title: New Public Management

abstract: New public management (NPM) is an approach to running public service organizations that is used in government and public service institutions and agencies, at both sub-national and national levels. The term was first introduced by academics in the UK and Australia to describe approaches that were developed during the 1980s as part of an effort to make the public service more "businesslike" and to improve its efficiency by using private sector management models. As with the private sector, which focuses on customer service, NPM reforms often focused on the "centrality of citizens who were the recipient of the services or customers to the public sector". NPM reformers experimented with using decentralized service delivery models, to give local agencies more freedom in how they delivered programs or services. In some cases, NPM reforms that used e-government consolidated a program or service to a central location to reduce costs. Some governments tried using quasi-market structures, so that the public sector would have to compete against the private sector. Key themes in NPM were "financial control, value for money, increasing efficiency ..., identifying and setting targets and continuance monitoring of performance, handing over ... power to the senior management" executives. Performance was assessed with audits, benchmarks and performance evaluations. Some NPM reforms used private sector companies to deliver what were formerly public services. NPM advocates in some countries worked to remove "collective agreements [in favour of] ... individual rewards packages at senior levels combined with short term contracts" and introduce private sector-style corporate governance, including using a Board of Directors approach to strategic guidance for public organizations. While NPM approaches have been used in many countries around the world, NPM is particularly associated with the most industrialized OECD nations such as the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America. NPM advocates focus on using approaches from the private sector – the corporate or business world–which can be successfully applied in the public sector and in a public administration context. NPM approaches have been used to reform the public sector, its policies and its programs. NPM advocates claim that it is a more efficient and effective means of attaining the same outcome. In NPM, citizens are viewed as "customers" and public servants are viewed as public managers. NPM tries to realign the relationship between public service managers and their political superiors by making a parallel relationship between the two. Under NPM, public managers have incentive-based motivation such as pay-for-performance, and clear performance targets are often set, which are assessed by using performance evaluations. As well, managers in an NPM paradigm may have greater discretion and freedom as to how they go about achieving the goals set for them. This NPM approach is contrasted with the traditional public administration model, in which institutional decision-making, policy-making and public service delivery is guided by regulations, legislation and administrative procedures. NPM reforms use approaches such as disaggregation, customer satisfaction initiatives, customer service efforts, applying an entrepreneurial spirit to public service, and introducing innovations. The NPM system allows "the expert manager to have a greater discretion". "Public Managers under the New Public Management reforms can provide a range of choices from which customers can choose, including the right to opt out of the service delivery system completely".

text:
# New Public Management

**New public management** (**NPM**) is an approach to running public service organizations that is used in government and public service institutions and agencies, at both sub-national and national levels. The term was first introduced by academics in the UK and Australia to describe approaches that were developed during the 1980s as part of an effort to make the public service more "businesslike" and to improve its efficiency by using private sector management models.

As with the private sector, which focuses on customer service, NPM reforms often focused on the "centrality of citizens who were the recipient of the services or customers to the public sector". NPM reformers experimented with using decentralized service delivery models, to give local agencies more freedom in how they delivered programs or services. In some cases, NPM reforms that used e-government consolidated a program or service to a central location to reduce costs. Some governments tried using quasi-market structures, so that the public sector would have to compete against the private sector (notably in the UK, in health care). Key themes in NPM were "financial control, value for money, increasing efficiency ..., identifying and setting targets and continuance monitoring of performance, handing over ... power to the senior management" executives. Performance was assessed with audits, benchmarks and performance evaluations. Some NPM reforms used private sector companies to deliver what were formerly public services.

NPM advocates in some countries worked to remove "collective agreements \[in favour of\] ... individual rewards packages at senior levels combined with short term contracts" and introduce private sector-style corporate governance, including using a Board of Directors approach to strategic guidance for public organizations. While NPM approaches have been used in many countries around the world, NPM is particularly associated with the most industrialized OECD nations such as the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America. NPM advocates focus on using approaches from the private sector – the corporate or business world–which can be successfully applied in the public sector and in a public administration context. NPM approaches have been used to reform the public sector, its policies and its programs. NPM advocates claim that it is a more efficient and effective means of attaining the same outcome.

In NPM, citizens are viewed as "customers" and public servants are viewed as public managers. NPM tries to realign the relationship between public service managers and their political superiors by making a parallel relationship between the two. Under NPM, public managers have incentive-based motivation such as pay-for-performance, and clear performance targets are often set, which are assessed by using performance evaluations. As well, managers in an NPM paradigm may have greater discretion and freedom as to how they go about achieving the goals set for them. This NPM approach is contrasted with the traditional public administration model, in which institutional decision-making, policy-making and public service delivery is guided by regulations, legislation and administrative procedures.

NPM reforms use approaches such as disaggregation, customer satisfaction initiatives, customer service efforts, applying an entrepreneurial spirit to public service, and introducing innovations. The NPM system allows "the expert manager to have a greater discretion". "Public Managers under the New Public Management reforms can provide a range of choices from which customers can choose, including the right to opt out of the service delivery system completely".

## Evolution

The first practices of new public management emerged in the United Kingdom under the leadership of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher played the functional role of "policy entrepreneur" and the official role of prime minister. Thatcher drove changes in public management policy in such areas as organizational methods, civil service, labor relations, expenditure planning, financial management, audit, evaluation, and procurement.

Thatcher's successor, John Major, kept public management policy on the agenda of the Conservative government, leading to the implementation of the Next Steps Initiative. Major also launched the programs of the Citizens Charter Initiative, Competing for Quality, Resource Accounting and Budgeting, and the Private Finance Initiative.

A term was coined in the late 1980s to denote a new (or renewed) focus on the importance of management and 'production engineering' in public service delivery, which often linked to doctrines of economic rationalism (Hood 1989, Pollitt 1993). During this timeframe public management became an active area of policy-making in numerous other countries, notably in New Zealand, Australia, and Sweden. At the same time, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) established its Public Management Committee and Secretariat (PUMA), conferring to public management the status normally accorded more conventional domains of policy. In the 1990s, public management was a major item on President Clinton's agenda. Early policy actions of the Clinton administration included launching the National Partnership and signing into law the Government Performance and Results Act. Currently there are few indications that public management issues will vanish from governmental policy agendas. A recent study showed that in Italy, municipal directors are aware of a public administration now being oriented toward new public management where they are assessed according to the results they produce.

The term new public management (NPM) expresses the idea that the cumulative flow of policy decisions over the past twenty years has amounted to a substantial shift in the governance and management of the "state sector" in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Scandinavia, North America, and Latin America. For instance, regional innovation agencies were created under NPM principles to support the innovation process. A benign interpretation is that these decisions have been a defensible, if imperfect, response to policy problems. Those problems as well as their solutions were formulated within the policy-making process. The agenda-setting process has been heavily influenced by electoral commitments to improve macro-economic performance and to contain growth in the public sector, as well as by a growing perception of public bureaucracies as being inefficient. The alternative-generation process has been heavily influenced by ideas coming from economics and from various quarters within the field of management.

## Globalization

The initial New Public Management (NPM) reforms implemented in Anglo-Saxon countries inspired reforms across the world. These reforms, which were triggered and motivated by a variety of factors and resulted in the development of various models, led to the emergence of a global NPM trend. Despite the global nature of the movement, the concepts and models of the reform were diverse and developed in accordance with each country's specific and unique context and in response to the distinct challenge that it was facing. Therefore, in spite of the common features of the reforms, their driving factors, objectives, extent, and areas of focus varied across countries.

While, in many countries, NPM reforms were inspired and influenced by the reforms implemented beyond their national boundaries, the driving factors of the reforms varied significantly across regions as well as across countries of the same region. In Europe, for instance, whereas the reforms in the Netherlands started in reaction to fiscal stringency, the driving factor for reform in Germany came from within the system as local government managers and politicians were dissatisfied with the traditional bureaucratic system and its shortcomings. Moreover, although the NPM reforms of Switzerland were influenced by the Netherlands' Tilburg model, their main motivator was dissatisfaction with the old public management system and its deficiencies. In Africa, on the other hand, the main motivating and driving factors of the NPM reforms were bureaucratic corruption, dysfunctional governance system, fiscal crises, and the success of the reforms in other countries. For developing nations and former communist countries, the motivation for reforms was benefiting from participation in a globalized economy and fulfilling the requirements of international donors.

Although NPM reforms mainly aimed at increasing efficiency and decreasing costs of the public sector, each country's reforms were focused on certain specific areas. In South Africa and Zambia, for instance, independent authorities were created for tax collection with the primary goal of promoting accountability. In Germany, the NPM reforms mainly focused on internal reforms. In France, the 1982 Act of Decentralization, which created autonomous local collectivities in the areas of budgeting and taxation, led to managerialism and privatization. The reforms also varied across time. For instance, while reorganization of responsibilities was the main focus area of the Tilburg model in the 1980s, the reform goals were reoriented from internal restructuring to the external environment focusing on the role of citizens in the 1990s.

Across countries, various actors played different roles in initiating, facilitating, and implementing NPM reforms. In the Netherlands and Germany, for instance, the reforms were initiated by local governments. However, the reforms in the Netherlands were supported by the central government while the New Steering model of Germany did not receive any support from the federal government. In Africa, most of the reforms were introduced and implemented by national governments. While national and local governments played a central role in initiating and implementing the reforms, some international organizations had a crucial role in facilitating and driving the reforms. For instance, OECD played a vital role in facilitating the transfer of reforms across its member countries by developing tools and guidelines. Moreover, it was the World Bank and IMF that pushed non-western and developing countries for public management reforms. In Africa, for example, the reforms were part of the "economic liberalization packages of structural adjustment."

## Aspects

NPM was accepted as the "gold standard for administrative reform" in the 1990s. The idea for using this method for government reform was that if the government guided private-sector principles were used rather than rigid hierarchical bureaucracy, it would work more efficiently. NPM promotes a shift from bureaucratic administration to business-like professional management. NPM was cited as the solution for management ills in various organizational context and policy making in education and health care reform.

The basic principles of NPM can best be described when split into seven different aspects elaborated by Christopher Hood in 1991. Hood also invented the term NPM itself. They are the following:

### Management

Because of its belief in the importance and strength of privatizing government, it is critical to have an emphasis on management by engaging in hands-on methods. This theory allows leaders the freedom to manage freely and open up discretion.

