title: Jean Przyluski

abstract: Jean Przyluski was a French linguist and scholar of religion and Buddhism of Polish descent. His interests ranged widely through the structure of the Vietnamese language, the development of Buddhist myths and legends, as well as Indo-European folk traditions such as the werewolf cult. In addition, he thought out general theories about the development of religion, which he presented in his magnum opus L'Evolution humaine (1942).

text:
# Jean Przyluski

**Jean Przyluski** (17 August 1885  28 October 1944) was a French linguist and scholar of religion and Buddhism of Polish descent. His interests ranged widely through the structure of the Vietnamese language, the development of Buddhist myths and legends, as well as Indo-European folk traditions such as the werewolf cult. In addition, he thought out general theories about the development of religion, which he presented in his magnum opus *L'Evolution humaine* (1942).

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Jean Przyluski | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1885-08-17)17 August 1885<br>Le Mans, France |
| Died | 28 October 1944(1944-10-28) (aged 59) |
| Occupation(s) | French linguist and scholar of religion |


title: Mvzzle

abstract: Gift Selaelo Morukhuladi, professionally known as Mvzzle is a South African DJ, singer-songwriter, and producer born in Musina and raised in Westenburg, Polokwane. He is famous for producing the single "Umlilo" by DJ Zinhle.

text:
# Mvzzle

**Gift Selaelo Morukhuladi** (born 11 November 1994), professionally known as **Mvzzle** (/ˈmʌˈzl/) is a South African DJ, singer-songwriter, and producer born in Musina and raised in Westenburg, Polokwane. He is famous for producing the single "Umlilo" by DJ Zinhle.

## Personal life

Born Gift S. Morukhuladi, in Musina and raised in a village called Mountain View. His mother is a businesswoman and his father was the Conductor of the military band. At age 8, he moved to Polokwane International Gateway to be with his parents. At this point, his dad had gone from Conductor to Band Master at the SA Army Band.

## Early life

### 2014–2015

Before producing House music, Mvzzle was a full time Hip Hop producer and rapper in high school. He was with a musical trio called Cyclops alongside his teammates Septic Rooger (Kagiso Mokwena) and Gran-T (Thabiso Ledwaba), which Mvzzle produced his first singles and mixtape with. After the trio disbanded, Mvzzle started his solo career producing both house and rap music, releasing singles titled *Carpe Diem* and *Thick Madam*, which he entered the SABC1's 1s and 2s competition with.

### 2016

Initially producing Hip-Hop and R&B, he started producing house music in 2016. He dropped out of college to pursue music and the assistance of South African Arts and Culture Youth Forum who gave him opportunities to play at events such as Major League Gardens, Mapungubwe Arts Festival, and Motsepe Foundation.

### 2018

He entered SABC 1's Dj competition, 1's and 2's – where he placed third. After the competition, MVZZLE contacted DJ Zinhle with two beats, one of which is now the song "Umlilo" featuring Rethabile – who had earlier been in contact with DJ Zinhle on Instagram proposing a collaboration with her.

## Career

DJ Zinhle's Umlilo has been certified multi-platinum and within its first three months, it reached over 5.1 million streams.

In celebration of the song's success, DJ Zinhle released a second video for Umlilo in December.

The hit single went on to receive triple-platinum plaques, and multiple SAMAs nominations. The single won a NAMA award. The female producer DJ Zinhle was accused of buying nominations for the song.

## Discography

### Singles and EPs

| Title | Type | Release details | Certification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Uvalo* | Single |  | TBA |
| Sonke | EP |  | |
|

## Filmography

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Results | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | *1's and 2's* | Himself | Contestant | Runner-up |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award Ceremony | Prize | Recipient/Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | South African Music Awards | Record of the Year (fan-voted) | "Umlilo" | Nominated |  |
| | 2021 | | Best Music Video of the Year | Nominated |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Mvzzle | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Gift Selaelo Morukhuladi
(1994-11-11) 11 November 1994
Musina, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Other names | * Mvzzle Beatz * Silencer * Mvzzle with the V |
| Education | Westenburg Secondary School (matriculated) |
| Occupations | * DJ * Record producer * Singer-songwriter |
| Years active | ?.–present |
| Known for | Producing Umlilo |
| **Musical career** | |
| Origin | Westenburg, Polokwane, South Africa |
| Genres |  |
| Instruments |  |
| Labels | Warner Music South Africa (formerly) |
| Website | mvzzle.co.za |
|  | |


title: Pskov State University

abstract: Pskov State University is a public university in the Pskov Region of Russia. It is one of the 33 flagship universities in Russia. Pskov SU was established in 2010 by several other educational institutions in the region.

text:
# Pskov State University

**Pskov State University** (**Pskov SU**) is a public university in the Pskov Region of Russia. It is one of the 33 flagship universities in Russia. Pskov SU was established in 2010 by several other educational institutions in the region.

## History

Pskov SU was formed on 14 October 2011 by the merger of Pskov State Pedagogical University (PSPU), Pskov State Polytechnic Institute, the Technical College of Construction in Velikiye Luki, Pskov College of Construction and Economics, and Pskov Industrial Technical school.

In April 2017, Pskov SU became one of the regional flagship universities.

### Pskov State Pedagogical University

#### Russian Empire era

PSPU started on September 1, 1874, with the opening of the Pskov Male Teachers' Training college. In October 1909, a new secondary educational institution opened for training teachers for urban schools and primary schools of the Russian Ministry of National Education.

#### Soviet Union era

In October 1919, the teacher's training college and teacher's institute were merged into the Institute of National Education (INE) to train teachers of primary and secondary schools and political education workers. In 1923, INE was transformed into a pedagogical college - a secondary educational institution to train teachers of primary schools and employees of preschool and political, educational institutions. On May 7, 1932, the Pskov Pedagogical institute was opened. For two years, the university and institute shared the same building and director, Nikolai Vladimirovich Falyutinsky.

In 1934, the Pskov Pedagogical Institute moved to a separate building and administration. The university was transformed into a two-year teachers’ institute for the training of teachers of seven-year schools was opened. The previous departments were transformed into faculties. The university had two faculties - physico-mathematical and natural sciences. In 1935, the Soviet government added the name of Sergei Mironovich Kirov to the name of the Pskov Pedagogical Institute.

In 1936, the first classes graduated from the pedagogical and teaching institutes. There were 933 graduates in total before 1941. On July 8, 1941, during the German invasion of the USSR, institute employees fled Pskov to Kirov. The institutes suspended operations until the end of World War II. By the end of the war, the facilities for the two institutes had been almost completely destroyed. In May 1945, the Soviet Government started rebuilding the institutes, starting with four faculties: physico-mathematical, natural sciences, history, and literature. In 1952, the teacher's institute was disbanded.

In 1956, the institute inaugurated a five-year term of study and started to train teachers. In 1957, the Vyborg Pedagogical Institute in Vyborg, Russia, was merged into the Pskov Pedagogical Institute. The number of teachers increased by 100 people, and the number of students by more than 1,000. On June 15, 1963, the faculty of foreign languages was established.

In 1970, the Pedagogical Institute in Velikiye Luki was merged into the Pskov Pedagogical Institute. In 1977 a Faculty of Primary Classes was established. On August 10, 1982, the institute received the Order of the Badge of Honour from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

#### Russian Federation era

In 1997, the Faculty of Technology and Entrepreneurship was established. On March 22, the institute was rename Pskov State Pedagogical University (PSPU). In December 2007, PSPU was recognized by President Vladimir Putin "*for achievements in scientific and pedagogical activities and a great contribution to the training of qualified specialists"*. In 2011, PSPU was merged with the other schools to become Pskov SU.

### Pskov State Polytechnic Institute

Main article: Pskov State Polytechnic Institute

Pskov State Polytechnic Institute was the first higher technical institution in the Pskov Oblast. It was established in 1960 as a training and consulting post of the North-West Extramural Polytechnic Institute. On the 8th of July, it became a branch of Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. It was renamed the Pskov branch of Leningrad State Technical University in 1990. In 1994, the Pskov branch was renamed as Pskov Polytechnic Institute, a branch of what was now Saint Petersburg State Technical University. IN 2004, the institute became a separate school until 2011, when it merged with other schools to become Pskov SU.

### Technical School of Construction

The school started in 1952 as the Sebezh School of Construction Masters in Sebezh, Russia. In 1956, the school was transferred to Velikie Luki and renamed the Construction Technical School in Velikiye Luki. From 1980 to 1994, the department *Production of construction parts and reinforced concrete structures* trained technicians for the construction industry. Since 1989, the department *Construction, Operation, and Repair of Roads and Airfields* trained specialists in road design, construction, operation, and repair of roads.

In 1993, on the basis of the order of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation No. 707, the Technical School was renamed Construction College in Velikie Luki. Since 1994, the *Management* department trained managers for administrative, managerial, and entrepreneurial activities in various sectors of the construction industry.

In 2011, the Technical School of Construction was merged into the new Pskov SU.

### Pskov College of Construction and Economics

On 15 June 1966, Pskov Construction Technical School started working on the basis of the order of the Ministry of Construction of the RSFSR No. 76 of 10.06.1966. In 1991, the Technical School was transformed into the College of Construction and Economics by the order of the State Committee of the RSFSR on Architecture and Construction No. 59 of 26.11.1991. Until 1989, the College recruited only two specialties: *Construction and maintenance of buildings and structures* with the qualification civil engineer; *Planning in construction* with the qualification planner technician.

550 planners and 630 construction technicians were trained at the extramural courses only for construction trusts of house-building plants in Leningrad and Leningrad Region.

