title: Plug-in electric vehicles in Australia

abstract: The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Australia is driven mostly by state-based electric vehicle targets and monetary incentives to support the adoption and deployment of low- or zero-emission vehicles. The monetary incentives include electric vehicle subsidies, interest-free loans, registration exemptions, stamp duty exemptions, the luxury car tax exemption and discounted parking for both private and commercial purchases. The Clean Energy Finance Corporation, energy providers, car loan providers and car insurance providers also offer their own financial incentives for electric vehicle purchases including Macquarie Bank offering the lowest electric car loan of 2.99%. The Victorian and New South Wales governments target between 50% and 53% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2030. The New South Wales Government also aim for the vast majority of new cars sold in the state to be electric vehicles by 2035. The New South Wales Government are also planning and stated they must ban the sale of internal combustion-engine vehicles by 2035. Similarly, the Victorian Government's "Infrastructure Victoria" initiative called for the government to ban the sale of petrol and diesel engine vehicles by 2035 at the latest. South Australia's Liberal government aim for 100% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2035, and plan to ensure electric vehicles are mainstream and the "common choice" for new vehicle purchases in 2030. The ACT also plan for 100% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030. The Australian states with EV sales targets represent approximately 65% of the Australian population. This means 65% of the Australian population has a target to reach more than 50% EV car sales by 2030. However, this target could be reached sooner if the two largest states governments of New South Wales and Victoria enact their plan to ban the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2035. The Australian government is planning and anticipating to have 1.7 million electric cars on the road by 2030. High adoption of electric vehicles could save Australian drivers $500 billion by 2035. While a slow uptake of electric vehicles would result in a 1 trillion cost to the Australian health system by 2050. Although air pollution would cause the deaths of at least 2500 people across Sydney and Melbourne in the year 2030, even if the federal government swiftly clamped down on poisonous car fuels. A Federal Government target for 100% of car sales to be electric vehicles before 2050 could also be included in the Federal Government's National Electric Vehicle Strategy. This is because Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated in 2021 that the government's goal is to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, which would require a national transition to 100% electric vehicles before 2050. Scott Morrison also delivered a target for Australia to reach net-zero emissions by 2050 to the 2021 UN Climate Conference. Australia also backed the COP26 Breakthrough Agenda for electric vehicles to be the "new normal" worldwide by 2030. 60% of Australians also supported a net-zero emissions target by 2050. The New South Wales treasurer, Matt Kean, said the federal Nationals should resign if they didn't support a national target for net-zero emissions by 2050. To reach net-zero emissions by 2050, electric vehicles will also need to represent 50% of car sales by 2035. Although the Federal Government's projection in 2021, is for 30% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030. While Labor project 90% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030.

text:
# Plug-in electric vehicles in Australia

The adoption of **plug-in electric vehicles in Australia** is driven mostly by state-based electric vehicle targets and monetary incentives to support the adoption and deployment of low- or zero-emission vehicles. The monetary incentives include electric vehicle subsidies, interest-free loans, registration exemptions, stamp duty exemptions, the luxury car tax exemption and discounted parking for both private and commercial purchases. The Clean Energy Finance Corporation, energy providers, car loan providers and car insurance providers also offer their own financial incentives for electric vehicle purchases including Macquarie Bank offering the lowest electric car loan of 2.99%.

The Victorian and New South Wales governments target between 50% and 53% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2030. The New South Wales Government also aim for the vast majority of new cars sold in the state to be electric vehicles by 2035. The New South Wales Government are also planning and stated they must ban the sale of internal combustion-engine vehicles by 2035. Similarly, the Victorian Government's "Infrastructure Victoria" initiative called for the government to ban the sale of petrol and diesel engine vehicles by 2035 at the latest. South Australia's Liberal government aim for 100% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2035, and plan to ensure electric vehicles are mainstream and the "common choice" for new vehicle purchases in 2030. The ACT also plan for 100% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030. The Australian states with EV sales targets represent approximately 65% of the Australian population. This means 65% of the Australian population has a target to reach more than 50% EV car sales by 2030. However, this target could be reached sooner if the two largest states governments of New South Wales and Victoria enact their plan to ban the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2035. The Australian government is planning and anticipating to have 1.7 million electric cars on the road by 2030. High adoption of electric vehicles could save Australian drivers $500 billion by 2035. While a slow uptake of electric vehicles would result in a 1 trillion cost to the Australian health system by 2050. Although air pollution would cause the deaths of at least 2500 people across Sydney and Melbourne in the year 2030, even if the federal government swiftly clamped down on poisonous car fuels.

A Federal Government target for 100% of car sales to be electric vehicles before 2050 could also be included in the Federal Government's National Electric Vehicle Strategy. This is because Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated in 2021 that the government's goal is to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, which would require a national transition to 100% electric vehicles before 2050. Scott Morrison also delivered a target for Australia to reach net-zero emissions by 2050 to the 2021 UN Climate Conference. Australia also backed the COP26 Breakthrough Agenda for electric vehicles to be the "new normal" worldwide by 2030. 60% of Australians also supported a net-zero emissions target by 2050. The New South Wales treasurer, Matt Kean, said the federal Nationals should resign if they didn't support a national target for net-zero emissions by 2050. To reach net-zero emissions by 2050, electric vehicles will also need to represent 50% of car sales by 2035. Although the Federal Government's projection in 2021, is for 30% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030. While Labor project 90% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030.

## Evolution of electric vehicle market

### Early development

In 2008 Australia started producing its first commercial all-electric vehicle. Originally called the Blade Runner, its name was changed to Electron, and was exported to New Zealand with one purchased by the then Environment Minister Dr. Nick Smith. The Electron is based on the Hyundai Getz and has proven popular with government car pools. In 2012, Holden Australia developed an Australian-made Electric Commodore in partnership with EV Engineering with 160 km range in Port Melbourne.

### Better Place

In October 2008, Better Place announced plans to deploy charging network to power electric cars in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane in partnership with Australian power company AGL and finance group Macquarie Capital. The initial network deployment was planned to take place in Canberra in late 2011. As of December 2011, 12 public charge spots (power outlets, not battery swap stations) had been installed in Australia. The roll out of the Australian network was initially planned to begin 6 months to a year after the roll out of the network in Denmark.

In December 2012, Renault postponed the launch of the Renault Fluence Z.E. as the necessary infrastructure was not yet in place.. Better Place explained that delays in the deployments in Israel and Denmark are reflecting in the Australian roll out, which would take place between 12 and 18 months behind the other markets. Better Place ultimately went bankrupt with the only sign they ever existed being a few lone silver posts standing in (mostly university) car parks.

### Introduction of series production electric vehicles

Beginning in mid-2009, a twelve-month field trial was conducted with the Mitsubishi i-MiEV with potential electric vehicle customers, such as local, state and federal government bodies, and major fleet operators. Leasing for fleet customers began in Australia in August 2010. As of May 2011, a total of 110 i-MiEVs had been leased to government and corporate fleets, while retail sales to the public began in August 2011. As of December 2012, 125 i-MiEVs had been sold in the country, 30 of which were sold by December 2011.

A two-year fleet trial of 10 converted Ford Focus Electric cars, that also included 14 i-MiEVs and 3 Toyota Prius PHEVs, commenced in Western Australia in 2010. Each converted car was equipped with a 23 kWh battery pack, a 27 kW DC motor and a 1000A motor controller. These cars were then used in the study as regular fleet vehicles to find their usability for everyday driving.

In July 2011, Nissan Australia provided 16 Nissan Leaf vehicles, to be used by both personal and commercial users, for an electric vehicle trial in Victoria. A total of 19 Leafs were registered in 2011, while sales of the Nissan Leaf in Australia began in June 2012—77 units were sold during 2012. The Holden Volt, a plug-in hybrid model, was released onto the Australian market by late 2012 and a total of 80 units were delivered during that year.

A total of 258 plug-in electric cars were sold during 2012, with the i-MiEV as the top selling model, with 95 units sold. Sales during 2013 totaled 304 units, up 20% from 2012. The Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in car with 188 units followed by the Holden Volt with 101 units. The electric vehicle market share in 2013 was 0.036% of total new car sales in the country.

As of September 2013, the largest public charging networks exist in the capital cities of Perth and Melbourne, with around 30 stations (7 kW AC) established in both cities—smaller networks exist in other capital cities. An Australian standard for charging connectors does not exist as of September 2013.

Since 2014 Mitsubishi is no longer importing the i-MiEV after slow sales due to the high price and due to competition from the more successful Outlander plug-in hybrid electric vehicle for battery components. Sales during the first quarter of 2014 totaled 42 units, representing a 0.015% market share of new car sales, and during the first half of 2014 sales reached 114 units.

Deliveries of the Tesla Model S in Australia began in late 2014. Deliveries of the BMW i3 also commenced at the end of 2014. Sales during 2014 totaled 1,228 units, up 288% from 2013. The plug-in electric segment reached a 0.11% market share of total new car sales in the country, up threefold from 0.036% in 2013. The surge in sales was due to the introduction of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, which sold 895 units during 2014, and became Australia's top selling plug-in electric vehicle. Cumulative sales in the Australian market since 2010 reached over 1,950 units by the end of December 2014, up from 304 units in 2013.

A total of 246 Holden Volts had been sold in the country by mid April 2015, with the stock of the first generation almost empty. General Motors announced that it will not build the second generation Volt in right-hand-drive configuration, so the Holden Volt will be discontinued in the country when the remaining stock is sold out. As of April 2015, the following models are available in the Australian market: Nissan Leaf, Tesla Model S, both variants of the BMW i3 (REx and all-electric), BMW i8, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, and Porsche plug-in hybrids, 918 Spyder, Panamera and Cayenne. Other models scheduled to be launched in the country include the Audi A3 e-tron and the Audi Q7 e-tron.

Driver assistance vehicles operated by the Royal Automobile Club of Western Australia (left, BMW i3) and the NRMA (right, Mitsubishi i MiEV).

As of December 2014, a total of 65 Model S cars were registered in New South Wales and only four in Victoria. At the end of March 2015, registrations totaled 119 in New South Wales and 54 in Victoria. Although there were no sales figures reported for Tesla in other states, the combined sales of these two states alone were enough for the Model S to rank as the top selling all-electric car in the country for the first quarter of 2015, ahead of the BMW i3 (46) and the Nissan Leaf (31). Australia's top selling plug-in electric vehicle for the first quarter of 2015 was the Outlander P-HEV, with 198 units sold, again in the first quarter of 2016 ranked as the top selling plug-in with 195 units, and continued as the country's all-time best selling plug-in with 2,015 units sold through March 2016 since its introduction in 2013.

As of December 2016, about 1,000 Nissan Leafs have been sold since its introduction in the country in 2012. The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the country's all-time top-selling plug-in electric vehicle with 2,906 units sold through March 2018.

#### Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

On 26 March 2021, the Hyundai Nexo became the first fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) to be released in Australia with the ACT government to operate a fleet of 20 Nexos. The Nexo will be available to the public on special order for lease. Coinciding with the release of the Nexo, the first publicly available hydrogen refuelling station opened on the 26th at Fyshwick in Canberra operated by ActewAGL. Hyundai operates a refuelling station from its headquarters at Macquarie Park in Sydney which was established in 2015 for a trial of the Nexo's predecessor the ix35 FCEV.

On 13 April 2021, the second generation Toyota Mirai was released in Australia with an initial allocation of 20 Mirai for organisations and businesses. The Mirai will not be offered to the public which Toyota estimates "might be two to three years away". Toyota had earlier on 29 March 2021 commissioned a hydrogen production facility together with a hydrogen refuelling station at its former manufacturing site at Altona in Melbourne to coincide with the release of the Mirai. The refuelling station is the second public station in Australia. Toyota had previously developed a mobile hydrogen refuelling station that could be transported on a truck that was used for the first generation Mirai loan program between 2018 and 2019.

The Victorian Hydrogen Hub is set to be constructed at the CSIRO's Clayton campus. Western Australia intend to invest in hydrogen refuelling stations. The Queensland government is using a fleet of Hyundai FCEVs and is investing in hydrogen refuelling stations.

### Growth and availability of electric vehicles

Plug-in electric cars in Australia grew 300% from just 2,216 sales in 2018 to 6,718 in 2019. Tesla accounted for 70% of these electric car sales, mostly through the release of the Tesla Model 3 in August which accounted for two-thirds of electric car sales in 2019. Electric vehicle sales were also stated earlier to have doubled in Australia in 2019 compared to 2018. In 2019, the Electric Vehicle Council expected electrical vehicle model choices to continue to expand which would consequently promote a significant increase in EV sales in Australia. This is from 22 all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles available in 2019 to 31 by the end of 2020. This compares to more than 150 electric car models being available in Europe and elsewhere.

The MG ZS EV which received 100 pre-orders in November 2019 and since had its price reduced to $40,990, plan to introduce free charging along with supercharger network operators such as Chargefox for their 2021 model. MG is also stated as intending to sell 3,000 ZS EVs in Australia in 2021 alone.

In December 2020, there were almost 100 used electric cars listed on carsales.com.au. 42% of used electric cars were listed under $50,000. While 23% of used electric cars were listed under $20,000. The lowest price for a used electric car in Australia was $11,990 as of December 2020 and $8,900 as of 2021.

Carsales.com.au also stated 47% of buyers on their website considered buying an EV. In March 2022, carsales.com.au reported that 1 in 5 searches were for electric vehicles in Australia. Carsales also confirmed that the cost and price of EVs was the most important factor and vehicle range was the second most important factor among potential EV purchasers. 75% of Australians aged between 25 and 34 were also reported as considering EVs on carsales.com.au.

**Electric vehicles by Australian state/territory in 2020**

| STATE/TERRITORY | ELECTRIC VEHICLES | PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL (%) | Tesla Market Share 2021 (%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Victoria | 10,311 (June 2021) 5,800 - 7,000 (2020) | 35% | 25.44% |
| New South Wales | 10,026 (December 2021) 6,400 (2020) | 30.51% | 29.36% |
| Queensland | 8,000 (2022) 3,400 | 16.21% | 24.47% |
| South Australia | 2,412 | 11.5% |  |
| Australian Capital Territory | 839 | 4% |  |
| Tasmania | 340 | 1.62% |  |
| Western Australia | 1,400 | 6.67% |  |
| Northern Territory | 40 | 0.19% |  |
| Australia | 20,978 | 100% |  |

| EV sales from 2011 - 2024 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 |
| EV Total Sales (BEV/PHEV) | 98,429 | 39,347 | 17,293 | 6900 | 6718 | 2216 | 2287 | 1369 | 1771 | 1322 | 293 | 253 | 49 |
| BEVs | 87,217 | 33,410 | 5215 | 5292 | 1053 | 1208 | 668 | 759 | 371 | 191 | 173 | 49 |
| PHEVs | 11,212 | 5937 | 1685 | 1426 | 1163 | 1076 | 701 | 1012 | 951 | 102 | 80 | 0 |
| BEV market share | 7.2% | 3.8% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Government policy

Electric vehicle policies in Australia include incentives such as electric vehicle subsidies, interest-free loans, registration exemptions, stamp duty exemptions, the luxury car tax exemption and discounted parking for both private and commercial purchases.

## Charging infrastructure

In 2021, there were more than 3,000 public charging stations installed across Australia, representing a ratio of 7.2 electric vehicles for every installed public charger. Australia is also Tesla's 11th largest market for electric vehicle superchargers in the world. Infrastructure Australia (IA) had identified the development of a fast-charging network for electric cars as one of Australia's highest national priorities from 2020 to 2025. The Federal Government pledged to spend $74.5 million on charging infrastructure in the budget in 2021.

The Federal Government is also contributing $15 million to a national electric vehicle charging network built by Evie Networks and connecting Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney, Adelaide and Brisbane. Extra stations will also be built in Tasmania, Perth and regional Queensland. In 2021, Evie Networks announced they would spend $25 million on 300 additional Australian made Tritium electric vehicle chargers across Australia. The South Australian and Federal Liberal Government also signed an agreement in 2021 for combined funding of new electric vehicle charging infrastructure in the state. Chargefox is Australia's largest electric vehicle charger network operator and have 1,400 charging stations across Australia, with a plan to have 5,000 by 2025. 2,000 of these chargers will have fast and/or ultra-rapid charging speeds. Australian company Bell Hub plan for 60 ultra-fast solar powered electric vehicle charging stations from converted car washes with free wi-fi and barista coffee. Bell Hub is chaired by former NSW Liberal leader Kerry Chikarovski. The plan is to expand the network to around 316 charging stations by 2025. JOLT Charge intend to offer 5,000 free electric vehicle charging stations across Australia from Black Rock's $100 million funding. The Type 2 CCS charging standard is also the most commonly used in Australia. City of Port Phillip in Melbourne also offer kerb charging permits to residents and businesses to enable kerbside charging. Ampol plan to roll out more than 100 charging stations with rapid 50 kW chargers through a $100 million investment across Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, Geelong, Newcastle, Wollongong, NSW's Central Coast, Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast. Vicinity plan to have 30 shopping centres with 103 fast charging stations to be rolled out. These chargers will have capacity of at least 100 kW.

The Federal Government's Future Fuels Fund and ARENA have provided $25 million in funding for fast chargers across Australia to open between 2022 and mid 2023. In 2021, the Federal Government announced $250 million to support public charging infrastructure, fleet infrastructure, vehicle trials and smart charging infrastructure in households. However, the NSW Government was spending almost as much as the federal government is spending in NSW to support new infrastructure for electric cars. The Federal Government will also fund 50,000 charging stations for Australian households. MG announced they will be donating 3,000 chargers across the country in regional areas in 2021. BP planned to roll out a charging network across Australia and New Zealand in 2022 using Brisbane-made Tritium chargers.

Australia also has electric boat chargers in docks across New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia.

| State or territory | DC chargers (2020) | AC chargers (2020) | Total chargers (2021) | Tesla Super Charger locations | Electric vehicles (2019) | Chargers per electric vehicle |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New South Wales | 153 | 630 | 1017 | 22 | 4627 | 0.17 |
| Victoria | 86 | 450 | 722 | 20 | 4193 | 0.13 |
| South Australia | 19 | 216 | 283 | 4 | 1787 | 0.13 |
| Queensland | 59 | 336 | 486 | 8 | 2416 | 0.16 |
| Australian Capital Territory | 11 | 39 | 58 | 2 | 523 | 0.10 |
| Tasmania | 4 | 64 | 100 | 1 | 195 | 0.35 |
| Western Australia | 25 | 202 | 305 | 4 | 956 | 0.24 |
| Northern Territory | 0 | 13 | 31 | 0 | 30 | 0.43 |
| Total | 357 | 1950 |  | 60 | 14727 |  |

**Public charging infrastructure in Australia in 2018**

|  | | VIC | ACT | SA | NSW | TAS | QLD | NT | WA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Total number of charging stations | | 216 | 20 | 76 | 161 | 21 | 162 | 5 | 122 |
| Charging stations per 100,000 residents | | 3.40 | 3.17 | 4.40 | 2.04 | 4.02 | 3.27 | 2.03 | 4.72 |
| Total # | AC | 208 | 17 | 70 | 148 | 21 | 138 | 5 | 107 |
|  | DC | 8 | 3 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 15 |
| Total # | Capital City | 114 | 20 | 32 | 86 | 4 | 58 | 3 | 77 |
|  | Regional | 102 | 0 | 44 | 75 | 17 | 104 | 2 | 45 |

The number of charging stations in Australia has increased substantially, with a 64 per cent increase from 2017 to 2018 as data reveals that charging locations available increased from 476 in 2017 to 783 in 2018.

## Sales

**Electric vehicle sales in Australia in Q1 2021**

| Model | Total<br>Q1 2021 |
| --- | --- |
| Tesla Model 3 | 2150 estimate |
| MG ZS EV | 359 |
| Porsche Taycan | 225 |
| Nissan Leaf | 118 |
| Mercedes-Benz EQC | 66 |
| Hyundai Kona | 56 |
| Hyundai Ioniq | 52 |
| Audi e-tron | 32 |
| Tesla Model X | 30 estimate |
| Tesla Model S\` | 20 estimate |
| BMW i3 | 19 |
| Jaguar I-Pace | 16 |
| Mini Cooper Electric | 15 |
| **Total** | **3158 estimate** |

**Electric vehicle sales in Australia in 2020**

| Model | Total<br>2020 |
| --- | --- |
| Tesla Model 3 | 3500 estimate |
| Hyundai Kona | 443 |
| Nissan Leaf | 341 |
| Hyundai Ioniq | 326 |
| Mercedes-Benz EQC | 142 |
| Tesla Model X | 120 estimate |
| Tesla Model S | 110 estimate |
| Mini Cooper Electric | 79 |
| Renault Zoe | 77 |
| Jaguar I-Pace | 66 |
| BMW i3 | 51 |
| Audi e-tron | 52 |
| **Total** | **5199 to 5307 estimate** |

Australia's most popular electric cars are similar to the most popular electric cars among New Zealanders. In 2020, New Zealand's most popular electric cars were the Tesla Model 3, Hyundai Kona Electric, Nissan Leaf and the MG ZS EV.


title: Placido Puccinelli

abstract: Padre Placido Puccinelli (1609–1685) was a Cassinese monk, historian and scholar. He was born at Pescia and educated at the abbey of S. Maria in Florence. He began his monastic career on 15 January 1626. For a long time, he was itinerant, travelling between the cities of northern Italy. At one time he was a master of novices at Gessate. He frequented the then-young Ambrosian Library in Milan, founded by Cardinal Federico Borromeo. He died in the Badia Fiorentina in Florence. Puccinelli was interested in historical studies, but above all genealogy and prosopography, in which the abbey had a tradition. He modelled his style after that of the historian of Lucca, Francesco Maria Fiorentini, whom he befriended. Another scholarly friendship was with Pietro Puricelli. Like Puricelli he wrote on the history of the Humiliati.

text:
# Placido Puccinelli

Padre **Placido Puccinelli** (16091685) was a Cassinese monk, historian and scholar. He was born at Pescia and educated at the abbey of S. Maria in Florence. He began his monastic career on 15 January 1626. For a long time, he was itinerant, travelling between the cities of northern Italy. At one time he was a master of novices at Gessate. He frequented the then-young Ambrosian Library in Milan, founded by Cardinal Federico Borromeo. He died in the Badia Fiorentina in Florence.

