title: Oahu Interscholastic Association

abstract: The Oahu Interscholastic Association (OIA) is an athletic conference composed of all public secondary schools on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. The OIA was first founded in 1940 as the Rural Oahu Interscholastic Association (ROIA). The five founding schools were Castle High School, Kahuku High School, Leilehua High School, Waialua High & Intermediate School and Waipahu High School. The OIA originally comprised all the rural schools on Oahu, which were all of the schools that were not situated in the main city of Honolulu. This changed however in 1970 with the addition of the five former public school members of the Interscholastic League of Honolulu – Farrington High School, Kaimuki High School, McKinley High School, Roosevelt High School and Kalani High School. After the public Honolulu schools joined, the league changed its identity from the ROIA to simply OIA to reflect the integration of all of the public high schools on the island. The OIA now has 24 member schools who compete in 19 different junior varsity and varsity level sports. The league produces a number of quality athletic teams in a number of sports, especially football. The OIA concurs with the Hawaii Board of Education and Hawaii Department of Education in recognizing athletics as an integral part of the educational program of the high school and holds its athletes to a number of academic and behavioral standards.

text:
# Oahu Interscholastic Association

The **Oahu Interscholastic Association** (**OIA**) is an athletic conference composed of all public secondary schools on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. The OIA was first founded in 1940 as the **Rural Oahu Interscholastic Association** (**ROIA**). The five founding schools were Castle High School, Kahuku High School, Leilehua High School, Waialua High & Intermediate School and Waipahu High School. The OIA originally comprised all the rural schools on Oahu, which were all of the schools that were not situated in the main city of Honolulu. This changed however in 1970 with the addition of the five former public school members of the Interscholastic League of HonoluluFarrington High School, Kaimuki High School, McKinley High School, Roosevelt High School and Kalani High School. After the public Honolulu schools joined, the league changed its identity from the ROIA to simply OIA to reflect the integration of all of the public high schools on the island.

The OIA now has 24 member schools who compete in 19 different junior varsity and varsity level sports. The league produces a number of quality athletic teams in a number of sports, especially football. The OIA concurs with the Hawaii Board of Education and Hawaii Department of Education in recognizing athletics as an integral part of the educational program of the high school and holds its athletes to a number of academic and behavioral standards.

## Mission statement

The mission of the OIA is to promote unity and cooperation amongst the member schools in the establishment and administration of policies and regulations for implementing an interscholastic athletic program. The association shall stress educational and cultural values, promote skills in competitive activities and foster sportsmanship and mutual respect.

## Members

| Institution | Nickname | Location | Football Division | Enrollment | Home Field (Football) | Logo |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aiea High School | Na Alii | Aiea | Division 2 | 1280 | Aiea Field |  |
| Anuenue School | Na Koa | Palolo | None | 378 | None |
| Campbell High School | Sabers | Ewa Beach | Open Division | 2890 | Campbell Stadium |  |
| Castle High School | Knights | Kaneohe | Division 1 | 1947 | Castle Stadium |  |
| DreamHouse Ewa Beach PCS |  | Ewa Beach | None |  | None |
| Farrington High School | Governors | Kalihi | Open Division | 2579 | Edward "Skippa" Diaz Stadium |  |
| Hakipuu Learning Center |  | Kaneohe | None | 94 | None |
| Halau Ku Mana |  | Manoa | None | 99 | None |
| Hawaii Technology Academy |  | Waipahu | None |  | None |
| Hawaii School for the Deaf and Blind |  | Waikiki | None | 72 | None |
| Kahuku High School | Red Raiders | Kahuku | Open Division | 1879 | Carleton Weimer Field |  |
| Kailua High School | Surfriders | Kailua | Division 1 | 972 | Alex Kane Stadium |  |
| Kaimuki High School | Bulldogs | Kaimuki | Division 2 | 750 | Edward "Skippa" Diaz Stadium |
| Kaiser High School | Cougars | Hawaii Kai | Division 2 | 1025 | Kaiser Stadium |  |
| Kalaheo High School | Mustangs | Kailua | Division 2 | 1060 | Kailua Stadium |
| Kalani High School | Falcons | Kahala | Division 2 | 1161 | Kaiser Stadium |
| Kamaile Academy |  | Waianae | None |  | None |
| Kanu O Ka Aina PCS |  | Waimea | None |  | None |
| Kapolei Charter School |  | Waimea | None |  | None |
| Kapolei High School | Hurricanes | Kapolei | Open Division | 2333 | Kapolei Stadium |  |
| Ke Kula O Samuel M. Kamakau |  | Kailua | None | 115 | None |
| Leilehua High School | Mules | Wahiawa | Division 1 | 1878 | Hugh Yoshida Stadium |  |
| McKinley High School | Tigers | Honolulu | Division 2 | 1945 | Ticky Vasconcellos Stadium |  |
| Mililani High School | Trojans | Mililani | Open Division | 2421 | John Kauinana Stadium |  |
| Moanalua High School | Na Menehune | Moanalua | Division 1 | 2016 | Moanalua Stadium |  |
| Myron B. Thompson Academy |  | Honolulu | None | 552 | None |
| Nanakuli High School | Golden Hawks | Nanakuli | Division 2 | 1303 | Nanakuli Field |  |
| Pearl City High School | Chargers | Pearl City | Division 2 | 1980 | Edwin Neves Stadium |  |
| Radford High School | Rams | Salt Lake | Division 1 | 1343 | John Velasco Stadium |  |
| Roosevelt High School | Rough Riders | Honolulu | Division 1 | 1672 | Ticky Vasconcellos Stadium |  |
| Waialua High School | Bulldogs | Waialua | Division 2 | 677 | Toshi Nakasone Field |
| Waianae High School | Seariders | Waianae | Open Division | 2068 | Raymond Torii Stadium |  |
| Waipahu High School | Marauders | Waipahu | Division 1 | 2544 | Waipahu Stadium |  |

## Baseball

The OIA divides its baseball teams into 3 conferences spanning 2 divisions: OIA Division 1 East, Division 1 East, and Division 2 (combined east–west).

## Football

Beginning in 2018, the OIA decided to divide its football teams into 3 divisions/conferences: the OIA Open Division, OIA D1, and OIA D2. Teams are realigned every 2 years based on performance of both the varsity and junior varsity.

### State Champions and Runners-up

See: *Oahu Prep Bowl*

#### Division I

Teams from the Oahu Interscholastic Association have competed in every Division I State Championship game since the creation of the championship in 1999. The OIA lost the first ever Division I state championship game in 1999 with the St. Louis Crusaders beating the Kahuku Red Raiders 19–0. In total, the OIA is 8–6 in the Division I State Championship.

Kahuku High School holds the current record for the most appearances (8) and wins (6) in the OIA and the state for the Division I title. Kahuku is also the current Division I champion after beating Punahou School 42–20 on November 23, 2012.

#### Division II

Teams from the OIA have competed in the Division II State Championship game 6 of the 10 times it was held from 2003 to 2012. The OIA has won only 2 (in 2003 and 2004).

Aiea High School and Campbell High School are the only 2 OIA schools to have won the HHSAA Division II State Championship. Radford High School holds the record for most appearances by the OIA with 2 (2005 and 2008). Iolani School currently holds the state record for most Division II State Championships with 7 wins of 8 appearances (including a 6-game winning streak since 2007).

### Football Rivalries

| Teams | | Rivalry Name/Trophy | Last Meeting | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Campbell Sabers | Waipahu Marauders | The Cane Knife | September 27, 2013 | 35–14 Campbell |
| Campbell Sabers | Kapolei Hurricanes | Battle of the Ewa Plains | September 13, 2019 | 45–13 Campbell |
| Castle Knights | Kailua Surfriders | The Hammer | November 26, 2021 | 30-13 Kailua |
| Kaimuki Bulldogs | Kalani Falcons | The Calabash Bowl | October 11, 2019 | 49–18 Kaimuki |
| Kaimuki Bulldogs | McKinley Tigers |  | October 4, 2019 | 56–7 Kaimuki |
| Kalani Falcons | Kaiser Cougars |  | September 7, 2019 | 34–10 Kaiser |
| Leilehua Mules | Radford Rams | The Spirit of Freedom Bowl | October 11, 2019 | 54–6 Leilehua |
| Leilehua Mules | Mililani Trojans |  | November 11, 2016 | 51–35 Mililani |
| Punahou Buffanblu | Roosevelt Rough Riders | The Paint Brush | August 12, 2011 | 38–0 Punahou |
| Kahuku Red Raiders | Farrington Governors |  | October 12, 2019 | 28–6 Kahuku |
| Kahuku Red Raiders | St. Louis Crusaders |  | December 23, 2021 | 49-14 Kahuku |
| Kahuku Red Raiders | Waianae Seariders | The Crunch Bowl | October 24, 2019 | 32–0 Kahuku |
| Farrington Governors | Waianae Seariders |  | September 27, 2019 | 19–14 Farrington |
| Farrington Governors | Kamehameha-Kapalama Warriors |  | September 21, 2019 | 28–25 Kamehameha |
| Farrington Governors | McKinley Tigers |  | September 14, 2013 | 25–13 Farrington |
| Waianae Seariders | St. Louis Crusaders |  | October 11, 2019 | 56–26 St. Louis |
| Moanalua Na Menehune | Radford Rams | Battle For Salt Lake | September 28, 2018 | 35-0 Moanalua |

### OIA Football Playoffs Bracket 2009

**RED Division**

|  | Wild Card
@ Higher Seed | | |  |  | Quarterfinal
@ Higher Seed | | |  |  | Semifinal
@Aloha Stadium | | |  |  | Championship
@ Aloha Stadium | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | **W1** | **Leilehua** | **29** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | **E4** | **Kailua** | **21** |  |  | E4 | Kailua | 13 |  | ||
|  | W5 | Campbell | 0 |  |  |  | | |  |  | **W1** | **Leilehua** | **9** |  | |
|  |  | | |  |  | |  |  | E2 | Farrington | 7 |  ||
|  |  | | |  |  | **E2** | **Farrington** | 26 |  |  |  | | |  | |
|  |  | | |  |  | W3 | Kapolei | 7 |  | | || |
|  |  | | |  |  | | | | | | |  | W1 | | Leilehua | 20 |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | | | | |  | |  |  | **E1** | **Kahuku** | **24** |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | W2 | Waianae | 16 |  | | |  |  | | |  |
|  | **W4** | **Mililani** | **47** |  |  | **E3** | **Castle** | **23** |  | | ||
|  | E5 | Kaimuki | 35 |  |  |  | | |  | | |  | E3 | | Castle | 14 |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | |  |  | **E1** | | | **Kahuku** | **19** | |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | **E1** | **Kahuku** | **35** |  | | |  | | | | | |
|  |  | | |  |  | W4 | Mililani | 27 |  | | ||

|  | 3rd Place @ Kaiser HS | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **E2** | **Farrington** | **42** |  |
|  | | | | |
|  | E3 | Castle | 26 |  |

* **RED-Champ: KAHUKU Red Raiders**

* **2nd Place: LEILEHUA Mules**

* **3rd Place:FARRINGTON Governors**

Note: Will advance to play for HHSAA DI championship playoff. see HHSAA DI football championship bracket.

