopted daughter Theresa Julia Brenoel (b. 1868 in Crawford County, Pennsylvania; d. Feb. 8, 1913). Gillet, 56, and Brenoel, 23, were married in 1891. The couple had no children. In 1895, Gillet was an influential voice in the creation of Nevada City's municipal water plant. In 1904-05 he was a contributing member of the American Pomological Society. After months of poor health, Gillet died from several ailments in 1908 at age 72. He was buried in the Pioneer Cemetery in Nevada City.

## Legacy

His wife continued to operate the nursery after Felix Gillet's death. She hired George Dulac as head nurseryman. They were married in 1909. In 1913, following the former Mrs. Gillet's death, the nursery was sold to Charles E. Parsons, who renamed it Felix Gillet Nursery. For another 55 years, Parsons continued to sell Gillet's nursery stock, publish a nursery catalog, and write about Gillet's pioneering horticultural work. Parsons also made new introductions of fruit and nut varieties from stock originally cultivated by Gillet. One important introduction by Parsons was the "Colossal" variety of chestnut, which had originated in another variety cultivated by Gillet.

In 1933, a plaque honoring Gillet was placed by Nevada City residents on a stone pillar at the entrance to the former nursery.

In 1968, the business was thought to be the oldest continuously operating nursery in California and the second-oldest west of the Rocky Mountains. Following Parsons' death in 1969, the nursery era ended and the property became a private residence. The former nursery property was later subdivided for construction of several houses. Gillet's farmhouse and some of his fruit and nut trees remain in the Aristocracy Hill neighborhood. The site still attracts admiring horticulturalists from universities in California, Oregon and Washington.

In 1994, the University of California Walnut Breeding Program introduced, and later patented, three new walnut varieties, the most vigorous-growing of which was named "Felix Gillet."

In 2003, the Felix Gillet Institute was founded to locate, propagate, maintain and sell the trees that Gillet and others had brought to California.

On January 27, 2008, Nevada City marked the centennial of Gillet's death by proclaiming Felix Gillet Day.

## Publications

* Gillet, Felix (1876). *Fragriculture; or the Culture of the Strawberry/A Practical Treatise on the Culture, Propagation, Management and Marketing of Strawberries*. Spaulding & Barto Printers, San Francisco, 1876. The illustrated book is in the Library on Congress, the Biodiversity Heritage Library and other libraries.

## Additional resources

## InfoBox

| Felix Gillet | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Felix Gillet | |
| Born | (1835-03-25)March 25, 1835
Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, France |
| Died | January 27, 1908(1908-01-27) (aged 72)
Nevada City, California, United States |


title: Parallax scanning

abstract: Parallax scanning depth enhancing imaging methods rely on discrete parallax differences between depth planes in a scene. The differences are caused by a parallax scan. When properly balanced (tuned) and displayed, the discrete parallax differences are perceived by the brain as depth. A continuously moving parallax scan records a pattern of sequential parallax views on a single strip of film or video tape. The lens's optical axis sweeps in the plane of the nominal X and Y axes around the nominal optical Z axis, pivoting on the optical convergence point, so that it passes through positions having parallax in relation to the optical convergence point. The circular scanning of the lens's optical axis traces out a coaxial cone pattern with the convergence point as its apex. Early tests revealed that the brain will translate parallax scanned information into depth information at scanning frequencies of between 3–6 Hz, and that the ideal frequency is 4.31 Hz.

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# Parallax scanning

**Parallax scanning** depth enhancing imaging methods rely on discrete parallax differences between depth planes in a scene. The differences are caused by a parallax scan. When properly balanced (tuned) and displayed, the discrete parallax differences are perceived by the brain as depth.

A continuously moving parallax scan records a pattern of sequential parallax views on a single strip of film or video tape. The lens's optical axis sweeps in the plane of the nominal X and Y axes around the nominal optical Z axis, pivoting on the optical convergence point (out along the Z axis), so that it passes through positions having parallax in relation to the optical convergence point. The circular scanning of the lens's optical axis traces out a coaxial cone pattern with the convergence point as its apex.

Early tests revealed that the brain will translate parallax scanned information into depth information at scanning frequencies of between 3–6 Hz, and that the ideal frequency is 4.31 Hz.

## Human Visual Perception

In his 1995 book, Foundations of Vision, Brian Wandell states, "Perception is an interpretation of the retinal image, not a description. Information in the retinal image may be interpreted in many different ways. Because we begin with ambiguous information, we cannot make deductions from the retinal image, only inferences. ....we have learned that the visual system succeeds in interpreting images because of statistical regularities present in the visual environment and hence in the retinal image. These regularities permit the visual system to use fragmentary information present in the retinal image to draw accurate inferences about the physical cause of the image. For example, when we make inferences from the retinal image, the knowledge that we live in a three-dimensional world is essential to the correct interpretation of the image. Often, we are made aware of the existence of these powerful interpretations and their assumptions when they are in error, that is, when we discover a visual illusion."

While it is not possible to create a stereo image on a standard display without special equipment, it is possible to create an image with enhanced texture and depth. The parallax scanning lens technology creates autostereoscopic moving images with enhanced texture and depth on standard displays (television, movie screens and computer monitors) without the necessity of special screens or the use of viewing glasses. Images can be recorded on normal film or videotape using industry standard camera systems. The image depth enhancement is accomplished entirely by the lens using parallax scanning technology.

## Psycho-physical Research

It is known that the act of visual perception is a cognitive exercise and not merely a stimulus response. In other words, perception is a learned ability which we develop in infancy. Kenneth Ogle of the Mayo Clinic, reported 1967 that left and right-eye information can be presented alternatively to the left and right eyes, resulting in depth perception as long as the time interval does not exceed 100 ms. Visual researcher David Marr has suggested that perceptual fusion of binocular information occurs in a short-term memory buffer by means of some sort of visual depth mapping. In 1984, Edwin Jones of the University of South Carolina reported that the human brain can accept and process parallax information without regard to the direction of the parallax, i.e. horizontal, diagonal or vertical. A. P. McLaurin of the University of South Carolina, has stated that if visual information is in fact compared in a temporary memory and does not have to be received simultaneously, there is no reason why stereoscopic information that is appropriately sequenced at the proper rate cannot be observed by the single eye.

In August 1998, the University of Virginia—Cognitive Science Department received an Innovation Award from the Virginia Center for Innovative Technology (CIT) to fund a research project to study the perceptual aspects of parallax scanning on the human visual system. This project and its subsequent report were completed in March 1999.

The UVA report titled Perceived depth is enhanced with parallax scanning, was the first independent study of the parallax scanning technologies. Dr. Dennis Proffitt and Tom Banton's work confirm that parallax scanning enhances perceived depth in images, especially when the object depth is large (See UVA Report). The more depth in the scene, the more parallax scanning enhances its perception by a viewer on a standard television screen without the aid of special glasses.


title: Parallel (2018 film)

abstract: Parallel is a 2018 Canadian science fiction thriller film. The film stars Aml Ameen, Martin Wallström, Georgia King, Mark O'Brien and Alyssa Diaz.

text:
# Parallel (2018 film)

**Parallel** is a 2018 Canadian science fiction thriller film. The film stars Aml Ameen, Martin Wallström, Georgia King, Mark O'Brien and Alyssa Diaz.

## Plot

The film opens with an elderly couple in bed. Upon hearing her dog crying, the wife leaves her bedroom and goes to investigate. She finds her dog fine but when she goes to feed him she is killed by a masked intruder. The intruder removes her mask to reveal she is an exact duplicate of the wife. The intruder then redresses and (re)joins the husband in bed.

Next four friends (Aml Ameen as Devin, Martin Wallström as Noel, Georgia King as Leena and Mark O'Brien as Josh) are running a software startup. Devin and Noel are pitching to investors when they are given an impossible deadline. Their investors have met with a similar company which they like. The guys realise they have been betrayed by a programmer who they recently considered hiring called Seth (Chad Krowchuk). Devin and Noel return and give Leena and Josh the bad news. The foursome decide to drown their sorrows in the local bar. While there they learn from the barmaid Carmen (Alyssa Diaz) that their home is rumoured to be haunted after the previous owner mysteriously disappeared.

The four go home and discuss if its possible to finish the app in the timeframe the investors gave them. They agree it cannot be done but Josh gets angry when Devin mentions that he is going to give up and just get a job. In the ensuing scuffle they damage the wall and uncover a hidden room. While exploring the attic they find a strange mirror, while messing around in the room, Josh discovers the mirror is some form of portal. After Josh steps in and disappears, the four get worried. He returns seconds later telling a fantastic story about a different world and how he was there for 15 minutes. Noel realises the mirror is a portal that connects to different universes. The four decide to use the mirror to slow down time so they can complete the app. With the app complete, they give it to their investors and then drive past Seth mocking him.

Over drinks the four discuss how they can use the portal to their advantage. Leena also uncovers the missing woman's diaries and learns her name was Marissa and that she lost her husband and was using the mirror to reconnect with her deceased husband who was not deceased in another universe. Noel proposes to the group that they use the portal to steal ideas, Devin protests that this is what Seth did to them but loses the argument. He later performs an internet search on his father who we learn died after committing suicide due to a corruption scandal.

Josh starts to use the mirror to seduce women, Leena uses it so she can copy great works of art and sell them off as her own, while Noel becomes a "visionary" reselling ideas for technology. All four of them become successful and wealthy. At an event, they are approached by a suspicious Seth. Josh intervenes after Seth gets angry and insults Devin about his father. Noel takes Devin through the mirror to another universe where they enter Seth's house. Noel destroys Seth's TV and Laptop before inviting Devin to beat up Seth. Devin refuses and makes them leave, he learns that Noel doesn't consider people in alternate universes to be real. Devin then goes through Marissa's diary and learns that Marissa lost her mind searching for her dead husband and he begins to grow concerned for Noel.

To cheer Devin up, Josh takes him to an alternative universe and in this world Josh manages to successfully chat up Carmen and bed her. Devin goes downstairs to listen to music but fails to hear Carmen's boyfriend returning, who proceeds to shoot Josh. Devin carries a mortally wounded Josh back to their world where he bleeds out in the attic and dies. Noel doesn't call 911 as this is happening. The remaining three panic about what to do and reluctantly agree with Noel to kidnap and swap Josh from another world with the dead body.

The alternative Josh is drugged and wakes up in the new world seeing his three friends packing up. The three convince Josh that he got drunk and does not remember getting rich and getting hired into his dream job. This has been fixed up by Noel and Josh drives away to take up the job. Devin tries to find an alternative universe where his father is still alive, eventually succeeding and meeting him. Noel continues to steal ideas from different worlds and starts to spy on Devin and Leena.

Later Devin and Leena grow intimate and share a night of passion which Noel sees. The next morning Devin has seemingly disappeared in search of his father. Noel disposes of Devin's phone in the trash and Leena recovers it and uses it to track Devin's movements to a lakeside cabin. Devin tells her that Noel launched a lawsuit for patents against him. Devin has no recollection of sleeping with Leena and Leena realises that Noel has killed the real Devin. Noel has imported a new Devin from an alternate universe and left him at the cabin while he figures out how to reintroduce him into the group. Leena leaves the new Devin with the original Devin's phone.

Back at the house, Leena confronts Noel who shows her some amazing technical devices he has stolen from alternate universes and says they should get back together.

Josh sneaks into the house and threatens Noel with a gun. Josh has become unhinged as he cannot work out what is going on in his life. In a struggle with Noel his gun goes off badly wounding Noel. Just then another copy of Noel appears with a futuristic gun and shoots the injured Noel and Josh.

Having heard the shots, Leena enters the attic and is shocked to see Noel standing over the two dead bodies. He tells her this is for the best, then takes her downstairs and tries to prove that he has always loved her, showing her evidence of the many alternate Leenas he has met. Leena distracts Noel and grabs the futuristic gun but cannot shoot it. She runs for the attic where the new alt Devin appears up the stairs just in time to save her from Noel's clutches. Devin fights with Noel who is shot and then jumps into the mirror. Just as Noel steps back through into their universe, Leena closes the mirror trapping him between universes and slicing him in half.

Devin and Leena embrace and they dispose of the body. Leena smashes the mirror. The two leave to start a new life. When Leena is in the restroom of a gas station there is a flash of light in the mirror accompanied by an electrical sound, similar to what the mirror in the house made. She gets back into the car with Devin but she is an alternate who cannot remember the music they were just playing on the journey.

## Cast

## Release

It premiered at the 2018 Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival.

## Accolades

Award nominations
| Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 Leo Awards | Best Sound in a Motion Picture | Bill Mellow, Jay Cheetham, Daniel Cardona, Kelly Cole, Shane Shemko, Elaine Stef, James Wallace | Nominated |
| | Best Visual Effects in a Motion Picture | Barbara Jansen, Maxime Hacquin, Adele Jones, Vladimir Sofronov, Robert Habros | Nominated |
| 2021 Hawaii Film Critics Society | Best Sci-Fi Film | *Parallel* | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Parallel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Isaac Ezban |
| Written by | Scott Blaszak |
| Produced by | * Garrick Dion * Matthias Mellinghaus |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Karim Hussain |
| Edited by | Ben Baudhuin |
| Music by | Edy Lan |
| Production<br>company | Bron Studios |
| Distributed by | Vertical Entertainment |
| Release date | * April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10) (Brussels) |
| Running time | 104 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: Parauta

abstract: Parauta is a town and municipality in the province of Málaga, part of the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Serranía de Ronda. It is situated in the west of the province in the Valle del Genal. The municipality is situated approximately 105 kilometres from the provincial capital of Málaga. It has a population of approximately 250 residents. The natives are called Parauteños. This white-painted town is known for its hiking trails, especially "El Bosque Encantado" trail. It consists of a short walk where you can find wooden sculptures of gnomes, fairies and elves. This walk is perfect for families and offers beautiful views of Valle del Genal.

text:
# Parauta

**Parauta** is a town and municipality in the province of Málaga, part of the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Serranía de Ronda. It is situated in the west of the province in the Valle del Genal. The municipality is situated approximately 105 kilometres from the provincial capital of Málaga. It has a population of approximately 250 residents. The natives are called *Parauteños*.

This white-painted town is known for its hiking trails, especially "El Bosque Encantado" trail. It consists of a short walk where you can find wooden sculptures of gnomes, fairies and elves. This walk is perfect for families and offers beautiful views of Valle del Genal.

## InfoBox

| Parauta | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ParautaLocation in Spain. | |
| Coordinates: 36°39′N 5°07′W / 36.650°N 5.117°W / 36.650; -5.117 | |
| Sovereign state | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Andalusia |
| Province | Málaga |
| Area | |
| Total | 44 km2 (17 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 799 m (2,621 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 253 |
| Density | 5.8/km2 (15/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | www.parauta.es |


title: Felix Mariano

abstract: Felix Mariano is a Dominican designer, photographer, producer and YouTuber. He was raised in Washington Heights in New York City. Felix is known for his design contributions in television series and specials such as NBC Sunday Night Football, NASCAR on NBC, the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals, The Dan Patrick Show, World Series of Fighting 21, WWE Money in the Bank, WWE Great Balls of Fire, the Kentucky Derby, the Belmont Stakes, and Super Bowl XLIX.

text:
# Felix Mariano

**Felix Mariano** (born 24 March 1977) is a Dominican designer, photographer, producer and YouTuber. He was raised in Washington Heights in New York City. Felix is known for his design contributions in television series and specials such as *NBC Sunday Night Football*, *NASCAR on NBC*, the *2014 Stanley Cup Finals*, *The Dan Patrick Show*, *World Series of Fighting 21*, *WWE Money in the Bank*, *WWE Great Balls of Fire*, the *Kentucky Derby*, the *Belmont Stakes*, and *Super Bowl XLIX*.

