title: George Gatis

abstract: George Gatis is a former rugby league footballer who played as a hooker in the 2000s in the NRL and the Super League. He played for the New Zealand Warriors, and the North Queensland Cowboys in two separate spells in the National Rugby League, and the Huddersfield Giants in the European Super League.

text:
# George Gatis

**George Gatis** (born 25 March 1978) is a former rugby league footballer who played as a hooker in the 2000s in the NRL and the Super League.

He played for the New Zealand Warriors, and the North Queensland Cowboys in two separate spells in the National Rugby League, and the Huddersfield Giants in the European Super League.

## Background

He was born in Townsville, Queensland, Australia and is of Greek heritage.

## Playing career

In his junior years playing Rugby League Gatis would play for Souths Townsville and Centrals in the TDJRL.

Gatis originally played for the Wests Panthers and the Easts Tigers in the Queensland Cup.

### North Queensland

He made his first grade début for the North Queensland Cowboys in 2001. Gatis played 24 games for the Cowboys between 2001 and 2003.

A broken arm in 2003 followed by a knee reconstruction kept Gatis out of first-grade for several years.

### New Zealand Warriors

When the New Zealand Warriors visited Townsville in 2005, assistant coach Kevin Campion offered Gatis a chance to come and spend the pre-season with the Warriors.

Gatis accepted the offer and, in 2006, he was signed by the New Zealand Warriors. He played in thirty nine games for the club over two seasons.

### Huddersfield

In August 2007 Gatis signed for the Huddersfield Giants for the 2008 and 2009 seasons. However, just three months into a two-year contract with Huddersfield, George quit the club for personal reasons.

### Retirement

Gatis returned to Australia and helped his parents fish and chip shop. During the 2008 season he signed with the North Queensland Cowboys, and played one NRL match for the club, starting at hooker. For the majority of the season he played with the Northern Pride in the Queensland Cup. He retired at the end of the season.

## Post-retirement

Following retirement, Gatis continued to work in his family's business. He later became a prison officer with Queensland Corrective Services.

## International career

Gatis, of Greek heritage, played for the Greece national team several times in non-test fixtures. He received Greek citizenship in November 2007.

## InfoBox

George Gatis
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1978-03-25) 25 March 1978<br>Townsville, Queensland, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 174 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 89 kg (14 st 0 lb) |
| Position | Hooker |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2001–03 North Qld Cowboys 24 4 0 0 16  2006–07 New Zealand Warriors 39 6 0 0 234  2008 Huddersfield Giants 10 1 0 0 4  2008 North Qld Cowboys 1 0 0 0 0  Total 74 11 0 0 254 | |
| Source: | |


title: McLaren M12

abstract: The McLaren M12 was an open-cockpit racing car developed by Bruce McLaren Motor Racing in 1969, solely for the purpose of selling to customers in the Can-Am series. The M12 combined elements from two of McLaren's previous efforts, the M6 series and the M8 series. Chaparral Cars used an M12 in the early 1969 Can-Am season while their own model's development had been delayed.

text:
# McLaren M12

The **McLaren M12** was an open-cockpit racing car developed by Bruce McLaren Motor Racing in 1969, solely for the purpose of selling to customers in the Can-Am series. The M12 combined elements from two of McLaren's previous efforts, the M6 series and the M8 series.

Chaparral Cars used an M12 in the early 1969 Can-Am season while their own model's development had been delayed.

## Development

Per Geoge Eaton, who bought a M12 from McLaren, McLaren told him "the M12's were originally to be built for an assault on LeMans". The cars were developed to take the M6GT Coupe bodywork. Parts on the M12's had M6GT cast directly into the uprights. Unfortunatlely, the FIA did not accept the M12 under homologation rules so McLaren was forced to abandon the project. Since they had many monocoque chassis' already built, the plans were changed for the M12 to be a roadster and sell them as customer cars for the CanAm series.

M12s were intended as McLaren's first customer cars based on the M8As which the team had successfully used to win the 1968 Can-Am season, as well as the M8Bs which the team were developing for 1969. However, the M12s did not share everything from the M8 series. Instead, the monocoque chassis were actually based on the early M6 series initially developed in 1967. On top of this chassis, the aerodynamic bodywork of the M8A was added. The engine bays were specifically designed to house a Chevrolet V8 engine, but several customers opted for other manufacturers. All M12s were built by Trojan, rather than at McLaren's racing headquarters

Several M12s were later modified by customers in order to cope with necessary demands. Many Can-Am M12 customers added larger rear wings for better downforce, in an attempt to keep up with competitors which had already done the same. Two M12s were imported to Japan by LeMans Co one going to Toyota which received revised bodywork to allow better results at Japanese circuits as well as to fit company's own V8 engine. M12 owner Phil Scragg modified his car with smaller M6 bodywork for use in hillclimb events. One final M12 was used by Trojan to develop a street legal coupé for Canadian André Fournier.

## Racing history

As the 1969 season began, several teams had already purchased the M12. United States McLaren distributor Lothar Motschenbacher entered an M12 for himself, while Canadian George Eaton received an M12 the same week as the first event of the season. John Surtees, unhappy with the visibility on Chaparral's new 2H model, demanded the team buy him a McLaren until the 2H could be modified to suit him. Team owner Jim Hall reluctantly bought Surtees an M12, and the team used it in the beginning of the season until the 2H met Surtees satisfaction. Surtees M12 was able to lead several laps at the opening event at Mosport and finished on the podium. When Surtees became ill mid-season Italian Formula 5000 driver Andrea de Adamich was given a chance to drive the M12 at Michigan. Eaton was the only other driver able to finish on the podium in an M12 over the rest of the season, finishing third at Edmonton and second at Texas.

In Japan, Toyota made the decision to purchase an M12 imported by LeMans Co. Toyota was in the midst of racing against Nissan, Isuzu, and Porsche in several Japanese Group 7 races, but Nissan had so far been unmatched. Toyota was already developing their own model, the , but the company also chose to install their 5.0 litres (310 cu in) V8 engine into the M12 chassis. The M12 was unable to match the Nissans, and following several accidents and deaths of test drivers in developments of the 7 in 1969 and 1970, Toyota withdrew from motorsports and their M12 was retired. Other Japanese teams imported the M12, Kurosawa Racing but opted instead for the standard Chevrolet powerplant.

The M12s continued to be used by customer teams into the 1970s, both in Can-Am and the new European Interserie championship, but newer M8-based cars became available each year and eventually replaced the M12s in the field.


title: M. P. Ranaweera

abstract: Munidasa Padamasiri Ranaweera also known as M. P. Ranaweera is the former Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

text:
# M. P. Ranaweera

**Munidasa Padamasiri Ranaweera** also known as **M. P. Ranaweera** is the former Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

## Academia

Munidasa P. Ranaweera received his primary education and secondary education at Ananda College, Colombo and entered University of Ceylon in 1961. In 1965 he graduated with a first class honors degree in Civil engineering and began his career as an assistant lecturer at the engineering faculty of University of Peradeniya. Later he received a Ceylon government scholarship to enter Churchill College, Cambridge in 1966, and graduated with PhD in structural engineering, doing research on the finite element method applied to limit analysis. In 1969 he returned to Ceylon (later Sri Lanka) and assume duties as a lecturer in Civil Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering. He was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1975. He took his sabbatical in 1976 and went to University of Leicester as a Research Fellow and from there he went to University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to take up an appointment as a Visiting Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering. He returned to Sri Lanka in 1981 and joined the University of Peradeniya as a Senior Lecturer and was promoted to Professor of Civil Engineering in 1984. He became the Head of Civil Engineering in 1987 and the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering in 1989, a post he held till 1994. He was promoted to Senior Professor in 1990 and retired in 2008, and was made Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Structural Engineers-Sri Lanka, and a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences Sri Lanka. He is also a life Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering. Nowadays he is working in Sri Lanka Institute Of Information Technology Department Of Civil Engineering.

## InfoBox

| Prof. M. P. Ranaweera | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Veyangoda |
| Nationality | Sri Lankan |
| Other names | Ranee , Munidasa Padamasiri Ranaweera |
| Education | Phd |
| Alma mater | Ananda College
University of Ceylon
University of Cambridge |
| Occupation | University Professor |


title: Weight/Counterweight

abstract: Weight/Counterweight is a double-LP album by trumpeter Bill Dixon and percussionists Aaron Siegel and Ben Hall. It was released in 2009 by Editions Brokenresearch in a limited edition of 500 copies, and was one of Dixon's final recordings before his death in 2010.

text:
# Weight/Counterweight

***Weight/Counterweight*** is a double-LP album by trumpeter Bill Dixon and percussionists Aaron Siegel and Ben Hall. It was released in 2009 by Editions Brokenresearch in a limited edition of 500 copies, and was one of Dixon's final recordings before his death in 2010.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *The Free Jazz Collective* |  |

A reviewer for *The Free Jazz Collective* awarded the album a full 5 stars, calling it "fantastic," and commenting: "The music... is light as a breeze in its form, with sounds that sometimes barely create ripples in the silence, with zen-like punctuation and formless precision, yet full of substance and power... like a Japanese ink drawing, a few brush strokes are sufficient to evoke everything that needs to be said, a world by itself, creating an incredible memory imprint and listening experience.

*Paris Transatlantic'*s Dan Warburton wrote: "The pace is uniform and leisurely and the mood contemplative, but there's a sense of underlying tension and extreme concentration throughout... Vibraphones and glockenspiels, struck and bowed, envelop Dixon's velvety tones in a warm glow, but there's not the slightest hint of easy listening chillout here: when the music does explode... its power, its *weight*, is tremendous."

Writing for *Arthur*, Byron Coley and Thurston Moore called the album "one of the high points of \[Dixon's\] recording career," and remarked: "the two percussionists provide gorgeous interaction for Dixon's processed trumpet tones, and the 2LP set slides into a very deep zone. Dixon was always a perfectionist, and he rarely played with such grace."

Clifford Allen of *Signal to Noise* noted the "large, glacial areas with easy-breathing deliberateness" created by the percussionists, and commented: "Dixon says he 'always works orchestrally,' and *Weight/Counterweight* is powerful evidence of this."

A writer for *Still Single* described the album as a "slab of pensive atmospheric jazz textures," and stated: "Probably the easiest step you'll be able to take in discovering a legend as of right now, so believers and newcomers are welcome to try this on. Subtlety is redefined. RIP Bill."