* Denotes Overtime Game

**WHITE Division**

|  | Semifinal | | |  |  | Championship
@ Aloha Stadium | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | **Moanalua** | **21** |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | 4 | Kalaheo | 20 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | **Moanalua** | | **21** |  |
|  | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Aiea | | 7 |  |
|  | 3 | | | **Aiea** | | | **7** |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | 2 | Radford | 0 |  |

* **WHITE-Champ: Moanalua Na Menehune**

* **2nd Place: Aiea Na Ali'i**

Note:

Will advance to play for HHSAA DII championship playoffs. see HHSAA DII football championship bracket.

### OIA Football Playoffs Bracket 2010

**RED Division**

|  | Wild Card
@ Higher Seed | | |  |  | Quarterfinal
@ Higher Seed | | |  |  | Semifinal
@Aloha Stadium | | |  |  | Championship
@ Aloha Stadium | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | **W1** | **Mililani** | **21** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | **E4** | **Farrington** | **10** |  |  | E4 | Farrington | 14 |  | ||
|  | W5 | Aiea | 0 |  |  |  | | |  |  | **W1** | **Mililani** | **38** |  | |
|  |  | | |  |  | |  |  | W3 | Waianae | 28 |  ||
|  |  | | |  |  | E2 | Kailua | 7 |  |  |  | | |  | |
|  |  | | |  |  | **W3** | **Waianae** | 49 |  | | || |
|  |  | | |  |  | | | | | | |  | **W1** | | **Mililani** | **0** |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | | | | |  | |  |  | E1 | Kahuku | 0 *\[FORFEIT\]* |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | **W2** | **Leilehua** | **26** |  | | |  |  | | |  |
|  | **W4** | **Radford** | **29** |  |  | E3 | Castle | 13 |  | | ||
|  | E5 | Moanalua | 22 |  |  |  | | |  | | |  | W2 | | Leilehua | 16 |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | |  |  | **E1** | | | **Kahuku** | **46** | |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | **E1** | **Kahuku** | **52** |  | | |  | | | | | |
|  |  | | |  |  | W4 | Radford | 7 |  | | ||

|  | 2nd/3rd Place @ Leilehua HS | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **W2** | **Leilehua** | **28** |  |
|  | | | | |
|  | W3 | Waianae | 20 |  |

* **RED-Champ: Mililani**

* **2nd Place: Leilehua**

* **3rd Place: Waianae**

Note:

Will advance to play for HHSAA DI championship playoff. see HHSAA DI football championship bracket. * Denotes Overtime Game

**WHITE Division**

|  | Semifinal | | |  |  | Championship
@ Aloha Stadium | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | **Kaimuki** | **14** |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | 4 | Pearl City | 13 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | **Kaimuki** | | **48** |  |
|  | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Kalaheo | | 12 |  |
|  | 3 | | | **Kalaheo** | | | **43** |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | 2 | Waipahu | 28 |  |

* **WHITE-Champ: Kaimuki**

* **2nd Place: Kalaheo**

Note:Will advance to play for HHSAA DII championship playoffs. see HHSAA DII football championship bracket.

### OIA Football Playoffs Bracket 2011 to Present

OIA Football Playoff Brackets for seasons 2011 to present can be found in their respective OIA season pages.

1. "OIA Directors". Oahu Interscholastic Association. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
2. "About the OIA: Mission Statement". Oahu Interscholastic Association. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
3. "Hakipu'u Learning Center - A Public Charter School". High-Schools.com. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
4. "Alex Kane, a Kailua athletics fixture, dies at 83".
5. "OIA Schools". The Oahu Interscholastic Association. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
6. "Football - ScoringLive :: Hawaii High School Sports :: ILH, OIA, BIIF, KIF, MIL ::".
7. "Saint Louis Crusaders - Football - ScoringLive :: Hawaii High School Sports :: ILH, OIA, BIIF, KIF, MIL ::".

## OIA Sports

Baseball | Basketball (boys and girls) | Bowling | Cheerleading | Cross Country | Football | Golf | Judo | Paddling | Riflery | Soccer (boys and girls) | Softball | Soft Tennis | Swimming | Tennis | Track and Field | Volleyball (boys and girls) | Water Polo | Wrestling |

## InfoBox

Oahu Interscholastic Association
| Formation | 1940 (1940) |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Athletic conference |
| Location |  |
| Coordinates | 21°17′31″N 157°49′19″W / 21.2919°N 157.8220°W / 21.2919; -157.8220 |
| Membership | 24 |
| President | John Brummel (Mililani) |
| Affiliations | Hawaii High School Athletic Association |
| Website | www.oiasports.com |


title: Zach Woodlee

abstract: Zach Woodlee is an American choreographer and dancer. He was choreographer and co-producer of the TV series Glee. He has choreographed many other films such as Hairspray and Bedtime Stories.

text:
# Zach Woodlee

**Zach Woodlee** (born April 27, 1977) is an American choreographer and dancer. He was choreographer and co-producer of the TV series *Glee*. He has choreographed many other films such as *Hairspray* and *Bedtime Stories*.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Zachary Vinson Woodlee was born April 27, 1977, in Mesquite, Texas. He has three brothers, Matt, Beau and Slade, who all took dance classes. He graduated from Poteet High School in Mesquite. Woodlee was voted "Most Popular Guy" and was nicknamed "Mr. Poteet". He later went on to attend University of North Texas.

Zach Woodlee spent his early life in his mother's dance studio in Mesquite.

Woodlee starred in his first commercial, for Pop Rocks, when he was 12 years old. From there, he worked with the Kim Dawson studio in Dallas and won the UIL state competition for his role of Davey in a school play.

He can be seen appearing in Old Navy television ads. Some of his other commercial appearances include ads for Exxon, Sony and Abracat.com.

After graduating from Poteet High School in 1995, his parents encouraged him to attend college. He started looking into geriatrics, but his heart belonged to the stage. After a short stay, he decided to go to Los Angeles and try his luck there. "My heart just broke," said his mother, Vicki Woodlee. "We didn’t want him to go." Although he had no friends or connections in L.A., Woodlee auditioned for an apprenticeship at The Performing Arts Center in Van Nuys. He won a full scholarship. During his one year of study at the academy, Woodlee was bound by contract not to audition for any outside parts. Following completion, however, he has not stopped moving.

### Career

Unlike agents in Dallas, agents in Los Angeles are specialized. Woodlee's agents have kept him working extensively. He has traveled and performed with Madonna, LeAnn Rimes and Mandy Moore. He can also be seen in the music video "Pinch Me" by the Barenaked Ladies and "Boom Boom" By performer Chayanne. He has appeared or choreographed in such movies as "Boys and Girls," Beautiful" and "Real Steel." Other acting bits include a role in the made-for-TV movie "These Old Broads" with Shirley MacLaine, Debbie Reynolds, Joan Collins and Elizabeth Taylor and the sitcom "Nikki". He was a back-up dancer for Madonna in her 2004 Re-Invention World Tour. Woodlee was also one of the choreographers Glee alongside Brooke Lipton and was the co-producer of the show. He also co-produced The Glee Project.

In January 2016, he choreographed *Grease: Live*.

He served as the head choreographer for the *Disney Plus* show *High School Musical: The Musical: The Series*.

## Choreographer/Assistant Choreographer

## Appearances

Media related to Zach Woodlee at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Zach Woodlee | |
| --- | --- |
| Woodlee at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2011. | |
| Born | (1977-04-27) April 27, 1977<br>Mesquite, Texas |
| Education | Poteet High School |
| Occupation(s) | Dancer, Co-producer & Choreographer |
| Years active | 1989-present |
| Known for | *Glee* |


title: Mobile switching centre server

abstract: The mobile switching station, abbreviated as MSC Server or MSS, is a 2G core network element which controls the network switching subsystem elements. Alternatively or adaptively, MSS can be used in GSM networks as well, if the manufacturer has implemented support for GSM networks in the MSS. Since an immediate upgrade of existing GSM network to 3G is not viable due to various issues like handset incompatibilities and high expenditure, most manufacturers do implement GSM support in MSS. In fact, MSS along with other 3G network elements such as media gateway (MGW), can be configured to support GSM network exclusively and can be considered as an upgraded version of existing GSM mobile switching centres. The MSC Server is standards-based and communicates with other distributed elements using industry open standards such as media gateway control protocol, megaco/H.248, Session Initiation Protocol, M2UA and M3UA. The MSC server incorporates industry standards as defined by ETSI, ITU, GSM, 3GPP and 3GPP2 and other leading standard bodies. The MSS supports the regulatory environment set by governing bodies via its support for E911, CALEA/legal intercept, wireless and local number portability, TTY/TTD, and Number Pooling requirements. Alternatively MSS is also called an MTS-U in Motorola terminology, and as MSC-S in Ericsson terminology. MSC server functionality enables split between control plane (signalling) and user plane, which guarantees better placement of network elements within the network. MSC server and MGW makes it possible to cross-connect circuit switched calls switched by using IP, ATM AAL2 as well as TDM.

text:
# Mobile switching centre server

The **mobile switching station**, abbreviated as **MSC Server** or **MSS**, is a 2G core network element which controls the network switching subsystem elements. Alternatively or adaptively, MSS can be used in GSM networks as well, if the manufacturer has implemented support for GSM networks in the MSS. Since an immediate upgrade of existing GSM network to 3G is not viable due to various issues like handset incompatibilities and high expenditure, most manufacturers do implement GSM support in MSS. In fact, MSS along with other 3G network elements such as media gateway (MGW), can be configured to support GSM network exclusively and can be considered as an upgraded version of existing GSM mobile switching centres. The MSC Server is standards-based and communicates with other distributed elements using industry open standards such as media gateway control protocol, megaco/H.248, Session Initiation Protocol, M2UA and M3UA. The MSC server incorporates industry standards as defined by ETSI, ITU, GSM, 3GPP and 3GPP2 and other leading standard bodies. The MSS supports the regulatory environment set by governing bodies via its support for E911, CALEA/legal intercept, wireless and local number portability, TTY/TTD, and Number Pooling requirements.

