title: Ethical Tea Partnership

abstract: The Ethical Tea Partnership is a Private Limited Company that has been working with tea producers and tea companies to improve the sustainability of the tea industry since 1997. This industry-wide initiative, which was originally called the Tea Sourcing Partnership, was established by a number of large UK tea packing companies who decided to work together to improve the social conditions in their supply chains. Later on, ETP membership opened up to non UK-based tea packers, and extended the scheme to include environmental issues as well. The ETP works in all the main tea producing regions, with a London-based Secretariat, and five regional managers based in Kenya, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and China.

text:
# Ethical Tea Partnership

The **Ethical Tea Partnership** is a Private Limited Company that has been working with tea producers and tea companies to improve the sustainability of the tea industry since 1997. This industry-wide initiative, which was originally called the Tea Sourcing Partnership, was established by a number of large UK tea packing companies who decided to work together to improve the social conditions in their supply chains. Later on, ETP membership opened up to non UK-based tea packers, and extended the scheme to include environmental issues as well.

The ETP works in all the main tea producing regions, with a London-based Secretariat, and five regional managers based in Kenya, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and China.

## Monitoring and Certification

The ETP monitoring programme has been running since 1997 and is free of charge to producers. The programm's environmental and social provisions are outlined in the ETP Global Standard, and are closely aligned to the main certification programmes operating under (Fairtrade, Rainforest Alliance and UTZ Certified) programmes.

The social and labour provisions are based on the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) Base Code, which covers the International Labour Organization's (ILO) core conventions.

### Social Provisions

* Freely chosen employment
* Freedom of Association & the right to collective bargaining
* Health and Safety
* Child Labour
* Wages and Benefits
* Working Hours
* Discrimination
* Regular Employment
* Disciplinary Procedures

### Environmental provisions

* Environmental Management Systems
* Agrochemicals
* Soil Conservation
* Ecosystem Conservation
* Water Conservation
* Energy Use
* Waste Management

To increase impact and reduce duplication, the ETP has formal relationships with Fairtrade, Rainforest Alliance, and UTZ Certified. The ETP works to facilitate certification where requested by member companies, when producers are interested. Through its producer support programmes, the ETP also works with certification programmes, and with a wide range of NGOs and development organisations.

## Producer Support

In order to help producers to meet international social and environmental standards the ETP co-ordinates a series of training and improvement programmes. These are aimed at both management and workers and cover a number of issues including:

These capacity building projects are facilitated by the ETP Regional Managers who build relationships with tea producers and support them to participate effectively in the ETP programme.

ETP has been working with ETI on a training programme focused on reducing discrimination and harassment of workers in Africa. This type of training supplements the auditing process by offering practical support to producers and it tackles long-term problematic issues that cannot be addressed by auditing and certification alone.

ETP has also played a valued partnership role in CARE International’s long-term project to improve living and working conditions in tea communities in Sri Lanka.

## Strategic Sustainability

As well as addressing issues that pose an immediate threat to workers and the environment, the ETP also works on those issues that threaten the long-term future sustainability of tea. For example, in Kenya, the ETP is working in partnership with GIZ (the German Development Agency) to help in excess of 10,000 smallholder farmers to adapt to the effects of climate change in order to help them secure their future livelihoods from tea. Together, ETP and GIZ are developing toolkits for good climate change adaptation practices that span from technical solutions (good practice farming) to socio-economic approaches and institutional and political options.

As well as working with NGO and development organisations, the Ethical Tea Partnership works closely with tea producers to share and develop ideas on how to improve the sustainability of tea.

## Membership

Membership of the Ethical Tea Partnership is open to any company involved with sourcing, trading or packing of tea sold in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. The organization works with members by checking that their suppliers meet social and environmental standards.

### 21st century membership

The ETP's membership, in 2014, consisted of 29 companies:

* Ahmad Tea
* All About Tea
* alveus tea
* Bell Tea and Coffee
* Bettys & Taylors of Harrogate Ltd
* Bigelow Tea
* Birchall Tea
* Booths
* D.E Master Blenders 1753
* DJ Miles & Co Ltd
* interTee
* J.T. Ronnefeldt
* Jing Tea
* Mabroc
* Mars Drinks
* Metropolitan Tea Co
* Mother Parkers Tea & Coffee Inc
* Newby Teas
* Ostfriesische Tee Gesellschaft (OTG)
* project t
* Reginald Ames
* Ringtons
* Steeped Tea
* stick & lembke
* Tazo tea
* Tea Monkey
* Tesco
* Tetley
* The Republic of Tea
* Twinings
* United Coffee
* We Are Tea
* Windmill

### Founding Members

Originally, membership to ETP was only open to UK-based tea packing companies; the founding members were:

* The Tetley Group
* Twinings
* Bettys and Taylors
* Spicers
* Unilever
* Windmill Tea
* DJ Miles
* Gala Tea and Coffee
* Finlays
* Williamsons
* Matthew Algie


title: Graminivora

abstract:
Graminivora is a monotypic genus of oomycete belonging to the family Peronosporaceae.
It only contains one known species; Graminivora graminicola (Naumov) Thines & Göker

text:
# Graminivora

***Graminivora*** is a monotypic genus of oomycete belonging to the family Peronosporaceae. It only contains one known species; **Graminivora graminicola** (Naumov) Thines & Göker

## InfoBox

| *Graminivora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Oomycota |
| Order: | Peronosporales |
| Family: | Peronosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Graminivora*<br>Thines & Göker, 2006 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bremia graminicola* Naumov, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 29(2): 275 (1913) * *Bremia graminicola var. indica* Patel, Indian Phytopath. 1(2): 106 (1949) | |


title: Gloria Bevan

abstract: Gloria Isabel Bevan was an Australian-born New Zealand writer of romantic fiction.

text:
# Gloria Bevan

**Gloria Isabel Bevan** (20 July 1911 - 1998.) was an Australian-born New Zealand writer of romantic fiction.

## Early life

Bevan was born on 20 July 1911 in Kalgoorlie, Australia, where her father was a mining engineer. When she was three years old, the family moved to New Zealand, and lived in Auckland from 1926 to 1936. She attended Auckland Technical College.

## Career

After finishing her high school studies, Bevan worked as a typist while writing stories in her spare time. Her first published works were detective novels, written under the pseudonym Fiona Murray, in 1965. She later met fellow New Zealand romance writer Essie Summers, who introduced her to Allan Boon of Mills & Boon publishers. From 1969 to 1992 she wrote 25 contemporary romance novels for Mills & Boon, which were published under her own name. Her books were considered "wholesome", and focused almost exclusively on the hero-heroine relationship.

### Personal life

Bevan married in 1937 and had three daughters.


title: Jacques Leduc

abstract: Jacques Leduc is a Canadian film director and cinematographer.

text:
# Jacques Leduc

**Jacques Leduc** (born November 25, 1941) is a Canadian film director and cinematographer.

## Biography

Leduc began his career in 1961 working as a film critic for the magazine *Objectif*. The following year, at the age of 21, he was hired as a camera assistant by the NFB. Over the course of the next few years he worked under such filmmakers as Denys Arcand, Gilles Carle, and Don Owen. In 1965 he began working as both Director and Cinematographer; his first film as director was a documentary short entitled *Chantal en vrac*. Leduc continued his work as Director with his first feature film in 1967 entitled *Nomininque, depuis qu'il existe* and his first feature documentary film in 1969 entitled *Cap d'espoir*. The documentary film was "about the muted violence that existed \[in Quebec\] and the monopoly over news held by Power Corp." and became one of the most famous cases of censorship at the NFB when it was banned by NFB commissioner Hugo McPherson.

Leduc continued working on critically acclaimed films throughout the 70s and 80s such as *On est loin du soleil* (1970), *Tendresse ordinaire* (1973), and *Trois pommes à côté du sommeil* (1988). In 1990 he left the NFB and became a freelance filmmaker. In 1992 he directed the film *La vie fantôme*; the film was named Best Canadian Film at the Montreal World Film Festival and earned a Genie Award for Best Screenplay nomination. Since then he has primarily worked with other Directors as their cinematographer and in 2008 was awarded the Prix Albert-Tessier.

## Selected filmography

### Features

### Other work

* *Chantal en vrac* \- documentary short, 1966
* *Nominingue... depuis qu'il existe* \- TV movie, 1967
* *Cap d'espoir* \- documentary short, 1969
* *Là ou ailleurs* \- documentary short co-directed with Pierre Bernier, 1969
* *Ça marche* \- documentary short co-directed with Arnie Gelbart, 1969
* *Je chante à cheval avec Willie Lamothe* \- documentary short co-directed with Lucien Ménard, 1971
* *Alegria* \- documentary short, 1973
* *Chronique de la vie quotidienne* \- 1977–1978, an anthology series of 8 films
* *Albédo* \- documentary short co-directed with René Roy, 1982
* *Les Attentes* \- TV movie, 1986
* *Les Inquietudes de Diane* \- TV movie, 1986
* *Notes sur l'arrière-saison* \- documentary short, 1986
* *Le Temps des cigales* \- documentary short, 1987
* *Charade chinoise* \- documentary, 1987
* *Montreal Stories (Montréal vu par...)* \- segment "La Toile du temps" - 1991
* *A Child on the Lake (L'Enfant sur le lac)* \- TV movie, 1992

## InfoBox

| Jacques Leduc | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1941-11-25) November 25, 1941
Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Occupation(s) | Film director
Cinematographer
Screenwriter |
| Years active | 1965 \- Present |


title: Pocasset Worsted Company Mill

abstract: The Pocasset Worsted Company Mill is an historic industrial complex at 75 Pocasset Street in Johnston, Rhode Island. It consists of a complex of four connected brick buildings, built between 1897 and 1902. The buildings form a rough U shape on a 3.38 acres (1.37 ha) parcel of land between Pocasset Street and the Pocasset River. The two legs of the U are nearly identical main mill buildings, constructed in 1897 and 1902; they are joined by an engine and boiler house. The mill office building is attached to the southern (1897) mill building. The Pocasset Worsted Company was Johnston's largest employer in the early 20th century; its buildings were used for textile production until 1989. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

text:
# Pocasset Worsted Company Mill

The **Pocasset Worsted Company Mill** is an historic industrial complex at 75 Pocasset Street in Johnston, Rhode Island. It consists of a complex of four connected brick buildings, built between 1897 and 1902. The buildings form a rough U shape on a 3.38 acres (1.37 ha) parcel of land between Pocasset Street and the Pocasset River. The two legs of the U are nearly identical main mill buildings, constructed in 1897 and 1902; they are joined by an engine and boiler house. The mill office building is attached to the southern (1897) mill building. The Pocasset Worsted Company was Johnston's largest employer in the early 20th century; its buildings were used for textile production until 1989.

The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Pocasset Worsted Company Mill | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 75 Pocasset St.,<br>Johnston, Rhode Island |
| Coordinates | 41°47′50″N 71°28′34″W / 41.797222°N 71.476111°W / 41.797222; -71.476111 |
| Area | 3.38 acres (1.37 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 10000471 |
| Added to NRHP | July 19, 2010 |


title: Reg Boyle

abstract: Reginald George Boyle was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Reg Boyle

**Reginald George Boyle** (3 March 1903 – 1 May 1986) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## Family

The son of John Thomas Boyle (1862-1927), and Georgina Mary Boyle (1868-1913), née Appleton, Reginald George Boyle was born at Collingwood, Victoria on 3 March 1903.

