title: Unica (typeface)

abstract: Unica or Haas Unica is a neo-grotesque sans-serif typeface developed at Haas Type Foundry in the late 1970s and originally released in 1980. Initiated as a project that sought to combine the strengths of both Helvetica and Univers, it had the misfortune of being released for phototypesetting just as the technology was being made obsolete by desktop publishing, and subsequent corporate mergers and a copyright dispute kept a digital version off the market. In 2015, two digital revivals were released: one by the rights holders, and the other with the blessing of the team that originally developed it.

text:
# Unica (typeface)

**Unica** or **Haas Unica** is a neo-grotesque sans-serif typeface developed at Haas Type Foundry in the late 1970s and originally released in 1980. Initiated as a project that sought to combine the strengths of both Helvetica and Univers, it had the misfortune of being released for phototypesetting just as the technology was being made obsolete by desktop publishing, and subsequent corporate mergers and a copyright dispute kept a digital version off the market. In 2015, two digital revivals were released: one by the rights holders, and the other with the blessing of the team that originally developed it.

## Original Versions

In 1972 the now defunct Haas Type Foundry (Switzerland) bought its french competitor Deberny & Peignot. The latter was the holder of the copyright of the Univers. Thus Helvetica (a.k.a. Neue Haas Grotesk) and Univers were from then on held by the same company. During the 1970s Haas decided to introduce an updated version of Helvetica for electronic on-screen phototypesetting. The task was given to *Team ’77* (André Gürtler, Christian Mengelt and Erich Gschwind). The result was a hybrid of mainly Helvetica and Univers, which gave it the name *Unica* (a portmanteau of **Uni**vers and Helvet**ica**), but they incorporated also features of other typefaces, like Akzidenz-Grotesk. Unica was released in 1980. Because of the rise of desktop publishing software and an ownership dispute, the typeface disappeared very soon from the market.

### Digital Release

Until 2008 there was a digital implementation available from Scangraphic in the fontstore of Elsner+Flake, but this implementation had to be removed from the market because Linotype claimed the copyright of the defunct Haas Type Foundry. As the typeface is no longer legally available, its technical details have become unclear. However, it has been suggested that this typeface has two optical sizes, namely SB (Scangraphic Body; designed for body text) and SH (Scangraphic Headline; designed for headings and display). Unica SH has tighter letter spacing than Unica SB.

## Modern Revivals

### Unica Intermediate (Unreleased)

Created by Louise Paradis, this revival was never publicly released.

### Neue Haas Unica (2014-2015)

Designed by Toshi Omagari for Monotype, this is a revival based on the Team '77's Unica phototypesetting files found in the Monotype's archive in Germany.

The font family includes 9 weights in 1 width, with complementary italics, totalling 18 styles. It does not offer rounded dots, but does include small caps. Neue Haas Unica also has a Paneuropean (W1G) version that offers Greek and Cyrillic character coverage. Neue Haas Unica Paneuropean is sold separately from the basic version.

### LL Unica77 (2015-2016)

This is a revival based on the original drawings from the 1970s. It was created in cooperation of Maurice Göldner and Christian Mengelt (who was a member of Team ’77 and authorised this implementation of Unica) for the Swiss type foundry Lineto. According to the type designer, Albert-Jan Pool, Lineto is (contrary to Monotype) paying a licence fee to Team ’77. This release uses stylistic alternates to offer a version with round dots and punctuation.

The initial release on 7 March 2015 had 8 fonts in 4 weights (light, regular, bold, black) and 1 width, with complementary italics. Six fonts in 3 additional weights (Thin, Medium, Extra Black) were released in February 2016. In term of language support, Unica77 offers 4 versions, namely "Latin", "Cyrillic", "Greek", and "PanEuro".

#### Differences between Neue Haas Unica and Unica77

The character designs of Neue Haas Unica and Unica77 are very similar as both are based on the original Haas Unica. However, they do have a number of subtle differences: Unica77 has a slightly taller x-height than Neue Haas Unica; at the same weight and point size, Unica77 has tighter letter spacing by default and its characters are heavier than Neue Haas Unica. These differences are more noticeable with long text set at small size.

The Euro sign in Neue Haas Unica has horizontal terminals as in Helvetica (Neue Haas Grotesk), while the one in Unica77 has vertical terminals as in Univers and Neue Helvetica.

## InfoBox

Unica77 LL
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Category | Sans-serif |
| Classification | Neo-grotesque |
| Designer(s) | Team ’77 (André Gürtler, Christian Mengelt and Erich Gschwind) |
| Foundry | Haas Type Foundry (defunct in 1989)
Lineto (Unica77 LL)
Monotype (Neue Haas Unica) |
| Date released | 1980 |
| License | Proprietary |
| Design based on | Helvetica, Univers and Akzidenz-Grotesk |


title: Mansoor Ali Tipu

abstract: Sahebzada Syed Mansoor Ali Tipu is a social worker and the national president of Tehrik-e-Khudadaad. Belonging to the family of the Tipu Sultan, former ruler of Mysore, he is a seventh generation descendant of Tipu Sultan. As a researcher, major part of his work is to keep the family legacy alive and provide factual information about the family history and Tipu Sultan. Mansoor regularly participates in political debates concerning Tipu's image and work for the welfare of various communities. He also works for the communal and regional peace in the southern and western part of India in the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Kerala. Syed Mansoor became a political figure when he demanded reservation for Muslim and Marathas, joining Sambha Ji Forces

text:
# Mansoor Ali Tipu

*Sahebzada* Syed **Mansoor Ali Tipu** is a social worker and the national president of Tehrik-e-Khudadaad. Belonging to the family of the Tipu Sultan, former ruler of Mysore, he is a seventh generation descendant of Tipu Sultan. As a researcher, major part of his work is to keep the family legacy alive and provide factual information about the family history and Tipu Sultan. Mansoor regularly participates in political debates concerning Tipu's image and work for the welfare of various communities. He also works for the communal and regional peace in the southern and western part of India in the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Kerala. Syed Mansoor became a political figure when he demanded reservation for Muslim and Marathas, joining Sambha Ji Forces

## Family history

*Sahebzada* Mansoor is married to *Sahebzadi* Raheemunnissa who is the seventh generation descendant of Tipu Sultan. She is the daughter of Prince Rais Ahmed Shah. Mansoor's mother follows the lineage of father of Tipu Sultan's - Haider Ali's mother. And his father is the grandson of Syed Mohammed Bahadur who also helped the Indian National Congress in initial years.

He has also narrated for the upcoming documentary Shaheed Tipu sultan, directed by Shadab Siddiqui. Mansoor demanded the government to celebrate Tipu Jayanti as a government program in 2007 like that of other freedom fighters and finally got approval in 2015 during the reign of Chief Minister Sidramaiya and Minister for Minority Welfare - Wakf Qamarul Islam. He has now demanded for a research center and a Tipu Bhawan.

## Controversy

There was a controversy over the celebration of Tipu Sultan's birth anniversary where Anant Kumar Hegde of the BJP called Tipu Sultan a mass rapist and a wretched fanatic, Mansoor demanded an unconditional apology for this and filed a defamation case in Calcutta High Court.


title: Union Springs, Alabama

abstract: Union Springs is a city in and county seat of Bullock County, Alabama, United States. The population was 3,980 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Union Springs, Alabama

**Union Springs** is a city in and county seat of Bullock County, Alabama, United States. The population was 3,980 at the 2010 census.

## History

The area that became Union Springs was first settled by white men after the Creek Indian removal of the 1830s. Twenty-seven springs watered the land, giving rise to the name of Union Springs. The city was incorporated on January 13, 1844. Voters selected Union Springs as the county seat when Bullock County was formed in 1866.

## Geography

Union Springs is located in southeastern Alabama near the center of Bullock County at 32°8'24.407" North, 85°42'46.094" West (32.140113, -85.712804). The source of the Conecuh River is within the city limits.

The city is located at the intersection of U.S. Route 82 and U.S. Route 29. Route 82 leads east 40 miles (64 km) to Eufaula and northwest 46 miles (74 km) to Montgomery, the state capital. Route 29 leads north 23 miles (37 km) to Tuskegee and southwest 40 miles (64 km) to Troy.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Union Springs has a total area of 6.7 square miles (17.3 km2), of which 6.6 square miles (17.2 km2) is land and 0.077 square miles (0.2 km2), or 0.93%, is water.

## Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Union Springs has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

| Climate data for Union Springs, Alabama, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1892–2016 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 82
(28) | 84
(29) | 92
(33) | 96
(36) | 102
(39) | 106
(41) | 107
(42) | 104
(40) | 106
(41) | 98
(37) | 89
(32) | 83
(28) | 107
(42) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 74.1
(23.4) | 77.2
(25.1) | 83.1
(28.4) | 86.3
(30.2) | 90.3
(32.4) | 94.7
(34.8) | 96.0
(35.6) | 96.0
(35.6) | 92.6
(33.7) | 87.6
(30.9) | 81.3
(27.4) | 76.4
(24.7) | 97.6
(36.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 58.0
(14.4) | 61.9
(16.6) | 69.2
(20.7) | 75.3
(24.1) | 81.9
(27.7) | 87.1
(30.6) | 89.4
(31.9) | 88.5
(31.4) | 85.1
(29.5) | 76.7
(24.8) | 67.2
(19.6) | 59.7
(15.4) | 75.0
(23.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 46.3
(7.9) | 49.7
(9.8) | 56.1
(13.4) | 62.0
(16.7) | 69.9
(21.1) | 76.7
(24.8) | 79.7
(26.5) | 78.9
(26.1) | 74.6
(23.7) | 64.2
(17.9) | 53.8
(12.1) | 48.4
(9.1) | 63.4
(17.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 34.5
(1.4) | 37.5
(3.1) | 43.0
(6.1) | 48.8
(9.3) | 57.9
(14.4) | 66.3
(19.1) | 70.0
(21.1) | 69.3
(20.7) | 64.1
(17.8) | 51.8
(11.0) | 40.5
(4.7) | 37.0
(2.8) | 51.7
(11.0) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 17.3
(−8.2) | 20.9
(−6.2) | 26.6
(−3.0) | 33.3
(0.7) | 44.9
(7.2) | 56.3
(13.5) | 63.6
(17.6) | 62.0
(16.7) | 49.6
(9.8) | 34.7
(1.5) | 26.5
(−3.1) | 19.4
(−7.0) | 13.5
(−10.3) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −2
(−19) | −7
(−22) | 14
(−10) | 28
(−2) | 36
(2) | 44
(7) | 55
(13) | 51
(11) | 39
(4) | 26
(−3) | 15
(−9) | 3
(−16) | −7
(−22) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 5.02
(128) | 4.72
(120) | 5.47
(139) | 4.57
(116) | 4.34
(110) | 4.91
(125) | 5.90
(150) | 5.00
(127) | 3.79
(96) | 3.41
(87) | 4.83
(123) | 5.23
(133) | 57.19
(1,454) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.2
(0.51) | 0.2
(0.51) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.2
(0.51) | 0.6
(1.53) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 8.5 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 8.7 | 9.9 | 8.9 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 7.6 | 87.9 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: XMACIS2 (mean maxima/minima 19812010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870 | 1,455 |  |  |
| 1880 | 1,862 |  | 28.0% |
| 1890 | 2,049 |  | 10.0% |
| 1900 | 2,634 |  | 28.6% |
| 1910 | 4,055 |  | 53.9% |
| 1920 | 4,125 |  | 1.7% |
| 1930 | 2,875 |  | −30.3% |
| 1940 | 3,107 |  | 8.1% |
| 1950 | 3,232 |  | 4.0% |
| 1960 | 3,704 |  | 14.6% |
| 1970 | 4,324 |  | 16.7% |
| 1980 | 4,431 |  | 2.5% |
| 1990 | 3,975 |  | −10.3% |
| 2000 | 3,670 |  | −7.7% |
| 2010 | 3,980 |  | 8.4% |
| 2020 | 3,358 |  | −15.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

Union Springs racial composition
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 318 | 9.47% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 2,548 | 75.88% |
| Asian | 5 | 0.15% |
| Pacific Islander | 2 | 0.06% |
| Other/Mixed | 73 | 2.17% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 412 | 12.27% |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,358 people, 1,353 households, and 856 families residing in the city.

