title: Paul Marino

abstract: Paul Marino is a film director, producer, animator, voice actor, and author currently focused on machinima, the art of using engines from video games to create films. He is a co-founder and the executive director of the Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences (AMAS), a non-profit organization formed in 2002 to promote and organize the growth of machinima. Marino also co-founded the ILL Clan, a machinima production group, and, working under the pseudonym ILL Robinson, helped to create a number of the group's machinima pieces. In particular, he directed Hardly Workin', an August 2000 comedy video that won a Best in SHO award in Showtime's alt.SHO.com Alternative Media Festival, held on February 8, 2001, and an award for Best Acting at the AMAS's 2002 Machinima Film Festival. Independently of the ILL Clan, Marino has worked on other machinima projects. Using Valve's first-person shooter Half-Life 2, he created I'm Still Seeing Breen, a 2005 music video set to Breaking Benjamin's song "So Cold". The video aired on MTV2's television program Video Mods. He has worked with Rooster Teeth Productions on their Sims 2 machinima series, The Strangerhood, as both a voice actor and a visual effects designer. Working with Rooster Teeth, he also helped to develop Strangerhood Studios, a short spin-off series commissioned in 2005 by the Independent Film Channel. Strangerhood Studios was the first machinima series to be commissioned for broadcast, and won an award for Best Editing at the 2005 Machinima Film Festival. Marino has since been hired by BioWare to work in the cutscenes for games such as Mass Effect and Star Wars: The Old Republic. Marino has also written the first book about machinima, 3D Game-Based Filmmaking: The Art of Machinima. Prior to his work in machinima, Marino was an animator who won an Emmy Award for his work with Turner Broadcasting System.

text:
# Paul Marino

**Paul Marino** (born March 10, 1980) is a film director, producer, animator, voice actor, and author currently focused on machinima, the art of using engines from video games to create films. He is a co-founder and the executive director of the Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences (AMAS), a non-profit organization formed in 2002 to promote and organize the growth of machinima. Marino also co-founded the ILL Clan, a machinima production group, and, working under the pseudonym **ILL Robinson**, helped to create a number of the group's machinima pieces. In particular, he directed *Hardly Workin'*, an August 2000 comedy video that won a Best in SHO award in Showtime's alt.SHO.com Alternative Media Festival, held on February 8, 2001, and an award for Best Acting at the AMAS's 2002 Machinima Film Festival.

Independently of the ILL Clan, Marino has worked on other machinima projects. Using Valve's first-person shooter *Half-Life 2*, he created *I'm Still Seeing Breen*, a 2005 music video set to Breaking Benjamin's song "So Cold". The video aired on MTV2's television program *Video Mods*. He has worked with Rooster Teeth Productions on their *Sims 2* machinima series, *The Strangerhood*, as both a voice actor and a visual effects designer. Working with Rooster Teeth, he also helped to develop *Strangerhood Studios*, a short spin-off series commissioned in 2005 by the Independent Film Channel. *Strangerhood Studios* was the first machinima series to be commissioned for broadcast, and won an award for Best Editing at the 2005 Machinima Film Festival.

Marino has since been hired by BioWare to work in the cutscenes for games such as *Mass Effect* and *Star Wars: The Old Republic*. Marino has also written the first book about machinima, *3D Game-Based Filmmaking: The Art of Machinima*. Prior to his work in machinima, Marino was an animator who won an Emmy Award for his work with Turner Broadcasting System.

## Machinima filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | *Apartment Huntin'* | Animator, assistant director, editor |
| 2000 | *Quad God* | Strollick (voice) |
| 2000 | *Hardly Workin'* | Director, producer |
| 2003 | *Common Sense Cooking with Carl the Cook* | Technical director |
| 2004 | *Larry & Lenny on the Campaign Trail* | 3D characters, animation |
| 2005 | *I'm Still Seeing Breen* | Director, editor |
| 2005–2006; 2015 | *The Strangerhood* | Elder Sam (voice), visual effects |
| 2006–2008 | *Red vs. Blue* | Visual effects |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Paul Marino | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | March 10, 1980 |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, producer, animator, voice actor, author |


title: Víctor Ferreira (footballer)

abstract: Víctor Ramón Ferreira Barrios is a former Paraguayan footballer who played as a forward. In 2008 Ferreira played on loan for Godoy Cruz in Argentina.

text:
# Víctor Ferreira (footballer)

**Víctor Ramón Ferreira Barrios** (born 9 May 1986) is a former Paraguayan footballer who played as a forward.

In 2008 Ferreira played on loan for Godoy Cruz in Argentina.

## Teams

## Titles

* Cerro Porteño 2006 (Torneo Clausura Paraguayan Primera División Championship), 2009 (Torneo Apertura Paraguayan Primera División Championship)
* Guaraní 2010 (Torneo Apertura Paraguayan Primera División Championship)

## InfoBox

Víctor Ferreira
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Víctor Ramón Ferreira Barrios | | |
| Date of birth | (1986-05-09) 9 May 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay | | |
| Height | 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward/Winger | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2009 | Cerro Porteño | 80 | (12) |
| 2008 | Godoy Cruz (loan) | 6 | (0) |
| 2010 | Guaraní | 7 | (0) |
| 2010 | Cerro Porteño | 2 | (0) |
| 2011 | Sol de América | 37 | (5) |
| 2011–2012 | Caracas | 16 | (4) |
| 2012 | Unión La Calera | 13 | (0) |
| 2013–2015 | Real Garcilaso | 82 | (22) |
| 2015 | Ayacucho FC | 16 | (1) |
| 2016 | Sport Huancayo | 17 | (3) |
| 2018 | Binacional | 29 | (8) |
| 2019 | General Díaz | 3 | (1) |
| Total |  | **308** | **(56)** |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2021 | General Díaz | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Neon Future I

abstract: Neon Future I is the second studio album by American DJ and producer Steve Aoki. It was released on September 30, 2014, through Ultra Records and Dim Mak Records. The second part of the album, Neon Future II was released on May 12, 2015.

text:
# Neon Future I

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 54/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| *AllMusic* |  |
| *Exclaim!* | 4/10 |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *PopMatters* |  |

***Neon Future I*** is the second studio album by American DJ and producer Steve Aoki. It was released on September 30, 2014, through Ultra Records and Dim Mak Records. The second part of the album, *Neon Future II* was released on May 12, 2015.

## Singles

The album was preceded by the release of eight singles. The first two singles, "Rage The Night Away" and "Delirious (Boneless)", were the only two to be given additional remixes before the album's release. Both tracks also feature in the original motion picture soundtrack of the 2014 film *Step Up: All In*. Other singles of the album are "Get Me Outta Here", "Neon Future", "Back to Earth" and "Born to Get Wild", was featured in the 2014 horror film *The Hive*.

## Commercial performance

The album debuted at No. 1 on Dance/Electronic Albums, and No. 32 on *Billboard* 200, selling 10,000 copies in its first week.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Steve Aoki

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Transcendence" (featuring Ray Kurzweil) (Intro) |  | 2:03 |
| 2. | "Neon Future" (featuring Luke Steele of Empire of the Sun) | Steele | 6:17 |
| 3. | "Back to Earth" (featuring Fall Out Boy) |  | 4:03 |
| 4. | "Born to Get Wild" (featuring will.i.am) | William Adams | 4:45 |
| 5. | "Rage the Night Away" (featuring Waka Flocka Flame) |  | 4:45 |
| 6. | "Delirious (Boneless)" (with Chris Lake and Tujamo featuring Kid Ink) |  | 3:43 |
| 7. | "Free the Madness" (featuring Machine Gun Kelly) | Richard Colson Baker | 4:19 |
| 8. | "Afroki" (with Afrojack featuring Bonnie McKee) |  | 4:17 |
| 9. | "Get Me Outta Here" (featuring Flux Pavilion) | Joshua Steele | 5:15 |
| 10. | "Beyond Boundaries" (featuring Aubrey de Grey) (Outro) |  | 1:26 |
| Total length: | | | 40:53 |

Japanese version bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "Boneless" (with Chris Lake and Tujamo) | 4:30 |
| 12. | "Rage the Night Away" (Milo & Otis Remix) | 3:35 |
| Total length: | | 48:58 |

Google Play bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | "Delirious (Boneless)" (radio edit) (featuring Kid Ink) | 3:05 |
| 11. | "Born to Get Wild" (Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike vs. BoostedKids Remix) | 5:26 |
| 12. | "Delirious (Boneless)" (Chris Lorenzo Remix) | 4:18 |
| Total length: | | 49:06 |

*Club Edition*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Neon Future" (featuring Luke Steele of Empire of the Sun) | 5:46 |
| 2. | "Back to Earth" (featuring Fall Out Boy) | 5:01 |
| 3. | "Born to Get Wild" (featuring will.i.am) | 4:22 |
| 4. | "Rage the Night Away" (featuring Waka Flocka Flame) | 5:31 |
| 5. | "Free the Madness" (featuring Machine Gun Kelly) | 4:22 |
| 6. | "Afroki" (featuring Afrojack and Bonnie McKee) | 6:03 |
| Total length: | | 31:05 |

## Credits and personnel

## Chart history

| Chart (2014) | * Peak * position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 64 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 68 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 96 |
| Canadian Albums (*Billboard*) | 18 |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 38 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 71 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 32 |
| US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US Digital Albums (*Billboard*) | 13 |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 4 |
|

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | September 30, 2014 | * CD * digital download |  |
| Worldwide | | | Sony Music |
| Japan | | | October 1, 2014 |

## InfoBox

| Neon Future I | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Steve Aoki | |
| Released | September 30, 2014 |
| Recorded | 2013–2014 |
| Genre | EDM |
| Length | 40:53 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Steve Aoki chronology | |
| *Wonderland*
(2012) ***Neon Future I***
(2014) *Neon Future II*
(2015) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Neon Future I* | |
| 1. "Rage the Night Away"
Released: April 22, 2014 2. "Delirious (Boneless)"
Released: June 3, 2014 3. "Free the Madness"
Released: June 24, 2014 4. "Get Me Outta Here"
Released: September 16, 2014 5. "Born to Get Wild"
Released: November 7, 2014 6. "Back to Earth"
Released: April 3, 2015 7. "Afroki"
Released: June 3, 2015 8. "Neon Future"
Released: July 17, 2015 | |
|  | |


title: Ptychohyla dendrophasma

abstract: Ptychohyla dendrophasma is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in Guatemala and possibly Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Ptychohyla dendrophasma