He married Dorothy May Parker Vernon (1908-1990) in 1928.

## Football

### Collingwood (VFL)

He made his debut for the Collingwood Football Club during the 8th Round in 1925.

### Northcote (VFA)

He was cleared from Collingwood to Northcote in May 1927.

### Brunswick (VFA)

In April 1928 he was cleared from "N.S.W." to Brunswick.

* Holmesby, Russell; Main, Jim (2014). *The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897* (10th ed.). Seaford, Victoria: BAS Publishing. ISBN 978-1-921496-32-5.

## InfoBox

| Reg Boyle | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Reginald George Boyle | | |
| Date of birth | (1903-03-03)3 March 1903 | | |
| Place of birth | Collingwood, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 1 May 1986(1986-05-01) (aged 83) | | |
| Place of death | Fairfield, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Brunswick | | |
| Height | 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) | | |
| Weight | 63 kg (139 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1925, 1932 | Collingwood | 3 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1932. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Mother Barbara Micarelli School

abstract: Mother Barbara Micarelli School is a Catholic educational institution inspired by the spirit of St. Francis of Assisi. Its foundation was built in 1991. The Assistant Principal is Josie Villanueva And The principal is Sr. Emma Valenzuela, FMIJ and with Sr.Pia Pizillo the School Directress. The exact location is at General Santos Ave. San Miguel, Sto. Tomas, Batangas, Philippines. The assistant principal is Josie Villanueva.

text:
# Mother Barbara Micarelli School

**Mother Barbara Micarelli School** is a Catholic educational institution inspired by the spirit of St. Francis of Assisi. Its foundation was built in 1991. The Assistant Principal is Josie Villanueva And The principal is Sr. Emma Valenzuela, FMIJ and with Sr.Pia Pizillo the School Directress. The exact location is at General Santos Ave. San Miguel, Sto. Tomas, Batangas, Philippines. The assistant principal is Josie Villanueva.

14°06′13″N 121°09′00″E / 14.10359°N 121.14995°E / 14.10359; 121.14995


title: Red sparrow

abstract:
Red sparrow may refer to:
  - Red fox sparrow, a group of subspecies of the North American fox sparrow
  - Red Sparrow (novel), a 2013 U.S. spy novel by Jason Matthews
  - Red Sparrow, a 2018 U.S. spy film based on the eponymous novel
  - Red Sparowes, a U.S. post-rock band
  - Red Sparrow, a fictional character created by Charles Bukowski from the 1994 novel Pulp
  - Red Sparrow, a 2010 play by Manav Kaul

text:
# Red sparrow

**Red sparrow** may refer to:

* Red fox sparrow (*Passerella iliaca iliaca*), a group of subspecies of the North American fox sparrow
* *Red Sparrow* (novel), a 2013 U.S. spy novel by Jason Matthews
* *Red Sparrow*, a 2018 U.S. spy film based on the eponymous novel
* *Red Sparowes*, a U.S. post-rock band
* Red Sparrow, a fictional character created by Charles Bukowski from the 1994 novel *Pulp*
* *Red Sparrow*, a 2010 play by Manav Kaul


title: Michael Holroyd

abstract: Sir Michael de Courcy Fraser Holroyd is an English biographer.

text:
# Michael Holroyd

**Sir Michael de Courcy Fraser Holroyd** CBE FRHistS FRSL (born 27 August 1935) is an English biographer.

## Early life and education

Holroyd was born in London, the son of Basil de Courcy Fraser Holroyd (a descendant of Sir George Sowley Holroyd, Justice of the King's Bench, whose ancestor was Isaac Holroyd, younger brother of George, the great-great-grandfather of John Baker Holroyd, 1st Earl of Sheffield), and his wife, Ulla (known as "Sue"), daughter of Karl Knutsson-Hall, a Swedish army officer. His parents having separated- their son "left to grow up in a bewilderingly extended family, shunted back and forth among parents and stepparents and grandparents and uncles and aunts"- Holroyd was raised at his father's family home, Norhurst, at Maidenhead, Berkshire. The Holroyds "for a time enjoyed a small fortune", provided by, amongst other things, an Indian tea plantation; this fortune was eventually "done in by mismanagement of resources and foolish investments" including investment in Lalique glassware, his grandfather having been its sole London agent in the 1920s. The Holroyd family had been "for several centuries" Yorkshire "butchers, clergymen, clothiers, farmers, landowners, soldiers, yeoman (sic) of all kinds".

He was educated at Eton College, though he has often claimed Maidenhead Public Library as his alma mater.

## Career

In 1964, Holroyd published his first book, a biography of the writer Hugh Kingsmill; his reputation was consolidated in 1967–68 with the publication of his two-volume life of Lytton Strachey (which the playwright Christopher Hampton later used extensively when writing the screenplay for the 1995 film *Carrington*). Holroyd has also written biographies of Augustus John and, in four volumes, of Bernard Shaw. His book *A Book of Secrets: Illegitimate Daughters, Absent Fathers* (2010) concerns the Villa Cimbrone on the Gulf of Salerno and the Edwardian literary and society figures who lived there, such as Ernest Beckett, 2nd Baron Grimthorpe.

*Lytton Strachey: A Critical Biography* (1967, 1968) became Holroyd's definitive work. He published a revised version in 1994 under the revised subtitle *The New Biography*.

Holroyd was chairman of the Society of Authors, 1973–83, and from 1985 to 1988 was president of the English branch of PEN. He is also President of the Shaw Society. His awards include the 2001 Heywood Hill Literary Prize and the 2005 David Cohen Prize for literature. In 2006, he was awarded the Golden PEN Award by English PEN for "a Lifetime's Distinguished Service to Literature". He was president of the Royal Society of Literature from 2003 to 2008, and was knighted in the 2007 New Year Honours List. Holroyd is a patron of Dignity in Dying.

## Personal life

Holroyd is married to the author Margaret Drabble.

## Awards

## Bibliography

* *Hugh Kingsmill : a critical biography*. Unicorn Press. 1964.
* *Lytton Strachey: A Critical Biography*, volume 1: *The Unknown Years (1880-1910)*, Heinemann, 1967
* *Lytton Strachey: A Critical Biography*, volume 2: *The Years of Achievement (1910-1932)*, Heinemann, 1968
* *A Dog's Life*, Henry Holt (US only), 1969
* *The Best of Hugh Kingsmill: Selections from his Writings* (editor), Gollancz, 1970
* *Lytton Strachey by Himself: A Self-Portrait* (editor), Heinemann, 1971
* *Unreceived Opinions*, Heinemann, 1973
* *Augustus John: A Biography*, volume 1: *The Years of Innocence*, Heinemann, 1974
* *The Art of Augustus John* (with Malcolm Easton), Secker & Warburg, 1974
* *Augustus John: A Biography*, volume 2: *The Years of Experience*, Heinemann, 1975
* *The Genius of Shaw: A Symposium* (editor), Hodder & Stoughton, 1979
* *The Shorter Strachey* (editor with Paul Levy), Oxford University Press, 1980
* *William Gerhardie: God's Fifth Column: A Biography of the Age: 1890-1940* (editor with Robert Skidelsky), Hodder & Stoughton, 1981
* *Essays by Divers Hands*, (editor), Boydell Press, 1982
* *Peterley Harvest: The Private Diary of David Peterley* (introduction), Secker & Warburg, 1985
* *Bernard Shaw*, volume 1: *1856-1898: The Search for Love*, Chatto & Windus, 1988
* *Bernard Shaw*, volume 2: *1898-1918: The Pursuit of Power*, Chatto & Windus, 1989
* *Bernard Shaw*, volume 3: *1918-1950: The Lure of Fantasy*, Chatto & Windus, 1991
* *Bernard Shaw*, volume 4: *1950-1991: The Last Laugh*, Chatto & Windus, 1992
* *The Shaw Companion*, Chatto & Windus, 1992
* *Lytton Strachey: The New Biography*, Chatto & Windus, 1994
* *Augustus John: The New Biography*, Chatto & Windus, 1996
* *Bernard Shaw* (one-volume revised edition), Chatto & Windus, 1997
* *Basil Street Blues: a Memoir*, Little, Brown, 1999
* *The Whispering Gallery: Leaves from a Diplomat's Diary by Hesketh Pearson*, (introduction), Phoenix Press, 2000
* *Works on Paper: The Craft of Biography and Autobiography*, Little, Brown, 2002
* *Swedish Reflections: From Beowulf to Bergman* (preface), Arcadia Books, 2003
* *Mosaic. Portraits in Fragments*, Little, Brown, 2004
* *A Strange Eventful History: The Dramatic Lives of Ellen Terry, Henry Irving and their Remarkable Families*, Chatto & Windus, 2008
* *A Book of Secrets: Illegitimate Daughters, Absent Fathers*, Chatto & Windus, 2010
* *On Wheels*, Chatto & Windus, 2012
* *The Good Bohemian: The Letters of Ida John* (editor with Rebecca John), Bloomsbury, 2017
* *Ancestors in the Attic: My Great-Grandmother's Book of Ferns \[&\] My Aunt's Book of Silent Actors*, Pimpernel Press, 2017
* *Facts and Fiction: A Book of Storytelling*, Bloomsbury, 2018

Critical studies and reviews of Holroyd's work * Britain, Ian (June 2011). "Grand follies". *Australian Book Review* (332): 67–68. Reviews *A book of secrets*.


title: North Dakota Highway 38

abstract: North Dakota Highway 38 (ND 38) is a 36.332-mile-long (58.471 km) north–south state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ND 38's southern terminus is at Interstate 94 (I 94)/US Highway 52 (US 52) south of Buffalo, and the northern terminus is at ND 32 west of Hope.

text:
# North Dakota Highway 38

**North Dakota Highway 38** (**ND 38**) is a 36.332-mile-long (58.471 km) north–south state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ND 38's southern terminus is at Interstate 94 (I 94)/US Highway 52 (US 52) south of Buffalo, and the northern terminus is at ND 32 west of Hope.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cass | Hill-Howes township line | 0.000 | 0.000 | I-94 / US 52 Bismarck, Fargo

CR 38 south Alice | Southern terminus; roadway continues south as CR 38; I-94 Exit 314 |
| Steele | Melrose-Carpenter township line | 36.332 | 58.471 | ND 32 ND 200, Finley, Oriska

CR 5 west Luverne | Northern terminus; roadway continues west as CR 5 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/North Dakota Highway 38KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| North Dakota Highway 38 | |
| --- | --- |
| ND 38 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NDDOT | |
| Length | 36.332 mi (58.471 km) |
| Existed | 1926–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | I-94 / US 52 south of Buffalo |
| North end | ND 32 west of Hope |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Dakota |
| Counties | Cass, Steele |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **North Dakota State Highway System** | |
| ND 37   ND 40 | |


title: Ethical Oil

abstract: Ethical Oil: The Case for Canada's Oil Sands is a book written by Canadian talk-show host and political activist Ezra Levant, which makes a case for exploiting the Athabasca oil sands and its sister projects in Alberta. Published in 2010 by McClelland & Stewart in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the book became a non-fiction best seller and won the National Business Book Award for 2011. In the 261 page book, Ezra Levant makes the case that in terms of four criteria the Canadian petroleum industry is "heads above other crude producers like Saudi Arabia, Libya, Nigeria and Venezuela". Highlighting perceived hypocrisy from Western progressive and environmental movements, the author confronts what he sees as unfair and excessive criticism of oil sands, stating that the "oil sands are not perfect, and criticizing them is fair game. But why has criticism of the oil sands been so disproportionately loud compared to criticism of other, larger, more disturbing sources of oil?". Ethical Oil: The Case for Canada's Oil Sands has popularized the concept of "ethical oil" as a neologism, giving ammunition to the Conservative government of Stephen Harper and providing the inspiration behind Alykhan Velshi's "EthicalOil" campaign in the United States and Canada. The Economist called Ethical Oil a "polemical defence of the tar sands."

text:
# Ethical Oil

***Ethical Oil: The Case for Canada's Oil Sands*** is a book written by Canadian talk-show host and political activist Ezra Levant, which makes a case for exploiting the Athabasca oil sands and its sister projects in Alberta. Published in 2010 by McClelland & Stewart in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the book became a non-fiction best seller and won the National Business Book Award for 2011.

