title: X-raid

abstract: X-raid is a private German rally team based in Trebur. It has been competing in cross-country rallies since 2002, including the Dakar Rally. The company is based in Trebur near Frankfurt am Main. Since 2002, vehicles for the Dakar Rally and individual cross-country rally events worldwide as well as the FIA World Cup for Cross-Country Rallies have been developed and built there. The X-raid team has won thirteen World Cup titles since its inception and the car category of the legendary Dakar Rally in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2020, and 2021. In addition, X-raid also sells aftermarket parts for Mini Countryman, under their "Powered by X-raid" label.

text:
# X-raid

**X-raid** is a private German rally team based in Trebur. It has been competing in cross-country rallies since 2002, including the Dakar Rally. The company is based in Trebur near Frankfurt am Main. Since 2002, vehicles for the Dakar Rally and individual cross-country rally events worldwide as well as the FIA World Cup for Cross-Country Rallies have been developed and built there. The X-raid team has won thirteen World Cup titles since its inception and the car category of the legendary Dakar Rally in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2020, and 2021.

In addition, X-raid also sells aftermarket parts for Mini Countryman, under their "Powered by X-raid" label.

## Successes

**Winner of the Cross Country Championship Portugal**

| Year | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Filipe Campos/Jaime Baptista | Portugal /  Portugal | BMW X3 CC |
| 2009 | Filipe Campos/Jaime Baptista | Portugal /  Portugal | BMW X3 CC |
| 2010 | Filipe Campos/Jaime Baptista | Portugal /  Portugal | BMW X5 CC |
| 2014 | Ricardo Porém/Manuel Porém | Portugal /  Portugal | MINI ALL4 Racing |

**Winner of the Silk Way Rally**

| Year | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Krzysztof Holowczyc /Jean-Marc Fortin | Poland /  Belgium | BMW X3 CC |
| 2018 | Yazeed Al-Rajhi/Timo Gottschalk | Saudi Arabia /  Germany | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |

**Winner of the FIA World Cup for Cross-Country Bajas**

| Year | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Nasser Saleh Al-Attiyah/Christina „Tina“ Thörner | Qatar /  Sweden | BMW X3 CC |
| 2019 | Orlando Terranova/Ronnie Graue | Argentina /  Argentina | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 2020 | Vladimir Vasilyev | Russia | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |

**Winner of the FIA Cross Country Rally World Cup**

| Year | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | Khalifa Al Mutaiwei/Alain Guehennec | United Arab Emirates /  France | BMW X5 CC |
| 2008 | Nasser Al-Attiyah/Kristina „Tina“ Thörner | Qatar /  Sweden | BMW X3 CC |
| 2009 | Guerlain Chicherit/Christina „Tina“ Thörner | France /  Sweden | BMW X3 CC |
| 2010 | Leonid Novitskiy/Andreas Schulz | Russia /  Germany | BMW X3 CC |
| 2011 | Leonid Novitsky/Andreas Schulz | Russia /  Germany | BMW X3 CC |

**Winner of the FIA World Cup for Cross-Country Rallies**

| Year | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Khalifa Al Mutaiwei/Andreas Schulz | United Arab Emirates /  Germany | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 2013 | Krzysztof Holowczyc /Andreas Schulz | Poland /  Germany | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 2014 | Vladimir Vasilyev /Konstantin Zhiltsov | Russia /  Russia | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 2015 | Nasser Al-Attiyah/Mathieu Baumel | Qatar /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 2018 | Jakub Przygonski/Tom Colsoul | Poland /  Belgium | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 2019 | Stéphane Peterhansel/Andrea Peterhansel | France /  Germany | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |

**Winner of the Dakar Rally**

| Year | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Stéphane Peterhansel/Jean-Paul Cottret | France /  France | Mini ALL4 Racing |
| 2013 | Stéphane Peterhansel/Jean-Paul Cottret | France /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 2014 | Nani Roma/Michel Périn | Spain /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 2015 | Nasser Al-Attiyah/Mathieu Baumel | Qatar /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 2020 | Carlos Sainz/Lucas Cruz | Spain /  Spain | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |
| 2021 | Stéphane Peterhansel/Edouard Boulanger | France /  France | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |

## Placements at the Dakar Rally

**Paris-Dakar 2005 (Africa)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9. | José Luis Monterde/Rafa Tornabell | Spain /  Spain | BMW X5 CC |

**Paris-Dakar 2006 (Africa)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9. | Guerlain Chicherit/Mathieu Baumel | France /  France | BMW X3 CC |
| 15. | Alfie Cox/Ralph Pitchford | South Africa /  South Africa | BMW X3 CC |
| 24. | José Luis Monterde/Tiziano Siviero | Spain /  Italy | BMW X3 CC |

**Paris-Dakar 2007 (Africa)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | Nasser Saleh Al-Attiyah/Alain Guehennec | Qatar /  France | BMW X3 CC |
| 15. | Jutta Kleinschmidt/Christina „Tina“ Thörner | Germany /  Sweden | BMW X3 CC |
| 16. | José Luis Monterde/Jean-Marie Lurguin | Spain /  France | BMW X5 CC |
| 37. | Paulo Nobre/Filippe Palmeiro | Brazil /  Portugal | BMW X5 CC |

**Dakar 2009 (Argentina, Chile)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8. | Leonid Novitskiy/Oleg Tyupenkin | Russia /  Russia | BMW X3 CC |
| 9. | Guerlain Chicherit/Mathieu Baumel | France /  France | BMW X3 CC |
| 18. | René Kuipers/Filipe Palmeiro | Netherlands /  Portugal | BMW X3 CC |

**Dakar 2010 (Argentina, Chile)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4. | Stéphane Peterhansel/Jean-Paul Cottret | France /  France | BMW X3 CC |
| 5. | Guerlain Chicherit/Christina „Tina“ Thörner | France /  Sweden | BMW X3 CC |
| 11. | Leonid Novitskiy/Andreas Schulz | Russia /  Germany | BMW X3 CC |

**Dakar 2011 (Argentina, Chile)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4. | Stéphane Peterhansel/Jean-Paul Cottret | France /  France | BMW X3 CC |
| 5. | Krzysztof Holowczyc/Jean-Marc Fortin | Poland /  Belgium | BMW X3 CC |
| 7. | Ricardo Leal Dos Santos/Paulo Fiúza | Portugal /  Portugal | BMW X3 CC |
| 20. | Stephan Schott/Holm Schmidt | Germany /  Germany | BMW X3 CC |

**Dakar 2012 (Argentina, Chile, Peru)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Stéphane Peterhansel/Jean-Paul Cottret | France /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 2. | Nani Roma/Michel Perin | Spain /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 4. | Leonid Novitskiy/Andreas Schulz | Russia /  Germany | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 7. | Ricardo Leal Dos Santos/Paulo Fiúza | Portugal /  Portugal | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 9. | Krzysztof Holowczyc/Jean-Marc Fortin | Poland /  Belgium | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 11. | Boris Garafulic/Gilles Picard | Chile /  France | BMW X3 CC |
| 15. | Alexander Mironenko/Sergey Lebedev | Russia /  Russia | BMW X3 CC |
| 30. | Stephan Schott/Holm Schmidt | Germany /  Germany | BMW X3 CC |

**Dakar 2013 (Argentina, Chile, Peru)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Stéphane Peterhansel/Jean-Paul Cottret | France /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 3. | Leonid Novitskiy/Konstantin Zhiltsov | Russia /  Russia | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 4. | Nani Roma/Michel Perin | Spain /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 5. | Orlando Terranova/Paulo Fiúza | Argentina /  Portugal | BMW X3 CC |
| 12. | Boris Garafulic/Gilles Picard | Chile /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 48. | Stephan Schott/Holm Schmidt | Germany /  Germany | MINI ALL4 Racing |

**Dakar 2014 (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Nani Roma/Michel Périn | Spain /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 2. | Stéphane Peterhansel/Jean-Paul Cottret | France /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 3. | Nasser Saleh Al-Attiyah/Lucas Cruz | Qatar /  Spain | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 5. | Orlando Terranova/Paulo Fiúza | Argentina /  Portugal | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 6. | Krzysztof Holowczyc/Konstantin Zhiltsov | Poland /  Russia | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 9. | Martin Kaczmarski/Filipe Palmeiro | Poland /  Portugal | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 10. | Vladimir Vasilyev/Vitaliy Yevtyekhov | Russia /  Ukraine | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 11. | Boris Garafulic/Gilles Picard | Chile /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 12. | Federico Villagra/Jorge Perez Companc | Argentina /  Argentina | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 19. | Stephan Schott/Holm Schmidt | Germany /  Germany | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 31. | Zhou Yong/Hong Yu Pan | China /  China | MINI ALL4 Racing |

**Dakar 2015 (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Nasser Saleh Al-Attiyah/Mathieu Baumel | Qatar /  France | MINI All4 Racing |
| 3. | Krzysztof Holowczyc/Xavier Panseri | Poland /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 4. | Erik van Loon/Wouter Rosegaar | Netherlands /  Netherlands | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 5. | Vladimir Vasilyev/Konstantin Zhiltsov | Russia /  Russia | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 9. | Aidyn Rakhimbayev/Anton Nikolaev | Kazakhstan /  Russia | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 12. | Boris Garafulic/Filipe Palmeiro | Chile /  Portugal | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 13. | Yong Zhou/Andreas Schulz | China /  Germany | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 18. | Orlando Terranova/Bernardo Graue | Argentina /  Argentina | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 22. | Stephan Schott/Holm Schmidt | Germany /  Germany | MINI ALL4 Racing |

**Dakar 2016 (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2. | Nasser Saleh Al-Attiyah/Mathieu Baumel | Qatar /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 4. | Mikko Hirvonen/Michel Périn | Finland /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 6. | Nani Roma/Alex Haro | Spain /  Spain | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 5. | Harry Hunt/Andreas Schulz | United Kingdom /  Germany | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 12. | Orlando Terranova/Ronnie Graue | Argentina /  Argentina | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 13. | Erik van Loon/Wouter Rosegaar | Netherlands /  Netherlands | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 15. | Jakub Przygonski/Andrei Rudnitski | Poland /  Belarus | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 23. | Boris Garafulic/Filipe Palmeiro | Chile /  Portugal | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 43. | Nazareno Lopez/Sergio Lafuente | Argentina /  Uruguay | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 52. | Adam Malysz/Xavier Panseri | Poland /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |

**Dakar 2017 (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | Orlando Terranova/Andreas Schulz | Argentina /  Germany | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 7. | Jakub Przygonski/Tom Colsoul | Poland /  Belgium | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 10. | Mohamed Abu Issa/Xavier Panseri | Qatar /  France | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 13. | Mikko Hirvonen/Michel Périn | Finland /  France | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 15. | Stephan Schott/Paulo Fiúza | Germany /  Portugal | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 18. | Sylvio de Barros/Rafael Capoani | Brazil /  Brazil | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 27. | Yazeed Al-Rajhi/Timo Gottschalk | Saudi Arabia /  Germany | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |

**Dakar 2018 (Peru, Bolivia, Argentina)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5. | Jakub Przygonski/Tom Colsoul | Poland /  Belgium | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 13. | Boris Garafulic/Filipe Palmeiro | Chile /  Portugal | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 19. | Mikko Hirvonen/Andreas Schulz | Finland /  Germany | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |
| 20. | Orlando Terranova/Ronnie Graue | Argentina /  Argentina | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |

**Dakar 2019 (Peru)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2. | Nani Roma/Alex Haro Bravo | Spain /  Spain | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 4. | Jakub Przygonski/Tom Colsoul | Poland /  Belgium | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 5. | Cyril Despres/Jean-Paul Cottret | France /  France | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |
| 7. | Yazeed Al-Rajhi/Timo Gottschalk | Saudi Arabia /  Germany | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 8. | Boris Garafulic/Filipe Palmeiro | Chile /  Portugal | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 13. | Carlos Sainz/Lucas Cruz | Spain /  Spain | Mini John Cooper Works Buggy |

**Dakar 2020 (Saudi Arabia)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Carlos Sainz/Lucas Cruz | Spain /  Spain | Mini John Cooper Works Buggy |
| 3. | Stéphane Peterhansel/Paulo Fiúza | France /  Portugal | Mini John Cooper Works Buggy |
| 6. | Orlando Terranova/Ronnie Graue | Argentina /  Argentina | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 9. | Yasir Seaidan/Alexey Kuzmich | Saudi Arabia /  Russia | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 14. | Alexander Dorosinskiy/Oleg Uperenko | Russia/  Latvia | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 17. | Denis Krotov / Dmitry Tsyro | Russia/  Ukraine | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 19. | Jakub Przygonski / Timo Gottschalk | Poland/  Germany | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |

**Dakar 2021 (Saudi Arabia)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Stéphane Peterhansel / Edouard Boulanger | France /  France | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |
| 3. | Carlos Sainz / Lucas Cruz | Spain /  Spain | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |
| 6. | Vladimir Vasilyev / Dmitry Tsyro | Russia/  Ukraine | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 17. | Guiga Spinelli / Youssef Haddad | Brazil /  Brazil | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 24. | Victor Khoroshavtsev / Anton Nikolaev | Russia /  Russia | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 30. | Denis Krotov / Oleg Uperenko | Russia /  Russia | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |

**Dakar 2022 (Saudi Arabia)**

| Place | Driver/Co-driver | Nationality | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | Jakub Przygonski / Timo Gottschalk | Poland/  Germany | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |
| 8. | Sebastian Halpern / Ronnie Graue | Argentina /  Argentina | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |
| 11. | Vaidotas Zala / Paulo Fiuza | Lithuania /  Portugal | MINI John Cooper Works Rally |
| 23. | Laia Sanz / Maurizio Gerini | Spain /  Italy | MINI ALL4 Racing |
| 28. | Denis Krotov / Konstantin Zhiltsov | Russia /  Russia | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |

**Dakar 2023 (Saudi Arabia) - car category**

| Jahr | Fahrer / Beifahrer | Nationalität | Fahrzeug |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9. | Sebastian Halpern / Ronnie Graue | Argentina /  Argentina | MINI John Cooper Works Rally Plus |
| 16. | Khalid Al-Qassimi / Ola Floene | United Arab Emirates /  Norway | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |
| 17. | Jakub Przygoński / Armand Monleon | Poland /  Spain | MINI John Cooper Works Rally Plus |
| 21. | Denis Krotov / Konstantin Zhiltsov |  | MINI John Cooper Works Buggy |

**Dakar 2023 (Saudi-Arabien) - T3 Kategorie**

| Jahr | Fahrer / Beifahrer | Nationalität | Fahrzeug |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10. | Ignacio Casale / Alvaro Leon | Chile /  Spain | X-raid YXZ1000R Turbo Prototype |
| 12. | Ricardo Porém / Augusto Sanz | Portugal /  Argentina | X-raid YXZ1000R Turbo Prototype |
| 17. | Ahmed Alkuwari / Manuel Lucchese | Qatar /  Italy | X-raid YXZ1000R Turbo Prototype |
| 35. | Camelia Liparoti / Xavier Blanco | Italy /  Spain | X-raid YXZ1000R Turbo Prototype |
| 37. | Joao Ferreira / Filipe Palmeiro | Portugal /  Portugal | X-raid YXZ1000R Turbo Prototype |

## InfoBox

X-raid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Base | Trebur |
| Team principal(s) | Sven Quandt |


title: Xylariomycetidae

abstract: Xylariomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi.

text:
# Xylariomycetidae

**Xylariomycetidae** is a subclass of sac fungi.

## Orders

As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020;

## InfoBox

| Xylariomycetidae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Subclass: | Xylariomycetidae<br>O.E.Erikss. & Katarina Winka (1997) |
|
| Orders | |
|  | |


title: Music Publishers Association (UK)

abstract: The Music Publishers Association (MPA) is a non-profit organisation representing music publishers in the United Kingdom since 1881. It "exists to safeguard and promote the interests of music publishers and the writers signed to them; represent these interests to government, the music industry, the media and the public, provide publishers with a forum, a collective voice and a wide range of benefits, services and training courses; promote an understanding of the value of music and the importance of copyright; and provide information and guidance to members of the public". The MPA is a member of the music industry umbrella organisation UK Music.

text:
# Music Publishers Association (UK)

The **Music Publishers Association** (**MPA**) is a non-profit organisation representing music publishers in the United Kingdom since 1881. It "exists to safeguard and promote the interests of music publishers and the writers signed to them; represent these interests to government, the music industry, the media and the public, provide publishers with a forum, a collective voice and a wide range of benefits, services and training courses; promote an understanding of the value of music and the importance of copyright; and provide information and guidance to members of the public". The MPA is a member of the music industry umbrella organisation UK Music.

## History

The MPA was founded in 1881 as a way to protect and safeguard the interests of sheet music publishers. The founding members were:

* Thomas Patey Chappell & Frank Chappell (Chappell & Co)
* Emile Enoch (Enoch & Sons)
* George Jeffreys (G F Jeffreys)
* Henry Littleton
* W Morley Jr
* C H Purday (J B Cramer & Co)
* Stroud L Cocks (R. Cocks & Co.)
* Barnard Lucas

They were soon joined by Charles Boosey, Edwin Ashdown and George Patey.

By 1887 the MPA had its own offices in Air Street, London. Over the years the offices have been situated in several London locations, most recently moving to British Music House in December 2005.

By 1905 the MPA had grown to 19 members and would continue to expand its membership to the present total of over 270 publishers handling over three thousand subsidiary companies, dealing in most musical genres.

In the fifties the MPA became involved in the introduction of the Ivor Novello Awards in 1956. A few years earlier in 1951 the MPA became a founder member of the British Joint Copyright Council (which would later become the British Copyright Council in 1965).

In 1976 the association acquired ownership of the Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society (MCPS).

The MPA was a founder member of British Music Rights (formed in 1996) together with the British Academy of Composers, Songwriters and Authors (BASCA), the Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society and the Performing Right Society. In 2008 British Music Rights grew into an expanded body called UK Music.

In October 2015 Jane Dyball was named CEO of MPA Group of Companies bringing together the MPA, Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society (MCPS), Independent Music Publishers e-Licensing (IMPEL) and Printed Music Licensing Limited (PMLL) under one umbrella.

In 2018 IMPEL became a standalone entity to focus on its independent members' interests.

Paul Clements (formally Executive Director of Membership, International & Licensing at PRS for Music) succeeded Jane Dyball as CEO on 1 February 2019.

## MPA Group

The MPA currently owns and operates two commercial businesses:

* Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society – MCPS is the UK collection society that licenses mechanical (or reproduction) copyrights on behalf of over 26,000 music publisher and composer members.
* Printed Music Licensing Ltd – PMLL represents music publishers to allow UK schools to make copies of printed music.

## Conduct

### International Music Score Library Project

In April 2011, the MPA issued a DMCA takedown notice against the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP), a publisher of public domain sheet music. Go Daddy, the domain name registrar for the IMSLP, removed the domain name "imslp.org", leaving it inaccessible. The MPA's argument was similar to that made in 2007 by Universal Edition. In particular, the MPA claimed that Rachmaninoff's 1913 choral symphony *The Bells* violated US and EU copyright. According to IMSLP, the action is without any merit. Almost 24 hours later, the MPA announced on Twitter that they had asked Go Daddy to reinstate the domain name.

### Hargreaves Review

The Hargreaves Review has made recommendations that include exemptions of copyright such as 'format shifting', where music users would be allowed to copy music from one format to another legally; for example, copying from CD to MP3 – an act that is technically illegal under UK law. The MPA has taken a firm stance against these recommendations. The MPA claims that this could cost publishers up to £40 million a year. An explanation of why the customers of their members should pay an extra £40 million has not been given.

The Hargreaves Review also proposes an exemption for parodied works. This has also been fiercely opposed by the MPA.

### Operation Creative

In August 2016 the MPA joined the Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit's Operation Creative initiative in the fight against online music piracy.

## Tony Pool Award

Created in 2018, The Tony Pool Award Award recognises and celebrates the achievements of those who have shown an outstanding contribution to the administrative areas of the music publishing industry.

The Tony Pool Award was created to recognise and applaud all those individuals that work in the "back office" areas of royalties, copyright, business affairs, finance, HR and IT for music publishers. While not in the spotlight, music publishing depends on this backbone to deliver its £505 million contribution to the UK economy.

The award is in memory of the late Tony Pool who died in 2016. Tony spent most of his working life with Boosey & Hawkes, eventually becoming Head of Business Affairs. He was a firm advocate of copyright reform and made a significant contribution to political discussions in the UK and in Europe. He also paved the way for the creation of British Music Rights.

## MPA Richard Toeman Scholarship

Founded in 2006, the MPA Richard Toeman Scholarship is designed to:

* Support the progress of outstanding individuals working within the music publishing industry.
* Encourage potential or new recruits to the industry to develop their skills via work placement or study.
* Offer tailored support to recipients towards a successful career in the music publishing industry.

The scholarship is in memory of the late Richard Toeman who died suddenly in March 2005 following a successful 40-year career at Josef Weinberger Ltd. Throughout his career, Richard generously gave his time and expertise to the MPA and to the music publishing business as a whole. He was admired and respected by colleagues working across all sectors of the industry. The MPA is proud to pay tribute to his considerable contribution to our work via the Richard Toeman Scholarship.