***Ptychohyla dendrophasma*** is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in Guatemala and possibly Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Ptychohyla dendrophasma* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | *Ptychohyla* |
| Species: | ***P. dendrophasma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptychohyla dendrophasma***
(Campbell, Smith & Acevedo, 2000) | |
|


title: Promises (group)

abstract: Promises was a Canadian-based pop group which was founded 1978 in Thousand Oaks, California. The members were siblings Leslie Maria Knauer, Jed Knauer and Benny Knauer. Their father Peter Knauer was a German from Hamburg who moved with his children from Canada to California in the late 1960s. Promises was formed, recorded and produced by Steve Verroca, who leased the group's album to EMI EAR Holland. In February 1979, the soft rock single "Baby It's You" became a smash hit around the world, especially in Europe, where it reached number 4 in the German charts, and Promises received a Gold album there for selling more than 260,000 units. The song was also hugely popular in Australia, largely due to programming of its promotional video on Sunday evening television music show Countdown. The song was subsequently released on a highly popular compilation album in that market. It also reached number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart for five weeks. "Baby It's You" was a success in South Africa as well, also appearing on Volume 7 of that country's long-running compilation album series "Pop Shop". The video also received a lot of airplay on South African television. With their second single "Lets Get Back Together" being much less successful, and Leslie wanting the group to become more of a punk band, they broke up. It is often said that Promises was a flop in the United States, but due to disagreements between EMI-EAR and Capitol Records in Los Angeles, Capitol refused to sign the group and Promises was never released in the U.S. Once the group was no longer signed to EMI-EAR, and under new manager Toby Mamis, they entered the studio to record a U.S. album for Capitol, produced by Jack Nitzsche. Producer Verroca had used many recording tricks for Leslie's voice that Nitzsche was unaware of, leading to friction with the new producer. Leslie insisted on recording full takes without overdubs. The album's recording sessions were subsequently halted, and the group broke up. Leslie Knauer went on to join and release a single with the group Roxy Roller with former London guitarist Lizzie Grey, and later became a member of the group Precious Metal (1983-1992), represented by music attorney Stann Findelle, who made their first recording deal with PolyGram and went on to record on Chameleon Records. Leslie was later a member of Kanary (2004), and sang two songs for the Dennis Hopper movie, Choke (2001). Leslie's daughter Alexi Wasser is an actress.

text:
# Promises (group)

**Promises** was a Canadian-based pop group which was founded 1978 in Thousand Oaks, California. The members were siblings Leslie Maria Knauer (born August 20, 1957, Vancouver, vocals, bongos), Jed Knauer (born July 17, 1955, Toronto, guitar, piano) and Benny Knauer (born October 21, 1958, Vancouver, keyboards and vocals). Their father Peter Knauer was a German from Hamburg who moved with his children from Canada to California in the late 1960s.

Promises was formed, recorded and produced by Steve Verroca, who leased the group's album to EMI EAR Holland. In February 1979, the soft rock single "Baby It's You" became a smash hit around the world, especially in Europe, where it reached number 4 in the German charts, and Promises received a Gold album there for selling more than 260,000 units. The song was also hugely popular in Australia, largely due to programming of its promotional video on Sunday evening television music show Countdown. The song was subsequently released on a highly popular compilation album in that market. It also reached number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart for five weeks. "Baby It's You" was a success in South Africa as well, also appearing on Volume 7 of that country's long-running compilation album series "Pop Shop". The video also received a lot of airplay on South African television.

With their second single "Lets Get Back Together" being much less successful (only reaching number 18 in Germany), and Leslie wanting the group to become more of a punk band, they broke up. It is often said that Promises was a flop in the United States, but due to disagreements between EMI-EAR and Capitol Records in Los Angeles, Capitol refused to sign the group and Promises was never released in the U.S. Once the group was no longer signed to EMI-EAR, and under new manager Toby Mamis, they entered the studio to record a U.S. album for Capitol, produced by Jack Nitzsche. Producer Verroca had used many recording tricks for Leslie's voice that Nitzsche was unaware of, leading to friction with the new producer. Leslie insisted on recording full takes without overdubs. The album's recording sessions were subsequently halted, and the group broke up.

Leslie Knauer (Knauer-Wasser during a relationship with photographer Julian Wasser) went on to join and release a single with the group Roxy Roller with former London guitarist Lizzie Grey, and later became a member of the group Precious Metal (1983-1992), represented by music attorney Stann Findelle, who made their first recording deal with PolyGram and went on to record on Chameleon Records. Leslie was later a member of Kanary (2004), and sang two songs for the Dennis Hopper movie, *Choke* (2001). Leslie's daughter Alexi Wasser is an actress.

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of albums, with Australian chart positions
| Title | Album details | Peak chart
positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| *Promises* | * Released: 1978 * Format: LP * Label: EMI (EMC-2684) | 6 |

### Singles

List of singles, with chart positions
| Year | Title | Peak chart
positions | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 | BEL | GER | NZ | |
| 1978 | "Baby It's You" | 2 | 12 | 4 | 1 | *Promises* |
| 1979 | "Let's Get Back Together" | 27 | - | 18 | | - |

## InfoBox

| Promises | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Canada
California, United States |
| Genres | Disco-pop |
| Years active | 1978–1979 |
| Labels | EMI Electrola |
|  | |
| Past members | Leslie Maria Knauer
Jed Knauer
Benny Knauer |


title: Shiloh, Bath County, Virginia

abstract: Shiloh is an unincorporated community in Bath County, Virginia, in the United States.

text:
# Shiloh, Bath County, Virginia

**Shiloh** is an unincorporated community in Bath County, Virginia, in the United States.

## InfoBox

| Shiloh | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| ShilohLocation within the state of VirginiaShilohShiloh (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°05′14″N 79°39′02″W / 38.08722°N 79.65056°W / 38.08722; -79.65056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Virginia |
| County | Bath |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1673656 |


title: Nymphostola

abstract: Nymphostola is a monotypic moth genus in the family Oecophoridae or the family Depressariidae. The genus was erected by Edward Meyrick in 1883. Its only species, Nymphostola galactina, the tarata flat moth, was described by Cajetan Felder, Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875. It is endemic to New Zealand. For both males and females, the wingspan is between 23 and 26 mm. The head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs are snow white. The forewings are broad, the costa strongly arched, the apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, while not oblique; white, with a faint greenish or emerald tinge between the veins; all the veins are marked at regular intervals with faint minute dark grey dots. There is a more conspicuous dark grey dot in disc beyond the middle, and a very slender indistinct dark grey hindmarginal line: cilia white. The hindwings and cilia are white. Considered a very delicate and conspicuously distinct species.

text:
# Nymphostola

***Nymphostola*** is a monotypic moth genus in the family Oecophoridae or the family Depressariidae. The genus was erected by Edward Meyrick in 1883. Its only species, ***Nymphostola galactina***, the **tarata flat moth**, was described by Cajetan Felder, Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875. It is endemic to New Zealand.

For both males and females, the wingspan is between 23 and 26 mm. The head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs are snow white. The forewings are broad, the costa strongly arched, the apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, while not oblique; white, with a faint greenish or emerald tinge between the veins; all the veins are marked at regular intervals with faint minute dark grey dots. There is a more conspicuous dark grey dot in disc beyond the middle, and a very slender indistinct dark grey hindmarginal line: cilia white. The hindwings and cilia are white. Considered a very delicate and conspicuously distinct species.

## InfoBox

| *Nymphostola galactina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| On a kōwhai shoot | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Oecophoridae |
| Genus: | *Nymphostola*
Meyrick, 1883 |
| Species: | ***N. galactina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nymphostola galactina***
(C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) | |
|


title: Purna Chandra Hota

abstract: Purna Chandra Hota was an Indian bureaucrat and civil servant. He was married to Bijoylaxmi Hota, a yoga expert and author of several books on yogic therapy. He had three children, Reema Hota Singh, an Indian revenue Service Officer, Prasenjeet Hota, and Reela Hota, an odissi dancer.

text:
# Purna Chandra Hota

**Purna Chandra Hota** (9 September 1938 – 27 December 2020) was an Indian bureaucrat and civil servant. He was married to Bijoylaxmi Hota, a yoga expert and author of several books on yogic therapy. He had three children, Reema Hota Singh, an Indian revenue Service Officer, Prasenjeet Hota, and Reela Hota, an odissi dancer.

## Education and career

The oldest son of Banchanidi Hota, an Excise Official, Hota was born and raised in the Indian state of Odisha. He was educated in Ravenshaw College in Cuttack and at the University of Allahabad.

Hota served as lecturer in the Post-Graduate Department of Political Science of Utkal University. He competed in the Indian Administrative Service (I.A.S.) Examination held by the UPSC and was among the first ten candidates in order of merit. Hota was allotted the Odisha Cadre of the Indian Administrative Service in 1962.

Hota studied law in the South Campus Law College of the University of Delhi while serving in the I.A.S.

From 1966 to 1984, he worked for the Government of Odisha in various departments. As the Additional Secretary of Ministry of Labor of the Government of India, he was appointed the Chairman of the Tripartite Committee appointed by Government of India, and empowered to plan a pension scheme for workers, which has been implemented since 1995.

In May 2010, he was appointed by the Government of India as the Chairman of a Committee of Experts, to suggest measures for expeditious disposal of disciplinary and vigilance inquiries.

In August 2012, he was honorarily named Doctor of Letters by Ravenshaw University in recognition of "Outstanding Contribution to Public Service". In July 2013, he was appointed by the Government of Karnataka to recommend measures for reform of the practices and procedures of the Karnataka Public Service Commission.

In 2019, Hota wrote a book on law titled *Nuggets of Wisdom- Some path breaking judgements of the Supreme Court*, published by Atlantic. Chandra Hota died on 27 December 2020 at the age of 82.