In the 261 page book, Ezra Levant makes the case that in terms of four criteria (the environment, conflict, economic and social justice and freedom from oppression) the Canadian petroleum industry is "heads above other crude producers like Saudi Arabia, Libya, Nigeria and Venezuela". Highlighting perceived hypocrisy from Western progressive and environmental movements, the author confronts what he sees as unfair and excessive criticism of oil sands, stating that the "oil sands are not perfect, and criticizing them is fair game. But why has criticism of the oil sands been so disproportionately loud compared to criticism of other, larger, more disturbing sources of oil?".

*Ethical Oil: The Case for Canada's Oil Sands* has popularized the concept of "ethical oil" as a neologism, giving ammunition to the Conservative government of Stephen Harper and providing the inspiration behind Alykhan Velshi's "EthicalOil" campaign in the United States and Canada.

*The Economist* called *Ethical Oil* a "polemical defence of the tar sands."

## Background

Oil sands in Alberta have a proven reserve of 170 billion barrels (2.7×1010 m3), the second largest proven reserves of crude oil in the world. They have become the largest source of oil imported into the United States. With significant economic development and investment into the oil sands, the industry has been enjoying strong support by both the province's government and the federal government. However, the industry has also been subject to criticism due to the environmental impacts of bitumen exploitation. While the industry has attempted to resolve these issues by developing new techniques, such as *in situ* extraction, environmental organizations, such as Greenpeace, have launched campaigns to delegitimize the resource, based on its greenhouse gas emission records.

Canada's primary export market, the United States, has been ambivalent to the environmental questions surrounding the exploitation of the oil sands, with Republicans being generally more supportive of the resource, while president Barack Obama, a Democrat, said that "there are some environmental questions about how destructive they are".

In an attempt to refocus the debate, Ezra Levant, a conservative political activist and former publisher of the *Western Standard*, examines the ethical aspects of importing oil from countries where political oppression and human rights violations are prevalent, and argues that oil sands production from Canada should be considered the only true ethical alternative to OPEC oil exports. His inspiration for the concept of 'ethical oil' came from the neologism 'conflict diamond', and its antonym 'conflict-free diamond'. Levant decided to write the book to change some minds, after realizing at the 2009 Ottawa International Writers Festival in Ottawa that he was the "token Alberta whipping boy" during a panel on the oil sands, and ineffective at convincing the audience of the merits of the oil sands. Ezra Levant stated that he wrote the book from a liberal point of view, in order to appeal to those who reject the traditional conservative point of view.

## Content

The book is divided into 12 chapters, with a prologue, an epilogue, acknowledgments and sources. Chapters deal with various topics, including an overview of the biggest oil producing countries, an account of the controversy over Talisman Energy's involvement in Sudan, a critical analysis of some ethical funds, a case about inconsistencies in Greenpeace activism, a rebuke of the cancer controversy in Fort Chipewyan, the implication of Middle-Eastern regimes in the anti-Oil sands movement, and a critical analysis of the green jobs arguments.

A recurring theme throughout *Ethical Oil: The Case for Canada's Oil Sands* is the perceived hypocrisy of Western environmental movements. In a chapter entitled "Greenpeace's Best Fundraiser Ever", Levant notes the disparities between the harsh criticism of the Canadian energy industry coming from Greenpeace Canada to the seemingly absent criticism of Chinese industrial activity (such as nuclear power) from Greenpeace China, arguing that it is much easier to criticize free and liberal democracies than to criticize controlling regimes, but also raising the question of funding, noting that China, the most populated country on Earth, is a very attractive fundraising market for Greenpeace (which Levant describes as a 'multinational corporation').

## Reviews

Andrew Brannan reviewed the book in *The Objective Standard*, and noted that it provides a "barrage of evidence in moral defense of the oil sands producers", while Peter Foster, a *Financial Post* columnist, suggested that Levant "not only exposes the lies and hypocrisy of the media-coddled opponents of the vast resource, but raises the uncomfortable question of what alternatives to the oilsands these moralists prefer". On the other hand, David Suzuki, dismissing Levant as an "apologist", argued that "the logic is faulty. Just because a country or society is considered 'ethical' does not mean everything it produces or exports is ethical". In the *Winnipeg Free Press*, John Collins, a retired union negotiator, criticized some of Levant's sources, noting the presence of the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers in the footnotes, while Patrick Brethour, an editor for *The Globe and Mail* writing in the *Literary Review of Canada*, contends that the title of Levant’s book "is a considerable misstatement" and that Levant "fails to make the case for ethical oil".

## Reactions

A January 1, 2011 article in *The Economist* described Ezra Levant as the "author of a recent polemical defence of the tar sands". The article cites *Ethical Oil's* statement that "Americans would rather buy from Canada than from Venezuela and the Middle East." At that time, *The Economist* said that the United States would "remain the world's biggest oil buyer for decades" with foreign supplies growing—not decreasing—in importance.

### Support

Ezra Levant's work gave ammunition to the Conservative government, which adopted the neologism in a similar rhetoric. Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada from 2006 until 2015, was quoted as saying that it is "critical to develop that resource in a way that’s responsible and environmental and the reality for the United States, which is the biggest consumer of our petroleum products, is that Canada is a very ethical society and a safe source for the United States in comparison to other sources of energy." Danielle Smith, leader of Alberta's Wildrose Alliance, echoed Levant's arguments during a speech at the Fort McMurray Chamber of Commerce.

In 2011, Alykhan Velshi, a former staffer for Minister of Immigration Jason Kenney left government service and founded a website to promote the ideas put forward by Ezra Levant in his book. He subsequently returned as the Director of Planning for the Prime Minister’s Office later in 2011. The website, EthicalOil.org launched a campaign to compare Canada's 'Ethical Oil' against OPEC's 'Conflict Oil' and features controversial advertisements comparing conditions for women, gays and other minorities in OPEC countries to those in Canada. EthicalOil.org has staged counter-protests in response to opposition to the Keystone XL pipeline project. Velshi left Ethical Oil in the fall of 2011, and was replaced by law student and former junior Conservative staffer Kathryn Marshall.

### Criticism

Among critics of the 'Ethical Oil' point of view is Andrew Nikiforuk, author of *Tar Sands: Dirty Oil and the Future of a Continent* (Greystone Books, 2008, ISBN 1-55365-407-2), who referred to Levant's reasoning as "a classic Republican ruse", and dismissed Minister of the Environment Peter Kent's argument as an "infomercial on bitumen". In *The Guardian*, Leo Hickman points out that China is a major investor in the Canadian oil sands, and asks "Shouldn't this now mean that Canada's tar sands are labelled as 'Conflict Oil', too?" Another opponent, Megan Leslie, the environment critic for the Official Opposition's New Democratic Party, said the debate surrounding the ethics of Canadian oil sands "misses the point" and maintained that "Canada should be working to move beyond fossil fuels toward renewable sources of energy".

CBC's *The Current* held a debate on the merits of the ethical oil argument in Dec 2011. Nobel laureate and chair of the Nobel Women's Initiative Jody Williams, argued that the ethical oil position was disingenuous and suspect of commercial interests rather than genuine concern for women’s rights. She argued that the oil industry with no history of advocating the case of women’s rights, is ill placed to begin the discussion. Ethical Oil spokesperson Kathryn Marshall responded that the ethical nature of oil production needs to be discussed, and she expected human rights activists to be more inclined to promote dialogue. Dr. Andrew Crane a business ethics professor at York University agreed the ethical argument for oil production should be discussed, but also added the narrow focus of the books argument was prioritizing human rights over other ethical evaluating factors. Dr. Crane further stated that Canada was not taking a leadership position by trying to improve ethical extraction practices overseas and not just in Canada. He argued a primary ethical indicator is leadership, and companies operating in Canada, and Canadian companies operating abroad were not being held accountable within the ethical oil argument for their overseas practices. Kathryn Marshall responded the focus should be on the pushing these "unethical" countries for regulatory action, rather than the pushing the companies to improve in the absence of a regulatory impetus.

## InfoBox

Ethical Oil: The Case for Canada's Oil Sands
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ezra Levant |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | McClelland & Stewart |
| Publication date | 2010 |
| Publication place | Canada |
| Pages | 261 |
| ISBN | 0-7710-4641-3 |
| OCLC | 437081482 |


title: Graduate Assessment Test

abstract: Law Graduate Assessment Test (GAT) is a law graduation test for eligibility to seek enrollment as an advocate in the Bar Council for law graduates (LLB) in Pakistan. The test is administered by the Education Testing Council(ETC). The Law GAT test is administered by the Higher Education Commission (HEC).

text:
# Graduate Assessment Test

**Law Graduate Assessment Test (GAT)** is a law graduation test for eligibility to seek enrollment as an advocate in the Bar Council for law graduates (LLB) in Pakistan. The test is administered by the Education Testing Council(ETC). The Law GAT test is administered by the Higher Education Commission (HEC).

## Types of tests

There are two kinds of test:

* **Law GAT**, for law graduates (LLB) to enroll as an advocate in Pakistan
* **SEE Law GAT**, for law graduates from foreign universities to enroll as an advocate in Pakistan

## Law GAT course content

* 1.Constitution of Pakistan (20 marks)
* 2.Jurisprudence (Islamic, English) (10 marks)
* 3.Civil Procedure Code (20 marks)
* 4.Criminal Law (20 marks)
* 5.Law of Evidence (20 marks)
* 6.Professional Ethics (10 marks)

* Total Marks 100
* Passing Marks 50

GAT syllabus

## Validity of the score

The test score on the GAT General or GAT Subject remains valid for 2 years. T he test score of Law GAT and SEE Law is valid after enrollment in the Bar for a lifetime.

