title: Mzingani

abstract:
Mzingani is an administrative ward in Tanga City Council of Tanga Region in Tanzania. Central ward encircles the ward on its northern side. The Pemba Channel is located to the east. Tangasisi forms the southern boundary of the ward. Mabawa, Makorora, and Usagara wards are to the west.
The ward covers an area of 8.1 km⁲ (3.1 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 7 m (23 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 29,041.

text:
# Mzingani

**Mzingani** (*Kata ya Mzingani* , in Swahili) is an administrative ward in Tanga City Council of Tanga Region in Tanzania. Central ward encircles the ward on its northern side. The Pemba Channel is located to the east. Tangasisi forms the southern boundary of the ward. Mabawa, Makorora, and Usagara wards are to the west. The ward covers an area of 8.1 km2 (3.1 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 7 m (23 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 29,041.

## Administration

The postal code for **Mzingani** Ward is 21102. The ward is divided into the following neighborhoods (*Mitaa*):

### Government

The ward, like every other ward in the country, has local government offices based on the population served.***The Mzingani Ward*** administration building houses a court as per the Ward Tribunal Act of 1988, including other vital departments for the administration the ward. The ward has the following administration offices:

* Mzingani Police Station
* Mzingani Government Office (*Afisa Mtendaji*)
* Mzingani Tribunal (*Baraza La Kata*) is a Department inside Ward Government Office

In the local government system of Tanzania, the ward is the smallest democratic unit. Each ward is composed of a committee of eight elected council members which include a chairperson, one salaried officer (with no voting rights), and an executive officer. One-third of seats are reserved for women councillors.

## Demographics

Like much of the district, the ward is the ancestral home of the Digo people and Segeju.

## Education and health

### Education

The ward is home to these educational institutions:

* Mzingani Primary School
* Mnazi Mmjoa Primary School
* Sahare Secondary School
* Kihere Secondary School

### Healthcare

The ward is home to the following health institutions:

* Afriwag Health Center
* Magomeni Health Center, Mzingani

## InfoBox

| Mzingani *Kata ya Mzingani* (Swahili) | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward of Tanga City Council | |
| **From top to bottom:**
Beach in Mzingani ward and Tawbaa Mosque of Mzingani | |
| Coordinates: 5°4′51.96″S 39°7′26.04″E / 5.0811000°S 39.1239000°E / -5.0811000; 39.1239000 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Tanga Region |
| District | Tanga City Council |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.1 km2 (3.1 sq mi) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 29,041 |
| Ethnic groups | |
| Settler | Swahili |
| Ancestral | Digo & Segeju |
| Tanzanian Postal Code | 21102 |


title: Hednota acontophora

abstract: Hednota acontophora is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1882. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Victoria and South Australia. The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are cream with a dark brown streak.

text:
# Hednota acontophora

***Hednota acontophora*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1882. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Victoria and South Australia.

The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are cream with a dark brown streak.

## InfoBox

| *Hednota acontophora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Crambinae |
| Tribe: | Chiloini |
| Genus: | *Hednota* |
| Species: | ***H. acontophora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hednota acontophora***<br>(Meyrick, 1882) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Thinasotia acontophora* Meyrick, 1882 | |


title: Mélissa Petit

abstract: Mélissa Petit is a French operatic soprano who studied piano and voice in her home town of St Raphael and in Nice. In 2009 she won second prize at the Concorso Musica Sacra in Rome and first prize at the Concours de Chant Lyrique in Béziers. She went on to spend three years with the opera studio attached to the Hamburg State Opera. After an engagement with the Zurich Opera, in 2017 she began freelancing, appearing in Bregenz, Copenhagen, Paris, Beijing, Salzburg and Lucerne. Roles have included Micaëla in Bizet's Carmen, Marzelline in Beethoven's Fidelio, and Servilia in a concert performance of Mozart's La clemenza di Tito.

text:
# Mélissa Petit

**Mélissa Petit** (born 15 February 1990) is a French operatic soprano who studied piano and voice in her home town of St Raphael and in Nice. In 2009 she won second prize at the Concorso Musica Sacra in Rome and first prize at the Concours de Chant Lyrique in Béziers. She went on to spend three years with the opera studio attached to the Hamburg State Opera. After an engagement with the Zurich Opera, in 2017 she began freelancing, appearing in Bregenz, Copenhagen, Paris, Beijing, Salzburg and Lucerne. Roles have included Micaëla in Bizet's *Carmen*, Marzelline in Beethoven's *Fidelio*, and Servilia in a concert performance of Mozart's *La clemenza di Tito*.

## Early life

Born in St Raphaël in the south of France, Mélissa Petit studied piano and voice at the conservatory in her home town where she was a pupil of Fabienne Chanoyan until she was 19. She completed her studies at the Université Sophia-Antipolis in Nice. In 2009 she won second prize at the Concorso Musica Sacra in Rome and first prize at the Concours de Chant Lyrique in Béziers.

## Career

From 2010 to 2013, Petit gained experience as a performer in Germany and Austria while with the opera studio of the Hamburg Opera. At the 2011 Innsbruck Festival of Early Music, she appeared as Regimbert/Lombardischer Schutzgeist in Georg Philipp Telemann's *Flavius Bertaridus, König der Longobarden*. Representing the Hamburg Opera in the Stella Maria Singing Competition on the cruise ship MS *Europa 2*, she received a contract to appear in concerts at the Musikverein in Vienna.

Petit sang Edilia in Handel's opera Almira in 2014 both at the Hamburg Opera and at the Innsbruck Festival of Early Music. Other roles in Hamburg included Sister Constance in Francis Poulenc's *Dialogues des Carmélites*, Juliette in Erich Wolfgang Korngold's *Die tote Stadt*, Barbarina in Mozart's *Le nozze di Figaro* and the title role in Johann Mattheson's *Die unglückselige Kleopatra*. In 2015, she made her debut in Paris singing Giannetta in Donizetti's *L’Elisir d’amore* at the Opéra Bastille.

While with the Zurich Opera (2015–2017), her roles included the First Lady in Mozart's *Die Zauberflöte*, Ännchen in Carl Maria von Weber's *Der Freischütz*, Créuse in Marc-Antoine Charpentier's *Médée* and Marselline in *Fidelio*. Later roles have included Juliette in Gounod's *Roméo et Juliette* (Beijing, 2018), Gilda in Verdi's *Rigoletto* (Bregenz, 2019), and Margeurite in Arthur Honegger's *Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher* (Salzburg Summer Festival, 2022). At the 2023 Salzburg Festival, she sang Euridice in Glück's *Orfeo ed Euridice*.

## Awards

* 2009: second prize at the Concorso Musica Sacra in Rome
* 2009: first prize at the Concours de Chant Lyrique in Béziers
* 2012: first prize and the Prix de l’opéra de Bordeaux, Musiques au Coeur du Médoc in Bordeaux
* 2013: third prize at the Queen Sonja International Music Competition in Oslo
* 2019: third prize the Paris Opera Competition


title: Newlands, Northumberland

abstract: Newlands is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Shotley Low Quarter, in the county of Northumberland, England. It is north of Ebchester and south of Whittonstall on the B6309, which follows the route of the ancient Roman road of Watling Street. It is situated north of the River Derwent. The nearest large settlement is Consett to the south west. In 1951 the parish had a population of 71. The hamlet consists mainly of a group of closely located farmhouses on a road called Fine Lane, west of and coming off the B6309. The derelict Marley Tiles factory sits on the B6309 itself, currently subject to a planning application for 109 homes. A second batch of houses and rental shalets known as Newlands Lodges sit at the point where the B6309 crosses the River Derwent and climbs Chare Bank into Ebchester where it meets and crosses the A694. Veering south west off Fine Lane is a footpath running parallel to then crossing a stream known as Small Burn. Two waterfalls can be found on this stream. The first is hidden in the trees at the top of a gorge on the edge of Newlands. The second can be found a further 150 m further on where the footpath crosses Small Burn over a stone bridge. The path crosses a further stream called Mere Burn with another small waterfall, before turning south then running south west adjacent to the River Derwent towards Shotley Bridge. For this reason, the path is known locally as The Way of the Waterfalls. Both streams join the River Derwent.

text:
# Newlands, Northumberland

**Newlands** is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Shotley Low Quarter, in the county of Northumberland, England. It is north of Ebchester and south of Whittonstall on the B6309, which follows the route of the ancient Roman road of Watling Street. It is situated north of the River Derwent (forming a border between *County Durham* and Northumberland). The nearest large settlement is Consett to the south west. In 1951 the parish had a population of 71.

The hamlet consists mainly of a group of closely located farmhouses on a road called *Fine Lane*, west of and coming off the B6309. The derelict *Marley Tiles* factory sits on the B6309 itself, currently subject to a planning application for 109 homes.

A second batch of houses and rental shalets known as *Newlands Lodges* sit at the point where the B6309 crosses the River Derwent and climbs *Chare Bank* into Ebchester where it meets and crosses the A694.

Veering south west off *Fine Lane* is a footpath running parallel to then crossing a stream known as *Small Burn*. Two waterfalls can be found on this stream. The first is hidden in the trees at the top of a gorge on the edge of Newlands (note this can be dangerous to access when the stream is in flood). The second can be found a further 150 m further on where the footpath crosses Small Burn over a stone bridge.

The path crosses a further stream called *Mere Burn* with another small waterfall, before turning south then running south west adjacent to the *River Derwent* towards Shotley Bridge. For this reason, the path is known locally as *The Way of the Waterfalls*. Both streams join the River Derwent.

## History

The name "Newlands" means 'New land'.