Alternatively MSS is also called an **MTS-U** (Motorola telephony soft-switch) in Motorola terminology, and as **MSC-S** in Ericsson terminology. MSC server functionality enables split between control plane (signalling) and user plane (bearer in network element called a media gateway), which guarantees better placement of network elements within the network.

MSC server and MGW makes it possible to cross-connect circuit switched calls switched by using IP, ATM AAL2 as well as TDM.

* 3GPP TS 23.205
* "3GPP TS 23.205" (zip). *3GPP*. Retrieved 2007-11-20.


title: Tupla, Pakistan

abstract: Tupla is a village in the Abbottabad District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°0'0N 73°20'0E with an altitude of 1781 metres.

text:
# Tupla, Pakistan

**Tupla** is a village in the Abbottabad District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°0'0N 73°20'0E with an altitude of 1781 metres (5846 feet).

34°0′0″N 73°20′0″E / 34.00000°N 73.33333°E / 34.00000; 73.33333

## InfoBox

| Tupla | |
| --- | --- |
| Tupla | |
| Coordinates: 34°00′N 73°12′E / 34.00°N 73.20°E / 34.00; 73.20 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
| Elevation | 1,781 m (5,843 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: H and S Railroad

abstract: The H and S Railroad was a shortline railroad operating 6 miles (9.7 km) of track from Dothan to Taylor, Alabama. Upon its start in 1992 the railroad was a Gulf & Ohio subsidiary. The railroad was purchased by Genesee & Wyoming Railroad in 2006 and was combined with a neighboring property, the Chattahoochee and Gulf Railroad, to form the Chattahoochee Bay Railroad.

text:
# H and S Railroad

The **H and S Railroad** (reporting mark **HS**) was a shortline railroad operating 6 miles (9.7 km) of track from Dothan to Taylor, Alabama. Upon its start in 1992 the railroad was a Gulf & Ohio subsidiary. The railroad was purchased by Genesee & Wyoming Railroad in 2006 and was combined with a neighboring property, the Chattahoochee and Gulf Railroad, to form the Chattahoochee Bay Railroad.

## History

On April 29, 1992 16 miles (26 km) of the Hartford & Slocomb was abandoned between Taylor and Hartford. The remainder was sold by the Itel Corporation to Gulf & Ohio subsidiary H and S Railroad. Primary traffic consisted of railcars moving to and from a repair facility near Taylor.

The railroad remained relatively unchanged until August 30, 2006 when it was sold to Genesee & Wyoming. Operations were merged with the Chattahoochee and Gulf Railroad and are operated as a single railroad.

## InfoBox

H and S Railroad
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Hartford, Alabama |
| Reporting mark | HS |
| Locale | Southeast Alabama |
| Dates of operation | 19922006 |
| Predecessor | Hartford & Slocomb |
| Successor | Chattahoochee Bay |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
| Length | 6 miles (9.7 km) |


title: Oilfield, Illinois

abstract: Oilfield is an unincorporated community in Clark County, Illinois, United States. Oilfield is located along Illinois Route 49 north of Casey.

text:
# Oilfield, Illinois

**Oilfield** is an unincorporated community in Clark County, Illinois, United States. Oilfield is located along Illinois Route 49 north of Casey.

## InfoBox

| Oilfield, Illinois | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Oilfield, IllinoisOilfield, Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 39°23′38″N 87°59′19″W / 39.39389°N 87.98861°W / 39.39389; -87.98861 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Clark |
| Elevation | 656 ft (200 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 217 |
| GNIS feature ID | 414978 |


title: Open Your Eyes You Can Fly

abstract: Open Your Eyes You Can Fly is the fifth solo studio album by Brazilian jazz singer Flora Purim. It was released in 1976 via Milestone Records. Recording sessions for the album took place at Paramount Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California. The album features contributions from Airto Moreira on percussion and vocals, David Amaro and Egberto Gismonti on guitars, George Duke on keyboards, Hermeto Pascoal on electric piano and flute, Alphonso Johnson and Ron Carter on bass, Robertinho Silva and Leon "Ndugu" Chancler on drums, and Laudir de Oliveira on congas. One of the songs featured here, Sometime Ago, was composed by Chick Corea with lyrics by Neville Potter and was featured on the eponymous album by Return to Forever produced in 1972, Flora Purim and her husband Airto Guimorvan Moreira also played on that album. The album peaked at number 59 on the Billboard 200 albums chart and at number 38 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States. Its title track, a cover version of the Chick Corea/Neville Potter song "Open Your Eyes, You Can Fly", was released as the only album's single.

text:
# Open Your Eyes You Can Fly

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | C |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

***Open Your Eyes You Can Fly*** is the fifth solo studio album by Brazilian jazz singer Flora Purim. It was released in 1976 via Milestone Records. Recording sessions for the album took place at Paramount Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California. The album features contributions from Airto Moreira on percussion and vocals, David Amaro and Egberto Gismonti on guitars, George Duke on keyboards, Hermeto Pascoal on electric piano and flute, Alphonso Johnson and Ron Carter on bass, Robertinho Silva and Leon "Ndugu" Chancler on drums, and Laudir de Oliveira on congas. One of the songs featured here, *Sometime Ago*, was composed by Chick Corea with lyrics by Neville Potter and was featured on the eponymous album by Return to Forever produced in 1972, Flora Purim and her husband Airto Guimorvan Moreira also played on that album.

The album peaked at number 59 on the *Billboard* 200 albums chart and at number 38 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States. Its title track, a cover version of the Chick Corea/Neville Potter song "Open Your Eyes, You Can Fly", was released as the only album's single.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Open Your Eyes, You Can Fly" | Neville Potter | Chick Corea | 4:29 |
| 2. | "Time's Lie" | Neville Potter | Chick Corea | 5:09 |
| 3. | "Sometime Ago" | Neville Potter | Chick Corea | 4:44 |
| 4. | "San Francisco River" | Neville Potter | Flora Purim | 4:06 |
| 5. | "Andei (I Walked)" (featuring Airto Moreira) |  | Hermeto Pascoal | 6:11 |
| 6. | "Ina's Song (Trip to Bahia)" | Flora Purim |  | 3:40 |
| 7. | "Conversation" |  | Hermeto Pascoal | 2:34 |
| 8. | "White Wing/Blank Wing" (featuring Airto Moreira) | Flora Purim | Hermeto Pascoal | 5:50 |
| Total length: | | | | 37:16 |

Notes

## Personnel

## Chart history

| Chart (1976) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 59 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 38 |

## InfoBox

| Open Your Eyes You Can Fly | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Flora Purim | |
| Released | 1976 (1976) |
| Studio | Paramount Recording Studios, Los Angeles, California |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 37:16 |
| Label | Milestone |
| Producer | Orrin Keepnews |
| Flora Purim chronology | |
| *Stories to Tell*
(1974) ***Open Your Eyes You Can Fly***
(1976) *Encounter*
(1977) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Open Your Eyes You Can Fly* | |
| 1. "Open Your Eyes, You Can Fly"
Released: 1976 | |
|  | |


title: Mary Jane Evans

abstract: Mary Jane Evans was a Welsh teacher, preacher and actress, best known for her solo recitations and dramatic monologues.

text:
# Mary Jane Evans

**Mary Jane Evans** (3 February 1888  25 February 1922) was a Welsh teacher, preacher and actress, best known for her solo recitations and dramatic monologues.

## Biography

She was born Mary Jane Francis at Godre'r Graig. Her mother was Mary Ann Francis (née Hutchings) and her father, Charles Francis, was the conductor of Ystalyfera's town band. As a girl, she won many competitions for recitation at local eisteddfodau, sometimes using the pseudonym "Llaethferch" ("milkmaid") because she delivered milk in her home district. She was sent to a private college in Carmarthen, run by Joseph Harry. After school she did some teaching, and was sent for a time to the Royal Academy of Music in order to improve her command of the English language, which was little used in her day-to-day life in Wales.

She married a musician, William David Evans, in 1919, and they made their home at Maerdy in the Rhondda valley. Later in life she became an adjudicator at the National Eisteddfod. Her hectic schedule of personal appearances placed a strain on her fragile health, and she died at the age of 34. Her body was returned to Godre'r Graig for burial. A memoir of Mary Jane Evans, titled *Llaethferch. Er Cof* (in Welsh) was edited by Ben Davies, who had been the minister at her chapel, and was published at Ystalyfera in 1923.


title: Nabokov's Quartet

abstract:
Nabokov's Quartet is a collection of four of Vladimir Nabokov's short stories. The collection was first published by Phaedra, New York in 1966. It contains the following short stories:
  - "An Affair of Honor"
  - "Lik"
  - "The Vane Sisters"
  - "The Visit to the Museum" The latter two were reprinted in 1968 in Nabokov's Congeries, and "Lik" and "The Vane Sisters" are included in Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories (1975). All four stories were published again posthumously within The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov.

text:
# Nabokov's Quartet

***Nabokov's Quartet*** is a collection of four of Vladimir Nabokov's short stories. The collection was first published by Phaedra, New York in 1966. It contains the following short stories:

The latter two were reprinted in 1968 in *Nabokov's Congeries*, and "Lik" and "The Vane Sisters" are included in *Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories* (1975). All four stories were published again posthumously within *The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov*.


title: Oberbüren

abstract: Oberbüren is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

text:
# Oberbüren

**Oberbüren** is a municipality in the *Wahlkreis* (constituency) of Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

## History

Oberbüren is first mentioned in 817 as *ad Purias*.

## Geography

Oberbüren has an area, as of 2006, of 17.8 km2 (6.9 sq mi). Of this area, 65.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 20.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 12% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.9%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The municipality is located in the Wil *Wahlkreis* along the Glatt and Thur rivers. It consists of the villages of Oberbüren, Niederwil, Durstudlen.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Argent Stag Skull and Antlers Gules.*

## Demographics

Oberbüren has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 4,576. As of 2007, about 9.4% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Of the foreign population, (as of 2000), 17 are from Germany, 34 are from Italy, 283 are from ex-Yugoslavia, 18 are from Austria, 19 are from Turkey, and 122 are from another country. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 3.3%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (92.5%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common ( 2.0%) and Albanian being third ( 1.9%). Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000), 3,650 speak German, 13 people speak French, 12 people speak Italian, and 2 people speak Romansh.

The age distribution, as of 2000, in Oberbüren is; 603 children or 15.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 593 teenagers or 15.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 506 people or 12.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 744 people or 18.9% are between 30 and 39, 540 people or 13.7% are between 40 and 49, and 455 people or 11.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 265 people or 6.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 178 people or 4.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 54 people or 1.4% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 8 people or 0.2% who are between 90 and 99.

In 2000 there were 302 persons (or 7.7% of the population) who were living alone in a private dwelling. There were 771 (or 19.5%) persons who were part of a couple (married or otherwise committed) without children, and 2,509 (or 63.6%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 153 (or 3.9%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 41 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 21 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 14 who lived household made up of unrelated persons, and 135 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 47.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (22.7%), the FDP (11%) and the SP (9%).

In Oberbüren about 72.8% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Out of the total population in Oberbüren, as of 2000, the highest education level completed by 756 people (19.2% of the population) was Primary, while 1,564 (39.6%) have completed their secondary education, 330 (8.4%) have attended a Tertiary school, and 125 (3.2%) are not in school. The remainder did not answer this question.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1850 | 1,597 |
| 1900 | 1,753 |
| 1950 | 1,977 |
| 2000 | 3,946 |
|

## Economy

As of  2007, Oberbüren had an unemployment rate of 1.43%. As of 2005, there were 240 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 91 businesses involved in this sector. 812 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 83 businesses in this sector. 1,214 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 124 businesses in this sector.

As of October 2009 the average unemployment rate was 2.5%. There were 292 businesses in the municipality of which 78 were involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 128 were involved in the third.

As of 2000 there were 698 residents who worked in the municipality, while 1,382 residents worked outside Oberbüren and 1,216 people commuted into the municipality for work.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 2,337 or 59.2% are Roman Catholic, while 831 or 21.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 85 individuals (or about 2.15% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 96 individuals (or about 2.43% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 264 (or about 6.69% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 8 individuals (or about 0.20% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 191 (or about 4.84% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 134 individuals (or about 3.40% of the population) declined to answer the question.

## InfoBox

| Oberbüren | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Oberbüren | |
| OberbürenOberbüren | |
| Coordinates: 47°27′N 9°10′E / 47.450°N 9.167°E / 47.450; 9.167 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | St. Gallen |
| District | Wil |
| Government | |
| Mayor | *Alexander Bommeli,*
Andrea Taverna |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.71 km2 (6.84 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 500 m (1,600 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 4,447 |
| Density | 250/km2 (650/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 9245 |
| SFOS number | 3424 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-SG |
| Surrounded by | Flawil, Gossau, Niederbüren, Niederhelfenschwil, Oberuzwil, Uzwil, Zuzwil |
| Website | www.oberbueren.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Oberbözberg

abstract: Oberbözberg is a former municipality in the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Gallenkirch, Linn, Oberbözberg and Unterbözberg merged to form the new municipality of Bözberg.

text:
# Oberbözberg

**Oberbözberg** is a former municipality in the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Gallenkirch, Linn, Oberbözberg and Unterbözberg merged to form the new municipality of Bözberg.

## History

Oberbözberg is first mentioned in 1189 as *Bozeberch*. Until 1873, the municipality was part of Bözberg, which split into Oberbözberg and Unterbözberg.

## Geography

Oberbözberg had an area, as of 2009, of 5.45 square kilometers (2.10 sq mi). Of this area, 2.75 square kilometers (1.06 sq mi) or 50.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.4 square kilometers (0.93 sq mi) or 44.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.26 square kilometers (0.10 sq mi) or 4.8% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 (4.9 acres) or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.7%. 43.5% of the total land area is heavily forested. Of the agricultural land, 32.8% is used for growing crops and 14.3% is pastures, while 3.3% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams.

The former municipality is located in the Brugg district. It consists of the linear village of Oberbözberg and the hamlet of Ueberthal as well as scattered farms.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Argent on a Base Vert a Pine Tree of the same and a Deer Gules statant to sinister and regardant.*

## Demographics

Oberbözberg had a population (as of 2011) of 499. As of June 2009, 7.1% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of -5%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (95.5%), with French being second most common ( 0.9%) and English being third ( 0.9%).

The age distribution, as of 2008, in Oberbözberg is; 37 children or 7.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 77 teenagers or 16.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 58 people or 12.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 41 people or 8.5% are between 30 and 39, 87 people or 18.0% are between 40 and 49, and 95 people or 19.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 49 people or 10.2% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 19 people or 3.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 15 people or 3.1% who are between 80 and 89,and there are 4 people or 0.8% who are 90 and older.

As of 2000 the average number of residents per living room was 0.56 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 75.4% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

As of 2000, there were 8 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 58 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 121 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.77 individuals. In 2008 there were 127 single family homes (or 59.1% of the total) out of a total of 215 homes and apartments. There were a total of 6 empty apartments for a 2.8% vacancy rate. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 6.1 new units per 1000 residents.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 41.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (15.2%), the SP (13.2%) and the CVP (11.3%).

In Oberbözberg about 80.3% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year), there are 38 students attending primary school in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 283 |  |
| 1950 | 264 | −6.7% |
| 2000 | 534 | +102.3% |

## Sights

The hamlet of Ueberthal is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

## Economy

As of  2007, Oberbözberg had an unemployment rate of 1.18%. As of 2005, there were 67 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 18 businesses involved in this sector. 10 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 3 businesses in this sector. 36 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 10 businesses in this sector.

As of 2000 there was a total of 275 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 227 or about 82.5% of the residents worked outside Oberbözberg while 20 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 68 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 21.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 52.4% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 153 or 28.7% were Roman Catholic, while 304 or 56.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 individual who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.

## InfoBox

| Oberbözberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Oberbözberg | |
| OberbözbergOberbözberg | |
| Coordinates: 47°30′N 8°9′E / 47.500°N 8.150°E / 47.500; 8.150 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Aargau |
| District | Brugg |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.37 km2 (2.07 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 540 m (1,770 ft) |
| Population (Dec 2011) | |
| Total | 499 |
| Density | 93/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 5225 |
| SFOS number | 4108 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-AG |
| Surrounded by | Effingen, Mönthal, Remigen, Riniken, Unterbözberg |
| Website | oberboezberg.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Octenylsuccinic acid

abstract: Octenylsuccinic acid is a manufactured ingredient in foods. It is used to treat gum arabic, and also in waxy maize production and for rice starch production.

text:
# Octenylsuccinic acid

**Octenylsuccinic acid** is a manufactured ingredient in foods. It is used to treat gum arabic, and also in waxy maize production and for rice starch production.

## InfoBox

Octenylsuccinic acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name 2-\[(*E*)-oct-1-enyl\]butanedioic acid | |
| Other names (1*E*)-1-Octenylsuccinic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.044.753 |
| EC Number | * 249-244-1 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C12H20O4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-10(12(15)16)9-11(13)14/h7-8,10H,2-6,9H2,1H3,(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/b8-7+Key: KCYQMQGPYWZZNJ-BQYQJAHWSA-N | |
| SMILES * CCCCCC/C=C/C(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C12H20O4 |
| Molar mass | 228.288 g·mol−1 |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H314 |
| Precautionary statements | P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Oddur Björnsson

abstract: Oddur Björnsson was an Icelandic playwright and one of the main modernists in Icelandic playwriting. He is best known for his works Hornakóralinn, which premiered in 1967, and The 13th Crusade, which premiered in 1993. Oddur received the DV cultural award in 1981 for directing Bedið by Godot and Grímunn's honorary award in June 2011 for his invaluable contribution to Icelandic performing arts.

text:
# Oddur Björnsson

**Oddur Björnsson** (25 October 1932 – 21 November 2011) was an Icelandic playwright and one of the main modernists in Icelandic playwriting. He is best known for his works *Hornakóralinn*, which premiered in 1967, and *The 13th Crusade*, which premiered in 1993. Oddur received the DV cultural award in 1981 for directing *Bedið by Godot* and Grímunn's honorary award in June 2011 for his invaluable contribution to Icelandic performing arts.

## Notable works

* *Kirkjuferðin* (1966)
* *Hornkóralinn* (1967)
* *Brúðkaup furstans af Fernara* (1970)
* *Postulín* (1971)
* *Skemmtiganga* (1973)
* *Draugasaga* (1985)
* *The 13th Crusade* (1993)

## InfoBox

| Oddur Björnsson | |
| --- | --- |
| Oddur | |
| Born | (1932-10-25)25 October 1932
Ásar, Skaftártunga, Kingdom of Iceland |
| Died | 21 November 2011(2011-11-21) (aged 79)
Reykjavík, Iceland |
| Alma mater | University of Vienna |
| Occupation | Playwright |
| Spouse | Bergljót Gunnarsdóttir |
| Children | 2, including Hilmar Oddsson |


title: Oenothera villosa

abstract: Oenothera villosa, the hairy evening primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. It is native to nearly all of the United States, and to all Canadian provinces and the Northwest Territories. It has been introduced to cool and cold-temperate regions worldwide. An erect biennial reaching 6 ft (1.8 m), it is typically found in open areas and disturbed situations.

text:
# Oenothera villosa

***Oenothera villosa***, the **hairy evening primrose**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. It is native to nearly all of the United States (except Hawaii, Alaska, Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina), and to all Canadian provinces and the Northwest Territories. It has been introduced to cool and cold-temperate regions worldwide. An erect biennial reaching 6 ft (1.8 m), it is typically found in open areas and disturbed situations.

## Subtaxa

The following subspecies are accepted:

* *Oenothera villosa* subsp. *strigosa* (Rydb.) W.Dietr. & P.H.Raven – western and central North America, and introduced to central Europe
* *Oenothera villosa* subsp. *villosa* – central and eastern North America, and introduced worldwide

## InfoBox

| *Oenothera villosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Close-up of flower | |
|  | |
| Habit | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Onagraceae |
| Genus: | *Oenothera* |
| Species: | ***O. villosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oenothera villosa***<br>Thunb. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * + *Oenothera albinervis* R.R.Gates     + *Oenothera baurii* Boedijn     + *Oenothera biennis* subsp. *baurii* (Boedijn) Tischler     + *Oenothera biennis* var. *canescens* Torr. & A.Gray     + *Oenothera biennis* var. *strigosa* (Rydb.) Cronquist     + *Oenothera canovertex* Hudziok     + *Oenothera canovirens* E.S.Steele     + *Oenothera cheradophila* Bartlett     + *Oenothera cockerellii* Bartlett ex de Vries     + *Oenothera communis* proles *erosa* (Lehm.) H.Lév.     + *Oenothera depressa* Greene     + *Oenothera depressa* f. *angustifolia* Rostański     + *Oenothera depressa* f. *latibracteata* Rostański     + *Oenothera erosa* Lehm.     + *Oenothera hookeri* var. *parviflora* R.R.Gates     + *Oenothera hungarica* (Borbás) Borbás     + *Oenothera muricata* var. *canescens* (Torr. & A.Gray) B.L.Rob.     + *Oenothera muricata* f. *hungarica* (Borbás) Jáv.     + *Oenothera parviflora* var. *canescens* (Torr. & A.Gray) Farw.     + *Oenothera prasina* Bartlett     + *Oenothera procera* Wooton & Standl.     + *Oenothera renneri* H.Scholz     + *Oenothera renneri* f. *mollis* Renner ex Rostański     + *Oenothera rydbergii* House     + *Oenothera scandinavica* Rostański     + *Oenothera strigosa* (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush     + *Oenothera strigosa* var. *albinervis* (R.R.Gates) R.R.Gates     + *Oenothera strigosa* subsp. *canovirens* (E.S.Steele) Munz     + *Oenothera strigosa* subsp. *cheradophila* (Bartlett) Munz     + *Oenothera strigosa* var. *cheradophila* (Bartlett) R.R.Gates     + *Oenothera strigosa* var. *cockerellii* (Bartlett ex de Vries) R.R.Gates     + *Oenothera strigosa* var. *depressa* (Greene) R.R.Gates     + *Oenothera strigosa* subsp. *hungarica* (Borbás) Á.Löve & D.Löve     + *Oenothera strigosa* var. *procera* (Wooton & Standl.) R.R.Gates     + *Oenothera strigosa* var. *subulifera* (Rydb.) R.R.Gates     + *Oenothera subulifera* (Rydb.) Rydb.     + *Oenothera velutinifolia* Hudziok     + *Oenothera villosa* subsp. *cheradophila* (Bartlett) W.Dietr. & P.H.Raven     + *Oenothera villosa* var. *strigosa* (Rydb.) Dorn     + *Onagra biennis* var. *strigosa* (Rydb.) Piper     + *Onagra cockerellii* (Bartlett ex de Vries) de Vries     + *Onagra depressa* (Greene) Small     + *Onagra erosa* (Lehm.) Spach     + *Onagra hungarica* Borbás     + *Onagra lehmanniana* Spach     + *Onagra strigosa* Rydb.     + *Onagra strigosa* var. *subulata* Rydb.     + *Usoricum strigosum* (Rydb.) Lunell | |


title: Obtusella roseotincta

abstract: Obtusella roseotincta is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

text:
# Obtusella roseotincta

***Obtusella roseotincta*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Obtusella roseotincta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Rissoidae |
| Genus: | *Obtusella* |
| Species: | ***O. roseotincta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Obtusella roseotincta***<br>(Dautzenberg, 1889) | |
|


title: Obtusifolium

abstract: Obtusifolium is a monotypic genus of liverworts belonging to the family Cephaloziellaceae. The sole species of this genus, Obtusifolium obtusum (Lindb.) S.W.Arnell is found in Europe and Russia. The genus and the species were described and published in Ill. Moss Fl. Fennoscandia. I. Hepat. 133 in 1956.

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# Obtusifolium

***Obtusifolium*** is a monotypic genus of liverworts belonging to the family Cephaloziellaceae.

The sole species of this genus, **Obtusifolium obtusum** (Lindb.) S.W.Arnell is found in Europe and Russia.

The genus and the species were described and published in Ill. Moss Fl. Fennoscandia. I. Hepat. 133 in 1956.

## InfoBox

| *Obtusifolium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Marchantiophyta |
| Class: | Jungermanniopsida |
| Order: | Jungermanniales |
| Family: | Cephaloziellaceae |
| Genus: | *Obtusifolium*<br>S.W.Arnell, 1956 |
|


title: Occident (movement)

abstract: Occident was a French far-right militant group, active in France between 1964 and 1968 and considered the "main activist group on the extreme right in the 1960s". Occident activists were known for their "commando" actions against various "enemy" targets, such as left-wing students, PCF offices, immigrant associations, and anti-colonialists. A number of former Occident members later became prominent figures in mainstream right-wing parties; some even obtained ministerial positions. The movement was banned by the French authorities in October 1968, following violent confrontations with left-wing groups during the May 1968 events.

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# Occident (movement)

**Occident** was a French far-right militant group, active in France between 1964 and 1968 and considered the "main activist group on the extreme right in the 1960s". Occident activists were known for their "commando" actions against various "enemy" targets, such as left-wing students, PCF offices, immigrant associations, and anti-colonialists. A number of former Occident members later became prominent figures in mainstream right-wing parties; some even obtained ministerial positions. The movement was banned by the French authorities in October 1968, following violent confrontations with left-wing groups during the May 1968 events.

## History

Occident was founded in April 1964 by Pierre Sidos and dissidents from the Parisian section of the Federation of Nationalist Students (FEN), following their defection from the white nationalist movement *Europe-Action* (1963–66), led by Dominique Venner. At the outset, Occident appeared as a remake of Jeune Nation, an older neo-fascist group Sidos had created back in 1949, and disbanded by the authorities in 1958. Occident similarly used the Celtic Cross as their emblem, and violent activism played a significant part in their political agenda.

On January 12, 1967, a group of Occident members attacked the Vietnam committees on the campus of the University of Rouen. About 20 members of Occident were arrested, including Gérard Longuet, Alain Madelin and Patrick Devedjian (all future right-wing ministers). Suspicions arose in the group that someone had tipped off the police. Patrick Devedjian, summoned for an alleged meeting, was brutally interrogated by fellow members, including waterboarding in a bathtub. Devedjian escaped in the nude.

In January 1968, Roger Holeindre (future vice-President of the National Front) founded the *Front uni de soutien au Sud-Viêt-Nam* (United Front in Support of South Vietnam) which supported the US war effort. Occident actively participated in this Front.

Following violent confrontations during the May 1968 turmoils, Occident was termed an illegal violent group and dissolved by the administration of Charles de Gaulle on 31 October 1968 by application of the 1936 law on combat groups and private militias.

## Views

The Vietnam War had replaced the Algerian War as the battleground of the far right against communist expansionism. Occident proclaimed itself "a violent movement and proud of it", active to "defend the West wherever it fights".

Building on a "rudimentary fusion of nationalism, neo-fascism and social Darwinism", Occident was strongly anti-communist and anti-liberal. They called for the establishment of a corporatist economic regime and promoted the overthrow of "the Masonic and plutocratic republic", through a "second French Revolution that \[would\] sweep away the pernicious effects of the first". Occident advocated for a "new race" of leaders who would emerge from the "nationalist ranks", not through the "myth of election" but via the "selection of the best elements from the entire nation".

## Notable members

Prominent former members include:

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Occident | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Founded | April 1964 (1964-04) |
| Dissolved | October 31, 1968 (1968-10-31) |
| Succeeded by | Ordre Nouveau |
| Membership | 1,500 (1968) |
| Ideology | French nationalism<br>Neo-fascism |
| Political position | Far-right |
|  | |


title: Occident (film)

abstract: Occident is a 2002 Romanian film directed by Cristian Mungiu. It stars Alexandru Papadopol as a 29-year-old man named Luci and Anca Androne as his wife Sorina. The film is a tragicomedy about young people who move to the West when they are not financially successful in Romania.

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# Occident (film)

***Occident*** is a 2002 Romanian film directed by Cristian Mungiu. It stars Alexandru Papadopol as a 29-year-old man named Luci and Anca Androne as his wife Sorina. The film is a tragicomedy about young people who move to the West when they are not financially successful in Romania.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Occident | |
| --- | --- |
| 2002 Movie poster | |
| Directed by | Cristian Mungiu |
| Written by | Cristian Mungiu |
| Starring | Alexandru Papadopol and Anca-Ioana Androne |
| Cinematography | Vivi Drăgan Vasile |
| Edited by | Niţă Chivulescu |
| Music by | Petru Mărgineanu and Ioan Gyuri Pascu |
| Production
company | Temple Film |
| Distributed by | New Films Romania
Pro Video |
| Release date | * 2002 (2002) |
| Running time | 105 minutes |
| Country | Romania |
| Language | Romanian |


title: Oceana Company

abstract: Oceana Company was a Dutch indie rock band comprising Matthijs Herder (vocals/guitar/mellotron), Michiel Ferweda (guitar), Han Schilder & Robert Koole (drums). Their music is notable for its melancholic and psychedelic overtones, and the use of authentic keyboard instruments, such as a mellotron. Their 2008 debut album 'For The Boatman' was produced by Marcel v/d Vondervoort of Astrosoniq and released by Spacejam Records/Suburban Records. Their song 'Trenchfever' reached number 1 in the Dutch Indiechart in May 2008. In 2009 the band was selected for the Dutch Popronde 2009.

