title: Markus Åkesson

abstract: Markus Åkesson is a Swedish artist working with painting and glass sculpture. He lives and works in Nybro, Sweden with his wife, the ceramist Ellen Ehk. His painting studio is in the former Glass Factory at Pukeberg in Nybro and he collaborates with the glass studio Kosta Boda. He is one of the most prominent international painters in the neo-figurative style. He is represented by Galerie Da-End in Paris, Berg Gallery in Stockholm and by VIDA Museum & Konsthall on Öland in Sweden. His works are represented in private and public collections such as The Alice L. Walton Foundation, The Lord James Palumbo Collection, Jacques-Antoine Granjon Collection, and Foundation Francés.

text:
# Markus Åkesson

**Markus Åkesson** (born 10 July 1975) is a Swedish artist working with painting and glass sculpture. He lives and works in Nybro, Sweden with his wife, the ceramist Ellen Ehk. His painting studio is in the former Glass Factory at Pukeberg in Nybro and he collaborates with the glass studio Kosta Boda. He is one of the most prominent international painters in the neo-figurative style.

He is represented by Galerie Da-End in Paris, Berg Gallery in Stockholm and by VIDA Museum & Konsthall on Öland in Sweden. His works are represented in private and public collections such as The Alice L. Walton Foundation, The Lord James Palumbo Collection, Jacques-Antoine Granjon Collection, and Foundation Francés.

## Early life and education

Åkesson was born in the small village of Sporsjö outside of Kalmar in South-East Sweden surrounded by seemingly boundless forests, making it impossible to grasp the horizon. His father worked as a forester, and his mother, a homemaker. Åkesson was the youngest of four boys and spent many childhood hours drawing the world around him, nurtured by the universes of comic books in which he had a great interest. He is passionate about myths and magic, and is especially fond of the forest that makes them almost real. Growing up surrounded by woods, this magical environment has been Markus' primary source of inspiration since a young age, encouraging his imagination and keeping its mystery, beauty and ancient lore alive. In an interview with Johanna Sandell from the book, Insomnia, Åkesson says "To anyone who knows my history, it’s not difficult to see connections \[to my childhood\] in my paintings. I grew up in the countryside, in the forest. I played a lot on my own, I was always out in the forest and I drew a lot".

Not coming from an artistic family, Åkesson’s creativity manifested itself in the ways that came most naturally in his world. In high school, he studied to be a mechanic and spent his free time airbrushing designs on cars and motorcycles. Growing up in the heart of Sweden's "Crystal Kingdom" it was natural for the artistically inclined to gravitate towards work in the glass industry, and as an adult, he found a job as a crystal engraver in a nearby factory.

Unlike many of his Scandinavian peers, Åkesson has limited formal academic training. He studied briefly at Ölands Folkhögskola, but is otherwise self-taught, taking most of his cues from history, philosophy, and literature. In this period, his culture expands at a great speed, and he discovers the work of other figurative artists like Lucian Freud, Michaël Borremans or Jenny Saville.

## Paintings

Åkesson's realistic style of oil painting was not in vogue during his early years as an artist and one of the modern world's most traditional forms of visual art was therefore considered an untraditional choice for a young Scandinavian artist in the 1990's. However, after establishing himself locally, Markus Åkesson had several solo exhibitions and public works projects early on in his career that proved to be important stepping stones towards his current representation and international acknowledgment.

In 2013 the French gallery Da-End contacts the Swedish artist to start a collaboration that lasts until today. A first painting, *The Weight* (150 x 250 cm), illustrating an elephant laying on a carpet, is exhibited the same year at the Grand Palais on the occasion of the international contemporary art fair Art Paris Art Fair. This will be followed by solo and group exhibitions in galleries and institutional venues.

Markus Åkesson's artistic tone has been likened to that of the Pre-Raphaelites, a group from which he has indicated that he has drawn a great deal of inspiration. Contrastingly, his work with patterns and fabrics is laced with symbolism and is an obvious point to Magical Realism in its more recent definition. A commentary on Åkesson’s solo exhibition *Strange Days* written by French critic Grégoire Prangé describes his work by saying, "A painting by Magritte comes to mind, a magnificent kiss from two veiled lovers, an impersonal embrace, universal love. In all these works, hidden behind a succession of mythical motifs, lies human nature and all its secrets. But Markus, by drawing the contours of it, little by little, will end up painting its portrait."

He takes the subject of his work from a medical term called "Dysmorphia". Dysmorphia is one of the most common mental disorders that some people suffer from today, and perhaps those who are hidden in his paintings next to the beautiful fabrics suffer from this disorder.

### The in-between

Markus Åkesson's works are greatly influenced by myths and fairytales. During his early years of painting, his work revolved around themes such as the passage from childhood to adolescence, with a tinge of mystery and a rather dark atmosphere. As Markus works a lot with series of paintings, his series *The Woods*, *Black Pond* and *Psychopomp Club*, exhibited in his solo show '*The Woods*' in 2013 at the Da-End gallery, transcribes his pictorial universe of the time, representing children in an enigmatic space, people half asleep, skulls of animals, psychopomps, settings full of symbols and nods to nature. All his paintings seem to have as a common thread the theme of the in-between, a recurring topic in all of his series.

This state of in-between, this aspect of transition from one state to another is something that have long preoccupied Markus Åkesson. We find symbols in his works that takes us to rites of passages, such as children and adolescents inhabiting his imagery, being between childhood and adulthood, between sleep and being awake, between presence and dreaming. By working in a classical way with brushes and oil paint and projecting models from the real world – such as his children – in these mysterious environments, he allows the viewer to go on a journey in a place in-between, not exactly a fact but not exactly fiction, causing this state of awe, this transitional moment where the paintings act as “windows that allow the audience to glance into another world”.

### The patterns

Patterns have always been present in Markus Åkesson's pictorial universe. Starting rather shyly with patterns on rugs and tapestries, he begins to integrate textiles more prominently into his paintings in his solo show "*Let me sleep through the night*" (2018). Plunged into mysterious situations with a psychological dimension carried by the subjects and the settings, Markus' works are filled with various ornaments, drapes and clothes. He then gradually began to focus entirely on fabric and its patterns, which eventually became the primary subject of his paintings, especially with his series "*Now you see me*" shown in his solo show *Strange Days* (2020). We find the silhouettes usually present in Markus' paintings, but this time they are completely hidden, covered with sheets of various patterns and textures.

### *Sleeping Beauty scandal*

Åkesson often speaks of a "mythical world that parallels everyday life". It was natural then, that his works often reflected the mysteries of childhood during the years that his own children were young. During this time he was commissioned to do several public works projects, both paintings and sculptures. The most recent of which was commissioned by a grade school in Ängelholm, Sweden. Åkesson was asked to create a large painting in the setting of a dark forest. He chose to paint his interpretation of the familiar story, *Sleeping Beauty*. The primary subject of the painting is a young girl in a bright red dress, surrounded by a group of children who are staring off into the distance. The girl in the red dress is lying on a pink and orange quilt on an iron bed-frame. When the work was delivered, employees of the school felt that the painting was too ominous to hang in the cafeteria, its intended place. The painting, *Sleeping Beauty*, now hangs in the school's library.

The incident sparked nationwide interest and led to discussions surrounding censorship and challenges facing modern children.

Åkesson's response to the school's decision was evidently rooted in curiosity. In an interview with The Swedish Television agency, he says, "I find the debate that has surfaced in response to the incident very interesting. It is rather eye-opening to witness the power of art in our society, that it can have such a strong effect on our emotions."

In 2018, Kalmar Konstmuseum curated a retrospective exhibition of Åkesson’s work titled *Sleeping Beauty*, due, in part, to the school's reaction to the painting.

### Collaboration

In 2013, during his solo show "The Woods" at the French gallery Da-End, designer Jun Takahashi discovered the work of Markus Åkesson. Some time later, he became fascinated with his work and would state his desire to collaborate with the painter. The collaboration is materialized by the printing of 3 paintings on shawls for the Fall/Winter 2014 ready-to-wear collection, which was shown in 2014 at the Palais de Tokyo during Paris Fashion Week.

Jun Takahashi reiterated his collaboration with Åkesson for the Fall/Winter 2021 collection, in which 4 of Markus Åkesson's paintings were selected (*Chesterfield dreams (Edvin),* 2011, *Childs Play,* 2011, *Insomnia (Moths),* 2017, *The Woods (Insomnia),* 2013) and printed on outerwear as well as knitwear and shirts for both the men's and women's entire collections.

## Glass Sculptures

Before becoming a painter, Åkesson was trained as a welder when he was young. Then he started his job as a glass engraver when he was around 20s. He loved working with the creative manner in the glass industry, but after a while he found the urge to express himself through another method which is oil painting. Now Åkesson has his own atelier in an old Glass Factory called Pukeberg. In 2021 Åkesson returned to the glass industry, this time as an art glass design partner for Kosta Boda. It was through his wife and fellow artist, Ellen Ehk Åkesson that Åkesson came into contact with Kosta Boda. Since spring 2021, the couple has shared a studio in Kosta, in addition to their studios in the old Pukeberg Glassworks in Nybro. They share numerous intersecting points, not just privately but also artistically, having grown up near one another in the forests of Småland. The mystery of the forest is a strongly shared theme in their art. Ever since his time as a glass engraver, Markus Åkesson has experienced what he calls a powerful pull to glass. He has previously experimented with glass sculptures.

Some of his earliest glass pieces were exhibited at the Duo-exhibition 'Skogens Hjärta' at VIDA Museum & Konstall in the spring of 2021. His art glass was also exhibited alongside his paintings at Market Art Fair in Stockholm in the spring of 2022. We find his use of patterns in his sculptures as well, which he spends the most time engraving.

In 2022, along with Kosta Boda, Åkesson created a glass sculpture "Medusa" that shows the supple side of the glass. This sculpture was exhibited in the exhibition "Μέδουσα | Scyphozoa" at Da-End Gallery in Paris.

