title: Regional District of East Kootenay

abstract: The Regional District of East Kootenay (RDEK) is a regional district in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada. In the 2016 census, the population was 60,439. Its area is 27,542.69 km⁲ (10,634.29 sq mi). The regional district offices are in Cranbrook, the largest community in the region. Other important population centres include the cities of Kimberley and Fernie, and the district municipality of Invermere and Sparwood. Despite its name, the regional district does not include all of the region known as the East Kootenay, which includes the Creston Valley and the east shore of Kootenay Lake.

text:
# Regional District of East Kootenay

The **Regional District of East Kootenay**  (**RDEK**) is a regional district in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada. In the 2016 census, the population was 60,439. Its area is 27,542.69 km2 (10,634.29 sq mi). The regional district offices are in Cranbrook, the largest community in the region. Other important population centres include the cities of Kimberley and Fernie, and the district municipality of Invermere and Sparwood. Despite its name, the regional district does not include all of the region known as the East Kootenay, which includes the Creston Valley and the east shore of Kootenay Lake.

## Geography

The regional district's dominant landform is the Rocky Mountain Trench, which is flanked by the Purcell Mountains and Rocky Mountains on the east and west, and includes the Columbia Valley region, the southern half of which is in the regional district (its northern half is in the Columbia-Shuswap Regional District). Another distinct area within the regional district is the Elk Valley in the southern Rockies, which is the entrance to the Crowsnest Pass and an important coal-mining region. Other than the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, whose valleys form the bottomlands of the Rocky Mountain Trench, also included in the regional district are the northernmost parts of the basins of the Flathead, Moyie and Yahk Rivers (the Moyie and Yahk are tributaries of the Kootenay, entering it in the United States, and the Flathead is a tributary of the Clark Fork in Montana).

## Demographics

As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Regional District of East Kootenay had a population of 65,896 living in 28,264 of its 35,931 total private dwellings, a change of 9% from its 2016 population of 60,439. With a land area of 27,514.1 km2 (10,623.3 sq mi), it had a population density of 2.4/km2 (6.2/sq mi) in 2021.

Panethnic groups in the East Kootenay Regional District (1996−2021)
| Panethnic
group | 2021 | | 2016 | | 2011 | | 2006 | | 2001 | | 1996 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| European | 55,750 | 86.54% | 52,340 | 88.36% | 50,385 | 90.5% | 50,520 | 92.05% | 51,740 | 92.57% | 52,560 | 93.9% |
| Indigenous | 5,495 | 8.53% | 4,705 | 7.94% | 3,780 | 6.79% | 3,425 | 6.24% | 2,890 | 5.17% | 2,110 | 3.77% |
| Southeast Asian | 840 | 1.3% | 550 | 0.93% | 285 | 0.51% | 130 | 0.24% | 275 | 0.49% | 155 | 0.28% |
| South Asian | 825 | 1.28% | 355 | 0.6% | 250 | 0.45% | 150 | 0.27% | 300 | 0.54% | 350 | 0.63% |
| East Asian | 780 | 1.21% | 670 | 1.13% | 545 | 0.98% | 485 | 0.88% | 420 | 0.75% | 505 | 0.9% |
| African | 395 | 0.61% | 305 | 0.51% | 165 | 0.3% | 50 | 0.09% | 155 | 0.28% | 115 | 0.21% |
| Latin American | 190 | 0.29% | 145 | 0.24% | 90 | 0.16% | 15 | 0.03% | 70 | 0.13% | 50 | 0.09% |
| Middle Eastern | 25 | 0.04% | 60 | 0.1% | 0 | 0% | 70 | 0.13% | 0 | 0% | 10 | 0.02% |
| Other | 100 | 0.16% | 110 | 0.19% | 145 | 0.26% | 30 | 0.05% | 40 | 0.07% | 125 | 0.22% |
| Total responses | 64,420 | 97.76% | 59,235 | 98.01% | 55,675 | 98.22% | 54,885 | 98.92% | 55,890 | 99.29% | 55,975 | 99.31% |
| Total population | 65,896 | 100% | 60,439 | 100% | 56,685 | 100% | 55,485 | 100% | 56,291 | 100% | 56,366 | 100% |

* Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

## Municipalities

| Municipality | Government Type | Population |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cranbrook | city | 20,047 |
| Kimberley | city | 8,115 |
| Fernie | city | 5,249 |
| Sparwood | district municipality | 3,784 |
| Invermere | district municipality | 3.391 |
| Jumbo Glacier | mountain resort municipality | 0 |
| Elkford | district municipality | 2,499 |
| Radium Hot Springs | village | 776 |
| Canal Flats | village | 668 |

## Health care

The largest hospital in the region is the East Kootenay Regional Hospital in Cranbrook. There are also hospitals in Creston (Creston Valley Hospital), Fernie (Elk Valley Hospital), Invermere (Invermere & District Hospital), and Golden (Golden & District Hospital). Primary health centers are present in Sparwood and Elkford.

## First Nations

The First Nations people who live in the East Kootenay are from the Ktunaxa Nation. There are currently four bands Columbia Lake First Nation near Windermere, Lower Kootenay First Nation near Creston, St. Mary's First Nation near Cranbrook, and Tobacco Plains First Nation near Grasmere.

1. "Board of Directors". Retrieved July 9, 2019.
2.
3. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and census divisions". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
4. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
5. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
6. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
7. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 20, 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
8. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 2, 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
9. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 4, 2019). "Electronic Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1996 Census". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
10. "Information Page". *www.interiorhealth.ca*. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
11. "Information Page". *www.interiorhealth.ca*. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
12. "Information Page". *www.interiorhealth.ca*. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
13. "Invermere & District Hospital". *www.interiorhealth.ca*. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
14. "Golden & District Hospital". *www.interiorhealth.ca*. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
15. "Sparwood Primary Health Care". *www.interiorhealth.ca*. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
16. "Elkford Health Centre". *www.interiorhealth.ca*. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
17. "Our History – Lower Kootenay Band". *lowerkootenay.com*. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
* Census Profile, 2016 Census, East Kootenay

## InfoBox

| East Kootenay | |
| --- | --- |
| Regional district | |
| Regional District of East Kootenay | |
| Kootenay National Park | |
|  | |
| **Cranbrook****Kimberley****Fernie****Sparwood****Invermere****Elkford**Radium Hot SpringsCanal Flats*Jumbo Glacier*Major communities | |
| Location in British Columbia | |
| Coordinates: 49°55′00″N 115°45′00″W / 49.9167°N 115.75°W / 49.9167; -115.75 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | British Columbia |
| Administrative office location | Cranbrook |
| Government | |
| Type | Regional district |
| Body | Board of directors |
| Chair | Rob Gay (C) |
| Vice chair | Susan Clovechok (F) |
| Electoral areas | A, B, C, E, F, G |
| Area | |
| Land | 27,541.84 km2 (10,633.96 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 65,896 |
| Density | 2.4/km2 (6/sq mi) |
| Time zones | |
| Most of the district | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (Mountain Daylight (MDT)) |
| Electoral area C (no DST) | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Website | www.rdek.bc.ca |


title: Reighardia sternae

abstract: Reighardia sternae, also known as the larid pentastome, is a small internal parasitic crustacean. It is the only Pentastomida species to use gulls and terns as hosts, living in the body cavity and air sacs.

text:
# Reighardia sternae

***Reighardia sternae***, also known as the **larid pentastome**, is a small internal parasitic crustacean. It is the only Pentastomida species to use gulls and terns as hosts, living in the body cavity and air sacs.

## InfoBox

| *Reighardia sternae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Ichthyostraca |
| Order: | Reighardiida |
| Family: | Reighardiidae |
| Genus: | *Reighardia* |
| Species: | ***R. sternae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Reighardia sternae***<br>(Diesing, 1864) | |
|


title: Reindeer Station

abstract: Reindeer Station is an uninhabited locality in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located in the Caribou Hills, along the Mackenzie River's eastern channel. The community was established in 1932 to house a herd of 3,442 reindeer purchased by the Government of Canada. The venture was intended to replace the traditional livelihood of the local Indigenous peoples, but few chose to become reindeer herders, so the government eventually sold the animals. Reindeer Station was abandoned in 1969. Most of its residential buildings were relocated to the larger centres of Tuktoyaktuk and Inuvik.

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# Reindeer Station

**Reindeer Station** (known as *Qunngilaaq* in the Inuvialuktun language) is an uninhabited locality in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located in the Caribou Hills, along the Mackenzie River's eastern channel. The community was established in 1932 to house a herd of 3,442 reindeer purchased by the Government of Canada. The venture was intended to replace the traditional livelihood of the local Indigenous peoples, but few chose to become reindeer herders, so the government eventually sold the animals. Reindeer Station was abandoned in 1969. Most of its residential buildings were relocated to the larger centres of Tuktoyaktuk and Inuvik.

## History

In the early 1920s, the Government of Canada received reports that the wild caribou herds of the Western Arctic were in steep decline. This would have placed the local Inuvialuit in danger of starvation. A similar event in 1890s Alaska led the United States Government to purchase a large herd of reindeer from Europe, introducing Native Alaskans to Old World animal husbandry practices. This Alaska Reindeer Service, headquartered at the Teller Reindeer Station, proved to be a modest success. In 1926, the Canadians decided to duplicate the program, hiring Danish botanist Erling Porsild to choose a suitable nucleus for the Canadian reindeer industry. By 1928, he had identified Mackenzie Delta as having the greatest potential, and the construction of Reindeer Station began. The next year, the federal government entered into a $225,000 contract with American "reindeer king" Carl J. Lomen to deliver 3,000 reindeer to the Canadian Arctic. The drive covered a distance of 2,400 km (1,500 mi) from Lomen's headquarters in Nome, Alaska, and a team of Norwegian Sámi herders were hired to drive the herd.

Government officials expected the drive to be completed by 1931, but it was beset by accidents almost immediately. While the herd was still being assembled, its corral was destroyed by a storm in November 1929. Two stampedes occurred in July 1931 and March 1933, greatly delaying the journey. American and Canadian newspapers often reported on the delayed drive, and the party's Sámi leader, Andrew Bahr, was nicknamed "The Arctic Moses". By June 1934, the herd reached the ice-covered Mackenzie Delta, but a storm triggered a third stampede, causing the animals to bolt back to the western shore. Warm summer conditions meant that another crossing could not be attempted until the next year.

On March 6, 1935, the herd was successfully corralled at Reindeer Station. Of the 3,000 animals specified in the contract, 2,382 arrived, but only 20 per cent of the herd was found to have originated in Alaska. The drive was so delayed that the rest were born along the way.