### Performance standards

Its critical to preserve express measures and measures of execution in a workforce. Utilizing this strategy advances clarification of goals/intent, targets, and markers for movement.

### Output controls

The third point acknowledges the "shift from the use of input controls and bureaucratic procedures to rules relying on output controls measured by quantitive performance indicators". This aspect requires using performance based assessments when looking to outsource work to private companies/groups.

### Decentralization

NPM advocates frequently moved from a bound together administration framework to a decentralized framework in which directors pick up adaptability and are not constrained to organization restrictions.

### Competition

This characteristic centers on how NPM can advance competition within the public sector which may in turn lower fetched, dispose of debate and conceivably accomplish a better quality of progress/work through the term contracts. Competition can too be found when the government offers contracts to the private segments and the contract is given in terms of the capacity to provide the benefit viably, quality of the merchandise given, subsequently this will increment competition since the other private division which did not get the contract will make strides to ensure the quality and capacity subsequently encouraging competition.

### Private-sector management

This viewpoint centers on the need to set up short-term labor contracts, create corporate plans or trade plans, execution assentions and mission statements. It moreover centers on setting up a working environment in which open representatives or temporary workers are mindful of the objectives and intention that offices are attempting to reach.

### Cost reduction

The most effective one which has led to its ascent into global popularity focuses on keeping cost low and efficiency high. "Doing more with less" moreover cost reduction stimulates efficiency and is one way which makes it different from the traditional approaches to management.

## Issues

### Criticisms

There are blurred lines between policymaking and providing services in the new public management system. Questions have been raised about the potential politicization of the public service, when executives are hired on contract under pay-for-performance systems. The ability for citizens to effectively choose the appropriate government services they need has also been challenged. "The notion of choice is essential to the economic concept of a customer. Generally, in government there are few if any choices." There are concerns that public managers move away from trying to meet citizens' needs and limitations on accountability to the public. NPM brings to question integrity and compliance when dealing with incentives for public managers – the interests of customers and owners do not always align. Questions such as managers being more or less faithful arise. The public interest is at risk and could undermine the trust in government. "Government must be accountable to the larger public interest, not only to individual immediate customers or consumers \[of government services.\]"

#### Relevance

Although NPM had a dramatic impact in the 1990s on managing and policymaking, many scholars believe that NPM has hit its prime. Scholars like Patrick Dunleavy believe New Public Management is phasing out because of disconnect with "customers" and their institutions. Scholars cite the digital era and the new importance of technology that kills the necessity of NPM. In countries that are less industrialized the NPM concept is still growing and spreading. This trend has much to do with a country's ability or inability to get their public sector in tune with the digital Era. New public management was created in the public sector to create change based on disaggregation, competition, and incentives. Using incentives to produce the maximum services from an organization is largely stalled in many countries and being reversed because of increased complexity.

### Alternatives

Post-NPM, many countries explored digital era governance (DEG). Dunleavy believes this new way of governance should be heavily centered upon information and technology. Technology will help re-integrate with digitalization changes. Digital era governance provides a unique opportunity for self-sustainability; however, there are various factors that will determine whether or not DEG can be implemented successfully. When countries have proper technology, NPM simply cannot compete very well with DEG. DEG does an excellent job of making services more accurate, prompt and remove most barriers and conflicts. DEG also can improve the service quality and provide local access to outsourcers.

AM Omar (2020) challenged DEG by integrating the governance approach with social media technology. The work on Brunei's Information Department titled "Digital Era Governance and Social Media: The Case of Information Department Brunei. In Employing Recent Technologies for Improved Digital Governance" works to provide the theoretical and practical basis to substantiate the claim. The work concludes that digital dividends can be secured through the effective application of Social Media in the governance process.

The New Public Service (NPS) is a newly developed theory for 21st-century citizen-focused public administration. This work directly challenges the clientelism and rationalist paradigm of the New Public Management. NPS focuses on democratic governance and re-imagining the accountability of public administrators toward citizens. NPS posits that administrators should be a broker between citizens and their government, focusing on citizen engagement in political and administrative issues.

### Comparisons to new public administration

New public management is often mistakenly compared to new public administration. The new public administration movement was one established in the US during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Though there may be some common features, the central themes of the two movements are different. The main thrust of the new public administration movement was to bring academic public administration into line with an anti-hierarchical egalitarian movement that was influential in US university campuses and among public sector workers. By contrast, the emphasis of the new public management movement a decade or so later was firmly managerial normative in that it stressed the difference that management could and should make in the quality and efficiency of public services. It focuses on public service production functions and operational issues contrasted with the focus on public accountability, 'model employer' public service values, 'due process', and what happens inside public organizations in conventional public administration.

The table below gives a side-by-side comparison of the two systems' core aspects/characteristics.

| New Public Management | New Public Administration |
| --- | --- |
| Hands-on approach | Anti-hierarchical, anti-positivist |
| Explicit standards | Democratic citizenship |
| Emphasis on output control | Internal regulations |
| Disconnection of units | Equity |
| Importance of the private sector | Importance of public citizens |
| Improve timing | Stability |
| Greater usage of money | Socioemotional |

## Further reading

* Andrews, Rhys and Steven Van de Walle (2013). "New Public Management and Citizens' Perceptions of Local Service Efficiency, Responsiveness, Equity and Effectiveness." *Public Management Review*. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
* Cohen, Nissim (2016). "Forgoing New Public Management and Adopting Post-New Public Management Principles: The On-Going Civil Service Reform in Israel". *Public Administration and Development*. **36** (1): 20–34.
* Daft, R., & Marcic, D. (2014). *Building management skills: An action-first approach*. South-Western Cengage Learning.
* Eckerd, Adam; Heidelberg, Roy L. (YEAR). "Public Incentives, Market Motivations, and Contaminated Properties: New Public Management and Brownfield Liability Reform." *Public Administration Review*. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
* Gruening, G. (n.d.). Origin and theoretical basis of new public management. *International Public Management Journal*.
* Holland, Kelley. "Under New Management: How Office Politics and Real Politics Can Mix." nytimes.com. *New York Times*, 8 Oct. 2006. Web. 9 March 2015.
* Horton, Sylvia, ed. *New Public Management: Its Impact on Public Servants' Identity*. Bradford, 2006. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 9 March 2015.
* Jouke de Vries. "Is New Public Management Dead?" oecd.org. OECD, June 2013. Web. 10 March 2015.
* Lane, Jan-Erik. *New Public Management*. London, 2000. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 9 March 2015.
* Morales Casetti, M. (2014). *New Public Management in Chile: Origins and Effects*. Revista de Ciencia Politica, 417–438.
* Morisson, A. & Doussineau, M. (2019). Regional innovation governance and place-based policies: design, implementation and implications. Regional Studies, Regional Science,6(1),101–116. https://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21681376.2019.1578257.
* Navarra, Diego D.; Cornford, Tony. "The State and Democracy After New Public Management: Exploring Alternative Models of E-Governance." *Information Society*. Vol. 28 Issue 1 (Jan/Feb 2012) p37-45. 9p. 1 Chart. DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2012.632264. Web. 10 March 2015.
* Raes, Koen. "Ethics & Accountability in a Context of Governance & New Public Management." Vol. 7, (1998) p. 197-206. 10p. 1 Chart. Web. 10 March 2015.
* Riccucci, N. M. (2001, March). The "Old" Public Management versus the "New" Public Management: Where does Public Administration Fit in? *Public Administration Review*, 61(2), 172–175. Retrieved from jstor.
* Schachter, Hindy. "New Public Management and Principals' Roles in Organizational Governance: What Can a Corporate Issue Tell us About Public Sector Management?" *Public Organization Review*. Vol. 14 Issue 4, (Dec 2014) p. 517-531. Web. 10 March 2015.
* Smith, D. (2014). *Under New Public Management: Institutional Ethnographies of Changing Front-line Work*. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
* Vermeulen, Philippe. "Ethics & Accountability in a Context of Governance & New Public Management." Vol. 7, (1998) p. 171-188. 18p. 2 Diagrams, 1 Chart. Web. 10 March 2015.
* Williams, Helen M., Julie Rayner, and Christopher W. Allinson. "New Public Management and Organisational Commitment in the Public Sector: Testing a Mediation Model." *International Journal of Human Resource Management* 23.13 (2012): 2615–2629. EBSCOhost. Web. 9 March 2015.


title: Neural network

abstract:
A neural network is a group of interconnected units called neurons that send signals to one another. Neurons can be either biological cells or mathematical models. While individual neurons are simple, many of them together in a network can perform complex tasks. There are two main types of neural network.
  - In neuroscience, a biological neural network is a physical structure found in brains and complex nervous systems – a population of nerve cells connected by synapses.
  - In machine learning, an artificial neural network is a mathematical model used to approximate nonlinear functions. Artificial neural networks are used to solve artificial intelligence problems.

text:
# Neural network

A **neural network** is a group of interconnected units called neurons that send signals to one another. Neurons can be either biological cells or mathematical models. While individual neurons are simple, many of them together in a network can perform complex tasks. There are two main types of neural network.

## In biology

In the context of biology, a neural network is a population of biological neurons chemically connected to each other by synapses. A given neuron can be connected to hundreds of thousands of synapses. Each neuron sends and receives electrochemical signals called action potentials to its connected neighbors. A neuron can serve an excitatory role, amplifying and propagating signals it receives, or an inhibitory role, suppressing signals instead.

Populations of interconnected neurons that are smaller than neural networks are called neural circuits. Very large interconnected networks are called large scale brain networks, and many of these together form brains and nervous systems.

Signals generated by neural networks in the brain eventually travel through the nervous system and across neuromuscular junctions to muscle cells, where they cause contraction and thereby motion.

## In machine learning

In machine learning, a neural network is an artificial mathematical model used to approximate nonlinear functions. While early artificial neural networks were physical machines, today they are almost always implemented in software.

Neurons in an artificial neural network are usually arranged into layers, with information passing from the first layer (the input layer) through one or more intermediate layers (the hidden layers) to the final layer (the output layer). The "signal" input to each neuron is a number, specifically a linear combination of the outputs of the connected neurons in the previous layer. The signal each neuron outputs is calculated from this number, according to its activation function. The behavior of the network depends on the strengths (or *weights*) of the connections between neurons. A network is trained by modifying these weights through empirical risk minimization or backpropagation in order to fit some preexisting dataset.