## Collections

## Exhibitions

**2013**

**2014**

**2015**

**2016**

* *ABOVE THE LINE/BELOW THE LINE,* Francès Fondation, Clichy-La-Garonne, France
* *YIA Art Fair,* with Da-End Gallery, Brussels, Belgium
* *The milk of human kindness*, duo show with Lucy Glendinning, Da-End Gallery, Paris
* *Cabinet Da-End 06*, group exhibition, Da-End Gallery, Paris
* *16th International Vilnius Painting Triennial*, Vilnius, Lithuania
* *“Vinterutställning” (Winter exhibition),* VIDA Museum, Sweden

**2017**

**2018**

* *Let me sleep through the night*, Da-End Gallery, Paris
* *Sleeping Beauty*, Kalmar Konstmuseum, Kalmar, Sweden
* *Markus Åkesson and art collection*, Kalmar Kontmuseum, Kalmar, Sweden
* *Insomnia*, VIDA Museum, Sweden
* *La Fabrique Du Regard,* Francès Fondation, Senlis, France
* *Cabinet Da-End 08*, group exhibition, Da-End Gallery, Paris
* *Loup Y Es/Tu?*, group exhibition, Maisons-Laffite, France

**2019**

**2020**

**2021**

* *Swedish Design Movement*, Institut Suédois, Paris
* *Skogens Hjärta,* VIDA Museum, Sweden
* *Now You See Me,*  Berg Gallery, Stockholm

**2022**

## InfoBox

| Markus Åkesson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Dan Markus Åkesson<br>10 July 1975 |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Known for | Painting, glass sculptures |
| Movement | Neo-figurative, Magic Realism |
| Website | www.markusakesson.com |


title: Vandal War (461–468)

abstract: The Vandal War (461–468) was a long-term conflict between the two halves of the Roman Empire on the one hand and the Vandals in North Africa on the other. This war revolved around hegemony in the Mediterranean and the empire of the west. The Vandals as a rising power posed an enormous threat to the stability of the Roman Empire. Piracy and plunder were a scourge, threatening trade throughout the Mediterranean. The Roman war effort from 466 onwards was aimed at the destruction of the Vandal Kingdom in order to restore the empire to its original territory. Armed conflicts alternated with peace talks and the two parts of the Roman Empire did not always act in unison.

text:
# Vandal War (461–468)

The **Vandal War (461–468)** was a long-term conflict between the two halves of the Roman Empire on the one hand and the Vandals in North Africa on the other. This war revolved around hegemony in the Mediterranean and the empire of the west. The Vandals as a rising power posed an enormous threat to the stability of the Roman Empire. Piracy and plunder were a scourge, threatening trade throughout the Mediterranean. The Roman war effort from 466 onwards was aimed at the destruction of the Vandal Kingdom in order to restore the empire to its original territory. Armed conflicts alternated with peace talks and the two parts of the Roman Empire did not always act in unison.

## Main figures

Geiseric (429–477), king of the Vandals, had played an important role since he led his people to Africa in 429. He had received that position by emerging victorious in a series of wars with the Romans. In the conflict between 461 and 468 his main opponents were: Ricimer, commander-in-chief of the Western Roman army and strongman in the west since his coup in 461, and Leo I (457–474), emperor of the eastern part of the Roman Empire, who frequently occupied himself with the western part due to the lack of a western counterpart. The eastern emperor oversaw many ambitious political and military plans, mainly aimed at aiding the faltering Western Roman Empire and recovering its former territories. Furthermore, the Roman general Marcellinus, a fierce opponent of Recimer, played a prominent role from the start. The role of Western Roman emperor Libius Severus (461–465) was minimal, while that of his successor Anthemius (467-472), on the other hand, was considerably greater. Basiliscus at least, an Eastern Roman general, played an important role at the end of the war.

## Prelude

After the earlier Vandal War of 439–442, North Africa largely fell into the hands of the Vandals. Formally as foederati of the Romans, but de facto they ruled this part of the empire to their own discretion. Since then, the Vandals had control of part of the Mediterranean fleet and focused on piracy, at first on a small scale but becoming more and more significant over time. The Western Roman Empire lacked sufficient resources to effectively counter this.

### Sack of Rome

In 455, the Vandal king Geiseric saw the usurpation of Maximus as an open violation of his treaty with the Romans, and an opportunity to invade Rome with his fleet. The city was plundered for two weeks (Sack of Rome). According to Johannes Malalas, who wrote a chronicle a century later, Geiseric was summoned by Eudoxia, the wife of the murdered emperor Valentinian III to avenge the murder of her husband. He captured Eudoxia and her two daughters, Eudocia and Placidia, when they tried to flee.

### Destruction of the Roman fleet

In 460, the Roman army under the then emperor Majorian campaigned in Spain to strengthen Roman authority. While his generals defeated the Suebi in Lusitania (modern Santarém, Portugal), preparations were made for a campaign against the Vandals. The emperor assembled a large force with which he set out from Gaul to Carthaginensis, where his fleet was moored at Portus Illicitanus (near Elche). Geiseric, fearing the Roman invasion, tried to make peace with Majorian, who rejected this. Geiseric then used other means. Traitors paid by the Vandals set fire to the fleet on 13 May 460. Even before the army arrived, the fleet was destroyed. Majorian canceled the attack on the Vandals and had to disband the large army he had raised. In Arles he received messengers from Geiseric, with whom he agreed to make peace, which was probably a confirmation of the peace of 442. For Majorian, the failed campaign against the Vandals was a huge setback which put an end to his plans to restore the empire to its former glory, and it also undermined his position as emperor of the west.

### Ricimer's coup

In August 461, Majorian returned to Italy, where he was imprisoned by Ricimer, the commander-in-chief of the Roman army, and then murdered on August 7. Ricimer's coup plunged the Western Roman Empire into a huge crisis. In Gaul, the Burgundian and Gothic foederati, who had gained a high degree of independence in exchange for supporting Majorian, turned away from Roman authority, while Ricimer received little support from the Roman army outside Italy. The generals Aegidius in Gaul, Nepotianus in Spain and Marcellinus in Sicily resisted and refused to follow orders from Italy. The Gallic army seems to have declared Aeidius counter-emperor and in Sicily Marcellinus had ambitions in that direction.

## Start

### Vandal occupation of the Western Isles

An interregnum of three months followed, during which the title of Western Emperor was not claimed. During this interregnum there was a political struggle for succession between Ricimer, the Eastern emperor Leo I, and Geiseric. Finally, Libius Severus (461-465) was put forward as emperor by Ricimer and inaugurated by the Senate in Ravenna on 19 November 461. This appointment was not recognized by the eastern part and for the Vandals this was a valid reason to break the peace treaty with the Romans. A new war with the Vandals broke out and at the end of 461, Geiseriks' naval fleet captured the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Malta and the Balearic Islands from the Romans and raided mainland Italy and Greece.

Ricimer, now the strongman in the west, was indeed lord and master in Italy, but in addition to the hostile attacks in the Mediterranean region, he had to deal with open military opposition from the generals Aegidius, Nepotianus and Marcellinus. In Marcellinus, who stayed south of Italy in Sicily, Ricimer saw a danger to his position. Ricimer turned to a ruse to get this able general out of his way. Marcellin's army consisted mainly of Hun auxiliary troops. Bribes from Ricimer induced the Huns to abandon Marcellin's service and enter his. Deprived of most of his troops, Marcellinus left for Dalmatia. However, Ricimer did not intervene militarily, because Marcellinus was supported by the Eastern Roman emperor Leo I. Nepotianus and Aetius no longer posed a danger to Ricimer after he managed to attract the Gothic and Burgundian foederati to him with generous favors.

### Peace negotiations

After Marcellin's departure, Sicily was again ravaged by Vandal attacks, but Ricimer's negotiations had no effect. A peace mission under the umbrella of the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo in 462 was more successful. The ladies of the Theodosian house returned from their captivity. Eudocia, the bride of Huneric, was saved, but her mother Eudoxia and her sister Placidia were sent to Constantinople. In return, Geiseric negotiated for a certain portion of Valentinian III's property as the treasure of Eudocia. He had already occupied and annexed the Mauritanian provinces, as well as Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic Islands, and planned to preserve the marriage of his son Huneric to Eudocia.

### Vandal claim to the emperor

Geiserics' concession had a clear political purpose. The Vandal monarch now emerged as the champion of the Theodosian house against Ricimer and his upstart emperor. Placidia was married to Olybrius, a member of a prominent Roman family, and Geiseric demanded that Olybrius succeed to the throne in Italy. Threatened on the one hand by the Vandals, on the other by Marcellinus in Dalmatia, Ricimer and the obedient Senate asked for mediation from the Eastern Roman emperor. Leo was asked to bring about a reconciliation with Geiseric and Marcellinus. Leo agreed, after which Marcellinus ceased hostilities. However, the envoys that Leo sent to Geiseric returned from Carthage without results. Geiseric claimed on behalf of his daughter-in-law that all her father's private property in Italy belonged to him, as well as the inheritance of Aetius, whose son Gaudentius he kept as a prisoner. In pursuit of these claims, Geiseric led a major expedition against Italy and Sicily, destroying rural districts and undefended towns. Ricimer had little to say against this, his army and navy failed to stop the Vandals at sea.

### Ricimers' campaign against Aegidius

In 463 a confusing spectacle occurred, when Ricimer, in the name of the western emperor Libius Serverus, employed Goths to attack part of the Roman army in Gaul. When the battle was fought at Orleans, Aegidius was victorious. His rebellion was not curtailed until the autumn of 465, when he was murdered. At the time, Aegidius was engaged in negotiations with the Vandal king Geiseric, attempting to build an alternative balance of western forces to challenge Ricimer's dominance.

### Battle for Sicily and Interregnum

In 464 or 465 Marcellinus again campaigned against the Vandals. By order of Emperor Leo I, he returned to Sicily to defend the island against the Vandals which posed a direct threat to the personal power and prestige of Ricimer, who called on Leo to persuade Marcellinus not to undertake hostilities against him.

Emperor Libius Severus, who was no more than a puppet of Ricimer, died on 15 August 465. His cause of death is unknown: both murder and natural causes are possible. The elevation of Olybrius, which would have been a restitution of the Theodosian dynasty, may have seemed a hopeful solution to some of the difficulties of the situation, but the fact that he was Geiseriks' candidate and relative was a reason not to accept him. A year and eight months after the death of Libius Severus, no successor was appointed.

## Continuation of the war

### Invasion of the Peloponnesus

In 467, the sea attacks by the Vandals became increasingly extensive. Geiseric's warships now also appeared off the coast of the Peloponnesus and Egypt. It was feared that there would be an attack on Alexandria that would have consequences for the grain supply of the Eastern Roman capital. This threat explains why the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I decided to no longer stand idly by. He abandoned the diplomatic path and took steps to achieve closer cooperation with the Western Roman government in Italy.

Now that not only Italy and Sicily were threatened but the trade of the entire Mediterranean, the forces of the East had to be united with those of Italy and Dalmatia against the African enemy. Leo agreed with Ricimir that Anthemius, general in the eastern army, would become the new emperor of the west. Ricimer's support was secured by an arrangement for him to marry Anthemius' daughter.

In the spring of 467, Anthemius, accompanied by Marcellinus, arrived with an army to Italy. After his accession to the throne on 12 April 467, a large-scale campaign against the Vandals was prepared, to be undertaken by an Eastern Roman fleet with land troops under the overall command of Emperor Leo's brother-in-law, Basiliscus. Anthemius appointed Marcellinus, also to counterbalance Ricimer, as second imperial general and commander-in-chief of the Western Roman troops involved in the campaign.

