title: Pirotan

abstract: Pirotan Island is an island in the Marine National Park, Arabian Sea. It is located 12 nautical miles (22 km) off the coast, Jamnagar District of Gujarat state, India. It consists of mangroves and low-tide beaches, and has an area of 3 square kilometres. Rozi island is located about 10 kilometres to the southeast. Of the 42 islands in the park, Pirotan Island is the most popular. It is one of the two islands where visitors are normally permitted. Visitation is strictly limited; permission is required from the Forest Department, Customs Department and the Ports. The mangroves consist mainly of species of Rhizophora, Avicennia and Ceriops.

text:
# Pirotan

**Pirotan Island** (also known as Pirotan) is an island in the Marine National Park, Arabian Sea. It is located 12 nautical miles (22 km) off the coast (Bedi Port), Jamnagar District of Gujarat state, India. It consists of mangroves and low-tide beaches, and has an area of 3 square kilometres. Rozi island is located about 10 kilometres to the southeast.

Of the 42 islands in the park, Pirotan Island is the most popular. It is one of the two islands where visitors are normally permitted. Visitation is strictly limited; permission is required from the Forest Department, Customs Department and the Ports. The mangroves consist mainly of species of *Rhizophora*, *Avicennia* and *Ceriops*.

## History

The island derived its name from Pirotan Patan, the ancient city probably at the place of Bedi Bandar.

In 1867 a flagpole was placed at the Island's northern tip to aid in navigation. In 1898 it was replaced with a 21-metre masonry lighthouse, which in turn was replaced in 1955–57 with a 24-metre-high (79 ft) lighthouse tower. In 1996, the lighthouse power was converted from diesel generator to solar power. The diesel generators exist for backup generation.

The island along surrounding coral reefs covering an area of 3 square kilometres was notified as part of Marine National Park in 1982.

## Population

The only people there on the island are the forest guard, the lighthouse people and the Mujhavar (Server) at the Holy Saint Khwaja Khizer R.A. shrine (Durgah). The sacred shrine of Khwaja Khijer Rahmatullahialaih is located on the island.

Most visitors come in the morning with the high tide and leave by evening. Weekends in winters may bring more than 200–300 visitors.

## Visiting Pirotan

The island being protected marine park, several permissions are required for visiting. For Indian Nationals, permission from local Forest Department, Customs Department & Ports Department. Foreign nationals additionally require permission from the police office.

There is no routine ferry service to the island. One has to hire boats from the port. These boats take about 1.5 hours to reach the island. Since the beach is very shallow, the boats can only reach the island during high tide and leave the island during high tide.

## Fauna

### Marine

Marine life-forms found include:

Plus there are Saw-scaled Vipers & Scorpions too

### Sea-birds

* Pelicans
* Sea Gull
* Harring Gull
* Blackheaded Gull
* Crab Plover
* Different types of waders

## InfoBox

Pirotan Lighthouse
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Pirotan, Jamnagar district, Gujarat, India |
| Coordinates | 22°36′16″N 69°57′08″E / 22.60431°N 69.95222°E / 22.60431; 69.95222 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1898 (first), 1958 (current) |
| Construction | stone |
| Height | 18 m (59 ft) |
| Shape | cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern |
| Markings | black (tower), white (stripe), red (dome) |
| Racon | K |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1958 |
| Focal height | 26 m (85 ft) |
| Range | 24 nmi (44 km; 28 mi) |
| Characteristic | Fl W 20s |
|  | |


title: Philip Morris Pakistan

abstract: Philip Morris Pakistan, formerly known as Lakson Tobacco Company, is a Pakistani tobacco manufacturing company which is a subsidiary of Philip Morris International. It is headquartered in Karachi, Pakistan. The company is involved in the manufacturing and sale of cigarettes and tobacco products. It is the second-largest tobacco company in Pakistan after Pakistan Tobacco Company.

text:
# Philip Morris Pakistan

**Philip Morris Pakistan**, formerly known as **Lakson Tobacco Company**, is a Pakistani tobacco manufacturing company which is a subsidiary of Philip Morris International. It is headquartered in Karachi, Pakistan. The company is involved in the manufacturing and sale of cigarettes and tobacco products.

It is the second-largest tobacco company in Pakistan after Pakistan Tobacco Company.

## History

Philip Morris Pakistan was founded in 1969 as a joint venture between Lakson Group, Philip Morris International, and Rothmans International. It was then known as Lakson Tobacco Company as 51 percent of the shareholding was held by Lakhani family. Two years later, in 1971, it was listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange.

In 1997, Premier Tobacco was merged into Lakson Tobacco Company. Premier Tobacco was founded in 1952 by SA Samad as a joint venture with Philip Morris and Rothmans International. Premier Tobacco became a listed company on the Karachi Stock Exchange in 1955. In 1984, Samad sold his controlling stake to Sadruddin Hashwani of Hashoo Group, which was ultimately acquired by Lakhani family from Hashwani in 1987.

In 2007, Philip Morris International increased its shareholding in the company to 97 percent and renamed it as Philip Morris Pakistan.

In 2015, Philip Morris shut down its plant in Mandra, Rawalpindi District due to rising costs and smuggling of tobacco in Pakistan. 141 employees lost their jobs.

In 2019, Philip Morris closed Kotri plant in order to restructure their finances. As a result, 193 employees lost their job.

## Tobacco brands

## Production

By 1996, Philip Morris had an installed capacity to produce 18.76 billion cigrattes in three factories located in Dadu, Karachi, and Sahiwal. Until 1991, the company also operated a factory in Mardan, but it was closed due to the rise of smuggling. The company currently operates two factories in following cities:

## InfoBox

Philip Morris Pakistan
| Company type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Traded as | PSX: PMPK |
| Industry | Tobacco |
| Founded | 1969 (1969) |
| Headquarters | Karachi, Pakistan |
| Products | Cigarettes |
| Revenue | Rs. 18.219 billion (US$63 million) (2023) |
| Operating income | Rs. 1.046 billion (US$3.6 million) (2023) |
| Net income | Rs. 323.663 million (US$1.1 million) (2023) |
| Total assets | Rs. 30.534 billion (US$110 million) (2023) |
| Total equity | Rs. 15.594 billion (US$54 million) (2023) |
| Owner | Philip Morris International (97.65%) |
| Number of employees | 644 (2023) |
| Parent | Philip Morris International |
| Website | www.pmi.com/markets/pakistan/en/about-us/overview |
| **Footnotes / references**<br>Financials as of 31 December 2023 | |


title: Okato Number Kurraadu

abstract: Okato Number Kurraadu is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy and starring newcomer Taraka Ratna and Rekha.

text:
# Okato Number Kurraadu

***Okato Number Kurraadu*** (transl.Number one boy) is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy and starring newcomer Taraka Ratna and Rekha.

## Cast

## Production

This was the second film Taraka Ratna shot for but ended up releasing first. The film was initially titled *1va Number Kurraadu*.

## Soundtrack

Music by M. M. Keeravani. Lyrics by Chandrabose and Suddala Ashok Teja.

## Reception

Gudipoodi Srihari of *The Hindu* opined that "He \[Taraka Ratna\] impresses with acting, dancing and fighting, the essential ingredients of modern cinema. But the theme is ordinary, narrating a routine story" and called M. M. Keeravani's music "a redeeming factor". Jeevi of *Idlebrain.com* wrote that "The film starts with an interesting incident \[...\] But the scenes shown in between are not good enough make viewers excited". A critic from *Full Hyderabad* opined that "As a movie, Okato Number Kurraadu sucks. That's because it has nothing new by way of a script, remorselessly follows an earlier movie by the same filmmakers".

## InfoBox

| Okato Number Kurradu | |
| --- | --- |
| Official poster | |
| Directed by | A. Kodandarami Reddy |
| Screenplay by | K. Raghavendra Rao |
| Story by | Akula Shiva |
| Produced by | K. Raghavendra Rao
C. Aswani Dutt |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | V. Srinivasa Reddy |
| Edited by | Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao |
| Music by | M. M. Keeravani |
| Production
company | Swapna Cinema |
| Release date | * 18 September 2002 (2002-09-18) |
| Running time | 137 mins |
| Country | India |
| Language | Telugu |


title: Philip V. Francis

abstract: Philip V. Francis was a musician from Thrissur, Kerala, India. He was a versatile artist who excelled in playing various instruments such as tabla, guitar, keyboard and was also famous as a composer and Ghazal singer. He died at the age of 43 in a bike accident, leaving his wife Vidhu and son Johann.

text:
# Philip V. Francis

**Philip V. Francis** (5 November 1964 – 4 March 2008) was a musician from Thrissur, Kerala, India. He was a versatile artist who excelled in playing various instruments such as tabla, guitar, keyboard and was also famous as a composer and Ghazal singer. He died at the age of 43 in a bike accident, leaving his wife Vidhu and son Johann.

## Education

Philip was born in Thrissur, Kerala. Philip started his career as a conga drum player in the local orchestra group called Neelambari. Under the guidance of Joboy, a renowned player of drums from Kerala, he learned the nuances of rhythm. He also learnt carnatic music and mrudangam for brief stints under Komattil Shanta Kumari and Purushothama Sharma, two eminent teachers of music in Thrisssur at that time.

Philip's thirst to learn the intricacies and depths of music made him move to Delhi to learn Tabla under the maestro Ustad Fiyaz Khan of the Delhi gharana . He also completed his formal education in music at Gandharva Mahavidyala a premiere institute for Indian classical music simultaneously. He completed visharad in classical tabla, which is equivalent to MPhil. Thereafter, he emerged as a Tabla player of national repute. .

Philip was never satisfied with what he learnt and later on studied western classical music and mastered the Guitar and Piano too. He also started composing and conducting Choir in Churches in and around Thrissur.

His love for Ghazals saw him doing Ghazal programs and becoming popular as a Ghazal singer too in his short life span. He also worked with the late music Director Raveendran as an assistant in films such as soothradharan, arayanangalude veedu etc.

## Awards and achievements

Philip was the representative of the Delhi gharana School of music in Thrissur, Kerala and he had numerous disciples who were learning Tabla under him.

He has performed in All India Radio, Doordarshan, Kairali, Asianet etc. as an accompanist on the Tabla for many leading singers like S. Janaki, P. Jayachandran, Gayatri Asokan, Pradip Somasundaran and performed as a Ghazal singer in many of the Television channels

He was a graded Artist of All India Radio both as a Tabla player and as a composer and his compositions used to be regularly broadcast in the All India Radio.

The Govt. of India recognised his talents and in 2003 he was sent on a diplomatic mission to George Town, Guyana, South America as a cultural ambassador by ICCR . He was back to Kerala after his contract was over in 2006.

He was one among the 50 eminent people of Thrissur, honoured by the Corporation of Thrissur in 2007 for his contributions towards music. His last work as a music director was for the film "Oridathoru Puzhayundu" directed by "Kalavoor Ravikumar".

He was a major influence on many of the music directors and musicians of the younger generation like Alphons Joseph and Gayatri Asokan.

## Albums

1. Thoovana
2. Ninakkai Nadha Kanneer
3. Kabir
4. Abheri & Bhimpalas (2008)- Manorama Music
5. Philip-Sangeeth Ka Amar Sur (2009)- Ghazals
6. Habeebi El rooh 2000 (Miami Band, Kuwait)
7. Variations of Baburaj (2001) - Tribute to the legendary musician M. S. Baburaj through his songs

### Film Score

* Oridathoru Puzhayundu

## Tributes

As a tribute music lovers of Thrissur formed "Piano", an organisation in his memory which aims to promote music and harmony. The organisation plans to hold a yearly music festival at Thrissur, and institute an endowment in his name on an academic level. "Piano" was formally inaugurated by the Nightingale of South India, "S. Janaki" on 3.05.08. Ustad Fiyaz Khan the Tabla Maestro and Philip's Guru was present on the occasion.

