title: Waterbury, Nebraska

abstract: Waterbury is a village in Dixon County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Sioux City, IA–NE–SD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 73 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Waterbury, Nebraska

**Waterbury** is a village in Dixon County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Sioux City, IANESD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 73 at the 2010 census.

## History

Waterbury was established in 1890 when the railroad was extended to that point. Waterbury derives its name from a spring which once provided water for water station.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.14 square miles (0.36 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 199 |  |  |
| 1920 | 190 |  | −4.5% |
| 1930 | 204 |  | 7.4% |
| 1940 | 164 |  | −19.6% |
| 1950 | 141 |  | −14.0% |
| 1960 | 81 |  | −42.6% |
| 1970 | 81 |  | 0.0% |
| 1980 | 92 |  | 13.6% |
| 1990 | 95 |  | 3.3% |
| 2000 | 89 |  | −6.3% |
| 2010 | 73 |  | −18.0% |
| 2020 | 72 |  | −1.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 73 people, 29 households, and 21 families living in the village. The population density was 521.4 inhabitants per square mile (201.3/km2). There were 47 housing units at an average density of 335.7 per square mile (129.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

There were 29 households, of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 3.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.6% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.86.

The median age in the village was 44.5 years. 21.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.9% were from 25 to 44; 35.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 56.2% male and 43.8% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 89 people, 34 households, and 21 families living in the village. The population density was 645.9 inhabitants per square mile (249.4/km2). There were 46 housing units at an average density of 333.8 per square mile (128.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.

There were 34 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.36.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 32.6% under the age of 18, 2.2% from 18 to 24, 37.1% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 122.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.9 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $23,438, and the median income for a family was $41,458. Males had a median income of $25,938 versus $23,906 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,764. There were 13.3% of families and 19.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 22.2% of under eighteens and 28.6% of those over 64.

Media related to Waterbury, Nebraska at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Waterbury, Nebraska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Downtown Waterbury, August 2013 | |
| Location of Waterbury, Nebraska | |
| Coordinates: 42°27′26″N 96°44′08″W / 42.45722°N 96.73556°W / 42.45722; -96.73556 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nebraska |
| County | Dixon |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.14 sq mi (0.36 km2) |
| Land | 0.14 sq mi (0.36 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,289 ft (393 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 72 |
| Density | 521.74/sq mi (200.73/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 68785 |
| Area code | 402 |
| FIPS code | 31-51630 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2400102 |


title: Weather or Not

abstract: Weather or Not is the third solo studio album by American rapper and producer Evidence. It was released on January 26, 2018 via Rhymesayers Entertainment. Production was handled by the Alchemist, Budgie, DJ Babu, DJ Premier, Nottz, Samiyam, Twiz the Beat Pro, and Evidence himself. It features guest appearances from Catero, Defari, Jonwayne, Khrysis, Krondon, Mach-Hommy, Rakaa Iriscience, Rapsody, Slug, Styles P and the Alchemist. This album is a follow-up to his 2011 album, Cats & Dogs, and is the final entry in his "Weatherman" series. Prior to the release, three singles and videos were released: "Throw It All Away", "Jim Dean" and "10,000 Hours". Photography for the album cover and a 12-page booklet was done by photographer Steven Vanasco. Evidence came to know him through his Instagram page and they became friends. Vanasco also directed the videos for "Throw It All Away" and "10,000 Hours". The video for "Jim Dean" was directed by Evidence's long time friend and collaborator Jason Goldwatch. Upon its release, the album debuted at number 187 on the Billboard 200, number 9 on the Independent Albums and number 8 on the Tastemaker Albums charts in the United States. It also made it to number 48 on the Swiss Hitparade.

text:
# Weather or Not

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Exclaim!* | 5/10 |
| *HipHopDX* | 4.4/5 |
| laut.de |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 7/10 |
| RapReviews | 8/10 |

***Weather or Not*** is the third solo studio album by American rapper and producer Evidence. It was released on January 26, 2018 via Rhymesayers Entertainment. Production was handled by the Alchemist, Budgie, DJ Babu, DJ Premier, Nottz, Samiyam, Twiz the Beat Pro, and Evidence himself. It features guest appearances from Catero, Defari, Jonwayne, Khrysis, Krondon, Mach-Hommy, Rakaa Iriscience, Rapsody, Slug, Styles P and the Alchemist.

This album is a follow-up to his 2011 album, *Cats & Dogs*, and is the final entry in his "Weatherman" series. Prior to the release, three singles and videos were released: "Throw It All Away", "Jim Dean" and "10,000 Hours". Photography for the album cover and a 12-page booklet was done by photographer Steven Vanasco. Evidence came to know him through his Instagram page and they became friends. Vanasco also directed the videos for "Throw It All Away" and "10,000 Hours". The video for "Jim Dean" was directed by Evidence's long time friend and collaborator Jason Goldwatch.

Upon its release, the album debuted at number 187 on the *Billboard* 200, number 9 on the Independent Albums and number 8 on the Tastemaker Albums charts in the United States. It also made it to number 48 on the Swiss Hitparade.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Factory" | Twiz the Beat Pro | 2:58 |
| 2. | "Throw It All Away" | The Alchemist | 2:57 |
| 3. | "Powder Cocaine" (featuring Slug and Catero) | The Alchemist | 2:56 |
| 4. | "Jim Dean" | Nottz | 4:02 |
| 5. | "Weather or Not" | DJ Babu | 4:04 |
| 6. | "Moving Too Fast" (featuring Catero) | Evidence | 1:32 |
| 7. | "Runners" (featuring Defari) | Evidence | 3:26 |
| 8. | "Bad Publicity" (featuring Krondon) | Nottz | 4:18 |
| 9. | "Rain Drops" | Twiz the Beat Pro | 3:15 |
| 10. | "Sell Me This Pen" (featuring The Alchemist and Mach-Hommy) | The Alchemist | 3:54 |
| 11. | "Love Is a Funny Thing" (featuring Styles P, Rapsody and Khrysis) | The Alchemist | 4:45 |
| 12. | "10,000 Hours" | DJ Premier | 2:51 |
| 13. | "What I Need" | Evidence | 3:54 |
| 14. | "To Make a Long Story Longer" (featuring Jonwayne) | Samiyam | 4:12 |
| 15. | "Wonderful World" (featuring Rakaa Iriscience) | Budgie | 3:35 |
| 16. | "By My Side Too" | Budgie | 2:43 |
| Total length: | | | 55:22 |

Digital bonus track
| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17. | "Old Habits" | Twiz the Beat Pro | 2:27 |

## Personnel

* Michael "Evidence" Peretta – vocals, producer (tracks: 6, 7, 13), recording (tracks: 2, 3, 6-8, 10, 11, 14-16), executive producer
* Catero Colbert – vocals (tracks: 3, 6)
* Sean "Slug" Daley – vocals (track 3), executive producer
* Duane A. "Defari" Johnson Jr. – vocals (track 7), recording (tracks: 7, 13)
* Marvin "Krondon" Jones – vocals (track 8)
* Alan "The Alchemist" Maman – vocals (track 10), producer (tracks: 2, 3, 10, 11), recording (tracks: 3, 10, 11), executive producer
* Mach-Hommy – vocals (track 10)
* David "Styles P" Styles – vocals (track 11)
* Marlanna "Rapsody" Evans – vocals (track 11)
* Christopher "Khrysis" Tyson – vocals (track 11)
* Jonathan "Jonwayne" Wayne – vocals (track 14)
* Rakaa "Iriscience" Taylor – vocals (track 15)
* Chris "DJ Babu" Oroc – scratches (tracks: 4, 5, 14, 15), producer (track 5)
* Kurt "DJ Revolution" Hoffman – scratches (track 8)
* Duante St. Louis – bass (track 13)
* Timothy "Twiz The Beat Pro" McRae – producer (tracks: 1, 9, 17), recording (tracks: 1, 4, 8, 9, 12)
* Dominick "Nottz" Lamb – producer (tracks: 4, 8)
* Christopher "DJ Premier" Martin – producer & mixing (track 12)
* Sam "Samiyam" Baker – producer & recording (track 14)
* Benjamin "Budgie" Scholefield – producer (tracks: 15, 16)
* Frederico Lopez – recording (tracks: 3, 8, 9, 13)
* Dillan Parker – recording (track 3)
* James "LMNO" Kelly – recording (track 5)
* Fihim "Tha God Fahim" Martin – recording (track 10)
* Eddie Sancho – mixing (tracks: 1-11, 13-16)
* Joe LaPorta – mastering
* Brent Sayers – executive producer
* Kevin Zinger – executive producer, management
* Ryan Clark – art direction, design
* Stephen Vanasco – photography

## Charts

| Chart (2018) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 48 |
| UK R&B Albums (OCC) | 23 |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 45 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 187 |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 9 |
| US Top Tastemaker Albums (*Billboard*) | 8 |

## InfoBox

| Weather or Not | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Evidence | |
| Released | January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26) |
| Recorded | 2016–17 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 55:22 |
| Label | Rhymesayers Entertainment |
| Producer |  |
| Evidence chronology | |
| *Lord Steppington*
(2014) ***Weather or Not***
(2018) *Unlearning Vol. 1*
(2021) | |


title: Weather presenter

abstract: A weather presenter is a person who presents the weather forecast daily on radio, television or internet news broadcasts. Using tools such as projected weather maps, they inform the viewers of the current and future weather conditions, explain underlying reasons, and relay weather hazards and warnings issued for their region, country or larger areas. A weather presenter is not necessarily qualified as a meteorologist. Preparation to become a weather presenter varies by country and media. It can range from an introduction to meteorology for a television host to a diploma in meteorology from a recognized university.

text:
# Weather presenter

A **weather presenter** (also known as a **weather girl**, **weatherman** or **weather broadcaster**) is a person who presents the weather forecast daily on radio, television or internet news broadcasts.

Using tools such as projected weather maps, they inform the viewers of the current and future weather conditions, explain underlying reasons, and relay weather hazards and warnings issued for their region, country or larger areas.

A weather presenter is not necessarily qualified as a meteorologist. Preparation to become a weather presenter varies by country and media. It can range from an introduction to meteorology for a television host to a diploma in meteorology from a recognized university.

