title: Nepal cupwing

abstract: The Nepal cupwing (Pnoepyga immaculata), also known as the Nepal wren-babbler or immaculate cupwing, is a small species of passerine bird in the family Pnoepygidae. It is native to Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Tibet, and Nepal. It is found in dense montane forest in the Himalayas.

text:
# Nepal cupwing

The **Nepal cupwing** **(*Pnoepyga immaculata*)**, also known as the **Nepal wren-babbler** or **immaculate cupwing**, is a small species of passerine bird in the family Pnoepygidae. It is native to Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Tibet, and Nepal. It is found in dense montane forest in the Himalayas.

## Nomenclature and taxonomy

The Nepal cupwing is in the genus *Pnyoepyga*. Its closest relatives are the scaly-breasted cupwing, Taiwan cupwing, and pygmy cupwing. It was first described by Jochen Martens and Siegfried Eck in 1991, having been identified as a separate species based on differences in voice. Genetic phylogeny suggests that it forms a clade with the pygmy cupwing. No subspecies have been described. It was formerly classified, with the other cuplings, as an Old World babbler in the family Timaliidae until 2009, when the monotypic family Pneopygidae was created for the cupwings, reflecting recent developments in molecular phylogeny.

The name "Nepal cupwing" is used by the International Ornithologist's Union and by the *Handbook of the Birds of the World*, while "immaculate cupwing" is used in American English and in Indian English, including *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World*. The name "Nepal wren-babbler' was formerly used by these taxonomic authorities but is no longer in official use.

## Description

The Nepal cupwing is small, measuring 8.5cm—10cm in length, and is brownish-olive in colouration. It has dark scaling on the upperparts and paler scaling on the underparts, a scaly breast with brown central feathers, pale edging on the flight feathers, and a very short tail. External morphology is very similar to the other species, to a degree where identification within the field relies upon vocalizations. The song is distinctive, being higher pitched than the other species in the genus and consisting of a steady series of thin, short, rapid, modulated whistles that descend in pitch.

## Distribution and habitat

This species is native to the foothills of the Himalayas. It is a regular resident in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Nepal, and an uncommon resident around Zhangmu in Tibet. Preferred habitat is dense understorey in median and low mountain elevations. It is not migratory, but altitudinal movements do occur, as they winter down to 250 metres. It occurs regularly between 1800 and 2200 metres, and possibly breeds as high as 3100 metres. Generally, this species prefers dark forest and keeps to the forest floor. Its conservation status is Least Concern.

## InfoBox

| Nepal cupwing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| at Dehradun, India | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Pnoepygidae |
| Genus: | *Pnoepyga* |
| Species: | ***P. immaculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pnoepyga immaculata***
Martens & Eck, 1991 | |
|
|  | |


title: Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015–2017)

abstract:
The Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017) developed owing to a lack of action following the April 2015 Nepal earthquake and its aftershocks. It was compounded by political factors as a result of the 2015 Nepal blockade. Victims of the earthquakes were still living in flimsy, temporary shelters more than a year after the initial devastation. The governmental National Reconstruction Authority had not devised relocation plans for these people as recently as July 2016.
In Sindhupalchok District, the region that had suffered the worst devastation, the humanitarian situation was a little better towards the end of 2016 than it had been in 2015. Development indicators dropped with the passage of time. Nepal had ranked among the countries that had seen remarkable development gains pre-quake; post-quake reversal of gains led to around 43% of the urban population lacking access to even a decent toilet. It has been reported that one of the primary reasons for girls dropping out or irregularly attending school was the lack of toilets.

text:
# Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015–2017)

The **Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017)** developed owing to a lack of action following the April 2015 Nepal earthquake and its aftershocks. It was compounded by political factors as a result of the 2015 Nepal blockade. Victims of the earthquakes were still living in flimsy, temporary shelters more than a year after the initial devastation. The governmental National Reconstruction Authority had not devised relocation plans for these people as recently as July 2016. In Sindhupalchok District, the region that had suffered the worst devastation, the humanitarian situation was a little better towards the end of 2016 than it had been in 2015.

Development indicators dropped with the passage of time. Nepal had ranked among the countries that had seen remarkable development gains pre-quake; post-quake reversal of gains led to around 43% of the urban population lacking access to even a decent toilet. It has been reported that one of the primary reasons for girls dropping out or irregularly attending school was the lack of toilets.

## Announcement

In early November 2015, the US embassy sounded the warning of a humanitarian crisis evolving in Nepal. The issue of post-quake vulnerability somehow dissipated during the increasingly vocal information war between Kathmandu and New Delhi, which witnessed public denouncements at various United Nations offices. Soon UNICEF followed with a warning echoing statements previously made by the US embassy.

## Ethnic Angle

The most ignored communities were Nepali Indians, living in the most inaccessible regions of Nepal, clinging to high mountain passes. They have yet to see any quake aid from Kathmandu, while the relief effort focuses on the immediate needs of people in the vicinity of cities. The areas of Nepal hardest-hit by the earthquake, such as Gorkha District, Sindhupalchowk District and Dolakha District, where 90% of houses were destroyed, are likely to suffer most as Kathmandu historically has shown very little interest in them, and transport must be by mule in treacherous mountainous terrain as no roads exist. In particular, Tamang and Chepang children were already suffering from severe malnutrition before the fuel crisis, and they were worst off. Having waited until winter is in full swing, the government in Kathmandu, finally gearing for action in December, realized that it could not efficiently deliver supplies to remote locations without helicopters. By Christmas 2015, snow had already fallen in many parts of the country.

> 1/3 of all deaths were among Tamang people, and roughly 2/3 of the 600,000 structures completely destroyed were in Tamang dominant areas. It is the poverty, neglect and outright discrimination against Tamangs that makes them even more vulnerable to disasters like earthquakes, landslides and floodsAnthropologist Mukta Singh Lama.

In total, an estimated 600,000 homes were destroyed in the earthquake (with no donated money reaching any survivors as of 9 November). These and similar predominately Mongoloid groups that inhabit high mountain homelands are known to international tourists and trekkers through trekking circuits, where the experiences of them sharing their homes and hospitality are an integral part of the trekking experience. However, these very same people are the most vulnerable within Nepal due to their remoteness, post-quake effects, weak political representation, low caste, and the altitude and climate. Goma BK of the Gagal Bhadaure Village Development Committee(VDC)-9, Ramechhap, said that she was unable to get find one kilogram of rice or one tarpaulin even after walking four hours daily for six days. Rajendra Nepali of Bhimeshwor Municipality-6, Dolakha, said that Dalits were excluded during the relief effort because their settlements are located in remote areas and lack access to information.

## Humanitarian access

> Political leaders did not lose their houses, and they have their warm homes in Kathmandu. Only the poor like us suffer like this. They cannot feel our pain unless they spend a night in our shelter.Quake survivor Rani Mhendo Tamang from Haku village.

Humanitarian access to survivors has been lacking, other than the UNHAS air drops, as the government had seized ad-hoc post-quake efforts and resources within the month after the initial quake. This situation did not improve even with the new government of KP Oli in October. Only after widespread criticism and warnings of impending doom did the government break the *logjam* and appoint the reconstruction authority head on 25 December, who now has the task of racing against time to begin reconstruction.

## Crisis Intensification

### Winter Onset

Despite the first politically unified government since before the Nepalese Civil War, no action has been taken in the month since Cabinet endorsed an action plan for releasing grant assistance meant for houses destroyed by the 25 April earthquake. On 26 November, some 600 children in Gorkha District were diagnosed with malnutrition.

> We are alive so far. But I do not know if we will still be alive when it starts snowing after a few weeks. We have a choice to either suffocate in the smoke or freeze in the cold.Quake survivor Karbo Tamang from Haku village.

In a normal winter the prior year, without quakes or fuel shortages, an estimated 5,000 children died from pneumonia exacerbated by indoor pollution from firewood used to keep warm. These numbers were expected to rise sharply in the winter of 2015. While long-promised legal traction in preparation for assistance has materialized, the first 2,000 families to receive money they can put to immediate use, collected it on 20 December from the Nepal Red Cross for emergency clothing and food. Many complained it is not enough to buy clothes for the entire family let alone any food. As the problems compound, some 3,300 people have been diagnosed with tuberculosis in the west as of 25 December, a region not affected by the quake. In a twist of irony, on 28 December, an ignored and very irritated group of quake survivors sent the Nepali government warm clothes as a symbolic protest. The UN Humanitarian Air Service (UNHAS) of copters, coordinated by the World Food Programme, has made 4,784 sorties in the eight months to remote areas. This has stopped for lack of funds, with the last delivery made on 31 December just as the worst of winter cold sets in, and confirmation of disease and death from lack of food in villages makes headlines in earnest. The first 3 billion rupees was released by the Kathmandu government for warm clothing on 3 January 2016, according to the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Despite an about turn regarding quake relief by the central government of Nepal around Christmas and early January 2016, and one Army led relief to push into remote Gorkha during a blizzard, only one out of four villages received aid as helicopters had trouble landing. The Oli government began selling donated food meant for victims to raise money, instead of delivering the goods to survivors. This move was criticized by the independent Nepal Human Rights Commission. Additionally, the official launch of the reconstruction campaign resembled a religious ceremony rather than a relief mission.

Additionally, even in the Madhesh plains town of Pokariya, which has a well-connected infrastructure compared to the Himalayas, some 26 people have died in two months, with major news outlets failing to report this. Some 400 health facilities were damaged or destroyed in the quake-hit mountain region. As of mid-February 2016, only one had been restored to operation, by an NGO not the government.

### Ongoing Issues

Despite the first government relief actions and commitments, serious hurdles in execution\] exist. The quake has not only destroyed homes but livelihoods. According to a news report, every needy family across the quake-hit Gorkha District seeking out a living with traditional occupations finds itself in the same kind of predicament—the quake has destroyed their means of livelihood. Once self-sufficient communities have become entirely dependent on aid for survival, extreme depression (mood) is setting in.

People are just not living well after the disastrous post-quake post-blockade winter. Stress-induced insomnia has become commonplace and chronic and that is wreaking social havoc. Water scarcity has hit 2.8 million people and over 5,200 drinking water projects. As of March 2016, some 325 water sources in 14 districts have gone dry.