## InfoBox

| Philip V. Francis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1964-11-05)5 November 1964 |
| Origin | Thrissur, India |
| Died | 4 March 2008(2008-03-04) (aged 43) |
| Genres | Hindustani classical music, Ghazal, pop |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, singer, composer, tabla |
| Instrument(s) | tabla, guitar, singing |
| Years active | 1980–2008 |


title: Yin Yu Tang House

abstract: Yin Yu Tang House (蔭餘堂) is a late 18th-century Chinese house from Anhui province that had been removed from its original village and re-erected in Salem, Massachusetts. In North America it is the only example of historic Chinese vernacular architecture. As such it provides an example of the type of dwelling an average family in China would have lived in. The Yin Yu Tang was built in the late eighteenth century during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). A prosperous merchant surnamed Huang built a stately sixteen-bedroom house in China's southeastern Huizhou region, calling his home Yin Yu Tang House. This Chinese merchant commissioned the construction of the house in the province of his birth, Anhui, China. The five-bay, two-story residence was typical of its region, built of timber-frame construction, with a tile roof and exterior masonry walls of sandstone and brick. The house is about 47 feet 6 inches by 52 feet 5+1⁄2 inches not including the kitchens. In addition to sixteen bedrooms there are also two reception areas, a storage room, and a courtyard in the center. There are also large intricately carved wooden panels that cover the inner windows on the first floor. The house survived economic and political upheavals, and was home to eight generations of the Huang family. By the mid-1980s the house stood empty. Local and national authorities, with the endorsement of the original owner's descendants, gave permission for the house to be relocated to the Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) in Salem, Massachusetts. The house opened in June 2003 as a permanent exhibit at the PEM. Yin Yu Tang is available for timed, self-guided audio tours. A children's book titled Piece by Piece was written by Susan Tan and illustrated by Justine Wong. It follows a young girl's adventure through the museum and Yin Yu Tang House as she searches for a lost blanket. It was published by PEM and Six Foot Press in 2019.

text:
# Yin Yu Tang House

**Yin Yu Tang House (蔭餘堂)** is a late 18th-century Chinese house from Anhui province that had been removed from its original village and re-erected in Salem, Massachusetts. In North America it is the only example of historic Chinese vernacular architecture. As such it provides an example of the type of dwelling an average family in China would have lived in. The Yin Yu Tang (Hall of Plentiful Shelter) was built in the late eighteenth century during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911).

A prosperous merchant surnamed Huang built a stately sixteen-bedroom house in China's southeastern Huizhou region, calling his home Yin Yu Tang House. This Chinese merchant commissioned the construction of the house in the province of his birth, Anhui, China. The five-bay, two-story residence was typical of its region, built of timber-frame construction, with a tile roof and exterior masonry walls of sandstone and brick. The house is about 47 feet 6 inches by 52 feet 5+12 inches not including the kitchens. In addition to sixteen bedrooms there are also two reception areas, a storage room, and a courtyard in the center. There are also large intricately carved wooden panels that cover the inner windows on the first floor.

The house survived economic and political upheavals, and was home to eight generations of the Huang family. By the mid-1980s the house stood empty. Local and national authorities, with the endorsement of the original owner's descendants, gave permission for the house (and its contents) to be relocated to the Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) in Salem, Massachusetts. The house opened in June 2003 as a permanent exhibit at the PEM. Yin Yu Tang is available for timed, self-guided audio tours.

A children's book titled *Piece by Piece* was written by Susan Tan and illustrated by Justine Wong. It follows a young girl's adventure through the museum and Yin Yu Tang House as she searches for a lost blanket. It was published by PEM and Six Foot Press in 2019.

42°31′16.3″N 70°53′31.8″W / 42.521194°N 70.892167°W / 42.521194; -70.892167


title: Van Straelen-class minesweeper

abstract: The Van Straelen class was a ship class of sixteen minesweepers that were built in the Netherlands for the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNN). They were taken into service of the RNN between 1960 and 1962 and served until 1 March 1983.

text:
# Van Straelen-class minesweeper

The ***Van Straelen* class** was a ship class of sixteen minesweepers that were built in the Netherlands for the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNN). They were taken into service of the RNN between 1960 and 1962 and served until 1 March 1983.

## Design and construction

The ships were designed in the Netherlands and build between 1958 and 1962 at several different Dutch shipyards. The costs of the class was split between the United States and the Netherlands. The United states paid under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP) for the construction of eight ships and the Netherlands paid for the other eight ships.

To sweep mines the ships were equipped with the *W Mk 7*, *ME 31* to *ME 33* and the *AX Mk 6B* or *4V*. Furthermore, they could be equipped with the *M Mk 6h* which would give the ships a magnetic sweeping ability.

## Service history

The minesweepers were used to sweep mines in shallow and narrow inland waters.

## Ships in class

The ships were named after officers, sailors and other personnel of the Royal Netherlands Navy that distinguished themselves during the Second World War and/or the Indonesian War of Independence and were awarded posthumously either the Military Order of William or Bronze Cross for their service.

*Van Straelen*-class construction data
| Ship | Pennant No. | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Decommissioned | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Alblas* | M868 | De Noord | 26 January 1958 | 29 June 1959 | 12 March 1960 | 1983 | Sold in 1986 to the firm Holland & Zn. |
| *Bussemaker* | M869 | G. de Vries Lentschr Jr. | 28 August 1958 | 27 February 1960 | 19 August 1960 | 1983 | Sold in 1986 to Delft Geophysical |
| *Lacomblé* | M870 | Arnhemse Scheepsbouw Maatschappij | 27 April 1959 | 6 February 1960 | 22 August 1960 | 1983 | Loaned to ZKK Den Helder in 1984 |
| *Van Hamel* | M871 | G. de Vries Lentschr Jr. | 27 April 1959 | 28 May 1960 | 14 November 1960 | 1983 | Sold to Peru in 1984 as Acarillo |
| *Van Straelen* | M872 | Arnhemse Scheepsbouw Maatschappij | 28 November 1958 | 17 May 1960 | 20 December 1960 | 1983 | Sold in 1986 to Delft Geophysical as Delft Fortuna |
| *Van Moppes* | M873 | De Noord | 6 April 1959 | 10 May 1960 | 19 December 1960 | 1983 | Loaned to ZKK Hellevoetsluis in 1985 |
| *Chömpff* | M874 | De Noord | 29 June 1959 | 10 May 1960 | 19 December 1960 | 1983 | Sold in 1988 in Zaandam |
| *Van Well Groeneveld* | M875 | Arnhemse Scheepsbouw Maatschappij | 29 December 1959 | 1 October 1960 | 28 April 1961 | 1983 | Sold in 1986 to Delft Geophysical as Delft Minerva |
| *Schuiling* | M876 | G. de Vries Lentschr Jr. | 26 June 1959 | 30 June 1960 | 5 April 1961 | 1983 | Loaned to ZKK Maassluis in 1986 |
| *Van Versendaal* | M877 | De Noord | 27 March 1961 | 4 December 1961 | 11 April 1962 | 1983 | In 1984 to Zeekadetkorps |
| *Van der Wel* | M878 | G. de Vries Lentschr Jr. | 30 May 1960 | 3 May1961 | 6 October 1961 | 1983 | Sold to Peru in 1984 as Melo |
| *Van 't Hoff* | M879 | De Noord | 8 June 1960 | 15 March 1961 | 6 October 1961 | 1983 | Sold in 1986 to Delft Geophysical |
| *Mahu* | M880 | De Noord | 18 June 1960 | 15 March 1961 | 6 October 1961 | 1983 |  |
| *Staverman* | M881 | G. de Vries Lentschr Jr. | 8 July 1960 | 30 August 1961 | 21 February 1962 | 1983 | Sold in 1986 to the firm Holland & Zn. |
| *Houtepen* | M882 | Arnhemse Scheepsbouw Maatschappij | 19 September 1960 | 26 August 1961 | 21 March 1962 | 1983 | Sold in 1986 to Delft Geophysical |
| *Zomer* | M883 | Arnhemse Scheepsbouw Maatschappij | 16 May 1960 | 4 March 1961 | 6 October 1961 | 1983 | Sold for scrap in 1987 to the firm Westmetaal |
|

### Citations

* Raven, G.J.A., ed. (1988). *De kroon op het anker: 175 jaar Koninklijke Marine* (in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw. ISBN 90-6707-200-1.
* Roetering, B., ed. (1997). *Mijnendienst 1907-1997 90 jaar: feiten, verhalen en anekdotes uit het negentigjarig bestaan van de Mijnendienst van de Koninklijke Marine* (in Dutch). ISBN 90-90-10528-X.
* Schoonoord, D.C.L. (2012). *Pugno pro patria: de Koninklijke Marine tijdens de Koude Oorlog* (in Dutch). Franeker: Van Wijnen. ISBN 978-90-5194-455-6.
* van Amstel, W.H.E. (1991). *De schepen van de Koninklijke Marine vanaf 1945* (in Dutch). Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 90-6013-997-6.
* Woudstra, F.G.A. (1982). *Onze Koninklijke Marine* (in Dutch). Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 90-6013-915-1.

## InfoBox

| *Mahu* | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | *Van Straelen* class |
| Builders |  |
| Operators | Royal Netherlands Navy |
| Cost | 64 million (total cost) |
| Built | 1958-1962 |
| Planned | 16 |
| Completed | 16 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Minesweeper |
| Displacement | 171.3 t (168.6 long tons) |
| Length | 33.08 m (108 ft 6 in) |
| Beam | 6.87 m (22 ft 6 in) |
| Draft | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) |
| Crew | 14 |
| Armament | 1 x 20 mm machine gun |


title: WBDG

abstract: WBDG is a high school radio station broadcasting a Variety format from Ben Davis High School in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The station is currently owned by Metropolitan School District of Wayne Township. WBDG broadcasts in the HD Radio format.

text:
# WBDG

**WBDG** (90.9 FM) is a high school radio station broadcasting a Variety format from Ben Davis High School in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The station is currently owned by Metropolitan School District of Wayne Township.

**WBDG** broadcasts in the HD Radio format.

## History

WBDG is one of the first radio stations in Marion County to be owned by a school system and operated by the students of that system. A construction permit was obtained to build a tower on top of the newly constructed "new" Ben Davis High School in September 1965, and, on February 14, 1966, WBDG came to life with its first regular broadcasting day. The station had a radiated power of just 10 watts.

Early programming on WBDG consisted of a modest schedule of educational programs aimed at the township elementary schools, community news and a lunch-time dance party. The station broadcast only during school hours and on athletic event nights. Competition for the handful of disc jockey slots each week was very fierce.

In the early 1970s, station management applied for and was granted a power increase. The station's radiated power was upped to 320 watts. Channel six (WRTV) insisted that WBDG move its antenna and transmitter to the tower farm near St. Vincent Hospital on Indy's Northside. The new transmission location proved undesirable as the station could barely be received in its own control room. In 1979, the FCC granted the petition to move the station back to Ben Davis. Part of the FCC's construction permit was to increase WBDG's radiated power to 400 watts. A 78-foot (24 m) tower was built on the school roof, and the transmitter was moved to a fan room on the second floor of the building.

As the 1970s waned, WBDG began to add after school radio shows. Pop music and rock started to air. By 1979, WBDG was broadcasting 15 hours per day, five days per week and from 9:00 AM-Midnight on Saturday and Sunday. Student operators even kept the station on the air on holidays such as Thanksgiving and Christmas with no automation system.