## History

The United States was the first country in which television channels began broadcasting weather reports in the late 1940s, but presenters were doing it on radio well before then. From newsletters of the US Weather Bureau (now the National Weather Service), the host of a program traced the depressions, fronts and lows, mentioned in the general situation, and read the forecast. Thus, the host of a popular morning show, NBC's Today show, was chatting live with the Bureau's meteorologist. As the weather report became very popular, national television networks hired professional meteorologists to distinguish themselves from their competitors, but in the early 1960s the "Miss Weather" era began. The latter were seen by broadcast managers as more pleasant to watch, and advertised for local shops.

In 1981, John Coleman, the former head meteorologist for WLS-TV in Chicago, then later *Good Morning America*, proposed a national weather forecasting network to Frank Batten, the owner of the Virginia newspaper and broadcasting chain Landmark Communications. The latter had realized that many of his readers were buying the newspaper for the weather forecast, and he jumped on the idea. After ten months to find funding and build the infrastructure, The Weather Channel (TWC) began broadcasting on May 2, 1982 from Atlanta, Georgia. This was the first television channel to broadcast weather forecasts 24 hours a day, using a full staff of general meteorologists and other weather specialists.

In Canada, the first presenter on television was Percy Saltzman, a professional meteorologist, who launched the regular news bulletins on the English-language Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1952. Canada's weather bulletins have developed similarly to those in the United States. However, it is less common to see on-screen meteorologists, and networks invest much less in meteorological equipment, depending on the observations of the Meteorological Service of Canada. On the French-speaking side, Jacques Lebrun at Télé-Métropole, a self-educated presenter, was the most well-known of the earliest weathermen of the 1970s and '80s. The Weather Network, similar to TWC, went live on September 1, 1988, but it uses mostly news persons as presenters.

Other countries have followed similar paths. For instance, the first broadcast of the weather on French television dates back to December 17, 1946 and was presented by Paul Douchy in the Téléjournal program. The forecasters of National Meteorology (now Météo-France) commented live, once a week, with a weather map of the time scheduled for the next day on the RTF. In February 1958, France became one of the first countries to broadcast a daily weather report on television, after the United States, Canada and Great Britain (BBC began broadcasting in October 1954).

## Presentation techniques

Presentation techniques have varied greatly since the beginning of television and radio. The first bulletins were mostly a reading of the forecast issued by the local national weather service. With the advent of television, this was accompanied by preset charts or drawn on blackboard by the presenter. Gradually, standard maps with icons to describe the weather were adopted everywhere. In the 1960s, weather radar and meteorological satellites appeared and their images were incorporated into weather forecasts as still images. For instance, the first use of weather radar on television in the United States was in September 1961 when Hurricane Carla was approaching the state of Texas and local Reporter Dan Rather convinced the local US Weather Bureau staff to let him broadcast live from their office showing the radar data with a rough overlay of the Gulf of Mexico on a transparent sheet of plastic. His report helped the alerted population accepting the evacuation of an estimated 350,000 people by the authorities, saving several thousand lives.

The development of video and computers made it possible to create interactive presentations. Among other things, the overlay, made on the fly, allows the presenter to make a description of the time in front of a blue or green monochromatic screens, and the technical section adds the maps to the editing. These can be animation loops of satellite images, radar or lightning detection, simulations of the expected evolution of clouds, pressure fields, rain or snow zones, etc. They can even insert videos of a meteorological event that makes the headline or any other interesting graphic. Computer companies even specialize in the production of computer graphics for meteorology and incorporate analyzes usually reserved for professional meteorologists such as tornado storm analysis and tropical cyclones. Content adapted to several clienteles are also offered from children to adult audiences.

## Certification programs

In North America, the American Meteorological Society, the National Weather Association and the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society have a presenter certification program. On the American side, a degree in meteorology is needed and a committee evaluates their skills and experiences before giving accreditation. On the Canadian side, the diploma can be replaced by work experience and knowledge. This certification gives some notoriety in the public eye but is not mandatory to become a presenter.

## Public perception

Several anecdotes circulate about the work of the weather presenters which are often the target of jokes. There are even a few movies and TV series that have a character from this profession, among them:

## Famous personalities

* Peter Coade has the longest career as a weather broadcaster at 54 years. He started with the Meteorological Service of Canada on October 1, 1962 and ended his career at CBC Halifax, Canada, Nova Scotia on September 30, 2016
* Dick Goddard has the longest career as a TV weather presenter at 51 years 6 days (September 13, 1965 to September 19, 2016).

## InfoBox

Weather presenter
| Weather presenter making his description in front of a blue screen. | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | |
| Synonyms | Weathercaster, weatherman, weather broadcaster |
| Activity sectors | Mass media, meteorology |
| Description | |
| Fields of<br>employment | Broadcasting |
| Related jobs | Radio host, television presenter |


title: Millene

abstract: Millene Karine Fernandes Arruda, simply known as Millene, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Corinthians and the Brazil women's national team.

text:
# Millene

**Millene Karine Fernandes Arruda** (born 13 December 1994), simply known as **Millene**, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Corinthians and the Brazil women's national team.

## International goals

*Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first*

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 13 April 2018 | Estadio Municipal Francisco Sánchez Rumoroso, Coquimbo, Chile | Bolivia | **6**–0 | 7–0 | 2018 Copa América Femenina |
| 2 | 12 December 2019 | Arena Corinthians, São Paulo, Brazil | Mexico | **5**–0 | 6–0 | Friendly game |

## Honours

### Club

**Rio Preto**

**Corinthians**

* Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino: 2018

### National team

## InfoBox

Millene
| Millene in 2023 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Millene Karine Fernandes Arruda | | |
| Date of birth | (1994-12-13) 13 December 1994 | | |
| Place of birth | Cacoal, Rondônia, Brazil | | |
| Height | 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Corinthians | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2012–2014 | Atlético Mineiro |  |  |
| 2014–2016 | Neves | 2 | (0) |
| 2015–2017 | Rio Preto | 41 | (18) |
| 2018–2019 | Corinthians | 40 | (28) |
| 2020–2021 | Wuhan Xinjiyuan | 0 | (0) |
| 2020 | Corinthians (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| 2021–2022 | Internacional | 22 | (8) |
| 2022– | Corinthians | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2016– | Brazil | 12 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 21 August 2019<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 24 November 2022 | | | |


title: Millencourt-en-Ponthieu

abstract: Millencourt-en-Ponthieu is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Millencourt-en-Ponthieu

**Millencourt-en-Ponthieu** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

The commune is situated on the D82 road, some 5 miles (8 km) northeast of Abbeville.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 260 |  |
| 1975 | 241 | −1.08% |
| 1982 | 309 | +3.61% |
| 1990 | 355 | +1.75% |
| 1999 | 328 | −0.88% |
| 2007 | 347 | +0.71% |
| 2012 | 372 | +1.40% |
| 2017 | 359 | −0.71% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Millencourt-en-Ponthieu | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The old cross in Millencourt-en-Ponthieu | |
|  | |
| Location of Millencourt-en-Ponthieu | |
| Millencourt-en-PonthieuMillencourt-en-Ponthieu | |
| Coordinates: 50°09′09″N 1°54′09″E / 50.1525°N 1.9025°E / 50.1525; 1.9025 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Somme |
| Arrondissement | Abbeville |
| Canton | Abbeville-1 |
| Intercommunality | CC Ponthieu-Marquenterre |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Gérard Gallet |
| Area**1** | 8.62 km2 (3.33 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 349 |
| Density | 40/km2 (100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 80548 /80135 |
| Elevation | 14–87 m (46–285 ft)
(avg. 60 m or 200 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Millendreath

abstract: Millendreath is a hamlet in the parish of Looe, Cornwall, England, situated two miles east of the town of Looe. A station was to be built at Millendreath as part of the proposed St Germans & Looe Railway in the late 1930s, but the railway was abandoned without the station having been built. An associated golf course was constructed, but it was abandoned on the outbreak of war.

text:
# Millendreath

**Millendreath** is a hamlet in the parish of Looe, Cornwall, England, situated two miles east of the town of Looe.

A station was to be built at Millendreath as part of the proposed St Germans & Looe Railway in the late 1930s, but the railway was abandoned without the station having been built. An associated golf course was constructed, but it was abandoned on the outbreak of war.

50°21′46″N 4°26′12″W / 50.3627489°N 4.4366017°W / 50.3627489; -4.4366017


title: Milica Tomić

abstract: Milica Tomić also known as Milica Tomic, is a Serbian-born contemporary artist and educator. Her artistic practice is research-based and includes working in the mediums of photography, video, installation art and discursive, educational art, performance, and socio-political engagement. She serves as the Chair of the Institute for Contemporary Art at Graz University of Technology in Austria. She has lived in Berlin, Belgrade, and Graz.

text:
# Milica Tomić

**Milica Tomić** (born 1960) also known as **Milica Tomic**, is a Serbian-born contemporary artist and educator. Her artistic practice is research-based and includes working in the mediums of photography, video, installation art and discursive, educational art, performance, and socio-political engagement. She serves as the Chair of the Institute for Contemporary Art at Graz University of Technology in Austria. She has lived in Berlin, Belgrade, and Graz.

## Career

Tomić was born in 1960 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. She graduated with a bachelor's degree (1990) and master's degree (1994) in painting from the Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Arts in Belgrade.

She has been awarded many artist-in-residency opportunities including at Artpace (2004) in San Antonio, United States; and the DAAD Artist-in-Berlin Programme (2006). In 2011, she had a fellowship as a Humanities Center–SiCa Arts writer/practitioner in residence at Stanford University in Stanford, California.

Her work was part of the group exhibition, *Global Feminisms* (2007) at the Brooklyn Museum, curated by Maura Reilly and Linda Nochlin.

Since 2014, Tomić is the Chair of the Institute for Contemporary Art (within the Faculty of Architecture) at the Graz University of Technology in Graz, Styria, Austria. From 2014 to 2015, she was a professor at the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art in Trondheim, Norway.

## Artwork

Tomić’s work centers on researching, unearthing and bringing to public debate issues related to political and economic violence, trauma and social amnesia, with particular attention to the *short circuit* between intimacy and politics. As a response to the commitment to social change and the new forms of collectivity it engenders, Tomić has made a marked shift from individual to collective artistic practice.

Her work "I am Milica Tomic" (1999) was created as both a performance and video installation, where she would repeat "I am Milica Tomic" paired with a different national identity, said in the local language. Each time she would announce a new nationality, a new bloody wound would appear on her skin.

