title: 120×570mm NATO

abstract: 120×570mm NATO tank ammunition, also known as 120×570mmR, is a common, NATO-standard, tank gun semi-combustible cartridge used by 120mm smoothbore guns, superseding the earlier 105×617mmR cartridge used in NATO-standard rifled tank guns.

text:
# 120×570mm NATO

**120×570mm NATO tank ammunition** (4.7 inch), also known as **120×570mmR**, is a common, NATO-standard (STANAG 4385), tank gun semi-combustible cartridge used by 120mm smoothbore guns, superseding the earlier 105×617mmR cartridge used in NATO-standard rifled tank guns.

## History

The 120×570 R cartridge was originally intended for the German Rh-120 smoothbore gun but an interoperability agreement signed between West Germany and France in April 1979, followed in September 1981 by a project to install the M256 120 mm smoothbore gun on future M1A1 Abrams tanks made it a NATO standard.

## Characteristics

The 120×570mm are one-piece ammunition with semi-combustible cartridge cases. These incorporate a short, metallic stub case with an elastomeric sealing ring which allows the use of a normal sliding wedge type of breech and at the same time significantly reduces the weight of the rounds. Thus, a round of 120 mm Rheinmetall APFSDS ammunition has a mass of 19.8 kg, which is little more than the 18 kg mass of a typical 105 mm APFSDS round with the traditional metallic cartridge case.

## Ammunition

### Armour-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot (APFSDS)

There are different ways to measure APFSDS penetration value. NATO uses the 50% (This means that 50% of the shell had to go through the plate), while the Soviet/Russian standard is higher (80% had to go through).

| Designation | Origin | Designer & producer | Year | Cartridge length (mm) | Sub-projectile length (mm) | Penetrator dimension (⌀ mm × mm) | L/D ratio (sub-projectile / penetrator only) | Penetrator material & weight (kg) | Sub-projectile weight with sabot / without sabot (kg) | Weight, complete round (kg) | Propellant type & weight | Chamber pressure (MPa) | Muzzle velocity (m/s) | Velocity drop (m/s at m) | Perforation at normal and oblique incidences | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DM13 | Germany | Rheinmetall | 1979 | 888 mm | 457.7 mm | ⌀ 38-26 × 315 mm | 8:1 | Tungsten alloy | 7.22 kg / 4.64 kg | 18.7 kg | 7.3 kg | 510 MPa | 1650 m/s (L/44) | 75 m/s (at 1000 m) | NATO single heavy target at 68° at 2000 m |  |
| OFL 120 G1 | France | GIAT | 1981 | 977 mm | 541.5 mm | ⌀ 26 mm × 375 mm | 14.4:1 | 18 density DENAL DX 130 R tungsten alloy | 6.2 kg / 3.78 kg | 18.75 kg | 7.45 kg of B19T | 416 MPa | 1630 m/s (1981)
1650 m/s (upgraded, 1987)
1780 m/s (all L/52) | 60 m/s (at 1000 m) | 420 mm at 1000 m, defeat the NATO Single heavy target at 8000 m and the Triple heavy target at 7000 m or 8400 m | Use the same penetrator as the OFL 105 F1 105 mm APFSDS in a larger sabot. Upgraded with Israeli-style steel fins instead of aluminium in 1987. |
| DM23 | Germany | Rheinmetall | 1982 | 884 mm | 457.7 mm | ⌀ 32 × 360 mm | 12:1 | Tungsten alloy | 7.2 kg / 4.3 kg or 4.6 kg |  | 7.3 kg |  | 1640 m/s or 1650 m/s (L/44) | 56 m/s (at 1000 m) 111 m/s (at 1000 m) | 420 mm at 2000 m | Produced under licence by Switzerland as Pfeil Pat 87 |
| M829 | USA | Alliant Techsystems | 1984 | 935 mm | 616 mm | ⌀ 27 × 460 mm | 23:1 / 17:1 | Depleted uranium alloy, 3.94 kg | 7.1 kg / 4.27 kg | 18.7 kg | 8.1 kg of JA-2 (double-base) | 509 MPa | 1670 m/s (L/44) | 62 m/s (at 1000 m) 123 m/s (at 2000 m) | 525 mm to 540 mm at 2000 m (LoS 60°) | Actual average diameter is around 24.2 mm, 27 mm is the maximum diameter of the buttress threads. |
| DM33 | Germany | Rheinmetall | 1987 |  |  | ⌀ 28 × 510 mm | 20:1 / 19:1 | Tungsten alloy | 7.3 kg / 4.6 kg | 19 kg | 7.6 kg of 7-hole grain-type | 515 MPa | 1650 m/s (L/44) | 75 m/s (at 1000 m)
120 m/s (at 2000 m) | 480 mm at 2000 m | Produced under licence by Japan as JM33 and by Switzerland as Pfeil Pat 90 |
| M829A1 | USA | Alliant Techsystems | 1988 | 984 mm | 778 mm | ⌀ 21.6 × 680 mm | 35:1 / 31:1 | Depleted Uranium alloy, 4.64 kg | 8.165 kg / 4.88 kg | 20.9 kg | 7.9 kg of JA-2 (double-base) | 560 MPa (5,600 bar) or 569 MPa (5,690 bar) | 1575 m/s (L/44) | 69 m/s (at 1000 m) 135 m/s (at 2000 m) | 650 mm at 2000 m (LoS at 60°) | Nicknamed the "silver bullet" by US tank crews in Operation Desert Storm. |
| KE-T | USA | Alliant Techsystems | 1988 | 983 mm | 658 mm |  |  | Tungsten alloy | 7.16 kg / 4 kg | 18.7 kg | 8.1 kg of JA-2 (double-base) | 510 MPa | 1690 m/s |  |  | Developed by Alliant Techsystems, NWM de Kruithoorn of the Netherlands for the penetrator and Chamberlain Manufacturing Company of the USA who provided the sabots, fins and projectile assembly facility. |
| M321 | Israel | Elbit Systems | 1989 | 936 mm |  |  |  | Tungsten alloy |  | approx. 20 kg | approx. 8 kg of M26 (double-base) |  | 1650 m/s (L/44) |  |  | M321 penetrator was later re-used on the 105 mm M426 APFSDS in 1990. |
| M1080 | Belgium | MECAR | early 1990s | 995 mm |  | 625 mm |  | Tungsten alloy | 7.2 kg / | 25 kg | approx 8 kg |  | 1675 m/s |  | \>540 mm of RHA at 0° | Features an advanced-design tungsten penetrator. In 1995, the firm began development of an enhanced version of the M1080 which became available in 1999. |
| M322 | Israel | Elbit Systems | 1990s | 984 mm |  |  |  | Tungsten alloy | 8 kg / 5.6 kg | 20 kg | 8 kg of NC-NG (double-base) |  | 1705 m/s (L/44) | 130 m/s (at 2000 m) | 658 mm at 70° at 2000 m | Produced under licence by Turkey as MOD 290.
Also known as CL-3143 (Italy) and Slpprj 95 (Sweden) on the export market. |
| DM43A1 | France and  Germany | Giat Industries and Rheinmetall | 1992 or 1996 | 978 mm |  | ⌀ 26 × 600 mm | 27:1 | Tungsten alloy | 7.2 kg / 4 kg | 19.5 kg or 20 kg | 7.6 kg of L1 M (double-base) | 550 MPa or 560 MPa | 1740 m/s (L/44) | 100 m/s (at 2000 m) | 560 mm at 2000 m | French-German development, never adopted by the Bundeswehr and used in the French Army under the OFL 120 F1 designation. |
| OFL 120 F1 | France and  Germany | Giat Industries and Rheinmetall | 1992 or 1994 | 984 mm |  | ⌀ 26 × 600 mm | 27:1 | Tungsten alloy | 7.3 kg / 4 kg | 19.6 kg | 8.3 kg | 580 MPa | 1790 m/s (L/52) | 100 m/s (at 2000 m) | 560 mm at 2000 m | Feature the same penetrator as the DM43 but use a French propellant, later redesignated as 120 OFLE F1A. Late production, upgraded models are known under the 120 OFLE F1B and 120 OFLE F1B+ designations. |
| M829A2 | USA | General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems | 1994 |  | 780 mm | ⌀ 21.6 × 695 mm | 35:1 / 32:1 | Depleted Uranium alloy, 4.74 kg | 7.9 kg / 4.92 kg |  | 8.7 kg of JA-2 (double-base) | 565 MPa or 580 MPa | 1680 m/s (L/44) | 60 m/s (at 1000 m)
120 m/s (at 2000 m) |  | Improvements over M829A1 include a stepped tip and use of a new lightweight composite Sabot, which allowed for increased muzzle velocity. |
| KE-W *Terminator* | USA | Olin Defense System Groups (Primex Technologies)
General Dynamics Ordnanceand Tactical System (later) | 1996 | 980 mm | 778 mm | ⌀ 21.6 × 680 mm | 35:1 / 31:1 | C2 Tungsten alloy 4.32 kg or 4.37 kg | 8.2 kg / 4.6 kg | 20.5 kg | 7.91 kg of JA-2 (double-base) | 496.6 MPa | 1585 m/s (L/44) | 60 m/s (at 1000 m) | in excess of 600 mm | US Export version of M829A1, features a Tungsten alloy penetrator instead of depleted uranium. |
| K276 | South Korea | Poongsan Corporation | 1996 | 973 mm | 703.6 mm | 600 mm | 25:1 | Tungsten alloy | 7.35 kg / | 19.7 kg | K683 (triple-base) | 586 MPa | 1700 m/s (L/44) |  | \>600 mm (LoS at 60° obliquity) at 2000 m or 650 mm at 2000 m | Penetrators are manufactured by cyclic heat-treatment and double-cycle sintering process. This causes a phenomenon similar to the self-sharpening effect of the depleted uranium penetrator. |
| OFL 120 F2 | France | Giat Industries | 1996 | 984 mm |  | ⌀ 27 × 594 mm | 22:1 (penetrator) | Depleted Uranium alloy | 7.78 kg / 4.5 kg | 20.5 kg | 8.1 kg | 560 MPa | 1740 m/s (L/52) |  | 640 mm at 2000 m | Has superior penetration performance compared to the OFL 120 F1. 60 000 rounds were made from 1996 to 2000. |
| 12 cm Pz Kann Pfeil Pat 98 Lsp | Germany/  Switzerland | Rheinmetall DeTec/RUAG Ammotec | 1999 |  | 745 mm |  | 26:1 | WSM 4-1 tungsten alloy |  | 19 kg | 8.9 kg of L1 | 545 MPa | 1640 m/s (L/44) |  |  | First iteration of the DM53 purchased by the Swiss Army. Fitted with a tracer. |
| DM53 | Germany | Rheinmetall | 2001 |  | 745 mm | ⌀ 26 × 685 mm | 26:1 | WSM 4-1 tungsten alloy | 8.35 kg / 5 kg | 21.4 kg | 8.9 kg of L1 (DM53)
8.45 kg of L15190 SCDB (DM53A1) | 545 MPa | 1670 m/s (L/44)
1720 m/s (L/55) | 55 m/s (at 1000 m)
110 m/s (at 2000 m) |  | Development in Germany continued after the Swiss purchase, the German DM53 round includes a minor geometric modification and the replacement of the tracer element with an incendiary cartridge to add behind-armour effect. The DM53A1 version differs from the DM53 by its SCDB propellant firstly introduced with the DM63. |
| KE-W A1 | USA | General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems | 1999 or 2000 |  |  |  |  | Tungsten alloy | / 4 kg |  | 8.4 kg of L1/M2400 (double-base) | 580 MPa | 1740 m/s (L/44) | 100 m/s (at 2000 m) |  | US export variant of the French-German DM43 |
| M338 | Israel | Elbit Systems |  | 984 mm |  |  |  | Tungsten alloy |  | 21 kg | 8 kg of LOVA (double-base) |  | 1680 m/s (L/44) |  |  | 3rd generation Israeli APFSDS-T. |
| M829A3 | USA | Alliant Techsystems (ATK), Armtech Defense, Aerojet GenCorp and Northrop Grumman | 2003 |  | 924 mm | Main Rod ⌀ 25 x 670 mm
Tip Section
⌀25 x 100 mm | 37:1 / 31:1 | Depleted Uranium alloy Main Rod with Tungsten Alloy Tip Section | 10 kg / 7.2 kg |  | 8.1 kg or 8.15 kg of RPD-380 sticks | 566 MPa | 1555 m/s (L/44) |  |  | Features an improved penetrator using a special tip assembly to overcome newer types of heavy ERA. |
| KEW-A2 | USA | General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems | 2003 |  | 780 mm | ⌀ 21.6 × 695 mm | 35:1 / 32:1 | Tungsten-nickel-iron alloy | 7.6 kg |  | 8.6 kg of JA-2 (double-base) | 580 MPa | 1700 m/s (L/44) |  | 660 mm at 2000 m | Export version of the M829A2 round, it features a tungsten penetrator |
| DM63 | Germany | Rheinmetall | 2005 |  | 745 mm |  | 26:1 | WSM 4-1 tungsten alloy | 8.35 kg / 5 kg | 21 kg | 8.45 kg of L15190 SCDB | 545 MPa | 1650 m/s (L/44)
1720 m/s (L/55) | 55 m/s (at 1000 m)
110 m/s (at 2000 m) |  | Based on the DM53, it features a Temperature Independent Propulsion System (TIPS) utilizing the SCDB technology. Those modifications improve the accuracy through a wide operational temperatures ensuring safe operation extreme climate zones, and minimizing the erosion of the barrel. The DM63A1 is a 2014 version of the DM63 designed to be compatible with all 120 mm smoothbore guns without modifications. |
| K279 | South Korea | Poongsan Corporation | 2008 | 998 mm | 761.6 mm |  | 27:1 | Tungsten alloy | 8.27 kg / 5 kg | 21.3 kg | 8.6 kg of L15190 (SCDB) |  | 1760 m/s (L/55) | 120 m/s (at 2000 m) | \>700 mm (LoS at 60° obliquity) at 2000 m | The penetrator is manufactured of a composite material consisting of tungsten, nickel, iron, and molybdenum. |
| Type 10 | Japan | DAIKIN, CHUGOKU-KAYAKU | 2010 |  |  | ⌀ 24 mm × 630 mm | 26:1 | Tungsten alloy | 7.8 kg / 4.2 kg |  |  |  | 1780 m/s (L/44) |  |  | A Japanese APFSDS round only dedicated to Type 10 MBT. Although this is a NATO-standard round, it can only be used with the Type 10 Cannon due to the increased load and resulting increased pressure when fired. |
| 120 OFLE F2 | France | Nexter | 2013 |  |  |  |  | Depleted uranium alloy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Qualified in 2009, 3000 rounds ordered in 2010, 500 were to be delivered in 2013. |
| KET | USA | Orbital ATK | before 2015 |  |  |  |  | Tungsten alloy | 9.67 kg |  | 8.1 kg of RPD-380 or SCDB |  | 1562 m/s |  |  | Not to be confused with the older KE-T from Alliant Techsystems, the KET features a lightweight composite sabot, consistent performance across full temperature range and improved defeat capability against heavy explosive reactive armor. |
| Pz-531 | Poland | WITU | 2015 |  |  |  |  | Tungsten alloy | 6.6 kg / |  | 8.2 kg | 490 MPa | 1650 m/s (L/44) |  | ≥500 mm at 2000 m | Features a segmented penetrator made of two rods. |
| K279 Improved | South Korea | Poongsan Corporation | 2016 | 998 mm | 761.6 mm |  | 27:1 | Tungsten alloy | 8.27 kg / 5 kg | 21.3 kg | 8.6 kg of 19-hole cylinder-type DNDA-57 (SCDB) | 690 MPa | 1800 m/s (L/55) | 122 m/s (at 2000 m) |  | Produced with a new SCDB propellant based on Solventless powder coated with polyester developed by Poongsan Corporation. |
| M829A4 | USA | General Dynamics Ordnance & Tactical Systems and Alliant Techsystems | 2016 |  |  |  |  | depleted uranium alloy |  |  | SCDB granules, 19-perforated stick of DEGN |  | 1650 m/s (L/44) |  |  | The M829A4 subprojectile has comparable characteristics to its predecessor, the M829A3, in length, weight, and center of gravity. The visible difference between the two cartridges is the Ammunition Data Link (ADL) interface rings on the base of the M829A4. |
| AKE-T | USA |  | 2021 |  |  | Main rod ⌀ 25 x 670 mm
Tip section
⌀25 x \>100 mm |  | Tungsten alloy Main rod with a Steel Tip Section |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consist of the in-service M829A4 and the new Advanced Kinetic Energy - Tungsten round replacing the A4's depleted uranium penetrator |
| KE-W A4 | USA/ Germany | General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems and Rheinmetall | c. 2022 |  |  |  |  | Tungsten alloy |  |  | temperature insensitive propellant |  |  |  |  | Visually identical to the German DM63 120 mm APFSDS. |
| SHARD Mk. 1 | France | Nexter Munitions | qualified in late 2023 | 984 mm |  |  |  | Plansee D10 tungsten alloy and another tungsten alloy |  | 22 kg | EURENCO low-erosion double base propellant | 520 MPa | 1720 m/s (L/52)
1734 m/s (L/55) |  |  | SHARD stands for Solution for Hardenered ARmour Defeat. It is said to have 15% performance increase over current APFSDS ammunition. Barrel wear is reduced by 25%. |
| SHARD Mk. 2 | France | Nexter Munitions |  |  |  |  |  | Plansee D10 tungsten alloy and another tungsten alloy |  |  |  | \>520 MPa | \>1720 m/s (L/52) |  |  | The SHARD Mk. 2 will use a more energetic propellant than the double-base propellant featured on the Mk. 1. |
| DM73 | Germany | Rheinmetall | late 2023 |  | 745 mm | ⌀ 26 × 685 mm | 26:1 | WSM 4-1 tungsten alloy | 8.35 kg / 5 kg | 21 kg | SCDB |  | 1780 m/s (L/55) |  |  | The DM73 reuse the same penetrator of the DM63 but achieves an 8% uplift in performance regarding the combat range through the use of a more powerful propellant. The DM73 requires the high-pressure L55A1 gun and cannot be used in either L44 and L55 gun systems. |
| KE2020Neo | Germany | Rheinmetall | serial production foreseen for 2025 |  |  |  |  | tungsten alloy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | The KE2020Neo forecasted increase in performances should reach 20% compared to current APFSDS ammunition thanks to the use of a lighter sabot and a more energetic propellant, the latter is allowed by the raised chamber pressures of the improved Rh-120 L55A1 gun. |