The originals of the hamlet possibly date back to the granting of 314 acres of land in 1200 by Hugh de Baliol in about 1200 "to be assarted (cleared of trees), cultivated, built upon and enclosed" on the Ebchester road. Another 200 acres were added later

Newlands was formerly a township in the parish of Bywell St. Peter, from 1866 Newlands was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 1955 the parish was abolished and merged with Shotley Low Quarter.

## InfoBox

| Newlands | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| NewlandsLocation within Northumberland | |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority | * Northumberland |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CONSETT |
| Postcode district | DH8 |
|  | |
| Police | Northumbria |
| Fire | Northumberland |
| Ambulance | North East |
|  | |
|


title: Allomarkgrafia ecuatoriana

abstract: Allomarkgrafia ecuatoriana is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Allomarkgrafia ecuatoriana

***Allomarkgrafia ecuatoriana*** is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Allomarkgrafia ecuatoriana* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Allomarkgrafia* |
| Species: | ***A. ecuatoriana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Allomarkgrafia ecuatoriana***
J.F. Morales | |
|


title: YWAM Koha

abstract: YWAM Koha is a New Zealand-registered Medical Aid Ship, built in 1968 as the buoy tender Konrad Meisel for the German Government and later owned in South Africa as Isibane. As the Claymore II she provided the essential transport links to the remote Pacific territory of Pitcairn Island from New Zealand and French Polynesia, part-funded by the British Government until 2018 when she was replaced by the Silver Supporter.

text:
# YWAM Koha

***YWAM Koha*** is a New Zealand-registered Medical Aid Ship, built in 1968 as the buoy tender *Konrad Meisel* for the German Government and later owned in South Africa as *Isibane*. As the *Claymore II* she provided the essential transport links to the remote Pacific territory of Pitcairn Island from New Zealand and French Polynesia, part-funded by the British Government until 2018 when she was replaced by the *Silver Supporter*.

## Buoy tender

*Konrad Meisel* was built in 1968 by Jadewerft Wilhelmshaven GmbH, Wilhelmshaven for the Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Cuxhaven (Waterways and Shipping Office Cuxhaven) of the Federal Republic of Germany. When built, she measured 514 gross register tons with dimensions of 48.82m LOA, 44.30m LBP, 9.56m beam and 4.65m depth, and a draught of 3.25m. She was powered by two Deutz 8-cylinder diesel engines, totalling 1103 kW (1500 bhp), geared to a single propeller. Over the single hold an eleven-ton crane was installed.

During *Konrad Meisel'*s 30-year service with WSA Cuxhaven, she was responsible for the maintenance of marine navigation buoys in the lower River Elbe and the adjacent sea areas. In 1998 the ship was retired by the WSA Cuxhaven and sold to the South African Government.

The tender was allocated to the South African Maritime Safety Authority and renamed *Isibane*, Zulu for 'light', by which time she had been remeasured as 486 gross tons. In 2004 she was sold to South African company Zonnekus Mansion Pty Ltd and transferred to the Panamanian flag.

## Passenger-cargo vessel

In August 2009 *Isibane* was purchased by Nigel Jolly, of Stoney Creek Shipping Co Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand, modified to carry cargo and 12 passengers, and renamed *Claymore II*. Stoney Creek Shipping had been providing a passenger and cargo link to Pitcairn at the request of the British Government since 2002 with *Braveheart*, a former Japanese fishery research ship.

*Claymore II* was contracted by the Pitcairn Island Council, and subsidised by the British Government, to make four annual round trips to deliver cargo and supplies to Pitcairn Island from New Zealand, loading at Tauranga. She also made eight subsidised round trips each year, from Pitcairn to Mangareva, French Polynesia, the nearest airport, for passengers to connect to the air service to Tahiti. Outside these scheduled services, the vessel was available for charter. As Pitcairn has no port facilities, all cargo and passengers were landed on the island from *Claymore II* by longboat. As of 2014, there were concerns regarding the continued availability of the loading berth at Tauranga. However, the vessel was still servicing Pitcairn from the Port of Tauranga as of 2016

The ship is the subject of a 2011 $1.80 Pitcairn Islands stamp.

## Medical Aid Ship

In July 2019 the ship was renamed the *YWAM Koha* in a ceremony in Tauranga and after dry-dock maintenance she will be relaunched as a volunteer-based medical aid ship providing Primary Health Care, Dentistry, Ophthalmic Surgery and Optometry services operated by *YWAM Ships Aotearoa*.

She will then be taken on a multi-port promotional tour around New Zealand to raise awareness, supplies and funds for her future deployments to the Pacific.

1. *Register of Ships 1990-1991, vol2* (1990 ed.). London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. p. 677.
2. *Register of Ships 2000-2001, vol2* (2000 ed.). London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. p. 360.
3. "About the MV Claymore II". Pitcairn Islands Tourism. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
4. "Vessel details for: SILVER SUPPORTER (General Cargo) - IMO 9165944, MMSI 236578000, Call Sign ZDJY7 Registered in Gibraltar | AIS Marine Traffic". *MarineTraffic.com*. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
5. "Konrad Meisel". *Miramar Ship Index*. Wellington NZ: R S Haworth. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
6. "Zuständigkeitsbereich" \[Area of responsibility\] (in German). WSA Cuxhaven. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
7. "Schifffahrtszeichen" \[navigation signs\] (in German). WSA Cuxhaven. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
8. Lehohla, Pali. "Durban to host the World Cup of data in 2009". Statistics South Africa. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
9. "Pitcairn passengers, last call". *SunLive*. Tauranga NZ: Sun Media. 9 May 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
10. "New Zealand Maritime Index". Auckland NZ: New Zealand Maritime Museum. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
11. "Pitcairn Island". House of Commons Hansard. 29 October 2012. c25W. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
12. "Pitcairn Islands Strategic Development Plan 2012-2016" (PDF). Government of Pitcairn. 2013. pp. 10, 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
13. Pitcairn Islands Study Center, Pacific Union College (2014). "Transportation to Pitcairn Island". Pacific Union College. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
14. "Shipping Schedule". Pitcairn Islands Tourism. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
15. Koldeway, Heather (May 2013). "Pitcairn Marine Research Outline Plan" (PDF). Philadelphia PA, USA: Pew Charitable Trusts. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
16. "About the Claymore II, Pitcairn's Government Chartered Passenger / Cargo Vessel". Pitcairn Islands Tourism. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
17. Porter, David (9 April 2014). "Pitcairn provider keen to stay". *Bay of Plenty Times News - Business*. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
18. Pitcairn Islands Tourism Archived 22 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (2016).
19. "CLAYMORE II". Retrieved 5 July 2014.
20. "Former cargo vessel renamed in Tauranga ahead of Pacific tour as aid ship". *The New Zealand Herald*. 24 July 2019. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
21. "Medical – YWAM Ships Aotearoa". Retrieved 14 August 2019.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * 1968-1998: *Konrad Meisel* * 1998-2010: *Isibane* * 2010-2019: *Claymore II* * 2019-Onwards: *YWAM Koha* |
| Owner |  |
| Port of registry | * 1968-1990:  Hamburg, West Germany * 1990-1998:  Hamburg, Germany * c2000-2004:  South Africa * 2004-2010:  Panama * from 2010:  Tauranga, New Zealand |
| Builder | Jadewerft, Wilhelmshaven |
| Yard number | 113 |
| Completed | 1968 |
| Identification |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Buoy tender; from c2004 passenger and cargo,<br>from 2019 Medical Ship |
| Tonnage | 514 GRT, later 486 GT |
| Length | 160 ft (49 m) |
| Beam | 32 ft (9.8 m) |
| Draft | 12 ft (3.7 m) |
| Decks | 5 |
| Installed power | Two Deutz diesel engines, 560 kW (750 hp) each |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) (maximum) * 9.5 knots (17.6 km/h; 10.9 mph) (cruise) |
| Range | 9,000 nautical miles (17,000 km; 10,000 mi) |
| Capacity | 12 passengers |
| Crew | 8 |
| Notes |  |


title: Pipe rolls

abstract: The Pipe rolls, sometimes called the Great rolls or the Great Rolls of the Pipe, are a collection of financial records maintained by the English Exchequer, or Treasury, and its successors, as well as the Exchequer of Ireland. The earliest date from the 12th century, and the series extends, mostly complete, from then until 1833. They form the oldest continuous series of records concerning English governance kept by the English, British, Irish and United Kingdom governments, covering a span of about 700 years. The early medieval ones are especially useful for historical study, as they are some of the earliest financial records available from the Middle Ages. A similar set of records was developed for Normandy, which was ruled by the English kings from 1066 to 1205, but the Norman Pipe rolls have not survived in a continuous series like the English. They were the records of the yearly audits performed by the Exchequer of the accounts and payments presented to the Treasury by the sheriffs and other royal officials; and owed their name to the shape they took, as the various sheets were affixed to each other and then rolled into a tight roll, resembling a pipe, for storage. They record not only payments made to the government, but debts owed to the crown and disbursements made by royal officials. Although they recorded much of the royal income, they did not record all types of income, nor did they record all expenditures, so they are not strictly speaking a budget. The Pipe Roll Society, formed in 1883, has published the Pipe rolls for the period up to 1224.

text:
# Pipe rolls

The **Pipe rolls**, sometimes called the **Great rolls** or the **Great Rolls of the Pipe**, are a collection of financial records maintained by the English Exchequer, or Treasury, and its successors, as well as the Exchequer of Ireland. The earliest date from the 12th century, and the series extends, mostly complete, from then until 1833. They form the oldest continuous series of records concerning English governance kept by the English, British, Irish and United Kingdom governments, covering a span of about 700 years. The early medieval ones are especially useful for historical study, as they are some of the earliest financial records available from the Middle Ages. A similar set of records was developed for Normandy, which was ruled by the English kings from 1066 to 1205, but the Norman Pipe rolls have not survived in a continuous series like the English.