Her work "One day, Instead of One Night, a Burst of Machine-Gun Fire will Flash, if Light Cannot Come Otherwise" (2010), was performed at the ISEA International's ISEA2010: 16th International Symposium on Electronic Art in Dortmund, Germany.

She is a founding member of the Yugoslav art and theory group, Grupa Spomenik (or Monument Group), and founder of the cross-disciplinary project and working group of *Four Faces of Omarska*.

## Exhibitions

### Solo exhibitions


title: Weeton Barracks

abstract: Weeton Barracks is a military installation at Weeton-with-Preese in Lancashire, England.

text:
# Weeton Barracks

**Weeton Barracks** is a military installation at Weeton-with-Preese in Lancashire, England.

## History

The barracks were established, using tented accommodation, as Weeton Camp in 1916 during the First World War.

The Royal Air Force also used Weeton Camp, along with RAF Squires Gate and the army camp at Kirkham, for training purposes during the Second World War. It continued to be used by the RAF, mainly for driver (MT) training, until 1965.

The barracks were significantly enhanced in the early 1960s and became the home of 1st Battalion the Lancashire Fusiliers in 1965. In 2011 it became the home of 2nd Battalion the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment after they returned from a three-year tour in Cyprus. In 2021 the 2nd Battalion the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment moved to Elizabeth Barracks at Pirbright Camp.

The barracks will become home to 1st Battalion, the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment in 2024, when it returns from being the Regional Standby Battalion in Episkopi.

## InfoBox

| Weeton Barracks | |
| --- | --- |
| Weeton-with-Preese | |
| Entrance to Weeton Barracks | |
| Weeton BarracksLocation within the Borough of Fylde | |
| Coordinates | 53°49′12″N 2°56′09″W / 53.82009°N 2.93582°W / 53.82009; -2.93582 |
| Type | Barracks |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence |
| Operator | British Army |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1916 |
| Built for | War Office |
| In use | 1916present |


title: Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray

abstract: Weetman Dickinson Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray,, known as Sir Weetman Pearson, Bt between 1894 and 1910, and as Lord Cowdray between 1910 and 1917, was a British engineer, oil industrialist, benefactor and Liberal politician. He was the owner of the Pearson conglomerate.

text:
# Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray

**Weetman Dickinson Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray**, GCVO, PC (15 July 1856 – 1 May 1927), known as **Sir Weetman Pearson, Bt** between 1894 and 1910, and as **Lord Cowdray** between 1910 and 1917, was a British engineer, oil industrialist, benefactor and Liberal politician. He was the owner of the Pearson conglomerate.

## Background

Pearson was born on 15 July 1856 at Shelley, Kirkburton, West Yorkshire, the son of George Pearson (died 1899), owner of the manufacturing and contracting firm *S. Pearson & Son*, by his wife, Sarah Dickinson, a daughter of Weetman Dickinson, of High Hoyland, South Yorkshire.

## Business career

The family construction business S. Pearson & Son was founded in 1844 by his grandfather Samuel Pearson (1814–1884). Weetman Pearson took over the company in 1880 and later moved the headquarters from Yorkshire to London. An early proponent of globalization, S. Pearson & Son built the Admiralty Harbour at Dover, docks in Halifax, tunnels, railways and harbours around the world, and the Sennar Dam in Sudan.

In 1900, the company took over the construction of the Great Northern and City Railway in London and after completion in 1904 ran it for four years. In 1907 he established an investment company, Whitehall Securities Corporation Ltd which, under the direction of his son Clive Pearson, played an important role in the development of British airlines in the 1930s.

Today Pearson Plc is mainly engaged in the business of publishing.

### Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company

In 1889, Porfirio Diaz, the President of Mexico, invited Pearson to his country to build a railroadthe Tehuantepec Railwayfrom the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. On one of Pearson's trips to Mexico, he missed a rail connection in Laredo, Texas, and was obliged to spend the night in the town which he described as "wild with the oil craze" from the recent discovery of oil at Spindletop. After doing some quick research that night about oil seepages in Mexico, Pearson began acquiring prospective oil lands in Laredo, thinking he could use discovered oil to fuel the Tehuantepec Railway he was building.

In 1902, after sulphur was found in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Pearson used a Texas drilling crew to drill Potrerillos, a rise of ground close to his railway. Well No. 4 confirmed the location of a salt dome at a depth of 709 feet. This was a good sign, since oil was found at Spindletop in 1901, alongside the edge of a salt dome. Well No 8 became Mexico's first commercial oil well. Pearson then brought in Anthony Lucas to help spot 20 drilling locations, developing areas at Jáltipan, Capacan, Tecuanapa, and Soledad. In 1908, Eagle built Mexico's first oil refinery, located at Minatitlán. In 1910, Potrero del Llano No. 4, came in as a real gusher. In 1921, Pearson added Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company (Cia. Mexicana de Petroleo el Aguila, S.A.) to the Shell-Royal Dutch merger.

In 1911, President Diaz was overthrown and the Mexican Revolution began. The associated violence and turmoil had a negative effect on foreign investors in Mexico's oil industry. In October 1918 Pearson sold a substantial portion of Mexican Eagle stock to Calouste Gulbenkian, on behalf of Royal Dutch Shell, which took over its management.

## Political career

Pearson was created a **Baronet**, of Paddockhurst, in the Parish of Worth, in the County of Sussex, and of Airlie Gardens, in the Parish of St Mary Abbots, Kensington, in the County of London, in 1894. He was first elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Colchester at a by-election in February 1895. He held the seat at the 1895 general election and retained it until 1910 when he was raised to the peerage as **Baron Cowdray**, of Midhurst in the County of Sussex. His time is connected with a number of developments, most notably the opening of Colchester Castle to the public. Under his leadership during World War I, the munitions factory HM Factory, Gretna and the tank assembly at Chateauroux were built.

In January 1917, he was sworn of the Privy Council and made **Viscount Cowdray**, of Cowdray in the County of Sussex. That same month, David Lloyd George requested that he become President of the Air Board. Cowdray agreed, provided that he receive no salary. Lord Cowdray worked diligently to improve the output of aircraft and produced a threefold increase in the number of aircraft under his tenure. Yet he was criticized after German bombing produced over 600 casualties on 13 June, and resigned the following November.

Following the war, he was active in Liberal politics and in philanthropic activities. He endowed a professorship in the Spanish department at the University of Leeds, and contributed to University College London, the League of Nations Union, the Royal Air Force Club and Memorial Fund, and to many public projects.

## Marriage and children

Lord Cowdray married Annie Cass, a daughter of Sir John Cass (1832–1898), of Bradford in Yorkshire, merchant and landowner, Justice of the Peace and Chairman of the Bradford Conservative Association, whose inscribed gravestone survives in Undercliffe Cemetery, Bradford. By his wife he had four children:

The poet, broadcaster and socialite Nadja Malacrida was his niece.

## Death

Lord Cowdray died in his sleep at Dunecht House, Aberdeenshire on 1 May 1927, aged 70, leaving a fortune of £4m, but instead of following primogeniture it was evenly divided into 10 parts. He was succeeded by his eldest son Weetman Harold Miller Pearson, 2nd Viscount Cowdray.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray
|  | CrestIn front of a Demi Gryphon Gules holding between its claws a Millstone proper thereon Mill-Rind Sable a Sun in Splendour EscutcheonPer fess indented Gules and Or in chief two Suns in Splendour and in base a Demi-Gryphon couped all counterchanged SupportersDexter: a Diver holding in his exterior hand his Helmet all proper; Sinister: a Mexican peon also proper MottoDo It With Thy Might |
| --- | --- |

## Further reading

* Garner, Paul. *British Lions and Mexican Eagles: Business, Politics, and Empire in the Career of Weetman Pearson in Mexico, 1889-1919*. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2011.
* Middlemas, Keith. *The Master Builders: Thomas Brassey, Sir John Aird, Lord Cowdray, Sir John Norton-Griffiths*. London: Hutchinson, 1964.
* Spender, John A. *Weetman Pearson: First Viscount Cowdray*. London: Cassell, 1930.
* Young, Desmond. *Member for Mexico: Biography of Weetman Pearson, First Viscount Cowdray*. London: Cassell, 1966.

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Viscount CowdrayGCVO PC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of the Air Board | |
| **In office**
3 January 1917  26 November 1917 | |
| Monarch | George V |
| Prime Minister | David Lloyd George |
| Preceded by | The Earl Curzon of Kedleston |
| Succeeded by | The Lord Rothermere |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Weetman Dickinson Pearson
15 July 1856
Shelley, Kirkburton, West Yorkshire, England |
| Died | 1 May 1927(1927-05-01) (aged 70)
Dunecht House, Aberdeenshire, Scotland |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Annie Cass |
| Children | Harold Pearson, 2nd Viscount Cowdray
Bernard Clive Pearson
Francis Geoffrey Pearson
Gertrude Denman, Baroness Denman |
| Occupation | engineer, building contractor, politician |
| Known for | engineering projects, oil companies, MP Colchester, philanthropy |
|  | |


title: Mikko Kalteva

abstract: Mikko Kalteva is a Finnish former professional ice hockey defenseman who most notably played in the Finnish Liiga.

text:
# Mikko Kalteva

**Mikko Kalteva** (born 25 May 1984) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey defenseman who most notably played in the Finnish Liiga.

## Playing career

Kalteva was drafted 107th overall in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft by the Colorado Avalanche. Kalteva joined Jokerit as a 16-year-old junior and played in the Junior A SM-liiga in 2000–01 earning a place in the Pohjola First All-Star Team. Kalteva gained the notice of the Avalanche after selection to the Finnish Jr. team for the World U18 Championships in 2002. Kalteva was also named in the Finnish World Junior Championships in 2003 and 2004, earning a bronze medal on each occasion.

At the end of the 2003–04 season, Kalteva made his SM-liiga debut with Jokerit. In the following season Kalteva was a part of the fringe squad that helped Jokerit take the silver medal in the Kanada-malja playoffs. Mikko became a dual winner of the silver medal when he played a prominent defensive role in 2006–07.

On 23 April 2010, after spending his entire career to date with Jokerit, Kalteva left when he signed with Swedish team, Södertälje SK, of the Elitserien for the 2010–11 season.

Upon the completion of his second season with Södertälje, Kalteva returned to Finland signing a one-year contract with JYP Jyväskylä on 30 June 2012.

