title: Māngere Bridge (suburb)

abstract: Māngere Bridge is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand, under the local governance of the Auckland Council. Surrounded by the Manukau Harbour, the area is the most north-western suburb of South Auckland, and is connected to Onehunga in central Auckland by three bridges that cross the Māngere Inlet. Many features of the Auckland volcanic field are found in and around Māngere Bridge, including Māngere Mountain, a 106-metre-high (348 ft) feature in the centre of the suburb, and Māngere Lagoon, a volcanic tidal lagoon opposite Puketutu Island in the harbour. The suburb is also home to Ambury Regional Park, a working farm and nature sanctuary run by Auckland Council, that connects to the Kiwi Esplanade and Watercare Coastal walkways. After being inhabited for hundreds of years by Tāmaki Māori, the area became a Ngāti Mahuta settlement to provide defense of Auckland from the late 1840s until the invasion of the Waikato in 1863. From later in the 19th century, Māngere Bridge became an important rural area for supplying Auckland with produce and dairy, and from the 1920s it became a popular location for Chinese-run market gardens. Māngere Bridge developed suburban housing in the 1950s and 1960s, experiencing growth helped by its proximity to Auckland Airport, which opened in 1966. After the closure of open-air wastewater-treatment ponds in the early 2000s, the part of the harbour surrounding Māngere Bridge underwent significant ecological restoration. The suburb is multicultural; many residents are large families, and the housing stock is dominated by brick-and-tile homes built in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2019, the suburb name was officially gazetted as Māngere Bridge.

text:
# Māngere Bridge (suburb)

**Māngere Bridge** is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand, under the local governance of the Auckland Council. Surrounded by the Manukau Harbour, the area is the most north-western suburb of South Auckland, and is connected to Onehunga in central Auckland by three bridges that cross the Māngere Inlet. Many features of the Auckland volcanic field are found in and around Māngere Bridge, including Māngere Mountain, a 106-metre-high (348 ft) feature in the centre of the suburb, and Māngere Lagoon, a volcanic tidal lagoon opposite Puketutu Island in the harbour. The suburb is also home to Ambury Regional Park, a working farm and nature sanctuary run by Auckland Council, that connects to the Kiwi Esplanade and Watercare Coastal walkways.

After being inhabited for hundreds of years by Tāmaki Māori, the area became a Ngāti Mahuta settlement to provide defense of Auckland from the late 1840s until the invasion of the Waikato in 1863. From later in the 19th century, Māngere Bridge became an important rural area for supplying Auckland with produce and dairy, and from the 1920s it became a popular location for Chinese-run market gardens.

Māngere Bridge developed suburban housing in the 1950s and 1960s, experiencing growth helped by its proximity to Auckland Airport, which opened in 1966. After the closure of open-air wastewater-treatment ponds in the early 2000s, the part of the harbour surrounding Māngere Bridge underwent significant ecological restoration. The suburb is multicultural; many residents are large families, and the housing stock is dominated by brick-and-tile homes built in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2019, the suburb name was officially gazetted as Māngere Bridge.

## History

### Māori history

Most of the land around Māngere Bridge is formed from lava flows from Te Pane o Mataaho / Māngere Mountain. Archaeological records date fishing activities in the area as far back as the 15th century. The Ambury Regional Park and Māngere Lagoon areas have around 100 recorded archaeological sites, including stoneworks and shell middens. The area closer to Māngere Mountain has fewer identified sites, likely as the result of modern developments destroying evidence of these.

In the early 18th century, Te Pane o Mataaho / Māngere Mountain was a major  for the Waiohua, a confederacy of Tāmaki Māori iwi. The mountain complex may have been home to thousands of people, with the mountain acting as a central place for rua (food storage pits). Paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki would stay at Māngere seasonally, when it was the time of year to hunt sharks in the Manukau Harbour. In the early 1740s, Kiwi Tāmaki was slain in battle by the Te Taoū hapū of Ngāti Whātua. After the battle, most Waiohua fled the region, although many of the remaining Waiohua warriors regrouped at Te Pane o Mataaho. The warriors strew pipi shells around the base of the mountain to warn against attacks, but Te Taoū warriors covered the pipi shells with dogskin cloaks to muffle the sound, and raided the pā at dawn. An alternate name for the mountain, Te Ara Pueru ("the dogskin cloak path"), references this event.

After the events of this war, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, a hapū created by the members of Te Taoū who remained near the Tāmaki isthmus, who intermarried with defeated members of Waiohua, settled the region. Originally the iwi were based on Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill, but after the death of paramount chief Tūperiri (circa 1795), the Māngere Bridge area and Onehunga became permanent kāinga (settlements) for Ngāti Whātua. The location was chosen because of the good quality soils for gardening, resources from the Manukau Harbour, and the area acting as a junction for surrounding trade routes. Māngere and Onehunga were considered a single settlement, as the Manukau Harbour was easily traversable by foot at low tide, connected by a natural basalt rock causeway, separated only by a narrow low tide stream. Residence at Māngere-Onehunga was seasonal, with most people travelling along fishing and gardening circuits in the region, returning to Māngere-Onehunga in the winter. A small number of permanent residents remained at Māngere-Onehunga, such as pig farmers. The land around Māngere Bridge area was predominantly used to grow kūmara (sweet potato) by Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei. Māngere-Onehunga remained the principal residence of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei until the 1840s, before the iwi moved to Ōrākei.

### Colonial period and land confiscation

In the 1820s and early 1830s, the threat of Ngāpuhi raiders from the north during the Musket Wars caused most of the Tāmaki Makaurau area to become deserted. During this period, a peace accord between Ngāpuhi and Waikato Tainui was reached through the marriage of Matire Toha, daughter of Ngāpuhi chief Rewa was married to Kati Takiwaru, the younger brother of Tainui chief Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, and they settled together on the slopes of Māngere Mountain. Ngāti Whātua returned to the Māngere-Onehunga area by the mid-1830s, re-establishing a pā on Māngere Mountain called Whakarongo. In late 1837, members of Tainui iwi Ngāti Mahuta settled at Māngere Bridge, after receiving an offer from Ngāti Whātua to share land.

On 20 March 1840, Ngāti Whātua chief Apihai Te Kawau signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Orua Bay on the Manukau Harbour, inviting Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson to settle in Auckland, hoping this would protect the land and people living in Tāmaki Makaurau. In the winter of 1840, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei moved the majority of the iwi to the Waitematā Harbour, with most iwi members resettling to the Remuera-Ōrākei area, closer to the new European settlement at Waihorotiu (modern-day Auckland CBD). A smaller Ngāti Whātua presence remained at Māngere-Onehunga, as well as members of Te Uringutu. In the late 1840s, Governor George Grey asked Pōtatau Te Wherowhero (then known as a powerful chief and negotiator, but later the first Māori King) to settle his people in the Māngere Bridge area to defend the township of Auckland, in an arrangement similar to the European Fencible Corps settlements on the outskirts of the Auckland township. Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and his people (known as the Māori Militia) settled near to the land where his brother Kati Takiwaru lived, an area of 190 hectares (480 acres) around the base of Māngere Mountain. The Māngere Bridge area was divided into 81 single-acre and 81 two-acre lots by the colonial government. In 1847, the first ferry service between Onehunga and Māngere Bridge was established by Mr Bradney, where passengers would raise a flag at Māngere Bridge to signal the ferry operator.

The 1850s were a prosperous time for the region. Māngere Bridge was settled by a mix of Waikato-Tainui, Ngāti Whatua, Waiohua-descendant tribes such as Te Ākitai Waiohua and a minority of European/Pākehā farmers. Māori from the Manukau Harbour and Waikato areas would bring goods to sell or barter with the European population, including goods such as peaches, melons, fish and potatoes. In 1858, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero relocated to Ngāruawāhia, with his role as tribal leader of the Māngere settlement taken up by Tāmati Ngāpora. In the late 1850s, the St James Anglican Church was constructed as a joint project between European settlers and the Ngāti Mahuta militia, using scoria taken from Māngere Mountain.

The prosperity was short-lived, as on 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south before the Government's Invasion of the Waikato. Six men remained in the Māngere area, in order to tend to the farms and for ahi kā (land rights through continued occupation). On 16 May 1865, the Ngāti Mahuta village at Māngere Bridge was seized under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863. European settlers continued to live in the area, often looting the abandoned settlements. In 1867, the Native Compensation Court returned 144 of the original 485 acres that had been seized by the crown. The remaining land was kept by the crown as reserves, or sold on to settlers.

### Opening of the bridge and dairy farming

Plans for a bridge spanning the Māngere Inlet began in 1866, when a company was formed to investigate a crossing between Māngere and Onehunga, funded by a grant provided by the Auckland provincial government. In 1872, a commission was created by the Auckland Provincial Council to investigate the creation of a bridge south of Onehunga. In 1875, the first Māngere Bridge was opened, leading to Māngere Bridge being one of the first areas of Māngere to develop suburban housing. In the latter 19th century, Māngere Bridge was well-known for wheat, and produced oats, barley, potatoes and cattle for the growing settlement of Auckland. The postal service reached Māngere Bridge in 1878, and by 1883 the first shop was operating at Māngere Bridge, on the corner of corner of Kiwi Esplanade and Coronation Road. 1886 saw the first post office open in Māngere Bridge, and in August 1890 the Māngere Bridge School opened (previously the Māngere Central School served the area). Further land was returned to Waikato tribes in 1890, where a cottage was built for King Tāwhiao, which housed family members of the king visiting Auckland, or family members being educated at schools in Auckland, such as Mahuta Tāwhiao, Tumate Mahuta and Tonga Mahuta.