### Plan of Attack

The attack plan that the Romans had in mind was based on the idea of having the eastern and western armies act together and attack the Vandals simultaneously on three fronts. The eastern army had to be divided into two for this. A sizable fleet was assembled, reputedly consisting of 1,113 ships, to carry an army of 100,000 men. Marcellinus, was ordered to conquer Sardinia and then sail to the coast of North Africa to link up with the eastern fleet under Basiliscus. Basiliscus would then sail directly to Carthage with the joint fleet. Heraclius, another general, would gather eastern forces in Egypt, disembark at Tripolitania, and then attack by land at Carthage. Procopius estimated the cost of the expedition at 130,000 pounds of gold; Ioannes Laurentius Lydus estimated the cost at 65,000 pounds of gold and 750,000 pounds of silver.

### The attack of the Romans

Marcellinus recaptured Sardinia with little difficulty, and Heraclius met little resistance from the Vandals in Tripolitania, and both moved to make contact with Basiliscus's forces. According to Procopius, Basiliscus' fleet dispersed the Vandal fleet near Sicily, but Basiliscus did not take advantage of this advantage and rested his troops at Cape Bon, a strategic location sixty kilometers away from Carthage. According to historians Michael Kulikowski, Friell and Williams, Geiseric appealed for peace and proposed a five-day armistice to give themselves time to prepare in the meantime. Heather notes that the Romans favored avoiding a naval battle, and that this may have been the reason Basiliscus hesitated to take on the Vandals to attack.

### The Defense of the Vandals

In the days allotted to him, Geiserik assembled a new fleet with a number of fireships and, aided by good winds, attacked the Roman fleet. The Roman fleet was defeated by the combination of the fireships, bad winds and surprise, with half of it destroyed. Basiliscus fled with the rest of the fleet to Sicily, to consolidate with Marcellin's forces; their morale and supplies might have secured a victory, but Marcellinus was murdered, possibly by order of Ricimer. Heraclius, who had not yet reached Carthage, returned to the Eastern Roman Empire by retracing the path he had taken, and Basiliscus returned to Constantinople with half his fleet.

## Aftermath and consequences

The poor result that the Romans achieved with the large-scale operation at the end of the Vandal war must have had a major morale effect. The Roman Empire had brought all its strength to bear and had failed in its mission to destroy the Vandal Empire. According to Heather the battle considered to have ended the Western Roman Empire's chances of survival. Without access to the resources of the former Roman province of Africa, the west could not sustain an army powerful enough to defeat its numerous enemies.

Nevertheless, it took two years for Geiserik to regain enough confidence to resume his attacks on Italy. In 472, Ricimer's western regime came to terms with Geiseric, making his son's brother-in-law, Olybrius, emperor. Geiseric did not make peace with the Eastern Roman Empire until 476. He concluded a treaty with the new emperor Zeno entitled *Eternal Peace*. This treaty was fairly faithfully observed on both sides under his successors. A revolution in Carthage in 531 finally gave the Roman Empire, which then only existed in the East, the desired opportunity for intervention, leading to the Vandal War (533–534).

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Bury, J.B. (1923), *History of the Later Empire*, *The War with the Vandals (A.D. 461‑468)*
* Peter Heather (2008), *The Fall of the Western Empire 425-76*, pag. 5 t/m 32, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
* Kulikowski, Michael (2019). *The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy*. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-67466-013-7.
* A.D. Lee (2008), *The Eastern Empire: Theodosius to Anastasius* pag 33-22, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
* Anderson, W.B. (2012) \[1936\]. *Sidonius: Poems and Letters, Vol. I: Poems, Letters, Book I-II*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99327-3.
* Penny MacGeorge (2002), *Late Roman Warlords*, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925244-0.
* John Michael O'Flynn (1983), *Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire*, University of Alberta, ISBN 0-88864-031-5.

## InfoBox

| Vandal War (461–468) | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Fall of the Western Roman Empire | |
|
*Map of Roman Empire* | |
| Date 461–468  Location Mediterranean  Result  Vandal victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Vandal Kingdom | West Roman Empire
East Roman Empire
Foederati |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Geiseric
Hunerik
Gento
Aegidius | Ricimer
Leo I
Anthemius,
Marcellinus
Basiliscus
Heraclius of Edessa |
| Strength | |
| 15,000–25,000 | *Procopius:*
100,000 men
*Cedrenus:*
1,113 ships
**Modern estimate:**
50,000 men |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | 50,000 |


title: Markham Colliery disaster

abstract: Mining accidents at the Markham Colliery at Staveley near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England.

text:
# Markham Colliery disaster

Mining accidents at the **Markham Colliery** at Staveley near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England.

## Accident in 1973

On 30 July 1973, 18 coal miners lost their lives and a further 11 were seriously injured when a descending cage carrying the men failed to slow down as it approached the bottom of the mine shaft and 18 miners were killed by the impact. The accident was caused by fracture of the brake-rod, when a slowly growing fatigue crack reached a critical size and the brake-rod parted.

Following a thorough investigation it was found that metal fatigue failure occurred in the braking mechanism used to slow down the cage as it descended.

## Accident investigation using fracture mechanics

### Background

The main part of the set up is the winding motor which is driven by the dc motor. Two double deck cages are attached to the two ends of the winding rope. At the start of the winding cycle, power applied to winding motor is gradually increased and mechanical brake released. The cages accelerate then maintain a speed of 6 metres per second (20 ft/s) until the cages approach the ends of the shaft. During deceleration, generator voltage driving the winding motor is reduced to produce regenerative braking and it is finally brought to rest by a mechanical brake.

Mechanical brake consists of a pair of brake shoes applied to the underside of the brake paths by the action of the compressed spring nest operating through a system of levers. Force is transmitted from the spring nest to main lever through a 2 in (51 mm) diameter steel rod 8 feet 11.875 inches (2.740 m) long. This vertical brake rod is always in tension as the springs are compressed. It also consists of a servospring mechanism which uses the compressed air to counteract the spring force to move the brake shoes away.

For the sake of safety there is an automatic controller which cuts off the power supply to winder motor and applies mechanical brake. Also there is an emergency stop button which activates the ‘ungabbling gear’ which disengages brake control lever from Iversen type valve and applies mechanical brake.

### Accident

On Monday, 30 July 1973 the winding engine man noticed some sparks under the brake cylinder when he started to retard the winding. He immediately increased regenerative braking and simultaneously pulled the brake lever to ON position. As there was no effect, he pressed the emergency stop button. This too had no effect and the cage crashed the bottom wooden landing baulks with enormous force which killed 18 and seriously injured 11 people.

### Investigation

All electrical and mechanical components of the winding system were thoroughly investigated to find the cause of accident. Electrical systems were found to be working as supply of compressed air was available above the servo cylinder. However the brake shoes were about 0.12 inches (3 mm) clear of the brake paths as the vertical brake rod had broken into two pieces. So the investigation concentrated on the failure of the brake rod.

A chemical analysis proved that the material of the brake rod (carbon steel with the designation ***En8***, conforming to British Standard 970:1947) was within the specification demanded at the time of manufacture.

Metallurgical examination of the brake rod showed that it failed because of fatigue. There were many secondary cracks around the fracture surface which were detected by magnetic particle technique. To investigate fatigue failure it was necessary to determine the inservice loading of the brake rod.

The broken rod was replaced with a new rod and loading conditions were applied. Four strain gauges were attached at a distance of 21 inches (533 mm) from the lower end, located 90 degrees apart around the circumference of the rod. Readings were taken during manual release and application of the brake and during emergency application of brake. The results showed that in addition to the expected direct tensile stresses at gauge positions there were substantial stresses due to bending when the brake was operated. The magnitude of stresses varied to such an extent that for the one farthest from the drum there was a change from tension to compression as the brake was released. The rod was not designed for such alternating bending loads. The rod was designed with a factor of safety 6.1 for tensile stress. But when alternative bending stress are induced, failure was inevitable.

It was also found that mild steel bearing pad surfaces were badly worn as lubrication was not effective at bearings. This was also due to the unexpected bending stress which progressively squeezed the lubricant out of the gap.

### Follow up

A National Committee for Safety of Manriding in Shafts and Unwalkable Outlets was formed and first met on 3 December 1973. The Committee produced two reports and an addendum.

The National Coal Board carried out a programme to examine the braking and safety systems on all of its mine winders and modified them in accordance with the recommendations of the reports.

## Underground explosion in 1938

An underground explosion in 1938 had killed 79 miners and seriously injured 40 others.

## Closure of the mine

The mine closed in 1994. In 2013 the Walking Together sculpture by Stephen Broadbent was installed at the site of the former colliery. The walking trail of steel figures is a memorial to the 106 miners who died in mining disasters at Markham Colliery in 1937, 1938 and 1973. Each figure represents an individual dead miner whose name is stamped on the circular bronze tag on the figure's chest. By 2020, 88 figures had been installed. Fundraising continued until October 2022 when the last figures were installed completing the commemoration of the 106 men lost.

53°14′38″N 1°19′48″W / 53.244°N 1.330°W / 53.244; -1.330


title: Vanessa Lee Chester

abstract: Vanessa Lee Chester is an American actress. She began her career as a child actor in the films A Little Princess (1995) and Harriet the Spy (1996), before her breakthrough role in Steven Spielberg's The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997).

text:
# Vanessa Lee Chester

**Vanessa Lee Chester** (born July 2, 1984) is an American actress. She began her career as a child actor in the films *A Little Princess* (1995) and *Harriet the Spy* (1996), before her breakthrough role in Steven Spielberg's *The Lost World: Jurassic Park* (1997).

## Biography

Chester was born on July 2, 1984, at Brooklyn, New York City, to Guyanese parents who immigrated to the United States. In her early childhood, she relocated with her mother to Los Angeles, California, where she began auditioning for and appearing in commercials.

