title: Politics of memory

abstract: Politics of memory is the organisation of collective memory by political agents; the political means by which events are remembered and recorded, or discarded. Eventually, politics of memory may determine the way history is written and passed on, hence the terms history politics or politics of history. The politics of history is the effects of political influence on the representation or study of historical topics, commonly associated with the totalitarian state which use propaganda and other means to impose a specific version of history with the goal of eliminating competing perspectives about the past. In order to achieve this goal, memory regimes resort to different means such as narrating, strategic silencing, performing or renaming/remapping. Nevertheless, the term is contested and there is no common agreement on its meaning which is often a matter of contextual use. Some authors have suggested that memory debates can be ordered by an Ethics of Political Commemoration, a framework similar to Just War theory. Memories are also influenced by cultural forces, e.g. popular culture, as well as social norms. It has also been connected with the construction of identity.

text:
# Politics of memory

**Politics of memory** is the organisation of collective memory by political agents; the political means by which events are remembered and recorded, or discarded. Eventually, politics of memory may determine the way history is written and passed on, hence the terms **history politics** or **politics of history**. The politics of history is the effects of political influence on the representation or study of historical topics, commonly associated with the totalitarian state which use propaganda and other means to impose a specific version of history with the goal of eliminating competing perspectives about the past. In order to achieve this goal, memory regimes resort to different means such as *narrating* (the construction of a seemingly coherent narrative), *strategic silencing* (the masking-out of historical facts that contradict one's own interpretation), *performing* (ritualized forms of reifying the narrative) or *renaming/remapping* (inscribing the narrative into the monumental and toponymic landscape).

Nevertheless, the term is contested and there is no common agreement on its meaning which is often a matter of contextual use. Some authors have suggested that memory debates can be ordered by an Ethics of Political Commemoration, a framework similar to Just War theory.

Memories are also influenced by cultural forces, e.g. popular culture, as well as social norms. It has also been connected with the construction of identity.

## By country

### Australia

### Armenia and Turkey

Armenia and Turkey maintain strongly divergent official narratives on the events of 1915, known as the Armenian Genocide. While Armenian official historiography sees in it a deliberate attempt to irrevocably cleanse the Eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire of its indigenous Armenian populations that stands in continuity of a longer history of Anti-Armenian pogroms, Turkish official historiography denies the extent of state violence and sees in the events of 1915 merely a resettlement campaign (tehcir) provoked by hostilities of Armenian nationalist organizations backed by Tsarist Russia. In contrast to Turkish official historiography, the Kurdish political movement within Turkey widely recognizes the events as a genocide, though marginalizing the role of Kurdish complicity in the killings.

### Cyprus

The two sides in the conflict in Cyprus maintain widely divergent and contrasting memories of the events that split the island. The term selective memory is applied by psychologists to people suffering from head injuries who retain some memories, but have amnesia about others. Societal trauma, such as war, seems to have a similar effect. Recollections that are shaped out of a phenomenon common to many countries traumatized by war and repression, may be remembered in radically different ways by people who experienced similar events.

The selectivity may also serve a political purpose, for example to justify the claims of one group over a competing group. Cyprus is a poignant case for this phenomenon. The longstanding conflict on the island reflects deep roots in the "motherlands" of the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot peoples.

### Germany

In Germany, the term "politics of history"/"history politics" (*Geschichtspolitik*) was propounded by German historian Christian Meier in 1986 during the *Historikerstreit* discussion on how to memorialise Nazi Germany and World War II.

Speeches by politicians often deal with issues of how to memorialize the past. Richard von Weizsäcker as Bundespräsident identified two modes of memorializing the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945 in his famous 1985 speech: this date can be seen as defeat or liberation. Weizsäcker backed the latter interpretation. In this regard, such moments as the first official "Day of Commemoration for Victims of National Socialism", on January 20, 1996, led to Bundespräsident Roman Herzog remarking in his address to the German Parliament that "Remembrance gives us strength, since it helps to keep us from going astray." In similar, but somewhat opposing measure, Gerhard Schröder sought to move beyond this in saying the generation that committed such deeds has passed, and a new generation does not have the same fault because they simply weren't there to be responsible.

Good examples for politics of memory could be seen in national monuments and the discourses surrounding their construction. The construction of a Holocaust memorial in memory of the murdered Jews of Europe at a central location in Berlin was met with protests but also with strong support. Likewise the National Memorial to the Victims of War and Tyranny was deemed inappropriate by some onlookers and a discussion revolved around the question whether the lack of a differentiation between victims and perpetrators is adequate or not.

The question if and how to memorise Germans expelled from Poland in the aftermath of World War II has been constantly debated in both West Germany and Poland. Such questions are so difficult because it requires a moral judgement of these events. These judgements differ remarkably. For instance, the Federation of German Expellees called on Poland to pay compensation for lost property to Germans from what after 1945 became Polish territory, a claim that is consistently declined by Poland.

Similarly there have been debates in Germany whether the legacy of World War II implies that Germany's military should be confined to purely defensive measure like peacekeeping or, contrary to this, this legacy can be a justification of an active enforcement of human rights which also might involve preemptive strikes.

### Poland

In Poland, the issue of history politics have risen to the state level when in 2015 it was announced that the works had started on the "Strategy of Polish Political Policy" ("Strategia Polskiej Polityki Historycznej"). President Andrzej Duda announced that "carrying out the historical policy is one of the most important activities of the president".

### Russia

The history in Russia has been highly politicized since the times of the Soviet Union. in the 2000s Vladimir Putin's regime undertook a new revision of history under the pretext of the defense of the national past against the alleged slanderers. As a first step of this defense was the establishment of the commission to handle "the attempts to falsify history to the detriment of Russia's interests" in May 2009.

The central topic of the new "history politics" has become World War II.

The 2018 book of Mariëlle Wijermars *Memory Politics in Contemporary Russia Television, Cinema and the State* analyses the effects of various actors, such as the government, the Russian Orthodox Church, cultural figures, and radical thinkers, such as Aleksandr Dugin, on Russian memory politics, and its usage in legitimizing the government and discrediting the opposition.

### Ukraine

According to historian Georgiy Kasianov, the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory from 2015 was under control of Ukrainian nationalist forces.

### Yugoslavia

Croatian researcher Snježana Koren analyzed the history politics in Yugoslavia by analyzing teaching of history at school during 1945-1960, an immediate aftermath of World War II. She traced both internal and external influences on the state's politics of history, in particular how it was affected by the affiliation with the Soviet Union and the subsequent Soviet-Yugoslav split. She also analyzed the differences in the narratives in different Yugoslav republics.

## Monuments

Spatial markers of memory such as monuments play a crucial role in inscribing a historical narrative into the landscape, an act described by Herfried Münkler as the monumentalization of the landscape. When successor states inherit the monumental landscape of the *ancien régime* often heated debates errupt on the fate of such monuments. New regimes of memory may neglect, appropriate or physically remove monuments. However, their removals may be controversial: in Estonia the removal of a Soviet era statue from the capital evoked strong reaction from Russia.

## Efficacy and moral relativity

W. G. Sebald underlines German amnesia surrounding the Allied carpet bombings of 131 German cities and towns which turned many German cities into vast necropolises, and resulted in an estimated 600,000 primarily civilian deaths, with millions of internal refugees.

## In literature

Milan Kundera's opening story in the *Book of Laughter and Forgetting* is about a Slovak official posing with other officials for a photograph in winter. The man gives his fur hat to cover his superior's bald head and the photo is taken. Later, when he falls out of favour and is denounced and removed from official records and documents, he is even air-brushed out of photographs; all that remains of him is his fur hat.

Winston Churchill is purported to have said that "history is written by the victors." The accuracy and significance of this statement is still debated.

Raul Hilberg's autobiography is titled *The politics of memory*.

## Further reading


title: Pietro Ballo

abstract: Pietro Ballo, is an Italian operatic tenor singer. He came from a family of laborers, and he himself worked in a quarry in Sicily before changing his professional orientation toward music. He enrolled in the school of singing at the Teatro Massimo in Palermo, then his operatic career started near the end of the 1980s, mostly in Italy, at various opera stages as well as concert halls. During the 1970s he moved to Milan where he made his debut in such a role as Fenton in Verdi's Falstaff. He sang then roles of Rodolfo in La Bohème, Italian singer in Der Rosenkavalier, and Roland in Esclarmonde. In 1996 he was awarded with Beniamino Gigli Prize. He made an impressive American television appearance in the Luciano Pavarotti specials of the 1990s "Pavarotti + Plus" singing with Shirley Verrett among others.

text:
# Pietro Ballo

**Pietro Ballo** (born October 2, 1952, in Palermo), is an Italian operatic tenor singer. He came from a family of laborers, and he himself worked in a quarry in Sicily before changing his professional orientation toward music. He enrolled in the school of singing at the Teatro Massimo in Palermo, then his operatic career started near the end of the 1980s, mostly in Italy, at various opera stages as well as concert halls.

During the 1970s he moved to Milan where he made his debut in such a role as Fenton in Verdi's Falstaff. He sang then roles of Rodolfo in La Bohème, Italian singer in Der Rosenkavalier, and Roland in Esclarmonde (Teatro Massimo, January 1993). In 1996 he was awarded with Beniamino Gigli Prize.

He made an impressive American television appearance in the Luciano Pavarotti specials of the 1990s "Pavarotti + Plus" singing with Shirley Verrett among others.

## Sources


title: Philip Twysden

abstract: Philip Twysden (1713–1752), was an Anglican clergyman who served in the Church of Ireland as Lord Bishop of Raphoe from 1747 to 1752. The circumstances of his death later became the subject of scandalous rumour.

text:
# Philip Twysden

**Philip Twysden** (1713–1752), was an Anglican clergyman who served in the Church of Ireland as Lord Bishop of Raphoe from 1747 to 1752. The circumstances of his death later became the subject of scandalous rumour.

## Early life and family

He was born in Kent, south-east England, in 1713, the third son of Sir William Twysden, 5th Baronet of Roydon Hall, East Peckham, Kent, by his wife (and distant cousin) Jane Twisden.

He studied at University College, Oxford, from 1732. He was awarded a Master of Arts degree, and the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law in 1745.

He married twice: firstly to Mary Purcell (died 1743), and secondly to Frances Carter, daughter of The Rt Hon. Thomas Carter, Master of the Rolls in Ireland. After Bishop Twysden's death, she married her cousin, General James Johnston.

By his second wife, he had two children: Mary (died in infancy) and a posthumous daughter called Frances (1753–1821). Frances, later Countess of Jersey, was one of the many mistresses of King George IV when he was Prince of Wales. Through Frances, they are ancestors of Diana, Princess of Wales, and of her sons, Princes William, the Prince of Wales, and Harry, Duke of Sussex.