During the days of disco, WBDG earned a few ratings points in one of the books. WBDG was the only disco station in Indianapolis. A few of WBDG's staff members had also gotten an advertising agency to donate to WBDG 35 billboard advertisements. “Disco 91” billboards were across the city. When disco died, WBDG adopted a popular music and rock format. In 1986, the station was granted its current stereo license after raising the money for stereo broadcast equipment in a first-ever WBDG Radio Marathon.

In the early 1990s, popular music was shifting toward an increasingly esoteric and unconventional bent. In emphasis of this expanding scope of sound in the mainstream, WBDG adopted the moniker "The Radio Spectrum". Some of the most dynamic set lists of this era came from a show entitled "Whatnot", an innovative modern rock show pioneered by student Jennifer Collins. In 1995, WBDG expanded to 24 hours a day, every day. On June 1, 2002, WBDG re-launched as Giant 90.9.

In July 2020, the FCC granted an eight-year license renewal that will not expire until 2028. WBDG began broadcasting in both analog and HD Radio in January 2018.

## Station broadcasting information

The station broadcasts with 0.4 kilowatts of both vertical and horizontal power at 78 feet (24 m) of height above average terrain serving primarily Western Marion and Eastern Hendricks Counties. The station is licensed to Indianapolis. More information can be found on the FCC's search page for WBDG-FM

## Programming

WBDG is a student radio station playing a wide range of musical artists and genres. WBDG plays national and local artists. During the school year, the station's student broadcasters host radio shows with different themes. Station management determines the rest of the automated and daily live programming following a variety format concentrating on music of the last 10 years to today. WBDG airs a program called Radio Goethe on Sundays at 7:00 p.m. The station also broadcasts up to eight hours of dance and techno music on its Giant Mix program. The show airs until 4:00 a.m. nightly. Sundays are reserved for music from the 1970s through the late 1990s on Retro Sunday.

Emerson Allen hosts School Talk with Emerson. This is a weekly 30-minute talk show that is broadcast August–May on WBDG at 7:00 a.m. on Friday mornings. The program also highlights school functions, clubs, and activities. Local politicians also frequently appear on the show It is produced by WBDG students and replays on Sundays at 2:00 p.m.

Each spring, WBDG celebrates its history on the airwaves with a marathon broadcast. This is a major fundraiser for the non-commercial station.

WBDG also broadcasts a variety of Ben Davis High School and area sporting events.

## Famous alumni

* Kristi Lee \- The Bob and Tom Show, Kristi Lee: Uninterrupted
* Kevin Calabro \- American Basketball broadcaster (NBA's Portland Trail Blazers)
* David Calabro \- WTHR Channel 13, Indianapolis Sports Director and Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis 500 PA Announcer
* Kevin Gregory - WRTV Channel 6, Indianapolis Chief Meteorologist
* Kevin Lee - WFNI Trackside host, Westwood One NFL Play-by-Play Announcer, IndyCar broadcaster on NBCSN
* Scott Hoke - WFYI, Indianapolis
* Liz Dixon - WTLC, Indianapolis
* Garrison King - KGGI, Riverside
* Dana Webb - Former Country Music Association CMA Disc Jockey of the Year
* Jeff Lewis - Former WKLU, 101.9 FM, Indianapolis
* DJ Marcus - House DJ at the Vogue, Broad Ripple, Indiana
* Tommy Mason \- CBS 44 WEVV, Evansville, Indiana
* Crystal McKenzie - Former WKLU, 101.9 FM, Indianapolis, current WFBQ, 94.7 FM, Midday Host
* Paul Mendenhall (former teacher, Station Manager) - WTTS, 92.3 FM, Indianapolis Morning Show Host
* Linda Allen - WJTV Channel 12, Jackson, Mississippi Anchor/Reporter
* Brett Patterson - Former Indycar analyst for examiner.com; founder of www.thejerksinthebackrow.com
* Dennis Wallace - President and Owner, Mid-Missouri Media, Inc. Group Station Owner & Managing Partner Broadcast Consulting Firm Meintel, Sgrignoli, & Wallace, LLC.
* Kurt Darling - WIBC News Anchor
* Ron Miner - "DJ Indiana Jones"
* Corey Clark - DLC Media
* Dontre Graves - IndyCar

## InfoBox

WBDG
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Indianapolis area |
| Frequency | 90.9 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | ***Giant 90.9 FM*** |
| Programming | |
| Format | Variety |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Metropolitan School District of Wayne Township |
| History | |
| First air date | February 14, 1966 |
| Technical information | |
| Facility ID | 41317 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 400 watts |
| HAAT | 24.0 meters (78.7 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 39°47′5.00″N 86°17′27.00″W / 39.7847222°N 86.2908333°W / 39.7847222; -86.2908333 |
| Links | |
| Website | WBDG Website |


title: General Leibniz rule

abstract: In calculus, the general Leibniz rule, named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, generalizes the product rule. It states that if f and g are n-times differentiable functions, then the product f g is also n-times differentiable and its n-th derivative is given by = ∑ k = 0 n f g, where = n! k!! is the binomial coefficient and f denotes the jth derivative of f. The rule can be proven by using the product rule and mathematical induction.

text:
# General Leibniz rule

In calculus, the **general Leibniz rule**, named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, generalizes the product rule (which is also known as "Leibniz's rule"). It states that if $f$ and $g$ are n-times differentiable functions, then the product $fg$ is also n-times differentiable and its n-th derivative is given by $(fg)^{(n)}=\sum \_{k=0}^{n}{n \choose k}f^{(n-k)}g^{(k)},$ where $n \choose k}={n! \over k!(n-k)!$ is the binomial coefficient and $f^{(j)}$ denotes the *j*th derivative of *f* (and in particular $f^{(0)}=f$).

The rule can be proven by using the product rule and mathematical induction.

## Second derivative

If, for example, *n* = 2, the rule gives an expression for the second derivative of a product of two functions: $(fg)''(x)=\sum \limits \_{k=0}^{2}{{\binom {2}{k}f^{(2-k)}(x)g^{(k)}(x)}=f''(x)g(x)+2f'(x)g'(x)+f(x)g''(x).}$

## More than two factors

The formula can be generalized to the product of *m* differentiable functions *f*1,...,*f**m*. $\left(f\_{1}f\_{2}\cdots f\_{m}\right)^{(n)}=\sum \_{1}+k\_{2}+\cdots +k\_{m}=n}{n \choose k\_{1},k\_{2},\ldots ,k\_{m}\prod \_{1\leq t\leq m}f\_{t}^{(k\_{t})}\\,,$ where the sum extends over all *m*-tuples (*k*1,...,*k**m*) of non-negative integers with $\textstyle \sum \_{t=1}^{m}k\_{t}=n,$ and $n \choose k\_{1},k\_{2},\ldots ,k\_{m}={\frac {n!}{k\_{1}!\\,k\_{2}!\cdots k\_{m}!}}$ are the multinomial coefficients. This is akin to the multinomial formula from algebra.

## Proof

The proof of the general Leibniz rule proceeds by induction. Let $f$ and $g$ be $n$-times differentiable functions. The base case when $n=1$ claims that: $(fg)'=f'g+fg',$ which is the usual product rule and is known to be true. Next, assume that the statement holds for a fixed $n\geq 1,$ that is, that $(fg)^{(n)}=\sum \_{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}f^{(n-k)}g^{(k)}.}$

Then, $\begin{aligned}(fg)^{(n+1)}&=\left\[\sum \_{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}f^{(n-k)}g^{(k)}\right\]'\\\&=\sum \_{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}+\sum \_{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}f^{(n-k)}g^{(k+1)}\\\&=\sum \_{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}+\sum \_{k=1}^{n+1}{\binom {n}{k-1}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}\\\&={\binom {n}{0}f^{(n+1)}g^{(0)}+\sum \_{k=1}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}+\sum \_{k=1}^{n}{\binom {n}{k-1}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}+{\binom {n}{n}f^{(0)}g^{(n+1)}\\\&={\binom {n+1}{0}f^{(n+1)}g^{(0)}+\left(\sum \_{k=1}^{n}\left\[{\binom {n}{k-1}+{\binom {n}{k}\right\]f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}\right)+{\binom {n+1}{n+1}f^{(0)}g^{(n+1)}\\\&={\binom {n+1}{0}f^{(n+1)}g^{(0)}+\sum \_{k=1}^{n}{\binom {n+1}{k}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}+{\binom {n+1}{n+1}f^{(0)}g^{(n+1)}\\\&=\sum \_{k=0}^{n+1}{\binom {n+1}{k}f^{(n+1-k)}g^{(k)}.\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$ And so the statement holds for $n+1$, and the proof is complete.

## Multivariable calculus

With the multi-index notation for partial derivatives of functions of several variables, the Leibniz rule states more generally: $\partial ^{\alpha }(fg)=\sum \_{\beta \\,:\\,\beta \leq \alpha }{\alpha \choose \beta }(\partial ^{\beta }f)(\partial ^{\alpha -\beta }g).$

This formula can be used to derive a formula that computes the symbol of the composition of differential operators. In fact, let *P* and *Q* be differential operators (with coefficients that are differentiable sufficiently many times) and $R=P\circ Q.$ Since *R* is also a differential operator, the symbol of *R* is given by: $R(x,\xi )=e^{-{\langle x,\xi \rangle }R(e^{\langle x,\xi \rangle }).}$

A direct computation now gives: $R(x,\xi )=\sum \_{\alpha }{1 \over \alpha !}\left({\partial \over \partial \xi }\right)^{\alpha }P(x,\xi )\left({\partial \over \partial x}\right)^{\alpha }Q(x,\xi ).$

This formula is usually known as the Leibniz formula. It is used to define the composition in the space of symbols, thereby inducing the ring structure.


title: Pit River

abstract: The Pit River is a major river draining from northeastern California into the state's Central Valley. The Pit, the Klamath and the Columbia are the only three rivers in the U.S. that cross the Cascade Range. The longest tributary of the Sacramento River, it contributes as much as eighty percent of their combined water volume into the Shasta Lake reservoir; the junction of their Shasta Lake arms is 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Shasta Dam. The main stem of the Pit River is 207 miles (333 km) long, and some water in the system flows 265 miles (426 km) to the Sacramento River measuring from the Pit River's longest source. The Pit River drains a sparsely populated volcanic highlands area in Modoc County's Warner Mountains, passing through the south end of the Cascade Range in a deep canyon northeast of Redding. The river is so named because of the semi-subterranean permanent winter homes and large 'sweat houses' that the Pit River Tribe dug, and their pit traps for game that came to water at the river. The river is a popular destination for fishing, fly fishing, and rafting in its lower reaches, and is used to generate hydroelectricity in the powerhouses below Fall River Mills where the Pit and Fall rivers join, and at Shasta Dam. It is also used extensively for irrigation and conservation purposes.

text:
# Pit River

The **Pit River** is a major river draining from northeastern California into the state's Central Valley. The Pit, the Klamath and the Columbia are the only three rivers in the U.S. that cross the Cascade Range.

The longest tributary of the Sacramento River, it contributes as much as eighty percent of their combined water volume into the Shasta Lake reservoir; the junction of their Shasta Lake arms is 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Shasta Dam. The main stem of the Pit River is 207 miles (333 km) long, and some water in the system flows 265 miles (426 km) to the Sacramento River measuring from the Pit River's longest source.

The Pit River drains a sparsely populated volcanic highlands area in Modoc County's Warner Mountains, passing through the south end of the Cascade Range in a deep canyon northeast of Redding. The river is so named because of the semi-subterranean permanent winter homes and large 'sweat houses' that the Pit River Tribe dug, and their pit traps for game that came to water at the river.

The river is a popular destination for fishing, fly fishing, and rafting in its lower reaches, and is used to generate hydroelectricity in the powerhouses below Fall River Mills where the Pit and Fall rivers join, and at Shasta Dam. It is also used extensively for irrigation and conservation purposes.

