title: Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News

abstract: The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News was a British weekly magazine founded in 1874 and published in London. In 1945 it changed its name to the Sport and Country, and in 1957 to the Farm and Country, before closing in 1970.

text:
# Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News

The ***Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News*** was a British weekly magazine founded in 1874 and published in London. In 1945 it changed its name to the ***Sport and Country***, and in 1957 to the ***Farm and Country***, before closing in 1970.

## History

The *Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News* was founded in 1874. The paper covered, as its title indicates, both sporting and theatrical events, including news and criticism. It also contained original pieces of fiction in serials and a story or two in each issue. There were numerous similar publications in Britain at the time, including the *Illustrated London News*, which shared its address and some illustrators with the magazine.

In 1883, the paper published a cartoon showing Oscar Wilde in convict dress, which was considered at the time to be a very serious slur. Twelve years later, Wilde was convicted of "gross indecency" and sentenced to two years penal labour.

The paper is a good source of illustrations from sporting and theatre events, such as images of horse racing. Notable illustrators included Louis Wain, Frank R. Grey, D. H. Friston, Alfred Concanen and Alfred Bryan. In 1920, its address was 172, Strand, London WC 2.

Notable editors included James Wentworth Day, who served in the post between 1935 and 1937.

The magazine's published fiction included W. S. Gilbert's short piece, *Actors, Authors and Audiences* in 1880's *Holly Leaves*, its annual Christmas special, Bram Stoker's *The Squaw* (1893) and *Crooken Sands* (1894), Agatha Christie's story *The Unbreakable Alibi* in *Holly Leaves* of 1928, and her *Sing a Song of Sixpence* in the following year's *Holly Leaves*. The Irish chess grand master George Alcock MacDonnell wrote a regular chess column under the name of *Mars*.

According to a *Catalogue of Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum*, the British Library holds copies of the paper from 28 February 1874. The University of Wisconsin–Madison has all but three of the first twenty-five volumes in its English and Irish Periodicals collection.

## Titles and issues

* ***Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News***: 28 February 1874 to 22 January 1943, Nos. 1 to 3576
* ***Sport and Country***: 5 February 1943 to 16 October 1957, Nos. 3577 to 3958
* ***Farm and Country***: 30 October 1957 to December 1970, Nos. 3959 to 4200
* ***Holly Leaves***: the Christmas edition of the titles, issued 1880 to 1969

Media related to *Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News* at Wikimedia Commons


title: Polydesmus

abstract: Polydesmus is a genus of millipedes in the family Polydesmidae.

text:
# Polydesmus

***Polydesmus*** is a genus of millipedes in the family Polydesmidae.

## Species

Species within this genus include:

## InfoBox

| *Polydesmus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Polydesmus* species. Museum specimen | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Order: | Polydesmida |
| Family: | Polydesmidae |
| Genus: | *Polydesmus*<br>Latreille, 1802 |
|


title: Pressy-sous-Dondin

abstract: Pressy-sous-Dondin is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Pressy-sous-Dondin

**Pressy-sous-Dondin** is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Pressy-sous-Dondin | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Chateau | |
| Location of Pressy-sous-Dondin | |
| Pressy-sous-DondinPressy-sous-Dondin | |
| Coordinates: 46°28′32″N 4°30′42″E / 46.4756°N 4.5117°E / 46.4756; 4.5117 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Saône-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Mâcon |
| Canton | Cluny |
| Area**1** | 12.38 km2 (4.78 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 104 |
| Density | 8.4/km2 (22/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 71358 /71220 |
| Elevation | 236–445 m (774–1,460 ft)
(avg. 315 m or 1,033 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Meyer Israel Bresselau

abstract: Meyer Israel Bresselau was a founding member and chairman of the Hamburg Temple, one of the first Jewish reform congregations in Germany. Bresselau earned his living as notary from 1811. He was among the first members of the New Israelite Temple Society, founded 1817. He was co-editor of the temple's prayer book Seder ha Avodah, which contained a German translation and German prayers along with the traditional Hebrew prayers and is considered the first Reform liturgy. It was firmly opposed by Orthodox rabbis for omissions in the prayer text. In defense of his work Bresselau wrote in 1819 Ueber die Gebete der Israeliten in der Landessprache. The same year he wrote a polemic satire in Hebrew cherev noqemet něqam běrît in defense of the position of the temple. An annotated translation of this work was written by Donald B. Rossoff as a rabbinic thesis.

text:
# Meyer Israel Bresselau

**Meyer Israel Bresselau** (25 April 1785 – 25 December 1839) was a founding member and chairman of the Hamburg Temple, one of the first Jewish reform congregations in Germany.

Bresselau earned his living as notary from 1811. He was among the first members of the New Israelite Temple Society, founded 1817. He was co-editor of the temple's prayer book *Seder ha Avodah*, which contained a German translation and German prayers along with the traditional Hebrew prayers and is considered the first Reform liturgy. It was firmly opposed by Orthodox rabbis for omissions in the prayer text. In defense of his work Bresselau wrote in 1819 *Ueber die Gebete der Israeliten in der Landessprache* ("About the Jewish Prayers in the National Language"). The same year he wrote a polemic satire in Hebrew *cherev noqemet něqam běrît* in defense of the position of the temple. An annotated translation of this work was written by Donald B. Rossoff as a rabbinic thesis (Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion, 1981).

## Literature

* *Encyclopaedia Judaica*, Bd. 4, Jerusalem, 1971. S. 233
* Andreas Brämer: *Judentum und religiöse Reform. Der Hamburger Israelitische Tempel 1817–1938.* Dölling und Galitz Verlag, Hamburg 2000 ISBN 3-933374-78-2
* Michael A. Meyer: *Antwort auf die Moderne*, Wien 1988.

## InfoBox

| Meyer Israel Bresselau | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | April 25, 1785 |
| Died | December 25, 1839 |
| Occupation(s) | Founding member and chairman of the Hamburg Temple, Notary |
| Notable work | Co-editor of the temple's prayer book Seder ha Avodah |


title: Port of Prince Rupert

abstract: The Port of Prince Rupert is a seaport managed by the Prince Rupert Port Authority that occupies 667,731 hectares of land and water along 20 kilometres of waterfront. The port is located in Prince Rupert Harbour in the North Coast Regional District of British Columbia. The Port of Prince Rupert is the third busiest seaport in Canada by container volume and cargo tonnage after the Port of Vancouver and Port of Montreal.

text:
# Port of Prince Rupert

The **Port of Prince Rupert** is a seaport managed by the **Prince Rupert Port Authority** that occupies 667,731 hectares (1,650,000 acres) of land and water along 20 kilometres (12 miles) of waterfront. The port is located in Prince Rupert Harbour in the North Coast Regional District of British Columbia.

The Port of Prince Rupert is the third busiest seaport in Canada by container volume and cargo tonnage after the Port of Vancouver and Port of Montreal.

## History

### Early 20th century

The Port of Prince Rupert was built upon the completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway in 1914 and its development had been promoted by Grand Trunk Railway president Charles Melville Hays as an alternative to the Port of Vancouver, which was serviced by the Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern railways. In 1919, the Grand Trunk Pacific fell into bankruptcy and was nationalized by the federal government and merged into the Canadian National Railways (CNR).

The port was expanded during World War II to support Canadian and United States military action in the Pacific Theatre, notably in the Alaska Territory.

### Late 20th century

In 1975, the federal government declared the Port of Prince Rupert a "National Harbour", followed by several years of construction of various facilities such as the Fairview Terminal and Ridley Terminals. A 1989 expansion of the Fairview Terminal added a third berth and 6.5 ha of storage area. In 1989, 1,705 total vessels, including 468 deep sea vessels, with 11,332,000 tonnes of cargo move through the port.

Since 1982 Aquatrain barge carries rail cargo between Prince Rupert and Whittier, Alaska.

### Conversion to an intermodal terminal

In April 2005, it was announced that the Fairview Terminal would be converted into an intermodal container shipping terminal, given Prince Rupert's advantages of having a location along the Pacific Great Circle Route between Asia and the west coast of North America; which makes it the first inbound and last outbound port of call, as well as having the deepest natural harbour depths on the continent. Because the port at Prince Rupert is closer to Asia on the Pacific Great Circle route, and with the city of Prince Rupert having less municipal congestion than other West Coast ports, additional rail infrastructure investments toward Canada's heartland should cut time from East Asian markets to North American destinations. Sea travel time to the West Coast, time in processing the containers in port, and the time in getting products to the Midwestern United States would be more efficient. The overall time from ports like Busan, Hong Kong, Kaohsiung, Shanghai, and Singapore in Asia and to eventual Midwest destinations like, Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, and St. Louis, should see time and cost reductions.

On September 12, 2007, phase 1 the Fairview Terminal opened for business and received its first container ship (from COSCO) in October. Phase 1 has an annual container-handling capacity of only 500,000 TEUs. However Phase 2, planned to be completed late in 2010, will increase the Port of Prince Rupert's capacity to 2 million TEUs, and to 4 million TEUs by 2015, and there is extensive capacity for further expansion. This will provide much-needed relief to the congested west-coast ports of North America. The containerization of the Fairview Terminal is an important part of the Asia–Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative of the Government of Canada and the Pacific Gateway strategy of the Province of British Columbia.

The second phase expansion has been protested by some First Nations groups, saying that the PRPA failed to consult them. Another group in Delta is lobbying for the expansion of the Prince Rupert port in order that the port at Delta will not be expanded.

On January 23, 2013, federal Environment Minister Peter Kent approved the environmental assessment of the Phase 2 expansion of the terminal. However, there was no set time frame for the construction of Phase 2, as the decision is up to Maher Terminals to proceed. It was noted that the need for expansion does not yet exist as through operation efficiencies achieved by the design of the terminal and the workforce, the actual capacity of the terminal (750,000 TEUs) exceeds current demand.

In January 2015 there was a trade dispute when the State of Alaska had solicited for bids for a ferry terminal update. The project was seeking U.S. Federal funds which required that the project comply with the Buy America provision. The Canadian Government blocked the project and the state of Alaska canceled bids because a temporary solution could not be reached.

## Governance

The Prince Rupert Port Authority was created on May 1, 1999 and succeeds the Prince Rupert Port Corporation (PRPC). Prince Rupert was among 8 national ports in Canada which implemented this administrative change on this date, as required by the Canada Marine Act which passed on June 11, 1998. PRPC was the successor to the National Harbours Board, which previously operated all federally owned ports in Canada.

PRPA reports to the Minister of Transport and has a Board of Directors typically consisting of local business and community figures. In the past, the appointment process to the boards of Canada's port authorities has been criticized as they have frequently been used for political patronage.