## International delegations

* 1982: Member of a Delegation to the World Bank, Washington DC for negotiating a loan for a major river valley project in Odisha
* 1991: Led the Indian delegation to the International Labor Conference at Geneva
* 1991: Member of the Indian delegation to the Asian Productivity Council at Bangkok
* 1992: Led the Indian Delegation to the International Social Security Association at Acapulco, Mexico
* 1995: Member of the Indian delegation to the Eastern Regional Organization of Public administration (EROPA) at Tokyo
* 1995: Member of the Indian delegation to the International Anti-Corruption Conference at Beijing
* 2001: Led a delegation of Union Public Service Commission for Study of Modalities of Recruitment to the Public Service in Singapore and Australia

### Inline citations

### General references


title: Paw Paw, Marion County, West Virginia

abstract: Paw Paw is an unincorporated community in Marion County, West Virginia, United States.

text:
# Paw Paw, Marion County, West Virginia

**Paw Paw** is an unincorporated community in Marion County, West Virginia, United States.

## InfoBox

| Paw Paw | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Paw PawLocation within the state of West VirginiaPaw PawPaw Paw (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 39°32′55″N 80°9′11″W / 39.54861°N 80.15306°W / 39.54861; -80.15306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Marion |
| Elevation | 902 ft (275 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS ID | 1555317 |


title: Meerbrook

abstract: Meerbrook is a small village in North Staffordshire, on the River Churnet at the edge of the Peak District National Park. It is situated four miles north of the town of Leek, in the parish of Leekfrith. The Roaches and Hen Cloud, popular walking and climbing locations, are very nearby.

text:
# Meerbrook

**Meerbrook** (grid reference SJ989609) is a small village in North Staffordshire, on the River Churnet at the edge of the Peak District National Park. It is situated four miles north of the town of Leek, in the parish of Leekfrith. The Roaches and Hen Cloud, popular walking and climbing locations, are very nearby.

## History

The area grew with the expansion of the early medieval wool industry, and the Cistercian Abbey of Dieulacres held three sheep farms in the village. A chapel was built in 1537, later serving as a schoolroom with a paid schoolmaster until around the 1780s. The present church of St. Matthew sits in the centre of the village, and was built 1870–1873.

The local Meerbrook coalfield was dug commercially from around the 1600s, until 1878. The adit or sough to provide drainage for the mine is over four miles (6.4 km) long.

Part of the village was submerged under the man-made Tittesworth reservoir in the early 1960s. There was a silk manufacturing mill, but this closed in 1970. Meerbrook's village school closed in 1969, and the building is now a youth hostel.

## Today

Situated between The Roaches and Tittesworth Reservoir, Meerbrook provides a base for a wide variety of outdoor leisure activities. There is a pub, The Lazy Trout, and the Meerbrook Youth Hostel. There is a large and modern Village Hall located just to the west of the village. An annual Scarecrow Festival is held each May. The Peak District Boundary Walk runs through the village.

53°08′44″N 2°01′2″W / 53.14556°N 2.01722°W / 53.14556; -2.01722


title: Giulio Scarpati

abstract: Giulio Scarpati is an Italian actor.

text:
# Giulio Scarpati

**Giulio Scarpati** (born 20 February 1956) is an Italian actor.

## Life and career

Born in Rome, pretty active on stage, after several small film roles Scarpati had his breakout role in 1991 as Marco, the main character in the Giuseppe Piccioni's drama film *Chiedi la luna*. In 1994 he won a David di Donatello for best actor for his performance in Alessandro Di Robilant's *Law of Courage*. Scarpati later obtained a large popularity with the role of Lele Martini in the Rai Uno television series *Un medico in famiglia*.

Scarpati is married to the stage director Nora Venturini and has a son, Edoardo (27-05-1988), and a daughter, Lucia (27-11-1994). He also writes the sports column "Tribuna d’onore" for the newspaper *La Repubblica*.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Giulio Scarpati | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1956-02-20) 20 February 1956<br>Rome |
| Occupation | Actor |


title: Nephi Leatigaga

abstract: Nephi Tupou Leatigaga is a Samoan rugby union prop for New South Wales Waratahs in Super Rugby. He has previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, Biarritz Olympique in France's Pro D2 and for Piacenza in Italy. He has played six internationals for Samoa in 2016 between 2022.

text:
# Nephi Leatigaga

**Nephi Tupou Leatigaga** (born 5 December 1993) is a Samoan rugby union prop for New South Wales Waratahs in Super Rugby. He has previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, Biarritz Olympique in France's Pro D2 and for Piacenza in Italy. He has played six internationals for Samoa in 2016 between 2022.

## Career

Leatigaga was born in Samoa; he first played for Mt Wellington RFC and Auckland Rugby Union in New Zealand. After impressing for Samoa 'A' he was called up for Samoa's November 2016 touring squad. He made his international debut on 25 November 2016 against Canada in a 25-23 win at the Stade des Alpes in Grenoble, France. On 18 January 2017 he joined Rugby Lyons Piacenza in Italy's Super 10 On 15 June 2017 his signature was announced by Biarritz Olympique. After a season in France his signature for Leicester was widely reported in the French media in July 2018, which prompted Biarritz to release a statement claiming his agent was unregistered which the agent denied, saying he was registered with the RFU allowing him to sign the player to an English club.

His signing for the 2019-20 season was confirmed by Leicester Tigers on 6 May 2019. Leatigaga played as a replacement in the 2022 Premiership Rugby final as Tigers beat Saracens 15-12. On 19 April 2023 he signing was announced by New South Wales Waratahs as injury cover for Angus Bell.

## InfoBox

Nephi Leatigaga
| Birth name | Nephi Tupou Leatigaga |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1993-12-05) 5 December 1993 |
| Place of birth | Salelologa, Siumu, Samoa |
| Height | 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) |
| Weight | 149.1 kg (329 lb; 23 st 7 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Loosehead Prop, Tighthead Prop  **Current team** New South Wales Waratahs  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2016–2017 Piacenza  9  (13)  2017–2019 Biarritz Olympique  29  (20)  2019–2023 Leicester Tigers  77  (5)  2023 New South Wales Waratahs  8  (5)  Correct as of 19 April 2023  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2016 Samoa  6  (0)  Correct as of 6 May 2019 | |


title: Psychiatric epidemiology

abstract: Psychiatric epidemiology is a field which studies the causes (etiology) of mental disorders in society, as well as conceptualization and prevalence of mental illness. It is a subfield of the more general epidemiology. It has roots in sociological studies of the early 20th century. However, while sociological exposures are still widely studied in psychiatric epidemiology, the field has since expanded to the study of a wide area of environmental risk factors, such as major life events, as well as genetic exposures. Increasingly neuroscientific techniques like MRI are used to explore the mechanisms behind how exposures to risk factors may impact psychological problems and explore the neuroanatomical substrate underlying psychiatric disorders. Reviews on psychiatric epidemiology as a main subject were published by Tohen et al. in 2006, Kessler in 2007, and Juul & Nemeroff in 2012.

text:
# Psychiatric epidemiology

**Psychiatric epidemiology** is a field which studies the causes (etiology) of mental disorders in society, as well as conceptualization and prevalence of mental illness. It is a subfield of the more general epidemiology. It has roots in sociological studies of the early 20th century. However, while sociological exposures are still widely studied in psychiatric epidemiology, the field has since expanded to the study of a wide area of environmental risk factors, such as major life events, as well as genetic exposures. Increasingly neuroscientific techniques like MRI are used to explore the mechanisms behind how exposures to risk factors may impact psychological problems and explore the neuroanatomical substrate underlying psychiatric disorders.

Reviews on psychiatric epidemiology as a main subject were published by Tohen et al. in 2006, Kessler in 2007, and Juul & Nemeroff in 2012.

## History

Sociological studies of the early 20th century can be regarded as predecessors of today's psychiatric epidemiology. These studies investigated for instance how suicide rates differ between Protestant and Catholic countries or how the risk of having schizophrenia is increased in neighborhood characterized with high levels of social isolation. After World War 2 researchers began using community surveys to assess psychological problems. By the 1980s, the development of new diagnostic assessment instruments and reliable criteria for mental disorders given by the DSM-3 began a trend to estimating the prevalence of mental disorders next to symptoms.

As an example, in an attempt to measure the prevalence of mental illness in the United States, Lee Robins and Darrel A. Regier conducted a study called the Epidemiological Catchment Area Project which surveyed samples of the general population at five sites across America. In the study, it was found that about a third of all Americans experience mental illness at some point in their lives. This statistic is often referred to as lifetime prevalence.

Today, epidemiological studies focus on the etiology of mental disorders, i.e. the identification and quantification of causes underlying psychiatric problems and their mechanisms, rather than mere estimation of prevalence. It is not ethically possible to experimentally expose study participants to stressors suspected to cause psychiatric disorders, thus epidemiological techniques are required to study the etiology. For this purpose longitudinal studies, which follow children and adults for a long period of time, often for many years, are particularly useful. These allow the study of naturally occurring exposures and how they affect changes in psychiatric symptoms. Two notable historical studies focusing on etiology are the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study and the Christchurch Health and Development Study. These studies began in the 70's and studied the impact of perinatal problems, genetic variants, sexual abuse and other adverse exposures on psychological problems in childhood and later in adulthood.

## Assessment of disorders

Many different instruments are used to assess mental disorders in epidemiological studies depending on the age of the participants, available recourses and other considerations. Studies featuring adolescents and adults often use structured interviewing, a technique in which a series of questions is administered by interviewers to determine whether an individual is disordered or nondisordered. Alternatively, questionnaire are used, which can be administered more easily. In epidemiological studies featuring children, psychopathology is often assessed using parent report, however, multi-informant approaches, e.g. the simultaneous use of parent, teachers and self-report, is popular as well.

