title: Liu Tao

abstract: Liu Tao is a Chinese actress from Nanchang, Jiangxi. She is known for her roles in Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (2003), Madame White Snake (2006), Mazu (2012), To Elderly With Love (2013), Nirvana in Fire (2015), Legend of Mi Yue (2015), Ode to Joy (2016) and The Advisors Alliance (2017).

text:
# Liu Tao

**Liu Tao** (simplified Chinese: 刘涛; traditional Chinese: 劉濤; pinyin: *Liú Tāo*, born 12 July 1978) is a Chinese actress from Nanchang, Jiangxi. She is known for her roles in *Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils* (2003), *Madame White Snake* (2006), *Mazu* (2012), *To Elderly With Love* (2013), *Nirvana in Fire* (2015), *Legend of Mi Yue* (2015), *Ode to Joy* (2016) and *The Advisors Alliance* (2017).

## Career

Liu entered the industry in 2000, when she was cast in the family sitcom *Daughter-in-Law*.

In 2003, Liu was cast in *My Fair Princess III*, playing the role of Musha. Following the series, Liu rose to fame in China. Her subsequent performance as A'zhu in *Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils* (2003) made her a household name.

In 2006, Liu starred in *Madame White Snake* and gained attention for her portrayal of the titular heroine.

Liu challenged her first antagonist role in *Da Li Princess* (2009) co-starring Ruby Lin. In 2012, she played Mazu in the television series of the same name. The drama gained high ratings during its run and won at the Outstanding Television Series award at the China TV Golden Eagle Award and Flying Apsaras Awards.

Liu's subsequent performance as a capable career woman and housewife in acclaimed melodrama *To Elderly With Love* (2013) garnered her the Best Actress award at the China TV Golden Eagle Award and the Best Performing Arts Award at the China Golden Eagle TV Arts Festival. The same year, she starred in *Good Wife* as a mother and housewife who struggles with the challenges of family-life. The family drama was a ratings hit and along with the discussion of Liu's own marital arrangements, became one of the most talked-about topics on Weibo. As a result, Liu gained a surge in popularity.

In 2015, she starred in acclaimed historical-wuxia drama *Nirvana in Fire*, playing a strong warrior princess. A wax figure based on her role "Ni Huang" was displayed in Beijing Madame Tussauds Wax Museum. The same year, she co-starred in historical drama *The Legend of Mi Yue* as the antagonist, and won the Best Supporting Actress award at the Shanghai Television Festival.

In 2016, Liu headlined the modern romance drama *Ode to Joy*, playing a capable but insecure woman. The drama garnered positive reviews and high ratings, and Liu was nominated as Best Actress at the Huading Awards and Shanghai Television Festival.

In 2017, Liu starred in historical drama *The Advisors Alliance*, portraying Zhang Chunhua, the wife of Sima Yi. The same year, she featured in the crime thriller *Peace Breaker* and action thriller *The Foreigner*.

In 2019, Liu reunited with *Ode to Joy* co-star Yang Shuo in romance melodrama *Hope All is Well with Us*.

In 2019, Liu starred in historical drama *Poetry of the Song Dynasty*, acting for Empress Liu E, the wife of Emperor Zhenzong portrayed by the Taiwanese actor Vic Chou. It is directed by renowned director Li Shaohong. The same year, she starred in the drama film *Midnight Diner*, based on the Japanese manga of the same name.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | English title | Chinese title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *The Story of A Bao* | 阿宝的故事 | Liu Jia |  |
| 2011 | *The Founding of a Party* | 建党伟业 | Consort Jin |  |
| 2014 | *You Are The One* | 恋者多喜欢 | Cheng Yu |  |
| 2015 | *Let's Get Married* | 咱们结婚吧 | Tian Haixin |  |
| 2016 | *So Lucky* | 杠上开花 |  | Cameo |
| 2017 | *Peace Breaker* | 破·局 | Lin Xiaoye |  |
| | *The Foreigner* | 英倫對決 | Lam Keyi |  |
| 2018 | *The Monkey King 3* | 西游记：女儿国 | Guanyin |  |
| 2019 | *Midnight Diner* | 深夜食堂 | Ming Yue |  |
| | *My People, My Country* | 我和我的祖国 |  |  |
| 2021 | *City in the Air* | 空中之城 | Bai Rong |  |
| 2024 | *High Forces* | 危机航线 | Fu Yuan |  |

### Television series

| Year | English title | Chinese title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 |  | 九记饭馆 | Chu Chu |  |
| | *Daughter-in-Law* | 外来媳妇本地郎 | Hu Xingzi |  |
| 2001 | *The Sino-Dutch War 1661* | 英雄郑成功 | Hai Xia |  |
| |  | 皇城神鹰 | Princess Feixue |  |
| | *The Joy of Spring* | 欢乐青春 | Bai Li |  |
| 2002 | *The Railway Station* | 候车室的故事 | Xiao Li |  |
| | *Love Me, Love Me Not* | 信是有缘 | Fang Xiuxiu |  |
| 2003 | *My Fair Princess III* | 还珠格格3 | Mu Sha |  |
| | *The Formidable Sword of Guan Xi* | 关西无极刀 | Royal concubine of Loulan |  |
| | *Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils* | 天龙八部 | A Zhu |  |
| | *Red & Black 2000* | 红与黑2000 | Xiang Xiaoxiao |  |
| | *Taiwan Strait* | 台湾海峡 | Chen Sisi |  |
| 2004 | *The Last Concubine* | 末代皇妃 | Qi Ruyu |  |
| | *Hero During Yongle Period* | 永乐英雄儿女 | Princess Man'er |  |
| 2005 | *So It's You* | 原来就是你 | Du Muxue/ Jin'er |  |
| | *How Much Sorrow Do You Have* | 问君能有几多愁 | Queen Zhou the Elder/ Madame Huarui |  |
| | *Cherry Red* | 樱桃正红 | Meng Xing |  |
| 2006 | *The Legend and the Hero* | 封神榜之凤鸣岐山 | Chang'e | Cameo |
| | *Forensic Heroes* | 遍地英雄 | Zhou Ju |  |
| | *Madame White Snake* | 白蛇传 | Bai Suzhen |  |
| | *Paris Sonata* | 巴黎恋歌 | Yu Yue | Cameo |
| | *Fairy of the Chalice* | 夜光神杯 | Cheng Xiuxiu |  |
| | *Five Disciples of Master Huang* | 黄飞鸿五大弟子 | Mengsao | Cameo |
| 2007 | *The Sword and the Chess of Death* | 魔剑生死棋 | Liu Yiyi |  |
| | *Big Shot* | 大人物 | Chu Chu |  |
| 2008 | *Flower Woman* | 女人花 | Huang Mei'er |  |
| | *Dali Princess* | 大理公主 | Yang Yujiao |  |
| | *Wear a Mask and Dance* | 戴着面具跳舞 | Han Sirui | Cameo |
| 2009 | *Cold Night* | 寒夜 | Zeng Shusheng |  |
| | *Prelude of Lotus Lantern* | 宝莲灯前传 | Yaoji | Cameo |
| 2011 | *Dragon and Tiger Mountain* | 盘龙卧虎高山顶 | Bai Yu'e |  |
| | *Qian Duo Duo Marry Remember* | 钱多多嫁人记 | Qian Duoduo |  |
| | *Hidden Identity* | 掩护 | Gong Li |  |
| | *Journey to the West* | 西游记 | Guan Yin |  |
| | *Olive Tree* | 橄榄树 | Mu Sha |  |
| | *The Glamorous Imperial Concubine* | 倾世皇妃 | Wen Jingruo | Cameo |
| | *Falling Leaves in Chang'an* | 叶落长安 | Bai Lianhua |  |
| 2012 | *Happiness Full House* | 幸福满屋 | Yang Lu |  |
| |  | 知足常乐 | Sun Yun |  |
| | *Two Female Bandits* | 两个女匪王 | Kui Ying |  |
| | *Mazu* | 妈祖 | Mazu |  |
| 2013 | *Good Wife* | 贤妻 | Han Dayun |  |
| |  | 天下人家 | Yang Xiaohui | Cameo |
| | *Puzzle 1931* | 迷局1931 | Du Juan |  |
| | *Angel Cometh Tonight* | 今夜天使降临 | Peng Jiajia |  |
| | *To Elderly with Love* | 老有所依 | Jiang Mulan |  |
| 2014 | *The Story of a Woodcutter and his Fox Wife* | 刘海砍樵 | Da Jie | Cameo |
| | *Outsmarted His Huashan Legend* | 智取华山传奇 | Yang Yuhuan |  |
| | *Happiness Drop From The Clouds* | 幸福从天而降 | Jiang Tianlan |  |
| | *Food to Pregnancy* | 食来孕转 | Shen Yuyu |  |
| | *Huahong Huahuo* | 花红花火 | Hong Hua |  |
| 2015 | *The Next Station* | 下一站婚姻 | Deng Caocao |  |
| | *Warriors on Fire* | 铁在烧 | Zhao Zhiyi |  |
| | *Nirvana in Fire* | 琅琊榜 | Princess Nihuang |  |
| | *The Legend of Mi Yue* | 芈月传 | Mi Shu |  |
| 2016 | *The Link* | 天伦 | Mei Yujuan | Cameo |
| | *Ode to Joy* | 欢乐颂 | Andy |  |
| | *Forever Love* | 爱情万万岁 | Jin Na |  |
| 2017 | *Ode to Joy 2* | 欢乐颂2 | Andy |  |
| | *The Advisors Alliance* | 军师联盟 | Zhang Chunhua |  |
| 2019 | *Hope All is Well with Us* | 我们都要好好的 | Xun Zhao |  |
| | *Scouring Marriage* | 亲爱的婚姻 | Wang Keke |  |
| 2020 | *Jing De Zhen* | 景德镇 | Zhao Yuru |  |
| | *Face to Sea* | 追梦 | Du Fang |  |
| 2021 | *Poetry of the Song Dynasty* | 大宋宫词 | Empress Liu E |  |
| | *Love is True* | 我是真的爱你 | Xiao Yan |  |
| | *Hand in Hand* | 陪你一起长大 | Su Xing |  |
| | *Star of Ocean* | 星辰大海 | Jian Ai |  |
| 2022 | *Reset* | 开端 | Du Jingsong |  |
| | *Vacation of Love 2* | 假日暖洋洋2 | Cheng Man |  |
| | *Gentlemen of East 8th* | 东八区的先生们 | Tamia |  |
| | *Bright Future* | 县委大院 | Li Tang |  |
| | *Liberation of Shanghai* | 破晓东方 | Ji Nan Yin |  |
| 2023 | *Be Your Own Light* | 做自己的光 | He Huan |  |
| TBA | *Puzzle* | 拼图 | Mei Ruobing |  |