Neural networks are used to solve problems in artificial intelligence, and have thereby found applications in many disciplines, including predictive modeling, adaptive control, facial recognition, handwriting recognition, general game playing, and generative AI.

## History

The theoretical base for contemporary neural networks was independently proposed by Alexander Bain in 1873 and William James in 1890. Both posited that human thought emerged from interactions among large numbers of neurons inside the brain. In 1949, Donald Hebb described Hebbian learning, the idea that neural networks can change and learn over time by strengthening a synapse every time a signal travels along it.

Artificial neural networks were originally used to model biological neural networks starting in the 1930s under the approach of connectionism. However, starting with the invention of the perceptron, a simple artificial neural network, by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in 1943, followed by the implementation of one in hardware by Frank Rosenblatt in 1957, artificial neural networks became increasingly used for machine learning applications instead, and increasingly different from their biological counterparts.


title: Yuva, Seben

abstract: Yuva is a village in the Seben District of Bolu Province in Turkey. Its population is 126 (2021).

text:
# Yuva, Seben

**Yuva** is a village in the Seben District of Bolu Province in Turkey. Its population is 126 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Yuva | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| YuvaLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°23′38″N 31°41′29″E / 40.39381837°N 31.69129824°E / 40.39381837; 31.69129824 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Bolu |
| District | Seben |
| Population (2021) | 126 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Ursula von Rydingsvard

abstract: Ursula von Rydingsvard is a sculptor who lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. She is best known for creating large-scale works influenced by nature, primarily using cedar and other forms of timber.

text:
# Ursula von Rydingsvard

**Ursula von Rydingsvard** (née Karoliszyn; born 1942) is a sculptor who lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. She is best known for creating large-scale works influenced by nature, primarily using cedar and other forms of timber.

## Early life and education

Von Rydingsvard was born in Deensen, Germany in 1942 to a Polish mother and Ukrainian father. As a young child, the artist and her six siblings experienced the German occupation of Poland and the trauma of World War II, followed by five years in eight different German refugee camps for displaced Poles.

In 1959, through the U.S. Marshall Plan and with the assistance of Catholic agencies, her family of peasant farmers boarded a ship to the United States where they eventually settled in Plainville, Connecticut. She received a BA and MA from University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida in 1965 and an MFA from Columbia University in New York City in 1975. In the late 1970s, she was part of NYC's Cultural Council Foundation Artists' Project, which was funded under the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA).

## Achievements

Major permanent commissions of her work are on view at the Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA; Storm King Art Center, New York; the Bloomberg Building, New York; the Queens Family Courthouse, New York; the Nelson-Atkins, Kansas City, and the Barclays Center, Brooklyn, New York. *Mad. Sq. Art: Ursula von Rydingsvard* was the outdoor solo exhibition presented at Madison Square Park in 2006.

In 2008, she was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters along with being featured in *Art:21 Art in the Twenty-First Century* on PBS. A monograph on her work titled *The Sculpture of Ursula von Rydingsvard* was published by Hudson Hills Press in 1996 and in 2011 Prestel published *Ursula von Rydingsvard: Working*.

In 2014-2015 Ursula von Rydingsvard had her first British show at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park (West Yorkshire, UK), her most extensive exhibition to date. The exhibition was accompanied by the Ursula von Rydingsvard 2014 Catalogue, a major publication featuring text by Molly Donovan, Curator of Modern and Contemporary Art at the National Gallery of Art in Washington.

## Museum collections

## Notable exhibitions

* 2021 *Ursula von Rydingsvard: Nothing But Art*, National Museum, Kraków and simultaneously at the Center of Polish Sculpture, Orońsko and Łazienki Park, Warsaw, Poland
* 2018 *Now, She*, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* 2018 *The Contour of Feeling*, The Fabric Workshop & Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* 2015 *Ursula von Rydingsvard*, la Biennale di Venezia, Giardino della Marinaressa, Venice, Italy
* 2014 *Ursula von Rydingsvard*, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, West Bretton, England
* 2011-12 *Ursula von Rydingsvard: Sculpture 1991-2009*, SculptureCenter, Queens, New York; traveled to deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, Massachusetts; Museum of Contemporary Art, Cleveland, Ohio; and to Frost Art Museum, Miami, Florida
* 2006 *Mad. Sq. Art: Ursula von Rydingsvard*, Mad Sq Art at Madison Square Park, New York, NY
* 1992-4 Storm King Art Center, Mountainville, NY (Ten-year retrospective)

## Awards and grants

* Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis, Poland, 2021
* Artist Award for Distinguished Body of Work, CAA New York City, NY, 2019
* Visionary Woman Honors Award, Moore College of Art & Design, Philadelphia, PA, 2017
* Lifetime Achievement Award, International Sculpture Center, Hamilton, NJ, 2014
* Honoree, Storm King Art Center Annual Gala, New York, NY, 2012
* Skowhegan Medal for Sculpture, Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Maine, 2011
* Best Show in a Non-Profit Gallery or Space, American Section of the International Association of Art Critics, 2011
* Rappaport Prize, DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park, Lincoln, MA, 2008
* Order of the Cross, Polish Consulate, New York, 2008
* Mary Miss Resident in Visual Arts, American Academy in Rome, Italy, 2007
* 2nd prize, Best Show in a Commercial Gallery, American Section of the International Association of Art Critics, 2000
* Academy Award in Art, American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, NY, 1994
* Best Small Museum Exhibition, American Section of the International Association of Art Critics, 1992
* Honorary Doctorate, Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore, MD, 1991
* Individual Artists Grant, National Endowment for the Arts, Washington, D.C., 1986
* Athena Foundation Grant, Long Island City, NY, 1983
* Guggenheim Fellowship, John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, New York, NY, 1983
* Individual Artists Grant, National Endowment for the Arts, Washington, D.C., 1979
* Individual Artists Grant, National Endowment for the Arts, Washington, D.C., 1978
* Fulbright-Hayes Travel Grant, Washington, D.C., 1975

* Daniel Traub's feature-length documentary of the artist *Ursula von Rydingsvard: Into Her Own,* 2019

**Notes**

**Further reading**

## InfoBox

| Ursula von Rydingsvard | |
| --- | --- |
| von Rydingsvard in her Brooklyn studio, 1997 | |
| Born | Ursula Karoliszyn
1942
Deensen, Free State of Brunswick, Nazi Germany |
| Education | Columbia University |
| Known for | Sculpture |
| Spouse | Paul Greengard |
|  | |
| Elected | Member, American Academy of Arts and Letters |
|  | |
| Website | ursulavonrydingsvard.net |


title: With Love from Our Friends

abstract: With Love from Our Friends is the tenth studio album by American R&B group Full Force, released on August 22, 2014 through Full Force Productions, a license to Sony Music Entertainment.

text:
# With Love from Our Friends

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***With Love from Our Friends*** is the tenth studio album by American R&B group Full Force, released on August 22, 2014 through Full Force Productions, a license to Sony Music Entertainment.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Featured artist(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Feel Good, I Look Good, I'm God Good" | Faith Evans with Sheila E. and The God Good Choir & Children | 4:58 |
| 2. | "Your Love Makes Me High" | Raphael Saadiq and Shanice | 4:53 |
| 3. | "All Cried Out" | Tisha Campbell-Martin | 4:02 |
| 4. | "Thank You for Leaving Me" | Meli'sa Morgan and Cheryl Pepsii Riley with Vivica A. Fox | 4:11 |
| 5. | "Let It Flow" | Tevin Campbell and Naturi Naughton | 4:13 |
| 6. | "All I Have to Give" | Lil' G of Silk, Slim of 112, Steve Russell of Troop and RL of Next | 5:09 |
| 7. | "A Night That We Will Never Forget" | CeCe Peniston and Freedom Williams of C+C Music Factory | 5:29 |
| 8. | "Most Definitely" | Allure | 5:03 |
| 9. | "From These Lips to God's Ear" | Regina Belle, Howard Hewett, Cheryl Pepsii Riley and The God Good Choir | 5:24 |
| 10. | "The Way I Believe in You" | Tisha Campbell-Martin | 4:28 |
| 11. | "Do U Believe in Heaven?" | Blair Underwood, Malcolm-Jamal Warner, Omari Hardwick and Big Daddy Kane with Najee | 5:23 |
| 12. | "Roxanne Roxanne (The New Chapter)" | Lou$tar with UTFO and Roxanne Shanté | 4:49 |
| 13. | "Can't Thank You Enough" | Force MDs | 4:12 |
| 14. | "I Wish I Had a Girl Like You" | Raymond Luke Jr. | 4:11 |
| 15. | "Dance, Dance, Throw Ur Hands Up in the Air Air" | The House Party Bullies, Flavor Flav and Samantha Fox | 5:14 |
| Total length: | | | 71:39 |

Download release (bonus tracks)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Featured artist(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16. | "Call Me When You Want It" |  | Santa and Lou$tar | 4:30 |
| 17. | "Let It Go (FF Go Mix)" |  | Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam with Ex Girlfriend | 4:41 |
| 18. | "All Cried Out (All Danced Out Geenius Mix)" |  | Tisha Campbell-Martin | 6:22 |
| 19. | Untitled | I Feel Good, I Look Good, I'm God Good (The God Good Remix) | Faith Evans with Sheila E. and The God Good Choir & Children | 4:54 |
| Total length: | | | | 92:06 |

## InfoBox

| With Love from Our Friends | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Full Force | |
| Released | August 22, 2014 |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 71:39 |
| Label | Full Force (#88843085492) |
| Producer | Full Force |
| Full Force chronology | |
| *Full Force, of Course*
(2009) ***With Love from Our Friends***
(2014) | |


title: Lesley Conroy

abstract: Lesley Conroy is an Irish actress, director and screenwriter. She is known for her parts in Fair City and Mattie.

text:
# Lesley Conroy

**Lesley Conroy** (born 1973 or 1974) is an Irish actress, director and screenwriter. She is known for her parts in *Fair City* and *Mattie*.

## Background

Conroy is a fluent Irish speaker from County Cork. She graduated from University College Cork in 1993 with a BA in English and French. and is a graduate of Trinity College Dublin's Samuel Beckett centre.

