title: Nevačka

abstract: Nevačka is a village in the Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 1991 census, the village is located in the municipality of Han Pijesak.

text:
# Nevačka

**Nevačka** is a village in the Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 1991 census, the village is located in the municipality of Han Pijesak.

44°06′50″N 18°48′29″E / 44.11389°N 18.80806°E / 44.11389; 18.80806

## InfoBox

| Nevačka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nevačka | |
| Coordinates: 44°06′50″N 18°48′29″E / 44.11389°N 18.80806°E / 44.11389; 18.80806 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska |
| Municipality | Han Pijesak |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Pyrgulopsis

abstract: Pyrgulopsis is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.

text:
# Pyrgulopsis

***Pyrgulopsis*** is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.

## Etymology

The name *Pyrgulopsis* is composed from *Pyrgula*, another genus of snail, and *opsis* = aspect of.

## Description

Generic characters of the genus *Pyrgulopsis* are: the shell is minute, conically turreted, somewhat elongated, imperforate and unicarinate. The apex is acute. The aperture is ovate. The edge of the aperture, called the peritreme, is continuous. The operculum is ovate, thin, corneous and spiral, with polar point well forward and approximating the columella.

The jaw is thin and membranaceous. The radula is odontophore, with teeth are arranged in transverse rows, according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3. Formula for denticles of rhachidian: 4 + 1 + 41 + 1.

## Distribution

The distribution of the genus *Pyrgulopsis* includes Western and South-western United States. Snails of species in the genus *Pyrgulopsis* occur in fresh water and in brackish water.

## Species

*Pyrgulopsis* is the largest genus of freshwater gastropods in the North America. In 2014, 139 species were recognized in this genus.

Species in the genus *Pyrgulopsis* include:

Eastern North American species of *Pyrgulopsis* are considered to be in separate genus *Marstonia* according to the Thompson and Hershler (2002).

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Pyrgulopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Apertural view of a shell of †*Pyrgulopsis nevadensis*. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Hydrobiidae |
| Subfamily: | Nymphophilinae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgulopsis*<br>Call & Pilsbry, 1886 |
|
| Diversity | |
| 133 species | |


title: Obconicum

abstract: Obconicum is a genus of fungi in the order Helotiales. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown, and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any family.

text:
# Obconicum

***Obconicum*** is a genus of fungi in the order Helotiales. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown (*incertae sedis*), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any family.

## InfoBox

| *Obconicum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Subdivision: | Pezizomycotina |
| Class: | Leotiomycetes |
| Order: | Helotiales |
| Family: | incertae sedis |
| Genus: | ***Obconicum***
Velen. (1939) |
|
| Species | |
| *O. chaerophylli*
*O. conicola* | |


title: German submarine U-533

abstract: German submarine U-533 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 17 February 1942 at the Deutsche Werft yard at Hamburg as yard number 351, launched on 11 September 1942 and commissioned on 25 November 1942 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Helmut Hennig. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla in the Baltic Sea, U-533 was transferred to the 10th flotilla for front-line service on 1 May 1943, and sunk in the Gulf of Oman on 16 October with one survivor.

text:
# German submarine U-533

**German submarine *U-533*** was a Type IXC/40 U-boat of Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 17 February 1942 at the Deutsche Werft yard at Hamburg as yard number 351, launched on 11 September 1942 and commissioned on 25 November 1942 under the command of *Kapitänleutnant* Helmut Hennig. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla in the Baltic Sea, *U-533* was transferred to the 10th flotilla for front-line service on 1 May 1943, and sunk in the Gulf of Oman on 16 October with one survivor.

## Design

German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. *U-533* had a displacement of 1,144 tonnes (1,126 long tons) when at the surface and 1,257 tonnes (1,237 long tons) while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,850 nautical miles (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-533* was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

## Service history

### First patrol

*U-533* departed Kiel on 15 April 1943, and sailed out into the Atlantic, but came under repeated attack from Allied aircraft, giving it very little opportunity to cause any damage to shipping.

On 24 April *U-533* was attacked by a Hudson light bomber of No. 269 Squadron RAF. The U-boat was moderately damaged by the attack, defending itself with its AA guns. The next day, 25 April, the submarine was attacked again from the air, this time by an American PBY-5A Catalina of United States Navy squadron VP-84. Three of the U-boat's gunners were injured, but the U-boat was not severely damaged. On 20 May *U-533* was attacked by a Halifax heavy bomber of No. 502 Squadron RAF, without suffering any serious damage. The U-boat arrived at her new home port of Lorient in occupied France, on 24 May after 40 days at sea.

### Second patrol

On 5 July 1943 the U-boat sailed from Lorient, through the Atlantic, around the Cape of Good Hope, into the Indian Ocean, and up to the mouth of the Persian Gulf.

Operating as part of the *Monsun Gruppe*, it was sunk in the Gulf of Oman on 16 October, in position 25°28′N 56°50′E / 25.467°N 56.833°E / 25.467; 56.833, by depth charges dropped from a British Bisley (Blenheim) light bomber of No. 244 Squadron RAF, piloted by Lewis William Chapman. Of the crew of 53, only one survived; *Matrosengefreiter* Günther Schmidt, who was with an officer in the conning tower. The officer succeeded in opening the hatch, even though the submarine had sunk to a depth of 60 metres (200 ft). Without escape sets, the water pressure shot both men to the surface. Schmidt kept the unconscious officer afloat for an hour before he died, and Schmidt swam and stayed afloat without a life jacket for 28 hours until he was rescued by HMIS *Hiravati* near Khor Fakkan. Schmidt spent the remainder of the war as a POW. Chapman received the Distinguished Flying Medal for his action.

### Wreck

In 2009, divers found the wreck of *U-533* at a depth of 108 metres (354 ft) some 25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi) off the coast of Fujairah.

### Wolfpacks

*U-533* took part in three wolfpacks, namely:

* Star (27 April – 4 May 1943)
* Fink (4 – 6 May 1943)
* Monsun (5 July – 10 October 1943)

## Bibliography

* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary*. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945* \[*German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945*\]. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
* Kemp, Paul (1999). *U-Boats Destroyed - German Submarine Losses in the World Wars*. London: Arms & Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.

* Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXC/40 boat U-533". *German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net*. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
* Hofmann, Markus. "*U 533*". *Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de* (in German). Retrieved 7 December 2014.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-533* |
| Ordered | 10 April 1941 |
| Builder | Deutsche Werft, Hamburg |
| Yard number | 351 |
| Laid down | 17 February 1942 |
| Launched | 11 September 1942 |
| Commissioned | 25 November 1942 |
| Fate | Sunk on 16 October 1943 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type IXC/40 submarine |
| Displacement | * 1,144  (1,126 long tons) surfaced * 1,257 t (1,237 long tons) submerged |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in) o/a * 4.44 m (14 ft 7 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in) |
| Installed power | * 4,400 PS (3,200 kW; 4,300 bhp) (diesels) * 1,000 PS (740 kW; 990 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) surfaced * 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 13,850 nmi (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 63 nmi (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | 230 m (750 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 44 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 50 650 |
| Commanders: | * *Kptlt.* Helmut Hennig * 25 November 1942 – 16 October 1943 |
| Operations: | * 2 patrols: * 1st patrol: * a. 15 April – 24 May 1943 * b. 3 – 4 July 1943 * 2nd patrol: * 5 July – 16 October 1943 |
| Victories: | None |


title: Mleczno

abstract: Mleczno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rudna, within Lubin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Rudna, 9 km (6 mi) north-east of Lubin, and 66 km (41 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Mleczno

**Mleczno** \[ˈmlɛt͡ʂnɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rudna, within Lubin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Rudna, 9 km (6 mi) north-east of Lubin, and 66 km (41 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Mleczno | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mleczno | |
| Coordinates: 51°28′N 16°16′E / 51.467°N 16.267°E / 51.467; 16.267 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Lubin |
| Gmina | Rudna |


title: Pârâul Întors

abstract: The Pârâul Întors is a right tributary of the river Buhai in Romania. It flows into the Buhai near Dorohoi. Its length is 19 km (12 mi) and its basin size is 81 km⁲ (31 sq mi).

text:
# Pârâul Întors

The **Pârâul Întors** is a right tributary of the river Buhai in Romania. It flows into the Buhai near Dorohoi. Its length is 19 km (12 mi) and its basin size is 81 km2 (31 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Pârâul Întors | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Botoșani County |
| Villages | Văculești, Saucenița |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Buhai |
| coordinates | 47°57′16″N 26°22′31″E / 47.9545°N 26.3753°E / 47.9545; 26.3753 |
| Length | 19 km (12 mi) |
| Basin size | 81 km2 (31 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location |  |
| minimum | 0 m3/s (0 cu ft/s) |
| maximum | 13.0 m3/s (460 cu ft/s) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | BuhaiJijiaPrutDanubeBlack Sea |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Dintevici, Cănăpiștea, Ghilea |
| River code | XIII.1.15.3.2 |


title: Pedro Ansúrez

abstract: Pedro Ansúrez was a Castilian nobleman, count of Liébana, Saldaña and Carrión in the closing decades of the eleventh century and the opening decades of the twelfth. He is considered the founder and first lord of Valladolid. Pedro was a descendant of the Beni Gómez family of Castilian nobility, the son of Ansur Díaz, by his first wife, whose name is unknown. His grandfather, Diego Fernández, was a count of Saldaña and Carrión. Pedro married twice, the first time by 17 June 1084 to Elo, daughter of Count Alfonso Muñoz and Aldonza González of Trigueros. She was dead by 17 September 1114, when Pedro made a donation for the good of her soul to the canons of the cathedral of Valladolid, and he appears the next day with his second wife, Elvira Sánchez, whom he may have wed some time before. Pedro had five children: Alfonso, Fernando, María, Mayor, and Urraca. Alfonso died young and his sarcophagus, commissioned by Pedro, can still be seen in the museum of Sahagún. Pedro and Elo's children were raised in the household of a lesser nobleman: that of Citi Álvarez and his wife Froilo, who were duly rewarded for their services with a grant of land. Pedro was one of the nobles closest to Alfonso VI of León and Castile, although the later claim that he was Alfonso's tutor or guardian during his youth must be dismissed, since the king and Pedro were of roughly the same age. During 24 July–3 September 1067 Pedro served as the majordomo of Alfonso's court. He was raised by the king to the rank of count perhaps as early as 22 November 1068, certainly before 1 November 1070, after which time he always signs charters using the title. In 1072, he accompanied Alfonso into exile in Toledo. Later, when Alfonso returned to inherit the kingdoms of León and Castile, Pedro and Eylo were charged with the repopulation of Valladolid. This they did with men from their counties of Saldaña and Carrión. However, the city really began to grow when its lordship was given to Pedro some years later. He became a prolific builder, constructing a large palace for himself and his wife, which has not survived, and a hospital. He built a bridge over the Pisuerga and many religious edifices, like the church of Santa María la Antigua and the Colegiata de Santa María, which served as the site of the cathedral. The environs of Valladolid formed the outer limits of the Kingdom of Castile at his time and Pedro was responsible for the repopulating of the region between Liébana and Cuéllar. His massive frontier district included the historically significant city of Toledo. In 1095, his lordship included Madrid. Around 1087, at the time of the marriage of Alfonso's eldest daughter and heiress apparent, Urraca, to Raymond of Burgundy, the king appointed Pedro to be her guardian (tutor), and she stayed at his court according to the later Primera Crónica General. This probably served to prevent the accumulation of too great influence in the hands of the French. Towards the end of the century, Pedro's power and influence were diminished by the extension of that of the Capetians Raymond and Henry of Burgundy. When his daughter María was widowed by the Count of Urgel, Ermengol V, Pedro transferred the guardianship of her son, Ermengol VI, to Raymond Berengar III of Barcelona. Between 1103 and 1108, Pedro was in exile in Urgell, having displeased Alfonso VI. He took an active part in the conquest of Balaguer. Pedro brought with him to Urgell his armour-bearer (armiger), a knight by the name of Íñigo Pérez. Only the greater magnates could afford to employ officers like this. The armiger, or alférez, was responsible for leading Pedro's mesnada (retinue) into battle. In 1114, out of fear of Hell, Pedro Ansúrez donated some land at Fuensaldaña to the church of Valladolid. In 1143, Sancho Ansúrez, Pedro's grandson by his daughter Urraca, introduced the Premonstratensian Order into Spain when he became abbot of Fuentesclaras, moved to Retuerta in 1146. Sancho had studied under Saint Norbert at Prémontré.