From the late 1880s, Māngere Bridge was one of the largest dairy suppliers to the city of Auckland. In October 1887, Ambury and English Ltd opened a dairy factory in the area, supplying milk from the dairy farms (which includes modern day Ambury Regional Park, and farms along Wallace Road and Creamery Road) to their stores on Karangahape Road and Ponsonby Road. The creamery closed in 1937, and in 1943 operations were sold to the New Zealand Co-operative Dairy Company.

### Chinese market gardens and suburbanisation

In 1915, a new, wider bridge across the Manukau Harbour was opened, after the original was declared unsafe and closed the previous year. The first Chinese New Zealanders arrived in the area in 1915, and ten years later the first freehold land was sold to a Chinese buyer. Between the 1920s and 1940s, a large proportion of the area was used for Chinese-owned and operated market gardens. By 1954, over half of the registered market gardens in the Māngere-Onehunga area were run by Chinese families. Other employers in the area included a quarry established at Taylor Road in the mid-1920s (running until 1963), rope works, and a dancehall and tearooms called the Oriental Rendezvous, which was built on the waterfront and became a regular fixture of Auckland nightlife until it burnt down in 1932. In 1932, a water reservoir was constructed atop Māngere Mountain, and in the late 1930s the area was electrified.

In the 1950s, the area changed from mostly rural to suburban, as Māngere Bridge was developed for housing, extending west past Seaforth Avenue in 1959. The Māngere Bridge town centre began to develop in the 1950s and 1960s (mostly undeveloped until this time, due to the close proximity of the shops in Onehunga), during which the first banks were built in the suburb. In 1954, Māngere Bridge formed as a county town within the Manukau County Council, and in 1965 it became a suburb of the newly formed Manukau City. In 1965, the Te Puea Memorial Marae was opened, later becoming a temporary refuge to help combat growing homelessness in New Zealand. The area saw significant increase in traffic after the opening of the Auckland Airport in 1966.

### Māngere sewage ponds, new bridges and the Southwestern Motorway

In 1960, the Manukau Sewage Purification Works (now Māngere Wastewater Treatment Plant) was opened, using an algae-based system to process the waste for the majority of the Auckland region with oxidation ponds in the Manukau Harbour and Māngere Lagoon, extending outwards to Puketutu Island. The Manukau Harbour site was chosen in 1954 to replace the Ōkahu Bay sewage tanks (the site of modern-day Kelly Tarlton's Sea Life Aquarium). The Manukau Harbour became the preferred site after Dove-Myer Robinson lobbied against the planned Motukorea / Browns Island sewage plant. The ponds caused degradation to the environment of the harbour, destruction of traditional fishing grounds at the Oruarangi Creek, strong odours and swarms of *Chironomus zealandicus* (New Zealand midge) in the surrounding areas. The following year, the Māngere Residents' Protest Committee was formed to seek improvements or compensation. The plant was upgraded in 1983, but odour and midge problems persisted in Māngere Bridge. In the early 2000s the oxidation ponds were decommissioned and the treatment plant upgraded to use ultraviolet lamps to disinfect the sewage. As a part of the pond closure process, work on the ecological restoration of the harbour and shoreline began, resulting in the construction of the Watercare Coastal Walkway and an increase in migratory wading birds returning to the harbour.

In 1970, planning began for State Highway 20 (commonly known as the Southwestern Motorway), an additional motorway connecting the Auckland CBD to Auckland Airport through Mount Roskill and Onehunga. Planning for this highway included a new motorway bridge to be built alongside the existing Māngere Bridge, and for the far eastern section of the suburb to be bisected by the new motorway. Construction on the bridge began in the mid 1970s. However, by May 1978, the construction halted when workers organised a labour strike over insufficient redundancy payments. The partially constructed bridge was picketed for a period of two and a half years, becoming the longest continuous labour strike in the history of New Zealand. The bridge was opened in 1983, and by 1984 State Highway 20 had extended south to Coronation Road, and to Massey Road by 1997. In 2010, a parallel motorway bridge over the Māngere Inlet was constructed, doubling the number of lanes to eight. The entire Western Ring Route project, connecting the Northwestern Motorway to the Southern Motorway was completed in 2017.

In November 2018, the old Māngere Bridge was closed due to safety issues. A new, curved, pedestrian and cycling bridge will open by late August 2022. The proposals for the City Centre-to-Māngere light rail project involve a stop at Māngere Bridge, which may also involve a new crossing of the Māngere Inlet, separate to the Māngere Bridge pedestrian bridge and motorway bridges. After the 2023 New Zealand general election, plans for light rail to Māngere were placed on hold.

In 2019, the name of the suburb was officially gazetted as Māngere Bridge, adding a macron to the suburb's name.

## Demographics

Māngere Bridge covers 6.45 km2 (2.49 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 11,680 as of June 2023, with a population density of 1,811 people per km2.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 8,802 |  |
| 2013 | 9,261 | +0.73% |
| 2018 | 10,296 | +2.14% |
| Source: | | |

Māngere Bridge had a population of 10,296 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,035 people (11.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,494 people (17.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,150 households, comprising 5,052 males and 5,244 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.96 males per female, with 2,343 people (22.8%) aged under 15 years, 1,944 (18.9%) aged 15 to 29, 4,650 (45.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,365 (13.3%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 54.6% European/Pākehā, 18.9% Māori, 32.3% Pacific peoples, 13.1% Asian, and 2.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 27.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 35.2% had no religion, 50.7% were Christian, 1.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.1% were Hindu, 1.5% were Muslim, 1.0% were Buddhist and 1.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,788 (22.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,401 (17.6%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,578 people (19.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,257 (53.5%) people were employed full-time, 927 (11.7%) were part-time, and 354 (4.5%) were unemployed.

Individual statistical areas
| Name | Area
(km2) | Population | Density
(per km2) | Households | Median age | Median
income |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Māngere Bridge Ambury | 3.14 | 3,510 | 1,118 | 1,152 | 38.8 years | $38,600 |
| Māngere Bridge | 1.62 | 3,051 | 1,883 | 1,002 | 37.0 years | $35,200 |
| Māngere Mountain View | 1.70 | 3,735 | 2,197 | 996 | 32.7 years | $33,600 |
| New Zealand |  |  |  |  | 37.4 years | $31,800 |

## Landmarks and features

### Notable buildings and sites

### Natural areas

* Ambury Regional Park. Opened as a regional park on 26 September 1987, the area is an archaeological site and working farm, which organises the annual Ambury Farm Day. Areas of the park are leased to the Māngere Pony Club, and the Ambury Park Centre for Riding Therapy, a charity which provides physiological and psychological therapy through horse riding. The Watercare Coastal Walkway, opened in 2005 after the removal of the oxidation ponds, links Ambury Regional Park to Ōtuataua Stonefields in the south.
* Kiwi Esplanade Walkway. A walkway extending along the Manukau Harbour from Ambury Regional Park to the Mangere Bridges. The shoreline features pāhoehoe flows; hot fluid lava that travelled up to 10 km/h from the Māngere Mountain eruption, approximately 50,000 years ago.
* Māngere Mountain / Te Pane-o-Mataaho / Te Ara Pueru. A volcano and  site important to Waiohua and Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei history. The mountain was set aside as a public domain in 1890, for use as a water reservoir, a quarry, and for recreation.
* Māngere Lagoon. A volcanic maar and tidal lagoon, used as sewage oxidation ponds from 1959-2001, after which it was ecologically restored and form a part of the Watercare Coastal Walkway.
* Puketutu Island / Te Motu a Hiaroa. The first permanent home of the Tainui people in Aotearoa, after the *Tainui* waka was transported over the Te Tō Waka portage at Ōtāhuhu, from the Tāmaki River to the Manukau Harbour. In the 1950s and 1960s, four scoria cones on the island were quarried for use in public works projects such as Auckland Airport and the Manukau Sewage Purification Works. From 2014, the former site of the quarry has been the site of a Watercare Services project to recreate the quarried volcanic cones using biosolids from the Māngere Wastewater Treatment Plant. After the project's completion, the island will become a regional park and cultural centre.

## Politics

| 2020 General election party vote | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Māngere | | Tāmaki Makaurau | | New Zealand |
| | Suburb | Electorate | Suburb | Electorate ||
|  | ACT | 5.62% | 1.55% | 1.07% | 1.08% | 7.58% |
|  | Green | 8.32% | 3.99% | 12.15% | 10.65% | 7.86% |
|  | Labour | 56.91% | 77.37% | 63.11% | 61.09% | 50.01% |
|  | Māori | 0.92% | 0.90% | 10.23% | 12.93% | 1.17% |
|  | National | 20.38% | 9.11% | 3.20% | 3.16% | 25.58% |
|  | NZ First | 3.67% | 2.76% | 5.76% | 4.28% | 2.60% |

Māngere Bridge is a part of the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local government area in Auckland, which elects seven board members to serve on the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu Local Board, The board is currently chaired by Lemauga Lydia Sosene, and all seven members are affiliated to the New Zealand Labour Party. The Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local government area is within the Auckland council's Manukau ward, and is currently represented on the Auckland Council by two councillors: Fa'anānā Alf Filipaina and Lotu Fuli.

Māngere Bridge is located within the Māngere general and Tāmaki Makaurau Māori parliamentary electorates. Since the 2008 New Zealand general election, the Māngere electorate has been represented by Aupito William Sio, while Peeni Henare has been the Member of Parliament for Tāmaki Makaurau since 2014. In the 2014 New Zealand general election, the voters of the suburb narrowly preferred the New Zealand National Party, despite the electorate overall voting strongly for the Labour Party. Māngere Bridge voters gave a relative majority to the Labour Party in 2017. Among Māngere Bridge polling stations in 2017 and 2020, support for the New Zealand National Party and Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand was higher compared to the overall average for the Māngere electorate.