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# Oceana Company

**Oceana Company** was a Dutch indie rock band comprising Matthijs Herder (vocals/guitar/mellotron), Michiel Ferweda (guitar), Han Schilder (bass guitar) & Robert Koole (drums). Their music is notable for its melancholic and psychedelic overtones, and the use of authentic keyboard instruments, such as a mellotron. Their 2008 debut album 'For The Boatman' was produced by Marcel v/d Vondervoort of Astrosoniq and released by Spacejam Records/Suburban Records. Their song 'Trenchfever' reached number 1 in the Dutch Indiechart in May 2008. In 2009 the band was selected for the Dutch Popronde 2009.

## Discography

### Studio albums

1. *Promo 2007* (EP), 2007
2. *For The Boatman*, 2008

## InfoBox

| Oceana Company | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Zwolle, Overijssel, Netherlands |
| Genres | Indie rock, progressive rock |
| Years active | 2004 (2004)–2013 (2013) |
| Labels | Spacejam, Suburban |
|  | |
| Past members | Matthijs Herder
Michiel Ferweda
Han Schilder
Robert Koole |


title: Officium

abstract: Officium may refer to:

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# Officium

**Officium** may refer to:

## Religion

* Officium Divinum (or Divinum Officium), the official set of daily prayers prescribed by the Roman Catholic Church
* Sanctum Officium, the department in the Roman Curia which oversaw Catholic doctrine

## Music

* *Officium Defunctorum*, a musical setting of the Office of the Dead, composed by the Spanish Renaissance composer Tomás Luis de Victoria in 1603
* *Officium* (album), a 1994 album by Norwegian saxophonist Jan Garbarek, featuring the Hilliard Ensemble
* Officium Triste, a doom metal band from Rotterdam, The Netherlands

## Other uses

* Officium (Ancient Rome), a Latin word with various meanings, including "service", "(sense of) duty", "courtesy", and "ceremony"


title: Odontogenic myxoma

abstract: The odontogenic myxoma is an uncommon benign odontogenic tumor arising from embryonic connective tissue associated with tooth formation. As a myxoma, this tumor consists mainly of spindle shaped cells and scattered collagen fibers distributed through a loose, mucoid material.

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# Odontogenic myxoma

The **odontogenic myxoma** is an uncommon benign odontogenic tumor arising from embryonic connective tissue associated with tooth formation. As a myxoma, this tumor consists mainly of spindle shaped cells and scattered collagen fibers distributed through a loose, mucoid material.

## Signs and symptoms

Odontogenic myxomas have been found in patients ranging in age between 2 and 50 years, however, they are most commonly diagnosed in young adults (specifically between 25 and 35 years of age). The mandible is more likely to be affected than the maxilla. The region between the molar and premolar is the site of the most common occurrence for multilocular lesions while the anterior portion of the mouth favors a smaller, unilocular variety.

Patients afflicted with an odontogenic myxoma generally notice a painless, slowly enlarging expansion of the jaw with possible tooth loosening or displacement. As the tumor expands, it frequently infiltrates adjacent structures. Maxillary lesions frequently enter the sinuses while mandibular tumors often extend into the ramus.

## Diagnosis

Radiographically, odontogenic myxomas appear most commonly as multilocular radiolucencies with ill-defined borders, though unilocular cyst-like tumors can occur, especially when associated with impacted teeth or when discovered in childhood. Ideally, the septa that cause the multilocular feature are thin and straight, producing a tennis racket or stepladder pattern. In reality, the majority of the septa visible in the tumor are curved and coarse, causing a "soap bubble" or "honeycomb" appearance, though locating one or two straight septa can aide in the diagnosis of this tumor.

## Treatment

Small unilocular lesions have been successfully treated with enucleation and curettage followed by chemical bone cautery. Multilocular tumors exhibit a 25% recurrence rate and, therefore, must be treated more aggressively. In the case of a multilocular myxoma, resection of the tumor with a generous portion of surrounding bone is required. Because of the gelatinous nature of the tumor, it is crucial for the surgeon to remove the lesion intact so as to further reduce the risk of recurrence.

## InfoBox

| Odontogenic myxoma | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Dentistry |


title: Odontodrassus

abstract: Odontodrassus is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by J.-F. Jézéquel in 1965.

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# Odontodrassus

***Odontodrassus*** is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by J.-F. Jézéquel in 1965.

## Species

As of May 2019 it contains eight species:

## InfoBox

| *Odontodrassus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Gnaphosidae |
| Genus: | *Odontodrassus*
Jézéquel, 1965 |
|
| Type species | |
| *O. nigritibialis*
Jézéquel, 1965 | |
| Species | |
| 8, see text | |


title: Oh Boy (Harlem album)

abstract: Oh Boy is the third studio album by Austin, Texas based garage rock band Harlem. It was released on February 14, 2019.

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# Oh Boy (Harlem album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Pitchfork | 5.1/10 |

***Oh Boy*** is the third studio album by Austin, Texas based garage rock band Harlem. It was released on February 14, 2019.

## Reception

*Pitchfork*'s Evan Rytlewski gave *Oh Boy* a 5.1 out of 10. Rytlewski wrote, "In 2010, no band seemed to be having more fun with scrappy garage rock than this one. On their first album in nine years, they forget to replace that spark with anything else." Rytlewski noted that for *Oh Boy*, Harlem "slowed the tempos, upped the production, and bled nearly every trace of boyish pep from their sound", a change that can be "hard to pull off". They concluded, "Any band returning from a long hiatus needs to be judged on a curve, but no amount of expectation mitigation can completely shield somebody with an affection for Harlem’s old records from the disappoint here. They waited nine years just to learn the party ended long ago."

Elijah Teed, writing for *Exclaim!*, also began their review by discussing Harlem's previous albums, saying, "*Free Drugs ;-)* and *Hippies* were like the first embers of a campfire, jumping and crackling without discernible destination or intent, but nevertheless carrying the spark of something warm and inviting." Teed continued, "With the release of *Oh Boy*, it's safe to say that spark has been snuffed out."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Harlem

*Oh Boy* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "All Men Are Dogs" | 2:44 |
| 2. | "Smoke in Mirrors" | 3:37 |
| 3. | "Dreams Is Destiny" | 3:39 |
| 4. | "Swervin" | 3:59 |
| 5. | "Lana" | 4:09 |
| 6. | "Click Your Heels" | 3:49 |
| 7. | "Elegant and Sophisticated" | 4:45 |
| 8. | "Blonde on Blonde" | 3:56 |
| 9. | "Cry Now Cry Later" | 3:30 |
| 10. | "Oh Boy" | 3:12 |
| 11. | "Me and the Boys" | 2:53 |
| 12. | "Queen of Mosquitos" | 6:10 |
| Total length: | | 46:22 |

1. Rytlewski, Evan (2019-02-08). "Harlem: Oh Boy". *Pitchfork*. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
2. "Oh Boy | Harlem". *Bandcamp*. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
3. Teed, Elijah (2019-02-13). "Harlem | Oh Boy". *Exclaim!*. Retrieved 2024-01-27.

## InfoBox

| Oh Boy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Harlem | |
| Released | February 14, 2019 (2019-02-14) |
| Length | 46:22 |
| Label | Female Fantasy Records |
| Harlem chronology | |
| *Hippies*
(2012) ***Oh Boy***
(2019) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Oh Boy* | |
| 1. "Cry Now Cry Later"
Released: September 26, 2018 2. "Swervin"
Released: October 30, 2018 3. "Queen of Mosquitos"
Released: December 1, 2018 4. "Blonde on Blonde"
Released: January 15, 2019 | |
|  | |


title: Ohio Army National Guard

abstract: The Ohio Army National Guard is a part of the Ohio National Guard and the Army National Guard of the United States Army. It is also a component of the organized militia of the state of Ohio, which also includes the Ohio Naval Militia, the Ohio Military Reserve and the Ohio Air National Guard. The Ohio Army National Guard consists of a variety of combat, combat support, and combat service support units. As of September 2010, its end strength exceeded 11,400 soldiers. Its headquarters is the Beightler Armory in Columbus, Ohio. Many units conduct Annual Training at Camp Grayling, Michigan. On May 4, 1970, Guard units infamously opened fire onto a crowd of both Vietnam War protestors and simple bystanders on the campus of Kent State University. This incident killed four and wounded nine others, an event known as the Kent State shootings. The President's Commission on Campus Unrest concluded that the Guard's actions were "unnecessary, unwarranted, and inexcusable."

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# Ohio Army National Guard

The **Ohio Army National Guard** is a part of the Ohio National Guard and the Army National Guard of the United States Army. It is also a component of the organized militia of the state of Ohio, which also includes the Ohio Naval Militia, the Ohio Military Reserve and the Ohio Air National Guard. The Ohio Army National Guard consists of a variety of combat, combat support, and combat service support units. As of September 2010, its end strength exceeded 11,400 soldiers. Its headquarters is the Beightler Armory in Columbus, Ohio. Many units conduct Annual Training at Camp Grayling, Michigan.

On May 4, 1970, Guard units infamously opened fire onto a crowd of both Vietnam War protestors and simple bystanders on the campus of Kent State University. This incident killed four and wounded nine others, an event known as the Kent State shootings. The President's Commission on Campus Unrest concluded that the Guard's actions were "unnecessary, unwarranted, and inexcusable."

## History

### Founding militia

The Ohio National Guard can be traced back to the initial settlement at Marietta, Ohio, in July 1788. Rooted in the English and early colonial tradition of citizen-soldiers providing local protection and law enforcement. These American Revolutionary War veterans and their families quickly organized into local militia units. The federal government passed the Militia Act of 1792, which required all able bodied men ages 18 to 45 to serve in their local militia units, and provide their own weapons and equipment. It further authorized the Governor of each state to appoint an Adjutant General to enact the orders of the Governor, and to supervise unit training and organization. Reflecting the Founding Fathers' distrust of a large standing army, it strictly limited the ability of the militia to serve outside of their state borders. And, it placed effective control with the Governor rather than the federal government.

The occupation of the Ohio Territory by the United States was contested by the region's native inhabitants. A confederation of Indian tribes with British backing engaged in a campaign of raids and depredations upon the scattered settlements, resulting in full-scale war by the 1790s. The disastrous campaigns led by Generals Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair only intensified Indian resistance to white migration, and threatened the existence of white Ohio settlements. The decisive victory of General "Mad" Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), outside of present-day Toledo and the subsequent Treaty of Greenville (1795). And so removed the combined British-Indian military threat to Ohio settlers for the time being. While only limited numbers of Ohio militia played a part in these campaigns, the local militia units formed an important bulwark defending their local communities against potential attack.

### War of 1812

After achieving statehood in 1803 Ohio continued the law creating a body of "state troops" and each significant village or county providing its own local unit. The military readiness of these local militia units varied greatly as did their uniform and armament. The monthly militia muster was supposed to train the members in close order drill and marksmanship, but in many cases was more of a social and political event. Moreover, each unit was responsible for electing its own officers with the victors often being the most popular or the one best able to furnish a ready supply of sour mash.

With the advent of war with Great Britain in 1812, there was renewed interest in beefing up the size and effectiveness of the militia. Ohio Governor Josiah Meigs formed three regiments of Ohio militia in response to the proposed invasion to drive the British, and their Indian allies, from Canada (With a view towards annexing it to the United States). The first attempt ended with the surrender of Fort Detroit to the British by General William Hull in late 1812. Although not present in large numbers, Ohio militia were present and paroled shortly thereafter with the promise not to engage in any further hostilities. Ohio militia also played a role in the efforts of Gen. William Henry Harrison to re-capture Fort Detroit and decisively defeat the British at the Battle of the Thames.

### Mexican–American War

After the end of the inconclusive War of 1812, the militia system in Ohio abandoned its regimental formations and reverted to multiple small units representing the various municipalities throughout the rapidly growing state. With the last Indians expelled from the state's borders and peaceful relations along the Canada–US border, there seemed little need for a fully armed and trained militia. With the brief exception of a border dispute with Michigan that caused the Governor to issue a militia call up, meaningful local militia musters and drills again became more the exception than the rule. The Mexican–American War in 1848 saw a renewed interest in vitalizing the militia throughout the entire country. With the regular U.S. Army at a strength of just over 13,000, it became evident that any successful military campaign against Mexico was going to require extensive militia involvement. Ohio played a significant role, raising several regiments of infantry and artillery batteries from existing militia units and volunteers. The 1st Ohio Volunteers comprised part of the army under Gen. Zachary Taylor and took part in the battlefield victories of Monterrey and Buena Vista.

### The American Civil War

It was during the great Civil War however, that the Ohio National Guard can directly trace its start. Ohio played a critical part in the Union war effort and was one of the leading contributors of manpower (including a crop of gifted generals to include Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, McPherson, Griffin,). As most of the existing militia units were incorporated into federalized volunteer regiments, local defense and order fell to units of those exempted from federal service. Youths, middle aged men and a sprinkling of veterans who had completed their active duty enlistments stayed behind in Ohio. Numerous battalions were organized statewide that were for the first time titled "National Guard.". During the war the Ohio National Guard served in a variety of roles, providing not only guards at the Camp Chase and Johnson Island POW camps, but serving in a number of combat situations. During the September 1862 Confederate incursion into southeast Ohio and Morgan's Raid in July 1863, Ohio guardsmen were actively involved. While subjected to ridicule as a result of the lackluster performance of some poorly trained and armed local units, the Ohio National Guard in actuality played a key role in the ultimate defeat of Gen. Morgan (and his vaunted force of Confederate cavalry). Instrumental in defending the approaches to Pomeroy and its river fords, Ohio Guardsmen were also responsible for blocking Morgan's escape route at Buffington Island.Pursuing Union forces eventually caught up and administered a stinging defeat to Morgan on July 19, 1863 – the last battle fought on Ohio soil.

Over 35,000 Ohio Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed into "safe" rear area duty to protect the railroads and supply points. As events transpired, many units found themselves in the thick of combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early's veteran Army of the Valley during its Raid on Washington. These Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Maryland Heights, and in the siege of Petersburg. Ohio Guard units helped to blunt the Confederate offensive, thereby saving The District of Columbia from confederate capture. Significant casualties were incurred on all sides, but the Ohio Guardsmen were defiantly a significant part of the battle.

### Mexican Border Crisis

With the end of the Civil War, the Ohio National Guard was rapidly demobilized and its extensive inventory placed into mothballs maintained by a few non-commissioned officers. From a war-time strength in excess of 50,000, by 1870 the Ohio National Guard had been allowed to dwindle to fewer than 500 officers and enlisted men. Yet Ohio officials soon rediscovered that the Ohio Guard was an essential asset in situations other than war. Like the rest of the nation, labor unrest started to spread in the latter part of the century resulting in violent strikes and crippling shutdowns, especially in the railroad industry. Ohio Governors repeatedly called upon Ohio Guardsmen to keep the peace. In numerous situations the Guard's intervention resulted in the immediate restoration of peace and order and succeeded in keeping violence and property damage to a minimum. Having demonstrated its value beyond the battlefield, the Ohio Guard was boosted in numbers and funding to a meaningful level.

The breakout of hostilities with Spain over Cuba in 1898 also led to an increase in the size and improved equipment and training for the Ohio National Guard. Several regiments of infantry and artillery were formed and shipped to Tampa, Florida for training and eventual transport to the front lines in Cuba. Due to the rapid American success, the war ended prior to any of these units actually being deployed in a combat situation. The Spanish–American War thrust the United States into the role of a world power and both military and civilian leaders recognized that it was necessary to maintain a uniformly trained and armed military force. This reflected the slow evolution of the Ohio militia into a National Guard which in addition to being a state force for quelling civil disturbances, was assuming a key role in the national defense.

Leading the effort to accomplish this was Major General Charles Dick of the Ohio National Guard. After serving in the Spanish–American War, he was later elected to the U.S. Senate, where he was instrumental in passing the Dick Act of 1903. This benchmark legislation repealed the antiquated militia laws and effectively converted the various volunteer militias into the National Guard as we know it today. Under the Dick Act Guard units received increased federal funding and equipment. In return each state National Guard was required to conform to federal standards for training and organization. Rather than the periodic muster, each unit was expected to muster for a set number of monthly drills and an extended summer camp. Also, for the first time state Adjutant Generals had a formal relationship with the War Department. These common sense reforms were to pay their first dividends in 1916 when Ohio National Guard units were mobilized to serve as part of Gen. John Pershing's punitive expedition against Pancho Villa along the Mexican Border. Although the expedition failed to capture or dispatch the notorious Villa and his army of bandits, valuable lessons were learned in combined operations and mobile warfare. The relatively speedy and seamless mobilization and deployment to the desert regions of the southwest also served as a confidence builder for the units and their active duty counterparts. The errors and problems of the 1916 mobilization also proved to be excellent teaching tools that were to pay dividends when the entire Ohio Guard was to be mobilized by President Woodrow Wilson a scant 10 months later in April 1917

### World War I

As war had broken out in Europe in 1914, the original intent of the United States was to avoid the conflict and maintain a stance of neutrality. As hostilities between the great European powers bogged down into a bloody stalemate, each side sought an edge to break the deadlock. For Germany, it was unrestricted submarine warfare. While this assisted in slowing down trade and supplies between the Allies and the United States, the result was to propel the United States into war as American merchant ships began to be targeted. After the United States joined the war in April 1917, the manpower requirements for a modern field army were so great that only with a draft could the ranks be filled. Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which decentralized the selection to local draft boards within each state. With this massive mobilization the strength of the Ohio National Guard expanded and was eventually organized into the 37th Division. To preserve its Ohio identity, they adopted the nickname of the "Buckeye" Division. Again under the overall leadership of "Black Jack" Pershing, Ohio Guardsmen were a key component of the American Expeditionary Force sent over to France. Rated by the German General Staff as one of the best six American divisions for combat effectiveness, the "Buckeye" Division proved its worth in numerous battles including the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and the St. Mihiel Salient. This reputation for being a crack unit came with a considerable cost as the Buckeye Division alone suffered almost 5400 casualties while in France. Ohio Guard units also formed part of the 42nd "Rainbow" Division which won an enviable combat record along the front lines.

### World War II

During the period between the two World Wars, the Ohio National Guard found itself frequently called upon to perform relief duties during natural disasters. Noteworthy were efforts during the almost annual flooding of the Ohio River and the great tornado of 1924 in the Lorain and Sandusky area. Units were again utilized to keep the peace during a series of bitter strikes in the coal-mining region of southeast Ohio. Although initially perceived as being brought in to aid and assist the mine operators, they won begrudging respect for adopting a fair and even-handed approach. Unlike the bloody history associated with the use of the National Guard in labor disputes in many other states, the Ohio Guard's non-partisan approach alleviated numerous potentially explosive labor conflicts.

As the year 1939 brought yet another world war, the Ohio Guard found itself in a moderate state of readiness and under the leadership of Major General Robert S. Beightler. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared a state of emergency and brought the National Guard under federal control in October 1940, the Buckeye Division was among their ranks. Notably, Company C, 192nd Tank Battalion, from Camp Perry, Ohio, joined a provisional unit sent to the Philippines to bolster the active duty and Filipino forces there. When the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 brought the country into a declared war, the Ohio tankers found themselves under attack as Japanese forces landed in the Philippines within days. As the remnant defenders withdrew to Bataan, the 192nd disintegrated as a unit, its members eventually captured along with the others in 1942. These Ohioans, who had fought from the very beginning of the war, remained as prisoners for the duration.

The Buckeye Division participated in the Pacific theater of the war, serving in the Northern Solomons and Luzon (Philippines) campaigns. Entering combat in June 1943, they fought at New Georgia and Bougainville (in November 1943) alongside the 3rd Marine Division and others. March 1944 saw a ferocious attack by Japanese forces against the division at Bougainville, one which the stretched and weakened division fought off. January 1945 saw the division go ashore in Luzon as part of the XIV Corps, and by February it had liberated Manila.

The Buckeye Division produced seven Medal of Honor recipients during World War II. MG Beightler led the Buckeye Division throughout the course of the war, the only one of 32 National Guard division commanders to accomplish this.

### The Cold War

The 37th Infantry Division was reformed in the OH ARNG in 1945–46. During this time period the Air Force also broke off from the Army to become a separate service branch. Within the Ohio Guard this was reflected in the creation of the Ohio Air National Guard.

#### Korean War era

The demobilization from World War II had barely taken place when once again the Ohio National Guard was mobilized for the Korean War. As part of the mobilization of National Guard divisions across the country, in 1952 the Buckeye Division activated to serve as a training division at then-Camp Polk, Louisiana. While no major Ohio Guard units were deployed as units to Korea during hostilities, National Guard units from Ohio were sent to Korea where individual soldiers from the units were then assigned to serve in the regular Army as replacements.

