title: Naum Shusterman

abstract: Naum Semyonovich Shusterman was a lieutenant colonel of the Soviet Union, who served as the chief engineer of the 43rd Soviet Fighter Aviation Regiment during the Great Patriotic War.

text:
# Naum Shusterman

**Naum Semyonovich Shusterman** (18 August 1912 – 25 April 1976) was a lieutenant colonel of the Soviet Union, who served as the chief engineer of the 43rd Soviet Fighter Aviation Regiment during the Great Patriotic War.

## Biography

### Early life

Shusterman was born on 18 August 1912, in Kiev, then Russian Empire, to parents Shendlya and Simeon Shusterman. He had four sisters.

### Military service

At the age of 18, Shusterman attended the Military Aviation Engineering Academy of Leningrad. He remained there for three years, and learned numerous technicalities of military aircraft. In 1932, Shusterman enlisted in the 16th Aviation Army of the USSR, where he served as an engineer of the 3rd rank.

### Great Patriotic War

During the Winter War and the Great Patriotic War, Shusterman served as a captain and later as a major, holding the position of Chief Engineer of the 43rd Soviet Fighter Aviation Regiment. Serving all over the Eastern Front, he participated in the defense of Kiev, Stalingrad and Leningrad, in the liberation of Warsaw and in the capture of Berlin. Shusterman became one of the few people who fought in the war from beginning to end.

### Later service and discharge

In 1949, Shusterman was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He continued to serve as Chief Engineer until his discharge. Shusterman, aged 42, was honorably discharged from the Soviet Army in 1954 on account of illness. His discharge conditions gave him rights to wear his military uniform.

### Death

Even though Shusterman attended the 30th Anniversary of Victory celebrations in Moscow in 1975, his health slowly began to deteriorate. He was admitted to the Kiev Military Hospital in February 1976, where he spent the final three months of his life. On 25 April 1976, Shusterman died of lung cancer. He was aged 63.

### Personal life

Shusterman married Elizabeth Chernyak in 1934, and in 1936, they had their first son, Alexander. In 1937, Chernyak gave birth to twins, Arnold and Mikhail.

## Awards and decorations

> ***Shusterman has demonstrated excellence in the command of the technical regiment personnel, working tirelessly to ensure that the aged technical parts remain in good working order.***
>
> Shusterman's award document for his Order of Lenin

Shusterman received seven Orders, seven campaign medals, three service medals and six jubilee medals during his military career and personal life. In 1939, he received his first Order of the Red Star. He received an Order of Lenin in 1941, and another Order of the Red Star in 1942-1943. He was also awarded the Order of the Patriotic War twice (one of each class), and received an Order of the Red Banner towards the end of the war. Shusterman received medals for his participation in the defence of Stalingrad, Kiev and the Caucasus, in the liberation of Warsaw and in the Capture of Berlin. He was also awarded the Medal for Battle Merit and the Medal for Victory.

### List

## InfoBox

| Naum Shusterman | |
| --- | --- |
| Lieutenant Colonel Naum Shusterman | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Naum Semyonovich Shusterman
Наум Семенович Шустерман
(1912-08-18)18 August 1912
Kiev, Russian Empire |
| Died | 25 April 1976 (aged 63)
Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Profession | Army Officer |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Soviet Union |
| Branch/service | Soviet Army
Soviet Engineer Troops |
| Years of service | 1932–1954 |
| Rank | Lieutenant colonel |
| Commands | 43rd Soviet Fighter Aviation Regiment |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |


title: Zhang Geng

abstract: Zhang Geng is a Chinese team handball player. Playing on the Chinese national team, she competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where China placed sixth.

text:
# Zhang Geng

**Zhang Geng** (born 9 March 1980) is a Chinese team handball player. Playing on the Chinese national team, she competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where China placed sixth.

## InfoBox

| Zhang Geng | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1980-03-09) 9 March 1980 | | |
| Nationality | Chinese | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
|  | Guangdong | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** |
|  | China |


title: Mirantis

abstract: Mirantis Inc. is a Campbell, California, based B2B open source cloud computing software and services company. Its primary container and cloud management products, part of the Mirantis Cloud Native Platform suite of products, are Mirantis Container Cloud and Mirantis Kubernetes Engine. The company focuses on the development and support of container and cloud infrastructure management platforms based on Kubernetes and OpenStack. The company was founded in 1999 by Alex Freedland and Boris Renski. It was one of the founding members of the OpenStack Foundation, a non-profit corporate entity established in September, 2012 to promote OpenStack software and its community. Mirantis has been an active member of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation since 2016.

text:
# Mirantis

**Mirantis Inc.** is a Campbell, California, based B2B open source cloud computing software and services company. Its primary container and cloud management products, part of the Mirantis Cloud Native Platform suite of products, are Mirantis Container Cloud and Mirantis Kubernetes Engine (formerly Docker Enterprise). The company focuses on the development and support of container and cloud infrastructure management platforms based on Kubernetes and OpenStack. The company was founded in 1999 by Alex Freedland and Boris Renski. It was one of the founding members of the OpenStack Foundation, a non-profit corporate entity established in September, 2012 to promote OpenStack software and its community. Mirantis has been an active member of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation since 2016.

## Mirantis, OpenStack and Kubernetes

Mirantis has been a top contributor to the OpenStack project. Mirantis initially specialized in working with clients to build out open private, public, and service-provider cloud platforms based on OpenStack, using open source tools to integrate the computing, network and storage capabilities which define OpenStack infrastructure. The *Wall Street Journal* characterizes OpenStack as providing "a kind of dashboard to help manage large numbers of servers, storage and networking devices like they were a single resource. Mirantis sells a commercial version and helps customers develop and install the software", and offers managed services for remote operations. Later, the company transitioned to Kubernetes based container and cloud infrastructure platforms, including the Mirantis Cloud Native Platform suite of products, which includes a containerized version of OpenStack.

In two rounds of fund-raising in January and June 2013, Mirantis raised $10 million in funding from Intel Capital and WestSummit Capital, and a further $10 million from Red Hat, Ericsson and Sapphire Ventures. In October 2014, Mirantis raised $100 million in a Series B financing round led by Insight Venture Partners, and joined by existing investors Intel Capital, WestSummit Capital, Telefonaktiebolaget L.M. Ericsson and Sapphire Ventures. In August 2015, Intel led an additional $100 million funding round with new investor Goldman Sachs and existing investors August Capital, Insight Venture Partners, Ericsson, Sapphire Ventures and WestSummit Capital.

### OpenStack

Mirantis announced its own OpenStack distribution in October 2013, in competition with distributions from Red Hat, Hewlett-Packard and others. The Mirantis OpenStack distribution works with various operating systems, including Red Hat, CentOS, and Ubuntu Linux.

Other delivery form-factors for Mirantis OpenStack include the Mirantis NFV Reference Platform, a reference architecture for Mirantis OpenStack designed to efficiently host, orchestrate and scale virtualized network functions in ways compatible with the ETSI-NFV specification.

Mirantis Unlocked Appliances, first offered in July 2015, were turn-key, scalable modular racks, with Mirantis OpenStack pre-installed and pre-tested on select hardware in reference configurations optimized for different workload types, sold and supported in collaboration with Mirantis Certified Rack Partners. The first Unlocked Appliance, for Cloud Native Apps, incorporated hardware and software from Dell, Juniper and Intel.

By early 2017, Mirantis changed its focus to offer managed services based on a number of open source infrastructure platforms, including OpenStack.

In October 2019, Mirantis became the official administrator of the Certified OpenStack Administrator program on behalf of the OpenStack Foundation.

In December 2020, Mirantis announced the release of Mirantis OpenStack for Kubernetes, a containerized edition of the open source Infrastructure-as-a-Service platform, as part of its Mirantis Cloud Native Platform.

### Kubernetes

In 2015, Mirantis partnered with Google to integrate Kubernetes and OpenStack, using OpenStack Murano application catalog technology. Mirantis debuted its first Kubernetes-related offering in December 2016, when it introduced vendor-agnostic training and certification for the Kubernetes and Docker container platforms. The company released Mirantis Cloud Platform, which combines OpenStack with Kubernetes and follows a build-operate-transfer delivery model in April 2017. Mirantis Cloud Platform utilizes a continuous integration / continuous delivery toolchain, known as DriveTrain, to perform continuous incremental updates and eliminate the need for major upgrades of the platform.

Mirantis announced Mirantis Cloud Platform Containers-as-a-Service, which enables users to provision Kubernetes clusters across multiple clouds on private infrastructure and/or public clouds including Amazon Web Services, in September 2017. With the addition of Containers-as-a-Service, Mirantis Cloud Platform supports hybrid clouds, with DriveTrain providing “consistent tooling for managing the lifecycle of OpenStack, Kubernetes on-premises and on AWS." As Mirantis continues to shift from an exclusive OpenStack focus to the continuous integration and continuous delivery of Kubernetes and other combinations of open source cloud software, this tooling forms the basis of the company's vision of a “cloud-native continuous delivery” platform for multi-cloud solutions.

Mirantis launched Mirantis Application Platform, a continuous delivery platform for Kubernetes, in April 2018.

Mirantis' edge computing platform, launched in October 2018, is based on Kubernetes and targeted towards telecommunications providers.

In May 2019, the company announced its "Bring Your Own Distro" initiative, which offers enterprise support for multiple Kubernetes distributions, targeting organizations that have already deployed Kubernetes in production, including many who have been "extending Kubernetes in a way that makes it challenging for IT operations teams to support."

In November 2019, the company acquired the Docker Enterprise business, known for kick-starting the software container movement, to support Mirantis' vision of providing a "cloud native stack, powered by Kubernetes, delivered as a service."

In February 2020, Mirantis announced that it brought on board a team of Kubernetes experts from Kontena, a Finnish company that developed the Pharos distribution of Kubernetes.

In September 2020, Mirantis announced the release of Mirantis Container Cloud (originally known as Docker Enterprise Container Cloud), which provides multi-cloud and multi-cluster management capabilities across public and private clouds.

### OpenStack, Kubernetes and other community involvement

Mirantis founders, Alex Freedland (CEO) and Boris Renski (CMO) have served on the OpenStack Foundation Board and Boris Renski was most recently re-elected in January 2018. Mirantis has been a major contributor of code to OpenStack, ranking as the #3 contributor of all time by both commits and lines of code.