Writing for *Six Moons*, Michael Lavorgna called the album "completely stunning," and remarked: "Dixon sounds at times like a Tibetan monk blowing some long-assed earth-shaking horn. At others more like some minimalist modernist who in a very silent way breathes echoed musical essence into spirit form... Primal, elemental, brutal, forceful, quiet, serene and all that (free) jazz."

## Track listing

### Disc 1

Side A 1. "Atelier: Corbu's Studio" – 13:59

Side B 1. "Hirado" – 12:23

### Disc 2

Side A 1. "Contrapposto" – 17:40

Side B 1. "The Red & the Black" – 17:05

## Personnel

* Bill Dixon – trumpet
* Aaron Siegel – percussion
* Ben Hall – percussion

## InfoBox

| Weight/Counterweight | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bill Dixon, Aaron Siegel, and Ben Hall | |
| Released | 2009 |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Label | Editions Brokenresearch<br>br-041 |
|  | |
| Additional cover image | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Matthew Mellon

abstract: Matthew Taylor Mellon II was an American businessman who was a chairman of the New York Republican State Committee's finance committee. He was a member of the prominent Mellon family.

text:
# Matthew Mellon

**Matthew Taylor Mellon II** (January 28, 1964 – April 16, 2018) was an American businessman who was a chairman of the New York Republican State Committee's finance committee. He was a member of the prominent Mellon family.

## Early life

Born in New York City to Karl Negley Mellon and Anne Stokes Bright, Mellon was raised in Manhattan, Palm Beach, Florida, and Northeast Harbor, Maine. He attended The Phelps School, a boys' boarding school in Malvern, Pennsylvania, followed by college at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he studied management. Mellon's father abandoned the family when he was five years old, before dying by suicide in 1983.

Mellon was a direct male-line descendant of Judge Thomas Mellon, founder of the Mellon Bank (now part of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation). Mellon was named after his paternal grandfather, Matthew Taylor Mellon, who was the elder son of businessman William Larimer Mellon Sr. On his maternal side, Mellon was a direct descendant of Anthony Joseph Drexel, a banker whose investment firm was a precursor to Drexel Burnham Lambert.

Mellon maintained associations with Drexel University and Carnegie Mellon University, both of which were founded by family members. He was also involved with the National Gallery of Art, the core of whose collection was donated to the nation by his great-uncle, Andrew Mellon. In the 1990s, he worked on developing a documentary on the life of philanthropist and saint Katharine Drexel.

## Career

Mellon was named Finance Chairman by State Chairman Ed Cox in May 2011. In February 2018, *Forbes* magazine reported that Mellon's $2 million investment in the cryptocurrency XRP turned into a $1 billion fortune.

## Personal life

Mellon had bipolar disorder, as did his father. Before their 2016 divorce, Mellon lived in New York City with his wife Nicole Hanley and their two children. He also had a daughter whom he raised jointly with his former wife, Tamara Mellon, the co-founder of shoe company Jimmy Choo. Prior to his marriage to Hanley, he was engaged to entrepreneur Noelle Reno, with whom he established a cashmere knitwear line.

Mellon's reported addiction to the prescription opioid OxyContin was said to be costing him $100,000 a month. He was quoted as saying "OxyContin is like legal heroin. And it needs to be addressed."

At the end of 2017, Mellon moved from New York to Los Angeles, renting a house in the Hollywood Hills for $150,000 a month. There, he led an active social life and began to spend much time with Kick Kennedy, the daughter of Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. In late March 2018, Mellon dined with President Donald Trump.

## Death

Mellon died in April 2018 in Cancun, Mexico, where he was planning to check into the Clear Sky Recovery clinic, which specializes in therapy utilising ibogaine, a medication with psychedelic properties. However, he was reported to have died in a hotel room in Cancun before arrival at the clinic, suffering a fatal heart attack after taking ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic drink.

## InfoBox

| Matthew Mellon | |
| --- | --- |
| Mellon in 2010 | |
| Born | Matthew Taylor Mellon II
(1964-01-28)January 28, 1964
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | April 16, 2018(2018-04-16) (aged 54)
Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico |
| Occupation(s) | Businessman, private equity investor |
| Spouses | *   Tamara Mellon (divorced) *   Nicole Hanley (divorced) |
| Children | 5 |
| Relatives | Christopher Mellon (brother)
William Larimer Mellon Sr. (great-grandfather) |
| Family | Mellon family |


title: Max Schönwetter

abstract: Max Schönwetter (1874–1961) was a German ornithologist. Max Schönwetter was primarily interested in oology. In 1960 the first part of his monumental Handbuch der Oologie Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Germany was published. After his death, in the same year his work was carried on by Wilhelm Meise. The 47 parts published between 1960 and 1992 details and provides photographs of the eggs of all species and subspecies whose eggs are known. Much of the work is based on specimens in the Ragnar Kreuger collection. The Max Schönwetter collection of 20,000 eggs from almost 4,000 bird species of birds is in the zoological collections of the University of Halle-Wittenberg.

text:
# Max Schönwetter

**Max Schönwetter**  (1874–1961) was a German ornithologist.

Max Schönwetter was primarily interested in oology. In 1960 the first part of his monumental *Handbuch der Oologie* Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Germany was published. After his death, in the same year his work was carried on by Wilhelm Meise. The 47 parts published between 1960 and 1992 details and provides photographs of the eggs of all species and subspecies whose eggs are known (about half the known species, the eggs of the other half are unknown). Much of the work is based on specimens in the Ragnar Kreuger collection. The Max Schönwetter collection of 20,000 eggs from almost 4,000 bird species of birds is in the zoological collections of the University of Halle-Wittenberg.


title: Volvarina schmidlinorum

abstract: Volvarina schmidlinorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina schmidlinorum

***Volvarina schmidlinorum*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 9 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Aruba, Caribbean Sea.

* Cossignani T. & Lorenz F. (2019). Tredici nuove marginelle da Aruba e Curaçao. Malacologia Mostra Mondiale. 103: 10–21.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina schmidlinorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. schmidlinorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina schmidlinorum***<br>T. Cossignani & Lorenz, 2019 | |
|


title: Weito River

abstract: The Weito River is a river in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. It rises in the Guge Mountains, flowing south into Lake Chew Bahir at latitude and longitude 4°49′58″N 36°58′54″E. The Weito defines the boundary between the Bena Tsemay woreda and the Konso special woreda, as well as part of the boundary between the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region and the Oromia Region. Tributaries include the Sagan River and the Segen River.

text:
# Weito River

The **Weito River** (also known as the **Weyt’o Wenz**, **Tullaya River**) is a river in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. It rises in the Guge Mountains, flowing south into Lake Chew Bahir at latitude and longitude 4°49′58″N 36°58′54″E / 4.83278°N 36.98167°E / 4.83278; 36.98167.

The Weito defines the boundary between the Bena Tsemay woreda and the Konso special woreda, as well as part of the boundary between the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region and the Oromia Region.

Tributaries include the Sagan River and the Segen River.


title: Mattia Carpanese

abstract: Mattia Carpanese born is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Italy. He is six times National champion of Italy.

text:
# Mattia Carpanese

**Mattia Carpanese** born (5 November 1985 in Padova, Italy) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Italy. He is six times National champion of Italy.

## Career

Carpanese rode in the United Kingdom for the Workington Comets during the 2007 Premier League, and for the Birmingham Brummies in 2008.

Carpanese finished runner-up in the Italian Championship in 2005. He was selected as a wild card for the 2006 and 2007 Italian Speedway Grand Prix. He quit the Comets after a string of injuries on 30 August 2007.

On 20 April 2008 it was announced that Carpanese had been signed by Birmingham Brummies as a short term replacement for injured rider James Birkinshaw but was released after twenty eight days.

## Speedway Grand Prix

2007 Speedway Grand Prix Final Championship standings
(Riding No 16)
| Race no. | Grand Prix | Pos. | Pts. | Heats | Draw No |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 /11 | Italian SGP | 16 | 2 | (0,2,M,F,0) | 9 |

|  | permanent speedway rider |
| --- | --- |
|  | wild card, track reserve or qualified reserve |
|  | rider not classified (track reserve who did not start) |

## Honours

### World Championships

### European Championships

## References and notes

## InfoBox

Mattia Carpanese
| Born | (1985-11-05) 5 November 1985
Padova, Italy |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Career history | |
| 2007 | Workington Comets |
| 2008 | Birmingham Brummies |
|  | |
| Individual honours | |
| 2004, 2005 | Italian Under-21 Champion |
| 2006, 2007, 2008
2010, 2011, 2014 | Italian National Champion |
|  | |


title: Vodka war

abstract: Vodka war refers to heated discussions within the European Union about the definition of which hard liquors may or may not be branded as "vodka". The war was triggered by the actions of Diageo, who began marketing their Cîroc beverage as a vodka uniquely produced exclusively from grapes. The countries of the EU "Vodka Belt" argue that only spirits made exclusively from cereals, potatoes and sugar beet molasses may be branded vodka. Other distillers insist on a broader definition. The Schnellhardt compromise, proposed by Horst Schnellhardt, suggests that vodkas made from items other than cereals, potatoes and molasses should say "Vodka produced from..." on the label. On 20 February 2006, Poland put a demand to restrict the definition of Vodka within EU, and the move was supported by the vodka belt countries and Germany. This demand was triggered by a 2005 European Commission proposal to split vodka category into several subcategories basing on the flavor and raw materials. If the "Vodka Belt" prevails, it will significantly influence the global US$12 billion annual vodka market. In particular, some drinks presently marketed as vodka will have to be re-branded. The issue goes beyond the EU: The United States is the world's fastest-growing vodka producer, and if its non-traditional vodkas are excluded from the EU, it may retaliate in the World Trade Organization. Opponents of modifying the present definition, which states vodka as "a spirit drink produced from ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin", argue that citing traditions and cultures as justification for imposing a restrictive vodka definition is a tactic to exclude other vodka producers.

text:
# Vodka war

**Vodka war** refers to heated discussions within the European Union about the definition of which hard liquors may or may not be branded as "vodka". The war was triggered by the actions of Diageo, who began marketing their Cîroc beverage as a vodka uniquely produced exclusively from grapes.