## Ecclesiastical career

He was ordained a priest in the Church of England. He was instituted in 1738 as rector of Eard and in 1745, for a short time, served as the rector of Eastling in Kent. He accompanied The 4th Earl of Chesterfield to Dublin as his chaplain, upon the Earl's appointment as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

Twysden was nominated to the Bishopric of Raphoe in Ulster on 3 March 1746 and was consecrated by the Lord Archbishop of Dublin, assisted by the bishops of Derry and Clonfert, at St Michan's Church, Dublin, on 29 March 1747.

## Death

Bishop Twysden died on 2 November 1752 at home in Jermyn Street, St James's, London. However, writing almost a century later, Henry Cotton incorrectly thought he died at Roydon Hall, East Peckham, his father's country house. Twysden was buried in the south chancel of St Michael's Church, East Peckham, under a plain stone with no inscription.

A story grew up that, having been made bankrupt, he was shot while attempting to rob a stagecoach. The location of his alleged attempted career as a highwayman was either Hounslow Heath (west of London) or Wrotham Heath in Kent.

* Cotton, Henry (1849). *The Province of Ulster*. Fasti Ecclesiae Hiberniae: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland. Vol. 3. Dublin: Hodges and Smith.
* Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (1986). *Handbook of British Chronology* (3rd, reprinted 2003 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
* Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X.; Byrne, F. J., eds. (1984). *Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History, Part II*. A New History of Ireland. Vol. IX. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821745-5.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend
Philip Twysden | |
| --- | --- |
| Lord Bishop of Raphoe | |
| Church | Church of Ireland |
| Province | Armagh |
| Diocese | Raphoe |
| In office | 1747–1752 |
| Predecessor | William Barnard |
| Successor | Robert Downes |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 29 March 1747 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 7 September 1713
Kent |
| Died | 2 November 1752
London |
| Buried | St Michael's Church, East Peckham |
| Nationality | English |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Parents | Sir William Twysden, 5th Baronet, and Jane Twisden |
| Spouse | (1) Mary Purcell
(2) Frances Carter |
| Children | 2, including Frances, Countess of Jersey |
| Alma mater | University College, Oxford |


title: Ohto Manninen

abstract: Ohto Heikki Sulevi Manninen, is a Finnish historian, PhD 1977. Manninen was 1984–95 associate professor at Helsinki University, 1995–98 professor of Finland's history at Tampere University. In 1998 he became professor in the history of war at the academy of military science. Ohto Manninen has focused foremost on second world war history, and this has resulted in books like Toteutumaton valtioliitto (1977), which treats Finland and Sweden after the Winter war, Suur-Suomen ääriviivat (1980), which is about Finland's politics on Germany 1941, and Talvisodan salatut taustat (1994), a survey on the Soviet plans of operations before the Winter war, and collections of articles Molotovin cocktail – Hitlerin sateenvarjo (1994) and Stalinin kiusa – Himmlerin täi (2002).

text:
# Ohto Manninen

**Ohto Heikki Sulevi Manninen** (24 March 1943 in Helsinki), is a Finnish historian, PhD 1977. Manninen was 1984–95 associate professor at Helsinki University, 1995–98 professor of Finland's history at Tampere University. In 1998 he became professor in the history of war at the academy of military science.

Ohto Manninen has focused foremost on second world war history, and this has resulted in books like *Toteutumaton valtioliitto* (1977), which treats Finland and Sweden after the Winter war, *Suur-Suomen ääriviivat* (1980), which is about Finland's politics on Germany 1941, and *Talvisodan salatut taustat* (1994), a survey on the Soviet plans of operations before the Winter war, and collections of articles *Molotovin cocktail – Hitlerin sateenvarjo* (1994) and *Stalinin kiusa – Himmlerin täi* (2002).

## Publications

* Manninen, Ohto (1994). *Talvisodan salatut taustat* (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kirjaneuvos. ISBN 952-9052-51-0.
* Manninen, Ohto (2002). *Stalinin kiusa – Himmlerin täi* (in Finnish). Helsinki: Edita. ISBN 978-951-37-3694-1.
* Manninen, Ohto (2008). *Miten Suomi valloitetaan : Puna-armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939-1944* (in Finnish). Helsinki: Edita. ISBN 978-951-37-5278-1.


title: NForce 700

abstract: The nForce 700 is a chipset series designed by Nvidia first released in December 2007. The series supports both Intel Core 2 and AMD Phenom processors, and replaces the nForce 600 series chipsets. Several members were spotted, including the codenamed MCP72 for AMD processors and the C72 for Intel processors, launched with the name "nForce 780a" and "nForce 780i" chipsets respectively. Currently, the released variants are the 750i, 780i, 790i, and 790i Ultra.

text:
# NForce 700

The **nForce 700** is a chipset series designed by Nvidia first released in December 2007. The series supports both Intel Core 2 and AMD Phenom processors, and replaces the nForce 600 series chipsets. Several members were spotted, including the codenamed *MCP72* for AMD processors and the *C72* for Intel processors, launched with the name "nForce 780a" and "nForce 780i" chipsets respectively. Currently, the released variants are the 750i, 780i, 790i, and 790i Ultra.

## AMD chipsets

The memory controller is built-in into the CPU, the supported memory type depends on the CPU and socket used. This way there are no supported memory types listed here.

### nForce 780a SLI

* Codenamed *MCP72XE*
* Motherboard GPU (mGPU): GeForce 8200
* Addition of the nForce 200 PCI-E bridge (previously codenamed *BR-04*)
    + Connected to the northbridge via a 4.5 GT/s proprietary bus using the PCI-E interface
    + Support for PCI-E 2.0
* Triple SLI
    + Slot 1: full speed PCI Express 2.0 ×16 slot from nForce 200
    + Slot 2: full speed PCI Express 2.0 ×8 slot from nForce 200
    + Slot 3: full speed PCI Express 2.0 ×8 slot from nForce 200
* Hybrid SLI
    + GeForce Boost
    + HybridPower
* Support HT 3.0

### nForce 750a

### nForce 725a

### nForce 720a

## Intel chipsets

### nForce 7xx

The nForce 780i and 750i chipsets features the nForce 200 PCI-E bridge (previously codenamed *BR-04*) connected to the northbridge via a 4.5 GT/s proprietary bus. Its function is to implement the lack of PCI-E 2.0 support from the northbridge.

|  | nForce 790i Ultra | nForce 790i | nForce 780i | nForce 750i |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Codename | *C73XE* | *C73P* | *C72XE* | *C72P* |
| FSB | 1600 MHz | 1600 MHz | 1333 MHz | 1333 MHz |
| Processor Support | 45 nm Penryn | 45 nm Penryn | 45 nm Penryn | 45 nm Penryn |
| RAM Support | DDR3-2000 SLI memory | DDR3-2000 SLI memory | DDR2-1200 SLI memory | DDR2-1200 |
| Maximum RAM | 8 GB | 8 GB | 8 GB | 8 GB |
| SLI | Triple SLI | Triple SLI | Triple SLI | Dual SLI |
| SLI Slot 1 | PCI-E 2.0 ×16 from Northbridge | PCI-E 2.0 ×16 from Northbridge | PCI-E 2.0 ×16 from Northbridge | PCI-E 2.0 ×16 from Northbridge |
| SLI Slot 2 | PCI-E 1.0 ×16 from Southbridge | PCI-E 1.0 ×16 from Southbridge | PCI-E 1.0 ×16 from Southbridge | PCI-E 2.0 ×16 from Northbridge |
| SLI Slot 3 | PCI-E 2.0 ×16 from Northbridge | PCI-E 2.0 ×16 from Northbridge | PCI-E 2.0 ×16 from Northbridge | N/A |
| Remarks | Memory more easily overclockable | Special GPU routing (PWShort); Overclocks much better than predecessor. | Shared similar layout as its predecessor, the nForce 680i SLI; The northbridge dissipates 48 when running |  |
|

### *MCP7A*

## InfoBox

Nvidia nForce 700
| CPU supported | Phenom
Phenom II
Athlon
Athlon II
Core 2
Pentium D |
| --- | --- |
| Socket supported | LGA 775
Socket AM2+ |
| Miscellaneous | |
| Release date(s) | December 2007 |
| Predecessor | nForce 600 |
| Successor | nForce 900 |


title: Phil Ramone

abstract: Philip Rabinowitz, better known as Phil Ramone, was a South African-born American recording engineer, record producer, violinist and composer, and co-founder of A & R recording studio. Its success led to expansion into several studios and a record production company. He was described by Billboard as "legendary", and the BBC as a "CD pioneer".

text:
# Phil Ramone

**Philip Rabinowitz** (January 5, 1934  March 30, 2013), better known as **Phil Ramone**, was a South African-born American recording engineer, record producer, violinist and composer, and co-founder of A & R recording studio. Its success led to expansion into several studios and a record production company. He was described by *Billboard* as "legendary", and the BBC as a "CD pioneer".

## Early life

Ramone was born in South Africa and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. As a child in South Africa, Ramone was a musical prodigy, beginning to play the violin at age three  and performing for Princess Elizabeth at age 10. In the late 1940s, he trained as a classical violinist at the Juilliard School, where one of his classmates was Phil Woods. Ramone opened his own recording studio before he was 20. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States on December 14, 1953.

## Professional career

### A & R Recording

In 1959, Ramone co-founded an independent New York City recording studio, A & R Recording, with business partner Jack Arnold. In the studio he quickly gained a reputation as a good sound engineer and music producer, in particular for his use of innovative technology. Among the performers whose music Ramone produced are Burt Bacharach, the Band, Bono, Laura Branigan, Ray Charles, Karen Carpenter, Chicago, Peter Cincotti, Natalie Cole, Celine Dion, Bob Dylan, Sheena Easton, Melissa Errico, Gloria Estefan, Aretha Franklin, the Guess Who, Heatwave, Billie Hughes, Billy Joel, Debbie Gibson, Elton John, Quincy Jones, Patricia Kaas, B.B. King, Lazarus, Julian Lennon, Shelby Lynne, Madonna, Barry Manilow, Richard Marx, Paul McCartney, George Michael, Cyndi Lauper, Liza Minnelli, Anne Murray, Olivia Newton-John, Sinéad O'Connor, Fito Páez, Luciano Pavarotti (including the Pavarotti and Friends Charity Concerts in Modena, Italy), Peter, Paul and Mary, June Pointer, André Previn, Jennifer Rush, Diane Schuur, Jon Secada, Michael Sembello, Carly Simon, Paul Simon, Frank Sinatra, Phoebe Snow, Dusty Springfield, Rod Stewart, Barbra Streisand, James Taylor, Frankie Valli, Dionne Warwick, Stevie Wonder, and Nikki Yanofsky. He also is credited with having recorded Marilyn Monroe's version of "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" to John F. Kennedy.

In 1972, management of A & R included Robert Gerics (general manager and studio manager), Nick Diminno (studio manager), and Irving Joel (chief engineer). The studios were located at 799 7th Avenue and 322 West 48th Street.