## Facilities

PRPA port facilities include:

* Atlin Terminal
* Northlands Cruise Terminal
* Lightening Dock
* Ocean Dock
* Pinnacle Pellet Terminal
* Fairview Terminal
* Prince Rupert Grain
* Trigon Pacific Terminals (formerly Ridley Terminals)
* Westview Wood Pellet Terminal

All PRPA facilities are serviced by CN Rail.

Container terminals
| Terminal | Operator | Depth
(m) | Berths | Quay length
(m) | Quay cranes | Area
(m2) | Capacity
(kTEUs) | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fairview (Phase 1) | PRPA | 16 | 1 | 400 | 3 | 234,718 | 500 |  |
| Fairview (Phase 2) | PRPA | 16 | 5 | 800 | 8–12 | 667,731 | 2000 |  |

With the completion of Phase 2, the port has a capacity of 2,000 kTEUs. For comparison, the Port of Vancouver handles 2,500 kTEUs of cargo.

### Pacific Port Volumes

Cargo handled expressed in the number of 20-foot-equivalent units (TEUs) and million metric tonnes (MMT). Statistics for American ports are excluded, because of inconsistencies among various web pages. The major differences may be due to the inclusion of empty containers shipped.

| Port | TEU 2017 | TEU 2018 | MMT 2017 | MMT 2018 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | (000) | (000) |  |  |
| Prince Rupert | 927 | 1,036 | 24.2 | 26.7 |
| Vancouver | 3,252 | 3,396 | 142.0 | 147.0 |

### Funding for Container Terminal

The Canadian $170 million terminal project, with a design capacity of 500,000 TEUs (20-foot equivalent units) has been funded by five partners:

## InfoBox

| Port of Prince Rupert | |
| --- | --- |
| Port of Prince Rupert in 2005 | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Location | Prince Rupert, British Columbia |
| Coordinates | 54°17′18″N 130°21′22″W / 54.2883°N 130.3562°W / 54.2883; -130.3562 |
| UN/LOCODE | CA PRR |
| Details | |
| Opened | 1914 |
| Land area | 667,731 hectares (1,650,000 acres) |
| No. of berths | 5 |
| Draft depth | −16 m (−52 ft) |
| Rail lines | CN Rail |
| President & CEO | Shaun Stevenson |
| Board Chair | Frans Tjallingi |
| Statistics | |
| Annual cargo tonnage | 29.84 million metric revenue tons (CY 2019) |
| Annual container volume | 1.21 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) (CY 2019) |
| Passenger traffic | 12,435 passengers (CY 2019) |
| **Website**
www.rupertport.com | |


title: ZTR index

abstract: The ZTR index is a method of determining how weathered, both chemically and mechanically, a sediment is. The letters in ZTR stand for three common minerals found in ultra-weathered sediments: zircon, tourmaline, and rutile. Other minerals that can be used alongside the ZTR index are garnet, magnetite, sphene, and other minerals from local provenance sources. The ZTR index is commonly high in beach or littoral zone depositional environments due to the long transport distances from the source and the high energy of the environment. These minerals are found in abundance due to their high specific gravity and resistance to weathering.

text:
# ZTR index

The **ZTR index** is a method of determining how weathered, both chemically and mechanically, a sediment (or a corresponding sedimentary rock) is. The letters in ZTR stand for three common minerals found in ultra-weathered sediments: zircon, tourmaline, and rutile. Other minerals that can be used alongside the ZTR index are garnet, magnetite, sphene, and other minerals from local provenance sources. The ZTR index is commonly high in beach or littoral zone depositional environments due to the long transport distances from the source and the high energy of the environment. These minerals are found in abundance due to their high specific gravity and resistance to weathering.

1. Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology, pg. 460, ISBN 0-7167-2726-9


title: Victoriana Mejía Marulanda

abstract: María Dora Victoriana Mejía Marulanda is a Colombian diplomat who was the Ambassador of Colombia to Sweden. Prior to her ambassadorship, Mejía served as First Secretary of the Colombian Embassy in Brussels from 1994 to 1997 when she was promoted to the rank of Consul General in that same city and remained in that post until 1998.

text:
# Victoriana Mejía Marulanda

**María Dora Victoriana Mejía Marulanda** (born 23 April 1943) is a Colombian diplomat who was the Ambassador of Colombia to Sweden. Prior to her ambassadorship, Mejía served as First Secretary of the Colombian Embassy in Brussels from 1994 to 1997 when she was promoted to the rank of Consul General in that same city and remained in that post until 1998.

## Ambassadorship

Mejía was named by President Álvaro Uribe Vélez on 11 October 2002. She was officially appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Colombia to the Federal Republic of Germany on 30 November 2002 and presented her Letters of Credence to German President Johannes Rau on 12 March 2003.

## Personal life

Born on 23 April 1943 in Pereira, Risaralda, to Bernardo Mejía Jaramillo and María Dora Marulanda Gutiérrez. She married John P. R. Kriendler on 28 July 1982 in Paris, France, and together had one daughter, Sara (born 1983). Her younger sister, María Isabel is a Liberal party politician who has served as Mayor of Pereira, Governor of Risaralda, and Congresswoman in both the Chamber and the Senate.

## InfoBox

| Victoriana Mejía Marulanda | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Colombia Ambassador to Sweden | |
| **Assuming office**
 | |
| President | Juan Manuel Santos Calderón |
| Succeeding | Rafael Nieto Navia |
| Colombia Ambassador to Germany | |
| **In office**
12 March 2003  2011 | |
| President | Álvaro Uribe Vélez |
| Preceded by | Hernán Beltz Peralta |
| Succeeded by | Juan Mayr |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | María Dora Victoriana Mejía Marulanda
(1943-04-23) 23 April 1943
Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | John P. R. Kriendler  (m. 1937) |
| Relations | María Isabel Mejía Marulanda (sister) |
| Children | Sara Mejia Kriendler |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan (BA, MA) |
| Profession | Economist, Diplomat |
|  | |


title: Pompeia Magna

abstract: Pompeia Magna was the daughter and second child born to Roman triumvir Pompey the Great from his third marriage, to Mucia Tertia. Her elder brother was Gnaeus Pompeius and her younger brother was Sextus Pompey.

text:
# Pompeia Magna

**Pompeia Magna** (born 80/75 BC – before 35 BC) was the daughter and second child born to Roman triumvir Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) from his third marriage, to Mucia Tertia. Her elder brother was Gnaeus Pompeius and her younger brother was Sextus Pompey.

## Biography

Pompeia was born and raised in Rome. In 59 BC, her father Pompey married for a fourth time, to Julia, the daughter of Julius Caesar. After their marriage, Pompeia was betrothed to a Servilius Caepio, but she instead married Faustus Cornelius Sulla, a politician who was the son of Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla from his wife Caecilia Metella. Around 47 BC, Faustus died in the African War against Julius Caesar. Their two sons fell into the hands of Caesar, however he dismissed them as a danger and pardoned them.

After 46 BC, Pompeia married for a second time to politician Lucius Cornelius Cinna who was consul in 32 BC.

For a time, Pompeia accompanied her younger brother Sextus Pompey to Sicily. It was in Sicily that Pompeia made various presents for the young future emperor, Tiberius, who had fled with his parents there from Octavian. Pompeia gave Tiberius such presents as a cloak, a brooch, and a gold bulla. The historian Suetonius states that these presents were preserved and were exhibited in Baiae in his time. Sextus Pompey survived Pompeia when she died, sometime before 35 BC.

## Children

## Sources

* Suetonius*The Lives of the Twelve Caesars*Tiberius
* *Microsoft Encarta Encyclopaedia* 2002


title: Oxyothespis

abstract: Oxyothespis is a genus of praying mantis in the family Toxoderidae. Members of this genus have been called grass mantises.

text:
# Oxyothespis

***Oxyothespis*** is a genus of praying mantis in the family Toxoderidae. Members of this genus have been called grass mantises.

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus *Oxyothespis*:

## InfoBox

| *Oxyothespis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Oxyothespis persica*, Iran | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mantodea |
| Family: | Toxoderidae |
| Tribe: | Oxyothespini |
| Genus: | *Oxyothespis*<br>Saussure, 1870 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oxythespis* Saussure, 1871 | |


title: Illustrated Paper

abstract: Illustrated Paper was a monthly psychedelic underground newspaper published in Mendocino, California from June 1966 to April 1967. Initially issued under the title The Paper, it became the Illustrated Paper with its third issue. Philip A. Bianchi and Walter D. Wells were the editors. It was one of the earliest members of the Underground Press Syndicate (UPS). According to Abe Peck, the editor of the Chicago Seed who met the staff at the 1967 UPS conference in Stinson Beach, California, it was an "Oracle-style" paper and the staff raised animals and grew vegetables on communal land. A total of nine issues were published before it ceased publication in 1967.

text:
# Illustrated Paper

***Illustrated Paper*** was a monthly psychedelic underground newspaper published in Mendocino, California from June 1966 to April 1967. Initially issued under the title *The Paper*, it became the *Illustrated Paper* with its third issue. Philip A. Bianchi (Sept. 26, 1938–Sept. 25, 1994) and Walter D. Wells were the editors. It was one of the earliest members of the Underground Press Syndicate (UPS).

According to Abe Peck, the editor of the *Chicago Seed* who met the staff at the 1967 UPS conference in Stinson Beach, California, it was an "*Oracle*-style" paper and the staff raised animals and grew vegetables on communal land. A total of nine issues were published before it ceased publication in 1967.

## InfoBox

Illustrated Paper
| Type | Underground newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Monthly |
| Editor-in-chief | Philip A. Bianchi and Walter D. Wells |
| Founded | June 1966 (1966-06) |
| Ceased publication | April 1967 (1967-04) |
| Headquarters | Mendocino, California, U.S. |


title: Polydesmiola

abstract: Polydesmiola is a genus of moths that belongs to the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Embrik Strand in 1916.

text:
# Polydesmiola

***Polydesmiola*** is a genus of moths that belongs to the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Embrik Strand in 1916.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Polydesmiola* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Polydesmiola meekii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | ***Polydesmiola***<br>Strand, 1916 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Macrocarsia* Hampson, 1926 | |


title: Prest-O-Lite Trophy Race

abstract: The Prest-O-Lite Trophy Race was an automobile race held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in each of the two years prior to the first Indianapolis 500. The trophy was sponsored by the Prest-O-Lite Company, a manufacturer of automotive lighting systems. Carl Fisher and James Allison, two of the four co-founders of the Speedway, were also two of the three co-founders of Prest-O-Lite.

text:
# Prest-O-Lite Trophy Race

The **Prest-O-Lite Trophy Race** was an automobile race held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in each of the two years prior to the first Indianapolis 500. The trophy was sponsored by the Prest-O-Lite Company, a manufacturer of automotive lighting systems. Carl Fisher and James Allison, two of the four co-founders of the Speedway, were also two of the three co-founders of Prest-O-Lite.

## Race results

| Year | Date | Winning Driver | Car | Race Distance | | Time of Race | Winning Speed | Starting<br>Cars |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Miles | Laps | | | |
| 1909 | Aug 19 | Bob Burman | Buick | 250 | 100 | 04:38:57.40 | 53.772 mph | 9 |
| 1910 | May 27 | Tom Kincade | National | 100 | 40 | 01:23:43.12 | 71.670 mph | 6 |

## Sources

* Scott, D. Bruce; *INDY: Racing Before the 500*; Indiana Reflections; 2005; ISBN 0-9766149-0-1.
* Galpin, Darren; *A Record of Motorsport Racing Before World War I.*
* http://www.motorsport.com/stats/champ/byyear.asp?Y=1909
* http://www.motorsport.com/stats/champ/byyear.asp?Y=1910
* http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1909.htm
* http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1910.htm


title: Waverley Gardens Shopping Centre

abstract: Waverley Gardens is a shopping centre with approximately 110 shops, located 25 km south-east of Melbourne, Australia, in the suburb of Mulgrave, Victoria. The Shopping Centre has the Monash Freeway on its north-east border, Police Road on its southern border and Hansworth Street on the western side.

text:
# Waverley Gardens Shopping Centre

**Waverley Gardens** is a shopping centre with approximately 110 shops, located 25 km south-east of Melbourne, Australia, in the suburb of Mulgrave, Victoria. The Shopping Centre has the Monash Freeway on its north-east border, Police Road on its southern border and Hansworth Street on the western side.

## Redevelopment

In 2004 a 3-stage redevelopment process began.  Refurbishments include the construction of two multi-storey car parks and restoration of a third, the relocation of the bus terminal, the extension of the Shopping Centre on the north-east side, and general improvements to the inside appearance of the shopping locations.

In May 2005, the first major stage of development was completed, with the opening of Coles, as well as many other smaller shops in a corridor towards Target. This included the refurbishment of the entrances, and general appearance of the walkways. Part of this development included the opening of two multi-storey car-parks on the south-western side.

In December 2006, a new-look food court was opened.

The second stage of development was officially completed on 8 March 2007, with the opening of Big W. This included a number of smaller shops, and a restored car-park on the north-eastern side.

By 2013 the owner Mirvac sold the shopping centre to, apparently, Blackstone Inc. who sold it to Elanor in 2018 as part of their passive exit from the retail industry.

37°56′13″S 145°11′24″E / 37.93694°S 145.19000°E / -37.93694; 145.19000

## InfoBox

Waverley Gardens Shopping Centre
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia |
| Management | Jones Lang Lasalle |
| No. of stores and services | ~110 |
| No. of anchor tenants | 6 |
| Total retail floor area | ~40,000 m2 (430,000 sq ft) |
| No. of floors | 1 |
| Parking | ~2200 |
| Website | www.waverleygardens.com.au |


title: Polytribax pallescens

abstract: Polytribax pallescens is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae.

text:
# Polytribax pallescens

***Polytribax pallescens*** is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Polytribax pallescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Ichneumonidae |
| Genus: | *Polytribax* |
| Species: | ***P. pallescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polytribax pallescens***<br>(Viereck, 1911) | |
|


title: Natalia Sobczak

abstract: Natalia Sobczak is a professor of materials engineering at the Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, and Vice President of the Polish Academy of Sciences in the 2023–2026 term. She specializes in the physicochemistry of metals and alloys, physical metallurgy and heat treatment, foundry engineering, and the practice and theory of metal composites.

text:
# Natalia Sobczak

**Natalia Sobczak** (born 21 April 1956) is a professor of materials engineering at the Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, and Vice President of the Polish Academy of Sciences in the 2023–2026 term. She specializes in the physicochemistry of metals and alloys, physical metallurgy and heat treatment, foundry engineering, and the practice and theory of metal composites.

## Education

She earned her master's degree (with distinction) from the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University in 1984, followed by her doctorate (PhD) from the same university in 1984. She earned her higher doctorate degree (DSc or "habilitation") in 2005 from the Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences. In 2012, she received the title of Full Professor from the President of Poland.

## Professional career

Since 2019, Sobczak has been working at the Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, where she is head of the Laboratory of Theory of Metallurgical Processes.

She has been professionally affiliated with the Foundry Institute in Kraków (in the Department of Physicochemistry of Metals and Alloys) from 2002 to 2007, with the Motor Transport Institute in Warsaw from 2007 to 2010, with the Foundry Institute in Kraków (this time in the Center for High-Temperature Research of Liquid Metals and Alloys) from 2007 to 2020, and with the Institute of Precision Mechanics in Warsaw.

The positions, functions, and memberships she holds include the following:

* Corresponding member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (since 2022),
* Chair of the Cast Metal Matrix Composites Working Group of the World Foundry Organization (since 2001),
* Member of the International Committees on High Temperature Capillarity (since 1994) and on Subsecond Thermophysics (since 2013),
* Polish representative on the executive committee of the Federation of European Materials Societies (2020-2023),
* Member of the Evaluation Team affiliated with the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (2013-2014),
* Chair of the Disciplinary Committee affiliated with the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (2015-2019),
* Deputy Chairman of the Working Group on National Smart Specializations KIS8 "Multifunctional materials and composites with advanced properties, including nanoprocesses and nanoproducts" at the Ministry of Development and Technology (since 2015).

She has led and worked on dozens of research projects, including as PI for projects funded by the European Space Agency (ESA), UNIDO-UNDP (UN), NSF&NAS (US), the M. Skłodowska-Curie Polish-American Fund, and group projects of two COST Actions (EC) and working groups in three projects funded by the European Commission (FP7, H2020).

On 22 November 2022 she was proposed by Marek Konarzewski, President-Elect of the Polish Academy of Sciences, as a candidate to become one of the academy's Vice Presidents. On 8 December, at a session of the General Assembly of the academy, she was elected to the office of Vice President of the Polish Academy of Sciences (together with three other Vice Presidents: Mirosława Ostrowska, Aleksander Welfe, and Dariusz Jemielniak.

## Academic publications

She has authored and co-authored more than 200 research articles, 38 book chapters, and nine books. She also holds 18 patents.

## Awards

Sobczak has received 37 national and international awards and honors, including five scientific journal awards for best publication of the year (including from the *Journal of the American Ceramic Society*, *Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance*).

## InfoBox

| Natalia Sobczak | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 21 April 1956 |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Citizenship | Polish |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Metallurgy, materials engineering |
| Institutions | Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences |
|  | |


title: Victoriano Arizapana

abstract: Victoriano Arizapana Huayhua is a Quechua master rope bridge engineer, notable for being the lead builder of the Q'iswa Chaka, which is the last remaining traditionally built Inca rope bridge and a part of the historical Qhapaq Ñan Inca road network. He is also a teacher and cultural figure, preserving and transmitting to future generations the bridgebuilding techniques passed to him by his ancestors.

text:
# Victoriano Arizapana

**Victoriano Arizapana Huayhua** is a Quechua master rope bridge engineer (Quechua: **chakaruwaq**), notable for being the lead builder of the Q'iswa Chaka (Quechua for "rope bridge"), which is the last remaining traditionally built Inca rope bridge and a part of the historical Qhapaq Ñan Inca road network. He is also a teacher and cultural figure, preserving and transmitting to future generations the bridgebuilding techniques passed to him by his ancestors.

## Preservation of the Q'iswa Chaka

The Q'iswa Chaka spans the Apurímac River. Aside from being the last of its kind, the bridge is significant as an example of the Inca people's advanced engineering practices, which predated European contact. Because it is constructed from rope made of grass, it must be rebuilt by the local community every year. Arizapana leads these efforts, assisted by fellow bridge architect Eleutario Ccallo Tapia. Construction begins on the second week of June and lasts for three days, and over 1,000 people are involved in the process, which includes tasks such as performing rituals and making the rope. According to Arizapana, he learned the craft from his grandfather and father, each of whom had been lead bridge builders and passed the position by birthright on to their son. Similarly, Arizapana has been teaching the skills to his own son, and states that it will be his son's job to maintain the bridge after he is gone.

## Accolades and notable events

On August 12, 2010, the Q'iswa Chaka was named part of Peru's National Cultural Patrimony, and Arizapana was awarded the title of *Personalidad Meritoria de la Cultura Peruana* (Meritorious Person of Peruvian Culture) by the Peru Ministry of Culture. In 2013, the "Knowledge, skills and rituals related to the annual renewal of the Q’eswachaka bridge," of which Arizapana is a primary living example, was named to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In January 2012, Arizapana was the subject of a news article when it was reported that he had been prevented from boarding a flight from Lima to Cusco because of his traditional dress. This action was denounced by the Ministry of Culture.

In 2015, the Smithsonian Folklife Festival featured the Q'iswa Chaka, and Arizapana, Ccallo, and many of their fellow bridge engineers and builders traveled to Washington, D.C. to participate. As part of the festival, Arizapana's team created an Inca rope bridge on the National Mall using the same construction methods that they use for the Q'iswa Chaka. After the festival's completion, the finished bridge was donated to the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. One section of the bridge went on display as part of the exhibit *The Great Inka Road: Engineering an Empire*, and another section was planned to be exhibited in the imagiNATIONS Activity Center for children at the museum's George Gustav Heye Center in New York City.

1. Hernández, Miguel (May 2014). "Tradition and Cohesion: Q'eswachaka Hanging Bridge" (PDF). *Chasqui: Peruvian Mail (Cultural Bulletin of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs)*. **12** (22). Lima: Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Peru.
2. "The Spirit of the Inka Survives in the Q'eswachaka Bridge | Smithsonian Folklife Festival". *www.festival.si.edu*. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
3. "INC pedirá que Virgen del Carmen de Paucartambo sea Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad". *www.andina.com.pe* (in Spanish). 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
4. "Knowledge, skills and rituals related to the annual renewal of the Q'eswachaka bridge". *www.unesco.org*. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
5. Salcedo, José Víctor (2012-01-14). "Por discriminar a poblador quechua denuncian a LAP". *larepublica.pe* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2015-10-12.
6. "Smithsonian Folklife Festival - Participants". *www.festival.si.edu*. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
7. "Peru in 2015 Folklife Festival". *www.peru.travel*. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
8. "Construyen réplica de puente Q'eswachaka en Festival del Folclore de EEUU". *www.andina.com.pe* (in Spanish). 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
9. Tucker, Abigail (2015-06-22). "A Dozen Indigenous Craftsman From Peru Will Weave Grass into a 60-Foot Suspension Bridge in Washington, D.C." *Smithsonian Magazine*. Retrieved 2015-10-13.


title: Never Walk Alone... A Call to Arms

abstract: "Never Walk Alone... A Call to Arms", also known simply as "Never Walk Alone", is a song by American thrash metal band Megadeth. It was released as the second official single from their eleventh studio album, United Abominations (2007).

text:
# Never Walk Alone... A Call to Arms

"**Never Walk Alone... A Call to Arms**", also known simply as "**Never Walk Alone**", is a song by American thrash metal band Megadeth. It was released as the second official single from their eleventh studio album, *United Abominations* (2007).

