title: Orpheus (1794 ship)

abstract: Orpheus was launched at Chester in 1794. She made two voyages for the British East India Company (EIC). She also served briefly as a transport in two military campaigns, and traded with the West and East Indies. She was last listed in 1838 but may well have been sold for breaking up in 1828.

text:
# Orpheus (1794 ship)

***Orpheus*** was launched at Chester in 1794. She made two voyages for the British East India Company (EIC). She also served briefly as a transport in two military campaigns, and traded with the West and East Indies. She was last listed in 1838 but may well have been sold for breaking up in 1828.

## Career

*Orpheus* enters *Lloyd's Register* in 1794 with G. Bowen, master, St Barbe & Co., owner, and trade London—India.

**EIC voyage #1 (1794–1795):** Prior to her EIC voyage apparently Young measured her. Captain George Bowen acquired a letter of marque on 29 April 1794. Captain Bowen sailed from Plymouth on 22 June 1794, bound for Bengal and Madras. She arrived at Calcutta on 16 November. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 30 January 1795 and Madras on 4 March. She reached St Helena on 24 May, but then sailed back to Simons Bay, which she reached on 26 June. She then reached St Helena on 11 July. She returned to Simons Bay on 5 August, and the Cape on 19 September. The to-and-fro done, *Orpheus* reached St Helena on 8 October and arrived at the Downs on 23 November.

The reason for the to-and-fro was that *Orpheus* supported the invasion of the Cape Colony. The EIC charged the British government for demurrage for the delay in her homeward voyage, insurance for the extension, freight for the transshipment of her goods on other vessels, and cost and freight for sugar transferred to the British Navy. The total amounted to 6,228 18 .

One report has Batson, Limehouse, building *Orpheus* in 1798 for Cristall & Co. However, EIC records in the British Library simply have Bateson repairing her.

**EIC voyage #2 (1798–1800):** Captain John Cristall acquired a letter of marque on 30 July 1798. Captain Cristall sailed from Portsmouth on 4 October 1798, bound for Madras and Bengal. *Orpheus* reached the Cape on 14 January 1799, Madras on 9 May, and Coringa on 17 June. She arrived at Calcutta on 13 July. Homeward bound, she was at Culpee (an anchorage towards Calcutta, and just below Diamond Harbour on 3 October and Saugor on 23 October. She reached the Cape on 15 January 1800 and St Helena on 12 February. She then arrived at the Downs on 30 May.

After her return *Orpheus* sailed as a London-based transport. However, she leaves the body of the 1802 *Lloyd's Register*, and reappears in the supplemental pages with J. Beavens, master, Mill & Co., owner, and sailing between London and Jamaica. *Lloyd's List* reported on 28 January 1803 that *Orpheus*, Bevans, master, had to put into Bearhaven because of the loss of her maintopsail yard. she had been sailing from Cork to Jamaica at the time.

The 1809 volume of *Lloyd's Register* shows the master of *Orpheus* changing from R. Groves to T. Findlay. Captain Thomas Findlay acquired a letter of marque on 19 September 1809.

In 1813, the British East India Company (EIC) had lost its monopoly on the trade between India and Britain. British ships were then free to sail to India or the Indian Ocean under a licence from the EIC. *Orpheus*'s owners applied for a licence on 18 October 1814, and received the licence the next day.

Circa 1817 Mills sold *Orpheus* to Captain Findlay. She is listed in the 1818 volume of *Lloyd's Register* with T. Findlay as master and owner, and with trade London—Bombay. The 1819 *Lloyd's Register* shows the owner of *Orpheus* as J. Terrington, and trade London—Bengal.

In 1819–1820 *Orpheus* served as a transport in the Royal Navy-EIC expedition against the Joasmi pirates at Ras-al-Khaimah.

On 5 May 1826 *Orpheus*, R. Duff, master, Terrington, owner, sailed for New South Wales. She was at Rio de Janeiro on 22 June and arrived at Sydney on 16 September. She brought some 213 passengers, comprising the men of the three New South Wales Veterans Companies, and their wives and children.

| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1828 | Dutt | Findlay & Co. | London—Van Dieman's Land | *Lloyd's Register* |
| 1828 | Duff | J. Mills & Co. | London—New South Wales | *Register of Shipping* |
|

## Fate

One report has *Orpheus* being sold in 1828 for breaking up, and the *Register of Shipping* no longer lists her after 1828. However, she apparently continued to sail under a slightly new name.

*Lloyd's Register* for 1829 has *Orphew*, Findlay & Co., owner, built at Chester in 1795, sailing between Cork and Antwerp with Duff as master.

*Lloyd's List* reported on 11 March 1828 that *Orpheus*, Duff, master, had gotten into Antwerp after grounding on the Van Warden Bank. Then on 9 May, it reported that she had been brought off the Goodwin Sands and brought into Dover.

The information for *Orphew* continues unchanged until 1834. From 1834 to 1838 there is an entry for *Orpheus*, of 417 tons (bm), J.F. Duff, master, and home port London. The entries contain no other information.

It is quite possible that her owner(s) sold her after the mishap on the Goodwin Sands and that all the subsequent listings in *Lloyd's Register* represent stale information.

## Citations

1. "British Library: *Orpheus*". Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
2. Hackman (2001), p. 240.
3. Hackman (2001), p. 303.
4. "*Lloyd's Register* (1794), Seq. №O165". Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
5. "Letter of Marque, p.80 – accessed 25 July 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
6. Hackman (2001), p. 167.
7. House of Commons (1816).
8. "*Lloyd's Register* (1808), Seq. №151". Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
9. *The Asiatic Annual Register Or a View of the History of Hindustan ...,* (1805) Vol. 7, p.29.
10. "*Lloyd's Register* (1802), Supple. Seq. №O17". Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
11. "*Lloyd's List* №4320". Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
12. Hackman (2001), p. 247.
13. "*Lloyd's Register* (1818), Seq. №O190". Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
14. Low (1877), p. 353, fn.
15. "*Lloyd's Register* (1829), Seq. №O165". Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
* Hackman, Rowan (2001). *Ships of the East India Company*. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-96-7.
* House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain (1816). *Parliamentary Papers*. Vol. 10.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Low, Charles Rathbone (1877). *History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863)*. R. Bentley and son.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | *Orpheus* |
| Namesake | Orpheus |
| Owner | * 1794:John St Barbe & Co., London * 1802:J. Mills * 1817:J. Findlay * 1819:J. Terrington * 1826 on:Ambiguous |
| Builder | John Troughton, Chester |
| Launched | 4 January 1794 |
| Fate | Last listed in 1837 but possibly sold in 1828 for breaking up |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 381, or 3817494, or 4013694,or 406, or 413, or 4165294, or 417 (bm) |
| Length | * Overall: 111 ft 3 in (33.9 m) * Keel:89 ft 6 in (27.3 m), or 89 ft 7 in (27.3 m), or 114 ft 0 in (34.7 m) |
| Beam | 28 ft 3+12 in (8.6 m), or 28 ft 4 in (8.6 m), or 29 ft 0 in (8.8 m), or 28 ft 0 in (8.5 m), |
| Depth of hold | 12 ft 5 in (3.8 m), or 12 ft 6 in (3.8 m) |
| Propulsion | Sail |
| Complement |  |
| Armament | * 1794:8 × 6-pounder guns * 1798:8 × 6-pounder guns * 1809:10 × 6&12-pounder guns * 1809:8 × 6-pounder guns + 2 × 9-pounder guns "of the New Construction" + 6 × 12-pounder carronades |
| Notes | Two decks |


title: Typhloscolecidae

abstract:
Typhloscolecidae is a family of polychaetes belonging to the order Phyllodocida. Genera:
  - Acicularia Langerhans, 1877
  - Nuchubranchia Treadwell, 1928
  - Plotobia Chamberlin, 1919
  - Sagitella Wagner, 1872
  - Travisiopsis Levinsen, 1885
  - Typhloscolex Busch, 1851

text:
# Typhloscolecidae

**Typhloscolecidae** is a family of polychaetes belonging to the order Phyllodocida.

Genera:

## InfoBox

| Typhloscolecidae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| *Clade*: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Family: | Typhloscolecidae |
|
| Genera | |
| See below | |


title: Office of Production Management

abstract: The Office of Production Management was a United States government agency that existed from January 1941 to centralize direction of the federal procurement programs and quasi-war production during the period immediately proceeding the United States' involvement in World War II. After the United States formally entered World War II, the War Production Board superseded the Office of Production Management in January 1942 and the office ceased to exist shortly thereafter. It was established and distestablished by Executive Order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

text:
# Office of Production Management

The **Office of Production Management** was a United States government agency that existed from January 1941 to centralize direction of the federal procurement programs and quasi-war production during the period immediately proceeding the United States' involvement in World War II. After the United States formally entered World War II, the War Production Board superseded the Office of Production Management in January 1942 and the office ceased to exist shortly thereafter. It was established and distestablished by Executive Order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


title: Francis Wheler

abstract: Sir Francis Wheler was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the Nine Years' War. Wheler spent the early part of his career in the Mediterranean, eventually being promoted to command his own ships, and being particularly active against the Algerine and Salé pirates that infested the region. He went on to serve in British waters, and was knighted by King James II. Wheler remained in the navy after the Glorious Revolution and his continued good service led to the command of a squadron. He fought at Beachy Head and Barfleur, and in 1692 was promoted to flag rank. He took a fleet out to attack French possessions in the Caribbean and North America, but his attack on Martinique ended in failure when large numbers of the troops involved became sick. He floated the idea of an attack on Quebec, but insufficient troops could be found, and an assault on Newfoundland was similarly considered but rejected after the defences were found to be too great to overcome. Wheler nevertheless received another promotion, and went out to the Mediterranean in command of a large convoy. He made little attempt to engage the French warships he encountered on the voyage, but concentrated on reaching Cadiz safely. After successfully escorting the convoy Wheler attempted to navigate the strait of Gibraltar, but encountered fierce winds. His fleet was scattered and a number of ships were wrecked, while his flagship, HMS Sussex, foundered with heavy loss of life early in the morning of 19 February 1694. Wheler was among the dead, his body being washed up two days later.

text:
# Francis Wheler

**Sir Francis Wheler** (sometimes spelt **Wheeler**) (1656 – 19 February 1694) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the Nine Years' War.