Ramone's early work in producing and engineering was with jazz artists, working on John Coltrane records and acting as engineer for the *Getz/Gilberto* album in 1963, for which he won his first Grammy. He transitioned during the 1960s to working with folk-rock, pop-rock, and R&B acts such as Peter, Paul and Mary, James Taylor, Aretha Franklin, and Bob Dylan, first primarily as an engineer, and later as a producer. He won his first production Grammy for his work on 1975's *Still Crazy After All These Years* by Paul Simon. He produced Billy Joel's 1977 album *The Stranger* and began a fruitful collaboration with Joel producing a string of hit albums throughout the rest of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1993, he produced *Duets*, Frank Sinatra's comeback album, a commercial hit that peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Album Chart. During the rest of the 1990s, Ramone moved from production work to his primary role as an industry executive, serving as chairman of The Recording Academy, though he would still be involved in some studio work including several Broadway cast recordings, as well as helping produce, with Quincy Jones, the televised *A Tribute to Brian Wilson* in 2001.

### Technical innovations

Ramone was a founding member of META (the Music & Engineering Technology Alliance).

October 1, 2024, marked the forty-second anniversary of the world's first commercially marketed compact disc. On that date in 1982, CBS/Sony released a digital compact disc of Billy Joel's *52nd Street* in Japan, alongside Sony's CD player CDP-101.

Ramone introduced optical surround sound for movies. His book, *Making Records: The Scenes Behind the Music*, written with Chuck Granata, was released on October 9, 2007. Also in October 2007, Ramone produced a limited engagement performance of Richard Vetere's *Be My Love: The Mario Lanza Story*. The play was directed by Charles Messina and co-produced by Sonny Grosso. It premiered at The Tilles Center in Greenvale, New York.

### Other professional activities

In addition to producing music, Ramone had numerous concert, film, Broadway, and television productions to his credit that include *A Star Is Born*, *Walkabout*, *August Rush*, *Beyond the Sea*, *Flashdance*, *Ghostbusters*, *Little Shop of Horrors*, *Midnight Cowboy*, *On Her Majesty's Secret Service*, *Passion*, *Seussical*, *Simon and Garfunkel: The Concert In Central Park*, *Songwriters Hall of Fame Awards*, *The Score*, VH1/BBC *Party at the Palace: Queen’s Jubilee Concert* and *The Good Thief*. A champion of music educational programs, Ramone served on the boards of the National Mentoring Partnership and Berklee College of Music.

### Later work

On July 8, 2008, Columbia Records released *The Stranger 30th Anniversary*, which features interviews with Ramone. This box set includes a remastered version of the 1977 Billy Joel album *The Stranger* by Ramone. The following summer, Ramone produced *Gershwin Across America*, a tribute album to the music of George and Ira Gershwin. The album features Jewel, Jason Mraz, Darius Rucker, and Paul Simon. In 2011, Ramone worked with George Michael, during his 2011 Symphonica Tour. Also in 2011, Ramone produced the songs "You Were Meant for Me" and "I'm Coming Back" on Lalah Hathaway's album *Where It All Begins*. One of Ramone's final projects was as the producer of the rock band Chicago's 2011 holiday album, Chicago XXXIII: O Christmas Three.

## Personal life

Ramone was married to Karen Ichiuji-Ramone, with whom he had one son. Ramone had two sons from a prior marriage.

### Death

Ramone was hospitalized in late February 2013 with an aortic aneurysm, and died on March 30, 2013, from complications involving the surgery related to it, at New York Presbyterian Hospital in Manhattan. He was aged 79.

## Awards

Grammys

Ramone was nominated for 34 Grammy awards, winning 14 including a Technical Grammy Award in 2005 for a lifetime of innovative contributions to the recording industry.

Other awards Honorary degrees and collegiate appointments

Ramone was awarded honorary degrees by:

Ramone was a member of Berklee's board of trustees.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Phil Ramone | |
| --- | --- |
| Ramone in 2009 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Philip Rabinowitz |
| Born | (1934-01-05)January 5, 1934
South Africa |
| Origin | Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Died | March 30, 2013(2013-03-30) (aged 79)
New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Recording engineer, record producer, music executive, composer, songwriter, performer |
| Instrument | Violin |
| Years active | 1958–2013 |
| Labels | A & R Recording, Columbia, Warner Bros., Verve, Hear Music, Casablanca |
|  | |
| Website | philramone.com (last version, archived at the Internet Archive) |


title: Myioclura

abstract: Myioclura is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Myioclura

***Myioclura*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Myioclura* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Voriini |
| Genus: | *Myioclura*
Reinhard, 1975 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Myioclura necopina*
Reinhard, 1975 | |


title: Mark 11 torpedo

abstract: The Mark 11 torpedo was the first American torpedo to be designed within the United States Navy without collaboration from industry. It was developed by the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., and the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport, Rhode Island. The Mark 11 torpedo was also the first to feature a three-speed setting capability while tube-loaded: high at 46 knots, medium at 34 knots and low at 27 knots. Due to stability problems it was supplemented by the Mark 12 torpedo within two years, which had a 44-knot high speed setting.

text:
# Mark 11 torpedo

The **Mark 11 torpedo** was the first American torpedo to be designed within the United States Navy without collaboration from industry. It was developed by the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., and the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport, Rhode Island. The Mark 11 torpedo was also the first to feature a three-speed setting capability while tube-loaded: high at 46 knots, medium at 34 knots and low at 27 knots. Due to stability problems it was supplemented by the Mark 12 torpedo within two years, which had a 44-knot high speed setting.

## InfoBox

| Mark 11 torpedo | |
| --- | --- |
| The Mark 11 torpedo at Newport, Rhode Island, torpedo factory, June 1925. | |
| Type | Anti-surface ship torpedo |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1926–1945 |
| Used by | United States Navy |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Washington Navy Yard
Naval Torpedo Station |
| Designed | 1926 |
| Manufacturer | Naval Torpedo Station |
| Variants | Mod 1 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 3511 pounds |
| Length | 271 inches |
| Diameter | 21 inches |
| --- | |
| Effective firing range | 6000–15,000 yards |
| Warhead | Mk 11, TNT |
| Warhead weight | 500 pounds |
| Detonation
mechanism | Mk 3, Mod 1 contact exploder |
| --- | |
| Engine | Turbine |
| Maximum speed | 27–46 knots |
| Guidance
system | Gyroscope |
| Launch
platform | Destroyers |


title: W. Neal Moerschel

abstract: W. Neal Moerschel was an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the 31st district of the Delaware House of Representatives.

text:
# W. Neal Moerschel

**W. Neal Moerschel** (December 24, 1930 – September 6, 2022) was an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the 31st district of the Delaware House of Representatives.

## Life and career

Moerschel attended Maryland State Teachers College and Johns Hopkins University.

Moerschel served in the Delaware House of Representatives from 1969 to 1973.

Moerschel died on September 6, 2022 at his home in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, at the age of 91.

## InfoBox

| W. Neal Moerschel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Delaware House of Representatives from the 31st district | |
| **In office**
1969–1973 | |
| Preceded by | Norman A. Eskridge |
| Succeeded by | Hudson E. Gruwell |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1930-12-24)December 24, 1930 |
| Died | September 6, 2022(2022-09-06) (aged 91)
Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Alma mater | Maryland State Teachers College
Johns Hopkins University |
|  | |


title: Scytinostroma hemidichophyticum

abstract: Scytinostroma hemidichophyticum is a mushroom in the family Lachnocladiaceae found in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

text:
# Scytinostroma hemidichophyticum

***Scytinostroma hemidichophyticum*** is a mushroom in the family Lachnocladiaceae found in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

## InfoBox

| *Scytinostroma hemidichophyticum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Russulales |
| Family: | Lachnocladiaceae |
| Genus: | *Scytinostroma* |
| Species: | ***S. hemidichophyticum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scytinostroma hemidichophyticum***<br>Pouzar (1966) | |
|


title: Philadelphia City Treasurer

abstract:
The City Treasurer of Philadelphia is the manager of city funds and investments for the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The current city Treasurer is Jaqueline Dunn. The duties of the City Treasurer include:
  - Management of new and outstanding City debt in accordance with the city's Debt Management Policies, maximizing the value received from new financing and minimizing interest and transaction costs.
  - Management of custodial banking for all City funds by encouraging standards and practices consistent with safeguarding City funds.
  - Serve as the disbursing agent for payments from the City Treasury by distribution of checks and electronic payments in the most modern, secure, effective, and efficient method.
  - Maximize amount of cash available for investment after meeting daily cash requirements, thereby providing a source of revenue to support the city's financial commitments.

text:
# Philadelphia City Treasurer

The **City Treasurer of Philadelphia** is the manager of city funds and investments for the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The current city Treasurer is Jaqueline Dunn.

The duties of the City Treasurer include:

* Management of new and outstanding City debt in accordance with the city's Debt Management Policies, maximizing the value received from new financing and minimizing interest and transaction costs.
* Management of custodial banking for all City funds by encouraging standards and practices consistent with safeguarding City funds.
* Serve as the disbursing agent for payments from the City Treasury by distribution of checks and electronic payments in the most modern, secure, effective, and efficient method.
* Maximize amount of cash available for investment after meeting daily cash requirements, thereby providing a source of revenue to support the city's financial commitments.


title: Oi Shigemoto

abstract: Ōi Shigemoto Baron Ōi Shigemoto was a Japanese general who commanded the 12th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Siberian Intervention.

text:
# Oi Shigemoto

Baron **Ōi Shigemoto**  (大井 成元, 22 October 1863 – 15 July 1951) was a Japanese general who commanded the 12th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Siberian Intervention.

## Biography

Ōi was a native of Chōshū Domain (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture) and entered the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1881 and graduated from the Army War College in April 1887. he served in the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office from December 1889. In February 1890 he was sent to Germany for studies, and was attached to the Prussian Army's 113th Infantry Regiment. He was promoted to captain in December 1893, and returned to Japan in February 1895, where he was assigned to the staff of the IJA 2nd Army; however from May to December of that year he was assigned as an advisor to the Government-General of Taiwan. He subsequently served as an instructor at the Army Academy and in a number of staff roles, including a diplomatic mission to Germany in May 1902. He was promoted to colonel in March 1905 and major general in January 1909 and was given command of the IJA 19th Infantry Brigade. In March 1911, he became commander of the 2nd Guards Regiment and in November 1912 was commandant of the Army War College.