## Course

The Pit River rises in several forks in Modoc, Lassen and Shasta counties in the northeastern corner of California. The 58-mile (93 km) South Fork Pit River - West Valley Creek - Cedar Creek source originates just southeast of Buck Mountain in the Warner Mountains, in the extreme southeastern corner of the Modoc National Forest 9 miles (14 km) west of the California–Nevada border. The South Fork is formed from the confluence of several creeks in Jess Valley 13 miles (21 km) northeast of Madeline and flows west through a narrow canyon, past Likely, then generally north through a broad ranching valley where its waters are diverted for irrigation and waterfowl conservation via an extensive system of canals.

The 30-mile (48 km) long North Fork - Linnville Creek tributary begins 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of the town of Davis Creek, near Goose Lake. It flows generally south-southwest, joining the South Fork from the north near Alturas. Although Goose Lake is generally considered the terminal sink of an endorheic basin, it will overflow into the Pit River during floods; however this has not occurred since 1881 due to large diversions of water for agriculture.

The combined river flows west-southwest in a winding course across Modoc County, past Canby and through the Modoc National Forest in the narrow Stonecoal Valley Gorge. It turns south to flow past Lookout and into northern Lassen County, past Bieber, to emerge into the ranching region of Big Valley. North of Little Valley it flows into northeast Shasta County and the Shasta National Forest. Then the river reaches Fall River Valley, where it is joined by the Fall River, which is fed by one of the largest freshwater spring systems in the United States. After passing through the town of Fall River Mills, the river drops over Pit River Falls, then enters the head of a long serpentine canyon that cuts through the southern Cascade Range. It then turns south to join the Sacramento River as the eastern arm of Shasta Lake reservoir, approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of Redding. Potem Creek joins the river at Potem Falls. Two major tributaries, Sulanharas Creek and the McCloud River, join the Pit from the north within the lake. The lower 30 miles (48 km) of the river forms the longest of the five arms of Shasta Lake, which is formed by Shasta Dam on the Sacramento downstream from the original confluence.

## Hydrology

Fed by significant volcanic groundwater basins that produce some of the largest contiguous freshwater spring systems in the United States, the middle and lower reaches of the Pit River exhibit a strong year-round flow, in contrast to the highly seasonal nature of most northern California rivers. Before Shasta Dam was built, the Pit contributed as much as 85 percent of the Sacramento River's dry-season flow as measured at Red Bluff, nearly 100 miles (160 km) downstream of their confluence – making the river an important resource for irrigation, and later, hydroelectricity. The upper reaches of the Pit above Fall River Mills are a snow-fed high desert stream with a much more seasonal hydrograph. The lowermost part (Shasta Lake portion) of the Pit River system receives heavy winter rainfall, which mainly contributes to streamflow between November and April. Nevertheless, summer low water flows rarely drop below 2,000 cu ft/s (57 m3/s).

While conducting surveys for irrigation projects in the early 1900s, the U.S. Reclamation Service (now Bureau of Reclamation) noted that the spring-fed Fall River alone contributed a year-round flow of about 1,500 cubic feet per second (42 m3/s), from an aquifer fed in part by Mount Shasta snowmelt. Much of this water rises at what is often called "Thousand Springs" a few miles above Fall River Mills, west of Ahjumawi Lava Springs State Park. Hat Creek and Burney Creek, spring-fed from the Lassen Peak area, supplied a further 900 cubic feet per second (25 m3/s) to the Pit River. The aquifers in the Pit River basin may hold as much as 16 million acre-feet (20 km3) in storage and are consistently replenished by winter precipitation seeping through the watershed's porous volcanic rocks and soils. The water typically emerges at points of lower elevation where the surface layers encounter harder metamorphic and sedimentary rock.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates a stream gage on the Pit River at Montgomery Creek, directly below Pit 7 Dam and above Shasta Lake. This gage measures streamflow from an area of 4,952 square miles (12,830 km2), or 70 percent of the total watershed. The average streamflow between 1966 and 2012 was 4,786 cu ft/s (135.5 m3/s), with a maximum of 73,000 cu ft/s (2,100 m3/s) recorded on January 24, 1970, after heavy rainfall. A short minimum flow of 30 cu ft/s (0.85 m3/s) occurred on July 12, 1975 due to construction work at Pit 7 Powerhouse requiring temporary cessation of releases. The minimum 7-day flow was 989 cubic feet per second (28.0 m3/s), on September 5–12, 1966.

Before the damming of Shasta Lake in the 1940s, the annual flow of the Pit River was about four times the size of the Sacramento at their confluence, making it the true hydrological source of the Sacramento River system. Measured at the mouth, the river's natural discharge likely exceeded 6,000 cubic feet per second (170 m3/s), a figure which includes the McCloud River and Sulanharas Creek contributing about 1,010 cubic feet per second (29 m3/s) of additional flow below the Montgomery Creek gage.

## Dams

The lower course of the Pit River is one of California's most significant hydroelectric rivers, not just because of its consistent perennial flow, but because of its steep drop: in the 50 miles (80 km) between Fall River Mills and Shasta Lake, the Pit descends some 2,200 feet (670 m), or a gradient of 44 ft (13 m) per mile, which is quite considerable for a river of its size. Because of the dependable flow, large reservoirs are not needed to regulate releases for power generation, unlike other major hydroelectric schemes in California. The combined generating capacity of powerhouses on the river and its tributaries is approximately 770 megawatts. As of 2004, the annual generation from main stem powerhouses is approximately 2.64 billion KWh. Including powerhouses on tributaries, the total rises to 3.67 billion KWh, or approximately 13 percent of California's total hydropower.

The first dam on the Pit River proper is Pit 3 Dam, which forms Lake Britton near Burney about 15 miles (24 km) downstream from Fall River Mills. Water is diverted via a 16,000-foot (4,900 m) tunnel to Pit 3 Powerhouse, located on the upper end of Pit 4 Reservoir, formed by Pit 4 Dam. Pit 4 is a much smaller diversion dam, drawing water through a tunnel under Chalk Mountain to Pit 4 Powerhouse on Pit 5 Reservoir. Like Pit 4, Pit 5 is also a small diversion dam with minimal pondage. From here, the water is diverted to an offstream regulating reservoir (Tunnel Reservoir) and then through a tunnel bypassing the Pit River reach known as the "Big Bend" and the eponymous town of Big Bend, to feed Pit 5 Powerhouse. These dams and powerhouses are licensed under the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission as the "Pit 3, 4, and 5 Project", and are operated by Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E)

Below Pit 5 Powerhouse lie two larger concrete arch-gravity dams, Pit 6 and Pit 7. These dams release water directly from the base to generate power, rather than diverting the water through long tunnels. The combined reservoirs flood almost 10 miles (16 km) of the Pit River. Flows for these two dams are supplemented by a diversion from the McCloud River, a tributary of the Pit River. Water is diverted from the McCloud River at Lake McCloud about 20 miles (32 km) south of Mount Shasta, through a tunnel to Iron Canyon Reservoir, and then through another tunnel to the James B. Black Powerhouse, which outlets into the Pit River on the upper end of Pit 6 Reservoir. These facilities are collectively known as the McCloud-Pit Hydroelectric Project and are also operated by PG&E.

The lowermost 30 miles (48 km) of the Pit River are flooded by Shasta Lake, which is formed by Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River about 3 miles (4.8 km) below what was formerly the confluence of the Pit and Sacramento Rivers. Completed in 1945, Shasta is a key component of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Central Valley Project, a primary source of irrigation water in the Central Valley. The lake also floods parts of two Pit River tributaries, the McCloud River and Sulanharas Creek.

There are also multiple hydroelectric schemes on the Pit River's tributaries, such as the Fall River and Hat Creek. The Hat Creek Hydroelectric Project, which consists of two powerhouses on lower Hat Creek built in the early 1920s by Red River Lumber Co., is considered eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The Hat Creek facilities were purchased by PG&E in 1945.

Before environmental regulations enacted in the late 20th and early 21st century, diversions took up to 95 percent of Pit River summer flows, resulting in the dewatering of significant stretches between Fall River Mills and Big Bend. PG&E is now required to maintain base flow in the river at all times, which has led to a reduction in hydroelectric power generation but has greatly improved wildlife habitat and fishing on these sections of the Pit.

## History

### Native Americans

The Pit River is located in historical Achomawi territory, who lived in the area expanding from Big Bend to Goose Lake. Human habitation in this region may date back as far as 12,500 years. The Achomawi (consisting of nine distinct bands) had up to 28 villages in the Pit River area and are considered Palaihnihan speakers, along with the neighboring Atsugewi people who lived along southern tributaries of the Pit such as Burney and Hat Creeks, and the Dixie Valley. Because of the sparse resources of the Pit River's high desert watershed, most natives lived close to the river and subsisted primarily by hunting and fishing. Achomawi moved between hunting camps in summer, consisting of cone-shaped tents covered with tule, and larger wood-frame pit houses in winter. The Pit River is named for the pitfall traps the Achomawi dug to capture game that drank at the river. The name *Achomawi* derives from a Palaihnihan word meaning "people of the river".

Achomawi territory was bordered by that of the Klamath and Modoc to the north, the Shasta to the northwest, the Wintun on the west (in the lower Pit and McCloud River valleys), the Yana on the southwest, Maidu to the south, and Paiute to the east. Most of the local tribes have had social and border disputes since ancient times; the Achomawi and Atsugewi were historically subject to raids by the Klamath and the Modoc who would take prisoners to sell as slaves at The Dalles, Oregon – then a major Native American trading hub on the Columbia River, more than 300 miles (480 km) to the north.

In the early 1800s, armed with horses and firearms obtained by trading with Europeans, the Paiute launched a full-scale attack on the Achomawi, with one raid killing between 200 and 300 people in a camp near modern Fall River Mills. Following this, the Achomawi and other western tribes formed a temporary confederation against the Paiute. After successfully driving off a Paiute attack the next year, a peace treaty was signed. However, in the 1850s tensions grew between the Achomawi and the Modoc, leading to armed conflicts that continued for over twenty years. Despite multiple attempts by leaders on both sides to make peace, "each time the truce was soon broken by irresponsible young fellows whom the chiefs could not control."

### Conflict with Europeans

Native peoples also grew hostile towards Euro-American settlers and traders, who entered the region in great numbers beginning in the mid-19th century, especially during and after the California Gold Rush in 1848. There was little conflict at first with outsiders who were just passing through the area on their way to the Sacramento Valley. However, after white Americans settled near Fall River, conflict broke out. After initial skirmishes, soldiers led by US general George Crook arrived in the area. The natives negotiated a temporary truce with Crook, in the form of a gift of a large number of furs. This was broken the next year, when two settlers were killed by Atsugewi for an unknown reason. In retaliation, a band of white men attacked a native camp at Beaver Creek (near present-day Pittville) killing 160 people, mostly women and children.

The military Pitt River Expeditions against local Indian Tribes occurred during the 1850s. The first expedition in 1850 was mainly an attempt to establish better relations with the indigenous peoples. The second, led by General Crook in 1857, was a military engagement, as the US government decided to forcibly remove the Pit River natives and move them to the Mendocino Indian Reservation (then later the Round Valley Indian Reservation) in Mendocino County. The former enemies of the Achomawi – the Modocs and Klamaths – were also driven out of the region by 1873 with the conclusion of the Modoc War. This is considered to be the point at which the Pit River valley was opened up to large-scale White settlement.

### Irrigation and power

Due to the arid climate, poor soils and rugged topography of the Pit River basin and northeastern California in general, settlement and development of the region was difficult. Ranching became the primary economic activity, thanks to the expansive seasonal grasslands, along with some mining and logging. Although the lower portions of the Pit River contain abundant water, the western watershed is too mountainous for agriculture. On the other hand, the drier eastern part of the watershed contains a number of flat river valleys with deep alluvial soils. Throughout the early part of the 20th century, about 63 reservoirs were built on tributary streams in this region, to support irrigation. Due to limited and uncertain streamflow from these snowfed desert streams, the amount of farmland in the Pit River system remained small, and water rights were a contentious issue. Some of these disputes were resolved in court in the 1930s, with water allocations now managed by the California Department of Water Resources.

