title: Minimally invasive education

abstract: Minimally invasive education (MIE) is a form of learning in which children operate in unsupervised environments. The methodology arose from an experiment done by Sugata Mitra while at NIIT in 1999, often called The Hole in the Wall, which has since gone on to become a significant project with the formation of Hole in the Wall Education Limited (HiWEL), a cooperative effort between NIIT and the International Finance Corporation, employed in some 300 'learning stations', covering some 300,000 children in India and several African countries. The programme has been feted with the digital opportunity award by WITSA, and been extensively covered in the media.

text:
# Minimally invasive education

**Minimally invasive education** (**MIE**) is a form of learning in which children operate in unsupervised environments. The methodology arose from an experiment done by Sugata Mitra while at NIIT in 1999, often called *The Hole in the Wall*, which has since gone on to become a significant project with the formation of Hole in the Wall Education Limited (HiWEL), a cooperative effort between NIIT and the International Finance Corporation, employed in some 300 'learning stations', covering some 300,000 children in India and several African countries.

The programme has been feted with the digital opportunity award by WITSA, and been extensively covered in the media.

## History

### Background

Professor Mitra, Chief Scientist at NIIT, is credited with proposing and initiating the Hole-in-the-Wall programme. As early as 1982, he had been toying with the idea of unsupervised learning and computers. Finally, in 1999, he decided to test his ideas in the field.

### The experiment

On 26 January 1999, Mitra's team carved a "hole in the wall" that separated the NIIT premises from the adjoining slum in Kalkaji, New Delhi. Through this hole, a freely accessible computer was put up for use. This computer proved to be popular among the slum children. With no prior experience, the children learned to use the computer on their own. This prompted Mitra to propose the following hypothesis: The acquisition of basic computing skills by any set of children can be achieved through incidental learning provided the learners are given access to a suitable computing facility, with entertaining and motivating content and some minimal (human) guidance.

In the following comment on the TED website Mitra explains how they saw to it that the computer in this experiment was accessible to children only:

"... We placed the computers 3 feet off the ground and put a shade on top, so if you are tall, you hit your head on it. Then we put a protective plastic cowl over the keyboard which had an opening such that small hands would go in. Then we put a seating rod in front that was close to the wall so that, if you are of adult height, your legs would splay when you sit. Then we painted the whole thing in bright colours and put a sign saying 'for children under 15'. Those design factors prevented adult access to a very large extent."

### Results

Mitra has summarised the results of his experiment as follows. Given free and public access to computers and the Internet, a group of children can

* Become computer literate on their own, that is, they can learn to use computers and the Internet for most of the tasks done by lay users.
* Teach themselves enough English to use email, chat and search engines.
* Learn to search the Internet for answers to questions in a few months time.
* Improve their English pronunciation on their own.
* Improve their mathematics and science scores in school.
* Answer examination questions several years ahead of time.
* Change their social interaction skills and value systems.
* Form independent opinions and detect indoctrination.

## Current status and expansion outside India

The first adopter of the idea was the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. In 2000, the Government of Delhi set up 30 Learning Stations in a resettlement colony. This project is ongoing and said to be achieving significant results.

Encouraged by the initial success of the Kalkaji experiment, freely accessible computers were set up in Shivpuri (a town in Madhya Pradesh) and in Madantusi (a village in Uttar Pradesh). These experiments came to be known as Hole-in-the-Wall experiments. The findings from Shivpuri and Madantusi confirmed the results of Kalkaji experiments. It appeared that the children in these two places picked up computer skills on their own. Dr. Mitra defined this as a new way of learning "Minimally Invasive Education".

At this point in time, International Finance Corporation joined hands with NIIT to set up Hole-in-the-Wall Education Ltd (HiWEL). The idea was to broaden the scope of the experiments and conduct research to prove and streamline Hole-in-the-Wall. The results, show that children learn to operate as well as play with the computer with minimum intervention. They picked up skills and tasks by constructing their own learning environment.

Today, more than 300,000 children have benefited from 300 Hole-in-the-Wall stations over last 8 years. In India Suhotra Banerjee (Head-Government Relations) has increased the reach of HiWEL learning stations in Nagaland, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh... and is slowly expanding their numbers.

Besides India, HiWEL also has projects abroad. The first such project was established in Cambodia in 2004. The project currently operates in Botswana, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda, and Zambia, besides Cambodia. The idea, also called Open learning, is even being applied in Britain, albeit inside the classroom.

## HiWEL

Hole-in-the-Wall Education Ltd. (HiWEL) is a joint venture between NIIT and the International Finance Corporation. Established in 2001, HiWEL was set up to research and propagate the idea of Hole-in-the-Wall, a path-breaking learning methodology created by Mitra, Chief Scientist of NIIT.

## Awards and recognition

## Coverage in the media

The project has received extensive coverage from sources as diverse as UNESCO, *Business Week*, CNN, Reuters, and *The Christian Science Monitor*, besides being featured at the annual TED conference in 2007.

The project received international publicity, when it was found that it was the inspiration behind the book *Q & A*, itself the inspiration for the Academy Award winning film *Slumdog Millionaire*.

HiWEL has been covered by the Indian *Reader's Digest*.

## In school

Minimally Invasive Education in school adduces there are many reasons why children may have difficulty learning, especially when the learning is imposed and the subject is something the student is not interested in, a frequent occurrence in modern schools. Schools also label children as "learning disabled" and place them in special education even if the child does not have a learning disability, because the schools have failed to teach the children basic skills.

Minimally Invasive Education in school asserts there are many ways to study and learn. It argues that learning is a process you do, not a process that is done to you. The experience of schools holding this approach shows that there are many ways to learn without the intervention of teaching, to say, without the intervention of a teacher being imperative. In the case of reading for instance in these schools some children learn from being read to, memorizing the stories and then ultimately reading them. Others learn from cereal boxes, others from games instructions, others from street signs. Some teach themselves letter sounds, others syllables, others whole words. They adduce that in their schools no one child has ever been forced, pushed, urged, cajoled, or bribed into learning how to read or write, and they have had no dyslexia. None of their graduates are real or functional illiterates, and no one who meets their older students could ever guess the age at which they first learned to read or write.

In a similar form students learn all the subjects, techniques and skills in these schools. Every person, children and youth included, has a different learning style and pace and each person, is unique, not only capable of learning but also capable of succeeding. These schools assert that applying the medical model of problem-solving to individual children who are pupils in the school system, and labeling these children as disabled—referring to a whole generation of non-standard children that have been labeled as dysfunctional, even though they suffer from nothing more than the disease of responding differently in the classroom than the average manageable student—systematically prevents the students' success and the improvement of the current educational system, thus requiring the prevention of academic failure through intervention. This, they clarify, does not refer to people who have a specific disability that affects their drives; nor is anything they say and write about education meant to apply to people who have specific mental impairments, which may need to be dealt with in special, clinical ways.

Describing current instructional methods as homogenization and lockstep standardization, alternative approaches are proposed, such as the Sudbury model schools, an alternative approach in which children, by enjoying personal freedom thus encouraged to exercise personal responsibility for their actions, learn at their own pace rather than following a chronologically-based curriculum. These schools are organized to allow freedom from adult interference in the daily lives of students. As long as children do no harm to others, they can do whatever they want with their time in school. The adults in other schools plan a curriculum of study, teach the students the material and then test and grade their learning. The adults at Sudbury schools are *"the guardians of the children's freedom to pursue their own interests and to learn what they wish,"* creating and maintaining a nurturing environment, in which children feel that they are cared for, and that does not rob children of their time to explore and discover their inner selves. They also are there to answer questions and to impart specific skills or knowledge when asked to by students. As Sudbury schools, proponents of unschooling have also claimed that children raised in this method do not suffer from learning disabilities, thus not requiring the prevention of academic failure through intervention.

"If learning is an emergent phenomenon, then the teacher needs to provide stimulus — lots of it – in the form of “big” questions. These must include questions to which the teacher, or perhaps anyone, does not have the answer. These should be the sorts of questions that will occupy children’s minds perpetually. The teacher needs to help each child cultivate a vision of the future. Thus, a new primary curriculum needs to teach only three skills: 1. Reading comprehension: This is perhaps the most crucial skill a child needs to acquire while growing up. 2. Information search and analysis: First articulated at the National Institute of Technology in India by professor J.R. Isaac in the early 1990s — decades ahead of its time — this skill set is vital for children searching for answers in an infinite cyberspace. 3. A rational system of belief: If children know how to search, and if they know how to read, then they must learn how to believe. Each one of us has a belief system. How soon can a child acquire one? A rational belief system will be our children’s protection against doctrine. Children who have these skills scarcely need schools as we define them today. They need a learning environment and a source of rich, big questions. Computers can give out answers, but they cannot, as of yet, make questions. Hence, the teacher’s role becomes bigger and stranger than ever before: She must ask her “learners” about things she does not know herself. Then she can stand back and watch as learning emerges."

## Notes and references


abstract: The 1932 United States Senate election in Louisiana was held on November 8, 1932. Incumbent Democratic Senator Edwin Broussard ran for a third term in office, but was defeated in the primary by U.S. Representative John H. Overton. On September 13, Overton won the Democratic primary with 61.64% of the vote. At this time, Louisiana was a one-party state, and the Democratic nomination was tantamount to victory. Overton won the November general election without an opponent.

text:
# 1932 United States Senate election in Louisiana

The **1932 United States Senate election in Louisiana** was held on November 8, 1932. Incumbent Democratic Senator Edwin Broussard ran for a third term in office, but was defeated in the primary by U.S. Representative John H. Overton.

On September 13, Overton won the Democratic primary with 61.64% of the vote.

At this time, Louisiana was a one-party state (no other party had run a candidate for Senate since the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment), and the Democratic nomination was tantamount to victory. Overton won the November general election without an opponent.

## Democratic primary

### Candidates

### Results

1932 United States Senate Democratic primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **John H. Overton** | **181,464** | **59.23%** |
|  | Democratic | Edwin S. Broussard (incumbent) | 124,935 | 40.78% |
| Total votes | | | **306,399** | **100.00%** |

## General election

1932 United States Senate election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **John Overton** | **249,189** | **100.00%** |  |
| Total votes | | | **249,189** | **100.00%** |  |

## InfoBox

1932 Democratic Senate primary election in Louisiana
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **John H. Overton** Edwin S. Broussard   Party Democratic Democratic  Popular vote **181,464** 124,935  Percentage **59.23%** 40.78% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Edwin S. Broussard
Democratic **Elected U.S. Senator**
John H. Overton
Democratic | |


title: Luigi Carpentieri

abstract: Luigi Carpentieri (1920-1987) was an Italian assistant director (1940-1949) and film producer (1947-1968). Together with Ermanno Donati, he founded the production company "Athena Cinematografica", which in 1960 became "Panda Cinematografica". All films produced by the company were genre films. Along with Ermanno Donati, Carpentieri Godi Media on the Nastro d'Argento award for Best Producer for the film The Day of the Owl.

text:
# Luigi Carpentieri

**Luigi Carpentieri** (1920-1987) was an Italian assistant director (1940-1949) and film producer (1947-1968). Together with Ermanno Donati, he founded the production company "Athena Cinematografica", which in 1960 became "Panda Cinematografica". All films produced by the company were genre films.

