title: Mir EO-3

abstract: Mir EO-3 was an expedition to the space station Mir. The crew consisted of 3 people, Musa Manarov (Commander), Vladimir Titov and Valeri Polyakov. Manarov and Titov arrived at the station in December 1987 on Soyuz TM-4, while Polyakov arrived much later, in August 1988 on Soyuz TM-6. After the arrival of Polyakov, medical experiments became more intensive.

text:
# Mir EO-3

**Mir EO-3** (also called **Mir Principal Expedition 3**) was an expedition to the space station Mir. The crew consisted of 3 people, Musa Manarov (Commander), Vladimir Titov (Flight Engineer) and Valeri Polyakov (Research Doctor). Manarov and Titov arrived at the station in December 1987 on Soyuz TM-4, while Polyakov arrived much later, in August 1988 on Soyuz TM-6. After the arrival of Polyakov, medical experiments became more intensive.

## Crew

Upon docking to Mir; Titov and Manarov became the third resident crew. Both performed three EVAs. Polyakov joined the crew later separately.

| Position | Name | Spaceflight | Launch | Landing | Duration | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Commander | Vladimir Titov | Third | 21 December 1987
Soyuz TM-4 | 21 December 1988
Soyuz TM-6 | 366 days | Record spaceflight
duration |
| Flight Engineer | Musa Manarov | First | | | | |
| Research Doctor | Valeri Polyakov | First | 29 August 1988
TM-6 | 27 April 1989
TM-7 | 241 days | Transferred to Mir EO-4 |

### Backup crew

## Mission highlights

In the first week of the mission they performed biological experiments (with onions and fishes for example) and installed the Aynur biological crystal growth apparatus, which they had delivered to the station, into Kvant-1. Titov and Manarov conducted part of an ongoing survey of galaxies and star groups in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum using the Glazar telescope on Kvant. The survey required photography with exposure times of up to 8 minutes. Other work included Earth observation and experiments on the fields of materials sciences, meteorology, space technology, physiology, psychology, medical sciences and astronomical research, using the Marija-research apparatus. In total the crew performed over 2000 experiments.

### Mir EP-2

In June 1988, the spacecraft Soyuz TM-5 arrived at the station carrying the three-person visiting crew of **Mir EP-2**. The crew consisted of two Soviets, Commander Solovyev and Flight Engineer Savinykh, as well as the Bulgarian research cosmonaut Aleksandr Aleksandrov (not to be confused with Soviet cosmonaut Aleksandr Aleksandrov, who was part of the long-duration Mir EO-2 crew).

Aleksandrov was the second Bulgarian to fly in space, the first being Georgi Ivanov, who flew on Soyuz 33 but failed to reach Salyut 6 after an engine failure aborted his mission. As a result, Bulgaria was the last Eastern European Soviet ally to not have one of its citizens visit a Soviet space station. Aleksandrov became the first Bulgarian to visit a space station. During his visit, Aleksandrov used nearly 2,000 kg of equipment delivered by Progress spacecraft to conduct 46 experiments in the Shipka program.

The visiting EP-2 crew returned to Earth about a week later in the spacecraft Soyuz TM-4, leaving TM-5 as the station's lifeboat.

### Polyakov arrives

On 31 August 1988, the spacecraft Soyuz TM-6 arrived at the station, carrying the new EO-3 crew member Valeri Polyakov. Also on TM-6 was the two-person crew of the visiting expedition Mir EP-3, consisting of the commander Vladimir Lyakhov, as well as the first Afghan cosmonaut Abdul Ahad Mohmand.

After about a week on the station, Lyakhov and Mohmand returned to Earth in Soyuz TM-5, leaving the fresh TM-6 spacecraft at the station as their new lifeboat. During the descent of TM-6 there were some technical problems, resulting in some tense moments as well as a day-long delay in landing. Nevertheless, they landed safely on 7 September.

### Spacewalks

The first spacewalk (also known as "Extra-vehicular activity", or EVA) of EO-3 took place on 26 February 1988 (4h 25m) replacing a segment on a solar cell. The second EVA was on 30 June 1988 (5h 10m) in which the replacement of a detector block on the Kvant-1 module failed. New tools were delivered to the station and with this the same work was then successful on 20 October 1988 (4h 12m).

### End of mission

Mir EO-3 officially concluded on 21 December 1988, when Manarov and Titov returned to Earth in the Soyuz TM-6 spacecraft. The mission in total lasted for 365.94 days, the third longest of all the expeditions. Polyakov stayed aboard the station, and was transferred to Mir EO-4.

## InfoBox

Mir EO-3
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mission type | Mir expedition |
| Mission duration | 365.94 days (launch to landing) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Expedition | |
| Space station | Mir |
| Began | 21 December 1987 (1987-12-21) |
| Ended | 21 December 1988, 02:32:54 (1988-12-21UTC02:32:55Z) UTC |
| Arrived aboard | Soyuz TM-4
Polyakov: Soyuz TM-6 |
| Departed aboard | Soyuz TM-6
Polyakov: Soyuz TM-7 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | Two |
| Members | Vladimir Titov
Musa Manarov
Valeri Polyakov*
* - Transferred to EO-4 |
|  | |
| Long-term Mir expeditions | |


title: Mishi Choudhary

abstract: Mishi Choudhary is a technology lawyer and online civil liberties activist working in the United States and India. She is the senior vice president and general counsel of Virtru, a role she started in 2022. Prior to that role, Mishi was the Legal Director of the Software Freedom Law Center as well as the Founder of SFLC.in. SFLC.in brings together lawyers, policy analysts and technologists to fight for digital rights, produces reports, and studies on the state of the Indian internet, also has a productive legal arm. Under her leadership, SFLC.in has conducted landmark litigation cases, petitioned the government of India on freedom of expression and internet issues, and campaigned for WhatsApp and Facebook to fix a feature of their platform that has been used to harass women in India.

text:
# Mishi Choudhary

**Mishi Choudhary** is a technology lawyer and online civil liberties activist working in the United States and India. She is the senior vice president and general counsel of Virtru, a role she started in 2022. Prior to that role, Mishi was the Legal Director of the Software Freedom Law Center as well as the Founder of SFLC.in. SFLC.in brings together lawyers, policy analysts and technologists to fight for digital rights, produces reports, and studies on the state of the Indian internet, also has a productive legal arm. Under her leadership, SFLC.in has conducted landmark litigation cases, petitioned the government of India on freedom of expression and internet issues, and campaigned for WhatsApp and Facebook to fix a feature of their platform that has been used to harass women in India.

## Education

Choudhary earned a bachelor's degree in political science and an LLB degree with Honors from the University of Delhi. As the first Free and Open Source Fellow of the Software Freedom Law Center, she earned a Master of Laws degree from Columbia Law School where she was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar.

## Career

Choudhary started her career as a litigator at the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court of India. Following the completion of her Free and Open Source Fellowship, she started working with Software Freedom Law Center as a Counsel. She served as the Director of International Practice from 2011 to 2013. In July, 2013 she was appointed the Legal Director of SFLC. At SFLC, she served as the primary legal representative of many of the world's most significant free software developers and non-profit distributors, including Debian, Free Software Foundation, Kodi (software), the Apache Software Foundation, and OpenSSL. She continues to serve some of these projects along with established businesses and startups, Governments using free software in their products and service offerings in the US, Europe, India, China and Korea. As of 2017, she is the only lawyer in the world to appear simultaneously on briefs in the US and Indian Supreme Courts in the same term. She was one of the lead counsels in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India representing Mouthshut.com in which the Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark verdict, ruling Section 66A of the Information Technology Act as unconstitutional.

In 2018, she launched her technology law and policy practice "Mishi Choudhary And Associates".

## Honors and awards

In 2015, she was named one of the Asia Society's 21 young leaders building Asia's future for her work as a technology lawyer and online civil liberties activist. In 2016, the Aspen Institute named her as a Fellow of the sixth class of the Kamalnayan Bajaj Fellowship and a member of the Aspen Global Leadership Network. In 2017, she won a Digital Women Award in the "Social Impact" category for her work with SFLC.in. In 2017, the Open (Indian magazine) listed her as a Freedom Fighter and one of the emerging legal guardians of the Free Internet. She is also current member of code of Conduct Committee for Linux Kernel

## InfoBox

| Mishi Choudhary | |
| --- | --- |
| Mishi Choudhary at the re:publica conference in Berlin, 2016 | |
| Education |  |
| Occupations |  |


title: Mitchell Hotel

abstract: The Mitchell Hotel in Boise, Idaho, was a 2-story, brick and stone building designed by Tourtellotte & Co. and constructed in 1906. The building featured segmentally arched fenestrations with "denticulated surrounds of header brick." The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1982. Considered a modern hotel in 1906, the building included steam heat and plumbing in each of 40 second-floor, "cozily furnished" rooms. The first floor contained a restaurant and a barbershop, and later a millinery shop occupied one of the storefronts. The building also served briefly as a polling place for precinct four in local elections. Edward Mitchell was the first proprietor of the hotel, and he sold the building within a year after opening. In 1974 Good Medicine Natural Foods opened in the building, followed by Natural Foods Cafe. The restaurant had closed by September, 1976. After its listing on the NRHP in 1982, the building was demolished and replaced by a parking lot.

text:
# Mitchell Hotel

The **Mitchell Hotel** in Boise, Idaho, was a 2-story, brick and stone building designed by Tourtellotte & Co. and constructed in 1906. The building featured segmentally arched fenestrations with "denticulated surrounds of header brick." The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1982.

Considered a modern hotel in 1906, the building included steam heat and plumbing in each of 40 second-floor, "cozily furnished" rooms. The first floor contained a restaurant and a barbershop, and later a millinery shop occupied one of the storefronts. The building also served briefly as a polling place for precinct four in local elections.

Edward Mitchell was the first proprietor of the hotel, and he sold the building within a year after opening.

In 1974 Good Medicine Natural Foods opened in the building, followed by Natural Foods Cafe. The restaurant had closed by September, 1976. After its listing on the NRHP in 1982, the building was demolished and replaced by a parking lot.

Media related to Mitchell Hotel at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mitchell Hotel | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Mitchell Hotel in 1906 | |
|  | |
| Location | 10th and Front Sts., Boise, Idaho |
| Coordinates | 43°36′56″N 116°12′23″W / 43.61556°N 116.20639°W / 43.61556; -116.20639 (Mitchell Hotel) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1906 (1906) |
| Architect | Tourtellotte, John E. & Company |
| MPS | Tourtellotte and Hummel Architecture TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000225 |
| Added to NRHP | November 17, 1982 |


title: Miss You Like Crazy

abstract: "Miss You Like Crazy" is a song by American singer Natalie Cole, released as a single on March 15, 1989, from her 11th solo studio album, Good to Be Back (1989).

text:
# Miss You Like Crazy

"**Miss You Like Crazy**" is a song by American singer Natalie Cole, released as a single on March 15, 1989, from her 11th solo studio album, *Good to Be Back* (1989).

## Chart performance

"Miss You Like Crazy" was a hit for Cole, becoming her fifth and last top-10 hit on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 chart when it peaked at number seven. The song topped both the *Billboard* R&B and Adult Contemporary charts in 1989, as well as reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the biggest hit of her career there. In Canada, the song peaked at number 19 for two weeks. "Miss You Like Crazy" is ranked as the 67th-biggest US hit of 1989 and the 20th-biggest UK hit, being certified silver in the latter region.

## Critical reception

Jerry Smith from *Music Week* complimented the song as a "strong, sweeping ballad, where her soaring vocal talents are amply displayed among Michael Masser's dramatic and highly polished production." Colin Irwin from *Number One* wrote, "'Miss You Like Crazy' is an immaculate pop record — shades of Donna Summer's alliance with S/A/W — and fully deserves its success."

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | March 15, 1989 | * 7-inch vinyl * cassette | EMI USA |  |
| United Kingdom | April 3, 1989 | | * 7-inch vinyl * 12-inch vinyl * CD |  |

## InfoBox

| "Miss You Like Crazy" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Natalie Cole | |
| from the album  *Good to Be Back* | |
| B-side | "Good to Be Back" |
| Released | March 15, 1989 |
| Length | 3:56 |
| Label | EMI USA |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Michael Masser |
| Natalie Cole singles chronology | |
| "I Live for Your Love"
(1988) "**Miss You Like Crazy**"
(1989) "I Do"
(1989) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Miss You Like Crazy" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Miss You (Yuna Ito song)

abstract: "Miss You" is the 11th single of Japanese artist Yuna Ito slated for a release on September 3, 2008. Miss You is currently being used as the Ito En Vitamin Fruit CM song. Miss You was the inspiring song for the cell phone novel "Tenshi no Koi".

text:
# Miss You (Yuna Ito song)

"**Miss You**" is the 11th single of Japanese artist Yuna Ito slated for a release on September 3, 2008.

*Miss You* is currently being used as the Ito En Vitamin Fruit CM song. Miss You was the inspiring song for the cell phone novel "***Tenshi no Koi***" (天使の恋, *lit. The Angel's Love*).

## Track list

1. Miss You (Hakuchou Maika)
2. Breeeeezin!!!!!!! (Kami Kaoru)
3. Urban Mermaid: Bittersweet Movement Blood-I Riddimix
4. Miss You (Instrumental)

## Magazine promotion

1. 8/9: Pati Pati
2. 8/9: Popeye
3. 8/12: What's In?
4. 8/14: CD Data
5. 8/23: Gekkan Kayou Kyoku
6. 8/27: B-Pass

## TV Promotional Performances

1. 08/22 - TV Asahi's Music Station
2. 08/04 - Music Japan
3. 08/05 - Music Fighter

## Charts

### Digital Sales Charts

| Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Recochoku Chaku-Uta Downloads | 40 |
| Recochoku Chaku-Uta All | 66 |

### Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

| Release | Chart | Peak Position | First Sales | Sales Total | Chart Run |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 3, 2008 | Oricon Daily Singles Chart | 13 |  |  |  |
| | Oricon Weekly Singles Chart | 20 | 5,593 | 8,879 | 2 weeks+ |
| | Oricon Monthly Singles Chart |  |  |  |  |
| | Oricon Yearly Singles Chart |  |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| "Miss You" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Yuna Ito | |
| from the album  *Dream* | |
| B-side | "Breeeeezin!!!!!!!" |
| Released | September 3, 2008 |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Label | Sony |
| Songwriter(s) | Maika Shiratori |
| Yuna Ito singles chronology | |
| "A World to Believe In"
(2008) "**Miss You**"
(2008) "Koi wa Groovy x2"
(2008) | |


title: Mitsubishi Ki-18

abstract: Mitsubishi Ki-18 The Mitsubishi Ki-18 was an unsuccessful and unsolicited attempt by Mitsubishi to meet a 1934 requirement issued by the Japanese Army for a modern single-seat monoplane fighter suitable to the needs of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. During this competition, Nakajima entered the Nakajima Ki-11, and Kawasaki entered the more maneuverable Kawasaki Ki-10 biplane. The competition was won by Kawasaki, but the new fighter was not accepted by the IJAAF with much enthusiasm.

text:
# Mitsubishi Ki-18

The **Mitsubishi Ki-18** (三菱 キ18, *Ki-jyuhachi*) was an unsuccessful and unsolicited attempt by Mitsubishi to meet a 1934 requirement issued by the Japanese Army for a modern single-seat monoplane fighter suitable to the needs of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. During this competition, Nakajima entered the Nakajima Ki-11 (which was somewhat similar to the Boeing P-26 Peashooter), and Kawasaki entered the more maneuverable Kawasaki Ki-10 biplane. The competition was won by Kawasaki, but the new fighter was not accepted by the IJAAF with much enthusiasm.

## Design and development

In 1934, Mitsubishi had developed the Ka-14 9-Shi fighter prototype specifically for an Imperial Japanese Navy requirement. The design exhibited outstanding performance, and with the Navy's consent, the Army placed a contract with Mitsubishi for a modified version for evaluation, which was designated the Ki-18.

The Ki-18 was a low-wing monoplane of all-metal construction with fabric-covered control surfaces. It was powered by a Nakajima Kotobuki-5 nine-cylinder radial engine, rated at 410 kW (550 hp) for take-off, and 447 kW (600 hp) at 3,100 m (10,170 ft), driving a two-blade fixed-pitch wooden propeller.

The main external differences between the Ki-18 and the Ka-14 included an enlarged rudder, larger landing gear (with spats) and an engine cowling. Internally, the direction of the throttle movement was reversed to meet Army practice, and the machine guns were replaced with Army standard weaponry.

The Ki-18 made its first flight once completed in August 1935 at the Army's Tachikawa Air Technical Research Institute, and was later tested at the Akeno Army Flying School through the end of 1935.

In early 1936, the engine was changed to the Nakajima Kotobuki 3, rated at 477 kW (640 hp) for take-off and 533 kW (715 hp) at 2,800 m (9,190 ft). During testing, the Ki-18 achieved a maximum speed of 444 km/h (276 mph) at 3,050 m (10,010 ft) was recorded, and the aircraft was able to climb to 5,000 m (16,400 ft) in 6 minutes 25.8 seconds, which was considered an exceptional rate for the time.

The Akeno Army Flying School test results gave the Ki-18 a very high recommendation, and it was proposed that the fighter be produced for front-line service. However, the Army Air Technical Research Institute was vehemently against using a Navy design, and after choosing to ignore the data, claimed that the Nakajima Kotobuki engines were "unreliable" and that the Ki-18 lacked the performance necessary for an Army fighter. Instead, the Army Air Technical Research Institute recommended that a new competition would be staged, with Nakajima, Kawasaki and Mitsubishi invited to participate. As the Ki-10 had entered production only one year earlier, this proposal was immediately vetoed by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff. Thus, the Ki-18 ended with only one aircraft, although the essentially identical Ka-14 was accepted as a revolutionary fighter by the Japanese Navy as the Mitsubishi A5M Type 96 carrier-based fighter.

## Variants

* **Ki-18** : Prototype for testing (1 unit produced)

## Operators

Japan

## Specifications (Ki-18)

*Data from* *Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941, and Famous Airplanes of the World, first series, #76: Army Experimental Fighters (1)*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 7.655 m (25 ft 1 in)
* **Wingspan:** 11 m (36 ft 1 in)
* **Height:** 3.15 m (10 ft 4 in)
* **Wing area:** 17.8 m2 (192 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 1,110 kg (2,447 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 1,422 kg (3,135 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Nakajima Kotobuki 5 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 333 kW (447 hp)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 444 km/h (276 mph, 240 kn) at 3,050 m (10,000 ft)
* **Rate of climb:** 12.95 m/s (2,550 ft/min)
* **Wing loading:** 79.9 kg/m2 (16.4 lb/sq ft)
* **Power/mass:** 0.31 kW/kg (0.19 hp/lb)

**Armament**

**Related development**

**Related lists**

Notes Bibliography  * Francillon, Ph.D., René J. *Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War*. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1970 (second edition 1979). ISBN 0-370-30251-6.
* Januszewski, Tadeusz (2003). *Mitsubishi A5M Claude*. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications. ISBN 83-917178-0-1.
* Mikesh, Robert C.; Abe, Shorzoe (1990). *Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941*. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-563-2.
* *Army Experimental Fighters (1)*. Famous Airplanes of the World Series 1. Tokyo: Bunrin-Do. August 1976.
* Unknown author. *Famous Airplanes of the World, second series, #24: Army Experimental Fighters*. Tokyo: Bunrin-Do, September 1990.

## InfoBox

| Ki-18 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mitsubishi Ki-18 | |
| Role | prototype fighter aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd |
| First flight | August 1935 |
| Primary user | IJA Air Force |
| Number built | 1 |


title: Mizpah church

abstract: Mizpah church is one of the oldest churches in Perambure, Kannigapuram area of Chennai, the capital of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The original structure was built in 1995. The church is named after Mizpah Prayer Tabernacle who founded the mission of the Free Church. Mizpah Prayer Tabernacle is a working church with hourly prayer and Sunday services and it follows Protestant sect of Christianity. The church also celebrates Anniversary festival every year during the month of May. In modern times, it is under the dominion of the Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India. It is one of the most prominent landmarks of Perambur, Kannigapuram.

text:
# Mizpah church

**Mizpah church** is one of the oldest churches in Perambure, Kannigapuram area of Chennai, the capital of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The original structure was built in 1995. The church is named after Mizpah Prayer Tabernacle who founded the mission of the Free Church.

Mizpah Prayer Tabernacle is a working church with hourly prayer and Sunday services and it follows Protestant sect of Christianity. The church also celebrates Anniversary festival every year during the month of May. In modern times, it is under the dominion of the Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India. It is one of the most prominent landmarks of Perambur, Kannigapuram.

## InfoBox

| Mizpah Prayer Tabernacle | |
| --- | --- |
| Rev. G. Stephen | |
| Mizpah Prayer Tabernacle | |
| 13°05′19″N 80°17′18″E / 13.08861°N 80.28833°E / 13.08861; 80.28833 | |
| Location | Chennai |
| Country | India |
| Denomination | Protestant |
| History | |
| Dedication | 1995 (1995) |
| Dedicated | 1 May |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Architectural type | Chapel |
| Administration | |
| Archdiocese | Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India |


title: Mizunami Station

abstract: Mizunami Station is a railway station in the city of Mizunami, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Mizunami Station

**Mizunami Station** (瑞浪駅, *Mizunami-eki*) is a railway station in the city of Mizunami, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

## Lines

Mizunami Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located 346.8 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at Tokyo and 50.1 kilometers from Nagoya.

## Layout

The station has one ground-level side platform and one ground-level island platform connected by a footbridge. The station has a *Midori no Madoguchi* staffed ticket office.

### Platforms

| **1** | Chūō Main Line | For Tajimi and Nagoya |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2, 3** | Chūō Main Line | For Nakatsugawa and Nagano |

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| JR Central | | | | |
| Chūō Main Line | | | | |
| Ena |  | *Home Liner* |  | Tokishi |
| Kamado |  | *Central Liner* |  | Tokishi |
| Kamado |  | Rapid |  | Tokishi |
| Kamado |  | Local |  | Tokishi |

## History

Mizunami Station was opened on 21 December 1902. On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 4793 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Mizunami City Hall

## InfoBox

| CF14
Mizunami Station
瑞浪駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Mizunami Station in May 2024 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1171-2 Terakawado-cho, Mizunami-shi, Gifu-ken 509-6121
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°22′11″N 137°15′10″E / 35.3698°N 137.2529°E / 35.3698; 137.2529 |
| Operated by | JR Central |
| Line(s) | Chūō Main Line |
| Distance | 346.8 km from Tokyo |
| Platforms | 1 side + 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 3 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed *Midori no Madoguchi*) |
| Station code | CF14 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 21 December 1902 (1902-12-21) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2016 | 4793 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Mizunami StationLocation within Gifu PrefectureMizunami StationMizunami Station (Japan) | |


title: Mixed Bag

abstract: Mixed Bag is the debut studio album by Richie Havens, released in 1966. Although it was Havens' first album release, Douglas Records later issued two unauthorized albums of material that had been recorded prior to the Mixed Bag recording sessions—Electric Havens (1968) and Richie Havens' Record (1969). Mixed Bag was released after Havens signed on with manager Albert Grossman and was released on Verve Folkways, a new folk music imprint of Verve Records. Mixed Bag is frequently cited as the singer's best work, and was his first album to appear on Billboard's charts. The recording was the first to introduce a wider audience to Havens's rich baritone vocals and the full-sound of Havens's distinct guitar style. Electric Havens and Mixed Bag were two of the records reported among the personal collection of Havens' one-time Greenwich Village buddy, Jimi Hendrix.

text:
# Mixed Bag

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *The Great Rock Discography* | 8/10 |
| *MusicHound Folk* |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

***Mixed Bag*** is the debut studio album by Richie Havens, released in 1966. Although it was Havens' first album release, Douglas Records later issued two unauthorized albums of material that had been recorded prior to the *Mixed Bag* recording sessions—*Electric Havens* (1968) and *Richie Havens' Record* (1969). *Mixed Bag* was released after Havens signed on with manager Albert Grossman and was released on Verve Folkways, a new folk music imprint of Verve Records.

*Mixed Bag* is frequently cited as the singer's best work, and was his first album to appear on *Billboard's* charts (appearing on both the jazz and pop charts). The recording was the first to introduce a wider audience to Havens's rich baritone vocals and the full-sound of Havens's distinct guitar style (thumb-chorded and played in open E tuning). *Electric Havens* and *Mixed Bag* were two of the records reported among the personal collection of Havens' one-time Greenwich Village buddy, Jimi Hendrix.

## Track listing

1. "High Flyin' Bird" (Billy Edd Wheeler) – 3:35
2. "I Can't Make It Anymore" (Gordon Lightfoot) – 2:48
3. "Morning, Morning" (Tuli Kupferberg) – 2:17
4. "Adam" (Havens) – 3:34
5. "Follow" (Jerry Merrick) – 6:22
6. "Three Day Eternity" (Havens) – 2:15
7. "Sandy" (Jean Pierre Cousineau) – 3:12
8. "Handsome Johnny" (Louis Gossett Jr., Havens) – 3:53
9. "San Francisco Bay Blues" (Jesse Fuller) – 2:30
10. "Just Like a Woman" (Bob Dylan) – 4:46
11. "Eleanor Rigby" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 2:42

## Personnel

* Richie Havens – guitar, sitar, vocals
* Harvey Brooksbass
* Paul Harris – organ, piano, keyboards
* Bill LaVorgna – drums
* Howard Collins – guitar
* Joe Price – tabla on "Adam"
* Paul "Dino" Williams – acoustic guitar on "Follow"

**Technical personnel**

* Cover photo – Barry Feinstein
* Director of engineering – Val Valentin
* Produced by Groscourt Productions, Inc.
* Production Supervisor – Jerry Schoenbaum
* Arranged by Bruce Langhorne for "I Can't Make It Anymore"
* Arranged by Felix Pappalardi for "Morning, Morning"
* Mastered for Compact Disc by Dennis M. Drake at PolyGram Studios

## Releases

The album was initially released on vinyl in 1966 on Verve Folkways, a newly formed folk section at the Verve division of MGM Records. It was re-released as a CD in 1993 on PolyGram Records. In 2004, *Mixed Bag* was combined with two other Havens albums on a double CD titled *Flyin' Bird: The Verve Forecast Years*, a limited-edition release of 3,000 individually numbered copies.

| year | format | label | catalog # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1966 | LP | Verve Folkways | FTS-3006 |
| 1967 | LP | Verve/PolyGram | 2317 002 |
| 1967 |  | Polydor/PolyGram | 835 210 |
| 1970 | LP | MGM | SE 4698 |
|  | CD | Verve/PolyGram | 835 210 |
| 1993 | CD | Verve/PolyGram |  |
| 2004 | 2CD | Verve/Hip-O Select/Universal |  |

## Notes and sources

## InfoBox

| Mixed Bag | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Richie Havens | |
| Released | Late 1966 |
| Recorded | July 7, September 12 & 20, 1966 |
| Genre | folk, jazz, singer-songwriter |
| Length | 37:54 |
| Label | Verve |
| Producer | John Court |
| Richie Havens chronology | |
| ***Mixed Bag***
(1966) *Something Else Again*
(1968) | |


title: Path of Change

abstract: Path of Change was a small liberal party in the Czech Republic. The party was led by Jiří Lobkowicz. It has no members of parliament and no elected councillors in local government. The party was a founding member of the European Democratic Party (EDP), which together with the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR) form the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE). It had joined the ELDR before it joined the EDP. On 3 May 2009 the party decided to dissolve.

text:
# Path of Change

**Path of Change** (sometimes translated as **Way to Change**, in Czech: *Cesta změny*) was a small liberal party in the Czech Republic. The party was led by Jiří Lobkowicz. It has no members of parliament and no elected councillors in local government.

The party was a founding member of the **European Democratic Party (EDP)**, which together with the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR) form the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE). It had joined the ELDR before it joined the EDP.

On 3 May 2009 the party decided to dissolve.

1. "Rejstřík politických stran a hnutí - Ministerstvo vnitra České republiky".

## InfoBox

| Path of Change Cesta změny | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Leader | Jiří Lobkowicz |
| Founded | 22 October 2001 (2001-10-22) |
| Dissolved | 3 May 2009 (2009-05-03) |
| Split from | Freedom Union |
| Ideology | Liberalism |
| European affiliation | European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party<br>European Democratic Party |
|  | |


title: Passion Pit discography

text:
# Passion Pit discography

The discography of Passion Pit, an American indietronica band, has released four studio albums, three extended plays and fourteen singles.

## Studio albums

List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and sales figures
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | AUS
 | BEL
 | CAN
 | FRA
 | IRE
 | JPN
 | NZ
 | SCO
 | UK
 | |
| *Manners* |  | 51 | 19 |  |  | 123 | 30 | 79 |  | 88 | 55 |  |
| *Gossamer* | * Released: July 24, 2012 * Label: Frenchkiss, Columbia * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 4 | 12 | 149 | 17 |  | 33 | 50 | 31 | 77 | 56 |  |
| *Kindred* | * Released: April 21, 2015 * Label: Columbia * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 23 | 30 |  |  |  | 89 | 35 |  |  | 81 |  |
| *Tremendous Sea of Love* | * Released: July 28, 2017 * Label: Wishart Group Recordings * Formats: digital download |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Extended plays

List of extended plays, with selected chart positions
| Title | EP details | Peak chart positions | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
Heat.
 | ARIA
Hit
 | FRA
 |
| *Chunk of Change* | * Released: September 16, 2008 * Label: Frenchkiss, Columbia * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 35 | 13 | 58 |
| *iTunes Festival: London 2009* | * Released: September 24, 2013 * Label: Frenchkiss * Formats: Digital download |  |  |  |
| *Constant Conversations* | * Released: September 24, 2013 * Label: Frenchkiss, Columbia * Formats: Digital download |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Singles

### As lead artist

List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | | Certifications | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | US
Rock
 | AUS
 | BEL
 | CAN
 | FRA
 | JPN
 | MEX
 | SCO
 | UK
 | | |
| "Sleepyhead" | 2008 |  |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  |  |  | * RIAA: 2× Platinum | *Manners* |
| "The Reeling" | 2009 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 42 |  | 74 | 99 | |  |
| | "To Kingdom Come" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Little Secrets" |  |  | 48 |  |  |  |  | 18 |  |  | |  |
| "Tonight, Tonight" | 2010 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| "Take a Walk" | 2012 | 84 | 9 |  | 77 | 97 | 84 | 36 | 29 |  |  |  | *Gossamer* |
| | "I'll Be Alright" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Constant Conversations" |  |  |  | 138 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Carried Away" | 2013 |  | 24 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Cry Like a Ghost" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Lifted Up (1985)" | 2015 |  | 31 |  |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  |  | *Kindred* |
| | "Where the Sky Hangs" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Until We Can't (Let's Go)" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "I Found U"
(with Galantis) | 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Church* |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
Dance
 | BEL
 | CIS
 | JPN
 | |
| "Pay No Mind"
(Madeon featuring Passion Pit) | 2015 | 29 | 78 | 177 | 67 | *Adventure* |

## Other charted songs

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | MEX
 | |
| "Moth's Wings" | 2009 | 18 | *Manners* |

## Remixes

| Year | Original artist | Song |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | Gotye | "Learnalilgivinanlovin" |
| | Marina and the Diamonds | "I Am Not a Robot" |
| | Phoenix | "1901" |
| | "Love Like a Sunset" |
| | Yeah Yeah Yeahs | "Heads Will Roll" |
| 2010 | ARMS | "Heat & Hot Water" |
| | Dan Black | "Symphonies" |
| | Chairlift | "Bruises" |
| | Lady Gaga featuring Beyoncé | "Telephone" |
| | OK Go | "This Too Shall Pass" |
| | Paper Route | "Tiger Teeth" |
| | Katy Perry featuring Snoop Dogg | "California Gurls" |
| | Ra Ra Riot | "Ghost Under Rocks" |
| | Shout Out Louds | "Fall Hard" |
| | Tegan and Sara | "Alligator" |
| | The Ting Tings | "Hands" |
| | Tokyo Police Club | "Wait Up (Boots of Danger)" |
| | Max Tundra | "Which Song" |
| | Two Door Cinema Club | "Undercover Martyn" |
| | The Smashing Pumpkins | "Tonight, Tonight" |
| 2011 | Beastie Boys | "Make Some Noise" |
| | Bruno Mars | "Grenade" |
| | Cold War Kids | "Mine Is Yours" |
| | Of Monsters and Men | "Little Talks" |
| 2012 | Crystal Fighters | "At Home" |
| | Imagine Dragons | "It's Time" |
| 2013 | Claire | "Games" |
| | Portugal. The Man | "Purple, Yellow, Red and Blue" |
| | St. Lucia | "Elevate" |
| 2014 | Christina Perri | "Human" |
| | In The Valley Below | "Peaches" |
| 2024 | Casper Caan | "Hearts Are Opening Up" |

## Other appearances

List of other appearances, showing year released and album name
| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Tonight, Tonight" | 2010 | *Levi's Pioneer Sessions 2010 Revival Recordings* |
| "Where I Come From" | 2012 | *The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2* |
| | "Almost There" | *Frankenweenie Unleashed!* |

1. "Passion Pit Chart History: Billboard 200". *Billboard*. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
2. "Discography Passion Pit". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
3. "Passion Pit albums (Flanders)". Ultratop. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
4. "Passion Pit Chart History: Canadian Albums". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
5. "Discographie Passion Pit" (in French). lescharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
6. "Discography Passion Pit". irish-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
7. Passion Pitのランキング \[Passion Pit album sales ranking\] (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
8. "Passion Pit". charts.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
9. Peaks in Scotland:
10. "Passion Pit". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
11. "Passion Pit - Manners". AllMusic. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
12. "Passion Pit - RIAA Certifications". *Recording Industry Association of America*. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
13. "Passion Pit - Gossamer". AllMusic. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
14. "Passion Pit - Kindred". AllMusic. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
15. "Passion Pit Chart History: Heatseekers Albums". *Billboard*. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
16. "ARIA Hitseekers – Week Commencing 30th March 2009" (PDF). *The ARIA Report*. No. 996. 30 March 2009. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-19. Retrieved July 2, 2021  via National Library of Australia.
17. "Chunk of Change". *Amazon*. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
18. "iTunes Festival: London 2009 - EP". iTunes Store. 10 July 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
19. Minsker, Evan (September 24, 2013). "Passion Pit Share *Constant Conversations* EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
20. "Passion Pit – Chart History: Hot 100". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
21. "Passion Pit – Chart History: Rock Songs". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
22. "Passion Pit – Chart History: Canadian Hot 100". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
23. "Passion Pit – Chart History: Japan Hot 100". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
24. "Passion Pit – Chart History: Mexico Ingles Airplay". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
25. "Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100 - 31 January 2010 - 06 February 2010". Official Charts Company. officialcharts.com/. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
26. *"Sleepyhead" (CD single)* (Media notes). Passion Pit. Frenchkiss, Columbia. 2008.`{{cite AV media notes}}`: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
27. "Passion Pit – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
28. *"The Reeling" (CD single)* (Media notes). Passion Pit. Frenchkiss, Columbia. 2009.`{{cite AV media notes}}`: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
29. "Passion Pit – Chart History: Hot Singles Sales". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
30. "Passion Pit – Chart History: Alternative Songs". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
31. "The ARIA Report, Week commencing 25 May 2009, Chart# 1004, p. 21" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). May 25, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-04. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
32. *"Sleepyhead" (CD single)* (Media notes). Passion Pit. Frenchkiss, Columbia. 2008.`{{cite AV media notes}}`: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
33. "Little Secrets - Single". iTunes Store. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
34. *"Tonight, Tonight" (CD single)* (Media notes). Passion Pit. Levi's Revival Recordings. 2010.`{{cite AV media notes}}`: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
35. "Take a Walk - Single". iTunes Store. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
36. "British certifications – Passion Pit". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 12, 2023. *Type* Passion Pit *in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.*
37. "I'll Be Alright - Single". iTunes Store. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
38. *"Constant Conversations" (CD single)* (Media notes). Passion Pit. Columbia. 2012.`{{cite AV media notes}}`: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
39. *"Carried Away" (CD single)* (Media notes). Passion Pit. Columbia. 2013.`{{cite AV media notes}}`: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
40. *"Cry Like a Ghost" (CD single)* (Media notes). Passion Pit. Columbia. 2013.`{{cite AV media notes}}`: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
41. Geslani, Michelle (February 16, 2015). "Passion Pit premieres new single "Lifted Up (1985)" — listen". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
42. Brodsky, Rachel (February 17, 2015). "Passion Pit Get 'Caught Up in Your Heartstrings' on New Track 'Where the Sky Hangs'". Spin. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
43. Hilton, Robin (April 6, 2015). "Songs We Love: Passion Pit, 'Until We Can't (Let's Go)'". NPR. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
44. Strauss, Matthew (May 15, 2019). "Listen to Passion Pit and Galantis' New Song 'I Found U'". *Pitchfork*. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
45. "Passion Pit – Chart History: Dance/Club Play Songs". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
46. "Passion Pit - TopHit - Highway To Airplay". *TopHit*. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
47. "Madeon – Chart History: Japan Hot 100". *Billboard*. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
48. "Pay No Mind (feat. Passion Pit) - Single". iTunes Store. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
49. Borges, Christine. "MP3: Passion Pit Covers Smashing Pumpkins' "Tonight, Tonight"". *miaminewtimes.com*. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
50. "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn, Pt. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". iTunes Store. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
51. "Frankenweenie Unleashed! (Music Inspired by the Motion Picture) \[Bonus Track Version\]". iTunes Store. Retrieved February 13, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Passion Pit discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Passion Pit in 2013 | |
| Studio albums | 4 |
| EPs | 3 |
| Singles | 14 |


title: Windows-1255

abstract: Windows-1255 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows to write Hebrew. It is an almost compatible superset of ISO-8859-8 – most of the symbols are in the same positions, but Windows-1255 adds vowel-points and other signs in lower positions. IBM uses code page 1255 for Windows-1255. Modern applications prefer Unicode to Windows-1255, especially on the Internet; meaning UTF-8, the dominant encoding for web pages. Windows-1255 is used by less than 0.1% of websites.

text:
# Windows-1255

**Windows-1255** (referred to as "ANSI" especially often) is a code page used under Microsoft Windows to write Hebrew. It is an almost compatible superset of ISO-8859-8   most of the symbols are in the same positions (except for A4, which is 'sheqel sign' in Windows-1255 but 'generic currency sign' in ISO 8859-8 and except for DF, which is undefined in Windows-1255 but 'double low line' in ISO 8859-8), but Windows-1255 adds vowel-points and other signs in lower positions.

IBM uses code page 1255 (CCSID 1255, euro sign extended CCSID 5351, and the further extended CCSID 9447) for Windows-1255.

Modern applications prefer Unicode to Windows-1255, especially on the Internet; meaning UTF-8, the dominant encoding for web pages (or UTF-16, while not on the Internet for security reasons). Windows-1255 is used by less than 0.1% of websites.

## Character set

The following table shows Windows-1255. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent.

Windows-1255
|  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | EOT | ENQ | ACK | BEL | BS | HT | LF | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | DC4 | NAK | SYN | ETB | CAN | EM | SUB | ESC | FS | GS | RS | US |
| 2x | SP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \< |  | \> |  |
| 4x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \[ |  | \] |  |  |
| 6x | \` |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 7x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | DEL |
| 8x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 9x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ax | NBSP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | SHY |  |  |
| Bx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Dx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ex |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fx |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | LRM | RLM |  |

Differences from ISO 8859-8

## Usage

Windows-1255 Hebrew is always in logical order (as opposed to visual). Microsoft Hebrew products (Windows, Office and Internet Explorer) brought logically-ordered Hebrew to common use, with the result that Windows-1255 is the Hebrew encoding that can be found most on the Web, having ousted the visually ordered ISO-8859-8, and preferred to the logically ordered ISO-8859-8-I because it provides for vowel-points.

## Relation to Unicode

The Unicode Hebrew block (U+0590U+05FF) follows Windows-1255 by encoding both letters and vowel-points in the same relative positions as Windows-1255. Unicode goes further in encoding cantillation marks in lower positions. Unicode Hebrew is always in logical order.

For modern applications UTF-8 or UTF-16 is a preferred encoding.

## InfoBox

Windows-1255
| MIME / IANA | windows-1255 |
| --- | --- |
| Alias(es) | cp1255 (Code page 1255) |
| Language(s) | Hebrew, English |
| Created by | Microsoft |
| Standard | WHATWG Encoding Standard |
| Classification | extended ASCII, Windows-125x |
| Other related encoding(s) | ISO-8859-8 |
|  | |


title: Philcon

abstract: Philcon, also known as the "Philadelphia Science Fiction Conference", is an annual three-day science fiction convention held at the Doubletree by Hilton Hotel in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. The convention is run by the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society (PSFS). The 1936 Philcon is claimed to be the world's first science fiction convention.

text:
# Philcon

**Philcon**, also known as the "Philadelphia Science Fiction Conference", is an annual three-day science fiction convention held at the Doubletree by Hilton Hotel in Cherry Hill, New Jersey (formerly the Crowne Plaza Hotel). The convention is run by the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society (PSFS). The 1936 Philcon is claimed to be the world's first science fiction convention.

## History

On October 22, 1936, a half dozen fans came down from New York by train for the first intercity meeting of fans ever held. A picture taken of the group at Independence Hall has appeared in a number of the histories of science fiction fandom. They held a business meeting at the house of Philadelphia fan Milton A. Rothman, electing Rothman as chair and New Yorker Frederik Pohl as Secretary. Since Philadelphia had been the site of the 1936 Democratic and Republican National Conventions, they declared themselves the Philadelphia Science Fiction Convention. Part of the group went to John Baltadonis' home to examine his art collection and the printing press used to publish the PSFS newsletter. At Rothman's house, the group talked about science fiction and played craps. On the way back to the train station, some of the attendees sang early filk songs. One of the attendees, John B. Michel published an account of the day, the first convention report, in a New York fanzine:

> Nine people attended the first Philcon in 1936. They were Ossie Train, Donald A. Wollheim, Milton A. Rothman, Frederik Pohl, John B. Michel, Will Sykora, David Kyle, Robert A. Madle, and John Baltadonis. Pohl excluded Herbert Goudket, who took the picture shown. Others are thought to have attended, but they are not shown in the picture.

Some fan historians claim that the 1936 Philadelphia Science Fiction Conference, a.k.a. Philcon, was the first science fiction convention ever held. Others, such as Fred Patten and Rob Hansen, make this claim for the January 1937 event in Leeds, England, organized by the Leeds Science Fiction League, which was specifically organised as a conference, with a program and speakers. Out of this came the first incarnation of the British Science Fiction Association.

Philcon in 2020 held a virtual convention due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

### Philcon Worldcons

The World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, has been held in Philadelphia three times:

* Bristol, John (Jack Speer), *Fancyclopedia*, Fantasy Foundation, 1944.
* Eney, Dick, *Fancyclopedia II*, Operation Crifanac 1959.
* Pohl, Frederick, *The Way the Future Was: A Memoir*, Del Rey Books, 1978.
* Moskowitz, Sam, *The Immortal Storm*, Hyperion Press, 1974.
* Wolkoff, Lew, *The First Philcon: An Oral History*, Phanadelphia Corporation, 1985.

39°55′33″N 75°3′11″W / 39.92583°N 75.05306°W / 39.92583; -75.05306

## InfoBox

| Philadelphia Science Fiction Conference | |
| --- | --- |
| Status | Active |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Venue | Doubletree by Hilton Hotel |
| Location(s) | Cherry Hill, New Jersey |
| Country | United States |
| Inaugurated | 1936 |
| Attendance | About 800 in 2013 |
| Organized by | Philadelphia Science Fiction Society |
| Website | philcon.org |


title: Peter Schindler

abstract: Peter Schindler is a German composer, pianist, keyboardist, organist and author, whose prime special field is musical theatre.

text:
# Peter Schindler

**Peter Schindler** (born 26 April 1960) is a German composer, pianist, keyboardist, organist and author, whose prime special field is musical theatre.

## Education

Peter Schindler was born in Altensteig in the Black Forest in the district of Calw, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Following his talent in music, he early began taking piano lessons and later he began taking organ lessons.

From 1973 to 1976 he studied at the School of Church Music in Rottenburg am Neckar.

Until 1980 he lived in Stuttgart, where he studied *School Music* and Musical composition at the State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart. Then he there also studied Jazz and Pop music (Postgraduate education) to 1988.

## Work

As an organist and pianist, he performs with various ensembles and interpreters primarily his own compositions, both at home and foreign. Concert tours with the Quintet *Saltacello* (founded by himself) as well as the group *Pipes and Phones* led him to China, Denmark, France, Italy, Korea, Austria, Poland, Scandinavia, Taiwan, Czech Republic, Switzerland and USA.

### Musical theatre productions

Already 1987-89, during his studies he started as a répétiteur at the town theater Heilbronn.
Thereafter he was involved in several musical theater productions and had held their musical direction such as

### Ensembles

#### Saltacello

| Cast: | Wolfgang Schindler: | Cello |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Peter Lehel: | Saxophone |
|  | M. Schulz: | Bass |
|  | Peter Schindler: | Piano, Harmonium |
|  | Herbert Wachter: | Drum kit |

#### Pipes and Phones

| Cast: | Peter Schindler: | Organ |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Peter Lehel: | Saxophone, Bass clarinet |
|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |
| Guests: | Markus Faller: | Percussion instrument |
|  | Herbert Joos: | Trumpet, Flugelhorn |
|  | Junger Kammerchor | Baden-Württemberg |
|  |  |  |

#### Peter-Schindler-Combo

| Cast: | Peter Schindler: | Piano |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Peter Lehel: | Saxophone |
|  | Mini Schulz: | Bass |
|  | Obi Jenne: | Drum kit |

### Compositions and lyrics

His works include chansons, instrumental parts, sacred and secular works for choir, music for ballet and drama as well as musicals, singing games and songs for children and young people. Children's songs by Peter Schindler (music and lyrics) and Chris Mohr (lyrics) have been published by Carus-Verlag Stuttgart.

## Awards

* 2000 Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik für die CD Suites mit „Pipes and Phones“
* 2001 Sonderpreis „Best Group“ bei dem „International Contest for Jazz and Churchorgan“ in Hannover mit „Pipes and Phones“
* 2006 Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik mit dem „Hoppel Hoppel Rhythm Club“
* 2006 Erster Seoul Preis für die Kompositionen und Darbietung der Tanzperformance „Soul, Sunflower“ mit dem National Theater of Korea
* 2007 Kleinkunstpreis Baden-Württemberg für das Chansonprogramm „Rosenzeit – Liebesleid“ zusammen mit der Sängerin Sandra Hartmann
* 2007 „Best Edition“ in the category Schul- und Unterrichtsliteratur für Kinder und Jugendliche des Deutschen Musikeditionspreises für das Musical *Weihnachten fällt aus*

## InfoBox

| Peter Schindler | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1960-04-26) 26 April 1960
Altensteig, Black Forest
Baden-Württemberg |
| Origin | Berlin Germany |
| Occupation(s) | pianist, organist, composer, author |
| Instrument(s) | Piano, Keyboard, Organ |
| Years active | 1986–present |
|  | |
| Website | peter-schindler.de/ |


title: Massanes, Catalonia

abstract: Massanes, also called Maçanes, is a municipality of the province of Girona, in the comarca of the Selva in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Tordera river. Local roads link the town with the A-7 autopista, the C-251 road and the RENFE railway station shared with Maçanet de la Selva.

text:
# Massanes, Catalonia

**Massanes** (Catalan pronunciation: \[məˈsanəs\]), also called **Maçanes** ("apple grove", lit.'apples'), is a municipality of the province of Girona, in the *comarca* of the Selva in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Tordera river. Local roads link the town with the A-7 *autopista*, the C-251 road and the RENFE railway station shared with Maçanet de la Selva.

## Demography

| 1900 | 1930 | 1950 | 1970 | 1986 | 2007 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 725 | 728 | 698 | 603 | 466 | 693 |

* Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). *Guia de Catalunya*, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan).

## InfoBox

| Massanes | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| St. Stephen's church, Massanes | |
|  | |
| MassanesLocation in CataloniaMassanesMassanes (Spain) | |
| Coordinates: 41°46′04″N 2°39′09″E / 41.767778°N 2.6525°E / 41.767778; 2.6525 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Community | Catalonia |
| Province | Girona |
| Comarca | Selva |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Joan Pou Lucea (2015) |
| Area | |
| Total | 26.1 km2 (10.1 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 164 m (538 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 730 |
| Density | 28/km2 (72/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Massanenc, massanenca |
| Website | www.massanes.cat |


title: Niepce (crater)

abstract: Niepce is a crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies in the high northern latitudes, just behind the north-northwestern limb. Less than a crater diameter to the north is the crater Merrill, and just to the west is Mezentsev. Farther to the south-southeast is Nöther. This is a worn crater formation with rim features that have been softened and rounded by subsequent deposits of ejecta. Attached to the eastern rim is the satellite crater Niepce F, and the inner wall of Niepce is wider along this edge. The remaining interior floor is relatively level, and offset toward the western side. There are several small impacts on the floor, the largest being a small craterlet along the north-northeastern edge. Just along the southwest rim edge is a small, teardrop-shaped crater that was likely created by a low angle impact.

text:
# Niepce (crater)

**Niepce** is a crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies in the high northern latitudes, just behind the north-northwestern limb. Less than a crater diameter to the north is the crater Merrill, and just to the west is Mezentsev. Farther to the south-southeast is Nöther.

This is a worn crater formation with rim features that have been softened and rounded by subsequent deposits of ejecta. Attached to the eastern rim is the satellite crater Niepce F, and the inner wall of Niepce is wider along this edge. The remaining interior floor is relatively level, and offset toward the western side. There are several small impacts on the floor, the largest being a small craterlet along the north-northeastern edge. Just along the southwest rim edge is a small, teardrop-shaped crater that was likely created by a low angle impact.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Niepce.

| Niepce | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| F | 72.5° N | 113.5° W | 44 km |

## Name

The crater is named after Nicéphore Niépce who is widely credited for having taken the first ever permanent photograph in 1825.

* Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). *NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature*. NASA RP-1097.
* Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
* Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). *The Clementine Atlas of the Moon*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
* Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). *Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature*. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
* McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
* Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". *Space Science Reviews*. **12** (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
* Moore, Patrick (2001). *On the Moon*. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
* Price, Fred W. (1988). *The Moon Observer's Handbook*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
* Rükl, Antonín (1990). *Atlas of the Moon*. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
* Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). *Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes* (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). *Mapping and Naming the Moon*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
* Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). *Observing the Moon*. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

## InfoBox

Niepce
| Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing west | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 72°42′N 119°06′W / 72.7°N 119.1°W / 72.7; -119.1 |
| Diameter | 57 km |
| Depth | *Unknown* |
| Colongitude | 120° at sunrise |
| Eponym | J. Nicéphore Niépce |


title: Sangeetha Katti

abstract: Sangeeta Katti Kulkarni, is an Indian playback singer, Hindustani classical vocalist, musician, music composer from Karnataka. She was awarded the Karnataka Rajyotsava Award in 2006 by the Government of Karnataka.

text:
# Sangeetha Katti

**Sangeeta Katti Kulkarni**, is an Indian playback singer, Hindustani classical vocalist, musician, music composer from Karnataka. She was awarded the Karnataka Rajyotsava Award in 2006 by the Government of Karnataka.

## Introduction

Sangeeta Katti was born in Dharwad in Karnataka. She is a daughter of Dr. H. A . Katti and Bharati Katti, on 7 October 1970.

Sangeeta Katti has a performance experience in Hindustani Vocal as well as Bhajans, Vachanas, Dasavani, Abhangs, Bhavageet, Folk Music and Playback singing.

Sangeeta Katti is a graduate in chemistry (with distinction) and well versed in several languages like Kannada, Hindi, English, Marathi etc. Sangeeta Katti won several awards for her compositions and albums.

Sangeeta Katti has worked with the leading music directors including Upendra Kumar, M. Ranga Rao, Vijaya Bhaskar, M. M. Keervani, C. Ashwath, Hamsalekha and others and sung in nine Indian languages with M. Balamurali Krishna, K. J. Yesudas, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Rajkumar, P. B. Srinivas and others. Sangeeta is an 'A' grade artist in Classical and Light Music both on AIR and television.

She has toured abroad, all over UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Gulf and Canada and other countries performing live concerts.

Sangeeta Katti is residing in Bangalore, India with her husband and children.

## Childhood

Sangeeta Katti received initial lessons from her father. At the age of four, she met Naushad Ali which she considered a turning point in her life. Naushad Ali asked her to sing some ragas and was impressed by the child prodigy and since then she became his student. Trained initially under Sri Sheshagiri Dandapur and Pt. Chanderashekhar Puranikmath, Sangeeta received advanced training in classical vocals from Padmabhushan Pt. Basavaraj Rajguru of Kirana & Gwalior Gharana for about 12 years. She is presently under the tutelage of Padmavibushana Gana Sarswati Smt Kishori Amonkar of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana

## Others

Sangeeta Katti to date has more than 7000 + concerts to her credit, her very first performance being at the age of four. She has also performed in the United States, UK, New Zealand and Canada. She is a regular feature in most of the important music festivals in India. She was a teaching faculty in Hindustani Vocal music at Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan, Bengaluru.

## Playback singing

Sangeetha Katti has sung several songs and her songs in the film Nagamandala like **Ee Hasiru Siriyali** and **Kambada Myalina Bombeye** have been widely acclaimed. She mainly works in Kannada movies as well as a few Tamil Movies.

## Discography

## List of concerts

1. Mysore Dasara (Darbar Hall) festival in 1983, 1987, 1999, 2005, 2008, 2014.
2. 51st Sawai Gandharva Sangeetotsav, Pune – December 2003.
3. Hampi Utsav – 1989, 1993, 1998, 2004, 2007, 2010. (A National Cultural fest conducted by Govt of Karnataka)
4. Other important state festivals like:-- Sahyadri utsav in 1998, Navsarpur utsav in 1991, Hoysala utsav in 2004, Kittur Utsav in 2004
5. The Spirit of Unity Concerts for Universal Integration – 1998 (Bobbili, Vizianagaram) 2000 (Vishakhapatnam).
6. Mahakumbha Mela, Haridwar, Uttaranchal April 2010.
7. Several other important places like Mumbai, Goa, Delhi, Nasik, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Bangalore, Mantralayam and others.

**Concerts in abroad**

**UK:**

1. Vishwa Kannada Sammelana, Millennium Meet at Manchester – Aug 2000, Aug 2008 .
2. Young Kannadigas at London, Rajyotsava celebrations, Nov 2008.
3. UKKV Ugadi at Cardiss, April 2011.

**USA:**

1. AKKA Conventions at Houston, Texas, – Sep 2000, Detroit Michigan – Sep 2002, Orlando Florida, Sep 2004, Baltimore, MD, Sep 2006
2. Basant Bahar, California.- 2002,2004. NA Kannadigas – 2000, 2002. Kannada Kuta LA & San Diego – 2002
3. Sri Venkateshwara Temple, Pittsburgh – 2002 and Purandara dasa day, June 2004.
4. Kannada Sangha Atlanta – 2000. VSNA Convention, Atlanta – July 2004.
5. Kannada Kuta, Hindu Temple & Other associations at Chicago – 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008
6. Sai Baba Temple, Aurora, IL- 2004
7. HTGC, Lemont IL – 2002
8. Pampa Kannada Kuta at MI, 2002, 2004. Michigan Symphony, Detroit, MI (2010). Music Community of Greater Metropolitan Detroit, MI 2002
9. Kaveri Kannada Kuta, MD – 2000, 2002, 2004 ...West Virginia & Washington DC
10. Music Community of greater Metropolitan Detroit, MI – Sep 2002
11. Triveni (Brindavan) Kannada Sanga at NJ and NY – 2000, 2002, 2004
12. CVHTS, Connecticut – 2002, 2004
13. Annual Music and Dance Festival, ICHS, Dallas, TX – 2004. Mallige Kannada Kuta, Dallas, TX – 2000.
14. Kannada Association of Northern California and Los Angeles – 2000, 2002
15. Kannada Association St. Louis – 2004
16. Mallige Kannada Sangha at Clarion Hotel Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana – 2004. Gita Mandal Indianapolis, Indiana – 2004
17. Swanranjali – Columbus, Ohio- 2000, 2004
18. VMS Sri Jayathirtha Aradhana Day Allentown, Pennsylvania, 2004

**Canada:**

1. Kannada Association – Toronto – 2000, 2004
2. Rendered Vande Mataram at The Panorama India – Indo – Canadian Cultural Fest. Toronto – 2004

**Australia:**

1. Successful tour (APKO) in 2009 – Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide etc.

**New Zealand:**

1. APKO in 2009 – Auckland. Sangeeta Sarita in 2010 – Auckland

**Hong Kong:**

1. APKO – India Association, 2009

**Bahrain:**

1. SAARTHA Foundation in Nov 2010

**Other Associations like:**

1. Sunnyvale Temple, California, Birmingham – Alabama, San Diego, Evansville – IN, Louisville – KY, Hindu Temple, Detroit etc.

## Awards & recognitions

Sangeeta has won numerous awards. The list follows

| Awards & Recognitions |
| --- |
| A recipient of the Suvarna Karanataka Rajyotsava award 2006–2007 (Highest honour of the state. |
| Described as " Wonder in Music " by Sangeet Samrat Naushad Sahab, when Sangeeta was just 4 years. |
| Performed Classical Music as a child prodigy on children's day through 'Akash wani' in November 1975. |
| Received the unique blessings of Mother Teresa in the year 1977. |
| Recorded the first Bhajan Album Dasamanjari at the young age of 13. |
| 1st rank to the State in Junior, Senior and Vidwat exams in Hindustani Classical Vocal. |
| Recipient of the AIR annual awards in Hindustani Classical and Light Music. |
| Represented the state of Karnataka at the National Music Festival, South Central Zone, Nagpur −1987. |
| Represented the state in Hindustani Classical Vocal for the "National Integration Camp" held at CCERT – NEW DELHI in 1990. |
| Represented Karnataka at the AKKA Conventions, UK and US. |
| Sung with Maestros like Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna, K. J. Yesudas, P. B. Sreenivas, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and Rajkumar. |
| Worked with the renowned music directors of South India Like Upendra Kumar, M Ranga Rao, Vijay Bhaskar, Rajan Nagendra, C. Aswath, M. M. Keeravani, Hamsalekha, Manohar and Others. |
| Received great words of appreciation and blessings from Bharat Ratna Pt. Ravi Shankar for singing his Thumri Compositions for Akashawani Bengaluru. |
| Personally Congratulated by Smt Sonia Gandhi, President AICC for rendering "Vande Mataram" at the 62nd AICC plenary session held at Bengaluru. |
| Lecture demo presented on the role of Women in Music and Significance of Indian Music at The OHIO State University,US. |
| Worked as a Composer for several Albums and Shows, researched on the project Sangeet – Sarita, an introduction of Indian Classical ragas through Indian Cinema and successfully rendered these shows all over the world. |

## InfoBox

| Sangeeta Katti Kulkarni | |
| --- | --- |
| Katti Receiving Karnataka Rajyotsava Award in 2006 From CM & Deputy CM | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1970-10-07) 7 October 1970
Dharwad, Mysore State (present–day Karnataka), India |
| Genres | Hindustani classical music, Sugama Sangeetha, playback |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, musician, composer |
| Years active | 1975–present |
|  | |
| Website | www.sangeetakatti.in |
|  | |
| Title | Sangeeta Bharati |
| Spouse | Manmohan Kulkarni |
| Children | 2 |
| Parent(s) | H. A. Katti
Bharati Katti |
|  | |


title: Durham Town (The Leavin')

abstract: "Durham Town" is a song, written and sung by Roger Whittaker, released as a single in 1969. It spent 18 weeks on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 12. In 1976, the song reached No. 8 on Canada's RPM "Pop Music Playlist", while reaching No. 23 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. The song was also recorded in French translation under the title "Mon pays bleu".

text:
# Durham Town (The Leavin')

**"Durham Town (The Leavin')"** is a song, written and sung by Roger Whittaker, released as a single in 1969. It spent 18 weeks on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 12. In 1976, the song reached No. 8 on Canada's *RPM* "Pop Music Playlist", while reaching No. 23 on *Billboard*'s Easy Listening chart. The song was also recorded in French translation under the title **"Mon pays bleu"**.

## Background

Whittaker's original intent, to set the song in Newcastle, was abandoned in favour of nearby Durham because Whittaker agreed with his producer that "Durham" sounded better. While focusing the song on Newcastle, Whittaker had set its second verse "on the banks of the river Tyne", and as Whittaker had little to no familiarity with his chosen locale for the song, he retained the verse with its Tyneside setting for the song's finalized version set in Durham. While the Tyne flows eastwards through Newcastle, it is the Wear, 20 miles (32 km) to the south, which flows through Durham.

## Releases

Under its original title "The Leaver", the song first appeared on Whittaker's 1969 album release *This is...Roger Whittaker,* recorded with producer Denis Preston at Preston's studio in Lansdowne House. The track—renamed "Durham Town (The Leavin')"—was issued as a single in October 1969. Whittaker later recalled: "I just didn't have any faith in that song at all. Far from promoting the single in Britain, I went off to Finland for a cabaret season and television appearances."

Whittaker returned to Britain in November to find the song ascending the UK Singles Chart towards a No. 12 peak in January 1970. On the Irish Singles Chart it was afforded a chart peak of No. 17. In Australia, the single—titled "The Leavin' (Durham Town)"—attracted enough regional success to chart nationally at No. 80.

In 1970, the song was included on the North American RCA Victor release of Whittaker's album *New World in the Morning*, whose title cut was coupled with "Durham Town" to form Whittaker's first US single. Whittaker recorded a French rendering of the song, entitled "Mon Pays Bleu (Durham Town)", which was issued for the French and Canadian markets.

The wake of the success Whittaker enjoyed with "The Last Farewell" in the summer of 1975 resulted in the reissue of "Durham Town" in the US and Canada, where the track became an Easy Listening hit. The song was also included on the album *The Last Farewell & Other Hits*, issued by RCA Victor in 1975.

## Cover versions

The song has also been recorded by Anne and Laura Brand on the 1970 album *The Pride O' The North*, by Val Doonican as "Leaving (Durham Town)" on the 1971 album *Just A Sittin' And A Rockin'* , and by Finnish singer Robin as "Jäähyväiset" (1970).

In 2016, the French version ("Mon pays bleu") was recorded and released as a single by the Canadian singer Natasha St-Pier.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1969-1970) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles Chart | 12 |
| Irish Singles Chart | 17 |

| Chart (1976) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada - *RPM* Pop Music Playlist | 8 |
| US - *Billboard* Easy Listening | 23 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Durham Town (The Leavin')" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Roger Whittaker | |
| from the album  *This is...Roger Whittaker* | |
| B-side | "Storm" |
| Released | October 1969 |
| Genre | Vocal pop
Contemporary folk |
| Length | 3:08 |
| Label | Columbia (UK)
RCA Victor (US) |
| Songwriter(s) | Roger Whittaker |
| Producer(s) | Denis Preston |
| Roger Whittaker singles chronology | |
| "Mistral"
(1969) "**Durham Town (The Leavin')**"
(1969) "I Don't Believe in If Anymore"
(1970) | |


title: Mambalam

abstract: West Mambalam is a residential and commercial area in Chennai, India. It is known for its shops, bazaars and Hindu temples. It is bounded by Kodambakkam to the north and Saidapet to the south. T. Nagar and Nandanam stretch all along its eastern frontiers while Ashok Nagar lies to its west. The Ayodhya Mandapam is an important landmark.

text:
# Mambalam

**West Mambalam** is a residential and commercial area in Chennai, India. It is known for its shops, bazaars and Hindu temples. It is bounded by Kodambakkam to the north and Saidapet to the south. T. Nagar and Nandanam stretch all along its eastern frontiers while Ashok Nagar lies to its west. The Ayodhya Mandapam is an important landmark.

## Etymology

Mambalam is believed to have derived its name from the existence of Maha vilvam trees in the locality, which in due course become *Mavilam* and then *Mambalam*.

Alternatively, in ancient times it was descriptively known as *Mylai mel ambalam* (place located on the west of Mylai). It was shortly referred as mel-ambalam, finally converging colloquially over time as Mambalam.

With the Mambalam railway line dividing the locality into East Mambalam and West Mambalam, and with East Mambalam having renamed as "Thyagaraya Nagar", the western part continues to be known as "West Mambalam" today.

## History

Prior to its inclusion in the then city of Madras, Mambalam was a village in the Saidapet taluk of Chingleput district. The oldest surviving reference to Mambalam is believed to be in a 1726 stone plaque commemorating the construction of the Marmalong Bridge (now known as Maraimalai Adigal Bridge) across the Adyar river by the merchant Coja Petrus Uscan. The bridge is believed to have been named after the village of Marmalong or Marmalan identified with Mambalam. The village was, then, a *zamindari* administered by *zamindar*s belonging to a Telugu-speaking Reddi family.

Urbanisation of Mambalam was started in 1911 with the construction of the Mambalam railway station on the Madras-Kanchipuram railroad. The Long Tank, which formed the western frontier of Madras city, was drained out in 1923. The same year, the administration of Mambalam was handed over to the British by its *zamindar*. The township of Theagaraya Nagar, popularly known as T. Nagar, was constructed in the southern part of the *zamindari* during 1923–25. The townships of Mambalam and Theagaraya Nagar covering an area of 1.008 sq. miles were included in the Mambalam division of Madras city. These outlying residential suburbs were connected to the rest of the city by an effective bus service. The areas surrounding Arya Gowda Road (originally the Ari Gowder Road) were obtained from Badaga leader and politician H. B. Ari Gowder. In its early days, Mambalam was affected by sanitation issues and was notorious for its filaria epidemics. This area was annexed to Chennai in 1946.

Starting from the 1960s, Mambalam grew into a middle-class residential neighbourhood in counterbalance to the sister-township of Theagaraya Nagar which was evolving into a busy shopping district.

## Corporation ward office

Mambalam has 3 corporation wards under the old zone of 8 and new zone 10. Ward no 123/133 and 125/135 comes under T.Nagar Constituency and Ward no 133/140 comes under Saidapet Constituency of South Chennai

* 123/133 - Ram Colony
* 125/135 - Thambiah Reddy Road
* 133/140 - Reddy Kuppam road

## Revenue Taluk and Police Station

**Revenue Taluk** Mambalam comes under the Taluk of Mambalam which is situated in K.K. Nagar.

**Police Station** Mambalam comes under the jurisdiction of **R3 Ashok Nagar** police station which serves people in and around Ayodhya Mandapam. Whereas **R6 Kumaran Nagar** police station serves people of Mambalam near Jafferkhanpet and Saidapet West.

Nearest Fire Service and Rescue Station is in Ashok Nagar.

## Transport

West Mambalam is served by Mambalam railway station (the busiest station after Chennai Central, Egmore and Tambaram), providing access to Chennai Central, Chennai Egmore and Tambaram. The nearest bus terminus is T. Nagar. The bus service connects the area to K.K.Nagar, Vadapalani, Iyyppanthangal, Poonamallee, T. Nagar and Broadway (via Postal Colony), Mylapore and Vallalar Nagar (via Rangarajapuram) and Saligramam (via Brindavan Street), West Saidapet and Besant Nagar (via Mettupalayam). Other less frequent services connect the area to Taramani, Guindy Industrial Estate, Pattabiram, Tollgate and Kundrathur. Addition to that Small bus operated between Ashok Pillar to Liberty via 4th and 7th avenue of Ashok Nagar, Ayodhya Mandapam, Rangarajapuram. Nearest Metro Rail Station is Ashok Nagar.

Only 4 buses pass through this area, which connects to Broadway, Iyappanthangal, KK nagar etc.

Mambalam comes under RTO West which is situated K.K. Nagar next to Mambalam Taluk building. The Licence Registration is TN-09.

## Playgrounds

In Bhakthavathchalam street in Mambalam there is a playground popularly referred to as "Thambiah Reddy Ground". It is a relatively small ground and generally only cricket is played there. Many parks are also there. One of the parks is situated in Elliamman Koil Street and the park is called 'Kittu Park'. Cartman Street West Mambalam most famous football ground which is called "PSN ground".

## Landmarks

**Temples**: There are many historical temples which are more than 100 years old.

**Ayodhya Mandapam** which is said to be the place of vocalist offers place for many cultural events and many more for those who are religious. Other temples include Sathya Narayana Kovil, Kasi Viswanathar Koil, Kodhandaramar temple, Pushpa Vinayagar Kovil, Adhi Kesava Perumal Temple near Govindan Road, Muragashramam, Shree Muthu Mari Amman Temple(Ganapathy Street), Shree Jaya Muthu Mari Amman Temple(Brindavanam Street), Shree Periyapalayathu Amman Temple(Nr.Dhuraisamy Subway), Mahaganapathy temple (Arya Gowder road), Kali bari temple (Kali bari is a miniature replica of the famous Dakshineswar Kali Temple near Kolkata.). There is also a Shirdi Sai Baba temple (Jai Shankar Street), an Annai meditation center and GMCKS (Pranic Energy Healing with Meditation in No.9/6 Mahadevan St. West Mambalam Center) (serving the needy for All Chronic diseases and related Psychological problems.)

**Mosque**: Mosque is located in Chakrapani Street extension.

**Church**: ECI Church is located in Govindan road at Mettupalayam Bus Stop "Church" Advent Church is located in Pal more street West Mambalam Subway Bus Stop.

**Schools**: SBSM Jain School, Ahobila Mutt Oriental School, JGHV School, Sitaram Vidhyalaya, Anjugam, Little Oxford, Sri Narayana Mission School, SRM Nightingale, GRT Mahalakshmi School, Hindu Vidhyalaya, Oxford Matriculation Higher Secondary School.

**Theater**: There is a one oldest theater in Mambalam called **Srinivasa Theater**. Another theater was there named **National Theater** which demolished in later 90's which was situated in Lake View Road

**Sanskrit Research Centre**: Fellowship of Sanskrit Culture, Sanskrit Teachers' Association, Sanskrit Research Centre are all located in one roof (37/16A Arangappan St) near Srinivasa theatre.

## Notable People from Mambalam

* Ravichandran Ashwin: Indian Cricketer
* T.N.Seshagopalan : Carnatic Musician
* Komal Swaminathan: Tamil Playwright & Writer
* Ananthu: Screenwriter, Film director
* **Dr.R.Thiagarajan** ( Samskrita Ratna,Sanskrit Professor) Author and Orator in English,Tamil and Sanskrit, President Fellowship of Sanskrit Culture, Yajnavalkya Sabha

## Location in context

## InfoBox

| Mambalam (from Maha Vilvam)West Mambalam | |
| --- | --- |
| neighbourhood | |
| MambalamMambalam, ChennaiMambalamMambalam, Tamil NaduMambalamMambalam, India | |
| Coordinates: 13°02′17″N 80°13′20″E / 13.03806°N 80.22222°E / 13.03806; 80.22222 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Chennai |
| Taluk | Mambalam |
| Metro | Chennai |
| Zone | Kodambakkam |
| Ward | 133,135,140 |
| Elevation | 35 m (115 ft) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 600033 |
| Vehicle registration | TN-09 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Chennai South |
| Legislative Assembly constituency | T. Nagar Saidapet |


title: Mambalam taluk

abstract:
Mambalam taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the former Egmore-Nungambakkam taluk and the Mambalam-Guindy taluk. It comprises the neighbourhoods of K. K. Nagar, Kodambakkam, Mambalam, Saligramam, Saidapet and Virugambakkam.
  - Ashok Nagar Firka: Kodambakkam
  - Mambalam Firka: Mambalam, Saidapet
  - Virugambakkam Firka: Virugambakkam, Nesappakkam
  - Saligramam Firka: Saligramam [Egmore-Nungambakkam taluk], Kodambakkam [Mambalam-Guindy taluk]

text:
# Mambalam taluk

**Mambalam taluk** is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the former Egmore-Nungambakkam taluk and the Mambalam-Guindy taluk. It comprises the neighbourhoods of K. K. Nagar, Kodambakkam, Mambalam, Saligramam, Saidapet and Virugambakkam.

1. Ashok Nagar Firka: Kodambakkam (Part 2)
2. Mambalam Firka: Mambalam, Saidapet
3. Virugambakkam Firka: Virugambakkam, Nesappakkam
4. Saligramam Firka: Saligramam \[Egmore-Nungambakkam taluk\], Kodambakkam (Part 1) \[Mambalam-Guindy taluk\]

### General

### Specific


abstract: "Mammoth" is a song by Belgian electronic DJ duo Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike and German DJ and producer Moguai. It was released on Beatport on 4 March 2013. The song charted in Belgium, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. The song also recently finished second in TomorrowLand Radio Ones top 1000 songs ever played at TomorrowLand. The song is synonymous with Dimitri Vegas and Like Mike's TomorrowLand sets. It was also used in the 2012 TomorrowLand after movie in a mashup with M83's hit Midnight City.

text:
# Mammoth (Dimitri Vegas, Moguai and Like Mike song)

"**Mammoth**" is a song by Belgian electronic DJ duo Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike and German DJ and producer Moguai. It was released on Beatport on 4 March 2013. The song charted in Belgium, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. The song also recently finished second in TomorrowLand Radio Ones top 1000 songs ever played at TomorrowLand. The song is synonymous with Dimitri Vegas and Like Mike's TomorrowLand sets. It was also used in the 2012 TomorrowLand after movie in a mashup with M83's hit Midnight City.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Mammoth" (Radio Version) | 2:40 |
| 2. | "Mammoth" | 5:32 |
| 3. | "Mammoth (Heroes x Villains & Carnage Remix)" | 4:23 |
| 4. | "Mammoth (Coone Remix)" | 4:41 |

## Chart performance

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 44 |
| France (SNEP) | 193 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 90 |
| Hungary (Dance Top 40) | 20 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 89 |
| US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (*Billboard*) | 40 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2013) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Hungary (Dance Top 40) | 54 |

## Body Talk (Mammoth)

| "Body Talk (Mammoth)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Dimitri Vegas, Moguai and Like Mike featuring Julian Perretta | |
| Released | 1 September 2014 (2014-09-01) |
| Genre | Electro House, Big Room House |
| Length | 3:27
4:50 (extended mix) |
| Label | Spinnin' |
| Songwriter(s) | Dimitri Thivaios, Michael Thivaios, André Tegeler, Julian Perretta, Matthew Koma |
| Producer(s) | Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Moguai |
| Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike singles chronology | |
| "Waves"
(2014) "**Body Talk (Mammoth)**"
(2014) "Nova"
(2014) | |
|  | |
| Moguai singles chronology | |
| "Real Life"
(2014) "**Body Talk (Mammoth)**"
(2014) "K I X S"
(2014) | |
| Julian Perretta singles chronology | |
| "Wildfire"
(2014) "**Body Talk (Mammoth)**"
(2014) "Tales of Tomorrow"
(2015) | |
| Music video | |
| "Body Talk (Mammoth)" on YouTube | |
|  | |

A year and a half later on 1 September 2014, "Mammoth" was re-released in a vocal version titled "**Body Talk (Mammoth)**" (also known as simply "**Body Talk**"), featuring vocals from English singer-songwriter Julian Perretta, co-written by American singer-songwriter Matthew Koma. Though this version was not as successful as the original instrumental, it peaked much higher in Belgium and also charted in France.

### Music video

A music video to accompany the release of the vocal version was released on Spinnin' Records' YouTube channel on 9 August 2014 at a total length of three minutes and fifty-eight seconds. The video features model Lauren Niko, and is a one-shot for the first three and a half minutes until the song ends.

### Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Body Talk (Mammoth)" | 3:27 |

### Chart performance

#### Weekly charts

| Chart (2014) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 2 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) | 25 |
| France (SNEP) | 106 |

#### Year-end charts

| Chart (2014) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratop Flanders) | 41 |

## InfoBox

| "Mammoth" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Dimitri Vegas, Moguai and Like Mike | |
| Released | 4 March 2013 (2013-03-04) |
| Genre | Big room house |
| Length | 5:32 (original mix)
2:40 (radio edit) |
| Label | Spinnin' |
| Songwriter(s) | Dimitri Thivaios, Michael Thivaios, André Tegeler |
| Producer(s) | Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Moguai |
| Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike singles chronology | |
| "Wakanda"
(2013) "**Mammoth**"
(2013) "Chattahoochee"
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Moguai singles chronology | |
| "Brunette"
(2012) "**Mammoth**"
(2013) "Champs"
(2013) | |
|  | |


title: Mammoth, Utah

abstract: Mammoth is an unincorporated community and semi-ghost town in northeastern Juab County, Utah, United States.

text:
# Mammoth, Utah

**Mammoth** is an unincorporated community and semi-ghost town in northeastern Juab County, Utah, United States.

## Description

The town lies in Mammoth Canyon on the west flank of the East Tintic Mountains, approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Mammoth Peak, at an elevation of 6,391 feet (1,948 m). It is about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Eureka and 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the Tintic Junction. Mammoth was founded *circa* 1870 during the boom and bust mining cycle of the American West. The name for the town comes from the Mammoth Mine located near the area.

## History

The Mammoth Mine was discovered around the same time as the settlement of Eureka in February 1870. Miners rushed in and began a boomtown. The area was remote and the environment harsh; no water was to be found nearby. The mines piped in water for industrial use, but residents had to buy drinking water for ten cents a gallon.

Mines in the area around Mammoth produced ore, silver, and gold. The Mammoth Mine was in production for around seventy-five years. Considered part of the Tintic Mining District, with other communities and mines in the area, the area around Mammoth played a vital role in the mining economy of the Utah Territory and later the State of Utah.

Activity in Mammoth peaked around 1900–1910, with a population of 2500–3000. The town had a school, four large hotels, and other businesses typical of a town its size. Mammoth was officially incorporated in 1910, but began to decline soon after. By 1930 the population was down to 750, the town having disincorporated on 29 November 1929.

Today, some residents still consider Mammoth home. There is some smaller scale mining that goes on in the area today for metals.

The area is also popular with ghost town enthusiasts, campers, off-road vehicle riders, and hikers.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Mammoth, Utah | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated Community | |
| A home in Mammoth, October 2010 | |
| MammothMammoth | |
| Coordinates: 39°55′38″N 112°07′26″W / 39.92722°N 112.12389°W / 39.92722; -112.12389 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Utah |
| County | Juab |
| Founded | 1870 |
| Named for | Mammoth Mine |
| Elevation | 6,391 ft (1,948 m) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1451119 |
|  | |
| Mammoth Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Location | Mammoth, Utah<br>United States |
| Coordinates | 39°55′38″N 112°07′30″W / 39.92722°N 112.12500°W / 39.92722; -112.12500 |
| Area | Approximately 170 acres (69 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 79003468 |
| Added to NRHP | March 14, 1979 |
|  | |


title: Uncle Walter's Doghouse

abstract: Uncle Walter's Doghouse was a radio situation comedy and musical variety program broadcast on NBC from May 2, 1939, to July 8, 1942. The series was sponsored by Raleigh Cigarettes. The host of the series was Tom Wallace who portrayed Uncle Walter. Charles Penman, Kathryn Card and Beryl Vaughn appeared in the roles of father, mother and daughter in The Wiggins Family comedy segments. Gordon and Bud Vandover appeared with Marlin Hurt as the Tom, Dick and Harry vocal trio. Music was provided by the orchestras of Phil Davis and Bob Strong. In 1939-41 shows, Virginia Verrill was the vocalist with the Doghouse Chorus and Charles Lyon announcing. In 1941–42, the featured vocalist was Mary Ann Mercer with Bill Demling and Florence Gill.

text:
# Uncle Walter's Doghouse

***Uncle Walter's Doghouse*** was a radio situation comedy and musical variety program broadcast on NBC from May 2, 1939, to July 8, 1942. The series was sponsored by Raleigh Cigarettes.

The host of the series was Tom Wallace who portrayed Uncle Walter. Charles Penman, Kathryn Card and Beryl Vaughn appeared in the roles of father, mother and daughter in *The Wiggins Family* comedy segments. Gordon and Bud Vandover appeared with Marlin Hurt as the Tom, Dick and Harry vocal trio. Music was provided by the orchestras of Phil Davis and Bob Strong.

In 1939-41 shows, Virginia Verrill was the vocalist with the Doghouse Chorus and Charles Lyon announcing.

In 1941–42, the featured vocalist was Mary Ann Mercer with Bill Demling and Florence Gill.


title: Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut

abstract: "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut" is a short story by J. D. Salinger that appears in his collection Nine Stories. It was originally published in the March 20, 1948 issue of The New Yorker. The main character, Eloise, struggles to come to terms with the life she has created for herself with her husband Lew. Her true love is the late Walt, who died during his service in the army. The story's title refers to an event recalled by Eloise in which she and Walt were running to catch a bus, and she sprained her ankle. Walt then said, referring to her ankle in good humor, "Poor Uncle Wiggily...". The 1949 film My Foolish Heart, based on this story, remains the only authorized adaptation of Salinger's writings into film. Except for a framing story, the picture bears little resemblance to the original. Although Walt's surname and background are not discussed in the story, Salinger would later reveal that Walt is a member of the Glass family and brother of Seymour Glass, the protagonist of Salinger's previous story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish". Later works by Salinger would elaborate upon the character of Walt Glass from the perspectives of his siblings.

text:
# Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut

"**Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut**" is a short story by J. D. Salinger that appears in his collection *Nine Stories*. It was originally published in the March 20, 1948 issue of *The New Yorker*.

The main character, Eloise, struggles to come to terms with the life she has created for herself with her husband Lew. Her true love is the late Walt, who died during his service in the army.

The story's title refers to an event recalled by Eloise in which she and Walt were running to catch a bus, and she sprained her ankle. Walt then said, referring to her ankle in good humor, "Poor Uncle Wiggily...".

The 1949 film *My Foolish Heart*, based on this story, remains the only authorized adaptation of Salinger's writings into film. Except for a framing story, the picture bears little resemblance to the original.

Although Walt's surname and background are not discussed in the story, Salinger would later reveal that Walt is a member of the Glass family and brother of Seymour Glass, the protagonist of Salinger's previous story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish". Later works by Salinger would elaborate upon the character of Walt Glass from the perspectives of his siblings.

## Plot summary

The story unfolds on a snowy day at the upscale Wengler home; all the characters who appear in the scene are female.

Eloise Wengler is a jaded suburban housewife in an unhappy marriage to Lew Wengler. Mary Jane is her former college roommate who works part-time as a secretary. She is divorced. Neither woman graduated from the college they attended together. Ramona is Eloise’s little daughter. Socially inept, withdrawn and bespectacled, she is accompanied everywhere by her imaginary friend, Jimmy Jimmereeno. Grace is the Wenglers' African-American maid.

Mary Jane visits Eloise at her home and they spend the afternoon reminiscing about their college years, chain-smoking, and drinking themselves into a stupor. Ramona returns home, and Mary Jane gushes over the girl. Eloise commands her daughter to divulge the particulars of Jimmy Jimmereeno to the guest, and Mary Jane declares the make-believe boy “marvelous.” Ramona retreats outdoors to play.

The women resume their drunken and desultory ramblings. Eloise relates the story of a young soldier, Walt Glass, with whom she fell in love when single. She still clings to Walt's memory (he was killed in a freak accident while serving in the Pacific), and expresses bitter regret that she married Lew. Eloise embarks on a tirade against men, and Lew in particular, who lacks, she feels, the traits most lovable in Walt – “humor” and “intelligence”. She relates an event in which she and Walt were running to catch a bus, and she sprained her ankle. Referring to her ankle in good humor, Walt had said, "Poor Uncle Wiggily…” In divulging the details of Walt’s death, Eloise breaks down, and Mary Jane attempts to comfort her.

Ramona reenters the room and having overheard her mother’s remarks, announces that Jimmy has been run over by a car and killed.

The women continue drinking until they fall asleep in the living room. After dark, Eloise is woken by a phone call from her husband Lew, and after a short, sarcastic exchange, hangs up on him.

Grace, the live-in maid, approaches Eloise and respectfully asks that her visiting spouse be allowed to stay the night due to the severe weather. Eloise curtly rebuffs her employee and denies the request.

The drunken Eloise goes upstairs to Ramona’s bedroom where the child is sleeping. Turning on the light, she sees the girl lying at the extreme edge of the bed, a habit of hers to make space for her imaginary friend. Eloise wakes her up and reminds her that Jimmy has been killed, but Ramona tries to avoid a confrontation by inventing a new friend named "Mickey Mickeranno." Flying into a rage, the exasperated Eloise takes hold of Ramona and drags her to the middle of the bed, and orders her to go to sleep in that position.

After switching off the light and standing long in the doorway Eloise holds Ramona's glasses against her cheek, cries and repeats the words “Poor Uncle Wiggily” again and again. Sobbing, she tucks in the frightened and crying girl and leaves the room. Downstairs, she awakens Mary Jane from her alcohol-induced slumber, and weeping, beseeches her dismayed friend to reassure her that as a freshman in college, she had been “a nice girl”.

## Analysis

Written while Salinger resided in suburban Stamford, Connecticut, the story offers insights into upper-middle class American society in the post-WWII years. In that era, writes biographer Kenneth Slawenski, “unabashed Americanism and materialism were unquestioned values”. Despising his neighbors for esteeming conformity and phoniness, Salinger sought to expose “the false illusions of the suburban dream.”

Despite her escapism through alcohol, the cynical Eloise comes face-to-face with her own “phoniness”. She recognizes that both she and Ramona are seeking companions that don’t exist - Walt Glass and Jimmy Jimmereeno - and is finally able to feel pity for her child’s suffering. Salinger shows the unreality of Eloise’s situation, which has left her bereft of her former sincerity and genuineness.

## 1949 film adaptation

Shortly after *The New Yorker* published "Uncle Wiggily" in March 1948, Salinger sold the movie rights to Samuel Goldwyn. The sale promised to advance Salinger’s career, and was financially lucrative.

With its dialog-driven plot, "Uncle Wiggily" was more appropriate for a stage adaptation, and the story would require a major rewrite by the movie studio to achieve a film version. Salinger had relinquished all control over the screenplay, which was written by Julius and Philip Epstein.

In the process of making a Hollywood film version, the story was transformed from “an exposé of the suburban society” into a sentimental love story with a happy ending.

Salinger was profoundly dissatisfied by the results, and to his dismay, *My Foolish Heart* received two Academy Award nominations--Best Actress Susan Hayward and Best Music (Song)--and did well at the box office. As a result, the author refused to allow any mainstream film studio the rights to adapt his works to the screen.

## Sources

* Sallinger, Jerome D. 1948. *Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut* in Nine Stories. Little, Brown and Company. New York (1981).
* Slawenski, Kenneth. 2010. *J.D. Salinger: A Life*. Random House, New York. ISBN 978-1-4000-6951-4