title: Lose Control (Hedley song)

abstract: "Lose Control" is a song recorded by Canadian pop rock band Hedley for their sixth studio album Hello (2015). It was written by lead singer Jacob Hoggard with Jarett Holmes, Brian Howes, and Jason "JVP" Van Poederooyen, and was produced by all but Holmes. "Lose Control" was released March 4, 2016 through Universal Music Canada as the album's third official single. "Lose Control" reached a moderate peak of 37 on the Canadian Hot 100, providing the band their second consecutive top-40 single off Hello, and also reached the top 20 on two airplay formats. In September 2016, it was certified Platinum by Music Canada.

text:
# Lose Control (Hedley song)

"**Lose Control**" is a song recorded by Canadian pop rock band Hedley for their sixth studio album *Hello* (2015). It was written by lead singer Jacob Hoggard with Jarett Holmes, Brian Howes, and Jason "JVP" Van Poederooyen, and was produced by all but Holmes. "Lose Control" was released March 4, 2016 through Universal Music Canada as the album's third official single.

"Lose Control" reached a moderate peak of 37 on the Canadian Hot 100, providing the band their second consecutive top-40 single off *Hello*, and also reached the top 20 on two airplay formats. In September 2016, it was certified Platinum by Music Canada.

## Commercial reception

"Hello" debuted at number 89 on the *Billboard* Canadian Hot 100 chart dated April 16, 2016. The song peaked at number 37 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart dated July 30, 2016. "Lose Control" peaked at numbers 21, 10, and 7, respectively, on the Canada AC, Canada CHR/Top 40, and Canada Hot AC airplay charts. In September 2016, "Lose Control" was certified Platinum by Music Canada, indicating sales of over 100,000.

## Music video

A video for "Lose Control" was directed by Lisa Mann, Samy Inayeh and premiered March 21, 2016. Compared to the video for Taylor Swift's 2014 hit "Shake It Off", the video finds the members of Hedley surrounded by female dancers who use the men as props in their ballet-style performances.

## Live performances

The band performed "Lose Control" on June 19, 2016 at the 2016 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards.

## Awards and nominations

Awards and nominations for "Lose Control"
| Year | Organization | Award | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | MuchMusic Video Awards | Best Pop Video of the Year | Nominated |  |
| | | Fan Fave Video of the Year | Nominated | |

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from *Hello* album liner notes.

Recording Personnel * Vocals – Jacob Hoggard
* Background vocals – Chris Crippin, Brian Howes, Tommy Mac, Dave Rosin
* Guitars – Jacob Hoggard, Brian Howes, Dave Rosin
* Bass – Tommy Mac
* Drums – Chris Crippin
* Piano – Jacob Hoggard
* Keyboards – Jacob Hoggard, Jason "JVP" Van Poederooyen
* Programming – Jacob Hoggard, Jason "JVP" Van Poederooyen
* Percussion – Jacob Hoggard
* Production – Jacob Hoggard, Brian Howes, Jason "JVP" Van Poederooyen
* Songwriting – Jacob Hoggard, Jarett Holmes, Brian Howes, Jason "JVP" Van Poederooyen

## Chart performance

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Lose Control" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Hedley | |
| from the album  *Hello* | |
| Released | March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04) |
| Recorded | Studio City, CA
(Van Howes Studio) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:46 |
| Label | Universal Canada |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Brian Howes * Jacob Hoggard * Jason "JVP" Van Poederooyen |
| Hedley singles chronology | |
| "Hello"
(2015) "**Lose Control**"
(2016) "Can't Slow Down"
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Lose Control" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Lothrop, Montana

abstract: Lothrop is an unincorporated community in Missoula County, Montana, United States.

text:
# Lothrop, Montana

**Lothrop** (also **Lothrup**) is an unincorporated community in Missoula County, Montana, United States.

## Notable person

## InfoBox

| Lothrop, Montana | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| LothropLothrop | |
| Coordinates: 46°59′27″N 114°26′49″W / 46.99083°N 114.44694°W / 46.99083; -114.44694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| County | Missoula |
| Elevation | 2,963 ft (903 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| Area code | 406 |
| GNIS feature ID | 786642 |


title: Lotte Strauss

abstract: Lotte Strauss was a German-American pathologist. She was born in Nuremberg, Germany. Strauss, alongside Jacob Churg, attributed her name to Churg–Strauss syndrome, which is now known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. She was one of the founders of the Society for Pediatric Pathology. Strauss was also part of a group that made significant contributions to the understanding of renal pathology. The group included Lotte Strauss, Jacob Churg and Edith Grishman, and was deemed “most productive for many years”. Strauss became the first pediatric pathologist at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan, New York, and made valuable contributions to the area of fetal development pathology. Lotte Strauss worked with Donald Gribetz at Mount Sinai Hospital in the pediatric pathology department. Later on, she became an associate pathologist in the Division of Pediatric Pathology, as well as a professor of pathology at The Mount Sinai School of Medicine. The Society for Pediatric Pathology annually awards The Lotte Strauss Prize to an individual under 40 years of age for their contribution to pediatric pathology that has been "published or accepted for publication during the year immediately preceding the award".

text:
# Lotte Strauss

**Lotte Strauss** (15 April 1913 – 4 July 1985) was a German-American pathologist.

She was born in Nuremberg, Germany. Strauss, alongside Jacob Churg, attributed her name to Churg–Strauss syndrome, which is now known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. She was one of the founders of the Society for Pediatric Pathology. Strauss was also part of a group that made significant contributions to the understanding of renal pathology. The group included Lotte Strauss, Jacob Churg and Edith Grishman, and was deemed “most productive for many years”. Strauss became the first pediatric pathologist at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan, New York, and made valuable contributions to the area of fetal development pathology. Lotte Strauss worked with Donald Gribetz at Mount Sinai Hospital in the pediatric pathology department. Later on, she became an associate pathologist in the Division of Pediatric Pathology, as well as a professor of pathology at The Mount Sinai School of Medicine.

The Society for Pediatric Pathology annually awards The Lotte Strauss Prize to an individual under 40 years of age for their contribution to pediatric pathology that has been "published or accepted for publication during the year immediately preceding the award".

## Works

* Churg, Jacob., Strauss, Lotte., “Allergic Granulomatosis, Allergic Angiitis, and Periartritis Nodosa” The American Journal of Pathology. Vol. 27, no.2,1951.pp. 277–301
* Kirschner, Paul., Strauss, Lotte. “Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema in the Newborn Infant Precursors and Sequelae: A Clinical and Pathologic Study.” *Disease of The Chest.* vol. 46, no. 4, 1964, pp. 417–426. *Science Direct*, doi:10.1378/chest.46.4.417
* Leonidas, John., Strauss, Lotte., Krasna, Irwin. “Roentgen Diagnosis of Multicystic Renal Dysplasia in Infancy by High Dose Urography.” *The Journal of Urology*. vol. 108, no. 6, 1972, pp. 963–965. *Science Direct*, doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)60920-0
* Quan, Angel., Strauss, Lotte. “Congenital Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease; Observations in a Macerated Fetus With Congenital Defect, Including a Study of the Placenta.” *American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,* vol. 83, no. 9, 1962, pp. 1240–1248. *Science Direct,* doi:10.1016/0002-9378(62)90222-3
* Rausen, Aaron., Seki, Masako., Strauss, Lotte. “Twin Transfusion Syndrome: A Review of 19 Cases Studied at One Institution.” *The Journal of Paediatrics*. vol. 66, no. 3, 1965, pp. 613–628. *Science Direct*, doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(65)80125-1
* Rosenfeld, Isadore., Silverblatt, Marvin., Strauss, Lotte. “Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage Into the Portal Vein.” *American Heart Journal.* vol. 53, no. 4, 1957, pp. 616–623. *Science Direct*, doi:10.1016/0002-8703(57)90368-X
* Sotolongo, Jose., Rose, Judith., Strauss, Lotte., Gribetz, Micheal. “Single Vaginal Ectopic Ureter and the Vater Syndrome.” *The Journal of Urology.* vol. 127, no. 6, 1982, pp. 1181–1182. *Science Direct*, doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)54286-X
* Strauss, Lotte., Churg, Jacob., Zak, Frederick. “Cutaneous Lesions of Allergive Granulomatosis : A Histopathologic Study.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology. vol. 17, no. 6, 1951, pp. 349–359. *Science Direct*, doi:10.1038/jid.1951.1951.103

## Achievements

In 1983, Strauss was awarded the Jacobi Medallion by the Mount Sinai Alumni. It is based on an individual's "distinguished achievement in the field of medicine or extraordinary service to the Hospital, the School, or the Alumni Association."