Along with Ermanno Donati, Carpentieri Godi Media on the Nastro d'Argento award for Best Producer for the film *The Day of the Owl*.

## Filmography

### As script supervisor

### As assistant director

### As director

### As producer

### Footnotes

### Sources


title: Method (computer programming)

abstract: A method in object-oriented programming (OOP) is a procedure associated with an object, and generally also a message. An object consists of state data and behavior; these compose an interface, which specifies how the object may be used. A method is a behavior of an object parametrized by a user. Data is represented as properties of the object, and behaviors are represented as methods. For example, a Window object could have methods such as open and close, while its state would be a property. In class-based programming, methods are defined within a class, and objects are instances of a given class. One of the most important capabilities that a method provides is method overriding - the same name can be used for multiple different kinds of classes. This allows the sending objects to invoke behaviors and to delegate the implementation of those behaviors to the receiving object. A method in Java programming sets the behavior of a class object. For example, an object can send an area message to another object and the appropriate formula is invoked whether the receiving object is a rectangle, circle, triangle, etc. Methods also provide the interface that other classes use to access and modify the properties of an object; this is known as encapsulation. Encapsulation and overriding are the two primary distinguishing features between methods and procedure calls.

text:
# Method (computer programming)

A **method** in object-oriented programming (OOP) is a procedure associated with an object, and generally also a message. An object consists of *state data* and *behavior*; these compose an *interface*, which specifies how the object may be used. A method is a behavior of an object parametrized by a user.

Data is represented as properties of the object, and behaviors are represented as methods. For example, a `Window` object could have methods such as `open` and `close`, while its state (whether it is open or closed at any given point in time) would be a property.

In class-based programming, methods are defined within a class, and objects are instances of a given class. One of the most important capabilities that a method provides is *method overriding* \- the same name (e.g., `area`) can be used for multiple different kinds of classes. This allows the sending objects to invoke behaviors and to delegate the implementation of those behaviors to the receiving object. A method in Java programming sets the behavior of a class object. For example, an object can send an `area` message to another object and the appropriate formula is invoked whether the receiving object is a `rectangle`, `circle`, `triangle`, etc.

Methods also provide the interface that other classes use to access and modify the properties of an object; this is known as *encapsulation*. Encapsulation and overriding are the two primary distinguishing features between methods and procedure calls.

## Overriding and overloading

Method overriding and overloading are two of the most significant ways that a method differs from a conventional procedure or function call. Overriding refers to a subclass redefining the implementation of a method of its superclass. For example, `findArea` may be a method defined on a shape class, `triangle`, etc. would each define the appropriate formula to calculate their area. The idea is to look at objects as "black boxes" so that changes to the internals of the object can be made with minimal impact on the other objects that use it. This is known as encapsulation and is meant to make code easier to maintain and re-use.

Method overloading, on the other hand, refers to differentiating the code used to handle a message based on the parameters of the method. If one views the receiving object as the first parameter in any method then overriding is just a special case of overloading where the selection is based only on the first argument. The following simple Java example illustrates the difference:

## Accessor, mutator and manager methods

Accessor methods are used to read the data values of an object. Mutator methods are used to modify the data of an object. Manager methods are used to initialize and destroy objects of a class, e.g. constructors and destructors.

These methods provide an abstraction layer that facilitates encapsulation and modularity. For example, if a bank-account class provides a `getBalance()` accessor method to retrieve the current balance (rather than directly accessing the balance data fields), then later revisions of the same code can implement a more complex mechanism for balance retrieval (e.g., a database fetch), without the dependent code needing to be changed. The concepts of encapsulation and modularity are not unique to object-oriented programming. Indeed, in many ways the object-oriented approach is simply the logical extension of previous paradigms such as abstract data types and structured programming.

### Constructors

A *constructor* is a method that is called at the beginning of an object's lifetime to create and initialize the object, a process called construction (or *instantiation*). Initialization may include an acquisition of resources. Constructors may have parameters but usually do not return values in most languages. See the following example in Java:

```
public class Main {
    String _name;
    int _roll;

    Main(String name, int roll) { // constructor method
        this._name = name;
        this._roll = roll;
    }
}

```

### Destructor

A *Destructor* is a method that is called automatically at the end of an object's lifetime, a process called Destruction. Destruction in most languages does not allow destructor method arguments nor return values. Destructors can be implemented so as to perform cleanup chores and other tasks at object destruction.

#### Finalizers

In garbage-collected languages, such as Java, C#, and Python, destructors are known as *finalizers*. They have a similar purpose and function to destructors, but because of the differences between languages that utilize garbage-collection and languages with manual memory management, the sequence in which they are called is different.

## Abstract methods

An **abstract method** is one with only a signature and no implementation body. It is often used to specify that a subclass must provide an implementation of the method, as in an abstract class. Abstract methods are used to specify interfaces in some programming languages.

### Example

The following Java code shows an abstract class that needs to be extended:

```
abstract class Shape {
    abstract int area(int h, int w); // abstract method signature
}

```

The following subclass extends the main class:

```
public class Rectangle extends Shape {
    @Override
    int area(int h, int w) {
        return h * w;
    }
}

```

### Reabstraction

If a subclass provides an implementation for an abstract method, another subclass can make it abstract again. This is called *reabstraction*.

In practice, this is rarely used.

#### Example

In C#, a virtual method can be overridden with an abstract method. (This also applies to Java, where all non-private methods are virtual.)

```
class IA
{
    public virtual void M() { }
}
abstract class IB : IA
{
    public override abstract void M(); // allowed
}

```

Interfaces' default methods can also be reabstracted, requiring subclasses to implement them. (This also applies to Java.)

```
interface IA
{
    void M() { }
}
interface IB : IA
{
    abstract void IA.M();
}
class C : IB { } // error: class 'C' does not implement 'IA.M'.

```

## Class methods

Class methods are methods that are called on a class rather than an instance. They are typically used as part of an object meta-model. I.e, for each class, defined an instance of the class object in the meta-model is created. Meta-model protocols allow classes to be created and deleted. In this sense, they provide the same functionality as constructors and destructors described above. But in some languages such as the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) the meta-model allows the developer to dynamically alter the object model at run time: e.g., to create new classes, redefine the class hierarchy, modify properties, etc.

## Special methods

Special methods are very language-specific and a language may support none, some, or all of the special methods defined here. A language's compiler may automatically generate default special methods or a programmer may be allowed to optionally define special methods. Most special methods cannot be directly called, but rather the compiler generates code to call them at appropriate times.

### Static methods

Static methods are meant to be relevant to all the instances of a class rather than to any specific instance. They are similar to static variables in that sense. An example would be a static method to sum the values of all the variables of every instance of a class. For example, if there were a `Product` class it might have a static method to compute the average price of all products.

A static method can be invoked even if no instances of the class exist yet. Static methods are called "static" because they are resolved at compile time based on the class they are called on and not dynamically as in the case with instance methods, which are resolved polymorphically based on the runtime type of the object.

#### Examples

##### In Java

In Java, a commonly used static method is:

```
Math.max(double a, double b)
```

This static method has no owning object and does not run on an instance. It receives all information from its arguments.

### Copy-assignment operators

Copy-assignment operators define actions to be performed by the compiler when a class object is assigned to a class object of the same type.

### Operator methods

Operator methods define or redefine operator symbols and define the operations to be performed with the symbol and the associated method parameters. C++ example:

```
#include <string>

class Data {
 public:
  bool operator<(const Data& data) const { return roll_ < data.roll_; }
  bool operator==(const Data& data) const {
    return name_ == data.name_ && roll_ == data.roll_;
  }

 private:
  std::string name_;
  int roll_;
};

```

## Member functions in C++

Some procedural languages were extended with object-oriented capabilities to leverage the large skill sets and legacy code for those languages but still provide the benefits of object-oriented development. Perhaps the most well-known example is C++, an object-oriented extension of the  programming language. Due to the design requirements to add the object-oriented paradigm on to an existing procedural language, message passing in C++ has some unique capabilities and terminologies. For example, in C++ a method is known as a *member function*. C++ also has the concept of virtual functions which are member functions that can be overridden in derived classes and allow for dynamic dispatch.

### Virtual functions

*Virtual functions* are the means by which a C++ class can achieve polymorphic behavior. *Non-virtual member functions*, or *regular methods*, are those that do not participate in polymorphism.

C++ Example:

```
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

class Super {
 public:
  virtual ~Super() = default;

  virtual void IAm() { std::cout << "I'm the super class!\n"; }
};

class Sub : public Super {
 public:
  void IAm() override { std::cout << "I'm the subclass!\n"; }
};

int main() {
  std::unique_ptr<Super> inst1 = std::make_unique<Super>();
  std::unique_ptr<Super> inst2 = std::make_unique<Sub>();

  inst1->IAm();  // Calls |Super::IAm|.
  inst2->IAm();  // Calls |Sub::IAm|.
}

```


title: Miguel Paternain

abstract: Miguel Paternain, C.Ss.R. was a Uruguayan Roman Catholic cleric.

text:
# Miguel Paternain

**Miguel Paternain**, **C.Ss.R.** (Minas, Uruguay, 16 November 1894 – 21 October 1970) was a Uruguayan Roman Catholic cleric.

## Biography

Ordained 19 February 1921 in the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, he was appointed Bishop of Melo in 1929; he was ordained bishop by the Apostolic Nuncio to Argentina, Archbishop Filippo Cortesi. In 1931 his diocese is renamed Diocese of Florida-Melo, and since then, Paternain has his see at the Cathedral of Florida. Finally, in 1955 is created the Diocese of Florida, which Paternain still holds.

After a very long, fruitful bishopric, in 1960 he resigns as Bishop of Florida; he is appointed titular bishop of Mades in February and, in September, titular archbishop of Achrida.

He passes away in 1970.

## Bibliography

* "Bishop Paternain". *Catholic-Hierarchy.org*. David M. Cheney. Retrieved July 16, 2013.

\]

## InfoBox

| Miguel Paternain | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Florida | |
|  | |
| See | Florida |
| Installed | 1929 |
| Term ended | 1960 |
| Predecessor | José Joaquín Arrospide |
| Successor | Humberto Tonna |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Melo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1894-11-16)November 16, 1894<br>Minas, Uruguay |
| Died | (1970-10-21)October 21, 1970 |
| Nationality | Uruguayan |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Motto | *Oportet Christum Regnare* (Christ must reign) |


title: Polkadot, North Carolina

abstract: Polkadot is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, North Carolina, United States.

text:
# Polkadot, North Carolina

**Polkadot** is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, North Carolina, United States.

## InfoBox

| Polkadot | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| PolkadotPolkadot | |
| Coordinates: 35°27′15″N 81°15′17″W / 35.45417°N 81.25472°W / 35.45417; -81.25472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | Lincoln |
| Elevation | 801 ft (244 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1001791 |


title: My Paper Heart (album)

abstract: My Paper Heart is the major label debut album from American Christian pop rock singer Francesca Battistelli, released on July 22, 2008. The album hit No. 182 on the Billboard 200 in March 2009 and peaked at No. 35 in August 2010; it has sold over 1,000,000 copies on United States. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on July 13, 2012.

text:
# My Paper Heart (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Christian Music Review | 8.3/10 |
| Christianity Today |  |
| Jesus Freak Hideout |  |

***My Paper Heart*** is the major label debut album from American Christian pop rock singer Francesca Battistelli, released on July 22, 2008. The album hit No. 182 on the *Billboard* 200 in March 2009 and peaked at No. 35 in August 2010; it has sold over 1,000,000 copies on United States. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on July 13, 2012.

## Singles

"I'm Letting Go", was released as the lead single from the album before it released in mid-2008, and was the 16th most-played song on Christian radio of 2008.

"Free to Be Me", was released as the second single in the beginning of January 2009, and stayed at No. 1 on Christian contemporary hit radio charts for seven consecutive weeks.

"It's Your Life", was released as the third single, and peaked at No. 12 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. It was also included in the 2011 film, *Soul Surfer*.

"Lead Me to the Cross" was released as the fourth single from the deluxe edition of the album on iTunes on January 19, 2010. It was never released to radio stations.

"Beautiful, Beautiful" was released in February 2010 as the fifth and final single from the album.

## Track listing

Standard edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Free to Be Me" | Francesca Battistelli | 3:28 |
| 2. | "I'm Letting Go" | Battistelli, Ian Eskelin, Tony Wood | 2:53 |
| 3. | "Unpredictable" | Battistelli, Jeff Pardo | 2:58 |
| 4. | "My Paper Heart" | Battistelli, Eskelin, Wood | 3:27 |
| 5. | "Beautiful, Beautiful" | Battistelli, Eskelin, Andrew Fromm | 3:16 |
| 6. | "Blue Sky" | Battistelli, Sam Mizell | 3:55 |
| 7. | "Forever Love" | Battistelli | 3:52 |
| 8. | "Someday Soon" | Battistelli | 3:49 |
| 9. | "Behind the Scenes" | Battistelli, Jeremy Bose | 4:09 |
| 10. | "It's Your Life" | Battistelli, Eskelin | 2:52 |
| 11. | "Time in Between" | Battistelli | 3:24 |
| Total length: | | | 38:03 |

Deluxe edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Lead Me to the Cross" | Brooke Fraser | 4:33 |
| 13. | "Keeping Me Guessing" (Acoustic) | Francesca Battistelli, Ben Glover | 3:43 |
| 14. | "Free to Be Me" (Dented Fender Sessions) | Francesca Battistelli | 3:27 |
| 15. | "I'm Letting Go" (Dented Fender Sessions) | Francesca Battistelli, Ian Eskelin, Tony Wood | 3:01 |
| 16. | "Beautiful, Beautiful" (Dented Fender Sessions) | Francesca Battistelli, Ian Eskelin, Andrew Fromm | 2:51 |
| 17. | "It's Your Life" (Dented Fender Sessions) | Francesca Battistelli, Ian Eskelin | 2:46 |
| Total length: | | | 57:04 |

Dented Fender Sessions
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Free to Be Me" | Francesca Battistelli | 3:27 |
| 2. | "I'm Letting Go" | Battistelli, Ian Eskelin, Tony Wood | 3:00 |
| 3. | "Beautiful, Beautiful" | Battistelli, Eskelin, Andrew Fromm | 2:50 |
| 4. | "It's Your Life" | Battistelli, Eskelin | 2:45 |
| 5. | "Free to Be Me" (Music Video) |  | 3:32 |
| 6. | "Beautiful, Beautiful" (Music Video) |  | 3:25 |
| Total length: | | | 18:19 |

## Personnel

* Francesca Battistelli – lead and backing vocals
* Tim Lauer – keyboards, string arrangements (5, 7)
* Aaron Shannon – additional programming
* Mike Payne – guitars
* Tony Lucido – bass
* Scott Williamson – drums (1, 3, 5-7, 10)
* Ben Phillips – drums (2, 4, 8, 9, 11)
* David Angell – strings (5, 7)
* David Davidson – strings (5, 7)
* Kristin Wilkinson – strings (5, 7)
* Kathleen Carnalli – additional backing vocals (3, 10)

## Production

* Josh Bailey – executive producer
* Ian Eskelin – producer
* Barry Weeks – vocal producer, vocal recording
* Aaron Shannon – recording
* Matthew Barrett – recording assistant
* Mark Lacuesta – string recording (5, 7)
* J.R. McNeely – mixing
* Steve Blackmon – mix assistant
* Ben Phillips – additional drum editing
* Dan Shike – mastering
* Jason Jenkins – A&R
* Katherine Petillo – creative director
* Ray Roper – design
* Jeremy Cowart – photography
* Robin Geary – hair stylist, makeup
* Samantha Roe – wardrobe
* Proper Management – management

**Studios**

* Recorded at Quad Studios (Nashville, Tennessee) and The Holiday Ian (Franklin, Tennessee).
* Additional drum editing at Bletchley Park (Nashville, Tennessee).
* Mixed at Elm South Studio (Franklin, Tennessee).
* Mastered at Tone and Volume Mastering (Nashville, Tennessee).

## Awards

The album was nominated for a Dove Award for Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards. The song "I'm Letting Go" was also nominated for Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| My Paper Heart | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Francesca Battistelli | |
| Released | July 22, 2008 |
| Genre | CCM, pop rock, jazz, soul |
| Length | 38:02 |
| Label | Fervent, Curb |
| Producer | Ian Eskelin |
| Francesca Battistelli chronology | |
| *Just a Breath*
(2004) ***My Paper Heart***
(2008) *Hundred More Years*
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Alternative artwork | |
|  | |
| Deluxe edition artwork | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *My Paper Heart* | |
| 1. "I'm Letting Go"
Released: July 15, 2008 2. "Free to Be Me"
Released: January 2009 3. "It's Your Life"
Released: August 2009 4. "Lead Me to the Cross"
Released: January 19, 2010 5. "Beautiful, Beautiful"
Released: February 2010 | |
|  | |


title: Walter Schröder

abstract:
Walter Schröder was a German rower who competed for the United Team of Germany in the 1960 Summer Olympics. In 1960, he was a crew member of the West German boat which won the gold medal in the eights event.
In 1959 they had won already the European Championships.
After his career as rower he finished his physical education studies, researched and published extensively mainly on rowing and motor learning. He was hired by the University of Hamburg, where he moved up from rowing instructor to Associate Professor for movement studies. Into his section of the department he brought other former athletes, e.g. Arnd Krüger.

text:
# Walter Schröder

**Walter Schröder** (29 December 1932 – 18 October 2022) was a German rower who competed for the United Team of Germany in the 1960 Summer Olympics. In 1960, he was a crew member of the West German boat which won the gold medal in the eights event. In 1959 they had won already the European Championships. After his career as rower he finished his physical education studies, researched and published extensively mainly on rowing and motor learning. He was hired by the University of Hamburg, where he moved up from rowing instructor to Associate Professor for movement studies. Into his section of the department he brought other former athletes, e.g. Arnd Krüger.

* Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Walter Schröder". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.

## InfoBox

Walter Schröder
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1932-12-29)29 December 1932
Utecht, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany |
| Died | 18 October 2022(2022-10-18) (aged 89)
Glinde, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Rowing |
| Medal record      Men's rowing  Representing  Germany  Olympic Games  1960 Rome Eight  Representing  West Germany  European Rowing Championships  1959 Mâcon  Eight | |


title: Minimally invasive spine surgery

abstract: Minimally invasive spine surgery, also known as MISS, has no specific meaning or definition. It implies a lack of severe surgical invasion. The older style of open-spine surgery for a relatively small disc problem used to require a 5-6 inch incision and a month in the hospital. MISS techniques utilize more modern technology, advanced imaging techniques and special medical equipment to reduce tissue trauma, bleeding, radiation exposure, infection risk, and decreased hospital stays by minimizing the size of the incision. Modern endoscopic procedures can be done through a 2 to 5 mm skin opening. By contrast, procedures done with a microscope require skin openings of approximately one inch, or more. MISS can be used to treat a number of spinal conditions such as degenerative disc disease, disc herniation, fractures, tumors, infections, instability, and deformity. It also makes spine surgery possible for patients who were previously considered too high-risk for traditional surgery due to previous medical history or the complexity of the condition.

text:
# Minimally invasive spine surgery

**Minimally invasive spine surgery,** also known as MISS, has no specific meaning or definition. It implies a lack of severe surgical invasion. The older style of open-spine surgery for a relatively small disc problem used to require a 5-6 inch incision and a month in the hospital. MISS techniques utilize more modern technology, advanced imaging techniques and special medical equipment to reduce tissue trauma, bleeding, radiation exposure, infection risk, and decreased hospital stays by minimizing the size of the incision. Modern endoscopic procedures (see below) can be done through a 2 to 5 mm skin opening. By contrast, procedures done with a microscope require skin openings of approximately one inch, or more.

MISS can be used to treat a number of spinal conditions such as degenerative disc disease, disc herniation, fractures, tumors, infections, instability, and deformity. It also makes spine surgery possible for patients who were previously considered too high-risk for traditional surgery due to previous medical history or the complexity of the condition.

## Methods

Traditionally, spine surgery has required surgeons to create a 5-6 inch incision down the affected portion of the spine and to pull back the tissue and muscle using retractors in order to reveal the bone. The wound itself takes a long time to heal; the aim of minimally invasive surgery is reduce tissue trauma and the associated bleeding and risk of infection by minimizing the size of the incision.

Some minimally invasive spine surgery may be performed by a spinal neurosurgeon or an orthopedic surgeon and a trained medical team. Typically, they will begin the operation by delivering a type of anesthesia that numbs a particular part of the body in conjunction with sedation or simply give a general anesthesia that prevents pain and allows the patient to sleep throughout the surgery.

Next, the surgeon may begin taking continuous X-ray images in real time, a process called fluoroscopy, of the affected portion of the spine. This allows them to see what they're operating on, in real-time, throughout the surgery without creating a large incision.

At this point, the surgeon may begin performing the operation, by creating an incision in the skin above the affected portion of the spine and then using a device called an obturator to push the underlying tissue apart; the obturator is inside a tube, which is left behind after the obturator is removed, leaving a channel down to the spine. Small operating tools as well as cameras and a light are used through this tube. In other surgeries this is called a trocar; in spine surgery it is called a "tubular retractor."

The surgeon makes the necessary repairs to the spine, extracting affected disc material out through the tubular retractor and inserting medical devices, such as intervertebral spacers, rods, pedicle screws, facet screws, nucleus replacement devices, and artificial discs, through the retractor.

Robot-assisted surgery is another technique that is used occasionally in minimally invasive spine surgery.

When the procedure is done the tube is removed, and the wound is stitched, stapled, or glued shut.

## Specific procedures

There are many spinal procedures that make use of minimally invasive techniques. They can involve cutting away tissue (discectomy), fixing adjacent vertebrae to one another (spinal fusion), and replacing bone or other tissue.The main philosophy is least bloods, tissue damage, and keep bone/tissue architecture The name of the procedure often includes the region of the spine that is operated on, including cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine. These procedures include:

Small or ultra-small endoscopic discectomy (called Nano Endoscopic Discectomy or Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Discectomy and Reconfiguration) does not have bone removal, like laminectomy or laminotomy. These procedures do not cause post-laminectomy syndrome (Failed back syndrome).

## Risks and benefits

Risks include damage to nerves or muscles, a cerebrospinal fluid leak, and typical surgical risks, such as infection or a failure to resolve the condition that prompted the surgery.

Claims are made that the larger style of MISS has better outcomes than open surgery with respect to fewer complications and shorter hospital stays, but data supporting those claims is non-conclusive.

## History

Humans have been trying to treat spinal pain for at least 5,000 years. The first evidence of spine surgery appeared in Egyptian mummies buried in 3,000 BC. However, Hippocrates is often credited with being the father of spine surgery due to the extensive amount of writing and proposed treatments he produced on the topic. The first operative spine surgery is credited to Paul of Aegina who lived during the 7th century.

However, only within the last 50 years have advances in digital fluoroscopy, image guidance, endoscopy and minimally invasive surgical tools allowed minimally invasive spine surgery to rise to the forefront of spinal procedures.

## InfoBox

| Minimally invasive spine surgery | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | orthopedic surgeon, neurosurgeon |


title: 1938 Turkish presidential election

abstract: The 1938 Turkish presidential election is the presidential election held in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 11 November 1938. The election was held one day after the death of President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on 10 November 1938. 348 MPs participated in the elections. The current President İsmet İnönü was unanimously elected president.

text:
# 1938 Turkish presidential election

The **1938 Turkish presidential election** is the presidential election held in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 11 November 1938. The election was held one day after the death of President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on 10 November 1938. 348 MPs participated in the elections. The current President İsmet İnönü was unanimously elected president.

## Results

| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | İsmet İnönü | Republican People's Party | 348 | 100.00 |
| Total | | | 348 | 100.00 |

## InfoBox

1938 Turkish presidential election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **İsmet İnönü**    Party CHP   MP votes **348** | |
| ---  **President before election**
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
CHP **Elected President**
İsmet İnönü
CHP | |


title: Loška Gora, Radeče

abstract: Loška Gora is a small dispersed settlement in the Municipality of Radeče in eastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills just south of Radeče in the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region; until January 2014 it was part of the Savinja Statistical Region.

text:
# Loška Gora, Radeče

**Loška Gora** (pronounced \[ˈloːʃka ˈɡɔːɾa\]) is a small dispersed settlement in the Municipality of Radeče in eastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills just south of Radeče in the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region; until January 2014 it was part of the Savinja Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Loška Gora | |
| --- | --- |
| Loška GoraLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°3′8.94″N 15°10′58.28″E / 46.0524833°N 15.1828556°E / 46.0524833; 15.1828556 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Lower Carniola |
| Statistical region | Lower Sava |
| Municipality | Radeče |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.64 km2 (0.25 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 318.3 m (1,044.3 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 5 |
|  | |


title: Vidyasagar College

abstract: Vidyasagar College is a state government-aided public college, affiliated to the University of Calcutta, located in North Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The college offers both post-graduate and under-graduate courses in a number of subjects of arts and science. Founded in 1872, it was the first private college in India which was purely run, maintained and financed by Indians. Formerly known as Metropolitan Institution, it was named after its founder Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in 1917. The college is affiliated to Calcutta University, under UGC and accredited by NAAC. It follows semester based CBCS system. The college does not participate in NIRF ranking in college category. The college was a part of DBT STAR College Scheme. The college receives funding from State Government, UGC and other GOI-affiliated institutes or schemes i.e RUSA, ICSSR, AICTE and NIEIT.

text:
# Vidyasagar College

**Vidyasagar College** is a state government-aided public college, affiliated to the University of Calcutta, located in North Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The college offers both post-graduate and under-graduate courses in a number of subjects of arts and science. Founded in 1872, it was the first private college (now governmental) in India which was purely run, maintained and financed by Indians. Formerly known as *Metropolitan Institution*, it was named after its founder Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in 1917.

The college is affiliated to Calcutta University, under UGC and accredited by NAAC. It follows semester based CBCS system. The college does not participate in NIRF ranking in college category. The college was a part of DBT STAR College Scheme. The college receives funding from State Government, UGC (via CU) and other GOI-affiliated institutes or schemes i.e RUSA, ICSSR, AICTE and NIEIT.

## History

A Bengali educationist named Thakurdas Chakraborty founded Metropolitan Training School (later Calcutta Training School) in 1859 at 1 Arpuly Lane, Kolkata. Pundit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, the educationist and social reformer, joined the institution as the President of the Managing Committee in the school in 1860. In 1864, the school was renamed as the Metropolitan Institution.

### Upgradation to college

In 1864, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar applied to the Calcutta University for their affiliation to the First Arts (FA) course. The application was turned down, mainly due to the objection raised by Mr J. Sutcliffe, the then Principal of Presidency College. He stated that giving affiliation to a competitive college run by the Indians may undermine the dignity and importance of Presidency College. However, the students of the school performed extremely well in the Entrance Examination, conducted by the University of Calcutta in 1871. For this brilliant performance of students, Pundit Vidyasagar renewed his efforts for getting affiliation of the University. This time, despite some opposition, the University Vice-Chancellor, Edward Clive Bail, agreed to the proposal and on 27 January 1871, the Syndicate in its meeting sanctioned the prayer for affiliation and recommended it to the Government. Finally, on 19 February 1871 the Government of India sanctified affiliation of the institution up to the standard of the First Examination in Arts (FA), with effect from the month of January 1872. The college became the first private and truly secular college in the Presidency of Bengal, run, taught and even financed by Indians. The college initially started with only 5 departments, which included Sanskrit, English, Philosophy and General History. Masses like Surendranath Banerjee were associated with teaching in the institute.

The College received affiliation of the University for Imparting Education up to Graduation level in 1879 and for BL course in 1882.

### Renaming, upgrowth and formation of evening and woman wings

After the passing away of the founder in 1891, Metropolitan Institute, was renamed to Vidyasagar College in 1917. Saradaranjan Ray, who taught Sanskrit, was the principal of the college, at that time. His third brother, Muktidaranjan Ray, who taught Mathematics, was also a professor of this college. Since 1917 the College entered a phase of rapid upgradation, expanded academic curriculum and introduced a commerce department in 1922. The Commerce Department has been considered as the oldest commerce teaching department in India. It had its affiliation up to B.Com standard in 1928 and gradually attracted students from whole India.

Due to the rapid growth of the commerce section, in terms of faculty and student strength, a separate wing devoted to commerce teaching in evening hours was established in 1951. In 1961, the evening section emerged as an independent entity with a separate Governing Body and affiliation from University of Calcutta, having a new name "Vidyasagar Metropolitan College".

On 1 July 1931, the Woman Section of the college was introduced. The classes for Woman section were scheduled in morning. In 1960, the morning Woman section separated as a new independent entity with the affiliation of University of Calcutta.

## Campuses

The college has three campuses in Kolkata: **Main campus** (heritage campus), **Bidhan Sarani Campus'** and **Bidhannagar Campus**. The main campus is at *39 Sankar Ghose Lane* near the College Street. The second campus is Bidhan Sarani Campus at Bidhan Sarani Road, which is connected internally to the main campus. The Vidyasagar College for Women and Vidyasagar Metropolitan College (night college) are also connected in the same area. The college has its third campus named Bidhannagar Campus at the Salt lake Sector II, which is specialized for post-graduate courses. The three campuses and playground consists total around 3 acres (excluding Vidyasagar Women's college and Vidyasagar Metropolitan college campuses) with total built up area being 8210.13 sq. Mr.

## Academics

### Departments and courses

The college has following 21 departments in UG level: English, Bengali, Hindi, Sanskrit, Philosophy, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Journalism, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Computer Science, Electronics, Zoology, Botany, Physiology, Bio-Chemistry, Psychology and Food & Nutrition. The college offers 20 honours courses, 4 general courses.

The post graduate courses are offered in Geography (Regional Planning, Urban & Transport Geography, Advanced Geomorphology, Population & Welfare Geography) and Zoology (Fisheries and Aquaculture, Entomology, Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Parasites and Immunology).

### Computer centre and courses

The college has a separate Computer Centre and computer education unit, which is directly accredited by the National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Department of Electronics, Government of India. It conducts CCC ,”O” Level and “A” Level Courses which are recognized by the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE). The Directorate of Employment, Govt. of West Bengal has also recognized the courses that are taught at this centre. The Computer Centre is governed by an academic committee, composed of faculty members from the college and from the Institute of Computer Engineers (India). Various educational CDs can be accessed through the CD library of the centre.

### NAAC Accreditation

In cycle 2 accreditation of 2016, by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council, the college was re-accredited a "**B++**" grade on the basis of CGPA **2.80**. In cycle 1, the college was accredited a "B" grade on the basis of CGPA 2.63 under a four point scale.

## Incidents

### Attacks due to political violence

A scuffle broke out between student activists from the All India Trinamool Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party. Stone pelting incidents have been reported near a college hostel on Bidhan Sarani Street in Kolkata during Amit Shah's Road show in May 2019. BJP workers and supporters shouted "Jai Shri Ram" and "Narendra Modi Zindabad" during the road show. BJP activists locked the doors of the hostel and set up bicycles and motorbikes parked outside on fire. Local news organisation Anandabazar Patrika’s ground report shows stones being hurled inside the premises by people standing outside on the road, wearing saffron coloured “NaMo Again” t-shirts. The footage does not show anyone throwing stones from inside the campus. In the violence that followed, the BJP workers vandalized the college hostel and destroyed the bust of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

Vidyasagar College, Kolkata
| Former name | Metropolitan Institution |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | *Upholding the cause of education and nation building* |
| Type | Public, Governmental, co-educational |
| Established | 1872 (1872) (as *Metropolitan Institution*)
1917 (1917) (as *Vidyasagar College*) |
| Founder | Pt. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar |
| Affiliation | University of Calcutta
NAAC (under UGC) |
| Principal | Gautam Kundu |
| Students | 3500 (approximate) |
| Address | Kolkata, West Bengal, India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
22°34′54″N 88°21′58″E / 22.5817693°N 88.3661595°E / 22.5817693; 88.3661595 |
| Campus | Urban (total ~4 acres, including three campus and playground) |
| Website | vidyasagarcollege.edu.in |
|  | |
| Location in KolkataVidyasagar College (India) | |


title: Midnight Blue (Louise Tucker album)

abstract: Midnight Blue is the title of Louise Tucker's 1982 debut album. Total sales for the lead single, "Midnight Blue", and the resultant album totaled seven million. Midnight Blue reached number 1 in France and number 1 in Canada, and in various countries around the world. The title track was the 51st biggest single of 1983 in the Canadian charts. The album was released on CD in 1990. Music is from composer Ludwig van Beethoven Sonata No. 8 Op. 13 (Pathetique)

text:
# Midnight Blue (Louise Tucker album)

***Midnight Blue*** is the title of Louise Tucker's 1982 debut album.

Total sales for the lead single, "Midnight Blue", and the resultant album totaled seven million.

*Midnight Blue* reached number 1 in France and number 1 in Canada, and in various countries around the world. The title track was the 51st biggest single of 1983 in the Canadian charts. The album was released on CD in 1990.

Music is from composer Ludwig van Beethoven Sonata No. 8 Op. 13 (Pathetique)

## Track listing

1. "Midnight Blue"
2. "Only for You"
3. "Hush"
4. "Shadows"
5. "Waiting for Hugo"
6. "Voices in the Wind"
7. "Jerusalem"
8. "Graveyard Angel"
9. "Gettin' Older"

## Charts

| Chart (1983) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 72 |

## InfoBox

| Midnight Blue | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Louise Tucker | |
| Released | 1982 |
| Recorded | 1982 |
| Genre | Synthpop, classical crossover |
| Label | Arista (US) / Ariola Records (Europe) |
| Producer | Charlie Skarbek |


title: Genaro de la Riva

abstract: Genaro de la Riva Ruiz was a Spanish athlete who performed several modalities such as foil, sailing, cricket, field hockey and footballer who played as a midfielder for RCD Espanyol and Catalonia. He was one of the most important figures in the history of RCD Espanyol, both as a player and President of the club, serving as the latter on three separate occasions for a total of 16 years at the helm of the club. His brothers Victorià and Santiago were also presidents of RCD Espanyol, a society that the three la Riva brothers presided for many years, paying for and maintaining the economy of the club mostly from their own pocket.

text:
# Genaro de la Riva

**Genaro de la Riva Ruiz** (9 September 1890 - 25 February 1968) was a Spanish athlete who performed several modalities such as foil, sailing, cricket, field hockey and footballer who played as a midfielder for RCD Espanyol and Catalonia. He was one of the most important figures in the history of RCD Espanyol, both as a player and President of the club, serving as the latter on three separate occasions (1920–22, 1925–30 and 1933–42) for a total of 16 years at the helm of the club. His brothers Victorià and Santiago were also presidents of RCD Espanyol, a society that the three la Riva brothers presided for many years, paying for and maintaining the economy of the club mostly from their own pocket.

## Club career

Born in Barcelona as the son of Victorià de la Riva, a natural from Ortigosa de Cameros, and Jacinta Ruiz i Alonso, he was born to one of the most richest family in Catalonia, Genaro went to study spinning and weaving abroad at the age of just 17, one year in France, one in Belgium (where he was the school's foil champion) and one in England. It was on the latter where he was introduced to football and began developing an interest for the growing sport. Returning to Barcelona in 1910, aged 20, he played in the first team of RCD Espanyol between 1911 and 1912, as a midfielder, helping his team to an unexpected triumph in the 1911–12 Catalan championship, thus interrupting a three-year winning streak of FC Barcelona.

He then joined Polo JC in 1913, where he played cricket and field hockey and where he was the champion of Spain.

## International career

Like many other RCD Espanyol players of that time, de la Riva was eligible to play for the Catalonia national team, earning one cap in a friendly against France on 1 December 1912, in which he clutched the game's only goal in a 1–0 win.

## Club presidency

He was president of Espanyol on three different periods, 1920–1922, 1925–1930 and 1933–1942. When he took over the club for the first time in 1920, Espanyol was enduring one of the worst moment in its history, due to the departures of Ricardo Zamora and Clemente Gràcia to Barcelona and José Luis Zabala to Oviedo, all of which in 1919, not to mention the casualties of players who had been recruited to fight in the Rif War (1921–26). But the biggest problem was an eviction order for the non-payment of the Muntaner street field, Espanyol’s football field at the time. It is said that around this time, la Riva had to listen in a barbershop how a client proclaimed: "I think Espanyol is definitely dead." The one who said it turned out to be Joan Gamper, FC Barcelona’s president at the time, to which he replied: "While I live, Espanyol will live”, although this story may be legend rather than fact. Either way, la Riva saved the entity from its disappearance by facing, together with his brothers, the eviction, as they provided the money for the purchase of the lands and grounds in Can Ràbia for 170,000 pesetas (about 1,000 euros) in which the Sarrià Stadium was constructed and opened in 1923, becoming the home of the espanyolistas for more than 70 years until they moved out in 1997. They faced setbacks, however, as the construction company went bankrupt, the stands were unbuilt and the team had to carry out endless tours (among them, a very famous one in America in 1926) to finance the works. This was his main achievement as the president of the club because acquiring their own stadium was a very important step in the club's bid for supremacy in Catalan football. Furthermore, at the end of his first mandate in 1922, la Riva managed to bring Zamora back to the club's ranks after three years at city rivals FC Barcelona.

In his second mandate, la Riva promoted and organized Espanyol’s 1926 tour of South America in an attempt to make the presence of Ricardo Zamora profitable. The club had already failed at doing this with some tours that took the team through the north of Spain, Portugal and the Canary Islands, but this time the project of la Riva, who had become president for the second time just the year before, was much more ambitious, and possibly the most daring adventure in the club’s history at the time. He prepared Espanyol’s tour in great detail, with commitments contracted in advance and with the claim of the presence of the then legendary Ricardo Zamora in goal, and la Riva himself travelled with the group, which consisted of 12 club players and seven more borrowed from other entities, who played matches in Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Peru and Cuba with attendances as high as 60,000. The tour only ended four months later, and their American tour was such a success that Real Madrid and Barcelona soon emulated it. The benefits of this tour and another subsequent one to Central Europe served to finance the Sarriá grandstand, a venue inaugurated three years earlier.

It was also during his second stint at the helm of the club that Espanyol finally achieved its first Copa del Rey title in 1929 by defeating Real Madrid 2–1 in the final. Approximately 5,000 Espanyol fans travelled to Valencia to see the final, doing so by car, train or boat, and la Riva chartered a Trasmediterránea Company ship on his own to carry about 950 fans who could not afford the travel otherwise. Under la Riva, Espanyol was one of the ten founding clubs of the Spanish League in 1929, and on 10 February, just seven days after winning the 1929 cup final, Espanyol’s Pitus Prat scored the very first goal in the history of the Spanish First Division. His third mandate, which began in 1933, was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War and the seizure of the club by some employees under the tutelage of the General Union of Workers. And after this obligatory parenthesis, he regained his duties of president in 1940, a position he held until 13 May 1942, adding to his record another Copa del Rey title in 1940, the club’s second, and being a finalist in the following year.

During the entire period of his presidency, Espanyol always remained in the highest category of Spanish football. Moreover, the athletics, cycling, rugby, and basketball sections were revitalized. He was also a pioneer of field hockey. In total, he served as the club's president for 16 years. Genaro has been cataloged by many as the best president in the history of the club. When he left the presidency, he remained linked to the club and was partner number 2. His brothers Victorià and Santiago were also presidents of the club.

He was also a director of the Spanish Football Federation. He also presided over the Sant Cugat Golf Club, and, at the end of the Civil War, he headed a group of partners that rebuilt the golf course.

The Catalan Football Federation distinguished him with the Gold Medal for Sports Merit and Espanyol with the club's Gold Medal posthumously.

## Death

He died in a traffic accident in February 1968, at the age of 83, along with his sister Mercedes, on a road in the north of Almería.

## Honours

### Club

RCD Espanyol

## InfoBox

| Genaro de la Riva | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of RCD Espanyol | |
| **In office**
1920–1922 | |
| Preceded by | Victorià de la Riva |
| Succeeded by | Eusebio Fernández Muñiz |
| President of RCD Espanyol | |
| **In office**
1925–1930 | |
| Preceded by | Santiago de la Riva |
| Succeeded by | Santiago de la Riva |
| President of RCD Espanyol | |
| **In office**
1933–1942 | |
| Preceded by | Javier de Salas |
| Succeeded by | Francisco Román Cenarro |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1890-09-09)9 September 1890
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain |
| Died | 25 February 1968(1968-02-25) (aged 77)
Vera, Andalusia, Spain |
| Association football career Full name  Genaro de la Riva Ruiz  Position(s) Midfielder  Senior career\*  Years **Team** **Apps** **(Gls)**  1911–1912 RCD Espanyol    1913–1916 Polo JC    International career  1912 Catalonia  1  (1)  \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | |
|  | |


abstract: The Mason Contractors Association of America (MCAA) is a trade association in the United States of America representing mason contractors.

text:
# Mason Contractors Association of America

The **Mason Contractors Association of America** (MCAA) is a trade association in the United States of America representing mason contractors.

## Activities

MCAA promotes building codes and standards for mason contractors and designers such as the ASTM, MSJC, ASCE, and the IBC.

Each year, MCAA conducts the MCAA Convention which includes the annual meeting and educational programming. The association conducts various classes. Some programs include Masonry Foreman Development, Basic Masonry Estimating, Masonry Quality Institute, and other topics such as Masonry Wall Bracing and Understanding Masonry Codes and Standards.

The MCAA provides information on careers in masonry to students, parents and high schools. The MCAA supports the establishment of both pre-apprentice and apprenticeship programs and assists local training programs.

## Organizational structure

The full board consists of a Chairman, Chairman Elect, Treasurer, Secretary and nine Regional Vice Presidents. In addition, State Chairmen serve for each state and thirteen Committees help drive the association.

The Mason Contractors Association of America has a full-time staff in Washington, D.C.


title: My Paranoid Next Door Neighbor

abstract: My Paranoid Next Door Neighbor is a one-shot Japanese manga by Kazuka Minami. It is licensed in North America by Digital Manga Publishing, which released the manga through its imprint 801 Media on August 20, 2007.

text:
# My Paranoid Next Door Neighbor

***My Paranoid Next Door Neighbor*** (Japanese: 隣の部屋のパラノイア, Hepburn: *Tonari no Heya no Paranoia*) is a one-shot Japanese manga by Kazuka Minami. It is licensed in North America by Digital Manga Publishing, which released the manga through its imprint 801 Media on August 20, 2007.

## Reception

ActiveAnime's Holly Ellingwood describes the story as being "about falling in love, running away, and facing your feelings, this is a little gem of a romance." Shaenon Garrity, writing for the appendix to *Manga: The Complete Guide*, enjoyed the "sex-positive manga", noting that there was little angst. Mania Entertainment's Danielle Van Gorder described Minami's art as "first-rate", enjoying its "sharp, assured lines, minimal shading, and plenty of detail". Johanna Draper Carlson regards *My Paranoid Next Door Neighbor* as being "all about the sex", noting the similarities in the storyline to a romance novel where a lower-status female is pursued by a higher-status man. Carlson admired the manga's steadfastness in including sex scenes, as she regards this as being a key draw of yaoi. An anonymous Publishers Weekly reviewer also noted the similarities to a romance novel, and criticized the youthful appearance of the character designs. The Publishers Weekly reviewer described the manga as having a "saturated atmosphere"..."satisfying the dedicated genre fan".

## InfoBox

| My Paranoid Next Door Neighbor | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the Tokuma Shoten release | |
| 隣の部屋のパラノイア<br>(*Tonari no Heya no Paranoia*) | |
| Genre | Yaoi |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Kazuka Minami |
| Published by | Tokuma Shoten |
| English publisher |  |
| Demographic | Josei |
| Published | July 24, 2004 |
| Volumes | 1 |


title: Mind the Game

abstract: Mind the Game is a basketball podcast hosted by American basketball player LeBron James and coach JJ Redick. It was produced by their respective media production companies, Uninterrupted and ThreeFourTwo Productions. At the time of the podcast's debut on March 19, 2024, James was an active player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), while Redick was retired NBA player and then a sports podcaster and NBA broadcast analyst for ESPN. On June 24, just a few months after the podcast's debut, Redick was introduced as the head coach of Lakers and stated he would not continue podcasting in the role. It is unclear if Mind the Game will continue without Redick.

text:
# Mind the Game

***Mind the Game*** is a basketball podcast hosted by American basketball player LeBron James and coach JJ Redick. It was produced by their respective media production companies, Uninterrupted and ThreeFourTwo Productions. At the time of the podcast's debut on March 19, 2024, James was an active player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), while Redick was retired NBA player and then a sports podcaster and NBA broadcast analyst for ESPN.

On June 24, just a few months after the podcast's debut, Redick was introduced as the head coach of Lakers and stated he would not continue podcasting in the role. It is unclear if *Mind the Game* will continue without Redick.

## Development and release

Hosted by LeBron James and JJ Redick, *Mind the Game* is produced by James' and Redick's media production companies, Uninterrupted and ThreeFourTwo Productions, respectively. While the series is James' first venture into podcasting, Redick had been in the space for years prior. Redick was first approached in the summer of 2015 to join NBA reporter Adrian Wojnarowski's then new website, *The Vertical*, as a writer. Still an active player at the time, Redick declined, thinking he would not able to balance writing with his playing workload. That October, Wojnarowski pitched the idea of Redick hosting a podcast instead. In February 2016, Redick became the first active NBA player to host a weekly show when he launched his podcast with *The Vertical*, part of Yahoo! Sports' network. Redick hosted 40 episodes of his podcast for Yahoo! Sports, as well as a singular one produced by Uninterrupted. Redick was also the subject of *The Process*, a short documentary film produced by Uninterrupted in 2017.

Redick also met media producer Tommy Alter, who suggested the former host a podcast for *The Ringer*. Alter's production credits include *The Shop*, a talk show-formatted web series starring James. Redick went on to host for three seasons, the final of which was co-hosted by Alter. In 2020, following his stint with *The Ringer*, Redick co-founded ThreeFourTwo Productions along with Alter and the two began hosting *The Old Man and the Three* podcast. *Bleacher Report* reported that ESPN analyst and former NBA player Jay Williams stated that *Mind the Game* "was broadly in the work for years as an idea and predated \[Darvin\] Ham's tenure" as head coach of the Lakers.

*Mind the Game* premiered on digital streaming platofrms on March 19, 2024, with its video format being released on an eponymous YouTube channel.

In June 2024, Redick signed on to be the head coach of James' Lakers. During his introductory press conference on June 24, Redick stated that he was "done with podcasting", including his appearances on *Mind the Game*. At the time, the podcast released nine episodes. On the future status of *Mind the Game*, *Sports Illustrated* writer Eva Geitheim stated "it's unclear if James will continue the podcast on his own, bring on a new co-host, or end the podcast altogether". Meanwhile, ESPN writer Dave McMenamin referred to the podcast as "shuttered". Redick did however add during his introductory press conference that there would be closure of sorts for *Mind the Game*, stating "we'll just do something for all of the people that listened and we'll have a small little video".

## Content

*Mind the Game* featured James and Redick discussing and analyzing the game of basketball, primarily in an "X's and O's" fashion. James Caspian Kang of *The New Yorker* described that in the video form of podcast, James and Redick are "shot in an intimate style with a lot of wine bottles littered around the set". Episodes feature Redick explaining basketball jargon so that the audience can later follow along when he and James "meticulously" analyze particular plays, which included some of James' from throughout his career. Redick's explanations are delivered in solo monologues and in the video version of the podcast, his explanations are accompanied by on-screen definitions and he is featured drawing up the actions he describes.

## Reception

After the first episode of *Mind the Game* was uploaded, Jimmy Traina of *Sports Illustrated* called the podcast "a must listen". Traina wrote that since Redick already proved himself a "tremendous podcaster" in the space and added that James' foray into podcasting was successful, calling him "a natural" and praising his mixture of "X's and O's with fun and lightheartedness".

Writing on the series after its first five episodes premiered, Kang wrote that "The show's gambit is to bring star power and the perspective of real insiders to analytical commentary, renegotiating the sportswriter's balance between geeky shoptalk and the audience's love of narratives". Marcus Thompson II of *The New York Times* wrote positively of James' and Redick's work on the podcast, opining that although "it drips with pretension at times" and "occasionally delves into condescending tones", audiences should "be patient" with the show as the hosts "eventually descend to proletarian realms". Thompson II added that "Most of the episodes are actually spent right where you want them: talking ball, breaking down plays and players, rehashing memories. You don't even notice the swirls and sips because it's too captivating when \[James\] slides into his zone of explanation". Thompson praised the chemistry between James and Redick, calling the latter a "worthy floor general" for the show and writing that:

> Vulnerability, clearly, is to be coaxed out of \[James\]. The show could certainly use more of it. But Redick squeezes out enough to avoid predictability. It's \[James'\] analysis of it all, the triumphs and the struggles, that offers the show's greatest gems and makes it a compelling digestion.

Stephen A. Smith, the host of ESPN's *First Take* talk show stated that "numerous coaches, Black coaches, called me expressing how they took issue with that podcast taking place". Smith also opined that James' decision to launch the podcast in the middle of the 2023–24 NBA season while the Lakers' then head coach Darvin Ham was on the "hot seat" was an "egregious thing". Smith added that many of the coaches who contacted him felt that it "hurt" Ham's standing as the Lakers' coach. Ham was fired from his position following the Lakers' elimination from the 2024 NBA playoffs and Redick emerged as a widely reported candidate for the vacancy; ESPN analyst and reporter Andraya Carter stated that *Mind the Game* reflected Redick's ambitions to be an NBA coach.

The first episode of *Mind the Game* received over 1.3 million views on YouTube in its first day, attracting 227,000 subscribers in the same period. By the time Redick was hired as the Lakers' coach, the episode received nearly 4 million views. Each of the nine episodes received over 700,000 views at the time of Redick's hiring.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original release date | Viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "What Makes a Great Basketball Player?" | March 19, 2024 (2024-03-19) | 3.89 |
| 2 | "The Hardest Actions to Guard in Basketball" | March 27, 2024 (2024-03-27) | 2.21 |
| 3 | "Basketball Evolution" | April 3, 2024 (2024-04-03) | 1.60 |
| 4 | "The Spacing, The Icons and The Block" | April 10, 2024 (2024-04-10) | 1.04 |
| 5 | "The NBA Playoffs" | April 17, 2024 (2024-04-17) | 1.13 |
| 6 | "How Three-Point Shooting Changed Everything" | May 1, 2024 (2024-05-01) | 0.74 |
| 7 | "Breaking Down the 2024 NBA Playoffs (So Far)" | May 8, 2024 (2024-05-08) | 0.82 |
| 8 | "The Conference Finals" | May 22, 2024 (2024-05-22) | 0.95 |
| 9 | "The NBA Finals" | June 5, 2024 (2024-06-05) | 0.82 |

1. "About Mind the Game Pod w/ LeBron James and JJ Redick". YouTube.
2. Nadkarni, Rohan (January 21, 2022). "How JJ Redick's Podcasting Career Took Off". *Sports Illustrated*. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
3. Kavner, Rowan (January 28, 2016). "Redick To Be First Active NBA Player With Weekly Podcast". *NBA.com*. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
4. Cacciola, Scott (August 3, 2020). "After 100 Podcasts, JJ Redick Widens His Range". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
5. Burton, Josh (July 20, 2017). "JJ Redick Goes Behind-The-Scenes On His Free Agency Decision in Documentary". *Slam*. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
6. Zucker, Joseph (June 17, 2024). "Stephen A.: Coaches Took Issue with LeBron, JJ Redick Podcast amid Ham, Lakers Rumors". *Bleacher Report*. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
7. Noh, Stephen (March 19, 2024). "LeBron James & JJ Redick podcast: Explaining defensive idea for America's play, or BOB, from 'Mind the Game' | Sporting News". *Sporting News*. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
8. Axon, Scooby (March 19, 2024). "LeBron James, JJ Redick team up for basketball-centric podcast". *USA Today*. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
9. Weprin, Alex (March 18, 2024). "LeBron James and JJ Redick Set Basketball Podcast 'Mind the Game'". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Archived from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
10. Marchand, Andrew (March 19, 2024). "LeBron James, JJ Redick teaming up for new basketball-centric podcast". *The Athletic*. Archived from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
11. Geitheim, Eva (June 24, 2024). "JJ Redick Reveals Whether Or Not He Will Continue Podcasting After Taking Lakers Job". *Sports Illustrated*. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
12. McMenamin, Dave (June 24, 2024). "JJ Redick acknowledges inexperience, shares vision for Lakers". ESPN. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
13. Quinn, Sam (June 24, 2024). "JJ Redick confirms he's 'done with podcasting' as he takes Lakers coaching job: 'I am excommunicated'". CBS Sports. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
14. Woodroof, Cory (June 24, 2024). "New Lakers coach JJ Redick confirmed his podcasting days with LeBron James are over". *USA Today*. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
15. Golliver, Ben (June 20, 2024). "Lakers to hire former player and podcaster JJ Redick as head coach". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
16. Kang, James Caspian (April 26, 2024). "Could "Mind the Game" Change the Way Sports Are Covered?". *The New Yorker*. Archived from the original on April 30, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
17. Thompson II, Michael (April 16, 2024). "LeBron James and JJ Redick's 'Mind the Game' podcast takes hoops discourse to new territory". *The Athletic*. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024  via The New York Times.
18. Traina, Jimmy (March 19, 2024). "From Steph Curry Praise to Bashing Trades, LeBron James's New Podcast Is a Must-Listen". *Sports Illustrated*. Archived from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
19. Gutelle, Sam (March 20, 2024). "LeBron James gets 1.3 million YouTube views in one day with first episode of new podcast". *Tubefilter*. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
20. *What Makes a Great Basketball Player?*. *Mind the Game*. March 19, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024  via YouTube.
21. *The Hardest Actions to Guard in Basketball*. *Mind the Game*. March 27, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024  via YouTube.
22. *Basketball Evolution*. *Mind the Game*. March 27, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024  via YouTube.
23. *The Spacing, The Icons and The Block*. *Mind the Game*. April 10, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024  via YouTube.
24. *The NBA Playoffs*. *Mind the Game*. April 17, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024  via YouTube.
25. *How Three-Point Shooting Changed Everything*. *Mind the Game*. May 1, 2024. Retrieved May 12, 2024  via YouTube.
26. *Breaking Down the 2024 NBA Playoffs (So Far)*. *Mind the Game*. May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 12, 2024  via YouTube.
27. *The Conference Finals*. *Mind the Game*. May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024  via YouTube.
28. *The NBA Finals*. *Mind the Game*. June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024  via YouTube.

## InfoBox

| *Mind the Game* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Presentation | |
| Hosted by |  |
| Genre | Sports |
| Format | * Audio * video |
| Created by |  |
| Language | English |
| Updates | Weekly |
| Production | |
| Production |  |
| No. of episodes | 9 |
| Publication | |
| Original release | March 19
June 5, 2024 |
| Related | |
| **YouTube information** | |
| Channel |  |
| Years active | 2024 |
| Subscribers | 657K |
| Total views | 33.5 million |
| Creator Awards  100,000 subscribers 2024 | |
| ---  *Last updated:* June 24, 2024 | |
|  | |


title: 1938 24 Hours of Le Mans

abstract: The 1938 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 15th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 18 and 19 June 1938.

text:
# 1938 24 Hours of Le Mans

The **1938 24 Hours of Le Mans** was the 15th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 18 and 19 June 1938.

## Official results

Final results
| Pos | Class | No | Team | Drivers | Chassis | Engine | Laps |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 5.0 | 15 | Eugène Chaboud / Jean Trémoulet | Eugène Chaboud
Jean Trémoulet | Delahaye 135CS | Delahaye 3.6L I6 | 235 |
| 2 | 5.0 | 14 | Gaston Serraud | Gaston Serraud
Yves Giraud-Cabantous | Delahaye 135CS | Delahaye 3.6L I6 | 233 |
| 3 | 5.0 | 5 | Jean Prenant | Jean Prenant
André Morel | Talbot T150SS Coupe | Talbot 4.0L I6 | 219 |
| 4 | 5.0 | 10 | Louis Villeneuve | Louis Villeneuve
René Biolay | Delahaye 135CS | Delahaye 3.6L I6 | 218 |
| 5 | 2.0 | 24 | Emile Darl'mat | Charles de Cortanze
Marcel Contet | Darl'mat DS | Peugeot 2.0L I4 | 214 |
| 6 | 2.0 | 28 | Adler | Peter Graff Orssich
Rudolf Sauerwein | Adler Super Trumpf Rennlimousine | Adler 1.7L I4 | 211 |
| 7 | 1.5 | 33 | Adler | Otto Löhr
Paul von Guillaume | Adler Trumpf Rennlimousine | Adler 1.5L I4 | 204 |
| 8 | 1.1 | 46 | Jacques Savoye | Jacques Savoye
Pierre Savoye | Singer Nine Le Mans Replica
"Savoye Special" | Singer 1.0L I4 | 174 |
| 9 | 1.1 | 42 | Just-Emile Vernet | Albert Debille
Guy Lapchin | Simca Huit | Fiat 1.1L I4 | 172 |
| 10 | 1.5 | 31 | Ecurie Lapin Blanc | Peter Clark
Marcus Chambers | HRG Le Mans | Singer 1.5L I4 | 170 |
| 11 | 1.1 | 48 | Victor Camerano | Victor Camerano
Robert Klempeneré | Simca Huit | Fiat 1.1L I4 | 166 |
| 12 | 1.1 | 49 | Claude Bonneau | Claude Bonneau
Anne-Cécile Rose-Itier | MG PA Midget Special | MG 1.0L I4 | 165 |
| 13 | 1.1 | 40 | Miss P.M. Fawcett | Marjorie Fawcett
Geoffrey White | Morgan 4/4 | Coventry Climax 1.1L I4 | 163 |
| 14 | 750 | 51 | Amédée Gordini | Maurice Aimé
Charles Plantivoux | Simca Cinq | Fiat 0.6L I4 | 151 |
| 15 | 750 | 52 | Amédée Gordini | Albert Leduc
Athos Querzola | Simca Cinq | Fiat 0.6L I4 | 140 |

## Did not finish

+Final results
| Pos | Class | No | Team | Drivers | Chassis | Engine | Laps |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16 | 5.0 | 19 | Raymond Sommer | Raymond Sommer
Clemente Biondetti | Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Touring Speciale | Alfa Romeo 2.9L Supercharged I8 | 219 |
| 17 | 5.0 | 8 | Norbert Jean Mahé | Donald Mathieson
Freddy Clifford | Talbot T150C | Talbot 4.0L I6 | 159 |
| 18 | 5.0 | 7 | Jean Trévoux | Jean Trévoux
Pierre Levegh | Talbot T150C | Talbot 4.0L i6 | 159 |
| 19 | 2.0 | 27 | Robert P Hichens | Robert P Hichens
Mortimer Morris-Goodall | Aston Martin Speed Model | Aston Martin 2.0L I4 | 150 |
| 20 | 1.1 | 37 | Amédée Gordini | Amédée Gordini
José Scaron | Simca Huit | Fiat 1.1L I4 | 140 |
| 21 | 1.5 | 36 | Pierre Ferry | Pierre Ferry
Francis Noireaux | Riley Sprite TT | Riley 1.5L I4 | 127 |
| 22 | 1.1 | 43 | Amédée Gordini | Robert Lévy
Adrien Alin | Simca | Fiat 1.0L I4 | 124 |
| 23 | 1.1 | 38 | Amédée Gordini | Jean Viale
Jean Breillet | Simca Huit | Fiat 1.1L I4 | 111 |
| 24 | 3.0 | 23 | Mme Fernande Roux / Mme Germaine Rouault | Fernande Roux
Germaine Rouault | Amilcar G36
"Pegase Special" | Amilcar 2.5L I4 | 101 |
| 25 | 5.0 | 4 | Luigi Chinetti | René Carrière
René Le Bègue | Talbot T150C | Talbot 4.0L I6 | 101 |
| 26 | 5.0 | 12 | Georges Monneret | Georges Monneret
Roger Loyer | Delahaye 135CS | Delahaye 3.6L I6 | 88 |
| 27 | 5.0 | 6 | Luigi Chinetti | Louis Rosier
Robert Huguet | Talbot T150SS Coupe | Talbot 4.0L i6 | 81 |
| 28 | 1.1 | 47 | Team Autosports | John Donald Barnes
Tommy Wisdom | Singer Nine Le Mans Replica | Singer 1.0L I4 | 74 |
| 29 | 1.1 | 45 | Just-Emile Vernet | Gaston Tramar
Paul Samuel | Simca 1000 | Fiat 1.0L I4 | 69 |
| 30 | 5.0 | 3 | Luigi Chinetti | Philippe Etancelin
Luigi Chinetti | Talbot T26 | Talbot 4.5L I6 | 66 |
| 31 | 3.0 | 22 | Société R.V. | Louis Gérard
Jacques de Valence de Minardiere | Delage D6-70 | Delage 3.0L I6 | 58 |
| 32 | 1.1 | 41 | Just-Emile Vernet | Just-Emile Vernet
Suzanne Largeot | Simca Huit | Fiat 1.1L I4 | 55 |
| 33 | 5.0 | 21 | Marcel Horvilleur | Marcel Horvilleur
Yves Matra | Alfa Romeo 2300 Monza | Alfa Romeo 2.9L Supercharged I6 | 53 |
| 34 | 5.0 | 11 | Joseph Paul | Marcel Mongin
Robert Mazaud | Delahaye 135CS | Delahaye 3.6L I6 | 50 |
| 35 | 1.1 | 50 | Miss Dorothy Stanley-Turner | Elsie Wisdom
Arthur Dobson | MG PB Midget | MG 0.9L I4 | 48 |
| 36 | 1.1 | 39 | Just-Emile Vernet | Angelo Molinari
Georges Sarret | Fiat 508S Balilla | Fiat 1.0L I4 | 40 |
| 37 | 1.5 | 29 | Raoul Forestier | Raoul Forestier
Roger Charon | Riley Sprite TT | Riley 1.5L I4 | 30 |
| 38 | 5.0 | 1 | Ecurie Bleue | René Dreyfus
Louis Chiron | Delahaye 145 | Delahaye 4.5L V12 | 21 |
| 39 | 2.0 | 25 | Emile Darl'Mat | Jean Pujol
Louis Rigal | Darl'Mat DS | Peugeot 2.0L I4 | 18 |
| 40 | 5.0 | 2 | Ecurie Bleue | Gianfranco Comotti
Albert Divo | Delahaye 145 | Delahaye 4.5L V12 | 7 |
| 41 | 2.0 | 26 | Emile Darl'Mat | Maurice Serre
Daniel Porthault | Darl'Mat DS | Peugeot 2.0L I4 | 6 |
| 42 | 1.5 | 35 | Charles Morrison | Charles Morrison
Neil Watson | Atalanta | Atalanta 1.5L I4 | 4 |

## Statistics

* Fastest Lap – #19 Raymond Sommer – 5:13.8
* Distance – 3180.94 km
* Average Speed – 132.539 km/h

## Trophy winners

* 13th Rudge-Whitworth Biennial Cup – #28 Adler
* Index of Performance – #51 Amédée Gordini

## InfoBox

1938 24 Hours of Le Mans
| Previous: 1937 Next: 1939   Index: Races | Winners | |
| --- | --- |


title: Masianaka

abstract: Masianaka is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Vangaindrano, which is a part of Atsimo-Atsinanana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 18,000 in 2001 commune census. Only primary schooling is available. The majority 66% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and cloves, while other important agricultural products are coffee, cassava, sweet potatoes and pepper. Services provide employment for 1% of the population. Additionally, fishing employs 33% of the population.

text:
# Masianaka

**Masianaka** is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Vangaindrano, which is a part of Atsimo-Atsinanana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 18,000 in 2001 commune census.