## Number of chances

As of 2023, there are seven chances to appear in the HEC Law GAT test or HEC SEE law test.


title: Queens Park, Burnley

abstract: Queens Park is a public park in Burnley, Lancashire. It covers 11.2 hectares and was opened in 1893, making it Burnley's oldest park. Located approximately 1 km northeast of the town centre, attractions include a skate park, tennis courts, a children's play area, a bandstand, football pitches, putting greens, a cycle track and a cafe. In the second half of the nineteenth century Burnley's population increased almost five-fold and there was a pressing need for public open space so from 1872, the council opted to provide recreation grounds, with several opened around the town in the following years which proved to be popular. In 1881, John Hargreaves Scott, a former mayor of Burnley, died leaving £10,000 to be used upon his wife's death to create a public park for the town. Although Mrs Scott died in 1884, the trustees took some time to decide where to use the money, meaning that Scott Park would not be the town's first. In 1888, a local colliery owner, Sir John Hardy Thursby, donated the land, valued at £27,000, for the purpose of creating a public park in the town and the Burnley Corporation used its own money to lay-out the grounds. His company's Bank Hall Colliery was located to the north, and in the early years a tram road crossed the park to transport coal from Bee Hole and Rowley Collieries. The approximately triangular site is bounded by Queen Victoria Road to the northwest, Queen's Park Road to the northeast and Ormerod Road on the south. The original entrances are located at the corners. Those on Queen Victoria Road consist of a carriage entrance flanked by pedestrian entrances set between stone gate piers, all three gateways supporting ornamental iron gates. The central pair bear the coat of arms of the Borough of Burnley. The simple metal gates at the southeast corner were installed later, after coal mining had ceased under that area. An ornate drinking fountain was built to commemorate the gift. It consists of a circular sandstone bowl lined with rendered brick carried on octagonal piers with ball finials. It is surrounded by a canopy with four pairs of polished granite Ionic order columns on a stone plinth. On top of the canopy is a dome with an obelisk finial, and on the plinth are inscribed bronze panels. The extension northwards of Belvedere Road in the early 20th century separated the southwest tip of the park, containing a two-storey stone-built lodge, from the remainder. Queens Park is listed as a Grade II public park by English Heritage and has also been awarded the Green Flag Award for its high standards.

text:
# Queens Park, Burnley

**Queens Park** is a public park in Burnley, Lancashire. It covers 11.2 hectares and was opened in 1893, making it Burnley's oldest park.

Located approximately 1 km northeast of the town centre, attractions include a skate park, tennis courts, a children's play area, a bandstand, football pitches, putting greens, a cycle track and a cafe.

In the second half of the nineteenth century Burnley's population increased almost five-fold and there was a pressing need for public open space so from 1872, the council opted to provide recreation grounds, with several opened around the town in the following years which proved to be popular. In 1881, John Hargreaves Scott, a former mayor of Burnley, died leaving £10,000 to be used upon his wife's death to create a public park for the town. Although Mrs Scott died in 1884, the trustees took some time to decide where to use the money, meaning that Scott Park would not be the town's first.

In 1888, a local colliery owner, Sir John Hardy Thursby, donated the land, valued at £27,000 (equivalent to about £3 million in 2018), for the purpose of creating a public park in the town and the Burnley Corporation used its own money to lay-out the grounds. His company's Bank Hall Colliery was located to the north, and in the early years a tram road crossed the park to transport coal from Bee Hole and Rowley Collieries.

The approximately triangular site is bounded by Queen Victoria Road to the northwest, Queen's Park Road to the northeast and Ormerod Road on the south. The original entrances are located at the corners. Those on Queen Victoria Road consist of a carriage entrance flanked by pedestrian entrances set between stone gate piers, all three gateways supporting ornamental iron gates. The central pair bear the coat of arms of the Borough of Burnley. The simple metal gates at the southeast corner were installed later, after coal mining had ceased under that area. An ornate drinking fountain was built to commemorate the gift. It consists of a circular sandstone bowl lined with rendered brick carried on octagonal piers with ball finials. It is surrounded by a canopy with four pairs of polished granite Ionic order columns on a stone plinth. On top of the canopy is a dome with an obelisk finial, and on the plinth are inscribed bronze panels.

The extension northwards of Belvedere Road in the early 20th century separated the southwest tip of the park, containing a two-storey stone-built lodge, from the remainder.

Queens Park is listed as a Grade II public park by English Heritage and has also been awarded the Green Flag Award for its high standards.

## InfoBox

| Queens Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Queens Park | |
|  | |
| Type | Public |
| Location | Burnley, Lancashire |
| Coordinates | 53°47′45″N 2°13′48″W / 53.7958°N 2.2301°W / 53.7958; -2.2301 |
| Area | 11.2 hectares |
| Created | 1893 |
| Operated by | Burnley Borough Council |
| Status | Grade II English Heritage |
| Awards | Green Flag |


title: Jakob Klaesi

abstract: Jakob Klaesi was a Swiss psychiatrist most notable for his contributions to the sleep therapy and his phenomenological analysis of expression.

text:
# Jakob Klaesi

**Jakob Klaesi** (29 May 1883  17 August 1980) was a Swiss psychiatrist most notable for his contributions to the sleep therapy and his phenomenological analysis of expression.

## Life

From 1903 to 1909, Klaesi studied medicine in Zurich, Kiel and Munich; in 1912 he received his doctorate in Zurich and was then trained as a psychiatrist. From 1923 to 1926 he was chief physician at the Psychiatric University Clinic in Basel, and later head of the private clinic Knonau. From 1933 he was extraordinary Professor, 1936-53 full professor of psychiatry at University of Bern (rector from 1950 to 1951 ) and director of the Psychiatric Clinic Waldau beginning 1 April 1933.

Klaesi was known for the introduction of the Sleep Treatment (1921). He set up colonies for the sick, and in 1934, he founded the psychiatric clinic of Berne. As a teacher he influenced the training of physicians significantly. Klaesi wrote also poems and plays.

## Published works

* Klaesi, Jakob (1917), "Ueber psychiatrischpoliklinische Behandlungsmethoden", *Z. Ges. Neurol. Psychiat.*, 36:431–450
* Klaesi, Jakob (1917), "Die psychogenen Ursachen der essentiellen Enuresis nocturna infantum", *Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat.* 35:371
* Klaesi, Jakob (1921), "Ueber Somnifen, eine medikamentöse Therapie schizophrener Aufregungszustände", *Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat.* 8:131
* Klaesi, Jakob (1922), "Ueber die therapeutische Anwendung der ‘Dauernarkose’ mittels Somnifen bei Schizophrenen",*Z. Ges. Neurol. Psychiat.*, 74:557
* Klaesi, Jakob (1937), "Die Irrenanstalt als Weg zur Rückkehr ins Leben", In: *Vom seelischen Kranksein, Vorbeugen und Heilen.* Paul Haupt, Bern/Leipzig
* Klaesi, Jakob (1938), "Ohne Insulin", *Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr.* 68:1164
* Klaesi, Jakob (1950), "Der unheilbare Kranke und seine Behandlung", Rektoratsrede University of Berne, 18. 11. 1950, Paul Haupt, Bern
* Klaesi, Jakob (1952) "Psychotherapie in der Klinik", *Montasschr. Psychiat. Neurol. 124: 334–353*
* Klaesi, Jakob (1953) "Ueber Neurosenlehre und Psychotherapie", In: von Bergmann, G. (Editor), *Handbuch der Inneren Medizin*, Springer, Berlin/Göttingen/Heidelberg
* Klaesi, Jakob (1969), *Gott und sein Zweifler*, Werner Classen, Zürich
* Klaesi, Jakob (1977), "Psychiatrie in Selbstdarstellungen", In: Pongratz L. J. (Editor). ... Hans Huber, Bern

## Further reading

* Bleuler, Manfred (1953) "Jakob Klaesi in der endokrinologischen Psychiatrie", *Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie* Nr.125, p.310–319 {{DOI: 10.1159/000139915}}
* Wyss, Dieter (1966), *Die tiefenpsychologischen Schulen von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart*, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen
* Spoerri, Theodor (1973), "Eine urtümliche, anti-sozio-scholastische, anumerische Psychiatrie: Jakob Klaesi zum 90. Geburtstag" *Psychiatria clinica*, 1973, Nr.6, p.370-372 doi:10.1159/000283298
* Ellenberger, Henri Frédéric (1975), *Die Entdeckung des Unbewussten.* Hans Huber, Bern
* Haenel, Thomas (1979), "Jakob Klaesi – Schlafkur und Antieidodiathese", *Gesnerus* 36: 246–265
* Haenel, Thomas (1982), *Zur Geschichte der Psychiatrie.* Birkhäuser, Basel
* Haenel, Thomas (1997), *Die psychiatrische Universitätspoliklinik 1923 – 1997.* Kantonsspital Basel, Universitätskliniken
* Haenel, Thomas "Remarks on the 120th birthday of Jakob Klaesi", *Der Nervenarzt*, Volume 74, Issue 5, 2003, p. 471-475 doi:10.1007/s00115-002-1464-3

## InfoBox

| Jakob Klaesi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 29 May 1883 (1883-05-29)
Luchsingen, Switzerland |
| Died | 17 August 1980(1980-08-17) (aged 97)
Knonau, Switzerland |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Citizenship | Switzerland |
| Alma mater | University of Kiel, University of Zürich |
| Known for | Psychiatric sleep cure
Somnifen
Phenomenological analysis of expression |
| Awards | Honorary degree of the University of Kiel |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Psychiatry
Psychotherapy
Psychodynamics |
| Institutions | Burghölzli clinic
Psychiatric Outpatient Department Basel
Schloss Knonau private clinic
Psychiatric University Hospital Berne
University of Berne |
| Doctoral advisor | C. G. Jung |
|  | |


title: Plug-in electric vehicles in Brazil

text:
# Plug-in electric vehicles in Brazil

As of 2021, 7% of new cars sold in Brazil were electric.

## Government policy

As of October 2022, the Brazilian government does not charge any import taxes on electric vehicles.

## Charging stations

As of 2022, there were 1,300 public charging stations in Brazil.

## Public opinion

In a 2022 survey conducted by Tupinambá Energia, 58% of prospective car buyers were interested in buying an electric vehicle.

## By state

### Goiás

As of November 2022, there were 27 public charging stations in Goiás.

As of November 2022, there were 19 public charging stations in Goiânia.

### Rio de Janeiro

As of November 2022, there were about 3,000 electric vehicles in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

As of November 2022, there were about 2,000 electric vehicles in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

### São Paulo

As of August 2022, there were 445 public charging stations in the city of São Paulo.


title: Reg Bolton (clown)

abstract: Reginald Ernest Bolton was a clown, teacher, actor and writer. Bolton's 1987 book New Circus has been called "seminal," and influenced a generation of performers. He used the circus for education and community development, working with the children on the streets of the Craigmillar estate in Edinburgh.

text:
# Reg Bolton (clown)

**Reginald Ernest Bolton** (13 November 1945 – 14 July 2006) was a clown, teacher, actor and writer. Bolton's 1987 book *New Circus* has been called "seminal," and influenced a generation of performers. He used the circus for education and community development, working with the children on the streets of the Craigmillar estate in Edinburgh.

## Life

Reg was born in Margate, England. He was educated at the University of Warwick, where he studied English and European literature. In 2004 he completed a PhD, *Why Circus Works: how the values and structures of circus make it a significant developmental experience for young people*, at Murdoch University in Perth, Western Australia.