## Reconstruction obstruction

> The NRA should not regulate but facilitate, what we need now is quick decision-making. Kenichi Yokoyama, Nepal Director of the Asian Development Bank (in response to March 2016 NRA notice)

In a brief notice in early March 2016, the National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) directed all relief agencies to stop reconstructing private homes destroyed or damaged in the earthquake for the 2.5 million survivors, without its approval. Although the intentions finally appeared humanitarian this time as to bring the ad hoc relief agencies into oversight, the timing (a year late and after the brutal winter) had rendered a swift and brutal reaction from relief agencies. Infighting between political parties had already led to the extended and bitterly cruel delay in NRA setup, along with the willful misleading of survivors regarding money to rebuild, and timeliness that only worsened the humanitarian situation, with no government clarification on this. Although the NRA issued a ban, it is clear that NGOs are not waiting, nor is the agency seriously seeking to stop them, as an NRA spokesperson stated: "We don’t mean to stop INGOs and NGOs from reconstruction projects, just to bring them under our jurisdiction." The agency's response has been that they are understaffed and ministries are not cooperating nor attending their meetings.

## International reactions

United States – On 5 November 2015, the US expressed deep concern over the critical shortages of essential supplies in Nepal resulting from a volatile situation along the Nepal-India border.

United Nations – On 26 November 2015, United Nations Development Programme resident senior economist Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis stated: "What could have been transient poverty is turning out to be structural poverty due to delay in reconstruction works."

United Nations UNICEF – On 30 November, UNICEF stated – "More than 3 million children under the age of 5 in Nepal are at risk of death or disease during the harsh winter months due to a severe shortage of fuel, food, medicines and vaccines."

United Nations World Food Programme – On 11 December, UN WFP stated – "Major disruptions in food and fuel imports across its southern border with India have severely affected Nepal’s supplies and caused a worrying increase in food prices."


title: Ülensi

abstract: Ülensi is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. It is approximately 4.4 km northwest of the borough of Mustla and 40 km southeast of the town of Viljandi. The village has a population of 113 people as of 2012. In 1998, the Lusika tourism farm in Ülensi won the President of Estonia's award for the most beautiful home decoration.

text:
# Ülensi

**Ülensi** is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. It is approximately 4.4 km (2.7 miles) northwest of the borough of Mustla and 40 km (25 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi. The village has a population of 113 people as of 2012.

In 1998, the Lusika tourism farm in Ülensi won the President of Estonia's award for the most beautiful home decoration.

## InfoBox

| Ülensi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ÜlensiLocation in Estonia | |
| Coordinates: 58°14′30″N 25°51′18″E / 58.24167°N 25.85500°E / 58.24167; 25.85500 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Viljandi County |
| Municipality | Viljandi Parish |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 113 |


title: Ľubomír Gogolák

abstract: Ľubomír Gogolák is a Slovak football striker who plays for SC Marchegg in Austria. He has come to Spartak Trnava from the youth squad of Lokomotíva Trnava in summer 2009.

text:
# Ľubomír Gogolák

**Ľubomír Gogolák** (born 24 February 1990) is a Slovak football striker who plays for SC Marchegg in Austria.

He has come to Spartak Trnava from the youth squad of Lokomotíva Trnava in summer 2009.

## InfoBox

Ľubomír Gogolák
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ľubomír Gogolák | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-02-24) 24 February 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Trnava, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | SC Marchegg | | |
| Number | 9 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Lokomotíva Trnava | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009–2013 | Spartak Trnava | 16 | (2) |
| 2010 | Šaľa (loan) |  |  |
| 2012–2013 | SFM Senec (loan) | 35 | (8) |
| 2013–2015 | SC Marchegg | 42 | (29) |
| 2015–2016 | OFK Malženice |  |  |
| 2017–2021 | SC Marchegg | 74 | (43) |
| 2021–2022 | SV Hundsheim | 17 | (22) |
| 2022– | SC Marchegg | 14 | (5) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16:52, 12 March 2023 (UTC) | | | |


title: Ľubomír Galko

abstract: Ľubomír Galko is a Slovakia politician. He has served as a Member of the National Council of Slovakia since 2023, having previously served as an MP from 2011 to 2020. Galko served as the Minister of Defence of Slovakia between 2010 and 2011.

text:
# Ľubomír Galko

**Ľubomír Galko** (Slovak pronunciation: \[ˈʎubɔmiːr ˈɡalkɔ\]; born 14 February 1968) is a Slovakia politician. He has served as a Member of the National Council of Slovakia since 2023, having previously served as an MP from 2011 to 2020. Galko served as the Minister of Defence of Slovakia between 2010 and 2011.

## Early life

Galko was born on 14 February 1968 in the village of Klieština in Považská Bystrica District. He studied at the Mathematics and Physics Faculty of the Comenius University in Bratislava from 1986 to 1991. Galko lives in Stupava, a town near Bratislava.

## Political career

Galko was among the founders of the Freedom and Solidarity (SaS) party, being one of the first vice-chairmen of the party. However, after an intra-party struggle in 2019, resulting in Galko losing his position on the party leadership, he left SaS for the Democratic Party. Despite this, Galko's new party was not successful, winning only 0.14% of votes in the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election. Galko left the Democratic Party and joined OĽaNO in 2023, where he regained his parliamentary seat in the 2023 Slovak parliamentary election. He left OĽaNO to join Democrats in 2024, becoming its sole MP.

## InfoBox

| Ľubomír Galko | |
| --- | --- |
| Galko in 2011 | |
|  | |
| Member of the National Council of Slovakia | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
25 October 2023 | |
| **In office**
23 November 2011  20 March 2020 | |
| Minister of Defense, Slovakia | |
| **In office**
8 July 2010  23 November 2011 | |
| President | Ivan Gašparovič |
| Preceded by | Jaroslav Baška |
| Succeeded by | Iveta Radičová |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1968-02-14) 14 February 1968
Klieština, Czechoslovakia |
| Political party | Party of the Democratic Left (1990–1999)
SaS (2009–2019)
Democratic Party (2019–2023)
Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (2023–2024)
Democrats (since 2024) |
| Alma mater | Comenius University in Bratislava |
|  | |


title: Ľubomír Dolgoš

abstract: Ľubomír Dolgoš was a Slovak politician, educator and economist. He was former Minister of Administration and Privatization of National Property of the Slovak Republic in 1992–1993.

text:
# Ľubomír Dolgoš

**Ľubomír Dolgoš** (20 August 1956 – 29 December 2004) was a Slovak politician, educator and economist. He was former Minister of Administration and Privatization of National Property of the Slovak Republic in 1992–1993.

## Biography

Dolgoš was born on 20 August 1956 in Podbrezová, Czechoslovakia. He graduated from the Faculty of National Economy at the University of Economics in Bratislava (1979–1983). He was known primarily as an economist, but he did not shy away from the role of a public figure, politician, lecturer and researcher at the University of Economics. Before entering public life, Ľ. Dolgoš worked at the Institute of Economics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences.

### President of the Slovak Antimonopoly Office

After 1990 Ľ. Dolgoš devoted himself not only to economic theory, but also to practice. He was at the birth of the Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic (PÚ SR). In August 1991, the Public Against Violence (VPN) leadership tried to remove him from this position. The formal reason was the claim that he had failed to create a competitive environment in internal trade. At the end of February 1992 Ľ. Dolgoš himself resigned from the post of Chairman of the Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic. As a reason for his resignation he stated that "the adoption of effective antitrust policy measures in the process of privatization of the Slovak Republic was impracticable" and that he had "discovered very close links between politicians – members of the ODÚ-VPN and the IPF".

### Political career

Dolgoš was a minister in 1992–1993 in the government of Vladimír Mečiar. He resigned from politics on 15 June 1993. Before that, he served as a member of the HZDS in the Czechoslovak Federal Parliament.

After leaving politics, he worked for some time in the Association of Slovak Entrepreneurs (ZPS). He was a delegate of the ZPS at the World Economic Forum (SEF) in Davos in 1994. For a short time he worked in the editorial office of Hospodárske noviny. He was one of the few Slovak economists to study at Georgetown University in the USA. In 2001 he became involved in the Alliance of the New Citizens (ANO), of which he was the vice-chairman for economics until February 2002. He taught at the Faculty of Business Management of the University of Economics in Bratislava.

He died on 29 December 2004 in Bratislava at the age of 48 from severe injuries sustained in a car accident.

## InfoBox

| Ľubomír Dolgoš | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister for Administration and Privatisation of National Property | |
| **In office**
1992  June 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Ivan Mikloš |
| Succeeded by | Vladimír Mečiar |
| Member of the Federal Assembly | |
| **In office**
1992–1993 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1956-08-20)20 August 1956
Podbrezová, Czechoslovakia |
| Died | 29 December 2004(2004-12-29) (aged 48)
Bratislava, Slovakia |
| Political party | HZDS
ANO |
| Education | University of Economics in Bratislava |
| Occupation | Politician, educator, writer, economist |
|  | |


title: Neorossia leptodons

abstract: Neorossia leptodons is a species of bobtail squid native to the southwestern Pacific Ocean, from New South Wales to South Australia. It lives at depths from 130 to 1,110 m. N. leptodons exhibits sexual dimorphism. Females grow to 77.5 mm in mantle length (ML), while males are not known to exceed 42 mm ML. The type specimen was collected in the Great Australian Bight, South Australia. It is deposited at the Museum of Victoria in Melbourne.

text:
# Neorossia leptodons

***Neorossia leptodons*** is a species of bobtail squid native to the southwestern Pacific Ocean, from New South Wales (32°08′S 153°07′E / 32.133°S 153.117°E / -32.133; 153.117) to South Australia (33°58′S 131°22′E / 33.967°S 131.367°E / -33.967; 131.367). It lives at depths from 130 to 1,110 m.

*N. leptodons* exhibits sexual dimorphism. Females grow to 77.5 mm in mantle length (ML), while males are not known to exceed 42 mm ML.

The type specimen was collected in the Great Australian Bight, South Australia (37°18.81′S 138°36.3′E / 37.31350°S 138.6050°E / -37.31350; 138.6050 to 37°17.76′S 138°35.01′E / 37.29600°S 138.58350°E / -37.29600; 138.58350). It is deposited at the Museum of Victoria in Melbourne.