### High Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT)

| Designation | Origin | Designer & producer | Year | Cartridge length (mm) | Weight, complete round (kg) | Projectile weight (kg) | Explosive filling (kg) | Fuzing | Propellant type & weight | Muzzle velocity (m/s) | Perforation at normal and oblique incidences | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DM12 MZ | Germany |  | 1979 |  | 23.2 kg | 13.5 kg | 1.62 kg |  |  | 1140 m/s |  | not in produce |
| DM12A1 MZ | Germany | Rheinmetall DeTec |  |  | 23.2 kg | 14.1 kg | 1.627.2 kg |  | 5.57.2 kg | 1140 m/s | 480 mm or 220 mm at 60° at all ranges | DM12 fitted with a fragmentation sleeve. Produced under licence by the US as M830 with exception of the fuze and the explosive.
Produced under licence by Japan as JM12A1. |
| OCC 120 G1 | France | Nexter Munitions | 1981 |  | 28.5 kg | 14.2 kg |  |  | 5.7 kg of B19T | 1050 or 1080 m/s | Defeat the Triple heavy NATO target | significant anti-personnel effects |
| OECC 120 F1 | France | Nexter Munitions | early 1990s | 983 mm | 24.3 kg | 14.4 kg | Comp-B |  | Single-base | 1100 m/s | 450 mm Defeat the Single heavy and Triple heavy NATO targets | improved anti-personnel effects over the OCC 120 G1 |
| M830 HEAT-MP-T | USA | General Dynamics | 1985 | 981 mm | 24.2 kg | 13.5 kg | 1.662 kg of Comp-B | M764 | 5.4 or 5.5 kg of DIGL-RP (Double-base) | 1140 m/s |  | not in produce.
technology transfer from the German DM12A1 except for the M764 fuze, double safety, and propellant containment bag. |
| M830A1 HEAT-MP-T (a.k.a. MPAT) | USA | Alliant Techsystems (ATK) | 1994 | 981 mm | 24.68 kg | 11.4 kg | Comp-B | M774 | 7.1 kg of 19 Perf JA-2 (Double-base) | 1410 m/s | 20% performance increase against bunkers and a 30% performance increase against light armored vehicles. | 80 mm sub-caliber warhead fitted with a multifunction fuzing system with airburst capability |
| M325 HEAT-MP-T | Israel | Elbit Systems | late 1980s | 984 mm | 25 kg | 15 kg | 1.8 kg of Comp-B | PIBD (electric) | 5.6 kg of M26 (Double-base) or M30 (Triple-base) | 1078 m/s (L/44) |  | 1st generation Israeli HEAT-MP-T and qualified in Leopard 2, Ariete, K1A1/A2, M60A3 and other MBTs.
Also known as CL-3105 on the export market. |
| K277 HEAT-MP-T | South Korea | Poongsan Corporation | 1996 | 989 mm | 24.5 kg | 14.31 kg | Comp-B | M509A2 | K682 (Triple-base) | 1130 m/s (L/44) | 600 mm | 1st generation South Korean HEAT-MP-T developed for K1A1 |
| K280 HEAT-MP-T | South Korea | Poongsan Corporation | 2008 | 998 mm | 23 kg | 11.38 kg | 2.1 kg of Comp-B | K595 | K684 (Double-base) | 1400 m/s (L/55) |  | It is a 2nd generation South Korean HEAT-MP-T developed for K2 Black Panther and has a built-in radio proximity fuze that explodes within 7 meters to counter low-flying aircraft such as helicopters. |
| MOD 310 HEAT-MP-T | Turkey | MKE | 2018 | 984 mm | 25 kg |  | 1.76 kg of Comp-B |  | CEP-2 (Double-base) | 925 m/s | 400 mm at 34° at 200 m | Modified based on Israeli M325 HEAT-MP-T but fitted with a new multi-function fuze and filled with CEP-2 propellant for the low vulnerability ammunition developed by IMI Systems. |