## Literature

* Eberhard J. Wormer: Angiologie - Phlebologie. Syndrome und ihre Schöpfer. München 1991, S. 23-25
* American Men and Women in Science 6 (1986) 1088
* Obituary: Lotte Strauss, M.D. International Pathol 26 (1985) no. 3

1. "Whonamedit - dictionary of medical eponyms". *www.whonamedit.com*. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
2. "Hall of Fame - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai". *Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai*. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
3. "Churg-Strauss Syndrome has been renamed Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) - Churg Strauss Syndrome - Vasculitis - Pub Med -". *www.cssassociation.org*. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
4. H., Aufses, Arthur (2002). *This house of noble deeds : the Mount Sinai Hospital, 1852-2002*. Niss, Barbara. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0814705006. OCLC 58846790.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. Strauss, Lotte; Gribetz, Donald (1968). "The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, N. Y.". *The Journal of Pediatrics*. **73** (4): 629–637. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(68)80285-9. PMID 5678004.
6. "The Lotte Strauss Prize". Retrieved 6 February 2018.
7. "Past Recipients". Retrieved 6 February 2018.
8. "2017 Jacobi Medallion Awards and Reception". *Mount Sinai Health System*. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
9. "The Jacobi Medallion". Retrieved 1 March 2018.

## InfoBox

| Lotte Strauss | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 15 April 1913
Nuremberg, Germany |
| Died | 4 July 1985(1985-07-04) (aged 72)
United States |
| Nationality | German-American |
| Partner | Jacob Churg |


title: Lotte Spira

abstract: Lotte Spira was a German stage and film actress. She appeared in supporting roles in around seventy films. She was married to the Austrian actor Fritz Spira in 1905. In 1934 she divorced her Jewish husband under duress from the Nazi authorities. During the Second World War she signed a statement swearing Spira was not the real father of her daughter Camilla Spira, who was being held at Westerbork transit camp in the Netherlands. Shortly after Lotte Spira received news of her ex-husband's death in a concentration camp in Yugoslavia, she died of natural causes, aged 60. Her other daughter Steffie Spira, also an actress, managed to escape into exile.

text:
# Lotte Spira

**Lotte Spira** (German: \[ˈlɔ.tə ˈʃpiː.ʁaː\] ; 24 April 1883 – 17 December 1943) was a German stage and film actress. She appeared in supporting roles in around seventy films.

She was married to the Austrian actor Fritz Spira in 1905. In 1934 she divorced her Jewish husband under duress from the Nazi authorities. During the Second World War she signed a statement swearing Spira was not the real father of her daughter Camilla Spira, who was being held at Westerbork transit camp in the Netherlands.

Shortly after Lotte Spira received news of her ex-husband's death in a concentration camp in Yugoslavia, she died of natural causes, aged 60. Her other daughter Steffie Spira, also an actress, managed to escape into exile.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Baer, Hester. *Dismantling the Dream Factory: Gender, German Cinema, and the Postwar Quest for a New Film Language*. Berghahn Books, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Lotte Spira | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Charlotte Andresen
24 April 1883
Berlin, German Empire |
| Died | 17 December 1943 (1943-12-18) (aged 60)
Berlin, Nazi Germany |
| Other names | Lotte Spira-Andersen
Lotte Spira-Andresen |
| Occupation(s) | Film and stage actress |
| Years active | 1923-1943 (film) |
| Spouse | Fritz Spira (1905–1934; divorced) |
| Children | Camilla Spira
Steffie Spira |


title: Lost Empires of Faerûn (accessory)

abstract: Lost Empires of Faerûn is a campaign supplement for the fictional Forgotten Realms campaign setting for the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

text:
# Lost Empires of Faerûn (accessory)

***Lost Empires of Faerûn*** is a campaign supplement for the fictional Forgotten Realms campaign setting for the 3.5 edition of the *Dungeons & Dragons* fantasy role-playing game.

## Contents

This 192-page hardcover book begins with a two-page introduction explaining that this book covers the various ruined kingdoms of the ancient world of Faerûn, in other words the Lost Empires of Faerûn. Chapter 1: *Ancient Secrets*, on pages 6–35, details prestige classes, feats, and spells common for characters that keep alive the ancient secrets and traditions of the past. Chapter 2: *Dreams of the Past*, on pages 36–50, examines how the ancient past plays a role in the modern Realms. Chapter 3: *The Crown Wars*, on pages 51–59, described the elven realms of the Crown Wars, which were waged upon each other and resulted in the descent of the drow and the establishment of Evereska and Evermeet. Chapter 4: *God-Kings of the East*, on pages 60–82, details the Old Empires of Mulhorand and Unther, and rival empires Narfell and Raumathar. Chapter 5: *Realms of the High Forest*, on pages 83–94, describes the kingdoms of Eaerlann, Siluvanede, Sharrven, and the surrounding states. Chapter 6: *Fallen Netheril*, on pages 95–112, describes Netheril, the most famous of Faerûn's fallen states, which now lies buried under Anauroch. Chapter 7: *The Imperial South*, on pages 113–124, examines Coramshan and Jhaamdath. Chapter 8: *The Dream of Cormanthyr*, on pages 125–135, described the fabled realm of Myth Drannor. Chapter 9: *The Old North*, on pages 136–150, details the history of the Sword Coast North. Chapter 10: *Artifacts of the Past*, on pages 151–159, introduces magic items created and used by people of the various lost empires. Chapter 11: *Monsters of the Ancient Lands*, on pages 160–192, presents twenty-nine monsters that originated in these long-lost lands, including the crawling claw, the deepspawn, the flameskull, the helmed horror, the phaerimm, and the tressym.

## Publication history

The book was published in 2005, and was written by Richard Baker, Ed Bonny, and Travis Stout, with cover art by Mark Sasso. Interior art is by Thomas M. Baxa, Matt Cavotta, Brian Despain, Marko Djordjevic, Jason Engle, Earl Frank, Randy Gallegos, Rafa Garres, Chris Hawkes, Ralph Horsley, Jeremy Jarvis, Dana Knutson, Vince Locke, Raven Mimura, William O'Connor, Jim Pavelec, Steve Prescott, Wayne Reynolds, Richard Sardinha, and Francis Tsai.

## Reception

In a review of *Lost Empires of Faerûn* in *Black Gate*, John ONeill said "*Lost Empires* is a sourcebook exploring the ruins and secrets of the fallen empires of the *Forgotten Realms* campaign setting. Admit it — any time 'sourcebook' and 'ruins' go together, you know you're going to get good some use of it."

In a review for RPGnet, Matt Drake says that *Lost Empires of Faerûn* gives a complete history of Faerûn, as well as enough information to run adventures in the lost empires described.

## Reviews

* *Backstab* #51

## InfoBox

Lost Empires of Faerûn
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Role-playing game |
| Published | 2005 (Wizards of the Coast) |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 192 |


title: Louis Hippolyte Leroy

abstract: Louis Hippolyte Leroy (1763–1829) was a French fashion merchant who founded the House of Leroy, one of the foremost fashion houses of the early 19th century First Empire Paris. He is known as the favorite fashion trader and the official fashion designer of empress Josephine de Beauharnais. He was very successful and also provided dresses for several other royal and Princely courts in Europe during the early 19th century.

text:
# Louis Hippolyte Leroy

**Louis Hippolyte Leroy** (1763–1829) was a French fashion merchant who founded the House of Leroy, one of the foremost fashion houses of the early 19th century First Empire Paris. He is known as the favorite fashion trader and the official fashion designer of empress Josephine de Beauharnais. He was very successful and also provided dresses for several other royal and Princely courts in Europe during the early 19th century.

## Life

The son of a machinist of the Royal Opera, he was trained to be a hairdresser and employed at the Royal court of Versailles.

In 1804, he provided the empress with her coronation costume, which founded his career as a successful fashion trader of the Parisian high society, eventually making himself a millionaire.

During the First Empire, he was a favorite designer of gowns for Empress Joséphine and the women of the Imperial court of Napoleon I, while Madame Herbault made their hats and accessories.

According to Imbert de Saint Amand, Leroy did not actually design the costumes he sold; in fact, he bought the models from designers such as Louis-Philibert Debucourt, Jean-Baptiste Isabey and Auguste Garneray, and simply sold them on to his costumers.


abstract: Trinidad and Tobago Civil Aviation Authority (TTCAA) is a government agency of Trinidad and Tobago, serving as that country's civil aviation authority. Its head office is in Piarco, in a complex located on the southern side of Piarco International Airport. Its previous head office was on the second floor of the PSA Building in Port of Spain. The Civil Aviation Training Centre (CATC) is located along Mausica Road in Mausica, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) north of the Churchill–Roosevelt Highway. Originally the training centre was along Long Circular Road in Saint James, an outlying suburb of Port of Spain. In 1992 it moved to Mausica, a location closer to Piarco International Airport than the previous one. Beginning on 1 October 2003 the CATC became a unit of the TTCAA. The headquarters complex includes an administration building, a training school, and an area control centre.

text:
# Trinidad and Tobago Civil Aviation Authority

**Trinidad and Tobago Civil Aviation Authority** (**TTCAA**) is a government agency of Trinidad and Tobago, serving as that country's civil aviation authority. Its head office is in Piarco, in a complex located on the southern side of Piarco International Airport. Its previous head office was on the second floor of the PSA Building in Port of Spain.