### Pskov Industrial Technical School

Pskov Civil Engineering College of the Ministry of Housing and Civil Engineering of the RSFRS was organized on the basis of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 57006 of 30 April 1946 and the Order of the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR No. 24 of 15 May 1946. The first student enrolment was made on 1 September 1946. On 31 March 1955, the Technical School of Civil Engineering was renamed into Pskov Construction Technical School and became subordinate to the Department of Educational Institutions of Leningrad Regional Economic Soviet.

By the Resolution of the Regional Economic Soviet of the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region No. 476-УК of 17.06.1958, Pskov Construction Technical School and Pskov Machine-Building Technical School were united into one Pskov Industrial Technical School, on the basis of Construction Technical School. Pskov Industrial Technical School was renamed the state educational institution Pskov Industrial Technical School by the order of 24 January 1996 No. 2-204 / 9 of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Defense Sectors of Industries. The state educational institution Pskov Industrial Technical School was renamed into the state educational institution of secondary vocational education Pskov Industrial College by the order of the Ministry of Education of Russia of 28 July 1997 No. 1671.

## Modern university

Pskov SU has a multilevel system of higher education:

Pskov SU has 149 educational programs, including 76 Bachelor's degree training programs, 45 Master's degree training programs, 9 specialist's degree training programs, 19 training programs of scientific-pedagogical staff in postgraduate studies, 38 specialties of secondary vocational training, and also more than 100 programs of further education.

Pskov State University College in Pskov and Pskov State University branch in Velikiye Luki train middle-ranking specialists in secondary vocational education. Since 2013, the Faculty of Engineering and Economics has been opened at the branch of Pskov State University in Velikiye Luki, where training is carried out according to bachelor's degree programs.

The Institute of Life-Long Education implements supplementary educational programs for children and adults, further education programs in the form of occupational retraining, advanced training, seminars, and masterclasses.

• The basic professional educational program of the bachelor's degree in the field of study 18.03.02 of Energy and resource-saving processes in chemical technology, petrochemistry, and biotechnology has been developed together with the "anchor" resident of the Special economic zone of industrial and production type *Moglino* *Titan-Polimer* LLC;

• The basic professional educational program in the field of study of advertising and public relations, specialization *Communication Technologies* has been developed in cooperation with the National Research University Higher School of Economics and the Pskov Region Media Holding;

• New master's degree programs have been developed following the results of the program of advanced training and competitive selection conducted together with the Institute of Education of the National Research University Higher School of Economics: specialization *Philology and Communicative Practices* (field of study *Philology*); specialization Legal regulation of the digital economy (field of study *Jurisprudence*).

## Structure

The university has moved to a new academic structure, from 11 faculties to 6 multidisciplinary institutes created under the main directions of the development of educational programs, federal and regional requests. Partners for each institute have been identified and are working with them to develop joint educational programs. The new academic structure includes 6 institutes and 34 academic departments, the branch in the city of Velikiye Luki, Pskov State University College, Institute of Life Long Education, Center of the Russian Language and Culture named after E.A. Maimin.

Institutes and academic departments:

1) Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology (main partners ˗˗ Siberian State Medical University, North-West State Medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution National Medical Research Center named after V.A. Almazov) and Natural-geographical faculty (main partners Moscow State University, University of Tartu, Estonia):

Medical faculty:

• Department of Fundamental Medicine and Biochemistry

• Department of Medical Informatics and Cybernetics

• Department of Clinical Medicine

Natural-geographical faculty:

• Department of Botany and Plant Ecology

• Department of Geography

• Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology

• Department of Chemistry

2) Institute of Mathematical Modeling and Game Practice (main partners ˗˗ Institute of Education of National Research University Higher School of Economics, Game practitioners Guild) :

• Department of Mathematics and Game Theory

• Department of Applied Informatics and Modeling

• Department of Physics

• Department of Design

3) Institute of Engineering Sciences (main partners ˗˗ Riga Technical University, Latvia, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University):

• Department of Engineering Technology and Techno sphere Safety

• Department of Electric Power, Electric Drive and Automation Systems

• Department of Architecture and Construction

• Department of Road Transport

• Department of Information and Communication Technologies

4 Institute of Humanities and Language Communication (main partners ˗˗ State Academic University for the Humanities, Institute for US and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and Faculty of the Russian Philology and Foreign Languages (main partners ˗˗ Daugavpils University, Latvia, University of Wroclaw, Poland) :

\- Faculty of History

• Department of Russian History

• Department of World History and Regional Studies

• Department of Philosophy and Theology

\- Faculty of the Russian Philology and Foreign Languages

• Department of Philology, Communication and Russian as a Foreign Language

• Department of European Languages and Cultures

• Department of Foreign Languages for Non-Linguistic Departments

5) Institute of Law, Economics and Management (main partners ˗˗ Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University):

• Department of Economics, Finance and Financial Law

• Department of Management and Administrative Law

• Department of National Security and Human Rights

• Department of Civil Law and Procedure

• Department of Law Enforcement, Criminal Law and Procedure

• Department of State Law Disciplines and Theory of Law

6) Institute of Education and Social Sciences (main partner ˗˗ Herzen State Pedagogical University) :

• Department of Psychology and Child Development Support

• Department of Technology for Working with People with Special Needs

• Department of Health and Physical Development

• Department of Secondary General Education and Social Design

• Department of Theory and Methods of Preschool and Primary Education

• Laboratory of Technological Culture

Interfaculty Department of Physical Culture

Department of secondary vocational education of Pskov State University College

Department of secondary vocational education of Pskov State University branch in Velikiye Luki

## Infrastructure

Pskov State University has 13 educational and laboratory buildings with a total area of more than 28,5 thousand m2 The bases of practice of Pskov State University are located in different districts of the Pskov region, each of which is characterized by a special flora, fauna or geological or historical-cultural peculiarities.

The university has its own printing office. The printing office produces more than 450 units of scientific products per year with a general circulation of about 40,000 copies. PskovSU has 3 assembly halls, including a separate building of the Center for Student Initiatives with a large conference hall. A building for the new campus was purchased on the banks of Velikaya River. The library stock of Pskov State University has more than 900 thousand copies of printed publications of educational, methodical, scientific, reference and other literature necessary for library and information support of educational programs.

Users of PskovSU library have access to the IPRbooks Electronic Library System, the Electronic Library System of the publishing house *Lan*, the Electronic Library System *Student Consultant*, the Electronic Library System *Urait* and other databases, the bulletin of new revenues, virtual exhibitions, receive all necessary information about the activities and cultural and educational activities of PskovSU Library.

## Activities

In 2019, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation announced a competition for grants in the form of subsidies for the project *Citizens Training in Life Long Education Programs in Educational Organizations Implementing Additional Educational Programs and Professional Training Programmes* of the federal project *New Opportunities for Everyone*.

The Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation conducted a competitive selection for the provision of grants from the federal budget in the form of subsidies for the implementation of measures aimed at the full functioning and development of the Russian language of the departmental special-purpose program *Scientific, methodological and personnel support to the Russian language and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation* of the subprogramme *Improvement of the management of the education system* of the state program of the Russian Federation *Development of Education*.

Pskov State University won a grant from the federal budget during the competitive selection, which was organized by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The grant was provided for the implementation of the event *Carrying out thematic shifts in seasonal camps for schoolchildren in the advanced fields of discrete mathematics, informatics, digital technology* within the framework of the federal project *Personnel for digital economy* of the national program *Digital economy* of the state program *Development of education*.

Also, Pskov State University is a platform for public events. Thus, in 2019, 3 international and 1 regional events were held: International research-to-practice conference *Northern Europe, Pskov and the Hanseatic Union in the past and present*; the Second International research-to-practice conference dedicated to the 75th Anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War *Without Limitation Periods*; the Second International research-to-practice conference *Borderless World: Russian as a foreign language in the international educational space vol. 2.0*; *The Second Pskov Mediaforum*.

## Student life

A regional volunteer center *Volunteer Resource Center* has been established on the basis of Pskov State University. The participants of the centre carry out their activities both at the university and abroad. Students implement themselves in the field of public relations on the basis of student television *Youth TV*, *Universants* newspaper and newspapers created at some faculties.

There is the War-History Club at the university for those who are interested in history. Also, public associations of the Russian Geographical Society and Imperial Russian Historical Society have been established and operate on the basis of Pskov State University.

## Cooperation

Pskov State University is a member of a number of major international networks, including the University of the Arctic, the Baltic University Programs, the Partner Network of Universities of the Baltic Sea Region, the Hanseatic Economic Union and some others.

Pskov State University implements 6 international scientific and educational projects, as well as establishes partnerships with 77 universities from 22 countries and 15 Russian universities.

One of the important areas of cooperation between Pskov State University and foreign partners is conducting joint research and implementing scientific and educational projects. The projects are financed in the framework of international programs. The purpose of such projects is to attract financial resources to implement scientific ideas and promote research results at the international level.

Pskov State University is distinguished for its active work in the sphere of international activity.

Media related to Pskov State University at Wikimedia Commons **Pskov State Medical University**

## InfoBox

Pskov State University
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | *The young’s energy to the science* |
| Type | State University |
| Established | 2010 |
| Rector | Natalia Anatolievna Ilyina |
| Academic staff | 534 |
| Students | 10616 |
| Doctoral students | 19 |
| Other students | International students 1300 |
| Address | 2, Lenin square, Pskov, Russia |
| Website | www.pskgu.ru |


title: McArthur Lake Wildlife Management Area

abstract: McArthur Lake Wildlife Management Area at 1,207 acres (4.88 km⁲) is an Idaho wildlife management area in Bonner and Boundary counties located between Sandpoint and Bonners Ferry. It was established in 1942 to protect and enhance waterfowl habitat. It lies within the McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor. The WMA includes the riparian zones around McArthur Lake that provide a variety of wildlife, including moose, elk, beaver, and river otters with habitat and food. White-tailed deer and Canada geese are abundant, and hunting is permitted.

text:
# McArthur Lake Wildlife Management Area

**McArthur Lake Wildlife Management Area** at 1,207 acres (4.88 km2) is an Idaho wildlife management area in Bonner and Boundary counties located between Sandpoint and Bonners Ferry. It was established in 1942 to protect and enhance waterfowl habitat. It lies within the McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor.