### High Explosive (HE)

| Designation | Origin | Designer & producer | Year | Cartridge length (mm) | Weight, complete round (kg) | Projectile weight (kg) | Propellant type & weight | Muzzle velocity | Explosive filling (kg) | Fuzing | Effects | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Slsgr 95 | Sweden |  | 1995 | 977 mm | 25 kg | 17.5 kg | 3.4 kg M-30 | 736 m/s | 2.7 kg Composition B | ÖFHKSAR M/95 |  | Rebuilt 120 mm mortar round |
| M908 HE-OR-T | USA | General Dynamics-OTS | 2003 | 983 mm | 22.7 kg | 11.4 kg | 7.1 kg 19 Perf Hex JA-2 (Double-base) | 1400 m/s | 3.2 kg Composition A3 Type II | Base detonating, delay fuze | did as well as, if not better than, the 15.8 kg 165 mm HEP warhead at reducing obstacles | Converted M830A1 HEAT-MP-T with a steel nosecone and a delay fuze, used to destroy concrete obstacles. |
| IM HE-T | Norway | Nammo |  |  | 26.7 kg | 15.9 kg |  | 1030 m/s | 3.2 kg IM (Insensitive Munition) explosive | Dual-mode: Superquick and delay |  | Produced under license by GD-OTS Canada |
| OE 120 F1 | France | Nexter | 2005 |  | 25.5 kg | 15.5 kg |  | 1050 m/s |  | PD fuze |  |  |
| DM11 HE temp | Germany | Rheinmetall | 2009 |  | 29 kg | 19 kg | 5.5 kg | 950 m/s (L/44) or 1100 m/s (L/55) | 2.17 kg HE with 600 tungsten balls | 3 modes: PD, PDwD and AB | 80 m cone-shaped fragmentation pattern | In service with the US Marine Corps under the Mk. 324 designation |
| 120 EXPL F1 | France | Nexter | 2011 |  | 27 kg | 16.8 kg |  | 1000 m/s | 3 kg HE-frag | programmable |  |  |
| M339 HE-MP-T | Israel | Elbit Systems |  | 984 mm | 27 kg | 17 kg | 4.5 kg of NC-NG (Double-base) | 900 m/s (L/44) | 2.3 kg of CLX663 | 3 modes: PDD, PD and AB | capable of penetrating 200 mm double reinforced concrete walls |
| RH31 HE SQ | Germany | Rheinmetall | 2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  | impact function with or without delay |  | low-cost variant of the DM11, the cartridge can be fired with no need for modifying existing systems. |
| Pz-511 | Poland |  | 2015 |  | 28.65 kg | 19 kg | 5.7 kg | 950 m/s | 2.3 kg of TNT |  |  |  |
| 120 mm HE M3M | France | Nexter | 2016 | 945 mm | 28 kg | 18 kg |  | 1050 m/s | LOVA (Double-base) | 3 modes: SQ, AB and delay |  |  |
| MOD 300 HE-T | Turkey | MKE | 2018 | 984 mm | 27.5 kg |  | CEP-2 (Double-base) | 870 m/s (L/44) | 4.24 kg of TNT | MOD 305 |  | Modified based on Israeli M339 HE-MP-T |
| M1147 AMP | USA | Northrop Grumman | still in development |  |  |  |  |  | approx. 2.3 kg of PAX-3 with embedded tungsten fragments |  |  |  |

### Close Combat

| Designation | Type | Origin | Designer & producer | Year | Cartridge length (mm) | Weight, complete round (kg) | Projectile weight (kg) | Propellant type & weight | Muzzle velocity | Filling | Fuzing | Effects | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M1028 | canister | USA | General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems |  |  | 22.9 kg | 15.9 kg |  | 1410 m/s | 1100 tungsten balls | no | 500 m effective range | Produced under license by Nexter as OEFC 120 F1 and Nammo as 120 mm IM Canister. |
| M337 STUN | less-than-lethal ammunition | Israel | Elbit Systems |  | 814 mm | 13.5 kg | 3.5 kg | 6 kg of M30 (Triple-base) |  | plastic flakes | no | creates a flash, bang and blast effect and also disperses plastic flakes in the vicinity of the tank |  |

### Guided munition

| Designation | Type | Guidance | Origin | Designer & producer | Year | Weight, complete round (kg) | Weight (kg) | Warhead | Muzzle velocity | Cruise speed | Maximum range | Effects | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LAHAT | GLATGM | semi-active laser-guided | Israel | IAI | 1992-1999 | 16 kg | 13 kg | tandem HEAT | 300 m/s | 280 m/s | 6000 m (8000 m in indirect fire) |  | not in service |
| XM943 STAFF | beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition | inertial + millimeter wave radar | USA | Alliant Techsystems | 1990-1998 |  |  | downward-firing EFP |  |  |  |  | program was terminated in FY 98 with final close-out in FY00 |
| POLYNEGE | beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition | Fire-and-forget | France | Nexter Systems | early 2000s | 28 kg | 20 kg | hollow charge / downward-firing EFP |  | 600 to 700 m/s | up to 8000 m |  | not in service |
| KSTAM-I | beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition | Terminal guidance | South Korea | Poongsan Corporation | 2004 |  |  | tandem HEAT | 750 m/s |  | from 2500 m to 5000 m |  | not in service |
| KSTAM-II | beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition | Fire-and-forget | South Korea | Poongsan Corporation | 2005 | 21.5 kg | 9.03 kg | downward-firing EFP |  |  | from 2000 m to 8000 m |  | Developed for the K2 Black Panther's CN08 120 mm gun |
| Falarick | GLATGM | semi-automatic by laser beam | Belgium and  Ukraine | CMI Defence and Luch | 2013 | 28 kg |  | tandem HEAT |  | 300 m/s | beyond 5000 m | 700 mm RHA behind ERA | spin-off version of the *Konus* GLATGM, proposed on the export market |
| TANOK | beyond line of sight, smart munition | semi-active laser seeker | Turkey | Roketsan | 2019 (design) |  | 11 kg | tandem HEAT |  |  | from 1000 m to 6000 m |  | It features two attack modes : direct and top attack. Use a "soft launch" engine. |

### Target Practice Tracer (TP-T)

| Designation | Type | Origin | Designer & producer | Year | Weight, complete round (kg) | Length, complete round (mm) | Propellant type & weight | Muzzle velocity | Filler type & weight | Fuzing | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M865 | TPCSDS-T | USA | General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems | 2002 | 17.2 kg | 881 mm | M14 | 1700 m/s | Projectiles with aluminum sabot |  |  |
| K282 | TP-T (HEAT) | South Korea | Poongsan Corporation | 2004 | 24.5 kg | 989 mm | K682 (Triple-base) | 1130 m/s (L/44) |  | K611 (Electric) | Practice HEAT round developed to replace K277 HEAT-MP-T. |
| K287 | ARTP-T (HEAT) | South Korea | Poongsan Corporation | 2013 | 22.9 kg | 980 mm | KM30 (Double-base) | 1130 m/s (L/44) | Fe powder sintered | K604 (Electric) | Anti-ricochet practice round developed to minimize accidental damage caused by the ricochet.
The round is in service in Poland. |
| DM38 | TPCSDS-T | Germany | Rheinmetall |  |  |  |  | 1690 m/s |  |  | not in produce |
| DM48 | TPCSDS-T | Germany | Rheinmetall |  | 17.5 kg |  |  |  |  |  | not in produce |
| DM88 | TPCSDS-T | Germany | Rheinmetall |  | 21 kg |  |  | 1720 m/s (L/44)
1790 m/s (L/55) |  |  |  |
| DM98 | TP-T (HE) | Germany | Rheinmetall |  | 21 kg |  |  | 1140 m/s (L/44)
1185 m/s (L/55) |  |  |  |
| M324 | TPCSDS-T | Israel | Elbit Systems |  | 18.3 kg | 925 mm | 7.8 kg of NC-NG (Double-base) | 1730 m/s (L/44) | Steel | M45112 (Electric) | Produced under licence by Turkey as MOD 291 |
| M326 | TP-T (HEAT) | Israel | Elbit Systems |  | 25 kg | 984 mm | 5.6 kg of M26 (double-base) or M30 (triple-base) | 1078 m/s (L/44) | Inert |  | Practice HEAT round developed to replace M325 HEAT-MP-T. |
| M340 | TP-T (HE-MP) | Israel | Elbit Systems |  | 27 kg | 984 mm | 4.5 kg of NC-NG (Double-base) | 900 m/s (L/44) | Inert |  | Practice HE round developed to replace M339 HE-MP-T. |
| 120 mm IM TP-T | TP-T | Norway | Nammo |  | 26.7 kg |  |  | 1030 m/s |  |  | Qualified in Leopard 2 and M1. The round is in service in several countries. |
| 120 mm KE-TP | KE-TP | Norway | Nammo |  | 18.3 kg |  |  | 1700 m/s |  |  | Qualified in Leopard 2 and M1. The round is in service in several countries. |
| PZ-521 | HE-TP | Poland | Mesko |  | 19 kg | 980 mm | L-2 | 950 m/s | 488 g of gunpowder | C-88 | Qualified in Leopard 2. The round is in service in Poland. Self-detonation after 4–5 km. |
| PZ-541 | APFSDS-T-TP | Poland | Mesko |  | 4.8 kg | 980 mm |  | 1715 m/s |  |  | Qualified in Leopard 2. The round is in service in Poland. 1.9 kg penetrator with a diameter of ⌀68mm |
| MOD 292 | TP-T (HEAT) | Turkey | MKE |  | 22 kg (L/44)
22.2 kg (L/55) | 933.5 mm | NC-NG (Double-base) |  |  |  | High pressure practice round developed based on Israeli M322 (MOD 290) APFSDS-T. |
| MOD 301 | TP-T (HE) | Turkey | MKE |  | 27.5 kg | 984 mm | CEP-2 (Double-base) | 870 m/s | 4.2 kg of sorel cement | MOD 305 | Practice HE round modified based on MOD 300 HE-T. |