He married Annie Stainer, a dancer, mime and clown, with whom he had two children, Jo and Sophie.

## Work

Reg worked tirelessly with children and communities both in the United Kingdom, and in Australia where he settled with his family in 1985. He owned and ran the Circus Shop, selling a range of circus equipment such as juggling gear and unicycles. He was a pioneer in the area of educational community circuses.

He wrote and produced many works, including:

* 1983 *Circus in a suitcase*. A practical manual. New York
* 1987 *New circus*. A world survey. London. Occasional journal *Suitcase Circus News*.
* 1988 Videos *Circus skills* and *School circus*
* 1992 Video *Safe circus*
* 1995-98 Regular columnist for *Laugh-Makers* (USA) and *Pro-Circus* (Australia)
* 1996-04 Occasional contributor to *Spectacle*
* 1998 *Showtime*. Best-selling children's book, (Premier's Book Award, 2000)
* 1999 Paper on *Circus as Education* in *Australasian Drama Studies*
* 2001 Keynote Speaker, Festival of American Youth Circus Organisation, Sarasota, Florida. Theme: *Circus to save the world*.
* 2002 *Intensity in tent city*. Leeds University, England
* 2003 Keynote Speaker, International Clowns Symposium, Weston super Mare, England. *Clown abuse*.
* 2003 Article: 'The Philosopher on the Flying Trapeze'. *Discourse*, San Francisco.
* 2003 *The wisdom of clowns*
* 2004 PhD paper: *Why Circus Works: how the values and structure of circus make it a significant developmental experience for young people*

## Death

Reg died unexpectedly while working in Kununurra, Western Australia at the Agricultural Show, "doing what he did best, putting on a great show". His funeral was held at St George's Cathedral in Perth, Western Australia on 29 July 2006, with a celebration of his life held at the Camelot Theatre, Mosman Park on 30 July 2006.

## Notes and references

* The Life and Work of Reg Bolton  *A tribute website dedicated to social circus pioneer Dr. Reg Bolton (1945–2006) . It includes a photo library, notice board & other archives.*


title: Willis Islands

abstract: The Willis Islands are a small archipelago to the west of South Georgia Island in the South Georgia Islands. They are 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Bird Island, separated by the Stewart Strait. They were discovered on 14 January 1775 by Captain James Cook and named for Cook's midshipman Thomas Willis, the crew member who first sighted them. The Willis Islands were charted in greater detail and individually named by Discovery Investigations (DI) personnel between 1926 and 1930.

text:
# Willis Islands

54°0′S 38°11′W / 54.000°S 38.183°W / -54.000; -38.183

The **Willis Islands** are a small archipelago to the west of South Georgia Island in the South Georgia Islands. They are 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Bird Island, separated by the Stewart Strait. They were discovered on 14 January 1775 by Captain James Cook and named for Cook's midshipman Thomas Willis, the crew member who first sighted them. The Willis Islands were charted in greater detail and individually named by Discovery Investigations (DI) personnel between 1926 and 1930.

## Geography

### Main Island

The archipelago's largest island is called Main Island, so-named because at 1.7 mi (2.7 km) long and 1,800 ft (550 m) high, it is the principal island in the group.

Its southwestern point is called Johannesen Point, originally "All Johannesens Point," likely by DI personnel. Following a survey of the island in 1951–52, the South Georgia Survey (SGS) reported that the cumbersome name was seldom used locally. On that basis, the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) recommended the present shortened form of the name.

### West and south of Main Island

West of Main Island are several named rocks, groups of rocks, and shoals.

Acorn Rock rises 20 m (66 ft) above sea level, 0.35 mi (0.6 km) northwest of Main Island. The descriptive name was applied during a hydrographic survey from HMS *Owen* (K640) in 1960–61. 1.5 nmi (3 km) northwest of Main Island is Holgate Shoal, an area of shoals named by the UK-APC for Able Seaman Ralph A. Holgate of the *Owen*, which charted the shoal in 1961. A pair of rocks named the Tiger Rocks are located 1.5 nmi (3 km) west of Main Island, southwest of the shoal. The descriptive name was applied during the surveys from the *Owen*. The westernmost point of the Willis Islands is a group of three barren rocks called the Ramp Rocks, 2.5 nmi (4.6 km) northwest of Johannesen Point on Main Island. The largest of them was originally called *laavebrua* ("threshing floor ramp") by Norwegian whalers, but to avoid confusion with Låvebrua Island, UK-APC named the trio the Ramp Rocks.

One nmi (2 km) west-southwest of the south end of Main Island is a small group of rocks named the Bryde Rocks. Positioned by the SGS between 1951 and 1957, the group was named by UK-APC for Thorleif Bryde, a gunner of the South Georgia Whaling Co.

Pugh Shoal is an area of shoal 1.5 nmi (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) south of Main Island, named by UK-APC for Able Seaman Peter J. Pugh of the *Owen*, which charted this shoal in 1961.

### East of Main Island

Heron Passage separates Main Island from Vaughan Island close to the east, and Trinity Island 0.7 mi (1.1 km) to the northeast. The existence of the passage was first reported in the 1930s, and confirmed by HMS *Owen* during a hydrographic survey of the area in 1961. It was named by UK-APC after one of the *Owen*'s survey motor boats, the *Heron*.

Vaughan Island is a small, conical tussock-covered island close east of Main Island. It was named by UK-APC for Lieutenant Commander Hugh L.F. Vaughan, Royal Navy, First Lieutenant of the *Owen*. The much larger Trinity Island was so-named by DI because it has three peaks. To the southeast are a pair of small tussock-covered islands called the Verdant Islands, descriptively named "Verdant Island" by DI. The name was amended in 1985 to reflect that there were actually two islands there. To the east is Hall Island, small, steep-sided, and tussock-covered. It was named by UK-APC after Commander Geoffrey P.D. Hall of the Royal Navy, Commanding Officer of the *Owen*. The easternmost island in the group is Proud Island, a small, relatively high, tussock-covered island, rising to a peak at its northern end. It was descriptively named by UK-APC, the expression "standing proud" in naval parlance being the equivalent of "sticking up."

## Fauna

The Willis Islands are a significant breeding ground for Antarctic fur seals.

## Further reading

* Stonehouse, B (ed.) *Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans* (2002, ISBN 0-471-98665-8)

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

Willis Islands
| Satellite image of Willis Islands to the left | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Willis Islands | |
| Geography | |
| Location | South Atlantic Ocean |
| Coordinates | 54°0′S 38°11′W / 54.000°S 38.183°W / -54.000; -38.183 |
| Archipelago | South Georgia Islands |
| Administration | |
| **United Kingdom** | |
| Overseas Territory | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |


title: Reciprocating Chemical Muscle

abstract: The reciprocating chemical muscle (RCM) is a mechanism that takes advantage of the superior energy density of chemical reactions. It is a regenerative device that converts chemical energy into motion through a direct noncombustive chemical reaction.

text:
# Reciprocating Chemical Muscle

The **reciprocating chemical muscle (RCM)** is a mechanism that takes advantage of the superior energy density of chemical reactions. It is a regenerative device that converts chemical energy into motion through a direct noncombustive chemical reaction.

## Function

RCM is capable of generating autonomic wing beating from a chemical energy source. It can also be used to provide a small amount of electricity to the onboard control systems. It further helps in differential lift enhancement on the wings to achieve roll, pitch, and hence, steered flight. The RCM technique is particularly useful in the manufacturing of insect-like micro air vehicles. The first generation of RCMs was large and had a reciprocating frequency around 10 Hz. The later generations developed were very much smaller and lighter. Also, the reciprocating frequency of this generation RCM was as high as 60 Hz. The reciprocating chemical muscle was invented by Prof. Robert C. Michelson of the Georgia Tech Research Institute and implemented up through its fourth generation by Nino Amarena of ETS Laboratories.

## Benefits

Particular benefits of the RCM are:

* It requires no ignition source (thereby allowing it to work in explosive atmospheres).
* It is independent of external oxidant (thereby allowing it to operate under water or in oxygen-free environments such as the lower atmosphere of the planet Mars).
* It thermoelectrically generates electrical energy from its own exothermic metabolism.
* It converts chemical potential energy directly into kinetic energy with greater energy density than batteries.

## Mechanism

The reciprocating chemical muscle uses various monopropellants in the presence of specific catalysts to create gas from a liquid without combustion. This gas is used to drive reciprocating opposing cylinders (in the fourth-generation device) to produce sufficient motion (throw) with sufficient force and frequency to allow flapping-wing flight. As of 2004, the RCM had been demonstrated in the Georgia Tech Research Institute laboratory to achieve sufficient throw, force, and frequency for operation of a 50-gram entomopter while using high concentration (\> 90%) hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a proprietary catalyst developed by ETS Laboratories.

## Specific uses

The reciprocating chemical muscle was developed as a drive mechanism for the flapping wings of the entomopter. The RCM reuses energy many times before releasing it into its surroundings. First, it converts mainly heat energy into flapping-wing motion in the entomopter. Then, heat is scavenged for thermoelectric generation in support of ancillary systems. Waste gas from the chemical decomposition of the fuel is then used to create a frequency modulated continuous wave acoustic ranging signal that is Doppler insensitive (used for obstacle avoidance). Waste gas is then passed through an ejector to entrain external atmospheric gases to increase mass flow and decrease waste gas temperature so that lower-temperature components can be used downstream. Some waste gas is diverted into gas bearings for rotational and linear moving components. Finally, remaining waste gas is vectored into the wings where it is used for circulation-controlled lift augmentation (Coanda effect). Any remaining gas can be used for vectored thrust, but if the gas budgets are correctly designed, there should be no extra gas beyond the circulation control points. The features of the RCM are tailored to the entomopter to conserve energy.

## Patents

1. U.S. Patent No. 6,446,909, September 10, 2002, “Reciprocating Chemical Muscle (RCM) and Method for Using Same”


title: Mick Dodson

abstract: Michael James Dodson is an Aboriginal Australian barrister, academic, and member of the Yawuru people in the Broome area of the southern Kimberley region of Western Australia. His brother is Pat Dodson, also a noted Aboriginal leader and from 2016 to 2024 a senator in the Federal Parliament, representing Western Australia.

text:
# Mick Dodson

**Michael James Dodson** AM, FASSA (born 10 April 1950) is an Aboriginal Australian barrister, academic, and member of the Yawuru people in the Broome area of the southern Kimberley region of Western Australia.

His brother is Pat Dodson, also a noted Aboriginal leader and from 2016 to 2024 a senator in the Federal Parliament, representing Western Australia.

## Biography

Following his parents' death, he boarded at Monivae College, Hamilton, Victoria. He graduated with degrees in Jurisprudence and Law from Monash University in 1974, as the first Indigenous person to graduate from law in Australia. Following graduation, he worked as a criminal solicitor for the Victorian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service, and later as a criminal defence barrister at the Victorian Bar, where he still practises as a barrister specialising in native title. He has worked extensively as a legal adviser in native title and human rights, and as an academic in Indigenous law. He is currently Professor of Law at the Australian National University, as the director of its National Centre for Indigenous Studies, and has lectured as a visiting academic at the University of Arizona and Harvard University respectively. Dodson's efforts for the rights of indigenous people around the world in 2005 made him a member of United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.

He has been a prominent advocate of land rights and other issues affecting Indigenous peoples in Australia and globally and has extensive involvement in the United Nations Forum on Indigenous Issues. He is the Chief Investigator for the *Serving Our Country: a history of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the defence of Australia* project, an Australian Research Council-funded research project based at The Australian National University.

On 25 January 2009, he was named Australian of the Year.

As of 2023 he lives and works in Canberra. He has been active in politics of Australian government, justice and crime prevention.

Dodson retired from ANU in March 2018.

On 10 October 2023, Dodson was one of 25 Australians of the Year who signed an open letter supporting the Yes vote in the Indigenous Voice referendum, initiated by psychiatrist Patrick McGorry.

## Honours

## Honorary doctorates

## Controversy

It is alleged that Mick Dodson verbally abused a woman at an NTFL game. The incident was investigated by the NT government but the outcome was not disclosed.

## InfoBox

| Mick DodsonAM, FASSA | |
| --- | --- |
| Dodson in 2014 | |
| Born | Michael James Dodson
(1950-04-10) 10 April 1950
Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Education | Monivae College |
| Alma mater | Monash University |
| Occupation(s) | Barrister and academic; Professor of Law at the Australian National University |
| Known for |  |
| Relatives | Pat Dodson (brother) |


abstract: The North Winneshiek Community School District was a public school district in unincorporated northern Winneshiek County, Iowa, with a Decorah address. At the end of the district's existence, it only served grades Pre-K through 6th. The enrollment count for the 2015–2016 school year was 126 students. The district, which is about 135 square miles (350 km⁲) of area, was entirely in Winneshiek County, and served the census-designated place of Burr Oak, as well as these unincorporated areas: Bluffton, Hesper, and Highlandville.

text:
# North Winneshiek Community School District

The **North Winneshiek Community School District** was a public school district in unincorporated northern Winneshiek County, Iowa, with a Decorah address. At the end of the district's existence, it only served grades Pre-K through 6th. The enrollment count for the 2015–2016 school year was 126 students.

The district, which is about 135 square miles (350 km2) of area, was entirely in Winneshiek County, and served the census-designated place of Burr Oak, as well as these unincorporated areas: Bluffton, Hesper, and Highlandville.

## Governance

The school district was governed by a School Board with five members. The district was overseen by Superintendent Tim Dugger.

## History

The consolidated school opened in 1964, replacing one room schoolhouses. Initially it served up to grade nine, but it began serving all levels of senior high school the following year. The first Superintendent was Gordon Christianson. Initial enrollment was about 400. The residents wanted to retain a school with a rural atmosphere.

## Schools

The North Winneshiek Community School was the district's lone school, serving grades Pre-K through 6th Grade at the end of the district's life. The former school, 3 miles (4.8 km) from Burr Oak, and north of Decorah, is located in Hesper Township.

In 2002 the school district closed its high school and entered into agreements with the Decorah Community School District that year, and also at one point with the Mabel-Canton School District to allow North Winneshiek High School students to attend Decorah High School and the Mabel-Canton high school program.

In 2018 the enrollment was 165.

## Consolidation

In 2016 the North Winneshiek Community School District agreed to consolidate with Decorah CSD. Reasons for the decision to consolidate were rising costs and declining enrollment.

As a part of the consolidation process, North Winneshiek 7th and 8th grade students were to begin to attend Decorah Middle School at the beginning of the 2016–2017 school year, before fully consolidating for the 2019–2020 school year.

The grade-sharing agreement was modified. Additionally the consolidated interim board signed an agreement with Mabel-Canton so North Winneshiek area students may continue to attend Mabel-Canton. The North Winn board also agreed to share a librarian with the MFL Mar Mac Community School District for the remainder of the district's life.

In 2018 voters in the districts agreed to make the consolidation final, with North Winneshiek voters saying yes on a 224-32 basis and Decorah voters doing so on a 621-104 basis. Andrew Wind of the *WCF Courier* described the result as "overwhelming".

Wind added that "If the vote hadn't passed in either district, North Winneshiek would have eventually closed or dissolved." Effective July 1, 2019 the North Winneshiek district consolidated into the Decorah district. North Winneshiek School closed its doors at that time.

## InfoBox

| North Winneshiek Community School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| 3495 North Winneshiek Road, Decorah, Iowa 52101 United States | |
| District information | |
| Type | Public school district |
| Grades | Pre-K to  (2001-2016)
(Pre)K-6 (2016-2019)
(Pre)K-12/1-12 (1965-2001)
1-9 (1964-1965) |
| Superintendent | Tim Dugger (last) |
| Schools | 1 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 126 (2015–2016) |
| Teachers | 17 |
| District mascot | Mustangs |
| Colors | Black and Gold |
| Other information | |
| Website | Official website |


title: Eugen Munteanu

abstract: Eugen Munteanu is a Romanian linguist. He specializes in Biblical philology, historical lexicology and the philosophy of language. He has also edited into Romanian authors such as Alexander von Humboldt, Thomas Aquinas, Antoine de Rivarol, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Augustine of Hippo, Martin Luther, Eugenio Coseriu, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jacob Grimm and Ernst Renan. He has held lecturing, research or guest professorship positions at the Paris-Sorbonne University (1997-1999), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena (1999–2001), the University of Vienna, and director of the "A. Phillipide" Romanian Philology Institute of the Romanian Academy (2009–2013). Eugen Munteanu is currently professor at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, as well as coordinating director of the Biblical-Philological Research Center "Monumenta linguae Dacoromanorum" in Iași, Romania. He is known as one of Eugenio Coseriu's academic disciples, one of the most activ translators and interpreters of Coseriu in Romania, and has featured favorably in some of the linguist's commentaries.

text:
# Eugen Munteanu

**Eugen Munteanu** (born August 18, 1953, in Seimeni, Constanța County) is a Romanian linguist. He specializes in Biblical philology, historical lexicology and the philosophy of language.

He has also edited into Romanian authors such as Alexander von Humboldt, Thomas Aquinas, Antoine de Rivarol, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Augustine of Hippo, Martin Luther, Eugenio Coseriu, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jacob Grimm and Ernst Renan.

He has held lecturing, research or guest professorship positions at the Paris-Sorbonne University (Paris IV) (1997-1999), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena (1999–2001), the University of Vienna (2006-2008, & 2009-2010), and director of the "A. Phillipide" Romanian Philology Institute of the Romanian Academy (2009–2013).

Eugen Munteanu is currently professor at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, as well as coordinating director of the Biblical-Philological Research Center "Monumenta linguae Dacoromanorum" in Iași, Romania.

He is known as one of Eugenio Coseriu's academic disciples, one of the most activ translators and interpreters of Coseriu in Romania, and has featured favorably in some of the linguist's commentaries.

## Selected works

* *Sfîntul Augustin, De dialectica/Despre dialectică. Ediție bilingvă, traducere, introducere, note, comentarii și bibliografie* ("Saint Augustine. De Dialectica. Bilingual Edition, Translation, Introduction, Notes and Commentaries."), Humanitas, 1991 (ISBN 973-28-0176-X).
* *Sfîntul Augustin, De Magistro/Despre Învățător. Ediție bilingvă, traducere, introducere, comentarii, note și bibliografie* ("Saint Augustine. De Magistro. Bilingual Edition, Translation, Introduction, Notes and Commentaries."), Institutul European, 1995. (ISBN 973-9148-62-X.)
* *Studii de lexicologie biblică* ("Studies in Biblical Lexicology"), Iași University Press, 1995 (ISBN 973-9149-41-3).
* *Aeterna Latinitas. Mică enciclopedie a gîndirii europene în expresie latină* ("Aeterna Latinitas. Small Encyclopedia of European Thought In Latin"), Polirom Press, 1997 (with Lucia Gabriela Munteanu) (ISBN 973-9248-13-6).
* *Carmina Burana. Ediție bilingvă comentată* ("Carmina Burana. Bilingual Edition and Commentaries"), Polirom Press, Iași, 1998 (with Lucia Gabriela Munteanu) (ISBN 973-683-086-1).
* *Thomas de Aquino, De ente et essentia / Despre fiind și esență. Ediție bilingvă, traducere, introducere, note și comentarii* ("Thomas de Aquino, De ente et essentia / Of Being and Essence. Bilingual Edition, Bilingual Edition, Translation, Introduction, Notes and Commentaries"), Polirom, 1998 (ISBN 973-683-165-5).
* *Jean Jacques Rousseau, Eseu despre originea limbajului. Traducere, introducere, note și comentarii* ("Jean Jacques Rousseau. On the Origin of Language. Translation, Introduction, Notes and Commentaries"), Polirom, 1999 (ISBN 973-683-245-7).
* *Emanuel Swedenborg, Despre înțelepciunea iubirii conjugale. Versiune românească și postfață*, Polirom, 1999 (ISBN 973-683-290-2).
* *Sfîntul Augustin, Confessiones / Confesiuni. Ediție bilingvă, traducere din limba latină, introducere și note*, Nemira, 2003 (ISBN 973-569-455-7).
* *Jacob Grimm / Ernest Renan, Două tratate despre originea limbajului. Versiuni în limba română, cuvânt înainte, introduceri și bibliografie*, Iași University Press, 2001 (ISBN 973-8243-05-X).
* *Rivarol, Discurs despre universalitatea limbii franceze, urmat de Maxime, reflecții, anecdote, cuvinte de duh. Antologie, traducere, introducere și bibliografie*, Institutul European, 2003 (ISBN 973-611-136-9).
* *Leviticul. Traducere din limba greacă, introducere, note și comentarii de Eugen Munteanu*, in Cristian Bădiliță et alii (coord.), Septuaginta I, (Geneza, Exodul, Leviticul, Numerii, Deuteronomul), Colegiul Noua Europă / Polirom, 2004 (ISBN 973-681-494-7).
* *Introducere în lingvistică*, Polirom, 2005 (ISBN 973-46-0196-2).
* *Odele. Traducere din limba greacă, introducere, note și comentarii*, in Cristian Bădiliță et alii (coord.), Septuaginta IV/I (Psalmii, Odele, Proverbele, Ecleziastul, Cântarea cântărilor), Polirom, 2006 (ISBN 973-46-0188-1).
* *Cartea înțelepciunii lui Iisus Sirah. Traducere din limba greacă, introducere, note și comentarii*, in Cristian Bădiliță et alii (coord.), Septuaginta, IV/II (Iov, Înțelepciunea lui Solomon, Înțelepciunea lui Iisus Sirah, Psalmii lui Solomon), Polirom, 2007 (ISBN 978-973-46-0445-6).
* *Wilhelm von Humboldt, Diversitatea structurală a limbilor și influența ei asupra umanității. Versiune românească, introducere, notă asupra traducerii, tabel cronologic, bibliografie și indice*, Humanitas, 2008 (ISBN 978-973-50-2013-2).
* *Lexicologie biblică românească*, Humanitas, 2008 (ISBN 978-973-50-1868-9).
* *Eugeniu Coșeriu, Istoria filosofiei limbajului. De la începuturi până la Rousseau. Ediție nouă, augmentată de Jörn Albrecht, cu o remarcă preliminară de Jürgen Trabant, versiune românească și indice de Eugen Munteanu și Mădălina Ungureanu, cu o prefață la ediția românească de Eugen Munteanu*, Humanitas, 2011 (ISBN 978-973-50-2961-6).
* *Eugeniu Coșeriu, Lingvistica textului. O introducere în hermeneutica textului. Versiune românească și indici de Eugen Munteanu și Ana Maria Prisacaru, cu o postfață de Eugen Munteanu*, Editura Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Iași, 2013, 264 p, ISBN 978-973-703-910-1.
* *Eugen Munteanu (coord.), Ana-Maria Gînsac, Ana-Maria Minuț, Lucia Gabriela Munteanu, Mădălina Ungureanu, Vechiul Testament – Septuaginta. Versiunea lui Nicolae Spătarul Milescu (Ms. 45 de la Biblioteca Filialei din Cluj a Academiei Române). Ediție de text, prefață, notă asupra ediției, introducere, bibliografie, indice de cuvinte și forme, indice de nume proprii, rezumate în limbile engleză, franceză, germană și rusă*, Editura Universității Alexandru Ioann Cuza, Iași, 2016, CCCLXXXIII + 1298 p., ISBN 978-606-714-293-8.
* *Viorel Barbu/ Eugen Munteanu, 5 convorbiri despre știință, cultură, creație*, Editura Junimea, Iași, 2017, 280 p., ISBN 978-973-37-2060-7.
* *Paul Miron – in memoriam 90. Volum întocmit de Eugen Munteanu*, Editura Junimea, Iași, 2017, 470 p., ISBN 978-973-37-2005-8.