Chester made her film debut in the comedy *CB4* (1993) starring Chris Rock. The following year, she appeared in a supporting role in Alfonso Cuarón's *A Little Princess* (1995). In 1996, she appeared opposite Michelle Trachtenberg as Janie in the Nickelodeon film *Harriet the Spy,* which was a moderate box office success. The following year, she was cast in a lead role as Kelly in Steven Spielberg's *The Lost World: Jurassic Park* (1997), playing the daughter of Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum). The film was a box office hit, grossing over $600 million worldwide. Chester later worked mostly in television, most notably appearing in *Malcolm in the Middle* and *The West Wing.* She was nominated for a Saturn Award (*The Lost World: Jurassic Park*), Image Award (*The Lost World: Jurassic Park*), Young Artist Award (*A Little Princess*) and took home the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress (*Harriet The Spy*). In early 2012, Chester began work on an unnamed film by Ty Hodges.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | *CB4* | Talona |  |
| 1995 | *A Little Princess* | Becky |  |
| 1996 | *Harriet the Spy* | Janie Gibbs |  |
| 1997 | *The Lost World: Jurassic Park* | Kelly Curtis |  |
| 1999 | *She's All That* | Melissa's Friend |  |
| 2000 | *Stepsister from Planet Weird* | Michelle | TV movie |
| | *Dreams in the Attic* | Angel | TV movie |
| 2006 | *The Shift* | Daughter | Short |
| 2008 | *Extreme Movie* | Charlotte |  |
| 2009 | *17 Again* | Cheerleader |  |
| 2011 | *Reconstruction* | Eleanor | TV movie |
| 2014 | *The Costume Shop* | Young Janie |  |
| | *The Arrangement* | Emily Myers-Stanley | Short |
| 2015 | *Fated* | Eliza | Short |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | *Hangin' with Mr. Cooper* | Stephanie | Episode: "Miracle in Oaktown" |
| 1994 | *Me and the Boys* | Renee | Episode: "Every Good Boy Does Fine" & "Talent Show" |
| 1997 | *Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child* | School Child #3 | Episode: "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" |
| | *Promised Land* | Emily Dixon | Episode: "Stealing Home: Part 1 & 2" |
| 1999 | *Get Real* | Rude Girl | Episode: "Anatomy of a Rumor" |
| 1999-2000 | *Once and Again* | Annie | Recurring cast: season 1, guest: season 2 |
| 2002 | *Family Law* | Girl #1 | Episode: "Celano v. Foster" |
| | *Malcolm in the Middle* | Student #3 | Episode: "Humilithon" |
| 2004 | *Crossing Jordan* | Andrea | Episode: "Most Likely" |
| 2005 | *Without a Trace* | Dori | Episode: "Lost Time" |
| 2006 | *The West Wing* | Youth Voter #2 | Episode: "Duck and Cover" |
| | *Veronica Mars* | Maureen | Episode: "I Am God" |
| | *Justice* | 2nd Mock Juror | Episode: "Filicide" |
| 2010 | *Lone Star* | Tamar Wilson | Episode: "Small Time" |
| 2011 | *9ine* | Candace | Episode: "May" |
| | *Switched at Birth* | Lizzy | Episode: "The Stag Hunt" |
| 2012 | *How I Met Your Mother* | Mia | Episode: "The Autumn of Break-Ups" |
| 2013 | *Welcome to Sanditon* | Letitia "Griff" Griffiths | 4 episodes |
| 2015 | *Scorpion* | Secretary | Episode: "Cliffhanger" |
| 2016 | *Ladies Like Us: The Rise of Neighborhood Watch* | Natalia | Episode: "In a Matrix" |
| 2021 | *Summer Camp Island* | Nancy (voice) | Episode: "Betsy and the Ghost Chapter 3: There's a Racket In My Hope Chest" |
|

## InfoBox

| Vanessa Lee Chester | |
| --- | --- |
| Chester in 2007 | |
| Born | (1984-07-02) July 2, 1984<br>Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Southern California |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1992–present |


title: Valeriy Babych

abstract: Valeriy Heorhievych Babych was a Ukrainian politician, economist and businessman who served as a member of the Verkhovna Rada from 1994 to 2002.

text:
# Valeriy Babych

**Valeriy Heorhievych Babych** (25 August 1953 – 29 October 2020) was a Ukrainian politician, economist and businessman who served as a member of the Verkhovna Rada from 1994 to 2002.

## Biography

Babych was born in Brody, Lviv Oblast, and studied in Kyiv. After graduation, he worked at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, youth organizations, the State Plan of Ukraine, the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR.

In 1990, he founded and headed the company "Inter-Invest", and in 1991 he was elected Chairman of the Board of RAO "Ukrainian Exchange". The following year, after the reorganization of RAO "Ukrainian Exchange" into JSC "Ukrainian Financial Group", he was elected as its president. In 1993-1994 he served as adviser to the President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk on market economy issues, and the 1994 and 1998 Ukrainian parliamentary election he was elected to the Ukrainian parliament.

Babych founded and headed the activities of many public organizations that supported democratic transformations and market reforms in Ukraine and the Commonwealth of Independent States. In particular, in 1991 he was elected President of the Congress of Stock Exchanges of the USSR; in independent Ukraine in the following years he was elected head of the Congress of Business Circles of Ukraine, the Eastern European Association of Entrepreneurs, and the All-Ukrainian Association of Entrepreneurs.

From 1998 to 2003, he was chairman of the political party "All-Ukrainian Union "Cherkashchany"". In 2002 he was re-elected as President of JSC "Ukrainian Financial Group", in 2004 he was elected Chairman of the Board of the Ukrainian Financial Group, and in 2006 he headed the Ukrainian Financial Group Corporation.

Babych was among the organizers of the Ukrainian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, and was repeatedly elected to the governing bodies of the USPP. He was elected chairman of the Federation of Friendship Societies of Ukraine with foreign countries, president of the Ukrainian International Christian Charitable Foundation, and vice-president of the Ukrainian International Foundation Taras Shevchenko. He conducted extensive charitable activities and provided patronage and sponsorship to many initiatives in science, education, culture, art, literature, and sports.

Babych died from COVID-19 at a hospital in Kyiv, Ukraine, on 29 October 2020, aged 67, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine.


title: Vanessa Paradis (album)

abstract: Vanessa Paradis is the third studio album and English-language debut by French singer Vanessa Paradis, released on 21 September 1992 by Remark Records. It contains the singles "Be My Baby" and "Sunday Mondays".

text:
# Vanessa Paradis (album)

***Vanessa Paradis*** is the third studio album and English-language debut by French singer Vanessa Paradis, released on 21 September 1992 by Remark Records. It contains the singles "Be My Baby" and "Sunday Mondays".

## Background and writing

Lenny Kravitz, who was dating Paradis at the time, produced and co-wrote the album. Some editions of the album contain the extra track "Gotta Have It", which is a tribute to Kravitz and is co-written by Kravitz himself. This was omitted on the US release of the album.

The album is noted for being the first time Paradis took creative control over her music. It is also noted for being innovative in its use of instruments, and for its replication of the 1960s soundscape on virtually every song. A one-hour television special on the making of the album was recorded in 1992 and aired on 28 March 1993 on French channel Canal+.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau |  |

The album was one of her most successful and most critically acclaimed, proving to be both popular in France and the UK. It spawned several successful singles, including one of her most recognisable songs "Be My Baby".

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Natural High" | Lenny Kravitz | 3:21 |
| 2. | "I'm Waiting for the Man" | Lou Reed | 3:25 |
| 3. | "Silver and Gold" | Kravitz | 2:43 |
| 4. | "Be My Baby" |  | 3:41 |
| 5. | "Lonely Rainbows" | * Kravitz * Henry Hirsch | 2:33 |
| 6. | "Sunday Mondays" | * Kravitz * Hirsch | 3:56 |
| 7. | "Your Love Has Got a Handle on My Mind" | Kravitz | 3:56 |
| 8. | "The Future Song" | Kravitz | 4:55 |
| 9. | "Paradis" | Kravitz | 3:03 |
| 10. | "Just as Long as You Are There" | * Kravitz * Hirsch | 3:24 |
| 11. | "Gotta Have It" (bonus track) |  | 2:17 |

## Personnel

## Charts

Chart performance for *Vanessa Paradis*
| Chart (1992–1993) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 22 |
| Belgian Albums (IFPI) | 4 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) | 44 |
| European Albums (*Music & Media*) | 19 |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 1 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 53 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 27 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 45 |

## Certifications and sales

Certifications and sales for *Vanessa Paradis*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| France (SNEP) | Platinum | 350,000 |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Gold | 25,000^ |
| United States |  | 55,000 |
| Summaries | | |
| Worldwide |  | 1,000,000 |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Vanessa Paradis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Vanessa Paradis | |
| Released | 21 September 1992 |
| Recorded | 1992 |
| Studio | Waterfront (Hoboken, New Jersey) |
| Label | Remark |
| Producer | Lenny Kravitz |
| Vanessa Paradis chronology | |
| *Variations sur le même t'aime*
(1990) ***Vanessa Paradis***
(1992) *Live*
(1994) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Vanessa Paradis* | |
| 1. "Be My Baby"
Released: September 1992 2. "Sunday Mondays"
Released: January 1993 3. "Natural High"
Released: May 1993 4. "Just as Long as You Are There"
Released: July 1993 | |
|  | |


title: Vasalemma (river)

abstract: Vasalemma River is a river in Harju County, Estonia. The river is 63.5 km long and basin size is 395.6 km⁲. It runs into Gulf of Finland. Trout and grayling live in the river.

text:
# Vasalemma (river)

**Vasalemma River** is a river in Harju County, Estonia. The river is 63.5 km long and basin size is 395.6 km2. It runs into Gulf of Finland.

Trout and grayling live in the river.

## InfoBox

| Vasalemma River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Estonia |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Gulf of Finland |
| coordinates | 59°18′17″N 24°06′59″E / 59.3046°N 24.11625°E / 59.3046; 24.11625 |
| Length | 63.5 km (39.5 mi) |
| Basin size | 395.6 km2 (152.7 sq mi) |


title: Marlene Elejarde

abstract: Marlene Elejarde Díaz was a sprinter from Cuba. At the 1968 Summer Olympics she helped win a silver medal in 4 x 100 metres relay, the first Olympic medal ever won by Cuban women. At the 1972 Summer Olympics she won another relay medal, this time a bronze. She died in a car accident in 1989.

text:
# Marlene Elejarde

**Marlene Elejarde Díaz** (June 3, 1951, in Havana – April 29, 1989) was a sprinter from Cuba. At the 1968 Summer Olympics she helped win a silver medal in 4 x 100 metres relay, the first Olympic medal ever won by Cuban women. At the 1972 Summer Olympics she won another relay medal, this time a bronze. She died in a car accident in 1989.

* Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Marlene Elejarde (full name: Marlene Elejarde Díaz)". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17.
* Marlene Elejarde at Olympics.com

## InfoBox

Marlene Elejarde
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Marlene Elejarde Díaz |
| Born | June 3, 1951 (1951-06-03)
Marianao, Havana, Cuba |
| Died | April 29, 1989 (1989-04-30) (aged 37)
Havana, Cuba |
| Medal record      Women's athletics  Representing  Cuba  Olympic Games  1968 Mexico City  4x100 m relay  1972 Munich  4x100 m relay  Pan American Games  1971 Cali  100 m hurdles  1971 Cali  4x100 m relay  1975 Mexico City  4x100 m relay  1975 Mexico City  100 m hurdles  Central American and Caribbean Games  1970 Panama City  100 m hurdles  1970 Panama City  pentathlon  1970 Panama City  4x100 m relay  1974 Santo Domingo  100 m hurdles | |


title: Marlene DeChane

abstract: Marlene DeChane was a Democratic member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives representing Strafford County District 6. First elected in 1994, she was re-elected in 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2006. DeChane, who is openly gay, "sponsored the landmark Civil Rights Law of 1997 that banned discrimination based on sexual orientation."

text:
# Marlene DeChane

**Marlene DeChane** (born July 8, 1956, Methuen, Massachusetts died Sept 20, 2020) was a Democratic member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives representing Strafford County District 6. First elected in 1994, she was re-elected in 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2006.

DeChane, who is openly gay, "sponsored the landmark Civil Rights Law of 1997 that banned discrimination based on sexual orientation."

## Education

* BS, Plymouth State University, 1978
* AS, Mount Ida College, 1976

1. "Marlene DeChane, New Hampshire, 1994". *OutHistory It’s about time!*. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
2. Dornin, Chris. "N.H. House blocks competing legislation on same-sex unions". *Fosters*. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
3. "Marlene DeChane's Biography". *Vote Smart*. Retrieved 10 June 2020.


title: Marlene Engelhorn

abstract: Marlene Engelhorn is an Austrian and German activist and heiress known for advocating the reform of inheritance tax policies. A descendant of Friedrich Engelhorn from the family who founded the chemical industry concern BASF, and granddaughter of Peter Engelhorn, Engelhorn inherited a considerable fortune from her grandmother, Traudl Engelhorn-Vechiatto, whose wealth was estimated at $4.2bn (€3.8bn). She gained media attention after saying in an interview that she was in favour of wealth tax and willing to be taxed at 90% on her inheritance or to donate 90% of her wealth. In 2024, she did the latter. Engelhorn is also the founder of Tax me now, a German initiative lobbying for higher taxes on the wealthy.

text:
# Marlene Engelhorn

**Marlene Engelhorn** (born 1992, Vienna) is an Austrian and German activist and heiress known for advocating the reform of inheritance tax policies.

A descendant of Friedrich Engelhorn from the family who founded the chemical industry concern BASF, and granddaughter of Peter Engelhorn, Engelhorn inherited a considerable fortune from her grandmother, Traudl Engelhorn-Vechiatto, whose wealth was estimated at $4.2bn (€3.8bn). She gained media attention after saying in an interview that she was in favour of wealth tax and willing to be taxed at 90% on her inheritance or to donate 90% of her wealth. In 2024, she did the latter.

Engelhorn is also the founder of *Tax me now*, a German initiative lobbying for higher taxes on the wealthy.

## Early life and education

A descendant of Friedrich Engelhorn from the family who founded the chemical industry concern BASF, and granddaughter of Peter Engelhorn and Traudl Engelhorn-Vechiatto, Marlene Engelhorn was born in Vienna in 1992. Like many from the local bourgeoisie, she studied in the Lycée Français de Vienne.

She studied German language and literature at the University of Vienna, but did not obtain a degree. She would like to work as proofreader for a publishing company.

## Awareness and tax activism

She mentioned she became aware of her wealth situation at the university, when she was in contact with ″normal″ people.

In 2021, she discovered she was going to inherit directly from her grandmother, Traudl Engelhorn-Vechiatto, whose wealth was estimated at $4.2bn (€3.8bn). Marlene Engelhorn claimed she wanted the Austrian state to tax her at 90%, as this inheritage seemed "unfair" to her because she had not worked for it. However, there is no tax on inheritance in Austria.

She founded the group *Tax me now* in Germany in 2021 to lobby for higher taxes on the wealthy. In 2024, more than 250 people, including Abigail Disney, heiress from Disney family, Brian Cox, from HBO series Succession, and Valerie Rockefeller, had joined her in this initiative. They sent a letter to Davos Forum to ask for more taxes to millionaires.

Engelhorn's grandmother died in September 2022, and Engelhorn inherited around €25 million. Engelhorn claimed she would donate 90% of it. She then created a *Council for Redistribution*: after sending 10000 letters to Austrian citizens, 50 of them were selected to propose ideas which will benefit society in order to use Engelhorn's fortune. Work sessions were organized between March and June 2024 in Salzburg. Engelhorn did not have any decision power on the conclusion of the debates. In the end, €25M were redistributed to nearly 80 organizations, including €50000 to Wikipedia.

## Recognition

In 2022, the Human Act Award was awarded to Engelhorn for her advocacy of and her work towards wealth taxes in German-speaking Europe.

## Publications

* Engelhorn, Marlene (2022). *Geld*. Übermorgen. Wien: Verlag Kremayr & Scheriau GmbH & Co.KG. ISBN 978-3-218-01327-7.

## InfoBox

| Marlene Engelhorn | |
| --- | --- |
| Marlene Engelhorn at Re:publica in 2023 | |
| Born | 1992
Vienna, Austria |
| Nationality | German
Austrian |
| Education | University of Vienna (BA) |
| Occupations | * Activist * philanthropist |
| Known for | Advocacy for inheritance tax policies and gay rights |
| Notable work | *Geld* |
| Awards | *Human Act Award* (2022) |


title: Marne, Ohio

abstract: Marne is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Licking County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 772.

text:
# Marne, Ohio

**Marne** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Licking County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 772.

## Geography

Marne is in eastern Licking County, in the eastern part of Madison Township. Ohio State Route 16 forms the southern edge of the community, leading west 5 miles (8 km) to Newark, the Licking county seat, and northeast 32 miles (51 km) to Coshocton. Marne is in the valley of the Licking River, which passes to the south of State Route 16. The Licking is an east-flowing tributary of the Muskingum River and part of the Ohio River watershed.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Marne CDP has a total area of 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2), of which 0.9 acres (3,568 m2), or 0.16%, are water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 772 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2010, there were 783 people, 289 households, and 228 families living in the CDP. There were 301 housing units. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.42% White, 0.64% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.13% Asian, and 2.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.17% of the population.

There were 289 households, out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.1% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 2.99.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Marne, Ohio
3. "U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: Ohio". *U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division*. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-05-14.

## InfoBox

| Marne, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Houses on Marne Road | |
| MarneMarne | |
| Coordinates: 40°04′16″N 82°18′34″W / 40.07111°N 82.30944°W / 40.07111; -82.30944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Licking |
| Township | Madison |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.88 sq mi (2.27 km2) |
| Land | 0.88 sq mi (2.27 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 801 ft (244 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 772 |
| Density | 880.27/sq mi (340.00/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 39-47950 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1061379 |


title: Marne's 4th constituency

abstract: The 4th constituency of Marne is one of five electoral districts in the department of the same name. Each electoral district returns one deputy to the French National Assembly in elections using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives more than 50% of the vote in the first round.

text:
# Marne's 4th constituency

The **4th constituency of Marne** (French: *Quatrième circonscription de la Marne*) is one of five electoral districts in the department of the same name. Each electoral district returns one deputy to the French National Assembly in elections using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives more than 50% of the vote in the first round.

## Description

The constituency – which covers the north-eastern part of the department and includes the prefecture of Châlons-en-Champagne – is made up of eight (pre-2015) cantons: those of Châlons-sur-Marne I, Châlons-sur-Marne II, Châlons-sur-Marne III, Châlons-sur-Marne IV, Givry-en-Argonne, Marson, Sainte-Menehould, and Ville-sur-Tourbe.

Like the others in the department, the 4th constituency has leaned consistently towards the right politically, once again returning a conservative – Lise Magnier of Les Républicains – in the 2017 election. However, shortly after the election Magnier joined Agir, a moderate-right party supporting Emmanuel Macron's centrist parliamentary majority.

## Historic representation

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | | *Proportional representation – no election by constituency* | |
|  | 1988 | Bruno Bourg-Broc | RPR |
|  | 1993 | | |
|  | 1997 | | |
|  | 2002 | | UMP |
|  | 2007 | | Benoist Apparu |
|  | 2012 | |
|  | 2017 | Lise Magnier | LR |
|  | *2017* | | Agir |
|  | 2022 | | Horizons |

## Election results

### 2024

Legislative Election 2024: Marne's 4th constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | DIV | Marty Ducanda | 134 | 0.27 | N/A |
|  | HOR (Ensemble) | Lise Magnier | **15,245** | **30.98** | −2.22 |
|  | LFI (NFP) | Maxence Laurent | 8,845 | 17.97 | −0.82 |
|  | LR | Gabriel Michel | 3,249 | 6.60 | −3.54 |
|  | LO | Laurent Gosseau | 690 | 1.40 | N/A |
|  | RN | Achille Bisiaux | **21,045** | **42.77** | 14.84 |
| Turnout | | | 49208 | 97.46 | +52.33 |
| Registered electors | | | 77,894 |  |  |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **HOR** | **Lise Magnier** | **25,550** | **52.22** | **+21.24** |
|  | RN | Achille Bisiaux | 25,550 | 52.22 | +21.24 |
| Turnout | | | 48928 | 96.06 | −1.40 |
| Registered electors | | | 77,895 |  |  |
|  | HOR **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2022

Legislative Election 2022: Marne's 4th constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **HOR (Ensemble)** | **Lise Magnier*** | **11,329** | **33.20** | **N/A** |
|  | **RN** | **Thierry Besson** | **9,533** | **27.93** | **+8.03** |
|  | LFI (NUPÉS) | Anthony Smith | 6,411 | 18.79 | −5.58 |
|  | LR (UDC) | Jean-Louis Devaux | 3,461 | 10.14 | −11.90 |
|  | DVE | Pascal Picart | 1,153 | 3.38 | +2.42 |
|  | REC | Emilie Laurence Bry | 950 | 2.78 | N/A |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 1,289 | - |  |
| Turnout | | | 34,126 | 45.13 | −0.98 |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **HOR (Ensemble)** | **Lise Magnier*** | **17,294** | **55.33** | **N/A** |
|  | RN | Thierry Besson | 13,962 | 44.67 | +11.55 |
| Turnout | | | 31,256 | 43.71 | +2.02 |
|  | HOR **gain** from LR | | | | |

* Magnier stood for LR at the previous election and swings are calculated based on parties and alliances.