On April 22, 1951, the 987th Armored Field Artillery Battalion, a National Guard unit from Stark County, Ohio, was assigned by IX Corps, Eight Army, to provide support to a two-divisional attack "Reconnaissance-in-Force" in the north central part of the Korean peninsula, just below the 38th Longitudinal Parallel.

After the Korean War Armistice Agreement of 1953, the Ohio Guard's focus returned to its state mission and reorganization in accordance with federal mandates. Significant challenges were met by the continuing changes and advances in technology which required a flexible and better educated force. World events also continued to impact the Ohio Guard. The Berlin Crisis of 1961 resulted in the mobilization of ten Ohio Air and Army National Guard units to help counter the Soviet threat. It was during this period that the Ohio Guard's units switched over to the next United States Army division structure, the Reorganisation Objective Army Division (ROAD) structure. Most notable among these changes was the deactivation of the storied 37th "Buckeye" Division on February 15, 1968. Much of the former division's units became part of the 73d Infantry Brigade, 38th Infantry Division.

From 1959 to 1968, the 137th Air Defense Artillery Regiment was part of the force. The Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 371st Antiaircraft Artillery Group, was consolidated on 1 September 1959 with the 103d Antiaircraft Artillery Detachment as the 371st Artillery Group. 2d and 3d Battalions, 137th ADA Regiment (2-137 & 3-137) served with 371 AGAD from 1 September 1959 to 1 February 1968, which 1-137 served with the 137 AGAD, until 1 April 1963, and then transferred to the 371 AGAD, 1 April 1963, to 1 February 1972.

#### Vietnam and Kent State

With the escalation of the Vietnam War, the Ohio Guard was again called upon to engage in combat upon foreign shores. Both the Ohio Army and Air National Guards deployed units to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. The mission to support state authorities still continued during this time with the Ohio Guard playing a key role in quelling a full-scale riot at the Ohio Penitentiary in 1968 and in helping to curb the violence associated with the trucker's strike in 1970. It was subsequent to this latter event that the Ohio Guard was involved in one of the most unfortunate events in its long history, the Kent State shootings of May 4, 1970. Called to the campus Kent State University to quell demonstrations and anti-war protests, members of the guard — in what was recently described as "one of America's most horrific campus tragedies" — killed four unarmed students and wounded several more, garnering severely negative international attention and criticism, especially as some of the victims were simply passersby.

#### Later years

After the United States withdrew from Vietnam, the Ohio Guard, like the rest of the military, was faced by the challenges of significantly decreased funding and adapting to new missions. Increasing attention was directed towards peace-keeping and civic assistance missions. Of particular success were the efforts of the Ohio Guard in saving lives and aiding hard pressed local authorities during the winter blizzards of 1977 and 1978. Also of note was the extensive mission to Honduras which provided considerable infrastructure improvement and medical assistance to an impoverished nation while at the same time providing valuable training experience to Ohio Guard personnel.

In organization terms, the 73d Brigade was released from assignment to the 38th ID in 1977 and was redesignated the 73d Infantry Brigade, a separate brigade. During the draw down of forces after the Cold War, units of the 73rd and the 107th Armored Cavalry Regiment consolidated to form the 37th Brigade, 28th Infantry Division. A year later, the brigade was reunited with the 38th Infantry Division.

### Desert Storm and beyond

When Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, the Ohio National Guard provided numerous transportation, logistical and other combat support units to assist in Operation Desert Storm. Additionally, numerous individual Ohio Guardsmen with specialty skills volunteered and served in Operation Desert Storm.

Although active hostilities ceased in February 1991 after a lightning campaign, the continuing presence of Saddam Hussein required continued military presence in the Persian Gulf region. The Ohio Guard continued in its role as key player as its Air National Guard units were routinely deployed to enforce the no-fly zones over Iraq as part of Operation Northern Watch. Other Ohio Guard units were periodically deployed to the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to engage in joint desert warfare training. Ohio Guardsmen also saw overseas service in a demanding environment when deployed to the Balkans to provide peacekeeping support in war–torn Bosnia and Kosovo. Units of the Ohio Guard continued to take a role in providing humanitarian assistance in impoverished areas of Central America. Engineering, transportation and medical detachments provided medical care as well as building roads, wells, bridges, schools and other infrastructure.

On the domestic front the Ohio Guard fulfilled its role in assisting civilian authorities in maintaining order in extraordinary circumstances. A significant number of Ohio Guardsmen were activated in 1993 to help quell the deadly prison riots at the Lucasville Correctional Facility. Personnel from the Ohio Guard also provided crucial advice and stood by to provide law enforcement support during rioting in Cincinnati and civic unrest surrounding the operation of a toxic waste incinerator plant near East Liverpool. Disaster relief also continued to be a priority mission with service during the Shadyside floods, tornadoes, snow emergencies and Ohio River flooding.

After the attacks of September 11, numerous units from the Army Guard supplemented by security police units of the Air Guard were mobilized on short notice in the following days and executed critical security missions at various locations for extended periods of time. Other communications and engineering units deployed to the Persian Gulf area and Afghanistan in support of the war on terrorism.

In 2005, The Ohio Army National Guard deployed the 37th Brigade Combat Team, 73rd Troop Command, 16th Engineer Brigade, 416th Engineer group, 145th Regiment (Regional Training Institute), 196th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment, 112th Engineer Battalion, 216th Engineer Battalion, 731st Transportation Battalion in response to Hurricane Katrina. The Ohio National Guard sent 1,500 troops to Louisiana and Mississippi to haul relief supplies such as food, water and ice; the engineering units cleared debris and helped to open roads.

25 Ohio National Guard soldiers were among the 1,500 troops that were deployed to Middle East amid tensions with Iran. The Ohio troops were stationed in Kuwait.

## Transformation

As of late 2006, the Ohio Army National Guard began a process of transformation in line with the overall transformation of all active and National Guard units. Ohio will activate two new modular units, the 37th Infantry Brigade Combat Team and the 371st Sustainment Brigade. The 16th Engineer Brigade, a current formation, will have two of its subordinate commands, the 512th and 612th Engineer Battalions, inactivated. Some parts of the 73d Troop Command will also undergo changes.

The result, when completed by September 2007, will be an Ohio Army National Guard organized under a Joint Force Headquarters and made up of five major commands: the 37th Infantry BCT, the 16th Engineer Brigade, the 174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, the 73d Joint Task Force, and the 371st Sustainment Brigade. All of this will occur with minimal changes in the end strength of the OHARNG at 10,300 Soldiers.

The 37th Infantry BCT will be one of 34 combat brigades in the Army National Guard. Its core is two infantry battalions and a fires battalion:

Remaining combat units in the State of Ohio have also been realigned. The 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry, along with one company from the 148th Infantry and one company from the 112th Engineer Battalion, transformed into the 1st Battalion, 145th Armor Regiment and, together with the 2d Squadron, 107th Cavalry, were briefly elements of the 2d Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania Army National Guard. Currently, both the 1st Battalion, 145th Armor and the 2d Squadron, 107th Cavalry belong to the 174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade for day-to-day command and control purposes. In addition, there are elements of the 137th Aviation Regiment in the state, previously part of the 18th Aviation Brigade before it was inactivated.

Additional changes will occur with the subsidiary units of the 73d Troop Command.

As a consequence of the transformation of the 37th into an infantry brigade combat team, the unit is to be given the old Buckeye Patch of the 37th Infantry Division of World War I and World War II.

## Foreign partnerships

The Ohio Army National Guard has maintained military partnerships with foreign militaries under the National Guard State Partnership Program. The OARNG, together with the Ohio Air National Guard, has worked with Hungary since 1993, and the program's inception, and in September 2006 initiated a second program with Serbia. The purpose of the program is to provide assistance to the host countries in establishing reserve military forces like the National Guard, before transitioning to follow-on programs designed to assist the citizen-soldiers in their non-military lives.

## Major units

The Ohio Army National Guard presently consists of the following major commands or units:

## Historic units

1. "Mottos". Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
2. Sewell, Dan (2010). "Special graduations set 40 years after Kent State". Associated Press. Retrieved May 2, 2010. Shock and outrage over the May 4 National Guard slayings of four Kent State University students...
3. Raasch, Chuck (April 30, 2010). "40 years after Kent State, reassessing 2010". *USA Today*. Gannett Co. Inc. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
4. Illinois, Lynnita Jean Brown of Tuscola. "Korean War Educator: Memoirs - James Neely". *www.koreanwar-educator.org*. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
5. "Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 371st Sustainment Brigade | Lineage and Honors | U.S. Army Center of Military History".
6. Aumiller
7. "Official history of the Ohio Army National Guard". *ohionationalguard.com*. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
8. "2005: Special Supplement - Ohio National Guard" (PDF). Ohio. December 1, 2005. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
9. "First Ohio National Guard members leave for Louisiana". The Columbus Dispatch. September 4, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
10. "25 Ohio National Guard troops among 1,500 heading to Middle East amid Iran tensions". Associated Press, WKYC Staff, Susannah George, Lolitia C. Baldor. May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
11. "Special Troops Battalion, 37th Infantry Brigade Combat Team | Lineage and Honors | U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH)".
12. "U.S. Army Center of Military History - Lineage and Honors Information". *www.history.army.mil*. Retrieved 14 April 2018.

## InfoBox

| Ohio Army National Guard | |
| --- | --- |
| A soldier of the 371st Sustainment Brigade builds a barracks during an exercise in Michigan in 2008. | |
| Active | July 25, 1788<br>(as the Northwest Territory Militia) |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Ohio |
| Branch | Army National Guard |
| Type | ARNG Headquarters Command |
| Part of | Ohio National Guard |
| Motto(s) | "Always Ready, Always There!" |
| Commanders | |
| Civilian leadership | President Joe Biden<br>***(Commander-in-Chief)***<br>Christine Wormuth<br>***(Secretary of the Army)***<br>Governor Mike DeWine<br>***(Governor of the State of Ohio)*** |
| State military leadership | MG John C. Harris Jr. |
| Insignia | |
| Ohio Army National Guard Headquarters DUI |  |