The Civil Aviation Training Centre (CATC) is located along Mausica Road in Mausica, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) north of the Churchill–Roosevelt Highway. Originally the training centre was along Long Circular Road in Saint James, an outlying suburb of Port of Spain. In 1992 it moved to Mausica, a location closer to Piarco International Airport than the previous one. Beginning on 1 October 2003 the CATC became a unit of the TTCAA.

The headquarters complex includes an administration building, a training school, and an area control centre.


title: Los Brasiles Airport

abstract: Los Brasiles Airport is an airport serving Mateare, a municipality of the Managua Department of Nicaragua. The airport is 2 kilometres (1 mi) west of the Lake Managua shoreline and 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of the Apoyeque volcano. The Managua VOR-DME is located 11.8 nautical miles (22 km) east-southeast of the airport.

text:
# Los Brasiles Airport

**Los Brasiles Airport** (Spanish: *Pista Aérea Carlos Ulloa*) (ICAO: **MNBR**) is an airport serving Mateare, a municipality of the Managua Department of Nicaragua. The airport is 2 kilometres (1 mi) west of the Lake Managua shoreline and 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of the Apoyeque volcano.

The Managua VOR-DME (Ident: **MGA**) is located 11.8 nautical miles (22 km) east-southeast of the airport.

## History

In the early 1980s, the airstrip was used primarily by light aircraft for aerial fumigation. The Los Brasiles Airport was renovated in 2010 by the Nicaraguan Civil Aeronautics Authority (INAC).

The Aviation Technical Training Institute (INTECA) was located for several years at Los Brasiles Airport.

## InfoBox

| Los Brasiles Airport<br>Carlos Ulloa Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner/Operator | INAC |
| Serves | Los Brasiles, Managua |
| Elevation AMSL | 262 ft / 80 m |
| Coordinates | 12°11′24″N 086°21′14″W / 12.19000°N 86.35389°W / 12.19000; -86.35389 |
| Map | |
| **MNBR**Location in Nicaragua | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  09/27 915 3,002 Asphalt | |
| Source: GCM Google Maps SkyVector | |


abstract: This is a list of the Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica winners and nominees for Best Group or Duet.

text:
# Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica for Best Group or Duet

This is a list of the Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica winners and nominees for **Best Group or Duet**.

| Year | Winner | Other nominees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | **La Ley** |  |
| 2003 | **Molotov** |  |
| 2004 | **La Oreja de Van Gogh** |  |
| 2005 | **Reik** |  |
| 2006 | **Panda** |  |
| 2007 | **Maná** |  |
| 2008 | **Kudai** |  |
| 2009 | **Panda** |  |


title: Lourgou

abstract: Lourgou is a village in the Kongoussi Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 548.

text:
# Lourgou

**Lourgou** is a village in the Kongoussi Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 548.

## InfoBox

| Lourgou | |
| --- | --- |
| LourgouLocation in Burkina Faso | |
| Coordinates: 13°24′N 1°41′W / 13.400°N 1.683°W / 13.400; -1.683 | |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Centre-Nord Region |
| Province | Bam Province |
| Department | Kongoussi Department |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 548 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT 0) |


title: Marks Knob

abstract: Marks Knob is a mountain in the central Great Smoky Mountains, in the southeastern United States. It has an elevation of 6,169 feet (1,880 m), with 249 feet (76 m) of clean prominence. Its summit is a popular bushwhacking destination and one of the most difficult-to-reach summits of the Southern Sixers.

text:
# Marks Knob

35°40′47″N 83°14′55″W / 35.67982°N 83.24873°W / 35.67982; -83.24873

**Marks Knob** is a mountain in the central Great Smoky Mountains, in the southeastern United States. It has an elevation of 6,169 feet (1,880 m), with 249 feet (76 m) of clean prominence. Its summit is a popular bushwhacking destination and one of the most difficult-to-reach summits of the Southern Sixers.

## Description

Marks Knob is the higher of the two peaks that crown **Dashoga Ridge** (Mount Hardison is the other). Dashoga Ridge descends from its intersection with the Balsam Mountain crest on the slopes of Mount Yonaguska southward to the remote upper Raven Fork valley. The ridge runs roughly parallel to the main Great Smoky Mountains crest, which is just opposite the valley to the west. Marks Knob consists of two peaks, with the southernmost peak being the true summit.

The mountain is located entirely within Swain County, North Carolina. Raven Fork, which drains Dashoga Ridge, is part of the Oconaluftee River watershed. The rocks comprising Dashoga Ridge consist mainly of Precambrian metamorphic sandstones of the Ocoee Supergroup. The summit is amidst a dense stand of Southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest.

## History

Unlike most of the high peaks of the eastern Smokies, neither the Tennessee-North Carolina state boundary nor any county lines traverse the summit of Marks Knob, and thus the mountain received little attention for most of recorded history. Trail guides from the early 1930s refer to the mountain as "Cam's Knob" and list its elevation as greater than 6,140 feet. In the 1920s and early 1930s, two trails the Rosser Trail and an unnamed spur trail connected Dashoga Ridge to the logging camps at Smokemont to the southwest and Straight Fork to the southeast. The Rosser Trail ascended northeastward from Smokemont (namely, the Chasteen Creek area) across Hughes Ridge to Enloe Creek, and then over Highland Ridge to the Raven Fork Valley. The trail continued northward along Raven Fork around the western base of Breakneck Ridge to an area known as **Three Forks**, where the Left, Middle, and Right prongs of Raven Fork converge to form Raven Fork proper. Beyond Three Forks, the trail wound its way northward up the crest of Dashoga Ridge, crossing the summits of Marks Knob and Mount Hardison before joining the Balsam Mountain Trail. The area's only other trail ascended northwestward from Straight Fork, crossing Hyatt Ridge to McGee Springs. The trail then turned westward to traverse the crest of Breakneck Ridge and descend to Three Forks, where it joined the Rosser Trail. By 1974, the Hyatt Ridge Trail had been developed along the crest of Hyatt Ridge, rising northward along the ridgecrest from Straight Fork and approaching Dashoga Ridge from the east.

The Rosser Trail is no longer maintained, although maintained trails still connect Smokemont and Enloe Creek. Only part of the Hyatt Ridge Trailthe segment connecting Straight Fork and McGee Springs (now Backcountry Campsite 44)is currently maintained. Remnants of the old trails remain, however, making the upper Raven Fork Valley a popular bushwhacking area.

## Access

Reaching the summit of Marks Knob requires a long, uphill hike followed by a 1.0-mile (1.6 km) bushwhack across the heavily overgrown Hyatt Ridge Trail. The Balsam Mountain Trail, which crosses the gap between Mount Hardison and Mount Yonaguska, provides the closest maintained trail access. The old Hyatt Ridge Trail intersects the Balsam Mountain Trail at a sharp, horseshoe bend approximately 0.8 miles (1.3 km) east of the latter's junction with the Appalachian Trail at Tricorner Knob.

One branch (very faint) of the old Hyatt Ridge Trail crosses the summits of Mount Hardison and Marks Knob, and another swings around the western slope of Mount Hardison to the gap (or "saddle") between Mount Hardison and Marks Knob before descending to Three Forks. Both branches are riddled with blowdowns but are discernible. The old Hyatt/Balsam junction is located just over 10 miles (16 km) from the Balsam Mountain Trailhead at Pin Oak Gap (along Straight Fork Road) and just over 9 miles (14 km) from Cosby Campground (via the Snake Den Ridge Trail and the Appalachian Trail).


title: Médouneu

abstract: Médouneu is a small town in northern Gabon. It is the capital of the Haut-Ntem Department in Woleu-Ntem province. As of 2009 it had an estimated population of 2,445. The town is served by Médouneu Airport.

text:
# Médouneu

**Médouneu**  is a small town in northern Gabon. It is the capital of the Haut-Ntem Department in Woleu-Ntem province. As of 2009 it had an estimated population of 2,445.

The town is served by Médouneu Airport.