## Weapon platforms

1. Hunnicutt, R.P. (February 1991). *Abrams: A History of the American Main Battle Tank*. Presidio Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0891413882.
2. "NATO - STANAG 4385 120mm x 570 Ammunition for Smooth Bore Tank Guns". *standards.globalspec.com*. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
3. Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. (1 April 1991). *Technology of Tanks* (Jane's Information Group ed.). London. p. 76. ISBN 978-0710605955.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
4. Kotsch, Stefan. "Munition der deutschen 120 mm Panzerkanone Rheinmetall". Main Battle Tanks in Details. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
5. *International Defense Review*. Vol. 21. 1988. p. 1216.
6. Foss, Christopher (June 1993). *Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94*. Jane's Information Group. p. 90. ISBN 978-0710610799.
7. Hilmes, Rolf (1988). *Kampfpanzer - Die Entwicklungen der Nachkriegszeit*. Frankfurt am Main Bonn: Report Verlag GmbH. p. 38.
8. "Satory XI - collaborative programs show through". *International Defense Review*. **20** (9): 1244. 1987.
9. Foss, Christopher; Cullen, Tony (September 1988). *Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Systems 1988-89*. Jane's Information Group. p. 88. ISBN 978-0710608642.
10. Kotsch, Stefan. "Schusstafel der 120 mm Kanone". *kotsch88.de*. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
11. Foss, Christopher; Cullen, Tony (September 1988). *Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Systems 1988-89*. Jane's Information Group. p. 137. ISBN 978-0710608642.
12. "M829 Data". *bulletpicker.com*. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018.
13. Fahey, Dan. "Science or Science Fiction? Facts, Myths and Propaganda In the Debate Over Depleted Uranium Weapons" (PDF). *wise-uranium.org*. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
14. Department of the Army, Technical Bulletin (1986). *TB 9-2350-320-14 Operator/Maintenance Information on Cartridge 120mm M829, M830, M831, and M865*. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
15. "120 mm M829 APFSDS-T cartridge (United States), Tank and anti-tank guns". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
16. Infantry, Magazine. "Infantry Magazine Mar-Apr 1990, Page 39" (PDF). *benning.army.mil*. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2017.
17. "120 mm M829 APFSDS-T cartridge (United States), Tank and anti-tank guns". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
18. "AUSA '86 anti-armour, air-defense and small-arms development dominate a good show". *International Defense Review*. **19** (12): 1809. 1986.
19. Foss, Christopher (June 1993). *Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94*. Jane's Information Group. p. 97. ISBN 978-0710610799.
20. Gander, Terry; Hogg, Ian (1 December 1993). *Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1994-95*. Jane's Information Group. p. 153. ISBN 978-0710611673.
21. Foss, Christopher (June 1993). *Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94*. Jane's Information Group. p. 159. ISBN 978-0710610799.
22. "Critical Technology Events in the Development of Selected Army Weapons Systems, page 10" (PDF). *apps.dtic.mil*. September 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2021.
23. "120mm Tank Gun KE Ammunition". Defense Update. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
24. Foss, Christopher (June 1993). *Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94*. Jane's Information Group. p. 160. ISBN 978-0710610799.
25. "120 mm M321 APFSDS-T Tank Cartridge characteristics" (PDF). *IMI Systems*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
26. "AmmunitionskatalogData och bild" (PDF). *IMI Systems*. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
27. Foss, Christopher (June 1993). *Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94*. Jane's Information Group. p. 73. ISBN 978-0710610799.
28. Foss, Christopher (June 1993). *Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94*. Jane's Information Group. p. 72. ISBN 978-0710610799.
29. "Tank Gun Ammunition (Europe)". *docplayer.net*. Forecast International. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
30. "Elbit Systems Land Tank Ammunition Portfolio" (PDF). Elbit Systems. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
31. "AmmunitionskatalogData och bild" (PDF). *hemvarnet.se*. FMV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
32. "120 mm MKE MOD 290 APFSDS-T". MKE. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
33. Alexandersson, Anders. "Today's explosive reactive armour –is it possible to defeat it with the Swedish tank ammunition?" (PDF). *diva-portal.se*. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
34. "120 mm KE-Patrone DM 43 A1". *deutsche-bundeswehr.de*. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
35. Gander, Terry J. (2002). *Jane's Ammunition Handbook 2001-2002*. Jane's Information Group. p. 2119. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
36. "AMMUNITION" (PDF). Nexter. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
37. Gander, Terry; Hogg, Ian (1 December 1993). *Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1994-95*. Jane's Information Group. p. 159. ISBN 978-0710611673.
38. "M829A2 APFSDS-T 120MM KE TACTICAL CARTRIDGE" (PDF). *alternatewars.com*. General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
39. Foss, Christopher (June 1993). *Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94*. Jane's Information Group. p. 148. ISBN 978-0710610799.
40. "KE-W APFSDS-T 120MM TUNGSTEN TACTICAL CARTRIDGE" (PDF). *alternatewars.com*. General Dynamics Ordnanceand Tactical System. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
41. Gander, Terry; Hogg, Ian (1 December 1993). *Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1994-95*. Jane's Information Group. p. 155. ISBN 978-0710611673.
42. "한국형 120mm K-1 성능개량전차 첫 선". The Chosun Ilbo. 3 April 1996. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
43. Poongsan Corporation. "Ammunition and Explosives" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
44. Security Management Institute (25 May 2018). "화기별·탄종별 사격장 안전기준 정립 연구". Republic of Korea Army Headquarters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021. p. 118
45. "Korea Defense Products Guide". Korea Defense Industry Trade Support Center. 13 December 2019. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022. p. 46
46. "K2PL and K2M". Steel Beasts. 2 March 2021. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
47. "K276 날탄의 관통력: 600mm(X), 650mm(O)". Bemil. 7 November 2017. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
48. Heung Sub Song; Eun Pyo Kim; Kyung Jin Park; Joo Ha You (1 October 2004). "Manufacturing of Tungsten Heavy Alloy Composites for Kinetic Energy Penetrator" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
49. Myunghyun Kim; Jooyoung Noh; Youngwoo Lee; Daehee An (29 February 2020). "Study on the Improving Penetration Performance of Tungsten Heavy Alloy Penetrator by Heat Treatment" (PDF). Defense Agency for Technology and Quality. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
50. Obsarm (October 2000). "La production des armes à l'uranium appauvri" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
51. *Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1999-2000*. Janes Information Group. December 1999. p. 660. ISBN 978-0710618993.
52. Ferrard, Stéphane (1992). *Le Système Leclerc* (in French). Editions Bosquet.
53. Barrillot, Bruno (October 2000). *Les munitions antichar à l'uranium appauvri de Giat Industries* (PDF) (in French). Lyon: Observatoire des armes nucléaires françaises. p. 16. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
54. "APFSDS compared". *Warthunder*. Archived from the original on 30 May 2021.
55. "120mm APFSDS 'Shard'". *Tank*. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
56. "120mm M829A3 APFSDS-T Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot w/Tracer" (PDF). *fbcinc.com*. Northrop Grumman. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
57. Alliant Techsystems Inc. "Patent US8985026B2". *patents.google.com*. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020.
58. General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems (2003). "Patent US6662726B1". *patents.google.com*. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020.
59. "Orbital ATK M829A3 Pamphlet" (PDF). *www.alternatewars.com*. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2019.
60. Kotsch, Stefan. "Munition der deutschen 120 mm Panzerkanone Rheinmetall". *kotsch88.de*. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
61. "RHEINMETALL – 120 MM SMOOTHBORE SYSTEM HOUSE" (PDF). Rheinmetall. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
62. Kwon, Soon-Kil; Hwang, Jun-Sik; Choi, Sang-Kyung; Kim, Jin-Seok (30 December 2005). "Effect of CCC Composition on Burning Characteristic for 120mm Kinetic Energy Ammunition" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021. p. 3
63. Poongsan Corporation (2020). "풍산탄약". MADEX. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021. p. 44
64. "【無料】 １０式戦車とその必要性 - 清谷信一｜論座 - 朝日新聞社の言論サイト". *論座（RONZA）* (in Japanese). Retrieved 6 March 2023.
65. *Le cahier de la cavalerie blindée*. UNABCC. 2011. p. 37.
66. "Kinetic Energy Tungsten (KET)". Army Guide. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
67. Tomasz BŁASZCZAK (2022). "analiza numeryczna wpływu konstrukcji sabotu pocisku" (PDF). Yadda. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
68. Kiński, A. (June 2016). "Mesko S.A. do polskich Leopardów 2". *Wojsko I Technika* (6): 48.
69. Hui-Young Jung; Kwan-Jin Park; Nam-Hyuk Kim (9 December 2016). "Pressure Analysis and Conceptual Design for Indoor Ballistic Test Range by Numerical Methods" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
70. Hyunhye Joo; Hyung-Uk Joo; Tae Soo Kwon; June Chang Jeong; Sun-Kil Kwon (17 May 2012). "Study on the Temperature Independent Property of the Surface Coated Double Base Propellant" (PDF). The Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
71. Jungeun Jang; Hyeong Uk Joo; Minseok Oh; Hyunhye Joo; Tae Soo Kwon (December 2014). "Study on the Temperature Independent Property of the Surface Coated Propellant for 105mm Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot I". The Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
72. Jungeun Jang; Minseok Oh; Hyeong Uk Joo; Tae Soo Kwon (May 2015). "Study on the Temperature Independent Property of the Surface Coated Propellant for 105mm Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot II". The Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
73. "LARGE CALIBER AMMUNITION 120mm" (PDF). *jpeoaa.army.mil*. PM MAS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
74. "F Y 1 5 A R M Y P R O G R A M S" (PDF). *www.dote.osd.mil*. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
75. "kinetic energy ammunition". *defencetechnologyreview.partica.online*. Defence Technology Review. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
76. "Nexter 120 mm SHARD: towards tailored APFSDS solutions". European Defence Review. 20 May 2021. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
77. "120MM APFSDS 'SHARD'". Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
78. "Nexter a qualifié SHARD, le nouvel obus-flèche de 120mm pour chars de combat". *knds.fr*. Nexter. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
79. "Nexter Announces 120 SHARD APFSDS Ammunition". *joint-forces.com*. 9 March 2021. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
80. Valpolini, Paolo (22 March 2021). "More on Rheinmetall tank guns and ammunition evolution". *www.edrmagazine.eu*. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
81. Richardson, Henry (5 October 2021). "Tank Gun and Ammo Developments: 120mm and Above". *euro-sd.com*. European Security & Defence. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
82. Valpolini, Paolo (22 March 2021). "More on Rheinmetall tank guns and ammunition evolution". *www.edrmagazine.eu*. European Defence Review. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
83. Valpolini, Paolo (22 March 2021). "More on Rheinmetall tank guns and ammunition evolution". *edrmagazine.eu*. European Defence Review. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
84. Kotsch, Stefan. "Munition der deutschen 120 mm Panzerkanone Rheinmetall". *kotsch88.de*. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
85. Chassillan, Marc (April 2005). *Char Leclerc de la guerre froide aux conflits de demain*. E-T-A-I. p. 191. ISBN 978-2726894385.
86. "120mm M830 High Explosive Anti-Tank-Multi Purpose - Tracer (HEAT-MP-T)". *fas.org*. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
87. "120mm M830A1 HEAT-MP-T" (PDF). *fbcinc.com*. Northrop Grumman. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
88. Lee Jae-hyung (4 August 2010). "K-2 흑표 전차용 신형 대전차포탄". cctoday. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
89. "120 mm MKE MOD 310 HEAT-MP-T". MKE. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
90. G. Strul; E. Shachar; Y. Cohen; D. Grinstein (7 October 2013). "CLP – IMI's Nitramine Propellant Family for LOVA" (PDF). IMI Systems. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
91. "120 mm Round M 908 HE-OR-T with High Explosive Obstacle Reduction". *arconpartners.net*. Arcon Partners Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
92. "US Cartridge, 120mm HE-OR-T, M908". *bulletpicker.com*. Bulletpicker. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
93. "M908 HE-OR-T \[High Explosive Obstacle Reduction Tank\]". *www.globalsecurity.org*. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
94. "120 mm IM HE-T". *nammo.com*. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
95. "High Explosive IM HE-T & Trainer IM HE-TP". *gd-otscanada.com*. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
96. "Correct shell for the right purpose". *kaskus.co.id*. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
97. "Rheinmetall 120mm DM 11 and RH31 tank ammunition: enhanced firepower for modern combat operations" (PDF). *Rheinmetall Defence*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
98. "Eurosatory 2012 - New 120mm tank ammunition from Rheinmetall: enhanced firepower for modern combat operations". *rpdefense.over-blog.com*. worldwide-defence. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
99. Kuśnierz, Tadeusz. "Amunicja Z Pociskami Odłamkowo-Burzącymi Do Czołów Leopard 2A4 Eksploatowanych W Wojsku Polskim" (PDF). *witu.mil.pl*. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
100. "120mm HE M3M 120mm Ammunition for NATO Guns". *armscom.net*. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
101. "120 mm MKE MOD 300 HE-T". MKE. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
102. "Isostatic Pressing of PAX-3 High Explosive" (PDF). *imemg.org*. U.S. ARMY COMBAT CAPABILITIES DEVELOPMENT COMMAND – ARMAMENTS CENTER. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
103. Valpolini, Paolo (9 May 2019). "IDEF 19: Roketsan unveils the future Altay 120 mm laser guided ammunition". *edrmagazine.eu*. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
104. "120 mm MKE MOD 291 TPCSDS-T". MKE. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
105. Kuśnierz, Tadeusz. "Amunicja z pociskami odłamkowo-burzącymi do czołgów Leopard 2A eksploatowanych w Wojsku Polskim" (PDF). Wojskowy Instytut Techniczny Uzbrojenia. p. 54. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
106. Pankowski, Zygmunt. "Balistyka pocisków ćwiczebnych ze stabilizatorem stożkowym do armat czołgowych" (PDF). Wojskowy Instytut Techniczny Uzbrojenia. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
107. "120 mm MKE MOD 292 High Pressure". MKE. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
108. "120 mm MKE MOD 301 TP-T". MKE. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.