## Career

In 2008 Conroy featured in the film *Eden*. She came to prominence opposite Pat Shortt in *Mattie*. She worked with Shortt again in the 2013 feature *Life's a Breeze*. She joined the cast of *Fair City* in 2017. She starred in the short film *Cleaner* which she wrote and directed.

## Writing

Conroy won the Scripts Ireland short film script competition in 2020 for *Cleaner*.

## Filmography

| Title | Year | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *My Brother's War* | 1997 |  |
| *Saltwater* | 2000 |  |
| *Eden* | 2008 | Nominated for IFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| *Mattie* | 2009–2010 | Television series |
| *Life's a Breeze* | 2013 |  |
| *The Cured* | 2017 |  |
| *Fair City* | 2017–2018 | Television series |
| *Cleaner* | 2020 | Short film. Also wrote and directed. |

## InfoBox

| Lesley Conroy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1973 or 1974 (age 50–51)<br>County Cork, Ireland |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, director, screenwriter |


title: War of the Century

abstract: War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin, is a BBC documentary film series that examines Adolf Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 and the no-holds-barred war on both sides. It not only examines the war but also the terror inside the Soviet Union at the time due to the paranoia of Joseph Stalin—the revenge atrocities, the Great Purge of army officers, the near-lunatic orders, and the paranoia of being upstaged by others, especially Marshal Zhukov. The historical adviser is Ian Kershaw.

text:
# War of the Century

***War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin***, is a BBC documentary film series that examines Adolf Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 and the no-holds-barred war on both sides. It not only examines the war but also the terror inside the Soviet Union at the time due to the paranoia of Joseph Stalin—the revenge atrocities, the Great Purge of army officers, the near-lunatic orders, and the paranoia of being upstaged by others, especially Marshal Zhukov. The historical adviser is Ian Kershaw.

## Media information

### DVD release

The film was released on Region 2 DVD by BBC Video as part of the *BBC World War II DVD Collection*.

### Companion book

* Rees, Laurence (30 September 1999). *War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin*. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-38477-9.

## InfoBox

| *War of the Century* | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Written by | Laurence Rees |
| Narrated by | Samuel West |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 4 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Laurence Rees |
| Running time | 200 min |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC Two |
| Release | 5 October (1999-10-05) <br>26 October 1999 (1999-10-26) |


title: Weywot

abstract: Weywot is a natural satellite or moon of the trans-Neptunian dwarf planet Quaoar. It was discovered by Michael Brown and Terry-Ann Suer using images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope on 14 February 2006. Named after the Tongva sky god and son of Quaoar, Weywot is thought to be a fragment of Quaoar that was ejected into an eccentric orbit around the dwarf planet by a major impact event billions of years ago. The moon is nearly 200 km (120 mi) in diameter and it orbits Quaoar every 12.4 days at an average distance of 13,300 km (8,300 mi). Weywot is thought to play a role in maintaining Quaoar's outer ring by gravitationally influencing it in an orbital resonance.

text:
# Weywot

**Weywot** (formal designation **(50000) Quaoar I**; provisional designation **S/2006 (50000) 1**) is a natural satellite or moon of the trans-Neptunian dwarf planet Quaoar. It was discovered by Michael Brown and Terry-Ann Suer using images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope on 14 February 2006. Named after the Tongva sky god and son of Quaoar, Weywot is thought to be a fragment of Quaoar that was ejected into an eccentric orbit around the dwarf planet by a major impact event billions of years ago. The moon is nearly 200 km (120 mi) in diameter and it orbits Quaoar every 12.4 days at an average distance of 13,300 km (8,300 mi). Weywot is thought to play a role in maintaining Quaoar's outer ring by gravitationally influencing it in an orbital resonance.

## Discovery

Weywot was first imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope on 14 February 2006, during Michael Brown's survey for satellites around large trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) using *Hubble*'s high-resolution Advanced Camera for Surveys. Consecutive images from that date showed that Weywot appeared stationary relative to Quaoar and was visibly separated at an angular distance of 0.35 arcseconds. After Brown's Hubble survey concluded in late 2006, he and his colleague Terry-Ann Suer reported their newly discovered TNO satellites to the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, which published their discovery of Weywot alongside three other TNO satellites on 22 February 2007.

To determine Weywot's orbit, Brown reobserved Weywot with Hubble in March 2007 and March 2008. Together with his colleague Wesley Fraser, Brown published the first preliminary orbit of Weywot in May 2010. Fraser and Brown were unable to precover Weywot in earlier ultraviolet Hubble images of Quaoar from 2002, either because the satellite was obscured by Quaoar or it was too faint in ultraviolet light.

## Name

Upon discovery, Weywot was given a provisional designation, S/2006 (50000) 1. Brown left the choice of a name up to the Tongva, whose creator-god Quaoar had been named after. The Tongva chose the sky god Weywot, son of Quaoar. The name of Weywot was officially announced by the Minor Planet Center in a notice published on 4 October 2009.

## Orbit

Orbit diagrams of the Quaoar–Weywot systemViewed from EarthViewed top-down over Quaoar's north pole

Weywot orbits Quaoar at an average distance of 13,300 km (8,300 mi) and takes 12.4 days to complete one revolution. Its orbit is likely coplanar with Quaoar's equator, while the entire Quaoar system is inclined by about 16° with respect to the ecliptic plane.

Weywot has a high orbital eccentricity of 0.14, which challenges theoretical expectations that Weywot could have formed out of a disk of material in circular orbit around Quaoar. Instead of having a synchronous rotation tidally locked to Quaoar, Weywot's high eccentricity may subject it to a spin-orbit resonance similar to the planet Mercury, where its rotation period is an integer ratio of its orbital period. Several possible explanations for Weywot's high eccentricity include collisions with other bodies, an origin as a collisionally-ejected fragment of Quaoar, gravitational perturbations, or resonances by other massive bodies. Of these scenarios, Weywot most likely formed as a fragment of Quaoar that was ejected into an initially eccentric orbit by a major impact event billions of years ago. Weywot's orbit must have tidally evolved very slowly for it to remain eccentric today, which would mean its orbit has changed very little since it had formed. The trans-Neptunian dwarf planet 225088 Gonggong hosts a similarly eccentric satellite named Xiangliu, and it is inferred to have formed and evolved in the same way as Weywot.

Prior to further observations in 2019, orbit determinations for Weywot were complicated by the issue of mirror ambiguity, where two possible inclinations could equally fit Weywot's orbit due to the lack of parallactic change in its projected orbital plane. That is, it could not be recognized whether Weywot orbited prograde or retrograde with respect to the ecliptic. The discontinuity of known observations of Weywot at the time also resulted in a 0.39-day alias in its orbital period, which allowed for even more possible orbit solutions with different orbital periods. These issues were eventually resolved when astronomers obtained a precise measurement of Weywot's position from a stellar occultation on 4 August 2019, which allowed researchers to unambiguously settle on a prograde 12.4-day orbit for Weywot.

### Ring dynamics

In February 2023, astronomers announced the discovery of a distant ring orbiting Quaoar at a distance of 4,148 km (2,577 mi), which nearly coincides with the 6:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with Weywot that lies slightly interior to the ring at 4,021 km (2,499 mi). This near-coincidence suggests Weywot could play a role in perturbing the ring by producing irregularities in the ring's width and density. Together with Quaoar's 1:3 spin-orbit resonance that lies slightly farther from the ring, the 6:1 Weywot mean-motion resonance is thought to help prevent the ring from accreting into a solid body. It is unknown which of these two resonances plays a more dominant role in maintaining the ring, as the underlying parameters necessary to calculate their effects are poorly known. The ring is likely coplanar with Weywot's orbit within a relative inclination of ±.

## Physical characteristics

Weywot is extremely dim, with an apparent magnitude of 24.7—that is, 5.6±0.2 magnitudes fainter than Quaoar in visible light. Combined with its close proximity to Quaoar, Weywot's faintness makes observations difficult, leaving it resolvable only to the most sensitive telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck Telescopes. For these reasons, most of Weywot's physical properties such as its mass, color, and light curve have yet to be measured.

As of 2023, Weywot is thought to be about 200 km (120 mi) in diameter, based on multiple observations of a stellar occultation by Weywot on 22 June 2023. Occultations by Weywot have been observed previously on 4 August 2019, 11 June 2022, and 26 May 2023, which all gave similar diameter estimates of about 170 km (110 mi). Given Weywot's magnitude difference from Quaoar, this occultation-derived diameter suggests Weywot has low geometric albedo of about 0.04, considerably darker than Quaoar's albedo of 0.12. Weywot was previously thought to have a diameter of 81 ± 11 km (50 ± 7 mi), about half that of the occultation measurement, because researchers based this estimate only on Weywot's relative brightness and assumed it had a similar albedo as Quaoar.