The WMA includes the riparian zones around McArthur Lake that provide a variety of wildlife, including moose, elk, beaver, and river otters with habitat and food. White-tailed deer and Canada geese are abundant, and hunting is permitted.

## InfoBox

| McArthur Lake Wildlife Management Area | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
|  | |
| Location | Bonner and Boundary counties, Idaho, United States |
| Nearest city | Sandpoint, ID |
| Coordinates | 48°30′49″N 116°26′59″W / 48.5137°N 116.449741°W / 48.5137; -116.449741 |
| Area | 1,207 acres (4.9 km2) |
| Established | 1942 |
| Governing body | Idaho Department of Fish and Game |
| fishandgame.idaho.gov/IFWIS/ibt/site.aspx?id=N7 | |


title: Reenu-Rew

abstract: Reenu-Rew was a radical Marxist group in Senegal, founded in 1973 by Landing Savané. It published Xarébi (Struggle). In 1974 Reenu-Rew stood behind the initiative to form And-Jëf.

text:
# Reenu-Rew

**Reenu-Rew** (Wolof for 'Roots of the Nation', French for "Les racines de la nation") was a radical Marxist group in Senegal, founded in 1973 by Landing Savané. It published *Xarébi* (Struggle). In 1974 Reenu-Rew stood behind the initiative to form And-Jëf.

## Sources

1. Zuccarelli, François. *La vie politique sénégalaise (1940-1988)*. Paris: CHEAM, 1988.

## InfoBox

| Reenu-Rew | |
| --- | --- |
| Leader | Landing Savané |
| Founded | 1973 |
| Dissolved | 1974 |
| Merged into | And-Jëf |
| Ideology | Marxism<br>Communism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
|  | |


title: Medical education agency

text:
# Medical education agency

Medical education agencies are a specialty subset of advertising agencies that develop educational content for the Healthcare, Life Science and Biotechnology industries. Medical education agencies are divided into two categories:

## CME

Medical education agencies that develop Continuing medical education (most commonly referred to as CME) programs in the United States, do so within the strict guidelines set forth by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) and the Society for Academic Continuing Medical Education (SACME). Those who wish to offer CME courses, and thus employ the services of a medical education agency, must receive accreditation from the ACCME. Accreditation allows organizations, such as the American Nursing Certification Center (ANCC) to develop educational course content that physicians and other professional medical staff may use to satisfy annual CME requirements.

To avoid the risk of undue bias from commercial sponsorship, all accredited organizations must follow the commercial disclosure rules set out by the ACCME. Medical education agencies must familiarize themselves with these regulations in order to receive CME accreditation from one or more ACCME accredited organizations.

## Non-CME

Medical education agencies that develop Non-CME, also referred to as Promotional education, programs specialize in developing content whose commercial sponsorship is clearly outlined, and course content focuses on specific products or therapies in which the sponsoring organization has a financial interest.

## Delivery Mechanisms

The majority of content developed by medical education agencies supports one of two types of delivery mechanism: Instructor Led Training (ILT) and Self Directed Training (SDT).

### Instructor Led Training

Instructor led training, ILT, is the practice of face-to-face delivery of information and learning material between an instructor and learners. Instructor lead training can take the form of didactic training, laboratory demonstration and/or clinical application.

Hospitals, Universities, Pharmaceutical and Medical device manufacturers may employ medical education agencies to develop specific content, or to apply Instructional Design principles to existing content to make it more readily understood by an instructor led audience. This will include developing informational structures to follow learning theories, targeting content toward a specific audience or set of audiences and

### Self Directed Training

Self Directed Training, is the practice of gaining information from learning materials without an instructor present. Self-directed training takes many forms, including deployed eLearning content, textbooks, searchable databases of information and viewing of training presentations at one's own pace. Self-directed training often takes place through a web portal, a SCORM compliant Learning Management System (LMS) or a webcast engine.

Hospitals, Universities, Pharmaceutical and Medical device manufacturers may employ medical education agencies to develop specific content, or to apply Instructional Design principles to existing content, to make a product, technology or concept more readily understood by a self-directed audience. Medical education agencies also help learners to better understand complex content through interactivity, animation and virtual simulations of training content.


title: Wetmore, Colorado

abstract: Wetmore is an unincorporated community and a U.S. Post Office located in Custer County, Colorado, United States.

text:
# Wetmore, Colorado

**Wetmore** is an unincorporated community and a U.S. Post Office located in Custer County, Colorado, United States.

## Description

The Wetmore post office has been in operation since 1881. The community was named after William Wetmore, a first settler. and has the ZIP Code 81253.

Colorado portal

Media related to Wetmore, Colorado at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Wetmore, Colorado | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Entering Wetmore from the east, April 2012 | |
| Location in Custer County and the state of ColoradoWetmore, Colorado (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°14′17″N 105°05′05″W / 38.23806°N 105.08472°W / 38.23806; -105.08472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Custer County |
| Elevation | 6,086 ft (1,855 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 81253 |
| GNIS feature ID | 192225 |


title: Pankaj Dheer

abstract: Pankaj Dheer is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films and TV series. He is known for his role of Karna in TV series Mahabharat and other roles in Chandrakanta, The Great Maratha, Yug and Badho Bahu. He appeared in several Hindi films in small roles, including Sadak, Soldier and Baadshah.

text:
# Pankaj Dheer

**Pankaj Dheer** is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films and TV series. He is known for his role of Karna in TV series *Mahabharat* and other roles in *Chandrakanta*, *The Great Maratha*, *Yug* and *Badho Bahu*. He appeared in several Hindi films in small roles, including *Sadak*, *Soldier* and *Baadshah*.

## Personal life

Dheer has a son, Nikitin Dheer, who is also an actor. Nikitin married Kratika Sengar.

## Career

In 1988, Dheer played the role of Karna in B. R. Chopra's epic television series *Mahabharat*. He was popularised after playing Karan. His pictures were used in textbooks as reference to Karan and his statues are worshipped as Karan in temples in Karnal and Bastar.

He appeared at the lead in debut episode *Dastak*, TV series, Zee Horror Show (1993), along with Archana Puran Singh. He also played the lead as a defence lawyer in the TV Series *Kanoon*, a series based on court-room dramas.

In 2006 Dheer established a shooting studio, *Visage Studioz* along with his brother Satluj Dheer at Jogeshwari, Mumbai. In 2010, he opened *Abbhinnay Acting Academy* in Mumbai, with actor Gufi Paintal as the faculty head.

## Filmography

### As director

| Year | Title | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | Parwana |  |
| 2014 | *My Father Godfather* |  |

### As actor

| Year | Title | Role(s) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | *Poonam* | Girija |  |
| 1983 | *Sookha* |  |  |
| 1987 | *Meraa Suhaag* |  |  |
| 1990 | *Randam Varavu* |  |  |
| 1990 | *Jeevan Ek Sanghursh* | Mahesh Dholakia |  |
| 1988–1990 | *Mahabharata* | Karna | TV series |
| 1991 | *Saugandh* | Thakur Ranveer Singh |  |
| 1991 | *Sanam Bewafa* | Zuber Khan |  |
| 1991 | *Sadak* | Inspector Irani |  |
| 1991 | *Majboor Ladki* |  |  |
| 1992 | *Mr. Bond* | Dragon / Daga |  |
| 1992 | *Jaagruti* | Custom Officer Vishal |  |
| 1993 | *Pardesi* | Hussian |  |
| 1993 | *Ashaant* | Amit |  |
| 1993 | *Aashik Awara* | Ranveer |  |
| 1993 | *Zee Horror Show* |  | TV series, Episode–1: Dastak |
| 1993 | *Kanoon* | Vijay Saxena | TV series |
| 1994 | *The Great Maratha* | Sadashivrao Bhau |  |
| 1994 | *Ikke Pe Ikka* | Randhir |  |
| 1994–1996 | *Chandrakanta* | Raja Shivdutt | TV series |
| 1996 | *Beta* | Avinaash puri |  |
| 1995 | *Nishana* | Police Commissioner Mallik |  |
| 1997–1998 | *Mahabharat Katha* | Karna | TV series |
| 1998 | *Soldier* | Vijay Malhotra |  |
| 1998 | *Harischandra* |  | TV series |
| 1997 | *Yug* | Ali Khan | TV series |
| 1999 | *Rishtey* | Dayashankar | TV series, Season–1 Episode–21: Bandhan Kachhey Dhagoon Ka |
| 1999 | *Baadshah* | Chief Security Officer Khanna |  |
| 2002 | *Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge* | Shivpratap Singh |  |
| 2003 | *Om* |  |  |
| 2003 | *Andaaz* | Professor Rohit Malhotra |  |
| 2003 | *Zameen* | Captain Basheer Ali |  |
| 2004 | *Taarzan: The Wonder Car* | Rakesh Kapoor |  |
| 2005 | *Vishnu Sena* |  |  |
| 2006 | *Sarhad Paar* | Suraj |  |
| 2008–2009 | *Teen Bahuraaniyaan* |  | TV series |
| 2008-2010 | *Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat* |  | TV series |
| 2009 | *Ek Safar Aisa Kabhi Socha Na Tha* |  | TV series |
| 2010 | *Rang Badalti Odhani* |  | TV series |
| 2011–2012 | *Sasural Simar Ka* | Jamnalal Dwivedi | TV series |
| 2011 | *Shobha Somnath Ki* |  | TV series |
| 2012-2014 | *Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev* | Himavat | TV series |
| 2012 | *Savdhaan India* | Gurubaksh | Episode–732 |
| 2013 | *Gippi* | Papaji |  |
| 2013 | *Mahabharat Aur Barbareek* | Karna |  |
| 2015 | *Doli Armaano Ki* |  |  |
| 2015 | *Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane* | Anand Kapoor | TV series |
| 2016 | *Rishton Ka Saudagar – Baazigar* | Kailashnath |  |
| 2016–2018 | *Badho Bahu* | Thakur Raghuvir Singh Ahlawat |  |
| 2019 | *Poison* | Barrister D’Costa | Web series |

Karmo ki saza movie 1995

### Television

| Year | Serial | Role | Channel |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022–2023 | *Ajooni* | Ravindra Singh Bagga | Star Bharat |
| 2023 | | Gyaneshwar | |
| 2024 | *Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare* | Giriraj | Sony SAB |
|

## InfoBox

| Pankaj Dheer | |
| --- | --- |
| Dheer in 2011 | |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1970–present |
| Spouse | Anita Dheer |
| Children | Nikitin Dheer |
| Relatives | Kratika Sengar (daughter-in-law), 1 granddaughter |


title: Opostega horaria

abstract: Opostega horaria is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is known from Queensland in Australia. Adults have been recorded in October.

text:
# Opostega horaria

***Opostega horaria*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is known from Queensland in Australia.

Adults have been recorded in October.

## InfoBox

| *Opostega horaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Opostega* |
| Species: | ***O. horaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opostega horaria***<br>Meyrick, 1921 | |
|


title: Rashad Washington

abstract: Rashad Washington is a former American football safety. He was selected by the New York Jets in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL draft. He played college football at Kansas State, and played tailback and defensive back at Wichita Southeast.

text:
# Rashad Washington

**Rashad Washington** (born March 15, 1980) is a former American football safety. He was selected by the New York Jets in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL draft. He played college football at Kansas State, and played tailback and defensive back at Wichita Southeast.

## College career

While attending Kansas State University, he played in 49 games (38 on defense and 11 on offense) with 28 starts. He had come into Kansas State as a premier tailback, but made the shift to strong safety as a sophomore. On defense, he finished with 195 tackles, three sacks, three fumble recoveries, three forced fumbles, three interceptions, and two touchdowns. On special teams, he returned five blocked punts for 125 yards, and added 14 rushes for 106 yards and a reception for a 33-yard TD on offense. He also was a practice player for the basketball team for the 2000–2001 season, playing in 8 games.

## Professional career

### New York Jets

Washington was selected by the Jets in the seventh round (236th overall) of the 2004 NFL draft. He saw action in 47 games from 2004 to 2007, making 77 tackles, 1.5 sacks and deflected 2 passes. He was released by the team on November 5, 2007.

### Wichita Wild

On December 12, 2010, Washington signed a one-year deal with the Wichita Wild. His contract was renewed after the Wild's 2011 season.

### Kansas City Renegades

Spent the 2013 Season with the Kansas City franchise of the CPIFL.

### Texas Revolution

In 2014, Washington signed with the Texas Revolution of the Indoor Football League. Washington re-signed with the Revolution, who were moving to Champions Indoor Football, on October 1, 2014.

## Coaching career

Washington joined the Revolution coaching staff in November 2015 for the 2016 season as defensive coordinator.

## InfoBox

Rashad Washington
| No. 42 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1980-03-15) March 15, 1980<br>Wichita, Kansas, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Weight: | 210 lb (95 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Wichita (KS) Southeast |
| College: | Kansas State |
| NFL draft: | 2004 / round: 7 / pick: 236 |
| Career history | |
| As a player: | |
|  | |
| As a coach: | |
| * Texas Revolution (DC) (2016–?) | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Tackles: 77  Sacks: 1.5 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Adamin, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Adamin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszówka, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) east of Koło and 135 km (84 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Adamin, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Adamin** \[aˈdamin\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszówka, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) east of Koło and 135 km (84 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Adamin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Adamin | |
| Coordinates: 52°10′N 18°51′E / 52.167°N 18.850°E / 52.167; 18.850 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Koło |
| Gmina | Olszówka |
| Population | 250 |


title: Psilogramma vanuatui

abstract: Psilogramma vanuatui is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Vanuatu.

text:
# Psilogramma vanuatui

***Psilogramma vanuatui*** is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Vanuatu.

## InfoBox

| *Psilogramma vanuatui* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Psilogramma* |
| Species: | ***P. vanuatui*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psilogramma vanuatui***<br>Eitschberger & Schmidl, 2007 | |
|


title: Media in Berlin

abstract: Berlin is a major media centre in Germany and Europe.

text:
# Media in Berlin

**Berlin** is a major media centre in Germany and Europe.

## Broadcasting

It is home to many international and regional television and radio stations. The public broadcaster RBB has its headquarters in Berlin next to commercial broadcasters MTV Europe, VIVA and N24. German international public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has its TV production unit in Berlin, and most national German broadcasters have a studio in the city including RTL.

## Print

Berlin has Germany's largest number of daily newspapers, with numerous local broadsheets (*Berliner Morgenpost*, *Berliner Zeitung*, *Der Tagesspiegel*), and three major tabloids, as well as national dailies of varying sizes, each with a different political affiliation, such as *Die Welt*, *Junge Welt*, *Neues Deutschland*, and *Die Tageszeitung*. The *Exberliner*, a monthly magazine, is Berlin's English-language periodical focusing on arts and entertainment. Berlin headquarters two major German-language publishing houses Walter de Gruyter and Springer, each of which publish books, periodicals, and multimedia products.

## Film

The European and German film industry is present, hosting more than 1000 film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters. Some 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year. The historic Babelsberg Studios and the production company UFA are located in nearby Potsdam. Rise FX has its headquarters in Berlin.

The city is home to the European Film Academy and the German Film Academy, and hosts the annual Berlin Film Festival. Founded in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With over 430,000 admissions it is the largest publicly attended film festival in the world.

## Further reading

Media related to Media of Berlin at Wikimedia Commons


title: Reflectativity

abstract: Reflectativity is the second album by American jazz trumpeter Wadada Leo Smith and the debut with the ensemble New Dalta Ahkri, which was recorded live at The Educational Center for the Arts, New Haven, and released in 1975 on his own Kabell label.

text:
# Reflectativity

***Reflectativity*** is the second album by American jazz trumpeter Wadada Leo Smith and the debut with the ensemble New Dalta Ahkri, which was recorded live at The Educational Center for the Arts, New Haven, and released in 1975 on his own Kabell label.

## Background

At this time, Smith was living in New Haven and he formed the band with his students and other young musicians based in the area. For this performance it was a trio with pianist Anthony Davis and bassist Wes Brown. In 2000, Smith released an extended remake with Brown replaced by Malachi Favors on John Zorn's imprint Tzadik. The original album was reissued in 2004 including the second set of the concert as part of the four-CD box *Kabell Years: 1971-1979*, also on Tzadik.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

In his review for AllMusic, Eugene Chadbourne states "Well beyond the structural clichés of normal 'head-solo-head-and out' jazz, this piece is one of the finest combinations of improvisation and composition ever recorded."

## Track listing

All compositions by Wadada Leo Smith.

1. "Reflectativity" - 22:24
2. "t wmukl - D" - 18:47

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Reflectativity | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Wadada Leo Smith | |
| Released | 1975 |
| Recorded | November 22, 1974 |
| Venue | The Educational Center for the Arts, New Haven |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 41:11 |
| Label | Kabell |
| Producer | Wadada Leo Smith |
| Wadada Leo Smith chronology | |
| *Creative Music - 1*
(1972) ***Reflectativity***
(1975) *Song of Humanity*
(1977) | |


title: Misty Jenkins

abstract: Misty Rayna Jenkins is an Australian scientist known for her research into lymphocytes and cancer treatment. Jenkins leads an Immunology Laboratory at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research where she researches brain cancer.

text:
# Misty Jenkins

**Misty Rayna Jenkins** AO is an Australian scientist known for her research into lymphocytes and cancer treatment.

Jenkins leads an Immunology Laboratory at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research where she researches brain cancer.

## Early life and education

Jenkins is a Gunditjmara woman and grew up near Ballarat, Victoria. She holds a Bachelor of Science with 1st Honours and a PhD in Microbiology and Immunology attained from the University of Melbourne.

## Research career

Following from her PhD, Jenkins was the first Indigenous Australian to attend the University of Cambridge as a postdoctoral research fellow, attending Cambridge after being awarded the NHRMC CJ Martin Fellowship. Returning to Melbourne to continue her research career, Jenkins became involved with the Aurora Project, a project which supports education opportunities for Indigenous Australians, working with the program to provide scholarships for other Indigenous students to attend Oxford or Cambridge. She was a founding member of the Women in Science Parkville Precinct (WISPP) committee aimed at advancing gender equity and diversity in science.

She has previously worked at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre in Melbourne, and currently works at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research. She is an Honorary Senior Research Fellow, Department of Medical Biology at the University of Melbourne. Her research is focused on lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells which can protect against viruses and cancer. Specifically, Jenkins' research group uses using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, a new form of immune-targeted therapy that trains the body's T cells to fight against certain forms of cancer, including glioblastoma, an aggressive brain tumour of astrocytic origin.

Her research has been published in the Journal of Immunology, Journal of Experimental Medicine, and by the National Academy of Sciences.

## Awards

In 2009, Jenkins was awarded the NHMRC/RG Menzies Fellowship for T-cells research at the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, UK and at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre in Melbourne.

Jenkins was awarded the L’Oreal for Women in Science Fellowship in 2013 and the Young Tall Poppy of the Year Award in 2015. She was named in the Westpac and *Australian Financial Review* 100 Women of Influence Awards in 2016, and awarded the STEM Professional Career Achievement Award at the CSIRO Indigenous STEM Awards in 2017.

In 2019, Jenkins was awarded an NHMRC Investigator Grant worth AUD $1.4 million to continue her research into the treatment of brain cancer. This area of research receives a small amount of funding from the total federal Australian government cancer research funding, and the current survival rate for people diagnosed with brain cancer is 20 percent.

In March 2020, Jenkins was inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in recognition of her advocacy for gender equity, Aboriginal health and education.

In May 2021, Jenkins was involved with developing a new approach to CAR T cell therapy which targets certain growth factor receptors in glioblastoma (an aggressive form of brain cancer) to eliminate brain tumors. Jenkins discovered a novel chimeric antigen receptor CAR T cell that eliminates human glioblastoma cells transplanted into the brains of mice. Jenkin reports that this new approach of immunotherapy tackles white blood cells to then recognise and destroy their own cancer. Jenkins is working with the head of neurosurgery at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Professor Kate Drummond, in collaboration with a cross-disciplinary team of protein chemists, structural biologists and neurosurgeons, and were awarded an AUD $5 million Synergy Grant from the NHMRC to continue developing CAR T cell therapies for glioblastoma.

Jenkins was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2023 King's Birthday Honours for "distinguished service to medical science as an immunologist, to the promotion of women in STEM, and to the Indigenous community".

## Selected publications

* Jenkins, M.R., Webby, R., Doherty, P.C. and Turner, S.J., **2006**. Addition of a prominent epitope affects influenza A virus-specific CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchies when antigen is limiting. *The Journal of Immunology*, *177*(5), pp.2917-2925.
* Jenkins, M.R., Rudd-Schmidt, J.A., Lopez, J.A., Ramsbottom, K.M., Mannering, S.I., Andrews, D.M., Voskoboinik, I. and Trapani, J.A., **2015**. Failed CTL/NK cell killing and cytokine hypersecretion are directly linked through prolonged synapse time. *Journal of Experimental Medicine*, *212*(3), pp.307-317.
* Davenport, A.J., Cross, R.S., Watson, K.A., Liao, Y., Shi, W., Prince, H.M., Beavis, P.A., Trapani, J.A., Kershaw, M.H., Ritchie, D.S. and Darcy, P.K., **2018**. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells form nonclassical and potent immune synapses driving rapid cytotoxicity. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, *115*(9), pp.E2068-E2076.
* Abbott, R.C., Cross, R.S. and Jenkins, M.R., **2020**. Finding the keys to the CAR: identifying novel target antigens for T cell redirection immunotherapies. *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*, *21*(2), p.515.
* Jenkins, Marjorie R.; Sikon, Andrea L. (2008-05). "Update on nonhormonal approaches to menopausal management". *Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine*. 75 Suppl 4: S17–24. doi:10.3949/ccjm.75.suppl\_4.s17. ISSN 0891-1150. PMID 18697262.
* Cattaneo, Anna Giulia; Gornati, Rosalba; Sabbioni, Enrico; Chiriva-Internati, Maurizio; Cobos, Everardo; Jenkins, Marjorie R.; Bernardini, Giovanni (2010-11). "Nanotechnology and human health: risks and benefits". *Journal of applied toxicology: JAT*. **30** (8): 730–744. doi:10.1002/jat.1609. ISSN 1099-1263. PMID 21117037.
* Jenkins, Misty R.; Griffiths, Gillian M. (2010-06). "The synapse and cytolytic machinery of cytotoxic T cells". *Current Opinion in Immunology*. **22** (3): 308–313. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2010.02.008. ISSN 1879-0372. PMC 4101800. PMID 20226643.
* Davenport, Alexander J.; Jenkins, Misty R. (2018-03). "Programming a serial killer: CAR T cells form non-classical immune synapses". Oncoscience. 5 (3–4): 69–70. doi:10.18632/oncoscience.406. ISSN 2331-4737. PMC 5978443. PMID 29854873.


title: Pandanus lacuum

abstract: Pandanus lacuum is a species of plant in the family Pandanaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.

text:
# Pandanus lacuum

***Pandanus lacuum*** is a species of plant in the family Pandanaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.

## InfoBox

| *Pandanus lacuum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Pandanales |
| Family: | Pandanaceae |
| Genus: | *Pandanus* |
| Species: | ***P. lacuum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pandanus lacuum***
H. St. John | |
|


title: Operation Buster–Jangle

abstract: Operation Buster–Jangle was a series of seven nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States in late 1951 at the Nevada Test Site. Buster–Jangle was the first joint test program between the DOD and Los Alamos National Laboratories. As part of Operation Buster, 6,500 troops were involved in the Operation Desert Rock I, II, and III exercises in conjunction with the tests. The last two tests, Operation Jangle, evaluated the cratering effects of low-yield nuclear devices. This series preceded Operation Tumbler–Snapper and followed Operation Greenhouse.

text:
# Operation Buster–Jangle

**Operation Buster–Jangle** was a series of seven (six atmospheric, one cratering) nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States in late 1951 at the Nevada Test Site. *Buster–Jangle* was the first joint test program between the DOD (Operation *Buster*) and Los Alamos National Laboratories (Operation *Jangle*). As part of Operation *Buster*, 6,500 troops were involved in the Operation Desert Rock I, II, and III exercises in conjunction with the tests. The last two tests, Operation *Jangle*, evaluated the cratering effects of low-yield nuclear devices. This series preceded *Operation Tumbler–Snapper* and followed *Operation Greenhouse*.

## US ground forces involvement

Four U.S. Army units took part in the Operation Buster–Jangle "Dog" test for combat maneuvers after the detonation of a nuclear weapon took place. These units consisted of:

1. 1st Battalion 188th Airborne Infantry Regiment 11th Airborne Division
2. 3rd Medical Platoon 188th Airborne Medical Company
3. Platoon Company A 127th Engineer Battalion
4. Battery C 546th Field Artillery Battalion

Personnel were instructed to create foxholes and construct gun emplacements and bunkers in a defensive position 11 km south of the detonation area. After the nuclear bomb was detonated, the troops were ordered to move forward towards the affected area. While traveling closer to ground zero, troops witnessed the nuclear weapon's effects on the fortifications that were placed in the location in preparation for the tests. The ground troops got as close as 900 meters from ground zero before they were instructed to move out of the area. The Human Resources Research Office was tasked with gathering data on the psychological experiences of the troops after witnessing such a detonation and moving closer towards the affected area.

### Radiation protection standards

For the Operation Buster–Jangle series of tests, the Atomic Energy Commission created a set of criteria that must be followed if exposing armed forces, or civilians to the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.

* Orientation and proper radiological training
* Dispersion of dosimeters amongst personnel
* Utilization of radiological protective equipment and clothing
* Active monitoring of radiological levels
* Briefing of personnel taking part in the exercise
* Decontamination of radioactive debris

A majority of the personnel that took part in the exercise received around 3 , with pilots receiving an average of 3.9 R. These estimates vary given the differing data provided by the Department of Defense over the years.

United States' Buster–Jangle series tests and detonations
| Name | Date time (UT) | Local time zone | Location | Elevation \+ height | Delivery,
Purpose | Device | Yield | Fallout | References | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Able* | October 22, 1951 14:00:00.0 | PST (−8 hrs) | NTS Area 7 37°05′02″N 116°01′29″W / 37.0838°N 116.0248°W / 37.0838; -116.0248 (Able) | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) \+ 30 m (98 ft) | tower,
weapons development | Mk-6 "Puny Plutonium" | 0.05 kt |  |  | Minimum mass design, fizzle (yield "less than a pound"); yet it yielded a lower bound on viable plutonium mass. October 19 attempt failed due to control wiring problem. |
| *Baker* | October 28, 1951 15:20:08.9 | PST (−8 hrs) | NTS Area 7 37°05′06″N 116°01′15″W / 37.085°N 116.0209°W / 37.085; -116.0209 (Baker) | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) \+ 340 m (1,120 ft) | free air drop,
weapons development | Mk-4 "LT" | 3.5 kt | I-131 venting detected, 600 kCi (22,000 TBq) |  | No uranium tamper. |
| *Charlie* | October 30, 1951 15:00:29.8 | PST (−8 hrs) | NTS Area 7 37°05′06″N 116°01′16″W / 37.085°N 116.0211°W / 37.085; -116.0211 (Charlie) | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) \+ 350 m (1,150 ft) | free air drop,
weapons development | Mk-4 "PC" | 14 kt | I-131 venting detected, 2 MCi (74 PBq) |  |  |
| *Dog* | November 1, 1951 15:30:01.6 | PST (−8 hrs) | NTS Area 7 37°05′05″N 116°01′14″W / 37.0847°N 116.0206°W / 37.0847; -116.0206 (Dog) | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) \+ 430 m (1,410 ft) | free air drop,
weapons development | Mk-4 "NF" | 21 kt | I-131 venting detected, 3.1 MCi (110 PBq) |  | Desert Rock I, no fallout (air burst). Troops trucked into defensive emplacements from 6 mi (9.7 km) observation point, held maneuvers. |
| *Easy* | November 5, 1951 16:29:58.2 | PST (−8 hrs) | NTS Area 7 37°05′31″N 116°01′31″W / 37.0919°N 116.0253°W / 37.0919; -116.0253 (Easy) | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) \+ 400 m (1,300 ft) | free air drop,
weapons development | TX-7E | 31 kt | I-131 venting detected, 4.6 MCi (170 PBq) |  | First test of a tactical nuclear weapon. Air dropped from a B-45 Tornado. |
| *Sugar* | November 19, 1951 16:59:59.7 | PST (−8 hrs) | NTS Area 9 37°07′53″N 116°02′22″W / 37.13151°N 116.03947°W / 37.13151; -116.03947 (Sugar) | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) \+ 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) | dry surface,
weapon effect | Mk-6 "Johnny" | 1.2 kt | I-131 venting detected, 170 kCi (6,300 TBq) |  | "Surface" shot. Only true surface shot in CONUS history along with Little Feller I & II Desert Rock II; maneuvers conducted at a distance due to dirtiness. |
| *Uncle* | November 29, 1951 19:59:59.7 | PST (−8 hrs) | NTS Area 10 37°10′11″N 116°02′36″W / 37.1697°N 116.0434°W / 37.1697; -116.0434 (Uncle) | 1,283 m (4,209 ft) \- 5 m (16 ft) | cratering,
weapon effect | Mk-6 "Frankie" | 1.2 kt | I-131 venting detected, 170 kCi (6,300 TBq) |  | Cratering shot, meant to simulate 23 kt ground penetrating weapon. Desert Rock III, observed at 5 mi (8.0 km), kept distance in maneuvers. 5000 R/Hr near GZ one hour after shot. |

