title: License to Drive

abstract:
License to Drive is a 1988 American teen comedy film written by Neil Tolkin and directed by Greg Beeman in his feature film directorial debut. It stars Corey Haim, Corey Feldman, Heather Graham, and Carol Kane.
The film was in production in late 1987. It was released on July 6, 1988, in the United States and grossed over $20 million at the North American box office. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

text:
# License to Drive

***License to Drive*** is a 1988 American teen comedy film written by Neil Tolkin and directed by Greg Beeman in his feature film directorial debut. It stars Corey Haim, Corey Feldman, Heather Graham, and Carol Kane. The film was in production in late 1987. It was released on July 6, 1988, in the United States and grossed over $20 million at the North American box office. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Plot

Southern California teenager Les Anderson tries to get his driver's license to impress his crush, beautiful Mercedes Lane. He fails the knowledge portion of the exam but inadvertently causes a computer surge.

Les' failing marks are thought to be irretrievable, but the Department of Motor Vehicles lets him pass the exam after comparing him to his twin sister's high marks. He eventually passes the road test, but his real test scores are finally retrieved and his license is revoked.

Les tries concealing the truth from his parents, but his mother finds out the truth and his father grounds him for two weeks. Les had previously made plans to drive his grandfather's prized 1972 Cadillac Sedan de Ville and decides to sneak away anyway for a joyride with Mercedes.

Mercedes gets drunk and then she and Les accidentally cave in the hood of the car after dancing on it. She passes out; Les panics and goes to his best friend Dean's house to have him fix the dent in the car's hood.

Dean persuades Les to continue the joyride along with their friend Charles, but are unaware Les still does not have his license. The three put Mercedes in the trunk of the car and continue their night on the town, causing even more damage to the Cadillac. Meanwhile, Mrs. Anderson wakes up her husband late in the night announcing she is in labor.

The next day, Les drops off Charles and Dean at their homes. Mercedes wakes up and believes that the night prior was a dream. Les drops her off at her house where they share a kiss. Les gets in trouble with his father Robert after returning home with the damaged Cadillac.

Mrs. Anderson is still in labor, but since the car's transmission will not shift into drive Les is forced to drive his family to the hospital in reverse. She is taken into the hospital but a crane fails outside and a falling steel girder crushes the Cadillac, much to the shock of Les and Robert.

Sometime later, Mrs. Anderson gives birth to twin babies, and the family tries to explain the state of the Cadillac to Les' grandfather, but Grandpa laughs it off as he reveals he has severely damaged his son's own BMW in an accident. Robert gives the BMW to Les and jokingly tells him to take good care of it.

Although Les thanks his father, he has changed his mind and doesn't want it anymore. Mercedes pulls up in a white Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet and picks up Les. He gets in her car and drives away.

## Cast

## Reception

### Box office

It earned $22,433,275 at the North American box office, against a production budget of $8 million.

### Critical response

*License to Drive* received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 24% approval rating based on 25 reviews, with an average score of 4/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Despite a hard-working cast and a premise that will appeal to its teenage target demographic, this deeply silly comedy only has a *License to Drive* audiences to seek out better films." On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 36 out of 100 based on 9 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". *Chicago Sun-Times* critic Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half out of four stars and described the film as "more-than-passable summer entertainment, especially when it identifies with the yearnings of its young heroes to get behind the wheel." He said the first half of the film was "very funny" but the second half was "much more predictable".

## Music

Track listing 1. "Drive My Car" by Breakfast Club – 3:13
2. "Sweet Surrender" by Brenda K. Starr – 4:50
3. "I Feel Free" (extended version) by Belinda Carlisle – 6:55
4. "Time Starts Now" by Boys Club – 4:28
5. "Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car" by Billy Ocean – 4:43
6. "Crucial" by New Edition – 4:30
7. "One More Dance" by Jonathan Butler – 4:32
8. "Jazzy's in the House" by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince – 2:55
9. "Touch and Go" by Femme Fatale – 3:57
10. "Make Some Noise" by Slave Raider – 3:28

Songs played in the film, but not on the soundtrack

1. "Mercedes Boy" by Pebbles – 3:54 (single remix)
2. "Rush Hour" by Jane Wiedlin – 4:03
3. "Strangers in the Night" by Frank Sinatra
4. "That's Life" by Frank Sinatra
5. "Waiting for the Big One" by Femme Fatale
6. "Trouble" by Nia Peeples

## Home media

*License to Drive* was first released on VHS by CBS/Fox Video on December 15, 1988. It was notable that some VHS versions of the film replaced the Nia Peeples song "Trouble" with "New Sensation" by INXS.

A special edition DVD was distributed by Anchor Bay Entertainment in the United States on May 3, 2005. Special features included interviews with Corey Haim and Corey Feldman, audio commentary with Greg Beeman and Neil Tolkin, deleted scenes, TV spots, theatrical trailers, and the film's screenplay (DVD-ROM).

On January 17, 2012, Anchor Bay released the film on Blu-ray.

## Unmade sequel and trilogy

In an interview on *Larry King Live*, on March 10, 2010, the day of Corey Haim's death, Corey Feldman revealed that he and Haim had been developing a sequel, titled *License to Fly*, an idea initiated by Haim. Feldman also stated that there were tentative plans for a trilogy, with a third installment called *License to Dive.*

## Reboot

As of 2017, Fox Studios and Davis Entertainment were developing a female-driven reboot based on the film.

## InfoBox

| License to Drive | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Greg Beeman |
| Written by | Neil Tolkin |
| Produced by | * Jeffrey A. Mueller * Andrew Licht |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Bruce Surtees |
| Edited by |  |
| Music by | Jay Ferguson |
| Production<br>company | Davis Entertainment |
| Distributed by | 20th Century Fox |
| Release date | * July 6, 1988 (1988-07-06) (United States) |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $8 million |
| Box office | $22.4 million (United States) |


title: License to Live

abstract: License to Live is a 1998 Japanese drama film directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa. The film was released in 1998 with mostly positive reviews.

text:
# License to Live

***License to Live*** (ニンゲン合格, *Ningen gōkaku*) is a 1998 Japanese drama film directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa. The film was released in 1998 with mostly positive reviews.

## Plot

Twenty-four-year-old Yutaka Yoshii wakes up in a hospital room after lying in a coma for ten years. His family is nowhere to be found with only the man who was responsible for his accident and subsequent coma comes to visit him and gives him money. Shortly after, he is picked up by his father's old loner friend, Fujimori who takes him to his fish farm to live that resides on the Yoshii family plot.

From here on, he is assorted a number of odd jobs around the farm. While an adult physically, Yutaka displays childlike behavior mentally and finds it difficult to adjust to his new life. The most notable aspect of this was when he was forcefully taken to a prostitute by Fujimori. He also hangs out with his childhood friends time to time.

His family eventually comes to visit him one by one after learning about his recovery. His father comes by first and learns that he and his mother divorced after his coma, his sister is engaged to a man and are seemingly bound to leave for America and his mother works in a cloth shop. His mother is the only one he has some sort of connection with as they had all made their peace with his coma and said their goodbyes. His mom tells him that he should lead his own life.

This propels Yutaka to reopen their family's old pony farm as he starts to build one in their plot in hopes of reuniting his family. He even opens up a small milk bar on the side as well. One day, he meets the man responsible for his accident again who is envious about his apparent "success" while he only lives a miserable existence as a construction worker riddled with guilt about the incident. That night, he destroys most of the pony farm in rage in front of Yutaka who initially tries to defend the place but realizes that the farm was just a part of his childhood that he deemed as a happy memory and that he has accomplished his task to recreate and relieve in that familial feeling again.

Fujimori, who was gone for a while leaving Yutaka alone comes back again to the more matured Yutaka. They both decide to leave the farm and travel around the country in search of a new life, Yutaka gets into a freak accident and dies surrounded by Fujimori content with his life. After the funeral with his family members present, Fujimori decides to leave by himself while carrying memories about Yutaka with him.

## Cast

## Reception

Stephen Holden at the *New York Times* stated that "the metaphysical humor it gleans from the situation marks Mr. Kurosawa (who is no relation to Akira Kurosawa) as a quirky, smart filmmaker." The critic Tom Mes wrote that the film "strays far off the beaten path, shunning the predictability of your average celluloid tragedy to deliver genuine laughs".

## InfoBox

| License to Live | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Kiyoshi Kurosawa |
| Starring | Hidetoshi Nishijima <br>Kōji Yakusho |
| Release date | * 7 November 1998 (1998-11-07) (TIFF) |
| Running time | 109 min |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Li Ding

abstract: Li Ding is the David English Smith Distinguished Professor of Medicine at Washington University. She is known for the development of multiple computational tools now commonly used in cancer biology research, including VarScan, HotSpot3D, and BreakDancer.

text:
# Li Ding

**Li Ding** is the David English Smith Distinguished Professor of Medicine at Washington University. She is known for the development of multiple computational tools now commonly used in cancer biology research, including VarScan, HotSpot3D, and BreakDancer.

## Education

Ding obtained her Bachelor of Science degree in biology from Fudan University in 1991. She moved to the United States and completed her Ph.D. in biochemistry in 1998 at University of Utah. She did her post-doctoral research in Stanford University from 1998 until 2000. She worked at Incyte Genomics for two years before joining the Genome Institute at Washington University in St. Louis in 2002. As of 2023, she is the David English Smith Distinguished Professor of Medicine at Washington University in St. Louis.

## Research

Ding is known for her work in using computational tools in cancer research and has collaborated frequently with David Fenyő, Timothy J. Ley, Matthew Meyerson, and Michael Christopher Wendl. Her research has identified genes and gene mutations that play a role in cancer.

## InfoBox

| Li Ding | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | University of Utah |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Thesis | *The molecular cloning, characterization, and regulation of diacylglycerol kinases* (1998) |
|  | |
| Website | dinglab.wustl.edu |


title: Li Dingguo

abstract: Li Dingguo, formally Prince of Jin, was a Chinese military general of the Southern Ming dynasty who fought against the Qing dynasty.

text:
# Li Dingguo

**Li Dingguo** (simplified Chinese: 李定国; traditional Chinese: 李定國; pinyin: *Lǐ Dìngguó*; Wade–Giles: *Li Ting-kuo*; 29 July 1621–10 August 1662), formally **Prince of Jin**, was a Chinese military general of the Southern Ming dynasty who fought against the Qing dynasty.

## As Zhang Xianzhong's general

Li was an adopted son of the rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong, and appointed a general in Zhang's army with the title General Pacifier of the West (安西將軍). After Zhang's death in 1647, he and other generals of Zhang's, including Sun Kewang (孫可望), held out in Guizhou, then took over Chongqing in Sichuan, then south through Zunyi to take Guiyang in Guizhou in 1647.