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,980 people, 1,461 households, and 915 families residing in the city.The population density was 601 inhabitants per square mile (232/km2). There were 1,664 housing units at an average density of 248.4 per square mile (95.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 71.8% Black or African American, 12.9% White, 0.2% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 1.1% Pacific Islander, 12.8% from other races, and .8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.0% of the population.

There were 1,461 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.4% were married couples living together, 32.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 29.5% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,476, and the median income for a family was $26,167. Males had a median income of $37,689 versus $21,372 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,485. About 39.0% of families and 44.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 73.9% of those under age 18 and 19.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Government and politics

From 1845 to 1872, the leader of the town was the intendant. A new charter, which created a six-member council and mayor, for the town was approved on March 1, 1870. Henry Clay Tompkins was elected as the town's first mayor in January 1872. William Owen Baldwin was elected mayor in 1881, but died in 1883. James Blackmon Powell was appointed by the governor to fill the vacancy and served until 1885.

## Education

Union Springs is served by the Bullock County School District. There are two high schools in the city: Bullock County High School and Bullock County Career Technical Center. There is one middle school, South Highlands Middle School, and one elementary school, Union Springs Elementary.

Conecuh Springs Christian School is a private school for grades K through 12.

## Media

### Newspaper

### Radio

## Infrastructure

The United States Postal Service operates the Union Springs Post Office. The Alabama Department of Corrections operates the Bullock Correctional Facility in an Unincorporated community in Bullock County, east of Union Springs.

## Economy

A cotton growing region, the arrival of the railroad spurred new economic growth after the Civil War. By the early 1900s, many of the old cotton plantations had become hunting preserves, attracting tourists. The city remains the economic hub of the surrounding agricultural counties.

A major employer in the city is Bonnie Plants, Inc., a plant wholesaler founded in 1918 with revenue exceeding over $250 million by 2020.

## Recreation and culture

Union Springs hosts annual field trials for hunting dogs. These trials take place between October and March and attract participants from around the country.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Union Springs | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Union Springs at sundown | |
|  | |
| Nickname(s): Bird Dog Field Trial Capital of the World;
The Serendipity Center of the South | |
| Location of Union Springs in Bullock County, Alabama. | |
| Coordinates: 32°8′24″N 85°42′46″W / 32.14000°N 85.71278°W / 32.14000; -85.71278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alabama |
| County | Bullock |
| Settled | 1835 |
| Incorporated | 1844 |
| Government | |
| Type | Mayor/Council |
| Mayor | Saint T. Thomas, Jr. |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.69 sq mi (17.33 km2) |
| Land | 6.63 sq mi (17.17 km2) |
| Water | 0.06 sq mi (0.15 km2) |
| Elevation | 522 ft (159 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,358 |
| Density | 506.49/sq mi (195.56/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 36089 |
| Area code | 334 |
| FIPS code | 01-77880 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0128349 |


title: Union Sportive de Sbeitla

abstract: Union Sportive Sbeitla also known as USS, is a Tunisian football club, based in the city of Sbeitla in Tunisia. The club was founded in 1947. The team plays in red and white and plays its home matches at the Stade of Sbeitla, which has a seating capacity of 2500 spectators. The team is currently playing in the Tunisian Third Football League. It was nominated for the first time in its history for the golden square of the Tunisian Cup on June 9, 2013, with JS Kairouan, CA Bizertin and Avenir Sportive de la Marsa, which are teams playing in the first Tunisian Professional Football League.

text:
# Union Sportive de Sbeitla

**Union Sportive Sbeitla** also known as USS , is a Tunisian football club, based in the city of Sbeitla in Tunisia. The club was founded in 1947. The team plays in red and white and plays its home matches at the Stade of Sbeitla, which has a seating capacity of 2500 spectators.

The team is currently playing in the Tunisian Third Football League. It was nominated for the first time in its history for the golden square of the Tunisian Cup on June 9, 2013, with JS Kairouan, CA Bizertin and Avenir Sportive de la Marsa , which are teams playing in the first Tunisian Professional Football League.

## InfoBox

Union de Sbeitla
| Full name | Union Sportive de Sbeitla |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1947 |
| Ground | Stade of Sbeitla, Tunisia |
| Capacity | 2,500 |
| Chairman | Karim Hani |
| Manager | Ounis Bouzidi |
| League | Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 3 |
| 2013–14 | 1st |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Manorama School of Communication

abstract: Manorama School of Communication, also known as MASCOM, is a journalism school in Kottayam, India. Established in 2002 by K. M. Mathew with the support of Manorama group, it offers postgraduate diploma courses in print and broadcast journalism. Educator and journalist K. Thomas Oommen worked as the director of the institute since its establishment until his retirement in July 2021. He has also designed the programme for the print course. The broadcast journalism course was introduced later in 2015. Over the years, Manorama School of Communication has been listed as one of the best journalism schools in India by several media outlets. Observers have chiefly praised the institute for its infrastructure and focus on academic aspects of journalism.

text:
# Manorama School of Communication

**Manorama School of Communication**, also known as **MASCOM**, is a journalism school in Kottayam, India. Established in 2002 by K. M. Mathew with the support of Manorama group, it offers postgraduate diploma courses in print and broadcast journalism.

Educator and journalist K. Thomas Oommen worked as the director of the institute since its establishment until his retirement in July 2021. He has also designed the programme for the print course. The broadcast journalism course was introduced later in 2015.

Over the years, Manorama School of Communication has been listed as one of the best journalism schools in India by several media outlets. Observers have chiefly praised the institute for its infrastructure and focus on academic aspects of journalism.

## History

Journalist and chief-editor of Kottayam-based daily *Malayala Manorama* K. M. Mathew wanted to set up a media school which taught journalism with a "hands-on and no-nonsense approach and without frills and hype". His plans materialised when, with the support of the Manorama group as he established the Manorama School of Communication (MASCOM) in 2002 in Erayil Kadavu, Kottayam, around 500 meters south of the *Malayala Manorama* head office. The institute was inaugurated later that year by the-then Chief Minister of Kerala, A. K. Antony.

## Academics

Manorama School of Communication offers training in both print and broadcast journalism in English and Malayalam languages. The print course was designed by journalist and educator K. Thomas Oommen, who has served as the director of the institute since its inception in 2002. The course, its design and modules, have often been highlighted as amongst the best in India by various media outlets such as the *Outlook* magazine.

The broadcast course, also taught in both English and Malayalam languages, was introduced later in 2015. Journalists Andur Sahadevan and A. Ravi Shankar, who is also the associate director for the institute, teach the broadcast module.

Manorama School of Communication also has a student exchange programme with the Lakshman Kadirgamar Foundation, The Editors’ Guild of Sri Lanka, and the Sri Lanka Press Institute. The student topping the print course gets an opportunity to work in Sri Lanka as part of the programme, while a student from Sri Lanka also gets a six month training at the institute alongside the students of the print course.

### Academic awards

Manorama School of Communication presents annual awards to its students for academic excellence. The K. C. Mammen Mappillai Award is presented to the overall best student from both the print and broadcast courses, while the a student each from print and broadcast respectively are also presented with the Malayala Manorama Chief Editor's Award.

## Rankings

Manorama School of Communication has been included in the various media outlets' lists of top journalism schools in India; these are listed below in the order of rank.

## InfoBox

Manorama School of Communication
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | *Training tomorrow's journalists* |
| Director | K. Thomas Oommen |
| Location | Kottayam, Kerala, India |
| Website | manoramajschool.com |


title: Manorama Six Feet Under

abstract: Manorama Six Feet Under is a 2007 Indian thriller film directed and co-written by Navdeep Singh. The film features Abhay Deol, Raima Sen, and Gul Panag in the lead roles. The film was released on 21 September 2007. It follows an amateur detective in a small sleepy town from Rajasthan who finds himself caught in a web of lies, deceit and murder. The movie is based on an American neo-noir film, Chinatown (1974). The makers of Manorama Six Feet Under acknowledged the inspiration from the original by playing the sequence where Jack Nicholson's character gets his nose slashed on the main character's (Satyaveer) television.

text:
# Manorama Six Feet Under

***Manorama Six Feet Under*** is a 2007 Indian thriller film directed and co-written by Navdeep Singh. The film features Abhay Deol, Raima Sen, and Gul Panag in the lead roles. The film was released on 21 September 2007. It follows an amateur detective in a small sleepy town from Rajasthan who finds himself caught in a web of lies, deceit and murder. The movie is based on an American neo-noir film, *Chinatown* (1974). The makers of *Manorama Six Feet Under* acknowledged the inspiration from the original by playing the sequence where Jack Nicholson's character gets his nose slashed on the main character's (Satyaveer) television.

## Plot

The film opens with a narrative about a nondescript town called Lakhot in Rajasthan, India. The narrator is Satyaveer Singh Randhawa, a down-on-his-luck public works engineer. He compares Lakhot – dry, desolate and despondent – to the general downturn in his own life. As he returns to his irritable and nagging wife Nimmi and their young son, we learn that Satyaveer has just been implicated in a small bribery scandal at work. Nimmi broods over how she wishes she had married a richer fellow. Satyaveer, an aspiring writer whose only novel Manorama sank without a trace, laments about how he had once wished to be famous but is now resigned to a banal and unremarkable existence.