## InfoBox

| *Neorossia leptodons* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| An image of a Neorossia leptodons taken in South Australia | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Sepiida |
| Family: | Sepiolidae |
| Subfamily: | Rossiinae |
| Genus: | *Neorossia* |
| Species: | ***N. leptodons*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neorossia leptodons***
Reid, 1992 | |
|


title: Nephtalí De León

abstract: Nephtalí De León is a Chicano writer known primarily for his poetry, children's stories, and essays. He is also credited with illustrating most of his books. He was born in Laredo, Texas in 1945 as the son of migrant workers. Although neither of his parents received much formal education, De León says that they were responsible for first exposing him to literature. He published his first book, Chicanos: Our Background and Our Pride, in the early 1960s during his senior year of high school. He then expanded his work to include poetry and plays, dabbling in mural art and children's stories on the side. His first children's book entitled I Will Catch the Sun was published in 1973. He was the editor of the newspaper La Voz de los Llanos in Lubbock, Texas from 1968 to 1973. He has been published in Mexico, France, the United States, and Spain with his stories being translated into several other languages, including German, Russian, Chinese, and Vietnamese. Currently, De León is a full-time poet, writer, and painter who performs lectures and poetry at schools and community events.

text:
# Nephtalí De León

**Nephtalí De León** is a Chicano writer known primarily for his poetry, children's stories, and essays. He is also credited with illustrating most of his books. He was born in Laredo, Texas in 1945 as the son of migrant workers. Although neither of his parents received much formal education, De León says that they were responsible for first exposing him to literature. He published his first book, *Chicanos: Our Background and Our Pride,* in the early 1960s during his senior year of high school. He then expanded his work to include poetry and plays, dabbling in mural art and children's stories on the side. His first children's book entitled *I Will Catch the Sun* was published in 1973. He was the editor of the newspaper *La Voz de los Llanos* in Lubbock, Texas from 1968 to 1973. He has been published in Mexico, France, the United States, and Spain with his stories being translated into several other languages, including German, Russian, Chinese, and Vietnamese. Currently, De León is a full-time poet, writer, and painter who performs lectures and poetry at schools and community events.

## Themes of his works

De León depicts the "dreams, desires, and aspirations" of the Chicano people. He believes that Chicanos have been "held in psychological and spiritual bondage...and that they are cultural and intellectual hostages in American society". In his works he tries to trace how this predicament has developed throughout history and he also attempts to display the dreams and attitudes of the Chicano people. His writings are based on ancient Aztec language and culture.

## Poet Laureate of San Antonio

Nephtali De León was named the sixth Poet Laureate of San Antonio in April 2023. His term was cut short after he posted a poem on social media in July as an elegy for Roberto Rodriguez that contained racial slurs, and the city removed him from the position. His five predecessors as poet laureate condemned his actions. During his brief tenure he performed at Viva Poesia for National Poetry Month and San Antonio City Hall.

## Works

*
* *Chicanos: our background and our pride* Trucha Publications. 1972. ISBN 9780912878003
* *Chicano Poet: With Images and Visions of the Poet* Trucha Publications. 1973. ISBN 9780912878010
* *I Will Catch the Sun* Trucha Publications. 1973.
* *Coca-Cola Dream* Trucha Publications. 1976.
* *La LLorona: A Spirit Unable to Rest* 2020.ISBN 9798637887347


title: Neotridactylus archboldi

abstract: Neotridactylus archboldi, the Archbold pygmy mole cricket, or scrub pygmy mole cricket, is a species of pygmy mole cricket in the family Tridactylidae. It is endemic to Florida, where it is found in Florida scrub on the Lake Wales Ridge.

text:
# Neotridactylus archboldi

***Neotridactylus archboldi***, the **Archbold pygmy mole cricket**, or **scrub pygmy mole cricket**, is a species of pygmy mole cricket in the family Tridactylidae. It is endemic to Florida, where it is found in Florida scrub on the Lake Wales Ridge.

## InfoBox

| *Neotridactylus archboldi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Tridactylidae |
| Genus: | *Neotridactylus* |
| Species: | ***N. archboldi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neotridactylus archboldi***<br>Deyrup & Eisner, 1996 | |
|


title: Neue Rheinische Zeitung

abstract: The Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie was a German daily newspaper, published by Karl Marx in Cologne between 1 June 1848 and 19 May 1849. It is recognised by historians as one of the most important dailies of the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany. The paper was regarded by its editors and readers as the successor of an earlier Cologne newspaper, the Rheinische Zeitung, also edited for a time by Karl Marx, which had been suppressed by state censorship over five years earlier.

text:
# Neue Rheinische Zeitung

The ***Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie*** ("New Rhenish Newspaper: Organ of Democracy") was a German daily newspaper, published by Karl Marx in Cologne between 1 June 1848 and 19 May 1849. It is recognised by historians as one of the most important dailies of the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany. The paper was regarded by its editors and readers as the successor of an earlier Cologne newspaper, the *Rheinische Zeitung* ("Rhenish Newspaper"), also edited for a time by Karl Marx, which had been suppressed by state censorship over five years earlier.

## Publication history

### Establishment

The *Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie* ("New Rhenish Newspaper: Organ of Democracy") was founded 1 June 1848 in Cologne (Köln), part of Rhineland. The paper was established by Karl Marx, Frederich Engels, as well as leading members of the Communist League living in Cologne immediately upon the return of Marx and Engels to Germany following the outbreak of the 1848 Revolution. The paper's editorial staff included Joseph Weydemeyer, with Marx serving as editor-in-chief.

The paper was named after an earlier newspaper edited by Karl Marx in Cologne from 1842 to 1843, the *Rheinische Zeitung.* The paper had the subtitle "Organ of Democracy," referring not to the establishment of parliamentary democracy, but to the revolutionary "Democratic front" which included the progressive petty bourgeoisie, the working class, and the peasantry.

The paper was financed through the sale of shares of stock, contributions and loans, and paid advertising. The paper was produced as a 4-page broadsheet, with the use of occasional special supplements.

### Development

Circulation of the paper ranged from 3,000 to 6,000 copies per issue, a number far in excess of the membership of the Communist League itself, which specialists estimate had between 200 and 300 participants. This effectively rendered the publication into what historian Tatyana Vasilyeva has called "the leading centre of the Communist League, directing the political activity of its members throughout Germany during the revolutionary period."

A total of 301 editions of the *Neue Rheinische Zeitung* (NRZ) were produced during the course of its existence. To these Marx himself contributed a total of not fewer than 80 articles over the course of its existence. Since editorial contributions to the NRZ were unsigned and handwritten manuscripts have not survived, a precise count is impossible, however.

### Political line

The *Neue Rheinische Zeitung* (NRZ) was outspoken in its criticism of Prussia and Austria for Monarchist counter-revolution, and actively agitated for their defeat. The paper was also critical of the willingness of the liberal bourgeoisie to compromise with Monarchist forces — policies which Marx and his comrades believed would have negative impacts upon the German revolution.

More than three decades after the publication's termination, Marx's close associate Frederick Engels recalled that the NRZ had a political program with two main points: "a single, indivisible, democratic German republic, and War with Russia, including the restoration of Poland." With respect to foreign affairs, Engels recalled that the NRZ sought "to support every revolutionary people and to call for a general war of revolutionary Europe against the mighty bulwark of European reaction — Russia."

This policy was intended to undermine both the authority of Prussia and Tsarist Russia, both considered reactionary and militaristic powers, with war against Russia seen as a necessary prerequisite for establishment of a unified and democratic Germany. Marx and Engels believed that "if Germany could be successfully brought to make war against Russia, it would be the end for the Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns and the revolution would triumph along the whole line."

The tone of the newspaper was described by Engels as "by no means solemn, serious, or enthusiastic," instead treating political opponents with "mockery and derision" in a manner entertaining to readers. The paper sought to foster the idea that the German events of the spring of 1848 were the starting point of a long revolutionary process akin to the French Revolution of 1789-1794. The paper attempted to undermine the notion that the formal resolutions of various "National Assemblies" were capable of changing state policy in any fundamental way.

Throughout its existence the NRZ was persecuted by the Prussian government, which brought lawsuits against it charging the NRZ with having "slandered" government officials. As the revolutionary upsurge of 1848 ebbed, the government's hindrance of the publication became steadily more effective, culminating in Karl Marx's expulsion from Germany — a move which effectively killed the paper.

### Suppression

On 2 March 1849, Prussian soldiers came to Marx's home to arrest one of the writers. Marx refused to turn over the writer, and the soldiers eventually left.

On 16 May 1849 Marx received an official note from the royal government declaring:

> "The tendency of the *Neue Rheinische Zeitung* to provoke in its readers contempt for the present government, and incite them to violent revolution and the setting up of a social republic has become stronger in its latest pieces.... The right of hospitality which he has so disgracefully abused is therefore to be withdrawn from its editor-in-chief, Dr. Karl Marx, and since he has not obtained permission to prolong his stay in these states, he is ordered to leave them within 24 hours. If he should not comply voluntarily with this demand, he is to be forcibly conveyed across the frontier."

This expulsion order, combined with the growing threat of arrest or exile of its writers forced the NRZ to publish its last issue on 19 May 1849, known as the "red issue" as it was printed entirely in red ink. Marx closed with a sharp rebuttal against the suppression of the NRZ:

> "Why these absurd phrases, these official lies? The trend and tone of the latest pieces of the *Neue Rheinische Zeitung* do not differ a whit from its first 'sample piece.' * * *
> "And the 'social republic'? Have we proclaimed it only in the 'latest pieces' of the *Neue Rheinische Zeitung?* Did we not speak plainly and clearly enough for these dullards who failed to see the 'red' thread running through all our comments and reports on the European movement? * * *
>
> "We have no compassion and we ask no compassion from you. When our turn comes, we shall not make excuses for the terror. But the royal terrorists, the terrorists by the grace of God and the law, are in practice brutal, disdainful, and mean, in theory cowardly, secretive, and deceitful, and in both respects disreputable."

### Legacy

In January 1850 Marx launched a new publication, a monthly magazine called *Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Politsch-ökonomische Revue* ("New Rhenish Newspaper: Politico-Economic Review"). Edited in London and printed in Hamburg, the periodical managed only six issues before folding.

The best-known content of the NRZ were a series of five articles on economics published by Marx in April 1849 — a series unfinished due to the suppression of the paper. First gathered under a single set of covers under the title *Wage-labor and Capital* in 1880, this material was subsequently revised by Engels in 1891 and frequently reprinted thereafter as an accessible popularization of Marxist economics.

