title: Minnie S. Davis

abstract: Minnie S. Davis was an American author, lecturer, editor, and mental scientist. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, she was the author of Marion Lester, 1850; Clinton Forest, 1858; Rosalie, 1865; and Ideal Motherhood, 1899. She was also a frequent contributor to the Christian Freeman and the Trumpet, as well as serving as associate editor of the Ladies' Repository. Davis was an invalid for many years, and was healed in 1885, attributing her recovery to "mental science", a philosophy of healing later known as the New Thought Movement. From 1885, she was in Hartford, Connecticut, devoting her time to healing, writing, and lecturing on metaphysical subjects.

text:
# Minnie S. Davis

**Minnie S. Davis** (March 25, 1835 - April 19, 1927) was an American author, lecturer, editor, and mental scientist. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, she was the author of *Marion Lester*, 1850; *Clinton Forest*, 1858; *Rosalie*, 1865; and *Ideal Motherhood*, 1899. She was also a frequent contributor to the *Christian Freeman* and the *Trumpet*, as well as serving as associate editor of the *Ladies' Repository*. Davis was an invalid for many years, and was healed in 1885, attributing her recovery to "mental science", a philosophy of healing later known as the New Thought Movement. From 1885, she was in Hartford, Connecticut, devoting her time to healing, writing, and lecturing on metaphysical subjects.

## Early life and education

Armenia (nickname, "Minnie") Skinner Davis was born in Baltimore, March 25, 1835. Her parents, Rev. Samuel A. and Mary Partridge Davis, were natives of Vermont, but moved to Baltimore soon after their marriage. In that city, Rev. Davis was one of the earlier Universalist ministers.

When about six years of age, Davis was thrown from a carriage and one of the wheels passed across her back. The shock of that accident was afterwards assumed to be the cause of frequent illness and great delicacy of health. These circumstances kept the child by the mother's side, and the close companionship had a marked influence upon her future life. When Davis was about seven years old, the family removed to the State of Massachusetts, where the father became successively pastor of the parishes in Hingham, Quincy, and Sterling. About this time, there was a revival in the community, and Davis began to realize that other denominations preached very different doctrines than those taught by her father. In her girlhood, Davis became adept in storytelling. Her younger sisters found it to be their favorite pastime hearing Davis "tell stories." One of these, *Rosalie*, which was published in 1859, was written by an amanuensis when Davis was too feeble to hold a pen, and in later years, it gave solace to Davis to review the story of her childhood.

Davis' school days were often interrupted by weeks of illness or suffering from weak eyes, but she was able to catch up with her studies. The mother was her constant teacher; it was from her she learned an abhorrence of slavery and intemperance. But the mother died in 1848, when Davis, the eldest, was only 13 years old, and the youngest, Florence, an infant of three months. At the age of 17, Davis entered the Green Mountain Institute, Woodstock, Vermont. From the first, she excelled as a scholar and a writer, and frequently wrote short poems.

## Career

Davis' favorite topic was the world of child-life. She had nearly completed a work which was afterward published under the title of *Clinton Forest; or, The Harvest of Love*. It treats of child-life, home influence, school scenes, the power of kindness in the treatment of children, the wanderings and trials of the child, the joys and sorrows of life. She did not dare to publish it, or hardly show it to her friends to get their opinion of it. In due time, she completed another manuscript, *Marion Lester; or, The Mother's Mistake*. The mistake of the mother consisted in sending her daughter to the school where religious error required a severe form of discipline. The plot was entirely Davis'. Some of the characters were taken from real life and some were drawn from the imagination. She prepared it for the press, and in May, 1856, sent it forth. It was a success. The book was read with intense interest by thousands.

Three years later, *Clinton Forest* was finally published, and also had a large sale. In 1865, she published *Rosalie*. She had been a frequent contributor to the "Trumpet," "Christian Freeman" and local papers, and a regular contributor to the "Ladies' Repository." Of the last, Davis was for five years associate editor with Mrs. Sawyer and Mrs. Soulé.

Wearisome days prolonged into years —months when she could not stand alone or walk— and then nursed into convalescence. All one long, dreary winter she was kept in a darkened room with her eyes closely covered, not enduring a ray of light, and suffering most intensely. And with all this pain and suffering and blindness, with it all there came such a longing to write one long poem.

In 1863, she removed with her father's family to Hartford, Connecticut. A few months after going into her new home, she fell down stairs, and that was the beginning of long years of helplessness, suffering and partial blindness. All known means for her restoration had been tried, but with only partial and temporary success. In 1885, when the wave of "Mental Healing" swept over the U.S., Davis was one of the first who embraced its philosophy. A friend visited her and offered to treat her according to the new method of healing. In four months, the days of pain and the darkened room were over. She then obtained the best teachers and studied with them the philosophy of healing, and went out in her turn to pass on the work, in which she has had unusual success. Teaching was evidently her forte, her lectures being clear, strong and logical. Davis was interested in all the advanced movements of the day, including the temperance movement and equal rights.

In 1869, her sister Florence died at the age of 19. At this time a group of young sisters was growing up around her —the children of her father's second marriage. Davis took the greatest interest in their education. She became their home instructor, and sought to form their taste in reading. When her suffering confined her to a darkened room, they became her readers and amanuenses.

## Death

Davis died April 19, 1927, and was buried at Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.

## Reviews

*Ideal Motherhood* (T. Y. Crowell & Co., New York and Boston) was reviewed by *The Arena* who stated, to read *Ideal Motherhood* means an upliftment of soul, a keener appreciation of woman's highest privilege. While presenting an ideal, the author does not carry it beyond the pale of the practical; she believes in the necessity of combining the masculine and feminine elements, the developed intellect and intuition, as commensurate factors in shaping the young life. The review in *The School Journal* goes on to say, that Davis makes some very practical suggestions regarding motherhood, the responsibility entailed thereby, and the necessity for careful and thoughtful preparation for the duties incumbent upon parents.

*Living Counterparts ; a Study of Vibration* (1903, Alliance Publishing Company, New York), reviewed in "Common Sense", was said to have a touch of theosophical thought, and a thread of profitable study running through the work. In her chapter on the "Methods of Nature" there is perhaps more beauty than logic in her arguments, but everyone who follows the purpose of the book will admit there is a spirit of conviction and pure sentiment which carries one to a higher place in the borderland of intellectuality.

## Selected works

* *Marion Lester : or, the mother's mistake*, 1856
* *Clinton forrest : or, the power of kindness, a story for the home circle.*, 1858
* *The harvest of love : a story for the home circle*, 1859
* *The Child's Pictorial Scripture Question Book, designed for the smaller children in Sabbath schools.*, 1862
* *Rosalie and her two homes*, 1865
* *Ideal motherhood*, 1898
* *Living counterparts, a study of vibration*, 1903

### Bibliography

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Herringshaw, Thomas William (1904). *Herringshaw's Encyclopedia of American Biography of the Nineteenth Century: Accurate and Succinct Biographies of Famous Men and Women in All Walks of Life who are Or Have Been the Acknowledged Leaders of Life and Thought of the United States Since Its Formation ...* (Public domain ed.). American Publishers' Association.

## InfoBox

| Minnie S. Davis | |
| --- | --- |
| "A Woman of the Century" | |
| Born | Armenia Skinner Davis
March 25, 1835
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | April 19, 1927(1927-04-19) (aged 92) |
| Resting place | Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Occupation | author, lecturer, editor, mental scientist |
| Language | English |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Green Mountain Institute |


title: Pauper's funeral

abstract: In the United Kingdom, a pauper's funeral was a funeral for a pauper paid for under the Poor Law. This policy addressed the condition of the poor people of Britain, such as those living in the workhouses, where a growing population of the British ended their days from the 1850s to the 1860s. This period saw between 32 and 48 percent increase in the proportion of the elderly and the sick paupers in these institutions. An account described how poor people could not avail themselves of the funeral relief until they entered the workhouse. The common law right of the dead to a dignified burial was first recognized in England in the 1840 case Rex v. Stewart, 12 AD. & E. 773.

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# Pauper's funeral

In the United Kingdom, a **pauper's funeral** was a funeral for a pauper paid for under the Poor Law. This policy addressed the condition of the poor people of Britain, such as those living in the workhouses, where a growing population of the British ended their days from the 1850s to the 1860s. This period saw between 32 and 48 percent increase in the proportion of the elderly and the sick paupers in these institutions. An account described how poor people could not avail themselves of the funeral relief until they entered the workhouse.

The common law right of the dead to a dignified burial was first recognized in England in the 1840 case *Rex v. Stewart*, 12 AD. & E. 773.

## History

According to Laquer, pauper's funerals were seen at the time as a sign of failure, being a source of worry for the poor and degrading to their survivors. He states that while the poor had been buried at the expense of the local parish since at least the 1500s, pauper's funerals first became stigmatized between about 1750 and 1850, as social standing began to depend on acquired attributes like wealth, membership in organizations, and philanthropic or entrepeneurial prominence. In the 1600s and early 1700s, there had been almost no relationship between the wealth of an ordinary person and the costs of their funerals, which were more focused on feasts than parades. The College of Arms had a monopoly on all funerals involving heraldry, with set arrangements for each place in the social order, until the late 1600s, after which more expensive funerals became more widely available. The costs of a funeral later began to closely match the social class and wealth of the deceased. In 1811 the essayist Charles Lamb wrote that "Nothing tended to keep up in the imaginations of the poorer sort of people, a generous horror of the workhouse more than the manner in which pauper funerals were conducted."

## Modern usage of the term

The phrase is still sometimes used, both in the UK and some Commonwealth countries, to describe a public health funeral (or equivalent service outside the UK): a basic burial paid for by the local authority when funeral arrangements cannot (or will not) be made by the family of the deceased. For instance, due to the inability of some families to pay for funeral costs the local authorities pay for the expenses of around 4,000 burials in the country every year.


title: Punabagatta

abstract: Punabagatta is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Harapanahalli taluk of Davanagere district.

text:
# Punabagatta

**Punabagatta**  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Harapanahalli taluk of Davanagere district.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Punabagatta had a population of 5894 with 3017 males and 2877 females.