## Career

Mariano created graphics for high-profile events and visualized ideas for companies such as Amazon, NBC Sports, Mercedes-Benz, Coca-Cola, General Electric, Chevrolet, WWE, Microsoft, the NHL, the NBA, and the NFL. Mariano spent six years as a photographer in the automotive industry. In 2003, he founded Frantic Inc, a racing lifestyle brand. In 2019, Mariano started producing and hosting *Frantic TV* on YouTube, a talk show about cycling, fashion and tech.

## Recognition

In 2015, at a special ceremony at the Lincoln Center’s Frederick P. Rose Hall, Mariano won an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Live Sports Special for *The XXII Olympic Winter Games* \- Sports Emmy Award: Outstanding New Approaches - Sports Event Coverage as associate producer.

## InfoBox

| Felix Mariano | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | March 24, 1977<br>Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Citizenship | American |
| Occupation(s) | Designer, producer, host |
| Years active | 2003-present |


abstract: The Paraguay men's national field hockey team represents Paraguay in international field hockey competitions, that are organized by the Pan American Hockey Federation (PAHF), the International Hockey Federation (FIH) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and is governed by the Asociación Paraguaya de Hockey. Paraguay participates regularly in the South American Championships and had participated in the 1995 Pan American games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. The country opened its first synthetic hockey pitch in 2013.

text:
# Paraguay men's national field hockey team

The **Paraguay men's national field hockey team** represents Paraguay in international field hockey competitions, that are organized by the Pan American Hockey Federation (PAHF), the International Hockey Federation (FIH) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and is governed by the Asociación Paraguaya de Hockey.

Paraguay participates regularly in the South American Championships and had participated in the 1995 Pan American games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. The country opened its first synthetic hockey pitch in 2013.

## Tournament History

### Pan American Games

| Pan American Games record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | Position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 1967
until
1991 | *Did not participate* | | | | | | | |
| 1995 | Group stage | 7th | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 73 |
| 1999
until
2019 | *Did not qualify* | | | | | | | |
| Total | 7th (1x) | 1/14 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 73 |

### World League

| FIH Hockey World League record | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Position | Round | Pld | W | D * | L | GF | GA |
| 2012–13 | *Did not participate* | | | | | | | |
| 2014–15 | |
| 2016–17 | *Unranked* | Round 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 20 |
| Total |  | Round 1 (1x) | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 20 |

*\*Draws include matches decided on a penalty shoot-out.*

### Pan American Challenge

| Pan American Challenge record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | Position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 2011 | **Group stage** | **3rd** | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| 2015 | *Did not participate* | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | |
| 2024 | 3rd place game | **3rd** | 7 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 35 |
| Total | Best: 3rd | 2/4 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 5 | 38 |

### South American Games

| South American Games record | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | Position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 2006 | *Did not participate* | | | | | | | |
| 2014 | |
| 2018 | 7th place game | 7th | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 17 |
| 2022 | 5th place game | 6th | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 18 |
| Total | Best: 5th | 2/4 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 15 | 35 |

### South American Championships

| South American
Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Year | Position |
| 2003 | 6th |
| 2008 | 7th |
| 2010 | 6th |
| 2013 | 6th |
| 2016 | 4th |
| Best result: 4th (1x) | |

1. "FIH Outdoor World Hockey Rankings". *FIH*. 13 August 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
2. "Hockey Paraguay - Asunción - Sports & recreation, Sports Shop - Facebook". Retrieved 11 January 2015.
3. "Paraguay Hockey Federation - GTP". Retrieved 11 January 2015.
4. "Asociacion Paraguaya de Hockey sobre cesped y pista - Official Facebook page". Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
5. South American Championships
6. "Opening of the first synthetic hockey field in Paraguay - News Articles - Pan American Hockey Federation". 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
7. "South American Championships - Final Standings". *panamhockey.org*. Retrieved 21 December 2018.

## InfoBox

Paraguay
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Los Aguará |
| Association | Asociación Paraguaya de Hockey |
| Confederation | PAHF (Americas) |
| FIH ranking | |
| Current | 78  (13 August 2024) |
| Highest | 59 (2014) |
| Lowest | 94 (June 2019) |
| Pan American Games | |
| Appearances | 1 (*first in 1995*) |
| Best result | 7th (1995) |


title: Fernanda Paes Leme

abstract: Fernanda Miranda Paes Leme de Abreu is a Brazilian actress.

text:
# Fernanda Paes Leme

**Fernanda Miranda Paes Leme de Abreu** (born 4 June 1983) is a Brazilian actress.

## Biography

Daughter of the narrator and sports commentator Álvaro José, Paes Leme began her career as a child with interests in advertising campaigns. However, it would be revealed only in the show *Sandy & Junior*, Rede Globo, where she had her first professional acting job. She played a spoiled teenager, a character she played for four years.

Concluding this series, Paes Leme acted in *Sítio do Picapau Amarelo*, the telenovela *Agora É que São Elas*, and the miniseries *Um Só Coração*, all airing on the same station.

In 2009, Paes Leme participated in the novel *Paraíso*. Soon after, she landed the role of Dona Flor in the theatrical spectacle *Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos*, replacing Carol Castro.

In 2011, Paes Leme participated in the telenovela *Insensato Coração*.

## Filmography

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | *Sandy & Junior* | Patrícia *(Patty)* | 1998-2003 |
| 2003 | *Sítio do Picapau Amarelo* | Clarice | Cameo |
| | *Agora É que São Elas* | Karina |  |
| 2004 | *Um Só Coração* | Elisa Furtado |  |
| | *Da Cor do Pecado* | Nieta Bazaróv | Cameo |
| 2005 | *América* | Rosário |  |
| 2006 | *Dom* | Cali | Globo TV Special |
| 2007 | *Mandrake* | Flora Green | Episode: "Lígia" |
| | *Amazônia, de Galvez a Chico Mendes* | Belinha |  |
| | *Desejo Proibido* | Teresa Mendonça *(Teresinha)* |  |
| 2008 | *Casos e Acasos* | Cristiane | Episode: "O Colchão, a Mala e a Balada" |
| | *Faça Sua História* | Evelyn | Episode: "A Herança de Napoleão" |
| 2009 | *Paraíso* | Maria Rosa Medeiros |  |
| | *Superbonita* | Herself | Presenter |
| | *Xuxa Especial de Natal* | Blue Pastorinha | Christmas Special |
| 2010 | *S.O.S. Emergência* | Graça | Episode: "Várias Vezes ao Dia" |
| | *Força-Tarefa* | Estéfani | Episode: "Perda Total" |
| 2011 | *Insensato Coração* | Irene Brandão |  |
| 2012 | *As Brasileiras* | Luiza | Episode: "A Reacionária do Pantanal" |
| | *Salve Jorge* | Márcia |  |
| 2013 | *Porta dos Fundos* | Cláudia | Episódio: "Homens" |
| 2014 | *Amor Veríssimo* | six characters |  |
| | *Superstar* | Herself | Presenter |
| 2016 | *X Factor* | Host |  |

### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | *O Homem Que Desafiou o Diabo* | Genifer |
| | *Podecrer!* | Melissa |
| 2011 | *Cilada.com* | Fernanda |
| 2020 | *Rich in Love* | Alana |

## InfoBox

| Fernanda Paes Leme | |
| --- | --- |
| Paes Leme at the Bahian Carnival in 2012 | |
| Born | Fernanda Miranda Paes Leme de Abreu
(1983-06-04) 4 June 1983
São Paulo, Brazil |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1998–present |


title: Parker's spinetail

abstract: Parker's spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

text:
# Parker's spinetail

**Parker's spinetail** (***Cranioleuca vulpecula***) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

Parker's spinetail was originally described as a species with the binomial *Synallaxis vulpecula*. Later it was treated as a subspecies of the rusty-backed spinetail (*Cranioleuca vulpina*) but starting in the late twentieth century it was separated again as a species in its own right. Later phylogenetic work showed that it is not closely related to the rusty-backed spinetail but rather is a sister species of the russet-mantled softtail (*C. berlepschi*).