Only primary schooling is available. The majority 66% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and cloves, while other important agricultural products are coffee, cassava, sweet potatoes and pepper. Services provide employment for 1% of the population. Additionally, fishing employs 33% of the population.

## Roads

Masianaka is situated on the East coast of Madagascar on the National road 12A, 30 km south from Vangaindrano. The first ferry on the National road 12A in direction of Fort Dauphin is in this municipality.

## Lake Masihanaka

Next to the town the Masianaka river forms the Lake Masihanaka (Farihy Masihanaka).

23°35′S 47°35′E / 23.583°S 47.583°E / -23.583; 47.583

## InfoBox

| Masianaka Masihanaka | |
| --- | --- |
| MasianakaLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 23°35′S 47°35′E / 23.583°S 47.583°E / -23.583; 47.583 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Atsimo-Atsinanana |
| District | Vangaindrano |
| Elevation | 3 m (10 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 18,000 |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |
| Postal code | 320 |


abstract: Water polo events were contested at the 1970 Summer Universiade in Turin, Italy.

text:
# Water polo at the 1970 Summer Universiade

**Water polo** events were contested at the **1970 Summer Universiade** in Turin, Italy.

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's | Soviet Union (URS)
Yury Mityanin
Nikolai Melnikov
Aleksandr Kabanov
Leonid Tishchenko
Sergei Bondarenko
Aleksandr Zelentsov
Vladimir Kovel
Vitaliy Romanchuk
coach: Mikhail Ryzhak | Italy (ITA) | Hungary (HUN) |

## InfoBox

| Water polo
at the VI Summer Universiade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Medalists | |
| Soviet Union  Italy  Hungary | |
|


title: Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)

abstract: Midnight Blue is a charity single album by South Korean rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer and dancer B.I. It was released on March 19, 2021, by 131 Label X IOK Music, and distributed by Dreamus. The debut single album contains three songs, including the lead single "Midnight Blue", all written and co-composed by B.I. Midnight Blue is a donation project, with all of the proceeds of the sound sources, recordings, and copyright fees of the single album being donated to World Vision, to support children in crisis across the globe.

text:
# Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)

***Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)*** (Korean: 깊은 밤의 위로 (Love Streaming)) is a charity single album by South Korean rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer and dancer B.I. It was released on March 19, 2021, by 131 Label X IOK Music, and distributed by Dreamus. The debut single album contains three songs, including the lead single "Midnight Blue", all written and co-composed by B.I. *Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)* is a donation project, with all of the proceeds of the sound sources, recordings, and copyright fees of the single album being donated to World Vision, to support children in crisis across the globe.

## Background

On March 15, 2021, 131 Label announced the release of the debut single album of B.I with a surprise teaser via their official YouTube channel. The teaser clip featured an animated character, presumably a representation of B.I himself, explaining what the song is about through the use of sign language.

"Midnight Blue" is a song that gives a warm embrace to the audience with a calm piano melody and warm vocal tone," says the animated character in sign language, according to the video's YouTube description. "Like the lyrics 'I will cover your heart with a blanket in the dark midnight', hope this track can be a comfort to anyone who is enduring its wound alone."

The three-track single album is written and composed by B.I, with collaborations from other producers on compositions and arrangements. All the tracks were released partially as demos via B.I's SoundCloud over the course of 2020–2021.

## Release and promotion

All the promotions before the release were handled through the social media accounts of 131 Label. A surprise teaser for the "Midnight Blue (Donation Project)" music video was released on March 15, 2021. A project poster was released on March 16, 2021. Then, on March 17, 2021, the album was made available for pre-order. 131 label announced that the donation album is limitedly produced to 10,000 physical albums only.

The single album was released to digital music and streaming platforms on March 19, 2021, alongside an animated music video for the lead single "Midnight Blue". The single album's CDs were released the same day.

## Philanthropy

After learning about the emergency relief child support project through World Vision (a humanitarian aid, development, and advocacy organization) in early 2021, B.I decided to carry out the *Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)* donation project in the hope to convey the warmth of the world through music. He pledged to donate all the proceeds of the sound sources, recordings, and copyright fees to World Vision's domestic and international relief efforts for children in crisis.

On May 4, 2021, B.I personally met with chairman Cho Myung-hwan at the World Vision Office (an NGO) in Seoul, to donate all the profits from the sale of 10,000 limited edition single albums of *Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)*. In addition, B.I promised to continuously donate all the revenue from the digital music sales and copyright fees that the single album would accrue.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| NME |  |

*NME* stated that "B.I manages to imbue the song with layered emotional states and perspectives, shifting from reflection (*"Having grown up too fast / Our hearts are too fragile"*) to consolation (*"I'll pretend I don't know / So go ahead and cry"*) and even despair (*"Everyone seems to live like that, with a bruised heart"*). His delicate vocals are able to convey a comforting assurance, though this is briefly broken during the song's midpoint with a sudden switch to a harsher rap voice that pierces the gentle cadence. Thankfully, he’s able to refine that balance and make the transitions more seamless as the EP progresses."

## Commercial performance

All three songs featured on B.I's single album *Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)* debuted on *Billboard's* World Digital Song Sales chart. "Midnight Blue" charted at #14, followed by "Blossom" at #17, and "Remember Me" at #18. In South Korea, *Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)* debuted at #14 on the Gaon Album Chart.

## Track listing

*Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)* track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Midnight Blue" (깊은 밤의 위로; *Gipeun Bamui Wiro* \[lit. "Consolation of the Deep Night"\]) (Donation Project) | B.I | * B.I * Kim Chang Hoon | * Kim Chang Hoon | 3:44 |
| 2. | "Remember Me" (Donation Project) | * B.I * Sihwang | * B.I * Sihwang | Sihwang | 2:40 |
| 3. | "Blossom" (내 걱정; *Nae Geokjeong* \[lit. "My worries"\]) (Donation Project) | B.I | * B.I * Padi * General Sound | Padi | 3:31 |
| Total length: | | | | | 09:56 |

## Charts

## Release history

Release dates and formats for *Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)*
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Edition(s) | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | March 19, 2021 |  | Standard | 131 Label x IOK Music |  |
| | South Korea | CD (1 version) | | | Limited: 10,000 copies |

The official website for *Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)* is: https://www.131online.net/donationproject

## InfoBox

| Midnight Blue (Love Streaming) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single album by B.I | |
| Released | March 19, 2021 (2021-03-19) |
| Genre | Ballad |
| Length | 9:56 |
| Language | Korean |
| Label | * 131 Label * IOK Music |
| Producer | B.I |
| B.I chronology | |
| ***Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)***
(2021) *Waterfall*
(2021) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)* | |
| 1. "Midnight Blue (Donation Project)"
Released: March 19, 2021 | |
|  | |


# Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company 2-2-2WT (1855)

The Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company operated a total of four 2-2-2WT locomotives between 1856 and 1860. They were later operated by the Victorian Railways between 1860 and 1889.

## History

### *Titania* and *Oberon*

| Titania and Oberon | |
| --- | --- |
| Type and origin  Builder Robert Stephenson and Company, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England  Serial number 1006 & 1007  Build date 1855  Total produced 2 | |
| Specifications  Fuel type Coke  Fuel capacity 9 long cwt (0.46 t)  Water cap. 615 imp gal (2,800 L)  Cylinders 2  Cylinder size 12 in × 22 in (305 mm × 559 mm) | |

The first two locomotives were built by Robert Stephenson and Company, being completed and shipped on the vessel Thames on the 1st of August 1855. The first locomotive (serial number 1006) would be named Titania and the second (serial number 1007) would be named Oberon.

#### Titania - No. 34

Sold to Victorian Railways for £2,756/15 on 3 September 1860, became No.34. Used as a shunter at Williamstown Workshops in 1872. Sold to Swan Hill Shire for £800 in June 1889. Sold to H.V. McKay & Co. (Sunshine Harvester Works). Historical Society of Victoria ask to be retained on 12 September 1925. H.V.McKay & Co. presented one brass number plate to ARHS in 1949.

#### Oberon - No. 36

Sold to Victorian Railways for £2,756/15 on 3 September 1860 and became No. 36. Used as a shunter at Williamstown Workshops in 1872. Sold to Riley Bros. for £500 in June 1889.

### *Typhoon* and *Sirocco*

| Typhoon and Sirocco | |
| --- | --- |
| Type and origin  Builder Stothert, Slaughter and Company, Bristol, England  Build date 1855  Total produced 2 | |
| Specifications  Cylinders 2  Cylinder size 15 in × 20 in (381 mm × 508 mm) | |

#### Typhoon - No. 38

Sold to Victorian Railways for £4031/15 on 3 September 1860 and became No. 38. Sold for use as stationary engine in 1872.

#### Sirocco - No. 40

Sold to Victorian Railways for £3761/15 on 3 September 1860 and became No. 40. Became a stationary engine at Williamstown Workshops in 1872.

* Cave, Norman; Buckland, John; Beardsell, David (2002). *Steam Locomotives of the Victorian Railways*. Vol. 1: The First Fifty Years. Melbourne, Vic: ARHS Victoria Division. pp. 9–11, 15, 17, 94–95. ISBN 1876677384.

### Specific

## InfoBox

| Geelong and Melbourne Railway 2-2-2WT | |
| --- | --- |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Rebuilder William Meikle  Rebuild date 1872  Number rebuilt 2 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 2-2-2WT
34 rebuilt: 0-6-0WT
36 rebuilt: 2-4-0WT  Gauge 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) Victorian broad gauge  Leading dia. 3 ft 6 in (1,070 mm)  Driver dia. 6 ft 6 in (1,980 mm)  Trailing dia. 3 ft 6 in (1,070 mm) | |
| Career  Operators Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company, Victorian Railways  Number in class 4  Numbers Victorian Railways: 34, 36, 38, 40  First run July 1856  Last run July 1889
(33 years)  Disposition Scrapped | |