The great bulk of the journalism of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the NRZ became systematically accessible to an English readership only in 1977, with the publication of volumes 7, 8, and 9 of the *Marx-Engels Collected Works.* It was then that a total of 357 of the 422 articles contained therein were published in English for the first time.

In 2005 an online newspaper calling itself *Neue Rheinische Zeitung* was established.

## Footnotes

## Editorial Board

**Source:** "Statement of the Editorial Board of the *Neue Rheinische Zeitung,"* no. 1, June 1, 1848. Reprinted in *MECW: Vol. 7,* pg. 15.

## Further reading


title: Neil Burkett

abstract: Neil Anthony Burkett is a South African international lawn and indoor bowler.

text:
# Neil Burkett

**Neil Anthony Burkett** (born 16 March 1948) is a South African international lawn and indoor bowler.

## Bowls career

Burkett won two World Bowls Championship medals; a fours bronze at the 1992 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Worthing and a silver medal in the fours at the 2000 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Johannesburg.

He has also won four Commonwealth Games medals including a gold medal in the fours at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria with Alan Lofthouse, Donald Piketh and Robert Rayfield.

In 1996, he won the Hong Kong International Bowls Classic pairs title with Gerry Baker.

## InfoBox

Neil Burkett
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Neil Anthony Burkett |
| Nationality | South African |
| Born | (1948-03-16) 16 March 1948 |
| Medal record      Representing  South Africa   World Outdoor Championships  1992 Worthing  fours  2000 Johannesburg  fours  Commonwealth Games  1994 Victoria  fours  1998 Kuala Lumpur  fours  2002 Manchester  fours  2006 Melbourne  triples | |


title: Čížkrajice

abstract: Čížkrajice is a municipality and village in České Budějovice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Čížkrajice lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) south-east of České Budějovice and 144 km (89 mi) south of Prague.

text:
# Čížkrajice

**Čížkrajice** is a municipality and village in České Budějovice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Čížkrajice lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) south-east of České Budějovice and 144 km (89 mi) south of Prague.

## Administrative parts

The villages of Boršíkov, Chvalkov and Mezilesí are administrative parts of Čížkrajice.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 594 |  |
| 1880 | 638 | +7.4% |
| 1890 | 639 | +0.2% |
| 1900 | 621 | −2.8% |
| 1910 | 599 | −3.5% |
| 1921 | 568 | −5.2% |
| 1930 | 521 | −8.3% |
| 1950 | 327 | −37.2% |
| 1961 | 338 | +3.4% |
| 1970 | 280 | −17.2% |
| 1980 | 279 | −0.4% |
| 1991 | 270 | −3.2% |
| 2001 | 268 | −0.7% |
| 2011 | 261 | −2.6% |
| 2021 | 283 | +8.4% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Čížkrajice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Statue of Saint John of Nepomuk and former fort | |
|  | |
| ČížkrajiceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 48°48′24″N 14°38′10″E / 48.80667°N 14.63611°E / 48.80667; 14.63611 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Bohemian |
| District | České Budějovice |
| First mentioned | 1186 |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.00 km2 (3.47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 550 m (1,800 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 270 |
| Density | 30/km2 (78/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 374 01 |
| Website | www.cizkrajice.cz |


abstract: Netai Charan Chakravarty Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital is a homoeopathic medical college in Howrah, West Bengal, India. It offers the Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery (BHMS) degree course. The college is recognized by the Central Council of Homoeopathy (CCH), Ministry of Ayush and affiliated with the West Bengal University of Health Sciences. This college was established in 1983.

text:
# Netai Charan Chakravarty Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital

**Netai Charan Chakravarty Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital** is a homoeopathic medical college in Howrah, West Bengal, India. It offers the Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery (BHMS) degree course. The college is recognized by the Central Council of Homoeopathy (CCH), Ministry of Ayush and affiliated with the West Bengal University of Health Sciences. This college was established in 1983.

## InfoBox

Netai Charan Chakravarty Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Medical College and Hospital |
| Established | 1983 (1983) |
| Principal | Joydev Ghosh |
| Address | 45, F Rd, Belgachia, Liluah, Howrah, West Bengal, 711101, India<br>22°36′27″N 88°19′29″E / 22.6073751°N 88.324762°E / 22.6073751; 88.324762 |
| Affiliations | WBUHS |
| Website | www.ncchmchospital.in |
| Location in KolkataNetai Charan Chakravarty Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital (India) | |


title: Neotarsina

abstract: Neotarsina is a genus of flies in the family Calliphoridae.

text:
# Neotarsina

***Neotarsina*** is a genus of flies in the family Calliphoridae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Neotarsina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Calliphoridae |
| Subfamily: | Rhinophorinae |
| Tribe: | Rhinophorini |
| Genus: | *Neotarsina*
Cerretti & Pape, 2020 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Neotarsina caraibica*
Cerretti & Pape, 2020 | |


title: Şotlanlı, Agdam

abstract: Şotlanlı is a village in the Agdam District of Azerbaijan.

text:
# Şotlanlı, Agdam

40°14′12″N 46°57′28″E / 40.23667°N 46.95778°E / 40.23667; 46.95778

**Şotlanlı** (also, **Shotlanly**) is a village in the Agdam District of Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| Şotlanlı | |
| --- | --- |
| ŞotlanlıŞotlanlı | |
| Coordinates: 40°14′12″N 46°57′28″E / 40.23667°N 46.95778°E / 40.23667; 46.95778 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Agdam |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Nettersheim

abstract: Nettersheim is a municipality in the district of Euskirchen in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the Eifel hills, approx. 20 km south-west of Euskirchen. The rivers Erft and Urft have their source in the municipality.

text:
# Nettersheim

**Nettersheim** is a municipality in the district of Euskirchen in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the Eifel hills, approx. 20 km south-west of Euskirchen. The rivers Erft and Urft have their source in the municipality.

## Location

The district of the city Netterheim is built out of the constituent communities (*Ortsteile*):

* Zingsheim, also administrative headquarters
* Pesch
* Roderath
* Tondorf
* Bouderath
* Buir
* Engelgau
* Frohngau
* Holzmülheim
* Marmagen
* Nettersheim (accordingly)

## Education and culture

* Kindergarten (5 in city district)
* Family center
* Primary school (2 in city district)
* Secondary school (lower level, *Hauptschule*)
* House of literature, with included library
* Nature information centrum Eifel
* Archeological park with several information points
* Public education center
* Culture and Art center, located at the old railway station building
* Permanent exhibition, located at town hall (since 2007)
* Art installation, named „Macht der Drei“
* Agricultural museum *Nettersheimer Hof*
* Wood competence center

## Tourism

In the city of Nettersheim there is a tourist information, which is located at the „Naturzentrum Eifel” building.

### Hiking

Several hiking trails start or pass by Nettersheim, such as:

* Eifelsteig
* Römerkanal-Path
* Jakobsweg
* Eifeler Quellenpfad
* Eifeler Kräuterpfad

## Climate

| Climate data for Nettersheim (Eifel) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.4
(34.5) | 3.1
(37.6) | 6.6
(43.9) | 10.7
(51.3) | 15.2
(59.4) | 18.4
(65.1) | 19.5
(67.1) | 19
(66) | 16.7
(62.1) | 11.9
(53.4) | 5.9
(42.6) | 2.8
(37.0) | 10.9
(51.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.8
(30.6) | 0.4
(32.7) | 3.2
(37.8) | 6.6
(43.9) | 10.7
(51.3) | 13.8
(56.8) | 15.3
(59.5) | 14.9
(58.8) | 12.6
(54.7) | 8.5
(47.3) | 3.5
(38.3) | 0.7
(33.3) | 7.5
(45.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.9
(26.8) | −2.3
(27.9) | −0.2
(31.6) | 2.5
(36.5) | 6.2
(43.2) | 9.3
(48.7) | 11.1
(52.0) | 10.9
(51.6) | 8.6
(47.5) | 5.1
(41.2) | 1.1
(34.0) | −1.3
(29.7) | 4.0
(39.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 86
(3.4) | 74
(2.9) | 69
(2.7) | 63
(2.5) | 78
(3.1) | 88
(3.5) | 97
(3.8) | 90
(3.5) | 72
(2.8) | 71
(2.8) | 85
(3.3) | 105
(4.1) | 978
(38.5) |
| Source: Climate Nettersheim, accessed 20 December 2017 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## People

## InfoBox

| Nettersheim | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Nettersheim within Euskirchen district | |
| Nettersheim Nettersheim | |
| Coordinates: 50°29′33″N 6°37′47″E / 50.49250°N 6.62972°E / 50.49250; 6.62972 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| Admin. region | Köln |
| District | Euskirchen |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202025) | Norbert Crump (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 94.35 km2 (36.43 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 590 m (1,940 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 350 m (1,150 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 8,676 |
| Density | 92/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 53947 |
| Dialling codes | 02486 |
| Vehicle registration | EU |
| Website | www.nettersheim.de |


title: Łuszczanów

abstract: Łuszczanów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jarocin, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Jarocin and 62 km (39 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Łuszczanów

**Łuszczanów** \[wuʂˈt͡ʂanuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jarocin, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Jarocin and 62 km (39 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Łuszczanów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Łuszczanów | |
| Coordinates: 52°2′N 17°35′E / 52.033°N 17.583°E / 52.033; 17.583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Jarocin |
| Gmina | Jarocin |


title: Eutelsat Quantum

abstract: Eutelsat Quantum is a communications satellite developed in the framework of a public-private partnership between the European Space Agency, Eutelsat and Airbus Defence and Space. Operated by Eutelsat, its design allows for it to reconfigure its radios coverage zone and alter its performance according its needs. It is located in a geostationary orbit and its longitude may be modified to cover any region in the world. The satellite was launched on 30 July 2021 by an Ariane 5 rocket, together with the Brazilian Star One D2 satellite. Quantum is Eutelsat's 36th and Airbus Defence and Space's 132nd satellite launched by Arianespace. The satellite uses conventional chemical thrusters. The payload, which operates in the Ku-band, has a power rating of 5 kW. A key component of the satellite is its phased-array antenna, which was produced by Airbus's Spanish division CASA.

text:
# Eutelsat Quantum

**Eutelsat Quantum** is a communications satellite developed in the framework of a public-private partnership between the European Space Agency, Eutelsat and Airbus Defence and Space. Operated by Eutelsat, its design allows for it to reconfigure its radios coverage zone and alter its performance according its needs. It is located in a geostationary orbit and its longitude may be modified to cover any region in the world.