The countries of the EU "Vodka Belt" argue that only spirits made exclusively from cereals, potatoes and sugar beet molasses may be branded *vodka*. Other distillers insist on a broader definition. The **Schnellhardt compromise**, proposed by Horst Schnellhardt, suggests that vodkas made from items other than cereals, potatoes and molasses should say "Vodka produced from..." on the label.

On 20 February 2006, Poland put a demand to restrict the definition of Vodka within EU, and the move was supported by the vodka belt countries and Germany. This demand was triggered by a 2005 European Commission proposal to split vodka category into several subcategories basing on the flavor and raw materials.

If the "Vodka Belt" prevails, it will significantly influence the global US$12 billion annual vodka market. In particular, some drinks presently marketed as vodka will have to be re-branded.

The issue goes beyond the EU: The United States is the world's fastest-growing vodka producer, and if its non-traditional vodkas are excluded from the EU, it may retaliate in the World Trade Organization.

Opponents of modifying the present definition, which states vodka as "a spirit drink produced from ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin", argue that citing traditions and cultures as justification for imposing a restrictive vodka definition is a tactic to exclude other vodka producers.

## Arguments for restricted definition

* Vodka must be clearly defined in the same way as has been done for other hard liquors, such as brandy or whiskey, in terms of raw ingredients and manufacturing process.
* A restricted definition protects the quality and the originality of the product, in accord with the long-established traditions of its production, a brand protection similar to the "Protected designation of origin".

## Arguments for broad definition

* Traditionalists maintain that each good vodka has its own distinct flavour.
* Threat of trade wars.
* The proposal is seen as an attempt to monopolise the vodka market by the Vodka Belt
* The restriction may hamper innovation, in the opinion of the UK representatives in the European Vodka Alliance.
* The restriction may hamper US exports and lead to retaliation, since the United States is one of the largest vodka importers from the EU (US$500 million).

## Schnellhardt compromise

The compromise was adopted by the EU's Environment Committee on 30 January 2007. It states that the label may say simply "vodka" if the product was made from cereals, grains, or molasses. In all other cases it must say "Vodka made of..." Since then it was negotiated with the agriculture ministers, and further compromises have been proposed, e.g., the initial requirement of prominent print size was suggested to be dropped.

On 19 June 2007, The European Parliament voted for the compromise. In late August the position of the WTO is expected to be known, and the EU agriculture ministers will debate and vote on the issue in September.

Poland sees the EU's decision as "wódka war lost". Polish MEP Ryszard Czarnecki said "Would the French like champagne to be distilled from plums, and would the British accept whisky from apricots? That sounds like heresy. So please don't be surprised that we are refusing to recognise vodka made from waste." Polish vodka producers are going to fight back by forming the Polish Vodka Association, with the purpose of launching a public relations campaign abroad against the expected flood of cheap, poor quality vodkas. While the strong Polish brands, such as Wyborowa or Zubrowka, feel safe, the smaller producers are threatened by the competition against cheaper products.


title: Vodka Villa Lobos

abstract: Villa Lobos is a Mexican vodka which has the unique selling point that the product features the "agave worm" more commonly found in Mezcal. The marketing of this product highlights the drinks links with Tequilas and was winner of the silver medal at 'United Vodka' Tasting Competition in Brussels, 2003. The drink is currently available as a 45% ABV spirit with the "Agave Worm" or a premium 55% ABV vodka without the "worm".

text:
# Vodka Villa Lobos

**Villa Lobos**  is a Mexican vodka which has the unique selling point that the product features the "agave worm" (the larva of the *Comadia redtenbacheri* moth) more commonly found in Mezcal. The marketing of this product highlights the drinks links with Tequilas and was winner of the silver medal at 'United Vodka' Tasting Competition in Brussels, 2003.

The drink is currently available as a 45% ABV spirit with the "Agave Worm" or a premium 55% ABV vodka without the "worm".

## Production

Villa Lobos vodka is produced by Licores Veracruz Distillers in Córdoba, Mexico (near the port of Veracruz) and is distributed by Wine & Spirit.

Their advertising slogan is *Orgullosamente Mexicano!* (lit. Proudly Mexican!).


title: Vladimíra Bujárková

abstract: Vladimíra Bujárková is a Paralympian athlete from the Czech Republic competing mainly in category F37 shot put and discus events. Bujárková first competed in the Paralympics in the 2000 Summer Paralympics edition in Sydney. There she competed in the F37 javelin and shot and won a silver medal in the F37 discus. In Athens at the 2004 Summer Paralympics she couldn't quite retain a medal position in the discus in the F37/38 class but made up for it with a silver in the F37/38 shot put. In the 2008 Summer Paralympics she again competed in the F37/38 shot and discus but this time winning no medals.

text:
# Vladimíra Bujárková

**Vladimíra Bujárková** (born 13 August 1979 in Jilemnice) is a Paralympian athlete from the Czech Republic competing mainly in category F37 shot put and discus events.

Bujárková first competed in the Paralympics in the 2000 Summer Paralympics edition in Sydney. There she competed in the F37 javelin and shot and won a silver medal in the F37 discus. In Athens at the 2004 Summer Paralympics she couldn't quite retain a medal position in the discus in the F37/38 class but made up for it with a silver in the F37/38 shot put. In the 2008 Summer Paralympics she again competed in the F37/38 shot and discus but this time winning no medals.

## InfoBox

Vladimíra Bujárková
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 13 August 1979 (1979-08-13) (age 45)<br>Jilemnice |
| Medal record      Paralympic athletics  Representing  Czech Republic  Paralympic Games  2000 Sydney  Discus Throw - F37  2004 Athens  Shot Put - F37/38 | |


title: Vladimír Šťastný

abstract: Vladimír Šťastný was a Czech priest and poet. He is also known under the pseudonym Josef Ruda. After studying theology, he was chaplain in Židlochovice and a prefect at the Brno bishop seminary. After that he taught at the 1st Czech Gymnasium in Brno. He was the founder of the magazine Obzor (Horizon) and the chief executive of the Literature association of the heritage of Saint Cyril and Metoděj.

text:
# Vladimír Šťastný

**Vladimír Šťastný** (17 March 1841, Rudíkov – 20 August 1910, Brno) was a Czech priest and poet. He is also known under the pseudonym **Josef Ruda**. After studying theology, he was chaplain in Židlochovice and a prefect at the Brno bishop seminary. After that he taught at the 1st Czech Gymnasium in Brno. He was the founder of the magazine *Obzor* (Horizon) and the chief executive of the Literature association of the heritage of Saint Cyril and Metoděj.

## Works

* *Kvítí májové* (May Flowers) – 1869
* *Kytka z Moravy* (A Flower from Moravia) – 1879
* *Drobné květy* (Small Flowers) – 1887
* *Hlasy a ohlasy* (Voices and echoes) – 1892
* *Hory a doly* (Mountains and Mines) – 1894


title: Vlastimil Uchytil

abstract: Vlastimil Uchytil is an orienteering competitor who competed for Czechoslovakia. At the 1983 World Orienteering Championships in Zalaegerszeg he won a silver medal in the relay, together with Pavel Ditrych, Josef Pollák and Jaroslav Kacmarcik.

text:
# Vlastimil Uchytil

**Vlastimil Uchytil** is an orienteering competitor who competed for Czechoslovakia. At the 1983 World Orienteering Championships in Zalaegerszeg he won a silver medal in the relay, together with Pavel Ditrych, Josef Pollák and Jaroslav Kacmarcik.

## InfoBox

Vlastimil Uchytil
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's orienteering | | |
| Representing  Czechoslovakia | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1983 Zalaegerszeg | Relay |


title: Volunteer Cross for War

abstract:
The Volunteer Cross for War and the Volunteer Medal for War were Polish military decorations introduced just before the start of World War II and later awarded by the Polish government in exile.
The Cross and the Volunteer Medal for War were introduced by an act of the Sejm on 15 June 1939. It was to be awarded to people who volunteered for duty in the years 1918 to 1921 and helped to strengthen the independence of the Polish Republic..
Because of the German invasion of Poland in 1939 and the outbreak of World War II no decorations were awarded at the time. It was only after 1945 that the Polish government in exile was able to award the decorations. The communists authorities of the People's Republic of Poland refused to recognize the decoration. After the fall of communism a very similar decoration, Krzyż za udział w Wojnie 1918-1921, was introduced.

text:
# Volunteer Cross for War

The **Volunteer Cross for War** and the **Volunteer Medal for War** (*Krzyż i Medal Ochotniczy za Wojnę*) were Polish military decorations introduced just before the start of World War II and later awarded by the Polish government in exile. The Cross and the Volunteer Medal for War were introduced by an act of the Sejm on 15 June 1939. It was to be awarded to people who volunteered for duty in the years 1918 to 1921 and helped to strengthen the independence of the Polish Republic. (Covering mainly the Polish-Ukrainian War and Polish-Soviet war). Because of the German invasion of Poland in 1939 and the outbreak of World War II no decorations were awarded at the time. It was only after 1945 that the Polish government in exile was able to award the decorations. The communists authorities of the People's Republic of Poland refused to recognize the decoration. After the fall of communism a very similar decoration, *Krzyż za udział w Wojnie 1918-1921*, was introduced.

## Criteria

The Volunteer Cross for the War was bestowed upon volunteers who served during the years 1918-1921, provided they fulfilled any of the following conditions:

* Fallen or wounded on the battlefield,
* Decorated with either the Virtuti Militari Cross or the Cross of Valor,
* Actively served for a duration of 3 months, inclusive of a minimum of 2 months within units engaged in frontline combat, or 6 months as instructors within military schools of arms and training camps.

## Design

The medal takes the form of a straight isosceles cross crafted from steel, measuring 42 by 42 mm. It comprises four identical arms, each extended at the ends and possessing a flattened octagonal cross-section. These arms converge at the center, fastened by a cube.

On the obverse side of the cross arms, a horizontal inscription reads: "OCHOTNIKOWI WOJENNEMU," while the vertical arms bear the dates "1918" and "1921." At the intersection of the arms lies an image of a white enamel eagle.

The cross and accompanying medal are intended to be worn on a 37 mm wide ribbon, characterized by a red hue with two slender white vertical stripes.