## Exposures studied

### Genetic

Psychiatric disorders show substantial heritability according to twin studies. A meta-analysis of most twin-studies conducted found a combined heritability of 46% for psychiatric disorders. Given the large contribution of genetic variants on psychiatric disorders, one major focus of psychiatric epidemiology is psychiatric genetics. A combination of family and molecular studies are used within psychiatric epidemiology to uncover the effects of genetics on mental health. Twin studies estimate the influences of all genetic variants and effects, but, due to relying purely on relatedness information, are limited in explaining the specific genetic mechanisms and architecture underlying psychiatric traits. Molecular studies confirm findings from family studies that genetic variants can partly explain the occurrence of psychological problems, e.g. by quantifying the total contribution of common genetic variants. Furthermore, an increasing number of specific genetic loci are being associated with psychiatric disorders in large genome-wide association studies

### Environmental

Next to genetic exposures, a wide variety of environmental exposures are being studied as well, such as nutrition, urbanicity, stressful life events, and bullying. In contrast to genetic studies, the investigation of environmental exposures of psychiatric problems face the question of bidirectional causality. For example, both directions of causation are possible: experiencing social stress might cause depression, or being depressed might worsen relationships with others and thus cause social stress (or it may even be the case that both interact, possibly as a self-reinforcing feedback loop). Finding an association between the occurrence of an environmental exposure and a disorder could be the result of either or both situations. Multiple strategies exist in psychiatric epidemiology to assess the direction of causality. One possibility is measuring the exposure and outcome multiple times. Researchers can then analyze how much a change in psychiatric symptoms can be attributed to the exposure at a previous time point, but also whether changes in the exposure can be predicted by previous symptom levels (cross-lagged model). Such a model was e.g. applied to the study of internalizing and externalizing psychological problems and stressful life events. Both, psychiatric problems as well as life events, were measured multiple times during grade 7,8,9,10 and 12. The researchers observed that stressful life events precede both internalizing and externalizing psychological problems, but appear to be also the result of experiencing such symptoms. An alternative approach is the use of twin studies, because discordance between monozygotic twins suggests environmental effects.

### Prenatal

Brain development is a complex process that starts during the early stage of embryogenesis and continues into adulthood. Studies focusing on risk factors of exposure on early brain development have found differences in brain anatomy in children of mothers that consumed marijuana compared to unexposed control subjects, emphasizing the importance of intrauterine risk factors in early brain development. Premature birth is also associated with an increased risk of childhood depression and psychiatric hospitalization in young adulthood.

## Population-based imaging studies

Population-based imaging studies attempt to find neurobiological substrates to explain psychiatric symptomatology. These studies have mainly used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences to study the brain at a population scale: MRI sequences can be used to noninvasively study structural (e.g. volumetric) brain differences between individuals. Other examples of MRI sequences are functional MRI (fMRI), studying activational patterns of the brain and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), measuring the development and integrity of white matter tacts. These techniques have been used at various developmental stages, examples for each stage are discussed below.

### Pediatric population

Imaging studies in children showed a significant association between autistic traits and gyrification patterns (winding patterns) of the brain on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DTI studies, focusing on white matter development, showed that cognitive ability in children is positively associated with white matter integrity, as expressed by fractional anisotropy (FA).

### Elderly population

Population-based studies in a large elderly population found a significant association between vascular white matter disease and depressive symptoms.

## Further reading


title: Germán Pinelli

abstract: Germán Pinelli was a Cuban journalist and actor.

text:
# Germán Pinelli

**Germán Pinelli** (born **Germán Piniella Vázquez de Mella** on December 15, 1907 – November 19, 1996) was a Cuban journalist and actor.

## Biography

Pinelli's voice was first heard on the radio waves when he was 14 years old, and a student at the prestigious Colegio de Belén for boys, run by the Jesuits. The Freemasons were raising funds for their orphanage, La Misericordia, by putting on a show at the Campoamor Theater, and they invited young Pinelli to sing.

Thirty years later, his face would be the first to appear on Cuban television screens. Pinelli studied piano and guitar and was a musician with the Orchestra Palau. He won a scholarship to study bel canto in Italy, but never received the funds, so he remained in Cuba and studied theater with his sister, Soledad. When he first approached Goar Mestre, the CEO of CMQ Radio and Television studios, for a job, he was told “he did not have the voice for radio.”

The turning point in young Pinelli's journalistic career came with his daring live coverage of the fight between two rival gangs on the corner of Orfila Street. There, lying on the floor, he reported the bloodbath. After that, his place in Cuban Journalism was secured. This incident began his long and illustrious career.

He became known for his wit and ability to hold an audience captive. During his lifetime, he received many honors both from the cultural community as well as from the government. He is buried in the Colon Cemetery, Havana, Cuba

He was married three times. His sister was the Cuban actress Sol Pinelli and his son is Tony Pinelli, the award winning Cuban composer, singer and musical scholar. Tony's sons are German David Pinelli (born September 24, 1973) and Ari A. Pinelli (born June 9, 1976), who along with German David's wife, Ana Paez (born January 9, 1966) are members of the Cuban musical group Los Tres de la Habana. He also had Alina Pinelli, the youngest of his children, from his marriage to Model and Socialite, Concepción Nanin. Alina at age 5 was part of the Children's Corps d'Ballet of Cuba's Ballet Nacional, under the direction of Alicia Alonso. She left Cuba with her mother in 1960. Although she has performed, she chose a career both in Law and in Teaching Art History. In 2007, she took vows and became a Pujari of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (Hare Krishna.) Source: Alina Pinelli

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1978 | *Los sobrevivientes* | Pascual Orozco |  |
| 1979 | *Portrait of Teresa* |  |  |
| 1979 | *Maluala* |  |  |
| 1981 | *Leyenda* |  |  |
| 1985 | *Svindlande affärer* | Konferencier | (final film role) |

## InfoBox

| Germán Pinelli | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | December 15, 1907
Havana, Cuba |
| Died | November 19, 1996
Havana, Cuba |


title: IoBT-CRA

abstract: The Internet of Battlefield Things Collaborative Research Alliance (IoBT-CRA), also known as the Internet of Battlefield Things Research on Evolving Intelligent Goal-driven Networks, is a collaborative research alliance between government, industry, and university researchers for the purposes of developing a fundamental understanding of a dynamic, goal-driven Internet of Military Things (IoMT) known as the Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT). It was first established by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) to investigate the use of machine intelligence and smart technology on the battlefield, as well as strengthen the collaboration between autonomous agents and human soldiers in combat. An initial grant of $25 million was provided by ARL in October 2017 to fund the first five years of this potential 10-year research program. The research effort is a collaboration between ARL and Carnegie Mellon University, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of California, Los Angeles, the University of Massachusetts, the University of Southern California, Georgetown University, and SRI International with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) acting as the consortium lead.

text:
# IoBT-CRA

The **Internet of Battlefield Things Collaborative Research Alliance** (**IoBT-CRA**), also known as the **Internet of Battlefield Things Research on Evolving Intelligent Goal-driven Networks** (**IoBT REIGN**), is a collaborative research alliance between government, industry, and university researchers for the purposes of developing a fundamental understanding of a dynamic, goal-driven Internet of Military Things (IoMT) known as the Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT). It was first established by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) to investigate the use of machine intelligence and smart technology on the battlefield, as well as strengthen the collaboration between autonomous agents and human soldiers in combat. An initial grant of $25 million was provided by ARL in October 2017 to fund the first five years of this potential 10-year research program.

The research effort is a collaboration between ARL and Carnegie Mellon University, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of California, Los Angeles, the University of Massachusetts, the University of Southern California, Georgetown University, and SRI International with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) acting as the consortium lead.

## Goals

The IoBT-CRA was created as part of the U.S. Army’s long-term plans to keep up with technological advances in commercial industry and better prepare for future electronic warfare against more technologically sophisticated adversaries. In light of this objective, the IoBT-CRA focuses on exploring the capabilities of intelligent battlefield systems and large-scale heterogeneous sensor networks that dynamically evolve in real-time in order to adapt to Army mission needs. Part of the CRA research is dedicated to enhancing modern intelligent sensor and actuator capacity, allowing them to be compatible with secure military-owned networks, less trustworthy civilian networks, and adversarial networks.

ARL identified six areas of research that the IoBT-CRA should strive to develop as part of its program:

* **Agile Synthesis:** Theoretical models and methods of autonomic complex systems that provide the capacity to enable fast and effective command over military, adversary, and civilian networks.
* **Reflexes:** Theoretical models and methods for structuring dynamic IoBTs that perform adaptive, autonomic, and self-aware behavior at varying ranges of scale, distribution, resource constraints, and heterogeneity.
* **Intelligent Battlefield Services:** Scientific theories that will help improve the fundamental run-time capabilities of IoBTs with tasks such as information collection, predictive processing, and data anomaly detection.
* **Security:** Methods of increasing the defenses of IoBTs such that the system is resilient to attacks and tampering from adversaries and is able to continue operating under less-than-ideal situations.
* **Dependability:** Fundamental models related to asset composition, system adaptation, and intelligent services that are all aimed to increase the reliability of IoBTs in largely uncertain environments.
* **Experimentation:** The architectural foundations for the IoBT seek to evaluate how well theories, algorithms, and technologies perform under various military-related scenarios for the purpose of addressing issues regarding scale, composability, and compatibility.


title: Nymphonia zaleuca

abstract: Nymphonia zaleuca is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Australia.

text:
# Nymphonia zaleuca

***Nymphonia zaleuca*** is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Nymphonia zaleuca* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Yponomeutidae |
| Genus: | *Nymphonia* |
| Species: | ***N. zaleuca*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nymphonia zaleuca***<br>Meyrick, 1913 | |
|


title: Ptycholoma

abstract: Ptycholoma is a genus of moths in the tribe Archipini.

text:
# Ptycholoma

***Ptycholoma*** is a genus of moths in the tribe Archipini.

## Species

## Former species

## Distribution

Species in this genus are present in most of Europe, in the eastern Palearctic realm, and in the Near East.