Wheler spent the early part of his career in the Mediterranean, eventually being promoted to command his own ships, and being particularly active against the Algerine and Salé pirates that infested the region. He went on to serve in British waters, and was knighted by King James II. Wheler remained in the navy after the Glorious Revolution and his continued good service led to the command of a squadron. He fought at Beachy Head and Barfleur, and in 1692 was promoted to flag rank. He took a fleet out to attack French possessions in the Caribbean and North America, but his attack on Martinique ended in failure when large numbers of the troops involved became sick. He floated the idea of an attack on Quebec, but insufficient troops could be found, and an assault on Newfoundland was similarly considered but rejected after the defences were found to be too great to overcome. Wheler nevertheless received another promotion, and went out to the Mediterranean in command of a large convoy. He made little attempt to engage the French warships he encountered on the voyage, but concentrated on reaching Cadiz safely. After successfully escorting the convoy Wheler attempted to navigate the strait of Gibraltar, but encountered fierce winds. His fleet was scattered and a number of ships were wrecked, while his flagship, HMS *Sussex*, foundered with heavy loss of life early in the morning of 19 February 1694. Wheler was among the dead, his body being washed up two days later.

## Family and early life

Francis Wheler was born in 1656, a younger son of Sir Charles Wheler and his wife Dorothy, daughter of Sir Francis Bindlosse. He entered the navy and on 30 April 1678 was appointed second-lieutenant aboard HMS *Rupert* by Vice-Admiral Sir Arthur Herbert, while serving in the Mediterranean. Wheler continued in *Rupert* under Sir John Narborough, who promoted him to first-lieutenant on 5 May 1679, and on 6 April 1680 moved aboard HMS *Bristol* at the same rank, serving under Herbert again. Herbert appointed Wheler to post-captain on 11 September 1680 and gave him command of HMS *Nonsuch*. On 8 April 1681 he came across a British ship, HMS *Adventure* under Captain William Booth, fighting an Algerine pirate ship named *Golden Horse*. The *Golden Horse* had been on the point of surrendering, but mistaking Wheler's ship for one of his allies, fought on until *Nonsuch* came up and hoisted her colours, at which the pirate vessel surrendered. Serving as *Nonsuch*'s master at the time was John Benbow, who was later court-martialed for his comments regarding *Adventure*'s fighting ability.

Wheler took command of HMS *Kingfisher* on 9 August 1681 and in October fought an action against a large Salé pirate vessel, named *Admiral of Salé*. The pirate ship put up a spirited defence, and sustained so much damage that she sank shortly after surrendering to Wheler. Wheler's next command was HMS *Tyger*, which he was appointed to on 25 August 1683. He commanded her until August 1688, when he was moved to HMS *Centurion* by King James II, and moved again on 16 November by the King to HMS *Kent*. It was about this time that Wheler received a knighthood from the King. Wheler remained in the navy after the Glorious Revolution, and in April 1689 was sent to join his old patron Sir Arthur Herbert, by now Earl of Torrington. Torrington had however been engaged at the indecisive Battle of Bantry Bay, and returned to port before Wheler could join him. Wheler's voyage was not entirely unsuccessful, for he had captured a large and valuable merchant ship bound for Brest from St Domingo.

## Command and flag rank

In July Torrington gave Wheler command of a squadron of eleven ships and sent him to blockade Brest. While off the port he captured a French warship and 26 other vessels, many of them carrying stores and ammunition for the Jacobite forces in Ireland. Wheler took command of the 90-gun HMS *Albemarle* and fought at the Battle of Beachy Head on 10 July 1690, and at the Battle of Barfleur on 19 May 1692. He was promoted to rear-admiral of the blue in October 1692, and sent out to the Jamaica station in command of a squadron. He arrived at Madeira on 26 January, but did not reach Barbados until 1 March. There a council of war was convened, and the decision taken to attack Martinique. However no preparations had been made, and the proposed 800 men from the local militia that would be used to supplement the troops had yet to be raised. The Captain-General of the Leeward Islands, Colonel Codrington, had not been approached for assistance either. The expedition therefore did not depart until 30 March, arriving at Martinique on 1 April, but still without Codrington and his reinforcements. The British force consisted of 2,300 soldiers, including 800 men from the Barbados militia, and a further 1,500 sailors detached under Wheler's command. Codrington and his men arrived on 9 April, and a landing was effected on 17 April. After some initial success in securing strategic positions and repulsing a French attack, the expedition suffered heavy losses through sickness, with 1,000 men succumbing, and the British assault petered out. A council was held on 20 April, and the expedition was abandoned, and the men evacuated.

Codrington then proposed an attack on Guadeloupe, but Wheler had orders to leave the West Indies by May, and was doubtful that the inexperienced and sickly troops would have much chance of success. Wheler sailed to Boston, arriving there on 12 June, and proposing to the governor there, Sir William Phips, an attack on Quebec. Phips demurred, on the grounds that there were no troops available. While anchored at Boston he had invited Reverend Cotton Mather to come out to his ships to read a sermon to the men. Mather had been rowed out on Phips's barge, but had become seasick and had turned back. Instead Mather gave a sermon in his meeting house on shore, which was attended by a number of the British commanders, including Wheler.

Wheler then took his fleet to Newfoundland, but there he found Placentia heavily defended, and decided against an attack. He returned to Britain in October, with his crews ravaged by disease. Despite the failure of his expedition, the causes were attributed to circumstances beyond his control, and he was promoted to rear-admiral of the red and ordered to the Mediterranean as commander of a fleet.

## Voyage to the Mediterranean

The fleet, consisting of twenty ships of the line and frigates was ready by November but were detained in port by contrary winds until 27 December. He was finally able to sail from Plymouth, and was joined on 29 December by a merchant convoy, which he escorted as far as Cape Finisterre. With him were Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Hopsonn, Rear-Admiral John Nevell and a Dutch squadron under Gerard Callenburgh. French vessels were sighted on a number of occasions, but managed to outsail the British ships Wheler sent to chase them. Wheler was reluctant to separate his squadron after the disaster that had befallen George Rooke some months previously, where part of his scattered convoy had been captured by the French.

Wheler reached Cadiz on 19 January, having safely brought his convoy of 165 merchant ships to port. The homeward bound convoy was placed under Hopsonn, and after staying at Cadiz a month, Wheler left port on 10 February and attempted to pass through the straits, but was prevented by contrary winds. He tried again on 17 February but was again forced back by the winds, which rose to a hurricane early on the morning of 19 February. The fleet was scattered, several ships mistaking the Bay of Gibraltar for the straits and running into it. There a number foundered or were wrecked, including HMS *Cambridge*, and Wheler's flagship, HMS *Sussex*. *Sussex* foundered at 5 in the morning of 19 February, with the loss of all but two of her crew of 550. Wheler's body was washed up two days later, 'much mangled'. There were reports that it was embalmed and sent back to England for burial, but these were judged doubtful by historian J. K. Laughton.

## Family and issue

In 1685 Wheler married Arabella, daughter of Sir Clifford Clifton, 3rd Bt. and his wife Frances Finch, and by her he had three boys and a girl, the latter named Anna-Sophia. The eldest boy was named Charles, and with Anna-Sophia was mentioned in Wheler's will of 1692. These presumably died young, as later records mention only two surviving children; the second son, named William, and a third son, named Francis, who was probably born in either 1693 or 1694. William's son, Francis, produced a daughter named Jane who married Henry Hood, 2nd Viscount Hood, becoming the mother of Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport.

## InfoBox

| Sir Francis Wheler | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1656 (1656) |
| Died | February 19, 1694(1694-02-19) (aged 37–38)
HMS *Sussex*, off Gibraltar |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of England |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Rank | Rear-Admiral of the Red |
| Commands | HMS *Nonsuch*
HMS *Kingfisher*
HMS *Tyger*
HMS *Centurion*
HMS *Kent*
HMS *Albemarle*
Jamaica Station |
| Battles/wars | Nine Years' War |
| Awards | Knight Bachelor |


title: Petina Gappah

abstract: Petina Gappah is a Zimbabwean lawyer and writer. She writes in English, though she also draws on Shona, her first language. In 2016, she was named African Literary Person of the Year by Brittle Paper. In 2017 she had a DAAD Artist-in-Residence fellowship in Berlin.

text:
# Petina Gappah

**Petina Gappah** (born 1971) is a Zimbabwean lawyer and writer. She writes in English, though she also draws on Shona, her first language. In 2016, she was named African Literary Person of the Year by *Brittle Paper*. In 2017 she had a DAAD Artist-in-Residence fellowship in Berlin.

## Biography

### Early years

Petina Gappah was born in Zambia, in Copperbelt Province. She has said: "My father, like many skilled black workers who could not get jobs in segregated Rhodesia, sought his fortune elsewhere. He and my mother moved to Kitwe, a town on the booming Zambian copper belt." She was brought up in Zimbabwe, where her parents returned when she was nine months old. After the country's Independence her family moved to a formerly white area in what is now Harare, and she was one of the first black pupils in a primary school formerly reserved for white children. She started writing aged about 10 or 11, and her first published story was in the St. Dominic's Secondary School magazine when she was 14.

### Education and career

She has a law degree from the University of Zimbabwe, then in 1995 went to Austria to do a doctorate in international trade law at the University of Graz, combined with a master's degree at the University of Cambridge, and since 1998 was based in Geneva, Switzerland, working as an international lawyer.

Gappah said in a 2009 interview: "I started writing seriously in May 2006. I joined the Zoetrope Virtual Studio, a story I posted there caught the attention of an editor at the online journal Per Contra, I entered some stories in competitions, I did well in one competition, and when I was sufficiently confident, I looked for an agent who looked for a publisher on my behalf." Her first book, *An Elegy for Easterly*, a short-story collection, was published in 2009, and she subsequently published two novels: *The Book of Memory* in 2015 and *Rotten Row* in 2016.

Since 2017, she has been a DAAD Fellow and Writer-in-Residence in Berlin.

In June 2017, she delivered the *Journal of Southern African Studies* Annual Lecture, entitled "Looking for Dr Livingstone's African Companions", at the School of Advanced Study, London University.

## Writing

Gappah's first book, *An Elegy for Easterly*, a story collection that she says is "about what it has meant to be a Zimbabwean in recent times", was published by Faber and Faber in April 2009 in the United Kingdom and in June 2009 in the United States. It was shortlisted for the Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award, the richest prize for the short-story form, as well as for the Orwell Prize and the *Los Angeles Times* Art Seidenbaum Award for First Fiction. The book has been described as "a collection of stories about every layer of Zimbabwean culture: from the educated and the elite to the quirky, the completely mad and the children running in the street." It won the Guardian First Book Award in 2009, at which time Gappah spoke of her objection to being labelled by her publisher (and subsequently Amazon) as "the voice of Zimbabwe", commenting in an interview: "It's very troubling to me because writing of a place is not the same as writing for a place.... If I write about Zimbabwe, it's not the same as writing for Zimbabwe or for Zimbabweans." *An Elegy for Easterly* has been translated into several languages, including Chinese, Dutch, Finnish, French, Japanese, Norwegian, Serbian and Swedish.