He was promoted to lieutenant general in May 1914 and was made commander of the IJA 8th Division. In July 1918, he was transferred to the IJA 12th Division, which was dispatched to Siberia the following month. In August 1919, Ōi became the commanding officer of the Vladivostok Expeditionary Force and in November of this same year was promoted to full general. In October 1919, he was awarded with the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasures. Ōi, as commander of the Japanese Trans-Baikal Expeditionary Force, signed a treaty with the Far Eastern Republic in May 1920, which set the stage for the withdrawal of Japanese forces from Siberia. He returned to Japan in July 1920 and a seat on the Supreme War Council. In November 1920, he was awarded with the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Kite and the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun.

Ōi was ennobled with the *kazoku* peerage title of *danshaku* (baron) in April 1921, and entered the reserves in March 1923. From March 1924, he served as a member of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan. He retired from the military in April 1933 and from politics in February 1940. Despite this, he was still purged by the American occupation forces after World War II, and returned to his native Yamaguchi Prefecture. He died in July 1951 and his grave is at Tama Cemetery in Tokyo.

## Decorations

## InfoBox

| Baron
Ōi Shigemoto | |
| --- | --- |
| Ōi Shigemoto | |
| Native name | 大井 成元 |
| Born | (1863-10-22)22 October 1863
Chōshū Domain, Japan |
| Died | 15 July 1951(1951-07-15) (aged 87) |
| Buried | Tama Cemetery, Tokyo |
| Allegiance | Empire of Japan |
| Service/branch | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Years of service | 1881-1923 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | IJA 12th Division |
| Battles/wars | Siberian Intervention |


title: Philip A. Allen

abstract: Philip A. Allen was a British geologist, known for his research in sedimentology and stratigraphy. Philip A. Allen graduated in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in geology from the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. After two years in the petroleum industry, he matriculated as a graduate student at the University of Cambridge. There he graduated with a doctoral degree in 1979. His doctoral dissertation deals with the sedimentology of the Devonian strata of the southeastern Shetland Islands. His dissertation was supervised by Peter F. Friend. As a postdoc, Allen held an academic position at the University of Bern, where he worked with Albert Matter. Philip Allen was a lecturer at Cardiff University and then the University of Oxford, before his appointment to the chair of geology and mineralogy at Trinity College Dublin in 1996. In 2001 he resigned from his Dublin professorship to become a professor of physical sedimentary systems at ETH Zurich. In 2005 he resigned from his Zurich professorship to become a professor at Imperial College London, where he remained until his retirement in 2015 as professor emeritus. In 2004 he served as a senior proctor at the University of Oxford. Philip A. Allen was the author or co-author of more than 100 scientific articles dealing with many aspects of sedimentology. With his twin brother John R. Allen, who worked as a petroleum geologist for BHP Billiton, he wrote the book Basin Analysis, which went through three editions. The book was an important pioneering effort in the analysis of sedimentary basins and, for several decades, introduced students to connections between sedimentology, geodynamics, and climate. Philip Allen's book Earth Surface Processes unifies geophysics with sedimentology, stratigraphy, and tectonics. In the first two decades of the 21st century, Philip Allen's team in the 'Geodynamics: From Core to Surface' Sub-Group did research on sediment routing systems and, in particular, made a thorough case study of an ancient sediment routing system in the Spanish Pyrenees. The research involved constructing maps of recent sediment routing systems on continental scales, compiling tectonic and geodetic datasets, and combining data and theory in numerical models. In 2011 Allen chaired the science committee that organized a one-day conference hosted by the Geological Society of London. The conference was a multi-disciplinary gathering of over 100 scientists for understanding how tectonics and Earth's surface processes interact, especially the coupling of mantle dynamics and geological landscape evolution. At the 2013 annual meeting of the European Geosciences Union (EGU), Allen gave a talk on a particular model of a sediment routing system from the Eocene of the Pyrenees. Allen held a Royal Society-Wolfson research merit award for 2006–2011. In 2007 the Geological Society awarded him the Lyell Medal. From 2009 to 2012 he served as science secretary of the Geological Society of the London. In 2020 the Society for Sedimentary Geology awarded him the William H. Twenhofel Medal. Philip A. Allen was a Christian believer and wrote 3 books arguing for the compatibility of Christian faith and empirical science.

text:
# Philip A. Allen

**Philip A. Allen** (1953, Bath, Somerset, UK – 9 March 2021) was a British geologist, known for his research in sedimentology and stratigraphy.

Philip A. Allen graduated in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in geology from the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth (now named Aberystwyth University). After two years in the petroleum industry, he matriculated as a graduate student at the University of Cambridge. There he graduated with a doctoral degree in 1979. His doctoral dissertation deals with the sedimentology of the Devonian strata of the southeastern Shetland Islands. His dissertation was supervised by Peter F. Friend. As a postdoc, Allen held an academic position at the University of Bern, where he worked with Albert Matter. Philip Allen was a lecturer at Cardiff University and then the University of Oxford, before his appointment to the chair of geology and mineralogy at Trinity College Dublin in 1996. In 2001 he resigned from his Dublin professorship to become a professor of physical sedimentary systems at ETH Zurich. In 2005 he resigned from his Zurich professorship to become a professor at Imperial College London, where he remained until his retirement in 2015 as professor emeritus. In 2004 he served as a senior proctor at the University of Oxford.

Philip A. Allen was the author or co-author of more than 100 scientific articles dealing with many aspects of sedimentology. With his twin brother John R. Allen, who worked as a petroleum geologist for BHP Billiton, he wrote the book *Basin Analysis*, which went through three editions (1990, 2005, and 2013). The book was an important pioneering effort in the analysis of sedimentary basins and, for several decades, introduced students to connections between sedimentology, geodynamics, and climate. Philip Allen's book *Earth Surface Processes* unifies geophysics with sedimentology, stratigraphy, and tectonics.

In the first two decades of the 21st century, Philip Allen's team in the 'Geodynamics: From Core to Surface' Sub-Group did research on sediment routing systems and, in particular, made a thorough case study of an ancient sediment routing system in the Spanish Pyrenees. The research involved constructing maps of recent sediment routing systems on continental scales, compiling tectonic and geodetic datasets, and combining data and theory in numerical models. In 2011 Allen chaired the science committee that organized a one-day conference hosted by the Geological Society of London. The conference was a multi-disciplinary gathering of over 100 scientists for understanding how tectonics and Earth's surface processes interact, especially the coupling of mantle dynamics and geological landscape evolution. At the 2013 annual meeting of the European Geosciences Union (EGU), Allen gave a talk on a particular model of a sediment routing system from the Eocene of the Pyrenees.

Allen held a Royal Society-Wolfson research merit award for 2006–2011. In 2007 the Geological Society awarded him the Lyell Medal. From 2009 to 2012 he served as science secretary of the Geological Society of the London. In 2020 the Society for Sedimentary Geology (which uses the acronym SEPM for "Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists") awarded him the William H. Twenhofel Medal.

Philip A. Allen was a Christian believer and wrote 3 books arguing for the compatibility of Christian faith and empirical science.

## Selected publications

### Articles

* Allen, P. A.; Homewood, P. (1984). "Evolution and mechanics of a Miocene tidal sandwave". *Sedimentology*. **31** (1): 63–81. Bibcode:1984Sedim..31...63A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1984.tb00723.x.
* Allen, Philip A. (1985). "Hummocky cross-stratification is not produced purely under progressive gravity waves". *Nature*. **313** (6003): 562–564. Bibcode:1985Natur.313..562A. doi:10.1038/313562a0. (See hummocky cross-stratification.)
* "Chapter 10. *Dynamics of the Molasse Basin of Western Switzerland* by P. Homewood, P. A. Allen, and G. D. Williams". *Foreland Basins*. John Wiley & Sons. 1986. pp. 199–217. doi:10.1002/9781444303810.ch10. ISBN 978-0-632-01732-4.
* Allen, Philip A.; Crampton, Sarah L.; Sinclair, Hugh D. (1991). "The inception and early evolution of the North Alpine Foreland Basin, Switzerland". *Basin Research*. **3** (3): 143–163. Bibcode:1991BasR....3..143A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.1991.tb00124.x.
* Sinclair, H. D.; Coakley, B. J.; Allen, P. A.; Watts, A. B. (1991). "Simulation of Foreland Basin Stratigraphy using a diffusion model of mountain belt uplift and erosion: An example from the central Alps, Switzerland". *Tectonics*. **10** (3): 599–620. Bibcode:1991Tecto..10..599S. doi:10.1029/90TC02507.
* Sinclair, H. D.; Allen, P. A. (1992). "Vertical versus horizontal motions in the Alpine orogenic wedge: Stratigraphic response in the foreland basin". *Basin Research*. **4** (3–4): 215–232. Bibcode:1992BasR....4..215S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.1992.tb00046.x.
* Hovius, Niels; Stark, Colin P.; Allen, Philip A. (1997). "Sediment flux from a mountain belt derived by landslide mapping". *Geology*. **25** (3): 231. Bibcode:1997Geo....25..231H. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025\<0231:SFFAMB\>2.3.CO;2.
* Allen, Philip A.; Densmore, A. L. (2000). "Sediment flux from an uplifting fault block". *Basin Research*. **12** (3–4): 367–380. Bibcode:2000BasR...12..367A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2000.00135.x.
* Allen, Philip (2005). "Striking a chord". *Nature*. **434** (7036): 961. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..961A. doi:10.1038/434961a. PMID 15846325.
* Allen, Philip A. (2005). "Volte-face in the Punjab". *Nature*. **438** (7070): 925–926. doi:10.1038/438925a. PMID 16355202.
* Allen, Philip A.; Hoffman, Paul F. (2005). "Extreme winds and waves in the aftermath of a Neoproterozoic glaciation". *Nature*. **433** (7022): 123–127. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..123A. doi:10.1038/nature03176. PMID 15650730.
* Allen, Philip A. (2007). "Sediment en route to oblivion". *Nature*. **450** (7169): 490–491. doi:10.1038/450490a. PMID 18033285.
* Allen, Philip A. (2007). "The Huqf Supergroup of Oman: Basin development and context for Neoproterozoic glaciation". *Earth-Science Reviews*. **84** (3–4): 139–185. Bibcode:2007ESRv...84..139A. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.06.005.
* Allen, Philip A. (2008). "From landscapes into geological history" (PDF). *Nature*. **451** (7176): 274–276. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..274A. doi:10.1038/nature06586. PMID 18202641.
* Allen, Philip A. (2008). "Time scales of tectonic landscapes and their sediment routing systems". *Geological Society, London, Special Publications*. **296** (1): 7–28. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.296....7A. doi:10.1144/SP296.2.
* Allen, Philip A.; Etienne, James L. (2008). "Sedimentary challenge to Snowball Earth". *Nature Geoscience*. **1** (12): 817–825. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..817A. doi:10.1038/ngeo355.
* Armitage, John J.; Duller, Robert A.; Whittaker, Alex C.; Allen, Philip A. (2011). "Transformation of tectonic and climatic signals from source to sedimentary archive". *Nature Geoscience*. **4** (4): 231–235. Bibcode:2011NatGe...4..231A. doi:10.1038/ngeo1087.
* Allen, Philip A. (2011). "Surface impact of mantle processes". *Nature Geoscience*. **4** (8): 498–499. doi:10.1038/ngeo1216.
* Armitage, John J.; Dunkley Jones, Tom; Duller, Robert A.; Whittaker, Alexander C.; Allen, Philip A. (2013). "Temporal buffering of climate-driven sediment flux cycles by transient catchment response". *Earth and Planetary Science Letters*. 369–370: 200–210. Bibcode:2013E&PSL.369..200A. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.03.020.
* Allen, Philip A.; Armitage, John J.; Carter, Andrew; Duller, Robert A.; Michael, Nikolas A.; Sinclair, Hugh D.; Whitchurch, Amy L.; Whittaker, Alexander C. (2013). "The *Q* s problem: Sediment volumetric balance of proximal foreland basin systems". *Sedimentology*. **60** (1): 102–130. Bibcode:2013Sedim..60..102A. doi:10.1111/sed.12015.
* Michael, N. A.; Whittaker, A. C.; Carter, A.; Allen, P. A. (2014). "Volumetric budget and grain-size fractionation of a geological sediment routing system: Eocene Escanilla Formation, south-central Pyrenees" (PDF). *Geological Society of America Bulletin*. **126** (3–4): 585–599. Bibcode:2014GSAB..126..585M. doi:10.1130/B30954.1.

