abstract: The National Register of Historic Places is a United States federal official list of places and sites considered worthy of preservation. In Windham County, Vermont, there are 100 properties and districts listed on the National Register, including 2 National Historic Landmarks.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

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# National Register of Historic Places listings in Windham County, Vermont

The National Register of Historic Places is a United States federal official list of places and sites considered worthy of preservation. In Windham County, Vermont, there are 100 properties and districts listed on the National Register, including 2 National Historic Landmarks.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

**Contents:** Counties in Vermont
| Addison \- Bennington \- Caledonia \- Chittenden \- Essex \- Franklin \- Grand Isle \- Lamoille \- Orange \- Orleans \- Rutland \- Washington \- Windham \- Windsor |
| --- |

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Adams Gristmill Warehouse |  | January 22, 1990
(#88002162) | Bridge St.
43°08′07″N 72°26′30″W / 43.1354°N 72.4417°W / 43.1354; -72.4417 (Adams Gristmill Warehouse) | Bellows Falls |  |
| 2 | Bartonsville Covered Bridge |  | July 2, 1973
(#73000201) | Across the Williams River at the southern end of Bartonsville
43°13′27″N 72°32′12″W / 43.224167°N 72.536667°W / 43.224167; -72.536667 (Bartonsville Covered Bridge) | Rockingham | Destroyed in 2011 by flash flooding caused by Hurricane Irene, and rebuilt in 2012. |
| 3 | Bellows Falls Co-operative Creamery Complex |  | January 22, 1990
(#88002164) | Bridge St.
43°08′10″N 72°26′32″W / 43.136219°N 72.442262°W / 43.136219; -72.442262 (Bellows Falls Co-operative Creamery Complex) | Bellows Falls |  |
| 4 | Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District |  | August 16, 1982
(#82001706) | Depot, Canal, Rockingham, Bridge, Mill, and Westminster Sts.
43°08′04″N 72°26′42″W / 43.134444°N 72.445°W / 43.134444; -72.445 (Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District) | Bellows Falls |  |
| 5 | Bellows Falls Neighborhood Historic District |  | January 17, 2002
(#01001477) | Atkinson, Westminster, School, and Hapgood Sts., Hapgood Pl., and Burt St., Henry St., South St., Hadley St., and Temple Pl.; also Center, Front, Old Terrace, and Pine Sts.
43°07′53″N 72°26′57″W / 43.131389°N 72.449167°W / 43.131389; -72.449167 (Bellows Falls Neighborhood Historic District) | Bellows Falls | Second set of streets represents a boundary increase |
| 6 | Bellows Falls Petroglyph Site (VT-WD-8) |  | January 22, 1990
(#88002166) | Address Restricted
 | Bellows Falls |  |
| 7 | Bellows Falls Times Building |  | January 22, 1990
(#88002160) | Bridge and Island Sts.
43°08′05″N 72°26′34″W / 43.1346°N 72.4427°W / 43.1346; -72.4427 (Bellows Falls Times Building) | Bellows Falls |  |
| 8 | Brattleboro Downtown Historic District |  | February 17, 1983
(#83003225) | Main St. from Vernon to Walnut, Flat, Elliot, High, and Grove Sts.; also Plaza Park, Main St. at its junction with Canal St., Vermont Routes 119 and 142, and 1 Holstein Place
42°51′13″N 72°33′35″W / 42.853611°N 72.559722°W / 42.853611; -72.559722 (Brattleboro Downtown Historic District) | Brattleboro | Second set of streets represents a boundary increase dating to September 15, 2004 |
| 9 | Brattleboro Retreat |  | April 12, 1984
(#84003478) | Linden St. and Upper Dummerston Rd.
42°51′52″N 72°34′17″W / 42.864444°N 72.571389°W / 42.864444; -72.571389 (Brattleboro Retreat) | Brattleboro |  |
| 10 | Bridge 19 |  | September 28, 2007
(#07001025) | Grassy Brook Rd.
42°59′44″N 72°38′16″W / 42.995516°N 72.637908°W / 42.995516; -72.637908 (Bridge 19) | Brookline and Newfane | aka the Brookline-Newfane Bridge |
| 11 | Broad Brook Grange Hall |  | September 20, 2022
(#100008221) | 3940 Guilford Center Rd.
42°47′37″N 72°37′27″W / 42.7937°N 72.6242°W / 42.7937; -72.6242 (Broad Brook Grange Hall) | Guilford |  |
| 12 | Broad Brook House |  | August 4, 2011
(#11000517) | 475 Coolidge Hwy.
42°49′04″N 72°34′31″W / 42.817778°N 72.575278°W / 42.817778; -72.575278 (Broad Brook House) | Guilford |  |
| 13 | Brookline Baptist Church |  | September 1, 2021
(#100006892) | 632 Grassy Brook Rd.
43°00′54″N 72°36′27″W / 43.0149°N 72.6076°W / 43.0149; -72.6076 (Brookline Baptist Church) | Brookline |  |
| 14 | Brooks House |  | February 1, 1980
(#80000343) | 4 High St. and 128 Main St.
42°51′12″N 72°33′31″W / 42.853333°N 72.558611°W / 42.853333; -72.558611 (Brooks House) | Brattleboro |  |
| 15 | Butterfield House |  | August 6, 2005
(#05000806) | 204 Main St.
43°10′18″N 72°36′25″W / 43.171714°N 72.607067°W / 43.171714; -72.607067 (Butterfield House) | Grafton | Now the Grafton Public Library |
| 16 | Canal Street Schoolhouse |  | August 19, 1977
(#77000103) | Canal St. at Clark St.
42°50′52″N 72°33′40″W / 42.8479°N 72.5612°W / 42.8479; -72.5612 (Canal Street Schoolhouse) | Brattleboro |  |
| 17 | Canal Street-Clark Street Neighborhood Historic District |  | July 8, 1993
(#93000593) | Roughly bounded by Canal, S. Main, Lawrence and Clark Sts.
42°50′56″N 72°33′35″W / 42.848889°N 72.559722°W / 42.848889; -72.559722 (Canal Street-Clark Street Neighborhood Historic District) | Brattleboro |  |
| 18 | Christ Church |  | May 13, 1982
(#82001707) | Melendy Rd. and U.S. Route 5
42°48′58″N 72°34′30″W / 42.816111°N 72.575°W / 42.816111; -72.575 (Christ Church) | Guilford |  |
| 19 | Corse-Shippee House |  | May 7, 2008
(#08000386) | 11 Dorr Fitch Rd.
42°56′08″N 72°50′52″W / 42.935501°N 72.847767°W / 42.935501; -72.847767 (Corse-Shippee House) | Dover |  |
| 20 | Theophilus Crawford House |  | March 9, 1995
(#95000175) | Southwestern side of Hickory Ridge Rd., about 2 mi (3.2 km) north of Putney
42°59′55″N 72°32′14″W / 42.998611°N 72.537222°W / 42.998611; -72.537222 (Theophilus Crawford House) | Putney |  |
| 21 | Creamery Covered Bridge |  | August 28, 1973
(#73000202) | West of Brattleboro off Vermont Route 9
42°50′58″N 72°35′12″W / 42.849444°N 72.586667°W / 42.849444; -72.586667 (Creamery Covered Bridge) | Brattleboro |  |
| 22 | Crows Nest |  | May 18, 1998
(#98000431) | 36 Sturgis Dr.
42°54′43″N 72°53′01″W / 42.911944°N 72.883611°W / 42.911944; -72.883611 (Crows Nest) | Wilmington |  |
| 23 | Dickinson Estate Historic District |  | November 9, 2005
(#05001237) | Dickinson and Kipling Rds.
42°53′37″N 72°33′55″W / 42.893611°N 72.565278°W / 42.893611; -72.565278 (Dickinson Estate Historic District) | Brattleboro |  |
| 24 | District No. 1 Schoolhouse |  | April 20, 1992
(#92000337) | Somerset Rd.
42°57′40″N 72°59′02″W / 42.961111°N 72.983889°W / 42.961111; -72.983889 (District No. 1 Schoolhouse) | Somerset |  |
| 25 | Dover Town Hall |  | September 1, 1988
(#88001466) | School House Rd.
42°56′38″N 72°48′08″W / 42.943889°N 72.802222°W / 42.943889; -72.802222 (Dover Town Hall) | Dover |  |
| 26 | East Putney Brook Stone Arch Bridge |  | December 12, 1976
(#76000149) | Spans East Putney Brook off River Rd.
42°59′09″N 72°28′09″W / 42.985833°N 72.469167°W / 42.985833; -72.469167 (East Putney Brook Stone Arch Bridge) | East Putney |  |
| 27 | Estey Organ Company Factory |  | April 17, 1980
(#80000344) | Birge St.; also 68 Birge St.
42°50′51″N 72°34′04″W / 42.8475°N 72.567778°W / 42.8475; -72.567778 (Estey Organ Company Factory) | Brattleboro | 68 Birge represents a boundary increase |
| 28 | First Congregational Church and Meetinghouse |  | November 15, 2002
(#02001344) | Near the junction of Vermont Routes 30 and 35
43°02′49″N 72°40′10″W / 43.046944°N 72.669444°W / 43.046944; -72.669444 (First Congregational Church and Meetinghouse) | Townshend |  |
| 29 | Follett Stone Arch Bridge Historic District |  | December 12, 1976
(#76000150) | West of Townshend off Vermont Route 30
43°02′48″N 72°41′59″W / 43.046667°N 72.699722°W / 43.046667; -72.699722 (Follett Stone Arch Bridge Historic District) | Townshend |  |
| 30 | Gas Station at Bridge and Island Streets |  | January 22, 1990
(#88002161) | Bridge and Island Sts.
43°08′06″N 72°26′32″W / 43.1351°N 72.4422°W / 43.1351; -72.4422 (Gas Station at Bridge and Island Streets) | Bellows Falls |  |
| 31 | George-Pine-Henry Street Historic District |  | July 13, 2010
(#09000918) | 5-22 George St.; 1-17 Pine St.; 32-44 Henry St.
43°07′52″N 72°27′02″W / 43.131111°N 72.450556°W / 43.131111; -72.450556 (George-Pine-Henry Street Historic District) | Rockingham |  |
| 32 | Grafton Congregational Church and Chapel |  | December 10, 1979
(#79000230) | Main St.
43°10′24″N 72°36′42″W / 43.173333°N 72.611667°W / 43.173333; -72.611667 (Grafton Congregational Church and Chapel) | Grafton |  |
| 33 | Grafton District Schoolhouse No. 2 |  | August 11, 2005
(#05000868) | 217 Main St.
43°10′19″N 72°36′24″W / 43.171891°N 72.606703°W / 43.171891; -72.606703 (Grafton District Schoolhouse No. 2) | Grafton | Also served as a fire station 1922-92. |
| 34 | Grafton Post Office |  | August 6, 2005
(#05000807) | 205 Main St.
43°10′19″N 72°36′25″W / 43.171931°N 72.606948°W / 43.171931; -72.606948 (Grafton Post Office) | Grafton |  |
| 35 | Grafton Village Historic District |  | April 7, 2010
(#10000171) | Main St., Vermont Route 121 E., Townshend Rd., Chester Hill Rd., Hidder Hill Rd., Pleasant St., School St., Middletown Rd., and Hinck
43°10′18″N 72°36′24″W / 43.17165°N 72.606733°W / 43.17165; -72.606733 (Grafton Village Historic District) | Grafton |  |
| 36 | Green River Covered Bridge |  | August 28, 1973
(#73000203) | Across the Green River
42°46′31″N 72°40′04″W / 42.775278°N 72.667778°W / 42.775278; -72.667778 (Green River Covered Bridge) | Green River |  |
| 37 | Green River Crib Dam |  | April 7, 1995
(#95000374) | Green River Rd. (Town Highway 5)
42°46′32″N 72°40′04″W / 42.775556°N 72.667778°W / 42.775556; -72.667778 (Green River Crib Dam) | Guilford |  |
| 38 | Lewis Grout House |  | November 7, 1996
(#96001328) | 960? Western Ave. (at Bonnyvale Rd.)
42°51′13″N 72°36′06″W / 42.853611°N 72.601667°W / 42.853611; -72.601667 (Lewis Grout House) | Brattleboro |  |
| 39 | Guilford Center Meeting House |  | May 13, 1982
(#82001708) | 4042 Guilford Center Rd.
42°47′31″N 72°37′32″W / 42.791944°N 72.625556°W / 42.791944; -72.625556 (Guilford Center Meeting House) | Guilford |  |
| 40 | Hall Covered Bridge |  | August 28, 1973
(#73000204) | West of Bellows Falls across the Saxtons River, off Vermont Route 121
43°08′12″N 72°29′16″W / 43.136667°N 72.487778°W / 43.136667; -72.487778 (Hall Covered Bridge) | Bellows Falls | Bridge collapsed in 1980 and was rebuilt as a replica of the old bridge in 1982. |
| 41 | William A. Hall House |  | May 5, 1999
(#99000537) | 1 Hapgood St.
43°07′48″N 72°26′44″W / 43.13°N 72.445556°W / 43.13; -72.445556 (William A. Hall House) | Bellows Falls |  |
| 42 | William Harris House |  | December 18, 1978
(#78000250) | Western Ave.
42°51′01″N 72°35′20″W / 42.850166°N 72.588879°W / 42.850166; -72.588879 (William Harris House) | Brattleboro |  |
| 43 | Deacon John Holbrook House |  | March 19, 1982
(#82001709) | 80 Linden Street
42°51′24″N 72°33′43″W / 42.856667°N 72.561944°W / 42.856667; -72.561944 (Deacon John Holbrook House) | Brattleboro |  |
| 44 | Homestead-Horton Neighborhood Historic District |  | April 3, 2009
(#09000160) | Homestead Pl., Horton Pl., and Canal St.
42°50′49″N 72°33′42″W / 42.846944°N 72.561667°W / 42.846944; -72.561667 (Homestead-Horton Neighborhood Historic District) | Brattleboro |  |
| 45 | Houghtonville Historic District |  | September 8, 2015
(#15000583) | Houghtonville, Stagecoach & Cabell Rds.
43°11′52″N 72°38′51″W / 43.1978°N 72.6476°W / 43.1978; -72.6476 (Houghtonville Historic District) | Grafton |  |
| 46 | Howard Hardware Storehouse |  | January 22, 1990
(#88002163) | Bridge St.
43°08′09″N 72°26′27″W / 43.1358°N 72.4409°W / 43.1358; -72.4409 (Howard Hardware Storehouse) | Bellows Falls |  |
| 47 | Governor Hunt House |  | April 11, 2022
(#100007573) | 322 Governor Hunt Rd.
42°46′33″N 72°30′57″W / 42.7757°N 72.5159°W / 42.7757; -72.5159 (Governor Hunt House) | Vernon |  |
| 48 | Kidder Covered Bridge |  | July 2, 1973