The satellite was launched on 30 July 2021 by an Ariane 5 rocket, together with the Brazilian Star One D2 satellite. Quantum is Eutelsat's 36th and Airbus Defence and Space's 132nd satellite launched by Arianespace.

The satellite uses conventional chemical thrusters. The payload, which operates in the Ku-band, has a power rating of 5 kW. A key component of the satellite is its phased-array antenna, which was produced by Airbus's Spanish division CASA.

## In-orbit reconfigurability

The payload allows for the redefinition of its Ku-band beams with configurable coverage in order to follow targets (ships, aircraft, vehicles, troops) and provide them with mobile communications.

Besides coverage, bandwidth may also be modulated in terms of power and frequencies. The satellites also offers detection mitigation measures against radio jamming.

Finally, the high responsiveness will also bring benefits to governments in the event of natural disasters or surveillance operations.

## History

The contract establishing the public-private partnership between ESA, Eutelsat and Airbus Defence and Space was signed on 9 July 2015 in the offices of the European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications in Harwell, near Oxford in the United Kingdom. It established the role of Eutelsat in the exploitation and commercialization of the new satellite, and Airbus's in the design and production. Airbus designs the payload in its premises in Portsmouth using the new “GMPT” platform developed in Guildford by its Surrey Satellite Technology subsidiary. This project is supported by ESA and the UK Space Agency in the scope of the ARTES programme for a launch initially planned for 2019.

The development of the antenna is delayed and requires four years to the CASA division of Airbus and its industrial partners (CRISA, Arquimea and GMV) with the support of the Industrial Centre for Technology Development (CDTI). The Ku-band active antenna, featuring eight independent reconfigurable beams, is unveiled in Madrid on 21 November 2019 and named ELSA+ (*ELectronically Steerable Antenna+*). The conducted works rely on previous accomplishments of Airbus in this field, especially the DRA/ELSA instrument designed for Hispasat 36W1, the IRMA (*In-orbit Reconfigurable Multibeam Antenna*) antenna for the Spainsat military satellite, and Gaia's active antenna.

Quantum was assembled and tested between 2019 and 2020 in the premises of Airbus DS in Toulouse, from where it was sent on 30 June 2021 to the Guiana Space Centre, before being launched successfully on 30 July 2021 on board Ariane 5 flight VA254.

## InfoBox

Eutelsat Quantum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mission type | Communications |
| Operator | Eutelsat |
| COSPAR ID | 2021-069B |
| SATCAT no. | 49056 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Eutelsat Quantum |
| Bus | GMP-T |
| Manufacturer | SSTL |
| Launch mass | 3461 kg |
| Payload mass | ~450 kg |
| Power | 5500 watts |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 2021-07-30, 21:00 (2021-07-30UTC21) UTC |
| Rocket | Ariane flight VA254 |
| Launch site | ELA-3 |
| Contractor | Arianespace |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | geosynchronous |
| Regime | GEO |
| Slot | 48° East (planned) |
| Semi-major axis | 42165 km |
|  | |
|  | |
| Transponders | |
| Band | Ku-band |
| Coverage area | Middle East, North Africa |
|  | |
| Eutelsat | |


title: Malcolm Pill

abstract:
Sir Malcolm Thomas Pill is a former Lord Justice of Appeal, who was the longest-serving member of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales upon reaching mandatory retirement at age 75. Pill was born on 11 March 1938 into a Cardiff family, the son of a barristers' clerk. He was educated at Whitchurch Grammar School, Cardiff and Trinity College, Cambridge.
He was called to the bar in 1962. From 1963 to 1964, he was Third Secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and spent a period in Geneva at the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. For nine years he was chairman of the United Kingdom Committee of the Freedom from Hunger Campaign. He was a Recorder from 1976 to 1987. He became a Queen's Counsel in 1978, and was appointed a High Court judge on 15 January 1988, receiving the customary knighthood, and assigned to the Queen's Bench Division. From 1989 to 1993, he was Presiding Judge for the Wales and Chester Circuit. He was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal on 1 February 1995, and was given the customary Privy Council appointment. Among his most notable judgments is the second appeal in the Stephen Downing case. He retired from the Court of Appeal on 11 March 2013.

text:
# Malcolm Pill

**Sir Malcolm Thomas Pill** (born 11 March 1938) is a former Lord Justice of Appeal, who was the longest-serving member of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales upon reaching mandatory retirement at age 75.

Pill was born on 11 March 1938 into a Cardiff family, the son of a barristers' clerk. He was educated at Whitchurch Grammar School, Cardiff and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was called to the bar (Gray's Inn) in 1962.

From 1963 to 1964, he was Third Secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and spent a period in Geneva at the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. For nine years he was chairman of the United Kingdom Committee of the Freedom from Hunger Campaign.

He was a Recorder from 1976 to 1987. He became a Queen's Counsel in 1978, and was appointed a High Court judge on 15 January 1988, receiving the customary knighthood, and assigned to the Queen's Bench Division. From 1989 to 1993, he was Presiding Judge for the Wales and Chester Circuit.

He was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal on 1 February 1995, and was given the customary Privy Council appointment. Among his most notable judgments is the second appeal in the Stephen Downing case.

He retired from the Court of Appeal on 11 March 2013.

## Judgments

Important decisions of Lord Justice Pill include:

## Publications

* Pill, Malcolm (1994). *European Parliamentary Constituency Committee for Wales: Report*. London: H.M.S.O. ISBN 978-0101244121.
* (1999). *A Cardiff Family in the Forties*. Chesterfield: Merton Priory Press. ISBN 1-898937-31-1. (childhood memoirs)
* (2016). *Choices and Chances 1948-1969: Memories of a Cardiffian*. Malcolm Pill. ISBN 978-0993500305. (memoirs)

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableSir Malcolm Pill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lord Justice of Appeal | |
| **In office**
1995–2013 | |
| Justice of the High Court | |
| **In office**
1988–1995 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Port Edgar

abstract: Port Edgar is a marina on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth, immediately west of the Forth Road Bridge and the town of South Queensferry, in Edinburgh, Scotland. Originally a naval base, HMS Lochinvar, Port Edgar is now a busy marina with a sailing school and 300 berths. The Edgar commemorated in the name is Edgar Aetheling, the brother of Queen Margaret. Previously operated by Edinburgh Leisure, the private investment company Port Edgar Marina Limited took over management of the marina in April 2014. Part of the group's £1.5m development plans included a capital dredging project to alleviate concerns about harbour depth. Prior to this project, activity at Port Edgar was threatened by the failure of successive management structures to maintain harbour depths through dredging after the departure of the Royal Navy.

text:
# Port Edgar

**Port Edgar** is a marina on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth, immediately west of the Forth Road Bridge and the town of South Queensferry, in Edinburgh, Scotland. Originally a naval base, HMS *Lochinvar*, Port Edgar is now a busy marina with a sailing school and 300 berths. The Edgar commemorated in the name is Edgar Aetheling, the brother of Queen Margaret (for whom Queensferry is named).

Previously operated by Edinburgh Leisure, the private investment company Port Edgar Marina Limited took over management of the marina in April 2014. Part of the group's £1.5m development plans included a capital dredging project to alleviate concerns about harbour depth. Prior to this project, activity at Port Edgar was threatened by the failure of successive management structures to maintain harbour depths through dredging after the departure of the Royal Navy.

## The Royal Navy

Bought by the Admiralty in 1916 as the site of a future Naval base, the pier at Port Edgar had been regularly used by Royal Navy ships since the 1850s.

Shortly after its purchase, the wounded of the Battle of Jutland were landed at Port Edgar for the Royal Naval Hospital at Butlaw, Queensferry. The dead of the battle were buried in the local cemetery.

In 1917 the completed base was commissioned as HMS *Columbine*, a depot for Torpedo Boat Destroyers of the Grand Fleet. HMS *Columbine* and the naval hospital at Butlaw were closed in 1938.

In 1939, at the outbreak of the Second World War, Port Edgar was commissioned as HMS *Lochinvar*, a training establishment for the Royal Naval Patrol Service.

In 1943 HMS *Lochinvar* relocated to Granton Harbour just a few miles along the coast. Port Edgar became the home to HMS *Hopetoun*, a Combined Operations training centre for British and Allied navies training for the D-Day landings in France.

After the war, HMS *Hopetoun* closed and in 1946 HMS *Lochinvar* returned to Port Edgar. It was now home to the Royal Navy minesweepers clearing the Firth of Forth and the eastern coast of Britain of its wartime minefields.

In 1958 the Royal Navy Fishery Protection Squadron was moved to HMS *Lochinvar*. By 1960 the port also became the Navy's only minesweeping training establishment.

In 1975 HMS *Lochinvar* closed and all its operations moved across the Forth to HMS *Caledonia* in the rebuilt naval base at Rosyth.

Today Port Edgar is owned by Port Edgar Holdings Ltd and is a marina for pleasure craft and a base for other watersports. It sits just west of the Forth Road Bridge, within sight of the 1890 Rail Bridge, and in the shadow of the new Queensferry Crossing.

In 1988 the Algerines Association unveiled a memorial at Port Edgar to the minesweepers and fishery protection vessels based at Port Edgar and Granton between 1939 and 1975.

### HMS *Temeraire*

From 1955 to 1960 Port Edgar was the home to the stone frigate HMS *Temeraire*, the training location of the Upper Yardman Scheme.

55°59′35″N 3°24′32″W / 55.993°N 3.409°W / 55.993; -3.409


title: Pontia beckerii

abstract: Pontia beckerii, the Becker's white, Great Basin white, or sagebrush white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in western North America from Baja California, Mexico to southern British Columbia, Canada. It is mostly white with small black markings; females have more dark markings. The species is similar to other checkered whites such as, Pontia sisymbrii, Pontia protodice, and Pontia occidentalis. The wingspan is 33 to 48 millimeters. The host plants are Isomeris arborea, Stanleya pinnata, Brassica nigra, Descurainia pinnata, Sisymbrium altissimum, Sisymbrium linifolium, Lepidium perfoliatum, Thelypodium sagittatum, and Thelypodium laciniatum.

text:
# Pontia beckerii

***Pontia beckerii***, the **Becker's white**, **Great Basin white**, or **sagebrush white**, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in western North America from Baja California, Mexico to southern British Columbia, Canada.

It is mostly white with small black markings; females have more dark markings. The species is similar to other checkered whites such as, *Pontia sisymbrii*, *Pontia protodice*, and *Pontia occidentalis*.

The wingspan is 33 to 48 millimeters.

The host plants are *Isomeris arborea*, *Stanleya pinnata*, *Brassica nigra*, *Descurainia pinnata*, *Sisymbrium altissimum*, *Sisymbrium linifolium* (syn. *Schoenocrambe linifolia*), *Lepidium perfoliatum*, *Thelypodium sagittatum*, and *Thelypodium laciniatum*.

## InfoBox

| Becker's white | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pieridae |
| Genus: | *Pontia* |
| Species: | ***P. beckerii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pontia beckerii***<br>(W.H. Edwards, 1871) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pieris beckerii* * *Pontieuchloia beckeri* | |


title: Ponderano

abstract: Ponderano is a municipality in the province of Biella, Piedmont, northwestern Italy. Neighbouring comuni include Borriana, Gaglianico, Mongrando, Occhieppo Inferiore and Sandigliano.

text:
# Ponderano

**Ponderano** ( Pondran \[pʊn'draŋ\] in Piedmontese, the local dialect ) is a municipality in the province of Biella, Piedmont, northwestern Italy. Neighbouring comuni include Borriana, Gaglianico, Mongrando, Occhieppo Inferiore and Sandigliano.

## Origin of the name

According to tradition, the toponym of Ponderano comes from the Latin expression pondere aurum, in reference to a ponderarium, a place for weighing gold-bearing metals, with official certifications.

According to a different hypothesis, it comes instead from a Pons Aerianus, in turn derived from the personal name Aerius or Herius

## History

The oldest mention of Ponderano dates back to the year 882, March 16, the date of a document with which the emperor Charles the Fat gave the church of Saint Eusebius, in the person of Littuardo, bishop of Vercelli, the "grand court" of Biella, to which Ponderano belonged with all its appurtenances areas.

In the first feudal period the village was part of the Vercelli committee. It appears in an imperial diploma of 988, with which the emperor Otto III confirmed the possession of the area to Manfredo of Cavaglià, son of Ajmone, count of Vercelli, who had already obtained the courts of Ponderano and of the territories surrounding Biella from Otto I for an exchange made with the diocese of Vercelli.

In 998, the killing of the bishop Pietro of Vercelli by the marquis Arduino of Ivrea, with the complicity of Manfredo, provoked the reaction of the emperor Otto, who with diplomas dated 7 May 999 and 1 November 1000 returned to the diocese of Vercelli the goods and possessions of the marquis and his relatives and friends, confirming the dominion of everything that the emperor Charles had granted to the bishop Littuardo in 882. The descendants of Manfredo, lords of Montiglio and Camairano, then accepted it from the bishop, but it was subsequently confiscated by Henry II to be given back to the bishop of Vercelli, Leone, in 1014.

After various events, in 1243, the papal legate Gregorio of Montelungo sold it to the municipality of Vercelli, from which it passed into the hands of the Avogadro family of Cerrione to remain there until 1404 when they submitted to the counts of Savoy. Amedeo VIII, having received feudal homage, reinvested them with all the fiefs previously possessed and, among others, with the place, castle and jurisdiction of Ponderano. The Avogadro family then promised to defend and protect the community and individuals and to fulfill all the tasks imposed on them, asking the community in exchange for that the payment of twenty-eight florins per year. The whole life of the community was politically, socially and also economically regulated through announcements and orders, with particular regard to agricultural activity.

In 1409 the castle was destroyed by a fire which also involved a large part of the village and seriously damaged the ancient church. In 1551, with prior authorization from the Duke of Savoy, the Avogadro family ceded the feud, with all the jurisdiction, to the Dal Pozzo family who had already had patrimonial interests in it and who kept it until the feuds were suppressed.

Towards the end of the eighteenth century there was a failed insurrection attempted by some armed rebels, supported by an Avogadro of Formigliana, who threatened to sack the village. However, the united population dispersed Avogadro's armigers and prevented this plan from being carried out, many rebels were arrested and shot and Avogadro himself was only able to save himself thanks to the intervention of the Prince of Carignano.

On December 14, 1798 Ponderano came under French rule and a "patriotic militia" was established there. In 1815, with the fall of Napoleon, it returned under the jurisdiction of the House of Savoy. Throughout the 19th century, excluding a very short period during which it was subjected to Austrian rule ( 1859 ), Ponderano remained in the hands of the Savoy family who, after the unification of Italy, included it in the province of Novara. In 1927 the village passed to the province of Vercelli and later to the province of Biella.

## Symbols

The municipality of Ponderano makes use of a coat of arms ab antiquo described as follows:

«of blue, to the golden castle, crenellated in the ghibelline style, with windows of the same, black brick, and turreted to the left of a golden tower, with the arm dressed in silver, moving from the right side of the castle and holding scale in the hand...»

It was delivered on 23 August 1689 pursuant to the ducal edict of 23 May 1687.

## Administration

| Period | | Mayor | Electoral list | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | 2009 | Franco Vallivero | civic list | Mayor |  |
| 2009 | 2014 | Franco Vallivero | civic list Together for Ponderano | Mayor | Second term |
| 2014 | 2019 | Elena Chiorino | civic list Ponderano Deserves | Mayor |  |
| 2019 | 2024 | Roberto Locca | civic list United for Ponderano | Mayor |  |

## Sport

### Football

The local football team is ASD Ponderano which competes in the Promozione championship.

## InfoBox

| Ponderano | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Ponderano | |
| Entrance to the castle. | |
|  | |
| Location of Ponderano | |
| PonderanoLocation of Ponderano in ItalyPonderanoPonderano (Piedmont) | |
| Coordinates: 45°32′N 08°03′E / 45.533°N 8.050°E / 45.533; 8.050 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Piedmont |
| Province | Biella (BI) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Roberto Locca |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.05 km2 (2.72 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 357 m (1,171 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2017) | |
| Total | 3,792 |
| Density | 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Ponderanesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 13058 |
| Dialing code | 015 |
| Patron saint | St. Lawrence |
| Website | Official website |


title: Ponderia

abstract: Ponderia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Ponderia

***Ponderia*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Species

Species within the genus *Ponderia* include:

* Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Ponderia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ponderia caledonica* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Muricoidea |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Subfamily: | Muricinae |
| Genus: | *Ponderia*
Houart, 1986 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Typhis zealandica*
Hutton, 1873 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Prototyphis (Ponderia)* Houart, 1986 | |


title: Poplin

abstract: Poplin, also called tabinet, is a fine wool, cotton or silk fabric with crosswise ribs that typically give a corded surface. Nowadays, the name refers to a strong material in a plain weave of any fiber or blend. Poplin traditionally consisted of a silk warp with a weft of worsted yarn. In this case, as the weft is in the form of a stout cord, the fabric has a ridged structure, like rep, which gives depth and softness to the lustre of the silky surface. The ribs run across the fabric from selvedge to selvedge. In Britain, woollen yarn from the spinners in Suffolk would be sent to Dublin to be woven with silk into tabinet. Poplin is now made with wool, cotton, silk, rayon, polyester or a mixture of these. Since it has a plain under/over weave, the fabric displays a plain woven surface with no ribbing if the weft and warp threads are of the same material and size. Shirts made from this material are easy to iron and do not wrinkle easily. Poplins are used for dress purposes, and for rich upholstery work which are formed by using coarse filling-yarns in a plain/hard weave. The term "poplin" allegedly originates from papelino, a fabric made at Avignon, France, in the 15th century, and named for the papal (pope's) residence there, and from the French papeline. An alternative derivation associates "poplin" with products of the cloth industry of Poperinge in Flanders in present-day Belgium. The most common usage of poplin until about the 20th century was to make silk, cotton or heavy-weight wool dresses, suitable for winter wear. In the early 1920s, British-made cotton poplin was introduced to the United States, but the American market thought that the name had connotations of heaviness and arbitrarily renamed it "broadcloth", a name that persists for a cotton or polyester-cotton blend fabric used for shirting. In Europe, "broadcloth" typically describes a densely-woven woolen fabric with a smooth finish.

text:
# Poplin

**Poplin**, also called **tabinet** (or **tabbinet**), is a fine (but thick) wool, cotton or silk fabric with crosswise ribs that typically give a corded surface. Nowadays, the name refers to a strong material in a plain weave of any fiber or blend.

Poplin traditionally consisted of a silk warp with a weft of worsted yarn. In this case, as the weft is in the form of a stout cord, the fabric has a ridged structure, like rep, which gives depth and softness to the lustre of the silky surface. The ribs run across the fabric from selvedge to selvedge. In Britain, woollen yarn from the spinners in Suffolk would be sent to Dublin to be woven with silk into tabinet.

Poplin is now made with wool, cotton, silk, rayon, polyester or a mixture of these. Since it has a plain under/over weave, the fabric displays a plain woven surface with no ribbing if the weft and warp threads are of the same material and size. Shirts made from this material are easy to iron and do not wrinkle easily.

Poplins are used for dress purposes, and for rich upholstery work which are formed by using coarse filling-yarns in a plain/hard weave.

The term "poplin" allegedly originates from *papelino*, a fabric made at Avignon, France, in the 15th century, and named for the papal (pope's)residence there, and from the French *papeline* (a fabric, normally made with silk, of the same period). An alternative derivation associates "poplin" with products of the cloth industry of Poperinge in Flanders in present-day Belgium.

The most common usage of poplin until about the 20th century was to make silk, cotton or heavy-weight wool dresses, suitable for winter wear.