## Resistance to Qing

Li had tried to form a united front by combining Southern Ming forces with the rebels against the Qing dynasty, and became the most important military commander of the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty. He and Sun Kewang first aided Ming loyalists by suppressing a rebellion in Yunnan in 1648, they then made strikes to stop the advance of the Qing army in Sichuan and Huguang.

In 1652 he led a list of successful campaigns in southern Huguang and eastern Guangxi. His troops took the city of Guilin, and the Qing general Kong Youde committed suicide after his defeat. Li also occupied Hengzhou while his forces ambushed and killed the Manchu prince Nikan. By 1653, he was forced to withdraw to northern Guangdong. In 1654 he attempted to take Xinhui, but was defeated and retreated to Nanning in 1655.

In 1656 he escorted the Yongli Emperor from Anlong to Yunnan-fu where the emperor set up an administration. Li was awarded with the title "Prince of Jin" (晉王, *Jin Wang*).

Li and Sun Kewang became embroiled in a power struggle. In 1657, Sun attacked Li in eastern Yunnan, but his generals turned against him, and Sun was forced to retreat back to Guizhou. Sun then surrendered to the Qing authorities in December 1657, and urged the Qing to allow him to lead an attack on the Ming rebel forces. The Qing however chose to order Wu Sangui to push into Sichuan, and captured Chongqing and then Zunyi in Guizhou in 1658.

In March 1659, Li Dingguo's army was defeated by Wu Sangui and Jobtei near Yunnan-fu, and had to retreat to northern Burma, while the Yongli Emperor sought refuge with the Burmese king Pindale Min and reached Ava in June 1659.

## Death

In December 1661 and the following January, Wu Sangui and the Manchu duke Aisingga entered Burma and defeated Li, who withdrew eastwards. Wu then demanded that the Burmese king hand over Yongli. The previous Burmese king Pindale who gave shelter to Yongli had by then been deposed by Pye Min, and the new king of Burma complied with Wu's demand. Yongli and his sons were handed over, and they were executed in Yunnanfu in May 1662. Li despaired upon hearing the news, and soon died (probably in August 1662) near the border between Yunnan and Laos. His last words, said to his son Li Sixing (李嗣興) and his generals Jin Tongwu (靳統武) and Ma Siliang (馬思良), were: "Rather die in wilderness than surrender!" However, his son would later surrender to the Qing.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Li Dingguo | |
| --- | --- |
| 李定國 | |
| Born | (1621-07-29)29 July 1621
Yan'an Prefecture, Shaanxi, Ming dynasty (now Yulin, Shaanxi, China) |
| Died | 10 August 1662(1662-08-10) (aged 41)
Mengla, Yunnan, Qing dynasty |
| Title | Prince of Anxi (安西王, 1647–1649)
Marquis of Kang (康侯, 1649)
Duke of Kang (康國公, 1649–1652)
Prince of Xining (西寧王, 1652–1656)
Prince of Jin (晉王, 1656–1662) |


title: Li Dian

abstract: Li Dian, courtesy name Mancheng, was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He participated in the Battle of Guandu in 200 between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao. He also played a significant role in the defence of Hefei during the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford of 214–215 against the forces of Sun Quan.

text:
# Li Dian

**Li Dian** (c. 180 – c. 217), courtesy name **Mancheng**, was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He participated in the Battle of Guandu in 200 between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao. He also played a significant role in the defence of Hefei during the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford of 214–215 against the forces of Sun Quan.

## Early life and career

Li Dian was from Juye County (鉅野縣), Shanyang Commandery (山陽郡), which is in present-day Juye County, Shandong. His uncle, Li Qian (李乾), was an influential man in the region and had thousands of retainers working under him in Chengshi County (乘氏縣; east of present-day Heze, Shandong).

During the Chuping era (190–193) in the reign of Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han dynasty, Li Qian and Li Dian led their followers to assist the warlord Cao Cao in suppressing the Yellow Turban Rebellion and they defeated the rebels at Shouzhang County (壽張縣; south of present-day Dongping County, Shandong). Li Dian and his uncle later followed Cao Cao in his campaigns against rival warlords such as Yuan Shu and Tao Qian. When conflict broke out between Cao Cao and Lü Bu in 194, Cao sent Li Qian back to Chengshi County to reaffirm the support of the locals towards him. Lü Bu's subordinates Xue Lan (薛蘭) and Li Feng (李封) tried to persuade Li Qian to defect to their side but Li Qian refused so they killed him. Cao Cao then gave command of Li Qian's troops to Li Qian's son, Li Zheng (李整), and sent some of his men to assist Li Zheng to attack Xue Lan and Li Feng. Li Zheng achieved victory over Xue Lan and Li Feng, and later helped to pacify the various counties in Yan Province. He was appointed as the Inspector (刺史) of Qing Province.

After Li Zheng's death, Li Dian was appointed as the Prefect () of Yingyin County (潁陰縣; in present-day Xuchang, Henan) and General of the Household (中郎將), and took over command of his cousin's troops. Li Dian was known to be very studious since he was a youth, and he showed little interest in military affairs. He read classics such as the *Spring and Autumn Annals* and the *Zuo Zhuan*. Cao Cao was pleased with Li Dian and wanted to test his abilities. He reassigned Li Dian to be the Administrator (太守) of Lihu Commandery (離狐郡; southeast of present-day Dongming, Shandong), where Li was primarily in charge of managing civil affairs.

## Cao Cao's campaigns against Yuan Shao and the Yuan brothers

In 200, when the forces of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao clashed at the Battle of Guandu, Li Dian, along with his clansmen and subordinates, took charge of supplying Cao's forces at the frontline with food and equipment. After Yuan Shao was defeated, Cao Cao appointed Li Dian as a Major-General (裨將軍) and ordered him to garrison at Anmin (安民).

Yuan Shao died in 202, after which his sons Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang started fighting over their father's territories. During the Battle of Liyang of 202–203 against the Yuan brothers, Cao Cao put Li Dian and Cheng Yu in charge of escorting food supplies to the frontline by crossing the Yellow River. Yuan Shang sent his subordinate Gao Fan (高蕃) to station near the river bank to block Cao Cao's supply route. Cao Cao had instructed Li Dian and Cheng Yu to send the supplies by land if they could not cross the river. However, Li Dian gathered his men and told them, "Gao Fan's troops are lightly armoured and they block the water route. This shows that they are lax, so they can be overcome easily. The military does not act against orders, but they can make their own decisions if they feel they are doing something beneficial to the country. Let's take them out quickly." Cheng Yu agreed with Li Dian, so they led their forces across the river to attack Gao Fan and defeated the enemy, thus securing the supply route across the river.

In 204, after the Battle of Ye against Yuan Shang's forces, Cao Cao sent Li Dian and Yue Jin to attack Yuan Shang's cousin and ally, Gao Gan, at Hu Pass (壺關; present-day Huguan County, Shanxi). Li Dian defeated Guan Cheng (管承) at Changguang County (長廣縣; east of present-day Laiyang, Shandong), and was promoted to General Who Captures Barbarians (捕虜將軍) and made a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯) for his achievements.

## Battle of Bowang

In 202, Jing Province's governor, Liu Biao, sent Liu Bei north to attack Cao Cao when Cao was away on his campaigns in northern China. Cao Cao sent Xiahou Dun and Li Dian to lead an army to resist Liu Bei's forces. Liu Bei burnt his supplies and pretended to retreat. When Xiahou Dun wanted to pursue Liu Bei, Li Dian cautioned him, "There must be an ambush because the enemy is retreating for no reason. The roads to the south are narrow and the vegetation is very dense. We shouldn't pursue the enemy." Xiahou Dun ignored Li Dian's warning and went off in pursuit of Liu Bei together with Yu Jin, while Li Dian remained behind. As Li Dian expected, Xiahou Dun and his men did fall into Liu Bei's ambush later but Li showed up with the remaining troops and rescued them. Liu Bei retreated when he saw that Li Dian's reinforcements had arrived.

## Relocation of clansmen and close followers

Li Dian had over 3,000 families in his clansmen and close followers, all of whom lived in Chengshi County (乘氏縣; east of present-day Heze, Shandong). He proposed to Cao Cao to have them relocated to Wei Commandery (魏郡; north of present-day Ci County, Hebei), Cao Cao's base of operations during his campaigns in northern China. Cao Cao laughed and asked Li Dian, "You admire Geng Chun and wish to emulate him, don't you?" Li Dian replied, "I'm humble and timid and my contributions are lowly, but the rewards I've received are too high, so I should have my entire clan join me in service so that I'll feel more deserving of the rewards. Besides, the chaos haven't ended yet, so it's better to keep them close to better control the Empire. I'm not emulating Geng Chun." Li Dian's clansmen and close followers were then relocated to Ye (鄴; in present-day Handan, Hebei). Cao Cao was pleased and he promoted Li Dian to General Who Destroys Barbarians (破虜將軍).

## Battle of Xiaoyao Ford

After the Battle of Jiangling in 209, Cao Cao left Li Dian, Zhang Liao and Yue Jin to defend Hefei, a strategic location at the border between Cao Cao and Sun Quan's territories. Around 214, when Sun Quan led his forces to attack Hefei, Zhang Liao wanted to lead their troops out of the city to resist the enemy. However, Zhang Liao was aware that the three of them could not get along with each other and he was worried that they would not comply with his orders. Zhang Liao said, "Our lord is away at war. By the time his reinforcements reach here, we're already done for. So he's actually instructing us to take advantage of the situation, when the enemy has just arrived and not fully gathered yet, to attack them and devastate their morale so as to calm our men and strengthen our defences. Victory or defeat, it all depends on this battle. Why are the two of you still hesitating?" Li Dian was moved and he said, "This is a national crisis. We'll see how your strategy works out. How can I allow my personal issues take precedence over my official duties?" Zhang Liao, Li Dian and Yue Jin then worked together and succeeded in defeating and driving away Sun Quan's much larger army. Li Dian was rewarded with an additional 100 taxable households in his marquisate, bringing the total number of households to 300.

## Death

Li Dian's biography in the *Sanguozhi* did not state when and how he died, but it is known that he died at the age of 36 (by East Asian age reckoning). His titles were inherited by his son, Li Zhen (李禎).

In 220, after Cao Pi (Cao Cao's son and successor) forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him and became the emperor of the state of Cao Wei, he awarded Li Dian the posthumous title "Marquis Min" (愍侯), which literally means "sympathetic marquis", in recognition of Li's merits at the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford. Li Zhen was awarded another 100 taxable households in his marquisate, while another of Li Dian's sons received the title of a Secondary Marquis and 100 taxable households.

## Appraisal

Li Dian's biography in the *Sanguozhi* mentioned that Li was known to be a keen and humble learner who respected the literati. He did not fight with others for merits, and he regarded official duties as more important than his personal affairs. Chen Shou, who wrote Li Dian's biography, praised Li for his noble and gentlemanly demeanour, and for his 'duty before self' attitude.