## InfoBox

| 120×570mm NATO tank ammunition | |
| --- | --- |
| 120×570mm ammunition manufactured by IMI. | |
| Type | Tank gun ammunition |
| Place of origin | Federal Republic of Germany |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1979–present |
| Used by | Western Bloc and others |
| Production history | |
| Designed | early 1970s |
| Specifications | |
| Case type | Rimmed, bottleneck |
| Bullet diameter | 120 mm (4.7 in) |
| Base diameter | 160 mm (6.3 in) |
| Rim diameter | 169 mm (6.7 in) |
| Case length | 570 mm (22 in) |
| Overall length | 984 mm (38.7 in) |
| Rifling twist | none |
| Primer type | electric |


title: Murder of Gon Ying Louis

abstract: The murder of Gon Ying Louis occurred on September 30, 1909, when her stepson, Willie, shot her as she slept in the family home at Palm and Corro streets, San Luis Obispo, California, next to a general store which is now a historic monument. His father was Ah Louis, a wealthy banker, labor contractor, farmer, and shopkeeper.

text:
# Murder of Gon Ying Louis

The **murder of Gon Ying Louis** occurred on September 30, 1909, when her stepson, Willie, shot her as she slept in the family home at Palm and Corro (or Chorro) streets, San Luis Obispo, California, next to a general store which is now a historic monument. His father was Ah Louis, a wealthy banker, labor contractor, farmer, and shopkeeper.

## Discovery of the body

The body of the dead woman, shot midway between the left cheek bone and temple, was discovered by two of her children, aged 15 months and two years, who were sleeping with her. The report of the weapon at about 6:30 a.m. awakened Laine May Louis, 12, sleeping in another room with a younger brother. She heard footsteps coming from that room, down the hallway and stairs and then heard keys jingling. She heard the youngest pair crying, then went into the death room, saw the body, and awakened sister Laine Tye, the eldest girl, 17, who was still asleep in a nearby bed. Laine May ran to the adjoining store to get help from Willie Louis, Ah Louis' 41-year-old son by his first wife. Willie then went to the house and took charge of the baby. The same morning the county coroner saw Willie Louis go to the outhouse behind the house and emerge about fifteen minutes later.

Notified, Undersheriff James Walsh went to Arroyo Grande, California, to inform Ah Louis, who had traveled by train to the L.C. Routzahn sweet-pea seed farm there about 6 a.m. Upon his return, Louis searched the house and store and found missing an iron box of his wife which contained about five thousand dollars' worth of jewelry and money.

The local newspaper, the *Daily Telegram,* said: "All day long there has been a crowd of morbid spectators outside the home of the murdered woman. They look upon the place with awe and are terribly shocked at the tragic sensation, which is the talk of the town."

This statement was issued in Ah Louis's name:

> I do not think that any Chinaman killed my wife. I know of no one who held a grudge . . . . I do not recall telling any person of my intention to go to Arroyo Grande . . . except several persons in the store, who were my friends. No American men have been upstairs in my home, so that they could gain a knowledge of the place. They could only gain the information from some one who knew the place well. The box taken contains fine jewelry, all my wife's. She has kept it a long time, it being given to her from time to time by friends and the family. . . . I did not see anyone around the streets or building when I left in the morning to go to the depot. I cannot imagine who would want to kill my wife. She was always kind to everyone. No member of the family had had any trouble with anyone.

## Investigation and arrest

Two gold bracelets that had been supposedly stolen from the Louis home were found in Mrs. Louis's bed and in a small satchel. Sheriff McFadden and his men were reported shadowing a number of white men who were alleged to be "dope fiends" in "an effort to gain tangible clues."

At the inquest, the oldest daughter, Laine Tye Louis, 17, said she was awakened by the noise and noticed an odor of gunpowder but thinking it was a Chinese firecracker dropped back to sleep. Dr. C.J. McGovern said there were powder marks on the victim's face.

Ah Louis testified that during nineteen years of marriage, his wife had left their home only twice, once to visit "the Tomasini home" and once to go to the dentist. She knew "but little" of the English language.

Laine Tye stumbled through her testimony in English until her sister, Laine May, 12, was sworn in as an interpreter.

Ah Louis's oldest child, Willie, 41, testified he never had a pistol and was too afraid to carry one. He said he had a wife and seven children living in China, where they were married 23 years previous. He said he last saw his stepmother when he went upstairs about midnight to get a cup of coffee.

Another son, fifteen-year-old Young Louis, recalled that he heard a shot, then footsteps from what sounded like a heavy leather shoe, though his mother wore soft Chinese slippers.

Sheriff McFadden went to Ah Louis and explained he needed a Chinese person to work on the case. Louis recommended his nephew, Wong Bock Yue, a San Francisco newspaper editor, who came to San Luis Obispo to assist. Willie Louis was arrested on Grant Avenue, San Francisco, on October 5, 1909, to be taken to San Luis Obispo and tried for murder. San Luis Obispo County Sheriff McFadden said that Willie was in love with his stepsister but was opposed in his suit by the murdered woman, who was killed not only because of her opposition but also so she could not inherit Louis' property, which McFadden said was worth around eighty thousand dollars.

A throng of people greeted the train when it pulled into the San Luis Obispo station on the afternoon of October 6. A hack, or horse-drawn taxi, was hired "to get the alleged murderer to jail without any demonstration" on their part. A reporter wrote that Willie Louis was "scared to death" and "seemed anxious to get behind the iron doors of the jail to a place of safety."

With Willie in jail, investigators searched the garden at the rear of the Louis house and dug up the jewelry, deeds, and papers that had been taken from the Louis home. The next day, city workers plumbed the depths of a cesspool at the rear of the house and pulled up the revolver used in the killing, with its markings filed off, and other items taken from the home.

## Confession

On Friday, October 8, in front of a roomful of witnesses, Willie Louis made a "free and voluntary confession" that he killed his stepmother after contemplating murder for a long time because she was quarrelsome and was always taunting him with the fact that all the property belonged to his father and that Willie would have to pay for everything he took from the store." He had no attorney. He said that he had wanted the other family members to go back to China and leave the store to him and that his stepmother had always been nagging him that he should return to his wife and other family in China.

"Don't you feel sorry for the little children," he was asked. "Yes, but I can take care of them. They are better off without their mother."

On October 9, Ah Louis told a reporter that he "completely washed his hands" of his eldest son.

At the arraignment on October 19, Willie Louis was asked if he had any counsel, and he replied he would like to talk with his father. He was permitted to use the telephone, but Ah Louis was "out on his ranch." Willie Louis was later defended by Thomas Rhodes of San Luis Obispo.

## Sentence and execution

Willie Louis's trial was speedy, resulting in his conviction, and on September 29, 1910, he was sentenced to death. A series of continuances followed.

As the convicted man entered the death chamber on December 6, 1912, T.H. Christensen of San Francisco shouted: "I protest against this hanging in the name of Jesus Christ." Guards hustled Christensen from the room, and Louis went to his death on the gallows "without a whimper," a United Press dispatch reported from San Quentin Prison.

Vicinity of the killing on a map


title: Virgin Earth Challenge

abstract: The Virgin Earth Challenge was a competition offering a $25 million prize for whoever could demonstrate a commercially viable design which results in the permanent removal of greenhouse gases out of the Earth's atmosphere to contribute materially in global warming avoidance. The prize was conceived by Richard Branson, and was announced in London on 9 February 2007 by Branson and former US Vice President Al Gore. Among more than 2600 applications, 11 finalists were announced on 2 November 2011. These were Biochar Solutions, from the US; Biorecro, Sweden; Black Carbon, Denmark; Carbon Engineering, Canada; Climeworks, Switzerland; COAWAY, US; Full Circle Biochar, US; Global Thermostat, US; Kilimanjaro Energy, US; Smartstones – Olivine Foundation, Netherlands, and The Savory Institute, US. The prize was never awarded. In 2019, Virgin took the prize website offline after having kept the 11 finalists in suspension for eight years. Al Gore had withdrawn from the jury earlier and commented that he was not part of the decision to discontinue the contest.

text:
# Virgin Earth Challenge

The **Virgin Earth Challenge** was a competition offering a $25 million prize for whoever could demonstrate a commercially viable design which results in the permanent removal of greenhouse gases out of the Earth's atmosphere to contribute materially in global warming avoidance. The prize was conceived by Richard Branson, and was announced in London on 9 February 2007 by Branson and former US Vice President Al Gore.

Among more than 2600 applications, 11 finalists were announced on 2 November 2011. These were Biochar Solutions, from the US; Biorecro, Sweden; Black Carbon, Denmark; Carbon Engineering, Canada; Climeworks, Switzerland; COAWAY, US; Full Circle Biochar, US; Global Thermostat, US; Kilimanjaro Energy, US; Smartstones – Olivine Foundation, Netherlands, and The Savory Institute, US.

The prize was never awarded. In 2019, Virgin took the prize website offline after having kept the 11 finalists in suspension for eight years. Al Gore had withdrawn from the jury earlier and commented that he was not part of the decision to discontinue the contest.

## The challenge

The Prize was to be awarded to "a commercially viable design which, achieves or appears capable of achieving the net removal of significant volumes of anthropogenic, atmospheric GHGs each year for at least 10 years", with significant volumes specified as "should be scalable to a significant size in order to meet the informal removal target of 1 billion tonnes of carbon-equivalent per year". One tonne of carbon-equivalent (C) equals 3.67 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2). (Because of the relationship between their atomic weights, more precisely 44/12.) At present, fossil fuel emissions are around 6.3 gigatons of carbon.

The prize would initially only be open for five years, with ideas assessed by a panel of judges including Richard Branson, Al Gore and Crispin Tickell (British diplomat), as well as scientists James E. Hansen, James Lovelock and Tim Flannery. The prize term was extended until 2019.

Around two hundred billion metric tons of carbon dioxide have accumulated in the atmosphere since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, raising concentrations by more than 100 parts per million (ppm), from 280 to more than 380 ppm. The Virgin Earth Challenge was intended to inspire inventors to find ways of bringing that back down again to avoid the dangerous levels of global warming and sea level rise predicted by organisations such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

The Virgin Earth Challenge was similar in concept to other high technology competitions, such as the Orteig Prize for flying across the Atlantic, and the Ansari X Prize for spaceflight.

## Competing technologies

The eleven finalists represent five competing technologies, some being represented by multiple finalists.

### Biochar

Biochar, created by pyrolysis of biomass. Pyrolysis is a process where biomass is partially combusted in an oxygen-limited environment, which produces a char rich in carbon. This char can be distributed in soils as a soil amendment.

Finalists competing with biochar designs:

* Biochar Solutions, US
* Black Carbon, Denmark
* Circle Biochar, US

### BECCS (Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage)

Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) combines combustion or processing of biomass with geologic carbon capture and storage. BECCS is applied to industries such as electrical power, combined heat and power, pulp and paper, ethanol production, and biogas production.

There is 550 000 tonnes CO2/year in total BECCS capacity operating, divided between three different facilities (as of January 2012).

BECCS was pointed out in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a key technology for reaching low carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration targets. The negative emissions that can be produced by BECCS has been estimated by the Royal Society to be equivalent to a 50 to 150 ppm decrease in global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and according to the International Energy Agency, the BLUE map climate change mitigation scenario calls for more than 2 gigatonnes of negative CO2 emissions per year with BECCS in 2050. According to the OECD, "Achieving lower concentration targets (450 ppm) depends significantly on the use of BECCS".

The sustainable technical potential for net negative emissions with BECCS has been estimated to 10 Gt of CO2 equivalent annually, with an economic potential of up to 3.5 Gt of CO2 equivalent annually at a cost of less than 50 €/tonne, and up to 3.9 Gt of CO2 equivalent annually at a cost of less than 100 €/tonne.

Imperial College London, the UK Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, the Walker Institute for Climate System Research, and the Grantham Institute for Climate Change issued a joint report on carbon dioxide removal technologies as part of the *AVOID: Avoiding dangerous climate change* research program, stating that "Overall, of the technologies studied in this report, BECCS has the greatest maturity and there are no major practical barriers to its introduction into today’s energy system. The presence of a primary product will support early deployment."

Finalist competing with BECCS design:

### Direct air capture

Direct Air Capture is the process of capturing carbon dioxide directly from ambient air using solvents, filters or other methods. Subsequent to being captured, the carbon dioxide would be stored with carbon capture and storage technologies to keep it permanently out of the atmosphere.