In the early 1920s, British-made cotton poplin was introduced to the United States, but the American market thought that the name had connotations of heaviness and arbitrarily renamed it "broadcloth", a name that persists for a cotton or polyester-cotton blend fabric used for shirting. In Europe, "broadcloth" typically describes a densely-woven woolen fabric with a smooth finish.


title: Vrhbosna

abstract:
Vrhbosna was the medieval name of a small region in today's central Bosnia and Herzegovina, centered on an eponymous settlement (župa) that would later become part of the city of Sarajevo. The meaning of the name of this Slavic župa is "the peak of Bosnia". The only known fortification in the area at the time was Hodidjed. The existence of a significant individual settlement of Vrhbosna was recorded in the 14th and 15th centuries.
Vrhbosna was first attacked by the Ottoman Empire in 1416, and it was finally taken in 1451. Vrhbosna persisted shortly after the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in the name of local vilayet, but soon the name went out of use. In 1550, a Venetian traveller Caterino Zeno was the first westerner to use the term Sarraglio instead of Vrhbosna to describe the place. It is nowadays known as the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vrhbosna, which is the archdiocese that currently serves the Catholics of Sarajevo.

text:
# Vrhbosna

**Vrhbosna** (Serbian Cyrillic: Врхбосна, pronounced \[ʋř̩x.bo.sna\]) was the medieval name of a small region in today's central Bosnia and Herzegovina, centered on an eponymous settlement (župa) that would later become part of the city of Sarajevo.

The meaning of the name of this Slavic župa is "the peak of Bosnia". The only known fortification in the area at the time was Hodidjed. The existence of a significant individual settlement of Vrhbosna was recorded in the 14th and 15th centuries. Vrhbosna was first attacked by the Ottoman Empire in 1416, and it was finally taken in 1451.

Vrhbosna persisted shortly after the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in the name of local *vilayet*, but soon the name went out of use. In 1550, a Venetian traveller Caterino Zeno was the first westerner to use the term *Sarraglio* (Italianized form of Sarajevo) instead of Vrhbosna to describe the place.

It is nowadays known as the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vrhbosna, which is the archdiocese that currently serves the Catholics of Sarajevo.

## Literature

43°52′N 18°25′E / 43.867°N 18.417°E / 43.867; 18.417


title: Leonie Harm

abstract: Leonie Harm is a German professional golfer. In 2018, Harm was the first golfer from Germany to win the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship in the event's history. Her British Amateur win gave her exemptions to multiple LPGA Tour events including the 2018 Women's British Open and 2019 U.S. Women's Open. In team events, Harm played at the European Ladies' Team Championship in 2016, 2017 and 2018 while also appearing at the 2018 Espirito Santo Trophy.

text:
# Leonie Harm

**Leonie Harm** (born 1997) is a German professional golfer. In 2018, Harm was the first golfer from Germany to win the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship in the event's history. Her British Amateur win gave her exemptions to multiple LPGA Tour events including the 2018 Women's British Open and 2019 U.S. Women's Open. In team events, Harm played at the European Ladies' Team Championship in 2016, 2017 and 2018 while also appearing at the 2018 Espirito Santo Trophy.

## Early life and education

Harm was born in Stuttgart, Germany and attended a biochemical program at the University of Houston for her post-secondary education. At Houston, she played for the Houston Cougars golf team from 2015 to 2019.

## Career

As an amateur golfer, Harm competed at the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship and European Ladies Amateur Championship in 2017. The following year, Harm was the first golfer from Germany to win the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship. With her 2018 British Amateur win, she won exemptions to the 2018 Women's British Open, 2018 Evian Championship and the 2019 U.S. Women's Open majors held by the LPGA Tour. In amateur events, Harm also received an exemption to the 2019 Augusta National Women's Amateur with her British Amateur win.

During the 2018 LPGA Tour major events, Harm missed the cut in the British Open and did not play in the Evian Championship. The following year, Harm was cut during the 2019 Augusta Amateur and the 2019 U.S. Women's Open. In team events, Harm competed at the 2016, 2017 and 2018 European Ladies' Team Championship. Apart from European team events, Harm was also a participant at the 2015 Junior Solheim Cup and the 2018 Espirito Santo Trophy.

Harm turned professional in early 2020.

## Personal life

In 2013, Harm was in a coma and sustained multiple injuries after being hit by a drunk driver.

## Amateur wins

* 2014 German National Amateur
* 2015 German International Amateur, German Girls Open, German National Amateur
* 2017 Texas State Invitational
* 2018 German International Amateur, British Ladies Amateur
* 2019 Allstate Sugar Bowl Intercollegiate, Clover Cup, The American Championship

Source:

## Team appearances

Source:

## InfoBox

| Leonie Harm | |
| --- | --- |
| Harm in August 2018 | |
| Personal information | |
| **Born** | (1997-10-01) 1 October 1997
Stuttgart, Germany |
| **Height** | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| **Sporting nationality** | Germany |
| Career | |
| **College** | University of Houston |
| **Turned professional** | 2020 |
| **Current tour(s)** | Ladies European Tour |
| Best results in LPGA major championships
 | |
| Chevron Championship | DNP |
| Women's PGA C'ship | DNP |
| U.S. Women's Open | T49: 2021 |
| Women's British Open | T7: 2021 |
| Evian Championship | CUT: 2021 |


title: Etymology of Curitiba

abstract: This article deals with the etymology of the name of the city of Curitiba, capital of the Brazilian state of Paraná. The meaning of Curitiba is well-established among scholars. It signifies "pinhal" or "pinheiral", reflecting the landscape that surrounds the city. The primary subject of debate lies in the language of origin of this toponym. Aryon Rodrigues, in an academic article, argues that it ultimately derives from Old Guarani, albeit exhibiting significant influences from the General Language spoken by mestiços originating from São Paulo or Rio de Janeiro. Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, while concurring with Rodrigues regarding the meaning, specifies this language as the Paulista General Language.

text:
# Etymology of Curitiba

This article deals with the etymology of the name of the city of Curitiba, capital of the Brazilian state of Paraná.

The meaning of *Curitiba* is well-established among scholars. It signifies "pinhal" or "pinheiral" (lit.'pine forest'  or 'pine grove'), reflecting the landscape that surrounds the city. The primary subject of debate lies in the language of origin of this toponym. Aryon Rodrigues, in an academic article, argues that it ultimately derives from Old Guarani, albeit exhibiting significant influences from the General Language spoken by *mestiços* originating from São Paulo or Rio de Janeiro. Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, while concurring with Rodrigues regarding the meaning, specifies this language as the Paulista General Language.

## Curitiba

The primitive nucleus of the city of Curitiba was called *Nossa Senhora da Luz e Bom Jesus dos Pinhais*. The region where this nucleus was located was called *Campos Gerais* or *Campos de Curitiba*. When a village was established in the area, it became known as *Nossa Senhora da Luz e Bom Jesus de Curitiba*, that is, *Pinhais* was replaced by *Curitiba*.

## Spelling and meaning

From 1720 to 1853, it was possible to write the name of Curitiba in various ways, such as *Curiytyba*, *Curiytuba*, *Curituba*, *Coretyba*, *Coreytyba*, *Corityba*, and *Curetyba*. The forms *Corityba* and *Curityba* were in use from 1853 to 1919. That year, the Municipal Chamber of Curitiba, through 25 July Resolution 7, officially defined the spelling as *Curityba*. On 19 December, Afonso Camargo, then President of the state of Paraná, signed Decree 1126, which mandated the adoption of the name *Curityba* for all official acts of the state. In 1943, the spelling of the name of the capital of Paraná became *Curitiba*.

The meaning of the toponym *Curitiba* is well-established. In this sense, it signifies "pinhal" or "pinheiral" (lit.'pine forest'  or 'pine grove'); all modern scholars concur with this interpretation. Indeed, the region surrounding the city of Curitiba is covered with Brazilian pine trees (*Araucaria angustifolia*), which is also reflected in the toponymy of immediate or neighboring areas, such as Pinhais, São José dos Pinhais, and Pinhalão. Certainly of Tupi–Guarani origin, there are, however, divergences regarding the specific language of origin of this toponym.

## Records and morphological analysis

1653 map where *Quereitiba* is read, indicating originally *Curitiba* should be spelled with two i's

A significant portion of the territory of the Brazilian state of Paraná was inhabited by indigenous people who spoke the Old Guarani language. The Peruvian priest Antonio Ruiz de Montoya documented in his works the word "curiĭ" (pine tree), providing the compound name "curiĭbaỹî", among others. Therefore, the basic form of the name for the Brazilian pine tree (*Araucaria angustifolia*) was *kuri'yb*—in Old Guarani, the final consonant was often dropped, except in cases where it was followed by another consonant within the same word. The second part of the word *Curitiba* derives from a root common to the languages of the Tupi–Guarani family. Bringing forth an idea of existence, in composition it designates a place where something abounds. Montoya, exemplifying its use in Old Guarani, where the form of this root was *tyb*, provides the terms "abatitĭ" (lit.'cornfield') and "caatĭ" (lit.'herb field'). One can thus construct *kuri'ytyb*, to which the suffix *-a* is added in specific situations, as documented by Montoya in "capyítĭba" (lit.'grassland') and "ytatĭba" (lit.'rocky terrain').

It is often asserted the name *Curitiba* is formed by *kuri* and *tyba*. Although one can analyze *kuri'yb* as a composition between *kuri* (pine or pine nut) and *'yb* (tree), Montoya does not record *kuri* without *'yb*—the pine nut with shell itself is called *kuri'yb*, not *kuri*. In Old Guarani, the composition should have been *kuri'ytyba*. The apostrophe here represents the glottal stop, and the letter y represents the close central unrounded vowel. When appropriated by Portuguese speakers, indigenous words lost the glottal stop, and the y was sometimes replaced by i, sometimes by u. Aryon Rodrigues suggests, then, *kuri'ytyba* would have become *kuriitiba* and, with the contraction of the two i's, *kuritiba*. In one of the oldest records of the name *Curitiba*, from 1653, it is read as *Quereitiba*, indicating the sequence of two i's. There is also a possible record of *Curijtiba* in the 1698 land grant letter of Botiatuva.

## Language of origin

Augustin Saint-Hilaire attributed the name *Curitiba* to the Guarani language. Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius attributed it to the Tupi language, but he gave this term a broad sense, so his hypothesis does not contradict that of Saint-Hilaire.