In 2010, Gappah moved back to Harare for three years to work on her first novel, *The Book of Memory*. Published in 2015, it is the fictional testament of an imprisoned albino woman on death row, who is hoping for a presidential reprieve. *The Book of Memory* was described by Maya Jaggi in *The Guardian* as "a powerful story of innocent lives destroyed by family secrets and sexual jealousy, prejudice and unacknowledged kinship", and by Anita Sethi in *The Observer* as "a moving novel about memory that unfolds into one about forgiveness, and a passionate paean to the powers of language". In a 2016 interview, Gappah said: "I'm a frustrated historian, which is probably clear from the book. I'm interested in excavating the social histories of Zimbabwe.... History's always distorted to suit a political purpose, but fiction can try to redress the balance. And those are the stories I'm interested in telling—the stories of everyday normal people, who even in this injustice still managed to find their humanity." *The Book of Memory* was awarded the McKitterick Prize from the Society of Authors in 2015, as well as being longlisted for the Bailey's Women's Prize for Fiction and shortlisted for the Prix Femina étranger.

Her passion for her work remains strong as she writes about Zimbabwe's failings and injustices in the hope that in the face of darkness, change can be achieved.

Gappah's second collection of stories, *Rotten Row*, was published by Faber in 2016. It was chosen as a "Book of the Day" by *The Guardian*, whose reviewer FT Kola concluded:

> "Rotten Row hums with life, and it delivers one of the keenest and simplest pleasures fiction has to offer: a feeling of true intimacy, of total immersion, in situations not our own, in the selves of others. In its strongest moments, we want to stay there. Gappah has achieved the difficult task of rendering places some of her readers may never know or visit with such intimacy and aliveness that they feel instantly familiar. While this is an entrancing feature of the collection, its greatest achievements are due to her sensitivity to both human tragedy and the comedy inherent in existence. Gappah throws open the doors of a million lighted houses, and lets us look inside them. In each we find something wondrous and strange, not least a reflection of ourselves."

Gappah's 2019 book, *Out of Darkness, Shining Light*, was nominated for an NAACP Image Award in 2020 in the category of Outstanding Literary Work and won the 2020 National Arts Merit Awards for Outstanding fiction book. Gappah worked with the David Livingstone Birthplace Museum to re-interpret the Charles d'Orville Pilkington Jackson Tableaux. These tableaux feature a range of individuals including Jacob Wainwright, who feature in the book.

Gappah has also written for such outlets as *The Financial Times*, *The New York Times*, *The Guardian* and *Süddeutsche Zeitung*, and has been a columnist for *OmVärlden*, the Swedish magazine on development and global affairs.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Petina Gappah | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1971 (age 5253)
Copperbelt Province, Zambia |
| Occupation | Legal counsel, writer |
| Alma mater | University of Zimbabwe;
University of Graz;
University of Cambridge |
| Notable works | *An Elegy for Easterly* (2009) |
| Notable awards | Guardian First Book Award |
| Children | 1 son |
| Website | |
| theworldaccordingtogappah.com | |


title: Matrix factorization of a polynomial

abstract: In mathematics, a matrix factorization of a polynomial is a technique for factoring irreducible polynomials with matrices. David Eisenbud proved that every multivariate real-valued polynomial p without linear terms can be written as AB = pI, where A and B are square matrices and I is the identity matrix. Given the polynomial p, the matrices A and B can be found by elementary methods.

text:
# Matrix factorization of a polynomial

In mathematics, a **matrix factorization of a polynomial** is a technique for factoring irreducible polynomials with matrices. David Eisenbud proved that every multivariate real-valued polynomial *p* without linear terms can be written as *AB* = *pI*, where *A* and *B* are square matrices and *I* is the identity matrix. Given the polynomial *p*, the matrices *A* and *B* can be found by elementary methods.

## Example

The polynomial *x*2 \+ *y*2 is irreducible over **R**\[*x*,*y*\], but can be written as

$$\left\[{\begin{array}{cc}x&-y\\y&x\end{array}\right\]\left\[{\begin{array}{cc}x&y\\\-y&x\end{array}\right\]=(x^{2}+y^{2})\left\[{\begin{array}{cc}1&0\\0&1\end{array}\right\]}}}$$


title: Matrix metallopeptidase 13

abstract: Collagenase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MMP13 gene. It is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. Like most MMPs, it is secreted as an inactive pro-form. MMP-13 has a predicted molecular weight around 54 kDa. It is activated once the pro-domain is cleaved, leaving an active enzyme composed of the catalytic domain and the hemopexin-like domain PDB: 1PEX. Although the actual mechanism has not been described, the hemopexin domain participates in collagen degradation, the catalytic domain alone being particularly inefficient in collagen degradation. During embryonic development, MMP-13 is expressed in the skeleton as required for restructuring the collagen matrix for bone mineralization. In pathological situations it is highly overexpressed; this occurs in human carcinomas, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMPs are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. The protein encoded by this gene cleaves type II collagen more efficiently than types I and III. It may be involved in articular cartilage turnover and cartilage pathophysiology associated with osteoarthritis. The gene is part of a cluster of MMP genes which localize to chromosome 11q22.3.

text:
# Matrix metallopeptidase 13

**Collagenase 3** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *MMP13* gene. It is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. Like most MMPs, it is secreted as an inactive pro-form. MMP-13 has a predicted molecular weight around 54 kDa. It is activated once the pro-domain is cleaved, leaving an active enzyme composed of the catalytic domain and the hemopexin-like domain PDB: 1PEX. Although the actual mechanism has not been described, the hemopexin domain participates in collagen degradation, the catalytic domain alone being particularly inefficient in collagen degradation. During embryonic development, MMP-13 is expressed in the skeleton as required for restructuring the collagen matrix for bone mineralization. In pathological situations it is highly overexpressed; this occurs in human carcinomas, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMPs are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. The protein encoded by this gene cleaves type II collagen more efficiently than types I and III. It may be involved in articular cartilage turnover and cartilage pathophysiology associated with osteoarthritis. The gene is part of a cluster of MMP genes which localize to chromosome 11q22.3.

## Regulation

Transcriptional regulation of MMP-13 is tightly controlled due to its potent proteolytic capacity. There are several binding domains for various transcription factors including AP-1, PEA-3 and OSE-2 as well as a sequence with homology to a TGF-β inhibitory element (TIE). Moreover, several cytokines and growth factors have been demonstrated to affect *Mmp13* gene expression, including parathyroid hormone, IGF-1, TGF-β, hepatocyte growth factor and many inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α and IL-1β.

The upstream regulatory region of the Mmp13 gene contains a number of transcription factor binding sites but it was recently discovered that there is a conserved forkhead response element (FHRE) consensus sequence for FOXO3a in the human, mouse and rat Mmp13 promoter. Endogenous FOXO3a activation results in marked upregulation of Mmp13 expression which is capable of promoting extracellular matrix degradation and apoptotic cell death.

## Clinical Relevance

MMP-13 has long been a protein of interest in the context of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

The role of MMP-13 has also been thoroughly examined in atherosclerosis, specifically in potentially reducing the collagen content of the fibrous cap.

## Further reading

* The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M10.013

## InfoBox

| MMP13 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | MMP13, CLG3, MANDP1, MMP-13, Matrix metallopeptidase 13, MDST | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 600108; MGI: 1340026; HomoloGene: 20548; GeneCards: MMP13; OMA:MMP13 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_002427   NM\_008607   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_002418   NP\_032633   Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 102.94 – 102.96 Mb Chr 9: 7.27 – 7.28 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Matsumyia nigrofacies

abstract: Matsumyia nigrofacies is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

text:
# Matsumyia nigrofacies

***Matsumyia nigrofacies*** is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Japan.

## InfoBox

| *Matsumyia nigrofacies* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Milesiini |
| Subtribe: | Criorhinina |
| Genus: | *Matsumyia* |
| Species: | ***M. nigrofacies*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Matsumyia nigrofacies***<br>Shiraki, 1949 | |
|


title: Maurice E. Brooks

abstract: Maurice E. Brooks was an American sculptor and painter.

text:
# Maurice E. Brooks

**Maurice E. Brooks** (1908 - December 1, 1970) was an American sculptor and painter.

## Life

Brooks was born in 1908 in Edgewood, Nevada. He graduated from the University of Utah.

Brooks was articled to sculptor Millard F. Malin, whom he assisted in designing the Mormon Battalion on the Utah State Capitol and the Sugar House Monument in Salt Lake City. Brooks designed busts as well as baptismal fonts for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Bern, London, and New Zealand. He was also a painter, and like many artists he painted scenes in Dixie, southwestern Utah. One of his paintings depicting Native Americans dancing was acquired by the Springville Museum of Art.

Brooks died on December 1, 1970, in Salt Lake City, and his funeral was held at the Cathedral of the Madeleine.

## InfoBox

| Maurice E. Brooks | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1908
Edgewood, Nevada, U.S. |
| Died | December 1, 1970
Salt Lake City, Utah |
| Education | University of Utah |
| Occupation(s) | Sculptor, painter |


title: Maupin Carbon Dragon

abstract: The Maupin Carbon Dragon is an American, high-wing, single-seat, glider that was designed by Jim Maupin and made available as plans for amateur construction. Plans are no longer available.

text:
# Maupin Carbon Dragon

The **Maupin Carbon Dragon** is an American, high-wing, single-seat, glider that was designed by Jim Maupin and made available as plans for amateur construction. Plans are no longer available.

## Design and development

The Carbon Dragon was intended to take advantage of the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles regulations that classify unpowered aircraft with empty weights of 155 lb (70 kg) or less as hang gliders and thus allow them to be flown without a pilot license, Federal Aviation Administration aircraft registration or a Certificate of Airworthiness. The Carbon Dragon's standard empty weight is 145 lb (66 kg) and the aircraft has a gross weight of 335 lb (152 kg), giving a payload of 190 lb (86 kg). The designer said "The philosophy behind its development was to try to bring foot launch soaring performance up into the lower performance range of sailplanes." The Carbon Dragon was intended to be similar in concept to the Hall Vector 1.