In the early 1900s and 1910s the Pit River was identified by the recently formed Reclamation Service (now Bureau of Reclamation) as the most important water source in the upper Sacramento River system; the river provides not only the majority of the annual flow, but nearly the entire dependable summer water supply. One of the first proposals to dam the Pit River was in 1915 and was known as the "Lower Pit River Project". A 139-foot (42 m) dam would have been built across the river at Sheep Rocks, above the confluence with Sulanharas Creek. About one-quarter of the river's flow would be diverted to irrigate some 60,000 acres (24,000 ha) of fertile benchland in the upper Sacramento Valley, east of Redding. The Lower Pit River Project was technically superseded by the Central Valley Project for which Shasta Dam was completed in 1945. Shasta Lake raised the level of the Pit River more than 100 feet (30 m) above the elevation of the proposed Sheep Rocks dam. It also flooded the majority of the Wintun peoples' traditional lands along the Pit and McCloud rivers, still controversial today.

Hydroelectric development of the Pit River system also began early. One of the first major hydroelectric projects was the Hat Creek project, built in 1920 and generating the first power in 1921. The Fall River was developed soon afterwards with a powerhouse coming online by 1922. Pit 3 Dam (Lake Britton) was completed in 1925 and its powerhouse began operation on July 18, 1925. Pit 4 and 5, located further downstream, were completed between the mid-1940s and mid-1950s. The lower Pit River was dammed in the 1960s, forming Reservoirs 6 and 7. A diversion from the McCloud River was also completed during this time to increase water flowing through powerhouses on the Pit River. Pit 2 Powerhouse was planned but never built: due to an error in the topographic maps, the elevation drop between Fall River and Lake Britton, where the powerhouse was to have been situated, was too small for economical power generation.

## Recreation

The Pit River is a well-known trout stream in northern California and is a popular destination for fishing. The river is notorious for its swift, deep water, slippery bed and low visibility, and is considered difficult and dangerous to wade. Flows are fairly consistent year-round, except after storm events, both due to the natural springs feeding the river and regulation by many hydroelectric dams. Fishing has improved since the 2011 relicensing of several PG&E hydroelectric facilities on the river, which required the power company to increase minimum flows on the formerly dewatered river reaches below Dams 3, 4 and 5, and to monitor the health of fish populations in these reaches. The lower Pit is considered a Blue Ribbon fishery.

The river is also a well-known hiking and sightseeing spot, particularly for people looking for waterfalls and bald eagles. Among the most picturesque spots are Potem Falls.

### Notes

1. Combination of Pit 1, 3, 4 and 5, McCloud-Pit and Hat Creek hydroelectric projects.
2.
3.

## Works cited

## InfoBox

| Pit River | |
| --- | --- |
| Waterfalls on the Pit River near Fall River Mills | |
| Map of the Pit River drainage basin, with the historically connected Goose Lake drainage basin indicated in orange. | |
| Etymology | Achomawi pitfall traps |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| District | Modoc, Lassen, & Shasta counties |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Confluence of North and South Forks |
| location | Near Alturas, Modoc County |
| coordinates | 41°28′23″N 120°33′28″W / 41.47306°N 120.55778°W / 41.47306; -120.55778 |
| elevation | 4,350 ft (1,330 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Sacramento River |
| location | Shasta Lake, Shasta County |
| coordinates | 40°45′23″N 122°22′14″W / 40.75639°N 122.37056°W / 40.75639; -122.37056 |
| elevation | 1,066 ft (325 m) |
| Length | 207 mi (333 km) |
| Basin size | 7,064 sq mi (18,300 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Montgomery Creek, above Shasta Lake |
| average | 4,786 cu ft/s (135.5 m3/s) |
| minimum | 30 cu ft/s (0.85 m3/s) |
| maximum | 73,000 cu ft/s (2,100 m3/s) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Ash Creek |
| right | Sulanharas Creek, McCloud River |


title: Seattle (album)

abstract: Seattle is Perry Como's 17th 12" long-play album released by RCA Records. The title track was Como's first Top 40 single in four years; RCA wanted to issue an album featuring the hit single, so this album was compiled consisting mostly of unreleased material from recording sessions held during the previous three years. This was Como's first true attempt at a contemporary 1960s sound. The album's opening track, "Happiness Comes, Happiness Goes", features distorted guitars and swirling organs.

text:
# Seattle (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Seattle*** is Perry Como's 17th 12" long-play album released by RCA Records. The title track was Como's first Top 40 single in four years; RCA wanted to issue an album featuring the hit single, so this album was compiled consisting mostly of unreleased material from recording sessions held during the previous three years. This was Como's first true attempt at a contemporary 1960s sound. The album's opening track, "Happiness Comes, Happiness Goes", features distorted guitars and swirling organs.

## Track listing

Side one

1. "Happiness Comes, Happiness Goes" (Words and music by Al Stillman and Dick Manning)
2. "Nobody But You" (Words and music by Dion O'Brien)
3. "Seattle" (Music by Hugo Montenegro, and words by Ernie Sheldon and Jack Keller)
4. "Turnaround" (Words and music by Alan Green, Harry Belafonte and Malvina Reynolds)
5. "Beady Eyed Buzzard" (Words and music by Eddie Snyder and Richard Ahlert)
6. "Hearts Will Be Hearts" (Words and music by Cindy Walker)

Side Two

1. "That's All This Old World Needs" (Words and music by Bob Tubert and Demetriss Tapp)
2. "Together Forever" (Music by Harvey Schmidt and lyrics by Tom Jones)
3. "Sunshine Wine" (Words and music by Cindy Walker)
4. "Deep In Your Heart" (Words and music by Jan Crutchfield)
5. "Buongiorno Teresa" (Words and music by Dick Manning and Jimmy Lytell)

## InfoBox

| Seattle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Perry Como | |
| Released | January 1969 |
| Recorded | June 23, 1965, June 2, August 22, 24, 1967, June 5, 7, October 7, 10, 1968 |
| Genre | Vocal |
| Label | RCA Records |
| Producer | Andy Wiswell and Chet Atkins |
| Perry Como chronology | |
| *Look to Your Heart*
(1968) ***Seattle***
(1969) *Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel, Las Vegas*
(1970) | |


title: Pholaseius

abstract: Pholaseius is a genus of mites in the Phytoseiidae family.

text:
# Pholaseius

***Pholaseius*** is a genus of mites in the Phytoseiidae family.

## Species

* *Pholaseius colliculatus* Beard, 2001

## InfoBox

| *Pholaseius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Subclass: | Acari |
| Superorder: | Parasitiformes |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Subfamily: | Amblyseiinae |
| Genus: | ***Pholaseius***<br>Beard, 2001 |
|


title: Okatse Canyon Natural Monument

abstract: Okatse Canyon Natural Monument is an Okatse river erosion canyon located in Khoni Municipality, Imereti region of Georgia near village Zeda Gordi at 520 meters above sea level.

text:
# Okatse Canyon Natural Monument

**Okatse Canyon Natural Monument** (Georgian: ოკაცეს კანიონი) is an Okatse river erosion canyon located in Khoni Municipality, Imereti region of Georgia near village Zeda Gordi at 520 meters above sea level.

## Morphology

Okatse Canyon Natural Monument is a 2 kilometers segment of a 14 kilometers long Okatse River. Erosion of river valley created a 3–6 meters wide canyon, in some places 15–20 meters wide. The canyon depth varies from 20 to 100 meters. Canyon has several waterfalls including Kinchkha Waterfall Natural Monument and several tiny lakes, one of them, *Oskapo* is 60 meters long. In some places the canyon walls almost merge and produce natural caverns, one of them named *Boga*, from which the canyon bottom can be seen. Below *Boga*, the depth of the canyon rises to 100 meters. Geologists identified here a tectonic plume rising from the Earth's crust. Therefore the lower part of the river valley is elevated by several tens of meters compared to the middle section of the valley. The valley was blocked by a tectonic fracture and a *Gordian lake* was formed in which clay-sand was deposited. Along the canyon there are several caves from which the karst waters flows into the Okatse River.

## Flora

Canyon valley vegetation benefit from steady water supply and canyon's peculiar microclimate some pretty big trees has grown on it sloping banks, including rare and endangered timber specimens. River valley is covered with forest bushes. Prehistoric flora has been studied by analyzing sediments of canyon's *Gordian lake*, which are 27 meters or more thick. *Gordian lake* sediments from Pleistocene epoch have clear evidences of seasonal precipitation, as each year has pair of corresponding layers. Palynological study revealed remains of archaic, now extinct in this region species of flora including Swamp cypress, Taxodium, Engelhardia, Careya and Tsuga. In the higher layers of the Gordian Lake sediments, traces of these plants was not found, reflecting the climate-induced orogenesis.

## Tourist attractions

From Okatse Canyon visitor center in Gordi village a 6 km long pedestrian passageway starts with 2300 m long stone paved section in *Dadiani historical forest* and leads to the Okatse Canyon checkpoint where the 780 m long hanging cliff trail starts. From here one way ends with the 20m long platform, hanging above canyon and providing panoramic view. This is visitors favorite spot for bird watching and taking selfies. The second 645m long stone paved path with 989 steps of metal stairs smoothly leads to the Okatse river and to the canyon bottom. Here the width of the canyon is not more than 4 meters, while the depth is 50 meters. It is also possible to get from the visitor center to the canyon checkpoint by car or bicycle. Visitors center offers café, souvenirs shop, lockers and parking lot. Okatse Canyon with Kinchkha Waterfall Natural Monument being main attraction there are also *Dadiani forest park* and ruins of *Dadiani castle*.

## InfoBox

| Okatse Canyon Natural Monument | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category III (natural monument or feature) | |
| Okatse Canyon Natural Monument | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Khoni |
| Coordinates | 42°27′04.7″N 42°33′00.2″E / 42.451306°N 42.550056°E / 42.451306; 42.550056 |
| Area | 1.35 km2 (0.52 sq mi) |
| Established | 2007 |
| Governing body | Agency of Protected Areas |
| Website | Okatse Canyon |


title: Pheme Perkins

abstract: Pheme Perkins is a Professor of Theology at Boston College, where she has been teaching since 1972.

text:
# Pheme Perkins

**Pheme Perkins** (born 1945 in Louisville, Kentucky) is a Professor of Theology at Boston College, where she has been teaching since 1972.

## Career

Perkins is a nationally recognized expert on the Greco-Roman cultural setting of early Christianity, as well as the Pauline Epistles and Gnosticism.

Perkins was educated at Harvard University (Ph.D., 1971) and St. John's College (A.B., 1966). She has served as the president for the Catholic Biblical Association of America and was an associate editor of The New Oxford Annotated Bible, Third Edition.

## Bibliography

### Monographs/Commentaries

* *The Gospel of John*. (Read & Pray Series). Chicago: Franciscan Herald, 1975.
* *Reading the New Testament: An Introduction*. New York: Paulist, 1978. Completely rewritten, second edition, 1988.
* *The Gospel of John*. Chicago: Franciscan Herald, 1978.
* *The Johannine Epistles*. (New Testament Message Series). Wilmington, Del: Michael Glazier, 1979; 2nd ed, 1984.
* *The Gnostic Dialogue: The Early Church and the Crisis of Gnosticism*. New York: Paulist, 1980.
* *Hearing the Parables of Jesus*. Ramsey, NJ: Paulist, 1981.
* *Love Commands in the New Testament*. Ramsey, NJ: Paulist, 1982.
* *Ministering in the Pauline Churches*. Ramsey, NJ: Paulist, 1982.
* *Revelation*. (Collegeville Bible Commentaries) Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1983.(Translated into Italian).
* With R. Fuller, *Who Is This Christ?* Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983. (Third printing 1986; Japanese translation, 1991)
* *Lent*. (Proclamation Series 3). Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984.
* *Resurrection: The Early Christian Witness and Contemporary Reflection*. Garden City: Doubleday, 1984.
* *What We Believe: A Biblical Catechism of the Apostles' Creed*. Mahwah: Paulist, 1986.
* "John" and "1,2,3 John", *New Jerome Biblical Commentary*. eds. R. Brown; J. Fitzmyer, & R. Murphy. Englewood: Prentice Hall, 1990.
* *Jesus as Teacher*. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
* *Epiphany: Cycle A*. (Proclamation Series) Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992.
* *Gnosticism and the New Testament*. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993; (Translated into Korean, 2006).
* *Peter. Apostle for the Whole Church*. University of South Carolina Press, 1994.(Award from Choice for distinguished academic book.); paperback edition published by Fortress Press, 2000.
* *First and Second Peter, James and Jude*. Interpretation Commentary Series. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1995. (Translated into Japanese, 1998; translated into Korean, 2005)
* "Gospel of Mark" in *The New Interpreter's Bible*, ed. L. Keck et al.; Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1995, pp. 509–733.
* *Ephesians*. Nashville: Abingdon, 1997.
* “The Letter to the Ephesians,” in *The New Interpreter’s Bible*, ed. L. Keck et al.: Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2000. Vol XI, pp. 251–466.
* *Paul in Asia Minor: Colossians, Ephesians and Philemon*. Nashville: Abingdon, 2001.
* *Abraham’s Divided Children. Galatians and the Politics of Faith*. Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 2001.
* “Commentary on The Pastoral Epistles: 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus,” in J.D.G. Dunn, ed.*Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible*. Minneapolis: Eerdmans, 2003, pp. 1428–1446.
* *Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels*. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007. (Awarded 1st prize in Scripture category by Catholic Publishers Association, Aug. 2008); paperback edition, 2010.
* *1 Corinthians*. Paideia Commentary Series; Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2012.
* *Reading the New Testament*. 3rd edition revised. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist, 2012.
* *1 Peter*. Wisdom Commentary series, ed. B. Reid. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, forthcoming.
* *Philippians, Philemon and Colossians*. Illumination Commentary Series. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, forthcoming.
* *Commentary on the Gospel of Thomas*. New Haven: Yale University Press, forthcoming.
* *Christians and Their Gospels: Gospels and Christian Communities in the First Three Centuries*. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, forthcoming.

### Articles

* "The Spirit in Our Weakness: Religious Experience in Pauline Theology," *New Dimensions in Religious Experience*. G. Devine. Staten Island, Alba House, 1971, 123–40.
* "The Soteriology of the Sophia of Jesus Christ," *SBL Seminar Papers*. SBL, 1971,
* "Apocalyptic Schematization in the Apocalypse of Adam and the Gospel of the Egyptians," *SBL Annual Meeting Proceedings*, Society of Biblical Literature, 1972, 591–99.
* "Ut Mireris: Origins, Traditions and Ideologies in the Study of Ancient Literary Genres," *Working Papers: Task Force on the Genre Gospel*, Society of Biblical Literature, 1973, 149–73.
* "Peter in Gnostic Revelation," *SBL Seminar Papers* vol. 2, Society of Biblical Literature, 1974, 1–13.
* "Metaphor and Community," *American Ecclesiastical Review*, 169 (1975) 270–81.
* "Irenaeus and the Gnostics," *Vigiliae Christianae* 30 (1976) 193–200.
* "Interpreting Parables," ed. G. Durka and J.M. Smith, *Emerging Issues in Religious Education*. New York: Paulist, 1976, 149–72.
* "The Genre and Function of the Apocalypse of Adam," *Catholic Biblical Quarterly* 39 (1977) 382–95.
* "Peter's Pentecost Sermon: A Limitation on Who May Minister...?" ed. A. Swidler & L. Swidler, *Women Priests*, New York: Paulist, 1977, 156–58.
* "The Rebellion Myth in Gnostic Apocalypses," *SBL Seminar Papers*. Society of Biblical Literature, 1978, 15–30.
* "The Missionary Character of the Church in the New Testament," ed. N. Greinbacher & A. Muller, *Evangelization in the World Today*. (Concilium 114). New York: Seabury, 1979, 1–7.
* "Interpreting Scriptures through the Ages," *Catholic Charismatic* 4 (1979) 4–8.
* "How Catholics View the Bible," *Liguorian*, June 1980.
* "Peter, Paul and the Shape of Early Christian Leadership," *New Catholic World*, 223 (1980) 213–16.
* "On the Origin of the World (CG II,5): A Gnostic Physics," *Vigiliae Christianae* 34 (1980) 36–46.
* "Pronouncement Stories in the Gospel of Thomas," *Semeia* 20 (1981) 121–32.
* "Logos Christologies in the Nag Hammadi Codices," *Vigiliae Christianae* 35 (1981)
* "Deceiving the Deity: Self-Transcendence and the Numinous in Gnosticism," ed. L. Rooner, *Transcendence and the Sacred*. Notre Dame: Notre Dame, 1981, 138–58.
* "Gnostic Christologies and the New Testament," *Catholic Biblical Quarterly* 43 (1981) 590–606.
* "Parables and the Vision of Discipleship," *New Catholic World* 225 (1982) 20–23.
* "Johannine Traditions in the Ap. Jas. (NHC I,2)," *Journal of Biblical Literature* 101 (1982) 403–14.
* "Nag Hammadi and the New Testament," *TSF Bulletin* 6 (1982) 6–7.
* "An Ailment of Childhood: Spiritual Pediatrics for Adults," ed. F. Eigo. *Dimensions of Spirituality*. Villanova: Villanova, 1983, 95–115.
* "Gnosis and the Life of the Spirit: The Price of Pneumatic Order," ed. W. Thompson and J. Kirby, *Eric Voeglin: A Theological Appraisal*. Toronto: Edwin Mellen, 1983, 222–52.
* "Sophia and the Mother-Father: The Gnostic Goddess," ed. C. Olsen. *The Book of the Goddess. Past and Present*. New York: Crossroad, 1983, 97–109.
* "James 3:16-4:3," *Interpretation* 37 (1982) 283–87.
* "Gnosticism," *Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1983
* "Nag Hammadi and the New Testament," *Bible Today* (1983)
* "Koinonia in 1 Jn 1:3-7: The Social Context of Division in the Johannine Letters," *Catholic Biblical Quarterly* 45 (1983) 631–41.
* "Gnosticism as a Christian Heresy" and "Docetism", *Encyclopedia of Religion*. New York: Macmillan (Free Press)
* "Power in the New Testament," *Proceedings of the 37th Annual Convention*, CTSA, ed. L. Salem. Catholic Theological Society of America, 1982, 83–89.
* "Paul and Ethics," *Interpretation* 38 (1984) 268–80.
* "New Testament Ethics: Questions and Contexts," *Religious Studies Review* 10 (1984) 321–27.
* "Taxes in the New Testament," *Journal of Religious Ethics* 12 (1984) 182–200.
* "Reconciliation in the New Testament," *New Catholic World* 227 (1984) 25–27.
* "Women and Discipleship in the New Testament," *National Catholic Reporter* Apr. 13, 1984, 16–17.
* "The Relationship between the Bible, Oriental Studies and Archaeology from the Perspective of a Biblical Scholar," ed. L Geraty. *A Symposium on the Relationship between the Bible, Oriental Studies and Archaeology. Occasional Papers of the Horn Archaeological Museum*. No 3. Berrien Springs: Andrews University, 1984, 1–10.
* "Reconciling the Resurrection," *Commonweal* Apr. 5, 1985, 202–05.
* "Resurrection: The Importance of Believing the Impossible," *Washington Post*. Arp. 7, 1985. Outlook Section F1,F5.
* Miscellaneous articles, (approx. 123), *Harper's Bible Dictionary*. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985.
* "Biblical Studies: Looking Toward the Future," ed. M. Ward. *A Companion to the Bible*. Staten Island: Alba House, 1985, 407–19.
* "God in the New Testament: Preliminary Soundings," *Theology Today* 42 (1985) 332–41.
* "The New Testament -- The Church's Book ??!" *Catholic Theological Society of American Proceedings* 40/1985, 36–53.
* "Pauline Anthropology in the Light of Nag Hammadi," *CBQ* 48 (1986) 512–22.
* "Johannine Literature: From Text to Community," *The Biblical Heritage in Modern Catholic Scholarship*. ed. J.J. Collins & J.D. Crossan; Delaware: Michael Glazier, 1986, 184–210.
* "Christianity and World Religions: New Testament Questions," *Interpretation* 40 (1986) 367–78.
* "John, the Letters of," *The Books of the Bible*. ed. B. Anderson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989
* "1 Thessalonians," *Harper's Bible Commentary*. ed. J. Mays. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988,
* "2 Thessalonians," Harper's Bible Commentary. ed. J. Mays. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988,
* "The General Epistles," *Harper's Bible Commentary*. ed. J. Mays. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988,
* "Gnosticism," *NJBC* (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1990)
* "New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels," *NJBC* (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1990)
* "Re-visioning the Teaching of Scripture," *Current Issues in Catholic Higher Education* 7/2 (Winter 1987),
* "Ordering the Cosmos: Ireneus and the Gnostics," *Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and Early Christianity* ed. Charles Hedrick and Robert Hodgson; Peabody: Hendrickson, 1986, 221–38.
* "Marriage in the New Testament and Its World," *Commitment to Partnership. Explorations of the Theology of Marriage*; ed. W.P. Roberts. Mahwah: Paulist, 1987, 5-30.
* "Women in the Bible and Its World," *Interpretation* 42 (1988) 33–44.
* "Gnosticism," *New Dictionary of Theology*, ed. J. Komonchak; Wilmington: Glazier, 1987, 421–23.
* "Gnosticism," *Encyclopedia of Early Christianity* ed. E. Ferguson, New York: Garland, 1990
* "Jesus: God's Wisdom," *Word and World* 7 (1987) 273–80.
* "The Theory of the Will in Classical Antiquity," *RSR* 13 (Oct. 1987) 318–20.
* "Christology, Friendship and Status: The Rhetoric of Philippians," *SBL 1987 Seminar Papers* ed. K. Richards; Atlanta: Scholars, 1987, 509–20.
* "The Rejected Jesus and the Kingdom Sayings," *Semeia* 44 (1988), 79–94.
* "Biblical Traditions and Women's Experience," *America* 157 (Oct. 31, 1987) 294–96.
* "Theological Implications of New Testament Pluralism," *CBQ* 50 (1988) 5-23.
* "Sophia as Goddess in the Nag Hammadi Codices," *The Feminine in Gnosticism*. ed. K. King. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988,
* "Christology and Mission: Matthew 28:16-20," *Listening* 24 (1989) 302–09.
* "1 Thessalonians and Hellenistic Religious Practices," *To Touch the Text* (Festschrift for J. Fitzmyer, edited by P. Kobelski and M. Hogan; New York: Crossroad, 1989) 325–34.
* "Scripture as Source of Renewal," *Themes of Renewal*. eds. M. Helwig, J. Breslin & J. Holt. Washington: Georgetown University, 1989
* "Scripture in Theology," *Faithful Witness. Foundations of Theology for Today's Church* (festschrift for A. Dulles. ed. L. O'Donovan & H. Sanks. New York: Crossroad, 1989) 117–31.
* "Confirmation: New Testament Perspectives," *Liturgy Training Publications*. ed. J. Wilde. Archdiocese of Chicago. 1989.
* "Luke," *The Catholic Study Bible*: New American Bible. ed. D. Senior. (New York: Oxford, 1990) 417–37.
* "Acts," *Catholic Study Bible*, 451–69.
* "John," *Catholic Study Bible*, 437–51.
* "Hope," Advent 1988. *National Catholic News Service*
* "New Testament Ethics," *Anchor Bible Dictionary*. ed. D. N. Freedman. Garden City: Doubleday, 1992
* "Crisis in Jerusalem? Narrative Criticism in New Testament Studies," *Theological Studies* 50 (1989) 296–313.
* "Commentaries: Windows to the Text," *Theology Today* 47 (1990) 393–98.
* "John's Gospel and Gnostic Christologies: The Nag Hammadi Evidence," *Christ and His Communities. Essays in Honor of Reginald H. Fuller* (ed. A. Hultgren and B. Hall; Cincinnati: Forward Movement Publications, 1990) 68–76.
* "Beauty, Number and Loss of Order in the Gnostic Cosmos," *Neoplatonism and Gnosticism* (Studies in Neoplatonism vol. 6; ed. R. Baine Harris; Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991) 281–300.
* "Philippians. Theology for the Heavenly Politeuma," *Pauline Theology* Vol. I (ed. J. Bassler; Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991) 89–104.
* "New Testament Christologies in Gnostic Transformation," *The Future of Early Christianity. Essays in Honor of Helmut Koester* (ed. B. Pearson; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991) 433–41.
* "Gender Analysis: A Response to Antoinette Clark Wire," *Social History of the Matthean Community. Cross-Disciplinary Approaches* (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991) 122–26.
* Introductions and notes for "1,2,3 John; 1,2 Peter, James, Jude" in *New Oxford Annotated Bible* (ed. B. Metzger; New York: Oxford, 1991)
* "1 Thessalonians," *Women's Bible Commentary* (C. Newsome & S. Ringe eds; Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1992)
* "Philemon," *Women's Bible Commentary*
* "Philippians," *Women's Bible Commentary*
* "The Gnostic Eve," *Old Testament Women in Western Literature* (eds. J. Frontain & J. Wojcik; Conway, Ak.: CUA Press, 1991) 38–67.
* "\`I Have Seen the Lord...' (John 20:18). Women Witnesses to the Resurrection" *Interpretation* 46 (1992) 31–41.
* "God's Love on the Cross," *Living Pulpit* 1 (1992)
* "Canon, Paradigms and Progress? Reflections on Essays by Rendtorff, Sugirtharajah and Clines," *Biblical Interpretation* 1 (1993) 88–95.
* "Commentary on Harold Attridge, Gnostic Platonism," *The Proceedings of the Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy* Vol VII (1991) Ed. John Cleary, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993, 30–35.
* "Christology and the Resurrection," *Christology in Dialogue* Ed. R.F. Berkey & Sarah A. Edwards; Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1993, 173–81.
* "Response to D.A. Carson, New Bible Translations. An Assessment and Prospect," *The Bible in the Twenty-First Century*. Ed. H.C. Kee; New York: American Bible Society, 1993, 84–88.
* "Review of P.M. Casey, From Jewish Prophet to Gentile God," *Biblica* 73 (1992) 430–34.
* "Matthew 28:16-20, Resurrection, Ecclesiology and Mission," *Society of Biblical Literature 1993 Seminar Papers*. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993,
* "Apocalyptic and the Love Command," *Love Commands in the New Testament*. Ed. L. Swartley. Nashville: Westminster/John Knox, 1992
* "The Resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth," in B. Chilton & C.A. Evans eds. *Studying the Historical Jesus*. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994, pp. 423–42.
* "Does the New Testament Have an Economic Message?" in P. Schervish ed. *Wealth in Western Thought*. Westport: Praeger, 1994, pp. 43–64.
* "Commentary on the Gospel of Thomas," in E. Schussler-Fiorenza ed. *Searching the Scriptures* 2. A Feminist Commentary. New York: Crossroad, 1994
* "Preaching the Old Testament in the New," *Preaching Academy Journal Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia* (1994)
* "Book Roundup: Preaching Luke" *Church* 10 (1994) 51–54.
* "Gnosticism," *Dictionary of Fundamental Theology*. New York: Crossroad, 1994
* "Jesus and Ethics," *Theology Today* 52 (1995) 49–65.
* "Resurrection of Christ," *Encyclopedia of Catholicism*. Ed. R. McBrien; San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1995, 1108–1110.
* “Spirit and Letter: Poking Holes in the Canon,” *Journal of Religion* (1996) 307–27.
* Review essay on “Faith and Contexts. Volume Three Further Essays 1952-1990. By Walter J. Ong,” *Religion & Literature* 28 (1996) 123–27.
* “The Synoptic Gospels and Acts,” *Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation*. ed. J. Barton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 241–58.
* “Ephesians: An Introduction,” *The Bible Today* 36 (1998) 341–47.
* “Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles,” in Mark Powell ed. *The New Testament Today*. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1998, pp. 121–33.
* “Christ in Jude and 2 Peter,” *Who Do You Say that I Am? Essays on Christology in honor of Jack Dean Kingsbury*. ed. Mark Allan Powell and David R. Bauer. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1999, 155–65.
* “Identification with the Savior in Coptic Texts from Nag Hammadi,” in Carey C. Newman, James R. Davila and Gladys S. Lewis eds. *The Jewish Roots of Christological Monotheism. Papers from the Saint Andrews Conference on the Historical Origins of the Worship of Jesus*. Leiden: Brill, 1999, 166–84.
* “If Jerusalem Stood: The Destruction of Jerusalem and Christian Anti-Judaism” *Biblical Interpretation* 8 (2000) 194–204
* “Mary in the Gospels: A Question of Focus,” *Theology Today* 56 (1999) 297–306.
* “God, Cosmos and Church Universal. The Theology of Ephesians,” *Society of Biblical Literature 2000 Seminar Papers*. Atlanta: SBL, 2000, pp. 721ff.
* Study articles on: “Gospels”, “Epistles”, “Canon and Canons: Christian Bibles”, “Interpretation of the Bible: Inner-Biblical: Christian,” “Texts and Versions,” “Cultural Context: Roman Period” in *New Oxford Annotated Bible*. Third Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; Fourth edition, 2010.
* “Finding Joy in the Lord,” *Quarterly Review* 22 (2002) 199–207.
* “New Testament Eschatology and Dominus Iesus” in S. Pope, ed. Sic et Non. *Encountering Dominus Iesus*, Orbis Press, 2002, pp. 80–88.
* “Introduction and notes to James” in *New Interpreter’s Study Bible*. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2003.
* “Patched Garments and Ruined Wine: Whose Folly?” in Mary Ann Beavis ed. *The Lost Coin. Parables of Women, Work and Wisdom*. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 124–35.
* “Gnosticism and the Christian Bible,” in Lee M. McDonald and Peter W. Flint eds. *The Canon Debate*. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002, pp.. 355–71.
* “Women in the New Testament Church: Real or Memorex” in F. Eigo, ed. *Themes in Feminist Theology for the New Millennium* (II) Villanova: Villanova University, 2003, pp. 152–87.
* “Being of One Mind... (Phil 2.2)” Apostolic Authority, Persuasion, and Koinonia in New Testament Christianity,”in S. Pope ed. *Common Calling. The Laity and the Governance of the Catholic Church*. Georgetown University Press, 2004, pp. 25-38.
* “Peter. How a Flawed Disciple became Jesus’ Successor,” *Bible Review* 20 (Feb. 2004) 12-23.
* “Jesus Encounters Intercessors,” *Bible Today* (Jan-Feb 2005) 15
* Essays on “Luke,” “Acts” and “John”, *Catholic Study Bible*. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University, 2005
* “Christian Books and Sethian Revelations,” in L. Painchaud and P.-H. Poirier, eds., *Coptica—Gnostica—Manichaeica. Melanges offerts à W-P Funk*. BCNH “Etudes” 7; Quebec: Universite Press Laval, 2006.
* “Gnostic Revelation and Johannine Sectarianism. Reading 1 John from the Perspective of Nag Hammadi,” in ed. G. Van Belle, J.G. van der Watt and P. Maritz. *Theology and Christology in the Fourth Gospel*. BETL CLXXIV; Louvain: Peeters, 2005, pp. 245–76.
* “A Gnostic Gospel? Title and Genre in the Nag Hammadi Collection,” *ARC* 33 (2005) 6-22.
* “Adam, Apocalypse of” in *New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible*. A-C. K. Sackanfeld, ed. Nashville: Abingdon, 2006
* “Coptic, language,” in *New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible*. A-C. K. Sackanfeld, ed. Nashville: Abingdon, 2006.
* “Resurrection and Christology Are They Related?” *Israel’s God and Rebecca’s Children. Essays in Honor of Larry W. Hurtado & Alan F. Segal*. Edited by David B. Capes, April D. DeConick, Helen K. Bond and Troy A. Miller; Baylor: Baylor University Press, 2007, 67–75.
* “Gnosticism,” in *New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible*. D-G. K. Sackanfeld, ed. Nashville: Abingdon, 2007.
* “Resurrection of Jesus,” in *Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus*. Craig Evans, ed. New York: Routledge, 2008, 498–505.
* “What Is a Gnostic Gospel?” *Catholic Biblical Quarterly* 71 (2009) 104–128.
* “To the Jews as a Jew” (1 Cor 9:20): Paul and Jewish Identity,” *Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations* 4 (2009) 1-10.
* “Schism and Heresy. Identity, cracks, and canyons in early Christianity,” in *Routledge Encyclopedia of 2nd and 3rd Century Christianity*. Ed. J. Bingham; New York: Routledge, 2010, pp. 227–38.
* “Ephesians, Epistle to the,” *The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity*. Ed.D. Patte; Cambridge University Press (2010), 369–70.
* “Jude,” *The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity*. Ed.D. Patte; Cambridge University Press (2010), 665.
* “Peter, the Apostle,” *The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity*. Ed.D. Patte; Cambridge University Press (2010), 947–48.
* “Ephesians,” translation in *The Common English Version (New Testament)*. Nashville: Abingdon, 2010.
* “The Resurrection of Jesus,” in T. Holman and Porter, eds. *Handbook of the Historical Jesus*. 4 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 2011) 2409–2432.
* “Christology of Matthew,” *Bible Today* 49 (2011)
* “Imagining the Kingdom: Jesus Tells Parables,” *Bible Today* 49 (2011) 223–227.
* “Gender and the Body of Christ: Problems in 1 Corinthians,” *Method and Meaning. Essays on New Testament Interpretation in Honor of Harold W. Attridge*. Andrew B. McGowan & Kent H. Richards, eds; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011, pp. 487–99.
* “Adam and Christ in the Pauline Epistles,” in P. Spitaler, ed. *Celebrating Paul. Festschrift in Honor of Jerome Murphy-O’Connor and Joseph A. Fitzmyer*. CBQMS 48; Washington DC: Catholic Biblical Association, 2012, pp. 128–151.
* "Jewish Christian Gospels: Primitive Tradition Imagined," in J. Schröter, ed. *The Apocryphal Gospels within the Context of Early Christian Theology.* CBL LX, July 26–28, 2011. Leuven: Peeters, 2012.
* “The Watchers Traditions in the Apocraphon of John. *Fallen Angels and the Arrogant Creator in Gnostic Mythology*. in A. Harkins et al., eds. *The Fallen Angels Tradition. Second Temple Developments and Reception History*. CBQMS 53. Washington DC: Catholic Bible Association of America, 2014, pp. 139–156.


title: Yliopistonkatu (Helsinki)

abstract: Yliopistonkatu is a street in the Kluuvi district of Helsinki, Finland leading east to west. It runs from Unioninkatu at the corner of the Senate Square to Mikonkatu. It was formerly part of Hallituskatu, which at the time led from Mariankatu to Mikonkatu and made a small turn at the Senate Square. The part of Hallituskatu west of Unioninkatu was renamed as Yliopistonkatu in 1995. There are many buildings of the University of Helsinki along Yliopistonkatu. The eastern part of the street runs between the main building of the university and the National Library of Finland, but both only have a side door leading to the street. At the middle of the street are Porthania and the administrative building of the university located opposite each other. At the corner of Vuorikatu was the Heimola house, which was dismantled in the late 1960. The Parliament of Finland assembled there before the current Parliament House was built. The part of Yliopistonkatu at Porthania is a pedestrian street. Yliopistonkatu continues to the west as the slightly narrower pedestrian street Ateneuminkuja running between the Ateneum and Aikatalo buildings from Mikonkatu to Keskuskatu.

text:
# Yliopistonkatu (Helsinki)

**Yliopistonkatu** (Swedish: *Universitetsgatan*, both meaning "University Street") is a street in the Kluuvi district of Helsinki, Finland leading east to west. It runs from Unioninkatu at the corner of the Senate Square to Mikonkatu. It was formerly part of Hallituskatu, which at the time led from Mariankatu to Mikonkatu and made a small turn at the Senate Square. The part of Hallituskatu west of Unioninkatu was renamed as Yliopistonkatu in 1995.