Parker's spinetail is monotypic.

## Description

Parker's spinetail is 13 to 16 cm (5.1 to 6.3 in) long and weighs 16 to 20 g (0.56 to 0.71 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a faint buff supercilium and lores on an otherwise dusky gray face. Their crown, back, rump, and uppertail coverts are rufous; the forecrown has narrow buff streaks. Their tail and wings are also rufous. Their throat is white and the rest of their underparts light brown or light brownish gray with indistinct whitish mottling. Their iris is brown or pale brown, their maxilla black, their mandible pale grayish pink, and their legs and feet olive or grayish olive. Juveniles have a duller crown than adults.

## Distribution and habitat

Parker's spinetail is found along the upper Amazon River and its major tributaries, from eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru, and far northern Bolivia into western Brazil as far east as the Rio Negro. It almost exclusively inhabits the early-succession vegetation on young river islands. In elevation it is seldom found higher than 300 m (1,000 ft) but does reach 400 m (1,300 ft) in Ecuador.

## Behavior

### Movement

Parker's spinetail is not a migrant, but the extent of its local movements in response to the flooding of river islands during the rainy season is not known.

### Feeding

Parker's spinetail feeds on arthropods but details are lacking. It typically forages in the under- and mid-storeys of woody vegetation, and usually in pairs. It gleans its prey from bark, dead leaf clusters, and trapped debris while searching along trunks and limbs.

### Breeding

Parker's spinetail is thought to be monogamous. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.

### Vocalization

The song of Parker's spinetail is "an accelerating and descending series of nasal notes that ends in a chortle, e.g. *tew-tew-tew-tew-trrrrrr*" and is similarly described as "an accelerating, rising-falling chatter of nasal notes: *teer teew-tew'tu'tutrrr*". Its calls include "a sharp, fast *chut-chut*" given singly or tripled and "a longer, descending chatter, *tchew-tew'tu'tu*.

## Status

The IUCN has assessed Parker's spinetail as being of Least Concern. It has a large range and an unknown population size that is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered uncommon to fairly common in Peru and fairly common in Ecuador and the rest of its range. "Human activity has little short-term direct effect on Parker's Spinetail, other than the local effects of habitat destruction. Given that this species occupies disturbed habitats, it may even benefit, locally, from human activities, such as a low level of clearing for subsistence agriculture." But changes to the Amazonian hydrology from deforestation, dam construction, or climate change might pose a longer-term threat.

## InfoBox

| Parker's spinetail | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| At Marchantaria island, Iranduba, Amazonas state, Brazil | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | *Cranioleuca* |
| Species: | ***C. vulpecula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cranioleuca vulpecula***
(Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1866) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Cranioleuca vulpina vulpecula* | |


title: Pariquera-Açu River

abstract: The Pariquera-Açu River is a river of São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil.

text:
# Pariquera-Açu River

The **Pariquera-Açu River** is a river of São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Pariquera-Açu River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | São Paulo state |
|  | |
| Mouth | Ribeira de Iguape River |
| coordinates | 24°38′S 47°44′W / 24.633°S 47.733°W / -24.633; -47.733 |


title: Fernando de Valdés y Llanos

abstract: Fernando de Valdés y Llanos was the Archbishop of Granada from 1633 to 1639.

text:
# Fernando de Valdés y Llanos

**Fernando de Valdés y Llanos** (28 July 1575  1639) was the Archbishop of Granada from 1633 to 1639.

## Biography

Fernando de Valdés y Llanos was born in Cangas de Tineo on 28 July 1575. He was a member of the family of the Count of Toreno.

Valdés was appointed Bishop of Teruel on 9 July 1625, and consecrated as a bishop by Diego Guzmán de Haros, Archbishop of Seville, on 16 November 1625. He was Bishop Elect of León in 1632, before being appointed Archbishop of Granada on 18 July 1633 after the death of Miguel Santos de San Pedro. He also succeeded Santos de San Pedro as president of the Council of Castile.

He died in 1639.

1. Profile on catholic-hierarch.org
2. Profile from National Gallery


title: Fernando Sousa

abstract: Fernando Manuel Gomes de Sousa is an Angolan retired footballer who played as a midfielder.

text:
# Fernando Sousa

**Fernando Manuel Gomes de Sousa** (born 4 August 1967) is an Angolan retired footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Club career

Born in Luanda, Sousa played his entire career in Portugal. His spell as a professional consisted of 11+12 seasons with S.C. Campomaiorense which he represented in all four major levels, with Primeira Liga totals of 73 games and two goals.

Sousa part of the side who reached the final of the Portuguese Cup, being an unused substitute in the 0–1 loss to S.C. Beira-Mar. He retired in 2004, at the age of 36.

## International career

Sousa played 13 times for the Angola national team, scoring his only goal on 6 April 1997 against Togo, in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification match.

### International goals

| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 6 April 1997 | Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola | Togo | 3–1 | 1998 World Cup qualification |

## InfoBox

Fernando Sousa
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Fernando Manuel Gomes Sousa | | |
| Date of birth | (1967-08-04) 4 August 1967 | | |
| Place of birth | Luanda, Angola | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1980–1981 | Vitória Lisboa | | |
| 1981–1982 | Oriental | | |
| 1982–1986 | Sporting CP | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1986–1987 | Alverca |  |  |
| 1987–1989 | Vialonga |  |  |
| 1989–2000 | Campomaiorense | 227 | (14) |
| 2001–2002 | O Elvas |  |  |
| 2002–2004 | Benavilense |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1997–1998 | Angola | 13 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Parrott's Ferry

abstract: Parrott's Ferry is a historical cable ferry site in Columbia, California in Tuolumne County, California. It is California Historical Landmark No. 438, listed on June 2, 1949. Parrott's Ferry was built by Thomas H. Parrott in 1860. The ferry crossed the Stanislaus River, connected the mining towns of Tuttletown and Vallecito. A bridge across the river was built in 1903, ending the need for the ferry. The ferry used a large wooden flat bottom boat, a type of barge. In some summers the water level was too low for the ferry to operate, so a sandbag dam was built on the river to raise the water level at the ferry, and heavy-duty cables were used to pull the ferry across the river. The site is now under water, since the New Melones Lake reservoir was created with the New Melones Dam. A historical marker is near the former site of Parrott's Ferry at on the Parrott's Ferry Road (E18) and the Columbia-Vallecito Highway Bridge over the Stanislaus Rive, five miles northwest of Columbia. It was placed there on October 2, 1949 by the California Centennials Commission, working with the Aronos Research Club of Sonora.

text:
# Parrott's Ferry

**Parrott's Ferry** is a historical cable ferry site in Columbia, California in Tuolumne County, California. It is California Historical Landmark No. 438, listed on June 2, 1949.

Parrott's Ferry was built by Thomas H. Parrott in 1860. The ferry crossed the Stanislaus River, connected the mining towns of Tuttletown and Vallecito. A bridge across the river was built in 1903, ending the need for the ferry. The ferry used a large wooden flat bottom boat, a type of barge. In some summers the water level was too low for the ferry to operate, so a sandbag dam was built on the river to raise the water level at the ferry, and heavy-duty cables were used to pull the ferry across the river. The site is now under water, since the New Melones Lake reservoir was created with the New Melones Dam.