(#73000205) | Southeast of Grafton
43°10′08″N 72°36′21″W / 43.168889°N 72.605833°W / 43.168889; -72.605833 (Kidder Covered Bridge) | Grafton |  |
| 49 | Londonderry Town House |  | July 14, 1983
(#83003227) | Middletown Rd.
43°11′41″N 72°48′54″W / 43.194722°N 72.815°W / 43.194722; -72.815 (Londonderry Town House) | South Londonderry |  |
| 50 | Mechanicsville Historic District |  | September 16, 2010
(#10000766) | Route 121 E.
43°10′13″N 72°35′57″W / 43.1703°N 72.5991°W / 43.1703; -72.5991 (Mechanicsville Historic District) | Grafton |  |
| 51 | Medburyville Bridge |  | November 8, 1990
(#90001746) | Town Highway 31 over the Deerfield River
42°52′16″N 72°55′12″W / 42.871111°N 72.92°W / 42.871111; -72.92 (Medburyville Bridge) | Wilmington |  |
| 52 | Middletown Rural Historic District |  | March 21, 2011
(#11000101) | Middletown Rd., Avery Park Dr., Middletown Cemetery Rd., Woodchuck Hill Rd., Vermont Route 121
43°11′18″N 72°37′25″W / 43.188230°N 72.623690°W / 43.188230; -72.623690 (Middletown Rural Historic District) | Grafton |  |
| 53 | Milldean and Alexander-Davis House |  | May 24, 1990
(#90000815) | Main St. near town center
43°10′19″N 72°36′28″W / 43.171944°N 72.607778°W / 43.171944; -72.607778 (Milldean and Alexander-Davis House) | Grafton |  |
| 54 | Miss Bellows Falls Diner |  | February 15, 1983
(#83003226) | 90 Rockingham St.
43°08′06″N 72°26′51″W / 43.135°N 72.4475°W / 43.135; -72.4475 (Miss Bellows Falls Diner) | Bellows Falls |  |
| 55 | Moore and Thompson Paper Mill Complex |  | March 16, 1984
(#84003475) | Bridge St.
43°08′01″N 72°26′29″W / 43.1337°N 72.4414°W / 43.1337; -72.4414 (Moore and Thompson Paper Mill Complex) | Bellows Falls |  |
| 56 | Naulakha |  | April 11, 1979
(#79000231) | Off U.S. Route 5
42°53′55″N 72°33′51″W / 42.898611°N 72.564167°W / 42.898611; -72.564167 (Naulakha) | Dummerston | Home where Rudyard Kipling wrote The Jungle Book |
| 57 | Newfane Village Historic District |  | July 21, 1983
(#83003228) | Main, West, Church, Court, Depot, and Cross Sts.
42°59′16″N 72°39′26″W / 42.987778°N 72.657222°W / 42.987778; -72.657222 (Newfane Village Historic District) | Newfane |  |
| 58 | Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel |  | November 14, 1991
(#91001613) | Off Pleasant St.
43°07′32″N 72°27′10″W / 43.125556°N 72.452778°W / 43.125556; -72.452778 (Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel) | Bellows Falls |  |
| 59 | Old Brick Church |  | November 30, 1979
(#79000340) | Off Vermont Route 35
43°07′23″N 72°34′42″W / 43.123056°N 72.578333°W / 43.123056; -72.578333 (Old Brick Church) | Athens |  |
| 60 | Park Farm |  | August 4, 2003
(#03000737) | 26 Woodchuck Hill Rd.
43°11′26″N 72°37′31″W / 43.190632°N 72.625231°W / 43.190632; -72.625231 (Park Farm) | Grafton |  |
| 61 | Parker Hill Rural Historic District |  | May 20, 1993
(#93000431) | Parker Hill and Lower Parker Hill Rds.
43°13′25″N 72°28′46″W / 43.223611°N 72.479444°W / 43.223611; -72.479444 (Parker Hill Rural Historic District) | Rockingham |  |
| 62 | Pond Road Chapel |  | May 9, 1985
(#85000959) | Pond Rd., Town Highway 2
42°44′49″N 72°30′43″W / 42.746944°N 72.511944°W / 42.746944; -72.511944 (Pond Road Chapel) | Vernon |  |
| 63 | Putney Village Historic District |  | February 20, 1986
(#86000324) | Westminster W Rd., U.S. Route 5, Christian Sq., Old U.S. Route 5, and Depot Rd.
42°58′30″N 72°31′27″W / 42.975°N 72.524167°W / 42.975; -72.524167 (Putney Village Historic District) | Putney |  |
| 64 | Rice Farm Road Bridge |  | November 7, 1995
(#95001259) | Town Highway 62, off Vermont Route 30
42°54′58″N 72°36′48″W / 42.916111°N 72.613333°W / 42.916111; -72.613333 (Rice Farm Road Bridge) | Dummerston |  |
| 65 | Robertson Paper Company Complex |  | January 22, 1990
(#88002165) | Island St.
43°08′09″N 72°26′36″W / 43.13595°N 72.4432°W / 43.13595; -72.4432 (Robertson Paper Company Complex) | Bellows Falls | Demolished in 2018-19 |
| 66 | Rockingham Meetinghouse |  | September 10, 1979
(#79000232) | Meeting House Rd.
43°11′16″N 72°29′13″W / 43.187778°N 72.486944°W / 43.187778; -72.486944 (Rockingham Meetinghouse) | Rockingham | A rare 18th-century New England meetinghouse of the "second period" type. |
| 67 | Rockingham Village Historic District |  | January 4, 2008
(#07001346) | Meeting House Rd., Rockingham Hill Rd.
43°11′17″N 72°29′20″W / 43.1881°N 72.489°W / 43.1881; -72.489 (Rockingham Village Historic District) | Rockingham |  |
| 68 | Round Schoolhouse |  | November 23, 1977
(#77000104) | South of Brookline
43°01′17″N 72°36′17″W / 43.021389°N 72.604722°W / 43.021389; -72.604722 (Round Schoolhouse) | Brookline |  |
| 69 | Sabin-Wheat Farm |  | July 28, 2004
(#04000771) | 346 Westminster Rd.
42°59′58″N 72°31′55″W / 42.999444°N 72.531944°W / 42.999444; -72.531944 (Sabin-Wheat Farm) | Putney |  |
| 70 | Sacketts Brook Stone Arch Bridge |  | December 12, 1976
(#76000151) | Off U.S. Route 5 on Mill Rd.
42°58′29″N 72°31′05″W / 42.974722°N 72.518056°W / 42.974722; -72.518056 (Sacketts Brook Stone Arch Bridge) | Putney |  |
| 71 | Saxtons River Village Historic District |  | September 29, 1988
(#88001851) | Roughly bounded by Burk Hill and Belleview Rds., Oak St., the Saxtons River, and Westminster West Rd.
43°08′19″N 72°30′34″W / 43.138611°N 72.509444°W / 43.138611; -72.509444 (Saxtons River Village Historic District) | Saxtons River |  |
| 72 | Scott Covered Bridge |  | August 28, 1973
(#73000206) | West of Townshend off Vermont Route 30
43°02′53″N 72°41′50″W / 43.048056°N 72.697222°W / 43.048056; -72.697222 (Scott Covered Bridge) | Townshend |  |
| 73 | Scott Farm Historic District |  | November 19, 2001
(#01001241) | 707 Kipling Rd.
42°54′34″N 72°34′14″W / 42.909444°N 72.570556°W / 42.909444; -72.570556 (Scott Farm Historic District) | Dummerston |  |
| 74 | Simpsonville Stone Arch Bridge |  | April 11, 1977
(#77000105) | North of Townshend on Vermont Route 35
43°04′13″N 72°39′19″W / 43.070278°N 72.655278°W / 43.070278; -72.655278 (Simpsonville Stone Arch Bridge) | Townshend |  |
| 75 | Samuel Gilbert Smith Farmstead |  | July 20, 2000
(#00000830) | 375 Orchard St.
42°51′38″N 72°35′19″W / 42.860556°N 72.588611°W / 42.860556; -72.588611 (Samuel Gilbert Smith Farmstead) | Brattleboro |  |
| 76 | South Londonderry Village Historic District |  | July 24, 1986
(#86001943) | Church, Main, River, School, and Farnum Sts., and Melendy Hill Rd.
43°11′18″N 72°48′43″W / 43.188333°N 72.811944°W / 43.188333; -72.811944 (South Londonderry Village Historic District) | South Londonderry |  |
| 77 | South Newfane Bridge |  | September 8, 1992
(#92001174) | Town Highway 26 (Parish Hill Rd.) over the Rock River
42°56′16″N 72°42′18″W / 42.937778°N 72.705°W / 42.937778; -72.705 (South Newfane Bridge) | Newfane |  |
| 78 | South Windham Village Historic District |  | October 27, 1988
(#88002061) | Town Highways 1 and 26
43°07′42″N 72°42′47″W / 43.128333°N 72.713056°W / 43.128333; -72.713056 (South Windham Village Historic District) | Windham |  |
| 79 | Stratton Mountain Lookout Tower |  | June 17, 1992
(#92000687) | Summit of Stratton Mountain in the Green Mountain National Forest
43°05′09″N 72°55′30″W / 43.085833°N 72.925°W / 43.085833; -72.925 (Stratton Mountain Lookout Tower) | Stratton |  |
| 80 | Tontine Building |  | May 2, 2008
(#08000158) | 500 Coolidge Highway
42°49′03″N 72°34′31″W / 42.817487°N 72.575169°W / 42.817487; -72.575169 (Tontine Building) | Guilford |  |
| 81 | Townshend State Park |  | February 14, 2002
(#02000030) | 2755 State Forest Rd.
43°02′13″N 72°42′15″W / 43.036944°N 72.704167°W / 43.036944; -72.704167 (Townshend State Park) | Townshend |  |
| 82 | Union Station |  | June 7, 1974
(#74000268) | Junction of Bridge St. and Boston and Maine railroad tracks
42°51′05″N 72°33′25″W / 42.851389°N 72.556944°W / 42.851389; -72.556944 (Union Station) | Brattleboro |  |
| 83 | Vermont Academy Campus Historic District |  | July 14, 2015
(#15000423) | 10 Long Walk
43°08′31″N 72°30′32″W / 43.141911°N 72.508831°W / 43.141911; -72.508831 (Vermont Academy Campus Historic District) | Rockingham |  |
| 84 | Vernon District Schoolhouse No. 4 |  | November 9, 2005
(#05001236) | 4201 Fort Bridgman Rd.
42°44′14″N 72°28′11″W / 42.737142°N 72.469664°W / 42.737142; -72.469664 (Vernon District Schoolhouse No. 4) | Vernon |  |
| 85 | West Brattleboro Green Historic District |  | June 24, 2002
(#02000675) | 870-950 Western Ave., 19-35 South St., and town common.
42°51′09″N 72°36′00″W / 42.8525°N 72.6°W / 42.8525; -72.6 (West Brattleboro Green Historic District) | Brattleboro |  |
| 86 | West Dover Village Historic District |  | October 24, 1985
(#85003381) | Vermont Route 100, Valley View, Cross Town, Parsonage, Dorr Fitch, and Bogle Rds.
42°56′14″N 72°51′03″W / 42.937222°N 72.850833°W / 42.937222; -72.850833 (West Dover Village Historic District) | Dover |  |
| 87 | West Dummerston Covered Bridge |  | May 8, 1973
(#73000207) | Dummerston Center Rd. and Vermont Route 30, over the West River
42°56′12″N 72°36′49″W / 42.936667°N 72.613611°W / 42.936667; -72.613611 (West Dummerston Covered Bridge) | Dummerston |  |
| 88 | West Townshend Stone Arch Bridge |  | April 18, 1977
(#77000106) | Spans Tannery Brook
43°05′03″N 72°42′36″W / 43.084167°N 72.71°W / 43.084167; -72.71 (West Townshend Stone Arch Bridge) | West Townshend |  |
| 89 | West Townshend Village Historic District |  | September 11, 1986
(#86001502) | Roughly Main St. from Old Vermont Route 30 to Vermont Route 30 and Town Roads 7, 23, 47, 49, and 50
43°04′55″N 72°42′38″W / 43.081944°N 72.710556°W / 43.081944; -72.710556 (West Townshend Village Historic District) | West Townshend |  |
| 90 | Westminster Terrace Historic District |  | July 13, 2010
(#09000265) | Along Westminster Terrace
43°07′36″N 72°26′34″W / 43.126667°N 72.442778°W / 43.126667; -72.442778 (Westminster Terrace Historic District) | Rockingham and Westminster |  |
| 91 | Westminster Village Historic District |  | July 14, 1988
(#88001058) | Main and School Sts., and Grout Ave.
43°04′03″N 72°27′42″W / 43.0675°N 72.461667°W / 43.0675; -72.461667 (Westminster Village Historic District) | Westminster |  |
| 92 | Wheelock House |  | May 8, 1986
(#86001033) | Vermont Route 30
43°02′01″N 72°39′49″W / 43.033611°N 72.663611°W / 43.033611; -72.663611 (Wheelock House) | Townshend |  |
| 93 | Whitingham Village Historic District |  | March 15, 2006
(#06000140) | Vermont Route 100, School St., Brook St., and Stimpson Hill Rd.
42°47′25″N 72°52′49″W / 42.790278°N 72.880278°W / 42.790278; -72.880278 (Whitingham Village Historic District) | Whitingham |  |
| 94 | Williams River Route 5 Bridge |  | November 14, 1991
(#91001603) | U.S. Route 5 over the Williams River
43°10′57″N 72°27′36″W / 43.1825°N 72.46°W / 43.1825; -72.46 (Williams River Route 5 Bridge) | Rockingham |  |
| 95 | Williams Street Extension Historic District |  | July 13, 2010
(#09000893) | 51-58, 61-68, 70 Williams St.
43°08′08″N 72°27′09″W / 43.135556°N 72.4525°W / 43.135556; -72.4525 (Williams Street Extension Historic District) | Rockingham |  |
| 96 | Williamsville Covered Bridge |  | August 14, 1973
(#73000208) | Southwest of Newfane at Williamsville
42°56′34″N 72°41′17″W / 42.942778°N 72.688056°W / 42.942778; -72.688056 (Williamsville Covered Bridge) | Newfane |  |
| 97 | Wilmington Village Historic District |  | August 11, 1980
(#80000389) | Vermont Routes  and 100
42°52′09″N 72°52′30″W / 42.869167°N 72.875°W / 42.869167; -72.875 (Wilmington Village Historic District) | Wilmington |  |
| 98 | Windham Village Historic District |  | November 1, 1984
(#84000428) | Town Hill Rd.
43°10′37″N 72°43′38″W / 43.176944°N 72.727222°W / 43.176944; -72.727222 (Windham Village Historic District) | Windham |  |
| 99 | Worrall Covered Bridge |  | July 16, 1973
(#73000209) | North of Rockingham across the Williams River
43°12′42″N 72°32′09″W / 43.211667°N 72.535833°W / 43.211667; -72.535833 (Worrall Covered Bridge) | Rockingham |  |
| 100 | Arthur D. and Emma J. Wyatt House |  | May 10, 2005
(#05000420) | 125 Putney Rd.
42°51′32″N 72°33′30″W / 42.858996°N 72.558384°W / 42.858996; -72.558384 (Arthur D. and Emma J. Wyatt House) | Brattleboro |  |