## InfoBox

| Médouneu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| MédouneuLocation in Gabon | |
| Coordinates: 0°57′N 10°47′E / 0.950°N 10.783°E / 0.950; 10.783 | |
| Country | Gabon |
| Province | Woleu-Ntem |
| Department | Haut-Ntem Department |
| Population (2009) | |
| Total | 2,445 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |


title: Payneway, Arkansas

abstract: Payneway is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Little River Township, Poinsett County, Arkansas, United States. It is located west of Marked Tree near the intersection of Arkansas Highway 463 and Arkansas Highway 14. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 241.

text:
# Payneway, Arkansas

**Payneway** (formerly **Harrisburg Corner**) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Little River Township, Poinsett County, Arkansas, United States. It is located west of Marked Tree near the intersection of Arkansas Highway 463 (formerly U.S. Route 63) and Arkansas Highway 14. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 241.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 241 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census<br>2020 | | | |

### 2020 census

**Payneway CDP, Arkansas – Demographic Profile**
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2020 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 216 | 89.63% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 5 | 2.07% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 10 | 4.15% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 10 | 4.15% |
| **Total** | **241** | **100.00%** |

## InfoBox

| Payneway, Arkansas | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Payneway, ArkansasPayneway's position in Arkansas.Payneway, ArkansasPayneway, Arkansas (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 35°32′50″N 90°30′10″W / 35.54722°N 90.50278°W / 35.54722; -90.50278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arkansas |
| County | Poinsett |
| Township | Little River |
| Elevation | 65 m (213 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 241 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 870 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2805674 |


title: Nymphaeum (Amman)

abstract: The Nymphaeum is a partially preserved Roman public fountain in Amman, Jordan. It is located a short distance from the Hashemite Plaza, the Roman Theater and the Odeon, at the crossing of Ibn al-Atheer and Quraysh streets in al-Balad. Such fountains were very popular in Roman cities, and Philadelphia, as Amman was known by ancient Greeks and Romans, was no exception. This nymphaeum is believed to have contained a 600-square-meter (6,500 sq ft) pool which was three meters (9.8 ft) deep and was continuously refilled with water.

text:
# Nymphaeum (Amman)

The **Nymphaeum** is a partially preserved Roman public fountain in Amman, Jordan. It is located a short distance from the Hashemite Plaza, the Roman Theater and the Odeon, at the crossing of Ibn al-Atheer and Quraysh streets in al-Balad. Such fountains were very popular in Roman cities, and Philadelphia, as Amman was known by ancient Greeks and Romans, was no exception. This nymphaeum is believed to have contained a 600-square-meter (6,500 sq ft) pool which was three meters (9.8 ft) deep and was continuously refilled with water.

## History

The nymphaeum was built in the 2nd century CE, during the same period as the nearby theatre and odeon.

## Restoration

In September 2015, archaeology students from the University of Jordan, Petra University and the Hashemite University as well as professional technicians, funded by the U.S. embassy, started restoring the site. Their work consists in cleaning the structure stone by stone, and in replacing portions of stone lost due to erosion, cracking and flaking.

## InfoBox

Nymphaeum
| The Nymphaeum in Downtown Amman | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Amman, Jordan |
| Coordinates | 31°57′01″N 35°56′10″E / 31.9503324°N 35.9361693°E / 31.9503324; 35.9361693 |


title: Warchild (film)

abstract: Warchild or Stille Sehnsucht is a 2006 film directed by Christian Wagner. It tells the story of a Bosnian woman, Senada, who is determined to find her daughter, who was taken into other people's care during the Bosnian War and ended up in Germany. Warchild was filmed in a number of locations in Germany, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Slovenia. The film is in German and Bosnian. It won two awards and was nominated for a further two.

text:
# Warchild (film)

***Warchild*** or ***Stille Sehnsucht*** is a 2006 film directed by Christian Wagner. It tells the story of a Bosnian woman, Senada, who is determined to find her daughter, who was taken into other people's care during the Bosnian War and ended up in Germany. *Warchild* was filmed in a number of locations in Germany, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Slovenia. The film is in German and Bosnian. It won two awards and was nominated for a further two.

## Plot

Labina Mitevska stars as Senada, a young mother whose only daughter Aida was removed from Bosnia-Herzegovina during the worst years of the war and presumably adopted into a Western European family. Searching for her after the war, Senada enters illegally into Germany, where she discovers through a social worker the harsh truth of postwar adoption: Aida is alive and well and living happily with a German family. Dark secrets emerge, leaving no one unscathed in this expertly crafted, superbly performed drama.

## The theme of war

*Warchild* is set against the background of the Bosnian War. However, Wagner (*Wallers last Trip/Transatlantis/Ghetto Kids*) wanted to tell a universally recognisable story that would bring home to viewers the impact of war on ordinary people's lives. It is a story about a mother's search for her child after the war but it is also a story about dislocation, as adults and children everywhere face the consequences of separation, relocation and migration.

## *Balkan Blues Trilogy*

*Warchild* belongs to German filmmaker Christian Wagner's *Balkan Blues Trilogy,* which begins with a short film, *Zita,* and continues with *Alcatrash,* currently in production. The three films are connected to the Balkans and reflect Wagner's interest in the movement of peoples throughout Europe.

## Awards and Screenings

*Warchild* is the second installment of Wagner's *Balkan Blues Trilogy.* It features Labina Mitevska (*Before the Rain*) and Katrin Sass (*Good Bye, Lenin!*). It had its international premiere at the 2006 Montreal World Film Festival. It won the award for best screenplay.

*Warchild* has won a number of other awards, including the Bavarian Film Awards (Special Jury Prize), Best Screenplay Montreal 2006, Audience Award Portoroz, and the Golden Olive Tree & Special Audience Award 2007 at the Lecce European Film Festival.

Shown at about 50 international film festivals, the film is a German and Slovenian co-production by Wagnerfilm, Munich and Studio Maj, Ljubljana. It was funded by MFG/FilmFernsehFonds Bayern/BKM/Filski Sklad Slovenia/EURIMAGES.

## InfoBox

| Warchild | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Christian Wagner |
| Screenplay by | Edin H.-Hadzimahovic |
| Produced by | Christian Wagner |
| Music by | Konstantia Gourzi, Xaver Naudascher |
| Release date | * November 9, 2006 (2006-11-09) |
| Running time | 1h 43m |
| Country | Germany |
| Language | German |


abstract: Northern Mariana Islands competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China between July 16 and 31, 2011.

text:
# Northern Mariana Islands at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships

**Northern Mariana Islands** competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China between July 16 and 31, 2011.

## Swimming

Northern Mariana Islands qualified 3 swimmers.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heats | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Eli Ebenezer Wong | Men's 200m Breaststroke | 2:23.35 | 46 | did not advance | | | |
| | Men's 200m IM | 2:10.18 | 43 | did not advance | | | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heats | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Grace Kimball | Women's 50m Freestyle | 30.94 | 65 | did not advance | | | |
| | Women's 100m Freestyle | 1:09.70 | 72 | did not advance | | | |
| Victoria Chentsova | Women's 200m Freestyle | 2:27.86 | 47 | did not advance | | | |
| | Women's 400m Freestyle | 5:18.67 | 36 |  | | did not advance | |


abstract: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. This was the nation's eighth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics. The St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Olympic Committee sent the nation's largest delegation to the Games since 2000. Four athletes, two per gender, were selected to the roster, competing only in both swimming and track and field. All of them made their Olympic debut in Rio de Janeiro, except for sprinter Kineke Alexander, who spearheaded the delegation at her third straight Games as the oldest and most experienced competitor and the nation's flag bearer in the opening ceremony.

text:
# Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the 2016 Summer Olympics

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. This was the nation's eighth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics.

The St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Olympic Committee sent the nation's largest delegation to the Games since 2000. Four athletes, two per gender, were selected to the roster, competing only in both swimming and track and field. All of them made their Olympic debut in Rio de Janeiro, except for sprinter Kineke Alexander, who spearheaded the delegation at her third straight Games as the oldest and most experienced competitor (aged 30) and the nation's flag bearer in the opening ceremony.

## Athletics (track and field)

Athletes from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):

Key * **Note**–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* **NR** = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Brandon Valentine-Parris | Men's 400 m | 47.62 | 7 | did not advance | | | |
| Kineke Alexander | Women's 400 m | 52.45 | 7 | did not advance | | | |

## Swimming

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have received a Universality invitation from FINA to send two swimmers (one male and one female) to the Olympics.