## InfoBox

| Volunteer Cross for War | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | Poland |
|  | |
| Ribbon | |
|  | |


title: Mazin Elsadig

abstract: Mazin Elfadil Elsadig is an American-born Canadian actor of Sudanese heritage. He had a role in the 2007 Disney Channel Original Movie Jump In! and later joined the cast of the CTV/The N teen drama Degrassi: The Next Generation as Damian Hayes, for the show's sixth and seventh seasons, from 2006 to 2008. Elsadig also appeared on the stage play in Marcia Johnson's Late in 2008. He is also the voice of Broseph on the Teletoon animated series Stoked. He is also known for his affiliation with Canadian rapper and singer Drake and wrote the single "Pianist Hands (Interlude)" for Drake's debut mixtape Room for Improvement, which was released in 2006.

text:
# Mazin Elsadig

**Mazin Elfadil Elsadig** (born September 2, 1987) is an American-born Canadian actor of Sudanese heritage. He had a role in the 2007 Disney Channel Original Movie *Jump In!* and later joined the cast of the CTV/The N teen drama *Degrassi: The Next Generation* as Damian Hayes, for the show's sixth and seventh seasons, from 2006 to 2008. Elsadig also appeared on the stage play in Marcia Johnson's *Late* in 2008. He is also the voice of Broseph on the Teletoon animated series *Stoked*. He is also known for his affiliation with Canadian rapper and singer Drake and wrote the single "Pianist Hands (Interlude)" for Drake's debut mixtape Room for Improvement, which was released in 2006.

## Filmography

Film and television roles
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *The Perfect Man* | Dexter | Film; deleted scene |
| 2006–08 | *Degrassi: The Next Generation* | Damian Hayes | Recurring role (season 6); main role (season 7); 9 episodes |
| 2007 | *Jump In!* | Chuck | Television movie |
| 2009 | *Stoked* | Broseph | Voice role; main role |
| 2010 | *Uniform* | Rolando | Short Film |
| 2015 | *People Hold On* | Darren | Film |
| 2016 | *Four in the Morning* | William | Main Role |

## InfoBox

| Mazin Elsadig | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mazin Elfadil Elsadig
(1987-09-02) September 2, 1987
Chicago, Illinois, USA |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2004–present |


title: Vosiūnai

abstract: Vosiūnai is a village in the eastern part of Ignalina district in Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, it had 29 residents. It is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of Navikai, near the border with Belarus. The village is situated on the right bank of the river Dysna. The village has a wooden Blessed Virgin Mary Church. Together with the neighboring Rimaldiškė, Vosiūnai is the easternmost village in Lithuania.

text:
# Vosiūnai

**Vosiūnai** () is a village in the eastern part of Ignalina district in Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, it had 29 residents. It is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of Navikai, near the border with Belarus. The village is situated on the right bank of the river Dysna. The village has a wooden Blessed Virgin Mary Church (built in 1921).

Together with the neighboring Rimaldiškė, Vosiūnai is the easternmost village in Lithuania.

## InfoBox

| Vosiūnai | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Vosiūnai church | |
| VosiūnaiLocation in Lithuania | |
| Coordinates: 55°18′18″N 26°49′12″E / 55.30500°N 26.82000°E / 55.30500; 26.82000 | |
| Country | Lithuania |
| County | Utena County |
| Municipality | Ignalina District Municipality |
| Eldership | Didžiasalis eldership |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 29 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Mbo people (Cameroon)

abstract:
The Mbo people are a Bantu group of the Mbo plain, Littoral Region, Mungo Division, Nkongsamba, Southwest Region and Melong subdivisions and in the West Region, Menoua Division, Santchou Subdivision and Upper Nkam Division, Kekem Subdivision of Cameroon. The Bakossi Forest Reserve, which includes the Bakossi National Park, is mainly inhabited by the Bakossi people, but the population also includes Mbo as well as Manehas, Bakem, Baneka, and immigrant Bamiliki people.
The Mbo and Banyangi people live in and around the Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary.
They hunt for bushmeat, which they sell fresh or smoked, and which is a good deal cheaper than other locally available forms of protein. The Mbo of West Cameroon originate from the Santchou area in East Cameroon.
The Mbo have been restricted to the southern banks of the Betse and Betenten rivers since 1900.
They have a long tradition of conflict with the neighboring Bangwa people due to disputes over boundaries, oil palm groves, and kidnappings for slavery.
The Bamileke chiefdoms of Fongo Tongo, Foto, Foreke Dschang, and Fondongela all claim origin from the Mbo.
In other Bangwa chiefdoms, minor subchiefs claim Mbo ancestry.
The Mbo people are extremely poor. They do not have access to medical treatment so there is no HIV Testing and counseling, although HIV/AIDS is prevalent.

text:
# Mbo people (Cameroon)

The **Mbo people** are a Bantu group of the Mbo plain, Littoral Region, Mungo Division, Nkongsamba, Southwest Region and Melong subdivisions and in the West Region, Menoua Division, Santchou Subdivision and Upper Nkam Division, Kekem Subdivision of Cameroon.

The Bakossi Forest Reserve, which includes the Bakossi National Park, is mainly inhabited by the Bakossi people, but the population also includes Mbo as well as Manehas, Bakem, Baneka, and immigrant Bamiliki people. The Mbo and Banyangi people live in and around the Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary. They hunt for bushmeat, which they sell fresh or smoked, and which is a good deal cheaper than other locally available forms of protein.

The Mbo of West Cameroon originate from the Santchou area in East Cameroon. The Mbo have been restricted to the southern banks of the Betse and Betenten rivers since 1900. They have a long tradition of conflict with the neighboring Bangwa people due to disputes over boundaries, oil palm groves, and kidnappings for slavery. The Bamileke chiefdoms of Fongo Tongo, Foto, Foreke Dschang, and Fondongela all claim origin from the Mbo. In other Bangwa chiefdoms, minor subchiefs claim Mbo ancestry. The Mbo people are extremely poor. They do not have access to medical treatment so there is no HIV Testing and counseling, although HIV/AIDS is prevalent.

## Genetics

In 2013, discovery of a previously unknown Y-chromosomal haplogroup, dubbed haplogroup A00 (AF6) was announced. First found in the Y-chromosome of an African American male submitted for commercial genealogical analysis, the haplogroup was identified in eleven Y chromosomes of Mbo males (out of a sample of 174, corresponding to 6.3%). The discovery of this division of "haplogroup A00" ancestral from A0-FGC27410 pushes back the estimation of the age of Y-chromosomal Adam, the most recent ancestor through direct paternal lines of all humans currently alive to ~250,000 years ago.

## InfoBox

Mbo people
| Regions with significant populations | |
| --- | --- |
| Cameroon | 67,000 |
| Languages | |
| Mbo language | |


title: Mbocayaty

abstract: Mbocayaty (Guaraní: Mbokajaty) is a town in the Guairá Department of Paraguay. Its located 7km to the north of Villarrica and 166km to the east of Asuncion. Originally known as Capilla Duarte due to the Catholic chapel built in the 1800s by a family named Duarte. Its current name comes from the Guarani language expression Mbokaja + ty which means ¨land with many macaw palms"

text:
# Mbocayaty

**Mbocayaty** *(Guaraní: Mbokajaty)* is a town in the Guairá Department of Paraguay. Its located 7km to the north of Villarrica and 166km to the east of Asuncion.

Originally known as *Capilla Duarte* (spanish *Duarte Chapel)* due to the Catholic chapel built in the 1800s by a family named Duarte. Its current name comes from the Guarani language expression *Mbokaja + ty* which means ¨*land with many macaw palms*"

## History and geography

It was founded due to a land donation by a Catholic priest named Jose Mariano Duarte. Jose Mariano, the first priest and possibly the first school teacher in the area, had inherited the lands from his father, General Carlos Duarte. The Duarte family was from Villarrica.

In 1903 it was upgraded to municipality disengaged from Villarrica. The first president of its gubernatorial board was Juan de la Cruz Talavera.

During the Paraguayan War it was registered that many female residents of what is now Mbocayaty donated their jewelry to the help with the war efforts and that several local families donated part of their livestock to feed the soldiers. Since the XX century, the original territory of Mbocayaty started to be divided to lay the foundations of new towns like Natalicio in 1931, Independencia in 1955 and Bottrell in 1983.

Its irrigated by the Tebicuarymi River and its tributary streams such as Ita, Yaguarete and Gervasia. It borders Bottrell to the North, separated by the Tebicuarymi River. Villarrica to the South, through a stream named Bobo; the towns of Natalicio and Independencia to the east and the town of Yataity to the west.

1. "Resultados Censo 2022" \[2022 Census Results\] (PDF). *INE Paraguay* (in Spanish): 41, 44. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
2. "Mbocayaty del Guaira". *Municipios Paraguay*. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
3. Barreto, Antonio Ramon (November 27, 2022). "Mbocayaty, jurisdiccion de Villarrica, antiguamente llamada Capilla Duarte" \[Mbocayaty, territory of Villarrica, previously known as Duarte Chapel\]. *ABC Digital* (in Spanish). Retrieved September 19, 2024.
4. Barreto, Antonio Ramon (December 18, 2022). "Mbocayaty, jurisdiccion de Villarrica, antiguamente llamada Capilla Duarte" \[Mbocayaty, territory of Villarrica, previously known as Duarte Chapel\]. *ABC Digital* (in Spanish). Retrieved September 19, 2024.
5. Barreto, Antonio Ramon (December 11, 2022). "Mbocayaty, jurisdiccion de Villarrica, antiguamente llamada Capilla Duarte (3)" \[Mbocayaty, territory of Villarrica, previously known as Duarte Chapel (3)\]. *ABC Digital* (in Spanish). Retrieved September 19, 2024.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Mbocayaty | |
| --- | --- |
| Church in Mbocayaty | |
| Mbocayaty | |
| Coordinates: 25°43′12″S 56°25′12″W / 25.72000°S 56.42000°W / -25.72000; -56.42000 | |
| Country | Paraguay |
| Department | Guairá Department |
| Founded by | Jose Mariano Duarte |
| Population (2022) | |
| Total | 8,003 |


title: Maurolicus breviculus

abstract: Maurolicus breviculus is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Maurolicus. It lives in deep-water environments off the coast of Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands.

text:
# Maurolicus breviculus

***Maurolicus breviculus*** is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus *Maurolicus*. It lives in deep-water environments off the coast of Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands.

