title: Nigerian Bulk Electricity PLC

abstract: The Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading (NBET) Plc. (NBET) is the manager and administrator of the electricity pool in the Nigerian electricity supply industry (NESI). It was incorporated on the 29th day of July 2010 and is 100% owned by the Federal Government of Nigeria. In line with the “Roadmap to Power Sector Reform” of August 2010, and, in fulfillment of the requirements of EPSRA, the Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading PLC, (NBET) aka the Bulk Trader, was incorporated on July 29, 2010, as the SPV for carrying out, under license from NERC, the bulk purchase and resale function contemplated by the EPSRA. As such NBET has been set up “engage in the purchase and resale of electric power and ancillary services from independent power producers and from the successor generation companies”

text:
# Nigerian Bulk Electricity PLC

**The Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading (NBET) Plc.** (NBET) is the manager and administrator of the electricity pool (‘The Pool’) in the Nigerian electricity supply industry (NESI). It was incorporated on the 29th day of July 2010 and is 100% owned by the Federal Government of Nigeria.

In line with the “Roadmap to Power Sector Reform” of August 2010, and, in fulfillment of the requirements of EPSRA, the Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading PLC, (NBET) aka the Bulk Trader, was incorporated on July 29, 2010, as the SPV for carrying out, under license from NERC, the bulk purchase and resale function contemplated by the EPSRA. As such NBET has been set up “engage in the purchase and resale of electric power and ancillary services from independent power producers and from the successor generation companies”

## Background

Nigerian's deficient power sector supply has been a challenge that the past three presidential administrations have steadfastly sought to address. In 2001, the federal Government, in a bid to address the deficiency in power sector supply, adopted the National Electric power policy for the reform of the sector. Following suit, the **Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA)**, was passed into law in March 2005. A key thrust of the sector from public to private sector. In furtherance of this goal, the Act saw the creation of the **Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN)** which assumed the assets, Liabilities and employees of the erstwhile **Nigeria Electricity Power Authority (NEPA)**; the subsequent unbundling of PHCN into 18 successor companies, the establishment of the Rural **Electrification Agency (REA)** and the provision for the establishment of two special purpose vehicles (SPVs) to undertake electric power trading and management of extant liabilities respectively

## History

NBET was incorporated on July 29, 2010, in line with the "Roadmap to Power Sector Reform" and, in fulfillment of the requirements of the Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA) of 2005, for a "trading licensee holding a bulk purchase and resale license" to "engage in the purchase and resale of electrical power and ancillary services from independent power producers and from the successor generation companies".

On August 23, 2011, the President, Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GCFR, inaugurated a nine-person Board of Directors that included Mr. Rumundaka Wonodi as its pioneer managing director and chief executive officer (2011 - 2016).

NBET's power purchase agreements (PPAs) with independent power producers are backed by credit enhancement instruments offered by the FGN.

## Services

NBET purchases electricity from the Generating Companies through Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and sells to the Distribution Companies through Vesting Contracts. The Generating Companies include the privatized PHCN successor companies, the Niger Delta Power Holding Companies (NIPPs), the already existing Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and the new IPPs.

1. "President Jonathan inaugurates Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading board". *Nigeria Business News*. 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2017-08-29.

## InfoBox

The Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading (NBET) Plc.
| Founded | July 29, 2010 (2010-07-29) |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Abuja, Nigeria |
| Key people | Nnaemeka Ewelukwa, CEO |
| Website | www.nbet.com.ng |


title: Nigerian Bottling Company

abstract: Nigerian Bottling Company is a beverage firm that is the franchise bottler of Coca-Cola in Nigeria. The firm has also owned the Nigerian franchise to market Fanta, Sprite, Schweppes, Ginger Ale, Limca, Krest, Parle Soda and Five Alive. Nigerian Bottling Company also known as NBC, started production in 1953 at the basement facilities of the mainland Hotel, owned by Leventis Group producing Coke licensed from Coca Cola Company. In 1960, NBC introduced Fanta orange drink into the market and later Sprite lemon drink.

text:
# Nigerian Bottling Company

**Nigerian Bottling Company** is a beverage firm that is the franchise bottler of Coca-Cola in Nigeria. The firm has also owned the Nigerian franchise to market Fanta, Sprite, Schweppes, Ginger Ale, Limca, Krest, Parle Soda and Five Alive.

Nigerian Bottling Company also known as NBC, started production in 1953 at the basement facilities of the mainland Hotel, owned by Leventis Group producing Coke licensed from Coca Cola Company. In 1960, NBC introduced Fanta orange drink into the market and later Sprite lemon drink.

## Marketing and distribution

NBC has eight bottling facilities in Nigeria which provide supplies to various depots for onward distribution to wholesalers or dealers. Over the years, NBC has established or acquired factories producing raw materials in its supply chain. It established a maize farm at Agenebode, Edo State to produce fructose syrup, acquired interest in Crown cork facilities in Ijebu Ode and a glass making factory in Delta State.

Nigeria Bottle Company serves 600 million consumers across broad with a geographical footprint of 28 countries on 3 continents.

NBC produces more SKU's than its primary competitor, Seven-Up, it markets Coke, Coke zero, Fanta orange, Fanta apple, Eva water etc.

## InfoBox

Nigerian Bottling Company
| Headquarters | Lagos, Nigeria |
| --- | --- |
| Products | Coca Cola, Sprite, Eva Water, Schweppes, Fanta |
| Website | https://ng.coca-colahellenic.com/ |


title: Nihat Altınkaya

abstract: Nihat Alptuğ Altınkaya is a Turkish actor, model and sportsman. He is also the winner of the 2012 season of Survivor: Ünlüler vs. Gönüllüler.

text:
# Nihat Altınkaya

**Nihat Alptuğ Altınkaya** (born 28 September 1979) is a Turkish actor, model and sportsman. He is also the winner of the 2012 season of *Survivor: Ünlüler vs. Gönüllüler*.

## Personal life

Nihat Altınkaya was born on 28 September 1979 in Karabük. Born to a family that originates from Rize, he finished high school in Karabük. He has two sisters. His mother was a bank clerk, while his father run a business. He played in the volleyball teams of Karabük Demir Çelik High School and Ankara Emlak Bank Sport Club. After suffering from an injury at the age of 17, he stopped playing volleyball and began working as a bodyguard at a nightclub in Ayvalık. Later, he moved to Istanbul and after getting trained in boxing he joined the boxing department of Fenerbahçe S.K. He eventually began modeling and started appearing in TV series. He briefly dated his costar from *Yaprak Dökümü* Deniz Çakır. In December 2010, he married İmre Altınkaya. Together they have two daughters, named Melek and Ayşe. They reside in Istanbul.

## Career

He was first discovered by Gökçe Doruk Erten, after which he played in Funda Arar's music video "Özledim". He then continued his career as a model. Altınkaya eventually started his career as an actor and appeared in the Turkish-Belgian movie *Turkuaz* as well as two other films. At the same time, he got recurring roles in various TV series. He also received theatre lessons at "Ekol Drama Art House" from Ayla Algan and İpek Bilgin. He later shared the leading role with Ezgi Asaroğlu in Kağan Erturan's first feature film *En Mutlu Olduğum Yer*.

## Filmography

| **Film** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Title | Role |
| 2010 | En Mutlu Olduğum Yer | Kemal |
| 2010 | Turquaze |  |
| 2009 | Aşk Üçgeni |  |
| **TV series** | | |
| 2023- present | Al Sancak | Boran |
| 2022-2023 | Kuruluş: Osman | Olof |
| 2021 | Teşkilat | Hulki |
| 2019 | Elimi Bırakma | Barış Yaman |
| 2017–2019 | Söz | Yarbay Erdem Kaçmaz |
| 2016 | Yüksek Sosyete | Levent Karatay |
| 2015 | Kara Ekmek | Aslan |
| 2015 | Medcezir | Kaan Mavideniz |
| 2014–2015 | Kara Para Aşk | Serhat |
| 2013 | Karadayı | Sinan Koca |
| 2013 | Tozlu Yollar | Fikret |
| 2010-2011 | Unutulmaz | Aras |
| 2009–2010 | Kahramanlar | Fireman Mete |
| 2009 | Yaprak Dökümü | Levent Tuncel |
| 2009 | Dudaktan Kalbe | Umut Altuğ |
| 2007 | Kurtlar Vadisi Pusu | Memati's confidant |
| 2007 | Menekşe ile Halil | Semih |
| 2006 | Binbir Gece | Fuat |
| **Music videos** | | |
| Year | Artist | Title |
| 2006 | Funda Arar | **Özledim** |
| 2006 | Nilgül | **Konuşamıyorum** |
| 2007 | Nilgül | **Sen** |
| 2007 | Yaşar | **Sevda Sinemalarda** |
| 2007 | Aylin Aslım | **Ahh** |
|

## InfoBox

| Nihat Altınkaya | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nihat Alptuğ Altınkaya
(1979-09-28) 28 September 1979
Karabük, Turkey |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, model, sportsman |
| Years active | 2006–present |
| Spouse | İmre Altınkaya (m. 2010) |
| Children | 2 Longueur = 1.85m |


title: Niigata Prefectural Baseball Stadium

abstract: Niigata Prefectural Baseball Stadium (新潟県立野球場), officially HARD OFF ECO Stadium Niigata, is a baseball stadium in Niigata, Niigata opened on July 1, 2009. It is primarily used for baseball and is the home of the Niigata Albirex Baseball Club. The stadium hosted one NPB All-Star Game in 2010.

text:
# Niigata Prefectural Baseball Stadium

**Niigata Prefectural Baseball Stadium** (新潟県立野球場), officially **HARD OFF ECO Stadium Niigata**, is a baseball stadium in Niigata, Niigata opened on July 1, 2009. It is primarily used for baseball and is the home of the Niigata Albirex Baseball Club. The stadium hosted one NPB All-Star Game in 2010.

## Access

Transit bus

There is a bus stop ' *Sports Koen mae* (スポーツ公園前)', 2 minutes walk away from the stadium. Transit bus operated by Niigata Kotsu **S70**, **S71**, **S72** (line: S7) runs from Niigata Station South Exit.