### 2017

| Candidate | | Label | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | **Lise Magnier** | LR | 7,832 | 22.04 | **19,946** | **66.88** |
|  | Thierry Besson | FN | 7,072 | 19.90 | 9,878 | 33.12 |
|  | Bertrand Courot | DVD | 6,053 | 17.03 |  | |
|  | Anne-Sophie Godfroy | DVD | 4,228 | 11.90 | |
|  | Claudine Lang | FI | 3,479 | 9.79 | |
|  | Rudy Namur | PS | 3,291 | 9.26 | |
|  | Françoise Brunel | ECO | 888 | 2.50 | |
|  | Sandrine Henriques-Godart | DLF | 871 | 2.45 | |
|  | Dominique Vatel | PCF | 645 | 1.82 | |
|  | Pascal Picart | ECO | 340 | 0.96 | |
|  | Charlotte Cormerais | EXG | 313 | 0.88 | |
|  | Bernard Calujek | EXD | 289 | 0.81 | |
|  | Manon Poinas | DIV | 233 | 0.66 | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Votes | | | 35,534 | 100.00 | 29,824 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 35,534 | 97.78 | 29,824 | 90.77 |
| Blank votes | | | 592 | 1.63 | 2,157 | 6.57 |
| Null votes | | | 216 | 0.59 | 875 | 2.66 |
| Turnout | | | 36,342 | 46.11 | 32,856 | 41.69 |
| Abstentions | | | 42,476 | 53.89 | 45,962 | 58.31 |
| Registered voters | | | 78,818 |  | 78,818 |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| Source: Ministry of the Interior | | | | | | |

### 2012

Legislative Election 2012: Marne's 4th constituency
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **UMP** | **Benoist Apparu** | **16,580** | **37.30** |  |
|  | **PS** | **Rudy Namur** | **14,529** | **32.68** |  |
|  | FN | Edith Erre | 6,913 | 15.55 |  |
|  | FG | Dominique Vatel | 2,109 | 4.74 |  |
|  | DVD | Bertrand Courot | 1,956 | 4.40 |  |
|  | EELV | Dominique Determ | 1,216 | 2.74 |  |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | Others | *N/A* | 1,152 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 44,455 | 54.92 |  |
| 2nd round result | | | | | |
|  | **UMP** | **Benoist Apparu** | **22,382** | **52.49** |  |
|  | PS | Rudy Namur | 20,260 | 47.51 |  |
| Turnout | | | 42,642 | 52.69 |  |
|  | UMP **hold** | | | | |

## Sources

Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).

Official results of French elections from 2017: "" (in French).

## InfoBox

| 4th constituency of Marne | |
| --- | --- |
| **Constituency of the
National Assembly of France** | |
| The constituency shown within Champagne-Ardenne | |
| Incumbent deputy | Lise Magnier
Horizons |
| Department | Marne |
| Cantons | Châlons-sur-Marne I, Châlons-sur-Marne II, Châlons-sur-Marne III, Châlons-sur-Marne IV, Givry-en-Argonne, Marson, Sainte-Menehould, Ville-sur-Tourbe |
| Registered voters | 78,818 (2017) |
|  | |


title: Mägi-Kurdla

abstract: Mägi-Kurdla is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Laimjala Parish.

text:
# Mägi-Kurdla

**Mägi-Kurdla** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Laimjala Parish.

58°26′N 23°02′E / 58.433°N 23.033°E / 58.433; 23.033

## InfoBox

| Mägi-Kurdla | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Saare County |
| Parish | Saaremaa Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Force dynamics

abstract:
Force dynamics is a semantic category that describes the way in which entities interact with reference to force. Force Dynamics gained a good deal of attention in cognitive linguistics due to its claims of psychological plausibility and the elegance with which it generalizes ideas not usually considered in the same context.
The semantic category of force dynamics pervades language on several levels. Not only does it apply to expressions in the physical domain like leaning on or dragging, but it also plays an important role in expressions involving psychological forces. Furthermore, the concept of force dynamics can be extended to discourse. For example, the situation in which speakers A and B argue, after which speaker A gives in to speaker B, exhibits a force dynamic pattern.

text:
# Force dynamics

**Force dynamics** is a semantic category that describes the way in which entities interact with reference to force. Force Dynamics gained a good deal of attention in cognitive linguistics due to its claims of psychological plausibility and the elegance with which it generalizes ideas not usually considered in the same context. The semantic category of force dynamics pervades language on several levels. Not only does it apply to expressions in the physical domain like *leaning on* or *dragging*, but it also plays an important role in expressions involving psychological forces (e.g. *wanting* or *being urged*). Furthermore, the concept of force dynamics can be extended to discourse. For example, the situation in which speakers A and B argue, after which speaker A gives in to speaker B, exhibits a force dynamic pattern.

## Context

Introduced by cognitive linguist Leonard Talmy in 1981, force dynamics started out as a generalization of the traditional notion of the causative, dividing *causation* into finer primitives and considering the notions of *letting*, *hindering*, and *helping*. Talmy further developed the field in his 1985, 1988 and 2000 works.

Talmy places force dynamics within the broader context of cognitive semantics. In his view, a general idea underlying this discipline is the existence of a fundamental distinction in language between closed-class (grammatical) and open-class (lexical) categories. This distinction is motivated by the fact that language uses certain categories of notions to structure and organize meaning, while other categories are excluded from this function. For example, Talmy remarks that many languages mark the number of nouns in a systematic way, but that nouns are not marked in the same way for *color*. Force Dynamics is considered to be one of the closed-class notional categories, together with such generally recognized categories as number, aspect, mood, and evidentiality.

Aspects of force dynamics have been incorporated into the theoretical frameworks of Mark Johnson (1987), Steven Pinker (1997) and Ray Jackendoff (1990) (see Deane 1996 for a critical review of Jackendoff’s version of Force Dynamics). Force dynamics plays an important role in several recent accounts of modal verbs in various languages (including Brandt 1992, Achard 1996, Boye 2001, and Vandenberghe 2002). Other applications of force dynamics include use in discourse analysis (Talmy 1988, 2000), lexical semantics (Deane 1992, Da Silva 2003) and morphosyntactical analysis (Chun & Zubin 1990, Langacker 1999:352-4).

## Theoretical outline

### Basic concepts

Expressions can exhibit a force dynamic pattern or can be force-dynamically neutral. A sentence like *The door is closed* is force-dynamically neutral, because there are no forces opposing each other. The sentence *The door cannot open*, on the other hand, exhibits a force dynamic pattern: apparently the door has some tendency toward opening, but there is some other force preventing it from being opened (e.g., it may be jammed).

A basic feature of a force-dynamic expression is the presence of two force-exerting elements. Languages make a distinction between these two forces based on their roles. The force entity that is in focus is called the *agonist* and the force entity opposing it is the *Antagonist* (see *a, figure 1*). In the example, the *door* is the agonist and the force preventing the door from being opened is the Antagonist.

Force entities have an *intrinsic force tendency*, either toward action or toward rest. For the agonist, this tendency is marked with an arrowhead (action) or with a large dot (rest) (see *b, figure 1*). Since the antagonist by definition has an opposing tendency, it need not be marked. In the example, the door has a tendency toward action.

A third relevant factor is the balance between the two forces. The forces are out of balance by definition; if the two forces are equally strong, the situation is not interesting from a force-dynamic point of view. One force is therefore stronger or weaker than the other. A stronger force is marked with a *plus* sign, a weaker force with a *minus* sign (*c, figure 1*). In the example, the Antagonist is stronger, since it actually holds back the door.

The outcome of the Force-Dynamic scenario depends on both the intrinsic tendency and the balance between the forces. The result is represented by a line beneath Agonist and Antagonist. The line has an arrowhead if the outcome is action and a large dot if the outcome is rest (*d, figure 1*). In the example, the door stays closed; the Antagonist succeeds in preventing it from being opened. The sentence 'The door cannot open' can be Force-Dynamically represented by the diagram at the top of this page.

Using these basic concepts, several generalizations can be made. The force dynamic situations in which the Agonist is stronger are expressed in sentences like ‘X happened *despite* Y’, while situations in which the Antagonist is stronger are expressed in the form of ‘X happened *because of* Y’. In the latter, a form of causation that Talmy termed *extended causation* is captured.

### More complexity

More possibilities arise when another variable is introduced: *change over time*. This variable is exemplified by such expressions as *A gust of wind made the pages of my book turn*. In force dynamic terms, the situation can be described as the entering of an antagonist (the wind) that is stronger in force than the agonist (the pages) and changes the force tendency of the pages from a state of rest to a state of action (turning). In force dynamic diagrams, this motion (‘change over time’) of the Antagonist is represented by an arrow.

The diagrams in *Figure 2* to the right combine a shifting antagonist with agonists of varying force tendencies. The following sentences are examples for these patterns:

a. *A gust of wind made the pages of my book turn.* b. *The appearance of the headmaster made the pupils calm down.* c. *The breaking of the dam let the water flow from the storage lake.* d. *The abating of the wind let the sailboat slow down.*

In this series of scenarios, various kinds of causation are described. Furthermore, a basic relationship between the concepts of ‘causing something to happen’ and ‘letting something happen’ emerges, definable in terms of the balance between the force entities and the resultants of the interaction.

Force entities do not have to be physical entities. Force dynamics is directly applicable to terms involving psychological forces like *to persuade* and *to urge*. The force dynamic aspect of the sentence *Herbie did not succeed in persuading Diana to sing another song* can be graphically represented as easily as the earlier example sentence *The door cannot open* (and, incidentally, by the same diagram).

In addition, force entities do not have to be physically separate. A case in point is *reflexive* force dynamic constructions of the type *Chet was dragging himself instead of walking*. It is perfectly possible to represent this in a Force Dynamic diagram (representing Chet’s will as the Agonist keeping the body — the Antagonist — in motion). Thus, even though Chet is one person, his will and his body are conceptualized separately.

### Psychological basis

The key elements of force dynamics are very basic to human cognition. Deane (1996:56) commented that “\[f\]rom a cognitive perspective, Talmy’s theory is a striking example of a psychologically plausible theory of causation. Its key elements are such concepts as the (amount of) force exerted by an entity, the balance between two such forces, and the force vector which results from their interaction. Such concepts have an obvious base in ordinary motor activities: the brain must be able to calculate the force vector produced by muscular exertion, and calculate the probable outcome when that force is exerted against an object in the outside world.”

In cognitive linguistic terms, force dynamic expressions reflect a *conceptual archetype* because of their conceptual basality (Langacker 1999:24). In this view, expressions involving psychological forces reflect an extension of the category of force dynamics from the physical domain to the psychological domain.

## Limitations and criticism

From the perspective of lexical semantics, some people have argued that force dynamics fails to be explanatory. For example, Goddard (1998:262–266) raised the objection that "a visual representation cannot — in and of itself — convey a meaning. (…) From a semiotic point of view, a diagram never stands alone; it always depends on a system of verbal captions, whether these are explicit or implied." He goes on to attack the verbal definition of causation Talmy provides, claiming that it is circular and obscure. Furthermore, Goddard objects to the use of the "semantically obscure concept of force". However, Goddard's objections lose some of their strength in light of the fact that Force Dynamics does not present itself as a complete semantic description of the constructions involving Force Dynamic concepts.

Another objection regarding force dynamics is the question, raised by Goddard (1998:81), of how different representational devices are supposed to interact with one another. As the field of cognitive linguistics is still in a state of theoretical flux, no systematic account addresses this issue yet. However, it is an objection many cognitive linguists are aware of. Some cognitive linguists have replied to such objections by pointing out that the goal of Cognitive Linguistics is not to construct a formal system in which theorems are proved, but rather to better understand the cognitive basis of language (cf. Newman 1996:xii).

Jackendoff (1990, 1996:120–3), in the process of incorporating aspects of force dynamics into his theory of conceptual semantics, has proposed a reconfiguration of some of its basic notions. In Jackendoff’s view, this reconfiguration "conforms better to the syntax of force-dynamic verbs" (1996:121).

### Primary sources

* Talmy, Leonard (2000) ‘Force Dynamics in Language and Cognition’ Chapter 7 of Talmy, *Toward a cognitive semantics* vol I:  *Concept structuring systems*. Cambridge: MIT Press. \[*This chapter is a modestly rewritten version of*:\]
* Talmy, Leonard (1988a) ‘Force Dynamics in language and cognition’ In *Cognitive Science*, 12, 1, 49–100. \[*This article is a moderately rewritten version of*:\]
* Talmy, Leonard (1985a) ‘Force Dynamics in language and thought’ In *Papers from the Regional Meetings, Chicago Linguistic Society*, 21, 293–337.

### Secondary sources

* Achard, Michel (1996) ‘French modals and speaker control’ In Goldberg, Adele (ed.), *Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language*. Stanford, CA.: CSL&I.
* Boye, Kasper (2001) ‘The Force-Dynamic core meaning of Danish modal verbs’ In *Acta Linguistica Hafniensia*, 33, 19–66.
* Brandt, Per Aage (1989) 'Agonistique et analyse dynamique catastrophiste du modal et de l’aspectuel: quelques remarques sur la linguistique cognitive de L. Talmy’ In *Semiotica*, 77, 1–3, 151–162.
* Brandt, Per Aage (1992) *La charpente modale du sens: Pour une simio-linguistique morphogenitique et dynamique*. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Chun, Soon Ae & David A Zubin (1990) ‘Experiential vs. Agentive Constructions in Korean Narrative’. In *Proceedings of the Berkeley linguistics Society* 16, 81–93.
* Deane, Paul D (1992) 'Polysemy as the consequence of internal conceptual complexity: the case of over’ In *Proceedings of the Eastern States Conference on Linguistics (ESCOL)* , 9, 32–43.
* Deane, Paul D (1996) ‘On Jackendoff’s conceptual semantics’ In *Cognitive Linguistics*, 7, 1, 35–91.
* Goddard, Cliff (1998) ‘‘Semantic Analysis: A Practical Introduction‘‘ New York: Oxford University Press. (esp p 262-266)
* Jackendoff, Ray (1990) *Semantic Structures*. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
* Jackendoff, Ray (1996) 'Conceptual semantics and cognitive linguistics’. In *Cognitive Linguistics*, 7, 1, 93–129.
* Johnson, Mark (1987). *The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason*, University of Chicago.
* Langacker, Ronald W. (1999) *Grammar and Conceptualization.* Cognitive Linguistics Research vol. 14. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Pinker, Steven. 1997. *How the mind works*. New York: Norton.
* Silva, Augusto Soares da (2003) ‘Image schemas and category coherence: the Case of the Portuguese Verb deixar’. In *Cognitive Approaches to Lexical Semantics*, Cuyckens & Dirve & Taylor (eds.), 281–322.
* Sweetser, Eve (1982) ‘A proposal for uniting deontic and epistemic modals. In *Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society*. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
* Sweetser, Eve (1984) ‘Semantic structure and semantic change: A cognitive linguistic study of modality, perception, speech acts, and logical relations. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
* Talmy, Leonard (1976a) ‘Semantic causative types’ In Shibatani (ed.), *Syntax and semantics*  (vol 6) :  *The grammar of causative constructions*. New York: Academic Press.
* Talmy, Leonard (1981) ‘Force Dynamics’. Paper presented at conference on Language and Mental Imagery. May 1981, University of California, Berkeley.
* Talmy, Leonard (1985b) ‘Force Dynamics as a generalization over causative’ In *Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics*, 67–85.
* Vandenberghe, Wim (2002) ‘Instigative Setting-Constructions: Force Dynamic Research on ‘New’ Types of Agency’ In *Leuvense Bijdragen*, 90, 4, 365–390.


title: Nuclease S1

abstract:
Nuclease S1 is an endonuclease enzyme that splits single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA into oligo- or mononucleotides. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
  - Endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphomononucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products Although its primary substrate is single-stranded, it can also occasionally introduce single-stranded breaks in double-stranded DNA or RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrids. The enzyme hydrolyses single stranded region in duplex DNA such as loops or gaps. It also cleaves a strand opposite a nick on the complementary strand. It has no sequence specificity. Well-known versions include S1 found in Aspergillus oryzae and Nuclease P1 found in Penicillium citrinum. Members of the S1/P1 family are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are thought to be associated in programmed cell death and also in tissue differentiation. Furthermore, they are secreted extracellular, that is, outside of the cell. Their function and distinguishing features mean they have potential in being exploited in the field of biotechnology.

text:
# Nuclease S1

| S1-P1 nuclease | |
| --- | --- |
| P1 nuclease in complex with a substrate analog | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | S1-P1\_nuclease |
| Pfam | PF02265 |
| Pfam clan | CL0368 |
| InterPro | IPR003154 |
| SCOP2 | 1ak0 / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| CDD | cd11010 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |

**Nuclease S1** (EC 3.1.30.1) is an endonuclease enzyme that splits single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA into oligo- or mononucleotides. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

Endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphomononucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products

Although its primary substrate is single-stranded, it can also occasionally introduce single-stranded breaks in double-stranded DNA or RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrids. The enzyme hydrolyses single stranded region in duplex DNA such as loops or gaps. It also cleaves a strand opposite a nick on the complementary strand. It has no sequence specificity.

Well-known versions include S1 found in *Aspergillus oryzae* (yellow koji mold) and **Nuclease P1** found in *Penicillium citrinum*. Members of the S1/P1 family are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are thought to be associated in programmed cell death and also in tissue differentiation. Furthermore, they are secreted extracellular, that is, outside of the cell. Their function and distinguishing features mean they have potential in being exploited in the field of biotechnology.

## Nomenclature

Alternative names include endonuclease S1 (Aspergillus), single-stranded-nucleate endonuclease, deoxyribonuclease S1, deoxyribonuclease S1, Aspergillus nuclease S1, Neurospora crassa single-strand specific endonuclease, S1 nuclease, single-strand endodeoxyribonuclease, single-stranded DNA specific endonuclease, single-strand-specific endodeoxyribonuclease, single strand-specific DNase and Aspergillus oryzae S1 nuclease.

## Structure

Most nucleases with EC 3.1.30.1 activity are homologous to each other in a protein domain family called Nuclease S1/P1.

Members of this family, including P1 and S1, are glycoproteins with very distinguishing features, they are:

These requirements and distinguishing features are responsible for function efficacy. It is an enzyme and these four features are needed for enzyme functionality. The three zinc ions are vital for catalysis. The first two zincs activate the attacking water in hydrolysis whilst the third zinc ion stabilizes the leaving oxyanion.

## Properties

| Nuclease S1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Organism | Aspergillus oryzae |
| Symbol | NucS |
| UniProt | P24021 |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |

| Nuclease P1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Organism | Penicillium citrinum |
| Symbol | NuP1 |
| UniProt | P24289 |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |

Aspergillus nuclease S1 is a monomeric protein of a molecular weight of 38 kilodalton. It requires Zn2+ as a cofactor and is relatively stable against denaturing agents like urea, SDS, or formaldehyde. The optimum pH for its activity lies between 4-4.5. Aspergillus nuclease S1 is known to be inhibited somewhat by 50 μM ATP and nearly completely by 1 mM ATP. 50% inhibition has been shown at 85 μM dAMP and 1 μM dATP but uninhibited by cAMP.

## Mechanism

This zinc-dependent nuclease protein domain produces 5' nucleotides and cleaves phosphate groups from 3' nucleotides. Additionally, the side chain of tryptophan located in the cavity in the active site and its backbone supports the action one of the zinc ions. Such mechanisms are essential to the catalytic function of the enzyme.

## Uses

Aspergillus nuclease S1 is used in the laboratory as a reagent in nuclease protection assays. In molecular biology, it is used in removing single stranded tails from DNA molecules to create blunt ended molecules and opening hairpin loops generated during synthesis of double stranded cDNA.

## Further reading

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR003154

## InfoBox

| Nuclease S1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 3.1.30.1 |
| CAS no. | 37288-25-8 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Rafik Kamalov

abstract: Mohammed Rafik Kamalov was a popular imam in Kyrgyzstan who was shot and killed 7 August 2006, in Osh, by Kyrgyz special forces. He was the head of the largest mosque in the divided city of Kara-Suu on the Kyrgyzstan side of the border with Uzbekistan. Kyrgyz officials confirmed that they killed 3 people in an operation against "Islamic Fundamentalism" in the city, but did not confirm or deny the death of Imam Kamalov. The officials said that the dead were members of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, a banned organization. However, Imam Kamalov had consistently denied this allegation, saying that more than 70% of the visitors to his mosque were members of the group, but that he could not deny them entry on religious grounds.

text:
# Rafik Kamalov

**Mohammed Rafik Kamalov** was a popular imam in Kyrgyzstan who was shot and killed 7 August 2006, in Osh, by Kyrgyz special forces. He was the head of the largest mosque in the divided city of Kara-Suu on the Kyrgyzstan side of the border with Uzbekistan. Kyrgyz officials confirmed that they killed 3 people in an operation against "Islamic Fundamentalism" in the city, but did not confirm or deny the death of Imam Kamalov. The officials said that the dead were members of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, a banned organization. However, Imam Kamalov had consistently denied this allegation, saying that more than 70% of the visitors to his mosque were members of the group, but that he could not deny them entry on religious grounds.