Finalists competing with direct air capture designs:

* Carbon Engineering, Canada
* Climeworks, Switzerland
* Coaway, US
* Global Thermostat, US
* Kilimanjaro Energy, US

### Enhanced weathering

Enhanced weathering refers to a chemical approach to in-situ carbonation of silicates, where carbon dioxide is combined through natural weathering processes with mined minerals, such as olivine. The idea was based on the work of Dutch geoscientist Olaf Schuiling, whose ideas continue to be explored in the Netherlands, with promising results.

Finalist competing with enhanced weathering design:

* Smartstones – Olivine Foundation, The Netherlands

### Grassland restoration

Changed management methods for grasslands can significantly increase the uptake of carbon dioxide into the soil, creating a carbon sink. This and other land use change methods is not generally considered among negative emission technologies because of uncertain long-term sequestration permanence.

Finalist competing with grassland restoration design:

* The Savory Institute, US after receiving criticism from many respected scientists has been removed from the finalist list and no longer appears on the Virgin Earth Challenge website.

## Discontinuance

The finalists who were announced in 2011 were kept in suspension for nine years, with many additional requests for information and data, as contestant Global Thermostat reported. Another contestant, Carbon Engineering received notification in 2019 that they fulfilled all technical criteria and were selected for the final judgment. Subsequently they were informed that the prize was "indefinitely put on hold". At the end of 2019, the prize was discontinued and the website taken offline. Carbon Engineering was informed by the Virgin Earth Challenge that "the market conditions necessary to support commercial and sustainable investment in the relevant carbon removal techniques were not foreseeable". Nevertheless, Carbon Engineering had raised 95 million dollar in investments by other parties, including Bill Gates. Contestant Graciela Chichilnisky of Global Thermostat, another direct air capture contestant, who had raised 60 million dollars in investments from other parties, expressed strong criticism in Dutch daily Volkskrant: "If you want to encourage scientific progress with a prize, it's not enough to open your mouth and say "25 million dollars." None of the 11 finalists received any funding or concrete help from Virgin during the 13 years of assessment.

## Similar competitions

Since the Virgin Earth Challenge, two new multimillion climate technology contests have been announced. In 2015, NRG COSIA Carbon XPRIZE was launched. It awards $20 million to "breakthrough technologies to convert CO2 emissions into usable products". The prize focuses on commercial exploitation of the carbon capture process. The prize will be awarded in the winter of 2021. In 2021, Elon Musk of Tesla Inc announced a $100 million prize for development of the best technology to capture carbon dioxide emissions.


title: Michael Jahn

abstract: Joseph Michael Jahn is an American journalist, author and memoirist. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and raised in Sayville, New York. He moved to New York City in 1966 and was educated at Dowling College, Adelphi University, and Columbia University. He spent the first decade of his career covering cultural issues, mainly by becoming, in 1968, the first full-time rock journalist of The New York Times and the first full-time rock writer for any major daily newspaper. According to the Times metropolitan editor Arthur Gelb, he hired Jahn specifically to inaugurate the newspaper's coverage of rock music. One of his first assignments was to cover the Woodstock Festival. Jahn wrote more than 200 reviews of performances by rock bands and individual folk and blues artists for the New York Times between 1968 and 1971. He also wrote a column syndicated by North American Newspaper Alliance, 1967-1970, and The New York Times, 1970-1973. Jahn wrote several works of nonfiction before the mid-1970s, when he switched to writing mystery/suspense fiction, eventually publishing about 50 novels and movie/TV adaptations, under his own name and several pen names. His first mystery novel, The Quark Maneuver, published by Ballantine in 1977, won an Edgar Award in 1978. In 1982 and using the byline Michael Jahn he began the series "The Bill Donovan Mysteries" with Night Rituals. By 2008 he had published 10 novels in the series, the last being Donovan and Son, published by Five Star in 2008. "The Bill Donovan Mysteries" were highly acclaimed, and in 2011 he began reformatting them for publication in ebook edition (Kindle). By the end of 2012, six of the 10 had been published in digital format. With the conclusion of the Donovan series he stopped writing fiction in order to concentrate on a memoir of the last century and a half of American history as reflected in the lives of his recent ancestors. They came from all over Western Europe and had adventures that included being part of the opening of Japan to Western civilization, the great sea battles of the Civil War, arctic exploration, the Roosevelts, the Lindberg baby trial, the Hindenberg Disaster, the American Communist Party, and brushes with Dutch Schultz, Harry Truman, and, in his words, "a passel of currently deceased rock stars." Jahn's original manuscripts and papers are in the Michael Jahn Collection at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library of Columbia University. The collection was established in 1984.

text:
# Michael Jahn

**Joseph Michael Jahn** (born August 4, 1943) is an American journalist, author and memoirist.

He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and raised in Sayville, New York. He moved to New York City in 1966 and was educated at Dowling College, Adelphi University, and Columbia University. He spent the first decade of his career covering cultural issues, mainly by becoming, in 1968, the first full-time rock journalist of *The New York Times* and the first full-time rock writer for any major daily newspaper. According to the Times metropolitan editor Arthur Gelb, he hired Jahn specifically to inaugurate the newspaper's coverage of rock music. One of his first assignments was to cover the Woodstock Festival.

Jahn wrote more than 200 reviews of performances by rock bands and individual folk and blues artists for the *New York Times* between 1968 and 1971. He also wrote a column syndicated by North American Newspaper Alliance, 1967-1970, and *The New York Times*, 1970-1973. Jahn wrote several works of nonfiction before the mid-1970s, when he switched to writing mystery/suspense fiction, eventually publishing about 50 novels and movie/TV adaptations, under his own name and several pen names. His first mystery novel, *The Quark Maneuver*, published by Ballantine in 1977, won an Edgar Award in 1978.

In 1982 and using the byline Michael Jahn he began the series "The Bill Donovan Mysteries" with *Night Rituals*. By 2008 he had published 10 novels in the series, the last being *Donovan and Son,* published by Five Star (Gale Centage) in 2008. "The Bill Donovan Mysteries" were highly acclaimed, and in 2011 he began reformatting them for publication in ebook edition (Kindle). By the end of 2012, six of the 10 had been published in digital format.

With the conclusion of the Donovan series he stopped writing fiction in order to concentrate on a memoir of the last century and a half of American history as reflected in the lives of his recent ancestors. They came from all over Western Europe and had adventures that included being part of the opening of Japan to Western civilization, the great sea battles of the Civil War, arctic exploration, the Roosevelts, the Lindberg baby trial, the Hindenberg Disaster, the American Communist Party, and brushes with Dutch Schultz, Harry Truman, and, in his words, "a passel of currently deceased rock stars."

Jahn's original manuscripts and papers are in the Michael Jahn Collection at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library of Columbia University. The collection was established in 1984.


title: Venia (hardcore band)

abstract: Venia was an American Christian hardcore band from Minneapolis, Minnesota. The band started making music in 2006 and disbanded in 2012. The band released two studio albums, Convictions in 2008, and Frozen Hands, in 2009, with Blood and Ink Records. Their subsequent release was an extended play, I've Lost All Faith in Myself.

text:
# Venia (hardcore band)

**Venia** was an American Christian hardcore band from Minneapolis, Minnesota. The band started making music in 2006 and disbanded in 2012. The band released two studio albums, *Convictions* in 2008, and *Frozen Hands*, in 2009, with Blood and Ink Records. Their subsequent release was an extended play, *I've Lost All Faith in Myself*.

## Background

Venia was a Christian hardcore band from Minneapolis, Minnesota, where they were a musical entity from 2006 until their disbandment in 2012. The last known line-up for the band, was vocalist, Chad Urich, guitarists, Ben Kocinski and John McCully, Jr., bassist, Chanse Goetz, and drummer, Matt Bakken, while their former members before this were guitarist, Ben Beecken, and bassist, Matt Norris.

## Music history

The band commenced as a musical entity in 2006 with their first release, *Frozen Hands*, a studio album, that was released on July 14, 2009, from Blood and Ink Records. Their subsequent release, an extended play, was released on November 29, 2010, by Blood and Ink Records.

## Members

**Last known line-up**

* Chad Urich – vocals
* Ben Kocinski - guitar (formerly of Torn)
* John McCully, Jr.- guitar
* Chanse Goetz- Bass
* Matt Bakken - drums

Former members * Ben Beecken - guitar
* Matt Norris - bass
* Mat Roberts - bass/vocals/keyboard

## Discography

**Studio albums**

**EPs**

* *I've Lost All Faith in Myself* (November 29, 2010, Blood and Ink)

## InfoBox

| Venia | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Genres | Christian hardcore, hardcore punk |
| Years active | 2006 (2006)–2012 (2012) |
| Labels | Blood and Ink |
|  | |
| Past members | Chad Urich
Ben Kocinski
John McCully, Jr.
Chanse Goetz
Matt Bakken
Ben Beecken
Matt Norris
Mat Roberts |
|  | |
| Website | facebook.com/veniahc/ |


title: Long Lake Township, Michigan

abstract: Long Lake Township, officially the Charter Township of Long Lake, is a charter township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 9,956 at the 2020 census, an increase from 8,662 at the 2010 census. Long Lake Township is one of three charter townships in Grand Traverse County, the others being East Bay Township and neighboring Garfield Township. Long Lake, from which the township takes its name, is the largest lake entirely within Grand Traverse County. Much of Long Lake Township is suburban due to its proximity to Traverse City.

text:
# Long Lake Township, Michigan

**Long Lake Township**, officially the **Charter Township of Long Lake**, is a charter township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 9,956 at the 2020 census, an increase from 8,662 at the 2010 census.

Long Lake Township is one of three charter townships in Grand Traverse County, the others being East Bay Township and neighboring Garfield Township. Long Lake, from which the township takes its name, is the largest lake entirely within Grand Traverse County. Much of Long Lake Township is suburban due to its proximity to Traverse City.

## History

The Long Lake township area was initially settled in 1862 when Ira Chase and his brother-in-law Eliphalet Fillmore traveled from Whitewater township to Grand Traverse County to select land. The next few years saw the gradual influx of families who cleared forested areas to establish farms. An annual cycle of farming in the summer, logging in the winter, and maple sugaring in the spring began. The end of the Civil War brought additional settlers and in November 1866 a group of men petitioned the Board of Supervisors of Grand Traverse County to form "**Viola Township**" from Township 27 north, Range 12 west, of old Traverse Township. In January 1867, Long Lake Township was formally organized.

The population of the township was 333 in 1870, rising to 434 in 1880. The most notable historical incident in the early 1870s was the probable murder of John Eley, his wife Philopena, and their two daughters in July 1871. The family disappeared and neighbors later discovered blood on the walls of the family's house. A hired hand, William Benton, was the prime suspect, since he claimed to have been sold the Eleys' farm. The case was never solved.

In the late 1870s, members of the Society of Friends (Quakers) began to move to the township from Indiana. A smaller number of people from Bohemia also settled in the area. The township's population was 663 persons in 152 households in 1900.

Farming continued to be the primary source of income. The rise of the auto industry in the late 1910s to 1920s led many younger people to leave the area to settle in the Detroit and Flint areas of Michigan. Today, many residents of Long Lake township are retirees or commute to work in Traverse City.

Long Lake Township converted from a civil township to a charter township in 2022.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.6 square miles (92 km2), of which 30.1 square miles (78 km2) is land and 5.5 square miles (14 km2) (15.52%) is water.

The most defining feature of the township is the eponymous Long Lake. Most of the lake is within the township, although a small portion extends south into Green Lake Township. The lake drains through the Platte River to Lake Michigan. The second largest lake in the township is Bass Lake, which is also shared to the south with Green Lake Township.