## InfoBox

Niigata Prefectural Baseball Stadium
| Hard Off Eco Stadium Niigata | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Niigata, Niigata |
| Coordinates | 37°52′46″N 139°03′51″E / 37.879418°N 139.064266°E / 37.879418; 139.064266 |
| Owner | Niigata Prefecture |
| Operator | Albirex Niigata |
| Capacity | 30,000 |
| Field size | left: 100 m
center: 122 m
right: 100 m |
| Construction | |
| Built | January 24, 2007 |
| Opened | July 1, 2009 |
| Tenants | |
| Niigata Albirex Baseball Club | |


title: Niko Bellotto

abstract: Niko Bellotto is a solo electronic music producer and Dj since late 80s and member of the electronic tango-infused band, Baires. Half-Swedish and Argentinian, Bellotto was born in Sweden and raised in both, Spain, Sweden and Argentina His career spans three decades, first introduced into the electronic field in the early 1980s as a DJ. He subtly blends a variety of styles ranging from house music, tech-house, and rare grooves. Bellotto created and managed the critically acclaimed Tangent Beats record label based in Stockholm, which has released material from such notable artists as Alexi Delano, Casey Hogan, John Dahlback, and Håkan Lidbo. In 2001 and 2002, he was nominated for two Grammys for his production skills in electronic music and is in demand internationally as a DJ, producer and remixer. With dozens of 12-inch singles, collaborations, and remixes to his credit many which have been released under such esteemed record labels as Defected, Plastic City, Suburbia, Loop, Route 33 as well as his own imprint, Tangent Beats.Currently managing the Eat My House Label featuring his own productions and Music from Sebastian Gudding, Özgür Can, Jusso Pikanen.... 2003 He started the Band Baires with fellow DJ and producer, Juan Fernando Maguid. Baires is a 5-piece live band experimenting with electronic elements, jazz, and tango music stemming from their Argentinian roots. Their new album, Exilio was released September 2005.

text:
# Niko Bellotto

**Niko Bellotto** is a solo electronic music producer and Dj since late 80s and member of the electronic tango-infused band, Baires. Half-Swedish and Argentinian, Bellotto was born in Sweden and raised in both, Spain, Sweden and Argentina His career spans three decades, first introduced into the electronic field in the early 1980s as a DJ. He subtly blends a variety of styles ranging from house music, tech-house, and rare grooves.

Bellotto created and managed the critically acclaimed Tangent Beats record label based in Stockholm, which has released material from such notable artists as **Alexi Delano**, **Casey Hogan**, **John Dahlback**, and **Håkan Lidbo**. In 2001 and 2002, he was nominated for two Grammys for his production skills in electronic music and is in demand internationally as a DJ, producer and remixer. With dozens of 12-inch singles, collaborations, and remixes to his credit many which have been released under such esteemed record labels as Defected, Plastic City, Suburbia, Loop, Route 33 as well as his own imprint, Tangent Beats.Currently managing the Eat My House Label featuring his own productions and Music from Sebastian Gudding, Özgür Can, Jusso Pikanen ....

2003 He started the Band Baires with fellow DJ and producer, **Juan Fernando Maguid** (also known under monikers DJ Djablo, Detonator, and Alta Fuse Collective). Baires is a 5-piece live band experimenting with electronic elements, jazz, and tango music stemming from their Argentinian roots. Their new album, Exilio was released September 2005.

## Discography

### albums

* baires / exilio / tangent beats
* purobeach vol 3 / seamless recordings
* purobeach vol 4 / seamless recordings
* puro desert lounge vol 1 / seamless recordings
* puro desert lounge vol 2 / seamless recordings

### Singles EPs

* Niko Bellotto & Dick Track/World Club EP/Loop Rec
* Adam Beyer & Niko Bellotto/The Pump EP/Primate Rec
* Niko Bellotto & Gol/State Of Mind EP/Plastic City
* Niko Bellotto/Conesa/Suburbia/Plastic City
* Niko Bellotto & Pawel Kobak/More Than You Know EP/Tangent Beats
* Håkan Lidbo & Niko Bellotto/From Stockholm With Love EP/Tangent Beats
* Martin Venetjoky & Niko Bellotto/Jazzed EP/Tangent Beats
* Baires / Baires EP / Tangent Beats
* Baires / Exilio (Album) Tangent Beats
* Niko Bellotto Feat Aural / My Definition EP / Tangent Beats
* Niko Bellotto / gw anthem / white and white

### Remixes

* Håkan Lidbo / What Is Love (Temperamento Mix)
* Penguin Republic / The 9 / (Nb's Straight 2 The 4 Rmx)Tangent Beats
* John Dahlbäck / Parken / Niko Bellotto remix / Tangent Beats
* Pawel Kobak Feat Maria Angelli (Niko Bellotto Rmx)Route 33
* Alcazar / We keep on rocking (Bellotto and Cabrera club mix)
* Sash and vincent inc / 50 ways (Bellotto and Holmberg remix) Manuscript recordings
* Elin Lanto / love made me stupid (addictive + addictive dub remixes) catchy tunes
* Paula Lobos /
* Meja / butterflies / Sony music
* Martin Stenmarck / Las Vegas
* Laleh / Colors
* Sebastian Gudding / Zinken
* Sebastian Gudding /

### Remixed By

* Dimitri From Paris (Niko Bellotto & Pawel Kobak/Love For You) Defected
* Pete Moss (Trumpet Jam) Test 542
* Alexkid (Baires Theme) Tangent Beats
* Ben Wijay (Baires Theme) Tangent Beats
* Martin Venetjoky (Latin Impressions) Tangent Beats
* Morgan Page ( Love for you ) Tangent Beats
* Aural ( Love for you ) Tangent Beats
* Alexi Delano ( Love for you ) Tangent Beats
* Joel Mull ( trumpet jam ) Tangent Beats
* Sebastian Gudding ( Sunshine ) Eat My House


title: Nikola Nestorović

abstract: Nikola Nestorović was a Serbian architect and professor at the Technical Faculty. He is one of the most important architects in Serbia, whose creativity marked and enriched Belgrade and Serbian architecture during the last decade of the nineteenth and the first decade of the twentieth century. After finishing grade school, he moved to Belgrade, where he enrolled in the Technical College of the Great School. He graduated in 1890, and was employed as a subcontractor at the Ministry of Construction. He was sent to work in Požarevac, where he performed tasks on marking forests and regulating the flow of the Morava River. He returned to Belgrade in 1893, with a request for a scholarship to study architecture abroad. He didn't get a scholarship, but he got a paid leave and used that period to go to the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg. He finished his studies in 1896 and passed the state exam a year later. He returned to Belgrade and worked in the Ministry of Construction until 1905. As early as 1898, he became a part-time professor at the Technical Faculty. He was elected a permanent associate professor in 1905 and a full professor in 1919. After his retirement, he remained at the Faculty as a part-time teacher until the Second World War. To this day, it is known that he designed sixty-eight buildings, mainly for public, business and residential purposes, while in the domain of sacred architecture he tried his hand at two projects. The creative activity of three decades and great productivity enabled a comprehensive overview, not only of the designer's oeuvre, but also of the Serbian architecture of that period and some of its most significant examples, of which Nestorović is the author. Educated in the spirit of academicism, and modern in his understandings, throughout his creative work he moved between academic postulates and modern secession aspirations, under the influence of the environment in which he created. At the beginning of his career, the canons of academicism served him as a safe and proven support, so that through collaboration with another famous Serbian architect Andra Stevanović, he achieved greater security and freedom in a more individual artistic expression. His father was a merchant and president of the Požarevac municipality, and his son was an architect, Bogdan Nestorović.

text:
# Nikola Nestorović

**Nikola Nestorović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Несторовић, 15 April 1868 Požarevac \- 18 February 1957, Belgrade) was a Serbian architect and professor at the Technical Faculty. He is one of the most important architects in Serbia, whose creativity marked and enriched Belgrade and Serbian architecture during the last decade of the nineteenth and the first decade of the twentieth century.

After finishing grade school, he moved to Belgrade, where he enrolled in the Technical College of the Great School. He graduated in 1890, and was employed as a subcontractor at the Ministry of Construction. He was sent to work in Požarevac, where he performed tasks on marking forests and regulating the flow of the Morava River. He returned to Belgrade in 1893, with a request for a scholarship to study architecture abroad. He didn't get a scholarship, but he got a paid leave and used that period to go to the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin). He finished his studies in 1896 and passed the state exam a year later. He returned to Belgrade and worked in the Ministry of Construction until 1905. As early as 1898, he became a part-time professor at the Technical Faculty. He was elected a permanent associate professor in 1905 and a full professor in 1919. After his retirement, he remained at the Faculty as a part-time teacher until the Second World War.

To this day, it is known that he designed sixty-eight buildings, mainly for public, business and residential purposes, while in the domain of sacred architecture he tried his hand at two projects. The creative activity of three decades and great productivity enabled a comprehensive overview, not only of the designer's oeuvre, but also of the Serbian architecture of that period and some of its most significant examples, of which Nestorović is the author. Educated in the spirit of academicism, and modern in his understandings, throughout his creative work he moved between academic postulates and modern secession aspirations, under the influence of the environment in which he created. At the beginning of his career, the canons of academicism served him as a safe and proven support, so that through collaboration with another famous Serbian architect Andra Stevanović, he achieved greater security and freedom in a more individual artistic expression.

His father was a merchant and president of the Požarevac municipality, and his son was an architect, Bogdan Nestorović.

## Significant works

## Literature

* Дивна Ђурић-Замоло; Градитељи Београда 1815-1914
* Arhitektura Srbije u XIX Veku, Bogdan Nestorovic

## InfoBox

| Nikola Nestorović | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1868-04-15)15 April 1868
Požarevac, Principality of Serbia |
| Died | 18 February 1957(1957-02-18) (aged 88)
Belgrade, SFRJ |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Occupation | Architect |


title: Nikpakpare

abstract: Nikpakpare is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo.

text:
# Nikpakpare

**Nikpakpare**  is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo.

1. Maplandia world gazetteer

## InfoBox

| Nikpakpare | |
| --- | --- |
| NikpakpareLocation in Togo | |
| Coordinates: 9°34′N 0°46′E / 9.567°N 0.767°E / 9.567; 0.767 | |
| Country | Togo |
| Region | Kara Region |
| Prefecture | Bassar Prefecture |
| Time zone | UTC \+ 0 |


title: Nils-Göran Larsson

abstract: Nils-Göran Larsson is a Swedish professor specializing in mitochondrial biology.

text:
# Nils-Göran Larsson

**Nils-Göran Larsson** is a Swedish professor specializing in mitochondrial biology.

## Career

Larsson started his career in 1987, focusing on the study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations related to human disease. During the early 1990s, Larsson identified gaps in the understanding of mitochondrial function, prompting him to further his specialization in biochemistry and mouse genetics at Stanford University as a HHMI Physician Postdoctoral Fellow in 1994.

From July 2002 until December 2015, Larsson was a professor in mitochondrial genetics at the Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism at Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital.

In 2008, Larsson joined the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing in Cologne, Germany, as one of its founding directors, where he continued his research on mitochondrial dysfunction. He was also affiliated to Karolinska Institutet until 2015.

In 2016, Larsson returned to lead the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics. He has been an external member of the Max Planck Society since 2019. He is also a member of Nobel Prize committee.

## Awards and recognition


title: Nils-Erik Ulset

abstract: Nils Erik Ulset is a Norwegian biathlete, cross-country skier, and three-time Paralympic champion.

text:
# Nils-Erik Ulset

**Nils Erik Ulset** (born July 16, 1983 in Tingvoll) is a Norwegian biathlete, cross-country skier, and three-time Paralympic champion.

## Biography

He competed at the 2002 Winter Paralympics in Salt Lake, where he took two gold medals in cross-country skiing, one in 10 km, LW2-4 and one in 20 km, standing. In biathlon he placed 7th in the 7.5 km, standing.

At the 2006 Winter Paralympics in Torino, he took two bronze medals in biathlon: The 12.5 km and 7.5 km, standing. In cross-country skiing he placed 9th in the men's 10 km, 14th in the 20 km and 9th in the 5 km, standing.

He won silver at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, for 3km pursuit standing biathlon. He won gold at the 12.5 km standing biathlon. In cross-country skiing he took the silver medal in the men's 20 km, standing and bronze in the men's relay.

## InfoBox

Nils Erik Ulset
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nickname | Nikkis |
| Nationality | Norway |
| Born | (1983-07-16) July 16, 1983<br>Tingvoll |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Biathlon, cross-country skiing |
| Medal record      Representing  Norway  Paralympic Games  Men's para biathlon  2010 Vancouver  12.5 km, standing  2010 Vancouver  3km pursuit, standing  2006 Turin  12.5 km, standing  2006 Turin  7.5 km, standing  2018 Pyeongchang 15km standing  Men's para cross-country skiing  2002 Salt Lake  10 km, LW2-4  2002 Salt Lake  20 km, standing  2010 Vancouver  20 km, standing  2018 Pyeongchang 4 x 2.5km relay open  2010 Vancouver  men's relay | |


title: Nikolai Berzarin

abstract: Nikolai Erastovich Berzarin was a Red Army colonel general who held field army commands during World War II. A Hero of the Soviet Union, in 1945 he became the first commandant of the Soviet occupying forces in Berlin.

text:
# Nikolai Berzarin

**Nikolai Erastovich Berzarin** (Russian: Никола́й Эра́стович Берза́рин; 1 April 1904 – 16 June 1945) was a Red Army colonel general who held field army commands during World War II. A Hero of the Soviet Union, in 1945 he became the first commandant of the Soviet occupying forces in Berlin.

## Early life and Russian Civil War

Nikolai Erastovich Berzarin was born in Saint Petersburg on 1 April 1904, the son of a Putilov Factory lathe operator and a seamstress. He had one brother and three sisters. In 1913 he began night courses at the city primary school, completing these in 1914 with the speciality of bookbinder. Berzarin worked as an unskilled laborer at the Saint Petersburg harbor. His father died in 1917, followed by his mother in 1918.

Berzarin joined the Red Army on 14 October 1918, beginning his service as a Red Army man in the 17th Petrograd Army Combat Sector. During the Russian Civil War he fought on the Northern Front against Allied troops in Archangelsk and in the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion.

## Interwar period

Berzarin received command training at the 2nd Petrograd Infantry Command Courses and upon graduation in September 1923 was appointed a squad leader in the 5th Amur Rifle Regiment. Berzarin rose to command a platoon in the regimental school in March 1924, and fought in the destruction of Zazeyskoye uprising in Amur Oblast that year as assistant chief of a machine gun detachment. In 1925, he married bank employee Natalya Porosinyuk, with whom he had two daughters, Larissa and Irina. He graduated from machine gun courses at the Vystrel courses for command personnel in 1925 and became a member of the Communist Party in 1926. After graduating from the Command Courses of the Siberian Military District in October 1927, Berzarin commanded a platoon of the courses and in October 1928 became a class commander there.

Berzarin rose to command a training company at the Irkutsk Infantry School in April 1931. He served as responsible secretary of the party bureau of the Irkutsk Training Courses for Infantry Commanders from March 1932, and in July 1933 became assistant chief of the combat training department of the staff of the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army. He became commander of the 77th Novgorod Rifle Regiment of the army's 26th Rifle Division in February 1935, receiving the rank of colonel when the rank was introduced in late 1935, and in August 1937 chief of the 2nd Department of the staff of the army's Primorsky Group of Forces. During the Great Purge in 1938, the NKVD tried to implicate Berzarin in the case of the executed commander Ivan Fedko but the case was closed due to lack of evidence. That year, his daughter Irina was born. In July, freshly appointed commander of the 32nd Rifle Division the previous month, Berzarin took part in the Battle of Lake Khasan. He was promoted to *kombrig* on 31 December 1938.

After Lake Khasan, Berzarin's career developed quickly: he was appointed commander of the 59th Rifle Corps in February 1939 and deputy commander of the 1st Red Banner Army of the Far Eastern Front in July 1940. Berzarin's rank was changed to major general when the Red Army introduced general officer ranks on 4 June 1940. In May 1941, he was appointed commander of the newly formed 27th Army, stationed at Riga in the Baltic Special Military District.

## World War II

After Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Berzarin commanded the army as part of the Northwestern Front in the Baltic strategic defensive operation, during which it defended the Baltic Sea coast. The army entered action in July and was forced to retreat to the lines of the Western Dvina, Velikaya, and Lovat rivers under the pressure of the German advance. The 27th Army counterattacked near Kholm in August and subsequently fought in defensive actions near Demyansk, stopping the German advance on the line of Lakes Velye and Seliger in early October. Berzarin was transferred to command the 34th Army of the front in December, leading it in the encirclement of German troops in the Demyansk Pocket during February 1942, but was unable to prevent the relief of the pocket in May. Berzarin was demoted to deputy commander of the 61st Army of the Bryansk Front in October, then served as deputy commander of the 20th Army from 4 January 1943. Berzarin distinguished himself in the fighting in the Battles of Rzhev and the Rzhev-Vyazma Offensive in March. During the latter, he was seriously wounded near Vyazma on 17 March and spent several months in the hospital. Berzarin was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on 28 April.

Upon his recovery, Berzarin was returned to army command, taking over the 39th Army in September. He led the army as part of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian Fronts in the Smolensk operation and the winter offensive battles of 1943 and 1944 near Vitebsk.

Berzarin was transferred to command the 5th Shock Army of the 3rd Ukrainian Front on 27 May. The army was transferred north to the 1st Belorussian Front in October and Berzarin led it in the Vistula–Oder offensive that began in January 1945. For his command of the army in the offensive, Berzarin was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on 6 April. He was promoted to the rank of colonel general on 20 April.

### Commander of Berlin

During the Battle of Berlin, Berzarin's 5th Shock Army reached the eastern outskirts of Berlin on 21 April 1945, making them the first Soviet Army to do so. On 24 April, he was appointed commander of the city by Marshal Zhukov, in an echo of the Tsarist tradition of rewarding the first commander to enter a city with command over it. By his "Order No. 1" on 28 April, Berzarin assumed all governmental power. He worked to re-establish order in the ruined German capital, creating a city police force and supplying the population with food, water, gas and electricity, as well as re-opening schools and theatres. On 17 May, he appointed non-partisan Arthur Werner the first post-war Mayor of Berlin presiding over a civil city government.

On 16 June 1945, after only 55 days in office, he was killed in a motorcycle accident when he collided with a truck convoy near his office in Berlin-Friedrichsfelde, aged 41. Berzarin is buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

## Awards and honours

|  | Hero of the Soviet Union (6 April 1945) |
| --- | --- |
|  | Order of Lenin, twice (21 February 1945, 6 April 1945) |
|  | Order of the Red Banner, twice (25 October 1938, 3 November 1944, 2 September 1950) |
|  | Order of Suvorov, 1st class (29 May 1945) |
|  | Order of Suvorov, 2nd class (9 April 1943) |
|  | Order of Kutuzov, 1st class (22 September 1943) |
|  | Order of the Red Star (22 February 1941) |
|  | Medal "For the Defence of Moscow" (1 May 1944) |
|  | Medal "For the Liberation of Warsaw" (9 June 1945) |
|  | Medal "For the Capture of Berlin" (9 June 1945) |
|  | Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (9 May 1945) |
|  | Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army" (22 February 1938) |
|  | Legion of Honour, Commander (France) |
|

### Honorary citizenship

In 1975 Berzarin posthumously was bestowed honorary citizenship of East Berlin. After German reunification he was formally removed from the roll of honorary citizens by the Senate of Berlin in 1992.

Upon a resolution by the Berlin Abgeordnetenhaus parliament, he regained his honorary citizenship in 2003, in view of his merits concerning the supply of the local population. Detractors of the re-awarding claimed that Berzarin was a Stalinist and involved in Soviet war crimes being responsible for the deportation of 47,000 Balts in 1940. These accusations, however, were proven wrong later on, as Berzarin was deployed in Vladivostok at the questioned time.

From 1947 until 1991 Petersburger Straße in Berlin-Friedrichshain, a section of the Inner Ring Road, was named *Bersarinstraße* in his honour, the Bersarinplatz roundabout bears his name up to today. In April 2005, a road bridge in Berlin-Marzahn was named after Berzarin, in the area where his army reached the Berlin city limits in 1945. A birch tree planted in 2005 and a memorial stone mark the (presumed) site of his motorcycle accident.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Skorobogatov, Vasily (2012). *Берзарин* \[*Berzarin*\] (in Russian). Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya. ISBN 978-5-235-03499-0.

## InfoBox

| Nikolai Erastovich Berzarin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1904-04-01)1 April 1904
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire |
| Died | 16 June 1945(1945-06-16) (aged 41)
Berlin, Allied-occupied Germany |
| Allegiance | Soviet Union |
| Service/branch | Red Army |
| Years of service | 1918–1945 |
| Rank | Colonel-general |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Hero of the Soviet Union
Order of Lenin (2)
Order of the Red Banner (2)
Order of Suvorov |


title: Ningaloo maskray

abstract: The Ningaloo maskray is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found along the northwestern coast of Australia. Measuring up to 30 cm (12 in) across, it has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc with a blunt snout and rounded outer corners. Its tail is whip-like with both upper and lower fin folds. This species has a distinctive dorsal color pattern consisting of numerous small, sharp-edged deep orange spots and slightly larger, fuzzy-edged pale blue spots on a yellowish brown background. Inhabiting inshore waters less than 5 m (16 ft) deep, the bottom-dwelling Ningaloo maskray has highly specific habitat preferences. It is found on reddish sand near reefs, upon which its coloration grants it excellent camouflage. It is able to bury itself deeper than other maskrays thanks to its protruding eyes. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this species as Data Deficient due to lack of information. It is not vulnerable to fisheries but may be impacted by habitat degradation.

text:
# Ningaloo maskray

The **Ningaloo maskray** (***Neotrygon ningalooensis***) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found along the northwestern coast of Australia. Measuring up to 30 cm (12 in) across, it has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc with a blunt snout and rounded outer corners. Its tail is whip-like with both upper and lower fin folds. This species has a distinctive dorsal color pattern consisting of numerous small, sharp-edged deep orange spots and slightly larger, fuzzy-edged pale blue spots on a yellowish brown background.

Inhabiting inshore waters less than 5 m (16 ft) deep, the bottom-dwelling Ningaloo maskray has highly specific habitat preferences. It is found on reddish sand near reefs, upon which its coloration grants it excellent camouflage. It is able to bury itself deeper than other maskrays thanks to its protruding eyes. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this species as Data Deficient due to lack of information. It is not vulnerable to fisheries but may be impacted by habitat degradation.