## Education

The Māngere Bridge area was originally served by the Māngere Central School, which opened in Māngere in 1859. The first school in the suburb was Māngere Bridge School, which opened in 1890. This was followed by Waterlea Public School (originally called Māngere Bridge No. 2 School) and Mountain View School (originally known as Miller Road Primary School) in 1955 and 1963, respectively. These three schools are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of 369, 439 and 287 students, respectively.

Ambury Park Centre is a private secondary school (years 9–13) for students with disabilities. It has a roll of 7 students. Horse riding and care of horses are an important feature of their educational programme. Auckland Seventh-day Adventist High School is a state-integrated secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of 336 students.

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of August 2024.

## Transportation

Māngere Bridge is accessible by the Southwestern Motorway, which first served the suburb after the opening of the motorway bridge in 1983. The motorway was gradually extended northwest and southeast, and completed in July 2017.

In October 2016, a new bus network was implemented for South Auckland by Auckland Transport, involving three bus routes that served Māngere Bridge: the 309 between Māngere Town Centre and the Auckland CBD; the 313 service connecting Onehunga town centre to Manukau via Māngere and Papatoetoe; and the 380 connecting to Auckland Airport. In July 2021, the 36 and 38, frequent bus services to Manukau and Auckland Airport, replaced the 313 and 380. Māngere Bridge is a planned stop for the City Centre-to-Māngere light rail project.

## Amenities

Māngere Bridge is home to Onehunga-Mangere United football club. Originally formed in Onehunga, the club moved its ground to Māngere Mountain in 1965. The disused Taylor Road quarry was redeveloped in 1965 as a sporting grounds, and became home to the Bridge Park Tennis Club, the Bridge Park Bowling Club in the 1990s, and the Māngere Bridge Scouts Hall. The scouting group, who have operated in Māngere Bridge since 1920, moved to the location after a fire in May 2007 destroyed the scouting hall at Ambury Regional Park. The Chinese Community Sports Centre was opened in October 1978.

## Notable people

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Māngere Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
| Western part of the suburb seen from Māngere Mountain. | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 36°56′36″S 174°47′5″E / 36.94333°S 174.78472°E / -36.94333; 174.78472 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| City | Auckland |
| Local authority | Auckland Council |
| Electoral ward | Manukau ward |
| Local board | Māngere-Ōtāhuhu Local Board |
| Area | |
| Land | 645 ha (1,594 acres) |
| Population (June 2023) | |
| Total | 11,680 |


title: Māngere Bridge (bridges)

abstract: Māngere Bridge, officially also called the Manukau Harbour Crossing, is a dual motorway bridge over the Manukau Harbour in south-western Auckland, New Zealand, crossing between the suburb also known as Māngere Bridge and the suburb of Onehunga. The older portion of the bridge, completed in 1983, carries a four-lane motorway with a cycle and pedestrian path suspended under the western side. By 2000, this bridge was carrying 80,000 vehicles daily and had become prone to congestion. In 2010, a duplication of the 1983 bridge was opened on its eastern side. This doubled the number of general traffic lanes to eight and provided an additional two for buses, for a total capacity of 10 lanes across the harbour. The project had been delayed by disagreements over design and funding, and over the scope of the bridge project and an associated interchange – with the interchange being scaled down after concerns from the local community. The 1912 walking bridge was replaced with a new walking and cycle bridge in 2022, called Ngā Hau Māngere.

text:
# Māngere Bridge (bridges)

Map of the current motorway bridge

**Māngere Bridge**, officially also called the **Manukau Harbour Crossing**, is a dual motorway bridge over the Manukau Harbour in south-western Auckland, New Zealand, crossing between the suburb also known as Māngere Bridge (southern side) and the suburb of Onehunga (northern side).

The older portion of the bridge, completed in 1983, carries a four-lane motorway with a cycle and pedestrian path suspended under the western side. By 2000, this bridge was carrying 80,000 vehicles daily and had become prone to congestion.

In 2010, a duplication of the 1983 bridge was opened on its eastern side. This doubled the number of general traffic lanes to eight and provided an additional two for buses, for a total capacity of 10 lanes across the harbour. The project had been delayed by disagreements over design and funding, and over the scope of the bridge project and an associated interchange – with the interchange being scaled down after concerns from the local community.

The 1912 walking bridge was replaced with a new walking and cycle bridge in 2022, called Ngā Hau Māngere.

## Original bridges

### Natural causeway and initial bridge

The location of the initial bridge was originally a naturally formed basalt rock causeway used by Tāmaki Māori, traversable by foot at low tide (except for a shallow tidal stream of a few metres in width). The causeway connected the two halves of the Ngāti Whātua Māngere-Onehunga kāinga complex in the early 19th Century. In 1847, the first ferry service between Onehunga and Māngere was established, where passengers would need to raise a flag on the Māngere shore to signal the ferry operator. In 1858, a large section of the rock walkway was destroyed with dynamite, to allow for more intensive shipping in the harbour.

In 1866, a company was formed to investigate and construct a bridge between Māngere and Onehunga, funded by a grand provided by the provincial government. Civil engineer James Stewart was announced on 7 August 1866 as the winner of a competition for the bridge's design, however stalled due to the Ngāti Mahuta ownership of the land on the southern side of the proposed bridge location restricting what the company could create. These lands had been seized in 1865 under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 during the Invasion of the Waikato, however by 1867 the Native Compensation Court split the 485 acre plot between individuals from Ngāti Mahuta, sold some sections to settlers, and kept other sections as crown reserves.

In 1872, tenders for the development of the bridge were proposed. Designed by the Reverend Dr Arthur Guyon Purchas and opened in January 1875, the narrow timber truss bridge featured 20 spans of 12.2 metres supported by jarrah timber piles from Australia, costing £14,997 to build. The jarrah piles soon began to be attacked by *Teredo navalis* shipworms, and in 1910, more than 30 of the piles had been replaced, as well as the decking. The bridge was also single-lane, and so narrow that pedestrians could barely pass a vehicle safely. It was often unsuitable for pedestrians due to large number of horses and livestock using the bridge, and for residents in the area, the animals often caused noise issues at night, such as when horses would slip on wet surfaces. The bridge was eventually considered structurally unsound and closed in 1914, before being fully demolished.

### Old Māngere Bridge

A plan to replace the old wooden bridge was adopted by Māngere ratepayers in May 1911. Designed by R.F. Moore, the designer of Grafton Bridge and Queens Wharf, it was also built by the same company, the Ferro-Concrete Company of Australasia (in a time when almost all bridges in the country were being built by the Public Works Department). The 246-metre (807 ft) 17-span ferro-concrete bridge was constructed between 1912 and 1916, and at the time was known as the New Mangere Bridge. In late 1913, scoria from Māngere Mountain was used to create a filled wall on the Māngere side of the bridge, while construction of the ferro-concrete structure continued through 1914 and 1915. The ferro-concrete beams and piles of bridge were created using prefabricated concrete, a very unusual method of construction in New Zealand at the time. This ferro-concrete bridge with driven concrete piles was considered a substantial engineering achievement in its time. With a width of 11.6m, it allowed for a double tram track. The bridge however did not provide for enough clearance to let anything but small boats pass under it. A small section of the bridge opened in January 1915, while construction on the full structure continued and dismantling work on the old bridge began. The bridge was officially opened on 31 May 1915 by Prime Minister William Massey, a resident of Māngere.

By 1927, repair works on the concrete structure were needed due to degradation. In World War II, an anti-tank road block was erected on the bridge near the middle of the spans, with a small sentry shelter close by. These structures were later removed, and it is unclear whether the bridge had also been mined. In 1966, the bridge began to experience much higher traffic volumes after the opening of the new Auckland International Airport at Māngere. It soon proved to have too little capacity, and sinking foundation piles created issues. A temporary bailey bridge was erected by the Ministry of Works in 1980, covering the most deteriorated parts of the bridge. The bridge was closed in 1983 to motor vehicles. A 300 ft container transport, the *Spirit of Resolution*, crashed into the bridge on 8 October 2005 as it attempted to leave a nearby Port of Onehunga berth during winds estimated later as being between 30 and 40 knots (with stronger gusts) and against a strong incoming tide. The collision occurred despite the ship's bow thrusters working at full power and a small harbour tug assisting.

Due to problems with the quality of the concrete and steel, it was initially envisioned that the bridge would be dismantled and replaced by a newly designed footbridge. Due to complaints about this course of action, plans for its removal were not finalised until 2012. Construction of a replacement structure, designed for walking, cycling and fishing, was scheduled for 2015, the centenary of the opening of the old bridge.

### Ngā Hau Māngere

The New Zealand Transport agency dismantled the 1912 Māngere Bridge in 2018 due to safety issues. The new bridge, Ngā Hau Māngere, was built on the same abutments as the previous bridge, further from the port and allowing enough clearance for small boats to pass underneath. The bridge is eight metres wide and up to 12 metres wide in some bays to enable fishing activities. Ngā Hau Māngere opened on 27 August 2022.

## Motorway Bridge

In 1963, a report by US consultancy firm De Leuw Cather and Co recommended that a motorway and rapid public transport system be developed for Auckland. This included the Southwestern Motorway, a link between the proposed Northwestern and Southern sections that would bypass the city centre, and would involve a large-scale motorway crossing of the Māngere Inlet adjacent to the Old Māngere Bridge. The first section of the Southwestern Motorway, the Onehunga Bypass, was completed in 1977, spanning Queenstown Road in Hillsborough and terminating at the Old Māngere Bridge. Two contracts were let for the construction of the motorway bridge: one to Gilberd Hadfield Pile Co Ltd to construct the foundations, signed on 25 January 1973, and a second for the construction of the bridge structure, awarded to the Wilkins & Davies Development Company Ltd and signed on 24 July 1974. Work was expected to be completed in July 1978. The 650-metre (2,130 ft) bridge was designed as four sections, which are able to move independently during an earthquake.