1. Green, Daniel W. E. (22 February 2007). "Satellites of 2003 AZ\_84, (50000), (55637), and (90482)". *IAU Circular* (8812). Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams: 1. Bibcode:2007IAUC.8812....1B. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
2. Johnston, Wm. Robert (21 September 2014). "(50000) Quaoar and Weywot". *Asteroids with Satellites Database*. Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
3. Suer, Terry-Ann. "Publications". *sites.google.com*. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
4. "M. P. C. 67220" (PDF). *Minor Planet Circulars* (67220). Minor Planet Center: 134. 4 October 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
5. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 50000 Quaoar (2002 LM60)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
6. Fraser, Wesley C.; Batygin, Konstantin; Brown, Michael E.; Bouchez, Antonin (January 2013). "The mass, orbit, and tidal evolution of the Quaoar-Weywot system". *Icarus*. **222** (1): 357−363. arXiv:1211.1016. Bibcode:2013Icar..222..357F. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.004. S2CID 17196395.
7. B. E. Morgado; B. Sicardy; F. Braga-Ribas; J. L. Ortiz; H. Salo; F. Vachier; et al. (8 February 2023). "A dense ring of the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar outside its Roche limit". *Nature*. **614** (7947): 239–243. Bibcode:2023Natur.614..239M. doi:10.1038/S41586-022-05629-6. ISSN 1476-4687. Wikidata Q116754015.
8. Fernandez-Valenzuela, E.; Holler, B.; Ortiz, J. L.; Vachier, F.; Braga-Ribas, F.; Rommel, F.; et al. (October 2023). *Weywot: the darkest known satellite in the trans-Neptunian region*. 55th Annual DPS Meeting Joint with EPSC. Vol. 55. San Antonio, Texas. 202.04.
9. Grundy, Will (21 March 2022). "Quaoar and Weywot (50000 2002 LM60)". *www2.lowell.edu*. Lowell Observatory. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
10. Brown, Michael (July 2005). "Icy planetoids of the outer solar system". *Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes*. Space Telescope Science Institute: 10545. Bibcode:2005hst..prop10545B. Cycle 14. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
11. Fraser, Wesley C.; Brown, Michael E. (May 2010). "Quaoar: A Rock in the Kuiper Belt" (PDF). *The Astrophysical Journal*. **714** (2): 1547–1550. arXiv:1003.5911. Bibcode:2010ApJ...714.1547F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1547. S2CID 17386407.
12. Brown, Michael (July 2006). "The largest Kuiper belt objects". *Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes*. Space Telescope Science Institute: 10860. Bibcode:2006hst..prop10860B. Cycle 15. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
13. Brown, Michael (July 2007). "Collisions in the Kuiper belt". *Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes*. Space Telescope Science Institute: 11169. Bibcode:2007hst..prop11169B. Cycle 16. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
14. Street, Nick (August 2008). "Heavenly Bodies and the People of the Earth". *Search Magazine*. Heldref Publications. Archived from the original on 18 May 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
15. C. L. Pereira; B. Sicardy; B. E. Morgado; F. Braga-Ribas; E. Fernández-Valenzuela; D. Souami; et al. (2023). "The two rings of (50000) Quaoar". *Astronomy & Astrophysics*. arXiv:2304.09237. Bibcode:2023A&A...673L...4P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346365. ISSN 0004-6361. Wikidata Q117802048.
16. Arakawa, Sota; Hyodo, Ryuki; Shoji, Daigo; Genda, Hidenori (December 2021). "Tidal Evolution of the Eccentric Moon around Dwarf Planet (225088) Gonggong". *The Astronomical Journal*. **162** (6): 29. arXiv:2108.08553. Bibcode:2021AJ....162..226A. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1f91. S2CID 237213381. 226.
17. Kretlow, Mike (January 2020). "Beyond Jupiter – (50000) Quaoar" (PDF). *Journal for Occultation Astronomy*. **10** (1). International Occultation Timing Association: 24–31. Bibcode:2020JOA....10a..24K.
18. "2022 Asteroidal Occultation Preliminary Results – 50000(1) Weywot 2022 Jun 11". *www.asteroidoccultation.com*. International Occultation Timing Association. 11 June 2022. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023.
19. Fornasier, S.; Lellouch, E.; Müller, T.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Panuzzo, P.; Kiss, C.; et al. (July 2013). "TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of nine bright targets at 70-500 *µ*m". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **555**: 22. arXiv:1305.0449v2. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..15F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321329.

## InfoBox

Weywot
| Quaoar and Weywot (left of Quaoar) imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2006 | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by |  |
| Discovery date | 14 February 2006 |
| Designations | |
| Designation | (50000) Quaoar I |
| Pronunciation | /ˈwwɒt/ |
| Alternative names | S/2006 (50000) 1 |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 23 March 2008 (JD 2454549.42) | |
| Semi-major axis | 13289±189 km (2023)
13900±200 (2013) |
| Eccentricity | 0.056±0.093 (2023)
0.137±0.006 (2013) |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 12.4311±0.0015 d (2023)
12.4314±0.0002 d (2013) |
| Inclination | 15.8°±0.7° (to ecliptic) |
| Longitude of ascending node | 1.0°±0.7° |
| Argument of periapsis | 335°±0.7° |
| Satellite of | 50000 Quaoar |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 200 km |
| Albedo | ≈ 0.04 |
| Apparent magnitude | 24.7 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | ≈ 8.3 |
|  | |


title: Nanaji Sitaram Shamkule

abstract: Nanaji Sitaram Shamkule is a member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represents the Chandrapur Assembly Constituency. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). In May, 2013 he was appointed President of BJP's Maharashtra state SC Cell. He was Member Legislative Assembly in 2009, also as a BJP member. Shamkule, before he became MLA in 2009, was a corporator in the Nagpur Municipal Corporation, from ward no 114, Takli Sim.

text:
# Nanaji Sitaram Shamkule

**Nanaji Sitaram Shamkule** is a member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represents the Chandrapur Assembly Constituency. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). In May, 2013 he was appointed President of BJP's Maharashtra state SC Cell. He was Member Legislative Assembly in 2009, also as a BJP member. Shamkule, before he became MLA in 2009, was a corporator in the Nagpur Municipal Corporation, from ward no 114, Takli Sim.


title: Nacra F18 Infusion

abstract: The Nacra F18 Infusion was announced in 2006 and launched in January 2007 as a one design racing catamaran conforming to the Formula 18 class rules. It quickly developed into a class in its own right. The principle design team was Morrelli & Melvin but also included significant input from Peter Vink and Gunnar Larsen (Nacra). The design takes its name from the vacuum infusion process used in its hull construction. The Nacra F18 Infusion has been a recognized World Sailing as an international competition class since November 2010. The Nacra F18 Infusion design was later developed into the F18 Evolution and the NACRA F20 Carbon.

text:
# Nacra F18 Infusion

The **Nacra F18 Infusion** was announced in 2006 and launched in January 2007 as a one design racing catamaran conforming to the Formula 18 class rules. It quickly developed into a class in its own right.

The principle design team was Morrelli & Melvin but also included significant input from Peter Vink (Performance Sails) and Gunnar Larsen (Nacra).

The design takes its name from the vacuum infusion process used in its hull construction.

The Nacra F18 Infusion has been a recognized World Sailing as an international competition class since November 2010.

The Nacra F18 Infusion design was later developed into the F18 Evolution and the NACRA F20 Carbon.

## Design

The Nacra F18 Infusion is a racing sailboat, built to the Formula 18 Class Rules and its own One Design construction manual. These rules dictate that it is a fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars. The boat has a sandwich construction with fibreglass skins made using vinylester resin over a foam core. The Mk3 version uses epoxy resin rather than vinylester resin which, due to revised Formula 18 class rules, is permitted to use.

## Variants

The Nacra infusion is the third generation of Nacra Formula 18. It started in 1996 with the launch of the Nacra Inter 18 designed by Gino Morrelli and Pete Melvin. This was followed in 2001 by the Nacra Inter 18 designed by Alain Comyn.

Nacra F18 Infusion Mk1 Announced in 2006, the design began production in 2007. Nacra F18 Infusion Mk2 Launched in 2011, the boat was upgraded with new foils and several other updates. Nacra F18 Infusion Mk2.5 Launched in 2014, the main update was a completely new sail design. The rudder system was also significantly updated, along with other small improvements. Nacra F18 Infusion Mk3 Launched in 2018, the boat has epoxy construction and several upgrades. Nacra F18 Infusion Mk3 with FCS (Flight Control System) Launched in 2018, the FCS option was also made available alongside the standard boat. It has updated daggerboard cases and rudder fixing to allow the installation of optional hydrofoils. These changes took the boat out of the class, but like the Nacra 20 FCS, it was still a fully foiling design. It utilises L-shaped hydrofoil rudders and Z-shaped carbon fibre daggerboards. With the introduction of the Evolution in 2019, the Infusion Mk3 made the modification standard in 2021. Nacra F18 Evolution This model was announced in 2019 and is a new design equipped only for the Formula 18 class. The biggest change is the new hull design incorporating reverse raked stems, horizontal chines, a revised longitudinal connecting beam design and deck sweeping mainsail option. It won the Formula 18 World Championship in its second attempt, finishing in the top 10 in 2021 and then winning the 2022.

## Operational history

The Nacra infusion has won the Formula 18 World Championships five times 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015. In addition the class has held a One Design World Championships.

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | NED3
Coen de Koning (NED)
Thijs Visser (NED) | NED1933
Gunnar Larsen (NED)
Sam Frank (sailing) (NED) | AUS1978
Adam Beattie (AUS)
Jamie Leitner (AUS) |  |
| 2012 | Gunnar Larsen (NED)
Sam Frank (NED) | Coen de Koning (NED)
Thijs Visser (NED) | Jorden Veenman (NED)
Frank De Waard (NED) |  |
| 2013 | AUS1668
Adam Beattie (AUS)
Jamie Leitner (AUS) | AUS26
Mick Guinea (AUS)
Viv Haydon (AUS) | AUS1646
Warren Guinea (AUS)
Aaron Linton (AUS) |  |
| 2015 | 1884
Bastiaan Tentij (NED)
Max van Pinxten (NED) | GER211
Jurgen Kerstens (GER)
Tina Vercouteren (GER) | NED5
Tony Mels (NED)
Claske Boschma (NED) |  |

## InfoBox

Nacra F18 Infusion
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Development | |
| Designer | Morrelli & Melvin, Vink, Larsen, Young |
| Location | Netherlands
United States |
| Year | 2007 |
| Brand | Nacra Sailing |
| Builder(s) | \[ |
| Role | One-design racer |
| Name | Nacra F18 Infusion |
| Boat | |
| Crew | 2 |
| Displacement | 397 lb (180 kg) |
| Trapeze | Twin |
| Hull | |
| Type | Catamaran |
| Construction | vinylester fibreglass foam sandwich |
| LOA | 18.11 ft (5.52 m) |
| Beam | 8.53 ft (2.60 m) |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | twin daggerboards |
| Rudder(s) | twin transom-mounted rudders |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | Bermuda rig |
| Sails | |
| Sailplan | Fractional rigged sloop |
| Mainsail area | 183 sq ft (17.0 m2) |
| Jib/genoa area | 46 sq ft (4.3 m2) |
| Spinnaker area | 226 sq ft (21.0 m2) |
| Total sail area | 229 sq ft (21.3 m2) |
| Racing | |
| Class association | Formula 18 |
| Nacra Inter 18  Nacra F18 Evolution
\[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Nacra 5.2

abstract: The Nacra 5.2 is an American catamaran sailing dinghy that was designed by Tom Roland as a one-design racer and first built in 1975. Other than the small production run Nacra 36, the Nacra 5.2 was the first Nacra brand boat and established its reputation. The Nacra 5.2 design was superseded by the Nacra 5.5 in the company's product line in 1979.

text:
# Nacra 5.2

The **Nacra 5.2** is an American catamaran sailing dinghy that was designed by Tom Roland as a one-design racer and first built in 1975. Other than the small production run Nacra 36, the Nacra 5.2 was the first Nacra brand boat and established its reputation.

The Nacra 5.2 design was superseded by the Nacra 5.5 in the company's product line in 1979.

## Production

The design was built by Nacra Sailing in the United States. A total of 2600 were built during its ten-year production run from 1975 until 1985, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The Nacra 5.2 is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with a rotating mast, anodized aluminum spars and nine full mainsail sail battens. The symmetrical hulls have plumb stems, reverse transoms, transom-hung fiberglass rudders controlled by a tiller and retractable fiberglass daggerboards. The boat displaces 350 lb (159 kg).

The boat has a draft of 2.50 ft (0.76 m) with the dual daggerboards extended and 6 in (15 cm) with them retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

For sailing the design is equipped with trapezes to allow the crew to balance the boat. The design includes on-water adjustment controls for the shroud tensions, outhaul, jib luff and mainsail downhaul.

The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 72.0 and is normally raced with a crew of two sailors.

## Operational history

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "the hulls are wide at the bottom and narrow at the top to create extra buoyancy ... In spite of the high aspect ratio, the center of effort is low."

By 1994 there were racing fleets established in Australia, Europe, Japan and the United States.

**Similar sailboats**

## InfoBox

Nacra 5.2
|
5.2
*Class symbol* | |
| --- | --- |
| Development | |
| Designer | Tom Roland |
| Location | United States |
| Year | 1975 |
| No. built | 2600 |
| Builder(s) | Nacra Sailing |
| Role | One-design racer |
| Name | Nacra 5.2 |
| Boat | |
| Crew | two |
| Displacement | 350 lb (159 kg) |
| Draft | 2.50 ft (0.76 m) with the daggerboards down |
| Hull | |
| Type | Catamaran |
| Construction | Fiberglass |
| LOA | 17.00 ft (5.18 m) |
| Beam | 8.00 ft (2.44 m) |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | twin daggerboards |
| Rudder(s) | twin transom-mounted rudders |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | Bermuda rig |
| Sails | |
| Sailplan | Fractional rigged sloop |
| Mainsail area | 170 sq ft (16 m2) |
| Jib/genoa area | 50 sq ft (4.6 m2) |
| Total sail area | 220 sq ft (20 m2) |
| Racing | |
| D-PN | 72.0 |
| Nacra 5.5
\[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: NFL on Canadian television

abstract: As of the 2022 NFL season, CTV and TSN broadcast Sunday games. Monday Night Football airs exclusively on TSN. TSN and CTV 2 own rights to Sunday Night Football and Thursday Night Football. RDS carries games in the French language from all timeslots. U.S. network television feeds may also be available, often from multiple markets, on cable and satellite; all games are subject to simultaneous substitution. Monday Night Football also airs in simultaneous substitution with the ABC feed on CTV2 beginning with the 2023 season.

text:
# NFL on Canadian television

As of the 2022 NFL season, CTV and TSN broadcast Sunday games. *Monday Night Football* airs exclusively on TSN. TSN and CTV 2 own rights to *Sunday Night Football* and *Thursday Night Football*. RDS carries games in the French language from all timeslots. U.S. network television feeds may also be available, often from multiple markets, on cable and satellite (and via terrestrial broadcast in the border lands); all games are subject to simultaneous substitution. *Monday Night Football* also airs in simultaneous substitution with the ABC feed on CTV2 beginning with the 2023 season.

## Network overview

### Citytv

Craig Media (including the Citytv stations in Winnipeg and Alberta) owned the rights to *Monday Night Football* in the early 2000s, and these rights moved to City for *MNF'*s final season on ABC in 2005, before being moving again to TSN in 2006.

With the sale to Rogers, Citytv Vancouver carried late afternoon games during the 2007 season (as did OMNI.2 in Toronto), under sublicence from Rogers Sportsnet. For the 2008 season, all Citytv stations carried late afternoon games. Sportsnet carried a different game than the game broadcast by Citytv. Citytv Toronto also airs selected Buffalo Bills preseason games (including those held at the Rogers Centre).

CTV and TSN assumed rights to 4:05 pm and 4:25 pm ET games in 2014 as a result of Rogers acquiring exclusive national rights to the National Hockey League. In the 2015 season, Citytv aired some Thursday night games due to scheduling conflicts with Major League Baseball games on Sportsnet. (These games also aired on Sportsnet One.)

### CTV Television Network

On May 22, 2007, it was announced that CTV had acquired the broadcast rights to the National Football League early-afternoon Sunday games, the full NFL playoffs, and the Super Bowl, effective the 2007 NFL season. This ended a lengthy association between the NFL and Global Television Network. TSN, a sports channel which CTV owns, also airs NFL games and produces the CTV broadcasts in tandem with CBS and Fox.

### DAZN

As the Canadian rightsholder to NFL Game Pass and NFL Sunday Ticket, DAZN offers all preseason, regular-season (including Thursday night, Sunday night and Monday night games) and playoff games, as well as NFL RedZone.

DAZN also streams NFL Network, as well as complete coverage of marquee events like the NFL Draft and Combine.

Archived Super Bowl and NFL playoff games are also available on DAZN.

### Global Television Network

Global was the longtime broadcaster of Sunday afternoon and playoff National Football League football games in Canada, simulcasting the relevant U.S. broadcasts, an association that ended in 2007 when CTV outbid Global for the NFL broadcast package.

### Prime Video

From 2017 to 2021, Prime Video held non-exclusive global streaming rights to *Thursday Night Football*, including in Canada. Beginning with the 2022 NFL season, Prime Video's rights are limited to the U.S. (though it is now the exclusive non-local rightsholder in that country), with Bell Media (via TSN, RDS, and CTV2) and DAZN continuing to hold Canadian rights using the Amazon-produced feed.

### Réseau des sports

Bell Media's Réseau des sports (RDS) airs French-language coverage of the NFL. As with its coverage of other American sports events, RDS typically offers dubbed versions of the U.S. game broadcasts.

### TSN

TSN airs ESPN original programming, including *Sunday NFL Countdown* and *Monday Night Football*. In addition to *Monday Night Football*, TSN broadcasts *NBC Sunday Night Football*. Since the 2007 NFL season, it produces Sunday afternoon telecasts for CTV, although the feed is taken from CBS or Fox.

#### 2007 New England Patriots-New York Giants game

In Canada, the established sports channel TSN held the rights to the game, as it did for all NFL Network regular-season games at the time. After the NBC / CBS simulcast was announced, TSN's parent broadcast network CTV announced it too would carry the game, allowing CTV simultaneous substitution rights over U.S. stations broadcasting the game. This meant that, in areas of eastern Canada receiving their "big three" network affiliates from Boston, the CTV signal was seen on four different basic-cable channels, in addition to TSN's broadcast (which only differed from CTV in terms of network identification and some commercials).

### Sportsnet

For the 2005-2013 seasons, Sportsnet aired Sunday afternoon NFL action, splitting late games across the Pacific and West feeds, and the East and Ontario feeds. The games not shown in the opposite regions were also carried by Rogers-owned Citytv stations in Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Montreal. Sportsnet also broadcast Thursday Night Football and held rights to all Thanksgiving Day games between 2009-2016.

## NFL Sunday Ticket

In Canada, NFL Sunday Ticket has been made available on the online subscription service DAZN as well as on the following satellite and cable providers on a non-exclusive basis:

The lack of exclusivity for any provider is due to Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) regulations.


title: Nahan Assembly constituency

abstract: Nahan Assembly constituency is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh a northern Indian state. Nahan is also part of Shimla Lok Sabha constituency.

text:
# Nahan Assembly constituency

**Nahan Assembly constituency** is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh a northern Indian state. Nahan is also part of Shimla Lok Sabha constituency.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Picture | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1951 | Tapinder Singh |  |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1967 | | | | |
| 1972 | Sunder Singh Thakar |  | | |
| 1977 | Shyama Sharma |  |  | Janata Party |
| 1982 | | | | |
| 1985 | Ajay Bahadur Singh |  |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1990 | Shyama Sharma |  |  | Janata Dal |
| 1993 | Kush Parmar |  |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1998 | | | | |
| 2003 | Sadanand Chauhan |  |  | Lok Janshakti Party |
| 2007 | Kush Parmar |  |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2012 | Rajeev Bindal |  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2017 | | | | |
| 2022 | Ajay Solanki |  |  | Indian National Congress |
|

## Election results

### Assembly Election 2022

2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Ajay Solanki** | **35,291** | **50.08%** | **5.97** |
|  | BJP | Dr. Rajeev Bindal | 33,652 | 47.75% | 2.73 |
|  | NOTA | Nota | 470 | 0.67% | 0.28 |
|  | AAP | Sunil Sharma | 387 | 0.55% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 1,639 | 2.33% | 4.06 |
| Turnout | | | 70,475 | 82.12% | 1.21 |
| Registered electors | | | 85,818 |  | 14.39 |
|  | INC **gain** from BJP | | Swing | 0.41 |  |

### Assembly Election 2017

2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Dr. Rajeev Bindal** | **31,563** | **50.48%** | **2.85** |
|  | INC | Ajay Solanki | 27,573 | 44.10% | 20.46 |
|  | CPI(M) | Vishwanath | 836 | 1.34% | *New* |
|  | BSP | Jai Chand | 689 | 1.10% | 0.75 |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 594 | 0.95% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 3,990 | 6.38% | 17.61 |
| Turnout | | | 62,522 | 83.33% | 4.61 |
| Registered electors | | | 75,025 |  | 10.51 |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing | 2.85 |  |

### Assembly Election 2012

2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Dr. Rajeev Bindal** | **25,459** | **47.63%** | **14.90** |
|  | INC | Kush Parmar | 12,635 | 23.64% | 10.72 |
|  | LJP | Sadanand Chauhan | 8,273 | 15.48% | 14.57 |
|  | HLC | Shyama Sharma | 5,240 | 9.80% | *New* |
|  | BSP | Kutub Deen | 990 | 1.85% | 0.36 |
|  | SP | Vijay Kumar | 792 | 1.48% | 0.74 |
| Margin of victory | | | 12,824 | 23.99% | 22.36 |
| Turnout | | | 53,447 | 78.73% | 2.28 |
| Registered electors | | | 67,890 |  | 13.48 |
|  | BJP **gain** from INC | | Swing | 13.27 |  |