## Taxonomy and phylogeny

The first known sighting of the Ningaloo maskray was during a study of Ningaloo Marine Park's sharks and rays (hence its common name and scientific epithet), funded by the Western Australian Marine Science Institute (WAMSI). It was described by Peter Last, William White, and Melody Puckridge in a 2010 article for the scientific journal *Aqua*. The type specimens are two adult males, one 30 cm (12 in) and the other 29 cm (11 in) across, both collected from Five Fingers Reef near Coral Bay, Western Australia.

A 2012 phylogenetic study, based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, concluded that the Ningaloo maskray and the plain maskray (*N. annotata*) are the most basal members of their genus. In addition, the Coral Bay population showed deep differences in mitochondrial DNA from the Shark Bay population, indicating that they belong to different lineages. Whether they represent separate species is ambiguous, as rays from the two locations do not differ physically or in known nuclear DNA markers. This genetic divergence suggests that the Ningaloo maskray population had once been divided by sea level changes; using different methods of estimation, this event is thought to have occurred either *c.* 11 Ma, during the Miocene, or 3–2 Ma, during the Pliocene.

## Description

The Ningaloo maskray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc about 1.1 times wider than long, with straight to slightly convex leading margins and rounded outer corners. The snout is short and rounded. The eyes are large and protruding, with large crescent-shaped spiracles behind. Between the slender nostrils is a curtain-shaped flap of skin with a deeply fringed rear margin that is divided into two lobes. The small mouth has shallow grooves at the corners and is surrounded by papillae; there are also two long papillae on the floor of the mouth. The teeth range from long and pointed to short and blunt. There are five pairs of S-shaped gill slits. The pelvic fins are narrow and triangular.

The whip-like tail bears two very slender stinging spines on the upper surface; it is fairly broad and flattened at the base and tapers evenly past the stings. Behind the stings are well-developed dorsal and ventral fin folds; the dorsal fold is smaller than the ventral fold, which is deep and short relative to the tail's total length. The only dermal denticles are four or five small, closely spaced thorns in a midline row behind the spiracles. The upper surface of the disc is yellowish brown, deepening in color towards the margins, with numerous dark orange and light blue spots; the orange spots are smaller, more sharply defined, and densest at the center of the disc, whereas the blue spots are larger, less well defined, and evenly distributed over the disc. There is a darker mask-like marking across the eyes as in other *Neotrygon* species, though it may be hard to discern. The tail has alternating black and white bands behind the stings. The underside is pale. This species reaches a disc width of 30 cm (12 in).

## Distribution and habitat

Endemic to northwestern Australia, the Ningaloo maskray has been found from Shark Bay in Western Australia to the Gove Peninsula in Northern Territory. This bottom-dwelling species appears to have very restricted habitat preferences: it inhabits areas of fine reddish sand close to reefs, in inshore waters less than 5 m (16 ft) deep.

## Biology and ecology

Compared to other maskrays, the Ningaloo maskray has more protruding eyes that allow it to bury itself deeper in the substrate and still remain aware of its surroundings. Within its favored habitat, its coloration makes it well camouflaged against predators.

## Human interactions

Because it lives in such shallow waters, the Ningaloo maskray is generally not susceptible to fisheries. Conversely, its narrow habitat preferences may render it vulnerable to habitat degradation. This species is protected to some extent as its range includes the World Heritage Sites of Ningaloo Reef and Shark Bay. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) presently lacks sufficient data to assess its conservation status.

## InfoBox

| Ningaloo maskray | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Superorder: | Batoidea |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes |
| Family: | Dasyatidae |
| Genus: | *Neotrygon* |
| Species: | ***N. ningalooensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neotrygon ningalooensis***
Last, W. T. White & Puckridge, 2010 | |
|
|  | |
| Range of the Ningaloo maskray | |


title: Nintendo thumb

abstract: Nintendo thumb, also known as gamer's thumb and similar names, is a form of repetitive strain injury (RSI) caused by excessive playing of video games with the traditional Nintendo controller. This injury mainly occurs due to repeated thumb movements while playing video games. The symptoms can include blistering, paraesthesia, as well as swelling of the thumbs, though any finger can be affected. This can lead to stress on tendons, nerves, and ligaments in the hands, and further onto lateral epicondylitis, tendinitis, bursitis, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Similar injuries can occur with other gaming systems, such as PlayStation thumb from playing Sony PlayStation. The general recommendation for the treatment is to rest and stop the repetitive motion of the affected finger. In more severe and painful cases, using NSAIDs is also recommended. Other less localized injuries in the shoulder, knee, and Achilles tendon have also been noted to arise from playing the Nintendo Wii. Some of the symptoms can be associated with the De Quervain syndrome.

text:
# Nintendo thumb

**Nintendo thumb**, also known as **gamer's thumb** and similar names, is a form of repetitive strain injury (RSI) caused by excessive playing of video games with the traditional Nintendo controller. This injury mainly occurs due to repeated thumb movements while playing video games. The symptoms can include blistering, paraesthesia (a tingling or a burning feeling in the skin), as well as swelling of the thumbs, though any finger can be affected. This can lead to stress on tendons, nerves, and ligaments in the hands, and further onto lateral epicondylitis ("tennis elbow"), tendinitis (severe swelling of the tendon), bursitis (inflammation of the fluid-filled sac around joints), and carpal tunnel syndrome (compression of the median nerve at the wrist). Similar injuries can occur with other gaming systems, such as PlayStation thumb from playing Sony PlayStation. The general recommendation for the treatment is to rest and stop the repetitive motion of the affected finger (usually the thumb). In more severe and painful cases, using NSAIDs is also recommended.

Other less localized injuries in the shoulder, knee, and Achilles tendon have also been noted to arise from playing the Nintendo Wii. Some of the symptoms can be associated with the De Quervain syndrome (degeneration of tendons that control the movement of the thumb).

## Background

Few case reports of symptoms including stiff and painful joints and limited range of motion in the wrist after frequent Atari 2600 use were published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Nintendo thumb specifically was first highlighted after portable handheld Nintendo games consoles were released in 1989, with reported cases of RSI appearing primarily in children. Later, the controllers for the Sony PlayStation and PlayStation 2 were noted as causing the condition.

In 1987, an 11-year-old boy reported to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia complaining of his finger being contracted, flexed, and being unable to relax it back to its baseline position. After medical investigation it was determined that this same finger was being used to use the joystick of his video game remote (no mention of the brand) up to around 6 continuous hours on a daily basis. All other fingers that did not use the joystick did not witness this injury, and a general approach of anti-inflammatories and eliminating playing time was used to treat this individual.

The first occurrence of the Nintendo thumb condition was published on May 17, 1990 when a 35-year-old woman played a Nintendo video game for the first time. She played it for five hours with no interruptions. The next day, she experienced severe pain in the right thumb (specifically in the extensor tendon), which she had used to press a button on the video game console repeatedly.

In January 1991, the condition was termed as "Nintendinitis" by James Casanova, MD, when he evaluated an 8-year-old boy with pain in his thumb. It was found that the pain occurred when the boy flexed his thumb while playing a Nintendo video game, and that he had no history of trauma or disease.

A similar effect was seen in adults using alternative controllers such as the Nintendo Wii Remote Controller. However, due to the shape, size, and extended use of game controllers, it can occur in users of any gamepad or joystick. Similar problems have also been observed with the use of mobile phones and text messaging in particular, called texter's thumb (see Blackberry thumb).

Reports of nintendinitis resurfaced after the Nintendo 64 console came to market in 1997, which contained a joystick that caused similar injuries in the palm named "ulcerative nintendinitis".

## Treatment and prevention

It is known that movements that are both high in acceleration and in force can lead to injury if performed repeatedly, and this applies to both larger limbs such as legs and arms, as well as smaller ones such as wrist and fingers. Evidence based guidelines for wise use of e-games by children suggest prevention of musculoskeletal injuries via minimization of usage of e-games that require movements that can lead to RSI while at the same time being mindful of the physical position the player is in while engaged in video games. Additionally, preventative measures can include flexion and extension stretches in the wrist at warm-up and throughout gameplay. These examples of preventative approaches become particularly important since evidence shows that increased video game playing time will increase the risk of developing these conditions. In early 2000, Nintendo of America provided protective gloves for its users after receiving 90 case-reports regarding hand injuries. Nintendo now also provides messages during gameplay to remind players to take a break.

The pain and discomfort resulted from this injury is usually temporary, and the recommended treatment includes holding back on playing video games for several days. The few published case reports of Nintendo thumb did note that symptoms resolved upon stopping video game use. Using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like Ibuprofen to relieve the inflammation from the RSI is another treatment option.

### Case reports

Although overall video game consoles and remote controllers have moved towards a more ergonomic approach, Nintendo has faced an increase in injuries with their consoles caused by the Nintendo Wii. This is because of its novel style of play which involves more physical and interactive activity on behalf of the user. After the release of this console in 2006, the first case report belongs to an Achilles heel injury presented by a 46-year-old man after playing performing a jogging motion requested by the game which led to the rupture of his Achilles tendon.

Although the interaction is virtual, the injuries are very real and resemble injuries seen in real-life sports ranging from head to toe. A neck-related injury was first reported in 2009 when a 38-year-old man swung his remote control forcefully enough to send him to the emergency department. This injury required a minor surgery to address due to physical therapy being unable to address the individual's symptoms. Additionally, a 44-year-old woman needed surgery to recover from an unstable knee due to a prior anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear while playing Wii Sports that failed physical therapy recovery just 6 months prior.

A case report from 2004 that was published in *The Lancet* described a blister on the thumb caused by repetitive use of a Playstation 2 controller. The writer dubbed the condition "PS2 thumb". While named similarly to Nintendo thumb, the two do not have the same cause. Playstation thumb is caused by friction and affects the skin (though associated symptoms can include pain and stiffness in the hands, shoulders, and neck), while Nintendo thumb is caused by injuries to the tendon.

### Different forms of Wii-itis

Wii-itis is the general term that is used for any inflammatory disease or injury due to playing with the Wii console. These injuries are categorized into four major classes: tendinopathy, bursitis (inflammation of fluid filled sacs around joints), enthesitis ("inflammation of sites where tendons and ligaments are attached to the bone"), and epicondylitis (degeneration of the origin of a tendon in the forearm due to overuse of an extensor muscle).

Common forms of injuries related to the Wii include:

#### Wii knee

Wii knee describes knee-related injuries that happen while playing with the Wii console. According to a case report from 2008, a teenager twisted and fell on his knee while playing the Wii which caused a lateral patella dislocation. The treatment for his injury required surgery, and he recovered well. This injury can cause osteochondral fractures, tears in tendons, and meniscal injury.

#### Wii shoulder

Wii shoulder is soreness and pain in shoulder and upper extremities, often due to playing games like Wii tennis or bowling. A case report of a 22-year-old man who injured his left arm after playing a bowling game on Wii was published in 2008. The injury resulted in pain and swelling.