There are many buildings of the University of Helsinki along Yliopistonkatu. The eastern part of the street runs between the main building of the university and the National Library of Finland, but both only have a side door leading to the street. At the middle of the street are Porthania and the administrative building of the university located opposite each other. At the corner of Vuorikatu was the Heimola house, which was dismantled in the late 1960. The Parliament of Finland assembled there before the current Parliament House was built.

The part of Yliopistonkatu at Porthania is a pedestrian street.

Yliopistonkatu continues to the west as the slightly narrower pedestrian street Ateneuminkuja running between the Ateneum and Aikatalo buildings from Mikonkatu to Keskuskatu.

60°10.19′N 24°56.91′E / 60.16983°N 24.94850°E / 60.16983; 24.94850


title: WBC Spartak Noginsk

abstract: WBC Spartak Noginsk is a Russian women's basketball club from Noginsk, Moscow Oblast founded in 1949. During the Soviet era it was the women's basketball section of Spartak Moscow. The team between 1977 and 1982 won three Ronchetti Cups and one Soviet Championship. It played one further Ronchetti Cup final in 1983, and it was the championship's runner-up in seven occasions between 1968 and 1982, second to Daugava Riga. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union the team was relocated from Moscow to nearby Podolsk and changed its name, competing in the new Russian Premier League as Concern Podolsk. In 1997 it settled in Noginsk, changing its name to Spartakademklub, which was subsequently shortened to Spartak. Since 2009 it has been a regular of the FIBA Eurocup.

text:
# WBC Spartak Noginsk

**WBC Spartak Noginsk** is a Russian women's basketball club from Noginsk, Moscow Oblast founded in 1949. During the Soviet era it was the women's basketball section of Spartak Moscow. The team between 1977 and 1982 won three Ronchetti Cups and one Soviet Championship. It played one further Ronchetti Cup final in 1983, and it was the championship's runner-up in seven occasions between 1968 and 1982, second to Daugava Riga.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union the team was relocated from Moscow to nearby Podolsk and changed its name, competing in the new Russian Premier League as **Concern Podolsk**. In 1997 it settled in Noginsk, changing its name to **Spartakademklub**, which was subsequently shortened to Spartak. Since 2009 it has been a regular of the FIBA Eurocup.

## Titles

## InfoBox

| Spartak Noginsk | |
| --- | --- |
| Leagues | Russian Premier League |
| Founded | 1949 |
| Arena | Znamya Sports Hall |
| Location | Noginsk, Russia |
| Team colors | Red |
| President | Vladimir Leptev |
| Head coach | Sergey Erofeyev |
| Website | spartaknoginsk.ucoz.com |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pit Stop (2013 film)

abstract: Pit Stop is a 2013 American drama film directed by Yen Tan. The film tells the story of two gay men in a small town in Texas.

text:
# Pit Stop (2013 film)

***Pit Stop*** is a 2013 American drama film directed by Yen Tan. The film tells the story of two gay men in a small town in Texas.

## Plot introduction

The majority of the film involves the men's past relationships and struggles of being gay in a small Southern town.

## Cast

The film stars Bill Heck and Marcus DeAnda as Gabe and Ernesto, the protagonists. The film also stars Amy Seimetz as Gabe's ex-wife Shannon and Alfredo Maduro as Ernesto's former partner Luis, both of whom are still involved in their ex-partners' lives.

## Premiere

*Pit Stop* premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. It was released digitally on January 7, 2014, and on DVD on February 4, 2014, by Wolfe Releasing.

## Awards

The film won the Texas Grand Jury Prize at the 2013 Dallas International Film Festival and the Louise LeQuire Award for Best Screenplay at the 2013 Nashville Film Festival.

## InfoBox

| Pit Stop | |
| --- | --- |
| Official release poster | |
| Directed by | Yen Tan |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | HutcH |
| Edited by | Don Swaynos |
| Music by | Curtis Glenn Heath |
| Production<br>companies |  |
| Distributed by | Wolfe Releasing |
| Release dates | * January 21, 2013 (2013-01-21) (Sundance) * January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07) (United States) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Seattle-style hot dog

abstract: A Seattle-style hot dog, locally referred to as a Seattle Dog, is a hot dog served in a bun slathered with cream cheese. In Seattle the dogs are sold from food carts, especially outside stadiums on game day and as a late-night meal outside the city's music venues.

text:
# Seattle-style hot dog

A **Seattle-style hot dog**, locally referred to as a **Seattle Dog**, is a hot dog served in a bun slathered with cream cheese. In Seattle the dogs are sold from food carts, especially outside stadiums on game day and as a late-night meal outside the city's music venues.

## History

The Seattle-style hot dog was invented in 1989 in the Pioneer Square neighborhood by Hadley Long, a vegetarian food vendor from Ohio, who operated a bagel cart on the sidewalk between the Central Saloon and J&M Cafe and Cardroom. Long originally served only vegetarian bagels and toppings from his cart, but soon gave in to late-night demand for meat by adding hot dogs to his existing bagels and cream cheese. He sourced bialy-style buns from the Bagel Deli on Capitol Hill and spread both sides with cream cheese before adding a hot dog, naming his new recipe and cart **Hadley's Bagel Dogs**.

Seattle Dogs increased in popularity at bars and music venues during the grunge movement of the 1990s. In 1999, *The Stranger* favorably reviewed the hot dog stand outside The Showbox, seemingly the first mention of cream cheese hot dogs by local media.

Seattle-style hot dogs are now often sold at bars and their surrounding street vendors at night. They are also available at and near the city's sporting venues. A vendor told *Seattle Weekly* that he believed large crowds visiting stands outside of Safeco Field during the Seattle Mariners 2001 116–46 season was "the big boom" for the recipe.

In Everett, a cart began selling Seattle-style dogs outside Comcast Arena in 2009. The Seattle Mariners began serving Seattle Dogs at the Hit it Here Café inside Safeco Field during the 2010 season.

James Beard Award-winning Seattle chef Renee Erickson features an $18 hot dog on the menu of the Deep Dive bar at the Amazon Spheres. The gourmet take on the Seattle Dog is dressed with whipped cream cheese, pickled jalapeños, pickled red onions, and pink salmon roe caviar.

## Preparation

The meat is typically grilled and the hoagie roll or bun is usually toasted.

The use of cream cheese defines the Seattle-style hot dog. Sellers sometimes use pistol-grip sauce dispensers to quickly add the thick cream cheese. The owner of Dante's Inferno Dogs says that he was the first to introduce their use.

Grilled onions are one of the most popular additions. Other toppings include jalapeños and other peppers, sauerkraut or grilled cabbage, and scallions. Condiments such as mustard (American yellow or spicy brown), barbecue sauce, and Sriracha sauce are favorites, while ketchup is used less often.

## InfoBox

Seattle-style hot dog
| A Seattle-style hot dog | |
| --- | --- |
| Alternative names |  |
| Type | Hot dog |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Region or state | Seattle |
| Associated cuisine | Street food |
| Created by | * Hadley Long * Hadley's Bagel Dogs |
| Invented | 1989 |
| Main ingredients | Cream cheese, hot dog, bun (originally a bialy roll) |
| Variations | Sautéed onions |


title: Phyllonorycter adenocarpi

abstract: Phyllonorycter adenocarpi is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the Iberian Peninsula. The wingspan is about 8 mm. Adults are on wing in May and August in two generations in western Europe. The larvae feed on Adenocarpus hispanicus. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Phyllonorycter adenocarpi

***Phyllonorycter adenocarpi*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the Iberian Peninsula.

The wingspan is about 8 mm. Adults are on wing in May and August in two generations in western Europe.

The larvae feed on *Adenocarpus hispanicus*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter adenocarpi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. adenocarpi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter adenocarpi***<br>(Staudinger, 1863) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lithocolletis adenocarpi* Staudinger, 1863 | |


title: Olchowiec, Krasnystaw County

abstract: Olchowiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żółkiewka, within Krasnystaw County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Olchowiec, Krasnystaw County

**Olchowiec** \[ɔlˈxɔvʲɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żółkiewka, within Krasnystaw County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Olchowiec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Olchowiec | |
| Coordinates: 50°55′43″N 22°54′34″E / 50.92861°N 22.90944°E / 50.92861; 22.90944 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Krasnystaw |
| Gmina | Żółkiewka |


title: Phillip Parotti

abstract: Phillip Elliott Parotti is an American fiction writer and educator. Parotti was born in Silver City, New Mexico, the son of Abramo Angelo Parotti, a college professor, and Jerry Ann, a pianist. He married Shirley Brewer in 1964. A former U.S. naval officer, Dr. Parotti was a literature professor at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas, from 1972 until his retirement in 2004, and was the fiction editor of Texas Review from 1976-1984. Besides his novels, he has had short fiction published in a number of periodicals. His three mytho-historical novels, The Greek Generals Talk, The Trojan Generals Talk, and Fires in the Sky, all relate to the Trojan War, and have all been critically well received.

text:
# Phillip Parotti

**Phillip Elliott Parotti** (born May 18, 1941) is an American fiction writer and educator.

Parotti was born in Silver City, New Mexico, the son of Abramo Angelo Parotti, a college professor, and Jerry Ann (née Elliott), a pianist. He married Shirley Brewer in 1964. A former U.S. naval officer, Dr. Parotti was a literature professor at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas, from 1972 until his retirement in 2004, and was the fiction editor of *Texas Review* from 1976-1984. Besides his novels, he has had short fiction published in a number of periodicals. His three mytho-historical novels, *The Greek Generals Talk*, *The Trojan Generals Talk*, and *Fires in the Sky*, all relate to the Trojan War, and have all been critically well received.

## Selected bibliography

* *The Greek Generals Talk: Memoirs of the Trojan War* (1986).
* *The Trojan Generals Talk: Memoirs of the Greek War* (1988).
* *Fires in the Sky* (1990).
* "Splinter on the Tide" (2021).
* "A Cast of Falcons" (2021).
* "In the Shadows of Guadalcanal" (2022) Winner of the Arizona-New Mexico Book Award for Historical Fiction.
* "Riders Upon the Storm" (2023).
* "Through Bitter Seas" (2023).

1. *Contemporary Authors*, Vol. 161 (Gale Research Co., 1998: ISBN 0-7876-1994-9), p. 297.

## Sources

* *Literature Resource Centre*, Sam Houston State University website.