They were the records of the yearly audits performed by the Exchequer of the accounts and payments presented to the Treasury by the sheriffs and other royal officials; and owed their name to the shape they took, as the various sheets were affixed to each other and then rolled into a tight roll, resembling a pipe, for storage. They record not only payments made to the government, but debts owed to the crown and disbursements made by royal officials. Although they recorded much of the royal income, they did not record all types of income, nor did they record all expenditures, so they are not strictly speaking a budget. The Pipe Roll Society, formed in 1883, has published the Pipe rolls for the period up to 1224.

## Composition

The Pipe rolls are named after the "pipe" shape formed by the rolled-up parchments on which the records were originally written. There is no evidence to support the theory that they were named pipes for the fact that they "piped" the money into the Treasury, nor for the claim that they got their name from resembling a wine cask, or pipe of wine. They were occasionally referred to as the roll of the treasury, or the great roll of accounts, and the great roll of the pipe.

The Pipe rolls are the records of the audits of the sheriffs' accounts, usually conducted at Michaelmas by the Exchequer, or English treasury. Until the chancery records began in the reign of King John of England, they were the only continuous set of records kept by the English government. They are not a complete record of government and royal finances, however, as they do not record all sources of income, only the accounts of the sheriffs and a few other sources of income. Some of the payments that did not regularly fall under the Exchequer were occasionally recorded in a Pipe roll. Neither do the Pipe rolls record all payments made by the exchequer. They were not created as a budget, nor were they strictly speaking records of receipts, but rather they are records of the audit of the accounts rendered. Although the rolls use an accounting system, it is not one that would be familiar to modern accountants; for instance until the end of the 12th century, no record was made of the total amount taken in by the sheriff of each shire. In their early form, they record all debts owed to the Crown, whether from feudal dues or from other sources. Given that many debts to the king were allowed to be paid off in instalments, it is necessary to search more than one set of rolls for a complete history of a debt. If a debt was not paid off completely in one year, the remainder of the amount owed was transferred to the next year. They did not record the full amount of debts incurred in previous years, only what was paid that year and what was still owed. Besides the sheriffs, others who submitted accounts for the audit included some bailiffs of various honours, town officials, and the custodians of ecclesiastical and feudal estates.

The earliest surviving Pipe roll, already in a mature form, dates from 1129–30, and the continuous series begins in 1155–56, and continued for almost seven hundred years.

Combined with the Domesday Book of 1086, the Pipe rolls contributed to the centralisation of financial records by the Norman kings (reigned 1066–1154) of England that was ahead of contemporary Western European monarchies; the French, for instance, did not have an equivalent system of accounting until the 1190s. The exact form of the records, kept in a roll instead of a book, was also unique to England, although why England kept some of its administrative records in this form is unclear. A set of Norman rolls, drafted differently, are extant in a few years for the reigns of Kings Henry II (reigned 1154–1189) and Richard I (reigned 1189–1199), who also ruled the Duchy of Normandy in France. It is believed that the Norman rolls were started about the same time as the English, but due to lack of survival of the earlier Norman rolls, it is unclear exactly when they did start. An Irish Exchequer produced Irish Pipe rolls, and much like the English Pipe rolls, the earliest surviving Irish Pipe roll, that of 1212, does not appear to be the first produced.

The *Dialogus de Scaccario* or *Dialogue concerning the Exchequer*, written in about 1178, details the workings of the Exchequer and gives an early account of how the Pipe rolls were created. The *Dialogue* was written by Richard FitzNeal, the son of Nigel of Ely, who was Treasurer for both Henry I and Henry II of England. According to the *Dialogue*, the Pipe rolls were the responsibility of the clerk of the Treasurer, who was called the Clerk of the Pipe and later the clerk of the pells. FitzNeal wrote his work to explain the inner workings of the Exchequer, and in it he lists a number of different types of rolls used by the Treasury. He also describes the creation of the Pipe rolls and how they are used. The *Dialogue* also states that the Pipe rolls, along with Domesday Book and other records, were kept in the treasury, because they were required for daily use by the Exchequer clerks.

The main source of income recorded on the Pipe rolls was the county farm, or income derived from lands held by the king. Occasional sources of revenue, such as from vacant bishoprics or abbeys or other sources, were also recorded. The payments were made both in coin, or in objects, such as spurs, lands, spices, or livestock. The only surviving roll from Henry I's reign also records payments of geld, a form of land tax dating from Anglo-Saxon times, although after 1161 the Pipe rolls no longer record any payments of geld. By 1166, the fines and other monetary income of the Assizes, or royal courts, began to be recorded in the Pipe rolls. Scutage payments, made by knights in lieu of military service, were also recorded in the Pipe rolls from the reign of Henry II on.

Although they recorded all income that came through the Exchequer, not all sources of income went through that office, so the Pipe rolls are not a complete record of royal income. They did include both regular income from the royal lands and judicial profits, as well as more occasional income derived from feudal levies, wardships, and ecclesiastical vacancies. Another source of income recorded in the rolls was from feudal reliefs, the payment made by an heir when inheriting an estate. A major source of income in the roll of 1130 is from the forests, under the Forest Law, which was the royal law covering the restrictions imposed on non-royals hunting in areas of the country declared royal forest. However, royal income from taxation that was not annually assessed was not usually recorded in the Pipe rolls, nor were his receipts from lands outside England. Some payments went directly to the king's household, and because they did not pass through the Exchequer, they were not recorded in the Pipe rolls.

Expenditures were also subject to documentation in the Pipe rolls. Among the recorded expenditures are payments for carts and cart horses, wages for royal servants, payments for improvements to royal manors and houses, royal gifts to persons, hunting expenses, payments to acquire a governmental office, payments to mercenaries, and the costs of bags and casks to transport silver pennies about the kingdom.

Information about other subjects besides revenues also is contained in the rolls, including the movement of prisoners, which helps to identify which medieval castles were used as prisons. The Pipe rolls also allow the identification of the custodians of royal lands and castles. The clerks writing the rolls also used them as places to deride officials of the government, such as William Longchamp, who was the object of derision in the 1194 Pipe roll.

Certain areas did not report their income to the Exchequer, so they do not usually appear in the Pipe rolls, unless the lands were in the king's custody through a vacancy. These included the palatinates of Durham and Chester. The county of Cornwall also did not usually appear in the Pipe rolls, but it was not a palatinate. Another problem with using the Pipe rolls for historical study is the fact that the chronological limits for the financial year varied from roll to roll. In theory, they only recorded revenues from the previous Easter to Michaelmas of that financial year. However, the Pipe rolls often record payments made past Michaelmas, often up until the date the roll was actually compiled. Also, a few debts were not audited annually, but would instead have a number of consecutive years be investigated in one sitting and thus several years of payments would be recorded in one Pipe roll.

## History

Although the earliest Pipe roll dates from 1130, the 31st year of King Henry I's reign, it is clear that they were being produced by the Exchequer before then, as the 1130 roll is not an experiment. It shows no hesitancy in its use of accounts, or lack of continuity from previous years. An extract from an earlier Pipe roll, from the 25th regnal year of Henry I or 1124, has been found in a 14th-century manuscript now in the Cotton Library at the British Library. The exact time of the first production of Pipe rolls is debated amongst historians. Some hold that they date from Henry I's reign, whether early or late in the reign, but others feel that they were introduced by King William I (reigned 1066–1087). The precursors of the records probably date to the Anglo-Saxon period, as the historian Pauline Stafford argues that financial records must have been kept in some form during the reigns of Cnut (reigned 1016–1035), Æthelred II (reigned 978–1016), and Edgar the Peaceable (reigned 959–975). There is a reference to the king's "rolls" in a writ from 1110, which purports to be a grant from Henry I to the abbot of Westminster of ten shillings, but the writ may be a forgery, or parts of it may be genuine with some interpolations. The writ only exists in a copy in a later cartulary, and the Abbey of Westminster is also known to have forged a number of other writs or charters, so the writ is not a solid source for royal rolls being kept as early as 1110.

After the one surviving roll from Henry I's reign, no further Pipe rolls survived from his reign, nor are any preserved from the reign of his successor, King Stephen (reigned 1135–1154). But by the second year of King Henry II's reign, or 1155, they once more survive. It is unclear whether Pipe rolls were actually created during Stephen's reign and did not survive, or whether the conditions during Stephen's reign precluded the creation of Pipe rolls. Continuously from the early years of King Henry II's reign, most Pipe rolls survive, with only a break in the last years of King John's reign (reigned 1199–1216).

The surviving Pipe roll from 1130 records an income of £24,500. This figure is dwarfed by the amount recorded on the Pipe roll that was actually owed to the king, which totals £68,850. The income that they record in the early years of Henry II is much smaller than that of the one surviving year for Henry I. Those early Pipe rolls of Henry I record an income about £10,000 to £15,000. By the end of Henry II's reign, royal income recorded in the Pipe rolls had risen to £20,000. The end of John's reign saw a recorded income of about £30,000, but Henry III's reign recorded only £8,000 in the early years, rising to £16,500 by 1225. Not only do the rolls from the early years of Henry II's reign show less income reaching the Exchequer than during Henry I's reign, those early rolls were haphazard and not as accurate and detailed as rolls dating from the later part of the reign. Nor are they as carefully produced as either the later rolls or the roll of 1130.