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Nikolas Sylvester | Men's 50 m freestyle | 25.64 | 61 | did not advance | | | |
| Izzy Joachim | Women's 100 m breaststroke | 1:17.37 | 38 | did not advance | | | |

## InfoBox

| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the<br>2016 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | VIN |
| NOC | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.svgnoc.org |
| in Rio de Janeiro | |
| Competitors | 4 in 2 sports |
| Flag bearer | Kineke Alexander |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Rafik Khalifa

abstract: Abdelmoumene Rafik Khalifa is an Algerian businessman living in London. He was condemned in Algeria to a life sentence, charged of criminal association, corruption, abuse of trust, and forgery. His trial was one of the largest in Algeria involving the embezzlement of more than $1 billion through a range of Khalifa-linked companies.

text:
# Rafik Khalifa

**Abdelmoumene Rafik Khalifa** (born 1 October 1966) is an Algerian businessman living in London. He was condemned in Algeria to a life sentence, charged of criminal association, corruption, abuse of trust, and forgery. His trial was one of the largest in Algeria involving the embezzlement of more than $1 billion through a range of Khalifa-linked companies.

## Career

Rafik is the son of Laroussi Khelifa a former minister. He started his career as a pharmacist. In 1998, he founded Khalifa Bank, which managed the interests of small private shareholders and institutional shareholders related to the Algerian government. Continuing his activities in France, he quickly created an empire which employed 14,000 people. He was in the luxury cars rental business, before founding Khalifa TV in France, Khalifa Airways, and buying a private hotel in Cannes —which had belonged to the eccentric billionaire known as La môme Moineau— in September 2002.

Owner of three villas in Cannes, Rafik Khalifa wanted to create a *ville nouvelle* named "Algeria," triggering the attention of French media. He became close to the French show-business, getting to know Gérard Depardieu and Catherine Deneuve. However, in 2003, a judicial liquidation of his endebted firm was started. Khalifa then used shady methods to save his assets. An investigation revealed the disappearance of 50 million euros in the Khalifa Bank of Algiers. Khalifa was then suspected of having spent the money of personalities close to the Algerian President Bouteflika. 17 judicial investigations were opened against him, who took refuge in London in 2003. The Khalifa Bank was closed on orders of Bouteflika. Khalifa like Bouteflika belong to the same unchanged political regime since 1962.

## Trials

Khalifa's trial involved more than 100 defendants and 200 witnesses. In March 2007, he was condemned in Algeria, *in absentia*, to a life sentence, charged of criminal association, corruption, abuse of trust, and forgery.

A few days earlier, on 5 March 2007, the French justice had also issued a European arrest warrant against him. The Court of Nanterre had opened an investigation against Khalifa in 2003, charged of fraudulous bankruptcy, abuse of social assets (*abus de bien sociaux*; i.e. corruption) and money-laundering.

London authorized Khalifa's extradition in the end of August 2007. Algeria has also issued an international arrest warrant against him. Khalifa was extradited to Algeria in December 2013. Khalifa was sentenced to a 18-year imprisonment.


title: Fort Belle Fontaine County Park

abstract: The Fort Belle Fontaine County Park is a unit of the park system of St. Louis County, Missouri. 305.6 acres in size, it is bordered by the Missouri River, by Cold Water Creek, and by the Missouri Hills campus of the Missouri Division of Youth Services (M-DYS). The park contains part of the site of Fort Bellefontaine, a fortified post of the United States Army first raised in 1805. The post was visited by Lewis and Clark Expedition upon their return to St. Louis in September 1806. It remained in active service, in two adjacent locations, until 1826. None of the fort remains today. As of 2014, historic markers and signage educated visitors about the vanished post. The fort's location was built up in the 1930s as a parkland development project of the Works Progress Administration. Some WPA facilities remained in use in 2014, and others had evolved into picturesque ruined structures. A three-mile-long nature trail provides access to the creek ravine, WPA masonry, and the site of the vanished fort and trading post. Part of the parkland has been set aside as a reproduction tallgrass prairie, sown with big bluestem grasses and allied species. In the creekbed woods and adjacent uplands can be found the basswood, the burr oak, the chinquapin oak, and other mature-growth species of trees. The park shares a common boundary and entry point with the M-DYS juvenile detention center, and as of 2014 visitors to the park were asked to stop and sign in at a security checkpoint.

text:
# Fort Belle Fontaine County Park

The **Fort Belle Fontaine County Park** is a unit of the park system of St. Louis County, Missouri. 305.6 acres in size, it is bordered by the Missouri River, by Cold Water Creek, and by the Missouri Hills campus of the Missouri Division of Youth Services (M-DYS).

The park contains part of the site of Fort Bellefontaine, a fortified post of the United States Army first raised in 1805. The post was visited by Lewis and Clark Expedition upon their return to St. Louis in September 1806. It remained in active service, in two adjacent locations, until 1826. None of the fort remains today. As of 2014, historic markers and signage educated visitors about the vanished post.

The fort's location was built up in the 1930s as a parkland development project of the Works Progress Administration. Some WPA facilities remained in use in 2014, and others had evolved into picturesque ruined structures. A three-mile-long nature trail provides access to the creek ravine, WPA masonry, and the site of the vanished fort and trading post. Part of the parkland has been set aside as a reproduction tallgrass prairie, sown with big bluestem grasses and allied species. In the creekbed woods and adjacent uplands can be found the basswood, the burr oak, the chinquapin oak, and other mature-growth species of trees.

The park shares a common boundary and entry point with the M-DYS juvenile detention center, and as of 2014 visitors to the park were asked to stop and sign in at a security checkpoint.

## InfoBox

| Fort Belle Fontaine Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | Urban park |
| Location | St. Louis County, Missouri, United States |
| Coordinates | 38°49′30″N 90°13′08″W / 38.825°N 90.219°W / 38.825; -90.219 |
| Area | 305.6 acres (123.7 ha) |
| Created | 1986 |
| Operated by | St. Louis County Parks and Recreation Department |
| Website | St Louis County Parks and Recreation |


title: Pearl Lee Boone

abstract: Pearl Lee Boone was an invertebrate zoologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. She was one of the more infamous carcinologists of her time, as her career was fraught with claims of incompetence and disagreements about the veracity of her work in identifications.

text:
# Pearl Lee Boone

**Pearl Lee Boone** (c. 1895/1896 1954) was an invertebrate zoologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. She was one of the more infamous carcinologists of her time, as her career was fraught with claims of incompetence and disagreements about the veracity of her work in identifications.

## Life and career

Boone was born in Virginia in 1895 or 1896. Her father was born in Maryland and her mother was born in Virginia.

Boone began at the United States National Museum, now the National Museum of Natural History in 1913. She was originally an entomological preparator for the United States Department of Agriculture in the Division of Insects at the museum. In 1916, she was hired as an aid for the Division of Marine Invertebrates at the museum, where she was paid $900 per year. In 1918, she was given a raise to be paid $1020 per year. During her time at the museum, she earned a BA in 1919, M.S. and B. ed. in 1920 from George Washington University. In 1921 she was asked to resign from her position at the museum after an investigation had been conducted by the museum. During her time at the museum she was accused of incompetence by Waldo Schmitt and other colleagues, while she claimed she was harassed by him. After she left the museum, she worked at the Aquarium and Biological Laboratory in Miami and the US Department of Agriculture. Finally, she was a research associate at the Bingham Oceanographic Foundation at Yale, now part of the Yale Peabody Museum's Division of Vertebrate Zoology ichthyology collection. The ideas of incompetence followed her for her whole career.

In 1922, she requested to have access to the National Museum's collections while working on a report that would be published by the Miami Aquarium Association. This request was vehemently opposed by Schmitt, but he was not in charge of allowing access. Schmitt had also written in a few letters to others in the field expressing his dislike of Boone. Also, in 1922, Boone was a member of the Biological Society of Washington.

Boone lived in Hyattsville, Maryland as she worked as an aide for the National Museum and the Department of Agriculture. The Washington, D.C. directory listed her from 1913 to 1923. Her job description in 1923, after she had left the museum, was a junior biologist for the Department of Agriculture. In 1930, she lived in Manhattan as a biologist of oceanic research working on her own account.

Boone went by a few names over the course of her career. She went primarily by Peal Lee Boone, but later on changed to Lee Boone and even Mr. Lee Boone. On one letter in 1917 while she was at the Smithsonian she signed herself as Virginia Lee Boone.

She died in 1954.

## Select publications

* **L Boone**. 1930. Notes on the West Indian crabs of the genus Actaea. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 61, article 3.
* **Boone, Pearl L**. “Descriptions of Ten New Isopods.” *Proceedings of the United States National Museum*, vol. 54, no. 2253, 1918, pp. 591–604., doi:10.5479/si.00963801.54-2253.591.
* **Boone, Lee**. “A RARE SPIDER CRAB FROM CALIFORNIA. (*MITHRAX ROSTRATUS* BELL” *American Museum Novitates*, no. 399, 23 Jan. 1930, pp. 1–4.
* **Boone, Pearl L**. “A New Chinese Isopod, Ichthyoxenus Geei.” *Proceedings of the United States National Museum*, vol. 57, no. 2319, 1920, pp. 497–502., doi:10.5479/si.00963801.57-2319.497.
* **Boone, Lee**. “SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE FIRST OCEANOGRAPHIC EXPEDITION OF THE ‘PAWNEE’ 1925. CRUSTACEA FROM TROPICAL EAST AMERICAN SEAS. .” *Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection*, 1925, pp. 1–77.
* **Boone, Lee**. “A Collection of Anomuran and Macruran Crustacea from the bay of Panama and the fresh waters of the Canal Zone.” *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*, vol. 63, 30 Dec. 1930, pp. 137–190.
* **Boone, Lee**. “New and Rare Cuban and Haitian Terrestrial Isopoda.” *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*, vol. 66, 12 Sept. 1934, pp. 567–598.
* **Boone, Lee**. “A Collection of Brachyuran Crustacea from the Bay of Panama and the Fresh Waters of the Canal Zone.” *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*, vol. 58, 1929.
* Boone, Lee. "Bulletin: A COLLECTION OF ANOMURAN AND MACRURAN CRUSTACEA FROM THE BAY OF PANAMA AND THE FRESH WATERS OF THE CANAL ZONE"

## InfoBox

| Pearl Lee Boone | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Virginia, USA |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Lee Boone |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Invertebrate Zoology |
| Institutions |  |
| Author abbrev. (zoology) | PL Boone, L Boone |
|  | |


title: Forward testing effect

abstract: The forward testing effect, also known as test potentiated new learning, is a psychological learning theory which suggests that testing old information can improve learning of new information. Unlike traditional learning theories in educational psychology which have established the positive effect testing has when later attempting to retrieve the same information, the forward testing effect instead suggests that the testing experience itself possesses unique benefits which enhance the learning of new information. This memory effect is also distinct from the 'practice effect' which typically refers to an observed improvement which results from repetition and restudy, as the testing itself is considered as the catalyst for improved recall. Instead, this theory suggests that testing serves not only as a tool for assessment but as a learning tool which can aid in memory recall. The forward testing effect indicates that educators should encourage students to study using testing techniques rather than restudying information repeatedly. The forward testing effect has received significant coverage across the scientific community, especially over the last decade, due to the increasing focus on new memory techniques to guide learning strategies and improve student learning. Since this phenomenon has been established in psychological literature, the focus has shifted to attempting to provide an account for the forward testing effect, with three predominant explanations rising to the forefront of psychological debate; the context change account, elaborative retrieval account and the episodic context account for the forward testing effect.

text:
# Forward testing effect

The **forward testing effect**, also known as test potentiated new learning, is a psychological learning theory which suggests that testing old information can improve learning of new information. Unlike traditional learning theories in educational psychology which have established the positive effect testing has when later attempting to retrieve the same information, the forward testing effect instead suggests that the testing experience itself possesses unique benefits which enhance the learning of new information. This memory effect is also distinct from the 'practice effect' which typically refers to an observed improvement which results from repetition and restudy, as the testing itself is considered as the catalyst for improved recall. Instead, this theory suggests that testing serves not only as a tool for assessment but as a learning tool which can aid in memory recall. The forward testing effect indicates that educators should encourage students to study using testing techniques rather than restudying information repeatedly.

The forward testing effect has received significant coverage across the scientific community, especially over the last decade, due to the increasing focus on new memory techniques to guide learning strategies and improve student learning. Since this phenomenon has been established in psychological literature, the focus has shifted to attempting to provide an account for the forward testing effect, with three predominant explanations rising to the forefront of psychological debate; the context change account, elaborative retrieval account and the episodic context account for the forward testing effect.

## Empirical evidence

### Word recall

The earliest documented study to observe the forward testing effect was conducted in 1974 by Tulving and Watkins. They observed that testing of one list of words enhanced recall of another, different list. At this point in time, the forward testing effect had not yet been theorised, hence they were quite puzzled with their discovery which sparked further research by other psychologists. Further studies involving word pairs conducted by Szpunar, McDermott and Roediger in 2008 reported similar findings that participants who were tested on one word list performed significantly better in a recall task for a completely different list, relative to those who only restudied the first list or performed a filler task. These findings were also replicated by Wahlheim who used a similar methodology in 2015, observing a strong forward testing effect.

The most recent word-based experiment which confirmed these findings was conducted by Chan, Manley, Davis and Szpunar in 2018. They specifically investigated whether the forward testing effect persisted across different time delays. In their experiment, three word lists were studied by participants. There were three groups; the participants either restudied these words, completed math problems or were tested on the words. Participants were then given a fourth word list and completed a free recall test. They found that those who had been tested on Lists 1-3 had better recall for List 4 across varying time delays. Overall these studies provided strong evidence to suggest that integrated testing of word-lists not only aided recall of the same word list but boosted later learning, hence providing evidence for the forward testing effect.

### Visual recall

Several studies have been conducted on the forward testing effect for students watching video lectures. In 2013, Szpunar, Khan and Schacter, conducted a study involving video lectures. They found that students who watched lectures which included interpolated testing aided new learning, scoring higher on a final cumulative quiz. In addition, these students were observed to have reduced mind-wandering and more content-relevant thoughts throughout the lecture. Another study conducted by Jing, Szpunar and Schacter in 2016 found that participants who were tested throughout a video lecture performed far better on a cumulative test at the end of the lecture than those who weren't tested.

These experiments demonstrated the benefits of testing in a more ecologically valid setting, suggesting that university professors should consider implementing testing within their lectures through electronic testing programs such as Kahoot and Mentimeter.

## Theoretical accounts

There are three theoretical accounts which attempt to explain the forward testing effect; the context change account, elaborative retrieval account and, more recently, the episodic context account.

### Context change account

The context change account suggests that The forward testing effect can be attributed to the change in context as the learner switches from encoding information to retrieval during testing. This account draws from the considerable evidence in favour of the existence of proactive interference as a part of interference theory, primarily from a study conducted by Jang and Huber in 2008. This study found that proactive interference occurs when the learner's ability to encode new information is inhibited by previous learning due to an extended study period. Testing of old learning provides a release from proactive interference by switching the focus of the learner's cognitive activity from memory encoding to retrieval. This release from proactive interference subsequently aids the learner who performs better in the final recall task.

However, this account has been criticised as it is considered limited in its ability to explain the forward testing effect since it implies that testing is no different from taking a study break; as long as a context change is enacted, testing has no unique benefits to learning. However, all of the aforementioned studies have demonstrated that participants who are given a 'filler task', which provides a break from encoding, do not experience the forward testing effect. This limits the validity of this account as a way to explain the forward testing effect and hence it is often disregarded.

### Elaborative retrieval account

The elaborative retrieval account suggests that the encoding of semantic cues through testing is responsible for the forward testing effect. This account is the most frequently cited when referring to the forward testing effect as several studies have supported the concept of semantic cues as a tool to aid memory recall. In Chan, Manley, Davis and Szpunar study conducted in 2018, they not only found evidence for the forward testing effect across time delays but they also found strong semantic organisation among participants who experienced this effect. They subsequently concluded that these participants' enhanced performance could be attributed to their use of semantic memory cues and organisation strategies which were encoded throughout testing and retrieved when they completed the final recall task.

Further evidence for this account can be found in Wissman, Rawson and Pyc's 2011 study. In their experiment, participants attempted to learn a long expository text and recall as much of it as possible in a final recall task. When learning this text, participants either restudied the text, completed an interim test on it or participated in a filler task. These researchers not only found a forward testing effect but were able to use clustering analyses to attribute this effect to the participants' shift to more effective encoding strategies throughout interpolated tests which were later used to enhance performance in the final recall task. Therefore, they were able to infer that the use of semantic encoding strategies was the primary cause of the forward testing effect for learners.

### Episodic context account

The episodic context account for the forward testing effect is one of the newest theories which attempts to explain this phenomenon. The episodic context theory consists of four main assumptions:

1. People encode contextual and temporal details when encoding information.
2. During retrieval, people reinstate, consciously or otherwise, temporal and contextual details.
3. When episodic context (temporal and contextual details) is reinstated and people update their context representations with their current contextual setting.
4. When later reinstating episodic context details again, the updated context representations aid recall of the previously learned items.

However, up until recent times, this account has not been applied to the forward testing effect. The primary study which supports this account was conducted by Whiffen and Karpicke in 2017. In their study, participants were given word lists and then either restudied them, completed math problems as a filler task or were tested on the word lists. They found that the testing condition performed best, indicating a Testing Effect but not a forward testing effect. However, interestingly, they also found that participants in the testing condition utilised temporal organisation strategies rather than semantic encoding strategies. They subsequently hypothesised that this theory could be extrapolated to the forward testing effect such that it could be theorised that participants who are tested develop context representations which aid the learning of new information. However, at this point, further research into the episodic context account is required in order to reject the popular and well-established elaborative retrieval account.