Construction began in 1972, when preliminary earthworks was undertaken at Te Hopua a Rangi / Gloucester Park. Periods of industrial action by workers began in 1975, becoming increasingly regular over the next few years. In May 1978 the construction halted when workers organised a labour strike over insufficient redundancy payments. The partially constructed bridge was picketed for a period of two and a half years, becoming the longest continuous labour strike in the history of New Zealand. The contract with Wilkins & Davies Development Company was suspended in July 1978, and a new contract with Fletcher Construction was awarded in November 1980 to finish construction. Eventually, the bridge was opened in February 1983.

### Bridge duplication

#### Initial funding

On 17 May 2006, Finance Minister Michael Cullen announced in the Budget that funds were being allocated to Land Transport New Zealand, to help the National Land Transport Programme accelerate certain projects. That included funds for duplication of the 1983 bridge, to its east. The programme indicated that only $2.78 million funding was then approved for investigation of the project, though Transit New Zealand might apply for additional $1.5 million for further investigation of the project. The bridge was at that time expected to cost NZ$330 million.

#### Wider area

As a wider part of the Manukau Harbour Crossing Project, the motorway was also to be widened between Walmsley Road in the south and Queenstown Road in the north from four lanes to six lanes. This widening was to predominantly take place to the east of the existing motorway. The Onehunga interchange (known as the Gloucester Park Interchange) was to be significantly reworked, to provide a more logical link with the motorway, and to ease congestion along Onehunga Harbour Drive. A standard diamond interchange was initially chosen by Transit, but after consultation with Auckland City Council this was then reworked into a quarter-diamond design, with the northbound onramp hooking underneath a proposed Neilson Road bridge.

As part of that investigation, Transit considered whether it would have been worthwhile to toll new capacity to assist in funding its construction. This could have been in the form of tolling the new lanes along this route, which would have ensured an untolled alternative was available (as legally required), while the tolled new lanes would be far less congested. In mid 2007, Transit indicated that it would not seek a decision on funding the bridge via road tolls before starting work on construction. Auckland Airport had accused Transit of threatening to defer the project if it could not gain backing from the public and local Councils. As the bridge was to be finished for the 2011 Rugby World Cup, further delays would possibly have resulted in the bridge not being completed in time.

In early 2007 Transit indicated that it would be "more than willing" to develop the duplicate bridge so that it could accommodate a possible future rail link between the Auckland isthmus and Auckland Airport, which would be completed by extending the defunct Onehunga Branch line (which was in the funding stages of being reopened for passenger traffic and was in fact reopened on 18 September 2010). The railway currently terminates near the northern end of the bridge. A combination solution was debated which would see a rail link use the same bridge foundations. The change came after repeated lobbying by the Auckland Regional Council, which was of the opinion that Transit's initial proposal to simply reserve space alongside the duplicate bridge for a later, but separate, rail bridge was not acceptable.

In September 2007, Auckland Regional Transport Authority proposed to pledge NZ$2.5 million for future-proofing works to ensure that a rail link would be included. The design envisaged the future railway line run on the new bridge piers for part of the distance underneath the motorway structure, thus saving some of the high costs associated with strengthening the bridge to be able to take a cantilevered bridge – estimated at around NZ$20 million in extra costs.

#### Interchange issues

In July 2007, Auckland City Council commissioners gave approval to widening the approach motorway for the bridge through Onehunga Bay, but opposed the new interchange design north of the bridge favoured by Transit, which intended to construct it around 7 m high over Gloucester Park and the Hopua volcanic tuff ring. The council's preferred version was to build the interchange at ground level with part of the motorway in a cut and cover tunnel.

The recommendation, which Transit could have ignored only at the risk of drawn-out legal fights at the Environment Court level (which would probably have delayed the project until after the 2011 Rugby World Cup), was based on the concerns of residents, who feared that the new interchange would increase and cement separation of their suburb from the Manukau Harbour. Partly due to this, Transit New Zealand decided in August 2007 to continue with building the new bridge without including a new interchange for the time being.

#### Design

Transit New Zealand made provision for a future rail link under both bridges to connect to Auckland Airport, with three of the eight piers constructed strong enough to carry a future rail link.

The bridge has 7 piers with a total of 14 columns, and consists of approximately 10,000 cubic metres of reinforced concrete (with the rebar weighing approximately 1,000 tons). Some of the piles were driven 50m deep, to avoid issues with the softer top layers in the Manukau Harbour. The bridge itself consists of single-pour concrete columns and form traveller-constructed balanced cantilever decks.

The related works also included widening of approximately 4 km of associated motorway to ensure the new bridge capacity would be utilised. Existing pedestrian and cyclist links on the old 1914 bridge closed to motor vehicles were retained and are connected to a shared path along the Mangere Bridge waterfront reserve via a new walking/cycling bridge over Onehunga Harbour Road – linking Onehunga to Mangere Bridge suburb and to the Waikaraka Cycleway.

#### Construction and opening

Construction of the new bridge officially began on 9 April 2008, undertaken by the MHX Alliance, a combination of the NZ Transport Agency, Beca Infrastructure, Fletcher Construction and Higgins Contractors. Completion was followed by a temporary closure of the 1983 bridge for refurbishment works, and the bridge was officially opened on 25 July 2010, seven months ahead of schedule. This brought the number of traffic lanes available over the harbour to 10, 2 of them bus shoulder lanes.

#### Ancillary works

A number of works related to environmental mitigation, post-project landscaping or improvement of non-motorway transport links were associated with the project (and either paid for or undertaken by NZTA). These included a 3.5m wide replacement foot/cycle bridge over Beachcroft Road, a new 3.5m wide foot/cycle bridge over Onehunga Harbour Road at the Old Mangere Bridge, an upgraded underpass under the motorway connecting to Onehunga, as well as improved links to the walking and cycling paths along the harbour and motorway edges and improvement works on the Old Mangere Bridge causeway. After finishing work, NZTA reinstated their large construction staging site along the southern harbour front as an open space, "passive recreation" park with Pohutukawa.

36°56′00″S 174°47′17″E / 36.933220°S 174.788060°E / -36.933220; 174.788060


title: Māngere East

abstract: Māngere East or Mangere East is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand, under the governance of Auckland Council. It is located to the south of Favona, north of Papatoetoe, west of Middlemore, east of Māngere and Māngere Bridge, and southwest of Ōtāhuhu. In 2019, the name of the suburb was officially gazetted as Māngere East.

text:
# Māngere East

**Māngere East** or **Mangere East** is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand, under the governance of Auckland Council. It is located to the south of Favona, north of Papatoetoe, west of Middlemore, east of Māngere and Māngere Bridge, and southwest of Ōtāhuhu.

In 2019, the name of the suburb was officially gazetted as Māngere East.

## Geography

Māngere East is located in South Auckland, east of central Māngere between the Southwestern Motorway and the Southern Line.

## History

The first evidence of Tāmaki Māori in the coastal Māngere area comes from the 14th century, with evidence of the first settlements later in the 15th century. The Māngere East area formed an important part of the Waokauri / Pūkaki portage, connecting the Manukau Harbour and Tāmaki River via Papatoetoe, and was often used by Tāmaki Māori to avoid the Te Tō Waka and Karetu portages, controlled by the people who lived at Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond. The area is within the rohe of the Waiohua tribes, including Te Ākitai Waiohua.

In January 1836 missionary William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Turia of Ngāti Te Rau, covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland between Ōtāhuhu and Papakura. The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in South Auckland, unchanged by this sale. Fairburn was criticised for the sheer size of the purchase, and in 1842 the Crown significantly reduced the size of his land holdings, and the Crown partitioned much of the land for European settlers. Until the 1860s, the Māori population of the Manukau Harbour and Waikato areas produced goods to sell or barter at the port of Onehunga. On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south before the Government's Invasion of the Waikato. In 1862, the first local government was established in the area, with the formation of the Mangerei Highway Board.

The Māngere East area was predominantly rural, featuring a number of country villas (such as the Massey Homestead, former home of Prime Minister William Massey). Māngere East and Ōtāhuhu began slowly developing after the North Island Main Trunk linked Auckland to Wellington in 1908, and the Māngere railway station opened around the same time.

Māngere East began to develop as a suburban area after the opening of the Otahuhu Railway Workshops in the late 1920s. One of the first suburban developments was the Massey Park subdivision, which was built at the corner of Henwood Road and Massey Road. The Mangere East Hall opened in 1924, serving as a community area and cinema. Mangere East School opened in 1927, and in 1927 a Selwyn church was relocated to Māngere East from Ōtāhuhu.

During World War II, Māngere East became home to Camp Euart, an 84-acre military camp for the United States Military which housed 5,000 troops.

By 1955, the area had grown enough that Māngere East was established as a town district. Ten years later, the Māngere East town district was absorbed into the newly established Manukau City. The greater area saw increased suburban growth in the 1960s and 1970s, when central Māngere was developed as a large-scale housing development, and Māngere East became a suburb of the Manukau City.