## InfoBox

| Punabagatta | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | ballary |
| Talukas | Harapanahalli |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 5,894 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Puerto Villamil

abstract: Puerto Villamil is a small port village located on the southeastern edge of Isla Isabela in the Galapagos Islands. Of the 2,200 people who live on Isabela, the majority live in Puerto Villamil. The harbor is frequently full with sailboats, as Villamil is a popular stop for private yachts making their way to the Marquesas Islands as it is the westernmost town in the Galapagos Islands. Puerto Villamil was founded in 1897 by Antonio Gil Traditionally residents of Puerto Villamil have earned a living either through agriculture or fishing. Over the years the government has made policies to move the population away from fishing and into tourist-based activities. This move has been hotly debated, and has created political incidents including one in 2000 when a group of sea cucumber fishermen kidnapped baby tortoises in order to have the government extend their fishing limits. The modern church Iglesia Cristo Salvador in the middle of town is worth a visit because of its colourful wall paintings depicting various typical animals and landscapes of the island. The municipal market with a large relief on the wall showing birds of the island is close by. On the southwestern edge of town a boardwalk was created by the park with assistance of US Aid. It leads through mangrove environments passing along saltwater lagoons filled with flamingo, black-winged stilts, Hudsonian whimbrels, Bahama pintails, and common gallinules that come here to sweep the mud in search of brine shrimp. At the end of the walkway is the Tortoise Breeding Center which was built in order to help preserve the many species of Isabela Tortoises. Poza de los Flamingos is a lake in the western part of the town where flamingos can be observed. To the southeast of town are a series of small islets including one known as Las Tintoreras where a colony of white tip sharks can often be seen resting in the lava channel. The ruins of a penal colony which was closed in 1959 can be visited in the west of the town. The prisoners were forced to build the El Muro de las Lágrimas, a wall with a height of up to 20 meters consisting of black lava stones which is well-preserved.

text:
# Puerto Villamil

**Puerto Villamil** is a small port village located on the southeastern edge of Isla Isabela in the Galapagos Islands. Of the 2,200 people who live on Isabela, the majority live in Puerto Villamil. The harbor is frequently full with sailboats, as Villamil is a popular stop for private yachts making their way to the Marquesas Islands as it is the westernmost town in the Galapagos Islands. Puerto Villamil was founded in 1897 by Antonio Gil

Traditionally residents of Puerto Villamil have earned a living either through agriculture or fishing . Over the years the government has made policies to move the population away from fishing and into tourist-based activities. This move has been hotly debated, and has created political incidents including one in 2000 when a group of sea cucumber fishermen kidnapped baby tortoises in order to have the government extend their fishing limits.

The modern church *Iglesia Cristo Salvador* in the middle of town is worth a visit because of its colourful wall paintings depicting various typical animals and landscapes of the island. The municipal market with a large relief on the wall showing birds of the island is close by.

On the southwestern edge of town a boardwalk was created by the park with assistance of US Aid. It leads through mangrove environments passing along saltwater lagoons filled with flamingo, black-winged stilts, Hudsonian whimbrels, Bahama pintails, and common gallinules that come here to sweep the mud in search of brine shrimp. At the end of the walkway is the Tortoise Breeding Center (*Centro de Crianza de Tortugas Terrestres*) which was built in order to help preserve the many species of Isabela Tortoises. *Poza de los Flamingos* is a lake in the western part of the town where flamingos can be observed.

To the southeast of town are a series of small islets including one known as Las Tintoreras where a colony of white tip sharks can often be seen resting in the lava channel.

The ruins of a penal colony which was closed in 1959 can be visited in the west of the town. The prisoners were forced to build the El Muro de las Lágrimas, a wall with a height of up to 20 meters consisting of black lava stones which is well-preserved.

0°57′24.52″S 90°58′02.09″W / 0.9568111°S 90.9672472°W / -0.9568111; -90.9672472


title: Ülle Lichtfeldt

abstract: Ülle Lichtfeldt is an Estonian actress. Since 1995 she is working at Rakvere Theatre. Besides theatre roles she has also played on films and television series. Lichtfeldt is married to actor and politician Indrek Saar.

text:
# Ülle Lichtfeldt

**Ülle Lichtfeldt** (born 4 August 1970) is an Estonian actress.

Since 1995 she is working at Rakvere Theatre. Besides theatre roles she has also played on films and television series.

Lichtfeldt is married to actor and politician Indrek Saar.

## Selected filmography

* 1997 *Minu Leninid* (feature film; role: ?)
* 1999-... *Õnne 13* (television series; role: Are Prillop)
* 2006 *Kuldrannake* (feature film; role: Angela)
* 2008 *Tuulepealne maa* (television mini-series; role: Maria Kallaste)
* 2013 *Elavad pildid* (feature film; role: Notary)
* 2014-2015 *Viimane võmm* (television series; role: Tanja Murrik)
* 2015 *Klassikokkutulek* (feature film; role: Eva)
* 2016 *Siberi võmm* (television series; role: Tanja Murrik)


title: Pseudocyst of the auricle

abstract: Pseudocyst of the auricle, also known as auricular pseudocyst, endochondral pseudocyst, cystic chondromalacia, intracartilaginous auricular seroma cyst, and benign idiopathic cystic chondromalacia, is a cutaneous condition characterized by a fluctuant, tense, noninflammatory swelling on the upper half of the ear, known as the auricle or pinna. Pseudocysts of the auricle are nontender, noninflammatory cystic lesions that progress over a 4- to 12-week period, ranging from 1 to 5 cm in diameter. They are usually unilateral, often on the right ear, but can also present bilaterally. The auricle pseudodocyst can occur independently, but prior trauma is a significant factor in initiating tissue plane separation within cartilage, leading to fluid buildup in the affected area. Diagnosis is often based on a patient's history, physical examination, and histopathologic analysis. Differential diagnoses include subperichondrial hematoma due to trauma, chondrodermatitis helicis, relapsing polychondritis, and cellulitis. Various therapies, including simple aspiration, corticosteroid injection, and reinforced pressure sutures, are available.

text:
# Pseudocyst of the auricle

**Pseudocyst of the auricle**, also known as **auricular pseudocyst**, **endochondral pseudocyst**, **cystic chondromalacia**, **intracartilaginous auricular seroma cyst**, and **benign idiopathic cystic chondromalacia**, is a cutaneous condition characterized by a fluctuant, tense, noninflammatory swelling on the upper half of the ear, known as the auricle or pinna. Pseudocysts of the auricle are nontender, noninflammatory cystic lesions that progress over a 4- to 12-week period, ranging from 1 to 5 cm in diameter. They are usually unilateral, often on the right ear, but can also present bilaterally.

The auricle pseudodocyst can occur independently, but prior trauma is a significant factor in initiating tissue plane separation within cartilage, leading to fluid buildup in the affected area.

Diagnosis is often based on a patient's history, physical examination, and histopathologic analysis. Differential diagnoses include subperichondrial hematoma due to trauma, chondrodermatitis helicis, relapsing polychondritis, and cellulitis. Various therapies, including simple aspiration, corticosteroid injection, and reinforced pressure sutures, are available.

## Signs and symptoms

A single lesion on the front part of the ear is usually the initial sign of pseudocyst of the auricle. Pseudocysts of the auricle appear as flesh-colored, nontender, noninflammatory cystic lesions and progress gradually over a 4- to 12-week period. Their diameters range from 1 to 5 cm. Usually, the lesions start off soft and get firmer with time. They are filled with a viscous substance that resembles olive oil and is often straw-yellow in hue. Serous and serosanguinous fluid, however, might be present. The most common appearance of pseudocyst of the auricle is unilateral, usually on the right ear, while reports of bilateral presentations have also been made.

## Causes

Pseudocyst of the auricle can happen on its own, but the majority of authors concur that prior trauma is a key initiating factor for the separation of tissue planes inside the cartilage, which is followed by fluid buildup in that area.

## Diagnosis

A patient's history and physical examination are frequently used to make a diagnosis. Histopathologic analysis may occasionally be necessary for the confirmation of a diagnosis.

Cyst-like lesions with a fibrous, cartilaginous, and granulation tissue lining devoid of epithelium, coupled with ahyalinizing degeneration of the surrounding cartilage, are typical histopathologic features.

The differential diagnosis consists of subperichondrial hematoma owing to trauma, chondrodermatitis helicis, relapsing polychondritis, and cellulitis.

## Treatment

The literature reports a variety of therapies, such as simple aspiration, intralesional corticosteroid injection, and aspiration combined with reinforced pressure sutures or a plaster of paris cast.

More invasive methods such as opening the cavity, draining it, and then obliterating it with curettage, sclerosing agent, and pressure dressing; open deroofing, which entails removing the anterior cartilaginous leaflet of the pseudocyst and realigning the skin flap overlying it, have also been suggested. On the other hand, the risk of perichondritis aggravated by the development of a cauliflower deformity or floppy ear is associated with invasive treatment techniques, and recurrences may occur afterward.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Pseudocyst of the auricle | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Auricular pseudocyst, endochondral pseudocyst, cystic chondromalacia, intracartilaginous auricular seroma cyst, and benign idiopathic cystic chondromalacia. |
| Specialty | Dermatology |


title: Shia Muslim Foundation

abstract: The Shia Muslim Foundation is a registered non-profit organization founded in 2020. The foundation is dedicated to supporting the civic rights of American Shia Muslims and advocating on social and political issues.

text:
# Shia Muslim Foundation

The **Shia Muslim Foundation** is a registered non-profit organization founded in 2020. The foundation is dedicated to supporting the civic rights of American Shia Muslims and advocating on social and political issues.

## Overview

The SMF works globally to promote the rights and welfare of Shia Muslims. Through various initiatives and programs, it addresses challenges faced by the Shia Muslim community, fostering understanding and appreciation of the Shia faith. Its primary focus is the raising awareness of crises, conflicts and persecution of Shia Muslims in countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq, advocating for Shia Muslim rights and providing aid to those affected, including refugees and bereaved families. In the United States, the foundation promotes understanding and acceptance of the Shia faith, educating the public about Shia beliefs and practices. It also endeavors to build cooperation between Shia and Sunni communities. Through its initiatives, the Shia Muslim Foundation seeks to contribute to the betterment of Shia Muslims worldwide and advocates for a just and peaceful society for all.

## History

The SMF was founded some time in 2020.

In May 2021, Joe Biden, president of the United States, reinstated the White House's tradition of celebrating Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr. This event, held on May 1, was historically meaningful for Muslim Americans, symbolizing recognition and inclusion. The Shia Muslim Foundation was among the organizations that attended the celebration, reflecting the rich diversity of the Muslim American community.

On March 5, 2022, the SMF provided over $2,500 worth of food and groceries to about 30 Afghan refugee families in Landover, Maryland. The dire situation of the refugees was highlighted by the story of a young girl who approached the volunteers for food, indicating her family's desperate need. Throughout the day, similar stories emerged, showcasing the refugees' severe hardships, yet they remained hopeful and supportive of one another. The SMF planned to continue their support with another donation drive before Ramadan in April 2022, calling for community contributions to aid these efforts.

In August 2022, following the killings of Muslim men in Albuquerque by a serial killer, the SMF participated in a joint press conference with the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) and other Sunni and Shia organizations. The conference was a response to the arrest of a Sunni man accused of committing the murders out of anti-Shia sentiment. Rahat Husain of SMF highlighted the unity between Shia and Sunni Muslims in the US, emphasizing the importance of love and friendship amidst the crisis. He called for addressing any form of anti-Shia hatred while maintaining the solidarity that exists within the Muslim community in America. The incident spurred efforts from both Sunni and Shia communities in the US to foster better understanding and prevent such divisions and hatred from taking root. The SMF's involvement in the press conference underscores its commitment to combating Islamophobia and sectarian hatred, and to promoting unity among Muslims in the US.

In September 2022, concerns about the immigration challenges facing visiting Imams were raised by the Shia Muslim Foundation. The SMF highlighted the increasing difficulties these religious leaders encountered when entering the U.S., which impacted the Shia community's ability to practice their religion freely. The Foundation has called for immediate action to address these issues and requested a meeting with officials to discuss resolutions.

On April 20, 2023, the SMF announced the donation of numerous laptops to Shia Muslim community members in Washington, D.C., focusing on those impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This initiative aimed to address the digital divide and support education, employment, and connectivity for individuals lacking these critical resources. The recipients, particularly those experiencing financial difficulties, job loss, or educational barriers, welcomed the laptops with gratitude, acknowledging the potential positive changes in their lives. A spokesperson for the SMF reaffirmed the organization's dedication to assisting community members, especially in challenging times, with hopes that the technology will aid in long-term success and communication.

In May 2023, the Shia Muslim Foundation was represented at a White House listening session on Islamophobia. The session, hosted by Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff and other senior administration officials, was part of the Biden-Harris administration's efforts to counter Islamophobia and related forms of bias and discrimination within the United States. The foundation's president participated among other Muslim community leaders to discuss challenges and share recommendations for confronting hate and bigotry.

On a Wednesday in April 2023, the White House conducted a listening session on Islamophobia. High-level officials from the Biden administration, including Second Gentleman Douglas Emhoff and other senior figures, met with American Muslim community leaders to address the issue of Islamophobia. The SMF was among the participating organizations. The session aimed to gather insights on the challenges faced by Muslim communities and explore recommendations to combat Islamophobia and bigotry. The Biden-Harris administration expressed appreciation for the leadership shown by the participants and reaffirmed the President's commitment to countering Islamophobia. An incident involving the Muslim mayor of Prospect Park, New Jersey, Mohamed Khairullah, who was prevented from attending the White House celebration, highlighted ongoing concerns about Islamophobia within federal agencies.

The SMF has actively addressed concerns regarding the persecution of Shias in Pakistan, particularly in light of recent amendments to the blasphemy laws. In October 2023, the SMF's Executive Director penned a letter to Pakistan's ambassador to the United States, expressing the distress of the Pakistani Shia community in the US over the "Tauheen E Sahaba" bill. The letter articulated the Shia community's respect for the Sahaba while expressing apprehension about the bill's potential for misuse. It drew parallels between the proposed law and the existing blasphemy laws, which have been used to target minority religious places and individuals.

## InfoBox

Shia Muslim Foundation
| Abbreviation | SMF |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2020 |
| Type | 501(c)(3), Public Charity |
| Tax ID no. | 86-1914327 |
| Purpose | Shia Advocacy, Civil Rights |
| Location |  |
| Executive director | Rahat Husain |
| Website | shiamuslimfoundation.com |


title: Mirlan Mirzaliev

abstract: Mirlan Mirzaliev is a retired professional Kyrgyzstani footballer. He is also a former Kyrgyzstan national football team player.

text:
# Mirlan Mirzaliev

**Mirlan Mirzaliev** is a retired professional Kyrgyzstani footballer.

He is also a former Kyrgyzstan national football team player.

## InfoBox

Mirlan Mirzaliev
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mirlan Mirzaliev | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-05-19) 19 May 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Kyrgyzstan | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1992–1995 | Alay Osh | 64 | (31) |
| 1997 | Dinamo Osh | 8 | (3) |
| 1997–2001 | Dinamo Bishkek | 64 | (35) |
| 2001 | Dordoi | 21 | (6) |
| 2002–2008 | Alay | 128 | (61) |
| Total |  | **284** | **(136)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1997–2000 | Kyrgyzstan | 7 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17:05, 10 June 2014 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 17:05, 10 June 2014 (UTC) | | | |


title: Paupack, Pennsylvania

abstract: Paupack is an unincorporated community in Pike County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is 5.5 miles (8.9 km) south of Hawley. Paupack has a post office with ZIP code 18451, which opened on October 19, 1900. The community derives its name from Wallenpaupack Creek. The area was originally served by Paupack Consolidated School, which dates back to 1925 and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Paupack, Pennsylvania

**Paupack** is an unincorporated community in Pike County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is 5.5 miles (8.9 km) south of Hawley. Paupack has a post office with ZIP code 18451, which opened on October 19, 1900. The community derives its name from Wallenpaupack Creek. The area was originally served by Paupack Consolidated School, which dates back to 1925 and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

## InfoBox

| Paupack, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Paupack School | |
| Paupack | |
| Coordinates: 41°23′46″N 75°11′47″W / 41.39611°N 75.19639°W / 41.39611; -75.19639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Pike |
| Elevation | 1,565 ft (477 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 18451 |
| Area code(s) | 272 & 570 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1199282 |


title: MediaGX

abstract: The MediaGX CPU is an x86-compatible processor that was designed by Cyrix and manufactured by National Semiconductor following the two companies' merger. It was introduced in 1997. The core is based on the integration of the Cyrix Cx5x86 CPU core with hardware to process video and audio output. Following the buyout of Cyrix by National Semiconductor and the sale of the Cyrix name and trademarks to VIA Technologies, the core was developed by National Semiconductor into the Geode line of processors, which was subsequently sold to Advanced Micro Devices. Whether this processor belongs in the fourth or fifth generation of x86 processors can be considered a matter of debate as the processor was based on the 5x86. While the 5x86 was intended to compete with the Intel Pentium line, the 5th generation x86, it was designed to interface with a 4th generation (80486) motherboard and had only the 486's instruction set, lacking the ability to run software requiring the Pentium's new instructions. The MediaGX CPU was mostly used for subcompact laptops. It was also used in the CTX EzBook V92C266, Compaq Presario 1220 and 1230 laptops, Compaq Presario 2100 and 2200 desktops, Casio Cassiopeia Fiva MPC-100 series subnotebook and MPC-501 tablet PCs, and many others, as well as in high-performance embedded applications such as the Pinball 2000 arcade pinball system and Atari Games arcade platforms. Sun Microsystems used MediaGXm in the Dover JavaStation.

text:
# MediaGX

The **MediaGX** CPU is an x86-compatible processor that was designed by Cyrix and manufactured by National Semiconductor following the two companies' merger. It was introduced in 1997. The core is based on the integration of the Cyrix Cx5x86 CPU core with hardware to process video and audio output (XpressRAM, XpressGRAPHICS, XpressAUDIO). Following the buyout of Cyrix by National Semiconductor and the sale of the Cyrix name and trademarks to VIA Technologies, the core was developed by National Semiconductor into the Geode line of processors, which was subsequently sold to Advanced Micro Devices.

Whether this processor belongs in the fourth or fifth generation of x86 processors can be considered a matter of debate as the processor was based on the 5x86 (a scaled down version of the Cyrix 6x86). While the 5x86 was intended to compete with the Intel Pentium line, the 5th generation x86, it was designed to interface with a 4th generation (80486) motherboard and had only the 486's instruction set, lacking the ability to run software requiring the Pentium's new instructions.

The MediaGX CPU was mostly used for subcompact laptops. It was also used in the CTX EzBook V92C266, Compaq Presario 1220 and 1230 laptops, Compaq Presario 2100 and 2200 desktops, Casio Cassiopeia Fiva MPC-100 series subnotebook and MPC-501 tablet PCs, and many others, as well as in high-performance embedded applications such as the Pinball 2000 arcade pinball system and Atari Games arcade platforms. Sun Microsystems used MediaGXm in the Dover JavaStation.

## History

The MediaGX was launched on February 20, 1997. Compaq would be using the chip in some of their computers such as the Presario 2000, which went on sale for $999. This was due to a partnership between Cyrix and Compaq. The MediaGX was first available in speeds of 120 and 133 MHz with pricing of $79 and $99.

The 150 MHz version of the MedixGX was available by June of 1997. This version of the chip would be used in the Presario 2120. The 150 MHz chip would cost $99 each in bulk quantities with the 133 and 120 MHz costing $88 and $60.

## Virtual Subsystem Architecture

Virtual Subsystem Architecture (VSA) emulates a presence of the real hardware VGA (XpressGRAPHICS) and Sound Blaster (XpressAUDIO). The access to the hardware resources traps via BIOS and emulates in the System Management Mode (SMM), enabling it to execute transparently to the operating system, drivers and applications.

## Media GX

* Manufacturing process: 0.4 μm
* Cache: L1 16 KB unified
* Core speed: 120, 133, 150 MHz
* Bus speed: 33 MHz

## Media GXi

Cyrix MediaGXi is an improved version of the MediaGX.

* Manufacturing process: 0.35 μm
* Cache: L1 16 KB unified
* Core speed: 120, 133, 150, 166, 180 MHz

## MediaGXm

The MediaGXm is an improved MediaGX with an implementation of the MMX enhanced instruction set.

* Manufacturing process: 0.35 μm 4-layer metal CMOS process
* Core speed: 180–266 MHz
* Bus speed: 33 MHz
* Cache:
    + L1 cache size 16 KB write-back 4-way set associative unified I/D cache.
    + Or 12-Kbyte unified L1 Cache and 4K scratchpad for SMM & Graphics.
* Integrated peripherals:
    + PCI controller
    + Display controller and 2D graphics accelerator
    + Hardware MPEG-1 supports fullscreen video playback
    + 16-bit audio subsystem Sound Blaster 16/Pro compatible
    + 64-bit SDRAM controller
* V core: 2.9 V
* V I/O: 3.3 V
* Package: 320-pin Ceramic PGA; 352-ball BGA
* System chipset: Cx5520 352-pin BGA

National Semiconductor offered this processor under the name Geode GXM.

## Disadvantages

The MediaGX platform does not provide support for external Level-2 cache memory, typical for motherboard designs of the period. All of the cache must be on the processor die.

MediaGX processors can only run on motherboards specifically designed for the same model of the processor due to tight integration between the processor and its companion chipset.

The graphics, sound, and PCI bus ran at the same speed as the processor clock also due to tight integration. This made the processor appear much slower than its actual rated speed. However, the graphics system is able to use the main system memory providing for significant cost savings on the basic systems and embedded controllers in the market for this platform.

## InfoBox

Cyrix MediaGX
| Cyrix MediaGX, BGA | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Launched | February 20, 1997 |
| Common manufacturer |  |
| CPUID code | 440h (GX/GXi), 540h (GXm) |
| Performance | |
| Max. CPU clock rate | 120 MHz to 300 MHz |
| FSB speeds | 30 MHz to 33 MHz |
| Cache | |
| L1 cache | 16 KiB unified |
| Architecture and classification | |
| Technology node | 0.35 μm to 0.4 μm |
| Microarchitecture | 5x86 |
| Instruction set | x86-16, IA-32 |
| Extensions |  |
| Physical specifications | |
| Cores | * 1 |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Cyrix 5x86 |
| Successor | Geode |


title: Puna tapaculo

abstract: The puna tapaculo is a species of bird in the family Rhinocryptidae. It is found in Bolivia and Peru.

text:
# Puna tapaculo

The **puna tapaculo** (***Scytalopus simonsi***) is a species of bird in the family Rhinocryptidae. It is found in Bolivia and Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

What is now known as the puna tapaculo was originally described as a species in 1917. It was later treated as synonymous with Tschudi's tapaculo (*Scytalopus acutirostris*). Still later it was treated as *Scytalopus magellanicus simonsi*, a subspecies of Magellanic tapaculo. Following a study published in 1997, it was elevated to species rank because of differences in their vocalizations. Its English name honors American scientific collector Perry O. Simons.

## Description

The puna tapaculo is 10 to 12 cm (3.9 to 4.7 in) long. Three males weighed 15.7 to 20 g (0.55 to 0.71 oz) and a female 15.7 g (0.55 oz). The adult male's upper parts are gray, often washed with brown on the neck and back. It has a narrow pale supercilium. The throat and breast are also gray. The rump, flanks, and belly can be cinnamon or olive-buff and have dark bars. The adult female is similar to the males that have the brown wash; otherwise they may be paler. Immatures are paler overall but have a heavier brown wash on the upper parts. The entire underside is barred.

## Distribution and habitat

The puna tapaculo is found on the eastern slope of the Andes at elevations of 2,900 to 4,300 m (9,500 to 14,100 ft) from Cordillera Vilcanota in Peru's Department of Cuzco southeast to Bolivia's Cochabamba Department. It inhabits elfin forest at tree line and above there is in small shrubs and trees among grass tussocks. It can also be found in *Polylepis* woodlands.

## Behavior

### Feeding

Though very little is known about the puna tapaculo's diet, the species is probably insectivorous though seeds are also eaten.

### Breeding

Very little is also known about the puna tapaculo's breeding phenology. One nest has been described; it was a cup lined with grass, placed at the end of a burrow approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) deep. It had a dome of loosely woven grass over it and contained two eggs. After hatching, both adults provisioned the nestlings.

### Vocalization

The song of the puna tapaculo was described by D.L. Lane as "a series of descending churred phrases: *tcherr tcherr tcherr tcherr ....*" . Lane described a call as "a descending whinny: *djee-ee-ee-eer*" .

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the puna tapaculo as being of Least Concern. Though it has a restricted range and its population has not been quantified, "In the short term, the puna tapaculo is little affected by human activity".

## InfoBox

| Puna tapaculo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Rhinocryptidae |
| Genus: | *Scytalopus* |
| Species: | ***S. simonsi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scytalopus simonsi***
Chubb, 1917 | |
|
|  | |


title: Puya riparia

abstract: Puya riparia is a species in the genus Puya. This species is endemic to Bolivia.

text:
# Puya riparia

***Puya riparia*** is a species in the genus *Puya*. This species is endemic to Bolivia.

* Krömer, Thorsten; Kessler, Michael; Holst, Bruce K.; Luther, Harry E.; Gouda, Eric J.; Ibisch, Pierre L.; Till, Walter; Vásquez, Roberto (1 October 1999). "Checklist of Bolivian Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution and Levels of Endemism". *Selbyana*. **20** (2): 201–223. ISSN 2689-0682. JSTOR 41760025.

## InfoBox

| *Puya riparia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Puya* |
| Subgenus: | *Puya subg. Puyopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. riparia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Puya riparia***<br>L.B. Smith | |
|


title: Ülle

abstract:
Ülle is an Estonian feminine given name, a feminine form of the masculine given name Ülo. People named Ülle include:
  - Ülle Aaskivi (1950–2007), politician
  - Ülle Jaakma, agronomist, veterinarian and university rector
  - Ülle Kaljuste, actress
  - Ülle Kukk, botanist and conservationist
  - Ülle Lichtfeldt, actress
  - Ülle Madise, lawyer and current Chancellor of Justice
  - Ülle Rajasalu, politician
  - Ülle Toming, dancer and actress
  - Ülle Ulla (1934–2016), ballet dancer, actress, dance teacher and opera singer
  - Kauksi Ülle, poet

text:
# Ülle

**Ülle** is an Estonian feminine given name, a feminine form of the masculine given name Ülo.

People named Ülle include:

## InfoBox

Ülle
| Gender | Female |
| --- | --- |
| Language(s) | Estonian |
| Name day | 19 February (Estonia) |
| Origin | |
| Region of origin | Estonia |
| Other names | |
| Related names | Ülvi |


title: Psycho Jukebox

abstract: Psycho Jukebox is the debut solo album by Jon Fratelli, frontman of The Fratellis and formerly of Codeine Velvet Club. Released on 25 July 2011. It was recorded with Tony Hoffer in the Sound Factory studios in Los Angeles.

text:
# Psycho Jukebox

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Clash* | 4/10 |
| *Ultimate Guitar* | 7.3/10 |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 5/10 |

***Psycho Jukebox*** is the debut solo album by Jon Fratelli, frontman of The Fratellis and formerly of Codeine Velvet Club. Released on 25 July 2011. It was recorded with Tony Hoffer (who produced *Costello Music* and mixed *Codeine Velvet Club*) in the Sound Factory studios in Los Angeles.

## Recording

After putting the Fratellis on hiatus in 2009, Jon worked with singer/songwriter Lou Hickey on a project entitled Codeine Velvet Club. The duo recorded an album and played live during late 2009 and early 2010 before Jon announced he was departing the project to move onto a solo career. After playing a few shows (notably using musicians from Codeine Velvet Club, bar Hickey), Jon flew to LA with the band to record his debut album. He kept fans up to date on the songs he was working on via his Twitter feed. Finishing the album in November, under the working title *The Magic Hour*, Jon flew home and recorded an EP to release before the album. The first single was released in February 2011, called "Santo Domingo" (previously known as "Ham On Rye, named after a Charles Bukowski book") While writing, Jon decided to add a new song to the album and flew back to LA to record it. The song, "Baby, We're Refugees!" was released as the second single on 12 June 2011.

Jon has also since tried to add a song entitled "Dead Radio", but was unable to as Island locked down the dates. He has however played it live and recorded it in a stripped down form on a free podcast which is on his website.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jon Fratelli

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tell Me Honey" | 3:20 |
| 2. | "Daddy Won't Pay Your Bill" | 4:01 |
| 3. | "Santo Domingo" | 3:01 |
| 4. | "Rhythm Doesn't Make You a Dancer" | 3:15 |
| 5. | "The Band Played Just for Me" | 3:51 |
| 6. | "Magic & Mayhem" | 4:00 |
| 7. | "She's My Shaker" | 3:47 |
| 8. | "Cavemen" | 3:30 |
| 9. | "Baby, We're Refugees!" | 2:38 |
| 10. | "Oh Shangri La" | 4:27 |
| 11. | "Give Me My Heart Back MacGuire" | 3:45 |
| 12. | "Sometimes You Just Can't Win" (CD Bonus Track) |  |

iTunes Bonus Tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Aeroplanes" (iTunes Pre-Order Bonus Track) |  |

A Scottish edition of the album was released with the following extra tracks. This version is also available on iTunes as the deluxe version, which also includes "Aeroplanes" as a pre-order bonus track and doesn't include "Sometimes You Just Can't Win".

Scottish Edition / iTunes Deluxe Edition
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "Daddy Won't Pay You Bill" (Live at Terminal Studios, Glasgow) |  |
| 14. | "Tell Me Honey" (Live at Terminal Studios, Glasgow) |  |
| 15. | "Santo Domingo" (Live at Terminal Studios, Glasgow) |  |
| 16. | "Rhythm Doesn't Make You a Dancer" (Live at Terminal Studios, Glasgow) |  |
| 17. | "Baby, We're Refugees!" (Live at Terminal Studios, Glasgow) |  |

## Personnel

**Band**

**Production**

* Tony Hoffer \- producer, mixer, programming
* Todd Burke - engineer
* Cameron Lister - assistant engineer

## InfoBox

| Psycho Jukebox | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jon Fratelli | |
| Released | 25 July 2011 (2011-07-25) |
| Recorded | October 2010 |
| Genre | Indie rock, post-punk revival |
| Label | Island |
| Producer | Tony Hoffer |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Psycho Jukebox* | |
| 1. "Santo Domingo"
Released: 28 February 2011 2. "Baby, We're Refugees!"
Released: 12 June 2011 | |
|  | |


title: Germanium(II) hydrides

abstract: Germanium(II) hydrides, also called germylene hydrides, are a class of Group 14 compounds consisting of low-valent germanium and a terminal hydride. They are also typically stabilized by an electron donor-acceptor interaction between the germanium atom and a large, bulky ligand.

text:
# Germanium(II) hydrides

**Germanium(II) hydrides**, also called germylene hydrides, are a class of Group 14 compounds consisting of low-valent germanium and a terminal hydride. They are also typically stabilized by an electron donor-acceptor interaction between the germanium atom and a large, bulky ligand.

## Synthesis

The first stable monomeric germylene hydride was reported by Roesky *et al.* in 2001. Initial attempts to synthesize the compound involved treating a β-diketiminato germylene chloride precursor, \[{HC-(CMeNAr)2}GeCl\] (where Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H), with LiAlH4, though this proved unsuccessful, with the formation of an aluminum dihydride species instead. However, use of the weaker reducing agent NaBH4 resulted in the formation of a germylene hydride with a borane adduct. They found that the Ge-H bond was inert in this adduct, and so the borane adduct was able to be selectively removed at room temperature by a PMe3 scavenger, resulting in the desired terminal germylene hydride:

When the β-diketiminato germylene chloride was treated with the alane-amine adduct AlH3•NMe3 in toluene at -4 °C, the solution underwent a color change from yellow to orange-red as the volatile trimethylamine was removed from the solution, and the resulting power was identified as the stable terminal germylene hydride with 60% yield, thus affording the first direct synthetic route:

The synthesis and isolation of two digermanium germanium(II) hydrides have also been reported. One of these compounds was formed by the addition of L-selectride to a bulky germanium(II) chloride in ether, while the other was formed by the addition of L-selectride to the same germanium(II) chloride in toluene, followed by filtration and the dropwise addition of PMe3.

The first stable acyclic germylene hydride was formed from the dissociation of a hydrido-digermene. The initial monomeric germylene chloride was synthesized by the reaction of a bulky lithium amide ligand and GeCl2•dioxane. Although synthesized from multiple synthetic pathways, reaction of the germylene chloride with L-selectride in toluene at -80 °C most directly gives the orange crystalline hydrido-digermene with 52% yield. This digermene is thought to be in equilibrium with a two-coordinate hydrido-germylene, which can be isolated upon addition of DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine) at 20 °C, giving pale yellow crystals of the three-coordinate germylene hydride in 27% yield.

Similar to the germylene hydrides, the first known example of a germyliumylidene hydride (a germylene hydride cation) was isolated in 2014. This compound can be formed from a two step process, starting with the reaction of potassium bis(*NHC*)-borate with GeCl2•dioxane to yield a zwitterionic germyliumylidene chloride. The Cl/H exchange can then be undergone via reaction with K\[HB(*s*-Bu)
3\] to give the germylene hydride cation in 91% yield.

The germylene hydride cation was also further reacted with the trityl cation, \[Ph3C\]+\[B(C6F5)4\], as a hydride scavenger, which resulted in the formation of an adduct with the three-coordinate germylene hydride cation acting a donor and a two-coordinate Ge(II) dication as an electron acceptor.

## Structure and bonding

The β-diketiminato germylene hydride reported Roesky *et al.* crystallizes in the *P21/n* space group as two isostructural molecules per unit. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the orange-red crystals showed that the germanium atom is tetrahedrally coordinated by the hydrogen atom, the β-diketiminato ligand, and the germanium lone pair. The Ge-N bond length is reported to be 1.989 Å and the Ge-H bond displays an absorption at 1733 cm−1, corresponding to a stretching mode.

### Atoms-in-molecules and electron localization function analysis

In an atoms-in-molecules analysis of GeH, 3 critical points (2 attractors and a bond critical point) were found. Computed natural bond order and atoms-in-molecules charges both showed a positive charge on germanium and a negative charge on the hydrogen, indicating a significant charge transfer to hydrogen and generating a Ge+H polarization. Similar results were found for Ge2H, with a positive charge on both germanium atoms and a negative charge on the hydrogen. However, there were 3 bond critical points found, as well as 1 ring critical point.

## Reactions

### Hydrogermylation

Germanium(II) hydrides have been reported to take part in a wide array of hydrogenation reactions. The first of these reactivities were reported by Jana *et al.* in 2009, but have been significantly expounded upon since then. The bulk of reported reactivities are for the β-diketiminato germylene hydride. For many of these reactions, including reactions with alkynes and carbon dioxide, germanium is found to retain its oxidation state during the transfer of hydrogen.

#### CO2 reduction

The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide by the β-diketiminato germylene hydride proceeds at room temperature without a catalyst to form the germylene ester of formic acid in quantitative yield. This germylene ester is reported to further react at -78 °C with the nucleophile lithium amidoborane (LiH2NBH3), which can be formed by treatment of the commercially available ammonia borane with *n*-BuLi, to generate lithium formate in high yield (85%-95%). Lithium formate can be converted to formic acid with an acid workup and the original germylene hydride was found to reform in the generation of lithium formate, thus making a germylene hydride a potential catalyst for conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid. Furthermore, it was found that the same germylene hydride reacts with 3 equivalents of ammonia borane at 60 °C in THF, producing methanol (after an aqueous workup) and again reforming the germylene hydride. The stability of the germylene hydride to water also allows it to be recovered from the other reaction products via an extraction in benzene, an important property for any catalyst to be used to generate chemical feedstocks.

In 2014 Tan *et al.* showed that the β-diketiminato germylene formate and a closely related germylene formate compound can both produce methanol in high yield with alane used as a hydride source, providing yet another route for germylene hydrides to be used as catalysts for carbon dioxide transformations.

#### Alkynes

The β-diketiminato germylene hydride is reported to react with several alkynes, including ethyl propiolate to form a vinyl germylene in good yield (\>80%). This reaction occurs via the 1,2-addition of the germylene hydride across the alkyne triple bond, as opposed to an H2 elimination involving one of the C-H bonds of the alkyne. This reaction also requires no catalyst, in contrast to previously reported reactions of Ge(IV)-H and alkynes that have necessitated a variety of catalysts.

#### Ketones

Activated ketones, such as 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenone, react with the β-diketiminato germylene hydride to form the corresponding germylene alkoxide in quantitative yield. This reaction proceeds through a nucleophilic hydride addition to the carbonyl carbon of the ketone. However, this reaction is unsuccessful with less electrophilic ketones, such as acetone and benzophenone.

#### Elemental sulfur

Two equivalents of elemental sulfur react with the β-diketiminato germylene hydride to give a germanium dithiocarboxylic acid analogue in moderate yield (60%). In formation of the product, the oxidation state of germanium changes from Ge(II) to Ge(IV), thus requiring both the insertion and oxidative addition of elemental sulfur into the Ge(II)-H bond. No intermediates have been isolated and the mechanistic order of these steps is currently unknown.

There was also no evidence found for any tautomeric equilibrium of the germanium dithiocarboxylic acid analogue, which is reflected in the two varying Ge-S bond lengths (2.064 Å and 2.242 Å).

### Hydroboration

The previously reported acyclic amido germylene hydride was found to catalyze the hydroboration of a variety of aldehydes and ketones with the mild borane reagent HBpin (pin = pinacolato). The catalytic efficiency of aldehyde conversions was markedly greater for aliphatic aldehydes, with turnover frequencies (TOFs) ranging from 2000-6000 h−1, than for aromatic aldehydes, whose TOFs never exceeded 67. This efficiency discrepancy can be explained by the increased steric bulk of aromatic aldehydes that make it more difficult for the oxygen nucleophile to approach the Ge metal in the rate-determining step, as well as by the decreased Lewis basicity of the oxygen the aryl substituents impart.

The ketones were found to require a significantly higher catalyst loading than the aldehydes and, furthermore, reacted at a much slower rate than the aldehydes. Notably, however, the majority of reported catalytic efficiencies for both the aldehydes and ketones were greater for the germylene hydride than for previously reported transition metal catalyzed hydroborations using HBpin.

### Other reactions

#### Nitrous oxide

Reaction of the β-diketiminato germylene hydride with nitrous oxide produces a germylene hydroxide, the first reported Group 14 metal hydride to react with N2O in such a way. Nitrous oxide serves as an oxygen source to form this compound in almost quantitative yield.

#### Trimethylsilyl azide

Trimethylsilylazide (Me3SiN3) forms two products in a 1:1 ratio upon reaction with the β-diketiminato germylene hydride: a germanium(II) azide and a germanium(IV) diamide. The germanium(II) azide is thought to form from the metathesis of the germylene hydride and trimethylazide, with concomitant elimination of Me3SiH. The mechanism for germanium(IV) diamide is less clear, though it is proposed that the pathway involves an oxidative addition-insertion of a nitrene (:NSiMe3), formed *in situ* via dinitrogen elimination from the azide, along with intramolecular hydride shifts.

#### Azo and diazo compounds

The β-diketiminato germylene hydride has been reported to react with both ethyl diazoacetate and trimethylsilyldiazomethane, forming germanium(II)-substituted hydrazone derivatives. The reaction progresses by the end-on insertion of the diazoalkane into the Ge(II)-H bond, with subsequent hydrogen transfer to the nitrogen. Electronic structure analysis shows that the stability of the product stems from a shifting of electron density from the N-N bond onto the Ge-N bond. The analysis also shows that diazoalkane insertion destabilizes the ring structure and that the R-group likely plays little role in the stability of the compound.

The oxidative addition of the β-diketiminato germylene hydride with diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) is also reported to proceed at room temperature in high yield.


title: Shep and the Limelites

abstract: Shep and the Limelites was an American doo-wop trio of the early 1960s, composed of James "Shep" Sheppard, Clarence Bassett and Charles Baskerville. They are best known for their 1961 hit recording, "Daddy's Home", co-written by Sheppard.

text:
# Shep and the Limelites

**Shep and the Limelites** was an American doo-wop trio of the early 1960s, composed of **James "Shep" Sheppard** (September 24, 1935 – January 24, 1970), **Clarence Bassett** (March 13, 1936 – January 25, 2005) and **Charles Baskerville** (July 6, 1936 – January 18, 1995). They are best known for their 1961 hit recording, "Daddy's Home", co-written by Sheppard.

## Career

Sheppard and Bassett, both from Queens, New York, and Baskerville, originally from Virginia, organized a group in Queens in 1960. This was billed initially as Shane Sheppard And The Limelites, but quickly became Shep and the Limelites. All three had previous experience in other groups: Shep with The Heartbeats (notable for "A Thousand Miles Away"); Bassett with The Five Sharps and then, with Baskerville, in The Videos ("Trickle, Trickle" - later covered by The Manhattan Transfer).

Shep & The Limelites' recording sessions for Hull Records started in August 1960. They recorded the original version of "Daddys Home" on February 1, 1961. "Daddy's Home" reached no. 2 on the *Billboard* popular music chart in May, and was covered by P. J. Proby (1970) Jermaine Jackson (1972), Toots and the Maytals (*Funky Kingston* 1973), Junior English, and Cliff Richard (1981). Later songs were not as successful as "Daddy's Home", but still sold well; among these were "What Did Daddy Do", "Ready For Your Love" and "Our Anniversary".

Kahl Music, publisher of "A Thousand Miles Away", an earlier song written by Sheppard, sued Keel Music, publisher of "Daddy's Home", for copyright violation. Keel eventually lost, and this resulted in the end of the Limelites and Hull Records in 1966. Bassett joined The Flamingos and Baskerville joined The Players and then The Drifters. Sheppard re-formed the Limelites in the late 1960s, but was murdered on January 24, 1970. He died in his car on the Long Island Expressway as a result of gunshot injuries sustained during an attempted robbery. Baskerville died, at age 58 on January 18, 1995, in New York. Bassett died on January 25, 2005, at age 68 from the complications of emphysema, at his home in Richmond, Virginia.

James Sheppard's legacy includes the composing of rock 'n' roll's first song cycle. Writing songs for both the Heartbeats and Shep and the Limelites, he tells the story of going home to his girl, with twists along the way, getting married, and celebrating their anniversary. The songs that told this story were "A Thousand Miles Away", "500 Miles to Go", both with the Heartbeats; and then "Daddy's Home", "Three Steps from the Altar," "Our Anniversary", and "What Did Daddy Do?" for Shep and the Limelites.

## Discography

### Singles

* "Too Young to Wed" / "Two Lovin' Hearts" (Apt 45–25039, Jul 1960)
* "I'm So Lonely (What Can I Do)" / "One Week from Today" (Apt 45–25046, 1961)
* "Daddy's Home" / "This I Know" (Hull 45-H-740, Mar 1961) – charted at #2
* "Ready for Your Love" / "You'll Be Sorry" (Hull 45-H-742, May 1961) – charted at #42
* "Three Steps from the Altar" / "Oh, What a Feeling" (Hull 45-H-747, Sep 1961) - charted at #58 on the week ending Dec. 10, 1961
* "Our Anniversary" / "Who Told the Sandman" (Hull 45-H-748, Feb 1962) - charted at #59 on the week ending March 3, 1962
* "What Did Daddy Do" / "Teach Me, Teach Me How to Twist" (Hull 45-H-751, May 1962) - charted at #94 on the week ending Jun. 30, 1962.
* "Everything Is Going to Be Alright" / "Gee Baby, What About You" (Hull 45-H-753, Aug 1962)
* "Remember Baby" / "The Monkey" (Hull 45-H-756, Jan 1963) - charted at #91 on the week ending Feb. 9, 1963.
* "Stick by Me (And I'll Stick By You)" / "It's All Over Now" (Hull 45-H-757, May 1963)
* "Steal Away (With Your Baby" / "For You My Love" (Hull 45-H-759, Oct 1963)
* "Why, Why, Won't You Believe Me" / "Easy to Remember (When You Want to Forget)" (Hull 45-H-761, Nov 1963)
* "I'm All Alone" / "Why Did You Fall for Me" (Hull 45-H-767, Sep 1964)
* "Party for Two" / "You Better Believe" (Hull 45-H-770, 1965)
* "I'm a Hurting Inside / "In Case I Forget" (Hull 45-H-772, Sep 1965)

### Albums

* *Our Anniversary* (Hull LP-1001, 1962)


title: Numby Numby

abstract: Numby Numby, also known as Nimby Nimby or Ngambingambi, is a sinkhole in the Northern Territory of Australia located in the locality of McArthur about 25 to 30 kilometres west-northwest of Borroloola.

text:
# Numby Numby

**Numby Numby**, also known as **Nimby Nimby** or **Ngambingambi**, is a sinkhole in the Northern Territory of Australia located in the locality of McArthur about 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 mi) west-northwest of Borroloola.

## Description

The sinkhole provides a good environment for swimming, since the water source is a hot spring hidden in the depths, bringing the water temperature to 32 °C (90 °F). Surrounded by high cliffs, the water is only accessible via a washout that breaks through the North West side, providing a steep path to the water's edge. Large lily pads dominate the shallows. The depth is at least 60 metres (200 ft) within a short distance from the shoreline.

## Legend

In the Indigenous languages of the area, Yanyuwa, Garrwa, Gudanji and Marra, the sinkhole is known as Ngambingambi. It is an important site associated with the activities of the Rainbow Serpent (Bujimala) and two newly initiated men (rduwarra wujara). The two young men had travelled from the McArthur River, just downstream from the town of Borroloola. As they traveled they began to kill flying foxes, creatures kin to the Rainbow Serpent who was dwelling underground at Ngambingambi. On arrival at Ngambingambi the Rainbow Serpent was so angry, he burst through the ground, creating the sinkhole. He then carried the two young men back to the McArthur River and downstream to the Sir Edward Pellew Islands. The two young men reside on Pearce and Urquart islands. The Rainbow Serpent is said to dwell between these two islands watching the boys.

* Bradley, John; & Yanyuwa families. (1988). *Yanyuwa Country: The Yanyuwa people tell the story of their Land*. Greenhouse Publications.
* Bradley, John; Cameron, Nona; & Yanyuwa Families. (2002). *Forget About Flinders. A Yanyuwa Atlas of the south west Gulf of Carpentaria*. J.M McGregor Publishers: Queensland.

## InfoBox

| Numby Numby | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ngambingambi* (Yanyuwa) | |
| Aerial view | |
| Numby Numby | |
| Location | Northern Territory, Australia |
| Coordinates | 15°58′33″S 136°04′07″E / 15.9757°S 136.0687°E / -15.9757; 136.0687 |
| Type | Sinkhole |


title: Mirków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

abstract: Mirków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Długołęka, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Długołęka, and 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Mirków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

**Mirków** \[ˈmirkuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Długołęka, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Długołęka, and 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Mirków | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Mirków | |
| Coordinates: 51°10′00″N 17°09′25″E / 51.16667°N 17.15694°E / 51.16667; 17.15694 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Wrocław |
| Gmina | Długołęka |
| Population | 1,200 |
| Website | http://www.mirkow.gov.pl |


title: Pavel Mareš

abstract: Pavel Mareš is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a defender at either centre-back or left-back. He played top-league football in the Czech Republic for Bohemians Prague and Sparta Prague, and played for Zenit Saint Petersburg in the Russian Football Premier League. Mareš played in ten matches as part of the Czech Republic national football team between 2002 and 2006. He played at Euro 2004 as his nation reached the semi-final stage of the competition. Mareš also travelled to Germany as part of the national team for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

text:
# Pavel Mareš

**Pavel Mareš** (born 18 January 1976) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a defender at either centre-back or left-back. He played top-league football in the Czech Republic for Bohemians Prague and Sparta Prague, and played for Zenit Saint Petersburg in the Russian Football Premier League.

Mareš played in ten matches as part of the Czech Republic national football team between 2002 and 2006. He played at Euro 2004 as his nation reached the semi-final stage of the competition. Mareš also travelled to Germany as part of the national team for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

## Club career

### Early career

Mareš played for Czech 2. Liga side FC Svit Zlín before moving to Prague in 1999. He first played top-level football with Bohemians Prague in the 1999–2000 season, and made 58 appearances for Bohemians over two-and-a-half seasons. He signed for Sparta Prague in December 2001 after defender Vladimír Labant had left the club. Mareš sustained an ankle injury in his second match for Sparta Prague after his transfer, which caused him to be unavailable for Sparta's European Champions League game against Porto. In December 2002, Sparta rejected an approach from Russian side Zenit Saint Petersburg to sign Mareš. In spite of that, Zenit's Czech manager Vlastimil Petržela, who had been manager when Mareš played for Bohemians, made Mareš his third Czech signing later the same month.

### Russia

From 2003 to 2006, Mareš played for Zenit Saint Petersburg. He scored his first goal for that club in July 2003 in a 2–2 draw against Krylia Sovetov Samara. During his time in St. Petersburg, the club finished second in the 2003 Russian Premier League and reached the quarter finals of the 2005–06 UEFA Cup. In the 2006 season, Mareš suffered an ankle injury, causing him to miss matches in March and April. Following the arrival of Dick Advocaat as Zenit's manager the same season, Mareš played much less than before. In August 2006, Mareš agreed to a contract to play for English club Bolton Wanderers, however the deal was not completed, with his agent citing a failed medical as the reason for the breakdown. In January 2007, he left Zenit despite another year remaining on his contract.

### Return to the Czech Republic

Mareš returned to Sparta Prague on a two-and-a-half-year contract in January 2007, going on to play two league matches for Sparta in the 2006–07 season but no matches in 2007–08. He spent the first half of the 2008–09 season in the Czech 2 Liga playing for Sparta's reserve team, which he captained. He transferred to Vysočina Jihlava, which played in the same league, midway through the season. Mareš spent six months in Jihlava before leaving the club at the end of the season, citing its failure to win promotion to the Czech First League as his reason for doing so. During his time in Jihlava, injuries limited him to two appearances for the club.

In the summer of 2009, Mareš was one of nine players to join Viktoria Žižkov, as the club prepared to return to the top league following their relegation. This move again reunited him with manager Vlastimil Petržela, but injuries restricted him to two appearances in the first half of the 2009–10 season. Later in 2010, Mareš played for FC Přední Kopanina in the Czech Fourth Division.

## International career

Mareš first played for the Czech Republic in 2002, and later returned to the national team before a friendly match against Japan in April 2004, having played in no international matches since the February 2002 tournament in Cyprus. He played for the Czech Republic at Euro 2004, where the team reached the semi-finals. His only appearance in the tournament was in a group match against Germany among a group of players the BBC described as "very much a Czech second string". Mareš was part of the Czech Republic squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, but did not play in the tournament. He finished his career having played ten matches for the Czech Republic between 2002 and 2006.

## Playing style

Mareš was a defender who could play as a centre-back or left-back. Following his nomination for the Czech Republic's 2006 World Cup squad, *Reuters* described Mareš as "reliable backup to \[Marek\] Jankulovski, but less supporting in the attack".

## Personal life

Mareš' parents are called Jindřiška and Bohuslav. He has an older brother, Jan, with whom he grew up. Mareš' son, Dominik, currently plays for Pardubice.

## Career statistics

### International

Source:

| Czech Republic national team | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2002 | 2 | 0 |
| 2004 | 5 | 0 |
| 2005 | 1 | 0 |
| 2006 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | 10 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Pavel Mareš
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Pavel Mareš | | |
| Date of birth | (1976-01-18) 18 January 1976 | | |
| Place of birth | Zlín, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back, left-back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1982–1995 | Jiskra Otrokovice | | |
| 1995–1996 | VTJ Hulín | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1996–1997 | Baník Ratíškovice | 16 | (1) |
| 1997–1999 | Svit Zlín | 41 | (4) |
| 1999–2001 | Bohemians Prague | 58 | (3) |
| 2001–2002 | Sparta Prague | 20 | (3) |
| 2003–2006 | Zenit Saint Petersburg | 92 | (10) |
| 2007–2009 | Sparta Prague | 2 | (0) |
| 2009 | Vysočina Jihlava (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 2009 | Viktoria Žižkov | 2 | (0) |
| 2010 | Přední Kopanina |  |  |
| Total |  | **233** | **(21)** |
| International career | | | |
| 2002–2006 | Czech Republic | 10 | (0) |
| Medal record      Men's football  Representing  Czech Republic  UEFA European Championship  2004 Portugal | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Västkustens hjältar

abstract: Västkustens hjältar is a 1940 Swedish drama film written and directed by Lau Lauritzen Jr. and Alice O'Fredericks. It is a remake of the 1938 Danish film Blaavand melder storm, also directed by Lauritzen and O'Fredericks.

text:
# Västkustens hjältar

***Västkustens hjältar*** is a 1940 Swedish drama film written and directed by Lau Lauritzen Jr. and Alice O'Fredericks. It is a remake of the 1938 Danish film *Blaavand melder storm*, also directed by Lauritzen and O'Fredericks.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Västkustens hjältar | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Lau Lauritzen Jr.
Alice O'Fredericks |
| Written by | Lau Lauritzen Jr.
Alice O'Fredericks |
| Starring | Greta Almroth |
| Cinematography | Karl Andersson |
| Release date | * 12 August 1940 (1940-08-12) |
| Running time | 79 minutes |
| Country | Sweden |
| Language | Swedish |


title: Puya reducta

abstract: Puya reducta is a species in the genus Puya. This species is endemic to Bolivia.

text:
# Puya reducta

***Puya reducta*** is a species in the genus *Puya*. This species is endemic to Bolivia.

* Krömer, Thorsten; Kessler, Michael; Holst, Bruce K.; Luther, Harry E.; Gouda, Eric J.; Ibisch, Pierre L.; Till, Walter; Vásquez, Roberto (1 October 1999). "Checklist of Bolivian Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution and Levels of Endemism". *Selbyana*. **20** (2): 201–223. ISSN 2689-0682. JSTOR 41760025.

## InfoBox

| *Puya reducta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Puya* |
| Subgenus: | *Puya subg. Puyopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. reducta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Puya reducta***<br>L.B. Smith | |
|


title: Punacha

abstract: Punacha is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Bantwal taluk of Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka.

text:
# Punacha

**Punacha**  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Bantwal taluk of Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka.

## Background

The name *Punacha* is derived from the Tulu language word *puncha*, which is a natural mud habitat (an anthill) where snakes usually live.

Punacha is famous for the Shri Mahishaamardhini temple which is at the heart of the village. Legend has it that, long ago, a tribeswoman accidentally discovered a black Mahishaamardhini (an avatar of Durga) sculpture while she was working in a nearby hill called *Devaragudde*, 'The Hill of God'. One of the eyes of the sculpture got damaged by her knife without her knowledge. Later, the sculpture was taken to the current site and a temple was built, dedicated to the Goddess.

Before independence, *Punacha* (which is part of Dakshina Kannada or Canara district) was ruled by the Madras Presidency. After independence this place was included in Mysore state which was later renamed as *Karnataka*.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Punacha village had a population of 7,978 with 4,009 males and 3,969 females. The major languages spoken in the village are Kannada and Tulu along with other languages like Havyaka, Konkani, Marathi and Beary.

## Education

In the village, the majority of the population is literate with primary and secondary grade education. The village’s literacy rate is far above national average. Significant number of people from this village work in Indian metropolis like Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi whereas a sizeable proportion of population work in the Middle East. This place has provided number of engineers, doctors, writers, folk artists, Yakshagaana artists, Politicians, Army jawans, businessmen, teachers, professors, accountants and agriculturists to the country.

Educational facilities till class X is available in Punacha-Pariyalthadka Aided Higher Primary School, Pariyalthadka and Sri Devi High School, Devinagara, with the medium of instruction being Kannada. For higher education, people either commute to neighbouring towns like Puttur, Vittal or Mangalore.

Lists of educational institution in Punacha:

* Punacha Pariyalthadka Aided Higher Primary School, Pariyalthadka.
* Sri Devi High School, Devinagara.
* Ajinadka, Ajeru, Dambe, Toranakatte Govt Schools.
* Hayathul Islam Madrasa Pariyalthadka.
* Sarakari Hiriya Prathamika Shale Moodambailu (Govt School).

## Agriculture

The main crops of Punacha village are paddy, coconut, areca nut, jasmine, black pepper, rubber and cocoa. Paddy is generally cultivated during three seasons in a year, Karthika or Yenel (May–October), Suggi (October to January) and Kolake (January to April). There are some farmers who do dairy farming, poultry etc. for their livelihood.

## Religion

Inhabitants of Punacha follow either of the three religions like Hinduism, Islam or Christianity. Among Hindus, majority of the people belong to ethnicities like Billava, Brahmin, Bunt, Marathi Naik and Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins ( RSB ).

List of religious places in Punacha:

* Jumma Masjid Punacha
* Shree Mahishamardhini Temple Punacha
* Shree Mahishamardini Bhajana Mandira, Ajeru
* Jumma Masjid & Darga Pariyalthadka
* Christ the King Catholic Church,Kurelu, Manila, Punacha.
* Koti Channaya Garadi – Garodi
* Shree Dhoomavathi Kshetra Bailu Guthu
* Shree Dhoomavathi Kshetra, Sankesha
* Shree Kallurti Daiva, Padavu
* Shree Malaraaya Kshetra, Dalkaje
* Jai bharathi marathi mandira devinagara

## Connectivity

### Air

The nearest airport to Punacha is Mangalore International Airport which is at a distance of 58 km. Flights are available to major Indian cities like Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai and Middle East countries like Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Dammam, Doha, Dubai–International, Kuwait, Muscat.

### Railway

There is no railway line passing through Punacha. The closest railway station to the village is Kabaka Puttur Railway Station (Station Code: KBPR) which is around 15 km via the fastest road. It is a single track diesel line on the Mangalore-Hassan railway line of South Western Railway.

### Road

Punacha is connected to nearest towns like Puttur and Vittal by private and ksrtc shuttle buses with a frequency of around half an hour. Daily buses are available from 7 am to 8 pm from both the towns. Also there is KSRTC bus facilities from puttur to vitla via punacha.

## Notable persons from Punacha

* M.S.Mohammad Manila Former Vice President Jilla Panchayath Dakshina Kannada.
* Agrala Purandara Rai, Writer of Kannada Literature and Journalist ( 1916-2001)
* Prof. B.A. Viveka Rai, former Vice Chancellor of Kannada University, Hampi and Karnataka State Open University, Mysore and Retired Professor and Head, Kannada Department of Mangalore University, A senior writer, scholar of Kannada Literature and Folklore. He is the son of Agrala Purandara Rai, writer and journalist.
* B.A.Ullas Rai, Retired General Manager of Vijaya Bank, son of Agrala Purandara Rai.
* Moodambailu Gopalakrishna Shastry, Yakshagana Tala Maddale artist.
* Late Nayan Kumar, comedy artist in Yakahagaana
* Pulincha Ramayya Shetty, artist in Yakshagaana( 1939-2002)
* S R Rangamoorthy, former Campco President.
* S R Satishchandra, Campco President
* Sachidanada Prabhu, ajeru yakshagana artist
* Pratham Ajeru, yakshagana artist
* Kavyashree Nayak Ajeru, Yakshagana Artist

Health facilities:

Government Primary Health Centre at Ajjinadka

Dr Sumana Moorthi Shastry Clinic Ajjinadka

Dr K M Bhat SWASTIK CLINIC Punacha Pariyalthadka

Dr Pradeep P K Thanvi Clinic Punacha Garadi

## InfoBox

| Punacha | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| PunachaLocation in Karnataka, IndiaPunachaPunacha (India) | |
| Coordinates: 12°54′N 75°02′E / 12.9°N 75.03°E / 12.9; 75.03 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Dakshina Kannada |
| Talukas | Bantwal |
| Government | |
| Body | Panchayath |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 7,878 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 574243 |
| Telephone code | 08255 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KA |
| Vehicle registration | KA 19 |
| Nearest city | Puttur |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Mangalore |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Puttur |
| Civic agency | Panchayath |


title: Needmore, Ballard County, Kentucky

abstract: Needmore, formerly named Ogden, is an unincorporated community located in Ballard County, Kentucky, United States.

text:
# Needmore, Ballard County, Kentucky

**Needmore**, formerly named **Ogden**, is an unincorporated community located in Ballard County, Kentucky, United States.

## History

Needmore was originally named Ogden, the naming of which occurred in 1900. In 1967, the community's name was changed to Needmore. This occurred because a store in the community owned by Thomas Brown prior to 1900 was often referred to as the nickname "needmore", because customers often stated that they needed more than they were able to purchase. Another factor was that when the Ogden post office closed down in 1908, which was located inside of Thomas Brown's store, some confusion regarding the two names occurred. Ultimately, the name change to Needmore, which a Board of Geographic Names ruled upon in 1967, was based upon long-term common usage of the name Needmore for the community (since World War I) and per the Ogden post office having closed in 1908.

## InfoBox

| Needmore | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| NeedmoreLocation within the state of KentuckyNeedmoreNeedmore (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 37°10′54″N 88°56′50″W / 37.18167°N 88.94722°W / 37.18167; -88.94722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Ballard |
| Elevation | 364 ft (111 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CST) |
| GNIS feature ID | 517063 |


title: Pseudotolida sinica

abstract: Pseudotolida sinica is a beetle in the genus Pseudotolida of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1995 by Fan & Yang.

text:
# Pseudotolida sinica

***Pseudotolida sinica*** is a beetle in the genus *Pseudotolida* of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1995 by Fan & Yang.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudotolida sinica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudotolida* |
| Species: | ***P. sinica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudotolida sinica***<br>Fan & Yang, 1995 | |
|


title: Germanium(IV) iodide

abstract: Germanium(IV) iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula GeI4.

text:
# Germanium(IV) iodide

**Germanium(IV) iodide** is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula GeI4.

## Preparation

Germanium(IV) iodide can be obtained by the reaction of germanium and iodine or the reaction of germanium dioxide and 57% hydriodic acid:

GeO2 \+ 4 HI → GeI4 \+ 2 H2O

## Chemical properties

Germanium(IV) iodide reacts with tetraalkyl tin at 250 °C to form R2SnI2 and R2GeI2 (R= Et, Bu, Ph). It reacts with germanium and sulfur at high temperatures to produce red GeSI2 and orange Ge2S3I2. It reacts with diiron nonacarbonyl in an ionic liquid (\[BMIm\]Cl/AlCl3) at 130 °C to obtain Ge12\[Fe(CO)3\]8I4.

12 GeI4 \+ 15 Fe2(CO)9 → Ge12\[Fe(CO)3\]8I4 \+ 22 FeI2 \+ 111 CO↑

## Physical properties

Germanium(IV) iodide is an orange-red crystalline solid that hydrolyzes in water. It is soluble in carbon disulfide and benzene, but less soluble in carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. It begins to decompose into germanium(II) iodide and iodine above its melting point. Germanium(IV) iodide crystallizes in the cubic crystal system, space group *Pa*3 (space group no. 205), with the lattice parameter a = 11.89 Å. The crystal structure consists of tetrahedral GeI4 molecules.

## InfoBox

Germanium(IV) iodide
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.033.271 |
| EC Number | * 236-613-7 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/GeI4/c2-1(3,4)5Key: CUDGTZJYMWAJFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * \[Ge\](I)(I)(I)I | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | GeI4 |
| Molar mass | 580.248 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | red crystals
(For colors at different temperatures, see this document) |
| Density | 4.32 g·cm−3 |
| Melting point | 146 °C (419 K) |
| Solubility | Soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon disulfide, chloroform and benzene |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H314 |
| Precautionary statements | P260, P264, P264+P265, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P363, P405, P501 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Numedeon

abstract: Numedeon, Inc. is a privately held company based in Pasadena, California, that since 1999 has been developing immersive online digital learning technology. Best known for creating the children's educational web site "Whyville", Numedeon has also developed a number of other immersive online learning environments for other demographics and purposes. Numedeon was founded by Dr. James M. Bower and several of his students and colleagues at the California Institute of Technology.

text:
# Numedeon

**Numedeon, Inc.** is a privately held company based in Pasadena, California, that since 1999 has been developing immersive online digital learning technology. Best known for creating the children's educational web site "*Whyville*", Numedeon has also developed a number of other immersive online learning environments for other demographics and purposes. Numedeon was founded by Dr. James M. Bower and several of his students and colleagues at the California Institute of Technology.

## "N.I.C.E." The Numedeon Interactive Community Engine

Numedeon's immersive virtual worlds are based on a proprietary online platform developed since 1999 through operation of its immersive learning environments. Core component of this engine are protected by U.S. Patents. N.I.C.E. "runs on a standard web browser, and can be run on a 56K modem".

## Whyville

*Whyville* was launched in 1999 as an educational Internet site geared towards children aged 8–14 to engage its users in learning about a broad range of topics, including science, business, art and geography. *Whyville* has a registered user base of over 7 million. Its users ("Whyvillians") engage in virtual world simulation-based games and role play sponsored by a wide range of governmental, non-profit and corporate entities.

Educational research based on *Whyville* has recently been published in the 2013 publication of the book *Connected Play: Tweens in a Virtual World*, written by Yasmin B. Kafai, Deborah A. Fields, and Mizuko Ito.

## Other Immersive Learning Worlds

In addition to *Whyville*, Numedeon has used its NICE engine to build a number of other virtual immersive learning worlds, including, for example, Humanaville, a virtual world for seniors.

## Virtual Worlds IP

In January 2015, Numedeon established Virtual Worlds IP Inc as a subsidiary company specifically to manage Numedeon's accumulated intellectual property and to form joint ventures with Numedeon's partners to launch new products based on Numedeon's technology.

In September 2015, Virtual Worlds IP announced its first joint venture Fundamental Learning LLC as a partnership with Education Development Center in Waltham, Massachusetts.


title: Payne v Cave

abstract: Payne v Cave (1789) 3 TR 148 is an old English contract law case, which stands for the proposition that an auctioneer's request for bids is not an offer but an invitation to treat. The bidders make the offers which can be accepted by the auctioneer.

text:
# Payne v Cave

***Payne v Cave*** (1789) 3 TR 148 is an old English contract law case, which stands for the proposition that an auctioneer's request for bids is not an offer but an invitation to treat. The bidders make the offers which can be accepted by the auctioneer.

## Facts

Mr Cave had made the highest bid for a good in an auction. But then, Mr Cave changed his mind and he withdrew his bid before the auctioneer brought down his hammer.

It was held that Mr. Cave, the defendant, was not bound to purchase the goods. His bid amounted to an offer which he was entitled to withdraw at any time before the auctioneer signified acceptance by knocking down the hammer. Note: The common law rule laid down in this case has now been codified in many countries in variations of the Sale of Goods Act, e.g. UK 1979 s57(2).

## Judgment

The court held that Mr Cave was entitled to withdraw his offer at any time before the auctioneer accepted it. The auctioneer's request for bids was an invitation to treat, and each bid constituted an offer which could be withdrawn at any time until it's accepted, and finally, the fall of the auctioneer's hammer constituted acceptance of the highest bid.

## Significance

*Barry v Davies* qualified *Payne* by ruling that if the auction is advertised as being "without a reserve price", then the auctioneer is bound to sell to the highest *bona fide* bidder (and not the seller himself, as attempted in *Warlow v Harrison*). Also, the Sale of Goods Act 1979, s 57 states that if an auction is held without any reserve, then the auctioneer must accept the highest bid (this was subsequently applied in Barry v Davies).

In opening a contract class at Harvard in the autumn of 1870, Professor Christopher Columbus Langdell, instead of the traditional didactic approach of lecturing a hall of students, pointed to a student and asked, “Mr Fox, will you state the facts of *Payne v Cave*?”, then, “Mr Rawle will you give the plaintiff’s argument?” He replied to answers, in Socratic style, with “could you suggest a reason?”. This became known as the case method of legal study, that is followed around most of the common law world today.


title: Giovanni d'Aragona (1456–1485)

abstract: Giovanni d'Aragona (1456–1485) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal.

text:
# Giovanni d'Aragona (1456–1485)

**Giovanni d'Aragona** (14561485) (called the **Cardinal of Aragona**) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal.

## Biography

D'Aragona was born in Naples on June 25, 1456, the son of Ferdinand I of Naples and his wife Isabella of Clermont.

He became a protonotary apostolic on July 12, 1465. On November 10, 1477, he was named apostolic administrator of the see of Taranto, a post he held for the rest of his life.

In the consistory of December 10, 1477, Pope Sixtus IV made him a cardinal deacon. He received the deaconry of Sant'Adriano al Foro on December 12, 1477. The pope sent him the red hat in Naples three months later.

He served as apostolic administrator of the see of Badajoz from January 20, 1479, to May 14, 1479. On April 10, 1479, the pope named him legate *a latere* to the Kingdom of Hungary; he left Rome for his legation on January 31, 1480, and returned on August 31, 1480. On January 14, 1480, he opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry of Sant'Adriano al Foro was raised *pro illa vice* to *titulus*.

On November 14, 1481, he was named apostolic administrator of the metropolitan see of Cosenza, a post he held for the rest of his life. He was in Naples from April 23, 1482, until August 30, 1483, when he returned to Rome. He became apostolic administrator of the metropolitan see of Salerno on January 13, 1483, and of the metropolitan see of Esztergom on December 20, 1483, and held both of those offices until his death as well.

On September 10, 1483, he was named papal legate to Hungary and Germany. He returned to Rome on August 19, 1484, in order to participate in the papal conclave of 1484 that elected Pope Innocent VIII.

His father, the king of Naples, then named him governor and viceroy of the Province of Bari. In early October 1485, his father despatched him on a mission to the pope. He arrived in Rome in the midst of a serious epidemic and soon died of fever on October 17, 1485. He is buried in Santa Sabina.


title: Pseudozygocera albomaculata

abstract: Pseudozygocera albomaculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Pseudozygocera. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1948.

text:
# Pseudozygocera albomaculata

***Pseudozygocera albomaculata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Pseudozygocera***. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1948.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudozygocera albomaculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudozygocera*** |
| Species: | ***P. albomaculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudozygocera albomaculata***<br>Breuning, 1948 | |
|


title: Needmore, Bailey County, Texas

abstract: Needmore is an unincorporated community in Bailey County, Texas, United States.

text:
# Needmore, Bailey County, Texas

**Needmore** is an unincorporated community in Bailey County, Texas, United States.

## History

Needmore was so named because townsite promoters “needed more” settlers. Others contend that the town was named as an act of desperation to get the attention of more resource-rich cities in the region, including Notrees and Whiteface, to provide help in sustaining the town while in its infancy. After the town's founding in the 1920s, it never grew significantly, and by 1940, only 20 residents and two stores were at the site. By 1980, the population had reached 98, where it remained in 1990 and then dropped to 45 by 2000.

## Geography

Needmore is located slightly east of the center of the county, around 13 miles (21 km) south of Muleshoe, the county seat, and 6 miles (10 km) north of the Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge. It is located at the intersection of Texas State Highway 214 and Farm to Market Road 298 between the small communities of Baileyboro to the west and Circle Back, 4 mi (6.4 km) to the east.

The terrain surrounding Needmore consists of level plains that at one time were covered with grassland vegetation. Today, except the Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge, the shortgrass prairie has been replaced by plowed cropland, where cotton, sorghum, and winter wheat are grown. To the south and west of Needmore are numerous shallow lakes called “playas”. Most of these hold water for a short time after rain then dry and remain dry for extended periods. Some of the larger saline playas provide an important refuge for migratory waterfowl flying between Canada and Mexico, such as tens of thousands of sandhill cranes.

## Education

Needmore is served by the Muleshoe Independent School District and the Sudan Independent School District.

## InfoBox

| Needmore, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Abandoned cotton gin in Needmore | |
| NeedmoreNeedmore | |
| Coordinates: 34°01′59″N 102°44′15″W / 34.03306°N 102.73750°W / 34.03306; -102.73750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Bailey |
| Physiographic region | Llano Estacado |
| Founded | 1920s |
| Elevation | 3,884 ft (1,184 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 45 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 79347 |
| Area code | 806 |
| Website | Handbook of Texas |


title: Pseudotolithus senegalensis

abstract: Pseudotolithus senegalensis, the cassava drum, is a large fish found on the coast of West Africa. It can grow up to a maximum length of 114 cm with a common length of about 50 cm for adults. It is known as cassava croaker or croaker in some parts of West Africa. The main diet are prawns and epibenthic crustaceans.

text:
# Pseudotolithus senegalensis

**Pseudotolithus senegalensis**, the **cassava drum**, is a large fish found on the coast of West Africa. It can grow up to a maximum length of 114 cm with a common length of about 50 cm for adults. It is known as cassava croaker or croaker in some parts of West Africa.

The main diet are prawns and epibenthic crustaceans.

## Local names

Other names
| Language/region | Name |
| --- | --- |
| Ijaw | Gbu/n |
| Yoruba/Ilaje | Apo |
| Nigerian English | Croaker |
| Ga/Fante | Ekan |
| Abidjan | L'ombrine |
| Lebou | Nguku |
| Wolof | Law |
| Temne | Laydy |

## Description

*Pseudotolithus senegalensis* is congeneric to *P. typhus*, it has a greyish brown color above that becomes paler beneath. Head has lateral eyes, a lower jaw that projects slightly above the upper jaw and large a mouth. It has 11 spines in its dorsal fin and 2 spines in the anal fin. Allometric growth from larva to adult especially with the head and some fins.

## Distribution

*Pseudotolithus senegalensis* is found in the Eastern Atlantic along the West African coast. It occurs over muddy waters in open shelf. Its northern boundary reaches Morocco and southern boundary is along the Angolan coast. Prefers temperature water to be warmer that 16 °C.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudotolithus senegalensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Sciaenidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudotolithus* |
| Species: | ***P. senegalensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudotolithus senegalensis***
(Valenciennes, 1833) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Otolithus senegalensis*  Valenciennes, 1833 * *Sciaena senegalensis*  (Valenciennes, 1833) * *Sciaena dux*  Bowdich, 1825 * *Pseudotolithus macrognathus*  Bleeker, 1863 * *Otolithus macrognathus*  (Bleeker, 1863) | |