Kalteva played nine seasons with JYP Jyväskylä, making a total of 709 Liiga appearances before ending his 18-year professional career following the 2020–21 season, announcing his retirement on 31 March 2021.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2000–01 | Jokerit | FIN U18 | | 11 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 6 | | 6 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| 2000–01 | Jokerit | FIN U20 | | 34 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Jokerit | FIN U20 | | 29 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Jokerit | FIN U18 | |  |  |  |  |  | | 6 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| 2002–03 | Jokerit | FIN U20 | | 34 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 30 | | 10 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 4 |
| 2003–04 | Jokerit | FIN U20 | | 39 | 14 | 10 | 24 | 42 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2003–04 | Jokerit | SM-liiga | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2003–04 | Suomi U20 | Mestis | | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | Jokerit | FIN U20 | | 24 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 40 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | Jokerit | SM-liiga | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005–06 | Jokerit | SM-liiga | | 53 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 26 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Jokerit | SM-liiga | | 54 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 34 | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2007–08 | Jokerit | SM-liiga | | 54 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 40 | | 14 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 2008–09 | Jokerit | SM-liiga | | 56 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 34 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 2009–10 | Jokerit | SM-liiga | | 33 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 16 | | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 2010–11 | Södertälje SK | SEL | | 46 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2011–12 | Södertälje SK | Allsv | | 44 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2012–13 | JYP | SM-liiga | | 45 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 40 | | 8 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
| 2013–14 | JYP | Liiga | | 31 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 18 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | JYP | Liiga | | 48 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 20 | | 12 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
| 2015–16 | JYP | Liiga | | 58 | 10 | 19 | 29 | 26 | | 13 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 |
| 2016–17 | JYP | Liiga | | 58 | 4 | 26 | 30 | 20 | | 12 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 8 |
| 2017–18 | JYP | Liiga | | 53 | 9 | 16 | 25 | 26 | | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 2018–19 | JYP | Liiga | | 57 | 1 | 17 | 18 | 32 | | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 2019–20 | JYP | Liiga | | 56 | 5 | 13 | 18 | 30 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | JYP | Liiga | | 49 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 26 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| Liiga totals | | | | 709 | 46 | 150 | 196 | 388 | | 92 | 7 | 22 | 29 | 42 |

| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Finland | | |
| Ice hockey | | |
| World Junior Championships | | |
|  | 2003 Halifax |  |
|  | 2004 Helsinki |  |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | Finland | WJC18 | 4th | | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 2003 | Finland | WJC |  | | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 2004 | Finland | WJC |  | | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Junior totals | | | | | 21 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 10 |

## InfoBox

| Mikko Kalteva | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1984-05-25) 25 May 1984
Hyvinkää, Finland | | |
| Height | 6 ft 3.5 in (192 cm) | | |
| Weight | 211 lb (96 kg; 15 st 1 lb) | | |
| Position | Defense | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Jokerit
Södertälje SK
JYP Jyväskylä | | |
| NHL draft | 107th overall, 2002
Colorado Avalanche | | |
| Playing career | 20042021 | | |


title: Miloš Žeravica

abstract: Miloš Žeravica is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

text:
# Miloš Žeravica

**Miloš Žeravica** (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Жеравица; born 22 Јuly 1988) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Honours

**Napredak Kruševac**

**Zrinjski Mostar**

**Borac Banja Luka**

## InfoBox

Miloš Žeravica
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Miloš Žeravica | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-07-22) 22 July 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Zrenjanin, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Proleter Zrenjanin | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2004–2005 | Proleter Zrenjanin | 8 | (0) |
| 2005–2013 | OFK Beograd | 71 | (5) |
| 2006–2008 | Palilulac Beograd (loan) | 49 | (3) |
| 2013 | Napredak Kruševac (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| 2013–2014 | Sloboda Užice | 23 | (3) |
| 2014–2015 | Borac Banja Luka | 20 | (0) |
| 2015–2017 | Zrinjski Mostar | 37 | (0) |
| 2017–2018 | Grindavík | 20 | (1) |
| 2018–2019 | Borac Banja Luka | 34 | (1) |
| 2019–2020 | Sileks | 31 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 22 May 2021 | | | |


title: Millham City, California

abstract: Millham City is a former settlement in Kings County, California. It was located 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Kettleman City, at an elevation of 344 feet (105 m). Millham City still appeared on maps as of 1937.

text:
# Millham City, California

**Millham City** is a former settlement in Kings County, California. It was located 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Kettleman City, at an elevation of 344 feet (105 m). Millham City still appeared on maps as of 1937.

## InfoBox

| Millham City | |
| --- | --- |
| Former settlement | |
| Millham CityLocation in California | |
| Coordinates: 36°02′15″N 119°59′57″W / 36.03750°N 119.99917°W / 36.03750; -119.99917 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Kings |
| Elevation | 105 m (344 ft) |


title: Miller-Walker House

text:
# Miller-Walker House

The Miller-Walker House was a single-family home located at 117 McKay Street in Saline, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The house is missing and is presumed to have been demolished some time after 1985.

## History

The house was constructed between 1872 and 1888. Who it was built for is unknown, but Charles and Anna Miller occupied the house shortly after their marriage in 1889. Miller was the grandson of pioneer Leonard Miller and operated a livery stable near the Saline Exchange Hotel. Later, the house was purchased by Fred Walker, a retired farmer.

## Description

The house was built in a two-story frame Eastern Stick style and had a combination of a hipped and gabled roof. Similarly, the single-story front porch was also built in the Stick style containing decorative stick work in the railing and spindles along the frieze.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Miller-Walker House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 117 McKay St., Saline, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 42°10′00″N 83°47′01″W / 42.16667°N 83.78361°W / 42.16667; -83.78361 (Miller--Walker House) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c.1885 (c.1885) |
| Architectural style | Stick/Eastlake |
| Demolished | ? |
| MPS | Saline MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002957 |
| Added to NRHP | October 10, 1985 |


title: Millpool

abstract: Millpool is a hamlet in the parish of Cardinham in north Cornwall, England, lying about one mile north of Cardinham village. The A30 trunk road towards Bodmin runs about half a mile north-west of the hamlet. There is another Millpool hamlet in west Cornwall, mostly in Breage parish, but having some properties in St Hilary and Germoe parishes.

text:
# Millpool

**Millpool** is a hamlet in the parish of Cardinham in north Cornwall, England, lying about one mile north of Cardinham village. The A30 trunk road towards Bodmin runs about half a mile north-west of the hamlet.

There is another Millpool hamlet in west Cornwall, mostly in Breage parish, but having some properties in St Hilary and Germoe parishes.

## InfoBox

| Millpool | |
| --- | --- |
| A cottage at Millpool | |
| MillpoolLocation within Cornwall | |
| OS grid reference | SX119704 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Milloy

abstract:
Milloy is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
  - Albert E. Milloy, Major General, United States Army
  - Christin Milloy, Canadian politician and LGBT activist
  - John Milloy, former politician in Ontario, Canada
  - Lawyer Milloy, former American college and professional football player
  - May Milloy (1875–1967), American actress on Broadway, vaudeville, and in several films
  - Steven Milloy, lawyer, lobbyist, author and Fox News commentator

text:
# Milloy

**Milloy** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* Albert E. Milloy (born 1921), Major General, United States Army
* Christin Milloy, Canadian politician and LGBT activist
* John Milloy (born 1965), former politician in Ontario, Canada
* Lawyer Milloy (born 1973), former American college and professional football player
* May Milloy (1875–1967), American actress on Broadway, vaudeville, and in several films
* Steven Milloy, lawyer, lobbyist, author and Fox News commentator


title: Mikołaj Mielecki

abstract: Mikołaj Mielecki h. Gryf was a Polish nobleman and politician. Since 1569 Mielecki was the voivod of Podolian Voivodship, between 1578 and 1580 he also served in the Polish Army as the Grand Hetman of the Crown.

text:
# Mikołaj Mielecki

**Mikołaj Mielecki** h. Gryf (ca. 1540  11 May 1585 in Kraków) was a Polish nobleman and politician. Since 1569 Mielecki was the voivod of Podolian Voivodship, between 1578 and 1580 he also served in the Polish Army as the Grand Hetman of the Crown.

## Biography

One of the most notable partisans of the Habsburg faction in Poland, since 1562 he took part in various military campaigns to Moldavia under command of Mikołaj Sieniawski. In 1579 he was the commander of all Polish armies in the war against Ivan the Terrible, Grand Duke of Muscovy. One of his most astonishing successes was capturing the city and the stronghold of Połock. In 1579 he took the city of Sokol burning it and executing its defenders. Following various disagreements with Stefan Batory and Jan Zamoyski he resigned his posts and retired from public life.

Initially a lukewarm Calvinist and a member of the Polish Reformed Church, in the late 1570s he converted to Catholicism, with his wife and children following him a few years later.

## Marriage and issue

Mikołaj married Elżbieta Radziwiłł, the daughter of Hetman Mikołaj Czarny Radziwiłł in 1566 and had two children:

## Bibliography

* Jan Łasicki. *Historia de ingressu Polonorum in Valachiam cum Bogdano Voivoda et caede Turcarum: ducibus Nicolao Mielecio et Nicolao Sieniawscio: A. 1572*
* Ryszard Przybyliński. *Hetman wielki koronny Mikołaj Mielecki (ok. 1540-1585)*. Toruń 2002. ISBN 83-7322-064-X
* Marcin Spórna. *Słownik najsłynniejszych wodzów i dowódców polskich*. Kraków 2006. ISBN 83-7435-094-6


abstract: Wellington (Somerset) is a former county constituency in the United Kingdom, formally known as The Western or Wellington Division of Somerset. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system, from 1885 until 1918.

text:
# Wellington (Somerset) (UK Parliament constituency)

**Wellington (Somerset)** is a former county constituency in the United Kingdom, formally known as **The Western or Wellington Division of Somerset**. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system, from 1885 until 1918.

## History

### Creation

The constituency was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, and elected its first MP at the 1885 general election. It consisted of part of the previous West Somerset division, a two-member constituency which had existed between 1867 and 1885.