title: Modern Art – The Best of John Foxx

abstract: Modern Art - the Best of John Foxx is the title of an 18-track compilation album by British recording artist John Foxx, issued in 2001. Its issue coincided with the publication of a new album with Louis Gordon "The Pleasures of Electricity" and the re-issue of Foxx's first four solo albums on CD, Metamatic, The Garden, The Golden Section and In Mysterious Ways, all published by Edsel Records. Unlike the previous compilation, Assembly, "Modern Art" is a chronological and fairly straightforward compendium of Foxx's 1980s singles plus a selection of tracks covering musical output since returning to the music scene in 1997. Although the content of the album features output from all of Foxx's musical output to date, including the Cathedral Oceans ambient project, the cover art uses photographs of Foxx from his relatively short Metamatic era.

text:
# Modern Art – The Best of John Foxx

**Modern Art - the Best of John Foxx** is the title of an 18-track compilation album by British recording artist John Foxx, issued in 2001.

Its issue coincided with the publication of a new album with Louis Gordon "The Pleasures of Electricity" and the re-issue of Foxx's first four solo albums on CD, Metamatic, The Garden, The Golden Section and In Mysterious Ways, all published by Edsel Records. Unlike the previous compilation, Assembly, "Modern Art" is a chronological and fairly straightforward compendium of Foxx's 1980s singles (with the exception of "20th Century" which was a B side) plus a selection of tracks covering musical output since returning to the music scene in 1997. Although the content of the album features output from all of Foxx's musical output to date, including the Cathedral Oceans ambient project, the cover art uses photographs of Foxx from his relatively short Metamatic era.

## Track listing

1. Underpass
2. No-One Driving
3. Burning Car
4. 20th Century
5. Miles Away
6. Europe After The Rain
7. Dancing Like A Gun
8. Endlessly
9. Your Dress
10. Like A Miracle
11. Stars On Fire
12. Enter The Angel
13. Sunset Rising
14. The Noise
15. Nightlife
16. Shifting City
17. My Face
18. He's A Liquid

Tracks 1-12: all single edits or remixes. This version of "Endlessly" is the original 1982 single version, not the 1983 version featured on the previous Assembly compilation.

"Nightlife" is stated as being from The Pleasures of Electricity, even though said album had yet to be published.

This version of "Shifting City" is the live in the studio version as appears on the "Subterranean Omnidelic Exotour" album.

The final two tracks are previously unavailable 'bonus' tracks, namely My Face, issued in 1980 as a flexi-disc only with Smash Hits magazine, and an alternative version of the Metamatic track "He's A Liquid", quoted as being the B side to Underpass promo-only 12" single.

## InfoBox

| Modern Art - the Best of John Foxx | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by John Foxx | |
| Released | 2001 |
| Genre | New wave, electronic, synthpop |
| Length | 73:04 |
| Label | Music Club
MCCD 454 |
| Producer | John Foxx, |
| John Foxx chronology | |
| *In Mysterious Ways*
(1985) ***Modern Art - the Best of John Foxx***
(2001) *Cathedral Oceans*
(1997) | |


title: Motivating operation

abstract: Motivating operation (MO) is a behavioristic concept introduced by Jack Michael in 1982. It is used to explain variations in the effects in the consequences of behavior. Most importantly, an MO affects how strongly the individual is reinforced or punished by the consequences of their behavior. For example, food deprivation is a motivating operation; if an individual is hungry, food is strongly reinforcing, but if they are satiated, food is less reinforcing. In 2003 Laraway suggested subdividing MOs into those that increase the reinforcing or punishing effects of a stimulus, which are termed establishing operations, and MOs that decrease the reinforcing or punishing effects of a stimulus, which are termed abolishing operations.

text:
# Motivating operation

**Motivating operation** (**MO**) is a behavioristic concept introduced by Jack Michael in 1982. It is used to explain variations in the effects in the consequences of behavior. Most importantly, an MO affects how strongly the individual is reinforced or punished by the consequences of their behavior. For example, food deprivation is a motivating operation; if an individual (human or non-human animal) is hungry, food is strongly reinforcing, but if they are satiated, food is less reinforcing. In 2003 Laraway suggested subdividing MOs into those that increase the reinforcing or punishing effects of a stimulus, which are termed establishing operations, and MOs that decrease the reinforcing or punishing effects of a stimulus, which are termed abolishing operations.

## Theory

The concept of motivating operation deals with the observation that behavior depends not only on the stimuli present in the current situation and the organism's past experience with those stimuli, but also on the organism's recent past history of deprivation, satiation, pain, or other such influences. Such a past history can have two effects: it can change the value of a consequence by making it more or less reinforcing, and/or it can change the probability of behaviors that have produced that consequence. For example, food deprivation changes the value of food, making it more reinforcing, and it also evokes learned behaviors that have obtained food. Likewise, food satiation reduces both the reinforcing effect of food and the probability of food-getting behaviors.

Note that a motivating operation differs from a discriminative stimulus (Sd). A discriminative stimulus signals the availability of reinforcement, while a motivating operation changes the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

Nine main **unconditioned** (i.e. not learned) motivating operations, have been identified in humans. Deprivation of food, water, sleep, activity, sex, or oxygen; becoming too warm or too cold; and increase of a painful stimulus all function as establishing operations for related behaviors, and increase the effect of positive or negative reinforcement related to them. Conversely, being satiated with food, water, sleep, activity, oxygen and sex; getting cooler after being too warm or warmer after too cold; and decrease of a painful stimulus all function as abolishing operations for related behavior and reinforcement.