### Assembly Election 2007

2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Kush Parmar** | **15,714** | **34.36%** | **2.29** |
|  | BJP | Shyama Sharma | 14,968 | 32.73% | 8.53 |
|  | LJP | Sadanand Chauhan | 13,741 | 30.05% | 4.88 |
|  | BSP | Sushant Singh | 683 | 1.49% | *New* |
|  | SP | Vinod Kumar | 339 | 0.74% | *New* |
|  | Rashtriya Garib Dal | Ram Kumar | 278 | 0.61% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 746 | 1.63% | 1.23 |
| Turnout | | | 45,731 | 76.44% | 1.70 |
| Registered electors | | | 59,823 |  | 12.23 |
|  | INC **gain** from LJP | | Swing | 0.57 |  |

### Assembly Election 2003

2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **LJP** | **Sadanand Chauhan** | **14,551** | **34.93%** | ***New*** |
|  | INC | Kush Parmar | 13,360 | 32.07% | 10.09 |
|  | BJP | Shyama Sharma | 10,079 | 24.20% | 9.45 |
|  | HVC | Virender Sharma | 1,582 | 3.80% | 1.28 |
|  | CPI(M) | Jasmat Singh | 827 | 1.99% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Durga Ram | 740 | 1.78% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Aman Deep | 516 | 1.24% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 1,191 | 2.86% | 5.66 |
| Turnout | | | 41,655 | 78.21% | 8.26 |
| Registered electors | | | 53,303 |  | 6.13 |
|  | LJP **gain** from INC | | Swing | 7.23 |  |

### Assembly Election 1998

1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Kush Parmar** | **14,798** | **42.16%** | **6.46** |
|  | BJP | Shyama Sharma | 11,808 | 33.64% | 12.97 |
|  | JD | Sadanand Chauhan | 7,230 | 20.60% | 7.10 |
|  | HVC | Virender Sharma | 885 | 2.52% | *New* |
|  | Shivsena | Parkash Chand | 320 | 0.91% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 2,990 | 8.52% | 12.41 |
| Turnout | | | 35,099 | 71.32% | 4.45 |
| Registered electors | | | 50,223 |  | 14.01 |
|  | INC **hold** | | Swing | 6.46 |  |

### Assembly Election 1993

1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Kush Parmar** | **15,922** | **48.62%** | **20.66** |
|  | JD | Shyama Sharma | 9,070 | 27.70% | 24.21 |
|  | BJP | Vinay Kumar | 6,769 | 20.67% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Shiv Raj Singh | 584 | 1.78% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Raghu Nandan Singh | 324 | 0.99% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 6,852 | 20.93% | 3.02 |
| Turnout | | | 32,745 | 74.94% | 0.45 |
| Registered electors | | | 44,050 |  | 8.16 |
|  | INC **gain** from JD | | Swing | 3.29 |  |

### Assembly Election 1990

1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **JD** | **Shyama Sharma** | **15,810** | **51.91%** | ***New*** |
|  | INC | Ajay Bahadur Singh | 8,516 | 27.96% | 25.80 |
|  | Independent | Din Dayal | 4,057 | 13.32% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Bhagwant Singh | 1,301 | 4.27% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Ramesh Kumar | 396 | 1.30% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Liaquat Ali | 282 | 0.93% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 7,294 | 23.95% | 16.43 |
| Turnout | | | 30,457 | 75.53% | 0.53 |
| Registered electors | | | 40,725 |  | 28.19 |
|  | JD **gain** from INC | | Swing | 1.85 |  |

### Assembly Election 1985

1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Ajay Bahadur Singh** | **12,864** | **53.76%** | **25.38** |
|  | JP | Shyama Sharma | 11,065 | 46.24% | 14.57 |
| Margin of victory | | | 1,799 | 7.52% | 24.92 |
| Turnout | | | 23,929 | 76.25% | 3.90 |
| Registered electors | | | 31,770 |  | 6.75 |
|  | INC **gain** from JP | | Swing |  |  |

### Assembly Election 1982

1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **JP** | **Shyama Sharma** | **12,926** | **60.81%** | **11.13** |
|  | INC | Sunder Singh | 6,032 | 28.38% | 1.23 |
|  | BJP | Ved Mittar | 1,598 | 7.52% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Chandra Mani | 291 | 1.37% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Mohd. Gulzar | 202 | 0.95% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Sadanand Chauhan | 110 | 0.52% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 6,894 | 32.43% | 12.36 |
| Turnout | | | 21,256 | 72.44% | 7.95 |
| Registered electors | | | 29,762 |  | 14.44 |
|  | JP **hold** | | Swing | 11.13 |  |

### Assembly Election 1977

1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **JP** | **Shyama Sharma** | **11,874** | **71.94%** | ***New*** |
|  | INC | Sunder Singh | 4,481 | 27.15% | 43.81 |
|  | Independent | Gian Chand Chauhan | 151 | 0.91% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 7,393 | 44.79% | 7.00 |
| Turnout | | | 16,506 | 64.38% | 10.64 |
| Registered electors | | | 26,006 |  | 13.07 |
|  | JP **gain** from INC | | Swing | 0.98 |  |

### Assembly Election 1972

1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Sunder Singh Thakar** | **8,621** | **70.95%** | **18.52** |
|  | ABJS | Gyan Chand Chauhan | 2,328 | 19.16% | *New* |
|  | LRP | Ishwar Chandra Gupta | 1,201 | 9.88% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 6,293 | 51.79% | 46.93 |
| Turnout | | | 12,150 | 54.78% | 2.99 |
| Registered electors | | | 23,000 |  | 7.94 |
|  | INC **hold** | | Swing | 18.52 |  |

### Assembly Election 1967

1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Tapinder Singh** | **7,312** | **52.43%** | **14.99** |
|  | Independent | J. Singh | 6,633 | 47.57% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 679 | 4.87% | 42.19 |
| Turnout | | | 13,945 | 58.40% | 12.91 |
| Registered electors | | | 24,984 |  | 61.35 |
|  | INC **hold** | | Swing | 14.99 |  |

### Assembly Election 1952

1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election : Nahan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Tapinder Singh** | **4,479** | **67.42%** | ***New*** |
|  | Independent | Mohan Lall | 1,353 | 20.37% | *New* |
|  | Independent | Bishan Singh | 811 | 12.21% | *New* |
| Margin of victory | | | 3,126 | 47.06% |  |
| Turnout | | | 6,643 | 42.90% |  |
| Registered electors | | | 15,484 |  |  |
|  | INC **win** (new seat) | | | | |

30°34′N 77°17′E / 30.56°N 77.29°E / 30.56; 77.29

## InfoBox

| Nahan | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 56 for the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | North India |
| State | Himachal Pradesh |
| District | Sirmaur |
| LS constituency | Shimla |
| Established | 1951 |
| Total electors | 85,818 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 14th Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Ajay Solanki** | |
| Party | Indian National Congress |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: Nagakute

abstract: Nagakute Nagakute is a city located in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2019, the city had an estimated population of 61,503 in 24,352 households, and a population density of 2,854 persons per km⁲. The total area of the city is 21.55 square kilometres (8.32 sq mi). Nagakute is a member of the World Health Organization’s Alliance for Healthy Cities (AFHC).

text:
# Nagakute

**Nagakute** (長久手市, *Nagakute-shi*) is a city located in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2019, the city had an estimated population of 61,503 in 24,352 households, and a population density of 2,854 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 21.55 square kilometres (8.32 sq mi). Nagakute is a member of the World Health Organization’s Alliance for Healthy Cities (AFHC).

## Geography

Nagakute is located in the Owari Hills of central Aichi Prefecture, at an elevation of 43 to 184 meters, and is bordered by the metropolis of Nagoya to the west. Thirteen rivers flow through the city.

### Climate

The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification *Cfa*). The average annual temperature in Nagakute is 15.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1641 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.0 °C.

### Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Nagakute has increased dramatically over the past 50 years. The median age of a population in 2020 was 40.2 years old, the youngest in Japan.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1940 | 5,138 |  |
| 1950 | 6,638 | +29.2% |
| 1960 | 6,639 | +0.0% |
| 1970 | 11,317 | +70.5% |
| 1980 | 18,610 | +64.4% |
| 1990 | 33,714 | +81.2% |
| 2000 | 43,306 | +28.5% |
| 2010 | 52,399 | +21.0% |
| 2020 | 60,162 | +14.8% |

### Neighboring municipalities

Aichi Prefecture

## History

### Feudal period

During the Sengoku period, the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute was held in this vicinity.

### Early modern period

During the Edo period area of modern Nagakute was part of the holdings of Owari Domain.

### Late modern period

Nagakute Village was established within Aichi District on May 10, 1906, through the merger of the hamlets of Nagakute (different spelling as 長湫村), Kamigō and Yazako.

### Contemporary history

Nagakute was elevated to town status on April 1, 1971.

Expo 2005 was a major boost to the local economy, and led to the construction of the Linimo, a commercial linear motor train, to connect the area with the Nagoya metropolis.

The Nagakute hostage incident occurred within the town limits in May 2007.

Nagakute was elevated to city status on January 4, 2012.

## Government

Nagakute has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 18 members. The city contributes one member to the Aichi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Aichi District 7 of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Sister cities

### International

Sister cities

#### National

Friendship city

## Economy

### Secondary sector of the economy

#### Manufacturing

Due to its location, Nagakute's economy is centered around the automobile industry. Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. is located in the city, as is electrical systems manufacturer Nitto Kogyo. Nagakute is also the head office of the Aichi Rapid Transit Co., Ltd., better known as the operator of the Linimo Maglev High Speed Surface Transport.

## Education

### University

### Primary education

* Nagakute has six public elementary schools and three public junior high schools operated by the city government, and one public high school operated by the Aichi Prefectural Board of Education. There is also one private high school.

### International Schools

## Transportation

### Railways

#### Conventional lines

Linimo

### Buses

* The Meitetsu Bus, which serves Nagakute and the surrounding municipalities, operates the Nagoya depot within the city limits.
* Nagakute is also served by the N-Bus, which is a community bus owned by the city of Nagakute and operated by Meitetsu Bus.

### Roads

#### Expressways

* The Nagoya Seto Expressway, which is designated as a Regional High-Standard Highway, starts from Nagakute and funnels traffic in to the Tōmei Expressway, which passes through Nagakute has no interchange within city limits. However, the Nagoya Interchange, which serves the Tomei and Mei-Nikan Expressways, is close to city limits.

## Local attractions

## Notable people from Nagakute

Media related to Nagakute, Aichi at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Nagakute 長久手市 | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Site of Expo 2005 | |
|  | |
| Location of Nagakute in Aichi Prefecture | |
| Nagakute | |
| Coordinates: 35°11′2.4″N 137°02′55.3″E / 35.184000°N 137.048694°E / 35.184000; 137.048694 | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Chūbu (Tōkai) |
| Prefecture | Aichi |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Yumi Satō |
| Area | |
| Total | 21.55 km2 (8.32 sq mi) |
| Population (October 1, 2019) | |
| Total | 61,503 |
| Density | 2,900/km2 (7,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| \- Tree | Maple |
| \- Flower | Satsuki azalea |
| Phone number | 0561-63-1111 |
| Address | 60-1 Yazako, Shironouchi, Nagakute-shi, Aichi, Japan 480-1196 |
| Website | Official website |


title: NSL Cup

abstract: The National Soccer League Cup was an annual knockout football competition in men's domestic Australian soccer organised by the Australian Soccer Federation between 1977 and 1997.

text:
# NSL Cup

The **National Soccer League Cup** (known most commonly as the **NSL Cup**) was an annual knockout football competition in men's domestic Australian soccer organised by the Australian Soccer Federation between 1977 and 1997.

## History

The NSL Cup was organised to run in conjunction with the teams participating in the National Soccer League (NSL) between 1977 and 1997. It was the second nationwide club tournament held in Australia, the first being the Australia Cup during the 1960s. It was held initially in 1977 immediately after the end of the NSL's regular home and away season, as there was no final series. The 1978 edition expanded to include teams from various state leagues in Australia, including Annerley (Queensland), West Woden Juventus (ACT), Essendon Croatia (Victoria), Sydney Croatia (NSW) and Ascot (WA).

For the 1993–94 season the Cup was played in the preseason, before being played as a mid-season break for the 1995–96 season and then returning to the preseason for the 1996–97 season. The 1996-97 Cup was the final cup to be playing during the NSL years and saw a brand new club, Collingwood Warriors, defeat Marconi in the final. A replacement national knock-out cup was not instigated until the FFA Cup in 2014.

### Upsets

State League side Sydney Croatia upset NSL club Marconi in the first round of the 1978 Cup. Other upsets over the years where state league teams defeated NSL teams, including Parramatta Melita Eagles defeating Marconi in 1979, Mt Gravatt defeating Brisbane City in 1980, and Croydon City defeating South Melbourne in 1986.

## Records and statistics

### Final

#### Team

## Winners and finalists

### Results by team

Results by team
| Club | Wins | First final won | Last final won | Runners-up | Last final lost | Total final<br>appearances |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Adelaide City | 3 | 1979 | 1992 | 1 | 1978 | 4 |
| Parramatta Eagles | 2 | 1991 | 1994 | 1 | 1993 | 3 |
| Brisbane City | 2 | 1977 | 1978 | 0 |  | 2 |
| Sydney Olympic | 2 | 1983 | 1985 | 2 |  | 4 |
| APIA Leichhardt Tigers | 2 | 1982 | 1988 | 0 |  | 2 |
| South Melbourne | 2 | 1990 | 1996 | 1 |  | 3 |
| Heidelberg United | 1 | 1993 | 1993 | 4 | 1995 | 5 |
| Marconi-Fairfield | 1 | 1980 | 1980 | 3 | 1997 | 4 |
| Sydney United | 1 | 1987 | 1987 | 1 | 1994 | 2 |
| Melbourne Knights | 1 | 1995 | 1995 | 1 | 1984 | 2 |
| Brisbane Lions | 1 | 1981 | 1981 | 0 |  | 1 |
| Newcastle Rosebud United | 1 | 1984 | 1984 | 0 |  | 1 |
| Sydney City | 1 | 1986 | 1986 | 0 |  | 1 |
| Collingwood Warriors | 1 | 1997 | 1997 | 0 |  | 1 |
| West Adelaide | 0 |  |  | 2 | 1986 | 2 |
| Preston Lions | 0 |  |  | 2 | 1991 | 2 |
| St George | 0 |  |  | 1 | 1979 | 1 |
| Newcastle Breakers | 0 |  |  | 1 | 1996 | 1 |

## InfoBox

National Soccer League Cup
| Organising body | Football Federation Australia |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1977 (1977) |
| Abolished | 1997 |
| Region | Australia |
| Most successful club(s) | Adelaide City (3 titles) |


title: Nagiella flavispila

abstract: Nagiella flavispila is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1894. It is found in India.

text:
# Nagiella flavispila

***Nagiella flavispila*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1894. It is found in India.

## InfoBox

| *Nagiella flavispila* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Nagiella* |
| Species: | ***N. flavispila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nagiella flavispila***<br>(C. Swinhoe, 1894) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Nagia flavispila* C. Swinhoe, 1894 | |


title: Nagihan Avanaş

abstract: Nagihan Avanaş is a Turkish women's football forward, who plays in the Turkish Women's Football Super League for Fatih Karagümrğk S.K. in Istanbul with jersey number 21. She was member of the Turkey women's national U-17 team.

text:
# Nagihan Avanaş

**Nagihan Avanaş** (born 23 May 1997) is a Turkish women's football forward, who plays in the Turkish Women's Football Super League for Fatih Karagümrğk S.K. in Istanbul with jersey number 21. She was member of the Turkey women's national U-17 team.

## Personal life

Nagihan Avanaş was born in Susuz district of Kars Province, Turkey on 23 May 1997.

Avanaş has spoken out about the difficulties that female Turkish footballers face, stating that they rarely get news coverage and many of them struggle financially. Outside of her football career, she is a physical education and sports teacher.

## Club career

Nagihan Avanaş obtained her license for the Istanbul-based club Sosyal Hizmetler Gençlik ve Spor on 25 May 2011. After playing two seasons with Ovacık Gençlik ve Spor in Karabük, she transferred to Ataşehir Belediyespor in the 2013–14 season, where she still plays.

In 2014, she was part of the highschool team, which became champion at the ISF World Schools Futsal Championship held in Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.

After staying away from the pitch in the 2016–17 season, she transferred to Kireçburnu Spor in October 2017. In the second half of the 2018\*19 First League season, Avanaş returned to her former club Ataşehir Belediyespor.

In December 2021, Avanaş transferred to rge newly founded club Fatih Karagümrük S.K.

## International career

On19 April 2012 Avanaş debuted in the Turkey girls' U-17 team playing against Azerbaijan in the U17 Women's win UEFA Development Cup.

## Career statistics

*As of match played 16 October 2022*.

| Club | Season | League | | | Continental | | National | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Ovacık Gençlik ve Spor | 2011–2012 | Second League | 7 | 2 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 |
| | 2012–2013 | Second League | 10 | 6 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 10 | 6 |
| | Total | | 17 | 8 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 17 | 8 |
| Ataşehir Belediyespor | 2013–14 | First League | 3 | 0 |  |  | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| | 2014–15 | First League | 3 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| | 2015–16 | First League | 4 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| | Total | | 10 | 0 |  |  | 1 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| Kireçburnu Spor | 2017–18 | First League | 16 | 2 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 16 | 2 |
| | 2018–19 | First League | 5 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| | Total | | 21 | 2 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 21 | 2 |
| Ataşehir Belediyespor | 2018–19 | First League | 5 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| | 2019–20 | First League | 13 | 1 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 |
| | 2020–21 | Women's League | 4 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| | Total | | 22 | 1 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 22 | 1 |
| Fatih Karagümrük S.K. | 2021–22 | | Super League | 1 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | 2022–23 | Super League | 1 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | Total | | 2 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 72 | 11 |  |  | 1 | 0 | 73 | 11 |

## Honours

* Turkish Women's Football Super League
    + Fatih Karagümrük S.K.
    + *Runners-up* (1): 2021-22
* Turkish Women's Football First League
* ISF World Schools Futsal Championship
    + Mevlana Vocational Highschool for Girls team
    + *Winners* (1): 2014

## InfoBox

Nagihan Avanaş
| Nagihan Avanaş for Ataşehir Belediyespor (January 2015) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1997-05-23) 23 May 1997 | | |
| Place of birth | Susuz, Kars Province, Turkey | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Fatih Karagümrğk S.K. | | |
| Number | 21 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011–2013 | Ovacık Gençlik ve Spor | 17 | (8) |
| 2013–2017 | Ataşehir Belediyespor | 10 | (0) |
| 2017–2018 | Kireçburnu Spor | 21 | (2) |
| 2019–2021 | Ataşehir Belediyespor | 22 | (1) |
| 2021– | Fatih Karagümrğk S.K. | 2 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2012 | Turkey U-17 | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16 October 2022<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 19 April 2012 | | | |


title: Naizghi Kiflu

abstract: Naizghi Kiflu was an adviser on Local Government Affairs to President Isaias Afewerki of Eritrea. He was living in London, England due to the dialysis he needs for his kidneys but eventually died of the disease. He came to England in 2005 with the intention of becoming an ambassador. His body was believed to be forbidden to enter Eritrea by President Isaias Afwerki, since he had a personality clash with him.

text:
# Naizghi Kiflu

**Naizghi Kiflu** (Ge'ez: ናየዝጊ ክፍሉ *nāyʾizgī kiflū*, Tigrinya "Of the Lord," "His part") was an adviser on Local Government Affairs to President Isaias Afewerki of Eritrea. He was living in London, England due to the dialysis he needs for his kidneys but eventually died of the disease. He came to England in 2005 with the intention of becoming an ambassador. His body was believed to be forbidden to enter Eritrea by President Isaias Afwerki, since he had a personality clash with him.

## InfoBox

| Naizghi Kiflu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 3rd Minister of Information of Eritrea1 | |
| **In office**
2001–2003 | |
| Preceded by | Beraki Ghebreselassie |
| Succeeded by | Ali Abdu Ahmed |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | PFDJ |
| 1Renamed Ministry of Information from Ministry of Information and Culture. | |
|  | |