## Criticisms

Several criticisms have been leveled at the validity of the forward testing effect by psychologists who have conducted research and found contradictory results. One such case of this was an experiment conducted by Finn and Roediger in 2013 in which participants learned two pieces of associated information and were then given a third associated piece of information to learn. These pieces of information were the face and name of a person and then in the third phase, their profession. There were two learning conditions; one group restudied the face-name pair before learning their profession and another group was tested on them. While the forward testing effect theorises that the testing condition would perform significantly better in the free recall task for the profession (new information), this was not the case. Instead, these researchers found that testing of the face-name pair had a detrimental effect on learning the profession. In essence, testing of old information had a negative impact on learning new information, rather than the positive effect predicted by the forward testing effect.

These findings prompted another study to be conducted by Chan and Davis in 2015 which aimed to explain these findings which undermined the validity of the forward testing effect. In this study, they present the 'borrowed time hypothesis' which they attribute to the contradictory findings of Finn and Roediger. This hypothesis argues that the forward testing effect is valid but only in cases when participants don't 'borrow time', which these researchers argue occurs when new learning is intermixed with testing. In their experiment, Chan and Davis either encouraged or discouraged 'time borrowing' and found evidence for their hypothesis. This indicates that while the criticisms presented by Finn and Roediger's study are valid, the forward testing effect itself remains a valid theory but with the limitations discovered in Chan and Davis' study.


title: Forward the Foundation

abstract: Forward the Foundation is a novel by American writer Isaac Asimov, published posthumously in 1993. It is the second of two prequels to the Foundation Series. It is written in a format similar to that of the original book, Foundation, composed of chapters with long intervals in between, although Forward takes place within only one lifetime. Both books were first published as independent short stories in science fiction magazines. The parallels between Hari Seldon and Isaac Asimov found in this book— the last one written by Asimov before his death— and the focus on Hari Seldon as he grows old and dies, strengthen the idea that Asimov considered Seldon his literary alter ego. Critics such as Josh Wimmer and Alasdair Wilkins have regarded many of the opinions and viewpoints expressed by Seldon in this book as autobiographical. Thus, they say, a detailed reading of Forward the Foundation can shed light on Asimov's inner thoughts at the end of his life. Like other previous science fiction works by Asimov, the book was a commercial success, becoming a New York Times bestselling work.

text:
# Forward the Foundation

***Forward the Foundation*** is a novel by American writer Isaac Asimov, published posthumously in 1993. It is the second of two prequels to the *Foundation* Series. It is written in a format similar to that of the original book, *Foundation*, composed of chapters with long intervals in between, although *Forward* takes place within only one lifetime. Both books were first published as independent short stories in science fiction magazines.

The parallels between Hari Seldon and Isaac Asimov found in this book— the last one written by Asimov before his death— and the focus on Hari Seldon as he grows old and dies, strengthen the idea that Asimov considered Seldon his literary alter ego. Critics such as Josh Wimmer and Alasdair Wilkins have regarded many of the opinions and viewpoints expressed by Seldon in this book as autobiographical. Thus, they say, a detailed reading of *Forward the Foundation* can shed light on Asimov's inner thoughts at the end of his life.

Like other previous science fiction works by Asimov, the book was a commercial success, becoming a *New York Times* bestselling work.

## Plot

*Forward the Foundation* continues the chronicles of the life of Hari Seldon, first begun in *Prelude to Foundation*. The story takes place on Trantor, and begins eight years after the events of *Prelude to Foundation*. It depicts how Seldon develops his theory of psychohistory from hypothetical concept to practical application, and its application in the Seldon plan.

In the latter years of the reign of Emperor Cleon I, Seldon is dragged into the world of galactic politics by Yugo Amaryl's concern over Seldon's friend Eto Demerzel, known only to Seldon and Dors Venabili as R. Daneel Olivaw. A new political faction threatens Demerzel, and consequently the fate of the Galactic Empire. In the aftermath Demerzel steps down as First Minister, vanishing to attend to other matters in the galaxy. Cleon appoints Seldon, somewhat unwilling, as the new First Minister. After a ten-year period of relative silence on Trantor, the remains of the political faction exploit Trantor's faults in an attempted coup. As a result, the emperor is assassinated, and a military junta takes over for a disastrous decade. Seldon steps down from his government position and resumes leadership of the psychohistory project.

Seldon and others, most notably Yugo Amaryl, finally develop psychohistory to the point that he can initiate what will come to be known as the Seldon Plan, the road map for drastically shortening the interregnum between the First and Second Empires.

Gradually, Seldon loses all those who are close to him. Seldon's consort Dors is killed (or rather destroyed) in an internal plot by an ambitious member of Seldon's own group. His adopted son Raych emigrates with his wife and younger daughter to Santanni, though his elder daughter Wanda remains with Seldon. When a rebellion against the Empire breaks out, Raych sends his wife and younger daughter away on a starship, but he remains behind to defend his university and is killed, and the starship is never seen again. Yugo Amaryl, the second best psychohistory researcher (after Seldon himself), dies in middle age, worn out by his work. Except for his granddaughter Wanda, Seldon is alone in his fight to keep the project going in the face of the Galactic Empire's accelerating decline and lessening government support.

Wanda turns out to be what Seldon calls a "mentalic": someone who can read minds and actually influence people. (Seldon suspects that her father Raych's great likeability is a subconscious use of the same power.) They are able to find a few other mentalics, enabling Seldon to set up a second guardian for the Seldon Plan. Eventually, he secludes Wanda and the others to establish the Second Foundation in secret, which later turns out to be at the same Imperial Library of Trantor. While the public First Foundation concentrates on the physical sciences, the hidden Second's psychohistorians will develop the mental ones by "scholars."

## Characters

Below is a list of all the major and minor characters in the book, in order of appearance, with brief descriptions.

* Hari Seldon head of the Mathematics Department at Streeling University.
* Wanda, Hari's granddaughter
* Eto Demerzel, First Minister to the Emperor.
* Yugo Amaryl a psychohistorian.
* Laskin (Jo-Jo) Joranum; politician & demagogue, from the planet Nishaya.
* Gambol Deen Namarti, Joranum's right-hand man.
* Dors (Venabili) Seldon, Hari's wife.
* Raych Seldon, Hari's adopted son.

## InfoBox

Forward the Foundation
| Cover of the first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Asimov, Isaac |
| Cover artist | Bob Larkin |
| Language | English |
| Series | The *Foundation* Series |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Doubleday |
| Publication date | 1993 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 417 |
| ISBN | 0-385-24793-1 |
| OCLC | 29849055 |
| Preceded by | *Prelude to Foundation* |
| Followed by | *Foundation* |


title: Fort Hood Three

abstract: The Fort Hood Three were three United States Army soldiers – Private First Class James Johnson, Private David A. Samas, and Private Dennis Mora – who refused to be deployed to fight in the Vietnam War on June 30, 1966. This was the first public refusal of orders to Vietnam, and one of the earliest acts of resistance to the war from within the U.S. military. Their refusal was widely publicized and became a cause célèbre within the growing antiwar movement. They filed a federal suit against Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara and Secretary of the Army Stanley Resor to prevent their shipment to Southeast Asia and were court-martialed by the Army for insubordination.

text:
# Fort Hood Three

The **Fort Hood Three** were three United States Army soldiers Private First Class James Johnson, Private David A. Samas, and Private Dennis Mora – who refused to be deployed to fight in the Vietnam War on June 30, 1966. This was the first public refusal of orders to Vietnam, and one of the earliest acts of resistance to the war from within the U.S. military. Their refusal was widely publicized (it was covered, for example, at least 20 times in the *New York Times*) and became a cause célèbre within the growing antiwar movement. They filed a federal suit against Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara and Secretary of the Army Stanley Resor to prevent their shipment to Southeast Asia and were court-martialed by the Army for insubordination.

## Background

The three were stationed together at Fort Hood, Texas, in the 142nd Signal Company, 2nd Armored Division. They were all from working-class backgrounds and have been called "a cross-section of Americans of color" because Johnson was black from Harlem in New York City, Mora was Puerto Rican from East or Spanish Harlem, and Samas was Lithuanian and Italian from Bakersfield, California and Chicago.

Mora, a graduate of the Bronx High School of Science and the City College of New York where he received a B.A. in history, joined the Welfare Department as a caseworker prior to being drafted into the Army. He had been in the antiwar movement before being drafted and even passed out antiwar leaflets at the induction center on his first day of processing. He also refused to sign the loyalty oath arguing that it was a violation of his Constitutional rights to be asked about organizational affiliations, but the Army insisted on taking him anyway. He came from a poor family and said, "the first war I knew was against the poverty of Spanish Harlem." He grew up angry at the discrimination, poor education, police brutality and unemployment he and his fellow Puerto Ricans experienced, describing the fight for "the reconstruction of our country's ghettoes and the meeting of our social and educational needs" as "the only battle which makes sense".