### Technical books

* Allen, P. A. (2014). *Acts of God: Weighing Biblical Events with Natural Science*. ISBN 1500253057.
* Allen, P. A. (2014). *Earth Dramas: Ancient Myths and Modern Controversies*. ISBN 1499262434.
* Allen, P. A. (2023). *Oasis Earth: The Divine Masterpiece of Creation*. ISBN 1446655067.

1. Acts of God: Weighing Biblical Evidence with Natural Evidence *by Philip A. Allen, Product description: About the Author*. 2014. ASIN 1500253057.
2. Willett, Sean; Densmore, Alex (29 March 2021). "In Memoriam: Philip Allen". *Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, ETH Zürich*.
3. Allen, P. A. (1979). *Sedimentological aspects of the Devonian strata of SE Shetland (Doctoral dissertation, Cambridge University*.
4. "Sediment routing systems". *Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London*.
5. "Frontier spirit". *Geoscientist Online, The Geological Society of London*. March 2012.
6. Tennant, Jon (April 10, 2013). "More sedimentology than you can shake a stick at". *blogs of the European Geosciences Union (blogs.egu.eu)*.
7. "Society Awards for 2007". *Journal of the Geological Society*. **164** (4): 689–690. 2007. Bibcode:2007JGSoc.164..689.. doi:10.1144/0016-7649Awards07.
8. "Twenhofel Medal". *sepm.org*. 2020.


abstract:
N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminyltransferase is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol 4-beta-N-acetylmannosaminyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
  - UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol ⇌ UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of teichoic acid linkage units in bacterial cell walls.

text:
# N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminyltransferase

**N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminyltransferase** (EC 2.4.1.187, *uridine diphosphoacetyl-mannosamineacetylglucosaminylpyrophosphorylundecaprenol acetylmannosaminyltransferase*, *N-acetylmannosaminyltransferase*, *UDP-N-acetylmannosamine:N-acetylglucosaminyl diphosphorylundecaprenol N-acetylmannosaminyltransferase*, *UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol beta-1,4-N-acetylmannosaminyltransferase*) is an enzyme with systematic name *UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol 4-beta-N-acetylmannosaminyltransferase*. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine \+ N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol $\rightleftharpoons $ UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminyl-(1-\>4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol

This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of teichoic acid linkage units in bacterial cell walls.

## InfoBox

| N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.4.1.187 |
| CAS no. | 118731-82-1 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Megan Nicole

abstract: Megan Nicole Green, simply known as Megan Nicole, is an American singer-songwriter and actress who debuted on YouTube in 2009.

text:
# Megan Nicole

**Megan Nicole Green** (née **Flores**, born September 1, 1993), simply known as **Megan Nicole**, is an American singer-songwriter and actress who debuted on YouTube in 2009.

## Early life

Megan Nicole was born in Houston, Texas to parents Tammy and Frankie Flores. She has a sister named Maddie Taylor. Her mother is of German and Native American descent and her father is Mexican American. She was raised in Katy, Texas and became interested in music around age 10, when her father purchased a karaoke machine for her. Nicole also participated in her church's music programs, taking part in a church band during high school and choir during middle school.

## Career

In 2009, Nicole uploaded her first video to YouTube, her cover of "Use Somebody" by Kings of Leon. She followed with more covers on her YouTube channel, including songs by Bruno Mars, Katy Perry, Demi Lovato, Miley Cyrus, Taylor Swift, Selena Gomez, One Direction, Echosmith and other artists. She has several collaborations with fellow YouTube artists such as Tiffany Alvord, Alyssa Bernal, Madilyn Bailey, Tyler Ward, Dave Days, Conor Maynard, and Lindsey Stirling.

Nicole released her first original song, "B-e-a-utiful", on July 15, 2011. Written by Nicole, Lairs Johnston, Stephen Folden, and Tom Mgrdichian, the "pop ditty" received one million hits after two days and had 27 million hits by November 2013.

In August 2012, Nicole signed with Bad Boy Records. In September 2012, Nicole reached number 29 on the *Billboard* Social 50 in her fourth week on the popularity chart.

An April 2014 article in *The News Tribune* said that on YouTube, Nicole had 1.5 million subscribers and 350 million video views. She also performed at the Pre-Show Party for the 2014 Radio Disney Music Awards.

On August 19, 2014, Nicole released her single "Electrified". This was her first single off of her debut album *Escape*, an independent release on Hume Records following her departure from Bad Boy Records. With five new, original songs, all co-written by Nicole and Mgrdichian, *Escape* was released on October 14, 2014. The 80's-inspired music video for "Electrified" premiered on People.com on September 16, 2014.

Nicole starred in her first feature film, *Summer Forever*, alongside Alyson Stoner and Anna Grace Barlow. It was released through video on demand on September 4, 2015. In 2017, Nicole performed "Get Your Cape On", a cover of the theme song from the animated web series *DC Super Hero Girls*, originally performed by Jordyn Kane.

## Personal life

In March 2017, Nicole became engaged to Cooper Green. They were married on July 1, 2017.

## Discography

### EP

| EP and studio album Information |
| --- |
| ***Escape**** Released: October 14, 2014 (U.S.) * Label: Hume Records * Produced by: Tom Mgrdichian * Album Type: Studio Album * Track listing:     + 1. Electrified     + 2. Fun     + 3. Alright     + 4. Escape     + 5. Courageous |
| ***My Kind of Party**** Released: February 9, 2018 (U.S.) * Label: Megan Nicole Music * Album Type: Studio Album * Track listing:     + 1. Checklist     + 2. My Kind of Party     + 3. Take Me Back     + 4. Nothing     + 5. Clueless     + 6. Favorite One |

### Singles

| Title | Year | Album/EP |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "B-e-a-utiful" | 2011 | Non-album singles |
| "Summer Forever" | | 2013 |
| "Never Wanna Let You Go" | | 2014 |
| | | "Never Have I Ever" |
| | "Electrified" | Escape |
| | "Fun" |
| | "Escape" |
| "Look at Whatcha Done" | 2015 | Non-album singles |
| | | "Into the Fire" |
| | | "Silver Medal" |
| | | "Safe with Me" |
| | | "Fever" |
| "Mascara" | | 2016 |
| | | "Play It Cool" |

### Soundtrack appearances

| Year | Title | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | "Legendary" | *Summer Forever* (soundtrack) |
| | "Never Say Never" with Alyson Stoner and Anna Grace Barlow | |
| | "Lovesick Undercover" | |
| | "Weekend Warriors" with Alyson Stoner and Anna Grace Barlow | |
| | "Ours To Lose" with Alyson Stoner, Anna Grace Barlow and Ryan McCartan | |
| | "About Tonight" with Ryan McCartan | |
| | "Make An X" with Alyson Stoner and Anna Grace Barlow | |
| | "Summer Forever" (2015 version) | |

## Videography

| Title | Year | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "B-e-a-utiful" | 2011 | Kurt Hugo Schneider |
| "Summer Forever" | 2013 | Joseph Levi |
| | "Snapshots (Best Days of Our Lives)" |  |
| "Never Wanna Let You Go" | 2014 |  |
| | "Never Have I Ever" | Joseph Levi |
| | "Electrified" |
| | "Alright" |
| | "Fun" | Hannah Lux Davis |
| "Escape" | 2015 | Young Astronauts |
| | "Look At Whatcha Done" |  |
| | "Silver Medal" | Joseph Levi |
| | "Weekend Warriors" | from Summer Forever Movie |
| | "Safe with Me" | Joseph Levi |
| | "Fever" | Sean Willis |
| "Mascara" | 2016 | Joseph Levi |
| "My Kind Of Party" | 2018 | Joseph Levi |
| | "Checklist" | Joseph Levi |

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *Summer Forever* | Sydney | Lead role |
| 2020 | *Emerson Heights* | Gracie |  |
|

### Web

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *10 Days of Megan Nicole* | Herself | 10 episodes |
| 2014–present | *Let's Be Friends with Megan Nicole* | Herself | 5 episodes |
| 2016 | *Roommates* | Megan | 5 episodes |
| 2017 | *Versus* | Gamboa | 6 episodes |
|

## InfoBox

| Megan Nicole | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Megan Nicole Flores
(1993-09-01) September 1, 1993
Katy, Texas, US |
| Spouse | Cooper Green (m. 2017) |
| **Musical career** | |
| Genres | Pop |
| Occupation(s) | Singer-songwriter, actress |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, piano |
| Years active | 2010–present |
| Labels | Hume Records! Bad Boy Records |
| Website | www.megannicolemusic.com |
|  | |
| **YouTube information** | |
| Channel |  |
| Subscribers | 4.09 million
(October 2023) |
| Total views | 954 million views
(October 2023) |
|  | |


abstract: Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano (1995) C-55/94 is an EU law case, concerning the freedom of establishment in the European Union.

text:
# Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano

***Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano*** (1995) C-55/94 is an EU law case, concerning the freedom of establishment in the European Union.

## Facts

A German lawyer, Mr. Reinhard Gebhard from Stuttgart, set up his chambers in Italy. He was a qualified lawyer in Germany. However, his previous experience in Germany was not recognized in Italy. Consequently, action was initiated against him for practicing law in Milan, Italy without due registration and authorization. Mr. Gebhard argued that this restriction violated the right to freedom of establishment granted under Article 49 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU). According to this right, an economic actor, person or undertaking is entitled to pursue economic activities in one or more EU member States without any impediments.

