title: Martha Desrumeaux

abstract: Martha Desrumaux was a militant communist and a member of the French Resistance. Martha Desrumaux was born on October 18, 1897, in Comines in France. She was an emblematic figure of the workers' movement and the French internal resistance. A trade union activist of the General Labor Confederation and member of the French Communist Party, she joined the resistance in the North. Deported to the Ravensbrück concentration camp for more than three years, in 1945 she was appointed delegate representing the deportees in the Consultative Assembly convened by General de Gaulle, becoming one of the first sixteen parliamentary representatives in France1,2. She is also known for her commitment to the defense of women's rights, their recognition and their emancipation in society. As one of the prominent Ravensbrück concentration camp inmates Martha Desrumaux was publicly commemorated during the liberation celebrations at the Ravensbrück National Memorial of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), like Yevgenia Klemm, Antonina Nikiforova, Mela Ernst, Rosa Jochmann, Katja Niederkirchner, Rosa Thälmann, Olga Benário Prestes, Olga Körner, Minna Villain, and Maria Grollmuß. Desrumaux died on November 30, 1982, in Évenos.

text:
# Martha Desrumeaux

**Martha Desrumaux** (18 October 1897 - 30 November 1982) was a militant communist and a member of the French Resistance.

Martha Desrumaux was born on October 18, 1897, in Comines in France. She was an emblematic figure of the workers' movement and the French internal resistance. A trade union activist of the General Labor Confederation and member of the French Communist Party, she joined the resistance in the North. Deported to the Ravensbrück concentration camp for more than three years, in 1945 she was appointed delegate representing the deportees in the Consultative Assembly convened by General de Gaulle, becoming one of the first sixteen parliamentary representatives in France1,2. She is also known for her commitment to the defense of women's rights, their recognition and their emancipation in society.

As one of the prominent Ravensbrück concentration camp inmates Martha Desrumaux was publicly commemorated during the liberation celebrations at the Ravensbrück National Memorial of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), like Yevgenia Klemm, Antonina Nikiforova, Mela Ernst, Rosa Jochmann, Katja Niederkirchner, Rosa Thälmann, Olga Benário Prestes, Olga Körner, Minna Villain, and Maria Grollmuß.

Desrumaux died on November 30, 1982, in Évenos.

## Further reading

* Outteryck, Pierre (2006). *Martha Desrumaux: Une femme du Nord, ouvrière, syndicaliste, déportée, féministe.* Le Geai Bleu éditions 2006. ISBN 978-2914670524
* Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012). *Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland“ über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen.* Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2012. ISBN 978-3-631-63678-7

## InfoBox

| Martha Desrumeaux | |
| --- | --- |
| Front page of Femmes Françaises with Martha Desrumeaux on the cover | |
| Born | (1897-10-18)October 18, 1897
Comines |
| Died | November 30, 1982(1982-11-30) (aged 85)
Évenos, France |


title: Nuraghe Genna Maria

abstract: The nuraghe Genna Maria is an archaeological site in the comune of Villanovaforru, province of South Sardinia. It is located atop a hill in the Marmilla region, near the Campidano plain. The structure is complex, formed by an original central tower, built in the middle Bronze Age, to which later were added other four towers and a bastion. One of the four towers was subsequently sacrificed during a further intervention, that also saw, presumably, the edification of the mighty external wall of hexagonal shape. In the early Iron Age in the site developed a new village.

text:
# Nuraghe Genna Maria

The **nuraghe Genna Maria** is an archaeological site in the comune of Villanovaforru, province of South Sardinia.

It is located atop a hill in the Marmilla region, near the Campidano plain. The structure is complex, formed by an original central tower, built in the middle Bronze Age (2200-1600 BC), to which later were added other four towers and a bastion. One of the four towers was subsequently sacrificed during a further intervention, that also saw, presumably, the edification of the mighty external wall of hexagonal shape.

In the early Iron Age in the site developed a new village.

## The Nuraghic complex

The Nuragic complex originally consisted of the central Nuraghe (Mastio) tomb, which was built about 1350 BC, as well as three tombs which were established about 1000 BC. This complex was later surrounded by outer walls. The outer wall spans a wide courtyard in a stretched hexagonal shape. The interest of archaeologists is primarily focused on this village. It dates back to the Iron Age around 800 BC. This period is called the "geometric epoch" because of the characteristic decorations on the ceramics. A parallel development is represented by the geometric-ceramic epoch in Greece (900-700 BC). According to sources, contacts with Greece were established during the Mycenaean period.

The complex was damaged by fire and abandoned in the 8th century BC. Later, in the 5th or 4th century BC, at the time of the Punic occupation of parts of Sardinia, people again came to the Nuraghe Genna Maria. The Sardinian-Punic population set up a small sanctuary in the buried Nuraghes. The preserved wall remains of the Nuraghes, which were already repaired several times in ancient times, are a maximum of three meters high.

## Discovery

During the archaeological excavations of the poorly preserved Nuraghic, which began in 1977 and lasted for 30 years, there were valuable materials found in the area. Ceramics, grinding stones, plant remains were excavated and researched by the Chair of Genetics of the University of Cagliari.

The finds are exhibited in a museum named after the complex in the center of Villanovaforru.

1. Villanovaforru, complesso di Genna Maria(in Italian)
2. Alberto Moravetti, Carlo Tozzi (1995). *Guide archeologiche. Preistoria e Protostoria in Italia*. p. 150. ISBN 88-86712-01-4.
3. "Archaeological Genna Maria Museum".

## Bibliography

* E. Contu, "L'architettura nuragica", in Ichnussa. La Sardegna dalle origini all'età classica, Milano, Scheiwiller, 1981;
* U. Badas, "Genna Maria - Villanovaforru (Cagliari). I vani 10/18. Nuovi apporti allo studio delle abitazioni a corte centrale", in Atti del III Convegno di Studi "Un Millennio di relazioni tra la Sardegna e i paesi del Mediterraneo" (Selargius-Cagliari, 27-30 novembre 1986), Cagliari, 1987;
* C. Lilliu, "Un culto di età punico-romana al nuraghe Genna Maria di Villanovaforru", in Quaderni della Soprintendenza archeologica per le province di Cagliari e Oristano, 5, 1988, pp. 109–128;
* "Villanovaforru", in L'Antiquarium Arborense e i civici musei archeologici della Sardegna, a cura di G. Lilliu, Cinisello Balsamo, A. Pizzi, 1988, pp. 181–198;
* U. Badas, "Nuraghe Genna Maria (Villanovaforru - Cagliari)", in Guide Archeologiche. Preistoria e protostoria in Italia, Forlì, UISP, 1995, pp. 162–169.

## InfoBox

Nuraghe Genna Maria
| Nuraghe Genna Maria | |
| --- | --- |
| Shown within Sardinia | |
| Location | Villanovaforru, Sardinia, Italy |
| Coordinates | 39°38′05″N 8°51′15″E / 39.6346°N 8.8543°E / 39.6346; 8.8543 |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Periods | Bronze Age |
| Cultures | Nuragic civilization |


title: Salam Rinaroy Devi

abstract: Salam Rinaroy Devi is an Indian footballer who plays as a forward for Eastern Sporting Union. She has been a member of the India women's national team.

text:
# Salam Rinaroy Devi

**Salam Rinaroy Devi** (born 5 February 1993) is an Indian footballer who plays as a forward for Eastern Sporting Union. She has been a member of the India women's national team.

## Honours

**India**

**Manipur**

## InfoBox

Rinaroy Devi
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Salam Rinaroy Devi | | |
| Date of birth | (1993-02-05) 5 February 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | Leikai, Manipur, India | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Eastern Sporting Union | | |
| Number | 33 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Manipur Police |  |  |
|  | TRAU |  |  |
|  | United Warriors SC |  |  |
|  | Eastern Sporting Union |  |  |
|  | The Young Welfare Club |  |  |
| 2023– | Eastern Sporting Union |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2012–2016 | India |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 25 May 2013 | | | |


title: Peoples Academy

abstract: The Peoples Academy is a historic high school in Morrisville, Vermont. In 1996, the main school building, along with the observatory and bandshell located on the school grounds, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. All of the structures are bequests of George C. Grout and native son Alexander Hamilton Copley. The latter donated both the land and building that form the Peoples Academy, which serves as the local public high school and is a major local work of Classical Revival architecture. Since 2007, Philip Grant has been the school's principal.

text:
# Peoples Academy

The **Peoples Academy** is a historic high school in Morrisville, Vermont.

In 1996, the main school building, along with the observatory and bandshell located on the school grounds, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. All of the structures are bequests of George C. Grout and native son Alexander Hamilton Copley. The latter donated both the land and building that form the Peoples Academy, which serves as the local public high school and is a major local work of Classical Revival architecture. Since 2007, Philip Grant has been the school's principal.

## Description and history

The Peoples Academy complex is located at the eastern end of Main Street, on a hill that provides a commanding view of the village of Morrisville to the west. The main block of the school is a two-story red brick building, with a flat roof and limestone trim. The broad facade is divided into five sections, and is roughly symmetrical. The outer sections project slightly, and have three window bays and quoined corners; the ground floor level has no windows, and a single round-arch stone panel at the center. The next sections in from the sides each have five window bays. The center section houses the main entrance at its center, with flanking single windows on the ground floor, and doubled window bays in the upper level. The section is flanked by paired square pilasters, and the entrance bay is framed by Corinthian columns. The section is topped by a balustrade with an embedded clock.

The main block has had a number of more modern additions made over the 20th century. The building complex also includes a circular brick astronomical observatory building, donated by George C. Grout in 1930, and the Community Bandshell, a wood-frame structure that has traditionally been used for school graduation ceremonies since its construction in 1930.

The property and initial building for the Peoples Academy were made by a donation by Alexander Hamilton Copley, a Lamoille County native who had made a fortune as a pharmaceutical businessman in Boston, Massachusetts. He originally purchased the land to build a house for himself and his wife, but she got sick and died before this vision was realized. He instead gave the property to the town, and funded construction of the building, which is nearly identical to a period high school building in Provincetown, Massachusetts.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Peoples Academy--Copley Building, Grout Observatory and Community Bandshell | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 202 Copley Ave.,<br>Morristown, Vermont |
| Coordinates | 44°33′45″N 72°35′25″W / 44.5624°N 72.5904°W / 44.5624; -72.5904 |
| Area | 15.5 acres (6.3 ha) |
| Built | 1927 (1927) |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| MPS | Educational Resources of Vermont MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 96000255 |
| Added to NRHP | March 7, 1996 |


title: Per sempre Alfredo

abstract: The Per sempre Alfredo is a one-day road cycling race held annually since 2021 in Toscana, Italy. It is on the UCI Europe Tour calendar as a 1.1 rated event. The race is named after Alfredo Martini and was first held a century after his birth.

text:
# Per sempre Alfredo

The **Per sempre Alfredo** is a one-day road cycling race held annually since 2021 in Toscana, Italy. It is on the UCI Europe Tour calendar as a 1.1 rated event. The race is named after Alfredo Martini and was first held a century after his birth.

## Winners

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | Italy | Matteo Moschetti | Trek–Segafredo |
| 2022 | Switzerland | Marc Hirschi | UAE Team Emirates |
| 2023 | Germany | Felix Engelhardt | Team Jayco–AlUla |

## InfoBox

Per sempre Alfredo
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | March |
| Region | Toscana |
| Discipline | Road |
| Competition | UCI Europe Tour |
| Type | One-day race |
| Organiser | GS Emilia |
| Web site | www.gsemilia.it |
| History | |
| First edition | 2021 (2021) |
| Editions | 3 (as of 2023) |
| First winner | Matteo Moschetti (ITA) |
| Most wins | *No repeat winners* |
| Most recent | Felix Engelhardt (GER) |


title: Perfect Score

abstract: Perfect Score is an American game show in which contestants attempt to choose the most compatible person for themselves from a group of ten strangers based solely on first impressions and short questions in hopes of earning $50,000. The series premiered on The CW on July 16, 2013. Two contestants, usually friends, take turns eliminating individuals of the opposite gender whom they feel they are not compatible with. Each person of the opposite gender is assigned a dollar value for each contestant based on a compatibility test they took before the game began; higher dollar values indicate a higher compatibility, and lower dollar values indicate a lower compatibility. These values range from $50,000 to $1. When three individuals remain, the two contestants choose which of the three they feel they are most compatible with. The contestant who selects the individual with a higher dollar value wins both the money and a date with the person they selected.

text:
# Perfect Score

***Perfect Score*** is an American game show in which contestants attempt to choose the most compatible person for themselves from a group of ten strangers based solely on first impressions and short questions in hopes of earning $50,000. The series premiered on The CW on July 16, 2013.

Two contestants, usually friends, take turns eliminating individuals of the opposite gender whom they feel they are not compatible with. Each person of the opposite gender is assigned a dollar value for each contestant based on a compatibility test they took before the game began; higher dollar values indicate a higher compatibility, and lower dollar values indicate a lower compatibility. These values range from $50,000 to $1. When three individuals remain, the two contestants choose which of the three they feel they are most compatible with. The contestant who selects the individual with a higher dollar value wins both the money and a date with the person they selected.

## Episodes

### Episode 1: I Need a Hero

*First aired July 16, 2013*

| Contestant | Rachel's Cash Prize | Lacey's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mike | $5,000 | $5,000 | Chosen & Won
by Rachel |
| | | | Chosen
by Lacey |
| Ben | $20,000 | $1 | Eliminated 8th/9th
by Rachel & Lacey |
| Justin | $30,000 | $10,000 | Eliminated 8th/9th
by Rachel & Lacey |
| Alex | $1 | $40,000 | Eliminated 7th
by Rachel & Lacey |
| Nate | $1,000 | $20,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Lacey |
| Court | $40,000 | $500 | Eliminated 5th
by Rachel |
| Chris | $500 | $1,000 | Eliminated 4th
by Lacey |
| Andreas | $50,000 | $50,000 | Eliminated 3rd
by Rachel |
| Brandon | $100 | $100 | Eliminated 2nd
by Rachel |
| John | $10,000 | $30,000 | Eliminated 1st
by Lacey |

### Episode 2: It's a Bromance, Bro

*First aired July 16, 2013*

| Contestant | Kyle's Cash Prize | Tyler's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jenny | $50,000 | $1 | Chosen & Won
by Kyle |
| Olivia | Unknown | $40,000 | Chosen
by Tyler |
| Amy | Unknown | $50,000 | Eliminated 8th
by Kyle & Tyler |
| Koko | $500 | $5,000 | Eliminated 7th
by Kyle & Tyler |
| Nesha | $1,000 | $1,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Tyler |
| Steffi | $100 | $100 | Eliminated 5th
by Kyle |
| Tiffany | $40,000 | $20,000 | Eliminated 4th
by Tyler |
| Alex | $30,000 | $10,000 | Eliminated 3rd
by Kyle |
| Eliana | $1 | $500 | Eliminated 2nd
by Kyle |
| Marcela | $10,000 | $30,000 | Eliminated 1st
by Tyler |

### Episode 3: The Rules of Love

*First aired July 23, 2013*

| Contestant | Kristen's Cash Prize | Victoria's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jeremy | $20,000 | $1 | Chosen & Won
by Kristen |
| | | | Chosen
by Victoria |
| Adam | Unknown | $30,000 | Eliminated 8th/9th
by Kristen & Victoria |
| Brandon | Unknown | $20,000 | Eliminated 8th/9th
by Kristen & Victoria |
| Phil | $50,000 | $5,000 | Eliminated 7th
by Kristen & Victoria |
| Matt | $1,000 | $10,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Victoria |
| Elijah | $30,000 | $500 | Eliminated 5th
by Kristen |
| Richard | $500 | $50,000 | Eliminated 4th
by Victoria |
| Nickolas | $1 | $100 | Eliminated 3rd
by Kristen |
| Stephan | $40,000 | $1,000 | Eliminated 2nd
by Kristen |
| Colby | $100 | $40,000 | Eliminated 1st
by Victoria |

### Episode 4: Banking on Love

*First aired August 16, 2013*

| Contestant | Liz's Cash Prize | Gloria's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Scott | $10,000 | Unknown | Chosen & Won
by Liz |
| Rick | $20,000 | $100 | Chosen
by Gloria |
| Jason | $30,000 | Unknown | Eliminated 8th
by Liz & Gloria |
| Caleb | $40,000 | $30,000 | Eliminated 7th
by Liz & Gloria |
| Nikhil | $1 | $40,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Gloria |
| Tripp | $100 | $50,000 | Eliminated 5th
by Liz |
| Ryan | $5,000 | $20,000 | Eliminated 4th
by Gloria |
| Darin | $500 | $1 | Eliminated 3rd
by Liz |
| Ben | $50,000 | $1,000 | Eliminated 2nd
by Liz |
| Nate | $1,000 | $5,000 | Eliminated 1st
by Gloria |

### Episode 5: We've Got Spirit, Yes We Do

*First aired August 16, 2013*

| Contestant | Kat's Cash Prize | Samm's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Travis | $30,000 | Unknown | Chosen & Won
by Kat |
| Nick | $1,000 | $20,000 | Chosen
by Samm |
| Nicholas | $40,000 | Unknown | Eliminated 8th
by Kat & Samm |
| Kevin | $10,000 | $100 | Eliminated 7th
by Kat & Samm |
| Blake | $5,000 | $10,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Samm |
| Richie | $50,000 | $50,000 | Eliminated 5th
by Kat |
| Calvin | $100 | $30,000 | Eliminated 4th
by Samm |
| Johnathan | $1 | $40,000 | Eliminated 3rd
by Kat |
| Chris | $500 | $1 | Eliminated 2nd
by Kat |
| Damien | $20,000 | $500 | Eliminated 1st
by Samm |

### Episode 6: Married by 30

*First aired August 23, 2013*

| Contestant | Kiki's Cash Prize | Leah's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aire | $500 | $30,000 | Chosen & Won
by Leah |
| Drew | $10,000 | $50,000 | Chosen
by Kiki |
| D.J. | $40,000 | $1,000 | Eliminated 8th
by Kiki & Leah |
| Dylin | $1,000 | $20,000 | Eliminated 7th
by Kiki & Leah |
| Justin | $50,000 | $40,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Leah |
| Brandon | $30,000 | $10,000 | Eliminated 5th
by Kiki |
| Andy | $20,000 | $100 | Eliminated 4th
by Leah |
| Ryan | $100 | $1 | Eliminated 3rd
by Kiki |
| Dipal | $5,000 | $500 | Eliminated 2nd
by Kiki |
| Matt | $1 | $5,000 | Eliminated 1st
by Leah |

### Episode 7: Strike a Pose

*First aired August 30, 2013*

| Contestant | Carmen's Cash Prize | Monique's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cameron | $5,000 | Unknown | Chosen & Won
by Carmen |
| Sheldon | $50,000 | $5,000 | Chosen
by Monique |
| Dan | $20,000 | Unknown | Eliminated 8th
by Carmen & Monique |
| Sergio | $100 | $100 | Eliminated 7th
by Carmen & Monique |
| Shane | $10,000 | $40,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Monique |
| Chase | $30,000 | $20,000 | Eliminated 5th
by Carmen |
| Lorenzo | $40,000 | $50,000 | Eliminated 4th
by Monique |
| David | $1,000 | $1,000 | Eliminated 3rd
by Carmen |
| Joe | $500 | $500 | Eliminated 2nd
by Carmen |
| Larry | $1 | $1 | Eliminated 1st
by Monique |

### Episode 8: Beauty Queen Battles

*First aired September 6, 2013*

| Contestant | Nia's Cash Prize | Alicia's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joe | $500 | $1,000 | Chosen & Won
by Alicia |
| Sean | $1 | $5,000 | Chosen
by Nia |
| Mike | $30,000 | $20,000 | Eliminated 8th
by Nia & Alicia |
| Travis | $50,000 | $50,000 | Eliminated 7th
by Nia & Alicia |
| Ben | $1,000 | $40,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Alicia |
| Nick | $100 | $30,000 | Eliminated 5th
by Nia |
| Matthew | $5,000 | $100 | Eliminated 4th
by Alicia |
| Jesse | $20,000 | $10,000 | Eliminated 3rd
by Nia |
| David | $40,000 | $500 | Eliminated 2nd
by Nia |
| Phil | $10,000 | $1 | Eliminated 1st
by Alicia |

### Episode 9: Pillow Fight!

*First aired September 6, 2013*

| Contestant | Charlie's Cash Prize | Courtney's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Anjalee | $50,000 | $5,000 | Chosen & Won
by Charlie |
| | | | Chosen
by Courtney |
| Lisa | Unknown | $40,000 | Eliminated 8th/9th
by Charlie & Courtney |
| Jenny | Unknown | $500 | Eliminated 8th/9th
by Charlie & Courtney |
| Nikki | $5,000 | $1 | Eliminated 7th
by Charlie & Courtney |
| Raegan | $20,000 | $10,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Courtney |
| Tia Nicole | $1,000 | $20,000 | Eliminated 5th
by Charlie |
| Paris | $100 | $30,000 | Eliminated 4th
by Courtney |
| Lisa Marie | $10,000 | $1,000 | Eliminated 3rd
by Charlie |
| Rachel | $40,000 | $50,000 | Eliminated 2nd
by Charlie |
| Savannah | $1 | $100 | Eliminated 1st
by Courtney |

### Episode 10: Dress to Impress

*First aired September 13, 2013*

| Contestant | Brook's Cash Prize | Kelly's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| David A. | $20,000 | $1 | Chosen & Won
by Brook |
| | | | Chosen
by Kelly |
| Garrett | $1,000 | $20,000 | Eliminated 8th/9th
by Brook & Kelly |
| Nick | $30,000 | $40,000 | Eliminated 8th/9th
by Brook & Kelly |
| Jovan | $5,000 | $500 | Eliminated 7th
by Brook & Kelly |
| Aaron | $50,000 | $5,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Kelly |
| Erik | $40,000 | $50,000 | Eliminated 5th
by Brook |
| David | $100 | $1,000 | Eliminated 4th
by Kelly |
| Talon | $10,000 | $100 | Eliminated 3rd
by Brook |
| Ben | $1 | $10,000 | Eliminated 2nd
by Brook |
| Todd | $500 | $30,000 | Eliminated 1st
by Kelly |

### Episode 11: It's Raining Men

*First aired September 20, 2013*

| Contestant | Kahleel's Cash Prize | Jan's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| David | $50,000 | $10,000 | Chosen & Won
by Jan |
| Alain | $10,000 | $20,000 | Chosen
by Kahleel |
| John | $100 | $5,000 | Eliminated 8th
by Kahleel & Jan |
| Kunal | $1,000 | $500 | Eliminated 7th
by Kahleel & Jan |
| Spence | $30,000 | $1 | Eliminated 6th
by Jan |
| Shane | $20,000 | $30,000 | Eliminated 5th
by Kahleel |
| Adam | $1 | $50,000 | Eliminated 4th
by Jan |
| Alberto | $500 | $40,000 | Eliminated 3rd
by Kahleel |
| Roger | $40,000 | $100 | Eliminated 2nd
by Kahleel |
| Steven | $5,000 | $1,000 | Eliminated 1st
by Jan |

### Episode 12: Catch of the Day

*First aired September 27, 2013*

| Contestant | Joey's Cash Prize | Zach's Cash Prize | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kourtney | $20,000 | Unknown | Chosen & Won
by Joey |
| Keeli | Unknown | $500 | Chosen
by Zach |
| Allie | Unknown | Unknown | Eliminated 8th
by Joey & Zach |
| Nikki | $100 | $100 | Eliminated 7th
by Joey & Zach |
| Lexi | $1 | $20,000 | Eliminated 6th
by Zach |
| Kelli | $50,000 | $40,000 | Eliminated 5th
by Joey |
| Jade | $30,000 | $50,000 | Eliminated 4th
by Zach |
| Brandy | $500 | $1 | Eliminated 3rd
by Joey |
| Leyna | $40,000 | $30,000 | Eliminated 2nd
by Joey |
| Michelle | $5,000 | $5,000 | Eliminated 1st
by Zach |

## Overseas version

Foreign version aired on Indonesia as *Perfect Score Indonesia* and was first broadcast on 16 November 2013 on MNCTV and has the slogan "Pilihan Tepat, Jutaan Nilainya!" (The Right Choice, Its worth Millions!), with the host Robby Purba and Amanda Zevannya.

In Vietnam, it was titled *Điểm số hoàn hảo* (*Perfect Score*) and broadcast 53 shows in Ho Chi Minh City Television from 28 May 2015 to 26 May 2016. Huy Khánh and Huỳnh Ngân are the hosts. 25,000,000₫ is the grand prize.

## InfoBox

| *Perfect Score* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Game show |
| Directed by | Rob George |
| Starring | Arielle Kebbel |
| Theme music composer | Ollie Gabriel & Ryan Pate |
| Opening theme | "Don't Be Mad" |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 12 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Scott St. John |
| Producers | Chase Fleming
Megan Fraher |
| Production company | FremantleMedia North America |
| Original release | |
| Network | The CW |
| Release | July 16 (2013-07-16)
September 27, 2013 (2013-09-27) |


title: Fox River (Manitoba)

abstract: The Fox River is a river in northern Manitoba, Canada. It flows east-northeast parallel to and between the Nelson River to the north and the Hayes River to the south. It joins the Hayes about 121 kilometres (75 mi) southeast of its mouth on Hudson Bay. About 121 kilometres (75 mi) above its juncture with the Hayes it splits with the southern branch being the Bigstone River. At the head of the Bigstone is Utik or Deer Lake from which it is possible to cross to Cross Lake on the Nelson. This route was part of the "Middle Tract" used by smaller Indian canoes to bring furs to the Hudson's Bay Company posts of Hudson Bay.

text:
# Fox River (Manitoba)

The **Fox River** is a river in northern Manitoba, Canada. It flows east-northeast parallel to and between the Nelson River to the north and the Hayes River to the south. It joins the Hayes about 121 kilometres (75 mi) southeast of its mouth on Hudson Bay. About 121 kilometres (75 mi) above its juncture with the Hayes it splits with the southern branch being the Bigstone River. At the head of the Bigstone is Utik or Deer Lake from which it is possible to cross to Cross Lake on the Nelson. This route was part of the "Middle Tract" used by smaller Indian canoes to bring furs to the Hudson's Bay Company posts of Hudson Bay.

* Eric C. Morse, *Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada/Then and Now*, 1979

## InfoBox

| Fox River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of mouth | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Manitoba |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| coordinates | 56°03′07″N 93°17′31″W / 56.052°N 93.292°W / 56.052; -93.292 |


title: Fox River Airport

abstract: Fox River Airport is a private use airport located 2 miles (3.2 km) northwest of the central business district of Rochester, a city in Racine County, Wisconsin, United States. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned 27WI by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA. The airport does not have scheduled airline service. The closest airport with scheduled airline service is General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, about 22 miles (35 km) to the northeast.

text:
# Fox River Airport

**Fox River Airport** (FAA LID: **27WI**) is a private use airport located 2 miles (3.2 km) northwest of the central business district of Rochester, a city in Racine County, Wisconsin, United States.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned **27WI** by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.

The airport does not have scheduled airline service. The closest airport with scheduled airline service is General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, about 22 miles (35 km) to the northeast.

## Facilities and aircraft

Fox River Airport covers an area of 20 acres (8.1 ha) at an elevation of 822 feet (251 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway: 18/36 is 2,506 by 36 feet (764 x 11 m), with an asphalt surface.

For the 12-month period ending May 5, 2021, the airport had 5,000 aircraft operations, an average of 13 per day: 100% general aviation. In August 2024, there were no aircraft based at this airport.

## InfoBox

| Fox River Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Serves | Rochester, Wisconsin |
| Time zone | CST (UTC−06:00) |
| Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC−05:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 822 ft / 251 m |
| Coordinates | 42°45′03″N 088°15′01″W / 42.75083°N 88.25028°W / 42.75083; -88.25028 |
| Website | Burlington.gov/airport |
| Map | |
| **27WI**Location of airport in Wisconsin**27WI****27WI** (the United States) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  18/36 2,506 764 Asphalt | |
| Statistics | |
| Aircraft operations (2021) 5,000  Based aircraft (2024) 0 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Francisco, El Jesuita

abstract: Francisco, El Jesuita is a 2015 American four-part television miniseries directed by Matthias Gueilburt and produced by Anima Films. The first episode debuted on Telemundo on September 13, 2015.

text:
# Francisco, El Jesuita

***Francisco, El Jesuita*** is a 2015 American four-part television miniseries directed by Matthias Gueilburt and produced by Anima Films. The first episode debuted on Telemundo on September 13, 2015.

## Awards

| Year | Award | Category | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | 44th International Emmy Awards | Non-English Language U.S. Primetime Programs | Won |
|

## InfoBox

| *Francisco, El Jesuita* | |
| --- | --- |
| Based on | *El Jesuita: Conversaciones con el cardenal Jorge Bergoglio* by
Francesca Ambrogietti
Sergio Rubín |
| Directed by | Matías Gueilburt |
| Starring | Gustavo Yanniello |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | Spanish |
| No. of episodes | 4 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Verónica Montali
Juana Maria Torres |
| Running time | 180 minutes |
| Production companies | Anima Films
The History Channel (Latin America)
Telemundo
Claro-Video
DirecTV |
| Original release | |
| Network | Telemundo |
| Release | September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)
2015 (2015) |


title: Frances McGrath

abstract: Frances McGrath was an American actress.

text:
# Frances McGrath

**Frances McGrath** (born 1895 or 1896) was an American actress.

## Early years

McGrath first appeared on stage when she was 3+12 years old. Her parents were friends with some of the actors presenting *The Country Editor*, and the actors asked that McGrath be allowed to play a child's role. By age 5, she played a dual role in *East Lynne*, and from age 6 to 10 she had a child's role in *The Peddler*. After that, she lived in a convent for four years.

## Career

When McGrath was 14, she performed with Henry Miller in *For a Woman*, after which she had the juvenile female lead in *Getting a Polish* with May Irwin. Following that, she joined a stock company in Union Hill, New Jersey, as its ingenue. In 1918, McGrath became the leading lady of the Auditorium Players in Baltimore. She performed at the Grand Opera House in Paterson, the Gaiety Theater in Hoboken, the American Theatre in Philadelphia, and the Garrick Theatre in New York before she joined the Grand Opera House Players in Brooklyn, New York as their ingenue in 1915.

By April 1921, McGrath headed the Frances McGrath Resident Players at the Lyceum Theatre in Paterson, New Jersey. In May 1922, she returned to act with the Blaney Players at the Yorkville Theater in New York. The trade publication *The Billboard* described the public's response as having "the appearance of a small-sized tho friendly riot to get into the playhouse". She went on to perform with the Fulton Players in Brooklyn.

On Broadway, McGrath appeared in *The Governor's Boss* (1914), portrayed Florence Gordon in *Two Strangers From Nowhere* (1924), and portrayed Josephine Gilbert in *Tired Business Man* (1929).

## Personal life

McGrath was married to Forrest Orr, and they had a son, Forrest Orr Jr.


title: Percnia

abstract: Percnia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Percnia

***Percnia*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus *Percnia*:

## InfoBox

| *Percnia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Percnia longitermen* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Percnia***<br>Guenee, 1857 |
|


title: Perhat Turdi

abstract: Perhat Turdi is a Chinese politician of Kyrgyz ethnicity who served as governor of Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture and chairman of the People's Congress of Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture.

text:
# Perhat Turdi

**Perhat Turdi** (Chinese: 帕尔哈提·吐尔地; born August 1957) is a Chinese politician of Kyrgyz ethnicity who served as governor of Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture and chairman of the People's Congress of Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture.

## Biography

Perhat Turdi was born in Akto County, Xinjiang, in August 1957. In September 1973, he worked as a sent-down youth at the Cadre Farm of Akto County. Two years later, he was accepted to Xinjiang Finance and Trade School, and was assigned to Aktao County Taxation Bureau after graduation. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in December 1986. In January 1991, he was despatched to Aktao County Labor and Personnel Bureau as deputy head. He was promoted to be deputy mayor of the Finance Bureau of Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in May 1993, concurrently holding the party branch secretary position since February 1998. In February 2000, he was transferred to Akqi County and appointed deputy party secretary and magistrate. In January 2002, he became assistant governor of Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture. He rose to become deputy governor in January 2003, rising to governor in January 2007. In June 2016, he took office as chairman of the People's Congress of Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture, and served until 2022.

## InfoBox

| Perhat Turdi | |
| --- | --- |
| 帕尔哈提·吐尔地 | |
|  | |
| Chairman of the People's Congress of Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture | |
| **In office**
June 2016  2022 | |
| Governor of Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture | |
| **In office**
January 2007  June 2016 | |
| Party Secretary | Yan Fenxin
Zeng Cun
Zhang Jinbiao
Liu Huijun |
| Preceded by | Maimaiaishan Tohdali |
| Succeeded by | Dilshat Kidirhan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 1957 (age 67)
Akto County, Xinjiang, China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Alma mater | Xinjiang Finance and Trade School
Tianjin University |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 帕尔哈提·吐尔地 |
| Traditional Chinese | 帕爾哈提·吐爾地 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Pà'ěrhātí Tǔ'ěrdì | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: France–Hungary relations

abstract: French-Hungarian relations are the bilateral relations between France and Hungary. The first diplomatic contacts date back to the Middle Ages. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the European Union, NATO and United Nations. Since 2004, Hungary is an observer in La Francophonie.

text:
# France–Hungary relations

**French-Hungarian relations** are the bilateral relations between France and Hungary. The first diplomatic contacts date back to the Middle Ages. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the European Union, NATO and United Nations. Since 2004, Hungary is an observer in La Francophonie.

## Education

There is a French international school in Budapest, Gustave Eiffel French School of Budapest.

## Resident diplomatic missions

## InfoBox

French-Hungarian relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
France |
Hungary |
|  | |


title: Francesco Antonio Franzoni

abstract: Francesco Antonio Franzoni (1734–1818) was an Italian sculptor and restorer.

text:
# Francesco Antonio Franzoni

**Francesco Antonio Franzoni** (17341818) was an Italian sculptor and restorer.

## Biography

Born in 1734 in the marble city of Carrara and trained there, Francesco Antonio Franzoni settled in Rome in the 1760s and established a workshop that specialised in the restoration of antique Roman sculpture, for which there was an insatiable demand, scarcely supplied by redoubled efforts at excavations. He worked on restoring, completing and refinishing sculptures destined for the Museo Pio-Clementino and provided marble revetments and sculptural details for its interiors, notably the *biga* (two-horse chariot) assembled in 1788 from antique elements, in the *sala del Biga* of the Braccio Nuovo. He worked for Pope Pius VI, for whom he filled a room with animal sculptures, some made up from antique fragments, in the Palazzetto del Belvedere; he also worked for the papal family at Palazzo Braschi.

He died in Rome in 1818.

## Further reading

* I. Bignamini, C. Hornsby, *Digging And Dealing In Eighteenth-Century Rome* (2010), p. 268-269
* R. Carloni, 'Francesco Antonio Franzoni e Giuseppe Giovanelli nel Museo Pio-Clementino', in *Strenna dei Romanisti*; 64 (2003), p. 73-86
* R. Carloni, 'Un mediatore del commercio marmoreo da Carrara a Roma alla fine del Settecento: lo scultore Francesco Antonio Franzoni', in *Strenna dei Romanisti*; 63 (2002), p. 71-91
* R. Carloni, 'L'Inventario del 1818 di Francesco Antonio Franzoni', in *Labyrinthos*; 13 (1994), p. 231-250
* R. Carloni, 'Francesco Antonio Franzoni restauratore e "antiquario" nel tempo di Pio VI', in *Alma Roma*; 22 (1981), p. 32-44

1. Including what was probably a votive marble chariot of the first century CE, which had been used as a *cathedra* at San Marco (Touring Club Italiano, *Roma* 669.)


title: Francesco Carnelutti (actor)

abstract: Francesco Carnelutti was an Italian actor. He appeared in more than sixty films from 1969 to 2014.

text:
# Francesco Carnelutti (actor)

**Francesco Carnelutti** (8 April 1936 - 26 November 2015) was an Italian actor. He appeared in more than sixty films from 1969 to 2014.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1969 | *The Lady of Monza* | Cantastorie |  |
| 1970 | *La pacifista - Smetti di piovere* |  |  |
| 1975 | *Irene, Irene* | Nino |  |
| 1976 | *Amore grande, amore libero* |  |  |
| 1976 | *Il maestro di violino* |  |  |
| 1976 | *Mimì Bluette... fiore del mio giardino* |  |  |
| 1977 | *Per questa notte* |  |  |
| 1978 | *Goodbye & Amen* | Agostino |  |
| 1979 | *Concorde Affaire '79* | Co-Pilot - 2nd Concorde |  |
| 1980 | *Stark System* |  |  |
| 1980 | *Alexander the Great* | Italian Anarchist |  |
| 1981 | *Priest of Love* | Italian Reporter |  |
| 1982 | *Tomorrow We Dance* |  |  |
| 1983 | *Basileus Quartet* |  |  |
| 1985 | *The Assisi Underground* | The Forester |  |
| 1986 | *L'ultima mazurka* | Il sindaco |  |
| 1986 | *The Moro Affair* | Secretary of the PCI |  |
| 1987 | *The Inquiry* |  |  |
| 1987 | *The Belly of an Architect* | Pastarri |  |
| 1987 | *Barbablù, Barbablù* |  |  |
| 1988 | *Donna d'ombra* | Tony |  |
| 1991 | *Ma non per sempre* | Vigiu |  |
| 1991 | *Necessary Love* | Doctor |  |
| 1993 | *Carillon* | Il ciclista |  |
| 1993 | *Venti dal Sud* | Juan |  |
| 1994 | *Ultimo confine* |  |  |
| 1995 | *L'estate di Bobby Charlton* | The Professor |  |
| 1995 | *Favola contaminata* | Contadino |  |
| 1997 | *A ridosso dei ruderi, i Trionfi* |  |  |
| 1998 | *Mare largo* | Giovanni |  |
| 2002 | *Love Is Not Perfect* | Doctor Melzi |  |
| 2003 | *Ilaria Alpi - Il più crudele dei giorni* |  |  |
| 2003 | *The Order* | Dominic |  |
| 2006 | *Sfiorarsi* | Regista |  |
| 2006 | *The Da Vinci Code* | Prefect |  |
| 2007 | *Silk* | Doctor |  |
| 2007 | *The Hideout* | Dr. Moes |  |
| 2009 | *Imago Mortis* | Astolfi |  |
| 2014 | *Spring* | Angelo |  |
| 2016 | *The Young Messiah* | Old Friend |  |

## InfoBox

| Francesco Carnelutti | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1936-04-08)8 April 1936
Venice, Italy |
| Died | 26 November 2015(2015-11-26) (aged 79)
Rome, Italy |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1969-2014 |


title: Fragmentation (mass spectrometry)

abstract: In mass spectrometry, fragmentation is the dissociation of energetically unstable molecular ions formed from passing the molecules mass spectrum. These reactions are well documented over the decades and fragmentation patterns are useful to determine the molar weight and structural information of unknown molecules. Fragmentation that occurs in tandem mass spectrometry experiments has been a recent focus of research, because this data helps facilitate the identification of molecules.

text:
# Fragmentation (mass spectrometry)

In mass spectrometry, **fragmentation** is the dissociation of energetically unstable molecular ions formed from passing the molecules mass spectrum. These reactions are well documented over the decades and fragmentation patterns are useful to determine the molar weight and structural information of unknown molecules. Fragmentation that occurs in tandem mass spectrometry experiments has been a recent focus of research, because this data helps facilitate the identification of molecules.

## Mass spectrometry techniques

Fragmentation can occur in the ion source (in-source fragmentation) where it has been used with electron ionization to help identify molecules and, recently (2020), with electrospray ionization it has been shown to provide the same benefit in facilitating molecular identification. Prior to these experiments, electrospray ionization in-source fragmentation was generally considered an undesired effect however, electrospray ionization using Enhanced In-Source Fragmentation/Annotation (EISA) has been shown to promote in-source fragmentation that creates fragment ions that are consistent with tandem mass spectrometers. Tandem mass spectrometry-generated fragmentation is typically made in the collision zone (post-source fragmentation) of a tandem mass spectrometer. EISA and collision-induced dissociation (CID) among other physical events that impact ions are a part of gas-phase ion chemistry. A few different types of mass fragmentation are collision-induced dissociation (CID) through collision with neutral molecule, surface-induced dissociation (SID) using fast moving ions collision with a solid surface, laser induced dissociation which uses laser to induce the ion formation, electron-capture dissociation (ECD) due to capturing of low energy electrons, electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) through electron transfer between ions, negative electron-transfer dissociation (NETD), electron-detachment dissociation (EDD), photodissociation, particularly infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) using IR radiation for the bombardment and blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) which use IR radiation instead of laser, higher-energy C-trap dissociation (HCD), EISA, and charge remote fragmentation.

## Fragmentation reactions

Fragmentation is a type of chemical dissociation, in which the removal of the electron from the molecule results in ionization. Removal of electrons from either sigma bond, pi bond or nonbonding orbitals causes the ionization. This can take place by a process of homolytic cleavage or homolysis or heterolytic cleavage or heterolysis of the bond. Relative bond energy and the ability to undergo favorable cyclic transition states affect the fragmentation process. Rules for the basic fragmentation processes are given by Stevenson's Rule.

Two major categories of bond cleavage patterns are simple bond cleavage reactions and rearrangement reactions.

### Simple bond cleavage reactions

Majority of organic compounds undergo simple bond cleavage reactions, in which direct cleavage of bond take place. Sigma bond cleavage, radical site-initiated fragmentation, and charge site-initiated fragmentation are few types of simple bond cleavage reactions.

#### Sigma bond cleavage / σ-cleavage

Sigma bond cleavage is most commonly observed in molecules that can produce stable cations, such as saturated alkanes or secondary and tertiary carbocations. This occurs when an alpha electron is removed. The C-C bond elongates and weakens causing fragmentation. Fragmentation at this site produces a charged and a radical fragment.

#### Radical site-initiated fragmentation

Sigma bond cleavage also occurs on radical cations remote from the site of ionization. This is commonly observed in alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, amines, alkenes, and aromatic compounds with a carbon attached to ring. The cation has a radical on a heteroatom or an unsaturated functional group. The driving force of fragmentation is the strong tendency of the radical ion for electron pairing. Cleavage occurs when the radical and an odd electron from the bonds adjacent to the radical migrate to form a bond between the alpha carbon and either the heteroatom or the unsaturated functional group. The sigma bond breaks; hence this cleavage is also known as homolytic bond cleavage or α-cleavage.

#### Charge site-initiated cleavage

The driving force of charge site-initiated fragmentation is the inductive effect of the charge site in radical cations. The electrons from the bond adjacent to the charge-bearing atom migrate to that atom, neutralizing the original charge and causing it to move to a different site. This term is also called inductive cleavage and is an example of heterolytic bond cleavage.

### Rearrangement reactions

Rearrangement reactions are fragmentation reactions that form new bonds producing an intermediate structure before cleavage. One of the most studied rearrangement reaction is the McLafferty rearrangement / γ-hydrogen rearrangement. This occurs in the radical cations with unsaturated functional groups, like ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, olefins, phenylalkanes. During this reaction, γ-hydrogen will transfer to the functional group at first and then subsequent α, β-bond cleavage of the intermediate will take place. Other rearrangement reactions include heterocyclic ring fission (HRF), benzofuran forming fission (BFF), quinone methide (QM) fission or Retro Diels-Alder (RDA).


title: Fragmentary novel

abstract: A fragmentary novel is a novel made of fragments, vignettes, segments, documents or chapters that can be read in isolation and/or as part of the greater whole of the book. These novels typically lack a traditional plot or set of characters and often are the product of a cultural crisis. The oldest fragmentary novels are part of the (proto)-picaresque novel tradition. Some of these fragmented novels are also categorized as short story collections or epistolary novels. Some fragmentary novels are (posthumously) published unfinished novels or are partially lost novels.

text:
# Fragmentary novel

A **fragmentary novel** is a novel made of fragments, vignettes, segments, documents or chapters that can be read in isolation and/or as part of the greater whole of the book. These novels typically lack a traditional plot or set of characters and often are the product of a cultural crisis. The oldest fragmentary novels are part of the (proto)-picaresque novel tradition. Some of these fragmented novels are also categorized as short story collections or epistolary novels. Some fragmentary novels are (posthumously) published unfinished novels or are partially lost novels.

## Examples in chronological order


title: Fragmentation (cell biology)

abstract: Fragmentation describes the process of splitting into several pieces or fragments. In cell biology, fragmentation is useful for a cell during both DNA cloning and apoptosis. DNA cloning is important in asexual reproduction or creation of identical DNA molecules, and can be performed spontaneously by the cell or intentionally by laboratory researchers. Apoptosis is the programmed destruction of cells, and the DNA molecules within them, and is a highly regulated process. These two ways in which fragmentation is used in cellular processes describe normal cellular functions and common laboratory procedures performed with cells. However, problems within a cell can sometimes cause fragmentation that results in irregularities such as red blood cell fragmentation and sperm cell DNA fragmentation.

text:
# Fragmentation (cell biology)

Fragmentation describes the process of splitting into several pieces or fragments. In cell biology, **fragmentation** is useful for a cell during both DNA cloning and apoptosis. DNA cloning is important in asexual reproduction or creation of identical DNA molecules, and can be performed spontaneously by the cell or intentionally by laboratory researchers. Apoptosis is the programmed destruction of cells, and the DNA molecules within them, and is a highly regulated process. These two ways in which fragmentation is used in cellular processes describe normal cellular functions and common laboratory procedures performed with cells. However, problems within a cell can sometimes cause fragmentation that results in irregularities such as red blood cell fragmentation and sperm cell DNA fragmentation.

## DNA Cloning

DNA cloning can be performed spontaneously by the cell for reproductive purposes. This is a form of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into fragments and then each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original organism (See reproductive fragmentation). DNA cloning can also be performed intentionally by laboratory researchers. Here, DNA fragmentation is a molecular genetic technique that permits researchers to use recombinant DNA technology to prepare large numbers of identical DNA molecules. In order for DNA cloning to be completed, it is necessary to obtain discrete, small regions of an organism's DNA that constitute specific genes. Only relatively small DNA molecules can be cloned in any available vector. Therefore, the long DNA molecules that compose an organism's genome must be cleaved into fragments that can be inserted into the vector DNA. Two enzymes facilitate the production of such recombinant DNA molecules:

1. Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes are endonucleases produced by bacteria that typically recognize small base pair sequences (called restriction sites) and then cleave both strands of DNA at this site. A restriction site is typically a palindromic sequence, which means that the restriction-site sequence is the same on each strand of DNA when read in the 5' to 3' direction. For each restriction enzyme, bacteria also produce a modification enzyme so that a host bacterium's own DNA is protected from cleavage. This is done by modifying the host DNA at or near each potential cleavage site. The modification enzyme adds a methyl group to one or two bases, and the presence of this methyl group prevents the restriction endonuclease from cutting the DNA. Many restriction enzymes make staggered cuts in the two DNA strands at their recognition site, which generates fragments with a single stranded "tail" that overhangs at both ends, called a sticky end. Restriction enzymes can also make straight cuts in the two DNA strands at their recognition site, which generates blunt ends. 2. DNA ligase During normal DNA replication, DNA ligase catalyzes end-to-end joining (ligation) of short fragments of DNA, called Okazaki fragments. For the purposes of DNA cloning, purified DNA ligase is used to covalently join the ends of a restriction fragment and vector DNA that have complementary ends. They are covalently ligated together through the standard 3' to 5' phosphodiester bonds of DNA. DNA ligase can ligate complementary sticky and blunt ends, but blunt-end ligation is inefficient and requires a higher concentration of both DNA and DNA ligase than the ligation of sticky ends does. For this reason, most restriction enzymes used in DNA cloning make staggered cuts in the DNA strands to create sticky ends.

The key to cloning a DNA fragment is to link it to a vector DNA molecule that can replicate within a host cell. After a single recombinant DNA molecule (composed of a vector plus an inserted DNA fragment) is introduced into a host cell, the inserted DNA can be replicated along with the vector, generating a large number of identical DNA molecules. The basic scheme for this can be summarized as follows:

Vector + DNA Fragment  Recombinant DNA  Replication of recombinant DNA within host cell  Isolation, sequencing, and manipulation of purified DNA fragment

There are numerous experimental variations to this scheme, but these steps are essential to DNA cloning in a laboratory.

## Apoptosis

Apoptosis refers to the demise of cells by a specific form of programmed cell death, characterized by a well-defined sequence of morphological changes. Cellular and nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation and fragmentation, formation of apoptotic bodies and phagocytosis by neighboring cells characterize the main morphological changes in the apoptosis process. Extensive morphological and biochemical changes during apoptosis ensure that dying cells leave minimal impact on neighboring cells and/or tissues.

Genes involved in controlling cell death encode proteins with three distinct functions:

* "Killer" proteins are required for a cell to begin the apoptotic process
* "Destruction" proteins do things such as digest DNA in a dying cell
* "Engulfment" proteins are required for phagocytosis of the dying cell by another cell

The cleavage of chromosomal DNA into smaller fragments is an integral part, and biochemical hallmark, of apoptosis. Apoptosis involves the activation of endonucleases with subsequent cleavage of chromatin DNA into fragments of 180 base pairs or multiples of 180 base pairs (e.g. 360, 540). This pattern of fragmentation can be used to detect apoptosis in tests such as a DNA laddering assay with gel electrophoresis, a TUNEL assay, or a Nicoletti assay. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation relies on an enzyme called Caspase-Activated DNase (CAD). CAD is usually inhibited by another protein in the cell, called Inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD). In order for apoptosis to begin, an enzyme called caspase 3 cleaves ICAD so that CAD becomes activated. CAD then cleaves the DNA between nucleosomes, which occur in chromatin at 180 base pair intervals. The sites between nucleosomes are the only parts of the DNA that are exposed and accessible to CAD.

## Irregularities

DNA fragmentation can occur under certain conditions in a few different cell types. This can lead to problems for a cell, or it may lead to a cell receiving a signal to undergo apoptosis. Below are a couple of examples of irregular fragmentation that can occur in cells.

1. Red blood cell fragmentation A fragmented red blood cell is known as a schistocyte and is generally the result of an intracellular mechanical injury to the red blood cell. A wide variety of schistocytes may be observed. Schistocytes are usually seen in relatively low numbers and are associated with conditions in which the normally smooth endothelial lining, or endothelium, is roughened or irregular, and/or the vascular lumen is crossed by strands of fibrin. Schistocytes are commonly seen in patients that have hemolytic anemia. They are also a feature of advanced iron deficiency anemia, but in this case the observed fragmentation is most likely a result of the fragility of the cells produced under these conditions. 2. Sperm cell DNA fragmentation In an average male, less than 4% of his sperm cells will contain fragmented DNA. However, partaking in behaviors such as smoking can significantly increase DNA fragmentation in sperm cells. There is a negative correlation between the percentage of DNA fragmentation and the motility, morphology, and concentration of sperm. There is also a negative association between the percentage of sperm that contain fragmented DNA and the fertilization rate and embryo cleavage rate.


title: Frances Jones Bonner

abstract: Frances Jones Bonner was an American psychoanalyst.

text:
# Frances Jones Bonner

**Frances Jones Bonner** (1919 - December 27, 2000) was an American psychoanalyst.

## Early life and education

Frances Estelle Jones was born in 1919 in St. Louis, Missouri. Her parents were David Dallas Jones and Susie Pearl Willams. Bonner's family moved to Greensboro, North Carolina in 1926 when her father became President of Bennett College for Women. Her mother worked as an administrator at Bennett College. After graduating high school, Bonner enrolled at Bennett College. She was very active in school activities and played on Bennett's basketball team. During her undergraduate tenure in 1937, Bonner led a protest and boycott of the downtown Greensboro movie theaters because of the depictions of black women in film. Her advisors during this protest were R. Nathaniel Dett and future college President Willa Beatrice Player. After graduating from Bennett College in 1939, she went on to study abroad for a one year. Upon returning, Bonner was accepted to Boston University medical school where she graduated in 1943. She trained as a neurologist at Boston City Hospital, completing her training in 1949.

## Career

After completing her neurology training at Boston City Hospital, Bonner was hired at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1949 becoming the first African American woman to train and to become a faculty member at the hospital. During her time at MGH, she became the first winner of the Helen Putnam Fellowship from Radcliffe College. She worked at MGH for 50 years.

## Death and legacy

Bonner died on December 27, 2000. Massachusetts General Hospital named the Frances J. Bonner, MD Award after her.

## InfoBox

| Frances Estelle Jones Bonner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1919
St. Louis, Missouri, United States |
| Died | December 27, 2000 |
| Education | Bennett College (1939) |
| Alma mater | Boston University (1943) |
| Awards | Helen Putnam Fellowship |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Psychoanalysis |
| Institutions | Massachusetts General Hospital |
| Academic advisors | R. Nathaniel Dett
Willa Beatrice Player |
|  | |


title: Per Krafft the Elder

abstract: Per Krafft the Elder was a Swedish portraitist. He was the father of the artists Per Krafft the Younger and Wilhelmina Krafft.

text:
# Per Krafft the Elder

**Per Krafft the Elder** (16 January 1724 – 7 November 1793) was a Swedish portraitist. He was the father of the artists Per Krafft the Younger and Wilhelmina Krafft.

## Early life

Per Krafft was born in Arboga, and studied in Uppsala, where from 1736 he became interested in the arts. From 1739 he was for several years a student of portrait painter Johan Henrik Scheffel in Stockholm. His self-portrait from 1745 and a portrait of his sister Anna Lisa (married name Askblom) show clear influences from Scheffel. In 1745 Krafft went to Copenhagen, where he came under Carl Gustaf Pilo's influence, as seen in the 1748 autographed portraits of Anna Bohr and a Miss Leijonhufvud as a shepherdess. In 1749, Per Krafft went to Skåne and painted Governor Wilhelm Lindenstedt's portrait in baroque style. Krafft had a patron in Denmark then Finance Minister Otto Thott, for whom he copied several hundred family portraits at various Danish castle, which were collected in Gavnø. In 1752 Krafft painted the Count and Countess Thotts and their daughter's portrait, later kept in Gavnø and Frederiksborg Castle.

## Travel

In 1755 he traveled to Paris, where he became a student of Chardin. He later became a student of Alexander Roslin, a professor at Bayreuth and court painter to Stanisław August Poniatowski of Poland. Krafft painted in Paris included Count Nils Nilsson Bonde and some genre portraits, for example a *Young Girl who Plays Lira* (1758). In such images, he followed Jean-Baptiste Greuze's style, which was in vogue at the time. In 1762 Krafft was appointed as professor at the Margrave of Bayreuth's Academy of Art. Here he performed a brilliant portrait of the Duchess of Württemberg Margravine Elisabeth Fredericka Sophie of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, and a portrait of the Margravine's friend, the ambassador, Count Fr. Ellrodt.

Margrave Frederick's death dissolved the academy and the artists dispersed. Krafft then went to Italy, where he visited Bologna and Florence. After a new subsistence in Bayreuth, where Krafft again portrayed the Duchess of Wurttemberg, he went to Dresden, where he portrayed the minister, Baron von Fritsch. For the Polish king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, Krafft was called to Warsaw, where he painted in 1767–68 a *pictor regius* with a variety of portraits for the Polish court.

## Return to Sweden

In 1768 Krafft returned to Stockholm after 21 years abroad. Pastel were now out of style, and oil paintings again in vogue. Before the portrait orders increased, Krafft undertook other assignments. In 1770, he painted an altarpiece for Muskö chapel. In competition with Lorens Pasch the Younger who painted the court and nobility, Krafft mostly painted the local bourgeois and scholars. He did portraits of Carl Christoffer Gjörwell Sr., Niclas Sahlgren, Emanuel Swedenborg, Sven Lagerbring, Carl Michael Bellman, Carl Linnaeus, Jonas Alströmer and peasantry President Anders Mattsson. At Uppsala University Krafft performed a couple of chancellor portraits, including King Adolf Frederick and King Gustavus III as Crown Prince. Later, he received more orders of King Gustaf III and his queen, and received the title of Professor in 1773 and was elected to the painting academy. At the Academy Krafft painted his self-portrait around 1775.

Per Krafft painted also Gustaf IV Adolf as a child and at 15 years of age, and portrayed Gustaf Philip Creutz and Elis Schröderheim and Anna Charlotta von Stapelmohr. Skåne castle hosts several portraits done by Krafft. Among his main works from later years include a full-length portrait of Georg Potocki, and several portraits for the family of his wife and children. His children have been painted by Krafft several times, sometimes both together.

He was the father of the painters Per Krafft the Younger and Wilhelmina Krafft. He died in Stockholm.

## Sources

1. Bukowskis
* Carlquist, Gunnar, ed (1933). Swedish dictionary. Bd 15. Malmö Swedish Uppslagsbok AB. pg. 1173–75

## InfoBox

| Per Krafft the Elder | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 16 January 1724
Arboga, Sweden |
| Died | 7 November 1793
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Education | Uppsala |
| Style | portraitist |
| Relatives | Per Krafft the Younter and Wilhelmina Krafft (children) |


title: Francis Manioru

abstract: Francis Manioru is a sprinter from Solomon Islands who specializes in the 100 metres. He participated at the 2004 Olympic Games where he achieved 11.05 seconds in the heat. Four years later, at the 2008 Summer Olympics he finished in eighth and last position in his heat with a time of 11.09 seconds.

text:
# Francis Manioru

**Francis Manioru** (born September 17, 1981) is a sprinter from Solomon Islands who specializes in the 100 metres.

He participated at the 2004 Olympic Games where he achieved 11.05 seconds in the heat. Four years later, at the 2008 Summer Olympics he finished in eighth and last position in his heat with a time of 11.09 seconds.

## Personal best

| Event | Result | Venue | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Outdoor* | | | | |
| 100 m | **10.99 s** (wind: +0.7 m/s) | New Delhi | 6 October 2010 |  |
| | *10.96 s* *(wind: -0.4 m/s)* | *Apia* | *13 December 2006* | *not official* |
| | *10.86 s* *(wind: +2.1 m/s)* | *Townsville* | *16 December 2004* | *wind assisted* |
| 200 m | **22.91 s** (wind: +0.2 m/s) | Cairns | 25 September 2010 |  |
| | *22.32 s* *(wind: +3.0 m/s)* | *Townsville* | *17 December 2004* | *wind assisted* |
| *Indoor* | | | | |
| 60 m | **7.07 s** | Moscow | 10 March 2006 | National record |

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Solomon Islands | | | | | |
| 2001 | South Pacific Mini Games | Middlegate, Norfolk Island | 10th (sf) | 100 m | 11.34 |
| | | | 3rd | 4 × 100 m relay | 42.41 |
| 2003 | South Pacific Games | Suva, Fiji | 13th (sf) | 100 m | 11.56 |
| | | | 4th | 4 × 100 m relay | 42.38 |
| 2004 | Olympic Games | Athens, Greece | 69th (h) | 100 m | 11.05 |
| | Oceania Championships | Townsville, Australia | 5th | 100 m | 11.01 |
| | | 7th | 200 m | 22.61 |
| | | 3rd | 800 m medley relay | 1:35.48 |
| 2006 | Indoor World Championships | Moscow, Russia | 45th (h) | 60 m | 7.07 **NR** |
| | Commonwealth Games | Melbourne, Australia | 46th (h) | 100 m | 11.12 |
| | Oceania Championships | Apia, Samoa | 5th | 100 m | 11.00 |
| | | 4th | 4 × 100 m relay | 42.33 |
| 2007 | Pacific Games | Apia, Samoa | 12th (sf) | 100 m | 11.11 |
| | | | 3rd | 4 × 100 m relay | 41.55 **NR** |
| 2008 | Indoor World Championships | Valencia, Spain | 46th (h) | 60 m | 7.22 |
| | Oceania Championships | Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands | 6th | 100 m | 11.24 |
| | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 67th (h) | 100 m | 11.09 |
| 2010 | Oceania Championships | Cairns, Australia | 9th (sf) | 100 m | 11.04 |
| | | | 13th (h) | 200 m | 22.91 |
| | Commonwealth Games | New Delhi, India | 45th (h) | 100 m | 10.99 |
| | | 14th (h) | 4 × 100 m relay | 44.04 |
| 2011 | World Championships | Daegu, South Korea | 58th (pr) | 100 m | 11.28 |
| 2014 | Commonwealth Games | Glasgow, Great Britain | 72nd (h) | 100 m | 11.87 |

## InfoBox

Francis Manioru
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Solomon Islands |
| Born | (1981-09-17) September 17, 1981 |
| Height | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 64 kg (141 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Medal record      Men's athletics  Representing  Solomon Islands  Pacific Games  2007 Apia  4x100 m relay  (South) Pacific Mini Games  2001 Middlegate  4x100 m relay  Oceania Championships  2004 Townsville  800 m medley relay | |
| Updated on 26 June 2019 | |


title: Francis Mansell

abstract: Francis Mansell was Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, on three occasions: from 1620 to 1621; from 1630 to 1648, when he was ejected by the Parliamentary visitation of the University of Oxford; and from 1660 to 1661. Mansell remained an inhabitant of the college until his death on 1 May 1665. He had previously studied there and left all his property to the college.

text:
# Francis Mansell

**Francis Mansell** (bap. 23 March 1579  1 May 1665) was Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, on three occasions: from 1620 to 1621; from 1630 to 1648, when he was ejected by the Parliamentary visitation of the University of Oxford; and from 1660 to 1661. Mansell remained an inhabitant of the college until his death on 1 May 1665. He had previously studied there and left all his property to the college.

## Biography

He was born at Muddlescombe, Carmarthenshire, the third son of Sir Francis Mansel (died 1628), first of the Mansel baronets, and his first wife Catherine Morgan. He was educated at the Free School in Hereford and then at Jesus College, graduating Bachelor of Arts in 1611. He became Doctor of Divinity in 1624. His election as Principal of Jesus College in 1620 was in the face of strong opposition, and he apparently thought it prudent to resign a year later and wait for a more favourable opportunity. His re-election in 1630 following the death of his successor Eubele Thelwall seems to have been uncontroversial.

## Civil War and Restoration

During the English Civil War he was a staunch Royalist, who attempted to raise Welsh troops for the Royalist cause, leading to his ejection from the University in 1648. He retired to Glamorgan, as did his protege (and successor as Principal of Jesus) Leoline Jenkins. They both took refuge at the house of Sir John Aubrey, first of the Aubrey baronets, at Llantrithyd, as did Gilbert Sheldon, the future Archbishop of Canterbury. Both Mansell and Jenkins remained there until 1651, when Parliament ejected Jenkins for running a "seditious academy" (in fact a private boys school), and both he and Mansell returned to Oxford. Here, due to the respect in which he was universally held, Mansell was given rooms in his old college. He was left in peace, and at the Restoration of Charles II briefly resumed the office of Principal, but due to his failing eyesight, he resigned a year later in favour of Jenkins.

He was possibly the Francis Mansel who, as a wine importer from Chichester, Sussex, helped King Charles II escape from England to France in 1651 after he had been on the run from the Battle of Worcester. He lent the King a ship so that he could escape to France.

In character, he was described as "strict and severe", but also as a man who was held in great affection and respect by his friends.


title: Perivoli Schools Trust

abstract: The Perivoli Schools Trust was established in 2012 and operates a nursery school teacher training programme in countries across sub-Saharan Africa. They include Namibia, Malawi, Zambia, Uganda, Zimbabwe, and Botswana.

text:
# Perivoli Schools Trust

The **Perivoli Schools Trust** was established in 2012 and operates a nursery school teacher training programme in countries across sub-Saharan Africa. They include Namibia, Malawi, Zambia, Uganda, Zimbabwe, and Botswana.

## History

The Perivoli Schools Trust was established by the Perivoli Trust and funded by the Perivoli Foundation. Perivoli Foundation is funded by the Perivoli Trust and also by Perivoli Innovations, a technology venture fund. The Perivoli Trust was settled by James Alexandroff. James was awarded an OBE in the New Year Honours 2023 Overseas and International List for his services to Education in Africa. He co-founded Singapore-based emerging markets investment management firm Arisaig Partners in 1996 and donated his one third share to the Perivoli Trust in 1999.

Maya Kafuwa and her husband Titan Madomba are the current joint CEOs of the Perivoli Schools Trust.

## Activities

The programme shows nursery school teachers the importance of play and how to make games and educational activities out of recyclable waste materials, such as yoghurt cartons, bottle tops, toilet rolls, pieces of cardboard, discarded garments and tin cans

More than 25,000 nursery school teachers have received training through the work of the trust, reaching more than 1,000,000 children. Perivoli Schools Trust set targets of training more than 200,000 teachers and five million children.

## Measurement and Impact

The Perivoli Foundation supported a three year external assessment of the programme by the School for Policy Studies at the University of Bristol and the School of Social of Humanities, Society and Development at the University of Namibia on the impact of the Perivoli Schools Trust programme in Namibia. The published report, titled “The Perivoli Schools Trust Early Child Care and Education Model: Exploring lived experiences and wider social impacts” concludes that the programme has been positively received by communities across Namibia. It supports early childhood education through innovative approaches like learning through play and recycled materials, while also improving educators’ teaching practices. The report reveals the programme has incited capacity building, economic opportunities, and community-wide benefits. A video was also released by the University of Bristol and University of Namibia to highlight these results.

A report published by the Principal Education Officer under the Directorate of Teacher Education and Specialised Services in Zambia also showcases PST's impact. The visits by the regional authorities conducted in early childhood education centers across Chirundu, Chongwe, and Lusaka districts in Zambia revealed positive outcomes from the Teacher Training Programme. The report highlights that teachers are effectively implementing play-based learning strategies and using locally produced teaching materials to engage children. There is also strong support from both school management and communities, with parents contributing resources for learning.

The Perivoli Schools Trust encourage relevant authorities and researchers in the countries they operate in to conduct their own evaluation of the programme.

## Awards

In 2022, Perivoli Schools Trust was awarded a bronze level award in the Educational Excellence category at the 2022 Global Good Awards. The programme also won an International Green Apple Environment Award and was shortlisted for Project of the Year award at the 2022 Business Charity Awards.


title: Francesco Nerli (iuniore)

abstract: Francesco Nerli, iuniore was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

text:
# Francesco Nerli (iuniore)

**Francesco Nerli, iuniore** (12 June 1636 – 8 April 1708) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

## Biography

On 6 Jul 1670, he was consecrated bishop by Carlo Carafa della Spina, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Susanna, with Giambattista Spínola (seniore), Archbishop of Genoa, and Federico Baldeschi Colonna, Titular Archbishop of *Caesarea in Cappadocia*, serving as co-consecrators.

## Episcopal succession

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Francesco Nerli | |
| --- | --- |
| Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina
Archpriest of the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano | |
| Portrait by Jacob Ferdinand Voet | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 6 Jul 1670
by Carlo Carafa della Spina |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 12 Jun 1636
Rome, Papal States |
| Died | 8 Apr 1708 (age 71)
Rome, Papal States |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Francesco Noletti

abstract: Francesco Noletti, also known as Francesco Fieravino was an Italian still-life painter. He was often referred to by his nickname, Il Maltese.

text:
# Francesco Noletti

**Francesco Noletti**, also known as **Francesco Fieravino** (1611, Valletta?  4 December 1654, Rome) was an Italian still-life painter. He was often referred to by his nickname, *Il Maltese*.

## Biography

A native of Malta, he was first recorded working in Rome during the time of Pope Alexander VII; painting still-lifes with Pietro Cesarini, a Knight of Malta, as his patron. Long confused with an artist named Benedetto Fioravanti, who painted similar still-lifes, his works were also often attributed to an otherwise unknown painter named Francesco Fieravino. It was only in this century that the discovery of an anonymous portrait at the University of Malta led to the firm establishment of his identity.

He is mentioned for the first time in the inventories of the Barberini family, between 1631 and 1636, as the creator of "six oil papers with various flowers". As late as 1661, a certain "Francesco Maltese" is mentioned as a specialist in paintings with ornate carpets. In the absence of signed works, two etchings published in 1703 by Jacobus Coelemans served as the basis for establishing his style.

It has been certified that, as of 1642, he had settled permanently in Rome; first on the Via Margutta, then on the Via Laurina, where he worked with Andrea Sacchi and got married. His death certificate from 1654 describes him as a "famous painter".

His works were much sought after during his lifetime, but he was soon forgotten after his death. He was briefly referenced by Joshua Reynolds in his *Catalogue of Famous Painters*, as a "painter of vases, instruments, carpets and still-lifes".

## Further reading

* Giulio Bollati; Paolo Fossati (1978–1979). *Storia dell'arte italiana*. Torino. p. 502  via Einaudi.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Klára Garas (1999). "Appunti sulla natura morta a Venezia nel XVII secolo : il Maltese a Venezia". In Giuseppe Maria Pilo (ed.). *Pittura veneziana dal Quattrocento al Settecento : studi di storia dell'arte in onore di Egidio Martini*. Venezia: Giuseppe Maria Pilo. pp. 145–149  via Arsenale. ISBN 978-88-7743-222-3
* Ernst Gombrich (1997). *Dizionario della Pittura e dei Pittori*. Torino  via Einaudi.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ISBN 978-88-06-11731-3

Media related to Francesco Noletti at Wikimedia Commons


title: Francesco Nerli (seniore)

abstract: Francesco Nerli, seniore (1594–1670) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

text:
# Francesco Nerli (seniore)

**Francesco Nerli, seniore** (1594–1670) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

## Biography

On 6 Jun 1650, he was consecrated bishop by Giovanni Giacomo Panciroli, Cardinal-Priest of Santo Stefano al Monte Celio, with Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, Archbishop of Fermo, and Luca Torreggiani, Archbishop of Ravenna, serving as co-consecrators.

While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Francesco Pannocchieschi d'Elci, Archbishop of Pisa (1663).

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Francesco Nerli | |
| --- | --- |
| Cardinal-Priest of San Bartolomeo all'Isola
Archbishop of Florence | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 6 Jun 1650
by Giovanni Giacomo Panciroli |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1594
Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany |
| Died | 6 Nov 1670 (age 76)
Rome, Papal States |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Francesco Fontebasso

abstract: Francesco Fontebasso was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque or Rococo period of Venice. He first apprenticed with Sebastiano Ricci, but was strongly influenced by his contemporary, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. In 1761, Fontebasso visited Saint Petersburg and produced ceiling paintings and decorations for the Winter Palace. Fontebasso returned to Venice in 1768. He helped decorate a chapel in San Francesco della Vigna. He died in Venice in 1769. He is represented in collections in e.g. Kadriorg Palace in Tallinn, Estonia. The Prado Museum in Spain owns a painting The Bridegroom and the foolish Virgins along with 9 drawings.

text:
# Francesco Fontebasso

**Francesco Fontebasso** (4 October 1707 – 31 May 1769) was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque or Rococo period of Venice. He first apprenticed with Sebastiano Ricci, but was strongly influenced by his contemporary, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. In 1761, Fontebasso visited Saint Petersburg and produced ceiling paintings and decorations for the Winter Palace. Fontebasso returned to Venice in 1768. He helped decorate a chapel in San Francesco della Vigna.

He died in Venice in 1769. He is represented in collections in e.g. Kadriorg Palace (part of the Art Museum of Estonia) in Tallinn, Estonia.

The Prado Museum in Spain owns a painting *The Bridegroom and the foolish Virgins* along with 9 drawings.

## Sources


title: Persipasi Kota Bekasi

abstract:
Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Patriot Kota Bekasi is an Indonesian football club based in Bekasi, West Java that competes in Liga 3. Their home base is Patriot Candrabhaga Stadium which is the inspiration for the club name.
In November 2021, Patriot Candrabhaga FC merged with Persipasi Bekasi to form PCB Persipasi and their target is to enter Liga 2. In May 2022, the club reverted their name back into Persipasi as an effort from Askot PSSI Bekasi to mend relations with the club's supporters who had alienated the club after their merger with Patriot Candrabhaga.

text:
# Persipasi Kota Bekasi

**Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Patriot Kota Bekasi** (simply known as **Persipasi**; formerly known as **Patriot Chandrabhaga** and **PCB Persipasi**) is an Indonesian football club based in Bekasi, West Java that competes in Liga 3. Their home base is Patriot Candrabhaga Stadium which is the inspiration for the club name. In November 2021, **Patriot Candrabhaga FC** merged with Persipasi Bekasi to form **PCB Persipasi** and their target is to enter Liga 2. In May 2022, the club reverted their name back into **Persipasi** as an effort from Askot PSSI Bekasi to mend relations with the club's supporters who had alienated the club after their merger with Patriot Candrabhaga.

## History

In 2017, The Mayor of Bekasi formed a new football club called **Patriot Chandrabhaga FC**. The club was formed with the aim of football lovers in Bekasi, hoping that they can become the pride of the citizens. Since they were first formed, they played in Liga 3, their presence did not get the attention of the people. A number of football lovers, especially Persipasi's supporters, can't just look away, they still hope that Persipasi, the original icon of Bekasi, can comeback. In 2021, Patriot Candrabhaga merged with the Persipasi Bekasi team and competed again in Liga 3 Zone West Java under the name **PCB Persipasi**. PCB Persipasi is an official member of Asprov PSSI West Java and plays in Liga 3 West Java zone. However, the merger with Patriot Chandrabhaga did not go down well with Persipasi's various supporters' groups, who alienated the new entity. Protests were held by the club's supporters, who demanded that the club were to revert their name back to Persipasi. The demands were fulfilled by Askot PSSI Bekasi once ownership of the club was transferred back to them following the conclusion of the 2021–22 Liga 3 season, with the club returning to their original Persipasi name in May 2022. Bekasi's caretaker mayor Tri Adhianto was appointed as the club's new chairman, who was supported by not only the members of Askot PSSI Bekasi, but also by the city's footballing figures and supporters.

## Players

### Current squad

*As of 17 December 2023*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  2 DF  IDN Abdul Razak Khatami  3 DF  IDN Aldi Santoso  4 DF  IDN Ari Wijayanto  5 DF  IDN Yoga Wahyu  6 MF  IDN Ahmad Fajrul Falah  7 FW  IDN Farid Maulana  8 MF  IDN Rafli Aditya  9 FW  IDN Yohan Patrick Saragih  11 FW  IDN Yoga Ariafianto  12 GK  IDN Dimas Herdianto  13 FW  IDN Danis Anandri  14 MF  IDN Khoirur Rozikin  15 FW  IDN Fernando Sahetapy | No. Pos. Nation Player  17 MF  IDN Faisal  18 MF  IDN Jujan Prihartanto  19 FW  IDN Adam Malik  23 GK  IDN Sechansyah Owen  24 DF  IDN Muhammad Kodofi  25 DF  IDN Christian Reddo  26 DF  IDN Rio Valentino  27 MF  IDN Anang Hidayat  30 MF  IDN Feri Aman Saragih *(captain)*  31 MF  IDN Muhammad Ferdiansa  42 DF  IDN Raihan Rizky Sya'bani  91 FW  IDN Ardantyo Gilang  92 DF  IDN Muchlis Rasyid |
| --- | --- |

## Coaching staff

| Position | Staff |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Jamal Yastro |
| Assistant coach | Dolfinus
Asari |
| Physical Coach | Abdullah Sapei |
| Goalkeeper coach | Topik Hidayat |
| Masseur | Salman Al-Farizi |
| Kitman | Doni Rikzy Amari
Hendra Hermawan
Ramlan |

### Management

| Chairman | Tri Adhianto |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Eko Fadly
Arif Maulana
Armel Gustian |
| Club Secretary | Syahrizal Harahap |
| Media Officer | Marsya Radina |

## Honours

* **Liga 3 West Java Series 1**

## InfoBox

Persipasi Kota Bekasi
| Full name | Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Patriot Kota Bekasi |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *Laskar Patriot* |
| Founded | 5 April 2017 (2017-04-05) as *Patriot Candrabhaga FC*
9 November 2021 (2021-11-09) as *PCB Persipasi* (merger with Persipasi Bekasi)
31 May 2022 (2022-05-31) as *Persipasi Kota Bekasi* |
| Ground | Patriot Candrabhaga Stadium,
Bekasi, West Java |
| Capacity | 30,000 |
| Chairman | Tri Adhianto |
| Manager | Eko Fadly
Arif Maulana
Armel Gustian |
| Coach | Jamal Yastro |
| League | Liga 3 |
| 2023 | Liga 3, 1st (West Java zone) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Perpignan station

abstract: Perpignan station is the railway station serving the city of Perpignan, Pyrénées-Orientales department, Occitanie, southern France. Part of the station was decorated in the style of Salvador Dalí, for whom the place held special significance, having proclaimed it to be the "Centre of the Universe" after experiencing a vision of cosmogonic ecstasy there in 1963 and made a painting called La Gare de Perpignan in 1965. The station opened in 1858 and is located on the Narbonne–Portbou railway, LGV Perpignan–Figueres and Perpignan–Villefranche-de-Conflent railway. The station is served by TGV, Intercités and TER services operated by SNCF.

text:
# Perpignan station

**Perpignan station** (French: *Gare de Perpignan)* is the railway station serving the city of Perpignan, Pyrénées-Orientales department, Occitanie, southern France. Part of the station was decorated in the style of Salvador Dalí, for whom the place held special significance, having proclaimed it to be the "Centre of the Universe" after experiencing a vision of cosmogonic ecstasy there in 1963 and made a painting called *La Gare de Perpignan* in 1965.

The station opened in 1858 and is located on the Narbonne–Portbou railway, LGV Perpignan–Figueres and Perpignan–Villefranche-de-Conflent railway. The station is served by TGV, Intercités and TER services operated by SNCF.