They have an unusual visitor that night. A well dressed, affluent woman presents herself as Mrs. P. P. Rathore, the wife of the Irrigation Minister (and former Maharaja) P. P. Rathore (Kulbhushan Kharbanda). She says she is a big fan of Satyaveer's novel. Captivated by the ingenuity of the detective Raghu, the principal character of the novel, she hopes to secure Satyaveer's assistance in applying the same ingenuity to procure photographic evidence of her husband's affair. She pays him an advance and leaves. Satyaveer accepts the job in spite of Nimmi's reproach. He stealthily stakes out Rathore's manor. He spots another woman visiting Rathore. Rathore rebukes the woman and turns her away. Satyaveer snaps a few pictures of this exchange and hands over the roll to Mrs. Rathore. He also confides in his brother-in-law and best friend, the loutish but generally well-meaning local cop Brij Mohan. Brij finds this all very fishy and advises Satyaveer to take Nimmi on a short vacation. Strange events happen to Satyaveer. He finds out that the woman who hired him is not Mrs. Rathore. Late one evening, as Satyaveer returns home after drinks with Brij, he spots the same woman running for her life from people who are out to kill her. She earnestly urges him to remember her real name, Manorama, and that she is 32 years old. The next day's papers report that Manorama committed suicide in connection with her protests against a canal being built through Lakhot. The canal project is sponsored by Rathore.

He decides to investigate further. He finds out that Manorama was connected with a local children's home and lived with a roommate, Sheetal. The roommate is confused and scared. She refuses to talk with Satyaveer. Satyaveer is later set upon by thugs; they turn out to be the same men who chased Manorama on the night of her death, and they want to find out what she told him that night. Satyaveer tells them what was told to him after getting his two fingers broken and his motorbike is stolen. Satyaveer later uncovers that Manorama's death was an accident; she was hit by a truck as she fled her pursuers.

Sheetal calls him. She is still scared but somehow warms to him and asks if she can stay with him for a few days. Seeing as Nimmi has returned to Rohtak (her parents’ house) for Diwali, Satyaveer agrees. Sheetal moves in for a little while. Around this time, Satyaveer attends a rally function with Rathore in attendance. He follows Rathore and discovers that Rathore receives regular medication from a doctor for an unknown ailment. He also spots the woman who visited him on the night Satyaveer took the photos.

He follows the woman and makes contact with her. She lives with the doctor Anil Poddar. She turns out to be Sameera Rathore, the illegitimate daughter of Rathore. She was trying to get Rathore to accept her as a daughter. Satyaveer begins piecing the parts together. However, when Satyaveer visits the doctor, he finds that the doctor and Sameera have both been brutally murdered. There he and Sheetal discuss what to do next and they almost kiss but his wife calls him and he takes her call immediately remembering his marriage. He runs to the children's home where he discovers that Sheetal has actually been dead for around 8–10 days.

Arriving home, he finds that the woman masquerading as Sheetal is neither surprised nor scared. She blames him for the act she had to up (as Sheetal), and she directs him to meet Rathore. Rathore demands the photos. Satyaveer turns over the photos he had taken. Not surprisingly, Rathore is not the least bit interested in photos of him having an argument with his biological daughter. It turns out that Neetu (the girl pretending to be Sheetal) is a concubine for Rathore. Rathore now openly threatens him and asks that he hand over those photos. Satyaveer returns home. He scans one of the photos he had taken and suddenly finds a clue in it. This clue leads him to what Manorama had said to him on the night she died. The clue was that Manorama from his book died at page 32. He uses the clues to land up in the room of a small hotel in town, where he discovers a shocking set of photos in a packet cached behind the light switchboard.

Satyaveer returns to confront Rathore. He presents the shocking evidence he has found. Rathore was a pedophile. The children's home was his steady supply of (orphaned) children. The real Sheetal and Manorama, who worked at the orphanage, had realized his wicked activities. They were about to blow his cover and hence he had them silenced. Rathore calmly informs Satyaveer that Satyaveer, smart though he may be, is still a small-town man that may easily be dispensed with. He then has Neetu harass him sexually which makes Satyaveer come out of disgust and he sees the goons dismantling his scooter. Satyaveer then comes back and reveals another fact. The doctor, Anil Potdar and Manorama were siblings. Also, though the doctor knew that Rathore had lung cancer, he kept concealing the fact from him and kept giving him placebos merely to suppress the symptoms of cancer. The doctor and Manorama merely wanted to keep him alive long enough for him to accept Sameera as his daughter and heir. Then, on Rathore's eventual death, the estate would come to Sameera and thus also to the doctor and Manorama. It was now too late since cancer had reached an advanced stage and Rathore had precious little time left to live. Hearing this Rathore's wife laughs with great relief.

As Satyaveer is walking out, one of the goons, who is asthmatic, starts choking on a peanut, but he continues walking by carefree. He remarks that big fish doesn't always win, small fish does manage to get out and sometimes a bigger fish comes along to take over. He gets away in the pink taxi and reunites with his wife and son at the terminal.

## Cast

* Abhay Deol as Satyaveer Singh Randhawa
* Raima Sen as Sheetal / Neetu
* Gul Panag as Nimmi Randhawa
* Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Minister P. P. Rathore
* Sarika as Manorama Rathore
* Vinay Pathak as Brijmohan
* Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Chhaila
* Brijendra Kala as Bihari Lal
* Yana Gupta as herself (brief friendly appearance)
* Nakshatra as Raju, son of Satyaveer
* Poonam Gibson as Sameera Rathore
* Devinder Madan as Mrs. P. P. Rathore, wife of the Minister
* Jogi as Fauji
* Rajesh M as Dr. Anil Poddar
* Shabnam Wadhera as Head-mistress of the orphanage
* Tejpal Singh as Attendant of P. P. Rathore

## Production

A significant portion of the film, particularly the interior scenes set in Rajasthan, was filmed in Mandawa. The scenes featuring Abhay Deol and Vinay Pathak were predominantly shot there.

## Critical reception

The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars calling it "a well-executed thriller". Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film a 3/5 rating calling Abhay Deol "an actor who has matured and radiates intelligence". Times of India gave it a 3/5 rating, calling it "a sparkling gem, off mainstream masala, for the choosy film buff". Rajeev Masand gave the movie 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "It’s unlikely that Manorama Six Feet Under will appeal to all, mostly because it unfolds at a pace slower than a melting candle. But skillfully directed by debutant Navdeep Singh, the film works as a show reel for the talents of everyone involved."

## Soundtrack

### Track listing

1. "Dhokha" (4:12) - Richa Sharma
2. "Dhundla Jo Sama Bandh" (5:04) - Kailash Kher
3. "Tere Sawalon Ke" (5:43) - Roop Kumar Rathod, Mahalakshmi Iyer
4. "Woh Bheege Pal" (6:49) - Jayesh Gandhi
5. "Woh Bheege Pal" (6:48) - Zubeen Garg
6. "Woh Bheege Pal" (Remixed by Akbar Sami) (6:18) - Jayesh Gandhi

## InfoBox

| Manorama Six Feet Under | |
| --- | --- |
| Movie poster for *Manorama Six Feet Under* | |
| Directed by | Navdeep Singh |
| Written by | Devika Bhagat
Navdeep Singh |
| Produced by | Ketan Maroo |
| Starring | Abhay Deol
Raima Sen
Gul Panag |
| Cinematography | Arvind Kannabiran |
| Edited by | Jabeen Merchant |
| Music by | Jayesh Gandhi
Raiomond Mirza |
| Distributed by | Shemaroo Entertainment |
| Release date | * 21 September 2007 (2007-09-21) |
| Running time | 138 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Manorama Mohapatra

abstract: Manorama Mohapatra was an Indian writer, poet, and editor, working primarily in the Odia language. She wrote forty books consisting of novels and poetry, and edited an Odia newspaper, The Samaj. She was the recipient of several literary awards, including Odisha state's highest literary honor, the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award in 1984. She was the first woman to be elected president of the Odisha State Sahitya Akademi, a literary organization for the state of Odisha.

text:
# Manorama Mohapatra

**Manorama Mohapatra** (10 June 1934 – 18 September 2021) was an Indian writer, poet, and editor, working primarily in the Odia language. She wrote forty books consisting of novels and poetry, and edited an Odia newspaper, *The Samaj.* She was the recipient of several literary awards, including Odisha state's highest literary honor, the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award in 1984. She was the first woman to be elected president of the Odisha State Sahitya Akademi, a literary organization for the state of Odisha.

## Life

Mohapatra was born in 1934 in Odisha, India. Her father, Dr Radhanath Rath was the editor of an Odia-language daily newspaper, *The Samaj*. Her undergraduate education was in economics, at Ravenshaw University in Odisha. She briefly taught economics. She died on 18 September 2021, and her funeral was performed with state honors.

## Career

Mohapatra began her career as a columnist for the daily newspaper *The Samaj*, which was edited by her father, writing on politics and contemporary issues. She later succeeded him as the editor of the newspaper. in 1960, she published her first book of poetry, *Juar Jeiunthi Uthe,* which focused on themes of empowering women. She went on to write forty books, including novels and poetry, primarily in the Odia language, but also in Bengali. Some significant works include *Ardhanareeswara*, *Baidehi Visarjita*, *Sanghatir Samhita*, S*hakti Rupena Sansthita, Roopam Roopam Pratirupam, Smruti Chandan, Samay Purusha,* and *Smritir Naimisharanya*. She also performed publicly, as an orator. From 1982 to 1990, she was elected president of a literary society, the Utkal Sahitya Samaj, and from 1991 to 1994, she was elected the first woman president of the state literary society, the Odisha Sahitya Akademi.

Mohapatra's contributions to literature were recognised publicly following her death, with the Chief Minister of Odisha, Naveen Patnaik, noting that in addition to her writing, she "...played a key role in creating awareness on different social problems, rights of women and problems faced by them." Mohapatra's writing focused on themes of empowering women, dealing with contemporary issues and politics concerning women's rights. Mohapatra also volunteered with a number of charitable organizations in Odisha, including the Red Cross Society, Social Service Guild of Orissa, and Lok Sevak Mandal.