Mirantis contributes to many core OpenStack projects and during the Mitaka and Newton releases, when Mirantis ranked as the #1 contributor by lines of code, the company led projects in OpenStack core and Big Tent, including:

* Fuel, an OpenStack project under Big Tent, is a toolkit for deploying and managing OpenStack clouds. Fuel allows deployment, configuration, and validation of infrastructure features through a graphical interface; it allows users to choose which OpenStack components to run.
* Project Murano, an OpenStack application catalog project developed by Mirantis and other members of the OpenStack community. Murano attempts to address the challenge of installing third party services and applications in a dynamic OpenStack environment by offering a catalog of applications fully defined for automated deployment.
* Sahara, an OpenStack project that simplifies creation of Hadoop clusters, originated by the Apache Software Foundation and OpenStack Foundation members, is contributed to by Mirantis in collaboration with Red Hat and Hortonworks.
* Rally, an OpenStack project that benchmarks performance of OpenStack clouds, is contributed to by Mirantis.

Mirantis was the largest code-contributor to OpenStack Newton by lines of code, with 32% of all lines of code recorded.

By 2016, Mirantis started becoming a significant contributor of code to other open infrastructure-related projects as well, including Kubernetes, Ceph, OpenContrail, Prometheus, and OPNFV.

In 2019, Mirantis announced that it joined Airship, "an open source project for automating the provisioning of clouds, as part of an effort to accelerate deployment of Kubernetes on bare-metal servers that AT&T will employ to drive 5G networking services."

## Acquisitions

In 2016, Mirantis acquired TCP Cloud, a Czech startup that developed managed services for OpenStack.

On Nov 13, 2019, Mirantis acquired Docker (software) Enterprise Technology Platform and all associated IP: Docker Enterprise Engine, Docker Trusted Registry, Docker Unified Control Plane and Docker CLI.

In August 2020, Mirantis acquired Lens, an open source Integrated Development Environment for Kubernetes, from Kontena, the Finnish company that originally developed Lens.

In July 2022, Mirantis acquired Amazee.io, developer of Lagoon, an open source application delivery platform for Kubernetes.

In January 2023, Mirantis acquired Shipa, a company that builds tools to help developers develop, deploy and manage cloud-native applications.

## InfoBox

Mirantis Inc
|
|  |
| Industry | Cloud computing |
| Founded | 1999 |
| Founder | Alex Freedland, Boris Renski |
| Headquarters | Campbell, California |
| Area served | Global |
| Key people | Alex Freedland (CEO) |
| Products | Mirantis Container Cloud, Mirantis Kubernetes Engine (formerly Docker Enterprise), Mirantis Container Runtime (formerly Docker Engine Enterprise), Mirantis OpenStack for Kubernetes |
| Website | www.mirantis.com |


title: Oenochlora

abstract: Oenochlora is a monotypic moth genus in the family Geometridae. Its sole species is Oenochlora imperialis, which is known from Australia. Both the genus and species were first described by Warren in 1896.

text:
# Oenochlora

***Oenochlora*** is a monotypic moth genus in the family Geometridae. Its sole species is ***Oenochlora imperialis***, which is known from Australia. Both the genus and species were first described by Warren in 1896.

## InfoBox

| *Oenochlora* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Oenochlora imperialis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Geometrinae |
| Genus: | ***Oenochlora***
Warren, 1896 |
| Species: | ***O. imperialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oenochlora imperialis***
Warren, 1896 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| Generic

* *Euarestus* Lucas, 1900  Specific

* *Euarestus nobilitans*  Lucas, 1900 * *Euarestus patrocinatus* Lucas, 1900 * *Oenochlora majestica* Prout, 1913 | |


title: Melanoplus carnegiei

abstract: Melanoplus carnegiei, known generally as the Carnegie short-wing grasshopper or Carnegie's locust, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Melanoplus carnegiei

***Melanoplus carnegiei***, known generally as the **Carnegie short-wing grasshopper** or **Carnegie's locust**, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Melanoplus carnegiei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Tribe: | Melanoplini |
| Genus: | *Melanoplus* |
| Species: | ***M. carnegiei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanoplus carnegiei***<br>Morse, 1904 | |
|


title: Peripheral light focusing

abstract: Peripheral Light Focusing (PLF) can be described as the focusing of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation (SUVR) at the nasal limbus of the cornea. SUVR incident at the temporal limbus passes across the corneal dome and focuses at the nasal limbus. The limbal region is a stem cell rich tissue. Ocular conditions such as pinguecula and pterygium may occur due to the result of this increased exposure to SUVR in limal area, but it is not the only cause of pterygium formation.

text:
# Peripheral light focusing

**Peripheral Light Focusing** (PLF) can be described as the focusing of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation (SUVR) at the nasal limbus of the cornea. SUVR incident at the temporal limbus passes across the corneal dome and focuses at the nasal limbus. The limbal region is a stem cell rich tissue. Ocular conditions such as pinguecula and pterygium may occur due to the result of this increased exposure to SUVR in limal area, but it is not the only cause of pterygium formation.


title: Ossona

abstract: Ossona is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,928 and an area of 6.0 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). The municipality of Ossona contains the frazione (subdivision) Asmonte. Ossona borders the following municipalities: Casorezzo, Inveruno, Arluno, Mesero, Marcallo con Casone, Santo Stefano Ticino.

text:
# Ossona

**Ossona** (Milanese: *Ossòna* \[uˈsɔna\]) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,928 and an area of 6.0 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi).

The municipality of Ossona contains the *frazione* (subdivision) Asmonte.

Ossona borders the following municipalities: Casorezzo, Inveruno, Arluno, Mesero, Marcallo con Casone, Santo Stefano Ticino.

## Demographic evolution

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
3. All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.

## InfoBox

| Ossona *Ossòna* (Lombard) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Ossona | |
| Location of Ossona | |
| OssonaLocation of Ossona in ItalyOssonaOssona (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°30′N 8°54′E / 45.500°N 8.900°E / 45.500; 8.900 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Metropolitan city | Milan (MI) |
| *Frazioni* | Asmonte |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.0 km2 (2.3 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 156 m (512 ft) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 3,928 |
| Density | 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Ossonesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 20010 |
| Dialing code | 02 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Orthoprosopa multicolor

abstract: Orthoprosopa multicolor is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

text:
# Orthoprosopa multicolor

***Orthoprosopa multicolor*** is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Orthoprosopa multicolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Milesiini |
| Subtribe: | Tropidiina |
| Genus: | *Orthoprosopa* |
| Subgenus: | *Paratropidia* |
| Species: | ***O. multicolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthoprosopa multicolor***<br>(Ferguson, 1926) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Criorrhina multicolor* Ferguson, 1926 | |


title: Oryctocephalus

abstract: Oryctocephalus is a genus of trilobite known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. 24 specimens of Oryctocephalus are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.42% of the community. This small- to medium-sized trilobite's major characteristics are prominent eye ridges, pleural spines, long genal spines, spines on the pygidium, and notably four furrows connecting pairs of pits on its glabella. Juvenile specimens have been found with only 5 or 6 thoracic segments and about one eighth of adult size, as well as about 2 mm wide.

text:
# Oryctocephalus

***Oryctocephalus*** is a genus of trilobite known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. 24 specimens of *Oryctocephalus* are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.42% of the community. This small- to medium-sized trilobite's major characteristics are prominent eye ridges, pleural spines, long genal spines, spines on the pygidium, and notably four furrows connecting pairs of pits on its glabella. Juvenile specimens have been found with only 5 or 6 thoracic segments and about one eighth of adult size, as well as about 2 mm wide.

## InfoBox

| *Oryctocephalus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Trilobita |
| Order: | Corynexochida |
| Family: | Oryctocephalidae |
| Genus: | *Oryctocephalus*
Walcott 1886 |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Osteochilus vittatoides

abstract: Osteochilus vittatoides is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Borneo in Indonesia.

text:
# Osteochilus vittatoides

***Osteochilus vittatoides*** is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Borneo in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Osteochilus vittatoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Labeoninae |
| Genus: | *Osteochilus* |
| Species: | ***O. vittatoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Osteochilus vittatoides***<br>Popta, 1904 | |
|


title: Oryx Cup

abstract: The Oryx Cup is a hydroplane boat race in the H1 Unlimited season. The race was held in November in Doha Bay on the Persian Gulf in Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar. From 2009-2014, the Oryx Cup was designated as the host for the UIM World Championship.

text:
# Oryx Cup

The **Oryx Cup** is a hydroplane boat race in the H1 Unlimited season. The race was held in November in **Doha Bay** on the Persian Gulf in Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar. From 2009-2014, the Oryx Cup was designated as the host for the UIM World Championship.

## History

The Oryx Cup was founded in January 2009 when H1 Unlimited and the **Qatar Marine Sports Federation** (QMSF) reached an agreement to have the final race of the 2009 H1 Unlimited hydroplane season in Doha, Qatar. The 2009 event was also sanctioned as the UIM Unlimited Hydroplane World Championship.

For the 2010-2014 H1 Unlimited seasons, the Oryx Cup was designated as the host of the UIM H1 Unlimited Oryx Cup World Championship.

## List of Oryx Cup winners

| UIM # | Year | Driver | Boat |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17 | 2009 | J. Michael Kelly | U-7 Graham Trucking |
| 18 | 2010 | Dave Villwock | Spirit of Qatar |
| 19 | 2011 | Scott Liddycoat | U-7 Valken.com |
| 20 | 2012 | Jimmy Shane | U-5 Graham Trucking |
| 21 | 2013 | Jimmy Shane | U-5 Graham Trucking |
|
| 22 | 2014 | J. Michael Kelly | U-1 Graham Trucking |
|

## List of Prior UIM World Unlimited Hydroplane Champions

The following list are winners of UIM sanctioned unlimited (Gold Cup class) hydroplane world championship events.

| # | Year | Driver | Boat | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1938 | Theo Rossi | Alago | Paris (France), Venice (Italy), Detroit, MI (APBA Gold Cup), Washington, DC (four race series) |
| 2 | 1939 | Guy Simmons | My Sin | Venice (Italy), Detroit, MI (APBA Gold Cup), Washington, DC (three race series) |
| 3 | 1965 | Ron Musson | Miss Bardahl | Stateline, NV |
| 4 | 1967 | Bill Sterett, Sr. | Miss Chrysler Crew | Detroit, MI |
| 5 | 1968 | Bill Muncey | Miss U.S. | Seattle, WA |
| 6 | 1969 | Bill Muncey | Miss U.S. | Detroit, MI |
| 7 | 1972 | Bill Muncey | Atlas Van Lines | Madison, IN |
| 8 | 1973 | Mickey Remund | Pay 'N Pack | Seattle, WA |
| 9 | 1974 | George Henley | Pay 'N Pack | Tri-Cities, WA |
| 10 | 1980 | Bill Mincey | Atlas Van Lines | Seattle, WA |
| 11 | 1981 | Dean Chenoweth | Miss Budweiser | Acapulco (Mexico) |
| 12 | 1982 | Chip Hanauer | Atlas Van Lines | Houston, TX |
| 13 | 1983 | Milner Irvin | Miss Renault | Houston, TX |
| 14 | 1984 | Steve Reynolds | Miss Tosti Asti | Houston, TX |
| 15 | 2004 | Dave Villwock | Miss Budweiser | Madison, IN |
| 16 | 2006 | Jean Theoret | Miss Beacon Plumbing | San Diego, CA |
|

Note: The 1961 World Championship Seafair Trophy (won by Ron Musson of Miss Bardahl) was not a sanctioned UIM event

## InfoBox

Oryx Cup
| Oryx Cup – UIM World Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | H1 Unlimited |
| Founded | 2009 |
| Country | Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar |
| Most recent
champion(s) | J. Michael Kelly, U-1 Graham Trucking
(2014) |
| Most titles | J. Michael Kelly and Jimmy Shane (2 each) |
| Official website | Oryx Cup website |


title: Osotogari

abstract:
Osotogari (大外刈) is one of the original 40 throws of Judo
as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the first group, Dai Ikkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo, of Kodokan Judo. It is also included in the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a foot technique, Ashi-Waza.

text:
# Osotogari

**Osotogari** (大外刈) is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the first group, Dai Ikkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also included in the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a foot technique, Ashi-Waza.

## Technique description

In a classical right-handed osotogari, tori steps next to uke with his left leg and reaps uke's right leg (at the back of the thigh) with his right leg.

## Similar techniques, variants, and aliases

English aliases:

* large outer reap

Similar techniques:

## Further reading

* Yamashita, Yasuhiro (1992), "Osoto-gari", *Judo Masterclass Techniques* (second ed.), Ippon Books, ISBN 0-9518455-8-6

## InfoBox

| Osotogari | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Classification | Nage-waza |
| Sub classification | Ashi-waza |
| Targets | Leg |
| Counter | Osoto gaeshi |
| Kodokan | yes |
| Technique name | |
| Rōmaji | Osoto-gari |
| Japanese | 大外刈 |
| English | major or large outer reap |
| Korean | 밭다리 후리기 |


title: Oskar Romm

abstract: Oskar "Ossi" Romm was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. During his career he was credited with 92 aerial victories, 82 on the Eastern Front and 10 on the Western Front.

text:
# Oskar Romm

**Oskar "Ossi" Romm** (18 December 1919 – 1 May 1993) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. During his career he was credited with 92 aerial victories, 82 on the Eastern Front and 10 on the Western Front.

## Career

On 22 November 1942, Romm made an emergency landing in his Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-3 (*Werknummer* 0291—factory number) due to engine failure 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) north of Sychyovka.

In September 1943, Romm was transferred to *Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost*, specialized training unit for new fighter pilots destined for the Eastern Front, as an instructor. During this assignment, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold (*Deutsches Kreuz in Gold*) on 17 October.

Despite being half Jewish, or Mischling under the Nuremberg Laws, Romm enlisted in the Luftwaffe and served with distinction. He was awarded his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes*) on 29 February 1944 when his victory score stood at 76.

### Western Front

By late May 1944, 2. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 51 "Mölders" (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) had been staffed with a full complement of 16 pilots, including Romm. The *Staffel* was ordered to relocate to the Western Front where it was attached to IV. *Sturmgruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) as fourth squadron fighting in Defense of the Reich. There, the *Staffel* was underwent conversion training to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 radial engine powered fighter aircraft. At the time, IV. *Sturmgruppe* was based at Salzwedel and commanded by *Hauptmann* Wilhelm Moritz.

Romm was appointed *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader) of 12. *Sturmstaffel* of JG 3 on 7 July 1944. He replaced *Oberleutnant* Hans Rachner who had been killed in action that day. On 7 July, a force of 1,129 B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force had set out from England to bomb aircraft factories in the Leipzig area and the synthetic oil plants at Boehlen, Leuna-Merseburg and Lützkendorf. This formation was intercepted by a German *Gefechtsverband* (combat formation) consisting of IV. *Sturmgruppe* of JG 3, led by Moritz, escorted by two *Gruppen* of Bf 109s from *Jagdgeschwader* 300 (JG 300—300th Fighter Wing) led by *Major* Walther Dahl. Dahl and Moritz drove the attack to point-blank range behind the Liberators of the 492d Bombardment Group before opening fire. 492d Bombardment Group was temporarily without fighter cover. Within about a minute the entire squadron of twelve B-24s had been annihilated. The Germans claimed 28 USAAF 2nd Air Division B-24 bombers that day and were credited with at least 21. The majority to the *Sturmgruppe* attack. This figure includes one B-24 bomber claimed shot down by Romm. In total, Luftwaffe pilots claimed the destruction of 60 bombers while actual losses were 28 bombers destroyed and further bombers returned with various levels of combat damage. The authors Prien, Stemmer and Bock state that the consolidated attack flown in close formation by the *Sturmgruppe* resulted in overclaiming of aerial victories caused by the confusing combat situation. During these attacks, multiple pilots may have simultaneously fired at the same bomber. It was therefore unclear who was responsible for the destruction of the bomber.

On 18 July, the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force attacked the Luftwaffe Memmingen Airfield. The *Sturmgruppe* intercepted the bombers and following the mission, the pilots claimed 36 heavy bombers shot down, including three Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers by Romm. Two days later, the *Sturmgruppe* moved to an airfield at Schwaighofen near Neu-Ulm where they stayed until 30 July. The *Sturmgruppe* then moved to Schongau. There, 12. *Sturmstaffel* was renamed to 15. *Sturmstaffel* on 10 August.

In October 1944, Romm was transferred to I. *Gruppe* of JG 3 where he was tasked with the creation of a newly formed 4. *Staffel*. At the time, I. *Gruppe* was based at Bindersleben Airfield and commanded by *Hauptmann* Horst Haase. Command of 15. *Sturmstaffel* was then passed to *Hauptmann* Hubert-York Weydenhammer. Romm claimed his only aerial victory while serving with 4. *Staffel* on 2 November when he shot down a USAAF North American P-51 Mustang fighter. That day, the Eighth Air Force attacked the synthetic fuel factories at Leuna. The day ended with a defeat for the Luftwaffe with 72 pilots killed in action and further 32 pilots wounded. The USAAF lost 40 heavy bombers, further two crashed on their return to England, and 14 escort P-51 fighters shot down. In early December, Romm was transferred to I. *Gruppe* of *Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader* 1, a replacement training unit for fighter pilots. Command of 4. *Staffel* was then passed to *Leutnant* Franz Ruhl.

### Eastern Front and end of war

On 12 January 1945, Soviet forces launched the Vistula–Oder offensive advancing into German-held territory, capturing Kraków, Warsaw and Poznań. In consequence, Romm as an experienced unit leader was transferred back to IV. *Sturmgruppe* of JG 3 again taking command of 15. *Sturmstaffel*. He took command from *Leutnant* Karl-Dieter Hecker who had taken command of the *Sturmstaffel* after Weydenhammer had been transferred in December 1944. On 21 January 1945, IV. *Sturmgruppe* was ordered to relocate from Gütersloh Airfield to Märkisch Friedland, present-day Mirosławiec, located approximately 75 kilometers (47 miles) east of Stargard. With this transfer, the *Sturmgruppe* came under the control of the 1. *Flieger-Division* (1st Air Division), commanded by *Generalmajor* Robert Fuchs, and subordinated to II. *Fliegerkorps* (2nd Air Corps), headed by *General der Flieger* Martin Fiebig. On 27 January, Märkisch Friedland had to be abandoned and the *Sturmgruppe* retreated to an airfield 75 kilometers (47 miles) southwest of Stargard. Over the next weeks, the *Sturmgruppe* predominantly flew fighter-bomber missions in support of German ground forces retreating towards the Oder.

*Reichsmarschall* Hermann Göring, the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, visited the *Sturmgruppe* on 13 February at Prenzlau. Göring was furious when he learned that the pilots were unable to fly missions due to lack of fuel. On 17 February 1945, Romm was appointed *Gruppenkommandeur* (group commander) of IV. *Sturmgruppe* of JG 3. He succeeded *Major* Erwin Bacsila who was transferred to *Jagdgeschwader* 400 (JG 400—400th Fighter Wing). Command of 15. *Sturmstaffel* was then passed to *Leutnant* Karl-Dieter Hecker. The next day, the *Sturmgruppe* flew ground support missions southeast of Stargard. During this mission, Luftwaffe pilots claimed four aerial victories, including an Il-2 ground-attack aircraft by Romm.

## Later life

Romm died on 1 May 1993 in Waldesch, Germany.

## Summary of career

### Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Romm was credited with 92 aerial victories. Spick also lists Romm with 92 aerial victories, of which 82 were claimed over the Eastern Front and further 10 over the Western Front, claimed in 229 combat missions. Mathews and Foreman, authors of *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims*, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 88 aerial victory claims. This figure includes 78 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 10 over the Western Allies, including eight four-engined heavy bombers, claimed in 283 combat missions.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = *Planquadrat*), for example "PQ 07651". The Luftwaffe grid map (*Jägermeldenetz*) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.

| Chronicle of aerial victories | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Romm an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.    This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Balke, Bock, Mathews and Foreman. | | | | | | | | | |
| Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
| – 1. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 51 "Mölders" –
Eastern Front — 11 September 1942 – 3 February 1943 | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | 4 December 1942 | 12:55 | Il-2 | vicinity of Oledar | 3? | 18 January 1943 | 11:10 | MiG-3 | PQ 07754, Velikiye Luki |
| 2 | 15 January 1943 | 12:45 | MiG-3 | PQ 07651 |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 1. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 51 "Mölders" –
Eastern Front — 4 February – September 1943 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | 24 February 1943 | 09:46 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 44282
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Zhizdra | 38♠ | 20 August 1943 | 05:40 | Il-2 m.H. | southeast of Achtyrka |
| 5 | 24 February 1943 | 09:48 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 44252
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Zhizdra | 39♠ | 20 August 1943 | 05:41 | Il-2 m.H. | southwest of Achtyrka |
| 6 | 18 March 1943 | 07:11 | Pe-2 | PQ 35 Ost 53322
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Soskovo | 40♠ | 20 August 1943 | 05:43 | Il-2 m.H. | southwest of Achtyrka |
| 7 | 20 April 1943 | 12:15 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 64624
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Mtsensk | 41♠ | 20 August 1943 | 05:44 | Il-2 m.H. | southwest of Achtyrka |
| 8 | 10 June 1943 | 19:20 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 44454
vicinity of Wosnessnokaja | 42♠ | 20 August 1943 | 06:19 | Il-2 m.H. | southwest of Achtyrka |
| 9 | 5 July 1943 | 08:55 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 73543
40 km (25 mi) west-southwest of Livny | 43♠ | 20 August 1943 | 06:21 | Il-2 m.H. | southwest of Achtyrka |
| 10 | 5 July 1943 | 11:50 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63774
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Fatezh | 44 | 21 August 1943 | 14:19 | Il-2 m.H. | east of Peressetschnaya |
| 11 | 8 July 1943 | 03:57 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63713
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Fatezh | 45 | 22 August 1943 | 06:25 | Il-2 m.H. | east of Peressetschnaja |
| 12 | 8 July 1943 | 09:39 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63714
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Fatezh | 46 | 22 August 1943 | 07:00 | Il-2 m.H. | south of Grjewka |
| 13 | 9 July 1943 | 12:17 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63563
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk | 47 | 23 August 1943 | 13:20 | Il-2 m.H. | southeast of Tscherkasskoje |
| 14 | 10 July 1943 | 13:27 | La-5? | PQ 35 Ost 63529
20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Maloarkhangelsk | 48 | 23 August 1943 | 16:41 | Pe-2 | east of Ossnowa |
| 15 | 11 July 1943 | 03:47 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63587
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk | 49 | 26 August 1943 | 17:12 | Yak-1 | PQ 35 Ost 41597
30 km (19 mi) south of Lebedin |
| 16 | 13 July 1943 | 13:43 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63242
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Zalegoshch | 50 | 26 August 1943 | 17:14 | Yak-1 | PQ 35 Ost 41586
30 km (19 mi) south-southwest of Lebedin |
| 17? | 13 July 1943 |  | Il-2 |  | 51 | 27 August 1943 | 13:00 | MiG-3 | Taranowka |
| 18 | 13 July 1943 | 14:00 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63256
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Zalegoshch | 52 | 27 August 1943 | 13:07 | Il-2 m.H. | Taranowka |
| 19 | 21 July 1943 | 18:15 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 64811
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Mtsensk | 53 | 28 August 1943 | 11:55 | La-5 | Kotelura |
| 20 | 23 July 1943 | 11:37 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 43243
25 km (16 mi) west-southwest of Tschaikowka | 54 | 31 August 1943 | 18:00 | La-5 | 1 km (0.62 mi) west of Yelnya |
| 21 | 1 August 1943 | 15:15 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 54766
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Znamenskoye | 55 | 31 August 1943 | 18:30 | Pe-2 | 18 km (11 mi) east of Yelnya |
| 22 | 1 August 1943 | 15:18 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 54764
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Znamenskoye | 56♠ | 4 September 1943 | 13:30 | Il-2 m.H. | 35 km (22 mi) southwest of Nowograditsche |
| 23♠ | 2 August 1943 | 04:20 | Il-2 m.H. | east of Sinojewo | 57♠ | 4 September 1943 | 13:31 | Il-2 m.H. | vicinity of Lenkino |
| 24♠ | 2 August 1943 | 04:22 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 53622, Muchanowka
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Trosna | 58♠ | 4 September 1943 | 13:32 | La-5 | 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Wederinki |
| 25♠ | 2 August 1943 | 04:35 | Pe-2 | west of Ssemenowka
15 km (9.3 mi) north-northeast of Dmitriyev-Lgovsky | 59♠ | 4 September 1943 | 13:36 | La-5 | 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Unbakowo |
| 26♠ | 2 August 1943 | 04:36 | Pe-2 | PQ 35 53492
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southeast of Kromy | 60♠ | 4 September 1943 | 17:17 | Pe-2 | vicinity of Ssofonowo |
| 27♠ | 2 August 1943 | 18:34 | Il-2 m.H. | east of Karachev | 61 | 5 September 1943 | 15:29 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 35379
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Dorogobuzh |
| 28 | 7 August 1943 | 08:20 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 54844
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Znamenskoye | 62 | 6 September 1943 | 09:35? | Boston | 8 km (5.0 mi) west Jaroslawez |
| 29 | 7 August 1943 | 14:24 | MiG-3? | PQ 35 Ost 54881
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Naryschkino | 63 | 6 September 1943 | 15:12 | Pe-2 | 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Beredina
1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of Voroshanka |
| 30♠ | 14 August 1943 | 06:26 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 51858
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Bohodukhiv | 64 | 6 September 1943 | 15:24 | Yak-7 | 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Goroshanka
6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Beredina Luika |
| 31♠ | 14 August 1943 | 06:27 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 51825
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Zolochiv | 65 | 7 September 1943 | 16:12 | Yak-4? | 1 km (0.62 mi) east of Wilarowka |
| 32♠ | 14 August 1943 | 11:20 | Boston | Stalina | 66 | 8 September 1943 | 07:39? | Yak-7 | 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Rudnja |
| 33♠ | 14 August 1943 | 13:22 | La-5 | north of Krysino | 67 | 8 September 1943 | 07:47 | Yak-7 | 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Kirov |
| 34♠ | 14 August 1943 | 16:50? | P-40 | PQ 35 Ost 51179
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Spas-Demensk | 68 | 9 September 1943 | 15:30 | MiG-3 | 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Dukhovshchina |
| 35 | 18 August 1943 | 06:48 | Yak-1 | east of Kotlyarov | 69? | 10 September 1943 | 16:46 | Yak-1 | Djatkowo |
| 36 | 18 August 1943 | 07:24 | Il-2 m.H. | east of Bezlyudovka | 70? | 14 September 1943 | 16:30 | La-5 | Schatkowa |
| 37 | 18 August 1943 | 07:25 | Il-2 m.H. | east of Bezlyudovka |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 1. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 51 "Mölders" –
Eastern Front — February 1944 | | | | | | | | | |
| 71♠ | 5 February 1944 | 08:58 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost N/93329
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Parichi | 74♠ | 5 February 1944 | Boston? | Boston | PQ 25 Ost N/93345
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Parichi |
| 72♠ | 5 February 1944 | 09:00 | Boston? | PQ 25 Ost N/93351
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Parichi | 75♠ | 5 February 1944 | 09:03 | Boston | PQ 25 Ost N/93474
30 km (19 mi) south-southeast of Parichi |
| 73♠ | 5 February 1944 | 09:01 | Boston? | PQ 25 Ost N/93324
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Parichi | 76♠ | 5 February 1944 | Boston? | Boston | PQ 25 Ost N/93428
30 km (19 mi) south-southeast of Parichi |
| – 2. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 51 "Mölders" –
Defense of the Reich — July 1944 | | | | | | | | | |
| 77 | 7 July 1944 | 09:40 | B-24 | PQ 15 Ost S/HC, Oschersleben |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 12. *Sturmstaffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 3 "Udet" –
Defense of the Reich — 7 July – 10 August 1944 | | | | | | | | | |
| 78 | 18 July 1944 | 10:50 | B-17 | 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Memmingen | 80 | 18 July 1944 | 10:55 | B-17? | 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Memmingen |
| 79 | 18 July 1944 | 10:50 | B-17 | 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Memmingen |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 15. *Sturmstaffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 3 "Udet" –
Defense of the Reich — 10 August – November 1944 | | | | | | | | | |
| 81 | 27 September 1944 | 11:06 | B-24 | PQ 15 Ost S/MA - 05 Ost MU
Eschwege | 84 | 28 September 1944 | 12:50 | B-17 | PQ 15 Ost S/JB
west of Halberstadt |
| 82 | 27 September 1944 | 11:06 | B-24 | PQ 15 Ost S/MA - 05 Ost MU
Eschwege area | 85 | 28 September 1944 | 12:51 | B-17 | PQ 15 Ost S/JB
west of Halberstadt |
| 83 | 27 September 1944 | 11:07 | B-24 | PQ 15 Ost S/MA - 05 Ost MU
Eschwege area |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 4. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 3 "Udet" –
Defense of the Reich — November 1944 | | | | | | | | | |
| 86 | 2 November 1944 | 12:38 | P-51 | PQ 15 Ost KD |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Stab* IV. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 3 "Udet" –
Defense of the Reich in the East — 17 February – 8 May 1945 | | | | | | | | | |
| 87 | 18 February 1945 |  | Il-2 |  | 90 | 3 March 1945 | 17:10 | P-39 |  |
| 88 | 19 February 1945 |  | P-39 |  | 91 | 6 March 1945 |  | LaGG-3 |  |
| 89 | 19 February 1945 |  | Yak-3 |  | 92 | 21 March 1945 |  | Il-2 |  |

### Awards

### Citations

1. Prien et al. 2006, p. 276.
2. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1056.
3. Rigg 2002, p. 39.
4. Forsyth 2011, p. 82.
5. Forsyth 2022, p. 69.
6. Prien et al. 2022, pp. 285–286.
7. Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, pp. 373–374.
8. Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 373.
9. Weal 1996, p. 78.
10. Prien 1996, p. 358.
11. Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 367.
12. Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 368.
13. Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, pp. 368, 380.
14. Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, pp. 368, 374.
15. Prien 1996, p. 331.
16. Prien & Stemmer 2002, pp. 340–341.
17. Prien & Stemmer 2002, pp. 341, 446.
18. Prien & Stemmer 2002, pp. 343, 404.
19. Prien 1996, p. 287.
20. Prien 1996, p. 289.
21. Prien 1996, pp. 290–291.
22. Prien 1996, pp. 294, 330.
23. Prien 1996, pp. 297, 362.
24. Dixon 2023, p. 74.
25. Zabecki 2014, p. 1614.
26. Spick 1996, p. 234.
27. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1056–1058.
28. *Planquadrat*.
29. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1057.
30. Prien et al. 2006, p. 272.
31. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1057–1058.
32. Prien et al. 2006, p. 273.
33. Prien et al. 2012, p. 489.
34. Prien et al. 2012, p. 497.
35. Prien et al. 2012, p. 490.
36. Prien et al. 2012, p. 492.
37. Prien et al. 2012, p. 493.
38. Prien et al. 2012, p. 498.
39. Prien et al. 2012, p. 494.
40. Prien et al. 2012, p. 495.
41. Prien et al. 2012, p. 496.
42. Prien et al. 2012, p. 499.
43. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1058.
44. Prien et al. 2022, p. 323.
45. Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 380.
46. Prien 1996, p. 360.
47. Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 382.
48. Prien & Stemmer 2002, p. 446.
49. Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 278.
50. Prien 1996, p. 362.
51. Prien 1996, p. 363.
52. Patzwall 2008, p. 173.
53. Obermaier 1989, p. 188.
54. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 384.
55. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 363.
56. Scherzer 2007, p. 638.

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* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
* Spick, Mike (1996). *Luftwaffe Fighter Aces*. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
* Weal, John (1996). *Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front*. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 9. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-595-1.
* Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). *Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.

## InfoBox

| Oskar Romm | |
| --- | --- |
| Romm (center), Willy Unger (right) | |
| Nickname(s) | "Ossi" |
| Born | 18 December 1919
Hejnice, Czechoslovakia |
| Died | 1 May 1993(1993-05-01) (aged 73)
Waldesch, Germany |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany (to 1945) |
| Service/branch | Luftwaffe |
| Years of service | 1939–1945 |
| Rank | *Oberleutnant* (first lieutenant) |
| Unit | JG 51, JG 3 |
| Commands | IV./JG 3 |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


title: Otto Marburg

abstract: Otto Marburg was an Austrian neurologist known for his contributions to the understanding of multiple sclerosis and for advances in neurooncology. Marburg was born in Römerstadt in Moravia, Austria-Hungary. He was Jewish. From 1919 to 1938, he was head of the Neurological Institute at the University of Vienna. Following the 1938 Anschluss, Marburg was forced to emigrate to the United States as a refugee. Arriving in New York City, he joined Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons as a clinical professor of neurology. He was the author of several standard texts about the nervous system, and a subtype of multiple sclerosis has been named after him. Marburg died of cancer in New York in 1948, at the age of 74. Otto Marburg was not associated with the Marburg virus, which was discovered in 1967 in the German town of Marburg.

text:
# Otto Marburg

**Otto Marburg** (May 25, 1874  June 13, 1948) was an Austrian neurologist known for his contributions to the understanding of multiple sclerosis and for advances in neurooncology.

Marburg was born in Römerstadt in Moravia, Austria-Hungary (today Rýmařov, Czech Republic). He was Jewish. From 1919 to 1938, he was head of the Neurological Institute at the University of Vienna. Following the 1938 Anschluss, Marburg was forced to emigrate to the United States as a refugee. Arriving in New York City, he joined Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons as a clinical professor of neurology.

He was the author of several standard texts about the nervous system, and a subtype of multiple sclerosis (Marburg multiple sclerosis) has been named after him.

Marburg died of cancer in New York in 1948, at the age of 74.

Otto Marburg was not associated with the Marburg virus, which was discovered in 1967 in the German town of Marburg.

## Publications

* O. Marburg: *Mikroskopisch-topographischer Atlas des menschlichen Zentralnervensystems mit begleitendem Texte*. third edition Franz Deuticke, Leipzig, Vienna 1927. (first edition- 1904, second edition- 1927) - Microscopic-topographical atlas of the human central nervous system with accompanying text.
* O. Marburg: *Die physikalischen Heilmethoden in Einzeldarstellungen für praktische Ärzte und Studierende*. Franz Deuticke, Leipzig, Vienna 1905.
* O. Marburg: *Die Hemiatrophia facialis progressiva; der umschriebene Gesichtsschwund*. Hölder, Vienna 1912 - Progressive facial hemiatrophy.
* J. A. Hirschl, O. Marburg: *Syphilis des Nervensystems, einschliesslich Tabes und Paralyse*. Hölder, Vienna 1914 - Syphilis of the nervous system, including tabes and paralysis.
* G. Alexander, O. Marburg, H. Brunner (editors): *Handbuch der Neurologie des Ohres*. four volumes, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin 1923–1929 - Handbook of neurology of the ear.
* O. Marburg: *Der Kopfschmerz und seine Behandlung*. Moritz Perles, Vienna 1926 - Headache and its treatment.
* O. Marburg: *Der Schlaf, seine Störungen und deren Behandlung*. Springer, Berlin, Vienna 1928 - Sleep disorders and treatment.
* J. Meller, O. Marburg: *Zur Kenntnis des Wesens der sogenannten Czermak-v. Hippelschen Netzhauterkran-kung*. S. Karger, Berlin 1928 - Knowledge of the nature of the so-called "Czermak-von Hippel Netzhauterkran effect".
* O. Marburg: Unfall und Hirngeschwulst: *Ein Beitrag zur Ätiologie der Hirngeschwülste*. Springer, Berlin 1934 - Contribution to the etiology of brain tumors.
* E. Grünthal, F. Hiller, O. Marburg: *Traumatische präsenile und senile Erkrankungen, Zirkulationsstörun-gen*. Springer, Berlin 1936 - Traumatic presenile and senile diseases.
* O. Marburg, M. Helfand: Injuries of the nervous system, including poisonings. Veritas Press, New York 1939 -
* O. Marburg: Hydrocephalus: its symptomatology, pathology, pathogenesis and treatment. Oskar Piest, New York 1940.

* Based in a report of 1948 of the magazine Time
* List of publications copied from equivalent article at the German Wikipedia.

Specific 1. Lewis P. Rowland, *The legacy of Tracy J. Putnam and H. Houston Merritt: modern neurology in the United States*, Oxford University Press (2008), p. 62

## InfoBox

| Otto Marburg | |
| --- | --- |
| Otto Marburg in 1927 | |
| Born | (1874-05-25)May 25, 1874
Römerstadt, Moravia, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | June 13, 1948(1948-06-13) (aged 74)
New York, New York, United States |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Occupation | Neurologist |


title: Otter Tail Corporation

abstract: Otter Tail Corporation is an electric power and manufacturing company based in Fergus Falls, Minnesota. Its subsidiaries include Otter Tail Power Company, BTD Manufacturing Inc., T.O. Plastics Inc., Northern Pipe Products Inc., and Vinyltech Corporation. As of 2007, Otter Tail Power Company serves at least 423 towns at retail and delivers power to about 14 municipal utilities. The company currently has a workforce of over 750 employees, a generating capacity of 660 megawatts, and owns over 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of electrical power transmission lines. The company serves 128,500 customers in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota.

text:
# Otter Tail Corporation

**Otter Tail Corporation** is an electric power and manufacturing company based in Fergus Falls, Minnesota. Its subsidiaries include **Otter Tail Power Company,** **BTD Manufacturing Inc.,** **T.O. Plastics Inc.,** **Northern Pipe Products Inc.,** and **Vinyltech Corporation**.

As of 2007, Otter Tail Power Company serves at least 423 towns at retail and delivers power to about 14 municipal utilities. The company currently has a workforce of over 750 employees, a generating capacity of 660 megawatts, and owns over 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of electrical power transmission lines (the majority of which are operated at 41.6 kV). The company serves 128,500 customers in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota.

## History

The company was incorporated in 1907 when funds were secured to begin construction of the Dayton Hollow Dam southwest of Fergus Falls. Once the dam came online in April 1909, the company transmitted power at 22 kV over a 25-mile (40 km) line to serve the customers of the Northern Light Electric Company at Wahpeton, North Dakota.

Shortly thereafter, contracts were secured to provide power at wholesale to the cities of Breckenridge and Fergus Falls, MN (the latter after their own municipal utility's dam failed). After connecting Foxhome, MN, to the system in 1912, the company connected or purchased electric distribution systems in 10 Minnesota towns (the most prominent being Elbow Lake and Morris, MN) and a second town in North Dakota (Fairmount) the following year. Northern Light Electric also merged with Otter Tail at this time and its owner came on board as the company's first general manager. The first South Dakota community served by the company was White Rock in 1915. By 1920, the company was serving approximately 44 towns, all but a handful of which were in or near Otter Tail County. However, the company quickly found its Minnesota service area hemmed in by neighboring utility companies that were also rushing to add territory. This led to the company expanding westward into and across much of eastern North Dakota, reaching Jamestown, ND by 1924 (the company was serving over 100 towns by this time). The company grew at an incredible rate over the next 5 years—reaching the Missouri River at Washburn in 1926 and approaching the Canada–US border by 1928. By the end of the 1920s, the company's service area had tripled to serve more than 310 towns. During the Great Depression, the company was apparently not as badly affected as some of its neighbors but was still forced to focus more on survival than growth. By 1939, the worst was past, and they were ready to move forward once more.

Between 1940 and 1944, Otter Tail added territory by merger or acquisition of 6 smaller power companies within or adjacent to its territory (almost all of who had corporate parents that were required to divest these properties due to passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935). These purchases increased its territory to its present size of 50,000 square miles (130,000 km2), about the same size as the state of Wisconsin. The one exception in this territory is the Red River Valley between Grand Forks and Fargo, ND, which was then and still is served by Northern States Power Company (now Xcel Energy).

After the final major acquisition in 1944, the company had reached its 'maximum system' of 496 towns served at both retail and wholesale. As the company matured over the next several decades, the number of towns served within the region would shrink (mainly due to towns served at wholesale changing suppliers and some smaller retail towns dying out). A few towns were added between 1944 and 1968—the largest being the purchase of Fergus Falls' municipal utility in 1953 and the last addition being the transfer of several towns in Polk County, Minnesota, from Northern States Power Company when the 34.5 kV transmission line serving these towns approached its load limit.

A merger with Montana-Dakota Utilities was briefly explored in the late 1960s but was soon dropped due to all the regulatory hurdles involved. By the 1990s, flat revenues from the utility operations led the company to establish a subsidiary (Varistar) to acquire and oversee non-utility businesses. In 2001, the company changed its name to Otter Tail Corporation with the utility becoming a division within the company. In late 2008, the company completed a reorganization to realign the utility operations into a subsidiary within Otter Tail Corporation.

## Hydropower

In the beginning, Otter Tail Power built a series of hydroelectric plants to provide power for its system and these served the company well until its expansion in the 1920s outstripped the dams' capacity (steam provided the bulk of the company's power needs from then on). The company has grown to such a point that today only about 1% of the company's needs still comes from hydropower. The dams are: Dayton Hollow (1909 - southwest of Fergus Falls), Hoot Lake (1914 / 1918 - east Fergus Falls), Pisgah (1918 - west Fergus Falls), Wright (rebuilt 1922 - downtown Fergus Falls), Taplin Gorge (1925 - northeast of Fergus Falls), and Bemidji (built early 1900s / purchased in 1944). Hoot Lake is unique in that the dam also formed the water intake for the coal-fired power plant that once stood nearby. Taplin Gorge's powerhouse is unique in that it was modeled after the Mausoleum of Theodoric at Ravenna, Italy. The company has since removed the Bemidji dam from its generation fleet (due to an equipment failure) but continues to operate the dam to regulate water levels on the lake behind the dam and the river downstream.

## Coal-fired plants

After the company's load exceeded the capacity of its dams, the company then switched to coal to meet its energy requirements. A number of plants were added to its system in the 1920s, starting with Hoot Lake in 1921. The most important one was built near Washburn, ND in 1926, as it was one of the earliest large-scale plants to burn lignite exclusively. The company then added several more plants across the system in the late 1940s to meet the huge surge in demand after WWII, but when the company's Big Stone plant was completed in 1974, all of these smaller plants were retired and removed (the Washburn plant had been removed in 1969). The company completed its Coyote plant in 1981, after which another of the company's earlier plants (at Ortonville, MN) was removed. The Hoot Lake plant was the last of the company's early plants and the last that was 100% owned by the company. The plant began as an extension of the Hoot Lake hydro plant, with six additions built between 1921 and 1964. At the time of its retirement and demolition in 2021 (as part of Minnesota's commitment to carbon-free sources of energy), only the two most recent units (built in 1959 and 1964) were still in operation. The company is also seeking to withdraw from its investment in the Coyote plant in western North Dakota.

## Wind power

Otter Tail Power Company currently owns 138 MW of wind generation, and purchases an additional 45 MW for a total of 183 MW of wind power. By 2010 wind generation on the system was expected to be equivalent to 18 percent of retail sales. Owned wind resources and power purchase agreements for Otter Tail Power Company include: Luverne Wind Farm, Ashtabula Wind Energy Center, Langdon Wind Energy Center, and North Dakota Wind II.

## Sources

* The Power People: The Story of Otter Tail Power Company (Ralph Johnson, 1986)

## InfoBox

Otter Tail Corporation
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | Nasdaq: OTTR
S&P 600 component |
| Founded | 1909 (1909) |
| Headquarters | Fergus Falls, Minnesota |
| Number of employees | Approximately 2,500 |
| Subsidiaries | Otter Tail Power Company, BTD Manufacturing Inc. T.O. Plastics Inc., Northern Pipe Products, Inc., and Vinyltech Corporation |
| Website | ottertail.com |


title: Osphrantis

abstract: Osphrantis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Osphrantis paraphaea, which is found on the Talaud Islands, Indonesia.

text:
# Osphrantis

***Osphrantis*** is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, ***Osphrantis paraphaea***, which is found on the Talaud Islands, Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Osphrantis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | ***Osphrantis***
Meyrick, 1897 |
| Species: | ***O. paraphaea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Osphrantis paraphaea***
Meyrick, 1897 | |
|


abstract: The 1961 Long Beach State 49ers football team was an American football team that represented Long Beach State College as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1961 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Don Reed, the 49ers compiled a 5–5 record, finished in fifth place in the CCAA, and were outscored by a total of 174 to 142. The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Pete Yoder, halfback Dallas Moon, end Bob Heberer, and fullback Steve Hartman. The team played its home games at Veterans Memorial Stadium adjacent to the campus of Long Beach City College in Long Beach, California.

text:
# 1961 Long Beach State 49ers football team

1961 California Collegiate Athletic Association football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 3/5 Fresno State $ | 5 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 10 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| Cal Poly | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| San Diego State | 2 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Los Angeles State | 2 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Long Beach State | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| UC Santa Barbara | 0 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP/UPI small college polls | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1961 Long Beach State 49ers football team** was an American football team that represented Long Beach State College (now known as California State University, Long Beach) as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1961 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Don Reed, the 49ers compiled a 5–5 record (2–3 in conference games), finished in fifth place in the CCAA, and were outscored by a total of 174 to 142.

The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Pete Yoder (624 passing yards), halfback Dallas Moon (402 rushing yards), end Bob Heberer (254 receiving yards), and fullback Steve Hartman (30 points scored, five rushing touchdowns).

The team played its home games at Veterans Memorial Stadium adjacent to the campus of Long Beach City College in Long Beach, California.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 16 | 8:00 pm | at Pacific (CA)* |  | L 7–12 | 6,500 |  |
| September 23 | 2:00 pm | at San Francisco State* |  | L 9–14 | 5,500 |  |
| September 30 | 8:00 pm | Sacramento State* |  | W 21–18 | 4,400 |  |
| October 7 | 8:00 pm | at San Diego State |  | W 17–15 | 7,500–9,000 |  |
| October 13 | 8:15 pm | at UC Santa Barbara |  | W 18–13 | 3,100 |  |
| October 21 | 8:00 pm | at Cal Poly |  | L 14–21 | 4,100–6,000 |  |
| October 28 | 8:00 pm | San Diego* | * Veterans Memorial Stadium * Long Beach, CA | W 14–12 | 3,900 |  |
| November 3 | 8:00 pm | No. 6 Fresno State | * Veterans Memorial Stadium * Long Beach, CA | L 14–37 | 4,900–5,000 |  |
| November 11 | 8:00 pm | Los Angeles State | * Veterans Memorial Stadium * Long Beach, CA | L 6–17 | 5,341–5,431 |  |
| November 18 | 8:00 pm | at Pepperdine* |  | W 22–15 | 1,500 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | |

## Statistics

The 49ers tallied 2,421 yards of total offense (242.1 per game), consisting of 1,806 rushing yards (180.6 per game) and 715 passing yards (71.5 per game). On defense, they gave up 1,655 rushing yards (165.5 per game) and 1,032 passing yards (103.2 per game).

Quarterback Pete Yoder led the team in both passing yards and total offense. He completed 48 of 111 passes for 624 yards with five touchdowns and 12 interceptions. He tallied negative 100 rushing yards and led the team with 524 yards of total offense. Yoder also handled punting duties, averaging 33.2 yards on 45 punts.

Halfback Dallas Moon led the team in rushing, tallying 402 rushing yards on 72 carries. He ranked second on the team in scoring with 20 points on three touchdowns and a two-point conversion catch.

Fullback Steve Hartman led the team in scoring with 30 points on five touchdowns. He ranked second on the team in rushing with 351 yards on 76 carries.

## Players in the NFL/AFL

Guard/tackle Lynn Hoyem was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the 19th round (254th pick) of the 1962 NFL draft. Hoyem was also selected by the Denver Broncos in the 29th round (226th pick) of the 1962 AFL draft. He played for six years in the NFL.

## InfoBox

| 1961 Long Beach State 49ers football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | California Collegiate Athletic Association |
| Record | 5–5 (2–3 CCAA) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Veterans Memorial Stadium |
|


title: Otto Strandman's first cabinet

abstract: Otto Strandman's cabinet was in office in Estonia from 9 May 1919 to 18 November 1919, when it was succeeded by Jaan Tõnisson's first cabinet.

text:
# Otto Strandman's first cabinet

**Otto Strandman's cabinet** was in office in Estonia from 9 May 1919 to 18 November 1919, when it was succeeded by Jaan Tõnisson's first cabinet.

## Members

This cabinet's members were the following:

| Name | Portrait | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Otto Strandman |  | Prime Minister and War Minister |
| Aleksander Oinas |  | Minister of the Interior (until 18.07.1919) |
| Aleksander Hellat |  | Minister of the Interior (since 25.07.1919) |
| Jaan Poska |  | Minister of Foreign Affairs (until 20.09.1919) |
| Ants Piip |  | Minister of Foreign Affairs (since 09.10.1919) |
| Theodor Pool |  | Minister of Food and Agricultural Affairs |
| Jüri Jaakson |  | Minister of Justice |
| Anton Palvadre |  | Minister of Labour and Welfare |


title: Otto Hesse

abstract: Ludwig Otto Hesse was a German mathematician. Hesse was born in Königsberg, Prussia, and died in Munich, Bavaria. He worked mainly on algebraic invariants, and geometry. The Hessian matrix, the Hesse normal form, the Hesse configuration, the Hessian group, Hessian pairs, Hesse's theorem, Hesse pencil, and the Hesse transfer principle are named after him. Many of Hesse's research findings were presented for the first time in Crelle's Journal or Hesse's textbooks.

text:
# Otto Hesse

**Ludwig Otto Hesse** (22 April 1811  4 August 1874) was a German mathematician. Hesse was born in Königsberg, Prussia, and died in Munich, Bavaria. He worked mainly on algebraic invariants, and geometry. The Hessian matrix, the Hesse normal form, the Hesse configuration, the Hessian group, Hessian pairs, Hesse's theorem, Hesse pencil, and the Hesse transfer principle are named after him. Many of Hesse's research findings were presented for the first time in *Crelle's Journal* or Hesse's textbooks.

## Life

Hesse was born in Königsberg (today Kaliningrad) as the son of Johann Gottlieb Hesse, a businessman and brewery owner and his wife Anna Karoline Reiter (1788–1865). He studied in his hometown at the Albertina under Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. Among his teachers were count Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel and Friedrich Julius Richelot. He earned his doctorate in 1840 at the University of Königsberg with the dissertation *De octo punctis intersectionis trium superficium secundi ordinis*. In 1841, Hesse completed his habilitation thesis. In the same year he married Sophie Marie Emilie Dulk, the daughter of pharmacists and chemistry professor Friedrich Philipp Dulk (1788–1852). The couple had a son and five daughters. Hesse taught for some time physics and chemistry at the Vocational School in Königsberg and lectured at the Albertina. In 1845 he was appointed associate professor in Königsberg. In 1855 he moved to Halle and in 1856 to Heidelberg until 1868, when he finally moved to Munich to the newly established Polytechnic School. In 1869 he joined the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.

His doctoral students include Olaus Henrici, Gustav Kirchhoff, Jacob Lüroth, Adolph Mayer, Carl Neumann, Max Noether, Ernst Schröder, and Heinrich Martin Weber.

## Works

* *Vorlesungen über analytische Geometrie des Raumes.* (Lectures on analytic geometry of space) Leipzig (3. A. 1876) (Internet Archive)
* *Vorlesungen aus der analytischen Geometrie der geraden Linie, des Punktes und des Kreises.* (Lectures from the analytical geometry of the straight line, the point and the circle) Leipzig (1881). Hrsg. A. Gundelfinger (Internet Archive)
* *Die Determinanten elementar behandelt.* (Determinants elementary treated) Leipzig (2. A. 1872) (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum)
* *Die vier Species.* (The four Species) Leipzig (1872) (Internet Archive)

His collected works were published in 1897 by Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

* Hesse, Ludwig Otto (1972) \[1897\], Dyck, W.; Gundelfinger, S.; Lüroth, J.; et al. (eds.), *Ludwig Otto Hesse's gesammelte Werke*, New York: Chelsea Publishing Co., ISBN 978-0-8284-0261-3, MR 0392474 (Internet Archive)

## InfoBox

| Otto Hesse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1811-04-22)22 April 1811
Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | 4 August 1874(1874-08-04) (aged 63)
Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria |
| Nationality | German |
| Alma mater | Königsberg University |
| Known for | Hessian curve
Hessian matrix
Hesse normal form
Hesse configuration
Hessian group
Hessian pairs
Hesse's theorem
Hesse pencil
Hesse's principle of transfer |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematician |
| Institutions | Polytechnic School |
| Thesis | *De octo punctis intersectionis trium superficium secundi ordinis*  (1840) |
| Doctoral advisor | Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi |
| Doctoral students | Carl Neumann, Olaus Henrici, Gustav Kirchhoff, Jacob Lüroth, Adolph Mayer, Max Noether, and Ernst Schröder |
|  | |


title: Out Front! (Jaki Byard album)

abstract: Out Front! is an album by pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1964 and released on the Prestige label.

text:
# Out Front! (Jaki Byard album)

***Out Front!*** is an album by pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1964 (with one track from the 1961 session that produced *Here's Jaki*) and released on the Prestige label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz |  |

Allmusic awarded the album 2½ stars with its review by Scott Yanow stating, "this is a surprisingly conventional set... It's fine music but one has to lower expectations a bit".

*The Penguin Guide to Jazz*, on the other hand, gave the album a 4 star review, remarking "the early Prestige and New Jazz sets … are uniformly excellent. *Out Front!* remains our favorite, largely because it shows off Byard's infallible instinct for horn voicings. Tracks like 'European Episode' and 'Lush Life' are well worth studying in some detail."

## Track listing

All compositions by Jaki Byard except where noted

1. "Out Front" - 4:18
2. "Two Different Worlds" (Al Frisch, Sid Wayne) - 5:25
3. "Searchlight" - 7:06
4. "European Episode" - 12:02
5. "Lush Life" (Billy Strayhorn) - 3:23
6. "When Sunny Gets Blue" (Marvin Fisher, Jack Segal) - 5:08
7. "I Like to Lead When I Dance" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) - 2:30
8. "After the Lights Go Down Low" (Phil Belmonte, Leroy Lovett, Alan White) - 4:50

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Out Front! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jaki Byard | |
| Released | 1965 |
| Recorded | March 14, 1961 and May 21 & 28, 1964 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 44:42 |
| Label | Prestige
PR 7397 |
| Producer | Esmond Edwards (track 6), Ozzie Cadena |
| Jaki Byard chronology | |
| *Hi-Fly*
(1962) ***Out Front!***
(1965) *Jaki Byard Quartet Live!*
(1965) | |


title: Otte Krumpen

abstract: Otte Krumpen (1473–1569) was a Danish bureaucrat, who was Marshal of Denmark from 1554 to 1567, and held seignory over various land holdings throughout his career. He held a ceremonial position in the coronation of Danish kings Christian II and Frederick I. He was the older brother of Danish Catholic bishop Stygge Krumpen. The Krumpen family name died with him.

text:
# Otte Krumpen

**Otte Krumpen** (1473–1569) was a Danish bureaucrat, who was Marshal of Denmark from 1554 to 1567, and held seignory over various land holdings throughout his career. He held a ceremonial position in the coronation of Danish kings Christian II and Frederick I. He was the older brother of Danish Catholic bishop Stygge Krumpen. The Krumpen family name died with him.

## Biography

Otte Krumpen was born the son of Jørgen Krumpen of Skjøtterup and Anne Styggesdatter Rosenkrantz. He was the brother of later Catholic bishop Stygge Krumpen. Nothing is known of his youth, and it is speculated he served as a soldier in foreign armies. He was first mentioned in 1514, as he presented the crown at the coronation of Christian II of Denmark. In 1517, he was granted seignory of Aalholm near Nysted. In 1520, he led Christian II's army to war against Sweden. He defeated Sten Sture the Younger at the Battle of Bogesund, was injured at the Battle of Uppsala, and was knighted by Christian II following the Swedish surrender in Stockholm.

He was granted seignory over Helsingborg in 1521, and fought off a Lübeck invasion at nearby Råå in 1522 alongside Archbishop of Lund Johan Weze. He was then granted seignory of the profitable Tranekær. During the rebellion against Christian II, Krumpen joined new king Frederick I of Denmark. He carried the ceremonial sword during the coronation, and became a member of the *Rigsraadet* privy council. He successfully expelled Christian II-loyal Søren Norby from Gotland in 1525, travelled with Prince Christian to Norway in 1529, and secured a treaty with the Netherlands against Lübeck in the fall of 1533.

Alongside his brother Stygge, Otte Krumpen was opposed to the Reformation in Denmark. During the Count's Feud civil war between new Protestant king Christian III and Catholic Christian II's supporter count Christopher of Oldenburg, Krumpen surrendered Tranekær to Christopher without resistance. He was granted seignory of Aalholm in exchange, but was evicted by peasant uprising. He was imprisoned first at Nykøbing castle, before Jürgen Wullenwever brought him as hostage to Mecklenburg. Krumpen returned to Denmark in 1536, but it took him much convincing to earn the forgiveness of Christian III.

He re-entered *Rigsraadet* in 1542, was made seignory of various lucrative land holdings, and took part in various diplomatic dealings for Christian III. He was named Marshal of Denmark in 1554. He once again carried the ceremonial sword at the coronation of Frederick II of Denmark in 1559, but did not have a good relationship with the new king. During the Northern Seven Years' War from 1563 to 1570, Krumpen was given command of the army by Frederick II in 1564, was relieved of his duty again in 1565, and resigned as marshal in 1567. He died in 1569 as the last of the family Krumpen, and was interred at Mariager Abbey.

## Further reading

* Herman Madsen: *Den mægtige rigsmarsk Otte Krumpen*, Fyens Stiftstidende, March 20, 1955, separate section.


title: Otto Paajanen

abstract: Otto Paajanen is a Finnish professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing for KooKoo of the Liiga. Paajanen made his Liiga debut playing with HPK during the 2011–12 Liiga season. Paajanen has represented Finland at U20 level.

text:
# Otto Paajanen

**Otto Paajanen** (born September 13, 1992) is a Finnish professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing for KooKoo of the Liiga.

Paajanen made his Liiga debut playing with HPK during the 2011–12 Liiga season. Paajanen has represented Finland at U20 level.

## InfoBox

| Otto Paajanen | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1992-09-13) September 13, 1992
Loppi, Finland | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) | | |
| Weight | 174 lb (79 kg; 12 st 6 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| Liiga team
Former teams | *KooKoo*
HPK
Leksands IF
HIFK | | |
| Playing career | 2011present | | |


title: Outlaw (50 Cent song)

abstract: "Outlaw" is a song by American hip-hop artist 50 Cent. The song features production from hip-hop producer Cardiak, and was officially released as a digital download on July 19, 2011.

text:
# Outlaw (50 Cent song)

"**Outlaw**" is a song by American hip-hop artist 50 Cent. The song features production from hip-hop producer Cardiak, and was officially released as a digital download on July 19, 2011.

## Background

The song was released after 50 Cent revealed on Twitter that he and his label were having creative differences and that his album would be on hold until both parties agreed. 50 Cent took matters into his own hands and released the song himself on his website Thisis50.com on June 16. Due to the quick success of the song, 50 Cent said on Twitter that the labels had agreed and that the song's success encouraged them to push the album.

## Chart performance

The song charted on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at number ninety-nine on the week ending July 23, 2011 on urban contemporary radio airplay only, prior to its digital release. It debuted on the *Billboard* Hot 100 at number 87 on the week ending August 6, 2011, after its first full week of digital sales.

## Track listing

Digital Single

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Outlaw" | Curtis Jackson, Carl McCormick | Cardiak | 3:16 |

## Release information

### Purchaseable release

| Country | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | July 19, 2011 | Digital download | Shady, Aftermath, Interscope |

## Chart positions

| Chart (2011) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 87 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 87 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 99 |

## InfoBox

| "Outlaw" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by 50 Cent | |
| Released | July 19, 2011 |
| Recorded | 2010 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:16 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Cardiak |
| 50 Cent singles chronology | |
| "Right There"
(2011) "**Outlaw**"
(2011) "I Just Wanna"
(2012) | |


title: Outlaw (Olive song)

abstract: "Outlaw" is a song written by Tim Kellett and Robin Taylor-Firth, and performed by British trip hop group Olive on their 1996 album Extra Virgin. It was released as the follow-up to the group's number one single "You're Not Alone". The single charted at number fourteen in the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Outlaw (Olive song)

"**Outlaw**" is a song written by Tim Kellett and Robin Taylor-Firth, and performed by British trip hop group Olive on their 1996 album *Extra Virgin*. It was released as the follow-up to the group's number one single "You're Not Alone". The single charted at number fourteen in the UK Singles Chart.

## Lyrics

The lyric concerns a woman's discovery that her boyfriend has been sleeping with another man. The main chorus couplet - "Couldn't you have told me before? / I would have loved you so much more" - suggests that her problem is not so much that her boyfriend is gay or bisexual, but simply that he lied to her about himself, and that under other circumstances they could have been good friends.

## Critical reception

A reviewer from *Music Week* rated the song three out of five, adding, "Nowhere near as ear-grabbing as its chart-topping predecessor, this is pleasant but too losely formed to make any lasting impact." The magazine's Alan Jones wrote, "Their new single Outlaw is quite different, and quite charming, with the most subdued drum & beats fused to a probing bassline overlaid with Ruth-Ann's sweet vocals."

## Track listing

* **UK CD single**

1. "Outlaw" (Radio Edit)
2. "Outlaw" (Black Olive's Extended Mix)
3. "Outlaw" (Phunk Phorce Mix)
4. "Outlaw" (The Space Brothers Remix)
5. "Outlaw" (Billy Gonzo's Dogg Mix)

## InfoBox

| "Outlaw" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Olive | |
| from the album  *Extra Virgin* | |
| Released | August 1997 |
| Genre | Trip hop |
| Length | 3:53 (Radio Edit) |
| Label | RCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Tim Kellett, Robin Taylor-Firth |
| Producer(s) | Kellett, Taylor-Firth |
| Olive singles chronology | |
| "You're Not Alone"
(1996) "**Outlaw**"
(1997) "I'm Not In Love"
(2000) | |


title: Outline of machines

abstract: The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to machines: Machine – mechanical system that provides the useful application of power to achieve movement. A machine consists of a power source, or engine, and a mechanism or transmission for the controlled use of this power. The combination of force and movement, known as power, is an important characteristic of a machine.

text:
# Outline of machines

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to machines:

**Machine**  mechanical system that provides the useful application of power to achieve movement. A machine consists of a power source, or engine, and a mechanism or transmission for the controlled use of this power. The combination of force and movement, known as power, is an important characteristic of a machine.

## Essence of machines

## History of machines

## Machine theory

The mathematical tools for the analysis of movement in machines:

## Machine elements

Movement in a machine is controlled by mechanism elements that shape the forces and movement and structural elements that support these mechanisms.

### Mechanism elements

### Structural elements

## Types of machines and automated devices

### Machine operations

### Mechanical components

#### Airfoil

Airfoil

## Inventors and designers of machines

## Machine lists


title: Ouled Boudjemaa

abstract: Ouled Boudjemaa is a municipality in north-western Algeria.

text:
# Ouled Boudjemaa

**Ouled Boudjemaa** is a municipality in north-western Algeria.

1. Site officiel de la wilaya d'Aïn Témouchent Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Ouled Boudjemaa | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Aïn Témouchent province | |
| Coordinates: 35°28′23″N 1°11′33″W / 35.47306°N 1.19250°W / 35.47306; -1.19250 | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Aïn Témouchent |
| Area | |
| Total | 81.66 km2 (31.53 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 6,228 |
| Density | 76/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (West Africa Time) |


title: Our Lady of Ransom Church, Kanyakumari

abstract: Our Lady of Ransom Church is a Catholic church located at Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Our Lady of Ransom Church, Kanyakumari

**Our Lady of Ransom Church** is a Catholic church located at Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Location

It is situated in the District of Kanyakumari in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent (also referred as *The Lands End*). The Kanyakumari Parish almost coincides with the civil village of Kanyakumari. It is closely associated with the mainstream Catholic faith in India. According to the census in 2011, the Kanyakumari district comprises 48.74% of Christians in Tamil Nadu.

## History

Tombstones unearthed at Kumari Muttom, near Kanyakumari, contain evidence to show that Catholics have been living there for many centuries. The tombstones, dated 1496, contain the edict of the local ruler granting tax exemptions to the residents of Kumari Muttom and authorizing a levy from the fishermen there. The aggregate income thus generated had to be used to keep the lights of the church burning.

In 1542 when St. Francis Xavier came to Cape Comerin (Kanyakumari) he found 'Our Lady of Delights Grotto' there. It then became a centre for mission activities of the Jesuits from Thoothoor to Ramanathapuram.

It is believed that Our Lady of Delights Grotto later became the church of Our Lady of Ransom. Our Lady of Ransom is the Patron of the congregation in Spain which redeemed the Christians from the Muslim invasion in the year 1218. The people of Kanyakumari combined the name Ransom with Delight and call their patron Alangara Upakara Matha.

## Old church of 18th century

A small thatched church was upgraded in 1700 when a big church of Roman architecture was constructed. A statue of Mother Mary was created in the 16th century derived in Rome. The statue, clad with a sari, was placed in the centre of a golden altar and venerated by the name of *Alangara matha.* Statues of St. Joseph and St. Francis Xavier were placed in the right side and left side respectively. There are also wooden carvings depicting the coronation of Mary as queen of heaven and earth. Other carvings depict angels playing musical instruments (including a violin, flute and drums) on the altar, as well as Jesus Christ inviting his disciples for ministries and forgiving Mary Magdalene, the twelve disciples, a lamb lying on a Bible, Cardinals, a Pope, and soldiers holding foliage in their hands.

## History of the flagstaff

In 1917, a foreign (German) merchant ship carrying coal was grounded on the sandy shore of Leepuram, Kanyakumari, and could not be refloated; it was abandoned and sold at auction to Kayathan Villavarayan, a merchant from Tuticorin. He donated the iron mast to Our Lady of Ransom Church, Kanyakumari. The kattumarams of Kanyakumari were brought to Leepuram to take the mast to Kanyakumari.

When the mast was loaded on the kattumarams, the mast and the kattumarams sank; they then began to float. The mast was taken to Kanyakumari by road and was fitted into a bore hole in a stone and fixed in place with molten lead.

## New church

The foundation for the new church was laid out by Fr. John Consolvez on 31 May 1900. The architect was Pakiam Pillai of the Vadakkankulam who modeled the church in the style of Gothic architecture. The length of the new church is 153 feet (47 m), breadth 53 feet (16 m); the height of the main tower is also 153 feet (47 m). Together, these dimensions depict the Holy Rosary, the numbers 153 and 53 representing the prayers said, as enumerated by the beads of the rosary. There are twelve towers in the church which represent the twelve disciples of Jesus.

### Architectural elements

The porch ends with a pointed arch. The church has seven doors in total: three in the porch; two facing north; two facing south. The doors depict the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.

Several clustered Gothic piers provide support to the main tower. Inside the church, there are compound pillars which resemble vertical shafts that provide support to the ceiling which is made with nave vault and transverse arches.

Two side towers attached with the main tower act as belfry containing the church bells which have been imported from Italy in 1900 AD. The bell was used for several decades to signal time.

Gigantic statues of Saint Thomas the Apostle and St. Francis Xavier are placed on the main tower. The veneration of Mother Mary is celebrated every year from 1–31 May.

## Developments

The church has had several parish priests.

* In 1914 Msgr. Vincent Fdo celebrated the First Mass in the newly built Church.
* In 1988, the House of Brothers of Theresa was opened.
* In 2000, the Convent of Sister of St. Anne was opened.
* In 2023, the current bishop is the Most Rev Nazrane Susai.

## Annual Feast and Golden car procession

Every year the feast of Our Lady of Ransom is celebrated for 10 days in the month of December. The feast of Our Lady of Ransom begins with the flag hoisting on the following Friday immediately after the feast of St. Francis Xavier, Kottar which falls on 3 December. The first day of the feast begins with the flag hoisting. During the festival, every morning festival mass is celebrated and in the evening there will be benediction with special prayers and preaching. On the eight day evening Corpus Christi Procession is held. The ninth day evening has special vespers and celebrations held.

The culmination of the feast is the golden chariot procession: two golden chariots are taken on the 9th and 10th days of the feasts. Our Lady of Delight is taken in procession in the 1st chariot, which was made in 1798. St. Joseph, the spouse of Mary, is taken in procession in the 2nd chariot, which was made in 1833. During the golden chariot procession, the traditional *Nathaswaram* music and peculiar praising of Mother Mary by an art of *pala padal* can be heard and seen. Pilgrims from different parts of the country visit the church during the annual feast.

## Current activities

The church has founded a primary school, high school, technical training school and hospital, as well as other facilities.

At present Kanyakumari parish has 2,850 Catholic families, which are organised into 88 Basic Christian Communities. The total number of the Catholics amounts to 12,839. There are 21 pious associations. The parish established an elementary school in the year 1882 and now 540 children are studying in the vernacular language. The parish has a Higher Secondary School established in the year 1921, where 1350 students are studying.

1. Komar, P. S. Suresh (30 August 2010). "Lighthouse renovated". *The Hindu*. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
2. "Our lady of Ransom Church: History of the Flag Mast". *catholiconline.in*. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
3. "History - Ransom Church Kanyakumari". Retrieved 4 July 2022.
4. Ramsom Church official website, Retrieved 2023-05-02
5. Official website
6. Official website, Retrieved 2023-05-02

### Sources

* Stephen Neill (2004). *A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to Ad 1707*. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-521-54885-3.

* Dr. Issac Arul Dhas, 'Kumari Mannil Christhavam'(Tamil), ISBN 978-81-8465-204-8, Page 7.
* A. E. Medlycott (1 January 2005). *India and the Apostle Thomas: An Inquiry, with a Critical Analysis of the Acta Thomae*. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-59333-180-1.
* "Census of India, 2001".Census Bureau, Government of India. 2001.

## InfoBox

| Our Lady of Ransom Church | |
| --- | --- |
| Our Lady of Ransom Shrine | |
| தூய அலங்கார உபகார மாதா திருத்தலம் | |
|  | |
|  | |
| 8°05′08″N 77°33′08″E / 8.085558°N 77.552356°E / 8.085558; 77.552356 | |
| Location | Kanyakumari \- 629702 |
| Country | India |
| Denomination | Catholic Church |
| Website | http://www.ransomchurchkanyakumari.org/ |
| History | |
| Founded | 1915 (1915) |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Pakiam Pillai |
| Style | Gothic Revival |
| Clergy | |
| Priest(s) | Nazrain |