Samas grew up on the West Coast, the son of a trucking company employee who later went into the furniture business. He graduated from Bakersfield High School in California, spent time at Modesto Junior College, and was living in Chicago, IL when he was drafted.

Johnson's family came from the Virgin Islands. His father worked in direct mailing while his mother made $35 a week working such long hours the family "seldom saw her". He went to Saint Cecilias Parochial School and Rice High School and spent a year at Bronx Community College before becoming a teller at the Bronx Savings Bank and getting drafted.

Upon finding out they were to be sent to Vietnam, they prepared a joint statement which they delivered during a press conference in New York City.

## Public statements

On June 30, 1966, Mora read the public statement from all three about their refusal to be sent to Vietnam. They denounced the war as “immoral, illegal and unjust” Their statement read in part:

> We represent in our backgrounds a cross section of the Army and of America. James Johnson is a Negro, David Samas is of Lithuanian and Italian parents, Dennis Mora is a Puerto Rican. We speak as American soldiers. We have been in the army long enough to know that we are not the only G.I.s who feel as we do. Large numbers of men in the service either do not understand this war or are against it.... We know that Negroes and Puerto Ricans are being drafted and end up in the worst of the fighting all out of proportion to their numbers in the population; and we have first hand knowledge that these are the ones who have been deprived of decent education and jobs at home.... We have made our decision. We will not be a part of this unjust, immoral, and illegal war. We want no part of a war of extermination. We oppose the criminal waste of American lives and resources. We refuse to go to Vietnam!!!!!!!

Mora also read his own statement where he proudly defended the right of "cannon fodder" to speak out and, more, defended the right of the Vietnamese people to national self-defense:

> Contrary to what the Pentagon believes, cannon-fodder can talk. It is saying that we are not fighting for "freedom" in South Vietnam, but supporting a Hitler-loving dictator. It is saying that it will not accept as a rationale for exterminating a whole people, theories of dominoes, Chinese "aggression" or arguments of "appeasement." It further says that the only foreign power in Vietnam today is the United States and that the Vietcong is an indigenous force which has the support of most of the people and is in control of 80% of the country.

Johnson directly tied his antiwar stance to racial discrimination at home: "When the Negro soldier returns, he still will not be able to ride in Mississippi or walk down a certain street in Alabama." He also stated to a *New York Times* reporter the similarity between the fight of the Vietnamese and that of black Americans: "Just as the Negroes are fighting for absolute freedom and self-determination in the United States, so it is with the Vietnamese in their struggle against the Americans."

On July 7, 1966, the Three were once again scheduled to speak to supporters. Nearly 800 people turned out to the event, but on their way there Samas, Mora, and Johnson were arrested by military police.

## Civilian support

When the Three received orders to report to the Oakland Army Terminal for assignment to Vietnam they used Mora's connections in the antiwar movement to contact the Vietnam Peace Parade Committee, a large coalition of antiwar activists in New York City, for help. The antiwar activists, anticipating a reaction from the military, proceeded to form the Fort Hood Three Defense Committee and mobilized legal help for the Three. The June 30 press conference where the Three presented their initial statement was attended by Stokely Carmichael, chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Lincoln Lynch the public relations director of Congress of Racial Equality. Within weeks the antiwar movement, nationally and internationally, had taken up their cause.

Pete Seeger, the folk singer and social activist, wrote a song for them called the *Ballad Of The Fort Hood Three*, which included the lines:

> Come all you brave Americans and listen unto me,
> If you can spare five minutes in this 20th century,
> I'll sing to you a story true as you will plainly see
> It's about three U.S. soldiers they call the "Fort Hood Three."
> We’ve been told in training that in Vietnam we must fight;
> And we may have to kill women and children, and that is quite all right;
> We say this war’s illegal, immoral, and unjust;
> We’re taking legal action, just the three of us.
> We’ll report for duty but we won’t go overseas.
> We’re prepared to face court martial, but we won’t fight for Ky.
> We three have talked it over, our decision now is clear,
> We will not go to Vietnam, we’ll fight for freedom here.

During the court cases and prison time for the Three numerous demonstrations were held in their support. Shortly after their arrest, some 250 protesters marched at the main gates to Fort Dix in New Jersey where they were being held in the military prison. Once the Three were transferred to Leavenworth military prison in Kansas, Kansas City antiwar activists organized protests outside the prison. On January 7, 1967, close to 100 demonstrators marched and sang songs to show their support for the Three.

The court cases of the Fort Hood Three were among several early legal trials during the Vietnam War involving U.S. military personnel refusing orders and going to jail. The Three underwent two separate legal proceedings with numerous stages as they both sued the government in Federal Court while being court-martialed by the military. They argued in their suit and courts-martial that the war was illegal and immoral, while the military charged them with refusing direct orders to board a plane bound for Vietnam. The Federal suit was filed on June 30, 1966, in Washington, D.C., the same day as their initial public announcement. The suit, an application for a permanent injunction to bar the military from shipping them to Southeast Asia, was filed by their attorney, Stanley Faulkner. However, because the Three were ordered to board the plane before their suit could be heard, they were court-martialed before their hearing in Federal Court.

The military at first considered charging the Three with the "uttering of disloyal statements with intent to cause disaffection and disloyalty among the members of the military service and civilian population." They had been arrested and held under "administrative restriction" at Fort Dix in New Jersey while the Army deliberated. Instead, on July 14, 1966, the Army released them with orders to board a plane at McGuire Air Force Base bound for Vietnam. When the Three refused this order, they were rearrested and charged with "insubordination." The Three's attorney said "he believed the Army carefully maneuvered his clients into a court-martial situation", probably preferring to avoid the legal issues around free speech.

### Federal suit

Meanwhile, the suit in Federal court had already run into serious trouble. On July 11, a Federal District judge had thrown it out without even allowing arguments to proceed for more than 15 minutes. The judge cut off the Three's attorney in mid-argument and read from a prepared opinion, "it is not the function of the judiciary to entertain such litigation which challenges the validity, the wisdom or the propriety of the Commander in Chief of our armed forces". The *NY Times* noted that "it was rare for a judge here to dismiss a case on his own motion at such an early stage in the proceedings." The Three quickly appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, but were again rebuffed. On November 6, 1967, the case made its way to the Supreme Court as *Mora v. McNamara* (389 U.S. 934) which refused to hear it. William O. Douglas and Potter Stewart, however, dissented arguing that the Court should look into the issue of the legality of the war.

### Courts-martial

Their courts-martial, the first of their kind in the U.S. military during the Vietnam War, took place quickly in late September 1966. During three separate trials over three days, they each argued the war was illegal and immoral. They all cited the Nuremberg Code as precedent and Samas said, “The way I was brought up was to judge things with my conscience, and that is what I did.” The men were defended as "counterpoints to Adolf Eichmann", the infamous Nazi who justified his war crimes by saying he was just following orders. The presiding Army law officer dismissed any argument about the legality of the war with the statement: "I rule that it is a matter of law, that the war in Vietnam is legal, and I forbid you to argue that it isn't." The military court, then, convicted them of insubordination and gave each a dishonorable discharges and forfeiture of pay. Mora was sentenced to three years at hard labor, Samas and Johnson to five. Their appeal the next September before the United States Court of Military Appeals was denied. The court's opinion said, "The legality under international law of the American presence in Vietnam is not a justiciable issue." Stanley Faulkner, the Three's lawyer, responded, "Sustaining the President's power to conduct an undeclared war 10,000 miles from our shores resembles the unlimited powers once held by kings and more recently in our history by dictators." In July 1967, both Samas and Johnson had their sentences reduced to three years by a military review board.

## Impact

The actions of The Fort Hood Three, because they occurred so early in the war, have been called "a turning point in the broader antiwar movement" and "the beginning of a rank-and-file upsurge against military authority and \[the\] war." Because they reached out to and received significant support from the civilian antiwar movement, they "helped to forge an enduring alliance between antiwar GIs and the civilian antiwar movement that encouraged thousands more GIs to join the resistance." Further, as they made clear in their initial statements, their opposition to the war was connected to their recognition of racial disparities in the military and the country as a whole. "They were some of the earliest antiwar protesters to really connect opposition to the war abroad to the fight for racial equality at home." Years later, Johnson pointed out the parallel between the Three's position and Muhammad Ali's famous statement made the same year: "No Vietcong ever called me nigger." By defending the right of the Vietnamese people to self determination, they were also setting an early precedent for future military resisters.