## Judgment

The Court of Justice held that it should be evaluated whether the Italian rules erected an obstacle to freedom of establishment.

> 19 in view of the wording of the preliminary questions, it should be remembered that the Court has consistently held that it does not have jurisdiction to rule on the compatibility of a national measure with Community law. However, the Court is competent to provide the national court with all criteria for the interpretation of Community law which may enable it to determine the issue of compatibility for the purposes of the decision in the case before it (see in particular Case C-63/94 *Groupement National des Négociants en Pommes de Terre de Belgique* (*Belgapom*) \[1995\] ECR I-0000, paragraph 7).
>
> 20 The situation of a Community national who moves to another Member State of the Community in order there to pursue an economic activity is governed by the chapter of the Treaty on the free movement of workers, or the chapter on the right of establishment or the chapter on services, these being mutually exclusive.
>
> \[...\]
>
> 25 The concept of establishment within the meaning of the Treaty is therefore a very broad one, allowing a Community national to participate, on a stable and continuous basis, in the economic life of a Member State other than his State of origin and to profit therefrom, so contributing to economic and social interpenetration within the Community in the sphere of activities as self-employed persons (see, to this effect, Case 2/74 *Reyners v Belgium* \[1974\] ECR 631, paragraph 21).
>
> 26 in contrast, where the provider of services moves to another Member State, the provisions of the chapter on services, in particular the third paragraph of Article 60, envisage that he is to pursue his activity there on a temporary basis.
>
> 27 As the Advocate General has pointed out, the temporary nature of the activities in question has to be determined in the light, not only of the duration of the provision of the service, but also of its regularity, periodicity or continuity. The fact that the provision of services is temporary does not mean that the provider of services within the meaning of the Treaty may not equip himself with some form of infrastructure in the host Member State (including an office, chambers or consulting rooms) in so far as such infrastructure is necessary for the purposes of performing the services in question.
>
> \[...\]
>
> 37 It follows, however, from the Court' s case-law that national measures liable to hinder or make less attractive the exercise of fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty must fulfil four conditions: they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner; they must be justified by imperative requirements in the general interest; they must be suitable for securing the attainment of the objective which they pursue; and they must not go beyond what is necessary in order to attain it (see Case C-19/92 *Kraus v Land Baden-Wuerttemberg* \[1993\] ECR I-1663, paragraph 32).
>
> 38 Likewise, in applying their national provisions, Member States may not ignore the knowledge and qualifications already acquired by the person concerned in another Member State (see Case C-340/89 *Vlassopoulou v Ministerium fuer Justiz, Bundes- und Europaangelegenheiten Baden-Wuerttemberg* \[1991\] ECR I-2357, paragraph 15). Consequently, they must take account of the equivalence of diplomas (see the judgment in *Thieffry*, paragraphs 19 and 27) and, if necessary, proceed to a comparison of the knowledge and qualifications required by their national rules and those of the person concerned (see the judgment in *Vlassopoulou*, paragraph 16).
>
> 39 Accordingly, it should be stated in reply to the questions from the Consiglio Nazionale Forense that:
>
> ° the temporary nature of the provision of services, envisaged in the third paragraph of Article 60 of the EC Treaty, is to be determined in the light of its duration, regularity, periodicity and continuity;
>
> ° the provider of services, within the meaning of the Treaty, may equip himself in the host Member State with the infrastructure necessary for the purposes of performing the services in question;
>
> ° a national of a Member State who pursues a professional activity on a stable and continuous basis in another Member State where he holds himself out from an established professional base to, amongst others, nationals of that State comes under the provisions of the chapter relating to the right of establishment and not those of the chapter relating to services;
>
> ° the possibility for a national of a Member State to exercise his right of establishment, and the conditions for his exercise of that right, must be determined in the light of the activities which he intends to pursue on the territory of the host Member State;
>
> ° where the taking-up of a specific activity is not subject to any rules in the host State, a national of any other Member State will be entitled to establish himself on the territory of the first State and pursue that activity there. On the other hand, where the taking-up or the pursuit of a specific activity is subject to certain conditions in the host Member State, a national of another Member State intending to pursue that activity must in principle comply with them;
>
> ° however, national measures liable to hinder or make less attractive the exercise of fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty must fulfil four conditions: they must be applied in a non-discriminatory manner; they must be justified by imperative requirements in the general interest; they must be suitable for securing the attainment of the objective which they pursue; and they must not go beyond what is necessary in order to attain it;
>
> ° likewise, Member States must take account of the equivalence of diplomas and, if necessary, proceed to a comparison of the knowledge and qualifications required by their national rules and those of the person concerned.

*

## InfoBox

| Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano | |
| --- | --- |
| Court | European Court of Justice |
| Citation | (1995) C-55/94, \[1995\] ECR I-4165 |
| Keywords | |
| Freedom of establishment | |


title: Pinska

abstract: Pinska is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County in Estonia.

text:
# Pinska

**Pinska** is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County in Estonia.

## InfoBox

| Pinska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 58°20′59″N 25°31′27″E / 58.349722222222°N 25.524166666667°E / 58.349722222222; 25.524166666667 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Viljandi County |
| Parish | Viljandi Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Scottish Midland Junction Railway

abstract: The Scottish Midland Junction Railway was authorised in 1845 to build a line from Perth to Forfar. Other companies obtained authorisation in the same year, and together they formed a route from central Scotland to Aberdeen. The SMJR opened its main line on 4 August 1848. Proposals to merge with other railways were rejected by Parliament at first, but in 1856 the SMJR merged with the Aberdeen Railway to form the Scottish North Eastern Railway. The SNER was itself absorbed into the larger Caledonian Railway in 1866. The original SMJR main line was now a small section of a main line from Carlisle and central Scotland to Aberdeen. The original route was well aligned for fast running, but it by-passed numerous towns and many branches were built to serve them. The rival North British Railway had its own route from the south to Aberdeen, and spectacular competition for the fastest journey from London to Aberdeen was generated in the final decades of the nineteenth century. In the 1960s there were some reflections of those days when powerful steam engines, displaced by diesel locomotives from other routes, operated a fast Glasgow - Aberdeen passenger service for some years. In the mid-1960s the move to rationalise duplicate routes led to closure of the SMJR main line in 1967 except for a residual goods service to intermediate locations. Now the entire SMJR network has closed, except for the section from Perth to Stanley Junction, serving the main line to Inverness.

text:
# Scottish Midland Junction Railway

| Scottish Midland
Junction Railway |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

The **Scottish Midland Junction Railway** was authorised in 1845 to build a line from Perth to Forfar. Other companies obtained authorisation in the same year, and together they formed a route from central Scotland to Aberdeen. The SMJR opened its main line on 4 August 1848. Proposals to merge with other railways were rejected by Parliament at first, but in 1856 the SMJR merged with the Aberdeen Railway to form the Scottish North Eastern Railway. The SNER was itself absorbed into the larger Caledonian Railway in 1866. The original SMJR main line was now a small section of a main line from Carlisle and central Scotland to Aberdeen.

The original route was well aligned for fast running, but it by-passed numerous towns and many branches were built to serve them. The rival North British Railway had its own route from the south to Aberdeen, and spectacular competition for the fastest journey from London to Aberdeen was generated in the final decades of the nineteenth century. In the 1960s there were some reflections of those days when powerful steam engines, displaced by diesel locomotives from other routes, operated a fast Glasgow \- Aberdeen passenger service for some years.

In the mid-1960s the move to rationalise duplicate routes led to closure of the SMJR main line in 1967 except for a residual goods service to intermediate locations. Now the entire SMJR network has closed, except for the section from Perth to Stanley Junction, serving the main line to Inverness.

## History

### The Caledonian Railway

From the second decade of the nineteenth century, a number of short railway lines had been operating in Scotland; in most cases these were connected with mineral extraction, and there was little thought to connecting between them to form a network. The Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in England showed that longer railway routes could be worthwhile, and thoughts turned to trunk railways in Scotland, and to connection to the emerging English network.

In the 1840s business people in Scotland made definite moves which resulted in proposals for trunk lines to connect the central belt of Scotland with England, and in 1845 there was a frenzy of parliamentary bills for Scottish railways. The Caledonian Railway was authorised on 12 April 1845 with capital of £1,500,000. Its main line was to run between Edinburgh, Glasgow and Carlisle.

The Caledonian policy was to capture as much territory in Scotland as possible: they foresaw a "Caledonian system" controlled by themselves. At this period it was expected that a district could only support one railway line, so that the first to serve an area would secure a near-monopoly. Even before authorisation the Caledonian made provisional agreements with the promoters of other lines to lease their railways. This was done by agreeing a guaranteed periodical lease payment; it did not require money at the time of making the agreement, but it incurred a financial obligation later.

### Authorisation

In the 1845 session of Parliament, a large number of Scottish trunk lines were proposed. In the period prior to the hearings, discussions about alliances and leases accelerated. The Scottish Central Railway was to build from Perth to Castlecary where it would join the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway and the Caledonian Railway, and it had discussed merging with the Scottish Midland Junction but at the same time it discussed leasing its line to the E&GR or the Caledonian.

| Scottish Midland Junction Railway Act 1845 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Citation | 8 & 9 Vict. c. clxx |

The Scottish Midland Junction Railway was authorised by the **Scottish Midland Junction Railway Act 1845** (8 & 9 Vict. c. clxx) on 31 July 1845, with capital of £300,000, for a line just over 30 miles (48 km) in length from Perth to Forfar. At Perth it was to connect with the SCR and at Forfar with the Arbroath and Forfar Railway which gave rail access on to Aberdeen over the Aberdeen Railway. The Scottish Central Railway and the Caledonian Railway were also authorised on 31 July 1845.

| Newtyle and Coupar Angus Railway Act 1835 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act for making and maintaining a Railway from Newtyle to Coupar Angus in the County of Forfar. |
| Citation | 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. lxxxiv |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 21 July 1835 |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |

| Newtyle and Glammis Railway Act 1835 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An Act for making and maintaining a Railway from Newtyle to the Muir of Eassie, and from thence to the Muir of Glammiss, in the County of Forfar. |
| Citation | 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. xcii |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 30 July 1835 |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |

The Dundee and Newtyle Railway had been built in 1831 to connect the growing Burgh of Dundee with the fertile broad valley of Strathmore; it terminated at Newtyle which was then no more than a farm, intended as a railhead. This proved unpopular and two nominally independent extension railways were built, the *Newtyle and Coupar Angus Railway*, authorised by the **Newtyle and Coupar Angus Railway Act 1835** (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. lxxxiv), and the *Newtyle and Glammiss Railway*, authorised by the **Newtyle and Glammis Railway Act 1835** (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. xcii). (Glammiss is spelt Glamis nowadays.) These railways opened in 1837, but they hardly added to the traffic of the Dundee line.

Leaving Newtyle the two lines turned away from one another and together formed a nearly straight axis that suited the intended route of the SMJR; the authorising act of Parliament empowered the SMJR to acquire them and incorporate their lines into the SMJR main line.

### A possible lease

After lengthy discussions, the SMJR agreed to lease its line to the Scottish Central Railway by decision of 18 February 1847; the lease charge was to be 6% on the SMJR capital of £600,000.

The Caledonian had assumed that it was going to lease the Scottish Central Railway, but this was not confirmed. The SCR lease of the SMJR seems not to have proceeded, for in 1848 the Caledonian was negotiating to lease the SMJR direct, and on 5 May 1848 agreement was finalised; the Caledonian would pay 6% on the SMJR capital, now quoted as £500,000. The lease arrangement was modified to be joint with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway on an agreed traffic sharing system; but it needed to be ratified by Parliament.

### Opening

The two Newtyle lines had been constructed to the track gauge of 4 ft 6+12 in (1,384 mm) as a single line using stone block sleepers. This had to be converted to a more robust track construction as a double line; they were closed in 1847 for the purpose. The SMJR main line, including the converted sections, was opened on 20 August 1848. Through trains started to run from Glasgow and Edinburgh to Forfar over the line and the SCR. However, in 1849 it was reported that "many of the stations were unfinished and there was virtually no goods traffic".

### The lease rejected by Parliament

The Caledonian Railway relations with the Edinburgh and Glasgow were somewhat stormy, and lurched from friendly to hostile. The lease of the SMJR required parliamentary authorisation, and a joint bill was prepared for the 1849 session. However, in February 1849 it became clear that any alliance between the Caledonian and the E&GR was impossible and the Caledonian declined to proceed with the bill, and the lease.

In 1854 the SCR was still independent, and was negotiating with the SMJR for an amalgamation of the two companies. At this time the attitude of Parliament was hostile to mergers of railways, and the proposal was rejected.

From this time there was a "loose amalgamation" between the SCR, the SMJR and the Aberdeen Railway: they worked collaboratively but remained separate companies. This ended on 29 July 1856 when they formally amalgamated, to form the Scottish North Eastern Railway.

### Branches

On 26 June 1846 the SMJR obtained authorisation to build three branches: to Dunkeld, to Kirriemuir and to Blairgowrie. In fact only the Blairgowrie branch was constructed during the lifetime of the SMJR. The Dunkeld branch was actually built by an independent company, the Perth and Dunkeld Railway. It left the SMJR main line at Stanley Junction, and was opened on 7 April 1856. It was worked by the SMJR. The Perth and Dunkeld Railway was taken over in 1864 as part of a scheme to connect Perth and Inverness, by what became the Highland Railway.

The Kirriemuir branch was opened in November 1854.

Most trains continued to Forfar, and when the Dundee and Forfar direct line opened, to Dundee.

The Blairgowrie branch left the main line at Coupar Angus; it opened for passengers on 1 August 1855, and for goods on 21 August 1855. Blairgowrie was an industrial centre for jute manufacture, and for soft fruit. The line descended sharply from Coupar Angus to the crossing of the River Isla, and then climbed again to the terminus. The Isla bridge was at first a twelve-span timber viaduct. On 3 February 1881 the river was in spate with large blocks of ice striking the piers of the bridge. The structure survived, but it was replaced by a stone and wrought iron bridge soon afterwards. In later years there were typically five passenger trains daily.

The SMJR had inherited the short branch to Newtyle by its acquisition of the Coupar Angus and Glammiss lines.

Other branches were constructed off the SMJR main line after the company was amalgamated.

## Absorption

On 29 July 1856 the Scottish North Eastern Railway was formed by the amalgamation of the SMJR, the Scottish Central Railway and the Aberdeen Railway, forming a continuous line between Perth and Aberdeen. The SNER itself was absorbed by the Caledonian Railway by an act of Parliament on 10 August 1866.

## Subsequent history

Firmly aligned to the Caledonian Railway, the route formed an important artery feeding Aberdeen traffic to central Scotland and the south. While express passenger trains caught the public eye, there was a substantial goods traffic; cattle were particularly dominant. Large structures on the line were constructed in laminated timber, but in the 1880s these were in poor condition and inadequate for the heavier and faster traffic of those days, and widespread reconstruction in stone and wrought iron was undertaken.

As part of a route between London and Aberdeen, the line was rivalled by the North British Railway route on the east coast via Dundee. As publicity became important, the two routes competed for the title of the fastest transit, and in 1888 and again in 1895 spectacularly fast journeys were made; the rivalry was known as the Railway race to the north.

The early passenger engines used on the line were 2-4-0s. At the end of the 19th century and, after the line had been upgraded, the Caledonian Railway introduced the very successful 4-4-0 Dunalastair class of locomotives.

In the late 1950s the line became a speeding ground for the three-hour Glasgow-to-Aberdeen expresses using Gresley A4 Pacifics displaced by dieselisation of long distance main line expresses. The route carried the last regular steam hauled passenger trains timed at over 60 mph (97 km/h).

The Blairgowrie branch closed to passengers on 10 January 1955, and completely on 6 December 1965. The section from Alyth West Junction to Newtyle, the west curve built by the Newtyle and Coupar angus Railway, was used by Blairgowrie passenger trains and when the Blairgowrie passenger service was discontinued, the curve closed too.

The Kirriemuir branch closed to passengers on 4 August 1952 and completely in 1965.

There were two routes from central Scotland to Aberdeen, and during the process of rationalisation of the railways in the 1960s, the Dundee route was selected. Closure of the SMJR main line was inevitable and took place for passengers on 4 September 1967. The line was retained from Stanley Junction to Forfar for goods trains until 1982.

The Perth to Inverness line used the SMJR route as far as Stanley Junction, north of Perth. That line remains in use and the section from Perth to Stanley Junction is the only part of the SMJR that is still open to traffic.

## Route

The line ran from Perth to Forfar, with branches to Kirriemuir, Newtyle and Blairgowrie.

| Location | Opened | Closed | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Main line | | | |
| Perth |  |  | Scottish Central Railway station; connects with Dundee and Perth Railway and Scottish Central Railway |
| *Almond Valley Junction* |  |  | connects with Perth, Almond Valley & Methven Railway |
| Muirton Halt | 1939 | 21 November 1959 | unadvertised halt with limited service |
| Luncarty | 2 August 1848 | 18 June 1951 |  |
| Dunkeld Road | June 1849 | 13 April 1931 | very limited service, sometimes as "Strathord Siding", February 1857 to January 1867; then fully open as Strathord; connects with Bankfoot Railway |
| Stanley | 2 August 1848 | 11 June 1956 | sometimes shown as Stanley Junction; relocated northwards probably in 1857 |
| *Stanley Junction* |  |  | facing junction; connects with Perth and Dunkeld Railway |
| Ballathie | 2 August 1848 | July 1868 |  |
| Cargill | 2 August 1848 | 11 June 1956 |  |
| Woodside | 1 January 1858 | 11 June 1956 | renamed Woodside and Burrelton 1905; renamed Burrelton 1927 |
| Coupar Angus | 24 April 1837 (N&CAR)
2 August 1848 | 6 September 1847
4 September 1967 | despite the name the station is in Perthshire; line from Blairgowrie trailed in |
| Ardler | 24 February 1837 (N&CAR)
2 August 1848 | 6 September 1847
11 June 1956 |  |
| Alyth Junction |  |  | connects with Alyth Railway |
| Washington | 24 February 1837 | 6 September 1847 |  |
| *Ardler West Junction* |  |  | facing junction to Newtyle |
| Meigle | 1861 | 4 September 1967 | trailing junction from flyover line from Newtyle; renamed Alyth Junction 1876 |
| *Meigle Junction* |  |  | trailing junction from Newtyle; original Newtyle and Glammiss Railway (N&GR) |
| Meigle Junction | 4 June 1838 | 1861 | replaced by Meigle |
| Kirkinch | 4 June 1838 | 1847 |  |
| Eassie | 4 June 1838 (N&GR)
2 August 1848 | October 1847
11 June 1956 |  |
| Leason Hill | 4 June 1838 | 1847 |  |
| Glammiss | 4 June 1838 (N&GR) | 11 June 1956 | soon renamed Glamis |
| Kirriemuir Junction | December 1854 | June 1864? | Kirriemuir branch trailed in; may have been retained as an exchange station |
| *Forfar South Junction* | 1895 |  | connects with Forfar and Brechin Railway |
| Forfar | 2 August 1848 | 4 September 1967 | known at first as Forfar Joint |
| *Forfar East Junction* |  |  | connects with existing Arbroath and Forfar Railway |
| Blairgowrie branch | | | |
| Blairgowrie | 1 August 1855 | 10 January 1955 |  |
| Rosemount | September 1857 | 10 January 1955 | later Rosemount Halt |
| Coupar Angus |  |  | see Main line |
| Kirriemuir branch | December 1854 | 4 August 1952 | remained open for goods |
| Kirriemuir |  |  |  |
| Kirriemuir Junction |  |  | see Main line |

1. Ross, David (2014). *The Caledonian: Scotland's Imperial Railway: A History*. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1840-335842.
2. Carter, E.F. (1959). *An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles*. London: Cassell.
3. Marshall, Peter (1998). *The Scottish Central Railway: Perth to Stirling*. Usk: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-8536-1522-5.
4. Lythe, S.G.E. (August 1951). "The Dundee and Newtyle Railway: 1 - Promotion and Management, 1825 - 1846". *Railway Magazine*.
5. Lee, Charles E. (October 1951). "The Dundee and Newtyle Railway: 2 - Engineering and Operation". *Railway Magazine*.
6. Marshall, Peter (1996). *The Railways of Dundee*. Headington: The Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-482-2.
7. Ross, page 46
8. Ross, page 47
9. Thomas, John; Turnock, David (1989). *A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain*. Vol. 15: North of Scotland. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-946537-03-8.
10. *Bradshaw's Railway Manual, Shareholders' Guide, and Official Directory for 1862*. London: W.J. Adams. 1862. p. 254.
11. Ferguson, Niall (2000). *The Arbroath and Forfar Railway: The Dundee Direct Line and the Kirriemuir Branch*. Usk: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-545-4.
12. Cobb, Col. M.H. (2003). *The Railways of Great Britain – A Historical Atlas*. Shepperton: Ian Allan Publishing Limited. ISBN 07110-3003-0.
13. Stansfield, Gordon (2000). *Angus and Kincardineshire's Lost Railways*. Ochiltree: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 1-84033-111-9.
14. Smith, W.A.C.; Anderson, Paul (1997). *Tayside's Railways - Dundee and Perth*. Clophill: Irwell Press. ISBN 1-871608-73-2.
15. Stansfield, Gordon (2001). *Perthsire and Kinross-shire's Lost Railways*. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 1-84033-153-4.
16. Awdry, Christopher (1990). *Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies*. Sparkford: Patrick & Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7.
17. Nock, O.S. (1958). *The Railway Race to the North*. Shepperton: Ian Allan.
18. Thomas, John (1976). *Forgotten Railways: Scotland*. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-7185-1.
19. Goode, C.T. (1988). *Railways of Strathmore*. Hull: C.T. Goode. ISBN 1-870-313-05-4.
20. Quick, M.E. (2002). *Railway Passenger Stations in England Scotland and Wales—A Chronology*. The Railway and Canal Historical Society.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Scottish Midland Junction Railway
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Locale | Scotland |
| Dates of operation | July 31, 1845 (1845-07-31)July 29, 1856 (1856-07-29) |
| Successor | Scottish North Eastern Railway |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |


abstract: The Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts, INC. (PCC) is a tax-exempt, non-profit educational and cultural organization. It was founded in 1966 by members of Musicians' Protective Union Local #274, American Federation of Musicians. Local #274 was chartered in 1935 as a separate Black local because Black musicians were denied membership in the racially segregated Local #77. Local #274 enjoyed its autonomy for more than 36 years. It was the longest surviving independent Black Musicians' Union in the United States, of the more than fifty chartered in major cities. Local #274 and PCC's social unit are integral parts of the history of JAZZ in Philadelphia. They evolved out of the struggle of Black musicians for political, economic, and cultural recognition during Philadelphia's overt segregation period. Local #274's membership rolls included JAZZ greats like John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie, Shirley Scott, Lee Morgan, "Philly" Joe Jones, Grover Washington Jr., the Heath Brothers, and Nina Simone to name a few.

text:
# Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts

The **Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts**, INC. (PCC) is a tax-exempt, non-profit educational and cultural organization. It was founded in 1966 by members of Musicians' Protective Union Local #274, American Federation of Musicians (A F of M). Local #274 was chartered in 1935 as a separate Black local because Black musicians were denied membership in the racially segregated Local #77. Local #274 enjoyed its autonomy for more than 36 years. It was the longest surviving independent Black Musicians' Union in the United States, of the more than fifty chartered in major cities.

Local #274 and PCC's social unit are integral parts of the history of JAZZ in Philadelphia. They evolved out of the struggle of Black musicians for political, economic, and cultural recognition during Philadelphia's overt segregation period. Local #274's membership rolls included JAZZ greats like John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie, Shirley Scott, Lee Morgan, "Philly" Joe Jones, Grover Washington Jr., the Heath Brothers, and Nina Simone to name a few.

## Naming

The word, Jazz, was added to the name of PCC in 1994. The Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz & Performing Arts, Inc. made history when it opened the doors of its new facility in October 1995. The facility was the first ever designed and constructed specifically to be a Jazz institution. The concept of a Jazz Art Institution is a new one, because Jazz has been traditionally presented and developed in the commercial sector through bars, clubs, concert halls, and the recording industry. It is Philadelphia's only major music institution solely devoted to this great American art form. The Clef Club's vision is to have the broad community embrace, and support JAZZ as a great American Art Form, understand its roots in the African American experience, and recognize Jazz as central to our national cultural heritage, and worthy of public and Institutional support.

The mission of the Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz & Performing Arts, Inc. is to celebrate and preserve the legacy of jazz through accessible education for the Greater Philadelphia region, and to support the evolving art form through talent development, programming, and public performance. We wish to accomplish this goal through promoting the development of talent and providing opportunities for the growth of the performing artist specifically, with a special emphasis in instrumentalists. We seek to serve the artist and the community through providing a forum for the listening and appreciation of the great American Art Form of Jazz and related disciplines. We also wish to promote the academic exchange of information related to Jazz through educational programs. Finally, The Clef Club will be a depository to collect and preserve the history of jazz music for further research and interpretation by scholars, educators, artists, and the general public.

The programs of the Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz & Performing Arts. Inc. include: The Philadelphia Clef Club Youth Ensemble, Jazz Master Workshops, Youth Summer Jazz Camps, Student Ensemble Education Programs, Music Workshops in-school programs, Jazz Cultural Voices and The Preservation Jazz Series concert series.

In the near future, the implementation of senior citizen outreach programs consisting of instrumental instruction (individual and group), and vocal activities (individual and group). And also the association of the Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz & Performing Arts, Inc. with all types of community groups including other JAZZ organizations, churches, schools, and community centers in the Greater Philadelphia/Delaware Valley area.

39°56′31″N 75°09′59″W / 39.941989°N 75.166263°W / 39.941989; -75.166263


title: Oi Rio Pro 2016 (Woman)

abstract: The Rio Pro 2016 was an event of the Association of Surfing Professionals for 2015 ASP World Tour. This event was held from 11 to 22 May at Rio de Janeiro, and opposed by 18 surfers. The tournament was won by Tyler Wright (AUS), who beat Sally Fitzgibbons (AUS) in final.

text:
# Oi Rio Pro 2016 (Woman)

The **Rio Pro 2016** was an event of the Association of Surfing Professionals for 2015 ASP World Tour.

This event was held from 11 to 22 May at Rio de Janeiro, (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and opposed by 18 surfers.

The tournament was won by Tyler Wright (AUS), who beat Sally Fitzgibbons (AUS) in final.

## Round 1

## Round 2

## Round 3

## Round 4

## Quarter finals

## Semi finals

## Final

## InfoBox

| Surf | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) |
| Dates | 10 to 21 May |
| Competitors | 18 from 6 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Australia  Australia | |
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title: NG2 tram stop

abstract: NG2 is a tram stop on the Nottingham Express Transit (NET) network in the city of Nottingham. It is situated on street track within Enterprise Way, in the Ng2 business park from which it takes its name, and comprises a pair of side platforms flanking the tracks. The stop is on line 1 of the NET, from Hucknall via the city centre to Beeston and Chilwell. Trams run at frequencies that vary between 4 and 8 trams per hour, depending on the day and time of day. The NG2 stop opened on 25 August 2015, along with the rest of NET's phase two.

text:
# NG2 tram stop

**NG2** is a tram stop on the Nottingham Express Transit (NET) network in the city of Nottingham. It is situated on street track within Enterprise Way, in the Ng2 business park from which it takes its name, and comprises a pair of side platforms flanking the tracks. The stop is on line 1 of the NET, from Hucknall via the city centre to Beeston and Chilwell. Trams run at frequencies that vary between 4 and 8 trams per hour, depending on the day and time of day.

The NG2 stop opened on 25 August 2015, along with the rest of NET's phase two.

Media related to NG2 tram stop at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| NG2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Nottingham Express Transit tram stop | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | The Meadows, City of Nottingham<br>England |
| Coordinates | 52°56′31″N 1°09′54″W / 52.941853°N 1.164947°W / 52.941853; -1.164947 |
| Owned by | Nottingham Express Transit |
| Operated by | Nottingham Express Transit |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade; on street |
| Accessible | Step-free access to platform |
| Key dates | |
| 25 August 2015 | Opened |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station NET Following station  Meadows Way Westtowards Hucknall  Line 1  Gregory Streettowards Toton Lane | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  NG2Location in Nottinghamshire, England | |


title: Pfäffikon SZ railway station

abstract: Pfäffikon SZ railway station is a junction station serving Pfäffikon, the principal town of the municipality of Freienbach, in the canton of Schwyz (SZ), Switzerland. The station is situated at the northern edge of the town, between the town centre and Lake Zurich. The station forms part of the Lake Zürich left-bank railway line, which links Zürich Hauptbahnhof with Ziegelbrücke and Näfels, and is owned and operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB). To the east of the station is the junction for the line to Rapperswil, which crosses Lake Zurich on the Seedamm, whilst to the west is the junction for the line to Arth-Goldau; both these latter being owned and operated by the Südostbahn (SOB).

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# Pfäffikon SZ railway station

**Pfäffikon SZ railway station** (German: *Bahnhof Pfäffikon SZ*) is a junction station serving Pfäffikon, the principal town of the municipality of Freienbach, in the canton of Schwyz (SZ), Switzerland. The station is situated at the northern edge of the town, between the town centre and Lake Zurich.

The station forms part of the Lake Zürich left-bank railway line, which links Zürich Hauptbahnhof with Ziegelbrücke and Näfels, and is owned and operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB). To the east of the station is the junction for the line to Rapperswil, which crosses Lake Zurich on the Seedamm, whilst to the west is the junction for the line to Arth-Goldau; both these latter being owned and operated by the Südostbahn (SOB).

## Services

As of the December 2021 timetable change, the following services stop at Pfäffikon SZ:

Südostbahn operates the two InterRegio services and the S40; Swiss Federal Railways operates the other Zürich S-Bahn services. During weekends, there are also two nighttime S-Bahn services (SN5 and SN8) offered by ZVV.

## Layout and connections

Pfäffikon has two 419-metre (1,375 ft) island platforms with two tracks each (Nos. 2–3; 5–6) and one 299-metre (981 ft) side platform with a single track (No. 7). Adjacent to the station is the Pfäffikon bus terminal. PostAuto Schweiz and AHW Busbetriebe (for the municipality of Freienbach) operate bus services to Ziegelbrücke, Siebnen, Feusisberg, Richterswil and Freienbach.

## Further reading

* Oswald, G; Micher, K (1991). *Die Südostbahn, Geschichte einer Privatbahn* \[*The Südostbahn, History of a Private Railway*\] (in German). Zürich: Orell Füssli Verlag. ISBN 3-280-02048-4.

## InfoBox

| Pfäffikon SZ | |
| --- | --- |
| The station building in 2010 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Freienbach<br>Switzerland |
| Coordinates | 47°12′10.8″N 8°46′41.2″E / 47.203000°N 8.778111°E / 47.203000; 8.778111 |
| Elevation | 412 m (1,352 ft) |
| Owned by | Swiss Federal Railways |
| Line(s) |  |
| Distance | 33.10 km (20.57 mi) from Zürich Hauptbahnhof |
| Platforms |  |
| Tracks | 5 |
| Train operators |  |
| Connections |  |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2018 | 16,900 per weekday |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Südostbahn Following station  Wädenswiltowards Bern  IR 35 *Aare Linth*  Siebnen-Wangentowards Chur  Biberbruggtowards Lucerne  Voralpen Express  Rapperswiltowards St. Gallen  Preceding station  Zürich S-Bahn Following station  Richterswiltowards Zürich Airport  S2  Altendorftowards Unterterzen  *Terminus*  S5  Rapperswiltowards Zug  Freienbach SBBtowards Winterthur  S8  *Terminus*  S8Limited service  Altendorftowards Ziegelbrücke  Wädenswiltowards Zürich Hauptbahnhof  S25  Lachentowards Linthal  Freienbach SOBtowards Einsiedeln  S40  Hurdentowards Rapperswil | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  PfäffikonLocation in SwitzerlandPfäffikonPfäffikon (Canton of Schwyz) | |