### Variety show

| Year | English title | Chinese title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017–2019 | *The Inn* | 亲爱的·客栈 | Cast member |  |

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | English title | Chinese title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *The Best Time* | 最好的時光 |  |

### Singles

| Year | English title | Chinese title | Album | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | "Only Need You" | 只要有你 | *My Fair Princess III OST* |  |
| 2006 | "Fall in Love with You" | 爱上你 | *Madame White Snake OST* |  |
| | "Cherry Blossom Island" | 桃花岛 | *Forensic Heroes OST* |  |
| 2007 | "Cold Night" | 寒夜 | *Cold Night OST* |  |
| 2008 | "Tears of Love" | 爱的眼泪 | *Dali Princess OST* |  |
| 2013 | "How a Heart-broken Girl is Like" | 伤了心的女人怎么了 | *Good Wife OST* |  |
| 2014 | "One More Time" | 再一次 | *Happiness Drop From The Clouds OST* |  |
| | "I Won't Be Alone" | 我不会一个人 | |  |
| 2015 | "Faded Beauty" | 红颜旧 | *Nirvana in Fire OST* |  |
| 2016 | "There Will Be Happiness Waiting For You" | 总有幸福在等你 | *Ode to Joy OST* | with Jiang Xin, Wang Ziwen, Yang Zi & Qiao Xin |
| | "Can't Say It Aloud" | 说不出口 | |  |
| 2017 | "Us" | 我们 | *Ode to Joy 2 OST* | with Jiang Xin, Wang Ziwen, Yang Zi & Qiao Xin |
| | "The Feeling of Home" | 家的滋味 | |  |
| | "Meeting Love" | 遇到爱 | |  |
| | "Battle of Cheng Nan" | 戰城南 |  | Theme song of mobile game 胡萊三國2 |
| | "Waiting For You To Come Back" | 等著你回來 | *Peace Breaker OST* |  |
| | "Ordinary Person" | 普通人 | *The Foreigner OST* | with Jackie Chan |
| 2019 | "Quiet" | 靜好 | *Hope All is Well with Us OST* |  |
| | "Love Your Innocent Eyes" | 爱你无辜的眼睛 | *Scouring Marriage OST* |  |
| | "The Temple of Heaven" | 遇见天坛 | *The Temple of Heaven OST* |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | 17th China Music Awards | Gold Song Award | "Brave Love" | Won |  |
| | 5th China TV Drama Awards | Best Actress | *To Elderly with Love* | Won |  |
| 2014 | 10th China Golden Eagle TV Arts Festival | | Best Performing Arts Award | Won |  |
| | 27th China TV Golden Eagle Award | | Best Actress | | Won |
| 2015 | 30th Flying Apsaras Awards | | Outstanding Actress | Nominated |  |
| | | | *Nirvana in Fire* | | Nominated |
| | 2nd The Actors of China Award Ceremony | Best Actress (Emerald) | Won |  |
| | 2016 | 19th Huading Awards | Best Actress (Ancient Drama) | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Actress (Revolutionary-Era Drama) | *Warriors on Fire* | | Nominated |
| | 22nd Shanghai Television Festival | Best Supporting Actress | *The Legend of Mi Yue* | Won |  |
| | 28th China TV Golden Eagle Award | | Best Actress | Nominated |  |
| | 11th China Golden Eagle TV Arts Festival | | Most Popular Actress | Won |  |
| 2017 | 3rd Asia Rainbow TV Awards | Best Actress (Ancient Drama) | *Nirvana in Fire* | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Actress (Modern Drama) | *Ode to Joy* | Nominated | |
| | | 22nd Huading Awards | Best Actress | Nominated |  |
| | | 23rd Shanghai Television Festival | Best Actress | Nominated |  |
| | 8th Macau International Television Festival | Best Actress | *Ode to Joy 2* | Nominated |  |
| 2018 | 31st Flying Apsaras Award | Outstanding Actress | *Ode to Joy* | Nominated |  |
| | 29th China TV Golden Eagle Award | Best Actress | *Ode to Joy*, *The Advisors Alliance* | Nominated |  |
| | 24th Huading Awards | Best Actress | *The Advisors Alliance* | Nominated |  |
| | | | 5th Hengdian Film and TV Festival of China | Won |  |
| 2019 | 6th The Actors of China Award Ceremony | Best Actress (Sapphire Category) | *Hope All Is Well With Us* | Nominated |  |
| | 26th Huading Awards | Best Actress (Modern drama) | | Nominated |  |
| 2020 | 7th The Actors of China Award Ceremony | Best Actress (Sapphire) |  | Pending |  |
|

### Forbes China Celebrity 100

| Year | Rank | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | 51st |  |
| 2015 | 67th |  |
| 2017 | 6th |  |
| 2019 | 37th |  |
| 2020 | 21st |  |

## InfoBox

| Liu Tao | |
| --- | --- |
| Liu Tao in June 2017. | |
| Born | (1978-07-12) 12 July 1978
Nanchang, Jiangxi |
| Alma mater | Guangdong University of Foreign Studies |
| Occupations | * Actress * Singer |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Agent | Beijing Junqi Feiyang Media Co |
| Spouse | Wang Ke (m. 2008) |
| Children | Wang Ziyan (王紫嫣)
Wang Zijing (王子京) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Traditional Chinese | 劉濤 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Líu Tāo | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Load (computing)

abstract: In UNIX computing, the system load is a measure of the amount of computational work that a computer system performs. The load average represents the average system load over a period of time. It conventionally appears in the form of three numbers which represent the system load during the last one-, five-, and fifteen-minute periods.

text:
# Load (computing)

In UNIX computing, the system **load** is a measure of the amount of computational work that a computer system performs. The **load average** represents the average system load over a period of time. It conventionally appears in the form of three numbers which represent the system load during the last one-, five-, and fifteen-minute periods.

## Unix-style load calculation

All Unix and Unix-like systems generate a dimensionless metric of three "load average" numbers in the kernel. Users can easily query the current result from a Unix shell by running the `uptime` command:

```
$ uptime
 14:34:03 up 10:43,  4 users,  load average: 0.06, 0.11, 0.09

```

The `w` and `top` commands show the same three load average numbers, as do a range of graphical user interface utilities.

In operating systems based on the Linux kernel, this information can be easily accessed by reading the `/proc/loadavg` file.

To explore this kind of information in depth, according to the Linux's Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, architecture-dependent information are exposed on the file `/proc/stat`.

An idle computer has a load number of 0 (the idle process is not counted). Each process using or waiting for CPU (the *ready queue* or run queue) increments the load number by 1. Each process that terminates decrements it by 1. Most UNIX systems count only processes in the *running* (on CPU) or *runnable* (waiting for CPU) states. However, Linux also includes processes in uninterruptible sleep states (usually waiting for disk activity), which can lead to markedly different results if many processes remain blocked in I/O due to a busy or stalled I/O system. This, for example, includes processes blocking due to an NFS server failure or too slow media (e.g., USB 1.x storage devices). Such circumstances can result in an elevated load average, which does not reflect an actual increase in CPU use (but still gives an idea of how long users have to wait).

Systems calculate the load *average* as the exponentially damped/weighted moving average of the load *number*. The three values of load average refer to the past one, five, and fifteen minutes of system operation.

Mathematically speaking, all three values always average all the system load since the system started up. They all decay exponentially, but they decay at different *speeds*: they decay exponentially by *e* after 1, 5, and 15 minutes respectively. Hence, the 1-minute load average consists of 63% (more precisely: 1 - 1/*e*) of the load from the last minute and 37% (1/*e*) of the average load since start up, excluding the last minute. For the 5- and 15-minute load averages, the same 63%/37% ratio is computed over 5 minutes and 15 minutes, respectively. Therefore, it is not technically accurate that the 1-minute load average only includes the last 60 seconds of activity, as it includes 37% of the activity from the past, but it is correct to state that it includes *mostly* the last minute.

### Interpretation

For single-CPU systems that are CPU bound, one can think of load average as a measure of system utilization during the respective time period. For systems with multiple CPUs, one must divide the load by the number of processors in order to get a comparable measure.

For example, one can interpret a load average of "1.73 0.60 7.98" on a single-CPU system as:

* During the last minute, the system was overloaded by 73% on average (1.73 runnable processes, so that 0.73 processes had to wait for a turn for a single CPU system on average).
* During the last 5 minutes, the CPU was idling 40% of the time, on average.
* During the last 15 minutes, the system was overloaded 698% on average (7.98 runnable processes, so that 6.98 processes had to wait for a turn for a single CPU system on average).

This means that this system (CPU, disk, memory, etc.) could have handled all the work scheduled for the last minute if it were 1.73 times as fast.

In a system with four CPUs, a load average of 3.73 would indicate that there were, on average, 3.73 processes ready to run, and each one could be scheduled into a CPU.

On modern UNIX systems, the treatment of threading with respect to load averages varies. Some systems treat threads as processes for the purposes of load average calculation: each thread waiting to run will add 1 to the load. However, other systems, especially systems implementing so-called M:N threading, use different strategies such as counting the process exactly once for the purpose of load (regardless of the number of threads), or counting only threads currently exposed by the user-thread scheduler to the kernel, which may depend on the level of concurrency set on the process. Linux appears to count each thread separately as adding 1 to the load.

## CPU load vs CPU utilization

The comparative study of different load indices carried out by Ferrari et al. reported that CPU load information based upon the CPU queue length does much better in load balancing compared to CPU utilization. The reason CPU queue length did better is probably because when a host is heavily loaded, its CPU utilization is likely to be close to 100%, and it is unable to reflect the exact load level of the utilization. In contrast, CPU queue lengths can directly reflect the amount of load on a CPU. As an example, two systems, one with 3 and the other with 6 processes in the queue, are both very likely to have utilizations close to 100%, although they obviously differ.

