title: Listenbourg

abstract: Listenbourg is a fictional country created as the subject of an internet meme in October 2022, which depicts it as an extension of the Iberian Peninsula. French Twitter user Gaspard Hoelscher shared a doctored map of Europe with a red arrow pointing to the outline of a pasted country adjacent to Portugal and Spain, and joked that Americans would not be able to name the country. The nonexistent nation went viral on social networks, with users expanding on the fictional history of the country and some major brands, national politicians, and official organisations playing along with the joke.

text:
# Listenbourg

**Listenbourg** is a fictional country created as the subject of an internet meme in October 2022, which depicts it as an extension of the Iberian Peninsula. French Twitter user Gaspard Hoelscher shared a doctored map of Europe with a red arrow pointing to the outline of a pasted country adjacent to Portugal and Spain, and joked that Americans would not be able to name the country.

The nonexistent nation went viral on social networks, with users expanding on the fictional history of the country and some major brands, national politicians, and official organisations playing along with the joke.

## Origin

The trend started as an internet meme posted by a French Twitter user intending to test the stereotype of Americans having a poor grasp of European geography.

On October 30, 2022, Gaspard Hoelscher, known as @gaspardooo on Twitter, shared a photoshopped map of Europe with an additional landmass attached to the Iberian Peninsula. The post was captioned: *"**Je suis sûr que les américains ne connaissent même pas le nom de ce pays ptdrrr**"* (transl."I'm sure Americans don't even know the name of this country lol"). Another user responded with the rhetorical question *"*Qui ne connaît pas le listenbourg?*"* (transl."Who does not know Listenbourg?"), giving the hoax its name.

The country's name has been described as sounding like a blend of "Luxembourg" with "Lithuania" and/or "Liechtenstein". Listenbourg's outline is that of mainland France, resized and rotated.

## Viral spread

The joke became a viral phenomenon with other Twitter users offering invented facts about the country, doctored photographs and satellite maps purporting to show aspects of it. Dozens of Twitter accounts claiming to represent Listenbourg government institutions arose in a few days, and people invented a capital, flag, history, national anthem, culture and language for the fictional country.

Several large, verified social media handles joined in on the joke. Participants in the joke attempted to flesh out Listenbourg's existence with detailed social media threads. Collaborative actions established that the country was split up into five regions called Flußerde, Kusterde, Mitteland, Adrias and Caséière. The population was said to be 59 million. The meme's originator, Gaspardo, was proclaimed president of Listenbourg, although he admitted his prank totally overwhelmed him.

It was noted that the DALL-E artificial intelligence program generated European-style buildings when given the word "Listenbourg" as a prompt.

In November, the nonexistent country was trending on Twitter, and the TikTok hashtag #Listenbourg had more than 75 million views.

## Responses

Major organizations and news channels played along with the hoax, although most of them made clear they were not being serious.

On October 31, 2022, the official Paris 2024 Olympics channel tweeted: "The number of Olympic delegations has risen from 206 to 207 with the arrival of Listenbourg".

Amazon Prime Video announced that a report on the history of Listenbourg would be released on the impossible date of "February 31".

The low-cost carrier Ryanair published the viral map, writing that they were "Proud to be announcing our new base in Listenbourg!"

The French television network TF1 presented a realistic weather report for the imaginary country.

Toulouse Football Club said its team was going to a training camp in the fictional nation. The prank also reached the Formula 1 Grand Prix, with the Canal+ Sport supporting the sham state.

On November 1, 2022, the GPS navigation software company Waze posted in French a tweet of **"Le Listenbourg, nous au moins on sait comment y aller!"** (transl."Listenbourg, at least we know how to get there!").

French politician Jean Lassalle pretended to have visited an agricultural festival in Listenbourg.

The French city of Nice announced a twinning with Listenbourg's capital, while its official airport inaugurated a new air link to the extra chunk of land.

Other brands and organisations that posted about Listenbourg include the ski resort of La Clusaz, the British online food delivery Deliveroo, the restaurant chain Buffalo Grill, the Parisian transportation operator RATP Group, the high-speed TGV trains of the SNCF and the French national hockey team.

1. Rosenblatt, Kalhan (5 November 2022). "Listenbourg is the hottest country on social media right now. The catch? It doesn't exist". *NBC News*. New York City. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
2. Bremner, Charles (2 November 2022). "Où est Le Listenbourg? French have fun with fictional country". *The Times*. London. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
3. Bywater, Thomas (8 November 2022). "Listenbourg: What is it? And why is Ryanair promoting this imaginary EU country?". *The New Zealand Herald*. Auckland. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
4. Al Mustaqeem, Syraat (4 November 2022). "What is 'Listenbourg'? The new EU country going viral". *Evening Standard*. London. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
5. Anwesha, Mitra (5 November 2022). "What is Listenbourg? All you need to know about 'new EU country' going viral on Twitter". *Times Now*. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
6. Buzz Staff (3 November 2022). "Listenbourg is at the Centre Of a Meme Storm, Here's Why". *CNN-News18*. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
7. Le Parisien (2 November 2022). "Le Listenbourg : ce nouveau pays qui fait le tour de Twitter" \[The Listenbourg: this new country that is making the rounds on Twitter\]. *Le Parisien* (in French). Paris. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
8. @gaspardooo (30 October 2022). "Je suis sûr que les américains ne connaissent même pas le nom de ce pays ptdrrr" (Tweet)  via Twitter.
9. Brezar, Aleksandar (4 November 2022). "What is Listenbourg? Why is it going viral on Twitter? Why did the meme become so big in Europe?". *Euronews*. Lyon. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
10. Press-Reynolds, Kieran (4 November 2022). "The internet is going wild over Listenbourg, a fake country with a national anthem and TikTokers pretending to be its president". *Insider Inc.* New York City. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
11. Mannie, Kathryn (4 November 2022). "What is Listenbourg? The fake European country meant to fool Americans". *Global News*. Vancouver. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
12. Thorpe, Genevieve (4 November 2022). "Internet unites behind the fictional nation of Listenbourg". *The New Daily*. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
13. Losciale, Marisa (6 November 2022). "Listenbourg Is the Country Taking Social Media by Storm". *Parade*. United States. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
14. TF1 info (5 November 2022). "Quel temps fait-il au Listenbourg ? Découvrez dans le 20H de TF1, le bulletin météo de Tatiana Silva" \[What's the weather like in Listenbourg? Discover in the 20H of TF1, the weather report of Tatiana Silva\]. *TF1* (in French). France. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
15. PA/TPN (6 November 2022). "Imaginary country bordering Portugal comes to life on the internet". *The Portugal News*. Lagoa, Portugal. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
16. Le Figaro (3 November 2022). "Une journée de rêve au Listenbourg, la star montante de la péninsule ibérique" \[A dream day at Listenbourg, the rising star of the Iberian Peninsula\]. *Le Figaro* (in French). Paris. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
17. "Le créateur du Listenbourg explique son canular: "La blague m'a totalement dépassée"" \[The creator of Listenbourg explains his hoax: "The joke totally overwhelmed me"\]. *La Libre Belgique* (in French). Brussels, Belgium. 4 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
18. Rousset, Tom (3 November 2022). ""Paris-Listenbourg en 4h27" : quand des comptes Twitter parisiens s'emparent du buzz autour d'un pays fictif" \["Paris-Listenburg in 4:27": when Parisian Twitter accounts seize the buzz around a fictional country\]. *France Info (TV channel)* (in French). Paris. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
19. Bouchet, Stéphane (1 November 2022). "La Clusaz jumelée avec une ville du Listenbourg : pourquoi il faut en rire..." \[La Clusaz twinned with a town in Listenbourg: why we should laugh about it...\]. *Le Dauphiné libéré* (in French). Grenoble, France. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
20. Bain, Ellissa (4 November 2022). "Fake country 'Listenbourg' goes viral as France fools Twitter". *HITC*. England. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
21. "Mais quel temps fait-il au Listenbourg ? Le bulletin météo de Tatiana Silva" \[But what's the weather like in Listenbourg? Tatiana Silva's weather report\]. *TF1* (in French). France. 5 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
22. Brezar, Aleksandar (2 November 2022). "Fictional country Listenbourg takes Twitter by storm". *Saudi Gazette*. Jeddah. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
23. Johnson, Stephen (8 November 2022). "11 Famous Places That Don't Really Exist – Listenbourg". *Lifehacker*. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
24. Redaction Nice (4 November 2022). "Les Niçois pourront bientôt s'envoler vers le Listenbourg... ce drôle de pays inventé sur Twitter" \[The people of Nice will soon be able to fly to Listenbourg... this strange country invented on Twitter\]. *Actu.fr* (in French). Rennes, France. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.

## InfoBox

| Listenbourg | |
| --- | --- |
| Fictional country Listenbourg map | |
| Listenbourg flag | |
| Created by | Gaspard Hoelscher |
| Based on | A joke to test the stereotype of Americans having a lack of knowledge of European geography |
| Genre | Humorous internet meme |
| In-universe information | |
| Type | Fictional country |
| Location | Iberian Peninsula, Europe |
| Locations | Lurenberg (capital) <br>Fluẞerde, Kusterde, Mitteland, Adrias, Caséière (regions) |
| Characters | Gaspardo (president) |
| Population | 59,000,000 |


title: Philosophy of engineering

abstract: The philosophy of engineering is an emerging discipline that considers what engineering is, what engineers do, and how their work affects society, and thus includes aspects of ethics and aesthetics, as well as the ontology, epistemology, etc. that might be studied in, for example, the philosophy of science or the philosophy of technology.

text:
# Philosophy of engineering

The **philosophy of engineering** is an emerging discipline that considers what engineering is, what engineers do, and how their work affects society, and thus includes aspects of ethics and aesthetics, as well as the ontology, epistemology, etc. that might be studied in, for example, the philosophy of science or the philosophy of technology.