Li Dian is first introduced as a playable character in the eighth instalment of Koei's *Dynasty Warriors* video game series.

1. de Crespigny 2007, p. 409.
2. (李典字曼成，山陽鉅野人也。典從父乾，有雄氣，合賔客數千家在乘氏。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
3. (初平中，以衆隨太祖，破黃巾於壽張，又從擊袁術，征徐州。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
4. (呂布之亂，太祖遣乾還乘氏，慰勞諸縣。布別駕薛蘭、治中李封招乾，欲俱叛，乾不聽，遂殺乾。太祖使乾子整將乾兵，與諸將擊蘭、封。蘭、封破，從平兖州諸縣有功，稍遷青州刺史。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
5. (魏書曰：典少好學，不樂兵事，乃就師讀春秋左氏傳，博觀羣書。太祖善之，故試以治民之政。) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
6. (整卒，典徙潁陰令，為中郎將，將整軍，遷離狐太守。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
7. (時太祖與袁紹相拒官渡，典率宗族及部曲輸穀帛供軍。紹破，以典為裨將軍，屯安民。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
8. (太祖擊譚、尚於黎陽，使典與程昱等以船運軍糧。會尚遣魏郡太守高蕃將兵屯河上，絕水道，太祖勑典、昱：「若船不得過，下從陸道。」典與諸將議曰：「蕃軍少甲而恃水，有懈怠之心，擊之必克。軍不內禦；苟利國家，專之可也，宜亟擊之。」昱亦以為然。遂北渡河，攻蕃，破之，水道得通。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
9. (從圍鄴，鄴定，與樂進圍高幹於壺關，擊管承於長廣，皆破之。遷捕虜將軍，封都亭侯。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
10. (劉表使劉備北侵，至葉，太祖遣典從夏侯惇拒之。備一旦燒屯去，惇率諸軍追擊之，典曰：「賊無故退，疑必有伏。南道窄狹，草木深，不可追也。」惇不聽，與于禁追之，典留守。惇等果入賊伏裏，戰不利，典往救，備望見救至，軍散退。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
11. (典宗族部曲三千餘家，居乘氏，自請願徙詣魏郡。太祖笑曰：「卿欲慕耿純邪？」典謝曰：「典駑怯功微，而爵寵過厚，誠宜舉宗陳力；加以征伐未息，宜實郊遂之內，以制四方，非慕純也。」遂徙部曲宗族萬三千餘口居鄴。太祖嘉之，遷破虜將軍。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
12. (與張遼、樂進屯合肥，孫權率衆圍之，遼欲奉教出戰。進、典、遼皆素不睦，遼恐其不從， ...) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
13. (公遠征在外，比救至，彼破我必矣。是以教指及其未合逆擊之，折其盛勢，以安眾心，然後可守也。成敗之機，在此一戰，諸君何疑？) *Sanguozhi* vol. 17.
14. (典慨然曰：「此國家大事，顧君計何如耳，吾不可以私憾而忘公義乎！」乃率衆與遼破走權。增邑百戶，并前三百戶。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
15. (年三十六薨， ...) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
16. (在國逢難曰愍。使民折傷曰愍。在國連憂曰愍。禍亂方作曰愍。) *Yizhoushu* vol. 6. ch. 54.
17. (子禎嗣。文帝踐阼，追念合肥之功，增禎邑百戶，賜典一子爵關內侯，邑百戶；謚典曰愍侯。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
18. (典好學問，貴儒雅，不與諸將爭功。敬賢士大夫，恂恂若不及，軍中稱其長者。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
19. (評曰：李典貴尚儒雅，義忘私隙，美矣。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 18.
* Chen, Shou (3rd century). *Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi*).
* de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). *A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD*. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
* Pei, Songzhi (5th century). *Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi zhu*).
* *Lost Book of Zhou* (*Yi Zhou Shu*).

## InfoBox

| Li Dian | |
| --- | --- |
| 李典 | |
|  | |
| General Who Destroys Barbarians
(破虜將軍)
(under Cao Cao) | |
| **In office**
? (?)–? (?) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| General Who Captures Barbarians
(捕虜將軍)
(under Cao Cao) | |
| **In office**
? (?)–? (?) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Major-General
(裨將軍)
(under Cao Cao) | |
| **In office**
? (?)–? (?) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown
Juye County, Shandong |
| Died | Unknown |
| Relations | Li Qian (uncle) |
| Children | * Li Zhen * *at least one other son* |
| Occupation | General |
| Courtesy name | Mancheng (曼成) |
| Posthumous name | Marquis Min (愍侯) |
| Peerage | Marquis of a Chief Village
(都亭侯) |
|  | |


title: Life Partners, Inc.

abstract: Life Partners, Inc. is a life settlement provider headquartered in Waco, Texas. LPI's parent company, Life Partners Holdings, Inc., delisted from the NASDAQ, currently trades on the OTCPK under the ticker LPHI.Q. This follows the company seeking Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, resulting from a total of $46.9 million in penalties levied against the company and two of its officers.

text:
# Life Partners, Inc.

**Life Partners, Inc.** is a life settlement provider headquartered in Waco, Texas. LPI's parent company, Life Partners Holdings, Inc., delisted from the NASDAQ, currently trades on the OTCPK under the ticker LPHI.Q. This follows the company seeking Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, resulting from a total of $46.9 million in penalties levied against the company and two of its officers.

## Overview

Life Partners Inc. is the world's oldest life settlement provider and one of the most active companies in the world engaged in the secondary market for life insurance. Life Partners Inc. is the architect of the newest asset class, life settlements, which has grown over the past decade to become an $80 billion industry. By selling the policy, the policyholder receives an immediate cash payment to use as he or she wishes.

It filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on January 19, 2015.

Since its incorporation in 1991, Life Partners Inc. has completed over 150,000 transactions and generated a total business volume of over $3.2 billion in face value of policies for its worldwide client base of over 29,000 high-net-worth individuals and institutions in connection with the purchase of over 6,500 policies. Life Partners Inc. utilizes Advance Trust & Life Escrow Services, LTA for its life settlement transactions. ATLES is supervised and regulated by the Texas Department of Banking and is responsible for the custody and dispersion of LPI client funds.

## Senior citizen clientele

Through life settlements, the secondary market for life insurance provides more options for policy owners to pursue when they no longer want or need their current life insurance policy. Many seniors paying premiums on life insurance policies cannot afford to continue. Premiums have skyrocketed and the need for the policy has diminished. More than 85% will simply let their policies lapse. Most likely, they are unaware they can sell these policies for four to ten times the cash value in the secondary market. If seniors give the proceeds from their life insurance policy sale to charity, they may reap substantial tax benefits.

In January 2012, the SEC filed a civil action against Life Partners Holdings and three of its senior executives for an alleged fraudulent disclosure and accounting scheme involving life settlements. The SEC alleged that Life Partners' chairman and CEO, the president and general counsel, and the chief financial officer misled shareholders by failing to disclose a significant risk to Life Partners' business: the company was systematically and materially underestimating the life expectancy estimates it used to price transactions.

In 2011, a securities fraud class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of current and former shareholders Life Partners Holdings, Inc. The lawsuit alleged that LPHI violated US federal securities laws misleading its investors by issuing false financial statements and reports. The allegedly misleading statements led LPHI's stock price to increase and then dramatically plummet upon the uncovering of the misleading statements made by LPHI, thereby causing LPHI investors to suffer financial losses. On November 22, 2012, the court heard oral argument from the parties on the defendants' motion to dismiss. The court has not issued a ruling on the motion to dismiss. No trial date has been set. The viability of the case may be substantially affected by the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Haliburton v. Erica P. John Fund which the Supreme Court is expected to rule on later this summer.

### December 2013: Plaintiffs dismiss lawsuit against Life Partners—class certification denied

Life Partners Holdings, Inc. announced on December 4, 2013, that the plaintiffs have voluntarily dismissed a lawsuit filed against the company as well as its operating subsidiary, Life Partners, Inc., and two corporate officers. The abandonment of the lawsuit comes after the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas denied a motion for class certification in the lawsuit. Life Partners, Inc. is a life settlement provider and provides purchasing agent services for life settlement transactions. A life settlement is an alternative investment involving the purchase of an existing life insurance policy at a discount to its face value.

While the plaintiffs in the case could have appealed the denial of the class action or continued to pursue the case as individuals, they elected instead to voluntarily dismiss the case against the Life Partners defendants. A key allegation was that Life Partners' medical consultant used an unreasonable method of estimating life expectancies. However, this allegation was criticized by the Court as part of its 34-page order denying certification as a class action:

> Proof only of results does not address these factors. Nor could an after-the-fact analysis of the insureds' deaths, in the aggregate, establish that LPI was unreasonable in using Dr. Cassidy when and how it did. The Court is highly skeptical that an analysis of results alone could lead a reasonable juror to determine that Dr. Cassidy's methods were flawed.

Life Partners CEO Brian Pardo commented, "This is yet another example of attorney-driven litigation which damages the entire economy, not to mention the companies that are the targets of such litigation. We are very pleased that the plaintiffs decided to walk away from this case and we hope to see other similar cases end the same way."

The case is styled Sean Turnbow et al. v. Life Partners, Inc. et al., Case No. 3:11-CV-1030-M, United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division.

### March 2014: Life Partners cleared of all fraud claims

Life Partners Holdings, Inc. announced in March 2014 that an Austin Federal court has ruled that the Securities and Exchange Commission failed to prove any of its fraud claims against Life Partners and its CEO, Brian Pardo, and General Counsel, Scott Peden. The ruling followed a jury finding in February that neither Life Partners, Mr. Pardo nor Mr. Peden committed securities fraud under Rule 10b-5 and that Mr. Pardo and Mr. Peden did not engage in insider trading. In the earlier ruling, the jury had found in favor of the SEC's fraud claim under Section 17(a) relating to the company's revenue recognition policies. That claim, which a government attorney characterized as "a lead" claim in the case, was challenged by Life Partners on the basis that it was not supported by any evidence.

The United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, Austin Division agreed with Life Partners that there was no evidence to support the revenue recognition claims for the period of time in question and ordered that judgment be entered in favor of Life Partners, Mr. Pardo and Mr. Peden on that issue. As a result of this ruling, the Company, Mr. Pardo and Mr. Peden have been completely exonerated from any allegations of fraud alleged by the SEC. The Court let stand the jury's findings against Life Partners relating to bookkeeping, reporting and certification by the CEO of the company's financial statements, none of which involve fraud or knowingly or recklessly misleading shareholders. The case is SEC v. Life Partners Holdings, Inc. et al., Civil Action No. 1-12-C V-33-JRN in the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, Austin Division.

