title: Raquel Torres Cerdán

abstract: Raquel Torres Cerdán, also Raquel Torres is a Mexican anthropologist and restaurateur, who has worked to record, preserve and showcase the cuisines of the indigenous peoples of Veracruz, through her restaurants and food writing.

text:
# Raquel Torres Cerdán

**Raquel Torres Cerdán,** also **Raquel Torres** (born 19 November 1948) is a Mexican anthropologist and restaurateur, who has worked to record, preserve and showcase the cuisines of the indigenous peoples of Veracruz, through her restaurants and food writing.

## Biography

Torres was born in Xalapa on 19 November 1948. Her parents were Guillermina Cerdán, a housewife, and Abel Torres García, who was variously an itinerant coffee-seller, bricklayer, waiter and eventually restaurant owner. She credits meeting the chef Angel Objeco, who worked at her father's restaurant of *La Parroquia,* in inspiring her interest in cuisine. She initially worked as a civil servant, but made the move to study Anthropology at University of Veracruz in order to expand her knowledge of the food of the indigenous peoples of Veracruz. The accumulation of this knowledge and its preservation has become an important aspect of Torres' career.

Research into indigenous cuisine inspired Torres to open her first restaurant, *La Fonda*, which served a menu dedicated to the regional foods. She later opened *La Churrería del Recuerdo,* where she intended to serve recipes that were over 130 years old. However, Torres discovered that whilst there were recipe books available from that period, they recorded middle and upper class foods, not those of the working classes. In addition to running two restaurants, Torres teaches workshops on the skills of Mexican cookery, with a focus on the food of the Veracruz region.

## Recognition

In 2019 the National Council for Tourism, Culture and the Arts in Mexico and the Xalapa City Council paid tribute to Torres' work, citing the influence she has had on the preservation of the gastronomic heritage of Xalapa. The chef and writer Diana Kennedy has cited Torres' work as an influence.

## Selected works

* Torres Cerdán, Raquel. *La Cocina de Xalapa.* (2015).
* Torres Cerdán, Raquel. *Las flores en la cocina mexicana*. Vol. 22. Conaculta Culturas Populares, 2000.
* Torres Cerdán, Raquel; Careaga Gutiérrez, Dora Elena; and Cruz, Carretero Sagrario. *La cocina afromestiza en Veracruz*. (1995).

1. SABORES A TRADICIÓN. Experiencias de mujeres de la región cafetalera del Estado de Veracruz Radio Teocelo 2012
2. "Raquel Torres, una promotora de la riqueza de la cocina indígena mexicana". *www.efe.com* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-02-07.
3. Sabor, Historia y. "Raquel Torres, sazón con sentimiento". *Historia y sabor*. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
4. Xalapa, Celia Gayosso | Diario de. "La gastronomía de Raquel Torres Cerdán: "cuando uno come, evoca"". *Diario de Xalapa | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre México, Veracruz, y el Mundo* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-02-07.
5. Claudio, Poblete (2020-01-14). *Guía MG México Gastronómico Los 120 restaurantes 2020: Culinaria Mexicana/S. Pellegrino/Nespresso* (in Arabic). Ediciones Larousse, S.A. de C.V. (MX). ISBN 978-607-21-2057-0.
6. Kennedy, Diana (1998). *My Mexico*. Clarkson Potter. p. 293.
7. "RAQUEL TORRES, ICONO DE XALAPA, CUSTODIA DE LA COCINA TRADICIONAL". *Veracruzanos News* (in Mexican Spanish). 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
8. "Presentan libro sobre la cocina xalapeña". *Plumas Libres* (in Spanish). 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
9. Torres Cerdán, Raquel (1996). *Las flores en la cocina mexicana* (1 ed.). Verazcurz, Veracruz, México: Instituto Veracruzano de Cultura. ISBN 968-6271-66-X. OCLC 37862999.
10. Cerdán, Raquel Torres; Gutiérrez, Dora Elena Careaga (1995). *La cocina afromestiza en Veracruz* (in Spanish). Instituto Veracruzano de Cultura. ISBN 978-968-6271-49-2.


title: Merrell v. Tice

abstract: Merrell v. Tice, 104 U.S. 557 (1881), was a United States Supreme Court ruling dealing with copyright. At the time, a prerequisite for having a copyright was delivering two copies of the material to the Library of Congress within a time limit. Tice sued Merrell for copyright infringement and the lower courts were sympathetic; he just had to prove that he had observed that prerequisite. As evidence, Tice presented notes purportedly from the Library of Congress that certified that he had sent the book to the Library on time. Appeals of the case eventually landed it in the Supreme Court. The Court determined that the letter was an example of what he would need, but was not sufficient to prove his case. Because there were statutory procedures for obtaining more suitable evidence from the Library of Congress and the Post Office, the Court overturned the lower court ruling and ordered that the case be retried.

text:
# Merrell v. Tice

***Merrell v. Tice***, 104 U.S. 557 (1881), was a United States Supreme Court ruling dealing with copyright. At the time, a prerequisite for having a copyright was delivering two copies of the material to the Library of Congress within a time limit. Tice sued Merrell for copyright infringement and the lower courts were sympathetic; he just had to prove that he had observed that prerequisite. As evidence, Tice presented notes purportedly from the Library of Congress that certified that he had sent the book to the Library on time. Appeals of the case eventually landed it in the Supreme Court.

The Court determined that the letter was an example of what he would need, but was not sufficient to prove his case. Because there were statutory procedures for obtaining more suitable evidence from the Library of Congress and the Post Office, the Court overturned the lower court ruling and ordered that the case be retried.

## InfoBox

| Merrell v. Tice | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Full case name | *Merrell v. Tice* |
| Citations | 104 U.S. 557 (*more*)14 Otto 557; 26 L. Ed. 854 |
| Holding | |
| Because statutory procedures exist for producing evidence of copyright formality observance, evidence of at least such veracity is required to prove copyright claims. | |


title: Orphnaecus philippinus

abstract: Orphnaecus philippinus, known as the Philippine Tangerine, Philippine Orange, or Neon Orange Tarantula is a species of tarantula. It is native to the Philippines. It was described in 1999, by Gunter Schmidt, as Selenobrachys philippinus, but in 2012, Rick West, Steven Nunn and Henry Hogg made the genus Selenobrachys a junior synonym of Orphnaecus.

text:
# Orphnaecus philippinus

***Orphnaecus philippinus***, known as the **Philippine Tangerine, Philippine Orange**, or **Neon Orange Tarantula** is a species of tarantula. It is native to the Philippines. It was described in 1999, by Gunter Schmidt, as *Selenobrachys philippinus*, but in 2012, Rick West, Steven Nunn and Henry Hogg made the genus *Selenobrachys* a junior synonym of *Orphnaecus*.

## Description

It has an orange in colour throughout the entire body. It is 28mm long, or 30mm with chelicerae included. The fovea is procurved. The retrolateral face of the chelicerae is setae-less and the stridulatory setae on the maxillae are butter knife-shaped.

## Behavior

This is an obligate burrower tarantula, they are quite secretive though they are usually found outside their burrows. They would rather flee than fight, and their usual hunting strategy is just to wait.

## InfoBox

| *Orphnaecus philippinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Family: | Theraphosidae |
| Genus: | *Orphnaecus* |
| Species: | ***O. philippinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orphnaecus philippinus***<br>(Schmidt, 1999) | |
|


title: ABU Radio Song Festival 2012

abstract: The ABU Radio Song Festival 2012 was the first edition of the biennial ABU Radio Song Festivals, organised by the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU). The festival took place in the KBS Hall, which is located in the South Korean capital of Seoul and coincided with the 49th general assembly of the ABU. The ABU Radio Song Festival attracted twenty-six original entries representing eighteen radio broadcasters from fifteen countries, which competed in a preliminary jury round. The juries selected thirteen entries from twelve radio broadcasters in ten countries to qualify for the final show which was held on 11 October 2012. Fifteen entries were originally selected to participate in the grand final. However, Fiji and Sri Lanka withdrew from the radio competition prior to the final show, and thus only thirteen entries participated in the competition on 11 October 2012. South Korea won the Grand Prix award with the song "For a Rest" performed by boy band Billy Acoustie. Danielle Blakey representing Australia won the gold award with the song "Fearless", Brunei received the silver award with the song "Yang Terindah" performed by Maria Aires, with Sammy Ray Jones also representing Australia receiving the bronze award with his song "Rinet". K-Town Clan representing Malaysia received the special jury award with their song "Party Animal". The next edition was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka.

text:
# ABU Radio Song Festival 2012

The **ABU Radio Song Festival 2012** was the first edition of the biennial ABU Radio Song Festivals, organised by the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU). The festival took place in the KBS Hall, which is located in the South Korean capital of Seoul and coincided with the 49th general assembly of the ABU. The ABU Radio Song Festival attracted twenty-six original entries representing eighteen radio broadcasters from fifteen countries, which competed in a preliminary jury round. The juries selected thirteen entries from twelve radio broadcasters in ten countries to qualify for the final show which was held on 11 October 2012. Fifteen entries were originally selected to participate in the grand final. However, Fiji and Sri Lanka withdrew from the radio competition prior to the final show, and thus only thirteen entries participated in the competition on 11 October 2012.

South Korea won the Grand Prix award with the song "For a Rest" performed by boy band Billy Acoustie. Danielle Blakey representing Australia won the gold award with the song "Fearless", Brunei received the silver award with the song "Yang Terindah (So Beautiful)" performed by Maria Aires, with Sammy Ray Jones also representing Australia receiving the bronze award with his song "Rinet". K-Town Clan representing Malaysia received the special jury award with their song "Party Animal". The next edition was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka.

## History

The Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) had already run an international song contest for its members inspired by the Eurovision Song Contest in 1985–1987, called the *ABU Popular Song Contest*, with 14 countries from the Asia-Pacific region competing. The show had a similar concept to the current festivals with the winners being chosen by a professional jury. South Korea, New Zealand and Australia celebrated victories in that competition. In 1989–1991 the ABU co-produced the *ABU Golden Kite World Song Festival* in Malaysia with participation of Asia-Pacific countries, as well as Yugoslavia and Finland.

In 2008, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) proposed a partnership with the ABU on the establishment of an *Asiavision Song Contest*; however these talks didn't produce any results, and in September 2008 it was announced that the Eurovision Song Contest format for Asian production had been sold to a private company from Singapore, Asiavision Pte. Ltd. The original name intended for that event was *Asiavision Song Contest*, but it was later changed to *Our Sound - The Asia-Pacific Song Contest* following a request from the ABU, who uses the Asiavision name for their news exchange service. Initially, the contest (which was supposed to be a two program live broadcast TV show with public voting) was set to premiere in 2009, but it was later rescheduled for March 2010 in Macao and then for November 2010 in Mumbai, at the end being postponed indefinitely "due to the ongoing issues between the organizers and EBU".