There are also **conditioned** motivating operations that result from the learning history of the organism. Three kinds of conditioned operations have been identified: a **surrogate**, **reflexive**, and **transitive**. A surrogate MO has the same effect as the MO it was paired with when it was learned; a reflexive MO acts as a reinforcement when it is removed; a transitive MO make something else effective as reinforcement. There is some debate as to whether an organism can be deprived or satiated from conditioned reinforcers.

## Theoretical note

The concept of motivational operations has been applied to Maslow's hierarchy of needs by describing the lower two levels as involving unconditioned MOs and the upper three levels as involving conditioned MOs.


title: Pavol Pavlis

abstract: Pavol Pavlis is a Slovak politician affiliated with the Direction - Social Democracy (SMER-SD) party. His political career dates from 2006 with an alternate work in the Slovak legislature and in the state administration of the Slovak Republic. Pavol Pavlis graduated at the Bilíkova Gymnasium in 1980, and in the same year he enrolled in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava with specialization in Automated Systems of Technological Process Management [1]. During his undergraduate studies he took an internship at the Academy of Sciences in Moscow. He started the professional career at the Research Institute of Computer Sciences based in Žilina in 1984 where he was a researcher and Head of the Department. Subsequently, he worked for SLUVIS, foreign trade company, as Chief Executive Officer - Specialist. Since 1992 he had been engaged in business activities, mainly at Port Service Bratislava, Ltd. as Director of Company. Between 2003 and 2006 he was a member of the Supervisory Board of the National Property Fund of the Slovak Republic.

text:
# Pavol Pavlis

**Pavol Pavlis** (born 12 January 1961 in Bratislava) is a Slovak politician affiliated with the Direction - Social Democracy (SMER-SD) party. His political career dates from 2006 with an alternate work in the Slovak legislature and in the state administration of the Slovak Republic.

Pavol Pavlis graduated at the Bilíkova Gymnasium in 1980, and in the same year he enrolled in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava with specialization in Automated Systems of Technological Process Management \[1\]. During his undergraduate studies he took an internship at the Academy of Sciences in Moscow. He started the professional career at the Research Institute of Computer Sciences based in Žilina in 1984 where he was a researcher and Head of the Department. Subsequently, he worked for SLUVIS, foreign trade company, as Chief Executive Officer - Specialist. Since 1992 he had been engaged in business activities, mainly at Port Service Bratislava, Ltd. as Director of Company. Between 2003 and 2006 he was a member of the Supervisory Board of the National Property Fund of the Slovak Republic.

## Political career

**Parliamentary Term 2006 - 2010**

Pavol Pavlis was nominated for the 15th position on the SMER-SD candidate list in the 2006 Parliamentary Elections \[8\] In the National Council of the Slovak Republic (the NR SR) he worked in the Committee on Economic Policy \[1\], and in the National Security Authority Oversight Special Committee as verifier.

**Parliamentary Term 2010 - 2012**

In the elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic in March 2010 he was nominated to 27th candidate position for the SMER-SD.\[9\] He was engaged in the NR SR Committee for Agriculture and Environment \[1\]

**Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic 2012 - 2015**

During the Second Cabinet of Robert Fico he served as State Secretary at the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic, and of 2014 as Minister of Economy of the Slovak Republic. At the same time he was a Member of the Board at the Export-Import Bank of the Slovak Republic.

**Parliamentary Term 2012 - 2016**

After leaving the position of Minister of Economy of the Slovak Republic he served as the Member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic within the 6th Parliamentary Term, to which position he was elected as the 25th candidate for the SMER-SD in 2012.

**Parliamentary Term 2016 - 2020**

In the elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic in March 2016, he stood as the 32nd candidate for the SMER-SD.\[9\] He worked in the NR SR Committee for Economic Affairs.

**Office for Standardization, Metrology and Testing SR 2016–Present**

On 1 October 2016, the Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic appointed Pavol Pavlis as the President of the Slovak Office of Standards Metrology and Testing.


title: Minute ventilation

abstract: Minute ventilation is the volume of gas inhaled or exhaled from a person's lungs per minute. It is an important parameter in respiratory medicine due to its relationship with blood carbon dioxide levels. It can be measured with devices such as a Wright respirometer or can be calculated from other known respiratory parameters. Although minute volume can be viewed as a unit of volume, it is usually treated in practice as a flow rate. Typical units involved are 0.5 L × 12 breaths/min = 6 L/min. Several symbols can be used to represent minute volume. They include V ˙ or Q, MV, and VE.

text:
# Minute ventilation

**Minute ventilation** (or **respiratory minute volume** or **minute volume**) is the volume of gas inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs per minute. It is an important parameter in respiratory medicine due to its relationship with blood carbon dioxide levels. It can be measured with devices such as a Wright respirometer or can be calculated from other known respiratory parameters. Although minute volume can be viewed as a unit of volume, it is usually treated in practice as a flow rate (given that it represents a volume change over time). Typical units involved are (in metric) 0.5 L × 12 breaths/min = 6 L/min.

Several symbols can be used to represent minute volume. They include $\dot {V}$ (V̇ or V-dot) or Q (which are general symbols for flow rate), MV, and VE.

## Determination of minute volume

Minute volume can either be measured directly or calculated from other known parameters.

### Measurement of minute volume

Minute volume is the amount of gas inhaled or exhaled from a person's lungs in one minute. It can be measured by a Wright respirometer or other device capable of cumulatively measuring gas flow, such as mechanical ventilators.

### Calculation of minute volume

If both tidal volume (VT) and respiratory rate (ƒ or RR) are known, minute volume can be calculated by multiplying the two values. One must also take care to consider the effect of dead space on alveolar ventilation, as seen below in "Relationship to other physiological rates".

$$\dot {V}=V\_{T}\times f$$

## Physiological significance of minute volume

Blood carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels generally vary inversely with minute volume. For example, a person with increased minute volume (e.g. due to hyperventilation) should demonstrate a lower blood carbon dioxide level. The healthy human body will alter minute volume in an attempt to maintain physiologic homeostasis. A normal minute volume while resting is about 5–8 liters per minute in humans. Minute volume generally decreases when at rest, and increases with exercise. For example, during light activities minute volume may be around 12 litres. Riding a bicycle increases minute ventilation by a factor of 2 to 4 depending on the level of exercise involved. Minute ventilation during moderate exercise may be between 40 and 60 litres per minute.

Hyperventilation is the term for having a minute ventilation higher than physiologically appropriate. Hypoventilation describes a minute volume less than physiologically appropriate.

## Relationship to other physiological rates

Minute volume comprises the sum of alveolar ventilation and dead space ventilation. That is:

$$\dot {V}={\dot {V}\_{A}+{\dot {V}\_{D}}}$$

where $\dot {V}\_{A}$ is alveolar ventilation, and $\dot {V}\_{D}$ represents dead space ventilation.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| TLC | Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV. |
| TV | Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs in 1 breath (TV indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol TV or VT is used.) |
| RV | Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation |
| ERV | Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position |
| IRV | Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level |
| IC | Inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV |
| IVC | Inspiratory vital capacity: the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of maximum expiration |
| VC | Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation. |
| VT | Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol TV or VT is used.) |
| FRC | Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position |
| RV/TLC% | Residual volume expressed as percent of TLC |
| VA | Alveolar gas volume |
| VL | Actual volume of the lung including the volume of the conducting airway. |
| FVC | Forced vital capacity: the determination of the vital capacity from a maximally forced expiratory effort |
| FEVt | Forced expiratory volume (time): a generic term indicating the volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first *t* seconds |
| FEV1 | Volume that has been exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration |
| FEFx | Forced expiratory flow related to some portion of the FVC curve; modifiers refer to amount of FVC already exhaled |
| FEFmax | The maximum instantaneous flow achieved during a FVC maneuver |
| FIF | Forced inspiratory flow: (Specific measurement of the forced inspiratory curve is denoted by nomenclature analogous to that for the forced expiratory curve. For example, maximum inspiratory flow is denoted FIFmax. Unless otherwise specified, volume qualifiers indicate the volume inspired from RV at the point of measurement.) |
| PEF | Peak expiratory flow: The highest forced expiratory flow measured with a peak flow meter |
| MVV | Maximal voluntary ventilation: volume of air expired in a specified period during repetitive maximal effort |
|  | |


title: Halitgar

abstract: Halitgar was a ninth-century bishop of Cambrai. He is known also as an apostle to the Danes, and the writer of a widely known penitential.

text:
# Halitgar

**Halitgar** (Halitgarius, Halitcharius, Halitgaire, Aligerio) was a ninth-century bishop of Cambrai (in office 817–831). He is known also as an apostle to the Danes, and the writer of a widely known penitential.

## Life

In 822 he travelled to Denmark as a missionary with Ebbo of Rheims and Willeric of Bremen, though not to great immediate effect. In 823 he dedicated the church and relics of St Ursmer at Lobbes. In 825, with Amalarius of Metz, he carried the conclusions of a Paris synod on iconoclasm to Louis the Pious. He went as ambassador to Byzantium in 828.

## De Paenitentia

His *De Paenitentia* laid down qualities Christians should aspire to in their lives. He discussed a distinction between killing in warfare (a sin), and in self-defense in battle. Heavy penances for homosexual acts were imposed on older men. The work is also a source for information about surviving pagan practices.

It was written in five volumes, at Ebbo's request. Ebbo's intention was to have a normative penitential; Halitgar set aside tariffs of penances for exhortations. This work and the two attributed to Hrabanus Maurus were considered to supersede those written before, and were very influential, particularly in pre-Norman England. At this point, "the books used by confessors began to consist more and more of instructions in the style of the later moral theology".

His sources have been much debated:

* *Die altenglische Version des Halitgar'schen Bussbuches : (sog. Poenitentiale pseudo-Ecgberti)*, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1964
* Raymund Kottje (1980), *Die Bussbucher Halitgars von Cambrai und des Hrabanus Maurus: Ihre Uberlieferung und ihre Quellen*

1. Carole M. Cusack, *Conversion among the Germanic Peoples* (1998), p. 135.
2. http://users.skynet.be/bk342309/Lobbes/page7.html Archived 2005-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, in French.
3. Rosamund McKitterick, *The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians* (1983), p. 133.
4. New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. V: Goar - Innocent | Christian Classics Ethereal Library
5. Philippe Ariès, Paul Veyne, Georges Duby, *A History of Private Life* (English translation 1987), p. 536.
6. Frederick H. Russell, *The Just War in the Middle Ages* (1975), p. 31.
7. Janet L. Nelson, *The Frankish World, 750-900* (1996), p. 78.
8. Jody Madeira, *Rebuilding the Closet: Bowers v. Hardwick, Lawrence v. Texas, and the Mismeasure of Homosexual Historiography*(PDF), p. 10 Archived 2006-09-08 at the Wayback Machine
9. John T. McNeill, *Folk-Paganism in the Penitentials*, The Journal of Religion, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Oct., 1933), pp. 450-466.
10. New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. II: Basilica - Chambers | Christian Classics Ethereal Library
11. Henry Charles Lea, *A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church* I (1896), p. 105.
12. Michael Lapidge, *Anglo-Saxon England* (2003), p. 227.
13. Thomas Pollock Oakley, *English Penitential Discipline and Anglo-Saxon Law in Their Joint Influence* (2003), p. 31.
14. Phillimore, Walter George Frank (1911). "Canon Law". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 193.
15. David Ganz, *The Ideology of Sharing* p. 26 in *Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages* (1995) edited by Wendy Davies, Paul Fouracre.
16. *Ghostly Recensions in Early Medieval Canon Law: The Problem of the Collectio Dacheriana and its Shades*, The Legal History Review, Volume 68, Numbers 1-2, January, 2000


title: Paula Hinton

abstract: Paula Doris Hinton was an English ballet dancer who became the wife and dancing partner of the choreographer Walter Gore.

text:
# Paula Hinton

**Paula Doris Hinton** (1 June 1924 – 5 November 1996) was an English ballet dancer who became the wife and dancing partner of the choreographer Walter Gore.