title: Fort Belknap (Texas)

abstract: Fort Belknap, located near Newcastle, Texas, was established in November 1851 by brevet Brigadier General William G. Belknap to protect the Texas frontier against raids by the Kiowa and Comanche. It was the northernmost fort in a line from the Rio Grande to the Red River. The fort functioned as a base of operations rather than as a fortified point, and it became the center of a substantial network of roads, including the Butterfield Overland Mail. The fort was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, in recognition of its key role in securing the Texas frontier in the 1850s and 1860s. Other forts in the frontier fort system were Forts Griffin, Concho, Richardson, Chadbourne, Stockton, Davis, Bliss, McKavett, Clark, McIntosh, Inge, and Phantom Hill in Texas, and Sill in Oklahoma. Subposts or intermediate stations also were used, including Bothwick's Station on Salt Creek between Fort Richardson and Fort Belknap, Camp Wichita near Buffalo Springs between Fort Richardson and Red River Station, and Mountain Pass between Fort Concho and Fort Griffin. Some notable officers who were stationed at Fort Belknap include Captain Randolph B. Marcy and Lieutenant George B. McClellan. Together, the officers explored the Canadian River and found the headwaters of the Red River. The Second Cavalry was headquartered here in 1858 under the command of Major George H. Thomas. Prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War, the post was abandoned, partly as a pullback of federal troops to the north, and partly due to the fort's unreliable water supply. "Northern Indians fell upon the hapless Texas frontier with such violence that a whole tier of frontier counties was disbanded..." Families remaining in Young County "huddled in the abandoned buildings of Fort Belknap" and "during snow storms sought shelter in the abandoned buildings." The fort was briefly reoccupied in 1867, then abandoned for the last time. The fort was gradually dismantled for building materials, so that by 1936, only the magazine and part of the cornhouse remained. Beginning with the Texas Centennial, portions of the fort were rebuilt and restored, mostly on their original foundations. Starting in 2019, the fort underwent a renovation to update the museum housed in the commissary building and build a new support structure for the historic grape arbor. The arbor includes the largest mustang (muscadine) grape vine known to exist. The fort is home to the Fort Belknap Archives, which houses records from North Texas.

text:
# Fort Belknap (Texas)

**Fort Belknap**, located near Newcastle, Texas, was established in November 1851 by brevet Brigadier General William G. Belknap to protect the Texas frontier against raids by the Kiowa and Comanche. It was the northernmost fort in a line from the Rio Grande to the Red River. The fort functioned as a base of operations rather than as a fortified point, and it became the center of a substantial network of roads, including the Butterfield Overland Mail. The fort was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, in recognition of its key role in securing the Texas frontier in the 1850s and 1860s.

Other forts in the frontier fort system were Forts Griffin, Concho, Richardson, Chadbourne, Stockton, Davis, Bliss, McKavett, Clark, McIntosh, Inge, and Phantom Hill in Texas, and Sill in Oklahoma. Subposts or intermediate stations also were used, including Bothwick's Station on Salt Creek between Fort Richardson and Fort Belknap, Camp Wichita near Buffalo Springs between Fort Richardson and Red River Station, and Mountain Pass between Fort Concho and Fort Griffin.

Some notable officers who were stationed at Fort Belknap include Captain Randolph B. Marcy and Lieutenant George B. McClellan. Together, the officers explored the Canadian River and found the headwaters of the Red River. The Second Cavalry was headquartered here in 1858 under the command of Major George H. Thomas.

Prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War, the post was abandoned, partly as a pullback of federal troops to the north, and partly due to the fort's unreliable water supply. "Northern Indians fell upon the hapless Texas frontier with such violence that a whole tier of frontier counties was disbanded..." Families remaining in Young County "huddled in the abandoned buildings of Fort Belknap" and "during snow storms sought shelter in the abandoned buildings."

The fort was briefly reoccupied in 1867, then abandoned for the last time.

The fort was gradually dismantled for building materials, so that by 1936, only the magazine and part of the cornhouse remained. Beginning with the Texas Centennial, portions of the fort were rebuilt and restored, mostly on their original foundations. Starting in 2019, the fort underwent a renovation to update the museum housed in the commissary building and build a new support structure for the historic grape arbor. The arbor includes the largest mustang (muscadine) grape vine known to exist.

The fort is home to the Fort Belknap Archives, which houses records from North Texas.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Fort Belknap | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Flags and artillery at Fort Belknap. | |
| Fort BelknapFort Belknap | |
| Nearest city | Newcastle, Texas |
| Coordinates | 33°9′2.79″N 98°44′28.36″W / 33.1507750°N 98.7412111°W / 33.1507750; -98.7412111 |
| Area | 15.3 acres (6.2 ha) |
| Built | June 24, 1851 |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000824 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | December 19, 1960 |


title: Warchlino

abstract: Warchlino is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stargard, within Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. The village has a population of 85.

text:
# Warchlino

**Warchlino** \[varˈxlinɔ\] (German *Groß Wachlin*) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stargard, within Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 85.

## InfoBox

| Warchlino | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Warchlino | |
| Coordinates: 53°26′29″N 14°58′59″E / 53.44139°N 14.98306°E / 53.44139; 14.98306 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | West Pomeranian |
| County | Stargard |
| Gmina | Stargard |
| Population | |
| Total | 85 |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |


title: Los Ángeles (Madrid)

abstract: Los Ángeles is a ward (barrio) of Madrid belonging to the district of Villaverde.

text:
# Los Ángeles (Madrid)

**Los Ángeles** is a ward (*barrio*) of Madrid belonging to the district of Villaverde.

40°21′24″N 3°41′57″W / 40.35667°N 3.69917°W / 40.35667; -3.69917

## InfoBox

| Los Ángeles | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward of Madrid | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Aut. community | Community of Madrid |
| Municipality | Madrid |
| District | Villaverde |
|  | |


title: Tristachya

abstract:
Tristachya is a genus of African and Latin American plants in tribe Tristachyideae within the grass family.
  - Species
  - formerly included see Danthoniopsis Dilophotriche Loudetia Loudetiopsis Trichopteryx Zonotriche

text:
# Tristachya

***Tristachya*** (common name **trident grasses)** is a genus of African and Latin American plants in tribe Tristachyideae within the grass family.

Species   formerly included

see *Danthoniopsis Dilophotriche Loudetia Loudetiopsis Trichopteryx Zonotriche*

## InfoBox

| Trident grasses | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tristachya leucothrix* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
| Tribe: | Tristachyideae |
| Genus: | *Tristachya*
Nees |
|
| Type species | |
| *Tristachya leiostachya*
Nees | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Apochaete* (C.E.Hubb.) J.B.Phipps * *Dolichochaete* (C.E.Hubb.) J.B.Phipps * *Isalus* J.B.Phipps * *Loudetia* Hochst. ex A.Braun, rejected name * *Monopogon* J.Presl * *Muantijamvella* J.B.Phipps * *Veseyochloa* J.B.Phipps | |


title: Lou Haneles

abstract: Louis Aaron Haneles was a minor league baseball player, manager, general manager and owner. Haneles began his professional career in 1936, at the age of 19. He played from 1936 to 1938, in 1940, 1946 and 1949. In total, he appeared in 322 games, hitting.256 with 230 hits in 900 at-bats. He mostly played as a left-handed catcher and always promoted the better suitability of left-handers for the catcher position. He took his first managing job in 1940, heading the Shelby Colonels before being replaced by Art Patchin. He was a co-owner and the general manager of the Bloomingdale Troopers at the beginning of 1946, and by the end of the season he was a player, manager and owner of the Walden Hummingbirds. in 1947, the Stamford Bombers franchise was owned Haneles and Stan Moor. Haneles would serve as the teams' general manager and would integrate the team roster. In 1946 and 1947, 16 black players crossed the color line in minor league baseball. Six of them were signed by Haneles to Stamford in 1947. In June, 1948, he sued the Brooklyn Dodgers and Branch Rickey for $100,000, claiming the Dodgers took the Walden franchise, transferred it to Kingston, New York and sold it. In June 1948, Haneles and Eddie Ainsmith organized the National Girls Baseball League, which was to operate in the following year. Haneles was the general manager of the Leesburg Dodgers in 1949. He began the year as their manager as well, however he gave up duties and was replaced by Julian Acosta. He also ran baseball schools for a large portion of his life. In Florida, he had a school set up with Mal Fichman that was to prepare players not drafted for minor league baseball.

text:
# Lou Haneles

**Louis Aaron Haneles** (September 15, 1916 in Chicago, Illinois  November 29, 2006 in Miami, Florida) was a minor league baseball player, manager, general manager and owner.

Haneles began his professional career in 1936, at the age of 19. He played from 1936 to 1938, in 1940, 1946 and 1949. In total, he appeared in 322 games, hitting .256 with 230 hits in 900 at-bats. He mostly played as a left-handed catcher and always promoted the better suitability of left-handers for the catcher position.

He took his first managing job in 1940, heading the Shelby Colonels before being replaced by Art Patchin. He was a co-owner and the general manager of the Bloomingdale Troopers at the beginning of 1946, and by the end of the season he was a player, manager and owner of the Walden Hummingbirds.

in 1947, the Stamford Bombers franchise was owned Haneles and Stan Moor. Haneles would serve as the teams' general manager and would integrate the team roster. In 1946 and 1947, 16 black players crossed the color line in minor league baseball. Six of them were signed by Haneles to Stamford in 1947.

In June, 1948, he sued the Brooklyn Dodgers and Branch Rickey for $100,000, claiming the Dodgers took the Walden franchise, transferred it to Kingston, New York and sold it.

In June 1948, Haneles and Eddie Ainsmith organized the National Girls Baseball League, which was to operate in the following year.

Haneles was the general manager of the Leesburg Dodgers in 1949. He began the year as their manager as well, however he gave up duties and was replaced by Julian Acosta.

He also ran baseball schools for a large portion of his life. In Florida, he had a school set up with Mal Fichman that was to prepare players not drafted for minor league baseball.

## Sources

* June 16, 1948 *Sporting News*
* June 30, 1948 *Sporting News*
* June 22, 1949 *Sporting News*
* December 22, 1980 *Sporting News*


title: Lorraine (disambiguation)

abstract: Lorraine is a cultural and historical region in northeastern France. Lorraine may also refer to:

text:
# Lorraine (disambiguation)

**Lorraine** is a cultural and historical region in northeastern France.

**Lorraine** may also refer to:

## People and fictional characters

## Places

### Africa

#### South Africa

### Europe

### North America

#### Canada

#### United States

### Elsewhere

## Arts and entertainment

### Music

#### Groups

#### Albums

#### Songs

### Television

## Computing and technology

* Lorraine, the workname used by Jay Miner for the first prototype of the Amiga computer
* Lorraine, codename for the Amiga Motorola 68000 chipset

## Military

## Transportation

## Other uses


title: Lorraine (given name)

abstract: Lorraine is a feminine given name, which is simply from the name of the region of Lorraine in France. It has been used in the English-speaking world since the Franco-Prussian War, during which events brought the region to the North American public's attention. It is a Danish, English, Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish modern form of the Germanic Chlothar.

text:
# Lorraine (given name)

**Lorraine** is a feminine given name, which is simply from the name of the region of Lorraine in France. It has been used in the English-speaking world (especially the United States and Canada) since the Franco-Prussian War, during which events brought the region to the North American public's attention. It is a Danish, English, Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish modern form of the Germanic Chlothar (which is a blended form of Hlūdaz and Harjaz).

## People

## Fictional characters

## InfoBox

Lorraine
| Gender | Female |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | from Medieval Latin *Lotharingia*, "Lothar's realm" |
| Other names | |
| Alternative spelling | Loraine, Lorayne |
| Nickname(s) | Lori/Lorri(e), Raine(y), Reina |
| Related names |  |