A historical marker is near the former site of Parrott's Ferry at on the Parrott's Ferry Road (E18) and the Columbia-Vallecito Highway Bridge over the Stanislaus Rive, five miles northwest of Columbia. It was placed there on October 2, 1949 by the California Centennials Commission, working with the Aronos Research Club of Sonora.

## InfoBox

| Parrott’s Ferry | |
| --- | --- |
| New Melones Lake site of former Parrott’s Ferry | |
| Location | arrott’s Ferry Road, Columbia, California. |
| Coordinates | 38°02′22″N 120°27′23″W / 38.039517°N 120.456417°W / 38.039517; -120.456417 |
| Built | 1860, 164 years ago |
| Architect | Thomas H. Parrott |
| Architectural style(s) | Cable ferry |
|  | |
| California Historical Landmark | |
| Designated | June 2, 1949 |
| Reference no. | 438 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Parrott’s Ferry in CaliforniaParrott's Ferry (the United States) | |


title: Parrots of New Guinea

abstract: New Guinea is governed by the nations of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, which were identified among the top-10 highest priority countries for parrot conservation in the world, due to their parrot diversity, endemism, and threats. The island of New Guinea is home to 46 native species of parrots, which makes it the third most diverse biogeographic region in parrot diversity, after the continent of South America which harbours about 100 species and Australia which has 57 species. But considering that the area of New Guinea is at least 8 times smaller than these two zones, it makes New Guinea's parrot diversity truly spectacular. New Guinea shares three species of cockatoos and five other species of parrots with neighbouring Australia and other islands. 38 species of parrots are endemic to the island of New Guinea and minor offshore islands. Although only 7% of the parrot species are threatened in New Guinea, many are very poorly known, and further information may lead to revisions of their Red List status. Most of the threatened species inhabit the satellite islands of New Guinea, with the exception of Pesquet’s parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus), which lives on the mainland.

text:
# Parrots of New Guinea

New Guinea is governed by the nations of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, which were identified among the top-10 highest priority countries for parrot conservation in the world, due to their parrot diversity, endemism, and threats.

The island of New Guinea is home to 46 native species of parrots, which makes it the third most diverse biogeographic region in parrot diversity, after the continent of South America which harbours about 100 species and Australia which has 57 species. But considering that the area of New Guinea is at least 8 times smaller than these two zones, it makes New Guinea's parrot diversity truly spectacular. New Guinea shares three species of cockatoos and five other species of parrots with neighbouring Australia and other islands. 38 species of parrots are endemic to the island of New Guinea and minor offshore islands.

Although only 7% of the parrot species are threatened in New Guinea, many are very poorly known, and further information may lead to revisions of their Red List status. Most of the threatened species inhabit the satellite islands of New Guinea, with the exception of Pesquet’s parrot *(Psittrichas fulgidus)*, which lives on the mainland.


title: Feodosy Vanin

abstract: Feodosy Vanin was a Soviet long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Feodosy Vanin

**Feodosy Vanin** (25 February 1914  26 December 2009) was a Soviet long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Feodosy Vanin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Soviet |
| Born | (1914-02-25)25 February 1914<br>Baturinsky, Russian Empire |
| Died | 26 December 2009(2009-12-26) (aged 95) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Long-distance running |
| Event | Marathon |


title: Ferromirum

abstract: Ferromirum is an extinct genus of symmoriiform cartilaginous fish known from the late Devonian Ibâouane Formation in the southeastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco, with a single species Ferromirum oukherbouchi. It is known from a single well preserved skeleton, which is of a small individual less than half a metre in length. The jaws and hyoid arch are preserved uncrushed. The skull has large orbits which have sclerotic rings. The teeth are small and have a cladodont morphology. The body is slender. The first dorsal fin has a smooth fin spine, which curves posteriorly towards its tip.

text:
# Ferromirum

***Ferromirum*** is an extinct genus of symmoriiform cartilaginous fish known from the late Devonian (mid Famennian) Ibâouane Formation in the southeastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco, with a single species ***Ferromirum oukherbouchi***. It is known from a single well preserved skeleton, which is of a small individual less than half a metre in length. The jaws and hyoid arch are preserved uncrushed. The skull has large orbits (eye sockets) which have sclerotic rings. The teeth are small and have a cladodont morphology. The body is slender. The first dorsal fin has a smooth fin spine, which curves posteriorly towards its tip.

## InfoBox

| *Ferromirum*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Holotype and only known specimen (PIMUZ A/I 4806) | |
|  | |
| Life restoration | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Order: | Symmoriiformes |
| Genus: | *Ferromirum*
Frey et al. 2020 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Ferromirum oukherbouchi*
Frey et al. 2020 | |


title: Ferracute Machine Company

abstract: The Ferracute Machine Company was founded by inventor Oberlin Smith in Bridgeton, New Jersey in 1863. Oberlin was an American engineer who was first noted for his work in magnetic recording. Oberlin Smith's ideas in magnetic recording were used by Valdemar Poulsen when he developed magnetic recording successfully.

text:
# Ferracute Machine Company

The **Ferracute Machine Company** was founded by inventor Oberlin Smith in Bridgeton, New Jersey in 1863. Oberlin was an American engineer who was first noted for his work in magnetic recording. Oberlin Smith's ideas in magnetic recording were used by Valdemar Poulsen when he developed magnetic recording successfully.

## History

Ferracute Machine Company initially started out as a machine shop but it eventually went on to produce metal forming presses. Early presses were manufactured to make tin cans but eventually the larger Ferracute presses were used extensively to produce automobile parts for Cadillac, Packard, Pierce, Chrysler, Ford and others. In 1910 Ferracute produced 39 presses for Ford's Highland Park plant. Ford Motor Company eventually purchased almost 500 Ferracute presses between 1914 and 1917 for the war effort. Ferracute produced presses for Baldwin Locomotive Works, General Electric as well as for munitions plants in England and Canada.

Under Oberlin Smith's direction, Ferracute Machine Company was progressive and he was always looking for the cutting edge applications for his presses. He traveled to Europe often to seek opportunities. With this goal in mind he produced presses to mint coins; one of his customers was the U.S. Mint. In 1897, engineer Henry A. Janvier went to China to install three presses in the Imperial Chinese mint. In 1909, Ferracute installed the first electric presses in La Casa de Moneda (the mint) of Potosi, Bolivia - one of the oldest and largest mints of the Americas, first established during the Spanish colonial period in 1572.

## Sale

In 1937 Ferracute was sold to George E. Bass. With the advent of the Second World War Ferracute once again became a major supplier of machine tools, in the form of presses, to build munitions, aircraft components, and other war material. During World War II, Frankford Arsenal became Ferracute's biggest customer. The governments of Britain and the Soviet Union turned to Ferracute for presses to help them in their domestic war production efforts.

## Closure

After the war the business went into general decline until the company was finally closed in 1968. The factory headquarters caught fire on March 2, 2020, at 12:30 in the morning and burned down. The remains of the buildings were subsequently demolished.


title: Ferragudo halt

abstract: Ferragudo is a halt on the Algarve Line in the Lagoa municipality, Portugal. It was opened on 15 February 1903, under the name Portimão. After the construction and opening of the Portimão Railway Bridge and station, in 1922, the name was changed to Ferragudo.

text:
# Ferragudo halt

**Ferragudo** is a halt on the Algarve Line in the Lagoa municipality, Portugal. It was opened on 15 February 1903, under the name **Portimão**. After the construction and opening of the Portimão Railway Bridge and station, in 1922, the name was changed to Ferragudo.

## Services

This halt is used by regional trains, operated by Comboios de Portugal.