At its peak, Reindeer Station was a self-sufficient community with a population of about 90 people, mainly herders and their families. Amenities included a post office, school, church, generating plant, and Hudson's Bay Company trading post.

Originally, the reindeer program was intended to replace the traditional lifestyle of the Inuvialuit. A three-year apprenticeship program would produce self-sufficient reindeer herders, each responsible for their own herd and territory. However, this difficult and lonely career did not prove popular, especially as it provided a lower income than hunting and trapping. From 1935 to the mid-1950s, only seven independent herds were established. The program was finally extinguished by new postwar developments in the Arctic. For those Inuvialuit willing to consider non-traditional wage labour, the construction of the DEW Line and the new town of Inuvik provided much higher incomes. The federal government sold the reindeer herd in 1960, and it remains privately owned today.

While most historic buildings have been removed from Reindeer Station, the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation continues to conduct traditional camps and workshops at the site. Modern uses are limited by landslide risk.

Filmmaker Peter Lynch profiled the project in the 1998 documentary film *The Herd*.

## InfoBox

| Reindeer Station *Qunngilaaq* | |
| --- | --- |
| Locality | |
| Modern buildings at Reindeer Station | |
| Reindeer StationLocation in the Northwest TerritoriesReindeer StationReindeer Station (Canada) | |
| Coordinates: 68°41′20″N 134°08′06″W / 68.68889°N 134.13500°W / 68.68889; -134.13500 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Territory | Northwest Territories |
| Region | Inuvik |
| Founded | 1932 |
| Population (1950s) | |
| Total | 90 |


title: Reindeer River (Saskatchewan)

abstract: The Reindeer River is a river in northern Saskatchewan in the Canadian Shield. It flows south from Reindeer Lake to the Churchill River. The river's flow is regulated by the Whitesand Dam located between Marchand Lake and Fafard Lake. Access is by Highway 102 that ends at the community of Southend.

text:
# Reindeer River (Saskatchewan)

The **Reindeer River** is a river in northern Saskatchewan in the Canadian Shield. It flows south from Reindeer Lake to the Churchill River. The river's flow is regulated by the Whitesand Dam (56°14′8″N 103°08′57″W / 56.23556°N 103.14917°W / 56.23556; -103.14917) located between Marchand Lake and Fafard Lake.

Access is by Highway 102 that ends at the community of Southend.

## InfoBox

| Reindeer River | |
| --- | --- |
| Churchill River drainage basin | |
| Location of the mouth of the Reindeer River | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Reindeer Lake |
| coordinates | 56°20′20″N 103°13′30″W / 56.33889°N 103.22500°W / 56.33889; -103.22500 |
| elevation | 337 m (1,106 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Churchill River |
| coordinates | 55°36′0″N 103°11′1″W / 55.60000°N 103.18361°W / 55.60000; -103.18361 |
| Length | 100 km (62 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Churchill River drainage basin |
|  | |


title: Reindeer herding

abstract: Reindeer herding is when reindeer are herded by people in a limited area. Currently, reindeer are the only semi-domesticated animal which naturally belong to the North. Reindeer herding is conducted in nine countries: Norway, Finland, Sweden, Russia, Greenland, Alaska, Mongolia, China and Canada. A small herd is also maintained in Scotland's Cairngorms National Park. Reindeer herding is conducted by individuals within some kind of cooperation, in forms such as families, districts, Sámi and Yakut villages and sovkhozy. A person who conducts reindeer herding is called a reindeer herder and approximately 100,000 people are engaged in reindeer herding today around the circumpolar North.

text:
# Reindeer herding

**Reindeer herding** is when reindeer are herded by people in a limited area. Currently, reindeer are the only semi-domesticated animal which naturally belong to the North. Reindeer herding is conducted in nine countries: Norway, Finland, Sweden, Russia, Greenland, Alaska (the United States), Mongolia, China and Canada. A small herd is also maintained in Scotland's Cairngorms National Park.

Reindeer herding is conducted by individuals within some kind of cooperation, in forms such as families, districts, Sámi and Yakut villages and sovkhozy (collective farms). A person who conducts reindeer herding is called a reindeer herder and approximately 100,000 people are engaged in reindeer herding today around the circumpolar North.

## Domestication

The domestication of the reindeer does not lend itself to a simple explanation. There is no doubt that when the glaciers retreated at the end of the last Ice Age, people followed reindeer to the North, using traps during the reindeer hunt. Modern archaeological data (rock art) suggest that domestication may have taken place for the first time in the Sayan Mountains between Russia and Mongolia, possibly 2–3 thousand years ago. According to another theory, the Tungus (the ancestors of the present Evenks and Evens) independently domesticated reindeer to the east of Lake Baikal, and that reindeer herding originated in several places simultaneously. Reindeer herders have their own stories about how reindeer were domesticated, and about the relationship between wild and domestic reindeer. Whatever the debate, the very fact of domination of a reindeer led to a reindeer revolution that spread to the North, East, and West. Sleds pulled by reindeer appeared later than dog sleds. The reindeer sleds made accessible areas of the tundra and mountains, which can only be accessed by helicopter. Reindeer became the preferred vehicle on the expanses of Eurasia.

## Sámi

The Sámi people lived and worked in so-called *siiddat* (reindeer herding groups) and reindeer were used for transport, milk and meat production. The *siida* is an ancient Sámi community system within a designated area but it can also be defined as a working partnership where the members had individual rights to resources but helped each other with the management of the herds, or when hunting and fishing. The *siida* could consist of several families and their herds.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the traditional regions of Sámi reindeer husbandry were divided by state borders between four states: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia, which led to the destabilization of traditional reindeer husbandry practices. The state borders (in 1852 between Norway and Russia and in 1889 between Sweden and Finland, then owned by Russia) have divided the reindeer *siids*.

### Scandinavia

In Scandinavia, about 6,500 Sámi are engaged in reindeer herding. In Norway and Sweden reindeer herding is characterized by large herds and a high degree of mechanization in all regions. The main product of reindeer herding is meat. However, skins, bones, and horns are important raw materials for making clothes and handicrafts. The involvement of young people in Norway and Sweden is hindered by legislative acts, and the lack of pastures and economic opportunities hamper the growth of the industry. The total number of reindeer in the Sámi territory, with the exception of Russia, is privately owned, despite the fact that in many aspects the reindeer grazing is carried out collectively within the framework of the Siid.

#### Norway

In Norway, there are six pasture territories, divided into 77 pasture areas. Only ethnic Sámi have the right to reindeer husbandry in these areas. The reindeer is also bred in southern Norway in special concession areas. There, reindeer herding can also be practiced by non-Sámi Norwegians. The reindeer graze on pastures with an area of approximately 146 thousand km2 in the provinces of Finnmark, Troms, Nordland and Trøndelag, which is 40% of the mainland part of Norway. Reindeer herding is managed by the Norwegian Reindeer Husbandry Administration, which is directly subordinate to the Ministry of Agriculture of Norway. 2936 reindeer herders graze about 240 thousands deer, most of which are based in the province of Finnmark.

Reindeer herding is regulated by the New Norwegian Reindeer Herding Act of 2007. Only specified persons have the right to a reindeer earmark and to conduct reindeer husbandry in the Sámi reindeer herding area. Only a person who is a Sámi and themselves, their parents or their grandparents have or had reindeer herding as their primary occupation qualifies for an earmark.

The number of reindeer in Norway is calculated after slaughtering but before the calving starts in May, and it fluctuates around 200,000. In Norway, the reindeer numbers were 242,000 in 1990, 172,000 in 2000 and 241,000 in 2007. The most common reasons for these fluctuations include difficult climatic situations during several winters, increasing predation levels and poor pasture conditions.

The economic situation for reindeer herders in Norway varies greatly. Modern reindeer herders have to adapt to a wide variety of changes in the local, regional and national economy. Reindeer herding is in terms of taxation seen as a for-profit-business and for a reindeer herder a common tax form is as a private entrepreneur.

Today, the income of individual reindeer herders consists of the production of meat and raw materials such as skins, bones and horns. Additional sources of income include financial subsidies and compensation.

More than 50% of the costs in the industry in all the six areas of reindeer husbandry are related to the costs of running and maintaining mechanical equipment. Other high costs are related to other equipment and constructions.

Norway has since 1976, an agreement for reindeer husbandry which is called the Reindeer Husbandry Agreement (Norwegian: *Reindriftsavtalen*) and the main purpose of this is to preserve and develop reindeer husbandry based on its traditions. The agreement is a result of the Norwegian authorities’ views on reindeer herding and especially in relation to the support of the Sámi culture and reindeer husbandry as a Sámi industry. The agreement reflects the political objectives and guidelines for reindeer husbandry.

The economic support for the years 2008–2009 amounted to 97 million NOK (10.1 M Euro). The financial support agreement includes activity supports, production bonuses, early slaughter supplements, calf slaughter payments, district support, special transition assistance and other payments.

#### Sweden

In Sweden, reindeer herding is practised almost everywhere in the provinces of Norrbotten, Västerbotten, and Jämtland, and in parts of the provinces of Dalarna, Västernorrland, and Gävleborg. The herding area stretches from the border with Finland to the province of Dalarna, covering an area of 226 000 km2 about 55% of Sweden.

Reindeer herding employs about 2,500 people in Sweden and the number of reindeer owners is a total of about 4,600 people. According to figures from 2005, 77% of the country's reindeer are owned by men.

The Sámi village (Sámi: *siida*, Swedish: *Sameby*), the structural unit of Sámi reindeer herding in Sweden, is divided into 51 Sámi reindeer herding villages which are both economic associations and geographical areas. Of those are 33 mountain and 10 forest Sámi reindeer herding villages, and eight concession Sámi reindeer herding villages.

Contemporary reindeer husbandry is regulated by the Swedish reindeer husbandry act. According to this Act, the right to pursue reindeer herding only belongs to the Sámi people. Only a person who is member of Sámi reindeer herding village (Sameby) has reindeer herding rights, in other words, may engage in reindeer husbandry in the Sámi reindeer herding village to which she/he belongs. The only exception are concession villages, as they engage in reindeer husbandry with special permission from the County Administrative Board (in Swedish: *Länsstyrelsen*). The reindeer in the concession villages are owned by non-Sámi who also often own the land on which their reindeer graze. However, according to the Reindeer Husbandry Act, the actual reindeer herding in a concession village must be conducted by a Sámi. A reindeer owner in a concession village is not allowed to own more than 30 reindeer.

Concession villages exist only in the Torne Valley (the area on the Swedish side of the river which marks the border between Sweden and Finland).