## Awards

Mohapatra won a number of literary awards during her career, including:

* 1984 - Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award
* 1988 - Soviet Nehru Award
* 1990 - Critics' Circle Award of India
* 1991 - Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar Samman
* 1994 - Rupambara Award
* 2013 - Sarala Samman
* Utkal Sahitya Samaj Award
* Gangadhar Meher Samman
* Sahitya Praveena Award
* Sucharita Award

## Bibliography

Notable works by Mohapatra include *Juar Jeiunthi Uthe* (1960) (poetry), *Band Gharara Kabat* (short stories)*,* as well as *Ardhanareeswara, Baidehi Visarjita, Sanghatir Samhita, Shakti Rupena Sansthita, Roopam Roopam Pratirupam, Smruti Chandan, Samay Purusha, Smritir Naimisharanya, 151 Poems, Arup Aalo in Bengali, Ye Prithvi Sarsajjya,* and *Uttara Niruttara.*


title: Manshiyat Ezzat Palette

abstract: The Manshiyat Ezzat Palette is an ornately adorned schist cosmetic palette from predynastic Egypt found at a cemetery in the eastern Delta town of Manshiyat Ezzat, Dakahlia Governorate. The gravesite is from Pharaoh Den's reign, First Dynasty of Egypt. The palette is of low to moderate bas relief. The ornamental palette contains the cosmetic eyepaint mixing circle, with the circle made up of the necks of two confronted lions; the lions are identical to the serpopard-lion motif as found on the Narmer Palette and is conjectured to refer to the uniting of Delta Egypt with Southern Egypt.

text:
# Manshiyat Ezzat Palette

The **Manshiyat Ezzat Palette** is an ornately adorned schist cosmetic palette from predynastic Egypt found at a cemetery in the eastern Delta town of Manshiyat Ezzat, Dakahlia Governorate. The gravesite is from Pharaoh Den's reign, First Dynasty of Egypt. The palette is of low to moderate bas relief. (see diagram and photo:  graphic: )

The ornamental palette contains the cosmetic eyepaint *mixing circle*, with the circle made up of the necks of two confronted lions; the lions are identical to the serpopard-lion motif as found on the Narmer Palette and is conjectured to refer to the uniting of Delta Egypt with Southern Egypt.

## Description

The Manshiyat Ezzat Palette is a shield-shaped palette as found in the Naqada II period-(Amratian). The palette face contains a gazelle bordering the upper left edge; a palm tree borders the upper right. Animals adorn the bottom center and left, with the gazelle being chased.

The palette is asymmetric since the gazelle on the upper left adorns the palette's top-center with its extended neck; the gazelle's upper neck and head are missing, with the height of the palette about 23.5 cm (9 in), and with the head complete, maybe 27 to 30 cm. The palette is 12 cm (5 in) wide.

### Mixing circle, serpopard motif

The center 1/3 of the ceremonial cosmetic palette consists of the motif of the eye paint mixing circle, and the circle is made-up of the two necks of confronted lions. Two other palettes have this serpopard motif, the Narmer Palette and the Oxford Palette (the Minor Hierakonpolis Palette), and they are conjectured to refer to initial uniting of Upper and Lower Egypt. Further artifacts from Pharaoh Den's reign may elucidate this time period of the 1st Dynasty.

* Schulz, Regine; Seidel, Matthias eds.; *Egypt, The World of the Pharaohs,* (w/ 34 contributing Authors), Konemann, Germany, c 1998, (538 pp). (hardcover, ISBN 3-89508-913-3)


title: Union Trust and Savings Bank (Michigan)

abstract: Union Trust and Savings Bank was a bank that served Flint, Michigan. It was established in 1893, merged in 1929 and failed during the Great Depression.

text:
# Union Trust and Savings Bank (Michigan)

**Union Trust and Savings Bank** was a bank that served Flint, Michigan. It was established in 1893, merged in 1929 and failed during the Great Depression.

## History

It was established in 1893 by Ira H. Wilder, a former bank examiner, and a number of wealth investors. The initial board of directors included Mathew Davison and William A. Paterson both mayors of the City of Flint. Paterson was also a carriage, and a car manufacturer. Another director was James Hurley, who was known by his foundational donations for the city's Hurley Hospital. The bank's first president was Charles T. Bridgman, and Wilder served as the cashier. Mathew Davison later succeeded Wilder as the bank's cashier. Later, George H. Durand and William F. Stewart joined the board of directors. Paterson and W. H. Edwards were appointed vice-presidents in 1916, and Davison became chairman of the board. Additionally, in 1916 L. H. Bridgman became cashier, and J. E. Storer became his assistant cashier.

On May 1, 1929, the Bank merged with Industrial Savings Bank to become Union Industrial Trust & Savings Bank. Several employees, including a senior vice president and two vice presidents, were caught embezzling $3.5 million from the bank in 1929. It failed during the Great Depression.

## InfoBox

Union Trust and Savings Bank
| Industry | Banking |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1893 |
| Defunct | 1929 |
| Fate | merged |
| Successor | Union Industrial Trust & Savings Bank |
| Headquarters | Flint, Michigan, United States |


title: Manual of the Higher Plants of Oregon

abstract: Manual of the Higher Plants of Oregon was an early flora of plants of Oregon written by Morton Peck. It was praised for its format, portability, phylogenetic keys, having new species recorded, and completeness of both descriptions of plants and physiographic provinces. The second edition (1961) includes many changes to the first edition (1941) which, according to Peck, is "now decidedly out of date."

text:
# Manual of the Higher Plants of Oregon

***Manual of the Higher Plants of Oregon*** was an early flora of plants of Oregon written by Morton Peck.

It was praised for its format, portability, phylogenetic keys, having new species recorded, and completeness of both descriptions of plants and physiographic provinces. The second edition (1961) includes many changes to the first edition (1941) which, according to Peck, is "now decidedly out of date."


title: Manual pulse generator

abstract: A manual pulse generator (MPG) is a device for generating electrical pulses in electronic systems under the control of a human operator (manually), as opposed to the pulses automatically generated by software. MPGs are used on computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tools, on some microscopes, and on other devices that use precise component positioning. A typical MPG consists of a rotating knob that generates pulses that are sent to an equipment controller. The controller will then move the piece of equipment a predetermined distance for each pulse. For example, the handwheel of a typical CNC control will move any of the slides of the machine by one minimum increment, such as 1 micrometre or 1 ten-thousandth of an inch, for each pulse, and the handwheel will give one ratchet-like click or other haptic click to confirm to the user that a single increment occurred. Several selector switches control the handwheel's output: one allows each of the machine's axes to be selected in turn; another shifts through several ranges of output, so that one click of the wheel is either one minimum increment, 10 times that, or 100 times that. The modern trend in CNC user interface design is to place the MPG on a handheld pendant that the operator can carry, making it conveniently independent from the main control panel, just as a game controller is independent from the video game console.

text:
# Manual pulse generator

A **manual pulse generator** (**MPG**) is a device for generating electrical pulses (short bursts of low current) in electronic systems under the control of a human operator (manually), as opposed to the pulses automatically generated by software. MPGs are used on computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tools, on some microscopes, and on other devices that use precise component positioning. A typical MPG consists of a rotating knob that generates pulses that are sent to an equipment controller. The controller will then move the piece of equipment a predetermined distance for each pulse.

For example, the handwheel of a typical CNC control will move any of the slides of the machine by one minimum increment, such as 1 micrometre or 1 ten-thousandth of an inch, for each pulse, and the handwheel will give one ratchet-like click or other haptic click to confirm to the user that a single increment occurred. Several selector switches control the handwheel's output: one allows each of the machine's axes (X, Y, Z, and so on) to be selected in turn; another shifts through several ranges of output, so that one click of the wheel is either one minimum increment, 10 times that, or 100 times that.

The modern trend in CNC user interface design is to place the MPG on a handheld pendant that the operator can carry, making it conveniently independent from the main control panel, just as a game controller is independent from the video game console.


title: Manual of The Mother Church

abstract: The Church Manual of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Massachusetts commonly known as the Manual of The Mother Church is the book that establishes the structure and governance of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, also known as The Mother Church, functioning like a constitution. It was written by Mary Baker Eddy, founder of the church. It was first published in 1895 and was revised dozens of times. The final edition, the 89th, was published in 1910.

text:
# Manual of The Mother Church

The ***Church Manual of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Massachusetts*** commonly known as the ***Manual of The Mother Church*** is the book that establishes the structure and governance of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, also known as The Mother Church, functioning like a constitution. It was written by Mary Baker Eddy, founder of the church. It was first published in 1895 and was revised dozens of times. The final edition, the 89th, was published in 1910.

## Background

Writing in September 1895 to Septimus J. Hanna, then an editor of Christian Science periodicals and First Reader of The Mother Church, Eddy described the work of establishing the various by-laws as having been "impelled" by circumstances which made the need for a rule apparent. The impetus was always the future protection of the church, to fortify its structural integrity by preventing battles for personal control and creeping bureaucracy, and to maintain its spiritual integrity by preventing frivolous experimentation and the intrusions of personal opinion that would eventually adulterate the teaching and doctrine of Christian Science. The final revision of the *Manual*, the 89th edition, was published two weeks after Eddy's death in December 1910, although she had approved and signed the proof sheets of the edition before publication.

## Church constitution

A Rule for Motives and Acts.
> SECTION 1. Neither animosity nor mere personal attachment should impel the motives or acts of the members of The Mother Church. In Science, divine Love alone governs man; and a Christian Scientist reflects the sweet amenities of Love, in rebuking sin, in true brotherliness, charitableness, and forgiveness. The members of this Church should daily watch and pray to be delivered from all evil, from prophesying, judging, condemning, counseling, influencing or being influenced erroneously.

*Manual of The Mother Church*

The *Manual* was first published in 1895. Like a constitution, it establishes the framework for the government and operations of the church, as well as its "basic character". Its by-laws are organized into 35 articles that establish the duties and responsibilities of church officers, provide guidelines and rules for Christian Science practitioners and teachers, define the responsibilities of individual members and provide the means of discipline. The "Rule for Motives and Acts" (at right) typifies the nature of these by-laws and is the only by-law that was barely changed through the dozens of revisions.

As a lay church, there is no hierarchy. All members, including church officers, are bound by the rules of the *Manual*. Under the *Manual*, the church officers comprising the Board of Directors are charged with administration, and have no authority to govern the church, amend or interpret by-laws or create new ones. Eddy vested the authority for government of the church not in persons, but in the by-laws of the *Manual* itself.

Branch churches are set up to be democratic and independent, related to but not controlled by The Mother Church. The appendix includes membership applications, the order of the church services, Sunday school and testimony meetings, as well as two deeds related to land conveyance for The Mother Church. As legal documents describing the Board of Directors and setting limits to their authority, they cement the legal foundation for Eddy's intent regarding the *Manual* as the church's constitution. Adam Dickey, Eddy's last personal secretary, whom she appointed to the Board of Directors shortly before she died, wrote in 1922, "The safety of the Christian Science church does not rest in the Board of Directors; it lies in the integrity of each individual member, and in the determination of the members to obey the By-laws."