## InfoBox

| Ferragudo halt
Apeadeiro de Ferragudo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Lagoa
Portugal |
| Coordinates | 37°8′19.4″N 8°31′8.93″W / 37.138722°N 8.5191472°W / 37.138722; -8.5191472 |
| Owned by | Infraestruturas de Portugal |
| Line(s) | Linha do Algarve |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Train operators | Comboios de Portugal |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Comboios de Portugal Following station  Estômbar-Lagoatowards Faro  Regional  Portimãotowards Lagos | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ferdinand von Roemer

abstract: Carl Ferdinand von Roemer, German geologist, had originally been educated for the legal profession at Göttingen, but became interested in geology, and abandoning law in 1840, studied science at the University of Berlin, where he graduated Ph.D. in 1842. Two years later he published his first work, Das Rheinische Ubergangsgebirge (1844), in which he dealt with the older rocks and fossils. In 1845 he paid a visit to America, and devoted a year and a half to a careful study of the geology of Texas and other Southern states. He published at Bonn in 1849 a general work entitled Texas, while the results of his investigations of the Cretaceous rocks and fossils were published three years later in a treatise, Die Kreidebildungen von Texas und ihre organischen Einschlusse (1852), which also included a general account of the geology, and gained for him the title Father of the geology of Texas. Subsequently, he published at Breslau Die Silurische Fauna des westlichen Tennessee (1860). During the preparation of these works he was from 1847 to 1855 privatdocent at Bonn, and was then appointed professor of geology, palaeontology and mineralogy in the University of Breslau, a post which he held with signal success as a teacher until his death. As a palaeontologist he made important contributions to our knowledge especially of the vertebrates of the Devonian and older rocks. He assisted H. G. Bronn with the third edition of the Lethaea geognostica (1851–56), and subsequently he labored on an enlarged and revised edition, of which he published one section, Lethaea palaeozoica (1876-1883). In 1862 he was called on to superintend the preparation of a geological map of Upper Silesia, and the results of his researches were embodied in his Geologie von Oberschlesien. As a mineralogist he was likewise well known, more particularly by his practical teachings and by the collection he formed in the Museum at Breslau. He died at Breslau on 14 December 1891. His brother, Friedrich Adolph Roemer, was also a geologist.

text:
# Ferdinand von Roemer

**Carl Ferdinand von Roemer** (5 January 1818  14 December 1891), German geologist, had originally been educated for the legal profession at Göttingen, but became interested in geology, and abandoning law in 1840, studied science at the University of Berlin, where he graduated Ph.D. in 1842.

Two years later he published his first work, *Das Rheinische Ubergangsgebirge* (1844), in which he dealt with the older rocks and fossils. In 1845 he paid a visit to America, and devoted a year and a half to a careful study of the geology of Texas and other Southern states. He published at Bonn in 1849 a general work entitled *Texas*, while the results of his investigations of the Cretaceous rocks and fossils were published three years later in a treatise, *Die Kreidebildungen von Texas und ihre organischen Einschlusse* (1852), which also included a general account of the geology, and gained for him the title Father of the geology of Texas.

Subsequently, he published at Breslau *Die Silurische Fauna des westlichen Tennessee* (1860). During the preparation of these works he was from 1847 to 1855 privatdocent at Bonn, and was then appointed professor of geology, palaeontology and mineralogy in the University of Breslau, a post which he held with signal success as a teacher until his death.

As a palaeontologist he made important contributions to our knowledge especially of the vertebrates of the Devonian and older rocks. He assisted H. G. Bronn with the third edition of the *Lethaea geognostica* (1851–56), and subsequently he labored on an enlarged and revised edition, of which he published one section, *Lethaea palaeozoica* (1876-1883). In 1862 he was called on to superintend the preparation of a geological map of Upper Silesia, and the results of his researches were embodied in his *Geologie von Oberschlesien* (3 vols., 1870). As a mineralogist he was likewise well known, more particularly by his practical teachings and by the collection he formed in the Museum at Breslau. He died at Breslau on 14 December 1891.

His brother, Friedrich Adolph Roemer, was also a geologist.

## InfoBox

| Ferdinand von Roemer | |
| --- | --- |
| Ferdinand Roemer
Geological Museum, Wrocław University | |
| Born | (1818-01-05)5 January 1818
Hildesheim, Hanover |
| Died | 14 December 1891(1891-12-14) (aged 73)
Breslau |
| Nationality | German |
| Education | Göttingen
University of Berlin
PhD Paleontology |
| Known for | Study of paleontology and geology in the United States |
| Awards | Murchison Medal (1885) |


title: Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton

abstract: Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton, 413 U.S. 49 (1973), was a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a state court's injunction against the showing of obscene films in a movie theatre restricted to consenting adults. The Court distinguished the case from Stanley v. Georgia, saying that the privacy of the home that was controlling in Stanley was not present in the commercial exhibition of obscene movies in a theatre.

text:
# Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton

***Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton***, 413 U.S. 49 (1973), was a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a state court's injunction against the showing of obscene films in a movie theatre restricted to consenting adults. The Court distinguished the case from *Stanley v. Georgia*, saying that the privacy of the home that was controlling in *Stanley* was not present in the commercial exhibition of obscene movies in a theatre.

## InfoBox

| Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued October 19, 1972
Decided June 21, 1973 | |
| Full case name | *Paris Adult Theatre I et al., Petitioners, v. Lewis R. Slaton, District Attorney, Atlanta Judicial Circuit, et al.* |
| Citations | 413 U.S. 49 (*more*)93 S. Ct. 2628; 37 L. Ed. 2d 446 |
| Holding | |
| A civil injunction barring the theatres in question from showing adult films was upheld; however, the State's definitions of obscene material must be re-evaluated in light of recent jurisprudence. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William O. Douglas **·**  William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart **·**  Byron White
Thurgood Marshall **·**  Harry Blackmun
Lewis F. Powell Jr. **·**  William Rehnquist | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Burger, joined by White, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist |
| Dissent | Douglas |
| Dissent | Brennan, joined by Stewart, Marshall |


title: Figure-of-nine loop

abstract: The figure-of-nine loop is a type of knot to form a fixed loop in a rope. Tied in the bight, it is made similarly to a figure-of-eight loop but with an extra half-turn before finishing the knot. Also similar to the stevedore loop, the figure-nine loop is generally shown as being based on an intermediate form between the figure-eight knot and the stevedore knot. The Ashley Book of Knots shows this intermediate knot, in stopper form, as #521. While it uses more rope and is bulkier than the figure-of-eight loop, the figure-nine loop is somewhat stronger and less likely to jam. It is sometimes used instead of a figure-of-eight loop to attach a rope to an anchor point or belay.

text:
# Figure-of-nine loop

The **figure-of-nine loop** is a type of knot to form a fixed loop in a rope. Tied in the bight, it is made similarly to a figure-of-eight loop but with an extra half-turn before finishing the knot.

Also similar to the stevedore loop, the figure-nine loop is generally shown as being based on an intermediate form between the figure-eight knot and the stevedore knot. *The Ashley Book of Knots* shows this intermediate knot, in stopper form, as #521.

While it uses more rope and is bulkier than the figure-of-eight loop, the figure-nine loop is somewhat stronger and less likely to jam. It is sometimes used instead of a figure-of-eight loop to attach a rope to an anchor point or belay.

## Tying

## Figure-of-nine knot

The knot can also be tied with the end of a rope - a single strand replaces the double strand, and therefore a naked end replaces the loop. This knot can be rearranged to form a stopper knot, in the same manner as a figure-of-eight stopper knot.