## InfoBox

| *Maurolicus breviculus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Stomiiformes |
| Family: | Sternoptychidae |
| Genus: | *Maurolicus* |
| Species: | ***M. breviculus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Maurolicus breviculus***
Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993 | |
|


title: Weitramsdorf

abstract: Weitramsdorf is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany. It consists of the following villages: Weitramsdorf, Gersbach, Schlettach, Altenhof, Hergramsdorf, Tambach, Neundorf, Weidach and Weidach-Vogelherd. The castle of Tambach has been owned by the counts of Ortenburg since 1806.

text:
# Weitramsdorf

**Weitramsdorf** is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany. It consists of the following villages: Weitramsdorf, Gersbach, Schlettach, Altenhof, Hergramsdorf, Tambach, Neundorf, Weidach and Weidach-Vogelherd.

The castle (and former monastery) of Tambach has been owned by the counts of Ortenburg since 1806.

## InfoBox

| Weitramsdorf | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Tambach Castle | |
|  | |
| Location of Weitramsdorf within Coburg district | |
| Weitramsdorf Weitramsdorf | |
| Coordinates: 50°15′N 10°52′E / 50.250°N 10.867°E / 50.250; 10.867 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Oberfranken |
| District | Coburg |
| Subdivisions | 9 Ortsteile |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202430) | Hans Steinfelder (CSU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 33.71 km2 (13.02 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 300 m (1,000 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 5,187 |
| Density | 150/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 96479 |
| Dialling codes | 09561 |
| Vehicle registration | CO |
| Website | www.weitramsdorf.de |


title: Wen Yongyi

abstract: Wen Yongyi is a Chinese sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres. His personal best time is 10.28 seconds, achieved in July 2007 in Guangzhou. He won a bronze medal in the 4x100 metres relay at the 2006 Asian Games. He also competed at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships without reaching the final. Wen represented China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He competed at the 4x100 metres relay together with Hu Kai, Zhang Peimeng and Lu Bin. In their qualification heat they placed fourth behind Jamaica, Canada and Germany. Their time of 39.13 was the eighth fastest out of sixteen participating nations in the first round and they qualified for the final. There they were however disqualified and placed at the eighth position. He won the relay gold medal at the 11th Chinese National Games in 2009 with Liang Jiahong.

text:
# Wen Yongyi

**Wen Yongyi** (born 3 January 1987 in Liuzhou, Guangxi) is a Chinese sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres. His personal best time is 10.28 seconds, achieved in July 2007 in Guangzhou.

He won a bronze medal in the 4x100 metres relay at the 2006 Asian Games. He also competed at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships without reaching the final.

Wen represented China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He competed at the 4x100 metres relay together with Hu Kai, Zhang Peimeng and Lu Bin. In their qualification heat they placed fourth behind Jamaica, Canada and Germany. Their time of 39.13 was the eighth fastest out of sixteen participating nations in the first round and they qualified for the final. There they were however disqualified and placed at the eighth position.

He won the relay gold medal at the 11th Chinese National Games in 2009 with Liang Jiahong.


abstract: The women's 63 kilograms event at the 1998 Asian Games took place on 10 December 1998 at Thunder Dome, Maung Thong Thani Sports Complex. The weightlifter from China won the gold, with a combined lift of 232.5 kg.

text:
# Weightlifting at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's 63 kg

The **women's 63 kilograms** event at the 1998 Asian Games took place on 10 December 1998 at Thunder Dome, Maung Thong Thani Sports Complex.

The weightlifter from China won the gold, with a combined lift of 232.5 kg.

## Results

Legend * **NM** — No mark

| Rank | Athlete | Body weight | Snatch | Cl&Jerk | Total (kg) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Lei Li (CHN) | 62.80 | 107.5 | 125.0 | **232.5** |
|  | Karnam Malleswari (IND) | 62.55 | 105.0 | 125.0 | **230.0** |
|  | Chen Jui-lien (TPE) | 62.05 | 97.5 | 125.0 | **222.5** |
| 4 | Mya Sanda Oo (MYA) | 62.80 | 95.0 | 122.5 | **217.5** |
| 5 | Saipin Detsaeng (THA) | 62.45 | 97.5 | 115.0 | **212.5** |
| 6 | Mami Nishikawa (JPN) | 62.35 | 82.5 | 107.5 | **190.0** |
|  | Yoon I-sook (KOR) | 62.80 |  |  | **NM** |

## InfoBox

| Women's 63 kg <br>at the 1998 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Thunder Dome |
| Date | 10 December |
| Competitors | 7 from 7 nations |
| Medalists | |
| China  India  Chinese Taipei | |
|


title: Maurolicus

abstract: Maurolicus is an oceanic ray-finned fish genus which belongs in the marine hatchetfish family Sternoptychidae. They are commonly known as pearlsides, but the brilliant pearlside is the related Argyripnus iridescens. Occasionally, "bristle-mouth fishes" is used as a common name, but that usually refers to the genus Argyripnus or the family Gonostomatidae. Fossils of pearlsides are known from the Miocene.

text:
# Maurolicus

***Maurolicus*** is an oceanic ray-finned fish genus which belongs in the marine hatchetfish family Sternoptychidae. They are commonly known as **pearlsides**, but the brilliant pearlside is the related *Argyripnus iridescens*. Occasionally, "bristle-mouth fishes" is used as a common name, but that usually refers to the genus *Argyripnus* or the family Gonostomatidae.

Fossils of pearlsides are known from the Miocene.

## Species

There are currently 15 recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| Pearlsides
Temporal range: Miocene to Present | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mueller's pearlside, *Maurolicus muelleri* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Stomiiformes |
| Family: | Sternoptychidae |
| Subfamily: | Maurolicinae |
| Genus: | *Maurolicus*
Cocco, 1838 |
|
| Diversity | |
| 15 species | |


title: Mill (manga)

abstract: Mill Mill is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kazunori Tahara. It was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Monthly Big Comic Spirits from August 2009 to July 2013, with its chapters collected in six tankōbon volumes.

text:
# Mill (manga)

***Mill*** (Japanese: ミル, Hepburn: *Miru*) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kazunori Tahara. It was serialized in Shogakukan's *seinen* manga magazine *Monthly Big Comic Spirits* from August 2009 to July 2013, with its chapters collected in six *tankōbon* volumes.

## Publication

Written and illustrated by Kazunori Tahara, *Mill*, Tahara's debut series, was published in Shogakukan's *seinen* manga magazine *Monthly Big Comic Spirits* from August 27, 2009, to July 27, 2013. Shogakukan collected its chapters in six *tankōbon* volumes, released from April 28, 2010, to August 30, 2013.

### Volumes

| No. | Japanese release date | Japanese ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | April 28, 2010 | 978-4-09-183146-0 |
| 2 | January 28, 2011 | 978-4-09-183619-9 |
| 3 | October 28, 2011 | 978-4-09-184123-0 |
| 4 | June 29, 2012 | 978-4-09-184527-6 |
| 5 | December 27, 2012 | 978-4-09-184788-1 |
| 6 | August 30, 2013 | 978-4-09-185389-9 |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Mill | |
| --- | --- |
| First *tankōbon* volume cover | |
| ミル<br>(*Miru*) | |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Kazunori Tahara |
| Published by | Shogakukan |
| Magazine | *Monthly Big Comic Spirits* |
| Demographic | *Seinen* |
| Original run | August 27, 2009July 27, 2013 |
| Volumes | 6 |


title: Mill Avenue bridges

abstract: The Mill Avenue Bridges consist of two bridges that cross the Salt River in Tempe, Arizona, at the north end of the shopping district on Mill Avenue. The first bridge opened in August 1931 and the second bridge opened in 1994.

text:
# Mill Avenue bridges

The **Mill Avenue Bridges** consist of two bridges that cross the Salt River in Tempe, Arizona, at the north end of the shopping district on Mill Avenue. The first bridge opened in August 1931 and the second bridge opened in 1994.

## Original span

The original bridge was built in 1931 but was not dedicated until 1 May 1933. The dedication celebration lasted for two days. Attending the celebration was Benjamin Baker Moeur, a former Tempe doctor and the governor at that time. The creation of this bridge replaced the Ash Avenue Bridge, which was a one-lane highway bridge which was originally completed in 1913. It was demolished in 1991. In the Phoenix area, besides the Center Street Bridge, which opened on Central Avenue in 1911, it was one of two crossings at the Salt River for some time.

Water flowed down the Salt River until the 1940s, when dams were constructed upstream. The water flow almost ceased, creating a dry river bed to support the growing Southwest. For years, southbound traffic used both lanes of the bridge, while northbound traffic utilized an unbridged crossing in the riverbed.

Despite the Salt's being a dry river, water occasionally flowed. When reservoir levels got too high, the dams were required to release water, causing water to flow once more. Due to monsoon storms heavy rains would fall, and washes and street runoff emptied into the river. At such times the unbridged crossing was closed, and the bridge was opened to north- and southbound traffic, one lane in each direction.

The bridge faced many strong floods that raged through the Salt River Valley. In 1980 all but two of the bridged crossings on the Salt River were closed for safety reasons (principally erosion of the approaches) due to severe flooding. The Mill Avenue Bridge and one other bridge, the Central Avenue bridge in Phoenix, were the only bridges that remained open. This was because they were structurally sound to stand up to the raging currents. Water hit the bridge at 200,000 cubic feet per second (5,700 m3/s), which far surpassed the expected strength of the bridge. In one 24-hour period during this flood, 92,000 vehicles crossed the bridge.

The Old Mill Avenue Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981, celebrating the 50th anniversary of its opening. The Old Mill Avenue Bridge is also listed on the Tempe Historic Property Register. It was the eighth property to be added to that list, receiving designation on November 4, 1999.

## New span

As traffic congestion increased, the city began preparations for a new bridge crossing parallel to the existing. In the early 1990s construction began on the new crossing. In the spring of 1993, floods returned to the valley again and hampered construction efforts on the new bridge as flood waters tore down scaffolding and form work on the new bridge project. Opening was delayed but eventually the project was completed.

The New Mill Avenue Bridge (located directly to the east, upstream) opened in 1994 to relieve the original bridge from the increasing traffic. This allowed for two lanes to travel in each direction (north and south), instead of the previous single, two-lane bridge. With the opening of the northbound bridge, the unbridged crossing was permanently closed. With two lanes now running in each direction no matter the weather, monsoon storms and releases from dams no longer lead to traffic obstructions.

## Tempe Town Lake era

In 1999 the dry river bed was transformed into a dammed artificial lake. Tempe Town Lake was a key success to the revitalization of downtown Tempe. Formerly just a crossing over the (usually) dry river, these bridges became a centerpiece of the new lake. This prompted a lot of development along the lake. Today, mid-rise offices rise above the southeast portion of the bridges.

Every Fourth of July the CBS 5 July 4 Tempe Town Lake Festival is held at the lake. The fireworks for the celebration are launched from the bridges.

The Mill Avenue Bridges complex also includes two rail bridges slightly downstream from the motor-traffic bridges: a railroad bridge of many decades' standing, and parallel to it a new bridge to accommodate the Phoenix Light Rail system, which opened in late 2008.

On September 21, 2018, the Mill Avenue Bridges were designated as part of Historic U.S. Route 80 by the Arizona Department of Transportation.

On July 29, 2020, the 1915 rail bridge adjacent to the Mill Avenue Bridges partially collapsed due to the derailment of a Union Pacific train and a subsequent fire that spread across the wooden components of the bridge structure, also causing damage in adjacent areas of Tempe Beach Park.

* Scharbach, Paul; Akers, John H. (2005). *Phoenix: Then and Now*. San Diego: Thunder Bay Press.

## InfoBox

| Mill Avenue Bridges | |
| --- | --- |
| Mill Avenue Bridge (built 1931) about 83 years old | |
| Coordinates | 33°26′00″N 111°56′30″W / 33.433335°N 111.941575°W / 33.433335; -111.941575 |
| Carries | Motor vehicles, pedestrians, and bicycles
Historic US 80 |
| Crosses | Tempe Town Lake |
| Locale | Tempe, Arizona |
| Maintained by | City of Tempe |
| History | |
| Opened | Mill Avenue Bridge in August 1931 and the New Mill Avenue Bridge in 1994 |
| Statistics | |
| Toll | Free both ways |
|  | |
| 1931 Mill Avenue Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| NRHP reference No. | 81000137 |
| Added to NRHP | August 13, 1981 |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Wells of Toledo

abstract: Before the standardization of modern plumbing, 2 common ways existed to access water in Toledo, Spain. These include the Tagus river that runs alongside the city, water wells and water reservoirs. Water wells and reservoirs were generally placed inside the city centre, or in some cases, individual housing. They were generally denoted by a water well or reservoir indicator (pictured). Generally the indicators consisted of small stone balls. In cases of a fire, the public would know who had a water well or reservoir. Many streets that had these wells/reservoirs were entitled as such, with many sharing the name "Well Street".

text:
# Wells of Toledo

Before the standardization of modern plumbing, 2 common ways existed to access water in Toledo, Spain. These include the Tagus river that runs alongside the city, water wells and water reservoirs. Water wells and reservoirs were generally placed inside the city centre, or in some cases, individual housing. They were generally denoted by a water well or reservoir indicator (pictured). Generally the indicators consisted of small stone balls (Spanish: Bolas). In cases of a fire, the public would know who had a water well or reservoir. Many streets that had these wells/reservoirs were entitled as such, with many sharing the name "Well Street" (Spanish: Calle Pozo).

## Legends

### The Bitter Well

The Well is a Spanish urban legend concerning the Wells of Toledo and two lovers. Fernando, a Christian man and Raquel, a Jewish woman were, according to the story "head-over-heels in love" with each other. Each night, when the church bells rang, Fernando would scale the walls into Raquel's family garden and sit with Raquel on the edge of the well. However, once Raquel's father discovered the lovers, he sent an assassin to murder Fernando. After the murder of Fernando, Raquel sat at the well every night, crying over her lost lover. The legend goes that one night, she saw Fernando's face at the bottom of the well and jumped in to be with him. There is now a plaque established beside the well believed to be the one described in the urban legend. The plaque reads "*The tears of the memory, longing for the beloved caused in a young Toledan girl, makes the waters of this well bitter.*" (Spanish: "Las lágrimas que el recuerdo, añoranza del amado causaron en una joven toledana, amargaron las aguas de este pozo.")

### The Water of the Virgen

A popular theory in Toledo is that many of the cathedrals and churches have some type of running water underground, many of which are said to be sacred or miraculous. A legend in particular tells the miracle of the water of Virgen that took place in the Toledo Cathedral. Since the seventeenth century, this cathedral has celebrated the day of Our Sacred Lady, patron of Toledo, on the fifteenth of August. One year, while all of the people were observing the holiday outside of the cathedral (on account of the heat inside) a young man overheated and fainted, and seemed to be dead. Some people brought water from the wells inside the cathedral in order to reanimate him, he was supposedly revived. The people said this was a miracle, done by the Virgen whom they were celebrating. Additionally, with the same wells, stories recall during the Reconquista, the image of the Virgen was kept safe from the invasion inside a church well. .

## Well-known Wells

### The Well of Salvador

This well is currently positioned below a plaza, but originally it was placed below a convent of the El Salvador church. The Well of Salvador has a water reservoir that collects water from the rain. There is also a regular well that brings groundwater.

### The water reservoir of Alcázar

The water reservoir of Alcázar provided water to the soldiers of Francoist during the Siege of the Alcázar of Toledo.

### Wells of the Toledan Baths

There are various Roman baths and Arabic baths within Toledo. All of these baths have a well, the majority of which are dry now, in order to provide water to the baths. A well of an Arabic bath that is named Caballel is pictured right. Normally there were three rooms to bathe in within the baths: one with hot water, one with lukewarm water, and finally one with cold water. There are also the ruins of the Roman baths that one can visit, and a bath under a house in la Judería.


title: Mimillaena

abstract:
Mimillaena is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
  - Mimillaena rufescens Breuning, 1958
  - Mimillaena semiobscura Hayashi, 1961

text:
# Mimillaena

***Mimillaena*** is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Mimillaena* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Genus: | ***Mimillaena*** |
|


title: Mimillaena semiobscura

abstract: Mimillaena semiobscura is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hayashi in 1961.

text:
# Mimillaena semiobscura

***Mimillaena semiobscura*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hayashi in 1961.

## InfoBox

| *Mimillaena semiobscura* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Mimillaena*** |
| Species: | ***M. semiobscura*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimillaena semiobscura***<br>Hayashi, 1961 | |
|


title: Minarets, California

abstract: Minarets is a former settlement in Madera County, California. It was located 5 miles (8 km) southeast of North Fork. A post office operated at Minarets from 1925 to 1933. Minarets was the terminus of the Minarets and Western Railroad. The name Minarets was applied to a geologic feature in the county; see Minarets (California). The name was applied to a city planned as the county seat for the then newly established Madera County located 15 miles (24 km) east of Madera.

text:
# Minarets, California

**Minarets** is a former settlement in Madera County, California. It was located 5 miles (8 km) southeast of North Fork.

A post office operated at Minarets from 1925 to 1933. Minarets was the terminus of the Minarets and Western Railroad.

The name *Minarets* was applied to a geologic feature in the county; see Minarets (California). The name was applied to a city planned as the county seat for the then newly established Madera County located 15 miles (24 km) east of Madera.


title: Wenghorn

abstract: The Wenghorn is a mountain of the Swiss Pennine Alps, overlooking Simplon in the canton of Valais. It lies at the eastern end of the range east of the Fletschhorn.

text:
# Wenghorn

The **Wenghorn** is a mountain of the Swiss Pennine Alps, overlooking Simplon in the canton of Valais. It lies at the eastern end of the range east of the Fletschhorn.

## InfoBox

| Wenghorn | |
| --- | --- |
| WenghornLocation in Switzerland | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,587 m (8,488 ft) |
| Prominence | 87 m (285 ft) |
| Coordinates | 46°10′42.2″N 8°3′0.3″E / 46.178389°N 8.050083°E / 46.178389; 8.050083 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Valais, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Pennine Alps |


title: Weedon Field

abstract: Weedon Field is a city-owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles north of the central business district of Eufaula, a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 and 2009–2013, both of which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

text:
# Weedon Field

**Weedon Field** (IATA: **EUF**, ICAO: **KEUF**, FAA LID: **EUF**) is a city-owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (4 mi, 6 km) north of the central business district of Eufaula, a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States.

This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 and 2009–2013, both of which categorized it as a *general aviation* facility.

## Facilities and aircraft

Weedon Field covers an area of 208 acres (84 ha) at an elevation of 285 feet (87 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 5,000 by 100 feet (1,524 x 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending November 10, 2010, the airport had 36,638 aircraft operations, an average of 100 per day: 74% general aviation and 26% military. At that time there were 18 aircraft based at this airport: 61% single-engine, 6% multi-engine, 6% jet, 6% helicopter and 22% ultralight.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for EUF PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective August 25, 2011.
2. "2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A (PDF, 2.03 MB)" (PDF). *2011–2015 National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems*. Federal Aviation Administration. 4 October 2010.
3. "2009–2013 NPIAS Report, Appendix A: Part 1 (PDF, 1.33 MB)" (PDF). *2009–2013 National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems*. Federal Aviation Administration. 15 October 2008.

## InfoBox

| Weedon Field | |
| --- | --- |
| NAIP aerial image, September 2006 | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | City of Eufaula |
| Serves | Eufaula, Alabama |
| Elevation AMSL | 285 ft / 87 m |
| Coordinates | 31°57′05″N 085°07′44″W / 31.95139°N 85.12889°W / 31.95139; -85.12889 |
| Map | |
| **EUF**Location of airport in Alabama**EUF****EUF** (the United States) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  18/36 5,000 1,524 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2017) | |
| Aircraft operations 36,638  Based aircraft 27 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Mimipochira sikkimensis

abstract: Mimipochira sikkimensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1977.

text:
# Mimipochira sikkimensis

***Mimipochira sikkimensis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1977.

## InfoBox

| *Mimipochira sikkimensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Mimipochira*** |
| Species: | ***M. sikkimensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mimipochira sikkimensis***<br>(Breuning, 1977) | |
|


title: Werner Mountains

abstract: The Werner Mountains are a group of mountains located just west-southwest of New Bedford Inlet and between the Meinardus Glacier and Bryan Glacier, in Palmer Land, Antarctica.

text:
# Werner Mountains

The **Werner Mountains** (73°34′S 62°20′W / 73.567°S 62.333°W / -73.567; -62.333 (Werner Mountains)) are a group of mountains located just west-southwest of New Bedford Inlet and between the Meinardus Glacier and Bryan Glacier, in Palmer Land, Antarctica.

## Location

The Werner Mountains are in southern Palmer Land on the Lassiter Coast of the Weddell Sea. They are northeast of the Playfair Mountains, northwest of Arctowski Peak on the Piggott Peninsula, west of New Bedford Inlet, south of the Dana Mountains. The interior ice plateau to the west is largely featureless apart from isolated nunataks. The Meinardus Glacier defines the north edge of the range, the Bryan Glacier defines the east edge and the Swann Glacier defines the west edge.

## Discovery and name

The Werner Mountains were first seen and photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS), 1939–41. They were mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961–67. They were named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Abraham Gottlob Werner (1750–1819), German geologist and mineralogist.

## Features

Features, from north to south, include Mount Hemmingsen, Mount Fell, Mount Virdin, Douglas Glacier, Mount High and Mount Broome.

### Mount Hemmingsen

73°25′S 61°50′W / 73.417°S 61.833°W / -73.417; -61.833. A mountain at the northeast end of the Werner Mountains, located on the south side of Meinardus Glacier, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) southwest of Court Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Edvard A. Hemmingsen, biologist at McMurdo Station, summer 1966-67, and Palmer Station, 1967-68.

### Mount Fell

73°26′S 62°16′W / 73.433°S 62.267°W / -73.433; -62.267. A mountain 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) west of Mount Hemmingsen in the north part of Werner Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Jack W. Fell, biologist on the Eastwind in the cruise along Antarctic Peninsula in the 1965-66 season.

### Mount Virdin

73°29′S 61°54′W / 73.483°S 61.900°W / -73.483; -61.900. A mountain 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) southwest of Mount Hemmingsen. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Floyd Virdin, construction mechanic at South Pole Station in 1967.

### Mount High

73°34′S 62°05′W / 73.567°S 62.083°W / -73.567; -62.083. A mountain on the south side of Douglas Glacier in the central Werner Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Harvey W. High, cook with the South Pole Station winter party in 1967.

### Mount Broome

73°35′S 61°45′W / 73.583°S 61.750°W / -73.583; -61.750. A mountain in the north part of the range which lies between the mouths of Douglas and Bryan Glaciers. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Howard W. Broome, Jr., electrician with the South Pole Station winter party in 1967.

## Nearby features

Nearby features to the southwest and west, extending into the interior ice plateau, include from east to west Joughin Glacier, Watson Peaks, Rivera Peaks, Ferguson Nunataks, Toth Nunataks, Galkin Nunatak, Gunn Peaks and Mount Vang.

### Watson Peaks

73°45′S 62°36′W / 73.750°S 62.600°W / -73.750; -62.600. A linear group of peaks that trend in a northwest–southeast direction for 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi), located 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) northeast of Rivera Peaks. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for George E. Watson, biologist on the Palmer Staiion-Eastwind Expedition, summer 1965-66; author of the handbook Birds of the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic, 1975.

### Rivera Peaks

73°48′S 62°50′W / 73.800°S 62.833°W / -73.800; -62.833. A wedge-shaped range of peaks, 14 nautical miles (26 km; 16 mi) long, between Swann Glacier and Watson Peaks. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for James P. Rivera, electronics technician at South Pole Station in 1967.

### Ferguson Nunataks

73°33′S 63°48′W / 73.550°S 63.800°W / -73.550; -63.800. A nunatak group lying between the heads of Meinardus Glacier and Swann Glacier. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Charles L. Ferguson, electrician with the Palmer Station winter party in 1965.

### Toth Nunataks

73°33′S 64°45′W / 73.550°S 64.750°W / -73.550; -64.750. A small group of isolated nunataks located 17 nautical miles (31 km; 20 mi) north-northwest of Mount Coman. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Stephen R. Toth, glaciologist at Byrd Station, summer 1965-66.

### Galkin Nunatak

73°27′S 65°55′W / 73.450°S 65.917°W / -73.450; -65.917. An isolated nunatak about 35 nautical miles (65 km; 40 mi) northwest of Mount Coman, surmounting the interior ice plateau near the base of Palmer Land. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for William L. Galkin, meteorologist at Byrd Station, summer 1965-66.

### Gunn Peaks

73°25′S 66°36′W / 73.417°S 66.600°W / -73.417; -66.600. Isolated peaks 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) east of Mount Vang in southern Palmer Land. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Robert C. Gunn, glaciologist at Byrd Station, summer 1965-66.

### Mount Vang

73°26′S 67°09′W / 73.433°S 67.150°W / -73.433; -67.150. An isolated mountain standing southward of George VI Sound and 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) east-southeast of Eklund Islands in southern Palmer Land. Discovered by Finn Ronne and Carl Eklund of US AS, 1939-41, during their sledge journey through George VI Sound. Resighted from the air on a flight of December 3, 1947 by the RARE under Ronne. Named by Ronne for Knut Vang of Brooklyn, NY, who contributed photographic materials to the RARE 1947-48.

## Sources

* Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), *Geographic Names of the Antarctic* (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.
* *Ellsworth Land - Palmer Land*, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-19

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

| Werner Mountains | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Region | Palmer Land, Antarctica |
| Range coordinates | 73°34′S 62°20′W / 73.567°S 62.333°W / -73.567; -62.333 (Werner Mountains) |


title: Mineral Fire (2020)

abstract: The Mineral Fire was a wildfire that burned in Coalinga Mineral Springs, west of Coalinga in Fresno, California in the United States. The fire was first reported on July 13, 2020 and burned an estimated 29,667 acres (12,006 ha) and before being fully contained on July 26. The fire threatened the communities of Los Gatos Creek Road from Indian Springs to Union Carbide Road and Bingham Springs. It resulted in the mandatory evacuations of Los Gatos Creek Road and Bingham Springs and led to the complete closure of State Route 198 from Firestone Ave. to the Monterey County Line. They were subsequently lifted on July 20.

text:
# Mineral Fire (2020)

8km
5miles Mineral FireLocation of Mineral Fire

The **Mineral Fire** was a wildfire that burned in Coalinga Mineral Springs, west of Coalinga in Fresno, California in the United States. The fire was first reported on July 13, 2020 and burned an estimated 29,667 acres (12,006 ha) and before being fully contained on July 26. The fire threatened the communities of Los Gatos Creek Road from Indian Springs to Union Carbide Road and Bingham Springs. It resulted in the mandatory evacuations of Los Gatos Creek Road and Bingham Springs and led to the complete closure of State Route 198 from Firestone Ave. to the Monterey County Line. They were subsequently lifted on July 20.

## Progression

On July 13, the fire was first reported at about 5:00 p.m. near South Coalinga Mineral Springs Rd and Highway 198. It quickly grew to 1,000 acres (404.69 ha) by 9:00 pm, fuelled by nighttime winds and 100-degree weather, according to Deputy Fire Chief Dustin Hail. He also said that firefighters were "...doing significant structural protection..."dozer lines around the homes and engines at the houses doing structure defense."

The following day, July 14, the fire continued to be at 1,000 acres (404.69 ha) and was 0% contained, before growing to 7900 acres (3197.02 ha) by the end of the night, Evacuations were ordered for Los Gatos Creek Road and from Indian Springs to Union Carbide Road. A health warning was also issued by the Valley Air District.

On July 15, the fire had grown to be 11,000 acres (4451.54 ha) and containment had grown to 5% as evacuations remained in progress. The fire was considered difficult to fight due to the remote locations, as well as having no known fire history for many of the fuels in the area. Containment was also impeded by wind-driven runs and rapid uphill movement which lead to rapid growth. In the afternoon, additional evacuations were ordered for all residents from Parsons Road to the Monterey County Line. Evacuations were also issued for everyone from Highway 198 at the Monterey/Fresno line to Coalinga/Los Gatos Creek Road, everyone from Los Gatos Creek Road east to Parson/Mud Run Road, and Parson/Mud Run Road south to Highway 198. Highway 198 from Firestone Avenue to the Monterey County Line remained closed. Later that evening, the fire further grew to become 14,300 acres (about 5787 ha). Containment was also increased to 15%

By July 16, the fire had grown to be 16,500 acres (6677.31 ha). The first structure was also destroyed, and many more are threatened. Officials also suggested that if the fire continued, air quality in Madera, Tulare, and Merced counties may be affected. Officials say the fire is still burning in hard-to-reach areas, and containment is also impeded by uphill and wind-driven runs. However, containment has reached 20%. By nighttime, the fire had grown up to 18,805 acres (about 7610.11 ha). Containment was increased to 25%

By July 17, the Mineral Fire had grown to 19,500 acres (7,891.38 ha). Containment was also increased to 30%. Evacuation orders were extended for residents who live north of Los Gatos Creek, east of Derrick Road, west of South San Joaquin Rocks Lookout Road and south of Spanish Lake along Joaquin Ridge and Wright Mountain. Evacuation orders still remained in place for other areas. Later that night, the fire grew to 23,000 acres (about 9307.76 ha). Containment stayed at 30%.

By July 18, The Mineral Fire had grown to 23,500 acres (9510.11 ha). Containment also increased to 35%. Later that night, the fire grew to 24,600 acres (about 9955.27 ha). Containment did not increase.

By July 19, CAL FIRE reported that the fire had grown to 25,000 acres (about 10117.14 ha). No progress has been made on containment. Later that night the fire grew to 26,721 acres (10,814 ha). Containment increased to 47%.

By July 20, the fire grew to be 28,221 acres (11420.63 ha). Containment also increased to 49%. Firefighters dealt with hot and dry weather, but fire lines were improved and reinforced. Later that noon, all evacuation and road closures were lifted. By the end of July 20, the fire had grown to 28,500 acres (11,534 ha). Containment was increased to 62%. Firefighters shifted their attention to repairing suppression activities.

By July 21, the fire was still at 28,500 acres (11,534 ha). Containment was at 68%. Later that night, fire grew to 29,667 acres (12006 ha). Containment was also increased to 70%. By this time, firefighters began working on mopping up and removing firefighting equipment.

By July 22, the fire was still at 29,667 acres (12006 ha). Containment increased to 75%. Later that night, containment increased to 80%.

From July 23 to July 25, the fire made no progress. This would be the same until full containment (July 26). Firefighters slowly contained the fire, first from 85 - 90% on July 23, then to 95% on July 24, and from 96% to 97% on July 25.

On July 26, CAL FIRE declared the Mineral Fire 100% contained.

## Effects

The fire caused the evacuation of many residents. This included everyone from Highway 198 at the Monterey/Fresno line to Coalinga/Los Gatos Creek Rd, everyone from Los Gatos Creek Road east to Parson/Mud Run Road, and Parson/Mud Run Road south to Highway 198 and also everyone from Los Gatos Road to Union Carbide Road. The fire has also led to the closure of Coalinga Mineral Springs County Park, and Coalinga Mineral Springs National Recreation Trail. Smoke was seen in the San Francisco Bay Area, as well as San Luis Obispo County, and potentially Madera, Merced, and Tulare counties. Air advisories have been issued for the Bay Area and the San Joaquin Valley They were later extended further into the week. But by July 20, all evacuations and road closures were lifted. NASA also released images of the fire, as seen from space.

## Growth and containment

Fire containment status
Gray: contained; Red: active; %: percent contained;
| Date | Area burned
acres (km2) | Containment |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jul 13 | 1,000 (4) | 0% |
| Jul 14 | 7,900 (32) | 5% |
| Jul 15 | 14,300 (58) | 15% |
| Jul 16 | 18,805 (76) | 25% |
| Jul 17 | 23,000 (93) | 30% |
| Jul 18 | 24,600 (100) | 35% |
| Jul 19 | 26,721 (108) | 47% |
| Jul 20 | 28,500 (115) | 62% |
| Jul 21 | 29,667 (120) | 62% |
| July 22–26 | --- | --- |
| Jul 27 | 29,667 (120) | 100% |

2020 California wildfires

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Agriculture.

## InfoBox

| Mineral Fire | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date(s) | * July 13, 2020 (2020-07-13) * July 26, 2020 (2020-07-26) |
| Location | Coalinga,
Fresno County,
California |
| Coordinates | 36°05′42″N 120°31′19″W / 36.09493°N 120.52193°W / 36.09493; -120.52193 |
| Statistics | |
| Burned area | 29,667 acres (12,006 ha) |
| Impacts | |
| Structures destroyed | 7 structures destroyed |
| Ignition | |
| Cause | Under investigation |
| Map | |
| Location in California | |


title: Wehnelt cylinder

abstract: A Wehnelt cylinder is an electrode in the electron gun assembly of some thermionic devices, used for focusing and control of the electron beam. It is named after Arthur Rudolph Berthold Wehnelt, a German physicist, who invented it during the years 1902 and 1903. Wehnelt cylinders are found in the electron guns of cathode ray tubes and electron microscopes, and in other applications where a thin, well-focused electron beam is required.

text:
# Wehnelt cylinder

A **Wehnelt cylinder** (also known as *Wehnelt cap*, *grid cap* or simply *Wehnelt*) is an electrode in the electron gun assembly of some thermionic devices, used for focusing and control of the electron beam. It is named after Arthur Rudolph Berthold Wehnelt, a German physicist, who invented it during the years 1902 and 1903. Wehnelt cylinders are found in the electron guns of cathode ray tubes and electron microscopes, and in other applications where a thin, well-focused electron beam is required.

## Structure

A Wehnelt cap has the shape of a topless, hollow cylinder. The bottom side of the cylinder has an aperture (through hole) located at its center, with a diameter that typically ranges from 200 to 1200 μm. The bottom face of the cylinder is often made from platinum or tantalum foil.

## Operation

A Wehnelt acts as a control grid and it also serves as a convergent electrostatic lens. An electron emitter is positioned directly above the Wehnelt aperture, and an anode is located below the Wehnelt. The anode is biased to a high positive voltage (typically +1 kV to +30 kV) relative to the emitter so as to accelerate electrons from the emitter towards the anode, thus creating an electron beam that passes through the Wehnelt aperture.

The Wehnelt is biased to a negative voltage (typically −200V to −300V) relative to the emitter, which is usually a tungsten filament or Lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) hot cathode with a V-shaped (or otherwise pointed) tip. This bias voltage creates a repulsive electrostatic field that suppresses emission of electrons from most areas of the cathode.

The emitter tip is positioned near the Wehnelt aperture so that, when appropriate bias voltage is applied to the Wehnelt, a small region of the tip has a net electric field (due to both anode attraction and Wehnelt repulsion) that allows emission from only that area of the tip. The Wehnelt bias voltage determines the tip's emission area, which in turn determines both the beam current and effective size of the beam's electron source.

As the Wehnelt's negative bias voltage increases, the tip's emitting area (and along with it, the beam diameter and beam current) will decrease until it becomes so small that the beam is "pinched" off. In normal operation, the bias is typically set slightly more positive than the pinch bias, and determined by a balance between desired beam quality and beam current.

The Wehnelt bias controls beam focusing as well as the effective size of the electron source, which is essential for creating an electron beam that is to be focussed into a very small spot (for scanning electron microscopy) or a very parallel beam (for diffraction). Although a smaller source can be imaged to a smaller spot, or a more parallel beam, one obvious trade off is a smaller total beam current.


title: Minidia gens

abstract: The gens Minidia was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. Two are known to have been admitted to the Roman Senate. Otherwise, they are known chiefly from the writings of Cicero and Vitruvius, as well as a number of inscriptions.

text:
# Minidia gens

The **gens Minidia** was an obscure plebeian family at Rome. Two are known to have been admitted to the Roman Senate. Otherwise, they are known chiefly from the writings of Cicero and Vitruvius, as well as a number of inscriptions.

## Members

* Minidia, the name of two women named in an inscription from Vicetia in Venetia et Histria.
* Lucius Minidius, a merchant or banker at Elis, married a woman named Oppia. In 46 BC, Cicero had some financial transactions with Minidius' heirs, including his brother, Marcus.
* Marcus Minidius, a Roman merchant at Elis, with whom Cicero was involved in a lawsuit.
* Publius Minidius, a soldier who served alongside Vitruvius in Caesar's army.
* Lucius Minidius, the master of Stolia, a slave named in an inscription from Minturnae in Latium.
* Lucius Minidius Proculi f., named in an inscription from Vicetia.
* Gaius Minidius Primigenius, buried at Risinium in Dalmatia, aged forty years.
* Gaius Minidius, the former master of Gaius Minidius Hieronymus.
* Gaius Minidius Hieronymus, a freedman named in an inscription from Narona in Dalmatia.
* Gaius Minidius, the former master of Minidia Homilia.
* Proculus Minidius, the father of Lucius Minidius, named in an inscription from Vicetia.
* Minidius . . . alis, named in an inscription from Vicetia.
* Minidia Homilia, a freedwoman, wife of Quintus Julius Hilarius, and mother of Minidia Merope, built a family sepulchre at Ostia Antica in Latium.
* Minidia Merope, daughter of Minidia Homilia, buried with her family at Ostia.
* Minidia Quintina, buried at Lissus in Dalmatia, aged thirty.

## Footnotes

1. Forlati Tamaro, *La basilica dei santi Felice e Fortunato*, p. 370, 4.
2. Cicero, *Epistulae ad Familiares*, xiii. 26, 28.
3. Cicero, *Epistulae ad Familiares*, v. 20, xiii. 26.
4. *PIR*, vol. II, p. 381.
5. *CIL* I, 2685, *AE* 1934, 251.
6. *CIL* III, 8398.
7. *CIL* III, 8446.
8. *CIL* XIV, 1356.
9. *AE* 1978, 764

## Bibliography


title: Weiyuan General Cannon

abstract: Weiyuan General Cannon, also known as "Weiyuan General Gun" or "Divine Invincible Great General Cannon", was a large-caliber, short-barreled front-mounted mortar, manufactured in the 29th year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1690). Weiyuan General Cannon was first developed by Nan Huairen, but eventually failed, and was later developed successfully by Dai Zi (戴梓), a firearms maker in the early Qing Dynasty.

text:
# Weiyuan General Cannon

**Weiyuan General Cannon** (simplified Chinese: 威远将军炮; traditional Chinese: 威遠將軍炮), also known as "Weiyuan General Gun" or "Divine Invincible Great General Cannon", was a large-caliber, short-barreled front-mounted mortar, manufactured in the 29th year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1690).

Weiyuan General Cannon was first developed by Nan Huairen, but eventually failed, and was later developed successfully by Dai Zi (戴梓), a firearms maker in the early Qing Dynasty.

## Specifications

Weiyuan General Cannon, made of bronze, had a caliber of 212 mm, a length of 69 cm, and weighed 280 kg.

## History

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Dzungar nobles, supported by Tsarist Russia, launched a large-scale rebellion. In order to quell this rebellion, Emperor Xuanye ordered the manufacture of firearms. Nan Huairen accepted the task of making cannons, he spent a year but failed to build it. Then, Dai Zi built the cannon in eight days (another way of saying eight months). Emperor Xuanye was so happy about this that he led all ministers to try it out themselves, and then named the cannon "Weiyuan General Cannon".

## Usages

Weiyuan General Cannon played an important role in the Pacification of the Dzungar Rebellion (平定准噶尔叛乱) by the Kangxi Emperor, and the Qing army's several battles against the enemy.

## InfoBox

Weiyuan General Cannon
| Chinese | 威远将军炮 |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1690 |
| Founder | Dai Zi |
| National origin | Qing Dynasty |
| Named by | Kangxi Emperor |


abstract: The Minister for Nordic Cooperation and Equality is one of the nineteen portfolios of Finland's incumbent Marin Cabinet. The position is one of three ministerial portfolios comprising the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

text:
# Minister for Nordic Cooperation and Equality (Finland)

The **Minister for Nordic Cooperation and Equality** (Finnish: *Pohjoismaisen yhteistyön ja tasa-arvon ministeri*, Swedish: *Minister för nordiskt samarbete och jämställdhet*) is one of the nineteen portfolios of Finland's incumbent Marin Cabinet. The position is one of three ministerial portfolios comprising the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

## History

To date, there has been one Minister for Nordic Cooperation and Equality, the incumbent Thomas Blomqvist of the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP/RKP). In the five-party coalition government formation which forms the basis for the incumbent Marin government, as well as its predecessor, the Rinne government, the position of the Minister for Nordic Cooperation and Equality has been one of two portfolios held by SFP/RKP. The other position held by the party is that of the Minister of Justice. Before the government negotiations held after the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, the task of Nordic Cooperation has been held as an additional portfolio, assumed by other ministers. For example, in the Sipilä government, the portfolio was held by the Minister of Transport and Communications.