The original design was intended to be a much more complex aircraft, as Maupin explained:

> As originally envisioned, it would have 40 ft span, and a sailcloth flap that would roll up on a roller inside the wing, changing the area from 100 to 140 square feet and back again. As calculations and drawings progressed, it got more and more complicated: chain drive to turn the roller; 1000 lb. pull to get the flap out; required five pullies: and double cables behind the wing and in the slip stream, etc., etc., not to mention the aileron problem. One evening over coffee in our motel room in Hemet, my friend, mentor, advisor, and consultant, Irv Culver, said, "Jim, you're going to build that, and then spend the springtime of your youth getting it all to work. And, it'll get heavier and more complex and ultimately the drag and weight of all that stuff will defeat the whole purpose. Why don't you throw all that out and put everything you save in weight and complexity into added span? If you like, I'll run the numbers for drag on all that hardware." When Irv offers to "run the numbers" to prove his point, it's time to get out gracefully.

As a result, the aircraft was redesigned to its final configuration, a simpler and lighter aircraft with a 44 ft (13.4 m) span wing.

The Carbon Dragon is predominantly a conventional wood and doped aircraft fabric glider, making judicious use of carbon fiber in the wing spar caps, control rods, flaperons and the elliptical tail boom to save weight. The control tubes are constructed by laying up the carbon fiber on aluminium tubing and then, when the carbon has cured, dissolving the aluminium with swimming pool acid. The cockpit is totally enclosed and the original design called for a cockpit width of 17 in (43 cm) at the hips and 25 in (64 cm) at the shoulder, although some have been modified to accommodate pilots of larger dimensions. The main aircraft structure consists of dual triangular torque boxes on each side of the fuselage. The wing employs a Culver SD airfoil that was designed by Irv Culver for the project and full-span flaperons of 30% chord. The flaperons can deploy from −5° to +15° as flaps and −4° to +16° as ailerons, with a 4:1 differential. The flaperons are driven by two, vertically mounted pushrods enclosed within the fuselage and connected to the side stick. The wing ribs forward of the spar are fabricated from 14 in (6 mm) 5-ply mahogany and aft of the spar from 516 in (8 mm) square spruce. The landing gear is a fixed monowheel, mounted on the hinged cockpit bottom door, that opens to allow the pilot to lift the aircraft for foot-launching. The aircraft was designed so that if the pilot falls while foot-launching his body will be in the rear fuselage cavity and not pinned under the aircraft. The ultimate structural load limit is +/-7.5 , with a +/-5.0 g operational load limit.

The Carbon Dragon was designed to be launched by foot-launch, aero-tow, winch-launch, auto-tow or bungee launch.

In October 1988 Maupin reported that the prototype had been flown by ten different pilots ranging in weight from 120 to 210 lb (54 to 95 kg), had achieved a 100 fpm (0.51 m/s) sink rate and had been launched by auto-tow, aero-tow and bungee, but had not been foot-launched. In October 1988 Maupin estimated that building a Carbon Dragon would cost US$2000 and take 1000–1500 hours of construction time.

When they were available the plans consisted of 23 sheets of 2' X 4' (61 X 122 cm) blueprints and sold for US$150.

At least one Carbon Dragon was modified to include a cockpit roof-mounted pentagonal spoiler, similar to that used on the Maupin Windrose.

## Operational history

Many of the early test flights were done near Tehachapi, California by auto-tow using a 2,000 ft (610 m) rope and these included several 45-minute soaring flights in evening convergent lift. The designer conducted many of the prototype flights himself and said of flying the aircraft, "It's great fun to fly, everything happens so slowly".

In October 1988 Maupin stated that 70 sets of plans had been sold.

In the 1994 Kansas Kowbell Klassic, a scheduled, non-handicapped cross-country distance contest, Gary Osoba flew a Carbon Dragon to win with a distance of 180 mi (290 km). In July 1995 Gary Osoba flew a Carbon Dragon to a US National and World Record in the Ultralight Category for Distance up to Three Turnpoints for a flight of 237.440 mi (382 km). In September 1995, Osoba set US National and World Records in the Ultralight Category for 100 km (62 mi) Triangle Speed, Triangle Distance, and Out & Return Distance of 24.48 mph (39 km/h), 133.02 mi (214 km), and 115.52 mi (186 km) respectively.

Qualifying as a FAR Part 103 hang glider, the Carbon Dragon does not require FAA registration and thus an accurate number of the total completed is not available, but the *Soaring Directory* reports four have been flown.

## Variants

Carbon Dragon Initial version Magic Dragon Improved version developed by Steve Arndt

## Specifications (Carbon Dragon)

*Data from* Sailplane Directory and Jim Maupin

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** One
* **Length:** 20 ft 0 in (6.1 m)
* **Wingspan:** 44 ft 0 in (13.41 m)
* **Wing area:** 153.34 sq ft (14.246 m2)
* **Aspect ratio:** 12.62:1
* **Airfoil:** Culver SD
* **Empty weight:** 145 lb (66 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 335 lb (152 kg)

**Performance**

* **Stall speed:** 22 mph (35 km/h, 19 kn)
* **g limits:** +/-7.5 g ultimate, +/-5.0 g load limit
* **Maximum glide ratio:** 25:1 at 35 mph (56 km/h)
* **Rate of sink:** 100 ft/min (0.51 m/s)
* **Wing loading:** 2.18 lb/sq ft (10.6 kg/m2)

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

**Related lists**

## InfoBox

| Carbon Dragon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Carbon Dragon logo from the 1988 sales brochure | |
| Role | Glider |
| National origin | United States |
| Designer | Jim Maupin |
| First flight | 1988 |
| Status | Plans no longer available |
| Number built | At least four |


title: Maupin Creek

abstract: Maupin Creek is a stream in Franklin and Jefferson Counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Big River. The stream headwaters arise in Franklin County at 38°14′22″N 90°48′43″W and it flows east past the community of Maupin to its confluence with Big River in Jefferson County at 38°14′15″N 90°44′23″W. Some say Maupin Creek was named after Mosias Maupin, a pioneer settler, while others believe the creek has the name of William Maupin.

text:
# Maupin Creek

**Maupin Creek** is a stream in Franklin and Jefferson Counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Big River.

The stream headwaters arise in Franklin County at 38°14′22″N 90°48′43″W / 38.23944°N 90.81194°W / 38.23944; -90.81194 and it flows east past the community of Maupin to its confluence with Big River in Jefferson County at 38°14′15″N 90°44′23″W / 38.23750°N 90.73972°W / 38.23750; -90.73972.

Some say Maupin Creek was named after Mosias Maupin, a pioneer settler, while others believe the creek has the name of William Maupin.


title: Matthew Benham

abstract: Matthew Alexander Benham is a British businessman who is the owner of English Premier League club Brentford FC. He is also the founder and owner of Smartodds, a statistical research company for professional gamblers, and owner of Matchbook betting exchange. A graduate of Oxford University in physics who worked in finance in the City of London, he is widely known for his unorthodox data analytics-driven approach to decision-making in football.

text:
# Matthew Benham

**Matthew Alexander Benham** (born May 1968) is a British businessman who is the owner of English Premier League club Brentford FC. He is also the founder and owner of Smartodds, a statistical research company for professional gamblers, and owner of Matchbook betting exchange. A graduate of Oxford University in physics who worked in finance in the City of London, he is widely known for his unorthodox data analytics-driven approach to decision-making in football.

## Early life and education

Benham grew up in a family of cricket supporters in Eton, where his parents were teachers. A longtime fan of Brentford Football Club, Benham attended his first match in 1979 at the age of eleven. He attended Slough Grammar School, and enjoyed mathematics. In December 1982, at the age of 14, he skipped school with a friend to watch Brentford play an away game against Nottingham Forest FC. In 1989, he graduated from the University of Oxford with a degree in physics.

## Career

### Banking and finance

In the 1990s, Benham worked for twelve years in the financial sector in the City of London, with stints as a hedge fund manager, a derivatives trader for Deutsche Bank, and as a vice president at the Bank of America.

### Gambling

He entered the gambling industry in 2001, when Tony Bloom, who later became the owner of Brighton & Hove Albion FC, hired him to work at Premier Bet. Benham made a significant sum of money in the Asian betting market, using a statistical model developed by Stuart Coles and Mark Dixon at Lancaster University, which was able to predict the probabilities of football scores more accurately than the bookies. After falling out with Bloom, he founded Smartodds in 2004, and hired Stuart Coles. Based in Kentish Town in London, Smartodds focuses on statistical research and sports modeling, which it sells to professional gamblers. In 2011, he was part of a group of investors called Triplebet Limited, who became owners of sports betting exchange Matchbook.

### Football

#### Investor in Brentford FC

Benham first made contact with his boyhood football club when he read a 2005 article in *The Independent* saying that supporters' trust Bees United, which had taken over running Brentford FC, were "desperately seeking a few wealthy supporters to invest", so they could buy out previous owner Ron Noades. He initially participated as an anonymous "mystery investor".

As Brentford continued to struggle financially, in 2007, Benham took the unusual move of paying out nearly £3 million to take over its loans, agreeing to hold them interest-free for five years. In 2009, Benham agreed to invest an additional £1 million a year for five years, in return for preference shares in the club. Bees United would then have the option to repay the loans to Benham and buy back his shares, while Benham held the option to take over the club as a majority owner.

#### Owner of Brentford FC

In June 2012, Bees United voted to transfer full control of Brentford FC to Benham, when the club was in the English third tier. Ten days after becoming the club's new owner, Benham purchased a parcel of land near Kew Bridge railway station, where he pledged to build a new stadium, close to its existing stadium at Griffin Park. In 2013, Benham promoted Mark Warburton, another former City trader, as manager. By the 2014–2015 season, Brentford FC had been promoted to the EFL Championship, for the first time in 21 years.

#### Majority shareholder of FC Midtjylland

In July 2014, Benham became the majority shareholder of FC Midtjylland (FCM), a club in the top-flight Danish Superliga, investing £6.2 million. From the start, FCM fully embraced Benham's mandate for an analytics-driven approach to decision-making, using data analytics to identify promising yet undervalued transfers, improve team performance in set pieces, and optimize individual player fitness. According to FCM chairman Rasmus Ankersen, Midtjylland also used analytics to understand "dangerous situations", and to inform coaches about performance against key performance indicators (KPIs), so they could speak more effectively to the players at half-time and to the media after matches. Benham first became interested in Ankersen after reading his book, *The Gold Mine Effect*, in which he admitted having failed to predict the success of Simon Kjær, when he was a young footballer at the academy Ankersen had helped to set up. FCM went on to win their first league title in 2015, largely attributed to Benham's influence. On August 15, 2023, FC Midtjylland announced Matthew Benham had sold his shares in the club

#### Road to Premier League

Meanwhile, Brentford FC announced in February 2015 that it would part ways with Warburton at the end of the season. At the time, it was widely reported in the media that Warburton was unhappy with the fact that Benham wanted to run Brentford based on "mathematical modelling", and with his elimination of the manager's veto on new signings, with some reports suggesting that Benham went as far as insisting on long-ball tactics and hiring a set-piece coach. Brentford subsequently appointed two co-directors of football – Phil Giles, a former quantitative analyst at Smartodds, and Rasmus Ankersen from FCM – when most clubs had none.

Ahead of the 2015–2016 season, Brentford FC began identifying undervalued talent by applying mathematics and statistics, using its limited budget to sign them, developing players with high potential, and selling them on to other clubs for a sizeable profit on transfers. This led to many comparisons with the statistically driven recruiting strategy pursued by the Oakland Athletics baseball team during its 2002 season, documented in the book *Moneyball* by Michael Lewis; Benham was compared to the Oakland A's general manager Billy Beane, portrayed by Brad Pitt in the 2011 film *Moneyball*. However, Benham dislikes the term and has stated, "The Moneyball label can be confusing because people think it is using any stats rather than trying to use them in a scientific way.”

There were a few bumps along the way, including the hiring of Dutch manager Marinus Dijkhuizen as head coach, which Benham openly admitted was "a mistake" after Dijkhuizen was sacked after just nine games. Brentford fans were also initially apprehensive about the club's best players constantly being sold. In 2018, former Danish youth team coach Thomas Frank was promoted to head coach at Brentford, after Dean Smith left for Aston Villa; the team appeared to be on course for promotion to the Premier League in 2020, but lost to Fulham FC in the EFL Championship play-off final.

When season tickets went on sale for the new Brentford stadium, Benham instructed the club's commercial department not to "fleece the fans", and keep pricing affordable. In August 2020, the new 17,000-seat Brentford Community Stadium finally opened, but had to host its first matches there behind closed doors, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2021, Brentford FC won promotion to the Premier League, its first time in the top flight of English football in 74 years. Brentford's success, and the success of FC Midtjylland in winning three domestic championships, are widely viewed as validation of Benham's philosophy. Benham has rejected at least one offer to buy Brentford. Although he ranked as the least wealthy club owner in the Premier League, in March 2022, Benham had the highest approval rating in a survey of 10,500 Premier League fans conducted by Nick Harris.

## InfoBox

| Matthew Benham | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | May 1968 (age 56) |
| Education | University of Oxford |
| Occupation | Football club owner |
| Organization |  |


title: Matthew Bennett

abstract: Matthew Ray Bennett is a Canadian actor, writer, and director. He is best known for portraying Detective Len Harper on Cold Squad and his recurring roles as Aaron Doral cylon model number five in the reimagined Battlestar Galactica and Daniel Rosen in Orphan Black.

text:
# Matthew Bennett

**Matthew Ray Bennett** (born April 9, 1968) is a Canadian actor, writer, and director. He is best known for portraying Detective Len Harper on *Cold Squad* and his recurring roles as Aaron Doral cylon model number five in the reimagined *Battlestar Galactica* and Daniel Rosen in *Orphan Black*.

## Career

At the age of 20 he moved from his hometown of Toronto, Ontario to Vancouver, British Columbia to pursue an acting career. He studied theatre school for two years and after that acted in TV series including *The X-Files* and *The Commish* and telefilms such as *A Killer Among Friends*, *Anything for Love* and *Relentless: Mind of a Killer*. He currently lives in Vancouver but works in Toronto as well.

Matthew is best known for his part as Detective Len Harper on the Canadian police drama *Cold Squad* for which he has been nominated for both a Gemini and Leo award. Next to that he played the lead role of Lieutenant James Calley on the Showtime series *Total Recall 2070* and the 1998 telefilm by the same name. Next to that, he guest starred in many TV series like *Stargate SG-1*, *The Peacemakers*, *Da Vinci's Inquest*, *Criminal Minds* and *At the Hotel*. In recent years, Bennett has had a recurring guest role on the Sci Fi Channel television program *Battlestar Galactica*. Playing the character Aaron Doral, a Cylon, he first appeared in the 2003 mini-series and his final appearance was in the series finale in March 2009. However, Bennett also appeared in the TV movie *Battlestar Galactica: The Plan*.

## Personal life

Bennett was married to actress Brittaney Bennett (formerly Brittaney Edgell), best known for her parts on series as *Highlander*, *Forever Knight* and *Earth: Final Conflict*. She also stars in her husband's writing and directing debut, the 2008 movie *Kick Me Down*.

## Filmography

### Actor

| Year | Title | Role | Notes/Episode |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1994 | *The X-Files* | Workman #1 | "The Host" |
| 1995 | *Exquisite Tenderness* |  |  |
| 1996 | *Road to Avonlea* | Edward Osborne | "Ah...Sweet Mystery of Life" |
| | *Due South* | Special Agent Casey | "The Edge" |
| | *Swann* | Doctor |  |
| 1997 | *PSI Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal* | Captain Hastings | "Man of War" |
| | *A Prayer in the Dark* | David |  |
| | *When Secrets Kill* | Bill Emery |  |
| | *Time to Say Goodbye?* | FBI Officer |  |
| | *Titanic: Musical* | Pitman | Broadway |
| 1998 | *Dogboys* | Carl Ewing |  |
| | *Thanks of a Grateful Nation* | Dr. Larson |  |
| | *Due South* | Jack Goody | "Easy Money" |
| | *Cold Squad* | Det. Len Harper | 2000–2005 |
| 1999 | *Earth: Final Conflict* | Jerry Hanlon |  |
| | *Ultimate Deception* | Federal Building Guard |  |
| | *Total Recall 2070* | James Calley |  |
| | *Dangerous Evidence: The Lori Jackson Story* |  |  |
| | *Pushing Tin* | Dynajet Steward |  |
| | *Judgment Day: The Ellie Nesler Story* | Psychiatrist, 1983 |  |
| | *Sirens* | Roy Dancer |  |
| | *The Time Shifters* | Captain Tyler |  |
| 2000 | *D.C.* | Assistant Bureau Chief |  |
| | *Songs in Ordinary Time* | Ross Hinds | "Blame" |
| | *Da Vinci's Inquest* | Uniform #1 | "That's the Way the Story Goes" |
| | *Stargate SG-1* | Ted | "Point of No Return" |
| 2001 | *A Perfect Execution* | Roger |  |
| | *HRT* |  |  |
| | *Ignition* | DOD Lawyer |  |
| | *Da Vinci's Inquest* | Uniform #1 | "It's Backwards Day" |
| | *Seven Days* | Henry Bilkins | "Empty Quiver" |
| 2002 | *UC: Undercover* | Detective | "Teddy C" |
| | *K-9: P.I.* | FBI Agent Henry | Video |
| 2003 | *Stealing Sinatra* | Agent Flett |  |
| | *Peacemakers* | Steward Harrison |  |
| | *Battlestar Galactica* | Aaron Doral/Number Five | recurring |
| 2004 | *Andromeda* | Cutter | "So Burn the Untamed Lands" |
| | *Stargate SG-1* | Jared Kane | "Icon" |
| 2005 | *Criminal Minds* | Adam Lloyd | "Popular Kids" |
| 2006 | *Stargate SG-1* | Jared Kane | "Ethon" |
| 2007 | *Sabbatical* | Patrick Marlowe | pilot |
| 2008 | *M.V.P.* | Malcolm LeBlanc | recurring |
| 2008, 2011 | *Flashpoint* | Naismith | "The Element of Surprise" (2008) & "The Better Man" (2011) |
| 2009 | *Spectacular!* | Rich Dickenson | Principal role |
| 2011–2022 | *Murdoch Mysteries* | Allen Clegg | Recurring |
| 2013 | *Rewind* | John Malcolm | pilot |
| | *Rookie Blue* | Simon Dent | Surprises |
| | *Saving Hope* | Graham Kennedy | "Bed One" |
| | *Orphan Black* | Daniel Rosen | 6 episodes |
| 2015 | *The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe* | Whitey |  |
| 2018 | *The Expanse* | Lt. Durant | "Triple point" |

### Writer

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2001 | *9/11* |
| 2008 | *Kick Me Down* |

### Director

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2008 | *Kick Me Down* |

## Awards

| Year | Award | Category | Movie/show | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Gemini Award | Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role | *Cold Squad*
(episode: "True Believers, part II") | Nominated |  |
| 2004 | Leo Awards | Best Lead Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series | *Cold Squad*
(episode: "Mr. Bad Example") | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Matthew Bennett | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Matthew Ray Bennett
(1968-04-09) April 9, 1968
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Other names | Matt Bennett |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, writer, director |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Spouse | Brittaney Bennett |


title: Matthew Beovich

abstract: Matthew Beovich was an Australian Roman Catholic clergyman, and the fifth Archbishop of Adelaide.

text:
# Matthew Beovich

**Matthew Beovich** (1 April 1896 - 24 October 1981) was an Australian Roman Catholic clergyman, and the fifth Archbishop of Adelaide.

## Early life

Matthew Beovich was born on 1 April 1896 in Carlton, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. Matthew was the second of the four children of Mate (or Matta) Beovich ( Mate Beović), a fruiterer born in Croatia, and Elizabeth (née Kenny), who was born in Bendigo, Victoria. He began his schooling at St George's School, Carlton before moving on to St. Joseph's Christian Brothers' College, North Melbourne as a full-time student between 1909 and 1912 when he passed the Senior Public Service examination. His contemporaries at the same school were Nick McKenna and Arthur Calwell, with whom he remained friends his whole life. From 1912 until 1917, Beovich worked as a clerk in the Melbourne General Post Office, studying part-time and matriculating in 1913. He was to return to his old school on many occasions whenever his business brought him to Melbourne.

In August 1917, Beovich left Melbourne for Rome to study for the priesthood. For the next four years, he attended the Pontifical Urban College of Propaganda, receiving prizes in physics, church history and sacramental theology. His thesis for his Doctorate of Divinity was a defence of the Catholic sacrament of confession. On 6 August 1922 Beovich was ordained as a deacon, and on 22 December that same year he was ordained a priest in the Basilica of St. John Lateran. After exploring Europe, he returned to Melbourne in October 1923.

Upon his return to Australia, Beovich briefly served as an assistant priest of a parish in North Fitzroy, in what would be his only experience of suburban parochial life. In May 1924, he was appointed Director of Religious Instruction for the Archdiocese of Melbourne, and over the next decade, the Archbishop of Melbourne Daniel Mannix gradually delegated all diocesan educational matters to Beovich. In 1932, the Catholic Education Office was established with Mannix as director and Beovich as deputy director. At some point in the next four years, Beovich was elevated to director, a reflection of Mannix's limited direct involvement in the organisation.

Until his installation as Archbishop of Adelaide in 1940, Beovich played an important role in Victorian Catholic education, sitting on the Council of Public Education (which oversaw non-government education and advised the minister of education) from 1932, and authoring a new catechism for school children. In 1940, Mannix told the Adelaide clergy that Beovich had "brought about a revolution in the Catholic schools of Melbourne."

In 1925, Mannix appointed Beovich to the position of secretary of the Australian Catholic Truth Society. He resigned this position in 1933, with Mannix citing as the reason the increased workload from his work in Catholic education and duties as the presenter of *The Catholic Hour*, a weekly radio programme on Melbourne station 3AW.

## Episcopacy

### Consecration and early episcopacy

On 13 December 1939 Beovich received a phone-call from the Australian apostolic delegate informing him that he had been appointed by Pope Pius XII to be installed as the new archbishop of Adelaide, replacing Andrew Killian, who had died in June of that year. In fact, Beovich had been contacted by the editor of the *Advocate* (a Melbourne Catholic newspaper) to comment on his appointment the night before, the confusion arising from the fact that the plane carrying the papal bull of appointment had crashed into the sea near Java. The mailbag was eventually recovered, and Beovich received the barely readable document in March 1940.

Matthew Beovich was consecrated and installed as Archbishop of Adelaide in St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Adelaide, on 7 April 1940, becoming the Archdiocese's first Australian-born bishop. The cathedral was crowded for the consecration, with loudspeakers so those who could not fit inside could still hear the proceedings. In addition, the entire ceremony was broadcast on radio.

The first months of Beovich's episcopacy were characterised by a cautious approach. Having acknowledged his limited knowledge of parochial matters, Beovich retained the same inner circle of advisers that had served Killen. He kept numerous engagements, including the opening of a maternity wing at Calvary Hospital with Premier Thomas Playford, a meeting of the Holy Name Society that drew two thousand members, and an Anzac Day requiem Mass for soldiers who had returned from the Second World War. Privately, he began negotiations with the Australian apostolic delegate and bishop of Port Augusta Thomas McCabe regarding the founding of a seminary for Adelaide.

In July 1940, Beovich arranged for a Catholic lawyer to draft a bill entitling religious ministers to give thirty minutes of religious instruction per week to students in government schools belonging to their denomination. Drafted as a compromise between the lack of religious education in state schools at the time, and mandatory instruction by schoolteachers (which had been opposed by the Adelaide Catholic diocese), it was introduced to state parliament as a private member's bill by then opposition leader Robert Richards. With the support of education minister Shirley Jeffries, the bill won passage through both houses of parliament and became law.

### Reconstruction and The Movement

### Retirement and later life

On 1 May 1971, Bishop Matthew Beovich sent his resignation to Pope Paul VI. Paying tribute to the quiet, calm way he usually faced difficulties, his secretary recalled that the only time he saw him excited was during World War II, at a meeting in the town hall to protest against the bombing of Rome. Although gentle and shy, he could appear remote and austere, but was affectionately remembered for his sense of humour and his \`jet-propelled’ arrivals and departures from Catholic functions. Beovich died on 24 October 1981 in North Adelaide and was buried in West Terrace cemetery.

## Sources

* Laffin, Josephine (2008). *Matthew Beovich - A Biography*. Wakefield Press. ISBN 978-1-86254-817-6.
* Laffin, Josephine. "Beovich, Matthew (1896–1981)". *Australian Dictionary of Biography*. Melbourne University Press. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
* Press, Margaret M. (1991). *Colour and Shadow - South Australian Catholics 1906 - 1962*. The Archdiocese of Adelaide. ISBN 0-646-04777-9.
* Ormonde, Paul (1972). *The Movement*. Thomas Nelson Limited. ISBN 017-001968-3.

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Matthew Beovich | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Adelaide | |
| Beovich in 1950 | |
| Archdiocese | Adelaide |
| Installed | 7 April 1940 |
| Term ended | 1 May 1971 |
| Predecessor | Andrew Killian |
| Successor | James William Gleeson |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 23 December 1922 |
| Consecration | 7 April 1940 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1896-04-01)1 April 1896
Carlton, Victoria |
| Died | 24 October 1981(1981-10-24) (aged 85)
Adelaide, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |


title: Maughold

abstract: Maughold is venerated as the patron saint of the Isle of Man. Tradition states that he was an Irish prince and captain of a band of freebooters who was converted to Christianity by Saint Patrick. His feast day is 25 April. His original name is unclear, but was probably adapted from Bishop MacCaille of Croghan, County Offaly, who received Brigit of Kildare into religious life

text:
# Maughold

**Maughold** (also known as **Macaille, Maccaldus, Machalus, Machaoi, Machella, Maghor, Mawgan, Maccul, Macc Cuill**; died c. 488 AD) is venerated as the patron saint of the Isle of Man. Tradition states that he was an Irish prince and captain of a band of freebooters who was converted to Christianity by Saint Patrick. His feast day is 25 April. His original name is unclear, but was probably adapted from Bishop MacCaille of Croghan, County Offaly, who received Brigit of Kildare into religious life

## Legend

One local legend relates that Maughold tried to make a fool out of Patrick. Maughold had, according to this story, placed a living man in a shroud. He then called for Patrick to try to revive the allegedly dead man. Patrick came, placed a hand on the shroud, and left. When Maughold and his friends opened the shroud, they found the man had died in the interim. One of Maughold's friends, a fellow named Connor, went over to Patrick's camp and apologized to him. Patrick returned and baptized all of the men assembled. He then blessed the man who had died, who immediately returned to life, and was also baptized. Patrick then criticized Maughold, saying he should have been helping his men to lead good lives, and told him he must make up for his evil.

As penance for his previous crimes, Patrick ordered him to abandon himself to the Christian God by sailing from Ireland in a currach without oars. Maughold drifted to the isle, where two of Patrick's disciples, Romulus and Conindrus (Romuil and Conindri), were already established. Tradition says he landed on the northeast corner of the Isle near Ramsey, at the foot of a headland since called Maughold Head, where he established himself as a hermit in a cave on the mountainside. He is said to have been chosen by the Manx people to succeed Romuil and Conindri as bishop.

Maughold is today best remembered on the Isle of Man for his kind disposition toward the Manx natives. Several places on the island, including, Maughold parish, St Maughold's Well, and St Maughold's Chair are named after him.

## InfoBox

| Saint Maughold | |
| --- | --- |
| Saint Maughold (detail from a stained glass window at Jurby) | |
| Died | c. 488 |
| Venerated in |  |
| Feast | 27 April (formerly 28 December), Anglican feast day 31 July |
| Patronage | Isle of Man |


title: Matt Beech

abstract: Lucas Matthew Beech is a professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball with the Philadelphia Phillies from 1996 to 1998. In 2005, Beech played for the Erie SeaWolves of the Eastern League. As an independent league player in 2007 for the Bridgeport Bluefish, Beech was attacked with a bat by José Offerman during a game in which Beech was pitching to Offerman. Beech had hit Offerman with a pitch causing him to charge the mound with his bat. Catcher John Nathans was hit in the head and sustained a concussion. Beech's finger was broken during this incident.

text:
# Matt Beech

**Lucas Matthew Beech** (born January 20, 1972) is a professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball with the Philadelphia Phillies from 1996 to 1998.

In 2005, Beech played for the Erie SeaWolves of the Eastern League. As an independent league player in 2007 for the Bridgeport Bluefish, Beech was attacked with a bat by José Offerman during a game in which Beech was pitching to Offerman. Beech had hit Offerman with a pitch causing him to charge the mound with his bat. Catcher John Nathans was hit in the head and sustained a concussion. Beech's finger was broken during this incident.

## InfoBox

| Matt Beech | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1972-01-20) January 20, 1972<br>Oakland, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| August 8, 1996, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| August 9, 1998, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 8–22 |
| Earned run average | 5.37 |
| Strikeouts | 266 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Matthew Marshall

abstract: Matthew Marshall (1791–1873) was the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1835 to 1864.

text:
# Matthew Marshall

**Matthew Marshall** (1791–1873) was the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1835 to 1864.

## Life

He was the fourth son of John and Mary Marshall of Amersham; James Henry Marshall of Aylesbury was an elder brother. He started work at the Bank of England in 1810, at age 19.

Marshall worked at the Bank of England for 54 years, retiring in 1864. For a period to 1855, banknotes bore the words "I promise to pay Matthew Marshall or bearer", then changing to "I promise to pay to bearer, on demand". His signature as cashier was on the notes; from 1855 to 1865 it appeared as a watermark, a distinctive measure not then continued.

Marshall was replaced as Chief Cashier by William Miller, his deputy and son-in-law. He retired on full salary, and died at Amersham House, Beckenham, Kent.

## Family

Marshall married Charlotte Jane Wilkin in 1820: they had a son Matthew and a daughter Elizabeth. Matthew Marshall Jr. set up the broking firm Marshall & Sons, in the family to 1967, when it was taken over by Cater Ryder.


title: Max Reed (American football)

abstract: John Maxwell Reed was an American football center who played 35 games, for the Buffalo Bisons, Frankford Yellow Jackets, and New York Giants. He scored one touchdown in his career. He was the Washington Redskins Line Coach in 1950.

text:
# Max Reed (American football)

**John Maxwell Reed** (February 15, 1902 - June 27, 1973) was an American football center who played 35 games, for the Buffalo Bisons, Frankford Yellow Jackets, and New York Giants. He scored one touchdown in his career. He was the Washington Redskins Line Coach in 1950.

## InfoBox

Max Reed
| No. 2, 19, 17 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Center |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1902-02-15)February 15, 1902
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died: | June 27, 1973(1973-06-27) (aged 71)
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) |
| Weight: | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Lewisburg (PA) |
| College: | Bucknell |
| Career history | |
| As a player: | |
|  | |
| As a coach: | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Maurice Najman

abstract: Maurice Najman (1948–1999) was a French political journalist during the late 1960s. He had a leftist political stance and mainly worked for Libération and Le Monde diplomatique. He was one of the leading figures of the youth movement of 1968 and cofounded a leftist organization, Comités d’Action Lycéens (CAL), targeting high school students in 1967.

text:
# Maurice Najman

**Maurice Najman** (1948–1999) was a French political journalist during the late 1960s. He had a leftist political stance and mainly worked for *Libération* and *Le Monde diplomatique*. He was one of the leading figures of the youth movement of 1968 and cofounded a leftist organization, Comités d’Action Lycéens (CAL), targeting high school students in 1967.

## Biography

Najman was born in Paris in 1948. His parents were of Polish-Jewish origin. His father was a communist militant His mother, Solange, was a survivor of Auschwitz. Her mother was Rosa Luxemburg’s cousin.

Najman was a member of the Revolutionary Marxist Alliance (AMR), a Trotskyist organization, in the 1970s. He contributed to *Libération*, *Le Monde diplomatique* and *L’Autre* journal in which he published articles on international politics. He died in Paris on 4 February 1999.


title: Maya Forest

abstract: The Maya Forest is a tropical moist broadleaf forest that covers much of the Yucatan Peninsula, thereby encompassing Belize, northern Guatemala, and southeastern Mexico. It is deemed the second largest tropical rainforest in the Americas, after the Amazon, with an area of circa 15 million hectares, of which at least 3 million lie within protected areas.

text:
# Maya Forest

The **Maya Forest** is a tropical moist broadleaf forest that covers much of the Yucatan Peninsula, thereby encompassing Belize, northern Guatemala, and southeastern Mexico. It is deemed the second largest tropical rainforest in the Americas, after the Amazon, with an area of circa 15 million hectares (150,000 km2), of which at least 3 million (30,000 km2) lie within protected areas.

## Extent

The Maya Forest is considered 'the \[second\] largest remaining tropical rainforest in the Americas,' after the Amazon. It is widely deemed to cover much of the Yucatan Peninsula, thereby encompassing Belize, northern Guatemala, and southeastern Mexico, and stretching across protected and unprotected areas, and Crown (ie public) and private lands. This coincides with the original definition of the Forest as developed in 1995 for internationally-coordinated conservation efforts, namely, the contiguous tropical rainforest which housed the Classic Maya civilisation within the Maya Lowlands. Some literature, however, *restricts* the Forest's bounds to only contiguous rainforest within protected areas (eg the Maya Biosphere Reserve and abutting protected areas). Other literature, though, *extends* the Forest's bounds beyond the Peninsula, suggesting it stretches along the Gulf of Mexico littoral beyond the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the west, and along the Bay of Honduras littoral along northern Honduras to the east.

## History

### Pre-Columbian

The Maya Forest is thought to have come into being after the Last Glacial Maximum circa 20,000 years ago. Prior to such event, an arid climate is thought to have predominated in the Maya Lowlands, leading to dry, open savannahs, rather than a tropical rainforest.

The earliest Palaeoindian settlers of the former Maya Lowlands would have encountered a burgeoning Maya Forest, and employed it to hunt and gather food, thereby leaving it largely intact. Their successors, the Maya, were once thought to have similarly kept the Forest in a largely virginal state, but scholarly consensus has flipped on this point. It is now thought that Preclassic or Classic Maya residents deforested large tracts of the Forest for residential and agricultural use, with recovery possible only after the Classic Maya Collapse.

### Columbian

The Maya's successors, the Spanish in Guatemala and Mexico, and the Baymen in Belize, took to logging the Forest since their arrival during the conquest of Yucatan and later settlement of Belize and conquest of Peten. Though centuries of timber extraction may not have decimated the Forest, they did alter it, for instance, via selective extraction of logwood and mahogany.

Modern conservation efforts were begun in 1817 with the passage of the Crown Lands Ordinance, which regulated logging in the southeastern portion of the Forest, within British Honduran Crown lands. The earliest protected areas within the Forest are believed to have been the Silk Grass or Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserves, gazetted in 1920, both in the southeastern portion of the Forest, within British Honduras. Conservation efforts were not coordinated across state lines, however, until 1995, when a workshop to such end was held at the Colegio de la Frontera Sur in Campeche, Mexico, by the US Man and Biosphere Programme.

Presently, forest fires, illegal logging, illicit trafficking of flora and fauna, and intensive agriculture are thought to pose 'great threats' to the Forest. A recent study, for instance, found that twenty-first century deforestation has fragmented the Forest, thereby undermining its contiguity. It has been noted, furthermore, that mitigating said threats has proven challenging, given frosty diplomatic relations between Forest-holding states, most especially Belize and Guatemala.

## Geography

### Physical

The Forest is a contiguous maze of woods with pockets of savannahs, wetlands, and coastal mangrove stands.

### Human

As of the 2010s, the Forest houses a population of approximately 588,000 to 600,000 people in non-protected areas, including Maya, Garifuna, mestizo, and Mennonite residents. The Forest comprises various protected and unprotected tracts of woods, and itself constitutes the northernmost part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.

Protected areas of the Maya Forest.
| Name | Country | Established | Size | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Belize Maya Forest | Belize | 2021 | 96,000 ha (960 km2) | Cf |
| Rio Bravo | Belize | 1995 | 102,790 ha (1,027.9 km2) | Cf |
| Chiquibul | Belize |  | 106,838 ha (1,068.38 km2) | Cf |
| Maya Golden Landscape* | Belize |  | 311,608 ha (3,116.08 km2) | Cf |
| Vaca Forest | Belize | 1930s | 16,339 ha (163.39 km2) | Cf |
| Mountain Pine Ridge | Belize | 1944 |  | Cf |
| Maya Biosphere* | Guatemala |  | 2,112,940 ha (21,129.4 km2) | Cf |
| Southern Peten\* | Guatemala |  | 411,379 ha (4,113.79 km2) | Cf |
| Calakmul Biosphere | Mexico |  | 723,185 ha (7,231.85 km2) | Cf |
| Balam Kú | Mexico |  | 409,200 ha (4,092 km2) | Cf |
| Balam Kin | Mexico |  | 110,990 ha (1,109.9 km2) | Cf |
| Sian Ka’an Biosphere | Mexico |  | 528,147 ha (5,281.47 km2) | Cf |
| Bala’an K’aax | Mexico |  | 128,390 ha (1,283.9 km2) | Cf |
| Montes Azules | Mexico | 1978 | 331,200 ha (3,312 km2) | Cf |

## Ecology

The Maya Forest comprises more than 20 ecosystems.

It is home to a wide range of animals, including jaguars, monkeys, parrots, tapirs, snakes and crocodiles.

## Legacy

The Forest has been deemed 'one of the most important ecological systems globally\[, it being\] considered the most extensive tropical forest in Mesoamerica\[, with\] a surface of protected areas that exceeds four million hectares \[40,000 sq km\].'

## Notes and references

### Explanatory footnotes

### Short citations

1. TNC 2020, para. 1.
2. Bridgewater 2012, p. 3.
3. WWF 2022, para. 1.
4. SM 2017a, para. 1.
5. Laako et al. 2022, pp. 1296–1297.
6. Laako et al. 2022, p. 1297.
7. Bridgewater 2012, pp. 3–4.
8. Bridgewater 2012, p. 55.
9. Bridgewater 2012, pp. 146, 150.
10. Hutson & Ardren 2020, pp. 521, 525–526.
11. Bridgewater 2012, p. 161.
12. Bridgewater 2012, pp. 161–162, 171–172.
13. Laako et al. 2022, pp. 1291, 1296.
14. WWF 2022, para. 4.
15. WCF 2019, para. 5.
16. TNC 2020, para. 3.
17. Cuba et al. 2022, pp. 4–5, sec. 3.
18. WCF 2019, para. 2.
19. Bridgewater 2012, p. 53.
20. Hutson & Ardren 2020, p. 520.
21. WWF 2022, para. 2.
22. SM 2017a, para. 3.
23. Cuba et al. 2022, p. 3, sec. 2.1.
24. GC 2021, para. 1.
25. GC 2021, para. 2.
26. SM 2017b, sec. 'Belize' paras. 6-8.
27. SM 2017b, sec. 'Belize' paras. 1-2.
28. SM 2017b, sec. 'Belize' paras. 3-5.
29. SM 2017b, sec. 'Belize' para. 9.
30. SM 2017b, sec. 'Belize' paras. 10-11.
31. SM 2017b, sec. 'Guatemala' paras. 1-19.
32. SM 2017b, sec. 'Guatemala' paras. 20-31.
33. SM 2017b, sec. 'Mexico' paras. 1-3.
34. SM 2017b, sec. 'Mexico' paras. 4-6.
35. SM 2017b, sec. 'Mexico' paras. 7-9.
36. SM 2017b, sec. 'Mexico' paras. 10-13.
37. SM 2017b, sec. 'Mexico' paras. 14-15.
38. SM 2017b, sec. 'Mexico' paras. 16-18.

### Full citations

1. Bray, David Barton; Duran, Elvira; Ramos, Victor Hugo; Mas, Jean-Francois; Velazquez, Alejandro; McNab, Roan Balas; Barry, Deborah; Radachowsky, Jeremy (2008). "Tropical Deforestation, Community Forests, and Protected Areas in the Maya Forest". *Ecology and Society*. **13** (2): art. no. 56. ISSN 1708-3087.
2. Bridgewater, Samuel (2012). *A Natural History of Belize*. Corrie Herring Hooks Series no. 52. Austin, TX; London: University of Texas Press; Natural History Museum. doi:10.7560/726710. ISBN 9780292726710.
3. Cuba, Nicholas; Sauls, Laura A.; Bebbington, Anthony J.; Bebbington, Denise H.; Chicchon, Avecita; Marimón, Pilar D.; Diaz, Oscar; Hecht, Susanna; Kandel, Susan; Osborne, Tracey; Ray, Rebecca; Rivera, Madelyn; Rogan, John; Zalles, Viviana (2022). "Emerging hot spot analysis to indicate forest conservation priorities and efficacy on regional to continental scales: a study of forest change in Selva Maya 2000–2020" (PDF). *Environmental Research Communications*. **4** (7): art. no. 071004. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ac82de.
4. Ford, Anabel; Nigh, Ronald (2009). "Origins of the Maya Forest Garden: Maya Resource Management". *Journal of Ethnobiology*. **29** (2): 213–236. doi:10.2993/0278-0771-29.2.213.
5. GC (2021). "Greater Belize Maya Forest". *Global Conservation*. San Francisco, CA: Global Conservation. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023.
6. Hutson, Scott R.; Ardren, Traci, eds. (2020). *The Maya World*. Routledge Worlds. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781351029582. OCLC 1159169707.
7. Laako, Hanna; Pliego Alvarado, Esmeralda; Ramos Muñoz, Dora; Marquez, Beula (2022). "Transboundary conservation and nature states in the Maya Forest: International Relations, challenged". *Globalizations*. **19** (8): 1288–1310. doi:10.1080/14747731.2022.2062844.
8. SM (2017a). "The Tropical Forest". *Selva Maya*. Guatemala City: Selva Maya Programme. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023.
9. SM (2017b). "Protected Areas". *Selva Maya*. Guatemala City: Selva Maya Programme. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023.
10. TNC (2020). "Maya Forest". *The Nature Conservancy*. Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023.
11. WCF (2019). "Selva Maya". *The 5 Great Forests Initiative*. Bronx, NY: Wildlife Conservation Society. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023.
12. WWF (2022). "Maya Forest". *WWF*. Gland, Switzerland: World Wide Fund For Nature. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023.

* Selva Maya Programme, official website of the GIZ-funded Belize–Guatemala–Mexico initiative to protect the Maya Forest, established 2000.

## InfoBox

| Maya Forest
Spanish: *Selva maya*
Mayan languages: *Otoch k'aaxg* | |
| --- | --- |
| Maya Forest encompassing Tikal / 2004 photograph by Luis Bartolomé Marcos / via Commons | |
| Map | |
| Maya Forest | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Belize, northern Guatemala, southeastern Mexicoa |
| Coordinates | 17°48′56″N 89°09′07″W / 17.81556°N 89.15194°W / 17.81556; -89.15194b |
| Area | ca 15,000,000 ha (150,000 km2) / *total*c
\> 3,000,000 ha (30,000 km2) / *protected*c |
| Ecology | |
| WWF Classification | Petén–Veracruz moist forestsd |
| Dominant tree species | Breadnut, sapodilla, cocoa, avocados, peppers, wild mamey, mylady, cohune, gumbolimbo, give-and-take, monkey apple, cabbage bark, dogwood, canistel, zapotillo, bayleaf, john crow redwood, hog plum, mahogany, Mayflower, guinep, walking lady, druken Baymane |
| Fauna | Jaguar, scarlet macaw, Baird's tapir, Yucatan black howler monkey, white-lipped peccary, Hickatee turtle, hawksbill turtle, keel-billed toucan, harpy eagle, Yucatan brown brocket, ocellated turkey, Morelet's crocodilef |
| a–g Cf | |


title: Maximiliano Thous Orts

abstract: Maximiliano Thous Orts,, also known as Maximilià Thous i Orts, was a Spanish journalist, writer, filmmaker, and playwright.

text:
# Maximiliano Thous Orts

**Maximiliano Thous Orts**, (1875 - 1947), also known as **Maximilià Thous i Orts**, was a Spanish journalist, writer, filmmaker, and playwright.

## Biography

Although he was born in Asturias, his family were from Alicante, but when he became older, they moved to Valencia. While at Valencia, he studied law at the University of Valencia, but he then quit studying to learn literature and writing.

In 1909, he wrote the lyrics to *Himne de l'Exposició*, which is officially the anthem of the Valencian Community.

In 1923, he began directing films.

During the 1930s, Maximiliano was a host of a radio program, named Radio Valencia Cadena SER. However, some of the recording were lost until 2017.

## Works

### Filmography

* La alegría del batallón
* La Bruja
* La Dolores
* Nit d'albaes

### Newspapers

* El Guante Blanco

## InfoBox

| Maximiliano Thous Orts | |
| --- | --- |
| Image taken in 1927 | |
| Born | 1875 |
| Died | 1947 |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, songwriter, playwright, journalist, director |
| Notable work | Himne de l'Exposició, (1909) |


title: Max Andersson (cartoonist)

abstract: Max Andersson is a Swedish comic creator and filmmaker, mostly doing "underground style" and "artistic" comics. His comics have mainly been published in Swedish albums, and in the Swedish art magazine Galago. With the publication of his graphic novel Pixy by Fantagraphics Books in 1993, Andersson became the first modern Swedish artist to have a comic album published in the United States. In the '90s he was a frequent contributor to the comics anthology Zero Zero. He is also the creator of the comic book Death & Candy. The Greek anarchopunk band The No Sin named their albums "Drug Called Future" (2006) and "Some Key According to Death and Candy" (2009) in honor of Max Andersson's comics.

text:
# Max Andersson (cartoonist)

**Max Andersson** (born 1962) is a Swedish comic creator and filmmaker, mostly doing "underground style" and "artistic" comics. His comics have mainly been published in Swedish albums, and in the Swedish art magazine *Galago*.

With the publication of his graphic novel *Pixy* by Fantagraphics Books in 1993, Andersson became the first modern Swedish artist to have a comic album published in the United States. In the '90s he was a frequent contributor to the comics anthology *Zero Zero*. He is also the creator of the comic book *Death & Candy*.

The Greek anarchopunk band The No Sin named their albums "Drug Called Future" (2006) and "Some Key According to Death and Candy" (2009) in honor of Max Andersson's comics.

## InfoBox

| Max Andersson | |
| --- | --- |
| Andersson attending the Seattle International Film Festival, 2013 | |
| Born | (1962-07-29) 29 July 1962<br>Karesuando, Sweden |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Area(s) | Cartoonist |
| Notable works | *Pixy*, *Death & Candy* |
| http://www.maxandersson.com | |


title: Max Anderson (baseball)

abstract: Maxwell Edward Anderson is an American professional baseball second baseman in the Detroit Tigers organization.

text:
# Max Anderson (baseball)

**Maxwell Edward Anderson** (born February 28, 2002) is an American professional baseball second baseman in the Detroit Tigers organization.

## Amateur career

Anderson attended Millard West High School and Nebraska. In Anderson's amateur career, he earned multiple honors being the Big Ten Freshman of the Year in 2021 and was a unanimous First-Team All Big Ten in 2023, while playing for the University of Nebraska. During the 2023 season Anderson had the best season of his career having an .414 batting average which led the Big Ten and with a 1.224 on-base plus slugging percentage. He also slugged 20 doubles, two triples, 21 homers and 70 RBIs in 57 game he played during the season. In 2021, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Bourne Braves of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and returned to the league in 2022 to play with the Wareham Gatemen, being named a league all-star in both seasons.

## Professional career

Anderson was selected by the Detroit Tigers in the second round with the 45th pick in the 2023 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the Tigers on July 17, 2023 for $1,429,650.

## InfoBox

| Max Anderson | |
| --- | --- |
| Detroit Tigers | |
| **Second baseman** | |
| **Born:**  (2002-02-28) February 28, 2002<br>Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
|  | |


title: Max Anderson (director)

abstract: Maxim Anderson was a British director and producer of documentaries. He worked with the GPO Film Unit from 1936 onwards, and later changed to Crown Film Unit. He directed documentaries such as The Harvest Shall Come (1942) and Four Men in Prison (1950).

text:
# Max Anderson (director)

**Maxim Anderson** (25 April 1914 in London, England – 10 July 1959) was a British director and producer of documentaries. He worked with the GPO Film Unit from 1936 onwards, and later changed to Crown Film Unit. He directed documentaries such as *The Harvest Shall Come* (1942) and *Four Men in Prison* (1950).

## Biography

Max Anderson was born on 25 April 1914, the son of artist Stanley Anderson and Lillian Phelps. He was educated at Sloane School and Cambridge University He joined the GPO Film Unit in 1936 at age 22, and became a director. Soon after the start of World War II the GPO Film Unit became the Crown Film Unit (CFU) under the Ministry of Information. In 1940, Anderson joined the Realist Film Unit (RFU). He directed *Out of the Night* for the RFU in 1941. The film documents the training of blind people so they can follow interesting and useful careers.

Anderson's 1942 documentary for Imperial Chemical Industries, *The Harvest Shall Come* gave a history of post-Victorian farmers, discussed the effect of the change from an agricultural economy to one based on industry, and gave a cautiously optimistic view of post-war agriculture. The 35-minute documentary, with music by William Alwyn, was sponsored by the Ministry of Information. *The Harvest Shall Come* was entirely filmed on location, including the interior scenes. It was named "Documentary of the Month" by *Documentary News Letter*, which called it "the first genuine story film made with the documentary purpose and by documentary method." It has been called "a far-sighted educational treatment of a major social problem."

In 1943 Anderson directed the 20-minute *Words and Actions* for the RFU. *Words and Actions*, produced by John Taylor, was made for the British Commercial Gas Association. It stressed the need for total co-operation in war time.

The CFU produced the first six issues of *Mining Review* for the National Coal Board in 1947. Anderson directed several of the *Mining Review* stories in October–December 1947. In 1949 Anderson produced *Daybreak in Udi* for the Crown Film Unit, directed by Terry Bishop. The film documented the construction of a maternity hospital in a village in Eastern Nigeria. The 40-minute film, again with music by William Alwyn, was a 1948 Academy Award Winner. *Savage World* (1954), directed by Terry Bishop, is a two part 64-minute film. The first part deals with efforts to conserve wildlife in Africa against the opposition of local poachers, and the second part uses most of the material from *Daybreak in Udi*.

In 1950 Anderson directed *Four Men in Prison*, one of three feature-length documentaries produced that year by John Grierson for the CFU. Another was *The Dancing Fleece* directed by Frederick Wilson. *Four Men in Prison* and *The Dancing Fleece* caused widespread controversy. Anderson's film "disappeared under a ban of official disapproval." Anderson directed the cartoon documentary *Every Five Minutes* in 1951, covering fire prevention. He directed *Treasure at the Mill* in 1957 for the Children's Film Foundation. This was an action adventure film for children.

Anderson died on 10 July 1959, aged 45. A tribute ceremony was held in his honour on 31 January 1960 at the National Film Theatre. *Caught in the Net*, written by Max Anderson, was released in 1960. It is a children's film based on Sutherland Ross's novel *The Lazy Salmon Mystery*.

## Filmography

### As director

### As producer

### As writer

**Notes**

**Citations**

1. "Anderson, Max (1914–1959 ; réalisateur)". *BnF catalogue général*. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
2. Stanley Anderson (1884 − 1966). Archived 24 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Tom Overton, 2009. British Council. British Pavilion in Venice, 2013.
3. Ellis 2000, p. 79.
4. "Crown Film Unit". *Screen Online*. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
5. Orbanz 1977, p. 204.
6. Thorpe, Pronay & Coultass 1980, p. 83.
7. Barsam 1992, p. 194.
8. Dressler 2011, p. 21.
9. Johnson 2005, p. 57.
10. Orbanz 1977, p. 169.
11. British Film and Television Yearbook 1949, p. 400.
12. British Universities Film Council 1974, p. 42.
13. "Max Anderson". British Universities Film and Video Council. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
14. Enticknap 1999, p. 308.
15. Ann Ogidi. "Taylor, John (1914–1992)". *BFI Screenonline*. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
16. Johnson 2005, p. 319.
17. Ellis 2000, p. 258.
18. Enticknap 1999, p. 243.
19. World's Press News 1951, p. 154.
20. Goble 1999, p. 409.
21. Blockbuster Entertainment 1997, p. 1228.
22. *Max Anderson, 1914–1959: A Tribute*. 1960. OCLC 423388859.
23. "Caught in the Net". *TV Guide*. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
24. "Results Max+Anderson". British Universities Film and Video Council. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
25. "Four men in prison". *BnF catalogue général*. Retrieved 6 February 2014.

**Sources**