## InfoBox

| Figure-of-nine loop | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | Figure-of-nine loop, Figure-nine loop |
| Category | Loop |
| Related | Figure-eight knot, Figure-of-eight follow through, Figure-of-eight loop, Stevedore knot |
| Typical use | Caving |


abstract: The London Borough of Islington is short of large parks and open spaces, given its status in recent decades as a desirable place of residence. In fact, Islington has the lowest ratio of open space to built-up areas of any London borough. The largest continuous open space in the borough, at 11.75 hectares, is Highbury Fields. Islington has access to large open spaces in neighbouring London boroughs. The Islington district of Finsbury Park is next to the southern end of Finsbury Park, in Haringey. The "Green Route" of the Regent's Canal tow path provides access to Regent's Park to the west – in Camden; and Victoria Park to the east – in Tower Hamlets. Many other open spaces such as Clissold Park in Hackney are situated on the borders of the borough. Islington also contains many well-kept public squares and greens, such as Canonbury Square and Thornhill Square. Because of the perceived open space deficit, many small community gardens grew up in Islington from the 1970s on. Created and maintained by local residents on sites made derelict by the Blitz and redevelopment, not all have survived, but one notable remaining example, open to the public, is Culpeper Community Garden, near the Angel.

text:
# Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Islington

The London Borough of Islington is short of large **parks and open spaces**, given its status in recent decades as a desirable place of residence. In fact, Islington has the lowest ratio of open space to built-up areas of any London borough. The largest continuous open space in the borough, at 11.75 hectares (29 acres), is Highbury Fields.

Islington has access to large open spaces in neighbouring London boroughs. The Islington district of Finsbury Park is next to the southern end of Finsbury Park, in Haringey. The "Green Route" of the Regent's Canal tow path provides access to Regent's Park to the west  in Camden; and Victoria Park to the east  in Tower Hamlets. Many other open spaces such as Clissold Park in Hackney are situated on the borders of the borough. Islington also contains many well-kept public squares and greens, such as Canonbury Square and Thornhill Square.

Because of the perceived open space deficit, many small community gardens grew up in Islington from the 1970s on. Created and maintained by local residents on sites made derelict by the Blitz and redevelopment, not all have survived, but one notable remaining example, open to the public, is Culpeper Community Garden, near the Angel.

## List of open spaces

* The Artillery Ground is an 3.2 hectares (7.9 acres) open space on the edge of the city. It has belonged to the Honourable Artillery Company since 1638. While it is not normally open to the public, the ground contains many sports facilities that are used by local schools
* Barnard Park, 3.66 hectares (9.0 acres)
* Bunhill Fields is a 3.2 hectares (7.9 acres) burial ground, adjacent to the Artillery Ground. It contains many dissenter burials, including Daniel Defoe, John Bunyan and William Blake. It is administered by the Corporation of London. Part contains historic graves; but part is laid to a pleasant and quiet park.
* Caledonian Park, 7.40 hectares (18.3 acres) \- on the site of the former Caledonian Cattle Market once the biggest cattle market in North London
* Charterhouse Square, 0.80 hectares (2.0 acres), former burial ground converted into a garden square
* Claremont Square is a former reservoir that is closed to the public
* Compton Terrace Garden, 0.38 hectares (0.94 acres)
* Crouch Hill Park is located about halfway along the Parkland Walk
* Duncan Terrace Gardens & Colebrook Row Gardens, 0.77 hectares (1.9 acres)
* Elthorne Park, 2.45 hectares (6.1 acres)
* Finsbury Square, 0.70 hectares (1.7 acres)
* Fortune Street Park, 0.36 hectares (0.89 acres)
* Freightliners City Farm is in Lower Holloway. This small urban farm contains a wide range of animals from rabbits to cows to chickens and pigs
* Highbury Fields, 11.75 hectares (29.0 acres)
* Islington Green, 0.32 hectares (0.79 acres)
* Jewish Burial Ground, 0.51 hectares (1.3 acres)
* Joseph Grimaldi Park, 0.51 hectares (1.3 acres)
* King Square Gardens, 1.18 hectares (2.9 acres), is a park in the St Luke's area
* Laycock Street Open Space, 0.89 hectares (2.2 acres)
* Market Road Gardens, 1.1 hectares (2.7 acres). The Copenhagen Tunnel lies directly underneath.
* New River Walk including Astey's Row Rock Gardens/Astey's Row Playground, 2.09 hectares (5.2 acres) is a linear walk that connects the Angel and Canonbury along the banks of the New River
* Newington Green
* Paradise Park, 1.85 hectares (4.6 acres)
* The Parkland Walk is a linear park along the route of a disused railway line from Finsbury Park to Highgate Woods, a small part of which is in Islington with the rest being in Haringey
* Petherton Green is a linear walk along the route of the New River, which was culverted and covered in 1868–70, and an avenue of trees and grass planted down the middle
* The Regent's Canal enters the Islington Tunnel, near City Road Lock. A linear walk is marked through the streets and parks above the tunnel
* Rosemary Gardens, 2.63 hectares (6.5 acres)
* Spa Fields, 0.82 hectares (2.0 acres)
* St Mary's Church Gardens (also known as Islington Parish Church), 0.69 hectares (1.7 acres)
* St Mary Magdalene Gardens
* Thornhill Gardens (also known as Thornhill Road Gardens), 0.28 hectares (0.69 acres)
* Tufnell Park Playing Fields, 1.92 hectares (4.7 acres)
* Whittington Park, 4.09 hectares (10.1 acres)
* Wray Crescent, 2.13 hectares (5.3 acres)

## Garden squares

## Local Nature Reserves

There are three Local Nature Reserves in Islington, Gillespie Park (2.8 hectares (6.9 acres)), Barnsbury Wood (0.35 hectares (0.86 acres)), and the part of the Parkland Walk which is in the borough.

1. "Highbury Fields | Islington Council". *www.islington.gov.uk*.
2. "Bunhill Fields". Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.


abstract:
The London Borough of Enfield is the northernmost of the Outer London boroughs. The borough lies within the Metropolitan Green Belt, and several of its 123 or more parks and open spaces are part of it. The ancient Enfield Chase, remnants of which still exist, occupied much of the area. In addition to many playgrounds and sports facilities, the main areas of public open space are:
  - Albany Park: Enfield Wash, 45 acres (0.18 km⁲) formally opened 1902, since extended; west of Enfield Lock railway station
  - Arnos Park, Arnos Grove: 44 acres (0.18 km⁲) opened in 1928; north of Arnos Grove tube station; Pymmes Brook Trail passes through it
  - Beech Hill Park, Hadley Wood: includes Hadley Wood Golf Course
  - Broomfield Park, Palmers Green: 54 acres (0.22 km⁲), purchased 1903
  - Bullsmoor Playing Fields, Freezywater
  - Bury Lodge Gardens Edmonton
  - Bush Hill Park Recreation Ground Bush Hill Park was officially opened on 18 April 1911
  - Churchfields Recreation Ground Edmonton
  - Craig Park, Edmonton
  - Cunningham Park, Freezywater
  - Ryans Park, Enfield Highway
  - Durants Park, Enfield Highway created in 1903.
  - Forty Hall Park: an estate of 273 acres (1.10 km⁲) managed by Enfield Borough, includes woodlands and grounds around Forty Hall
  - Firs Farm,'
  - Grovelands Park, Southgate
  - Hilly Fields, near Gordon Hill railway station: 62 acres (0.25 km⁲) purchased 1911
  - Hollywood Gardens, Edmonton
  - Jubilee Park, Lower Edmonton
  - King George's Field, Enfield Highway, opened in 1939, to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of King George V and Queen Mary in 1935.
  - Minchenden Oak Garden, Southgate
  - Montagu Road Recreation Ground, Edmonton
  - Oakwood Park: 64 acres (0.26 km⁲) purchased 1927
  - Ponders End Recreation Ground, Ponders End
  - Plevna Road Open Space, Edmonton
  - Pymmes Park, Edmonton: 53 acres (0.21 km⁲) purchased 1899
  - Tatem Park, Edmonton
  - Town Park, Enfield Town, which incorporates the last public remnant of Enfield Old Park.
  - Trent Park: country park
  - Whitewebbs Park Apart from those open spaces, there are the two large reservoirs. The King George V and the William Girling collectively known as the Chingford Reservoirs situated alongside the River Lea in the east of the Borough. Covert Way is Enfield's only Local Nature Reserve.

text:
# Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Enfield

The London Borough of Enfield is the northernmost of the Outer London boroughs. The borough lies within the Metropolitan Green Belt, and several of its 123 or more **parks and open spaces** are part of it. The ancient Enfield Chase, remnants of which still exist, occupied much of the area. In addition to many playgrounds and sports facilities (including a number of golf courses), the main areas of public open space are:

Apart from those open spaces, there are the two large reservoirs. The King George V and the William Girling collectively known as the Chingford Reservoirs situated alongside the River Lea in the east of the Borough.

Covert Way is Enfield's only Local Nature Reserve.


title: Fiber-reinforced concrete

abstract: Fiber-reinforced concrete or fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers – each of which lend varying properties to the concrete. In addition, the character of fiber-reinforced concrete changes with varying concretes, fiber materials, geometries, distribution, orientation, and densities.

text:
# Fiber-reinforced concrete

**Fiber-reinforced concrete** or **fibre-reinforced concrete** (**FRC**) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers – each of which lend varying properties to the concrete. In addition, the character of fiber-reinforced concrete changes with varying concretes, fiber materials, geometries, distribution, orientation, and densities.

## Historical perspective

The concept of using fibers as reinforcement is not new. Fibers have been used as reinforcement since ancient times. Historically, horsehair was used in mortar and straw in mudbricks. In the 1900s, asbestos fibers were used in concrete. In the 1950s, the concept of composite materials came into being and fiber-reinforced concrete was one of the topics of interest. Once the health risks associated with asbestos were discovered, there was a need to find a replacement for the substance in concrete and other building materials. By the 1960s, steel, glass (GFRC), and synthetic (such as polypropylene) fibers were used in concrete. Research into new fiber-reinforced concretes continues today.

Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact, abrasion, and shatter resistance in concrete. Larger steel or synthetic fibers can replace rebar or steel completely in certain situations. Fiber reinforced concrete has all but completely replaced bar in underground construction industry such as tunnel segments where almost all tunnel linings are fiber reinforced in lieu of using rebar. This may, in part, be due to issues relating to oxidation or corrosion of steel reinforcements. This can occur in climates that are subjected to water or intense and repeated moisture, see Surfside Building Collapse. Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the compressive strength of concrete. Lignocellulosic fibers in a cement matrix can degrade due to the hydrolysis of lignin and hemicelluloses.

The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers), termed "volume fraction" (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. The aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If the fiber's modulus of elasticity is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of the material. Increasing the aspect ratio of the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. Longer length results in better matrix inside the concrete and finer diameter increases the count of fibers. To ensure that each fiber strand is effective, it is recommended to use fibers longer than the maximum aggregate size. Normal concrete contains 19 mm (0.75 in) equivalent diameter aggregate which is 35-45% of concrete, fibers longer than 20 mm (0.79 in) are more effective. However, fibers that are too long and not properly treated at time of processing tend to "ball" in the mix and create work-ability problems.

Fibers are added for long term durability of concrete. Glass and polyester decompose in alkaline condition of concrete and various additives and surface treatment of concrete.

The High Speed 1 tunnel linings incorporated concrete containing 1 kg/m3 or more of polypropylene fibers, of diameter 18 & 32 μm, giving the benefits noted below. Adding fine diameter polypropylene fibers, not only provides reinforcement in tunnel lining, but also prevents "spalling" and damage of lining in case of fire due to accident.

## Benefits

Glass fibers can:

* Improve concrete strength at low cost.
* Adds tensile reinforcement in all directions, unlike rebar.
* Add a decorative look as they are visible in the finished concrete surface.

Polypropylene and nylon fibers can:

* Improve mix cohesion, improving pumpability over long distances
* Improve freeze-thaw resistance
* Improve resistance to explosive spalling in case of a severe fire
* Improve impact- and abrasion-resistance
* Increase resistance to plastic shrinkage during curing
* Improve structural strength
* Reduce steel reinforcement requirements
* Improve ductility
* Reduce crack widths and control the crack widths tightly, thus improving durability

Steel fibers can:

* Improve structural strength
* Reduce steel reinforcement requirements
* Reduce crack widths and control the crack widths tightly, thus improving durability
* Improve impact- and abrasion-resistance
* Improve freeze-thaw resistance

Natural (lignocellulosic, LC) fibers and/or particles can:

* Improve ductility
* Contribute to crack control via bridging
* Reduce the negative environmental impact of the materials (GWP - global warming potential)
* Reduce weight
* LC (plant-based) fibers and particles can degrade in a cement matrix

Blends of both steel and polymeric fibers are often used in construction projects in order to combine the benefits of both products; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to explosive spalling and plastic shrinkage improvements provided by polymeric fibers.

In certain specific circumstances, steel fiber or macro synthetic fibers can entirely replace traditional steel reinforcement bar ("rebar") in reinforced concrete. This is most common in industrial flooring but also in some other precasting applications. Typically, these are corroborated with laboratory testing to confirm that performance requirements are met. Care should be taken to ensure that local design code requirements are also met, which may impose minimum quantities of steel reinforcement within the concrete. There are increasing numbers of tunnelling projects using precast lining segments reinforced only with steel fibers.

Micro-rebar has also been recently tested and approved to replace traditional reinforcement in vertical walls designed in accordance with ACI 318 Chapter 14.

## Some developments

At least half of the concrete in a typical building component protects the steel reinforcement from corrosion. Concrete using only fiber as reinforcement can result in saving of concrete, thereby greenhouse effect associated with it. FRC can be molded into many shapes, giving designers and engineers greater flexibility.

High performance FRC (HPFRC) claims it can sustain strain-hardening up to several percent strain, resulting in a material ductility of at least two orders of magnitude higher when compared to normal concrete or standard fiber-reinforced concrete. HPFRC also claims a unique cracking behavior. When loaded to beyond the elastic range, HPFRC maintains crack width to below 100 μm, even when deformed to several percent tensile strains. Field results with HPFRC and The Michigan Department of Transportation resulted in early-age cracking.

Recent studies on high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete in a bridge deck found that adding fibers provided residual strength and controlled cracking. There were fewer and narrower cracks in the FRC even though the FRC had more shrinkage than the control. Residual strength is directly proportional to the fiber content.

The use of natural fibers has become a topic of research mainly due to the expected positive environmental impact, recyclability, and economy. The degradation of natural fibers and particles in a cement matrix is a concern.

Some studies were performed using waste carpet fibers in concrete as an environmentally friendly use of recycled carpet waste. A carpet typically consists of two layers of backing (usually fabric from polypropylene tape yarns), joined by CaCO3 filled styrene-butadiene latex rubber (SBR), and face fibers (majority being nylon 6 and nylon 66 textured yarns). Such nylon and polypropylene fibers can be used for concrete reinforcement. Other ideas are emerging to use recycled materials as fibers: recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber, for example.

## Standards

* EN 14889-1:2006 – Fibres for Concrete. Steel Fibres. Definitions, specifications & conformity
* EN 14845-1:2007 – Test methods for fibres in concrete
* ASTM A820-16 – Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (superseded)
* ASTM C1116/C1116M - Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
* ASTM C1018-97 – Standard Test Method for Flexural Toughness and First-Crack Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third-Point Loading) (Withdrawn 2006)
* CSA A23.1-19 Annex U - Ultra High Performance Concrete (with and without Fiber Reinforcement)
* CSA S6-19, 8.1 - Design Guideline for Ultra High Performance Concrete


title: Pascoea angustana

abstract: Pascoea angustana is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Kriesche in 1923.

text:
# Pascoea angustana

***Pascoea angustana*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Kriesche in 1923.

## InfoBox

| *Pascoea angustana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Pascoea* |
| Species: | ***P. angustana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pascoea angustana***<br>(Kriesche, 1923) | |
|