## Estoppel clauses

There are 32 by-laws with "estoppel clauses" in the *Manual*, where Eddy's consent is required. A few of her students, including William R. Rathvon and Judge Septimus J. Hanna, concerned about the ramifications of these clauses in the event of her death, urged her to remove them. Henry Moore Baker, a lawyer and politician who was also Eddy's cousin, assured her and others in the church that when she was gone clauses in the *Manual* which required her involvement would default to the "next in authority", which in this case would be the Board of Directors. However, after Eddy's passing some people both within and without of the church believed that without Eddy's presence the *Manual* could not function as it had before, with some believing the church should dissolve and others that the Trustees of the Christian Science Publishing Society should function as a separate governing body within the church. This culminated in a period of litigation in 1921 when the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the Baker interpretation that the Board of Directors assumed jurisdiction over the estoppel clauses upon Eddy's death. However, according to Eddy biographer Robert Peel, the estoppel clauses still add "moral force" and make it "morally incumbent upon the \[Board of\] Directors" to take particular care to fulfill the 'spirit and letter' when considering steps governed by those by-laws.

The 1991 publication of a book by Bliss Knapp again sparked controversy in the church around the estoppel clauses that resulted in another lawsuit. The book, which had previously been refused publication as being incompatible with Eddy's teaching, had been named in two wills with a large bequest to the church if it published the book. Critics accused the Board, then in need of funds to cover losses stemming from *The Christian Science Monitor*'s entry into television, of violating the *Manual*'s estoppel clauses in order to receive the funds.

1. Peel, Robert (1977), *Mary Baker Eddy: The Years of Authority*. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 90-91.
2. Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), *Rolling Away The Stone*. Indiana University Press, pp. 242-243 and 394.
3. Peel, Robert (1977), p. 225.
4. Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), p. 227.
5. "What is the background of the 'Present Order of Services' in the *Manual of the Mother Church?*" Archived 2012-08-15 at the Wayback Machine Mary Baker Eddy Library (June 5, 2012). Retrieved July 29, 2013.
6. "Did Eddy authorize the 89th edition of the Manual?" Mary Baker Eddy Library (October 13, 2020). Retrieved Aug 31, 2021.
7. John, DeWitt (1962), *The Christian Science Way of Life*. The Christian Science Publishing Society, pp. 68-69.
8. Article VIII, "Guidance of Members" Archived 2013-07-24 at the Wayback Machine *Manual of The Mother Church*, The First Church of Christ, Scientist website. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
9. Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), p. 244.
10. Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), p. 241.
11. Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), pp. 242-243.
12. Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), pp. 255-256.
13. Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), pp. 316 and 359.
14. Beasley, Norman (1956), *The Continuing Spirit*. Duell, Sloan and Pearce, pp. 142-144.
15. Peel, Robert (1977), pp. 346-347.
16. Beasley, Norman (1956), pp. 143-144.
17. Beasley, Norman (1956), p. 144.
18. Melton, Gordon J. (1999), *Encyclopedia of American religions*. Gale Research, p. 140.
19. Anker, Roy M. (1999), *Self-Help and Popular Religion in Modern American Culture: An Interpretive Guide*. Greenwood Press, pp. 81-82. Retrieved July 28, 2013.

## InfoBox

Church Manual of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Massachusetts
| The 89th and final edition of the Manual of the Mother Church | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Mary Baker Eddy |
| Language | English |
| Published | * 1895 (1st edition) * 1910 (89th edition) |
| Publisher | Christian Science Publishing Society |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print, ebook, audiobook |
| Pages | 138 (89th ed.) |
| Website | christianscience.com |


title: Ulysses in Nighttown

abstract: Ulysses in Nighttown is a play based on the fifteenth episode of the 1922 novel Ulysses by James Joyce that was adapted by Marjorie Barkentin and contains incidental music by Peter Link. The show opened Off-Broadway in 1958 with Zero Mostel to a long and successful run, earning Mostel an Obie Award. It debuted on Broadway on February 15, 1974, at the Winter Garden Theatre and ran for 69 performances. The show had previously done a preview run of 26 performances in Philadelphia. The cast included Zero Mostel, Margery Beddow, Fionnula Flanagan, Gale Garnett, Tommy Lee Jones, John Astin, and David Ogden Stiers. The play received six nominations for the 1974 Tony Awards, winning in the category for best lighting design. Zero Mostel was also one of twenty-eight actors to receive special awards from Drama Desk in 1974.

text:
# Ulysses in Nighttown

***Ulysses in Nighttown*** is a play based on the fifteenth episode of the 1922 novel *Ulysses* by James Joyce (unique among the book's episodes in that it is written as a play script) that was adapted by Marjorie Barkentin and contains incidental music by Peter Link. The show opened Off-Broadway in 1958 with Zero Mostel to a long and successful run, earning Mostel an Obie Award. It debuted on Broadway on February 15, 1974, at the Winter Garden Theatre and ran for 69 performances. The show had previously done a preview run of 26 performances in Philadelphia. The cast included Zero Mostel, Margery Beddow, Fionnula Flanagan, Gale Garnett, Tommy Lee Jones, John Astin, and David Ogden Stiers.

The play received six nominations for the 1974 Tony Awards, winning in the category for best lighting design. Zero Mostel was also one of twenty-eight actors to receive special awards from Drama Desk in 1974.

## Awards and honors

### Original Broadway production

| Year | Award ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1974 | Tony Award | Best Play | | Nominated |
| | | Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play | Zero Mostel | Nominated |
| | | Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play | Fionnula Flanagan | Nominated |
| | | Best Direction of a Play | Burgess Meredith | Nominated |
| | | Best Scenic Design | Ed Wittstein | Nominated |
| | | Best Lighting Design | Jules Fisher | Won |
| | Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Performance | Zero Mostel | Won |
|

*Ulysses*, Episode 15 "Circe"


title: Undulated moray

abstract: The undulated moray is a moray eel of the family Muraenidae, found in the Indo-Pacific and east-central Pacific Ocean at depths down to 30 m. Their length is up to 1.5 m.

text:
# Undulated moray

The **undulated moray** (*Gymnothorax undulatus*) is a moray eel of the family Muraenidae, found in the Indo-Pacific and east-central Pacific Ocean at depths down to 30 m. Their length is up to 1.5 m.

## Description and biology

The undulated moray can easily be identified by its yellow head and brown spots covering its body. It is also lined by white borders forming similar to a chain link. They use their large mouths to pump water to the gills, while the gill cover is a small hole to protect the delicate gills. Like most eels, they lack the pectoral and pelvic fins to make it easier for them to move through the crevices of reefs. Their other fins are fitted with thicker skin to protect from sharp reef. They move in a S-shape to be able to move back and forth to also aid in movement through reefs. Their teeth are shaped to be curved backwards so they can hold onto their prey and easily move the prey backwards for digestion.

## Distribution and habitat

*Gymnothorax undulatus* can be found in the Pacific as well as East Africa. Most of the time they can be found in reefs of lagoons and seawards or in reef-flats. They like to shelter within reefs and can be found from depths of 1 to 50 meters. The undulated moray is nocturnal as they hide in reefs during the day and hunt for food at night.

## Human use and cultural significance

The undulated eel and several other species of eels (*puhi*) are featured in many Hawaiian stories as common *ʻaumakua*, thought to be ancestors protecting families. This eel is known as *laumilo* or "*milo* leaf" from the way it swims similar to blown leaves of the *milo* tree, it itself is considered a guardian for the tree according to the Kumulipo. This eel was also a common form that , the Hawaiian god of war, would take to interact with humans.

For many native Hawaiian communities eels were an important food source and used for special dishes when leaders had special guests, this particular eel is deemed "highly relished".

## InfoBox

| Undulated moray | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Anguilliformes |
| Family: | Muraenidae |
| Genus: | *Gymnothorax* |
| Species: | ***G. undulatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gymnothorax undulatus***
(Lacépède, 1803) | |
|


title: Undulambia tigrinale

abstract: Undulambia tigrinale is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Panama.

text:
# Undulambia tigrinale

***Undulambia tigrinale*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Undulambia tigrinale* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Undulambia* |
| Species: | ***U. tigrinale*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Undulambia tigrinale***<br>(Dyar, 1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oligostigma tigrinale* Dyar, 1914 | |


title: Unison (Shin Terai album)

abstract: Unison is the first album of Japanese composer Shin Terai, released in 1999. The album features contributions of bassist and producer Bill Laswell, avant-garde guitarists Buckethead and Nicky Skopelitis, and Parliament-Funkadelic keyboardist Bernie Worrell. The album met very good reviews from critics mainly because of the soft guitars and the funky bass.

text:
# Unison (Shin Terai album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Unison*** is the first album of Japanese composer Shin Terai, released in 1999. The album features contributions of bassist and producer Bill Laswell, avant-garde guitarists Buckethead (who would join Guns N' Roses soon after the recording sessions) and Nicky Skopelitis, and Parliament-Funkadelic keyboardist Bernie Worrell. The album met very good reviews from critics mainly because of the soft guitars and the funky bass.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Clue" |  | 1:59 |
| 2. | "Dinner of Heaven" | Nicky Skopelitis | 7:46 |
| 3. | "Emotional Intelligence" | Nicky Skopelitis | 7:25 |
| 4. | "Dusk" | Buckethead | 7:18 |
| 5. | "Tag of War" | Buckethead | 8:15 |
| 6. | "Dream Catcher" | Bernie Worrell and Robert Musso | 7:52 |
| 7. | "From Texas" | Bernie Worrell and Robert Musso | 8:10 |

## Personnel

* Bass, Synthesizer, Effects - Bill Laswell
* Engineers - Oz Fritz & Robert Musso
* Guitar - Buckethead
* Guitar, Sitar - Nicky Skopelitis
* Organ, Synthesizer, Clavinet - Bernie Worrell
* Voice, Synthesizer, Loops, Beats, Effects - Shin Terai
* Programming, Loops - Robert Musso
* Written by - Bill Laswell (tracks: 2 to 7), Shin Terai
* Producer - Bill Laswell, Shin Terai
* Mixed by - Bill Laswell
* Mastered by - Michael Fossenkemper

1. Allmusic review
2. Review of the album on Fearsmag.com Archived October 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Unison | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Shin Terai | |
| Released | 1999 (Japan), 2001 (US) |
| Recorded | 1999, in Japan |
| Genre | Electronic, rock, funk, jazz |
| Length | 48:55 |
| Label | Absord Music Japan (ABCJ-60), ION (IN 2015-2) |
| Producer | Bill Laswell, Shin Terai |
| Shin Terai chronology | |
| ***Unison***
(1999) *Heaven & Hell*
(2004) | |


title: Unison (song)

abstract: "Unison" is a song written by Bruce Roberts and Andy Goldmark, and first recorded by the English singer Junior in 1983 for the Tom Cruise-starred movie All the Right Moves. A minor hit, the song would attract a good deal of attention in 1990, when three female singers each covered the song and placed it on their respective albums of that year. Laura Branigan recorded the song for her sixth, self-titled album. Expatriate American singer Lory Bianco recorded the song for her album Lonely Is the Night. The song's greatest success, however, would come when it was chosen to be the title track of Celine Dion's English debut album.

text:
# Unison (song)

"**Unison**" is a song written by Bruce Roberts and Andy Goldmark, and first recorded by the English singer Junior in 1983 for the Tom Cruise-starred movie *All the Right Moves*. A minor hit, the song would attract a good deal of attention in 1990, when three female singers each covered the song and placed it on their respective albums of that year.