By the time of King John, the Pipe rolls were growing unwieldy, as too many fines and fees were being recorded, making the finding of information in the rolls difficult. Eventually, after some experimentation, by 1206 a system was settled on whereby the actual detailed receipts were recorded in a set of *receipt rolls* and only aggregates were entered in the Pipe rolls. A further reform in 1236 resulted in debts being recorded in separate *Estreat rolls*, and only the totals entered into the Pipe rolls. In 1284 the *Statutes of Rhuddlan* were issued, which further reformed the accounting systems, and further reduced the detail contained on the Pipe rolls. At this time, a large number of unrecoverable debts were also removed from the rolls, a process that had also been attempted in 1270. The attempt in 1270 had marked old debts with a "d" and stipulated that they were not to be re-entered into future Pipe rolls unless they were paid off. But this had not worked, and so in 1284 old debts were to be recorded on a separate roll. The statutes in 1284 also laid out a procedure where debtors whose documentation of payment of debt that hadn't been accepted in the past would have that documentation accepted, thus helping to clear out some of the backlogged debts on the books.

Yet more extraneous details were removed from the Pipe rolls under the Cowick Ordinance of June 1323, along with further ordinances in 1324 and 1326, all of which were done during the time that Walter de Stapledon held the office of Treasurer. Prior to this reform the rolls had become clogged with debts, and clauses 2 through 8 of the Cowick Ordinance attempted to return the rolls to an exposition of accounts. Another attempted reform at this time was the removal of customs receipts, as well as military accounts, from the rolls. New offices in the Exchequer were also created, in an attempt to speed up the auditing process and lessen the time it took to prepare the Pipe rolls and other financial records. The attempt to remove non-Exchequer accounts did completely remove those types of records from the Pipe rolls; further reforms in 1368 created a set of foreign rolls, and all extraneous records in the Pipe rolls were transferred to those rolls.

In 1462, the Exchequer was told to no longer summon for audit any farms or feefarms worth over 40 shillings per year, as these would be supervised by a newly appointed board of receivers or approvers.

The Pipe rolls series ended in 1834 when the office that was in charge of their creation, the Pipe Office, was abolished.

## Creation

They were created by taking the shire, or other governmental districts, accounts and writing them on two strips of parchment, usually about 14 inches (36 cm) wide. The two pieces were then attached end to end to form one long sheet. Then, the various sheets from all the shires were piled together and affixed together at the top, and the resulting document would be rolled into a tight roll resembling a pipe. They were not formed into one long continuous roll, as the Patent Rolls were, however. The sheets for each county have a heading at the top giving the name of the county the account is for, in Latin. If more than one sheet was required for a county, the county name would be amended on secondary sheets to indicate the order the sheets were in.

Sometimes they are referred to, in Latin, as *magnus rotulus pipae*. Several sources for the actual idea of making the rolls as rolls have been suggested, including Jews, Adelard of Bath, who was a royal clerk and was familiar with Arabic practices of using rolls, or the royal clerk Thurkil, who studied under a mathematician who may have been from Sicily.

The rolls were written in Latin until 1733, except for a short time around 1650. During the reign of Henry II, a duplicate copy of the year's Pipe roll was made for the Chancellor, and was called the Chancellor's roll. This was created at the same time as the regular Pipe roll, and was written by a clerk of the Chancellor. The Chancellor rolls survive from 1163 to 1832, but are basically duplicates of the corresponding Pipe rolls, except for the occasional addition of a private charter or other material.

## Influence on other records

The example of the royal Exchequer's records eventually influenced others to keep similar records. The earliest surviving non-royal Pipe rolls are those of the Bishop of Winchester, which are extant from 1208, and form a continuous series from that date. They started under Peter des Roches, who was also a royal clerk and administrator. They record monies coming in as well as expenses and payments made, in detail, but like the royal records, they do not show profits or losses as a sum total. Most private rolls resembling the Pipe rolls are from monasteries. The household rolls, which closely resemble the Pipe rolls, for Eleanor of England, wife of Simon de Montfort, survive for part of the year 1265.

## Studies by historians

A number of historians have studied the surviving Pipe rolls, using them as the basis for study of financial and governmental history, especially of the medieval era. A study from 1925 compiled the royal income that passed through the Exchequer for each year of Henry II and Richard I, as well as a sample of some years from John's reign, attempting to compare how the royal revenues compared in the various reigns. Recent work by Nick Barratt on the reigns of Richard and John have updated the earlier research. Historian David Carpenter has carried out further studies on the early years of King Henry III's reign. The Pipe rolls have also been used to identify royal officials, especially those that were involved in local government and were not high-ranking. Because they recorded judicial fines, the Pipe rolls also can be used to shed light on how the judicial system in medieval England worked, as well as identifying royal judges. Although they don't provide exact revenue figures, most historians believe they represent a close approximation of revenue, and can be used to gain a general understanding of how much financial resources the English kings had available in the Middle Ages.

The lone surviving Pipe roll from Henry I's reign, that of 1130, has been a popular subject of study. Recent investigations include Judith Green's search for evidence of Henry's financial system. Another historian, Stephanie Mooers Christelow, has studied the roll along with those from the reign of Henry II, looking for the exemptions and grants made by both kings to various royal favourites. Christelow has also studied the 1130 roll to see what light it can shine on Henry I's judicial system, as well as on the growth of royal courts during Henry's reign. The historian C. Warren Hollister used the 1130 Pipe roll to study the rewards of royal service during Henry's reign.

The Pipe rolls from the 13th century onwards are less important for historical study because there are other surviving financial records. Some, such as the receipt rolls, were also kept by the Exchequer, and were used by the treasury clerks to prepare the Pipe rolls. Other surviving records were kept by the sheriffs for their own use in submitting accounts to the Pipe rolls. However, the post 13th-century Pipe rolls are occasionally the sole source for historical facts such as William Shakespeare's residence in the parish of St Helen's Bishopsgate and in Southwark.

## Publication

The earliest Pipe rolls were published by the Record Commission in 1833 (the isolated roll of 1130) and the Public Record Office in 1844 (the rolls for 1155–58). The Commission's edition of the 1130 roll has now been superseded by a new edition (with English translation) published by the Pipe Roll Society in 2012.

In 1883 the Pipe Roll Society (a text publication society) was founded by the Public Record Office, on the initiative of Walford Dakin Selby and his colleague James Greenstreet, to establish a systematic publishing programme for the Pipe rolls. It published its first volume in 1884, and has now published all the rolls from 1158 to 1224. Besides the continuous series, it has also published the roll for 1230. The rolls for 1241 were published in 1918 by Yale University Press. Various county record societies have published parts of the rolls for various years that relate to their particular county. The Society's earliest volumes (to 1900) were printed in "record type", designed to produce a near-facsimile of the original manuscript, including its scribal abbreviations. This policy was abandoned in 1903, and all volumes since have been published in normal type with abbreviations extended.

The Pipe Roll Society has also published numerous related texts, including the Chancellor's Roll for 1196 and the Norman Pipe Rolls of Henry II. Rolls for the Irish Exchequer and the Norman Exchequer have also been published.