## Book awards

### Monographs

* The Romanian Academy's “Timotei Cipariu” Prize, 1995/1997, awarded for *Studii de lexicologie biblică* ("Studies in Biblical Lexicology"), Iași University Press, 1995.
* “Book of the Year” Award, National Book Symposium, Chișinău, 1997, for *Aeterna latinitas. Mică enciclopedie a gândirii europene în expresie latină* ("Aeterna Latinitas. Small Encyclopedia of European Thought In Latin"), Polirom Press, 1997 (with Lucia Gabriela Munteanu).
* The Ministry of Culture's "Best Translation" Prize, awarded at the National Book Symposium, Cluj, 1998, for *Carmina Burana. Ediție bilingvă comentată* ("Carmina Burana. Bilingual Edition and Commentaries"), Polirom Press, Iași, 1998 (with Lucia Gabriela Munteanu).

### Collective works

* The Romanian Academy's “Timotei Cipariu” Prize, 1989, awarded for *H. Tiktin, Rumänisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch, 2. überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage*, hrsg. von Paul Miron, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 3 vol., 1985–1987.
* The Romanian Academy's “Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu” Prize, 1991, for *Biblia 1688, Pars. I, Genesis*, Iași 1988, Pars II Exodus, incl. in "Monumenta linguae Dacoromanorum", Iași 1991.
* “Book of the Year”, 2004, awarded by “România Literară”, for *Septuaginta*, vol. I, Polirom, Iași, 2004 (Bădiliță, C., Ed.).
* “Best Foreign Book Editing” Prize, awarded by the Romanian Editors Association, for *Septuaginta*, vol. I, Polirom, Iași, 2004 (Bădiliță, C., Ed.).

* *The General Dictionary of Romanian Literature*, 'Eugen Munteanu', Romanian Academy, Univers Enciclopedic Press, București, 2005.
* *Augustin, “De dialectica” - Three Reviews*, Lucia Wald, Alexandru Boboc, Daniel Barbu, “Universul cărții”, 1991.
* *A pure bred philologist*, Bogdan Crețu, in “Ziarul financiar”, June 20, 2008, p. 3.
* Eugen Munteanu, Academic Profile, available as official digital version, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University.


title: Railway Stadium

abstract: Railway Stadium is a football stadium in Lahore, Pakistan and is the home of the Pakistan Railways FC. The stadium can accommodate 5,000 spectators. It is also the former home stadium of the Pakistan national football team, however after many decades they moved to the bigger and more advanced Peoples Football Stadium.

text:
# Railway Stadium

**Railway Stadium** is a football stadium in Lahore, Pakistan and is the home of the Pakistan Railways FC. The stadium can accommodate 5,000 spectators. It is also the former home stadium of the Pakistan national football team, however after many decades they moved to the bigger and more advanced Peoples Football Stadium.

## Tournaments

The stadium hosted the 1993 South Asian Association of Regional Co-operation Gold Cup, and also the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC first round for Pakistan.

It was one of the venues of the Pakistan national team in the 2007 AFC President's Cup

The stadium hosted 2015 NBP National Challenge Cup, the domestic cup in Pakistani football, which was won by Khan Research Laboratories, as both the host, Pakistan Railways and WAPDA were knocked-out in group stages and semi-finals respectively.

## InfoBox

Railway Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Coordinates | 31°34′N 74°21′E / 31.567°N 74.350°E / 31.567; 74.350 |
| Owner | Pakistan Railways |
| Operator | Pakistan Railways F.C. |
| Capacity | 5,000 |
| Surface | GrassMaster |
| Tenants | |
| Pakistan Railways F.C. | |


abstract: The Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft is a German award. It was authorized by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg to commemorate the centenary of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's death on March 22, 1932. It consists of a silver, non-wearable medal. This medal should not be confused with the Goldene Goethe-Medaille of the Weimar Goethe Society, the "Goethepreis der Stadt Frankfurt" which since 1927 has been awarded first annually, then triennially, the "Goethe-Plakette der Stadt Frankfurt" 158 awards from 1947 to 2017, or the "Goethe-Medaille" of the Goethe-Institut, which from 1955 to 2017 has been awarded to 345 personalities from 57 countries. With more than 600 recipients, the "Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft" is thus the most widely distributed award named after Goethe.

text:
# Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft

The **Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft** (Goethe Medal for Art and Science) is a German award. It was authorized by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg to commemorate the centenary of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's death on March 22, 1932. It consists of a silver, non-wearable medal (62mm, after about 1938 69.5mm in diameter).

This medal should not be confused with the Goldene Goethe-Medaille (Goethe Medal in Gold) of the Weimar Goethe Society (61 awards from 1910 to 2017), the "Goethepreis der Stadt Frankfurt" (Goethe Prize of the City of Frankfurt) which since 1927 has been awarded first annually, then triennially (45 awards from 1927 to 2017 – no medal), the "Goethe-Plakette der Stadt Frankfurt" (Goethe Plaque of the City of Frankfurt) 158 awards from 1947 to 2017, or the "Goethe-Medaille" (Goethe Medal) of the Goethe-Institut, which from 1955 to 2017 has been awarded to 345 personalities from 57 countries. With more than 600 recipients, the "Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft" is thus the most widely distributed award named after Goethe.

## Under Hindenburg – 1932–1934

Originally meant to honor persons who had performed some service in connection with the 1932 Goethe Centennial at Weimar, the "Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft" was since April 1932 in Hindenburg's name given to Goethe scholars, artists, scientists, government officials and politicians. Between March 18, 1932, and June 19, 1934, almost 200 persons were honored, 159 of these before January 30, 1933. Among the first 55 recipients of the Medal were Chancellor Brüning, and the Nobel Prize winners Gerhart Hauptmann and Thomas Mann. Starting in April 1932 there followed Max Planck and the current or future Nobel Prize bearers Nicholas Murray Butler, André Gide, Knut Hamsun, Verner von Heidenstam, Guglielmo Marconi, Albert Schweitzer, Fritz Haber and Richard Willstätter. Other recipients were Benito Mussolini, José Ortega y Gasset, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Otto Klemperer, Carl Goerdeler, Paul Ernst, Hans Grimm and E. G. Kolbenheyer. About one quarter of the honorees of the Goethe Medal before July 1934 were non-Germans. Women were rarely considered; only Ricarda Huch, Agnes Miegel, Ina Seidel, Feodora, Grand Duchess of Saxon-Weimar, Enrica von Handel-Mazzetti and the Turkish writer Seniha Bedri were apparently thought to be worthy of the Medal. In Hindenburg's name this medal was last awarded under the date of June 19, 1934.

## Under Hitler – 1934–1944

Beginning in November 1934, Adolf Hitler, in his position as German Head of State, took over the awarding of the "Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft". Among them are the Nobel Prize winners Hans von Euler-Chelpin, Johannes Stark, Heinrich Wieland and Adolf Windaus, as well as five women: Anna Bahr-Mildenburg, Hedwig Bleibtreu, Agnes Bluhm, Isolde Kurz, and Lulu von Strauß und Torney. Under Hitler the Medal was generally awarded only on high birthdays or other important anniversaries. Many of the recipients were followers of National Socialism. Jewish candidates were no longer considered (until January 1933 at least eleven Germans of Jewish origin had been honored by Hindenburg with the Medal, although Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud were ignored). The last "Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft" was awarded on December 10, 1944.

## Sources

* Hartmut Heyck, Goethe - Hindenburg - Hitler. Die Entstehungs- und Verleihungsgeschichte der Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft (1932–1944) mit den Namen von 600 Empfängern, Ottawa, 2009
* Kurt-G. Klietmann, Staatlich-Zivile Auszeichnungen. Weimarer Republik und Drittes Reich. Stuttgart, 1990; Bundesarchiv Berlin (R55); Internet (Springerlink); search under "Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft"


title: Jakob Kellenberger

abstract: Jakob Kellenberger is a former Swiss diplomat and former president of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Since 2013 he has been the president of swisspeace.

text:
# Jakob Kellenberger

**Jakob Kellenberger** (born 19 October 1944 in Heiden, Switzerland) is a former Swiss diplomat and former president of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Since 2013 he has been the president of swisspeace.

## Biography

Jakob Kellenberger was born in the Swiss canton of Appenzell in 1944.

Kellenberger studied French and Spanish literature at the University of Zurich. He also studied at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva between 1974 and 1975. During his studies, he spent time in Tours, France, and Grenada, Spain. He wrote his undergraduate dissertation on Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his doctoral thesis on the Spanish playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca. He completed his studies with a doctorate in literature from the University of Zurich.

While still a student, Kellenberger married Elisabeth Jossi. They have two daughters, Eleonore and Christina.

In 2013, Kellenberger was appointed as President of the swisspeace Foundation Board which establishes and oversees the annual and longer-term strategic work program for swisspeace and accepts the annual financial statements and budget. It also formulates and develops the guiding principles for swisspeace's work.

## Diplomatic service

Jakob Kellenberger entered the Swiss diplomatic service in 1974. He was posted to Madrid, then to Brussels and subsequently to London. From 1984 to 1992, he headed the joint office of the Swiss Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Economic Affairs in charge of the relations to the European Union and EFTA, and in 1988, he was promoted from the diplomatic rank of minister to ambassador. From 1989 to 1991, he headed the transport (transit) negotiations with the European Community on the Swiss side. In 1992, Kellenberger was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. From 1992 to 1999, he held the posts of Secretary of State and head of the Directorate of Political Affairs within the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. From 1994 to 1998, he was also coordinator and chief negotiator for Switzerland's sector-by-sector bilateral negotiations with the European Union.

## Presidency of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

On 1 January 2000, Jakob Kellenberger was appointed president of the ICRC, a humanitarian organization that, as of July 2011, has some 13,000 staff and a network of over 200 delegations. The scope of the ICRC's operations expanded considerably during his term in office.