## Events

The MPA hosts a varied range of events for its members and the wider industry.

## InfoBox

Music Publishers Association (UK)
| Industry | Music |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1881 (1881) |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Website | www.mpaonline.org.uk |


title: Music for Men

abstract: Music for Men is the fourth studio album by American indie rock band Gossip. It was released on June 19, 2009, by Columbia Records.

text:
# Music for Men

***Music for Men*** is the fourth studio album by American indie rock band Gossip. It was released on June 19, 2009, by Columbia Records.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 69/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| BBC Music | Favorable |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 5/10 |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *The Independent* |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 6.4/10 |
| *Planet Sound* | 4/10 |
| *Spin* |  |
| *The Times* |  |
| *Uncut* |  |

*Music for Men* received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 69, based on 26 reviews. In 2010, *Music for Men* earned Gossip a nomination for Outstanding Music Artist at the 21st GLAAD Media Awards.

## Commercial performance

*Music for Men* was successful in Europe, with sales of 280,000 copies in France alone, where it spent 138 weeks on the chart. It sold 42,000 copies in the United States as of December 2012.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Gossip

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dimestore Diamond" | 3:16 |
| 2. | "Heavy Cross" | 4:06 |
| 3. | "8th Wonder" | 3:17 |
| 4. | "Love Long Distance" | 4:26 |
| 5. | "Pop Goes the World" | 3:27 |
| 6. | "Vertical Rhythm" | 3:50 |
| 7. | "Men in Love" | 3:41 |
| 8. | "For Keeps" | 4:08 |
| 9. | "2012" | 3:51 |
| 10. | "Love and Let Love" | 3:32 |
| 11. | "Four Letter Word" | 3:49 |
| 12. | "Spare Me from the Mold" | 2:28 |

Deluxe edition bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "Pop Goes the World" (James Ford version) | 3:26 |
| 14. | "Heavy Cross" (Fred Falke Remix) | 8:08 |

European edition bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "Heavy Cross" (Fred Falke Remix radio edit) | 3:49 |
| 14. | "Heavy Cross" (Burns remix) | 7:36 |
| 15. | "Love Long Distance" (Fake Blood remix) | 4:36 |

US/Zune Marketplace release
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "The Breakdown" | 3:41 |

German extended edition bonus tracks (released October 22, 2010)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "The Breakdown" | 3:41 |
| 14. | "Heavy Cross" (NRJ session) | 4:16 |
| 15. | "Pop Goes the World" (NRJ session) | 3:47 |
| 16. | "Listen Up" (NRJ session) | 4:34 |
| 17. | "2012" (NRJ session) | 3:39 |
| 18. | "Love Long Distance" (NRJ session) | 5:25 |
| 19. | "Men in Love" (NRJ session) | 3:01 |
| 20. | "Standing in the Way of Control" (NRJ session) | 4:42 |

German extended edition bonus DVD (released October 22, 2010)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Heavy Cross" (video) |  |
| 2. | "Love Long Distance" (video) |  |
| 3. | "Pop Goes the World" (video) |  |
| 4. | "Four Letter Word" (video) |  |
| 5. | "Heavy Cross" (Rock am Ring 2010 live performance) |  |
| 6. | "Love Long Distance" (Rock am Ring 2010 live performance) |  |
| 7. | "Pop Goes the World" (Rock am Ring 2010 live performance) |  |
| 8. | "Men in Love" (Rock am Ring 2010 live performance) |  |

## Personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Music for Men*.

**Gossip**

* Beth Ditto – vocals
* Hannah Billie – drums, illustration, percussion
* Brace Paine – art direction, bass, guitar, keyboards, sampler percussion

**Additional personnel**

* Jeri Lynn Beard – art direction
* Lee Broomfield – photography
* Lenny Castro – percussion
* Greg Fidelman – additional percussion, mixing, recording
* Meghan Foley – art direction
* James Ford – original drum elements (on "Pop Goes the World")
* Jason Gossman – editing
* Sara Lyn Killion – additional engineering
* Eric Lynn – additional engineering
* Vlado Meller – mastering
* Dana Nielsen – additional recording, editing, saxophone
* Rick Rubin – production
* Mark Santangelo – mastering assistance
* Andrew Scheps – additional mixing

## Charts

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000^ |
| Austria (IFPI Austria) | Platinum | 20,000* |
| Belgium (BEA) | Gold | 15,000* |
| France (SNEP) | 2× Platinum | 280,000 |
| Germany (BVMI) | 2× Platinum | 400,000 |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Platinum | 30,000^ |
| United States |  | 42,000 |
| Summaries | | |
| Worldwide |  | 1,000,000 |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Music for Men | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gossip | |
| Released | June 19, 2009 (2009-06-19) |
| Studio | Shangri-La Studios
(Malibu, California) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 43:27 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Producer | Rick Rubin |
| Gossip chronology | |
| *Standing in the Way of Control*
(2006) ***Music for Men***
(2009) *A Joyful Noise*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Music for Men* | |
| 1. "Heavy Cross"
Released: April 28, 2009 2. "Love Long Distance"
Released: September 13, 2009 3. "Pop Goes the World"
Released: March 8, 2010 4. "Men in Love"
Released: October 29, 2010 | |
|  | |


title: My Day

abstract: My Day was a newspaper column written by First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt (ER) six days a week from December 31, 1935, to September 26, 1962. In her column, Roosevelt discussed issues including civil rights, women's rights, and various current events. This column allowed ER to spread her ideas, thoughts, and perspectives on contemporary events to the American public through local newspapers. Through My Day, Roosevelt became the first First Lady to write a daily newspaper column. Roosevelt also wrote for Ladies Home Journal, McCall's, and published various articles in Vogue and other women's magazines. The White House Historical Association and the Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project collaborated on a digital history project commemorating Roosevelt's best writings. With extra insights from project director Allida M. Black, The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project at the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences works to release digital and print versions of Roosevelt's political writings. It is currently working on transcribing her radio and television appearances. This archive includes a full run of My Day.

text:
# My Day

***My Day*** was a newspaper column written by First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt (ER) six days a week from December 31, 1935, to September 26, 1962. In her column, Roosevelt discussed issues including civil rights, women's rights, and various current events (Prohibition, New Deal programs, United States World War II home front, Pearl Harbor, H Bomb, Civil Rights Movement, etc.). This column allowed ER to spread her ideas, thoughts, and perspectives on contemporary events to the American public through local newspapers. Through *My Day*, Roosevelt became the first First Lady to write a daily newspaper column. Roosevelt also wrote for *Ladies Home Journal*, *McCall's*, and published various articles in *Vogue* and other women's magazines.

The White House Historical Association and the Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project collaborated on a digital history project commemorating Roosevelt's best writings. With extra insights from project director Allida M. Black, The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project at the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences works to release digital and print versions of Roosevelt's political writings. It is currently working on transcribing her radio and television appearances. This archive includes a full run of *My Day*.

## Author

*See main article:* Eleanor Roosevelt

### Personal life

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born on October 11, 1884, in Manhattan, New York City in her parents' first home. Anna Hall, her mother, was from a wealthy family and married Elliott Roosevelt on December 1, 1883. Eleanor Roosevelt's childhood was riddled with difficulties due to her father's severe alcohol addiction, her mother's cold personality, and her parents' failing marriage. Her mother died suddenly in 1892 when ER was eight years old, her younger brother tragically died the following year, and her father died the year after that. After receiving an education overseas, Roosevelt returned to the United States and became reacquainted with her fifth cousin once removed, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR). Initially courting secretly, FDR's mother discovered their relationship and eventually permitted them to marry in 1905. Eleanor Roosevelt was twenty, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt was twenty-two. They had six children together. Following her death in 1962, Mrs. Roosevelt was buried at her home in Hyde Park next to her husband.

### Public Life

As niece of former U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt and husband to U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, much of Eleanor Roosevelt's life involved civic work. While she is best known as First Lady of the United States, her public life began well before she held this title. Inspired by her uncle's emphasis on political and socio-economic reform, she actively participated in the social reform movement of the Progressive Era. She also volunteered in poverty-stricken neighborhoods in New York City. Prior to her time as First Lady, she also worked as a secretary, teacher, and investigator. It was in these early years of her public life that she began her lifelong interest in civil rights, women's rights, education, and anti-poverty advocacy.

Upon her marriage to FDR and his election to presidency, Mrs. Roosevelt understood the social, political, and economic states of the American public better than any of her predecessors. When FDR was struck with poliomyelitis, ER became dutifully involved in his political affairs, once again broadening her involvement in American activism. As her husband's eyes and ears, she transitioned from progressive reformer to New Dealer to "First Lady of the World," and she brought a human fact to the intense cultural debates of the Great Depression, the Cold War, civil rights, child welfare, housing reform, and women's rights. A true activist, ER instituted regular press conferences at the White House for women and embarked on extensive tours as First Lady. President Harry S. Truman appointed her as a delegate to the United Nations in General Assembly in 1946, serving as the UN's first Chairperson of the Commission of Human Rights. President John F. Kennedy appointed her chair of his Commission on the Status of Women, and in her last decade of life Mrs. Roosevelt also recruited for the Democratic Party.

## *My Day* Column

### Background

Eleanor Roosevelt's desire to generate more income initially motivated her to create the column, as ER spent much of the column's proceeds on philanthropy. *My Day* was not Eleanor Roosevelt's first experience in writing, and her literary agent, George T. Bye, encouraged her to write the column. Although she did not keep a diary, prior to FDR's presidential election ER frequently contributed to magazines, and in 1933 the United Features Syndicate, a renowned editorial and media company, was the first to request she make a daily column as First Lady. The United Features Syndicate suggested the column's title, inspired ER to write about her daily experiences, and defined the column in its early years. *My Day* is Roosevelt's six-day-a-week newspaper column written from December 30, 1935, to September 26, 1962. At the onset of 1938, *My Day* appeared in 62 papers across the United States. By 1940, interest in *My Day* was so strong that the United Features Syndicate offered ER a five-year contract, despite her presumed exit from the White House. At its height in the 1950s, her entries reached 4,034,554 people, and *My Day* appeared in 90 newspapers across the United States. As if written to a dear friend, the entries disclosed people ER met, where ER traveled, what ER thought, and how ER coped with the pressures of her extremely public life. By 1957, a handful of newspapers, such as the Scripps Howard Syndicate, stopped publishing *My Day* because her columns grew to be too political. Unbothered, ER continued to write columns and charged her readers to "follow their consciences," not their fears. As ER grew older, in 1961 she requested that her 500-word columns appear every other day. Her last column was published on September 26, 1962, just two months before her death. As her health declined in her last years, Eleanor Roosevelt never gave any indication that her illness threatened her column's productivity.

### Content

Eleanor Roosevelt published the content in her *My Day* columns with intentionality and purpose. Central to peace-building and human rights advocacy, the content of her articles, written in simple, diary-like entries annotating her day, supported reform and evoked activism. New Deal programs, civil rights, women's rights, and currents events encapsulate most of her column's topics.

#### New Deal programs

During the Great Depression, ER's *My Day* column embraced and promoted a plethora of New Deal programs. These New Deal programs provided jobs to millions of unemployed Americans while also rebuilding the nation's economy. As First Lady, Roosevelt frequently wrote of her nationwide excursions to visit projects created by the Public Works Administration (PWA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Works Progress Administration (WPA), and National Youth Administration (NYA).

One of the WPA projects took ER to Des Moines, Iowa in 1936. In her *My Day* articles from June 8–10 of that year, Eleanor Roosevelt recounted her trip and revealed key insights into the project. Stopping through homesteads, coal mine communities, and farmland, Roosevelt commented on the taxing manual labor, the abundantly rich soil, the large families, and the proud agricultural accomplishments all made possible through the WPA. She specifically noted that fifty families were well on their way to a more abundant life in Des Moines, Iowa, specifically because of the WPA's efforts in housing reform, investment, and the mining camps.

Eleanor Roosevelt also spent much of her time supporting the NYA. In July 1941, she visited various projects in the state of Maine. Her *My Day* column from July 12 annotates her journey through Campobello and Quoddy Village. She discusses the men's success in the canning industry, the women's success in the knitting industry, her ventures to see students working and playing together, and the Board of Trade of Campobello Island's hall dance. ER took pride in the Quoddy Village NYA band, as well as eating lunch with over 850 boys the next day.

#### Civil rights

Not only did *My Day* support New Deal programs, but it also generated activism and created support for racial minorities.

For example, Eleanor Roosevelt's role in the Marian Anderson concert struck the very depths of racism in the United States, although Americans did not comprehend its full significance at the time. Eleanor Roosevelt first met contralto opera singer Anderson in 1935 after she performed in the White House. In 1939, while singing for Howard University School of Music, Anderson petitioned the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) to use its auditorium in Washington, D.C., seating 4,000 people, as her concert venue. Still racially segregated and only allowing whites to perform on stage, the DAR turned down Anderson's request. Outraged at the DAR's refusal, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt presented Anderson with the Spingarn Medal at the convention for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and invited her to perform at the White House for the King and Queen of England later in the year. Roosevelt also resigned from her position as DAR president in 1939. In her *My Day* article about the concert, ER doted on Anderson's voice, calling her performance a "rare treat." Roosevelt expressed her desire for Anderson's music career to succeed in America, for she had not heard a more beautiful, moving, and poised artist.

Education for racial minorities also played a key role in Eleanor Roosevelt's *My Day* column. On June 17, 1958, Roosevelt visited the Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tennessee. With the presence of Myles Horton, one of the school's founders, and James Stokely, author of *Neither Black Nor White*, Roosevelt supported this school's mission and belief that education is a tool for social change. Over the years, the school has been paramount in many political movements, including the southern labor movements in the 1930s and the Civil Rights Movement from the 1940s to 1960s. During the school's foundational years, Highlander Folk School focused on organizing unemployed and working people, training union organizers and leaders across the South, and fought labor segregation by holding its first integrated workshop in 1944. In her *My Day* entry on the Highlander Folk School, ER praised the extended budget for the school's program, the new educational opportunity it provided African American youth, and the future employment opportunities where "Negro and white work side by side."

#### Women's rights

In addition to New Deal programs and civil rights, *My Day* regularly featured topics related to women's achievements and women's rights as consistent themes.

Scattered throughout Roosevelt's *My Day* articles is a woman named Mary McLeod Bethune. The youngest of sixteen children, and the only sibling born free, Dr. Bethune fought for the rights of African Americans with respect and earned an education at a time when it seemed impossible for a Black women to do so. She built and opened an African American college in Florida called The Daytona Beach Literary and Industrial School for Training Negro Girls, used her faith as a "weapon and shield," and worked as the Director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration from 1936 to 1943. In her *My Day* article on May 20, 1955, Eleanor Roosevelt mourned the death of her good friend and activist Bethune, praising her life's work, zeal for black youth education, wisdom, goodness, and friendship.

Other women also repeatedly appear in *My Day* columns. ER pays tribute to Miss Mary (Molly) Dewson, Mrs. Dorothy McAllister, Mrs. May Evans, and all of the staff at the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee on May 6, 1940, for example. If Eleanor Roosevelt was the most predominant figure in women's rights in the 1930s, Dewson was a close second. Being in charge of America's Democratic women, Dewson ushered in a new deal of her own through incorporating women in politics. As head of the Women's Division of the DNC, Chairman of the Advisory Committee to the Women's Division, and vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee, she became "America's first female political boss." Dewson and Roosevelt became close friends, and they shared many common values, particularly using politics to strengthen women's rights. In her column on May 6, 1940, ER honors the women of the United States, congratulates the large attendance by women at the National Institute of Government Conference, appreciates the educational programs for Democratic women, and recognizes the personal sacrifices required by these women to promote the program. In the same column, ER mentions that she spent time with the Young Democratic Women as well and was impressed by their tenacity and alertness, showing the breadth of her influence in women's rights.

### Audience

Reaching an audience exceeding four million people, Eleanor Roosevelt's *My Day* invited the American public into her public and private life through chatty and informal columns. As a proponent of the New Deal, ER's columns deeply resonated with unemployed Americans and individuals associated with myriad New Deal projects. As FDR's presidency progressed, ER encouraged her husband and his advisors to extend the New Deal's reach to provide greater support for American women and members of minority groups. These women and minorities were particularly receptive to *My Day* as Roosevelt intertwined everyday advice on meals, household budgeting, childrearing, spousal relations, social justice, trade unions, and communication throughout the columns. A unique network of friends, women, and members of minority groups attentively read ER's *My Day*. She was also concerned with incorporating American youth into the working world. Through her instrumental role at the NYA, ER often wrote about providing work and education for millions of young men and women, extending her column's reach to the young adults of America. When the United States entered World War II, ER's relationship with the American public deepened in conjunction with her efforts to write about the home front. By 1954, *My Day* had become Roosevelt's political platform and her diary. It was the major avenue by which she challenged complacent Democrats, Americans timid of politics, and apathetic citizens to accept the responsibilities of living in a democracy. ER's consistent advocacy and controversial nature drew much attention, and, ultimately, a far-reaching audience was no surprise. Her extensive activism surrounding democracy gave Americans the impression that "she was one of us."

## Influence

As Eleanor Roosevelt feared, the memory and legacy of New Deal projects has faded over time. However, historians and researchers today have worked tirelessly to create digitized collections and archives of ER's *My Day* columns. Her support for programs including the Resettlement Administration created by FDR's Executive Order 7027, the Rural Electrification Act, the National Youth Administration, the Federal Theatre Project, and FDR's court packing plan inspired even her critics to discuss civil rights, women's rights, and New Deal programs long after she stopped publishing. Digital history projects such as The Living New Deal and The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project have made significant efforts to digitize much of ER's work. Despite some journalistic controversy over Roosevelt's writings, both supporters and opposers of *My Day* agree that the column was instrumental in American society. One *New York Times* editor considered *My Day* "required reading for those seeking insight into administration policies."

To read the *My Day* columns mentioned in this article or for a complete list of Eleanor Roosevelt's *My Day* columns, please see the following digital archives:


title: Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis

abstract: Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis is an anaerobic, Gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria that can affect walnut trees though the flowers, buds, shoots, branches, trunk, and fruit. It can have devastating effects including premature fruit drop and lesions on the plant. This pathogen was first isolated by Newton B. Pierce in California in 1896 and was then named Pseudomonas juglandis. In 1905 it was reclassified as Bacterium juglandis, in 1930 it became Phytomas juglandis, and in 1939 it was named Xanthomas juglandis. The International Standards for Naming Pathovars declared it to be named Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis in 1980. There have been recent proposals to change the name once again to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, but this has not yet been universally accepted.

text:
# Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis

***Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *juglandis*** is an anaerobic, Gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria that can affect walnut trees though the flowers, buds, shoots, branches, trunk, and fruit. It can have devastating effects including premature fruit drop and lesions on the plant. This pathogen was first isolated by Newton B. Pierce in California in 1896 and was then named *Pseudomonas juglandis*. In 1905 it was reclassified as *Bacterium juglandis*, in 1930 it became *Phytomas juglandis*, and in 1939 it was named *Xanthomas juglandis*. The International Standards for Naming Pathovars declared it to be named *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *juglandis* in 1980. There have been recent proposals to change the name once again to *Xanthomonas arboricola* pv. *juglandis*, but this has not yet been universally accepted.

## Host and symptoms

*Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *juglandis* overwinters in the walnut buds, catkins, leaves, and infected fruit still hanging on the tree, and twig lesions. During this time, these buds may remain asymptomatic even just a few days before budburst. In the spring, when the buds begin to open, the bacteria invade and begin infecting the internal bud and developing fruit. Wind and rain splash play a large role in spreading this disease, as rain splash makes it easier for bacteria to move from infected plant tissue to healthy buds. Aerial dissemination of pollen from infected catkins have been recorded to infect the receiving bud/tree in France, but conflicting data has been shown for trees in California where researchers did not find a link between peak disease development and peak pollen shedding. Once infected through the pistils, flowers, or fruit, symptoms of the disease may begin to take shape, such as dark green, circular water soaked areas on the leaves, developing lesions which grow in size, walnut shell and fruit stunting, and/or walnut shell staining.

Lesions which appear on the leaves may grow larger and the center may turn black or translucent. This area may then ooze bacterial discharge and polysaccharides and further infect other tissue it may travel to by rain splash. The size of the lesions vary in young and more mature leaves. Young leaves have lesions from one to a few millimeters while older leaf lesions can range from a few millimeters to half of the leaf.

Premature nut fall occurs when infection takes place before the formation and hardening of the shell tissue and is able to rot and shrivel the kernel. The tree then sheds the diseased nut.

## Environment

It's important to keep environmental factors in mind because bacteria thrive in wet and humid conditions. An experiment connecting this disease and water concluded that trees with plastic covers had little to no diseases compared to those without the plastic covers. Another data analysis concluded that areas with more water fall contained a higher percentage of trees with disease compared to close regions without as much rainfall. For disease to occur the amount of humidity and wetness must be between 12 and 24 h and 15° to 25° Celsius. These conditions must also happen during post bloom fruit and 10 week old fruit. New infection during the summer months is rare because the conditions for it are usually not present.

In addition to *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *juglandis*, the wounds are often preyed upon by other pathogens which make the situation worse. *Fusarium* spp. and *Alternaria* spp. which are fungal saprophytes, often act in unison with the dead tissue left by lesions caused by the bacteria. Mites and insects may also carry the bacteria from tree to tree.

## Management

Management for this bacterial disease can be difficult and requires precise timing. Bactericidal sanitation treatments, chemical elicitors of induced resistance, and antibiotics are commonly used to help plant resistances, but are not consistent or do not seem to work at all. Certain cultivars of walnut seem to have more resistance to the bacteria that bloom later in the season, different jrPPo1 amounts, and polyphenic responses. Variants that bloom later in the season will have a better chance at avoiding the wet spring rains which makes the tree more susceptible to infection. Cultivars with varying jrPPo1 levels can create leaves, flowers and buds with different hair densities and wax amounts. These provide physical barriers from the microbes which rest on the leaf surface. Polyphenic responses are the plant's defense system against pests and microbial pathogens. Phenols such as flavanol and hydroxycinnamic acids help the plant avoid herbivores and microorganisms.

Copper biocide spraying has seen the most success, though copper resistant and tolerant strains of *X. campestris* pv. *juglandis* have been found. Also, soils which abstain long term copper spraying have been found to culture poor growing soils for the trees themselves. Xanthocast™, founded at the University of California, Davis, is a program which takes records of the wetness period, duration, and temperature from local weather stations and can foretell the possible occurrence of the infection, and can then alert farmers in the area to spray pre-emptively.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *juglandis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Xanthomonadales |
| Family: | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Genus: | *Xanthomonas* |
| Species: | *X. campestris*<br> |
| Pathovar: | ***X. c.*  pv. *juglandis*** |
| Trionomial name | |
| ***Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *juglandis*** | |


title: My Nemesis

abstract: "My Nemesis" is a song by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch, from their sixth studio album Got Your Six. It was released in 2016 as the third single from the album. There is also an official video of the song as well.

text:
# My Nemesis

"**My Nemesis**" is a song by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch, from their sixth studio album *Got Your Six*. It was released in 2016 as the third single from the album. There is also an official video of the song as well.

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (*Billboard*) | 34 |
| US Rock Airplay (*Billboard*) | 17 |

## InfoBox

| "My Nemesis" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Five Finger Death Punch | |
| from the album  *Got Your Six* | |
| Released | 2016 |
| Genre | Alternative metal |
| Length | 3:35 |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Kevin Churko |
| Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology | |
| "Wash It All Away"
(2015) "**My Nemesis**"
(2016) "I Apologize"
(2016) | |


title: My Love Goes On and On

abstract: "My Love Goes On and On" is the debut single co-written and recorded by American country music artist Chris Cagle. It was released in July 2000 and is from his debut album Play It Loud. The song peaked at No. 15 on the Hot Country Songs chart. It was written by Cagle and Don Pfrimmer.

text:
# My Love Goes On and On

"**My Love Goes On and On**" is the debut single co-written and recorded by American country music artist Chris Cagle. It was released in July 2000 and is from his debut album *Play It Loud*. The song peaked at No. 15 on the Hot Country Songs chart. It was written by Cagle and Don Pfrimmer.

## Content

The song is an unabashed declaration of never-ending love and devotion.

## Critical reception

Chuck Taylor of *Billboard* magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that "from Cagle's fiery performance - which is more grit and substance than vocal polish - to Robert Wright's go-for-broke production, this rollicking single is an all-out assault on the senses." He goes on to say that the lyric is "accented by a raging fiddle and pounding percussion."

## Music video

The music video was directed by Eric Welch.

## Chart performance

"My Love Goes On and On" debuted at number 65 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of July 29, 2000.

| Chart (2000) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country (*RPM*) | 32 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 15 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 76 |

1. Whitburn, Joel (2008). *Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008*. Record Research, Inc. p. 74. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
2. *Billboard*, August 5, 2000
3. "Country 100". *RPM*. November 6, 2000.
4. "Chris Cagle Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". *Billboard*.
5. "Chris Cagle Chart History (Hot 100)". *Billboard*.

## InfoBox

| "My Love Goes On and On" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Chris Cagle | |
| from the album  *Play It Loud* | |
| B-side | "Play It Loud" |
| Released | July 17, 2000 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:05 |
| Label | Virgin Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) | Chris Cagle, Don Pfrimmer |
| Producer(s) | Robert Wright |
| Chris Cagle singles chronology | |
| "**My Love Goes On and On**"
(2000) "Laredo"
(2001) | |


title: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

abstract: The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) is a psychological measure designed to assess the severity and frequency of symptoms of disorders such as tic disorder, Tourette syndrome, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, in children and adolescents between ages 6 and 17. The questionnaire is divided into three parts over the span of 17 pages: one section identifies symptoms of motor and phonic tics, severity, and age of onset. Another section concerns OCD symptoms, severity, and age of onset, and the last section concerns environmental effects on symptoms. The YGTSS is completed by the parent and takes approximately 15–20 minutes. The questionnaire has shown good reliability and validity in assessing tic severity in recent studies.

text:
# Yale Global Tic Severity Scale

The **Yale Global Tic Severity Scale** (**YGTSS**) is a psychological measure designed to assess the severity and frequency of symptoms of disorders such as tic disorder, Tourette syndrome, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, in children and adolescents between ages 6 and 17.

The questionnaire is divided into three parts over the span of 17 pages: one section identifies symptoms of motor and phonic tics, severity, and age of onset. Another section concerns OCD symptoms, severity, and age of onset, and the last section concerns environmental effects on symptoms. The YGTSS is completed by the parent and takes approximately 15–20 minutes. The questionnaire has shown good reliability and validity in assessing tic severity in recent studies.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Yale Global Tic Severity Scale | |
| --- | --- |
| Purpose | assess tics |


title: Y Bandana

abstract: Y Bandana are a Welsh language alternative rock band that formed in Caernarfon in 2008. The band is composed of brothers Tomos Owens (keyboard) and Siôn Owens, their cousin Gwilym Bowen Rhys and Robin Jones (percussion). They are known for combining humorous lyrics with catchy melodies. The band have achieved great success in the Welsh language rock scene and have been the recipients of numerous awards, including awards from the Welsh-language magazine "Y Selar" for best song three years running and best band three times in 2010, 2011 and 2012 as well as the award for best single 2012. They featured frequently at the Maes B festival during the annual National Eisteddfod, with their ninth consecutive - and final - appearance in August 2016 at Abergavenny. Shortly before the Eisteddfod, the band announced they will disband at the end of the year, with their last gig performed in their hometown in October 2016. The band was awarded in four categories in 'Gwobrau'r Selar 2016': Best Band; Best Song - Cyn i'r lle ma gau; Best Album - Fel Tôn Gron; Best Artwork - Fel Tôn Gron. Gwilym Bowen Rhys is also a member of the folk band Plu with his sisters Elan and Marged, and his first solo album came out in August 2016. Siôn Owens is also a member of the band uumar.

text:
# Y Bandana

**Y Bandana** are a Welsh language alternative rock band that formed in Caernarfon in 2008. The band is composed of brothers Tomos Owens (keyboard) and Siôn Owens (bass guitar), their cousin Gwilym Bowen Rhys (lead vocals, guitar) and Robin Jones (percussion). They are known for combining humorous lyrics with catchy melodies.

The band have achieved great success in the Welsh language rock scene and have been the recipients of numerous awards, including awards from the Welsh-language magazine "Y Selar" for best song three years running ("Cân y Tân" 2010, "Wyt ti'n nabod Mr Pei?" 2011, "Heno yn yr Anglesey" 2012) and best band three times in 2010, 2011 and 2012 as well as the award for best single 2012. They featured frequently at the Maes B festival during the annual National Eisteddfod, with their ninth consecutive - and final - appearance in August 2016 at Abergavenny. Shortly before the Eisteddfod, the band announced they will disband at the end of the year, with their last gig performed in their hometown in October 2016.

The band was awarded in four categories in 'Gwobrau'r Selar 2016': Best Band; Best Song - Cyn i'r lle ma gau; Best Album - Fel Tôn Gron; Best Artwork - Fel Tôn Gron.

Gwilym Bowen Rhys is also a member of the folk band Plu with his sisters Elan and Marged, and his first solo album came out in August 2016. Siôn Owens is also a member of the band uumar.

## Discography

### Studio albums

### Singles

* "Dal dy Drwyn" / "Cân y Tân" (2010)
* "Heno yn yr Anglesey" / "Geiban" (2012)
* "Mari Sâl" (2014)

## InfoBox

| Y Bandana | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Caernarfon, Wales |
| Genres | Alternative rock |
| Years active | 2008–2016 |
| Labels | Copa (imprint of Sain) |
|  | |
| Members | Tomos Owens
Siôn Owens
Gwilym Bowen Rhys
Robin Jones |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.myspace.com/ybandana |


title: My Love Is Called Margarita

abstract: My Love Is Called Margarita is a 1961 Spanish romantic comedy film directed by Tito Fernández and starring Mercedes Alonso, Antonio Cifariello and Manuel Zarzo.

text:
# My Love Is Called Margarita

***My Love Is Called Margarita*** (Spanish: ***Margarita se llama mi amor***) is a 1961 Spanish romantic comedy film directed by Tito Fernández and starring Mercedes Alonso, Antonio Cifariello and Manuel Zarzo.

## Cast

1. Bentley p.142

## Bibliography

* Bentley, Bernard. *A Companion to Spanish Cinema*. Boydell & Brewer, 2008.

## InfoBox

| My Love Is Called Margarita | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Tito Fernández |
| Written by | Vicente Escrivá |
| Produced by | M.E. Gamundi |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | José F. Aguayo |
| Edited by | José Antonio Rojo |
| Music by |  |
| Production<br>company | Aspa Producciones Cinematográficas |
| Distributed by | Chamartín |
| Release date | * 31 August 1961 (1961-08-31) |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | Spain |
| Language | Spanish |


title: My Love Is Rotten to the Core

abstract: My Love Is Rotten to the Core is Tim Hecker's third release. It was released on June 25, 2002 by Substractif, a sub-label of Alien8 Recordings. The record is a concept album of sorts, being composed of spliced and sampled elements of Van Halen songs and interviews, constructed into a mini-narrative of the band's dissolution and breakup, accompanied by Hecker's compositions of ambience and noise. The title is taken from a line off Van Halen's major hit "Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love".

text:
# My Love Is Rotten to the Core

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | link |
| *Eye Weekly* (Toronto) | link |
| Pitchfork | 6.8/10 10/3/2002 |
| *Stylus* | B 9/1/2003 |

***My Love Is Rotten to the Core*** is Tim Hecker's third release. It was released on June 25, 2002 by Substractif, a sub-label of Alien8 Recordings. The record is a concept album of sorts, being composed of spliced and sampled elements of Van Halen songs and interviews, constructed into a mini-narrative of the band's dissolution and breakup, accompanied by Hecker's compositions of ambience and noise.

The title is taken from a line off Van Halen's major hit "Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Tim Hecker

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Introducing Carl Cocks" | 8:31 |
| 2. | "Sammy Loves Eddie Hates David" | 2:50 |
| 3. | "Hello Detroit" | 7:24 |
| 4. | "Midnight Whispers" | 0:50 |
| 5. | "The Return of Sam Snead" | 5:02 |
| Total length: | | 24:46 |

## InfoBox

| My Love Is Rotten to the Core | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tim Hecker | |
| Released | June 25, 2002 |
| Recorded | December 2001 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 24:46 |
| Label |  |
| Tim Hecker chronology | |
| *Haunt Me, Haunt Me Do It Again*
(2001) ***My Love Is Rotten to the Core***
(2002) *Trade Winds, White Noise*
(2002) | |


title: My Tennessee Mountain Home (song)

abstract: "My Tennessee Mountain Home" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dolly Parton. Using imagery from her rural childhood in Tennessee, the song served as the centerpiece of her 1973 concept album My Tennessee Mountain Home. It was released as a single in December 1972, and reached number 15 on the U.S. country singles chart.

text:
# My Tennessee Mountain Home (song)

**"My Tennessee Mountain Home"** is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dolly Parton. Using imagery from her rural childhood in Tennessee (holding hands on a porch swing, enjoying nature, walking home from church), the song served as the centerpiece of her 1973 concept album *My Tennessee Mountain Home.* It was released as a single in December 1972, and reached number 15 on the U.S. country singles chart.

## Personnel

## Other versions

The song has become one of Parton's best known compositions, and was later covered by Maria Muldaur on her 1973 eponymous solo album, and by Elisabeth Andreassen on the 2005 album *Short Stories*. Dolly Parton herself re-recorded the song on her 1994 live album *Heartsongs*.

A cover version named "Ett bättre liv" (A Better Life) was recorded in Swedish by Lasse Stefanz and a children's choir. The song appears on the 1986 album *Den lilla klockan*, with lyrics by the pseudonym "Mackan".

## Chart performance

| Chart (1972–1973) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 15 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 10 |

## InfoBox

| "My Tennessee Mountain Home" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Dolly Parton | |
| from the album  *My Tennessee Mountain Home* | |
| B-side | "The Better Part of Life" |
| Released | December 4, 1972 |
| Recorded | RCA Studio B, Nashville; September 1 and December 12, 1972 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Songwriter(s) | Dolly Parton |
| Producer(s) | Bob Ferguson |
| Dolly Parton singles chronology | |
| "When I Sing for Him"
(1972) "**My Tennessee Mountain Home**"
(1972) "Traveling Man"
(1973) | |


title: Myiagros

abstract: In ancient Greek religion, Myiagros or Myacoris was a cult title for a divine figure who warded off flies. It could be used as an epithet for either a divinity or a hero. Pausanias characterizes Myiagros as a divinized mortal who received an offering preliminary to the main sacrifice for Athene at Alipheira in Arcadia. The intention was to ward off flies in advance of an animal sacrifice, which might be expected to attack them to its detriment. Aelian says the advance offering was made to the flies themselves. The Alipheiran cult was perhaps influenced by rites in Elis at Olympia. The Eleans made sacrifices either to the flies themselves, or to a Zeus Apomyios or a god named Myiodes or Myiakores. There was a similar ritual among the Akarnanians. An Elean myth told of how Herakles was troubled by flies when he was trying to sacrifice at Olympia, and was instructed in how to sacrifice to the Zeus who shoos away flies (Ἀπόμυιος), so that the flies were at once driven across the Alpheus. In cultivating Apollo at Leucas, a similar preliminary rite was enacted. Pliny says that when a swarm of flies is causing disease (pestilentia), the Eleans invoke Myacoris, and once the god has approved and accepted the sacrifice, the flies die immediately. The cult title can sometimes be found in older exegesis on Beelzebub understood as "Lord of the Flies."

text:
# Myiagros

In ancient Greek religion, **Myiagros** ("He Who Chases the Flies") or **Myacoris** was a cult title for a divine figure who warded off flies. It could be used as an epithet for either a divinity or a hero.

Pausanias characterizes Myiagros as a divinized mortal who received an offering preliminary to the main sacrifice for Athene at Alipheira in Arcadia. The intention was to ward off flies in advance of an animal sacrifice, which might be expected to attack them to its detriment. Aelian says the advance offering was made to the flies themselves.

The Alipheiran cult was perhaps influenced by rites in Elis at Olympia. The Eleans made sacrifices either to the flies themselves, or to a Zeus Apomyios ("Shoo-Fly Zeus") or a god named Myiodes or Myiakores. There was a similar ritual among the Akarnanians. An Elean myth told of how Herakles was troubled by flies when he was trying to sacrifice at Olympia, and was instructed in how to sacrifice to the Zeus who shoos away flies (Ἀπόμυιος), so that the flies were at once driven across the Alpheus. In cultivating Apollo at Leucas, a similar preliminary rite was enacted.

Pliny says that when a swarm of flies is causing disease *(pestilentia)*, the Eleans invoke Myacoris, and once the god has approved and accepted the sacrifice, the flies die immediately.

The cult title can sometimes be found in older exegesis on Beelzebub understood as "Lord of the Flies."

## Ancient sources


title: Yakov Kasman

abstract: Yakov Kasman is a Russian American classical pianist, professor of piano, and artist-in-residence at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Since his American debut as the silver medalist at the Tenth Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in 1997, Yakov Kasman has performed concerts in the United States, Russia, and Asia, and appeared as a soloist with more than fifty orchestras. Kasman became an American citizen in 2006.

text:
# Yakov Kasman

**Yakov Kasman** (born February 24, 1967) is a Russian American classical pianist, professor of piano, and artist-in-residence at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

Since his American debut as the silver medalist at the Tenth Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in 1997, Yakov Kasman has performed concerts in the United States, Russia, and Asia, and appeared as a soloist with more than fifty orchestras.

Kasman became an American citizen in 2006.

## Career

Kasman has performed piano concertos and recitals at numerous summer festivals including Brevard, the Peninsula, Las Vegas, Lake Placid, Sewanee and the Grand Teton winter festival. Active as a chamber musician, he has collaborated with the Manhattan, Parissi, Charleston, Shanghai, Tokyo and Talich String Quartets. He regularly gives master classes and serves as competition juror.

### Reference Orchestras

Kasman has appeared as soloist with more than fifty orchestras. The list includes:

* the Pacific, Syracuse, Omaha, Oregon, Nashville, Chattanooga, Memphis, Ft. Worth, Alabama, Huntsville and Montgomery Symphonies
* the Athens - Greece State Orchestra
* the Orchestra de Lille in France
* the Orquestra Simfonica de Baleares, Spain
* the Singapore Symphony
* the National Symphony Orchestra of Taiwan
* the Daejeon Philharmonic in Korea
* the Moscow Philharmonia Orchestra
* the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra
* the Alabama Symphony Orchestra

## Discography

Kasman has 14 CD recordings with Calliope and Harmonia Mundi.


title: Yala Swamp

abstract: The Yala Swamp is a wetland region of about 175 square kilometres (68 sq mi) in Western Kenya.

text:
# Yala Swamp

The **Yala Swamp** is a wetland region of about 175 square kilometres (68 sq mi) in Western Kenya.

## Location

The Yala Swamp at the mouth of the Yala River covers about 175 square kilometres (68 sq mi) along the northeastern shore of Lake Victoria. The swamp contains the 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres) Lake Kanyaboli, a freshwater deltaic wetland with an average depth of 3 metres (9.8 ft), which is fed by the floodwaters of the Nzoia and Yala rivers and by the backflow of water from Lake Victoria. The wetland is in Siaya and Busia counties in Kenya. It acts as a filter for waters that flow into Lake Victoria from two major rivers, the Yala River and Nzoia River. It is sometimes considered the source of the Nile.

In the past the Yala River flowed through the eastern 20% of the Yala Swamp into Lake Kanyaboli, then into the main swamp, and then through a small gulf into Lake Victoria. Today the eastern part of the swamp has been drained, and the river flows directly into the 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) main swamp. It is cut off from Lake Kanyaboli by a silt-clay dyke. Lake Kanyaboli now receives its water from the surrounding catchment area and from back-seepage from the swamp. The river's gulf has been cut off from the lake by a culvert, which created the 500 hectares (1,200 acres) Lake Sare through back-flooding.

## Ecology

The swamps harbour endangered fish species *Oreochromis esculentus* and *Oreochromis variabilis* that have disappeared from Lake Victoria itself. The Sitatunga antelope (*Tragecephalus spekii*) still lives in the swamps’ papyrus. BirdLife International classifies the Yala Swamp among Kenya’s 60 Important Bird Areas. Some of the birds that live there are the blue-breasted bee-eater, the papyrus gonolek, the swamp flycatcher, the papyrus canary, the white-winged swamp warbler and the Baillon's crake.

A 2005 report noted changes in Lake Sare that threatened the lake ecosystem through eutrophication and pollution. It recommended an inclusive management plan for the Yala swamp complex to prevent further degradation of the ecosystem. As of 2019 BirdLife International scored the threat to the swamp complex as high, and was pessimistic about action being taken.

## Sources

* Gichuki, John; Maithya, Jacob; Masai, D. M. (September 2005), *Recent ecological changes in of Lake Sare, western Kenya*, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, retrieved 2021-03-07
* Okuna, Patience (2019), *Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya*, Munich: GRIN Verlag, retrieved 2021-03-06
* *Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya*, Global Nature Fund, retrieved 2021-03-07
* *Yala Swamp Complex*, BirdLife International, retrieved 2021-03-07

## InfoBox

| Yala Swamp | |
| --- | --- |
| Egyptian white lotus (Nymphaea lotus) on the north shore of Yala Swamp in Bar Olengo | |
| Yala Swamp | |
| Location | Yala Swamp, Kenya |
| Coordinates | 0°02′17″N 34°04′55″E / 0.038°N 34.082°E / 0.038; 34.082 |
| River sources | Yala River, Nzoia River |
| Basin countries | Kenya, Uganda |
|  | |
| Surface area | 175 square kilometres (68 sq mi) |


title: Yala Yala Gibbs Tjungurrayi

abstract: Yala Yala Gibbs Tjungarrayi was a Pintupi-speaking Indigenous Australian artist. He was born at Iltuturunga, south-west of Lake Macdonald, in the Western Desert, close to the border of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. In 1963, together with his family he moved to Papunya in the Northern Territory. Tjungarrayi was one of the first group of artists painting in the Papunya Tula cooperative from its beginnings in 1971. His wife was Ningura Napurrla, another Papunya Tula artist. He was a custodian of Pintupi sacred ceremonies and sites.

text:
# Yala Yala Gibbs Tjungurrayi

**Yala Yala Gibbs Tjungarrayi** (c. 1928 or 1924 – 1998) was a Pintupi-speaking Indigenous Australian artist. He was born at Iltuturunga, south-west of Lake Macdonald, in the Western Desert, close to the border of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. In 1963, together with his family he moved to Papunya in the Northern Territory. Tjungarrayi was one of the first group of artists painting in the Papunya Tula cooperative from its beginnings in 1971. His wife was Ningura Napurrla, another Papunya Tula artist. He was a custodian of Pintupi sacred ceremonies and sites.

## Collections

Works of his are held in the following art galleries/collections:

* MAGNT (*Kurrkati – Goanna Dreaming* 1972 and *Old Man Dreaming* 1974)
* NGA (*Five Women in the Kalipinypa Rain Dreaming Country* 1972 and *Wirrpi – Near Lake Macdonald* 1997)
* NGV (5 works, including *Snake and water dreaming*, and *Tingarri dreaming at Palintja*)
* Queensland Art Gallery (*Tingari men running towards Marrapinta* 1984)
* Kerry Stokes Collection (*Eaglehawk dreaming* 1998)


title: Yam Island

abstract: Yam Island, called Yama or Iama in the Kulkalgau Ya language or Turtle-backed Island in English, is an island of the Bourke Isles group of the Torres Strait Islands, located in the Tancred Passage of the Torres Strait in Queensland, Australia. The island is situated approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Thursday Island and measures about 2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi). The island is an official locality known as Iama Island within the local government area of Torres Strait Island Region. The town, also called Yam Island, is located on the north-west coast of the island. In the 2021 census, Iama Island had a population of 275 people. Its indigenous language is Kulkalgau Ya, a dialect of the Western-Central Torres Strait language, Kalaw Lagaw Ya.

text:
# Yam Island

| Yam Island
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Yam Island | |
| Coordinates | 9°54′04″S 142°46′27″E / 9.9011°S 142.7741°E / -9.9011; 142.7741 (Yam Island (centre of locality)) |
| Population | 275 (SAL 2021) |
| Postcode(s) | 4875 |
| Area | 1.9 km2 (0.7 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| LGA(s) | Torres Strait Island Region |
| State electorate(s) | Cook |
| Federal division(s) | Leichhardt |
| **Suburbs around Yam Island:**  *Torres Strait* *Torres Strait* *Torres Strait*  *Torres Strait* Yam Island *Torres Strait*  *Torres Strait* *Torres Strait* *Torres Strait* | |

**Yam Island**, called ***Yama*** or ***Iama*** in the Kulkalgau Ya language or **Turtle-backed Island** in English, is an island of the Bourke Isles group of the Torres Strait Islands, located in the Tancred Passage of the Torres Strait in Queensland, Australia. The island is situated approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Thursday Island and measures about 2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi). The island is an official locality known as Iama Island within the local government area of Torres Strait Island Region. The town, also called Yam Island, is located on the north-west coast of the island. In the 2021 census, Iama Island had a population of 275 people.

Its indigenous language is Kulkalgau Ya, a dialect of the Western-Central Torres Strait language, Kalaw Lagaw Ya.

## Geography

The town on the island, also called Yam Island, is on the north-west coast (9°53′58″S 142°46′09″E / 9.8994°S 142.7692°E / -9.8994; 142.7692 (Yam Island (town centre))).

Yam Island Airport is in the north of the locality (9°53′57″S 142°46′28″E / 9.8993°S 142.7745°E / -9.8993; 142.7745 (Yam Island Airport)).

## History

Mabuiag-Badu legends have Austronesian people from far-east Papua settled on Parema in the Fly Delta and married local trans-Fly women (of the group of peoples now called Gizra, Wipi, Bine, Meriam). Later they moved down to Torres Strait and settled on Yam Island, and then spread from there to different island groups. Westwards they went to Moa, Mabuiag, and there fought with local Aboriginal people and married some of the women, though apparently ‘purists’ who wanted to avoid further mixture moved north to Saibai, Boigu and Dauan. These initial settlements could have been anything up to around 2800 years ago. Eastwards they settled all the Central and Eastern Islands. They did not seem to have gone south to the Muralag group at this time. Much later, the Trans-Fly Meriam people of Papua moved to Mer, Erub and Ugar, taking most of the original inhabitants' land. These people, Western-Central Islanders, they called the **Nog Le** *Common People*, as opposed to the Meriam People, who are the noble people. Western-central Islanders in general are called the **Gam Le** *Body People*, as they are more thick-set on the whole than the slender Meriam.

This was the establishment of the Islanders as we know them today. Their languages are the mix of cultures mentioned above: the Western-Central language is an Australian (Paman) language with Austronesian and Papuan elements as cultural overlays, and the Eastern Language is dominantly Papuan, though with significant Australian and Austronesian elements.

According to Papuan legend, a developing mud island near the mouth of a river to the south of the Fly Delta was first settled by people from Yam Island (in Kulkalgau Ya/Kalaw Lagaw Ya the name of the island is **Dhaaru** (Daru)), before the time that the Kiwai conquered the coastal parts of the South-West Fly Delta (perhaps at most around 700 years ago). The Yama had long-established trading and family contacts with the Trans-Fly Papuans, starting from the original Papuo-Austronesian settlements. When the Kiwai people started raiding and taking over territory, some of the Yama escaped to the Trans-Fly Papuans on the mainland, and others went across to Saibai, Boigu and Dauan to join their fellow Islanders there. However, the majority wanted to keep their tribal identity, and so decided to get as far away from the Kiwai as possible, and headed to the far south of Torres Strait, and settled on Moa, Muri and the Muralag group. A small core of Yama people stayed on Daru, and became virtually absorbed by the Daru Kiwai. The Kiwai call these people the Hiàmo (also Hiàma, Hiàmu - a Kiwai 'mispronunciation' of Yama, while the Yama people that moved to the Muralag group called themselves the Kauralaigalai, alt. Kauraraigalai (Kaurareg), in their modern dialect Kaiwaligal ‘Islanders’, in contrast to the Dhaudhalgal ‘Mainlanders of Papua’ and the Kawaigal or Ageyal ‘Aborigines of Australia’ (who are also Dhaudhalgal ‘Mainlanders’).

The Kaiwaligal (Kaurareg) and the Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) still have a close relationship, and traditionally considered themselves as closely related, much more than either is to the Mabuiag-Badu people or the Saibai-Dauan-Boigu people. The Kulkagal (Yama and others) have also kept their traditional ties with the Trans-Fly people, and also now with the Kiwai, who after their beginning as conquerors, have now become a part of the traditional trade network.

European contact

The first recorded sighting by Europeans of Yam Island was by the Spanish expedition of Luís Vaez de Torres on 7 September 1606. It was charted as *Isla de Caribes* (Island of Caribs) because of the tall warriors that were found there. In 1792, they came aboard William Bligh's two ships seeking iron. Bligh named Tudu 'Warrior Island' after an attack they later made. The London Missionary Society established a station at Yam's western end making it possible for a permanent village with people settling around the mission. Many of the men took jobs on pearling luggers and a pearling station operated on Tudu during the 1870s with another at Nagi (Mount Ernest Island, southwest of Yam).

Pacific Islanders working at Nagi station later settled on Yam. During World War II, many Yam men enlisted in the army, forming C Company of the Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion.

Despite their seafaring background, Yam people were fairly isolated from the outside world until well after the war. An airstrip was constructed in 1974 and the island's connection to the Torres Strait telephone exchange occurred in 1980. Yam has provided the Torres Strait with important political leaders including Getano Lui (Snr) (grandson of the first LMS teacher, Lui Getano Lifu) and Getano Lui (Jnr), former chairman of the Island Coordinating Council.

In the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s, Margaret Lawrie visited the Torres Strait, often staying for months at a time. Becoming friends with many Torres Strait Islanders she was approached by some to record and write down their stories as well as family histories. This resulted in Margaret conducting research into the cultural history of the Torres Strait and collecting transcripts, audio recordings, photographs, slides, art works and stories. Together they formed the basis for the publication of *Myths and Legends of Torres Strait* (1970) and *Tales from Torres Strait* (1972). This collection, which was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2008.

Yam Island State School was opened on 29 January 1985. On 1 January 2007 it became the Yam Island Campus of the Tagai State College, which operates at 17 campuses throughout the Torres Strait.

## Demographics

| Census Year | Population | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 census | 275 |  |
| 2016 census | 319 |  |
| 2021 census | 275 |  |

## Education

Yam Island Campus is a primary (Early Childhood-6) campus of Tagai State College. It is in Kebisu Street (9°53′58″S 142°46′11″E / 9.8995°S 142.7696°E / -9.8995; 142.7696 (Tagai State College - Yam Island Campus)).

## Amenities

Torres Strait Island Regional Council operates the Dawita Cultural Centre on Church Road. On 26 July 2007, the centre was opened, including an Indigenous Knowledge Centre (IKC). The IKC was established in partnership with the council of the time, and the State Library of Queensland. In addition to providing a library service, the IKC is a space used by the community to revive, preserve, and share their culture through language, art, song, and dance. Several projects and programs have been delivered through the IKC, capturing stories and sharing knowledge.

Yam Island's state emergency service operates from Kebisu Street.

## Margaret Lawrie collection

The State Library of Queensland holds the Margaret Lawrie Collection of Torres Strait Islander material. This collection, which was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2008, consists of material gathered by Margaret Lawrie on the Torres Strait Islander people's culture between 1964 and 1973.

As well as genealogies the collection also contains children's games, maps, music, photographs, plants, sketches, stories and vocabularies of the Torres Strait, such as the Badu, Mabuiag, Thursday Island, Bamaga (located on the mainland), Muralag (Prince of Wales Island), Ugar, Boigu Island, Murray Island, Warraber, Dauan Island, Naghir (Mount Ernest Island), Yam Island, Erub (Darnley Island), Poruma (Coconut Island), Yorke Island, Horn Island, Saibai Island, Kubin Village / St Pauls (Moa Island) and Seisia (located on the mainland).

## Notable people

Notable people who are from or who have lived on Yam Island include:

1. Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Iama Island (suburb and locality)". *Australian Census 2021 QuickStats*. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
2. Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Yam Island (suburb and locality)". *Australian Census 2021*.
3. "Yam Island – island in the Torres State Island Region (entry 38377)". *Queensland Place Names*. Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
4. "Iama Island – locality in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 46708)". *Queensland Place Names*. Queensland Government. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
5. "Iama Island – locality in the Torres Strait Island Region (entry 46708)". *Queensland Place Names*. Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
6. "Yam Island – population centre in the Torres Strait Island Region (entry 44493)". *Queensland Place Names*. Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
7. Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Iama Island (SAL)". *2021 Census QuickStats*. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
8. "Heliports and landing grounds - Queensland". *Queensland Open Data*. Queensland Government. 22 October 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
9. Hilder, Brett *The voyage of Torres*, Brisbane, 1980, pp. 75-77, 80
10. This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Online index of names to the Margaret Lawrie collection". *State Library of Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Collections*. State Library of Queensland. 8 July 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
11. "Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
12. Australian Bureau of Statistics (9 March 2006). "Yam Island (Indigenous Area)". *2001 Census QuickStats*. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
13. Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Iama Island (SSC)". *2016 Census QuickStats*. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
14. "State and non-state school details". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
15. "Tagai State College". *Tagai State College*. 29 November 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
16. "Yam Island - Iama Ngurpay Lag". *Tagai State College*. 21 February 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
17. "Iama (Dawita Cultural Centre)". *Public Libraries Connect*. 28 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
18. This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Iama IKC: more than a library (1 August 2022) by Indigenous services published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 18 January 2023.
19. "Emergency services facilities - Queensland". *Queensland Open Data*. Queensland Government. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
20. "Margaret Lawrie Collection". *State Library of Queensland*. The State of Queensland. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
21. "Margaret Lawrie Torres Strait Island Collection". *The Australian Register: UNESCO Memory of the World Program*. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
22. This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Margaret Lawrie Collection". *State Library of Queensland Torres Strait Islander Collection*. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
23. Margaret Lawrie
24. Lawrie, Margaret (1990). "Zahel, Ethel May Eliza (1877–1951)". *Australian Dictionary of Biography*. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
25. This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Maino – The Last Mamoose of Yam Island, Torres Strait (3 November 2022) published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 1 June 2022.

## Further reading

### Significant case law

## InfoBox

Yam Island
| Native name: ***Yama***; ***Iama***Nickname: Turtle-backed Island | |
| --- | --- |
| Landsat image of Yam Island | |
| A map of the Torres Strait Islands showing *Yam Island* in the central waters of Torres Strait | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Tancred Passage, Northern Australia |
| Coordinates | 9°54′05″S 142°46′30″E / 9.9014°S 142.7750°E / -9.9014; 142.7750 (Yam Island (centre of island)) |
| Archipelago | Bourke Isles group, Torres Strait Islands |
| Adjacent to | Torres Strait |
| Total islands | 1 |
| Area | 2 km2 (0.77 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| **Australia** | |
| State | Queensland |
| Local government area | Torres Strait Island Region |
| Demographics | |
| Ethnic groups | Torres Strait Islanders |


title: Mijail Bárzaga

abstract: Mijail Bárzaga Lugo is a Cuban dissident who worked as a freelance journalist in Havana and was incarcerated in Cuba for seven years as a prisoner of conscience recognized by Amnesty International. In 2003, during the Black Spring crackdown on dissidents, the regime accused Mijail Bárzaga of publishing subversive and counter-revolutionary news on Internet sites such as Cubanet, Cubaliberal and Payolibre. He was sentenced to 15 years in jail for his journalism. He was released from prison in July 2010 and immediately exiled to Spain together with his family.

text:
# Mijail Bárzaga

**Mijail Bárzaga Lugo** (his name being the Spanish rendering of the Russian name Михаил, usually spelled *Mikhail* in English) is a Cuban dissident who worked as a freelance journalist in Havana and was incarcerated in Cuba for seven years as a prisoner of conscience recognized by Amnesty International.

In 2003, during the Black Spring crackdown on dissidents, the regime accused Mijail Bárzaga of publishing subversive and counter-revolutionary news on Internet sites such as Cubanet, Cubaliberal and Payolibre. He was sentenced to 15 years in jail for his journalism. He was released from prison in July 2010 and immediately exiled to Spain together with his family.

## InfoBox

| Mijail Bárzaga Lugo | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Cuban |
| Occupation | journalist |
| Known for | 2003–2010 imprisonment |


title: Gulfstream International Airlines

abstract: Gulfstream International Airlines was a United States airline that operated from 1988 to 2010. The airline primarily operated codeshare flights for major airlines. In December 2010, the airline went bankrupt and its assets were sold. Silver Airways launched as a new regional carrier with assets from Gulfstream.

text:
# Gulfstream International Airlines

**Gulfstream International Airlines** was a United States airline that operated from 1988 to 2010. The airline primarily operated codeshare flights for major airlines. In December 2010, the airline went bankrupt and its assets were sold. Silver Airways launched as a new regional carrier with assets from Gulfstream.

## History

### 1990s

The airline was established in October 1988 and started operations on December 1, 1990. Thomas L. Cooper, the founder, was a former Boeing 727 captain for Eastern Air Lines during the pilots' strike in 1989. Initially it operated as an on-demand air taxi between Miami, Florida and Cap-Haïtien, Haiti, but was relocated to the Bahamas when the political climate in Haiti forced the operation to halt. The airline also flew diplomatic mail to the U.S. Interest in Havana, Cuba on a weekly basis.

In May 1994, a codeshare agreement was signed with United Airlines. In December 1995, Gulfstream began the transition from a Part 135 carrier to a Part 121 carrier, allowing operation of larger aircraft such as leased Short 360 commuter turboprops. Gulfstream's parent company, G-Air Holdings, acquired Paradise Island Airlines in August 1998 and continued to operate its de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7s. Prior to Trans World Airlines' (TWA) acquisition by American Airlines, Gulfstream operated as a part of the Trans World Connection network as TWConnection.

Gulfstream International Airlines had a program in which first officers paid for their training in the Beech 1900 and flew as a line qualified first officer. To gain experience, pilots with low experience paid the airline to ride in the right seat in duty positions normally occupied by a paid professional; albeit one that receives very little pay. This was also the case with captains early on with candidates paying $15,000 up front starting in 1992 with Avtar International doing the recruiting and advertising. However, these pilots received compensation following successful completion of Initial Operating Experience (IOE). So called "Pay to work" programs started with Avtar International selling multi-engine time in Cessna 402s with the assurance from the Miami Flight Standard District Office that this time was loggable.

Avtar International was started by Vic Johnson of New Jersey and Bill Veiga, a former Cessna test pilot. Initially, most intern pilots were sent to Gulfstream's chief competitor, Airways International as Gulfstream possessed only one aircraft, a Cessna 402B. As Gulfstream continued to grow, they took a majority of the Avtar pilots. Soon, a turboprop program was added with the company's acquisition of 15 passenger Beechcraft C99 Airliners. Simultaneously, Avtar offered a heavy turboprop program with Airways International on their SD3-330. This program ended with the demise of Airways International and was only briefly restored with Gulfstream's own SD3-360s. While applicants have paid to be Captains and First Officers on all aircraft types operated by Gulfstream, the vast majority flew the airline's 19 passenger Beechcraft 1900. The programs for the CE-402, BE-C99, and Shorts 360 ended in 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively.

Pilots who have interned with Gulfstream have been hired by many other airlines, including major airlines. While most became successful pilots, some were among the crews of prominent accidents, such as Pinnacle Airlines Flight 3701, Comair Flight 5191 and Colgan Air Flight 3407. Gulfstream itself has never had a fatal accident.

In July 1997, the airline's entire fleet of Shorts 360-300s were repossessed by the leasing company due, in part, to maintenance irregularities that included the welding of hydraulic lines. Gulfstream faced a civil penalty of US$1.3 million. Gulfstream's affiliate, Gulfstream Flight Academy, the successor to Avtar, came under scrutiny because Marvin Renslow, the pilot of Colgan Air Flight 3407, trained there.

### 2000s

In August 2003, Paradise Island Airlines' operating certificate was sold to US Airways Group. In 2004, a long-term codeshare agreement with Continental Airlines was signed. In March 2006, Thomas L. Cooper sold his stake in the company to Gulfstream International Group, Inc., a newly formed corporation.

In 2009, U.S. Congress investigators and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) accused Gulfstream of falsifying flight time records, making crews fly longer hours than allowed by law, and providing below standard aircraft maintenance. The company's owner and chief pilot, Thomas L. Cooper, forbade the photocopying of aircraft logbooks done by some pilots to corroborate the times they logged in their personal logbooks.

Historically, pilots were paid "segment hours" which were based on en route (or takeoff-to-landing) times as opposed to block (or gate-to-gate) times and have been suspected of being part of an inducement for under reporting. Logging of true block hours could be detrimental to a pilot's pay. Whereas, most carriers pay pilots based on block time, since it is what FAA flight time limits are based on, Gulfstream did not. An incentive existed to under report block time by keeping it as close to en route time as possible thereby permitting pilots to get paid for the most en route hours in a given period. Delays that increased block times not only reduced the crewmember's utility to Gulfstream but also limited his pay. In 2009, Gulfstream International Airlines came under additional scrutiny due to three fatal crashes that all involved pilots that were trained at the Gulfstream Training Academy (its sister company), the last one in February 2009, where 50 died on Colgan Air Flight 3407 near Buffalo, NY.

In May 2009, the federal government issued a fine of $1.3 million against Gulfstream International Airlines after the Federal Aviation Administration found that it had falsified flight time records, allowing crews to fly longer hours than allowed by law, and providing below standard aircraft maintenance. In response, CEO Dave Hackett stated that "the airline does not have safety violations" and "the vast majority of findings were not violations at all".

### 2010s

On November 4, 2010, Gulfstream International Airlines, Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. In May 2011 Victory Park Capital acquired Gulfstream International Airlines when it bought the assets of Gulfstream International Group. Victory Park also purchased 21 of Gulfstream’s Beechcraft 1900D aircraft from Raytheon Aircraft Credit Corporation. These assets were used to launch a new regional airline, Silver Airways, on December 15, 2011.

## Destinations

According to the winter/spring 1995 Gulfstream International route map, the airline was serving the following destinations in the southeast U.S. and the Bahamas:

**Southeast U.S.**

**Bahamas**

## Fleet

Gulfstream International operated the following commuter and regional turboprop airliners during its existence:

The airline also operated piston-powered Cessna 402 prop aircraft.

Many of Gulfstream International's Beechcraft 1900D aircraft as well as several Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia aircraft were painted in the livery of Continental Airlines when the airline was operating as a Continental Connection air carrier via a code sharing agreement with Continental.

## InfoBox

Gulfstream International Airlines
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| IATA ICAO Call sign  3M GFT GULF FLIGHT | |
| Founded | 1988 |
| Commenced operations | December 1, 1990 |
| Ceased operations | November 2010 |
| AOC # | GUUA428B |
| Fleet size | 24 |
| Destinations | 3 |
| Headquarters | Dania Beach, Florida |
| Key people | Thomas L. Cooper |