1. Operation Buster–Jangle Fact Sheet Archived February 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Defense Threat Reduction Agency
2. "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
3. *Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2* (PDF), National Cancer Institute, 1997, retrieved January 5, 2014
4. Sublette, Carey, *Nuclear Weapons Archive*, retrieved January 6, 2014
5. *United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992* (PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2006, retrieved December 18, 2013
6. Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000), *CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3)*, SMDC Monitoring Research
7. Rhodes, Richard. "Ted Taylor's Interview – Part 1". *Voices of the Manhattan Project*. Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
8. Hansen, Chuck (1995), *The Swords of Armageddon, Vol. 8*, Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications, ISBN 978-0-9791915-1-0
9. Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (February 1, 1994), "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)" (PDF), *Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper*, Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council, archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013, retrieved October 26, 2013

## InfoBox

| Operation Buster–Jangle | |
| --- | --- |
| Buster–Jangle *Easy*, 31 kilotons. | |
| Information | |
| Country | United States |
| Test site | NTS, Areas 1–4, 6–10, Yucca Flat |
| Period | 1951 |
| Number of tests | 7 |
| Test type | cratering, dry surface, free air drop, tower |
| Max. yield | 31 kilotonnes of TNT (130 TJ) |
| Test series chronology | |
|  | |


abstract: Rascals in Paradise is a 1957 collection of ten nonfiction short stories co-written by James A. Michener (1907-1997) and University of Hawaii professor Arthur Grove Day (1904-1994). The collection comprises ten historical adventure stories about historical people and events in the Pacific islands.

text:
# Rascals in Paradise (short story collection)

***Rascals in Paradise*** is a 1957 collection of ten nonfiction short stories co-written by James A. Michener (1907-1997) and University of Hawaii professor Arthur Grove Day (1904-1994). The collection comprises ten historical adventure stories about historical people and events in the Pacific islands.

## Contents

1. *Rascals in Paradise: The Globe Mutineers*
2. *Charles I, Emperor of Oceania*
3. *Coxinga, Lord of the Seas*
4. *Gibson, the King's Evil Angel*
5. *Bligh, Man of Mutinies*
6. *Doña Isabel, the Lady Explorer*
7. *Bully Hayes, South Sea Buccaneer*
8. *Louis Becke, Adventurer and Writer*
9. *Will Mariner, the boy Chief of Tonga*
10.*Leeteg, the Legend*


title: Adamierz, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Adamierz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zagórów, within Słupca County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Zagórów, 18 km (11 mi) south of Słupca, and 66 km (41 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Adamierz, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Adamierz** \[aˈdamjɛʂ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zagórów, within Słupca County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Zagórów, 18 km (11 mi) south of Słupca, and 66 km (41 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Adamierz | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Adamierz | |
| Coordinates: 52°9′5″N 17°47′34″E / 52.15139°N 17.79278°E / 52.15139; 17.79278 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Słupca |
| Gmina | Zagórów |


title: Music for Mechanics

abstract: Music for Mechanics is the first sequential collection of the American comic book series Love and Rockets by the Hernandez brothers and published in 1985. The cover of the book is by Jaime Hernandez and the preface by Carter Scholz.

text:
# Music for Mechanics

***Music for Mechanics*** is the first sequential collection of the American comic book series *Love and Rockets* by the Hernandez brothers and published in 1985.

The cover of the book is by Jaime Hernandez and the preface by Carter Scholz.

## Contents

These first stories, dated 1981–1985, are science-fiction oriented, adding monsters and dinosaurs and extra-terrestrials to the first latino themes, and some stories and themes may or may not be considered canon with the universes developed by the brothers in later books.

| No. | Title | Author | Pages | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | *Mechan-X* | Jaime Hernandez | 8 | Signed "Izzy Ruebens"; introducing characters Maggie and Hopey. |
| 2. | *Locas Tambien* | Jaime | 4 |  |
| 3. | *How to Kill a* | Jaime | 4 | Signed "Isabel Ruebens"; not listed in the "Contents" of the book. |
| 4. | *BEM* | Gilbert Hernandez | 40 | 5 parts; introducing character Luba). |
| 5. | *Barrio Huerta* | Jaime | 1 |  |
| 6. | *Penny Century, You're Fired* | Jaime | 1 |  |
| 7. | *Music for Monsters I* | Gilbert | 6 |  |
| 8. | *Mecanicos* | Jaime | 6 |  |
| 9. | *Mechanics* | Jaime | 41 | Introducing wrestling. |
| 10. | *Radio Zero* | Gilbert | 10 |  |
| 11. | *Music for Monsters II* | Gilbert | 4 |  |
| 12. | *Somewhere in California* | Mario Hernandez | 10 |  |
| 13. | *A Little Story* | Gilbert | 6 | Village of Palomar first appearance, not cited though. |
|  | Cover gallery | Los Bros Hernandez | 4 |  |
|

## Chronology

Next album: *Chelo's Burden*

## InfoBox

| *Music for Mechanics* | |
| --- | --- |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Fantagraphics |
| Genre | Alternative comics |
| Publication date | October 1985 |
| Creative team | |
| Written by | Los Bros Hernandez \[Gilbert, Jaime & Mario Hernandez\] |
| Artist(s) | Los Bros Hernandez |


title: Ptycholobium

abstract: Ptycholobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes three species of shrubs and herbs native to sub-Saharan Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. Typical habitats include tropical seasonally-dry woodland, wooded grassland, and shrubland, usually in sandy soil. The genus belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. It may be synonymous with Tephrosia.

text:
# Ptycholobium

***Ptycholobium*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes three species of shrubs and herbs native to sub-Saharan Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. Typical habitats include tropical seasonally-dry woodland, wooded grassland, and shrubland, usually in sandy soil. The genus belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. It may be synonymous with *Tephrosia*.

## InfoBox

| *Ptycholobium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ptycholobium biflorum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Millettieae |
| Genus: | *Ptycholobium*<br>Harms (1915) |
|
| Species | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Sylitra* E.Mey. 1835 | |


title: Media in Billings, Montana

text:
# Media in Billings, Montana

The Billings Metropolitan Area is served by two major news television stations, four major non-news television stations, one community television station, 25 commercial radio stations and one major daily newspaper. Note: Community 7 is only available through cable or satellite.

## Television stations

| Channel | Call sign | Affiliation | Subchannel | Branding | Owner | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | KTVQ (Cable 5) | CBS | 2.1 | Q2 | The E. W. Scripps Company | - |
| | | The CW (Cable 11) | 2.2 | The Billings CW | | |
| | | GRIT | 2.3 | GRIT | |  |
| 4 | KHMT (Cable 4) | Fox/Jewelry Television | 4.1 | Fox 4 | Mission Broadcasting | - |
| | | Grit | 4.2 | - | | |
| | | Laff | 4.3 | - | | |
| 6 | KSVI (Cable 10) | ABC | 6.1 | ABC 6 | Nexstar Media Group | - |
| | | Escape | 6.2 | - | | |
| | | Bounce | 6.3 | - | | |
| 8 | KULR-TV (Cable 9) | NBC | 8.1 | KULR-8 | Cowles Publishing Company (Under Cowles Montana Media) | - |
| | | SWX Montana | 8.2 | - | | |
| 14 | KINV-LD | MeTV | 14.1 | - | Yellowstone Valley Community TV, Inc. |  |
| 16 | KBGS-TV | PBS | 16.1 | MontanaPBS | Board of Regents of the Montana University System |  |
| | | | 16.2 | PBS Kids | | - |
| | | | 16.3 | Create | |
| | | | 16.4 | World | |
| | | | 16.5 | Legislature | | See also: TVMT |

## Newspapers

### *Billings Gazette*

The *Billings Gazette* was first published in 1885 and has since grown to become the largest newspaper in Montana and Northern Wyoming. *The Billings Gazette* is published as a daily newspaper and also publishes *Billings Business*, *Thrifty Nickel*, *Magic City Magazine*, *Montana Land Magazine*, *Welcome Home*, and *Lifewise* to target niche audiences. The *Billings Gazette* is currently owned by Lee Enterprises.

### *Yellowstone County News*

The *Yellowstone County News* is a weekly newspaper which was first published in 1977 by Dave and Jan Willms from their home in Ballantine, Montana. It covers a wide variety of topics and issues each week including news from the Yellowstone County Commissioners and other public government meetings, as well as hyperlocal news pertaining to the geographic area of Yellowstone County. It was owned by Pete Robison and Rebecca Tescher-Robison from 1993 to 2014. In 2014, Yellowstone County News was purchased by Jonathan McNiven and Tana McNiven, who own and operate the newspaper currently.

### *Billings Outpost*

Founded in 1997, *Billings Outpost* was a weekly newspaper, distributed in Billings and nearby municipalities. It was edited and published by David Crisp. Its publication was suspended on January 28, 2016.

### *The Billings Times*

*The Billings Times* is a weekly legal/statistical newspaper that was established in 1891. The newspaper reports on legal publications and also reports vital statistics, such as births, deaths, and marriages, in the Yellowstone County Area. It also advertises all major city contracts for the City of Billings. Since 1960, the newspaper has been operated by the Turner Family. It ceased in 2024.

### Last Best News

*Last Best News* was an online news site that covered Billings, Montana.

## Radio stations

### FM

| Frequency | Call sign | Genre | Branding | Owner | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 89.3 | KLMT | Christian | Pilgrim Radio | Western Inspirational Broadcasters, Inc. | - |
| 90.9 | KLRV | Contemporary Christian | K-LOVE Radio | Educational Media Foundation | - |
| 91.7 | KEMC | News / Talk / Variety | Yellowstone Public Radio | Montana State University Billings | - |
| 94.1 | KRKX | Country | 94.1 K-SKY | Connoisseur Media | - |
| 95.5 | KCHH | News/Talk | News Radio 95 | Townsquare Media Billings License, LLC | - |
| 96.3 | KRZN | Modern rock | The Zone | Connoisseur Media | - |
| 97.1 | KKBR | Contemporary hit radio | K-Bear | Townsquare Media Billings License, LLC | - |
| 98.5 | KEWF | Country | 98.5 The Wolf | Radio Billings, LLC | - |
| 101.1 | KFHW | News / Sports / Talk | YCN Radio | Yellowstone County News, LLC |  |
| 101.9 | KRSQ | Contemporary hit radio | Hot 101.9 | Radio Billings, LLC | - |
| 102.9 | KCTR | Country | Cat Country | Townsquare Media Billings License, LLC | - |
| 103.7 | KMHK | Classic rock | The New 103.7 The Hawk | Townsquare Media Billings License, LLC | - |
| 105.1 | KYSX | Country | Twang 105.1 | Bmg Billings, LLC | - |
| 105.9 | KWMY | Classic hits | My 105.9 | Connoisseur Media | - |
| 106.7 | KPLN | Modern hits | The Planet 106.7 | Connoisseur Media | - |
| 107.5 | KRPM | Adult Contemporary | Magic 107.5 | Radio Billings, LLC | - |

### AM

| Frequency | Call sign | Genre | Branding | Owner | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 730 | KYYA | Talk radio | - | Connoisseur Media | Part of Northern Broadcasting System Radio |
| 790 | KGHL (AM) | Classic country | The Mighty 790 | KGHL Radio, LLC | Part of Northern Broadcasting System Radio |
| 910 | KBLG | Sports radio | ESPN 910 KBLG | Connoisseur Media | Part of Northern Broadcasting System Radio |
| 970 | KBUL (AM) | Talk radio | News Radio 970 KBUL | Townsquare Media Billings License, LLC | - |
| 1230 | KHDN | Talk radio | Big Sky Radio | Sun Mountain, Inc. | station is currently silent |
| 1240 | KJCR (AM) | Contemporary Christian | - | WTL Communications, Inc. | Part of Northern Broadcasting System Radio |


title: Reflectativity (2000 album)

abstract: Reflectativity is a studio album by American jazz trumpeter Wadada Leo Smith which was recorded in 2000 and released by Tzadik Records. The album is an extended remake of a recording Smith released on his own label in 1975. This new version features a trio with pianist Anthony Davis and bassist Malachi Favors.

text:
# Reflectativity (2000 album)

***Reflectativity*** is a studio album by American jazz trumpeter Wadada Leo Smith which was recorded in 2000 and released by Tzadik Records. The album is an extended remake of a recording Smith released on his own label in 1975. This new version features a trio with pianist Anthony Davis (who performed on the original record) and bassist Malachi Favors.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

In his review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek states "'Smith's *Reflectativity* is easily his most adventurous and consistent album since 1979's *Divine Love*."

*The Penguin Guide to Jazz* notes "The dominant influences on this extraordinary record are Thelonious Monk, Charlie Parker and Anthony Braxton, with whom Smith has worked many times and with whom he shares something of an aesthetic. The playing is very powerful and very compelling."

## Track listing

*All compositions by Wadada Leo Smith* 1. "Reflectativity" - 18:24
2. "Blue Flag" - 4:41
3. "Fisherman T WMUKL-D" - 15:47
4. "Hanabishi" - 12:05

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Reflectativity | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Wadada Leo Smith | |
| Released | 2000 |
| Recorded | January 2000 |
| Studio | Avatar, New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 50:57 |
| Label | Tzadik |
| Producer | Wadada Leo Smith |
| Wadada Leo Smith chronology | |
| *Light Upon Light*
(1999) ***Reflectativity***
(2000) *Golden Quartet*
(2000) | |


title: Mecyclothorax perivariipes

abstract: Mecyclothorax perivariipes is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Liebherr in 2008.

text:
# Mecyclothorax perivariipes

***Mecyclothorax perivariipes*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Liebherr in 2008.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyclothorax perivariipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyclothorax* |
| Species: | ***M. perivariipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyclothorax perivariipes***<br>Liebherr, 2008 | |
|


title: Where Have I Known You Before

abstract: Where Have I Known You Before is a studio album by Return to Forever, the first featuring guitarist Al Di Meola, and the second since leader Chick Corea switched to mostly electric instrumentation, playing music heavily influenced by progressive rock, funk and classical.

text:
# Where Have I Known You Before

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Sputnikmusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

***Where Have I Known You Before*** is a studio album by Return to Forever, the first featuring guitarist Al Di Meola, and the second since leader Chick Corea switched to mostly electric instrumentation, playing music heavily influenced by progressive rock, funk and classical.

## Background, instrumentation, compositions

Although Return to Forever's style remained unchanged since its previous album, *Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy* (1973), important changes took place in the band's sound and line-up. Chick Corea started to use synthesizers, such as the Minimoog and ARP Odyssey. An equally important change was the replacement of guitarist Bill Connors with 19-year-old Al Di Meola. Connors left the band before the recording of this album to concentrate on his acoustic solo career. Another reason for his departure was his reluctance to travel; he preferred to stay in the San Francisco area. Also, Bill was not happy with Chick pushing certain aspects of Scientology on him.

Between the album's longer tracks are three of Corea's short piano improvisations that all bore a title beginning with "Where Have I...".

The first track is Stanley Clarke's "Vulcan Worlds" with melodic motifs that appear on Clarke's second solo album *Stanley Clarke*, also released in 1974. The song shows Clarke is "one of the fastest and most facile electric bassists around". Each player except for drummer Lenny White took long solos.

The next long track is Lenny White's composition "The Shadow of Lo", a piece with many changes in mood. The last track on Side A is Corea's "Beyond the Seventh Galaxy", a sequel to his "Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy", the title track from the group's previous album. Side B begins with the collective jam "Earth Juice". Most of Side B is taken up by Corea's 14-minute epic "Song to the Pharaoh Kings", a song notable for its use of the harmonic minor scale. The track has a long keyboard introduction, after which Chick Corea is joined by the full band, and an "Eastern" theme appears. Each member of the band plays a long solo.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Chick Corea except where noted

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Vulcan Worlds" | Stanley Clarke | 7:51 |
| 2. | "Where Have I Loved You Before?" |  | 1:02 |
| 3. | "The Shadow of Lo" | Lenny White | 7:32 |
| 4. | "Where Have I Danced with You Before?" |  | 1:14 |
| 5. | "Beyond the Seventh Galaxy" |  | 3:13 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | "Earth Juice" | Corea, Clarke, White, Al Di Meola | 3:46 |
| 7. | "Where Have I Known You Before?" |  | 2:20 |
| 8. | "Song to the Pharaoh Kings" |  | 14:21 |
| Total length: | | | 41:27 |

## Personnel

**Musicians**

**Production**

* Shelly Yakus – engineer
* Tom Rabstenek – mastering
* Herb Dreiwitz – front cover photography

## Chart performance

| Year | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1974 | *Billboard* 200 | 32 |
| 1975 | *Billboard* Jazz Albums | 5 |

## InfoBox

| Where Have I Known You Before | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Return to Forever | |
| Released | September 1974 |
| Recorded | July–August 1974 |
| Studio | Record Plant Studios, New York City |
| Genre | Jazz fusion |
| Length | 41:27 |
| Label | Polydor |
| Producer | Chick Corea |
| Return to Forever chronology | |
| *Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy*
(1973) ***Where Have I Known You Before***
(1974) *No Mystery*
(1975) | |
|  | |
| Chick Corea chronology | |
| *Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy*
(1973) ***Where Have I Known You Before***
(1974) *No Mystery*
(1975) | |
|  | |


title: Pandanus incertus

abstract: Pandanus incertus is a species of plant in the family Pandanaceae, endemic to Mauritius.

text:
# Pandanus incertus

***Pandanus incertus*** is a species of plant in the family Pandanaceae, endemic to Mauritius.

## Description

A small, low (2-3m) tree. The 11 cm-wide trunk is grey-red, and bears only a few stilt-roots near the base of the stem. The leaves are broad, reduplicate and taper off to the grooved tip. Some specimens can resemble the related species *Pandanus spathulatus*.

This species is most easily distinguished by its pale, 16 cm, rounded, club-like fruit-head. This is born on a bract-lined peduncle, and is regularly packed with 100-125 domed angular drupes, with deep brown cracks at their tips.

## Habitat

It is endemic to Mauritius, and is critically rare in its highland habitat.

## InfoBox

| *Pandanus incertus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Pandanales |
| Family: | Pandanaceae |
| Genus: | *Pandanus* |
| Species: | ***P. incertus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pandanus incertus***<br>Balf. | |
|


title: Order of the Shield and Spears

abstract: The Order of the Shield and Spears (Ekitiibwa ky'Amafumu n'Engabo) is the Kingdom of Buganda's highest honour. It was established by Daudi Cwa II of Buganda, Kabaka of the Buganda, for the purpose of recognizing excellent service to the kingdom. It is awarded annually by the Kabaka of Buganda.

text:
# Order of the Shield and Spears

The **Order of the Shield and Spears** *(Ekitiibwa ky'Amafumu n'Engabo)* is the Kingdom of Buganda's highest honour. It was established by Daudi Cwa II of Buganda, Kabaka of the Buganda, for the purpose of recognizing excellent service to the kingdom. It is awarded annually by the Kabaka of Buganda.

## History

The Order of the Shields and Spears was established on 8 August 1927 by Daudi Cwa II of Buganda, Kabaka of the Buganda, for the purpose of recognizing excellent service to the kingdom. The order's medals was created on 26 May 1937.

It is awarded to Bugandan subjects and foreign nationals.

## Classes

The order consists of the following classes of merit:

* Commander – CSS
* Officer or Omutongole – OSS
* Member or Omukungu – MSS

## Notable recipients

## InfoBox

| Order of the Shield and Spears | |
| --- | --- |
| The Bugandan Flag | |
| Type | Order |
| Awarded for | Valuable services to Buganda. |
| Country | Buganda |
| Presented by | Kabaka of Buganda |
| Established | 1927 |
|  | |
| Ribbon | |
|  | |


title: Jean-François Delmas (bass-baritone)

abstract: Jean-François Delmas, or Francisque Delmas was a French bass-baritone who created roles in many French operas including Athanaël in Thaïs. Delmas was born in Lyon and studied at the Paris Conservatoire winning first prizes for operatic singing. He made his debut in 1886 as Saint-Bris in Les Huguenots at the Paris Opéra. He remained with that company until 1927 and rarely sang outside France. He was known for the power and evenness of his voice with a sonorous quality in the bass range and an extended upper register, which allowed him to sing classic baritone roles such as Iago. Outside France he appeared at the Mariinsky in St Petersburg, the San Carlo in Lisbon, and the Monte Carlo Opera House in Monaco. His recordings for G&T, Pathé, Zonophone, Fonotipia, Odéon, and Opéra-Saphir are highly sought after by collectors. He also created roles in Le Mage (Amrou), Messidor (Mathias), L'etranger (l'Etranger), Ariane (Périthoüs), Monna Vanna, Roma (Fabius), and sang in the Paris premiere of Fervaal (Arfagard). Delmas died in Saint-Alban-de-Montbel at the age of 72, and is buried in the Cimetière Saint-Vincent de Montmartre with his wife, the soprano Blanche d'Ervilly (1853–1920).

text:
# Jean-François Delmas (bass-baritone)

**Jean-François Delmas** (14 April 1861 – 29 September 1933), or **Francisque Delmas** was a French bass-baritone who created roles in many French operas including Athanaël in *Thaïs*.

Delmas was born in Lyon and studied at the Paris Conservatoire winning first prizes for operatic singing. He made his debut in 1886 as Saint-Bris in *Les Huguenots* at the Paris Opéra. He remained with that company until 1927 and rarely sang outside France. He was known for the power and evenness of his voice with a sonorous quality in the bass range and an extended upper register, which allowed him to sing classic baritone roles such as Iago. Outside France he appeared at the Mariinsky in St Petersburg, the San Carlo in Lisbon, and the Monte Carlo Opera House in Monaco. His recordings for G&T, Pathé, Zonophone, Fonotipia, Odéon, and Opéra-Saphir are highly sought after by collectors.

He also created roles in *Le Mage* (Amrou), *Messidor* (Mathias), L'etranger (l'Etranger), *Ariane* (Périthoüs), *Monna Vanna* (Marco Colonna), *Roma* (Fabius), and sang in the Paris premiere of *Fervaal* (Arfagard).

Delmas died in Saint-Alban-de-Montbel (near Chambéry) at the age of 72, and is buried in the Cimetière Saint-Vincent de Montmartre with his wife, the soprano Blanche d'Ervilly (1853–1920).

## Notes and references

## Sources

* Landru, Philippe, Cimetière Saint-Vincent de Montmartre, Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs, 2009
* Giroud, Vincent, Liner Notes: *Meyerbeer on Record 1899-1913*, Marston Records, 2009
* Steane, J. B., "Delmas, Jean-François" in Laura Williams Macy (ed.), *The Grove Book of Opera Singers*, Oxford University Press, 2008, P. 115. ISBN 0-19-533765-4
* Warrack, John Hamilton and West, Ewan (eds.), "Delmas. Francisque", *The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera*, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 121–122. ISBN 0-19-280028-0


title: X Isle

abstract: X Isle is a young adult novel by Steve Augarde first published in 2009. It is set in the future, after floods have destroyed civilization. The novel follows the experiences of a boy named Baz on his arrival at "X Isle" from the equally miserable "mainland". The book has been nominated for the Carnegie Medal.

text:
# X Isle

***X Isle*** is a young adult novel by Steve Augarde first published in 2009. It is set in the future, after floods have destroyed civilization. The novel follows the experiences of a boy named Baz on his arrival at "X Isle" from the equally miserable "mainland". The book has been nominated for the Carnegie Medal.

## Plot

The world has been washed away in the aftermath of global devastation from floods. Mainland survivors trade goods with people from Eck's Isle who occasionally take back boys with them. Two boys from the mainland, Baz and Ray, are chosen and leave with the boat to the supposed better life.

But when they get to the island they discover conditions are harsh for the boys and that Preacher John, the head of the Eck family is a religious fanatic. After some of the work boys die and Preacher John's sermons start emphasising sacrifices to God, they decide to build a bomb and destroy the boat then return to the mainland by dinghy.

The bomb is planted on the boat but the next day Ray has gone missing, Baz will be going on the boat and the crew has decided to take the dinghy with them, leaving some to guard the boys.

On the boat, Preacher John makes Baz pray to God, his eldest son, Isaac, then intervenes and threatens to shoot his father who tells him that he planned to kill him as the ultimate sacrifice to God. Preacher John then shoots him and throws Baz overboard who lands in the dinghy. He then causes the bomb to explode, sinking the boat.

Baz manages to return to Eck's Isle, Ray reappears and after fighting with the remaining adults let them return to the mainland by the dinghy. The youngsters decide to stay and make a life on the island.

## Reception

Patrick Ness of the Guardian said that 'X Isle is a strong tale, well told, if perhaps lacking quite enough incident to fill 477 pages... It's a surprisingly upbeat story that boys should like.'

## InfoBox

X Isle
| Front cover of first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Steve Augarde |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Young adult |
| Published | 2009 (David Fickling Books) |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover, Paperback)
e-Book (Kindle)
Audio Book (CD) |
| ISBN | 0-385-75193-1 |


title: Ptychohyla salvadorensis

abstract: Ptychohyla salvadorensis is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, pastureland, and heavily degraded former forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Ptychohyla salvadorensis

***Ptychohyla salvadorensis*** (common name: **Salvador stream frog**) is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, pastureland, and heavily degraded former forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Ptychohyla salvadorensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | *Ptychohyla* |
| Species: | ***P. salvadorensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ptychohyla salvadorensis***
(Mertens,1952) | |
|


title: Mecyna marcidalis

abstract: Mecyna marcidalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in France, Azerbaijan, as well as the Near East, including Turkey, Syria, Iran and the Palestinian territories.

text:
# Mecyna marcidalis

***Mecyna marcidalis*** is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in France, Azerbaijan, as well as the Near East, including Turkey, Syria, Iran and the Palestinian territories.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyna marcidalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyna* |
| Species: | ***M. marcidalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyna marcidalis***<br>(Fuchs, 1879) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Botys trinalis* var. *marcidalis* Fuchs, 1879 * *Botys amasialis* Staudinger, 1880 * *Botys trinalis* var. *pontica* Staudinger, 1879 * *Mecyna syriacalis* Marion, 1955 * *Pyrausta levilinealis* Amsel, 1935 * *Botys designatalis* Christoph in Romanoff, 1887 * *Pyrausta lutalbalis* Caradja, 1916 | |


title: Reeding

abstract: Reeding or milling is a technique wherein a number of narrow ridges called "reeds" are carved or milled into a surface with a castaing machine.

text:
# Reeding

**Reeding** or **milling** is a technique wherein a number of narrow ridges called "reeds" are carved or milled into a surface with a castaing machine.

## Numismatics

In numismatics, reeded edges are often referred to as "ridged" or "grooved" (American usage), or "milled" (British usage). Some coins, such as United States quarters and dimes, 1 euro, Australian 5, 10, 20 cents, 1 and 2 dollars, as well many other current coins, have reeded edges.

One reason for having reeded edges was to prevent counterfeiting. Some gold and silver coins were reeded to discourage clipping, i.e. scraping off the precious metals from the edge of the coin, to maintain its stated value in precious metal. This practice was made more difficult through the implementation of reeding by Isaac Newton in 1698, during his time as warden of the Royal Mint.

Another benefit of certain coins having reeded edges is that it helps the visually impaired identify different coin denominations by sense of touch alone.

This dual purpose of reeding is sometimes made explicit on the milled edges of coins themselves. For example, many issuances of the British pound coin have historically had their edges inscribed with the Latin phrase 'decus et tutamen', an adaption from Vergilius' *Aeneid* meaning 'an ornament and a safeguard'.

## Furniture

In furniture, reeding is sometimes used around bedposts, and the legs of tables and chairs. Its use in this fashion was inspired by Greek and Roman architectural styles, and is the opposite of fluting.

## Architecture

In architecture, reeding is a form of molding usually found on columns, and is sometimes considered to be synonymous with gadrooning.