The ICRC's large-scale operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan and the Near East had and partly still have a particular impact on Jakob Kellenberger's job, as also reflected by his field visits and efforts in the sphere of humanitarian diplomacy. Kellenberger made a decisive contribution towards more intensive cooperation in several spheres between the ICRC and the European Union and its member States. Managing the ICRC's relationship with the United States after the September 11 attacks in the areas of law and humanitarian diplomacy was one of his greatest challenges. In difficult conflict situations, he considered it important to get first-hand experience of the reality on the ground, as witnessed by his trips to southern Lebanon during the war of summer 2006 and to Gaza in January 2009, and his numerous visits to Afghanistan and Darfur.

He stated on 5 April 2007 that the United States had inadequate procedures to guarantee the human rights of foreign detainees at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba. He demanded a "more robust" system to determine whether to release hundreds of men who probably will never face trial.

Jakob Kellenberger set great store by a clear strategy for the organization and the adoption of clear positions in a rapidly changing environment. He made a major contribution to achieving those goals.

Jakob Kellenberger lectures at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, the University of Salamanca, and the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. He also sits on the Board of the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD), a private diplomacy organization based in Switzerland. President or Swisspeace.

## Honorary titles

* Doctor honoris causa from the Law Faculty of Basel University (2003)
* "Genève reconnaissante" (Grateful Geneva) medal from the city of Geneva (2005)
* Dr honoris causa from the Political Sciences Faculty of the University of Catania (2006)
* American Red Cross Chairman's Award for International Humanitarian Leadership (2006)
* Honorary Adviser to the Zurich Federal Polytechnic Institute (2007)
* Citizen of honour of the municipality of Heiden (Switzerland) \[2009\]
* Honorary Member of the American Society of International Law (2012)
* Grosses Verdienstkreuz mit Stern des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (2012)
* European Diplomacy Award des Forums Aussenpolitik und Wirtschaft in Berlin (2012)
* Commandeur dans l'Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur (2013)
* Distinguished Fellow of the Graduate Institute Geneva (2013)

## Publications

* Jakob Kellenberger, Wo liegt die Schweiz? Gedanken zum Verhältnis CH-EU, Verlag NZZ, Zürich 2014
* Jakob Kellenberger, The role of the International Committee of the Red Cross, in: The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict, Oxford 2014, p. 20-34
* Jakob Kellenberger, Confronting Complexity through Law: The Case for Reason, Vision and Humanity, in: American University International Law Review, Volume 28, Number 2, Washington 2020, p. 355-371
* Jakob Kellenberger, Politicisation of humanitarian work? in: Humanitarian Response Index 2010, The problems of polarisation, DARA, Madrid 2010
* Jakob Kellenberger, Humanitäres Völkerrecht, Verlag Huber, Frauenfeld/Stuttgart/Wien 2010
* Jakob Kellenberger, Politicisation of humanitarian work? in: the Humanitarian Response Index 2010, DARA, Madrid 2010
* Jakob Kellenberger, The ICRC's response to internal displacement: Strengths, challenges and constraints, in: International Review of the Red Cross, September 2009, Volume 91, Number 875
* Verantwortung in einer solidarischen Weltgemeinschaft, Frank-Walter Steinmeier und Jakob Kellenberger im Gespräch, in: Mensch, wo bist Du? 32. Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag, Bremen 2009. Gutersleh Verlagshaus, Gutersleh 2009
* Gespräch mit Hans Magnus Enzensberger (Die Lügner des Gutes), in: Robert Dempfer Das Rote Kreuz. Von Helden im Rampenlicht und diskreten Helfern, Deutike, Wien 2009, S. 204-222
* Jakob Kellenberger, Diplomat und IKRK-President, im Gespräch mit Hansjörg Erny, Zytglogge Verlag, Bern 2006
* Jakob Kellenberger: *International Humanitarian Law and Other Legal Regimes: Interplay in Situations of Violence.* In: *International Review of the Red Cross.* 851/2003. ICRC, S. 645-653, ISSN 1560-7755


title: Plexus (disambiguation)

abstract: A Plexus is a network of nerves or blood vessels. Plexus may also refer to:

text:
# Plexus (disambiguation)

A **Plexus** is a network of nerves or blood vessels.

**Plexus** may also refer to:

## Science and medicine

* Nervous plexus, a branching network of intersecting nerves
* Choroid plexus, a network of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
* Venous plexus, a congregation of multiple veins
* Cardiac plexus, a congregation of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervates the heart
* Celiac plexus, a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen
* *Plexus ricei*, an extinct Ediacaran organism

## Other uses


title: Regent's Park Barracks

abstract: The Regent's Park Barracks, commonly known as the Albany Street Barracks, is a British Army barracks located on Albany Street, London, near Regent's Park.

text:
# Regent's Park Barracks

The **Regent's Park Barracks**, commonly known as the **Albany Street Barracks**, is a British Army barracks located on Albany Street, London, near Regent's Park.

## History

The barracks were constructed in 1820-1821 as cavalry barracks for the Life Guards and the Royal Artillery as part of John Nash's original design for Regent's Park. Nash had originally intended the barracks to be situated in the northern area of the park, well away from the residential area, and separated from the rest of the park by Regent's Canal. However Nash's plan was not accepted in its entirety by the Crown with one of the changes involving a change in the location of the barracks to its present site.

In 1848, the barracks were described in the *Topographical Dictionary of England*:

> *The cavalry barracks in Albany-road are neatly built of brick, and occupy an area of eight acres and a half; the buildings comprise accommodation for 400 men, with stabling for their horses, a riding-school, infirmary, magazine, and an extensive ground for exercise.*

Originally designed to house 450 officers and men and 400 horses the barracks were almost entirely rebuilt between 1891 and 1893. The rebuilding followed the original general layout, and carried out under the supervision of Colonel R. Athorpe. The layout comprises a complex of buildings arranged around a parade ground. The only building to survive from the original barracks is the officers' mess which was built between 1820 and 1821 and is situated on the east side of the parade ground. Other buildings at the northern end of the site include the Gothic chapel which was built in 1857 and the hospital which was built in 1877. Three parallel blocks used for soldiers' accommodation and stables, service buildings and the riding school were all built in 1891. From 1896 to 1969, the Royal Horse Guards were based there, which later became part of the Blues and Royals.

On 24 September 1971 an anarchist group called the Angry Brigade bombed the barracks in response to Operation Banner, the British Army's presence in Northern Ireland during the Troubles.

## Current units

Today the barracks are the home of 20 Logistic Support Squadron, Royal Logistic Corps, 21 Special Air Service Regiment (Artists) (Reserve) and the regimental headquarters of the Queen's Royal Hussars, as well as the Queen's Royal Hussars Collection Trust charity.

The music hall singer Ida Barr, whose real name was Maud Barlow, was born in the barracks on 17 January 1882, the daughter of a corporal-major in the Life Guards.

In H. G. Wells' *The War of the Worlds*, there is a mention of the barracks: *"the sound of drumming and trumpeting came from the Albany Street Barracks"*.

## InfoBox

| Regent's Park Barracks | |
| --- | --- |
| *Albany Street Barracks* | |
| London, United Kingdom | |
| Albany Street Barracks | |
| Regent's Park BarracksLocation within Greater London | |
| Coordinates | 51°31′57″N 0°08′41″W / 51.5325°N 0.1447°W / 51.5325; -0.1447 |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence |
| Operator | British Army |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1820-1821 |
| Built for | War Office |
| Architect | John Nash |
| Garrison information | |
| Occupants | 20 Logistic Support Squadron, Royal Logistic Corps
21 Special Air Service Regiment (Artists) (Reserve)
RHQ Queen's Royal Hussars |


title: Morokinkro

abstract: Morokinkro is a village in central Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Attiégouakro in the Attiégouakro Department of the Autonomous District of Yamoussoukro. Morokinkro was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

text:
# Morokinkro

**Morokinkro** is a village in central Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Attiégouakro in the Attiégouakro Department of the Autonomous District of Yamoussoukro.

Morokinkro was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

## InfoBox

| Morokinkro | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MorokinkroLocation in Ivory Coast | |
| Coordinates: 6°49′02″N 4°59′40″W / 6.81722°N 4.99444°W / 6.81722; -4.99444 | |
| Country | Ivory Coast |
| District | Yamoussoukro |
| Department | Attiégouakro |
| Sub-prefecture | Attiégouakro |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: Reema construction

abstract: Reema construction is a system of building using prefabricated reinforced concrete panels which came into being in the late 1940s and was still in use well into the 1960s. Buildings made in this way are currently (2008) very hard to obtain finance on in the UK, primarily due to potential problems with similar large panel system construction buildings, such as Ronan Point. There are two different types of Reema Construction, Reema Hollow Panel, and Reema Conclad. Owners of Reema Conclad will have a slightly easier time obtaining a mortgage, but many major high street lenders will still not fund purchase of this type of building. Reema was the trading name of Reed & Mallik, a company that traded in Salisbury between 1937 and 1968. Its history is detailed in a monograph published by the SWIAS: One Man and his Construction Company Reed and Mallik 1937 to 1968 by John Illston Synopsis: William Edward Reed founded his company in 1937. It grew and prospered without moving from its modest base in Salisbury. Examples of their work include prefabricated concrete houses and high rise apartment blocks, village halls, dams in Wales and Scotland and Bridges in Australasia. Sources include company files and the house magazine, Strongwork News, as well as Bill's widow, Mrs Brenda Reed and a number of company employees. Copies can be obtained from SWIAS. Traditionally a hard to heat property, but with the installation of external wall insulation it will see them dramatically reduce their heat loss. Typically full grants are now available to have this work completed, this is especially so for households that use coal, oil, or electricity to heat their homes.

text:
# Reema construction

**Reema construction** is a system of building using prefabricated reinforced concrete panels which came into being in the late 1940s and was still in use well into the 1960s.

Buildings made in this way are currently (2008) very hard to obtain finance on in the UK, primarily due to potential problems with similar large panel system construction buildings, such as Ronan Point. There are two different types of Reema Construction, Reema Hollow Panel, and Reema Conclad. Owners of Reema Conclad will have a slightly easier time obtaining a mortgage, but many major high street lenders will still not fund purchase of this type of building.

Reema was the trading name of Reed & Mallik, a company that traded in Salisbury between 1937 and 1968.

Its history is detailed in a monograph published by the SWIAS (South Wiltshire Industrial Archaeology Society): One Man and his Construction Company Reed and Mallik 1937 to 1968 by John Illston

Synopsis: William Edward Reed founded his company in 1937. It grew and prospered without moving from its modest base in Salisbury. Examples of their work include prefabricated concrete houses and high rise apartment blocks, village halls, dams in Wales and Scotland and Bridges in Australasia. Sources include company files and the house magazine, Strongwork News, as well as Bill's widow, Mrs Brenda Reed and a number of company employees.

Copies can be obtained from SWIAS.

Traditionally a hard to heat property, but with the installation of external wall insulation it will see them dramatically reduce their heat loss. Typically full grants are now available to have this work completed, this is especially so for households that use coal, oil, or electricity to heat their homes.