Puccinelli was interested in historical studies, but above all genealogy and prosopography, in which the abbey had a tradition. He modelled his style after that of the historian of Lucca, Francesco Maria Fiorentini, whom he befriended. Another scholarly friendship was with Pietro Puricelli. Like Puricelli he wrote on the history of the Humiliati.

## Works

* *Cronica della Badia Fiorentina* (1645)
* *Istoria delle eroiche azioni della gran dama Willa* (1663)
* *Memorie di Pescia* (1664)
* *Istoria delle eroiche azioni di Ugo il Grande* (1664)


title: Plant City Airport

abstract: Plant City Airport is a public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) southwest of the central business district of Plant City in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. The airport is publicly owned by the Hillsborough County Aviation Authority, which also operates Tampa International Airport. It was formerly known as Plant City Municipal Airport. It supports a 400-acre (1.6 km⁲) industrial park located about one mile (1.6 km) east of the airport. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned PCM by the FAA but PCM stands for a Mexican airport.

text:
# Plant City Airport

**Plant City Airport** (ICAO: **KPCM**, FAA LID: **PCM**) is a public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) southwest of the central business district of Plant City in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. The airport is publicly owned by the Hillsborough County Aviation Authority, which also operates Tampa International Airport. It was formerly known as **Plant City Municipal Airport**. It supports a 400-acre (1.6 km2) industrial park located about one mile (1.6 km) east of the airport.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned **PCM** by the FAA but PCM stands for a Mexican airport.

## History

Plant City was originally a large cotton center but switched to strawberries which brought it national recognition. It was named for the city's well known railroad tycoon, Henry B. Plant.

The Plant City Municipal Airport was founded in 1948 to ship strawberries. Runway 09/27 was lengthened in 1999 and redesignated 10/28. In 2000, a new terminal was constructed, along with two new hangars (E and F) and a new Jet-A fuel tank.

## Facilities and aircraft

Plant City Airport covers an area of 199 acres (81 ha) at an elevation of 154 feet (47 m) above mean sea level. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 10/28 which measures 3,950 x 75 ft (1,204 x 23 m).

For the 12-month period ending December 12, 2017, the airport had 47,975 aircraft operations, an average of 131 per day: 100% general aviation, \<1% air taxi and \<1% military. At that time there were 76 aircraft based at this airport: 57 single-engine, 13 multi-engine, 1 jet, 4 helicopter, and 1 glider. The local fixed-base operator is Atlas Aviation.

## InfoBox

| Plant City Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | Hillsborough County Aviation Authority |
| Serves | Plant City, Florida |
| Elevation AMSL | 154 ft / 47 m |
| Coordinates | 28°00′01″N 082°09′51″W / 28.00028°N 82.16417°W / 28.00028; -82.16417 |
| Website | www.pcairport.net |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  10/28 3,950 1,204 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2017) | |
| Aircraft operations (year ending 12/12/2017) 47,975  Based aircraft 76 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Plympton, Massachusetts

abstract: Plympton is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,930 at the 2020 census. The United States senator William Bradford was born here.

text:
# Plympton, Massachusetts

**Plympton** is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,930 at the 2020 census. The United States senator William Bradford was born here.

## History

Plympton was first settled in 1662 by Reverend Justin P. Daley as the western parish of Plymouth. Lands of the original town included all of Carver and Halifax, as well as small portions of Kingston and Middleborough. The town was officially incorporated in 1707 and named for Plympton, Devon, England. In 1734, the town of Halifax separated and incorporated, and Carver did the same in 1790. The current boundaries of the town were set in 1862.

Early residents of Plympton were mostly farmers, living off the land. The Industrial Revolution brought about factories, which made shoes and shovels, as well as lumber and cotton mills. Today, the town is mostly rural and residential, with very little industry.

The town's most famous resident was Deborah Sampson, born in the town in 1760. She is best known for pretending to be a man to fight in the American Revolution.

The town's newest addition is a Sysco distribution plant located near U.S. Route 44.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 15.1 square miles (39 km2), of which 14.8 square miles (38 km2) are land and 0.3-square-mile (0.78 km2) (2.31%) is water. Plympton is bordered by Halifax to the northwest, Pembroke to the north, Kingston to the northeast, Carver to the southeast, and Middleborough to the southwest. Plympton is approximately 35 mi (56 km) south of Boston and east of Providence, Rhode Island.

Plympton is mostly rural, with much of the land covered by forests. The northern tip of town lies along Silver Lake, which also extends into Kingston, Pembroke and along the Halifax border. The Winnetuxet River and many other brooks, as well as several smaller ponds, lie within the town. Plympton also has its own town forest and conservation area.

## Transportation

The new highway portion of U.S. Route 44 clips the southeastern corner of the town. Routes 58 and 106 pass through the town, Route 106 passing across the northern portion of town, and Route 58 passing from southeast to northwest. Just south of Silver Lake, the Kingston/Plymouth Line of the MBTA's Commuter Rail service to Boston passes through the town, with the nearest stop being in Halifax. The nearest regional airport is Plymouth Municipal Airport; the nearest national and international airport is Logan International Airport in Boston, however the closest airport in general is Cranland Municipal Airport in Hanson, MA.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1850 | 927 |  |
| 1860 | 994 | +7.2% |
| 1870 | 804 | −19.1% |
| 1880 | 694 | −13.7% |
| 1890 | 597 | −14.0% |
| 1900 | 488 | −18.3% |
| 1910 | 561 | +15.0% |
| 1920 | 469 | −16.4% |
| 1930 | 511 | +9.0% |
| 1940 | 532 | +4.1% |
| 1950 | 697 | +31.0% |
| 1960 | 821 | +17.8% |
| 1970 | 1,224 | +49.1% |
| 1980 | 1,974 | +61.3% |
| 1990 | 2,384 | +20.8% |
| 2000 | 2,637 | +10.6% |
| 2010 | 2,820 | +6.9% |
| 2020 | 2,930 | +3.9% |
| 2022\* | 2,923 | −0.2% |
| * = population estimate.
Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data. | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,637 people, 854 households, and 737 families residing in the town. The population density was 178.3 inhabitants per square mile (68.8/km2). There were 872 housing units at an average density of 59.0 per square mile (22.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.85% White, 0.99% African American, 0.61% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.53% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.42% of the population.

There were 854 households, out of which 43.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.5% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.7% were non-families. 10.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.32.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $70,045, and the median income for a family was $75,000. Males had a median income of $45,531 versus $34,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,344. About 0.8% of families and 2.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.7% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Government

Plympton is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the Twelfth Plymouth District, which includes Kingston and portions of Duxbury, Halifax, Middleborough and Plymouth. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Second Plymouth and Bristol District, which includes the city of Brockton and the towns of East Bridgewater, Easton, Halifax, Hanover, Hanson, Plympton, Whitman. The town is patrolled by its own full service Police department.

On the national level, Plympton is a part of Massachusetts's 9th congressional district, and is currently represented by William R. Keating. The state's senior (Class II) member of the United States Senate, elected in 2012, is Elizabeth Warren. The junior (Class I) senator, elected in a special election replacing John Kerry in 2013, is Ed Markey.

Plympton is governed by the open town meeting form of government, led by a board of selectmen. The Town has its own police and fire departments, both of which are headquartered next to the town hall at the center of town. The town's post office is just south of the center of town along Route 58. Adjacent to the town hall on its southern side is the Plympton Public Library, a member of the SAILS Library Network.

## Education

Plympton is a member of the Silver Lake Regional School District, which also includes the towns of Kingston and Halifax. Each town is responsible for its own elementary school, with a middle and high school shared between all three towns. Plympton operates the Dennett Elementary School for students from kindergarten through sixth grade. Both the Silver Lake Regional Middle School and the Silver Lake Regional High School are located in neighboring Kingston. The school's athletics teams are nicknamed the Lakers, and their colors are red and silver. There are no private schools in Plympton.

## InfoBox

| Plympton, Massachusetts | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Town of Plympton | |
| Plympton Historical Society | |
|  | |
| Location in Plymouth County in Massachusetts | |
| Coordinates: 41°57′10″N 70°48′54″W / 41.95278°N 70.81500°W / 41.95278; -70.81500 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Massachusetts |
| County | Plymouth |
| Settled | 1662 |
| Incorporated | 1707 |
| Government | |
| Type | Open town meeting |
| Area | |
| Total | 15.1 sq mi (39.2 km2) |
| Land | 14.8 sq mi (38.3 km2) |
| Water | 0.4 sq mi (0.9 km2) |
| Elevation | 105 ft (32 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,930 |
| Density | 190/sq mi (75/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (Eastern) |
| ZIP code | 02367 |
| Area code | 339 / 781 |
| FIPS code | 25-54415 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0619472 |
| Website | www.town.plympton.ma.us |


title: Pointillé

abstract: Pointillé is a decorative technique in which patterns are formed on a surface by a means of punched dots. The technique is similar to embossing or engraving but is done manually and does not cut into the surface being decorated. Pointillé was commonly used to decorate arms and armor starting in the fifteenth century. The Holy Thorn Reliquary in the British Museum, made in France at the end of the 14th century, has very fine and delicate pointillé work in gold.

text:
# Pointillé

***Pointillé*** is a decorative technique in which patterns are formed on a surface by a means of punched dots. The technique is similar to embossing or engraving but is done manually and does not cut into the surface being decorated. *Pointillé* was commonly used to decorate arms and armor starting in the fifteenth century. The Holy Thorn Reliquary in the British Museum, made in France at the end of the 14th century, has very fine and delicate *pointillé* work in gold.

## Common uses

*Pointillé* is commonly used for intricate binding of hand-made book covers in the seventeenth century, the decoration of metallic arms and armor, and for the decoration of hand-finished firearms.