* Fauna europaea
* Biolib
* Funet
* Stephens, 1829, *Syst. Cat. Br. Insects* (**2**): 183.
* Brown, John W., 2005, *World Catalogue of Insects* **5**.
* Chen, L.; Jinbo, U.; Wang, M. 2009: A new species of *Ptycholoma* (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from South China. *Zootaxa*, **2087**: 65-68. Abstract & excerpt

Media related to *Ptycholoma* at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Ptycholoma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult of *Ptycholoma lecheana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Tribe: | Archipini |
| Genus: | *Ptycholoma*<br>Stephens, 1829 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ptychaloma* Diakonoff, 1939 | |


title: Paw Paw Black School

abstract: The Paw Paw Black School is an historic building in Paw Paw, Morgan County, West Virginia. It was built in 1928 by local builder Raymond Hunter from Berkeley Springs, WV in a Collegiate Gothic Revival Style. It is a rectangular brick faced building over hollow ribbed terracotta blocks on a raised concrete foundation. The building taught African-American students through the 8th grade until 1954 when "separate but equal" was declared unconstitutional. The building also served as the social and civic center for the small African American community. In its 13 August 2014 issue the Morgan Messenger published an article about the Paw Paw Black School titled "Paw Paw Black School was a Historic School of Excellence". This article discussed the quality of the education that was provided for black students during the years the school was open. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 2024, and is the town's third entry on the National Register.

text:
# Paw Paw Black School

The **Paw Paw Black School** is an historic building in Paw Paw, Morgan County, West Virginia. It was built in 1928 by local builder Raymond Hunter from Berkeley Springs, WV in a Collegiate Gothic Revival Style. It is a rectangular brick faced building over hollow ribbed terracotta blocks on a raised concrete foundation. The building taught African-American students through the 8th grade until 1954 when "separate but equal" was declared unconstitutional. The building also served as the social and civic center for the small African American community.

In its 13 August 2014 issue the *Morgan Messenger* published an article about the Paw Paw Black School titled "Paw Paw Black School was a Historic School of Excellence". This article discussed the quality of the education that was provided for black students during the years the school was open.

It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 2024, and is the town's third entry on the National Register.

1. Abruzzi, David (July 2024). "National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form - Paw Paw Black School" (PDF). *State of West Virginia, West Virginia Division of Culture and History, Historic Preservation*. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
2. Evans, Kate (August 13, 2024). "The Paw Paw Black School was a Historic School of Excellence". *Morgan Messenger*. p. 14.
3. National Register Database and Research. Retrieved 27 July 2024. Reg. no. 100010588

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Paw Paw Black School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Paw Paw Black School, April 23, 2024 | |
|  | |
| Location | Amelia St., Paw Paw, West Virginia |
| Coordinates | 39°31′53″N 78°27′34″W / 39.53139°N 78.45944°W / 39.53139; -78.45944 |
| Built | 1928 |
| Architect | Raymond Hunter (builder) |
| Architectural style | Collegiate Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 100010588 |
| Added to NRHP | July 17, 2024 |


title: W. O. Boston High School

abstract: W. O. Boston High School was an American public high school in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Named in honor of William Oscar Boston, it opened in 1949 as a segregated school for Blacks. It was renamed from Second Ward Colored School, which had been in the community since the late 19th century. W. O. Boston's first principal was Ralph C. Reynaud. In sports, the W. O. Boston Panthers won three state titles in 1972 in boys basketball, girls track and field, and football. In 1983, the school merged with Lake Charles High School to form Lake Charles-Boston. At the time, W. O. Boston was predominantly Black, while Lake Charles was racially relatively even. The school board supported the merger to eliminate a one-race school. Blacks opposed it, contending that it destroyed Calcasieu Parish's best example of racial balance. The resulting Lake Charles-Boston was 78.2 percent Black and 21.8 percent White. Blacks also disagreed that Barbe High School, which was predominantly White, was largely unaffected by the board's desegregation plan.

text:
# W. O. Boston High School

**W. O. Boston High School** was an American public high school in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Named in honor of William Oscar Boston, it opened in 1949 as a segregated school for Blacks. It was renamed from Second Ward Colored School, which had been in the community since the late 19th century. W. O. Boston's first principal was Ralph C. Reynaud.

In sports, the W. O. Boston Panthers won three state titles in 1972 in boys basketball, girls track and field, and football.

In 1983, the school merged with Lake Charles High School to form Lake Charles-Boston. At the time, W. O. Boston was predominantly Black, while Lake Charles was racially relatively even. The school board supported the merger to eliminate a one-race school. Blacks opposed it, contending that it destroyed Calcasieu Parish's best example of racial balance. The resulting Lake Charles-Boston was 78.2 percent Black and 21.8 percent White. Blacks also disagreed that Barbe High School, which was predominantly White, was largely unaffected by the board's desegregation plan.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| William Oscar Boston High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 600 South Shattuck Stret
Lake Charles, (Calcasieu Parish), Louisiana 70601
United States | |
| Coordinates | 30°13′51″N 93°11′49″W / 30.2307°N 93.1969°W / 30.2307; -93.1969 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| Established | 1949 |
| Closed | 1983 |
| Color(s) | Red and white |
| Nickname | Panthers |


title: Giulio Strozzi

abstract: Giulio Strozzi was a Venetian poet and libretto writer. His libretti were put to music by composers like Claudio Monteverdi, Francesco Cavalli, Francesco Manelli, and Francesco Sacrati. He sometimes used the pseudonym Luigi Zorzisto.

text:
# Giulio Strozzi

**Giulio Strozzi** (1583 - 31 March 1652) was a Venetian poet and libretto writer. His libretti were put to music by composers like Claudio Monteverdi, Francesco Cavalli, Francesco Manelli, and Francesco Sacrati. He sometimes used the pseudonym Luigi Zorzisto.

## Biography

Giulio Strozzi was a bastard, and later legitimized, son of Roberto Strozzi, from the Strozzi family. Born in Venice in 1583, he first studied there before going to the University of Pisa to study law.

He lived and worked in Rome, Padua and Urbino before returning to Venice in the 1620s. He was the adoptive father of composer Barbara Strozzi (born in 1619 from Isabella Garzoni, a woman servant living in Strozzi's house, and possibly his illegitimate daughter). He remained there until his death on 31 March 1652.

## Work

He wrote poetry and plays, but is best remembered as one of the first writers of libretti, the texts used for all kinds of musical plays but most specifically opera.

His earliest known work was in 1609, an oration for the burial of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, for whom he also organized the burial rites. It was the first in a long-term series of efforts to get the patronage of the Medici family during the next decades, including a lengthy dedication of his 1624 reprint of the *Venetia edificata* to Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

In 1621, he wrote his only epic poem, *Venetia edificata*. It was expanded and reprinted in 1624. Celebrating the glory of the Republic of Venice, it was at the same time written in support of Galileo Galilei and his controversial scientific theories. He also wrote a translation of the Spanish *Lazarillo de Tormes* which remained unpublished.

From 1627 on, he mostly dedicated himself to writing opera libretti, and he was probably the most important opera writer in Venice in the 1630s and 1640s. He wrote *La finta pazza Licori* for Claudio Monteverdi in 1627. The two had first met in 1621. The opera was never performed and it is unknown how much of the music for it had been written before the project was abandoned. Both the music and the libretto are lost.

In the 1630s and 1640s, Strozzi was one of the driving forces behind the successful growth of opera in Venice. He wrote the libretto for the opening of the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo in 1639 (*La Delia*, music by Francesco Manelli), and for the 1641 opening of the Teatro Novissimo (*La finta pazza*, music by Francesco Sacrati).

In 1630 Strozzi wrote *Proserpina Rapita*. His last libretto, *Veremonda, l'amazzone di Aragona*, was written for Francesco Cavalli in 1652.

He was a member of the *Accademia degli Incogniti* in Venice. He was the founder of some cultural "academies", gatherings of like-minded intellectuals; these included the *Ordinati* during his stay in Rome, and the *Dubbiosi* in Venice. In 1637 he founded the *Accademia degli Unisoni*, a gathering of musicians where his adopted daughter Barbara sang.

## Bibliography

### Poetry and plays

* 1611: *Erotilla*, a tragedy (reprinted 1616)
* 1621: *Il natale di amore*, poetry (second impression)
* 1621: *La Venetia edificata*, a heroic poem in twelve cantos about Venice (expanded to 24 cantos in 1624, reprinted 1626)
* 1625: *Il Barbarigo*, play (reprinted 1650)
* 1628: *I cinque fratelli*, poetry, set to music by Claudio Monteverdi

### Libretti

### Other works

## InfoBox

| Giulio Strozzi | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait painting of the poet Giulio Strozzi, by Tiberio Tinelli, in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence | |
|  | |
| Born | 1583
Venice |
| Baptised | 15 September 1583 |
| Died | 31 March 1652  (aged 68–69)
Venice |
| Other names | Luigi Zorzisto |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Poet, librettist, playwright |
| Works | La finta pazza, La finta savia |
| Movement | Baroque |


title: Nephi Jensen

abstract: Nephi United States Centennial Jensen (1876–1955), was a member of the Utah House of Representatives, a county judge in Salt Lake City for many years, and was the first president of the Canadian Mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Jensen was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Danish immigrants. He studied at what is now LDS Business College and was a school teacher. He was a Mormon missionary in the Southern States Mission, mainly in Florida, from 1898 until 1900. He later studied at the University of Utah and received a law degree from the University of Chattanooga. He also served as Mission Secretary for the Southern States Mission while studying law. In 1919 he oversaw the creation of the Canadian Mission based in Toronto. Jensen served one term as a member of the Utah House of Representatives, in the 7th Utah State Legislature (1907-1909). From 1911 to 1913 he was assistant Salt Lake County Attorney. He then went into private practice with C. E. Marks until leaving to head the Canadian Mission in 1919. From 1928 until 1933, he was a district judge in Salt Lake County. Jensen published many LDS tracts, as well as writing multiple manuals used in LDS priesthood meeting lessons, and several articles for the Improvement Era.

text:
# Nephi Jensen

**Nephi United States Centennial Jensen** (1876–1955), was a member of the Utah House of Representatives, a county judge in Salt Lake City for many years, and was the first president of the Canadian Mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Jensen was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Danish immigrants. He studied at what is now LDS Business College and was a school teacher. He was a Mormon missionary in the Southern States Mission, mainly in Florida, from 1898 until 1900. He later studied at the University of Utah and received a law degree from the University of Chattanooga. He also served as Mission Secretary for the Southern States Mission while studying law. In 1919 he oversaw the creation of the Canadian Mission based in Toronto.

Jensen served one term as a member of the Utah House of Representatives, in the 7th Utah State Legislature (1907-1909). From 1911 to 1913 he was assistant Salt Lake County Attorney. He then went into private practice with C. E. Marks until leaving to head the Canadian Mission in 1919. From 1928 until 1933, he was a district judge in Salt Lake County.

Jensen published many LDS tracts, as well as writing multiple manuals used in LDS priesthood meeting lessons, and several articles for the *Improvement Era*.

## Works

* Jensen, Nephi (c. 1936), *The test of truth: correspondence between Judge Nephi Jensen and a Catholic scholar of Utah*, \[Place of publication not identified\]: \[publisher not identified\], ISBN 9780835906432, OCLC 2938936
* Fisher, Margaret May Merrill; Lund, C. N.; Jensen, Nephi; Grand Army of the Republic. J.Q. Knowlton Post No. 8. (1929), *Utah And The Civil War; Being the Story of the Part Played by the People of Utah in That Great Conflict with special reference to the Lot Smith Expedition and the Robert T. Burton Expedition*, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, ASIN B000NL8062, OCLC 3043004`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)


title: Puerto Rico Highway 140

abstract: Puerto Rico Highway 140 (PR-140) is a road that travels from Jayuya, Puerto Rico to Barceloneta, passing through Utuado, Ciales and Florida. This highway begins at PR-143 in Pica barrio and ends at PR-2 in Florida Afuera barrio.

text:
# Puerto Rico Highway 140

**Puerto Rico Highway 140** (**PR-140**) is a road that travels from Jayuya, Puerto Rico to Barceloneta, passing through Utuado, Ciales and Florida. This highway begins at PR-143 in Pica barrio and ends at PR-2 in Florida Afuera barrio.

## Major intersections

| Municipality | Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| PonceJayuya
Utuado municipal tripoint | AnónPica
Consejo tripoint | 0.0 | 0.0 | PR-143 (Ruta Panorámica) Adjuntas, Barranquitas | Southern terminus of PR-140 |
| JayuyaUtuado
municipal line | PicaConsejo line | 2.1 | 1.3 | PR-605 Viví Arriba |  |
| Jayuya | Collores | 8.1 | 5.0 | PR-528 Zamas |  |
| | | 9.0 | 5.6 |
PR-144 east Jayuya |  |
| Utuado | Paso Palma | 15.0–
15.1 | 9.3–
9.4 | PR-606 Paso Palma |  |
| | Las Palmas | 21.4–
21.5 | 13.3–
13.4 |
PR-111 west Utuado |  |
| | Caonillas Abajo | 25.1 | 15.6 | PR-611 Sabana Grande |  |
| | 28.0 | 17.4 | PR-613 Caonillas Arriba |  |
| | 29.1 | 18.1 | PR-612 Don Alonso |  |
| | Mameyes Abajo | 38.2 | 23.7 |
PR-141 south Jayuya |  |
| Ciales | Frontón | 44.6  ---  11.0 | 27.7  ---  6.8 |
PR-146 west Arecibo | Western terminus of PR-146 concurrency |
| | | 11.3  ---  44.7 | 7.0  ---  27.8 |
PR-146 east Ciales | Eastern terminus of PR-146 concurrency |
| Florida | Florida Adentro | 52.1 | 32.4 | PR-642 Sabana Hoyos |  |
| | | 53.1 | 33.0 | PR-629 – Fogones |  |
| | | 53.6 | 33.3 | PR-631 – La Ceiba |  |
| | | 53.8 | 33.4 | PR-642 Manatí, Sabana Hoyos | Eastbound access via Calle Luis Muñoz Rivera; roundabout |
| | | 55.2 | 34.3 |
PR-6642 east (Avenida Heriberto González Vélez) Manatí |  |
| | | 56.1 | 34.9 | PR-641 – Pajonal |  |
| Barceloneta | Florida Afuera | 61.8 | 38.4 | PR-666 Florida Afuera |  |
| | | 62.4–
62.5 | 38.8–
38.8 | PR-664 Sabana Hoyos |  |
| | | 63.8 | 39.6 | PR-2 Manatí, Arecibo |  |
| | | 65.3 | 40.6 | PR-22 (Autopista José de Diego) San Juan, Arecibo | PR-22 exit 57; partial cloverleaf interchange |
| | | 67.6–
67.7 | 42.0–
42.1 | PR-682 (Carretera Leovigildo Figueroa Serrano) Garrochales |  |
| | | 68.0 | 42.3 | PR-684 Barceloneta |  |
| | | 69.2 | 43.0 | PR-22 (Autopista José de Diego) San Juan, Arecibo | PR-22 exit 55; partial cloverleaf interchange |
| | | 69.9 | 43.4 | PR-2 Manatí, Arecibo | Northern terminus of PR-140 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

1. "PR-140" (Map). *Google Maps*. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
2. "Jayuya, Memoria Núm. 68" (PDF). *Puerto Rico Planning Board* (in Spanish). 1955. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
3. National Geographic Maps (2011). *Puerto Rico* (Map). 1:125,000. Adventure Map (Book 3107). Evergreen, Colorado: National Geographic Maps. ISBN 978-1566955188. OCLC 756511572.
4. "Tránsito Promedio Diario (AADT)". *Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works* (in Spanish). pp. 77–78. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.

## InfoBox

| Highway 140 | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ruta 140* | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Puerto Rico DTPW | |
| Length | 69.9 km (43.4 mi) |
| Existed | 1953–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | PR-143 in AnónPicaConsejo |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | PR-2 in Florida Afuera |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Territory | Puerto Rico |
| Municipalities | Jayuya, Utuado, Ciales, Florida, Barceloneta |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PR-139   PR-141 | |


title: Gettysburg Battlefield

abstract: The Gettysburg Battlefield is the area of the July 1–3, 1863, military engagements of the Battle of Gettysburg in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Locations of military engagements extend from the 4-acre (1.6 ha) site of the first shot at Knoxlyn Ridge on the west of the borough, to East Cavalry Field on the east. A military engagement prior to the battle was conducted at the Gettysburg Railroad trestle over Rock Creek, which was burned on June 27.

text:
# Gettysburg Battlefield

The **Gettysburg Battlefield** is the area of the July 1–3, 1863, military engagements of the Battle of Gettysburg in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Locations of military engagements extend from the 4-acre (1.6 ha) site of the first shot at Knoxlyn Ridge on the west of the borough, to East Cavalry Field on the east. A military engagement prior to the battle was conducted at the Gettysburg Railroad trestle over Rock Creek, which was burned on June 27.

## Geography

Within 10 miles (16 km) of the Maryland/Pennsylvania state line, the Gettysburg battlefield is situated in the Gettysburg-Newark Basin of the Pennsylvania Piedmont entirely within the Potomac River Watershed near the Marsh and Rock creeks' triple point, with the Susquehanna River Watershed (near Oak Hill) occupying an area 3.33 by 5.33 miles (5.4 km × 8.6 km). Military engagements occurred within and around the borough of Gettysburg (1863 pop. 2,400), which remains the population center for the battlefield area at the intersections of roads that connect the borough with 10 nearby Pennsylvania and Maryland towns (e.g., antebellum turnpikes to Chambersburg, York, and Baltimore.)

### Topography

The battle began on the west at Lohr's, Whistler's, School-House, and Knoxlyn ridges between Cashtown and Gettysburg. Nearer to Gettysburg, dismounted Union cavalry defended McPherson's Ridge and Herr's Ridge, and eventually infantry support arrived to defend Seminary Ridge at the borough's west side. Oak Ridge, a northward extension of both McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge, is capped by Oak Hill, a site for artillery that commanded a good area north of the town. Prior to Pickett's Charge, "*159 guns stretching in a long line from the Peach Orchard to Oak Hill were to open simultaneously*".

Directly south of the town is the gently-sloped Cemetery Hill named for the 1854 Evergreen Cemetery on its crest and where the 1863 Gettysburg Address dedicated the Gettysburg National Cemetery. Eastward are Culp's Hill and Steven's Knoll. Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill were subjected to assaults throughout the battle by Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps. Cemetery Ridge extends about 1-mile (1.6 km) south from Cemetery Hill.

Southward from Cemetery Hill is Cemetery Ridge of only about 40 feet (12 m) above the surrounding terrain. The ridge includes The Angle's stone wall and the copse of trees at the High-water mark of the Confederacy during Pickett's Charge. The southern end of Cemetery Ridge is Weikert Hill, north of Little Round Top.

The two highest battlefield points are at Round Top to the south with the higher round summit of Big Round Top, the lower oval summit of Little Round Top, and a saddle between. The Round Tops are rugged and strewn with large boulders; as is Devil's Den to the west. \[Big\] Round Top, known also to locals of the time as Sugar Loaf, is 116 feet (35 m) higher than its Little companion. Its steep slopes are heavily wooded, which made it unsuitable for siting artillery without a large effort to climb the heights with horse-drawn guns and clear lines of fire; Little Round Top was unwooded, but its steep and rocky form made it difficult to deploy artillery in mass. However, Cemetery Hill was an excellent site for artillery, commanding all of the Union lines on Cemetery Ridge and the approaches to them. Little Round Top and Devil's Den were key locations for General John Bell Hood's division in Longstreet's assault during the second day of battle, July 2, 1863. The Plum Run Valley between Houck's Ridge and the Round Tops earned the name *Valley of Death* on that day.

### Borough areas of military engagements

The area of the military engagements during the battle included the majority of the 1863 town area and the current borough area. The broadest regions of borough military engagements are the combat area of the Union retreat while being pursued on July 1, as well as the burg's area over which artillery rounds were fired. Confederate artillery fired from Oak Hill southeastward onto the retreated Union line extending east-to-west from Culp's Hill to the west side of Cemetery Hill, and Union artillery on Cemetery Hill fired on the railway cut (including Wiedrich's battery ~5 pm). Smaller engagements in the town included those with some federals remaining in/near structures after the retreat (e.g., wounded soldiers not willing to surrender). The largest engagement within the current borough was at Coster Avenue (north of the 1863 town) in which Early's division defeated Coster's brigade. The town was generally held by the Confederate provost and used by snipers after the dawn of July 2 (e.g., a brickyard behind the McCreary House, the John Rupp Tannery on Baltimore St, and a church belfry). A Confederate skirmish line at Breckenridge Street faced Federals on Cemetery Hill, and ~7 pm July 1, "the Confederate line of battle had been formed on East and West Middle Streets".

