title: Office of Portfolio Analysis

abstract:
The Office of Portfolio Analysis was established in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in 2011 to assist NIH Institutes and Centers with scientific portfolio analysis. Per the Federal Register, the Office of Portfolio Analysis serves the following goals:
  - Prepare and analyze data on NIH sponsored biomedical research to inform trans-NIH planning and coordination;
  - Serve as a resource for portfolio management at the programmatic level;
  - Employ databases, analytic tools, methodologies and other resources to conduct assessments in support of portfolio analyses and priority setting in scientific areas of interest across NIH;
  - Research and develop new analytic tools, support systems, and specifications for new resources in coordination with other NIH organizations to enhance the management of the NIH's scientific portfolio; and
  - Provide, in coordination with other NIH organizations, training on portfolio analysis tools, procedures, and methodology. After its establishment in 2011, George Santangelo was appointed as the first Director of the Office of Portfolio Analysis.

text:
# Office of Portfolio Analysis

The **Office of Portfolio Analysis** was established in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in 2011 to assist NIH Institutes and Centers with scientific portfolio analysis. Per the Federal Register, the Office of Portfolio Analysis serves the following goals:

1. Prepare and analyze data on NIH sponsored biomedical research to inform trans-NIH planning and coordination;
2. Serve as a resource for portfolio management at the programmatic level;
3. Employ databases, analytic tools, methodologies and other resources to conduct assessments in support of portfolio analyses and priority setting in scientific areas of interest across NIH;
4. Research and develop new analytic tools, support systems, and specifications for new resources in coordination with other NIH organizations to enhance the management of the NIH's scientific portfolio; and
5. Provide, in coordination with other NIH organizations, training on portfolio analysis tools, procedures, and methodology.

After its establishment in 2011, George Santangelo was appointed as the first Director of the Office of Portfolio Analysis.

## Analytic tools

### NIH COVID-19 Portfolio

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Office of Portfolio Analysis developed the NIH COVID-19 Portfolio to index and track ongoing COVID-19 research and disseminate it to the public. This portfolio is curated by scientific experts for COVID-19 relevance, and includes both peer-reviewed publications indexed in PubMed and preprints from bioRxiv, medRxiv, chemRxiv, arXiv, SSRN, and Research Square.

### *iCite*

The NIH developed *iCite* as a bibliometrics dashboard to freely disseminate article-level citation metrics for scientific publications that are indexed in PubMed. One stated purpose of this analytic tool was to replace the use of journal level metrics like the Journal Impact Factor in research assessment and portfolio analysis. Bulk data are made available through database snapshots and an API.As of 2020, *iCite* hosts three modules focusing on different types of citation metrics:

#### Influence

The research community called for the use of article-level citation metrics for research assessment instead of journal-level metrics, in the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment. The influence module of *iCite* disseminates field- and time-normalized article-level citation metrics like the Relative Citation Ratio.

#### Translation

Because the NIH is particularly focused on science that improves human health, it developed article-level metrics that track the dissemination of basic research findings into clinical research, a process known as bench to bedside translation. The Translation module of *iCite* shows which clinical research articles have cited a given publication. For those publications that are not yet cited by a clinical research article, the Translation module shows the Approximate Potential to Translate, which is a machine learning estimate of the probability that the publication will be cited by a clinical research article in the future.

#### Citations

In order to maximize transparency, the Office of Portfolio Analysis generated a public-domain citation graph named the NIH Open Citation Collection. This citation graph underpins all citation metrics disseminated in *iCite*, and sources citation data from several sources, as well as extracting references from the PDFs of open access articles.


title: Odel

abstract: Odel is a public retail company, the first in Sri Lanka. Starting out as a single company focusing on the retail garment trade, Odel developed over the years to become the first department store in the country.

text:
# Odel

**Odel** (stylised as **O▷ΞL** and **ODEL**) is a public retail company, the first in Sri Lanka. Starting out as a single company focusing on the retail garment trade, Odel developed over the years to become the first department store in the country.

## History

The company started when Otara Gunewardene began selling factory surplus garments and apparel from her car boot to family and friends in 1989.

Gunewardene registered Odel (the name is based on her own name, Otara Del Gunawardene) as a private limited liability company on 31 October 1990 and the company opened its first 37 m2 (400 sq ft) store on Dickmans Road in Colombo. In 1994 they opened their second store in Majestic City and by 1995 the company had a total of nine stores located in city hotels and shopping centres throughout Colombo.

In 1996 Odel opened its 930 m2 (10,000 sq ft) flagship store in Alexandra Place, Colombo, which was further expanded to 3,700 m2 (40,000 sq ft) in 2000. In 2005 the company opened a store in the departure/transit lounge of Bandaranaike International Airport, Katunayake, as a part of an initiative in conjunction with the Airport Expansion Project. Odel opened two more stores in Kohuwela and Ja-Ela.

In 2009 they opened a further three stores in Nugegoda, Mount Lavinia and Moratuwa. The following year the company opened another three stores in Panadura, Maharagama and Battaramulla. On 24 February 2010, it was converted into a public limited liability company and in July Odel became the first fashion retail business to be listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange.

In 2012 the company opened stores in Wattala, Kiribathgoda and in the Kandy City Centre shopping complex, the first store outside the Western Province. Odel also launched Luv SL - a concept store carrying stylish souvenirs and products catering to locals and tourists - opening Luv SL stores at the Queen's Hotel, Kandy and the Old Colombo Dutch Hospital shopping precinct.

In July 2012 Parkson Retail Asia Limited purchased a 41.82 per cent stake in the company for Rs 1.424 billion.

In September 2014 Gunewardene sold her majority shareholdings in Odel PLC to the Softlogic Group for LKR 2.7 billion. Softlogic has subsequently increased its shareholding and on 30 June 30, 2016, it held a 96.67 per cent stake in the company.

## InfoBox

Odel PLC
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | CSE: ODEL.N0000 |
| ISIN | LK0366N00001 |
| Industry | Retailing |
| Founded | 1990 (1990) |
| Founder | Otara Gunewardene |
| Headquarters | Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka |
| Key people | Ashok Pathirage (Chairman/Managing Director) |
| Products | Clothing, Sportswear, Cosmetics, Footwear, Jewellery, Luggage, Food, Stationery and Souvenirs |
| Revenue | LKR7.361 billion (2022) |
| Operating income | LKR117 million (2022) |
| Net income | LKR(1.371) billion (2022) |
| Total assets | LKR28.363 billion (2022) |
| Total equity | LKR5.413 billion (2022) |
| Number of employees | over 900 (2022) |
| Parent | Softlogic Retail Holdings |
| Subsidiaries | Cotton Collections |
| Website | odel.lk/home |
| **Footnotes / references**
 | |


title: Ohio River Valley AVA

abstract: The Ohio River Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area centered on the Ohio River and surrounding areas. It is the second largest wine appellation of origin in the United States with 16,640,000 acres (26,000 sq mi) (67,300 km⁲) in portions of the states of Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia. The area is mostly planted with hybrid grapes like Baco noir, Marechal Foch, Seyval blanc and Vidal. Of the Vitis vinifera found in the area Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Petit Manseng and Riesling are the most common. The AVA size was decreased by approximately 1,530 square miles when the Indiana Uplands AVA was established in 2013 composed of the bordering area in Indiana.

text:
# Ohio River Valley AVA

The **Ohio River Valley AVA** is an American Viticultural Area centered on the Ohio River and surrounding areas. It is the second largest wine appellation of origin in the United States (only the Upper Mississippi Valley is larger) with 16,640,000 acres (26,000 sq mi) (67,300 km2) in portions of the states of Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia. The area is mostly planted with hybrid grapes like Baco noir, Marechal Foch, Seyval blanc and Vidal. Of the *Vitis vinifera* found in the area Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Petit Manseng and Riesling are the most common. The AVA size was decreased by approximately 1,530 square miles when the Indiana Uplands AVA was established in 2013 composed of the bordering area in Indiana.

## History

The Ohio River Valley AVA is the birthplace of American viticulture. Wine has been produced in Ohio since 1823 when Nicholas Longworth planted the first Alexander and Isabella grapes in the Ohio River Valley. In 1825, Longworth planted the first Catawba grapes in Ohio. Others soon planted Catawba in new vineyards throughout the state and by 1860, Catawba was the most important grape variety in Ohio. At this time, Ohio produced more wine than any other state in the country, and Cincinnati was the most important city in the national wine trade. Of the 570,000 gallons of wine that were produced each year in Ohio, 200,000 came from Brown County.

In the 1800s, wine was expensive, so non-trellised vines succumbed to fungal diseases. Horses could farm the narrow ridges, but tractors could not. Tobacco farming became profitable. And as in many other states, Prohibition in the United States destroyed the Ohio wine industry, which has struggled to recover.

## Climate and geology

The Ohio River is a climatic transition area as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical climate and humid continental climate thereby being inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates. The hardiness zones are 6b and 7a.

The Ohio River is young from a geologic standpoint. The river formed on a piecemeal basis beginning between 2.5 and 3 million years ago. The earliest Ice Ages occurred at this time and dammed portions of north flowing rivers. The Teays River was the largest of these rivers, and the modern Ohio River flows within segments of the ancient Teays. The ancient rivers were rearranged or consumed by glaciers and lakes.

The vineyard soils of the Ohio River Valley are diverse, being on the boundary between glaciated and non-glaciated.

39°06′10″N 84°49′09″W / 39.10287°N 84.81918°W / 39.10287; -84.81918

## InfoBox

Ohio River Valley AVA
| **Wine region** | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | American Viticultural Area |
| Year established | 1983, amended 1987, 2013 |
| Country | United States |
| Part of | Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia |
| Sub-regions | Kanawha River Valley AVA |
| Climate region | Continental/humid subtropical |
| Total area | 24,000 square miles (62,160 km2) |
| Grapes produced | Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Catawba, Cayuga, Chambourcin, Chardonnay, Concord, De Chaunac, Marechal Foch, Melon, Merlot, Niagara, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Pinot noir, Reliance, Riesling, Rougeon, Roussanne, Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon, Seyval blanc, Steuben, Syrah, Traminette, Vidal blanc, Viognier |


title: Ohio River Valley Conference

abstract: The Ohio River Valley Conference is an Indiana High School Athletic Association-sanctioned conference located in Jefferson, Ohio, Ripley, and Switzerland counties. Formed in 1952, the conference has been fairly stable throughout its history, as five of the current seven members are original members.

text:
# Ohio River Valley Conference

The **Ohio River Valley Conference** is an Indiana High School Athletic Association-sanctioned conference located in Jefferson, Ohio, Ripley, and Switzerland counties. Formed in 1952, the conference has been fairly stable throughout its history, as five of the current seven members (or their precursors) are original members.