## Reckoning CPU load

On Linux systems, the load-average is not calculated on each clock tick, but driven by a variable value that is based on the HZ frequency setting and tested on each clock tick. This setting defines the kernel clock tick rate in Hertz (times per second), and it defaults to 100 for 10ms ticks. Kernel activities use this number of ticks to time themselves. Specifically, the timer.c::calc\_load() function, which calculates the load average, runs every LOAD\_FREQ = (5\*HZ+1) ticks, or about every five seconds:

```
unsigned long avenrun[3];

static inline void calc_load(unsigned long ticks)
{
   unsigned long active_tasks; /* fixed-point */
   static int count = LOAD_FREQ;

   count -= ticks;
   if (count < 0) {
      count += LOAD_FREQ;
      active_tasks = count_active_tasks();
      CALC_LOAD(avenrun[0], EXP_1, active_tasks);
      CALC_LOAD(avenrun[1], EXP_5, active_tasks);
      CALC_LOAD(avenrun[2], EXP_15, active_tasks);
   }
}

```

The avenrun array contains 1-minute, 5-minute and 15-minute average. The `CALC_LOAD` macro and its associated values are defined in sched.h:

```
#define FSHIFT   11		/* nr of bits of precision */
#define FIXED_1  (1<<FSHIFT)	/* 1.0 as fixed-point */
#define LOAD_FREQ (5*HZ+1)	/* 5 sec intervals */
#define EXP_1  1884		/* 1/exp(5sec/1min) as fixed-point */
#define EXP_5  2014		/* 1/exp(5sec/5min) */
#define EXP_15 2037		/* 1/exp(5sec/15min) */

#define CALC_LOAD(load,exp,n) \
   load *= exp; \
   load += n*(FIXED_1-exp); \
   load >>= FSHIFT;

```

The "sampled" calculation of load averages is a somewhat common behavior; FreeBSD, too, only refreshes the value every five seconds. The interval is usually taken to not be exact so that they do not collect processes that are scheduled to fire at a certain moment.

A post on the Linux mailing list considers its +1 tick insufficient to avoid Moire artifacts from such collection, and suggests an interval of 4.61 seconds instead. This change is common among Android system kernels, although the exact expression used assumes an HZ of 100.

## Other system performance commands

Other commands for assessing system performance include:

* `uptime`   the system reliability and load average
* `top`   for an overall system view
* `vmstat`   vmstat reports information about runnable or blocked processes, memory, paging, block I/O, traps, and CPU.
* `htop`   interactive process viewer
* `dool` (formerly `dstat`), `atop`   helps correlate all existing resource data for processes, memory, paging, block I/O, traps, and CPU activity.
* `iftop`   interactive network traffic viewer per interface
* `nethogs`   interactive network traffic viewer per process
* `iotop`   interactive I/O viewer
* `iostat`   for storage I/O statistics
* `netstat`   for network statistics
* `mpstat`   for CPU statistics
* `tload`   load average graph for terminal
* `xload`   load average graph for X
* `/proc/loadavg`   text file containing load average


title: Liudas Noreika

abstract: Liudas Noreika was a Lithuanian attorney, activist, and politician. He served as the Minister of Justice under three prime ministers in March 1919 – June 1920. Noreika studied to become a Catholic priest, but lack of calling made him switch to studies of law at Saint Petersburg University. During World War I, he worked with the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers to provide aid to Lithuanian war refugees and was politically active in the Party of National Progress. He was one of the organizers of the Petrograd Seimas in June 1917. After his return to Lithuania, he was coopted into the Council of Lithuania in November 1918. He left government service in 1920, but continued to be actively involved with the Party of National Progress which merged to form the Lithuanian Nationalist Union in 1924. He was editor of many of the party's periodicals, including Vairas (1914–1915), Tauta (1920) and Lietuvis (1926). He was party's chairman from December 1926 to August 1927 and from February 1928 to his death in May 1928. He was shot and killed after a quarrel broke out while playing cards.

text:
# Liudas Noreika

**Liudas Noreika** (19 August 1884 – 30 May 1928) was a Lithuanian attorney, activist, and politician. He served as the Minister of Justice under three prime ministers in March 1919 – June 1920.

Noreika studied to become a Catholic priest, but lack of calling made him switch to studies of law at Saint Petersburg University. During World War I, he worked with the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers to provide aid to Lithuanian war refugees and was politically active in the Party of National Progress. He was one of the organizers of the Petrograd Seimas in June 1917.

After his return to Lithuania, he was coopted into the Council of Lithuania in November 1918. He left government service in 1920, but continued to be actively involved with the Party of National Progress which merged to form the Lithuanian Nationalist Union in 1924. He was editor of many of the party's periodicals, including *Vairas* (1914–1915), *Tauta* (1920) and *Lietuvis* (1926). He was party's chairman from December 1926 to August 1927 and from February 1928 to his death in May 1928. He was shot and killed after a quarrel broke out while playing cards.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Noreika was born on 19 August 1884 to a Lithuanian family of peasants in Pasruojė near Žemaičių Kalvarija and Alsėdžiai. After completing primary school in Alsėdžiai in 1897, he enrolled at the progymnasium in Palanga. As it was common for Lithuanian men at the time, he enrolled at the Kaunas Priest Seminary which he completed in 1905.

As a promising student, he was sent to study theology at the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy. After three years, he received candidate degree in theology but was not ordained priest as he did not feel the calling. He briefly worked as a primary school teacher in Linkuva before enrolling at the Law Faculty of Saint Petersburg University in 1909. At first, he attended the university as an audit student and became a full student after passing gymnasium graduation exams in 1912. He completed his law courses in 1915, but finished the final exams only in 1917.

### Russian Empire

In 1907, Noreika published his first articles in the Lithuanian press. In 1911, together with Juozas Balčikonis, Liudas Gira, Pranciškus Būčys, Adolfas Vėgėlė, he published *Balsas*, but only four issues appeared. He was a permanent correspondent of *Viltis* published by Antanas Smetona. He wrote mainly about the proceedings of the State Duma. When Smetona departed *Viltis* and established *Vairas*, Noreika became its deputy editor (1914–1915). He was the editor of *Lietuvių balsas* published by Martynas Yčas and the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers in Saint Petersburg (1916–1918) and the responsible editor of the Catholic *Ateities spinduliai*.

During World War I, Noreika was a member of the central committee of the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers in Saint Petersburg and Voronezh. He was a member of a committee tasked with issues of education (publishing of textbooks, establishing libraries, organizing lectures, etc.). He was also politically active. He was a co-founder and later chairman of the Party of National Progress. After the February Revolution, Noreika became secretary of the Council of the Lithuanian Nation which organized the Petrograd Seimas in June 1917. The seimas discussed post-war political future of Lithuania. Noreika and others from the Party of National Progress promoted the vision of full independence for Lithuanian (as opposed to autonomy within Russia). However, the seimas broke down due to disagreements. In November 1917, Noreika became secretary of the Supreme Lithuanian Council in Russia.

### Independent Lithuania

#### Minister of Justice

Noreika returned to the German-occupied Lithuania in March 1918. He worked as editor of *Lietuvos aidas* and assisted the Council of Lithuania in formulating of the political ideology of the proposed Kingdom of Lithuania. On 27 November 1918, he was coopted into the Council of Lithuania. In February 1919, he became chairman of council's committee on general laws concerning internal affairs, security, justice, education.

On 11 November 1918, Augustinas Voldemaras formed the first government of Lithuania. Noreika became the vice-minister of finance. However, due to the outbreak of the Lithuanian–Soviet War, this government lasted just a month and a half. The Lithuanian government evacuated to Kaunas. On 12 March 1919, Noreika became the Minister of Justice in the third government formed by the Prime Minister Pranas Dovydaitis. He continued to serve as the minister under Prime Ministers Mykolas Sleževičius and Ernestas Galvanauskas until 15 June 1920. He was a member of a commission tasked with drafting the electoral law for the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania and chairman of the commission drafting the Constitution of Lithuania.

#### Nationalist Union

After leaving the government, Noreika started a private attorney practice and continued to be involved in public life. In summer 1920, he was elected to the city council of Kaunas. In 1921, together with Juozas Pajaujis-Javis, he translated and published a book on modern history by Wincenty Zakrzewski. In 1922, he became one of the co-founders and first treasurer of the Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science.

He continued to be involved with the activities of the Party of National Progress which merged to form the Lithuanian Nationalist Union in 1924. He was editor of the party's periodicals *Tauta* (1920) and *Lietuvis* (1926) as well as a co-founder of the publishing house Pažanga (1928). He was elected chairman of the Nationalist Union after the December 1926 coup d'état (he replaced Antanas Smetona who became the President of Lithuania). He held the post until 4 August 1927, and then again from 1 February 1928 to his death on 30 May 1928.

Noreika was shot five times by artillery captain Vladimiras Okulič-Kazarinas at 4 a.m. on 29 May 1928. They played cards at Merkurijus club on Laisvės alėja and had a quarrel. Noreika died in hospital at 6 p.m. the following day. Okulič-Kazarinas was sentenced to three years in prison.

## InfoBox

| Liudas Noreika | |
| --- | --- |
| Noreika in *Lithuania Album* (1921) | |
|  | |
| Minister of Justice | |
| **In office**
12 March 1919  15 June 1920 | |
| Prime Minister | Pranas Dovydaitis
Mykolas Sleževičius
Ernestas Galvanauskas |
| Preceded by | Petras Leonas |
| Succeeded by | Vincas Karoblis |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1884-08-19)19 August 1884
Pasruojė, Russian Empire |
| Died | 30 May 1928(1928-05-30) (aged 43)
Kaunas, Lithuania |
| Cause of death | Shooting |
| Political party | Party of National Progress
Lithuanian Nationalist Union |
| Alma mater | Kaunas Priest Seminary
Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy
Saint Petersburg University |
| Occupation | Attorney, newspaper editor |
|  | |


abstract: Living Proof: The Hank Williams Jr. Story is a 1983 American made-for-television biographical film directed by Dick Lowry and starring Richard Thomas. The plot roughly follows the semi-autobiographical book Living Proof by Michael Bane and Hank Williams Jr. The film's score was composed and conducted by Bill Conti.

text:
# Living Proof: The Hank Williams Jr. Story

***Living Proof: The Hank Williams Jr. Story*** is a 1983 American made-for-television biographical film directed by Dick Lowry and starring Richard Thomas. The plot roughly follows the semi-autobiographical book *Living Proof* by Michael Bane and Hank Williams Jr. The film's score was composed and conducted by Bill Conti.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| *Living Proof: The Hank Williams Jr. Story* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Biography
Drama
Music |
| Written by | Stephen Kandel
I. C. Rapoport |
| Directed by | Dick Lowry |
| Starring | Richard Thomas
Lenora May |
| Music by | Bill Conti |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Richard Thomas |
| Producers | Michael Lepiner
Bruce S. Pustin |
| Cinematography | Robert M. Baldwin |
| Editors | Nancy Kanter
Craig McKay |
| Running time | 89 min. |
| Production companies | Melpimene Productions
Procter & Gamble Productions (PGP)
Telecom Entertainment Inc. |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | March 7, 1983 (1983-03-07) |


title: Loch Leven (California)

abstract: Loch Leven is the name of several lakes in California, United States, in the Sierra Nevada.

text:
# Loch Leven (California)

**Loch Leven** is the name of several lakes in California, United States, in the Sierra Nevada.

## Inyo County

**Loch Leven** in Inyo County, California, was named after Loch Leven in Scotland. The USGS lists Loch Leven at 37°13′52″N 118°39′16″W / 37.23111°N 118.65444°W / 37.23111; -118.65444 on the "Mount Darwin" topographic map.

## Placer County

The **Loch Leven Lakes** are located in Placer County, California. Three larger lakes and several smaller ones are centered at 39°17′10″N 120°30′15″W / 39.28611°N 120.50417°W / 39.28611; -120.50417 and can be found on the "Cisco Grove" and "Soda Springs" USGS topographic maps.

The Loch Leven Lakes are a popular day hike, with the U.S. Forest Service rating the trail's use level as "heavy" and its difficulty as "moderate". The Loch Leven trailhead is near the Big Bend Visitor Center (just off Interstate 80), and the trail climbs 1,070 feet (330 m) in 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to reach the first lake, with **Upper Loch Leven** (also known as **High Loch Leven**) another 1.1 miles (1.8 km) beyond.

## InfoBox

| Loch Leven | |
| --- | --- |
| Loch Leven, looking west towards Piute Pass | |
| Loch LevenLoch Leven | |
| Location | Inyo County, California |
| Coordinates | 37°13′52″N 118°39′16″W / 37.23111°N 118.65444°W / 37.23111; -118.65444 (Loch Leven (Inyo County)) |
| Primary inflows | North Fork of Bishop Creek |
| Primary outflows | North Fork of Bishop Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface elevation | 10,748 ft (3,276 m) |
|  | |
| References |  |


title: Local invariant cycle theorem

abstract:
In mathematics, the local invariant cycle theorem was originally a conjecture of Griffiths which states that, given a surjective proper map p from a Kähler manifold X to the unit disk that has maximal rank everywhere except over 0, each cohomology class on p − 1, t ≠ 0 is the restriction of some cohomology class on the entire X if the cohomology class is invariant under a circle action; in short,
  - H ∗  → H ∗  S 1 is surjective. The conjecture was first proved by Clemens. The theorem is also a consequence of the BBD decomposition. Deligne also proved the following. Given a proper morphism X → S over the spectrum S of the henselization of k [ T ], k an algebraically closed field, if X is essentially smooth over k and X η ¯ smooth over η ¯, then the homomorphism on Q
-cohomology:
  - H ∗  → H ∗  Gal  is surjective, where s, η are the special and generic points and the homomorphism is the composition H ∗  ≃ H ∗  → H ∗  → H ∗ .

text:
# Local invariant cycle theorem

In mathematics, the **local invariant cycle theorem** was originally a conjecture of Griffiths which states that, given a surjective proper map $p$ from a Kähler manifold $X$ to the unit disk that has maximal rank everywhere except over 0, each cohomology class on $p^{-1}(t),t\neq 0$ is the restriction of some cohomology class on the entire $X$ if the cohomology class is invariant under a circle action (monodromy action); in short,

$$\operatorname {H} ^{\*}(X)\to \operatorname {H} ^{\*}(p^{-1}(t))^{S^{1}}$$

is surjective. The conjecture was first proved by Clemens. The theorem is also a consequence of the BBD decomposition.

Deligne also proved the following. Given a proper morphism $X\to S$ over the spectrum $S$ of the henselization of $k\[T\]$, $k$ an algebraically closed field, if $X$ is essentially smooth over $k$ and $X\_{\overline {\eta }}$ smooth over $\overline {\eta }$, then the homomorphism on $\mathbb {Q} $-cohomology:

$$\operatorname {H} ^{\*}(X\_{s})\to \operatorname {H} ^{\*}(X\_{\overline {\eta })^{\operatorname {Gal} ({\overline {\eta }/\eta )}}}$$

is surjective, where $s,\eta $ are the special and generic points and the homomorphism is the composition $\operatorname {H} ^{\*}(X\_{s})\simeq \operatorname {H} ^{\*}(X)\to \operatorname {H} ^{\*}(X\_{\eta })\to \operatorname {H} ^{\*}(X\_{\overline {\eta }).}$

* Beilinson, Alexander A.; Bernstein, Joseph; Deligne, Pierre (1982). "Faisceaux pervers". *Astérisque* (in French). **100**. Paris: Société Mathématique de France. MR 0751966.
* Clemens, C. H. (1977). "Degeneration of Kähler manifolds". *Duke Mathematical Journal*. **44** (2). doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-77-04410-6. S2CID 120378293.
* Deligne, Pierre (1980). "La conjecture de Weil : II" (PDF). *Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS*. **52**: 137–252. doi:10.1007/BF02684780. MR 0601520. S2CID 189769469. Zbl 0456.14014.
* Griffiths, Phillip A. (1970). "Periods of integrals on algebraic manifolds: Summary of main results and discussion of open problems". *Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society*. **76** (2): 228–296. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1970-12444-2.
* Morrison, David R. The Clemens-Schmid exact sequence and applications, Topics in transcendental algebraic geometry (Princeton, N.J., 1981/1982), 101-119, Ann. of Math. Stud., 106, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1984.


title: Local inverse

abstract: The local inverse is a kind of inverse function or matrix inverse used in image and signal processing, as well as in other general areas of mathematics. The concept of a local inverse came from interior reconstruction of CT images. One interior reconstruction method first approximately reconstructs the image outside the ROI, and then subtracts the re-projection data of the image outside the ROI from the original projection data; then this data is used to make a new reconstruction. This idea can be widened to a full inverse. Instead of directly making an inverse, the unknowns outside of the local region can be inverted first. Recalculate the data from these unknowns, subtract this recalculated data from the original, and then take the inverse inside the local region using this newly produced data for the outside region. This concept is a direct extension of the local tomography, generalized inverse and iterative refinement methods. It is used to solve the inverse problem with incomplete input data, similarly to local tomography. However this concept of local inverse can also be applied to complete input data.

text:
# Local inverse

The **local inverse** is a kind of inverse function or matrix inverse used in image and signal processing, as well as in other general areas of mathematics.

The concept of a local inverse came from interior reconstruction of CT images. One interior reconstruction method first approximately reconstructs the image outside the ROI (region of interest), and then subtracts the re-projection data of the image outside the ROI from the original projection data; then this data is used to make a new reconstruction. This idea can be widened to a full inverse. Instead of directly making an inverse, the unknowns outside of the local region can be inverted first. Recalculate the data from these unknowns (outside the local region), subtract this recalculated data from the original, and then take the inverse inside the local region using this newly produced data for the outside region.

This concept is a direct extension of the local tomography, generalized inverse and iterative refinement methods. It is used to solve the inverse problem with incomplete input data, similarly to local tomography. However this concept of local inverse can also be applied to complete input data.

## Local inverse for full field of view system or over-determined system

$$\begin{bmatrix}f\\g\end{bmatrix}={\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\C&D\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix}.}}$$

Assume there are $E$, $F$, $G$ and $H$ that satisfy

$$\begin{bmatrix}E&F\\G&H\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\C&D\end{bmatrix}=J.}$$

Here $J$ is not equal to $I$, but $J$ is close to $I$, where $I$ is the identity matrix. Examples of matrices of the type $\begin{bmatrix}E&F\\G&H\end{bmatrix}$ are the filtered back-projection method for image reconstruction and the inverse with regularization. In this case the following is an approximate solution:

$$\begin{bmatrix}x\_{0}\\y\_{0}\end{bmatrix}={\begin{bmatrix}E&F\\G&H\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}f\\g\end{bmatrix}.}}$$

A better solution for $x\_{1}$ can be found as follows:

$$\begin{bmatrix}x\_{1}\\y\_{1}\end{bmatrix}={\begin{bmatrix}E&F\\G&H\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}f-By\_{0}\\g-Dy\_{0}\end{bmatrix}.}}$$

In the above formula $y\_{1}$ is useless, hence

$$x\_{1}=E(f-By\_{0})+F(g-Dy\_{0}).$$

In the same way, there is

$$y\_{1}=G(f-Ax\_{0})+H(g-Cx\_{0}).$$

In the above the solution is divided into two parts, $x$ inside the ROI and $y$ is outside the ROI, f inside of FOV(field of view) and g outside the FOV.

The two parts can be extended to many parts, in which case the extended method is referred to as the sub-region iterative refinement method

## Local inverse for limited-field-of-view system or under-determined system

$$\begin{bmatrix}f\\g\end{bmatrix}={\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\C&D\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix}.}}$$

Assume $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$ are known matrices; $x$ and $y$ are unknown vectors; $f$ is a known vector; $g$ is an unknown vector. We are interested in determining x. What is a good solution?

### Assume the inverse of the above matrix exists

$$\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\C&D\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}E&F\\G&H\end{bmatrix}=J.}$$

Here $J$ is or is close to $I$. The local inverse algorithm is as follows:

(1) $g\_{ex}$. An extrapolated version of $g$ is obtained by

$$g\_{ex}|\_{\partial G}=f|\_{\partial F}.$$

(2) $y\_{0}$. An approximate version of $y$ is calculated by

$$y\_{0}=Hg\_{ex}.$$

(3) $y'$. A correction for $y$ is done by

$$y'=y\_{0}+y\_{\text{co}.}$$

(4) $f'$. A corrected function for $f$ is calculated by

$$f'=f-By'.$$

(5) $g\_{1ex}$. An extrapolated function for $g$ is obtained by

$$g\_{1ex}|\_{\partial G}=f'|\_{\partial F}.$$

(6) $x\_{1}$. A local inverse solution is obtained

$$x\_{1}=Ef'+Fg\_{1ex}.$$

In the above algorithm, there are two time extrapolations for $g$ which are used to overcome the data truncation problem. There is a correction for $y$. This correction can be a constant correction to correct the DC values of $y$ or a linear correction according to prior knowledge about $y$. This algorithm can be found in the following reference:.

In the example of the reference, it is found that $y'=y\_{0}+y\_{\text{co}=ky\_{0}}$, here $k=1.04$ the constant correction is made. A more complicated correction can be made, for example a linear correction, which might achieve better results.

### A^+ B is close to 0

Shuang-ren Zhao defined a Local inverse to solve the above problem. First consider the simplest solution

$$f=Ax+By,$$

or

$$Ax=f-By=f'.$$

Here $f'=f-By$ is the correct data in which there is no influence of the outside object function. From this data it is easy to get the correct solution,

$$x'=A^{-1}f'.$$

Here $x'$ is a correct(or exact) solution for the unknown $x$, which means $x'=x$. In case that $A$ is not a square matrix or has no inverse, the generalized inverse can applied,

$$x'=A^{+}(f-By)=A^{+}f'.$$

Since $y$ is unknown, if it is set to $0$, an approximate solution is obtained.

$$x\_{0}=A^{+}f.$$

In the above solution the result $x\_{0}$ is related to the unknown vector $y$. Since $y$ can have any value the result $x\_{0}$ has very strong artifacts, namely

$\mathrm {error} \_{0}=|x\_{0}-x'|=|A^{+}By|$.

These kind of artifacts are referred to as truncation artifacts in the field of CT image reconstruction. In order to minimize the above artifacts in the solution, a special matrix $Q$ is considered, which satisfies

$$QB=0,$$

and thus satisfies

$$QAx=Qf-QBy=Qf.$$

Solving the above equation with Generalized inverse gives

$$x\_{1}=\[QA\]^{+}Qf=\[A\]^{+}Q^{+}Qf.$$

Here $Q^{+}$ is the generalized inverse of $Q$, and $x\_{1}$ is a solution for $x$. It is easy to find a matrix Q which satisfies $QB=0$, specifically $Q$ can be written as the following:

$$Q=I-BB^{+}.$$

This matrix $Q$ is referred as the transverse projection of $B$, and $B^{+}$ is the generalized inverse of $B$. The matrix $B^{+}$ satisfies

$$BB^{+}B=B,$$

from which it follows that

$$QB=\[I-BB^{+}\]B=B-BB^{+}B=B-B=0.$$

It is easy to prove that $QQ=Q$:

$$\begin{aligned}QQ&=\[I-BB^{+}\]\[I-BB^{+}\]=I-2BB^{+}+BB^{+}BB^{+}\\\&=I-2BB^{+}+BB^{+}=I-BB^{+}=Q,\end{aligned}$$

and hence

$$QQQ=(QQ)Q=QQ=Q.$$

Hence Q is also the generalized inverse of Q

That means

$$Q^{+}Q=QQ=Q.$$

Hence,

$$x\_{1}=A^{+}\[Q\]^{+}Qf=A^{+}Qf$$

or

$$x\_{1}=\[A\]^{+}\[I-BB^{+}\]f.$$

The matrix

$$A^{L}=\[A\]^{+}\[I-BB^{+}\]$$

is referred to as the local inverse of the matrix $\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\C&D\end{bmatrix}.$ Using the local inverse instead of the generalized inverse or the inverse can avoid artifacts from unknown input data. Considering,

$$\[A\]^{+}\[I-BB^{+}\]f'=\[A\]^{+}\[I-BB^{+}\](f-By)=\[A\]^{+}\[I-BB^{+}\]f.$$

Hence there is

$$x\_{1}=\[A\]^{+}\[I-BB^{+}\]f'.$$

Hence $x\_{1}$ is only related to the correct data $f'$. This kind error can be calculated as

$$\mathrm {error} \_{1}=|x\_{1}-x'|=|\[A\]^{+}BB^{+}f'|.$$

This kind error are called the bowl effect. The bowl effect is not related to the unknown object $y$, it is only related to the correct data $f'$.

In case the contribution of $\[A\]^{+}BB^{+}f'$ to $x$ is smaller than that of $\[A\]^{+}By$, or

$$\mathrm {error} \_{1}\ll \mathrm {error} \_{0},$$

the local inverse solution $x\_{1}$ is better than $x\_{0}$ for this kind of inverse problem. Using $x\_{1}$ instead of $x\_{0}$, the truncation artifacts are replaced by the bowl effect. This result is the same as in local tomography, hence the local inverse is a direct extension of the concept of local tomography.

It is well known that the solution of the generalized inverse is a minimal L2 norm method. From the above derivation it is clear that the solution of the local inverse is a minimal L2 norm method subject to the condition that the influence of the unknown object $y$ is $0$. Hence the local inverse is also a direct extension of the concept of the generalized inverse.

1. Shuangren Zhao, Xintie Yang, *Iterative reconstruction in all sub-regions*, *SCIENCEPAPER ONLINE*. 2006; 1(4): page 301–308, http://www.paper.edu.cn/uploads/journal/2007/42/1673-7180(2006)04-0301-08.pdf
2. Shuangren Zhao, Kang Yang, Dazong Jiang, Xintie Yang, *Interior reconstruction using local inverse*, *J Xray Sci Technol*. 2011; 19(1): 69–90
3. S. Zhao, D Jaffray, *Iterative reconstruction and reprojection for truncated projections*, *AAPM 2004*, *Abstract in Medical Physics 2004*, Volume 31, P1719, http://imrecons.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/iterative\_extro.pdf


abstract: Living in the Moment is the first and only EP by post-hardcore band Across Five Aprils, released on September 14, 2004, through Indianola Records. The EP is the band's last release with founding members Steve Taylor (vocals) and Jason Barry (bass), and is the first release with guitarist Jarrod Smith who replaced Jason Fields, who departed the band in 2003 after the release of their debut album A Tragedy in Progress. Like their first album, the EP was also recorded at XadeX Studios with producer John Taylor. In reviews of the EP, the band has been compared to many diverse bands, such as Atreyu, Thrice, Scatter the Ashes, Coalesce and Converge.

text:
# Living in the Moment (Across Five Aprils EP)

***Living in the Moment*** is the first and only EP by post-hardcore band Across Five Aprils, released on September 14, 2004, through Indianola Records.

The EP is the band's last release with founding members Steve Taylor (vocals) and Jason Barry (bass), and is the first release with guitarist Jarrod Smith who replaced Jason Fields, who departed the band in 2003 after the release of their debut album *A Tragedy in Progress*. Like their first album, the EP was also recorded at XadeX Studios with producer John Taylor.

In reviews of the EP, the band has been compared to many diverse bands, such as Atreyu, Thrice, Scatter the Ashes, Coalesce and Converge.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Across Five Aprils

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Saving Seats" | 4:23 |
| 2. | "Answers in the Eyes" | 3:55 |
| 3. | "Moonlit Sunrise" | 3:26 |
| 4. | "Through the Pane" | 2:20 |
| 5. | "Spaghetti Junction in the Rearview" | 4:09 |

## Personnel

* Steve Taylor – lead vocals
* Drew Miller – drums, percussion
* Zak Towe – guitar
* Jarrod Smith – guitar
* Jason Barry – bass
* Corey Crowder – guest vocals on "Through the Pane"
* Produced by John Taylor and Across Five Aprils
* Recorded, engineered, mixed, mastered by John Taylor at XadeX Studios (May 2004)

## InfoBox

| Living in the Moment | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Across Five Aprils | |
| Released | September 14, 2004 |
| Recorded | May 2004 at XadeX Studios |
| Genre | Post-hardcore |
| Length | 18:13 |
| Label | Indianola |
| Producer | John Taylor and A5A |
| Across Five Aprils chronology | |
| *A Tragedy in Progress*
(2003) ***Living in the Moment***
(2004) *Collapse*
(2006) | |


title: Llewellyn Jones (Australian politician)

abstract: Llewellyn Charles Russell Jones was an Australian politician. He was born in Sydney, the son of solicitor John Russell. After attending Sydney Grammar School, he became a solicitor's clerk before his admission as a solicitor in 1878. He was a long-serving Petersham alderman and served as mayor from 1891 to 1894. In 1894 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Free Trade member for Petersham, serving until his defeat in 1898. Jones died at Southport in England in 1912.

text:
# Llewellyn Jones (Australian politician)

**Llewellyn Charles Russell Jones** (1855  13 May 1912) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Sydney, the son of solicitor John Russell. After attending Sydney Grammar School, he became a solicitor's clerk before his admission as a solicitor in 1878. He was a long-serving Petersham alderman and served as mayor from 1891 to 1894. In 1894 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Free Trade member for Petersham, serving until his defeat in 1898. Jones died at Southport in England in 1912.


title: Llewellyn Jones (bishop)

abstract: Llewellyn Jones (1840–1918) was the fourth Anglican Bishop of Newfoundland.

text:
# Llewellyn Jones (bishop)

**Llewellyn Jones** (1840–1918) was the fourth Anglican Bishop of Newfoundland.

## Life

Jones was born in Liverpool, England, on 11 October 1840. He was consecrated Bishop of Newfoundland on 1 May 1878 by Archbishop Tait of Canterbury, with Bishops Jackson (London) and Atlay (Hereford) assisting. His predecessor, James Kelly, had resigned in 1877 due an aversion to sailing.

Jones arrived at St. John's on 4 June. He was installed the Bishop of Newfoundland by the Revd Thomas M. Wood, who was the bishop's commissary.

Following the devastating fire of 1892, Jones rebuilt the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist.

> The Great Fire of 1892 in St. John's destroyed much of the city and extensively damaged the cathedral. The only stained-glass windows to survive the disaster were in the sacristy off the right of the main altar where the vestments were stored. Three years later the difficult task of reconstruction began. Restoration work continued under the guidance of the diocese's fourth bishop, Llewellyn Jones, and was not finished until 1905.

Jones died on 9 January 1918.


title: Llewellyn Jones

abstract: Llewellyn Jones was a United States writer and literary editor. He was one of the signatories to Humanist Manifesto I. Jones was literary editor of the Chicago Evening Post from 1914 to 1932 and then worked as an editor for Willett, Clark, and Company. He moved to Boston in 1937, when he became president of the Greater Boston American–Scandinavian Forum.

text:
# Llewellyn Jones

**Llewellyn Jones** (13 July 18841 July 1961) was a United States writer and literary editor. He was one of the signatories to Humanist Manifesto I.

Jones was literary editor of the Chicago Evening Post from 1914 to 1932 and then worked as an editor for Willett, Clark, and Company. He moved to Boston in 1937, when he became president of the Greater Boston American–Scandinavian Forum.

## Works

* *First Impressions; Essays on Poetry, Criticism, and Prosody* (1925)
* *How to Criticize Books* (1928)
* *How to Read Books* (1930)


title: Llewellyn Iron Works

abstract: Llewellyn Iron Works was a foundry in 19th- and 20th-century Los Angeles and Torrance, California, United States.

text:
# Llewellyn Iron Works

**Llewellyn Iron Works** was a foundry in 19th- and 20th-century Los Angeles and Torrance, California, United States.

## History

Brothers Reese Llewellyn, David Llewellyn, William Llewellyn, and John Llewellyn, of Amman Valley, Wales, first organized the company in 1886. The iron works, which had an anti-union leadership team, was bombed on Christmas Day 1910, most likely by Ortie McManigal, an associate of those responsible for the *L.A. Times* bombing two months earlier. The dynamite explosion at Redondo and Main injured a night watchman. The company moved its factory to Torrance in 1912.

Llewellyn merged with Columbia Steel Corp. of Utah in 1923, and Columbia was acquired by U.S. Steel in 1929. The U.S. Steel plant in Torrance closed in 1979.

### Production

Llewellyn produced the railings that decorate the interior of the Bradbury Building. The steel-rolling mill in Torrance produced the steel used in the L.A. Biltmore Hotel on Pershing Square and several downtown banks.

#### Llewellyn street lights

The company also produced street lights, fabricating a variety of electrolier designs and configurations. Their incandescent multi-globe electroliers became so associated with the Llewellyn company that any street light of this style began to be referred to as a *Llewellyn*. In the early 1900s, Llewellyn street lights were installed in many of the major streets of downtown Los Angeles, most notably on Main, Hill and Spring Streets. More were eventually installed in other commercial districts in the city, and they became the most common street lights in early 20th century Los Angeles.

Their use also expanded to other neighboring communities in Los Angeles County. In the southwest San Fernando Valley, then in unincorporated land, Llewellyn street lights were produced for the Van Nuys Highway Lighting District. The district had been organized as the first lighting district in the County in August 10, 1912, and provided for the installation of street lighting in the newly founded communities of Van Nuys, Marian, and Owensmouth. The first street lights were installed along Sherman Way, which connected the townsite. Upon completion, 129 five-globe electroliers were installed in the main parts of the townsites along with 484 three-globe electroliers for a total of 613 street lamps.

Most Llewellyn street lights were eventually replaced. Notably, the CD 943 model street lights, sometimes referred to as the "Llewellyn Slayers" replaced many Llewellyns in Los Angeles.

### Sources

* McClellan, Scott Allen (2011). *Policing the Red Scare: The Los Angeles Police Department's Red Squad and the Repression of Labor Activism in Los Angeles, 1900–1940* (Thesis). University of California, Irvine. ProQuest 3442998.


title: Lloyd Dines

abstract: Lloyd Lyne Dines was an American-Canadian mathematician, known for his pioneering work on linear inequalities.

text:
# Lloyd Dines

**Lloyd Lyne Dines** (29 March 1885, in Shelbyville, Missouri – 17 January 1964, in Quincy, Illinois) was an American-Canadian mathematician, known for his pioneering work on linear inequalities.

## Education and career

Dines received B.A. in 1906 and M.A. in 1907 from Northwestern University and Ph.D. in 1911 from the University of Chicago under Gilbert Bliss with thesis *The highest common factor of a system of polynomials in one variable, with an application to implicit functions*. In 1911 he became an instructor of mathematics at Columbia University and then became an associate professor at the University of Arizona. From 1915 to 1934 he was a professor at the University of Saskatchewan. In 1928 he was elected to the Royal Society of Canada. In 1932 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zürich. From 1934 to 1945 he was a professor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and chair of the mathematics department. After his retirement in 1945, Dines held visiting professorships at the University of Saskatchewan, Smith College, and Northwestern University.

## Selected publications


title: Lochar Water

abstract: Lochar Water is a stream located in Dumfries and Galloway. It flows for about 10 miles or 16 km, mainly in a southerly direction, roughly parallel to the River Nith to the west and the River Annan to the east. It is formed by the confluence of Park Burn and Amisfield Burn, and skirts the eastern side of the town of Dumfries, and flows through an extensive low-lying area and former raised peat land known as Lochar Moss, before flowing into the Solway Firth. Bankend Bridge, part of the B725 road, crosses Lochar Water on the east side of Bankend village. The tidal limit is about 1 km below that. It shares its name with an electoral ward of the Dumfries and Galloway council

text:
# Lochar Water

**Lochar Water** is a stream located in Dumfries and Galloway. It flows for about 10 miles or 16 km, mainly in a southerly direction, roughly parallel to the River Nith to the west and the River Annan to the east. It is formed by the confluence of Park Burn and Amisfield Burn, and skirts the eastern side of the town of Dumfries, and flows through an extensive low-lying area and former raised peat land known as Lochar Moss, before flowing into the Solway Firth. Bankend Bridge, part of the B725 road, crosses Lochar Water on the east side of Bankend village. The tidal limit is about 1 km below that. It shares its name with an electoral ward of the Dumfries and Galloway council

## InfoBox

| Lochar Water | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Scotland |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Solway Firth |
| coordinates | 54°59′16″N 3°26′02″W / 54.9879°N 3.4338°W / 54.9879; -3.4338 |
| Length | 29 km (18 mi) |


title: Locharna

abstract: Locharna is a genus of tussock moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Frederic Moore in 1879.

text:
# Locharna

***Locharna*** is a genus of tussock moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Frederic Moore in 1879.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Locharna* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female *Locharna strigipennis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Tribe: | Locharnini |
| Genus: | *Locharna*<br>Moore, 1879 |
|


title: Lizette Gutierrez

abstract: Lizette Anabelle Gutierrez is a songwriter and musician. She performs traditional Mexican ranchera music under the name San Cha, a combination of "Saint" and "mistress".

text:
# Lizette Gutierrez

**Lizette Anabelle Gutierrez** (born 1987/88) is a songwriter and musician. She performs traditional Mexican ranchera music under the name **San Cha**, a combination of "Saint" and "mistress".

## Biography

Gutierrez started playing the flute at age 10 and played her first guitar when she was 13. She left the Bay Area due to financial hardships and moved to her aunt's home in Jalisco, Mexico. In Mexico, she found inspiration and developed one of her first albums, *Me Demandó* \- DEMOS in 2016. Later, she wrote *La Luz de la Esperanza* which combines queer club jams with the ranchera style.

## Art

From her experiences living in the Bay Area to moving to a much simpler life with her aunt in Mexico, her collective experiences have prompted her to release another album titled *Capricho Del Diablo*, which speaks out on oppression towards minorities and a personal story of how she almost got taken advantage of by her mentor. This inspired her to create a more rebellious and softer version of the ranchera style based on the telenovelas she watched in her childhood. In 2019, the Red Bull Music Academy scouted her to perform at the Los Angeles music festival. During performances, she often wears clothes created by the artist Olima with colorful feathers and flowers.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Lizette Gutierrez | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | San Cha |
| Born | 1987 or 1988 (age 36–37)<br>San Jose, California |
| Genres | Ranchera |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter |


title: Loggins and Messina (album)

abstract: Loggins and Messina is the second album by singer-songwriters Loggins and Messina, released in 1972. Following on the success of their first album, this album built on the strengths of their debut outing. It also became the true introduction of the team, Loggins and Messina, not as singles playing together, but rather as a team that played as one. It featured two songs that charted, with "Your Mama Don't Dance" reaching its peak at number 4, their highest-charting single. The album itself charted at number 16. The album version of "Thinking of You" is a different recording than the hit single. Kenny Loggins played harmonica on four songs: "Whiskey", "Long Tail Cat", "Thinking of You" and the Jim Messina-penned instrumental "Just Before the News".

text:
# Loggins and Messina (album)

***Loggins and Messina*** is the second album by singer-songwriters Loggins and Messina, released in 1972.

Following on the success of their first album, this album built on the strengths of their debut outing. It also became the true introduction of the team, Loggins and Messina, not as singles playing together, but rather as a team that played as one.

It featured two songs that charted, with "Your Mama Don't Dance" reaching its peak at number 4, their highest-charting single. The album itself charted at number 16. The album version of "Thinking of You" is a different recording than the hit single. Kenny Loggins played harmonica on four songs: "Whiskey", "Long Tail Cat", "Thinking of You" and the Jim Messina-penned instrumental "Just Before the News".

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

## Track listing

### Side one

1. "Good Friend" (Jim Messina) – 4:04 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
2. "Whiskey" (Kenny Loggins) – 1:58 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
3. "Your Mama Don't Dance" (Loggins, Messina) – 2:48 (lead singers: Jim Messina, Kenny Loggins)
4. "Long Tail Cat" (Loggins) – 3:47 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
5. "Golden Ribbons" (Messina) – 6:08 (lead singers: Jim Messina, Kenny Loggins, Larry Sims)

### Side two

1. "Thinking of You" (Messina) – 2:19 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
2. "Just Before the News" (Messina) – 1:09 (instrumental)
3. "Till the Ends Meet" (Loggins) – 3:10 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
4. "Holiday Hotel" (Messina, Al Garth) – 2:02 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
5. "Lady of My Heart" (Loggins) – 1:44 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
6. "Angry Eyes" (Loggins, Messina) – 7:40 (lead singers: Kenny Loggins, Jim Messina)

## Personnel

**Loggins & Messina band**

* Merel Bregante – backing vocals, drums
* Lester "Al" Garth – violin, recorder, alto and tenor saxophones
* Jon Clarke – flute, oboe, recorder, baritone saxophone, soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
* Larry Sims – backing vocals, bass

**Sidemen**

**Production**

* Producer – Jim Messina
* Engineer – George Beauregard
* Mixing – John Fiore
* Recording Consultant – Alex Kazanegras
* Design – Ron Coro and Anne Garner
* Front Cover Photo – Jim Marshall
* Back Cover Photo – Marsha Reed
* Management – Schiffman and Larsen

## Charts

**Album**Billboard (United States)

| Year | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | US Pop Albums | 16 |
| 1972 | Australia (Kent Music Report) | 61 |
|

**Singles** \- Billboard (United States)

| Year | Single | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | "Your Mama Don't Dance" | Pop Singles | 4 (#5 Canada (RPM Magazine)) |
| 1973 | "Thinking of You" | Pop Singles | 18 (#20 Canada (RPM Magazine)) |
| 1973 | "Thinking of You" | Adult Contemporary | 7 (#16 Canada (RPM Magazine)) |

## InfoBox

| Loggins and Messina | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Loggins and Messina | |
| Released | October 1972 |
| Recorded | Columbia Studios, Los Angeles |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 36:49 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Producer | Kenny Loggins, Jim Messina |
| Loggins and Messina chronology | |
| *Sittin' In*
(1971) ***Loggins and Messina***
(1972) *Full Sail*
(1973) | |


title: Loggy Bayou

abstract: Loggy Bayou is a 17.3-mile-long (27.8 km) stream in northwestern Louisiana which connects Lake Bistineau with the Red River. Bistineau is the reservoir of Dorcheat Bayou, which flows 115 miles (185 km) southward from Nevada County, Arkansas, into Webster Parish. Loggy Bayou flows through south Bossier Parish, west of Ringgold, in a southerly direction through Bienville Parish, and into Red River Parish, where north of Coushatta it joins the Red River, a tributary of the Mississippi. At East Point, LA, the river has a mean annual discharge of 1,960 cubic feet per second.

text:
# Loggy Bayou

**Loggy Bayou** is a 17.3-mile-long (27.8 km) stream in northwestern Louisiana which connects Lake Bistineau with the Red River. Bistineau is the reservoir of Dorcheat Bayou, which flows 115 miles (185 km) southward from Nevada County, Arkansas, into Webster Parish. Loggy Bayou flows through south Bossier Parish, west of Ringgold, in a southerly direction through Bienville Parish, and into Red River Parish, where north of Coushatta it joins the Red River, a tributary of the Mississippi. At East Point, LA, the river has a mean annual discharge of 1,960 cubic feet per second.

## History

One of the first settlements on Loggy Bayou was Ninock, established in 1837 by Peabody Atkinson Morse, a Massachusetts native. Its name refers to the Great Raft, a historical log jam that clogged the Red and Atchafalaya rivers until its removal in the 1830s.

## Loggy Bayou WMA

Loggy Bayou WMA

The **Loggy Bayou Wildlife Management Area** (WMA) consists of 6,558 acres (26.54 km2), approximately 20 miles southeast of Bossier City in south Bossier Parish. The WMA is bordered on the north by LA 154 and the entire east side is bordered by Loggy Bayou. The irregular west boundary partially borders Flat River and Bossier Point road. The southern boundary is US 71. The WMA is regulated by the Minden office of the United States Army Corps of Engineers that owns 2,138 acres, the Louisiana Office of State Lands owning 159 acres, and the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF). The area consists of an alluvial floodplain with bottomland hardwoods. Hunting, fishing, birding, and hiking are permitted. There is a boat launch and designated camping areas.

This Loggy Bayou should not be confused with a swamp of the same name in Drew County in southeastern Arkansas.

32°11′08″N 93°27′00″W / 32.18556°N 93.45000°W / 32.18556; -93.45000


title: Lojze Lebič

abstract: Lojze Lebič is a Slovenian composer and conductor of choral and instrumental music.

text:
# Lojze Lebič

**Lojze Lebič** (born 23 August 1934) is a Slovenian composer and conductor of choral and instrumental music.

## Life

Lebič was born on 23 August 1934 in Prevalje, in the Carinthia region of Slovenia (then part of Yugoslavia). He attended the University of Ljubljana for a bachelor's degree in archaeology and the Academy of Music in Ljubljana, where he studied with composition with Marjan Kozina and conducting with Danilo Švara. He was the youngest member of the Pro musica viva group, a group of composers based in Ljubljana that was advocated for Slovenian modernism.

## Music

Lebič's early style was fairly traditional, but his work from after 1965 demonstrates the influence of the European avant-garde. The opening of Slovenia to foreign travel in the 1950s and 60s allowed for greater musical and cultural exchange with the rest of Yugoslavia and Europe, encouraging the development of a Slovenian avant garde. Lebič's 1965 works *Meditacije za dva* for viola and cello and the cantata *Požgana trava* are examples of his use of new melodic and vocal techniques. Later, he developed a style that balanced respect for traditional culture with cosmopolitan modernism.

## Works

* *Per Archi* (Za Golala) for string orchestra (2009)
* *Invocation/ à Primož Ramovš* (clarinet and piano), commissioned by the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries
* *Meditacije za dva* (Meditations for Two) for viola and cello (1965, revised 1972)
* *Rubato per viola* for viola solo (1989)
* *Hvalnica svetu* (In Praise of the World) for double choir, piano four-hands and percussion (1988)

## Awards

In 1967, he was awarded the Prešeren Award for conducting.

## Further reading

* Barbo, Matjaz. “Music as a Language of Globalisation? The Metalinguistic Context of Lebic’s Music.” *Muzikološki zbornik* 43, no. 1 (2007): 187–192.
* Lojze Lebič (1993) From generation to generation the spirit seeks the way: Slovene musical Creativity in the past and today, *Nationalities Papers*, 21:1, 145-155, DOI: 10.1080/00905999308408264
* Pompe, Gregor. “Sacred Rituality and Mysticism in the Service of the Awakening of National Identity. Baltic-Balkan Parallels in the Works of B. Kutavicius, L. Lebic and V. Tormis.” Muzikološki zbornik 50, no. 2 (2014): 111–125.


title: Long-range dependence

abstract: Long-range dependence (LRD), also called long memory or long-range persistence, is a phenomenon that may arise in the analysis of spatial or time series data. It relates to the rate of decay of statistical dependence of two points with increasing time interval or spatial distance between the points. A phenomenon is usually considered to have long-range dependence if the dependence decays more slowly than an exponential decay, typically a power-like decay. LRD is often related to self-similar processes or fields. LRD has been used in various fields such as internet traffic modelling, econometrics, hydrology, linguistics and the earth sciences. Different mathematical definitions of LRD are used for different contexts and purposes.

text:
# Long-range dependence

**Long-range dependence** (**LRD**), also called **long memory** or **long-range persistence**, is a phenomenon that may arise in the analysis of spatial or time series data. It relates to the rate of decay of statistical dependence of two points with increasing time interval or spatial distance between the points. A phenomenon is usually considered to have long-range dependence if the dependence decays more slowly than an exponential decay, typically a power-like decay. LRD is often related to self-similar processes or fields. LRD has been used in various fields such as internet traffic modelling, econometrics, hydrology, linguistics and the earth sciences. Different mathematical definitions of LRD are used for different contexts and purposes.

## Short-range dependence versus long-range dependence

One way of characterising long-range and short-range dependent stationary process is in terms of their autocovariance functions. For a short-range dependent process, the coupling between values at different times decreases rapidly as the time difference increases. Either the autocovariance drops to zero after a certain time-lag, or it eventually has an exponential decay. In the case of LRD, there is much stronger coupling. The decay of the autocovariance function is power-like and so is slower than exponential.

A second way of characterizing long- and short-range dependence is in terms of the variance of partial sum of consecutive values. For short-range dependence, the variance grows typically proportionally to the number of terms. As for LRD, the variance of the partial sum increases more rapidly which is often a power function with the exponent greater than 1. A way of examining this behavior uses the rescaled range. This aspect of long-range dependence is important in the design of dams on rivers for water resources, where the summations correspond to the total inflow to the dam over an extended period.

The above two ways are mathematically related to each other, but they are not the only ways to define LRD. In the case where the autocovariance of the process does not exist (heavy tails), one has to find other ways to define what LRD means, and this is often done with the help of self-similar processes.

The Hurst parameter *H* is a measure of the extent of long-range dependence in a time series (while it has another meaning in the context of self-similar processes). *H* takes on values from 0 to 1. A value of 0.5 indicates the absence of long-range dependence. The closer *H* is to 1, the greater the degree of persistence or long-range dependence. *H* less than 0.5 corresponds to anti-persistency, which as the opposite of LRD indicates strong negative correlation so that the process fluctuates violently.

## Estimation of the Hurst parameter

Slowly decaying variances, LRD, and a spectral density obeying a power-law are different manifestations of the property of the underlying covariance of a stationary process. Therefore, it is possible to approach the problem of estimating the Hurst parameter from three difference angles:

* Variance-time plot: based on the analysis of the variances of the aggregate processes
* R/S statistics: based on the time-domain analysis of the rescaled adjusted range
* Periodogram: based on a frequency-domain analysis

## Relation to self-similar processes

Given a stationary LRD sequence, the partial sum if viewed as a process indexed by the number of terms after a proper scaling, is a self-similar process with stationary increments asymptotically, the most typical one being fractional Brownian motion. In the converse, given a self-similar process with stationary increments with Hurst index *H* \> 0.5, its increments (consecutive differences of the process) is a stationary LRD sequence.

This also holds true if the sequence is short-range dependent, but in this case the self-similar process resulting from the partial sum can only be Brownian motion (*H* = 0.5).

## Models

Among stochastic models that are used for long-range dependence, some popular ones are autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average models, which are defined for discrete-time processes, while continuous-time models might start from fractional Brownian motion.

## Further reading


title: Lombarda

abstract: Lombarda was an early 13th-century trobairitz from Toulouse known only from her vida and a short tenso. Though her name has been taken to imply that she was from Lombardy, it rather indicates that she was from a banking or merchant family, since "Lombard" was used throughout Western Europe in this sense at the time. Other scholars have suggested, because of her connexion to a lord of Armagnac, that she was from Gascony. She wrote in the trobar clus style, one of the few women to do so. Her only surviving work is tied up with her vida and a razo. According to her vida, she was noble, beautiful, charming, and learned, skilled at composing songs about fin'amors. The adjective "noble" and the honorific Na (lady) attached to her name imply that she was married and probably in her early twenties at the time of her poetic activity. Sometime before 1217, when he claimed Armagnac, Bernart Arnaut, the brother of then-count Geraud V, visited Lombarda and befriended her. He left, however, without seeing her one last time and sent a short poem to her house. It is to this poem that Lombarda penned a response and sent it to him.

text:
# Lombarda

**Lombarda** (born c. 1190) was an early 13th-century trobairitz from Toulouse (fl. 12171262) known only from her *vida* and a short *tenso*. Though her name has been taken to imply that she was from Lombardy, it rather indicates that she was from a banking or merchant family, since "Lombard" was used throughout Western Europe in this sense at the time. Other scholars have suggested, because of her connexion to a lord of Armagnac, that she was from Gascony.

She wrote in the trobar clus style, one of the few women to do so. Her only surviving work is tied up with her *vida* and a *razo*. According to her *vida,* she was noble, beautiful, charming, and learned, skilled at composing songs about *fin'amors*. The adjective "noble" and the honorific *Na* (lady) attached to her name imply that she was married and probably in her early twenties at the time of her poetic activity.

Sometime before 1217, when he claimed Armagnac, Bernart Arnaut, the brother of then-count Geraud V, visited Lombarda and befriended her. He left, however, without seeing her one last time and sent a short poem to her house. It is to this poem that Lombarda penned a response and sent it to him.

## Sources

* Bogin, Meg. *The Women Troubadours*. Scarborough: Paddington, 1976. ISBN 0-8467-0113-8.
* Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn; Shepard, Laurie; and White, Sarah. *Songs of the Women Troubadours*. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. ISBN 0-8153-0817-5.
* Egan, Margarita, ed. *The Vidas of the Troubadours*. New York: Garland, 1984. ISBN 0-8240-9437-9.


title: London Air Defence Area

abstract: The London Air Defence Area (LADA) was the name given to the organisation created to defend London from the increasing threat from German airships during World War I. Formed in September 1915, it was commanded initially by Admiral Sir Percy Scott, a controversial figure, responsible for major advances in naval gunnery techniques, but also accused of insubordination and profiting from his inventions. In August 1917 Major-General Edward Ashmore was appointed Commander of the London Air Defence Area. LADA was among the first wide-area air defence organizations. To coordinate the attacks on the enemy that were spread out over dozens of miles, it developed a system in which reports from ground observers were sent to a central office in the Horse Guards in downtown London. There, telephone operators would record the location of the reports on a large map of the surrounding area. The markers were Color-coded to match the colours printed on the face of a large clock, its face divided into four sections. By examining the colours, observers could tell how old the reports were, and develop vectors for the targets to aid the direction of the defences. This system was retained in the post-war era, eventually expanding in stages until it covered the entirety of the UK in what was (later) known as the Dowding system.

text:
# London Air Defence Area

The **London Air Defence Area** (**LADA**) was the name given to the organisation created to defend London from the increasing threat from German airships during World War I. Formed in September 1915, it was commanded initially by Admiral Sir Percy Scott, a controversial figure, responsible for major advances in naval gunnery techniques, but also accused of insubordination and profiting from his inventions. In August 1917 Major-General Edward Ashmore was appointed Commander of the London Air Defence Area.

LADA was among the first wide-area air defence organizations. To coordinate the attacks on the enemy that were spread out over dozens of miles, it developed a system in which reports from ground observers were sent to a central office in the Horse Guards in downtown London. There, telephone operators would record the location of the reports on a large map of the surrounding area. The markers were Color-coded to match the colours printed on the face of a large clock, its face divided into four sections. By examining the colours, observers could tell how old the reports were, and develop vectors for the targets to aid the direction of the defences. This system was retained in the post-war era, eventually expanding in stages until it covered the entirety of the UK in what was (later) known as the Dowding system.

## Airfields

At the end of the war, the following airfields came under the direct control of LADA:

| Station | Branch | Grid
Reference | Station
Opened | Station
Closed | Squadrons | Current Use | External Link |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stow Maries Aerodrome | RFC | TQ83189955 | 9/1916 | 1919 | B Flt, 37 Sqn | Agriculture. Most buildings still present. | Maries Airfield |
| Goldhanger | RNAS / RFC | TL90450885 |  |  | C Flt, 37 Sqn |  |  |
| Hainault Farm | RFC | TQ46759105 | 10/1914 |  | 44 Sqn | Agriculture / light industry. Hangars still present. | Hainault Farm Airfield |
| Bekesbourne |  | TR20055545 |  |  |  | Housing / agriculture |  |
| Mattishall |  | TG06801155 |  |  |  | Agriculture | Mattishall Airfield |
| Tydd St Mary |  | TF458192 | 8/1917 | 5/1919 | B Flt, 51 Sqn | Agriculture |  |
| Marham |  |  |  |  |  | Royal Air Force flying station |  |
| Rochford |  |  |  |  | A Flt, 37 Sqn |  |  |
| Hadleigh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Elmswell |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Suttons Farm | RFC |  |  |  |  | Hornchurch Country Park and housing estate |  |
| Throwley |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Biggin Hill |  |  |  |  |  | London Biggin Hill Airport |  |
| Detling |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|

Notes Bibliography  * Christopher Cole and E.F. Cheeseman, *The Air Defence of Britain, 1914-1918*, 1984, Hungry Minds Inc, ISBN 978-0-370-30538-7
* Peter G Cooksley, *Aviation Enthusiasts' Guide To London & The South-East*, PSL, 1982, ISBN 0-85059-533-9


title: Lochmuir

abstract: Lochmuir is a brand name for salmon created by UK retailer Marks & Spencer to help market Scottish salmon. The name was chosen by a panel of consumers as it represented and reinforced the concept that the salmon was from Scotland. The fish is sourced from salmon fish farms in various regions of Scotland. The name brand was launched in mid-2006. The salmon is farmed at sites around Scotland by supplier Scottish Sea Farms. According to the supplier, it is grown on farms in Scotland, Shetland and Orkney. The salmon are given a unique feed to make them rich in omega-3 fatty acid, and are allowed to grow more slowly than the Norwegian salmon that make up most of the UK supply.

text:
# Lochmuir

**Lochmuir** is a brand name for salmon created by UK retailer Marks & Spencer to help market Scottish salmon. The name was chosen by a panel of consumers as it represented and reinforced the concept that the salmon was from Scotland. The fish is sourced from salmon fish farms in various regions of Scotland. The name brand was launched in mid-2006.

The salmon is farmed at sites around Scotland by supplier Scottish Sea Farms. According to the supplier, it is grown on farms in Scotland, Shetland and Orkney. The salmon are given a unique feed to make them rich in omega-3 fatty acid, and are allowed to grow more slowly than the Norwegian salmon that make up most of the UK supply.


abstract: Lodge Evans de Montmorency, 1st Viscount Frankfort de Montmorency PC, known as Lodge Morres until 1800 and as The Lord Frankfort between 1800 and 1816, was an Irish politician.

text:
# Lodge de Montmorency, 1st Viscount Frankfort de Montmorency

**Lodge Evans de Montmorency, 1st Viscount Frankfort de Montmorency** PC (26 January 1747 – 21 September 1822), known as **Lodge Morres** until 1800 and as **The Lord Frankfort** between 1800 and 1816, was an Irish politician.

## Background

Born Lodge Morres, he was the son of Redmond Morres and Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Lodge. Hervey Morres, 1st Viscount Mountmorres and Sir William Morres, 1st Baronet, were his uncles.

## Political career

Morres was elected a member of the Irish House of Commons for Inistioge in 1768, a seat he held until 1770, and later represented Bandon Bridge between 1776 and 1796, Ennis between 1796 and 1797, and Dingle between 1798 and 1800. He was sworn of the Irish Privy Council in 1796 and served as a Lord of the Treasury between 1796 and 1806.

In 1800 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as **Baron Frankfort**, of Galmoye in the County of Kilkenny. In 1815 he assumed by Royal licence the surname of de Montmorency in lieu of Morres, although the French House of Montmorency did not recognise his claim to be a member of that family. In 1816 he was further honoured when he was made **Viscount Frankfort de Montmorency**, of Galmoye in the County of Kilkenny, also in the Peerage of Ireland.

## Family

Lord Frankfort de Montmorency was twice married. He married Mary, daughter of Joseph Fade, in 1777. After her death in February 1787, he married Catharine, daughter of George White, in 1804. There were children from both marriages. Lord Frankfort de Montmorency died in September 1822, aged 75, and was succeeded in his titles by his son from his second marriage, Lodge. The Viscountess Frankfort de Montmorency died in November 1851.

Coat of arms of Lodge de Montmorency, 1st Viscount Frankfort de Montmorency
| CrestA peacock in its pride Proper. EscutcheonArgent a cross Gules between four eagles displayed Sable a crescent for difference. SupportersTwo angels Proper hair and wings Or vested Argent. MottoDieu Ayde |
| --- |


title: Lodhi Nangal

abstract: Lodhi Nangal is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 25 kilometres (16 mi) from sub district headquarter, 60 kilometres (37 mi) from district headquarter and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Lodhi Nangal

**Lodhi Nangal** is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 25 kilometres (16 mi) from sub district headquarter, 60 kilometres (37 mi) from district headquarter and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 127 houses and the population of 679 of which 354 are males while 325 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 104 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

## InfoBox

| Lodhi Nangal | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Gurdaspur |
| Tehsil | Batala |
| Region | Majha |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 160 ha (400 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 679
354/325 / |
| Scheduled Castes | 104
47/57 / |
| Total Households | 127 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone | 01871 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB-18 |
| Website | gurdaspur.nic.in |


title: London Film Critics Circle Awards 1999

abstract: The 20th London Film Critics Circle Awards, honouring the best in film for 1999, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 2 March 2000.

text:
# London Film Critics Circle Awards 1999

**20th London Film Critics Circle Awards**

2 March 2000

---

Film of the Year:
**American Beauty**

---

British Film of the Year:
**East Is East**

The **20th London Film Critics Circle Awards**, honouring the best in film for 1999, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 2 March 2000.

## Winners

**Film of the Year**

**British Film of the Year**

**Foreign Language Film of the Year**

**Director of the Year**

**British Director of the Year**

**Screenwriter of the Year**

**British Screenwriter of the Year**

**Actor of the Year**

**Actress of the Year**

**British Actor of the Year**

**British Actress of the Year**

**British Supporting Actor of the Year**

**British Supporting Actress of the Year**

**British Newcomer of the Year**

**British Producer of the Year**

**Dilys Powell Award**