### April 2014: Life Partners sues Charles Schwab subsidiary for counterfeiting

On April 15, 2014, Life Partners Holdings, Inc. filed suit against optionsXpress, Inc., a subsidiary of The Charles Schwab Corporation, the company's chief financial officer, and one of the company's largest customers for issuing and selling counterfeit shares of Life Partners Holdings stock.

The lawsuit, filed in Illinois by California attorney Gary Aguirre, whose practice focuses on market manipulation, asks the Court for an order preventing the Schwab subsidiary from creating and selling shares of Life Partners Holdings' stock which were not authorized by the company. The action also asks the Court for protection from securities fraud, deceptive business practices and civil conspiracy arising from the unlawful issuance of the counterfeit shares.

Under the law of Illinois, Texas, and every other state, a company has the exclusive right to issue and sell its own stock. The creation and sale of counterfeit or "phantom" stock by brokers and their customers violate these laws.

The lawsuit is based on findings in an administrative proceeding by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission against optionsXpress and the other defendants which concluded that optionsXpress, its chief financial officer, and one of its biggest customers committed securities fraud by engaging in the sales of hundreds of millions of dollars in counterfeit-phantom stock passed off as the genuine stock of 25 public companies, including almost $5.5 million of counterfeit-phantom stock of Life Partners Holdings, Inc.

The company is continuing to investigate other persons and entities who may have engaged in counterfeiting shares of Life Partners Holdings, Inc.

### December 2014: LPHI loses lawsuit with the SEC. LPHI, Pardo and Peden ordered to pay a total of $46.9 million in penalties

A federal judge ordered Life Partners Holdings Inc and two top executives to pay $46.9 million for misleading investors about the core aspects of its business. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission had sued Life Partners in 2012 and sought to prove that Life Partners intentionally misled investors over nearly four years about core aspects of its "life-settlements" business and that its two top executives engaged in insider trading. U.S. District Court Judge James Nowlin on Tuesday ordered Life Partners to pay $15 million in illegal profit and $23.7 million in civil penalties. Chief Executive Brian Pardo was ordered to pay a $6.2 million civil penalty, while general counsel and secretary of LPHI, R. Scott Peden, was given a $2 million civil penalty. Judge Nowlin reversed a jury finding in March that Life Partners and its executives were liable on one count of fraud. "In ordering this significant monetary relief, the court recognized the egregious nature of their misconduct, noting that the defendants engaged in 'serious violations' of the securities laws, that they 'deprived the investing public of the information it needed to make a fully informed decision about whether to invest in Life Partners," said Andrew Ceresney, SEC's enforcement director.

### December 2016: Life Partners Inc. exits bankruptcy

On December 9, 2016, a Joint Plan of Reorganization sponsored by H. Thomas Moran, II the Chapter 11 trustee, and the Official Unsecured Creditors' Committee became effective. Life Partners emerged from bankruptcy, reorganized to maximize the recovery of investors' funds.

Moran was quoted as saying:

> Within the next two weeks, distributions of more than $100 million collected from matured policies during the bankruptcy proceedings will be distributed to investors. Going forward, we project that investors will receive roughly 90 percent of their invested capital over time as a result of the plan we were able to put in place—depending on the option they elected.

## InfoBox

Life Partners, Inc.
| Industry | Life settlement provider |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Waco, Texas, United States |
| Parent | Life Partners Holdings, Inc. |
| Website | www.lifepartnersinc.com |


title: Li Shangjin

abstract: Li Shangjin (李上金) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (楊). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created Prince of Qi (杞王). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (益州) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (寿州), then prefect of Lu (漉州). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture. In 682, Empress Wu pretended to be so friendly that she recalled Shangjin and allowed him to attend political affairs, along with his younger half-brother Li Sujie Prince of Poyang (鄱陽王) born by the late Consort Xiao. But soon she appointed Shangjin as prefect of Mian (沔州), Sujie as prefect of Yue Prefect (岳州), and would never allow them to attend political affairs. In 684, Shangjin returned to the capital for the funeral of his father along with Sujie, Princess Yiyang (義陽公主) and Princess Xuancheng (宣城公主). The two princesses were also born by Consort Xiao. In the same year Shangjin was recreated Prince of Bi (畢王), later Prince of Ze (澤王) and appointed as prefect of Suzhou (蘇州). In the following year he was appointed as prefect of Chen. In 689, he was appointed as Taizi Zuoweishuai (太子左卫率) and prefect of Suizhou (隨州). In 690, Wu Chengsi, nephew of Empress Wu, instructed Zhou Xing accuse Shangjin and Sujie of treason, and they were recalled to Luoyang. When hearing Sujie had been strangled, Shangjin was so afraid that he hanged himself. Shangjin had seven sons. After his death, they were all exiled to Xianzhou and six of them died there. When Shangjin's another younger half-brother Emperor Zhongzong of Tang held power, Shangjin was rehabilitated, and his only living son Yixun (李義珣) succeeded his title as Prince of Ze. But in New Book of Tang, Shangjin had nine sons named Yiyu, Yijin, Yichen, Yizhen, Yixian, Yiwei, Yimei, Yigui and Yixun (李義瑜、李義璡、李義琛、李義珍、李義现、李義玮、李義玫、李義珪、李義珣), and Yiyu was created Prince of Changping.

text:
# Li Shangjin

**Li Shangjin** (李上金) (? - 690) was the third son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. His mother was a palace maid surnamed Yang (楊). When Gaozong ascended the throne, Shangjin was created **Prince of Qi** (杞王). In 652, he was appointed governor of Yizhou (益州) in titular. In 666, he was appointed prefect of Shou (寿州), then prefect of Lu (漉州). But as his mother was disliked by Empress Wu, some officials falsely accused Shangjin to please her, and Shangjin was removed from his office. Shangjin was then sent to Li Prefecture (澧州, in modern Changde, Hunan).

In 682, Empress Wu pretended to be so friendly that she recalled Shangjin and allowed him to attend political affairs, along with his younger half-brother Li Sujie Prince of Poyang (鄱陽王) born by the late Consort Xiao. But soon she appointed Shangjin as prefect of Mian (沔州), Sujie as prefect of Yue Prefect (岳州), and would never allow them to attend political affairs. In 684, Shangjin returned to the capital for the funeral of his father along with Sujie, Princess Yiyang (義陽公主) and Princess Xuancheng (宣城公主). The two princesses were also born by Consort Xiao. In the same year Shangjin was recreated **Prince of Bi** (畢王), later **Prince of Ze** (澤王) and appointed as prefect of Suzhou (蘇州). In the following year he was appointed as prefect of Chen. In 689, he was appointed as *Taizi Zuoweishuai* (太子左卫率) and prefect of Suizhou (隨州).

In 690, Wu Chengsi, nephew of Empress Wu, instructed Zhou Xing accuse Shangjin and Sujie of treason, and they were recalled to Luoyang. When hearing Sujie had been strangled, Shangjin was so afraid that he hanged himself.

Shangjin had seven sons. After his death, they were all exiled to Xianzhou and six of them (Yizhen, Yimei, Yizhang, Yihuan, Yijin and Yisui; 李義珍、李義玫、李義璋、李義環、李義瑾、李義璲) died there. When Shangjin's another younger half-brother Emperor Zhongzong of Tang (born by Empress Wu) held power, Shangjin was rehabilitated, and his only living son Yixun (李義珣) succeeded his title as Prince of Ze. But in *New Book of Tang*, Shangjin had nine sons named Yiyu, Yijin, Yichen, Yizhen, Yixian, Yiwei, Yimei, Yigui and Yixun (李義瑜、李義璡、李義琛、李義珍、李義现、李義玮、李義玫、李義珪、李義珣), and Yiyu was created Prince of Changping.


abstract: Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler is an EP compilation by Nine Inch Nails, Deerhunter, Crystal Castles, Does It Offend You, Yeah? and A Place to Bury Strangers, promoting the Lights in the Sky Tour of Nine Inch Nails in 2008. It was released as a free digital download on June 5, 2008. It features one track from each supporting artist, as well as the track "Echoplex" from The Slip. The EP is labeled Seed 05, – a sister system to the Nine Inch Nails halo numbers catalog system.

text:
# Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler

***Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler*** is an EP compilation by Nine Inch Nails, Deerhunter, Crystal Castles, Does It Offend You, Yeah? and A Place to Bury Strangers, promoting the *Lights in the Sky Tour* of Nine Inch Nails in 2008. It was released as a free digital download on June 5, 2008. It features one track from each supporting artist, as well as the track "Echoplex" from *The Slip*.

The EP is labeled **Seed 05**, – a sister system to the Nine Inch Nails halo numbers catalog system.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "To Fix the Gash in Your Head" (by A Place to Bury Strangers) | 3:51 |
| 2. | "We Are Rockstars" (by Does It Offend You, Yeah?) | 3:51 |
| 3. | "Crimewave (Crystal Castles vs Health)" (by Crystal Castles) | 4:18 |
| 4. | "Like New" (by Deerhunter) | 2:13 |
| 5. | "Echoplex" (by Nine Inch Nails) | 4:45 |
| Total length: | | 18:54 |

## InfoBox

| Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Nine Inch Nails, Deerhunter, Crystal Castles, Does It Offend You, Yeah? and A Place to Bury Strangers | |
| Released | June 5, 2008 |
| Genre | Alternative rock, electronic |
| Length | 18:54 |
| Label | The Null Corporation SEED 05 |
| Producer | Trent Reznor |
| Nine Inch Nails chronology | |
| *Discipline*
(2008) ***Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler***
(2008) *The Slip*
(2008) | |
|  | |
| Deerhunter chronology | |
| *Fluorescent Grey*
(2007) ***Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler***
(2008) *Microcastle/Weird Era Cont.*
(2008) | |
| Crystal Castles chronology | |
| *Courtship Dating*
(2008) ***Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler***
(2008) *Doe Deer*
(2009) | |
| Does It Offend You, Yeah? chronology | |
| *You Have No Idea What You're Getting Yourself Into*
(2008) ***Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler***
(2008) *Dawn of the Dead*
(2008) | |
| A Place to Bury Strangers chronology | |
| *A Place to Bury Strangers*
(2007) ***Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler***
(2008) *In Your Heart*
(2009) | |
|  | |


abstract: Liberty Township is one of twelve townships in Delaware County, Indiana. According to the 2010 census, its population was 4,414 and it contained 1,997 housing units. Liberty Township was established in 1825.

text:
# Liberty Township, Delaware County, Indiana

**Liberty Township** is one of twelve townships in Delaware County, Indiana. According to the 2010 census, its population was 4,414 and it contained 1,997 housing units.

Liberty Township was established in 1825.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 35.03 square miles (90.7 km2), of which 34.88 square miles (90.3 km2) (or 99.57%) is land and 0.15 square miles (0.39 km2) (or 0.43%) is water.

### Cities and towns

### Unincorporated towns

### Adjacent townships

### Major highways

### Cemeteries

The township contains eight cemeteries: Bortsfield, Freidline, Graham, Mount Tabor, Orr, Sparr, Truitt and White.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 1,615 |  |  |
| 1900 | 1,643 |  | 1.7% |
| 1910 | 1,738 |  | 5.8% |
| 1920 | 1,567 |  | −9.8% |
| 1930 | 1,784 |  | 13.8% |
| 1940 | 2,250 |  | 26.1% |
| 1950 | 3,003 |  | 33.5% |
| 1960 | 4,033 |  | 34.3% |
| 1970 | 5,620 |  | 39.4% |
| 1980 | 5,487 |  | −2.4% |
| 1990 | 4,917 |  | −10.4% |
| 2000 | 4,919 |  | 0.0% |
| 2010 | 4,685 |  | −4.8% |
| 2020 | 4,414 |  | −5.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

As of the census of 2020, there were 4,414 people, 1,845 households, and 979 families living in the township. The population density was 126.01 inhabitants per square mile (48.7/km2). There were 1,997 housing units at an average density of 57.01 per square mile (22.0/km2).

The median age in the township was 45.9. 1.7% of residents were under the age of 5; 20.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 79.1% were age 18 or older; and 21.8% were age 65 or older. 5.6% of the population were veterans.

The most common language spoken at home was English with 96.4% speaking it at home, 1.5% spoke Spanish at home, 2.0% spoke an Asian or Pacific Islander language at home, and 0.1% spoke another Indo-European language. 1.2% of the population were foreign born.

The median household income in Liberty Township was $49,778, 11.4% less than the median average for the state of Indiana. 14.2% of the population were in poverty, including 14.5% of residents under the age of 18. The poverty rate for the township was 1.3% higher than that of the state. 46.8% of the population had attained a high school or equivalent degree, 21.6% had attended college but received no degree, 7.9% had attained an Associate's degree or higher, 9.2% had attained a Bachelor's degree or higher, and 5.7% had a graduate or professional degree. 8.8% had no degree. 51.1% of Liberty Township residents were employed, working a mean of 3.47 hours per week. 152 housing units were vacant at a density of 4.34 per square mile (1.7/km2).

* "Liberty Township, Delaware County, Indiana". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
* United States Census Bureau cartographic boundary files

1. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
2. "Liberty township, Delaware County, Indiana - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. Tucker, E. (1882). *History of Randolph County, Indiana: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers : to which are Appended Maps of Its Several Townships*. A.L. Klingman. p. 49.
5. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Liberty Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location of Liberty Township in Delaware County | |
| Coordinates: 40°11′28″N 85°16′21″W / 40.19111°N 85.27250°W / 40.19111; -85.27250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Delaware |
| Government | |
| Type | Indiana township |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.03 sq mi (90.7 km2) |
| Land | 34.88 sq mi (90.3 km2) |
| Water | 0.15 sq mi (0.4 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,014 ft (309 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 4,414 |
| Density | 126.01/sq mi (48.65/km2) |
| FIPS code | 18-43236 |
| GNIS feature ID | 453552 |


title: Liesbeth Vosmaer-de Bruin

abstract: Liesbeth Simone Vosmaer-de Bruin is a retired Dutch rower. She competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in the coxed fours, together with Hette Borrias, Myriam van Rooyen-Steenman, Ans Gravesteijn and Monique Pronk, and finished in fifth place. She won a European title in this event in 1973, with Hette Borrias, Myriam van Rooyen-Steenman, Yvonne Vischschraper and Liesbeth Pascal-de Graaff. At the world championships, her team was fifth in 1975 and seventh in 1977 and 1978.

text:
# Liesbeth Vosmaer-de Bruin

**Liesbeth Simone Vosmaer-de Bruin** (née **de Bruin**, born 9 January 1946) is a retired Dutch rower. She competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in the coxed fours, together with Hette Borrias, Myriam van Rooyen-Steenman, Ans Gravesteijn and Monique Pronk, and finished in fifth place. She won a European title in this event in 1973, with Hette Borrias, Myriam van Rooyen-Steenman, Yvonne Vischschraper and Liesbeth Pascal-de Graaff. At the world championships, her team was fifth in 1975 and seventh in 1977 and 1978.

## InfoBox

Liesbeth Vosmaer-de Bruin
| Liesbeth Vosmaer in 1975 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1946-07-09) 9 July 1946<br>Amsterdam, the Netherlands |
| Height | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 72 kg (159 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Rowing |
| Club | Nereus, Amsterdam |
| Medal record      Representing the  Netherlands  World Rowing Championships  1974 Lucerne  Coxed four  European Rowing Championships  1973 Moscow  Coxed four  1972 Brandenburg  Coxed four | |


title: Lightspeed (video game)

abstract: Lightspeed is a video game developed and released by MicroProse in 1990. It features a space flight simulator game and action game elements with an emphasis on strategy and exploration. The box describes the title as an "Interstellar Action and Adventure" game. The game features space exploration, trade, combat and diplomacy in the same vein as 4X games such as Master of Orion. Lightspeed, unlike the popular series of turn-based strategy games, plays out in real-time. A sequel, entitled Hyperspeed, was released by MicroProse in 1991. It was nearly identical to Lightspeed, except that it included two additional star clusters for veterans of the first game.

text:
# Lightspeed (video game)

***Lightspeed*** is a video game developed and released by MicroProse in 1990. It features a space flight simulator game and action game elements with an emphasis on strategy and exploration. The box describes the title as an "Interstellar Action and Adventure" game. The game features space exploration, trade, combat and diplomacy in the same vein as 4X games such as *Master of Orion*. *Lightspeed*, unlike the popular series of turn-based strategy games, plays out in real-time.

A sequel, entitled *Hyperspeed*, was released by MicroProse in 1991. It was nearly identical to *Lightspeed*, except that it included two additional star clusters for veterans of the first game.

## Plot

The player must help recolonize the human race after the Earth's habitability is critically reduced by an ecological catastrophe. The entire human race is being housed in huge *Conestoga-class* colony ships, which are waiting for the player to secure at least one planet with an Earth-like environment and to also acquire enough material resources to ensure that the colony or colonies in question can build a fledgling industrial base as soon as possible.

The player is allowed limited time to accomplish this goal. In addition, the player must contend with the alien races living in the area that the player is exploring. The mission's success requires diplomacy to acquire allies and the elimination of races that may be potentially hostile to humanity. The player may also deem it necessary to destroy a friendly race in order to secure enough resources to successfully complete the objectives.

## Gameplay

Spaceflight is similar in style to the *Wing Commander* or *X-Wing* titles. Most races initially adopt a neutral stance towards the player, unless they ambush the player in between star systems. The player can then choose to attack or hold their fire, which can influence future relations with that species. The player may also choose to launch an unguided probe to initiate communications with neutral or friendly species. The player-controllable vehicles consist of the main *Trailblazer-class* cruiser (top left screenshot on box back) and small spacecraft chassis that can be quickly reconfigured for three different roles (that of a space superiority fighter, a powerful self-guided *kamikaze* missile with poor maneuverability or a weak homing missile with excellent maneuverability). The player can also launch an escape pod when their *Trailblazer* is hopelessly crippled.

In addition, the *Trailblazer* is also equipped with a fast moving turret with which to shoot down lightly armored fighter craft. While this weapon (along with the weapons equipped on a fighter-variant chassis) cannot penetrate capital ship armor, the *Trailblazer* is also equipped with a powerful front-mounted main gun to deal with larger threats. Guided missiles and kamikaze craft can also damage capital ships. Some aliens are equipped with shield generators that can negate main gun attacks. However, these generators are vulnerable to fighter and turret fire, as they are attached to the exterior of the ship. The shield component, along with certain weapon turrets, can be targeted by precision fire - a revolutionary feature for the time. This also ensures that no one weapon system becomes redundant at any point during the course of a game.

As a gameplay element, the *Trailblazer* cruiser can only be crippled but not destroyed. The ship also contains a view the ship's engine room, which allows the player to enhance the ship's performance by upgrading or replacing the ship's components. The engine room is split into various areas including the *Spindrive* FTL engine, main cannon, sublight engine, turret, and deflector shielding. These components can be destroyed in battle or by the use of the *Emergency Spindrive* function in order to retreat from battle and head to a safer star system to recoup and repair. If the *Spindrive* is running without additional components its fuel efficiency could drop to the point that it could become impossible to reach a friendly base to re-equip without running out of fuel. In this situation, the player would be forced to use the escape pod and return to main base for a replacement *Trailblazer*. This however would cost precious mission time.

The game gives the player the option to choose one of two star clusters in which to play in. The Hyades cluster is the easier of the two, while the Cerberus cluster offers a challenge for expert players. One can also engage in practice ship-to-ship combat from the main menu, or can elect to view a 3D gallery of some the ships in the game.

The game featured groundbreaking polygonal 3D graphics for its time, running at 320x200 256-color VGA resolution and quality if played on capable hardware.

## Reception

In a 1992 survey of science fiction games, *Computer Gaming World* gave *Lightspeed* one-plus stars out of five. A 1994 survey of strategic space games set in the year 2000 and later gave the game one star, describing it as "The lamentable predecessor to *Hyperspeed*". In 1996 the magazine ranked *Lightspeed* as the 46th worst game of all time, calling it "more repetitive than 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' with no payoff."

## Reviews

## Sequel

## InfoBox

| Lightspeed | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | MPS Labs |
| Publisher(s) | MicroProse |
| Designer(s) | Andy Hollis <br>Sandy Petersen |
| Programmer(s) | Jim Berry, Andy Hollis, Greg Kreafle |
| Artist(s) | Max D. Remington III |
| Composer(s) | Allen Black, Jeff Briggs, Ken Lagace, Scott L. Patterson, Jim McConkey |
| Platform(s) | MS-DOS |
| Release | 1990 |
| Mode(s) | Single player |


title: Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out

abstract: Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out is a 2006 novel by Chinese writer Mo Yan, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012. The book is a historical fiction exploring China's development during the latter half of the 20th century through the eyes of a noble and generous landowner who is killed and reincarnated as various farm animals in rural China. It has drawn praise from critics, and was the recipient of the inaugural Newman Prize for Chinese Literature in 2009. An English translation was published in 2008. This landlord is the protagonist of this book, Ximen Nao. After he was killed, he went through a total of six reincarnations. He turns into a donkey, a cow, a pig, a dog, a monkey in turn, and finally in 2000 he is reborn as a baby with a very large head. In this novel, the big-headed baby, who is one of the narrators of the story, tells his grandfather, Lan Jiefang, how he felt when he was reincarnated as an animal in each life. The story of the landlord Ximen Haou's family and the peasant Lan Lian's family is a sad story of life and death fatigue for about fifty years. The novel talks about the story of China from 1950 to 2000 by telling the story of Ximen Tun, which develops around Ximen Nao. Through the eyes of a donkey, a cow, a pig, a dog, a monkey, and a big-headed baby, Lan Qiansui, the novel looks at and savors the history of Chinese rural society for more than fifty years. What Mo Yan writes is not only the story of rural China, but also the development process of Chinese society, and the real lives of those at the people. The inspiration for "Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out" came from the author Mo Yan's real life. One of the protagonists of the novel, Lan Lian, is based on a single worker in Mo Yan's hometown. This single worker was the only person in the village who was different from the others at that time. At that time, China was in the midst of a people's commune movement. The whole country was calling on every family to work together. So, the only single worker became a different person in the eyes of everyone. Every day he pushed a wooden wheelbarrow and drove a donkey past the students with his wife, who was wrapped in a small foot. This man, who was different from the times, left a deep impression on Mo Yan. And the blue face in the book "Fatigue of Life and Death" is also a single-occupant household that is firm in his beliefs. He did not listen to anyone's advice, and through all the difficulties, he kept on living as a single worker. His wife, his adopted son, and daughter, and his son all left him to work in the commune. But he didn't change his mind about any of them. From his experience, can also see the development of Chinese society and the change in people's hearts

text:
# Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out

***Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out*** (simplified Chinese: 生死疲劳; traditional Chinese: 生死疲勞; pinyin: *shēngsǐ píláo*) is a 2006 novel by Chinese writer Mo Yan, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012. The book is a historical fiction exploring China's development during the latter half of the 20th century through the eyes of a noble and generous landowner who is killed and reincarnated as various farm animals in rural China. It has drawn praise from critics, and was the recipient of the inaugural Newman Prize for Chinese Literature in 2009. An English translation was published in 2008.

This landlord is the protagonist of this book, Ximen Nao. After he was killed, he went through a total of six reincarnations. He turns into a donkey, a cow, a pig, a dog, a monkey in turn, and finally in 2000 he is reborn as a baby with a very large head. In this novel, the big-headed baby, who is one of the narrators of the story, tells his grandfather, Lan Jiefang, how he felt when he was reincarnated as an animal in each life. The story of the landlord Ximen Haou's family and the peasant Lan Lian's family is a sad story of life and death fatigue for about fifty years. The novel talks about the story of China from 1950 to 2000 by telling the story of Ximen Tun, which develops around Ximen Nao. Through the eyes of a donkey, a cow, a pig, a dog, a monkey, and a big-headed baby, Lan Qiansui, the novel looks at and savors the history of Chinese rural society for more than fifty years. What Mo Yan writes is not only the story of rural China, but also the development process of Chinese society, and the real lives of those at the people.

The inspiration for "Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out" came from the author Mo Yan's real life. One of the protagonists of the novel, Lan Lian, is based on a single worker in Mo Yan's hometown. This single worker was the only person in the village who was different from the others at that time. At that time, China was in the midst of a people's commune movement. The whole country was calling on every family to work together. So, the only single worker became a different person in the eyes of everyone. Every day he pushed a wooden wheelbarrow and drove a donkey past the students with his wife, who was wrapped in a small foot. This man, who was different from the times, left a deep impression on Mo Yan. And the blue face in the book "Fatigue of Life and Death" is also a single-occupant household that is firm in his beliefs. He did not listen to anyone's advice, and through all the difficulties, he kept on living as a single worker. His wife, his adopted son, and daughter, and his son all left him to work in the commune. But he didn't change his mind about any of them. From his experience, can also see the development of Chinese society and the change in people's hearts

## Plot

The story's protagonist is Ximen Nao, a benevolent and noble landowner in Gaomi County, Shandong province. Although known for his kindness to peasants, Nao is targeted during Mao Zedong's land reform movement in 1948 and executed so that his land could be redistributed. The landlord Ximen Nao is accused of being a class enemy and is eventually shot by Huang Tong, an active executor of Mao Zedong’s policies.

Upon his death, Nao finds himself in the underworld, where Lord Yama tortures him in an attempt to elicit an admission of guilt. Nao retains that he is innocent, and as punishment. While he was alive, he did not exploit the people as other landlords did. He was a very labor-loving and kind landlord. He adopted the orphan Lan Lian, who is also one of the main characters of the novel. In his several reincarnations, Ximen Nao also has many stories about Lan Lian's family. Ximen Nao did not understand why he was killed. So after his death, he was with hatred.While Yama believes in his innocence, he is nevertheless dissatisfied with Ximen Nao’s grudge against his enemies and the mortal world. Therefore, Lord Yama sends him back to earth where he is reborn as a donkey in his village on January 1, 1950. In subsequent reincarnations, he goes through life as a donkey, an ox, a pig, a dog, and a monkey, until finally being born again as a man. In the six reincarnations of Ximen Nao, it is the process of gradually forgetting his hatred. Donkey, cow, pig, dog, monkey and human. In the order of his reincarnation is also getting closer and closer to people. He went from wanting revenge at the beginning to thinking in animal terms at the end. This is the process of him fading away from his hatred. After getting rid of all feelings of hatred, Ximen Nao is eventually allowed to be reborn as a human once again. After all these reincarnations, however, the reader discovers that his family name is no longer Ximen, but Lan. Through the lens of various animals, the protagonist experiences the political movements that swept China under Communist Party rule, including the Great Chinese Famine and Cultural Revolution, all the way through to New Year's Eve in 2000. The author, Mo Yan, uses self-reference and by the end of the novel introduces himself as one of the main characters.In the novel, Mo Yan is more like a character who complements the narrator's perspective. There are two main narrators in the novel, one is the big-headed baby Lan Qiansui, who is reborn from Ximen Nao haunting. The other is Lan Qiansui's grandfather, Lan Jiefang. The author uses interpolation in the novel to allow the two narrators to narrate the story in cross-order in the novel. They describe the world as they see it and their perceptions of what is happening as they tell the story. Mo Yan, on the other hand, goes to add a third-party perspective to describe the story. He is a character who is not related to Simon's haunted family by blood. But he is connected to all the characters that appear in the story. He is always present around the protagonists. Mo Yan is an apparently unimportant, but indispensable character. Many fragments of fiction written by Mo Yan appear in the novel. In these fragments are Mo Yan's views and records of what happens in Ximentuan. He is more like a spectator of history. In his perspective, the reader can read a different perspective of the story.

Mo Yan criticizes social and political movements for their oppression and persecution of human life. His narratives describe animality to break down the anthropocentric barriers between human and animals. “The multi-dimensional representation of human animality has been the distinctive feature of Mo Yan’s literary practice of exploring humanity.” The animal allegory in this novel is based on a literary imagination of Buddhist samsara: a complete cycle starting from a human’s rebirth as an animal and ending with an animal’s rebirth as a human. This process not only expresses human’s existential wish to forget hatred, but also constructs an ecological holism of the harmony among humans, animals, and nature. In this way, ecological criticism intersects with political and cultural criticism.

## Reviews

*Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out* garnered highly favorable reviews, though some critics suggested the narrative style was at times difficult to follow. Jonathan Spence described it as "a wildly visionary and creative novel, constantly mocking and rearranging itself and jolting the reader with its own internal commentary. This is politics as pathology...a vast, cruel and complex story." Steven Moore of the *Washington Post* writes it is "a grimly entertaining overview of recent Chinese history...Mo Yan offers insights into communist ideology and predatory capitalism that we ignore at our peril. This 'lumbering animal of a story,' as he calls it, combines the appeal of a family saga set against tumultuous events with the technical bravura of innovative fiction."

The book's translator, Howard Goldblatt, nominated it for the 2009 Newman Prize for Chinese Literature, writing "it puts a human (and frequently bestial) face on the revolution, and is replete with the dark humor, metafictional insertions, and fantasies that Mo Yan’s readers have come to expect and enjoy." Kirkus Book Reviews called the novel "epic black comedy...This long story never slackens; the author deploys parallel and recollected narratives expertly, and makes broadly comic use of himself as a meddlesome, career-oriented hack whose versions of important events are, we are assured, not to be trusted. Mo Yan is a mordant Rabelaisian satirist, and there are echoes of Laurence Sterne's *Tristram Shandy* in this novel's rollicking plenitude."

7. Akhavan, Omid, & Zohdi, Esmaeil. 2015. Mo Yan’s Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out: A Conceptual Integration Analysis.

8. Wang, Jinyue. 2019. Translating and Rewriting Chinese Proverbs: A Case Study of Howard Goldblatt’s English Translation of Mo Yan’s “Shengsi Pilao”.

9. Pirazzoli, Melinda. 2021. Redefining Anthropos and Life. A Phenomenological Reading of Ximen Nao’s Post- Human Journey Towards Enlightenment in Mo Yan’s Life and Death are Wearing Me Out.

10. He, Chengzhou. 2018. Animal Narrative and the Dis-eventalization of Politics: An Ecological–Cultural Approach to Mo Yan’s Life and Death are Wearing Me Out.

11. Fu, Mengxing. 2018 Fantastic Time as Para-History: Spectrality and Historical Justice in Mo Yan’s Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out.

12. Yiju, Huang. 2020. A Buddhist Perspective: Trauma and Reincarnation in Mo Yan's "Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out".

## InfoBox

Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out
| First edition (Chinese) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Mo Yan |
| Translator | Howard Goldblatt |
| Language | Chinese |
| Genre | novel |
| Publisher | (Eng. trans.) Arcade |
| Publication date | 2006 |
| Publication place | China |
| Published in English | 19 March 2008 |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 552 pp (Eng. trans. edition) |
| ISBN | 1559708530 (Eng. trans. edition) |


title: Library of Michigan

abstract: The Library of Michigan is the state library of the U.S. state of Michigan, located in the state capital, Lansing. It is housed in the 5-story Michigan Library and Historical Center building. The library's purpose is to collect and preserve Michigan publications, conduct reference and research, and support libraries statewide. The Library of Michigan has been a division of the Michigan Department of Education since 2009. A key service of the Library of Michigan is the Michigan eLibrary (MeL), one of the first online libraries on the Internet. MeL provides full-text articles, books, Michigan history materials, and evaluated web sites to residents of the state of Michigan. In addition to its function as the state library, the Library of Michigan also operates the Michigan History Museum in the library building. The Michigan History Museum includes permanent and seasonal exhibits on Michigan history, and is open to the public.

text:
# Library of Michigan

The **Library of Michigan** is the state library of the U.S. state of Michigan, located in the state capital, Lansing. It is housed in the 5-story Michigan Library and Historical Center building. The library's purpose is to collect and preserve Michigan publications, conduct reference and research, and support libraries statewide.

The Library of Michigan has been a division of the Michigan Department of Education since 2009. A key service of the Library of Michigan is the Michigan eLibrary (MeL), one of the first online libraries on the Internet. MeL provides full-text articles, books, Michigan history materials, and evaluated web sites to residents of the state of Michigan.

In addition to its function as the state library, the Library of Michigan also operates the **Michigan History Museum** in the library building. The Michigan History Museum includes permanent and seasonal exhibits on Michigan history, and is open to the public.

## History

In 1828, a territorial library was created containing laws and government documents for use by the territorial council, and William B. Hunt was appointed the territorial librarian. Nine years later, the former territorial library became the state library, and Governor Stevens T. Mason appointed Oren Marsh as the first state librarian.

In 1879, the state library moved to the new State Capitol in Lansing. It was originally a two-story room on the second and third floor in the west wing. The space is now the Speaker's Library on the second floor and the House Appropriations Committee room on the third floor.

A fire in the State Office Building where the library was housed in 1951 destroyed 20,000 books and damaged 30,000 more.

Public Act 540 of 1982 created the Library of Michigan and transferred control of the library from the Department of Education to the Legislative Council. Three years later, the Library of Michigan Foundation, which secures funds to support the library's priority programs and projects, was established.

In 1988, the Michigan Library and Historical Center opened, tripling the Library of Michigan's space and merging its full collection of books in one place for the first time since the 1951 fire. In 2001, the library was moved to the new Department of History, Arts and Libraries. After that department's abolition in 2009, the library was moved back to the Department of Education.

## Building

The Library of Michigan at 5 stories contains over 3.2 million different items that take up over 27 miles (43 km) of shelves. Opened in 1989, the Library of Michigan building also contains one of the ten largest genealogical collections in the United States. Another feature is a Michigan collection containing legal materials that date back centuries. Other features of the library and historical center include the Michigan Historical Museum, the Archives of Michigan, and newspapers on microfilm from papers all over the state. The State of Michigan Law Library moved to the building in the summer of 2007.

42°43′56″N 84°33′49″W / 42.73221°N 84.56364°W / 42.73221; -84.56364

## InfoBox

| Library of Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| The atrium of the Library of Michigan | |
|  | |
| Location | Lansing, Michigan |
| Type | State library |
| Reference to legal mandate | Library of Michigan Act of 1982 |
| Other information | |
| Budget | $17,747,300 |
| Director | Randy Riley |
| Employees | 33 |
| Website | http://www.michigan.gov/libraryofmichigan |


title: Life on the Lagoons

abstract: Life on the Lagoons, which deals with the history and topography of the watery area around the city of Venice, is the first book by the Scottish historian Horatio Brown. The first edition was published in London in 1884, a revised second edition appeared ten years later in 1894, and there were further editions in 1900, 1904, and 1909. The book was republished as a paperback in 2008.

text:
# Life on the Lagoons

***Life on the Lagoons***, which deals with the history and topography of the watery area around the city of Venice, is the first book by the Scottish historian Horatio Brown.

The first edition was published in London in 1884, a revised second edition appeared ten years later in 1894, and there were further editions in 1900, 1904, and 1909.

The book was republished as a paperback in 2008.

## Outline

Brown begins by setting out the natural topography of the lagoons, then their history from the year 452. He goes on to describe the human and animal life to be seen in and around the lagoons in his own day, based on his excursions, sometimes with his friend John Addington Symonds, in a sandolo called *Fisole*, which had orange sails decorated with a fleur-de-lis.

The book is dedicated "To my Gondolier, ANTONIO SALIN, my constant companion in Venice and Venetia".

The chapter-headings of the second edition are: *The Lagoons : their Nature and their History; The Gondola; The Traghetti; A Gondolier's Bank; Floods in the City; The Casa degli Spiriti; Sant' Elena; Osele; Sails and Sailmaking; A Vision of La Sensa; Processions; San Nicolo del Lido; The Doves of Saint Mark; The Ducal Palace; All Souls; The Madonna della Salute; Home Life; Popular Beliefs; Popular Poetry; A Regatta and its Sequel*; and *Mi Chiama il Mare*.

## Poem by Stevenson

Horatio Brown met Robert Louis Stevenson in 1881 at Davos, Switzerland, through their mutual friend John Addington Symonds. Stevenson took a liking to Brown and later sent him a copy of William Penn's *Fruits of Solitude*. Stevenson read *Life on the Lagoons* and wrote the poem "To H. F. Brown" to celebrate the book.

Now, thanks to your triumphant care, Your pages clear as April air, The sails, the bells, the birds, I know, And the far-off Friulan snow

## Critical reception

The *British Quarterly Review* said of the first edition in 1884:

> Mr. Brown is another illustration of the fascinating spell wherewith Venice enthrals all who fairly come within her influence. He has, too, found what, after all that has been written about Venice, one would have said was impossible, a distinct and unhackneyed form of Venetian life and exposition. The lagoons make up so large a portion of the life of the people, and the workers therein are necessarily so distinct, that in describing them Mr. Brown largely describes Venice. We advise readers to skip the proem, which is a rhapsody...

*The Literary World* said in 1894 of the second edition:

> It is some time since we have had a book on Venice—that most tempting theme to European travel writers—and therefore there is a vacancy for Mr. Horatio F. Brown to fill with a second edition, revised... The formation of the lagoons is described in a most instructive, scientific chapter, and the story of Venice as a state and city is traced therein from the foundation down to the present time...

Charles Dudley Warner, in *A Library of the World's Best Literature* (1896) says:

> Beginning where Nature began to hint at Venice, Mr Brown describes the peculiar topography of the region... When the reader knows the natural geography of Venice as if he had seen it, he may pass on and behold what man has done with the site since the year 452... a concise sketch of the history of Venice, from its early beginnings to the end of the Republic... These preliminaries gone through, he is free to play in the Venice of to-day. He may behold it all, from the palace of the Doges to the painted sails of the *bragozzi*. The fishing boats, the gondolas, the ferries, the churches, the fisheries, the floods, the islands across the lagoon, the pictures, the palaces, the processions and regattas, and saints' days, all have their chapters in this "spirited and happy book", as Stevenson called it.

## Editions

* *Life on the Lagoons* (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1884), 1st edition
* *Life on the Lagoons* (New York: Macmillan, 1894), 2nd edition
* *Life on the Lagoons* (London: 1900), 3rd edition
* *Life on the Lagoons* (London: 1904), 4th edition
* *Life on the Lagoons* (London: Rivingtons, 1909), 5th edition
* *Life on the Lagoons* (London: Read Books, 2008), paperback, ISBN 978-1-4437-0765-7


title: Lim Kah Leong

abstract: Lim Kah Leong, is a Singaporean neuroscientist and tenured full Professor and Associate Vice President for Research at the Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), where he is also a President's Chair Professor in Translational Neuroscience. He was previously the Vice Dean for Research at the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine at NTU, Chair of the Department of Physiology at the National University of Singapore, Singapore and the deputy director for research at the National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. Dr. Lim is known for his research in Parkinson's Disease. His research focuses on unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases, with the view to develop novel therapies aimed at effectively treating the disease.

text:
# Lim Kah Leong

**Lim Kah Leong**, is a Singaporean neuroscientist and tenured full Professor and Associate Vice President for Research (Biomedical and Life Sciences) at the Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), where he is also a President's Chair Professor in Translational Neuroscience. He was previously the Vice Dean for Research at the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine at NTU, Chair of the Department of Physiology at the National University of Singapore, Singapore and the deputy director for research at the National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. Dr. Lim is known for his research in Parkinson's Disease. His research focuses on unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases, with the view to develop novel therapies aimed at effectively treating the disease.

## Academic background

Dr Lim obtained his PhD from the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore under Dr. Catherine Pallen and performed his postdoctoral studies at the department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine with Ted M. Dawson and the department of pathology, Harvard Medical School. He returned in to Singapore in 2002 to lead a laboratory at the National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.

## Research

His research has focused on identifying the molecular events underlying Parkinson's disease (PD). He co-led the creation of the first two-photon, small molecule fluorogenic probe that can serve as a useful tool for the rapid assessment of an individual's potential risk for Parkinson's disease. He has also pioneered the use of umbilical cord lining stem cells to create new dopamine producing neurons in mice. He has also studied the relationship between Parkinson's Disease and cancer and has uncovered the role of a tumor suppressor known as parkin in brain cancer.

## Awards and recognition

Prof. Lim Kah Leong has been awarded the Outstanding Mentor Award from the Science Mentorship Program, Ministry of Education, Singapore in 2008. He was also awarded the Khoo Discovery Award by the Khoo Teck Puat Foundation, Duke-NUS, Singapore the same year. His team was awarded the NMRC Translational and Clinical Research Flagship Programme Grant of S$25 million for their work on the degenerative neurological disease Parkinson's in 2014. He also leads a S$10 million 5-year program in regenerative medicine for Parkinson's disease and Age-related Macular Degeneration funded by the National Research Foundation in 2020. In 2018, he was awarded Singapore's highest accolade in science, the President's Science Award.

## InfoBox

| Lim Kah Leong | |
| --- | --- |
| Prof Lim Kah Leong at Duke-NUS | |
| Born | Lim Kah Leong<br>Singapore |
| Nationality | Singaporean |
| Alma mater | Johns Hopkins University, Harvard University, IMCB |
| Occupation(s) | Academic, Scientist |
| Website | www.lkcmedicine.ntu.edu.sg/aboutus/Faculty-and-Staff/Pages/Lim-Kah-Leong.aspx |


title: Lim Kee Chong

abstract: An Yan Lim Lim Kee Chong is a retired Mauritian association football referee. He is mostly known for supervising two matches in the FIFA World Cup - a Group B first-round match between Brazil and Russia in 1994 and a Group G first-round match between Romania and Colombia in 1998. He was suspended following the 1998 World Cup. In addition, Lim Kee Chong served as a referee for African Cup of Nations tournaments in 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, and 2002. His other international events include the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship, the 1992 Olympic tournament, and the 1992 and 1995 King Fahd Cup tournaments. He officiated in qualifying matches for the 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 World Cups. A customs officer during his career as a match official, he has since worked as referee coordinator for the Mauritius Football Association and a refereeing instructor for FIFA's development projects in Africa.

text:
# Lim Kee Chong

**An Yan Lim Lim Kee Chong** (born May 15, 1960) is a retired Mauritian association football referee. He is mostly known for supervising two matches in the FIFA World Cup \- a Group B first-round match between Brazil and Russia in 1994 and a Group G first-round match between Romania and Colombia in 1998. He was suspended following the 1998 World Cup.

In addition, Lim Kee Chong served as a referee for African Cup of Nations tournaments in 1992, 1994 (including the final match), 1996, 1998, and 2002. His other international events include the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship, the 1992 Olympic tournament, and the 1992 and 1995 King Fahd Cup tournaments. He officiated in qualifying matches for the 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 World Cups.