## Background

"Never Walk Alone... A Call to Arms" was co-written by Mustaine and guitarist Glen Drover, the only song on the album not written solely by Mustaine. When bassist James LoMenzo was asked about the lyrics of the album, he said to "talk to Dave about that". The song features Christian overtones, with it reportedly being about Jesus.

The song is one of Glen Drover's favorites on the album.

## Music video

The video for "Never Walk Alone" was filmed on August 22, 2007, at Cheyenne Studios in Castaic, California. The video was released as a DVD single. It was directed by Labworks.

The music video features the band playing on a highway with a destroyed city behind them. The shots of the band are interspersed with shots of planes and a dirigible flying through the sky.

## Reception

The song was received very positively. Metal Forces wrote that "Never Walk Alone..." was "one of the album's strongest tracks". A writer from Sputnik Music wrote that the song had some of the best lyrics on the album, while criticizing many other songs. Another writer, from Pop Matters, wrote that the song was "performed with an energy we haven’t heard since the days of the classic Mustaine/Ellefson/Friedman/Menza lineup."

## Personnel

Production and performance credits are adapted from *United Abominations* liner notes.

Megadeth Additional musicians Production * Dave Mustaine – production
* Jeff Balding – production, recording
* Andy Sneap – production, mixing, mastering, recording

## InfoBox

| "Never Walk Alone... A Call to Arms" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Megadeth | |
| from the album  *United Abominations* | |
| Released | September 26, 2007 |
| Recorded | April 19, 2006 – January 18, 2007 |
| Studio | SARM Hook End Studios in London; The Steakhouse in Studio City, Los Angeles; Big Fish in Encinitas, California; Backstage Productions in Belper; S.I.R. Rehearsal Studio in Hollywood; Mustaine Music in Fallbrook, California |
| Genre | Thrash metal |
| Length | 3:54 |
| Label | Roadrunner |
| Songwriter(s) | Dave Mustaine, Glen Drover |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Megadeth singles chronology | |
| "À Tout le Monde (Set Me Free)"
(2007) "**Never Walk Alone... A Call to Arms**"
(2007) "Head Crusher"
(2009) | |


title: Oxyothespis bifurcata

abstract: Oxyothespis bifurcata is a species of praying mantis in the family Toxoderidae.

text:
# Oxyothespis bifurcata

***Oxyothespis bifurcata*** is a species of praying mantis in the family Toxoderidae.

## InfoBox

| *Oxyothespis bifurcata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mantodea |
| Family: | Toxoderidae |
| Genus: | *Oxyothespis* |
| Species: | ***O. bifurcata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oxyothespis bifurcata***<br>Kaltenbach, 1982 | |
|


title: Implicit bias training

abstract: Implicit bias training programs are designed to help individuals become aware of their implicit biases and equip them with tools and strategies to act objectively, limiting the influence of their implicit biases. Some researchers say implicit biases are learned stereotypes that are automatic, seemingly associative, unintentional, deeply ingrained, universal, and can influence behavior. A critical component of implicit bias training is creating awareness of implicit bias, and some recent evidence has indicated growth in the understanding of implicit biases. Since 1998, the online Implicit-Association Test (IAT) has provided a platform for the general public to assess their implicit biases. Although the IAT measure has come under severe scrutiny regarding scientific reliability and efficacy, it has also sparked a conversation about implicit bias in both popular media and the scientific community. Many implicit bias training programs have been created in recent years. Facebook designed a webpage to make implicit bias training videos widely available. Google has put about 60,000 employees through a 90-minute implicit bias training program. The United States Department of Justice has trained 28,000 employees on techniques to combat implicit bias.

text:
# Implicit bias training

**Implicit bias training** (or **unconscious bias training**) programs are designed to help individuals become aware of their implicit biases and equip them with tools and strategies to act objectively, limiting the influence of their implicit biases. Some researchers say implicit biases are learned stereotypes that are automatic, seemingly associative, unintentional, deeply ingrained, universal, and can influence behavior.

A critical component of implicit bias training is creating awareness of implicit bias, and some recent evidence has indicated growth in the understanding of implicit biases. Since 1998, the online Implicit-Association Test (IAT) has provided a platform for the general public to assess their implicit biases. Although the IAT measure has come under severe scrutiny regarding scientific reliability and efficacy, it has also sparked a conversation about implicit bias in both popular media and the scientific community.

Many implicit bias training programs have been created in recent years. Facebook designed a webpage to make implicit bias training videos widely available. Google has put about 60,000 employees through a 90-minute implicit bias training program. The United States Department of Justice has trained 28,000 employees on techniques to combat implicit bias.

## Training techniques

There are a wide variety of implicit bias training programs, but the programs tend to follow a basic three-step method:

1. Participants take a pretest to assess baseline implicit bias levels (typically with the IAT).
2. They complete the implicit bias training task.
3. They take a post-test to re-evaluate bias levels after training.

Frequently, follow-up tests of implicit bias are administered days, weeks, or months after the completion of training programs to examine the long-term benefits of these programs. It is still uncertain whether these programs are effective or not as researchers continue to test them.

### Counterstereotype

According to a meta-analysis of 17 implicit bias interventions, counterstereotype training is the most effective way to reduce implicit bias. In the area of gender bias, techniques such as imagining powerful women, hearing their stories, and writing essays about them have been shown to reduce levels of implicit gender bias on the IAT. Dasgupta and Asagari (2004) found that real-life counterstereotypes, such as going to a women's college or having female professors, can decrease bias because the idea that women are intelligent and hard-working is repeatedly reinforced. Regarding racial bias, several studies have replicated the finding that training participants to pair counterstereotypical traits such as "successful" with images of black individuals is an effective tool for reducing implicit racial bias.

Kawakami, Dovido, and Van Kamp (2005) challenged the effectiveness of counterstereotype training when they found that participants actually showed an increase in gender bias after training. Rather than using the IAT to assess levels of implicit bias, the researchers asked participants to read a resume and decide if the applicant was qualified for a leadership job because "when ambiguity exists in an individual's qualifications or competence, evaluators will fill the void with assumptions drawn from gender stereotypes". The participants received one of four resumes describing equally qualified candidates. The only difference between the four resumes was the applicant's name—two had female names and two had male names. When participants were administered the job application task immediately following counterstereotype training, they were more likely to pick the male candidates over the female candidates, making it appear that the counterstereotype training was ineffective. However, when the researchers added a distractor task between the counterstereotype training and the job application task, participants selected male and female candidates at an equal rate. When participants had to engage in a cognitive task while simultaneously selecting a candidate, they were more likely to select female applicants.

The researchers did a follow-up study with a slightly different procedure to determine why bias was increased in some conditions and decreased in others. They followed the same counterstereotype training procedure but divided the job application task into two distinct parts. Participants were either asked to first pick the best candidate for the job and then rank each candidate on sixteen traits (half were female stereotypes and the other half were male stereotypes) or they were asked to complete the tasks in the opposite order. Regardless of the order, participants consistently were biased against women in the first task, but not in the second task. The researchers hypothesized that the participants were able to discern that the purpose of the study was to reduce gender bias, so they showed an increased bias in the first task to compensate for the researcher's attempt to influence their behaviors. Further research is necessary to determine why participants showed decreased bias on the second task and if the decrease has an enduring effect.

Hu and colleagues (2015) created a form of counterstereotype training to unlearn implicit bias while sleeping. Participants completed the typical counterstereotype training task of pairing images of people of different genders and races with counterstereotypical traits. However, their study differed from previous research because two unique sounds were played after each successful pairing of either a gender or race counterstereotype. After the training task, participants were asked to take a 90-minute nap, and their sleep patterns were monitored with EEG. Once participants entered into slow-wave sleep, the researchers played either the sound that followed correct gender counterstereotypes or racial counterstereotypes in the training task. After follow-up assessments, the results showed that bias was successfully reduced depending on the sound played during sleep, meaning the people who listened to the sound associated with gender counterstereotypes showed reduced gender bias, but not racial bias, and vice versa. The specific reduced bias remained when the participants returned to the lab a week after initial training and testing.

### Negation

Negation training decreases implicit bias through actively rejecting information that reinforces stereotypes, therefore breaking the habit of stereotyping. Kawakami, Dovido, Moll, Hermsen, and Russin (2000) conducted one of the first studies to test the effects of negation training on reducing implicit bias. In their study, participants were presented with pictures of Black and White individuals along with a word that represented a stereotype. The participants were instructed to press "NO" during stereotype-consistent trials (for example, a Black person and the word "lazy"), and "YES" during stereotype-inconsistent trials (a Black person paired with "successful"). Participants showed significant decreases in automatic bias from the pretest to the posttest.

However, Gawronski, Deutsch, Mbirkou, Seibt, and Strack (2006) hypothesized that negation training was not only ineffective but could actually strengthen implicit biases. They stated that Kawakami and colleagues only produced positive results because when the participants responded, "YES" to stereotype-inconsistent word-picture pairings, they were using counterstereotyping rather than negation. To test these claims, the researchers created separate counterstereotype and negation conditions. The counterstereotype condition was instructed to press "YES" for stereotype-inconsistent information, while the negation condition was told to press "NO" for stereotype-consistent information. The results showed that the counterstereotype condition decreased implicit bias, but the negation condition increased bias. A possible explanation for the increase in bias with negation training is the level of control required during memory retrieval. During negation training, the memory of a previously held stereotype is activated and then you have to purposefully reject the meaning of the memory. The participants were repeatedly activating the memory of the stereotype, which made it stronger, and they were not able to replace the stereotype with a positive counterstereotype. Alternatively, in counterstereotyping, you do not have to exhibit control to reject a memory because a new and separate memory for stereotype-inconsistent information is formed.