## Train services

The following services currently call at Perpignan:

* High speed services (*TGV*) Paris–Nîmes–Montpellier–Béziers–Perpignan–Barcelona
* High speed services (*TGV*) Paris–Nîmes–Montpellier–Béziers–Perpignan
* High speed services (*AVE*) Lyon–Nîmes–Montpellier–Béziers–Perpignan–Barcelona
* High speed services (*TGV)* Toulouse–Carcassonne–Perpignan–Barcelona
* High speed services (*AVE*) Marseille–Nîmes–Montpellier–Béziers–Perpignan–Barcelona–Madrid
* Night services (*Intercités de nuit*) Paris–Carcassonne–Narbonne–Cerbère
* Express service (TER Occitanie) Portbou–Cerbère–Perpignan–Narbonne–Béziers–Montpellier–Nîmes–Avignon
* Local service (TER Occitanie) Portbou–Cerbère–Perpignan–Narbonne–Toulouse
* Local service (TER Occitanie) Villefranche-Vernet-les-Bains–Perpignan

## InfoBox

| Perpignan | |
| --- | --- |
| Perpignan station | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1 place Salvador-Dalí
66000 Perpignan
Pyrénées-Orientales
France |
| Coordinates | 42°41′47″N 2°52′48″E / 42.6965°N 2.8799°E / 42.6965; 2.8799 |
| Owned by | SNCF |
| Operated by | SNCF |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 4 |
| Tracks | 6 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Ground |
| Parking | Yes (at Parking Perpignan Centre Del Mon–EFFIA) |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 87784009 |
| History | |
| Opened | 12 July 1858 |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
| Services   Preceding station SNCF Following station  Narbonnetowards Paris-Lyon  TGV inOui  *Terminus*  Figueres–Vilafanttowards Barcelona Sants  Rivesaltestowards Paris-Austerlitz  Intercités (night)  Elnetowards Cerbère  Preceding station Renfe Operadora Following station  Narbonnetowards Lyon-Part-Dieu  AVE  Figueres–Vilafanttowards Barcelona Sants  Carcassonnetowards Toulouse-Matabiau  Narbonnetowards Marseille-St-Charles Figueres–Vilafanttowards Madrid Puerta de Atocha  Preceding station TER Occitanie Following station  Cerbèretowards Portbou  22  Narbonnetowards Avignon-Centre  Elnetowards Portbou  23  Rivesaltestowards Narbonne  Le Solertowards Villefranche–Vernet-les-Bains  24  *Terminus*  Elnetowards Portbou  25  Rivesaltestowards Toulouse | |
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title: Francisca Almeida

abstract: Francisca Almeida is a Portuguese lawyer and politician. As a member of the Social Democratic Party, she represented the Braga constituency in the 11th and 12th legislatures of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal, between 2009 and 2015.

text:
# Francisca Almeida

**Francisca Almeida** (born 1983) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician. As a member of the Social Democratic Party, she represented the Braga constituency in the 11th and 12th legislatures of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal, between 2009 and 2015.

## Early life

Maria Francisca Fernandes de Almeida was born in Guimarães in the north of Portugal on 6 November 1983. She is the daughter of Paulo Vasques Rodrigues de Almeida, an economist, and Vanda Maria de Freitas Fernandes. Almeida graduated in law from the Faculty of Law of the Porto campus of the Catholic University of Portugal in 2006. After graduating she practised as a lawyer and became a member of the board of the Porto District board of the National Association of Young Portuguese Lawyers (ANJAP). She obtained a master's in 2015 from the same university.

## Political career

Almeida joined Portugal's Social Democratic Party and was subsequently elected as a deputy in the Guimarães Municipal Assembly. She was then elected as a deputy to the Assembly of the Republic in the XI and XII Legislatures, representing Braga. She became a vice-president of the PSD Parliamentary Group and belonged to the Parliamentary Commission for the monitoring of corruption. She was also on the Parliamentary Committee investigating the State's relationship with the Media, and on the Parliamentary Health Committee.

In 2014 she was required to resign her position on a parliamentary inquiry on military equipment, after members of the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) pointed out that the law firm she worked for advised the State and she thus had a conflict of interest. In 2015 she announced that she would not be running in the national elections of that year as she wanted more time to dedicate to her career. While in the National Assembly, Almeida made frequent appearances on the television channel *TVI 24* programme *Política Mesmo*. Similarly, she wrote regular columns for the *Expresso* newspaper. Both of these activities ceased when she left parliament.

## Publications

In 2016, a book by Almeida, *O Poder de Resolução de Litígios entre Regulados pelas Autoridades Reguladoras Independentes* (The Power to Settle Disputes between Regulated by Independent Regulatory Authorities), was published by the Catholic University. The slowness of courts coupled with the technical nature of legal disputes led to the decision to allow independent regulatory authorities (ARIs) the power to resolve disputes. The Law has come to expressly recognize mediation as a mechanism for resolving disputes by an ARI. The book explores the place of mediation within the power of ARIs to resolve disputes. It also seeks to be a guide for the use of mediation.

## InfoBox

| Francisca Almeida | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Deputy of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal | |
| **In office**
2009–2015 | |
| Parliamentary group | Social Democratic Party |
| Constituency | Braga |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Maria Francisca Fernandes de Almeida
(1983-11-06) 6 November 1983
Guimarães, Portugal |
| Political party | ***Portuguese:***
Social Democratic Party |
| Alma mater | Catholic University of Portugal |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Periclimenes

abstract: Periclimenes, commonly known as glass shrimp or cleaner shrimp, is a commensal and often symbiotic genus of semi-transparent shrimp within the family Palaemonidae. Species of this large genus feature a wide variety of coloration and patterns, widespread distribution throughout much of the world's tropical oceans, and are often sought out for aquarium trade.

text:
# Periclimenes

***Periclimenes***, commonly known as glass shrimp or cleaner shrimp, is a commensal and often symbiotic genus of semi-transparent shrimp within the family Palaemonidae. Species of this large genus feature a wide variety of coloration and patterns, widespread distribution throughout much of the world's tropical oceans, and are often sought out for aquarium trade.

## Taxonomy

This genus has undergone several changes in classification based on recent molecular studies comparing species within the genus. However, most recent molecular studies have only involved approximately 20% of the known species likely to belong to the genus. Additionally, most of the molecular studies performed involved Indo-Pacific species of *Periclimenes* and did not include presumed *Periclimenes* found in the Atlantic Ocean. *Periclimenes* has previously been suggested as being a polyphyletic taxa, and has already undergone splits into several new genera. It is likely the genus will undergo changes in classification in coming years with further research.

The genus contains the following species:

## Habitat

*Periclimenes* is widely distributed throughout tropical and temperate reef ecosystems of the Atlantic, Caribbean, Mediterranean, as well as Indo-Pacific Oceans.

## Behavior

### Symbiosis, commensalism, and parasitism

Many species of *Periclimenes* are commensal and often symbiotic organisms within their reef ecosystems. The most common organisms forming symbiotic relationships with this genus are species of fish, cnidarians, echinoderms, and sponges. Some species such as *Periclimenes caraibicus* have been observed to interact parasitically with species of sponges, living within the sponge and directly eating the sponge tissue. Another species, *Periclimenes soror,* is commonly found on a species of sea star known as cushion stars with no effect on the star making it a commensalistic relationship. Anecdotal evidence suggests that *P. soror* may choose a host star that matches its own coloration for camouflage. Other research demonstrated that the *Periclimenes species*, *P. yucatanicus*, has a symbiotic cleaning relationship with different species of reef fish studied in the pacific. *P. yucatanicus* performed a waving motion with its antennae to signal to reef fish that it is available to clean. The cleaner shrimps then ate parasitic organisms present on the reef fish species.

## Characteristics

Species present in this genus typically have a transparent to semi transparent body with antennae protruding from the head region. Additionally, large variation of color and patterns exist on the organisms throughout, making them highly sought out ornamental species in the marine aquarium industry.

## InfoBox

| *Periclimenes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Periclimenes imperator* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Caridea |
| Family: | Palaemonidae |
| Genus: | *Periclimenes*
Costa, 1844 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Periclimenes amethysteus*
(Risso, 1827) | |


title: Periclimenes batei

abstract: Periclimenes batei is a species of shrimp found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by L. A. Borradaile in 1888, in commemoration of Charles Spence Bate who wrote the section on shrimp in the reports of the Challenger expedition.

text:
# Periclimenes batei

***Periclimenes batei*** is a species of shrimp found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by L. A. Borradaile in 1888, in commemoration of Charles Spence Bate who wrote the section on shrimp in the reports of the *Challenger* expedition.

## InfoBox

| *Periclimenes batei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Caridea |
| Family: | Palaemonidae |
| Genus: | *Periclimenes* |
| Species: | ***P. batei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Periclimenes batei***<br>Borradaile, 1888 | |
|


title: Periclimenes amethysteus

abstract: Periclimenes amethysteus is a species of shrimp found in the Adriatic and Aegean Sea, and the western Mediterranean Sea. It was first named by Antoine Risso in 1827.

text:
# Periclimenes amethysteus

***Periclimenes amethysteus*** is a species of shrimp found in the Adriatic and Aegean Sea, and the western Mediterranean Sea. It was first named by Antoine Risso in 1827.

## InfoBox

| *Periclimenes amethysteus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Caridea |
| Family: | Palaemonidae |
| Genus: | *Periclimenes* |
| Species: | ***P. amethysteus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Periclimenes amethysteus***<br>(Risso, 1827) | |
|


title: Perry-Casa School District

abstract: Perry–Casa School District No. 2 was a school district with its school, the Perry-Casa School, in Casa, Arkansas. Serving the Perry County communities of Casa and Perry, it operated elementary school and high school divisions. Its mascot was the tiger. By 2004 new laws were passed requiring school districts with enrollments below 350 to consolidate with other school districts. The school boards of the Perry-Casa district and the Ola School District agreed to a consolidation in which Perry-Casa annexes Ola, and voters in those districts approved the plans. On July 1, 2004, it merged with those districts and others into the Two Rivers School District.

text:
# Perry-Casa School District

**Perry–Casa School District No. 2** was a school district with its school, the Perry-Casa School, in Casa, Arkansas. Serving the Perry County communities of Casa and Perry, it operated elementary school and high school divisions. Its mascot was the tiger.

By 2004 new laws were passed requiring school districts with enrollments below 350 to consolidate with other school districts. The school boards of the Perry-Casa district and the Ola School District agreed to a consolidation in which Perry-Casa annexes Ola, and voters in those districts approved the plans. On July 1, 2004, it merged with those districts and others into the Two Rivers School District.

## Further reading

Maps of the Perry-Casa district:


title: Francis Bernard, 3rd Earl of Bandon

abstract: Francis Bernard, 3rd Earl of Bandon, styled Viscount Bernard between 1830 and 1856, was an Irish peer and politician.

text:
# Francis Bernard, 3rd Earl of Bandon

**Francis Bernard, 3rd Earl of Bandon** (3 January 1810 – 17 February 1877), styled **Viscount Bernard** between 1830 and 1856, was an Irish peer and politician.

## Background and education

Born in Grosvenor Street, London, he was the son of James Bernard, 2nd Earl of Bandon, and Mary Susan Albinia, eldest daughter of Charles Brodrick, Archbishop of Cashel. Bernard was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1830 and a Master of Arts four years thereafter.

## Political career

Bernard entered the British House of Commons in January 1831, sitting for Bandon, the same constituency his father had represented before, until July. He was returned for it again from 1842 until 1856, when he succeeded his father as earl. Two years later, Bernard was elected an Irish representative peer. In 1874, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Cork, post he held until his death in 1877.

## Family

He married Catherine Mary, eldest daughter of Thomas Whitmore, in 1832. They had one son and two daughters. His wife died in December 1873. Bernard survived her by four years and died at Castle Bernard, County Cork, in February 1877, aged 67. He was succeeded in the earldom by his only son James.