### Boundaries

The constituency consisted of the western end of the county of Somerset, stretching to the suburbs of Taunton, and was predominantly rural and agricultural. Wellington, though the largest town, contributed only about an eighth of the population; other small towns within the division were Minehead, Watchet, Wiveliscombe, Dunster, Dulverton, Williton and Bishop's Lydeard. Although Taunton was a borough electing an MP in its own right, the franchise rules that applied in the 1885–1918 period allowed freeholders in boroughs to qualify for a vote in the adjoining county division as if the borough did not exist, and the Taunton freeholders were a significant presence in the Wellington constituency.

By the time of the First World War, the population of the constituency was about 50,000, rather below the national average.

### Political character

The chief occupation of the population was farming of various types - sheep farming on Exmoor, dairy farming in the Vale of Taunton and arable crops elsewhere - which would have made the constituency naturally Conservative, although the slate quarries around Wellington and Williton would be likely to provide some Liberal voters. But more significant, perhaps, was the influence of the local landowning families, the Luttrells and the Aclands, both of whom were Liberal. This was sufficient to swing the constituency to the Liberals in 1885, but at the next election it was won by the Conservatives, and from 1892 their hold was secured by the choice of Sir Alexander Fuller Acland-Hood as their candidate (he being a relative of the Aclands but a Conservative) - after his initial victory in 1892, the Liberals did not even put up a candidate against him at the next three general elections, and he was returned unopposed. By the time of his elevation to a peerage in 1911, the Wellington division could be regarded as a relatively safe Conservative seat.

### Abolition

The constituency was abolished with effect from the 1918 general election, its voters being divided between the new Taunton and Bridgwater county constituencies.

## Members of Parliament

| Year | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1885 | Sir Thomas Acland | Liberal |
|  | 1886 | Charles Elton | Conservative |
|  | 1892 | Sir Alexander Fuller-Acland-Hood | Conservative |
|  | 1911 | Dennis Boles | Unionist |
|  | 1918 | *constituency abolished: see Bridgwater and Taunton* | |

## Elections

### Elections in the 1880s

General election 1885: Wellington (Somerset)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Thomas Dyke Acland** | **4,299** | **53.3** |  |
|  | Conservative | Charles Elton | 3,760 | 46.7 |  |
| Majority | | | 539 | 6.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 8,059 | 84.5 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 9,537 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **win** (new seat) | | | | |

General election 1886: Wellington (Somerset)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Charles Elton** | **4,117** | **56.1** | **+9.4** |
|  | Liberal | Thomas Dyke Acland | 3,220 | 43.9 | −9.4 |
| Majority | | | 897 | 12.2 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 7,337 | 76.9 | −7.6 |
| Registered electors | | | 9,537 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Liberal | | Swing | +9.4 |  |

### Elections in the 1890s

General election 1892: Wellington (Somerset)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Alexander Fuller-Acland-Hood** | **4,369** | **55.6** | **0.5** |
|  | Liberal | William Latham | 3,484 | 44.4 | +0.5 |
| Majority | | | 885 | 11.2 | 1.0 |
| Turnout | | | 7,853 | 82.9 | +6.0 |
| Registered electors | | | 9,472 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 0.5 |  |

General election 1895: Wellington (Somerset)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Alexander Fuller-Acland-Hood** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1900s

General election 1900: Wellington (Somerset)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Alexander Fuller-Acland-Hood** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

By-election, 1900: Wellington (Somerset)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Alexander Fuller-Acland-Hood** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

General election 1906: Wellington (Somerset)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Alexander Fuller-Acland-Hood** | **4,558** | **51.5** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Liberal | Charles Humble Dudley Ward | 4,286 | 48.5 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 272 | 3.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 8,844 | 88.8 | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 9,960 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

### Elections in the 1910s

General election January 1910: Wellington (Somerset)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Alexander Fuller-Acland-Hood** | **5,216** | **55.7** | **+4.2** |
|  | Liberal | Walter King | 4,150 | 44.3 | −4.2 |
| Majority | | | 1,066 | 11.4 | +8.4 |
| Turnout | | | 9,366 | 90.9 | +2.1 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +4.2 |  |

General election December 1910: Wellington (Somerset)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Alexander Fuller-Acland-Hood** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

1911 Wellington by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Dennis Boles** | **5,025** | **53.2** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Liberal | Charles Humble Dudley Ward | 4,421 | 46.8 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 604 | 6.4 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 9,446 | 88.3 | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

**General Election 1914–15**:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

* *The Constitutional Year Book for 1913* (London: National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1913)
* Michael Kinnear, *The British Voter* (London: BH Batsford, Ltd, 1968)
* Henry Pelling, *Social Geography of British Elections 1885-1910* (London: Macmillan, 1967)
* Frederic A Youngs, jr, *Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol I* (London: Royal Historical Society, 1979)

## InfoBox

| Wellington (Somerset) | |
| --- | --- |
| Former county constituency<br>for the House of Commons | |
| 18851918 | |
| Seats | one |
| Created from | West Somerset |
| Replaced by | Bridgwater and Taunton |


title: West Vincent Township, Pennsylvania

abstract: West Vincent Township is a township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,567 at the 2010 census.

text:
# West Vincent Township, Pennsylvania

**West Vincent Township** is a township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,567 at the 2010 census.

## History

The township was named after Sir Mathias Vincent. West Vincent was formed in 1832 when Vincent Township was divided. The remainder of Vincent Township became East Vincent.

The Birchrunville General Store, Birchrunville Historic District, Deery Family Homestead, Nicholas East House, French Creek Farm, Robert Rooke House, and Strickland-Roberts Homestead are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 17.8 square miles (46 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 0.22%, is water. West Vincent Township is divided from East Vincent Township by French Creek; these two townships were combined as Vincent Township until 1832. The township is partially located in the Hopewell Big Woods. An interesting feature of West Vincent Township is its missing quarte". In 1715, founder Sir Mathias Vincent and others failed to pay taxes to William Penn, who took them to court. In the end, 467 acres (1.89 km2) in southern West Vincent Township were seized and given to Upper Uwchlan Township. This is shown in modern days by Pennsylvania Route 401, which, while travelling straight, leaves this township but soon re-enters it.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 831 |  |  |
| 1940 | 808 |  | −2.8% |
| 1950 | 1,116 |  | 38.1% |
| 1960 | 1,431 |  | 28.2% |
| 1970 | 1,890 |  | 32.1% |
| 1980 | 1,992 |  | 5.4% |
| 1990 | 2,262 |  | 13.6% |
| 2000 | 3,170 |  | 40.1% |
| 2010 | 4,567 |  | 44.1% |
| 2020 | 6,668 |  | 46.0% |
|  | | | |

As of the 2010 census, the township was 93.9% non-Hispanic White, 1.1% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 2.1% Asian, and 0.9% were two or more races. 1.9% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.

As of the 2000 census, there were 3,170 people, 1,077 households, and 872 families residing in the township. The population density was 178.6 inhabitants per square mile (69.0/km2). There were 1,121 housing units at an average density of 63.2 per square mile (24.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.79% White, 0.60% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.06% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.

There were 1,077 households, out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.5% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.0% were non-families. 14.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the township, the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $92,024, and the median income for a family was $106,223. Males had a median income of $70,670 versus $42,371 for females. The per capita income for the township was $43,500. About 3.2% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.

## Weatherstone

Weatherstone is a housing development built by the Hankin Group located at the intersection of PA Route 100 and PA Route 401 (Ludwigs Corner). It contains about 270 homes and the Hankin Library. Construction started in 2002. The original plans called for a retail development as well. As of 2017, the land still remains vacant, but plans have not been abandoned.

## ReNew Glenmoore

The luxury apartment complex ReNew Glenmoore is located within West Vincent Township. The community is currently managed by Red Tail Residential.

## Education

West Vincent is within the Owen J. Roberts School District. Owen J. Roberts High School is the zoned comprehensive high school.

Henrietta Hankin Branch of the Chester County Library System is in the township.

## Transportation

As of 2021, there were 69.13 miles (111.25 km) of public roads in West Vincent Township, of which 18.38 miles (29.58 km) were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and 50.75 miles (81.67 km) were maintained by the township.

Pennsylvania Route 100 and Pennsylvania Route 401 are the numbered roads serving West Vincent Township. PA 100 follows Pottstown Pike along a north-south alignment across the southwestern corner of the township. PA 401 follows Conestoga Road along a northwest-southeast alignment across the southern and western portions of the township.

## Notable people

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| West Vincent Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Deery Family Homestead | |
| Location in Chester County and the state of Pennsylvania | |
| Location of Pennsylvania in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 40°07′43″N 75°38′38″W / 40.12861°N 75.64389°W / 40.12861; -75.64389 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Chester |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.84 sq mi (46.21 km2) |
| Land | 17.68 sq mi (45.78 km2) |
| Water | 0.16 sq mi (0.42 km2) |
| Elevation | 325 ft (99 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 4,567 |
| Estimate (2016) | 5,084 |
| Density | 287.61/sq mi (111.04/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 610 |
| FIPS code | 42-029-84160 |


title: Napoleon and the Jews

text:
# Napoleon and the Jews

The first laws to emancipate Jews in France were enacted during the French Revolution, establishing them as citizens equal to other Frenchmen. In countries that Napoleon Bonaparte's ensuing Consulate and French Empire conquered during the Napoleonic Wars, he emancipated the Jews and introduced other ideas of liberty. He overrode old laws restricting Jews to reside in ghettos, removed the forced identification of Jews by their wearing the Star of David. In Malta, he ended the enslavement of Jews and permitted the construction of a synagogue there. He also lifted laws that limited Jews' rights to property, worship, and certain occupations. In anticipation of a victory in the Holy Land that failed to come about, he wrote a proclamation published in April 1799 for a Jewish homeland there.

In an effort to promote Jewish integration into French society, however, Napoleon also implemented several policies that eroded Jewish separateness. He restricted the practice of Jews lending money, in the Decree on Jews and Usury (1806), restricted the regions to which Jews were allowed to migrate, and required Jews to adopt formal names. He also implemented a series of consistories, which served as an effective channel utilised by the French government to regulate Jewish religious life.

Historians have disagreed about Napoleon's intentions in these actions, as well as his personal and political feelings about the Jewish community. Some have said he had political reasons but did not have sympathy for the Jews. His actions were generally opposed by the leaders of monarchies in other countries. After his defeat by the Coalition against France, a counter-revolution swept many of these countries and restored discriminatory measures against the Jews.

## Napoleon's laws and the Jews

The French Revolution abolished religious persecution that had existed under the monarchy. The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed freedom of religion and free exercise of worship, provided that it did not contradict public order. At that time, most other European countries implemented measures of religious persecution towards religious minorities. Many Catholic countries were intolerant and had established religious Inquisitions, sanctioning Jews and Protestants. In the tolerant Protestant-ruled Dutch Republic, Jews and Catholics did not have equal rights until it came under French dominance.

In the early 19th century, through his conquests in Europe, Napoleon spread the modernist liberal ideas of revolutionary France: equality before the law and the rule of law. Napoleon's attitudes towards the Jews have been interpreted in various ways by historians. He made statements both in support of and in opposition to Jews as a group and had that changed. In 1990, Orthodox Rabbi Berel Wein claimed that Napoleon was interested primarily in seeing the Jews assimilate, rather than prosper as a distinct community: "Napoleon's outward tolerance and fairness toward Jews was actually based upon his grand plan to have them disappear entirely by means of total assimilation, intermarriage, and conversion."

Napoleon was concerned about the role of Jews as moneylenders, wanting to end that. The treatment of the Alsace Jews and their debtors was raised in the Imperial Council on 30 April 1806. His liberation of the Jewish communities in Italy (notably in Ancona in the Papal States) and his insistence on the integration of Jews as equals in French and Italian societies demonstrates that he distinguished between usurers (whether Jewish or not), whom he compared to locusts, and those Jews who accepted non-Jews as their equals.

In a letter to Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny, Minister of the Interior on 29 November 1806, Napoleon wrote:

\[It is necessary to\] reduce, if not destroy, the tendency of Jewish people to practice a very great number of activities that are harmful to civilisation and to public order in society in all the countries of the world. It is necessary to stop the harm by preventing it; to prevent it, it is necessary to change the Jews. \[...\] Once part of their youth will take its place in our armies, they will cease to have Jewish interests and sentiments; their interests and sentiments will be French.

While insisting on the primacy of civil law over the military, Napoleon retained a deep respect and affection for the military as a profession. He often hired former soldiers in civilian occupations. Some French Jews served in the military.

Through his policies overall, Napoleon greatly improved the condition of the Jews in France and Europe. Starting in 1806, Napoleon passed a number of measures enhancing the position of the Jews in the French Empire. He accepted a representative group elected by the Jewish community, the Grand Sanhedrin*,* as their representatives to the French government.

In conquered countries, he abolished laws restricting Jews to living in ghettos. In 1807, he designated Judaism as one of the official religions of France, along with Roman Catholicism (long the established state religion), Lutheran and Calvinist Protestantism (Huguenots, followers of the latter, had been severely persecuted by the monarchy in the late 17th and 18th centuries).

In 1808 Napoleon rolled back a number of reforms (under the so-called *décret infâme*, or Infamous Decree, of 17 March 1808), declaring all debts with Jews to be annulled, reduced or postponed. The Infamous Decree imposed a ten-year ban on any kind of Jewish money-lending activity. Similarly, Jews who were in subservient positions—such as a Jewish servant, military officer, or wife—were unable to engage in any kind of money-lending activity without the explicit consent of their superiors. Napoleon's goal in implementing the Infamous Decree of 1808 was to integrate Jewish culture and customs into those of France. By restricting money-lending activity, Jews would be forced to engage in other practices for a living. Likewise, in order to even engage in money-lending activity, the decree required Jews to apply for an annual license, granted only with the recommendation of the Jews' local consistory and with the surety of the Jews' honesty. This caused so much financial loss that the Jewish community nearly collapsed.

On a different note, the Infamous Decree also placed heavy restrictions on the Jews' ability to migrate. The decree prevented the Jews from relocating to the regions of Alsace and required that Jews wishing to move to other regions of France to own or purchase land to farm. It also required them to refrain from engaging in any kind of money-lending activity (the law eventually placed these restrictions only on the Jews of the northeast). Likewise, the decree required Jews to serve in the French military, without any opportunity to provide a replacement.

The last component of the Infamous Decree – established in July 1808 – required Jews to adopt formal names with which they would be addressed (before, Jews were often referred to as "Joseph son of Benjamin"). They were also prevented from selecting names of cities or names in the Hebrew Bible. Napoleon sought to integrate the Jewish people more fully into French society by establishing the guidelines they were required to follow in adopting names. Napoleon ended these restrictions by 1811.

Historian Ben Weider argued that Napoleon had to be extremely careful in defending oppressed minorities such as Jews, because of keeping balance with other political interests, but says that the leader clearly saw the political benefit to his Empire in the long term in supporting them. Napoleon hoped to use equality as a way of gaining advantage from discriminated groups, like Jews or Protestants.

Both aspects of his thinking can be seen in an 1818 response to physician Barry O'Meara, his physician during his exile on St. Helena, asking why he pressed for the emancipation of the Jews:

I wanted to make them leave off usury, and become like other men... by putting them upon an equality, with Catholics, Protestants, and others, I hoped to make them become good citizens, and conduct themselves like others of the community... as their rabbins explained to them, that they ought not to practise usury to their own tribes, but were allowed to do so with Christians and others, that, therefore, as I had restored them to all their privileges... they were not permitted to practise usury with me or them, but to treat us as if we were of the tribe of Judah. Besides, I should have drawn great wealth to France as the Jews are very numerous, and would have flocked to a country where they enjoyed such superior privities. Moreover, I wanted to establish an universal liberty of conscience.

However, in a private letter to his brother Jérôme, dated 6 March 1808, Napoleon wrote the following:

I have undertaken to reform the Jews, but I have not endeavoured to draw more of them into my realm. Far from that, I have avoided doing anything which could show any esteem for the most despicable of mankind.

### Napoleon's proclamation to the Jews of Africa and Asia

During Napoleon's siege of Acre in 1799, *Gazette Nationale,* the main French newspaper during the French Revolution, published on 3 Prairial, (French Republican Calendar Year 7, equivalent to 22 May 1799) a short statement that:

> "Bonaparte has published a proclamation in which he invites all the Jews of Asia and Africa to gather under his flag in order to re-establish the ancient Jerusalem. He has already given arms to a great number, and their battalions threaten Aleppo."

The French campaign in Egypt and Syria was eventually defeated by a combined Anglo-Ottoman force and he never carried out his alleged plan. Historian Nathan Schur in *Napoleon and the Holy Land* (2006) believes that Napoleon intended the proclamation for propaganda and to build support for his campaign among the Jews in those regions. Ronald Schechter believes that the newspaper was reporting a rumour, as there is no documentation that Napoleon contemplated such a policy. The proclamation might have been intended to gain support from Haim Farhi, the Jewish advisor to Ahmed al Jazzar, the Muslim ruler of Acre, and to bring him over to Napoleon's side. Farhi commanded the defence of Acre on the field.

The idea itself may have originated from Thomas Corbet (1773–1804), an Anglo-Irish Protestant emigree who, as a member of the Society of United Irishmen, was an ally of the Republican regime, engaged in revolutionary activities against the Dublin Castle administration and served in the French Army. His brother, William Corbet also served as a general in the French Army. In February 1799, he authored a letter to the French Directory, then under the leadership of Napoleon's patron Paul Barras. In the letter he stated "I recommend you, Napoleon, to call on the Jewish people to join your conquest in the East, to your mission to conquer the land of Israel" saying, "Their riches do not console them for their hardships. They await with impatience the epoch of their re-establishment as a nation." Dr. Milka Levy-Rubin, a curator at the National Library of Israel, has attributed Corbert's motivation to a Protestant Zionism based on premillennialist themes. It is not known what Napoleon's direct response was to the letter, but he made his own proclamation three months later.

In 1940, historian Franz Kobler claimed to have found a detailed version of the proclamation from a German translation. Kobler's claim was published in *The New Judaea,* the official periodical of the World Zionist Organization. The Kobler version suggests that Napoleon was inviting Jews across the Mideast and North Africa to create a Jewish homeland. It includes phrases such as "Rightful heirs of Palestine!" and "your political existence as a nation among the nations." These concepts have been more commonly associated with the Zionist movement, which developed in the late 19th century.

Historians such as Henry Laurens, Ronald Schechter, and Jeremy Popkin believe that the German document, which has never been found, was a forgery, as Simon Schwarzfuchs asserted in his 1979 book.

Rabbi Aharon Ben-Levi of Jerusalem also added his voice to the proclamation, calling on the Jews to enlist in Napoleon's army "to return to Zion as in the days of Ezra and Nehemiah" and rebuild the Temple. According to Mordechai Gichon, a military historian and archaeologist from Tel Aviv University, who summarised 40 years of research on the subject, Napoleon had an idea to establish a national home for the Jews in the Land of Israel, "Napoleon believed the Jews would repay his favours by serving French interests in the region," Gichon claimed. "After returning to France, all he was interested in when it came to the Jews was how to use them to reinforce the French nation," Gichon says. "Therefore, he tried to conceal the Zionist chapter of his past." On the other hand, Ze'ev Sternhell believes the entire story is nothing more than an oddity. "Napoleon's big contribution came, in fact, in form of promoting the incorporation of the Jews into French society."

### Reactions by major European powers

Russian Emperor Alexander I objected to Napoleon's emancipation of the Jews and establishment of the Grand Sanhedrin. He vehemently denounced the liberties given to Jews and demanded that the Russian Orthodox Church protest against Napoleon's tolerant religious policy. He referred to the emperor in a proclamation as "the Anti-Christ" and the "Enemy of God". The Holy Synod of Moscow proclaimed: "In order to destroy the foundations of the Churches of Christendom, the Emperor of the French has invited into his capital all the Judaic synagogues and he furthermore intends to found a new Hebrew Sanhedrin ― the same council that the Christian Bible states, condemned to death (by crucifixion) the revered figure, Jesus of Nazareth." Alexander persuaded Napoleon to sign a 17 March 1808 decree restricting the freedoms accorded to the Jews. Napoleon expected in exchange that the tsar would help persuade the British to seek peace with France. Absent that, three months later, Napoleon effectively cancelled the decree by allowing local authorities to implement his earlier reforms. More than half of the French departments restored citizens' guaranteed freedoms to the Jews.

In Austria, Chancellor Klemens von Metternich wrote, "I fear that the Jews will believe (Napoleon) to be their promised Messiah".

In Prussia, leaders of the Lutheran Church were extremely hostile to Napoleon's actions. Italian kingdoms were suspicious of his actions, although expressing less violent opposition.

The British government, which was at war with Napoleon, rejected the principle and doctrine of the Sanhedrin. Lionel Rothschild was elected as a Member of Parliament three times before he could take his seat in Parliament in 1858.

## Napoleon's legacy

Napoleon had more influence on the Jews in Europe than detailed in his decrees. By breaking up the feudal castes of mid-Europe and introducing the equality of the French Revolution, he achieved more for Jewish emancipation than had been accomplished during the three preceding centuries. As part of recognising the Jewish community, he established a national Israelite Consistory in France. It was intended to serve as a centralising authority for Jewish religious and community life. Napoleon implemented several other regional consistories throughout the French Empire, as well, with the Israelite Consistory serving as the lead consistory; it had the responsibility of overseeing the various regional consistories. The regional consistories, in turn, oversaw the economic and religious aspects of Jewish life. The regional consistories consisted of a five-individual board, usually occupied by one (or in some cases two) rabbi, and the rest lay individuals who lived in the districts over which the consistory maintained jurisdiction. The Israelite Consistory in France consisted of three rabbis and two lay individuals. In charge of the Israelite Consistory (and the consistory system in general) was a 25-member board. The members of the board, all Jews, were appointed by the prefect, thus allowing the French government to regulate the system of consistories and, in turn, various aspects of Jewish life. Similarly he established the Royal Westphalian Consistory of the Israelites. This served as a model for other German states until after the fall of Napoleon. Napoleon permanently improved the condition of the Jews in the Prussian Rhine provinces by his rule of this area.

Heinrich Heine and Ludwig Börne both recorded their sense of obligation to Napoleon's principles of action. German Jews in particular have historically regarded Napoleon as the major forerunner of Jewish emancipation in Germany. When the government required Jews to select surnames according to the mainstream model, some are said to have taken the name of *Schöntheil,* a translation of "Bonaparte." In the Jewish ghettos, legends about Napoleon's actions emerged. Twentieth-century Italian author Primo Levi wrote that Italian Jews often chose *Napoleone* and *Bonaparte* as their given name to recognise their historic liberator.

## Further reading

* Berkovitz, Jay R. "The Napoleonic Sanhedrin: Halachic Foundations and Rabbinical Legacy." CCAR JOURNAL 54.1 (2007): 11.
* Brenner, Michael, Vicki Caron, and Uri R. Kaufman, eds.*Jewish Emancipation Reconsidered* 2003.
* Cooper, Levi. "Napoleonic freedom of worship in law and art." *Journal of Law and Religion* 34.1 (2019): 3-41.
* Darwish, Mahmoud Ahmed, and Huda Abdel Rahim Abdel Kadir. "Napoleon Bonaparte's Declaration for the Establishment for of the National Home for the Jews in Palestine". *International Journal of Cultural Inheritance & Social Sciences* ISSN: 2632-7597 3.6 (2021): 1-30.
* Goodman, Mark. "Napoleon, the Tzars, and the Emancipation of Jewry in Continental Europe". *International Journal of Russian Studies* 10.2 (2021).
* Kohn, Hans. "Napoleon and the Age of Nationalism." *The Journal of Modern History* 22.1 (1950): 21-37.
* Newman, Aubrey. "Napoleon and the Jews." *European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe* 2.2 (1967): 25-32.
* Renard, Nils. "Being a Jewish Soldier in the Grande Armée: The Memoirs of Jakob Meyer during the Napoleonic Wars (1808–1813)." *Zutot* 19.1 (2022): 55-69.
* Schwarzfuchs, Simon. *Napoleon, the Jews, and the Sanhedrin*. Philadelphia 1979.
* Taieb, Julien. "From Maimonides to Napoleon: The True and the Normative." Global Jurist 7.1 (2007).
* Tozzi, Christopher. "Jews, soldiering, and citizenship in revolutionary and Napoleonic France." *The Journal of Modern History* 86.2 (2014): 233-257.
* Trigano, Shmuel. "The French Revolution and the Jews." *Modern Judaism* (1990): 171-190.
* Weider, Ben. "Napoleon and the Jews." *The Journal of the International Napoleonic Society* 1.2 (1998).
* Woolf, Stuart. "French civilization and ethnicity in the Napoleonic Empire." *Past & Present* 124 (1989): 96-120.


title: 1967–68 Japan Ice Hockey League season

abstract: The 1967–68 Japan Ice Hockey League season was the second season of the Japan Ice Hockey League. Five teams participated in the league, and Iwakura Ice Hockey Club won the championship.

text:
# 1967–68 Japan Ice Hockey League season

The **1967–68 Japan Ice Hockey League season** was the second season of the Japan Ice Hockey League. Five teams participated in the league, and Iwakura Ice Hockey Club won the championship.

## Regular season

|  | Team | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Iwakura Ice Hockey Club | 8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 62 | 14 | **15** |
| 2. | Oji Seishi Hockey | 8 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 55 | 17 | **10** |
| 3. | Seibu Tetsudo | 8 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 54 | 35 | **10** |
| 4. | Fukutoku Ice Hockey Club | 8 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 21 | 54 | **2** |
| 5. | Furukawa Ice Hockey Club | 8 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 14 | 86 | **2** |


title: Mohammed Al Shanfari

abstract:
Mohammed bin Said bin Asalm Al Shanfari was an Omani dramatist playwright and director. It was said of him that “His ideas inspired a generation.” He spent his working life advancing the cause of drama and the theatre. He received several awards in recognition of his work together with favourable reviews in Arabian media while he was alive,
and also after his death. He highlighted the need to hone the skills of Omanis working in drama to encourage the development of new generations of artists capable of taking dramatic art forward throughout Oman. As a teacher, he conducted practical training courses throughout the country. He aimed to encourage talented young Omanis to achieve their full potential and to this end his advice and experience were freely available to all who might benefit therefrom. He was the author of many written works on theatre related subjects and of as yet unpublished works of poetry.

text:
# Mohammed Al Shanfari

**Mohammed bin Said bin Asalm Al Shanfari** (Arabic: محمد بن سعيد الشنفري) (26 December 1949 - 16 April 2016) was an Omani dramatist playwright and director. It was said of him that “His ideas inspired a generation.” He spent his working life advancing the cause of drama and the theatre. He received several awards in recognition of his work together with favourable reviews in Arabian media while he was alive, and also after his death.

He highlighted the need to hone the skills of Omanis working in drama to encourage the development of new generations of artists capable of taking dramatic art forward throughout Oman. As a teacher, he conducted practical training courses throughout the country. He aimed to encourage talented young Omanis to achieve their full potential and to this end his advice and experience were freely available to all who might benefit therefrom.

He was the author of many written works on theatre related subjects and of as yet unpublished works of poetry.

## Early life and education

He was born on 26 December 1949, in Salalah, Dhofar, Oman. where he and his two brothers Ahmed and Abdullah were raised. His mother, who died while he was young, was Saida Bint Abdulazis Al Ruwas and his father was Sheikh Said Bin Asalm Mohammed Al Shanfari. His earliest education was from tutors at home. At age 10 he went to the Al Saidiya School in Salalah. At age 12 he left Oman and went to an English-curriculum Oil-company school in Abu Dhabi from which he graduated.

He held a master's degree in Theatrical Directing which he obtained from the University of Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1974; a Higher Diploma in Theatre Studies which he obtained from Cardiff University, United Kingdom, in 1978; and a Television Sciences Higher Diploma which he obtained from Syracuse University, New York, United States, in 1980.

## Career

Mohammed Al-Shanfari began his professional career in The Sultanate of Oman in 1975 when he became Head of the Theatre Section at the (then) Ministry of Information and Culture which was responsible for the development of youth drama. He established the first official national theatre group in Oman which is known today as The Youth Theatre. He delivered many training courses in the field of Theatre Arts, aiming to improve the skills of young Omanis in the Youth Theatre throughout Oman to prepare them for a better role in the field of theatre and in culture in general. He continued working at the Ministry until 1978, when he was appointed Director of Local Programs and Director of Play-writing at Sultanate of Oman Television, where he prepared and directed Drama works for Omani Television, a position he held until 1981. He worked as Director of the Oman Youth Theatre from 1981 to 1992. From 1992 to 1995 he worked as an Arts Specialist in the Office of the Deputy Director General of the General Assembly for Youth Sport and Cultural Activities. In 1995 and 1996 he was an Arts Specialist in the Office of the President of the General Assembly, President for Youth Sport and Cultural Activities until his retirement on 1 December 1996.

Mr Al-Shanfari was a Referee on the committee for evaluation of religious TV programs at the first TV festival in the Gulf, in Kuwait, in 1979. He represented Oman at the Cannes International Film Festival (Cannes Film Festival) in 1981. He was a representative of Oman at the Arab-African Film Symposium in Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1981. He was a member of the Cultural Committee of the General Secretary of the Gulf Cooperation Council, (Arab states of the Persian Gulf), 1982-1986 He participated in the first theatre festival in the Gulf, in Kuwait, in March 1988.

He made a significant contribution to the cultural life of his native Oman. In 1976 he produced and directed for theatre and TV the Play “The Death Song” by Tawfiq al-Hakim. In 1981 he directed "Family of a Fisherman" (عائلة النوخذه) for the Omani National Youth Theatre In 1982 he produced “The Homeland” a play by Mansour Makkawi (ar:منصور مكاوي), which was directed by Mustafa Hashish at the Intercontinental Hotel, Muscat. In 1983 at the Intercontinental Hotel Muscat he produced "The Flag" which was directed by Mustafa Hashish and also produced and directed "The Migrating Bird" – both plays by Mansour Makkawi. In 1984 at the Intercontinental Hotel in Muscat he produced Mansour Makkawi's play "The Well" which was directed by Mustafa Hashish. In 1985 he produced and directed “The Dowry”, a play by Mansoor Makkawi, at The Ministry of Heritage and Culture Auditorium in Muscat. In 1986 he produced and directed “The Stranger”, by Mansoor Makkawi, at the Al Bustan Palace Hotel Auditorium, Muscat In 1987 he wrote produced and directed "The Rat " at the Al-Bustan Palace Hotel Auditorium, Muscat. In 1988 he wrote produced and directed "The Deluded Millionaire" at the Al-Bustan Palace Hotel Auditorium, Muscat. Also in 1988 he produced and directed "The Knight" an Operetta by Mansour Makkawi at the Al-Bustan Palace Hotel Auditorium, Muscat. In 1994 he produced and directed “Welcome, dear Grandma,” by Abdul Karim bin Ali Jawad, at the Technical College Auditorium, Muscat. And in 1995 he directed “Silver Anniversary”, an Operetta by Dr. Abdullah Al Utaibi, at the Al Bustan Palace Hotel Auditorium, Muscat

He initiated the first open air theatre in Oman for the fifth National Festival in 1975 in Salalah, Oman. He prepared and directed the “Gala Evening” in the Star Cinema Theatre in Muscat during the National Day celebrations in 1976. He prepared and directed the “Gala Evening” for the Army Day in Al Muntafa in 1976.He prepared and directed the open-air night party during the Gulf States Football Championship in Muscat in 1984.He found and developed the location for the first Youth Theatre festival at national level in Oman in 1990. He was head of the National Committee of Art Competence in the fields of theatre, music, singing and dancing. He was head of the Oman Committee for evaluating texts in the theatre until his retirement in December 1996

## Awards and nominations

* The Gold Medal for senior members of the theatre movement in the Gulf in the first Gulf States (Arab states of the Persian Gulf) Theater Festival held in Kuwait in 1988.
* A certificate of appreciation from the General Secretariat of the Gulf States, Kuwait, 1988.
* The Oman Gold Medal and a certificate of appreciation from the higher committee for national festivals in Oman, 1990.
* A second Oman Gold medal with a certificate of appreciation from the higher committee for national festivals in Oman, 1993.
* The private theatre medal awarded during the first seminar for private theatre staff - April 2000 to May 2000.
* A medal in recognition of his role in establishing and activating the Arab theatre movement from the 12 Gulf States Theatre Festival held in Salalah, Oman. 2012
* The Arab Artist Society “Lifetime Achievement Award” November 2016 (Posthumous.)
* The Oman Society for Theatre on the occasion of International Theatre Day March 2017 (Posthumous.)

## Bibliography

1987 “The Rat”. Published by the Ministry of Education (Oman)

1988 "The Deluded Millionaire". Published by The Ministry of Education, Oman.

## Filmography

In 1976 he prepared and directed - for both theatre and Omani Television - the Play “The Death Song” by the Arab writer Tawfiq al-Hakim and in the same year he prepared and directed the series “Broken Glass.” This was the first drama shown on Omani TV and it participated in the first Gulf TV festival in Kuwait. The series received a certificate of appreciation.

In 1977 he directed for Omani TV the play “Al Naw-Kadeh Family” which was based on the play “The Al Dughry Family” by the Arab writer No'man Ashour

Between 1976 and 1981 he prepared, directed and participated in many works for Omani TV including interviews and a variety of other programs.

## Stage work

* 1976 - "The Death Song"
* 1981 - "Family of a Fisherman"
* 1982 - “The Homeland”
* 1983 - “The Flag”,
* 1983 - "The Migrating Bird", .
* 1984 - “The Well”,
* 1985 - “The Dowry”,
* 1986 - “The Stranger”,
* 1987 - “The Rat” .
* 1988 - "The Deluded Millionaire" .
* 1988 - “The Knight”,
* 1994 - “Welcome, dear Grandma,”
* 1995 - “Silver Anniversary”,

## InfoBox

| Mohammed Al Shanfari | |
| --- | --- |
| Mohammed Said Al-Shanfari | |
| Born | Mohammed bin Said bin Asalm Al Shanfari
(1949-12-26)December 26, 1949
Salalah, Dhofar, Oman |
| Died | April 9, 2016(2016-04-09) (aged 66)
Muscat, Al-Khwair, Oman |
| Occupations | * Playwright/Screenwriter * Teacher * Director |
| Years active | 1975–1996 |
| Spouse | Sarah Topolska |
| Notes | |
|  | |


title: Max Thompson (footballer, born 1956)

abstract: Maxwell Stuart Thompson was an English footballer. A central defender, he scored eight goals in 137 league games in a ten-year career in the Football League. At age 17 years and 128 days, he became Liverpool's youngest-ever player when he made his debut in May 1974. He joined Blackpool three years later, and went on to play 99 league games for the club in four years, and was also loaned out to the Dallas Tornado and Seattle Sounders. He then spent the 1980s with various clubs across the world: AFC Bournemouth, Port Vale, Baltimore Blast (USA), Académica de Coimbra (Portugal), Northwich Victoria, Caernarfon Town, Fleetwood, Newport County, Kramfors (Sweden), and Southport. He later worked at Anfield as a physiotherapist.

text:
# Max Thompson (footballer, born 1956)

**Maxwell Stuart Thompson** (31 December 1956 – 27 June 2023) was an English footballer. A central defender, he scored eight goals in 137 league games in a ten-year career in the Football League. At age 17 years and 128 days, he became Liverpool's youngest-ever player (his record has since been broken) when he made his debut in May 1974. He joined Blackpool three years later, and went on to play 99 league games for the club in four years, and was also loaned out to the Dallas Tornado and Seattle Sounders. He then spent the 1980s with various clubs across the world: AFC Bournemouth, Port Vale, Baltimore Blast (USA), Académica de Coimbra (Portugal), Northwich Victoria, Caernarfon Town, Fleetwood, Newport County, Kramfors (Sweden), and Southport. He later worked at Anfield as a physiotherapist.

## Career

Thompson started his career with Liverpool and broke the club record for being the youngest player to appear for Liverpool when Bill Shankly handed him his First Division debut at the end of the 1973–74 season against Tottenham Hotspur on 8 May 1974, at the age of 17 years and 128 days. His record was broken by Jack Robinson, who made his debut for Liverpool at the age of 16. Thompson was on the substitutes bench at Wembley in the 1974 FA Charity Shield victory over Leeds United. He never made it onto the pitch though for another league appearance under Bob Paisley in the 1974–75, 1975–76, and 1976–77 campaigns.

Thompson was sold on to Allan Brown's Blackpool for a £80,000 fee in December 1977. The "Tangerines" were relegated out of the Second Division at the end of the 1977–78 season. New boss Bob Stokoe took them to 12th in the Third Division in 1978–79, before they ended the 1979–80 season in 18th place under Alan Ball's stewardship. The club in turmoil, Allan Brown returned to the hot seat and took them down to the Fourth Division in 1980–81. Thompson scored six goals in 99 league games during his time at Bloomfield Road. During his time at the club he also spent the 1977 and 1978 summers in the North American Soccer League with Dallas Tornado, and also spent the summer of 1980 with the Seattle Sounders.

Thompson signed with Swansea City, and helped John Toshack's "Swans" defy expectations with a sixth-place finish in the top-flight in 1981–82. However, they did suffer relegation at the end of the 1982–83 campaign. Thompson scored twice in 26 league games at Vetch Field. He then played nine Third Division games for AFC Bournemouth in a brief stay at Dean Court. He joined John McGrath's Port Vale on loan in November 1983, but played just two Third Division games for the "Valiants".

Thompson later played for American Major Indoor Soccer League side Baltimore Blast, Portuguese Académica de Coimbra, Conference club Northwich Victoria, Northern Premier League side Caernarfon Town, Fleetwood, Newport County, Swedish Kramfors, and Southport.

## Later life

Thompson became the manager of Knowsley United before becoming the physiotherapist at Liverpool and then Southport.

Thompson died on 27 June 2023, at the age of 66.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National cup | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Liverpool | 1973–74 | First Division | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | 1974–75 | First Division | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 1975–76 | First Division | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | 1976–77 | First Division | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Total | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Blackpool | 1977–78 | Second Division | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| | 1978–79 | Third Division | 39 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 43 | 2 |
| | 1979–80 | Third Division | 24 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 32 | 0 |
| | 1980–81 | Third Division | 24 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 6 |
| | 1981–82 | Fourth Division | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | Total | | 99 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 114 | 8 |
| Dallas Tornado (loan) | 1977 | NASL | 21 | 2 |  |  |  |  | 21 | 2 |
| | 1978 | NASL | 22 | 2 |  |  |  |  | 22 | 2 |
| Seattle Sounders (loan) | 1980 | NASL | 5 | 0 |  |  |  |  | 5 | 0 |
| Swansea City | 1981–82 | First Division | 23 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 25 | 1 |
| | 1982–83 | First Division | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 1 |
| | Total | | 26 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 31 | 2 |
| AFC Bournemouth | 1983–84 | Third Division | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| Port Vale (loan) | 1983–84 | Third Division | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Baltimore Blast | 1983–84 | MISL | 4 | 2 |  |  |  |  | 4 | 2 |
| | 1984–85 | MISL | 35 | 4 |  |  |  |  | 35 | 4 |
| | Total | | 39 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 6 |
| Newport County | 1989–90 | Football Conference | 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 |
| Southport | 1989–90 | Northern Premier League | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| | 1991–92 | Northern Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| | Total | | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 246 | 20 | 7 | 0 | 23 | 1 | 276 | 21 |

## Honours

**Liverpool**

## InfoBox

Max Thompson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Maxwell Stuart Thompson | | |
| Date of birth | (1956-12-31)31 December 1956 | | |
| Place of birth | Liverpool, England | | |
| Date of death | 27 June 2023(2023-06-27) (aged 66) | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Central defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Liverpool | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1973–1977 | Liverpool | 1 | (0) |
| 1977–1981 | Blackpool | 99 | (6) |
| 1977 | Dallas Tornado (loan) | 21 | (2) |
| 1978 | Dallas Tornado (loan) | 22 | (2) |
| 1980 | Seattle Sounders (loan) | 5 | (0) |
| 1981–1983 | Swansea City | 26 | (2) |
| 1983 | AFC Bournemouth | 9 | (0) |
| 1983 | Port Vale (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 1983–1985 | Baltimore Blast | 39 | (6) |
| 1985–1986 | Académica de Coimbra |  |  |
| 1986 | Northwich Victoria |  |  |
| 1987 | Caernarfon Town |  |  |
| 1988 | Fleetwood |  |  |
| 1988–1989 | Newport County | 15 | (1) |
| 1989 | Kramfors |  |  |
| 1989–1992 | Southport | 7 | (0) |
| Total |  | **246+** | **(20+)** |
| Managerial career | | | |
|  | Knowsley United | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |