title: RAR-related orphan receptor alpha

abstract: RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα), also known as NR1F1 is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RORA gene. RORα participates in the transcriptional regulation of some genes involved in circadian rhythm. In mice, RORα is essential for development of cerebellum through direct regulation of genes expressed in Purkinje cells. It also plays an essential role in the development of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and mutant animals are ILC2 deficient. In addition, although present in normal numbers, the ILC3 and Th17 cells from RORα deficient mice are defective for cytokine production.

text:
# RAR-related orphan receptor alpha

**RAR-related orphan receptor alpha** (**RORα**), also known as **NR1F1** (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group F, member 1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the *RORA* gene. RORα participates in the transcriptional regulation of some genes involved in circadian rhythm. In mice, RORα is essential for development of cerebellum through direct regulation of genes expressed in Purkinje cells. It also plays an essential role in the development of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and mutant animals are ILC2 deficient. In addition, although present in normal numbers, the ILC3 and Th17 cells from RORα deficient mice are defective for cytokine production.

## Discovery

The first three-human isoforms of RORα were initially cloned and characterized as nuclear receptors in 1994 by Giguère and colleagues, when their structure and function were first studied.

In the early 2000s, various studies demonstrated that RORα displays rhythmic patterns of expression in a circadian cycle in the liver, kidney, retina, and lung. Of interest, it was around this time that RORα abundance was found to be circadian in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus. RORα is necessary for normal circadian rhythms in mice, demonstrating its importance in chronobiology.

## Structure

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the NR1 subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. In humans, 4 isoforms of RORα have been identified, which are generated via alternative splicing and promoter usage, and exhibit differential tissue-specific expression. The protein structure of RORα consists of four canonical functional groups: an N-terminal (A/B) domain, a DNA-binding domain containing two zinc fingers, a hinge domain, and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain. Within the ROR family, the DNA-binding domain is highly conserved, and the ligand-binding domain is only moderately conserved. Different isoforms of RORα have different binding specificities and strengths of transcriptional activity.

## Regulation of circadian rhythm

The core mammalian circadian clock is a negative feedback loop which consists of Per1/Per2, Cry1/Cry2, Bmal1, and Clock. This feedback loop is stabilized through another loop involving the transcriptional regulation of *Bmal1*. Transactivation of *Bmal1* is regulated through the upstream ROR/REV-ERB Response Element (RRE) in the *Bmal1* promoter, to which RORα and REV-ERBα bind. This stabilizing regulatory loop itself is induced by the Bmal1/Clock heterodimer, which induces transcription of *RORα* and *REV-ERBα*. RORα, which activates transcription of *Bmal1*, and REV-ERBα, which represses transcription of *Bmal1*, compete to bind to the RRE. This feedback loop regulating the expression of *Bmal1* is thought to stabilize the core clock mechanism, helping to buffer it against changes in the environment.

## Mechanism

Specific association with ROR elements (RORE) in regulatory regions is necessary for RORα's function as a transcriptional activator. RORα achieves this by specific binding to a consensus core motif in RORE, RGGTCA. This interaction is possible through the association of RORα's first zinc finger with the core motif in the major groove, the P-box, and the association of its C-terminal extension with the AT-rich region in the 5’ region of RORE.

## Homology

RORα, RORβ, and RORγ are all transcriptional activators recognizing ROR-response elements. ROR-alpha is expressed in a variety of cell types and is involved in regulating several aspects of development, inflammatory responses, and lymphocyte development. The RORα isoforms (RORα1 through RORα3) arise via alternative RNA processing, with RORα2 and RORα3 sharing an amino-terminal region different from RORα1. In contrast to RORα, RORβ is expressed in Central Nervous System (CNS) tissues involved in processing sensory information and in generating circadian rhythms while RORγ is critical in lymph node organogenesis and thymopoeisis.

The DNA-binding domains of the DHR3 orphan receptor in *Drosophila* shows especially close homology within amino and carboxy regions adjacent to the second zinc finger region in RORα, suggesting that this group of residues is important for the proteins' functionalities.

PDP1 and VRI in *Drosophila* regulate circadian rhythm's by competing for the same binding site, the VP box, similarly to how ROR and REV-ERB competitively bind to RRE. PDP1 and VRI constitute a feedback loop and are functional homologs of ROR and REV-ERB in mammals.

Direct orthologs of this gene have been identified in mice and humans.

Human cytochrome c pseudogene HC2 and RORα share overlapping genomic organization with the HC2 pseudogene located within the RORα2 transcription unit. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of cytochrome c-processed pseudogene are on the sense strand while those of the RORα2 amino-terminal exon are on the antisense strand.

## Interactions

## As a drug target

Because RORα and REV-ERBα are nuclear receptors that share the same target genes and are involved in processes that regulate metabolism, development, immunity, and circadian rhythm, they show potential as drug targets. Synthetic ligands have a variety of potential therapeutic uses, and can be used to treat diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, autoimmunity, and cancer. T0901317 and SR1001, two synthetic ligands, have been found to be RORα and RORγ inverse agonists that suppress reporter activity and have been shown to delay onset and clinical severity of multiple sclerosis and other Th17 cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. SR1078 has been discovered as a RORα and RORγ agonist that increases the expression of G6PC and FGF21, yielding the therapeutic potential to treat obesity and diabetes as well as cancer of the breast, ovaries, and prostate. SR3335 has also been discovered as a RORα inverse agonist.

CGP 52608

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| RORA | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | RORA, NR1F1, ROR1, ROR2, ROR3, RZR-ALPHA, RZRA, RAR related orphan receptor A, IDDECA | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 600825; MGI: 104661; HomoloGene: 56594; GeneCards: RORA; OMA:RORA - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_002943
NM\_134260
NM\_134261
NM\_134262   NM\_013646
NM\_001289916
NM\_001289917   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_002934
NP\_599022
NP\_599023
NP\_599024   NP\_001276845
NP\_001276846
NP\_038674   Location (UCSC) Chr 15: 60.49 – 61.23 Mb Chr 9: 68.56 – 69.3 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Gift (2000 video game)

abstract: Gift is a platform game developed by French studio Eko Software that parodies elements of popular adventure games. It was created by Cryo Interactive's creative director Philippe Ulrich and by author, cartoonist and illustrator Régis Loisel. The game is set over ten levels in a fully three-dimensional world.

text:
# Gift (2000 video game)

***Gift*** is a platform game developed by French studio Eko Software that parodies elements of popular adventure games. It was created by Cryo Interactive's creative director Philippe Ulrich (creator of the *Dune* video game) and by author, cartoonist and illustrator Régis Loisel. The game is set over ten levels in a fully three-dimensional world.

## Gameplay

*Gift* is a 3D action-adventure game, which parodies the world of computer games. The game is set in eight 3D worlds. The characters found in these environments imitate characters from existing games, cartoons, and films.

The playable character, Gift, has special talents that can be manipulated throughout the game including the ability to fly, swim, climb, jump and undertake death-defying leaps. In addition to arming himself with a special energy-powered staff, water jets, cannons and a vast collection of imaginative weapons, the game features challenging real-time puzzle solving situations set against elaborately illustrated 3-D environments.

A unique feature is how light is used to impact the gameplay. Throughout the game, Gift must fend off a host of enemies including 'the Little Clears' and 'the Little Darks'. Because the Little Clears are afraid of the dark, it is important for him to remain in the light. By doing this, the Little Clears will not be able to detect Gift. In order to eliminate the Little Darks, Gift must launch a fireball to illuminate an area so he can see the foes. The game requires players to constantly make decisions by working with the unfolding story, making use of power-ups and clues along the way.

The game enables players to change from the third-person perspective to the first-person point of view. This gives the game more edge and variety, particularly when using an arsenal of weapons.

## Plot

A fictional game being tested has exhausted all the heroes who have already been assigned to rescue princess Lolita Globo. Gift, a sneaky and overweight slob with a big mouth, is the latest hero to volunteer for the job. Armed with a magic staff, his mission is to conquer The Shadow of the Black Deep Dark Night. In doing so, he must lead seven dwarves to Lolita, who suffers from Snow White delusions, in seven worlds crammed with parodies of famous games and films.

Each of the seven worlds holds danger. Gift must battle, solve puzzles, be resourceful, and constantly test his abilities to survive and conquer the opposing dark forces. Gift must collect seven dwarves from the worlds Tiptanic, Alcatraz, Star Stress, Drakuland, Iceland, Paztec and Mine of Horror, each dwarf providing clues to where Lolita can be found. In this eighth and final world, Gift must encircle the princess with the dwarves. This will enable Gift to rescue his true love from the clutches of the Shadow of the Black Deep Dark Night. Each world is led by one of the dwarves, who each have their own idiosyncratic personalities: lust, envy, anger, laziness, miser, greed, and vanity.

## Development

Phillipe Ulrich served as creative director over Cryo Interactive's games. Ulrich thought of the game concept ten years prior to its release and remained involved in its production. Development had been triggered by a conversation with Régis Loisel. Together, they devised the characters, world, and plot, infusing it with Loisel's unique art style. The duo approached the young development studio Eko Software, which created a 3-D game engine specifically for the game. Eko Software was founded in 1999 specifically for the game.

The team used exact measurements for each room, building it like an architectural model, informed by the gameplay rules, such as characters being allowed to move across the screen and into the light. The illustrators then designed the lighting and aesthetic of each room. The 3-D graphic artists created models of the room based on the concept art. Bitmappers drew the walls, objects, etcetera, and mappers added images to the rooms.

The characters were designed as a result of Loisel's research. The modeler created a triangle-based wire sculpture, and then texture-mapped the character image on top of the sculpture. The cartoonist created animations for physical actions of the characters walking, jumping, climbing, etc. The speed and length of movements were adjusted according to the gameplay. After creating one character, Loisel designed companions and enemies to populate the universe.

The game borrows motifs from franchises like *Tomb Raider*, *Rayman*, *Quake*, *The Matrix* and *Star Wars*. Cryo UK's managing director Stuart Furnival explained, "We've taken some of the elements from *Crash Bandicoot* and *Tomb Raider*, and developed a hybrid of the platform and action adventure genres to create a contemporary, sophisticated and unique game." Cryo advertised *Gift* as one of the first video games to parody other video games.

## Release

Cryo Interactive developed *Gift* for PlayStation 2, Game Boy Color, and Microsoft Windows. The game was intended to launch first on Game Boy and Windows in November 2001, then followed up with a release on PlayStation 2 late that year. The Windows release was set for November 10 in the UK, alongside a game called *Arthur's Knights*, based on the Arthurian legend. Their website had a Game Boy Color release for November 2000 and a PlayStation 2 release for April 2001. The Game Boy Color version was later pushed back to December. The developer demonstrated the Game Boy Color version at the European Computer Trade Show. On September 27, 2000, Cryo Interactive told *IGN* that the American publisher would be announced within two weeks. For the PlayStation 2 version, Cryo gave the game retouched graphics and fifteen extra rooms. A localized version of the game was released in Poland on May 25, 2001. The game was released May 2001 in the Czech Republic. The game was distributed in the Czech Republic by Bohemia Interactive, who also created the Czech game manual. The game was released in Spanish in 2000, including a four-page translated manual. In September 2001, the game's price was lowered. A demo of the game was released with a November 2000 issue of *Level38 Magazine*. The PlayStation 2 version was cancelled in the US and unreleased in Japan and Australia.

An animated TV series adaptation of the game, directed by Fred Louf, was broadcast on France 2 in 2005. Philippe Ulrich produced the music for the project. Produced by Shipowners, Melusine Productions, and Art & Esprit, the series consisted of 26 episodes running at around 13 minutes each. The series' first wireless broadcast was on July 2, 2005, on France 2–CD2A, and reruns aired until June 8, 2008, on France 2–KD2A.

## Reception

*IGN* stated that Cryo Interactive had managed to create "a little devil of a character" that would provide a brand new platform experience to the PlayStation 2. *Eurogamer* gave the game 7 out of 10, and said "despite his cute bug-eyes he is actually quite repulsive! The game does deserve to do well though on the strength of its well worked puzzles alone." French site *Jeuxvideo.com* felt that the PlayStation 2 version was worth playing in an area lacking in good games, praising its universe and original scenario while commenting that the PC version had a friendly and tense atmosphere. Of the Game Boy version, Jeuxvideo.com deemed it simplistic, weary and too short. French site *Gamekult* felt that *Gift'*s gameplay and graphics make it a platform game that is quite recommendable, even if it was not the revelation of the year. The website stated that the game "achieved relative success on PC". Czech site *Doupe.cz* felt that Cryo Interactive was known as the creator of brilliant storytelling adventures, precise processing, and a revolutionary shift along with each new title, although *Gift* did not seem to offer as much new content to the genre as other Cryo Interactive titles.

Polish site *Kzet* found that the game's unusual characters, interesting scenario ideas and surrealistic interiors – all flavored with a pinch of humor – create a fascinating atmosphere that makes the game interesting. *Gry Online* deemed the game both interesting and addictive, and felt its difficulty challenged the perception of platforms being a genre for children. *Bonusweb* praised the title for not just being for young or casual players, but for appealing to the entire gaming community. However, it felt that the poor level design and camera work let the game down. The site felt the Game Boy Color version was a disappointment and not as good as it could have been. Santiago Lamelo Fagilde at *Meristation* wrote that even though he did not like the genre and reviewed the game out of obligation, he found it relatively enjoyable.

*Play2* asserted that while the creators had intended to revolutionise the genre, *Gift* had been a missed opportunity. *Game.EXE* wrote that the game was both beautiful and clever, though very difficult. Doupe felt the game proved Cryo was able to make good games in a variety of genres, not just in adventures that the company had been known for, though felt it was not as interesting as the company's other games. *Console Plus* gave the PC version a rating of 84% and felt it was a pity that the Game Boy Color version's gameplay was not very good, ultimately giving it 77%. *PC PowerPlay* deemed it a "challenging and controversial tour de force". *PPE.pl* asserts that the gameplay is relatively linear. *SME Tech* praised the game's environments, soundscape, and gameplay.

## InfoBox

| Gift | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Eko Software |
| Publisher(s) | Cryo Interactive
Wanadoo Edition |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation 2
Windows
Game Boy Color |
| Release | **Windows****PlayStation 2*** EU: July 6, 2001 **Game Boy Color*** EU: August 31, 2001 |
| Genre(s) | Platform, action-adventure |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: 711 Marmulla

abstract: 711 Marmulla is an asteroid belonging to the Flora family in the Main Belt. It was discovered 1 March 1911 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa. The asteroid name may be derived from the Old High German word 'marmul', which means 'marble'. This asteroid is orbiting 2.24 AU from the Sun with a period of 3.35 yr and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.195. The orbital plane of 711 Marmulla is inclined at an angle of 6.1° to the plane of the ecliptic. Photometric observations of this asteroid in 2019 resulted in a light curve showing a rotation period of 2.721±0.003 h with a brightness variation of 0.06 in magnitude. This result is consistent with a similar study earlier in the year. A. Kryszczynska and associates had found a slightly longer rotation period of 2.88 hours in 2012. The low amplitude of the variation suggests a nearly spherical shape. The spectrum of 711 Marmulla most closely matches an A-type asteroid.

text:
# 711 Marmulla

**711 Marmulla** is an asteroid belonging to the Flora family in the Main Belt. It was discovered 1 March 1911 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa. The asteroid name may be derived from the Old High German word 'marmul', which means 'marble'. This asteroid is orbiting 2.24 AU from the Sun with a period of 3.35 yr and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.195. The orbital plane of 711 Marmulla is inclined at an angle of 6.1° to the plane of the ecliptic.

Photometric observations of this asteroid in 2019 resulted in a light curve showing a rotation period of 2.721±0.003 h with a brightness variation of 0.06 in magnitude. This result is consistent with a similar study earlier in the year. A. Kryszczynska and associates had found a slightly longer rotation period of 2.88 hours in 2012. The low amplitude of the variation suggests a nearly spherical shape. The spectrum of 711 Marmulla most closely matches an A-type asteroid.

## InfoBox

711 Marmulla
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | J. Palisa |
| Discovery site | Vienna Obs. |
| Discovery date | 1 March 1911 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (711) Marmulla |
| Pronunciation | /mɑːrˈmʌlə/ |
| Alternative designations | 1911 LN; 1927 AB |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 102.99 yr (37,618 d) |
| Aphelion | 2.6745 AU (400.10 Gm) |
| Perihelion | 1.8003 AU (269.32 Gm) |
| Semi-major axis | 2.2374 AU (334.71 Gm) |
| Eccentricity | 0.19535 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 3.35 yr (1,222.4 d) |
| Mean anomaly | 65.0629 |
| Mean motion | 0° 17m 40.2s / day |
| Inclination | 6.0917° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 357.091° |
| Argument of perihelion | 300.339° |
| Earth MOID | 0.793851 AU (118.7584 Gm) |
| Jupiter MOID | 2.55306 AU (381.932 Gm) |
| TJupiter | 3.605 |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Synodic rotation period | 2.88 ± 0.12  (0.120 ± 0.00500 ) |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 11.7 |
|  | |


title: Phaecasiophora euchlanis

abstract: Phaecasiophora euchlanis is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Vietnam. The wingspan is 26 mm.

text:
# Phaecasiophora euchlanis

***Phaecasiophora euchlanis*** is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Vietnam.

The wingspan is 26 mm.

## Etymology

The name is derived from Greek *euchlana* (meaning a thin overcoat).

## InfoBox

| *Phaecasiophora euchlanis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Phaecasiophora* |
| Species: | ***P. euchlanis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaecasiophora euchlanis***<br>Razowski, 2009 | |
|


title: Moliens

abstract: Moliens is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

text:
# Moliens

**Moliens** (French pronunciation: \[mɔljɛ̃\]) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

## InfoBox

| Moliens | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Moliens | |
|  | |
| Location of Moliens | |
| MoliensMoliens | |
| Coordinates: 49°40′02″N 1°48′38″E / 49.6672°N 1.8106°E / 49.6672; 1.8106 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Oise |
| Arrondissement | Beauvais |
| Canton | Grandvilliers |
| Intercommunality | Picardie Verte |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Philippe Van Ooteghem |
| Area**1** | 9.39 km2 (3.63 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,135 |
| Density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 60405 /60220 |
| Elevation | 192–222 m (630–728 ft)
(avg. 215 m or 705 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Rachel Kogan

abstract: Rachel Kogan (1912-1998) was a Ukrainian-Jewish painter and educator known for her artwork in the field of realism.

text:
# Rachel Kogan

**Rachel Kogan** (1912-1998) was a Ukrainian-Jewish painter and educator known for her artwork in the field of realism.

## Biography

Kogan spent her childhood in Odessa and studied at the Trade-Union Art School. Following, she attended Odessa Art Institute. In 1931 the Kogan family moved to Leningrad and Kogan was transferred to the All–Russian Academy of Arts (the former St. Petersburg Imperial Arts Academy) to study painting.

Two of Kogan's professors were Shuchaev and Radlov. She received professional advice and support from Petrov-Vodkin.

In 1938, she was accepted to the Leningrad Department of the Artist's Union of the USSR and took part in local and national exhibitions.

During World War 2 and the siege on Leningrad, Kogan was evacuated with her children to Siberia. Her paintings were saved in the basements of the academy until the war had ended.

After World War 2, Kogan started teaching painting and became a Professor of Drawing at the Saint Petersburg Art and Industry Academy. Her work was exhibited in many USSR company collections throughout the Soviet Union.

Kogan then emigrated to Israel in 1973 and became a known artist and educator in the country. Her art-work is still presented in the Tel Aviv Museum of Art and in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.

Rachel Kogan died at the age of 86.


title: Radu Andrei Micu

abstract: Radu Andrei Micu is a Romanian actor.

text:
# Radu Andrei Micu

**Radu Andrei Micu** (born 18 July 1982, Iași) is a Romanian actor.

## Early life

Radu Andrei Micu was born on 18 July 1982 in Iași, Romania, in family with German, Russian and Romanian roots. In 2005, he graduated from the I. L. Caragiale National University of Theatre and Film.

## Career

In 2022, he portrayed Dimitrie (right hand of Vlad the Impaler) in the Netflix original docudrama *Rise of Empires: Ottoman*. That same year, he co-starred with Frida Gustavsson, Stuart Martin and David Morrissey in Italian movie *Dampyr*.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Madhouse* | Royce |
| 2005 | *BloodRayne* | Sleepy Young Man |
| 2007 | *Catacombs* | Nico |
| 2013 | *The Zero Theorem* | Sex Shop Owner |
| | *Dead in Tombstone* | Washington |
| 2016 | *Illegitimate* | Radu |
| | *End of a Gun* | Hotel Manager |
| | *Contract to Kill* | Cabbie |
| 2017 | *The Crucifixion* | Deacon |
| 2022 | *Dampyr* | Lazar |

### Television

| Year(s) | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | *The Saint* | Tech 2 | TV Movie |
| | *A Christmas Prince* | Ian | |
| 2020 | *Washington* | Nathanael Greene | Episode: "Rebel Commander" |
| 2022 | *Rise of Empires: Ottoman* | Dimitrie | 6 episodes |

## InfoBox

| Radu Andrei Micu | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1982-07-18) 18 July 1982<br>Iași, Romania |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2004–present |


title: Walter Fricke

abstract: Walter Ernst Fricke was a distinguished German professor of theoretical astronomy at the University of Heidelberg. He was a mathematician and cryptanalyst during World War II at the Wehrmacht signals intelligence agency, Inspectorate 7/VI from 1941 to 1942 (which would later become the General der Nachrichtenaufklärung. In 1942 he was transferred to the OKW/Chi Section IIb. His specialty was the production of codes and ciphers, and the security studies of Army systems. After the war he was director of the Astronomical Calculation Institute in Heidelberg, Germany.

text:
# Walter Fricke

**Walter Ernst Fricke** (1 April 1915  21 March 1988) was a distinguished German professor of theoretical astronomy at the University of Heidelberg. He was a mathematician and cryptanalyst during World War II at the Wehrmacht signals intelligence agency, Inspectorate 7/VI from 1941 to 1942 (which would later become the General der Nachrichtenaufklärung. In 1942 he was transferred to the OKW/Chi Section IIb. His specialty was the production of codes and ciphers, and the security studies of Army systems. After the war he was director of the Astronomical Calculation Institute (German: *Astronomisches Rechen-Institut*) in Heidelberg, Germany.

## Life

Walter Fricke was born in Leimbach-Mansfeld near Merseburg, Germany. His father was a carpenter who worked as a miner in the copper-schist mines at Mansfeld. Walter Fricke attended a high school Stephaneum in Aschersleben and passed the final examination (*Abitur*) in 1934. After high school, he enrolled as a student at Frederick William University in East Berlin, studying astronomy, mathematics and physics. His teachers there included Paul ten Bruggencate and August Kopff in astronomy, Erhard Schmidt in mathematics and Max von Laue in physics.

In 1935, he published his first astronomy papers. These were critiques of Edwin Hubble's studies made at Mount Wilson Observatory on the distribution of spiral nebulae. In 1939, while resident at the Göttingen Observatory, he received his doctorate with a thesis titled *Influence of a resisting agent in the dynamics of dense stellar systems* (*Einfluß eines widerstehenden Mittels in der Dynamik dichter Sternsysteme*). He obtained a scholarship to the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, which was arranged with the help of British theoretical cosmologist Dr George C. McVittie, which was due to start on 1 October 1939 but had to be cancelled because of the start of World War II in September 1939. On 1 May 1940 he started work at Hamburg Observatory, and later in that year was drafted into the Signal Corps (*Nachrichtentruppe*). On 15 May 1941 he was posted to Inspektorate 7, the cipher bureau of the Wehrmacht (German Armed Forces) high command, although as an astronomer he knew nothing about cryptography and cryptanalysis. Professor Otto Heckmann, director of the Hamburg Observatory, tried to lure him back to continue working on problems specifically related to war work that he had been occupied with before he was drafted: tables of air and ship navigation, aerodynamic problems for aeroplanes traveling at speeds over 1300 km/hour as well as rockets flying at speeds of more than 3000 km/hour. These were purely solutions to differential equations which were allocated to various institutions for solving.

A minor planet discovered on 15 February 1941 by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth in Heidelberg was named "1561 Fricke" in his honour. In 1942 he was appointed the assistant astronomer at the Hamburg Observatory at Bergedorf, but could only take the position up in 1946 due to conscription.

In 1943 Fricke married Marianne Fricke (*née* Traute). They had a daughter, Maxi-Marianne Fricke. His wife Marianne died in 1987.

In 1951, he received his habilitation from University of Hamburg. In 1953, after receiving a fellowship from the German Science Foundation, he went to the United States for a year, working at the Yerkes, Mount Wilson, Palomar and Princeton University Observatories. After returning, he became a tenured member (*Wissenschaftlicher Rat*) of the Hamburg Observatory. In December 1954, Dr Fricke was made the provisional director of the Astronomical Calculation Institute in Heidelberg. Heidelberg University appointed him an honorary professor in 1955 and a personal full professor in 1958. In 1961 he became a regular full professor of theoretical astronomy at Heidelberg.

Fricke served as president of the International Astronomical Union Commissions 4 (1958–1964) and 8 (1970–1973), and as vice president of the IAU from 1964 to 1967.

On 1 April 1983 he retired as professor emeritus. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Fricke stayed on as Director of the Institute until 30 September 1985, and continued his scientific work until he was hospitalized with cancer in 1987.

## Scientific work

Fricke had a wide interest in astronomy. His first publications dealt with problems in theoretical and observational astronomy. Then for the next two decades, from the time of his thesis onwards, his interests focused on stellar dynamics, working from the observatory in Bergedorf. His favourite subject was the photographic surface photometry survey of the Andromeda Nebula.

In addition, in 1951 he published with Otto Heckmann and Pascual Jordan an important work for the extension of Einstein's theory of gravity.

After being appointed to the Astronomical Calculation Institute, Fricke concentrated on fundamental astrometry. He worked specifically to improve the fundamental reference system, a series of measurements of the position and motions of a series of fundamental stars that is important for study of kinematics and dynamics of objects within the Galactic system. The production of this kind of fundamental catalogue, which provided the astronomical representation of an inertial system, was part of the institute's important work. His finest contribution to astronomy was the derivation, together with his colleagues and his predecessor August Kopff, of the Fourth Fundamental Catalogue (FK4), published in 1963. The FK5 catalogue was strongly associated with his name, but he was unable to view it when it was published; it used a new constant of precession which he derived himself and adopted by the IAU in 1976.

Fricke made significant contributions toward the establishment of the European Southern Observatory in 1962 and the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (*Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie*) in Heidelberg, with its observatory in Calar Alto, Spain.

## Cryptographic work

*See also* Cryptanalysis of Double Playfair.

While in the military, Fricke studied German cipher methods and devised new ones.

Fricke's initial task was working on the solving of the double stop system, NS 42, code named the Double Playfair (*Doppelkastenschlüssel*). The Army, Air Force and Police used the Double Playfair system as a medium-grade hand cipher in World War II. The Playfair TS 42 single stop system had already been broken at that point if there were more than 3000 letters of traffic a day. After a year's work, they solved the problem by using vertical bigram frequencies. As the text was written in double lines of 17 or 21 and the substitutions taken vertically, plain text bigram frequencies could not be used. Combined frequencies of pairs of single letters showed a sharp drop after the top three values, EE, EN and NE (the last two had the same frequency). Of a text length of 10000, they could place the three values only initially. Hollerith counts (frequency analysis) were undertaken against messages from the Polish War, but as these were of a stereotypical nature, words could only be guessed after high-frequency digraphs (i.e. pairs of letters) had been created. Using this method led to the recovery of more pairs, and the guessing of words. However, the solution was never used, as even though they believed 3000 letters would be enough to break a message, the Army never informed them what the actual volume of traffic was, so the system continued in use.

Around the same time, he worked on the French C36 cipher machine with fixed lugs, designed by Boris Hagelin, which was solved by cribs. He later heard from others that cribs were no longer needed.

The head of his section at OKH/Chi (Army Cipher Office) was Hans Pietsch, who managed eight mathematicians in the group. He remained there until 1 November 1944, when he was transferred to the OKW/Chi. At this time **Inspektorate 7** was forbidden to create new systems, which was strictly restricted to OKW/Chi. At OKW/Chi, Dr Fricke managed Section IIb of Chi II (Group 2), the main group managing OKW/Chi's interception services. Section IIb, which developed German code and cypher systems (camouflage, codes and cyphers, and telephone secrecy) and also advised on the production of keys and the supervision of production, had a staff of 14. OKW/Chi cipher bureau was a strictly military organization.

In 1942, he developed the codebook (*Schlüsseltafel*) for enciphering tables for 3 letter field codes. Before that were used without encipherment. Daily changing trigraphic substitution tables were introduced, initially made by Hollerith machines. He stated in his TICOM interview that there were two master decks of 500 cards each, with a trigraph on each card. Late in the war, the Hollerith machine section moved to Weimar, so Walter Fricke told the printer to make up a set of three-letter slugs of type corresponding to the code groups, which were called *Logotypen*. The printer had the plain code values in alphabetical order in a form, with blank spaces for the encrypted values. He was told to draw two logos from the mixed batch and place the second one opposite that plain value which was the same as the first. This procedure was repeated until the reciprocal table was created. It also had the effect of enabled untrained workers to make fewer mistakes.

He went on to design and develop the raster key hand cipher (*Rasterschluessel 44*), which was to replace the *double playfair* cipher. A study was made on the British cipher raster, Cysquare which was created by John Tiltman in 1941. The Cysquare cipher had been pinched from Britain, when Rommel's Afrika Korps overran British units and captured the Cysquare and pads with their instruction booklets. Fricke found it to be excellent, a very secure and practical hand cipher, but he didn't know if it had been broken, with the English using 40 letters and large number of abbreviations. He knew that if German forces used the cipher as it was, it soon would be broken because of longer messages. In order to use longer messages, 26 rows were created, of which 24 were used at any one time. The requirement was to choose all rasters from a systematically constructed field, and to satisfy the following requirements simultaneously:

* All rasters should have a fixed number of columns with 20 white cells, a fixed number with 18 and so on.
* Vertically adjacent white cells should be kept to a minimum.
* And when they did not occur, they must not be less than eight nor more than 12 white cells apart.

These conditions were difficult to achieve, since as soon as one requirement was achieved the others would go wrong. The purpose of making all from the same field was to avoid special cases. However, they were eventually required to be made from 20 to 40 master fields. As regards changing keys, the printer was given lead strips bearing the pattern of each of the 36 rows, of which 24 were chosen for each raster. The minimum message length was initially set to 60 characters but was lowered to 45 by the army after some use. Fricke asked the TICOM interrogators

*whether the cipher was ever solved, because he was convinced if properly used it would be unbreakable, but they never knew whether mistakes were made which rendered it soluble.* They replied it would be impossible for them to give him an answer. Fricke stated that they always wanted to work on their own traffic just as they would on foreign material, but were never allowed to. He never understood how the army actually used the cipher and never saw any real traffic. When they asked for real traffic, they were offered specially prepared messages, one of which read *We are standing in Berlin and see the Polish infantry coming down the Frankfurter Allee*.

They reflected on the fact that the work on Russian systems showed that these systems were secure if properly used, but if the cryptographers in Moscow could only see how they were used they would be very unhappy.

## Awards and honours

## Bibliography

Parts of this article have been sourced from TICOM document:

* "TICOM I-20 Interrogation of Sonderfuehrer Dr Fricke of OKW/CHI (Formerly of OKH/CHI) 28 June 1945" (PDF). TICOM. Retrieved 4 February 2017.

## InfoBox

| Walter Ernst Fricke | |
| --- | --- |
| Dr. Walter Fricke in 1968 | |
| Born | (1915-04-01)1 April 1915
Leimbach-Mansfeld near Merseburg, Germany |
| Died | 21 March 1988(1988-03-21) (aged 72)
Heidelberg, Germany |
| Citizenship | German |
| Education | Berlin University |
| Known for | Working as cryptanalyst with OKW/Chi, Fourth Fundamental Catalogue (FK4) |
| Awards | Prix Jules Janssen of the Société astronomique de France in 1974.

Dirk Brouwer Award of the American Astronomical Society at the Division on Dynamical Astronomy in 1982.

Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (First Class) (German:*Verdienstkreuz*) of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1981 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Thesis | * *Influence of a resisting agent in the dynamics of dense stellar system.*  (1940) |
| Doctoral advisor | Otto Heckmann |
|  | |


title: Nickelodeon Universe

abstract: Nickelodeon Universe is the name of two indoor amusement parks located at Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota and American Dream in East Rutherford, New Jersey, with a third location under construction at the Mall of China in Chongqing, China. The parks consist of attractions and rides based on Nickelodeon’s popular franchises. The amusement parks are owned and operated by the Triple Five Group with licensing rights from Paramount Global, which owns Nickelodeon.

text:
# Nickelodeon Universe

**Nickelodeon Universe** is the name of two indoor amusement parks located at Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota and American Dream in East Rutherford, New Jersey, with a third location under construction at the Mall of China in Chongqing, China. The parks consist of attractions and rides based on Nickelodeon’s popular franchises. The amusement parks are owned and operated by the Triple Five Group with licensing rights from Paramount Global, which owns Nickelodeon.

## Mall of America

### History

#### Camp Snoopy

The park was originally known as **Knott's Camp Snoopy**, and later, simply **Camp Snoopy**, and was themed around the Charles M. Schulz *Peanuts* comic strip characters. Camp Snoopy themed areas are still located at Cedar Fair Amusement Company's parks. Camp Snoopy was never aggressively themed; the park had a very outdoors and woodsy feel with more subtle references to the *Peanuts* franchise. Much of the original theming in the Camp Snoopy fountain and all around the park was already toned down by the time the rights to the *Peanuts* characters were lost. Theming that was removed from the park prematurely and was never replaced includes various kites near the ceiling, Charlie Brown and Lucy playing baseball above the Sports Grill restaurant (although their baseball remained suspended in the air afterwards), theming in Snoopy fountain, the retheming of Snoopy Boutique, Snoopy Bouncer, the Snoopy Shop and much smaller theming. On April 7, 1998, New Horizon Kids Quest, Inc. opened a Kids Quest hourly child care facility in Knott's Camp Snoopy. It incorporated 17,385 square feet (1,615.1 m2) and served children ages six weeks to twelve years until its removal in 2007. It is now the "Dutchman’s Deck Adventure Course" ropes course, slides and zip line.

In 2005, there were plans to revitalize the Camp Snoopy image and a new logo was introduced in October, called the "roller coaster logo" to replace the "canoe logo". However, this did not last long, as there were even bigger and unexpected changes coming within the next few months.

#### The Park at Mall of America

On January 9, 2006, Mall of America management announced that talks between MOA and Cedar Fair (which owns the national rights to amusement-park branding of the *Peanuts* license) had broken down, primarily over the mall's rights to effectively market its park within and outside the United States, and effective January 19, the park's *Peanuts* branding would end, the park being temporarily renamed **The Park at MOA** while new branding was being applied. All traces of the *Peanuts* branding was removed, some very sloppily, although the gift shops were allowed to continue selling *Peanuts* merchandise without the Camp Snoopy label. The inflatable Snoopy character was removed and it took several months before it was finally replaced by a generic tree house inflatable. The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera was the final film played in the Mystery Mine Ride, with the Mystery Mine Ride closing permanently in 2007. Many other landmarks in the park were either replaced by generic landmarks or not replaced at all.

#### Nickelodeon Universe

On November 8, 2005, Viacom filed a trademark for **Nickelodeon Universe**. The park's new licensing deal and name, "Nickelodeon Universe", was announced on July 25, 2007. Construction began on August 27, 2007, work was completed in sections so 80 percent to 90 percent of the park remained accessible at all times. Nickelodeon Universe was completed on March 15, 2008. New rides include SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge, a Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter 410 roller coaster themed after the Nickelodeon show *SpongeBob SquarePants*, the Splat-O-Sphere, a Moser's Rides drop tower in the center of the park, the Avatar Airbender, a surf-rider attraction located in the center of the park as well and BrainSurge which is on the side of the park. The shooting gallery beneath the Ripsaw and Pepsi Orange Streak roller coaster was gutted and was replaced by Rugrats Reptarmobiles. The Mystery Mine Ride was completely demolished to make way for SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge. This site also included an Old Time Photography studio and restrooms. Old Time Photography relocated into the mall (but not within the park) and restrooms did not return in this section of the park. Levy Restaurants partnered with Nickelodeon Universe to include a themed restaurant at the park. The restaurant was called EATS and was located in the former Park at MOA food court. When the partnership ended, the EATS area closed and was replaced with a butterfly display. In 2014, a Hard Rock Cafe opened on the site where EATS once stood.

On March 12, 2008, the *Star Tribune* reported that the price of ride points, daily wristbands and, in particular, annual passes, would take a significant price hike once the park transitioned to Nickelodeon Universe. The price for an annual pass, which had remained $99 per year since the park opened in 1992, would increase to $250, and daily wristbands would be raised from $24.95 to $29.95. They eventually rose to $32.99 in 2014. In 2017, prices rose to where they currently stand, at $35.99 for a daily wristband. In April 2015, the price for the annual pass dropped to $139. In November 2021, Nickelodeon Universe announced the new annual pass program which has 3 different annual passes: Level 1 is Explorer which costs $175 but only valid on the weekdays, which is Monday through Thursday, Level 2 is Adventurer costs $250 but only works on any day of the week & Level 3 is Thrill Seeker costs $350 and it has all access all the time. Some denounced the price increases as being unjustifiably high when compared to other parks, such as local park Valleyfair at $79.95–$99.95. Others defended the pricing as necessary to accommodate the millions of dollars of investment needed to rebrand the park as Nickelodeon Universe.

On March 17, 2020, Nickelodeon Universe closed along with the rest of Mall of America in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. While the mall re-opened in June, Nickelodeon Universe didn't re-open until August. As a result of restrictions put in place by the Minnesota state government, Nickelodeon Universe was only permitted to re-open to a capacity of 250. Thus, the previous ticketing model—where entry to the park was free and patrons could either pay for rides individually, or unlimited–ride tickets that valid for the entire day—was temporarily suspended. Patrons then had only the option of a ticket that was valid for two hours from when it was first scanned at a ride; persons not riding were required to have a paid ticket to enter the park, albeit at a reduced cost. Capacity restrictions eventually loosened into the spring, resulting in the return of all-day unlimited-ride wristbands and point passes. The park reopened to full capacity on May 28, 2021.

### Rides and attractions

#### Roller coasters

| Name | Opened | Manufacturer | Make/model | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pepsi Orange Streak | 1992 | Zierer | Tivoli - Custom | Formerly known as Pepsi Ripsaw (1992-2007) |
| Fairly Odd Coaster | 2004 | Gerstlauer | Spinning Coaster - 420/4 | Formerly known as Timberland Twister (2004–2007). The original layout used for the Pandemonium clones of the Six Flags parks. |
| SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge | 2008 | Gerstlauer | Euro-Fighter - 410 | Located next to the former home plate for Metropolitan Stadium, which was previously located on the site of the Mall. Replaced Mystery Mine (1992-2007) and Yogi's Big Rescue (2006-2007) |
| Back at the Barnyard Hayride | 1995 | Zamperla | Mini Mine Powered Coaster | Replaced Huff and Puff. Formerly known as Li'l Shaver (1995-2007) |
| Avatar Airbender | 2008 | Intamin | Surfrider - 20 m | Replaced Camp Snoopy's Water Fountain (1992–2007) |

#### Thrill rides

| Name | Opened | Manufacturer | Make/model | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BrainSurge | 2010 | Chance Rides | UniCoaster | Based on the game show of the same name |
| Shredder's Mutant Masher | 2015 | Chance Rides | Revolution 20 | Replaced Danny Phantom Ghost Zone |
| Splat-O-Sphere | 2008 | Moser's Rides | Drop Tower | Replaced the water fountain |
| Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock | 2012 | Gerstlauer | Sky Flyer | Replaced Tak Attack |

#### Family rides

| Name | Opened | Manufacturer | Make/model | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| PAW Patrol: Adventure Bay | 2018 |  |  | Replaced Jimmy Neutron: Atomic Collider |
| Carousel | 1992 | Chance Rides | 36 Foot Carousel | Formerly known as Americana Carousel (1992-2007) and Nick-O-Round (2008). |
| Fly with Appa | 2024 |  |  | Replaced Bubble Guppies Guppy Bubbler’s former spot. |
| Log Chute | 1992 | Hopkins Rides | Flume | Formerly known as Paul Bunyan's Log Chute (1992-2007) |
| Ghost Blasters | 1999 | Sally Corporation | Interactive Dark Ride |  |
| El Circulo Del Cielo | 1992 | Chance Rides | 63' Century Wheel | Formerly known as Skyscraper Ferris Wheel (1992-2007) |
| Crazy Cars | 1992 | Bertazzon | Bumper Cars | Formerly known as Bumpers (1992-2007) and Naked Brothers Crazy Cars (2008-2011) |

#### Kiddie attractions

| Name | Opened | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Backyardigans Swing-Along | 1992 | A Zierer **Wave Swinger** that was formerly known as Kite-Eating Tree from 1992-2006 and Tree Swing and 2006-2007 |
| Big Rigs | 1992 | Formerly known as Truckin' (1992-2007) |
| Blue's Skidoo | 2008 | A SBF Visa Group **Junior Jets** flat ride that replaced Red Baron |
| Boots' Banana Swing | 2024 | A clone of the installation in American Dream, a Happy Swing ride. |
| Bubble Guppies Guppy Bubbler | 2015 | A Zamperla **Balloon Tower** that replaced Balloon Race. Relocated in 2023 to make room for Fly With Appa. |
| Diego's Rescue Rider | 1998 | A Zamperla **Junior Flying Carpet** that was formerly known as Camp Bus from 1998-2007. |
| La Aventura de Azul | 1992 | Formerly known as Bloomington Express (1992-2007). Presumably a Zamperla **Junior Railway** flat ride. |
| Pineapple Poppers | 2008 | A bouncy castle that replaced Snoopy Bounce and Bounce |
| Rugrats Reptarmobiles | 2008 | A Bertazzon **Junior Dodgems** that replaced the shooting gallery. |
| Swiper's Sweeper | 1992 | Formerly known as Speedway (1992-2007). Presumably a Zamperla **Junior Whip** |
| Wonder Pet's Flyboat | 1999 | A Zamperla **Junior Drop Tower** that was formerly known as Frog Hopper from 1999-2007. |

#### Others

| Name | Opened | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Barnacle Blast | 2014 | Part of Dutchman's Deck Adventure Course |
| Moose Mountain Adventure Golf | 1992 |  |
| Xscape Entertainment Center | 1992 | Two locations; formerly Games! Powered by Namco |
| Dutchman's Deck Adventure Course | 2010 | Includes the Ghostly Gangplank ropes course, Anchor Drop slides and Barnacle Blast zip line |
| Flyover America | 2016 |  |
| Rock of Ages Blacklight Mini Golf | 2017 |  |
| 5D Extreme Attraction | 2018 |  |

#### Former rides

| Name | Opened | Closed | Manufacturer | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D | 2003? | 2006 | SimEx-Iwerks | 4-D film |
| Huff and Puff | 1992 | 1995 | Bradley and Kaye |  |
| Bounce | 1992 | 2007 |  |  |
| Red Baron | 1992 | 2007 |  |  |
| Mystery Mine Ride | 1992 | 2007 | SimEx-Iwerks | 4-D Theater |
| The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera/Yogi's Big Rescue | 2006 | 2007 | SimEx-Iwerks | 4-D film, this was the final film shown in the Mystery Mine Ride before its closure. |
| Tak Attack | 1998 | 2011 | Zamperla | Rotoshake |
| Balloon Race | 1992 | 2015 |  |  |
| Danny Phantom Ghost Zone | 1992 | 2015 | Chance Rides | Falling Star |
| Jimmy Neutron's Atomic Collider | 1992 | 2018 | Zierer | Hexentanz |
| Linus Loop | 1992 | 1998 | Zamperla | Mini Ferris Wheel |
| Beagle Ballroom | 1992 | 1999 |  |  |
|

### Dining

* Grub
* Sweet Treats
* Coaster Cafe
* Various carts featuring popcorn, mini donuts, cotton candy, Dippin Dots ice cream, Pepsi beverages and ICEE beverages

#### Former dining

* Hard Rock Cafe
* Caribou Coffee
* 1st Rnd
* Tall Timbers
* Stampede Steakhouse
* Mrs. Knott's Restaurant
* Mrs. Knott's Picnic Basket
* The Silver Stein-Festhaus
* Festhaus Buffet
* Hormel Cook Out
* McGarvey Camp Bakery
* EATS
* Cool Treats
* Schwan's Ice Cream Cafe (replaced by Sweet Treats)
* Slurp and Snack (replaced by Grub)

### Retail

#### Former retail

* 4U (Replaced by Peeps & Company, which eventually closed and became the mall's second IT'SUGAR location called "Candy Universe". This IT'SUGAR location is now closed.)
* NU Stuff (replaced by Gear)
* Candy Universe (operated by IT'SUGAR)
* American Girl Store

### Accidents

* On August 1, 1998, a 12-year-old boy, David Craig of Cable, Wisconsin, was killed after he fell off the Log Chute. When the boat neared the top of the chute, he began to panic and reached outside of the log to grab a railing. The ride stopped, but the log had already begun its descent down the major drop. Losing his grip, Craig fell off the chute, falling onto the landscaping rocks. He then died as a result of his injuries. Hopkins Rides, the manufacturer of the ride, inspected it and found it was in proper working order. It was Camp Snoopy's first fatal accident.
* On Saturday, August 15, 1998, an 8-year-old girl died of a heart attack after she rode the *Screaming Yellow Eagle* (later known as *Danny Phantom Ghost Zone*), a rotating platform ride from Chance Rides. Her parents said she died from a heart attack because she had a history of heart problems for five years before her death. The ride was operating properly.

## American Dream

Nickelodeon Universe American Dream
| A view of the Nickelodeon Universe theme park at American Dream Meadowlands | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | East Rutherford, New Jersey, United States |
| Coordinates | 40°48′24″N 74°04′16″W / 40.806591°N 74.071201°W / 40.806591; -74.071201 |
| Public transit | MDW Meadowlands |
| Opened | October 25, 2019 |
| Owner | Triple Five Group
(under license from Paramount Global) |
| Theme | Nickelodeon |
| Slogan | Every Day is the Best Day Ever |
| Operating season | Year-round |
| Area | 8 acres (3.2 ha) |
| Attractions | |
| Roller coasters | 5 |
| Website | Official website |

### History

In September 2016, the Triple Five Group announced that a second Nickelodeon Universe amusement park would fill the 8-acre indoor amusement park space at American Dream, which will feature two world record-holding roller coasters. TMNT Shellraiser, a Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter, would hold the record for the steepest roller coaster drop at 121.5 degrees, and is based on a model seen in Japan. The second coaster, a spinning coaster called the Shredder, consists of four-passenger cars that spin on a vertical axis as it progresses down the coaster's track, and is the world's tallest and longest free spinning coaster, at 1,600 feet.

On March 13, 2020, Triple Five announced that the mall would be closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the opening of retail shops and DreamWorks Water Park would be delayed.

On April 6, 2020, American Dream changed from a mix of 55% entertainment-related tenants and 45% retailers to roughly 70% entertainment and 30% retail. As of April 10, 2020, no retailers had backed out of American Dream. American Dream said it will add eight more rides to the Nickelodeon Universe theme park, building on its early success.

On September 3, 2020, Triple Five announced that on October 1, American Dream would reopen its amusement park, water park, ice rink, and mini-golf arcade, each of which would limit patrons to 25% of capacity.

### Rides and attractions

#### Roller coasters

| Name | Opened | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TMNT Shellraiser | October 25, 2019 | A Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter that is the world's steepest roller coaster at a 121.5 degree drop angle |
| The Shredder | November 2, 2019 | Gerstlauer spinning coaster |
| Nickelodeon Slime Streak | October 25, 2019 | Chance Rides family coaster |
| Sandy's Blasting Bronco | October 1, 2020 | Intamin Vertical LSM Coaster |
| Timmy's Half-Pipe Havoc | December 7, 2019 | Intamin Surf Rider roller coaster |

#### Other rides

| Name | Opened | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aang's Air Gliders | 2019 | A Zamperla **Air Race** attraction that sends 24 riders into several inversions. The ride is themed to Avatar: The Last Airbender. |
| Bikini Bottom Crosstown Express | | A Zamperla **Rocking Tug** themed to a Bikini Bottom bus from the SpongeBob SquarePants franchise. Intended for families with young children. |
| Blaze's Monster Truck Rally | | A Zamperla **Convoy** where scaled-down Monster Trucks drive along an oval track encircling some mock stunt ramps. The ride is loosely themed to the Blaze and the Monster Machines franchise. |
| Blue's Skidoo | | A Zamperla **Junior Jets** flat ride where riders can board various vehicles themed to *Blue* and *Magenta*. Loosely themed to the Blue's Clues show. |
| Dora's Sky Railway | | A monorail-type ride that takes riders on a journey across the park. This attraction is loosely themed to the Dora the Explorer franchise and gives families an elevated view of the park. Presumably a Zamperla **Junior Railway**. |
| Fairly Odd Airways | | A Zamperla **Flying Tigers** ride taking younger riders for a flight in their own planes. Themed remotely to The Fairly OddParents. |
| Invader Zim's Flip & Spin... OF DOOM! | | A bumper car style attraction where riders can flip upon impact. Themed to Invader Zim. It had constant technical issues and downtime during the park's opening months, and was replaced by Bubble Guppies: Guppy Bubbler. The ride is currently in storage near Sandy's Blasting Bronco. It was an Amusement Products LLC **Flip Zone**. |
| Jimmy Neutron's Atom Smasher | | A Chance Rides Unicoaster 1.0 flat ride where riders spin along a track and can control the flipping motion of their vehicle. Themed to The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron show, and only the third Unicoaster to be installed within North America. |
| Legends of the Hidden Temple Challenge | | A 10-story-tall interactive ropes course developed by Michigan-based RCI Adventure Products. Vaguely themed around the Legends of the Hidden Temple game show. |
| Nickelodeon Skyline Scream | | This is an S&S - Sansei Technologies spinning **Rotating Tower** drop tower, which is marketed as the tallest indoor drop tower in the world, taking the record from Galaxyland's Space Shot, which is 37 m tall (121 feet). Opened on November 7, 2019. |
| PAW Patrol Adventure Bay | | A large interactive play area with play structures, slides, and pits meant for younger children, and themed around the PAW Patrol franchise. |
| Pup, Pup, and Away | | This is a Zamperla Junior Ferris Wheel that is loosely themed around the PAW Patrol. |
| Ren & Stimpy's Space Madness | | A 10-passenger Zierer family drop tower. This attraction can hold 10 riders and is themed to The Ren & Stimpy Show. |
| Rugrats Reptar Go-Round | | A Chance Rides double-decker **Carousel** of the 36 foot variant. All of the vehicles are custom themed to the Rugrats franchise. Riders have the option of riding on Reptar's back or in a tea cup or other ride vehicle. |
| Shimmer & Shine Jumping Genies | | A Zamperla **Jump Around** where riders are speedily taken through a circle. Unlike many of the other attractions, this is located within an enclosed building within the park. Themed to the Shimmer & Shine show. |
| SpongeBob's Jellyfish Jam | | A Zamperla **Wave Swinger** themed to a horde of jellyfish in the SpongeBob SquarePants franchise. |
| Kraang Prime Pandemonium! | | This Zamperla pendulum ride takes riders in 360° loops going both directions. It is of the 16 seater **Discovery Revolution** make, and loosely themed around the Krang extraterrestrial villain in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise. |
| Bubble Guppies: Guppy Bubbler | 2021 | A children's **Samba Tower** ride themed to Bubble Guppies. |
| Zuma's Zoomers | | A boat **Whip** ride themed to Zuma from PAW Patrol. |
| Boots' Banana Swing | | A **Happy Swing** ride themed to Boots from Dora the Explorer. |
| Butterbean's Sweet Spin | | A **Teacups** cupcake ride themed to Butterbean's Cafe. |
| The Loud House Road Trip | | A **Crazy Bus** ride themed to The Loud House. |

#### Additional attractions

* In The Game arcade

## Additional locations

### Upcoming Chongqing, China location

A third Nickelodeon Universe theme park is currently under construction for the Mall of China in Chongqing, China. Concept artwork that was released during the theme park's announcement on July 26, 2018 showcases rides that are at the American Dream location, as well as several new attractions. Construction was briefly paused in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. While the theme park was originally slated for a December 2020 opening, its construction status and a new opening timeframe are unknown.

### Cancelled New Orleans location

On August 18, 2009, Nickelodeon and Southern Star Amusement announced that a Nickelodeon Universe location would be built in New Orleans, Louisiana to replace the former Six Flags New Orleans that was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and would open by around the end of 2010. It was set to be the first outdoor Nickelodeon Universe theme park, but on November 9, 2009, Nickelodeon announced that it had ended the licensing agreement with Southern Star Amusements.

## 2020 temporary closures

The two Nickelodeon Universe theme parks in Minnesota and New Jersey were temporarily closed in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nickelodeon Universe reopened at Mall of America on August 10, 2020, while its park at American Dream reopened on October 1, 2020.

## InfoBox

Nickelodeon Universe Mall of America
| *Previously known as Knott's Camp Snoopy (1992–2005)
Camp Snoopy (2005–2006)
The Park at MOA (2006–2008)* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Bloomington, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 44°51′15″N 93°14′32″W / 44.85417°N 93.24222°W / 44.85417; -93.24222 |
| Public transit | Blue Line  Mall of America |
| Opened | August 11, 1992  (as Knott's Camp Snoopy)
March 15, 2008  (as Nickelodeon Universe) |
| Owner | Triple Five Group / Mall of America
(under license from Paramount Global) |
| Theme | Nickelodeon |
| Operating season | Indoors, open all year |
| Area | 7 acres (28,000 m2) |
| Attractions | |
| Total | 27+ |
| Roller coasters | 5 |
| Water rides | 1 |
| Website | www.nickelodeonuniverse.com/home/ |


title: Queensland Law Society

abstract: The Queensland Law Society is the peak professional body for solicitors in Queensland, Australia. It represents more than 9,000 members, and is affiliated with the Law Council of Australia. The society provides support and public advocacy for the legal profession. The society originated as an informal meeting of solicitors in Brisbane, on the 7th of August 1873, and was formalised as the "Queensland Law Association" in 1883. In 1927, it was incorporated under the current name, the "Queensland Law Society". In 1941, during difficult years when many lawyers were called to war, the society first engaged a full-time employee, Beryl Donkin, as secretary and chief administrative officer. The society was enshrined by Act of Parliament in 1952. In 1964 the society initiated the "Queensland Law Society Symposium".

text:
# Queensland Law Society

The **Queensland Law Society** is the peak professional body for solicitors in Queensland, Australia. It represents more than 9,000 members, and is affiliated with the Law Council of Australia. The society provides support and public advocacy for the legal profession.

The society originated as an informal meeting of solicitors in Brisbane, on the 7th of August 1873, and was formalised as the "Queensland Law Association" in 1883. In 1927, it was incorporated under the current name, the "Queensland Law Society". In 1941, during difficult years when many lawyers were called to war, the society first engaged a full-time employee, Beryl Donkin, as secretary and chief administrative officer. The society was enshrined by Act of Parliament in 1952.

In 1964 the society initiated the "Queensland Law Society Symposium".

## InfoBox

Queensland Law Society
| Type | Bar association |
| --- | --- |
| Region served | Queensland |
| Website | www.qls.com.au |


title: Onity Group

abstract: Onity Group, formerly Ocwen, is a provider of residential and commercial mortgage loan servicing, special servicing, and asset management services, which has been described as "debt collectors, collecting monthly principal and interest from homeowners". Ocwen was founded in 1988 and is headquartered in West Palm Beach, Florida, with additional offices in Mount Laurel, NJ, Rancho Cordova, California, and St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. It also has support operations in the Philippines and India. On June 10th, 2024, Ocwen rebranded as Onity Group. Onity's Slogan is "We Get It Done."

text:
# Onity Group

**Onity Group**, formerly **Ocwen**, is a provider of residential and commercial mortgage loan servicing, special servicing, and asset management services, which has been described as "debt collectors, collecting monthly principal and interest from homeowners". Ocwen was founded in 1988 and is headquartered in West Palm Beach, Florida, with additional offices in Mount Laurel, NJ, Rancho Cordova, California, and St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. It also has support operations in the Philippines and India. On June 10th, 2024, Ocwen rebranded as Onity Group. Onity's Slogan is "We Get It Done."

## Corporate affairs

Onity is licensed to service mortgage loans in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and two U.S. territories. Onity has been servicing residential mortgage loans since 1988 and subprime mortgage loans since 1994.

As of 2010, Ocwen's subprime servicing volume was $56 billion, ranking it fourth in subprime servicing behind American Home Servicing ($78 billion), Bank of America/Countrywide ($82 billion), and Chase Home Finance ($90 billion). As of December 31, 2011, Ocwen had serviced 671,623 residential loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance (UPB) of $102.2 billion. As of February 26, 2014, with rights to service a mortgage portfolio of over $500 billion in UPB, it is the biggest non-bank servicer of U.S. mortgages.

### Acquisitions

In June 2013, Ocwen Financial (OCN), the nation's fourth-largest mortgage servicer, bought the rights to service $78 billion in mortgages from OneWest Bank, the former IndyMac Bancorp.

In September 2010, Ocwen, through Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC (OLS), a wholly owned subsidiary of Ocwen, acquired the U.S. non-prime mortgage servicing business of Barclays Bank PLC, known as HomEq servicing. While the transaction did not result in the transfer of ownership of any legal entities, OLS acquired the mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) and associated servicer advances of the business as well as the servicing platforms based in Sacramento, California, and Raleigh, North Carolina, for an initial aggregate purchase price of $1.2 billion. With the close of the HomEq acquisition, Ocwen boarded onto its servicing platform approximately 134,000 residential mortgage loans with an aggregate UPB of approximately $22.4 billion.

In September 2011, Ocwen completed its acquisition of outstanding partnership interests of Litton Loan Servicing LP and certain interest-only servicing securities previously owned by Goldman Sachs & Co. from Goldman Sachs. Following this $247.2 million worth acquisition, Ocwen became the largest subprime mortgage servicer in the U.S. The Litton acquisition increased Ocwen's servicing portfolio by 245,000 residential mortgage loans with an aggregate UPB of approximately $38.6 billion. Litton Loan Servicing signed a consent order over their loan servicing practices.

In April 2012, Ocwen closed on the purchase of approximately $22 billion of mortgage servicing rights from Saxon Mortgage Services, a unit of Morgan Stanley. Saxon Mortgage signed consent orders with federal regulators because of its mortgage loan servicing practices.

In June 2012, Ocwen completed its purchase of Aurora Bank's commercial servicing rights portfolio.

In October 2012, Ocwen announced plans to buy Homeward Residential Holdings, Inc. from WL Ross & Co. for $750 million. Homeward consisted of the mortgage servicing from American Home Mortgage and Option One Mortgage. The acquisition was finalized on December 27, 2012. As a result of the acquisition, the Jacksonville, Florida, site was closed, laying off all 370 employees, and 325 employees at Homeward's Coppell, Texas, location were laid off.

In October 2012, Ocwen also partnered with Walter Investment Management Corp. to place the winning $3 billion bid for Residential Capital's mortgage-servicing and origination assets at a bankruptcy auction. Additionally, the company entered into an agreement with Genworth Financial Corp. to acquire Genworth Financial Home Equity Access Inc. for $22 million.

In February 2012, Gleacher & Co. announced the sale of its mortgage unit ClearPoint to Ocwen.

In June 2013, Ocwen Financial Corp. (OCN), a provider of loan and asset-management services, agreed to buy contracts to handle payment collections on about $78 billion of mortgages from OneWest Bank FSB for $2.53 billion.

On February 27, 2018, Ocwen Financial Corporation entered into definitive agreement to acquire PHH Corporation for $360 million.

On October 4, 2018, Ocwen Financial Corporation officially acquired PHH Corporation for approximately $360 million. Along with the acquisition, Ocwen announced Glen A. Messina would become the President and CEO and a member of Ocwen's board of directors.

### Status of Ocwen due to merger with PHH Mortgage

On June 6, 2019, Ocwen Financial Corporation/Ocwen Loan Servicing is merging all loans that are currently serviced by Ocwen Loan Servicing into PHH Mortgage. The merger also allows more for both of the companies because PHH Mortgage does do actual new mortgages and refinance rather than Ocwen before just doing servicing of loans.

On October 4, 2018, Ocwen Financial completed its acquisition of PHH Corporation and is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Ocwen Financial Corp.

### Home Affordable Modification Program

Ocwen is a participant in the U.S. Treasury Department's Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP), which is designed to use loan modifications to help homeowners facing foreclosure. Ocwen early on posted relative success in converting trial loan modifications to permanent ones, in part because it relied on verified income statements from borrowers rather than stated ones.

In August 2010, Ocwen enacted a Shared Appreciation Modification (SAM) program that reduces a qualified delinquent borrower's principal to 95% of the home's current market value, but requires the homeowner to later share 25% of the home's appreciation with the investors when the home is eventually sold or refinanced. In 2011, Ocwen reported that it had modified more than 200,000 troubled loans since the mortgage crisis began in the mid-2000s.

### Altisource spinoff

Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A.
| Traded as | Nasdaq: ASPS
Russell 2000 Index component |
| --- | --- |

In August 2009, Ocwen completed the distribution of its Ocwen Solutions (OS) line of business via the spinoff of a separate publicly traded company called Altisource (Nasdaq: ASPS). Ocwen claimed that the Separation has allowed it to focus on its core servicing business and to respond better to initiatives and market challenges.

OS consisted of the former unsecured collections business, residential fee-based loan processing businesses and technology platforms as well as the international commercial loan servicing business conducted through Global Servicing Solutions, LLC (GSS) and the equity investment in BMS Holdings (subsequently changed to BHI Liquidation). With the exception of interests in GSS and BMS Holdings, Inc., Ocwen distributed the assets, liabilities, and operations of OS in the spinoff. Altisource specializes in Real Estate Owned (REO) and related business activities.

### Home Loan Servicing Solutions spinoff

Ocwen Financial Corporation spun off Home Loan Servicing Solutions (HLSS) in 2010. Founded by Ocwen Financial Corporation's Executive Chairman William Erbey, HLSS was created to acquire mortgage servicing assets including servicing rights, rights to fees, and other income from servicing loans.

In February 2011, HLSS announced its plan for an initial public offering. The company raised $186.2 million in its February 2012 IPO and is traded on NASDAQ.

## Employees

As of September 30, 2018, Ocwen reported as having 6,400 employees worldwide, of which approximately 4,300 are employed in their India operations centers, and 500 in the Philippines. Their operations in India and the Philippines primarily provide internal support services, principally to their loan servicing business and corporate functions. Of their foreign-based employees, more than 80% were engaged in supporting the loan servicing operations as of September 30, 2018.

## Controversies

In July 2002, Kweku Hanson, a Connecticut attorney, initiated a class-action suit against Ocwen Federal FSB of West Palm Beach, Florida, and he was represented in this by fellow attorney Paul Ngobeni. The 123-page lawsuit in *Hanson v. Ocwen Federal Bank* outlined a six-year running battle over late charges and fees. He was joined in the suit by 57 individuals who claimed to have been injured by Ocwen. The lawsuit sought $1.5 billion in punitive and exemplary damages but was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum.

On December 19, 2013, California Attorney General Kamala D. Harris announced a $2.1 billion mortgage settlement with Ocwen Financial Corporation and Ocwen Loan Servicing over alleged mortgage servicing misconduct. California homeowners eligible to receive an estimated $268 million in first lien principal reductions and nearly $23 million in cash payments.

This agreement is with a total of 49 states with $2 billion used to cover loan modifications and principal reductions for the people who lost their homes between January 1, 2009, and December 21, 2012, and those people whose loans were serviced by OCWEN. "OCWEN took advantage of borrowers at every stage of the process", said Richard Cordray, Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. As part of the agreement, founder William Erbey resigned from the company's board over conflicts of interest, though Ocwen paid him $1.2 million in the process.

## InfoBox

Onity Group
| Company type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Traded as | NYSE: ONIT
Russell 2000 Component |
| Industry | Financial services (Mortgage) |
| Founded | February 1988 (February 1988) |
| Headquarters | West Palm Beach, Florida |
| Key people | Glen Messina
(Chair, President and CEO)
 |
| Revenue | $18.0 billion |
| Net income | $58.7 million (Q3 2014) |
| Number of employees | 6400 (December 2018) |
| Website | onitygroup.com |


abstract: Holidays in the United States Virgin Islands include all official holidays of the United States as well as religious and secular holidays designated by the Government of the Virgin Islands.

text:
# Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands

**Holidays in the United States Virgin Islands** include all official holidays of the United States as well as religious and secular holidays designated by the Government of the Virgin Islands.

## Public holidays

| Date | Name | Remarks |
| --- | --- | --- |
| January 1 | New Year's Day |  |
| January 6 | Three Kings Day |  |
| Third Monday in January | Martin Luther King, Jr. Day |  |
| Third Monday in February | President's Day |  |
| March 31 | Transfer Day | Celebrates the transfer of the USVI from Denmark to the United States in 1917. |
| Thursday before Easter | Holy Thursday |  |
| Friday before Easter | Good Friday | Easter is observed in the territory according to Western Christian traditions, i.e. (in summary), on the first Sunday following the first ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or after March 21 (the day of the ecclesiastical vernal equinox). |
| Monday after Easter | Easter Monday |  |
| Last Monday in May | Memorial Day |  |
| June 19 | Juneteenth |  |
| July 3 | Emancipation Day | Recognizes the abolition of slavery in the Danish West Indies in 1848. |
| July 4 | American Independence Day |  |
| Fourth Monday in July | Hurricane Supplication Day | Established to pray to be spared from hurricanes. No longer a paid holiday. |
| First Monday in September | Labor Day |  |
| Second Monday in October | Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day/Columbus Day | Established in 1964 to recognize the ties between the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. |
| October 25 | Hurricane Thanksgiving | Established to give thanks for being spared from hurricanes. No longer a paid holiday. |
| November 1 | Liberty Day | Also known as "D. Hamilton Jackson Day" or "Bull and Bread Day." A day to honor David Hamilton Jackson (1884–1946), a Virgin Islands labor rights leader from St. Croix. |
| November 11 | Veterans Day |  |
| Fourth Thursday in November | Thanksgiving Day | Schools remain closed Friday. |
| December 25 | Christmas Day |  |
| December 26 | Christmas Second Day | Also known as Boxing Day. |
| December 31 | New Year's Eve | Also known as Old Year's Night. Not always a paid holiday. |

## Carnival

In addition to these holidays, all three islands celebrate multi-day carnivals. V.I. Carnival takes place in St. Thomas in April/May, St. John Carnival is in June/July, and St. Croix's Crucian Festival is in December/January. The Virgin Islands Government regularly grants administrative leave to its employees for various Carnival-related events (such as Food Fair, J'ouvert, Children's Parade and Adults' Parade), and schools are closed during the culmination of V.I. Carnival.


title: Ivan S. Kerno

abstract: Ivan S. Kerno was a Czechoslovak lawyer and diplomat and a United Nations legal official.

text:
# Ivan S. Kerno

**Ivan S. Kerno** (1891 – 17 April 1961) was a Czechoslovak lawyer and diplomat and a United Nations legal official.

## Biography

Ivan Kerno was born in 1891 in Myjava. He was a Slovak lawyer and diplomat serving for the inter-war Czechoslovakia. After the establishment of Czechoslovakia as an independent state following the First World War, Kerno began to work for the Czechoslovak legation in Paris. In 1928 he joined the secretariat of the League of Nations in Geneva.

He was a member of the Czechoslovak delegation at the First Vienna Award in 1938. Upon the establishment of the United Nations following the Second World War, Kerno became Assistant to Secretary-General Trygve Lie and was in charge of the Legal Department. Between 1946 and 1952 he held the post of the first legal councilor of the United Nations and the deputy of the UN Secretary General for legal matters. After February 1948 and the communist coup d'etat in Czechoslovakia, he remained in the United States.

Kerno died 17 April 1961, in Long Island, New York. His papers are archived at Stanford University. He was the father of Milan Kerno, who became vice-president for finance of the African Development Bank.

## Works

* "Moratórium Hoover a plán Young" (The Hoover Moratorium and the Young Plan), In: *Obzor národohospodářský* XXXVI. (1931) pp. 551–558


title: Phaiogramma etruscaria

abstract: Phaiogramma etruscaria is a species of moth of the family Geometridae.

text:
# Phaiogramma etruscaria

***Phaiogramma etruscaria*** is a species of moth of the family Geometridae.

## Description

*Phaiogramma etruscaria* has a wingspan reaching 17.7-19.3 mm in males, 20-23.3 mm in the females. Wings are light green, with clearly visible white antemedial lines and small marbled striations. Hind tibia bear only terminal spurs in males, two pairs of spurs in females. Antennae are ciliate in males, while in females they are filiform. Adults are on wing from May to June. There is one generation per year. The pupae overwinter.

The larvae are polyphagous and feed on various *Apiaceae* (*Anethum graveolens*, *Bupleurum*, *Foeniculum vulgare*, *Daucus*, *Ferula*, *Peucedanum*) and on *Thapsus*, *Lotus*, *Clematis* and *Rosmarinus*.

## Distribution

It is found from the Mediterranean Sea area of Europe to central Asia. Records include Russia, Italy, France, the Crimea, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

## Habitat

This species inhabits warm scrubs and xerophilous hillsides.

## InfoBox

| *Phaiogramma etruscaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Phaiogramma* |
| Species: | ***P. etruscaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaiogramma etruscaria***<br>(Zeller, 1849) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Geometra etruscaria* Zeller, 1849 * *Nemoria pulmentaria* Guenee, 1858 * *Phaiogramma pulmentaria*  (Guenée, 1858) * *Chlorissa pulmentaria*  (Guenée, 1858) | |


title: Monomorium floricola

abstract: The bicolored trailing ant or flower ant is a species of ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae. It is a widespread, invasive ant which is found all over the world.

text:
# Monomorium floricola

The **bicolored trailing ant** or **flower ant** (***Monomorium floricola***) is a species of ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae. It is a widespread, invasive ant which is found all over the world.

## InfoBox

| Bicolored trailing ant | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Monomorium* |
| Species: | ***M. floricola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Monomorium floricola***<br>(Jerdon, 1851) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Monomorium angusticlava* Donisthorpe, 1947 * *Monomorium cinnabari* Roger, 1863 * *Monomorium floreanum* Stitz, 1932 * *Monomorium floricola furina* Forel, 1911 * *Monomorium floricola philippinensis* Forel, 1910 * *Monomorium impressum* Smith, F., 1876 * *Monomorium poecilum* Roger, 1863 * *Monomorium specularis* Mayr, 1866 | |


title: Rahamatulla Molla

abstract: Rahamatulla Molla is an Indian former athlete. He won a bronze medal as a member of India's 4 x 100 metres relay team at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, which set a national record in the final. At the 2010 Asian Games he was fourth in the 4 × 100 metres relay, but the result was annulled when it was revealed that teammate Suresh Sathya had tested positive for nandrolone prior to the games.

text:
# Rahamatulla Molla

**Rahamatulla Molla** (born 30 March 1987) is an Indian former athlete.

He won a bronze medal as a member of India's 4 x 100 metres relay team at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, which set a national record in the final.

At the 2010 Asian Games he was fourth in the 4 × 100 metres relay, but the result was annulled when it was revealed that teammate Suresh Sathya had tested positive for nandrolone prior to the games.

## Personal life

Rahamatulla, the son of a carpenter, is one of six siblings from a Muslim family in West Bengal. He lives in Daqaitmara village which is 60 km away from Kolkata. He has got four brothers and one sister.

Rahamatulla was a police constable in Kolkata.

## InfoBox

Rahamatulla Molla
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Rahamatulla Molla |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Born | (1987-03-30) 30 March 1987 |
| Sport | |
| Country | India |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Medal record      Men's Athletics  Commonwealth Games  2010 Delhi 4 x 100m relay | |


title: WWGA

abstract: WWGA is a radio station airing a classic hits format licensed to Tallapoosa, Georgia, broadcasting on 98.9 MHz FM. The station serves the areas of Carrollton, Georgia, Bremen, Georgia and Heflin, Alabama, and is owned by WKNG, LLC.

text:
# WWGA

**WWGA** is a radio station airing a classic hits format licensed to Tallapoosa, Georgia, broadcasting on 98.9 MHz FM. The station serves the areas of Carrollton, Georgia, Bremen, Georgia and Heflin, Alabama, and is owned by WKNG, LLC.

33°39′03″N 85°17′41″W / 33.65083°N 85.29472°W / 33.65083; -85.29472

## InfoBox

WWGA
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Carrollton, Georgia
Bremen, Georgia
Heflin, Alabama |
| Frequency | 98.9 MHz |
| Branding | *Great Classics 98.9* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic hits |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | WKNG, LLC |
| Sister stations | WKNG WBTR-FM WCKS WLBB |
| History | |
| First air date | 2010 |
| Call sign meaning | acronym for Georgia |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 183308 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 1,850 watts |
| HAAT | 182 meters (597 ft) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: Nicholas Felice

abstract: Nicholas R. Felice was an American Republican Party politician who represented the 40th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1982 to 2002, in addition to serving as mayor of Fair Lawn. After graduating from Passaic High School, Felice earned his undergraduate degree from Fairleigh Dickinson University with a major in Electrical Engineering. He served in the United States Army from 1945 to 1947 and saw duty in the Pacific theater as a Technical Sergeant. A full-time legislator, Felice served in his native Fair Lawn on its Planning Board from 1965 to 1967 and again from 1972 to 1975, on both the Health Advisory Board and Youth Advisory Board from 1967 to 1975, and on the Local Assistance Board from 1965 to 1975. He was elected to the Fair Lawn Borough Council, serving from 1967 to 1972, as Mayor from 1972 to 1974 and then as Deputy Mayor in 1974 and 1975. He was elected to the Assembly in 1983 together with Republican Walter M. D. Kern, with the pair re-elected in 1985 and 1987. He won re-election in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999 with David C. Russo as his running mate. Felice served in the General Assembly from 1982 to 2002, with posts as Assistant Majority Leader from 1986 to 1989, as Assistant Minority Leader in 1990 and 1991, as Deputy Speaker from 1992 to 1995 and as Speaker Pro Tempore starting in 1996. He served as Chair of the Health Committee, on the Environment Committee and on the Legislative Services Commission. In redistricting following the 2001 Census, Fair Lawn was relocated to the 38th Legislative District. In a split decision, Republican incumbent Rose Marie Heck won re-election with 27,055 votes and Democrat Matt Ahearn with 26,919 votes (25.20%) took the second seat. Democrat Kay Nest came in third with 26,587 votes (24.89%) and Felice was also out of the money with 26,252 votes (24.58%). After leaving the Assembly, Felice was named in 2001 as legislative liaison to the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, a post with an $85,000 annual salary. Then a resident of Mahwah, Felice died on August 24, 2021.

text:
# Nicholas Felice

**Nicholas R. Felice** (February 5, 1927 – August 24, 2021) was an American Republican Party politician who represented the 40th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1982 to 2002, in addition to serving as mayor of Fair Lawn.

After graduating from Passaic High School, Felice earned his undergraduate degree from Fairleigh Dickinson University with a major in Electrical Engineering. He served in the United States Army from 1945 to 1947 and saw duty in the Pacific theater as a Technical Sergeant.

A full-time legislator, Felice served in his native Fair Lawn on its Planning Board from 1965 to 1967 and again from 1972 to 1975, on both the Health Advisory Board and Youth Advisory Board from 1967 to 1975, and on the Local Assistance Board from 1965 to 1975. He was elected to the Fair Lawn Borough Council, serving from 1967 to 1972, as Mayor from 1972 to 1974 and then as Deputy Mayor in 1974 and 1975.

He was elected to the Assembly in 1983 together with Republican Walter M. D. Kern, with the pair re-elected in 1985 and 1987. He won re-election in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999 with David C. Russo as his running mate. Felice served in the General Assembly from 1982 to 2002, with posts as Assistant Majority Leader from 1986 to 1989, as Assistant Minority Leader in 1990 and 1991, as Deputy Speaker from 1992 to 1995 and as Speaker Pro Tempore starting in 1996. He served as Chair of the Health Committee, on the Environment Committee and on the Legislative Services Commission.

In redistricting following the 2001 Census, Fair Lawn was relocated to the 38th Legislative District. In a split decision, Republican incumbent Rose Marie Heck won re-election with 27,055 votes (25.33% of the total) and Democrat Matt Ahearn with 26,919 votes (25.20%) took the second seat. Democrat Kay Nest came in third with 26,587 votes (24.89%) and Felice was also out of the money with 26,252 votes (24.58%).

After leaving the Assembly, Felice was named in 2001 as legislative liaison to the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, a post with an $85,000 annual salary.

Then a resident of Mahwah, Felice died on August 24, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Nicholas Felice | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the New Jersey General Assembly
from the 40th district | |
| **In office**
May 3, 1982  January 8, 2002Serving with Walter M. D. Kern
David C. Russo | |
| Preceded by | W. Cary Edwards |
| Succeeded by | Kevin J. O'Toole |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1927-02-05)February 5, 1927
Passaic, New Jersey |
| Died | August 24, 2021(2021-08-24) (aged 94) |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Queensland Maritime Museum

abstract: The Queensland Maritime Museum is located on the southern bank of the Brisbane River just south of the South Bank Parklands and Queensland Cultural Centre precinct of Brisbane, and close to the Goodwill Bridge. The museum was founded in 1971 and contains a two-level exhibition building presenting historic sailing ship models together with merchant shipping from early cargo ships to modern container ships, tankers and cruise liners. It is housed in the building used for the “Pavilion of Promise” at World Expo 88, and the South Brisbane Dry Dock which was built in the 1870s and was 313 feet (95 m) long and 60 feet (18 m) wide. In 1887 the dock was extended to 430 feet (131 m) due to the increasing size of vessels. The museum also includes a library that stocks documents, pictures and other relevant artifacts relating to maritime history. There are several maps that show how early navigators created accurate charts. Information is also provided about some of the 1,500 plus shipwrecks that have occurred along the Queensland coast including the Great Barrier Reef.

text:
# Queensland Maritime Museum

The **Queensland Maritime Museum** is located on the southern bank of the Brisbane River just south of the South Bank Parklands and Queensland Cultural Centre precinct of Brisbane, and close to the Goodwill Bridge.

The museum was founded in 1971 and contains a two-level exhibition building presenting historic sailing ship models together with merchant shipping from early cargo ships to modern container ships, tankers and cruise liners. It is housed in the building used for the “Pavilion of Promise” at World Expo 88, and the South Brisbane Dry Dock which was built in the 1870s and was 313 feet (95 m) long and 60 feet (18 m) wide. In 1887 the dock was extended to 430 feet (131 m) due to the increasing size of vessels.

The museum also includes a library that stocks documents, pictures and other relevant artifacts relating to maritime history. There are several maps that show how early navigators created accurate charts.

Information is also provided about some of the 1,500 plus shipwrecks that have occurred along the Queensland coast including the Great Barrier Reef.

## Vessels

The 121 feet (37 m) steam tug *Forceful*, the only remaining working coal-fired steam tug in Queensland, is berthed at the museum wharf and there are regular sailings down the Brisbane River. It was built in 1925 by Alex Stephen & Son Ltd., Glasgow, Scotland. In 1941 it was chartered by the government for service in the Middle East, but did not sail because Japan entered World War II. She was then requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy and became known as HMAS *Forceful*. She was armed with a 20mm Oerlikon Machine Gun and a .303" Vickers machine gun. At present, she is laid up for repairs, estimated to reach around $250,000AUD.

HMAS *Diamantina*, a River Class frigate is in the South Brisbane Dry Dock (Graving Dock), and on board, visitors can view the museum's collection of Australian Naval memorabilia.

Another WW2 vessel located at the museum is the Torres Strait type of pearling lugger, "Penguin", which was used by the Americans during WW2, along with the dinghy from General Douglas MacArthur's motor Yacht "Shangri-La".

Also visible is the Light Ship Carpentaria.

## Lighthouses exhibition

Information is also provided about how lighthouse technology developed from the early oil wick burners to the modern equipment used in the present day. The former Bulwer Island Light, which operated at Bulwer Island at the mouth of the Brisbane River from 1912 to 1983, is on display outside the museum. It is a white, octagonal wooden tower covered with corrugated iron sheets, and the roof of lantern is red.

Also displayed are the original lens of Archer Point Light, the pedestal and gearbox of Bustard Head Light, and the lens and apparatus from Cape Don Light in the Northern Territory.

27°28′55″S 153°1′34″E / 27.48194°S 153.02611°E / -27.48194; 153.02611

## InfoBox

Queensland Maritime Museum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1971 |
| Location | Brisbane, Australia |
| Type | Queensland history, Maritime history, Maritime archaeology |
| Visitors | 35,000 visitors per annum |
| CEO | Emma Di Muzio |
| Curator | Don Braben |
| Website | Queensland Maritime Museum |


title: Ongley

abstract:
Ongley may refer to:
  - Arthur Ongley (1882–1974), New Zealand lawyer, and cricket and Rugby union player and administrator
  - Baron Ongley, a title in the Peerage of Ireland held by three individuals, created in 1776 and became extinct in 1877
  - Esther Ongley, New Zealand lawyer.
  - Joe Ongley (1918–2000), New Zealand cricketer and judge
  - Marc Ongley, Australian classical and jazz guitarist, composer, and teacher, living in the United Kingdom
  - Mont Ongley (1888–1976), New Zealand geologist and scientific administrator
  - Samuel Ongley (disambiguation)

text:
# Ongley

**Ongley** may refer to:

* Arthur Ongley (1882–1974), New Zealand lawyer, and cricket and Rugby union player and administrator
* Baron Ongley, a title in the Peerage of Ireland held by three individuals, created in 1776 and became extinct in 1877
* Esther Ongley, New Zealand lawyer.
* Joe Ongley (1918–2000), New Zealand cricketer and judge
* Marc Ongley (born 1952), Australian classical and jazz guitarist, composer, and teacher, living in the United Kingdom
* Mont Ongley (1888–1976), New Zealand geologist and scientific administrator
* Samuel Ongley (disambiguation)


title: Punit Malhotra

abstract: Punit Malhotra is an Indian film director who works in Hindi cinema. His first film, I Hate Luv Storys, released on 2 July 2010.

text:
# Punit Malhotra

**Punit Malhotra** (born 13 May 1981) is an Indian film director who works in Hindi cinema. His first film, *I Hate Luv Storys*, released on 2 July 2010.

## Early life and family

Punit Malhotra was born on 13 May 1981, in Mumbai, Maharashtra, and brought up in its Bandra coastal suburb. His maternal grandfather Ram Dayal Sabarwal was a producer who launched Rekha. His first cousins are filmmakers Suneel and Dharmesh Darshan; well-known director David Dhawan is his father's first cousin; and the famous designer Manish Malhotra, who was also the costume designer for his first movie *I Hate Luv Storys* (2010), is his paternal uncle.

## Career

Malhotra worked as an assistant director on Karan Johar's *Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham* (2001), Hansal Mehta’s *Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?* (2002), Nikhil Advani's *Kal Ho Naa Ho* (2003), Amol Palekar's *Paheli* (2005) and Tarun Mansukhani's *Dostana* (2008). Finally he made his debut as a director with *I Hate Luv Storys* (2010), which he also wrote.

Malhotra's second movie was *Gori Tere Pyaar Mein*, produced under Karan Johar's Dharma Productions, starring Kareena Kapoor and Imran Khan who were earlier paired in *Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu*.

In 2019 he directed the movie Student of the Year 2 starring Tiger Shroff, Tara Sutaria and Ananya Pandey

In 2020 he directed music videos "Unbelievable" and "Casanova", both featuring Tiger Shroff.

## Filmography

As director

| Year | Film | Director | Writer | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *I Hate Luv Storys* | Yes | Yes | Directorial debut |
| 2013 | *Gori Tere Pyaar Mein* | Yes | Yes |  |
| 2019 | *Student of the Year 2* | Yes | No |  |

## InfoBox

| Punit Malhotra | |
| --- | --- |
| Malhotra in 2012 | |
| Born | (1981-05-13) 13 May 1981<br>Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Occupation(s) | Director, writer, ad filmmaker |
| Years active | 2001–present |
| Family |  |


title: Ivar Kleiven

abstract: Ivar Kleiven was a Norwegian politician, historian and poet. He is most remembered as a collector of local folklore.

text:
# Ivar Kleiven

**Ivar Kleiven** (10 July 1854 – 19 February 1934) was a Norwegian politician, historian and poet. He is most remembered as a collector of local folklore.

## Background

Ivar Jakobsson Kleven was born in Vågå, Oppland. Kleven grew up on the small farm Kleven (*Søre Kleivi*) in Ottadalen. His parents were Jacob Ivarsson Snerle (later Kleven) (1803–1884) and Brit Knutsdotter Svarvarhaugen (1824–1916). Kleven attended one year at Seljord Folkehøgskule (1885–1886), when Viggo Ullmann was the headmaster. Kleven joined the local council board where he served from 1888 to 1905. From 1892, he served as chairman of the school board and from 1900 to 1903 he was a deputy to the Parliament of Norway from the Norwegian Liberal Party.

## Career

His writing often reflects the nationalistic mood of the time. He has been called the Snorri Sturlason of Gudbrandsdal. Ivar Kleven lived through the many changes that eventually would come to transform the rural communities. It was the folk tradition from his home community that was the subject of his first book, *Segner from Vågå* (1894). From 1909 he received state support for cultural and historical works. *Gamal bondekultur i Gudbrandsdalen*, his main work in the stylish and expressive Gudbrandsdal dialect, concerned the old peasant culture in Lillehammer: *Lom and Skjåk* (1915), *Lesja og Dovre* (1923), *Østre og Vestre Gausdal* (1926), *Ringebu* (1928) and *Fronsbygdin* (1930). An extensive collection of his work and correspondence can be found at the Norddalsarkivet in Vågå.

## Selected works

* *I gamle Daagaa. Forteljingo og Bygda-Minne fraa Vaagaa* (1908)
* *I Heimegrendi. Minne fraa Seksti-Aarom* (1908)
* *Frå skotteåre* (1935)
* *Elvesøg* (1937)

## Other sources

## InfoBox

| Ivar Kleiven | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1854-07-10)July 10, 1854<br>Vågå, Oppland, Norway |
| Died | February 19, 1934(1934-02-19) (aged 79) |
| Occupation | Politician, historian, poet |