Recently, Johnson, Kopp, and Petty (2018) attempted to reconcile the discrepant results of the previous research. They argued the negation was not meaningful and participants were not adequately motivated to get rid of their implicit biases. The researchers introduced a condition in which participants were told to think, "that's wrong!" in response to stereotype-consistent information. Other participants were told, instead, to continue to use the typical form of negation and simply responded "no" to stereotype-consistent information. The researchers hypothesized that "no" is an ambiguous and weak response to stereotypes, but "that's wrong!" is a specific and morally tied response that is hard to ignore. When participants were told to think, "that's wrong!" in response to stereotype-consistent information, there was a decrease in implicit bias that was not observed in the condition that simply thought "no". Additionally, the researchers discovered that motivation plays a role in the effectiveness of implicit bias training programs. After the negation training tasks, participants took the Motivation to Control for Prejudiced Reactions Scale (MCPR) to measure the participants' drive to change their implicit biases. People who scored particularly high on the MCPR showed reduced bias regardless of the condition. Therefore, if people feel determined to reduce their implicit biases and think "that's wrong" rather than "no," negation training shows promising results for decreasing implicit racial bias.

### Perspective-taking

Perspective-taking creates a sense of empathy for a stereotyped group, which has been shown to improve attitudes towards individuals as well as their group as a whole. Typically, perspective-taking studies follow a three-step procedure. First, participants are exposed to the target minority group by watching a video that displays examples of racial discrimination or by viewing a photograph of an individual from the target minority group. Then participants are told to reflect on that person's life and their emotions or imagine themselves as the main character. A separate control group watches the same movie or views the same photograph, but they are not given any additional instructions involving perspective-taking. Lastly, participants’ biases are reassessed by answering questionnaires, retaking IAT, or engaging in specific tasks. This prototypical form of perspective-taking has been shown to effectively reduce racial bias.

Dovidio and colleagues (2004) found that a diverse group of strangers can come together as a unified group if they believe they share a common threat. Stimulating a perceived common threat can reduce bias because people are less likely to be biased against members of their own group. Todd, Bodenhausen, Richenson, and Galinksy (2011) showed participants an image of a Black man, had them write an essay about a day in his life, and then watched the participants interact with a Black researcher. The face-to-face interactions were more successful and natural with the participants in the perspective-taking condition compared to the control group.

Another example of perspective-taking was tested by Shih, Stotzer, and Guitérrez (2009). They had participants watch a clip of a movie that showed an Asian American being discriminated against and were told to read a college admissions folder and decide if the student should be admitted. The admission profiles were exactly the same, except one version checked White for ethnicity while the other checked Asian American. The participants in the perspective-taking condition demonstrated greater empathy towards the Asian profile and were more likely to accept him than the control condition. In 2013, they conducted an additional study in which they added a task where they flashed the pronouns "us" or "them" before showing an adjective with a good or bad connotation. They found that participants that were in the control group quickly associated good adjectives with "us" and bad adjectives with "them", while the perspective-taking group did not show a significant time difference between the two categories. The researchers concluded that empathy and perspective-taking could reduce prejudice towards discriminated groups.
Kaatz and colleagues (2017) had participants play a video game where they are the character Jamal, a Black graduate student, working towards a degree in science. Throughout the game, players had to complete tasks such as selecting an advisor, attending conferences, and publishing papers. During each task, the players experienced hardships due to racial discrimination and learned about implicit bias. In order to successfully complete the game, players had to be able to learn how to recognize, label, and talk about bias. After completing the game, participants filled out surveys about their experiences. Most participants agreed that it was an effective strategy for reducing implicit bias. Further research is necessary to objectively measure the effectiveness of the game.

### Meditation

Meditation has become integrated into a variety of Western therapeutic practices due to its benefits of enhanced well-being, reduced depression and anxiety, and overall mood improvement. In 2008, meditation was incorporated into implicit bias training using Lovingkindness meditation (LKM), which "aims to self-regulate an affective state of unconditional kindness towards the self and others". Meditation studies follow the format of a pretest IAT, participation in a LKM program, and a posttest IAT. Hutcherson, Seppala, and Gross (2008) showed that a few minutes of LMK could create a sense of empathy and compassion for a neutral target, which inspired the idea to use meditation as an implicit bias training technique. Stell and Farsides (2016) found that after only seven minutes of LMK, implicit racial bias for a targeted group was reduced. Kang, Gray, and Dovido (2014) found that participants who attended a seven-week meditation course showed a significant decrease in implicit bias towards African Americans and homeless people. Notably, participants who participated in a discussion based on the Lovingkindness philosophy for seven weeks but did not practice meditation did not show a reduction in bias after the seven weeks.

### Implicit bias workshops

Implicit bias workshops often employ a range of strategies designed to mitigate implicit biases. Devine, Forscher, Austin, and Cox (2012) have devised a workshop that incorporates five distinct techniques to address bias: stereotype replacement, counterstereotype training, individualism, perspective taking, and increased exposure to minority groups.

Stereotype replacement involves participants recognizing their own stereotypes, reflecting on their origins, contemplating ways to avoid these stereotypes in the future, and formulating unbiased responses to replace them. Counterstereotype training prompts participants to envision counterstereotypical examples. For instance, if the counterstereotype relates to intelligence, participants might be encouraged to visualize intelligent individuals from a stereotyped group, such as President Obama or a personal acquaintance.

Individualism involves participants receiving specific information about members of a stereotyped group so they can remember each person as an individual rather than seeing the group as a singular unit.

Perspective-taking involves the participant imagining themselves as a member of a stereotyped group.

Lastly, participants are provided with opportunities to have positive interactions with members of minority groups. Studies show that four and eight weeks after completing the workshop, implicit bias (as measured by the IAT) was reduced.

In 2016, Moss-Racusin and colleagues created a 120-minute workshop called "Scientific Diversity" that was aimed at reducing gender bias. During the workshop, instructors presented empirical evidence on implicit bias, encouraged active group discussion, and helped participants practice techniques for creating an accepting environment. To assess bias, participants took pretest and posttest questionnaires. The posttest questionnaires revealed that participants experienced increased diversity awareness and decreased subtle gender bias.

According to Gonzales, Kim, and Marantz (2014), the recognition of bias cannot be taught in a single session. Researchers have thus created workshops or class curriculums that span days, semesters, or even years. Hannah and Carpenter-Song (2013) created a semester-long course that focuses on introspection. Students are encouraged to look within themselves to examine their own biases, values, and most importantly, blind spots. During each class, students discuss articles about various forms of bias and participate in interactive exercises that are designed to promote perspective-taking and empathy. Tests of the course showed that students who have an active interest in learning about issues of implicit bias were able to successfully reduce their levels of bias. However, a subset of the students did not reduce bias or even showed an increased bias after the course because the program was mandatory and they were not incentivized to change their thoughts and behaviors.

Van Ryn and colleagues (2015) started a course for medical school students that studies disparities in minority health care. The researchers were able to implement various forms of the class in forty-nine medical schools and collected data from 3,547 students. During class, students read articles about implicit biases, hold group discussions, and gain experience with interacting with racial minorities. Participants took the IAT during their first and last semesters of medical school to assess the effectiveness of the program. Though most reductions in implicit bias were small, the reductions were significant and affected behaviors. Students reported feeling more comfortable when working with minorities and kept in mind implicit biases when treating minorities.

Stone, Moskowitz, and Zestcott (2015) conducted a workshop for medical students that used self-reflection techniques to motivate healthcare providers to address their implicit biases. First, participants took an IAT (but did not receive feedback) and read an article about implicit bias in medicine. A week later, the participants attended a lecture about implicit bias and had a classroom demonstration of an IAT. Two days later, participants discussed strategies for reducing bias, seeking common identities, and taking the perspective of patients in small groups. When participants retook the IAT three to seven days after the workshop, there was a significant decrease in implicit bias.

## Criticisms

Kulik *et al.* found that in a sample of 2,000, implicit bias training increased the bias against older candidates.

Noon says implicit bias training initiatives are still in their infancy and require further research.

Social psychology research has indicated that individuating information (any information about an individual group member other than category information) may eliminate the effects of implicit bias.

Individuals' scores on the implicit bias test have not been found to correlate with the degree of bias shown in their behavior towards particular groups.

> It came as a major blow when four separate meta–analyses, undertaken between 2009 and 2015—each examining between 46 and 167 individual studies—all showed the IAT \[implicit bias test\] to be a weak predictor of behavior. Proponents of the IAT tend to point to individual studies showing strong links between test scores and racist behavior. Opponents counter by highlighting those that, counterintuitively, show a link between biased IAT scores and less discriminatory behavior.

> Goff’s work points to studies showing police officers with high anti-black IAT scores are quicker to shoot at African Americans. That finding, though, has been countered by research showing the exact opposite.

> There is also little evidence that the IAT can meaningfully predict discrimination,” notes one paper, “and we thus strongly caution against any practical applications of the IAT that rest on this assumption.

Interventions to reduce implicit bias did not result in actual changes in behavior:

> A 2017 meta-analysis that looked at 494 previous studies (currently under peer review and not yet published in a journal) from several researchers, including Nosek, found that reducing implicit bias did not affect behavior.

Another meta-analysis has since been published in 2019, reviewing 492 previous studies. It found that: "Our findings suggest that changes in implicit measures are possible, but those changes do not necessarily translate into changes in explicit measures or behavior."


abstract: George E. Wallace was an American lawyer and politician from North Dakota. He served as the first North Dakota Tax Commissioner from 1919 to 1921.

text:
# George E. Wallace (North Dakota politician)

**George E. Wallace** was an American lawyer and politician from North Dakota. He served as the first North Dakota Tax Commissioner from 1919 to 1921.

## Biography

### Early life

George E. Wallace was born in Villisca, Iowa, on August 16, 1872. He attended school in Villisca, and later attended the University of Minnesota and the University of Iowa. In June 1897, he moved to North Dakota, settling in Wahpeton, and worked as an attorney. In 1899, he married Mary A. Gallup.

### Tax Commissioner

In 1912, Governor John Burke appointed Wallace to serve on the three-member State Tax Commission, a precursor to the Office of State Tax Commissioner. In the 1910s, Wallace became involved with the Nonpartisan League (NPL).

In 1919, Governor Lynn Frazier appointed Wallace to serve as the first Tax Commissioner, replacing the three-member Tax Commission. He served as Tax Commissioner from 1919 to 1921.

In October 1921, the opponents of the NPL, particularly the Independent Voters Association (IVA), held a special recall election that deposed all the members of the Industrial Commission: Lynn Frazier (Governor), John N. Hagan (Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor), and William Lemke (Attorney General). In December 1921, under the new administration of Governor R. A. Nestos, Wallace was removed from office and replaced with C. C. Converse.

Following his removal from office, Wallace's problems with the new administration continued. He became entangled in a lawsuit with the state regarding a house that had been built for him in Bismarck by the controversial Home Building Association (HBA), which was a program of the NPL.

The HBA program often had significant cost overruns, and many homeowners refused to pay the extra cost because it was well above the agreed-upon price. To recover as much of the costs as possible, the state pursued settlements and/or lawsuits with the homeowners, some of whom were NPL members who benefited from the HBA program.