Shortly before launching the ABU Song Festival, the ABU had been considering the possibility of organizing the *ABU ASEAN TV Song Festival* in Thailand. Historically, ASEAN song contests had been organized in periods between 1981 and 1997, however since 2011 the ASEAN Festival had been organized between local Radio stations such as *Bintang Radio ASEAN*.

In November 2011, the ABU announced that they would organize their own TV and Radio Song Festivals to take place in Seoul, the South Korean capital, to coincide with the 49th General Assembly in October 2012. The name *Asiavision Song Contest* was initially mentioned as a possibility, but they were later officially titled *ABU Radio Song Festival* and *ABU TV Song Festival*. According to the ABU, the deadline for participation applications for the ABU TV Song Festival was 18 May 2012.

## Location

Seoulclass=notpageimage|Location of the host city in South Korea.

Seoul, officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world. The Seoul National Capital Area is the world's second largest metropolitan area with over 25 million inhabitants, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Almost a quarter of South Koreans live in Seoul, half of South Koreans live in the metropolitan area, along with over 275,000 international residents.

Located on the Han River, Seoul has been a major settlement for over 2,000 years, with its foundation dating back to 18 B.C. when Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, established its capital in what is now south-east Seoul. It continued as the capital of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty and the Korean Empire. The Seoul National Capital Area is home to four UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Changdeokgung, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty.

### National host broadcaster

Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) was the host broadcaster for the first edition of the inaugural Radio Song Festivals, which was staged in the KBS Hall. The host broadcaster had offered to cover costs for staging the show as well as the accommodation for the participants of ABU TV Song Festival.

## Format

Unlike the format used in the Eurovision Song Contest there were two versions of the ABU Song Contest. The ABU Radio Song Contest and the ABU TV Song Festival which took place between 11 and 17 October 2012 during the 49th ABU General Assembly. The theme for the festivals was: 'Beyond the Wave'. This had been inspired by the digital evolution changes in the global media.

At the preliminary round of the Radio Festival, twenty-six participants from fifteen countries across Asia, Australia and the Pacific performed their entries in front of a jury panel. Thirteen entries representing ten countries qualified for the final show which took place at the KBS Hall on 11 October 2012. An international selection committee voted for their favourites and the top five performers were awarded prizes by a panel of judges.

The international jury members were producer and songwriter Il Sang Yun, singer/songwriter Gwang Jin Kim, Suk Lee on behalf of KBS Radio 2, Singaporean songwriter Billy Koh, and Vijay Sadhu from the ABU.

## Participating countries

Twenty-six entries participated in a pre-qualification round, fifteen were selected to proceed to the final of the ABU Radio Song Festival (as shown in the following table). However, Sevanaia Yacalevu the Fijian participant withdrew from the competition on 14 September 2012. Yacalevu would have performed last in the running order with the song "Time for a change". Surendra Perera the Sri Lankan participant also announced a withdrawal, although the reason for this is unknown. So the number of finalists was reduced to thirteen.

An international jury awards prizes to their top five favourites after all participating finalists had performed their entries at the ABU Radio Song Festival. The Grand Prix award was issued to the winner, the Gold Award to second place, the Silver Award to third, the Bronze Award to fourth, and a Special Jury award to fifth place.

### Results

| Draw | Country | Artist | Song | Language | Place | Award |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | South Korea | Afrodino | "Pepperoni" (*페퍼 로니*) | Korean | 6 | - |
| 02 | Brunei | Maria Aires | "Yang Terindah" | Malay | 3 | Silver Award |
| 03 | Malaysia | K-Town Clan | "Party Animal" | English | 5 | Jury Award |
| 04 | Vanuatu | Sammy Ray Jones | "Rinet" | English | 4 | Bronze Award |
| 05 | Pakistan | Bilal Ahmed | "Wada" (*وعدہ*) | Urdu | 6 | - |
| 06 | Malaysia | Sabhi Sadhi | "Waktu" | Malay | 6 | - |
| 07 | Bhutan | Dechen Wangmo | "Black as Snow" | English, Dzongkha | 6 | - |
| 08 | Iran | Man Brothers | "Iran" (*ایران*) | Persian | 6 | - |
| 09 | Australia | Danielle Blakey | "Fearless" | English | 2 | Gold Award |
| 10 | Indonesia | Rando Sembiring | "Menunggu" | Indonesian | 6 | - |
| 11 | Singapore | Jae Ang | "Promise Me" | English | 6 | - |
| 12 | Vietnam | Chu Mạnh Chương | "Quê Hương Ơn Bác" | Vietnamese | 6 | - |
| 13 | South Korea | Bily Acoustie | "For a Rest" | Korean | 1 | Grand Prix |
|

1.  Listed as Vanuatu, although the official website lists the nation as Australia/Vanuatu due to the participating broadcaster ABC Television being of Australian origin.

### Did not qualify

* Of the twenty-six preliminary entries, fifteen were selected to proceed to the final of the ABU Radio Song Festival. The remaining eleven did not qualify (as shown in the following table).

| Country | Artist | Song | Language |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bhutan | Sonam Tshewang | "Nga Num Che" | Dzongkha |
| Brunei | Jazz Hayat | "I Stalk Your Profile" | Malay, English |
| Fiji | Luisa Serevi & Losana Masitabua | "Help Me To Conserve" | English |
| India | Bimblotica | "I'm a Girl" | Malayalam, English |
| India | Mathur Lakshmi Keshava & Group | "Vayam Atra Sanjataha Asmakam Punyam" | Sanskrit |
| Indonesia | Dorkas Lea Waroy | "Aku Rindu" | Indonesian |
| Iran | Heidar & Shokrollah Sepahvand & Nabi Razazadeh | "Tone of Joyful Music of Lorestan" | Instrumental |
| Iran | Mohsen Nafar | "Dast Afshan" (*دست افشان*) | Instrumental |
| Iran | Shayan Bohluli, Amin Alizadeh & Hamed Khodadadi | "The First Day of Spring" | Persian, English |
| Kyrgyzstan | Askat Musabekov | "Sagynam" (*Сагынам*) | Kyrgyz |
| Sudan | Abdel Gadir Salim | "Bessama" | Arabic |
|

### Withdrawn

| Country | Artist | Song | Language |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sri Lanka | Surendra Perera | "Wahi Pabalu Sali" (*වැහි පබළු සැලී*) | Sinhalese |
| Fiji | Sevanaia Yacalevu | "Time for a Change" | English |

## National jury members

The members of the international jury who awarded prizes to their top five favourites are as follows:

| Country | Organisation | Jury member |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | Head of Marketing & Communications Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio Australia | Mark Hemetsberger |
| China | Department of International Relations RTPRC, China Radio International | Qi Song |
| India | Deputy Director of Programme All India Radio | K. Vageesh |
| Iran | Advisor - President of Radio International Affairs and Director of Radio International Festival Islamic Rep. of Iran Broadcasting | Behrooz Razavi Nejad |
| Malaysia | Manager of Traxx FM Radio Television Malaysia | Rohani Harithuddin |
| | Deputy Chief Broadcasting Officer Star Group | Kudsia Kahar |
| Singapore | Vice President Malay/Indian and Expat. Programming, Radio Mediacorp Pte. Ltd | Zakiah Halim |
| South Korea | Producer Korean Broadcasting System | Choong Eon Lee |
| | | Kwan Mo Yoo |
| | | In Cheol Hyun |
| | Head Producer Korean Broadcasting System | Hyu Cheong Cho |
| Sri Lanka | Group Director MBC Networks Private Ltd | Shanthi Bhagirathan |
| Vietnam | International Cooperation Department Voice of Vietnam | Nguyen Thi Thu |
|

## International broadcasts

Each participating country was invited to broadcast both events across their respective networks and provide commentary in the native languages to add insight and description to the shows. The festival was not broadcast live, although each broadcaster had stated that they would broadcast the festival between October - November 2012 with an estimated audience of 2 billion people, twenty times the audience that is reached by the Eurovision Song Contest which reaches an audience of approximately 100 million people.

## InfoBox

| ABU Radio Song Festival 2012 | |
| --- | --- |
| Beyond the Wave! | |
|  | |
| Dates | |
| Final | 11 October 2012 |
| Host | |
| Venue |  |
| Presenter(s) |  |
| Executive supervisor | Vijay Sadhu |
| Host broadcaster | Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) |
| Participants | |
| Number of entries | 13 |
| Debuting countries |  |
| Participation map * Participating countries     Did not qualify to the final | |
| Vote | |
| Voting system | International jury cast votes and award prizes to the top five. * 1st: Grand Prix Award * 2nd: Gold Award * 3rd: Silver Award * 4th: Bronze Award * 5th: Special Jury Award |
| Winning song | South Korea<br>"For a Rest" |
|


title: Pirivena

abstract: A pirivena is a monastic college for the education of monks in Sri Lanka. In ancient time, they were also centers of secondary and higher education for lay people. As of 2018, 753 piriven have been founded and maintained by the Ministry of Education. Young monks undergo training at these piriven prior to their ordination.

text:
# Pirivena

A **pirivena** (plural: **piriven**) is a monastic college for the education of monks in Sri Lanka. In ancient time, they were also centers of secondary and higher education for lay people. As of 2018, 753 piriven have been founded and maintained by the Ministry of Education. Young monks undergo training at these piriven prior to their ordination.

## History

### Ancient

By 100 CE, a pirivena represented one of the highest levels of education in Sinhalese communities, and was the most common centralized educational institution on the island. Prior to this, an education was historically reserved for people attached to the religious establishment, and it would have then been the jobs of these people to traverse the villages and teach skills to the lay people, and therefore the vast majority of the island's people historically did not attend any formal educational institution. The Buddhist doctrine however prefers that lay people are also educated, and unlike the institutions in mainland India, the pirivena would have been attended by lay people as well.

The term is derived from the Pali word for 'living quarters', referring to how these institutions were aimed at teaching priests and monks on the island. It is mostly unique to Sri Lanka, but similar to universities found in mainland India.

The Mahavihara and Abhayagirivihara, commissioned through royal patronage from around 300 BCE, were among the first educational institutions to adopt this system of education.

### Colonialism

The first European colonialists arrived at the shores of the island in 1505, with the Portuguese, the first to successfully conquer the island, being quite aggressive in spreading their faith. They managed to convert King Dharmapala of Kotte, the apostate king, eventually stopped state funding for these Buddhist educational institutions. The pirivena education system saw a rapid decline in Sri Lanka’s coastal areas, but the system continued to flourish in the Central Kandy Kingdom until the British conquest.

## Structure

The **Mulika** level offers five years of education and is the most basic level of education. The students are taught six subjects; Pali, Sanskrit, Sinhala, English, *Tipitaka* studies and mathematics. This is followed by a final examination that can be used to advance to the next level.

The **Maha** level offers higher education, allowing students to enter a variety of subjects including philosophy, the history of religions, linguistics, Ayurveda, and astrology.

The **Vidyayathana** level offers the highest level of education and it is similar to the university-level. Two major universities in Colombo, the University of Kelaniya and University of Sri Jayewardenepura, are actually *piriven vidyayathana* renamed.

## Notable examples


title: Ray Bright

abstract: Raymond James Bright is a former Australian Test and One Day International cricketer from Victoria. He was a left arm spin bowler and right handed lower order batsman who captained Victoria for a number of seasons. He was also an Australian vice-captain. Bright made his One Day International debut for Australia on the tour of New Zealand in the 1973/74 season. He also toured New Zealand in the 1976–77 season, and he then toured England in 1977, and made his Test debut in the Second Test at Old Trafford. Over the next decade he was a fixture in the Australian squad without ever holding down a regular place in the Test or One Day teams, playing in only twenty-five Tests and eleven One Day Internationals during his twelve-year international career. However he did play in fifteen Supertests for the Australian XI during World Series Cricket in 1977–78 and 1978–79, taking 42 wickets at an average of 29 against the West Indies and World XI. Arguably his finest moment in international cricket came in the famous tied Test in Madras against India in 1986, when he took 5 for 94 in India's second innings. He also captained Australia in one match, his final One Day International appearance for his country, against Pakistan in April 1986. Gideon Haigh once wrote that "for a time, Ray Bright was colloquially and rather meanly known for having made almost as many tours as he had played Tests." Bright was selected on a large number of Australian touring squads, including ones to New Zealand, England, the West Indies (1978–79), Pakistan, Sri Lanka (1980–81), Sharjah (1986) and India (1986–87).

text:
# Ray Bright

**Raymond James Bright** (born 13 July 1954) is a former Australian Test and One Day International cricketer from Victoria. He was a left arm spin bowler and right handed lower order batsman who captained Victoria for a number of seasons. He was also an Australian vice-captain.

Bright made his One Day International debut for Australia on the tour of New Zealand in the 1973/74 season. He also toured New Zealand in the 1976–77 season, and he then toured England in 1977, and made his Test debut in the Second Test at Old Trafford. Over the next decade he was a fixture in the Australian squad without ever holding down a regular place in the Test or One Day teams, playing in only twenty-five Tests and eleven One Day Internationals during his twelve-year international career. However he did play in fifteen Supertests for the Australian XI during World Series Cricket in 1977–78 and 1978–79, taking 42 wickets at an average of 29 against the West Indies and World XI.

Arguably his finest moment in international cricket came in the famous tied Test in Madras against India in 1986, when he took 5 for 94 in India's second innings. He also captained Australia in one match (a loss), his final One Day International appearance for his country, against Pakistan in April 1986.

Gideon Haigh once wrote that "for a time, Ray Bright was colloquially and rather meanly known for having made almost as many tours as he had played Tests." Bright was selected on a large number of Australian touring squads, including ones to New Zealand (1973–74, 1976–77, 1978, 1981–82 and 1985–86), England (1977, 1980 and 1981), the West Indies (1978–79), Pakistan (1979–80 and 1982–83), Sri Lanka (1980–81), Sharjah (1986) and India (1986–87).

## Career

A left-arm orthodox spin bowler and useful lower order right-handed batsman, Bright made his club debut for Footscray in 1969/70.

### 1971 Sheffield Shield debut

In December 1971 he was picked for Victoria against Western Australia. He was aged 17, the youngest player picked for the state since World War Two. However he was only 12th man.

He played for Victoria colts and toured Sri Lanka.

### 1972–73 season

Bright found his way back into the Victorian team for the 1972–73 season. His first class debut was against NSW. He took 2–32 and 1–64 and made 67 as a nightwatchman.

Bright kept his place in the Victorian side for the rest of the season.

### 1973–74 season: Australian selection

Bright played well during the 1973–74 season. He took 6–61 and 1–27 against South Australia, 4–41 against WA, took part in a century partnership in a Victoria vs New Zealand game, took 5–75 against WA and 3–8 against SA.

9–55 against Queensland saw his name start to be mentioned as an international prospect. He ended up taking 32 wickets over the summer at an average of 19.6.

He was a "bolter" selection on the 1973–74 tour of New Zealand, replacing Terry Jenner as the third spin option after Ashley Mallett and Kerry O'Keefe. He was the youngest Australian sent abroad since the selectors sent Ian Craig and Ron Archer (18) to England in 1953,

## Australian Tour Debut

### 1973–74 Tour of New Zealand

Bright made his debut for Australia in a one-day game against Wellington taking 2–15. He only took one wicket in his first first-class game for Australia, against Canterbury. He took one wicket against Auckland but four against Northern Districts. He only took 8 first class wickets on the tour but had a healthy average of 21.87.

He also made his one-day international debut on tour, playing in the third ODI against New Zealand. Bright made 0–44.

### 1974 Lancashire League

Bright expected to spend the 1974 winter at home when he received a call from the Ramsbottom Club in the Lancashire League. Their current professional player, Wasim Raja, had been called up by Pakistan and they needed a replacement. Bright accepted the offer despite only having three weeks notice. His fee was £1,500 but he had to pay his air fare out of that, so he was forced to get a job as well. He worked a bleaching and dyeing factory.

Bright had little luck on his first weekend and says he "got abused by 500 workers" at this factory on Monday. He added, "You're obviously expected to bat in the top four, and if you don't get some runs or get some wickets, particularly if the side's not doing very well, the locals do tend to let you know very quickly that you've been the worst pro the club's ever had."

However his form improved. Bright said "What I found, probably because I've got very hard hands, early on I was tending to balloon a few to mid off or mid on, which a lot of Australians tend to do on soft wickets. It was a matter of adapting to different conditions and, quite often, the bowlers are a bit slower than what you're used to facing in first class cricket back home."

Bright ended up taking 523 runs for the season at 30.8 and 73 wickets at 9.7. Ramsbottom won the championship for just the third time in their history.

### 1974–75 and 1975–76 seasons

Bright was considered a strong prospect for the 1975 tour of England but found things tougher going at home over the following summer, taking took 10 wickets at 68.6 with a best result of 3–67. At one stage Victorian captain Ian Redpath would bowl himself instead of Bright. "There could have been no more humiliating comment on his form," according to one writer. Australian selectors preferred Terry Jenner and Ashley Mallett as spinners in the test team that summer, and Jim Higgs was picked to go to England in 1975.

Bright attributed his poor form in part to his league stint in England, saying "the wickets were so slow that I ended up bowling a lot quicker. It took me a long, long time to renegotiate what I needed to do in Australian conditions." He added that "another thing was that the batsman weren't taking any risks against me. Before that I suppose they had underestimated me, but after I was selected for New Zealand they took no risks and I had to really fight for my wicket."

Bright's form recovered over the 1975–76 season, taking 22 first class wickets at 27.68. Instead of returning to Ramsbottom over the 1976 English summer, he stayed in Australia and focused on his fitness. He trained with his local Australian rules club Spotswood, for whom he had once played.

### 1976–77 season

He won man of the match for the Gilette Cup semi final against NSW, taking 3–30 and scoring 55 not out in a partnership with Trevor Laughlin that won Victoria the game.

That summer Bright took 19 wickets at an average of 25 making him one of the better performing spinners in the country. Bright attributed this success in part to captain Richie Robinson giving him "more responsibility by allowing me to bowl for longer periods. these days I'm averaging between 20 and 30 overs. Previously it was only 10–12."

"I've been trying to give the ball that extra tweak," added Bright. "You find, especially against the good batsmen, that you have to do something more than just bowl accurately. I'm glad I was born a left arm bowler. Those sort of bowlers, especially spinners, are a very rare breed in Australia. Batsmen here don't get much practice against a left hander. Anything you can do a little different is a help."

Bright's claim for national selection was helped by retirements of Ashley Mallett and Terry Jenner as well as the poor batting and fielding of rivals David Hourn and Jim Higgs. He was picked on the 1977 Tour of New Zealand. Kim Hughes was meant to be 12th man for the third test against Pakistan, but when he fell injured Ray Bright stepped in. There was some talk he might even play that game in tandem with Kerry O'Keefe but in the end Australia went with one spinner.

#### 1977 Tour of New Zealand

Bright was the second spinner in the squad, after Kerry O'Keefe. He took five wickets against Otago. and he and O'Keefe ended up taking two-thirds of the wickets on the early part of the tour, Bright with 25 wickets at an average of 14.

Bright was selected in the 12 for the first test but was made 12th man when the Australian selectors decided to keep faith in Gary Gilmour. A draw in the first test saw Greg Chappell consider dropping a batsman to make way for Bright but he eventually decided against it.

In March 1977 *Cricketer* published a list of Ashes squads from seventeen different experts. Every single squad had Bright and Kerry O'Keefe in it as spinners. Bright was 12th man for the Centenary Test. He fielded throughout England's two innings as substitute for Rick McCosker who had suffered a broken jaw when batting in Australia's first innings. Following the test's completion it was announced Bright was on the 1977 tour of England.

## Test debut

### 1977 Tour of England: Test debut

Early in the tour it was announced that Bright had signed to play World Series Cricket.

Bright had solid form early in the tour, particularly with the bat. He took 4–63 against Gloucestershire and at one stage his batting average was 107. He took 5–91 against Worcestershire.

Bright made his ODI debut in the second one dayer, but only bowled three overs. He was given 11 overs in the third game, taking 1–56.

Bright was in the original 13 man squad for the first test but O'Keeffe was preferred as sole spinner. Australia lost the game and Bright further pressed his claims with 3–34 against Nottinghamshire. By this stage he was leading Australia's tour bowling averages with 20 wickets at 16.

Australia decided to play two spinners for the second, allowing Bright to make his test debut. He took 3–69 in an Australian defeat. He was 12th man for the third test as Australia went back to 3 pacemen but 5–67 against Lancashire saw him reach 35 wickets for the tour at 20. For the 4th test O'Keeffe was dropped in favour of Bright. Bright took 2–66.

Bright kept his spot for the rain-shortened final test. He scored 15 and only bowled six overs.

He ended the tour with 39 wickets at 20.

## World Series Cricket

Bright signed with World Series Cricket. He and Kerry O'Keeffe were the two Australian spinners.

His signing meant he was banned from training with the Victorian squad. Bright later said he had "no complaints. Much more security with Packer. I could have got dropped back from England and been dropped from the Victorian side."

### 1977–78

Bright began the 1977–78 summer well taking 5–54 for a Richie Robinson XI against an Ian Chappell XI. In a four-day trial match for WSC Australia against a World XI, Bright made 47 in Australia's first innings, helping them revive from a collapse, and taking three wickets. These efforts saw him picked over O'Keefe and Mallett to be Australia's spinner in the first supertest against the West Indies XI.

Australia batted first and collapsed to 6–66 when Bright came out to bat; he helped lead a late innings rally to 256, with Bright the top scorer on 69. However he was used sparingly as a bowler, taking 1–15 and 0–10 as Australia lost by three wickets.

Bright took 1–62 in a one-day game against the World XI. In the second Supertest he took 2–75 and 0–18 and made two run outs, but Australia lost again. Things were better in the third match, were Bright's hauls of 2–18 and 4–74 helped Australia to a 220 run win.

Bright only bowled four overs in the rain-shortened, low scoring 4th test, which Australia lost against the World XI.

In a one-day game against the West Indies he took 4–37, almost helping Australia win the game. In the final event the West Indies won by one wicket.

Bright had another strong game in the fifth test, against the World XI. Barry Richards, Gordon Greenidge and Viv Richards took their toll on Australia's bowlers, but Bright fought back to finish with 5–149. He scored 41 in Australia's first dig but they lost the game by an innings and 73 runs. He took 2–38 in the final of the International Cup, which Australia lost to the West Indies and 1–32 in the final of the Country Cup, against the World XI, which Australia also lost.

Bright ended the summer well in the 6th Supertest, against the World XI, taking 3–98 in the first innings and scoring 25 crucial runs in an Australian XI second innings collapse, and taking two catches. These contributions turned out to be crucial in Australia's final victory.

He took 17 supertest wickets for the summerall up at an average of 28.8 and scored 192 runs at an average of 21.

### 1978 Tour of New Zealand

World Series Cup players toured New Zealand in November 1978. Bright took 1–9 in a four-day game against the World XI, then played in several one day games: 1–10, 0–55, 2–34, did not bowl, 0–30, 0–21, and did not bowl

### 1978–79 Summer

Back in Australia, Bright took 3–57 against the World XI in a one-day match against the World XI, followed by 0–29.

In the first Supertest, against the World XI, he took 1–21 and 3–81 in an Australian loss A series of one day games followed: 1–24 against the WSC Cavaliers, 0–24 against the Cavaliers, 1–27 (Cavaliers), 3–33 (West Indies), did not bowl (World XI), 1–17 (World XI), and 1–44 (Cavaliers).

For the second Supertest, against the West Indies XI he took 3–113 and 0–36, as well as 41 runs in total.

For the third Supertest against the West Indies XI, Kerry O'Keefe was drafted into the squad as a possible support for Bright but he ultimately did not play. Bright had a brilliant game taking 6–52 and 1–12, helping Australia to a rare (ten wicket) victory and winning the Man of the Match Award.

This victory saw Australia get into the final against the World XI. They lost by five wickets. Bright again scored some useful lower order runs and took one wicket.

### 1979 Tour of the West Indies

Bright went to the West Indies with the Australian XI for World Series Cricket. He took 1–40 in a one-day game.

In the first Supertest, Bright was one of the more successful bowlers, taking 2–20 and 2–108; his second innings of 47 not out was Australia's highest.in the game as they crashed to defeat by 369 runs. Australia then lost another ODI, Bright taking one wicket.

Bright batted well in the second test too, making 37 and 22; he picked up 2–22 and 0–16.

Australia won a thrilling third Supertest by 27 runs; however it was Ian Chappell (3–35), not Bright, who bowled them to victory at the end. Bright took 1–28 and 1–68. He took 1–78 and scored 29 not out in the fourth test, famously shortened by a riot.

In one day games he took 1–34 0–43 and 1–31. He struggled with the ball in the final Supertest, taking 1–60, but took part in a crucial second innings partnership with Rod Marsh which helped secure a draw – Bright was not out on 56. He was at the wicket when the last ball of unofficial World Series Cricket was bowled.

Bright had enjoyed an excellent World Series Cricket, being Australia's number one spinner for the entire time.

"Rod Marsh and I were the only two that played in all of the Supertests," said Bright. "Fourteen all up, ten in Australia and four in the West Indies. They were probably my best two years, believe it or not."

### 1979 in England

Bright received another call from a club in the Lancashire League, when East Lancashire needed a replacement for Peter Sleep, who was touring India with the official Australian team. He took 41 wickets at an average of 11.85. He also participated in a single wicket competition against such players as David Gower and Zaheer Abbas.

## Post World Series Cricket

### 1979–80 Season

Victoria had won the Sheffield Shield in 1978–79 but Bright went straight back into the state squad along with fellow WSC players Richie Robinson and Max Walker.

Bright was injured early during the 1979–80 season.

"We were playing a Shield game in Queensland and I threw my arm out on the day before the match," he recalls. "I lost a lot of power, and a lot of things I could do before I wasn’t able to do. So I probably changed my technique after that to get more side-on, but I probably got more back-on. I was coming in to bowl but I was facing the wrong way. I thought I was doing the right thing by changing things, but it didn’t work... Nowadays I would’ve had a shoulder operation... I got told I could have one, but it was really up to me to organise."

Bright was picked in the Australian side to play in the first test against the West Indies. It was the first "reunited" Australian side since World Series players returned to the fold. The day after his selection Bright won match of the match in a McDonald's Cup semi final taking 3–30 against Tasmania. In the test, Bright took 1–97.

Bright played several one day games, against the West Indies (0–26), England (1–40) and the West Indies (0–29). He was then dropped for the next one day game.

He played in the first test against England, taking 1–36. He was kept in the squad for the next game, the second test against the West Indies but was made 12th man in favour of Jim Higgs.

Bright was dropped for the second test against England in favour of Ian Chappell. He only took seven first class wickets over the summer at an average of 63.85. Greg Chappell thought this was a delayed reaction to "intimidatory batting" during World Series Cricket. "A lot of spinners would probably have wilted in WSC but Brighty stood up to it well. WSC, though, probably changed his game a bit, got him bowling a bit more defensively and it eventually cost him a bit of his bite. He'd had as tough a task as any young spinner could've had, bowling against the top twenty or thirty batsmen in the world day in, day out. And that eventually took its toll mentally."

Nonetheless, Bright was picked on the 1980 Tour of Pakistan.

#### 1980 Tour of Pakistan

Bright bowled well early in the tour, taking 5–93 and 6–29 against the BCCP President's XI.

This saw him was picked in the 12 for the first test along with Graeme Beard. Pakistan prepared a spin friendly pitch. Australia were dismissed for 225, with Iqbal Qasim and Tauseef Ahmed taking four wickets each. Bright kept Australia in the game with his 7–87, keeping Pakistan for 292. "I found the wicket helpful but the turn was very slow and it made me really concentrate on my line", said Bright.

However Australia collapsed for 140 in the second innings, Qasim and Ahmed taking all ten wickets between them. Bright took 3–23 in Pakistan's second innings but Australia lost by three wickets.

Pakistani ground keepers prepared very batting friendly strips for the last two test matches, which both ended in draws. Bright made 0–71 in the second test After making 52 in a tour game and 5–172 in the third.

Bright took 29 wickets on tour for 19.24.

### 1980 Tour of England

Bright's efforts earned him selection on the 1980 tour to England to play the second Centenary Test. He was one of two spinners, the other being Ashley Mallett.

Bright played well against Hampshire but did not overly impress in other games on the tour. (He only took 7 first class wickets on the whole tour for an average of 41.)

He played in a sole one day international and was named in the final 12 for the 1980 Centenary Test along with Ashley Mallet. The selectors decided to play two spinners, and Bright went wicketless over 46 overs, making 0–50 and 0–44.

### 1980–81 season

Bright did not have a particularly successful season with the ball in 1980–81, obtaining 22 wickets at 40. However he did make a first class century, 108 against Tasmania. He also took 4–59 in the same game. He scored 70 in a McDonald's Cup game against WA.

At the end of the summer, Bright was picked on the 1981 tour of England. He was selected over Bruce Yardley who had more wickets for a lesser average and had been playing tests for Australia; Bob Holland and Peter Sleep also had better figures than Bright. According to one report "the Victorian \[Bright\] was not everybody's choice to make the tour. He has been to England twice before, with little success, and apart from a fruitful series on the Pakistan wickets last year has only a moderate Test record."

### 1981 Tour of England

Bright began the tour poorly, struggling the Sri Lankan leg of the tour, and in early games. However 3 wickets against Glamorgan improved his confidence.

Bright was picked for the first test but ended up being relegated to 12th man as Australia went for an all pace attack. An injury to Rodney Hogg saw him picked in the second test. He had only taken ten wickets but many of the tour games had been shortened by rain and his experience got him preferred to Graeme Beard. Bright played well, taking 1–31 and 3–67 as well as scoring 33 (which would be his highest official test score). The game ended in a draw.

5–57 against Northamptonshire helped Bright keep his spot for the third test. This was the famous "miracle match" at Headingley. Bright was not used at all in England's first innings and only bowled four overs in the second innings, despite Ian Botham's famous counter-attacking knock which helped England win the game after following on. Bright was the last man dismissed. Hughes later admitted not bowling Bright more in England's second innings was a big mistake.

Bright played in the 4th test, scoring 27 runs as a nightwatchman and taking 2–20 and 5–68 with the ball. He bowled "with a clever variation of flight and pace" and put Australia in a winning position, requiring only 151 to win. However Australia collapsed and lost. He had less success in the 5th test, taking 0–30 and 1–68 or the 6th, taking 0–41 and 0–50.

Bright took 40 wickets on tour at an average of 26.4.

### 1981–82 season

Bright was considered a favorite to maintain his place in the Australian side at the beginning of the 1981–82 summer. However he lost his place to Bruce Yardley, who went on to have a magnificent season. He was picked in a 13-man test squad to play the West Indies but did not make the final 12. He was kept in the squad for the second test but did not play either. However he was picked to play on the 1982 tour of New Zealand, in support of Yardley.

Bright took 20 wickets over the summer at 37.1.

#### 1982 Tour of New Zealand

Bright was left out of the test side. He did not bowl particularly impressively in the tour games, only taking two first class wickets in total. There was a possibility Bright would come in as spinner for the third test but it did not happen.

### 1982 Tour of Pakistan

Bright was picked on the 1982 tour of Pakistan, where Bright had enjoyed success before. Captain Kim Hughes said "the spinning combination of Ray Bright and Bruce Yardley, the left- and right-arm orthodox bowlers, gives us a better balance \[than on the 1980 tour\] and makes me optimistic of winning the series."

Bright took four wickets in a tour game and was picked for the first test against Pakistan, playing in tandem with Yardley. He made 3–96 and 0–14.

Bright kept his spot for the second test but suffered badly at the hands of Pakistan batsmen, going for 0–107, as well as scoring a pair. He was dropped for the third test in favor of Terry Alderman.

Bright took 12 wickets at 30 on the tour, but his performance was generally considered disappointing.

### 1982–83 season

Bright was unable to force his way back into the Australian side during 1982–83. He began the season poorly and was even dropped from the Victorian side for a one-day game. However, by the end of the season he had taken 31 first class wickets at 38.67 and was given the job of captaining Victoria for the first time against Sri Lanka.

### 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons

Victoria had won two wooden spoons in a row and Graham Yallop was axed as captain at the end of the 1982–83 season. Bright was appointed in his stead at the beginning of the 1983–84 season.

He later said this may have affected his bowling. "When I became captain of Victoria, we didn’t have a great side, we never had a lot of runs to play with, and the MCG wicket being what it was with no bounce, and with that being my home ground we played five games there every year, the mentality may have gone a bit too defensive."

He struggled in 83–84 taking 20 wickets at 54.3. The Australian selectors tried several other spinners during this time – Greg Matthews, Murray Bennett and Tom Hogan.

He had a very strong domestic summer in 1984–85, taking 40 wickets at 30.45, making him one of the best performing spinners. However the Australian selectors went with Matthew, Bennett and Bob Holland for the tests and the 1985 tour of England.

Bright's name was linked with early reports of the rebel cricket sides to tour South Africa. Bright said he had not been approached but would consider any offer. In the end it was Trevor Hohns and Tom Hogan who toured.

This season was his last for Footscray. For the next two summers he would play club cricket for North Melbourne-Geelong.

## Test recall

### 1985–86 season

Australia's spin bowlers, Holland, Matthews and Bennett, did not have a particularly strong tour of England, and Australia were beaten badly in the first home test of the summer, against New Zealand.

Bright was picked in the Australian side for the second test against New Zealand at the spin-friendly SCG, replacing an unfit Geoff Lawson as a third spin option (alongside Bob Holland and Greg Matthews). Bright had not been expected to play – most observers thought Murray Bennett, who was in strong form and had toured England in 1985 would get the nod.

According to one report, "Bright has played in 16 Tests after making his debut... His gritty outlook and stubborn tactics has not always endeared him, particularly as the Victorian leader. But his determined, sometimes abrasive stance, is what is needed to counter the exultant New Zealanders."

Bright ended up having an excellent game, taking 2–87 and 3–39 and helping Australia win the match.

Allan Border praised the contribution to the side made by the return of veterans Bright and David Hookes. "Now there's a lot more experience in the side with Hookes and Bright," he said. "It's a lot easier on me. With the side in England and even in the first Test against New Zealand there was basically only me that would say anything of a stern nature or a congratulatory nature. But we've got Hookesy now walking around and really giving Craig McDermott a big rocket or a positive word. The way Ray and David keep an eye on things, it's not just me any more. The feeling over the past few weeks has been great but now there's a greater commitment."

Bright was picked in the 12 for the third test but did not play, with Australia picking a third pace bowler. He was preferred to Bob Holland for the first test against India, taking 1–80.

Bright took 6–74 against NSW in a Shield game which ensured his retention for the second test against India. He took 0–76 but scored 28 runs in the first innings.

He kept his place for the third test, and even though it was at the spin friendly SCG, was badly mauled by the Indian batsmen, taking 0–121. (In Bright's defence, other Australian spinners also fared poorly – and Bright had to deal with an inexperienced wicketkeeper in Wayne Phillips.)

That summer, Bright became Victoria's most capped player with 100 games, overtaking Bill Lawry's record of 99. He ultimately took 27 wickets at 37.92.

Despite his poor results against India, Bright was picked as spinner and vice captain on the New Zealand tour. He was also made captain of Australia for a short one day international tour of the United Arab Emirates.

And he was picked in the 13-man Australian one day squad for the finals. However he did not play any games.

### 1985–86 Tour of New Zealand: Australian vice captain

As well as being vice captain, Bright was one of the selectors of the Australian tour party (along with Allan Border and David Boon). Border and Bright were the only members of the squad who had toured New Zealand before.

Bright began the tour well with 5–42 against Northern Districts. He was 12th man for the first test as Border felt the pitch was more suited to a seamer. He played the second test making 0–51. His batting was useful helping Australia escape with a draw.

Bright led Australia for the first time in a one-day game against Nelson. He captained Australia in a three-day game against Central Districts, which ended in a draw.

He was kept on for the third test making 2–58 and 0–29.

He was left out of the team for the first one-day internationals. Australia lost, Allan Border threatened to resign, and Ray Bright, as vice captain, chaired a meeting of the players which resulting in them reiterating support for their captain.

Bright was back in the team for the third game, taking 0–31 and at the crease when Australia won a thrilling victory. Bright was so over joyed he smashed the stumps. Australia won the fourth game which Bright played but did not bowl in. He took 9 first class wickets at 33 for the tour.

Coach Bob Simpson said the team were "most fortunate" to have Ray Bright as vice captain on tour since his "attitude and application have been an inspiration to the whole touring party."

### 1986 Tour of Sharjah: Australian captain

The tour of the UAE followed, where Bright captained the side. Australia only played one game, against Pakistan. Australia made 7–202, which Pakistan reached in 49 overs for the loss of two wickets. Bright took 1–28.

### 1986 Tour of India: The second tied Test

Bright was still chosen on the tour of India, as the second spinner alongside Greg Matthews. He ended up playing all three tests.

Bright began the tour badly taking 0–55 and 0–61 in a tour game. He took four wickets in 3 matches at an average of 245 and was considered likely to be made 12th man for the first test. However Border decided to go with two spinners, Bright and Matthews.

"Touring India is not how it is now," recalled Bright. "I was crook for the match. The gut; why would you eat a pizza in India? The night before the game I did the right thing and had an early night instead of having a few extra beers with (Bruce) Reid, (David) Boon, Border, (Geoff) Marsh, etcetera, who liked a couple. I thought ‘no, I’ll have an early night and be ready for tomorrow’, but the room service pizza wasn't what it was supposed to be. Fortunately we won the toss and batted, as I would have been struggling to bowl that next day."

Bright was nightwatchman. He ended up scoring 30 and taking part in a partnership with Dean Jones, who made 210. "It was one of the better efforts of human endurance I’ve seen," said Bright. "He was very ill, we were all very ill. To get through that, with the heat being unbearable, but he was good enough to hit the singles when he needed to and get the fours when they were there. The good thing was that he had to spend the night in hospital on a saline drip so we didn’t have to spend the night hearing about how good a knock it was." This was a considerable change from Jones' debut for Victoria aged 20, when after making 39 Bright stood up in the dressing room and branded him "the worst batsman I've ever seen play for Victoria", despite Jones facing Dennis Lillee at the WACA.

Bright took 2–88 in the first innings. In the second innings temperatures reached 40 degrees and 80% humidity.

"The quicks didn’t bowl much, because it was too hot," said Bright. "The worst thing was the humidity. There was no such thing as a warm up, and the canal out the back, I think it is called the Buckingham Canal, was like an open sewer, so imagine when it is 45 degrees and very humid. It was just horrendous. I’d never known anything like it."

Bright collapsed and had to be helped from the field. "Ray was 32 years old and, putting it politely, he wasn’t fit," says Greg Matthews. "People don’t understand how good Ray Bright was in that match, because without him we would have been beaten. To me it sits alongside Rick McCosker’s effort in the Centenary Test for bravery."

Bright returned to the field and took the wickets of Chetan Sharma and Kiran More. Then with two overs to go, India required seven runs with two wickets in hand. Bright bowled the penultimate over and dismissed Shivalv Yadav, ending the game with 5–94. Matthews got a wicket in the last over and the match was a tie.

He did not get a chance to bowl in the rain shortened second test and went for 1–109 in the third.

## Later career

### 1986–88: Final years

In the 1986–87 summer, Bright was omitted for the first two tests against England, as Australia elected to go with one spinner, Matthews.

Bright took seven wickets for Victoria against South Australia. He was recalled to the Australian team for the 3rd test of the 1986–87 Ashes. However he was made 12th man in favour of Peter Sleep. He was dropped from the squad for the fourth test. Australia dropped Greg Matthews for the fifth test but tried a new spinner, Peter Taylor, instead of Bright.

Bright was injured towards the end of the 1986–87 season. He led the Victorian team to the Sheffield Shield final, but they lost to Western Australia. His shoulder injury called him to step down as Victorian captain at the end of the summer. He had a solid season, with 29 wickets at 31.41.

#### Later playing career

Bright was dropped from the Victoria side at the beginning of the 1987–88 summer. He was recalled but retired shortly afterwards.

In 1987 he was appointed captain and coach of Richmond Club, who he ended up playing for until 1995–96. Under Bright the Club won a First Eleven Premiership in 1989 – 90, a Club Championship in 1987 – 88 and the Second Eleven won Premierships in 1987 – 88, 1988 – 89 and 1990 – 91.

## Summary

Australia only won two of Bright's 25 Tests, and in Australia he averaged 68. He averaged 89 in draws, 50 in the first innings, 182 when Australia lost the toss and were put in (when he took a wicket every 83 overs). And in 19 of his 39 innings, he failed to take a wicket at all.

Despite a relatively modest international career, Bright was a stalwart at Australian domestic level for Victoria. He ended his first-class career with 471 wickets at an average of 32.08 and scored two centuries.

### Post retirement career

Since retiring from playing professionally after the 1987–1988 season, Bright has served as a selector for the Victorian state team, as well as Under 17 and 19 teams. He has taken on a number of coaching roles. His son, Adam Bright, plays baseball for Australia.

In December 1990 he went for 1–109 in an Australian XI vs World XI game to raise funds for a school.

Bright became a Victoria selector in April 2002.

Ray has recently taken up the senior assistant coaching role with the Vermont South Cricket Club in the *Box Hill Reporter* league where his son Matt opens the bowling and batting in the 1st XI. Ray can usually be found in the newly constructed social rooms enjoying a quiet drink and entertaining many with tales of yesteryear.

He was cricket adviser on the mini series *Howzat! Kerry Packer's War*.

## Personal life

Bright was married twice. He met his English-born second wife, Jacquie, on the 1977 tour of England and has two sons.

## Career highlights

### Tests

Test Debut: vs England, Manchester, 1977
Last Test: vs India, Mumbai, 1986–1987

* Bright's best Test batting score of 33 was made against England, Lord's, 1981
* His best Test bowling figures of 7 for 87 came against Pakistan, Karachi, 1979–1980

### One-day internationals

ODI Debut: vs New Zealand, Dunedin, 1973–1974
Last ODI: vs Pakistan, Sharjah, 1985–1986

* Bright's best ODI batting score of 19 not out was made against West Indies, Melbourne, 1979–1980
* His best ODI bowling figures of 1 for 28 came against Pakistan, Sharjah, 1985–1986
* He captained Australia in one ODI, a loss

## InfoBox

Ray Bright
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Raymond James Bright |
| Born | (1954-07-13) 13 July 1954<br>Footscray, Victoria, Australia |
| Nickname | Candles |
| Height | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left arm orthodox |
| Role | Bowler |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 280) | 7 July 1977 v England |
| Last Test | 19 October 1986 v India |
| ODI debut (cap 19) | 30 March 1974 v New Zealand |
| Last ODI | 11 April 1986 v Pakistan |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1972–1988 | Victoria |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Tests ODI FC LA  Matches 25 11 184 47  Runs scored 445 66 4,130 458  Batting average 14.35 16.50 21.07 19.08  100s/50s 0/0 0/0 2/12 0/2  Top score 33 19 108 70  Balls bowled 5,541 462 37,912 2,367  Wickets 53 3 471 40  Bowling average 41.13 116.66 32.08 41.12  5 wickets in innings 4 0 24 0  10 wickets in match 1 0 2 0  Best bowling 7/87 1/28 7/87 3/30  Catches/stumpings 13/– 2/– 107/– 11/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 29 January 2017 | |


title: Mordellochroidea lutea

abstract: Mordellochroidea lutea is a beetle in the genus Mordellochroidea of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1969 by Ermisch.

text:
# Mordellochroidea lutea

***Mordellochroidea lutea*** is a beetle in the genus *Mordellochroidea* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1969 by Ermisch.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellochroidea lutea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Subfamily: | Mordellinae |
| Tribe: | Mordellistenini |
| Genus: | *Mordellochroidea* |
| Species: | ***M. lutea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellochroidea lutea***<br>Ermisch, 1969 | |
|


title: Mexican corvette Zaragoza

abstract: Zaragoza was a corvette of the Mexican Navy in commission from 1892 until 1926. Although designed as a ship of war, she spent most of her active career serving as a training ship. She represented Mexico at the quadricentennial celebrations of Columbus' first voyage, and circumnavigated the world in 1894–97. She saw action in various Mexican insurrections. She was decommissioned in 1926 and sunk.

text:
# Mexican corvette Zaragoza

***Zaragoza*** was a corvette of the Mexican Navy in commission from 1892 until 1926. Although designed as a ship of war, she spent most of her active career serving as a training ship (*buque escuela*).

She represented Mexico at the quadricentennial celebrations of Columbus' first voyage, and circumnavigated the world in 1894–97. She saw action in various Mexican insurrections. She was decommissioned in 1926 and sunk.

## Construction

*Zaragoza* was ordered by the Mexican government, and built in 1891 by the French Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée shipyard at Le Havre. She was a steel-hulled vessel, with sails and a steam engine, armed with six Schneider-Canet 10 cm (3.94 in) cannon and two 37 mm (1.46 in) Hotchkiss guns.

## Service history

### Maiden voyage

The corvette was commissioned in France by Commodore Ángel Ortiz Monasterio, who sailed her across the Atlantic on her maiden voyage, arriving at Veracruz on 13 February 1892.

### Columbian quadricentennial

Under the command of Captain Reginald Carey Brenton, an officer of the British Royal Navy on a five-year assignment to the Mexican Navy as an instructor, she sailed back to Europe in October 1892. At the Spanish port of Palos de la Frontera, from where the *Pinta*, *Niña*, and *Santa María* sailed in 1492, she attended the commemorations of the fourth centenary of the discovery of the Americas. *Zaragoza* acted as guard to the Spanish Royal Yacht and was visited by Queen Maria Christina of Austria.

### Global circumnavigation

On returning to Mexico *Zaragoza* made two further voyages, to New Orleans and to France, before becoming the first Mexican Navy ship to circumnavigate the world. She sailed from Tampico on 5 April 1894, still under Captain Brenton's command, south along the coast of South America and through the Strait of Magellan, and then back north to Acapulco. On 23 April 1895, now again under the command of Commodore Ortiz, she sailed from Guaymas. After visiting San Francisco she sailed west across the Pacific, calling at Hawaii, Japan and Hong Kong, before stopping at Singapore, India and Egypt. She sailed through the Suez Canal entered the Mediterranean Sea, and headed for France. After minor repairs she crossed the Atlantic and arrived at Veracruz on 3 July 1897. An account of the voyage was published by *Zaragoza*'s medical officer Dr. Carlos Glass.

### War in Yucatán

Between 1898 and 1905 *Zaragoza* took part in operations against the Maya rebels of Yucatán, transporting troops, supplies, and ammunition to ports along the coast. In 1905 *Zaragoza* was part of the squadron that accompanied President Porfirio Díaz in his visit to Yucatán.

### Mexican Revolution

During the Mexican Revolution *Zaragoza* served under the constitutional government of President Francisco I. Madero and assisted in suppressing the revolt led by Félix Díaz. In April 1914, *Zaragoza* was at Tampico when United States troops landed in nearby Veracruz, but took no offensive action. In August 1914, after the Constitutionalist revolution led by Venustiano Carranza, *Zaragoza* was sent to the Port of Coatzacoalcos. From there, later in the year, she sailed to Yucatán to take part in the suppression of the rebellion led by Benjamin Argumedo. In 1923–24, *Zaragoza* took part in Adolfo de la Huerta's failed uprising against the government of Álvaro Obregón.

### Cortege

In October 1919 she escorted the Uruguayan cruiser *Uruguay*, as she returned the remains of the poet Amado Nervo, who died while serving as Mexico's ambassador to Uruguay.

## Decommissioning

After 34 years service, and in poor condition, the *Zaragoza* was finally decommissioned on 6 March 1926 in a ceremony led by the Secretary of War Joaquín Amaro. The ship was subsequently stripped, and the hulk towed to sea to be sunk by gunfire.

## InfoBox

| Buque Escuela Zaragoza | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Mexico | |
| Name | *Zaragoza* |
| Builder | *Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée*, Le Havre, France |
| Launched | 1891 |
| Commissioned | 1892 |
| Decommissioned | 6 March 1926 |
| Motto | * *Siempre a la hora* * ("Always on time") |
| Fate | Stripped and sunk, 1926 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Corvette |
| Displacement | 1,226 tons |
| Length | 213 ft (64.92 m) |
| Propulsion | Steam engine |
| Sail plan | Barque |
| Speed | 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) |
| Complement | 139 |
| Armament |  |


title: Nor-West Jets AFC

abstract: Nor-West Jets Australian Football Club are an Australian rules football club based in Sydney, Australia. The club colours are blue and white. The Jets have teams in the Third and Fifth Divisions of the Sydney AFL league. The Jets home ground is Bensons Lane located in the north-western Sydney suburb of Richmond.

text:
# Nor-West Jets AFC

**Nor-West Jets Australian Football Club** are an Australian rules football club based in Sydney, Australia. The club colours are blue and white. The Jets have teams in the Third and Fifth Divisions of the Sydney AFL league.

The Jets home ground is Bensons Lane located in the north-western Sydney suburb of Richmond.

## History

**Premierships:** 2005 and 2006 (Second Division)

## InfoBox

| Nor-West Jets | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Full name | Nor-West Jets Australian Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | *Jets* |
| Club details | |
| Founded | 2001 (2001) |
| Colours | blue   white |
| Competition | Sydney AFL |
| Ground(s) | Bensons Lane |
| Uniforms | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Other information | |
| Official website | nor-westjets.com |


title: Orthaga fuliginosa

abstract: Orthaga fuliginosa is a species of snout moth in the genus Orthaga. It is found in New Guinea.

text:
# Orthaga fuliginosa

***Orthaga fuliginosa*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Orthaga*. It is found in New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Orthaga fuliginosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Orthaga* |
| Species: | ***O. fuliginosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthaga fuliginosa***<br>(Rothschild, 1915) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Polyphota fuliginosa* Rothschild, 1915 | |


title: Glory Revealed II

abstract: Glory Revealed II: The Word of God in Worship released in 2009, is a compilation album by popular CCM musicians. In 2010, it garnered the Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards.

text:
# Glory Revealed II

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Jesus Freak Hideout |  |

***Glory Revealed II: The Word of God in Worship*** released in 2009, is a compilation album by popular CCM musicians. In 2010, it garnered the Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards.

## Track listing

1. Mac Powell, Shane Everett, Brian Littrell, and Jonathan Shelton – "How Great"
2. Trevor Morgan and Mark Hall – "Rejoice In The Lord"
3. Jason Crabb, Jonathan Shelton, and Bear Rinehart – "Wake Up, Oh Sleeper"
4. Matt Maher, Amy Grant. Ed Cash and Mac Powell – "Since The World Began"
5. Trevor Morgan and Geoff Moore – "Psalm 23"
6. Natalie Grant and Laura Story – "Praise The Lord"
7. Brandon Heath, Mike Donehey, and Aaron Shust – "What We Proclaim"
8. Mac Powell and Shawn Lewis – "Blessed Hope"
9. Sara Evans and Bethany Dick – "There Is a City"
10. Shane & Shane – "Cup Of Salvation"
11. Shawn Lewis and Bethany Dillon – "Never"
12. Matt Maher and Kari Jobe – "To You Be The Glory"

## InfoBox

| Glory Revealed II: The Word of God in Worship | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Various artists | |
| Released | July 14, 2009 |
| Genre | CCM |
| Length | 44:20 |
| Label | Reunion |
| Producer | Mac Powell |
| Various artists chronology | |
| *Glory Revealed*
(2007) ***Glory Revealed II: The Word of God in Worship***
(2009) | |


title: ABU Radio Song Festival 2016

abstract: The ABU Radio Song Festival 2016 was the fourth edition of the ABU Radio Song Festivals, organised by the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU). Originally a biennial event, the festival organisers changed its format to an annual festival commencing from 2014. The festival took place on 26 April 2016 in Beijing, China. Thirteen songs from ten countries took part in the festival. The hosts China, along with Macau, Nepal, Romania, and Turkmenistan all made their début in the festival. Brunei had withdrawn from the festival stating that they had not received an invitation to participate from the broadcasting union. Indonesia failed to qualify from the pre-selection stage of the festival.

text:
# ABU Radio Song Festival 2016

The **ABU Radio Song Festival 2016** was the fourth edition of the ABU Radio Song Festivals, organised by the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU). Originally a biennial event, the festival organisers changed its format to an annual festival commencing from 2014. The festival took place on 26 April 2016 in Beijing, China. Thirteen songs from ten countries took part in the festival. The hosts China, along with Macau, Nepal, Romania, and Turkmenistan all made their début in the festival. Brunei had withdrawn from the festival stating that they had not received an invitation to participate from the broadcasting union. Indonesia failed to qualify from the pre-selection stage of the festival.

## Location

It was announced that the 2016 ABU Radio Song Festival would take place in Beijing, China.

## Format

Unlike the format used in the Eurovision Song Contest there are two versions of the Song Festivals, ABU Radio and ABU TV Song Festivals. The ABU Radio Song Festival took place alongside the Radio Asia 2016 event took place in April 2016.

### Host broadcaster

China National Radio (CNR), was the host broadcaster for the festival on 26 April 2016.

## Participating Countries

A total of thirteen countries took part in this years festival. Host country China made their début in this years festival along with Macau, Nepal, Romania and Turkmenistan. Brunei withdrew from the contest. The following entries had been selected by the ABU to participate in the final of the ABU Radio Song Festival 2016.

| Country | Artist | Song | Language |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| China | Wang Yi, Zhang Yingying, Ren Yanmin, Zhenmin, Hua Shukai | "Youth Never Ends" | Mandarin |
| China | China Broadcasting Children's Chorus | "Singing in the Drizzling Rain" | Mandarin |
| India | Thokchom Lansana Chanu | "Creation" | English |
| South Korea | Seungjin Han | "Little Wings" | English |
| Macau | Josie Ho | "Who Am I" | Cantonese |
| Maldives | Bathool Ahmed | "Unikan" | Maldivian |
| Myanmar | Eastern & Phoe Pyae | "New Fangled Harmony" | English |
| Nepal | Suman Gurung | "Aaja Mero Man Ma" | Nepali |
| Romania | Analia Victoria Selis & Mariano Castro | "Viento Del Sur" | Spanish |
| Singapore | Ling Kai | "Year, Month, Day" | Mandarin |
| Thailand | Nawapol Roadsomjit (Ome) | "Take On This World" | English |
| Turkmenistan | Atajan Berdiyev | "Folk song" | Turkmen |
| Vietnam | Phan Thi Thu Lan | "Good news bring by the bird" | Vietnamese |
|

### Did not qualify

Of the seventeen preliminary entries, thirteen were selected to proceed to the final of the ABU Radio Song Festival. The remaining four songs did not qualify (as shown in the following table)

| Country | Artist | Song | Language |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| India | Vince Costa | "Home Before Christmas" | English |
| Indonesia | Debora Febricia Romauli | "Mati Rasa" | Indonesian |
| Indonesia | Novri Batteny | "Di Antara Kita" | Indonesian |
| Maldives | Abdulla Ziyau | "Eid Ufaa" | Maldivian |
|

## Other countries

## InfoBox

| ABU Radio Song Festival 2016 | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | |
| Final | 26 April 2016 |
| Host | |
| Venue | China National Radio Auditorium, Beijing, China |
| Host broadcaster | China National Radio (CNR) |
| Participants | |
| Number of entries | 13 songs from 10 countries |
| Debuting countries |  |
| Non-returning countries |  |
| Participation map * Participating countries     Did not qualify to the final     Countries that participated in the past but not in 2016 | |
|


title: Ray Brenner

abstract: Raymond H. Brenner was a professional football player who played one season in the National Football League (NFL) with the Canton Bulldogs, in 1925. He is listed by the Professional Football Researchers Association (PFRA) as being one of the smallest professional football players of all time. Brenner also played for the Massillon Maroons, a professional football team. He later worked in construction. Brenner died on June 14, 1975, at his home in Massillon, Ohio.

text:
# Ray Brenner

**Raymond H. Brenner** (March 18, 1898 – June 14, 1975) was a professional football player who played one season in the National Football League (NFL) with the Canton Bulldogs, in 1925. He is listed by the Professional Football Researchers Association (PFRA) as being one of the smallest professional football players of all time.

Brenner also played for the Massillon Maroons, a professional football team. He later worked in construction. Brenner died on June 14, 1975, at his home in Massillon, Ohio.

## InfoBox

Ray Brenner
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1898-03-18)March 18, 1898
East Greenville, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died: | June 14, 1975(1975-06-14) (aged 77)
Massillon, Ohio, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) |
| Weight: | 145 lb (66 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | None |
| Position: | Wingback, halfback |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Mordellochroa scapularis

abstract: Mordellochroa scapularis, the gold-shouldered mordellid, is a species of tumbling flower beetle in the family Mordellidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Mordellochroa scapularis

***Mordellochroa scapularis***, the **gold-shouldered mordellid**, is a species of tumbling flower beetle in the family Mordellidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 5: Tenebrionoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26090-0.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellochroa scapularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellochroa* |
| Species: | ***M. scapularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellochroa scapularis***<br>(Say, 1824) | |
|


title: Raymar Reimers

abstract: Raymar Reimers is a German boxer. He competed in the men's light heavyweight event at the 1968 Summer Olympics. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, he lost to Ion Monea of Romania.

text:
# Raymar Reimers

**Raymar Reimers** (born 10 December 1940) is a German boxer. He competed in the men's light heavyweight event at the 1968 Summer Olympics. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, he lost to Ion Monea of Romania.

## InfoBox

Raymar Reimers
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | German |
| Born | (1940-12-10) 10 December 1940<br>Reinbek, Germany |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Boxing |


title: Metapterini

abstract: The Metapterini are a tribe of thread-legged bugs, assassin bugs of subfamily Emesinae.

text:
# Metapterini

The **Metapterini** are a tribe of thread-legged bugs, assassin bugs of subfamily Emesinae.

## Selected genera

Genera of Metapterini include:

## InfoBox

| Metapterini | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Reduviidae |
| Subfamily: | Emesinae |
| Tribe: | Metapterini<br>Stål, 1874 |
|


title: Nor-Ferjer

abstract: Nor-Ferjer was a joint venture ferry company created by Hardanger Sunnhordlandske Dampskipsselskap (HSD) and Stavangerske in 2005 to compete for public service obligation on car ferry routes outside Rogaland and Hordaland, Norway. The company won four contracts for transport before being merged into Tide Sjø in 2007 after HSD, Gaia Trafikk and Stavangerske merged to form Tide.

text:
# Nor-Ferjer

**Nor-Ferjer** was a joint venture ferry company created by Hardanger Sunnhordlandske Dampskipsselskap (HSD) and Stavangerske in 2005 to compete for public service obligation on car ferry routes outside Rogaland and Hordaland, Norway. The company won four contracts for transport before being merged into Tide Sjø in 2007 after HSD, Gaia Trafikk and Stavangerske merged to form Tide.

## Fleet

| Vessel: | Type: | Built: | Owned since: | Responsible: | Status: |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MF *Folkestad* | car ferry | 2006 | 2006 | Tide Sjø | In traffic Volda–Folkestad |
| MF *Ytterøyningen* | car ferry | 2006 | 2006 | Tide Sjø | In traffic Levanger–Hokstad |
| MF *Ørland* | car ferry | 2006 | 2006 | Tide Sjø | In traffic Brekstad–Valset |
| MF *Ropeid* | car ferry | 1969 | 2007 | Tide Sjø | Reserve ferry |
| MF *Sand* | car ferry | 2007 | 2007 | Stavangerske | In traffic Sand–Ropeid |

## InfoBox

Nor-Ferjer
| Company type | Joint venture |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Transport |
| Founded | 2005 |
| Defunct | 2007 |
| Fate | Merger |
| Successor | Tide Sjø |
| Parent | Hardanger Sunnhordlandske Dampskipsselskap<br>Stavangerske |


title: Orthaga erebochlaena

abstract: Orthaga erebochlaena is a species of snout moth in the genus Orthaga. It is found on the island of Java. The moth has a yellowish color and dark spots near the edges of its wings.

text:
# Orthaga erebochlaena

***Orthaga erebochlaena*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Orthaga*. It is found on the island of Java.

The moth has a yellowish color and dark spots near the edges of its wings.

## InfoBox

| *Orthaga erebochlaena* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Orthaga* |
| Species: | ***O. erebochlaena*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthaga erebochlaena***<br>Meyrick, 1938 | |
|


title: Gościęcino railway station

abstract: Gościęcino is a non-operational PKP railway station on the disused PKP rail line 230 in Gościęcino, Poland.

text:
# Gościęcino railway station

**Gościęcino** is a non-operational PKP railway station on the disused PKP rail line 230 in Gościęcino (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

## Lines crossing the station

| Start station | End station | Line type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wejherowo | Garczegorze | *Closed* |

## InfoBox

| Gościęcino | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Gościęcino
Poland |
| Coordinates | 54°40′20″N 17°49′05″E / 54.672344°N 17.818179°E / 54.672344; 17.818179 |
| Owned by | Polskie Koleje Państwowe S.A. |
| Platforms | None |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Building: No
Depot: No
Water tower: No |
| History | |
| Previous names | Gossentin (Kr. Lauenburg)
until 1945 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: Glory Pulling Auguste de Villiers de l'Isle Adam From His Eternal Sleep is a 1906 maquette by Frédéric Brou for a tomb monument to the writer Auguste de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam.

text:
# Glory Pulling Auguste de Villiers de l'Isle Adam From His Eternal Sleep

***Glory Pulling Auguste de Villiers de l'Isle Adam From His Eternal Sleep*** is a 1906 maquette by Frédéric Brou for a tomb monument to the writer Auguste de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam.

## History

### Burial and committee

The writer died on 18 August 1889 and was buried three days later in the cimetière des Batignolles. On 15 October 1895, his remains were moved to the 97th division of the cimetière du Père-Lachaise, where a new tomb was inaugurated on 15 December the same year. It consisted of a single Vire granite slab, on which was engraved his coat of arms and an inscription which translates as "A. de VILLIERS de l'ISLE ADAM, born at St. Brieuc on 7 November 1838, died in Paris on 18 August 1889".

A committee was formed to plan a larger tomb monument, with Jean Richepin as its president and Auguste Blaizot as its treasurer. Its members were countess A. de Chabanes-La Palice, (\[Madame ?\] Daniel Lesueur), Judith Gautier, countess Mathieu de Noailles, princess Edmond de Polignac, R. Raoul-Duval, duchess de Rohan, G. Roussel-Despierres, MM. René Aubert, Léon Bloy, Jules Bois, Henry Bordeaux, René Boylesve, Adolphe Brisson, count de Chabannes-La Palice, Armand Dayot, Ernest Delahaye, Lucien Descaves, Jean Destrem, Léon Dierx, Anatole France, Alexandre Georges, Louis de Garamont, Gustave Guiche, Edmond Haraucourt, Lucien Hubert, Gustave Kahn, Georges Lemaire, count Léonce de Larmandie, Henri Lavedan, Pierre Louÿs, Maurice Maindron, Maurice Maeterlinck, Gustave de Malherbe, Paul Margueritte, René Martineau, Roger Marx, Massenet, Octave Mirbeau, Frédéric Mistral, count Robert de Montesquiou-Fézensac, general count du Pontavice de Heussey, Jacques Reboul, Henri de Régnier, Xavier de Ricard, Gustave Rouault, Camille de Sainte-Croix, Saint-Georges de Bouhélier, Saint-Saëns, Pierre Termier, Henri Turot, Alfred Vallette and Jean Veillon.

### Brou

Brou produced several maquettes for the monument. A sculpture was presented to the Salon des artistes français in 1907, showing a nude woman tearing open Villiers de l'Isle Adam's coffin. A one-third size model is now in the musée Carnavalet and another at the same size as the final sculpture is in the musée d'art et d'histoire de Saint-Brieuc.

Léon Bloy said of it "Consider that the group is, in reality, I am not saying three people, but three figures. As I've said, there are Glory, glory the exciter, - such as Villiers could understand. She calls herself Tullia Fabriana, Claire Lenoir, Ellen, Morgane, Sara, Akédysséril ; a unique woman, in both senses of the word. There is then Villiers awaking and, finally, there is Death signified by this coffin, standing like a man, trying to resist Glory!".

Bloy went on to say "The monument to Villiers de L'Isle-Adam is complete. If this is not a masterpiece, I shall abolish by decree this meaning of the word. However, other members of the committee were more critical - René Martineau wrote:

> Brou, whose quite limited talent was that of a realist, brought back with much effort a fantastical conception of Bloy at an exhibition all the more sinister for giving him his exact proportions. He stood up a real coffin, in front of which is a lifesize nude woman, unpinning with an inexpert hand the topmost planks of the funerary engine from which a pomaded bust of Villiers, almost-smiling, not ironically - alas! - deigning to reappear like this on the most ungrateful of planets! The woman is as heavy as the vulgarity itself and immodest like a blasphemy. Jehan Rictus said "If only she still had wings on her back!"

whilst Lucien Descaves wrote "There are like that, in effigy, a few dead in the earth. All they needed was to erect the coffin there, like a night watchmen's sentry box. I know well that Paris is full of workshops, but this is no reason to make them guard our great men." The plan for the monument was definitively abandoned 1910.

1. (in French) « Échos », *Le Figaro*, 22 September 1889, p. 1
2. (in French) « Le monument de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam », Journal des débats politiques et littéraires, 15 October 1895, p. 4
3. (in French) « Faits divers », *Le Temps*, 16 December 1895, p. 3
4. (in French) Gustave Kahn, « Salon des artistes français », *L'Aurore*, 1 May 1907, p. 1
5. (in French) Philippe Sorel, « La résurrection de Villiers de l'Isle Adama », *La Gazette des Beaux-Arts*, May 1993, pp 241-250
6. Léon Bloy, *La Résurrection de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam*, 1906
7. (in French) Journal I, pp. 636-638, Bouquins, Robert Laffont, 1999
8. (in French) "René Martineau, « Victor-Emile Michelet et le premier comité Villiers », Bretagne, 17e année, n°163, August 1938".
9. (in French) « Victor-Emile Michelet et le premier comité Villiers », Bretagne, 17e année, n°163, August 1938.

48°51′27″N 2°21′44″E / 48.85750°N 2.36222°E / 48.85750; 2.36222


title: AD 52

abstract: AD 52 (LII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sulla and Otho. The denomination AD 52 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

text:
# AD 52

AD 52 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | AD 52
*LII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 805 |
| Assyrian calendar | 4802 |
| Balinese saka calendar | *N/A* |
| Bengali calendar | −541 |
| Berber calendar | 1002 |
| Buddhist calendar | 596 |
| Burmese calendar | −586 |
| Byzantine calendar | 5560–5561 |
| Chinese calendar | 辛亥年 (Metal Pig)
2749 or 2542
*to*
壬子年 (Water Rat)
2750 or 2543 |
| Coptic calendar | −232 – −231 |
| Discordian calendar | 1218 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 44–45 |
| Hebrew calendar | 3812–3813 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 108–109 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | *N/A* |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 3152–3153 |
| Holocene calendar | 10052 |
| Iranian calendar | 570 BP – 569 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 588 BH – 587 BH |
| Javanese calendar | *N/A* |
| Julian calendar | AD 52
*LII* |
| Korean calendar | 2385 |
| Minguo calendar | 1860 before ROC
民前1860年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −1416 |
| Seleucid era | 363/364 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 594–595 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴金猪年
(female Iron-Pig)
178 or −203 or −975
*to*
阳水鼠年
(male Water-Rat)
179 or −202 or −974 |

**AD 52** (**LII**) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Sulla and Otho** (or, less frequently, **year 805 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination AD 52 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events

### By place

#### Roman Empire

#### China

### By topic

#### Religion

## Deaths

## Bibliography

* Stambaugh, John E. (1988). *The Ancient Roman City*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-3574-7.

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Pistvakt

abstract: Pistvakt was a Swedish television series, produced by SVT subdepartment SVT Drama, and aired over SVT1 between 15 January 1998 and 30 November 2000. Season 1 had the subtitle "En vintersaga" while Season 2 had the subtitle "Den andra vintern".

text:
# Pistvakt

**Pistvakt** (English: *Piste watch*) was a Swedish television series, produced by SVT subdepartment SVT Drama, and aired over SVT1 between 15 January 1998 and 30 November 2000. Season 1 had the subtitle "En vintersaga" (English: *A winter's tale*) while Season 2 had the subtitle "Den andra vintern" (English: *The second winter*).

## About the series

The series is based on a play by Pistolteatern. It was followed by the film *Pistvakt*.

## Story

The story revolves around three brother ski patrollers: Sven-Erik, Jan-Erik and Olle Marklund. Living and working in the isolated and fictitious village Svartlien, they face the horrors of solitude and dangers of the wild nature. Their father Stor-Erik, missing for decades, is always present as a symbol of perfection and the ultimate idol for the brothers.

The boys' primary tasks are weather reports and the oiling of the ski lift. They go about their job with utter determination and never let anything come between them and the completion of those jobs.

Occasionally, visitors arrive at Svartlien, with the common result that Sven-Erik has to save them from wild animals, avalanches or other dangers. Also living in Svartlien are the boys' mother Gudrun, and her secret admirer Bengt-Hans, owner of Bengt-Hans Bodega.

## Cast

## Template and style

Every episode follows quite a strict template. Starting with a voice-over describing the basic plot of the series, the camera pans from a crude model of the mountaintop near the brothers' home to their little house. During the pan, the audience appears for the first (and sometimes only) time in the episode, breaking the fourth wall.

A very common ingredient in the series is Sven-Erik having to be the rescuer of either his brothers or the guests in the village. The series relies heavily on deadpan humour and running gags.

In the end of every episode the brothers perform a dance in Bengt-Hans Bodega, often to the tune of a classic disco song. After the song, Gudrun generally stays in the bodega, talking to Bengt-Hans, a conversation often filled with innuendo. When Gudrun leaves, Bengt-Hans always exclaims "Oh, Gudrun!".

The brothers are by that time in their triple-level bunkbed, where they discuss the events of the day.

The language of the brothers is a fictitious dialect of Swedish, based on northern dialects, but with a number of neologisms added.

## Impact

The series was a success and had a follow-up second series, aired in 2000, and a movie (Taglined, roughly translated, "An Albino Western from the White Desert" referring to the snow in the Swedish mountains) in 2005.

## Episodes

### Season 1

1. Lavinbjärn (English: *Avalanche Bear*) – 15 January 1998
2. Årets vackraste dag (English: *The most beautiful day of the year*) – 22 January 1998
3. Svartlien 2010 – 29 January 1998
4. Flytande inspektion (English: *Floating inspection*) – 5 February 1998
5. Doris är död (English: *Doris is dead*) – 12 February 1998
6. Julafton -73 (English: *Christmas Eve -73*) – 19 February 1998

### Season 2

1. Väck inte den bjärv som sover (English: *Don't wake up the bear-wolverine who sleeping*) – 26 October 2000
2. Besök från Vargvallen (English: *Visit from Vargvallen*) – 2 November 2000
3. Lusekoftanovan (English: *The lusekofta nova*) – 9 November 2000
4. Samesilvre i Kinaskreve (English: *Sami silver in China Crevasse*) – 16 November 2000
5. Personalfestan (English: *The staff party*) – 23 November 2000
6. Jakten på en dräpare (English: *The hunt for a killer*) – 30 November 2000

## InfoBox

| *Pistvakt* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Situation comedy |
| Starring | Lennart Jähkel
Jacob Nordensson
Tomas Norström |
| Opening theme | "Blue and alone"
by Weeping Willows |
| Country of origin | Sweden |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 12 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 28–29 minutes (per episode) |
| Original release | |
| Network | SVT |
| Release | 15 January 1998 (15 January 1998)
30 November 2000 (30 November 2000) |


title: Reach: A Space Podcast for Kids

abstract: Reach: A Space Podcast for Kids is produced by Soundsington Media.

text:
# Reach: A Space Podcast for Kids

***Reach: A Space Podcast for Kids*** is produced by Soundsington Media.

## Background

The podcast is created by Sandy Marshall and Nate DuFort as an outreach project of Solar System Ambassadors. The show is produced by Soundsington Media. The show features interviews with astronauts and engineers, and includes activities for the listeners. In one of the episodes the show has a live interview with NASA astronauts in space aboard the International Space Station. Marshall and DuFort had previously collaborated on improvisational comedy at The Second City. The show interviewed Chris Hadfield, the first Canadian to walk in space. The podcast is produced in Chicago. The show is hosted by Brian Holden and Meredith Stepien of Team StarKid fame.


title: Mordellistenoda nigricans

abstract: Mordellistenoda nigricans is a beetle in the genus Mordellistenoda of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1997 by Shiyake.

text:
# Mordellistenoda nigricans

***Mordellistenoda nigricans*** is a beetle in the genus *Mordellistenoda* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1997 by Shiyake.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistenoda nigricans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Subfamily: | Mordellinae |
| Tribe: | Mordellistenini |
| Genus: | *Mordellistenoda* |
| Species: | ***M. nigricans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistenoda nigricans***<br>Shiyake, 1997 | |
|