## Biography

Born in Ilford, Essex, Hinton was the daughter of travelling opera singers who settled in Liverpool. Already in her mid-teens, she studied ballet there making her début in 1943 as Helen of Troy in *Dr Faustus* at the Playhouse, Liverpool. The following year, Andrée Howard recommended her to the Ballet Rambert. Hinton was initially only given minor roles in ballets from the choreographers Frederick Ashton, Antony Tudor and Frank Staff. However she soon moved on to larger roles including the Queen of the Wilis in *Giselle*.

After receiving further instruction from Stanislas Idzikowski and Audrey de Vos, she danced in *Les Sylphides* and played the lead in Howard's *Lady into Fox*. Her qualities were also noticed by their resident choreographer Walter Gore in 1948 who gave her leading roles in his *Winter Night* and *Plaisance*.

During Ballet Rambert's 1948 tour of Australia, Gore created roles in *Winter Night* for himself, Sally Gilmour and Hinton, and the ballet's plot mirrored the actual "love triangle" between the three of them. Up to that point, Gore and Gilmour had been in a relationship.

After appearing in a dramatic role in his *Antonia*, Hinton married Gore in January 1950. She made appearances with the Ballets Russes, dancing the lead in the opera-ballet *Le Coq d'Or* (music by Rimsky-Korsakov), and with *Les Ballets des Champs-Elysées* where she was burnt as a witch in Gore's *La Damnée*. All in all, Gore created some 20 roles for her in the various companies he led, above all in his short-lived London Ballet. Hinton also spent a considerable time dancing in the Netherlands as well as in Frankfurt, Germany.

In the early 1970s, Hinton returned to England to dance as a guest with the Northern Dance Theatre in Manchester. The ballet, *Dance Pictures*, was a new work created by Gore for the company and premièred at The Place in London. Gore died in April 1979 while they were in Pamplona, Spain. Hinton attempted to revive Gore's ballets but with limited success. She died in Birkenhead on 5 November 1996, leaving no children.


title: Hajek projection

abstract: In statistics, Hájek projection of a random variable T on a set of independent random vectors X 1, …, X n is a particular measurable function of X 1, …, X n that, loosely speaking, captures the variation of T in an optimal way. It is named after the Czech statistician Jaroslav Hájek.

text:
# Hajek projection

In statistics, **Hájek projection** of a random variable $T$ on a set of independent random vectors $X\_{1},\dots ,X\_{n}$ is a particular measurable function of $X\_{1},\dots ,X\_{n}$ that, loosely speaking, captures the variation of $T$ in an optimal way. It is named after the Czech statistician Jaroslav Hájek .

## Definition

Given a random variable $T$ and a set of independent random vectors $X\_{1},\dots ,X\_{n}$, the **Hájek projection** $\hat {T}$ of $T$ onto $\\{X\_{1},\dots ,X\_{n}\\}$ is given by

$$\hat {T}=\operatorname {E} (T)+\sum \_{i=1}^{n}\left\[\operatorname {E} (T\mid X\_{i})-\operatorname {E} (T)\right\]=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}\operatorname {E} (T\mid X\_{i})-(n-1)\operatorname {E} (T)$$

## Properties

* Hájek projection $\hat {T}$ is an $L^{2}$projection of $T$ onto a linear subspace of all random variables of the form $\sum \_{i=1}^{n}g\_{i}(X\_{i})$, where $g\_{i}:\mathbb {R} ^{d}\to \mathbb {R} $ are arbitrary measurable functions such that $\operatorname {E} (g\_{i}^{2}(X\_{i}))\<\infty $ for all $i=1,\dots ,n$
* $\operatorname {E} ({\hat {T}\mid X\_{i})=\operatorname {E} (T\mid X\_{i})}$ and hence $\operatorname {E} ({\hat {T})=\operatorname {E} (T)}$
* Under some conditions, asymptotic distributions of the sequence of statistics $T\_{n}=T\_{n}(X\_{1},\dots ,X\_{n})$ and the sequence of its Hájek projections $\hat {T}\_{n}={\hat {T}\_{n}(X\_{1},\dots ,X\_{n})}$ coincide, namely, if $\operatorname {Var} (T\_{n})/\operatorname {Var} ({\hat {T}\_{n})\to 1}$, then $\frac {T\_{n}-\operatorname {E} (T\_{n})}{\sqrt {\operatorname {Var} (T\_{n})}-{\frac {{\hat {T}\_{n}-\operatorname {E} ({\hat {T}\_{n})}{\sqrt {\operatorname {Var} ({\hat {T}\_{n})}}}}}}}$ converges to zero in probability.


title: Al Meiklejohn

abstract: Al Meiklejohn was an American politician who served in the Colorado Senate from 1977 to 1997. He died on March 1, 2010, in Arvada, Colorado at age 86.

text:
# Al Meiklejohn

**Al Meiklejohn** (June 18, 1923 – March 1, 2010) was an American politician who served in the Colorado Senate from 1977 to 1997.

He died on March 1, 2010, in Arvada, Colorado at age 86.

## InfoBox

| Al Meiklejohn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Colorado Senate from the 19th district | |
| **In office**
January 9, 1985  January 8, 1997 | |
| Preceded by | Don MacManus |
| Succeeded by | Jim Congrove |
| Member of the Colorado Senate from the 16th district | |
| **In office**
January 12, 1977  January 9, 1985 | |
| Preceded by | Robert E. Johnson |
| Succeeded by | John P. Donley |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1923-06-18)June 18, 1923
Omaha, Nebraska |
| Died | March 1, 2010(2010-03-01) (aged 86)
Arvada, Colorado |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Marktown

abstract: Marktown is an urban planned worker community in East Chicago, Indiana, United States, built during the Progressive Era in 1917 from marshland to provide a complete community for workers at The Mark Manufacturing Company. The Marktown Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

text:
# Marktown

**Marktown** is an urban planned worker community in East Chicago, Indiana, United States, built during the Progressive Era in 1917 from marshland to provide a complete community for workers at The Mark Manufacturing Company.

The **Marktown Historic District** was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

## History

The community of Marktown was founded by Clayton Mark, a pioneer maker of steel in the United States. The renowned architect hired to design the community, Howard Van Doren Shaw, created a unique design in which the streets serve as walkways and the cars are parked on the sidewalks, as noted in *Ripley's Believe It or Not!*. Shaw previously designed Mark's estate in Lake Forest, Illinois.

Only 10% of the original design was built, as the building of the community was terminated due to the aftereffects of World War I and the sale of the Mark Manufacturing Company. The industries in East Chicago expanded to the borders of Marktown, surrounding the historic residential island with one of the densest industrial complexes in the world. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and was listed as one of the seven wonders of Northwest Indiana.

Marktown is regarded as an important cultural resource of architectural and historical significance. In the words of the Marktown Revitalization Plan commissioned by the city of East Chicago in 2008, "Marktown is significant as it is a major work by a significant American architect, Howard Van Doren Shaw, for its association with the driving economic force of industry that served as an identity of the region, and is representative of the planned industrial community movement of the late 19th and early 20th century."

As late as 2011, all of the originally constructed homes in Marktown still stood. However, since then some properties have been bought by BP and demolished. The homes are being evacuated due to air pollution and concerns regarding safety in the vicinity of the expanding crude tar sands processing facility.

In 2022, East Chicago began a Marktown Neighborhood Housing Study to consider renovations of the historical district.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Marktown Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Houses on Park Street | |
|  | |
| Location | Bounded by Pine, Riley, Dickey, and 129th Sts., East Chicago, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 41°39′32″N 87°28′4″W / 41.65889°N 87.46778°W / 41.65889; -87.46778 |
| Area | 40 acres (16 ha) |
| Built | 1917 |
| Architect | Howard Van Doren Shaw |
| NRHP reference No. | 75000025 |
| Added to NRHP | February 20, 1975 |


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Winn Parish, Louisiana. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Winn Parish, Louisiana, United States. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 5 properties listed on the National Register in the parish. Another two properties were once listed, but have since been removed.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

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# National Register of Historic Places listings in Winn Parish, Louisiana

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Winn Parish, Louisiana**.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Winn Parish, Louisiana, United States. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 5 properties listed on the National Register in the parish. Another two properties were once listed, but have since been removed.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Brister School House |  | August 2, 2001
(#01000808) | Parish Road 240 and Brister School Rd.
32°00′01″N 92°27′34″W / 32.000278°N 92.459444°W / 32.000278; -92.459444 (Brister School House) | Sikes |  |
| 2 | Gum Springs Recreation Area |  | December 7, 2010
(#10000986) | 12312 US 84 West, Kisatchie National Forest
31°53′51″N 92°47′16″W / 31.8975°N 92.787778°W / 31.8975; -92.787778 (Gum Springs Recreation Area) | Winnfield vicinity |  |
| 3 | George Parker Long House |  | August 11, 1982
(#82002803) | 1401 Maple St.
31°55′37″N 92°37′38″W / 31.926944°N 92.627222°W / 31.926944; -92.627222 (George Parker Long House) | Winnfield |  |
| 4 | Phillips School |  | February 10, 2000
(#00000073) | Approximately ½ mile west of the junction of Louisiana Highway 421 and Harrisburg Rd.
31°45′10″N 92°46′02″W / 31.752778°N 92.767222°W / 31.752778; -92.767222 (Phillips School) | Atlanta |  |
| 5 | St. Maurice Methodist Church |  | August 27, 1997
(#97000964) | Junction of U.S. Highway 71 and Louisiana Highway 477
31°45′35″N 92°57′29″W / 31.759824°N 92.958118°W / 31.759824; -92.958118 (St. Maurice Methodist Church) | St. Maurice | Vertically oriented wood frame church with a central entrance tower |

## Former listing

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Date removed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Winnfield Hotel |  | June 11, 1980
(#80001775) | May 3, 2016 | 302 E. Main St.
31°55′34″N 92°38′13″W / 31.926111°N 92.636944°W / 31.926111; -92.636944 (Winnfield Hotel) | Winnfield | Demolished in February 6, 1997. |
| 2 | St. Maurice Plantation |  | April 3, 1979
(#79001104) | January 31, 2019 | Off Louisiana Highway 477
31°45′22″N 92°57′54″W / 31.756111°N 92.965°W / 31.756111; -92.965 (St. Maurice Plantation) | St. Maurice | Destroyed by fire June 5, 1981 |


title: Modern Assamese

abstract: Assamese is part of the easternmost group of the Indo-Aryan languages. History of Assamese literature can largely be classified into three periods, including: Early Assamese period, Middle Assamese period and, Modern Assamese.

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# Modern Assamese

Assamese is part of the easternmost group of the Indo-Aryan languages. History of Assamese literature can largely be classified into three periods, including: Early Assamese period (6th to 15th century A.D.), Middle Assamese period (17th to 19th Century A.D.) and, **Modern Assamese** (late 19th century onwards).