NPL members like William Lemke (NPL leader and Attorney General), George Totten (member of the Board of Administration), John N. Hagan (Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor), and George E. Wallace (Tax Commissioner) would be part of the HBA scandals.

Eventually, in 1923, Judge Thomas H. Pugh of Dickinson ruled a reasonable value for the Wallace house would be $8,000, instead of the nearly $12,000 claimed by the state or the roughly $6,000 claimed by Wallace. Wallace was told to pay the amount deemed to be reasonable or let the house go back to the state.

### Later life

Wallace later moved to Minneapolis and continued working as an attorney. He died on April 15, 1952.

## InfoBox

| George E. Wallace | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 1st North Dakota Tax Commissioner | |
| **In office**
1919–1921 | |
| Preceded by | *Office established* |
| Succeeded by | C. C. Converse |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1872-08-16)August 16, 1872
Arcola, Indiana |
| Died | April 15, 1952(1952-04-15) (aged 79)
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Spouse | Mary A. Gallup |
|  | |


title: Precision Products Racing

abstract: Precision Products Racing (PPR) was a NASCAR team that competed regularly from 1990 to 1998. It was owned by Richard Jackson and based in Asheville, North Carolina. The team officially closed after the 2001 season following a part-time schedule in the ARCA RE/MAX Series.

text:
# Precision Products Racing

**Precision Products Racing** (**PPR**) was a NASCAR team that competed regularly from 1990 to 1998. It was owned by Richard Jackson and based in Asheville, North Carolina. The team officially closed after the 2001 season following a part-time schedule in the ARCA RE/MAX Series.

## Winston Cup

Precision Products Racing was formed by Jackson in 1990, following his departure from a team he co-owned with his brother Leo. The team debuted at the 1990 Daytona 500 with the #1 Skoal Classic Oldsmobile driven by Terry Labonte. In the team's debut, Labonte led seven laps and finished 2nd. Labonte would go on to have eight additional top-ten finishes and ended the season fifteenth in the overall standings. PPR also fielded a second car on the Series' two road course races, the #0 driven by Irv Hoerr, who finished in the top-ten on both occasions.

Labonte departed the team at season's end and was replaced by Rick Mast for 1991. His best finish that season was a 4th at the Daytona 500, and he picked up two additional top-ten finishes, earning a twenty-first place points finish. In 1992, Mast had one top-ten finish and also won the team's first pole position at the season-ending Hooters 500. He was eliminated from competition after being involved in a Lap 1 wreck with Brett Bodine and Hut Stricklin. PPR also fielded a second car for the final time in its history at Sears Point Raceway, where Hoerr finished 41st following an engine failure. The team would switch to Ford in 1993, with Mast earning five top-ten finishes, his best finish being a 5th at Bristol Motor Speedway. Mast and PPR had a banner year in the 1994 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, finishing in the top-ten a career-high ten times, and finishing 2nd at Rockingham Speedway, losing narrowly to Dale Earnhardt. Mast also won his second career pole at Indianapolis Motor Speedway for the inaugural Brickyard 400, the first time stock cars ran at the historic speedway. PPR ended the season 18th in the championship standings. The team only finished in the top-ten 3 times in 1995, earning one pole at Dover Downs International Speedway and dropping to 21st in points.

In 1996, PPR began fielding Pontiacs for Mast and also signed Hooters as a primary sponsor, replacing Skoal. In his final season with the team, Mast had five top-ten finishes, three of which came in a row, and moved back up to 18th in the standings. Both he and Hooters left the team at season's end. Morgan Shepherd was signed as driver for 1997 with Delco Remy America and Crusin' America Phone Cards as the initial sponsors. Although Shepherd had two top-tens in the first four races, the team quickly struggled and Shepherd left for Jasper Motorsports fourteen races into the season, citing concerns over the team's financial situation, during which time R+L Carriers joined as permanent primary sponsor for the #1 car. He was replaced by rookie driver and team spotter Jerry Nadeau, who ran five races with a best finish of thirtieth before leaving the team. After failing to qualify for the 1997 Brickyard 400 with Mike Wallace, PPR's chassis specialist Lance Hooper took over as driver for the next 6 races, failing to qualify at New Hampshire and earning a best finish of 24th twice. Shepherd returned for the last part of the season, missing the field twice and finishing no higher than 12th.

For 1998, Jackson swapped numbers with Dale Earnhardt, Inc. (DEI), with DEI getting car number 1 and Jackson car number 14. PPR attempted the 1998 Daytona 500 with Loy Allen Jr. with Delco Remy sponsoring, but failed to qualify following an accident in the team's qualifying race. Spending most of the season on the team's NASCAR Busch Grand National Series operation, Jackson only attempted one more Winston Cup race, the Brickyard 400 with Hooper, but again did not qualify. This was Jackson's last involvement with Winston Cup until 2001, when he served as the crew chief for Hooper's #47 J. J. Baker Custom Homes Ford, owned by Dark Horse Motorsports. The team qualified for one of the four races it attempted over the next two years.

### Car No. 1 results

| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | Owners | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | Terry Labonte | 1 | Olds | DAY
2 | RCH
32 | CAR
9 | ATL
40 | DAR
14 | BRI
4 | NWS
15 | MAR
31 | TAL
6 | CLT
13 | DOV
13 | SON
35 | POC
20 | MCH
7 | DAY
4 | POC
10 | TAL
42 | GLN
14 | MCH
14 | BRI
4 | DAR
14 | RCH
17 | DOV
15 | MAR
9 | NWS
27 | CLT
17 | CAR
13 | PHO
13 | ATL
21 |  | | | | 15th | 3371 |
| 1991 | Rick Mast | | | DAY
4 | RCH
35 | CAR
30 | ATL
29 | DAR
13 | BRI
18 | NWS
12 | MAR
13 | TAL
10 | CLT
30 | DOV
20 | SON
19 | POC
25 | MCH
29 | DAY
19 | POC
27 | TAL
28 | GLN
35 | MCH
18 | BRI
26 | DAR
11 | RCH
27 | DOV
9 | MAR
13 | NWS
25 | CLT
13 | CAR
18 | PHO
28 | ATL
28 |  | | | | 21st | 2918 |
| 1992 | | | | DAY
13 | CAR
12 | RCH
18 | ATL
22 | DAR
17 | BRI
30 | NWS
23 | MAR
14 | TAL
17 | CLT
23 | DOV
32 | SON
11 | POC
30 | MCH
28 | DAY
17 | POC
24 | TAL
26 | GLN
32 | MCH
13 | BRI
29 | DAR
23 | RCH
28 | DOV
24 | MAR
9 | NWS
21 | CLT
35 | CAR
17 | PHO
17 | **ATL**
28 |  | | | | 22nd | 2830 |
| 1993 | | | Ford | DAY
12 | CAR
39 | RCH
35 | ATL
30 | DAR
15 | BRI
10 | NWS
19 | MAR
11 | TAL
13 | SON
29 | CLT
31 | DOV
6 | POC
16 | MCH
11 | DAY
16 | NHA
16 | POC
36 | TAL
38 | GLN
37 | MCH
33 | BRI
5 | DAR
32 | RCH
18 | DOV
18 | MAR
26 | NWS
8 | CLT
18 | CAR
17 | PHO
10 | ATL
37 |  | | | 21st | 3001 |
| 1994 | | | DAY
27 | CAR
3 | RCH
7 | ATL
26 | DAR
37 | BRI
29 | NWS
10 | MAR
8 | TAL
20 | SON
34 | CLT
31 | DOV
30 | POC
9 | MCH
13 | DAY
29 | NHA
9 | POC
40 | TAL
20 | **IND**
22 | GLN
38 | MCH
3 | BRI
10 | DAR
20 | RCH
33 | DOV
15 | MAR
29 | NWS
3 | CLT
12 | CAR
2 | PHO
42 | ATL
27 |  | | 19th | 3238 |
| 1995 | | | DAY
21 | CAR
35 | RCH
34 | ATL
11 | DAR
26 | BRI
15 | NWS
8 | MAR
34 | TAL
28 | SON
16 | CLT
14 | DOV
13 | POC
21 | MCH
34 | DAY
26 | NHA
11 | POC
13 | TAL
17 | IND
8 | GLN
37 | MCH
31 | BRI
26 | DAR
26 | RCH
12 | **DOV**
28 | MAR
28 | NWS
26 | CLT
36 | CAR
34\* | PHO
9 | ATL
21 |  | | 21st | 2984 |
| 1996 | | | Pontiac | DAY
28 | CAR
10 | RCH
19 | ATL
34 | DAR
19 | BRI
12 | NWS
14 | MAR
15 | TAL
15 | SON
19 | CLT
12 | DOV
35 | POC
28 | MCH
18 | DAY
20 | NHA
13 | POC
30 | TAL
41 | IND
9 | GLN
27 | MCH
16 | BRI
35 | DAR
22 | RCH
19 | DOV
6 | MAR
4 | NWS
6 | CLT
15 | CAR
38 | PHO
38 | ATL
13 |  | | 18th | 3190 |
| 1997 | | | Morgan Shepherd | DAY
29 | CAR
10 | RCH
43 | ATL
3 | DAR
12 | TEX
24 | BRI
28 | MAR
35 | SON
23 | TAL
28 | CLT
9 | DOV
38 | POC
12 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | DOV
31 | MAR
DNQ | CLT
22 | TAL
12 | CAR
34 | PHO
DNQ | ATL
27 |  | 38th | 2033 |
| | | | | Jerry Nadeau |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | MCH
36 | CAL
38 | DAY
30 | NHA
39 | POC
33 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Mike Wallace |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IND
DNQ |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Lance Hooper |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GLN
24 | MCH
34 | BRI
24 | DAR
35 | RCH
33 | NHA
DNQ |  | | | | | | | |
| 1998 | | Loy Allen Jr. | 14 | DAY
DNQ | CAR | LVS | ATL | DAR | BRI | TEX | MAR | TAL | CAL | CLT | DOV | RCH | MCH | POC | SON | NHA | POC |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NA | - |
| | | | | | Lance Hooper |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IND
DNQ | GLN | MCH | BRI | NHA | DAR | RCH | DOV | MAR | CLT | TAL | DAY | PHO | CAR | ATL |

## Busch Series

Jackson's first involvement in NASCAR came in the 1982 NASCAR Busch Series when he fielded an entry for his daughter Lisa. She ran at Asheville Speedway in her only career start, finishing 17th.

PPR joined the Busch Series on a part-time basis in 1992 ten years later, when it fielded the #0 Skoal Classic/Majik Mart Oldsmobile for Mast, who had two sixth-place finishes and three overall top-tens out of eleven starts. Mast ran five times for PPR's Busch team in 1993, earning a pole and three top-ten finishes. In addition, Tommy Houston made one start for the team at Nazareth Speedway, and Robert Pressley finished the season for Jackson following his release from Alliance Motorsports, finishing in the top-ten twice.