## Citations

1. Brown *Governance* pp. 54–56
2. Chrimes *Administrative History* pp. 62–63
3. Coredon *Dictionary of Medieval Terms* p. 219
4. Lyon *Constitutional and Legal History* pp. 112–113
5. Warren *Governance* pp. 73–74
6. Richardson and Sayles *Governance* pp. 216–217
7. Warren *Governance* pp. 76–77
8. Bartlett *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings* p. 198
9. Lyon *Constitutional and Legal History* p. 262
10. Hollister *Henry I* p. 26
11. Chibnall *Anglo-Norman England* p. 126
12. Clanchy *Memory to Written Record* p. 136
13. Clanchy *Memory to Written Record* p. 141
14. Mason "Administration and Government" *Companion to the Anglo-Norman World* p. 139
15. Mason "Administration and Government" *Companion to the Anglo-Norman World* p. 150
16. Lyon *Constitutional and Legal History* pp. 220–221
17. Frame *Political Development* p. 87
18. Chrimes *Administrative History* p. 60
19. Clanchy *From Memory to Written Record* p. 136
20. Clanchy *From Memory to Written Record* p. 151
21. Lyon *Constitutional and Legal History* p. 164
22. Loyn (ed.) *Middle Ages* p. 266
23. Lyon *Constitutional and Legal History* p. 163
24. Warren *Governance* p. 68
25. Warren *Governance* p. 146
26. Warren *Governance* p. 111
27. Coredon *Dictionary of Medieval Terms* p. 23
28. Hollister "Significance of Scutage Rates" *English Historical Review*, p. 578
29. Coredon *Dictionary* p. 252
30. Hollister "1066" *American Historical Review* p. 717
31. Hollister "Irony of English Feudalism" *Journal of British Studies*, p. 9
32. Mortimer *Angevin England* p. 42
33. Bartlett *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings* p. 164
34. Coredon *Dictionary of Medieval Terms* pp. 237–238
35. Bartlett *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings* p. 170
36. Bartlett *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings* pp. 239–240
37. Bartlett *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings* p. 159
38. Bartlett *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings* p. 133
39. Bartlett, *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings*, pp. 171–174
40. Huscroft, *Ruling England*, p. 159
41. Bartlett, *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings*, p. 254
42. Bartlett, *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings*, p. 373
43. Heiser "Castles, Constables and Politics" *Albion* p. 20 footnote 8
44. Heiser "Castles, Constables and Politics" *Albion* p. 22 footnote 22
45. Heiser "Castles, Constables and Politics" *Albion* p. 32
46. Alexander "New Evidence" *English Historical Review* p. 719
47. Alexander "New Evidence" *English Historical Review* p. 724 and footnote 2
48. Barratt "English Revenue of Richard I" *English Historical Review* p. 636
49. Barratt "Revenue of King John" *English Historical Review* p. 836 footnote 1
50. Chrimes *Administrative History* pp. 30–31
51. Hagger "Pipe Roll for 25 Henry I" *English Historical Review*
52. Stafford *Unification and Conquest* p. 149
53. Clanchy *From Memory to Written Record* pp. 137–138
54. Richardson and Sayles *Governance* p. 257 footnote 5
55. Yoshitake "Exchequer in the Reign of Stephen" *English Historical Review* pp. 950–959
56. Mortimer *Angevin England* pp. 66–68
57. Huscroft *Ruling England* p. 102
58. Mortimer *Angevin England* p. 51
59. Richardson and Sayles *Governance* p. 260
60. Chrimes *Administrative History* pp. 73–74
61. Chrimes *Administrative History* p. 119
62. Chrimes *Administrative History* p. 148
63. Prestwich *Edward I* pp. 242–243
64. Chrimes *Administrative History* p. 181
65. Prestwich *Plantagenet England* p. 59
66. Buck "Reform of the Exchequer" *English Historical Review*, p. 246
67. Graves *Bibliography of English History* p. 473
68. Prestwich *Plantagenet England* p. 208
69. Wolfee "Management of English Royal Estates" *English Historical Review* p. 2
70. "Pipe rolls entry Archived 31 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine" *Websters Online Dictionary*
71. Ramsay "Origin of the Name Pipe Roll" *English Historical Review* pp. 329–220
72. Chrimes *Administrative History* p. 50
73. Clanchy *From Memory to Written Record*, p. 140
74. National Archives *Research Guides: Early Pipe Rolls, 1130–c. 1300*
75. Lyon *Constitutional and Legal History* p. 261
76. Graves *Bibliography of English History* p. 474
77. Clanchy *Memory to Written Record* pp. 92–93
78. Bartlett *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings* p. 201
79. Mason "Administration and Government" *Companion to the Anglo-Norman World* pp. 148–149
80. Mason "Administration and Government" *Companion to the Anglo-Norman World* p. 157
81. Mason "Administration and Government" *Companion to the Anglo-Norman World* p. 162
82. Bartlett *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings* pp. 175–176
83. Barratt "English Revenue of Richard I" *English Historical Review* pp. 835–856
84. Barratt "Revenue of King John" *English Historical Review* pp. 835–855
85. Huscroft *Ruling England* pp. 88–89
86. Lyon *Constitutional and Legal History* p. 191
87. Richardson and Sayles *Governance* pp. 176–177
88. Barratt "Revenue of King John" *English Historical Review* pp. 836–837
89. Lyon *Constitutional and Legal History* pp. 330–331
90. Hales "London Residences of Shakespeare" *Athenaeum* pp. 401-402
91. Green *Great Roll of the Pipe*
92. Pipe Roll Society "Pipe Roll Society Publications"
93. Royal Historical Society "Pipe Roll Society Publications"
94. Pipe Roll Society *Great Roll of the Pipe* pp. vii-viii
95. Graves *Bibliography of English History* pp. 475–477
* Alexander, James W. (October 1970). "New Evidence on the Palatinate of Chester". *The English Historical Review*. **85** (337): 715–729. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXV.337.715. JSTOR 563538.
* Barratt, Nick (September 1996). "The Revenue of King John". *The English Historical Review* (fee required). **111** (443): 835–855. doi:10.1093/ehr/CXI.443.835. JSTOR 577564.
* Barratt, Nick (June 2001). "The English Revenue of Richard I". *The English Historical Review* (fee required). **116** (467): 635–656. doi:10.1093/ehr/116.467.635. JSTOR 579813.
* Bartlett, Robert C. (2000). *England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822741-8.
* Brown, A.L. (1989). *The Governance of Late Medieval England 1272–1461*. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1730-3.
* Buck, M.C. (April 1983). "The Reform of the Exchequer 1316–1326". *The English Historical Review*. **98** (387): 241–260. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCVIII.CCCLXXXVII.241. JSTOR 569436.
* Chibnall, Marjorie (1986). *Anglo-Norman England 1066–1166*. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15439-6.
* Chrimes, S.B. (1966). *An Introduction to the Administrative History of Mediaeval England* (third ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. OCLC 270094959.
* Clanchy, C.T. (1993). *From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307* (second ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-16857-7.
* Coredon, Christopher (2007). *A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases* (reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-138-8.
* Frame, Robin (1995). *The Political Development of the British Isles, 1100–1400*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-820604-6.
* Graves, Edgar B., ed. (1975). *A Bibliography of English History to 1485*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822391-9.
* Green, Judith A., ed. (2012). *The Great Roll of the Pipe for the Thirty-First Year of the Reign of King Henry I: Michaelmas 1130 (Pipe roll 1): A New Edition with a Translation and Images from the Original in the Public Record Office/the National Archives*. Pipe Roll Society. Vol. 95. London.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Hagger, Mark (February 2007). "A Pipe Roll for 25 Henry I". *The English Historical Review*. **122** (495): 133–140. doi:10.1093/ehr/cel377.
* Hales, John W. (January–June 1904). "London Residences of Shakespeare". *The Athenaeum*: 401–402.
* Heiser, Richard R. (Spring 2000). "Castles, Constables, and Politics in Late Twelfth-Century English Governance". *Albion*. **32** (1): 19–36. doi:10.2307/4053985. JSTOR 4053985.
* Hollister, C.W. (October 1960). "The Significance of Scutage Rates in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century England". *The English Historical Review*. **75** (297): 577–588. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXV.297.577. JSTOR 558107.
* Hollister, C.W. (May 1963). "The Irony of English Feudalism". *Journal of British Studies*. **2** (2): 1–26. doi:10.1086/385459. JSTOR 175246. S2CID 145547866.
* Hollister, C.W. (February 1968). "1066: The "Feudal Revolution"". *The American Historical Review*. **73** (3): 708–723. doi:10.2307/1870668. JSTOR 1870668.
* Hollister, C.W. (2001). Frost, Amanda Clark (ed.). *Henry I*. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08858-2.
* Huscroft, Richard (2005). *Ruling England 1042–1217*. London: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 0-582-84882-2.
* Loyn, H.R., ed. (1991). *The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia*. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27645-5.
* Lyon, Bryce Dale (1980). *A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England* (second ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-95132-4.
* Mason, Emma (2002). "Administration and Government". In Harper-Bill, Christopher; Van Houts, Elizabeth (eds.). *A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World*. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. pp. 135–164. ISBN 978-1-84383-341-3.
* Mortimer, Richard (1994). *Angevin England 1154–1258*. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16388-3.
* Mullins, E.L.C. (1958). *Texts and Calendars I: An Analytical Guide to Serial Publications*. Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks No. 7. London: Royal Historical Society. OCLC 186242490.
* Mullins, E.L.C. (1983). *Texts and Calendars II: An Analytical Guide to Serial Publications 1957–1982*. Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks No. 12. London: Royal Historical Society. ISBN 0-86193-100-9.
* National Archives. "Research Guides: Early Pipe Rolls, 1130–c. 1300". *www.nationalarchives.gov.uk*. The National Archives. Retrieved on 17 January 2009
* Pipe Roll Society. "Pipe Roll Society Publications". *www.piperollsociety.co.uk*. Pipe Roll Society. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
* Pipe Roll Society (1904). *The Great Roll of the Pipe for the Twenty-Second Year of the Reign of King Henry the Second: A.D. 1175–1176*. Pipe Roll Society. Vol. 25. London. OCLC 25039201.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Prestwich, Michael (1997). *Edward I*. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07157-4.
* Prestwich, Michael (2005). *Plantagenet England 1225–1360*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922687-0.
* Ramsay, J.H. (April 1911). "The Origin of the Name Pipe Roll". *The English Historical Review*. **26** (102): 329–330. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXVI.CII.329. JSTOR 550492.
* Richardson, H.G.; Sayles, G.O. (1963). *The Governance of Mediaeval England: From the Conquest to Magna Carta*. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. OCLC 504298.
* Royal Historical Society. "Pipe Roll Society Publications" (PDF). Royal Historical Society. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
* Stafford, Pauline (1989). *Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries*. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6532-4.
* Warren, W.L. (1987). *The Governance of Norman and Angevin England 1086–1272*. The Governance of England. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6378-X.
* "Pipe Rolls entry". *Websters Online Dictionary*. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
* Wolffe, B. P. (January 1956). "The Management of English Royal Estates under the Yorkist Kings". *The English Historical Review*. **71** (268): 1–27. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXI.CCLXXVIII.1. JSTOR 558623.
* Yoshitake, Kenji (October 1988). "The Exchequer in the Reign of Stephen". *The English Historical Review*. **103** (409): 950–959. doi:10.1093/ehr/CIII.CCCCIX.950. JSTOR 570263.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Pipe rolls | |
| --- | --- |
| Extract from the 1194 Pipe roll | |
| Language | Medieval Latin, Middle English, English |
| Date | 1129–1833 |
| Provenance | English Exchequer<br>Exchequer of Ireland |
| Series | Pipe rolls |
| Genre | Accounting documents |
| Subject | Records of the audits of the English Exchequer and Exchequer of Ireland |
| Period covered | 1130–1833 |


title: Meridarchis trapeziella

abstract: Meridarchis trapeziella is a moth in the Carposinidae family. It is found in India.

text:
# Meridarchis trapeziella

***Meridarchis trapeziella*** is a moth in the Carposinidae family. It is found in India.

## InfoBox

| *Meridarchis trapeziella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Carposinidae |
| Genus: | *Meridarchis* |
| Species: | ***M. trapeziella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Meridarchis trapeziella***<br>Zeller, 1867 | |
|


title: Harvey Friedman

abstract: Harvey Friedman is an American mathematical logician at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. He has worked on reverse mathematics, a project intended to derive the axioms of mathematics from the theorems considered to be necessary. In recent years, this has advanced to a study of Boolean relation theory, which attempts to justify large cardinal axioms by demonstrating their necessity for deriving certain propositions considered "concrete". Friedman earned his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967, at age 19, with a dissertation on Subsystems of Analysis. His advisor was Gerald Sacks. Friedman received the Alan T. Waterman Award in 1984. He also assumed the title of Visiting Scientist at IBM. He delivered the Tarski Lectures in 2007. In 1967, Friedman was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for being the world's youngest professor when he taught at Stanford University at age 18 as an assistant professor of philosophy. He has also been a professor of mathematics and a professor of music. He officially retired in July 2012. In September 2013, he received an honorary doctorate from Ghent University. Jordana Cepelewicz (2017) profiled Friedman in Nautilus as "The Man Who Wants to Rescue Infinity". Friedman made headlines in the Italian newspaper La Repubblica for his manuscript A Divine Consistency Proof for Mathematics, which shows in detail how, starting from the hypothesis of the existence of God, it can be shown that mathematics, as formalized by the usual ZFC axioms, is consistent. He invented and proved important theorems regarding the finite promise games and greedy clique sequences, and Friedman's grand conjecture bears his name. Friedman is the brother of mathematician Sy Friedman. According to ResearchGate, Friedman published over 200 peer-reviewed research articles during the course of his academic career.

text:
# Harvey Friedman

**Harvey Friedman** (born 23 September 1948) is an American mathematical logician at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. He has worked on reverse mathematics, a project intended to derive the axioms of mathematics from the theorems considered to be necessary. In recent years, this has advanced to a study of Boolean relation theory, which attempts to justify large cardinal axioms by demonstrating their necessity for deriving certain propositions considered "concrete".

Friedman earned his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967, at age 19, with a dissertation on *Subsystems of Analysis*. His advisor was Gerald Sacks. Friedman received the Alan T. Waterman Award in 1984. He also assumed the title of Visiting Scientist at IBM. He delivered the Tarski Lectures in 2007.

In 1967, Friedman was listed in the *Guinness Book of World Records* for being the world's youngest professor when he taught at Stanford University at age 18 as an assistant professor of philosophy. He has also been a professor of mathematics and a professor of music. He officially retired in July 2012. In September 2013, he received an honorary doctorate from Ghent University.

Jordana Cepelewicz (2017) profiled Friedman in *Nautilus* as "The Man Who Wants to Rescue Infinity".

Friedman made headlines in the Italian newspaper *La Repubblica* for his manuscript A Divine Consistency Proof for Mathematics, which shows in detail how, starting from the hypothesis of the existence of God (in the sense of Gödel's ontological proof), it can be shown that mathematics, as formalized by the usual ZFC axioms, is consistent.

He invented and proved important theorems regarding the finite promise games and greedy clique sequences, and Friedman's grand conjecture bears his name.

Friedman is the brother of mathematician Sy Friedman.

According to ResearchGate, Friedman published over 200 peer-reviewed research articles during the course of his academic career.

## Further reading


title: Myōjō Station

abstract: Myōjō Station is a passenger railway station in located in the town of Meiwa, Taki District, Mie Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Kintetsu Railway. The station has the Inspection Center for the Yamada Line, the Toba Line and the Shima Line.

text:
# Myōjō Station

**Myōjō Station** (明星駅, *Myōjō-eki*) is a passenger railway station in located in the town of Meiwa, Taki District, Mie Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Kintetsu Railway. The station has the Inspection Center for the Yamada Line, the Toba Line and the Shima Line.

## Lines

Myōjō Station is served by the Yamada Line, and is located 19.8 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Ise-Nakagawa Station.

## Station layout

The station was consists of two island platforms connected by a level crossing, serving 2 tracks each. Tracks (Platforms) 2 and 4 are main tracks and Tracks (Platforms) 1 and 3 are refuge tracks to allow for the passage of express trains.

### Platforms

| **1, 2** | Yamada Line | for Ujiyamada, Toba and Kashikojima |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **3, 4** | Yamada Line | for Ise-Nakagawa |

* The first train for Ise-Nakagawa (through to Nabari on the Osaka Line) departs from Track (Platform) 1.

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Yamada Line | | | | |
| Saikū |  | Local |  | Akeno |

## History

Myōjō Station opened on March 27, 1930 as a station on the Sangu Kyuko Electric Railway. On March 15, 1941, the line merged with Osaka Electric Railway to become a station on Kansai Kyuko Railway's Yamada Line. This line in turn was merged with the Nankai Electric Railway on June 1, 1944 to form Kintetsu.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 646 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

Media related to Myojo Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Myōjō Station
明星駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Myōjō Station in 2008 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 2564 Myōjō, Meiwa-chō, Taki-gun, Mie-ken 515-0313
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°31′52.2″N 136°38′34.08″E / 34.531167°N 136.6428000°E / 34.531167; 136.6428000 |
| Operated by | Kintetsu Railway |
| Line(s) | Yamada Line |
| Distance | 19.8  km from Ise-Nakagawa |
| Platforms | 2 island platforms |
| Connections | * Bus terminal |
| Other information | |
| Station code | M69 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | March 27, 1930 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 646 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Myōjō StationLocation within Mie PrefectureMyōjō StationMyōjō Station (Japan) | |


title: NCR3

abstract: Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCR3 gene. NCR3 has also been designated as CD337 and as NKp30. NCR3 belongs to the family of NCR membrane receptors together with NCR1 (NKp46) and NCR2 (NKp44).

text:
# NCR3

**Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *NCR3* gene. NCR3 has also been designated as **CD337** (cluster of differentiation 337) and as **NKp30**. NCR3 belongs to the family of NCR membrane receptors together with NCR1 (NKp46) and NCR2 (NKp44).

## Identification

NKp30 receptor was first identified in 1999. According to Western blot analysis specific monoclonal antibodies reacted with 30kDa molecule, therefore was the protein named NKp30.

## Structure

Gene for NKp30 is located in the MHC class III region of the human MHC locus and encodes 190 amino acid long type I transmembrane receptor which belongs to immunoglobulin super family (IgSF). NKp30 has a mass of 30 kDa and includes one Ig-like extracellular domain which is 138 amino acids long, a 19 amino acid transmembrane (TM) domain and a 33 amino acid cytoplasmic tail. The Ig-like domain consists of 2 antiparallel beta-sheets linked by a disulphide bond. The extracellular domain contains two potential sites for N-linked glycosylation involved in ligand binding. The TM domain contains a positivelly charged arginine residue, which associates with negatively charged aspartate in TM domain of ITAM adaptor molecules CD3ζ and FCεRIγ. This is a common feature of other NK cell activating receptors as well. Accordingly the cytoplasmic tail lacks typical ITAM consensus sequence.

### Splicing variants

Six different splicing variants can be found on the cell surface. NKp30a, NKp30b and NKp30c encode molecules with extracellular V-type Ig domain. NKp30d, NKp30e and NKp30f encode extracellular C-type Ig domain. Splicing variants also differ in their cytosolic intracellular domains depending on the translation of variants of exon 4 (NKp30a,b or c).

The distribution of splicing variants of NKp30 varies in tissues and results in different NK cell responses. NKp30a/b engagement stimulates the release of high amounts of IFN-γ, whereas activation of NKp30c induces IL-10 production and only small amounts of IFN-γ. First two are therefore considered as immunostimulatory isoforms which enhance Th1 immune response, while NKp30c mediates immunosuppressive signaling most likely because of reduced association with CD3ζ adaptor after cross-linking with ligand.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients who express NKp30c isoform have worse prognosis compared with patients expressing other isoforms, mainly as a consequence of NK cell immunosuppressive character.

## Expression

NCR3 is expressed mainly on cytoplasmic membrane of mature NK cells and functions as an activating receptor of NK cells. However it is also expressed on surface of CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells with Vδ1 TCR and ILC2. The presence of IL-15 stimulates the expression of NKp30+ CD8+ T cells with anti-tumor activity. Expression of NKp30 in γδ T cells is induced by IL-2 or IL-15. After progesteron stimulation NKp30 can be found on the cytoplasmic membrane of endometrial epithelial cells as well.

## Function

NKp30 plays a major role in NK anti-tumor response and immunosurveillance, mainly by activating NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Direct killing happens similarly to other natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) such as NKp44 and NKp46. NCR3 has a wide range of non-MHC ligands secreted or expressed by cancer or virus-infected cells, e.g. to heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HS GAGs) and B7-H6.

Heparan sulfate epitopes are in healthy tissue as well as on tumor cells, where HS GAGs are changed or differ in ligands (HMGB1, S100A8/A9) in contrast to healthy tissue. In addition, interaction of NCR with HS GAGs can facilitate binding to other cellular ligands. Thus via heparan sulfate epitopes NCRs can bind to the same ligands and exert similar reactions and at the same time also have their own unique interacting partners. It is also known that heparan sulfate epitopes lead to better signaling through growth factor receptors, NCRs could be thus evolved to recognize unusual HS GAGs on malignant cells as transformed cell patterns.

Ligation of NKp30 and intracellular protein HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (BAT3) released by tumour cells to extracellular matrix results in NK and dendritic cell cross-talk.

Human cytomegalovirus protein pp65 is another ligand of NKp30. The ligation leads to disruption of the interaction between NKp30 and CD3ζ and thus decreases the activation of NK cells and its cytotoxicity. This is a mechanism of HMCV to evade NK cell surveillance.

Patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome express higher levels of NKp30+ NK cells (and its ligation with B7-H6 expressed in salivary glands) in comparison to healthy controls.