## History

At the close of the battle, some of the ~22,000 wounded remained on the battlefield and were subsequently treated at the outlying Camp Letterman hospital or nearby field hospitals, houses, churches, and other buildings. Dead soldiers on the battlefield totaled 8,900; and contractors such as David Warren were hired to bury men and animals (the majority near where they fell). Samuel Weaver oversaw all of these reburials. The first excursion train arrived with battlefield visitors on July 5.

On July 10, Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin visited Gettysburg and expressed the state's interest in finding the fallen veterans a resting place. Attorney David Wills arranged for the purchase of 17 acres (6.9 ha) of Cemetery Hill battlefield land for a cemetery. On August 14, 1863, attorney David McConaughy recommended a preservation association to sell membership stock for battlefield fundraising. By September 16, 1863, battlefield protection had begun with McConaughy's purchase of "the heights of Cemetery Hill and" Little Round Top, and his total purchased area of 600 acres (240 ha) included Culp's Hill land.

On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, which was completed in March 1864 with the last of 3,512 Union reburied. From 1870 to 1873, upon the initiative of the Ladies Memorial Associations of Richmond, Raleigh, Savannah, and Charleston, 3,320 bodies were disinterred and sent to cemeteries in those cities for reburial, 2,935 being interred in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond. Seventy-three bodies were reburied in home cemeteries. The cemetery was transferred to the United States government May 1872, and the last Battle of Gettysburg body was reburied in the national cemetery after being discovered in 1997.

Union Gettysburg veteran Emmor Cope was detailed to annotate the battlefield's troop positions and his "*Map of the Battlefield of Gettysburg from the original survey made August to October, 1863*" was displayed at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Also in 1863, John B. Bachelder escorted convalescing officers at Gettysburg to identify battlefield locations (during the next winter he interviewed Union officers about Gettysburg).

### Memorial association era

See also List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield

The 1864 Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association (GBMA) added to McConaughy's land holdings and operated a wooden observation tower on East Cemetery Hill from 1878 to 1895. Post-war, John Bachelder invited over 1,000 officers, including 49 generals, to revisit the field with him. Bachelder also produced a battlefield survey with 1880 federal funds (initiated by Senator Wade Hampton III, a Confederate general). The GBMA approved and disapproved various monuments and in 1888 planted trees at Zeigler's Grove. The 1st battlefield monument was an 1867 marble urn in the National Cemetery dedicated to the 1st Minnesota Infantry, and the 1st memorial outside of the cemetery was the 1878 Strong Vincent tablet Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine on Little Round Top. By May 1887 there were 90 regimental and battery monuments on the battlefield, and the first bronze monument on the battlefield was Reynolds' 1872 statue in the cemetery. The only two Confederate monuments inside the Union areas of battle held are an 1887 plaque near The Angle commemorating Gen Armistead's farthest advance on July 3 and the 1884 2nd Maryland Infantry monument on Culp's Hill.

The battlefield was used by the 1884 Camp Gettysburg and other summer encampments of the PA National Guard. Commercial development in the 19th century included the 1884 Round Top Branch of railroad to Round Top, Pennsylvania, and after March 1892, Tipton Park operated in the Slaughter Pen—which was at a trolley station of the Gettysburg Electric Railway that operated from 1894 to 1916.

The federal Gettysburg National Park Commission was established on March 3, 1893; after which Congressman Daniel Sickles initiated a May 31, 1894, resolution “*to acquire by purchase (or by condemnation) … such lands, or interests in lands, upon or in the vicinity of said battle field*. The memorial association era ended in 1895 when the "Sickles Gettysburg Park Bill" (28 Stat. 651) designated the Gettysburg National Military Park (GNMP) under the War Department. Subsequent battlefield improvements included the October 1895 construction of the War Department's observation towers to replace the 1878 Cemetery Hill tower and an 1881 Big Round Top tower.

### Commemorative era

See also List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield

For payment of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association's debts of $1960.46, on February 4, 1896, the War Department acquired 124 GBMA tracts totaling 522 acres (211 ha), including 320 monuments and about 17 miles (27 km) of roads. Commercial development after Tipton Park was abolished in the fall of 1901 included the July 1902 Hudson Park picnic grove north of Little Round Top (including a boxing arena). A dancing pavilion was erected at the Round Top Museum in 1902, and in the saddle area between the Round Tops, David Weikert operated an eating house moved from Tipton Park after it was seized in 1901 by eminent domain. Landscape preservation began in 1883 when peach trees were planted in the Peach Orchard, and 20,000 battlefield trees were planted in 1906 (trees are periodically removed from battlefield areas that had been logged prior to the battle.)

Battlefield visitors through the early 20th century typically arrived by train at the borough's 1884 Gettysburg & Harrisburg RR Station or the 1859 Gettysburg Railroad Station and used horse-drawn jitneys to tour the battlefield. The borough licensed automobile taxis first in 1913, and the War Department expanded the battlefield roads throughout the commemorative era. Early 20th century battlefield excursions included those by "The Hod Carriers Consolidated Union of Baltimore" and the annual "Topton Day" autumn foliage tours from near Berks County, Pennsylvania.

Veterans reunions included the 1888 25th battle anniversary, a 1906 ceremony to return Gen Armistead's sword to the South. and 53,407 civil war veterans attending the 1913 Gettysburg reunion for the 50th anniversary. The battlefield had a 1912 airfield at Camp Stuart and a WWI Tank Corps center at Brevet Lt. Col. Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1918 Camp Colt, and excursions to the Round Top Park brought alcohol and prostitution. The 1922 Camp Harding included a Marine Corps reenactment of Pickett's Charge observed by President Warren Harding and a next-day simulation of the same attack with modern weapons and tactics.

The battlefield's commemorative era ended in 1927, and use of the national park for military camps continued under an 1896 federal law (29 Stat. 120), e.g., a 1928 artillery and cavalry camp was held at Culp's Hill in conjunction with President Calvin Coolidge's Memorial Day address in the cemetery's rostrum.

### Development era

In 1933, administration of the GNMP transferred to the 1916 National Park Service (NPS), which initiated Great Depression projects including 1933 Civil Works Administration improvements, and two Civilian Conservation Corps camps were subsequently built for battlefield maintenance and construction projects. After a 1933 comfort station had been built at The Pennsylvania State Memorial, similar stone Parkitecture structures were built (the west ranger station was completed May 21, 1937), and in April 1938, the Works Progress Administration added battlefield parking areas. Numerous commercial facilities were also developed on private battlefield land, particularly during the 1950s "Golden Age of Capitalism" in the United States (e.g., motels, eateries, & visitor attractions).

The battlefield's 2nd largest monument, the Eternal Light Peace Memorial, was accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and unveiled at the 1938 Gettysburg reunion that attracted over 300,000 battlefield visitors. In 1939, the 1st of the Gettysburg National Museum's 14 expansions was completed (the electric map auditorium was added in 1963 and closed April 13, 2008). Pitzer Woods was the site of the World War II Camp Sharpe, and McMillan Woods had a German POW camp (the latter was used for post-war housing of migrant workers for local production). Heads-of-state at the battlefield included a 1943 Winston Churchill auto tour with President Roosevelt, President Eisenhower escorting President Charles De Gaulle (1960), and President Jimmy Carter hosting President Anwar Sadat and Prime Minister Menachem Begin (1978).

The 1956 Mission 66 plan for the 1966 NPS 50th anniversary included restoring battlefield houses, resurfacing 31 miles (50 km) of avenues, replacing the railway cut bridge, and restoring the 1884 Gettysburg Cyclorama.

### 1962–present

As the Mission 66 Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg with a new battlefield observation deck was being completed in 1962, the nearby 1896 Zeigler's Grove observation tower was removed (the 1895 Big Round Top observation tower was removed in 1968). In 1967, the NPS purchased the 1921 Gettysburg National Museum, which the NPS operated from 1971-2008. Also in 1971, the NPS acquired Round Top Station and the Round Top Museum, using the latter as an environmental resource center until demolished c.July 1982. The private Gettysburg National Tower of 393 ft (120 m) was completed in 1974 to provide several observation levels for viewing the battlefield, but was purchased under eminent domain and demolished in 2000. In the Devil's Den area, trees were removed in 2007, and the comfort station was razed April 8, 2010. Similarly, the Gettysburg National Museum was demolished in 2008.

In 2008, the Gettysburg National Military Park had 1,320 monuments, 410 cannon, 148 historic buildings, 2½ observation towers, and 41 miles (66 km) of avenues, roads, and lanes; (8 unpaved). "one of the largest collections of outdoor sculpture in the world."

In February 2013 the landmark modernist Cyclorama Building and Visitor Center, designed by renowned architect Richard Neutra, was destroyed. The 19th century Gettysburg Cyclorama depicting the battlefield had previously been removed for restoration, and was reinstalled in the new rustic style Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center.

The Gettysburg National Military Park receives an annual 3 million visitors per year.

The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 1,231 acres (4.98 km2) of the overall battlefield in more than 35 separate transactions since 1997. Some of the land has been sold or conveyed to the National Park Service to be incorporated into the national park, but other land acquisitions are outside the official, federally established, current park boundary and thus cannot become part of the park. This includes the headquarters of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee, one of the Trust's most significant and expensive acquisitions. In 2015, the Trust paid $6 million for a four-acre parcel that included the stone house that Lee used as his headquarters during the battle. The Trust razed a motel, restaurant and other buildings within the parcel to restore the site to its wartime appearance, added interpretive signs and opened the site to the public in October, 2016.

G. "Archives" (Google News Archive). *Gettysburg Times*. Times and News Publishing Company. Retrieved 2010-02-20.  1. Roth, Jeffrey B (September 7, 1988). "Boundary study draft report for Battlefield now complete". Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-12. *four acres, the site of the first shot of the opening battle at Gettysburg, which stands next to U.S. Route 30 and the Whistler house* &
Storrick, William C (December 17, 1936). "Who Fired the First Shot At Battle of Gettysburg". Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
2. "Heritage Sites Walking Tour". June 28, 2002. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-12. *14. … Confederate … skirmish line along Breckenridge Street facing … Federal\[s\] … on Cemetery Hill.*
3. "Care of wounded after Battle of Gettysburg *&* Reburial of Union dead in National Cemetery". July 14, 1986. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
4. "Demise Of 1st Tower Is Located". August 7, 1971. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-13. (Gettysburg Compiler of July 30, 1895 ) Archived December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
5. "Gettysburg National Military Park Established By Sickles, Bill Passed In February 1895". February 10, 1970. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
6. "Local Miscellany". *Out of the Past: Twenty-Five Years Ago*. May 25, 1927. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
7. "Local Miscellany". *Out of the Past: Twenty-Five Years Ago*. August 9, 1927. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
8. "The Gettysburg & Harrisburg railroad station". February 8, 1988. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
9. Weaver, William G (November 13, 1967). "Reminisces Of Gettysburg". Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
10. "1 of 2 Entrance Stations Opens For Public Use". May 21, 1937. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-19."Plan $50,000 Battlefield Project Here". July 16, 1934. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
11. "Pickett Spur New Addition To Park Relic Collection". April 2, 1975. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
12. "Nature Study Areas Are Set For Park Here". December 28, 1971. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26."Two Special Park Walks This Summer". July 5, 1973. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
13. De Blasi, Nancy (June 11, 1982). "Draft of park plan will be printed soon". Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
14. Latschar, John A (GNMP Superintendent) (April 7, 2009). "Facilities' closings explained". *As our readers see it*. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
N. "National Park Service". (NPS.gov).  1. "Camp Letterman General Hospital". *Voices of Battle*. 1864. Archived from the original on 2011-04-03. Retrieved 2011-02-01. *Union dead in the camp *\[Letterman\]* graveyard were removed to the Soldiers National Cemetery in* \[from which\] *southern remains were exhumed between 1872 and 1873 for relocation to southern cemeteries.*
2. Musselman, Curt (2001). Gettysburg's Codori Farm Lane Project (PDF) (Report). p. 1. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
3. …Historians Peer Review of the Process Developed by GNMP …. *General Management Plan 1999 History* (Report). NPS.gov. March 1998. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2011-02-13. 1927 - The end of the era of battlefield administration by veterans. 1927 marks the death of Supt. Emmor B. Cope.

| External images | |
| --- | --- |
| GettysburgPhotographs.com | |
| Battlefield and 145th Reenactment | |
| Tipton stereoviews | |
| Library of Congress maps | |
| GDG.org map room | |

## InfoBox

| Gettysburg Battlefield | |
| --- | --- |
| The Battle of Gettysburg, which took place in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania between July 1 and July 3, 1863 | |
| Type | Battlefield |
| Location | Adams County, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 39°48′41″N 77°13′33″W / 39.81139°N 77.22583°W / 39.81139; -77.22583 |
| Owner | private, federal |
| Website | Park Home (NPS.gov) |
|  | |
| Location of Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania | |


title: IoT security device

abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) security devices are electronic tools connected via Internet to a common network and are used to provide security measures. These devices can be controlled remotely through a mobile application, web-based interface or any proprietary installed software, and they often have capabilities such as remote video monitoring, intrusion detection, automatic alerts, and smart automation features. IoT security devices form an integral part of the smart ecosystem, which is characterized by the interconnectivity of various appliances and devices through the Internet.

text:
# IoT security device

**Internet of Things (IoT) security devices** are electronic tools connected via Internet to a common network and are used to provide security measures. These devices can be controlled remotely through a mobile application, web-based interface or any proprietary installed software, and they often have capabilities such as remote video monitoring, intrusion detection, automatic alerts, and smart automation features. IoT security devices form an integral part of the smart ecosystem, which is characterized by the interconnectivity of various appliances and devices through the Internet.

## History

The concept of IoT security devices began to gain traction in the early 2010s with the advent of smart technology. The initial devices were primarily focused on remote surveillance that would allow monitoring of the properties remotely using webcams and similar devices. As technology advanced, these systems began to incorporate a wider range of features, such as intrusion detection and automatic alerts.

The rise of smart automation and the proliferation of IoT devices in the mid-2010s further accelerated the growth of IoT security devices. As of 2021, the market for IoT security devices is expected to continue its rapid expansion due to increasing consumer awareness about security and the continuing development of IoT technology.

## Types of IoT Security Devices

1. Surveillance Cameras: These are one of the most common types of IoT security devices. They provide real-time video monitoring of the environment, allowing to view footage remotely from the interface.
2. Smart Locks: Smart locks can be controlled remotely and can provide access to authorized individuals. Some also have features such as biometric recognition and automatic locking and unlocking based on proximity.
3. Smart Alarms: These devices can detect potential threats such as break-ins, fire, and carbon monoxide and send automatic alerts to homeowners, security units and, in some cases, local authorities.
4. Door/Window Sensors: These sensors trigger an alert when doors or windows are opened or tampered with.
5. Smart Detectors: These devices detect environmental hazards such as smoke, gas leaks, and water leaks, alerting in real time.

## Criticism and Concerns

Despite their benefits, IoT security devices have also raised several concerns. The most significant of these is the potential for privacy breaches. As these devices are connected to the internet, they are potentially vulnerable to hacking, which could result in unauthorized access to sensitive data.

There are also concerns about the reliance on internet connectivity. If an internet connection goes down, some devices may become non-functional, potentially leaving the environment unprotected. Similarly, if a device's software isn't regularly updated, it could become vulnerable to security flaws.

But with the technological rise, IoT devices can be secured with the help of vulnerability assessment and penetration testing. These tests are performed by expert pentesters in order to secure the IoT device. Manufacturers can now take a security audit of their IoT devices.


title: Nymphonidae

abstract: Nymphonidae is a family of sea spiders which has representatives in all the oceans. This family contains some 250 species, most of which are found in the genus Nymphon. Nymphonid bodies are between 1 and 15 mm long, the extent between the points of the legs reaching 150 mm. Most species are predators of hydroids. Like most sea spiders, species in this family have four pairs of legs, except for Pentanymphon antarcticum, which has five pairs, and Sexanymphon mirabilis, which has six pairs.

text:
# Nymphonidae

**Nymphonidae** is a family of sea spiders which has representatives in all the oceans. This family contains some 250 species, most of which are found in the genus *Nymphon*. Nymphonid bodies are between 1 and 15 mm long, the extent between the points of the legs reaching 150 mm. Most species are predators of hydroids. Like most sea spiders, species in this family have four pairs of legs, except for *Pentanymphon antarcticum*, which has five pairs, and *Sexanymphon mirabilis*, which has six pairs.

## Taxonomy

Seven genera are currently recognized:

### Selected species

## InfoBox

| Nymphonidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The pycnogonid *Nymphon leptocheles* grazes on a hydroid *Tubularia indivisa*. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Pycnogonida |
| Order: | Pantopoda |
| Suborder: | Eupantopodida |
| Superfamily: | Nymphonoidea |
| Family: | Nymphonidae |
|
| Genera | |
| *Boreonymphon*
*Bradypallene*
*Heteronymphon*
*Neonymphon*
*Nymphon*
*Pentanymphon*
*Sexanymphon* | |
| Diversity | |
| 7 genera, 250 species | |


title: What Do Men Want?

abstract: What Do Men Want? is a 1921 American silent drama film written, produced, and directed by Lois Weber and starring her muse Claire Windsor. Surviving reels were released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2018.

text:
# What Do Men Want?

***What Do Men Want?*** is a 1921 American silent drama film written, produced, and directed by Lois Weber and starring her muse Claire Windsor. Surviving reels were released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2018.

## Plot

As described in a film magazine, at the girls school gymnasium in the small town of Oakdale everyone is happily discussing the upcoming ball with the exception of Bertha (Kessler), who is left to herself by the other girls because her father is in an insane asylum and she is poor and plain. At the ball, the belle is Hallie (Windsor), who is sought by all the young men while Bertha looks on, a lonely wall flower. Brothers and automobile mechanics Frank (Glendon) and Arthur (Hackathorne) are both in love with Hallie, and at Frank's request Arthur asks Bertha to dance. Her gratitude causes her to fall in love with him, and a series of events finally lead to her end her life by drowning. In the meantime Frank and Hallie are married and, owing to the success of an invention of his, living comfortable and happy lives. Several children come and the home is apparently an ideal one. Then Frank is seized by the spirit of unrest and for several years domestic happiness is conspicuous by its absence from the home. Frank takes up a residence in the city and becomes entangled with the fast set, his particular attraction being to "the other girl." Hallie devotes her time to her children and unavailing efforts to hold her husband's waning love. In her loneliness she is about to surrender to the blandishments of Yost (Cooley), the evil influence of the village, when her inherent honesty asserts itself and she sends Yost away. But Frank has arrived on one of his visits to his home just in time to have seen Yost enter the house, and waits outside, intending to see Hallie alone to ask her forgiveness and seek reconciliation for all that he has done. After a long wait, not seeing Yost leave the house, Frank rushes in and accuses Hallie. He then leaves, intending to go away forever, when he meets his brother Arthur, who explains matters and convinces Frank of Hallie's innocence. After a real reconciliation with his wife, Frank discovers the answer to the title's question.

## Cast

## Production

Although Weber had signed a distribution contract with Paramount Pictures in 1919 and the studio had screened this and three other of her titles with Weber, Paramount declined to distribute *What Do Men Want?*, possibly due to its subject matter involving an unwed mother and suicide. As part of the deal to distribute Weber's film *The Blot* (1921), F.B. Warren also released *What Do Men Want?*

## Reception

After the film's premiere at Manhattan's Lyric Theatre on November 13, 1921, *The New York Times*, while praising Weber for her casting and the technical aspects of the film, and also the performance of Claire Windsor, dismissed the film as a "simplified sermon" that provided "pat answers" which ignored "the real facts of life", which it considers "incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial".

## Preservation status

Incomplete prints of *What Do Men Want?* are maintained at the Library of Congress and UCLA Film and Television Archive.

## InfoBox

| What Do Men Want? | |
| --- | --- |
| Lobby poster | |
| Directed by | Lois Weber |
| Written by | Lois Weber |
| Produced by | Lois Weber |
| Starring | Claire Windsor |
| Cinematography | Dal Clawson |
| Distributed by | Wid Gunning Inc. |
| Release date | * November 13, 1921 (1921-11-13) |
| Running time | 70 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |