title: WTVA

abstract: WTVA is a television station licensed to Tupelo, Mississippi, United States, serving the Columbus–Tupelo market as a dual affiliate of NBC and ABC. The station is owned by Allen Media Broadcasting. WTVA's studios are located on Beech Springs Road in Saltillo, and its transmitter is located in Woodland, Mississippi.

text:
# WTVA

**WTVA** (channel 9) is a television station licensed to Tupelo, Mississippi, United States, serving the Columbus–Tupelo market as a dual affiliate of NBC and ABC. The station is owned by Allen Media Broadcasting. WTVA's studios are located on Beech Springs Road (County Road 681) in Saltillo, and its transmitter is located in Woodland, Mississippi.

## History

### WTWV

WTVA was the brainchild of Frank K. Spain, an engineering graduate of Mississippi State University, who had helped build NBC-owned station WNBW (now WRC-TV) in Washington, D.C. While Technical Director at WHEN-TV (now WTVH) in Syracuse, New York, in the early-1950s, he dreamed of bringing a television station to Tupelo, where he had spent most of his childhood. Spain applied for a license in 1953 which was granted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1956. The station began airing on March 18, 1957, with the call letters WTWV. Its equipment (antenna, transmitter, cameras, etc.) was hand-built in Spain's garage, backyard, and basement in Syracuse.

Spain hoped to parlay his good relations with NBC officials into getting his new station an affiliation with the network. However, several NBC executives believed Tupelo was not a desirable place for a local station because of its rural location, even though most viewers in northern Mississippi could only get NBC via grade B coverage from WMC-TV in Memphis, Tennessee, WLBT in Jackson, Mississippi, and WAPI-TV (now WVTM-TV) in Birmingham, Alabama. Nonetheless, they told Spain that if he could figure out a way to obtain a network signal, he could carry it.

Spain allegedly negotiated under-the-table deals with WMC-TV and set up a network of microwave relays and repeater systems to carry the WMC-TV signal to Tupelo. Station engineers then switched to and from the signal when network programming aired. This setup, necessary in the days before satellites, enabled WTWV to bring NBC programming to northeastern Mississippi and northwestern Alabama. The station also carried a secondary affiliation with ABC (which apparently necessitated the use of WHBQ-TV, now a Fox affiliate).

In the mid-1960s, WTWV was approached by ABC about becoming a full affiliate of that network. Spain, who was still receiving "bootleg" NBC programming, told NBC executives about ABC's offer to pay him the customary rates. This prompted NBC to finally negotiate a formal deal with Spain, which made WTWV an official NBC affiliate—one of only three primary NBC affiliates in Mississippi at the time. It still carried some ABC programming in off-hours (namely, college football on Saturdays) until WVSB (now WLOV-TV) in nearby West Point began operating in 1983. Starting in 1972, WTWV operated a full-time satellite for eastern central Mississippi, WHTV (now WMDN) in Meridian on channel 24; WHTV operated as such until 1980, when Spain decided to make it a stand-alone station, with a CBS affiliation. WTWV built a new tower in the 1970s that not only brought a city-grade signal to Columbus for the first time, but gave the station one of the largest coverage areas in the country.

### WTVA

On July 4, 1979, WTWV changed its call letters to "WTVA" to reinforce its identity, not only as the first TVA city, but also its then-current branding of "TV Alive". The WTWV call sign was later used on WFRQ, a radio station in Mashpee, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod. The WTWV call sign is now in use by a Memphis-based TV station. Neither the Massachusetts nor the Memphis station are related to the current WTVA.

Frank Spain was CEO of WTVA until his death on April 25, 2006. He continued to visit the station regularly well into his seventies. His widow Jane assumed the CEO position until the station was sold in September 2014. The outlet was the first commercial television station in Mississippi to devote its entire morning broadcast schedule to educational programming. The station also made history as the first in Mississippi to broadcast a live basketball game. In the late 1990s, WTVA launched a low-power translator, W22BS, which served as a primary UPN affiliate, before selling the station to rival WCBI in 2002. The Spains continued to own WHTV/WMDN until it was sold to Meridian Media (now Waypoint Media) in January 2008.

Although WTVA formerly operated WLOV through local marketing agreement (LMA), and previously operated ABC affiliate WKDH through a similar arrangement from its 2001 sign-on until its final sign-off on August 31, 2012, each station had its own station manager and owner in accordance with FCC policy. WTVA, Inc. also previously owned and operated WTVX in Fort Pierce, Florida, and KTFL in Flagstaff, Arizona. During the majority of the time KTFL was broadcasting, it carried programing from FamilyNet. KTFL's transmitter was licensed as the most powerful television station its own market. On July 30, 1999, WTVA began its digital service on UHF channel 57 but is mapped to virtual channel 9; that service would move to VHF channel 8 on July 24, 2008. By comparison, sister station WLOV broadcast network programming in high definition over a low-power digital transmitter. It is likely the allowable power levels on channel 8, WTVA's post-transition digital channel, will be severely limited due to potential interference to other stations.

Previously, FamilyNet was carried on WTVA-DT2 until December 31, 2011, when it was replaced by MeTV. The subchannel again switched affiliations, this time to ABC, on September 1, 2012; the subchannel replaced WKDH as the ABC affiliate for the Columbus–Tupelo–West Point market, which ceased operations the night before on August 31. The MeTV affiliation was moved to sister-station WLOV-DT 27.2.

Heartland Media announced on September 16, 2014, that it would purchase WTVA from the Spain family, ending 57 years of local ownership. Heartland Media assumed control of the station on February 11, 2015. Allen Media Broadcasting, in turn, purchased Heartland in 2020, bringing WTVA into its portfolio.

## Newscasts

In March 2000, WTVA began producing a Sunday through Friday night prime time newscast on WLOV-TV. Last known as *WTVA 9 News on WLOV*, this broadcast could be seen for an hour on weekdays and half an hour on weekends. That newscast was expanded to seven nights a week on July 1, 2017. WLOV also aired *WTVA 9 News on WLOV* from 6 to 9 a.m., produced by WTVA that competes with a sixty-minute show seen on The CW affiliate WCBI-DT3. On April 20, 2009, WTVA became the first station in the market and second in the state to upgrade local news to high definition level (WLOV's show was included). Compared nationwide, it was the smallest market outlet that made the change.

With the addition of ABC network programming on WTVA-DT2, the subchannel also airs local news programming as per the terms of its affiliation agreement, featuring simulcasts of most local newscasts seen on the primary channel. More specifically, WTVA's half-hour weekday newscasts at noon and 6 p.m. and its one-hour news and talk program *Kay Bain's Saturday Mornin' Show* is not seen on WTVA-DT2. WTVA-DT2 does, however, air an exclusive newscast weeknights at 6:30 p.m. The station operates a weather radar at its facilities that is known on-air as "StormTrack Doppler". WTVA's Weather Authority made national news on April 28, 2014, when chief meteorologist Matt Laubhan ordered the station's crew to the basement as a multi-vortex EF3 tornado came within 2 miles of the station. After calling the National Weather Service in Memphis and operating without any radar data for three hours, he later won an Emmy in 2015 for his efforts.

## Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:

Subchannels of WTVA
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9.1 | 1080i | 16:9 | WTVA-DT | NBC |
| 9.2 | | 720p | ABCWTVA | ABC |
| 9.3 | | 480i | IONWTVA | Ion Television |

## InfoBox

WTVA
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| City | Tupelo, Mississippi |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | * WTVA 9 * ABC WTVA (on DT2) |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| History | |
| First air date | March 18, 1957 (1957-03-18) |
| Former call signs | WTWV (1957–1979) |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** 9 (VHF, 1957–2009) * **Digital:** 57 (UHF, 1999–2008), 8 (VHF, 2008–2020) * **Translator:** W22BS 22 (UHF) Tupelo |
| Former affiliations | ABC (secondary, 1957–1983) |
| Call sign meaning | Tennessee Valley Authority, from which Tupelo was the first city to receive TVA-generated electricity; also from then-current "TV Alive" branding |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 74148 |
| ERP | 42.1 kW |
| HAAT | 540.9 m (1,775 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 33°47′40″N 89°5′16″W / 33.79444°N 89.08778°W / 33.79444; -89.08778 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | www.wtva.com |


title: Melville, Montana

abstract: Melville is an unincorporated community in northern Sweet Grass County, Montana, United States. It lies along local roads just west of U.S. Route 191, north of the city of Big Timber, the county seat of Sweet Grass County. Its elevation is 5,020 feet (1,530 m). Although Melville is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 59055, which opened on 4 January 1883.

text:
# Melville, Montana

**Melville** is an unincorporated community in northern Sweet Grass County, Montana, United States. It lies along local roads just west of U.S. Route 191, north of the city of Big Timber, the county seat of Sweet Grass County. Its elevation is 5,020 feet (1,530 m). Although Melville is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 59055, which opened on 4 January 1883.

## History

Located 20 miles north of Big Timber, Melville was established in 1877 as a village named after Rear Admiral George Melville, the Arctic explorer. A post office first went into operation in Melville in 1883, and the first Lutheran congregation in Montana was established there in 1885. Until a church was built in 1914, all services were held in the schoolhouse. Melville is a ranching community, originally settled by Norwegians. It became a regional meeting place for Saturday night dances, horse races, and gambling. This resulted in the town quickly gaining a reputation for being particularly rough and tumble.

At its height, Melville had a flourmill, a cheese factory, a hotel, at least four saloons, two stores and a drug store. The railroad in Big Timber made such luxuries as dried fruits and green coffee available.

Melville is situated along the Sweet Grass Creek. The town provides supplies for the sheep camps in the Crazy Mountains and is the headquarters of the Cremer Stock Ranch, which is renowned for providing stock for western rodeos.

## Climate

The Köppen Climate System classifies the weather as humid continental, abbreviated as *Dfb*.

| Climate data for Melville, Montana, 19912020 normals, extremes 1961present | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 65
(18) | 64
(18) | 71
(22) | 79
(26) | 85
(29) | 92
(33) | 95
(35) | 93
(34) | 90
(32) | 82
(28) | 74
(23) | 63
(17) | 95
(35) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 54.3
(12.4) | 54.6
(12.6) | 61.4
(16.3) | 70.6
(21.4) | 76.6
(24.8) | 82.0
(27.8) | 87.1
(30.6) | 86.5
(30.3) | 83.2
(28.4) | 74.4
(23.6) | 62.5
(16.9) | 53.7
(12.1) | 88.5
(31.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 34.6
(1.4) | 34.8
(1.6) | 42.2
(5.7) | 49.3
(9.6) | 58.1
(14.5) | 66.3
(19.1) | 75.7
(24.3) | 75.2
(24.0) | 66.0
(18.9) | 52.9
(11.6) | 41.2
(5.1) | 33.9
(1.1) | 52.5
(11.4) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 23.8
(−4.6) | 23.8
(−4.6) | 30.9
(−0.6) | 37.7
(3.2) | 46.2
(7.9) | 54.0
(12.2) | 61.5
(16.4) | 60.3
(15.7) | 52.3
(11.3) | 40.7
(4.8) | 30.1
(−1.1) | 23.3
(−4.8) | 40.4
(4.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 13.0
(−10.6) | 12.8
(−10.7) | 19.6
(−6.9) | 26.0
(−3.3) | 34.3
(1.3) | 41.6
(5.3) | 47.2
(8.4) | 45.4
(7.4) | 38.5
(3.6) | 28.5
(−1.9) | 19.1
(−7.2) | 12.6
(−10.8) | 28.2
(−2.1) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −13.9
(−25.5) | −11.5
(−24.2) | −4.3
(−20.2) | 9.6
(−12.4) | 20.5
(−6.4) | 31.0
(−0.6) | 38.7
(3.7) | 34.8
(1.6) | 25.4
(−3.7) | 7.9
(−13.4) | −5.3
(−20.7) | −12.1
(−24.5) | −24.4
(−31.3) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −42
(−41) | −45
(−43) | −31
(−35) | −12
(−24) | 7
(−14) | 24
(−4) | 31
(−1) | 23
(−5) | 10
(−12) | −12
(−24) | −26
(−32) | −45
(−43) | −45
(−43) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.53
(13) | 0.65
(17) | 1.08
(27) | 2.47
(63) | 3.59
(91) | 3.54
(90) | 1.92
(49) | 1.38
(35) | 1.66
(42) | 1.52
(39) | 0.84
(21) | 0.60
(15) | 19.78
(502) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 4.1
(10) | 17.4
(44) | 11.0
(28) | 10.2
(26) | 1.7
(4.3) | 0.1
(0.25) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 2.6
(6.6) | 3.0
(7.6) | 12.3
(31) | 14.1
(36) | 76.5
(193.75) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 4.8 | 6.1 | 7.2 | 10.5 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 10.6 | 8.8 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 100.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 2.8 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 20.1 |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: National Weather Service (average snowfall 2006–2020) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Melville | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Melville Lutheran Church | |
| MelvilleLocation within the state of Montana | |
| Coordinates: 46°6′11″N 109°57′14″W / 46.10306°N 109.95389°W / 46.10306; -109.95389 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| County | Sweet Grass |
| Elevation | 5,020 ft (1,530 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP codes | 59055 |
| GNIS feature ID | 774098 |


title: Melville, KwaZulu-Natal

abstract: Melville is a coastal resort village situated along the South Coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Melville is a quiet and small coastal village often regarded as something of an extension of Port Shepstone and as a small village it has no shopping centre or public transport to speak of with very little to no developments in the area. The village remains largely unspoilt as it is abundantly covered by indigenous subtropical vegetation, most notably wild banana trees.

text:
# Melville, KwaZulu-Natal

**Melville** is a coastal resort village situated along the South Coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Melville is a quiet and small coastal village often regarded as something of an extension of Port Shepstone and as a small village it has no shopping centre or public transport to speak of with very little to no developments in the area. The village remains largely unspoilt as it is abundantly covered by indigenous subtropical vegetation, most notably wild banana trees (hence it has a beach called Banana Beach).

## Geography

Melville is situated on the coastal R102 route exactly halfway between Port Shepstone (11 kilometres) – the economic hub of the South Coast and Hibberdene (12 kilometres). The nearest shopping facilities are found in the two aforementioned towns.

Furthermore, Melville is neighboured by the coastal villages of Pumula to the north and Sunwich Port to the south.

## Tourism

Melville encompasses two beaches within its boundaries, namely Melville Beach and Banana Beach. As a coastal resort area, it contains a few recreational areas such as the Banana Beach Holiday Resort, Illanga Resort & Caravan Park and the Lalanathi Caravan & Camping Park.

Larger beaches in the Hibiscus Coast area include HibberdenePort Shepstone, St Michael's-on-SeaUvongoMargate and Ramsgate.

1. "Main Place Melville". *Census 2011*.
2. "Melville Beach". *www.sa-venues.com*. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
3. "Banana Beach". *www.safarinow.com*. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
4. "KZN South Coast, Hibiscus: Ilanga Caravan Park". *Caravan & Outdoor Life*. 18 January 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
5. "Lalanathi Caravan and Camping Park - KwaZulu-Natal, South Coast, Caravan, Camping self-catering accommodation". *www.lalanathi.caravanparks.co.za*. Retrieved 10 July 2021.

## InfoBox

| Melville | |
| --- | --- |
| MelvilleMelvilleMelville | |
| Coordinates: 30°39′25″S 30°30′54″E / 30.65694°S 30.51500°E / -30.65694; 30.51500 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | KwaZulu-Natal |
| District | Ugu |
| Municipality | Ray Nkonyeni |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.49 km2 (0.58 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,029 |
| Density | 690/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 75.4% |
| Coloured | 2.7% |
| White | 21.7% |
| Other | 0.2% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Zulu | 60.0% |
| English | 15.5% |
| Xhosa | 8.3% |
| Other | 2.4% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| PO box | 4240 |
| Area code | 039 |


title: Memphis Two-Step

abstract: Memphis Two-Step is a 1971 album by jazz flutist Herbie Mann. It was released on Mann's Embryo Records label, and distributed by Cotillion Records, a division of Atlantic Records.

text:
# Memphis Two-Step

***Memphis Two-Step*** is a 1971 album by jazz flutist Herbie Mann. It was released on Mann's Embryo Records label, and distributed by Cotillion Records, a division of Atlantic Records.

## Track listing

* Side A (tracks 1-4)/Side One (sic) (tracks 5-7)

1. "Soul Man" (Isaac Hayes, David Porter) (4:49)
2. "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" (J. R. Robertson )(5:25)
3. "Memphis Two-Step" (Don Sebesky) (6:27)
4. "Down on the Corner" (John Fogerty) (5:50)
5. "Guinnevere" (David Crosby) (8:00)
6. "Acapulco Rain" (Mann) (7:54)
7. "Kabuki Rock" (William S. Fischer) (5:30)

## Personnel

Technical * Tom Dowd, David Green - recording engineer
* Katsuji Abe - photography
* Haig Adishian - album design

## Production

## Charting

The album peaked at #3 on the Billboard Jazz Album chart, #41 on the Billboard R&B Album chart, and #137 on the *Billboard* 200. "Memphis Two-Step" and "Soul Man" were released as a single.

* *Memphis Two-Step*, Herbie Mann. Embryo Records SD 531 (1971) (liner notes)

## InfoBox

| Memphis Two-Step | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Herbie Mann | |
| Released | 1971 |
| Recorded | September – November 1970 |
| Genre | Soul jazz |
| Label | Embryo Records |
| Producer | Herbie Mann |
| Herbie Mann chronology | |
| *Muscle Shoals Nitty Gritty*
(1970) ***Memphis Two-Step***
(1971) *Push Push*
(1971) | |


title: Wallace's fairywren

abstract: Wallace's fairywren is a species of bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. It is the only species within the genus Sipodotus. It is found in New Guinea and the Aru Islands, where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

text:
# Wallace's fairywren

**Wallace's fairywren** (***Sipodotus wallacii***) is a species of bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. It is the only species within the genus ***Sipodotus***. It is found in New Guinea and the Aru Islands, where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The Wallace's fairywren is the only member of the monotypic genus *Sipodotus*.

Wallace's fairywren was originally described in the genus *Todopsis* as *Todopsis wallacii* by G. R. Gray in 1862 on the basis of specimens collected by Charles Allen on Misool Island. Specimens from the Aru Islands were described as *Todopsis coronata* by John Gould in 1878. Mathews established the monotypic genus *Sipodotus* for the Wallace's fairywren in 1928 on the basis of the shape of the bill and the nearly identical plumages of the male and female of the species. The species has also been placed in the genus Malurus. When the species is placed in the genus Malurus, the subspecific name *coronatus* is preoccupied and is replaced with *capillatus,* coined by Mayr in 1986.

The species' specific epithet is named after Alfred Russel Wallace, a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, and biologist. the generic name *Sipodotus* is an anagram of *Todopsis*. Alternate names for Wallace's fairywren include the blue-capped fairywren, Wallace's wren, and Wallace's wren-warbler.

Like other Australasian wrens, Wallace's fairywren is not related to the true wrens. The fairywrens were initially thought to be related to Muscicapidae (old-world flycatchers) or Sylviidae (warblers), before being placed in the Maluridae in 1975. Recently, DNA analysis has shown the Maluridae to be a part of the superfamily Meliphagoidea with the Pardalotidae (pardalotes) and the Meliphagidae (honeyeaters).

### Subspecies

There are two recognized subspecies:

## Description

Wallace's fairywren is a small species of fairywren, 11–12.5 cm (4.3–4.9 in) in length and weighing 7–8 g (0.25–0.28 oz). Adult males have a black crown and nape with blue feather tips and a black face with an incomplete white eye-ring and white ear-tufts. The scapulars and back are rusty brown, with brownish-grey upperwings, white underparts, and brown tails. The black beak is long, broad, straight, and bluntly pointed, with a white tip. The iris is red-brown, with short, flesh-brown legs. Females are similar to males, but have a pale yellowish wash to the throat and a duller crown. Subspecies *coronatus* has a creamy wash to the underparts. Immatures are duller than the adults, with shorter bills and ear-coverts, along with having the crown be speckled buff instead of blue.

Little is known about its vocalisations, but hissing *see see see see* calls are given by foraging parties.

## Distribution and habitat

Wallace's fairywren is endemic to New Guinea. It is common throughout New Guinea, except on the Huon Peninsula, eastern Sepik-Ramu, and most of the northern parts of the southeastern peninsula. The species inhabits foothill rainforest and secondary growth between elevations of 100–800 m (330–2,620 ft), although they can be found up to elevations of 1,200 m (3,900 ft) and in lowland plains where there is suitable vegetation.

It is typically found more in trees than in the undergrowth, most commonly from 2–10 m (6.6–32.8 ft) above the ground, but can be found from ground level to 40 m (130 ft) in the canopy. They most commonly inhabit trees with tangles of vines and climbing bamboo at forest edges.

## Behaviour and ecology

### Breeding

Breeding occurs throughout the year, with a peak in September-December. Out of three observed nests, two were attended by three adults each. Nests are domed structures, with a hooded side entrance near the top, and are made out of fine grass, cobwebs, and strips of palm frond, lined with finer fibres and sometimes covered with bits of moss and epiphytes. Nests are placed in vines at a height of 5–10 m (16–33 ft) above the ground, although one nest was built in a 1–5 m (3.3–16.4 ft) tall shrub at the top of a 30 m (98 ft) tall cliff face. Eggs are thought to be laid in clutches of two. Chicks are fed by both parents once they hatch.

### Diet

Wallace's fairywrens are thought to be mainly insectivorous, feeding on insects and spiders. They forage by gleaning and probing in forest tangles and thickets. It has been known to forage with mixed species flocks, typically in family groups of 4-8 individuals.

## Status

Wallace's fairywren is listed as least concern by the IUCN due to its large range and lack of significant population declines. They are common throughout foothill rainforest in their range. However, large-scale clearing of rainforest may be a potential threat.

### Cited text

## InfoBox

| Wallace's fairywren | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Illustration (bird below) | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Maluridae |
| Genus: | *Sipodotus*
Mathews, 1928 |
| Species: | ***S. wallacii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sipodotus wallacii***
(Gray, G.R., 1862) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Todopsis wallacii* Gray, G.R., 1862 * *Todopsis coronatus* Gould, 1878 * *Tchitrea wallaceii* * *Malurus wallacei* * *Malurus wallacii* | |


title: Wailua River

abstract: The Wailuā River is a major river on the island of Kauaʻi in the U.S. state of Hawaii. 23.4 kilometres (14.5 mi) long, it is one of the largest rivers, as well as Kauai's 5th longest river. It is formed by the confluence of its North and South forks just west of Wailua and enters the Pacific Ocean at 22°2′42″N 159°20′11″W. It is the only navigable river in the Hawaiian Islands. It is a center of activity for locals and visitors in the form of boat tours to Fern Grotto, kayaking and water skiing. The North Fork begins at the Mount Waiʻaleʻale at coordinates 22°3′35″N 159°29′33″W and flows 12.2 miles (19.6 km) east to its junction with the South Fork. The South Fork forms at the junction of several streams southwest of Hanamaulu and flows 8.1 miles (13.0 km) east, over Wailua Falls, to its junction with the North Fork. Other points of interest along the river system include a bird refuge, Kamokila Hawaiian Village, Secret Falls and a pool which formerly included a rope swing.

text:
# Wailua River

The **Wailuā River** is a major river on the island of Kauaʻi in the U.S. state of Hawaii. 23.4 kilometres (14.5 mi) long, it is one of the largest rivers, as well as Kauai's 5th longest river. It is formed by the confluence of its North and South forks just west of Wailua and enters the Pacific Ocean at 22°2′42″N 159°20′11″W / 22.04500°N 159.33639°W / 22.04500; -159.33639 (Mouth of Wailua River). It is the only navigable river (by boats larger than kayaks) in the Hawaiian Islands. It is a center of activity for locals and visitors in the form of boat tours to Fern Grotto, kayaking and water skiing.

The **North Fork** begins at the Mount Waiʻaleʻale at coordinates 22°3′35″N 159°29′33″W / 22.05972°N 159.49250°W / 22.05972; -159.49250 (North Fork Wailua River) and flows 12.2 miles (19.6 km) east to its junction with the South Fork. The **South Fork** forms at the junction of several streams southwest of Hanamaulu and flows 8.1 miles (13.0 km) east, over Wailua Falls, to its junction with the North Fork.

Other points of interest along the river system include a bird refuge, Kamokila Hawaiian Village, Secret Falls and a pool which formerly included a rope swing.

## InfoBox

| Wailua River | |
| --- | --- |
| Wailuā River, Kauaʻi | |
| Location of mouth | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Hawaii |
| Region | Kauai |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | North Fork |
| location | Mount Waiʻaleʻale |
| coordinates | 22°03′35″N 159°29′33″W / 22.05972°N 159.49250°W / 22.05972; -159.49250 |
|  | |
|  | |
| 2nd source | South Fork |
| location | Hanamaulu |
|  | |
|  | |
| Source confluence |  |
| location | west of Wailua, Kauai County, Hawaii |
| coordinates | 22°02′30″N 159°21′38″W / 22.04167°N 159.36056°W / 22.04167; -159.36056 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Pacific Ocean |
| location | Wailua, Kauai County, Hawaii |
| coordinates | 22°2′42″N 159°20′11″W / 22.04500°N 159.33639°W / 22.04500; -159.33639 |
| Length | 23.4 km (14.5 mi) |


abstract: The following is the list of members of the Dewan Negara (Senate) of the 14th Malaysian Parliament as of May 2021. 26 out of 70 senators, two senators for each state, are elected by their respective State Legislative Assembly for three-year term. The other 44, including four senators representing the Federal Territories, are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong also for three-year term. Previously, National Front (BN); together with Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), remains the majority in the Dewan Negara despite the Alliance of Hope (PH); together with Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) and United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) becomes the new governing party in the Dewan Rakyat, which is in the new current present Parliament. This is due to the constitutional nature that senators are not elected directly by the people, but instead elected by the State Legislative Assembly or appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, which most of senatorial elections or appointments took place in the previous parliamentary term, i.e. the 13th Parliament.

text:
# Members of the Dewan Negara, 14th Malaysian Parliament

The following is the list of **members of the Dewan Negara *(Senate)* of the 14th Malaysian Parliament** as of May 2021. 26 out of 70 senators, two senators for each state, are elected by their respective State Legislative Assembly for three-year term. The other 44, including four senators representing the Federal Territories, are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong also for three-year term.

Previously, National Front (BN); together with Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), remains the majority in the Dewan Negara despite the Alliance of Hope (PH); together with Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) and United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) becomes the new governing party in the Dewan Rakyat, which is in the new current present Parliament (as of February 2020). This is due to the constitutional nature that senators are not elected directly by the people, but instead elected by the State Legislative Assembly or appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, which most of senatorial elections or appointments took place in the previous parliamentary term, i.e. the 13th Parliament.

## Current composition

The composition of the Dewan Negara as of 5 November 2022, 2 weeks prior to the 2022 general election.

The automatic resignation of its 17 former senators in only less than a month post-dissolution of 14th Malaysian Parliament due to their candidature in the 2022 (15th) General Election, had results to huge number of vacant senate seats; which is 24 seats (34.3%) out of 70 seats, the highest record in Malaysian Senate history.

| Government (40) + Independent (4) | | | | | | | | | | | | Opposition (2) | | Vacant (24) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BN | | | PN | | | GPS | | | | GRS | IND | PH | | VAC |
| **19** | | | **13** | | | **6** | | | | **2** | **4** | **2** | | **24** |
| **14** | **3** | **2** | **7** | **4** | **2** | **3** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **2** | | **1** | **1** | |
| UMNO | MCA | MIC | BERSATU | PAS | GERAKAN | PBB | SUPP | PRS | PDP | BERSATU Sabah | IND | PKR | DAP | VAC |

## Incumbent members

As of 5 November 2022, senators are:

| Senator | Party | | State | Term | Term start | Term end | Remarks |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Elected by State Legislative Assemblies | | | | | | | |
| BN 10 | PN 3 | PH 2 | GPS **2** | GRS **1** | VAC 8 (Selangor 2, Penang 2, Kedah 2, Terengganu 1, Perak 1) | | | | | | | |
| Ahmad Azam Hamzah |  | PH (PKR) | Negeri Sembilan | Second | 15 August 2022 | 14 August 2025 |  |
| Ahmad Ibrahim |  | GPS (PBB) | Sarawak | First | 22 July 2022 | 21 July 2025 |  |
| Ajis Sitin |  | BN (UMNO) | Pahang | First | 25 August 2021 | 24 August 2024 |  |
| Aziz Ariffin |  | BN (UMNO) | Perlis | First | 26 August 2021 | 25 August 2024 |  |
| Bobbey Ah Fang Suan |  | GRS-PN (BERSATU) | Sabah | First | 5 January 2021 | 4 January 2024 |  |
| Hussin Awang |  | PN (PAS) | Terengganu | Second | 15 September 2021 | 14 September 2024 |  |
| Jefridin Atan |  | BN (UMNO) | Johor | First | 15 September 2020 | 14 September 2023 | MLA for Kukup |
| Juhanis Abdul Aziz |  | BN (UMNO) | Pahang | First | 25 August 2021 | 24 August 2024 |  |
| Kesavadas Achyuthan Nair |  | PH (DAP) | Negeri Sembilan | Second | 25 April 2022 | 24 April 2025 |  |
| Koh Nai Kwong |  | BN (MCA) | Malacca | First | 21 December 2020 | 20 December 2023 |  |
| Lim Pay Hen |  | BN (MCA) | Johor | Second | 26 June 2022 | 25 June 2025 |  |
| Mohamad Ali Mohamad |  | BN (UMNO) | Malacca | First | 20 May 2020 | 19 May 2023 | Deputy President of the Dewan Negara |
| Mohd Apandi Mohamad |  | PN (PAS) | Kelantan | First | 2 September 2020 | 1 September 2023 |  |
| Noraini Idris |  | BN (UMNO) | Sabah | First | 10 December 2021 | 9 December 2024 |  |
| Nuing Jeluing |  | GPS (PBB) | Sarawak | Second | 16 December 2020 | 15 December 2023 |  |
| Seruandi Saad |  | BN (UMNO) | Perlis | First | 26 August 2021 | 25 August 2024 |  |
| Shamsuddin Abdul Ghafar |  | BN (UMNO) | Perak | First | 20 December 2021 | 19 December 2024 |  |
| Wan Martina Wan Yusoff |  | PN (PAS) | Kelantan | First | 24 August 2021 | 23 August 2024 |  |
| Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong | | | | | | | |
| PN 10 **| BN 9 | GPS 4 | GRS** 1 **| IND 4 | VAC 16** | | | | | | | |
| Ahmad Masrizal Muhammad |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 9 March 2020 | 8 March 2023 |  |
| Aknan Ehtook |  | PN (BERSATU) | Siamese | Second | 1 December 2020 | 30 November 2023 |  |
| Arman Azha Abu Hanifah |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 26 October 2021 | 25 October 2024 |  |
| Azhar Ahmad |  | Independent | At-large | First | 21 March 2022 | 20 March 2025 |  |
| Balasubramaniam Nachiappan |  | PN (PAS) | At-large | First | 16 June 2020 | 15 June 2023 |  |
| Dominic Lau Hoe Chai |  | PN (GERAKAN) | At-large | First | 23 November 2021 | 22 November 2024 |  |
| Jaziri Alkaf Abdillah Suffian |  | PN (BERSATU) | At-large | First | 21 December 2020 | 20 December 2023 |  |
| John Ambrose |  | GRS-PN (BERSATU) | At-large | Second | 16 January 2021 | 15 January 2024 |  |
| Mohamad Fatmi Che Salleh |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 25 April 2022 | 24 April 2025 |  |
| Md Nasir Hashim |  | PN (BERSATU) | At-large | Second | 27 August 2021 | 26 August 2024 |  |
| Mohamed Haniffa Abdullah |  | Independent | At-large | First | 20 September 2022 | 19 September 2025 |  |
| Mohd Hisamudin Yahaya |  | BN (UMNO) | Putrajaya | First | 4 October 2021 | 3 October 2024 |  |
| Mohd. Radzi Sheikh Ahmad |  | PN (BERSATU) | At-large | First | 16 June 2020 | 15 June 2023 |  |
| Muhammad Zahid Md. Arip |  | PN (BERSATU) | Kuala Lumpur | First | 16 June 2020 | 15 June 2023 |  |
| Nelson Renganathan |  | BN (MIC) | At-large | First | 23 November 2021 | 22 November 2024 |  |
| Paul Igai |  | GPS (PDP) | At-large | Second | 16 December 2020 | 15 December 2023 |  |
| Razali Idris |  | PN (BERSATU) | At-large | Second | 27 August 2021 | 26 August 2024 |  |
| Rais Yatim |  | PN (BERSATU) | At-large | First | 16 June 2020 | 15 June 2023 | President of the Dewan Negara |
| Ras Adiba Radzi |  | Independent | PWD | First | 20 May 2020 | 19 May 2023 |  |
| Rita Sarimah |  | GPS (PRS) | At-large | First | 22 June 2020 | 21 June 2023 |  |
| Robert Lau Hui Yew |  | GPS (SUPP) | At-large | First | 22 June 2020 | 21 June 2023 |  |
| Ros Suyati Alang |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 20 September 2022 | 19 September 2025 |  |
| Susan Chemerai Anding |  | GPS (PBB) | At-large | First | 22 June 2020 | 21 June 2023 |  |
| Teo Eng Tee |  | PN (GERAKAN) | At-large | Second | 19 July 2021 | 18 July 2024 |  |
| Ti Lian Ker |  | BN (MCA) | At-large | Second | 10 August 2021 | 9 August 2024 |  |
| Vell Paari Samy Vellu |  | BN (MIC) | At-large | First | 2 September 2020 | 1 September 2023 |  |
| Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri |  | Independent | At-large | First | 9 March 2020 | 8 March 2023 |  |
| Zurainah Musa |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 22 December 2021 | 21 December 2024 |  |
|

## Former members

The following members exited the Dewan Negara prior to the start of the 15th Parliament:

| Senator | Party | | Representing | Term | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hoh Khai Mun |  | BN (MCA) | Pahang | First | 22 June 2015 | 29 May 2018 |
| Ariffin S.M. Omar |  | PH (DAP) | Penang | Second | 8 June 2012 | 1 June 2018 |
| Siti Aishah Shaik Ismail |  | PH (PKR) | Penang | First | 22 June 2015 | 1 June 2018 |
| Abdul Rahman Mat Yassin |  | BN (UMNO) | Terengganu | First | 22 June 2015 | 21 June 2018 |
| Khairiah Mohamed |  | GS (PAS) | Kelantan | Second | 9 July 2012 | 30 June 2018 |
| Azizah Harun |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 6 July 2016 | 5 July 2018 |
| Engku Naimah Engku Taib |  | BN (UMNO) | Terengganu | First | 6 November 2015 | 5 November 2018 |
| Lucas Umbul |  | UPKO | Sabah | Second | 10 December 2015 | 9 December 2018 |
| Chandra Mohan Thambirajah |  | PH (DAP) | Selangor | Second | 17 December 2015 | 16 December 2018 |
| Mohd Nor Monutty |  | PH (PKR) | Selangor | First | 17 December 2015 | 16 December 2018 |
| Jamilah @ Halimah Sulaiman |  | GBS (PBS) | At-large | Second | 22 December 2015 | 21 December 2018 |
| Paul Low Seng Kuan |  | Independent | At-large | Second | 15 May 2016 | 14 May 2019 |
| Khairudin E. S. Abd. Samad |  | PH (BERSATU) | At-large | Second | 7 October 2016 | 6 October 2019 |
| Megat Zulkarnain Omardin |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | Second | 7 October 2016 | 6 October 2019 |
| Yahaya Mat Ghani |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | Second | 7 October 2016 | 6 October 2019 |
| Sambanthan Manickam |  | IPF | At-large | First | 25 September 2017 | 15 October 2019 |
| Abidullah Salleh |  | BN (UMNO) | Malacca | First | 27 October 2016 | 26 October 2019 |
| Bathmavathi Krishnan |  | Independent | PWD | Second | 18 November 2016 | 17 November 2019 |
| Ong Chong Swen |  | BN (MCA) | At-large | Second | 19 February 2018 | 18 November 2019 |
| Fahariyah Md. Nordin |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 7 December 2016 | 6 December 2019 |
| Hanafi Mamat |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 7 December 2016 | 6 December 2019 |
| Khairul Azwan Harun |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 7 December 2016 | 6 December 2019 |
| Mustapa Kamal Mohd. Yusoff |  | BN (UMNO) | FT Kuala Lumpur | First | 7 December 2016 | 6 December 2019 |
| Rabiyah Ali |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 7 December 2016 | 6 December 2019 |
| Rahemah Idris |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 7 December 2016 | 6 December 2019 |
| Rahimah Mahamad |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | Second | 31 March 2017 | 30 March 2020 |
| Zahari Sarip |  | BN (UMNO) | Johor | First | 5 June 2017 | 4 June 2020 |
| Chai Kim Sen |  | BN (MCA) | At-large | Second | 23 June 2017 | 22 June 2020 |
| Vigneswaran Sanasee |  | BN (MIC) | At-large | Second | 23 June 2017 | 22 June 2020 |
| Muhamad Mustafa |  | PAS | Kelantan | First | 8 July 2017 | 7 July 2020 |
| Ananthan Somasundaram |  | BN (MIC) | Kedah | First | 15 August 2017 | 14 August 2020 |
| Mohd Suhaimi Abdullah |  | PN (BERSATU) | Kedah | Second | 15 August 2017 | 14 August 2020 |
| Yong Wui Chung |  | LDP | At-large | First | 22 August 2017 | 21 August 2020 |
| Sopiah Sharif |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 17 July 2017 | 16 July 2020 |
| Ng Chiang Chin |  | GERAKAN | At-large | Second | 10 September 2017 | 9 September 2020 |
| Abdul Halim Abdul Samad |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | Second | 3 November 2017 | 2 November 2020 |
| Lee Tian Sing |  | BN (MCA) | Malacca | First | 29 November 2017 | 28 November 2020 |
| Ibrahim Shah Abu Shah |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | Second | 11 December 2017 | 10 December 2020 |
| Yakubah Khan |  | GRS-BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 22 June 2020 | c. 2020 |
| Abdul Ghani Mohamed Yassin |  | GRS-PN (BERSATU) | Sabah | First | 5 January 2018 | 4 January 2021 |
| Asmak Husin |  | PN (PAS) | Kelantan | First | 1 July 2018 | 30 June 2021 |
| Ismail Ibrahim |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 17 July 2018 | 16 July 2021 |
| Liew Chin Tong |  | PH (DAP) | At-large | First | 17 July 2018 | 16 July 2021 |
| Marzuki Yahya |  | PEJUANG | At-large | First | 17 July 2018 | 16 July 2021 |
| Raja Kamarul Bahrin Shah Raja Ahmad Baharuddin Shah |  | PH (AMANAH) | At-large | First | 17 July 2018 | 16 July 2021 |
| Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy |  | MAP | At-large | Second | 17 July 2018 | 16 July 2021 |
| Kamarudin Abdun |  | BN (UMNO) | Perlis | First | 25 July 2018 | 24 July 2021 |
| Sabani Mat |  | BN (UMNO) | Perlis | First | 25 July 2018 | 24 July 2021 |
| Siti Fatimah Yahaya |  | BN (UMNO) | Pahang | First | 10 August 2018 | 9 August 2021 |
| Ismail Yusop |  | PH (PKR) | Perak | First | 13 August 2018 | 12 August 2021 |
| Nga Hock Cheh |  | PH (DAP) | Perak | First | 13 August 2018 | 12 August 2021 |
| Adrian Banie Lasimbang |  | PH (DAP) | At-large | First | 27 August 2018 | 26 August 2021 |
| Alan Ling Sie Kiong |  | PH (DAP) | At-large | First | 27 August 2018 | 26 August 2021 |
| Manolan Mohamad |  | PH (PKR) | Aborigines | First | 27 August 2018 | 26 August 2021 |
| Mohamad Imran Abdul Hamid |  | PH (PKR) | At-large | First | 27 August 2018 | 26 August 2021 |
| Mohd. Yusmadi Mohd. Yusoff |  | PH (PKR) | Penang | First | 27 August 2018 | 26 August 2021 |
| Raj Munni Sabu |  | PH (AMANAH) | Kuala Lumpur | First | 27 August 2018 | 26 August 2021 |
| Theodore Douglas Lind |  | WARISAN | At-large | First | 27 August 2018 | 26 August 2021 |
| Husam Musa |  | PH (AMANAH) | At-large | First | 3 September 2018 | 2 September 2021 |
| Guan Dee Koh Hoi |  | GRS-PN (STAR) | At-large | First | 16 December 2020 | 26 October 2021 |
| Suresh Singh |  | PH (DAP) | Selangor | First | 5 December 2018 | 4 December 2021 |
| Yaakob Sapari |  | PH (PKR) | Selangor | First | 5 December 2018 | 4 December 2021 |
| Donald Peter Mojuntin |  | PH (UPKO) | Sabah | First | 10 December 2018 | 9 December 2021 |
| Isa Ab. Hamid |  | PN (BERSATU) | Aborigines | Second | 22 April 2019 | 21 April 2022 |
| Zaiedi Suhaili |  | GPS (PBB) | Sarawak | Second | 22 July 2019 | 21 July 2022 |
| Lim Ban Hong |  | BN (MCA) | At-large | First | 9 March 2020 | 5 November 2022 |
| Mah Hang Soon |  | BN (MCA) | At-large | First | 9 March 2020 | 5 November 2022 |
| Tengku Zafrul Tengku Abdul Aziz |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 9 March 2020 | 5 November 2022 |
| Wan Ahmad Fayhsal Wan Ahmad Kamal |  | PN (BERSATU) | At-large | First | 9 March 2020 | 5 November 2022 |
| Idris Ahmad |  | PN (PAS) | At-large | First | 16 June 2020 | 5 November 2022 |
| Bashir Alias |  | BN (UMNO) | Labuan | Second | 22 June 2020 | 5 November 2022 |
| Ahmad Yahaya |  | PN (PAS) | Kedah | First | 2 September 2020 | 5 November 2022 |
| Othman Aziz |  | BN (UMNO) | Kedah | First | 2 September 2020 | 5 November 2022 |
| Mohan Thangarasu |  | BN (MIC) | At-large | Second | 1 December 2020 | 5 November 2022 |
| Khairil Nizam Khirudin |  | PN (PAS) | At-large | First | 28 December 2020 | 5 November 2022 |
| Mohd. Radzi Md. Jidin |  | PN (BERSATU) | At-large | Second | 17 July 2021 | 5 November 2022 |
| Fadhlina Sidek |  | PH (PKR) | Penang | First | 1 September 2021 | 5 November 2022 |
| Lim Hui Ying |  | PH (DAP) | Penang | Second | 1 September 2021 | 5 November 2022 |
| Nuridah Mohd Salleh |  | PN (PAS) | Terengganu | Second | 29 November 2021 | 5 November 2022 |
| Iskandar Dzulkarnain Abdul Khalid |  | PN (BERSATU) | Perak | First | 20 December 2021 | 5 November 2022 |
| Mohd Ridhwan Mohd Ali |  | BN (UMNO) | At-large | First | 21 March 2022 | 5 November 2022 |
| Nicole Wong Siaw Ting |  | BN (MCA) | At-large | First | 17 June 2022 | 5 November 2022 |
|

## Footnotes

1. Dr. Nuing Jeluing was initially a Barisan Nasional (PBB) senator. His party decided to leave BN on 12 June 2018 and joined Gabungan Parti Sarawak on 20 November 2018.
2. John Ambrose was initially Barisan Nasional (UMNO) senator. He left party to become independent senator on 12 December 2018 before switching allegiance to Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 15 March 2019. However, his current party left PH on 24 February 2020.
3. Md Nasir Hashim was initially Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) senator. His party decided to leave PH on 24 February 2020.
4. Paul Igai was initially a Barisan Nasional (PDP) senator. His party decided to leave BN on 12 June 2018 and joined Gabungan Parti Sarawak on 20 November 2018.
5. Razali Idris was initially Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) senator. His party decided to leave PH on 24 February 2020.
6. Teo Eng Tee was initially a Barisan Nasional (GERAKAN) senator. His party decided to leave BN on 23 June 2018.
7. Lucas Umbul was initially a Barisan Nasional (UPKO) senator. His party decided to leave BN on 10 May 2018.
8. Jamilah Sulaiman was initially a Barisan Nasional (PBS) senator. Her party decided to leave BN on 12 May 2018 and joined Gabungan Bersatu Sabah on 24 October 2018.
9. Khairudin E. S. Abd. Samad, initially a Barisan Nasional (UMNO) senator, switched allegiance to Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 28 November 2018.
10. Sambanthan Manickam died in office on 15 October 2019.
11. Ong Chong Swen died in office on 18 November 2019.
12. Mohd Suhaimi Abdullah, initially a Barisan Nasional (UMNO) senator, switched allegiance to Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 28 November 2018.
13. Yong Wui Chung was initially a Barisan Nasional (LDP) senator. His party decided to leave BN on 11 May 2018.
14. Ng Chaing Chin was initially a Barisan Nasional (GERAKAN) senator. His party decided to leave BN on 23 June 2018.
15. Yakubah Khan resigned from the Senate without date. He is believed to have resigned for accepting the post of Minister of State of Sabah for Science, Technology and Innovation.
16. Abdul Ghani Mohamed Yassin was initially Barisan Nasional (UMNO) senator. He left party to become independent senator on 12 December 2018 before switching allegiance to Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 15 March 2019. However, his current party left PH on 24 February 2020.
17. Marzuki Yahya was initially Pakatan Harapan (PPBM) senator. His party decided to leave PH on 24 February 2020.
18. Isa Ab. Hamid, initially an independent senator, joined Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) on 28 November 2018, BERSATU later left Pakatan Harapan on 24 February 2020.
19. Dr. Zaiedi Suhaili was initially a Barisan Nasional (PBB) senator. His party decided to leave BN on 12 June 2018 and joined Gabungan Parti Sarawak on 20 November 2018.
20. This member exited the Senate following their candidature in the 15th General Election.
21. Mohd Radzi Md Jidin was initially Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) senator. His party decided to leave PH on 24 February 2020.
1. "Proclamation - Summon the Parliament \[P.U. (A) 139/2018\]" (PDF). Attorney General's Chamber of Malaysia. 13 June 2018.
2. "Senate List of Senators". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
3. "Senate Archive List of Senators". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
4. "Hansard Majlis Mengangkat Sumpah". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
5. "Senate Statistics". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
6. "Senate Seating Arrangement Of The Senate". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
7. "Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition". *The Star*. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
8. Aubrey, Samuel; et al. (20 November 2018). "ROS officially approves GPS". *Borneo Post*. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
9. "Dr Wan Martina dipilih sebagai Senator wakili Kelantan". 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
10. "Kelantan State Assembly elects Dr Wan Martina as senator". 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
11. Abd Mutalib, Zanariah; Sulaiman, Noor Atiqah (15 March 2019). "4 Ahli Parlimen, 2 ADUN, dua senator Sabah sertai BERSATU". *BH Online* (in Malay). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
12. "Gerakan leaves Barisan Nasional". *New Straits Times*. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
13. "UPKO exits BN, join Warisan to form Sabah coalition govt". *The Sun Daily*. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
14. "PBS quits BN and joins STAR in new coalition". *The Star*. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
15. "GBS ditubuh secara rasmi". *Utusan Malaysia* (in Malay). 24 October 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
16. Ariff, Syed Umar; Ibrahim, Mohd. Iskandar (28 November 2018). "Dr Noor Azmi, 4 Senator sertai BERSATU". *Berita Harian* (in Malay). Retrieved 30 November 2018.
17. "IPF president Sambanthan dies". *The Star Online*. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
18. "MCA senator Ong Chong Swen dies | The Star Online". *www.thestar.com.my*. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
19. "LDP pulling out of BN – Teo". *The Borneo Post*. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
20. "Dr Yaakob Sapari, Suresh Singh take oath as Dewan Negara members | New Straits Times".
21. Admin; Admin (10 December 2018). "Upko's Donald Mojuntin, PAS Muslimat Chief Sworn In As Senators".
22. ADLAN, MOHD AZLI. "DUN Terengganu lantik ADUN lantikan dalam kalangan wanita". *Kosmo Online*. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.

## InfoBox

| 14th Parliament of Malaysia | |
| --- | --- |
| 13th Parliament 15th Parliament | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | Parliament of Malaysia |
| Jurisdiction | Malaysia |
| Meeting place | Malaysian Houses of Parliament |
| Term | 16 July 2018 – 10 October 2022 |
| Election | Indirect election and appointments |
| Website | www.parlimen.gov.my |
| Dewan Negara | |
|  | |
| Members | 70 |
| President | Vigneswaran Sanasee (until 22 June 2020)<br>Rais Yatim |
| Deputy President | Abdul Halim Abdul Samad (until 2 November 2020)<br>Mohamad Ali Mohamad |
| Secretary | Riduan Rahmat (until 12 May 2020)<br>Muhammad Sujairi Abdullah |
| Party control | Pakatan Harapan (PH) (until 24 February 2020) <br>Perikatan Nasional (until 16 August 2021) <br>Barisan Nasional |
| Sovereign | |
| Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Sultan Muhammad V (until 6 January 2019)<br>Sultan Nazrin Mu'izzuddin Shah <br>(Acting: 6 – 31 January 2019)<br>Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah |
| Sessions | |
| 1st 1st Meeting: <br>20 August 2018 - 12 September 2018 <br>2nd Meeting: <br>3 December 2018 - 20 December 2018  2nd 1st Meeting: <br>22 April 2019 - 9 May 2019 <br>2nd Meeting: <br>22 July 2019 - 31 July 2019 <br>3rd Meeting: <br>9 December 2019 - 19 December 2019  3rd 1st Meeting: <br>18 May 2020 <br>2nd Meeting:<br>2 September 2020 - 23 September 2020 <br>3rd Meeting:<br>14 December 2020 - 29 December 2020  4th 1st Meeting: <br>13 September 2021 - 26 Oktober 2021 <br>2nd Meeting:<br>14 December 2021 - 23 December 2021  5th 1st Meeting: <br>21 March 2022 - 4 April 2022 <br>Special Meeting:<br>27 July 2022 <br>2nd Meeting:<br>8 August 2022 - 16 August 2022 | |


# Members of the Dewan Negara, 3rd Malaysian Parliament

This is a list of the members of the Dewan Negara (Senate) of the Third Parliament of Malaysia. From 1969 to 1971, the National Operations Council governed the country in lieu of the elected government. In 1971, the NOC was dissolved with the restoration of Third Parliament of Malaysia.

## Elected by the State Legislative Assembly

| Senator | Party | State | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abdul Rahim Abdul Manan | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Negri Sembilan | 6 March 1967 | 5 March 1973 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Abdullah Abdul Rahman | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Johore |  |  |
| Abu Bakar Ahmad | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu |  |  |
| Abu Bakar Hamzah | **PMIP** | Kelantan | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Ali Ismail | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Amaluddin Darus | **PMIP** | Kelantan |  |  |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Chan Kwong Hon | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Selangor |  |  |
| | | | 18 December 1965 | 17 December 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| Chong Foo Khin | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Negri Sembilan | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Chua Ching Cheng | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Malacca | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1977 |
| Goh Chek Kin | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Trengganu | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| Hassan Yaakub | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Malacca | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1977 |
| Ibrahim Yaacob | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Selangor | 27 January 1969 | 26 January 1975 |
| | | |  |  |
| Ismail Sheikh Ibrahim | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Joseph Augustine Angian Andulag |  | Sabah | 2 November 1963 | 1 November 1969 |
| | | | 18 December 1965 | 17 December 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| K. R. Somasundram | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | Kedah | 4 March 1968 | 3 March 1974 |
| Khoo Siak Chiew | **Sabah Alliance** (**SCA**) | Sabah |  |  |
| Lim Ah Sitt | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Johore | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1977 |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Mahathir Mohamad | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 12 August 1973 | 11 August 1979 |
| Mansor Mohamad | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Trengganu | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Md Hanipah Sheikh Alauddin | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 4 January 1968 | 3 January 1974 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Ngau Ken Lock | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Pahang | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Oh Siew Aun | **Gerakan** | Penang | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Ooi Eng Hong | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Kedah |  |  |
| Othman Abdullah | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perak | 12 August 1973 | 11 August 1979 |
| Oyong Lawai Jau | **SNAP** | Sarawak | 2 November 1963 | 1 November 1969 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  | 6 August 1974 |
| Pengiran Mohamed Digadong Galpam |  | Sabah | 2 November 1963 | 1 November 1969 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 27 January 1969 | 26 January 1975 |
| Said Besar Sigoh Singkunan |  | Sabah |  |  |
| Shaari Jusoh | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1977 |
| Syed Darus Syed Hashim | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 18 December 1965 | 17 December 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| Syed Hassan Aidid | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Penang | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Syed Hussein Alatas | **Gerakan** | Penang | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1977 |
| | **Pekemas** | | | |
| Syed Kechik Syed Mohamed | **Sabah Alliance** (**USNO**) | Sabah |  |  |
| Ting Ming Hia @ Ting Ming Hoi |  | Sarawak | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1977 |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Wan Ibrahim Wan Tanjong | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Pahang |  |  |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| Wan Mustapha Wan Ali | **PMIP** | Kelantan | 16 August 1965 | 15 August 1971 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| Yahya Ahmad | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | Perak | 19 October 1964 | 18 October 1970 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Yeap Kheng Yam | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | Perak | 2 August 1971 | 1 August 1977 |

## Nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong

| Senator | Party |  | Term start | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A. Arunasalam | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | Appointed | 11 September 1964 | 10 September 1970 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| Abdul Hamid Khan (President) | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| Abdul Kadir Yusuf | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Abdul Razak Hussin | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 10 May 1972 | 9 May 1978 |
| Abdul Samad Osman | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 18 May 1964 | 17 May 1970 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| Aishah Ghani | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 15 October 1962 | 14 October 1968 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Andrew Jika Landau |  | | 18 May 1964 | 17 May 1970 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| Athi Nahappan | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | |  | 1968 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Awang Daud Matusin |  | | 19 October 1964 | 18 October 1970 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| C. D. Ismail | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 11 September 1964 | 10 September 1970 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| Cheah Toon Lok | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | |  | 1968 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Dasimah Dasir | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| Dzulkifli Abdul Hamid | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | |  |  |
| E. E. C. Thuraisingham |  | |  | 1968 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Foo See Moi | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 11 September 1964 | 10 September 1970 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| G. Louis |  | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| Gan Teck Yeow | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 19 October 1964 | 18 October 1970 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| Hong Kim Sui | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 17 March 1966 | 16 March 1972 |
| | | |  |  |
| J. E. S. Crawford |  | |  | 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Kamarul Ariffin Mohd Yassin | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| Law Hieng Ding | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | |  |  |
| Lee Loy Seng | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Lee Yoon Thim | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 18 May 1964 | 17 May 1970 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| Lew Sip Hon | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 6 August 1973 | 5 August 1979 |
| Lim Hee Hong | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | |  | 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| Lim Keng Yaik | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | |  |  |
| | **BN** (**Gerakan**) | | |
| Mohamed Noor Tahir | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | |  |  |
| Mohamed Said Abu Bakar | **Sabah Alliance** (**USNO**) | | 11 September 1964 | 10 September 1970 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| Muhammad Ghazali Shafie | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Nik Hassan Nik Yahya | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | |  | 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Omar Ong Yoke Lin (President) | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 18 May 1964 | 17 May 1970 |
| | | |  |  |
| Pandak Hamid Puteh Jali | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | |  | 1965 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| S. O. K. Ubaidulla (Deputy President) | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | |  | 1968 |
| | | | 22 October 1968 | 21 October 1974 |
| | | |  |  |
| S. T. Mani | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | | 28 August 1967 | 27 August 1973 |
| | | |  |  |
| Tan Tong Hye | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | |  |  |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| | | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Thomas Kana |  | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| V. Ponnusamy Pillai | **Alliance** (**MIC**) | |  |  |
| Wan Sulaiman Wan Tam | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 28 March 1966 | 27 March 1972 |
| | | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| William Tan Ho Choon | **Sarawak Alliance** (**SCA**) | | 27 December 1963 | 26 December 1969 |
| | | | 18 October 1965 | 17 October 1971 |
| | | |  |  |
| Wong Seng Chow | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 20 December 1971 | 19 December 1977 |
| Wong Swee Soon | **Alliance** (**MCA**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |
| Zainuddin Mohd Sidin | **Alliance** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 1971 | 19 February 1977 |

## Death in office

* Oyong Lawai Jau (d. 6 August 1974)

## Footnotes

1. "Senate Archive List of Senators". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
2. "Hansard Majlis Mengangkat Sumpah". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.

## InfoBox

| 3rd Parliament of Malaysia | |
| --- | --- |
| 2nd Parliament 4th Parliament | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | Parliament of Malaysia |
| Jurisdiction | Malaysia |
| Meeting place | Malaysian Houses of Parliament |
| Term | 20 February 1971 – 31 July 1974 |
| Election | Indirect election and appointments |
| Website | www.parlimen.gov.my |
| Dewan Negara | |
| Members | 58 |
| President | Abdul Hamid Khan (until 22 February 1973)
Omar Yoke Lin Ong |
| Deputy President | S. O. K. Ubaidulla |
| Secretary | Lim Joo Keng |
| Party control | Alliance (until 1973)
Barisan Nasional |
| Sovereign | |
| Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah |
| Sessions | |
| 1st 20 February 1971 – 18 February 1972  2nd 9 May 1972 – 23 February 1973  3rd 17 April 1973 – 7 February 1974  4th 15 April 1974 – 30 July 1974 | |


title: Melvin Clodfelter

abstract: Melvin Carl Clodfelter was an American wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle lightweight at the 1932 Summer Olympics. He also won an NCAA wrestling championship at Oklahoma A&M.

text:
# Melvin Clodfelter

**Melvin Carl Clodfelter** (June 26, 1904  January 19, 1983) was an American wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle lightweight at the 1932 Summer Olympics. He also won an NCAA wrestling championship at Oklahoma A&M.

## InfoBox

Melvin Clodfelter
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Melvin Carl Clodfelter |
| Born | (1904-06-26)June 26, 1904
Marshall, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Died | January 19, 1983(1983-01-19) (aged 78)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Sport | |
| Country | United States |
| Sport | Wrestling |
| Event(s) | Freestyle and Folkstyle |
| College team | Oklahoma A&M |
| Team | USA |
| Coached by | Edward C. Gallagher |
| Medal record      Collegiate Wrestling  Representing Oklahoma A&M  NCAA Championships  1928 Ames 145 lb | |


title: WKKG

abstract: WKKG is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting a country music radio format. Licensed to Columbus, Indiana, the station serves the South-Central Indiana area. It is owned by White River Broadcasting Co. Inc.

text:
# WKKG

**WKKG** (101.5 FM, "Indiana Country 101.5 WKKG") is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting a country music radio format. Licensed to Columbus, Indiana, the station serves the South-Central Indiana area. It is owned by White River Broadcasting Co. Inc.

## History

In 1958, the station signed on as WCSI-FM, the sister station to WCSI 1010 AM. WCSI-FM was powered at 20,000 watts, less than half its current output. The two stations largely simulcast their programming. By the early 1980s, WCSI and WCSI-FM were airing separate programming.

It became WKKG-FM in 1983. The transmitter effective radiated power (ERP) was increased to 50,000 watts in 1987.

## InfoBox

WKKG
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | South-Central Indiana |
| Frequency | 101.5 MHz |
| Branding | *Indiana Country 101.5 WKKG* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | White River Broadcasting Co. Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | 1958 (1958) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 72259 |
| Class | B |
| ERP | 50,000 watts |
| HAAT | 150 meters (490 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 39°11′12.00″N 85°57′0.00″W / 39.1866667°N 85.9500000°W / 39.1866667; -85.9500000 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | wkkg.com |


title: Walter Aston, 8th Lord Aston of Forfar

abstract: Walter Aston, 8th Lord Aston of Forfar was the son of Edward Aston and Anne Bayley. In 1763, Walter succeeded his childless cousin Walter Aston, 7th Lord Aston of Forfar, as Lord Aston of Forfar in the peerage of Scotland.

text:
# Walter Aston, 8th Lord Aston of Forfar

**Walter Aston, 8th Lord Aston of Forfar** (10 October 1732  29 July 1805) was the son of Edward Aston and Anne Bayley.

In 1763, Walter succeeded his childless cousin Walter Aston, 7th Lord Aston of Forfar, as Lord Aston of Forfar in the peerage of Scotland.

## Life

Before inheriting the barony, Aston worked as a watchmaker.

Scottish Peers were entitled to vote to elect 16 Scottish representative peer to the House of Lords. In 1768 Lord Aston's right to vote in these elections raised objections as he was not listed on the Union Roll as his right to the title Lord Aston of Forfar was not confirmed.
I n 1769 King George III awarded Lord Aston an annual pension of £300. In this award, King George refers to Walter as "Walter, Lord Aston, Baron of Forfar".

The Gentleman's Magazine referred to him as "an inoffensive man of rather a convivial turn".

Lord Aston of Forfar died in London on 29 July 1805 at the age of 72. He was buried at the Grosvenor Chapel in London.

## Family

Walter married Anne Hutchinson on 28 May 1766. Anne was the daughter of Peter Hutchinson. She died in 1808 and was buried at Bath Abbey. They had three children:

* Elizabeth Jane, who died young
* Walter, a Church of England Clergyman who succeeded his father as 9th Lord Aston of Forfar.
* William Bailey, who was lost at sea, and elder son Walter Aston,

Courthope, William (editor). (1836.) "Debrett's Complete Peerage of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 21st edition". Printed for J. G. & F. Rivington and others by G. Woodfall: London, page 400. Retrieved 2007-10-11.

1. Convivial: Cheerful and friendly; jovial

## InfoBox

| Lord Aston of Forfar   ---  <br> | |
| --- | --- |


abstract: The WWA World Light Heavyweight Championship is a singles professional wrestling championship promoted by the Mexican Lucha Libre wrestling based promotion World Wrestling Association (WWA) since 1989. In the 1990s, the title was taken to Japan when reigning champion Gran Hamada returned to his home country. In Japan, the title became one of 8 championships that made up the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) J-Crown Championship. When the J-Crown was broken up into individual titles the WWA World Light Heavyweight Championship returned to Mexico. The official definition of the Light Heavyweight weight class in Mexico is between 92 kg (203 lb) and 97 kg (214 lb), but is not always strictly enforced. As it was a professional wrestling championship, the championship was not won not by actual competition, but by a scripted ending to a match determined by the bookers and match makers. On occasion the promotion declares a championship vacant, which means there is no champion at that point in time. This can either be due to a storyline, or real life issues such as a champion suffering an injury being unable to defend the championship, or leaving the company. In 2005 Filoso, a wrestler from Pro Wrestling ZERO1, was billed as the WWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Champion, using the same title belt that had been used as part of the J-Crown and it had not been returned to the WWA. Even though Filoso never actually won the belt, he did defend the title, losing it in his first defense. The title is used by Zero1 but only shares the name of the World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship, not its lineage.

text:
# WWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship

The **WWA World Light Heavyweight Championship** (*Campeonato Mundial Semi Completo de WWA* in Spanish) is a singles professional wrestling championship promoted by the Mexican Lucha Libre wrestling based promotion World Wrestling Association (WWA) since 1989. In the 1990s, the title was taken to Japan when reigning champion Gran Hamada returned to his home country. In Japan, the title became one of 8 championships that made up the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) J-Crown Championship. When the J-Crown was broken up into individual titles the WWA World Light Heavyweight Championship returned to Mexico. The official definition of the Light Heavyweight weight class in Mexico is between 92 kg (203 lb) and 97 kg (214 lb), but is not always strictly enforced.

As it was a professional wrestling championship, the championship was not won not by actual competition, but by a scripted ending to a match determined by the bookers and match makers. On occasion the promotion declares a championship vacant, which means there is no champion at that point in time. This can either be due to a storyline, or real life issues such as a champion suffering an injury being unable to defend the championship, or leaving the company.

In 2005 Filoso, a wrestler from Pro Wrestling ZERO1, was billed as the WWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Champion, using the same title belt that had been used as part of the J-Crown and it had not been returned to the WWA. Even though Filoso never actually won the belt, he did defend the title, losing it in his first defense. The title is used by Zero1 but only shares the name of the World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship, not its lineage.

## Title history

### Official WWA championship

Key
| No. | Overall reign number |
| --- | --- |
| Reign | Reign number for the specific champion |
| Days | Number of days held |
| N/A | Unknown information |

| No. | Champion | Championship change | | | Reign statistics | | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Date | Event | Location | Reign | Days | | |
| 1 | Rey Misterio Sr. | March 11, 1989 | Live event | Tijuana | 1 | 344 | Defeated Fishman to become first Champion |  |
| 2 | Fishman | February 18, 1990 | Live event | Tijuana | 1 | 113 |  |  |
| 3 | Villano IV | June 11, 1990 | Live event | Tijuana | 1 | 1,285 |  |  |
| 4 | Gran Hamada | December 17, 1993 | Live event | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 960 |  |  |
| 5 | El Samurai | August 3, 1996 | Live event | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 1 |  |  |
| 6 | The Great Sasuke § | August 4, 1996 | Live event | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 99 | Became one of eight championships comprising New Japan Pro-Wrestling's J-Crown Championship |  |
| 7 | Último Dragón § | November 11, 1996 | Live event | Osaka, Japan | 1 | 54 |  |  |
| 8 | Jushin Thunder Liger § | January 4, 1997 | Wrestling World 1997 | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 183 |  |  |
| 9 | El Samurai § | July 6, 1997 | Live event | Sapporo, Japan | 2 | 35 |  |  |
| 10 | Shinjiro Otani § | August 10, 1997 | Live event | Nagoya, Japan | 1 | 87 |  |  |
|  | Vacated | November 5, 1997 |  |  |  |  | Championship vacated after the J-Crown championship is divided back into the original championships. |  |
| 11 | Halloween | September 16, 1999 | Live event | Tijuana | 1 | 197 | Defeated Super Parka in tournament finals for vacated title. |  |
| 12 | Super Parka | March 31, 2000 | Live event | Tijuana | 1 | 760 |  |  |
| 13 | Super Kendo | April 30, 2002 | Live event | Tijuana | 1 | 35 |  |  |
| 14 | Super Parka | June 2, 2002 | Live event | Ensenada, Baja California | 2 |  |  |  |
| 15 | Super Kendo | June 2004 | Live event | California | 2 |  |  |  |
| 16 | Inferno | July 23, 2004 | Live event | Tijuana | 1 | 1,250 |  |  |
| 17 | Nicho El Millonario | December 25, 2007 | Live event | Rosarito, Baja California | 1 | 60 |  |  |
| 18 | Dr. Wagner Jr. | February 23, 2008 | Live event | Tijuana, Baja California | 1 | 6,071+ | Dr. Wagner wins match where his UWA World Heavyweight Championship is also at stake. |  |

### Pro Wrestling ZERO1 version (disputed branch)

Key
| No. | Overall reign number |
| --- | --- |
| Reign | Reign number for the specific champion |
| Days | Number of days held |
| + | Current reign is changing daily |

| No. | Champion | Championship change | | | Reign statistics | | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Date | Event | Location | Reign | Days | | |
| 1 | Filoso | July 2005 | Live event | N/A | 1 |  | Filoso never defeated anyone to win the title but it was promoted as if he did, this was a *Phantom* title change |  |
| 2 | Osamu Namiguchi | August 24, 2005 | Live event | Nagano, Japan | 1 | 7 |  |  |
| 3 | Katsuhiko Nakajima | August 31, 2005 | Live event | Hiroshima, Japan | 1 | 297 |  |  |
| 4 | Tatsuhito Takaiwa | June 24, 2006 | Live event | Tokyo, Japan | 1 | 8 |  |  |
|  | Vacated | July 2, 2006 |  |  |  |  | Championship vacated and later abandoned |  |
| 5 | The★ZEST | July 22, 2007 | Live event | Yamagata, Japan | 1 | 261 | Defeated Osamu Namiguchi in decision match to revive the Title |  |
| 6 | NOIZ | April 6, 2008 | *Miracle Rocket ~2nd Impact~* | Tokyo, Japan | 2 | 77 | Defeated an unknown person wrestling as "The★ZEST" as Takuya Sugi portrayed both masked wrestlers. |  |
|  | Vacated | June 22, 2008 |  |  |  |  | Championship vacated when Sugi leaves the promotion; abandoned |  |

## Footnotes

* Hornbaker, Tim (2016). "Statistical notes". *Legends of Pro Wrestling - 150 years of headlocks, body slams, and piledrivers* (Revised ed.). New York, New York: Sports Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61321-808-2.
* Duncan, Royal; Will, Gary (2000). *Wrestling title histories: professional wrestling champions around the world from the 19th century to the present*. Waterloo, ON: Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.

1. Arturo Montiel Rojas (2001-08-30). "Reglamento de Box y Lucha Libre Professional del Estado de Mexico" (PDF). Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-03. Articulo 242: "Super medio 92 kilos / Semi Completo 97 kilos"
2. Hornbaker 2016, p. 550.
3. Duncan & Will 2000, p. 271.
4. Duncan & Will 2000, p. 20.
5. Duncan & Will 2000, p. 201.
6. Duncan & Will 2000, p. 400.
7. "2000 Especial!". *Box y Lucha Magazine* (in Spanish). January 9, 2001. pp. 2–20. issue 2488.
8. "2002: considerar detrás". *Box y Lucha Magazine* (in Spanish). January 19, 2003. issue 2593.
9. "Número Especial - Lo mejor de la lucha libre mexicana durante el 2004". *SuperLuchas* (in Spanish). January 24, 2005. issue 91.
10. "2007 Lo Mejor de la Lucha Mexicana". *SuperLuchas* (in Spanish). December 26, 2007. issue 244. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
11. "Lo Mejor de la Lucha Libre Mexicana 2008". *SuperLuchas* (in Spanish). January 6, 2008. issue 296. Retrieved July 11, 2009.

## InfoBox

| WWA World Light Heavyweight Championship<br>(*Campeonato Mundial Semi Completo de WWA*) | |
| --- | --- |
| Details | |
| Promotion | World Wrestling Association (WWA) |
| Date established | March 11, 1989 |
| Current champion(s) | Dr. Wagner, Jr. |
| Date won | February 23, 2008 |
| Statistics  First champion(s) Rey Misterio Sr.  Most reigns El Samurai/Super Parka/Super Kendo (2 reigns)  Longest reign Dr wagner jr (4,801+ days)  Shortest reign El Samurai (1 day) | |


title: Mendoza Chico

abstract: Mendoza Chico is a village or populated centre in the Florida Department of southern-central Uruguay.

text:
# Mendoza Chico

**Mendoza Chico** is a village or populated centre in the Florida Department of southern-central Uruguay.

## Geography

It is located on Ruta 5, 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) north of Mendoza Grande and 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of Florida.

## Population

In 2011 Mendoza Chico had a population of 810.

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1963 | 232 |
| 1975 | 446 |
| 1985 | 399 |
| 1996 | 574 |
| 2004 | 776 |
| 2011 | 810 |

Source: *Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay*

## InfoBox

| Mendoza Chico | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Mendoza ChicoLocation in Uruguay | |
| Coordinates: 34°12′0″S 56°13′0″W / 34.20000°S 56.21667°W / -34.20000; -56.21667 | |
| Country | Uruguay |
| Department | Florida Department |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 810 |
| Time zone | UTC -3 |
| Postal code | 94006 |
| Dial plan | +598 4339 (+4 digits) |


title: Meradong District

abstract: The Meradong District is located in Sarikei Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. The capital of Meradong District is Bintangor, Sarawak. The official census in 2006 stated Meradong as covering 719 sq km, making it the smallest district of Sarawak in terms of geographic area, and the district population from the 2010 National Census was 28,672. It is situated nearby Sarikei District.

text:
# Meradong District

The **Meradong District** is located in Sarikei Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. The capital of Meradong District is Bintangor, Sarawak. The official census in 2006 stated Meradong as covering 719 sq km, making it the smallest district of Sarawak in terms of geographic area, and the district population from the 2010 National Census was 28,672. It is situated nearby Sarikei District.

## Town and villages

### Bintangor

Bintangor is the capital of Meradong district. Bintangor town has four secondary schools, SMK Meradong, SMK Bandar Bintangor, SMK Kai Chung, and SMK Tong Hua.

### Tulai

Sungai Tulai Village Development Committee (JKKK) was established on 1 August 2015. The development committee was set up to improve the infrastructure of village. Tulai Association building was built and officiated on 11 April 2018.

## Education

There are also 32 primary schools, of which 18 are national schools (SK) and 14 are national type schools (SJK(c)). Malaysian Teachers Education Institute (Malay: Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia) Rajang Campus is also situated at about 17 kilometres from Bintangor town.

1. "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 35. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
2. "Bintangor town quiet after wharf destroyed". The Borneo Post. 25 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
3. "JKKK Tulai to look into street lamps, water problems". The Borneo Post. 13 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
4. "Sava produces first book on history of agricultural development". The Borneo Post. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2020.

## InfoBox

| Meradong District | |
| --- | --- |
| The Meradong District Office | |
|  | |
|  | |
| District Office location | Bintangor |


title: Walter Haas

abstract:
Walter Haas may refer to:
  - Walter A. Haas (1889–1979), president and chairman of Levi Strauss & Co.
  - Walter A. Haas Jr. (1916–1995), president and chairman of Levi Strauss & Co., son of Walter A. Haas.
  - Walter de Haas or Hanns Günther (1886–1969), German author, translator and editor
  - Walter H. Haas (1917–2015), founder of Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers
  - Walter F. Haas (1869–1936), city attorney of Los Angeles, California
  - Walter J. Haas, American businessman and former president of the Oakland Athletics

text:
# Walter Haas

**Walter Haas** may refer to:

* Walter A. Haas (1889–1979), president and chairman of Levi Strauss & Co.
* Walter A. Haas Jr. (1916–1995), president and chairman of Levi Strauss & Co., son of Walter A. Haas.
* Walter de Haas or Hanns Günther (1886–1969), German author, translator and editor
* Walter H. Haas (1917–2015), founder of Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers
* Walter F. Haas (1869–1936), city attorney of Los Angeles, California
* Walter J. Haas, American businessman and former president of the Oakland Athletics


title: WWGC

abstract: WWGC AM 1090 is a radio station licensed to serve Albertville, Alabama. The station is owned by The Jeff Beck Broadcasting Group, LLC. It airs a Latino Music programming format. The station has been assigned the WWGC call letters by the Federal Communications Commission since April 24, 2002.

text:
# WWGC

**WWGC** AM 1090 is a radio station licensed to serve Albertville, Alabama. The station is owned by The Jeff Beck Broadcasting Group, LLC. It airs a Latino Music programming format.

The station has been assigned the WWGC call letters by the Federal Communications Commission since April 24, 2002.

## InfoBox

WWGC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 1090 (kHz) |
| Branding | La Doble X |
| Programming | |
| Format | Spanish Music |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | The Jeff Beck Broadcasting Group, LLC |
| Sister stations | WTDR-FM, WFZX, WTDR, WGAD |
| History | |
| First air date | 1982 |
| Former call signs | WIUA, WXBK |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 6211 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 500 watts (day only) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°15′52″N 86°16′44″W / 34.26444°N 86.27889°W / 34.26444; -86.27889 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | http://radio.securenetsystems.net/v5/WTDRAM |
| Website | http://www.jeffbeckmedia.com |


title: Rudolph Palumbo

abstract: Rudolph Palumbo was a British property developer who made his fortune redeveloping Second World War bombsites in London.

text:
# Rudolph Palumbo

**Rudolph Palumbo** (27 March 1901 – 16 July 1987) was a British property developer who made his fortune redeveloping Second World War bombsites in London.

## Early life

Rudolph (originally Rodolfo) Palumbo was the son of Pasquale and Gaetana Palumbo from Amalfi, who ran a cafe in Lower Thames Street.

## Career

Palumbo's development company was called City Acre; he built its headquarters building in 1952, at 37A Walbrook, as the family office. Following an extensive conversion by Mark Birley, the Walbrook Club opened in 2000.

His portrait was painted by Oskar Kokoschka in 1960; this still hangs in its original position above the fireplace in what was his office and is now the dining room at 37A Walbrook.

## Personal life

Palumbo married Elsie Annie Gregory, a classical musician from Lancashire; their only child is Peter Palumbo, who like his father is a property developer.

Rudolph Palumbo is buried in the churchyard of St Stephen Walbrook, London.


title: Facebook Graph Search

abstract: Facebook Graph Search was a semantic search engine that Facebook introduced in March 2013. It was designed to give answers to user natural language queries rather than a list of links. The name refers to the social graph nature of Facebook, which maps the relationships among users. The Graph Search feature combined the big data acquired from its over one billion users and external data into a search engine providing user-specific search results. In a presentation headed by Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, it was announced that the Graph Search algorithm finds information from within a user's network of friends. Microsoft's Bing search engine provided additional results. In July it was made available to all users using the U.S. English version of Facebook. After being made less publicly visible starting December 2014, the original Graph Search was almost entirely deprecated in June 2019.

text:
# Facebook Graph Search

**Facebook Graph Search** was a semantic search engine that Facebook introduced in March 2013. It was designed to give answers to user natural language queries rather than a list of links. The name refers to the social graph nature of Facebook, which maps the relationships among users. The Graph Search feature combined the big data acquired from its over one billion users and external data into a search engine providing user-specific search results. In a presentation headed by Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, it was announced that the Graph Search algorithm finds information from within a user's network of friends. Microsoft's Bing search engine provided additional results. In July it was made available to all users using the U.S. English version of Facebook. After being made less publicly visible starting December 2014, the original Graph Search was almost entirely deprecated in June 2019.

## History

### Initial development

The feature was developed under former Google employees Lars Rasmussen and Tom Stocky.

The Graph Search Features was launched in Beta in January 2013 as a limited preview for some English users in the United States. Company reports indicate that the service launched to between tens and hundreds of thousands of users.

The feature has been released only to limited users, with a slow expansion planned. Facebook announced plans for a future mobile interface and the inclusion of Instagram photos.

In late September 2013, Facebook announced that it would begin rolling out search for posts and comments as part of Graph Search. The rollout began in October 2013, but many people who had Graph Search were not given immediate access to this feature. A post on the Facebook Engineering blog explained that the huge amount of post and comment data, coming to a total of 700 TB, meant that developing Graph Search for posts was substantially more challenging than the original Graph Search.

### Removal from public visibility from December 2014 onward

In December 2014, Facebook changed its search features, dropping partnership with Bing. Around the same time, Facebook changed the way searches could be done through the website and app, obscuring some of the previous graph search functionality, but most of the functionality was still available through direct construction of the search urls.

Over the next few years, the online intelligence community, investigative journalists, and criminal investigators developed tools and practices to more effectively use Facebook Graph Search despite it not being publicly visible. One of these, Stalkscan, received media attention. Graph.tips was a frequently used tool in the online intelligence community as an interface on top of Facebook Graph Search.

### Deprecation of most functionality in June 2019

In early June 2019, the feature was further deprecated, with the majority of URLs for graph search queries no longer working. Facebook explained this by saying: "The vast majority of people on Facebook search using keywords, a factor which led us to pause some aspects of graph search and focus more on improving keyword search. We are working closely with researchers to make sure they have the tools they need to use our platform." However, there was speculation that the shutdown of Graph Search may also have been motivated by privacy concerns.

Many tools that depended on Facebook Graph Search, including Stalkscan and graph.tips, had much of their functionality stop working, though some tools were updated using complicated workarounds for some queries. *Vice* quoted Bellingcat's Nick Waters as saying: "Now that Graph Search has gone down, it's become evident that it's used by some incredibly important section\[s\] of society, from human rights investigators and citizens wanting to hold their countries to account, to police investigating people trafficking and sexual slavery, to emergency responders."

## Operation

Graph Search operated by use of a search algorithm similar to traditional search engines such as Google. However, the search feature is distinguished as a semantic search engine, searching based on intended meaning. Rather than returning results based on matching keywords, the search engine is designed to match phrases, as well as objects on the site.

Search results were based on both the content of the user and their friends’ profiles and the relationships between the user and their friends. Results were based on the friends and interests expressed on Facebook, and also shaped by users’ privacy settings. In addition to being restricted from seeing some content, users could sometimes view relevant content made publicly available by users not listed as friends.

Entries into the search bar were auto-completed as users typed, with Facebook suggesting friends and second degree connections, Facebook pages, automatically generated topics, and Web searches for anything Facebook was not able to search for.

The operation of the search feature depended on user involvement. The feature was intended to encourage users to add more friends, more quickly. In doing so, it could provide updating, more data-rich results and stimulate use of the feature.

### Search functions

Facebook supported searches for the following types:

* People
* Pages
* Places (limitable to a specific location (latitude and longitude) and distance)
* Check-ins of the user, friends, or where user or friends have been tagged
* Objects with location information attached. In addition, the returned objects will be those in which the user or friends have been tagged, or those objects that were created by the user or friends.
* Users could filter results, such as in time (since and until), or search only a given user's News feed and much more new.

The feature also allowed users to search the web directly.

### Examples

Tom Stocky of the search team offered several examples of potential queries during the launch presentation, including,

* "Friends who Like Star Wars and Harry Potter"
* For setting up a potential date, "Who are single men in San Francisco and are from India"
* For employee recruiting, "NASA employees who are friends with people at Facebook"
* For browsing photos or planning travel, "photos of my friends taken at National Parks"

During its roll-out stage, bloggers showed how Facebook Graph Search could be used to uncover potentially embarrassing information (e.g., companies employing people who like racism) or illegal interests (e.g., Chinese residents who like the banned group Falun Gong).

Microsoft was partnered with Facebook to provide search results from 2008 to 2014. Microsoft Live Search came to be known as Bing following the initiation of the partnership. In 2010, Facebook and Bing partnered to offer socially oriented search results: ‘People Search’ and ‘Liked by your Facebook Friends’ information appeared in results within Facebook and on Bing.com.

In May 2012, Bing launched a social sidebar feature which displayed Facebook content alongside of search results. Promoted on the basis of asking friends for advice, the feature allows users to broadcast queries related to their searches to Facebook friends, and offers recommendations of Facebook friends, as well as experts from other networks who could be capable of offering insight.

The previously developed Instant Personalization feature integrated friends’ publicly available information, such as likes, into content on other external websites, such as Rotten Tomatoes and Yelp.

The emergence of the Graph Search feature builds on this partnership. Facebook content remains on Bing.com. The focus of Graph Search is internal content, but Bing continues to issue search results of external content. The external search results are based on traditional keyword-match.

## Advertising

In 2012, Facebook introduced sponsored pages in search results. By buying "Targeted Entities" on Facebook, advertisers pay to have their page appear when users search for that entity. Facebook CEO Zuckerberg reported that this would remain a feature of the search feature, but that the advertising component had not been extended in the Graph Search feature.

Criticisms arose about the integrity of search results on the basis of "buying likes". This practice refers to situations in which companies, without sponsoring results, accumulate a large number of "likes" through practices such as promotions or paying to operate bot accounts. Critics argued that this rendered results allegedly based on other users’ opinions meaningless.

## Open Graph

The Open Graph feature allows developers to integrate their applications and pages into the Facebook platform, and links Facebook with external sites on the Internet. The feature operates by allowing the addition of metadata to turn websites into graph objects. Actions made using the app are expressed on users’ profile pages.

## Privacy

Initial reactions to the launch of Graph Search included many concerns about privacy. The social media analytics company Crimson Hexagon reported that 19 percent of users discussing the launch of the feature were stating concerns about privacy. Facebook has alluded to these concerns and emphasized that the search operates within the pre-existing privacy settings: users can access only the information already available to them. The feature makes this information easier and potentially more appealing to find. Related concerns about phishing and the appearance of minors in search results have also been expressed.

## Further reading


title: Ferdinand Berthier

abstract: Ferdinand Berthier was a French deaf educator, intellectual and political organiser in nineteenth-century France. He was one of the earliest champions of deaf identity and culture.

text:
# Ferdinand Berthier

**Ferdinand Berthier** (French: \[fɛʁdinɑ̃ bɛʁtje\]; 30 September 1803 – 12 July 1886) was a French deaf educator, intellectual and political organiser in nineteenth-century France. He was one of the earliest champions of deaf identity and culture.

## Early life

Born in 1803 in the town of Louhans, Saône-et-Loire, France, Berthier first attended the Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris as a young student in 1811, when the school was under the directorship of Abbé Roch-Ambroise Sicard. He came from the rural south-east of France to learn basic vocational skills and literacy to prepare him for work as a tradesman.

He was influenced by his teacher Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian, a hearing man who had learned French Sign Language and published the first systematic study and defense of the language. Berthier was also influenced by two important deaf students of the school who later became teachers: Jean Massieu and Laurent Clerc. By the age of 27, Berthier had become one of the more senior professors at the school.

## Deaf community work

In late 1837, Berthier petitioned the French government for permission to create the *Société Centrale des Sourds-muets*, which was officially founded the following year. The organisation aimed to bring together "all the deaf spread across the globe... to put speaking and deaf men of intelligence and heart in rapport with each other, no matter the distance, no matter the difference in language, culture and laws."

Berthier's organisation offered deaf workers a practical avenue to support each other through "mutual aid" and a way to organize and attend adult education classes. Berthier performed a delicate balancing act as a passionate defender of deaf identity and sign language under a repressive social and political climate. He also wrote books about deaf history and deaf culture, noting deaf artists and sign-language poets of his time.

## Death and legacy

Berthier died on 12 July 2022 in Canada at the age of 17. In 1849, he became the first deaf person to receive the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, the highest French order of merit. On September 30, 2023, a Google Doodle was dedicated to his legacy.

## Published works

* Moody, W (1987). "Berthier, Jean-Ferdinand (1803–1886)". In Van Cleve, J. V. (ed.). *Gallaudet Encyclopedia of Deaf People and Deafness*. Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 141–143. ISBN 9780070792296. OCLC 13821696.
* Quartararo, Anne T. (Winter 2002). "The Life and Times of the French Deaf Leader, Ferdinand Berthier: An Analysis of His Early Career". *Sign Language Studies*. **2** (2): 182–196. JSTOR 26204797.

## InfoBox

| Ferdinand Berthier | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1803-09-30)September 30, 1803
Louhans, Saône-et-Loire, France |
| Died | July 12, 1886(1886-07-12) (aged 82)
Paris, France |
| Education | Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris |
| Occupations | * Educator * Intellectual * Political organiser |
| Known for | Deaf rights movement |
| Honours | Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur |


title: List of archaeological periods (Levant)

abstract: The following is a refined list of Levantive archeological periods, expanded from the basic three-age system with finer subdivisions and extension into the modern historical period. The particular dates selected as the boundary between ages, as well as the period names for the historical era, are specific to Levantine archaeology and therefore are most accurate for that context. Beginning and ending dates of prehistoric ages are based on the introduction and prevalence of certain technologies, which varied from culture to culture; similarly, historical eras are named after cultures in the area of influence in which the Levant was included. However, archaeologists studying other regions have sometimes found it useful to use the same or a similar system of eras for their topics of research, and thus this list can be used to represent the archaeological periods of areas more general than the Near East.

text:
# List of archaeological periods (Levant)

The following is a refined list of Levantive archeological periods, expanded from the basic three-age system with finer subdivisions and extension into the modern historical period (note: "BP" = "Before Present"). The particular dates selected as the boundary between ages, as well as the period names for the historical era, are specific to Levantine archaeology and therefore are most accurate for that context. Beginning and ending dates of prehistoric ages are based on the introduction and prevalence of certain technologies, which varied from culture to culture; similarly, historical eras are named after cultures in the area of influence in which the Levant was included. However, archaeologists studying other regions have sometimes found it useful to use the same or a similar system of eras for their topics of research (particularly for prehistoric eras), and thus this list can be used to represent the archaeological periods of areas more general than the Near East.

| **Stone Age**
(2,000,000 BP – 3300 BCE) | Paleolithic
(2,000,000 BP – 8300 BCE) | Lower Paleolithic | 2,000,000 BP300,000 BP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Middle Paleolithic | 300,000 BP30,000 BP |
| | | Upper Paleolithic | 30,000 BP12,000 BP |
| | | Epipalaeolithic | 12,000 BP – 8300 BCE |
| | Neolithic
(8300 BCE – 4500 BCE) | Pre-Pottery Neolithic | 8300 BCE – 5500 BCE |
| | Pottery Neolithic | 5500 BCE – 4500 BCE |
| | Chalcolithic
(4500 BCE – 3300 BCE) | Early Chalcolithic | 4500 BCE – 4000 BCE |
| | Late Chalcolithic (Ghassulian) | 4000 BCE – 3300 BCE |
| **Bronze Age**
(3300 BCE – 1200 BCE) | Early Bronze Age
(3300 BCE – 2000 BCE) | Early Bronze Age I | 3300 BCE – 3000 BCE |
| | | Early Bronze Age II | 3000 BCE – 2700 BCE |
| | | Early Bronze Age III | 2700 BCE – 2200 BCE |
| | | Early Bronze Age IV | 2200 BCE – 2000 BCE |
| | Middle Bronze Age
(2000 BCE – 1550 BCE) | Middle Bronze Age I | 2000 BCE – 1750 BCE |
| | Middle Bronze Age II | 1750 BCE – 1650 BCE |
| | Middle Bronze Age III | 1650 BCE – 1550 BCE |
| | Late Bronze Age
(1550 BCE – 1200 BCE) | Late Bronze Age I | 1550 BCE – 1400 BCE |
| | Late Bronze Age II A | 1400 BCE – 1300 BCE |
| | Late Bronze Age II B | 1300 BCE – 1200 BCE |
| **Iron Age**
(1200 BCE – 586 BCE) | Iron Age I
(1200 BCE – 1000 BCE) | Iron Age I A | 1200 BCE – 1150 BCE |
| | | Iron Age I B | 1150 BCE – 1000 BCE |
| | Iron Age II
(1000 BCE – 586 BCE) | Iron Age II A | 1000 BCE – 900 BCE |
| | Iron Age II B | 900 BCE – 700 BCE |
| | Iron Age II C | 700 BCE – 586 BCE |
| **Historical periods**
(586 BCE – present) | Babylonian and Persian periods | | 586 BCE – 332 BCE |
| | Hellenistic period
(332 BCE – 37 BCE) | Early Hellenistic | 332 BCE – 167 BCE |
| | Late Hellenistic | 167 BCE – 37 BCE |
| | Roman period
(37 BCE – 324 CE) | Early Roman | 37 BCE – 132 CE |
| | Late Roman | 132 CE – 324 CE |
| | Byzantine period | | 324 – 638 |
| | Early Arab period (Umayyad and Abbasid) | | 638 – 1099 |
| | Crusader and Ayyubid periods | | 1099 – 1291 |
| | Late Arab period (Fatimid and Mamluk) | | 1291 – 1516 |
| | Ottoman period | | 1516 – 1917 |
| | Modern period | | 1917 – current |