### NKp30 and dendritic cells

Immature dendritic cells can be lysed upon stimulation of NKp30 on NK cells. Accordingly. patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), who often show downregulation in NKp30 expression, were incapable of effectively lysing both autologous and allogeneic immature dendritic cells. The ability of NK cells to kill immature dendritic cells may serve to check the quality of dendritic cell maturation process. Interestingly at the same time immunostimulatory capacity of dendritic cells can be enhanced via interaction with NKp30 with ligands expressed on immature dendritic cells. Upon such stimulation NK cells produce TNFα which is capable of inducing dendritic cell maturation.

### NCR3 during pregnancy

Uterine NK cells (uNK) are the most abundant lymphocyte population in uterus during pregnancy on the maternal-fetal interface. These cells are responsible for angiogenesis and vascular remodelling in trophoblast. uNK cells express NKp30 and its ligands are expressed by trophoblast cells. Though these ligands have not yet been identified, this interaction has a potential to regulate fetal-maternal interface. The uNK cells dominantly express the inhibitory NKp30c isoform.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| NCR3 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Human UniProt search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | NCR3, 1C7, CD337, LY117, MALS, NKp30, natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 611550; HomoloGene: 51827; GeneCards: NCR3; OMA:NCR3 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl    UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001145466
NM\_001145467
NM\_147130   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001138938
NP\_001138939
NP\_667341   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 31.59 – 31.59 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: NewswireNGR

abstract: NewsWireNGR is an independent newsroom that reports underreported or mostly ignored stories by mainstream media organisations in Nigeria and Africa. The all women led newsroom was founded in 2013, the remote team, drives conversational Journalism that leads to and not limited to high level policy actions by government but influences change and drives social movements in the country.

text:
# NewswireNGR

**NewsWireNGR** is an independent newsroom that reports underreported or mostly ignored stories by mainstream media organisations in Nigeria and Africa. The all women led newsroom was founded in 2013, the remote team, drives conversational Journalism that leads to and not limited to high level policy actions by government but influences change and drives social movements in the country.

## Audience Reach & Impact

NewsWireNGR journalism has prompted investigations into misconduct at the Abuja Environmental and Protection Board, Shrinking Civic and Media spaces in Nigeria, the Nigerian Railway Cooperation, the Nigerian Ministry of humanitarian affairs and its disbursements of COVID-19 intervention funds to mention a few, leading to changes in government policies across the country.

## Funding

The Platform has been supported by the Google News Initiative, Open Society Initiative for West Africa, OSIWA in the past,

## InfoBox

NewswireNGR
| Telling Under-Reported Stories. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | News agency |
| Format | Online |
| Founded | 2013 |
| Language | English |
| Headquarters | Lagos, Nigeria |
| Website | newswirengr.com |


title: Pets for Vets

abstract: Pets for Vets is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the United States dedicated to providing a second chance to shelter dogs by rescuing, training, and matching them with American veterans who need a companion pet. It was founded in 2009 to help veterans who were suffering from combat stress and other emotional issues. Each companion dog is rescued in connection with local animal rescue groups.

text:
# Pets for Vets

**Pets for Vets** is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the United States dedicated to providing a second chance to shelter dogs by rescuing, training, and matching them with American veterans who need a companion pet. It was founded in 2009 to help veterans who were suffering from combat stress and other emotional issues. Each companion dog is rescued in connection with local animal rescue groups.

## History

Pets for Vets was founded on October 21, 2009, by animal behaviorist and trainer Clarissa Black, who was looking for a way to help American veterans who had combat stress and other emotional issues related to their service. Many Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom veterans experience physical and emotional injuries making it difficult to transition back to civilian life. Pets for Vets helps military veterans reclaim normalcy in their lives through companion dogs.

Each companion dog is rescued in connection with local animal rescue groups. They are then given basic obedience training and any additional training that will help them assimilate into their new lives and then finally placed in their "forever" home.

## Issues addressed

Estimates that anywhere from one in eight to one in five of all Iraq war veterans have some degree of PTSD and two-thirds of those who screened positive for PTSD are not receiving treatment. People who have PTSD experience anxiety, depression, sleeplessness, flashbacks, and extreme wariness. It may manifest right away or show up months or even years later. Some of those who have PTSD commit suicide.

According to the ASPCA, every year between 6 and 8 million dogs and cats are abandoned at shelters in the United States. Nationally five out of ten shelter dogs and seven out of ten shelter cats are euthanized because there is no one to adopt them from the shelter. These dogs and cats can make excellent companion animals but never have that chance.

## Companion animals as therapy

Animal-assisted therapy has typically been used to treat physical disabilities; it is becoming increasingly useful in treating patients with psychological complications including PTSD and combat stress and even reducing symptoms of PTSD in as many as 82% of patients studied.

More and more veterans are being written prescriptions for companion animals to help combat PTSD. Pets can help alleviate stress, loneliness and anxiety. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says pets can decrease a person's blood pressure, cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels and feelings of loneliness. Pets can increase opportunities for exercise and outdoor activities and opportunities for socialization. Caring for a pet encourages responsibility and adherence to a daily schedule.

Pets for Vets developed a program focusing on addressing these issues by bringing together animals needing to be rescued and veterans needing a companion for a better quality of life. Not every veteran qualifies for a psychiatric service dog; however, everyone who wants one can benefit from a companion or pet animal.

## InfoBox

Pets for Vets
|
|  |
| Founder | Clarissa Black |
| Type | 501(c)(3) |
| Tax ID no. | 27-1250302 |
| Purpose | To help heal the emotional wounds of military Veterans by using the power of the human-animal bond to provide a second chance for shelter animals by rescuing, training and pairing them with America's servicemen and women who could benefit from having a companion animal. |
| Revenue | $1,284,387 |
| Expenses (2015) | $426,401 |
| Website | www.petsforvets.com |


title: Jonathan Anders

abstract: Jonathan Victor Anders was an English cricketer who played all his cricket for Shropshire. He was born in Tunbridge Wells and educated at Belvidere School, Shrewsbury. He played at club level for Shrewsbury and Perkins cricket clubs. His highest score of 51 came when playing for Shropshire in the match against Surrey Cricket Board. He played 26 games for Shropshire in the Minor Counties Championship. and 19 games for Shropshire in the MCCA Knockout Trophy.

text:
# Jonathan Anders

**Jonathan Victor Anders** (born 25 January 1971) was an English cricketer who played all his cricket for Shropshire.

He was born in Tunbridge Wells and educated at Belvidere School, Shrewsbury. He played at club level for Shrewsbury and Perkins cricket clubs.

His highest score of 51 came when playing for Shropshire in the match against Surrey Cricket Board. He played 26 games for Shropshire in the Minor Counties Championship. and 19 games for Shropshire in the MCCA Knockout Trophy.

## InfoBox

Jonathan Anders
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Jonathan Anders |
| Born | (1971-01-25) 25 January 1971<br>Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England |
| Batting | Right handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm off break |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1991–2002 | Shropshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition List A  Matches 6  Runs scored 107  Batting average 17.83  100s/50s –/1  Top score 51  Balls bowled 24  Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings –/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 2 July 2011 | |


title: Yataqoba

abstract: Yataqoba is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,045. The municipality consists of the villages of Yataqoba, Krasnı Xutor, and Mecidoba.

text:
# Yataqoba

**Yataqoba** (also, **Yatagoba**) is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,045. The municipality consists of the villages of Yataqoba, Krasnı Xutor, and Mecidoba.

## InfoBox

| Yataqoba | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Yataqoba | |
| Coordinates: 41°34′35″N 48°48′10″E / 41.57639°N 48.80278°E / 41.57639; 48.80278 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Khachmaz |
| Population | |
| Total | 1,045 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Pipe ramming

abstract:
Pipe ramming is a trenchless method for installation of steel pipes and casings. Distances of 30 m or more and over 500 mm in diameter are common, although the method can be used for much longer and larger installations.
The method is useful for pipe and casing installations under railway lines and roads, where other trenchless methods could cause subsidence or heaving. The majority of installations are horizontal, although the method can be used for vertical installations. The main differences between pipe ramming and pipe jacking are that pipe ramming uses percussion and does not have a navigation system, while pipe jacking uses hydraulic jacks and does have an active navigation system. Pipe ramming is preferable for shorter distances and applications that do not require tight directional control, such as cable installations. The method uses pneumatic percussive blows to drive the pipe through the ground. The leading edge of the pipe is almost always open, and is typically closed only when smaller pipes are being installed. The shape allows a small overcut, and directs the soil into the pipe interior instead of compacting it outside the pipe. These objectives are usually achieved by attaching a soil-cutting shoe or special bands to the pipe. Further reduction of friction is typically achieved with lubrication, and different types of bentonite and/or polymers can be used for this purpose.
Spoil removal from the pipe can be performed after the entire pipe is in place. If the pipe containing the spoil becomes too heavy before the installation is complete, the ramming can be interrupted and the pipe cleaned. Spoil can be removed by auger, compressed air or water jetting. Research on instrumented pipe ramming installations has allowed the development of pipe ramming-specific models for static soil resistance and dynamic model parameters for simulating drivability of rammed pipes. These procedures can be used to estimate the feasibility of pipe ramming installations.

text:
# Pipe ramming

**Pipe ramming** (sometimes also called **pipe jacking**) is a trenchless method for installation of steel pipes and casings. Distances of 30 m (150 feet) or more and over 500 mm (20 inches) in diameter are common, although the method can be used for much longer and larger installations. The method is useful for pipe and casing installations under railway lines and roads, where other trenchless methods could cause subsidence or heaving. The majority of installations are horizontal, although the method can be used for vertical installations.

The main differences between pipe ramming and pipe jacking are that pipe ramming uses percussion and does not have a navigation system, while pipe jacking uses hydraulic jacks and does have an active navigation system. Pipe ramming is preferable for shorter distances and applications that do not require tight directional control, such as cable installations.

The method uses pneumatic percussive blows to drive the pipe through the ground. The leading edge of the pipe is almost always open, and is typically closed only when smaller pipes are being installed. The shape allows a small overcut (to reduce friction between the pipe and soil and improve load conditions on the pipe), and directs the soil into the pipe interior instead of compacting it outside the pipe. These objectives are usually achieved by attaching a soil-cutting shoe or special bands to the pipe.

Further reduction of friction is typically achieved with lubrication, and different types of bentonite and/or polymers can be used (as in horizontal directional boring) for this purpose. Spoil removal from the pipe can be performed after the entire pipe is in place (shorter installations). If the pipe containing the spoil becomes too heavy before the installation is complete, the ramming can be interrupted and the pipe cleaned (longer installations). Spoil can be removed by auger, compressed air or water jetting.

Research on instrumented pipe ramming installations has allowed the development of pipe ramming-specific models for static soil resistance and dynamic model parameters for simulating drivability of rammed pipes. These procedures can be used to estimate the feasibility of pipe ramming installations.

## Pipe jacking

The pipe jacking method consists on the principle of driving the tunnel from a launch shaft in the direction of a target (or reception) shaft.

The alignment is controlled using a laser beam from the launch shaft, which guides the machine through the tunnel axis. The laser is the basic control device and it works with inclinometers and gyroscopes. The laser beam is directed to the machine cutter head and its position is controlled in real time by a navigation system at the surface.


title: Merion station

abstract: Merion station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station on the Paoli/Thorndale Line, located in Merion, Pennsylvania just outside of Philadelphia. Merion has two low-level side platforms with pathways connecting the platforms to the inner tracks.

text:
# Merion station

**Merion station** is a SEPTA Regional Rail station on the Paoli/Thorndale Line, located in Merion, Pennsylvania just outside of Philadelphia. Merion has two low-level side platforms with pathways connecting the platforms to the inner tracks.

## History

The station building, constructed in 1917 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, is a designated historic station. It replaced an earlier structure built in the 1860s. It is one of the few historic stations to retain a complex of similarly-designed buildings: the passenger depot on the inbound side, and on the outbound side a still-active post office, outbound waiting room (now unused), and baggage building (also unused). SEPTA completed work to replace the station building's slate tile roof and renovate the outbound canopy in late 2007.

Amtrak stopped some westbound *Silverliner Service* trains at Merion until 1979.

Media related to Merion (SEPTA station) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Merion | |
| --- | --- |
| Merion station house as seen from across the tracks in July 2005. | |
| General information | |
| Location | 293 Idris Road<br>Merion, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 39°59′51″N 75°15′05″W / 39.997375°N 75.251276°W / 39.997375; -75.251276 |
| Owned by | Amtrak |
| Operated by | SEPTA |
| Line(s) | Amtrak Keystone Corridor |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 4 |
| Construction | |
| Parking | 87 spaces |
| Bicycle facilities | 24 rack spaces |
| Accessible | No |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 2 |
| History | |
| Rebuilt | 1917 |
| Electrified | 1915 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2017 | 286 weekday boardings |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  SEPTA Following station  Narberthtoward Thorndale  Paoli/Thorndale Line  Overbrooktoward Temple University | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services   Preceding station  Amtrak Following station  Narberthtoward Harrisburg  *Silverliner Service*Stop dropped in 1979  Overbrooktoward Philadelphia–Suburban  Preceding station Pennsylvania Railroad Following station  Narberthtoward Paoli  Paoli Line  Overbrooktoward Suburban Station | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Harvey Fuqua

abstract: Harvey Fuqua was an American R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, and record label executive. Fuqua founded the seminal R&B/doo-wop group the Moonglows in the 1950s. He is notable as one of the key figures in the development of the Motown label in Detroit, Michigan. His group gave Marvin Gaye a start in his music career. Fuqua and his wife at the time, Gwen Gordy, distributed the first Motown hit single, Barrett Strong's "Money", on their record label, Anna Records. Fuqua later sold Anna Records to Gwen's brother Berry Gordy and became a songwriter and executive at Motown.

text:
# Harvey Fuqua

**Harvey Fuqua** (July 27, 1929 – July 6, 2010) was an American R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, and record label executive.

Fuqua founded the seminal R&B/doo-wop group the Moonglows in the 1950s. He is notable as one of the key figures in the development of the Motown label in Detroit, Michigan. His group gave Marvin Gaye a start in his music career. Fuqua and his wife at the time, Gwen Gordy, distributed the first Motown hit single, Barrett Strong's "Money (That's What I Want)", on their record label, Anna Records. Fuqua later sold Anna Records to Gwen's brother Berry Gordy and became a songwriter and executive at Motown.

## Biography

Fuqua was born in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. He was the nephew of Charlie Fuqua of the Ink Spots. In 1951, with Bobby Lester, Alexander Graves and Prentiss Barnes, he formed a vocal group, the Crazy Sounds, in Louisville, later moving with other members of the group to Cleveland, Ohio. There they were taken under the wing of disc jockey Alan Freed, who renamed them the Moonglows, after his own nickname, "Moondog". The Moonglows' first releases were for Freed's Champagne label in 1953. They recorded for the Chance label in Chicago, before signing with Chess Records in 1954. Their single "Sincerely" reached number 1 on the *Billboard* R&B chart and number 20 on the Hot 100 in late 1954.

When recording for Chess Records, Fuqua initially shared lead vocals with Lester, but eventually asserted himself as the leader of the group. In 1957 he dismissed the other members and recruited a new group, previously known as the Marquees, which included Marvin Gaye. This reconstituted lineup, billed as Harvey and the Moonglows, had immediate success with "Ten Commandments of Love" (number 22 on the *Billboard* Hot 100). Fuqua left the group in 1958.

The Moonglows reunited temporarily in 1972. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000.

While on the Chess label, Fuqua also sang duets with Etta James, having hits with "If I Can't Have You" (number 6 R&B, number 52 pop, 1960) and "Spoonful" (number 12 R&B, number 78 pop, 1961).

Fuqua left the Moonglows when Leonard Chess suggested that he join Anna Records in Detroit. At Anna Records, Fuqua began working with Anna Gordy, Billy Davis, Lamont Dozier and Johnny Bristol. He also introduced Marvin Gaye to Anna's brother, Berry Gordy, and married their sister Gwen Gordy. In 1961, he started his own labels, Tri-Phi Records and Harvey Records, whose acts included the Spinners, Junior Walker and Shorty Long. However, tiring of running a small independent label, Fuqua welcomed the opportunity to work at Motown; he was hired to head the label's Artist Development department and also worked as a producer for the company. Fuqua brought the Spinners and Johnny Bristol to Motown and co-produced several hits for Bristol. He was also responsible for bringing Tammi Terrell to the label and for suggesting and producing her duets with Marvin Gaye, including "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" and "Your Precious Love". In 1962, with the Five Quails, Fuqua had a minor hit with "Been a Long Time".

Around 1971, Fuqua left Motown and obtained a production deal with RCA Records, for which he had particular success with the band New Birth. He also discovered the disco pioneer Sylvester and "Two Tons o' Fun" (also known as the Weather Girls), producing Sylvester's hit singles "Dance (Disco Heat)" and "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)" in 1978 and his album *Stars* in 1979. He also served as Smokey Robinson's road manager. In 1982, he reunited with Marvin Gaye to produce the singer's *Midnight Love* album, which included the single "Sexual Healing". In 2000, he set up his own record company, Resurging Artist Records. He served as a trustee of the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. Fuqua co-wrote one of the most famous disco instrumentals, "K-Jee", recorded originally by The Nite-liters, from which New Birth was an offshoot band, and then Philadelphia session musicians MFSB for the movie *Saturday Night Fever*.

Fuqua resided in Las Vegas, Nevada, until his death from a heart attack in a hospital in Detroit on July 6, 2010.

## Solo singles discography

| Year | A-side | B-side | Label and number | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1959 | "I Want Somebody" | "Da Da Goo Goo" | Chess 1713 |  |
| 1959 | "Twelve Months of the Year" | "Don't Be Afraid of Love" | Chess 1725 |  |
| 1960 | "Blue Skies" | "Ooh, Ouch, Stop" | Chess 1748 |  |
| 1960 | "If I Can't Have You" | "My Heart Cries" | Chess 1760 | Duet with Etta James |
| 1960 | "Spoonful" | "It's a Cryin' Shame" | Chess 1771 | Duet with Etta James |
| 1961 | "The First Time" | "Mama" | Chess 1781 |  |
| 1962 | "What Can You Do Now" | "Will I Do" | Harvey 121 | Duet with Ann Bogan |
| 1962 | "Any Way You Wanta" | "She Loves Me So" | Tri-Phi 1017 |  |
| 1963 | "Memories of You" | "Come On and Answer Me" | Tri-Phi 1024 |  |

## Charitable work

In March 1995, Fuqua and with his wife, Carolyne, incorporated the Foundation for the S.T.A.R.S., a nonprofit organization that reaches out to address some of the difficulties to underprivileged youth in the inner cities of America, with the belief that every dream should have the opportunity to be realized.

## Lawsuits

In November 1982, disco star Sylvester filed a lawsuit against Fuqua and Fantasy Records, which led to a judgment that the company had been withholding money from him, in the amount of $218,112.50. Fuqua was unable to pay more than $20,000, therefore Sylvester never received most of the money that was legally owed to him.

## InfoBox

| Harvey Fuqua | |
| --- | --- |
| Fuqua in 2000 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1929-07-27)July 27, 1929
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | July 6, 2010(2010-07-06) (aged 80)
Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter, record producer, record label executive |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 19512000 |
| Labels |  |