title: OŠK Trenčianske Stankovce

abstract: OŠK Trenčianske Stankovce is a Slovak association football club located in Trenčianske Stankovce. It currently plays in Majstrovstvá regiónu Západ west.

text:
# OŠK Trenčianske Stankovce

**OŠK Trenčianske Stankovce** is a Slovak association football club located in Trenčianske Stankovce. It currently plays in Majstrovstvá regiónu Západ west.

## Colors and badge

Its colors are yellow and black.

## InfoBox

OŠK Trenčianske Stankovce
| Full name | OŠK Trenčianske Stankovce |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Ground | Oddychové centrum,<br>Trenčianske Stankovce, Slovakia |
| Capacity | 400 (80 seats) |
| Chairman | Vendelín Sedláček |
| Manager | Roman Pevný |
| League | Majstrovstvá regiónu (West) |
| 4. liga SZ | 2nd (promoted) |
| Website | Club website |


abstract: Oxford South was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It was created in 1867 at the time of confederation and was abolished in 1933 before the 1934 election.

text:
# Oxford South (provincial electoral district)

**Oxford South** was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It was created in 1867 at the time of confederation and was abolished in 1933 before the 1934 election.

## Members of Provincial Parliament

| Oxford South | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assembly | Years | Member | | Party |
| 1st | 1867–1871 |  | Adam Oliver | Liberal |
| 2nd | 1871–1874 | | | |
| 3rd | 1875–1875 | | | |
| | 1875–1879 | | Adam Crooks | |
| 4th | | | 1879–1883 | |
| 5th | | | 1883–1884 | |
| | 1884–1886 | | George Atwell Cooke | |
| 6th | 1886–1890 | | Angus McKay | |
| 7th | 1890–1894 | ||
| 8th | 1894–1896 | ||
| 9th | 1898–1902 | ||
| 10th | 1902–1904 |  | Donald Sutherland | Conservative |
| 11th | 1905–1908 | | | |
| 12th | 1908–1911 |  | Thomas Richard Mayberry | Liberal |
| 13th | 1911–1914 | | | |
| 14th | 1914–1919 |  | Victor Albert Sinclair | Conservative |
| 15th | 1919–1923 |  | Albert Thomas Walker | United Farmers |
| 16th | 1923–1926 |  | William Henry Chambers | Conservative |
| 17th | 1926–1929 |  | Merton Elvin Scott | Liberal–Progressive |
| 18th | 1929–1934 |  | Robert Andrew Baxter | Liberal |
| **Sourced from the Ontario Legislative Assembly** | | | | |
| ***Merged into Oxford before 1934 election*** | | | | |

## Election results

| 1867 Ontario general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Adam Oliver | 1,399 | 54.52 |
|  | Conservative | J. Noxon | 1,167 | 45.48 |
| Total valid votes | | | 2,566 | 74.64 |
| Eligible voters | | | 3,438 |
|  | Liberal **pickup** new district. | | | | | | |
| Source: Elections Ontario | | | | | | |

| 1871 Ontario general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Adam Oliver | 1,430 | 57.78 | +3.26 |
|  | Conservative | Mr. Richards | 1,045 | 42.22 | 3.26 |
| Turnout | | | 2,475 | 65.86 | 8.78 |
| Eligible voters | | | 3,758 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | +3.26 |
| Source: Elections Ontario | | | | | | |

| Ontario provincial by-election, January 1874
Ministerial by-election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Adam Oliver | Acclaimed |
| Source: *History of the Electoral Districts, Legislatures and Ministries of the Province of Ontario* | | | | | | |

| 1875 Ontario general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Adam Oliver | 1,305 | 44.27 |
|  | Conservative | B. Hopkins | 1,262 | 42.81 |
|  | Independent | J. McDonald | 372 | 12.62 |
|  | Independent | Mr. Devlin | 9 | 0.31 |
| Total valid votes | | | 2,948 | 66.05 |
| Eligible voters | | | 4,463 |
| Election voided | | | | | | | | |
| Source: Elections Ontario | | | | | | |

| Ontario provincial by-election, September 1875
Previous election voided | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Adam Crooks | 1,612 | 54.39 |
|  | Conservative | B. Hopkins | 1,352 | 45.61 |
| Total valid votes | | | 2,964 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | |  |
| Source: *History of the Electoral Districts, Legislatures and Ministries of the Province of Ontario* | | | | | | |

| 1879 Ontario general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Adam Crooks | 1,775 | 66.73 | +12.34 |
|  | Independent | Mr. Brown | 835 | 31.39 |  |
|  | Independent | Mr. Markham | 50 | 1.88 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 2,660 | 48.33 |
| Eligible voters | | | 5,504 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | +12.34 |
| Source: Elections Ontario | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Oxford South
| Ontario electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of Ontario |
| District created | 1867 |
| District abolished | 1933 |
| First contested | 1867 |
| Last contested | 1929 |


title: Oxford Street, Gloucester

abstract:
Oxford Street is located in the City of Gloucester, England. It runs between London Road in the south and Oxford Road in the north. It was developed as uniform stuccoed terraces by the attorney John Bowyer on a plot that he had bought in 1823. Oxford Street is the location of a number of listed buildings:
  - 1a-11, 15 and 17, Oxford Street
  - 29 and 31, Oxford Street
  - The Victoria Inn (1823–25)
  - 2 to 20, Oxford Street

text:
# Oxford Street, Gloucester

**Oxford Street** is located in the City of Gloucester, England. It runs between London Road in the south and Oxford Road in the north. It was developed as uniform stuccoed terraces by the attorney John Bowyer on a plot that he had bought in 1823.

Oxford Street is the location of a number of listed buildings:

* 1a-11, 15 and 17, Oxford Street
* 29 and 31, Oxford Street
* The Victoria Inn (1823–25)
* 2 to 20, Oxford Street

Media related to Oxford Street, Gloucester at Wikimedia Commons

51°52′06″N 2°14′19″W / 51.86833°N 2.23861°W / 51.86833; -2.23861


title: Oxalis tenuifolia

abstract: Oxalis tenuifolia, also known by its common name thinleaf sorrel, is a species from the genus Oxalis. The plant was first described by Christian Friedrich Ecklon and Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher.

text:
# Oxalis tenuifolia

***Oxalis tenuifolia***, also known by its common name **thinleaf sorrel**, is a species from the genus *Oxalis*. The plant was first described by Christian Friedrich Ecklon and Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher.

## InfoBox

| *Oxalis tenuifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Oxalidaceae |
| Genus: | *Oxalis* |
| Species: | ***O. tenuifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxalis tenuifolia***<br>Jacq. | |
|


title: PHOS Camden Football Club

abstract: The PHOS Camden Football Club is an Australian rules football club based in the south western suburbs of Adelaide which was formed in 1994 as a merger between the Plympton High Old Scholars Football Club and Camden Football Club, who had broken away from an existing merger with the Greek Football Club. The club has participated in the South Australian Amateur Football League since being formed.

text:
# PHOS Camden Football Club

The **PHOS Camden Football Club** is an Australian rules football club based in the south western suburbs of Adelaide which was formed in 1994 as a merger between the Plympton High Old Scholars Football Club and Camden Football Club, who had broken away from an existing merger with the Greek Football Club. The club has participated in the South Australian Amateur Football League since being formed.

## A-Grade Premierships

## Merger history

PHOS Camden was formed in 1994 through the amalgamation of Plympton High Old Scholars Football Club and the remnants of the Camden Football Club.

### Plympton High Old Scholars (PHOS)

The **Plympton High Old Scholars Football Club** was formed in 1971 and based at Myer Oval (later to be known as N. S. Bull Memorial Oval), behind the former Plympton High School. In 1994 the club relocated to Camden Oval as part of a merger with the remnants of the former Camden Football Club to become PHOS Camden.

**A-Grade Premierships**

### Camden

The **Camden Football Club** Mid-Southern Football Association. Camden Football Club began in 1929 in the then Glenelg Districts Football Association when a group of friends, who lived in Camden, decided to form a football club. The club colours were decided as chocolate and blue (the State colours of the time) and the jumper design was alternate chocolate and blue stripes. and continued in the Glenelg District Football Association and remained in that competition throughout its name changes until it folded at the end of 1986, then known as the Southern Metropolitan Football League. In 1987 the club merged with Greek Football Club to form the Greek Camden Football Club. This merger would last until 1993 when the club split back into Greek and Camden, with Camden forming a new merger with the Plympton High Old Scholars Football Club to form the PHOS Camden Football Club.

**A-Grade Premierships**

#### Greek Camden

The **Greek Camden Football Club** was formed in 1987 from a merger of the Greek Football Club and the Camden Football Club. In 1994 the club split back into Greek and Camden, with Greek forming a new merger with the Henley District and Old Scholars Football Club to form the Henley Greek Football Club, and Camden forming a new merger with the Plympton High Old Scholars Football Club to form the PHOS Camden Football Club.

## AFL players

## InfoBox

| PHOS Camden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Full name | PHOS Camden Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | *Phantoms* |
| 2019 (Div 2) season | |
| After finals | 5th |
| Home-and-away season | 5th |
| Club details | |
| Founded | 1994 (1994) |
| Colours |  |
| Competition | Adelaide Footy League |
| President | Sarah Fitzpatrick |
| Coach | Kane Stewart |
| Captain(s) | Sam Ingles |
| Ground(s) | Camden Oval, Novar Gardens |
| Training ground(s) | Camden Oval, Novar Gardens |
| Uniforms | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Other information | |
| Official website | phantomsfc.com.au |


title: PEN World Voices

abstract: The PEN World Voices Festival of International Literature is an annual week-long literary festival held in New York City and Los Angeles. The festival was founded by Salman Rushdie, Esther Allen, and Michael Roberts and was launched in 2005. The festival includes events, readings, conversations, and debates that showcase international literature and new writers. The festival is produced by PEN America, a nonprofit organization that works to advance literature, promote free expression, and foster international literary fellowship.

text:
# PEN World Voices

**The PEN World Voices Festival of International Literature** is an annual week-long literary festival held in New York City and Los Angeles. The festival was founded by Salman Rushdie, Esther Allen, and Michael Roberts and was launched in 2005. The festival includes events, readings, conversations, and debates that showcase international literature and new writers. The festival is produced by PEN America, a nonprofit organization that works to advance literature, promote free expression, and foster international literary fellowship.

## World Voices 2005

The inaugural event was held in New York City from April 18 to April 25, 2005. Participating authors came from 45 countries and included: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Jonathan Ames, Paul Auster, Breyten Breytenbach, Nuruddin Farah, Gish Jen, Ryszard Kapuściński, Khaled Mattawa, Azar Nafisi, Elif Shafak, Wole Soyinka, Ali Bader and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o.

### Selected 2005 Programs

* Conversation: Chico Buarque and Paul Auster
* Confronting the Worst: Writing and Catastrophe
* Don Quixote at 400: A Tribute
* Crossing Borders: Universal Themes in Children's Literature
* Literature and Power
* International Noir
* The Power of the Pen: Does Writing Change Anything?
* Writers and Iraq
* Africa and the World: The Writer’s Role
* Conversation: Hanan al-Shaykh and Salman Rushdie
* A *Believer Magazine* Nighttime Event
* The Post-National Writer
* The Way We Love Now
* Voices from the New Europe
* Czesław Miłosz and the Conscience of Literature

PEN America offers audio downloads and photos from select events on their website. Issue 7 of the PEN America literary journal also published selections from the 2005 programs.

## World Voices 2006

The second World Voices Festival was held in New York City from April 26 to April 30, 2006. The Festival theme was Faith & Reason. The Festival featured 137 writers from 41 countries in 57 programs. International participants included: Martin Amis, Margaret Atwood, Gioconda Belli, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, David Grossman, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Etgar Keret, Elias Khoury, Henning Mankell, Adam Michnik, Orhan Pamuk, Anne Provoost, Zadie Smith, Dương Thu Hương, Colm Tóibín, Ko Un, and Jeanette Winterson.

Immediately following the 2006 festival, Bill Moyers hosted a television series on PBS entitled "Faith & Reason," which featured participants from the festival.

### Selected 2006 Programs

* Tell That Story Again: Writing Myth Now
* Honor Killings: When Families Commit Murder to Save Face
* Faith and Politics in America and Elsewhere
* Faith & Reason: Writers Speak
* Exiles in America
* Translation and Globalization
* The Limits of Tolerance? Multiculturalism Now
* Just the Facts: Truth & the Internet
* 51%: Women Write the World
* Revolution: A User’s Manual
* Idols and Insults: Writing, Religion, and Freedom of Expression
* HOWL for 50 Years
* Conversation: Ayaan Hirsi Ali & Philip Gourevitch
* Suitable for Children
* Conversation: Amartya Sen & Salman Rushdie

PEN America offers audio downloads and photos from select events on its website.

## World Voices 2007-2011

In late 2006, Caro Llewellyn was recruited from Australia to be the festival director and organized the third through seventh Festivals with founder Salman Rushdie. This period saw great growth in the Festival's attendance and reach with guests including Nobel prize-winners such as Nadine Gordimer, Orhan Pamuk, Toni Morrison, and Mario Vargas Llosa, who appeared on stage with Umberto Eco and Salman Rushdie for an event at the 92Y called The Three Musketeers. During this period, the popular Translation Slam was introduced. The PEN Cabaret increased its cache with guests such as Patti Smith, Saul Williams, Bill T Jones, Natalie Merchant, and Sam Shepard. The Festival also extended its reach during this time with satellite events in Chicago, Portland, Albany, Pittsburgh, Miami, L.A., and other cities. An extensive program of year-round events was introduced including the first public appearance of scholar Tariq Ramadan since the State Department's ban on his exclusion from the United States. Ramadan's appearance took place at a sold-out event on April 8, 2010, at the Great Hall of Cooper Union in New York City, and was organized in collaboration with the ACLU.

## PEN World Voices 2012

Organized by festival director Laszlo Jakab Orsos and founder Salman Rushdie, PEN World Voice Festival 2012 took place throughout New York City from April 30 to May 6 and featured Margaret Atwood, Jennifer Egan, Tony Kushner, Herta Müller, Paul Auster, Giannina Braschi, Martin Amis, Michael Cunningham, E.L. Doctorow, and Colson Whitehead. Highlights included a performance at the Metropolitan Museum of Art that paired the Kronos Quartet with writers Tony Kushner, Marjane Satrapi and Rula Jebreal to explore the boundaries between music and literature. Festival-goers participated in a literary safari, trolling through the halls of Westbeth, a West Village artists community, where they experienced readings by a range of authors, including Elias Khoury, Giannina Braschi and Peter Schneider. A Processional Arts Workshop opened the festival with a procession of giant bibliomorphic puppets, illuminated objects, and projections on the High Line at sundown.

## PEN World Voices 2017

Organized by festival curatorial chair Rob Spillman, the PEN World Voices Festival 2017 focused on vital issues of the political period, with a special focus on the restive relationship between gender and power. Taking place in New York City May 1–7, 2017, the weeklong festival used the lens of literature and the arts to confront new challenges to free expression and human rights—issues that have been core to PEN America’s mission since its founding. During a historic moment of both unprecedented attacks on core freedoms and the emergence of new forms of resistance, the festival offered a platform for a global community of writers, artists, and thinkers to connect with a concerned public to fight back against bigotry, hatred, and isolationism. The event featured Samantha Bee, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Carrie Brownstein, Teju Cole, Masha Gessen, Cecile Richards, Patti Smith, Gabourey Sidibe, Andrew Solomon, Saeed Jones, and many more.

### Selected 2017 Programs

* United Against Hate
* Exposure: Politics, Sex, and Power
* Portraying Gay Male Life Today
* Gender, Power, and Authoritarianism in the Dystopian Age
* Pen vs. Sword: Satire vs. the State
* Arthur Miller Lecture: Masha Gessen and Samantha Bee
* Forbidden: Too Punk/Too Queer
* Queer Representation and the Media
* Girl-Powered Fiction
* Corrosive Power
* The Female Flaneur: Reclaiming the City
* Power of the Arts: From Propaganda to Free Speech
* Gender, Power, and Faith
* Forbidden: Too Liberated
* Monkey Business: Japan/America Writers' Dialogue
* Literary Quest: Tenement Edition
* A Woman's Place: In Food, Power and Writing
* Water as Weapon
* Shattering Taboos to Change Culture
* Forbidden: Too Desirous
* Forbidden: Too Much in Love
* The Poetry of War

## PEN World Voices 2018

In 2017, PEN America recruited Chip Rolley, the former artistic director of Sydney Writers Festival, to take the position of Senior Director of Literary Programs and Director of World Voices Festival. The 2018 Festival featured an unprecedented breadth of literary and cultural luminaries under the banner of “Resist and Reimagine.” The theme captured the political division and discord apparent in the US and around the world, as well as the hope, energy, and activism shown by people coming together in powerful new ways to resist the encroachments on rights, liberties, and values. More than 200 writers, poets, artists, and thinkers representing 50 nationalities gathered in New York City for over 90 conversations, readings, debates, and discussions celebrating the best of the year’s literature and covering many different kinds of resistances—the internal and the external, the political and the personal—in different cultures, identities, and communities. The festival featured new streams of programming: one, American Voices, focused on American writers addressing the complex and polarizing issues in the US; another, Next Generation Now, aimed to nurture young people as agents of change. Festival participants included celebrated figures such as Laurie Anderson, Paul Auster, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Jelani Cobb, Jennifer Egan, Dave Eggers, Roxane Gay, Xiaolu Guo, Siri Hustvedt, Ryszard Krynicki, Jhumpa Lahiri, Salman Rushdie, Dag Solstad, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, Colm Tóibín, Colson Whitehead, and many others. The concluding lecture was delivered by Hillary Rodham Clinton, who then engaged in conversation with Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.

### Selected 2018 Programs

* Resist and Reimagine: Opening Night
* Dave Eggers and Mokhtar Alkanshali: Good to the Last Drop
* No Country for Young Muslim Women
* Playing with Fire
* Us Too
* Cry, the Beloved Country
* Where Do We Go from Here?
* Borders of our Imagination
* Laurie Anderson and Chelsea Manning on Art, Technology, and Activism
* An Evening with Roxane Gay
* Unlived Lives
* Kexaptun: Poetry in New York’s Newest and Oldest Languages
* The Trick of Translation
* Reflections on Violence
* Handmaid in America
* Liminal States
* After the Storm: Puerto Rico, Poetry and Resistance
* Still, They Persisted
* New York Stories
* Life During Wartime
* It Can’t Happen Here
* America Real and Imagined
* The Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture: Hillary Rodham Clinton with Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
* The M Word: Hasan Minhaj and Wajahat Ali

## Cancellation of the 2024 festival

PEN America has canceled its World Voices festival after twenty-eight of the 61 nominated authors withdrew their books from consideration in the annual PEN America Awards ceremony as they condemned America's Pen for failing to strongly condemn what they called the genocide in Palestine. The cancellation comes days after the organization canceled the 2024 annual awards festival. The festival was supposed to be held on May 8 in New York City and Los Angeles.


title: PWS-22

abstract: PWS-22, otherwise known as PWS-22BN3 was a Polish heavy bomber design created by Zbysław Ciołkosz and Antoni Uszacki of the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów (PWS) factory in Biała Podlaska. Created in 1929 as a possible replacement for outdated Farman Goliath and improvised Fokker F.VII bombers in use by the Polish Army at the time, it was rejected along all other Polish designs.

text:
# PWS-22

**PWS-22**, otherwise known as **PWS-22BN3** was a Polish heavy bomber design created by Zbysław Ciołkosz and Antoni Uszacki of the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów (PWS) factory in Biała Podlaska. Created in 1929 as a possible replacement for outdated Farman Goliath and improvised Fokker F.VII bombers in use by the Polish Army at the time, it was rejected along all other Polish designs.

## History

In early 1920s the Polish Army was seeking home-made "retribution bombers", that is heavy bombers in modern terminology. However, all proposals by Polish aircraft manufacturers were rejected as none were deemed skilled and experienced enough to build large, complicated bombers. Because of that the newly created 2nd Destroyer Squadron of the 1st Air Regiment in 1926 was equipped with 32 Farman Goliath bombers bought in France. However soon it became clear that the French bomber, designed in 1918, was already obsolete. Furthermore, the Goliaths were seriously underpowered and could not fly on one engine only, a serious flaw in a bomber. Because of that the Department of Air of the Ministry of Military Affairs renewed interest in a home-produced heavy bomber.

As a stop-gap solution, the Polish state bought in February 1928 a license for Fokker F.VIIB/3m long-range passenger aircraft to be produced at the Lublin-based Plage i Laśkiewicz works. By the end of that year Jerzy Rudlicki of Plage i Laśkiewicz modified the design to build the plane in bomber configuration as well: windows were sealed, the passenger cabin replaced with bomb racks for up to 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb) bombs and a single dorsal machine gun nest. The plane, while mechanically sound, was but a stop-gap solution and the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs continued to seek a full-featured replacement for the Goliaths.

In 1929 Plage i Laśkiewicz presented the ministry with a much heavier "flying fortress" Lublin R-XVIII design, while PWS sent two projects: PWS-22 and PWS-23. Eventually all designs were rejected and the unsuccessful LWS-6 Żubr was chosen as an interim design before the modern PZL.37 Łoś could be introduced in the 1930s. The PWS-22 remained a project only.

## Technical description

The PWS-22BN3 was a high parasol wing aircraft of mixed construction, with a fixed undercarriage and a crew of either three or four, all seated in open cabins. The wooden wings reinforced with two girders were attached to the fuselage with a pyramid-like mounting. The fuselage was to be made of steel tubes welded together and covered with plywood and canvass.

Defensive armament included 5 machine guns, including two in a double nose mount, 2 in dorsal position and 1 in a ventral retractable turret. The bombload was to exceed 1,360 kilograms (3,000 lb).

## Specifications (PWS-22BN3 projected)

*Data from* Polish Aircraft 1893–1939

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 3
* **Length:** 19.5 m (64 ft 0 in)
* **Wingspan:** 28 m (91 ft 10 in)
* **Height:** 6 m (19 ft 8 in)
* **Wing area:** 112 m2 (1,210 sq ft)
* **Airfoil:** Bobeck-Zdaniewski No.4 (Göttingen 648)
* **Empty weight:** 2,993 kg (6,598 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 5,600 kg (12,346 lb)
* **Useful load:'** 2,607 kg (5,747.5 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 2 × Gnome-Rhône 9Ab 9-cyl. air-cooled radial piston engines 313.2–335.6 kW (420–450 hp)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 200 km/h (120 mph, 110 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 160 km/h (99 mph, 86 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 73 km/h (45 mph, 39 kn)
* **Wing loading:** 50 kg/m2 (10 lb/sq ft)
* **Power/mass:** 0.115 kW/kg (0.07 hp/lb)

**Armament**

* **Guns:** 5 x machine gun (2 in nose mount, 2 in dorsal mount, 1 in a ventral retractable turret)
* **Bombs:** 1360 kg


title: P-Patch

abstract: A P-Patch is a parcel of property used for gardening; the term is specific to Seattle, Washington. The "P" originally stood for "Picardo", after the family who owned Picardo Farm in Seattle's Wedgwood neighborhood, part of which became the original P-Patch. The 90 P-Patch locations around the city donated a total of 33,438 pounds (15,167 kg) of produce to food banks and meal programs in 2023. One of the more unique P-Patch locations is atop the Mercer Street parking garage at the Seattle Center, which spans 25,000 square feet (2,300 m⁲). It opened in 2012 and was slated for closure in 2020, but was saved after community protests.

text:
# P-Patch

A **P-Patch** is a parcel of property used for gardening; the term is specific to Seattle, Washington. The "P" originally stood for "Picardo", after the family who owned Picardo Farm in Seattle's Wedgwood neighborhood, part of which became the original P-Patch. (A folk etymology attributes it to "pea patch".)

The 90 P-Patch locations around the city donated a total of 33,438 pounds (15,167 kg) of produce to food banks and meal programs in 2023. One of the more unique P-Patch locations is atop the Mercer Street parking garage at the Seattle Center, which spans 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2). It opened in 2012 and was slated for closure in 2020, but was saved after community protests.

## List of P-Patches

1. Jackson Park, 10th Ave. N.E. & N.E. 133rd St.
2. Pinehurst, 12th Ave. N.E. & N.E. 115th St.
3. Evanston, Evanston Ave. N. & N. 102nd St.
4. Ballard, 25th Ave. N.W. & N.W. 85th St.
5. Picardo Farm, 26th Ave. N.E. & N.E. 82nd St.
6. Burke-Gilman Gardens, 5200 Mithun Pl. N.E.
7. Magnuson, Sand Point Way N.E. & N.E. 70th St.
8. Ravenna, 5200 Ravenna Ave. N.E.
9. Good Shepherd, Bagley Ave. N. & N. 47th St.
10. University District, 8th Ave. N.E. & N.E. 40th St.
11. Interbay, 2451 15th Avenue West
12. Eastlake, 2900 Fairview Ave. E.
13. Colman Park, 32nd Ave. S. & S. Grand St.
14. Snoqualmie, 13th Ave. S. & S. Snoqualmie St.
15. Ferdinand, Columbia Dr. S. & S. Ferdinand St.
16. Delridge, 5078 25th Ave. S.W.
17. University Heights Center, 5031 University Way N.E.
18. Thistle, Martin Luther King Jr. Way S. & S. Cloverdale St.
19. Judkins, 24th Ave. S. & S. Norman St.
20. Republican, 20th Ave. E. & E. Republican St.
21. Alki, 2126 Alki Ave S.W.
22. Bradner Gardens Park, 29th Ave. S. & S. Grand St.
23. Estelle Street, 3400 Rainier Ave. S.
24. Phinney Ridge, 3rd Ave. N.W. & N.W. 60th St.
25. Ida Mia Garden, E. Madison St., 32nd Ave. E. & Lake Washington Blvd. E.
26. Fremont West, Baker Ave. N.W. & N.W. 42nd St.
27. Belltown, Elliott Ave. & Vine St.
28. Queen Anne, 3rd Ave. N. & Lynn St.
29. Hillman City, 46th Ave. S. & S. Lucille St.
30. Hiawatha, S. Dearborn St. & Hiawatha Pl. S.
31. Squire Park, 14th Ave. & E. Fir St.
32. Fremont, Woodland Park Ave. N. & N. 39th St.
33. Cascade, Minor Ave. N. & Thomas St.
34. Thomas Street Gardens, 1010 E. Thomas St.
35. Greenwood, 345 N.W. 88th St.
36. Marra Farm, 4th Ave. S. & S. Director St.
37. Haller Lake, 13045 1st Ave. N.E.
38. Greg's Garden (formerly East Ballard), 14th Ave. N.W. & N.W. 54th St.
39. Immaculate, 18th Ave. & E. Columbia St.
40. Courtland Place, 36th Ave. S. & S. Spokane St.
41. Pelican Tea Garden, E. Mercer St. & 19th Ave. E.
42. Roosevelt, 7012 12th Ave. N.E.
43. Mad P, 30th Ave. E. & E. Mercer St.
44. Queen Pea, 5th Ave. N. & Howe St.
45. Thyme Patch Park, 28th Ave. N.W. & N.W. 58th St.
46. Beacon Bluff, S. Massachusetts St. & 13th Ave. S.
47. Longfellow Creek, 25th Ave. S.W. & S.W. Thistle St.
48. Linden Orchard, Linden Ave. N. & N. 67th St.
49. Brandon Street Orchard, S. Brandon St. & 47th Ave. S.
50. Lincoln Park, Fauntleroy Ave. S.W. & S.W. Webster St.
51. Angel Morgan, S. Morgan St. & 42nd Ave. S.
52. Maple Leaf, 5th Ave. N.E. & N.E. 103rd St.
53. Oxbow Park, Corson Ave. S. & S. Eddy St.
54. Hawkins Garden, E. Jefferson St. & Martin Luther King Jr. Way
55. Genesee, 41st Ave S.W. & S.W. Genesee St.
56. Howell Collective Gardens, 1514 E Howell St


title: P-Phenylenediamine

abstract: p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2)2. This derivative of aniline is a white solid, but samples can darken due to air oxidation. It is mainly used as a component of engineering polymers and composites like kevlar. It is also an ingredient in hair dyes and is occasionally used as a substitute for henna.

text:
# P-Phenylenediamine

***p*-Phenylenediamine** (**PPD**) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2)2. This derivative of aniline is a white solid, but samples can darken due to air oxidation. It is mainly used as a component of engineering polymers and composites like kevlar. It is also an ingredient in hair dyes and is occasionally used as a substitute for henna.

## Production

PPD is produced via three routes. Most commonly, 4-nitrochlorobenzene is treated with ammonia and the resulting 4-nitroaniline is then hydrogenated:

In the DuPont route, aniline is converted to diphenyltriazine, which is then converted by acid-catalysis to 4-aminoazobenzene. Hydrogenation of the latter affords PPD.

## Uses

### Precursor to polymers

PPD is a precursor to aramid plastics and fibers such as kevlar and twaron. These applications exploit PPD's difunctionality, i.e. the presence of two amines which allow the molecules to be strung together. This polymer arises from the reaction of PPD and terephthaloyl chloride. The reaction of PPD with phosgene gives the diisocyanate, a precursor to urethane polymers.

### Dyeing

This compound is a common hair dye. Its use is being supplanted by other aniline analogues and derivatives such as 2,5-diamino(hydroxyethylbenzene and 2,5-diaminotoluene). Other popular derivatives include tetraaminopyrimidine and indoanilines and indophenols. Derivatives of diaminopyrazole give both red and violet colours. In these applications, the nearly colourless dye precursor oxidizes to the dye.

### Rubber antioxidant

PPD is easily oxidized, and for this reason, derivatives of PPD are used as antiozonants in the production of rubber products (e.g., IPPD). The substituents (naphthyl, isopropyl, etc.) affect the effectiveness of their antioxidant roles as well as their properties as skin irritants.

### Other uses

A substituted form of PPD sold under the name CD-4 is also used as a developing agent in the C-41 color photographic film development process, reacting with the silver grains in the film and creating the colored dyes that form the image.

PPD is also used as a henna surrogate for temporary tattoos. Its usage can lead to severe contact dermatitis.

PPD is also used as a histological stain for lipids such as myelin.

PPD is used by lichenologists in the PD test to aid identification of lichens. PPD is used extensively as a cross-linking agent in the formation of COFs (covalent organic frameworks), which have a number of applications in dyes and aromatic compounds adsorption.

## Safety

The aquatic LD50 of PPD is 0.028 mg/L. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported that in rats and mice chronically exposed to PPD in their diet, it simply depressed body weights, and no other clinical signs of toxicity were observed in several studies. One review of 31 English-language articles published between January 1992 and February 2005 that investigated the association between personal hair dye use and cancer as identified through the PubMed search engine found "at least one well-designed study with detailed exposure assessment" that observed associations between personal hair dye use and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, acute leukemia, and bladder cancer, but those associations were not consistently observed across studies. A formal meta-analysis was not possible due to the heterogeneity of the exposure assessment across the studies.

In 2005–06, it was the tenth-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (5.0%).

The CDC lists PPD as being a contact allergen. Exposure routes are through inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, and skin and/or eye contact. Symptoms of exposure to PPD include throat irritation (pharynx and larynx), bronchial asthma, and sensitization dermatitis. Sensitization is a lifelong issue, which may lead to active sensitization to products, including but not limited to black clothing, various inks, hair dye, dyed fur, dyed leather, and certain photographic products. It was voted Allergen of the Year in 2006 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society.

Poisoning by PPD is rare in Western countries. In contrast, poisoning by PPD has occurred in Eastern countries, such as Pakistan, where people have committed suicide by consuming it.

## InfoBox

*p*-Phenylenediamine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name Benzene-1,4-diamine | |
| Other names Paraphenylenediamine
1,4-Diaminobenzene
1,4-Phenylenediamine | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| Beilstein Reference | 749029 |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.096 |
| EC Number | * 203-404-7 |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| RTECS number | * SS8050000 |
| UNII |  |
| UN number | 1673 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C6H8N2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4H,7-8H2 NKey: CBCKQZAAMUWICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N N * InChI=1/C6H8N2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4H,7-8H2Key: CBCKQZAAMUWICA-UHFFFAOYAD | |
| SMILES * Nc1ccc(N)cc1 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C6H8N2 |
| Molar mass | 108.144 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White crystalline solid, darkens upon exposure to air |
| Melting point | 145 to 147 °C (293 to 297 °F; 418 to 420 K) |
| Boiling point | 267 °C (513 °F; 540 K) |
| Solubility in water | 10% at 40°C, 87% at 107 C, 100% at 140 C |
| Vapor pressure | \<1 mmHg (20°C) |
| Acidity (p*K*a) | * 2.97 (doubly protonated form; 20 °C, H2O) * 6.31 (conjugate acid; 20 °C, H2O) |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -70.28·10−6 cm3/mol |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H301, H311, H317, H319, H331, H410 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P311, P312, P321, P322, P330, P333+P313, P337+P313, P361, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501 |
| **NFPA 704** (fire diamond) |  |
| Flash point | 156 °C; 312 °F; 429 K |
| Autoignition
temperature | 400 °C (752 °F; 673 K) |
| **Lethal dose** or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LD50 (median dose) | 80 mg/kg (rat, oral)
98 mg/kg (rat, oral)
145 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral) |
| LDLo (lowest published) | 250 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)
100 mg/kg (cat, oral) |
| **NIOSH** (US health exposure limits): | |
| PEL (Permissible) | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 \[skin\] |
| REL (Recommended) | TWA 0.1 mg/m3 \[skin\] |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | 25 mg/m3 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Packiam Arokiaswamy

abstract: Archbishop Packiam Arokiaswamy was an Indian prelate and bishop for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanjore. Born in Kombeikadu in 1921 he was ordained a priest in 1946. On 16 January 1971, he was nominated as Bishop of Ooty and was consecrated as bishop on 28 March 1971. However within a few months, on 6 December 1971, he was promoted to Archbishop of Bangalore. He was appointed bishop of Tanjore on 12 September 1986. Though he was appointed Bishop of Tanjore, the Vatican allowed him to retain the title of Archbishop. He was thus referred to as Archbishop Packiam Arokiasamy, Bishop of Tanjore. He retired 28 June 1997. He died in 2003.

text:
# Packiam Arokiaswamy

Archbishop **Packiam Arokiaswamy** (20 February 1921  22 May 2003) was an Indian prelate and bishop for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanjore. Born in Kombeikadu in 1921 he was ordained a priest in 1946. On 16 January 1971, he was nominated as Bishop of Ooty and was consecrated as bishop on 28 March 1971. However within a few months, on 6 December 1971, he was promoted to Archbishop of Bangalore. He was appointed bishop of Tanjore on 12 September 1986. Though he was appointed Bishop of Tanjore, the Vatican allowed him to retain the title of Archbishop (Personal title). He was thus referred to as Archbishop Packiam Arokiasamy, Bishop of Tanjore. He retired 28 June 1997. He died in 2003.


title: Pablo National Wildlife Refuge

abstract: Pablo National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge of the United States located in northwestern Montana. It is a unit of the National Bison Range Complex of refuges. It is within the Flathead Indian Reservation, about 2 mi (3.2 km) south of Polson.

text:
# Pablo National Wildlife Refuge

**Pablo National Wildlife Refuge** is a National Wildlife Refuge of the United States located in northwestern Montana. It is a unit of the National Bison Range Complex of refuges. It is within the Flathead Indian Reservation (known as the Tribal Trust Lands of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes), about 2 mi (3.2 km) south of Polson.

## Description

Most of the 2,473-acre (1,001 ha) refuge is part of a reservoir, with 692 acres (280 ha) of exposed land surrounding it.

The refuge is nesting habitat for numerous bird species such as the green-winged teal, Canada goose, bittern, and great blue heron. At least one pair of nesting bald eagles produce offspring each year. in 1996, 19 trumpeter swans were released in an effort to establish a breeding flock in the region which appears to have been a success. Small mammals commonly found include muskrat, porcupine, badger and skunk. The reservoir contains yellow perch and largemouth bass.

The refuge is located immediately west of U.S. Highway 93. It is not permanently staffed and has no improvements. It is managed as an easement and the federal jurisdiction pertains solely to species and habitat protection.

## InfoBox

| Pablo National Wildlife Refuge | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Lake County, Montana, United States |
| Nearest city | Polson, MT |
| Coordinates | 47°38′12″N 114°09′32″W / 47.63667°N 114.15889°W / 47.63667; -114.15889 |
| Area | 2,473 acres (10.01 km2) |
| Established | 1921 |
| Governing body | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |
| Website | Official website |


title: PEN American Center inactive awards

abstract: Awards presented by the PEN American Center that are no longer active. The awards are among many PEN awards sponsored by International PEN in over 145 PEN centres around the world. The PEN American Center awards have been characterized as being among the "major" American literary prizes.

text:
# PEN American Center inactive awards

Awards presented by the PEN American Center (today PEN America) that are no longer active.

The awards are among many PEN awards sponsored by International PEN in over 145 PEN centres around the world. The PEN American Center awards have been characterized as being among the "major" American literary prizes.

## PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award (1987–2015)

The **PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award** was an award that honored writers anywhere in the world who have fought courageously in the face of adversity for the right to freedom of expression. Established in 1987, the award was administered by PEN American Center and underwritten by PEN trustee Barbara Goldsmith. The last award was in 2015; its successor is PEN/Barbey Freedom to Write Award, established in 2016 and honoring writers who were imprisoned for their work.

### Winners

PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award winner
| Year | Winner | Country | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | Nizametdin Akhmetov | Soviet Union |  |
| | Matsemela Manaka | South Africa |  |
| 1988 | Maina wa Kinyatti | Kenya |  |
| | Pramoedya Ananta Toer | Indonesia |  |
| 1989 | Martha Kumsa | Ethiopia |  |
| | Nguyễn Chí Thiện | Vietnam |  |
| 1990 | Bei Dao | China |  |
| | Jack Mapanje | Malawi |  |
| 1991 | Abraham Serfaty | Morocco |  |
| | Francisco Valencia | El Salvador |  |
| 1992 | Jean Mario Paul | Haiti |  |
| | Thiagarajah Selvanithy (“Selvi”) | Sri Lanka |  |
| 1993 | Zoran Mutic | Bosnia |  |
| | Nizar Nayouf | Syria |  |
| | Svetlana Slapšak | Serbia |  |
| 1994 | Đoàn Viết Hoạt | Vietnam |  |
| | Edip Polat | Turkey |  |
| 1995 | Yndamiro Restano Díaz | Cuba |  |
| | San San Nweh | Myanmar (Burma) |  |
| 1996 | Ma Thida | Myanmar (Burma) |  |
| | Anonymous | Africa |  |
| 1997 | Godwin Agbroko | Nigeria |  |
| | Ayşe Nur Zarakolu | Turkey |  |
| 1998 | Ogaga Ifowodo | Nigeria |  |
| | Liu Jingsheng | China |  |
| 1999 | Faraj Bayrakdar | Syria |  |
| | Esber Yagmurdereli | Turkey |  |
| 2000 | Flora Brovina | Kosovo |  |
| | Xue Deyun | China |  |
| 2001 | Shahla Lahiji | Iran |  |
| | Mamadali Mahmudov | Uzbekistan |  |
| 2002 | Aung Myint | Myanmar (Burma) |  |
| | Tohti Tunyaz | Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China |  |
| 2003 | Bernardo Arévalo Padrón | Cuba |  |
| | Zouhair Yahyaoui | Tunisia |  |
| 2004 | Lê Chi Quang | Vietnam |  |
| | Nasser Zarafshan | Iran |  |
| 2005 | Ali Al-Domaini | Saudi Arabia |  |
| | Deyda Hydara | Gambia |  |
| 2006 | Mohammad Benchicou | Algeria |  |
| | Rakhim Esenov | Turkmenistan |  |
| 2007 | Normando Hernández González | Cuba |  |
| 2008 | Yang Tongyan | China |  |
| 2009 | Liu Xiaobo | China |  |
| 2010 | Nay Phone Latt | Burma |  |
| 2011 | Nasrin Sotoudeh | Iran |  |
| 2012 | Eskinder Nega | Ethiopia |  |
| 2013 | Ayşe Berktay | Turkey |  |
| 2014 | Ilham Tohti | Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China |  |
| 2015 | Khadija Ismayilova | Azerbaijan |  |
| 2018 | Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo | Myanmar |  |

## PEN/Steven Kroll Award (2012–2014)

The **PEN/Steven Kroll Award** was awarded by the PEN American Center "to acknowledge the distinct literary contributions of picture book writers." Established in memory of Steven Kroll, a former PEN Trustee and Chair of PEN's Children's/Young Adult Book Authors Committee, this honor was awarded for the first time in 2012 for a book published in 2011. The last award was given in 2014.

### Winners

PEN/Steven Kroll Award winners
| Year | Author | Title | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Patricia C. McKissack | *Never Forgotten* |  |
| 2013 | Michelle Markel | *The Fantastic Jungles of Henri Rousseau* |  |
| 2014 | Bil Lepp | *The King of Little Things* |  |

## PEN/W.G. Sebald Award (2010–2011)

The **PEN/W.G. Sebald Award for a Fiction Writer in Mid-Career** was awarded by the PEN American Center to honor a promising writer who has published three works of fiction.

### Winners

PEN/W.G. Sebald Award winners
| Year | Author | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Susan Choi |  |
| 2011 | Aleksander Hemon |  |

## PEN Emerging Writers Awards (2011)

The **PEN Emerging Writers Awards** was awarded by the PEN American Center. It was awarded to up-and-coming authors whose writing had been featured in distinguished literary journals, but had not published book-length works. Three prizes were awarded: one fiction, one nonfiction, and one poetry. Candidates were nominated only by editors from print and online journals. Participating journals for 2011 included: *6 x 6*, *A Public Space*, *Bloom*, *Colorado Review*, *Creative Nonfiction*, *Fence*, *Gargoyle*, *Glimmer Train*, *Guernica*, *Harvard Review*, *jubilat*, *Kenyon Review*, *Lungfull!*, *New York Quarterly*, *One Story*, *The Oxford American*, *Ploughshares*, *Rain Taxi*, *Spinning Jenny*, and *Tin House*.

### Winners

PEN Emerging Writers Awards winners
| Year | Category | Author | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Fiction | Adam Day |  |
| | Poetry | Smith Henderson |  |
| | Nonfiction | David Stuart McLean |  |

## PEN/Amazon.com Short Story Award (2000)

The **PEN/Amazon.com Short Story Award** was given to unpublished writers who submit original short story manuscripts. Each manuscript competed for a $10,000 cash grant and publication at Amazon.com and in *The Boston Book Review*. Award was active for one year.

## Architectural Digest Award for Literary Writing on the Visual Arts (2000–2001)

The **Architectural Digest Award for Literary Writing on the Visual Arts** was presented for literary writing on the visual arts. It was active two years 2000–2001.

## Gregory Kolovakos Award (1992–2004)

The **Gregory Kolovakos Award** was a literary award given every three years by PEN American Center to a U.S. literary translator, editor, or critic "whose work, in meeting the challenge of cultural difference, extends Gregory Kolovakos's commitment to the richness of Hispanic literature and to expanding its English-language audience". It was primarily intended to recognize translations into English from Spanish, but translations from other Hispanic languages were also eligible. Gregory Kolovakos was a graduate of Yale University and served as the director of the Literature Program of the New York State Council on the Arts for many years. He was also the founding executive director of the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation in 1985. The monetary amount of the Award was USD $2000. The prize was first given in 1992.

### Winners

Gregory Kolovakos Award winners
| Year | Author |
| --- | --- |
| 1992 | Eliot Weinberger |
| 1998 | Johannes Wilbert |
| 2001 | Gregory Rabassa |
| | Alastair Reid |
| 2004 | Cola Franzen |
| | Robert M. Laughlin |
| | Alexander Taylor |

## Jerard Fund Award (2001–2005)

The **Jerard Fund Award** honored a work in progress of general nonfiction distinguished by high literary quality by a woman at the midpoint in her career. Presented every 2 years, it was active from 2001 to 2005.

## Martha Albrand Award for the Art of the Memoir (1998–2006)

The **Martha Albrand Award for the Art of the Memoir** was presented for a first published memoir. It was active from 1998 to 2006.

## Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction (1989–2006)

The **Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction** was presented for an American author's first-published book of general nonfiction. It was active from 1989 to 2006.

## PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award (1993–2006)

The **PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award** was an award presented annually from 1993 to 2006 to a U.S. resident who "fought courageously, despite adversity, to safeguard the First Amendment right to freedom of expression as it applies to the written word." Sponsored by PEN American Center and Newman's Own, a cash prize of $20,000 was awarded. It was active from 1993 to 2006.

### Winners

PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award winners
| Year | Author | Description | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | Claudia Johnson | Restored literary classics—including Steinbeck, Chaucer, and Aristophanes—that had been banned from Florida classrooms; defended student production of *A Raisin in the Sun*. Patricia Lightweis fought targeted obscenity charges brought against her for books and magazines carried at her store in South Carolina. |  |
| 1994 | Carole Marlowe | Arizona drama teacher who resisted district censorship of a play selected for student production. |  |
| 1995 | Joyce Meskis | Denver bookstore owner who successfully challenged a Colorado law barring stores open to children from selling novels and art books with sexual content, and who continued to sell Salman Rushdie's *The Satanic Verses* in 1989, donating 25% of proceeds to anticensorship organizations. |  |
| 1996 | Cissy Lacks | Missouri high school Creative Writing teacher fired for "failure to censor her students' creative expression." |  |
| 1997 | Nancy Hsu Fleming | Defeated a corporation's attempt to silence her written concerns about possible groundwater contamination caused by a local landfill. |  |
| 1998 | Terrilyn Simpson | Maine writer and journalist harassed for her attempts to cover local industrial health hazards. |  |
| 1999 | Releah Lent | Florida high school teacher and student newspaper advisor who has struggled to defend literature in the classroom and press freedom for students. |  |
| 2000 | William Holda | President, Kilgore College, who defended the production of Tony Kushner's play *Angels in America* in Kilgore, Texas. |  |
| 2001 | Deloris Wilson | High school librarian in West Monroe, Louisiana who fought to preserve access to library materials banned for sexual content. |  |
| | Alberto Sarrain | Cuban-émigré theater producer who challenged Miami-Dade County's ban on public funding to arts organizations performing work by artists currently living in Cuba. |  |
| 2002 | Vanessa Leggett | Freelance writer who was jailed in a federal detention center in Texas for 168 days for refusing to bow to a sweeping subpoena of confidential source materials. |  |
| 2003 | Jerilynn Adams Williams | Texas librarian who successfully turned back an attempt to remove books from circulation at Montgomery County public libraries. |  |
| 2004 | Barbara Parsons Lane | One of eight incarcerated writers who were sued by the State of Connecticut after contributing to Couldn't Keep It To Myself: Testimonies from our Imprisoned Sisters, a moving anthology of stories and essays by women who participated in a creative writing workshop led by Wally Lamb at York Correctional Institute. |  |
| 2005 | Joan Airoldi | Librarian and library director in rural Washington state who challenged an FBI effort to search patron records under the Library Awareness Program. |  |
| 2006 | Sibel Edmonds | Translator who was fired from her job at the FBI after complaining of intelligence failures and poor performance in her unit. |  |

## PEN/Katherine Anne Porter First Amendment Award (2008)

The **PEN/Katherine Anne Porter First Amendment Award** was presented for only one year. It was meant to given to a U.S. resident "who has fought courageously, despite adversity, to safeguard the First Amendment right to freedom of expression as it applies to the written word." Sponsored by PEN American Center and Katherine Anne Porter Foundation, the award included a cash prize of US$10,000. The award succeeded the PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award which was last awarded in 2006. The award was given in 2008 only.

### Winner

| Year | Author | Description | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Laura Berg | Psychiatric nurse at a Veterans Affairs hospital who faced an investigation into possible charges of sedition when she wrote a letter to the editor of her local newspaper which was critical of George W. Bush. |  |

## Renato Poggioli Translation Award (1991–2000)

The **Renato Poggioli Translation Award** was for a translator at work on an English-language version of Italian literature. Active from 1991 to c. 2000.

## Roger Klein Award for Career Achievement (1971–2000)

The **Roger Klein Award for Career Achievement** was presented to a trade book editor every two years for "distinguished editorial achievement." It was active from 1971 to c. 2000. |To a trade book editor every two years for "distinguished editorial achievement."

## Roger Klein Award for Editing

The **Roger Klein Award for Editing** was an honor "given \[every two years\] to an outstanding editor in trade hardcover publishing." It was active from 1971 to c. 2000.


title: Pachybrachis atomarius

abstract: Pachybrachis atomarius is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pachybrachis atomarius

***Pachybrachis atomarius*** is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 6: Chrysomeloidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26091-7.

## InfoBox

| *Pachybrachis atomarius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Pachybrachis* |
| Species: | ***P. atomarius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pachybrachis atomarius***<br>(F. E. Melsheimer, 1847) | |
|


title: Pacific blockade

abstract: A pacific blockade is a blockade exercised by a great power for the purpose of bringing pressure to bear on a weaker state without actual war. It can be employed only as a measure of coercion by maritime powers able to bring into action such vastly superior forces to those the resisting state can dispose of that resistance is out of the question. The term was created by Laurent-Basile Hautefeuille, a French writer on international maritime law. In that respect, it is an act of war, and any attempt to exercise it against a power strong enough to resist would be a commencement of hostilities and at once bring into play the rights and duties affecting neutrals. Here, the concept of blockade is considered to be a form of aggression or warlike and not pacific. On the other hand, since the object and justification of a pacific blockade are to avoid war, general hostilities and disturbance of international traffic with the state against which the operation is carried on, rights of war cannot consistently be exercised against ships belonging to other states than those concerned. However, if neutrals were not to be affected by it, the coercive effect of such a blockade might be completely lost. Recent practice has been to limit interference with them to the extent barely necessary to carry out the purpose of the blockading powers.

text:
# Pacific blockade

A **pacific blockade** is a blockade exercised by a great power for the purpose of bringing pressure to bear on a weaker state without actual war. It can be employed only as a measure of coercion by maritime powers able to bring into action such vastly superior forces to those the resisting state can dispose of that resistance is out of the question. The term was created by Laurent-Basile Hautefeuille, a French writer on international maritime law.

In that respect, it is an act of war, and any attempt to exercise it against a power strong enough to resist would be a commencement of hostilities and at once bring into play the rights and duties affecting neutrals. Here, the concept of blockade is considered to be a form of aggression or warlike and not pacific. On the other hand, since the object and justification of a pacific blockade are to avoid war, general hostilities and disturbance of international traffic with the state against which the operation is carried on, rights of war cannot consistently be exercised against ships belonging to other states than those concerned. However, if neutrals were not to be affected by it, the coercive effect of such a blockade might be completely lost. Recent practice has been to limit interference with them to the extent barely necessary to carry out the purpose of the blockading powers.

## Origin

It is usual to refer to the intervention of France, Britain and Russia in Turkish affairs in 1827 as the first occasion on which the coercive value of pacific blockades was put to the test. The Greek coasts occupied by the Turkish forces were blockaded and each of these powers blockaded the coast or a portion of it while declaring that a state of peace is maintained. Neutral vessels were not affected by it. This was followed by a number of other coercive measures described in the textbooks as pacific blockades. These include a boycott so that the subject of the blockade is not only isolated but deprived of its ability to self-help.

The first case, however, in which the operation was really a blockade, unaccompanied by hostilities, and which therefore can be properly called a pacific blockade, was exercised in 1837 by Britain against New Granada. A British subject and consul of the name of Russell was accused of stabbing a native of the country in a street brawl. He was arrested and, after being kept in detention for some months, was tried for the unlawful carrying of arms and sentenced to six years of imprisonment. The British government resented the treatment as not only cruel and unjust towards Mr Russell but also disrespectful towards the British nation and so demanded the dismissal of the officials implicated and 1000 damages as some compensation for the cruel injuries which had been inificted upon Mr Russell (State Papers, 1837–1838, p. 183). New Granada refused to comply with those demands, and the British representative, acting upon his instructions, called in the assistance of the West Indian fleet, but observed in his communication to the British naval officer in command that it was desirable to avoid hostilities and to endeavour to bring about the desired result by a strict blockade only. That seems to be the first occasion on which it had occurred to anybody that a blockade without war might serve the purpose of war.

## Precedent

This precedent was shortly afterwards followed by another somewhat-similar case in which from April 16 to November 28, 1838, the French government blockaded the Mexican ports to coerce the Mexican government into acceptance of certain demands on behalf of French subjects who had suffered injury to their persons and damage to their property by insufficient protection by the Mexican authorities.

The blockade of Buenos Aires and the Argentine coast from March 28, 1838 to November 7, 1840 by the French fleet, a coercive measure consequent upon vexatious laws affecting foreign residents in the Argentine Republic, seems to have been the first case in which the operation was notified to the different representatives of foreign states. The notification was given in Paris and Buenos Aires, and to every ship approaching the blockaded places.

This precedent of notification was, a few years later (1845), followed in another blockade against the same country by Britain and France, and in one in 1842 and 1844 by Britain against the port of Greytown in Nicaragua. In 1850, Britain blockaded the ports of Greece in order to compel the Hellenic government to give satisfaction in the Don Pacifico case. Don Pacifico, a British subject, claimed 32,000 as damages for unprovoked pillage of his house by an Athenian mob. Greek vessels only were seized, and they were only sequestered. Greek vessels bonafide carrying cargoes belonging to foreigners were allowed to enter the blockaded ports.

Before the next case of blockade that can be described as pacific occurred came the Declaration of Paris (April 15, 1856), requiring that blockades to be binding must be effective; that is to say, maintained by a force sufficient that can prevent access to the coast of the enemy.

## 1860

Some ill-defined measures of blockade followed such as that of 1860, when Victor Emmanuel, the king of Sardinia, joined the revolutionary government of Naples in blockading ports in Sicily, then held by the king of Naples, without any rupture of pacific relations between the two governments; that of 1862 in which Britain blockaded the port of Rio de Janeiro to exact redress for pillage of a British vessel by the local population and at the same time declaring that it continued to be on friendly terms with the emperor of Brazil; and that in 1880, when a demonstration was made before the port of Ulcinj by a fleet of British, German, French, Austrian, Russian and Italian men-of-war, to compel the Ottoman government to carry out the treaty conceding the town to Montenegro, and it was announced that if the town was not given up, by the Ottoman forces it would be blockaded.

The blockade that first gave rise to serious theoretical discussion on the subject was that instituted by France in 1884 in Chinese waters. On October 20, 1884, Admiral Courbet declared a blockade of all the ports and roadsteads between certain specified points of the island of Formosa. The British government protested that Coubert had not enough ships to render the blockade effective and that it was therefore a violation of one of the articles of the Declaration of Paris; moreover, that the French government could interfere only with neutral vessels violating the blockade if there was a state of war. If a state of war existed, Britain, as a neutral, was bound to close its coaling stations to belligerents. The British government held that in those circumstances, France was waging war and not entitled to combine the rights of peace and warfare for her own benefit. Since then, pacific blockades have been only exercised by the great powers as a joint measure in their common interest, which has also been that of peace; and in this respect the term is taking a new signification in accordance with the ordinary sense of the word 'pacific'.

## 1886

In 1886, Greece was blockaded by Britain, Austria, Germany, Italy and Russia to prevent it from engaging in war with the Ottoman Empire and thus forcing the powers to define their attitude towards it. The instructions given to the British commander were to detain every ship under the Greek flag coming out of or entering any of the blockaded ports or harbours or communicating with any ports within the limit blockaded, but if any parts of the cargo on board of such ships belonged to any subject or citizen of any foreign power other than Greece, Austria, Germany, Italy and Russia and had been shipped before notification of the blockade or after such notification but under a charter made before the notification, the ship was not to be detained.

On the blockade of Crete in 1897, it was notified that the admirals in command of the British, Austro-Hungarian, French, German, Italian and Russian naval forces had decided to put the island of Crete in a state of blockade, that the blockade would be general for all ships under the Greek flag and that ships of the six powers or neutral powers may enter into the ports occupied by the powers and land their merchandise but only if it is not for the Greek troops or the interior of the island, and that these ships may be visited by the ships of the international fleets.

Since the adoption of the Hague Convention of 1907 respecting the limitation of the employment of force for the recovery of contract debts, the contracting powers are under agreement not to have recourse to armed force for the recovery of contract debts claimed from the government of one country by the government of another country as being due to its nationals unless the debtor state refuses or neglects to reply to an offer of arbitration or, after accepting the offer, prevents any compromise from being agreed on, or after the arbitration fails to submit to the award (Article I). Though that does not affect pacific blockades in principle, it supersedes them in practice by a new procedure for some of the cases in which they had been employed.

## 1900s

There is always the alternative of making the blockade an act of war, which was done in 1902–1903, when Britain, Germany and Italy proclaimed a blockade of certain ports of Venezuela and the mouths of the Orinoco. That blockade was not pacific but was war with all its consequences for belligerents and neutrals (see Foreign Office notice in London Gazette of December 20, 1902).


title: Pachyballus mombasensis

abstract: Pachyballus mombasensis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pachyballus that is endemic to Kenya. The species was first described in 2020 by Wanda Wesołowska, Galina Azarkina and Konrad Wiśniewski. It is a very small brown spider, with a body that consists of a cephalothorax that is between 1.1 and 1.3 mm long and an abdomen that is typically 2.1 mm (0.08 in) long. The spider is dark brown, apart from its darker eye field and yellow legs, although the front pair of male's legs are also brown. Otherwise, the male and female look very similar to the related ' Pachyballus castaneus and Pachyballus flavipes. It is necessary to look at the spiders' copulatory organs to distinguish them from others in the genus, particularly the shorter length of the female's insemination ducts and the size of the palpal bulb.

text:
# Pachyballus mombasensis

***Pachyballus mombasensis*** is a species of jumping spider in the genus *Pachyballus* that is endemic to Kenya. The species was first described in 2020 by Wanda Wesołowska, Galina Azarkina and Konrad Wiśniewski. It is a very small brown spider, with a body that consists of a cephalothorax that is between 1.1 and 1.3 mm (0.04 and 0.05 in) long and an abdomen that is typically 2.1 mm (0.08 in) long. The spider is dark brown, apart from its darker eye field and yellow legs, although the front pair of male's legs are also brown. Otherwise, the male and female look very similar to the related ' *Pachyballus castaneus* and *Pachyballus flavipes*. It is necessary to look at the spiders' copulatory organs to distinguish them from others in the genus, particularly the shorter length of the female's insemination ducts and the size of the palpal bulb.

## Taxonomy and etymology

*Pachyballus mombasensis* is a species of jumping spider that was first described by the arachnologists Wanda Wesołowska, Galina Azarkina and Konrad Wiśniewski in 2020. It is one of over 500 different species identified by Wesołowska in her career. It has a species name relates to the place where the spider was first found. They allocated the spider to the genus *Pachyballus*, first circumscribed in 1900 by Eugène Simon.

When he first established the genus, Simon assigned *Pachyballus* to the Balleae group alongside the related genus *Peplometus*. In their 2003 phylogenetic analysis, Wayne Maddison and Marshall Hedin noted that the genus is closely related to *Mantisatta*, despite the large physiological differences between them, and the similarity of those spiders with a group of genera they termed Marpissoida. In 2004, Suresh Benjamin tentatively included in the genus, along with *Ballus*, in his subfamily Ballinae. In 2007, Wesołowska and Anthony van Harten noted the similarity of the genus with *Planiemen*. In 2015, Maddison listed the genus within the tribe Ballini, derived from Simon's original name, but attributed to an earlier author, Nathan Banks from 1892. He allocated the tribe to the clade Marpissoida in the clade Salticoida. In 2016, Jerzy Prószyński added the genus to a group of genera termed Ballines, which contains many of the same genera, including *Ballus*, *Peplometus* and *Planiemen*. It is likely that the ballines diverged from the wider Marpissoida clade between 20 and 25 million years ago, although Daniela Andriamalala estimated the family to be 3.99 million years old.

## Description

*Pachyballus mombasensis* is a wide-bodied spider that, like other members of the genus, resembles a beetle the family Chrysomelidae. This may be a form of camouflage, enabling it to hide amongst trees. It is also very similar externally to the related related *Pachyballus castaneus* and *Pachyballus flavipes*. It is small and very flat with a strongly pitted exterior that shows signs of sclerotization. The spider's body is divided into two main parts: a round cephalothorax and a heart-shaped abdomen. The male has a cephalothorax that is typically 1.1 mm (0.04 in) long, and 1.1 mm (0.04 in) wide The carapace, the hard upper part of the cephalothorax, is dark brown. The eye field is darker, nearly black, with a few colourless bristles near the front row of eyes. The chelicerae have three teeth to the back, while the remainder of the mouthparts, including are brown, except for small white edging to the labium and maxillae.

The spider's abdomen is flat and is typically 2.1 mm (0.08 in) in length and width. Its topside is dark brown while its underside is dominated by a scutum, which is similar to other species in the genus. The first pair of legs are brown with two spines and dense furry hairs. The remainder of the legs are mainly yellow with brown parts. It has distinctive copulatory organs. The male has rounded cymbium that has a bulge at the top while the palpal bulb has a pronounced bulge to the bottom. The very thin wiry embolus sprouts from the top the bulb in a coil and then projects upwards. The palpal tibia is small and has an erect protrusion, or tibial apophysis, that has a slight bulge on it. This is very similar to *Pachyballus flavipes*, differing only in that the apophysis on this species hugs close to the cymbium. Its palpal bulb is wider than *Pachyballus castaneus* and its embolus has a looser coil.

The female is larger than the male, with a carapace that is typically 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long. In general it is similar to the male, although the front legs are the same as the others and it has a large scutum on its back. Both its top and bottom are mainly dark brown. Like the male, the female's copulatory organs are distinctive. The epigyne, the external part of the copulatory organs, has a semi-circular depression to the back and two copulatory openings near the front that lead, via relatively short insemination ducts that loop around once, to relatively large spermathecae, or receptacles. The spermathecae show evidence of sclerotization. The shorter length of the insemination ducts distinguish the species from *Pachyballus flavipes* and *Pachyballus miniscutulus*.

## Distribution

*Pachyballus* spiders generally live in Africa and have been found in Yemen.*Pachyballus mombasensis* is endemic to Kenya. The male holotype was discovered in 1970 on Diani Beach, 30 km (19 mi) south of Mombasa. Other examples have been found locally.

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *Pachyballus mombasensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Pachyballus* |
| Species: | ***P. mombasensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pachyballus mombasensis***<br>Wesołowska, Azarkina & Wiśniewski, 2020 | |
|


title: Pachyballus castaneus

abstract: Pachyballus castaneus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pachyballus that lives in South Africa. The female was first described in 1900 and the male in 2020.

text:
# Pachyballus castaneus

***Pachyballus castaneus*** is a species of jumping spider in the genus *Pachyballus* that lives in South Africa. The female was first described in 1900 and the male in 2020.

## InfoBox

| *Pachyballus castaneus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Pachyballus* |
| Species: | ***P. castaneus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pachyballus castaneus***<br>Simon, 1900 | |
|


title: Padlamanggan

abstract: Padlamanggan is a usually colorless spirit from the Philippines which has an alcohol content that varies from 35 to 70% by volume. Padlamanggan is mostly drunk straight; sometimes the liquor is used as the basic ingredient for cocktails.

text:
# Padlamanggan

**Padlamanggan** (from *padlas* (crazy) and *mangga* (mango) from the Philippine language Waray-Waray) is a usually colorless spirit from the Philippines which has an alcohol content that varies from 35 to 70% by volume. Padlamanggan is mostly drunk straight; sometimes the liquor is used as the basic ingredient for cocktails.

## Production

Padlamanggan is manufactured in a few small villages on the island Leyte which is part of the archipelago Visayas of the Philippines. The recipe for Padlamanggan can vary from village to village. The recipes entail local ingredients and are passed on orally. The so-called Manila Mango, which is it particularly juicy and sweet, is used as a basis for the mash of all Padlamanggan sorts.

## History

In former times opium poppy was often added to the distillate, a practice which was forbidden by law in the course of Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. The population of the Visayas archipelago grants Padlamanggan a painkilling and healing effect.

1. Luangco, Gregorio C.; Kandabao: essays on Waray language, literature, and culture; 1982 Divine Word University Publications
2. Tantuico, Francisco Lino Sypaco; Leyte: The Historic Islands; 1964 Leyte Pub. Corp.
3. Celoza, Alberta F.; Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism; 1998 Praeger/Greenwood; ISBN 0-275-94137-X


title: Paisley, Edmonton

abstract: Paisley is a future neighbourhood in southwest Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Subdivision and development of the neighbourhood will be guided by the Heritage Valley Neighbourhood 12 Neighbourhood Area Structure Plan (NASP) adopted by Edmonton City Council on August 29, 2011. The neighbourhood was officially named in 2012 after Brian Paisley, founder of the Edmonton International Fringe Festival. Paisely is located within the Heritage Valley area and was the original Heritage Valley Neighbourhood 12 within Heritage Valley Servicing Concept Design Brief (SCDB). It is bounded by the future Hays Ridge neighbourhood to the west and northwest across 141 Street SW, the Chappelle neighbourhood to the south across future 28 Avenue SW, the future Heritage Valley Neighbourhood 14 to the east across future Heritage Valley Trail and the future Graydon Hill neighbourhood to the north between Paisley and Ellerslie Road, which is 0.8 km (0.50 mi) to the north.

text:
# Paisley, Edmonton

**Paisley** is a future neighbourhood in southwest Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Subdivision and development of the neighbourhood will be guided by the Heritage Valley Neighbourhood 12 Neighbourhood Area Structure Plan (NASP) adopted by Edmonton City Council on August 29, 2011. The neighbourhood was officially named in 2012 after Brian Paisley, founder of the Edmonton International Fringe Festival.

Paisely is located within the Heritage Valley area and was the original Heritage Valley Neighbourhood 12 within Heritage Valley Servicing Concept Design Brief (SCDB).

It is bounded by the future Hays Ridge neighbourhood to the west and northwest across 141 Street SW, the Chappelle neighbourhood to the south across future 28 Avenue SW, the future Heritage Valley Neighbourhood 14 to the east across future Heritage Valley Trail and the future Graydon Hill neighbourhood to the north between Paisley and Ellerslie Road, which is 0.8 km (0.50 mi) to the north.

## Surrounding neighbourhoods

## InfoBox

| Paisley | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| PaisleyLocation of Paisley in Edmonton | |
| Coordinates: 53°24′50″N 113°33′32″W / 53.414°N 113.559°W / 53.414; -113.559 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| City | Edmonton |
| Quadrant | SW |
| Ward | Ipiihkoohkanipiaohtsi |
| Sector | Southwest |
| Area | Heritage Valley |
| Government | |
| Administrative body | Edmonton City Council |
| Councillor | Jennifer Rice |
| Elevation | 694 m (2,277 ft) |


title: Pajala IF

abstract: Pajala IF is a sports club in Pajala, Sweden, established in 1930 playing soccer. It later also adopted basketball, table tennis, soccer, floorball, ice hockey, skiing and volleyball. The men's volleyball team played in the Swedish top division during the season of 2000–2001.

text:
# Pajala IF

**Pajala IF** is a sports club in Pajala, Sweden, established in 1930 playing soccer. It later also adopted basketball, table tennis, soccer, floorball, ice hockey, skiing and volleyball.

The men's volleyball team played in the Swedish top division during the season of 2000–2001.

## InfoBox

Pajala IF
| Full name | Pajala idrottsförening |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | soccer, floorball<br>basketball, ice hockey, skiing, table tennis, volleyball (earlier) |
| Founded | 1930 (1930) |
| Based in | Pajala, Sweden |


title: Pajau

abstract: Pajau is a town in Kachin State, Myanmar. The Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO) previously maintained its headquarters in the town, until it was moved to Laiza in 2005.

text:
# Pajau

**Pajau** is a town in Kachin State, Myanmar. The Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO) previously maintained its headquarters in the town, until it was moved to Laiza in 2005.

## InfoBox

| Pajau | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| PajauLocation in Myanmar (Burma) | |
| Coordinates: 24°52′38″N 97°43′32″E / 24.8771800994873°N 97.7255096435547°E / 24.8771800994873; 97.7255096435547 | |
| Country | Myanmar |
| Division | Kachin State |
| District | Myitkyina District |
| Township | Waingmaw Township |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MMT) |


title: Palaeoimmunology

abstract: Palaeoimmunology or paleo-immunology is the analysis using histochemical techniques to look at the matrix proteins in historic and pre-historic materials. Modern immunological assays are used to detect the presence of specific antigens in the sample material. Specimens subject to immunoassays have usually been preserved in a way that has prevented biomolecular targets from degrading. This has either been achieved through natural preservative circumstances, such as accelerated fossilization, or through artificial mummification. Regardless of the path taken to achieve this state, preservation has occurred before the denaturing of antigenic targets. The purpose of applying immunological assays to archaeological materials is to better understand the biochemical makeup and composition of these pre-historic samples. Antigenic elements within these materials may reveal information regarding the "life" and "death" of the sample being studied.

text:
# Palaeoimmunology

**Palaeoimmunology** or **paleo-immunology** ("*paleo*"=ancient, "*immuno*"=referring to immunology) is the analysis using histochemical techniques to look at the matrix proteins in historic and pre-historic materials. Modern immunological assays are used to detect the presence of specific antigens in the sample material. Specimens subject to immunoassays have usually been preserved in a way that has prevented biomolecular targets from degrading. This has either been achieved through natural preservative circumstances, such as accelerated fossilization, or through artificial mummification. Regardless of the path taken to achieve this state, preservation has occurred before the denaturing of antigenic targets. The purpose of applying immunological assays to archaeological materials is to better understand the biochemical makeup and composition of these pre-historic samples. Antigenic elements within these materials may reveal information regarding the "life" and "death" of the sample being studied.

## Examples of use

Paleo-immunology encompasses a variety of immunoassays performed on a diverse array of archaeological materials. Paleo-immunology is a new, growing field that is still being properly defined. Examples of paleo-immunology as they appear in peer-reviewed literature are as follows:

* The extraction and analysis of collagen peptides from fossilized bones.
* The use of immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical techniques in order to study the proteins of the extracellular matrix found in mummified tissues. This was done to further understand the physiologic and pathologic alterations that can occur in preserved prehistoric tissues.
* A plague dipstick assay was used to detect the presence of plague antigens in medieval French graves. This paleo-immunological assay is also known as a "rapid diagnostic test for the plague" (RDT).
* Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect remnant antigenic structures in preserved sauropod eggshells.
* The ParaSight-F test has been used to detect malaria antigens in Egyptian mummies.


title: Pakali

abstract:
Pakali is part of Sub-metropolitan city Itahari. It has a famous temple of Goddess Bhawani called as (Jabdi). At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 9500.
Now, Itahari is a sub-metropolitan city.

text:
# Pakali

**Pakali** is part of Sub-metropolitan city Itahari. It has a famous temple of Goddess Bhawani called as (Jabdi). At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 9500. Now, Itahari is a sub-metropolitan city.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Retrieved 2 December 2008.

## InfoBox

| Pakali पकली | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
| PakaliLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 26°41′N 87°14′E / 26.68°N 87.23°E / 26.68; 87.23 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Koshi Zone |
| District | Sunsari District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 9,500 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Palazzo Salviati (Rome)

abstract: Palazzo Salviati is a palace in Rome (Italy), Via della Lungara 82-83.

text:
# Palazzo Salviati (Rome)

**Palazzo Salviati** (formerly Adimari) is a palace in Rome (Italy), Via della Lungara 82-83.

## History

The palace was built in the first half of 16th century by Filippo Adimari, *Camerlengo* of Pope Leo X, on a plot of land for vineyard owned by Orazio Farnese.

It is one of the greatest juvenile works by Giulio Romano. The long façade is symmetrically divided into five sections by vertical bossages; the big gate in the middle is surmounted by a balcony that lies on big shelves. At the first floor, Giulio Romano also designed a chapel in Bramante's style.

In 1552 the palace was sold to Cardinal Giovanni Salviati and soon after its property was transferred to his brother Bernardo Salviati, Prior of the Order of Malta; in 1569 it was refurbished by Nanni di Baccio Bigio, who completed the elevation to its present aspect and enlarged the rear. The edifice was the residence of Cardinal Fulvio Giulio della Corgna, nephew of Pope Julius III, until his death in 1583: in 1571 his famous warrior brother Ascanio della Corgna, coming back from the battle of Lepanto, died in the palace.

In 1794 the palace passed to the House of Borghese and, after other transfers of property (Paccanari, Lavaggi), in 1840 it was bought by the Papal State and used as the seat of the city archive and of a botanical garden.

After the expropriation on behalf of the Italian State in 1870, the palace housed the military court and the military college. In 1933 the courtyard was closed by a new wing. A shrine commemorates the military institution, now suppressed.

During World War II, in the period of the Nazi occupation, the rooms of the military college were used to lock in for some days (from 16 to 17 October 1943) a thousand Jews captured during the roundput in the Roman ghetto, before they were deported.

The palace now houses the *Istituto Alti Studi per la Difesa*, with an important library specialized in military and geopolitical disciplines.

In front of Palazzo Salviati formerly rose the Trastevere headboard of the Ponte dei Fiorentini, an iron suspension bridge built in 1863 close to the church of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini as an additional connection between the historic centre and the new quarter of Prati, then under construction. It was a toll bridge, realised by a French private company, and the toll booth rose close to Palazzo Salviati; the transit costed 20 cents (1 *soldo*), so the bridge was popularly known as *Ponte del Soldino* ("Bridge of the Little *Soldo*"). It was demolished in 1941 and replaced one year later by Ponte Principe Amedeo Savoia Aosta.

For some time in the 1950s, Foyer Unitas occupied a space in the Palazzo Salviati.

## Bibliography

* Gabriele Morolli (editor), *Palazzo Salviati alla Lungara*, Editalia, Rome 1991.
* Touring Club Italiano, *Roma*, Milan 2004, p. 585

41°53′54″N 12°27′47″E / 41.898371°N 12.463071°E / 41.898371; 12.463071

## InfoBox

| Palazzo Salviati | |
| --- | --- |
| Rome, Palazzo Salviati alla Lungara | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Rome, Italy |


title: Padina sanctae-crucis

abstract: Padina sanctae-crucis is a species of brown macroalgae in the family Dictyotaceae. It is a tropical brown algae species native to the south pacific that belongs to the Padina genus. this alga includes sexual reproduction and spore-producing asexual reproduction which is moved with the tide until spores plants itself on a hard rocky substrate. Other habitats include rocks and shell fragments in the shallow sublittoral, seagrass meadows, mangrove roots and coral reefs on tidal flats.

text:
# Padina sanctae-crucis

***Padina sanctae-crucis*** is a species of brown macroalgae in the family Dictyotaceae. It is a tropical brown algae species native to the south pacific that belongs to the Padina genus. this alga includes sexual reproduction and spore-producing asexual reproduction which is moved with the tide until spores plants itself on a hard rocky substrate. Other habitats include rocks and shell fragments in the shallow sublittoral, seagrass meadows, mangrove roots and coral reefs on tidal flats.

## Description

Padina sanctae-crucis forms curled, fanlike branches from a single stalk. The plant is about 15 cm tall. Blades are often irregularly split and branched. The upper surfaces of the fans are calcified and whitened, but the rest of the plant is brownish. All the branches are crossed by closely set growth lines.

## Locations

Regions of occurrence

Locations

Padina sanctae-crucis prefers tropical waters and can be found in most of the world's tropical waters. Including Florida, the Caribbean sea, Brazil, and the south pacific. This alga tends to thrive in Rock pools in intertidal to subtidal zones on rocky substrates, especially on reef flats up to 10m in depth.

## Uses

Since Padina sanctae-crucis is used in food, it is known to be rich in fatty acids, which are an excellent source of nutrients for mammals. There are also extracts of this seaweed that have been found to have anticarcinogenic and cytotoxic activity. For example, an organic extract shows toxicity to the oral epidermoid carcinoma cell line KB with a minimal infective dose of 6.5 μg/ml. Padina sanctae-crucis was also concluded to be an excellent absorbent for removing MV dyes from aqueous solutions.

## InfoBox

| *Padina sanctae-crucis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Gyrista |
| Subphylum: | Ochrophytina |
| Class: | Phaeophyceae |
| Order: | Dictyotales |
| Family: | Dictyotaceae |
| Genus: | *Padina* |
| Species: | ***P. sanctae-crucis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Padina sanctae-crucis***<br>Børgesen | |
|


title: Painted Desert (1938 film)

abstract: Painted Desert is a 1938 Western film directed by David Howard and starring George O'Brien and Laraine Day. The picture is a remake of The Painted Desert, which stars William Boyd and features an early appearance by Clark Gable in a major supporting role. The movie was partially filmed on location in Red Rock Canyon, a popular filming location during the 1930s and 1940s, with a multitude of B-Westerns being filmed there.

text:
# Painted Desert (1938 film)

***Painted Desert*** is a 1938 Western film directed by David Howard and starring George O'Brien and Laraine Day (billed as "Laraine Johnson"). The picture is a remake of *The Painted Desert*, which stars William Boyd and features an early appearance by Clark Gable in a major supporting role. The movie was partially filmed on location in Red Rock Canyon, a popular filming location during the 1930s and 1940s, with a multitude of B-Westerns being filmed there.

## Plot

Bob, a young rancher, buys a mine on his leased land to prevent the working of it. However, surveys show a valuable mineral deposit, so he and Carol, the granddaughter of the discoverer of the mine, who has been forced to sell it to a crook, start operations on it. Fawcett, the crook, schemes to get the mine back, but is outwitted at every turn and loses his life in the dynamiting which he inspired.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Painted Desert | |
| --- | --- |
| Movie poster | |
| Directed by | David Howard |
| Screenplay by | John Rathmell
Oliver Drake |
| Story by | Jack Cunningham |
| Produced by | Bert Gilroy |
| Starring | George O'Brien
Laraine Johnson
Ray Whitley |
| Cinematography | Harry Wild |
| Edited by | Frederick Knudston |
| Music by | Roy Webb |
| Production
company | RKO Pictures |
| Distributed by | RKO Pictures |
| Release date | * August 12, 1938 (1938-08-12) |
| Running time | 59 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Palace of the Counts of Redondo

abstract: The Palace of the Counts of Redondo is a Portuguese palace located in Lisbon, Portugal.

text:
# Palace of the Counts of Redondo

The **Palace of the Counts of Redondo** (Portuguese: *Palácio dos Condes de Redondo*) is a Portuguese palace located in Lisbon, Portugal.

## History

The palace has its origins in the seventeenth century, having been constructed by the count of Redondo. In 1686, ownership of the palace passed shortly to the Portuguese Crown, being passed over again in 1693 to D. Manuel Coutinho.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake caused no damage to the building which allowed improvements and remodeling to occur in the eighteenth century.

In 1939, the southern wing of the palace suffered a fire, but was later rebuilt.

The palace is currently the seat of the Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa.

## Architecture

The Baroque palace is in a rectangular conformation and composed of four wings around a courtyard square plan. The façade is composed of seven bodies, separated by pilasters, with two floors with two rows of twenty-two windows.

Access to the courtyard is through an archway open to the street.

## Sources

Media related to Palácio dos Condes de Redondo at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Palace of the Counts of Redondo | |
| --- | --- |
| *Native name*<br>Portuguese: *Palácio dos Condes de Redondo* | |
| Palace of the Counts of Redondo | |
| Location | Lisbon, Portugal |
| Architectural style(s) | Baroque |
| Governing body | Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa |
|  | |
| Portuguese National Monument | |
| Official name | Palácio dos Condes de Redondo |
| Type | Property of Interest |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Palace of the Counts of Redondo in Portugal | |


title: Palicourea padifolia

abstract: Palicourea padifolia is a species from the genus Palicourea.

text:
# Palicourea padifolia

***Palicourea padifolia*** is a species from the genus Palicourea.

## InfoBox

| *Palicourea padifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Palicourea* |
| Species: | ***P. padifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palicourea padifolia***<br>(Willd. ex Schult.) C.M.Taylor & Lorence | |
|


title: Palazzo San Gervasio

abstract: Palazzo San Gervasio is a small agricultural town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. It is bounded by the comuni (Municipalities) of Acerenza, Banzi, Forenza, Genzano di Lucania, Maschito, Spinazzola, and Venosa. While the regional Lucanian dialect is still spoken amongst the older inhabitants, it has largely been replaced because the younger generations have been taught the standard form of Italian in school. The town was allegedly founded in the early Middle Ages, after the nearby town of Banzi was destroyed by a Saracen attack.

text:
# Palazzo San Gervasio

**Palazzo San Gervasio** (Lucano: *Palàzze*) is a small agricultural town and *comune* in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. It is bounded by the comuni (Municipalities) of Acerenza, Banzi, Forenza, Genzano di Lucania, Maschito, Spinazzola, and Venosa.

While the regional Lucanian dialect is still spoken amongst the older inhabitants, it has largely been replaced because the younger generations have been taught the standard form of Italian in school.

The town was allegedly founded in the early Middle Ages, after the nearby town of Banzi was destroyed by a Saracen attack.

## InfoBox

| Palazzo San Gervasio | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Palazzo San Gervasio | |
|  | |
| Location of Palazzo San Gervasio | |
| Palazzo San GervasioLocation of Palazzo San Gervasio in ItalyPalazzo San GervasioPalazzo San Gervasio (Basilicata) | |
| Coordinates: basilicata 40°56′N 15°59′E / 40.933°N 15.983°E / 40.933; 15.983 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Basilicata |
| Province | Potenza (PZ) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Michele Mastro |
| Area | |
| Total | 62 km2 (24 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 483 m (1,585 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2017) | |
| Total | 4,825 |
| Density | 78/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Palazzesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 85026 |
| Dialing code | 0972 |
| Patron saint | St. Anthony of Padua |
| Saint day | June 13 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Pakistanis in Bahrain

abstract: Pakistanis in Bahrain comprise Pakistani people living as expatriates or immigrants in Bahrain and their locally born descendants. The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation estimates that the population of Pakistanis in Bahrain stands at 110,000 as of 31 December 2014. The Pakistani community maintains two schools, the Pakistan School, Bahrain and Pakistan Urdu School which educates community youth. For the welfare of the Pakistani community in Bahrain, the Pakistan Club has been established in Manama, which holds numerous events such as Iftar Nights and National Day celebrations.

text:
# Pakistanis in Bahrain

**Pakistanis in Bahrain** comprise Pakistani people living as expatriates or immigrants in Bahrain and their locally born descendants. The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation estimates that the population of Pakistanis in Bahrain stands at 110,000 as of 31 December 2014. The Pakistani community maintains two schools, the Pakistan School, Bahrain (managed by parents elected board, Patron in chief- Ambassador of Islamic Republic of Pakistan) and Pakistan Urdu School which educates community youth.

For the welfare of the Pakistani community in Bahrain, the Pakistan Club has been established in Manama, which holds numerous events such as Iftar Nights and National Day celebrations.

## Profession and integration

The British Army in the past sent its most reliable force from Punjab and India to Bahrain. The presence of Pakistanis in Bahrain dates back to 1950. Bahrain is the first Arab country to grant citizenship to people who had served its country. A Pakistani can be granted citizenship after working for the government for 25 years. Up to 30,000 Pakistanis are thought to have obtained Bahraini citizenship.

## Service in Bahrain

The majority of Pakistanis work in the Public Security Forces and the Bahrain Defence Force to help provide security for Bahrain. Protests have seen many Pakistanis injured by mobs.

The Pakistan army affiliated Fauji Foundation and Pakistan navy affiliated Bahria Foundation have also been recruiting Pakistani military personnel for the Bahrain National Guard. Following the 2011 Bahraini protests, advertisements for additional 800-1,000 recruits had been advertised in Pakistani newspapers. This is in addition to a conservative estimate of 2,000 Pakistanis already serving in Bahrain Defence Force and Public Security Force. According to an estimate by the *Wall Street Journal*, Pakistanis contribute as many as 7,000 of the 25,000-strong Bahrain police force. In total, almost 10,000 Pakistanis contribute to various Bahrain security forces. The Pakistan army and Bahrain National Guard are also known to maintain strong ties.

## Education

1. Pakistan Urdu School educates Pakistanis in Bahrain. http://www.pakurduschool.com/ 2. Pakistan school Bahrain (https://pakistanschool.org/)

## Notable people

## InfoBox

Pakistanis in Bahrain
| Total population | |
| --- | --- |
| 110,000 (2014) including 10,000 serving in security forces. | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Manama | |
| Languages | |
| Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Gulf Arabic, Saraiki, Balushi | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam and Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Indians in Bahrain | |