## History

Engineering is the profession aimed at modifying the natural environment, through the design, manufacture and maintenance of artifacts and technological systems. It might then be contrasted with science, the aim of which is to *understand* nature. Engineering at its core is about causing change, and therefore management of change is central to engineering practice. The philosophy of engineering is then the consideration of philosophical issues as they apply to engineering. Such issues might include the objectivity of experiments, the ethics of engineering activity in the workplace and in society, the aesthetics of engineered artifacts, etc.

While engineering seems historically to have meant *devising*, the distinction between art, craft and technology isn't clearcut. The Latin root *ars*, the Germanic root *kraft* and the Greek root *techne* all originally meant the skill or ability to produce something, as opposed to, say, athletic ability. The something might be tangible, like a sculpture or a building, or less tangible, like a work of literature. Nowadays, *art* is commonly applied to the visual, performing or literary fields, especially the so-called fine arts ('the art of writing'), *craft* usually applies to the manual skill involved in the manufacture of an object, whether embroidery or aircraft ('the craft of typesetting') and *technology* tends to mean the products and processes currently used in an industry ('the technology of printing'). In contrast, *engineering* is the activity of effecting change through the design and manufacture of artifacts ('the engineering of print technology').

## Ethics

What distinguishes engineering design from artistic design is the requirement for the engineer to make quantitative predictions of the behavior and effect of the artifact prior to its manufacture. Such predictions may be more or less accurate but usually includes the effects on individuals and/or society. In this sense, engineering can be considered a social as well a technological discipline and judged not just by whether its artifacts work, in a narrow sense, but also by how they influence and serve social values. What engineers do is subject to moral evaluation.

### Modeling

Socio-technical systems, such as transport, utilities and their related infrastructures comprise human elements as well as artifacts. Traditional mathematical and physical modeling techniques may not take adequate account of the effects of engineering on people, and culture. The Civil Engineering discipline makes elaborate attempts to ensure that a structure meets its specifications and other requirements prior to its actual construction. The methods employed are well known as Analysis and Design. Systems Modelling and Description makes an effort to extract the generic unstated principles behind the engineering approach.

### Product life cycle

The traditional engineering disciplines seem discrete but the engineering of artifacts has implications that extend beyond such disciplines into areas that might include psychology, finance and sociology. The design of any artifact will then take account of the conditions under which it will be manufactured, the conditions under which it will be used, and the conditions under which it will be disposed. Engineers can consider such "life cycle" issues without losing the precision and rigor necessary to design functional systems.

## Publications

### Books

* P. & Gunn A.S. (1998), *Engineering, Ethics, and the Environment*, Cambridge University Press, New York
* Addis W (1990) *Structural Engineering: The Nature of Theory and Design*, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK
* Addis W (1986) *Theory and Design in Civil and Structural Engineering: A Study in the History and Philosophy of Engineering*, PhD Thesis, University of Reading
* Bucciarelli L.L. (2003) *Engineering Philosophy*, Delft University Press, Delft
* Bush V. (1980) *Science,The Endless Frontier*, National Science Foundation Press, Washington DC
* Beale N., Peyton-Jones S.L. et al. (1999) *Cybernauts Awake* Ethical and Spiritual Implications of Computers, Information Technology and the Internet Church House Publishing ISBN
* Cutcliffe S.H. (2000) *Ideas, Machines and Values: An introduction to Science, Technology and Social Studies*, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD
* Davis, M. (1998) *Thinking like an Engineer: Studies in the Ethics of a Profession*, Oxford University Press, New York.
* Florman, Samuel C. (1981) *Blaming Technology: The Irrational Search for Scapegoats*, St Martin's Press, New York
* Florman, Samuel C. (1987) *The Civilized Engineer*, St Martin's Press, New York
* Florman, Samuel C. (1968) *Engineering and the Liberal Arts : A Technologist's Guide to History, Literature*
* Florman, Samuel C. (1994) *The Existential Pleasures of Engineering*, 2nd ed, St Martin's Press, New York
* Florman, Samuel C. (1996) *The Introspective Engineer*, St Martin's Press, New York
* Goldman S.L. (1991) "The social captivity of Engineering", *Critical Perspectives on non academic Science and Engineering*, (ed Durbin P.T.), Lehigh University Press, Bethlehem, PA
* Goldman S.L. (1990) "Philosophy, Engineering and Western Culture", in *Broad and Narrow interpretations of Philosophy of Technology*, (ed Durbin P.T.), Kluwer,Amsterdam
* Harris E.C, Pritchard M.S. & Rabins M.J. (1995), *Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases*, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA
* Johnston, S., Gostelow, P., Jones, E. (1999), *Engineering and Society: An Australian perspective*, 2nd Ed. Longman,
* Lewis, Arthur O. Jr. ed. (1963), *Of Men and Machines*, E.P. Dutton
* Martin M.W. & Schinzinger R (1996), *Ethics in Engineering*, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York
* Mitcham C. (1999), *Thinking through Technology: The Path between Engineering and Philosophy*, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 19–38.
* Mumford L. (1970) *The Myth of the Machine*, Harcourt Brace Javonovich, New York
* Blockley, David (1980) The Nature of Structural Design and Safety, Ellis Howood, Chichester, UK. ISBN 0-85312-179-6 (Free download)
* Blockley, David (Editor) (1992) Engineering Safety, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-707593-5 (Free download)
* Blockley, David (2010) *A Very Short Introduction to Engineering* Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199578696
* Petroski, Henry (1992) *To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design*
* Petroski, Henry (2010) *The Essential Engineer: Why Science Alone Will Not Solve Our Global Problems*
* Simon H. (1996), *The Sciences of the Artificial*, 3rd ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
* Unger S.H. (1994), *Controlling Technology: Ethics and the Responsible Engineer*, 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York
* Vincenti W.G. (1990) *What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History*, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md.
* Anthonie Meijers, ed. (2009). *Philosophy of technology and engineering sciences*. Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 9. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51667-1.
* Jeroen van den Hoven, Seumas Miller & Thomas Pogge (2017). Designing in Ethics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-051-18-4431-7
* Priyan Dias (2019). *Philosophy for Engineering: Practice, Context, Ethics, Models, Failure*. Springer Singapore. ISBN 978-981-15-1270-4
* Carl Mitcham (2019). *Steps toward a Philosophy of Engineering: Historico-Philosophical and Critical Essays*. ISBN 978-1-78661-126-0

### Articles

* Philosophy in the Making by Natasha McCarthy *Ingenia* March 26, 2006
* Creed M.J. (1993) "Introducing Structures in a Modern Curriculum", Proceedings of the Conference, Innovation and Change in Civil Engineering Education, The Queen's University of Belfast
* Davis, M. (2001) *The Professional Approach to Engineering Ethics: Five Research Questions*, *Science and Engineering Ethics* 7 (July 2001): 379-390.
* Lewin D (1981) Engineering Philosophy - The Third Culture, Paper to the Royal Society, UK
* Mitcham C. (1994), "Engineering Design Research and Social Responsibility", *Ethics of Scientific Research*, pp. 153–196 and 221-223
* Hess, J.L. and Fore, G., (2018). "A systematic literature review of US engineering ethics interventions", *Science and Engineering Ethics*, *24*(2), pp.551-583.
* Mitcham, C. and Englehardt, E.E., 2019. "Ethics across the curriculum: Prospects for broader (and deeper) teaching and learning in research and engineering ethics", *Science and Engineering Ethics*, *25*(6), pp.1735-1762.

## Notes and references


title: Mazdack Rassi

abstract: Mazdack Rassi is an Iranian-American real estate and creative entrepreneur. He is best known as the co-founder of Milk Studios with partners Erez Shternlicht and Moishe Mana, as a co-founder of Milk Makeup and Camp David in Brooklyn, New York.

text:
# Mazdack Rassi

**Mazdack Rassi** (born 1970) is an Iranian-American real estate and creative entrepreneur. He is best known as the co-founder of Milk Studios with partners Erez Shternlicht and Moishe Mana, as a co-founder of Milk Makeup and Camp David in Brooklyn, New York.

## Early life

Rassi was born in Tehran, Iran. His family left the country because of the Iranian Revolution and moved to rural Champaign, Illinois at the age of nine. Rassi's father, a Cornell graduate and former Iranian diplomat, went from being an educator in Iran to a professor at the University of Illinois. His mother found work in the costume department.

In 1994, Rassi dropped out of community college, borrowed $500 from his mother, and moved to New York City. He began working "two or three jobs," from splitting falafel to working at the Gap.

## Milk Studios

After earning his real estate license, Rassi rented an apartment to his two future partners, then unbeknownst to him, Erez Shternlicht and Moisha Mana. He later convinced the duo to open a photography studio in the Meatpacking District with him and to let him run it. This became Milk Studios, a media conglomerate that now is a hub for fashion, photography, casting, videography, media publishing, and cosmetics

## Industry visibility

Mazdack Rassi was instrumental in helping launch the careers of young fashion creators Alexander Wang, Joseph Altuzarra, Hood By Air, Cushnie et Ochs, via MADE Fashion Week, a program he started at Milk Studios with co-founders Jenné Lombardo and Keith Baptista. Tattoo artist Scott Campbell partnered with Rassi and MILK Studios to host the "Whole Glory" show. Rassi is a regular VIP at widely covered fashion events and music concerts.

## Personal life

Rassi is married to Zanna Roberts Rassi, senior fashion editor at Marie Claire and correspondent on E!. They live in Chelsea with two daughters - Rumi and Juno.

## Charity and Honors

Rassi serves on the Parsons Board of Governors, New York City Ballet Board of Directors and the Board of Burton Snowboards. He was the honoree of Make-A-Wish's 2016 Power of a Wish Gala. He also co-hosted the first annual Autism Tomorrow benefit. Rassi is also a long-standing advocate and advisor for the Global Poverty Project and the Global Citizen Festival. He has been devoted to the betterment of New York City for years and has demonstrated his commitment to improving commerce and the existing fashion ecosystem with his work for NYC 2020, the Meatpacking BID Steering Committee and the New York City Economic Development Corporation.

## InfoBox

| Mazdack Rassi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1970 (age 5354)<br>Tehran, Iran |
| Known for | Co-Founder of Milk Studios |


title: Zock Allen

abstract: Zock Alexander Allen is a former gridiron football linebacker who played for the BC Lions and the Las Vegas Posse of the Canadian Football League. From 1991 to 1994, he played in 27 regular season games, recording 119 tackles, four sacks, and two fumble recoveries. He played college football for the Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas.

text:
# Zock Allen

**Zock Alexander Allen** (born June 12, 1968) is a former gridiron football linebacker who played for the BC Lions and the Las Vegas Posse of the Canadian Football League. From 1991 to 1994, he played in 27 regular season games, recording 119 tackles, four sacks, and two fumble recoveries. He played college football for the Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas.

## College career

Allen played college football for the Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas, earning letters in 1989 and 1990. He led the team in total tackles with 101 during his senior season in 1990.

## Professional career

Both Willie Pless and Alondra Johnson, two of the BC Lions' starting linebackers in 1990, did not return to the team in 1991. The BC Lions signed Allen in May 1991 to compete for one of these spots. Despite suffering a bruised knee during the preseason, Allen succeeded in making the active roster. He struggled in July and August, with Lions head coach Bob O'Billovich saying "he's been a step or two away all the time on pass coverage". In late August, the Lions moved Allen to the practice squad and replaced him with new signing Bruce Holmes, who had led the CFL in tackles the previous season with the Ottawa Rough Riders. Allen finished his rookie season with 31 tackles, two sacks, and a fumble recovery over six games played.

In 1992, Allen began the season on the practice squad while he recovered from a knee injury, but he replaced Doug Hocking as a starter in Week 3. By late August, the Lions were facing the return of several key import players, including Stewart Hill and Lee Johnson. To meet CFL import ratio requirements, which require each team to field a certain number of Canadian players, the Lions replaced Allen again with Hocking. Allen's season was hampered both by his early injury and import ratio troubles, limiting him to three games in which he recorded 13 tackles. While on the practice squad, the Calgary Stampeders, Winnipeg Blue Bombers, and Toronto Argonauts tried to recruit him, but he declined to leave the Lions.

Allen played as an inside linebacker throughout the preseason in 1993, but he was again cut to the practice squad before the start of the regular season. He was quickly brought back to the active roster and recorded five tackles in the Lions' season-opening win against the Toronto Argonauts. Allen saw regular playing time for the first time in his career, playing in fifteen regular season games for the Lions. He played mostly as a middle linebacker, but he briefly replaced Tyrone Jones twice at the outside linebacker position while he was recovering illness and injury. Allen finished the regular season with 67 tackles, two interceptions, and a fumble recovery. He also recovered a fumble in the Western Semi-Final, but the Lions went on to lose 9–17 to the Stampeders.

During the offseason, the Lions released two linebackers while a third retired and a fourth left during free agency. Allen was selected during training camp to call defensive plays as the sole remaining linebacker, with Lions head coach Dave Ritchie saying " Zock has to be a leader now". He was instead hobbled by a knee injury, forcing him to miss practice, a preseason game, and the start of the regular season. Allen ended up playing only two regular season games for the Lions in 1994. He was eventually released and later added by the Las Vegas Posse in November, for whom he played in one game. He signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders for 1995 but was released before the start of the regular season.

## Personal life

Allen was named "Zock" after the sound a cartoon character makes when hitting something. Outside of football, Allen earned a degree in teaching and spent some time performing investigative work for a law firm.

## InfoBox

Zock Allen
| Date of birth | (1968-06-12) June 12, 1968 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Madisonville, Texas |
| Career information | |
| Position(s) | LB |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) |
| Weight | 220 lb (100 kg) |
| US college | Texas A&M–Kingsville |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 19911994 | BC Lions |
| 1994 | Las Vegas Posse |
| 1995 | Saskatchewan Roughriders* |
| \*Offseason and/or practice roster member only | |
|  | |


title: Wings Neck

abstract: Wings Neck is a peninsula that juts out into Buzzards Bay on the south side of the Cape Cod Canal, in Bourne, Massachusetts, USA. The southwestern tip of the neck is the site of the Wing's Neck Lighthouse, which operated from 1889 to 1945, and is now a private residence.

text:
# Wings Neck

**Wings Neck** is a peninsula that juts out into Buzzards Bay on the south side of the Cape Cod Canal, in Bourne, Massachusetts, USA.

The southwestern tip of the neck is the site of the Wing's Neck Lighthouse, which operated from 1889 to 1945, and is now a private residence.

* Map: 41°41′13″N 70°38′38″W / 41.68694°N 70.64389°W / 41.68694; -70.64389
* "Wings Neck". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 31, 2012.


title: Veerachinnampatty

abstract: Veerachinnampatty is a village in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India. This village is located on the way of Dindigul and Natham highway. This village is a separate panchayat in sanarpatty union.

text:
# Veerachinnampatty

**Veerachinnampatty** is a village in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India. This village is located on the way of Dindigul and Natham highway. This village is a separate panchayat in sanarpatty union.

## School

Pums Veerachinnampatty is a Primary with Upper Primary School in Veerachinampatty Village of Sanarpatty. It was established in 1907, and the school management is Local body. It is a Tamil Medium - Co-educational school.

Pums Veerachinnampatty runs in a government school building. The school has total 9 classrooms. The lowest Class is 1 and the highest class in the school is 8. This school has 3 male teachers and 5 female teachers. There is a library facility available in this school, and the total number of books in library is about 810.

This school also has a playground. Pums Veerachinnampatty does not provide any residential facility. The school also provides meal facility, and meals are prepared in school.

## Murugan Temple

Veerachinnampatty Murugan Temple was built in 1957. It is context by Velu Pillai. Veerachinnampatty Murugan Temple location is near the river. So, the temple is called Aathankarai Murugan Temple. It is a very powerful temple. The temple's important celebrations are Thaipoosam and Panguni Utthiram. One of the best celebrations is Panguni Utthiram. The village people celebrate Panguni Utthiram very joyfully. Veettu pangalis property, this temple. One of the poosaari ganesan pillai. It is built by Velu Pillai and Muthu Pillai.

## InfoBox

| Veerachinnampatty | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Veerachinnampatty | |
| Coordinates: 10°18′23″N 78°5′40″E / 10.30639°N 78.09444°E / 10.30639; 78.09444 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Dindigul |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| Pincode | 624304 |


title: Meet the Brady Bunch

abstract: Meet the Brady Bunch is the second studio album by American pop group the Brady Bunch. It was released on April 17, 1972, by Paramount Records. Two songs on the album, "We Can Make the World a Whole Lot Brighter" and "Time to Change", were featured on season 3, episode 16 of The Brady Bunch, "Dough Re Mi". In 1996, the album was released on CD for the first time with the addition of two bonus tracks from 1973's Chris Knight & Maureen McCormick.

text:
# Meet the Brady Bunch

***Meet the Brady Bunch*** is the second studio album by American pop group the Brady Bunch. It was released on April 17, 1972, by Paramount Records. Two songs on the album, "We Can Make the World a Whole Lot Brighter" and "Time to Change", were featured on season 3, episode 16 of *The Brady Bunch*, "Dough Re Mi".

In 1996, the album was released on CD for the first time with the addition of two bonus tracks from 1973's *Chris Knight & Maureen McCormick*.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

*Billboard* published a review in the April 29, 1972 issue that said: "Ask any nine-year-old; this LP is going to be a big hit. 'I Just Want to Be Your Friend' and 'Ain't It Crazy' are probably the key tunes here, but semi-choral versions of 'American Pie' and 'Me and You and a Dog Named Boo' also stand out. The TV show of the Brady Bunch will be the key sales impetus here".

In the April 22 issue, *Cashbox* published a review which said: "The title is your invitation to sample the singing wares of this popular congregation. The accent is decidedly on the up-tempo and the cheerful as the group romps through 'Me and You and a Dog Named Boo', 'We Can Make the World a Whole Lot Brighter', 'Baby I'm-a Want You', 'Day After Day' and even 'American Pie'. MOR programmers should have a veritable field day with this disk and fans of the Bunch will undoubtedly rush to the local shop for a copy".

## Commercial performance

The album peaked at No. 108 on the US *Billboard* Top LPs & Tape chart. It was the group's only album to chart.

The album's first single, "Time to Change", was released in January 1972 and did not chart. The second single, "We'll Always Be Friends", was released in May 1972 and also failed to chart.

## Track listing

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "We'll Always Be Friends" |  | 2:37 |
| 2. | "Day After Day" | Pete Ham | 3:09 |
| 3. | "Baby I'm-a Want You" | David Gates | 2:42 |
| 4. | "I Believe in You" | * Janssen * Mills | 1:56 |
| 5. | "American Pie" | Don McLean | 3:39 |
| 6. | "Time to Change" | * Billy Meshel * Christopher Welch * Raymond Bloodworth | 2:08 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Me and You and a Dog Named Boo" | Kent LaVoie | 3:00 |
| 2. | "I Just Want to Be Your Friend" | Curt Boettcher | 2:33 |
| 3. | "Love My Life Away" | * Janssen * Mills | 2:28 |
| 4. | "Come Run with Me" | * James Bryant * Richard Obegi | 2:43 |
| 5. | "Ain't It Crazy" | * Janssen * Mills | 2:07 |
| 6. | "We Can Make the World a Whole Lot Brighter" |  | 2:25 |

1996 CD reissue bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "Just a Singin' Alone" (from *Chris Knight & Maureen McCormick*) | Molly Ann Leikin | 3:07 |
| 14. | "Tell Me Who You Love" (from *Chris Knight & Maureen McCormick*) |  | 2:50 |
| Total length: | | | 37:24 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the album liner notes.

## Charts

| Chart (1972) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top LPs & Tape (*Billboard*) | 108 |
|

## InfoBox

| Meet the Brady Bunch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by the Brady Bunch | |
| Released | April 17, 1972 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 31:27 |
| Label | Paramount |
| Producer | Jackie Mills |
| The Brady Bunch chronology | |
| *Merry Christmas from the Brady Bunch*
(1970) ***Meet the Brady Bunch***
(1972) *The Kids from the Brady Bunch*
(1972) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Meet the Brady Bunch* | |
| 1. "Time to Change"
Released: January 3, 1972 2. "We'll Always Be Friends"
Released: May 1, 1972 | |
|  | |


title: Vacuum drying

abstract: Vacuum drying is the mass transfer operation in which the moisture present in a substance, usually a wet solid, is removed by means of creating a vacuum. In chemical processing industries like food processing, pharmacology, agriculture, and textiles, drying is an essential unit operation to remove moisture. Vacuum drying is generally used for the drying of substances that are hygroscopic and heat-sensitive, and is based on the principle of creating a vacuum to decrease the chamber pressure below the vapor pressure of the water, causing it to boil. With the help of vacuum pumps, the pressure is reduced around the substance to be dried. This decreases the boiling point of water inside that product and thereby increases the rate of evaporation significantly. The result is a significantly increased drying rate of the product. The vacuum drying process is a batch operation performed at reduced pressures and lower relative humidity compared to ambient pressure, enabling faster drying.

text:
# Vacuum drying

**Vacuum drying** is the mass transfer operation in which the moisture present in a substance, usually a wet solid, is removed by means of creating a vacuum.

In chemical processing industries like food processing, pharmacology, agriculture, and textiles, drying is an essential unit operation to remove moisture. Vacuum drying is generally used for the drying of substances that are hygroscopic and heat-sensitive, and is based on the principle of creating a vacuum to decrease the chamber pressure below the vapor pressure of the water, causing it to boil. With the help of vacuum pumps, the pressure is reduced around the substance to be dried. This decreases the boiling point of water inside that product and thereby increases the rate of evaporation significantly. The result is a significantly increased drying rate of the product. The vacuum drying process is a batch operation performed at reduced pressures and lower relative humidity compared to ambient pressure, enabling faster drying.

## Vacuum dryer

Vacuum dryer is the equipment with the help of which vacuum drying is carried out. Vacuum dryers are sometimes made up of cast iron, but most are made of stainless steel, so that they can bear the high vacuum pressure without any kind of deformation. The oven is divided into hollow trays which increases the surface area for heat conduction. The oven door is locked air tight and is connected to vacuum pump to reduce the pressure.

The materials to be dried are kept on the trays inside the vacuum dryer and pressure is reduced by means of a vacuum pump. The dryer door is tightly shut and steam is passed through the space between trays and jacket so that the heat transfer occurs by conduction. Water vapors from the feed is sent into the condenser and after the drying vacuum pump is disconnected and the dried product is collected from the trays.

## Microwave vacuum drying

Because conventional drying approaches (e.g., convective drying) may cause great nutritional and textural changes (like a darker color due to Maillard reaction), microwave vacuum drying is an alternative for pharmaceuticals and food drying, a method known since 1989. The microwaves speed up the drying process and lower temperature in vacuum system, reducing overall drying cycle time and temperature-induced effects of the food product. Microwave vacuum drying may be used for production of dried pharmaceuticals and food. Industrialized equipment, however, may require pre-treating samples before processing in the industrial vacuum system; pre-drying is used by conventional methods to reduce bulk water content.

## Applications

Vacuum dryer can be used to dry heat sensitive hygroscopic and toxic materials. If the feed for drying is a solution, it can be dried using vacuum dryer as the solvent can be recovered by condensation. To improve the quality of products, such as for fruit preservation, hybrid drying combining osmotic dehydration followed by heat pump drying and microwave-vacuum drying proved effective.


title: Matthew Barnaby

abstract: Matthew Barnaby is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres, Pittsburgh Penguins, Tampa Bay Lightning, New York Rangers, Colorado Avalanche, Chicago Blackhawks, and Dallas Stars.

text:
# Matthew Barnaby

**Matthew Barnaby** (born May 4, 1973) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres, Pittsburgh Penguins, Tampa Bay Lightning, New York Rangers, Colorado Avalanche, Chicago Blackhawks, and Dallas Stars.

## Playing career

Barnaby was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres 83rd overall in the fourth round in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. He was drafted from the QMJHL where he spent four seasons with the Beauport Harfangs, Verdun Collège Français and Victoriaville Tigres, leading the league in penalty minutes in 1992 and 1993. After completing his QMJHL career with the Tigres, Barnaby joined the Sabres for the end of 1992–93 season.

Barnaby, who was considered a pest and agitator during his career, spent the next few seasons playing for the Sabres and AHL affiliate Rochester Americans. Barnaby established a full-time role with the Sabres in the 1995–96 season, recording a career-high in penalty minutes with 335. He was frequently involved in on-ice altercations, and among other incidents he made headlines in 1996, when in a game against the Philadelphia Flyers after a few hits and Barnaby lying on the ice presumably injured, a brawl between the two teams started. With the brawl in full motion, Barnaby jumped to his skates to punish Garth Snow, goaltender of the Flyers, who was poking Barnaby with his stick while the officials weren't looking. In 1996–97 Barnaby scored a career-high 19 goals and 43 points in 68 games.

After seven seasons with the Sabres organization during the 1998–99 season, Barnaby was traded by the Sabres to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Stu Barnes on March 11, 1999. One of his most celebrated fights came the following season in 2000 against his former Sabre teammate Rob Ray after dining with Ray the previous night.

Barnaby played in 129 games with the Penguins before he was traded on February 1, 2001, to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Wayne Primeau. After struggling to provide an impact to start the 2001–02 season for the Lightning, Barnaby was again traded to the New York Rangers for Zdeno Ciger on December 12, 2001. After going scoreless with Tampa Bay in 29 games Barnaby responded with a resurgence of form with the Rangers, scoring 21 points in 48 games. Barnaby became a fan favourite in the Big Apple and played in 196 games before he was traded to the playoff bound Colorado Avalanche in the 2003–04 season, for David Liffiton and Chris McAllister on March 8, 2004.

On July 2, 2004, Barnaby signed a three-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks. After the 2004–05 NHL lockout, he played his first season with the Hawks in 2005–06. Suffering from the year of hiatus he was subsequently bought-out of his contract following the season.

Barnaby, again a free agent, signed a one-year deal with the Dallas Stars on July 5, 2006. In the 2006–07 season, Barnaby recorded his 300th, and final point, on December 23, 2006 against the Edmonton Oilers. He played only 39 games with the Stars before suffering a season-ending concussion against the Phoenix Coyotes on January 9, 2007. Struggling with the effects of his concussion Barnaby announced his retirement from the NHL in July 2007.

## Broadcasting career

In September 2007, it was announced via the Sabres website that Barnaby would be given a tryout for replacing Jim Lorentz as color commentator for the Sabres. He served in that capacity for the September 26 pre-season game. The permanent position, however, went to Harry Neale instead. Barnaby also co-hosted *The Enforcers* on Time Warner Cable SportsNet with Rob Ray until joining ESPN as an NHL analyst in late 2008. He was an occasional broadcaster and analyst for the show *NHL on TSN*. On December 5, 2011, ESPN terminated its contract with Barnaby after his arrest on suspicion of DWI earlier in the day.

## Later life

During the 2013–14 season, Barnaby played Senior AAA hockey with the Dundas Real McCoys of the Ontario Hockey Association's Major League Hockey.

In June 2016, Barnaby was named an assistant coach of the Ontario Hockey League's Kitchener Rangers. He was released from the Rangers on October 3, 2017.

Barnaby lives in Ottawa and is a hockey analyst on The Power Play on SiriusXM channel 91. Since 2019, he has hosted a podcast called "Unfiltered with Matthew Barnaby". Outside of hockey, Barnaby is the co-owner of a company called Hunger Cave. He has also been involved in charitable work raising money for Alzheimer's since his grandmother died from the disease.

Barnaby's autobiography *Matthew Barnaby: Unfiltered* was released in November 2022.

On May 13, 2011, Barnaby was arrested for domestic violence in Amherst, New York. He was accused of causing an estimated $300 in damage after kicking a garage door in an attempt to enter the suburban Buffalo home where his estranged wife and two children lived, Erie County District Attorney Frank Sedita's office said. On May 14, 2011, Barnaby pleaded not guilty to felony criminal mischief and was ordered to complete 500 hours of community service to have charges dropped. As part of the ruling, he was also issued a one-year order of protection from his wife. He was barred from taking what was described as any "offensive" action against his wife, and was ordered to avoid contact with his wife's boyfriend, the DA's office said. Barnaby was also ordered to continue attending anger management counseling. As part of the plea agreement, the misdemeanor charges of criminal mischief and aggravated harassment were to be dropped if he fulfilled the judge's order within a year.

On December 5, 2011, Barnaby was arrested near his home in Clarence, New York. Police found him driving a car that had damage to its front end and was missing its front tire. Barnaby failed field sobriety tests and refused a breath test, and he subsequently had his license revoked. On December 13, he pleaded guilty to driving while intoxicated, refusing a breath test, driving with unsafe tires, and failing to notify the Department of Motor Vehicles of his address change. Barnaby was ordered to perform 100 hours of community service, attend alcohol abuse counseling, and pay a $1,950 fine.