A customs officer during his career as a match official, he has since worked as referee coordinator for the Mauritius Football Association and a refereeing instructor for FIFA's development projects in Africa.


title: Lift table bellows

abstract: A lift table bellows is a safety device that forms a protective barrier between the lift table operator and the equipment's moving parts. The protective barrier is constructed from a wide range of material with 23oz vinyl being the most common in industrial applications.

text:
# Lift table bellows

A **lift table bellows** (also known as lift table skirting) is a safety device that forms a protective barrier between the lift table operator and the equipment's moving parts.

The protective barrier is constructed from a wide range of material with 23oz vinyl being the most common in industrial applications.

## Purpose

The purpose of the lift table bellows is to keep the operator's hands and feet from getting inside of the lifter where they could be pinched.

In addition to protecting the operators, lift table skirting also protects the equipment. This protective cover can prevent the ingress of abrasive dust particles, dirt, and other common contaminants from prematurely wearing out precision machine parts. Thereby, this reduces expensive downtime and loss of vital machine accuracy and up time.

Common purposes of lift table bellows include:

* Protecting the operator from moving parts
* Protecting the equipment from debris which could prematurely wear out critical components
* Maintaining a sterile clean environment inside of the equipment
* Meeting medical standards for patient positioning tables in hospitals

## Use

### Industry

Industries that commonly use lift tables include:

### Healthcare

They are also used in hospitals and physician's offices.

In the United States, in some instances, the U.S. Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires that bellows be installed on all moving equipment to protect nearby operators and associates. This varies from state to state and industry.


title: Lift to Experience

abstract: Lift to Experience is an American indie rock band from Denton, Texas, that formed in 1996 with vocalist and guitarist Josh T. Pearson, drummer Andy "The Boy" Young, and bassist Josh "The Bear" Browning. The band has thus far released only one studio album, The Texas-Jerusalem Crossroads (2001), which has earned critical acclaim and a cult following.

text:
# Lift to Experience

**Lift to Experience** is an American indie rock band from Denton, Texas, that formed in 1996 with vocalist and guitarist Josh T. Pearson, drummer Andy "The Boy" Young, and bassist Josh "The Bear" Browning. The band has thus far released only one studio album, *The Texas-Jerusalem Crossroads* (2001), which has earned critical acclaim and a cult following.

## Background

When the band performed at the South by Southwest festival in 2000, they impressed Simon Raymonde and Robin Guthrie so much that the duo decided to sign the band to their record label, Bella Union, that same day.

The band's characteristic sound comes from a solo guitar with heavy use of effects pedals and a modified Leslie speaker. The band's major work, the double-disc concept album *The Texas-Jerusalem Crossroads*, was released in 2001. The album's lyrics are replete with Biblical Christian imagery relating to the Second Coming of Christ and a professed love of Texas and the United States. The music features a multilayered Wall of Sound and feedback-driven aesthetic. The band performed three times on the John Peel BBC Radio 1 show.

The band was not active for a long period. Pearson has pursued a solo career, while Young formed Western Arms, a project with Elbow frontman Guy Garvey. Young now has a band, The Flowers of God, which released a four-song EP in September 2010. As of late 2011, Browning plays bass in Fort Worth, Texas-based shoegaze-styled band Year of the Bear.

In June 2016, Lift to Experience performed a reunion show at London's Royal Festival Hall as part of the Guy Garvey-curated Meltdown Festival. It was preceded by three warm-up gigs in Texas.

Following the release of Josh T. Pearson's *Last Of The Country Gentlemen*, the band released a brand-new edition of *The Texas-Jerusalem Crossroads* through Mute Records. Released in February 2017, the original straight-to-tape recordings were remixed by the band and Matt Pence at the original studio where they had been made 15 years previously—"remixing the album the way it should have been mixed originally. As God intended".

Lift To Experience performed at the Green Man Festival in Wales in August 2017.

## Discography

* *Lift To Experience* (1997)   EP
* *Callin' Out to Jesus in the Middle of the Night (2000)   split 7-inch with The Autumns ("White Nights")*
* *The Texas-Jerusalem Crossroads* (2001)   double album
* "These Are the Days" (2001)   CD single
* The Texas-Jerusalem Crossroads 15th Anniversary Edition (2017) - double album / CD

## InfoBox

| Lift to Experience | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Denton, Texas, United States |
| Genres | Indie rock, shoegaze, post-rock |
| Years active | 1996  2001, 2016  present |
| Labels | Bella Union, Mute |
|  | |
| Members | Josh "The Bear" Browning
Josh T. Pearson
Andy "The Boy" Young |


abstract: The Liberia women's national basketball team is the national basketball team representing Liberia. It is administered by the Liberia Basketball Federation. It appeared at the 2005 FIBA Africa Championship for Women qualification stage.

text:
# Liberia women's national basketball team

The **Liberia women's national basketball team** is the national basketball team representing Liberia. It is administered by the Liberia Basketball Federation.

It appeared at the 2005 FIBA Africa Championship for Women qualification stage.

## InfoBox

Liberia
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| FIBA ranking | NR (26 August 2024) |
| Joined FIBA | 1966 |
| FIBA zone | FIBA Africa |
| National federation | LBF |
| Olympic Games | |
| Appearances | None |
| World Cup | |
| Appearances | None |
| FIBA Africa Championship for Women | |
| Appearances | None |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract:
The Liberia men's national under-18 basketball team is a national basketball team of Liberia, administered by the Liberia Basketball Federation.
It represents the country in international under-18 basketball competitions. It appeared at the 2012 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship qualification stage.

text:
# Liberia men's national under-18 basketball team

The **Liberia men's national under-18 basketball team** is a national basketball team of Liberia, administered by the Liberia Basketball Federation. It represents the country in international under-18 (under age 18) basketball competitions.

It appeared at the 2012 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship qualification stage.

## InfoBox

Liberia
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| FIBA zone | FIBA Africa |
| World Championships | |
| Appearances | None |
| African Championships | |
| Appearances | None |


abstract: The Lichtenštejnský palác on Kampa Island is one of two palaces in Prague that formerly belonged to the Princely Family of Liechtenstein. The Kampa Island palace has occasionally hosted events, but it is the more centrally-located "Lichtenštejnský palác", the Liechtenstein Palace on the Malostranské náměstí, now a music conservatory, which is better known as a concert venue.

text:
# Liechtenstein Palace (Kampa Island, Prague)

The **Lichtenštejnský palác** on Kampa Island is one of two palaces in Prague that formerly belonged to the Princely Family of Liechtenstein.

The Kampa Island palace has occasionally hosted events, but it is the more centrally-located "Lichtenštejnský palác", the Liechtenstein Palace on the Malostranské náměstí, now a music conservatory, which is better known as a concert venue.

50°05′08″N 14°24′32″E / 50.08556°N 14.40889°E / 50.08556; 14.40889


title: Lielupe Station

abstract: Lielupe Station is a railway station on the Torņakalns – Tukums II Railway in the Lielupe neighbourhood of Jūrmala, Latvia.

text:
# Lielupe Station

**Lielupe Station** is a railway station on the Torņakalns – Tukums II Railway in the Lielupe neighbourhood of Jūrmala, Latvia.

Media related to Lielupe Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Lielupe Station | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Coordinates | 56°58′57″N 23°52′15″E / 56.9824°N 23.8707°E / 56.9824; 23.8707 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1913 |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station LDz Following station  Bulduritowards Tukums II  Torņakalns–Tukums II Railway  Priedainetowards Riga | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Lielupe StationLocation within Latvia | |


title: Lila T. Abaunza

abstract: Lila Teresita Abaunza Abaunza de Bolaños was the First Lady of Nicaragua from 2002 until 2007 and the wife of the former President of Nicaragua, Enrique Bolaños. She was noted for her charitable work.

text:
# Lila T. Abaunza

**Lila Teresita Abaunza Abaunza de Bolaños** (29 January 1929 – 17 July 2008) was the First Lady of Nicaragua from 2002 until 2007 and the wife of the former President of Nicaragua, Enrique Bolaños. She was noted for her charitable work.

## Biography

**Lila Teresita Abaunza Abaunza** was born in Masaya, Nicaragua, member of a prestigious family. Her father was Alejandro Abaunza Espinoza, President of the Congress of Nicaragua and Public Work Minister and Agriculture in the Partido Liberal, son of Carlos Abaunza Cuadra and wife Dolores Espinoza. Her mother was his wife and first cousin Esmeralda Abaunza Solórzano, daughter of Fernando Abaunza Cuadra and wife Marina Solórzano Vasconcelos, daughter of Enrique Solórzano Cardoze and wife Luz Vasconcelos, both of Portuguese descent, and he the son of Ramón Solórzano Montealegre and second wife Mónica Cardoze, who by his first wife Juana Reyes Robira had Federico Solórzano Reyes, married to Rosa Gutiérrez, the parents of Carlos José Solórzano, 58th President of Nicaragua.

She was a relative by both parents of Justo Abaunza, 25th and 27th President of Nicaragua, of Fernando Guzmán, 37th President of Nicaragua and by both parents of José Vicente Cuadra, 38th President of Nicaragua.

Abaunza studied at the La Asunción College in Managua and the Sacred Heart Preparatory Menlo Park, in California, United States.

In 1949 she married her relative Enrique Bolaños, son of Mr. Nicolás Bolaños Cortés and Amanda Geyer Abaunza. Their five children were Enrique José, Lucía Amanda, Jorge Alejandro (deceased, 2005), Javier Gregorio (deceased, 2007) and Alberto (deceased, 1972). Lila de Bolaños spent much of her life undertaking charitable work and helping the poor and destitute. As wife of the President she contributed to aid in hospitals, visiting asylums of the old, giving medical support and campaigning to restore old buildings, particularly those destroyed by disasters such as Hurricane Mitch. She did much work with disabled people.

In June 2008 she was transported by air from Miami to her home in El Raizón about 22 miles outside Masaya after undergoing a serious deterioration in health. During this period she was reportedly in much pain and died on 17 July 2008 after an illness of some seven weeks. Her funeral took place on July 19 and she was buried in the Bolaños family mausoleum in Masaya.

## Culinary

Abaunza's Nacatamales were said to be amongst the best in Nicaragua. She was also known to be very outspoken and frank in her role as first lady.

## InfoBox

| Lila T. Abaunza | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| First Lady of Nicaragua | |
| **In role**
10 January 2002  10 January 2007 | |
| President | Enrique Bolaños |
| Preceded by | Maria Fernanda Flores Lanzas |
| Succeeded by | Rosario Murillo |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 29 January 1929
Masaya, Nicaragua |
| Died | 17 July 2008(2008-07-17) (aged 79)
Masaya, Nicaragua |
| Spouse | Enrique Bolaños |
| Children | 5 |
| Parents | * Alejandro Abaunza Espinoza (father) * Esmeralda Abaunza Solórzano (mother) |
|  | |