In Paraná, the toponym *Curitiba* is the only one ending in *tiba*; the others end in *tuba* or *tuva* (such as *Guaratuba*, for instance). There, the letter y before b was adapted, in Portuguese, as u. Along the coast, the area where *tuba* and *tuva* predominate extends from the bay of Angra dos Reis to Laguna; inland, it spans from the upper Paraíba do Sul River and the upper and middle Tietê River to the Uruguay River. Regarding the *tiba* element, it predominates in the area from the upper Tietê River to the upper Grande River in Minas Gerais; and from the coast of Angra dos Reis to the Jequitinhonha River in Bahia.

Anyway, it should be noted the forms *Curituba*, *Curituva*, *Curutuba*, and *Currutuva* have been documented. This indicates that, in the 17th century, the expected pronunciations *Curituba* and *Curituva* also existed; *Curitiba* specifically has been attested since at least 1649, as seen in testimony regarding the discovery of gold in the fields of Curitiba. Aryon Rodrigues argues the pronunciation *Curitiba* derives from the early explorers of the Curitiba fields. Most of them likely spoke a General Language, alongside Portuguese, and probably adapted words from one language to the other. Indeed, Eleodoro Ébano Pereira, involved in gold mining in Curitiba, was a native of Rio de Janeiro (where *tiba* prevails, instead of *tuba* and *tuva*), and, in the testimonies taken at his initiative, the form *Curitiba* consistently appears 14 times. Therefore, the pronunciation *Curitiba* reveals accents of individuals hailing from distant regions, such as São Paulo or Rio de Janeiro. The toponym in question, according to Rodrigues, should be a name derived from a General Language. Eduardo de Almeida Navarro agrees, specifying the Paulista General Language as the language of origin of the toponym.

### Kaingang hypothesis

Romário Martins reported the indigenous leader Arakxó, chief of the Kaingang people, attributed the name *Curitiba* to the phrase "curi-tim", which literally means "hurry, let's go!". According to Arakxó, the Kaingang people, upon abandoning their land in favor of the Portuguese, would have uttered the phrase, imperfectly reproduced by Portuguese speakers and transformed into *Curitiba*. In 1950, the Kaingang woman Maria Francisca das Dores provided Aryon Rodrigues with another hypothesis. Attempts to explain Tupi–Guarani toponyms in Kaingang are not limited to *Curitiba*; Maria Francisca das Dores attempted to explain, through her language, the toponym *Itapetininga*, which actually originates from the Paulista General Language.

1. Navarro 2013, p. 559.
2. Ferreira 1959, p. 204.
3. Rodrigues 1995, p. 225.
4. Rodrigues 1995, p. 243.
5. Rodrigues 1995, p. 244.
6. Rodrigues 1995, p. 228.
7. Montoya 1639, f. 109v.
8. Rodrigues 1995, pp. 228–229.
9. Rodrigues 1995, p. 230.
10. Montoya 1639, f. 387.
11. Montoya 1639, f. 89.
12. Montoya 1639, f. 179v.
13. Rodrigues 1995, pp. 230–231.
14. Rodrigues 1995, p. 231.
15. Rodrigues 1995, pp. 231–232.
16. Rodrigues 1995, p. 233.
17. Rodrigues 1995, pp. 226–227.
18. Rodrigues 1995, p. 226.
19. Rodrigues 1995, p. 234.
20. Rodrigues 1995, pp. 234–235.
21. Rodrigues 1995, p. 235.
22. Rodrigues 1995, pp. 237–238.
23. Rodrigues 1995, p. 238.
24. Rodrigues 1995, pp. 238–239.
25. Rodrigues 1995, p. 239.
26. Rodrigues 1995, pp. 239–240.
27. Rodrigues 1995, p. 240.
28. Rodrigues 1995, pp. 240–241.
29. Rodrigues 1995, p. 242.

### News

1. Cervi, Emerson (27 November 1999). "Linguista lança livro sobre o nome Curitiba" \[Linguist launches book about the name Curitiba\]. *Folha de Londrina* (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.

## Bibliography


abstract: Murphysboro Township is one of sixteen townships in Jackson County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 10,563 and it contained 5,174 housing units.

text:
# Murphysboro Township, Jackson County, Illinois

**Murphysboro Township** is one of sixteen townships in Jackson County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 10,563 and it contained 5,174 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 37.04 square miles (95.9 km2), of which 36.28 square miles (94.0 km2) (or 97.95%) is land and 0.76 square miles (2.0 km2) (or 2.05%) is water.

### Cities, towns, villages

### Unincorporated towns

(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Adjacent townships

### Cemeteries

The township contains these twelve cemeteries: Bostick, Hall, Hiller-Crab Orchard, Mount Carbon, Mount Pleasant, Murdale Gardens of Memory, Murphysboro City, Pleasant Grove Memorial, Poplar Ridge, Saint Andrews, Tower Grove and Worthen.

### Major highways

### Airports and landing strips

* Saint Joseph Memorial Hospital Heliport

### Lakes

* Browns Lake
* Carbon Lake
* Country Club Lake

### Landmarks

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 (est.) | 10,202 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## School districts

* Murphysboro Community Unit School District 186

## Political districts

* "Murphysboro Township, Jackson County, Illinois". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
* United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
* United States National Atlas

1. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
2. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
3. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Murphysboro Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Jackson County | |
| Jackson County's location in Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 37°44′14″N 89°19′34″W / 37.73722°N 89.32611°W / 37.73722; -89.32611 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Jackson |
| Established | November 4, 1884 |
| Area | |
| Total | 37.04 sq mi (95.9 km2) |
| Land | 36.28 sq mi (94.0 km2) |
| Water | 0.76 sq mi (2.0 km2)  2.05% |
| Elevation | 509 ft (155 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Estimate (2016) | 10,202 |
| Density | 291.2/sq mi (112.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 62901, 62966 |
| FIPS code | 17-077-51466 |


title: Hatton, Colbert County, Alabama

abstract: Hatton is an unincorporated community in Colbert County, Alabama, United States. Hatton is located on Alabama State Route 184, 10.4 miles (16.7 km) east of Muscle Shoals.

text:
# Hatton, Colbert County, Alabama

**Hatton** is an unincorporated community in Colbert County, Alabama, United States. Hatton is located on Alabama State Route 184, 10.4 miles (16.7 km) east of Muscle Shoals.

## InfoBox

| Hatton, Alabama | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Hatton, AlabamaHatton, Alabama | |
| Coordinates: 34°45′20″N 87°29′07″W / 34.75556°N 87.48528°W / 34.75556; -87.48528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alabama |
| County | Colbert |
| Elevation | 650 ft (200 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 256 & 938 |
| GNIS feature ID | 132903 |


title: Łuszczów-Kolonia, Łęczna County

abstract: Łuszczów-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łęczna, within Łęczna County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Łęczna and 16 km (10 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Łuszczów-Kolonia, Łęczna County

**Łuszczów-Kolonia** \[ˈwuʂt͡ʂuf kɔˈlɔɲa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łęczna, within Łęczna County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Łęczna and 16 km (10 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Łuszczów-Kolonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Łuszczów-Kolonia | |
| Coordinates: 51°17′34″N 22°46′47″E / 51.29278°N 22.77972°E / 51.29278; 22.77972 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Łęczna |
| Gmina | Łęczna |
| Area | 4.3794 km2 (1.6909 sq mi) |
| Population (2007) | 290 |
| Density | 66/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 21-010 (Łęczna) |
| Area code | +48 81 |
| Car plates | LLE |


title: Otitoma vitrea

abstract: Otitoma vitrea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.

text:
# Otitoma vitrea

***Otitoma vitrea*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5.5 mm.

The cylindrically elongated shell is thin, pellucid, glassy and smooth. It shows no longitudinal ribs. There are a few revolving grooves at the upper and lower part of the body whorl, the former appearing on the spire also. The color of the shell is yellowish white.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Singapore and the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Otitoma vitrea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of a shell of *Otitoma vitrea* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Pseudomelatomidae |
| Genus: | *Otitoma* |
| Species: | ***O. vitrea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Otitoma vitrea***<br>(Reeve, 1845) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pleurotoma vitrea* Reeve, 1845 (basionym) * *Thelecythara vitrea* (Reeve, 1845) * *Thelecytharella vitrea* (Reeve, 1845) | |


title: Ähijärve

abstract: Ähijärve is a settlement in Antsla Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia. As of 2011, its population was 30.

text:
# Ähijärve

**Ähijärve** is a settlement in Antsla Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia. As of 2011, its population was 30.

## InfoBox

| Ähijärve | |
| --- | --- |
| Ähijärve | |
| Coordinates: 57°43′18″N 26°30′39″E / 57.72167°N 26.51083°E / 57.72167; 26.51083 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Võru County |
| Municipality | Antsla Parish |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 30 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |


abstract: The Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy was one of the Soviet military academies. It was based in the Lefortovo district of Moscow, in a former royal palace. The institution was established in 1932 as the "J.V. Stalin Academy of the WPRA Mechanization and Motorization Program". It was renamed after Marshal Rodion Malinovsky in 1967. Its mission was to train Soviet and Warsaw Pact commanders, staff officers, and engineers for armored and mechanized units. The best-qualified graduates were selected for the "centralized operations division" of the General Staff. Students entered as captains and majors, some as lieutenant colonels. Commanding and staff officers underwent a three year program while engineers were taught for 4 years. Notable alumni included Vasily Chuikov, Sergey Akhromeyev, Boris Vasiliev, Aleksandr Blagonravov, and Anatoly Kvashnin. In 1998 the Malinovsky Academy merged with the Frunze Military Academy to become the "Combined Arms Academy".

text:
# Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy

The **Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy** (Военная академия бронетанковых войск имени Маршала Советского Союза Р. Я. Малиновского) was one of the Soviet military academies. It was based in the Lefortovo district of Moscow, in a former royal palace.

The institution was established in 1932 as the "J.V. Stalin Academy of the WPRA Mechanization and Motorization Program". It was renamed after Marshal Rodion Malinovsky in 1967. Its mission was to train Soviet and Warsaw Pact commanders, staff officers, and engineers for armored and mechanized units. The best-qualified graduates were selected for the "centralized operations division" of the General Staff. Students entered as captains and majors, some as lieutenant colonels. Commanding and staff officers underwent a three year program while engineers were taught for 4 years. Notable alumni included Vasily Chuikov, Sergey Akhromeyev, Boris Vasiliev, Aleksandr Blagonravov, and Anatoly Kvashnin.

In 1998 the Malinovsky Academy merged with the Frunze Military Academy to become the "Combined Arms Academy".