Laura Branigan recorded the song for her sixth, self-titled album. Expatriate American singer Lory Bianco recorded the song for her album *Lonely Is the Night*. The song's greatest success, however, would come when it was chosen to be the title track of Celine Dion's English debut album.

## Celine Dion version

| "Unison" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Celine Dion | |
| from the album  *Unison* | |
| Released | 9 July 1990 (1990-07-09) |
| Recorded | 1989–90 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Dance-pop |
| Length | 4:12 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Andy Goldmark |
| Celine Dion singles chronology | |
| "(If There Was) Any Other Way"
(1990) "**Unison**"
(1990) "Where Does My Heart Beat Now"
(1990) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Unison" on YouTube | |
|  | |

Canadian singer Celine Dion covered "Unison" for her first English-language album of the same name (1990). The song was released by Columbia Records as the album's second single in Canada on 9 July 1990. The next year, it was issued as the fourth single in Japan. Dion's version was produced by Goldmark.

After its release, "Unison" received positive reviews from music critics. It was nominated for the Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year. The song peaked at number 38 in Canada and became a success on the Canadian Dance Chart topping it for seven weeks. The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Robin Miller.

### Background and release

In 1989, Dion recorded "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You," a duet with Billy Newton-Davis included on his album, *Spellbound*. The track was produced by Andy Goldmark. At the same time, Dion was recording her first English-language album, *Unison*. Goldmark produced the title track, which was released as the second single in Canada on 9 July 1990. It was also issued as the fourth single in Japan on 4 November 1991. In the rest of the world, "Unison" was used as B-side to "The Last to Know" single.

For the single release, "Unison" was remixed by Kevin Unger. He created four remixes: single mix with rap, single mix without rap, mainstream / extended mix and club mix. Three of them feature rap by Frankie Fudge. Ruth Pointer can be heard on the background vocals. The remixes took weeks of pre-production with the ultimate goal of making the original album version into a dance pop track for both contemporary radios and club dance floors. The new versions took three days to mix at Toronto's famed Metal Works Studios.

### Critical reception

*Chicago Tribune*'s Jan De Knock wrote: "Dion's big voice invites comparisons to the power-pop stylings of Taylor Dayne and Laura Branigan (coincidentally, the disco-flavored title track "Unison" also appears on Branigan's latest LP.)"

### Commercial performance

In Canada, "Unison" debuted on the charts in July 1990 and peaked at number 38 on *The Record*'s Retail Singles Chart on 17 September 1990. It also peaked at number seven on the *RPM* Adult Contemporary Chart.

### Music video

The music video for "Unison" was made for the single mix with rap by Frankie Fudge and released in July 1990. It was directed by Robin Miller. The person who appears in the video rapping, is not Fudge. The music video was later included on the *Unison* VHS.

### Live performances

Dion performed "Unison" on a few Canadian television shows in 1990. She also sang it during her Unison Tour, Celine Dion in Concert, The Colour of My Love Tour, and also in the closing concert dubbed "Millenium Concert" of her Let's Talk About Love World Tour. It was also performed as part of a medley with contestants of Star Académie in 2009. It was also a part of a medley in her 2018 tour and the final year of her Las Vegas residency show, *Celine*.

### Awards and accolades

At the Juno Awards of 1991, "Unison" (mainstream / extended mix) was nominated for the Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year but lost to "Don't Wanna Fall in Love" (knife feel good mix) by Jane Child. It was also voted the song of 1990 in Quebec (ahead of Madonna's "Vogue") on the NRJ radio network's *Le choix du Québec*. Arguably, the success of the remix was the springboard Sony Music Canada needed to garner the attention of its US parent company, leading to Dion's release in the US market.

### Track listings and formats

* **Canadian 7-inch single**

1. "Unison" (single mix) – 4:03
2. "Unison" (single mix without rap) – 4:03

* **Canadian cassette single**

1. "Unison" (single mix) – 4:03
2. "Unison" (single mix without rap) – 4:03
3. "Unison" (mainstream / extended mix) – 7:15

* **Canadian 12-inch single**

1. "Unison" (mainstream / extended mix) – 7:15
2. "Unison" (club mix) – 7:26

* **Japanese CD single**

1. "Unison" (single mix) – 4:03
2. "Délivre-moi" – 3:52
3. "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" – 4:16
4. "Unison" (album version) – 4:12

### Charts

### Credits and personnel

Recording Personnel  * Celine Dion – lead vocals
* Andy Goldmark – songwriter, producer, arranger, drum programming, bass synth, keyboards
* Bruce Roberts – songwriter
* Paul Pesco – guitars
* Charles Fearing – guitars
* John Barnes – keyboards
* "Ready" Freddy Washington – electric bass
* Fonzi Thornton – background vocals
* Biti "Beat Box" Strauchn – mouth percussion
* Fran Manzella – additional programming
* Dave Dachinger – additional programming, engineer
* Mike Brooks – engineer
* Jack Rouben – engineer
* Bob Rosa – mix
* Norene Rill – production coordination
* Kevin Unger – additional producer (Remix only)
* Frankie Fudge – rap (Remix only)
* Ruth Pointer – background vocals (Remix only)

### Release history

"Unison" release history
| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Japan | 25 October 1991 | CD | SMEJ |

## InfoBox

| "Unison" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Junior | |
| from the album  *All the Right Moves Soundtrack* | |
| Released | 1983 |
| Length | * 5:38 (soundtrack version) * 3:54 (7" version) * 6:34 (12" version) |
| Label | Casablanca |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Bruce Roberts * Andy Goldmark |


title: Manipur: The Land of Tears

abstract: Manipur: The Land of Tears is a 2014 television documentary film produced by News7 Tamil Channel, directed by Maga.Tamizh Prabhagaran young Indian journalist and filmmaker.

text:
# Manipur: The Land of Tears

***Manipur: The Land of Tears*** is a 2014 television documentary film produced by News7 Tamil Channel, directed by Maga.Tamizh Prabhagaran young Indian journalist and filmmaker.

## Irom Sharmila

Irom Chanu Sharmila (born 14 March 1972), also known as the "Iron Lady of Manipur" or "Mengoubi" ("the fair one") is a civil rights activist, political activist, and poet from the Indian state of Manipur. On 2 November 2000, she began a hunger strike which is still ongoing. Having refused food and water for more than 14 years, she has been called "the world's longest hunger striker".

In 2014 some political parties asked her to stand for the Indian general election, but she declined. She was then denied the right to vote. On 19 August 2014 a court ordered her release from custody, subject to there being no other grounds for detention. She was re-arrested on 22 August 2014 on similar charges to those for which she was acquitted, and remanded in judicial custody for 15 days. Again she released in base of 'suicide is not illegal'. But she was arrested again in the name of admitting in hospital for her health issues. Amnesty International has declared her a prisoner of conscience.

Maga.Tamizh Prabhagaran, journalist from Tamil Nadu was allowed to meet Irom Chanu Sharmila at the security ward of Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences (JNIMS), Porompat following an order from Manipur High Court in November 2013. After order get through this case, made visit of Irom Sharmila in judicial way. Before that, the illegal way of getting permission from Home department of Manipur to visit Irom Sharmila.

## AFSPA Protests

Most of the human rights group said, 'Armed Forces Special Powers Act is responsible for human rights violations in North Eastern part of India and Kashmir'. Thangjam Manorama is one of the significant proof of that violations. Thangjam Manorama (1970–2004) was a Manipuri woman who on 10 July 2004, was picked up from her home by the Indian paramilitary unit, 17th Assam Rifles on uncertain allegations of being associated with People's Liberation Army. The next morning, her bullet-ridden corpse was found in a field. An autopsy revealed semen marks on her skirt suggesting rape and murder. About 10 of Manipuri women's conduct naked protest against army Camp. Then the manipur human rights violations covered around the International Media' under the title of 'Indian Army Rape Us'.

## InfoBox

| *Manipur: The Land of Tears* | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Maga.Tamizh Prabhagaran |
| Original language | Tamil |
| Production | |
| Producer | News7 Tamil Channel |
| Cinematography | Ramesh |
| Editor | Anbu |
| Running time | 24 Minutes |
| Original release | |
| Release | 8 November 2014 (2014-11-08) |


title: Maravat

abstract: Maravat is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

text:
# Maravat

**Maravat** is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

## Geography

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 87 |  |
| 1968 | 73 | −16.1% |
| 1975 | 50 | −31.5% |
| 1982 | 42 | −16.0% |
| 1990 | 47 | +11.9% |
| 1999 | 49 | +4.3% |
| 2008 | 43 | −12.2% |

## InfoBox

| Maravat | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Maravat | |
| MaravatMaravat | |
| Coordinates: 43°45′29″N 0°45′12″E / 43.7581°N 0.7533°E / 43.7581; 0.7533 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Gers |
| Arrondissement | Condom |
| Canton | Gimone-Arrats |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Florian Pinos |
| Area**1** | 6.46 km2 (2.49 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 43 |
| Density | 6.7/km2 (17/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 32232 /32120 |
| Elevation | 138–242 m (453–794 ft)
(avg. 180 m or 590 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Ghantasala mandal

abstract: Ghantasala mandal is one of the 25 mandals in the Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The headquarters of this mandal is located in the town of Ghantasala.

text:
# Ghantasala mandal

**Ghantasala mandal** is one of the 25 mandals in the Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The headquarters of this mandal is located in the town of Ghantasala.

## Geography

The mandal is bordered by Pamidimukkala and Movva to the north, Guduru mandal to the east, Mopidevi mandal to the south, and Krishna River to the west.

## Demographics

As at the 2011 census, the population was 40,098 people residing in 12,946 households, divided into 20,182 males and 19,916 females, for a gender ratio of 987 females per 1000 males. 3,251 children were 0–6 years, of which 1,783 were boys and 1,468 were girls for a gender ratio of 823 females per 1000 males. The average literacy rate stands at 73.85%. 14,693 residents were members of Scheduled Castes and 1,155 of Scheduled Tribes.

## Economy

In 2011, the Census of India reported that 21,664 citizens were engaged in work activities including 12,566 were males and 9,105 females. 19,547 workers described their occupations, including 2,277 cultivators, 13,391 agricultural laborers, 927 in the household industry, and 2,952 with other types of work. In the last group, 2,124 were marginal workers.

## Administration

The mandal is administered under the Avanigadda Assembly constituency of the Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency. It is one of the 7 mandals in Vuyyuru revenue division.

## Towns and villages

As of 2011 census, 22 settlements were in Ghantasala mandal. Ghantasala is the largest and Birudugadda is the smallest in population.

The settlements in the mandal are:

1. Birudugadda
2. Bollapadu
3. Chilakalapudi
4. China Kallepalle
5. Chitturpu
6. Chitturu
7. Daliparru
8. Devarakota
9. Elikala Kuduru
10. Endakuduru
11. Ghantasala
12. Kodali
13. Kothapalle
14. Lankapalle
15. Mallampalle
16. Pushadam
17. Srikakulam
18. Tadepalle
19. Teluguraopalem
20. Vrudravaram
21. Vemulapalle

## Education

Ghantasala mandal plays a major role in education for rural students of nearby villages. Primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided by private schools under the School Education Department. For the academic year 2015–16, the mandal had more than 2,489 students enrolled in over 56 schools.

## InfoBox

| Ghantasala | |
| --- | --- |
| Mandal | |
| Interactive Map Outlining mandal | |
| GhantasalaLocation in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 16°10′9.62″N 80°56′39.38″E / 16.1693389°N 80.9442722°E / 16.1693389; 80.9442722 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Krishna |
| Headquarters | Ghantasala |
| Government | |
| Body | Mandal Parishad |
| Area | |
| Total | 118.53 km2 (45.76 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 40,098 |
| Density | 340/km2 (880/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | AP 16 |


title: Monte Sobretta

abstract: Monte Sobretta is the highest mountain of the Sobretta-Gavia Group in Lombardy, Italy. It has an elevation of 3,296 m s.l.m.

text:
# Monte Sobretta

**Monte Sobretta** is the highest mountain of the Sobretta-Gavia Group in Lombardy, Italy. It has an elevation of 3,296 m s.l.m.

## Access roads and normal climbing route

To access the mountain you follow the road towards the Gavia pass, either from Ponte di Legno in the south or from Santa Caterina Valfurva in the north. There is a parking at around 2300 meters above the sea level on the north side of the mountain.

From the parking to the summit you will need around four hours. No special equipment is needed. It is snow free in the summer time, a simple walk up.

## InfoBox

| Monte Sobretta | |
| --- | --- |
| Monte Sobretta | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,296 m (10,814 ft) |
| Prominence | 835 m (2,740 ft) |
| Listing | Alpine mountains above 3000 m |
| Coordinates | 46°24′N 10°26′E / 46.400°N 10.433°E / 46.400; 10.433 |
| Geography | |
| Monte SobrettaLombardy, Italy | |
| Parent range | Sobretta-Gavia Group |


title: Michael Purcell

abstract: Michael Peter Purcell was an Australian rugby union player who represented his country. He was born in Brisbane. Purcell, a flanker and lock, was born in Brisbane, Queensland and claimed a total of 3 international rugby caps for Australia. He died at the age of 70 in January 2016.

text:
# Michael Purcell

**Michael Peter Purcell** (6 September 1945 – 5 January 2016) was an Australian rugby union player who represented his country. He was born in Brisbane.

Purcell, a flanker and lock, was born in Brisbane, Queensland and claimed a total of 3 international rugby caps for Australia. He died at the age of 70 in January 2016.

## InfoBox

Michael Purcell
| Birth name | Michael Peter Purcell |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1945-09-06)6 September 1945 |
| Place of birth | Brisbane, Australia |
| Date of death | 5 January 2016(2016-01-05) (aged 70) |
| School | St Joseph's, Nudgee |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** flanker  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1966 Wallabies  3  (0) | |


title: Mick Donohue

abstract: Mick Donohue was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Mick Donohue

**Mick Donohue** (2 August 1917 – 15 September 1990) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Mick Donohue | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Donohue in 1942 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Mick Donohue | | |
| Date of birth | (1917-08-02)2 August 1917 | | |
| Date of death | 15 September 1990(1990-09-15) (aged 73) | | |
| Original team(s) | Victoria Brewery | | |
| Height | 171 cm (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Weight | 67 kg (148 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1942–43 | Collingwood | 12 (3) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1943. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Mick Doohan

abstract: Michael Sydney Doohan is an Australian former Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion, who won five consecutive 500 cc World Championships.

text:
# Mick Doohan

**Michael Sydney Doohan** AM (born 4 June 1965) is an Australian former Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion, who won five consecutive 500 cc World Championships.

## Biography

Originally from the Gold Coast, Queensland, Doohan attended St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace and Aspley State High School, Brisbane. He raced in Australian Superbikes in the late 1980s, and also won both races as Superbike World Championship visited Oran Park in 1988 as well as the second leg of the Japanese round held earlier in the year. In a break-out season he also won the final Australian motorcycle Grand Prix to be held in the TT format at Mount Panorama before the race became a round of the World Championship the following year and moved to Phillip Island. He is one of the few 500 cc or MotoGP World Champions to have won a Superbike World Championship race.

He made his Grand Prix debut for Honda on an NSR 500 cc two-stroke motorcycle in 1989. Late in the 1990 season Doohan claimed his first victory at the Hungarian Grand Prix on his way to third in the championship. In 1991, he was paired with his fellow Australian Wayne Gardner on a Honda RVF750 superbike and won the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race. He competed successfully throughout the early 1990s and appeared to be on his way to winning his first world championship when he was seriously injured in a practice crash before the 1992 Dutch TT. He suffered permanent and serious damage to his right leg due to medical complications and, at one stage, faced amputation of the leg. At the time, Doohan was 65 points in the lead of the championship, but could not compete for eight weeks after the crash. After an arduous recovery, he returned to racing for the final two races but could not prevent Yamaha rider Wayne Rainey from winning his third consecutive title (by four points from Doohan). In 1993 he struggled with the healing of his leg and the ability to race the Honda at elite level, stating later that in that year it was all he could do to just keep his ride at Honda. It was also during this time he switched to a left thumb-operated rear brake, as his right foot is no longer able to perform this function.

In 1994 however, he won his first 500 cc World Championship. Thereafter, until 1998, he dominated the class, winning five consecutive 500 cc World Championships. In 1997, his most successful year, Doohan won 12 out of 15 races, finished second in another two, and crashed out of the final race of the season at his home GP while leading by more than six seconds. In the 1996 Queen's Birthday Honours, Doohan was inducted as a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for his contribution to the sport of motor racing.

Despite up to eight rivals on non-factory HRC Honda motorcycles Doohan's margin of superiority over them was such that in many races Doohan would build a comfortable lead and then ride well within his limits to cruise to victory. Although pure riding skill clearly played a large part in his success, the ability of his chief race engineer, Jeremy Burgess, to perfect the suspension and geometry of a racing motorcycle may have given him an advantage over his rivals. Between 1994 and 1998 the bike was said not to have had many changes, with Honda engineers reportedly becoming frustrated at Doohan's reluctance to try innovations such as electronic shifting (it was only when Rossi came to Honda in 2000 that Honda engineers had their head with Rossi willing to try more innovations).

One notable trait of Doohan's post-crash riding style was the use of a thumb-operated rear brake developed during 1993 owing to the reduced range of motion in his ankle. This was operated by a "nudge" bar similar to a personal water craft throttle, but mounted on the left handlebar. In 1999 Doohan had another accident, this time in a very wet qualifying session for the Spanish Grand Prix. He again broke his leg in several places and subsequently announced his retirement. Jeremy Burgess, Doohan's chief engineer for his entire career, later became Valentino Rossi's chief engineer. After Doohan retired he went to work as a roving adviser to Honda's Grand Prix race effort. At the conclusion of the 2004 season, Doohan and Honda parted company.

In June 2011, Doohan made an appearance at the Isle of Man TT. Doohan completed a parade lap, and was most enamored by the thrill and spectacle of the Snaefell Mountain Course. He then went on to pay tribute to his former Honda racing teammate, Joey Dunlop.

### Cars

After his success in Grand Prix motorcycle racing he got a chance to test a Formula One race car, the Williams FW19, at Circuit de Catalunya (in Spain) in April 1998. He found the car difficult to drive and crashed against a guard rail. In 2001, Doohan drove a Mercedes Benz CLK55 AMG works rally car with his co-driver Mark Stacey in the 2001 Targa Tasmania rally. He was in thirteenth place on day three when he crashed the car; he and Stacey were uninjured after the incident.

## Personal life

On 8 August 2006, Doohan appeared in Darwin Magistrates Court to face charges over a weekend fracas at a strip club. He was fined $2,500 after pleading guilty to assaulting a bouncer and failing to leave a licensed premise. No conviction was recorded.

Doohan married Selina Sines, who had been his partner for the previous eleven years, on Tuesday 21 March 2006, on Hamilton Island; the couple have two children, including racing driver Jack Doohan.

Doohan helped design an Intamin Motorbike Launch Roller Coaster, named Mick Doohan's Motocoaster. The ride is located at Dreamworld on the Gold Coast, Queensland. Doohan's name was removed from the ride's branding in May 2022, and it is now known simply as Motocoaster.

## Honours

Doohan was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1996 and received an Australian Sports Medal in 2000. He was awarded the "Key to the City" by the City of Gold Coast in 1997. He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 2009. The first turn at Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit is named after him.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, Doohan was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a "sports legend".

## Career statistics

### Superbike World Championship

#### Races by year

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Bike | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 | | 6 | | 7 | | 8 | | 9 | | Pos | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | | |
| 1988 | Yamaha | GBR | GBR | HUN | HUN | GER | GER | AUT | AUT | JPN
31 | JPN
1 | FRA | FRA | POR | POR | **AUS**
1 | ***AUS***
1 | NZL | NZL | 12th | 30 |

### Grand Prix motorcycle racing

#### By season

| Season | Class | Motorcycle | Team | Number | Race | Win | Podium | Pole | FLap | Pts | Plcd | WCh |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1989 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Rothmans Honda | 27 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 81 | 9th |  |
| 1990 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Rothmans Honda | 9 | 15 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 179 | **3rd** |  |
| 1991 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Rothmans Honda | 3 | 15 | 3 | 14 | 2 | 1 | 224 | **2nd** |  |
| 1992 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Rothmans Honda | 2 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 136 | **2nd** |  |
| 1993 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Rothmans Honda | 2 | 13 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 156 | 4th |  |
| 1994 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Honda Team HRC | 4 | 14 | 9 | 14 | 6 | 7 | 317 | **1st** | 1 |
| 1995 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Repsol YPF Honda Team | 1 | 13 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 248 | **1st** | 1 |
| 1996 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Team Repsol Honda | 1 | 15 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 309 | **1st** | 1 |
| 1997 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Repsol YPF Honda Team | 1 | 15 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 340 | **1st** | 1 |
| 1998 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Repsol Honda | 1 | 14 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 260 | **1st** | 1 |
| 1999 | 500cc | Honda NSR500 | Repsol Honda Team | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 33 | 17th |  |
| Total | | | | | **137** | **54** | **95** | **58** | **46** | **2283** |  | **5** |

#### By class

| Class | Seasons | 1st GP | 1st Pod | 1st Win | Race | Win | Podiums | Pole | FLap | Pts | WChmp |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 500cc | 1989–1999 | 1989 Japan | 1989 Germany | 1990 Hungary | 137 | 54 | 95 | 58 | 46 | 2283 | 5 |
| Total | 1989–1999 | | | | **137** | **54** | **95** | **58** | **46** | **2283** | **5** |

#### Races by year

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Class | Bike | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | Pos | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1989 | 500cc | Honda | JPN
Ret | AUS
8 | USA
8 | SPA
Ret | NAT
Ret | GER
3 | AUT
8 | YUG
6 | NED
9 | BEL
8 | FRA
8 | GBR | SWE | CZE | BRA
4 |  | 9th | 81 |
| 1990 | 500cc | Honda | JPN
Ret | USA
2 | ***SPA***
4 | NAT
3 | GER
Ret | AUT
3 | YUG
4 | NED
4 | BEL
6 | FRA
4 | GBR
4 | SWE
4 | CZE
9 | ***HUN***
1 | **AUS**
2 |  | 3rd | 179 |
| 1991 | 500cc | Honda | JPN
2 | AUS
2 | USA
2 | SPA
1 | ITA
1 | **GER**
3 | **AUT**
1 | EUR
2 | NED
Ret | FRA
2 | GBR
3 | RSM
3 | CZE
2 | *VDM*
2 | MAL
3 |  | 2nd | 224 |
| 1992 | 500cc | Honda | *JPN*
1 | ***AUS***
1 | **MAL**
1 | ***SPA***
1 | **ITA**
2 | ***EUR***
2 | ***GER***
1 | NED
DNS | HUN | FRA | GBR | BRA
12 | RSA
6 |  |  |  | 2nd | 136 |
| 1993 | 500cc | Honda | AUS
Ret | MAL
4 | JPN
7 | SPA
4 | *AUT*
2 | *GER*
Ret | **NED**
2 | **EUR**
2 | ***RSM***
1 | GBR
Ret | CZE
3 | *ITA*
2 | **USA**
Ret | FIM |  |  | 4th | 156 |
| 1994 | 500cc | Honda | AUS
3 | *MAL*
1 | JPN
2 | SPA
1 | ***AUT***
1 | ***GER***
1 | ***NED***
1 | ITA
1 | ***FRA***
1 | **GBR**
2 | CZE
1 | **USA**
3 | *ARG*
1 | *EUR*
2 |  |  | 1st | 317 |
| 1995 | 500cc | Honda | ***AUS***
1 | ***MAL***
1 | ***JPN***
2 | **SPA**
Ret | ***GER***
Ret | ***ITA***
1 | NED
1 | ***FRA***
1 | ***GBR***
1 | CZE
2 | **BRA**
2 | ARG
1 | EUR
4 |  |  |  | 1st | 248 |
| 1996 | 500cc | Honda | MAL
5 | ***INA***
1 | JPN
6 | **SPA**
1 | **ITA**
1 | FRA
1 | *NED*
1 | *GER*
2 | **GBR**
1 | **AUT**
2 | CZE
2 | **IMO**
1 | **CAT**
2 | ***BRA***
1 | AUS
8 |  | 1st | 309 |
| 1997 | 500cc | Honda | *MAL*
1 | *JPN*
1 | SPA
2 | ***ITA***
1 | ***AUT***
1 | ***FRA***
1 | **NED**
1 | ***IMO***
1 | ***GER***
1 | **BRA**
1 | ***GBR***
1 | ***CZE***
1 | ***CAT***
1 | **INA**
2 | ***AUS***
Ret |  | 1st | 340 |
| 1998 | 500cc | Honda | JPN
Ret | ***MAL***
1 | SPA
2 | ***ITA***
1 | **FRA**
2 | **MAD**
Ret | ***NED***
1 | GBR
2 | GER
1 | **CZE**
Ret | IMO
1 | CAT
1 | **AUS**
1 | **ARG**
1 |  |  | 1st | 260 |
| 1999 | 500cc | Honda | *MAL*
4 | *JPN*
2 | SPA
DNS | FRA | ITA | CAT | NED | GBR | GER | CZE | IMO | VAL | AUS | RSA | BRA | ARG | 17th | 33 |

## InfoBox

| Mick DoohanAM | |
| --- | --- |
| Doohan aboard the Rothmans Honda NSR500, 1990 | |
| Born | (1965-06-04) 4 June 1965
Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Children | Jack Doohan |
|  | |
| Motorcycle racing career statistics  Grand Prix motorcycle racing  Active years 19891999  First race 1989 500cc Japanese Grand Prix  Last race 1999 500cc Japanese Grand Prix  First win 1990 500cc Hungarian Grand Prix  Last win 1998 500cc Argentine Grand Prix  Team(s) Honda  Championships 5
500cc: 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998   Starts Wins Podiums Poles F. laps Points  137 54 95 58 46 2283 | |
|  | |


title: Michael X. Mockus

abstract: Michael X. Mockus was a Lithuanian-American philosopher and former Unitarian minister. Mockus is remembered for having been convicted in nationally publicized trials for having violated archaic Connecticut and Maine state laws prohibiting blasphemy as a result of his public challenges of certain points of Christian orthodox religious belief.

text:
# Michael X. Mockus

**Michael X. Mockus** (October 26, 1864 – October 23, 1939) was a Lithuanian-American philosopher and former Unitarian minister. Mockus is remembered for having been convicted in nationally publicized trials for having violated archaic Connecticut and Maine state laws prohibiting blasphemy as a result of his public challenges of certain points of Christian orthodox religious belief.

## Biography

Mykolas Ksaveras Mockevičius was born on October 26, 1864, in Ramanavas, Lithuania. In 1886, he emigrated to United States and Americanized his name as Michael Xavier Mockus. Initially he worked at coal mines then at a cement factory in Detroit, Michigan. There he bought a small press and published Lithuanian and Polish brochures and booklets. He became active in various Lithuanian-American societies.

Initially a devout Catholic, Mockus turned to Protestantism. He graduated from a seminary in Fairmount, Ohio and was ordained a minister in the Unitarian church. He toured various Lithuanian communities delivering speeches and sermons. Around 1908 he switched to atheism and freethought. He made a career delivering speeches that mocked religious tenets. The speeches were highly controversial and attracted large crowds. The churchgoers would attempt to disrupt the meetings with measures ranging from catcalls to threats of violence. The police would get involved on the basis that Mockus was speaking without a permit, disturbing the peace, or inciting to anarchy, but he would escape more serious charges on the basis of free speech.

He was charged with and found guilty of blasphemy in Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1916 and in Rumford, Maine, in 1917. The Supreme Judicial Court of Maine upheld his conviction in March 1921. Instead of serving the one to two years sentence in prison, Mockus escaped to Mexico. He lived there for five years before returning to United States. Upon his return he retired from public life and died on October 23, 1939 in Oak Forest, Illinois.

## Blasphemy cases

### Connecticut

On July 17, 1916, Mockus was invited to lecture to the Lithuanian Freethought Association of Waterbury, Connecticut, speaking in Lithuanian. He was charged with blasphemy under the 1821 affirmation of the 1642 blasphemy law. The law provided the maximum sentence of one-year imprisonment and a $100 fine. He was the first person convicted under the law and was sentenced to 10 days imprisonment. For his appeal, Mockus retained Theodore Schroeder of the Free Speech League as his attorney. He lost the appeal, but never served the sentence.

### Maine

In 1917, Mockus gave a series of lectures in Rumford, Maine, on atheism. According to trial testimony, Mockus is alleged to have made the following eight statements:

> (1) "Mary (meaning the Virgin Mary) had a beau. When her beau called one evening (both being young) he seduced her. He brought her a flower and put her in a family way. No woman can give birth to a child without a man."
> (2) "The father of Christ was a young Jew and was no Angel Gabriel. Any girl who wants a child can call a Gabriel or some John."
> (3) "Religion, capitalism, and government are all damned humbugs, liars, and thieves. Those three classes combine into one organization.
> (4) "All religions are a deception of the people."
> (5) "A young man came to Mary during the night, and, coming near her with a flower in his hand, took her by the hand and said: 'Sh; sh.' Look how the priests teach you, the falsifiers, thieves. It is not possible that he could be of the Holy Ghost, there must be a man. A young Jew was the father of the Christ. No woman can have a child without a man; that never happened and never can happen."
> (6) "You see the Trinity (pointing to a picture of God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost, which he had caused to be thrown upon a screen), God the Father, Ghost, and Son, a young Jew, but that old man never was and never can be; if he was God from the Ghost, then where did that belly button come from which is sprouted like a button? Bear in mind that the black army is a trinity, clergy, capitalism, and government; they govern the world together."
> (7) "There is no truth in the Bible; it is only monkey business. Religion, capitalism, and government are a black army and only profiteer from the poor people. You see here (pointing to a picture of God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost, which he had caused to be thrown upon a screen) scarecrows. Here is God the Father, Son, and Ghost, a whole Trinity, just as the priest, capitalists, and government. How can the Holy Ghost be God when she is afraid a cat will kill her? And do you believe in these scarecrows?"
> (8) "You see this fool (pointing to a picture of Jesus Christ upon the cross, with the private parts of his body covered with a cloth, which he had caused to be thrown upon a screen) and you believe in Him. The women were sorry for the holy thing and covered the holy thing, while the rest of the body was left uncovered."

Mockus was arrested under Maine's blasphemy law which reads: "Blasphemy may be committed either by using profanely insolent and reproachful language against God, or by contumeliously reproaching Him, His creation, government, final judgment of the world, Jesus Christ, the Holy Ghost, or the Holy Scriptures as contained in the canonical books of the Old and New Testament, or by exposing any of these enumerated Beings or Scriptures to contempt and ridicule, and it is not necessary for the state to prove the doing of all of them."

He was found guilty by a jury trial in 1917 for his eight statements. An appeal of the conviction went to the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine as *State v. Mockus.* The conviction was upheld by that body on March 25, 1921.

## Further reading

* Columbia Law Review, "Blasphemy,'" *Columbia Law Review,* vol. 70, no. 4 (April 1970), pp. 694–733. In JSTOR
* William Wolkovich, *Bay State "Blue" Laws and Bimba.* Brockton, MA: Forum Press of Brockton, n.d. \[1973\].

## InfoBox

| Michael X. Mockus | |
| --- | --- |
| Mockus in 1917 | |
| Born | Mykolas Ksaveras Mockevičius
(1864-10-26)October 26, 1864
Ramanavas, Lazdijai District, Lithuania |
| Died | October 23, 1939(1939-10-23) (aged 74)
Oak Forest, Illinois |
| Known for | Blasphemy trials |