## History

The ORVC traces its history to two conferences, the Southeastern Indiana and Laughery Valley. When the league began, two of its members came from the SEIC (Osgood, Versailles), a third (Rising Sun) had been in the SEIC before helping found the LVC, and a fourth (Milan) was a SEIC member until being removed from the conference in 1942, remaining independent since that point. The first shakeup in conference membership came in the conference's second year, as North closed, and two more LVC schools (Dillsboro, Moores Hill) joined with one SEIC school (Vevay). Hanover and Osgood consolidated with other local schools to become Southwestern and Jac-Cen-Del in 1960, with both staying in the league. Milan, a school that had dominated 1950s basketball and had football, moved to the Eastern Indiana Athletic Conference in 1962. They were replaced by two schools: Shawe Memorial in 1962, and Sunman in 1964. Versailles became South Ripley in 1966, with Vevay changing to Switzerland County in 1969.

The 1970s were a different story, as the three member schools would not survive to the end of the decade. Sunman was consolidated with North Dearborn in 1973, forming East Central. Dillsboro and Moores Hill would follow suit in 1978, combining with Aurora to form South Dearborn. Both of those schools had pre-consolidation ties to the Eastern Indiana Athletic Conference, and would retain their places in that conference. Left as a six-school conference, the ORVC welcomed founding member Milan back in 1985, as the former basketball power was struggling to keep up with larger rivals in the post-consolidation era. The conference has been stable since, a two-year hiatus by Southwestern in the mid-1990s notwithstanding. That stability looks to continue into the future. Lawrenceburg was denied entry in the 1990s, and there is only one other school in the area (Oldenburg Academy) who is of a similar size.

## Membership

| School | Location | Mascot | Colors | Size | IHSAA
Class | County | Year joined | Previous conference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jac-Cen-Del | Osgood | Eagles |
 | 296 | A | 69
Ripley | 1960 | none (new school) |
| Milan1 | Milan | Indians |
 | 417 | AA | 69
Ripley | 1952
1985 | Independents
Eastern Indiana |
| Rising Sun | Rising Sun | Shiners |
 | 312 | A | 58
Ohio | 1952 | Laughery Valley |
| Shawe
Memorial | Madison | Hilltoppers |
 | 93 | A | 39
Jefferson | 1962 | Independents |
| South
Ripley | Versailles | Raiders |  | 414 | AA | 69
Ripley | 1966 | none (new school) |
| Southwestern
(Hanover)2 | Hanover | Rebels |
 | 462 | AA | 39
Jefferson | 1960 | none (new school) |
| Switzerland
County | Vevay | Pacers |
 | 410 | AA | 78
Switzerland | 1968 | none (new school) |

1. Milan played in the Eastern Indiana Athletic Conference from 1962 to 1985.
2. Southwestern played as an Independent from 1994 to 1996 after being removed from the conference for rules violations.

## Former members

| School | Location | Mascot | Colors | County | Year joined | Previous conference | Year left | Conference joined |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hanover | Hanover | Bulldogs |  | 39
Jefferson | 1952 | Jefferson County | 1960 | none (consolidated
into Southwestern) |
| North
(Madison) | Madison | Tigers |  | 39
Jefferson | 1952 | Jefferson County | 1953 | none (colsolidated into
Madison) |
| Osgood | Osgood | Cowboys |  | 69
Ripley | 1952 | Southeastern Indiana | 1960 | none (consolidated
into Jac-Cen-Del) |
| Versailles | Versailles | Lions |  | 69
Ripley | 1952 | Southeastern Indiana | 1966 | none (consolidated into
South Ripley) |
| Dillsboro | Dillsboro | Bulldogs |  | 15
Dearborn | 1953 | Laughery Valley | 1978 | none (consolidated
into South Dearborn) |
| Moores Hill | Moores Hill | Bobcats |  | 15
Dearborn | 1953 | Laughery Valley | 1978 | none (consolidated
into South Dearborn) |
| Vevay | Vevay | Warriors |  | 78
Switzerland | 1953 | Southeastern Indiana | 1968 | none (consolidated into
Switzerland County) |
| Sunman | Sunman | Tigers |  | 69
Ripley | 1964 | Tri-County | 1973 | none (consolidated
into East Central) |

## Membership timeline

## Conference championships

### Boys basketball

| # | Team | Seasons |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 20 | South Ripley | 1970, 1977, 1978\*, 1981, 1982\*, 1984\*, 1986, 1987\*, 1995\*, 1996, 2002, 2004\*, 2005, 2010, 2012\*,
2013, 2015, 2016, 2017\*,2021 |
| 15 | Jac-Cen-Del | 1971, 1984\*, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994\*, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2007, 2008\*, 2009, 2011\*,2022,2023 |
| 13 | Southwestern | 1968, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1979, 1987\*, 1994\*, 2000\*, 2018, 2019,2020 |
| 8 | Milan | 1954, 1955, 1956, 2000\*, 2001, 2003, 2004\*, 2012\* |
| 5 | Switzerland County | 1982\*, 1995\*, 2008\*, 2014, 2017\* |
| 4 | Rising Sun | 1957, 1988, 1989, 1991 |
| 4 | Shawe Memorial | 1962\*, 1987\*, 2006, 2011\* |
| 3 | *Sunman* | 1965, 1966\*, 1967 |
| 3 | *Versailles* | 1959, 1960, 1963 |
| 1 | *Vevay* | 1966\* |
| 0 | *Dillsboro* |  |
| 0 | *Hanover* |  |
| 0 | *Madison North* |  |
| 0 | *Moores Hill* |  |
| 0 | *Osgood* |  |

* Champions for 1952–53, 1957–58, 1960–61, 1963–64, 1974–75, 1979–80, 1982–83, and 1989–90 are unverified.

### Girls basketball

| # | Team | Seasons |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 11 | South Ripley | 1981, 1985, 1991, 1993, 2000, 2004, 2005\*, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017 |
| 8 | Jac-Cen-Del | 1976, 2006\*, 2007, 2010, 2014\*, 2015, 2016, 2018 |
| 7 | Southwestern | 1984, 2001, 2002, 2005\*, 2006\*, 2008, 2009 |
| 6 | Switzerland County | 1983, 1988, 1997, 2003, 2006\*, 2014\* |
| 0 | *Dillsboro* |  |
| 0 | Milan |  |
| 0 | *Moores Hill* |  |
| 0 | Rising Sun |  |
| 0 | Shawe Memorial | 1994 |

* Girls champions from 1976-77 until 1998-99 are unverified (except for 1983–84, South Ripley, and Switzerland County titles).

### Boys Soccer

| # | Team | Seasons |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | Jac-Cen-Del | 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020 |
| 5 | Rising Sun | 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018, |
| 2 | South Ripley | 2009, 2010 |
| 1 | Southwestern | 2011 |
| 1 | Switzerland County | 2022 |

### Girls Soccer

| # | Team | Seasons |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 4 | Switzerland County | 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 |
| 3 | Milan | 2017\*, 2018, 2020\* |
| 2 | Rising Sun | 2016, 2017\* |
| 1 | South Ripley | 2015 |
| 1 | Southwestern | 2017\* |

* Girls conference champions not officially recognized until 2015

## State championships

### Jac-Cen-Del (2)

* 2009 Boys Basketball (A)
* 2016 Girls Basketball (A)

### Milan (1)

### Southwestern (Hanover) (1)

* 2002 Girls Basketball (2A)

### Rising Sun (0)

* 2000 Girls Basketball (2A) Runner-Up

### Shawe Memorial (0)

### South Ripley (0)

### Switzerland County (0)

## Resources


title: Oenocarpus distichus

abstract: Oenocarpus distichus is a species of palm, commonly occurring in the southeast of the Amazonia. It is distinguished from the turu palm by the appearance of its opposite leaves.

text:
# Oenocarpus distichus

***Oenocarpus distichus*** is a species of palm, commonly occurring in the southeast of the Amazonia. It is distinguished from the turu palm by the appearance of its opposite leaves.

## Uses

In Brazil, the palm has been used by indigenous people since ancient times. A thick wine is prepared with the kneaded mesocarp juice, highly appreciated locally. The pulp of the fruits contains 25% oil (10% of the weight of the whole fruit) and produces a light yellow oil.

## InfoBox

| *Oenocarpus distichus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Arecaceae |
| Genus: | *Oenocarpus* |
| Species: | ***O. distichus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oenocarpus distichus***<br>Mart. | |
|


title: Oenochroma subustaria

abstract: Oenochroma subustaria, also known as the grey wine moth, is a species of moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Australia, including Tasmania.

text:
# Oenochroma subustaria

***Oenochroma subustaria***, also known as the **grey wine moth**, is a species of moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Australia, including Tasmania.

## InfoBox

| *Oenochroma subustaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Oenochroma* |
| Species: | ***O. subustaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oenochroma subustaria***<br>(Walker, 1860) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phallaria subustaria* Walker, 1860 * *Monoctophora caprina* Lucas, 1900 | |


title: Oenochroma

abstract: Oenochroma is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae erected by Achille Guenée in 1857. Oenochroma means "wine colored" from the greek oeno (wine) and chroma (color).

text:
# Oenochroma

***Oenochroma*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae erected by Achille Guenée in 1857.

Oenochroma means "wine colored" from the greek *oeno* (wine) and *chroma* (color).