## Demographics

Māngere East covers 5.90 km2 (2.28 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 29,050 as of June 2023, with a population density of 4,924 people per km2.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 24,321 |  |
| 2013 | 25,074 | +0.44% |
| 2018 | 27,372 | +1.77% |
| Source: | | |

Before the 2023 census, the suburb had a larger boundary, covering 6.14 km2 (2.37 sq mi). Using that boundary, Māngere East had a population of 27,372 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,298 people (9.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 3,051 people (12.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 5,721 households, comprising 13,641 males and 13,740 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female, with 7,383 people (27.0%) aged under 15 years, 7,224 (26.4%) aged 15 to 29, 10,632 (38.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,145 (7.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 12.7% European/Pākehā, 15.9% Māori, 65.2% Pacific peoples, 20.1% Asian, and 1.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 41.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 15.1% had no religion, 63.1% were Christian, 1.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 6.6% were Hindu, 5.3% were Muslim, 1.2% were Buddhist and 2.0% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,974 (9.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 4,461 (22.3%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,224 people (6.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 9,780 (48.9%) people were employed full-time, 2,100 (10.5%) were part-time, and 1,269 (6.3%) were unemployed.

Individual statistical areas in 2018
| Name | Area
(km2) | Population | Density
(per km2) | Households | Median age | Median
income |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Harania North | 0.94 | 3,762 | 4,002 | 690 | 25.0 years | $21,600 |
| Sutton Park | 0.73 | 3,831 | 5,248 | 711 | 26.8 years | $23,000 |
| Harania South | 0.78 | 3,375 | 4,327 | 678 | 27.0 years | $22,600 |
| Massey Road West | 0.69 | 3,753 | 5,439 | 846 | 28.2 years | $22,900 |
| Massey Road North | 0.86 | 3,165 | 3,680 | 747 | 29.6 years | $30,800 |
| Massey Road South | 0.32 | 1,782 | 5,569 | 378 | 28.4 years | $23,500 |
| Aorere North | 0.33 | 1,713 | 5,191 | 354 | 27.6 years | $22,500 |
| Māngere East | 0.87 | 3,930 | 4,517 | 864 | 29.4 years | $28,200 |
| Aorere Central | 0.62 | 2,061 | 3,324 | 453 | 30.3 years | $27,100 |
| New Zealand |  |  |  |  | 37.4 years | $31,800 |

## Education

Kedgley Intermediate School is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of 842.

Robertson Road School, Mangere East and Sutton Park School are full primary schools (years 1–8) with rolls of 529, 578 and 551 students, respectively.

Kingsford and Papatoetoe North schools are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of 324 and 821 students, respectively.

St Mary MacKillop Catholic School is a state-integrated full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of 325.

De La Salle College is a state-integrated boys' Catholic secondary school (years 7–13) with a roll of 949.

All these schools except De La Salle are coeducational. Rolls are as of August 2024.

## Local government

The first local government in the area was the Mangerei Highway Board, which formed in 1862. Māngere for the 19th and early 20th Centuries, Māngere was a rural area within the Manukau County. Māngere East was established as a town districts in 1955. In 1965, the area became a part of the Manukau City, In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council.

Māngere East is primarily part of the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local board area, who elects members of the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu Local Board. Some areas of Māngere East south-east of Walter Massey Park and Aorere Park are a part of the Ōtara-Papatoetoe, who elect members to the Ōtara-Papatoetoe Local Board. Residents of Māngere East, regardless of local board, also elect two Manukau ward councillors to sit on the Auckland Council.

## Community facilities

* Tri Duc Temple, a Vietnamese Buddhist temple is located in the suburb.
* Walter Massey Park, a public park in Māngere East. The park is home to the association football club Manukau United FC, the rugby league club Mangere East Hawks, Māngere East Library, the historic Māngere East Hall and the Māngere East Community Centre.

## Notable people

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Māngere East | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
| Aerial view of Māngere East, with the Māngere Inlet and Ōtāhuhu in the background (2009). | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 36°57′58″S 174°49′33″E / 36.96612°S 174.82590°E / -36.96612; 174.82590 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| City | Auckland |
| Local authority | Auckland Council |
| Electoral ward | Manukau ward |
| Local board |  |
| Area | |
| Land | 590 ha (1,460 acres) |
| Population (June 2023) | |
| Total | 29,050 |
| Postcode(s) | 2024 |
| Railway stations | Middlemore Railway Station |


title: NCSA Telnet

abstract:
NCSA Telnet is an implementation of the Telnet protocol developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, first released in 1986 and continuously developed until 1995. The initial implementation ran under Mac OS and Microsoft MS-DOS, and provided basic DEC VT102 terminal emulation with support for multiple simultaneous connections and an FTP client. NCSA Telnet was the first implementation of telnet for the Macintosh or PC that provided the ability to connect to multiple hosts simultaneously. Over time, the program evolved with added features and revisions to the user interface. Support for Tektronix 4010/4014 vector terminal emulation and a protocol for downloading and viewing raster images were added. In 1987, a short-lived version for Sun Microsystems SunOS was released. Although the MS-DOS version of NCSA Telnet lost popularity after Microsoft Windows became widespread, the Macintosh version remained in use throughout the 1990s as a basic connectivity tool in academic and commercial installations. NCSA Telnet originally used a built-in TCP/IP protocol stack to communicate over the network. As standard APIs became available for network communication, the program was adapted to use them, most notably Apple's MacTCP. However, the built-in stack, one of the few completely independently developed TCP/IP stacks in use at the time, continued to ship in the software for years. NCSA Telnet was released as free and open source software, and as such spawned a number of spin-off products including
  - BetterTelnet
  - Brown tn3270
  - BYUTelnet
  - InterCon's TCP/Connect series
  - MacBlue Telnet
  - MacTelnet
  - NCSA Telnet-J

text:
# NCSA Telnet

**NCSA Telnet** is an implementation of the Telnet protocol developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, first released in 1986 and continuously developed until 1995. The initial implementation ran under Mac OS and Microsoft MS-DOS, and provided basic DEC VT102 terminal emulation with support for multiple simultaneous connections and an FTP client. NCSA Telnet was the first implementation of telnet for the Macintosh or PC that provided the ability to connect to multiple hosts simultaneously.

Over time, the program evolved with added features and revisions to the user interface. Support for Tektronix 4010/4014 vector terminal emulation and a protocol for downloading and viewing raster images were added.

In 1987, a short-lived version for Sun Microsystems SunOS was released.

Although the MS-DOS version of NCSA Telnet lost popularity after Microsoft Windows became widespread, the Macintosh version remained in use throughout the 1990s as a basic connectivity tool in academic and commercial installations.

NCSA Telnet originally used a built-in TCP/IP protocol stack to communicate over the network. As standard APIs became available for network communication, the program was adapted to use them, most notably Apple's MacTCP. However, the built-in stack, one of the few completely independently developed TCP/IP stacks in use at the time, continued to ship in the software for years.

NCSA Telnet was released as free and open source software (although the term "open source" was not yet in use), and as such spawned a number of spin-off products including

* BetterTelnet
* Brown tn3270
* BYUTelnet
* InterCon's TCP/Connect series
* MacBlue Telnet (Chinese-language version)
* MacTelnet
* NCSA Telnet-J (Japanese-language version)

1. "Information on NCSA Telnet". NCSA. 18 May 2001. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
2. Computer Science at ILLINOIS. "CS History | Department of Computer Science at Illinois". Cs.illinois.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
3. NCSA Telnet for the Macintosh • User’s Guide • Version 2.6 • October 1994 http://pzacad.pitzer.edu/~dward/classes/skills/telnet/MacTelnet.pdf
4. "tn3270 for the Macintosh". Brown.edu. October 2019.

## InfoBox

| Original author(s) | Gaige Paulsen
Tim Krauskopf
Aaron Contorer |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | 1986 (1986) |
|  | |
| Final release | 2.3.08 (MS-DOS)
2.6 (Macintosh) / 1 February 1995 (1995-02-01) |
|  | |
| License | Public domain |


abstract:
The College of Foreign Languages and Literature at National Chengchi University (NCCU) was established in 1989.
The college was detached from the "College of Liberal Arts" in 1989. NCCU CFLL is the first public college of foreign languages and literature established and also regarded nationally as one of the best CFLL in Taiwan. Now, there are 7 departments, 5 graduate institutes, 3 research centers in the college and it provides programs in over 26 languages.

text:
# NCCU College of Foreign Languages and Literature

24°59′13.17″N 121°34′30.80″E / 24.9869917°N 121.5752222°E / 24.9869917; 121.5752222

**The College of Foreign Languages and Literature** (simplified Chinese: 外国语文学院; traditional Chinese: 外國語文學院; pinyin: *Wàiguóyǔwén Xuéyuàn*; abbreviated **NCCU CFLL**) at **National Chengchi University** (NCCU) was established in 1989. The college was detached from the "College of Liberal Arts" in 1989. NCCU CFLL is the first public college of foreign languages and literature established and also regarded nationally as one of the best CFLL in Taiwan.

Now, there are 7 departments, 5 graduate institutes, 3 research centers in the college and it provides programs in over 26 languages.

## Departments

* Department of English
* Department of Japanese
* Department of Slavic Languages and Literature
* Department of Arabic Languages and Literature
* Department of Korean Language and Culture
* Department of Turkish Language and Culture
* Department of European Languages and Culture

## Graduate Institutes

* Graduate Institute of Linguistics
* Graduate Institute of English
* Graduate Institute of Japanese
* Graduate Institute of Slavic Studies
* Graduate Institute of Korean Studies (Supported by the Academy of Korean Studies)

## Degree Program

## Research Centers

* Foreign Language Center
* Translation Center
* Cross-cultural Studies Center
* Foreign Language Center of Northern Taiwan (in cooperation with the Ministry of Education)

## Language Proficiency Test

## Rankings

### QS World University Rankings

By Subject 1. English Language and Literature: 201-250
2. Linguistics: 101-150
3. Modern Language: 101-150

## InfoBox

NCCU College of Foreign Languages and Literature (NCCU CFLL)
| 國立政治大學外國語文學院 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | A college of NCCU |
| Established | 1989 |
| Academic staff | 117 |
| Location | Taipei City |
| Website | College of Foreign Languages and Literature, NCCU |


title: Mōka Station

text:
# Mōka Station

**Mooka Station** (真岡駅, *Mooka-eki*) is a railway station in Mooka, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Mooka Railway.

## Lines

Mooka Station is a station on the Mooka Line, and is located 16.4 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Shimodate Station.

## Station layout

Mooka Station has one island platform and one side platform serving three tracks in total.

## History

Mooka Station opened on 1 April 1912 as a station on the Japanese Government Railway, which subsequently became the Japanese National Railways (JNR). The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the JNR on 1 April 1987, and the Mooka Railway from 11 April 1988. The current station building was completed in 1997 and resembles a steam locomotive in appearance.

## Surrounding area

36°26′22.05″N 140°0′10.45″E / 36.4394583°N 140.0029028°E / 36.4394583; 140.0029028

## InfoBox

| Mooka Station
真岡駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Mooka Station (May 2005) | |
| General information | |
| Location | Daimachi 2474-1, Mooka, Tochigi
（栃木県真岡市台町2474-1）
Japan |
| Operated by | Mooka Railway |
| Line(s) | Mooka Line |
| Platforms | 3 (1 island platform, 1 side platform) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1912 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY 2012 | 516 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Mooka Railway Following station  Terauchitowards Shimodate  *SL Mooka*  Nishidaitowards Motegi  Mooka Line  Kitamōkatowards Motegi | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: NGC 7448

abstract: NGC 7448 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Pegasus. It is located at a distance of circa 80 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 7448 is about 60,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on October 16, 1784. It is included in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with detached segments. NGC 7448 features an inner disk region of tightly wound spiral fragments with high surface brightness. At the edge of this region the surface brightness decreases abruptly. At the outer part of the disk individual arm segments and dust lanes can be discerned. The outer arms feature HII regions. One HII region complex located at the northwest portion of the disk is as bright as the bulge. Three supernovae have been observed in NGC 7448: SN 1980L, SN 1997dt, and SN 2022wsp. NGC 7448 belongs to a galaxy group known as the NGC 7448 group. Other members of the group are the galaxies NGC 7437, NGC 7454, NGC 7463, NGC 7464, and NGC 7465. The last three form a compact subgroup and there is evidence that NGC 7464 and NGC 7465 are in the process of merging. NGC 7479 lies a bit further to the south, and may be part of the group. There is a tail of HI gas extending from NGC 7448 and a stream of gas extending from NGC 7464/65 to NGC 7448.

text:
# NGC 7448

**NGC 7448** is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Pegasus. It is located at a distance of circa 80 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 7448 is about 60,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on October 16, 1784. It is included in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with detached segments.

NGC 7448 features an inner disk region of tightly wound spiral fragments with high surface brightness. At the edge of this region the surface brightness decreases abruptly. At the outer part of the disk individual arm segments and dust lanes can be discerned. The outer arms feature HII regions. One HII region complex located at the northwest portion of the disk is as bright as the bulge.

Three supernovae have been observed in NGC 7448: SN 1980L (mag. 13.5), SN 1997dt (type Ia, mag. 15.3), and SN 2022wsp (type II, mag. 15.8).

NGC 7448 belongs to a galaxy group known as the NGC 7448 group. Other members of the group are the galaxies NGC 7437, NGC 7454, NGC 7463, NGC 7464, and NGC 7465. The last three form a compact subgroup and there is evidence that NGC 7464 and NGC 7465 are in the process of merging. NGC 7479 lies a bit further to the south, and may be part of the group. There is a tail of HI gas extending from NGC 7448 and a stream of gas extending from NGC 7464/65 to NGC 7448.

## InfoBox

| NGC 7448 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 7448 (SDSS DR14) | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Pegasus |
| Right ascension | 23h 00m 03.6s |
| Declination | +15° 58 49 |
| Redshift | 0.007318 ± 0.000003 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 2194 ± 1 km/ |
| Distance | 79.5 ± 22.9 Mly (24.4 ± 7.0 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 11.4 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SA(rs)bc |
| Apparent size (V) | 2.7 × 1.2 |
| Other designations | |
| UGC 12294, Arp 13, MCG +03-58-018, PGC 70213 | |


title: NATO targets

abstract: NATO targets are a series of standard armoured targets defined by NATO designed to test the armour penetration of weapons. The purpose of the triple heavy target is to represent the difficulty a projectile would face in penetrating the skirt, roadwheel, and hull of a Soviet tank. They are defined as:

text:
# NATO targets

**NATO targets** are a series of standard armoured targets defined by NATO designed to test the armour penetration of weapons. The purpose of the triple heavy target is to represent the difficulty a projectile would face in penetrating the skirt, roadwheel, and hull of a Soviet tank.

They are defined as:

| Target type | Angle of
target
 | First plate
thickness | First plate
hardness | First air gap | Second plate
thickness | Second plate
hardness | Second
air gap | Third plate
thickness | Third plate
hardness |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Single medium | 60° | 130 mm |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Single heavy | 60° | 150 mm | 260-300 kp/mm2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Double medium | 60° | 40 mm |  | 150 mm | 90 mm |  |  |  |  |
| Double heavy | 60° | 40 mm | 308-353 kp/mm2 | 150 mm | 110 mm | 260-300 kp/mm2 |  |  |  |
| Triple medium | 65° | 10 mm |  | 330 mm | 25 mm |  | 330 mm | 60 mm |  |
| Triple heavy | 65° | 10 mm | 412-438 kp/mm2 | 330 mm | 25 mm | 100-122 kp/mm2 | 330 mm | 80 mm | 308-353 kp/mm2 |


title: Minami-Takada Station

abstract: Minami-Takada Station Minami-Takada Station is a railway station on the Myōkō Haneuma Line in the city of Jōetsu, Niigata, Japan, operated by the third-sector operating railway company Echigo Tokimeki Railway.

text:
# Minami-Takada Station

**Minami-Takada Station** (南高田駅, *Minami-Takada-eki*) is a railway station on the Myōkō Haneuma Line in the city of Jōetsu, Niigata, Japan, operated by the third-sector operating railway company Echigo Tokimeki Railway.

## Lines

Minami-Takada Station is served by the 37.7 km Echigo Tokimeki Railway Myōkō Haneuma Line from Myōkō-Kōgen to Naoetsu, and is located 29.0 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Myōkō-Kōgen and 66.3 kilometers from Nagano.

## Station layout

The station has one side platform serving a single bi-directional track, with the station building located directly on the platform. The station is unattended.

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Myōkō Haneuma Line | | | | |
| *Shirayuki*: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Jōetsumyōkō | | Local | Takada | |

## History

The station opened on 10 December 1961 on the Shinetsu Main Line. With the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

From 14 March 2015, with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension from Nagano to Kanazawa, local passenger operations over sections of the Shinetsu Main Line running roughly parallel to the new shinkansen line were reassigned to different third-sector railway operating companies. From this date, Minami-Takada Station became a station on the Echigo Tokimeki Railway Myōkō Haneuma Line.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 835 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Takada Commercial High School

## InfoBox

| Minami-Takada Station
南高田駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Minami-Takada Station in June 2009 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Minami-Takada-cho, Jōetsu-shi, Niigata-ken 943-0846
Japan |
| Coordinates | 37°05′49″N 138°14′34″E / 37.0970°N 138.2429°E / 37.0970; 138.2429 |
| Operated by | Echigo Tokimeki Railway |
| Line(s) | Myoko Haneuma Line |
| Distance | 29.0 km from Myōkō-Kōgen |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 10 December 1961 (1961-12-10) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2017 | 835 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Minami-Takada StationLocation within Myoko Haneuma LineMinami-Takada StationMinami-Takada Station (Japan) | |


title: Wyuna

abstract: Wyuna is a former Port Phillip Pilot tender and Australian Maritime College training vessel.

text:
# Wyuna

***Wyuna*** is a former Port Phillip Pilot tender and Australian Maritime College training vessel.

## History

The ship was built in 1953 by Ferguson Shipbuilders of Port Glasgow, Scotland for the Port Phillip Sea Pilots organisation as a pilot cutter. She is propelled by a diesel-electric power plant consisting of diesel generators powering electric motors coupled to the propeller shafts. Consequently, she may use the ship prefix "de" and be referred to as **de *Wyuna***. Her role as a pilot cutter was to sail with pilots on board to meet ships entering Port Phillip Bay. Pilots would be transferred by the *Wyuna'*s workboat to the vessel requiring pilotage while it was stopped dead in the water, with shelter provided by the vessel itself. In the early 1970s the pilot service started using fast launches to allow pilots to board while ships were still underway, and in 1979 the *Wyuna* was sold to the Australian Maritime College in Launceston, Tasmania as a training vessel. She continued in that role until 2004 when sold to Mineralogy Pty Ltd as an accommodation vessel. In September 2013 she was donated to the Western Port Oberon Association for the Victorian Maritime Centre currently at Crib Point.

For a time she was docked at Beauty Point, Tasmania, and after being refurbished for 18 months she was to be moved to Docklands in Melbourne, Victoria. After this berth became unavailable the vessel was docked at Inspection Head Wharf in Beauty Point. After a period there it was towed into Bell Bay where she lays at anchor as of January 2016.

When funding becomes available the Western Port Oberon Association has plans to display the vessel in a wet berth alongside the former Royal Australian Navy Oberon-class submarine HMAS Otama.

## InfoBox

| *Wyuna* at Beauty Point, Tasmania | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Australia | |
| Name | *Wyuna* |
| Owner |  |
| Port of registry | Melbourne |
| Builder | Ferguson Shipbuilders, Glasgow, Scotland |
| Launched | 16 April 1953 |
| Identification | IMO number: 5393907 |
| Status | Museum ship |
| Notes | Architect: Charles Stewart Mackinnon |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Pilot Tender |
| Tonnage | 1304 GRT |
| Length | 63.58m |
| Beam | 11.91m |
| Draught | 4.57m |
| Propulsion |  |


title: 1989–90 snooker season

abstract: The 1989–90 snooker season was a series of snooker tournaments played between July 1989 and May 1990. The following table outlines the results for ranking and the invitational events.

text:
# 1989–90 snooker season

The **1989–90 snooker season** was a series of snooker tournaments played between July 1989 and May 1990. The following table outlines the results for ranking and the invitational events.

## New professional players

James Wattana, Barry Pinches, Duncan Campbell, Stephen Murphy, Andrew Cairns, Nick Dyson, Brian Morgan, Brady Gollan, Nigel Bond and Ian Brumby became professionals. All had earnt the right to play off against the lowest-10 ranked existing professionals, through the pro-ticket series. Three of the existing professionals (Greg Jenkins, Bernie Mikkelsen and Frank Jonik) opted instead for non-tournament status, whch meant that Wattana, Pinches and Campbell did not need to play-off.

Play-off results
| Player | Score | Player |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Nick Dyson (ENG)** | **9**–2 | Dave Chalmers (ENG) |
| **Brian Morgan (ENG)** | **9**–0 | Pascal Burke (IRE) |
| **Nigel Bond (ENG)** | **9**–0 | Ian Black (SCO) |
| **Stephen Murphy (ENG)** | **9**–4 | Derek Mienie (SAF) |
| **Ian Brumbey (ENG)** | **9**–3 | Billy Kelly (IRE) |
| **Brady Gollan (CAN)** | **9**–2 | Patsy Fagan (IRE) |
| **Andrew Cairns (ENG)** | **9**–4 | Ian Anderson (AUS) |

## Calendar

| Date | |  | Rank | Tournament name | Venue | City | Winner | Runner-up | Score | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 08-03 | 08-06 | NZL | NR | New Zealand Masters | New Zealand Parliament | Wellington | Willie Thorne | Joe Johnson | 7–4 |  |
| 08-07 | 08-13 | HKG | WR | Hong Kong Open | International Convention Centre | Hong Kong | Mike Hallett | Dene O'Kane | 9–8 |  |
| 08-17 | 08-27 | THA | WR | Asian Open | Channel 12 Studios | Bangkok | Stephen Hendry | James Wattana | 9–6 |  |
| 09-02 | 09-03 | HKG | NR | Hong Kong Gold Cup | Queen Elizabeth Stadium | Hong Kong | Steve Davis | Alex Higgins | 6–3 |  |
| 09-13 | 09-17 | SCO | NR | Scottish Masters | Scottish Exhibition Centre | Glasgow | Stephen Hendry | Terry Griffiths | 10–1 |  |
| 09-19 | 09-30 | ENG | WR | International Open | Trentham Gardens | Stoke-on-Trent | Steve Davis | Stephen Hendry | 9–4 |  |
| 10-09 | 10-22 | ENG | WR | Grand Prix | Hexagon Theatre | Reading | Steve Davis | Dean Reynolds | 10–0 |  |
| 10-27 | 11-03 | UAE | WR | Dubai Classic | Al Nasr Stadium | Dubai | Stephen Hendry | Doug Mountjoy | 9–2 |  |
| 05-20 | 11-12 | EUR | NR | Norwich Union Grand Prix | Monte Carlo | Monte Carlo | Joe Johnson | Stephen Hendry | 5–3 |  |
| 11-17 | 12-03 | ENG | WR | UK Championship | Guild Hall | Preston | Stephen Hendry | Steve Davis | 16–12 |  |
| 12-07 | 12-16 | ENG | NR | World Matchplay | Brentwood Centre | Brentwood | Jimmy White | John Parrott | 18–9 |  |
| 01-02 | 01-13 | ENG | WR | The Classic | Norbreck Castle Hotel | Blackpool | Steve James | Warren King | 10–6 |  |
| 02-04 | 02-11 | ENG | NR | The Masters | Wembley Conference Centre | London | Stephen Hendry | John Parrott | 9–4 |  |
| 02-12 | 02-17 | WAL | NR | Welsh Professional Championship | Newport Centre | Newport | Darren Morgan | Doug Mountjoy | 9–7 |  |
| 02-18 | 03-04 | ENG | WR | British Open | Assembly Rooms | Derby | Bob Chaperon | Alex Higgins | 10–8 |  |
| 03-10 | 03-16 | FRA | WR | European Open | Palais des Sports | Lyon | John Parrott | Stephen Hendry | 10–6 |  |
| 03-15 | 03-18 | CHN | NR | Kent Cup | Yuetan Gymnasium | Beijing | Marcus Campbell | Tom Finstad | 4–1 |  |
| 03-21 | 03-24 | ENG | TE | World Cup | Bournemouth International Centre | Bournemouth | Canada | Northern Ireland | 9–5 |  |
| 03-27 | 04-01 | IRL | NR | Irish Masters | Goff's | Kill | Steve Davis | Dennis Taylor | 9–4 |  |
| 04-13 | 04-29 | ENG | WR | World Snooker Championship | Crucible Theatre | Sheffield | Stephen Hendry | Jimmy White | 18–12 |  |
| 01-?? | 05-?? | EUR | NR | International League |  |  | Tony Meo | Jimmy White |  |  |
| 05-?? | 05-09 | WAL | NR | Pontins Professional | Pontins | Prestatyn | Stephen Hendry | Mike Hallett | 9–6 |  |
| 10-10 | 05-15 | ENG | NR | London Masters | Café Royal | London | Stephen Hendry | John Parrott | 4–2 |  |
| 01-25 | 05-20 | ENG | NR | Matchroom League |  |  | Steve Davis | Stephen Hendry |  |  |

| WR = World ranking event |
| --- |
| NR = Non-ranking event |
|

## Official rankings

The top 16 of the world rankings, these players automatically played in the final rounds of the world ranking events and were invited for the Masters.

| No. | Ch. | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Steve Davis |
| 2 |  | John Parrott |
| 3 |  | Stephen Hendry |
| 4 |  | Jimmy White |
| 5 |  | Terry Griffiths |
| 6 |  | Mike Hallett |
| 7 |  | Cliff Thorburn |
| 8 |  | Dennis Taylor |
| 9 |  | Willie Thorne |
| 10 |  | Doug Mountjoy |
| 11 |  | Joe Johnson |
| 12 |  | Tony Knowles |
| 13 |  | John Virgo |
| 14 |  | Tony Meo |
| 15 |  | Dean Reynolds |
| 16 |  | Steve James |

1. "Newcomers clear last hurdle easily". *Snooker Scene*. May 1989. p. 25.
2. Turner, Chris. "Other Non-Ranking and Invition Events". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
3. Turner, Chris. "Other Asia Ranking Events". Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
4. Turner, Chris. "Asian Open, Asian Classic, Hong Kong Open". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
5. "For the record: snooker". *The Times*. London. 4 September 1989. p. 39.
6. Turner, Chris. "Scottish Masters". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
7. Turner, Chris. "International Open, Goya Matchroom Trophy". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
8. Turner, Chris. "Professional Players Tournament, Grand Prix, LG Cup". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
9. Turner, Chris. "Dubai Classic, Dubai Masters, Bahrain Snooker Championship". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
10. "1989 Dubai Duty Free Classic". Global Snooker Centre. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
11. Turner, Chris. "UK Championship". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
12. Turner, Chris. "World Matchplay". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
13. Turner, Chris. "Wilson Classic, Lada Classic, Mercantile Credit Classic". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
14. Turner, Chris. "The Masters". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
15. Turner, Chris. "On this Week: White becomes Brown". Eurosport UK. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
16. Turner, Chris. "Welsh Professional Championship". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
17. Turner, Chris. "On this Week: Hallett wins English Pro title". Eurosport UK. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
18. Turner, Chris. "British Open Including British Gold Cup, Yamaha Organs Trophy and Yamaha International Masters". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
19. Turner, Chris. "On this Week: British success for the Whirlwind". Eurosport UK. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
20. Turner, Chris. "Major European Tournaments". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
21. Turner, Chris. "On this Week: Birth of the Hurricane". Eurosport UK. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
22. Turner, Chris. "Irish Masters". Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
23. Turner, Chris. "World Cup, World Team Classic, Nations Cup". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
24. "On this Week: Irish hat-trick success". Eurosport UK. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
25. Turner, Chris. "Irish Masters". Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
26. Turner, Chris. "World Professional Championship". Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
27. "Premier/Matchroom League, Matchroom Championship League". Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012.
28. Turner, Chris. "Pontins Open, Pontins Professional, Pontins World Pro-Am Series". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
29. Turner, Chris. "Historical World Rankings 1975/76 to 1989/90". *cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk*. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
30. "Ranking History". Snooker.org. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
31. Hayton, Eric (2004). *The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker*. Lowestoft: Rose Villa Publications. pp. 119–123. ISBN 0-9548549-0-X.
*

## InfoBox

1989–90 snooker season
| Details | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | July 1989 – May 1990 |
| Tournaments | 24 (10 ranking events) |
| Triple Crown winners | |
| UK Championship | Stephen Hendry |
| Masters | Stephen Hendry |
| World Championship | Stephen Hendry |
| 1988–89 1990–91 | |


title: Memecylon lilacinum

abstract: Memecylon lilacinum is a tree species in the Melastomataceae family. It is usually an understorey species in closed forests. It is native to an area of tropical Asia, from Jawa to Philippines to Vietnam and the Andaman Islands and Myanmar. It is a food plant for the macaque Macaca facsicularis and a bee in the Megachilidae family.

text:
# Memecylon lilacinum

***Memecylon lilacinum*** is a tree species in the Melastomataceae family. It is usually an understorey species in closed forests. It is native to an area of tropical Asia, from Jawa to Philippines to Vietnam and the Andaman Islands and Myanmar. It is a food plant for the macaque *Macaca facsicularis* and a bee in the Megachilidae family.

## Description

A perennial tree, growing 6-7m tall, sometimes to 25m. It flowers in July and has fruit from October to May in Cambodia.

## Taxonomy

This species has been identified by molecular phylogenetics using nuclear ribosomal DNA as being in a Malesian/Southeast Asian/Chinese clade with *Memecylon caeruleum*, *Memecylon cantleyi*, *Memecylon pauciflorum*, *Memecylon plebujum*, and *Memecylon scutellatum*.

The species was described by the Swiss botanists Heinrich Zollinger (1818–59) and Alexandre Moritzi (1806-50).

## Distribution

The species is native to an area from Jawa, Borneo and Philippines to Mainland Southeast Asia and the Andaman Islands. Countries and regions that it is recorded from include: Indonesia (Jawa, Kalimantan, Sumatera); Philippines; Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia); Cambodia; Vietnam; Myanmar; India (Andaman Islands).

## Habitat and ecology

*M. lilacinum* grows in the lowland dipterocarp forest surrounding Lake Bera/Tasik Bera, Pahang, Malaysia. This tall closed forest is dominated by the emergent *Koompassia malaccensis* and 30-40m tall canopy taxa *Anisoptera scaphula*, *Ctenolophon parvifolius*, *Dipterocarpus cornutus*, *D. costulatus*, *D. crinitus*, *D. kerrii*, *Hopea mengerawan*, *Parashorea stellata*, *Payena lucida*, *Shorea curtisii* ssp. *curtisii*, *S. leprosula*, *S. ovalis*, *S. parvifolia* and *Vatica pauciflora*. Common in the lower strata are *Canarium littorale*, *Dyera costulata*, *Ixonanthes icosandra*, *Gluta elegans*, and *Endospermum diadenum*.

Growing on sandbars along the east coast of peninsular Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla and Narathiwat Provinces), this taxa is found in the widespread *Memecylon lilacinum*-*Vatica harmandiana* community. The 10m high canopy of this community is dominated by *V. harmandiana*, with *Syzygium grande*, *Atalantia monophylla*, *Pittosporum ferruguineum* and *Memecylon edule* common. The secondary tree layer (at 6-7m) is dominated by this tree, *M. lilacinum*. A shrub layer at 3-4m has *Diospyros ferrea*, *Guioa pleuropteris* and *Euonymus cochinchinensis* dominating, and is underlain by a herb layer up to 1m.

In the Khao Yai National Park, central Thailand, near Bangkok, the species is one of the most abundant in the Mo Singto study area forest. The study area is primarily for the observation of white-handed gibbons (*Hylobates lar*).

The Bokor Plateau at Preah Monivong National Park, southeastern Cambodia has a rare and significant flora of stunted forest and heathland, first studied by the famous Cambodian botanist Pauline Dy Phon. This taxa, *M. lilacinum* occurs as a stunted tree in montane forest at 928m elevation.

The tree is a moderately abundant understorey plant in the mixed evergreen and deciduous, seasonal, hardwood forest along the Mekong river in Kratie and Steung Treng Provinces, northeastern Cambodia. It grows on soils there derived from metamorphic sandstone bedrock, at 25-30m altitude.

*Macaca fascicularis* ("crab-eating macaque"), has been observed eating the flowers and leaves of the plant, amongst hundreds of other plant species, in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore.

The tree is a food plant for the Peninsular Malaysian bee species *Chalicodoma (Alocanthedon) memecylonae*, Hymenoptera, Megachilidae.

## InfoBox

| *Memecylon lilacinum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Melastomataceae |
| Genus: | *Memecylon* |
| Species: | ***M. lilacinum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Memecylon lilacinum***<br>Zoll. & Moritzi | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Memecylon capitellatum* Blume, *n.b.* not *Memecylon capitellatum* L. * *Memecylon confine* Blume * *Memecylon glomeratum* Blume * *Memecylon hepaticum* Blume * *Memecylon laevigatum* Blume * *Memecylon marginatum* Blume * *Memecylon myrsinoides* Blume * *Memecylon myrtilli* Blume * *Memecylon nigrescens* Miq. * *Memecylon pachyderme* Wall. * *Memecylon pseudonigrescens* Blume * *Memecylon vosmaerianum* Scheff. | |


title: Manuel Monge (military figure)

abstract:
Manuel Soares Monge is a Portuguese military and political figure. He is a general in the Portuguese army. He was born in Vila Nova de São Bento 18 February 1938, in Serpa Municipality. During the colonial war he made four tours of duty in Africa: two in Portuguese Angola, the last two in Portuguese Guinea.
In 1968, he was appointed commander in chief of Portuguese Guinea. He was then a Portuguese army major and one of the faithful of António de Spínola, who was one of the important people of the Carnation Revolution which occurred on 25 April 1974. He was a member of the Movimento dos Capitães and Comissão Coordenadora do MFA and military advisor to the President and given responsibility for relations with Macau. He was civil governor of the District of Beja until 2011.

text:
# Manuel Monge (military figure)

**Manuel Soares Monge** is a Portuguese military and political figure. He is a general in the Portuguese army. He was born in Vila Nova de São Bento 18 February 1938, in Serpa Municipality.

During the colonial war he made four tours of duty in Africa: two in Portuguese Angola, the last two in Portuguese Guinea. In 1968, he was appointed commander in chief of Portuguese Guinea.

He was then a Portuguese army major and one of the faithful of António de Spínola, who was one of the important people of the Carnation Revolution which occurred on 25 April 1974.

He was a member of the Movimento dos Capitães and Comissão Coordenadora do MFA and military advisor to the President and given responsibility for relations with Macau.

He was civil governor of the District of Beja until 2011.


title: Naarda molybdota

abstract: Naarda molybdota is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae first described by George Hampson in 1912.

text:
# Naarda molybdota

***Naarda molybdota*** is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae first described by George Hampson in 1912.

## InfoBox

| *Naarda molybdota* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Naarda* |
| Species: | ***N. molybdota*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Naarda molybdota***<br>Hampson, 1912 | |
|


title: Morgantown, Maryland

abstract: Morgantown is an unincorporated community in Charles County, Maryland, United States. It lies south of the Governor Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge on the Potomac River at Lower Cedar Point. Morgantown is known for the Mirant Morgantown Generating Station smokestacks. The community had ferryboat service to Potomac Beach in Virginia before the present bridge opened in 1940. Waverley was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. In 2007, a controversial coal barge loading facility was under construction at the power plant on Popes Creek.

text:
# Morgantown, Maryland

**Morgantown** is an unincorporated community in Charles County, Maryland, United States. It lies south of the Governor Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge on the Potomac River at Lower Cedar Point. Morgantown is known for the Mirant Morgantown Generating Station smokestacks. The community had ferryboat service to Potomac Beach in Virginia before the present bridge opened in 1940. Waverley was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. In 2007, a controversial coal barge loading facility was under construction at the power plant on Popes Creek.

## InfoBox

| Morgantown, Maryland | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| MorgantownLocation within the state of MarylandMorgantownMorgantown (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°20′43″N 76°58′16″W / 38.34528°N 76.97111°W / 38.34528; -76.97111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| County | Charles |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 590827 |


title: William Smith (Royal Navy officer)

abstract: Rear Admiral William Smith was a Royal Navy officer who served as Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station.

text:
# William Smith (Royal Navy officer)

Rear Admiral **William Smith** (died 1756) was a Royal Navy officer who served as Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station.

Smith was promoted to post captain on 10 May 1716 on appointment to the command of the sixth-rate HMS *Port Mahon*. He transferred to the command of the fifth-rate HMS *Gosport* in August 1720, of the fourth-rate HMS *Dartmouth* in 1721 and of the fourth-rate HMS *York* in 1726.

Smith served briefly as Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station in 1729 and was promoted to Rear Admiral on 21 July 1747 during his retirement.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| William Smith | |
| --- | --- |
| Died | 1756 |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Great Britain |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Rank | Rear Admiral |
| Commands | HMS *Port Mahon*
HMS *Gosport*
HMS *Dartmouth*
HMS *York*
Jamaica Station |


title: Morishōji Station

abstract: .mw-parser-output.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output.infobox.navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-header,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-above,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-title,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-image,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}} Morishōji Station is a train station on the Keihan Railway Keihan Main Line located in Asahi-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.

text:
# Morishōji Station

**Morishōji Station** (森小路駅, *Morishōji-eki*) is a train station on the Keihan Railway Keihan Main Line located in Asahi-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.

## Layout

* The station has 2 island platforms serving 2 tracks each on the 2nd level. The inner tracks are fenced because only local trains stop at this station.

| **1** | Keihan Line | for Moriguchishi, Hirakatashi, Sanjo and Demachiyanagi |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Keihan Line | for Kyobashi, Yodoyabashi and Nakanoshima |

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Keihan Main Line | | | | |
| Sekime |  | Local |  | Sembayashi |
| Others: Does not stop at this station | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Morishōji Station
森小路駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Morishōji Station, August 2007 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Morishoji Itchome, Asahi, Osaka, Osaka
（大阪市旭区森小路一丁目）
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°43′10.53″N 135°33′5.63″E / 34.7195917°N 135.5515639°E / 34.7195917; 135.5515639 |
| Operated by | Keihan Electric Railway |
| Line(s) | Keihan Main Line |
| Connections |  |
| History | |
| Opened | 1931 |
| Previous names | Shin-Morishoji (until 1942) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |