title: Winter Garden, Florida

abstract: Winter Garden is a city in western Orange County, Florida, United States. Located 14 miles (23 km) west of Downtown Orlando, it is part of the Orlando metropolitan area. The population was 46,964 as of the 2020 census.

text:
# Winter Garden, Florida

**Winter Garden** is a city in western Orange County, Florida, United States. Located 14 miles (23 km) west of Downtown Orlando, it is part of the Orlando metropolitan area. The population was 46,964 as of the 2020 census.

## History

The pre-European history of the modern Winter Garden area is ambiguous. Due to a lack of evidence, historians hesitate to conclude if the natives that once occupied the area were of the Timucua, Jororo, or Mayaca tribes. Regardless of their tribal identity, these natives were either wiped out or subsumed into larger cultures by the end of the eighteenth century.

Following the eradication of the original Floridian cultures, natives from farther north migrated into Florida. These natives had various cultures that over time coalesced into the Seminole Tribe. By the early 19th century, some Seminole lived on the south shore of Lake Apopka. The settlement possibly produced the significant Seminole leader Wild Cat. In 1835, the Second Seminole War began, threatening the Seminole presence. On January 23, 1837, a small battle was fought near the village. Thomas S. Jesup, at that time in command of all American forces in Florida, sent a detachment to Lake Apopka to seek a Seminole chief known as Osuchee or "Copper." During the attack, the army successfully killed Osuchee and three other Seminoles, while taking 17 prisoners. The Second and Third Seminole wars both pushed the Seminole tribe south, likely eliminating their presence in the boundaries of modern Winter Garden.

The first American settlers came to what is now Winter Garden in the 1850s. The Roper, Reams, Dunaway, Speer, and Starke families were among the first to settle the area. As with most American pioneers, they engaged in agriculture as a primary economic activity. These farms mainly grew sugar cane and vegetables, and early on a small number utilized slave labor. During The Civil War steamboat traffic stopped along the St. Johns River, forcing Winter Garden families to subsist off their own crops.

The arrival of the Orange Belt Railroad and the growing production of citrus, turpentine, and lumber drove the town's growth over the remaining decades of the 19th century and into the 20th. Stores and businesses cropped up along Plant Street, originating Downtown Winter Garden. A settler from Mississippi named A. B. Newton contributed to the town's early economy. He opened one of the first stores, served as the first postmaster, founded the first newspaper, and functioned as the first mayor. These endeavors earned him the title "The Godfather of Winter Garden."

Between the 1920s and 1960s, the fishing prospects of Lake Apopka drew many fishermen to Winter Garden. The still-operating Edgewater Hotel in Downtown Winter Garden opened to service fishermen during the fishing boom. However, by the end of the 1960s, heavy pollution of Lake Apopka resulted in the collapse of the industry.

Citrus agriculture saw rapid growth in the state of Florida in the last few decades of the 19th century, including in Winter Garden. As with the rest of the state, the Great Freeze of 1894–1895 severely damaged the citrus industry in Winter Garden. Many settlers left following this disaster, leaving a smaller population to recover the area's farms. Despite this setback, the industry recovered and saw many decades of growth. Through the middle stretch of the 20th century citrus defined Winter Garden's economy and culture.

In the 1980s, back-to-back freezes reduced the profitability of citrus farming in the county. Citrus production in Winter Garden and Orange County never recovered. Since then, the center of citrus production in Florida has shifted south from Orange County. The increasing development of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Area made it more profitable to sell grove lands to developers rather than attempt to restart them. Today, little citrus activity occurs in the city limits of Winter Garden. Yet, the town is proud of its citrus history; oranges and grapefruits continue to be symbols of the town.

Since 2000, Winter Garden has seen growth despite the decline of citrus and the economic stagnation in the 1980s and 1990s. Developers, entrepreneurs, and city government made efforts to rejuvenate the downtown district, attracting locals and tourists with a mix of small-town atmosphere and trendy businesses. This population and development growth endured through the Great Recession and continues today.

## Geography

The exact coordinates for the City of Winter Garden is located at 28°33′37″N 81°35′3″W / 28.56028°N 81.58417°W / 28.56028; -81.58417 (28.560328, –81.584069).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.6 square miles (40.4 km2), of which 15.4 square miles (39.9 km2) is land and 0.19 square miles (0.5 km2) (1.28%) is water.

Winter Garden is bordered on the south by the town of Windermere and the census-designated place Horizon West, on the east by the city of Ocoee, on the west by the town of Oakland and the census-designated place Tildenville and on the north by Lake Apopka.

### Topography

The terrain is characterized by a gentle to moderately sloping topography. Winter Garden has the highest elevation spot in Orange County. The highest elevation is 222 feet (68 m) in NAVD 88 (North American Vertical Datum) located in the southwest corner of the city South near the county line with Lake County. The lowest elevation in the city is 64 feet (20 m) near Lake Apopka.

### Climate

Winter Garden has a warm and humid subtropical climate, and there are two major seasons each year. One of those seasons is hot and rainy, lasting from May until October (roughly coinciding with the Atlantic hurricane season). The other is a cooler season (November through March) that brings more moderate temperatures and less frequent rainfall. The area's warm and humid climate is caused primarily by its low elevation and its position relatively close to the Tropic of Cancer, and much of its weather is affected by the movement of the Gulf Stream.

### Neighborhoods

* Alexander Ridge Manors
* Amberleigh
* Avalon Reserve
* Bay Isle at Black Lake
* Belle Meade
* Black Lake Park
* Bradford Creek
* Brandy Creek
* Bronsons Landing
* Carriage Pointe
* Chapin Station
* Cobblestone
* Courtlea Oaks
* Courtlea Park
* Covington Chase
* Crown Point Springs
* Deer Island
* Daniels Crossing
* Daniels Landing
* Deerfield Place
* Emerald Ridge
* Flamingo Crossings
* Fox Crest (at Stone Crest)
* Fullers Crossing
* Fullers Landing
* Glenview Estates
* Glynwood (at Stone Crest)
* Green Oaks Way
* Grovehurst
* Grove Park (at Stone Crest)
* Hamilton Gardens
* Hamlin
* The Harbor
* Hickory Hammock on Johns Lake
* Horizon Oaks
* Hyde Park
* Inland Seas
* Island Pointe
* Johns Lake Pointe
* King's Bay
* Lake Cove Pointe
* Lake Roberts Landing
* Lakes Of Windermere
* Lakeview Reserve
* Lakeshore Preserve
* Latham Park
* Magnolia Woods
* McAllister Landing
* Oakglen Estates
* Oak Park
* Oaks at Brandy Lake
* Oakland Park
* Orange Cove
* Independence
* The Orchard
* Park Avenue Estates
* Park Place at Winter Garden
* Regal Pointe
* Regency Oaks (at Stone Crest)
* The Reserve at Carriage Point
* Southern Pines
* Sterling Pointe
* Stone Creek
* Stone Crest
* Stoneybrook West
* Summerlake
* Teacup Springs
* Timber Creek Pines
* Traditions
* Trailer City
* Trails of Winter Garden
* Tucker Oaks
* Tuscany
* Valencia Shores
* Village Grove
* Watermark
* Westbrook Townhomes
* Westfield Lakes
* Westside Townhomes
* Windermere Crossing
* Windtree Garden Condos
* Winter Oaks
* Wintermere Harbor
* Wintermere Pointe
* Winward Cay

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 351 |  |  |
| 1920 | 1,021 |  | 190.9% |
| 1930 | 2,023 |  | 98.1% |
| 1940 | 3,060 |  | 51.3% |
| 1950 | 3,503 |  | 14.5% |
| 1960 | 5,513 |  | 57.4% |
| 1970 | 5,153 |  | −6.5% |
| 1980 | 6,789 |  | 31.7% |
| 1990 | 9,745 |  | 43.5% |
| 2000 | 14,351 |  | 47.3% |
| 2010 | 34,568 |  | 140.9% |
| 2020 | 46,964 |  | 35.9% |
| Source: U.S. Decennial Census
Florida Department of Agriculture | | | |

### 2010 and 2020 census

**Winter Garden racial composition**
(Hispanics excluded from racial categories)
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)

| Race | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White (NH) | 18,762 | 24,412 | 54.28% | 51.98% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 5,274 | 5,769 | 15.26% | 12.28% |
| Native American or Alaska Native (NH) | 59 | 66 | 0.17% | 0.14% |
| Asian (NH) | 1,726 | 2,751 | 4.99% | 5.86% |
| Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian (NH) | 33 | 26 | 0.10% | 0.06% |
| Some other race (NH) | 303 | 617 | 0.88% | 1.31% |
| Two or more races/Multiracial (NH) | 805 | 2,823 | 2.33% | 6.01% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 7,606 | 10,500 | 22.00% | 22.36% |
| **Total** | **34,568** | **46,964** |  |  |
|

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 46,964 people, 15,089 households, and 11,655 families residing in the city.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 34,568 people, 10,569 households, and 7,801 families residing in the city.

### 2000 census

As of the 2000 United States census, there were 14,351 people, 5,380 households, and 3,663 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,190.2 inhabitants per square mile (459.5/km2). There were 5,861 housing units at an average density of 486.1 per square mile (187.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 76.60% White, 13.25% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 6.45% from other races, and 2.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.50% of the population.

In 2000, there were 5,380 households, out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.11.

In 2000, in the city the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $41,858. About 10.1% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Arts and culture

### Shopping

The Winter Garden Downtown Historic District contains a collection of restaurants, shops, and cafés, as well as two museums and a performing arts venue.

To the south, Winter Garden Village provides an array of chain retail and dining establishments. The 1,100,000 square feet (100,000 m2) open-air shopping center, located along Daniels Road just north of SR 429, is anchored by a Super Target, a Best Buy, and a Lowe's.

Downtown Winter Garden hosts a farmer's market every weekend. Many vendors sell fresh produce, plants, and flowers, herbs, baked goods, artisan crafts, and local food and beverages. Live music is also a feature of the market.

## Transportation

State Road 50 (W. Colonial Dr) bisects the city into northern and southern sections. The portion south of State Road 50, formerly occupied by orange groves and farmland, has recently been the site of the development of numerous large-scale communities, including Johns Lake Pointe, Stoneybrook West, Stonecrest, Westfield, and Wintermere Pointe.

The toll road Western Beltway (SR 429) was completed in late 2006 and links I-4 near mile marker 58 in Osceola County with Florida's Turnpike at Winter Garden. Other major roads through Winter Garden include County Road 535 and County Road 545. CR 535 (also called Winter Garden – Vineland Road) begins at SR 50 and bisects the southern half of the city, proceeding south to Windermere, Lake Buena Vista and Walt Disney World Resort, where it becomes State Road 535. CR 545 (also called Avalon Road) begins at SR 50 and proceeds south along the western edge of Winter Garden and along the border between Orange and Lake counties. This area remains mostly rural but is quickly developing because of the nearby toll road. CR 545 currently ends at US 192 in Kissimmee at the border to Osceola County.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Winter Garden, Florida | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Downtown Winter Garden on the West Orange Trail, with Plant Street | |
| Motto(s): "Where Good Things Grow",
"A charming little city with a juicy past." | |
| Location in Orange County and the state of Florida | |
| Coordinates: 28°33′37″N 81°35′3″W / 28.56028°N 81.58417°W / 28.56028; -81.58417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Orange |
| Settled | c.1850s |
| Incorporated (city) | 1908 |
| Government | |
| Type | Commission–Manager |
| Mayor | John Rees |
| Mayor Pro Tem | Lisa L. Bennett |
| Commissioners | Iliana R. Jones,
Chloe Johnson, and
Colin Sharman |
| City Manager | Jon C. Williams |
| City Clerk | Angee Grimmage |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.98 sq mi (46.56 km2) |
| Land | 16.33 sq mi (42.29 km2) |
| Water | 1.65 sq mi (4.27 km2) |
| Elevation | 125 ft (38 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 46,964 |
| Density | 2,876.46/sq mi (1,110.60/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 34777, 34778, 34787 |
| Area code(s) | 407, 689 |
| Sales Tax | 6.5% |
| GNIS feature ID | 0293423 |
| Website | www.cwgdn.com |


title: Mark Bostick Golf Course

abstract: The Mark Bostick Golf Course at the University of Florida, located in, is the home course of the Florida Gators men's golf and Florida Gators women's golf teams. The course is owned by the university and operated by the University Athletic Association (UAA). The Bostick Golf Course is located on 118 acres (0.48 km⁲) of softly rolling terrain on the northwest corner of the university campus, adjoining S.W. 34th Street and S.W. 2nd Avenue. It is less than a mile from the central undergraduate campus. It is heavily lined with trees, and includes over 140 bunkers. The facilities include the Guy Bostick Club House and a dedicated practice area for the Gators men's and women's golf teams. The course is named for Mark Bostick – President of Comcar Industries and a generous donor to the Florida Gators athletics program. The course was formerly the home of the Gainesville Country Club, and was acquired by the university in 1963. Noted Scottish golfer and golf course architect Donald Ross designed the course in 1921, when it was originally owned and operated by the country club. In 2001, golf course architect Bobby Weed renovated the facility, with $4 million in private donations. As part of the renovation, the course length was stretched by 500 yards, to a total length just over 6,700 yards, and re-rated as a par 70. MacCurrach Golf Construction, Inc. was the primary construction contractor. When completed in November 2001, the University Athletic Association celebrated the occasion with "Gator Golf Day," an alumni golf event that included former Gator golf greats. The Mark Bostick Golf Course hosts the annual Gator Invitational and Lady Gator Invitational tournaments, as well as the annual Gator Golf Day alumni event. The course has also served as the site for the NCAA Regional tournament on several occasions, including 2009. The club house has served a faculty club meeting place, and a venue for student organization events. University of Florida students, faculty, staff and alumni may play the course. Tee times may be scheduled in advance, Friday through Sunday.

text:
# Mark Bostick Golf Course

The **Mark Bostick Golf Course** at the University of Florida, located in, is the home course of the Florida Gators men's golf and Florida Gators women's golf teams. The course is owned by the university and operated by the University Athletic Association (UAA).

The Bostick Golf Course is located on 118 acres (0.48 km2) of softly rolling terrain on the northwest corner of the university campus, adjoining S.W. 34th Street and S.W. 2nd Avenue. It is less than a mile from the central undergraduate campus. It is heavily lined with trees, and includes over 140 bunkers. The facilities include the Guy Bostick Club House and a dedicated practice area for the Gators men's and women's golf teams. The course is named for Mark Bostick – President of Comcar Industries and a generous donor to the Florida Gators athletics program.

The course was formerly the home of the Gainesville Country Club, and was acquired by the university in 1963. Noted Scottish golfer and golf course architect Donald Ross designed the course in 1921, when it was originally owned and operated by the country club. In 2001, golf course architect Bobby Weed renovated the facility, with $4 million in private donations. As part of the renovation, the course length was stretched by 500 yards, to a total length just over 6,700 yards, and re-rated as a par 70. MacCurrach Golf Construction, Inc. was the primary construction contractor. When completed in November 2001, the University Athletic Association celebrated the occasion with "Gator Golf Day," an alumni golf event that included former Gator golf greats.

The Mark Bostick Golf Course hosts the annual Gator Invitational and Lady Gator Invitational tournaments, as well as the annual Gator Golf Day alumni event. The course has also served as the site for the NCAA Regional tournament on several occasions, including 2009. The club house has served a faculty club meeting place, and a venue for student organization events.

University of Florida students, faculty, staff and alumni may play the course. Tee times may be scheduled in advance, Friday through Sunday.

## Scorecard

The par and yardage shown are from the orange tees, which may be played only with permission from the course management. Players can play from the shorter blue, white or red (ladies) tees without course permission.

| # | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Out |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Par | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 35 |
| Yds | 376 | 176 | 578 | 437 | 453 | 207 | 565 | 191 | 379 | 3,362 |
|

| # | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | In |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Par | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 35 |
| Yds | 418 | 145 | 525 | 467 | 371 | 198 | 441 | 336 | 438 | 3,339 |

## Cross country

The Mark Bostick Golf Course is the home course for the Florida Gators men's and women's cross country teams.

## Images

## InfoBox

Mark Bostick Golf Course
at the University of Florida
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Club information | |
| Location | Gainesville, Florida, U.S. |
| Established | 1921 |
| Type | Public / University |
| Owned by | University of Florida |
| Operated by | University Athletic Association |
| Total holes | 18 |
| Events hosted | Gator Invitational
Lady Gator Invitational
Gator Golf Day Pro-Am |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |
| Designed by | Donald Ross, 1921
Bobby Weed, 2001 |
| Par | 70 |
| Length | 6,701 yards |
| Course record | 60 |
|  | |


title: Microantibody

abstract: A microantibody is an artificial short chain of amino acids copied from a fully functional natural antibody. Microantibodies can stop viruses such as HIV from infecting cells in vitro. Antibodies are produced naturally by the body and play a key role in fighting infections caused by bacteria and viruses. They can also be used to treat infections by use of injections with blood plasma that contain large amounts of them. The use of whole, natural antibodies as medicines presents many problems: they can only be produced by live cells and this process is difficult to control on an industrial scale, they are large molecules and following administration by injection, they do not diffuse easily from the blood to the tissues and other sites of infections where they are needed. The use of microantibodies potentially solves these problems. They can be chemically synthesized and their small size allows them to leave the blood circulation quickly and reach the sites of infections in the tissues. They are also poorly immunogenic and do not stimulate an immune response in the host. Production problems remain, but microantibodies have the potential to become an important weapon in the arsenal used to treat infections and other diseases.

text:
# Microantibody

A **microantibody** is an artificial short chain of amino acids copied from a fully functional natural antibody. Microantibodies can stop viruses such as HIV from infecting cells *in vitro*.

Antibodies are produced naturally by the body and play a key role in fighting infections caused by bacteria and viruses. They can also be used to treat infections by use of injections with blood plasma that contain large amounts of them. The use of whole, natural antibodies as medicines presents many problems: they can only be produced by live cells and this process is difficult to control on an industrial scale, they are large molecules and following administration by injection, they do not diffuse easily from the blood to the tissues and other sites of infections where they are needed.

The use of microantibodies potentially solves these problems. They can be chemically synthesized and their small size allows them to leave the blood circulation quickly and reach the sites of infections in the tissues. They are also poorly immunogenic and do not stimulate an immune response in the host. Production problems remain, but microantibodies have the potential to become an important weapon in the arsenal used to treat infections and other diseases.

## Background

Vaccines are used to prevent infections by stimulating the body's own immunity, which includes the production of antibodies that destroy infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses. Some infections can be prevented or treated by antibodies derived from others sources such as blood donations or monoclonal antibodies made in laboratories. This is called passive immunotherapy. However, these treatments have inherent problems; passive antibody exposes the body to foreign protein and although monoclonal antibodies can be humanized they can still invoke an immune response. However, only relatively small regions on antibody molecules are involved in the recognition and inactivation of pathogens. Microantibodies are smaller, synthetic molecules that mimic these regions but do not have the larger regions on antibodies that induce an immune response.

## Prototype

A microantibody has been made from a monoclonal antibody produced in mouse cells. This antibody inactivates HIV *in vitro*.


title: Nowitka

abstract: Nowitka was a sternwheel steamboat that operated in British Columbia on the Columbia River from 1911 to May 1920. The name is a Chinook Jargon word usually translated as "Indeed!" or "Verily!".

text:
# Nowitka

***Nowitka*** was a sternwheel steamboat that operated in British Columbia on the Columbia River from 1911 to May 1920. The name is a Chinook Jargon word usually translated as "Indeed!" or "Verily!".

## Design and construction

*Nowitka* was built at Golden, BC for the Golden Columbia River Lumber Company. *Nowitka'*s engines were over 70 years old, and had been originally built for a ferry crossing the St. Lawrence River. The engines had been previously installed in other sternwheelers on the upper Columbia River, including the first *Duchess*, the second *Duchess* and *Ptarmigan*. The blunt-ended bow of *Nowitka* allowed the vessel to be readily capable of pushing barges, which increased the vessel's utility and effective cargo capacity.

## Operations

*Nowitka* was placed on the Columbia River route that began at Golden and ran south, at least during high water, to Columbia Lake, the ultimate source of the Columbia River. *Nowitka* was last used to haul supplies to construct a bridge at Brisco, BC.

## Removal from service

Following construction of the bridge at Brisco, *Nowitka* was taken out of service in May 1920, and abandoned near the sawmill wharf at Golden. *Nowitka* was the last steamboat to operate on the Columbia River in the Columbia Valley, although gasoline and diesel powered vessels did run later on the river.

## Further reading

* Faber, Jim, *Steamer's Wake—Voyaging down the old marine highways of Puget Sound, British Columbia, and the Columbia River*, Enetai Press, Seattle, WA 1985 ISBN 0-9615811-0-7
* Timmen, Fritz, *Blow for the Landing*, 75-78, 134, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, ID 1972 ISBN 0-87004-221-1

## InfoBox

| *Nowitka* loading at Golden, BC for first commercial trip on Columbia River, 1911. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Nowitka* (CAN #130604) |
| Owner | Golden Columbia River Lumber Company |
| Port of registry | Golden, BC |
| Route | Inland British Columbia on the Columbia River in the Columbia Valley |
| Builder | George Rury |
| Launched | 1911 at Golden, BC |
| Out of service | May 1920 |
| Fate | Abandoned 1920 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Inland passenger/freighter |
| Tonnage | 113 gross tons; 62 registered tons |
| Length | 80.5 ft (25 ) |
| Beam | 19 ft (6 ) |
| Depth | 3.5 ft (1 ) depth of hold |
| Installed power | twin steam engines, horizontally mounted, 8" bore by 30" stroke, 2 nominal horsepower, manufactured 1840 by G.A. Ponbriand, Sorel, Que. |
| Propulsion | sternwheel |
| Notes | Engines were over 70 years old when installed. Some of upperworks came from *North Star* |


title: European herring gull

abstract: The European herring gull is a large gull, up to 66 cm (26 in) long. It breeds throughout the northern and western coasts of Europe. Some European herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, such as in Ireland, Britain, Iceland, or on the North Sea shores. They have a varied diet, including fish, crustaceans, as well as some plants, and are also scavengers, consuming carrion and food left by or stolen from humans.

text:
# European herring gull

The **European herring gull** (***Larus argentatus***) is a large gull, up to 66 cm (26 in) long. It breeds throughout the northern and western coasts of Europe. Some European herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, such as in Ireland, Britain, Iceland, or on the North Sea shores. They have a varied diet, including fish, crustaceans, as well as some plants, and are also scavengers, consuming carrion and food left by or stolen from humans.

## Taxonomy

Their scientific name is from Latin. *Larus* appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird and *argentatus* means decorated with silver.

The taxonomy of the herring gull/lesser black-backed gull is contentious, with different authorities recognising between two and eight species.

This group has a ring distribution around the Northern Hemisphere. Most adjacent populations interbreed; however, adjacent terminal populations do not.

The Association of European Rarities Committees recognises six species:

### Subspecies

* *L. a. argentatus*Pontoppidan, 1763, the nominate form, sometimes known as the **Scandinavian herring gull**, breeds in Scandinavia and northwestern Russia. Northern and eastern populations migrate southwest in winter. It is a large, bulky gull with extensive white in the wingtips. The outermost primary, p10 often has a large white spot (called a mirror) that extends to the wingtip. The bill is longer and forehead flatter than *argenteus*.
* *L. a. argenteus*Brehm & Schilling, 1822, sometimes known as the **Western European herring gull** breeds in Western Europe in Iceland, the Faroes, Britain, Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. Many birds are resident while others make short-distance migratory journeys. It is smaller than *L. a. argentatus* with more black and less white in the wingtips (p10 mirror is distinct from the white wingtip spot) and paler upper parts.

These taxa are classified as subspecies of *Larus argentatus* by some authorities such as the American Ornithologists' Union and *Handbook of the Birds of the World*. Others such as the Association of European Rarities Committees, British Ornithologists' Union, and the International Ornithological Union now regard them as one or two separate species.

* *L. (a.) smithsonianus*, the American herring gull, breeds in Alaska, Canada, and the Northeast United States. Many birds migrate southwards in winter, reaching as far as Central America and the West Indies. Immature birds tend to be darker and more uniformly brown than European herring gulls and have a dark tail.
* *L. (a.) vegae*, the Vega gull, breeds in northeastern Siberia. It winters in Japan, Korea, eastern China, and Taiwan.

Several other gulls have been included in this species in the past, but are now normally considered separate, e.g. the yellow-legged gull (*L. michahellis*), the Caspian gull (*L. cachinnans*), the Armenian gull (*L. armenicus*) and Heuglin's gull (*L. heuglini*).

## Description

The male European herring gull is 60–67 cm (24–26 in) long and weighs 1,050–1,525 g (2.315–3.362 lb), while the female is 55–62 cm (22–24 in) and weighs 710–1,100 g (1.57–2.43 lb). The wingspan can range from 125 to 155 cm (49 to 61 in). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 38 to 48 cm (15 to 19 in), the bill is 4.4 to 6.5 cm (1.7 to 2.6 in) and the tarsus is 5.3 to 7.5 cm (2.1 to 3.0 in). Adults in breeding plumage have a light grey back and upper wings and white head and underparts. The wingtips are black with white spots known as "mirrors". The bill is yellow with a red spot and a ring of bare yellow skin is seen around the pale eye. The legs are normally pink at all ages, but can be yellowish, particularly in the Baltic population, which was formerly regarded as a separate subspecies "*L. a. omissus*". Non-breeding adults have brown streaks on their heads and necks. Male and female plumage are identical at all stages of development, but adult males are often larger.

Juvenile and first-winter birds are mainly brown with darker streaks and have a dark bill and eyes. Second-winter birds have a whiter head and underparts with less streaking and the back is grey. Third-winter individuals are similar to adults, but retain some of the features of immature birds such as brown feathers in the wings and dark markings on the bill. The European herring gull attains adult plumage and reaches sexual maturity at an average age of four years.

### Yellow-legged variety

At least in the south-west part of the Baltic Sea and surrounding areas, the European herring gull (*L. argentatus*) actually can be seen with yellow legs. They are not considered as a subspecies, since they regularly breed with grey/flesh-coloured legged herring gulls. The offspring may get yellow or normal-coloured legs. They must not be confused with the in general yellow-legged gull (*L. michahellis*), which are more common in the Mediterranean area, but single birds may reach more northern seas.

### Similar species

Adult European herring gulls are similar to ring-billed gulls, but are much larger, have pinkish legs, and a much thicker yellow bill with more pronounced gonys. First-winter European herring gulls are much browner, but second- and third-winter birds can be confusing since soft part colours are variable and third-year herring gull often show a ring around the bill. Such birds are most easily distinguished by the larger size and larger bill of European herring gull.

The European herring gull can be differentiated from the closely related, slightly smaller lesser black-backed gull by the latter's dark grey (not actually black) back and upper wing plumage and its yellow legs and feet.

The smaller silver gull is largely confined to Australia.

## Voice

Herring gulls are noisy, gregarious birds with distinctive vocalisations. Their loud, laughing call is particularly well known, and is often seen as a symbol of the seaside in countries such as the United Kingdom. The European herring gull also has a yelping alarm call and a low, barking anxiety call. The most distinct and best known call produced by European herring gulls – which is shared with their American relative – is the raucous territorial 'long call', used to signal boundaries to other birds; it is performed by the gull initially with its head bowed, then raised as the call continues.

European herring gull chicks and fledglings emit a distinctive, repetitive, high-pitched 'peep', accompanied by a head-flicking gesture when begging for food from or calling to their parents. Adult gulls in urban areas also exhibit this behaviour when fed by humans.

## Behaviour

European herring gull flocks have a loose pecking order, based on size, aggressiveness, and physical strength. Adult males are usually dominant over females and juveniles in feeding and boundary disputes, while adult females are typically dominant when selecting their nesting sites.

The European herring gull has long been believed to have extremely keen vision in daylight and night vision equal or superior to that of humans; however, this species is also capable of seeing ultraviolet light. This gull also appears to have excellent hearing and a sense of taste that is particularly responsive to salt and acidity.

Parasites of European herring gulls include the fluke *Microphallus piriformes*.

## Distribution

Herring gulls breed in much of north-western Europe, including Iceland, the United Kingdom, Ireland and France. Since 2009, herring gulls in the United Kingdom have been on the red list of birds of conservation concern.

They have been recorded from all the coasts of Europe including the Mediterranean and occasionally inland. Vagrants have been recorded in Israel, Cyprus and Turkey.

Birds in France are mainly resident, but northern populations migrate in winter, generally to the coasts of north-western Europe.

## Diet

These are omnivores and opportunists like most *Larus* gulls, and scavenge from garbage dumps, landfill sites, and sewage outflows, with refuse comprising up to half of the bird's diet. It also steals the eggs and young of other birds (including those of other gulls), as well as seeking suitable small prey in fields, on the coast or in urban areas, or robbing plovers or lapwings of their catches. European herring gulls may also dive from the surface of the water or engage in plunge diving in the pursuit of aquatic prey, though they are typically unable to reach depths greater than 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) due to their natural buoyancy. Despite their name, they have no special preference for herrings — in fact, examinations have shown that echinoderms and crustaceans comprised a greater portion of these gulls' stomach contents than fish, although fish is the principal element of regurgitations for nestlings. European herring gulls can frequently be seen to drop shelled prey from a height to break the shell. In addition, the European herring gull has been observed using pieces of bread as bait with which to catch goldfish. Vegetable matter, such as roots, tubers, seeds, grains, nuts, and fruit, is also taken to an extent. Captive European herring gulls typically show aversion to spoiled meat or heavily salted food, unless they are very hungry. The gulls may also rinse food items in water in an attempt to clean them or render them more palatable before swallowing.

European herring gulls may be observed rhythmically drumming their feet upon the ground for prolonged periods of time in a behaviour that superficially resembles Irish stepdancing, for the purpose of creating vibrations in the soil, driving earthworms to the surface, which are then consumed by the gull. These vibrations are thought to mimic those of digging moles, eliciting a surface-escape behaviour from the earthworm, beneficial in encounters with this particular predator, which the European herring gull then exploits to its own benefit in a similar manner to human worm charmers.

Whilst the European herring gull is fully capable (unlike humans) of consuming seawater without becoming ill, using specialized glands located above the eyes to remove excess salt from the body (which is then excreted in solution through the nostrils and drips from the end of the bill), it drinks fresh water in preference, if available.

The opportunistic diet of the herring gull has consequences for egg traits. A study found that larger eggs were laid in colonies where females consumed either a higher proportion of marine resources or terrestrial resources; smaller eggs were laid in colonies where females had an intermediate diet. In colonies where females consumed more marine items, they also laid eggs with higher maculation (intensity and size of spots) compared with colonies where females mainly consumed terrestrial food.

## Courtship and reproduction

When forming a pair bond, the hen approaches the cock on his territory with a hunched, submissive posture, while making begging calls (similar to those emitted by young gulls). If the cock chooses not to attack her and drive her away, he responds by assuming an upright posture and making a mewing call. This is followed by a period of synchronised head-tossing movements, after which the cock then regurgitates some food for his prospective mate. If this is accepted, copulation follows. A nesting site is then chosen by both birds which is returned to in successive years. European herring gulls are almost exclusively sexually monogamous and may pair up for life, provided the couple is successful in hatching their eggs.

Two to four eggs, usually three, are laid on the ground or cliff ledges in colonies, and are defended vigorously by this large gull. The eggs are usually olive-brown in colour with dark speckles or blotches. They are incubated by both parents for 28–30 days. The chicks hatch with their eyes open, covered with fluffy down, and they are able to walk around within hours. Breeding colonies are preyed upon by great black-backed gulls, harriers, corvids and herons.

Juveniles use their beaks to peck at the red spot on the beaks of adults to indicate hunger. Parents then typically disgorge food for their offspring. The young birds are able to fly 35–40 days after hatching and fledge at five or six weeks of age. Chicks are generally fed by their parents until they are 11–12 weeks old, but the feeding may continue for more than six months of age if the young gulls continue to beg. The male feeds the chick more often than the female before fledging, with the female more often feeding after fledging.

Like most gulls, European herring gulls are long-lived, with a maximum age of 49 years recorded. Raptors (especially owls, peregrine falcons, and gyrfalcons) and seals (especially grey seals) occasionally prey on the non-nesting adults.

## Interactions with humans

In the UK, the species, when taken as a whole, is declining significantly across the country, despite an increase in urban areas. The UK European herring gull population has decreased by 50% in 25 years and it is protected by law: since January 2010, Natural England has allowed lethal control only with a specific individual licence that is available only in limited circumstances. Natural England made the change following a public consultation in response to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in 2009 placing the species on its 'Red List' of threatened bird species, affording it the highest possible conservation status. (Previously, killing the species was allowed under a general licence obtainable by authorised persons (e.g. landowners or occupiers) under certain circumstances (e.g. to prevent serious damage to crops or livestock, to prevent disease, or to preserve public health or safety) without requiring additional permission beyond the general licence.)

The gulls are found all year round in the streets and gardens of Britain, due to the presence of street lighting (which allows the gulls to forage at night), discarded food in streets, food waste contained in easy-to-tear plastic bin bags, food intentionally left out for other birds (or the gulls themselves), the relative lack of predators, and readily available, convenient, warm and undisturbed rooftop nesting space in towns and cities. Particularly large urban gull colonies (composed primarily of European herring gulls and lesser black-backed gulls) are now present in Cardiff, Bristol, Gloucester, Swindon, London, and Aberdeen.

Where not persecuted, herring gulls can become tame in the presence of humans, and may live in proximity to certain humans they learn to trust. Individuals particularly accustomed to frequent human presence have been observed occasionally entering buildings to receive food. In some circumstances, these interactions may even lead to the birds engaging in "shoplifting", actively stealing food from stores and making off with it.

The survival rate for urban gulls is much higher than their counterparts in coastal areas, with an annual adult mortality rate less than 5%. Also, each European herring gull pair commonly rears three chicks per year. This, when combined with their long-lived nature, has resulted in a massive increase in numbers over a relatively short period of time and has brought urban-dwelling members of the species into conflict with humans.

Once familiar with humans, urban European herring gulls show little hesitation in swooping down to steal food from the hands of humans, although a study conducted in 2019 demonstrated that some gulls are more averse to snatching food in proximity to humans if the experimenter made eye contact with the bird. During the breeding season, the gulls also aggressively 'dive bomb' and attempt to strike with claws and wings (sometimes spraying faeces or vomit at the same time) at humans that they perceive to be a threat to their eggs and chicks—often innocent passers-by or residents of the buildings on which they have constructed their nests. Large amounts of gull excrement deposited on property and the noise from courting pairs and begging chicks in the summer is also considered to be a nuisance by humans living alongside the European herring gull.

Nonlethal attempts to deter the gulls from nesting in urban areas have been largely unsuccessful. The European herring gull is intelligent and will completely ignore most bird-scaring technology after determining that it poses no threat. Rooftop spikes, tensioned wires, netting, and similar are also generally ineffective against this species, as it has large, wide feet with thick, leathery skin, which affords the seagull excellent weight distribution and protection from sharp objects (the bird may simply balance itself on top of these obstacles with little apparent concern). If nests are removed and eggs are taken, broken, or oiled, the gulls simply rebuild and/or relay, or choose another nest site in the same area and start again.

Man-made models of birds of prey placed on top of buildings are generally ignored by the gulls once they realise they are not real, and attempts to scare the gulls away using raptors are similarly ineffective. Although they are intimidated by birds of prey, European herring gulls, in addition to being social birds with strength in numbers, are large, powerful, and aggressive as individuals and are more than capable of fighting back against the potential predator, particularly if they consider their chicks to be at risk; in fact, the gulls may actually pose a greater threat to a raptor than vice versa. European herring gulls are also naturally accustomed to predators (such as skuas and great black-backed gulls) living in the vicinity of their nest sites in the wild and are not particularly discouraged from breeding by their presence.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| European herring gull | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Winter-plumaged adult, Stockholm, Sweden. | |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Laridae |
| Genus: | *Larus* |
| Species: | ***L. argentatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Larus argentatus***
Pontoppidan, 1763 | |
|
|  | |
| Range of *L. argentatus*   Breeding range  Year-round range  Wintering range | |


title: Gonamau

abstract: Gonamau is a village in Khiron block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 18 km from Lalganj, the tehsil headquarters. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,247 people, in 228 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities. The 1961 census recorded Gonamau as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 584 people, in 110 households and 98 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 426 acres. The 1981 census recorded Gonamau as having a population of 789 people, in 136 households, and having an area of 174.82 hectares. The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.

text:
# Gonamau

**Gonamau** is a village in Khiron block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 18 km from Lalganj, the tehsil headquarters. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,247 people, in 228 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.

The 1961 census recorded Gonamau (as "Gaunamau") as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 584 people (304 male and 280 female), in 110 households and 98 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 426 acres.

The 1981 census recorded Gonamau as having a population of 789 people, in 136 households, and having an area of 174.82 hectares. The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.

## InfoBox

| Gonamau Gonāmau | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Map showing Gonamau (#541) in Khiron CD block | |
| GonamauLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°20′33″N 80°50′14″E / 26.342393°N 80.837308°E / 26.342393; 80.837308 | |
| Country India | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Raebareli |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.619 km2 (0.625 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,247 |
| Density | 770/km2 (2,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | UP-35 |


title: Ramgarh Daleli

abstract: Ramgarh Daleli is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the city of Sultanpur Lodhi, 45 kilometres (28 mi) away from district headquarter Kapurthala. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

text:
# Ramgarh Daleli

**Ramgarh Daleli** is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the city of Sultanpur Lodhi, 45 kilometres (28 mi) away from district headquarter Kapurthala. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

## List of cities near the village

## Air travel connectivity

The closest International airport to the village is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport.

## InfoBox

| Ramgarh Daleli | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Ramgarh DaleliLocation in Punjab, IndiaRamgarh DaleliRamgarh Daleli (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°09′40″N 75°03′56″E / 31.161076°N 75.065495°E / 31.161076; 75.065495 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Kapurthala |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj (India) |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Other spoken | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144626 |
| Telephone code | 01822 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB-09 |
| Website | kapurthala.gov.in |


title: Poésies (Mallarmé collection)

abstract: Poésies is an 1887 poetry collection by the French writer Stéphane Mallarmé.

text:
# Poésies (Mallarmé collection)

***Poésies*** is an 1887 poetry collection by the French writer Stéphane Mallarmé.

## Publication

*Poésies* was first published in 1887 by *La Revue indépendante*. It was republished by Edmond Deman in 1899, the year after Mallarmé's death; this edition included an additional section where Mallarmé wrote about the background and circumstances under which most of the poems had been written. The book was translated to English by Arthur Symons, and first published in its entirety in 1986 by Tragara Press.

## InfoBox

Poésies
| First edition title page | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Stéphane Mallarmé |
| Translator | Arthur Symons |
| Illustrator | Félicien Rops |
| Language | French |
| Publisher | *La Revue indépendante* |
| Publication date | 1887 |
| Publication place | France |
| Published in English | 1986 |
| Pages | 143 |


title: Mark Machtolf

abstract: Mark Andrew Machtolf is an American college baseball coach, the head coach of the Gonzaga Bulldogs of the West Coast Conference. He succeeded Steve Hertz, who retired after the 2003 season, after 23 years at the helm. Machtolf was an assistant to Hertz for the previous eight seasons (1996–2003). Under Machtolf, Gonzaga has made three NCAA tournament appearances. As a result of Gonzaga's successful season in 2009, Machtolf was named the WCC Coach of the Year. Machtolf graduated from Gonzaga Prep in 1983 and Stanford University in 1987. A three-sport star in high school, he played college baseball for the Stanford Cardinal from 1984–1987. In his senior season of 1987, the Cardinal won the national title and he was named to the All-College World Series Team as a designated hitter. He also played college football at Stanford in 1983 and 1984.

text:
# Mark Machtolf

**Mark Andrew Machtolf** (born October 31, 1964) is an American college baseball coach, the head coach of the Gonzaga Bulldogs of the West Coast Conference. He succeeded Steve Hertz, who retired after the 2003 season, after 23 years at the helm. Machtolf was an assistant to Hertz for the previous eight seasons (1996–2003). Under Machtolf, Gonzaga has made three NCAA tournament appearances (2009, 2016, 2018). As a result of Gonzaga's successful season in 2009, Machtolf was named the WCC Coach of the Year.

Machtolf graduated from Gonzaga Prep in 1983 and Stanford University in 1987. A three-sport star in high school, he played college baseball for the Stanford Cardinal from 1984–1987. In his senior season of 1987, the Cardinal won the national title and he was named to the All-College World Series Team as a designated hitter. He also played college football at Stanford in 1983 and 1984.

## Head coaching record

Below is a table of Machtolf's yearly records as an NCAA head baseball coach.

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Gonzaga Bulldogs**  *(West Coast Conference)* (2004–present) | | | | | | | | |
| 2004 | Gonzaga | 24–27 | 16–11 | 3rd (Coast) |  |
| 2005 | Gonzaga | 28–26 | 15–15 | 3rd (Coast) |  |
| 2006 | Gonzaga | 29–24 | 9–12 | 5th |  |
| 2007 | Gonzaga | 33–25 | 15–6 | 2nd |  |
| 2008 | Gonzaga | 30–23 | 10–10 | 5th |  |
| 2009 | Gonzaga | 36–18 | 14–7 | 1st | NCAA Regional |
| 2010 | Gonzaga | 20–36 | 8–13 | T–5th |  |
| 2011 | Gonzaga | 32–19–1 | 15–6 | 2nd |  |
| 2012 | Gonzaga | 34–22 | 14–10 | T–3rd |  |
| 2013 | Gonzaga | 32–21 | 18–6 | 1st |  |
| 2014 | Gonzaga | 26–29 | 17–10 | T–2nd |  |
| 2015 | Gonzaga | 24–28 | 13–14 | T–6th |  |
| 2016 | Gonzaga | 36–21 | 18–9 | T–1st | NCAA Regional |
| 2017 | Gonzaga | 33–20 | 20–7 | T–1st |  |
| 2018 | Gonzaga | 33–23 | 16–11 | 2nd | NCAA Regional |
| 2019 | Gonzaga | 31–24 | 18–9 | 2nd |  |
| 2020 | Gonzaga | 6–10 | 0–0 |  | Season canceled due to COVID-19 |
| 2021 | Gonzaga | 34–19 | 20–7 | 1st | NCAA Regional |
| 2022 | Gonzaga | 35–15 | 20–7 | 1st |  |
| 2023 | Gonzaga | 18–34 | 14–13 | T–5th |  |
| 2024 | Gonzaga | 21–32 | 14–10 | 4th | WCC tournament |
| **Gonzaga:** | | 595–497–2 (.545) | 304–193 (.612) |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 595–497–2 (.545) |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Mark Machtolf
| Machtolf in 2008 | |
| --- | --- |
| Current position | |
| Title | Head coach |
| Team | Gonzaga |
| Conference | WCC |
| Record | 595–497–2 (.545) |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1964-10-31) October 31, 1964
Spokane, Washington, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 1984–1987 | Stanford |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Designated hitter |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1988–1990 | Gonzaga (asst.) |
| 1991 | Whitworth (asst.) |
| 1992–1995 | Gonzaga Prep |
| 1996–2003 | Gonzaga (asst.) |
| 2004–present | Gonzaga |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 595–497–2 (.545) |
| Tournaments | NCAA: 4–8 (.333) |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| * WCC tournament (2009, 2018) * 6× WCC regular season (2009, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2021, 2022) | |
| Awards | |
| * 5× WCC Coach of the Year (2009, 2013, 2017, 2021, 2022) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wing Water Treatment Works

abstract: Wing Water Treatment Works is a 1.5-hectare (3.7-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Wing in Rutland. It is a Geological Conservation Review site. This site is stratigraphically important both regionally and nationally, as it has the longest sequence known in Britain of deposits from the warm Ipswichian interglacial around 120,000 years ago, and it has yielded new paleobotanical records for this period. There is access to the site from Morcott Road, but it has been filled in and no geology is visible. The site is adjacent to the water treatment works, operated by Anglian Water, that treats water extracted from Rutland Water reservoir, a few miles to the north.

text:
# Wing Water Treatment Works

**Wing Water Treatment Works** is a 1.5-hectare (3.7-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Wing in Rutland. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

This site is stratigraphically important both regionally and nationally, as it has the longest sequence known in Britain of deposits from the warm Ipswichian interglacial around 120,000 years ago, and it has yielded new paleobotanical records for this period.

There is access to the site from Morcott Road, but it has been filled in and no geology is visible.

The site is adjacent to the water treatment works, operated by Anglian Water, that treats water extracted from Rutland Water reservoir, a few miles to the north.

52°36′50″N 0°40′34″W / 52.614°N 0.676°W / 52.614; -0.676

## InfoBox

Wing Water Treatment Works
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Rutland |
| Grid reference | SK 898 026 |
| Interest | Geological |
| Area | 1.5 hectares |
| Notification | 1987 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


title: Marketa Lazarová (novel)

abstract: Marketa Lazarová is a Czech novel, written by Vladislav Vančura. It was first published in 1931. The novel was adapted into the acclaimed 1967 film Marketa Lazarová.

text:
# Marketa Lazarová (novel)

***Marketa Lazarová*** is a Czech novel, written by Vladislav Vančura. It was first published in 1931. The novel was adapted into the acclaimed 1967 film *Marketa Lazarová*.

## Characters

* Kozlík – Cruel robber baron
* Lazar – Robber baron, enemy of Kozlík
* Mikoláš – Kozlík's son, who kidnaps Markéta
* Markéta – Lazar's daughter
* Christian – Son of the lord from Saxony, who's kidnapped by Kozlík's clan
* Alexandra – Kozlík's daughter, who falls in love with Christian
* Beer – Hetman of the Royal army

## Reception

The book was well-received by critics. It was awarded Czechoslovak State Award for Literature in 1931. Roman Jakobson wrote in his review "The novel's style, somewhat romantically tinted, again and again surprises with amazing simplicity, density and liveliness." Some critics, like Václav Renč, thought that parts where Vančura broke the Fourth wall were intrusive. Others, like A. M. Píša, praised these elements. Milan Kundera wrote about the novel: "In a certain sense the novel is a milestone in Vančura's evolution. Just as scattered rays converge in a single golden strand in the lens of a magnifying glass, in Marketa Lazarová Vančura's creative endeavors converge in a single, undivided stream."

## Adaptations

The movie adaptation *Marketa Lazarová* was released in 1967. The film was directed by František Vláčil. Several stage adaptation were produced in Czech theatres starting in 1976. From 2002 to 2004 a version directed by Jan Antonín Pitínský with music by Vladimír Franz ran in National Theatre in Prague.

## English translations

* Vančura, Vladislav (2016). *Marketa Lazarová*. Translated by Bulkin, Carleton. Prague: Twisted Spoon Press. ISBN 9788086264431.

1. "Vladislav Vančura: Marketa Lazarová". *Twisted Spoon*. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
2. Jakobson, Roman (May 1931). "Markéta Lazarová - Recenze". *Literární Noviny* (in Czech). No. 9. Prague.
3. "Archiv ND". *Národní divadlo Online Archiv*. Retrieved 9 October 2021.

## InfoBox

Markéta Lazarová
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Vladislav Vančura |
| Original title | *Margareta Lazarová* |
| Language | Czech |
| Genre | Modernist novel<br>Historical novel |
| Publisher | Sfinx – Bohumil Janda |
| Publication date | 1931 |
| Publication place | Czechoslovakia |
| Published in English | 2016, Twisted Spoon Press |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 253 (first edition) |
| Awards | Czechoslovak State Award for Literature (1931) |


title: Mierków

abstract: Mierków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubsko, within Żary County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Lubsko, 25 km (16 mi) north-west of Żary, and 44 km (27 mi) west of Zielona Góra.

text:
# Mierków

**Mierków** \[ˈmjɛrkuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubsko, within Żary County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Lubsko, 25 km (16 mi) north-west of Żary, and 44 km (27 mi) west of Zielona Góra.

## InfoBox

| Mierków | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mierków | |
| Coordinates: 51°48′5″N 14°54′51″E / 51.80139°N 14.91417°E / 51.80139; 14.91417 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lubusz |
| County | Żary |
| Gmina | Lubsko |
| Elevation | 64.5 m (211.6 ft) |
| Population | 310 |


title: Nudie Jeans

abstract: Nudie Jeans is a Swedish denim brand founded in 2001 by Maria Erixon and headquartered in Gothenburg. Its parent company is Svenska Jeans Holding.

text:
# Nudie Jeans

**Nudie Jeans** is a Swedish denim brand founded in 2001 by Maria Erixon and headquartered in Gothenburg. Its parent company is Svenska Jeans Holding.

## Origin

Erixon has stated that she is drawn to designing jeans because "the more you wear and repair jeans, the more character they have. Denim is a living fabric that changes over time – and they are for everyone, of all ages and genders".

## Business practices

Nudie Jeans have prioritised sustainability and social responsibility in their business practices. The company switched to organic cotton in the 2010s and offers free repairs to customers. The company also recycles some old products. The company has a goal of being a fully transparent company.

The company's cotton is sourced from India, Turkey and Italy, and manufacturing primarily takes place in Italy. According to CEO Palle Stenberg, its garment workers are paid a living wage. It has stores in Sweden, the UK, Australia, Japan, Spain, Germany and Switzerland.

## Finances

As of 2003, the company had 12 employees, revenue of 93 million Swedish kronor ($11.5 million US dollars) and a net income of 13.6 million kronor ($1.68 million US dollars). 70% of revenue was generated outside of Sweden. In 2004, Nudie's net income increased by 70%.

In 2019, Nudie Jeans increased its net revenue to 489.4 million SEK ($51.74 million US dollars). As of 2021, the total number of global employees rose to 199 people.

## InfoBox

Nudie Jeans
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Fashion |
| Founded | 2001 |
| Founder | Maria Erixon Levin Joakim Levin |
| Headquarters | Gothenburg, Sweden |
| Key people | Maria Erixon, creative director<br>Joakim Levin |
| Revenue | * MSEK 489.4 (2019) * MSEK 448.4 (2018) |
| Number of employees | 199 (2021) |
| Parent | Svenska Jeans Holding AB |
| Website | www.nudiejeans.com |


title: Eve Schooler

abstract: Eve Meryl Schooler is an American computer scientist who works for Intel as a principal engineer, and as director of emerging internet of things networks in the IoT Group. She is known for her work on internet standards for distributed computing and multimedia, and in particular as one of the designers of the Session Initiation Protocol; her work also involves fog computing and edge computing.

text:
# Eve Schooler

**Eve Meryl Schooler** is an American computer scientist who works for Intel as a principal engineer, and as director of emerging internet of things networks in the IoT Group. She is known for her work on internet standards for distributed computing and multimedia, and in particular as one of the designers of the Session Initiation Protocol; her work also involves fog computing and edge computing.

## Education and career

Schooler majored in computer science at Yale University, working there with Josh Fisher in the early 1980s and graduating in 1983. In 1988 she earned a master's degree at the University of California, Los Angeles, working there with Leonard Kleinrock on distributed debugging. She completed a Ph.D. at the California Institute of Technology in 2000, with the dissertation *Why Multicast Protocols (Don’t) Scale: An Analysis of Multipoint Algorithms for Scalable Group Communication* on multicast communication, supervised by K. Mani Chandy.

Meanwhile, she had been working as a software engineer since 1983, and from 1988 to 1995 worked in the technical staff of the Information Sciences Institute of the University of Southern California. It was in this time that she developed Multimedia Conference Control, one of the multimedia systems that formed a key predecessor to the Session Initiation Protocol. After completing her doctoral studies at Caltech, she became a researcher at AT&T Labs Research from 2001 to 2003, and it is under this affiliation that the Session Initiation Protocol was published.

After a year as a consultant, she moved to Intel in 2005, and has been a principal engineer there since 2008. Her work there included developing multicast extensions for the RTP Control Protocol, published in 2010. Her position as director for Emerging IoT Networks began in 2018.

## Recognition

With Stephen L. Casner, Schooler received the 2020 IEEE Internet Award, "for distinguished leadership in developing standards for Internet multimedia, and formative contributions to the design of Internet multimedia protocols." Schooler was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2021 class of fellows, "for contributions to multimedia protocols and internet standards".


title: Raceair Designs

abstract: Raceair Designs LLC is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Gilbert, South Carolina, founded by designer Ed Fisher. The company was formerly located in Mayville, New York and Warren, Ohio. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of ultralight aircraft in the form of plans and kits for amateur construction and complete ready-to-fly aircraft under the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules. The company only offered plans and kits for a short while and then closed down operations in the late 1990s. Its Raceair Skylite and Raceair LiL Bitts designs are also produced by Wings Of Freedom of Hubbard, Ohio. Raceair Designs is now back in operations.

text:
# Raceair Designs

**Raceair Designs LLC** is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Gilbert, South Carolina, founded by designer Ed Fisher. The company was formerly located in Mayville, New York and Warren, Ohio. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of ultralight aircraft in the form of plans and kits for amateur construction and complete ready-to-fly aircraft under the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules.

The company only offered plans and kits for a short while and then closed down operations in the late 1990s. Its Raceair Skylite and Raceair LiL Bitts designs are also produced by Wings Of Freedom of Hubbard, Ohio. Raceair Designs is now back in operations.

## Aircraft

|
|  |
**Summary of aircraft built by Raceair Designs**
| Model name | First flight | Number built | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Raceair Skylite** | 1991 | 26 (1998) | Single seat ultralight parasol wing aircraft |
| **Raceair Lil Bitts** | 2007 | 1 | Single seat biplane |
|

## InfoBox

Raceair Designs LLC
|
|  |
| Company type | Privately held company |
| Industry | Aerospace |
| Founded | 1989 |
| Headquarters | Gilbert, South Carolina, United States |
| Key people | Ed Fisher |
| Products | Kit aircraft |
| Website | www.raceairdesigns.com |


title: James H. Frame

abstract: James Hartwell Frame was a computer pioneer who worked to standardize software development from the more idiosyncratic form of its unstructured early days into a predictable and manageable methodology. He spent the majority of his career with IBM, eventually being recruited by ITT Corporation. Later, he founded a consulting business, James Frame Enterprises.

text:
# James H. Frame

**James Hartwell Frame** (1928 - 1997) was a computer pioneer who worked to standardize software development from the more idiosyncratic form of its unstructured early days into a predictable and manageable methodology. He spent the majority of his career with IBM, eventually being recruited by ITT Corporation. Later, he founded a consulting business, James Frame Enterprises.

## Early life

Frame was born in 1928 in Chicago, Illinois. In 1950, he graduated from St John's College in Annapolis, Maryland.

## Career

His career in software development management began with IBM in 1956. He worked during the early days of System 360 development. Later, he became the first director of the IBM Santa Teresa Laboratory in Silicon Valley. There, he was responsible for programming language development.

In 1962, journalist Chet Huntley interviewed Frame along with fellow IBM employees John Iverson, Bill Kelly, Tom McDonald and Warren Hume about the advent of IBM's computer solutions to the small business owner, the IBM 1440 data processing system. The interview features the San Jose facility that developed the 1440.

In 1978, ITT Corporation chairman Harold Geneen recruited Frame to work at ITT as vice-president heading the software division. Frame became one of the early champions of software quality metrics as a solution to the reliability problems plaguing the industry.

Following his corporate career he founded a successful consulting business, James Frame Enterprises (JFE), specializing in assessments and recommendations for improving software development methodologies for corporate clients in the telecom industry.

## Late career and death

In 1986, Frame was given the Award of Merit from the St. John's College Alumni Association.

Frame died in 1997 in East Meredith, New York.


title: Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Station

abstract: Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Station commonly abbreviated as RGTPP is a gas-based thermal power plant located at Ramgarh in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan. This power station is Rajasthan's(RAJSTHAN'S FIRST GAS THERMAL POWER PLANT IS ANTA BARA NTPC GAS POWER PLANT WHICH COMMISSION IN JANUARY 1989 FIRST UNIT WHILE RAMGARGH PLANT'S FIRST UNIT COMMISSION ON JAN 1996), first gas based power station. The power plant is operated by the Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam, a PSU company run by Govt. of Rajasthan. RGTPP is located 60 kilometres (37 mi) north-west from Jaisalmer district headquarters. Power station houses the GAIL terminal for the supply of gas fuel. ONGC, OIL and Focus Energy Ltd. are among the gas suppliers. It has a staff of more than 200 engineers and technical workers.

text:
# Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Station

**Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Station** commonly abbreviated as RGTPP is a gas-based thermal power plant located at Ramgarh in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan. This power station is Rajasthan's(RAJSTHAN'S FIRST GAS THERMAL POWER PLANT IS ANTA BARA NTPC GAS POWER PLANT WHICH COMMISSION IN JANUARY 1989 FIRST UNIT WHILE RAMGARGH PLANT'S FIRST UNIT COMMISSION ON JAN 1996), first gas based power station. The power plant is operated by the Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam, a PSU company run by Govt. of Rajasthan. RGTPP is located 60 kilometres (37 mi) north-west from Jaisalmer district headquarters. Power station houses the GAIL terminal for the supply of gas fuel. ONGC, OIL and Focus Energy Ltd. are among the gas suppliers. It has a staff of more than 200 engineers and technical workers.

## Capacity

It has an installed capacity of 270.5 MW.

| Stage | Unit Number | Installed Capacity (MW) | Turbine type | Date of Commissioning | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | 35.5 | Gas Turbine | 1996 January | Running |
| 2 | 2 | 37.5 | Gas Turbine | 2002 August | Running |
| 2 | 3 | 37.5 | Steam Turbine | 2003 April | Running |
| 3 | 4 | 110 | Gas Turbine | 2013 March | Running |
| 3 | 5 | 50 | Steam Turbine | 2014 April | Running |
|

## Awards

Ramgarh Gas thermal power station was awarded The Best Generating power station of Rajasthan for the year 2014. The award was given on 26 January 2015 on the occasion of Republic Day in Jaipur.

## InfoBox

| Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power Station | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | India |
| Location | Ramgarh, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan |
| Coordinates | 27°20′12″N 70°31′59″E / 27.336528°N 70.533123°E / 27.336528; 70.533123 |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | 15 November 1994 |
| Owners | RVUNL |
| Operators |  |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Natural gas |
| Turbine technology | Gas turbine
Steam turbine |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 1 x 35.5 MW
1 x 75 MW
1 x 160 MW |
| Nameplate capacity | 270.5 MW |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Mariënberg railway station

abstract: Mariënberg is a railway station located in Mariënberg, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 February 1905 and is located on the Zwolle–Emmen railway and the Mariënberg–Almelo railway. The services are operated by Arriva.

text:
# Mariënberg railway station

**Mariënberg** is a railway station located in Mariënberg, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 February 1905 and is located on the Zwolle–Emmen railway and the Mariënberg–Almelo railway. The services are operated by Arriva.

## Train services

| Route | Service type | Operator | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Almelo - Mariënberg - Hardenberg | Local ("Stoptrein") | Arriva | 1x per hour - 2x per hour during rush hours and on Saturday afternoons |
| Zwolle - Ommen - Mariënberg - Hardenberg - Coevorden - Emmen | Local ("Stoptrein") | Arriva | 1x per hour |
| Zwolle - Ommen - Mariënberg - Hardenberg - Coevorden - Emmen | Express ("Sneltrein") | Arriva | 1x per hour |

### Platforms

1. Zwolle
2. Emmen
3. Almelo

## Bus services

| Line | Route | Operator | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 597 | Hardenberg - Bergentheim/Rheeze - Mariënberg - Beerze - Beerzerveld | Syntus Overijssel | No service on evenings and Sundays. |

## InfoBox

| Mariënberg (Mrb) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Netherlands |
| Coordinates | 52°30′32″N 6°34′28″E / 52.50889°N 6.57444°E / 52.50889; 6.57444 |
| Line(s) | Zwolle–Emmen railway<br>Mariënberg–Almelo railway |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Arriva Following station  Ommentowards Zwolle  Sneltrein 3800  Hardenbergtowards Emmen  Stoptrein 8000   HardenbergTerminus  Stoptrein 31000  Vroomshooptowards Almelo | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Mariënberg (Mrb)Location within Netherlands | |


title: Mount Pleasant, New York

abstract: Mount Pleasant is a town in Westchester County, New York, United States, in the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 44,436. The hamlets of Valhalla, Hawthorne, Pocantico Hills, and Thornwood, and the villages of Pleasantville, Sleepy Hollow, and a small portion of Briarcliff Manor lie within the town.

text:
# Mount Pleasant, New York

**Mount Pleasant** is a town in Westchester County, New York, United States, in the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 44,436. The hamlets of Valhalla, Hawthorne, Pocantico Hills, and Thornwood, and the villages of Pleasantville, Sleepy Hollow, and a small portion of Briarcliff Manor lie within the town.

## History

The John D. Rockefeller Estate *Kykuit* in Pocantico Hills was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 as a National Historic Landmark.

## Geography

Mount Pleasant is located about 27 miles north of Manhattan. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.7 square miles (85 km2), of which 27.7 square miles (72 km2) is land and 5.0 square miles (13 km2), or 15.26%, is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1790 | 1,924 |  |  |
| 1820 | 3,684 |  |  |
| 1830 | 4,932 |  | 33.9% |
| 1840 | 7,307 |  | 48.2% |
| 1850 | 3,323 |  | −54.5% |
| 1860 | 4,517 |  | 35.9% |
| 1870 | 5,210 |  | 15.3% |
| 1880 | 5,450 |  | 4.6% |
| 1890 | 5,844 |  | 7.2% |
| 1900 | 8,698 |  | 48.8% |
| 1910 | 11,863 |  | 36.4% |
| 1920 | 14,004 |  | 18.0% |
| 1930 | 20,944 |  | 49.6% |
| 1940 | 24,138 |  | 15.3% |
| 1950 | 26,022 |  | 7.8% |
| 1960 | 34,955 |  | 34.3% |
| 1970 | 38,535 |  | 10.2% |
| 1980 | 39,298 |  | 2.0% |
| 1990 | 40,590 |  | 3.3% |
| 2000 | 43,221 |  | 6.5% |
| 2010 | 43,724 |  | 1.2% |
| 2020 | 44,436 |  | 1.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

At the 2000 census there were 43,221 people, 13,737 households, and 10,522 families in the town. The population density was 1,560.5 inhabitants per square mile (602.5/km2). There were 13,985 housing units at an average density of 504.9 per square mile (194.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 84.25% White, 5.07% Black, 0.24% Native American, 3.26% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.02% from other races, and 2.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.01%.

Of the 13,737 households 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.4% were non-families. 18.4% of households were one person and 7.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.30.

The age distribution was 26.0% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.1 males.

The median household income was $81,072 and the median family income was $96,403 (these figures had risen to $103,657 and $129,077 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $60,761 versus $41,023 for females. The per capita income for the town was $35,468. About 2.6% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

## Communities

* Archville \- a hamlet south of Scarborough
* Briarcliff Manor  the eastern portion of this village is located in the town
* Hawthorne  a hamlet located in the eastern portion of the town
* Pleasantville  a village located in the northeastern section of the town
* Pocantico Hills  a hamlet centrally located in the town, northeast of Sleepy Hollow and southwest of Pleasantville
* Scarborough  a hamlet in the northern part of the town, divided between Briarcliff Manor and Ossining
* Sleepy Hollow (formerly North Tarrytown)  a village located in the southwestern section of the town
* Thornwood  a hamlet located just south of Pleasantville
* Valhalla  a hamlet in the southeastern portion of the town. The hamlet is the location of the town hall.

## Biotechnology research center

In April 2017, Westchester County officials unveiled plans for a 3-million-square-foot biotechnology hub to be built with US$1.2 billion in private investment on vacant land adjacent to Westchester Medical Center in Valhalla. The bioscience center, a public-private partnership, is anticipated to create 12,000 new jobs and include over 2.25 million square feet of biotechnology research space.

1. Rentz, Neal (November 11, 2011). "Defeated Candidates to Stay Active in Mt. Pleasant". *The Examiner News*. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
2. "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
3. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
5. "United States Census Bureau QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
6. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
7. Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". *factfinder.census.gov*. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2018. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
8. "$1.2B Westchester Biotech Center Deal Will Create 12K Jobs, Officials Say". White Plains Daily Voice. April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
9. Richard Liebson (April 3, 2017). "Biotech research: Massive Valhalla center forges ahead". LoHud the Journal News - part of the USA TODAY network. Retrieved April 3, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Mount Pleasant, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Mount Pleasant Public Library main branch | |
|  | |
| Location of Mount Pleasant, New York | |
| Coordinates: 41°6′37″N 73°47′55″W / 41.11028°N 73.79861°W / 41.11028; -73.79861 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Westchester |
| Government | |
| Town Supervisor | Carl Fulgenzi () |
| Area | |
| Total | 32.79 sq mi (84.92 km2) |
| Land | 27.45 sq mi (71.10 km2) |
| Water | 5.34 sq mi (13.82 km2) |
| Elevation | 249 ft (76 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 44,436 |
| Density | 1,623.05/sq mi (626.67/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 36-49011 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0979244 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Marktredwitz

abstract: Marktredwitz is a town in the district of Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany, close to the Czech border, 22 km west of Cheb, 50 km east of Bayreuth and 50 km south of Hof/Saale. Marktredwitz station is at the junction of the Nuremberg–Cheb railway and the Munich–Hof railway. It celebrated the Horticultural Show 2006 in cooperation with Cheb.

text:
# Marktredwitz

**Marktredwitz** (German: \[maʁktˈʁɛt.vɪt͡s\] ) is a town in the district of Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany, close to the Czech border, 22 km west of Cheb, 50 km east of Bayreuth and 50 km south of Hof/Saale. Marktredwitz station is at the junction of the Nuremberg–Cheb railway and the Munich–Hof railway. It celebrated the Horticultural Show 2006 in cooperation with Cheb.

## Notable people

## Clubs

## InfoBox

| Marktredwitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| New town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Marktredwitz within Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge district | |
| Marktredwitz Marktredwitz | |
| Coordinates: 50°0′N 12°4′E / 50.000°N 12.067°E / 50.000; 12.067 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Oberfranken |
| District | Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge |
| Subdivisions | 23 Ortsteile |
| Government | |
| Lord mayor (202026) | Oliver Weigel (CSU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 49.52 km2 (19.12 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 660 m (2,170 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 482 m (1,581 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 17,254 |
| Density | 350/km2 (900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 95615 |
| Dialling codes | 09231 |
| Vehicle registration | WUN, MAK, REH, SEL |
| Website | www.marktredwitz.de |


title: Mierlo

abstract: Mierlo is a village in the southern Netherlands, in the municipality of Geldrop-Mierlo, North Brabant. Until 2004, it was a separate municipality with an area of 18.09 km⁲ (7 sq mi). Mierlo is home to a few interesting buildings, for example the old Council house and the windmill in the centre of the village. Sports clubs in Mierlo are Mifano and the Hockey Club. Just to the south, separated by the A67 motorway, lies the Strabrechtse Heide. Mierlo is situated in the urban area of Eindhoven and Helmond. But it has many green areas. It lies on the edge of forests, moorlands and fields.

text:
# Mierlo

**Mierlo** is a village in the southern Netherlands, in the municipality of Geldrop-Mierlo, North Brabant. Until 2004, it was a separate municipality with an area of 18.09 km2 (7 sq mi).

Mierlo is home to a few interesting buildings, for example the old Council house and the windmill in the centre of the village. Sports clubs in Mierlo are Mifano and the Hockey Club. Just to the south, separated by the A67 motorway, lies the Strabrechtse Heide.

Mierlo is situated in the urban area of Eindhoven and Helmond. But it has many green areas. It lies on the edge of forests, moorlands and fields.

## History

The oldest inhabitants of the area that we have any knowledge of were the reindeer hunters. In 1961, a piece of sandstone, dated at around 9,000B.C. was discovered on the heath between Mierlo and Geldrop. On this stone a half-naked dancing female figure was etched, which is now known as the 'Venus of Mierlo.' It is the oldest artistic expression ever found in the Netherlands.

The village was first mentioned in 1245 as Henricus de Mirle, and is a combination of the words for moorland and open forest. Mierlo developed in the 12th century near a castle. The castle was rebuilt in 1210 after it was destroyed, and collapsed in a storm in 1800.

The Catholic St. Lucia Church was built between 1856 and 1858. Part of the tower of the medieval church was incorporated in the new church. The nameless grist mill of Mierlo was built around 1640. It was moved in 1860 and 1992. It was restored several times and nowadays only used occasionally.

Mierlo was home to 466 people in 1840. Mierlo was an independent municipality. In 1968, the village Mierlo-Hout was transferred to Helmond. In 2003 when it was merged into Geldrop-Mierlo.

In 2004, Mierlo acquired a zoo named 'Dierenrijk' near the Gulbergen. This zoo initially began under the name 'Dierenrijk Europa,' featuring animals ranging from polar bears to apes from Gibraltar, as well as beavers that had been reintroduced in the Netherlands. When non-European animals, such as elephants and camels, were also introduced, the name was changed to 'Dierenrijk'.

## InfoBox

| Mierlo | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Mierlo town hall | |
|  | |
| MierloLocation in the province of North Brabant in the NetherlandsMierloMierlo (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 51°26′28″N 5°37′10″E / 51.44111°N 5.61944°E / 51.44111; 5.61944 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | North Brabant |
| Municipality | Geldrop-Mierlo |
| Area | |
| Total | 18.03 km2 (6.96 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 22 m (72 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 11,105 |
| Density | 620/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 5731 |
| Dialing code | 0492 |


title: Nuclearite

abstract: Nuclearites are hypothetical objects consisting of nuggets of strange quark matter or a strangelet surrounded by an electron shell, forming an atom-like neutral system, but with masses much larger than a normal atom. These heavy compact particles were first proposed by E. Witten, and the name coined by A. De Rujula and S. L. Glasgow to describe such particles colliding with the Earth's atmosphere, by analogy to more conventional meteorites. It is predicted that nuclearites would travel at hundreds of kilometers per second. Owing to their high energies and mass to size ratio, they should form streaks of light in the lower atmospheric regions. To date, no nuclearites have been successfully observed, but this failure itself places constraints on some theories of dark matter.

text:
# Nuclearite

**Nuclearites** are hypothetical objects consisting of nuggets of strange quark matter or a strangelet surrounded by an electron shell, forming an atom-like neutral system, but with masses much larger than a normal atom. These heavy compact particles were first proposed by E. Witten, and the name coined by A. De Rujula and S. L. Glasgow to describe such particles colliding with the Earth's atmosphere, by analogy to more conventional meteorites. It is predicted that nuclearites would travel at hundreds of kilometers per second. Owing to their high energies and mass to size ratio, they should form streaks of light in the lower atmospheric regions. To date, no nuclearites have been successfully observed, but this failure itself places constraints on some theories of dark matter.

## Properties of nuclearites

The strangelet forms what is called a nuclearite core, composed primarily of a up, down, and strange quarks, in almost equal proportions. Nuclearites are estimated to have masses between 0.1 and 100 kg. Additionally, they are predicted to be more stable than particles composed of solely up and down quarks. Nuclearites are expected to have a constant matter density. The hypothesized source of these particles are relics from the early universe or the big bang, as well as extreme energetic astrophysical phenomena such as the merger of two quark stars.

## Experimental techniques for detection

Nuclearites should in principle be detectable based on their interaction with the Earth's atmosphere, with neutrino telescopes, and in collider experiments. In particular, neutrino telescopes such as ANTARES or Ice Cube are possible detectors for nuclearites.


title: Eve Shelnutt

abstract: Eve Shelnutt was an American poet and writer of short stories. She lived in Kalamazoo, Michigan, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Athens, Ohio, and Worcester, Massachusetts. Over the course of her career, she taught at Western Michigan University University of Pittsburgh, Ohio University, and The College of the Holy Cross.

text:
# Eve Shelnutt

**Eve Shelnutt** (1941 in Spartanburg, South Carolina  April 7, 2015) was an American poet and writer of short stories. She lived in Kalamazoo, Michigan, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Athens, Ohio, and Worcester, Massachusetts. Over the course of her career, she taught at Western Michigan University University of Pittsburgh, Ohio University, and The College of the Holy Cross.

## Education

She received her B.A. from University of Cincinnati. She received her M.F.A. from University of North Carolina, Greensboro where she studied with Fred Chappell under the auspices of The Randall Jarrell Fellowship.

## Awards

She received the O. Henry Prize in 1975 for "Angel", *Shenandoah*, Winter 1974, Abrahams.

She won the Mademoiselle Fiction Award.

**Literary Fellowships:**

## Works

*The Love Child*. Black Sparrow Press (1979), short fiction. Awarded The Great Lakes Fiction Award.

*The Formal Voice*. Black Sparrow Press (1982), short fiction. Awarded the Withrop College Press Award for 1982.

*Descant*. Palaemon Press (1982)

*Air and Salt*. Carnegie Mellon University Press, (1983), poetry

*The Musician*. Black Sparrow Press (1987), short fiction

*Recital in a Private Home*. Carnegie-Mellon University Press (1989), poetry

*The Writing Room: Keys to the Craft of Fiction and Poetry*. Longstreet Press (1989)

When We Were Cherished. Carnegie Mellon Poetry Series (2013), poetry

*Writing: The Translation of Memory*. Macmillan Pub Co (April 1990)

*The Confidence Woman*. Longstreet Press (1991), Editor, essays

*First a Long Hesitation*. Carnegie-Mellon University Press (1992)

*My Poor Elephant: 27 Male Writers at Work*. Longstreet Press (1992), Editor, essays

*The Magic Pencil: Teaching Children Creative Writing : Exercises and Activities for Children, Their Parents, and Their Teachers*. Peachtree Publishers (1994)

*The Girl, Painted: Stories*. Carnegie-Mellon University Press (1996), short fiction

**Ms Shelnutt's short fiction has also published in the following quarterly literary reviews:**

*Agni Review* \["Driving to the Interior: Elizabeth Bishop, Guide," *AGNI:26*; "The Formal Voice," *AGNI:13*; "Timing," *AGNI: 10/11*.\], *American Review*, *Black Warrior Review*, *Carolina Quarterly*, *Denver Quarterly*, *Great Lakes Review*, *The Literary Review*, *Palaemon Press*, *Ploughshares* \["The Pilot-Messenger," Vol. 6, No. 4 (1981), pp. 123–130\] \["The Beguiling Idiot," Vol. 13, No. 2/3 (1987), pp. 90–99.\], *Prairie Schooner*, *Quarterly West*, *Slow Loris Reader*, *Story Quarterly*, and *West Branch*.

**Her poetry has appeared in:**

*American Review*, *Apalachee Quarterly*, *Chattahoochee Review*, *New Delta Review*, *New Poets Review*, *Nimrod*, *North American Review*, *Oxford Magazine*, *Pig Iron Anthology*, *Poet & Critic*, *Sow's Ear*, *Spoon River Quarterly*, *Tar River Poetry*, etc.

**Reviews**

Greene, Melissa Fay. Review of *The Musician* in *The Iowa Review*, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Spring - Summer, 1988), pp. 174–177.

Martin, David. Review of "The Musician" in Cream City Review, Spring 1988.

**Special Collections**

* William Peden Short Story Collection, MU Libraries, University of Missouri

1. Eve Shelnutt to William Peden, 6 March 1986
2. William Peden to Eve Shelnutt, 13 March 1986

## Further reading

* Lowe, Daniel (1993), "Eve Shelnutt", in Meanor, Patrick (ed.), *American Short-Story Writers Since World War II*, Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 130, Detroit: Gale Research Inc.
* *Contemporary American Authors*. vol. 14. Joyce Nakamura, Ed. (Detroit: Gale Research, Inc., 1991), pp. 289–301.
* "On ‘The Mysteries of Pittsburgh’" by Michael Chabon, *The New York Review of Books*, June 9, 2005. "At the University of Pittsburgh I’d had three great writing teachers—Dennis Bartel, Eve Shelnutt, and Chuck Kinder...." http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2005/jun/09/on-the-mysteries-of-pittsburgh/
* *From Mt. San Angelo: stories, poems & essays*. Virginia Center for the Creative Arts. (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1984), p. 318.
* Mitchell, Felicia. 1994. "Interview with Eve Shelnutt." *The Southern Quarterly: A Journal of the Arts in the South*. Vol. 32, no.3, 43-50.


title: Rabbit Lake (Temagami)

abstract: Rabbit Lake is a lake in the Temagami region of Northeastern Ontario, Canada, and lies within the townships of Askin, Riddell, and Eldridge. The lake is the largest and southernmost in a chain of lakes including Cassels Lake, Snake Island Lake, and Obashkong Lake.

text:
# Rabbit Lake (Temagami)

**Rabbit Lake** (known as "*Waw-bos Nah-mat-ta-bee*" in Ojibway) is a lake in the Temagami region of Northeastern Ontario, Canada, and lies within the townships of Askin, Riddell, and Eldridge. The lake is the largest and southernmost in a chain of lakes including Cassels Lake, Snake Island Lake, and Obashkong Lake.

## Importance to First Nations

Rabbit Lake was an important trade route to the Natives, and even saw a fight or two.

There is a story about a short fight involving Temagami natives and Iroquois. The story goes that there were some Iroquois camping on an island on the lake, and at night some "Temagami's" went ashore and slit the bottoms of their canoes. The next morning the Iroquois were picked off one by one as their canoes sank in the water.

## Geography

### Forest

The forest surrounding the lake has been actively logged since the early 20th century. This is most noticeable north of Rabbit Point, where the forest still has not fully grown back after nearly a century. On the western shore just north of Rabbit Point, lies a 491 hectare area that has never been touched by logging, and has become the Rabbit Lake West Conservation Reserve. The reserve is the least known and the most untouched of its kind in Ontario. This old growth stand is closer to the original Temagami Boreal forest than even the White Bear Forest to the north.

### Ecosystem

Like the other lakes in the region, Rabbit Lake is an oligotrophic ecosystem. While the fish population has steadily declined over the years, the lake is still home to pike, walleye, trout, whitefish, perch, bass, etc.

### Geology

The lands surrounding the lake are part of the Canadian Shield, the largest single exposure of Precambrian rocks in the world which were formed after the Earth's crust cooled. The hills in the Temagami area are remnants of the oldest mountain range in North America that date back during the Precambrian era. These heavily eroded mountains would have rivaled the Himalayas in grandeur. The uplifting was accomplished as enormous pressure caused the earth to buckle in a process called folding. Other processes, such as volcanic activity and geologic faulting in which the earth cracks open also contributed to the formation of these mountains. Over millions of years, these enormous mountains were gradually eroded to the land we know today in Temagami. While Rabbit Lake is a fairly quiet lake dotted with cottages, the forest is continually logged and the threat of mining is looming ever closer with the discovery of kimberlite, a volcanic rock notable as a diamond indicator. This in turn forms part of the Temagami Greenstone Belt, an Archean greenstone belt characterized by felsic-mafic volcanic rocks.

## Hollywood

Hollywood has also visited the lake when scenes from the James Cagney movie "Captains of the Clouds" were filmed at Matabitchuan Lodge, a wilderness lodge in the north-east bay, on Rabbit Lake. Props from the movie can be seen on display in the lodge. This movie was also the first Hollywood movie to be filmed entirely on location in Canada.

## Geography

## InfoBox

| Rabbit Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Hub of Rabbit Lake in the spring | |
| Rabbit LakeRabbit Lake | |
| Location | Temagami, Ontario |
| Coordinates | 47°00′04″N 79°38′19″W / 47.001°N 79.6385°W / 47.001; -79.6385 |
| Part of | Ottawa River drainage basin |
| Primary inflows | Cassells Lake, Rabbit Creek |
| Primary outflows | Matabitchuan River |
| Basin countries | Canada |
|  | |
| Surface elevation | 288 m (945 ft) |


title: James Chisholm

abstract:
James Chisholm may refer to:
  - James Chisholm (bishop), Scottish Roman Catholic clergyman who was Bishop of Dunblane from 1487 to 1526
  - James Chisholm (merchant) (1772–1837), early settler in colonial Australia who served in the New South Wales Corps and was a founder of the Bank of New South Wales
  - James Chisholm (politician) (1806–1888), son of the above, pastoralist who was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1851 to 1856 and 1865–1888
  - James Chisholm (priest) (1815–1855), American Episcopal priest in Portsmouth, Virginia, who died of yellow fever
  - James Chisholm, co-founder of The Troth, an American-based international heathen organization
  - James Chisholm, English rugby union player

text:
# James Chisholm

**James Chisholm** may refer to:

* James Chisholm (bishop) (died c. 1545), Scottish Roman Catholic clergyman who was Bishop of Dunblane from 1487 to 1526
* James Chisholm (merchant) (1772–1837), early settler in colonial Australia who served in the New South Wales Corps and was a founder of the Bank of New South Wales
* James Chisholm (politician) (1806–1888), son of the above, pastoralist who was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1851 to 1856 and 1865–1888
* James Chisholm (priest) (1815–1855), American Episcopal priest in Portsmouth, Virginia, who died of yellow fever
* James Chisholm, co-founder of The Troth, an American-based international heathen organization
* James Chisholm (rugby union) (born 1995), English rugby union player

* Jimmy Chisholm (born 1956), Scottish actor who played Jimmy Blair in *Take the High Road*
* James Chisholm King (1886–1970), Canadian dentist and political figure in Saskatchewan, represented Humboldt from 1935 to 1938 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
* James Chisholm Dillon (1880–1949), Australian politician, member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Essendon from 1932 to 1943