## Career statistics

**Bold** indicates led league

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1989–90 | Hull Frontaliers | QAHA | | 50 | 43 | 50 | 93 | 149 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1989–90 | Outaouais Frontaliers | QMAAA | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1990–91 | Beauport Harfangs | QMJHL | | 52 | 9 | 5 | 14 | 262 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1991–92 | Beauport Harfangs | QMJHL | | 63 | 29 | 37 | 66 | 476 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1992–93 | Beauport Harfangs | QMJHL | | 19 | 12 | 23 | 35 | 144 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1992–93 | Verdun Collège Français | QMJHL | | 33 | 26 | 35 | 61 | 217 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1992–93 | Victoriaville Tigres | QMJHL | | 13 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 87 | | 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 44 |
| 1992–93 | Buffalo Sabres | NHL | | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 1993–94 | Rochester Americans | AHL | | 42 | 10 | 32 | 42 | 153 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1993–94 | Buffalo Sabres | NHL | | 35 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 106 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
| 1994–95 | Rochester Americans | AHL | | 56 | 21 | 29 | 50 | 274 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1994–95 | Buffalo Sabres | NHL | | 23 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 116 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1995–96 | Buffalo Sabres | NHL | | 73 | 15 | 16 | 31 | **335** | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1996–97 | Buffalo Sabres | NHL | | 68 | 19 | 24 | 43 | 249 | | 8 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 36 |
| 1997–98 | Buffalo Sabres | NHL | | 72 | 5 | 20 | 25 | 289 | | 15 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 22 |
| 1998–99 | Buffalo Sabres | NHL | | 44 | 4 | 14 | 18 | 143 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1998–99 | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | | 18 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 34 | | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 |
| 1999–2000 | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | | 64 | 12 | 12 | 24 | 197 | | 11 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 29 |
| 2000–01 | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | | 47 | 1 | 4 | 5 | **168** | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2000–01 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 29 | 4 | 4 | 8 | **97** | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 70 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 48 | 8 | 13 | 21 | 144 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 79 | 14 | 22 | 36 | 142 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 69 | 12 | 20 | 32 | 120 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | Colorado Avalanche | NHL | | 13 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 37 | | 11 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 27 |
| 2005–06 | Chicago Blackhawks | NHL | | 82 | 8 | 20 | 28 | 178 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Dallas Stars | NHL | | 39 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 127 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2013–14 | Dundas Real McCoys | ACH | | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 834 | 113 | 187 | 300 | 2,562 | | 62 | 7 | 15 | 22 | 170 |

## InfoBox

| Matthew Barnaby | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1973-05-04) May 4, 1973
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) | | |
| Weight | 191 lb (87 kg; 13 st 9 lb) | | |
| Position | Right Wing | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Buffalo Sabres
Pittsburgh Penguins
Tampa Bay Lightning
New York Rangers
Colorado Avalanche
Chicago Blackhawks
Dallas Stars | | |
| NHL draft | 83rd overall, 1992
Buffalo Sabres | | |
| Playing career | 19922007 | | |


title: Philosophy of culture

abstract: Philosophy of culture is a branch of philosophy that examines the essence and meaning of culture. It focuses on how human creativity, rationality, and collective experiences shape cultural identities. It traces the development of cultural thought from early modern discussions on national identity and Enlightenment ideals, through German and English Romanticism, to more scientific approaches.

text:
# Philosophy of culture

**Philosophy of culture** is a branch of philosophy that examines the essence and meaning of culture.

It focuses on how human creativity, rationality, and collective experiences shape cultural identities. It traces the development of cultural thought from early modern discussions on national identity and Enlightenment ideals, through German and English Romanticism, to more scientific approaches.

## Early modern discourses

### German Romanticism

The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of *bildung*: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: *Sapere aude*, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of *bildung*: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

In 1795, the linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview"(*Weltanschauung*). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures.

In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (*Elementargedanken*); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (*Völkergedanken*), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.

### English Romanticism

In the 19th century, humanists such as English poet and essayist Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) used the word "culture" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of "the best that has been thought and said in the world." This concept of culture is comparable to the German concept of *bildung*: "...culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world."

In practice, *culture* referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. *civitas*, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.

Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.

Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by "the folk", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West.

In 1870 the anthropologist Edward Tylor (1832–1917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the evolution of religion. According to this theory, religion evolves from more polytheistic to more monotheistic forms. In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all human societies. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture.

## Sources


title: Zeynep Kınacı

abstract: Zeynep Kınacı (1972–1996) was a member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) known for having committed its first suicide attack. The way she carried it out has influenced women's role within the PKK.

text:
# Zeynep Kınacı

**Zeynep Kınacı** (1972–1996) was a member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) known for having committed its first suicide attack. The way she carried it out has influenced women's role within the PKK.

## Biography

Kinaci was born in a village in Malatya province in 1972 to a family of the Mamureki tribe. She studied social sciences at the Inönü University in Malatya and worked at the state hospital as a X-ray technician. In 1995 she joined the PKK.

### The suicide attack

On the 30 June 1996, Kınacı triggered the explosives near Turkish soldiers in Tunceli who were singing the İstiklal Marşı, killing around ten soldiers while wounding over thirty. Before the attack, she wrote three letters in which she explained her reasons for the suicide attack, one directed to the leadership of the PKK, one to the Women Freedom Fighters and another one to the revolutionary people of Kurdistan. According to her letters, she saw the action executed through her love for humans and life. She saw it as her way to liberate herself from the oppression the Kurds had to go through by Turkey. The suicide attack came in response to a failed assassination attempt on Abdullah Öcalan on the 6 May 1996.

## Recognition

Her death had a deep impact on the women's role in the PKK. By the PKK, she was exemplified as the new Ishtar and the female equivalent of a modern Kawa, who personified in Mazlum Dogan, committed suicide on Newroz 1982 in prison in Diyarbakir. Today her nom de guerre Zîlan, but also Mazlum are popular names in the provinces of Diyarbakir and Mardin. In her memory, Gurbetelli Ersöz, the former Editor in Chief of Özgür Gündem adopted as nom de guerre Zeynep after she joined the PKK. In Germany an annual Zilan festival is organized in her memory.

## Personal life

Kinaci was married and her husband was in Turkish captivity when she committed suicide.

1. Orhan, Mehmet (2015-10-16). *Political Violence and Kurds in Turkey: Fragmentations, Mobilizations, Participations & Repertoires*. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-42043-9.
2. Ahmed, Akbar (2021), Browne, Jude (ed.), "Gender, Revenge, Mutation, and War", *Why Gender?*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 334–335, ISBN 978-1-108-83337-0, retrieved 2022-04-04
3. Özcan, Ali̇ Kemal (2005). "The Nature and Resource Field of the Kurdish Resistance in Turkey: A Dormant Resource". *Middle Eastern Studies*. **41** (3): 399–402. doi:10.1080/00263200500106024. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 4284373. S2CID 143133576.
4. "1996 Global Terrorism: Europe and Eurasia Overview". *irp.fas.org*. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
5. Gürbüz, Mustafa. *Rival Kurdish Movements in Turkey* (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 96–97.
6. Käser, Isabel, ed. (2021) p.42
7. Yildiz, Güney (6 August 2019). "Assassinations could upset the status quo in Turkey-PKK conflict". *Middle East Institute*. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
8. "A 'Goddess' of the Kurdish freedom struggle: A tribute to Zeynep Kınacı". *Medya News*. 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
9. Çağlayan, Handan (2012-06-01). "From Kawa the Blacksmith to Ishtar the Goddess: Gender Constructions in Ideological-Political Discourses of the Kurdish Movement in post-1980 Turkey". *European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey* (14). doi:10.4000/ejts.4657. ISSN 1773-0546.
10. Käser, Isabel, ed. (2021), "The PKK – A Woman's Party?: A History of the Kurdish Women's Freedom Movement 1978–2020", *The Kurdish Women's Freedom Movement: Gender, Body Politics and Militant Femininities*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 55, doi:10.1017/9781009022194.002, ISBN 978-1-316-51974-5, S2CID 241947259, retrieved 2022-04-01
11. Çağlayan, Handan (2020). *Women in the Kurdish Movement, Mothers, Comrades, Goddesses* (PDF). Palgrave MacMillan. p. 72. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24744-7. ISBN 978-3-030-24743-0. S2CID 211675376.
12. Adanir, Bedri (21 May 2013). "16,585 People With Kurdish Name Zîlan in Turkey". *Bianet*.
13. Novellis, Andrea. "The Rise of Feminism in the PKK: Ideology or Strategy?" (PDF). *Zanj*. University of Venice. p. 122. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
14. "Tausende Frauen auf dem Zîlan-Festival in Dortmund". *Firat News Agency* (in German). Retrieved 2022-04-04.
15. "Zîlan-Frauenfestival in Leverkusen". *YeniOzgurPolitika.com* (in Turkish). 6 June 2019. Retrieved 2022-04-04.


title: Wings Over Europe

abstract: Wings Over Europe is a PC combat flight simulator game set during the Cold War era where the USSR has attacked NATO forces in West Germany. The US release of the game is called Wings Over Europe: Cold War Gone Hot, however, the tag line is changed to Wings Over Europe: Soviet Invasion for the European market. The time period covered is 1962 to 1984. The game includes a wide variety of real jets and weapons from the era which can be employed in various mission types such as Combat Air Patrol, Interception, Close Air Support, Iron Hand, Wild Weasel, and Reconnaissance. The game is based on the Strike Fighters: Project 1 engine and was developed by Third Wire Productions. In 2009, an updated version for the Windows Vista platform called Strike Fighters 2 Europe was released. The original game, however, is still compatible with Vista and Windows 7.

text:
# Wings Over Europe

***Wings Over Europe*** is a PC combat flight simulator game set during the Cold War era where the USSR has attacked NATO forces in West Germany.

The US release of the game is called ***Wings Over Europe: Cold War Gone Hot***, however, the tag line is changed to ***Wings Over Europe: Soviet Invasion*** for the European market. The time period covered is 1962 to 1984.

The game includes a wide variety of real jets and weapons from the era which can be employed in various mission types such as Combat Air Patrol, Interception, Close Air Support, Iron Hand, Wild Weasel, and Reconnaissance.

The game is based on the *Strike Fighters: Project 1* engine and was developed by Third Wire Productions.

In 2009, an updated version for the Windows Vista platform called *Strike Fighters 2 Europe* was released. The original game, however, is still compatible with Vista and Windows 7.

## Background

*Wings Over Europe* was released in 2006 and was the fourth in a series of "Lite" Flight Simulators. The term "Lite" was applied because they are designed to be relatively easy to learn and play compared to other more hardcore types of flight simulator.

The developer took and improved on its existing *Strike Fighter*s game engine and thus the game was another step forward in terms of quality and game play. The game included better graphics, more planes, improved campaigns, and simulated clouds.

## Gameplay

Despite the "Lite" tag, a fair amount of realism has been built in; 1960s-style bombsights are simulated for the pre 1970's aircraft rather than modern computer-aided aiming reticules. Dive bombing and level bombing techniques have to be worked out by the game player if they are to have success at completing missions.

Aircraft that come into service after 1970 have advanced Head Up Displays that allow the player to aim bombs with more accuracy than manual dive bombing techniques. Laser Guided bombs such as the GBU-12 Paveway are included; so are the A and B versions of the AGM-65 Maverick, allowing much easier ground target destruction for the late 1970s aircraft.

US Air to Air missiles in the game consist of versions of the AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-7 Sparrow, and AIM-4 Falcon which are simulated to be as unreliable as the real missiles were. Regardless of having a "good lock on the target" there is a good chance the missile will miss. Missiles from 1978 onwards such as the AIM-9L version of the Sidewinder are much improved and more likely to score a hit.

Dogfights are usually close in affairs regardless of the time period, but as the missiles get better over time, longer range kills can be achieved.

The map of Germany has been scaled down slightly so that there is less time spent flying to a target, and also because air-to-air refuelling is not included in the game. The lack of water on the map has meant that aircraft carrier operations have not been included this time.

During a mission the players will fly in a flight of aircraft in which the computer-controlled planes keep in formation as they fly to a target. This flight can be issued commands; attack other aircraft or ground targets, fly home if they are damaged, or jettison their drop tanks. As they fly many other computer-controlled aircraft will be up in the air and can be viewed as they engage in dogfights or bomb targets.

Flying over Soviet held East Germany the player's aircraft will be met with a high level of radar guided Surface to Air Missiles (SAMS), and a variety of lethal Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA). The main SAMs are the soviet SA-2 and SA-6, of which early and later versions are included in the game increasing lethality accordingly.

The player can select a fictitious campaign from either Red Thunder (1962), Red Hammer (1968), or Red Lightning (1979), each being from a different time era with different aircraft and weapons forcing the player to employ different tactics in each.

Single Missions are also available, which can be customised to allow the player to practice with specific aircraft and weapons.

## Development

This series of games is designed by Tsuyoshi Kawahito (known as 'TK'), who was also involved in some of the 1990s best selling PC flight simulators, including *European Air War* (1998) by MicroProse and *Longbow 2* (1997) by *Jane's Combat Simulations*.

## Reception

The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

## InfoBox

| Wings Over Europe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Third Wire |
| Publisher(s) |  |
| Designer(s) | Tsuyoshi Kawahito |
| Platform(s) | Windows |
| Release | * NA: May 24, 2006 * EU: September 15, 2006 * AU: October 19, 2006 |
| Genre(s) | Flight simulation |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Vauxrenard

abstract: Vauxrenard is a commune in the Rhône department in eastern France.

text:
# Vauxrenard

**Vauxrenard** is a commune in the Rhône department in eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Vauxrenard | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Vauxrenard | |
| Location of Vauxrenard | |
| VauxrenardVauxrenard | |
| Coordinates: 46°12′37″N 4°38′42″E / 46.2103°N 4.645°E / 46.2103; 4.645 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Rhône |
| Arrondissement | Villefranche-sur-Saône |
| Canton | Belleville-en-Beaujolais |
| Area**1** | 19.19 km2 (7.41 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 317 |
| Density | 17/km2 (43/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 69258 /69820 |
| Elevation | 294–844 m (965–2,769 ft)
(avg. 525 m or 1,722 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Vacuum ejector

abstract: A vacuum ejector, or simply ejector is a type of vacuum pump, which produces vacuum by means of the Venturi effect. In an ejector, a working fluid flows through a jet nozzle into a tube that first narrows and then expands in cross-sectional area. The fluid leaving the jet is flowing at a high velocity which due to Bernoulli's principle results in it having low pressure, thus generating a vacuum. The outer tube then narrows into a mixing section where the high velocity working fluid mixes with the fluid that is drawn in by the vacuum, imparting enough velocity for it to be ejected, the tube then typically expands in order to decrease the velocity of the ejected stream, allowing the pressure to smoothly increase to the external pressure. The strength of the vacuum produced depends on the velocity and shape of the fluid jet and the shape of the constriction and mixing sections, but if a liquid is used as the working fluid, the strength of the vacuum produced is limited by the vapor pressure of the liquid. If a gas is used, however, this restriction does not exist. If not considering the source of the working fluid, vacuum ejectors can be significantly more compact than a self-powered vacuum pump of the same capacity.

text:
# Vacuum ejector

A **vacuum ejector**, or simply **ejector** is a type of vacuum pump, which produces vacuum by means of the Venturi effect.

In an ejector, a working fluid (liquid or gaseous) flows through a jet nozzle into a tube that first narrows and then expands in cross-sectional area. The fluid leaving the jet is flowing at a high velocity which due to Bernoulli's principle results in it having low pressure, thus generating a vacuum. The outer tube then narrows into a mixing section where the high velocity working fluid mixes with the fluid that is drawn in by the vacuum, imparting enough velocity for it to be ejected, the tube then typically expands in order to decrease the velocity of the ejected stream, allowing the pressure to smoothly increase to the external pressure.

The strength of the vacuum produced depends on the velocity and shape of the fluid jet and the shape of the constriction and mixing sections, but if a liquid is used as the working fluid, the strength of the vacuum produced is limited by the vapor pressure of the liquid (for water, 3.2 kPa or 0.46 psi or 32 mbar at 25 °C or 77 °F). If a gas is used, however, this restriction does not exist.

If not considering the source of the working fluid, vacuum ejectors can be significantly more compact than a self-powered vacuum pump of the same capacity.

## Common types

### Water aspirator

The cheap and simple **water aspirator** is commonly used in chemistry and biology laboratories and consists of a tee fitting attached to a tap and has a hose barb at one side. The flow of water passes through the straight portion of the tee, which has a restriction at the intersection, where the hose barb is attached. The vacuum hose should be connected to this barb. In the past, water aspirators were common for low-strength vacuums in chemistry benchwork. However, they are water-intensive, and depending on what the vacuum is being used for (e.g. solvent removal), they can violate environmental protection laws such as the RCRA by mixing potentially hazardous chemicals into the water stream, then flushing them down a drain that often leads directly to the municipal sewer. Their use has decreased somewhat as small electric vacuum pumps are far more effective, environmentally safe, and have become more affordable, but the unmatched simplicity and reliability of this device have caused it to remain popular for small labs or as a backup.

Another, much larger version of this device is used in maritime operations as a device to dewater (drain) areas in a ship that have been flooded in emergency situations. Typically referred to as an eductor in these applications, this is preferred over electrical pumps due to their simplicity, compact size, and greatly mitigated risk of explosion in the event that flammable liquids and/or vapors are present. Additionally, unlike many mechanical pumps, they can also pass debris as the eductor has no moving parts that can be fouled. This makes an eductor especially useful in situations where fitting a debris strainer to the suction port will present more issues than it resolves. The size of the debris that can be passed depends on the physical size of the eductor. Sizes, flow ratings, and applications vary, including eductors that are permanently installed (typically used in very large spaces, such as a ship's main engine room), or portable models that can be lowered into spaces by a rope and supplied and drained through firefighting hoses. Most are supplied through a ship's firefighting main, and portable models can also be supplied by an emergency pump, provided it can supply sufficient flow to operate the eductor.

### Steam ejector

The industrial steam ejector (also called the "steam jet ejector", "steam aspirator", or "evactor") uses steam as a working fluid and multistage systems can produce very high vacuums. Due to the lack of delicate moving parts and the flow of steam providing somewhat of cleaning action, steam ejectors can handle gas flows containing liquids, dust, or even solid particles that would damage or clog many other vacuum pumps. Ejectors made entirely from specialised materials such as PTFE or graphite have allowed usage of extremely corrosive gasses, since steam ejectors have no moving parts they can be constructed in their entirety from almost any material that has sufficient durability.

In order to avoid using too much steam or impractical operating pressures, a single steam-ejector stage is generally not used to generate vacuum below approximately 10 kPa (75 mmHg). To generate higher vacuum, multiple stages are used; in a two-stage steam ejector, for example, the second stage provides vacuum for the waste steam output by the first stage. Condensers are typically used between stages to significantly reduce the load on the later stages. Steam ejectors with two, three, four, five and six stages may be used to produce vacuums down to 2.5 kPa, 300 Pa, 40 Pa, 4 Pa, and 0.4 Pa, respectively.

Steam ejectors are also suitable for pumping many liquids since if the steam can be easily condensed into the liquid then there is no need to separate the working fluid or manage a mist of liquid droplets. This is the manner in which a steam *injector* operates.

An additional use for the injector technology is in vacuum ejectors in continuous train braking systems, which were made compulsory in the UK by the Regulation of Railways Act 1889. A vacuum ejector uses steam pressure to draw air out of the vacuum pipe and reservoirs of continuous train brake. Steam locomotives, with a ready source of steam, found ejector technology ideal with its rugged simplicity and lack of moving parts. A steam locomotive usually has two ejectors: a large ejector for releasing the brakes when stationary and a small ejector for maintaining the vacuum against leaks. The exhaust from the ejectors is invariably directed to the smokebox, by which means it assists the blower in draughting the fire. The small ejector is sometimes replaced by a reciprocating pump driven from the crosshead because this is more economical of steam and is only required to operate when the train is moving.

### Air ejector

Commonly called an **air ejector**, **Venturi pump**, or **vacuum ejector**. This ejector is similar in operation to the steam ejector but uses high-pressure air as the working fluid. Multistage air ejectors can be used, but since air cannot easily be condensed at room temperature, an air ejector is usually limited to two stages as each subsequent stage would have to be significantly larger than the last. These are commonly used in pneumatic handling equipment when a small vacuum is required to pick up objects since compressed air is often already present to power other parts of the equipment. Air ejectors used to suction liquids directly will produce a fine mist of droplets, this is how airbrushes and many other spraying systems operate, but when a spray is not required it is typically an undesirable effect that limits the applications to gas suction.

## InfoBox

Aspirator
| A brass aspirator. The water inlet and outlet are at the top and bottom, respectively; the air inlet is on the side. | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Eductor-jet pump,
injector/ejector,
filter pump,
Venturi pump |
| Uses | Vacuum generation,
suction |
| Related items | Injector,
vacuum pump |


title: Max Records

abstract: Max Records is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Max in the film Where the Wild Things Are, for which he won the 2009 Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film, and as Slater Pedulla in The Sitter. He starred in the lead role of John Wayne Cleaver in the 2016 film titled I Am Not A Serial Killer, based on Dan Wells' 2009 novel of the same name, which received positive reviews and ratings. He has also appeared as a guest on The Tonight Show.

text:
# Max Records

**Max Records** (born June 18, 1997) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Max in the film *Where the Wild Things Are*, for which he won the 2009 Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film, and as Slater Pedulla in *The Sitter*. He starred in the lead role of John Wayne Cleaver in the 2016 film titled *I Am Not A Serial Killer*, based on Dan Wells' 2009 novel of the same name, which received positive reviews and ratings. He has also appeared as a guest on *The Tonight Show*.

## Personal life

Records was born in Portland, Oregon, the son of Shawn Records, a photographer, and Jenny, a librarian.

Records attended Metropolitan Learning Center, a public Kx12 school, for most of his childhood. He then transferred to Trillium Charter School for the rest of High School.

## Career

Records first became famous for the main role in *Where the Wild Things Are* when he was hired personally by Spike Jonze. Records' father, who is a photographer, was asked to send the company information of actors fitting a certain description; his son happened to fit the criteria, so his information was also provided.

Before being cast in *Where the Wild Things Are*, Records starred in a music video for the band Death Cab for Cutie.

After *Where the Wild Things Are*, his most notable roles are Young Stephen in *The Brothers Bloom* and Slater Pedula in *The Sitter*.

Records co-starred with Christopher Lloyd as John Wayne Cleaver in the film *I Am Not a Serial Killer*, shot in 2015 and released in early 2016. *Rolling Stone* described the role as "a homicidal Midwestern teen who has to kill a mass murderer in order to stop becoming one himself".

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *Directions* | Brother | Video
Segment: "Stable Song" |
| 2009 | *Where the Wild Things Are* | Max | Won Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film, for 2009. Nominated for multiple other awards. |
| | *The Brothers Bloom* | Young Stephen |  |
| 2010 | *The Vampire Attack* | Boy in Cemetery | Short |
| 2011 | *BlinkyTM* | Alex Neville | Short |
| | *The Sitter* | Slater Pedulla |  |
| 2016 | *I Am Not a Serial Killer* | John Wayne Cleaver | Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Actor |
|

### Video games

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *Where the Wild Things Are* | Max |
|

## Awards

| Year | Award | Category | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | Young Artist Award | Best Leading Young Actor in Feature Film | Won |
| 2016 | British Film Institute Festival | Best Leading Actor | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Max Records | |
| --- | --- |
| Records at San Diego Comic-Con in 2009 | |
| Born | (1997-06-18) June 18, 1997
Portland, Oregon, United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Metropolitan Learning Center |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2006–2016 |


title: Little Otter River (Canada)

abstract: The Little Otter River is a river in northwestern Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Hudson Bay drainage basin and is a right tributary of the Fawn River. The Little Otter River begins at the confluence of several tributary streams and flows northeast and then north to its mouth at the Fawn River. The Fawn River flows via the Severn River to Hudson Bay.

text:
# Little Otter River (Canada)

The **Little Otter River** is a river in northwestern Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Hudson Bay drainage basin and is a right tributary of the Fawn River.

The Little Otter River begins at the confluence of several tributary streams and flows northeast and then north to its mouth at the Fawn River. The Fawn River flows via the Severn River to Hudson Bay.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Little Otter River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the river mouth in Ontario | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Region | Northwestern Ontario |
| District | Kenora |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| coordinates | 54°11′11″N 88°57′36″W / 54.18639°N 88.96000°W / 54.18639; -88.96000 |
| elevation | 146 m (479 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Fawn River |
| coordinates | 54°15′33″N 88°58′17″W / 54.25917°N 88.97139°W / 54.25917; -88.97139 |
| elevation | 141 m (463 ft) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Hudson Bay drainage basin |


title: Piano Quartet No. 2 (Brahms)

abstract: The Piano Quartet No. 2 in A major, Op. 26, by Johannes Brahms is scored for piano, violin, viola and cello. It was completed in 1861 and received its premiere in November 1862 by the Hellmesberger Quartet with the composer playing the piano part. It has been especially noted for drawing influence from composer Franz Schubert. Lasting approximately 50 minutes, this quartet is the longest of Brahms's chamber works to perform and one of the longest piano quartets in the repertoire. He also made an arrangement of this quartet for two pianos.

text:
# Piano Quartet No. 2 (Brahms)

The **Piano Quartet No. 2** in A major, Op. 26, by Johannes Brahms is scored for piano, violin, viola and cello. It was completed in 1861 and received its premiere in November 1862 by the Hellmesberger Quartet with the composer playing the piano part. It has been especially noted for drawing influence from composer Franz Schubert. Lasting approximately 50 minutes, this quartet is the longest of Brahms's chamber works to perform and one of the longest piano quartets in the repertoire. He also made an arrangement of this quartet for two pianos.

## Structure

The quartet is in four movements:

1. *Allegro non troppo* (A major)
2. *Poco adagio* (E major)
3. *Scherzo: Poco allegro* (A major, trio in D minor)
4. *Finale: Allegro* (A major)

## Analysis

### First movement

The first movement is in sonata form.

### Second movement

The second movement is in rondo form.

### Third movement

The third movement is a scherzo and trio in compound ternary form, where both the scherzo and the trio are in sonata form.

### Fourth movement

The fourth movement is in sonata-rondo form.

## InfoBox

| Piano Quartet in A major | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 2 | |
| Chamber music by Johannes Brahms | |
| The composer in 1853 | |
| Opus | 26 |
| Composed | 1861 (1861) |
| Performed | 1863 |
| Duration | 50 minutes |
| Movements | four |
| Scoring | * violin * viola * cello * piano. |


title: Mark Miyoshi

abstract: Mark Miyoshi is a Japanese-American taiko maker. He is the owner and principal craftsman at Miyoshi Daiko, based in Mt. Shasta, California.

text:
# Mark Miyoshi

**Mark Miyoshi** is a Japanese-American taiko maker. He is the owner and principal craftsman at Miyoshi Daiko, based in Mt. Shasta, California.

## Early life

Mark Miyoshi was born and raised in Greeley, Colorado. He attended the University of Colorado at Boulder where he was active in the Asian American Equal Opportunity Program (EOP).

## Denver Taiko

Miyoshi is a founding member of Denver Taiko, the fourth taiko group in North America. In 1976, Denver Taiko started out with a dozen members and only two homemade drums donated by the Japanese American Association, so Miyoshi and the others learned how to make their own drums with the help of San Jose Taiko and Kinnara Taiko. Miyoshi left Denver Taiko in 1978 and moved to California.

## Drum Making

In 1982, Miyoshi received his first commission from Denver Taiko for an okedo, the first okedo to be made in the United States. Miyoshi is also the first North American Taiko maker to laminate staves with finger joints and carve out the interior of the nagodo in order to improve the quality of the sound.

In the mid-1980s, Miyoshi began to make taiko full-time. He currently is the owner and principal craftsman at Miyoshi Daiko. Miyoshi Daiko produces Nagado, Shime-Daiko, Okedo-Daiko, Hira-Daiko and Uchi-wa Daiko in all sizes.

Miyoshi has made taiko for San Jose Taiko, Shasta Taiko, Kenny Endo, Chizuko Endo, Denver Taiko, Portland Taiko, Ondekoza, Stanford Taiko as well as many other North American and international taiko groups.

He has also taken on various apprentices including Shoji Kameda.

A set of Miyoshi's taiko is on display in the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix, Arizona.

## Philosophy

Miyoshi believes that, “Drums from all traditions have a spirit that is alive and vibrant. This spirit comes alive through the joining of wood, skins, metal and other materials that come from the trees, plants, animals and the earth…When all of these elements come into harmony and relationship, with good thoughts and actions, a new life is brought into the world.” He brings this philosophy to drum building, and each Miyoshi taiko is made with respect for the raw materials and closed with a prayer.

## National Endowment for the Arts

In 1989, Miyoshi was awarded a US/Japan Friendship Commission fellowship by the National Endowment for the Arts to study the art of taiko making in Japan.


title: Vries, Netherlands

abstract: Vries is a village in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is a part of the municipality of Tynaarlo, and lies about 8 km north of Assen. Vries was a separate municipality until 1998, when it was merged with Eelde and Zuidlaren into a new municipality called Tynaarlo.

text:
# Vries, Netherlands

**Vries** is a village in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is a part of the municipality of Tynaarlo, and lies about 8 km north of Assen.

Vries was a separate municipality until 1998, when it was merged with Eelde and Zuidlaren into a new municipality called Tynaarlo.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1139 as Vrees. The etymology is unclear. Vries is an *esdorp* which developed in the Early Middle Ages. The old village structure is still visible.

The Dutch Reformed church dates from the 12th century. It was extended around 1425. The church contains two sarcophagi. (disputed by the Wikipedia page about Roden)

Vries was home to 415 people in 1840. Vries used to be independent municipality. In 1998, it was merged into Tynaarlo.

1. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". *Central Bureau of Statistics*. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
2. "Postcodetool for 9481AA". *Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland* (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
3. Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, "Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten", KNAW, 2006."KNAW \> Publicaties \> Detailpagina". Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
4. "Vries - (geografische naam)". *Etymologiebank* (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 April 2022.
5. Ronald Stenvert (2001). *Vries* (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90-400-9454-3. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
6. "Vries". *Plaatsengids* (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 April 2022.

## InfoBox

| Vries | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Romaanse Sint-Bonifatiuskerk van Vries | |
|  | |
| The village centre (dark green) and the statistical district (light green) of Vries in the municipality of Tynaarlo. | |
| VriesLocation in the province of DrentheVriesVries (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 53°4′24″N 6°34′37″E / 53.07333°N 6.57694°E / 53.07333; 6.57694 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Drenthe |
| Municipality | Tynaarlo |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.40 km2 (4.02 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 7 m (23 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 4,045 |
| Density | 390/km2 (1,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 9481 |
| Dialing code | 0592 |


title: Zeynep Kerimoğlu

abstract: Zeynep Kerimoğlu is a Turkish football forward, who plays for the Women's Super League club Fenerbahçe S.K. and the Turkey women's national football team. Zeynep Kerimoğlu was born in Ümraniye district of Istanbul, Turkey on 13 May 2003.

text:
# Zeynep Kerimoğlu

**Zeynep Kerimoğlu** (born 13 May 2003) is a Turkish football forward, who plays for the Women's Super League club Fenerbahçe S.K. and the Turkey women's national football team.

Zeynep Kerimoğlu was born in Ümraniye district of Istanbul, Turkey on 13 May 2003.

## Club career

### Dudullu Spor

Kerimoğlu obtained her license at age eleven from her hometown club Dudullu Spor on 30 May 2014. She played in the youth teams during her career until 2017. On 2 December that year, she debuted in the Third League. At the end of the 2018–19 Third League, she enjoyed her team's promotion to the Second League. The next season, her team was promoted to the First League. She was named *Top goalscorer* of the 2019–20 Second League with 27 goals in eleven matches.

### Beşiktaş J.K.

For the 2021–22 Super League season, she transferred to Beşiktaş J.K. She scored eleven goals in 19 matches in one season, she played.

### Fenerbahçe S.K.

She joined Fenerbahçe S.K. in the 2022–23 Super League season.

## International career

### Turkey U-17

Kerimoğlu was admitted to the Turkey girls' U-17 team, and debuted in the friendly match against Russia on 19 December 2017. She took part in one match of the 2018 UEFA U-17 Championship qualification, three games of the 2019 UEFA U-16 Development Tournament and three matches of the 2020 UEFA U-17 Championship qualification. She capped in 14 matches and scored four goals until 2020.

### Turkey U-19

She played for the Turkey women's U-19 team first time in a friendly match against Kosovo on 5 September 2021. She participated in one match of the 2022 UEFA U-19 Championship qualification, and in three qualification matches of the 2022 UEFA U-19 Championship. She scored four girls in six matches.

### Turkey

On 25 June 2022, she debuted for the Turkey senior team in the friendly match against Azerbaijan. She played in the 2023 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA) against Portugal.

## Career statistics

*As of match played 5 February 2023*.

| Club | Season | League | | | Continental | | National | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Dudullu Spor | 2017–18 | Third League | 13 | 16 |  |  | 5 | 1 | 18 | 17 |
| | 2018–19 | Third League | 14 | 16 |  |  | 3 | 1 | 17 | 17 |
| | 2019–20 | Second League | 11 | 27 |  |  | 6 | 2 | 17 | 29 |
| | 2020-21 | First League | 1 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | Total | | 39 | 59 |  |  | 14 | 4 | 53 | 63 |
| Beşiktaş J.K. | 2021-22 | Super League | 19 | 11 |  |  | 8 | 4 | 27 | 15 |
| | Total | | 19 | 11 |  |  | 8 | 4 | 27 | 15 |
| Fenerbahçe S.K. | 2022-23 | Super League | 5 | 0 |  |  | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| | Total | | 5 | 0 |  |  | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 63 | 70 | - | - | 24 | 8 | 87 | 78 |

## Honours

### Club

Turkish Women's Third Football League Dudullu Spor *Winners* (1): 2018–19 Turkish Women's Second Football league Dudullu Spor *Runner's up* (1): 2019–20

### Individual

*Top goalscorer* (1): 2019–20 Second League with Dudullu Spor (27 goals)

## InfoBox

Zeynep Kerimoğlu
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (2003-05-13) 13 May 2003 | | |
| Place of birth | Ümraniye, Istanbul, Turkey | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Fenerbahçe S.K. | | |
| Number | 13 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2014–2017 | Dudullu Spor | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2017–2021 | Dudullu Spor | 39 | (59) |
| 2022 | Beşiktaş J.K. | 19 | (11) |
| 2022– | Fenerbahçe S.K. | 5 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2017–2020 | Turkey U-17 | 14 | (4) |
| 2021–2022 | Turkey U-19 | 6 | (4) |
| 2022– | Turkey | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 11 December 2022<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 15 November 2022 | | | |


title: Wollison–Shipton Building

abstract: The Wollison–Shipton Building is a historic commercial block located at 142-156 North Street in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Designed by architect H. Neil Wilson, it was built in 1888 when the area north of Park Square developed as a commercial and retail part of downtown Pittsfield.

text:
# Wollison–Shipton Building

The **Wollison–Shipton Building** is a historic commercial block located at 142-156 North Street in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Designed by architect H. Neil Wilson, it was built in 1888 when the area north of Park Square developed as a commercial and retail part of downtown Pittsfield.

## Description and history

The building stands in downtown Pittsfield, on the east side of North Street, roughly midway between Fenn and Eagle Streets. It is a four-story steel and masonry structure, built out of Philadelphia pressed red brick with rusticated brownstone trim. It has a central full-height section, seven bays wide, capped by a hip roof, which has flanking three-story mansarded wings. The ground floor has four storefronts, two on either side of the main building entrance, each now redone with modern plate glass display windows flanking recessed entrances. A belt course of sandstone separates the first and second floors, and brick pilasters separate the middle seven bays from the outer ones. Windows are rectangular sash, except for the central fourth-floor windows, where eight are set in round-arch openings. Windows in the outermost two bays on each side have stone sills, and are topped by a course of brickwork that extends across the width of the outer sections. In the central sections, the outer windows are grouped in threes, each individually topped by stone sills.

At the time of its construction in 1888, this building was relative rarity for the type of brick used and for its cast iron detailing, which has since been removed. The second floor was the second home for the local YMCA. The architect was H. Neill Wilson, a prominent local architect, and the builder was D.C. Munyan, who was responsible for the construction of a number of other nearby buildings, including the adjacent Academy of Music (burned 1912), the Berkshire County Courthouse, and the Berkshire Athenaeum, both prominent structures on Park Square.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 30, 1982, and was included in an expansion of the Park Square Historic District in 1991.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wollison–Shipton Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 142-156 North St.,
Pittsfield, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°27′2″N 73°15′12″W / 42.45056°N 73.25333°W / 42.45056; -73.25333 |
| Built | c. 1887 (1887) |
| Built by | Munyon, D. C. |
| Architect | Wilson, H. Neil |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian |
| Part of | Park Square Historic District (ID75001911) |
| NRHP reference No. | 82001899 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 30, 1982 |
| Designated CP | December 23, 1991 |


title: Vauxrezis

abstract: Vauxrezis is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Vauxrezis

**Vauxrezis** is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 170 |  |
| 1975 | 184 | +1.14% |
| 1982 | 335 | +8.94% |
| 1990 | 347 | +0.44% |
| 1999 | 355 | +0.25% |
| 2009 | 331 | −0.70% |
| 2014 | 333 | +0.12% |
| 2020 | 321 | −0.61% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Vauxrezis | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall of Vauxrezis | |
| Location of Vauxrezis | |
| VauxrezisVauxrezis | |
| Coordinates: 49°24′51″N 3°16′54″E / 49.4142°N 3.2817°E / 49.4142; 3.2817 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Aisne |
| Arrondissement | Soissons |
| Canton | Soissons-1 |
| Intercommunality | GrandSoissons Agglomération |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Marc Couteau |
| Area**1** | 6.54 km2 (2.53 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 321 |
| Density | 49/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 02767 /02200 |
| Elevation | 48–162 m (157–531 ft)
(avg. 70 m or 230 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Megachile invenita

abstract: Megachile invenita is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Pasteels in 1965.

text:
# Megachile invenita

***Megachile invenita*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Pasteels in 1965.

## InfoBox

| *Megachile invenita* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Megachile* |
| Species: | ***M. invenita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megachile invenita***<br>(Pasteels, 1965) | |
|


title: Mario Telò

abstract: Mario Telò was an Italian political scientist and researcher born in Cremona who focused on European studies, political theory and international relations. Telò was a researcher and professor in many European, Asian and American universities. Since 1995, Telò was the “J.Monnet Chair ad personam”, and, since 2006, a member of the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium Telò taught ‘European Institutions’ and ‘Comparative regionalism’ at LUISS University and LUISS School of Government, Rome. He also taught ‘International Relations’ at the Free University of Brussels, where he was emeritus president of the Institut d’Etudes Européennes, central coordinator of the “GEM international Phd School” and senior scholar of “GR:EEN”, an international integrated research project. Telò was the author or editor of 29 books and more than 100 scientific articles and is part of the international debate about the European Union. Telò died on 6 March 2023, at the age of 72.

text:
# Mario Telò

**Mario Telò** (3 August 1950 – 6 March 2023) was an Italian political scientist and researcher born in Cremona who focused on European studies, political theory and international relations.

Telò was a researcher and professor in many European, Asian and American universities. Since 1995, Telò was the “J.Monnet Chair ad personam”, and, since 2006, a member of the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium

Telò taught ‘European Institutions’ and ‘Comparative regionalism’ at LUISS University and LUISS School of Government, Rome. He also taught ‘International Relations’ at the Free University of Brussels, where he was emeritus president of the Institut d’Etudes Européennes, central coordinator of the “GEM international Phd School” and senior scholar of “GR:EEN”, an international integrated research project.

Telò was the author or editor of 29 books and more than 100 scientific articles and is part of the international debate about the European Union.

Telò died on 6 March 2023, at the age of 72.

## Sources