## Beginnings

The history of Assam can be traced to the 4th century AD, though relics from beyond this period suggests some kind of a pre-history, through cave paintings, etchings on pots etc. The Charyapadas have almost been referred to as the earliest example of Assamese literature. The Charyapadas pertain to Buddhist songs penned within the period of 8th to 12th centuries. These writings, by the way, correspond to Oriya and Bengali languages as well. The phonological and morphological characteristics of these songs bear exceedingly powerful semblance with Assamese some of which are survive to this date. Despite the rich historical details of the pre-Ahom kingdom, literary history of Assam has been traced to the mystic lyrics, known as the "caryas" - esoteric doctrines and erotic practices of the later Sahajayana form of Mahayana Buddhism, written by 23 "siddha-purusas" (8th to 12th century AD). The oldest Assamese writer is Hema Saraswati of the late 13th century. His *Prahlada-Charita* based on the Sanskrit *Vishnu Purana* depicts a finished Sanskritized Assamese. Other poets in the court of Kamatapur like Harihara Vipra (Harivara Vipra) and Kaviratna Sarasvati rendered into Assamese, verse episodes from the *Mahabharata* in the early 14th century. Kaviraja Madhava Kandali in the 14th century is the first great poet of Assam. His extant work consists of a version of the *Ramayana* and a narrative poem *Devajit*. Another great poet was Durgavara who retold the story of the *Ramayana* in songs. A large group of manuscripts known as the "Mantras" of unknown authorship is extant probably going back to the period before 1500. The "Mantras" contain magical formulae against snakebite, against ghosts and demons and against various kinds of diseases.

Perhaps the most important contribution of the Ahom rule was the writing of the buranji a kind of prose history of the Ahom kingdom, which besides giving the accurate history of Assam also strengthened the tradition of the written word in Assam. The post of "Likhakar Barua" was specially created for the writing of manuscripts recording the proceedings of the various departments under the King's rule. Most of the manuscripts are written on sanchi leaves.

## Bhakti movement

The greatest period of Assamese literature was ushered in with the "Bhakti" movement started by the great Sankardev. To spread this movement a lot of literature was created, songs song, poems and chants. Shankari religion like Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism is again centered on the written word, in this case that of Srimanta Sankardev. The evening prayers in the "Namghar" or "The House of Praise" celebrate God through songs and chant or reading of sacred texts. Among the 27 works composed by him the most important are the last canto of the *Ramayana*, some portions of the *Bhagvata Purana, Kirttanaghosha, Rukmini-harana*, a narrative poem depicting an episode of the life of Krishna, the *Bhakti-pradipa* and the *Nimi-nava-siddha-samvada*. He also wrote a number of dramas that show a Maithili influence. Another kind of poetry introduced by him was "Bargeet", devotional poems, extremely popular to even this day. The father of Assamese prose literature Bhattadeva wrote three major books of Vaishnavism \- *Katha Geeta, Katha Bhagawat* and *Katha Ratnawali*. He also penned other great books. The 17th century, is renowned for the growth and development of the "Charit Puthi" (biographies).

## Coming of the missionaries

It was only with the coming of the missionaries that the first printed book entered Assamese literary circles; the first printed book being the New Testament (*Dharmapustakar Antobhag*) printed by William Carey in 1813 with the help of Atmaram Sharma and in 1833 the entire Bible. As in the other parts of the country, the missionaries with their interest in propagating Christianity were the initiators in the establishment of the first printing press in Assam as well. Christianity being the religion of the book and the missionaries seeking easy accessibility to the locals, almost always learnt the local languages, translating the word of God (the New Testament more so than the Old Testament) for the use of the common people. For this purpose various pamphlets, magazines and other such media was also used.

In connection with the American Baptist Mission Press, which is the first press to be established in Assam, the first name that comes to the forefront is that of the Reverend Dr. Nathan Brown.

Nathan Brown was born on 22 June 1807 in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, USA. He graduated from Williams College in 1827 holding the highest position in the class. He married Eliza Ballard on 5 May 1830. For a few years, he was Associate Principal of Bennington Seminary and editor of a weekly newspaper called *The Vermont Telegraph*. He attended the Newton Theological Institute in order to prepare himself for work as a missionary. He graduated in 1832. The American Baptist Missionary Union appointed him as a missionary to Myanmar in 1833. He headed for Assam at the request of Captain Francis Jenkins, the Commissioner of Assam. This request was made in order to launch the "Shan Mission" aiming to help the British administration to enlighten, refine and educate the warrior tribes of Shan, Khamtis and Singphos. Brown and his associate Oliver Cutter along with their printing press sailed to Calcutta. After a stopover in Calcutta, they set out for Sadiya by river. A long, tiresome and dangerous trip brought them to their destination on 23 March 1836.

With the establishment of the first printing press in Assam, Brown's arrival ushered in an era of literary development in the region. Due to inadequate assistance from the Mission and due to tribal aggression in Sadiya, Brown had to shift his base to Joypur near Naharkatiya in 1839 and then to Sibsagar in 1843. He found Sibsagar to be a better place to work from. In fact Upper Assam is seen the hub of printing and the early birthplace of the printed book in Assam. He remained there until 1855. Towards the end of 1844, Brown travelled on foot from Sibsagar to Guwahati, visiting villages in order to study the diverse cultural backgrounds of the people. He along with two other missionaries, Miles Bronson and Cyrus Barker, organized and founded the first Baptist church at Panbazar in Guwahati on 25 January 1845. Brown also pioneered in establishing schools in different parts of the state. He established 14 Assamese medium schools in and around Sibsagar by 1846.

Rev. Nathan Brown's *Grammatical notes of the Assamese Language* first published in 1848 originally was not intended to be regarded as a grammar of the Assamese language but "they were commenced with the intention of printing only a few sheets, for private use of the most common grammatical forms". However this book soon served as the first Assamese grammar book. He wrote books on elementary arithmetic and geography which were much superior to Bengali books used in schools at that time. In this he was assisted by his wife Eliza, who was a translator in her own right. Brown was also a pioneer in the unearthing of old manuscripts and in editing and publishing them.

Brown was involved in teaching, translating and preparing books in Assamese. He translated and published a catechism in Assamese. Brown found that the Assamese Bible published by William Carey from the Serampore Mission Press, in circulation at that time, consisted of Bengali and Sanskrit loan words, so it was idiomatically inadequate. Therefore, he undertook the project of translating the Bible into pure and simple Assamese and published the New Testament in 1848, from his press. Brown was also a pioneer in writing school books. His books on elementary arithmetic called *Pratham ganana* (1845), *Dutio ganana* (1855) and geography called *Bhugulor biboran* (1851) were much superior to Bengali books used in the schools at that time. He also translated and published John Bunyan's *Pilgrim's Progress* into Assamese. Brown's wife, Eliza, also translated a dozen tracts into Assamese and wrote arithmetic textbooks and story books for children. Due to ill health and certain problems in Home Mission, Brown, after 20 years of successful service, left Assam on 13 February 1855 for US.

## *Orunodoi* era

*Orunodoi* was the first Assamese magazine, printed by the Baptist Missionary Press in Sibsagar; it was first published in January 1846. The tag line for the magazine was, "The Orunodoi, monthly paper, devoted to religion, science and general intelligence". It continued to be published until 1879; the press however was sold in 1883. The editors of this magazine include Dr. Nathan Brown, A.H Denforth, William Ward, Miles Bronson and others. Though propagation of Christianity remained the main aim of the paper, it contained other articles related to science, current affairs, astrology, history, and local trivia. This paper helped in entrenching the Assamese intelligentsia, bringing into the forefront three key figures of Assamese literary world, Anandaram Dhekial Phukan, Hem Chandra Baruah and Nidhi Levi Pharowal. The crowning glory of Brown's career was *Orunodoi* which means 'the dawn'. Brown did the editorial work whereas Oliver Cutter was involved in printing and publishing the magazine. Brown was the editor of this magazine until he left for US. Under his editorship, *Orunodoi* published history by bringing out the texts of old chronicles in properly edited form such as *Chutia Buranji, Purani Asom Buranji* and *Kamrupar Buranji*. He also patronized various Assamese scholars and helped them publish. Among these publications Kashinath Tamuly Phukan's *Asom Buranji* (1842) and Anandaram Dhekial Phukan's *Axomiya Lorar Mitro* (1849) and *A Few Remarks on the Assamese Language and on Vernacular Education* (1855), Bronson's *A Spelling Book and Vocabulary in English, Assamese, Singpho and Naga* (1839) printed at the Mission Press in Sibsagar are worth mentioning.

After Brown, the *Orunodoi* was in circulation with occasional breaks until 1880. Following the example of *Orunodoi*, several newspapers and magazines were published in Assam in the second half of the 19th century. Prominent among these were *Asam Bilasini*, (1871, published by Dharma Prakash Press, Auniati Satra, Majuli) *Asam Darpan* (1874, Tezpur), *Asam Mihir* (1872, Guwahati), *Goalpara Hitshadini* (1876, Goalpara), *Chandrodaya* (1876, Nagaon), *Asam Dipak* (1876, Guwahati) *Jonaki* (Calcutta, 1889) and *Assam News* (an Anglo-Assamese weekly, 1885, Guwahati), *Assam Bandhu* (1885, Nagaon), *Mau* (1886, Calcutta).

Oliver Thomas Cutter was born on 19 March 1811 at Lexington, Massachusetts. The American Baptist Missionary Union appointed him as a missionary printer and publisher to Burma at the age of twenty. With his wife, Harriet Low Cutter, he sailed from Boston in 1831, taking with him a steam printing press. He was joined by Nathan Brown and his wife Eliza Brown in Burma. The Cutters and Browns sailed for Assam in order to launch the Shan Mission. Jenkins, the commissioner of Assam also promised to contribute Rs 2,000 for a printing press. Cutter's main role was to print and publish books that were mostly translated or written by Brown. On arrival Captain Jenkins presented them a large printing press, and contributed Rs 500 for its support. They published Khamti, Singpho and Assamese books. Cutter's wife was actively involved in teaching in the school and preparing books for the press. Cutter went to Calcutta for a supply of additional type for his press.

After shifting their base to Joypur near Naharkatiya in 1839, Cutter became involved in establishing more Assamese schools and wrote a 252-page Vocabulary and Phrases in English and Assamese, published in 1840 from the Mission Press at Joypur. Looking for a more hygienic and conducive place for work, Brown shifted to Sibsagar in 1841 while Cutter continued at Joypur superintending the operations of the presses under his care. However tribal protest at the conversion activities carried on by the missionaries soon made Joypur an extremely difficult place to work in and also inconvenient for printing due to threats from the locals, for which Cutter had to hide his presses. Finally, in 1843 Cutter moved to Sibsagar and established the printing press along the bank of the Dikhow River near the cantonment. Along with Brown he was involved in translating and printing numerous and diverse books and pamphlets.

Apart from portions of the Bible, hymn books, tracts and school books in Assamese, a good number of other works were published under Cutter's care at the Mission Press. In 1853, Cutter left the mission work and joined as superintendent of the Government Press in Calcutta. Even today, the place at Sibsagar where Cutter established the printing press is locally known as Chapakhana. *The Asom Year Book 2008* acknowledges Cutter, Brown and Bronson among the six foreigners (along with Edward Gait, John Berry White and Charles Alexander Bruce) who rendered benevolent service for Assam.

While Nathan Brown and Miles Bronson are well known for their contributions, however, a lesser known junior missionary, the Reverend William Ward, played an important role in propagating the printing of the book in Assam. Ward was born on 28 August 1821 at Sheffield, Ohio, USA. He graduated from Madison University in 1848. The American Baptist Missionary Union appointed him as a missionary to Assam. He and his wife, Cordelia, reached Guwahati in April 1851. He worked in Guwahati for the first six years and then another ten years in Sibsagar. Ward's wife, Cordelia, died in 1859 and he married one Susan, a missionary's widow in 1860. Ward was a linguist par excellence. He translated the books of Genesis, Exodus and Psalms of the Bible and published these from the Mission Press at Sivasagar. Ward revised the Assamese hymn book called *Khristio Dharmageet* for a new edition to which he added scores of original and translated hymns. In the fourth edition of the book published in 1890, sixty three hymns were credited to Ward.