text:
# Pedro Ansúrez

**Pedro Ansúrez** (*floruit* 1065–1117; died probably 9 September 1118) was a Castilian nobleman, count of Liébana, Saldaña and Carrión in the closing decades of the eleventh century and the opening decades of the twelfth. He is considered the founder and first lord of Valladolid.

Pedro was a descendant of the Beni Gómez family of Castilian nobility, the son of Ansur Díaz, by his first wife, whose name is unknown. His grandfather, Diego Fernández, was a count of Saldaña and Carrión. Pedro married twice, the first time by 17 June 1084 to Elo (or Eylo), daughter of Count Alfonso Muñoz and Aldonza González of Trigueros. She was dead by 17 September 1114, when Pedro made a donation for the good of her soul to the canons of the cathedral of Valladolid, and he appears the next day with his second wife, Elvira Sánchez, whom he may have wed some time before. Pedro had five children: Alfonso, Fernando, María, Mayor, and Urraca. Alfonso died young and his sarcophagus, commissioned by Pedro, can still be seen in the museum of Sahagún. Pedro and Elo's children were raised in the household of a lesser nobleman: that of Citi Álvarez and his wife Froilo, who were duly rewarded for their services with a grant of land.

Pedro was one of the nobles closest to Alfonso VI of León and Castile, although the later claim that he was Alfonso's tutor or guardian during his youth must be dismissed, since the king and Pedro were of roughly the same age. During 24 July–3 September 1067 Pedro served as the majordomo of Alfonso's court. He was raised by the king to the rank of count perhaps as early as 22 November 1068, certainly before 1 November 1070, after which time he always signs charters using the title. In 1072, he accompanied Alfonso into exile in Toledo. Later, when Alfonso returned to inherit the kingdoms of León and Castile, Pedro and Eylo were charged with the repopulation of Valladolid. This they did with men from their counties of Saldaña and Carrión. However, the city really began to grow when its lordship was given to Pedro some years later. He became a prolific builder, constructing a large palace for himself and his wife, which has not survived, and a hospital. He built a bridge over the Pisuerga and many religious edifices, like the church of Santa María la Antigua and the Colegiata de Santa María, which served as the site of the cathedral (the bishop's seat). The environs of Valladolid formed the outer limits of the Kingdom of Castile at his time and Pedro was responsible for the repopulating of the region between Liébana and Cuéllar. His massive frontier district included the historically significant city of Toledo. In 1095, his lordship included Madrid.

class=notpageimage|Lands held or controlled by Pedro Ansúrez, and his exiles: clockwise from top, Liébana, Cabezón, Entrepeñas, Saldaña, Carrión, Melgar, Torremormojón, Valladolid, Simancas, Tordesillas, Toro and Zamora, plus Madrid to the south, not all controlled simultaneously; blue, count Pedro's exiles: Toledo (1072) to the south, where he would later also hold land, and the County of Urgell (1105) to the east.

Around 1087, at the time of the marriage of Alfonso's eldest daughter and heiress apparent, Urraca, to Raymond of Burgundy, the king appointed Pedro to be her guardian (*tutor*), and she stayed at his court according to the later *Primera Crónica General* (late 13th century). This probably served to prevent the accumulation of too great influence in the hands of the French. Towards the end of the century, Pedro's power and influence were diminished by the extension of that of the Capetians Raymond and Henry of Burgundy.

When his daughter María was widowed by the Count of Urgel, Ermengol V, Pedro transferred the guardianship of her son, Ermengol VI, to Raymond Berengar III of Barcelona. Between 1103 and 1108, Pedro was in exile in Urgell, having displeased Alfonso VI. He took an active part in the conquest of Balaguer. Pedro brought with him to Urgell his armour-bearer (*armiger*), a knight by the name of Íñigo Pérez. Only the greater magnates could afford to employ officers like this. The *armiger*, or *alférez*, was responsible for leading Pedro's *mesnada* (retinue) into battle.

In 1114, out of fear of Hell, Pedro Ansúrez donated some land at Fuensaldaña to the church of Valladolid.

In 1143, Sancho Ansúrez, Pedro's grandson by his daughter Urraca, introduced the Premonstratensian Order into Spain when he became abbot of Fuentesclaras, moved to Retuerta in 1146. Sancho had studied under Saint Norbert at Prémontré.

## Sources


title: Pwalugu Tomato Factory

abstract: Pwalugu Tomato Factory, also known as the Northern Star Tomato Company, is a Ghanaian tomato processing plant located in Pwalugu in the Upper East Region. The factory produces puree and paste.

text:
# Pwalugu Tomato Factory

**Pwalugu Tomato Factory**, also known as the **Northern Star Tomato Company**, is a Ghanaian tomato processing plant located in Pwalugu in the Upper East Region. The factory produces puree and paste.

## History

The factory was established by Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's first president. Construction was completed in 1961, along with several other factories built around the same time to further the Nkrumah government's policy of import substitution. However, the factory did not begin operating until 1973.

After an extended closure, it recommenced operations in 2006 as Northern Star Tomato Company. At that time, it did not operate at full capacity.

In 2009, the Ministry of Trade and Industry provided funding to pay staff salaries and purchase tomatoes from farmers.

As of 2011, the factory had the capacity to handle 500 tonnes of raw tomatoes per day. It underwent its most recent corporate reorganisation in 2014.

The factory was featured in the 2019 Deutsche Welle documentary *Tomatoes and Greed: The Exodus of Ghana's Farmers*. It has been reported that the factory had collapsed owing to the deprivation of the requisite tomato supply to let it work at the least level.


title: WBSZ

abstract: WBSZ is a radio station broadcasting a ""New Country" format, licensed to Ashland, Wisconsin, United States. The station is currently owned by Heartland Communications Group, LLC, and features programming from ABC Radio and Westwood One. It serves Ashland and Bayfield counties. Its studios and transmitter are located at 2320 Ellis Avenue in Ashland, along with its sister stations.

text:
# WBSZ

**WBSZ** (93.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a ""New Country" format, licensed to Ashland, Wisconsin, United States. The station is currently owned by Heartland Communications Group, LLC, and features programming from ABC Radio and Westwood One. It serves Ashland and Bayfield counties.

Its studios and transmitter are located at 2320 Ellis Avenue in Ashland, along with its sister stations.

## InfoBox

WBSZ
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 93.3 MHz |
| Branding | *Todays Country Z93* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country |
| Affiliations | ABC Radio, Westwood One |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Heartland Communications Group, LLC |
| Sister stations | WATW, WJJH, WNXR |
| History | |
| First air date | July 25, 1994 |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 24084 |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 71,000 watts |
| HAAT | 75 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 46°34′25.00″N 90°51′56.00″W / 46.5736111°N 90.8655556°W / 46.5736111; -90.8655556 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | www.wbszfm.com |


title: Giuseppe Fioravanzo

abstract: Giuseppe Fioravanzo was an Italian admiral. He was considered one of the main "intellectuals" of the Regia Marina; together with admirals Bernotti and Di Giamberardino he was one of the main authors of the development of Italian naval doctrine between the two World Wars. After serving with distinction in the Italo-Turkish War and the First World War, from the 1920s he started his activity as a naval theorist and writer besides continuing his military career. During the Second World War, having been promoted to Divisional Admiral, he held important commitments, both operational and related to General Staff. After the war he directed the Historical Office of the Italian Navy for many years.

text:
# Giuseppe Fioravanzo

**Giuseppe Fioravanzo** (14 August 1891 – 18 March 1975) was an Italian admiral. He was considered one of the main "intellectuals" of the Regia Marina; together with admirals Bernotti and Di Giamberardino he was one of the main authors of the development of Italian naval doctrine between the two World Wars. After serving with distinction in the Italo-Turkish War and the First World War, from the 1920s he started his activity as a naval theorist and writer besides continuing his military career. During the Second World War, having been promoted to Divisional Admiral, he held important commitments, both operational and related to General Staff. After the war he directed the Historical Office of the Italian Navy for many years.

## Early career

He was born in Monselice, a town about 20 km southeast of Padua in north-east Italy, although the family, of noble heritage, hailed from Florence.

He entered the Italian Naval Academy in 1909 and graduated as a *guardiamarina* (Sub-lieutenant) in 1912.

He was still a cadet when he participated in the Italo-Turkish War aboard the battleship *Benedetto Brin*.

## First World War

He took part to the First World War in the northern Adriatic Sea in the *Raggruppamento Marina* (Navy Group). The first nucleus of the Group was formed by crewmen of the *Amalfi* cruiser after its sinking in July 1915. The crew manned gun batteries of mixed calibers that engaged the enemy on the sea frontline.

Fioravanzo commanded one of the 152-mm batteries and distinguished himself, along with a fellow soldier equal in rank named Parona, on 15 and 16 May 1916 in engaging Austrian-Hungarian forces near Duino and hindering their advance towards Monfalcone. In July Fioravanzo's battery (numbered 97 bis) was transferred near Monfalcone to be deployed against Monte San Michele for use in the planned battle for the conquest of Gorizia. Later on it was moved back to Punta Sdobba.

## Inter-war years

After the First World War, in 1921, Fioravanzo was assigned for some time to the Navy military command of the city of Pola (now Pula, Croatia).

In 1923, after advancing to senior officer status he took command of the torpedo boat *Calliope*, an old vessel of the *Pegaso* class, with which he was sent to the Dodecanese to protect Italian interests threatened by tensions between ethnic Greeks and Turks.

At the same time Fioravanzo began to publish his articles in the *Rivista Marittima* (Maritime Magazine) as well as his first books of naval theory, in so doing becoming one of the most promising officers of the Navy. He was among those Navy officers who supported the idea that the Italian Navy should build and deploy aircraft carriers of its own.

He then served as a subaltern on the newly commissioned cruiser *Trieste*, and subsequently he assumed command of the destroyer *Freccia* and of the related 7 torpedo boat squadron.

During the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, which resulted in a serious political crisis between Italy and Great Britain, Fioravanzo was Chief of Staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the Reunited Naval Forces, a body set up in September 1935 to give a framework of homogeneity for the employment and command criteria of the two squadrons into which the Italian Navy was then divided – this at a time when a clash with Great Britain seemed inevitable.

From 14 January to 12 October 1936 he was in charge of the light cruiser *Armando Diaz* and in that same year he took over the Naval Command School and the destroyer *Aquila*, head of a set of three torpedo boat squadrons which were affiliated with the school.

The School command, in addition to its institutional role of preparing promising ship captains for promotion to higher ranks, also had the secondary task of participating in the control of the Strait of Sicily. In this function Commander Fioravanzo also played a role in blockading the Strait to prevent USSR-shipped supplies from reaching Republican-held ports in Spain.

## World War II

When Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940, Fioravanzo was promoted to *Contrammiraglio* (Counter-Admiral). During the course of the war he was a Staff member until March 1942, when his assignments became of a mostly operational nature. In the meantime he had advanced to the rank of *Ammiraglio di Divisione* (Divisional Admiral).

During his early period at Rome, in the Staff, Fioravanzo had the function of assistant Admiral in the *Supermarina* war room. He was able to follow the course of operations directly, along with other assistant admirals who rotated around the clock. Thus he oversaw all the operations in which the Italian Navy was involved during the first twenty months of war, including, together with Admirals Ferreri and De Courten, *Operation Gaudo*, that led to the Battle of Cape Matapan.

Above all Fioravanzo was responsible for the Navy Department of Special Studies: the actual "study office" of the then Regia Marina. As such Fioravanzo studied most projects of Navy "special operations" and the related deployment of forces. He was the one who, well before the war, devised the first draft of the plan for the forthcoming invasion of Malta, dubbed *Operation C3*. The Department of Special Studies was concerned not only in projects, but also in the rewriting of tactical regulations, of operational statistics, of the writing of articles for magazines and newsletters, and of propaganda (via radio also).

Among Fioravanzo's most important tasks and initiatives it is worth mentioning that in May 1941, he collaborated with Regia Aeronautica Generals Cappa and Mattei to write a series of norms aimed at easing the cooperation between the Navy and the Air Force, until that time very poor, and to create and publish the so-called "blue bulletin" that, every two weeks, updated operational commands on the activity of Italian and British Navy Forces during the previous fortnight; moreover, the Admiral added his own critical remarks to the description of the most significant actions.

The joint Navy-Air Force study had been encouraged by Chief of Staff Ugo Cavallero who in fact used admiral Fioravanzo, Army General Antonio Gandin (who would later be executed at Cephallonia) and Air Force General Mattei like a full-blown inter-forces commission. In Cavallero's aims, the study was meant to elaborate the so-called *mass action* against the British Mediterranean Fleet, necessary to acquire the supremacy at least in the central Mediterranean Sea in view of a decisive offensive towards Egypt. The plan was never carried out if not partially, but there is little doubt that this study inspired positively the later strategy of the Italian Navy.

On 25 March 1942 he moved aboard ship to take command of the 9th Naval Division, which consisted of the *Littorio*-class battleships. The first combat action in which he participated was the contrast to British *Operation Vigorous*, which goal was to take a supply convoy from Alexandria, Egypt to Malta. This action took place in the wider naval clashed known as the Battle of Mid-June or *Operation Harpoon* and Fioravanzo participated on orders from Admiral Angelo Iachino, the higher commander at sea. The action of the 9th Division, together with that of the 3rd and 8th Division, forced the British to abandon the mission with no ballistic contact between the two sides.

In January 1943 the Italian fleet was reorganized and Fioravanzo, on 6 January, left the command of the 9th Division and the following day he took the lead of the 5th Division formed by the old refurbished battleships of the *Conte di Cavour* and *Andrea Doria* classes. It was a purely "platonic" command: the refurbished battleships were in a reserve position, had no fuel and their operational deployment was not planned, and at any rate it had to be ruled out even for the 9th Division battleships, since the trend of the war was by then unfavorable for Italy.

On 14 March 1943 he became the leader of the 8th Naval Division, replacing Admiral Raffaele de Courten. In this capacity he was ordered to shell Palermo, which had fallen into the hands of the Allies some days before. This brought a negative turn in Fioravanzo's career: due to the anticipated return of the Division without accomplishing the mission, *Supermarina* (the Regia Marina High Command) decided to leave him ashore and replace him with Admiral Luigi Biancheri. The disembarkement and the loss of the leading position made it impossible for Fioravanzo to be promoted to Vice Admiral though remaining in active service. In practice, his career was over. Paradoxically, he was decorated with the Croce di Guerra for that action.

The mission began on the evening of 6 August 1943 when the Admiral, set sail from Genoa towards La Maddalena (Sardinia) with the Division formed by light cruisers *Giuseppe Garibaldi* and *Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta*. In the evening of the next day, the Division left La Maddalena bound for Palermo, where the Allied ships were riding at anchor. *Garibaldi*, however, had engine troubles and therefore could not develop more than 28 knots of speed. Furthermore, neither cruiser was equipped with radar.

The sighting by the aerial reconnaissance of unknown ships *en route* towards 8th Division led Fioravanzo to consider that he was going to clash with an Allied naval force under conditions of sharp inferiority. Considering the risk of losing two cruisers, but above all the lives of 1,500 crew members without being able to cause significant damage to their opponent, Fioravanzo decided not to complete the mission and sail back to La Spezia although well-aware that this meant the end of his own career.

After the war, it was ascertained through perusal of US archives that USS *Philadelphia* and USS *Savannah* were heading towards 8th Division with an escort of destroyers. Thus, retrospectively, Fioravanzo's decision turned out to be the most sensible.

When the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces was signed, Fioravanzo was the military commander of the city of Taranto and offered to replace Admiral Alberto Da Zara, in charge of taking the Italian warships to Malta, in case he could not bring himself to do so. Later, during the co-belligerence with the Allies, Fioravanzo was part of the commission tasked with epurating (substituting) Regia Marina personnel who had compromised themselves with Fascism.

## After World War II

From 1950 onwards he directed the Navy Historical office. In that period being the head of such office, he was involved in a controversy with journalist Antonino Trizzino, author of the pamphlet *Navi e poltrone* (*Ships and armchairs*). In his book Trizzino made accusations against the wartime Navy Staff, going as far as conjecturing that the admirals had betrayed the Italian Navy by favoring the Allied victory. Trizzino's book started the "legend" of a supposedly pro-British Regia Marina. Trizzino was fully acquitted in 1954 by the Milan Court of Appeal. Today, the wartime setbacks encountered by the Italian Navy and Merchant Marine are credited to Ultra, whose role in the Battle of the Mediterranean was made public in the early 1970s. In addition to being the director of the Historical Office, Fioravanzo directed the *Rivista Marittima* (Maritime Magazine) to which he had been contributing since the 1920s with nearly fifty articles on a wide variety of naval-related subjects.

Fioravanzo left the direction of the Historical Office in 1959, succeeded by Admiral Aldo Cocchia, one of the protagonists of the "battle of convoys". However his work as a naval writer did not come to an end. During the 1960s and early 1970s the Historical Office, which he had directed for nearly ten years, published his works dedicated to naval actions in the Mediterranean and to the organization of the Navy in a series of books on the history of Regia Marina (some of them posthumous). They are mandatory reading for all those who want to deepen their knowledge of history of the Italian Navy in the tragic period of World War II.

Admiral Fioravanzo died in Rome on 18 March 1975. As he requested in his last will, his entire personal archive was donated to the historical archive of the *Comune* of Monselice.

## Conclusions

Through his Admiral status in World War II he contributed to the improvement of the collaboration between Regia Marina and Regia Aeronautica which allowed to operate in a manner more adherent to the reality of the conflict. The air and naval successes of Summer 1942 are also partly due to the effort made by Regia Aeronautica Generals and by himself. He was operatively involved in the Battle of Mid-June as battleships commander; as leader of the 8th Division he was involved in the negative episode of the aborted Palermo shelling which cost him both leadership and career. However correct was his interpretation of the tactical situation, this was acknowledged only later, in retrospect.
From the doctrinal point of view Fioravanzo was an advocate of naval aviation from very early on. His main work was *La guerra sul mare e la guerra integrale* (*War at sea and combined warfare*) in which he arrived as far as predicting a real inter-forces strategy. However, when the book was published in 1931, the time was not ripe yet for the Italian military to adopt such a doctrine. His strategical vision consisted of a defensive-active tactic. A smaller Navy like the Regia Marina should have avoided a resolutive clash, instead trying to keep its own communication lines open. Differently from his colleague Di Giamberardino, Fioravanzo never thought that the major naval battle was the key of the strategy; vice versa, one or more naval battles would be sparked only by contrasts on the respective aims - nothing else than traffic operations.

## Promotions

* Franco Bargoni. *"L'intervento navale italiano nella guerra civile spagnola. Parte III"*. Rivista Italiana Difesa N° 3, marzo 1987, pp. 84–92;
* Franco Bargoni, Franco Gay. *Corazzate classe Vittorio Veneto. Parte II*. Edizioni Bizzarri, Roma 1973;
* Franco Bargoni, Franco Gay. *Corazzate classe Caio Duilio*. Edizioni Bizzarri, Roma 1973;
* Enrico Cernuschi. *"Obiettivo Palermo"*. Storia Militare N° 119, August 2003, pp. 14–21;
* Giuseppe Fioravanzo. *L'organizzazione della Marina durante il conflitto. Tomo II. Evoluzione organica dal 10-6-1940 al 8-9-1943*. Roma, U.S.M.M., 1975;
* Aldo Fraccaroli. *"L'ammiraglio Giuseppe Fioravanzo"*. Aviazione e Marina N° 125, September 1975, p. 17;
* Giorgio Giorgerini. *La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina tra vittoria e sconfitta, 1940–1943*. Milano, Mondadori, 2001, ISBN 88-04-50150-2;
* Walter Polastro. *Giuseppe Fioravanzo* in *Dizionario biografico degli italiani*, XLVIII, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Roma, 1997, pp. 114–116;
* Gianni Rocca. *Fucilate gli ammiragli. La tragedia della marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale*. Milano, Mondadori, 1987, ISBN 88-04-43392-2.

## InfoBox

| Giuseppe Fioravanzo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1891-08-14)14 August 1891
Monselice (Padua) |
| Died | 18 March 1975(1975-03-18) (aged 83)
Rome |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Italy
Italy |
| Service/branch | Regia Marina
Italian Navy |
| Years of service | 1912-1959 |
| Rank | *Ammiraglio di Squadra* (Vice Admiral) |
| Unit | 97/bis battery |
| Commands | *Calliope* torpedo boat, *Armando Diaz* light cruiser, Regia Marina Staff, 9 Naval Division, 5 Naval Division, 8th Naval Division, Taranto military commander and prefect. |
| Battles/wars | Italo-Turkish War, First World War, Spanish Civil War, Second World War, Battle of Cape Matapan (1941), Battle of Mid-June (1942), Italian Campaign. |
| Awards | Silver Medal of Military Valor, Croce di Guerra (twice), Commemorative Italian-Austrian war medal, Inter-allied Victory medal, Medal of the Unification of Italy, Military Order of Italy, Order of Merit of the Italian Republic |
| Other work | author, historian, director of Italian Navy Historical Office |


title: Obchodní centrum Letňany

abstract: Obchodní centrum Letňany, also known as OC Letňany is a shopping mall located in the Letňany district of Prague, Czech Republic. With 130 shops and an area of 125,000 square metres (1,350,000 sq ft), it is the largest shopping centre in the Czech Republic. The complex was described by The Prague Post in 2001 as "one of the best malls in the city". According to OC Letňany's marketing manager, over 10 million customers visited the shopping centre in 2008.

text:
# Obchodní centrum Letňany

**Obchodní centrum Letňany**, also known as **OC Letňany** is a shopping mall located in the Letňany district of Prague, Czech Republic. With 130 shops and an area of 125,000 square metres (1,350,000 sq ft), it is the largest shopping centre in the Czech Republic. The complex was described by *The Prague Post* in 2001 as "one of the best malls in the city". According to OC Letňany's marketing manager, over 10 million customers visited the shopping centre in 2008.

## History

OC Letňany became the largest shopping centre in the Czech Republic in 2006, when its third phase of construction increased its area from 65,000 square metres (700,000 sq ft) to 125,000 square metres (1,350,000 sq ft).

## Tenants

One of the principal stores at OC Letňany is Tesco, which opened on the site in 1999. The store was remodelled in 2014, with its floor space decreasing from 11,000 to 8,000 square metres, owing to a new division between clothing and other products.

A Cinema City multiplex cinema, a babysitting service, and two indoor ice rinks, open throughout the year, are also located within the mall. Letnany's food court features a wide variety of international options including Thai, Japanese, Middle Eastern, Chinese, Indian, French and Czech cuisine. In 2011, plans were announced for a McDonald's as well as a car dealership to be added to the mall's facilities.

## Transport

The centre is served by a free bus service from the Letňany metro station on Prague Metro's Line C. Prior to the line C extension in 2008, the centre was served with regular buses from the Nádraží Holešovice metro station. Bus stop *Tupolevova* is also located in close proximity to the mall, with local bus services.

## InfoBox

OC Letňany
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Veselská 663, Prague, Czech Republic, 199 00 |
| Coordinates | 50°8′11.47″N 14°30′6.41″E / 50.1365194°N 14.5017806°E / 50.1365194; 14.5017806 |
| No. of stores and services | 130 |
| Total retail floor area | 125,000 square metres (1,350,000 sq ft) |
| Parking | 3,200 spaces |
| Website | www.oc-letnany.cz |


title: Promalactis suzukiella

abstract: Promalactis suzukiella, Suzuki's promalactis moth, is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is native to Korea, Japan and Taiwan, but is an introduced species in the United States. It was originally recorded from the mid-Atlantic states in the early 2000s and by 2020 had expanded its range to encompass Texas and most of the states east of the Mississippi, with the exception of Florida, northern New England and Michigan. The length of the forewing is 4.5–7 mm. Adults are on wing from March to late September, indicating at least two and possibly more generations per year. The larvae feed under the bark of rotting logs of Prunus virginiana, Quercus species and Prunus persica.

text:
# Promalactis suzukiella

***Promalactis suzukiella***, **Suzuki's promalactis moth**, is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is native to Korea, Japan and Taiwan, but is an introduced species in the United States. It was originally recorded from the mid-Atlantic states in the early 2000s and by 2020 had expanded its range to encompass Texas and most of the states east of the Mississippi, with the exception of Florida, northern New England and Michigan.

The length of the forewing is 4.5–7 mm. Adults are on wing from March to late September, indicating at least two and possibly more generations per year.

The larvae feed under the bark of rotting logs of *Prunus virginiana*, *Quercus* species and *Prunus persica*.

## InfoBox

| *Promalactis suzukiella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Suzuki's promalactis moth in Woodbridge, Virginia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Oecophoridae |
| Genus: | *Promalactis* |
| Species: | ***P. suzukiella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Promalactis suzukiella***<br>(Matsumura, 1931) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Borkhausenia suzukiella* Matsumura, 1931 | |


title: Shepard tone

abstract: A Shepard tone, named after Roger Shepard, is a sound consisting of a superposition of sine waves separated by octaves. When played with the bass pitch of the tone moving upward or downward, it is referred to as the Shepard scale. This creates the auditory illusion of a tone that seems to continually ascend or descend in pitch, yet which ultimately gets no higher or lower.

text:
# Shepard tone

A **Shepard tone**, named after Roger Shepard, is a sound consisting of a superposition of sine waves separated by octaves. When played with the bass pitch of the tone moving upward or downward, it is referred to as the *Shepard scale*. This creates the auditory illusion of a tone that seems to continually ascend or descend in pitch, yet which ultimately gets no higher or lower.

## Construction

Each square in Figure 1 indicates a tone, with any set of squares in vertical alignment together making one Shepard tone. The color of each square indicates the loudness of the note, with purple being the quietest and green the loudest. Overlapping notes that play at the same time are exactly one octave apart, and each scale fades in and fades out so that hearing the beginning or end of any given scale is impossible.

As a conceptual example of an ascending Shepard scale, the first tone could be an almost inaudible C4 (middle C) and a loud C5 (an octave higher). The next would be a slightly louder C4 and a slightly quieter C5; the next would be a still louder D4 and a still quieter D5. The two frequencies would be equally loud at the middle of the octave (F4 and F5), and the twelfth tone would be a loud B4 and an almost inaudible B5 with the addition of an almost inaudible B3. The thirteenth tone would then be the same as the first, and the cycle could continue indefinitely. (In other words, each tone consists of two sine waves with frequencies separated by octaves; the intensity of each is e.g. a raised cosine function of its separation in semitones from a peak frequency, which in the above example would be B4. According to Shepard, "almost any smooth distribution that tapers off to subthreshold levels at low and high frequencies would have done as well as the cosine curve actually employed."

The theory behind the illusion was demonstrated during an episode of the BBC's show *Bang Goes the Theory*, where the effect was described as "a musical barber's pole".

The scale as described, with discrete steps between each tone, is known as the **discrete Shepard scale**. The illusion is more convincing if there is a short time between successive notes (staccato or marcato rather than legato or portamento).

## Variants

### Shepard–Risset glissando

Jean-Claude Risset subsequently created a version of the scale where the tones glide continuously, and it is appropriately called the **continuous Risset scale** or **Shepard–Risset glissando**. When done correctly, the tone appears to rise (or fall) continuously in pitch, yet return to its starting note. Risset has also created a similar effect with rhythm in which tempo seems to increase or decrease endlessly.

### Tritone paradox

A sequentially played pair of Shepard tones separated by an interval of a tritone (half an octave) produces the tritone paradox. Shepard had predicted that the two tones would constitute a bistable figure, the auditory equivalent of the Necker cube, that could be heard ascending or descending, but never both at the same time.

In 1986, Diana Deutsch discovered that the perception of which tone was higher depended on the absolute frequencies involved and that an individual would usually hear the same pitch as the highest (this is determined by the absolute pitch of the notes). Interestingly, different listeners may perceive the same pattern as being either ascending or descending, depending on the language or dialect of the listener (Deutsch, Henthorn, and Dolson found that native speakers of Vietnamese, a tonal language, heard the tritone paradox differently from Californians who were native speakers of English).

### Perpetual melody

Pedro Patricio observed in 2012 that, by using a Shepard tone as a sound source and applying it to a melody, he could reproduce the illusion of a continuously ascending or descending movement characteristic of the Shepard Scale. Regardless of the tempo and the envelope of the notes, the auditory illusion is effectively maintained. The uncertainty of the scale the Shepard tones pertain allows composers to experiment with deceiving and disconcerting melodies.

## Examples

* James Tenney's *For Ann (rising)* consists entirely of a Shepard tone glissando with gradual modulations.
* A section near the end of Karlheinz Stockhausen's *Hymnen* incorporates multiple descending Shepard tone glissandos.
* The ending of The Beatles' "I Am the Walrus" incorporates a Shepard tone with a chord progression built on ascending and descending lines in the bass and strings that line up to create the auditory illusion.
* The ending of Pink Floyd's "Echoes" from their 1971 album *Meddle* features an ascending Shepard tone created using a feedback technique involving two tape recorders sharing a single tape, with one set to play and the other to record.
* Queen's 1976 album *A Day at the Races* opens and closes with a Shepard tone.
* In his 1979 book *Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid*, Douglas Hofstadter explained how Shepard scales could be used on the *Canon a 2, per tonos* in Bach's *Musical Offering* (called the *Endlessly Rising Canon* by Hofstadter) for making the modulation end in the same pitch instead of an octave higher.
* In 1995, Ira Braus argued that the final sequence of Franz Liszt's 1885 piano piece *Bagatelle sans tonalité* could be continued to produce a Shepard scale using Hofstadter's technique.
* In a 1967 AT&T film by Shepard and E. E. Zajac, a Shepard tone accompanies the ascent of an analogous Penrose stair.
* In the video game *Super Mario 64* (1996) for the Nintendo 64 console, a piece that plays when the player tries to climb the neverending stairs located in the penultimate room of Peach's Castle incorporates a slightly modified Shepard scale played in the background. This auditory illusion complements the spatial loop effect, seemingly giving the impression that the stairs never end.
* In Godspeed You! Black Emperor's "The Dead Flag Blues" from their 1997 album *F♯ A♯ ∞*, a section mainly consisting of slide guitar is briefly looped into itself to create a downward Shepard tone.
* On their 1998 album *LP5*, English electronic duo Autechre employed a decelerating Risset rhythm for the track "Fold4,Wrap5".
* Austrian composer Georg Friedrich Haas incorporates Shepard tones at various points in his orchestral piece *in vain* (2000/02).
* Christopher Nolan said in an interview that the soundtrack of his 2006 film *The Prestige* (composed by David Julyan) explores the potential of Shepard tones as a fundamental basis for compositions. This is fully realised in his 2017 film *Dunkirk where* a Shepard tone is used to create the illusion of an ever increasing moment of intensity across intertwined storylines.
* In Stephin Merritt's 2007 song "Man of a Million Faces", composed for NPR's "Project Song", the Shepard tone is a key aspect.
* In the 2008 film *The Dark Knight* and its 2012 followup *The Dark Knight Rises*, a Shepard tone was used to create the sound of the Batpod, a motorcycle that the filmmakers did not want to change gear and tone abruptly but to accelerate constantly.
* The 2009 progressive house song "Leave the World Behind" by Swedish House Mafia features a Shepard tone in the form of an ongoing "riser" to build up the tension throughout the track.
* In Lucrecia Martel's feature film *Zama* (2017), there is extensive use of the Shepard tone creating a "loud and shreechy soundscape, in order to achieve closeness to the viewer", according to the director.
* The 2018 track "Always Ascending" by Franz Ferdinand from the album of the same name features a rising Shepard tone throughout the song. The video for the song echoes the effect, with the camera apparently rising continually throughout.
* In Sumio Kobayashi's piano work "Unreal Rain", the Shepard tone is entirely used.
* In the song "Fear Inoculum", Tool drummer Danny Carey introduces the track with the Shepard tone


abstract: Wielonek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubiewo, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Wielonek, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Wielonek** \[vjɛˈlɔnɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubiewo, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Wielonek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wielonek | |
| Coordinates: 53°23′06″N 17°58′31″E / 53.38500°N 17.97528°E / 53.38500; 17.97528 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Tuchola |
| Gmina | Lubiewo |
| Population | 2 |


title: Pedro Antonio Blanco

abstract: Pedro Antonio Blanco was a lieutenant colonel of the Spanish Army. He was killed by the explosion of a car bomb, placed by the separatist group ETA. That attempt finished with a 14-month truce.

text:
# Pedro Antonio Blanco

**Pedro Antonio Blanco** (12 June 1952 – 21 January 2000) was a lieutenant colonel of the Spanish Army.

He was killed by the explosion of a car bomb, placed by the separatist group ETA. That attempt finished with a 14-month truce.

## InfoBox

| Pedro Blanco | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Pedro Antonio Blanco
(1952-06-12)12 June 1952
Spain |
| Died | 21 January 2000(2000-01-21) (aged 47)
Madrid, Spain |
| Occupation | Spanish lieutenant |


title: New Brighton Villa F.C.

abstract: New Brighton Villa Football Club was a Welsh football team based in New Brighton in Flintshire, north-east Wales. The team last played in the North East Wales Football League Premier Division, which is at the fourth tier of the Welsh football league system.

text:
# New Brighton Villa F.C.

**New Brighton Villa Football Club** was a Welsh football team based in New Brighton in Flintshire, north-east Wales. The team last played in the North East Wales Football League Premier Division, which is at the fourth tier of the Welsh football league system.

## History

The original New Brighton Villa, existed between 1987 and 1996, and competed in the Welsh National League (Wrexham Area) Premier Division before they folded. This current version of the club was founded in 1997 as New Brighton FC, before changing back to New Brighton Villa in 2008.

The club joined the newly formed North East Wales Football League in 2020 as a Premier Division club.

In June 2023, following the end of the season, the club announced it was folding with immediate effect.

## Honours

## InfoBox

New Brighton Villa
| Full name | New Brighton Villa Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | The Yellers |
| Founded | 1997 |
| Dissolved | 2023 |
| Ground | Estadio de Mark Lopez |
| 2022–23 | North East Wales Premier Division, 5th of 10 (club folded after season) |


title: Pusula pediculus

abstract: Pusula pediculus, common name the "coffee bean trivia", is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Triviidae, the false cowries or trivias. This species was previously known as Trivia pediculus.

text:
# Pusula pediculus

***Pusula pediculus***, common name the "coffee bean trivia", is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Triviidae, the false cowries or trivias. This species was previously known as *Trivia pediculus*.

## Distribution

Western Atlantic: common as beached shells
in the Eastern Caribbean islands of the Lesser Antilles
where they are commonly known as 'Puppy-Eyes'.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 22 mm.

## Habitat

The minimum recorded depth for this species is 0 m; maximum recorded depth is 129 m.

## InfoBox

| *Pusula pediculus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Velutinoidea |
| Family: | Triviidae |
| Subfamily: | Triviinae |
| Genus: | *Pusula* |
| Species: | ***P. pediculus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pusula pediculus***
(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|


title: Obchodní tiskárny Kolín

abstract: Obchodní tiskárny Kolín or OTK, today known as OTK Group, a.s. or OTK printing & packaging a.s., is a Czech printing firm based in Kolín founded in 1879. Today it produces a wide range of paper and card products including labels, and packaging.

text:
# Obchodní tiskárny Kolín

**Obchodní tiskárny Kolín** or **OTK**, today known as **OTK Group, a.s.** or **OTK printing & packaging a.s.**, is a Czech printing firm based in Kolín founded in 1879. Today it produces a wide range of paper and card products including labels, and packaging.

## History

The company was founded in 1879 by Prague typographer, J. L. Bayer as a lithographic printing office producing calendars and colour pictures. It became the biggest domestic producer of calendars, but also expanded its operations to manufacture books for business. During the first half of the 20th century the company exported to eastern and central Europe.

After the World War II, the firm was rebranded and nationalised under communism as *Obchodní tiskárny Kolín* and it continued to expand its range, producing forms for computer technology, labels, playing cards and calendars. New premises were built. The firm was denationalised in 1989 and has since continued to expand. In 2006, the **OTK Group** was formed with subsidiaries in Germany, Romania and Russia.

## Products

Today, OTK's products include: flexible packaging, graphic labels, self-adhesive labels, mercantile products, shrink-sleeve labels, in-mould labels and 'smart pack'.

### Playing cards

OTK was a major manufacturer of traditional playing cards of the Bohemian pattern, some marketing under a Pegasus motif that was inherited from the cardmakers, Ritter & Cie., of Prague. However, OTK discontinued this activity, and the Pegasus branded cards are now since 2010 manufactured by the Společnost Hrací karty 1884 company.

## InfoBox

Obchodní tiskárny Kolín
|
|  |
| Company type | Joint-stock company |
| Founded | 1879<br>19 December 2006 |
| Headquarters | Kolín, Czech Republic |
| Website | www.otk.cz/en/ |


title: Provinces of France

abstract: Under the Ancien Régime, the Kingdom of France was subdivided in multiple different ways into several administrative units, until the National Constituent Assembly adopted a more uniform division into departments (départements) and districts in late 1789. The provinces continued to exist administratively until 21 September 1791. The country was subdivided ecclesiastically into dioceses, judicially into généralités, militarily into general governments. None of these entities was called "province" by their contemporaries. However, later interpretations confused the term of "general government" with that of a cultural province, since the general governments often used the names and borders of a province. It was not always the case, which causes confusion as to the borders of some provinces. Today, the term "province" is used to name the resulting regional areas, which retain a cultural and linguistic identity. Borrowed from the institutions of the Roman Empire, the word first appeared in the 15th century and has continued to spread, both in official documents and in popular or common usage. Whatever the century or dictionary consulted, the definition of the word often remains vague, due to the coexistence of several territorial division systems under the Ancien Régime. Some geographers, even some of the most famous, such as Onésime Reclus, have widely criticised the idea of provinces and provincial identity, sometimes denying that the word covers any tangible reality. In fact, the many lists and maps showing the provinces of France are neither perfectly superimposable nor exactly comparable. The fact remains, however, that the names of many of the territorial subdivisions of the Ancien Régime refer to Gallic civitates. Before the French Revolution, France was made up of territorial divisions resulting from history, geography and settlement, which differed according to the different powers that were exercised there, with different categories such as metropolises, dioceses, duchies, baronies, governments, states, elections, generalities, intendances, parliaments, countries, bailliages, seneschaussées, etc. Each of these categories took the name of a province, without covering the same geographical area. For example, the jurisdiction of the parlement d'Artois did not correspond to the same territory as the gouvernement d'Artois or the intendance d'Artois. The Constituent Assembly of 1789, having abolished all the rights and customs specific to the different regions during the night of 4 August, decided to establish a uniform division of the territory, the départements, and that this division would be the same for the different functions of the State: military, religious, fiscal, administrative, university, judicial, etc. The town chosen as the capital of each department would have to be the seat of each of these functions, and at the same time have a prefecture, a court, a university, a military post, a bishopric, a stock exchange, a fair, a hospital, etc. The protests of the towns which had always fulfilled one of these functions and which were thus deprived of their court of appeal, their arsenal, their university or their fair, prevented this plan from being completely implemented. In some cases, modern regions share names with the historic provinces; their borders may cover roughly the same territory.

text:
# Provinces of France

Under the Ancien Régime, the Kingdom of France was subdivided in multiple different ways (judicial, military, ecclesiastical, etc.) into several administrative units, until the National Constituent Assembly adopted a more uniform division into departments (*départements*) and districts in late 1789. The provinces continued to exist administratively until 21 September 1791.

The country was subdivided ecclesiastically into dioceses, judicially into *généralités*, militarily into general governments. None of these entities was called "province" by their contemporaries. However, later interpretations confused the term of "general government" (a military division) with that of a cultural province, since the general governments often used the names and borders of a province. It was not always the case, which causes confusion as to the borders of some provinces.

Today, the term "province" is used to name the resulting regional areas, which retain a cultural and linguistic identity.

Borrowed from the institutions of the Roman Empire, the word first appeared in the 15th century and has continued to spread, both in official documents and in popular or common usage. Whatever the century or dictionary consulted, the definition of the word often remains vague, due to the coexistence of several territorial division systems under the Ancien Régime. Some geographers, even some of the most famous, such as Onésime Reclus, have widely criticised the idea of provinces and provincial identity, sometimes denying that the word covers any tangible reality. In fact, the many lists and maps showing the provinces of France are neither perfectly superimposable nor exactly comparable. The fact remains, however, that the names of many of the territorial subdivisions of the Ancien Régime refer to Gallic civitates.

Before the French Revolution, France was made up of territorial divisions resulting from history, geography and settlement, which differed according to the different powers that were exercised there, with different categories such as metropolises, dioceses, duchies, baronies, governments, states, elections, generalities, intendances, parliaments, countries, bailliages, seneschaussées, etc. Each of these categories took the name of a province, without covering the same geographical area. For example, the jurisdiction of the parlement d'Artois did not correspond to the same territory as the gouvernement d'Artois or the intendance d'Artois.

The Constituent Assembly of 1789, having abolished all the rights and customs specific to the different regions (also known as privileges, such as those of the classes, nobility and clergy) during the night of 4 August, decided to establish a uniform division of the territory, the départements, and that this division would be the same for the different functions of the State: military, religious, fiscal, administrative, university, judicial, etc. The town chosen as the capital of each department would have to be the seat of each of these functions, and at the same time have a prefecture, a court, a university, a military post, a bishopric, a stock exchange, a fair, a hospital, etc. The protests of the towns which had always fulfilled one of these functions and which were thus deprived of their court of appeal, their arsenal, their university or their fair, prevented this plan from being completely implemented.

In some cases, modern regions share names with the historic provinces; their borders may cover roughly the same territory.

## History and preceding divisions

### Gallish *civitates*

> It's worth noting that the old Gallic states retained their names, their boundaries and a kind of moral existence in people's memories and affections until very recently. Neither the Romans, nor the Germans, nor feudalism, nor monarchy destroyed these enduring units; they can still be found in the provinces and countries of present-day France.
>
> Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France

Gaul was occupied by fifty-four main peoples and more than a hundred individual peoples (300 according to Flavius Josephus), some with very different customs. Julius Caesar called each of these independent states *civitas* (city, without the word in this case referring to the idea of town or village), some of which were subdivided into *pagi*. Many of the smaller Gallic peoples were *clients* of their neighbors, and therefore dependent on them, sometimes paying them tribute. These confederations, the best-known of which are those of the Arverni, Aedui and Armoricans, formed a kind of province before Roman reorganization.

The Gallic cities, with their territory and the name given to their chief town, became dioceses under the Lower Empire; their status as "mainmorte", having escaped the division of patrimonial domains, explains why they remained almost intact until the end of the Ancien Régime. These divisions were subsequently taken over and partly regrouped to form the generalités, then the départements, but replacing their former ethnic names (e.g. Poitou for the country of Pictons, Auvergne for the country of Arverni, Rouergue for the country of Ruteni, Périgord for country of Pétrocores, etc.) with a physical geographic name (giving respectively the départements of Vienne, Puy-de-Dôme, Aveyron, Dordogne, etc.).

### Roman provinces

The Latin etymology of the term provincia gives us an idea of its original meaning: *pro vincere*, conquered in advance. Each of Gaul's Roman provinces had a precise legal definition, clearly defined boundaries and codified administrative structures. The number of provinces, their organization and boundaries varied widely over the course of five centuries, and each was headed by a proconsul or propraetor. In addition to Provincia (Provence), which was already Roman, Caesar divided Gaul into three provinces: Aquitanica, Celtica and Belgica. Over the course of four centuries of Roman control, the number of provinces increased from three to eleven, due to both the expansion of the empire and the reduction in size of the original provinces: 1st and 2nd Germania, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Lugdunensis, 1st and 2nd Aquitanica, 1st and 2nd Belgica, 1st and 2nd Narbonensis, Novempopulanie, Sequanorum, Viennensis, Alpes Cottiarum, Alpes Maritimae, Alpes Graiae et Poeninae. These provinces were subdivided into cities (civitas or civitates in the plural), the number of which rose from 33 to 113.

## Ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses

Metropolises are territories under the jurisdiction of a metropolitan archbishop, also known as provinces because they originate from the Roman provinces administered by the first bishops after the fall of the Roman Empire.

They are made up of the dioceses which, by the same process, succeeded the ancient civitas or romanized Gallic cities, and which almost always retained the name of an ancient Gallic people, also given to the diocesan capital. Dioceses were made up of parishes, groups of inhabitants who could gather in the same church, whose names and boundaries have been preserved in the 36,000 French communes.

Ecclesiastical districts, by virtue of their mainmortal status, are the oldest and most stable territorial circumscriptions, from late antiquity to the general reorganization of 1802. Today, these 130 or so districts are grouped into the 90 départements and their capital cities, although their ethnonyms have been replaced by names related to physical geography: rivers, mountains, coasts.

## Judicial provinces: parliaments, bailiwicks, and seneschalties

Depending on their laws, customs and languages, the territory of the kingdom is divided into countries of *written law* (roughly south of a line from La Rochelle to Geneva) and countries of customary law (north of the same line).

Each of these groups includes several parliaments, which are appeal courts whose jurisdictions form as many judicial provinces, and to which belong all the royal jurisdictions, baillages (bailiwicks) and seneschaussées (seneschalties). They are made up of several *countries*, each corresponding to a general custom, or even a particular custom corresponding to former vici that have retained local customs. For example, the seneschalty of Quercy is made up of five secondary bailiwicks, corresponding to five former vigueries.

## Fiscal provinces: generalities

Some authors attempt to equate the concept of province with that of generality. The concepts do occasionally coincide, when the extent of a generality more or less overlaps that of an older territorial entity, but they are not synonymous.

## Military provinces: general governments

These are the fiefs that depend directly on the crown (duchies, counties and marches) and owe it military aid.

In addition to the Duchy of France, which became part of the royal domain, the first six major fiefs have the title of peerage:

Their holders were considered electors of the King of France, along with six other ecclesiastical peers:

The number of grand fiefs varies with history (inheritances, confiscations, conquests, losses, treaties) and increases with the definitive attachment of the County of Provence, the Duchy of Anjou, the Duchy of Burgundy, the Duchy of Brittany, the Duchy of Lorraine, and so on. Some of these provinces were simply the return to the crown of a former fiefdom, such as the Duchy of Burgundy, which had been held by Hugues Capet's brother. Others, such as the Duchy of Savoy, Corsica, Comtat-Vénessin and the County of Nice, were acquired from the Empire or the Holy See.

Unlike the ecclesiastical provinces, their extent varies over the course of history according to the possessions of their holders, or to political reorganizations. For example, the Duchy of Gascony disappeared in the 11th century, and the Duchy of Normandy was divided into two military governments.

In modern times, the "thirty-six governments" corresponded to the provinces on which all the fiefs and arrière-fiefs depended, providing territorial districts for defense and marshaling, the raising of men-at-arms, the construction of squares, arsenals and castles, judges-at-arms, and therefore also all questions of nobility, armorial bearings, etc.

At the end of the Ancien Régime, not counting overseas territories such as the French islands of America, Pondicherry, Mauritius or New France (a province from 1663 to 1763, when it was ceded to Great Britain and Spain), there were thirty-six regions with a governor in charge of defense, called governments. Each had its own nobility.

Together with the regions attached to France since 1791, these thirty-six governments correspond to what are usually known today as the "former provinces of France".

### List of former general governments of France

The list below shows the major provinces of France at the time of their dissolution during the French Revolution. Capital cities are shown in parentheses. **Bold** indicates a city that was also the seat of a judicial and quasi-legislative body called either a *parlement* (not to be confused with a parliament) or a *conseil souverain* (sovereign council). In some cases, this body met in a different city from the capital.

1. Île-de-France (**Paris**)
2. Berry (Bourges)
3. Orléanais (Orléans)
4. Normandy (**Rouen**)
5. Languedoc (**Toulouse**)
6. Lyonnais (Lyon)
7. Dauphiné (**Grenoble**)
8. Champagne (Troyes)
9. Aunis (La Rochelle)
10. Saintonge (Saintes)
11. Poitou (Poitiers)
12. Guyenne and Gascony (**Bordeaux**)
13. Burgundy (**Dijon**)
14. Picardy (Amiens)
15. Anjou (Angers)
16. Provence (**Aix-en-Provence**)
17. Angoumois (Angoulême)
18. Bourbonnais (Moulins)
19. Marche (Guéret)
20. Brittany (**Rennes**)
21. Maine and Perche (Le Mans)
22. Touraine (Tours)
23. Limousin (Limoges)
24. Foix (Foix)
25. Auvergne (Clermont-Ferrand)
26. Béarn (**Pau**)
27. Alsace (Strasbourg, *conseils souverains* in **Colmar**)
28. Artois (Arras)
29. Roussillon (**Perpignan**)
30. Flanders and Hainaut (Lille, *conseils souverains* in **Douai**)
31. Franche-Comté (**Besançon**)
32. Lorraine and Barrois (**Nancy**); Trois-Évêchés (Three Bishoprics within Lorraine): **Metz**, Toul and Verdun
33. Corsica (Ajaccio, *conseils souverains* in **Bastia**)
34. Nivernais (Nevers)

Areas that were not part of the Kingdom of France, though they are currently parts of Metropolitan France:

35. Comtat Venaissin, a Papal fief (Avignon)
36. County of Saarwerden
37. Principality of Salm-Salm
38. Republic of Mulhouse
39. Montbéliard (Montbéliard), a fief of Württemberg
40. Savoy (Chambéry), a Sardinian fief
41. Nice (Nice), a Sardinian fief

## Arms

Partial display of historical provincial arms:

| Alençon | 15. Anjou | 28. Artois | 2. Berry | 13. Burgundy | 20. Brittany | 8.Champagne | 7. Dauphiné | 24. Foix |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12. Gascony | Gévaudan | 5. Languedoc | 32. Lorraine | 21. Maine | 19. Marche | 4. Normandy | 37. Savoy | 22. Touraine | Valois |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Further reading

* *Les Provinces de la France* by le Vicomte Olivier de Romanet, la Nouvelle Librairie Nationale, 1913.
* *Les Provinces au XVIIIe et leur division en départements de la France* by Charles Berlet, Bloud, second edition, 1913.


title: Irm Hermann

abstract: Irmgard Hermann was a German actress. She worked in film, television, and the stage, appearing in over 160 film and television productions. She was discovered, without formal training, by Rainer Werner Fassbinder who cast her in many of his films. She was awarded the Deutscher Filmpreis for playing Irmgard Epp in Fassbinder's The Merchant of Four Seasons, and again for appearing as Else Gebel, a woman in prison with Sophie Scholl, in Percy Adlon's Fünf letzte Tage.

text:
# Irm Hermann

**Irmgard Hermann** (4 October 1942  26 May 2020) was a German actress. She worked in film, television, and the stage, appearing in over 160 film and television productions. She was discovered, without formal training, by Rainer Werner Fassbinder who cast her in many of his films. She was awarded the Deutscher Filmpreis for playing Irmgard Epp in Fassbinder's *The Merchant of Four Seasons*, and again for appearing as Else Gebel, a woman in prison with Sophie Scholl, in Percy Adlon's *Fünf letzte Tage*.

## Life

Born in Munich, Hermann became a publishing clerk after finishing school and worked as a secretary for ADAC. She met Rainer Werner Fassbinder in 1966, who convinced her to quit her job to work with him although she lacked formal training as an actress. The same year, Hermann made her debut in Fassbinder's short film *The City Tramp* (*Der Stadtstreicher*), and then went on to play in 19 of Fassbinder's films, including *Die bitteren Tränen der Petra von Kant* (*The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant*, 1972). She was usually cast as a frustrated, stuffy (*spießig*) woman. Her one leading role in his films, Irmgard Epp in the 1971 *Händler der vier Jahreszeiten* (*The Merchant of Four Seasons*), won her the Deutscher Filmpreis award. She was a member of Fassbinder's complicated professional and personal entourage, and became one of his confidantes, but the relationship also involved abusive behaviour by Fassbinder towards her; after his death, she said he had been physically abusive.

In the mid-1970s, Hermann broke with Fassbinder and moved to Berlin, where her career developed. She played in numerous film and television productions with directors such as Tankred Dorst, Werner Herzog, Hans W. Geißendörfer and Christoph Schlingensief. Her performance as Else Gebel, a woman in prison with the resistance fighter Sophie Scholl, in Percy Adlon's 1982 *Fünf letzte Tage* (*Last Five Days*) was again honoured with a Deutscher Filmpreis in 1983. She liked to play in comedies such as Loriot's 1991 *Pappa Ante Portas*, Hape Kerkeling's 1996 *Willi und die Windzors* (as a fictionalized version of Queen Elizabeth II) and Rudolf Thome's 1999 *Paradiso: Seven Days with Seven Women*. *Paradiso* won a Silver Bear at the 2000 Berlinale for artistic achievement (*künstlerische Leistung*). She also appeared in Rosa von Praunheim's film *Fassbinder's Women* (2000).

Overall, she appeared in over 160 film and television productions until 2018. She played on stage at the Berlin Volksbühne and with the Berliner Ensemble.

Hermann was married to Dietmar Roberg, an author of children's books. Together, they had two sons (Franz Tizian and Fridolin). She died on 26 May 2020 in Berlin. She was 77, and had been suffering from a “short, serious illness”, according to her agent.

## Filmography (selection)

Hermann's film appearances included:

### Fassbinder

### Geißendörfer

### Werner Herzog

### Percy Adlon

### Ulrike Ottinger

### Schlingensief

### Rudolf Thome

### Other directors

## InfoBox

| Irm Hermann | |
| --- | --- |
| Irm Hermann in 2008 | |
| Born | (1942-10-04)4 October 1942
Munich, German Reich |
| Died | 26 May 2020(2020-05-26) (aged 77)
Berlin, Germany |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 1966–2018 |
| Awards | Deutscher Filmpreis |


title: Whose Wife?

abstract: Whose Wife? is a lost 1917 silent film drama directed by Rollin S. Sturgeon and starring Gail Kane. It was produced by the American Film Company and distributed by Mutual Film.

text:
# Whose Wife?

***Whose Wife?*** is a lost 1917 silent film drama directed by Rollin S. Sturgeon and starring Gail Kane. It was produced by the American Film Company and distributed by Mutual Film.

## Cast

* Gail Kane \- Mary Melville
* Elizabeth Taylor - Mrs. Melville (\*not Elizabeth Taylor of MGM)
* Edward Peil Sr. \- John Herrick
* Harry von Meter \- Claude Varden
* Ethel Ullman - Nitra Ruiz
* Frank Rickert - Ramon Ruiz
* Lucille Young - Elsie Brandenham (\*as Lucille Younge)
* Robert Klein - Tom Nelson
* Amelia Widen - Herrick's Aunt

## InfoBox

| Whose Wife? | |
| --- | --- |
| Lantern slide for the film | |
| Directed by | Rollin S. Sturgeon |
| Written by | Cecil Henry Bullivant |
| Produced by | American Film Manufacturing Company |
| Starring | Gail Kane |
| Cinematography | John F. Seitz |
| Distributed by | Mutual Film Corporation |
| Release date | * April 30, 1917 (1917-04-30) |
| Running time | 5 reels |
| Country | USA |
| Language | Silent..English |


title: Pwang

abstract: Pwang is a village development committee in Eastern Rukum District in Lumbini Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 1802 people living in 359 individual households.

text:
# Pwang

**Pwang**  is a village development committee in Eastern Rukum District in Lumbini Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 1802 people living in 359 individual households.

1. "National Population and Housing Census 2011(Village Development Committee/Municipality)" (PDF). *Government of Nepal*. National Planning Commission. November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2017-01-08.

## InfoBox

| Pwang पवाङ | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
| PwangLocation in Nepal | |
| Coordinates: 28°42′N 82°40′E / 28.70°N 82.66°E / 28.70; 82.66 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Province | Lumbini Province |
| District | Eastern Rukum District |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,802 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |
| Area code | +977-88 |
| Website | www.ddcrukum.gov.np |


title: Pediasia niobe

abstract: Pediasia niobe is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1962. It is found in Kenya.

text:
# Pediasia niobe

***Pediasia niobe*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1962. It is found in Kenya.

## InfoBox

| *Pediasia niobe* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pediasia* |
| Species: | ***P. niobe*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pediasia niobe***<br>Błeszyński, 1962 | |
|


title: Pěčnov

abstract: Pěčnov is a municipality and village in Prachatice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. Pěčnov lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Prachatice, 40 km (25 mi) west of České Budějovice, and 120 km (75 mi) south of Prague.

text:
# Pěčnov

**Pěčnov** is a municipality and village in Prachatice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Pěčnov lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Prachatice, 40 km (25 mi) west of České Budějovice, and 120 km (75 mi) south of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 156 |  |
| 1880 | 137 | −12.2% |
| 1890 | 159 | +16.1% |
| 1900 | 157 | −1.3% |
| 1910 | 153 | −2.5% |
| 1921 | 149 | −2.6% |
| 1930 | 139 | −6.7% |
| 1950 | 99 | −28.8% |
| 1961 | 104 | +5.1% |
| 1970 | 80 | −23.1% |
| 1980 | 47 | −41.2% |
| 1991 | 43 | −8.5% |
| 2001 | 53 | +23.3% |
| 2011 | 125 | +135.8% |
| 2021 | 146 | +16.8% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Pěčnov | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| View from the northeast | |
|  | |
| PěčnovLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°3′11″N 13°56′31″E / 49.05306°N 13.94194°E / 49.05306; 13.94194 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Bohemian |
| District | Prachatice |
| First mentioned | 1435 |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.98 km2 (0.76 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 600 m (2,000 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 169 |
| Density | 85/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 384 21 |
| Website | www.pecnov.cz |


title: Västergötlands Fotbollförbund

abstract: The Västergötlands Fotbollförbund (Västergötland Football Association) is one of the 24 district organisations of the Swedish Football Association. It administers lower tier football in the historical province of Västergötland.

text:
# Västergötlands Fotbollförbund

The **Västergötlands Fotbollförbund** *(Västergötland Football Association)* is one of the 24 district organisations of the Swedish Football Association. It administers lower tier football in the historical province of Västergötland.

## Background

Västergötlands Fotbollförbund, commonly referred to as Västergötlands FF, is the governing body for football in the historical province of Västergötland, which partly corresponds with the area now covered by Västra Götaland County. The Association was founded on 17 March 1918 and currently has 279 member clubs. Based in Skövde, the Association's Chairman is Magnus Gunnarsson.

## Affiliated Members

The following clubs are affiliated to the Västergötlands FF:

* Alingsås FK
* Alingsås IF
* Alingsås Internationella FF
* Alingsås Kvinnliga IK
* Alvhems IK
* Ambjörnarps IF
* Annelunds IF
* Aplareds IF
* Ardala GoIF
* Arentorp Helås FK
* Arentorps SK
* Axvalls IF
* Bergdalens IK
* Björketorps IF
* Björsäters IF
* BK Spark
* BK Trix
* Bollebygds IF
* Borås AIK
* Borås GIF
* Borås Kings Idrottsförening
* Borgstena IF
* Borgunda IK
* Bosna FC
* Brämhults IK
* Bredareds IF
* Byttorps FC
* Byttorps IF
* Dalsjöfors GoIF
* Dalstorps IF
* Dannike IK
* Dardania IF
* DIF Holmalund
* DIK Friscopojkarna
* Edsvära/N.Vånga FF
* Ekedalens SK
* Elmer-Fåglum FK
* Essunga IS
* Fagersanna IF
* Fåglums IF
* Falköping United FC
* Falköpings DIK
* Falköpings FK
* Falköpings Kvinnliga IK
* FC Corner
* FC Gauthiod
* FC Kabel Åttio
* FC Lockryd
* FC Södra Ryd
* FC Trollhättan
* FK Yugo
* Floby IF
* Folkabo IK
* Forsviks IF
* Främmestads IK
* Fristads GoIF
* Fritsla IF
* Fröjereds IF
* Futsal Club Tranan
* Gällstads AIS
* Gällstads FK
* Gällstads IF
* Gånghester SK
* Gerdskens BK
* Göta BK
* Götene IF
* Grimsås IF
* Grolanda IF
* Grönahögs IK
* Gullspångs IF
* Håcksviks IF
* Hajoms IF
* Håkantorps IS
* Hällekis IF
* Hällstads IF
* Halvorstorps IS
* Hangelösa IF
* Härlunda IF
* Hassle-Torsö GoIF
* Håvens IF
* Hedareds BK
* Hemsjö IF
* Herrljunga SK FK
* Hestrafors IF
* Hillareds IF
* Hjärtums IS
* Högvads BK
* Holmalunds IF Alingsås
* Hols IF
* Holsljunga IF
* Hörnebo FC
* Hörnebo SK
* Horreds IF
* Hössna IF
* Hova IF
* Hudene GoIF
* Hyssna IF
* IF Elfsborg
* IF Heimer
* IF Knallen
* IF Olsfors
* IF Tymer
* IF Weimer Lyrestad
* IFK Emtunga
* IFK Falköping FF
* IFK Hjo
* IFK Mariestad
* IFK Örby
* IFK Öxnevalla
* IFK Skövde FK
* IFK Tidaholm
* IFK Trollhättan
* IFK Värsås
* Igelstorps IK
* IK Elmer
* IK Friscopojkarna
* IK Gauthiod
* Inlands IF
* Järpås IS
* Jula BK
* Jung/Kvänum IF
* Kållandsö GoIF
* Källby IF
* Kindaholms FF
* Kinna IF
* Kinnahults IF
* Kinnarp-Slutarps IF
* Kinne-Vedums FK
* Kinne-Vedums IF
* Korsberga IF
* Kronängs IF
* Långareds BoIS
* Länghems IF
* Larvs FK
* Lerdala IF
* Levene/Skogslunds IF
* Lidköpings IF
* Lidköpings FK
* Lidköping United
* Lilla Edets IF
* Limmareds IF
* Ljungsarps IF
* Lödöse Nygård IK
* Lundsbrunns IF
* Magra IS
* Målsryds IF
* Månstads IF
* Marbäcks IF
* Mariedals IK
* Mariestads BK
* Mariestads BoIS DFF
* Mariestads BoIS FF
* Mellby IK
* Mjöbäcks GOIF
* Moholms SK
* Mölltorp/Breviks AIF
* Mullsjö IF
* Nittorps IK
* Norra Fågelås IF
* Norra Härene BK
* Norrby Futsal Club
* Norrby IF
* Norrmalms IK
* Nossebro IF
* Ods FF
* Pars IF
* Rackeby IK
* Rackeby KIK
* Råda BK
* Råda DBK
* Rångedala IK
* Redvägs FK
* Roasjö IF
* Rydals GIF
* Rydboholms SK
* Ryrs Allmänna IF
* Saleby IF
* Sandareds IF
* Sandhems IF
* Sandhults SK
* Sätila SK
* Sävens BK
* Serbisk-Svensk KIF
* Sexdrega IF
* Sils DIF
* Sils IF
* Sjömarkens IF
* Sjötofta IF
* Sjuntorps IF
* SK Mjörn
* Skara FC
* Skara IF
* Skara Kvinnliga Idrottsklubb
* Skarke KIK Varnhem
* Skene IF
* Skene IF 09
* Skepplanda BTK
* Skoftebyns DIF
* Skoftebyns IF
* Skogslunds IF
* Skövde AIK
* Skövde Kvinnliga IK
* Skultorps IF
* Södra Härene IF
* Södra Vings IF
* Sollebrunns AIK
* Somali FF
* Söne SK
* Sparsörs AIK
* Stenstorps IF
* Stora Levene IK
* Stora Mellby SK
* Svenljunga IK
* Svenska Suryoyo Föreningen
* Team Ted Futsal Club
* Tibro AIK FK
* Tidaholms GoIF
* Tidans IF
* Tidavads IF
* Tigris IF
* Timmele GoIF
* Töllsjö IF
* Tomtens IF
* Töreboda IK
* Torestorp/Älekulla FF
* Torestorps IF
* Torsö Bygdegårds och IF
* Trädets IF
* Tranemo IF
* Transcom FC Borås
* Trässbergs BK
* Tråvads IF
* Trollhättans BoIS
* Trollhättans FF
* Trollhättans FK
* Trollhättans IF
* Trolmens SK
* Tuns IK
* Tvärred/Vegby FC
* Tvärreds IF
* Ubbhults IF
* Uddebo GoIF
* Ulricehamns IFK
* Ulvåkers FC
* Ulvåkers IF
* Undenäs IF
* Upphärads IS
* Valtorps IF
* Våmbs IF
* Vänersborgs FK
* Vänersborgs IF
* Vänga BK
* Vara SK
* Vårgårda IK
* Värings GoIF
* Varnhems IF
* Vartofta SK
* Västerlanda GOIF
* Vedums AIS
* Vegby SK
* Vilske-Kleva BK
* Vinninga AIF
* Viskafors IF
* Vretens BK
* Wargöns IK
* Wästerhov IK
* Åsaka SK
* Åsarps IF
* Åsarp-Trädet FK
* Åsunden FK
* Älekulla IF
* Älgarås SK
* Äspereds IF
* Örby FC
* Örslösa IF
* Östadkulle SK
* Östra Frölunda IF
* Öxabäcks IF

## League Competitions

Västergötlands FF run the following League Competitions:

### Men's Football

Division 4 \- three sections
Division 5 \- six sections
Division 6 \- six sections

### Women's Football

Division 3 \- two sections
Division 4 \- three sections
Division 5 \- five sections

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

Västergötlands Fotbollförbund
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | Västergötlands FF |
| Formation | 17 March 1918 |
| Purpose | District Football Association |
| Headquarters | Torggatan 8 |
| Location |  |
| Chairman | Magnus Gunnarsson |
| Website | http://www.vastgotafotboll.org/ |


abstract: New Brighton was a station on the abandoned North Shore Branch of the Staten Island Railway. It had two tracks and two side platforms. It was located in the New Brighton section of Staten Island, at the north end of Westervelt Avenue and Richmond Terrace. It was the closest original North Shore station to the Saint George Terminal, 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from the station.

text:
# New Brighton station (Staten Island Railway)

**New Brighton** was a station on the abandoned North Shore Branch of the Staten Island Railway. It had two tracks and two side platforms. It was located in the New Brighton section of Staten Island, at the north end of Westervelt Avenue and Richmond Terrace (near Jersey Street). It was the closest original North Shore station to the Saint George Terminal, 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from the station.

## History

The station opened on February 23, 1886 along with the rest of the North Shore branch west to Elm Park. The station was located near the edge of the Kill Van Kull, several feet below street level. The southernmost (St. George-bound) platform was constructed directly at the rear of apartment buildings. A wooden stationhouse, signed "NEW BRIGHTON R.R. STATION," was located at street level at the foot of Westervelt Avenue between the buildings. The stationhouse led to an overpass and stairs down to the northern (west-bound) platform. Canopies were located at the eastern end of the station. West of the station, the line crossed Jersey Street at-grade.

The New Brighton station is referred to as **Westervelt Avenue** on the map of the 1939 IND Second System plan, which would have connected the SIRT to subway lines in Brooklyn via the incomplete Staten Island Tunnel; New Brighton would have been the last stop on the North Shore Branch before entering the tunnel.

The station was closed and abandoned on March 31, 1953, along with the other passenger stations on the North Shore Branch. No trace of the station exist today. In the late 1990s, the Bank Street Bridge, which crossed over the line from Richmond Terrace near Jersey Street, was eliminated due to safety issues. Around that same time, Bank Street was extended east of Jersey Street adjacent to the former SIR right-of-way and parallel to Richmond Terrace, to provide access to the parking lot for the Richmond County Bank Ballpark. As of 2015, there are plans to reconstruct the bridge.

New Brighton is one of the stations to be returned to operation under the proposals for reactivation of the North Shore branch for rapid transit, light rail, or bus rapid transit service. The potential station site has been moved farther west between Franklin and Lafayette Avenues, currently used by a farmer's market and the Atlantic Salt corporation; the latter owns the North Shore right-of-way east to Bank Street.

## InfoBox

| New Brighton | |
| --- | --- |
| Former Staten Island Railway station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Westervelt Avenue & Richmond Terrace<br>Staten Island |
| Coordinates | 40°38′49″N 74°05′21″W / 40.6469°N 74.0893°W / 40.6469; -74.0893 (New Brighton station) |
| Line(s) | North Shore Branch |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | February 23, 1886 (1886-02-23) |
| Closed | March 31, 1953 (1953-03-31) |
| Previous names | Westervelt Avenue |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services | |
| Preceding station Staten Island Railway Following station  Sailors' Snug Harbortoward Port Ivory  North Shore Branch  St. GeorgeTerminus | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Nüwa Palace

abstract: The Nüwa Palace, also known as Wahuang Palace and by its Chinese name Wahuanggong, is a compound of palaces and temples beside Phoenix Mountain (Fenghuangshan) in She County, Handan Prefecture, Hebei Province, China. It principally honors the Chinese goddess Nüwa, whom the ancient Chinese believed created mankind and repaired the sky in prehistoric times. As such, the location is treated as a kind of ancestral shrine of all mankind and sees increased pilgrimage on Tomb Sweeping Day. The scenic area now covers 2600 mu and was made a AAAAA tourist attraction by China's National Tourism Administration in 2015.

text:
# Nüwa Palace

The **Nüwa Palace**, also known as **Wahuang Palace** and by its Chinese name **Wahuanggong**, is a compound of palaces and temples beside Phoenix Mountain (Fenghuangshan) in She County, Handan Prefecture, Hebei Province, China. It principally honors the Chinese goddess Nüwa, whom the ancient Chinese believed created mankind and repaired the sky in prehistoric times. As such, the location is treated as a kind of ancestral shrine of all mankind and sees increased pilgrimage on Tomb Sweeping Day. The scenic area now covers 2600 mu (1.67 km2 or 0.64 sq mi) and was made a AAAAA tourist attraction by China's National Tourism Administration in 2015.

## History

Later compendia record that the early Chinese believed that Nüwa created the world's various animals, making mankind from yellow earth on People's Day, the 7th day of the 1st month of the Chinese year. By the Warring States Period at the end of the Zhou (3rd century BC), the Chinese explained the Earth's axial tilt, the northwestern direction of celestial bodies, and the southeastern tendency of major Chinese rivers through a legend about a great water god or monster named Gonggong who damaged Mount Buzhou after losing a battle for leadership of the gods. Nüwa defeated him and his lieutenant Xiangliu, then repaired the sky using gems of five different colors and the four legs of the great sea tortoise Ao.

The *Huainanzi* compiled by Liu An's scholars in the early Han (2nd century BC) associated these stories with Ji Province, the area around the great plain north of the Yellow River. Temples honoring Nüwa were first built in the area around Phoenix Mountain by the end of the Han in the 2nd century AD, with the Chinese claiming the place was the site of Nüwa's acts of creation and repair. Extensive inscriptions of Buddhist scripture upon the mountain's rockface—now totaling 130,000 characters—began during the Northern Qi (6th century). The surviving palaces and temples seen today began to be erected under the Wanli Emperor of the Ming.

Presently, the site is treated as a kind of ancestral shrine for all humans, with especial attention between the 1st and 18th days of the 3rd month of the Chinese lunar calendar and on Tomb Sweeping Day. Nüwa Palace was named a nationally protected historical and cultural site by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage in 1996 and a AAAAA tourist attraction by China's National Tourism Administration in 2015.

### Citations

1. "Handan of Hebei", *Impression of China*, London, 2008`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
2. Lagerwey (2016), p. 1093.
3. *Beijing Review,* Nos. 27–52, Beijing: China Int'l Publishing Group, 1998, p. 61.
4. *Introduction of Wahuang Palace*, Handan: Wahuang Imperial Palace, retrieved 23 Feb 2014. (in Chinese) & (in English)
5. Leidy & al. (2010), p. 78.
6. 《全国重点文物保护单位》, vol. I, Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe, 2004, p. 214. (in Chinese)
7. "5A级景区", Official site, Beijing: China National Tourism Administration, 7 Nov 2017, archived from the original on 2008-09-05, retrieved 2017-11-11. (in Chinese)
8. Dong Xun, *Questions and Answers on Rites and Customs*.
9. Yang & al. (2005), p. 124.
10. Major & al. (2010), ch. 6.
11. "Travel to China: Wā Huáng Gōng", *ChineseTime*, Shanghai, 21 Mar 2013`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
12. "国务院关于公布第四批全国重点文物保护单位名单的通知 (4th Batch)", Official site, Beijing: State Council of China, 20 Nov 1996. (in Chinese)

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Nüwa Palace | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nüwa Palace Scenic Area | |
| Traditional Chinese | 媧皇石刻 |
| Simplified Chinese | 娲皇石刻 |
| Literal meaning | Empress Nüwa Palace and Rock Carvings |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wāhuáng gōng jí shíkè  Wade–Giles Wa Huang Kung chi Shih-k‘o | |
|  | |