title: Howard Thomas (producer)

abstract: Howard Thomas CBE was a Welsh radio producer and television executive.

text:
# Howard Thomas (producer)

**Howard Thomas** CBE (5 March 1909 – 6 November 1986) was a Welsh radio producer and television executive.

## Early career

Thomas began his career typing invoices for a firm of wire-drawers in Manchester. While doing that job, he taught himself to write newspaper articles and short plays. When some of these articles were published, he managed to get a job in the firm's advertising department. That job enabled Thomas to mix with advertising agents and through networking he obtained a position with F John Roe, one of Manchester's advertising agencies.

He moved to the London agency F C Prichard Wood and Partners, and he continued to write articles, having a London entertainment column in the *Manchester Evening Chronicle*. This column was spotted by the London Press Exchange and he was hired by them as a copywriter.

## Commercial radio

At London Press Exchange, Thomas worked in the commercial radio section, at first writing, then producing commercial packages for companies including Cadbury's. These packages, usually of music or variety acts interspersed with subtle commercials for the sponsor, were then placed on Radio Luxembourg and similar longwave broadcasters who could be heard in the UK.

In this position, he came to the attention of the BBC, and he began to submit scripts and programme ideas to them while continuing to work for the international commercial broadcasters. However, at the outbreak of World War II, the commercial broadcasters closed and the advertising market contracted. Thomas kept his post at London Press Exchange, but effectively had no work to do. He attempted to fill time by writing books about the blackout and writing more articles for newspapers, and also worked for Publicity Films Limited producing public information films.

## BBC radio

On the outbreak of war, the BBC had closed its existing two Regional Programme and National Programme stations and replaced them with a single national station, the Home Service (now BBC Radio 4).

This move was criticised as it led to boredom amongst the listeners during the Phony War, who were also faced with cinemas and sporting events being closed "for the duration" and the loss of the competition to the BBC.

As the Phony War ended, the BBC decided to introduce an entertainment-based national radio station, primarily for the men under arms. The new service, the Forces Programme hired many new producers from the former commercial agencies, including Howard Thomas.

### *Ack Ack Beer Beer*

Thomas's first assignment was to produce the programme *Ack Ack Beer Beer*, an entertainment and variety programme for anti-aircraft and barrage balloon emplacements. Both jobs featured very little action and therefore the BBC felt that 'lively' entertainment had to be provided for the crews.

Under Thomas, the programme developed into a miscellany of variety, talk, music and comedy, using whatever talent was available near the evacuated Variety Department's studios in Bristol. On occasion this was no talent at all, and Thomas later told of an edition made up of him and his co-producer playing "Shove ha'penny", which had the side effect of reintroducing the game to the population.

### *Sincerely Yours, Vera Lynn*

With Bristol now a victim of the Blitz, the Variety Department moved to Bangor in north Wales. However, feeling that opportunities for variety would be limited there, Thomas engineered a move back to London.

In London he spotted singer Vera Lynn in a stage show. He created a radio programme for her called *Sincerely Yours, Vera Lynn* where she sang popular tunes of the time, read out letters from servicemen and introduced entertainers.

The show was a hit, both with the forces and the country at large, although the senior officers of both the British Army and the Royal Navy strongly objected to the sentimental and "soppy" music and presentation. Nevertheless, the show helped turn the song "We'll Meet Again" into one of the best selling pieces of music throughout the war. The show also cemented Vera Lynn's title of "forces' sweetheart" and ensured that she would remain, as of 2006, something akin to a national treasure in the UK.

To assuage critics of *Sincerely Yours*, Thomas introduced the programme *I Am John Bull*, featuring military marches and "strong" music. The programme was not successful.

### *Shipmates Ashore*

The BBC Forces Programme provided distinct programming for each of the armed services. However, the Merchant Navy, not being classed as an armed service and under the patronage of the Ministry of Labour, was not included.

Howard Thomas began a programme named *Shipmates Ashore* aimed at this audience. The programme was set in a Merchant Navy club and quickly became an effectively real club, with free beer and "companionship" for visiting merchant seamen. The show featured a mixture of music, singing, comedy and information (in the form of a "ship's newspaper") as well as providing a platform for discussion of issues of interest to the sailors. The programme was presented by Doris Hare.

### *The Brains Trust*

As conceived by Howard Thomas and Douglas Cleverdon, *The Brains Trust* was a simple mixture of light panel game entertainment and heavier discussion of items of scientific, legal, medical and social importance. At that time, there was much discussion in the UK about the shape of the world and the country after the war, which reached its peak with the Beveridge Report and the 1945 landslide election of Attlee's Labour government.

The programme featured Professor Cyril E. M. Joad, previously rejected for radio for his strange speaking voice; the writer and zoologist Julian Huxley; and the loud and entertaining Archibald Bruce Campbell. The programme first aired under the title *Any Questions?* and drew a small audience and few questions. However, within a few weeks it had caught the zeitgeist of the nation, gaining an audience of 11½million. The series was extended from a run of 12 episodes into an open-ended series that ran into the 1950s.

However, the popularity of the programme, dealing as it did with matters of controversy and politics, caused complaints of left-wing bias from within the BBC and from commentators outside. The BBC attempted to modify the format of the programme to avoid this but also sought to avoid damaging the shows popularity. With military criticism of *Sincerely Yours*, general complaints about the bawdy humour in *Shipmates Ashore* and political criticism of *The Brains Trust*, the BBC sought a scapegoat and pressured Howard Thomas to leave. In 1944, he resigned.

## British Pathé

On leaving the BBC, Howard Thomas joined the Associated British Picture Corporation as head of British Pathé, the newsreel and film company.

Thomas relaunched the ailing *Pathé Gazette* as *Pathé News*, began hiring new cameramen and pioneered the switch to colour film. He also arranged for the Pathé archives, then of little or no intrinsic value to the company, to be indexed and properly preserved for future use.

## ABC-TV

By the 1950s, it was becoming clear that television was eroding the size of cinema audiences. Frustrated at his inability to convince the Associated British Picture Corporation that it should either expand into production of popular feature films or bid for one of the new commercial broadcasting licences offered under the Television Act 1954 by the Independent Television Authority (ITA), Howard Thomas began to look for roles in the new ITV companies that were being started.

He was offered the job of General Manager of Kemsley-Winnick Television, the new weekend contractor for the midlands and north of England. However, before he could take up the job, Lord Kemsley pulled out of the company and the contract lapsed.

The ITA made a last-ditch attempt to get the Associated British Picture Corporation involved in commercial television as a replacement for Kemsley-Winnick. The board of the company was finally convinced to try, and signed a contract with the ITA on 21 September 1955 to form Associated British Cinemas (Television) Limited (ABC) to take over the contract.

Howard Thomas was appointed as managing director of the company and hired Sydney Newman and Brian Tesler as his controllers of drama and light entertainment respectively.

## Thames Television

In 1966, the ITA announced that the pattern of broadcasting for Independent Television was to change from 1968. All contractors would be required to reapply for their contracts, and, though there would be one more contract available than before (for Yorkshire), the previous weekend splits in the three central regions of London, the midlands and the north of England would be altered. The London split would change to Friday evenings (rather than the self-contained weekend it had previously been) and the midlands and the north would be redivided into three whole-week regions. ABC's contract area would therefore cease to exist.

Howard Thomas had planned for ABC Television to apply for the extended London weekends contract (with an application for the Midlands seven-day contract as a stand-by). However, the appearance of a consortium of major figures from the BBC and Rediffusion under the leadership of David Frost made this difficult. The London Television Consortium (later London Weekend Television) won the contract, and the ITA was left with no place for ABC.

The ITA's solution was to ask ABC and Rediffusion to merge to form a new company. They specified that ABC would have a slim majority of the shares, and that the managing director would be Howard Thomas. In practice, the merger proved impossible due to outside interests held by both parent companies. Instead, the parent companies formed a joint company called Thames Television Holdings Limited (trading as Thames Television), which took over the staff of ABC in Teddington and a minority of staff from Rediffusion. Management and on-screen talent was mainly provided by ABC.

Thames retained the London weekdays licence until 31 December 1992.

## Retirement

The Independent Broadcasting Authority set a limit on the age of managing directors of ITV companies, specifying that they retire at the age of 75.

When Howard Thomas reached this age, Thames Television Holdings (the company that held the shares in Thames formerly held by the now-defunct Associated British Picture Corporation) promoted him from Thames Television to become chairman of Thames Television International – then a subsidiary of Thames but previously known as EMI Films and, before that, the remains of the former ABC owner Associated British Picture Corporation.

## Family

Howard Thomas married Hilda in 1934 and they had two daughters, Rosemary and Carol.

He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1967.

* Thomas, Howard *With An Independent Air* London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1977 ISBN 0-297-77278-3
* Sendall, Bernard *Independent Television in Britain: Volume 1 – Origin and Foundation 1946–62* London: The Macmillan Press Ltd 1982 (reprinted 1984) ISBN 0-333-30941-3 pp68, 82–84, 312, 359
* Briggs, A. *The history of broadcasting in the United Kingdom*, 3 (1970) · Howard
* Potter, J. *Companies and programmes, 1968–80*, vol. 4 of *Independent television in Britain (1982–90)* London: The Macmillan Press Ltd 1990
* Graham, Russ J Thomas: Independent broadcaster TVHeroes from Electromusications by Transdiffusion 2005, accessed 3 February 2006
* Bowden-Smith, Chris (Ed.) ABC at Large Telemusications from Transdiffusion 2002, accessed 3 February 2006
* Elen, Richard G British Film Institute Screenonline – ABC undated, accessed 3 February 2006
* Elen, Richard G British Film Institute Screenonline – Thames undated, accessed 3 February 20
* *Daily Telegraph* (7 November 1986)
* *The Times* (7 November 1986)

## InfoBox

| Howard Thomas | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 5 March 1909
Monmouthshire |
| Died | 6 November 1986(1986-11-06) (aged 77)
Henley-on-Thames, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Employer(s) | BBC Radio; ABC-TV; Thames Television |
| Known for | Producer; television executive |
| Spouse | Hilda  (m. 19341986) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Huangtcia

abstract: Huangtcia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes two species of shrubs or subshrubs native to southeastern Asia, ranging from Nepal through eastern India and Indochina to south-central China, and to Hainan, Taiwan, and Java.

text:
# Huangtcia

***Huangtcia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes two species of shrubs or subshrubs native to southeastern Asia, ranging from Nepal through eastern India and Indochina to south-central China, and to Hainan, Taiwan, and Java.

## InfoBox

| *Huangtcia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Genus: | *Huangtcia*<br>H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi (2018) |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Huangtai railway station

abstract: Huangtai railway station is a railway station in Licheng District, Jinan, Shandong, China. The station was established in 1904 and the station building was erected in 1905 as part of the German Shandong Railway. The station was originally known as "Jinanfu East" ("Tsinanfu-Ost"). Huangtai railway station has been placed on the list of Major historical and cultural sites protected by Shandong Province in 2006.

text:
# Huangtai railway station

36°41′17″N 117°02′47″E / 36.68815°N 117.04637°E / 36.68815; 117.04637

**Huangtai railway station** (Chinese: 黄台站; pinyin: *Huángtái zhàn*) is a railway station in Licheng District, Jinan, Shandong, China. The station was established in 1904 and the station building was erected in 1905 as part of the German Shandong Railway ("Schantung Eisenbahn"). The station was originally known as "Jinanfu East" ("Tsinanfu-Ost").

Huangtai railway station has been placed on the list of Major historical and cultural sites protected by Shandong Province in 2006 (site number 3-252).

## Location

Huangtai railway station is located on Huangtai South Road, on the northern end of Shanda Road and to the south of the Xiaoqing River. The postal address of Huangtai railway station is No.21, Huangtai South Road (黄台南路21号).


title: Hoy Te Dejé De Amar

abstract: "Hoy Te Dejé De Amar" is a song recorded by Mexican singer Paulina Rubio for her third studio album El Tiempo Es Oro (1995). Written by Marco Flores and produced by Miguel Blasco was released as the album's third single in June 1995. The song was first performed in June 1995 during Rubio's special appearance on the Mexican television program ¡En Vivo!, where he also performed other songs from her album El Tiempo Es Oro. To promote the song on television networks, this presentation was taken as the official video of "Hoy Te Dejé De Amar", however, it is not considered an official video clip in Rubio's videography. The song later appeared on most of Rubio's major compilations including Top Hits (2001) and Mío, Paulina y Sus Éxitos (2006).

text:
# Hoy Te Dejé De Amar

"**Hoy Te Dejé De Amar**" is a song recorded by Mexican singer Paulina Rubio for her third studio album *El Tiempo Es Oro* (1995). Written by Marco Flores and produced by Miguel Blasco was released as the album's third single in June 1995.

The song was first performed in June 1995 during Rubio's special appearance on the Mexican television program *¡En Vivo!*, where he also performed other songs from her album *El Tiempo Es Oro*. To promote the song on television networks , this presentation was taken as the official video of "Hoy Te Dejé De Amar", however, it is not considered an official video clip in Rubio's videography.

The song later appeared on most of Rubio's major compilations including *Top Hits* (2001) and *Mío, Paulina y Sus Éxitos* (2006).

## Track listing and formats

* **Mexico CD, Single, Promo**

1. "Hoy Te Dejé De Amar" – 3:55

## InfoBox

| "Hoy Te Dejé De Amar" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Paulina Rubio | |
| from the album  *El Tiempo Es Oro* | |
| Released | 20 June 1995 (1995-06-20) |
| Recorded | Balu-Balu
(Madrid, Spain) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:55 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Marco Flores |
| Producer(s) | Miguel Blasco |
| Paulina Rubio singles chronology | |
| "Nada De Ti"
(1995) "**Hoy Te Dejé De Amar**"
(1995) "Bésame En La Boca"
(1995) | |
|  | |
| Audio video | |
| "Hoy Te Dejé De Amar" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Hoy Quiero Soñar

abstract: Hoy Quiero Soñar is the ninth studio album recorded by Mexican singer-songwriter Cristian Castro, It was released by BMG U.S. Latin on November 23, 2004. It is the last album under the BMG record label. The album was produced by Rudy Pérez and co-produced by Kike Santander, Daniel Betancourt and Milton Salcedo.

text:
# Hoy Quiero Soñar

***Hoy Quiero Soñar*** (English: *Today I Want to Dream*) is the ninth studio album recorded by Mexican singer-songwriter Cristian Castro, It was released by BMG U.S. Latin on November 23, 2004 (see 2004 in music). It is the last album under the BMG record label. The album was produced by Rudy Pérez and co-produced by Kike Santander, Daniel Betancourt and Milton Salcedo.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Una Canción Para Tí" | Kike Santander | 3:39 |
| 2. | "Imagina" |  | 4:09 |
| 3. | "Tu Vida Con La Mía" | Kike Santander | 4:18 |
| 4. | "Quédate En Mis Brazos" | Kike Santander | 3:56 |
| 5. | "Te Buscaría" | Kike Santander | 4:13 |
| 6. | "Atrévete" | Kike Santander | 3:52 |
| 7. | "Silencio" | * Christian Leuzzi * Kike Santander | 4:25 |
| 8. | "Mi Castigo, Mi Desgracia" | Kike Santander | 4:22 |
| 9. | "Qué Me Van A Hablar De Amor" | * Roberto Livi * Rudy Pérez | 3:32 |
| 10. | "Vamos A Bailar" |  | 4:01 |
| 11. | "Yo Dudo Que Con Él" | Rudy Pérez | 4:18 |
| 12. | "Hoy Quiero Soñar" | Kike Santander | 4:03 |
| 13. | "Mujer de Madera" | Cristian Castro | 4:58 |
| Total length: | | | 48:11 |

## Credits and personnel

* Juan E. Aristizabal – Engineer
* Levi Mora Arriaga – Trumpet
* José Luis Arroyave – Engineer
* Andrés Bermúdez – Engineer, Mix Engineer
* Daniel Betancourt – Arranger, composer, Keyboards, Piano, producer, Programming
* Richard Bravo – Percussion
* Cristian Castro – Composer
* Gustavo Celis – Mix Engineer
* Mike Couzzi – Engineer
* Vicky Echeverri – Background Vocals
* Rafael Ferro García – Arranger, String Conductor
* Jose Luis Galvis – Engineer
* Julio Hernández – Electric Bass
* John Kricker – Trombone
* Christian Leuzzi – Composer
* Lee Levin – Drums
* Gary Lindsay – Arranger, String Conductor
* Roberto Livi – Composer
* David Jimenez López – Assistant Engineer
* Manny López – Guitar
* Patrick Magee – Engineer
* Miami Symphonic Strings – Strings
* Boris Milan – Mix Engineer
* Sergio Minski – Production Coordination
* José Antonio Molina – Arranger
* Ricardo Montaner – Vocals
* Teddy Mulet – Trumpet
* Joel Numa – Engineer
* Alfredo Oliva – Concertmaster
* Wendy Pederson – Background Vocals
* Jerry Peel – Horn
* Betsy Pérez – Production Coordination
* Rudy Pérez – Audio Production, composer, engineer, Guitar (Acoustic), Keyboards, Percussion, producer
* Clay Perry – Keyboards, Programming
* Catalina Rodríguez – Background Vocals
* Milton Salcedo – Arranger, Keyboards, Piano, producer, Programming
* Kike Santander – Arranger, Audio Production, composer, Background Vocals, Executive Producer, producer
* Fernando Tobón – Electric Bass, Drums
* Eugenio Vanderhorst – Copyist
* Juan José Virviescas – Engineer
* Dan Warner – Guitar
* Larry Warrilow – Copyist
* Bruce Weeden – Engineer, Mastering, Mezcla

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Spanish Albums Chart | 31 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Latin Albums | 13 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Latin Pop Albums | 5 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Heatseekers Albums | 17 |
|

## InfoBox

| Hoy Quiero Soñar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Cristian Castro | |
| Released | November 23, 2004 (2004-11-23) |
| Recorded | 2004 |
| Studio | * Beach House Recording Studios
(Miami Beach, Florida) * Cuero Room Studios * DJ Music Productions Studios * L&M Studios * Mas Music Studios * Santander Studios * The Hit Factory Critiera * The Tiki Room Studio
(Miami, Florida) * The Hit Factory Recording Studios
(New York City) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 48:11 |
| Label | BMG U.S. Latin |
| Producer |  |
| Cristian Castro chronology | |
| *Amar Es*
(2003) ***Hoy Quiero Soñar***
(2004) *Nunca Voy a Olvidarte...Los Exitos*
(2005) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Hoy Quiero Soñar* | |
| 1. "Una Canción Para Tí"
Released: September 27, 2004 (2004-09-27) 2. "Te Buscaría"
Released: January 10, 2005 (2005-01-10) 3. "Quédate En Mis Brazos"
Released: February 7, 2005 (2005-02-07) 4. "Imagina"
Released: March 28, 2005 (2005-03-28) 5. "Qué Me Van A Hablar De Amor"
Released: April 11, 2005 (2005-04-11) 6. "Atrévete"
Released: May 16, 2005 (2005-05-16) 7. "Silencio"
Released: June 6, 2005 (2005-06-06) | |
|  | |


title: Huasta District

abstract: Huasta is a district of the province of Bolognesi, in the Ancash Region of Peru. The capital of Huasta is "Villa de Huasta" and the Temple is located in the Jr Grau in front of the "Seat of Arms", a monument declared by Supreme Resolution Nº 505-74-ED dated 15 October 1974. Huasta is on a plain 3,375 meters above sea level on the left banks of the river Chiquián. The seat of arms is located at the town center and there are four longitudinal streets and seven cross-sectional streets, all paved with stones.

text:
# Huasta District

**Huasta** is a district of the province of Bolognesi, in the Ancash Region of Peru. The capital of Huasta is "Villa de Huasta" and the Temple is located in the Jr Grau in front of the "Seat of Arms", a monument declared by Supreme Resolution Nº 505-74-ED dated 15 October 1974. Huasta is on a plain 3,375 meters above sea level on the left banks of the river Chiquián. The seat of arms is located at the town center and there are four longitudinal streets and seven cross-sectional streets, all paved with stones.

## Geography

The Wallanka mountain range traverses the district. Some of the highest peaks of the district are listed below:

## History

The district of Huasta was created by law of October 28, 1863, and Villa de Huasta became the capital by law of November 15, 1909. There is no documentary evidence for the Spanish foundation but it is generally supposed that Huasta was founded by the Spaniards between years 1535 and 1540 along with many other towns founded by missionaries of the Spanish king. It is considered possible that Huasta was colonized by the Dominicans.

## Catholic influence

Construction of the Temple of Huasta began in 1575 while Felipe II was king of Spain, a period of much catholic evangelism in Peru. The religious work was in the hands of Archbishop Toribio, Rodriguez de Mendoza, during the mandate of 5th Virrey of Peru Don Francisco Toledo.

The Church, which dates from the 16th century, is in the colonial style with a fusion of Hispanic and Peruvian art. The ceilings are of wood with clay roofing tiles. The facade has images of San Pedro, San Pablo, San Francisco and the Virgin Maria with angels,. At the top is the Eternal Father. The main tower, with three bells which replaced the original Mariangolas bells, collapsed as a result of the earthquake of 1970. In the entranceway to the front door of the Temple can be seen two holes which previously held two logs used to discipline felons, this was called "the Trap".

10°07′26″S 77°09′26″W / 10.12385°S 77.1573°W / -10.12385; -77.1573

## InfoBox

| Huasta | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Ancash |
| Province | Bolognesi |
| Founded | January 28, 1863 |
| Capital | Huasta |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Teofanes Alva Valderrama |
| Area | |
| Total | 387.91 km2 (149.77 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3,385 m (11,106 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | |
| Total | 2,278 |
| Density | 5.9/km2 (15/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 020509 |


title: Huawei U8800

abstract: The Huawei U8800 Ideos X5 is a touchscreen mobile phone running Android, and which targets the mid-high phone market. It has a typical Android design. It is available for AT&T and runs on 3G.

text:
# Huawei U8800

The **Huawei U8800 Ideos X5** is a touchscreen mobile phone running Android, and which targets the mid-high phone market. It has a typical Android design. It is available for AT&T and runs on 3G.

## InfoBox

Huawei U8800 Ideos X5
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Huawei |
| Availability by region | Germany March 2011 (2011-03) |
| Type | Smartphone |
| Form factor | bar |
| Dimensions | 120 mm (4.7 in) H
62 mm (2.4 in) W
11.6 mm (0.46 in) D |
| Weight | 0.130 kg (0.29 lb) |
| Operating system | Android 2.2.2, official upgrade to 2.3.5 |
| CPU | Qualcomm MSM7230 800 MHz Scorpion (Snapdragon) |
| GPU | Adreno 205 |
| Memory | 512 MB (RAM), 320MB available |
| Storage | 2 GB |
| Removable storage | microSD up to 32 GB |
| Battery | Li-ion 1500 mAh |
| Display | 3.8 in (97 mm) 800×480 px |
| Rear camera | 5.0 MP |
| Connectivity | HSPA+, Bluetooth 2.1, Micro-USB 2.0, 3.5 mm audio jack, aGPS, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n |
| Data inputs | Multi-touch capacitive touchscreen, accelerometer |


title: Hubley, Nova Scotia

abstract: Hubley is a residential community within the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia on Trunk 3 between Upper Tantallon and Timberlea approximately 15 kilometres from Halifax.

text:
# Hubley, Nova Scotia

**Hubley** is a residential community within the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia on Trunk 3 between Upper Tantallon and Timberlea approximately 15 kilometres from Halifax.

## Communications

## Overview

* Total population 1029
* Total dwellings 348
* Total land area: 57.4445 km2
* Many lakes in the area
* Hubley is primarily composed of three subdivisions: Lake of the Woods, Sheldrake Lake and Three Brooks. Lake of the Woods, Sheldrake Lake and Three Brooks are affluent communities. There are several parks and hiking trails in the area.
* Other areas of Hubley include Birch Bear Woods and Five Island Lake Estates, which are smaller areas located near Three Brooks.
* The former Sir John A. Macdonald High School (1969) is located in Hubley. In 2006, a new high school was opened in Tantallon and the building in Hubley became Five Bridges Junior High School.
* The BLT Trail runs through Hubley, primarily parallel to St Margaret's Bay Road.

## Area Lakes

## InfoBox

| Hubley | |
| --- | --- |
| Hubley | |
| Coordinates: 44°40′31″N 63°49′19″W / 44.67528°N 63.82194°W / 44.67528; -63.82194 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Nova Scotia |
| Municipality | Halifax Regional Municipality |
| Community council | Western Region Community Council |
| Planning Area | St. Margarets Bay |
| Population (2006 census) | |
| Total | 1,029 |
| GNBC code | CAQYR |


title: Hubinek

abstract: Hubinek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ulhówek, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Ulhówek, 21 km (13 mi) east of Tomaszów Lubelski, and 120 km (75 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin. The village is located in the historical region Galicia.

text:
# Hubinek

**Hubinek** \[xuˈbinɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ulhówek, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Ulhówek, 21 km (13 mi) east of Tomaszów Lubelski, and 120 km (75 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin. The village is located in the historical region Galicia.

## InfoBox

| Hubinek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Hubinek | |
| Coordinates: 50°26′49″N 23°42′6″E / 50.44694°N 23.70167°E / 50.44694; 23.70167 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Tomaszów Lubelski |
| Gmina | Ulhówek |
| Population | 280 |


title: Hozat District

abstract: Hozat District is a district of Tunceli Province in Turkey. The town of Hozat is its seat and the district had a population of 5,590 in 2021. Its area is 663 km⁲.

text:
# Hozat District

**Hozat District** is a district of Tunceli Province in Turkey. The town of Hozat is its seat and the district had a population of 5,590 in 2021. Its area is 663 km2.

## Composition

Beside the town of Hozat, the district encompasses thirty villages and 112 hamlets.

### Villages

1. Akpınar
2. Alancık
3. Altınçevre
4. Balkaynar
5. Beşelma
6. Bilekli
7. Boydaş
8. Buzlupınar
9. Çağlarca
10. Çaytaşı
11. Çığırlı
12. Dalören
13. Dervişcemal
14. Geçimli
15. İnköy
16. Kalecik
17. Karabakır
18. Karacaköy
19. Karaçavuş
20. Kardelen
21. Kavuktepe
22. Koruköy
23. Kozluca
24. Kurukaymak
25. Sarısaltık
26. Taşıtlı
27. Türktaner
28. Uzundal
29. Yenidoğdu
30. Yüceldi

## InfoBox

| Hozat District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Map showing Hozat District in Tunceli Province | |
| Hozat DistrictLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 39°06′N 39°13′E / 39.100°N 39.217°E / 39.100; 39.217 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Tunceli |
| Seat | Hozat |
| Area | 663 km2 (256 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 5,590 |
| Density | 8.4/km2 (22/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Website | www.hozat.gov.tr |


title: Samuel Mayart

abstract: Sir Samuel Mayart (1587–c.1646) was an English-born judge in seventeenth-century Ireland, who also had some reputation as a political theorist.

text:
# Samuel Mayart

**Sir Samuel Mayart** (1587–c.1646) was an English-born judge in seventeenth-century Ireland, who also had some reputation as a political theorist.

## Early career

He was born in Ipswich, Suffolk, in 1587, the son of Gilbert Mayart, who was of Flemish origin. Samuel went to Merton College, Oxford, and matriculated in 1604. He was admitted to the Middle Temple in 1607 and was called to the Bar in 1614.

Within a very short time, he decided to practice law in Ireland: he was called to the Irish Bar in 1616 and entered the King's Inns in the same year. He became Treasurer of the King's Inns in 1633. He settled near Dublin, where he lived at Oxmantown, north of the River Liffey. Unlike most Irish judges of the time, he never became a substantial landowner, although he played some part in the development of the new town of Mountrath in County Laois in the early 1620s.

In religion, he was a convinced Protestant and inclined to Puritanism. He is said to have been close to James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh, with whom he had a family tie through his second wife, who was Ussher's widowed aunt, Mary Smith.

## A Judge in Ireland

In 1624 a seat on the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland) became vacant on the death of Gerard Lowther. Mayart was very anxious to obtain the position, and offered the English Crown £300 for it (this caused some comment, as the seat was valued at only £100). His fitness for the office was questioned, but Sir Richard Bolton, soon to become Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, and his son Edward, both vouched for his integrity and legal ability, and after some delay, he was appointed to the Common Pleas in 1626. He was knighted in 1631, and when Parliament was in session he regularly attended the Irish House of Lords to furnish the peers with legal advice. He became a master in the Court of Chancery (Ireland) and regularly went as a judge of assize on the North-Eastern Circuit.

## The Case of Tenures (1637)

In 1637 all the Irish High Court judges were asked to deliver their opinion in the *Case of Tenures upon the Commission of Defective Titles*: this was a test case brought by the English Crown to provide a legal basis for the widespread confiscation of land from Catholic landowners, and in particular to clear the way for the Plantation of Connacht. By a majority of five to two, the High Court judges declared that all tenures which were not hereditary were invalid, thus giving the Crown the necessary legal justification for its actions. Mayart was one of two judges who dissented from the judgment, Hugh de Cressy being the other, although Mayart did so on technical grounds.

His dissent suggests that he was a man of both integrity and moral courage (although he had dabbled in a Plantation scheme himself in about 1620). The Plantation of Connacht was a personal project of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, the formidable and almost all-powerful Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and one to which he attached great importance. Nor was Strafford a man to tolerate any questioning of his policy, even by his colleagues in Government. Judges in his view, both Irish and English, were Crown servants like any others: their function was simply to serve the King, and they were expected to give judgment in favour of the Crown in any case where the King's rights were questioned. His attitude is shown by his outrage when a minority of the English High Court judges ruled against the Crown in *The Case of Ship Money (R v. Hampden)* the following year. Mayart's colleague De Cressy also risked Strafford's anger through his dissent, although the two men were old friends.

Mayard's career between 1637 and 1644 is poorly documented. In May 1639 he joined with William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath, in a conveyance of certain properties in County Fermanagh, the other parties being the Earl's sister Elizabeth and her husband Sir John Bramston. In 1641 the Commons voted that he be compensated for his loss of salary, which had been reduced in 1629.

## Political writings

In 1644 Mayart was drawn into a major political controversy after an anonymous treatise entitled *A Declaration setting forth how and by what means the laws and statutes of England came to be of force in Ireland* (1643) was published, arguing the case that there had always been an independent Irish Parliament, which must give its assent to any English laws passed for Ireland. The author was widely believed to be Mayart's patron Sir Richard Bolton, by then Lord Chancellor of Ireland, but there is no firm evidence for this. Since the matter was politically sensitive, the House of Lords asked the judges to advise them on the form of a report on the treatise. In the event no report was issued, but Mayart on his own initiative published an "Answer" to the Declaration, which received a favourable reception, arguing powerfully that the Parliament of Ireland had always been subordinate to the English Parliament. He also acted as an intermediary between the two Houses in the matter.

## Death and Family

He was last heard of in attendance on the Lords in February 1646, and is thought to have died soon afterwards.

He married three times, but was apparently childless by all his marriages. Little is known of his first wife. His second wife was Mary Smith, widow of Henry Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh, and of William FitzWilliam of Dundrum, Dublin. His third wife was Dorcas Newcomen, daughter of Sir Robert Newcomen, 1st Baronet and his first wife Catherine Molyneux, and widow of Francis White of Redhills, County Cavan, Principal Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and of George Richards.

## Sources

* Ball, F. Elrington *The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921* John Murray London 1926 2 Volumes
* Barnard, Toby; Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí; Sims, Katherine eds. *A Miracle of Learning:Studies in Manuscripts and Irish Learning:Essays in honour of William O'Sullivan* Routledge Abingdon Oxford 2016
* Clarke, Aidan "Mayart, Sir Samuel" *Cambridge Dictionary of National Biography*
* *Debrett's Peerage* 13th Edition London 1820
* Kenny, Colum *King's Inns and the Kingdom of Ireland* Dublin Irish Academic Press 1992
* Pollard, Albert Frederick (1894). "Mayart, Samuel". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 37. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
* Wedgwood, C.V. *Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford 1593-1641-a revaluation*  Phoenix Press reissue 2000


title: San Miguel Bay

abstract: San Miguel Bay is a large bay in the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon island in the Philippines. It encompasses the provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur. The province of Camarines Norte is to the west and Camarines Sur is to the south and east of the bay. The coastline consists of numerous sandy beaches and mangrove forests. Ninety-five percent of the seabed in the bay is covered by sandy and silt soils. The remaining five percent is covered by coral reefs, these are mostly located in the northwest and northeast of the bay. Seagrass and algae beds line the shorelines of the islands at the exit to the Philippine Sea. San Miguel Bay has a total annual fish production of about 20,000 t was recorded from the Bay. About 64% of this was contributed by some 5,100 small-scale fishermen, while the rest was landed by 95 commercial trawlers of varying sizes. Economic analysis revealed the existence of strong competition among the different fishing sectors over the use of the Bay's resources and income is unevenly distributed in favor of the commercial trawlers, which employ only 7% of the total number of fishermen in the area. Ownership and earning of the trawlers were concentrated in 35 families, while the small-scale fishing gears were distributed evenly among 2,000 families. San Miguel Bay is a major fishing ground on the Pacific coast of the Philippines. The Bay is exploited by trawler operators and small-scale fishermen competing for the same resources. In the Murillo Velarde Map of 1734, this inlet was called Ensenada de Naga or Naga Bay. In a latter Velarde/Bagay Map 1744-49, it was simply attached to name of the town at mouth of the bay, Siruma. By the early 1970s competition among increasing numbers of small-scale fishermen operating within San Miguel Bay already had led to a decline in catch per effort. As competition from trawlers began to increase, the perceived impact on the stock became an issue of growing concern among the thousands of small-scale fishermen affected. At the same time, the first of the world-wide energy crises struck, leading to major increases in the cost of operation. The close of the decade saw the small-scale fishermen of San Miguel Bay caught between declining catches and increasing costs.

text:
# San Miguel Bay

**San Miguel Bay** is a large bay in the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon island in the Philippines. It encompasses the provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.

The province of Camarines Norte is to the west and Camarines Sur is to the south and east of the bay. The coastline consists of numerous sandy beaches and mangrove forests. Ninety-five percent of the seabed in the bay is covered by sandy and silt soils. The remaining five percent is covered by coral reefs, these are mostly located in the northwest and northeast of the bay. Seagrass and algae beds line the shorelines of the islands at the exit to the Philippine Sea.

San Miguel Bay has a total annual fish production of about 20,000 t was recorded from the Bay. About 64% of this was contributed by some 5,100 small-scale fishermen, while the rest was landed by 95 commercial trawlers of varying sizes. Economic analysis revealed the existence of strong competition among the different fishing sectors over the use of the Bay's resources and income is unevenly distributed in favor of the commercial trawlers, which employ only 7% of the total number of fishermen in the area. Ownership and earning of the trawlers were concentrated in 35 families, while the small-scale fishing gears were distributed evenly among 2,000 families.

San Miguel Bay is a major fishing ground on the Pacific coast of the Philippines. The Bay is exploited by trawler operators and small-scale fishermen competing for the same resources.

In the Murillo Velarde Map of 1734, this inlet was called Ensenada de Naga or Naga Bay. In a latter Velarde/Bagay Map 1744-49, it was simply attached to name of the town at mouth of the bay, Siruma. By the early 1970s competition among increasing numbers of small-scale fishermen operating within San Miguel Bay already had led to a decline in catch per effort. As competition from trawlers began to increase, the perceived impact on the stock became an issue of growing concern among the thousands of small-scale fishermen affected. At the same time, the first of the world-wide energy crises struck, leading to major increases in the cost of operation. The close of the decade saw the small-scale fishermen of San Miguel Bay caught between declining catches and increasing costs.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| San Miguel Bay | |
| --- | --- |
| Sunset in San Miguel bay, Calabanga, Camarines Sur | |
| San Miguel BayLocation in LuzonSan Miguel BayLocation in the Philippines | |
| Location | Bicol Peninsula, Luzon Island, Philippines |
| Coordinates | 13°52′27″N 123°10′49″E / 13.874142°N 123.180233°E / 13.874142; 123.180233 |
| Type | bay |
|  | |
| Settlements |  |


title: Oberwinterthur

abstract: Oberwinterthur is a district in the Swiss city of Winterthur. It is district number 2. The district comprises the quarters Talacker, Guggenbühl, Zinzikon, Reutlingen, Stadel, Grüze, Hegmatten and Hegi. Oberwinterthur was formerly a municipality of its own, but was incorporated into Winterthur in 1922, and the location of the Roman Vicus Vitudurum.

text:
# Oberwinterthur

**Oberwinterthur** is a district in the Swiss city of Winterthur. It is district number 2.

The district comprises the quarters Talacker, Guggenbühl, Zinzikon, Reutlingen, Stadel, Grüze, Hegmatten and Hegi.

Oberwinterthur was formerly a municipality of its own, but was incorporated into Winterthur in 1922, and the location of the Roman *Vicus Vitudurum*.

## Transport

Oberwinterthur railway station is a stop of the Zürich S-Bahn on the lines S8, S29 and S30.

47°31′01″N 8°46′08″E / 47.517°N 8.769°E / 47.517; 8.769

## InfoBox

| Oberwinterthur **District of the city of Winterthur** | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Zürich |
| City | Winterthur |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.40 km2 (6.72 sq mi) |
| Population (31. Dec. 2012) | |
| Total | 21,748 |
| District number | **2** |
| Quarters | Talacker
Guggenbühl
Zinzikon
Reutlingen
Stadel
Grüze
Hegmatten
Hegi |


abstract: Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 435 U.S. 519 (1978), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that a court cannot impose rulemaking procedures on a federal government agency. The federal Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 and an agency's statutory mandate from Congress establish the maximum requirements for an agency's rulemaking process. An agency may grant additional procedural rights in the regulatory process. However, a reviewing court cannot "impose upon the agency its own notion of which procedures are 'best' or most likely to further some vague, undefined public good"; to do so would exceed the limits of judicial review of agency action.

text:
# Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.

***Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council***, 435 U.S. 519 (1978), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that a court cannot impose rulemaking procedures on a federal government agency. The federal Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 and an agency's statutory mandate from Congress establish the maximum requirements for an agency's rulemaking (and adjudicative) process. An agency may grant additional procedural rights in the regulatory process (within constitutional and statutory limits). However, a reviewing court cannot "impose upon the agency its own notion of which procedures are 'best' or most likely to further some vague, undefined public good"; to do so would exceed the limits of judicial review of agency action.

## Background

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit became the preeminent administrative law court in the United States. This was in large part due to the creation of new federal statutes such as the Clean Air Act that designated the D.C. Circuit as the center for challenges of regulations issued under said statutes. The D.C. Circuit subsequently expanded administrative law jurisprudence significantly, particularly jurisprudence on informal rulemaking that enhanced judicial review of agency procedures. Underlying most of this jurisprudence was a distrust of federal agencies that came to fruition during this time due to concerns about agency capture.

## Aftermath

In its decision, the Supreme Court "could not have made plainer its view that the D.C. Circuit had overstepped its proper role and illegitimately used its judicial review function to advance its judges' own policy preferences." While the holding in *Vermont Yankee* was "certainly broad enough to suggest that courts should stick to the original understanding of the APA with respect to \[the APA's requirements that agencies issue a notice of proposed rulemaking and a statement of basis and purpose\]," courts have not applied it in that way.

The case was remanded for the circuit court to determine whether the Table S-3 rule was adequately supported by the administrative record. After the Nuclear Regulatory Commission revised the rule, the Natural Resources Defense Council filed for judicial review of the new regulation. That led to a second Supreme Court case, *Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.*.

*Vermont Yankee* signaled a change in administrative law jurisprudence towards legal formalism and textualism. Despite the signaled change, the DC Circuit continued to read additional requirements into the APA for other steps in the rulemaking process. Professor Kenneth Davis wrote that "the *Vermont Yankee* opinion is largely one of those rare opinions in which the unanimous Supreme Court speaks with little or no authority." While courts have continued to embrace hybrid rulemaking to some degree, the *Vermont Yankee* opinion did tip the scales back to formalism.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. NRDC | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 28, 1977
Decided April 3, 1978 | |
| Full case name | *Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.* |
| Citations | 435 U.S. 519 (*more*)98 S. Ct. 1197; 55 L. Ed. 2d 460; 1978 U.S. LEXIS 21 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n*, 547 F.2d 633 (D.C. Cir. 1976); cert. granted, 429 U.S. 1090 (1977). |
| Holding | |
| While federal agencies are free to grant additional procedural rights in the exercise of their discretion, reviewing courts are generally not free to impose them if the agencies have not chosen to grant them. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William J. Brennan Jr. **·**  Potter Stewart
Byron White **·**  Thurgood Marshall
Harry Blackmun **·**  Lewis F. Powell Jr.
William Rehnquist **·**  John P. Stevens | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | Rehnquist, joined by *unanimous* |
| Blackmun, Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. | |
| Laws applied | |
| Administrative Procedure Act | |


title: Optimized Athlete

abstract: Optimized Athlete is a California-based digital health company, specializing in performance consulting. The project was created in 2011 by athletes Sky Christopherson, Tamara Christopherson, and Adam Laurent, and the project supported the US women's cycling team to a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. The company continues to operate as a "firm engaged in using genomics, self quantification, and bioinformatics to improve human performance."

text:
# Optimized Athlete

**Optimized Athlete** is a California-based digital health company, specializing in performance consulting. The project was created in 2011 by athletes Sky Christopherson, Tamara Christopherson, and Adam Laurent, and the project supported the US women's cycling team to a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. The company continues to operate as a "firm engaged in using genomics, self quantification, and bioinformatics to improve human performance."

## History

### Founding

Optimized Athlete was co-founded by Sky Christopherson and his wife, Tamara Christopherson, early in 2012. The Christophersons put $20,000 into the endeavor to start, and the team also included another Olympic athlete and a veteran of Silicon Valley. Both Christophersons, who attended UC San Diego, were influenced by the university's research community. The company's supporters include Dr. Eric Topol, director of the Scripps Translational Science Institute. Sky Christopherson had previously used Dr. Topol's digital quantification strategies to win a World Record in the 35+ 200m velodrome sprint in 2011.

### 2012 Olympics

In July 2012 *The Financial Times* revealed that several health technology companies, including Optimized Athlete, have supplied Olympics athletes with devices intended to optimise their performance, in what CNN said some people were calling "the Twitter Olympics" and the "Data Olympics."

The company helped the US cycling team (specifically the women's sprint cycling team) track their health with glucose monitors, a sleep monitor, and genetic reports on nutritional needs and muscular capacity.

About using the method, Christopher stated, "When we arrived in Spain \[to consult\] we met a \[US track cycling team\] that was basically underfunded and only had one coach, while comparatively their competition were well funded and had experts staffed full-time: sports physiologists, psychologists, video analysis, you name it. Without any of this, we had to figure out how to ‘boot-strap’ a performance plan. We started with a genetic test for each athlete to provide context for the tracking and intervention strategies. What unfolded was amazing." The women's team broke a national record within weeks before competing in London and went on to beat the favored Australians in the semi-finals, culminating their run with a silver medal at the 2012 London Olympics.

The company continues to operate as a "firm engaged in using genomics, self quantification, and bioinformatics to improve human performance."

### Tools

The company uses surveys with programs such as InsideTracker, where a detailed online analysis offers nutritional recommendations based on biomarkers like glucose, folic acid and vitamin D. One other tool used is the Dexcom continuous blood glucose tracking sensor, to help with diet. According to Sky Christopherson, "Something important to note about biometrics being adopted by my clients is that they’re not using these tools simply to improve performance – what they are actually doing is maximizing their baseline health, something we call ‘Health Performance’."

## InfoBox

Optimized Athlete
|
|  |
| Industry | Health and wellness |
| Founded | California, United States, 2012 |
| Founder | Sky Christopherson<br>Tamara Christopherson |
| Services | Digital health consulting |
| Website | oathlete.com |


title: Petar Ubavkić

abstract: Peter Ubavkić was a Serbian sculptor and painter, recognized as the premier sculptor of Serbia, given the task to create a series of national monuments of which he authored many. He was a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

text:
# Petar Ubavkić

**Peter Ubavkić** (12 April 1852 – 28 June 1910) was a Serbian sculptor and painter, recognized as the premier sculptor of Serbia, given the task to create a series of national monuments of which he authored many. He was a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

## Biography

He was born in Belgrade on 12 April 1852. After completing high school (gymnasium), he received a state scholarship, and in 1866 he also studied iconography with an itinerant Italian artist, then living in Belgrade. He pursued his studies in art in Pančevo. In 1873 he went to Vienna to study sculpture. Owing to poor health, he returned to Belgrade. Upon receiving a new state scholarship he resumed his studies at the prestigious Kunstgewerbeschule in Munich in 1874.

According to some, he is considered one of the originators of 19th-century Serbian sculpture along with neo-classicist Dimitrije Petrović (1799-1852). He has made numerous public monuments, among his best known works are busts of Vuk Karadžić, Prince Miloš and Đura Daničić.

Petar Ubavkić died in Belgrade on Vidovdan, 28 June 1910 and was buried in the New Cemetery.

## Legacy

Today, Ubavkić is considered the premier Serbian sculptor in an age when art flourished to its maximum. He was indeed the creator of many public monuments at the time of the rule of Prince Miloš Obrenović. Among his most important artistic works realized according to the cannons of realism or even verism, are the many Belgrade monuments executed by Ubavkić, including some in other regions of Serbia, particularly the monument to King Milan Obrenović in the Church of St. Paraskeve in Ćurlina.

3. Church of St. Paraskeve in Ćurlina: http://www.nisandbyzantium.org.rs/manastiri\_i\_crkve\_grada\_nisa/engleski/MONUMENT%20TO%20THE%20KING%20MILAN%20OBRENOVIC.html

## InfoBox

| Petar Ubavkić | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1852-04-12)12 April 1852
Belgrade, Principality of Serbia |
| Died | 28 June 1910(1910-06-28) (aged 58)
Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbia |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Education | Vienna, Munich |
| Known for | Sculpture |


title: Pediatric Diabetes

abstract: Pediatric Diabetes is an academic journal published by ISPAD. It published articles related to diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents.

text:
# Pediatric Diabetes

***Pediatric Diabetes*** is an academic journal published by ISPAD. It published articles related to diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents.

## InfoBox

*Pediatric Diabetes*
| Discipline | Diabetology, pediatrics, pediatric endocrinology |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Publication details | |
| History | 2000-present |
| Publisher | International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, (Munksgaard) (Denmark) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Pediatr. Diabetes* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1399-543X (print)
1399-5448 (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 44480851 |


title: The Real World: San Francisco

abstract: The Real World: San Francisco is the third season of MTV's reality television series The Real World, which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the second season of The Real World to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in California after The Real World: Los Angeles. The season featured a total of eight cast members over the course of the season, as one cast member was evicted and replaced. This is the first season to be filmed in San Francisco, a location later used in the twenty-ninth season, Real World: Ex-Plosion. The Real World: San Francisco is noteworthy for the depiction of Pedro Zamora's struggle with AIDS, and his and other cast members' confrontations with David "Puck" Rainey, which led to Rainey's eviction. These conflicts provided what Entertainment Weekly called emotional high points for the season, and are credited with making The Real World a hit. It was ranked #7 on Time magazine's list of 32 Epic Moments in Reality-TV History. The season is also notable for featuring the first-ever same-sex commitment ceremony on TV, between Zamora and his partner, Sean Sasser.

text:
# The Real World: San Francisco

***The Real World: San Francisco*** is the third season of MTV's reality television series *The Real World*, which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the second season of *The Real World* to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States, specifically in California after *The Real World: Los Angeles*.

The season featured a total of eight cast members over the course of the season, as one cast member was evicted and replaced. This is the first season to be filmed in San Francisco, a location later used in the twenty-ninth season, *Real World: Ex-Plosion*.

*The Real World: San Francisco* is noteworthy for the depiction of Pedro Zamora's struggle with AIDS, and his and other cast members' confrontations with David "Puck" Rainey, which led to Rainey's eviction. These conflicts provided what *Entertainment Weekly* called emotional high points for the season, and are credited with making *The Real World* a hit. It was ranked #7 on *Time* magazine's list of 32 Epic Moments in Reality-TV History. The season is also notable for featuring the first-ever same-sex commitment ceremony on TV, between Zamora and his partner, Sean Sasser.

## Casting

This season was the first to feature a castmember, Pedro Zamora, dealing with a life-threatening illness. Future seasons would feature castmembers dealing with other illnesses, such as Lyme disease and cystic fibrosis. This is also the first season to feature an Asian American, Pam Ling, and two Hispanic Americans, Pedro Zamora and Rachel Campos.

Singer Jewel stated in a 2017 interview that she was offered an opportunity to be a cast member but declined, fearing it would be the wrong path for her career.

Casting was completed by January 1994, by which time the cast was informed that one of their housemates would be HIV-positive, though they did not learn which one it was until the day they moved into their Russian Hill house, on February 12, 1994. The cast was filmed until they moved out on June 19. The season premiered on June 30 of that year and consisted of 20 episodes.

## The residence

The cast lived in a house at 949 Lombard Street in San Francisco, California from February 12 to June 19, 1994. The house is located between Leavenworth Street and Jones Street, one block east of the eight sharp turns that have earned the street the distinction of being "the crookedest street in the United States". Production renovated the third and fourth floors of the building for filming. A June 8, 2000 fire caused approximately $2 million in damage to the house. Several years after the fire, the building was completely renovated, and bears only a slight resemblance to its appearance in 1994. The renovations include a second garage on the east side of the house, atop of which sits a patio. It went up for sale as a three-unit triplex at a price of $7 million in 2017.

## Cast

| Cast member | Age | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cory Murphy | 20 | Fresno, California |
| Cory is a junior at the University of California, San Diego, and the most important issue facing her is what she will do after graduation. She works as a hostess at an Italian restaurant, and enjoys the outdoors and photography. The longest relationship she's ever been in lasted a year and a half, though she says she doesn't think she's ever been in love. She struggles with adapting to life in the city, and though she grows close to Rachel, she feels excluded when Rachel becomes close with Jo. | | |
| Judd Winick | 24 | Dix Hills, New York |
| Judd is a struggling animator and cartoonist. A cum laude graduate of the University of Michigan, he had a deal with Universal Press Syndicate, but it was cancelled six months into development. He does freelance cartoon work for greeting cards, flyers and T-shirts. A recurring theme throughout the season is his unsuccessful search for love. | | |
| Mohammed Bilal | 24 | San Francisco, California |
| Mohammed is the lead singer and songwriter for Midnight Voices, a band well known throughout the San Francisco Bay area, though he supports himself doing makeovers at The Body Shop and working at his father's dance club, The Upper Room, where he occasionally reads poetry. He also tries to balance this with his schoolwork, and his girlfriend of six months, a ballerina named Stephanie. Mohammed, whom MTV describes as "a mellow, spiritual guy", is a practicing Muslim. | | |
| Pam Ling | 26 | Los Angeles, California |
| Pam is a third-year medical student at the University of California, San Francisco. She was her high school's valedictorian and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard College/Radcliffe. Pam claims that she has never failed at anything in her life and is an extremely motivated perfectionist. She hopes to be a physician who will relate to people's social and spiritual needs as well as their physical ones. She provides health care for the homeless as part of her studies. | | |
| Pedro Zamora | 22 | Miami, Florida |
| Pedro is an openly gay, HIV-positive AIDS educator who lectures publicly on safe sex. He was born in Havana, Cuba, and came to the United States in 1980 at age 8 with the Mariel boat lift. Leaving his family behind to move to San Francisco was extremely difficult, but he chose to do so on the insistence of his best friend and roommate, Alex Escarno, who felt he could more easily communicate his message. He is close to his sister Mily. | | |
| David "Puck" Rainey | 25 | San Francisco, California |
| Puck is a bicycle messenger who frequently gets into vehicular accidents on his bike. His hobby is racing soap boxes. He is perceived as the rebellious "bad boy" in the cast. He has a sister, and is close to his mother and grandparents. Because of his contentious relationship with the rest of the cast (*People* magazine called him "obnoxious"), he is evicted from the house in Episode 11, though he briefly reappears in subsequent episodes. | | |
| Rachel Campos | 23 | Tempe, Arizona |
| Rachel graduated from Arizona State University in December 1993 with a degree in International Relations and a Woodrow Wilson Graduate Fellowship. She plans to attend graduate school in the fall, and hopes to be a college professor, she expresses indecision on where she will attend during the season. She is a passionate Republican whose heroes include Jack Kemp, and though raised a strict Catholic, she is rebellious, as she claims to enjoy upsetting her parents. She concedes that she is sometimes a bad judge of character initially, and trusts too easily. She has two brothers and a sister named Julie. Judd observes that Rachel likes "bad boys", rather than nice guys, a point that Rachel concedes. It is for this reason that Judd feels Rachel is attracted to Puck. After Puck is evicted, Rachel becomes best friends with Jo, who moves in as Puck's replacement. Judd refers to them as the "high maintenance twins". | | |
| Jo Rhodes | 22 | London, England |
| Jo moves in after Puck is evicted. She was living in Lake Tahoe prior to joining the cast. She loves the outdoors and extreme sports such as rock climbing. A lifelong independent person, she married in June 1993, but soon divorced because of her husband's abuse. She filed a restraining order against him, which he challenged in court and lost. She is now starting over, trying to make it through school on her own, and does not wish any conflict in her life. Her former roommate Steve has helped her through her difficult times, but Jo does not reciprocate Steve's desire to move beyond friendship. She is a strict vegan, and induces vomiting in one episode after learning that food she ate contained pork. | | |

### Duration of cast

| Cast members | Episodes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| Cory | Featured | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Judd | Featured | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Mohammed | Featured | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Pam | Featured | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Pedro | Featured | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Rachel | Featured | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Jo |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | Entered | Featured | | | | | |
| Puck | Featured | | | | | | | | | | Kicked |  | Appeared | |  | | | | Appeared | |
|

* Puck was kicked out of the house in episode 11 after all of his cast members voted him out of the house.
* Jo replaced Puck in episode 14.
* Puck makes appearances in episodes 13, 14, 19 and 20.

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 35 | 1 | "Planes, Trains and Paddywagons" | June 30, 1994 (1994-06-30) |
| Cory meets with AIDS educator Pedro, whom she immediately likes, but is crestfallen to learn he is HIV-positive himself. Liberal Long Island cartoonist Judd meets with Arizona State University graduate Rachel, whom he immediately likes, but his enthusiasm is tempered upon learning that she is a Republican. At the house, they meet med student Pam and musician Mohammed. Bike messenger Puck shows up to the house later after having been arrested, and immediately makes an impression with his eccentricity. Pedro reveals his HIV status to the others by showing them his scrapbook as an educator. Although Pam and Cory react positively, Rachel is made uncomfortable by the revelation, and walks away, concerned over how living with someone with HIV will affect her. | | | | |
| 36 | 2 | "Love Stinks" | July 7, 1994 (1994-07-07) |
| As Valentine's Day nears, Pedro and the others take issue with Puck's lack of manners and hygiene, though Rachel finds him interesting, despite this. The cast attempts to address these issues during a house meeting, but Puck rejects their suggestions. Pedro and Rachel discuss her reaction to his scrapbook presentation in the previous episode, which he took as a sign of rejection. | | | | |
| 37 | 3 | "White Like Me" | July 14, 1994 (1994-07-14) |
| Rachel pursues politically oriented work, sparking a discussion on politics with the others, and ridicule on their part. The cast attends a poetry reading at Mohammed's father's club, where Mohammed reads some of his work, inspiring self-consciousness in Cory, who is still adjusting to life in San Francisco. Pedro begins dating fellow activist Sean Sasser, whom he met at a march in Washington, D.C. Cory's questions about Mohammed's girlfriend, Stephanie, lead to a discussion about race. | | | | |
| 38 | 4 | "From a Six to a Nine and Back Again" | July 21, 1994 (1994-07-21) |
| Judd pursues romantic opportunities. The housemates find communicating with Puck to be difficult. Puck goes to court to address his required drunk driving rehabilitation. He is later offended when only Rachel attends his soapbox derby, but the cast feel he is playing the victim for not being able to monopolize all of their time. Puck, who has developed a mutual dislike of Pedro, responds by not participating in Pedro's birthday celebration, and developing further conflict with Cory. | | | | |
| 39 | 5 | "You Gotta Have Art" | July 28, 1994 (1994-07-28) |
| Judd shows his cartoons to the *San Francisco Examiner* and an LA production company, and talks about his career difficulties. Mohammed and Puck disagree over their perceptions about rap music, though Puck is supportive of Mohammed's work. Judd and Pam grow close, and spend time with Christopher, her long-distance boyfriend of eight years. Judd's strip, "Nuts and Bolts", is published in the *Examiner*. | | | | |
| 40 | 6 | "Trouble in Paradise" | August 4, 1994 (1994-08-04) |
| Judd and Rachel flirt, as do Rachel and Puck. Pedro, who is concerned about the gay jokes the latter two make over the phone, ponders his relationship with Sean. The cast offers their opinions of Rachel's taste in men, but Rachel perceives Puck to be interfering in her life. Rachel's friends visit, providing social opportunities for Puck and Judd, and provoking tension with Rachel. | | | | |
| 41 | 7 | "Coffee and Sympathy" | August 11, 1994 (1994-08-11) |
| Cory, Rachel, Pam and Puck discuss their frustration with their career and educational prospects. As Puck continues to resolve his legal difficulties, he finds a stray dog and takes it home. Cory sees a man named Geoff, but he may not be right for her. | | | | |
| 42 | 8 | "Together and Apart" | August 18, 1994 (1994-08-18) |
| Pedro and Judd attend a memorial for reporter/author Randy Shilts, who died of AIDS, but are troubled by the presence of anti-gay protesters. As Pedro's CD4 T cells drop, the White House coordinates an NBC interview with him. He speaks at Stanford University, but the cast is frustrated by Puck's monopolization of conversations in which Pedro attempts to speak with them, and by Puck's dismissal of Pedro's work. | | | | |
| 43 | 9 | "Collision Course" | August 25, 1994 (1994-08-25) |
| Pedro and Puck's conflict continues, and as Pedro isolates himself from Puck, he finds himself isolating himself from the others by extension. Pedro announces his engagement to Sean, and Puck dismisses it as a joke. Puck openly states that he dislikes Pedro, and feels no need to change for him or anyone, leading to an emotional group discussion among the others. | | | | |
| 44 | 10 | "Kiss and Tell" | September 1, 1994 (1994-09-01) |
| Puck's relationship with the rest of the cast breaks down, including his friendship with Rachel, amid the revelation that they kissed on three prior occasions. They discuss how to deal with Puck over Mohammed's birthday dinner. Puck announces that he and Toni Cook, a girl he and Rachel met in the park, are getting married on Mother's Day. | | | | |
| 45 | 11 | "Getting Dropped" | September 8, 1994 (1994-09-08) |
| A house meeting in which the cast attempts to convince Puck to cease his abusive and inconsiderate behavior ends in a heated argument, obstinacy by Puck, and an ultimatum by Pedro, who threatens to move out if Puck stays. After much soul-searching, the cast decides to evict Puck. | | | | |
| 46 | 12 | "Rebel, Rebel" | September 15, 1994 (1994-09-15) |
| Following Puck's eviction, the cast adjusts to the more peaceful atmosphere in the house. Rachel discusses her rebellious relationship with her parents. Rachel and Pedro grow closer, and he accompanies her to Arizona to meet her family, and to speak at a local school. Judd hosts a mock episode of *This Is Your Life* in the house for Pam's birthday, which includes a surprise appearance by Christopher. | | | | |
| 47 | 13 | "Homecoming" | September 22, 1994 (1994-09-22) |
| Pedro goes to Miami for four days to visit his family and friends. Puck meets with Cory, and complains about their eviction of him, prompting a discussion of his manipulation of others. Pedro's best friend, Alex Escarno, questions Pedro's decision to stay in San Francisco with Sean after the show, given his health, which experiences problems during his visit. | | | | |
| 48 | 14 | "Old Fish, New Fish" | September 29, 1994 (1994-09-29) |
| Attempts to spend time with Puck outside the house lead to further discussions about his abusiveness. The cast auditions three people to be their new housemate, and picks Jo Rhodes. An avid rock climber, Jo takes Rachel and Cory rock climbing with her after moving in. | | | | |
| 49 | 15 | "Why Is Love Like An Elevator" | October 6, 1994 (1994-10-06) |
| Judd and Rachel continue to explore romantic opportunities. Jo goes to court to address her ex-husband's appeal of her restraining order against him. Cory and Steve accompany her to Lake Tahoe, where the restraining order is upheld. | | | | |
| 50 | 16 | "Love and Death" | October 13, 1994 (1994-10-13) |
| Mohammed and Stephanie break up, but Mohammed finds that he isn't ready to abandon what he has with her. Pedro discusses his work and his future, while his health causes grave concern in the others. After he receives treatment for pneumonia, he improves, and the cast enjoys a horseback riding excursion. | | | | |
| 51 | 17 | "Hawaii" | October 20, 1994 (1994-10-20) |
| The cast is sent on a trip to Maui, where their adventures include surfing lessons that meet with mixed success along gender lines, snorkeling instructors that cause tension with Judd, a rain-soaked bicycling trip with an eccentric tour guide, treacherous cliff diving, food that challenges cherished beliefs, and a helicopter tour of the island. | | | | |
| 52 | 18 | "Just Friends" | October 27, 1994 (1994-10-27) |
| Jo struggles with her schoolwork, and with Steve, whose desire to move beyond friendship she does not reciprocate, and who becomes abusive as a result. Cory feels excluded by Rachel and Jo's close friendship. Rachel invites the cast to an Empower America conference, but when Judd comes away with objections to their politics, his comments offend her. | | | | |
| 53 | 19 | "Love Rules" | November 3, 1994 (1994-11-03) |
| Alex Escarno visits for Pedro and Sean's commitment ceremony, but he tries to convince Pedro to move back to Miami with Sean, rather than stay in San Francisco as he plans. Puck invites his former housemates to his soap box derby, but none are interested in attending. During the ceremony, which is held at the house, Pedro and Sean exchange vows and wedding bands. | | | | |
| 54 | 20 | "Last Call" | November 10, 1994 (1994-11-10) |
| As the cast's stay in the house nears its end, Cory, Pedro, Judd and Pam decide to take one last group trip to Monterey. Meanwhile, Rachel and Jo continue to bond, and Mohammed concentrates on his music. Puck persistently leaves offensive messages on the cast's answering machine. As the housemates leave the house for good, they reflect on their time together, with some regretting that they did not spend more time together, but feel the experience has changed them for the better. | | | | |

## After filming

Pedro Zamora fell ill and was hospitalized in New York in October 1994. He was eventually flown to Miami, and was diagnosed with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or PML. He received a phone call from President Bill Clinton, who thanked him for his work, and helped facilitate emigration of his older brothers, who were flown to Miami from Cuba, reuniting them for the first time in 14 years. A benefit was held to pay for his medical expenses, at which President Clinton praised Pedro. MTV began a trust in order to pay for Zamora's medical costs, as he had no medical insurance. Zamora died on November 11, 1994, hours after the debut airing of the season finale. The money from the benefit was used to form the Pedro Zamora Memorial Fund. His best friend and roommate, Judd Winick, began to lecture on HIV/AIDS and safe sex for him, and did so for three years.

The 1995 reunion show, *The Real World Reunion*, which assembled the casts from the first four seasons of *The Real World*, was marked by antagonism between Puck and his former castmates. Though some members of the audience and the other seasons' casts expressed interest or fascination with Puck and his antics, his confrontation with his former roommate, Mohammed, resulted in Puck's distancing himself from Mohammed physically, and harsh words from others on the stage, such as second season cast member Irene Berrera-Kearns, led to him temporarily leaving the studio.

During the course of his career writing and illustrating comics, Judd Winick has explored LGBT issues, including storylines involving gay bashing, HIV and AIDS, in books such as *Green Lantern* and *Green Arrow*. He chronicled his friendship with Zamora in his 2000 autobiographical graphic novel, *Pedro and Me: Friendship, Loss and What I Learned*. He created the animated TV series *The Life & Times of Juniper Lee* in 2005.

Pam Ling went onto a career in medicine and education. As of 2024 she was a Professor of Medicine at the University of California San Francisco. She and Judd fell in love during the vigil they kept over Pedro, married in 2001, and had two children. Their wedding marked the first time two cast members of *The Real World* married.

Rachel Campos appeared on *Road Rules: All Stars*, where she met Sean Duffy of *The Real World: Boston)*. They eventually married, and as of May 2016, have eight children. They live in Ashland, Wisconsin, where Sean was a District Attorney of Ashland County before being elected to Congress in 2010. She welcomed her ninth child, a daughter, Valentina StellaMaris on October 1, 2019. Campos also appeared in *The Wedding Video*, a 2002 spoof of *The Real World* written and directed by *The Real World: New York* alumnus Norman Korpi, which starred ten alumni of various *Real World* seasons. Rachel works at Fox News as the co-host of *Fox & Friends Weekend*.

Puck Rainey served as the host for *Road Rules: All Stars*, and competed on *Battle of the Sexes*, during which he came into conflict with David Edwards of *The Real World: Los Angeles*, and married on camera Betty, his fiancée and mother of his two sons, Bogart and Rocco. As of 2008, he was working as a truck driver. As of 2009, the family lives in Alabama, where Rainey makes a living through public appearances and miscellaneous jobs. In his spare time, he enjoys gardening and photography, though he prefers to model, whereas his partner works behind the camera. Spanky Ham, one of the main characters on the animated reality television spoof *Drawn Together* has been compared by that show's creators to Rainey.

At the 2008 *The Real World Awards Bash*, Pedro and Sean received a nomination for "Favorite Love Story", Pedro also received a nomination for "Best Fight" with Puck, the latter was in the running for the "Roommate You Love to Hate" award, and in the "Gone Baby Gone" category.

As of 2023, Cory Murphy is a teacher of middle-school Spanish and language arts in Southern California, and a mother of two.

As of 2023, Mohammed Bilal is a director of diversity initiatives at Stanford University Human Resources, and a father of two.

A 2008 film by Nick Oceano, *Pedro*, chronicles Zamora's life.

A 2021 documentary by William T. Horner, *Keep the Cameras Rolling: The Pedro Zamora Way* is a chronicle of Pedro's journey with AIDS and reality television.

Pedro's widower, Sean Sasser, continued his activism for LGBT issues, and his work as an HIV educator. In 1995, he spoke at the inaugural White House AIDS conference, and was appointed by President Bill Clinton to the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS. He moved to Atlanta in late 1995, in order to be with his boyfriend, and hoped to open a café. He was later a pastry chef at Ritz-Carlton hotel properties and head pastry chef at a luxury hotel in Portland before settling in Washington DC in 2012, where, as a pastry chef at a restaurant called RIS, he was praised by the *Washington Blade* for his work there. In June 2013 Sasser married Michael Kaplan, whom he had dated off and on since the 1990s, and with whom he had moved in six months prior. While in Washington, Sasser served as a board member of the AIDS Alliance for Children, Youth and Families. He was active in youth and mentoring organizations, and he and Kaplan served as foster parents to a 4-year-old girl. In July 2013, Sasser, who had also been HIV positive for 25 years, was diagnosed with mesothelioma, a rare cancer of the lungs. He died at his home on August 7, 2013, at the age of 44. He is survived by his mother, Patricia Sasser of Detroit, and a younger sister.

### *The Challenge*

| Cast member | Seasons of *The Challenge* |
| --- | --- |
| Cory Murphy |  |
| David "Puck" Rainey | *Battle of the Sexes* |
| Judd Winick |  |
| Mohammed Bilal |  |
| Pam Ling |  |
| Pedro Zamora |  |
| Rachel Campos | *Road Rules: All Stars* |
| Joanna "Jo" Rhodes | *The Gauntlet 2* |

David "Puck" Rainey served as a host on the first season of *The Challenge*

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37°48′07″N 122°25′01″W / 37.80194°N 122.41694°W / 37.80194; -122.41694

## InfoBox

| *The Real World: San Francisco* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 3 | |
| The initial cast of
*The Real World: San Francisco* | |
| Starring |  |
| No. of episodes | 20 |
| Release | |
| Original network | MTV |
| Original release | June 30 (1994-06-30)
November 10, 1994 (1994-11-10) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Nakano-sakaue Station

abstract: Nakano-sakaue Station Nakano-sakaue Station is a subway station in Nakano, Tokyo, Japan, jointly operated by the two Tokyo subway operators Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway.

text:
# Nakano-sakaue Station

**Nakano-sakaue Station** (中野坂上駅, *Nakano-sakaue-eki*) is a subway station in Nakano, Tokyo, Japan, jointly operated by the two Tokyo subway operators Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway.

## Lines

Nakano-sakaue Station is served by the Marunouchi Line from Ogikubo to Ikebukuro, and by the Ōedo Line. It is 18.5 km (11.5 mi) from the eastern terminus of the Line at Ikebukuro, and also forms the starting point of the 3.2 km (2.0 mi) branch of the Marunouchi Line to Honancho. The station is numbered M-06 on the Marunouchi Line, and E-30 on the Oedo Line.

## Station layout

### Tokyo Metro platforms

The Tokyo Metro station has two island platforms serving three tracks on the second basement (B2F) level.

| **1** | M Marunouchi Line | for Ogikubo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Mb Marunouchi Line (branch line) | for Hōnanchō |
| **3** | M Marunouchi Line | for Shinjuku, Ginza, Ōtemachi, and Ikebukuro |

During the off-peak, platform 2 is used by three-car branch line trains shuttling between Nakano-Sakue and Honancho. During the peak hours, some trains to Honancho on the branch line use platform 1, and some through trains from Honancho to Ikebukuro use platform 2.

### Toei platforms

The Toei station has one island platform serving two tracks on the fourth basement (B4F) level.

| **1** | E Ōedo Line | for Tochōmae, Roppongi, and Daimon |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | E Ōedo Line | for Nerima and Hikarigaoka |

## History

The Tokyo Metro (formerly TRTA) station opened on 8 February 1961. The Toei station opened on 19 December 1997.

The station facilities of the Marunouchi Line were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2011, the Tokyo Metro station was used by an average of 61,969 passengers daily, and the Toei station was used by an average of 33,011 passengers daily (alighting passengers only).

## Surrounding area

## InfoBox

| M06 E30
Nakano-sakaue Station
中野坂上駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance A1 in March 2011 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 2-48-2 Honmachi (Tokyo Metro)
2-28 Chuo (Toei Subway)
Nakano City, Tokyo
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°41′49″N 139°40′58″E / 35.696985°N 139.682804°E / 35.696985; 139.682804 |
| Operated by |  |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 3 island platforms (2 Marunouchi Line, 1 Ōedo Line) |
| Tracks | 5 (3 Marunouchi Line, 2 Ōedo Line) |
| Connections | Bus stop |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Other information | |
| Station code | M-06, E-30 |
| History | |
| Opened | 8 February 1961 (8 February 1961) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2011 | 61,969 daily (Tokyo Metro)
33,011 daily (Toei) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Tokyo Metro Following station  Shin-nakanoM05towards Ogikubo  Marunouchi Line  Nishi-ShinjukuM07towards Ikebukuro  Nakano-ShimbashiMb05
(branch line)towards Hōnanchō  Preceding station  Toei Subway Following station  Higashi-nakanoE31towards Hikarigaoka  Ōedo Line  Nishi-shinjuku-gochōmeE29towards Tochōmae | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Nakano-sakaue StationLocation within Special wards of TokyoNakano-sakaue StationNakano-sakaue Station (Tokyo Bay and Bōsō Peninsula)Nakano-sakaue StationNakano-sakaue Station (Tokyo)Nakano-sakaue StationNakano-sakaue Station (Japan) | |


title: Tsumego

abstract: Tsumego Tsumego (詰碁) is the Japanese term for a type of go problem based on life-and-death. The term likely comes from tsumeshogi, as tsumeru (詰める) means checkmating in shogi but has different meanings in go. Tsumego problems are common in newspaper columns. Tsumego problems have been found in Chinese books dating back to around the 13th century. They were presumably composed and collected from actual games much earlier. They range from situations that occur quite commonly, which every strong player ought to be familiar with, to deliberately difficult puzzles. Some books of the latter type are still used for professional training. Several conventions are used in the problems. The objective is to kill a group or prevent it from being killed. Problems do not specify how many plays are in the solution, because the goal of the problem is rarely to capture stones; as soon as the correct first move is played, the threatened group can be considered alive. Solution diagrams will either show the most tenacious resistance that the opponent can offer, or lines that require interesting or tricky tactics. If only part of the board is shown, as is usually the case, the rest of the board can be assumed to be empty. The modern convention is that well composed problems do not allow the threatened group to escape into empty areas of the board, although escape and recapture was a theme in classical problems.

text:
# Tsumego

***Tsumego*** (詰碁) is the Japanese term for a type of go problem based on life-and-death. The term likely comes from tsumeshogi (詰将棋, *tsumeshōgi*), as *tsumeru* (詰める) means checkmating in shogi but has different meanings in go. *Tsumego* problems are common in newspaper columns.

*Tsumego* problems have been found in Chinese books dating back to around the 13th century. They were presumably composed and collected from actual games much earlier. They range from situations that occur quite commonly, which every strong player ought to be familiar with, to deliberately difficult puzzles. Some books of the latter type are still used for professional training.

Several conventions are used in the problems. The objective is to kill a group or prevent it from being killed. Problems do not specify how many plays are in the solution (as would be usual in a chess problem), because the goal of the problem is rarely to capture stones; as soon as the correct first move is played, the threatened group can be considered alive (or dead). Solution diagrams will either show the most tenacious resistance that the opponent can offer, or lines that require interesting or tricky tactics. If only part of the board is shown, as is usually the case, the rest of the board can be assumed to be empty. The modern convention is that well composed problems do not allow the threatened group to escape into empty areas of the board (this is one way in which such problems differ from real games), although escape and recapture was a theme in classical problems.