title: Murder of Phang Ai Looi

abstract: On the night of 4 October 1996, at a carpark in Singapore's Yung Kwang Road, 23-year-old Phang Ai Looi, a Malaysian from Perak, was stabbed to death by her former boyfriend, who was caught on that same night after his suicide attempt failed. The suspect, 29-year-old Kwan Cin Cheng, who was a Perak-born Malaysian working in Singapore, was charged with murder. Kwan, who first met Phang in 1988 and dated her, found out some time before the murder that Phang was cheating on him with another man, and when Kwan met her on that night with a threat to kill himself should Phang not return to him, Phang reportedly made a cold-blooded remark that she was much happier with the other man, which deeply provoked Kwan to stabbing Phang to death. In April 1997, Kwan was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to jail for ten years, after the trial court accepted that Kwan's defence that he killed Phang after losing his self-control due to sudden and grave provocation. Although the prosecution later lost their appeal for Kwan to be hanged for murder, the Court of Appeal increased Kwan's sentence from ten years to life imprisonment. This appeal later became a landmark in Singaporean legal history in relation to the requirements of successfully raising a defence of sudden and grave provocation against a murder charge in Singapore.

text:
# Murder of Phang Ai Looi

On the night of 4 October 1996, at a carpark in Singapore's Yung Kwang Road, 23-year-old **Phang Ai Looi** (彭爱蕊 Péng Aìrǔi), a Malaysian from Perak, was stabbed to death by her former boyfriend, who was caught on that same night after his suicide attempt failed. The suspect, 29-year-old **Kwan Cin Cheng** (关进清 Guān Jìnqīng), who was a Perak-born Malaysian working in Singapore, was charged with murder. Kwan, who first met Phang in 1988 and dated her, found out some time before the murder that Phang was cheating on him with another man, and when Kwan met her on that night with a threat to kill himself should Phang not return to him, Phang reportedly made a cold-blooded remark that she was much happier with the other man, which deeply provoked Kwan to stabbing Phang to death.

In April 1997, Kwan was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to jail for ten years, after the trial court accepted that Kwan's defence that he killed Phang after losing his self-control due to sudden and grave provocation. Although the prosecution later lost their appeal for Kwan to be hanged for murder, the Court of Appeal increased Kwan's sentence from ten years to life imprisonment. This appeal later became a landmark in Singaporean legal history in relation to the requirements of successfully raising a defence of sudden and grave provocation against a murder charge in Singapore.

## Stabbing and death

On the night of 4 October 1996, while waiting for his girlfriend at a carpark in Yung Kwang Road, 31-year-old Koh Meng Hock heard some screams and he was shocked to witness his girlfriend being assaulted by her former boyfriend, who earlier contacted his girlfriend and wanted to meet her at the carpark to return some money to her. While the man fled after Koh went to punch him and save his girlfriend, Koh found out that the man had stabbed his girlfriend. The girlfriend, who was stabbed 14 times with a knife, later died from the brutal stabbing. According to the forensic pathologist Dr Wee Keng Poh, he certified that seven of these wounds to the victim's back and chest were fatal, and these wounds were measured between 8cm and 10cm deep.

After stabbing the 23-year-old victim Phang Ai Looi (who was a Perak-born Malaysian), Phang's ex-boyfriend ran off to another building, where he tried to jump down to commit suicide but failed to due to lack of courage. The ex-boyfriend also tried to hang himself to commit suicide but again failed. Throughout the suicide attempts, the police had responded to a report of the stabbing and around 70 officers were deployed to conduct a manhunt for Phang's ex-boyfriend. Eventually, the police discovered the suspect hiding in a water tank of one of the nearby HDB blocks, where the suspect had slit his wrists to try to kill himself, but failed a third time. After a policewoman stepped in and convinced the suspect to give himself up, the suspect agreed to surrender and allowed the police to arrest him for stabbing his girlfriend to death, although he was initially stuck inside the water tank and the police had to help him get out. The knife was also recovered by the police after a search.

On 5 October 1996, the suspect, 29-year-old Malaysian citizen Kwan Cin Cheng, was charged with murder. The charge of murder against Kwan came under Section 302 of the Penal Code, which prescribed the death penalty as the sole punishment for murder. Kwan was remanded for police investigations and pending trial.

## Background

Kwan Cin Cheng, who had one brother, was born in 1967 in Ayer Tawar, Perak, Malaysia. He first met his girlfriend Phang Ai Looi, who was a 15-year-old student in 1988, when he was still working as a construction site plasterer in his hometown. They fell in love and dated each other, and when Phang became pregnant the following year, the couple wanted to get married. Phang's father disapproved of Kwan and Phang had to undergo an abortion. The couple also broke up due to Phang's father's disapproval.

In 1992, the couple resumed their relationship and they went to Singapore to work, after Phang completed her Malaysian GCE A-levels. A year later, Phang, then living in Yishun, became pregnant a second time, but her sister paid for an abortion and asked Kwan to not be with her sister. Phang later became pregnant a third time and had another abortion. Still, the couple's relationship was still strong. While working in Singapore, Phang became a Singapore permanent resident.

In July 1995, Phang changed jobs and went to work as a clerk, and she first met Koh Meng Hock, a 31-year-old driver. Phang and Koh gradually became closer, and a month after meeting Koh, Phang began to date Koh despite her existing relationship with Kwan, with whom she still regularly had sex until September 1996. After cheating on Kwan for more than a year, Phang told Kwan that she wanted to end their eight-year long relationship; Kwan responded with shock and sadness, as he still loved Phang and did not want to break up. Phang and Koh even had plans to marry each other in October 1996, the same month Phang was murdered.

## Trial of Kwan Cin Cheng

### Court proceedings and Kwan's defence

| Kwan Cin Cheng | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Kwan Cin Cheng
c.April 1967
Ayer Tawar, Perak, Malaysia |
| Occupation | Plasterer (former) |
| Criminal status | Released |
| Parent | *Madam Ting* (mother) |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Manslaughter (one count) |
| Criminal charge | Murder (one count) |
| Penalty | Life imprisonment |
|  | |

On 11 April 1997, six months after the murder of Phang Ai Looi, 29-year-old Kwan Cin Cheng stood trial at the High Court for the crime. Kwan was represented by Chua Eng Hui and Leo Cheng Suan, while the prosecution consisted of Christina Koh and Jasbendar Kaur. Judicial Commissioner Amarjeet Singh was the presiding judge of Kwan's trial.

The trial court was told of the long history behind the romantic relationship between Kwan and Phang. While the defence did not dispute the prosecution's contention that Kwan had indeed murdered Phang, their defence was that Kwan had murdered Phang as a result of sudden and grave provocation, and therefore his offence should be manslaughter and not murder. Kwan's testimony revealed that on the night of 4 October 1996, he was in despair over Phang's decision to break up with him and her unfaithfulness, and he went to a supermarket, purchasing two knives, and wanted to kill himself. Kwan still harboured some hope that Phang would come back to him, and he planned to threaten to commit suicide in front of Phang if she refused to go back to him. He contacted Phang under the pretext of returning some money to her, and they met up at a carpark below Kwan's flat in Yung Kwang Road.

However, Phang remained indifferent despite Kwan's suicide threat, and proclaimed that she would not go back to Kwan and wanted to marry Koh Meng Hock. Phang insulted Kwan as a "good-for-nothing" and said that she never cared about Kwan's life and did not care whether he lived or died, since she was much happier with Koh. These words caused Kwan to become wholly enraged, and he used the knife to stab Phang 14 times, causing Phang's death, which was witnessed by Koh. Koh was previously unaware of the relationship between Kwan and Phang, and was also unaware about Phang cheating on Kwan for the whole time he was dating Phang, up until he read about the full details of their relationship in the newspaper. It is unknown how Koh reacted to his late girlfriend's relationship with Kwan and her unfaithfulness to Kwan.

Based on Kwan's account, the defence argued that Kwan, who was known to be a mild mannered and mild tempered man, had killed Phang as a result of grave and sudden provocation, and in view of the long years of romance Kwan had with Phang and their intimacy prior to Phang cheating on Kwan, the verbal insults and remarks that Phang said caused Kwan to become angry losing his rationality and sense of self-control He therefore stabbed Phang to death in such a frenzied state, and with so much force that Kwan's knife was twisted and bent by the time the police recovered it. The defence also drew the court's attention to Kwan's suicide attempts, further stating that Phang's killing was not premeditated and he never intended to kill Phang. The prosecution sought to impeach the defence of sudden and grave provocation, claiming that since the couple were not married and Phang herself already expressed her intention to break-up with Kwan some time prior to the killing, Kwan could not have been sufficiently provoked into killing Phang solely based on her verbal remarks, and he should be found guilty of murder. The prosecution also tried to paint Kwan as a cold-hearted and cruel killer who had a very bad temper.

### Verdict

On 25 April 1997, Judicial Commissioner Amarjeet Singh delivered his verdict.

In his judgement, Judicial Commissioner Singh accepted Kwan's defence of sudden and grave provocation, finding that Kwan was a credible witness and he never planned to commit murder, and he had lost his self-control as a result of what Phang said in the face of Kwan's suicide threat, which was a sufficiently grave and sudden provocation as to cause Kwan to kill Phang in a moment of uncontrollable anger. He also accepted that it was reasonable for Kwan to react in such a way, given that the couple shared a deep and intimate relationship and were as close as a married couple would be. The judge also accepted that Kwan's purpose of bringing the knife was not to commit murder or harm the victim, but to commit suicide should the victim refuse to go back to him. He further found that the provocation from Phang caused Kwan to use the knife to kill her in a spontaneous moment of uncontrollable anger. Therefore, Judicial Commissioner Singh found Kwan not guilty of murder and granted him an acquittal. As Singaporean law prescribed the mandatory death penalty for murder upon conviction, Kwan's acquittal for murder allowed him to escape the death penalty for murdering Phang.

After acquitting Kwan of murder, Judicial Commissioner Singh found Kwan guilty of a lesser offense of culpable homicide not amounting to murder, also known as manslaughter in Singapore's legal terms. The judge sentenced Kwan to ten years in prison for manslaughter, which was punishable by either life imprisonment or up to ten years' jail.

According to the media, Kwan, who celebrated his 30th birthday sometime during the trial, was relieved and he broke down in tears before the prison officers escorted him out of the courtroom. Kwan's 57-year-old mother was relieved to hear the acquittal but, nonetheless, she said her son had to face the consequences for what he had done. Kwan's lawyer Chua Eng Hui also commented that for having killed the person he loved dearly, his client had paid a very heavy price and would have to live with that fact for the rest of his life. Phang's 24-year-old elder sister was saddened to hear the judgement and refused to speak to reporters as she left the courtroom in tears.

A month after Kwan's sentencing, psychiatrists and counsellors were interviewed with regards to the increasing occurrences of crimes of passion, including murder that involved people killing their spouses, lovers or others close to them. They told the papers that crimes of passion were not premeditated or cold-blooded murders because they happened in a spontaneous spur of moment and the killers losing self-control. Kwan's case was cited as the most recent example, due to Kwan being hurt and provoked by Phang's remarks, thus killing her in a moment of loss of self-control due to sudden and grave provocation. Experts also emphasized that crimes of passion, including the murder of Phang, were committed due to the offenders being triggered by words or actions that caused them to be uncontrollably angry, and the offenders of such cases had no intent to cause death or harm; the motive was often due to infidelity, love or possessiveness rather than any premeditated intent to commit these crimes.

## Prosecution's appeal

On 19 January 1998, the prosecution's appeal against Kwan's conviction was heard before the Court of Appeal, and the prosecution - consisting of Francis Tseng, Jasbendar Kaur and Christina Koh - sought to have Kwan convicted of murder and sentenced to death, stating that the trial judge was wrong to accept Kwan's defence of sudden and grave provocation and therefore his conviction for manslaughter should be overturned.

After hearing the appeal, the three-judge panel, consisting of Chief Justice Yong Pung How and two Judges of Appeal L P Thean (Thean Lip Ping) and M Karthigesu, swiftly returned with a verdict, which was pronounced in court by CJ Yong. In the verdict, the three judges unanimously ruled that the prosecution's appeal ought to be rejected, while they decided to increase Kwan's jail term of ten years to life imprisonment.

Explaining why they refused to convict Kwan of murder, the appellate judges stated that they agreed with the defence and the original trial judge that based on the long and intimate relationship between Kwan and Phang, which had evolved into a de facto husband-wife relationship, the Phang's insults and malicious words had a grave and extremely provocative impact on Kwan and they would have reasonably caused an individual in Kwan's position to lose his self-control and be overwhelmed with anger, resulting in the murder of Phang. Therefore, the Court of Appeal ruled that Kwan's defence of sudden and grave provocation should be accepted, and they rejected the prosecution's arguments, upholding Kwan's manslaughter conviction.

Aside from dismissing the prosecution's appeal, the Court of Appeal reviewed Kwan's sentence of ten years in jail despite the fact that the prosecution and defence never appealed against Kwan's sentence. The Court of Appeal, after some consideration, determined that Kwan's sentence of ten years was manifestly inadequate due to the fact that Kwan had inflicted extreme violence on a defenceless woman, the grieviousness of Kwan's outburst and his deplorable conduct. The court felt a ten year sentence was too lenient. Therefore, they decided to enhance Kwan's sentence to life imprisonment, the highest punishment stipulated for manslaughter under Singaporean law. Kwan's brother and Phang's father were reportedly present in court to hear the appellate court's verdict.

By the order of Abdul Nasir Amer Hamsah's landmark appeal on 20 August 1997, life imprisonment is to be construed as a jail term lasting the remainder of a convict's natural lifespan, deviating from the old definition of life imprisonment as 20 years' jail. The changes to the law were to be applied to cases that took place after 20 August 1997. Since Kwan committed manslaughter on 4 October 1996, about ten months before the landmark appeal verdict, his life sentence was to be considered as 20 years' imprisonment.

## Aftermath

More than a week after her son was given a life sentence for the manslaughter of Phang Ai Looi, Kwan's mother, who introduced herself as Madam Ting, stated that her son had done a very stupid thing for not choosing to simply split with Phang when she had eyes on another man, and she herself never met Phang's parents even though they lived merely two streets away. Madam Ting also stated that unlike Phang's parents, she wanted her son and Phang to get married, and she understood that Phang's remarks about her love for Koh Meng Hock and disregard for Kwan's life must have been so provocative and hurtful that they caused her son to lose his sanity and murder Phang in an uncontrollable state of anger. Phang's parents had once told the press that they never really knew Kwan, and they expressed that they had hoped for Kwan to be hanged for killing their daughter; they were disappointed when Kwan escaped the gallows for murdering Phang.

The prosecution's appeal of Kwan Cin Cheng's case became a landmark case in Singapore's legal history with regards to the defence of sudden and grave provocation, because it clarified that in cases of people who committed murder while under a loss of self-control as attributed to sudden and grave provocation, even verbal remarks could amount to such an extent of provocation with respect to the mental background of the defendant. Therefore, the defence of sudden and grave provocation should be accepted in such cases and should result in a conviction for manslaughter, not murder. The court also stated that the defence was not entitled to alleged killers who were normally bad tempered, but it should be decided whether a normal person was able to retain his self-control in the face of the alleged provocation in order to determine whether the defence of sudden and grave provocation should succeed. In light of this ruling, several precedent cases, such as the Ithinin Kamari case and the K. Vijayan Krishnan case, were recalled and their respective verdicts were cited as examples where a defence of sudden and grave provocation was either accepted or rejected.

In April 1998, the case of Phang Ai Looi's death was re-enacted by Singaporean crime show *Crimewatch*.

After completing his life sentence by 2016, Kwan had since been released from prison. His current status is unknown.

## InfoBox

| Phang Ai Looi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Phang Ai Looi
c.1973
Ayer Tawar, Perak, Malaysia |
| Died | 4 October 1996 (aged 23)
Yung Kwang Road, Jurong, Singapore |
| Cause of death | Murdered |
| Nationality | Malaysian |
| Education | High school education (Malaysia) |
| Occupation | Clerk (former) |
| Known for | Murder victim |


title: Nowe Gatne

abstract: Nowe Gatne is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowinka, within Augustów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north-west of Nowinka, 11 km (7 mi) north of Augustów, and 93 km (58 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Nowe Gatne

**Nowe Gatne** (Polish pronunciation: \[ˈnɔvɛ ˈɡatnɛ\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowinka, within Augustów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north-west of Nowinka, 11 km (7 mi) north of Augustów, and 93 km (58 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Nowe Gatne | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nowe Gatne | |
| Coordinates: 53°56′41″N 22°57′58″E / 53.94472°N 22.96611°E / 53.94472; 22.96611 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Augustów |
| Gmina | Nowinka |


title: MusicWriter

abstract: MusicWriter was founded in 1989 by music industry veterans Jon Monday and Larry Heller to develop and market NoteStation, a kiosk-based retail "point-of-sale manufacturing" system for the distribution and printing of sheet music. Besides having a very large library of songs across all music genres, the NoteStation was able to print the sheet music on demand in any key, as selected by the customer. This reduced the need for retailers to carry a large selection of physical inventory, which was usually only printed in one key. Early in the MusicWriter's history Warner Bros. Music and Thorn EMI, the two largest music publishers in the world, invested in the company and became board members. The company then was able to sign most of the major music publishers to offer their titles through the system. MusicWriter was among the first applications of the new distribution paradigm of "Mass Customization" or "Point-of-Sale Manufacturing", where a retailer is able to offer a very large selection of a product, with virtually no inventory, and manufacture the customized product on the spot for a customer. This trend was documented in B. Joseph Pine II’s 1993 book, Mass Customization, The New Frontier in Business Competition published by Harvard Business School Press. The company expanded its features to include producing MIDI files on demand and online ordering of music products from distributors. The company was featured on CNN TV and written about in Fortune Magazine, Business Week, USA Today, San Francisco Examiner, San Jose Mercury News, and Popular Science. Due to the major print music companies that fought against the technologies, in 1999 MusicWriter went bankrupt as online technology emerged and the decline of sheet music retailers made the in-store technology obsolete. However, years later online versions of the technology were introduced by other companies, such as SheetMusicDirect.com, MusicNotes.com, and SheetMusicPlus.com.

text:
# MusicWriter

**MusicWriter** was founded in 1989 by music industry veterans Jon Monday and Larry Heller to develop and market NoteStation, a kiosk-based retail "point-of-sale manufacturing" system for the distribution and printing of sheet music. Besides having a very large library of songs across all music genres, the NoteStation was able to print the sheet music on demand in any key, as selected by the customer. This reduced the need for retailers to carry a large selection of physical inventory, which was usually only printed in one key.

Early in the MusicWriter's history Warner Bros. Music and Thorn EMI, the two largest music publishers in the world, invested in the company and became board members. The company then was able to sign most of the major music publishers to offer their titles through the system.

MusicWriter was among the first applications of the new distribution paradigm of "Mass Customization" or "Point-of-Sale Manufacturing", where a retailer is able to offer a very large selection of a product, with virtually no inventory, and manufacture the customized product on the spot for a customer. This trend was documented in B. Joseph Pine II’s 1993 book, *Mass Customization, The New Frontier in Business Competition* published by Harvard Business School Press.

The company expanded its features to include producing MIDI files on demand and online ordering of music products from distributors.

The company was featured on CNN TV and written about in Fortune Magazine, Business Week, USA Today, San Francisco Examiner, San Jose Mercury News, and Popular Science.

Due to the major print music companies that fought against the technologies, in 1999 MusicWriter went bankrupt as online technology emerged and the decline of sheet music retailers made the in-store technology obsolete. However, years later online versions of the technology were introduced by other companies, such as SheetMusicDirect.com, MusicNotes.com, and SheetMusicPlus.com.

1. Article in Saratoga News Reviewing company history and products

## InfoBox

MusicWriter
|
|  |
| Industry | Sheet Music and MIDI |
| Founded | 1989 |
| Founder | Jon Monday and Lawrence Heller |
| Headquarters | Los Gatos, CA, USA |
| Area served | Global |
| Products | NoteStation |


title: Phos verbinneni

abstract: Phos verbinneni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Nassariidae.

text:
# Phos verbinneni

***Phos verbinneni*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Nassariidae.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines.

* Fraussen K. (2009). A new Antillophos (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) from the Philippines. Gloria Maris, 48(4-5): 99-104
* Dekkers A.M. & Dekker H. (2020). A new small Phos-like genus and species Microphos palogai (Gastropoda: Nassariidae: Photinae) from the Philippines. Gloria Maris. 59(3): 98-101

## InfoBox

| *Phos verbinneni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Nassariidae |
| Genus: | *Phos* |
| Species: | ***P. verbinneni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phos verbinneni***<br>(Fraussen, 2009) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Antillophos verbinneni* Fraussen, 2009 (original combination) | |


title: Up Down (Morgan Wallen song)

abstract: "Up Down" is a song written by Michael Hardy, Brad Clawson, and CJ Solar, and recorded by American country music singer Morgan Wallen along with country music duo Florida Georgia Line. The song is Wallen's second single release overall, and it appears on his 2018 studio album If I Know Me. "Up Down" has reached number one on the Billboard Country Airplay chart and number five on the Hot Country Songs chart. It also reached number 49 on the Hot 100 chart. The song was certified 5× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 267,000 units as of August 2018. It achieved similar chart success in Canada, reaching number one on the Canada Country chart. An accompanying music video for the song, directed by Justin Clough, features Wallen and both members of Florida Georgia Line partying on a beach, and in concert.

text:
# Up Down (Morgan Wallen song)

"**Up Down**" is a song written by Michael Hardy, Brad Clawson, and CJ Solar, and recorded by American country music singer Morgan Wallen along with country music duo Florida Georgia Line. The song is Wallen's second single release overall, and it appears on his 2018 studio album *If I Know Me*. "Up Down" has reached number one on the *Billboard* Country Airplay chart and number five on the Hot Country Songs chart. It also reached number 49 on the Hot 100 chart. The song was certified 5× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 267,000 units as of August 2018. It achieved similar chart success in Canada, reaching number one on the Canada Country chart.

An accompanying music video for the song, directed by Justin Clough, features Wallen and both members of Florida Georgia Line partying on a beach, and in concert.

## Composition

Hardy, a close friend of Wallen's, wrote the song with Brad Clawson (son of Nashville songwriter Rodney Clawson) and CJ Solar. Originally Wallen had intended to sing the song solo, but he contacted Florida Georgia Line to ask for their opinion of the song, and the duo chose to sing guest vocals on it. Wallen said that he identified with the song's theme of having a good time in a small town because of his own upbringing.

## Commercial performance

The song was certified Platinum on July 31, 2018 and 2× Platinum on February 25, 2020 for two million combined sales and streams units. It has sold 333,000 copies in the United States as of September 2018.

## Music video

The song's music video features Wallen and both members of Florida Georgia Line partying at Perdido Pass in Orange Beach, Alabama and in concert at The Wharf Amphitheater on Orange Beach, Alabama. It was directed by Justin Clough.

## Parodies

In July 2018, country music parodist Cledus T. Judd released a parody of the song titled "(Weight's Goin') Up Down, Up Down". The parody has its own music video, directed by Judd himself and featuring members of his family.

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | 3× Platinum | 240,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | 5× Platinum | 5,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Up Down" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Morgan Wallen featuring Florida Georgia Line | |
| from the album  *If I Know Me* | |
| Released | November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:16 |
| Label | Big Loud |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Joey Moi |
| Morgan Wallen singles chronology | |
| "The Way I Talk"
(2017) "**Up Down**"
(2017) "Whiskey Glasses"
(2018) | |
|  | |
| Florida Georgia Line singles chronology | |
| "Meant to Be"
(2017) "**Up Down**"
(2017) "Simple"
(2018) | |
| Music video | |
| "Up Down" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Matsuyama Shinonome College

abstract: Matsuyama Shinonome College is a private women's college in Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1886, and it was chartered as a university in 1992.

text:
# Matsuyama Shinonome College

**Matsuyama Shinonome College** (松山東雲女子大学, *Matsuyama shinonome joshi daigaku*) is a private women's college in Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1886, and it was chartered as a university in 1992.

33°49′56″N 132°47′47″E / 33.83222°N 132.79639°E / 33.83222; 132.79639

## InfoBox

Matsuyama Shinonome College
| 松山東雲女子大学 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 1886 |
| President | Chieko Shiozaki |
| Location | Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan |
| Website | Official website |


title: Pedro Milans

abstract: Pedro Milans Carámbula is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Peñarol.

text:
# Pedro Milans

**Pedro Milans Carámbula** (born 24 March 2002) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Peñarol.

## Club career

Milans made his professional debut on 6 December 2019 in a 3–0 league defeat against Nacional. He started the match and played 75 minutes before getting replaced by Eric Barrios.

On 18 July 2022, Milans joined Peñarol on a contract until December 2023.

## International career

Milans is a former Uruguayan youth international. He was part of national team squad which played at the 2017 South American U-15 Championship and 2019 South American U-17 Championship.

## InfoBox

Pedro Milans
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Pedro Milans Carámbula | | |
| Date of birth | (2002-03-24) 24 March 2002 | | |
| Place of birth | Las Piedras, Uruguay | | |
| Height | 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Right-back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Peñarol | | |
| Number | 20 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Juventud | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2019–2022 | Juventud | 57 | (2) |
| 2022– | Peñarol | 29 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2016–2017 | Uruguay U15 | 25 | (0) |
| 2018–2019 | Uruguay U17 | 22 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14 April 2024 | | | |


title: Sara C. Bisel

abstract: Dr. Sara C. Bisel (1932–1996) was a physical anthropologist and classical archaeologist who played a prominent role in early scientific research at Herculaneum, a Mediterranean coastal town destroyed by the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Her pioneering work in the chemical and physical analysis of skeletons yielded new insights into the nutrition and health of ancient populations. This was considered ground-breaking and helped advance the field of paleodemography.

text:
# Sara C. Bisel

**Dr. Sara C. Bisel** (19321996) was a physical anthropologist and classical archaeologist who played a prominent role in early scientific research at Herculaneum, a Mediterranean coastal town destroyed by the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Her pioneering work in the chemical and physical analysis of skeletons yielded new insights into the nutrition and health of ancient populations. This was considered ground-breaking and helped advance the field of paleodemography.

## Life and work

Born Sara Louise Clark on May 13, 1932, in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Bisel grew up in western Pennsylvania. She graduated from Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh with a bachelor's degree in nutrition and biochemistry. She married Harry Bisel, a Mayo Clinic medical oncologist, and lived in Rochester, Minnesota from 1963.

At the University of Minnesota, she earned a master's degree in classical area studies, with a specialization in Greek archaeology, and a Ph.D. in physical anthropology. She was awarded a fellowship by the Smithsonian Institution in 1977 and conducted independent research funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Geographic Society from 1981 to 1988. She was a visiting scientist at the Mayo Clinic, and a research associate and Fellow at the Smithsonian Institution.

The author of numerous articles published in scholarly and professional journals, she taught at the University of Minnesota, the University of Maryland, and the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, Greece. She worked on various sites throughout Greece, Turkey, Israel and Italy.

Her work at Herculaneum established her international reputation as an authority on ancient health and nutrition. She is considered a "pioneer" in the use of chemical analysis to study health in ancient populations. In 1982 she was sent to Herculaneum by the National Geographic Society to assist with the excavation, preservation and analysis of human remains recovered from the town's ancient beach front. Giuseppe Maggi, the director of the excavations, asked for international assistance in preserving the skeletons which, buried in wet volcanic soil, were degrading once exposed to air. Over 5 weeks she excavated 26 skeletons.

Sara Bisel died on 4 February 1996.

## Professional societies

* American Association of Physical Anthropologists
* Paleopathology Association
* Society for Ancient Medicine and Pharmacy
* American Association for the Advancement of Science
* Society of Woman Geographers
* National Geographic Explorer's Club

## Awards

* Outstanding Woman of Science, 1988. National Geographic Explorer's

* National Geographic, Vol 162, No 6. "Buried Roman Town Give Up Its Dead," (December, 1982)
* National Geographic, Vol 165, No 5. "The Dead Do Tell Tales," (May, 1984)
* Discover, magazine, Vol 5, No 10. "The Bone Lady" (October, 1984)
* The Mayo Alumnus, Vol 19, No2. "An Archaeologist's Preliminary Report: Time Warp at Herculaneum, (April, 1983)
* Carnegie Mellon Magazine, Vol 4, No 2. "*Bone Lady* Reconstructs People at Herculaneum," Winter, 1985
* "In the Shadow of Vesuvius" National Geo Special, (February 11, 1987)
* "30 years of National Geographic Special," (January 25, 1995)

## InfoBox

| Sara C. Bisel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Sara Louise Clark
(1932-05-13)13 May 1932
Johnstown, Pennsylvania |
| Died | 4 February 1996(1996-02-04) (aged 63) |
| Occupation(s) | Physical anthropologist
Classical archaeologist |
| Spouse | Harry Bisel |
| Children | Jane F. Bisel
Clark C. Bisel
Harold I. Bisel |


title: Pennepalli

abstract: Pennepalli is a small village in Nayudupet Mandal of Nellore District in Andhra Pradesh, India.

text:
# Pennepalli

**Pennepalli** is a small village in Nayudupet Mandal (Gudur Taluk) of Nellore District in Andhra Pradesh, India.

13°53′N 79°53′E / 13.883°N 79.883°E / 13.883; 79.883

## InfoBox

| Pennepalli | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | AP |


title: Music & Friends (album)

abstract: Music & Friends is Cafêzz' debut album, released in 2014. The album includes 14 compositions from Puerto Rican pianist Carmen Noemí. The band's style is very eclectic, embracing a wide array of Brazilian, Caribbean, jazz, rock, Latin, folk, and classical influences. The music is organized in two parts, or playlists, and most of the compositions are allusive to coffee themes. The first seven tracks are relaxed and pleasant, like a "latte coffee", while tracks 8 thru 14 are lively and exciting, as an "espresso". Even though it includes elements from jazz, its performance is not focused on individual instrument virtuosity, but rely on the ensemble's communication and interaction. There's ample melodic content combined with tasty rhythms, giving the listener rich sound textures to enjoy with ease.

text:
# Music & Friends (album)

***Music & Friends*** is Cafêzz' debut album, released in 2014. The album includes 14 compositions from Puerto Rican pianist Carmen Noemí. The band's style is very eclectic, embracing a wide array of Brazilian, Caribbean, jazz, rock, Latin, folk, and classical influences.

The music is organized in two parts, or playlists, and most of the compositions are allusive to coffee themes. The first seven tracks are relaxed and pleasant, like a "latte coffee", while tracks 8 thru 14 are lively and exciting, as an "espresso".

Even though it includes elements from jazz, its performance is not focused on individual instrument virtuosity, but rely on the ensemble's communication and interaction. There's ample melodic content combined with tasty rhythms, giving the listener rich sound textures to enjoy with ease.

## Tracks

All songs composed and arranged by Carmen Noemí (ASCAP)

### Latte Mood

1. A Little Coffee 4:32
2. Waterfalls 6:14
3. De Paseo... 4:57
4. Barco De Papel 4:51
5. Por La Vereda 5:21
6. Luna Gris 5:04
7. Mis Recuerdos 3:37

### Espresso Mood

1. Cafe Colao 5:12
2. Mocha Samba 5:13
3. Mr. Flat Ninth 4:32
4. Piña Colada 5:10
5. Espresso Jam 5:12
6. Coffee Break! 4:17
7. De Paseo (Trio) 3:07

## Personnel

* Carmen Noemí - piano and keyboards
* Edgardo ‘Egui’ Sierra - electric fretted and fretless basses, Navarro pickups and basses
* Christian Nieves \- Puerto Rican cuatro
* Ariana González - Puerto Rican cuatro
* Ricardo Pons – flute
* Pedro Rivera Toledo - alto sax
* Edgardo G. Sierra - alto sax
* Norberto "Tiko" Ortiz - tenor sax
* José Roberto Jiménez - tenor sax
* Roberto Bermúdez - tenor sax
* Rafael "El indio" Martínez - baritone sax
* Raúl Maldonado - drums, bongos, darbouka
* Danny Lloret - drums
* Arnaldo Rivera – drums
* Marlene Grafals - drums, bongos
* Paoli Mejías – congas
* Christian Galíndez - congas, bongos, percussion
* Errol Oliver - percussion
* Mónika Nieves - güiro
* Osvaldo López - electric guitar
* Ricardo Lugo - electric bass
* Angélika Kolsan - electric bass
* Ismael Rodríguez - rhodes piano
* Renaldo Guadalupe - acoustic guitar

**Produced, recorded and mixed by Edgardo Sierra**

Recorded at EdS Music Recording Studio, San Juan, PR; and Inter Metro Recording Studio, San Juan, PR

**Mastering engineer: David Rodríguez**

Mastered at Digital Recording Services, Levitown, PR

## Reviews and articles

* All About Jazz Magazine - 5 Star Review by James Nadal
* In January 2015, Cafêzz' Music & Friends was included on National Foundation for Popular Culture's **Top 20 Outstanding Recordings of 2014** produced in Puerto Rico.
* El Nuevo Día - Zafra Musical sin Precedentes
* Caribe Jazz Magazine - Interview
* Coffee Lovers Magazine - Music & Interview: Cafêzz Music & Friends
* El Nuevo Día - Una Combinación Perfecta
* Caribe Jazz Magazine - CD Review by Wilbert Sostre
* El Nuevo Día - Despierta los Sentidos como el Café

## InfoBox

| Music & Friends | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Cafêzz | |
| Released | 2014 (2014) |
| Cafêzz chronology | |
| ***Music & Friends***
(2014) *Sol Boricua*
(2016) | |


title: Galula Formation

abstract: The Galula Formation is a geological formation located south of Lake Rukwa in Tanzania, part of the Red Sandstone Group of the Rukwa Rift Basin. Along with the unconformably overlying Oligocene Nsungwe Formation. It is divided into two members, the lower Mtuka Member and the upper Namba Member. The age of the deposit is poorly constrained, with the Mtuka Member likely being Aptian to Cenomanian in age, while the Namba Member being Cenomanian to Campanian in age based on Geomagnetic reversals. It is correlated with the Dinosaur Beds of Malawi. The formation is fossiliferous, with Dinosaurs and Crocodyliformes being known from the formation.

text:
# Galula Formation

The **Galula Formation** is a geological formation located south of Lake Rukwa in Tanzania, part of the Red Sandstone Group of the Rukwa Rift Basin. Along with the unconformably overlying Oligocene Nsungwe Formation. It is divided into two members, the lower Mtuka Member and the upper Namba Member.

The age of the deposit is poorly constrained, with the Mtuka Member likely being Aptian to Cenomanian in age, while the Namba Member being Cenomanian to Campanian in age based on Geomagnetic reversals. It is correlated with the Dinosaur Beds of Malawi.

The formation is fossiliferous, with Dinosaurs and Crocodyliformes being known from the formation.

## Geology

### Lithology

The Lithology of the formation is a sequence of red, pink, purple and occasionally white colored sandstones, conglomerates and mudstones. The Mtuka member is 160–180 m thick in the type section, and is typified by coarser sandstone, a higher frequency of conglomerates, higher proportions of extraformational clasts, thicker and a greater frequency of overbank siltstone and mudstone lenses and a higher proportion of paleosols. While the Namba member is between 340–360 m in the type section, and is less variable in facies, predominated by very fine-to medium-grained sandstones with less overbank mudstone and siltstone lenses.

## Vertebrate paleofauna

### Fish

| Fish of the **Galula Formation** | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Genus | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| *Lupaceradotus* | *L. useviaensis* | RRBP 2004-06-30 |  |  | Lungfish |  |
| Ceratodontidae | Indeterminate |  | Mtuka Member |  | Lungfish |  |
|

### Crocodyliformes

| Crocodyliformes of the **Galula Formation** | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Genus | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| *Pakasuchus* | *P. kapilimai* | RRBP 2007-04 | Namba Member | \[Two\] skulls and an articulated skeleton. | A notosuchian crocodyliform with mammal-like teeth. |  |
| *Rukwasuchus* | *R. yajabalijekundu* | Namba 2 | Middle Namba member | A partial skull and isolated teeth. | A notosuchian crocodyliform, and the only known sub-Saharan peirosaurid from Africa. |  |
| Notosuchia | Indeterminate |  | Namba Member |  |  |  |
|

### Dinosaurs

| Dinosaurs of the **Galula Formation** | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Genus | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
|
| *Mnyamawamtuka* | *M. moyowamkia* |  | Mtuka Member | An anterior cervical vertebral neural arch, cervical vertebral centra, partial dorsal vertebrae, sacral neural arch, partial sacral centra, sacral ribs, caudal vertebral neural arches, centra, chevrons, numerous dorsal rib fragments, scapula, sternal plate, humeri, partial ulna, metacarpal I, metacarpal III, partial ischium, partial pubis, partial femora, tibiae, fibula, metatarsal I, metatarsal II, metatarsal III, metatarsal IV, metatarsal V, pedal phalanges, ungual, and numerous unidentifiable fragments. | A basal lithostrotian titanosaur with heart-shaped caudal vertebrae. |  |
| *Rukwatitan* | *R. bisepultus* | Locality RRBP 2007-02 (Namba 2) | Middle Namba member | Posterior cervical vertebrae, partial anterior dorsal vertebral neural arch, anterior caudal vertebrae, middle caudal vertebrae, chevrons, multiple partial dorsal ribs, distal scapula, partial coracoids, humerus, partial ulna, ilium, and proximal pubis. | A basal lithostrotian titanosaur. |  |
| *Shingopana* | *S. songwensis* | TZ-07 | Namba Member | An angular, partial anterior cervical vertebra, partial middle-to-posterior cervical vertebrae, partial cervical ribs, partial dorsal ribs, humerus, pubis, and many incomplete and/or unidentifiable fragments pertaining to the axial skeleton. | A lithostrotian titanosaur. |  |
| Theropoda | Indeterminate |  | Mtuka and Namba Members | A pair of articulated proximal caudal vertebrae, and 11 teeth. | An indeterminate theropod. |  |
|

### Turtles

| Turtles of the **Galula Formation** | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Genus | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Testudines | Indeterminate |  | Mtuka and Namba Members. | Plastron and carapace fragments. |  |  |
|

### Mammals

| Mammals of the **Galula Formation** | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Genus | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| *Galulatherium* | *G. jenkinsi* | TZ-07 | Namba Member | Left dentary | Probable Gondwanathere |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Galula Formation | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: Aptian-Campanian<br>~ | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Red Sandstone Group |
| Sub-units | Mtuka Member, Namba Member |
| Underlies | Unconformity with Nsungwe Formation |
| Overlies | Unconformity with Karoo Supergroup or basement |
| Thickness | 600–3,000 m (2,000–9,800 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone |
| Other | Conglomerate, mudstone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 7°06′S 31°12′E / 7.1°S 31.2°E / -7.1; 31.2 |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 28°48′S 16°30′E / 28.8°S 16.5°E / -28.8; 16.5 |
| Region | Rukwa, Mbeya Region |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Extent | African Great Lakes, Rukwa Rift Basin |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Galula |
| Named by | Roberts et al. |
| Location | Galula Coalfields |
| Year defined | 2010 |
| Coordinates | 8°40′55.6″S 32°53′33.5″E / 8.682111°S 32.892639°E / -8.682111; 32.892639 |
| Thickness at type section | 520 m (1,710 ft) |
| Galula Formation (Tanzania) | |


title: Phillips Mill Historic District

abstract: The Phillips Mill Historic District is a national historic district that is located in Solebury Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

text:
# Phillips Mill Historic District

The **Phillips Mill Historic District** is a national historic district that is located in Solebury Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## History and architectural features

This district includes thirty-four contributing buildings, one contributing site, and six contributing structures in the village of Phillips Mill.

The district originally developed in the early eighteenth–century and is notable today as an artist's colony. It has the atmosphere of a picturesque old English village. Notable buildings and structures include the home of artist William L. Lathrop, the Phillips Mill Inn, West End Farm, Lenteboden, the Hotel du Village, Stone Cottage, and St. Philips Chapel.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Phillips Mill Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Phillips Mill Historic District (River Rd.). November 2012. | |
|  | |
| Location | River Rd. between Limeport and Chapel Rd., Solebury Township, Solebury Township, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 40°22′58″N 74°58′10″W / 40.38278°N 74.96944°W / 40.38278; -74.96944 |
| Area | 29 acres (12 ha) |
| Architect | Multiple |
| Architectural style | Mixed (more Than 2 Styles From Different Periods) |
| NRHP reference No. | 83002220 |
| Added to NRHP | June 30, 1983 |


title: Matsuyama Junior College

abstract: Matsuyama Junior College is a private junior college in Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan. It was established in 1952, and is now attached to Matsuyama University.

text:
# Matsuyama Junior College

**Matsuyama Junior College** (松山短期大学, *Matsuyama Tanki Daigaku*) is a private junior college in Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan. It was established in 1952, and is now attached to Matsuyama University.

## Departments

* Department of Commerce

33°51′3.4″N 132°46′7″E / 33.850944°N 132.76861°E / 33.850944; 132.76861

## InfoBox

Matsuyama Junior College
| 松山短期大学 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | private |
| Established | 1952 |
| Location | Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan |
| Website | https://www.matsuyama-u.ac.jp/juniorcollege/ |


title: Pedreira do Avelino Natural Monument

abstract: Pedreira do Avelino is a natural monument in Zambujal, Sesimbra, Portugal. The site contains an important set of dinosaur footprints from the Upper Jurassic. The main slab is about 15 metres (49 ft) long by 10 metres (33 ft) wide, and is inclined (30°), which facilitates its observation and pedagogical use. It contains 5 tracks and 108 total footprints.

text:
# Pedreira do Avelino Natural Monument

**Pedreira do Avelino** (Portuguese: Avelino's quarry) is a natural monument in Zambujal, Sesimbra, Portugal. The site contains an important set of dinosaur footprints from the Upper Jurassic (155 million years ago). The main slab is about 15 metres (49 ft) long by 10 metres (33 ft) wide, and is inclined (30°), which facilitates its observation and pedagogical use. It contains 5 tracks and 108 total footprints.

## Footprints

The footprints were created by *Parabrontopodus*, which differed in size: the largest with 4 metres (13 ft) from the ground to the hip, a footprint of ± 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in length (visible with low light) and hands 30 cm long x 46 cm wide (12 in × 18 in); and the smallest, 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) from the ground to the hip, footprints 30 cm long x 25 cm wide (11.8 in × 9.8 in) and hands 18 cm x 13 cm (7.1 in × 5.1 in). There is also an incomplete track with predominance of handprints of sauropods from the upper Jurassic, the first of its kind in Portugal.

## Origin and discovery

The tracks are preserved on a surface that about 155 million years ago was the muddy bottom of the shore of a coastal lagoon, likely fresh water. The same geological processes that led to the lifting and tilting of the layers with these footprints were also responsible for raising Serra da Arrábida.

The discovery of the footprints occurred in the 1980s, while a compact limestone extraction took place.

## Visits

The deposit can be visited every day for free. A platform was installed on the site to observe the footprints and information panels for interpreting the site, which help to know the time in which they lived, curiosities and characteristics of the dinosaurs.

## InfoBox

| Pedreira do Avelino Natural Monument | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category III (natural monument or feature) | |
|  | |
| Location in Portugal | |
| Location | Zambujal, Sesimbra |
| Nearest city | Setúbal |
| Coordinates | 38°27′16″N 9°07′22″W / 38.45444°N 9.12278°W / 38.45444; -9.12278 |
| Area | 1.66 hectares (4.1 acres) |
| Established | 1997 |


title: Hvítavatn

abstract: Hvítavatn is a small lake in the southern Highlands of Iceland. It is situated between Sídujökull and Skeiðarájökull, two of the southern arms of the big glacier Vatnajökull, and lies 15 km to the north of the infamous Skeiðará sander. There are some lakes and rivers with the adjective hvíta in their name in Iceland. This comes from the origin of most of the freshwater on this island: the glaciers.

text:
# Hvítavatn

**Hvítavatn** (Icelandic pronunciation: \[ˈkʰviːtaˌvahtn̥, ˈxʷiː-\] ) is a small lake in the southern Highlands of Iceland. It is situated between Sídujökull and Skeiðarájökull, two of the southern arms of the big glacier Vatnajökull, and lies 15 km to the north of the infamous Skeiðará sander.

There are some lakes and rivers with the adjective *hvíta* (meaning *white*) in their name in Iceland. This comes from the origin of most of the freshwater on this island: the glaciers.

## InfoBox

| Hvítavatn | |
| --- | --- |
| Hvítavatn | |
| Coordinates | 64°07′N 17°33′W / 64.117°N 17.550°W / 64.117; -17.550 |
| Basin countries | Iceland |


title: Perkūnas Oak

abstract: Perkūnas’s Oak is the oldest oak tree in Plungė Mansion Park – grows in the central area of the park next to Oginskis Palace. The diameter of Perkūnas’s Oak is 1.65 m, while its height is 25 m. The tree was declared a natural monument in 1960, and since 1987 it has been a natural monument of national significance.

text:
# Perkūnas Oak

**Perkūnas’s Oak** is the oldest oak tree in Plungė Mansion Park – grows in the central area of the park next to Oginskis Palace. The diameter of Perkūnas’s Oak is 1.65 m, while its height is 25 m. The tree was declared a natural monument in 1960, and since 1987 it has been a natural monument of national significance.

## History

The tree itself is not only culturally significant, but also the myths and legends that surround it. It is told that during pagan times, the priestess Galinda kept an eternal holy flame burning there. When her beloved left for war with the Teutonic Order and did not return, the woman cried her eyes out. An old priest began comforting her, saying that only the holy flame could put out her earthly love. Thunder appeared in the sky and a bolt of lightning was fired into a nearby oak. The priest then saw a flower growing inside the hollowed tree. Therefore, the oak was given the name of Perkūnas, and it is said that the tree is so strong that no earthly forces can harm it. In the historical memoirs of Plungė residents, suggestions are found that Michał Mikołaj Ogiński's wife Maria used to organise performances for children under Perkūnas’s Oak.

## Sources

1. "Perkūno ąžuolas | Plungės Išmanusis Parkas". *plungesparkas.lt*. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
2. "Perkūno ąžuolas". *www.krastogidas.lt*. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
3. "PARKO LEGENDOS". *www.zdm.lt*. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
4. "Perkūno ąžuolas - lankytina vieta Plungėje". *Turizmas Lietuvoje* (in Lithuanian). 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2020-02-26.

## InfoBox

| Perkūnas’s Oak | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Plungė, Lithuania |
| Coordinates | 55°55′03.3″N 21°50′37.3″E / 55.917583°N 21.843694°E / 55.917583; 21.843694 |


title: Musalı, Jalilabad

abstract: Musalı is a village and municipality in the Jalilabad Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,725.

text:
# Musalı, Jalilabad

**Musalı** (also, **Musa-Kend** and **Musaly**) is a village and municipality in the Jalilabad Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,725.

## InfoBox

| Musalı | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Musalı | |
| Coordinates: 39°08′27″N 48°18′09″E / 39.14083°N 48.30250°E / 39.14083; 48.30250 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Jalilabad |
| Population | |
| Total | 1,725 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Xing Zi Ming Chu

abstract: Xing Zi Ming Chu, translated as Human Nature Is Brought Forth by Decree or The Inborn-Nature Comes from the Mandate, is a Warring States period text from the Kingdom of Chu, excavated in 1993 from the Guodian tomb, near Jingmen in Hubei, China. It is one of the earliest Chinese texts to discuss human nature, although it was lost until its re-discovery.

text:
# Xing Zi Ming Chu

***Xing Zi Ming Chu*** (Chinese: 性自命出; pinyin: *xìng zì mìng chū*), translated as ***Human Nature Is Brought Forth by Decree*** or ***The Inborn-Nature Comes from the Mandate***, is a Warring States period (ca. 5th century – 221 BCE) text from the Kingdom of Chu, excavated in 1993 from the Guodian tomb, near Jingmen in Hubei, China. It is one of the earliest Chinese texts to discuss human nature, although it was lost until its re-discovery.

## Background

*Xing Zi Ming Chu* is part of the Guodian Chu Slips, a corpus of manuscripts written on bamboo slips from the Guodian tomb excavated in 1993, which can be dated to approximately 300 BCE, when the tomb was sealed. This manuscript is one of the longer ones from Guodian, containing about 1,550 characters, written on sixty-seven slips which are 32.5 centimetres (12.8 in) long. Nine of the slips have been damaged, leading to a loss of 29 characters.

The author of *Xing Zi Ming Chu* is contested. According to some scholars it was written by Zi Si (483–402 BCE), a grandson of Confucius, based on the similarities in thought between this text and others which he or his disciples are traditionally held to have written, such as *Zi Yi* (Chinese: 緇衣; pinyin: *zī yī*). However, while acknowledging the likelihood that *Xing Zi Ming Chu* and the other Guodian texts circulated during Zi Si's lifetime, other scholars do not find this evidence persuasive, leaving the question of authorship open.

This bamboo manuscript has a counterpart in the Shanghai Museum corpus, named by the editors *Xing Qing Lun*, *Discussions on Natural Dispositions and Emotions* (Chinese: 性情論; pinyin: *xìng qíng lùn*, also translated as *Discourse on Human Nature and Unshaped Feelings*). Their relationship is a matter of debate. The first halves of each are very similar, and they also feature similar punctuation. Despite that, their second halves diverge, and certain characters do not exactly match. These differences have been interpreted to mean that *Xing Zi Ming Chu* is either a version of *Xing Qing Lun*, or that they share a common textual lineage. While some scholars claim that they are unlikely to have been copied from one another, some features suggest that visual copying was also part of the production process.

## Summary

*Xing Zi Ming Chu* discusses human nature in the context of the Way and an ethics which would be later viewed as "Confucian," relating it to rightness, benevolence, the mind, and unshaped feelings. It first discusses the origin of human nature in Heaven and humanity. It continues by discussing what causes human nature to manifest, and how it does so. Next, it discusses the education of human nature through "odes," "documents," "rites," and "music," which themselves are said to be refined forms of natural human behaviour. Finally, the text becomes instructive, giving advice for particular situations.

## Analysis

*Xing Zi Ming Chu* strongly states that human nature derives from Heaven. This means that human nature is not a blank slate, and merely one of the many things that are born from Heaven's "decree." In its analysis, unshaped feelings derive from human nature; in turn the Way derives from unshaped feelings. The Way in *Xing Zi Ming Chu* transcends the phenomenological world, but is yet an innate part of human nature. Therefore humanity is predisposed to cultivation of human nature so as to transform its initial state. To begin with, human nature is characterized as responding to phenomena in the world emotionally. These responses become "proper" through ritual, *i.e.* the "odes," "documents," "rites," and "music," which had been categorized and organized by "sages." However, there is no evidence in *Xing Zi Ming Chu* that these references to tradition refer to specific texts, which is often assumed in the context of early Chinese thought. Rather, the text refers to them as traditions to be performed. Thus humanity is drawn into a web of relations between Heaven, human nature, and moral cultivation, which reflects contemporary philosophical concerns with "working within and transforming a discontinuous world."

Scholars note that the concept of human nature set out in *Xing Zi Ming Chu* bears similarities with other Warring States texts. As mentioned, it draws on a similar philosophical vocabulary to texts later classed as "Confucian," some of which also discuss human nature, such as *Mencius* and *Xunzi*). In particular, its discussion of the relationship between unshaped feelings, ritual, and music has been compared to a similar discussion in a chapter of the *Book of Rites*. However, *Xing Zi Ming Chu* and similar texts from the Guodian tomb had disappeared from transmission at some point between the late Warring States period and the Western Han period for unclear reasons. As such, the relationship of *Xing Zi Ming Chu* to other Warring States texts remains speculative.

Footnotes References  1. Meyer 2012, p. 131.
2. Shaughnessy 2006, p. 12.
3. 荆门市博物馆 (2002). *郭店楚墓竹简: 性自命出:*. 简帛书法选 (in Chinese). 文物出版社. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
4. Liu 2008, p. 61.
5. Meyer 2012, p. 5.
6. Meyer 2012, pp. 131, 135.
7. Ding 2000, pp. 28, 33, 35.
8. Meyer 2012, pp. 131–133.
9. Shaughnessy 2006, pp. 11–13.
10. *Shanghai bowuguan cai zhan guo Chu jian shu 上海博物館藏戰國楚竹書*. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe. 2001. pp. Volume one.
11. Meyer 2012, p. 135.
12. Meyer 2012, p. 169.
13. 風儀誠, Venture, Olivier (2007). "《戰國兩漢 "于"、"於"字用法與古書的傳寫習慣》". *Jianbo 《簡帛》*. **2**: 81–95.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
14. Nylan 2001, pp. 3, 5.
15. Rosemont 2015.
16. Meyer 2012, pp. 154–169.
17. Li & Huang 2010, pp. 38–39.
18. Meyer 2012, p. 146.
19. Puett 2010, pp. 57–59.
20. Meyer 2012, p. 170.
21. Kern 2005, pp. 180–181.
22. Puett 2010, p. 63.
23. Ding 2000, p. 30.
24. Meyer 2012, pp. 251–254.
25. *郭店儒簡論略*. Chu tu si xiang wen wu yu wen xian yan jiu cong shu (in Chinese). 台灣古籍出版有限公司. 2003. p. 65. ISBN 978-986-7743-18-3. Retrieved 2024-05-06.

## Further reading


title: Pirner Point

abstract: Pirner Point is a point marking the north side of the entrance to Little Moltke Harbor in Royal Bay, South Georgia. First surveyed by the German group of the International Polar Year Investigations, 1882–83, under Schrader, and named by them for Captain Pirner, commander of the expedition ship Moltke.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Pirner Point". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

text:
# Pirner Point

**Pirner Point** (54°31′S 36°4′W / 54.517°S 36.067°W / -54.517; -36.067) is a point marking the north side of the entrance to Little Moltke Harbor in Royal Bay, South Georgia. First surveyed by the German group of the International Polar Year Investigations, 1882–83, under Schrader, and named by them for Captain Pirner, commander of the expedition ship Moltke.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Pirner Point". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Fundación El Hacedor

abstract: Fundación El Hacedor is a non-profit organization founded in August 2007 by the writer José Luis Rodríguez Pittí to advance cultural, social, and educational projects, by using literature, music, and art as a vehicle to achieve personal and community development. Some projects that Fundación El Hacedor has been involved with cultural recovery projects to highlight Panamanian identity, education and training programs, programs with risk groups, national forums, conferences, recitals, environmental projects, publishing projects, artistic events, and concerts. Some past activities of Fundación El Hacedor are: Convergence Point, Art from the Earth, Literatour: Culture in the Provinces, Leer es una Fiesta, the Congreso Internacional de Literatura Centroamericana, the Forum for Culture and Development, and the Festival of Arts and Literature in 2010 and 2011, in the city of San Francisco de la Montaña in the Province of Veraguas, Panama, to bring art, music and literature to the country's poorest communities.

text:
# Fundación El Hacedor

**Fundación El Hacedor** is a non-profit organization founded in August 2007 by the writer José Luis Rodríguez Pittí to advance cultural, social, and educational projects, by using literature, music, and art as a vehicle to achieve personal and community development.

Some projects that **Fundación El Hacedor** has been involved with cultural recovery projects to highlight Panamanian identity, education and training programs, programs with risk groups (prisons, schools in red zones), national forums, conferences, recitals, environmental projects, publishing projects (paper-based and electronic), artistic events, and concerts.

Some past activities of **Fundación El Hacedor** are: *Convergence Point* (with La Novena), *Art from the Earth* (with UNEP, United Nations, and Sembrarte), *Literatour: Culture in the Provinces* (with Panamanian Government), *Leer es una Fiesta* (with French Embassy in Panamá and the Alliance Francaise), the *Congreso Internacional de Literatura Centroamericana* (with the Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá and Purdue University), the *Forum for Culture and Development* (with Enredarte, Fundación Danilo Pérez, the Panamanian Government, and other cultural organizations), and the *Festival of Arts and Literature* (with more than twenty public and private organizations) in 2010 and 2011, in the city of San Francisco de la Montaña in the Province of Veraguas, Panama, to bring art, music and literature to the country's poorest communities.

## InfoBox

Fundación El Hacedor
|
|  |
| Founded | 2007 |
| Founder | José Luis Rodríguez Pittí |
| Type | Foundation (non-profit) |
| Location |  |
| Method | Cultural projects |
| Website | EL HACEDOR |


title: Margaret Leijonhufvud

abstract: Margaret Leijonhufvud or Margareta Eriksdotter was Queen of Sweden from 1536 to 1551 by marriage to King Gustav I. She played a political role as the advisor of, and the intermediary to, her spouse the King.

text:
# Margaret Leijonhufvud

**Margaret Leijonhufvud** or **Margareta Eriksdotter** (1 January 1516 – 26 August 1551) was Queen of Sweden from 1536 to 1551 by marriage to King Gustav I. She played a political role as the advisor of, and the intermediary to, her spouse the King.

## Biography

### Early life

Margaret Leijonhuvfud was a member of one of Sweden's most powerful noble families: the early **Leijonhufvud** clan of Swedish nobility (the name meaning *Lion's Head*), being the daughter of Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud, a man executed in the Stockholm bloodbath, and wife Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa, the second cousin of king Gustav.

There is very little known of her life prior to her marriage. Her father was executed when she was four years old, during which time she hid with her mother and siblings in the Västerås Monastery. She spent her childhood mainly at Lo Castle in Västergötland and Ekeberg in Närke. At that time, the contemporary educational ideal for a Swedish noblewoman was to be tutored in reading, writing, economics, and mathematics. She was expected to learn how to manage a large estate and landholding and perform the duties of her future spouse in his absence, as well as to have knowledge at least in the German language except Swedish, and to deport herself with humility but also dignity by reading religious literature. Finally, it was customary for a girl from the nobility to spend some time in a convent to complete her education, and Margaret is likely to have received this customary education.

Though there is no explicit confirmation of this, it is considered very likely for Margaret to have served as a maid-of-honour to the queen, Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg: she was fifteen years old in 1531 when the king married Catherine. Her sister Brita married the king's favorite courtier Gustav Olofsson Stenbock in the presence of the royal couple shortly after, and though no list of Queen Catherine's ladies survives, Margaret's social position, connections, age, and contemporary custom makes it extremely likely that she completed her education by serving the queen, as was the custom for girls of her position at the time.

### Marriage

In 1535, the King was widowed by Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg and left with only one legitimate child and heir. A new marriage for the King was deemed necessary, and his decision to choose a spouse from among the nobility has been explained by the need to secure inner support and allies among the nobility for his rule, and because of the political and religious difficulties, along with the great cost and time, involved in negotiating a marriage with a foreign princess.

Margaret was selected to marry the king as she belonged to one of the leading noble families of the realm, creating an alliance between the king and one of the most powerful factions of the nobility; her mother was a relative of the king, and her sisters were both married to the king's favorite courtiers: Birgitta "Brita" to Gustav Olofsson Stenbock, and Anna to Axel Eriksson Bielke.

There is no confirmation about how Margaret felt about the marriage: both church law, as well as secular law, banned forced marriages, but both religious and secular custom demanded that children should obey their parents. According to the traditional tale, Margaret hid in a box when the king came to her parents' estate to propose.

Margaret married King Gustav I October 1536 in Uppsala Cathedral in a ceremony conducted by archbishop Laurentius Petri and was crowned Queen there the next day. At her wedding, her brothers Abraham and Sten were knighted, as well as her brother-in-law were named *riksråd*, beginning what was referred to as the period of the *Kungafränderna* ('The King's Relatives'), meaning the relatives he acquired through marriage with Margaret, in which her relatives were given prominent positions and influence at court as the king's closest allies, married in with the king's relatives and often present at official royal representational ceremonies. During the first years of their marriage, Margaret's mother Ebba played a dominating role in the royal court, and it was said that even the king did not dare to oppose his mother-in-law.

According to tradition, Margaret was engaged to Svante Sture when the king decided to marry her, but her family broke the engagement and her former fiancé was married to her sister, Martha Leijonhufvud, instead. A story describes how her sister's marriage came about. According to tradition, the king caught his new queen and her former fiancé together alone, with the young man, Svante Sture, on his knees before the queen. The king reportedly asked in a rage: "What is this?!" upon which Queen Margaret swiftly answered: "My Lord Sture is asking me for the hand of my sister!" At this, the king just as swiftly answered: "Granted!" And so, Svante Sture hastily married the queen's sister Martha Leijonhufvud. There is not documented confirmation that Margaret and Sture were engaged, but it is considered very likely, as their marriage would have been exactly what her family would have arranged for her, had she not married the king.

### Queen

Queen Margaret has been given a very good estimation in contemporary documents as well as in history, and referred to as intelligent and beautiful; she is described as a loyal wife who never abused her influence, as a responsible parent, a skillful manager of the royal court and household, and as a compassionate philanthropist of the poor and needing. The marriage has been described as happy, and the king was not known ever to have been unfaithful to her.

Margaret was loyally devoted to her birth family her entire life, who was greatly benefited by her royal marriage, and often successfully used her as mediator for benefits from the king. Several of her male relatives was given offices by the king, and her sisters benefited from favors granted to their spouses: her sister Anna's spouse was made the greatest landholder in Östergötland and her sister Brita's spouse the equivalent in Västergötland, while her widowed mother and maternal grandmother Anna Karlsdotter was granted personal lands and the right to the income of personal taxes from their peasantry. On a personal level, Margaret seems to have been closest to her sister Martha, who is most frequently mentioned in her correspondence, addressed as "The Dearest Sister of My Heart" and who more often than other family members successfully asked her for mediation with the king on behalf of herself, her spouse and supplicants.

As queen, she was given the responsibility of the royal household and as such the right to appoint artisans and merchants with Royal warrant of appointment. The members of the royal household are only fragmentarily known during her tenure, but she hosted a great number of maids-of-honour, who were successively married to the king's male courtiers in order to carefully balance the power among the noble families of the realm. One of the most well-known of such marriages is that of the great heiress Ebba Lilliehöök. Among the most prominent members of her own staff was the cunning woman Birgitta Lass Andersson, a trusted favorite and confidante with medical knowledge, who was entrusted many of her private affairs and also saw to the health of herself, her sister Martha and children.

Margaret was also a landlord in her own right, and she was closely involved in the management of her personal estates and its dependents. She remained a Catholic her entire life despite the Swedish Reformation, and is known to have made donations to the still active Vadstena Abbey, following the example of her family, her mother being the benefactor of Vreta Abbey.

Queen Margaret is credited with meaningful influence over the monarch. Her influence was of the kind accepted for a queen consort in accordance with contemporary ideals — that of speaking to the King on the behalf of others, as well as performing political tasks he assigned to her as his deputy, rather than to have used her influence to promote any personal agenda. She was thus not regarded to have been politically active, and has been favorable compared to Queen Gunilla Bielke, who was said to meddle in politics.

Margaret allegedly had the ability to keep the monarchs' temperament under control, and was a calming influence on him. In accordance with the ideal of Luther's Small Catechism, it was her task as a wife to give her spouse advice, and act as a go-between and mediator to mitigate her spouse's punishments to the benefit of those in need, a form of influence which was considered legitimate and thus not regarded as interference in state affairs. She is known in history for her great activity in this regard and often successful, something Gustavus himself admitted, when he reduced a sentence at her request. She managed to get punishments he meted out reduced, and advised him to show mercy and leniency, all of which made her popular.

Because of this activity she received a large number of petitions from supplicants who used her as a go-between for them and the king. She is said to have been credited with a great diplomatic ability, which made it possible for her to have success rather than to irritate the king when she came to him and spoke to him on others' behalf in various issues, some of them indeed political. There are many examples of this, ranging from business permits to death sentences and political issues. Already in the autumn of 1536, a pardon for a criminal sentenced to execution was mitigated by the king "For the sake of the Prayer of Our Dear Mistress Queen Margaret", and she also managed to have the king return the confiscated property of Margareta Gire, wife of the exiled suspected conspirator Wulf Gyler, release her from custody and allow her to depart to her spouse in Germany. The king, however, did not always like her influence over him to be abused and her mediation activity to be so extensive and was on at least one occasion known to have reprimanded a supplicant for having asked his queen to mediate rather than to come to him directly.

Queen Margaret could however also help supplicants without involving the king at all. Several cases are documented in which she helped supplicants with funds from her personal fortune, by contacting the right people and authorities in a court case or legal dispute, and when legal courts mitigated sentences "Because of the Gracious Prayer of Our Lady". In October 1547, for example, a woman named Anna, recently a widow of Peder Mattsson from Stockholm, was accused of adultery (at the time a legal offense) with her lover Rasmus Jute by a man named Simon; instead of attending her trial, however, Anna "entered the royal palace in secrecy and appealed personally to Our Dear Gracious Lady to be her of assistance", upon which the queen called for Anna's accuser and "Banned him from having anything whatever to do with her \[Anna\]", after which Anna was spared a trial and could remarry her lover. In a similar fashion, she interrupted the ongoing witch trial against the cunning woman Karin Åsmundz and had her let free. When the king arrested statesman Conrad von Pyhy, the queen sent for his wife Anna von Pyhy and gave her money so that she might return to her relatives in Germany before she would be in any danger due to her spouse's arrest.

King Gustav eventually gave Margaret political assignments and responsibilities. He gave her tasks such as supervising the governors of royal estates and power holders such as bailiffs or landholders, in order to prevent power abuse that could otherwise breed political unrest and rebellions. In 1543, he asked her to send spies to Södermanland to investigate whether there was any truth in rumored plans for rebellion there and if so, why the peasantry was discontent. She was entrusted tasks within foreign policy: when her brother Sten was sent as ambassador to the French royal court in 1542 in order to negotiate a Swedish-French alliance, Margaret was tasked to perform a diplomatic correspondence with the French king's influential sister Marguerite de Navarre in Latin, and she also attended the First Treaty of Brömsebro (1541). In 1542, the king gave instructions to the governors of the royal castles of Läckö, Stegeborg, Gripsholm and Stockholm to keep them for Margaret in her name until his son became of age, if he should die while his heir was still a child, which in effect gave her control of the kingdom. In his succession order issued in Västerås in 1544, he stated that if he should die when his successor was still a child, Margaret should rule as regent in a guardian government with representatives of the nobility until the age of majority of his son.

### Death

Margaret was almost constantly pregnant, which devastated her health. In August 1551, she and her children made an excursion by boat on Mälaren between Gripsholm and Västerås, and on their return, she took ill with pneumonia. According to the chronicle of Aegidius Girs, Margaret thanked her spouse on her death bed for making her queen, regretted that she had not been worthy of it, and asked her children not to quarrel. When she died, she was deeply mourned by the king. Tradition say that an eclipse took place upon her death. She died at Tynnelsö Castle.

## Children

1. John III (Johan III) (1537–1592), Duke of Finland, King of Sweden 1567-1592
2. Catherine (1539–1610), wife of Edzard II, Count of East Frisia
3. Cecilia (1540–1627), wife of Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern
4. Magnus (1542–1595), Duke of Västanstång (western Östergötland) and Count of Dal (Dalsland), mentally ill
5. Karl (1544-1544)
6. Anna (1545–1610), wife of George John I, Count Palatine of Veldenz
7. Sten (1546–1547)
8. Sophia (1547–1611), wife of Duke Magnus II of Saxe-Lauenburg, who was nephew of Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg
9. Elizabeth (1549–1597), wife of Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch
10. Charles IX (Karl IX) (1550–1611), Duke of Södermanland, Närke, Värmland and northern Västergötland, Regent of Sweden 1599–1604, King of Sweden 1604-1611

* Carl Silfverstolpe: *Vadstena klosters uppbörds- och utgiftsbok* (The account-book of Vadstena Abbey) (Swedish)
* Wilhelmina Stålberg, P. G. Berg : *Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor* (Notes of Swedish women) (in Swedish)
* Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen (2010). *Vasadöttrarna* (The Vasa Daughters). Falun: Historiska Media. ISBN 978-91-85873-87-6 (In Swedish)

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Margaret Leijonhufvud | |
| --- | --- |
| Painting by Johan Baptista van Uther | |
| Queen consort of Sweden | |
| Tenure | 1 October 1536 – 26 August 1551 |
| Coronation | 2 October 1536 |
|  | |
| Born | 1 January 1516
Ekeberg Castle, Närke, Sweden |
| Died | 26 August 1551(1551-08-26) (aged 35)
Tynnelsö Castle, Södermanland, Sweden |
| Burial | Uppsala Cathedral, Sweden |
| Spouse | Gustav I of Sweden |
| Issue | John III of Sweden
Catherine, Countess of East Frisia
Cecilia, Margravine of Baden-Rodemachern
Magnus, Duke of Östergötland
Anna, Countess Palatine of Veldenz
Sophia, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg
Elizabeth, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch
Charles IX of Sweden |
| Father | Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud |
| Mother | Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa |


title: Vizcachas (mountain)

abstract: Vizcachas is a 5,354-metre-high (17,566 ft) mountain in the Andes of southern Peru. It is situated in the Moquegua Region, Mariscal Nieto Province, Carumas District, and in the Tacna Region, Candarave Province, Candarave District. The mountain lies south-east of Vizcachas Lake.

text:
# Vizcachas (mountain)

**Vizcachas** (Aymara and Quechua for viscacha, Hispanicized spelling *Vizcachas*) is a 5,354-metre-high (17,566 ft) mountain in the Andes of southern Peru. It is situated in the Moquegua Region, Mariscal Nieto Province, Carumas District, and in the Tacna Region, Candarave Province, Candarave District. The mountain lies south-east of Vizcachas Lake.

## InfoBox

| Vizcachas | |
| --- | --- |
| VizcachasPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,354 m (17,566 ft) |
| Coordinates | 16°54′47″S 70°10′28″W / 16.91306°S 70.17444°W / -16.91306; -70.17444 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Moquegua Region, Mariscal Nieto Province, Tacna Region, Candarave Province |
| Parent range | Andes |


title: Saskatchewan Highway 968

abstract: Highway 968 is a provincial highway in the far north region of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It serves local traffic around the northern town of Fond-du-Lac and the Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation. It is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long and is not connected to any other highways except by a seasonal winter road.

text:
# Saskatchewan Highway 968

**Highway 968** is a provincial highway in the far north region of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It serves local traffic around the northern town of Fond-du-Lac and the Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation. It is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long and is not connected to any other highways except by a seasonal winter road.

## InfoBox

| Highway 968 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure | |
| Length | 2 km (1.2 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Fond-du-Lac, on Lake Athabasca |
| North end | Dead end, Fond du Lac 227 |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Rural municipalities | Northern Saskatchewan Administration District |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Highway 967   Highway 969 | |


title: Musammat Nazmanara Khanum

abstract: Musammat Nazmanara Khanum is a Bangladeshi retired government official and former secretary of the Ministry of Food. She is currently a member of the Bangladesh Public Service Commission.

text:
# Musammat Nazmanara Khanum

**Musammat Nazmanara Khanum** is a Bangladeshi retired government official and former secretary of the Ministry of Food. She is currently a member of the Bangladesh Public Service Commission.

## Early life

Khanum was born in June 1962 in Jessore District, East Pakistan, Pakistan. She has a bachelors in agriculture and a masters in plant pathology. She did her PhD in food nutrition from Japan.

## Career

Khanum joined the Bangladesh Civil Service in 1989. She served as an assistant commissioner and Upazila Nirbahi Officer.

Khanum was the Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate of Naogaon District in 2010. She served as the Divisional Commissioner of Sylhet Division. She was the first woman Divisional Commissioner of Bangladesh. She was made the Director General of Directorate General of Food on 27 May 2019.

On 19 December 2019, Khanum was appointed secretary of the Ministry of Food. In April 2020, she stopped the Open Market Sale of subsidized essentials to stop the spread of COVID-19. She introduced letter based grading food quality and hyenine in restaurants and cafes in Bangladesh. She saw the import of 100 thousand ton of rice from Myanmar.

In April 2022, Khanum visited the Centre for Food Policy of the City, University of London. She is a member of the advisory board of the Japanese Universities Alumni Association in Bangladesh. She was the president of the Bangladesh Civil Service Women Network. She retired in May 2023.

In May 2023, Khanum was appointed a member of the Bangladesh Public Service Commission along with Helal Uddin Ahmed, Shafiqul Islam, and Md Muksodur Rahman Patwary.

## InfoBox

| Musammat Nazmanara Khanum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member, Bangladesh Public Service Commission | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
17 May 2023 | |
| Appointed by | President of Bangladesh |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1962-06-09) 9 June 1962
Jessore District, Bangladesh |
| Profession | Government official |
|  | |


title: Pirni

abstract:
Pirni Pro is a discontinued network security tool designed for iOS, and specifically for iPhone and iPod Touch devices. It is capable of intercepting traffic on a wireless network segment, capturing passwords, and regular expressions entered by the user. The core system of Pirni, written in C, is open-source software, and licensed under the GNU General Public License.
Pirni Pro is the succeeding version of Pirni, and is commercial software, available in the Cydia Store, for jailbroken Apple devices.

text:
# Pirni

**Pirni Pro** is a discontinued network security tool designed for iOS, and specifically for iPhone and iPod Touch devices. It is capable of intercepting traffic on a wireless network segment, capturing passwords, and regular expressions entered by the user.

The core system of Pirni, written in , is open-source software, and licensed under the GNU General Public License. Pirni Pro is the succeeding version of Pirni, and is commercial software, available in the Cydia Store, for jailbroken Apple devices.

## Features

Pirni Pro supports active dissection of all non-ciphered protocols (given that the user has supplied a regular expression for dissection). The application description contains the following:

* ARP spoof the entire network or any target
* Watch a live feed over interesting packets collected
* Manage regular expressions to filter out data, such as site credentials

In addition, the software also offers the following features:

* Password collectors for: HTTP

## InfoBox

Pirni Pro
| Original author(s) | Axel Moller |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | May 29, 2010 |
|  | |
| Stable release | 1.1.8 / June 5, 2010 (2010-06-05) |
|  | |
| Written in | Objective-C |
| Operating system | iOS |
| Available in | English |
| Type | Computer security |
| Website | www.rootateverything.com |