## Further reading


title: Poetry for the Poisoned

abstract: Poetry for the Poisoned is the ninth studio album by American power metal band Kamelot. It was released on the earMUSIC label, a subdivision of Edel, on September 10, 2010 in Europe, and four days later in North America by the band's own label, KMG Recordings, in conjunction with Knife Fight Media. It is the last Kamelot album with longtime lead vocalist and songwriter Roy Khan who left the band in 2011, and the first with original bass guitarist Sean Tibbetts, who left the band in 1992 prior to any release and returned in 2009 after 17 years. A video was recorded for the song "The Great Pandemonium" and released on the band's official YouTube channel on September 6.

text:
# Poetry for the Poisoned

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Dangerdog |  |
| Darkscene |  |
| Metal Temple |  |
| Metalstorm | (6.9/10) |
| Metalunderground |  |

***Poetry for the Poisoned*** is the ninth studio album by American power metal band Kamelot. It was released on the earMUSIC label, a subdivision of Edel, on September 10, 2010 in Europe, and four days later in North America by the band's own label, KMG Recordings, in conjunction with Knife Fight Media.

It is the last Kamelot album with longtime lead vocalist and songwriter Roy Khan who left the band in 2011, and the first with original bass guitarist Sean Tibbetts, who left the band in 1992 prior to any release and returned in 2009 after 17 years.

A video was recorded for the song "The Great Pandemonium" and released on the band's official YouTube channel on September 6.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Great Pandemonium" (featuring Björn "Speed" Strid) | Roy Khan, Thomas Youngblood | 4:24 |
| 2. | "If Tomorrow Came" | Khan, Sascha Paeth | 3:58 |
| 3. | "Dear Editor" | Khan, Youngblood | 1:18 |
| 4. | "The Zodiac" (featuring Jon Oliva & Amanda Somerville) | Khan, Youngblood, Paeth | 4:00 |
| 5. | "Hunter's Season" (featuring Gus G.) | Khan, Youngblood | 5:34 |
| 6. | "House on a Hill" (featuring Simone Simons) | Khan, Youngblood, Paeth | 4:14 |
| 7. | "Necropolis" | Khan, Youngblood | 4:16 |
| 8. | "My Train of Thoughts" | Khan, Youngblood | 4:08 |
| 9. | "Seal of Woven Years" | Khan, Youngblood | 5:13 |
| 10. | "Poetry for the Poisoned, Pt. I: Incubus" | Khan, Youngblood | 2:57 |
| 11. | "Poetry for the Poisoned, Pt. II: So Long" (featuring Simone Simons) | Khan, Youngblood | 3:24 |
| 12. | "Poetry for the Poisoned, Pt. III: All is Over" (featuring Simone Simons) | Khan, Youngblood | 1:03 |
| 13. | "Poetry for the Poisoned, Pt. IV: Dissection" | Khan, Oliver Palotai | 2:00 |
| 14. | "Once Upon a Time" | Khan, Youngblood | 3:45 |

### Bonus tracks

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15. | "Thespian Drama (instrumental)" (Japanese / vinyl single edition bonus track / iTunes bonus track) | Palotai | 3:46 |
| 16. | "Where the Wild Roses Grow" (featuring Chanty Wunder, EU limited edition bonus track) | Nick Cave | 3:59 |
| 17. | "House on a Hill (uncut version)" (US DVD edition bonus track / 2LP bonus track) | Khan, Youngblood, Paeth | 5:02 |

## Special edition DVD

* "The Great Pandemonium" (video)
* Pick and Play for the song "The Great Pandemonium"
* Live at Norway Rock Festival 2010
* Interviews with each Kamelot member
* Background Images
* "House on a Hill" (uncut version) (US version only)

## Limited tour edition

In 2011, a reissue of *Poetry for the Poisoned* entitled *Poetry for the Poisoned & Live From Wacken: Limited Tour Edition* was released on April 15 in Europe and May 10 in the US. The album was released as a double-disc set, with the first disc featuring *Poetry for the Poisoned* as previously released and the second disc contained 8 live tracks from their show at Wacken Open Air 2010.

### Track listing

**Disc 1**:

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Great Pandemonium" (featuring Björn "Speed" Strid) | Roy Khan, Thomas Youngblood | 4:24 |
| 2. | "If Tomorrow Came" | Khan, Sascha Paeth | 3:58 |
| 3. | "Dear Editor" | Khan, Youngblood | 1:18 |
| 4. | "The Zodiac" (featuring Jon Oliva & Amanda Somerville) | Khan, Youngblood, Paeth | 4:00 |
| 5. | "Hunter's Season" (featuring Gus G.) | Khan, Youngblood | 5:34 |
| 6. | "House on a Hill" (featuring Simone Simons) | Khan, Youngblood, Paeth | 4:14 |
| 7. | "Necropolis" | Khan, Youngblood | 4:16 |
| 8. | "My Train of Thoughts" | Khan, Youngblood | 4:08 |
| 9. | "Seal of Woven Years" | Khan, Youngblood | 5:13 |
| 10. | "Poetry for the Poisoned, Pt. I: Incubus" | Khan, Youngblood | 2:57 |
| 11. | "Poetry for the Poisoned, Pt. II: So Long" (featuring Simone Simons) | Khan, Youngblood | 3:24 |
| 12. | "Poetry for the Poisoned, Pt. III: All Is Over" (featuring Amanda Somerville) | Khan, Youngblood | 1:03 |
| 13. | "Poetry for the Poisoned, Pt. IV: Dissection" | Khan, Oliver Palotai | 2:00 |
| 14. | "Once Upon a Time" | Khan, Youngblood | 3:45 |
| 15. | "Where the Wild Roses Grow" (featuring Chanty Wunder) | Nick Cave | 4:51 |

**Disc 2 – Live from Wacken Open Air 2010**:

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Great Pandemonium" | Khan, Youngblood | 4:28 |
| 2. | "Human Stain" | Kamelot | 4:24 |
| 3. | "Center of the Universe" | Kamelot | 5:37 |
| 4. | "Pendulous Fall" | Kamelot | 3:57 |
| 5. | "Hunter's Season" | Khan, Youngblood | 5:16 |
| 6. | "Karma" | Khan, Youngblood | 5:27 |
| 7. | "Forever" | Khan, Youngblood | 10:14 |
| 8. | "March of Mephisto" | Kamelot | 7:31 |

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums Chart | 57 |
| Belgian Albums Chart | 40 |
| Canadian Albums Chart | 11 |
| Dutch Albums Chart | 43 |
| Finnish Albums Chart | 21 |
| French Albums Chart | 54 |
| German Albums Chart | 32 |
| Greek Albums Chart | 24 |
| Italian Albums Chart | 57 |
| Japanese Albums Chart | 55 |
| Norwegian Albums Chart | 7 |
| Swedish Albums Chart | 23 |
| Swiss Albums Chart | 48 |
| UK Albums Chart | 155 |
| US Billboard Top 200 | 72 |
| US Billboard Hard Rock Albums | 6 |
| US Billboard Independent Albums | 15 |

## Personnel

Credits for *Poetry for the Poisoned* adapted from liner notes.

**Kamelot**

**Additional personnel**

* Simone Simons – vocals on "House on a Hill" and "Poetry for the Poisoned, Pt. II–III"
* Björn "Speed" Stridscreams on "The Great Pandemonium"
* Jon Oliva – vocals on "The Zodiac"
* Gus G. – guitar solo on "Hunter's Season"
* Amanda Somerville – choir vocals on "Poetry for the Poisoned, Pt. I-IV" and vocals on "The Zodiac"
* Chanty Wunder – female vocals on "Where the Wild Roses Grow"
* Robert Hunecke-Rizzo – backing vocals
* Simon Oberender – backing vocals
* Thomas Rettke – backing vocals
* Cloudy Yang – backing vocals

**Production**

* Sascha Paeth – additional guitars, mixing, mastering, engineering
* Miro – additional keyboards, orchestrations, engineering
* Seth Siro Anton – cover art, artwork
* Michał Loranc – additional artwork, layout
* Natalie Shau – additional artwork
* Alexandra Dekimpe – additional artwork
* Rachel Youngblood – additional artwork

## InfoBox

| Poetry for the Poisoned | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art by Seth Siro Anton | |
| Studio album by Kamelot | |
| Released | September 10, 2010 |
| Recorded | 2009–2010 |
| Studio | Gate Studios, Wolfsburg, Germany |
| Genre | Progressive metal, heavy metal, power metal |
| Length | 50:04 |
| Label | Marquee/Avalon (Japan), Edel Music (Europe), Knife Fight Media / KMG Recordings (North America) |
| Producer | Sascha Paeth and Miro |
| Kamelot chronology | |
| *Ghost Opera*
(2007) ***Poetry for the Poisoned***
(2010) *Silverthorn*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Reissue cover | |
|  | |
| *Live from Wacken – Limited Tour Edition* reissue cover (2011) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Poetry for the Poisoned* | |
| 1. "The Great Pandemonium"
Released: 11 October 2010 2. "Hunter's Season"
Released: 30 June 2011 3. "Necropolis"
Released: 21 November 2011 | |
|  | |


title: Podhradík

abstract: Podhradík is a village and municipality in Prešov District in the Prešov Region of eastern Slovakia.

text:
# Podhradík

**Podhradík** is a village and municipality in Prešov District in the Prešov Region of eastern Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1427.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 441 metres and covers an area of 10.56 km2 (4.08 sq mi) (2020-06-30/-07-01).

1. "Statistic of Slovak places by Dušan Kreheľ – Export". Retrieved 5 July 2021.

49°01′N 21°21′E / 49.017°N 21.350°E / 49.017; 21.350


title: Polar body

abstract: A polar body is a small haploid cell that is formed at the same time as an egg cell during oogenesis, but generally does not have the ability to be fertilized. It is named from its polar position in the egg. When certain diploid cells in animals undergo cytokinesis after meiosis to produce egg cells, they sometimes divide unevenly. Most of the cytoplasm is segregated into one daughter cell, which becomes the egg or ovum, while the smaller polar bodies only get a small amount of cytoplasm. They frequently die and disintegrate by apoptosis, but in some cases remain and can be important in the life cycle of the organism.

text:
# Polar body

A **polar body** is a small haploid cell that is formed at the same time as an egg cell during oogenesis, but generally does not have the ability to be fertilized. It is named from its polar position in the egg.

When certain diploid cells in animals undergo cytokinesis after meiosis to produce egg cells, they sometimes divide unevenly. Most of the cytoplasm is segregated into one daughter cell, which becomes the egg or ovum, while the smaller *polar bodies* only get a small amount of cytoplasm. They frequently die and disintegrate by apoptosis, but in some cases remain and can be important in the life cycle of the organism.

## Twinning

*Polar body twinning* is a hypothesized form of twinning in meiosis, where one or more polar bodies do not disintegrate and are fertilized by sperm.

Twinning would occur, in principle, if the egg cell and a polar body were both fertilized by separate sperms. However, even if fertilization occurred, further development would usually not occur because the zygote formed by the fusion of the sperm and polar body would not have enough cytoplasm or stored nutrients to feed the developing embryo.

Polar bodies were first reported in 1824 by Carus in gastropods, but their role was not clarified until the work of Butschli in 1875, Giard in 1876, and finally Hertwig in 1877. These structures were often confused with egg fragments or expelled yolk masses, but were eventually referred to as directional bodies (or Richtungskörper), a term implying the place where the maturation divisions start. The common names "polocytes" and "polar bodies" derive from their polar position in the eggs. Polar bodies were characterized in the early 20th century, by O. Hertwig, T. Boveri, and E.L. Mark, as non-functioning egg cells which disintegrated because the spermatozoon, with rare exceptions, could not fertilize them and instead chemically triggered their dissolution.

Polar bodies serve to eliminate one half of the diploid chromosome set produced by meiotic division in the egg, leaving behind a haploid cell. To produce the polar bodies, the cell must divide asymmetrically, which is fueled by furrowing (formation of a trench) near a particular point on the cell membrane. The presence of chromosomes induces the formation of an actomyosin cortical cap, a myosin II ring structure and a set of spindle fibers, the rotation of which promotes invagination at the edge of the cell membrane and splits the polar body away from the oocyte.

Meiotic errors can lead to aneuploidy in the polar bodies, which, in the majority of cases, produces an aneuploid zygote. Errors can occur during either of the two meiotic divisions that produce each polar body, but are more pronounced if they occur during the formation of the first polar body, because the formation of the first polar body influences the chromosomal makeup of the second. For example, predivision (the separation of chromatids before anaphase) in the first polar body can induce the formation of an aneuploid polar body. Therefore, the formation of the first polar body is an especially important factor in forming a healthy zygote.

However, chromosomally abnormal polar bodies are not guaranteed to induce the development of an abnormal zygote. A euploid zygote can be produced if the aneuploidy is reciprocal: one polar body has an extra chromosome and the other lacks the same chromosome (see also uniparental disomy). If the extra chromosome is absorbed into a polar body rather than being passed into the oocyte, trisomy can be averted. Whether this is a chance event or is some way influenced by the microenvironment is unclear. In at least one case, this euploid zygote has been traced through development to birth as a healthy child with a normal chromosome count.

## Medical applications

A *polar body biopsy* is the sampling of a polar body of an oocyte. After sampling of a polar body, subsequent analysis can be used to predict viability and pregnancy chance of the oocyte, as well as the future health of a person resulting from such a pregnancy. The latter use makes it a form of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). Compared to a blastocyst biopsy, a polar body biopsy can potentially be of lower costs, less harmful side-effects, and more sensitive in detecting abnormalities. The main advantage of the use of polar bodies in PGD is that they are not necessary for successful fertilisation or normal embryonic development, thus ensuring no deleterious effect for the embryo.

One of the disadvantages of PB biopsy is that it only provides information about the maternal contribution to the embryo, which is why cases of autosomal dominant and X-linked disorders that are maternally transmitted can be diagnosed, and autosomal recessive disorders can only partially be diagnosed. Another drawback is the increased risk of diagnostic error, for instance due to the degradation of the genetic material or events of recombination that lead to heterozygous first polar bodies.

## Parthenogenesis

In some species, the polar body may re-merge with the egg cell. This can result in a viable embryo that has only one parent, a process called parthenogenesis.

## Additional images


title: Volvo Masters of Asia

abstract: The Volvo Masters of Asia was the final event of the season on golf's Asian Tour until 2008. It was first played in 2002 and the field was originally restricted to the top 60 players on the Asian Tour's Order of Merit, increasing to 65 in the final year. In 2006 the prize fund went up to US$650,000 and in 2007 and 2008 to US$750,000. Even though it is not close to being the richest tournament on the Asian Tour, the Volvo Masters of Asia was the tour's designated "Premier Event" for Official World Golf Ranking purposes, with a minimum winner's point allocation set at 20, regardless of the strength of the field. The winner also received a Waterford crystal vase.

text:
# Volvo Masters of Asia

The **Volvo Masters of Asia** was the final event of the season on golf's Asian Tour until 2008.

It was first played in 2002 and the field was originally restricted to the top 60 players on the Asian Tour's Order of Merit, increasing to 65 in the final year.

In 2006 the prize fund went up to US$650,000 and in 2007 and 2008 to US$750,000. Even though it is not close to being the richest tournament on the Asian Tour, the Volvo Masters of Asia was the tour's designated "Premier Event" for Official World Golf Ranking purposes, with a minimum winner's point allocation set at 20, regardless of the strength of the field. The winner also received a Waterford crystal vase.

## Tournament hosts

* 2002–2004 Kota Permai Golf and Country Club in Malaysia
* 2003 Bangkok Golf Club in Thailand
* 2005–2008 Thai Country Club in Thailand

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of
victory | Runner(s)-up |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *Cancelled due to lack of sponsorship* | | | | |
| 2008 | Lam Chih Bing | 274 | −14 | 3 strokes | Chapchai Nirat |
| 2007 | Prayad Marksaeng | 275 | −13 | 1 stroke | Chris Rodgers |
| 2006 | Thongchai Jaidee (2) | 277 | −11 | 1 stroke | Frankie Miñoza |
| 2005 | Shiv Kapur | 268 | −20 | 2 strokes | Jyoti Randhawa |
| 2004 | Jyoti Randhawa | 274 | −14 | Playoff | Terry Pilkadaris |
| 2003 | Thongchai Jaidee | 265 | −19 | 1 stroke | Lin Keng-chi |
| 2002 | Kevin Na | 272 | −16 | 2 strokes | Craig Kamps
Anthony Kang
Arjun Singh
Simon Yates |

## InfoBox

Volvo Masters of Asia
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Bangkok, Thailand |
| Established | 2002 |
| Course(s) | Thai Country Club |
| Par | 72 |
| Length | 6,997 yards (6,398 m) |
| Tour(s) | Asian Tour |
| Format | Stroke play |
| Prize fund | US$750,000 |
| Month played | December |
| Final year | 2008 |
| Tournament record score | |
| Aggregate | 265 Thongchai Jaidee (2003) |
| To par | −20 Shiv Kapur (2005) |
| Final champion | |
| Lam Chih Bing | |
| Location map | |
| Thai CCLocation in Thailand | |


title: Osmin purple basil

abstract: Osmin purple basil is a cultivar of Ocimum basilicum with dark purple leaves. It is distinguished from other purple basil varieties by smaller, darker. It has the darkest leaves of any purple basil variety. The plant averages a height of 50 centimetres (20 in) and is grown in sunny or partially sunny environments. It is a flower.

text:
# Osmin purple basil

**Osmin purple basil** is a cultivar of *Ocimum basilicum* (sweet basil) with dark purple leaves. It is distinguished from other purple basil varieties by smaller, darker. It has the darkest leaves of any purple basil variety. The plant averages a height of 50 centimetres (20 in) and is grown in sunny or partially sunny environments.

It is a flower.

## InfoBox

| *Basil* Osmin Purple | |
| --- | --- |
| Species | *Ocimum basilicum* |
| Cultivar | Osmin Purple |


title: Woodrow McClain Parker

abstract: Woodrow McClain "Max" Parker is an American educator, mental health counselor, and author with a focus on multicultural counseling, training, and consultation. Prior to his retirement in 2016, was a professor of counselor education and as a mental health counselor in the Counseling and Wellness Center at the University of Florida. He provided consultation services on diversity and race relations for schools, colleges, and a variety of community agencies throughout the United States. Parker has authored, co-authored, and contributed to several published works.

text:
# Woodrow McClain Parker

**Woodrow McClain "Max" Parker** (born April 23, 1941) is an American educator, mental health counselor, and author with a focus on multicultural counseling, training, and consultation. Prior to his retirement in 2016, was a professor of counselor education and as a mental health counselor in the Counseling and Wellness Center at the University of Florida. He provided consultation services on diversity and race relations for schools, colleges, and a variety of community agencies throughout the United States. Parker has authored, co-authored, and contributed to several published works.

## Early life and education

Parker was born in the small, rural, and segregated town of Atmore, Alabama on April 23, 1941. He is the fourth of five children born to Mark and Nellie Parker.

Parker attended the Escambia County Training School from the first through the twelfth grade. As a teenager, Parker labored as a migrant worker. He picked cotton, harvested potatoes, and cut corn to earn money to buy clothes and to help his family with basic necessities.

Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in English from Stillman College in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He furthered his education with a Master of Science degree in Counselor Education from the University of South Florida in 1971 and earned a PhD in Counselor Education and Mental Health from the University of Florida in 1975.

## Career

Parker worked as a professor in the Counselor Education Department at the University of Florida for 19 years and as a mental health counselor in the student health care center. He has disseminated his research findings in numerous books and journals and received the "Most Prolific Contributor Award" for his work published in the *Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development*. He has collaborated with various school districts and consulted with various colleges and universities. Parker also conducted group discussions and research in West Africa and Puerto Rico. In 1996, he received two university-wide awards for excellence in teaching and research.

Parker's books include *Consciousness-Raising: A Primer for Multicultural Counseling* (three editions), *Multicultural Relations on Campus: A Personal Growth Approach*, *Images of Me: A Guide to Group Work with African American Women*, and *Becoming Multiculturally Responsible on Campus: From Awareness to Action*. His memoir, *The Real Education of Sweet Papa T*, and *The Mask Wearing Journey of Sweet Papa T*, inspired by Paul Laurence Dunbar's poem "We Wear the Mask."

Parker was awarded the 2010 Lifetime Achievement Award, presented by the University of Florida College of Education and the Lifetime Service Award to the counseling profession from the Florida Counseling Association.

## Personal life

Parker is married to Sylvia Brandon Parker. He is an avid cyclist and has trained and completed the New York, Boston, Marine Corps, and Ocala Marathons.

## Awards and honors

* Named the "Most Prolific Contributor" to the AMCD Journal (1982 – 1987)
* Presented the Lifetime Achievement Award by the University of Florida, College of Education (2010)
* Inducted into the Atmore Area Hall of Fame for Educational Achievement (2011)
* Florida Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (FAMCD) established the Max Parker Award for Multicultural Excellence (2013)

## Bibliography

### Books (authored)

* *Consciousness-Raising: A Primer for Multicultural Counseling* (Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd; third edition, 2006) ISBN 9780398076801
* *The Real Education of Sweet Papa T*, a memoir by Woodrow "Max" Parker (Bookends Press, 2017) ISBN 9781938315671
* *The Mask Wearing Journey of Sweet Papa T*: *Why African American Men Hide Their Feelings* (Bookends Press/Renaissance Printing, 2021) ISBN 9781953166098

### Books (co-authored)

* *Multicultural Relations on Campus: A Personal Growth Approach*, (Routledge 1992) ISBN 9781559590334
* *Images of Me: A Guide to Group Work with African American Women*, (Allyn & Bacon; 1997) ISBN 9780205171842
* *Becoming Multiculturally Responsible on Campus: From Awareness to Action* (Cengage Learning; 2007) ISBN 9780618492947

## InfoBox

| Woodrow McClain Parker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1941-04-23) April 23, 1941<br>Atmore, Alabama. U.S. |
| Education |  |
| Occupations |  |


title: Rogelio Sánchez González

abstract: Rogelio Sánchez González was a Mexican prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Sánchez González was born in San José de Gracia, Michoacán, Mexico. Sánchez González ordained a priest on March 25, 1944. Sánchez González was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Colima on July 23, 1972, and ordained bishop on October 4, 1972. Sánchez González would resign as bishop of Colima on February 8, 1980. Bishop Rogelio Sanchez Gonzalez died December 22, 2011, at San Jose de Gracia, Michoacan.

text:
# Rogelio Sánchez González

**Rogelio Sánchez González** (23 April 1921 – 22 December 2011) was a Mexican prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

Sánchez González was born in San José de Gracia, Michoacán, Mexico. Sánchez González ordained a priest on March 25, 1944. Sánchez González was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Colima on July 23, 1972, and ordained bishop on October 4, 1972. Sánchez González would resign as bishop of Colima on February 8, 1980. Bishop Rogelio Sanchez Gonzalez died December 22, 2011, at San Jose de Gracia, Michoacan.

## InfoBox

| Rogelio Sánchez González | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Diocese of Colima | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| See | Diocese of Colima |
| In office | 1972 - 1980 |
| Predecessor | Leonardo Viera Contreras |
| Successor | José Fernández Arteaga |
| Previous post(s) | Prelate |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | March 25, 1944 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1921-04-23)23 April 1921<br>San José de Gracia, Mexico |
| Died | 22 December 2011(2011-12-22) (aged 90) |


title: Nebula Winners Fifteen

abstract: Nebula Winners Fifteen is an anthology of award-winning science fiction short works edited by Frank Herbert. It was first published in hardcover by Harper & Row in April 1981. The first British edition was published in hardcover by W. H. Allen in April 1982. Paperback editions followed from Star in the U.K. in January 1983 and Bantam Books in the U.S. in March 1983.

text:
# Nebula Winners Fifteen

***Nebula Winners Fifteen*** is an anthology of award-winning science fiction short works edited by Frank Herbert. It was first published in hardcover by Harper & Row in April 1981. The first British edition was published in hardcover by W. H. Allen in April 1982. Paperback editions followed from Star in the U.K. in January 1983 and Bantam Books in the U.S. in March 1983.

## Summary

The book collects pieces that won or were nominated for the Nebula Awards for novella, novelette and short story for the year 1980 and a few other pieces related to the awards, together with an introduction by the editor and appendices. Not all nominees for the various awards are included.

## Contents

## Reception

Tom Staicar in *Amazing*, after briefly detailing the contents, summed up the anthology as a "must-buy collection each year."

The anthology was also reviewed by Theodore Sturgeon in *Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone Magazine*, August 1981, Ian Watson in *Foundation* #23, October 1981, and Martyn Taylor in *Paperback Inferno* v. 7, no. 3, 1983.

## Awards

The anthology placed twenty-sixth in the 1982 Locus Poll Award for Best Anthology.

## InfoBox

Nebula Winners Fifteen
| First edition (US) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | edited by Frank Herbert |
| Cover artist | Egon Lauterberg |
| Language | English |
| Series | The Nebula Awards |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Publisher | Harper & Row 1981 (US)<br>W. H. Allen 1982 (UK) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Pages | xiv, 223 |
| ISBN | 0-06-014830-6 |
| Preceded by | *Nebula Winners Fourteen* |
| Followed by | *Nebula Award Stories Sixteen* |


title: Leigri

abstract: Leigri is a village in Hiiumaa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia. As of 2011, it has a population of 1.

text:
# Leigri

**Leigri** is a village in Hiiumaa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia. As of 2011, it has a population of 1.

## InfoBox

| Leigri | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Leigri | |
| Coordinates: 58°53′N 22°36′E / 58.883°N 22.600°E / 58.883; 22.600 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Hiiu County |
| Parish | Hiiumaa Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


abstract: The Armenian Catholic Ordinariate of Eastern Europe is an Ordinariate (quasi-diocese) of the Armenian Catholic Church for its faithful in certain Eastern European ex-Soviet countries without proper Ordinary for their particular church sui iuris. It is exempt, i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See, not part of any ecclesiastical province.

text:
# Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe

The **Armenian Catholic Ordinariate of Eastern Europe** is an Ordinariate (quasi-diocese) of the Armenian Catholic Church (Eastern Catholic, Armenian Rite in Armenian language) for its faithful in certain Eastern European ex-Soviet countries without proper Ordinary for their particular church *sui iuris*.

It is exempt, i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See (notably the Roman Congregation for the Oriental Churches), not part of any ecclesiastical province.

## History

Between 1720 and 1760 large communities of Armenian Catholic refugees from Turkey and Persia settled in the territory of the North Caucasus. The flow of Armenian immigrants to Christian Russia increased with the Armenian genocide executed by the Turkish authorities, especially since the late nineteenth century. Some of the faithful were able to take refuge in southern Armenia and Georgia. From 1907 in Krasnodar there was a special vicar for priests of the Armenian Catholic rite. In 1760 the Catholics in Astrakhan were 1/5 of the population of the city and they had a parish. Armenian Catholic communities were established in Astrakhan, Voronezh, Penza, Rostov-on-Don, Saratov, Samara and Tsaritsyn.

Another region of mass residence of Armenian Catholics was Georgia, in Ajaltsije, Ajalkalaki, Bogdanovsky and Chirac. In 1848 the Diocese of Tiraspol was created with headquarters in Saratov, to which the Armenian Catholic parishes were added in Russian territory as a dean. In 1850 Pope Pius IX established an Armenian eparchy of Artvin for the Catholic Armenian faithful of the Ottoman Empire and Russia. In 1878 Russia occupied all the territory of this eparchy and, by decision of the authorities, subjected its parishes to the Latin eparchy of Tiraspol. However, this situation was not recognized by Rome until 1912, but the eparchy of Artvin formally continued to exist until 1972.

In 1909 the pope appointed Sarkis Der Aprahamian as apostolic administrator for Armenian Catholics, as a formal part of Artvin's non-existent eparchy. In the 7 ecclesiastical districts of the administration there were 86 parishes: Alexandropol or Gyumri (16 parishes), Lori (6 parishes), Ajalkalaki (12 parishes), Ajaltsije (17 parishes), Artvin (17 parishes), Karin (12 parishes) and Crimea (6 parishes).

The current Armenian Catholic community in the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine arose during the Armenian emigration from Turkey after the peace treaties at the end of the First World War. With the fall of the communist regime, which had almost suppressed the Armenian Catholic Church in the Soviet Union, on 13 July 1991, Pope John Paul II established the Ordinariate for the faithful of the Armenian rite who live in countries of Eastern Europe (except Poland, Romania and Greece) for Armenian Catholics in the former Soviet republics of Armenia, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine. The priest of the Mekhitarist Order, Nerses Der Nersessian, was appointed first ordinary and consecrated bishop on 17 November 1992.

### Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Lviv and its incorporation to ordinariate

In 1630 in Lviv the Armenian Apostolic Archbishop Mikołaj Torosowicz united his Church with the Catholic Church and received the Metropolitan title of Archbishop of Poland, Moldavia and Wallachia of the Armenian Archdiocese of Lviv. It existed until its suppression by the Soviet communist authorities in 1945 in the areas of western Ukraine that had belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and were annexed by the Soviet Union at the end of the Second World War. The faithful were transferred to Siberia or took refuge in Poland and the bishop died in prison. After the end of communism the archeparchy was not revived - although it was not suppressed, its cathedral of the Assumption of Mary was delivered by the Government to the Armenian Apostolic Church and its territory incorporated into the Ordinariate.

## Territory and statistics

The ordinariate includes the jurisdiction over all Armenian Catholics in Armenia, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine. The Cathedral of the Holy Martyrs in Gyumri, northwest of Armenia, is the cathedral episcopal see of the ordinariate.

In Russia, the faithful of the Armenian Catholic Church live mainly in the southern regions of the country and in large cities: Pskov, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Sochi, Irkutsk, Omsk, Ulan Ude and Chita. Because of the lack of their own Armenian Catholic hierarchy and clergymen, the faithful of the Armenian Catholic Church mostly visit the Latin parishes. In every Latin eparchies of Russia, there are clergymen (mostly Armenians) who are ordained by the Ordinariate of Eastern Europe with jurisdiction over the faithful of the Armenian Catholic Church residing in these Latin dioceses. In Moscow there is the "Parish of St. Grigor the Illuminator", whose services are performed in the Latin Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception.

Also in Ukraine, due to the smallness of the Armenian clergy, the communities are often entrusted to the Latin-rite clergy.

In Georgia there is the parish of Saint Gregory the Illuminator in Tbilisi.

In 2016, there were 618,000 believers in 44 parishes. Especially in Russia and Ukraine, the faithful are entrusted to the Latin priests because of their small number.

## Ordinaries

Ordinaries of East Europe (Armenian Rite)

## InfoBox

| Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Armenia, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine |
| Statistics | |
| Population
- Catholics | (as of 2016)
618,000 |
| Parishes | 44 |
| Information | |
| Rite | Armenian Rite |
| Established | 13 July 1991 |
| Cathedral | Cathedral of the Holy Martyrs, Gyumri |
| Current leadership | |
| Pope | Francis |
| Patriarch | Raphaël Bedros XXI Minassian |
| Bishop | Kevork Noradounguian, I.C.P.B. |
| Apostolic Administrator | Fr. Mikael Bassalé, I.C.P.B. |


title: National Trust for Jersey

abstract: The National Trust for Jersey is a charitable organisation which aims at preserving and safeguarding sites of historic, aesthetic and natural interest in Jersey. The trust held its first formal meeting, headed by the Dean of Jersey, Samuel Falle, on 3 August 1936, and was incorporated in the following year by the States of Jersey. The trust is now the island's largest private land owner, caring for over 130 sites.

text:
# National Trust for Jersey

The **National Trust for Jersey** is a charitable organisation which aims at preserving and safeguarding sites of historic, aesthetic and natural interest in Jersey.

The trust held its first formal meeting, headed by the Dean of Jersey, Samuel Falle, on 3 August 1936, and was incorporated in the following year by the States of Jersey. The trust is now the island's largest private land owner, caring for over 130 sites.

## Farms

The trust owns several farms which are of historic interest, some of these are described below.

### The Elms

The Elms is a former 18th-century farm, in St. Peter's Valley, which has been the trust's headquarters since 1978.

It is not operated as a museum, but some areas are normally open to visitors.

### Hamptonne

Hamptonne is a country life museum in the parish of St. Lawrence, and was purchased by the trust in 1987. The museum is operated by Jersey Heritage.

The earliest records indicate that a building was located here in 1445.

In 2005, much of the Ecosse Films drama *Under the Greenwood Tree* was filmed here.

The museum is open to the public, from June to September. In October, it becomes the venue for La Faîs'sie d’Cidre (a cider making festival).

### Morel Farm

This working farm is located in St. Lawrence. Some structures here were built in 1666.

## Mills

Le Moulin de Quétivel, a restored watermill which is open to the public and grinds flour for sale in its shop.

## Military buildings

The trust owns a number of former military buildings in Jersey. Some of these are listed here.

### Câtel Fort

Câtel Fort is an 18th-century guardhouse, situated overlooking Grève de Lecq Bay.

### Grève de Lecq Barracks

In 1810, construction of Grève de Lecq Barracks was started, and a garrison was stationed here until the 1920s. It was able to house up to 250 troops.

The barrack buildings, located in St Mary, have been restored and are open to the public from May to September.

### La Caumine à Marie Best

Le Don Hilton or La Caumine à Marie Best is a former guard house and gunpowder magazine in St. Ouen's Bay, St. Peter.

### Victoria Tower

Victoria Tower is a Martello tower built in 1837, and located on Le Mont Nicholas opposite Mont Orgueil. It overlooks Anne Port on the north side and Gorey on the south.

## Cottages

### La Ronce

La Ronce is a two-story 17th-century granite cottage which is listed as a Site of Special Interest (pSSI). The stone above the doorway has been incised with what appears to be the year 1621.

The building has had further additions made, probably during the 18th century.

In 2012, a 99-year lease on the property was made available to purchase from the trust.

## Natural environment

### Jersey Wetland Centre

In 2012, plans were submitted to improve facilities at the wetland area known as St. Ouen's Pond, in St. Ouen. The plans include a substantial upgrade of the existing bird hide. The costs are estimated to be £102,000, and funded by the Tourism Development Fund (States of Jersey) and the RBC Blue Water Project (Royal Bank of Canada).

### Le Noir Pré

Le Noir Pré comprises two adjacent wet meadows, also known as the orchid fields because the *Orchis laxiflora* can be found growing here. The Channel Islands are the only place in the British Isles where this orchid can be seen, normally during May and June.

### Les Monts Grantez

This is an elevated area which overlooks St Ouen's bay, it features the Neolithic dolmen des Monts Grantez, pedestrian footpaths, grazing areas for cattle, and car parking.

The site is used as a venue for the trust's annual Sunset Concert.

### La Vallée des Vaux

La Vallée des Vaux is a woodland valley which lies in the north of St Helier, parts of which are owned by the trust.

### Fern Valley

Fern Valley is a Y-shaped valley in the parish of St Lawrence. Wildlife found here includes red squirrels and Jersey tiger moths (*Euplagia quadripunctaria*).

## InfoBox

National Trust for Jersey
|
|  |
| Formation | 11 February 1937 (1937-02-11) |
| Type | NGO |
| Purpose | Preserving and safeguarding sites of historic, aesthetic and natural interest for the benefit of the island. |
| Headquarters | The Elms, St. Mary |
| Location |  |
| Official language | English |
| Chief executive | Charles Alluto |
| Key people | King Charles III (patron) |
| Website | www.nationaltrust.je |


title: Polish Baltic Philharmonic

abstract: Polish Baltic F. Chopin Philharmonic in Gdańsk is a concert hall located in Ołowianka, Gdańsk.

text:
# Polish Baltic Philharmonic

**Polish Baltic F. Chopin Philharmonic** in Gdańsk (full name in Polish: *Polska Filharmonia Bałtycka im. Fryderyka Chopina w Gdańsku*) is a concert hall located in Ołowianka, Gdańsk.

## History

Polish Baltic F. Chopin Philharmonic was founded in 1945 as Gdańsk Symphony Orchestra. The inaugural concert took place on September 29 in Sopot. In 1949 it changed its name to Polish Baltic Philharmonic. In 1953 it was combined with opera department and changed into Polish Baltic Opera and Philharmonic (POiFB). After forming a new symphony orchestra in 1974, Baltic Philharmonic was transformed into independent Polish Baltic F. Chopin Philharmonic in 1993.

Prof. Roman Perucki, the artistic director of Polish Baltic F. Chopin Philharmonic in Gdańsk, is a well-known organ virtuoso as well as the winner of numerous international prizes. He performs all over the world and is considered to be the founder of the International Organ Music Festival at the Oliwa Cathedral, which is Poland's oldest festival of its kind.

In September 2008, Kai Bumann became the new artistic director of the F. Chopin Baltic Philharmonic. Berlin-born, he was previously the artistic director of the Kraków Opera during the 1997/1998 season.

## Building

The building, which houses the Baltic Philharmonic Hall today was constructed in 1897-1898 as a power station with a neo-Gothic façade.

The seat of the Polish Baltic Philharmonic is a complex of buildings at the former plant of the late nineteenth century, located on the island of Ołowianka in Gdańsk. After the plant was closed in 1996, it was subsequently adapted between 1996 and 2005 as a concert hall.

This urban power station was built between 1897 and 1898 by the Berlin firm of Siemens & Halske, with further expansion continuing through 1913. This brick building with its elegant neo-Gothic façade is decorated with rosettes, turrets and even two tower. During the final months of World War II, the complex suffered severe damage. Launched back in August 1945 the power plant operated until its closure in 1996. The reconstruction, development and adaptation of these buildings was done by the architectural studio of Martin Kozikowski and KD Kozikowski Design. The Baltic Philharmonic is composed of seven segments, including:

* the main concert hall of 1,000 seats
* chamber music hall for 200 seats
* two multi-purpose halls
* foyer (exhibition room, 808 sq ft)
* hotel for 60

In 2007, a bronze bust of Frédéric Chopin, the patron of the Baltic Philharmonic, by sculptor Gennady Jerszow was placed in the Philharmonic.

### Main concert hall

Main concert hall has 1,000 seats. Its acoustics designed by Witold Straszewicz along with Eve Więckowska-Kosmala. It is equipped with the latest lighting and sound system, simultaneous interpretation, hearing assistance system and a system of static and dynamic projection. A specially designed movable ceiling screens and room finishes allow for easy customization of acoustics. It also operates a modern system combines fiber allowing radio and television broadcasts. The main auditorium has 1,100 seats.

The Philharmonic was the venue for the Wikimania 2010 international conference.

1. "Historia Filharmonii" (in Polish). Retrieved 6 February 2022.
2. "Historia Filharmonii" (in Polish). Retrieved 6 February 2022.
3. "Historia Filharmonii" (in Polish). Retrieved 6 February 2022.

54°21′10″N 18°39′35″E / 54.3527°N 18.6596°E / 54.3527; 18.6596


title: Mała Wieś, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Mała Więś is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wieliczka, within Wieliczka County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Wieliczka and 15 km (9 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

text:
# Mała Wieś, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

**Mała Więś** \[ˈmawa ˈvjɛ̃ɕ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wieliczka, within Wieliczka County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Wieliczka and 15 km (9 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

## InfoBox

| Mała Więś | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mała Więś | |
| Coordinates: 50°0′N 20°7′E / 50.000°N 20.117°E / 50.000; 20.117 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Wieliczka |
| Gmina | Wieliczka |


title: Eucalyptus angustissima

abstract: Eucalyptus angustissima, or narrow-leaved mallee, is a small tree that is native to the south of Western Australia. Distribution is scattered in southern coastal and subcoastal areas. The tree is endemic to Western Australia.

text:
# Eucalyptus angustissima

***Eucalyptus angustissima***, or **narrow-leaved mallee**, is a small tree that is native to the south of Western Australia. Distribution is scattered in southern coastal and subcoastal areas. The tree is endemic to Western Australia.

## Description

It is a mallee eucalyptus that grows from about 1 to 4 metres in height. The bark is smooth or matt, mottled grey and very white/grey or light grey-brown. Its juvenile leaves are 4.5 to 8 cm long and 0.3 to 0.4 cm wide The adult leaves are 7 to 11.5 cm long and very narrow (0.15 to 0.3 cm wide). The buds occur in clusters of up to 7 and are followed by creamy-white flowers that appear between August and January and hemispherical fruits 0.5 to 0.8 cm wide. The crown is often very dense and not immediately recognisable as a eucalypt.

There are two recognised subspecies:

* *Eucalyptus angustissima* subsp.*angustissima*
* *Eucalyptus angustissima* subsp. *quaerenda*

## Taxonomy

First described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in his series of papers *Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae* in 1863 from samples collected by George Maxwell near Point Maxwell. *E. angustissima* subsp. *quaerenda* was described in the journal *Telopea* in 1992 by L.A.S.Johnson and K.D.Hill from samples collected by Johnson and Maxwell from near Lake Chinocup.

## Distribution

The species is often on saline flats or around saltpans or on sandhills. It will grow in white or grey sands, clay, loam, sometimes saline soils in scrubland or woodland areas.

## InfoBox

| Narrow-leaved mallee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. angustissima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus angustissima***
F.Muell. | |
|
|  | |
| *E. angustissima*, field distribution | |


abstract: The Ordinariate for Eastern (Rite) Catholics in France is a Catholic Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful, jointly for Eastern Catholics in various rites and languages of particular churches sui iuris without proper jurisdiction there. It is exempt, i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See, and depends directly on its Dicastery for the Eastern Churches.

text:
# Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in France

The **Ordinariate for Eastern (Rite) Catholics in France** (or **France of the Eastern Rite**) (French: *Ordinariat des catholiques de rite oriental résidant en France*) is a Catholic Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful (pseudo-diocesan jurisdiction within a Latin Church territory), jointly for Eastern Catholics in various rites and languages of particular churches *sui iuris* without proper jurisdiction there.

It is exempt, i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See, and depends directly on its Dicastery for the Eastern Churches.

## History

Since 1922 existed in the archdiocese of Paris a diocesan administration for the strangers, which was placed under the authority of an auxiliary bishop. The high number of Middle Eastern immigrants had imposed on the archbishop, in December 1953, the creation of 8 eastern parishes in Paris. The question, however, did not concern only the French capital, but the entire national territory; in fact, according to the 1954 census, approximately 50,000 Catholics belonging to the various Eastern rites resided permanently in France. At the beginning of 1954, the Episcopal commission for foreigners elaborated a report on the situation of the Orientals in France and on the opportunity to create a "coordination" between them.

These considerations prompted the Holy See to erect the ordinariate for the faithful of the Eastern rite on July 27, 1954 with the decree Nobilis Galliae Natio of the Congregation for the Eastern Churches, which implemented an ex audientia decision of the Pope Pius XII of June 16. The ordinary office is entrusted to the archbishop pro tempore of Paris, with the right to appoint one or more vicars general for the eastern faithful.

The ordinariate lost its jurisdiction over three Eastern Catholic rite-specific particular churches sui iuris to the following jurisdictions directly dependent on their particular chiefs, but not part of any ecclesiastical province:

## Territory and statistics

The Ordinariate has jurisdiction over the faithful of the Eastern rites who live on French territory, with the exception of those who have their own ordinary, as Armenians, Ukrainians and Maronites. Its seat is located in Paris and its ordinary is the Metropolitan Archbishop of national capital Paris, and its incumbents were all created Cardinals.

As per 2013, it pastorally served 127,000 Eastern Catholics in 11 parishes.

### Parishes

In 2013 the following communities depend on the ordinariate:

## Episcopal ordinaries

*Ordinaries of France of Eastern Rite*

(for bios, see also the Metropolitan Paris see)

It has had one Auxiliary Bishop :

## Sources

* Annuario Pontificio, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, 2003, ISBN 88-209-7422-3.

## InfoBox

| Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in France | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Offices of the Ordinariate, Paris | |
| Location | |
| Country | France |
| Ecclesiastical province | Holy See and Catholic Church in France |
| Statistics | |
| Population
- Catholics | (as of 2021)
25,170 |
| Parishes | 5 |
| Information | |
| Denomination | Catholic Church |
| *Sui iuris* church | Latin Church |
| Rite | Eastern Rite |
| Established | 16 June 1954 |
| Cathedral | Notre-Dame de Paris |
| Secular priests | 33 (Diocesan)
3 (Religious Orders)
5 Permanent Deacons |
| Language | French |
| Calendar | Gregorian calendar |
| Current leadership | |
| Pope | Francis |
| Bishop | Laurent Ulrich |
| Bishops emeritus | André Vingt-Trois |


title: Orhan Delibaș

abstract: Orhan Delibaş is a retired Turkish-born Dutch boxer. He won the Light Middleweight Silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. A year later, he captured the silver medal once again at the 1993 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Bursa, Turkey. He has a professional record of 25-2

text:
# Orhan Delibaș

**Orhan Delibaş** (born January 28, 1971) is a retired Turkish-born Dutch boxer. He won the Light Middleweight Silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. A year later, he captured the silver medal once again at the 1993 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Bursa, Turkey. He has a professional record of 25-2

## Amateur Highlights

* 1991 competed as a Light-Middleweight at World Championships in Sydney, Australia
* 1992 captured the silver medal, representing the Netherlands as a Light-Middleweight at the Olympic Games in Barcelona
* 1993 competed as a Light-Middleweight at World Championships in Tampere, Finland
* 1993 2nd place as a Light-Middleweight at European Championships in Bursa, Turkey
* 1994 Light-Middleweight Bronze Medalist at Goodwill Games in St. Petersburg, Russia
* 1995 Light-Middleweight Champion at World Military Championships

## Pro career

Delibaş began his professional career in 1995, under his nickname *The Turkish Delight*, and won his first 22 bouts in the middleweight division. His first loss was to contender Mamadou Thiam in a TKO in the 8th round. In 2000, he took on future titlist Roman Karmazin and lost in a TKO 3 after he failed to come out of his corner.

## InfoBox

Orhan Delibaș
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | January 28, 1971<br>Kayseri, Turkey |
| Medal record      Men's Boxing  Representing the  Netherlands  Olympic Games  1992 Barcelona  Light Middleweight  European Amateur Championships  1993 Bursa  Light Middleweight  Goodwill Games  1994 Saint Petersburg Light Middleweight | |


title: Origins (Eluveitie album)

abstract: Origins is the sixth studio album by Swiss folk metal band Eluveitie. The album was released on 1 August 2014 through Nuclear Blast. It was the last album to include longtime members Anna Murphy, Ivo Henzi, Merlin Sutter and Patrick "Päde" Kistler as band members.

text:
# Origins (Eluveitie album)

***Origins*** is the sixth studio album by Swiss folk metal band Eluveitie. The album was released on 1 August 2014 through Nuclear Blast. It was the last album to include longtime members Anna Murphy, Ivo Henzi, Merlin Sutter and Patrick "Päde" Kistler as band members.

## Concept

Origins deals with the Celtic mythology, "or to be more precise, with aetiological tales from Gaul", commented vocalist and front man Chrigel Glanzmann. Glanzmann also created the album artwork for this new offering and goes on to explain: "The album cover of Origins is designed after the hammer/club-shaped 'halo' of Sucellos, as seen on a statue that was found in a shrine of a Gallo-Roman household in today's France. It was created under the scientific supervision of experts from the University of Zürich".

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Metal Hammer* (Germany) | 5/7 |
| *Metal Storm* | 8.2/10 |
| Revolver (magazine) |  |
| Sputnikmusic | 4.5/5 |
| *RockRevolt Magazine* |  |

Upon its release, *Origins* received generally positive reviews from music critics. Björn Springorum of *Metal Hammer* said that *Origins* was "their strongest album to date". Glenn Butler of Powerplay continued the praise saying "Quite simply this album is a magnificent creation from the concept through to the delivery".

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Chrigel Glanzmann

| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Origins" (intro) | Glanzmann | 2:13 |
| 2. | "The Nameless" | * Glanzmann * Ivo Henzi | 4:12 |
| 3. | "From Darkness" | Glanzmann | 4:11 |
| 4. | "Celtos" | Glanzmann | 3:57 |
| 5. | "Virunus" | * Glanzmann * Henzi | 4:51 |
| 6. | "Nothing" (intermezzo) | Glanzmann | 0:57 |
| 7. | "The Call of the Mountains" |  | 4:14 |
| 8. | "Sucellos" | * Glanzmann * Henzi | 5:05 |
| 9. | "Inception" | * Glanzmann * Henzi | 3:49 |
| 10. | "Vianna" | * Henzi * Murphy | 3:36 |
| 11. | "The Silver Sister" | Henzi | 4:15 |
| 12. | "King" | * Glanzmann * Henzi | 4:33 |
| 13. | "The Day of Strife" | * Glanzmann * Henzi | 3:49 |
| 14. | "Ogmios" (intermezzo) | Glanzmann | 0:29 |
| 15. | "Carry the Torch" | Henzi | 4:37 |
| 16. | "Eternity" (outro) | Glanzmann | 2:34 |
| Total length: | | | 57:19 |

*The Call of the Mountains* – Limited mailorder edition bonus CD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "L'Appel des montagnes" (French version of "The Call of the Mountains") | 4:15 |
| 2. | "Il richiamo dei monti" (Italian version of "The Call of the Mountains") | 4:15 |
| 3. | "Il clom dallas muntognas" (Romansh version of "The Call of the Mountains") | 4:15 |
| 4. | "De Ruef vo de Bärge" (Swiss German version of "The Call of the Mountains") | 4:15 |
| Total length: | | 17:00 |

Limited digipak and mailorder edition bonus DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Call of the Mountains" (music video) | 4:15 |
| 2. | "King" (music video) | 4:33 |
| 3. | "Interview" | 10:00 |
| 4. | "The Uprising" (Live @ Feuertanz Festival 2013) | 3:42 |
| 5. | "Uxellodunon" (Live @ Feuertanz Festival 2013) | 4:01 |
| 6. | "Havoc" (Live @ Feuertanz Festival 2013) | 4:39 |
| Total length: | | 31:10 |

## Personnel

### Eluveitie

### Guests musicians

* Alexander Morton – male narration on No. 01, 05, 09 & 16
* Karen Bartke – female narration on No. 06
* Emily Clays – child narration on No. 01, 02 & 14
* Maria Körndorfer – violins
* Christian Krebs – cellos
* Fredy Schnyder – hammered dulcimer on No. 05
* Christine Lauterburg – jodel on No. 04
* Konan Mevel – binou kozh, pybgorn, additional whistles on No. 04
* Fabian Hey – gaulish rebel choir on No. 13
* Michael Müller – gaulish rebel choir on No. 13
* Samuel Stamm – gaulish rebel choir on No. 13
* David Horstmann – gaulish rebel choir on No. 13
* Severin Caluori – gaulish rebel choir on No. 13
* Sileno Püntener – gaulish rebel choir on No. 13
* Fabian Agner – gaulish rebel choir on No. 13
* Marc Betschart – gaulish rebel choir on No. 13
* Farhad Ahmadi – gaulish rebel choir on No. 13
* Raphael Knuser – gaulish rebel choir on No. 13
* Kinderchor des Konservatoriums – children choir on No. 07
* Christoph Bachmann – children's choir conductor on No. 07

## Chart performance

For the first time in Eluveitie's twelve-year history their album reached number one in Switzerland. On hearing the news the band commented "That is just unbelievable. We are proud, happy, and most of all thankful to you, our fans. Together with you we've achieved the impossible and put metal where it belongs: at the top!". In addition to this, Origins reached number one on Billboard's Heatseekers Albums chart and broke the German top ten; peaking at number six.

| Chart (2014) | * Peak * position |
| --- | --- |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 22 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 115 |
| Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) | 37 |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 52 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 6 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 1 |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 21 |
| UK Independent Albums Breaker (OCC) | 6 |
| UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) | 13 |
| U.S. *Billboard* 200 | 104 |
| U.S. Hard Rock Albums | 12 |
| U.S. Heatseekers Albums | 1 |
| U.S. Independent Albums | 12 |
| U.S. Top Rock Albums | 30 |

## InfoBox

| Origins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Eluveitie | |
| Released | 1 August 2014 (2014-08-01) |
| Recorded | March – April 2014 |
| Studio | New Sound Studio in Freienbach, Switzerland |
| Genre | Folk metal, melodic death metal, Celtic metal |
| Length | 57:19 |
| Label | Nuclear Blast |
| Producer | Chrigel Glanzmann & Eluveitie with Tommy Vetterli |
| Eluveitie studio album chronology | |
| *Helvetios*
(2012) ***Origins***
(2014) *Evocation II: Pantheon*
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Origins* | |
| 1. "King"
Released: 17 June 2014 2. "The Call of the Mountains"
Released: 30 July 2014 | |
|  | |