#### Achilles Wii-itis

Based on case reports, Achilles tendon injuries can happen with different degrees of severity while playing Wii. These injuries may include tear or complete rupture of Achilles tendon. The rupture of the tendon will require surgery, while minor tears can be addressed with non-surgical treatments like physical therapy and use of NSAIDs. In 2009, a case report was published describing a 42-year-old woman who tore her left Achilles tendon after stretching her leg on her Wii Fit board.

#### PlayStation thumb

PlayStation thumb is defined, similarly to Nintendo thumb, as a repetitive strain injury (RSI) caused by excessive use of a PlayStation controller. This condition includes blistering of the thumbs due to excessive use of pressure and friction with the PlayStation controller during gameplay. There is also hardening of the skin on the thumb (lichenified hyperkeratotic papules) causing the skin to appear leathery. It can also be accompanied by changes to the nail, such as the nail plate lifting from the skin. Other symptoms include stiffness, swelling, pain, and tingling in the arm joints such as wrists, elbows, and shoulders.

The first case of PlayStation thumb was recognized in a letter to an editor in 2004 from a 9-year-old boy. The boy played PlayStation 2 in a rapid manner for about 20 minutes and felt his thumb become numb and a blister formed. After ceasing gameplay for one week, the thumb healed. Several other cases have been published as well. A study involving 120 students in South Africa followed up on the 2004 correspondence and found that 7 of the 17 girls and 8 of the 28 boys who played PlayStation had symptoms of PlayStation Thumb.

#### PlayStation palmar hidradenitis

Hidradenitis has been diagnosed through an examination to confirm the presence of neutrophils (a type of immune cell present during inflammation) in the eccrine sweat glands. Palmar hidradenitis is the inflammation of the palm, primarily in the eccrine sweat glands, causing lesions on the palmar surface of the hands. These lesions develop when people spend prolonged periods of time using their hands to hold and manipulate PlayStation controllers.

As of 2021, there have been two reported instances of PlayStation palmar hidradenitis:

The first case was in 2009 in a 12-year-old girl. She had painful skin lesions on both palms and nowhere else on her body, and the cause of the condition was sourced to playing PlayStation for several hours per day prior to the lesions forming. After the lesions formed, the girl continued to play PlayStation games, but less intensely than before, which caused the lesions to develop more. The lesions went away completely after stopping playing PlayStation for 10 days.

The second case was in 2017 in a 14-year-old boy who had painful palmar nodules after spending prolonged periods of time playing games and using his mobile phone. Similarly to the last case, he had inflammation containing neutrophils in the eccrine sweat glands in his palms. The palmer lesions healed on their own in two weeks after stopping PlayStation gameplay.

## Further reading


title: Nintendo hard

abstract: "Nintendo hard" is an informal term used to describe extreme difficulty in video games. It often refers to games with trial-and-error gameplay and limited or nonexistent saving of progress. The enduring term originated with Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) games from the mid-1980s to early 1990s, such as Ghosts 'n Goblins (1986), Contra (1988), Ninja Gaiden (1988), and Battletoads (1991).

text:
# Nintendo hard

"**Nintendo hard**" is an informal term used to describe extreme difficulty in video games. It often refers to games with trial-and-error gameplay and limited or nonexistent saving of progress. The enduring term originated with Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) games from the mid-1980s to early 1990s, such as *Ghosts 'n Goblins* (1986), *Contra* (1988), *Ninja Gaiden* (1988), and *Battletoads* (1991).

## History

The Nintendo hard difficulty of many games released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) was influenced by the popularity of arcade games in the mid-1980s, a period where players put countless coins in machines trying to beat a game that was brutally hard yet very enjoyable. The difficulty of many games released in the 1980s and 1990s has also been attributed to the hardware limitations affecting gameplay. Former Nintendo president Satoru Iwata said in an interview regarding how NES games were made: "Everyone involved in the production would spend all night playing it, and because they made games, they became good at them. So these expert gamers make the games, saying 'This is too easy'". Also, Damiano Gerli of *Ars Technica* observed that extreme difficulty made it possible for a game with little actual content (in terms of number of levels or opponents) to provide a long period of gameplay. This specific method of increasing length through difficulty was also employed to combat video game rentals, with some games being made more difficult to prevent them from being beaten within a rental period and thus costing the developer potential sales.

The number of current games considered Nintendo hard decreased significantly with the fourth-generation 16-bit period of video gaming, including *Super Star Wars* (1992).According to Michael Enger, indie games like *I Wanna Be the Guy* (2007) and *Super Meat Boy* (2010) are an "obvious homage" to the Nintendo hard games of the NES era, labeled as "masocore".

## Analysis

Arcade conversions and 2D platform games are commonly called Nintendo hard. The *Houston Press* described the Nintendo hard era as a period where games "universally felt like they hated us for playing them". GamesRadar journalist Maxwell McGee noted the variety of types of "Nintendo hard" games in the NES library: "A game can be difficult because it's genuinely hard, or because it demands you finish the entire adventure in one sitting. It can litter the playing field with spikes and bottomless pits ... or be so hopelessly obtuse you have no idea how to advance". He wrote that several NES games, such as *Yo! Noid* (1990), *Silver Surfer* (1990), and *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles* (1989) garnered their Nintendo hard difficulty "for all the wrong reasons". Journalist Michael Enger did not qualify games with challenges that came from poorly-designed gameplay as Nintendo hard, but rather only games that were well made and are replayable but still extremely hard.

## Examples

The games in the following list have been recognized as being some of the hardest NES games and for some, all platforms.


title: Nitellopsis

abstract: Nitellopsis is a genus of charophyte green algae. Some sources, including AlgaeBase, place it in the family Feistiellaceae. Others place it in the family Characeae.

text:
# Nitellopsis

***Nitellopsis*** is a genus of charophyte green algae. Some sources, including AlgaeBase, place it in the family Feistiellaceae. Others place it in the family Characeae.

## Species

As of February 2022, AlgaeBase listed the following species:

Extant Extinct

## InfoBox

| *Nitellopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Nitellopsis obtusa* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Viridiplantae |
| (unranked): | Charophyta |
| Class: | Charophyceae |
| Order: | Charales |
| Family: | Feistiellaceae (?) |
| Genus: | *Nitellopsis*<br>Hy |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: Nitella tenuissima

abstract: Nitella tenuissima is a species of alga belonging to the family Characeae. It has cosmopolitan distribution.

text:
# Nitella tenuissima

***Nitella tenuissima*** is a species of alga belonging to the family Characeae.

It has cosmopolitan distribution.

## InfoBox

| *Nitella tenuissima* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Viridiplantae |
| (unranked): | Charophyta |
| Class: | Charophyceae |
| Order: | Charales |
| Family: | Characeae |
| Genus: | *Nitella* |
| Species: | ***N. tenuissima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nitella tenuissima***<br>(Desvaux) Kützing, 1843 | |
|


title: Nirapada Sardar

abstract: Nirapada Sardar is an Indian politician, union leader and member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was a MLA in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from 2011 to 2016 elected from Sandeshkhali (ST). He is presently secretary of the All India Agricultural Workers Union (AIAWU) and one of the West Bengal state secretaries of CPI(M). He has raised issues of illegal landgrabs, attacks on women and police inaction in Sandeshkhali for several years. His accusation are that goons of the Trinamool Congress have taken control of the area and were enjoying impunity in assaulting people and expropriating land given to sharecroppers. He became a central figure during the 2024 upsurge against the local leaders of the TMC. He was arrested by the West Bengal police after the absconding TMC leader Shibu Hazra, aide of TMC strongman Sheikh Shahjahan, had accused him of leading the mob of 111-117 villagers who had burnt down their husbandry farm in retaliation against assaults and landgrabs. Fresh wave of potests erupted over his arrest. In his support Sandeshkhali villagers kept the police station under a gherao for 17 days until his release. He was bailed out by the Calcutta High Court which reprimanding the police calling for action against involved policemen for illegal arrest, torture and harassment.

text:
# Nirapada Sardar

**Nirapada Sardar** is an Indian politician, union leader and member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was a MLA in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from 2011 to 2016 elected from Sandeshkhali (ST). He is presently secretary of the All India Agricultural Workers Union (AIAWU) and one of the West Bengal state secretaries of CPI(M).

He has raised issues of illegal landgrabs, attacks on women and police inaction in Sandeshkhali for several years. His accusation are that goons of the Trinamool Congress have taken control of the area and were enjoying impunity in assaulting people and expropriating land given to sharecroppers. He became a central figure during the 2024 upsurge against the local leaders of the TMC.

He was arrested by the West Bengal police after the absconding TMC leader Shibu Hazra, aide of TMC strongman Sheikh Shahjahan, had accused him of leading the mob of 111-117 villagers who had burnt down their husbandry farm in retaliation against assaults and landgrabs. Fresh wave of potests erupted over his arrest. In his support Sandeshkhali villagers kept the police station under a gherao for 17 days until his release. He was bailed out by the Calcutta High Court which reprimanding the police calling for action against involved policemen for illegal arrest, torture and harassment.

## InfoBox

| Nirapada Sardar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**<br>2011–2016 | |
| Preceded by | Abani Roy, CPI(M) |
| Succeeded by | Sukumar Mahata, AITC |
| Constituency | Sandeshkhali |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
|  | |


title: Nirarathamnos

abstract: Nirarathamnos asarifolius is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, and the only species in the genus Nirarathamnos. It is endemic to Socotra. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List.

text:
# Nirarathamnos

***Nirarathamnos asarifolius*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, and the only species in the genus ***Nirarathamnos***. It is endemic to Socotra. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List.

## InfoBox

| *Nirarathamnos* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Apioideae |
| Tribe: | Echinophoreae |
| Genus: | *Nirarathamnos*
Balf.f. |
| Species: | ***N. asarifolius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nirarathamnos asarifolius***
Balf.f. | |
|


title: Nirbashito

abstract: Nirbashito (2014) is a Bengali-language film directed by Churni Ganguly. The music of the film was composed by Raja Narayan Deb. The film was India's Oscar nomination in the category "Best foreign film" in 2015.

text:
# Nirbashito

***Nirbashito*** (transl. exiled) (2014) is a Bengali-language film directed by Churni Ganguly. The music of the film was composed by Raja Narayan Deb. The film was India's Oscar nomination in the category "Best foreign film" in 2015.

## Plot

The protagonist of the film is a female writer who has been banished from her own country for writing against religious fundamentalism. The film shows the relationship between her and her cat "Baghini".

## Cast

* Churni Ganguly as a Woman
* Saswata Chatterjee as Pritam
* Arindol Bagchi as Anukul
* Raima Sen as Shayonti
* Ardhendu Banerjee as Shayonti's Father
* Dipankar Dey as Chief Minister
* Chitravanu Basu as Kalidas
* Dipanjan Basu as Identity Verification officer
* Lars Bethke as Lucas
* Naomi Bethke as Girl in Apple Orchard.
* Gautam Bhattacharya as Journalist in School library
* Kishore Bhimani as Mr. Goenka
* Sanjay Biswas as Consulate Stuff
* Lia Boysen as Wilma
* Biplab Chatterjee as Moti
* Balmiki Chattopadhyay as Debu
* Kheya Chattopadhyay as Courier Service Assistant
* Shruti Das as Girl Crying for mother
* Rajorshi Dey as Manibul
* Kaushik Ganguly as Jayanta
* Rajat Ganguly as Chanchal
* Abhimanyu Mukherjee Television Journalist
* Parna Ghatak as Vet
* Joakim Granberg as Theo
* Christer Holmgren as Swedish Ambassador
* Yohanna Idha as Reporter
* Christoffer L Jonsson as Swedish Security Official 1
* Bharat Kaul as Vikram Ehsas.
* Eric Krogh as Bodyguard
* Debmalya Maulik as Newsreader
* Arun Mukherjee as Amal Majumdar
* Ashok Mukherjee as Courier Service Stuff
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Commissioner of Police
* Samita Saha as Maid for Baghini
* Martin Wallström as Gustav
* Shazi Özdemir as Liliana
* Lennart B. Sandelin as Protester

## Awards

The film received the following awards:

## InfoBox

| Nirbashito | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Churni Ganguly |
| Music by | Raja Narayan Deb |
| Release date | * December 2014 (2014-12) |
| Running time | 108 mins |
| Country | India |
| Language | Bengali |


title: Nivaldo (footballer, born July 1988)

abstract: Nivaldo Alves Freitas Santos, known as Nivaldo, is a Cape Verdean professional footballer who plays as a left midfielder and left back for União de Coimbra.

text:
# Nivaldo (footballer, born July 1988)

**Nivaldo Alves Freitas Santos** (born 10 July 1988), known as **Nivaldo**, is a Cape Verdean professional footballer who plays as a left midfielder and left back for União de Coimbra.

## Club career

Born in São Nicolau, Nivaldo started playing football in his country with Batuque FC. Aged 18, he moved to Portugal to complete his development, joining Académica de Coimbra for his last year as a junior. From ages 19–23, Nivaldo competed solely in the Portuguese third division, representing C.F. Caniçal, C.D. Fátima, G.D. Ribeirão and G.D. Tourizense.

On 16 August 2011, Nivaldo returned to Académica and thus moved straight into the Primeira Liga, signing a three-year contract with the Students. He made his debut in the competition on 12 September by coming in as a 62nd-minute substitute in a 4–0 home win against C.D. Nacional, but spent most of his two-year spell with the side as understudy to Hélder Cabral. He moved to the Czech Republic in summer 2013, joining FK Teplice. In January 2016, after a brief spell in the Belarusian Premier League, he returned to his previous club.

## Honours

**Académica**

## InfoBox

Nivaldo
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Nivaldo Alves Freitas Santos | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-07-10) 10 July 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | São Nicolau, Cape Verde | | |
| Height | 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder / Left back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | União de Coimbra | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2006–2007 | Académica | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005–2006 | Batuque |  |  |
| 2007–2008 | Caniçal | 17 | (0) |
| 2008–2009 | Fátima | 8 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | Ribeirão | 29 | (2) |
| 2010–2011 | Tourizense | 30 | (2) |
| 2011–2013 | Académica | 19 | (0) |
| 2013–2015 | Teplice | 48 | (7) |
| 2015 | Dinamo Minsk | 8 | (1) |
| 2016–2017 | Teplice | 20 | (1) |
| 2018–2020 | Concordia Chiajna | 39 | (3) |
| 2020–2022 | Anadia | 48 | (3) |
| 2022 | Académica | 6 | (0) |
| 2023– | União de Coimbra | 21 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2011–2018 | Cape Verde | 21 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 31 May 2024 | | | |


title: Nitrazolam

abstract: Nitrazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD), which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives, that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is closely related to clonazolam or flunitrazolam, only differing by the removal of a chlorine or fluorine group respectively at the benzene ring. A study in mice indicated that nitrazolam can be several times more potent than diazepam as an antagonist of electroshock-induced tonic-extensor convulsions but less potent than diazepam at preventing the righting reflex. Nitrazolam has been used as an example compound to demonstrate the microscale synthesis of reference materials utilizing polymer‐supported reagents.

text:
# Nitrazolam

**Nitrazolam** is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) , which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives, that has been sold online as a designer drug.

It is closely related to clonazolam or flunitrazolam, only differing by the removal of a chlorine or fluorine group respectively at the benzene ring.

A study in mice indicated that nitrazolam can be several times more potent than diazepam as an antagonist of electroshock-induced tonic-extensor convulsions but less potent than diazepam at preventing the righting reflex.

Nitrazolam has been used as an example compound to demonstrate the microscale synthesis of reference materials utilizing polymer‐supported reagents.

### United Kingdom

In the UK, nitrazolam has been classified as a Class C drug by the May 2017 amendment to The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 along with several other designer benzodiazepine drugs.

## InfoBox

Nitrazolam
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 1-methyl-8-nitro-6-phenyl-4H-\[1,2,4\]triazolo\[4,3-a\]\[1,4\]benzodiazepine | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C17H13N5O2 |
| Molar mass | 319.324 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * Cc1nnc2CN=C(c3ccccc3)c4cc(ccc4n12)\[N+\](\[O-\])=O | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C17H13N5O2/c1-11-19-20-16-10-18-17(12-5-3-2-4-6-12)14-9-13(22(23)24)7-8-15(14)21(11)16/h2-9H,10H2,1H3 * Key:OYRPNABWTHDOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |


title: Nipple wrench (plumbing)

abstract: In plumbing, a nipple wrench is often known as an inside pipe wrench. An eccentric toothed gear is mounted on a hexagonal shaft. The wrench is introduced inside the pipe. As the wrench is turned, the eccentric gear is forced to grip the inside of the pipe. As with a regular pipe wrench, the mechanism is such that the grip on the pipe increases with the torque applied on the wrench. It is a relatively obscure but often useful tool.

text:
# Nipple wrench (plumbing)

In plumbing, a **nipple wrench** is often known as an *inside* pipe wrench.

An eccentric toothed gear is mounted on a hexagonal shaft. The wrench is introduced inside the pipe (especially a close nipple, which has threading its entire length, and therefore no surface for an outside wrench). As the wrench is turned, the eccentric gear is forced to grip the inside of the pipe. As with a regular pipe wrench, the mechanism is such that the grip on the pipe increases with the torque applied on the wrench.

It is a relatively obscure but often useful tool.


title: Nipples (Peter Brötzmann album)

abstract: Nipples is a 1969 album by free jazz saxophonist Peter Brötzmann, originally released on the Calig record label. The title track is performed by a sextet comprising Brötzmann, Evan Parker, Derek Bailey (guitar), Fred Van Hove (piano), Han Bennink (drums), and Buschi Niebergall (bass). The other track featured, "Tell a Green Man", is performed by a quartet made up of Brötzmann, Van Hove, Niebergall, and Bennink. The album was reissued on CD by Atavistic Records as part of their Unheard Music Series in 2000. The label also released a second CD in 2003 titled More Nipples, featuring three further recordings from the same sessions: an alternate take of "Nipples", performed by the sextet, and two further recordings by the quartet. In September 2021, television host Jimmy Fallon included the album in his show's "Do Not Play" segment, mocking the title, and stating that the music "sounds like a Guitar Center on a busy Saturday." In an email to Rolling Stone, Brötzmann responded: "We both know that the world is full of ignorants and stupidos, one more or less, who cares."

text:
# Nipples (Peter Brötzmann album)

***Nipples*** is a 1969 album by free jazz saxophonist Peter Brötzmann, originally released on the Calig record label. The title track is performed by a sextet comprising Brötzmann (tenor saxophone), Evan Parker (also on tenor saxophone), Derek Bailey (guitar), Fred Van Hove (piano), Han Bennink (drums), and Buschi Niebergall (bass). The other track featured, "Tell a Green Man", is performed by a quartet made up of Brötzmann, Van Hove, Niebergall, and Bennink.

The album was reissued on CD by Atavistic Records as part of their Unheard Music Series in 2000. The label also released a second CD in 2003 titled *More Nipples*, featuring three further recordings from the same sessions: an alternate take of "Nipples", performed by the sextet, and two further recordings by the quartet.

In September 2021, television host Jimmy Fallon included the album in his show's "Do Not Play" segment, mocking the title, and stating that the music "sounds like a Guitar Center on a busy Saturday." In an email to Rolling Stone, Brötzmann responded: "We both know that the world is full of ignorants and stupidos, one more or less, who cares."

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |
| Pitchfork |  |

In a review for AllMusic, Lang Thompson wrote: "The music's dense, everything-at-once nature sometimes makes it seem like a hot-headed competition, but in the end it's the musician's construction of intricately detailed patterns that really matter... *Nipples* is certainly not the best introduction to these musicians but nevertheless offers a fascinating look at their early careers."

The authors of the *Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* awarded the album 3½ stars, and stated: "this medium-size ensemble is actually rather rare in the Brötzmann discography and the results are fascinating."

A reviewer for Pitchfork commented: "Today's musical landscape is marred by the footprints of lightweights and the layabouts who write about them... *Nipples* may be by turns aggravating, inscrutable, cacophonous and soulless, but sitting next to today's crop on the New Release rack of your local Sam Goody, it seems the work of giants. Crazy, strung-out, Teutonic giants, but giants nonetheless."

Dave Heaton, writing for PopMatters, stated: "Listen to the whole... and you don't get the mess that you might expect with six musicians each blazing his own path. Instead you get a new kind of cohesiveness. Everything fits together in an interesting way, without being planned to fit together, at least not in the conventional way that musical numbers are planned out.... this recording is jaw-dropping, awe-inspiring and beautiful."

Writer Ben Watson remarked: "This is music played at such a pitch of impatience and self-criticism that every note bursts with expression, a bustle of question-marks, a hive of conflicting vectors. If it's all too much, it's because you're frightened to be alive."

## Track listing

*Nipples* 1. "Nipples" – 17:54
2. "Tell a Green Man" – 15:32

*More Nipples*14;45 1. "More Nipples" – 17:25
2. "Fiddle-Faddle" – 13:22
3. "Fat Man Walks (To Robert Wolfgang Schnell)" – 9:25

## Personnel

"Tell A Green Man" has the personnel listed above but without Derek Bailey and Evan Parker.

## InfoBox

| Nipples | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Peter Brötzmann | |
| Released | 1969 |
| Recorded | April 1969 |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Length | 73:38 |
| Label | Calig |
| Producer | Manfred Eicher |
| Peter Brötzmann chronology | |
| *Machine Gun*
(1968) ***Nipples***
(1969) | |


title: Njutånger

abstract: Njutånger is a locality situated in Hudiksvall Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 885 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Njutånger

**Njutånger** is a locality situated in Hudiksvall Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 885 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Njutånger | |
| --- | --- |
| NjutångerNjutånger | |
| Coordinates: 61°37′N 17°03′E / 61.617°N 17.050°E / 61.617; 17.050 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Hälsingland |
| County | Gävleborg County |
| Municipality | Hudiksvall Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.79 km2 (0.69 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 885 |
| Density | 495/km2 (1,280/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: No Deeper Blue

abstract: No Deeper Blue is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Townes Van Zandt. This was Van Zandt's first studio album of original songs newly recorded in the seven years following At My Window, and the last to be widely released before his death on New Year's Day in 1997.

text:
# No Deeper Blue

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Chicago Tribune* | (favorable) |
| *The New York Times* | (favorable) |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

***No Deeper Blue*** is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Townes Van Zandt. This was Van Zandt's first studio album of original songs newly recorded in the seven years following *At My Window,* and the last to be widely released before his death on New Year's Day in 1997.

## Recording

Van Zandt flew to Ireland's Xeric Studios to record the songs for *No Deeper Blue*, which was produced and mixed by Philip Donnelly, who had played guitar on the singer's 1978 album *Flyin' Shoes*. In 1994 Van Zandt explained to Aretha Sills, "I woke up in the middle of the night with a dream. You’ve got to go to Ireland and have Philip Donnelly produce your next record, and I walked out into the living room and turned on the lamp and found a piece of paper and it was Phillip’s phone number. There’s like 17 numbers, or something like that, so I just sat down, you know, and dialed the number and Phillip answered, you know, because it’s seven hours difference. I said, 'Phillip, I got a plan. How ‘bout we do this record?' That was about seven months ago, and he said, 'Oh lovely.' Right? And it all came together. Then I did about a 25-day tour through England and Ireland. I’ve heard the album a bunch of times. It’s as good as I’ve ever done, I think. Irish boys on it." Scottish singer and songwriter Donovan Leitch appears on the album playing harmonica. In the biography *To Live's To Fly: The Ballad of the Late, Great Townes Van Zandt*, author John Kruth suggests that "there are some wonderful touches that never would've happened if Townes hadn't hopped a plane to Ireland...The intricate accordion and fiddle fills on "Niles River Blues" recall The Band working out on a catchy Cajun waltz. Declan Masterson's uilleann pipe weaves and wheeze through Townes most surreal narrative since he crashed his silver ship against the rocks of Andilar."

## Composition

The album features fourteen brand new Van Zandt compositions. The singer's third wife Jeanene recalls in *To Live's To Fly* finding the lyrics to "A Song For" scribbled on a notepad and, after reading them, tearfully said, "Townes, this new song is so beautiful. It's bound to be my favorite," to which Van Zandt replied, "Song my ass...That's a suicide note." The album features some lighter moments, such as the comical "Billy, Boney and Ma" and the bluesy "Goin' Down To Memphis", and some heartfelt moments as well, with Van Zandt including lullabies to his two youngest children, "Hey Willy Boy" and "Katie Belle Blue" (the liner notes include a dedication "to John (JT), Will, and Katie Bell"). In a 1994 interview, Van Zandt explained to Aretha Sills, "One is for my wife called 'Lover’s Lullaby'. And one I wrote for money, about Will, who’s eleven. Got a phone call from a record company, said we’re putting together an album of lullabies. I said, 'I'm not sure I have any lullabies.' 'Well, there’s money in it.' 'Oh, Yeah! I got one. I got a good one!'

So I sat up 'til four o’clock in the morning and wrote 'Hey Willie Boy', and it’s a really pretty song. And then 'Katie Belle Blue' I wrote from love, to put Katie Belle to sleep." However, these light-hearted songs are contrasted with "The Hole" and "Marie", some of the darkest material in the Van Zandt canon. In the 2004 biopic *Be Here To Love Me*, Guy Clark recalls hearing "Marie" for the first time when Van Zandt played it for him in Santa Monica where they were booked to play McCabes' Guitar Shop: "He sits down with a guitar and has this piece of paper on his knee and proceeds to play 'Marie' all the way through. He says, 'Man, I just wrote this this morning.' And I'm like (*mimes disbelief*), 'You're shittin' me, man!' And (he) went over across the street that night and played it – and remembered every word. I *swear to God* I saw him do it." Van Zandt claimed the song was inspired by Meryl Streep's character in the film *Ironweed* and describes the harrowing plight of a homeless couple who wind up living under a bridge until the woman dies with the protagonist's unborn child "safe inside her." Van Zandt performed the song years before he committed it to tape, but Michael Timmins of the Cowboy Junkies told John Kruth in 2007 that "it was such a disappointment the way the producer handled it. The song really got lost in that production. They should have just let the man tell his story. But I just don't think Townes cared all that much. His thing was songwriting; by the time he recorded a song, his attitude was well, whatever." Many regard the song as a milestone and a late-career masterpiece. "The Hole" was another minor-key metaphorical tale about a man's nightmarish encounter with an old hag who turns him into a toad.

## Reception

*No Deeper Blue* was released in 1994 and received generally positive reviews from critics. AllMusic writes that "The diverse musical styles made the album Van Zandt's most listenable, even when the lyrics were at their most desperate," and declared that the album "demonstrated that the muse was still with him." Biographer John Kruth believes *No Deeper Blue* might have benefitted from more of the singer's own instrumentation, stating in 2007, "The album's blues numbers ultimately suffer from the absence of his guitar playing, sounding a bit generic, while some of the ballads beg for his instrumental presence as well."

## Track listing

All songs written—and vocals—by Townes Van Zandt

1. "A Song For" – 3:00
2. "Blaze's Blues" – 3:20
    * Philip Donnelly (slide guitar, percussion), Sven Buick (bass), Robbie Brennan (drums), Brendan Hayes (piano, organ)
3. "The Hole" – 4:09
    * Philip Donnelly (electric guitar, percussion), Sven Buick (bass), Fran Breen (drums), Brendan Hayes (organ)
4. "Marie" – 4:45
    * Philip Donnelly (guitar), Percy Robinson (steel guitar), Paul Kelly (fiddle), Sven Buick (bass), Fran Breen (drums), Brendan Hayes (organ)
5. "Goin' Down to Memphis" – 4:10
    * Philip Donnelly (electric guitar), Sven Buick (bass), Fran Breen (drums), Brendan Hayes (piano, organ)
6. "Hey Willy Boy" – 2:15
7. "Niles River Blues" – 3:05
    * Philip Donnelly (guitar), Sven Buick (bass), Paul Kelly (fiddle), Fran Breen (drums), Brendan Hayes (barrel organ), Máirtín O'Connor (accordion)
8. "Billy, Boney and Ma" – 5:13
    * Pete Cummins (guitar), Percy Robinson (steel guitar), Sven Buick (bass), Paul Kelly (fiddle), Philip Donnelly (percussion), Fran Breen (drums), Brendan Hayes (keyboards), Declan Masterson (Uilleann pipes)
9. "Katie Belle Blue" – 3:18
    * Philip Donnelly (high-string guitar), Sven Buick (bass), Paul Kelly (fiddle), Brendan Reagan (bazouki), Brendan Hayes (baby chimes)
10. "If I Was Washington" – 2:29
    * Philip Donnelly (12-string guitar & percussion), Pete Cumins (guitar), Sven Buick (bass), Brendan Reagan (mandolin), Fran Breen (drums), Brendan Hayes (piano) Adrian Foley (Tuba)
11. "Lover's Lullaby" – 4:09
    * Philip Donnelly (acoustic & electric guitars), Percy Robinson (steel guitar), Sven Buick (bass), Fran Breen (drums), Brendan Hayes (organ)
12. "Cowboy Junkies Lament" – 3:18 (written for the band formed in 1986)
    * Philip Donnelly (acoustic & electric guitars), Percy Robinson (steel guitar), Sven Buick (bass), Fran Breen (drums), Brendan Hayes (organ)
13. "BW Railroad Blues" – 3:52
    * Philip Donnelly (acoustic & electric guitars and percussion), Sven Buick (bass), Fran Breen (drums), Donovan (harmonica), Brendan Hayes (organ)
14. "Gone Too Long" – 2:55
    * Townes Van Zandt (guitar), Philip Donnelly (electric guitar), Sven Buick (bass), Fran Breen (drums), Donovan (harmonica), Brendan Hayes (piano, organ)

## Personnel

### Production

* Record producer by Philip Donnelly
* Executive producer – Jeanene Van Zandt
* Recorded by Pearse Gilmore at Xeric Studios, Limerick, Ireland
* Studio coordinator – Edel Ni Dhuinn
* Guitar technician – Joe Browne
* Project agent – Harold Eggers
* Mastered by Paul Solomons at Porky's Mastering, LTD., London, England

### Artwork

* Album cover painting — "Snake Eyes" by Jeanette (Jet) Whitt
* Photography – Anthony Lathrop
* Design – Anthony Lathrop, Jeanene Van Zandt and CC Design

## Releases

| year | format | label | catalog # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | CD | Sugar Hill | 1046 |
| 1994 | cassette | Sugar Hill | 1046 |

## Notes and sources

1. William Ruhlmann, "Review: *No Deeper Blue*", AllMusic
2. Gary Dretzka, "Townes Van Zandt", *Chicago Tribune*, 2 February 1995, p. 58
3. Neil Strauss, "The Pop Life", *New York Times*, 24 November 1994
4. John Swenson "Album reviews: Townes Van Zandt – *No Deeper Blue*", *Rolling Stone*, **704**, 23 March 1995

## InfoBox

| No Deeper Blue | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Townes Van Zandt | |
| Released | 1994 |
| Studio | Xeric Studios, Limerick, Ireland |
| Genre | Country, folk |
| Length | 49:58 |
| Label | Sugar Hill |
| Producer | Philip Donnelly |
| Townes Van Zandt chronology | |
| *Roadsongs*
(1994) ***No Deeper Blue***
(1994) *Abnormal*
(1996) | |


title: No Defense (1921 film)

abstract: No Defense is a 1921 American silent drama film directed by William Duncan and starring Duncan, Edith Johnson and Jack Richardson.

text:
# No Defense (1921 film)

***No Defense*** is a 1921 American silent drama film directed by William Duncan and starring Duncan, Edith Johnson and Jack Richardson.

## Plot

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Rainey, Buck. *Sweethearts of the Sage: Biographies and Filmographies of 258 actresses appearing in Western movies*. McFarland & Company, 1992.

## InfoBox

| No Defense | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | William Duncan |
| Written by | C. Graham Baker |
| Produced by | Albert E. Smith |
| Starring | William Duncan
Edith Johnson
Jack Richardson |
| Cinematography | George Robinson |
| Production
company | Vitagraph Company of America |
| Distributed by | Vitagraph Company of America |
| Release date | * December 25, 1921 (1921-12-25) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Nixville, South Carolina

abstract: Nixville is an unincorporated community in Hampton County, South Carolina, United States. The community is on South Carolina Highway 3 5.3 miles (8.5 km) east of Estill. On April 13, 2020, a tornado measuring EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale traveled across Hampton County, striking Nixville along its path. The tornado, which was part of the 2020 Easter tornado outbreak, killed five people in the Nixville and Estill vicinities and caused a significant amount of property damage.

text:
# Nixville, South Carolina

**Nixville** is an unincorporated community in Hampton County, South Carolina, United States. The community is on South Carolina Highway 3 5.3 miles (8.5 km) east of Estill.

On April 13, 2020, a tornado measuring EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale traveled across Hampton County, striking Nixville along its path. The tornado, which was part of the 2020 Easter tornado outbreak, killed five people in the Nixville and Estill vicinities and caused a significant amount of property damage.

## InfoBox

| Nixville, South Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| NixvilleNixville | |
| Coordinates: 32°44′35″N 81°09′07″W / 32.74306°N 81.15194°W / 32.74306; -81.15194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| County | Hampton |
| Elevation | 105 ft (32 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 803 & 839 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1249880 |


title: Noel Mazzone

abstract: Noel Scott Mazzone is an American football coach and former player who is the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). He is former offensive coordinator at the University of Arizona.

text:
# Noel Mazzone

**Noel Scott Mazzone** (born March 21, 1957) is an American football coach and former player who is the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). He is former offensive coordinator at the University of Arizona.

## Early life and playing career

Mazzone grew up in Raton, New Mexico and went on to play college football as a quarterback under coach Bill Mondt at the University of New Mexico from 1975 to 1979.

## Coaching career

After graduation, Mazzone started his coaching career as a graduate assistant at New Mexico under head coach Joe Morrison who had succeeded Mondt in 1980. Mazzone also spent one season (1981) at Boulder High School, coaching future University of Colorado greats Tom Gebhardt and Eric McCarty. In 1982, Mazzone received his first full-time position, coaching quarterbacks and receivers under Leon Fuller at Colorado State. After 5 years at CSU, Mazzone was hired away by Jim Wacker to serve as quarterbacks coach at Texas Christian. When Wacker left TCU for the head coaching position at the University of Minnesota in 1992, Mazzone followed Wacker to serve the same position with the Gophers.

In 1995, Mazzone was hired as offensive coordinator by Tommy Tuberville, who had just become head coach at Ole Miss. Tuberville left Ole Miss for Auburn in 1999, taking Mazzone with him. However, after the 2001 season Tuberville chose to replace Mazzone with Bobby Petrino.

Oregon State head coach Dennis Erickson then hired Mazzone as offensive coordinator for the 2002 season.

When Erickson left the collegiate ranks to coach the San Francisco 49ers, Mazzone chose to remain in college football, becoming offensive coordinator under Chuck Amato at North Carolina State, where he coached Philip Rivers, who would be the fourth overall pick in the 2004 NFL draft.

In January 2005, Mazzone returned to Ole Miss to serve as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach under head coach Ed Orgeron. He was fired as offensive coordinator at the end of the 2005 season but remained an employee at Ole Miss for contractual reasons.

In 2006, Mazzone took his first position in the NFL when new head coach Eric Mangini hired him as wide receivers coach for the New York Jets. Mangini was fired by the Jets following the 2008 season and Mazzone's contract with the Jets was allowed to expire.

In January 2009, Mazzone was under consideration by Randy Shannon for the vacant position as offensive coordinator for the Miami Hurricanes, and in February of that year was under consideration by Dave Wannstedt as offensive coordinator for the University of Pittsburgh. He was also being considered for the job coaching quarterbacks under Mangini with the Cleveland Browns. But, instead of going to coach for any college he decided to assume the duties of offensive coordinator for Panther Creek High School in Cary, North Carolina under Wayne Bragg.

On January 4, 2010, he was hired as offensive coordinator at Arizona State University, where he was reunited with Dennis Erickson, who he previously worked under at Oregon State University.

In 2012, it was announced that Mazzone would be joining Jim L. Mora's coaching staff at UCLA as offensive coordinator.

On January 8, 2016, Mazzone left UCLA, and joined Kevin Sumlin's staff at Texas A&M as their offensive coordinator.

On January 14, 2018, it was announced that Mazzone left Texas A&M, and joined with his son Taylor and Kevin Sumlin's staff at Arizona as their offensive coordinator.

UConn director of athletics David Benedict announced on Wednesday September 15, 2021 that they have hired longtime offensive coach Noel Mazzone as an offensive analyst. His duties include “providing support to this interim head coach and offensive coordinator.”

## InfoBox

Noel Mazzone
| Current position | |
| --- | --- |
| Title | Offensive coordinator |
| Team | Pittsburgh Maulers |
| Conference | USFL |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1957-03-21) March 21, 1957<br>Mount Vernon, Washington |
| Playing career | |
| 1975–1979 | New Mexico |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Quarterback |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1980–1981 | New Mexico (GA) |
| 1982–1986 | Colorado State (QB/WR) |
| 1987–1991 | TCU (QB) |
| 1992–1994 | Minnesota (QB) |
| 1995–1998 | Ole Miss (OC/QB) |
| 1999–2001 | Auburn (OC) |
| 2002 | Oregon State (OC) |
| 2003–2004 | NC State (OC/TE) |
| 2005 | Ole Miss (OC/QB) |
| 2006–2008 | New York Jets (WR) |
| 2009 | Panther Creek HS (NC) (OC) |
| 2010–2011 | Arizona State (OC) |
| 2012–2015 | UCLA (OC) |
| 2016–2017 | Texas A&M (OC/QB) |
| 2018–2020 | Arizona (OC/QB) |
| 2021 | UConn (OA) |
| 2022 | New Orleans Breakers (OC/QB) |
| 2024-present | Pittsburgh Maulers (OC) |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Noel Martin (British Army officer)

abstract: Brigadier George Noel Chadwick Martin, was a British Army officer and international golfer from Northern Ireland.

text:
# Noel Martin (British Army officer)

Brigadier **George Noel Chadwick Martin**, CBE, DSO, MC (23 December 1892 – 24 August 1985) was a British Army officer and international golfer from Northern Ireland.

## Early life and military career

Martin was born on 23 December 1892 in Portrush, Ireland. His father, John Charles Martin, was a doctor born in British India and trained at Trinity College, Dublin.

Martin attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and from there was commissioned into the Royal Artillery on 19 July 1912. Clement West, Colin Jardine, Harold Price-Williams and Bernard Young, all future general officers, were among his fellow graduates. On the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, he accompanied the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to France, and served on the Western Front from 1914 to 1918. He was awarded the Military Cross for bravery in commanding a battery under fire. The citation for The medal reads:

> For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty while in command of his battery, when his able dispositions greatly minimised casualties at a time of persistent heavy shelling. On one occasion a direct hit was obtained on a dug-out, killing and wounding its occupants and setting fire to the camouflage and ammunition in a gun-pit. His prompt efforts were most successful in getting away the wounded and putting out the fire. Throughout the operations he set a fine example of cheerfulness and determination under very trying conditions.

He was also awarded the Distinguished Service Order for having brought a field gun into action ahead of his supporting infantry.

> For conspicuous gallantry and brilliant leadership at Les Mottes on 8th November, 1918. He led a gun at a gallop through the foremost infantry, coming into action at 700 yards, silencing several machine guns which were holding up the advance. He remained in action in the open for several hours, keeping down hostile fire and denying the ridge 600 yards distant to the enemy. He also silenced, two 77 mm. guns, which were firing on the troops at about 1,500 yards range. His intrepid behaviour set a fine example.

By the end of the war, he held the rank of captain (acting major) and commanded B Battery, 74th Brigade RFA, which was serving with the Guards Division.

## Between the wars

After the war, Martin remained in the army, attended the Staff College, Quetta from 1926 to 1927, and became a prominent golfer. As a member of the Royal Portrush Golf Club, he won the Irish Amateur Open Championship in 1920 and 1923, and the Army golf championship in 1928. He stood in for Cyril Tolley to play in the 1928 Walker Cup as part of the British and Irish team, where he was partnered with another Portrush golfer, Major Charles Hezlet. The British and Irish team had their worst showing ever that year, losing eleven matches to one. Hezlet had been the first Irishman on a Walker Cup team, in 1924, and Martin was the second. Martin also played several international matches for Ireland, captaining the team in 1930. He later became chairman of the Royal Portrush, and headed the club at the time it hosted the 1951 Open Championship, the first time the championship had been held outside Great Britain. He presented the winner's trophy to Max Faulkner.

## Second World War

During the early stages of the Second World War Martin commanded the 18th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, leading the regiment overseas to France in September 1939. The regiment formed part of the 2nd Infantry Division, then commanded by Major General Henry Loyd, which itself formed part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and, not immediately engaged in combat, the regiment spent most of the "Phoney War" digging defensive positions. In February 1940 the regiment transferred from the 2nd Division to the 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division, a first-line Territorial Army (TA) formation commanded by Major General Andrew Thorne, which had recently arrived in France the month before. The policy within the BEF was for the Regular Army formations to transfer units to the TA units which, for various reasons, were not as well trained as their Regular counterparts, and this would, in theory, strengthen the Territorial formations.

Sometime after this, Martin was appointed as Commander, Royal Artillery (CRA) in the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, another TA formation which, in April 1941, moved from the United Kingdom to the Middle East. In March 1942 Martin was promoted to Brigadier Royal Artillery (BRA) of the British Eighth Army, responsible for all of the army's artillery units. He pushed heavily for centralised control of artillery, reversing an earlier policy of dispersing the guns to support small forces. This approach bore fruit at the First Battle of El Alamein in July 1942, where concentrated artillery helped stall a German advance into Egypt. However, in August, Martin was sacked and sent home; the new Eighth Army commander, Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery, blamed him for the previous policy of dispersion and wished to replace him with a new officer. Martin's successor was Brigadier Sidney Kirkman, one of Montgomery's protégés, later to command a corps in Italy and become a full general.

## Postwar

Martin retired from the army in 1945. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services in the Middle East, and mentioned in despatches. He died in 1985, aged 92, and is buried at St. Martin's New Cemetery, St. Martin, Guernsey, Channel Islands.

## Bibliography

* Converse, Alan (2011). *Armies of Empire: The 9th Australian and 50th British Divisions in Battle 1939–1945*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521194808.
* Hammond, Bryn (2012). *El Alamein: The Battle That Turned the Tide of the Second World War*. Osprey. ISBN 9781849086400.

## InfoBox

| Noel Martin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1892-12-23)23 December 1892
Portrush, County Antrim, Ireland |
| Died | 24 August 1985(1985-08-24) (aged 92) |
| Buried | St. Martin's New Cemetery, St. Martin, Guernsey, Channel Islands |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1912–1945 |
| Rank | Brigadier |
| Service number | 4918 |
| Unit | Royal Artillery |
| Commands | 18th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery |
| Battles/wars | First World War
Second World War |
| Awards | Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Distinguished Service Order
Military Cross
Mentioned in Despatches (4) |