Ward worked along with Nathan Brown in building up *Orunodoi*. He contributed many articles for this magazine and was also involved in editing and publishing it from 1861 to 1873. According to Hem Chandra Baruah's advice, Ward changed the system of orthography of *Orunodoi* from the previous and simplified one of Jaduram Deka Baruah that was adapted by Brown, to the Sanskrit system as it is used today. Replacing the dental 'n' by cerebral 'n' of Assamese alphabets, Ward corrected the spelling of *Orunudoi* in January 1861. This laid a milestone in the development of Assamese language. Ward's wife Susan was also associated with the *Orunodoi* magazine and edited a few issues of this magazine. She revised the missionary Oliver Cutter's wife Harriet Cutter's work *Vocabulary and Phrases in English and Assamese* (1841) and added many new vocabularies making it about 4500 entries published *Brief Vocabulary in English and Assamese with Rudimentary Exercises* in 1864 from Mission Press, Sibsagar. This was the first book of this kind until Bronson's *A Dictionary in Assamese and English* was published in 1867. She also authored *A Glimpse of Assam* (1884).

## Growth of printing in the 20th century

Printing and publishing began in Assam from around the end of the 19th century, a number of presses being established in Dibrugarh (also in Upper Assam). The first press in Dibrugarh was established by Radhanath Changkakoti, on 9 May 1881 called the "Radhanath Press". Shivnath Bhattacharya established the "Bhattacharya Press", around the same time, printing mostly school text books and religious books. Nandeswar Chakravarty, a tea planter set up the "Sadasiva Press" in 1905, while the "Ahom Press" established in 1910 was another important press. It was due to the effort of Chandra Kumar Agarwalla that the "Assam Printers and Publishers Limited" was formed, a joint company established along with Nimoni Phukan, Sadananda Dowerah, Lakshminath Phukan. The "Borooah Press" established in 1928 by Guna Govinda Borooah, "Bholanath Press" established by Bholanath Gohain, "Rajkhowa Press", "Jagaran Press" etc. were important presses established during that period. One of the first indigenous names of Assamese print is Anandaram Dhekial Phukan. Phukan (1829–1858) was a writer, government employee and supporter of the American Baptist Mission Press and of its leaders Brown and Bronson for their work in the propagation of Assamese. Phukan was a great scholar and studied English literature, was one of the first students of the school established by Francis Jenkins in 1835 and went on to study at Presidency College, Calcutta. He started his literary career at the age of seventeen by contributing articles to *Orunodoi*. He then wrote *Axomiya Loraar Mitro*, a textbook for schoolchildren modeled on English textbooks, publishing it from the Mission Press at Sibsagar. He wrote a pamphlet called *A few remarks on the Assamese Language, and on the Vernacular Education* in Assam printing 100 copies from the Mission Press and distributing it to various government officials for the purpose of putting forward the case of Assamese language.

Printing in Assamese became part of the greater movement against "foreigners". The identity crisis caused due to the removal of Assamese as official language of Assam in favour of Bengali, gave rise to a movement against "bohiragata", a resentment to the enforced language and a parallel struggle to regain the collective voice of a community. Uddipan Dutta says in his essay "The Growth of Print Nationalism and Assamese Identity in Two early Magazines", "Instead of the colonial economic exploitation, the Bengali linguistic hegemony was perceived as the real threat to the burgeoning Assamese nationality".

## *Jonaki* era

Jonaki Era, Age of Romanticism in Assamese Literature Jonaki era is also known as the age of Romanticism in Assamese literature. The *Jonaki* magazine, published by "probashi" Assamese students in Calcutta, was the result of this zeal. 'Bhāxār bikāx holehe jātir bikāx hobo' (The nation develops only when the language develops) was the slogan of the early Assamese intelligentsia and they began the process of standardization of the language by standardizing orthography, writing grammars and dictionary, and most importantly by using a standardized version in print. By the end of the nineteenth century the language spoken in Upper and Middle Assam became the accepted standard language of Assam as a direct intervention of this group of young men", writes Uddipan Dutta in the same essay. The students living in Calcutta at the end of the nineteenth century in various "messes" strove towards the development of the Assamese language. One issue of the magazine (Vol. 5, No. 7) relates the inception of the magazine as the outcome of the expat students' meeting on Wednesdays and Saturdays at 67 Mirzapur Street mess on Saturday 25 August 1888. Thus a committee was set up - *Asamiya Bhasa Unnati Sadhini Sabha*, the development of Assamese language and literature is the primary aim of the organization. For that purpose it strives to preserve the old Assamese texts available, to translate different important books from Sanskrit and other languages into Assamese which are not available in the mother tongue, to develop reading habit among the masses to introduce pure grammar and orthography instead of the impure orthography and grammar, and to create one standard written language all through the areas of Assam".

It was however, rather strangely a Marwari businessman from Tezpur who would finally come to the aid of the Sabha, which did not have the financial means to have the magazine printed. The "Agarwalla" family of Tezpur, is of course not an unfamiliar name in the world of Assamese literature, the most famous of them being the illustrious poet, writer, filmmaker, musician, freedom fighter Jyotiprasad Agarwalla (1903–1951). Haribilash Agarwalla (1842–1916), like the Baptist missionaries printed books in Assamese and his son Chandra Kumar Agarwalla became a leading literary figure in the late 19th and early 20th century, and it was Chandra Kumar Agarwalla who helped in printing, publishing and editing *Jonaki*. Chandra Kumar was himself a student of Presidency College, Calcutta and a member of the Sabha; it was also he who named the magazine *Jonaki*.

Chandra Kumar came forward to publish and edit the magazine on two conditions - that every member of the Sabha participate in the operational activities of the magazine and that every member should write an article for the magazine. Violation of any of these two conditions would result in a fine of Rs 15. The date of the first publication of the magazine is not mentioned in it. Only the Assamese month "Māgho" and the year of publication 1889 are mentioned. It is generally taken that 9 February 1889 is the first date of publication. We get conflicting figures on how many copies of the magazine were published and the year of its last publication. But the general consensus is that *Jonaki* was printed until 1898 from Calcutta: 11 issues in the first year, 12 issues in the second year, 10 issues in the third year, 11 issues in the fourth year, 7 issues in the fifth year, 11 issues in the sixth year, 6 issues in the seventh year, 1 issue in the eighth year, with the total number of 69 issues were published. *Jonaki* was again published from Guwahati in the year 1901 which continued until 1903. A pioneer in the journalism movement of Assam, Chandra Kumar started an Assamese weekly called *Asamiya* from Dibrugarh in 1918. From 1924, he published it from his newly established press at Kharghuli (Guwahati) called "Asamiya Press".

*Bijuli* (1891) meaning thunder is another important journal of this era, like *Jonaki*, it too was a student magazine being brought out from Calcutta by members of the Assamese Literary Club.

*Banhi*, meaning flute, a monthly periodical magazine was the brainchild of Lakshminath Bezbaroa, the celebrated littérateur; he was both the editor and publisher of this magazine, which was influential in propagating many influential writers and poets of Assam. The magazine was published from 1909 to 1940.

In 1848, Dr Nathan Brown serialized the Assamese translation of John Bunyan's *Pilgrims' Progress* in *Orunodoi* as *Jatrikor Jatra*. It was the first taste of a "novel" for Assamese readers. It came out in a book form in 1857. In 1854, another missionary translated into Assamese a Bengali novel with the title - *Phulmoni Aru Karuna*. In 1877, the first original "novel" in Assamese, *Kaminikanta* by A. K. Gurney, was published from the Baptist Mission Press. M. E. Lesley's *Alokeshi Beshyar Bishay* was also published in the same year. Gurney's *Koni Beheruar Bishay* came out the next year. All these books were written for the propagation of Christianity. They are called novels because they are continuous narratives with a unified theme. These can at best be called prototypes of novels and they helped in laying the foundation of the novel in Assamese literature. Padmanath Gohain Baruah's *Bhanumati* is generally taken to be the first "genuine" novel in Assamese, first serialized in *Bijuli* magazine from 1890 to 1891 Lakshminath Bezbaroa's *Padumkuwori* published in 1891 was the other important novel. *Miri Jiyori* (1894) is an important novel in Assamese, written by Rajnikanta Bordoloi, Bordoloi was a member of Axomiā Bhāxā Unnati Xādhini Xabhā. Bordoloi is more famous as the Walter Scott of Assamese literature, being a writer of historical novels, having spent much time as researcher for E. A Gait's *A History of Assam*.

The first English weekly *The Times of Assam* was printed from the "Radhanath Press" in Dibrugarh and the first issue came out on 5 January 1895. It was edited by Radhanath Changkakoti, who with the help of the Chief surgeon of Lakhimpur district, Dr. John Berry White set up the press. Dr. Berry White himself was a shareholder in this press, holding twenty five shares, while at his recommendation Mr. John Davidson, the Superintendent of the Upper Assam Tea Company also purchased twenty five shares. But Berry White left for England before the company could be consolidated and though it is rumoured that a press was sent by the man which was not delivered to Radhanath by the railway manager, however Radhanath set up the press with money collected from friends, the press sadly caught fire in 1883. However Radhanath started working to set up another press. In 1893, he went to Calcutta as a witness before the Royal Opium Commission, and while returning to Assam, collected enough money to publish a newspaper. He set up The Times of Assam with a sum of rupees six hundred. The paper was discontinued in 1947, unable to meet the competition of the nationalist Assam Tribune (4 August 1939, Baruah Press, Dibrugarh); the paper was also tainted as pro-British. Though it was revived for a while in 1948, by a Congressman Jivan Ram Phukan, yet the attempt was unsuccessful.

The First Assamese newspaper was *Dainik Batori*, published from the Thengal Bhawan, 8 km from Jorhat town on 12 August 1935. Tea baron Shivaprasad Barua started the paper. Earlier, too he had managed a paper called *Sadinia Batori*. When the *Dainik Batori* was started, Bagmibor Nilmoni Phukan was appointed as its editor.

"Though *Nagarar Katha*, a single-page local daily, was published by Mafajal Hussain (Baputa), which included only news pertaining to Jorhat town about one month earlier than the *Dainik Batori*, critics hesitate to consider it as a full-fledged daily newspaper. It was recognised as a local daily paper of the town".

Shivaprasad Barua bought a printing machine from Calcutta and appointed as many as 55 employees for the proper running of the paper. It consisted of eight pages. The length of the paper was 45 cm and the breadth was 30 cm. The symbol with a banana tree and a garland of flowers on the first issue of the paper was designed by Mahendra Deka Phukan. Inside the symbol the phrase "Aai! Tur batori pahare-bhoiyame, Jane-juriye bowak", meaning 'The news of Assam will reach everywhere, all the hills and dales in the State' was inscribed.

Two other important papers of the early 20th century Assam were *Eastern Herald* and *Citizen*.

## Dictionaries

Miles Bronson, an American missionary was the first to compile a dictionary of the Assamese language. His Dictionary published in 1867 at American Baptist Mission Press Sibsagar, is out of print now. Bronson's work was not really an etymological dictionary but contained a very considerable collection of words culled from the lips of local people but without derivations. Hem Chandra Baruah (1836–1897) was the first Assamese to compile an etymological dictionary called *Hem Kosh* of the Assamese language, published in 1900 under the supervision of Capt. P. R. Gordon, ISC 33 years after the publication of the Bronson dictionary. It contained about 22,346 words. It was published and is still under publication by the Hemkosh Printers. In 1873 he wrote a first *Primer of the Assamese Language* for which he obtained a reward of Rs. 500. He was the author of a treatise called "Notes on the marriage system of the people of Assam" and of two farcical plays the *Kania Kirtan* which exposed the vice of excessive opium eating, and *Bahire Rangchang Bhitare Kowan Bhuturi* which was a satire on the contemporary Assamese Society. Hem Chandra also edited the *Assam News* at Guwahati for some time.

The first Anglo-Assamese dictionary was compiled by a student of Cotton College in the year 1910, Makhan Lal Chaliha of Chiring Chapori, which was found in the British Library by a researcher of the Jatiiya Sikha Samanay Parishad. Under the guidance of Prof Sudmerson, the principal of Cotton College Chaliha completed the task in 1909 after putting in two years of effort. Chaliha however could not find a publisher for it. Nandeswar Chakravarty, the owner of "The Agency Company", a publishing firm, stepped forward to help him and printed the dictionary in his "Sadasiva Press".

The dictionary was appreciated by N.L Halward, the Director of Public Instructor for Eastern Bengal and Asom, and A Majid, the District and Session Judge and fellow of Calcutta University.

The third Assamese Dictionary Chandrakanta Abhidhan, a comprehensive bilingual dictionary with words and their meanings in Assamese and English, originally compiled and published by Asam Sahitya Sabha in 1933, 32 years after the publication of the *Hem Kosh*. The dictionary contains 36,816 words in all. A third edition of this dictionary was also published by the University of Guwahati in 1987 duly edited by Dr. Maheswar Neog and Dr. Upendranath Goswami. Another Assamese dictionary called *Adhunik Asamiya Abhidhan* has been published by Assam Prakasan Parishad in 1977 under the editorship of Dr. Maheswar Neog, Rajanikanta Deva Sarma and Nava Kanta Baruah.

## Recent developments

The Asam Sahitya Sabha with its motto "Chiro Senehi Mur Bhaxa Jononi" was established in 1917 for the propagation of the Assamese language and took up the publication of various books in Assamese. It still publishes important books in Assamese.

The Publication Board of Assam established in 1958 by a legislation of the Assam Legislative Assembly with the vision of publishing and editing books in the languages of the state (including Bodo, Mising, Kachari and other such languages), as well as English. Along with providing aid to authors, the board also helps in publishing rare manuscripts of historical, academic and cultural importance and also helps in preserving the originals, as well as reprinting classics, such as the great Sanskrit scholar Anandaram Borooah's *English-Sanskrit Dictionary, Ancient Geography of India, Namalinganushashana, Bhabhabhuti and His Place in Sanskrit Literature*, etc. and other such works, republished nearly a century after their first publication. The board has also worked on an Assamese Encyclopaedia. Among the most notable of the board's publications are the reproductions of Ahom and Shankari manuscripts. Also the Board published an influential magazine called *Prakash*. It was also instrumental in reissuing several of the *Jonaki* magazine copies, along with another influential magazine *Banhi*.

The printing and publishing industry in Assam is presently an ailing one, with most books being "outsourced" for printing to Calcutta and New Delhi and the quality of most local printing and publishing houses being called to question, various organizations are currently trying to remedy this situation.


title: Motivation, Agency, and Public Policy

abstract: Motivation, Agency, and Public Policy is a non-fiction book written by the economist Julian Le Grand. The book, which argues in favor of increasing tax choice, was described by The Economist as "accessible – and profound" and by The Times as "one of the most stimulating books on public policy in recent years".

text:
# Motivation, Agency, and Public Policy

***Motivation, Agency, and Public Policy*** is a non-fiction book written by the economist Julian Le Grand. The book, which argues in favor of increasing tax choice, was described by *The Economist* as "accessible – and profound" and by *The Times* as "one of the most stimulating books on public policy in recent years".

## Overview

In his book, Le Grand explores ways of increasing the amount of choice and competition in the public sector. This quasi-market would transform citizens from pawns to queens and "improve quality and value for money". Specific policy recommendations include "demogrants" and hypothecation (earmarking).

## Criticism

One criticism is that Le Grand's argument only has limited appeal. "Le Grand’s argument does not speak to libertarians; rejecting the welfare state, they part from him long before he calls on them to cheer for transforming service users into queens. Nor does his argument entice liberal egalitarians."

## InfoBox

Motivation, Agency and Public Policy: Of Knights and Knaves, Pawns and Queens
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Julian Le Grand |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Nonfiction |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press |
| Publication date | 2003 |
| Publication place | US |
| Pages | 208 |
| ISBN | 0-19-926699-9 |
| OCLC | 52193481 |


title: Peaceful Journey

abstract: Peaceful Journey is the third album by American rap group Heavy D & the Boyz. It was released on July 2, 1991, for Uptown Records and was produced by Pete Rock, DJ Eddie F, Teddy Riley, Marley Marl and Howie Tee. This marked the group's first album since the death of member Trouble T Roy, who died almost a year before the album's release, and several songs on the album pay tribute to him. Though not as successful as the group's previous album, Big Tyme, the album was able to reach Platinum status and made it to number 21 on the Billboard 200 and number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The following singles also charted: "Now That We Found Love", "Is It Good to You", "Don't Curse" and "Peaceful Journey", which sampled the bass line from "This Place Hotel" by the Jacksons. Guests on the album include Aaron Hall, Big Daddy Kane, Grand Puba, Kool G. Rap, Q-Tip, Pete Rock & CL Smooth, Daddy Freddy and K-Ci & JoJo.

text:
# Peaceful Journey

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Baltimore Sun* | (favorable) |
| *Calgary Herald* | B |
| Robert Christgau |  |
| *Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | B |
| *Melody Maker* | (favorable) |
| *NME* | (favorable) |

***Peaceful Journey*** is the third album by American rap group Heavy D & the Boyz. It was released on July 2, 1991, for Uptown Records and was produced by Pete Rock, DJ Eddie F, Teddy Riley, Marley Marl and Howie Tee. This marked the group's first album since the death of member Trouble T Roy, who died almost a year before the album's release, and several songs on the album pay tribute to him. Though not as successful as the group's previous album, *Big Tyme*, the album was able to reach Platinum status and made it to number 21 on the *Billboard* 200 and number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

The following singles also charted: "Now That We Found Love" (UK #2, US #11), "Is It Good to You", "Don't Curse" and "Peaceful Journey", which sampled the bass line from "This Place Hotel" by the Jacksons. Guests on the album include Aaron Hall, Big Daddy Kane, Grand Puba, Kool G. Rap, Q-Tip, Pete Rock & CL Smooth, Daddy Freddy and K-Ci & JoJo.

## Critical reception

James Muretich from *Calgary Herald* wrote, "Heavy D. lays down uplifting messages without getting wimpy, is sexual without becoming moronically macho. Combine that with hook-laden songs sampling from the likes of Booker T. & the M.G.'s and The Persuaders, as well as some riffs by The Boyz, and you\`ve got rap with soul - in every sense of the word." James Bernard from *Entertainment Weekly* commented, "His music in *Peaceful Journey*, softened by hummable bass lines, swings rather than stomps, and the ”Hevster” has nimble lyrics to match — a combination that should earn songs like ”Now That We Found Love”, a fast-paced hip-house jam, loads of club and airplay. There are too few surprises here, however, in part because Heavy D. sometimes leans too much on sampled tracks, as on the title cut, an ode to friendship that is far too friendly with the Jacksons’ ”This Place Hotel”."

## Track listing

1. "Now That We Found Love" (vocals by Aaron Hall) (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff) \- 4:18
2. "Let It Rain" (Dwight Meyers, Corey Penn, Peter Phillips) \- 4:15
3. "I Can Make You Go Oooh" (Dwight Meyers, Howard Thompson) \- 3:51
4. "Sister Sister" (Dwight Meyers, Marlon Williams) \- 4:39
5. "Don't Curse" with Big Daddy Kane, Grand Puba, Kool G. Rap, Q-Tip & Pete Rock & CL Smooth (Dwight Meyers, Antonio Hardy, Maxwell Dixon, Nathaniel Wilson, Jonathan Davis, Peter Phillips, Corey Penn) \- 5:53
6. "Peaceful Journey" (Dwight Meyers, Edward Ferrell) \- 6:05
7. "The Lover's Got What U Need" (Dwight Meyers, Marlon Williams) \- 4:02
8. "Cuz He'z Alwayz Around" (Dwight Meyers, Peter Phillips) \- 4:40
9. "Is It Good to You" (Dwight Meyers, Teddy Riley) \- 4:52
10. "Letter to the Future" (Dwight Meyers, Peter Phillips) \- 4:49
11. "Swinging With Da Hevster" (Dwight Meyers, Marlon Williams) \- 4:20
12. "Body and Mind" feat. Daddy Freddy (Bunny Sigler, James Sigler, Cary Gilbert) \- 4:20
13. "Do Me, Do Me" (Dwight Meyers, Peter Phillips) \- 4:11

## Personnel

* Teddy Riley, Pete Rock, Marley Marl, Howie Tee, Dave Hall, Nevelle Hodge, Darren Lighty: Keyboards and Drum Programming
* Aaron Hall: Background vocals on "Now That We've Found Love"
* The Flex (Darren Lighty, Cliff Lighty, Eric Williams): Background vocals on "Sister, Sister" and "The Lover's Got What U Need"
* K-Ci & JoJo: Background vocals on "Peaceful Journey"
* Perfection: Background vocals on "The Lover's Got What U Need"
* Johnny Gill: Background vocals on "Letter to the Future"
* Dave Way, Chris "Champ" Champion, Booker T. Jones, Angela Piva, Marley Marl, David Kennedy: Recording engineer
* Chris "Champ" Champion, Mark Partis, Angela Piva, Roey Shamir, David Kennedy: Mixing
* Nick Baratta: Photography
* Reiner Design Consultants, Inc.: Art Direction

## Samples

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Peaceful Journey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Heavy D & the Boyz | |
| Released | July 2, 1991 |
| Studio | Unique Recording Studios, New York City |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 66:41 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Heavy D & the Boyz chronology | |
| *Big Tyme*
(1989) ***Peaceful Journey***
(1991) *Blue Funk*
(1992) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Peaceful Journey* | |
| 1. "Is It Good to You"
Released: 1991 2. "Now That We Found Love"
Released: June 11, 1991 3. "Don't Curse"
Released: 1991 4. "The Lover's Got What U Need"
Released: 1991 | |
|  | |


title: Miriam L. Bomhard

abstract: Miriam Lucile Bomhard was a conservationist and botanist from the United States of America. She was the first woman to receive a PhD from the University of Pittsburgh.

text:
# Miriam L. Bomhard

**Miriam Lucile Bomhard** (July 24, 1898 – December 16, 1952) was a conservationist and botanist from the United States of America. She was the first woman to receive a PhD from the University of Pittsburgh.

## Early life

Bomhard was born in Bellevue, Kentucky in 1898, the daughter of the Reverend W.A. Bomhard and Emma (Koch) Bomhard. The family moved to Pittsburgh in 1907. In 1917, she graduated as valedictorian of her high school.

## Studies and career

Bomhard attended the University of Pittsburgh on an honour scholarship. She graduated in 1921. She began work at the University of Pittsburgh as a graduate assistant and then as an instructor in the botany department. She conducted research work alongside this, including work at the Carnegie Museum Herbarium. She received a Ph.D in 1926, the first women to receive that degree from the University of Pittsburgh. Her doctoral thesis was on the subject of illustrations and keys in the identification of seeds in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

In 1926, she began work at Newcomb College, which was then the women's department of Tulane University in New Orleans, teaching zoology and botany. She worked there until 1932. She then embarked on a trip to the British colony Malaya.

In 1933, on her return to the United States, she began work as a junior pathologist, and then as a botanist at the Bureau of Plant Industry in Washington, D.C., later named the United States Forest Service, where she worked until her death.

## Death

Bomhard died in Glenshaw, Pennsylvania in 1952, aged 54.

## Membership of societies

She was a member of many organisations, including:

## Publications

* *The Wax Palms* (1930)
* *Range Plant Handbook* (1937)
* *Standardized Plant Names* (1942). Contributor,
* *Palm trees in the United States* (1950). Contributor.
* *Sourcebook of forage plants on longleaf pine - bluestem ranges of Louisiana* (1952). Co-author.

The standard author abbreviation Bomhard is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## InfoBox

| Miriam Lucile Bomhard | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 24, 1898
Bellevue, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | December 16, 1952 (aged 54)
Glenshaw, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Pittsburgh |
| Occupation | Botanist |