In 1998, Jackson chose to move his team down to the Busch Series permanently after being unable to find regular sponsorship for his Cup team, fielding the #23 World Championship Wrestling Pontiac for Hooper. Running a part-time schedule, Hooper had a 2nd-place qualifying effort at Richmond, but did not finish higher than 18th that year. The team suspended its NASCAR operations after the season.

## ARCA

PPR made its debut in the ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series in 1997, fielding the #01 Precision Products/Bussman Pontiac for Nadeau. Running two consecutive races at Charlotte Motor Speedway, Nadeau finished fourth and second respectively. The team returned to the series in 1999, initially with the #47 Lucas Oil Pontiac for Hooper, who had two top-ten finishes. Later in the season, PPR fielded the #90 Invincible Sportswear Ford for IRL driver Jon Herb at the schedule's two dirt tracks (Illinois and Du Quoin State Fairgrounds), but Herb finished well off the lead lap both times, and failed to qualify for his first asphalt attempt at Atlanta.

Jackson and Herb returned to Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA) in 2000 on a more regular basis in the #47 car with Invincible Sportswear and WorldBestBuy.com sponsoring. Herb had nine top-twenty finishes, his best overall standing being eleventh on three separate races. PPR's final race came at Daytona in 2001, when Herb crashed after 29 laps and finished 35th.

## InfoBox

Precision Products Racing
| Owner(s) | Richard Jackson |
| --- | --- |
| Base | Denver, North Carolina |
| Series | Winston Cup, Busch Series, Automobile Racing Club of America |
| Race drivers | Terry Labonte
Rick Mast
Morgan Shepherd
Jerry Nadeau
Lance Hooper |
| Sponsors | Skoal Classic, Hooters |
| Manufacturer | Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Ford |
| Opened | 1990 |
| Closed | 2001 |
| Career | |
| Drivers' Championships | 0 |
| Race victories | 0 |


title: Michael Gerard Bauer

abstract: Michael Gerard Bauer is an Australian full-time children's and young adult author, and was formerly an English teacher.

text:
# Michael Gerard Bauer

**Michael Gerard Bauer** (born 1955 in Brisbane) is an Australian full-time children's and young adult author, and was formerly an English teacher.

## Biography

Bauer was born in Brisbane and attended Marist College Ashgrove before attending the University of Queensland. He completed an Arts Degree with a triple Major in English literature and became a teacher of Economics and English in Brisbane and Ipswich secondary schools. In 2003, Bauer won the inaugural Writesmall Short Story competition at the Brisbane Writers Festival.

Bauer lives in Brisbane Queensland. *The Running Man*, his first novel was well received, winning the 2005 CBCA Book of the Year for Older Readers; was listed as one of the top 10 books for young adults for 2004 in Magpies magazine; and was short-listed for the 2005 NSW Premier's Award, Victorian Premier's Award, and the 2006 South Australian Festival Awards for Literature. The Running Man also won the Courier Mail 2005 People's Choice Award for Younger Readers. In 2008 it won the German Catholic Youth Book Award for promoting Christian values in children's literature. The presentation ceremony took place in Mainz, Germany in June 2008. Bauer has also written six other books, *Don't Call Me Ishmael* (2006), *Ishmael and the Return of the Dugongs* (2007), *Dinosaur Knights* (2008), *You Turkeys* (2009), *Just a Dog* (2010) and *Ishmael and the Hoops of Steel* (2011).

*Don't Call Me Ishmael* won the 2008 South Australian Festival Award for Literature; the 2007 Children's Peace Literature Award; the Children's Book Council of Australia Junior Judges Award in 2007; and was short-listed for the 2007 NSW Premier's Award and the 2007 CBCA Award for Older Readers. It was selected for the 2007 White Ravens festival at the Bologna Book Fair. The sequel, *Ishmael and the Return of the Dugongs*, was awarded a Notable Book at the CBCA Awards for Older Readers in 2008.

*Just a Dog* was an Honour Book for the 2011 CBCA Book of the Year, Younger Readers category. It won the 2011 Queensland Premier's Literary Award, Younger Readers.

The third book in the Ishmael trilogy was released in July 2011 and is entitled *Ishmael and the Hoops of Steel*. It was short-listed for the Children's Peace Literature Award in 2011 and the CBCA Book of the Year, Older Readers category in 2012.

In November 2012 the first of three books for Younger Readers was released, titled *Eric Vale Epic Fail*. The sequels *Eric Vale Super Male* and *Eric Vale Off the Rails* were published in 2013. All three comedy books have extensive illustrations by his son, Joe Bauer. A spin-off comedy series for younger readers featuring the character Secret Agent Derek 'Danger' Dale followed. These are *Secret Agent Derek 'Danger' Dale The Case of Animals Behaving Really, REALLY Badly*; *Secret Agent Derek 'Danger' Dale The Case of the Really, REALLY Scary Things*; and *Secret Agent Derek 'Danger' Dale The Case of the Really, REALLY Magnetic Magnet.* *Eric Vale, Epic Fail* was adapted into a family musical by THAT Production Company in 2015, and was first presented by the company at the StoryArts Festival Ipswich.

In 2014 *Eric Vale Epic Fail* won the Bilby Award (Queensland Children's Choice Award), was short-listed for the Yabba Awards (Young Australians Best Book Awards) for 2013 & 2014, and was chosen as an Honour Book for the Koala Awards 2014 (NSW Children's Choice Awards). *Eric Vale Off the Rails* was selected as one of the Get Reading 50 Books You Can't Put Down in 2013 and *Eric Vale Super Male* was short-listed for the 2015 Yabba Awards.

In May 2016 a young adult comedy novel was released entitled, *The Pain, My Mother, Sir Tiffy, Cyber Boy & Me.*

In 2018 Bauer's first picture book *Rodney Loses It!* illustrated by Chrissie Krebs won the CBCA Book of the Year in the Early Childhood category as well as 2018 Speech Pathology Book of the Year award in the 3 to 5 years category.

The YA novel *The Things That Will Not Stand* was released in September 2018. It won the 2019 Prime Minister's Literary Award for YA literature. It was also a 2019 White Ravens Selection by the International Youth Library in the field of international children's and youth literature.

At the 2018 Queensland Literary Awards Bauer received one of three Queensland Writers Fellowships to write a new YA novel.

The sequel to *Rodney Loses It!* entitled *Rodney Forgets It!* was published in 2022.

In 2022 Bauer was awarded The Dame Annabelle Rankin Award for Distinguished Services to Children's Literature by the Queensland Branch of the Children's Book Council of Australia.

Bauer's works have been translated into Dutch, German, Italian, French, Spanish, Korean, Norwegian, Czech, Slovak, Hebrew, Turkish, Portuguese, Chinese and Polish and are sold in over forty countries.

## Bibliography

* *The Running Man* (2004)
* *Don't Call Me Ishmael* (2006)
* *Ishmael and the Return of the Dugongs* (2007)
* *Dinosaur Knights* (2008)
* *You Turkeys* (2009)
* *Just a Dog* (2010)
* *Ishmael and the Hoops of Steel* (2011)
* *Eric Vale Epic Fail* (2012)
* *Eric Vale Super Male* (2013)
* *Eric Vale Off the Rails* (2013)
* *Secret Agent Derek 'Danger' Dale The Case of Animals Behaving Really REALLY Badly* (2014)
* *Secret Agent Derek 'Danger' Dale The Case of the Really REALLY Scary Things* (2015)
* *Secret Agent Derek 'Danger' Dale The Case of the Really REALLY Magnetic Magnet (2015)*
* *The Pain, My Mother, Sir Tiffy, Cyber Boy & Me* (2016)
* *Rodney Loses It* (2017)
* *The Things That Will Not Stand* (2018)
* *Rodney Forgets It! (2022)*

## InfoBox

| Michael Gerard Bauer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1955 (age 6869)<br>Brisbane, Australia |
| Occupation | Author |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Website | |
| michaelgerardbauer.com | |


title: Polytrichum

abstract:
Polytrichum is a genus of mosses — commonly called haircap moss or hair moss — which contains approximately 70 species that have a cosmopolitan distribution.
The genus Polytrichum has a number of closely related sporophytic characters. The scientific name is derived from the Ancient Greek words polys, meaning "many", and thrix, meaning "hair". This name was used in ancient times to refer to plants with fine, hairlike parts, including mosses, but this application specifically refers to the hairy calyptras found on young sporophytes. A similar naming related to hair appears in Old Norse, haddr silfjar, "hair of Sif", goddess from Norse Mythology, wife of the god Thor. There are two major sections of Polytrichum species. The first — section Polytrichum — has narrow, toothed, and relatively erect leaf margins. The other — section Juniperifolia — has broad, entire, and sharply inflexed leaf margins that enclose the lamellae on the upper leaf surface.

text:
# Polytrichum

***Polytrichum*** is a genus of mosses — commonly called **haircap moss** or **hair moss** — which contains approximately 70 species that have a cosmopolitan distribution. The genus *Polytrichum* has a number of closely related sporophytic characters. The scientific name is derived from the Ancient Greek words *polys*, meaning "many", and *thrix*, meaning "hair". This name was used in ancient times to refer to plants with fine, hairlike parts, including mosses, but this application specifically refers to the hairy calyptras found on young sporophytes. A similar naming related to hair appears in Old Norse, *haddr silfjar*, "hair of Sif", goddess from Norse Mythology, wife of the god Thor. There are two major sections of *Polytrichum* species. The first — **section *Polytrichum*** — has narrow, toothed, and relatively erect leaf margins. The other — **section *Juniperifolia*** — has broad, entire, and sharply inflexed leaf margins that enclose the lamellae on the upper leaf surface.

## Appearance

Haircap moss gets its name from the hairs that cover, or cap, the calyptra where each spore case is held (1). Looking down, haircap moss has a star-shaped appearance due to its pointed leaves arranged spirally at right angles around a stiff stem (3). It is generally dark green in color and grows 4 – 20 cm tall. The average life span of this moss is three to five years, though the longest have lived up to ten, and the moss can remain intact for long periods after dead.

## Physiology

Mosses in the genus *Polytrichum* are endohydric, meaning water is conducted from the base of the plant. While mosses are considered non-vascular plants, those of *Polytrichum* show clear differentiation of water conducting tissue. One of these water conducting tissues is termed the *hydrome*, which makes up the central cylinder of stem tissue. It consists of cells with a relatively wide diameter called *hydroids*, which conduct water. This tissue is analogous to xylem in higher plants. The other tissue is called *leptome*, which surrounds the hydrome, contains smaller cells and is analogous to phloem.

Another characteristic feature of the genus is its parallel photosynthetic lamellae on the upper surfaces of the leaves. The leaves of most mosses are simply a single plate of cells, but those of *Polytrichum* have more highly differentiated photosynthetic tissue. This is an example of a xeromorphic adaption, an adaptation for dry conditions. Moist air is trapped in between the rows of lamellae, while the larger terminal cells act to contain moisture and protect the photosynthetic cells. This minimises water loss as relatively little tissue is directly exposed to the environment, but allows for enough gas exchange for photosynthesis to take place. The microenvironment between the lamellae can host a number of microscopic organisms such as parasitic fungi and rotifers. Additionally, the leaves will curve and then twist around the stem when conditions become too dry, this being another xeromorphic adaptation. It is speculated that the teeth along the leaf's edge may aid in this process, or perhaps also that they help discourage small invertebrates from attacking the leaves.

*Polytrichum* species are dioicous, having separate male and female plants. The reproductive branches arise from the apex of the main gametophyte axis.

## Classification

The genus *Polytrichastrum* was separated from *Polytrichum* in 1971 based on the structure of the peristome (which controls spore release). However, molecular and morphological data from 2010 support moving some species back into *Polytrichum*.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Polytrichum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male gametophytes bearing antheridia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Polytrichopsida |
| Order: | Polytrichales |
| Family: | Polytrichaceae |
| Genus: | *Polytrichum*<br>Hedw. |
|


title: Natalia Sokol

abstract: Natalia Sokol, aka Koza, is the leader of the Russian highly political art-group Voina.

text:
# Natalia Sokol

**Natalia Sokol,** aka Koza, is the leader of the Russian highly political art-group Voina.

## Life and work

Natalia Sokol, together with her husband Oleg Vorotnikov (Vor of Voina), is a founder of Voina, a political artist group in Russia, which formed in 2005.

Since its formation, Voina has made headlines for agitating public space and openly critiquing the Putin administration.

Natalia Sokol, better known by her artistic name Koza, is the author, coordinator, and performer of the Voina works, including, but not limited to:

* Mordovian Hour, 2007, Throwing Cats in McDonald's
* Fuck for the heir Puppy Bear!, 2008, Pre-Election Orgy in Biological Museum
* Cop in a Priest's Robe, 2008, 21st Century Russian Hero Gets Food for the Comrades by Robbing a Supermarket
* Decembrists Commemoration, 2008, Voina Сelebrates Moscow City Day by Executing through Hanging Two Homosexuals and Three Illegal Migrant Workers inside the City's Biggest Mall
* Storming the White House, 2008, Voina Troop Takes the Russian Parliament under the Skull and Bones Laser Drawing
* Cock in the Ass, 2009, Punk Concert in the Court
* Leo the Fucknut is Our President!, 2010, Blue Bucket Attack on President's Guard Limousine
* Dick Captured by KGB, 2010, Giant Dick on Bridge
* Palace Revolution, 2010, Reformation of the Ministry of Police by Playing Football with a Child

While Koza was working as an artist and activist in Russia, she experienced clashes with the Russian police.

On March 3, 2011, Natalia Sokol was beaten up by the police squad on the streets after a public lecture. Her camera was broken, and her child and other activists were injured.

On March 31, 2011, Kasper, the son of Natalia Sokol, was kidnapped during a demonstration on the street in the center of St. Petersburg by the Russian police. Both parents were arrested. Later, Sokol and her husband discovered that the police had brought their child as unidentified into the City Children's Hospital. The family reunited after Sokol escaped from a police van.

Another criminal case against Sokol was opened in which she was accused of assaulting and insulting police officers. It is alleged she was then pressured and threatened by the Russian authorities with both forced labor and imprisonment. This was announced in a Russia-wide criminal investigation. Sokol was arrest warrant was issued in her absence, while the Russian police announced that Sokol was also declared an internationally wanted criminal searched by Interpol.

In the night of October 18, 2011, Sokol and her 2-year-old son Kasper were arrested after the meeting with German TV-channel ARD. They escaped after spending a night behind bars.

In December 2011, the *Dzerzhinsky District Court* in St. Petersburg issued an arrest warrant for Natalia Sokol. Voina claimed that Natalia Sokol has been charged with insulting and using violence against police officers (articles 319 and 318 of the Criminal Code). The charges were first revealed to the defense during a court session on December 6, 2011, and she has been a federally wanted person since November, and she was declared internationally wanted. Her attorney expressed his indignation and denied investigator Rud's claims that Natalia had missed her appointments with the investigator on multiple occasions. However, the judge sided with the investigators to arrest Natalia Sokol in absentia.

At that time Sokol, who was pregnant with her second child, consulted a specialized medical facility "Women Consultant", where she sought for medical help. Instead, the doctors called the police. Mama, the daughter of Sokol was born in hiding.

Sokol studied Molecular Physics in the Lomonosov Moscow State University. She finished with a PHD on "Optical Properties of Protein Solutions Containing Heavy Metal Ions" in 2006. She then began working at the Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, MSU, planning to continue her research work in relation to the fight against blood cancer. As she was a member of Voina already, this career was not compatible with the State University objectives. April 17, 2012, she was illegally, in violation of Russian law, fired from MSU at the time of leave to care for a second newborn baby Mama.

In 2012 Natalia together with other leaders of Voina was announced as an associated curator of Berlin Biennale.

On April 28, 2015, Natalia Sokol announced in Switzerland, on occasion of a public event in Zürich, to ask for political asylum, claiming that her husband and her children aged four and six are still in Russia.

She managed to arrive in Switzerland on the ninth month of her third pregnancy. However, Natalia came separately. Her two kids, Kasper (6 years) and Mama (3 years), as well as her husband, co-founder of Voina Oleg Vorotnikov, are unable to join her to come here legally, due to the fact that they still live without documents. Oleg Vorotnikov is among wanted persons in the Interpol list since November 2011.

March 20, 2016, Natalia Sokol, Oleg Vorotnikov and their three children Kasper, Mama, and Troitsa were attacked by an armed mob of 20 people in their apartment in Basel. The perpetrators broke the door to family's apartment, attacked the parents and children with tear gas and kidnapped the naked children while they were taking baths. Then the perpetrators fixed Oleg's hands and legs with scotch tape and started to strangle him. After they blocked Oleg, the father of kids, they attacked Natalia, the mother of kids, and horribly beat her with wood sticks. The attackers robbed Voina's laptops and hard drives with the artistic and science archives and iPads of kids.

November 10, 2017, Voina published the video documentation of the violent crime against the leaders of the group Oleg Vorotnikov and Natalya Sokol, and their kids in Basel, Switzerland. The video shows an armed attack on the family of Vorotnikov and Sokol and the kidnapping of their kids by an armed group of the ‘Wasserstrasse’ organization, self-proclaimed Swiss human right activists.

The video of the crime was confiscated by the police.

The Basel prosecutor office opened a criminal case against Natalia Sokol and Oleg Vorotnikov for their attempts to attract attention of the media to what happened to family in Basel, Switzerland, March 20, 2016.

The official prosecution to identified perpetrators who attacked Voina family at March 20, 2016, are multiple kidnapping, deprivation of liberty, repeated attempts to endanger life, multiple coercion, physical assault, multiple attempts to inflict serious bodily injury, robbery, intentional appropriation of property, multiple material damage, violation of inviolability of home, trespassing, multiple violence and threat to authorities and officials public order disturbance.

Amnesty International acknowledged the xenophobic nature of the attack on family in Switzerland.

Vorotnikov stated (in an interview with Radio Free Europe) that the family wanted to return Russia but worries about the fate of their three children prevented this.

On March 2, 2018, Voina arrived in Graz, Austria, to participate in the Elevate Festival under the topic 'Risk and Courage'. At the festival, a documentary of the kidnapping Voina's kids by an armed group of Swiss extremists was presented to the public for the first time. There was a scandal, provocation and some participants of the festival requested to be completely removed from this video recording.

On September 11, 2018, Natalia Sokol and her three children were arrested in the residence of the Voina Group in the Eastern Alps, the Federal Land of Styria, just after the children returned from school. Sokol and her children were escorted to the city prison of Graz (PAZ Graz: 8010 Graz Sauraugasse 1), where they all were imprisoned in the cell no. 303.

On September 20, 2018, the European arrest warrant (EAW) for Sokol's husband, the leader of the Voina Group, Oleg Vorotnikov (Vor of Voina) on charges of illegal weapons possession and trafficking was issued by the Austrian police.

According to Sokol and her husband, Austrian authorities used the 'Einsatzkommando Cobra' special anti-terrorism unit, equipped with helicopters and a squad with dogs to search and arrest Vorotnikov. 'Cobra' stormed the Voina residence, partly destroying the mountain chalet.

On her appeal at the Federal Administrative Court of the Republic of Austria in Vienna, Sokol described the arrest and imprisonment of herself and her children in Graz City Prison. According to Sokol, she and her children were kept in torture conditions and subjected to round-the-clock surveillance in prison, and on September 12, 2018, the prison guards attacked the mother in front of the children; two warders beat Sokol with an iron door of the 'family' cell no. 303 for a request to give the children their warm clothes confiscated during the arrest. Walks in the prison yard were prohibited both to mother and the children throughout the entire term of imprisonment.

In May 2019, together with her husband and the leader of Voina Oleg Vorotnikov, Sokol was charged by the Austrian police with creating and running a militant anti-fascist group and arms trafficking. Citing a final version of the indictment, Sokol has been charged with involvement in the creation and leadership of a militant group called ‘Der Krieg’ (‘The War’ or ‘Voina’ in Russian). Austria has issued an international warrant for Vorotnikov's arrest.

The group's activity, according to the indictment, is aimed at inciting murder and violence, causing serious material damage to governmental property, military infrastructure, culture monuments and sites of religious worship as well as inflicting serious bodily harm on officials on duty and perpetrating a range of other offences.

Sokol is also charged with arms trafficking on the territory of Austria. In a previous indictment filed in January 2019, she was charged with weapons smuggling. However, that charge was dropped after all melee weapons and firearms seized from her at the time were found to be of Austrian origin.

Sokol and her three children were imprisoned in Austria until January 2019, and then transferred to the Traiskirchen refugee camp. Sokol was taken into custody in September 2018 as Vorotnikov's alleged accomplice in the creation of Der Krieg and the arms trade.

## InfoBox

| Natalia Sokol | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1980-06-03) June 3, 1980<br>Balakovo, Soviet Union |
| Other names | Koza, Kozlionok |
| Education | PhD of Physics in the Lomonosov Moscow State University |
| Known for | Voina |
| Spouse | Oleg Vorotnikov |