Long Lake Township lies within miles of both Traverse City and Lake Ann. Much of Long Lake Township is suburbanized because of the township's proximity to Traverse City.

### Adjacent townships

### Transportation

Long Lake Township contains only one state trunkline highway, M-72. The highway runs east–west along the northern border of the township. To the east, the highway enters Traverse City, and to the west, the highway enters Leelanau County and runs toward Empire. The highway is considered "transpeninsular", as it traverses the entire Lower Peninsula from Empire on Lake Michigan to Harrisville on Lake Huron.

A major local thoroughfare is North Long Lake Road. Also known as County Road 610, North Long Lake Road runs east–west a few miles south of M-72, serving local residents. The roadway continues east into Garfield Township, and enters Traverse City as West Front Street. To the west of Long Lake Township, County Road 610 continues into Lake Ann as Maple Street, and continues west in northern Benzie County.

Long Lake Township contains no railways or airfields.

## Communities

Long Lake Township is located within 2 miles (3.2 km) of the city of **Traverse City**, to its east. The village of **Lake Ann** is also just 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Long Lake Township's border with Benzie County.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,648 people, 2,742 households, and 2,111 families residing in the township. The population density was 254.0 inhabitants per square mile (98.1/km2). There were 3,210 housing units at an average density of 106.6 per square mile (41.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.19% White, 0.26% African American, 0.72% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population.

There were 2,742 households, out of which 42.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.6% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.0% were non-families. 16.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the township the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $48,826, and the median income for a family was $55,386. Males had a median income of $37,303 versus $26,920 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,943. About 2.7% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

The entirety of Long Lake Township is zoned within Traverse City Area Public Schools. The district operates two elementary schools within the township – Long Lake Elementary School and Westwoods Elementary School. Middle and high school students are zoned to Traverse City West Middle School and Traverse City West Senior High School, respectively, both of which are located in neighboring Garfield Township.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Long Lake Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Charter township | |
| Charter Township of Long Lake | |
| Dusk view of the eponymous Long Lake | |
| Location within Grand Traverse County | |
| Long Lake TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganLong Lake TownshipLong Lake Township (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 44°43′13″N 85°45′05″W / 44.72028°N 85.75139°W / 44.72028; -85.75139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Grand Traverse |
| Organized | January 1867 |
| Named for | Long Lake |
| Government | |
| Supervisor | Ron Lemcool |
| Clerk | Ronda Robinson |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.6 sq mi (92.3 km2) |
| Land | 30.1 sq mi (78.0 km2) |
| Water | 5.5 sq mi (14.3 km2) |
| Elevation | 879 ft (268 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 9,956 |
| Estimate (2023) | 10,029 |
| Density | 254.0/sq mi (98.1/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 49643 (Interlochen)
49684, 49685 (Traverse City) |
| Area code | 231 |
| FIPS code | 26-49240 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626640 |


title: Velódromo de Anoeta

abstract: Velódromo de Anoeta is an indoor arena located at the Anoeta Sports Complex in San Sebastián, Spain. The arena holds a capacity for 5,500 spectators. It is primarily used for indoor athletics, motocross events, and concerts. It was opened in 1965 and was an outdoor velodrome until 1973 when was covered to host the world championships.

text:
# Velódromo de Anoeta

**Velódromo de Anoeta** (formally and in Basque language **Anoetako Belodromoa**) is an indoor arena located at the Anoeta Sports Complex in San Sebastián, Spain. The arena holds a capacity for 5,500 spectators. It is primarily used for indoor athletics, motocross events, and concerts. It was opened in 1965 and was an outdoor velodrome until 1973 when was covered to host the world championships.

## Precession and Succession

43°17′56″N 1°58′20″W / 43.298823°N 1.972293°W / 43.298823; -1.972293

## InfoBox

Velodromo de Anoeta
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | San Sebastián, Spain |
| Capacity | 5,500 |
| Opened | 1965 |
| Tenants | |
| 1977 European Athletics Indoor Championships | |


title: 12th Ward of New Orleans

abstract:
The 12th Ward or Twelfth Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans.
The Ward was formerly part of the old Jefferson City annexed by New Orleans in 1870.

text:
# 12th Ward of New Orleans

29°54′36″N 90°03′32″W / 29.909862°N 90.058952°W / 29.909862; -90.058952

Map of ward boundary

The **12th Ward** or **Twelfth Ward** is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans. The Ward was formerly part of the old Jefferson City annexed by New Orleans in 1870.

## Boundaries

The roughly wedge-shaped Ward stretches back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is Toledano Street, across which is the 11th Ward; the upper boundary is Napoleon Avenue, across which is the 13th Ward, and the back boundary is South Broad, across which is a portion of the 14th Ward. It includes a section of Uptown New Orleans, part of the Broadmoor neighborhood, and the neighborhoods of Milan and Touro.

## Landmarks

Landmarks include Touro Infirmary, Saint Charles General Hospital. Down from Napoleon Avenue is a series of streets perpendicular to the River named after the victories of Napoleon I. Other streets in this series are named after cities Napoleon dreamed of conquering but never reached (Constantinople) or at which his armies were defeated (Cadiz). Constantinople Street was the home of the fictitious New Orleans character Ignatius J. Reilly in John Kennedy Toole's novel *A Confederacy of Dunces*. Saint Charles Avenue, with the famous St. Charles Avenue Streetcar, cuts through the neighborhood, and is the route of many New Orleans Mardi Gras parades. The Columns Hotel, a small hotel converted from a 19th-century mansion, on St. Charles, was used as a location in the film *Pretty Baby*. The Ward contains two branches of the New Orleans Public Library. The old Carnegie library on Napoleon just back from Magazine is now the city's Children's Resource Center library, and the Rosa Keller Branch at Broad & Napoleon. Portions of the Magnolia Projects along Louisiana Avenue are in the Ward. Other 12th Ward landmarks are Tipitina's music venue on Napoleon at Tchoupitoulas Street and Walter L. Cohen Senior High School on Dryades Street.

## Hurricane Katrina

The majority of the Ward back from St. Charles Avenue flooded in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.


title: Murder of Gopal Krishna Muhuri

abstract: Gopal Krishna Muhuri was the principal of Nazirhat College in Chittagong, Bangladesh, who was murdered in his home in 2001. The Daily Star described the case as "sensational".

text:
# Murder of Gopal Krishna Muhuri

**Gopal Krishna Muhuri** was the principal of Nazirhat College in Chittagong, Bangladesh, who was murdered in his home in 2001. *The Daily Star* described the case as "sensational".

## Background

The Four Party Alliance led by Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh came to power five weeks before the incident. Widespread violation of the rights of minorities and attacks on them took place within a month of the government coming to power.

## Incident

Gopal Krishana Muhuri was the principle of Nazirhat College in Chittagong city, a Hindu, and a former member of Mukti Bahini. He had banned Islami Chattra shibir in his college. He was murdered inside his home in Jamal Khan Road, Chittagong on 16 November 2001. Multiple gunmen had stormed his house and shot him while he was reading the morning newspaper. He was 60 at the time of his death. His death led to protests by Bangladesh Chhatra League, Bangladesh Jubo League, and the Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council.

## Trial

His family filed a murder case against 12 people. On 3 February 2003, Speedy Trial Tribunal in Chittagong sentenced four people to death and four others to life-term imprisonment. An accused died on 29 June 2004 in a gunfight with "criminals". On 2 March 2005 another of the accused was killed in a gunfight with Rapid Action Battalion. Two other accused, Prof Jahirul Haque and Prof Tofazzal Ahamad also died during the trial process. In July 2006 Bangladesh High Court confirmed the death sentence of Nasir alias Gittu Nasir, Azam, Alamgir Kabir alias Baitta Alamgir, and Tasleem Uddin Montu. It also confirmed the life imprisonment of Mohi Uddin and Habib Khan; both absconded during the verdict. Saiful Islam alias Chhoto Saiful and Shahjahan were acquitted in the verdict. Eight of the accused were members of Islami Chattra shibir and three were professors in the college.


title: WQYK

abstract:
WQYK may refer to:
  - WQYK-FM, a radio station licensed to serve St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
  - WJBR (AM), a radio station licensed to serve Seffner, Florida, which held the call sign WQYK from 1988 to 2004, and again from 2006 to 2012
  - WTIS, a radio station licensed to serve Tampa, Florida, which held the call sign WQYK from 1970 to 1976

text:
# WQYK

**WQYK** may refer to:

* WQYK-FM, a radio station (99.5 FM) licensed to serve St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
* WJBR (AM), a radio station (1010 AM) licensed to serve Seffner, Florida, which held the call sign WQYK from 1988 to 2004, and again from 2006 to 2012
* WTIS, a radio station (1110 AM) licensed to serve Tampa, Florida, which held the call sign WQYK from 1970 to 1976


title: Virtual incumbent

abstract: A virtual incumbent or quasi-incumbent is a candidate in an election who campaigns as though they currently hold the office being contested, though the actual incumbent is not running for re-election. Traditionally, the virtual incumbent is the nominee from the party of the sitting office-holder. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, however, virtual incumbency was also determined less formally, either by the policies of the actual candidates or the state of the polls.

text:
# Virtual incumbent

A **virtual incumbent** or **quasi-incumbent** is a candidate in an election who campaigns *as though* they currently hold the office being contested, though the actual incumbent is not running for re-election. Traditionally, the virtual incumbent is the nominee from the party of the sitting office-holder. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, however, virtual incumbency was also determined less formally, either by the policies of the actual candidates or the state of the polls.

## 2008 U.S. presidential election

Kevin Hassett used the idea in its traditional sense when discussing Ray Fair's model, which ties the incumbent's party to the current state of the economy. In 2008, however, argued Hassett,

"it may not be possible for the Democrats to portray the Republican candidate, who has taken his own principled stands on any number of issues throughout the past seven years, as a virtual incumbent. Hence, Senator John McCain may be spared the typical negative incumbent bounce in a recession."

The concept was used in a different way on *Face the Nation* on November 2, 2008 by Senator Lindsey Graham to describe Barack Obama's candidacy. In that case, the assumption was that the virtual incumbent, like an actual incumbent, would be held to a higher standard by the electorate, and would therefore be less likely to win in a tight race in a given state. This argument had been previously made by Dick Morris to suggest the likelihood that undecided voters would overwhelmingly vote for John McCain:

"But as Obama surged into a more or less permanent lead in October, animated by the financial crisis, he has assumed many of the characteristics of an incumbent. Every voter asks himself one question before he or she casts a ballot: Do I want to vote for Obama? His uniqueness, charisma and assertive program have so dominated the dialogue that the election is now a referendum on Obama."

John Fund described Obama as the "quasi-incumbent" on CNN Late Edition on November 2, 2008, by which he also meant that the election had become "referendum on Barack Obama".

David Plouffe, Obama's campaign manager, had previously described Hillary Clinton as the "quasi-incumbent" during the primaries. As in the case of Obama himself, the characterization is intended to "downplay expectations of \[the challenger's\] performance in upcoming polls". Katrina Vanden Heuvel has also used this term to describe Clinton: "Hillary Clinton started this race last year as the one to beat--she had the money, the machine and the name recognition that assured her of quasi-incumbent status. And, indeed, she ran as a quasi-incumbent, an establishment candidate in a change- year election."


title: Michael Jaharis

abstract: Michael Jaharis was an American lawyer, businessman and philanthropist. He was the founder of Kos Pharmaceuticals and Vatera Healthcare Partners LLC, and co-founder of Arisaph Pharmaceuticals.

text:
# Michael Jaharis

**Michael Jaharis** (July 16, 1928 – February 17, 2016) was an American lawyer, businessman and philanthropist. He was the founder of Kos Pharmaceuticals and Vatera Healthcare Partners LLC, and co-founder of Arisaph Pharmaceuticals.

## Biography

Jaharis was born in Evanston, Illinois on July 16, 1928. He graduated from Carroll University and received a J.D. from DePaul University College of Law.

From 1961 to 1972, he worked for Miles Laboratories. In 1972, he became President and CEO of Key Pharmaceuticals, which was essentially an insolvent company known for cold and cough remedies. Under his leadership, the company developed sustained-release Theo-Dur (theophylline), which became the nation's best-selling asthma remedy at the time, and cardiovascular drug Nitro-Dur. Key Pharmaceuticals was sold to Schering-Plough Corporation in 1986. In 1988, he founded Kos Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The company introduced the cholesterol-battling drug Niaspan, which raises HDL levels. Kos Pharmaceuticals was sold to Abbott Labs in 2006 for $4.2 billion.

In 2007, Jaharis co-founded Vatera Healthcare Partners LLC, a New York City-based investment group focused on taking active positions in healthcare companies that develop products for medical needs in a range of therapeutic areas including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Pearl Therapeutics), cardio metabolic diseases and cancer (Arisaph Pharmaceuticals), antibiotic resistant bacterial infections (Melinta Therapeutics), and celiac disease (ImmusanT).

He has made charitable contributions to the DePaul University College of Law, Columbia University Medical Center, Carroll University, the Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, the Tufts University School of Medicine, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Metropolitan Opera. He was the founder of FAITH: An Endowment for Orthodoxy and Hellenism. He also served as Trustee Emeritus of Tufts University and Chairman of the Board of Overseers for the School of Medicine of Tufts University; member of the Columbia University Medical Center Board of Visitors; member of the Board of Overseers of the Weill Cornell Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences. He sat on the board of directors of the Onassis Public Benefit Foundation, and he was Vice Chairman of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. In 1986, Jaharis and wife Mary Jaharis founded the Jaharis Family Foundation, Inc. In 2013, the Foundation pledged $2 million to help relieve hunger and poverty in Greece during the country's fiscal crisis.

As of March 2015, he was the 847th richest person in the world, and the 297th richest in the United States, with an estimated wealth of US $2.2 billion.

Jaharis died February 17, 2016, in his home in New York City with his family by his side.

## InfoBox

| Michael Jaharis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1928-07-16)July 16, 1928
Evanston, Illinois, US |
| Died | February 17, 2016(2016-02-17) (aged 87)
New York City, US |
| Education | Carroll University
DePaul University College of Law |
| Occupation(s) | Lawyer, businessman |
| Known for | Founder of **Kos Pharmaceuticals**
Founder of **Vatera Healthcare Partners**
Co-Founder of **Arisaph Pharmaceuticals** |
| Spouse | Mary Jaharis |
| Children | 2 |


title: Vay Arkadaş

abstract: Vay Arkadaş is a 2010 Turkish comedy film directed by Kemal Uzun.

text:
# Vay Arkadaş

***Vay Arkadaş*** (lit.'Wow dude') is a 2010 Turkish comedy film directed by Kemal Uzun.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Vay Arkadaş | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Kemal Uzun |
| Starring | Ali Atay <br>Mete Horozoğlu |
| Release date | * 5 November 2010 (2010-11-05) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | Turkey |
| Language | Turkish |


abstract: Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly who served in the 34th parliament held their seats from 1944 to 1947. They were elected at the 1944 state election, and at by-elections. The opposition Democratic Party merged into the nascent Liberal Party in late 1944, becoming the New South Wales branch of the new party. The Speaker was Daniel Clyne.

text:
# Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1944–1947

**Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly** who served in the 34th parliament held their seats from 1944 to 1947. They were elected at the 1944 state election, and at by-elections. The opposition Democratic Party merged into the nascent Liberal Party in late 1944, becoming the New South Wales branch of the new party. The Speaker was Daniel Clyne.

| Name | Party | | Electorate | Term in office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joshua Arthur |  | Labor | Hamilton | 1935–1953 |
| Jack Baddeley |  | Labor | Cessnock | 1922–1949 |
| Jeff Bate |  | Democratic/Liberal | Wollondilly | 1938–1949 |
| Jack Beale |  | Independent | South Coast | 1942–1973 |
| Ivan Black |  | Liberal | Neutral Bay | 1945–1951, 1951–1962 |
| George Booth |  | Labor | Kurri Kurri | 1925–1960 |
| George Brain |  | Democratic/Liberal | Willoughby | 1943–1968 |
| Michael Bruxner |  | Country | Tenterfield | 1920–1962 |
| Fred Cahill |  | Labor | Young | 1941–1959 |
| Joseph Cahill |  | Labor | Cook's River | 1925–1959 |
| Robert Cameron |  | Labor | Waratah | 1927–1956 |
| Bill Carlton |  | Labor | Concord | 1935–1949 |
| Bill Chaffey |  | Independent/Country;\[3\] | Tamworth | 1940–1973 |
| John Chanter |  | Labor | Lachlan | 1943–1947 |
| Daniel Clyne |  | Labor | King | 1927–1956 |
| Lou Cunningham |  | Labor | Coogee | 1941–1948 |
| William Currey |  | Labor | Kogarah | 1941–1948 |
| Douglas Darby |  | Liberal | Manly | 1945–1978 |
| Mat Davidson |  | Labor | Cobar | 1918–1949 |
| Billy Davies |  | Labor | Wollongong-Kembla | 1917–1949 |
| Doug Dickson |  | Country | Temora | 1938–1960 |
| Edgar Dring |  | Labor | Ashburnham | 1941–1955 |
| David Drummond |  | Country | Armidale | 1920–1949 |
| Bill Dunn |  | Labor | Mudgee | 1910–1911, 1911–1932, 1935–1950 |
| George Enticknap |  | Labor | Murrumbidgee | 1941–1965 |
| Clive Evatt |  | Labor | Hurstville | 1939–1959 |
| Frank Finnan |  | Labor | Hawkesbury | 1941–1953 |
| Ray Fitzgerald |  | Independent | Gloucester | 1941–1962 |
| Lilian Fowler |  | Lang Labor | Newtown | 1944–1950 |
| Howard Fowles |  | Labor | Illawarra | 1941–1968 |
| John Freeman |  | Labor | Blacktown | 1945–1959 |
| William Frith |  | Country | Lismore | 1933–1953 |
| James Geraghty |  | Labor | North Sydney | 1941–1953 |
| George Gollan |  | Democratic/Liberal | Parramatta | 1932–1953 |
| William Gollan |  | Labor | Randwick | 1941–1962 |
| Bob Gorman |  | Labor | Annandale | 1933–1950 |
| Eddie Graham |  | Labor | Wagga Wagga | 1941–1957 |
| Robert Greig |  | Labor | Drummoyne | 1920–1927, 1941–1947 |
| Raymond Hamilton |  | Labor | Namoi | 1941–1950 |
| Frank Hawkins |  | Labor | Newcastle | 1935–1968 |
| Eric Hearnshaw |  | Liberal | Ryde | 1945–1965 |
| Roy Heferen |  | Labor | Barwon | 1940–1950 |
| Robert Heffron |  | Labor | Botany | 1930–1968 |
| Frank Hill |  | Labor | Blacktown | 1941–1945 |
| Ted Horsington |  | Labor | Sturt | 1922–1947 |
| Walter Howarth |  | Democratic/Liberal | Maitland | 1932–1956 |
| David Hunter |  | Democratic/Liberal | Croydon | 1940–1976 |
| John Hurley |  | Labor | Albury | 1946–1947 |
| Gordon Jackett |  | Democratic/Liberal | Burwood | 1935–1951 |
| Joseph Jackson |  | Independent Democrat/Liberal | Nepean | 1922–1956 |
| Les Jordan |  | Independent Country/Country | Oxley | 1944–1965 |
| Gus Kelly |  | Labor | Bathurst | 1925–1932, 1935–1967 |
| Ebenezer Kendell |  | Country | Corowa | 1946–1950 |
| Hamilton Knight |  | Labor | Hartley | 1927–1947 |
| Bill Lamb |  | Labor | Granville | 1938–1962 |
| Abe Landa |  | Labor | Bondi | 1930–1965 |
| Jack Lang |  | Lang Labor | Auburn | 1913–1943, 1943–1946 |
| Chris Lang |  | Lang Labor | Auburn | 1946–1950 |
| Joe Lawson |  | Country | Murray | 1932–1973 |
| Carlo Lazzarini |  | Labor | Marrickville | 1917–1952 |
| Christopher Lethbridge |  | Independent/Liberal | Corowa | 1937–1946 |
| Donald Macdonald |  | Independent | Mosman | 1941–1947 |
| Alexander Mair |  | Democratic/Liberal | Albury | 1932–1946 |
| Clarrie Martin |  | Labor | Waverley | 1930–1932, 1939–1953 |
| Claude Matthews |  | Labor | Leichhardt | 1934–1954 |
| James McGirr |  | Labor | Bankstown | 1922–1952 |
| John McGrath |  | Labor | Rockdale | 1941–1959 |
| William McKell |  | Labor | Redfern | 1917–1947 |
| Roger Nott |  | Labor | Liverpool Plains | 1941–1961 |
| Bob O'Halloran |  | Labor | Orange | 1920–1927, 1941–1947 |
| Maurice O'Sullivan |  | Labor | Paddington | 1927–1959 |
| Mary Quirk |  | Labor | Balmain | 1939–1950 |
| Alfred Reid\[6\] |  | Independent Democrat/Liberal | Manly | 1920–1922, 1925–1945 |
| John Reid |  | Country | Casino | 1930–1953 |
| Jack Renshaw |  | Labor | Castlereagh | 1941–1980 |
| Athol Richardson |  | Democratic/Liberal | Ashfield | 1935–1946, 1946–1952 |
| Clarrie Robertson |  | Labor | Dubbo | 1942–1950, 1953–1959 |
| Murray Robson |  | Democratic/Liberal | Vaucluse | 1936–1957 |
| D'Arcy Rose |  | Country | Upper Hunter | 1939–1959 |
| James Shand |  | Independent Democrat | Ryde | 1926–1944 |
| John Seiffert |  | Labor | Monaro | 1941–1965 |
| Tom Shannon |  | Labor | Phillip | 1927–1954 |
| Bill Sheahan |  | Labor | Yass | 1941–1973 |
| Fred Stanley |  | Labor | Lakemba | 1927–1950 |
| Stanley Stephens |  | Country | Byron | 1944–1973 |
| Sydney Storey |  | Independent Democrat/Liberal | Hornsby | 1941–1962 |
| John Sweeney |  | Labor | Bulli | 1933–1947 |
| Arthur Tonge |  | Labor | Canterbury | 1926–1932, 1935–1962 |
| Vernon Treatt |  | Democratic/Liberal | Woollahra | 1938–1962 |
| Jack Tully |  | Labor | Goulburn | 1925–1932, 1935–1946 |
| Laurie Tully |  | Labor | Goulburn | 1946–1965 |
| Harry Turner |  | Democratic/Liberal | Gordon | 1937–1952 |
| Roy Vincent |  | Country | Raleigh | 1922–1953 |
| Reginald Weaver |  | Democratic/Liberal | Neutral Bay | 1917–1925, 1927–1945 |
| George Weir |  | Labor | Dulwich Hill | 1941–1953 |
| Arthur Williams |  | Labor | Georges River | 1940–1956 |
| Cecil Wingfield |  | Country | Clarence | 1938–1955 |
| Henry Woodward |  | Labor | Lane Cove | 1944–1947 |

1. Green, Antony. "1944 District List". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
2. Green, Antony. "1944-1947 By elections". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
3. "Part 5B - Members returned for each electorate" (PDF). *New South Wales Parliamentary Record*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
4. "Former members of the New South Wales Parliament, 1856–2006". New South Wales Parliament. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
5. "Part Ten - Officers of Parliament" (PDF). *NSW Parliamentary Record*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 14 May 2020.