Any reindeer has to be marked in the ears. A reindeer earmark is a combination of one to many cuts in a reindeer's ears which all together tells who the reindeer owner is. There are around 20 different approved cuts and in addition some 30 different combinations of cuts, and all those cuts and combinations have their own name. All reindeer in the Sámi reindeer husbandry area are marked with the owner's registered earmark by 31 October in the year of its birth. Before an earmark is implemented, it must be approved by the earmark committee consisting of three to five members.

The number of reindeer in Sweden fluctuates and during the 1900s it has varied between 150,000 and 300,000 reindeer. In Sweden the reindeer numbers were 253,000 in 1995, 221,000 in 2000 and 220,000 in 2007. The number of reindeer is counted after slaughtered reindeer are withdrawn from the herd, and before the calving starts, which is usually in May. For each Sámi village, the maximum number of reindeer is decided by the County Administrative Board and the reindeer are counted each year by the reindeer herders themselves. On the individual level there are no maximum numbers for reindeer.

### Finland

In Finland, reindeer husbandry is practiced through a system of reindeer herding districts (in Finnish: *paliskunta*, Sámi: *bálgosat*). There are 56 districts in the reindeer husbandry area, 41 of which are in the Province of Lapland and the remaining 15 are in the Province of Oulu. 13 of the districts are so-called Sámi districts. The districts have strictly defined boundaries and they vary in size and number of reindeer.

The total area of reindeer husbandry in Finland is approximately 33% of the surface of the country or about 122,936 km2.

Reindeer herding in Finland is not the prerogative of only ethnic Sámi, and any European Union citizen can engage in this type of farm. However, there are some conditions. The owner of the reindeer must be approved as a member by a reindeer herding district (Finnish: *paliskunta*, Swedish: *renbeteslag*, Sámi: *bálggos*) and must permanently reside in the municipality to which the district belongs.

In total, there are about 5,600 reindeer herders, most of whom are Finnish by nationality. The number of reindeer owners in Finland is about 6,700.

In the beginning of the 20th century, the number of reindeer in Finland was slightly over 100,000, and by 1959–1960 it had reached 140,000. During the 1970s and 1980s the number increased rapidly and reached over 250,000 reindeer at a maximum. The number of reindeer in Finland was about 207,000 reindeer in 2004/2005. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Finnish: *Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö*) regulates the number of reindeer by confirming the largest permissible numbers of living reindeer for each district. If the number of reindeer in a district exceeds the permitted level, the district must reduce the number of its reindeer to below the largest permissible number.

The largest permissible number of reindeer owned by a reindeer husbandry entrepreneur is 300 animals in the southern region of the reindeer husbandry area and 500 animals in the northern parts of the area.

In Finland, reindeer husbandry at the individual level in terms of taxation is not treated as a for-profit-business. Instead the reindeer herding district serves as a joint company for the reindeer owners. The district reports all incomes and costs within the district.

The vast majority of reindeer owners in Finland practise reindeer husbandry as a supplement to agriculture and forestry. With regard to ethnic groups in Finland, reindeer herding is from the economic point of view the most important for Sámi people. The annual total revenue from reindeer husbandry in Finland is estimated to be 60 million Euro with the main product being meat. In 1999–2000, 93,000 reindeer were slaughtered, producing 2.1 million kilograms of meat.

In addition to meat production, reindeer are also an extremely valuable resource for both summer and winter tourism, as they are one of the main attractions for foreign tourists. Numbers from 1994 to 2000 show that 60-80% of reindeer herders' income is from meat and about 10% from compensation and 10% from aid. Only a small part comes from investments and other incomes. Numbers from the same years show that about 40% of the costs are related to herding activities, about 20% of costs to cross country traffic and the rest to damages caused by reindeer, administrative costs, office supplies and equipment and other utilities.

### Russia

Reindeer breeding of the Kola Sámi in the northwest of Russia underwent a transformation in the 19th century with the arrival of 65 Komi reindeer herders with their 600 deer. Reindeer herding on the basis of semi-grazing was transformed into large-scale farms with a focus on productivity. Collectivization in the 1930s continued the further transformation of reindeer husbandry as the size of the herds increased. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, reindeer husbandry was neglected. Reindeer husbandry is managed by two state farms and reindeer herders are hired workers of these farms, as in the Soviet period.

In total, about 200 people are employed in Sámi reindeer herding, still mostly Komi by nationality. The remaining smaller part of reindeer herders are Sámi, Russians and Ukrainians. Nowadays in Russia about 1,555,300 reindeer graze. The share of private property in reindeer husbandry in the last decade has grown significantly.

## Evenki

Evenki are the most widespread of the Tungus speaking people and can be found in various regions of the Russian Federation: through the Lower Yenisey valley through the Evenk Autonomous Okrug, Irkutskaya and Amur Oblast to Khabarovsk Krai, Buryatia, North-West and South Sakha (Yakutia); they also live in China and a small group in Mongolia. Their number is probably 50,000 people, most of whom live on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), a federal subject of the Russian Federation. Being traditional nomads, they practice traditional types of economy, including reindeer herding and hunting.

### Russia

Summer pastures are located on watersheds, while winter pastures are located in river basins. Hunting for wild deer has traditionally served as a by-catch for reindeer herders and was conducted seasonally by small groups of hunters in river crossings. Nomadism is of key importance to the Evenk culture. As a result of Soviet collectivization, the nomads forcibly became sedentary, which resulted in the disintegration of social structures and cultural identity. Deer are used for riding and transporting loads and are grazed without dogs. Modern vehicles only partially replaced deer. Evenk reindeer herding serves as a model for small-scale reindeer herding where deer are used as vehicles for milk production.

Traditionally, the number of deer varied from several head to two or three dozen head per family. Relations with the deer were close, deer were saddled and milked, and the process of domestication continued through the use of millennial techniques, such as the use of salt, smoke to control insects and protection from predators. Evenk reindeer herding is closely connected with the Sayan reindeer herding (Todzhans, Tofalars, Czataans). On the reindeer Evenks traveled along the whole Eastern Siberia, spread out on 7 million square kilometers. As a result, there are about 20 clearly defined Evenk subgroups, and reindeer herding has become an important indicator of the Evenk identity.

The industrial development of certain parts of Siberia had catastrophic consequences for some groups of Evenks, and recently this process is gaining momentum due to accelerated extraction of minerals, construction of pipelines and development of the timber industry complex. The fate of the Evenk reindeer herders in the Upper Bureysky District of the Amur Oblast serves as a reminder that reindeer husbandry in these regions may come to an end.

### China

Reindeer husbandry in China is limited to the territory of one small area in the northeast of the country between 50° and 53° N. Currently 234 Evenk are employed in reindeer husbandry, distributed among 20 families, and about 1,000 deer grazing. These Evenk reindeer herders are what remained of the once large group of Evenk hunters who freely crossed the Russian-Chinese border. When military operations broke out on the Soviet-Chinese border in the 1960s, this group found itself in the territory of China. Intending to put an end to free migration across the state border, the Chinese authorities moved these people deep into the country: first to Alonsohn, then to Monkey, and finally to the settlement of Alougoya. The deer were collectivized in 1967. The state bought out all deer from the reindeer herders and began to pay the shepherds wages despite the fact that the deer continued to be under the care of their former owners and shepherds. Grazing of these deer is comparable to that of other peoples in the south of Siberia: The small number of reindeer that were owned by the families were milked and used as a means of transport. Deer were highly valued and were not slaughtered for meat.

Improving the health status and diversity of the herd, as well as the economic situation of reindeer herders, are the top priorities for this region. The production of antlers for marketing on the Asian pharmacological market is the main source of income, and attempts are being made to develop small-scale tourism in the tribal communities located near the largest city in the region, Genhe.

### Mongolia

The Tsaatan people live in the remote, deep forest of northern Mongolia. They are one of the few remaining tribes of their kind left as modern development makes its way into their remote area; their ancient traditions are now at risk of dying out. Nowadays, there is a little income in the Tsaatan communities because of tourism in Mongolia.

## Other reindeer herders

Besides Sámi and Evenk reindeer herders there are also Yakut, Nenets, Chukchi, Finnish, Komi, Koryak, Khanty, Mansi, Dolgan, Dukha, Enets, Yukagir, Tozha Tuvans, Tofalar, Selkup, Nganasan, Scottish and Greenlandic herders, Chuvan, Inupiaq Eskimo, Inuvialuit, Uil’ta, Kets, Negidal and Soyot.


title: Registration office

abstract: A registration office commonly refers to a government agency at which compulsory information must be lodged. The most common type of a registration offices are companies registration offices, business name registers, and trade register offices. In most countries, trade and company registers are freely accessible. Additional commerce registers include patent registers and trademark registers. There are also civil registers for registration of births, marriages and death. In countries with compulsory resident registration the term registration office is commonly short for resident registration office. Additional resident registers include immigration offices. Access to these registries is often limited, with information being publicly available only in the form of statistical overviews. There exist a multitude of registers and relevant offices that are incorporated by the government to allow for taxation and to monitor regulations. In some countries, the management of these register databases is handled by a separate agency or it is part of a larger body, e.g. aircraft registration or vehicle registration.

text:
# Registration office

A **registration office** commonly refers to a government agency at which compulsory information must be lodged.

The most common type of a registration offices are companies registration offices, business name registers, and trade register offices. In most countries, trade and company registers are freely accessible (list of company registers). Additional commerce registers include patent registers and trademark registers (e.g. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office).

There are also civil registers for registration of births, marriages and death. In countries with compulsory resident registration the term *registration office* is commonly short for **resident registration office** (e.g. German *Meldeamt* is short for *Einwohnermeldeamt*). Additional resident registers include immigration offices. Access to these registries is often limited, with information being publicly available only in the form of statistical overviews. There exist a multitude of registers and relevant offices that are incorporated by the government to allow for taxation and to monitor regulations. In some countries, the management of these register databases is handled by a separate agency or it is part of a larger body, e.g. aircraft registration or vehicle registration.


abstract: Registration of players under control A Registration of players under control is the process of notifying Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) that a professional baseball team affiliated with the NPB has the exclusive right to sign a contract with a specific player. A player whose unified contract documents have been approved and published by NPB is called a Registered player under control or a Controlled player, and under Article 68 of the NPB Agreement, a team has exclusive ownership of a player unless the player becomes a free agent.

text:
# Registration of players under control (Nippon Professional Baseball)

A **Registration of players under control** (支配下選手登録, *Shihaika Sensyu Touroku*) is the process of notifying Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) that a professional baseball team affiliated with the NPB has the exclusive right to sign a contract with a specific player. (NPB Agreement, Article 52) A player whose unified contract documents have been approved and published by NPB is called a **Registered player under control** (支配下登録選手, *Shihaika Touroku Sensyu*) or a **Controlled player** (支配下選手, *Shihaika Sensyu*), and under Article 68 of the NPB Agreement, a team has exclusive ownership of a player unless the player becomes a free agent.

## Summary

In general, controlled players refer to players on a team, excluding people considered Developmental players. Among these players, players who have been **player registered** will play in the first league's Central League and Pacific League, and other players will play in the second league's Eastern League and Western League. (NPB Agreement, Article 81, 170) Players must fulfill their obligation to participate in official games (Central League Pacific League, Eastern League, and Western League) held by NPB as well as unofficial games and training conducted by teams, All-Star Series, playoffs, and the Japan Series during the contract period. (Article 4 of the Unified contract documents)

## Regulations

* Each team can have up to 70 controlled players. (NPB AgreementArticle 79)
* Player contracts are made through Unified contract documents.(NPB AgreementArticle 45)
* The team that signs the player contract must apply to the NPB commissioner for approval of the contract. (NPB Agreement Article 52–1)
* When the NPB Commissioner approves a player's contract, they must announce that they are controlled players. (NPB Agreement Article 52–3)
* Any player whose player contract has been unconditionally terminated or deemed terminated pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement, or who has forfeited or waived the right to be retained by the team during the suspension period, shall be free to enter into a player contract with any team after public announcement by the player and the Commissioner as a free agent player.(NPB Agreement Article 58)
* No new player contracts will be accepted from August 1 through the day following the end of the Climax Series.(NPB Agreement Article 64)
* If a trade is carried out between teams, the player registration under the control of the previous team will be deleted, and the player under control will be registered in the new team. The trade deadline is from the day after the end of the Climax Series to July 31 of the next season. (NPB Agreement Article 105, 108, 110)
* The minimum annual salary for players under control is 4.2 million yen, but if a player with an annual salary of less than 16 million yen is registered as a player in the first squad, they can receive an amount that is multiplied by 1/150 of the difference and then multiplied by the number of days of registration. (NPB Agreement Article 89, 89–2)
* Controlled players that the team intends to sign for the next year will be announced by the NPB as contract pending players on December 2, and the team will have exclusive negotiating rights for contract renewals of the players.(NPB Agreement Article 49, 66, 67, 68)

(Example: Tokyo Yakult Swallows List of players with pending contracts for FY2022.) * Players who do not appear on the list of players with pending contracts will be publicly announced as free agent players by the NPB on December 2.(NPB Agreement Article 69)
* Contract for the next year, players who were controlled players in that year can apply for approval of the player from December 1 of that year, and other players can apply for the NPB Commissioner from the day after the Climax Series ends.(NPB Agreement Article 52–2)


title: Gösen

abstract: Gösen is a municipality in the district Saale-Holzland-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany.

text:
# Gösen

**Gösen** is a municipality in the district Saale-Holzland-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Gösen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location of Gösen within Saale-Holzland-Kreis district | |
| Gösen Gösen | |
| Coordinates: 50°59′32″N 11°52′34″E / 50.99222°N 11.87611°E / 50.99222; 11.87611 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Saale-Holzland-Kreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Eisenberg (erfüllende Gemeinde) |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202228) | Beate Heidrich |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.13 km2 (1.21 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 321 m (1,053 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 206 |
| Density | 66/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 07607 |
| Dialling codes | 036691 |
| Vehicle registration | SHK, EIS, SRO |
| Website | www.stadt-eisenberg.de |


title: Gymnopilus ludovicianus

abstract: Gymnopilus ludovicianus is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae.

text:
# Gymnopilus ludovicianus

| Gymnopilus ludovicianusMycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Gills** on hymenium |
|  | Cap is **convex** |
|  | Hymenium is **adnexed** or **adnate** |
|  | Ecology is **saprotrophic** |

***Gymnopilus ludovicianus*** is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae.

## InfoBox

| *Gymnopilus ludovicianus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
| Genus: | *Gymnopilus* |
| Species: | ***G. ludovicianus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gymnopilus ludovicianus***<br>Murrill | |
|


title: Reliance (yacht)

abstract: Reliance was the 1903 America's Cup defender designed by Nat Herreshoff. Reliance was funded by a nine-member syndicate of members of the New York Yacht Club headed by Cornelius Vanderbilt III. Reliance was designed to take full advantage of the Seawanhaka '90-foot' rating rule and was suitable only for use in certain conditions. The 1903 America's Cup was the last to be raced according to the Seawanhaka rule.

text:
# Reliance (yacht)

***Reliance*** was the 1903 America's Cup defender designed by Nat Herreshoff.

*Reliance* was funded by a nine-member syndicate of members of the New York Yacht Club headed by Cornelius Vanderbilt III.

*Reliance* was designed to take full advantage of the Seawanhaka '90-foot' rating rule and was suitable only for use in certain conditions. The 1903 America's Cup was the last to be raced according to the Seawanhaka rule.

## Design

The design took advantage of a loophole in the Seawanhaka '90-foot' rating rule, to produce a racing yacht with long overhangs at each end, so that when heeled over, her waterline length (and therefore her hull speed) increased dramatically (see image at left).

To save weight, she was completely unfinished below deck, with exposed frames. Reliance was the first racing boat to be fitted with winches below decks, in an era when her competitors relied on sheer man-power. Despite this a crew of 64 was required for racing due to the large sail plan.

From the tip of her bowsprit to the end of her 108-foot (33 m) boom, *Reliance* measured 201 feet (61 m), and the tip of her mast was 199 feet (61 m) above the water (the height of a 20-story building). Everything else was to an equally gargantuan scale; her spinnaker pole was 84 feet (26 m) long, and her total sail area of 1,501 m2 (16,160 sq ft) was the equivalent of eight 12 meter class yachts.

*Reliance* was built for one purpose: to successfully defend the America's Cup.

> Call the boat a freak, anything you like, but we cannot handicap ourselves, even if our boat is only fit for the junk heap the day after the race.
>
> Cornelius Vanderbilt

## Career

Her racing career was extraordinarily brief – and undefeated. She bested her America's Cup challenger, Sir Thomas Lipton's *Shamrock III*, designed by William Fife, in all three races, with *Shamrock III* losing by such a margin in the third that she was forced to retire. *Reliance*'s designer, Nathanael Herreshoff, immediately proposed the Universal rating rule to avoid such extreme, dangerous and expensive vessels, which made *Reliance* an inadequate contestant in subsequent races. There was much speculation as to whether *Reliance*'s victory was due to the design of the yacht or the skill of Charlie Barr in sailing her. Lipton himself proposed to allow the two boats to swap crew after the race to decide the matter, but the offer was refused by the owners of *Reliance*. Her very successful career was short-lived, and she was sold for scrap in 1913.

> They tell me I have a beautiful boat. I don't want a beautiful boat. What I want is a boat to lift the Cup – a *Reliance*. Give me a homely boat, the homeliest boat that was ever designed, if she is as fast as *Reliance*.
>
> Sir Thomas Lipton, after his 1903 defeat

## Further reading

* N. L. Stebbins, W. H. Bunting, *Steamers, Schooners, Cutters and Sloops: Marine Photographs of N. L. Stebbins Taken 1884-1907* (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1974)
* *Temple to the Wind \- The Story of America's Greatest Naval Architect and His Masterpiece, Reliance* by Christopher Pastore (Lyons Press 2005, ISBN 978-1-59228-557-0)

## InfoBox

Reliance
| *Reliance* crossing finish line August 25, 1903 | |
| --- | --- |
| Yacht club | New York Yacht Club |
| Nation | United States |
| Designer(s) | Nathanael Greene Herreshoff |
| Builder | Herreshoff Manufacturing Company |
| Launched | 1903 |
| Owner(s) | Cornelius Vanderbilt III syndicate |
| Fate | Scrapped 1913 |
| Racing career | |
| Skippers | Charlie Barr |
| Notable victories | 1903 America's Cup |
| America's Cup | 1903 |
| Specifications | |
| Type | Gaff cutter |
| Displacement | 189 tons |
| Length | LOA 201 ft 0 in (61.26 m)
LWL 90 ft 0 in (27.43 m) |
| Beam | 26 ft 0 in (7.92 m) |
| Draft | 20 ft 0 in (6.10 m) |
| Sail area | 1,501 m2 (16,160 sq ft) |
| Crew | 64 |


title: Relief (feature selection)

abstract: Relief is an algorithm developed by Kira and Rendell in 1992 that takes a filter-method approach to feature selection that is notably sensitive to feature interactions. It was originally designed for application to binary classification problems with discrete or numerical features. Relief calculates a feature score for each feature which can then be applied to rank and select top scoring features for feature selection. Alternatively, these scores may be applied as feature weights to guide downstream modeling. Relief feature scoring is based on the identification of feature value differences between nearest neighbor instance pairs. If a feature value difference is observed in a neighboring instance pair with the same class, the feature score decreases. Alternatively, if a feature value difference is observed in a neighboring instance pair with different class values, the feature score increases. The original Relief algorithm has since inspired a family of Relief-based feature selection algorithms (RBAs), including the ReliefF algorithm. Beyond the original Relief algorithm, RBAs have been adapted to (1) perform more reliably in noisy problems, (2) generalize to multi-class problems (3) generalize to numerical outcome problems, and (4) to make them robust to incomplete data. To date, the development of RBA variants and extensions has focused on four areas; (1) improving performance of the 'core' Relief algorithm, i.e. examining strategies for neighbor selection and instance weighting, (2) improving scalability of the 'core' Relief algorithm to larger feature spaces through iterative approaches, (3) methods for flexibly adapting Relief to different data types, and (4) improving Relief run efficiency. Their strengths are that they are not dependent on heuristics, they run in low-order polynomial time, and they are noise-tolerant and robust to feature interactions, as well as being applicable for binary or continuous data; however, it does not discriminate between redundant features, and low numbers of training instances fool the algorithm.

text:
# Relief (feature selection)

**Relief** is an algorithm developed by Kira and Rendell in 1992 that takes a filter-method approach to feature selection that is notably sensitive to feature interactions. It was originally designed for application to binary classification problems with discrete or numerical features. Relief calculates a feature score for each feature which can then be applied to rank and select top scoring features for feature selection. Alternatively, these scores may be applied as feature weights to guide downstream modeling. Relief feature scoring is based on the identification of feature value differences between nearest neighbor instance pairs. If a feature value difference is observed in a neighboring instance pair with the same class (a 'hit'), the feature score decreases. Alternatively, if a feature value difference is observed in a neighboring instance pair with different class values (a 'miss'), the feature score increases. The original Relief algorithm has since inspired a family of Relief-based feature selection algorithms (RBAs), including the ReliefF algorithm. Beyond the original Relief algorithm, RBAs have been adapted to (1) perform more reliably in noisy problems, (2) generalize to multi-class problems (3) generalize to numerical outcome (i.e. regression) problems, and (4) to make them robust to incomplete (i.e. missing) data.

To date, the development of RBA variants and extensions has focused on four areas; (1) improving performance of the 'core' Relief algorithm, i.e. examining strategies for neighbor selection and instance weighting, (2) improving scalability of the 'core' Relief algorithm to larger feature spaces through iterative approaches, (3) methods for flexibly adapting Relief to different data types, and (4) improving Relief run efficiency.

Their strengths are that they are not dependent on heuristics, they run in low-order polynomial time, and they are noise-tolerant and robust to feature interactions, as well as being applicable for binary or continuous data; however, it does not discriminate between redundant features, and low numbers of training instances fool the algorithm.

## Relief Algorithm

Take a data set with *n* instances of *p* features, belonging to two known classes. Within the data set, each feature should be scaled to the interval \[0 1\] (binary data should remain as 0 and 1). The algorithm will be repeated *m* times. Start with a *p*-long weight vector (W) of zeros.

At each iteration, take the feature vector (X) belonging to one random instance, and the feature vectors of the instance closest to X (by Euclidean distance) from each class. The closest same-class instance is called 'near-hit', and the closest different-class instance is called 'near-miss'. Update the weight vector such that

$$W\_{i}=W\_{i}-(x\_{i}-\mathrm {nearHit} \_{i})^{2}+(x\_{i}-\mathrm {nearMiss} \_{i})^{2},$$

where $i$ indexes the components and runs from 1 to p.

Thus the weight of any given feature decreases if it differs from that feature in nearby instances of the same class more than nearby instances of the other class, and increases in the reverse case.

After *m* iterations, divide each element of the weight vector by *m*. This becomes the relevance vector. Features are selected if their relevance is greater than a threshold *τ*.

Kira and Rendell's experiments showed a clear contrast between relevant and irrelevant features, allowing *τ* to be determined by inspection. However, it can also be determined by Chebyshev's inequality for a given confidence level (*α*) that a *τ* of 1/sqrt(α\*m) is good enough to make the probability of a Type I error less than *α*, although it is stated that *τ* can be much smaller than that.

Relief was also described as generalizable to multinomial classification by decomposition into a number of binary problems.

## ReliefF Algorithm

Kononenko et al. propose a number of updates to Relief. Firstly, they find the near-hit and near-miss instances using the Manhattan (L1) norm rather than the Euclidean (L2) norm, although the rationale is not specified. Furthermore, they found taking the absolute differences between xi and near-hiti, and xi and near-missi to be sufficient when updating the weight vector (rather than the square of those differences).

### Reliable probability estimation

Rather than repeating the algorithm *m* times, implement it exhaustively (i.e. *n* times, once for each instance) for relatively small *n* (up to one thousand). Furthermore, rather than finding the single nearest hit and single nearest miss, which may cause redundant and noisy attributes to affect the selection of the nearest neighbors, ReliefF searches for *k* nearest hits and misses and averages their contribution to the weights of each feature. *k* can be tuned for any individual problem.

### Incomplete data

In ReliefF, the contribution of missing values to the feature weight is determined using the conditional probability that two values should be the same or different, approximated with relative frequencies from the data set. This can be calculated if one or both features are missing.

### Multi-class problems

Rather than use Kira and Rendell's proposed decomposition of a multinomial classification into a number of binomial problems, ReliefF searches for *k* near misses from each different class and averages their contributions for updating W, weighted with the prior probability of each class.

## Other Relief-based Algorithm Extensions/Derivatives

The following RBAs are arranged chronologically from oldest to most recent. They include methods for improving (1) the core Relief algorithm concept, (2) iterative approaches for scalability, (3) adaptations to different data types, (4) strategies for computational efficiency, or (5) some combination of these goals. For more on RBAs see these book chapters or this most recent review paper.

### RRELIEFF

Robnik-Šikonja and Kononenko propose further updates to ReliefF, making it appropriate for regression.

### Relieved-F

Introduced deterministic neighbor selection approach and a new approach for incomplete data handling.

### Iterative Relief

Implemented method to address bias against non-monotonic features. Introduced the first iterative Relief approach. For the first time, neighbors were uniquely determined by a radius threshold and instances were weighted by their distance from the target instance.

### I-RELIEF

Introduced sigmoidal weighting based on distance from target instance. All instance pairs (not just a defined subset of neighbors) contributed to score updates. Proposed an on-line learning variant of Relief. Extended the iterative Relief concept. Introduced local-learning updates between iterations for improved convergence.

### TuRF (a.k.a. Tuned ReliefF)

Specifically sought to address noise in large feature spaces through the recursive elimination of features and the iterative application of ReliefF.

### Evaporative Cooling ReliefF

Similarly seeking to address noise in large feature spaces. Utilized an iterative \`evaporative' removal of lowest quality features using ReliefF scores in association with mutual information.

### EReliefF (a.k.a. Extended ReliefF)

Addressing issues related to incomplete and multi-class data.

### VLSReliefF (a.k.a. Very Large Scale ReliefF)

Dramatically improves the efficiency of detecting 2-way feature interactions in very large feature spaces by scoring random feature subsets rather than the entire feature space.

### ReliefMSS

Introduced calculation of feature weights relative to average feature 'diff' between instance pairs.

### SURF

SURF identifies nearest neighbors (both hits and misses) based on a distance threshold from the target instance defined by the average distance between all pairs of instances in the training data. Results suggest improved power to detect 2-way epistatic interactions over ReliefF.

### SURF\* (a.k.a. SURFStar)

SURF\* extends the SURF algorithm to not only utilized 'near' neighbors in scoring updates, but 'far' instances as well, but employing inverted scoring updates for 'far instance pairs. Results suggest improved power to detect 2-way epistatic interactions over SURF, but an inability to detect simple main effects (i.e. univariate associations).

### SWRF\*

SWRF\* extends the SURF\* algorithm adopting sigmoid weighting to take distance from the threshold into account. Also introduced a modular framework for further developing RBAs called MoRF.

### MultiSURF\* (a.k.a. MultiSURFStar)

MultiSURF\* extends the SURF\* algorithm adapting the near/far neighborhood boundaries based on the average and standard deviation of distances from the target instance to all others. MultiSURF\* uses the standard deviation to define a dead-band zone where 'middle-distance' instances do not contribute to scoring. Evidence suggests MultiSURF\* performs best in detecting pure 2-way feature interactions.

### ReliefSeq

Introduces a feature-wise adaptive k parameter for more flexibly detecting univariate effects and interaction effects.

### MultiSURF

MultiSURF simplifies the MultiSURF\* algorithm by preserving the dead-band zone, and target-instance-centric neighborhood determination, but eliminating the 'far' scoring. Evidence suggests MultiSURF to be a well rounded option, able to detect 2-way and 3-way interactions, as well as simple univariate associations. Also introduced the RBA software package called ReBATE that includes implementations of (Relief, ReliefF, SURF, SURF\*, MultiSURF\*, MultiSURF, and TuRF).

### STIR

STIR reformulates and slightly adjusts the original Relief formula by incorporating sample variance of the nearest neighbor distances into the attribute importance estimation. This variance permits the calculation of statistical significance of features and adjustment for multiple testing of Relief-based scores. Currently, STIR supports binary outcome variable but will soon be extended to multi-state and continuous outcome.

## RBA Applications

Different RBAs have been applied to feature selection in a variety of problem domains.

1. Kira, Kenji and Rendell, Larry (1992). The Feature Selection Problem: Traditional Methods and a New Algorithm. AAAI-92 Proceedings.
2. Kira, Kenji and Rendell, Larry (1992) A Practical Approach to Feature Selection, Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Machine Learning, p249-256
3. Kononenko, Igor et al. Overcoming the myopia of inductive learning algorithms with RELIEFF (1997), Applied Intelligence, 7(1), p39-55
4. Kononenko, Igor (1994-04-06). "Estimating attributes: Analysis and extensions of RELIEF". *Machine Learning: ECML-94*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 784. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 171–182. doi:10.1007/3-540-57868-4\_57. ISBN 978-3540578680. S2CID 8190856.
5. Robnik-Šikonja, Marko, and Kononenko, Igor (1997). An adaptation of Relief for attribute estimation in regression. Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference (ICML’97) (p296-304)
6. Urbanowicz, Ryan J.; Meeker, Melissa; LaCava, William; Olson, Randal S.; Moore, Jason H. (2018). "Relief-Based Feature Selection: Introduction and Review". *Journal of Biomedical Informatics*. **85**: 189–203. arXiv:1711.08421. Bibcode:2017arXiv171108421U. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2018.07.014. PMC 6299836. PMID 30031057.
7. Kononenko, Igor, Robnik-Sikonja, Marko (2007-10-29). *Non-Myopic Feature Quality Evaluation with (R)ReliefF*. Chapman and Hall/CRC. pp. 169–192. doi:10.1201/9781584888796-9. ISBN 9780429150418.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
8. Moore, Jason H. (2015). "Epistasis Analysis Using ReliefF". *Epistasis*. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1253. Humana Press, New York, NY. pp. 315–325. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2155-3\_17. ISBN 9781493921546. PMID 25403540.
9. Todorov, Alexandre (2016-07-08). *An Overview of the RELIEF Algorithm and Advancements*. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262034685.
10. Kohavi, Ron; John, George H (1997-12-01). "Wrappers for feature subset selection". *Artificial Intelligence*. **97** (1–2): 273–324. doi:10.1016/S0004-3702(97)00043-X. ISSN 0004-3702.
11. Draper, B.; Kaito, C.; Bins, J. (June 2003). "Iterative Relief". *2003 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop*. Vol. 6. p. 62. doi:10.1109/CVPRW.2003.10065. S2CID 17599624.
12. Sun, Yijun; Li, Jian (2006-06-25). "Iterative RELIEF for feature weighting". *Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Machine learning - ICML '06*. ACM. pp. 913–920. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.387.7424. doi:10.1145/1143844.1143959. ISBN 978-1595933836. S2CID 1102692.
13. Sun, Y. (June 2007). "Iterative RELIEF for Feature Weighting: Algorithms, Theories, and Applications". *IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence*. **29** (6): 1035–1051. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2007.1093. ISSN 0162-8828. PMID 17431301. S2CID 14087053.
14. Sun, Y.; Todorovic, S.; Goodison, S. (September 2010). "Local-Learning-Based Feature Selection for High-Dimensional Data Analysis". *IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence*. **32** (9): 1610–1626. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2009.190. ISSN 0162-8828. PMC 3445441. PMID 20634556.
15. Moore, Jason H.; White, Bill C. (2007-04-11). "Tuning ReliefF for Genome-Wide Genetic Analysis". *Evolutionary Computation, Machine Learning and Data Mining in Bioinformatics*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4447. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 166–175. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71783-6\_16. ISBN 9783540717829.
16. McKinney, B.A.; Reif, D.M.; White, B.C.; Crowe, J.E.; Moore, J.H. (2007-08-15). "Evaporative cooling feature selection for genotypic data involving interactions". *Bioinformatics*. **23** (16): 2113–2120. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm317. ISSN 1367-4803. PMC 3988427. PMID 17586549.
17. Park, H.; Kwon, H. C. (August 2007). "Extended Relief Algorithms in Instance-Based Feature Filtering". *Sixth International Conference on Advanced Language Processing and Web Information Technology (ALPIT 2007)*. pp. 123–128. doi:10.1109/ALPIT.2007.16. ISBN 978-0-7695-2930-1. S2CID 15296546.
18. Eppstein, M. J.; Haake, P. (September 2008). "Very large scale ReliefF for genome-wide association analysis". *2008 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology*. pp. 112–119. doi:10.1109/CIBCB.2008.4675767. ISBN 978-1-4244-1778-0. S2CID 9296768.
19. Chikhi, Salim; Benhammada, Sadek (2009-11-04). "ReliefMSS: a variation on a feature ranking ReliefF algorithm". *International Journal of Business Intelligence and Data Mining*. **4** (3/4): 375. doi:10.1504/ijbidm.2009.029085. S2CID 15242788.
20. Greene, Casey S.; Penrod, Nadia M.; Kiralis, Jeff; Moore, Jason H. (2009-09-22). "Spatially Uniform ReliefF (SURF) for computationally-efficient filtering of gene-gene interactions". *BioData Mining*. **2** (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1756-0381-2-5. ISSN 1756-0381. PMC 2761303. PMID 19772641.
21. Greene, Casey S.; Himmelstein, Daniel S.; Kiralis, Jeff; Moore, Jason H. (2010-04-07). "The Informative Extremes: Using Both Nearest and Farthest Individuals Can Improve Relief Algorithms in the Domain of Human Genetics". *Evolutionary Computation, Machine Learning and Data Mining in Bioinformatics*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 6023. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 182–193. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12211-8\_16. ISBN 9783642122101.
22. Urbanowicz, Ryan J.; Olson, Randal S.; Schmitt, Peter; Meeker, Melissa; Moore, Jason H. (2017-11-22). "Benchmarking Relief-Based Feature Selection Methods for Bioinformatics Data Mining". arXiv:1711.08477. Bibcode:2017arXiv171108477U. PMID 30030120.
23. Stokes, Matthew E.; Visweswaran, Shyam (2012-12-03). "Application of a spatially-weighted Relief algorithm for ranking genetic predictors of disease". *BioData Mining*. **5** (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1756-0381-5-20. ISSN 1756-0381. PMC 3554553. PMID 23198930.
24. Granizo-Mackenzie, Delaney; Moore, Jason H. (2013-04-03). "Multiple Threshold Spatially Uniform ReliefF for the Genetic Analysis of Complex Human Diseases". *Evolutionary Computation, Machine Learning and Data Mining in Bioinformatics*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 7833. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 1–10. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37189-9\_1. ISBN 9783642371882.
25. McKinney, Brett A.; White, Bill C.; Grill, Diane E.; Li, Peter W.; Kennedy, Richard B.; Poland, Gregory A.; Oberg, Ann L. (2013-12-10). "ReliefSeq: A Gene-Wise Adaptive-K Nearest-Neighbor Feature Selection Tool for Finding Gene-Gene Interactions and Main Effects in mRNA-Seq Gene Expression Data". *PLOS ONE*. **8** (12): e81527. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881527M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081527. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3858248. PMID 24339943.
26. Le, Trang; Urbanowicz, Ryan; Moore, Jason; McKinney, Brett (18 September 2018). "STatistical Inference Relief (STIR) feature selection". *Bioinformatics*. **35** (8): 1358–1365. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty788. PMC 6477983. PMID 30239600.
27. Le, Trang (1 November 2018). "STIR Poster". *Figshare*. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.7241417. Retrieved 24 January 2019.


title: Reidville Academy Faculty House

abstract: Reidville Academy Faculty House is a historic house in Reidville, South Carolina. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

text:
# Reidville Academy Faculty House

**Reidville Academy Faculty House** is a historic house in Reidville, South Carolina. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## History

The house was built around 1860 for the principal of the Reidville Male High School, which was later called the Reidville Male Academy. The house is a two-story, brick raised cottage in the Greek Revival style. It is covered with stucco that is scored to look like stone blocks.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Reidville Academy Faculty House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Jct. of College and Main Sts., Reidville, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°51′37″N 82°6′52″W / 34.86028°N 82.11444°W / 34.86028; -82.11444 |
| Area | 1.1 acres (0.45 ha) |
| Built | 1858 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 97001105 |
| Added to NRHP | September 4, 1997 |


title: Remuda

abstract: A remuda is a horse herd from which ranch-hands select their mounts. The word is of Spanish derivation, meaning 'remount', i.e.: "change of horses", and is in common use in the American West. The person in charge of the remuda is generally known as a wrangler. The wrangler provides spare horses during roundup, when cowboys change mounts 3 to 4 times a day.

text:
# Remuda

A **remuda** is a horse herd from which ranch-hands select their mounts. The word is of Spanish derivation, meaning 'remount', i.e.: "change of horses", and is in common use in the American West.

The person in charge of the remuda is generally known as a wrangler. The wrangler provides spare horses during roundup, when cowboys change mounts 3 to 4 times a day.

## Necessity

West of the Mississippi River, ranches are larger in acreage than are the farms to the east. Historically, cattle grazed, mostly unattended, on the open range before being rounded up and driven to market.

In present times in early summer, cattle are released onto U.S. Forest Service or Bureau of Land Management lands, where the rancher pays the U.S. government for a lease, often of multiple sections of land. Most public land is still open range, unfenced or minimally fenced. Cattle are still rounded up and brought in off the range in the late summer and fall, with breeding stock sorted and moved to winter pasture, and animals for sale selected for shipping to feedlots.

In both historical and modern times, the necessity of rounding up cattle from the open range is a job primarily performed by a cowboy mounted on a horse. Historically, the long-distance cattle drives required cattle to first be gathered, then herded over long distances, often requiring several weeks of travel, covering up to 30 miles (48 km) in a day to bring herds of cattle several hundred miles to a railhead for sale and shipping. Today, though cattle are usually rounded up and herded only as far as a decent road where they can be loaded onto livestock trailers or semi-trailers. The terrain as well as unpredictable behavior of cattle render motorized vehicles virtually useless for rounding up and herding. Thus, in modern times, the use of horses remains essential.

## Management

During roundups and for moving cattle, several horses are required for each cowboy. During a roundup in modern times, a cowboy may need to switch horses two or three times each day to rest each horse for use on subsequent days and avoid injury to horse and rider that may result from a fall or misstep by a fatigued animal. During the historic cattle drive era, each cowboy required about six horses on a cattle drive, switching the animals daily or even twice daily. Thus, the spare horses must be kept close to the cattle herd and moved along with the cattle so as to be available to riders as needed. The horses graze whenever possible along the way and at night to obtain adequate forage. The herd of spare horses was given the name *remuda*. The remuda would be kept separately from the cattle herd for a number of reasons. It was more convenient to the riders not to have to sort horses out of a much larger herd of cattle. It was also safer for the animals; the cattle would not be unduly disturbed by the antics of quick-moving horses and riders moving through the herd, and the horses were at less risk of injury from conflicts with cattle, particularly breeds such as the Texas longhorn noted for their substantial horns.

In modern times, the remuda may be housed in corrals at the trailhead or gathering site, though historically, and in remote areas in modern times where there are few or no corrals, the herd would be kept loose on the range, under the charge of people called wranglers, whose exclusive job was to manage the horse herd.

Although many modern horses are now trained to accept being caught and haltered by a rider on foot without attempting to run away, the same was not true of the often partly trained, semi-feral horses used in the Old West, who could only be easily caught with a lasso. Obtaining these horses each morning required a special system. When corrals were available, the remuda would be run into an enclosed area where the horses could be caught. On the open range, a temporary corral could be created by pounding stakes into the ground in a large circle with a rope attached around the stakes to form a makeshift barrier. The horses had been trained sufficiently to accept even the minimal confinement of a rope corral and not test the fence. In some places, the wranglers simply kept the horses gathered in a tight group, often by providing fodder.


title: Renata Chlumska

abstract: Renata Chlumska is an adventurer and mountain climber. Born to Czech parents, she has both Swedish and Czech citizenship. On 5 May 1999, she became the first Swedish and Czech woman to climb Mount Everest. During 2005 and 2006 she performed a challenge called "Around America Adventure" in the lower 48 states of the United States. She paddled a kayak from Seattle to San Diego, bicycled with the kayak on a carriage from San Diego to Brownsville, Texas, continued kayaking around Florida to Eastport, Maine, and then bicycled back to Seattle. She became the first person to circumnavigate 32 states by bicycle and kayak. She was engaged to Göran Kropp when he died in a climbing accident.

text:
# Renata Chlumska

**Renata Chlumska** (born 9 December 1973 in Malmö, Sweden) is an adventurer and mountain climber. Born to Czech parents, she has both Swedish and Czech citizenship.

On 5 May 1999, she became the first Swedish and Czech woman to climb Mount Everest.

During 2005 and 2006 she performed a challenge called "Around America Adventure" in the lower 48 states of the United States. She paddled a kayak from Seattle to San Diego, bicycled with the kayak on a carriage from San Diego to Brownsville, Texas, continued kayaking around Florida to Eastport, Maine, and then bicycled back to Seattle. She became the first person to circumnavigate 32 states by bicycle and kayak.

She was engaged to Göran Kropp when he died in a climbing accident.

## InfoBox

Renata Chlumska
| Chlumska at the Swedish release of Saving Mount Everest | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Swedish and Czech |
| Born | (1973-12-09) 9 December 1973<br>Malmö, Sweden |
| Occupation(s) | Adventurer and Mountain Climber |
| Website | renata.nu |
|  | |
| Climbing career | |
| Highest grade |  |
| Known for | First Swedish and Czech woman to climb Mount Everest. |
|  | |
| Updated on 13 January 2015 | |


title: Renata Costa

abstract: Renata Aparecida da Costa, commonly known as Renata Costa or Kóki, is a Brazilian football coach and former player, most recently an assistant coach with Iranduba. She represented the Brazil women's national football team at three editions of the FIFA Women's World Cup and three Olympic football tournaments.

text:
# Renata Costa

**Renata Aparecida da Costa** (born 8 July 1986), commonly known as **Renata Costa** or **Kóki**, is a Brazilian football coach and former player, most recently an assistant coach with Iranduba. She represented the Brazil women's national football team at three editions of the FIFA Women's World Cup (2003, 2007 and 2011) and three Olympic football tournaments (2004, 2008 and 2012).

## Career

She played as a creative midfielder for Brazil's Botucatu FC from 2005, and was a member of the Brazilian national teams that won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics. She is known for her precise passing and goal scoring prowess.

In January 2008, Costa signed for Danish Elitedivisionen club OB Odense. Her new coach described her as a strong midfielder with good technique who could score goals and also play in defence. It was reported that Costa's transfer was one of the first involving Brazilian female players to generate a profit for the selling club.

On 24 September 2008, Costa's American transfer rights were drafted by the Saint Louis Athletica in the 2008 WPS International Draft. Instead of joining the new American franchise, she accepted a competing offer from LdB FC Malmö of the Swedish Damallsvenskan. LdB FC took over the final year of Costa's Odense contract, paying an undisclosed transfer fee to the Danish club.

In January 2014, Russian Top Division club Kubanochka Krasnodar announced the triple signing of Costa and her compatriots Danielli and Amanda Brunner. The club reached the 2014 Russian Women's Cup final, but were beaten 5–0 by Ryazan-VDV. The Brazilian players were awarded new one-year contracts by Kubanochka in February 2015.

Upon her return to Brazil, Costa joined Corinthians, who had reformed in conjunction with Grêmio Osasco Audax Esporte Clube and were known as Corinthians Audax. After helping Corinthians Audax to win the 2016 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino, she signed for ambitious Amazonas-based Iranduba in October 2017. Costa retired from playing following the 2019 season, but remained at the club as an assistant coach for a time before announcing her departure in June 2020.

Despite playing as a midfielder at club level, with Brazil she played as a sweeper, notably alongside centre-backs Tânia and Aline.

## Personal life

### Car accident

In October 2007, Costa crashed her Opel Corsa into another car at a level crossing. She and front seat passenger Michele suffered minor injuries. Another Botucatu teammate, 16-year-old Cátia Oliveira, was asleep in the back seat and suffered a spinal cord injury, resulting in paraplegia. Costa was fined $576 for driving without a licence. Cátia, who had been called up to the Brazil women's national under-17 football team on the day of the accident, later trained as a para table tennis player and represented Brazil at the 2016 Rio Paralympics.

## InfoBox

Renata Costa
| Renata Costa in 2011 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Renata Aparecida da Costa | | |
| Date of birth | (1986-07-08) 8 July 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Assaí, Paraná, Brazil | | |
| Height | 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender / Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Grêmio Maringá |  |  |
|  | Portuguesa Londrinense |  |  |
|  | Marília |  |  |
| 2004 | Santos |  |  |
| 2005–2007 | Botucatu |  |  |
| 2008 | OB Odense |  |  |
| 2009 | LdB FC Malmö | 20 | (6) |
| 2010 | Santos |  |  |
| 2011–2012 | Foz Cataratas |  |  |
| 2013 | Assaí |  |  |
| 2014–2015 | Kubanochka Krasnodar | 28 | (2) |
| 2016–2017 | Corinthians |  |  |
| 2017–2019 | Iranduba |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2002–2004 | Brazil U-19 |  |  |
| 2003–2012 | Brazil |  |  |
| Medal record      Representing  Brazil  Olympic Games – Women's Football  2004 Athens  Team Competition  2008 Beijing  Team Competition  Pan American Games  2007 Rio de Janeiro Team competition  2011 Guadalajara Team competition | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Günaçtı, Elâzığ

abstract: Günaçtı is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 121 (2021). The village is populated by Kurds of the Herdî tribe.

text:
# Günaçtı, Elâzığ

**Günaçtı** is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 121 (2021). The village is populated by Kurds of the Herdî tribe.

## InfoBox

| Günaçtı | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| GünaçtıLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 38°29′23″N 39°0′34″E / 38.48972°N 39.00944°E / 38.48972; 39.00944 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Elazığ |
| District | Elazığ |
| Population (2021) | 121 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Ren-Chang Ching

abstract: Ren-Chang Ching, courtesy name Zinong, was a Chinese botanist who specialised in ferns.

text:
# Ren-Chang Ching

**Ren-Chang Ching** (Chinese: 秦仁昌; pinyin: *Qín Rénchāng*; 15 February 1898 – 22 July 1986), courtesy name **Zinong**, was a Chinese botanist who specialised in ferns.

## Life and work

Ren-Chang Ching was a Chinese botanist and pteridologist who made significant collections of plants from Mongolia to Yunnan. He was born in Wujin, Jiangsu, and studied botany and forestry at the University of Nanjing. On graduating in 1925 he taught at Southeastern University and from 1927 was Head of the Botany Section, Nanjing Museum. Here he switched his focus from trees to pteridophytes, which thereafter became his speciality. At this time, there were no experts on Chinese ferns in China and no single fern specimen was correctly identified in the small herbarium just started in Beijing. Ching started to correspond with pteridologists in the West (H. Christ, C. Christensen, W. R. Maxon and E. Copeland), thereby creating a basic library on Asiatic ferns for reference. In addition he started to make extensive collections of ferns, particularly from the provinces south of the Yangtze, but he knew he needed to see the type specimens in western herbaria.

Learning western languages so he could access the many Chinese herbarium specimens held in western institutions, Ching visited Europe following the Fifth International Botanical Congress in 1930. In Copenhagen, he consulted the fern expert Carl Christensen, and then worked at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for more than a year. He again visited Copenhagen in 1932 and then Vienna, Prague and other European herbaria before returning to China later that year, where he joined the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology (later Academia Sinica), Beijing. in 1933, Ching was one those who founded the Chinese Botanical Society, and soon afterwards founded the Mountain Lu Botanical Garden in Jiujiang.

When the Japanese invaded China in 1937, Ching fled to Kunming (Yunnan Province), where, working at Yunnan University, he helped to found the Lijiang Botanical Station, where he was director until 1945. Ching remained in Yunnan until 1949, when he returned to Beijing to head the Taxonomic Section in the Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, where his energies were largely focussed on education and forestry. However, his interest in ferns continued for the rest of his life, with him finally publishing more than 140 papers and books on them. Major works were *Icones Filicum Sinicarum* (1930-1958) and the series *Studies of Chinese Ferns*. He was also the principal author of the fern treatments in *Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae*.

(This section is essentially a rewrite of the corresponding JSTOR article.)

## Some plants he authored

(In the Adiantaceae)
*Adiantum annamense* Ching—Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 315. 1957.
*Adiantum breviserratum* (Ching) Ching & Y.X.Lin—Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(1): 104. 1980
*Adiantum capillus-veneris* L. f. *dissectum* (M.Martens & Galeotti) Ching—Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 344. 1957
*Adiantum capillus-veneris* L. f. *fissum* (Christ) Ching—Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 343. 1957
*Adiantum chienii* Ching—Sinensia 1: 50. 1930
*Adiantum davidii* var. *longispinum* Ching—Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 333. 1957

## Sources

* R.C. Ching and Z.H. Wang, 1982, "A Brief Report on the Progress of Pteridological Research in China", *American Fern Journal*, 72(1): 1-2
* K.S. Shing (ed. A.C. Jermy and A.M. Paul), 1988, "Ching Ren Chang 1898-1986: A Bibliography", *Taxon*, 37(2): 409-416.
* Brummitt, R.K. & Powell, C.E., Authors Pl. Names (1992): 118; Chaudhri, M.N., Vegter, H.I. & de Bary, H.A., Index Herb. Coll. I-L (1972): 452; Lanjouw, J. & Stafleu, F.A., Index Herb. Coll. A-D (1954): 125, 166; Vegter, H.I., Index Herb. Coll. T-Z (1988): 1045;

The standard author abbreviation Ching is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.         1. International Plant Names Index. *Ching*.

## InfoBox

| Ren-Chang Ching | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1898-02-15)February 15, 1898
Wujin, Jiangsu, Qing dynasty |
| Died | July 22, 1986(1986-07-22) (aged 88)
Beijing, China |
| Resting place | Mountain Lu, Jiujiang |
| Other names | Qin Renchang |
| Education | University of Nanjing |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Botany |
| Institutions | Academia Sinica
Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| Academic advisors | John George Jack |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | **Ching** |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Qín Rénchāng  Wade–Giles Ch'in Jen-ch'ang | |
| Zinong | |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zǐnóng | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ren-ai District

abstract: Ren-ai District is a district of the city of Keelung, Taiwan. It is the smallest district of Keelung City.

text:
# Ren-ai District

25°07′13″N 121°44′35″E / 25.120341°N 121.743179°E / 25.120341; 121.743179

**Ren-ai District** (alternately **Ren'ai**) (Chinese: 仁愛; pinyin: *Rén'ài Qū*; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Jîn-ài-khu*) is a district of the city of Keelung, Taiwan. It is the smallest district of Keelung City.

## Administrative divisions

The district administers 29 urban villages:

* Linquan/Lincyuan (林泉里), Huagang (花崗里), Hongqiao/Hongciao (虹橋里), Shuijin/Shueijin (水錦里), Zhiren/Jhihren (智仁里), Heming (和明里), Zhongyong/Jhongyong (忠勇里), Yutian (玉田里), Rende (仁德里), Boai/Bo-ai/Bo'ai (博愛里), Furen (福仁里), Chengren (誠仁里), Jiren (吉仁里), Yuren (育仁里), Yingren (英仁里), Longmen (龍門里), Dehou (德厚里), Qushui/Cyushuei (曲水里), Chongwen/Chongwun (崇文里), Wenan/Wen'an/Wun-an (文安里), Zhaolian/Jhaolian (兆連里), Shiqiu/Shihciou (獅球里), Shuyuan (書院里), Zhaodong/Jhaodong (朝棟里), Mingde (明德里), Tongfeng/Tongfong (同風里), Wenchang/Wunchang (文昌里), Xindian/Sindian (新店里) and Guanghua (光華里) Village.

## Tourist attractions

## Transportation

The district is accessible from Keelung Station and Sankeng Station of the Taiwan Railways.

## Notable natives

## InfoBox

| Ren-ai 仁愛區 | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Ren-ai District in Keelung City | |
| Location | Keelung, Taiwan |
| Urban villages | 29 |
| Government | |
| Leader (區長) | Lin Wen-chen (林文琛) |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.2335 km2 (1.6346 sq mi) |
| Population (October 2023) | |
| Total | 41,159 |
| Density | 9,700/km2 (25,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (National Standard Time) |
| Postal code | 200 |
| Website | www.klra.klcg.gov.tw (in Chinese) |


title: North Central Arizona

abstract:
North Central Arizona is a geographical region of Arizona. Much of it is within the Transition Zone between the Basin and Range Province and the Colorado Plateau, and has some of the most rugged and scenic landscapes in Arizona. As part of the southern Colorado Plateau it has an average elevation of 4,000–5,000 feet. Physiographic Features
  - Mogollon Rim
  - San Francisco Volcanic Field
  - Humphrey's Peak, the highest peak in Arizona at 12,633 feet.
  - Barringer Crater
  - Mormon Lake
  - Oak Creek Canyon
  - Verde Valley
  - Mingus Mountain,
  - Verde Rim
  - Red Rock Country; see Sedona and Village of Oak Creek, Arizona
  - Bradshaw Mountains
  - Granite Mountain (Arizona)
  - Little Colorado River
  - Fossil Creek Canyon National Monuments:
  - Wupatki
  - Sunset Crater
  - Walnut Canyon
  - Montezuma Castle
  - Tuzigoot Arizona State Parks
  - Riordan Mansion
  - Slide Rock
  - Red Rock
  - Dead Horse Ranch
  - Jerome
  - Fort Verde
  - Tonto Natural Bridge Cities/Towns:
  - Williams, Arizona
  - Flagstaff, Arizona
  - Sedona, Arizona
  - Village of Oak Creek, Arizona
  - Jerome, Arizona
  - Ash Fork, Arizona
  - Paulden, Arizona
  - Chino Valley, Arizona
  - Prescott, Arizona
  - Prescott Valley, Arizona
  - Humboldt, Arizona
  - Dewey, Arizona
  - Mayer, Arizona
  - Spring Valley, Arizona
  - Cordes Lakes, Arizona
  - Cottonwood, Arizona
  - Camp Verde, Arizona
  - Clarkdale, Arizona
  - Cornville, Arizona
  - Lake Montezuma, Arizona
  - Payson, Arizona
  - Strawberry, Arizona
  - Pine, Arizona
  - Pinetop-Lakeside, Arizona
  - Show Low, Arizona

text:
# North Central Arizona

**North Central Arizona** is a geographical region of Arizona. Much of it is within the Transition Zone between the Basin and Range Province and the Colorado Plateau, and has some of the most rugged and scenic landscapes in Arizona.

As part of the southern Colorado Plateau (Mogollon Plateau) it has an average elevation of 4,000–5,000 feet.

**Physiographic Features**

**National Monuments:**

**Arizona State Parks**

**Cities/Towns:**

34°45′N 111°33′W / 34.75°N 111.55°W / 34.75; -111.55


title: Niko Bespalla

abstract: Niko Bespalla was an Albanian footballer. Famous for his fierce shooting, he played for Lokomotiva Durrës, Partizani Tirana, Dinamo Tirana and Erzeni Shijak in his career.

text:
# Niko Bespalla

**Niko Bespalla** (1938 – 28 March 2017) was an Albanian footballer. Famous for his fierce shooting, he played for Lokomotiva Durrës, Partizani Tirana, Dinamo Tirana and Erzeni Shijak in his career.

## Club career

He grew up in Durrës along with parents and his two sisters, which is where he began playing football with the youth team of Puna Durrës. He captained the Durrës under-19 side to the national championship before being promoted to the senior team by then coach Adem Karapici in 1957 at the age of 19. In 1957, he was summoned to fulfil his military service and subsequently joined army club Partizani Tirana with whom he won two league titles.

## Personal life

Bespalla was born in Durrës in 1938 into a Russian family who had moved to Albania in the 1920s, first living in Tiranë before settling in Durrës. His father, Spiridon Bespalov, married his mother Varvara in Podgorica, and then changed their last name from Bespalov to Bespalla. He was jailed for 7 years by the Communist regime in 1967 after allegedly stealing tin .

He was married to Flora and his only surviving child Justin Bespalla was also a footballer who played for Teuta Durrës and Erzeni Shijak amongst others. He died on 28 March 2017, aged 79.

## Honours

1958, 1959

## InfoBox

Niko Bespalla
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Niko Bespalla | | |
| Date of birth | (1938-01-01)1 January 1938 | | |
| Place of birth | Shijak, Durrës, Albania | | |
| Date of death | 28 March 2017(2017-03-28) (aged 79) | | |
| Height | 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Puna Durrës | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1956–1957 | Puna Durrës |  |  |
| 1957–1960 | Partizani Tirana |  |  |
| 1960 | Lokomotiva Durrës | 0 | (0) |
| 1961–1962 | Dinamo Tirana |  |  |
| 1962–1963 | Erzeni |  |  |
| 1963–1967 | Lokomotiva Durrës |  |  |
| 1964 | → Partizani Tirana (loan) |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: 1938 in Turkey

abstract: Events in the year 1938 in Turkey.

text:
# 1938 in Turkey

Events in the year **1938 in Turkey**.

## Parliament

## Incumbents

Kemal Atatürk (up to 10 November) İsmet İnönü (from 10 November)

## Ruling party and the main opposition

## Cabinet

## Events

* 31 March – First public statement about Atatürks's health
* 14 April – Konak Terminal a busy ferry terminal in İzmir was opened
* 19 April – 1938 Kırşehir earthquake
* 20 May – Atatürk's last national tour (to Mersin) He stressed on the Hatay republic problem
* 5 July – Turkish army in Hatay (by treaty)
* 2 September – The Hatay Republic was founded, Tayfur Sökmen was elected as the Hatay president
* 28 October – Ankara Radio began broadcasting
* 10 November – Atatürk died
* 11 November –

İsmet İnönü was elected as the new president New government * 31 December – By elections

## Births

## Deaths

1. Türkiye'nin 70 yılı, Tempo, İstanbul, 1998, pp 69-62

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | List of years in Turkey |


abstract:
In enzymology, a N-acetyllactosaminide 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R ⇌ UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N- acetylglucosaminyl-R Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-galactose and [[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R]], whereas its 3 products are UDP, [[alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-N-]], and acetylglucosaminyl-R. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-galactose:N-acetyllactosaminide 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase. Other names in common use include alpha-galactosyltransferase, UDP-Gal:beta-D-Gal(1,4)-D-GlcNAc alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase, UDP-Gal:N-acetyllactosaminide alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase, UDP-Gal:N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-D-galactosyltransferase, UDP-Gal:Galbeta1->4GlcNAc-R alpha1->3-galactosyltransferase, UDP-galactose-acetyllactosamine alpha-D-galactosyltransferase, UDPgalactose:beta-D-galactosyl-beta-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-, glycopeptide alpha-1,3-D-galactosyltransferase, glucosaminylglycopeptide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyllactosamine, alpha1->3-galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyllactosamine galactosyltransferase, uridine, diphosphogalactose-, galactosylacetylglucosaminylgalactosylglucosylceramide, galactosyltransferase, beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide, and alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - lactoseries, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - neo-lactoseries, and glycan structures - biosynthesis 2.

text:
# N-acetyllactosaminide 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase

In enzymology, a **N-acetyllactosaminide 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase** (EC 2.4.1.87) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

UDP-galactose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1-\>4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R $\rightleftharpoons $ UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-\>3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1-\>4)-beta-N- acetylglucosaminyl-R

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-galactose and \[\[beta-D-galactosyl-(1-\>4)-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R\]\], whereas its 3 products are UDP, \[\[alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-\>3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1-\>4)-beta-N-\]\], and acetylglucosaminyl-R.

This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **UDP-galactose:N-acetyllactosaminide 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase**. Other names in common use include **alpha-galactosyltransferase**, **UDP-Gal:beta-D-Gal(1,4)-D-GlcNAc alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase**, **UDP-Gal:N-acetyllactosaminide alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase**, **UDP-Gal:N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-D-galactosyltransferase**, **UDP-Gal:Galbeta1-\>4GlcNAc-R alpha1-\>3-galactosyltransferase**, **UDP-galactose-acetyllactosamine alpha-D-galactosyltransferase**, **UDPgalactose:beta-D-galactosyl-beta-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-**, **glycopeptide alpha-1,3-D-galactosyltransferase**, **glucosaminylglycopeptide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase**, **uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyllactosamine**, **alpha1-\>3-galactosyltransferase**, **uridine diphosphogalactose-acetyllactosamine galactosyltransferase**, **uridine**, **diphosphogalactose-**, **galactosylacetylglucosaminylgalactosylglucosylceramide**, **galactosyltransferase**, **beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide**, and **alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase**. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - lactoseries, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - neo-lactoseries, and glycan structures - biosynthesis 2.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 2JCF, 2JCK, and 2JCL.

## InfoBox

| N-acetyllactosaminide 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.4.1.87 |
| CAS no. | 128449-51-4 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Yasuhiko

abstract: Yasuhiko Arakawa Yasuhiko is both a masculine Japanese given name and a Japanese surname.

text:
# Yasuhiko

**Yasuhiko** is both a masculine Japanese given name and a Japanese surname.

## Possible writings

**Yasuhiko** can be written using different combinations of kanji characters. Here are some examples:

* 康彦, "healthy, elegant boy"
* 康比古, "healthy, young man (archaic)"
* 靖彦, "peaceful, elegant boy"
* 安彦, "tranquil, elegant boy"
* 保彦, "preserve, elegant boy"
* 泰彦, "peaceful, elegant boy"
* 易彦, "divination, elegant boy"
* 恭彦, "respectful, elegant boy"

The name can also be written in hiragana やすひこ or katakana ヤスヒコ.

## Notable people with the given name Yasuhiko

## Notable people with the surname Yasuhiko

## InfoBox

Yasuhiko
| Yasuhiko Kawamura (1940–2012), Japanese baseball player | |
| --- | --- |
| Pronunciation | jasɯçiko (IPA) |
| Gender | Male |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Japanese |
| Meaning | Different meanings depending on the kanji used |


title: Mirsada Burić

abstract: Mirsada Burić is a Bosnian long-distance runner. She competed in the women's 3000 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Mirsada Burić

**Mirsada Burić** (born 8 April 1970) is a Bosnian long-distance runner. She competed in the women's 3000 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Mirsada Burić
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Bosnian |
| Born | (1970-04-08) 8 April 1970<br>Mihaljevići, Yugoslavia |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Long-distance running |
| Event | 3000 metres |