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Oenochroma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Oenochroma vinaria1* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Oenochrominae |
| Genus: | *Oenochroma*<br>Guenée, 1857 |
|


title: Oh What a Circus

abstract: "Oh What a Circus" is a song from the 1976 musical Evita, which had lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber. It was recorded by English singer David Essex and released as a single on August 19, 1978, by Mercury Records. Essex played the character of Che in the original London production of the musical, and the song is sung from his point-of-view. Produced and arranged by Mike Batt, "Oh What a Circus" is a mid-tempo song, comparing the musical's title character Eva Perón's funeral with a circus, and calling her actions fraudulent. The song is a contrafactum, and shares its tune with the better known "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" from the same show. "Oh What a Circus" was a commercial success for Essex, who had been dropped by his previous record company due to his declining sales. The song reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, and the top-30 in Belgium and Netherlands. In subsequent productions of the musical, "Oh What a Circus" has been sung by numerous performers, including Mandy Patinkin, Ricky Martin and Scottish rock musician Marti Pellow. In the 1996 film adaptation of the show, the song was sung by Antonio Banderas and American singer Madonna, and received critical appreciation for its flamenco-infused composition.

text:
# Oh What a Circus

"**Oh What a Circus**" is a song from the 1976 musical *Evita*, which had lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber. It was recorded by English singer David Essex and released as a single on August 19, 1978, by Mercury Records. Essex played the character of Che in the original London production of the musical, and the song is sung from his point-of-view. Produced and arranged by Mike Batt, "Oh What a Circus" is a mid-tempo song, comparing the musical's title character Eva Perón's funeral with a circus, and calling her actions fraudulent. The song is a contrafactum, and shares its tune with the better known "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" from the same show.

"Oh What a Circus" was a commercial success for Essex, who had been dropped by his previous record company due to his declining sales. The song reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, and the top-30 in Belgium and Netherlands. In subsequent productions of the musical, "Oh What a Circus" has been sung by numerous performers, including Mandy Patinkin, Ricky Martin and Scottish rock musician Marti Pellow. In the 1996 film adaptation of the show, the song was sung by Antonio Banderas and American singer Madonna, and received critical appreciation for its flamenco-infused composition.

## Background and release

Co-writers of "Oh What a Circus", Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice.

"Oh What a Circus" was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice while they were developing *Evita* as a musical in between 1974 and 1976. Rice was extremely intrigued by the stories surrounding the life of Eva Perón while researching her during the mid-1970s. The duo were also on the lookout for various actors to play the part of the narrator for *Evita*.

In the meantime, English singer David Essex had completed his work on *Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds*, and was interested in theatrical productions. He received a call from Rice and Webber, and immediately accepted the part. *Evita* had already generated interest with its concept album of the same name, as well as the commercial success of singer Julie Covington's released single, "Don't Cry for Me Argentina". Essex met director Hal Prince and talked about the character of Che, an Argentine everyman narrating and commenting on the events, portrayed as Che Guevara on stage, including the vision that Rice and Webber had about him. Due to his Romany ancestry, Essex had the characteristic laconic nature and idealistic looks needed for the role of Che.

*Evita* was a success from its opening night, with Derek Jewell of *The Sunday Times* praising Webber's score, as well as Essex's portrayal of Che as a "brooding, enigmatic" character. Meanwhile, Essex had released a cover version of the Lorraine Ellison song, "Stay with Me", which reached number 45 on the UK Singles Chart, thus CBS Records cancelled their contract with him. Essex's manager started looking for a new record deal for him, and signed one with Phonogram Records, who suggested that he release one of the songs from the *Evita* album as his single. They decided to release "Oh What a Circus", with another of Che's songs, "High Flying, Adored" as its B-side. The song was released on August 19, 1978, under the Mercury subsidiary of Phonogram in the United Kingdom.

## Composition and reception

Musically, "Oh What a Circus" is a contrafactum, and shares its composition with the better known "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" from the same show, but has a faster tempo and completely different lyrics. The song includes a choral chant in Latin, based on the Catholic anthem "Salve Regina". Alternative lyrics to "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" appear as a prelude to the song from Act 2, sung by a young girl characterizing Eva's younger self. The version of "Oh What a Circus" present on the *Evita* concept album was sung by Colm Wilkinson. However, it was not used. Instead, Essex recorded a new version which was arranged and produced by Mike Batt, in the style of Phil Spector. A video for the song was filmed at Clifton Cathedral in Bristol and showed Essex singing the song as a crowd moves around inside a building carrying candles.

An uptempo version of the main melody for "Don't Cry for Me Argentina", "Oh What a Circus" acts as an introduction to the whole musical and is sung after "Requiem for Evita", as Che ponders about the life of Eva. The song was composed in a key of E major. Essex's voice spans from C3 to E5 and the song follows a basic sequence of F/C–G7–C–Am/C–Dsus–C–D7/C–G/B as its chord progression. Lyrically, it talks about the news of Eva's death and her funeral, as well as Che's belief that the mourning for her was misplaced and Eva's life and preaching was fraudulent. It compares her funeral to that of a circus with a choir added during the middle section. The lyrics question the sainthood of Eva and her praise as a godly character among the Argentinians, while taunting her that she had failed her people by not being immortal. The words had rhyming across the verses like those of ("show/go") and ("town/down") which Rice explained was done intentionally to make the song appear asymmetrical.

> Oh what a circus, oh what a *show*, Argentina has gone to *town* Over the death of an actress called Eva Perón Oh what an exit, that's how to *go*, When they're ringing your curtain *down* Demand to be buried like Eva Perón

After its release in August 1978 as the third single from the *Evita* concept album, "Oh What a Circus" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 36. It progressed and climbed the charts rapidly, ultimately reaching a peak of number 3 in its sixth week. It was Essex's highest charting song since "Hold Me Close" had topped the charts in 1975. "Oh What a Circus" was present within the top-100 of the UK Singles Chart for a total of 11 weeks. Across Europe the song charted in Belgium for 5 weeks, reaching a peak of number 26. In the Netherlands, the song charted on both the Dutch Top 40 and Single Top 100 charts, reaching peaks of number 18 and number 20 respectively. The song also charted at number eight in Ireland. Although not released in Australia, the song managed to enter the Kent Music Report charts for one week at number 72.

## Other versions

Antonio Banderas and Madonna's version of the song was critically appreciated

Mandy Patinkin played Che for the American premiere production and recording, and sings the song. Author William A. Everett wrote in his book *The A to Z of the Broadway Musical* that Patinkin's singing and portrayal of Che "interacted on a psychological level with the title character (played by Patti LuPone), challenging her actions and motivations." In the 1996 film *Evita*, the song is sung by actor Antonio Banderas and singer Madonna. In the film, Che muses while in an empty bar following the lavish funeral procession for Eva Perón, and then on the streets of Buenos Aires as the community mourns and then riots. Eva's lyrics come during a pan over her funeral casket and is not sung directly by Eva. It begins with Spanish guitars as Banderas takes the lead vocals, with a changing choir throughout.

A different rhythm and tempo occurs in the middle where the main composition has rock influences and piano, as Banderas uttered the line, "She didn't say much, but she said it loud". The choir is brought back towards the end, followed by an orchestral passage consisting of the main theme, accompanied by sounds of gong and timpani. Madonna sings the final verses, uttering the lines "share my glory, so share my coffin". Author J. Randy Taraborrelli complemented Madonna's singing in the book, *Madonna: An Intimate Biography*, describing her vocals as "supple and strong". This view was shared by author Lucy O'Brien in *Madonna: Like an Icon* who said that "the sweetness and the power of Madonna's voice comes out as never before on these tracks". It also received positive review from Paul Verna of *Billboard*, who listed the "flamenco flavored" song as a highlight from the soundtrack.

For the 2006 First West End Revival of *Evita*, actor Matt Rawle portrayed Che and sang the song. Michael Billington from *The Guardian* received it negatively, saying that "Lacking any coherent idea, the show is motored by a succession of Lloyd Webber songs: 'Another Suitcase in Another Hall', ... 'Oh What a Circus', 'High Flying, Adored' and all the rest." While reviving the play for Broadway in 2012, singer Ricky Martin was signed to play Che. According to Joe Dziemianowicz from *Daily News*, Martin's performance as Che gave it "a great big touch of star quality... He also gives an appealing performance in the role of Che," the writer added. James Hebert from *The San Diego Union-Tribune* complimented Martin for setting "the tone right away in the opening number 'Oh What a Circus'" with his "bemused, smilingly cynical" characterization of Che. In the 2014 Second West End Revival of the play, the role of Che was played by Marti Pellow from Scottish rock band Wet Wet Wet. Natalie Banyard complimented the choice of Pellow as Che, adding in an article for *Bristol Post* that "Never was there a more inspired piece of casting than that of \[Pellow\] as \[Che Guevara\] in *Evita*." Banyard also noticed that there was "no hint of Marti's Scottish brogue as he stops the show with his renditions of 'Oh What a Circus' and 'The Lady's Got Potential'." Hank Marvin performed an instrumental version of the song on his 1997 album *Hank Marvin and the Shadows Play the Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice*.

## Track listing

1. "Oh What a Circus" – 3:54
2. "High Flying, Adored" – 3:19

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the 7" single liner notes.

## Charts

| Charts (1978) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 72 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 26 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 8 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 18 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 20 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 3 |

## InfoBox

| "Oh What a Circus" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by David Essex | |
| B-side | "High Flying, Adored" |
| Released | August 19, 1978 |
| Recorded | 1978 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:54 |
| Label | Mercury |
| Composer(s) | Andrew Lloyd Webber |
| Lyricist(s) | Tim Rice |
| Producer(s) | Mike Batt |
| David Essex singles chronology | |
| "Stay with Me"
(1978) "**Oh What a Circus**"
(1978) "Brave New World"
(1978) | |


title: N. S. Vishwanathan

abstract: N. S. Vishwanathan was the deputy governor of Reserve Bank of India. He was appointed on 28 June 2016, by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet of Government of India. He replaced H. R. Khan, whose term ended on 4 July 2016.

text:
# N. S. Vishwanathan

**N. S. Vishwanathan** was the deputy governor of Reserve Bank of India. He was appointed on 28 June 2016, by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet of Government of India. He replaced H. R. Khan, whose term ended on 4 July 2016.

## Career

gets extension by one year as RBI deputy governor N.S Vishwanathan

## InfoBox

| N. S. Vishwanathan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India | |
| **In office**
4 July 2016  31 March 2020 | |
| Governor | Raghuram Rajan
Urjit Patel
Shaktikanta Das |
| Preceded by | H. R. Khan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 27 June 1958 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | Master's in Economics from the Bangalore University |
| Profession | RBI Deputy Governor |
| Website | rbi.org.in |
|  | |


title: Percy M. Butler

abstract: Percy Milton Butler was a British zoologist and palaeontologist. He proposed that dental characters are expressed in morphogenetic gradients along the dentition, which could therefore be used to study evolution. This became known as Butler's Field Theory. He was Professor of Zoology at Royal Holloway, University of London, where he was the Head of the Department of Zoology from 1956 to 1972, and where he established the first course on mammalogy in the UK.

text:
# Percy M. Butler

**Percy Milton Butler** (19 July 1912 – 7 February 2015) was a British zoologist and palaeontologist. He proposed that dental characters are expressed in morphogenetic gradients along the dentition, which could therefore be used to study evolution. This became known as Butler's Field Theory. He was Professor of Zoology at Royal Holloway, University of London, where he was the Head of the Department of Zoology from 1956 to 1972, and where he established the first course on mammalogy in the UK.

## Early life

He was born on 19 July 1912 in Lewisham, London, son of a civil servant, Herbert Butler, and his wife Amy. As a child he was already interested in natural history. He graduated and did his PhD under supervision of Clive Forster-Cooper at Pembroke College, Cambridge.

## Career

After receiving his undergraduate degree in 1933 Butler received Commonwealth Fund Fellowship to visit Columbia University in 1936. He studied fossil mammal teeth in various museum collections and was associated with William King Gregory at the American Museum of Natural History. He also collected fossil mammals, including a molar of Megacerops. His study of fossil teeth brought him to consider the mechanics of teeth, which led to his field theory, published in 1939.

After appointments at Exeter and Manchester University, he joined Royal Holloway College in 1956. He retired at 60, and as an emeritus professor turned to full-time research, much of it done at the Natural History Museum, London.

Butler was an internationally recognised expert in the origins of early mammals from the Mesozoic. He later got interested in tertiary mammals from East-Africa and the fauna of the Olduvai Gorge, on which he worked with Louis Leakey. In his 80s he still worked on the early mammalian clade Haramiyida.

## Awards and recognition

Butler was awarded the American Geological Association’s Gold Medal. In 1986 he received the silver medal of the city of Paris. In 1994 received and honorary membership of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, and in 1996 received the society's prestigious Romer-Simpson Medal.

## Personal life

Butler married Lillan Temple in 1941. He was a talented artist. His drawings feature in many of his publications and Royal Holloway College held an exhibition of his watercolours.

## InfoBox

| Percy Milton Butler | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1912-07-19)19 July 1912<br>Lewisham, London |
| Died | 7 February 2015(2015-02-07) (aged 102) |
| Awards | Romer-Simpson Medal |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Pembroke College, Cambridge |
| Thesis | (1939) |
| Doctoral advisor | Clive Forster-Cooper |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | Royal Holloway, University of London |
| Notable ideas | Butler's Field Theory |
|  | |


title: Triptychus incantatus

abstract: Triptychus incantatus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Triptychus incantatus

***Triptychus incantatus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Triptychus incantatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Triptychus* |
| Species: | ***T. incantatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Triptychus incantatus***<br>(Bartsch, 1926) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pyramidella (Triptychus) olssoni* Bartsch, 1926 * *Triptychus olssoni* (Bartsch, 1926) · | |


title: Martin John Spalding

abstract: Martin John Spalding was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Baltimore from 1864 to 1872. He previously served as Bishop of Louisville from 1850 to 1864. He advocated aid for freed slaves following the American Civil War. Spalding attended the First Vatican Council, where he first opposed, and then supported, a dogmatic proclamation of papal infallibility.

text:
# Martin John Spalding

**Martin John Spalding** (May 23, 1810 – February 7, 1872) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Baltimore from 1864 to 1872. He previously served as Bishop of Louisville from 1850 to 1864. He advocated aid for freed slaves following the American Civil War. Spalding attended the First Vatican Council, where he first opposed, and then supported, a dogmatic proclamation of papal infallibility.

## Early life and education

Martin Spalding was born on May 23, 1810, in Rolling Fork, Kentucky, the sixth of eight children of Richard and Henrietta (née Hamilton) Spalding. His ancestors came to the American colonies from England and Ireland, settling in the British Province of Maryland around the mid-17th century. Spalding's paternal grandfather, Benedict Spalding, moved to Kentucky from St. Mary's County, Maryland in 1790. His mother's family, also from Maryland, moved to Kentucky in 1791. Martin was a distant cousin of Mother Catherine Spalding, co-founder of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth.

Richard and Henrietta married in 1801. Their son Martin went through many illnesses as a young child. When he was only five or six years of age, Henrietta died; his oldest sister and paternal grandmother then cared for him. Richard remarried twice, and had a total of twenty-one children. When Martin Spalding reached age eight, his family sent him in 1818 to a country school in the area. While at the school, Spalding learned his multiplication tables in one day. He received his first communion in 1820 at age ten.

In 1821, Spalding entered St. Mary's College in Lebanon, Kentucky, where he became a favorite pupil of the school founder, Reverend William Byrne. By age 14, Spalding's math skills were so advanced that Byrne named him as the mathematics instructor at St. Mary's. At one point, a math professor from St. Joseph's College attempted to stump Spalding with difficult math problems, but Spalding solved them all.

By the time Spalding graduated from St. Mary's in 1826 at age 16, he had decided to enter the priesthood. He started his studies at St. Thomas Seminary in Bardstown, Kentucky, in September 1826. He spent the next four years studying philosophy and theology at St. Thomas. The seminary also required its seminarian to teach courses to lay students at the adjoining St. Joseph's College.

In 1830, Bishop Benedict Flaget sent Spalding to Rome to continue his studies at the Pontifical Urbaniana University. After a four-month journey, he arrived in Rome on August 7, 1830. Debilitated by the long trip, Spalding almost died in Rome. After a slow recovery, he continued his studies.

In 1834, Spalding earned a Doctor of Divinity degree from the university, the first American student to do so. He received the degree after a marathon session defending 256 propositions on theology, church history, and canon law from attacks by university faculty and other scholars.

## Priesthood

While in Rome, Spalding was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Bardstown by Cardinal Carlo Maria Pedicini on August 13, 1834. Spalding celebrated his first mass over Saint Peter's tomb in the subterranean chapel of St. Peter's Basilica.

Two days after his ordination, Spalding sailed to the United States, wanting to see Flaget again. Spalding arrived in New York City in October 1834. While traveling to Kentucky, he stopped in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bishop Francis Kenrick, his former professor at St. Thomas Seminary, allowed Spalding to preach his first homily at Saint John the Evangelist Cathedral in Philadelphia.

After Spalding arrived in Bardstown in December 1834, Flaget named him rector of St. Joseph's Cathedral and professor of philosophy at St. Thomas Seminary. In addition to these duties, Spalding became the first editor of the weekly *Catholic Advocate* in 1835; he also founded the *Advocate'*s successor, *The Louisville Guardian*.

In 1838, Spalding was elected president of St. Joseph's College. However, he soon clashed with Bishop Guy Chabrat, whom the Vatican had appointed as coadjutor bishop in the diocese while Flaget was away in Europe. When Flaget returned home in 1840, Spalding tendered him his resignation as St. Joseph's president and cathedral rector. Flaget then appointed Spalding as pastor of St. Peter's Parish in Lexington, Kentucky. During his priestly ministry, he also assisted the Catholic missions in the Diocese of Nashville. He soon built a reputation as a gifted preacher and lecturer.

In 1841, the Vatican transferred the episcopal see from Bardstown to Louisville, which had become the largest city in Kentucky. The Diocese of Bardstown now became Diocese of Louisville. Spalding then resumed his former role as rector of what was now St. Joseph Proto-Cathedral. In 1844, Flaget named Spalding as vicar general. With Flaget's advancing age and Charbrat's progressive blindness, Spalding assumed administration of the diocese. Chabrat resigned as coadjutor bishop on April 10, 1847.

## Episcopacy

### Coadjutor Bishop and Bishop of Louisville

After Chabrat resigned in 1847, the Vatican needed to appoint another coadjutor bishop for Flaget, who was too weak to conduct his duties. On April 18, 1848, Pope Pius IX appointed Spalding as coadjutor bishop of Louisville and titular bishop of *Lengone.* He received his episcopal consecration on September 1, 1848, from Flaget, with Bishops Francis Kenrick and Richard Miles serving as co-consecrators, at St. Louis Cathedral in Louisville. Francis Kenrick's brother, Archbishop Peter Kenrick, preached the homily for the service. Spalding selected as his episcopal motto: *Auspice Maria* (Latin: "Under the protection of Mary").

When Flaget died on February 11, 1850, Spalding automatically succeeded him as bishop of Louisville. At the time of Spalding's ascension, the diocese comprised the entire state of Kentucky and included over 30,000 Catholics, 43 churches, 10 chapels, and 40 priests.

One of Spalding's first acts as bishop was to visit every parish, school, and other institution in the diocese. In 1850, with the assistance of a group of German-Catholics, Spalding opened St.Joseph's Orphanage for boys in Louisville.

Spalding completed construction of Cathedral of the Assumption in Louisville in 1852, with Archbishop John Baptist Purcell dedicating it in October 1852. That same year, he attended the first Plenary Council of Baltimore. The Council successfully petitioned the Holy See to divide the Diocese of Louisville, and the Diocese of Covington was erected in 1853, comprising the part of the state east of the Kentucky River. In order to address the shortage of clergy in his diocese, Spalding traveled Europe for a year and recruited the services of a number of priests and the Xaverian Brothers. During his visit to Belgium, he conceived the idea of establishing the American College at Louvain, which was later opened in 1857.

In August 1855, Spalding faced an anti-Catholic riot, known as Bloody Monday. Political opponents of the Democratic Party and supporters of the Know Nothing movement claimed that foreign-born Catholics intended to subvert the government, and Spalding himself was accused of harboring weapons in various churches. This led to a series of riots that resulted in the deaths of anywhere between 22 and over 100 German and Irish Catholic immigrants. The Cathedral of the Assumption, however, was spared from destruction by Mayor John Barbee, himself reportedly a member of the Know Nothing Party. Following the riots' end, Spalding wrote, "I entreat all to pause and reflect, to commit no violence, to believe no idle rumors, and to cultivate that peace and love which are characteristics of the religion of Christ." He played a leading role at the three provincial councils of Cincinnati in 1855, 1858, and 1861. He was also an outspoken advocate for the Catholic school system, denouncing public schools as "godless".

At the beginning of the American Civil War in 1860, Spalding ordered all churches in the diocese to pray for peace. Although he sought to avoid "angry political discussions", he published a piece on the war in *L'Osservatore Romano* that clearly demonstrated his sympathy laid with the Confederacy. He even secretly denounced Archbishop Purcell, a staunch supporter of the Union, to his superiors in Rome. He recognized slavery as "a great social evil", but asked, "But how can we free ourselves of \[slavery\] without ruining our country and causing injury to the poor slaves themselves?" He also remarked that "those who are in such a way liberated ordinarily become miserable vagabonds, drunkards and thieves."

In 1861, Spalding converted St. Joseph's College into a military hospital. By the end of Spalding's tenure in Louisville, the diocese included 70,000 Catholics and 85 churches.

### Archbishop of Baltimore

Following the death of Baltimore Archbishop Francis Kenrick on July 8, 1863, Pius IX named Spalding as the seventh archbishop of Baltimore on May 3, 1864. His installation took place at the Cathedral of the Assumption in Baltimore on July 31, 1863.

After founding the House of the Good Shepherd, Spalding conducted a visitation of the archdiocese, during which he administered Confirmation to 8,000 people. He established more parishes and institutions per year and introduced more religious orders than any other archbishop of Baltimore. He recruited priests from All Hallows College near Dublin and from the American College at Louvain. In 1865, Spalding organized the first group of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul in Baltimore, based out of the cathedral, as well as the Association of St. Joseph, a society dedicated to the care of homeless girls.

Following the end of the civil war, Spalding appealed for financial aid to people in the former Confederacy, posing the question, "Can we be held blameless before God if our brethren, whom we are solemnly commanded to love even as ourselves, should perish through our coldness and neglect?" In response, the Catholics in the archdiocese donated $10,000 to relief efforts there. Spalding also expressed concern for the spiritual welfare of newly freed African-Americans. Writing to Archbishop John McCloskey, he said, "Four million of these unfortunates are thrown on our charity, and they silently but eloquently appeal to us for help." Spalding invited Revered Herbert Vaughan and the Mill Hill Fathers from England to minister exclusively among freedmen. In October 1866, Spalding presided over the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore.

In 1866, Spalding recruited four monks of the Xaverian Brothers from Belgium to found St. Mary's Industrial School, a facility for homeless boys.

In 1867, Spalding visited Rome to participate in the centenary celebration of the martyrdom of St. Peter. He returned to Rome in 1869 to attend the First Vatican Council, where he was a member of the Commission on Faith and of the Commission on *Postulata*. Exhausted from his visit to Rome, Spalding traveled to Savoy in France and Switzerland to regain his health. He expected to return to Rome when the Vatican Council reassembled. However, the capture of Rome by King Victor Emmanuel II in 1870, during the war for the unification of Italy, forced the canceling of the Council. Spalding instead returned to Baltimore.

## Death and legacy

In late 1871, Spalding traveled to New York City to attend a meeting of bishops. After arriving back in Baltimore, he caught a severe cold that developed into an acute bronchitis. Suffering from fragile health all of his life, Spalding could not recover from this illness.

Spalding died in Baltimore on February 7, 1872, at age 61. He is buried in the crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

## Viewpoints

### Slavery and civil war

Regarding slavery, the most controversial subject of his era, Spalding said that he sought to avoid "angry political discussions". However, he published a piece on the American Civil War in *L'Osservatore Romano* that showed his sympathy for the Confederate States of America. He even secretly denounced Archbishop John Purcell, a staunch supporter of the US federal government, to his superiors in Rome.

Spalding recognized slavery as "a great social evil", but asked, "But how can we free ourselves of \[slavery\] without ruining our country and causing injury to the poor slaves themselves?" He also remarked that "those who are in such a way liberated ordinarily become miserable vagabonds, drunkards and thieves."

### Papal infallibility

While he firmly believed in papal infallibility, Spalding initially considered that its dogmatic definition would be unnecessary and inexpedient. Instead, he favored an implicit over an explicit definition, as he believed the latter would likely "excite controversies now slumbering and almost extinct". However, Spalding reversed himself on the necessity of an explicit definition of infallibility after being drawn into a dispute with Bishop Félix Dupanloup and after the governments of France, Germany, Italy, and Spain joined in opposition to a definition. Spalding stated:

> I should regard as the greatest misfortune of my life to have contributed in any way whatever to cause even a single one of my brothers to falter in perfect obedience to the authority of the Church.

Immediately after the final vote on infallibility, he addressed a pastoral letter to Baltimore, in which he explained the necessity of such a definition and attacked what he felt were numerous misrepresentations.

### Freedom of worship

In 1865, Spalding issued a defense of Pius IX's *Syllabus of Errors*, which many Americans viewed as a condemnation of the basic principles of their system of government. For instance, Spalding declared:

> Freedom of worship is condemned when it implies a right not given by Christ, and insists on the right of introducing false religion into a country where it does not exist. It is not only not censurable, but commendable, and the only thing practicable in countries like ours.

### Social issues

Spalding condemned mixed marriages between Catholics and Protestants, calling them "alliances so fraught with evil". He also condemned the participation of Catholics in Freemasonry, terming the brotherhood "a human substitute for a divine religion".

## Publications

* *Sketches of the Life, Times, and Character of the Rt. Rev. Benedict Joseph Flaget* (1852)
* *Miscellanea* (1855)
* *History of the Protestant Reformation* (1860)

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Martin John Spalding | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Baltimore | |
|  | |
| See | Baltimore |
| Appointed | May 6, 1864 |
| Installed | July 31, 1864 |
| Term ended | February 7, 1872 |
| Predecessor | Francis Patrick Kenrick |
| Successor | James Roosevelt Bayley |
| Previous post(s) | Coadjutor Bishop of Louisville (1848–1850)
Bishop of Louisville (1850–1864) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | August 13, 1834
by Carlo Maria Pedicini |
| Consecration | September 10, 1848
by Benedict Joseph Flaget P.S.S. |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1810-05-23)May 23, 1810
Rolling Fork, Kentucky |
| Died | February 7, 1872(1872-02-07) (aged 61)
Baltimore, Maryland |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic Church |
| Signature |  |


title: Hood's Texas Brigade Monument

abstract: The Hood's Texas Brigade Monument is an outdoor memorial commemorating members of John Bell Hood's Texas Brigade of the Confederate Army installed on the Texas State Capitol grounds in Austin, Texas, United States. The monument was sculptured by Pompeo Coppini and erected in 1910. It is topped by a bronze statue of a Confederate soldier.

text:
# Hood's Texas Brigade Monument

The **Hood's Texas Brigade Monument** is an outdoor memorial commemorating members of John Bell Hood's Texas Brigade of the Confederate Army installed on the Texas State Capitol grounds in Austin, Texas, United States. The monument was sculptured by Pompeo Coppini and erected in 1910. It is topped by a bronze statue of a Confederate soldier.

## Content

On its shaft is the Texas State Flag crossed with the "Blood-Stained Banner" version of the Confederate Flag. Below it are the initials for the Confederate States of America, CSA. The base has quotes praising the Texas Brigade from the President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, Commander of the Confederate Army, Robert E. Lee and Confederate General, Stonewall Jackson.

## InfoBox

| Hood's Texas Brigade Monument | |
| --- | --- |
| The monument in 2015 | |
|  | |
| Artist | Pompeo Coppini |
| Year | 1910 (1910) |
| Medium | Sculpture |
| Location | Austin, Texas, United States |
| Coordinates | 30°16′27″N 97°44′22″W / 30.27407°N 97.73936°W / 30.27407; -97.73936 |
| Owner | Texas State Preservation Board |


title: Mi-yeon

abstract: Mi-yeon, also spelled Mi-youn or Mi-yeun, is a Korean feminine given name. The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name.

text:
# Mi-yeon

**Mi-yeon**, also spelled **Mi-youn** or **Mi-yeun**, is a Korean feminine given name. The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name.

## Hanja

As of December 2018, regulations of the Supreme Court of Korea permit the following 44 hanja with the reading *mi* and 34 hanja with the reading *yeon* to be registered for use in given names.

Ways of writing this name in hanja include:

* (아름다울 미; *areumdaul mi*; 고울 연; *goul yeon*): "beautiful and kind-hearted"
* (아름다울 미; *areumdaul mi*, 넓을 연; *neolbeul yeon*): "overflowing with beauty"

## People

People with this name include:

* Serra Miyeun Hwang (born 1962), South Korean-born American composer
* Lee Mi-yeon (born 1971), South Korean actress
* Kim Mi-yeon (born 1979), South Korean curler
* Kan Mi-youn (born 1982), South Korean singer, member of girl group Baby Vox
* Miyeon (born Cho Mi-yeon, 1997), South Korean singer, member of girl group (G)I-dle

## InfoBox

| Mi-yeon | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 미연 |
| Hanja | , , and others |
| Revised Romanization | *Miyeon* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Miyŏn* |


title: N. Sadhan Prabhakar

abstract: N. Sadhan Prabhakar is an Indian politician and is Former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Paramakudi constituency in the by-election in 2019. He lost in the 2021 Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Elections by a margin of 11,000 votes. He is the son of Former Rajya Sabha MP from Tamilnadu and AIADMK leader Thiru. Niraikulathan.

text:
# N. Sadhan Prabhakar

**N. Sadhan Prabhakar** is an Indian politician and is Former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Paramakudi constituency in the by-election in 2019. He lost in the 2021 Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Elections by a margin of 11,000 votes.

He is the son of Former Rajya Sabha MP from Tamilnadu and AIADMK leader Thiru. Niraikulathan.


title: Oh Well (album)

abstract: Oh Well is the fourth studio album by American indie-folk group Insomniac Folklore. It was recorded by Tyler Hentschel at PMC Studio in Portland, Oregon, during the spring of 2007 and released by Quiver Society on June 5, 2007. This is a transitional album that further explores folk music and Vaudeville. Only 1,000 copies of this album were pressed during Quiver Societies initial release. A re-issue of Oh Well was released on Art vs Product in October 2012.

text:
# Oh Well (album)

***Oh Well*** is the fourth studio album by American indie-folk group Insomniac Folklore. It was recorded by Tyler Hentschel at PMC Studio in Portland, Oregon, during the spring of 2007 and released by Quiver Society on June 5, 2007. This is a transitional album that further explores folk music and Vaudeville. Only 1,000 copies of this album were pressed during Quiver Societies initial release.

A re-issue of *Oh Well* was released on Art vs Product in October 2012.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Tyler Hentschel

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ladies and Gentlemen (An Introduction)" | 1:57 |
| 2. | "North to the Future" | 3:19 |
| 3. | "It's Only Folk Music if the Folks Sing Along" | 2:31 |
| 4. | "495" | 3:38 |
| 5. | "Two Old Men" | 3:08 |
| 6. | "Unfamiliar Ceiling" | 5:34 |
| 7. | "In the Family Room (An Intermission)" | 3:24 |
| 8. | "It Rains" | 6:03 |
| 9. | "Of Flesh and Spirit" | 4:35 |
| 10. | "Prophesy, Prophesy A Dollar A Day" | 6:02 |
| 11. | "Grace is Still Amazing" | 3:51 |
| 12. | "And The Rest of My Life, Amen" | 5:14 |
| 13. | "Yet to Come (An Exit)" | 20:35 |

## Personnel

Insomniac Folklore

## InfoBox

| Oh Well | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Insomniac Folklore | |
| Released | June 5, 2007 |
| Recorded | Spring 2007 |
| Genre | Folk music |
| Length | 1:09:43 |
| Label | Quiver Society |
| Producer | Tyler Hentschel |
| Insomniac Folklore chronology | |
| *Smile or Die*
(2005) ***Oh Well***
(2007) *LP*
(2010) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Insomniac Folklore* | |
| 1. "North to the Future"
Released: October 2007 | |
|  | |


title: Oh Yeah (music centre)

abstract: Oh Yeah is a music centre located in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in the Cathedral Quarter. It was founded primarily to support young talented musicians and bands from Northern Ireland and its huge and growing music scene by providing help and promotion, technical equipment for rehearsing, recording, gigs and event organisation, performing space and releases of band compilations. The Oh Yeah Music Centre's genres are varying in its manifolds of Alternative rock, Indie rock, Electronica, Post rock, Post punk, Crossover, Experimental rock and further musical stylistic ways and conceptions.

text:
# Oh Yeah (music centre)

**Oh Yeah** is a music centre located in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in the Cathedral Quarter. It was founded primarily to support young talented musicians and bands from Northern Ireland and its huge and growing music scene by providing help and promotion, technical equipment for rehearsing, recording, gigs and event organisation, performing space and releases of band compilations (*Oh Yeah Sessions, Scratch My Progress*). The Oh Yeah Music Centre's genres are varying in its manifolds of Alternative rock, Indie rock, Electronica, Post rock, Post punk, Crossover, Experimental rock and further musical stylistic ways and conceptions.

## Formation

The Oh Yeah project was formed after a meeting between Gary Lightbody, of Snow Patrol, the former Assistant Editor of NME Stuart Bailie, who has been presenting radio programmes for the BBC since 1999, Martin Neill, a multi-media professional and head of the web design business "No More Art" and Davy Matchett, who has been involved in business and banking for the past ten years and shares a passion for music, on 29 December 2005. The group agreed that the project would prove beneficial to the Belfast, and Northern Ireland, music scene. Additionally, the group decided that Oh Yeah would be a non-profit organization. After a number of fundraisers and charity work for the centre, Lightbody's band Snow Patrol donated a sizeable sum. Lightbody felt it would be more beneficial to get assistance from the government, and the group met Secretary of State Peter Hain on 11 January 2007 with their idea at Millbank, London. They succeeded in securing backing and financial assistance. Tim Wheeler from Ash and BBC Radio 1's Colin Murray are also counted amongst the active supporters of the Oh Yeah.

> What the Patrol would have given for the advice of professionals; the space to rehearse or cut demos; a place to hang out and listen to music and meet people that might one day change your life. “What is needed is a nexus to focus musical energy into and to unite the Belfast music scene in a way that has been elusive until now. It is staggering how simple music is when you boil it down: people, together.
>
> Gary Lightbody, Snow Patrol

## Location

The venue is a former bonded whiskey warehouse in the heart of the Cathedral Quarter, Belfast’s cultural district. It measures 14,500 square feet (1,350 m2) over three floors and is home to rehearsal rooms, performance space, a café and office units for music businesses. The venue was inaugurated on 5 May 2007 and featured performances by Snow Patrol, Starsailor, Duke Special and actor James Nesbitt.

## Recent activity

The 2008 Fate Awards supported the project, and part of the profits made from the event were donated for the project. Project manager Stuart Bailie said: "The guys at Fate are actively raising funds for Oh Yeah - to literally put a roof over our heads. Fate instantly recognized that trying to establish a dedicated music centre for Belfast is a very tough process. We hope to become good friends with Fate and their contribution will go a long way to Oh Yeah realizing its potential."

## Band Compilations

### Oh Yeah Sessions 2008

1. *When Jackie Shone* \- Cashier No.9
2. *Kansus* – Kowalski
3. *Where's Your Sense of Urgency?* – Panama Kings
4. *A Little Bit Of Solidarity Goes A Long Way*And So I Watch You From Afar
5. *Golden Ticket*The Jane Bradfords
6. *Of The Bear*Mojo Fury
7. *Please Take Your Time*General Fiasco
8. *Mr. Heskey*Lafaro

Bonus tracks:

9. *Align the Planets* \- In Case of Fire
10. *Rides Again* \- David Holmes


title: Ohio State Route 730

abstract: State Route 730 (SR 730) is a 11.45-mile-long (18.43 km) north–south state highway in the southwestern quadrant of the U.S. state of Ohio. The highway travels from its southern terminus at a T-intersection with SR 133 about 2.50 miles (4.02 km) northeast of Blanchester to its northern terminus at a signalized intersection with US 68 and SR 134 in Wilmington.

text:
# Ohio State Route 730

**State Route 730** (**SR 730**) is a 11.45-mile-long (18.43 km) northsouth state highway in the southwestern quadrant of the U.S. state of Ohio. The highway travels from its southern terminus at a T-intersection with SR 133 about 2.50 miles (4.02 km) northeast of Blanchester to its northern terminus at a signalized intersection with US 68 and SR 134 in Wilmington.

## Route description

All of SR 730 is situated in the western half of Clinton County. This highway is not included within the National Highway System (NHS). The NHS is a system of routes identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the country.

## History

The SR 730 designation was applied in 1939. The highway has maintained the same routing between SR 133 near Blanchester and the US 68/SR 134 concurrency in Wilmington throughout its lifespan. When it was established, SR 730 was a gravel highway, excepting the northernmost 3 miles (4.8 km) of the route, which were hard-surfaced. Three years after its inception, the entire length of SR 730 was paved.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Clinton County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Marion Township | 0.00 | 0.00 | SR 133 Blanchester, Clarksville |  |
| Vernon Township | 4.10 | 6.60 | SR 350 Clarksville, New Vienna |  |
| Wilmington | 11.45 | 18.43 | US 68 / SR 134 (South Street) / East Truesdell Street |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Ohio State Route 730KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 730 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by ODOT | |
| Length | 11.45 mi (18.43 km) |
| Existed | 1939–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | SR 133 near Blanchester |
| North end | US 68 / SR 134 in Wilmington |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| Counties | Clinton |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Ohio State Highway System** | |
| SR 729   SR 732 | |


title: Old Nichols Library

abstract: The Old Nichols Library is a historic building on Washington Street in Naperville, Illinois. The building was designed by Mifflin E. Bell in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The building served as the original public library for Naperville from its construction in 1897 until 1986, when the library operations moved to the new, modern Nichols Library on Jefferson Avenue in Naperville. The building is constructed with yellow brick and indigenous limestone, of a much lighter design than is typical for the style. The building has a hipped roof with a gable centered in front. The center of the primary facade is stepped forward, with a broad, rough limestone arch that rises over the front door. James L. Nichols, a professor at North-Western College and successful author and publisher, established the library with a $10,000 bequest. In 1962, the City of Naperville built an addition, of a modern design, connecting to the south wall of the original building. In 1996, the City sold the building to a local church. A developer bought the building from the church in 2017. The Old Nichols Library building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing resource to the Naperville Historic District. In 2017, the City designated the building as a local landmark under Naperville historic preservation ordinances. In 2022, renovations on the Old Nichols Library building were finished, and it opened as an Italian restaurant.

text:
# Old Nichols Library

The **Old Nichols Library** is a historic building on Washington Street in Naperville, Illinois. The building was designed by Mifflin E. Bell in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The building served as the original public library for Naperville from its construction in 1897 until 1986, when the library operations moved to the new, modern Nichols Library on Jefferson Avenue in Naperville.

The building is constructed with yellow brick and indigenous limestone, of a much lighter design than is typical for the style. The building has a hipped roof with a gable centered in front. The center of the primary facade is stepped forward, with a broad, rough limestone arch that rises over the front door.

James L. Nichols, a professor at North-Western College (now North Central College) and successful author and publisher, established the library with a $10,000 bequest. In 1962, the City of Naperville built an addition, of a modern design, connecting to the south wall of the original building.

In 1996, the City sold the building to a local church. A developer bought the building from the church in 2017.

The Old Nichols Library building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing resource to the Naperville Historic District.

In 2017, the City designated the building as a local landmark under Naperville historic preservation ordinances.

In 2022, renovations on the Old Nichols Library building were finished, and it opened as an Italian restaurant.

## InfoBox

| Old Nichols Library | |
| --- | --- |
| Photograph of the Old Nichols Library building in Naperville, Illinois | |
| Location | 110 South Washington Street, Naperville, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°46′26″N 88°8′51″W / 41.77389°N 88.14750°W / 41.77389; -88.14750 |
| Built | 1897 |
| Architect | Mifflin E. Bell |
| Architectural style(s) | Richardsonian Romanesque |
| Governing body | Naperville City Landmark |
|  | |
| Location of Old Nichols Library in IllinoisOld Nichols Library (the United States) | |


title: Okihide Hikosaka

abstract:
Okihide Hikosaka is a neuroscience research professor who specializes in the mechanisms of motivation, learning, skill, decision-making, attention, and oculomotor control. His research into neuronal mechanisms of voluntary behavior and basal ganglia function created breakthroughs in the understanding of the neurochemistry behind information-seeking behavior and the efficacy of grouping motor sequence learning actions in order to remember more than individual actions. Hikosaka’s research proved that the brain is chemically wired to be rewarded with dopamine for learning information about the future.
“This result supports the notion that midbrain dopamine neurons are coding for both primitive and cognitive rewards. So why do dopamine neurons treat information as a reward? It’s easy to see how treating information this way might be a useful evolutionary adaptation. For many animals, each day consists of numerous decisions that pertain to eating, reproducing and socializing. Obviously, having access to more relevant information – such as knowing where the food is located - allows animals to make better decisions. Furthermore, having access to such information might give us better control over our environment, thus increasing our chances of survival.” Hikosaka's research impacts the understanding of drug abuse, Parkinson’s and many other aspects of behavior and brain function and dysfunction.

text:
# Okihide Hikosaka

**Okihide Hikosaka** is a neuroscience research professor who specializes in the mechanisms of motivation, learning, skill, decision-making, attention, and oculomotor control. His research into neuronal mechanisms of voluntary behavior and basal ganglia function created breakthroughs in the understanding of the neurochemistry behind information-seeking behavior and the efficacy of grouping motor sequence learning actions (otherwise known as “chunking”) in order to remember more than individual actions.

Hikosaka’s research proved that the brain is chemically wired to be rewarded with dopamine for learning information about the future.

> “This result supports the notion that midbrain dopamine neurons are coding for both primitive and cognitive rewards. So why do dopamine neurons treat information as a reward? It’s easy to see how treating information this way might be a useful evolutionary adaptation. For many animals, each day consists of numerous decisions that pertain to eating, reproducing and socializing. Obviously, having access to more relevant information – such as knowing where the food is located - allows animals to make better decisions. Furthermore, having access to such information might give us better control over our environment, thus increasing our chances of survival.”

Hikosaka's research impacts the understanding of drug abuse, Parkinson’s and many other aspects of behavior and brain function and dysfunction.

## Awards

1. Bromberg-Martin, Ethan S.; Hikosaka, Okihide (2009-07-15). "Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Signal Preference for Advance Information about Upcoming Rewards". *Neuron*. **63** (1): 119–126. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.06.009. ISSN 0896-6273. PMC 2723053. PMID 19607797.
2. Sakai, Katsuyuki; Kitaguchi, Katsuya; Hikosaka, Okihide (2003-09-01). "Chunking during human visuomotor sequence learning". *Experimental Brain Research*. **152** (2): 229–242. doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1548-8. ISSN 0014-4819. PMID 12879170.
3. Lane, Chadrick. "The Chemistry of Information Addiction". *Scientific American*. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
4. "Gruber Foundation Prizes in genetics, neuroscience, and cosmology announced". *YaleNews*. 2018-05-10. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
5. "2015". *Minerva Foundation*. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
6. "Three NIH Scientists Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences". *National Institutes of Health (NIH)*. 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
7. "Three NIH Scientists Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences". *National Institutes of Health (NIH)*. 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2018-10-19.

## InfoBox

| Okihide Hikosaka | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Alma mater | University of Tokyo, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, NEI |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | the mechanisms of motivation, learning, skill, decision-making, attention, and oculomotor control. |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Okaton, South Dakota

abstract: Okaton is a hamlet in Jones County, South Dakota, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 31.

text:
# Okaton, South Dakota

**Okaton** is a hamlet in Jones County, South Dakota, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 31.

## History

Okaton had its start in 1906 by the building of the Milwaukee Railroad through that territory. It had a post office, but this closed in 2013; postal service is now provided from Murdo. There was also, until recently, a "western town" tourist attraction with a petting zoo and a functioning store. The town's entire business district had been on the town road furthest from the interstate highway, which bypassed the town; but which was closest to the railroad tracks. The closure of the railroad, followed by the interstate's placement, largely accounted for the town's dwindling.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Okaton has a total area of 29.8 square miles (77 km2), of which 29.8 square miles (77 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) of it (0.10%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 29 |  |  |
| 2010 | 36 |  | 24.1% |
| 2020 | 31 |  | −13.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 29 people, 14 households, and 7 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.0 people per square mile (0.4/km2). There were 18 housing units at an average density of 0.6/sq mi (0.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 75.86% White, 20.69% from two or more races, and 3.45% Pacific Islander.

There were 14 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, and 42.9% were non-families. 42.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 17.2% under the age of 18, 13.8% from 18 to 24, 13.8% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 27.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 123.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 140.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $23,750, and the median income for a family was $30,625. Males had a median income of $11,250 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,859. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.

## InfoBox

| Okaton, South Dakota | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location in Jones County and the state of South Dakota | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| Counties | Jones |
| Area | |
| Total | 29.8 sq mi (77.2 km2) |
| Land | 29.8 sq mi (77.1 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,175 ft (663 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 31 |
| Density | 1.2/sq mi (0.47/km2) |
| ZIP code | 57562 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2393170 |


title: Okatie, South Carolina

abstract: Okatie is an unincorporated suburban community west of Hilton Head Island, located in Beaufort and Jasper counties, in the Lowcountry of South Carolina. Okatie takes its name from the nearby Okatee River, an estuary of the Port Royal Sound. The headquarters of the Beaufort-Jasper Water and Sewer Authority are located in Okatie, as are the Beaufort-Jasper Academy for Career Excellence and John Paul II Catholic High School. Okatie is an unincorporated area stretching from south central Jasper County to western Beaufort County, between I-95 and SC 462. It was designated a voting precinct on March 1, 1916, by the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Portions of Okatie have been annexed by Bluffton, Hardeeville and Port Royal. South Carolina Highway 170 is generally considered to be the main route through Okatie. Okatie has experienced predominantly low-density residential development since the 1990s, including Sun City Hilton Head, Riverbend, and Oldfield. Additional commercial and low intensity industrial development have also occurred, primarily in the Jasper County sections of Okatie. This development pattern has resulted in concerns over water quality and loss of forest habitat for wildlife. Previous efforts to incorporate the community have been unsuccessful, due in part to conflicting opinions on the future of growth and development in the area.

text:
# Okatie, South Carolina

**Okatie** (pronounced "OH-kuh-tee") is an unincorporated suburban community west of Hilton Head Island, located in Beaufort and Jasper counties, in the Lowcountry of South Carolina. Okatie takes its name from the nearby Okatee River, an estuary of the Port Royal Sound. The headquarters of the Beaufort-Jasper Water and Sewer Authority are located in Okatie, as are the Beaufort-Jasper Academy for Career Excellence and John Paul II Catholic High School.

Okatie is an unincorporated area stretching from south central Jasper County to western Beaufort County, between I-95 and SC 462. It was designated a voting precinct on March 1, 1916, by the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Portions of Okatie have been annexed by Bluffton, Hardeeville and Port Royal. South Carolina Highway 170 (also known as Okatie Highway) is generally considered to be the main route through Okatie.

Okatie has experienced predominantly low-density residential development since the 1990s, including Sun City Hilton Head, Riverbend, and Oldfield. Additional commercial and low intensity industrial development have also occurred, primarily in the Jasper County sections of Okatie. This development pattern has resulted in concerns over water quality and loss of forest habitat for wildlife. Previous efforts to incorporate the community have been unsuccessful, due in part to conflicting opinions on the future of growth and development in the area.

## InfoBox

| Okatie, South Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| OkatieOkatie | |
| Coordinates: 32°17′51″N 80°57′04″W / 32.29750°N 80.95111°W / 32.29750; -80.95111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| Counties | Beaufort, Jasper |
| Elevation | 13 ft (4 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 12,570 |
| ZIP code | 29909 |
| Area code(s) | 843, 854 |


title: Ola Skanks

abstract: Ola Skanks was a Canadian dance artist, choreographer, and teacher. She was a pioneering figure in the development of African diasporic dances in Canada and instrumental in growing Canada’s emerging modern dance scene in the early 1960s. Born Ola Marie Shepherd, Skanks taught herself how to tap dance at a young age. She studied Eurocentric dance styles with dancer/choreographer Willy Blok Hanson before becoming interested in dances related to her black African heritage. She also studied with American dancer, choreographer and anthropologist Pearl Primus. In the 60s and 70s, Skanks’ choreographic work merged European interpretive dance forms with dances and movement of the African diaspora. Throughout her life, she performed, taught and choreographed in Toronto and the United States for both stage and screen, with clients including CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Mariposa Folk Festival, Caribana and the San Diego Museum of Art. She was on the faculty at the University of New York at Buffalo and taught at the Three Schools Artists’ Workshop in Toronto. In 1974, Skanks opened her own studio in Toronto. In 2017, Skanks was one of ten notable dance pioneers inducted into the Dance Collection Danse Encore! Dance Hall of Fame. Images of Skanks were featured in Seika Boye's exhibit It's About Time: Dancing Black in Canada 1900-1970 which was shown at the Dance Collection Danse Gallery in 2017, OCADU's Ignite Gallery in 2018 and at the Progress Festival in Toronto in 2019.

text:
# Ola Skanks

**Ola Skanks**  (November 28, 1926 – August 13, 2018) was a Canadian dance artist, choreographer, and teacher. She was a pioneering figure in the development of African diasporic dances in Canada and instrumental in growing Canada’s emerging modern dance scene in the early 1960s.

Born Ola Marie Shepherd, Skanks taught herself how to tap dance at a young age. She studied Eurocentric dance styles with dancer/choreographer Willy Blok Hanson before becoming interested in dances related to her black African heritage. She also studied with American dancer, choreographer and anthropologist Pearl Primus.

In the 60s and 70s, Skanks’ choreographic work merged European interpretive dance forms with dances and movement of the African diaspora. Throughout her life, she performed, taught and choreographed in Toronto and the United States for both stage and screen, with clients including CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Mariposa Folk Festival, Caribana and the San Diego Museum of Art. She was on the faculty at the University of New York at Buffalo and taught at the Three Schools Artists’ Workshop in Toronto. In 1974, Skanks opened her own studio in Toronto.

In 2017, Skanks was one of ten notable dance pioneers inducted into the Dance Collection Danse Encore! Dance Hall of Fame. Images of Skanks were featured in Seika Boye's exhibit It's About Time: Dancing Black in Canada 1900-1970 which was shown at the Dance Collection Danse Gallery in 2017, OCADU's Ignite Gallery in 2018 and at the Progress Festival in Toronto in 2019.

## InfoBox

| Ola Skanks | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1926-11-28)28 November 1926
Toronto, Canada |
| Died | 13 August 2018(2018-08-13) (aged 91)
Toronto, Canada |
| Occupation(s) | Dance artist, choreographer, teacher |
| Known for | Modern dance, African diasporic dance |


title: Ola Skjåk Bræk

abstract: Ola Skjåk Bræk was a Norwegian banker and politician for the Liberal Party. He was Minister of Industry in 1972–1973. Skjåk Bræk was born in Eidsvoll, the second child of the local banker Gudbrand Bræk and his wife Elisabeth Fischer. Gudbrand Bræk managed Eidsvoll Sparebank, the local savings bank, and was also a co-founder of Bøndernes Bank. Ola studied law at the University of Oslo and earned his cand.jur. degree in 1935. He married Ingeborg Wergeland, a noted peace activist. Among their children is Lise Skjåk Bræk, a fashion and costume designer. Ola Skjåk Bræk moved to Ålesund in 1950 to assume the presidency of Aalesund Nye Kreditbank, a savings and loan bank for the coastal region which eventually became merged into Sunnmørsbanken. He worked in this area - with leave for his time in the cabinet - until 1979, when he retired and moved to Trondheim. He served in the position of deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Møre og Romsdal during the terms 1965–1969 and 1973–1977. He became Minister of Industry in the coalition cabinet formed by Lars Korvald after Trygve Bratteli resigned his cabinet after a referendum defeated his proposal for Norway to join the European Union. Skjåk Bræk ended up on the anti-EEC side, and as such stayed in the Liberal Party after the party split in 1972. He played an active role in the post-World War II economic development in Western Norway and took political and professional interest in the appropriate use of Norway's natural resources. Ola Skjåk Bræk published his memoirs Hva brast så høyt? (ISBN 82-90330-50-2) in 1990, expressing several concerns about Norwegian economic policy.

text:
# Ola Skjåk Bræk

**Ola Skjåk Bræk** (4 February 1912 in Eidsvoll – 26 December 1999 in Trondheim) was a Norwegian banker and politician for the Liberal Party. He was Minister of Industry in 19721973.

Skjåk Bræk was born in Eidsvoll, the second child of the local banker Gudbrand Bræk and his wife Elisabeth Fischer. Gudbrand Bræk managed Eidsvoll Sparebank, the local savings bank, and was also a co-founder of Bøndernes Bank. Ola studied law at the University of Oslo and earned his cand.jur. degree in 1935. He married Ingeborg Wergeland, a noted peace activist. Among their children is Lise Skjåk Bræk, a fashion and costume designer. Ola Skjåk Bræk moved to Ålesund in 1950 to assume the presidency of Aalesund Nye Kreditbank, a savings and loan bank for the coastal region which eventually became merged into Sunnmørsbanken. He worked in this area - with leave for his time in the cabinet - until 1979, when he retired and moved to Trondheim.

He served in the position of deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Møre og Romsdal during the terms 19651969 and 19731977. He became Minister of Industry in the coalition cabinet formed by Lars Korvald after Trygve Bratteli resigned his cabinet after a referendum defeated his proposal for Norway to join the European Union. Skjåk Bræk ended up on the anti-EEC side, and as such stayed in the Liberal Party after the party split in 1972. He played an active role in the post-World War II economic development in Western Norway and took political and professional interest in the appropriate use of Norway's natural resources.

Ola Skjåk Bræk published his memoirs *Hva brast så høyt?* (ISBN 82-90330-50-2) in 1990, expressing several concerns about Norwegian economic policy.

## InfoBox

| Ola Skjåk Bræk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of Industry | |
| **In office**
18 October 1972  16 October 1973 | |
| Prime Minister | Lars Korvald |
| Preceded by | Finn Lied |
| Succeeded by | Ingvald Ulveseth |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1912-02-04)4 February 1912
Eidsvoll, Norway |
| Died | 26 December 1999(1999-12-26) (aged 87)
Trondheim, Norway |
| Citizenship | Norwegian |
| Political party | Liberal Party (Norway) |
| Spouse | Ebba Ingeborg ("Ingeborg") née Wergeland |
| Children | Lise Skjåk Bræk, Gudmund Bræk, Leif Bræk |
| Parent(s) | Gudbrand Olsen Bræk,
Elisabeth Hansdatter née Fischer |
| Education | Candidate of Law |
| Alma mater | University of Oslo |
| Occupation | Banker |
| Known for | Banking, politics |
|  | |


title: Olena Sydorenko

abstract:
Olena Sydorenko is a former Ukrainian volleyball player. She was part of the Ukraine women's national volleyball team. She participated at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
She also competed at the 2001 Women's European Volleyball Championship.

text:
# Olena Sydorenko

**Olena Sydorenko** (born 20 January 1974) is a former Ukrainian volleyball player. She was part of the Ukraine women's national volleyball team.

She participated at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She also competed at the 2001 Women's European Volleyball Championship.

1. "1996 Olympic Indoor Volleyball - WOMENS RESULTS". *Volleyball.org*.
2. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Olena Sydorenko". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2016-12-04. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
3. "Team Roster – Ukraine". *cev.lu*. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.

## InfoBox

| Olena Sydorenko | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Ukrainian |
| Born | (1974-01-20) 20 January 1974 |
| National team | |
| 1996-2001  Ukraine | |


title: Olena Tsyhytsia

abstract: Olena Tsyhytsia is a Ukrainian team handball player. She received a bronze medal with the Ukrainian national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

text:
# Olena Tsyhytsia

**Olena Tsyhytsia** (born April 8, 1975) is a Ukrainian team handball player. She received a bronze medal with the Ukrainian national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

## InfoBox

Olena Tsyhytsia
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Ukraine | | |
| Women's handball | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 2004 Athens | Team |
| European Championship | | |
|  | 2000 Romania | Team |


title: Olcott Estate

abstract: Olcott Estate is the administrative headquarters of the Theosophical Society in America. Its education department conducts on-site courses, seminars, workshops, and lectures for members and the public. It is located in Wheaton, Illinois.

text:
# Olcott Estate

**Olcott Estate** is the administrative headquarters of the Theosophical Society in America. Its education department conducts on-site courses, seminars, workshops, and lectures for members and the public. It is located in Wheaton, Illinois.

## History

For the first fifty years of its history, the Society had its headquarters in various locations, according to the residence of its national presidents. In the mid-1920s, while L. W. Rogers was president of the American Section, the Wheaton site was selected. The property was purchased and continues to be maintained through the dues and gifts of members. In 1926 the cornerstone of the main building was laid by Annie Besant, second international President of the Society. This building was first occupied in 1927, and since that time has continued as the center of Theosophical work in the United States.

Olcott Estate derives its name from original society president, Colonel Henry Steel Olcott, who formed the society in 1875. During the society's annual convention of 1932, members celebrated the centenary of Colonel Olcott's birth by naming the headquarters campus after him. President Sidney A. Cook referred to the estate as "Olcott" in his annual report. For many years postal mail was delivered to "Olcott, Wheaton, Illinois."

## Theosophical Society use

The main structure at Olcott is called the L. W. Rogers Building in honor of the national president in whose administration it was constructed. It looks out over a wide sweep of lawn toward the Main Street entrance gate, which has welcomed members and visitors since 1940. Designed by the eminent American architect, writer, and Theosophist Claude Fayette Bragdon, the gate's pillars are capped by two of the five Platonic solids, symbolizing the order inherent in the universe. Many events held by the Society are held at Olcott Mansion, and the publishers of Quest magazine have their main offices at Olcott Mansion as well.

## Education use

Olcott provides a summer school for members in conjunction with the Society’s Annual Meeting, usually in July, at which prominent Theosophical students gather to learn from one another. A number of these programs have been recorded and are posted online for free listening. The Theosophical Society Department of Education also provides online courses as well as traditional correspondence courses. The L. W. Rogers Building houses the Henry S. Olcott Memorial Library, which contains more than 18,000 titles of books, periodicals, and audio and video cassettes. The library is popular with students and inquirers who come to browse or to borrow from its extensive collection of philosophical and religious literature, rare books and archives.

## Location

Olcott is located in Wheaton, IL, near the Billy Graham Center, a major Evangelical Christian organization and Cantigny Park. Many local college students utilize the Olcott Library, including students from nearby Wheaton College, DePaul University, North Central College, and the College of DuPage.

41°53′08″N 88°06′25″W / 41.885494°N 88.106937°W / 41.885494; -88.106937


title: Oliff Peterson

abstract: Oliff Peterson was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1889 to 1891 as a member of the Republican party.

text:
# Oliff Peterson

**Oliff Peterson** was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1889 to 1891 as a member of the Republican party.

## InfoBox

| Oliff Peterson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Washington House of Representatives | |
| **In office**<br>18891891 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Ole Alcumbrac

abstract: Dr. Ole Alcumbrac, DMV is a wildlife veterinarian known for hosting The Wild Life of Dr. Ole on Nat Geo Wild and Wild Ops on The Outdoor Channel. He is recipient of an Emmy Award for his production and hosting work on The Jaguar Project.

text:
# Ole Alcumbrac

**Dr. Ole Alcumbrac**, DMV is a wildlife veterinarian known for hosting *The Wild Life of Dr. Ole* on Nat Geo Wild and *Wild Ops* on The Outdoor Channel. He is recipient of an Emmy Award (from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Rocky Mountain Southwest Chapter) for his production and hosting work on *The Jaguar Project*.

## Veterinary and wildlife conservation work

Since 1994, Alcumbrac has owned and operated White Mountain Animal Hospital, a mixed animal and exotic practice in northern Arizona, providing treatment to any animal that comes through the door. The practice has overseen several zoological operations, including patients from the prestigious Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, the Phoenix Zoo, and Bearizona Wildlife Park. Alcumbrac is a recipient of the Award of Excellence from the Arizona Game and Fish Commission. He also serves as an adjunct faculty member at Texas Tech University where he teaches formal classes and practicals internationally on wildlife capture; he previously taught at Northland Pioneer College, where he was an instructor of Veterinary Sciences.

## Personal Information

Ole was born and raised in Phoenix, AZ into a family of 6, with 2 sisters and 1 brother. He attended Arizona State University where he was president of the pre-veterinary club as well as Colorado State University where he earned his Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree. Dr. Ole began his career as a kennel assistant, and over the course of 25 years has consulted with the California Condors and Black Footed Ferret Program and dedicated time to disease research for Desert Bighorn Sheep.

## Television

In 2021 Alcumbrac starred in Nat Geo Wild's, *The Wild Life of Dr. Ole*. He also has television experience from 2019 as the host of the Outdoor Channel original series *Wild Ops*. He has also made several appearances in Arizona Game and Fish Department's *Wildlife Views*.