title: Reactivity (chemistry)

abstract:
In chemistry, reactivity is the impulse for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy. Reactivity refers to:
  - the chemical reactions of a single substance,
  - the chemical reactions of two or more substances that interact with each other,
  - the systematic study of sets of reactions of these two kinds,
  - methodology that applies to the study of reactivity of chemicals of all kinds,
  - experimental methods that are used to observe these processes, and
  - theories to predict and to account for these processes. The chemical reactivity of a single substance (reactant) covers its behavior in which it:
  - decomposes,
  - forms new substances by addition of atoms from another reactant or reactants, and
  - interacts with two or more other reactants to form two or more products. The chemical reactivity of a substance can refer to the variety of circumstances in which it reacts, in combination with the:
  - variety of substances with which it reacts,
  - equilibrium point of the reaction, and
  - rate of the reaction. The term reactivity is related to the concepts of chemical stability and chemical compatibility.

text:
# Reactivity (chemistry)

In chemistry, **reactivity** is the impulse for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy.

*Reactivity* refers to:

* the chemical reactions of a single substance,
* the chemical reactions of two or more substances that interact with each other,
* the systematic study of sets of reactions of these two kinds,
* methodology that applies to the study of reactivity of chemicals of all kinds,
* experimental methods that are used to observe these processes, and
* theories to predict and to account for these processes.

The chemical reactivity of a single substance (reactant) covers its behavior in which it:

* decomposes,
* forms new substances by addition of atoms from another reactant or reactants, and
* interacts with two or more other reactants to form two or more products.

The chemical reactivity of a substance can refer to the variety of circumstances (conditions that include temperature, pressure, presence of catalysts) in which it reacts, in combination with the:

* variety of substances with which it reacts,
* equilibrium point of the reaction (i.e., the extent to which all of it reacts), and
* rate of the reaction.

The term *reactivity* is related to the concepts of *chemical stability* and *chemical compatibility*.

## An alternative point of view

*Reactivity* is a somewhat vague concept in chemistry. It appears to embody both thermodynamic factors and kinetic factors (i.e., whether or not a substance reacts, and how fast it reacts). Both factors are actually distinct, and both commonly depend on temperature. For example, it is commonly asserted that the reactivity of alkali metals (Na, , etc.) increases down the group in the periodic table, or that hydrogen's reactivity is evidenced by its reaction with oxygen. In fact, the rate of reaction of alkali metals (as evidenced by their reaction with water for example) is a function not only of position within the group but also of particle size. Hydrogen does not react with oxygen—even though the equilibrium constant is very large—unless a flame initiates the radical reaction, which leads to an explosion.

Restriction of the term to refer to reaction rates leads to a more consistent view. *Reactivity* then refers to the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction in time. In pure compounds, reactivity is regulated by the physical properties of the sample. For instance, grinding a sample to a higher specific surface area increases its reactivity. In impure compounds, the reactivity is also affected by the inclusion of contaminants. In crystalline compounds, the crystalline form can also affect reactivity. However, in all cases, reactivity is primarily due to the sub-atomic properties of the compound.

Although it is commonplace to make statements that "substance X is reactive," each substance reacts with its own set of reagents. For example, the statement that "sodium metal is reactive" suggests that sodium reacts with many common reagents (including pure oxygen, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and water), either at room temperature or when using a Bunsen burner.

The concept of stability should not be confused with reactivity. For example, an isolated molecule of an electronically excited state of the oxygen molecule spontaneously emits light after a statistically defined period. The half-life of such a species is another manifestation of its stability, but its reactivity can only be ascertained via its reactions with other species.

## Causes of reactivity

The second meaning of *reactivity* (i.e., whether or not a substance reacts) can be rationalized at the atomic and molecular level using older and simpler valence bond theory and also atomic and molecular orbital theory. Thermodynamically, a chemical reaction occurs because the products (taken as a group) are at a lower free energy than the reactants; the lower energy state is referred to as the "more stable state." Quantum chemistry provides the most in-depth and exact understanding of the reason this occurs. Generally, electrons exist in orbitals that are the result of solving the Schrödinger equation for specific situations.

All things (values of the *n* and *m*l quantum numbers) being equal, the order of stability of electrons in a system from least to greatest is unpaired with no other electrons in similar orbitals, unpaired with all degenerate orbitals half-filled and the most stable is a filled set of orbitals. To achieve one of these orders of stability, an atom reacts with another atom to stabilize both. For example, a lone hydrogen atom has a single electron in its 1s orbital. It becomes significantly more stable (as much as 100 kilocalories per mole, or 420 kilojoules per mole) when reacting to form H2.

It is for this same reason that carbon almost always forms four bonds. Its ground-state valence configuration is 2s2 2p2, half-filled. However, the activation energy to go from half-filled to fully-filled p orbitals is negligible, and as such, carbon forms them almost instantaneously. Meanwhile, the process releases a significant amount of energy (exothermic). This four equal bond configuration is called sp3 hybridization.

The above three paragraphs rationalize, albeit very generally, the reactions of some common species, particularly atoms. One approach to generalize the above is the activation strain model of chemical reactivity which provides a causal relationship between, the reactants' rigidity and their electronic structure, and the height of the reaction barrier.

The rate of any given reaction:

$$\ce {Reactants -\> Products}$$

is governed by the rate law:

$$\text{Rate}=k\cdot \[{\ce {A}\]}$$

where the rate is the change in the molar concentration in one second in the rate-determining step of the reaction (the slowest step), \[A\] is the product of the molar concentration of all the reactants raised to the correct order (known as the reaction order), and *k* is the reaction constant, which is constant for one given set of circumstances (generally temperature and pressure) and independent of concentration. The reactivity of a compound is directly proportional to both the value of *k* and the rate. For instance, if

$\ce {A + B -\> C + D}$,

then

$$\text{Rate}=k\cdot \[{\ce {A}\]^{n}\cdot \[{\ce {B}\]^{m}}}$$

where n is the reaction order of A, m is the reaction order of B, n + m is the reaction order of the full reaction, and k is the reaction constant.


title: People Just Wanna Have Fun

abstract: People Just Wanna Have Fun is the twenty-sixth studio album by American funk band Kool & the Gang, released through Astana Music, BFD Records and The Orchard on July 14, 2023. Released to celebrate the band's 60th anniversary, it features the final recordings by Ronald "Khalis" Bell, Dennis "D.T." Thomas and George "Funky" Brown and the group is augmented by several guest vocalists.

text:
# People Just Wanna Have Fun

> It's pure, straight-up Kool & the Gang. It's good to put out a wholesome message like ours. There hasn't ever been so much turmoil on this planet—people storming countries, constant mass murders here. There is no better reason to shine our light on people coming together and having fun.

—George "Funky" Brown on recording *People Just Wanna Have Fun*

***People Just Wanna Have Fun*** is the twenty-sixth studio album by American funk band Kool & the Gang, released through Astana Music, BFD Records and The Orchard on July 14, 2023. Released to celebrate the band's 60th anniversary, it features the final recordings by Ronald "Khalis" Bell, Dennis "D.T." Thomas and George "Funky" Brown and the group is augmented by several guest vocalists.

## Reception

Editors at AllMusic rated this album 3 out of 5 stars, with critic Andy Kellman writing that "keeps the energy amiable throughout with a deliberate mix of body movers and romantic ballads" but criticizes the rapping and "wholly unnecessary social media and brand references". At *The Arts Desk*, Guy Oddy rated this release 2 out of 5 stars, criticizing and praising individual tracks and also noting the "rainbow of colours" that the guest singers bring to the band's sound.

## Track listing

1. "Let's Party" (featuring Sha Sha Jones; written by George Brown, Shawn McQuiller, Sha Sha Jones, Wolfgang Aichholz) – 3:21
2. "Movie Star" (Brown, Ami Miller, Jordan Raye) – 3:44
3. "People Just Wanna Have Fun" (Brown, McQuiller, Larry Fergusson, Tim Horton, Jones, Soniq Tolbert, Louis Van Taylor) – 2:30
4. "We Are the Party" (Brown, McQuiller, Aichholz, Amir Bayyan, Khalis Bell, Robert "Kool" Bell, Jermaine Bryson, Horton, Jones, Michael Ray, Shanice Ross, Van Taylor) – 4:13
5. "VIP" (Brown, McQuiller, Lavell Evans, Fergusson, Horton, Miller) – 3:29
6. "Na Na Na" (Brown, Miller, Tolbert) – 2:49
7. "Go Get It" (Brown) – 3:17
8. "Give Love" (Brown, Jonna Knudsen, Raye) – 3:43
9. "I Want It All" (Brown, Mario Dillard, Jones) – 3:31
10. "Heaven's Gift" (Brown, Jones) – 3:47
11. "Obsession" (Brown, McQuiller, Aichholz, Rick Marcel, Raye) – 4:43
12. "For the Woman in You" (Brown) – 3:20
13. "My Weakness" (Brown, McQuiller, Walt Anderson, Evans) – 4:15
14. "That's What I Love About You" (Brown, Jones) – 5:05
15. "99 Miles to JC" (Brown, Clifford Adams, K. Bell, R. Bell, Horton, Dennis Thomas, Van Taylor, Curtis Williams) – 7:51

## Personnel

**Kool & the Gang**

**Additional musicians**

* Walt Anderson – vocals
* Lavell Evans – vocals
* Dominique Karan – vocals
* Rick Marcel – vocals
* Shawn McQuiller – vocals
* Ami Miller – rapping
* Ole'  – rapping

## InfoBox

| People Just Wanna Have Fun | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kool & the Gang | |
| Released | July 14, 2023 (2023-07-14) |
| Length | 59:32 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | George Brown |
| Kool & the Gang chronology | |
| *Perfect Union*
(2020) ***People Just Wanna Have Fun***
(2023) | |


title: Love & Life (LaToya London album)

abstract: Love & Life is the debut studio album by LaToya London. It was released on September 20, 2005 through the record label Peak Records and distributed through Concord Records. The album features a mix of R&B, soul, jazz and hip-hop, and has sold approximately 73,000 copies since its release.

text:
# Love & Life (LaToya London album)

***Love & Life*** is the debut studio album by LaToya London. It was released on September 20, 2005 through the record label Peak Records and distributed through Concord Records. The album features a mix of R&B, soul, jazz and hip-hop, and has sold approximately 73,000 copies since its release.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| WonderingSound.com | favorable |

A reviewer from the *San Francisco Chronicle* called her "impassioned and polished" with "sumptuous, wondrously elastic mezzo pipes".  A reviewer from *People* magazine called it one of the best post-*American Idol* albums, and a reviewer from iTunes named it one of the best albums of 2005, and her song "Non A What'cha Do" as one of the best individual recordings of the year.

## Commercial performance

*Love & Life* sold 12,546 albums in its first week, landing at number 82 on Billboard Top 200 Albums chart and at number 27 on Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. To date, it has sold approximately 58,000 copies, including 15,000 digital downloads.

## Singles

*Love & Life* spawned three singles: "Appreciate", "Every Part of Me", and "State of My Heart". "State of My Heart" reached number 40 on the US *Billboard* Adult Contemporary chart and number five on the radio industry periodical *Friday Morning Quarterback'*s Adult Contemporary spin chart.

## Track listing

*Love & Life* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Scandalous" | * Bradley Spalter * Lambert Waldrip II * Philip White | * B-RAD * Stereo | 4:18 |
| 2. | "Every Part of Me" |  |  | 3:27 |
| 3. | "Learn to Breathe" | Peer Åström | * Walden * Sir Philippe Saisse\[a\] | 4:21 |
| 4. | "Appreciate" (featuring Black Thought) |  | * Spalter * 3 | 3:41 |
| 5. | "State of My Heart" |  | * Walden * John Burk | 4:42 |
| 6. | "Practice Makes Perfect" |  | Vertelney | 3:35 |
| 7. | "Meet Me Halfway" |  | Eastmond | 4:02 |
| 8. | "Waiting for You" | * Eastmond * London | Eastmond | 4:55 |
| 9. | "Anything" | * Omar Edwards * London | Edwards | 5:19 |
| 10. | "Non a Whatcha Do" | * London * Simmons * Andre Morton * Antwan "Amadeus" Thompson * Spalter * David Cochrane * Deborah Thomas | Spalter | 4:15 |
| 11. | "I Can't Hide (What's in My Heart)" | Steve "Hollywood" Gaspár | Rex Rideout | 4:07 |
| 12. | "More" | * London * Rideout | Rideout | 4:14 |
| 13. | "How I Love the Rain" |  | Eastmond | 5:10 |
| 14. | "All by Myself" | Eric Carmen | Eastmond | 4:06 |

**Notes**

* **^\[a\]**  denotes an associate producer

## Charts

Weekly chart performance for *Love & Life*
| Chart (2005) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 82 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 27 |

## InfoBox

| Love & Life | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by La Toya London | |
| Released | September 20, 2005 |
| Length | 58:03 |
| Label | Peak |
| Producer |  |


title: Marlborough Sounds Important Bird Areas

abstract: The Marlborough Sounds Important Bird Areas are four distinct sites comprising several small, rocky islets contained within an area with a maximum linear extent of 40 km, in New Zealand. They lie close to Cook Strait in the outer Marlborough Sounds at the northern end of the South Island. The sites are Duffers Reef, Sentinel Rock, White Rocks and the Trio Islands. They have been identified as Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by BirdLife International because they hold the only known colonies, and encompass the entire breeding range, of the vulnerable rough-faced shag.

text:
# Marlborough Sounds Important Bird Areas

The **Marlborough Sounds Important Bird Areas**  are four distinct sites comprising several small, rocky islets contained within an area with a maximum linear extent of 40 km, in New Zealand. They lie close to Cook Strait in the outer Marlborough Sounds at the northern end of the South Island. The sites are Duffers Reef, Sentinel Rock, White Rocks and the Trio Islands. They have been identified as Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by BirdLife International because they hold the only known colonies, and encompass the entire breeding range, of the vulnerable rough-faced shag (also known as the New Zealand king shag).

## IBAs


title: Yemisi Ransome-Kuti

abstract: Yemisi Ransome-Kuti is the only child of Azariah Olusegun Ransome-Kuti MBE. She is also the granddaughter of the Rev. Canon Josiah Ransome-Kuti. Her aunt Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti was a foremost feminist in Nigeria who was also part of the delegation that went to negotiate the terms of independence for their country from the British. Ransome-Kuti is the cousin of Fela Kuti, Olikoye Kuti, Beko Ransome-Kuti and Africa's first Nobel Prize for Literature-winner Wole Soyinka, whose mother was a Ransome-Kuti. She has four children: Segun Bucknor by her first husband, the late Naval Captain Frederick Oluwole Bucknor, and three by her second husband, Dr Kunle Soyemi - Bola Soyemi, Seun Soyemi and Eniola Soyemi. With Fela Kuti, Beko Kuti and Koye Kuti all dead, Yemisi is the current head of the Ransome-Kuti family. She recently retired as chairperson of the organization she founded, The Nigerian Network of Non-Governmental Organizations (NNNGO). The first organization of its kind in Nigeria to bring together civil society organizations, it has worked since its formation in 1992 to effect a harmonized agenda for third-sector development and its influence in the national framework. In the early 1990s, she established "Girl Watch"; an organization aimed at educating young Nigerian girls from poor backgrounds. In 2006, she was appointed a Civil Society advisor to the World Bank. Yemisi Ransome-Kuti was one of those leading the charge in working for Nigeria to meet its Millennium Development Goals and eradicate poverty.

text:
# Yemisi Ransome-Kuti

**Yemisi Ransome-Kuti** is the only child of Azariah Olusegun Ransome-Kuti MBE (who was appointed Chief Pharmacist for the Federation of Nigeria in 1956 and who served until his retirement from the federal Medical Service. In 1951, he was appointed Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire by King George VI). She is also the granddaughter of the Rev. Canon Josiah Ransome-Kuti. Her aunt Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti was a foremost feminist in Nigeria who was also part of the delegation that went to negotiate the terms of independence for their country from the British.

Ransome-Kuti is the cousin of Fela Kuti, Olikoye Kuti, Beko Ransome-Kuti and Africa's first Nobel Prize for Literature-winner Wole Soyinka, whose mother was a Ransome-Kuti. She has four children: Segun Bucknor by her first husband, the late Naval Captain Frederick Oluwole Bucknor, and three by her second husband, Dr Kunle Soyemi - Bola Soyemi, Seun Soyemi and Eniola Soyemi. With Fela Kuti, Beko Kuti and Koye Kuti all dead, Yemisi is the current head of the Ransome-Kuti family.

She recently retired as chairperson of the organization she founded, The Nigerian Network of Non-Governmental Organizations (NNNGO). The first organization of its kind in Nigeria to bring together civil society organizations, it has worked since its formation in 1992 to effect a harmonized agenda for third-sector development and its influence in the national framework.

In the early 1990s, she established "Girl Watch"; an organization aimed at educating young Nigerian girls from poor backgrounds. In 2006, she was appointed a Civil Society advisor to the World Bank. Yemisi Ransome-Kuti was one of those leading the charge in working for Nigeria to meet its Millennium Development Goals and eradicate poverty.

## Awards and recognition

On May 28, 2022, Ransome-Kuti was nominated among the impact makers to receive the outstanding intellectual of the year. This was hosted by the Women of Inestimable Values Foundation, in Lagos, Nigeria.


title: Pearly razorfish

abstract: The pearly razorfish, commonly known as cleaver wrasse, is a species of wrasse. It is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries and is popular as a game fish. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

text:
# Pearly razorfish

The **pearly razorfish** (***Xyrichtys novacula***), commonly known as **cleaver wrasse**, is a species of wrasse. It is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries and is popular as a game fish. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

## Description

*Xyrichtys novacula* can reach 38 cm (15 in) in total length, though most do not exceed 20 cm (7.9 in). Its body is elongate and very compressed laterally, the head is flattened, with a steep profile and sharp teeth. Its long dorsal fin extends along most of its back. It has 9 dorsal spines, 12 dorsal soft rays, 3 anal spines and 12 anal soft rays. This wrasse has a yellow-orange or reddish-pink color that is darker on the back and lighter on the belly, sometimes marked with green and gray stripes. Head shows vertical narrow light blue lines and there are scales with brisk reflexes on the abdomen. Upon capture, this fish has been known to turn its mouth and sharp protruding teeth past 90 degrees to either side in relationship to its own body as an attempt to be released from capture.

## Distribution and habitat

The pearly razorfish is widespread throughout the western and eastern subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. It inhabits clear, shallow littoral areas with sandy or muddy bottoms, at depths of 1 to 20 m. In winter it migrates to greater depths, up to 90–150 m.

## Behavior and diet

*Xyrichtys novacula* buries itself rapidly in the bottom when disturbed. It feeds on small invertebrates such as crustaceans, mollusks and echinoderms.

## Synonyms

A large number of specific names have been determined to refer to this species as junior synonyms:

## Predators

The Pearly razorfish has been shown to be successful bait for the Greater Amberjack species (aka reef donkey).

## Bibliography

* Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, n. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, USA. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
* Fenner, Robert M.: *The Conscientious Marine Aquarist*. Neptune City, New Jersey, USA: T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
* Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: *The diversity of fishes*. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, USA, 1997.
* Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Germany.
* Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). Bruxelles; Vol. 2.
* Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: *Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology*, 4th. ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall. 2000.
* Nelson, J.: *Fishes of the World*, 3rd. Ed. New York City, USA: John Wiley and Sons. 1994.
* Wheeler, A.: *The World Encyclopedia of Fishes*, 2nd. Ed., London: Macdonald. 1985.

## InfoBox

| Pearly razorfish | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Xyrichtys novacula*, a Mediterranean Sea specimen at the Civic Aquarium of Milan | |
|  | |
| *Xyrichtys novacula* in the Atlantic Ocean, Southeast U.S. | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Labriformes |
| Family: | Labridae |
| Genus: | *Xyrichtys* |
| Species: | ***X. novacula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xyrichtys novacula***
(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| See text | |


title: Null (radio)

abstract: In radio electronics, a null is a direction in an antenna's radiation pattern where the antenna radiates almost no radio waves, so the far field signal strength is a local minimum. Nulls occur because different parts of an antenna radiate radio waves of different phase. In directions at which the antenna radiates equal amplitude radio waves of opposite phase, the radio waves cancel, resulting in little or no radio power being radiated in that direction. In other directions the radio waves from different parts of the antenna are in phase and reinforce, resulting in a maximum signal strength in the radiation pattern, called a lobe. In transmitting antennas designed to provide broad coverage nulls can be a problem, preventing reception in a given area. Null fill in the vertical plane is used to prevent this.

text:
# Null (radio)

In radio electronics, a **null** is a direction in an antenna's radiation pattern where the antenna radiates almost no radio waves, so the far field signal strength is a local minimum. Nulls occur because different parts of an antenna radiate radio waves of different phase. In directions at which the antenna radiates equal amplitude radio waves of opposite phase, the radio waves cancel, resulting in little or no radio power being radiated in that direction. In other directions the radio waves from different parts of the antenna are in phase and reinforce, resulting in a maximum signal strength in the radiation pattern, called a lobe.

In transmitting antennas designed to provide broad coverage nulls can be a problem, preventing reception in a given area. Null fill in the vertical plane is used to prevent this.

## Nulling antenna

Nulls can also be used to advantage. In a radio receiver the receiver's antenna can be adjusted so the direction of the interference source is located in a null of the antenna, to minimize reception of interference.

Nulls have also been used intentionally to prevent an antenna from broadcasting to a certain area. For example, CIII-DT-22, a repeater of Toronto-based Global TV station CIII-DT in Wheatley has a null towards Windsor to protect broadcast rights of American stations in the bordering Detroit area.

Radio direction finding (RDF) receivers use special antennas with very narrow, sharp nulls to find the location of transmitters. The antenna is rotated until the received signal is minimum; at that point the antenna's null is pointed along the bearing line to the transmitter.


title: Watney Cup

abstract: The Watney Mann Invitation Cup was a short-lived English football tournament held in the early 1970s. It was held before the start of the season, and was contested by the teams that had scored the most goals in each of the four divisions of the Football League the previous season who had not been promoted or admitted to one of the European competitions. Two teams from each division took part, making eight participants in total. The competition was a straight knockout format, each match was a one-off with no replays. The final took place at the home ground of one of the finalists, rather than a neutral venue. The competition was so named thanks to a sponsorship deal with the Watney Mann brewery; the first tournament for English Football League clubs to sell its naming rights. The tournament ran four times, from 1970 to 1973, before being discontinued. From the second season of the competition, the off-side law was applied from the edge of the penalty areas only. This measure was designed to reduce midfield congestion and promote more goals, at a time when defences were becoming much better organised. The first ever penalty shootout in England took place in a semi-final of the 1970 tournament between Hull City and Manchester United, and was won by Manchester United. The first footballer to take a kick was George Best, and the first to miss was Denis Law, whose attempt was saved by Hull goalkeeper Ian McKechnie. McKechnie became the first player to miss a deciding kick, when he shot wide after taking the fifth kick for Hull in the shoot-out. Following the dissolution of the competition in 1975 the trophy itself was put up for sale and purchased by Derby Museum, who presented it back to Derby County. It was put on display in the club trophy cabinet where, in 2018, it was spotted by the chairperson of Stoke City fan's council who helped arrange a share deal between Derby and Stoke City, who had been the last winners prior to the competition finishing.

text:
# Watney Cup

The **Watney Mann Invitation Cup** (normally referred to as simply the **Watney Cup**) was a short-lived English football tournament held in the early 1970s.

It was held before the start of the season, and was contested by the teams that had scored the most goals in each of the four divisions of the Football League the previous season who had not been promoted or admitted to one of the European competitions. Two teams from each division took part, making eight participants in total.

The competition was a straight knockout format, each match was a one-off with no replays. The final took place at the home ground of one of the finalists, rather than a neutral venue.

The competition was so named thanks to a sponsorship deal with the Watney Mann brewery; the first tournament for English Football League clubs to sell its naming rights. The tournament ran four times, from 1970 to 1973, before being discontinued.

From the second season of the competition, the off-side law was applied from the edge of the penalty areas only (instead of the half-way line). This measure was designed to reduce midfield congestion and promote more goals, at a time when defences were becoming much better organised.

The first ever penalty shootout in England took place in a semi-final of the 1970 tournament between Hull City and Manchester United, and was won by Manchester United. The first footballer to take a kick was George Best, and the first to miss was Denis Law, whose attempt was saved by Hull goalkeeper Ian McKechnie. McKechnie became the first player to miss a deciding kick, when he shot wide after taking the fifth kick for Hull in the shoot-out.

Following the dissolution of the competition in 1975 the trophy itself was put up for sale and purchased by Derby Museum, who presented it back to Derby County. It was put on display in the club trophy cabinet where, in 2018, it was spotted by the chairperson of Stoke City fan's council who helped arrange a share deal between Derby and Stoke City, who had been the last winners prior to the competition finishing.

## List of finals

| Year | Winner | Score | Runner-up | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | Derby County | 4–1 | Manchester United | Baseball Ground |
| 1971 | Colchester United | 4–4
(4–3 p.) | West Bromwich Albion | The Hawthorns |
| 1972 | Bristol Rovers | 0–0
(7–6 p.) | Sheffield United | Eastville Stadium |
| 1973 | Stoke City | 2–0 | Hull City | Victoria Ground |

## Participants

## InfoBox

Watney Cup
| Founded | 1970 |
| --- | --- |
| Abolished | 1973 |
| Region | England |
| Number of teams | 8 |


abstract: Nottawa Township is a civil township of Isabella County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,225 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Nottawa Township, Isabella County, Michigan

**Nottawa Township** is a civil township of Isabella County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,225 at the 2020 census.

## Communities

## History

The township's first white settler was Michael McGeehan, who became the first supervisor when the township was organized in 1875. The township was named after a local Ojibwe (Chippewa) chief who lived in the area from 1781 to 1881.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.93 square miles (93.06 km2), of which 35.31 square miles (91.45 km2) is land and 0.62 square miles (1.61 km2) (1.73%) is water.

The entire township is within the boundaries of the Isabella Indian Reservation. The North Branch of the Chippewa River and the Coldwater River flow through the township.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,278 people, 846 households, and 620 families residing in the township. The population density was 64.4 inhabitants per square mile (24.9/km2). There were 951 housing units at an average density of 26.9 per square mile (10.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.06% White, 0.09% African American, 2.15% Native American, 0.04% Asian, 0.09% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.79% of the population.

There were 846 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the township the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $40,766, and the median income for a family was $46,523. Males had a median income of $31,798 versus $26,438 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,340. About 4.6% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Nottawa Township is served by four separate public school districts. The majority of the township is served by Beal City Public Schools in the community of Beal City. The western portion of the township is served by Chippewa Hills School District in the community of Remus, Michigan to the west in Mecosta County. A very small portion of the northeast corner of the township is served by Farwell Area Schools to the north in the village of Farwell in Clare County. A very small portion of the southeast corner of the township is served by Mount Pleasant City School District in the city of Mount Pleasant.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Nottawa Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil township | |
| Nottawa Township Hall | |
| Location within Isabella County (red) and the administered CDPs of Beal City and portion of Weidman (pink) | |
| Nottawa TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganNottawa TownshipLocation within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 43°40′33″N 84°54′29″W / 43.67583°N 84.90806°W / 43.67583; -84.90806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Isabella |
| Established | 1891 |
| Government | |
| Supervisor | Kory Mindel |
| Clerk | Heather Curtiss |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.93 sq mi (93.1 km2) |
| Land | 35.31 sq mi (91.5 km2) |
| Water | 0.62 sq mi (1.6 km2) |
| Elevation | 876 ft (267 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,225 |
| Density | 63.0/sq mi (24.3/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 48622 (Farwell)
48858 (Mt. Pleasant)
48893 (Weidman) |
| Area code | 989 |
| FIPS code | 26-59360 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626826 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Honjō, Akita

abstract: Honjō (本荘市, Honjō-shi) was a city located in Akita Prefecture, Japan. Honjō was a city located in Akita Prefecture, Japan. On March 22, 2005, Honjō, along with the towns of Chōkai, Higashiyuri, Iwaki, Nishime, Ōuchi, Yashima and Yuri, merged to create the city of Yurihonjō. In 2003, the city had an estimated population of 45,580 and the density of 242.05 persons per km². The total area was 188.31 km². The city was founded on March 31, 1954.

text:
# Honjō, Akita

**Honjō** (本荘市, *Honjō-shi*) was a city located in Akita Prefecture, Japan.

On March 22, 2005, Honjō, along with the towns of Chōkai, Higashiyuri, Iwaki, Nishime, Ōuchi, Yashima and Yuri (all from Yuri District), merged to create the city of Yurihonjō.

In 2003, the city had an estimated population of 45,580 and the density of 242.05 persons per km². The total area was 188.31 km².

The city was founded on March 31, 1954.


abstract: The Hong Kong Film Award for Best Sound Design is an award presented annually at the Hong Kong Film Awards for a film with the best sound design. As of 2016 the current winners are Kinson Tsang, George Yiu-Keung Lee and Chun Hin Yiu for The Taking of Tiger Mountain.

text:
# Hong Kong Film Award for Best Sound Design

The **Hong Kong Film Award for Best Sound Design** is an award presented annually at the Hong Kong Film Awards for a film with the best sound design. As of 2016 the current winners are Kinson Tsang, George Yiu-Keung Lee and Chun Hin Yiu for *The Taking of Tiger Mountain*.

## Winners and nominees

Table key
|  | Indicates the winner |
| --- | --- |

| Year | Nominee | Film | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2022**
**(40th)** | **Tu Duu-Chih, Wu Shu-Yao** | *Anita* |  |
| | Nip Kei Wing, Ip Siu Kei | *Shock Wave 2* | |
| | Wang Danrong, Steve Burgess, Yin Jie | *The Battle at Lake Changjin* | |
| | Lee Yiu Keung George, Yiu Chun Hin, Kaikangwol Rungsakorn, Stan Yau | *Raging Fire* | |
| | Nopawat Likitwong | *Limbo* | |
|

## InfoBox

| Hong Kong Film Award for Best Sound Design | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Presented by | Hong Kong Film Awards |
| Currently held by | Tu Duu-Chih
Wu Shu-Yao
(2022) |


abstract: The Hong Kong Film Award for Best Visual Effects is an award presented annually at the Hong Kong Film Awards for a film with the best visual effects. As of 2016 the current winners are Jason H. Snell, Ellen Poon and Bingbing Tang for Monster Hunt.

text:
# Hong Kong Film Award for Best Visual Effects

The **Hong Kong Film Award for Best Visual Effects** is an award presented annually at the Hong Kong Film Awards for a film with the best visual effects. As of 2016 the current winners are Jason H. Snell, Ellen Poon and Bingbing Tang for *Monster Hunt*.

## Winners and nominees

Table key
|  | Indicates the winner |
| --- | --- |

| Year | Nominee | Film | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2022**<br>**(40th)** | **Yee Kwok Leung, Garrett K Lam, Raymond Leung Wai Man, Hung Man Shi Candy** | *Anita* |  |
| | Yee Kwok Leung, Garrett K Lam, Chiu Tak Piu, Loki Ho | *Shock Wave 2* | |
| | Tsui Hark, Dennis Yeung, Wang Lei | *The Battle at Lake Changjin* | |
| | Raymond Leung Wai Man, Lim Hung Fung Alex, Diu King Wai, Hung Man Shi Candy | *Raging Fire* | |
| | Garrett K Lam, Ho Man Lok, Diu King Wai | *Limbo* | |
|

## InfoBox

| Hong Kong Film Award for Best Visual Effects | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Presented by | Hong Kong Film Awards |
| Currently held by | * Yee Kwok Leung * Garrett K Lam * Raymond Leung Wai Man * Hung Man Shi Candy * (2022) |


title: Hoodi metro station

abstract: Hoodi is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the Purple Line of Namma Metro in Bengaluru, India which holds the main Hoodi neighbourhood area. Around this station, holds the SR Enterprises followed by some locations like Skylark Esta Apt Complex, MacPro Technologies and many more. The Whitefield - Krishnarajapura trial runs were successfully conducted from 25 October for a month. This metro station was inaugurated on 25 March 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and was commenced to the public on 26 March 2023.

text:
# Hoodi metro station

**Hoodi** (formerly known as **Hoodi Junction**) is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the Purple Line of Namma Metro in Bengaluru, India which holds the main Hoodi neighbourhood area. Around this station, holds the SR Enterprises followed by some locations like Skylark Esta Apt Complex, MacPro Technologies and many more.

The **Whitefield - Krishnarajapura** trial runs were successfully conducted from 25 October for a month. This metro station was inaugurated on 25 March 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and was commenced to the public on 26 March 2023.

## Station layout

| Hoodi track layout |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| Station with two tracks and two side platforms |

| **G** | Street level | Exit/Entrance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **L1** | Mezzanine | Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
 |
| **L2** | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| | **Platform 1**
**Eastbound** | Towards → Whitefield (Kadugodi)
**Next station:** Seetharamapalya |
| | **Platform 2 Westbound** | Towards ← Challaghatta
**Next station:** Garudacharpalya |
| | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| **L2** |  |  |
| |

## Entry/Exit

There are 2 Entry/Exit points - A and B. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel

## InfoBox

| Hoodi | |
| --- | --- |
| Namma Metro station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Other names | Hoodi Junction |
| Location | Hoodi Main Rd, near Godrej Air Nxt, Seetharampalya, Hoodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560048 |
| Coordinates | 12°59′19″N 77°42′41″E / 12.98873°N 77.71127°E / 12.98873; 77.71127 |
| Owned by | Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (BMRCL) |
| Operated by | Namma Metro |
| Line(s) | Purple Line |
| Platforms | Side platform
Platform-1 → Whitefield (Kadugodi)
Platform-2 → Challaghatta |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated, Double track |
| Platform levels | 2 |
| Parking | Two Wheelers |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed |
| Station code | DKIA |
| History | |
| Opened | 26 March 2023 (2023-03-26) |
| Electrified | 750  DC third rail |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Namma Metro Following station  Seetharamapalyatowards Whitefield (Kadugodi)  Purple Line  Garudacharpalyatowards Challaghatta | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Sal Fish

abstract: Salvator Anthony Fish is a retired CEO/President of SCORE International, the leading sanctioning body in the sport of desert racing. The SCORE race series include the Baja 1000, Baja 500, San Felipe 250, Primm 300, Laughlin Desert Challenge and Las Vegas Terrible's Cup. Fish earned an industrial relations degree at the University of San Francisco. Having first raced in Mexico in 1970, Fish started his entrepreneurial career in desert racing in 1973 when the late Mickey Thompson, founder of SCORE International, recruited him. Fish brought innovation to SCORE, organizing class rules, implementing safety procedures, and transforming the Baja 1000 into one of the most recognized motorsports events in the world today. In 1985 Fish brought unity to the sport when SCORE formed a combined series with Walt Lott and High Desert Racing Association (HDRA). Fish later teamed up with CFO, Ted Johnson to purchase SCORE International from Thompson in 1986 and HDRA in 1993.

text:
# Sal Fish

**Salvator Anthony Fish** (born May 2, 1939 in Los Angeles, California) is a retired CEO/President of SCORE International, the leading sanctioning body in the sport of desert racing.

The SCORE race series include the Baja 1000, Baja 500, San Felipe 250, Primm 300, Laughlin Desert Challenge and Las Vegas Terrible's Cup. Fish earned an industrial relations degree at the University of San Francisco. Having first raced in Mexico in 1970, Fish started his entrepreneurial career in desert racing in 1973 when the late Mickey Thompson, founder of SCORE International, recruited him. Fish brought innovation to SCORE, organizing class rules, implementing safety procedures, and transforming the Baja 1000 into one of the most recognized motorsports events in the world today. In 1985 Fish brought unity to the sport when SCORE formed a combined series with Walt Lott and High Desert Racing Association (HDRA). Fish later teamed up with CFO, Ted Johnson to purchase SCORE International from Thompson in 1986 and HDRA in 1993.

## Award

Fish is a 2006 inductee in the Off-Road Motorsports Hall of Fame.

Sal Fish was named the 2003 BFGoodrich Tires Motorsports Person of the Year.


title: Sal Giorgianni

abstract: Sal Giorgianni is an American saxophone player. He was born in Upstate New York. Giorgianni was a member of the Ellenville High School Jazz Ensemble which, among other things, performed at the 1982 Montreux Jazz Festivalwith jazz director Brian Shaw. He returned again to Montreux to appear on the cd Miles & Quincy Live at Montreux. Sal was one of the saxophone players of Big Bop Nouveau with Maynard Ferguson on the cd Brass Attitude. Giorganni has released three albums as a solo artist on Windhouse Records: "Sango", "Blue 'N' Boogie", and "Angel Eyes".

text:
# Sal Giorgianni

**Sal Giorgianni** is an American saxophone player.

He was born in Upstate New York. Giorgianni was a member of the Ellenville High School Jazz Ensemble which, among other things, performed at the 1982 Montreux Jazz Festivalwith jazz director Brian Shaw. He returned again to Montreux to appear on the cd Miles & Quincy Live at Montreux. Sal was one of the saxophone players of Big Bop Nouveau with Maynard Ferguson on the cd Brass Attitude. Giorganni has released three albums as a solo artist on Windhouse Records: "Sango", "Blue 'N' Boogie", and "Angel Eyes".


title: Horisme vitalbata

abstract: Horisme vitalbata, the small waved umber, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It occurs in Europe. The wingspan is 30–35 mm. The length of the forewings is 15–17 mm. The moths fly in two generations from May to June and again in August. The larvae feed on Clematis vitalba.

text:
# Horisme vitalbata

***Horisme vitalbata***, the **small waved umber**, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It occurs in Europe.

The wingspan is 30–35 mm. The length of the forewings is 15–17 mm. The moths fly in two generations from May to June and again in August.

The larvae feed on *Clematis vitalba*.

1. *The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.*

* Kimber, Ian. "70.126 BF1781 Small Waved Umber *Horisme vitalbata* (\[Denis & Schiffermüller\], 1775)". *UKMoths*. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
* *Lepiforum e.V.*
* *De Vlinderstichting* (in Dutch)

## InfoBox

| Small waved umber | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Horisme* |
| Species: | ***H. vitalbata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Horisme vitalbata***<br>(Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) | |
|


title: Raymond Cayol

abstract: Raymond Cayol (1917–1997) was a French politician. He served as a Popular Republican Movement member of the French National Assembly for the Bouches-du-Rhône from 1946 to 1951.

text:
# Raymond Cayol

**Raymond Cayol** (1917–1997) was a French politician. He served as a Popular Republican Movement member of the French National Assembly for the Bouches-du-Rhône from 1946 to 1951.

## Biography

### Early life

Raymond, Louis, Jean Cayol was born on 29 January 1917 in Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. His family was from Marseille. He graduated from Aix-Marseille University in Aix-en-Provence and from the University of Paris in Paris, and received the agrégation in Classics.

### Career

During World War II, he was active in the French Resistance. In 1941, he joined Témoignage chrétien in Toulon. From 1942 to 1944, he served as a coordinator between members of the French Resistance, public administrators and members of the Popular Republican Movement, and helped in the liberation of France from Nazi Germany. He also served as Head of the Marseille region for the Jeunes chrétiens combattants, a Roman Catholic group of resistants. In 1944, he went on to join the Popular Republican Movement, a Christian, centrist political party founded in Marseille. He was a recipient of the Croix de guerre 1939–1945 and the Knighthood in the Legion of Honour for his role in the French resistance.

In 1945, he started teaching in a high school in Toulon. The same year, he ran unsuccessfully for the National Assembly. However, he was elected a year later, in 1946. He proposed bills regarding national education and other social policies. For example, he supported the advent of housing allowances, and the increase of bursaries for students. He also proposed a bill to speed up the naturalization of Armenians who fought for the French Republic during World War II. The same year, he expressed his enthusiasm for French democracy as an agreement between legislators and labour unions. He was re-elected in 1946, and focused again on national education, as well as maritime trade and the fishing industry. He voted for Léon Blum (1872–1950) as temporary President in 1946 and supported the government of Paul Ramadier (1888–1961) in 1947.

On 14 November 1947 he requested investigation into the murder of a Communist activist and the aggression of the Mayor of Marseille, Jean Cristofol (1901–1957), during a strike organized by the French Communist Party and the CGT the day before to protest the increased tram fare. He argued, "Only a stable and strong state can assure the respect of the law, relieve the people of their misery and thus, save the Republic." He called for the dissolution of the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS), an increased police force and functionaries, more funding for the Préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône, and the ability for workers who want to get back to work to do it freely.

In 1948, he focused on maritime trade with Corsica. In 1951, he worked on legislations regarding the possibility to pay university students. However, his policies came to an end when he lost his reelection bid in 1951. That year, he served as an Advisor to the Minister of Public Education, and in 1952 as Advisor to the Minister of Overseas Territories. From 1952 onwards, he taught in a high school in Marseille. He was later appointed Knight in the Ordre des Palmes Académiques.

### Personal life

He died on 9 June 1997 in Marseille.

## Legacy

## InfoBox

| Raymond Cayol | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 29 January 1917
Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France |
| Died | 9 June 1997 (1997-06-10) (aged 80)
Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Politician |


title: Louis Loder

abstract: Sir Louis Francis Loder was a senior Australian public servant and policymaker. He was head of the Department of Works between 1945 and his retirement in 1961.

text:
# Louis Loder

**Sir Louis Francis Loder** CBE (30 December 1896  11 February 1972) was a senior Australian public servant and policymaker. He was head of the Department of Works between 1945 and his retirement in 1961.

## Life and career

Louis Loder was born in Sale, Victoria on 30 December 1896.

Loder served in the Australian Imperial Force during the First World War.

Between 1928 and 1940, Loder was Chief Engineer at the Victorian Country Roads Board. He then went on to work for Allied Works between 1940 and 1945.

In 1945, Loder was appointed to be Director-General of the newly established Department of Works (later Department of Works and Housing and then Department of Works (II)). In these roles, Loder was responsible for the design, costing, supervision and execution of all architectural and engineering works for the Australian Government. During this time he was occupied with work that included coordinating the works of experts to establish the Snowy River Hydro-electric scheme as urgent politics, working to manage the expansion of war aircraft facilities at Mascot Airport in Sydney and managing the rocket range at Woomera.

Loder retired from the Australian Public Service in 1961. On retirement, Loder was planning a 13-month overseas holiday.

Loder died in Healesville, Victoria on 11 February 1972.

## Awards and honours

Loder was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in June 1953. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in June 1962.

In 1987, a street in the Canberra suburb of Theodore was named Louis Loder Street in Loder's honour.

## InfoBox

| Sir Louis LoderCBE | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Director-General of the Department of Works | |
| **In office**
2 February 1945  13 July 1945 | |
| Director-General of the Department of Works and Housing | |
| **In office**
13 July 1945  4 June 1952 | |
| Director-General of the Department of Works | |
| **In office**
6 June 1952  29 December 1961 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1896-12-30)30 December 1896
Louis Francis Loder |
| Died | 11 February 1972(1972-02-11) (aged 75) |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Spouse(s) | Jean Arnot
(m. 1924–1972; his death) |
| Alma mater | University of Melbourne |
| Occupation | Public servant |
|  | |


title: Yesünto'a

abstract: Yesünto'a was the third son of Mutukan, and grandson of Chagatai, founder of the Chagatai Khanate. His brothers were Yesü Möngke and Baidar. His nephew Alghu son of Baidar and his brother Yesu Mongke, both were the Khans of the Chagatai Khanate, as were Yesünto'a's sons Qara Hülëgü and Baraq (1266–1271).

text:
# Yesünto'a

**Yesünto'a** (fl. 13th c.) was the third son of Mutukan, and grandson of Chagatai, founder of the Chagatai Khanate. His brothers were Yesü Möngke and Baidar. His nephew Alghu son of Baidar and his brother Yesu Mongke, both were the Khans of the Chagatai Khanate, as were Yesünto'a's sons Qara Hülëgü (1242-1246, 1252) and Baraq (1266–1271).

## Family of Chaghatai Khanates

In Babarnama, written by Mughal emperor Babur, Page 19, Chapter 1; described genealogy of his maternal grandfather Yunas Khan as:

"Yunas Khan descended from Chaghatai Khan, the second son of Chingiz Khan (as follows,) Yunas Khan, son of Wais Khan, son of Sher-'ali Aughlon, son of Muhammad Khan, son of Khizr Khwaja Khan, son of Tughluq-timur Khan, son of Aisan-bugha Khan, son of Dawa Khan, son of Baraq Khan, son of Yesuntawa Khan, son of Muatukan, son of Chaghatai Khan, son of Chingiz \[Genghis\] Khan."

## Genealogy of Abdul Karim Khan

According to Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat

1. Chingiz Khan
2. Chaghatai Khan
3. Mutukan
4. Yesü Nto'a
5. Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq
6. Duwa
7. Esen Buqa I
8. Tughlugh Timur
9. Khizr Khoja
10. Muhammad Khan (Khan of Moghulistan)
11. Shir Ali Oglan
12. Uwais Khan(Vaise Khan)
13. Yunus Khan
14. Ahmad Alaq
15. Sultan Said Khan
16. Abdurashid Khan
17. Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)

"Chughtai Khanates" A research project by Dr Abdul Rauf Mughal

## Sources


title: Pearmain

abstract: A pearmain, also formerly spelled "permain", is a type of apple. The name may once have been applied to a particular variety of apple that kept well, although in more modern times its inclusion in varietal names was, like the term 'Pippin', "largely decoration" rather than indicating any shared qualities. The original 'Pearmain' variety has not been conclusively identified and may now be extinct.

text:
# Pearmain

A **pearmain**, also formerly spelled "permain", is a type of apple. The name may once have been applied to a particular variety of apple that kept well, although in more modern times its inclusion in varietal names was, like the term 'Pippin', "largely decoration" rather than indicating any shared qualities.

The original 'Pearmain' variety has not been conclusively identified and may now be extinct.

## Etymology and history

There has been some debate over the origin of the name "pearmain". The pomologist Robert Hogg suggested that it originated in mediaeval times from *pyrus magnus*, "great pear", and referred to a type of apple having a large pear-like shape. Hogg believed that the variety 'Winter Pearmain' was both "the original of all the Pearmains" and the oldest recorded variety of apple in England, with evidence it was cultivated in Norfolk in c.1200.

Other sources suggest that the name "pearmain" was in fact originally used for a type of pear, and was first applied to apples only during the 16th century. It has been suggested the word was derived from Old French *pearmain* and possibly ultimately from Latin *parmensia* "of Parma", though the latter is probably folk etymology.

The third and most likely derivation, by the philologist Ernest Weekley, also suggests the term was originally applied to pears, but that it came from Middle English *parmain*, *permain*, derived from Old French *parmaindre* "to endure", and referred to the long keeping qualities of some varieties. Rejecting the etymology from *parmensia*, Weekley noted that 17th-century references to a "pompire" or "pyramalum" (i.e. an "apple-pear") suggested that the original 'Pearmain' apple was named for some quality associated with the pearmain pear; i.e. hardness and long keeping ability.

## 'Pearmain' cultivars

Shape: C = Conical, Ob = Oblong, Ov = Ovate, R = Round, COb = Conical oblong, ROv = Roundish ovate, ROb = Roundish oblate, ObOv = Oblongovate

**Pearmain apple cultivars from England**

* Adams Pearmain (syn. Norfolk Pippin)
* Augustus Pearmain C
* Balchin's Pearmain
* Baxters Pearmain ROv
* Benwell's Pearmain C
* Bristol Pearmain
* Cherry Pearmain R
* Christmas Pearmain
* Claygate Pearmain
* Federal Pearmain R
* Foulden Pearmain (syn. Horrex's Pearmain) Ov
* Golden Pearmain (syn. Ruckman's Pearmain) C
* Golden Winter Pearmain (syn. King of the Pippins) C
* Grange's Pearmain (syn. Granges Pippin)
* Hormead Pearmain (syn. Arundel Pearmain, Hormead Pippin) R
* Hubbard's Pearmain (syn. Russet Pearmain, Golden Vining, Hammon's Permain)
* Kilkenny Pearmain
* King Charles Pearmain
* Lamb Abbey Pearmain
* Laxton's Pearmain
* London Pearmain
* Mannington's Pearmain
* Mickleham Pearmain ROv
* Old Pearmain
* Oxnead Pearmain (syn. Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain) C
* Parrys Pearmain Ov
* Ribston Pearmain ROb
* Royal Pearmain (syn. Herefordshire Pearmain, Hertfodshire Pearmain)
* Rushock Pearmain C
* Russet Table Pearmain ObOv
* Scarlet Pearmain(syn. Bell's Scarlet Pearmain Hood's Seedling, Oxford Peach) C
* Summer Pearmain, (syn. Autumn Pearmain) C
* Tibbett's Pearmain C
* Vale Mascal Pearmain R
* Wickham's Pearmain (syn. Week Pearmain)
* Winter Pearmain C
* Worcester Pearmain C

**Of uncertain origin**

* Barcelona Pearmain (syn. Speckled Pearmain, Polinia Pearmain) Ov

**Pearmain apple cultivars from America**

* American Summer Pearmain (syn. Early Summer Pearmain) R
* Blue Pearmain
* Canon Peramain Ob
* Clark's Pearmain C
* Cluster Pearmain
* Dan Pearmain R
* Large Striped Pearmain R
* Long Island Peamain Ob
* Red Winter Pearmain
* Russet Pearmain
* Sweet Pearmain
* White Winter Pearmain C
* Winthrop Pearmain

**Pearmain cultivars from Germany**

* Henzens Parmäne C
* Maibiers Parmäne
* Schwarzenbachs Parmäne COb
* Strawalds Neue Goldparmäne

## Present status of 'Old Pearmain' variety

There have been many efforts to identify the original 'Pearmain' apple, of supposedly mediaeval origin. Hogg suggested the 'Winter Pearmain' to be the original, and synonymous with the 'Old Pearmain', though S. A. Beach, in his work *Apples of New York*, noted that "several different varieties" had been propagated in America and England under the name 'Winter Pearmain' and that in many descriptions "it is impossible to determine which Winter Pearmain the writer had in mind".

By contrast, Hogg believed the apple identified in some catalogues of the time as 'Old Pearmain' to in fact be a variety called 'Royal Pearmain'. Hogg later claimed to have identified the "true Old Pearmain" growing in the Dymock area. The current 'Old Pearmain' in the National Fruit Collection was received in 1924 from a Mr. Kelsey in Surrey, but is probably neither Hogg's variety nor the ancient 'Pearmain'.


title: OR7C1

abstract: Olfactory receptor 7C1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR7C1 gene. Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

text:
# OR7C1

**Olfactory receptor 7C1** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *OR7C1* gene.

Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| OR7C1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | OR7C1, CIT-HSP-146E8, HSTPCR86P, OR19-5, OR7C4, TPCR86, olfactory receptor family 7 subfamily C member 1 | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 3031186; HomoloGene: 131141; GeneCards: OR7C1; OMA:OR7C1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_198944
NM\_001370485   NM\_147071   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_945182
NP\_001357414   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 19: 14.79 – 14.84 Mb Chr 10: 78.82 – 78.82 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Watney Market

abstract: Watney Market is an outdoor street market in London, England. The market is situated on the pedestrianised northern portion of Watney Street, which connects Commercial Road and Shadwell DLR station. Located between Whitechapel and Shadwell, the market operates Monday to Saturday, 8.30am to 6pm, with vendors selling a variety of goods. Alongside market stalls, a number of permanent stores also operate in the area.

text:
# Watney Market

**Watney Market** is an outdoor street market in London, England. The market is situated on the pedestrianised northern portion of Watney Street, which connects Commercial Road and Shadwell DLR station. Located between Whitechapel and Shadwell, the market operates Monday to Saturday, 8.30am to 6pm, with vendors selling a variety of goods. Alongside market stalls, a number of permanent stores also operate in the area.

## History

In 1881, John James Sainsbury purchased 68 Watney Street to expand the retail business he began in 1869 (now known as UK supermarket chain Sainsbury's). The property was acquired from his brother-in-law, Edward Staples, who was already operating it as a food store for dockers based in the East End of London.

At this time, shopkeeper Mike Drummond was already successfully operating in the area at 67 Watney Street, gathering a loyal customer base, particularly amongst fellow Irish immigrants. Following years of fierce competition between the two store owners, Sainsbury bought 67 Watney Street in 1894 after Drummond’s retirement.

By 1902, there were over 100 shops and 100 stalls in the market and this more than doubled after the First World War. In the 1920s, space to trade on the street was in high demand with records showing that 1927 saw 227 traders applying for the 200 available pitches in the area.

Watney Street’s trading community continued to thrive until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Following nationwide economic hardship, rationing and conflict overseas, trading declined rapidly across Britain.

However, the heaviest damage to the Watney Street trading community was caused by the London Blitz, 1940-41. The bombing campaign first began with an assault at 5.30pm on 7 September 1940 which lasted 24 hours. In this time an incendiary bomb was dropped on central Watney Street. The street continued to be bombed in multiple locations for the duration of the Blitz, sustaining severe structural damage and casualties along with the rest of London’s East End.

In 1955, a planning process was commenced for a new marketplace and high-rise house development. The market was temporarily relocated in 1965 and development began in 1967, with north Watney Street being levelled and the adjoining Blakesley Street demolished. The project took over a decade to complete and involved pedestrianising the northern half of Watney Street, establishing a new area of operation for the market.

During the redevelopment, the market’s activity declined substantially. Competition from local supermarkets also contributed to this downturn and by 1979, only eighteen stalls were operating in the area. Regeneration by the local council has been ongoing since 1991.

## Management

In 1991, Tower Hamlets London Borough Council identified Watney Market as a crucial shopping centre, which marked the beginning a series of regeneration projects. In 2010 the Tower Hamlets regeneration scheme began, assessing the Watney Market District Centre area and potential areas for investment within. The scheme is still a work in progress, the most recent update coming in the Tower Hamlets Town Centre Strategy 2017 to 2022 which reviewed the state of the market as of March 2017.

## Watney Market

## InfoBox

| Watney Market (from Commercial Road) | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Shadwell |
| Address | Watney Street, Shadwell, London E1 2PR |
| Opening date | 1881 |
| Management | Tower Hamlets Market Services |
| Owner | Tower Hamlets London Borough Council |
| Goods sold | General goods |
| Days normally open | Monday to Saturday (8.30am to 6pm) |


title: Novena, Singapore

abstract: Novena is a planning area located within the Central Region of Singapore. Novena is bounded by Toa Payoh to the north, Bukit Timah to the west, Tanglin to the south and Kallang to the east. While Novena is not classified as a "new town" by the Housing and Development Board (HDB), the estate of Whampoa within the subzone of Balestier constitutes part of the Kallang/Whampoa New Town. The vicinity is named after the Novena prayer devotions to Our Mother of Perpetual Help, originally established by the Redemptorist Order that settled and propagated within the area. In later years, the Tan Tock Seng Hospital was set in 1844, one of the oldest and busiest hospitals in Singapore.

text:
# Novena, Singapore

**Novena** (locally /nˈvnɑː/) is a planning area located within the Central Region of Singapore. Novena is bounded by Toa Payoh to the north, Bukit Timah to the west, Tanglin to the south and Kallang to the east. While Novena is not classified as a "new town" by the Housing and Development Board (HDB), the estate of Whampoa within the subzone of Balestier constitutes part of the Kallang/Whampoa New Town.

The vicinity is named after the Novena prayer devotions to Our Mother of Perpetual Help, originally established by the Redemptorist Order that settled and propagated within the area. In later years, the Tan Tock Seng Hospital was set in 1844, one of the oldest and busiest hospitals in Singapore.

## Etymology

Novena and its associated roads, buildings and Mass Rapid Transit station are named after Novena Church (canonically the Church of Saint Alphonsus Liguori) located in the area.

Balestier Road was named after Joseph Balestier, an American diplomat who served in Singapore in the 1800s.

## Infrastructure

### Housing

Land in Novena is very expensive because of its close proximity to the Central Area. There are few HDB flats in Novena; most houses in the area are condominiums or private housing.

### Healthcare

Novena is home to the largest concentration of hospitals and medical centres in Singapore.

An integrated academic medical complex termed HealthCity Novena, is centred around Tan Tock Seng Hospital, and supported by step-down facilities such as the Integrated Care Hub, Ren Ci Hospital and Dover Park Hospice as well tertiary national medical centres including the National Centre for Infectious Diseases, National Neuroscience Institute and National Skin Centre. The Clinical Sciences Building of the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and various leisure and public spaces complete the complex.

A number of private healthcare providers are situated next to Tan Tock Seng Hospital. The private cluster is anchored by Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital, with standalone outpatient clinics leveraging on network effects setting up in Novena Medical Centre, Novena Specialist Centre and Royal Square Novena.

### Commercial

Central to this area is Novena Square, a mixed used development situated directly above the Novena MRT station. Novena Medical Centre is located at levels 8 to 11 of the Square 2 shopping centre. Adjacent to Novena Square's Office Tower is a sports-themed mall called Novena Velocity. Opposite Novena Square, and across the Junction of Newton Road, Moulmein Road and Thomson Road, is United Square Shopping Mall, a children-oriented mall, with shops catering to infants, kids and parents. Shops located in the Novena area include Starbucks (one in United Square and another in Novena Square), Cold Storage, Decathlon and the newly opened Don Don Donki at Square 2, a Japanese Discount Store. Banks located in the Novena area include POSB and UOB. Novena has seen major improvements in terms of new shops opening in the area since Square 2 and Velocity commenced business in recent years.

#### Novena Square

**Velocity@Novena Square**, formerly known as Novena Square, is a sports and lifestyle mall with a new building extension. It lies directly above Novena MRT station. It was opened in December 2000, and owned by Novena Square Investments. There are 160 stores and spans 3 floors.

#### Square 2

**Square 2** is located at the Novena MRT station. It was opened on 10 December 2007, and it is developed and owned by Far East Organization. It has over 180 specialty stores, selling food and beverage, fashion and accessories, education and enrichment, as well as beauty & wellness services, spanning five floors.

## Education

Novena has a total of three primary schools, three secondary schools, three private schools and two schools offering tertiary education as of 2024. The list is as follows:

### Primary schools

### Secondary schools

### Tertiary institutions

### Other schools

* Beacon International College
* East Asia Institute of Management

## Transportation

Novena is accessible by MRT, with buses serving the city, nearest neighbouring estates and is close proximity to the expressway. The area has no bus interchange, the nearest being in Toa Payoh. However, Saint Michael's Bus Terminal can be found along Balestier.

## InfoBox

| Novena | |
| --- | --- |
| Planning Area | |
| Other transcription(s) | |
| Chinese | 诺维娜 |
| Malay | Novena |
| Tamil | நொவீனா |
| From top left to right: Novena Square, the National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Novena Church, Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall | |
| Location in Central Region | |
| NovenaLocation of Novena within Singapore | |
| Coordinates: 1°19′15.09″N 103°50′32.75″E / 1.3208583°N 103.8424306°E / 1.3208583; 103.8424306 | |
| Country | Singapore |
| Region | Central Region   --- |
| CDCs |  |
| Town councils | * Bishan-Toa Payoh Town Council * Holland-Bukit Panjang Town Council * Jalan Besar Town Council * Tanjong Pagar Town Council |
| Constituencies |  |
| DGP exhibited |  |
| PA incorporated | * 22 January 1999 |
| Government | |
| Mayors | **Central Singapore CDC** **North West CDC**
--- |
| Members of Parliament | **Bishan-Toa Payoh GRC**  **Holland-Bukit Timah GRC**
**Jalan Besar GRC**
**Tanjong Pagar GRC** |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.98 km2 (3.47 sq mi) |
| Rank | 34th |
| Population (2019) | |
| Total | 49,210 |
| Rank | 25th |
| Density | 5,500/km2 (14,000/sq mi) |
| Rank | 26th |
| Demonym | **Official*** Novena resident |
| Ethnic groups (2015) | |
| Chinese | 38,840 |
| Malays | 2,110 |
| Indians | 4,210 |
| Others | 2,830 |
| Postal district | 8, 11, 12 |


abstract: Kyrgyz registration plates were first issued in 1980, when the country was still a republic of the Soviet Union. Despite having gained its independence in 1991, it continued to use the old Soviet plates until the introduction of the current format in 1994.

text:
# Vehicle registration plates of Kyrgyzstan

**Kyrgyz registration plates** were first issued in 1980, when the country was still a republic of the Soviet Union. Despite having gained its independence in 1991, it continued to use the old Soviet plates until the introduction of the current format in 1994.

## Formats

### 1980-1993

Between 1980 and 1993, Kyrgyz plates were manufactured to the Soviet GOST 3207-77 standard. The characters were of the following format: **x ## ## XX** where **x** is a lowercase Cyrillic counter letter; **#** is any digit between 0 and 9; and **XX** are two uppercase Cyrillic letters indicating where the vehicle was registered (e.g. **БИ** for Bishkek).

### 1994

1994 saw the launch of another format, which resembles more closely the style of registration plates used in Europe. The most notable changes are the switch from Cyrillic letters to Latin, and the presence of the Kyrgyz flag in a narrow band to the left of the plate. The alphanumerics are rendered in DIN 1451. The plate format is: **X 9999 XX** while first letter is based on geographic location.

### 2015

Starting from July 2015, a new system has entered into circulation. Each province now has a two digit code. The new license plates have the font FE-Schrift. The numbers usually have a font size slightly larger than the letters, similar to Russian vehicle registration plates.

#### Private vehicles

The license plates have the format **## - ### xxx**, where the first two digits are province codes. The plate is black on white. Right under the province codes, there is the Kyrgyz flag and the code **KG**.

#### Motorcycles

The license plates have the format **## - ### xx**, where the first two digits are province codes. The plate is black on white.

#### Governmental vehicles

The license plates have the format **## - ### PT**, where the first two digits are province codes. The plate is black on white.

#### President

#### Foreign

The following plates are black on yellow. These flags show the code **KG**, but not the Kyrgyz flag. These plates have the following format: **## - #### L**, where the first two digits are the province codes. The letter would be either of the following:

* **H**: For a vehicle owned by a foreign citizen.
* **P**: For a vehicles who would be in the country for more than 6 months
* **M**: For foreign firms, their staff and families.
* **K**: Belonging to foreign media

#### Diplomatic

Diplomatic license plates are white on red, whereas the license plates for UN vehicles are white on blue. The license plates have the format **L ## ###**. The letter could be any of the following:

* **C**: Official and personal vehicles of heads of consular posts and staff, i.e. Corps consulaires
* **D**: Vehicles of diplomatic and other international organizations, as well as personal vehicles chapters (new format) and employees of the diplomatic rank of the offices, organizations, missions and members of their families, i.e. Corps diplomatiques
* **T**: Vehicles of administrative and technical staff of diplomatic and consular missions, other international organizations and the family members of these employees.

The two digit number would be the country or organization code. The following table shows the codes:

| **Country name** | **Code** | **International Organization** | **Code** | **UN Agency** | **Code** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Turkey | 01 | EBRD | 50 | UNDP | 01 |
| United States | 02 | IMF | 51 | UNHCR | 02 |
| China | 03 | World Bank | 52 | UNICEF | 03 |
| Russia | 04 | MIR TV | 53 | UNFPA | 04 |
| Germany | 05 | Swiss Corporation Office | 54 |
| Iran | 06 | GIZ | 55 |
| Kazakhstan | 07 | IOM | 56 |
| India | 08 | UK DfID | 57 |
| Belarus | 09 | OSCE | 58 |
| Pakistan | 10 | SOS Children's Villages | 59 |
| Uzbekistan | 11 | JICA | 60 |
| Ukraine | 12 | ADB | 61 |
| Afghanistan | 13 | ICRC | 62 |
| Tajikistan | 14 | Aga Khan | 63 |
| Japan | 15 | ISTC | 64 |
| South Korea | 16 |
| European Union | 17 |
| France | 18 |
| Azerbaijan | 19 |
|

The three digit number is assigned in increasing order. Numbers 001 to 099 are assigned to diplomatic missions, and numbers 100 to 999 to private cars of the diplomats. On the right end, the date of the issuance of the plate is posted, with the month on the top, and the year on the bottom.

Honorary Consulate plates are white on red, and have the format **HC ####**, where the four digit number is the country code. On the right end, the date of the issuance of the plate is posted, with the month on the top, and the year on the bottom.

| **Country name** | **Code** |
| --- | --- |
| Latvia | 1001 |
| Hungary | 1101 |
| Italy | 1201 |
| Canada | 1301 |
| Sweden | 1401 |
| United Kingdom | 1501 |
| Cyprus | 1601 |
| Czech Republic | 1701 |
| Moldova | 1801 |
| Slovakia | 1901 |
| Romania | 2001 |
| Lithuania | 2101 |
| Netherlands | 2201 |
| Turkey | 2301 |
| Belgium | 2401 |

There's also a license plate format for official and personal vehicles of heads of diplomatic missions.

## Region identifiers

### Current

Starting from July 2016, a two digit code has been assigned to each region, similar to the format in Russia. There is a potential to add more codes to each region, as each of the existing codes get used up.

| Code | Region |
| --- | --- |
| 01 | Bishkek |
| 02 | Osh |
| 03 | Batken Region |
| 04 | Jalal-Abad Region |
| 05 | Naryn Region |
| 06 | Osh Region |
| 07 | Talas Region |
| 08 | Chüy Region |
| 09 | Issyk-Kul Region |

### 1994-2016

| Prefix | Region |
| --- | --- |
| А | Batken Region |
| B | Bishkek |
| C | Chüy Region |
| D | Jalal-Abad Region |
| E | Bishkek (outskirts) |
| I | Issyk-Kul Region |
| H/N | Naryn Region |
| O | Osh |
| S | Chüy Region |
| T | Talas Region |
| Z | Osh Region |

### 1980-1994

| Suffix | Region |
| --- | --- |
| БИ | Bishkek |
| ЖА | Jalal-Abad Region |
| ИК | Issyk-Kul Region |
| НР | Naryn Region |
| ОШ | Osh Region |
| ТФ | Talas Region |
| ТЯ | Tian Shan Region |
| ФИ | Chüy Region |
| ЧС | Chüy Region |


title: Vehicle registration plates of Latvia

abstract: Vehicle registration plates of Latvia consist of two letters, a hyphen and one to four numbers (depending on the age of registration), e.g., AB-1234,

text:
# Vehicle registration plates of Latvia

**Vehicle registration plates of Latvia** consist of two letters (trailers plates have one letter), a hyphen and one to four numbers *(depending on the age of registration)*, e.g., AB-1234,

## Colour and dimensions

Current plates have black characters on white reflective material for both front and rear plates. After Latvia regained independence in 1991, vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union with Latin letters LA and LT were used until 1993, when the new type of vehicle registration plates were introduced. Up until 2004 a small Latvian national flag with the initials LV would have been used on the left-side of the plate. Ever since Latvia joined the European Union, the EU blue label has been included on the license plate with the initials LV. Front number plates are 520 mm x 111 mm in size. Rear plates may be:

* 520 mm x 110 mm ("A Type" Standard)
* 280 mm x 200 mm ("B Type" Square, used mostly on SUVs)
* 240 mm x 130 mm ("C Type" Used mostly on Motorcycles)
* 300 mm x 110 mm ("E Type" Small, used mostly on American and some Japanese RHD cars that have small place for plate). This type of plate can only include 4 symbols without hyphen, e.g., AB12, however a hyphen is included on front plate.
* 177 mm x 130 mm ("F Type" Used mostly on Motorcycles)
* 133 mm x 165 mm ("G Type" Used only on Mopeds)
* 133 mm x 165 mm ("H Type" Used only on Off-road vehicles)

## Typeface

All Latvian plates use the Austria typeface, closely related to the German DIN 1451. Most noticeable changes include the forms of the letter J, as well as the digits 6 and 9 and rounded corners.

## Car designations

Latvian license plates do not have any particular designation coding confirmed. However, Latvian army cars and trucks have LA letters on plates meaning **L**atvijas **A**rmija and VS letters mean **V**ēsturiskais **S**pēkrats (Vintage car).

## Personalized plates

The Latvian government allows registering personalized plates. In 2006, CSDD decided to increase price from 542.80 LVL to 2,500 LVL, because the old price became too affordable. Personalized plates can consist from two to eight symbols: letters, numbers or spaces. The same symbol can be repeated maximum 3 times without breaks (for example, "XXXIXXX").

## Special plates

* On taxis, the plate would be coloured black letters on a yellow background, and would consist of two letters, a hyphen and one to four numbers. The two letters would be TX, meaning taxi. After all numbers within TX range were used, TQ letters were used.
* On trailers and semi-trailers, the license plates consist of one letter, a hyphen and four numbers, or one letter, a hyphen and three numbers, one letter (the last sheme introduced in 2020s), and are coloured black letters on a white background.
* On motorcycles, the license plates have the same colours as the ordinary plates, but the shape and font size is different, also letters would be TA, *or* TB, *or* TC etc.
* On vehicles of the diplomatic corps, the coding also consists of two letters, a hyphen and four numbers. The plates would be coloured black letters on a red background. The first two letters would be **CD**, meaning **C**orps **D**iplomatique (one letter C also is used). And the first two numbers would represent which country it is in (e.g., 18 = Norway, 33 = Russia, 49 = European Union, etc.).
* On electric cars the coding also consists of two letters, a hyphen and four numbers, and are colored light blue letters on a white background or light blue letters on a yellow background for electric taxis.


abstract: Standard vehicle registration plates in Lithuania bear three letters and three numbers in black lettering on a white background. The plates are usually of the standard EU dimensions, but can also be manufactured in the American dimensions for special import vehicles. All plates issued since 2004 also bear a blue EU identification stripe on their left-hand edge. Those issued between the restoration of Lithuanian independence in 1990 and the country's accession to the European Union in 2004 bore a similar stripe with a small Lithuanian flag in place of the flag of the European Union. Originally the license plates had a space in the middle for stickers; the stickers were discontinued after April 2018. Plates issued since October 2023 bear the coat of arms of Lithuania between the right side of the EU stripe and the number.

text:
# Vehicle registration plates of Lithuania

Standard **vehicle registration plates in Lithuania** bear three letters and three numbers (e.g. ABC 123) in black lettering on a white background. The plates are usually of the standard EU dimensions, but can also be manufactured in the American dimensions for special import vehicles. All plates issued since 2004 also bear a blue EU identification stripe on their left-hand edge. Those issued between the restoration of Lithuanian independence in 1990 and the country's accession to the European Union in 2004 bore a similar stripe with a small Lithuanian flag in place of the flag of the European Union.

Originally the license plates had a space in the middle for stickers; the stickers were discontinued after April 2018. Plates issued since October 2023 bear the coat of arms of Lithuania between the right side of the EU stripe and the number (above the EU stripe for two-line or narrow plates).

## Area designations

Until 2004 the second of the three letters in each registration mark indicated the geographical administrative area in which the vehicle had originally been registered, as follows:

| Code | County | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| A | Alytus County | A**A**A 123 |
| J | Tauragė County (but code from first letter of Jurbarkas) | A**J**A 123 |
| K | Kaunas County | A**K**A 123 |
| L | Klaipėda County | A**L**A 123 |
| M | Marijampolė County | A**M**A 123 |
| P | Panevėžys County | A**P**A 123 |
| S | Šiauliai County | A**S**A 123 |
| T | Telšiai County | A**T**A 123 |
| U | Utena County | A**U**A 123 |
| V | Vilnius County | A**V**A 123 |

Numbers beginning with LRS and LRV were issued to government officials. Starting in 2004, the area designation was abolished and any letter (except for Q, W and X, which are not used in Lithuanian registration numbers) became admissible as the middle letter.

## Special types

### Temporary

Vehicles issued temporary registration in Lithuania are noted by red alphanumeric characters on white background.

#### Types

##### Vehicles imported to Lithuania or vehicles exported from Lithuania

As of July 2022, these plates are valid for up to 30 days. They can be re-issued to the same vehicle only after it has been issued standard license plates in the meantime.

##### Vehicles sold by vehicle selling companies or organizations (professional or trade number plates)

Plates issued since April 2018 start with the letter P followed by five digits; the registration does not expire. Prior to that, numbers consisted of a letter (P or R) followed by four digits, a space and two more digits, the latter indicating the year of expiration.

### Diplomatic Corps

Reserved and used by diplomatic corps. Plates have a green background and white characters; they do not have blue sidebar on the left side. The numbers are made up of six digits, grouped **01 3 123**, with the first two digits denoting the embassy or other diplomatic or consular representation:

| Code | Country or Organization |
| --- | --- |
| 01 | Sweden |
| 02 | Germany |
| 03 | France |
| 04 | Latvia |
| 05 | Denmark |
| 06 | Canada |
| 07 | United Kingdom |
| 08 | Italy |
| 09 | Norway |
| 10 | Finland |
| 11 | Holy See |
| 12 | Turkey |
| 13 | Czech Republic |
| 14 | United States |
| 15 | China |
| 16 | Poland |
| 17 | Poland |
| 18 | Estonia |
| 19 | Russia |
| 20 | Russia |
| 21 | Romania |
| 22 | Ukraine |
| 23 | Belarus |
| 24 | Kazakhstan |
| 25 | Georgia |
| 26 | Japan |
| 27 | Austria |
| 28 | Belgium |
| 29 | Netherlands |
| 30 | Hungary |
| 31 | Spain |
| 32 | Sovereign Military Order of Malta |
| 33 | Democratic Republic of Congo |
| 34 | Ireland |
| 35 | Portugal |
| 36 | Moldova |
| 37 | Azerbaijan |
| 38 | Bulgaria |
| 39 | Armenia |
| 40 | Croatia |
| 41 | Israel |
| 80 | Nordic Council of Ministers |
| 81 | International Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
| 82 | European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
| 83 | World Health Organization |
| 84 | United Nations Development Program |
| 85 | International Organization for Migration |
| 86 | European Commission |
| 87 | United Nations |
| 88 | European Institute for Gender Equality |
| 89 | NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence |

### Taxicabs

Taxicabs have plates with white background and black text. The first letter is "T" (corresponds to the first letter of the word "taksi" in Lithuanian) and is followed by five numbers.

Before the 3rd of April, 2018, taxi plates had a yellow background and black text, with the same number scheme. These plates continued to be valid and registration centers issued these plates beyond April 3, 2018, until stocks were exhausted.

### Military transport

Military transportation has black background and white text registration plates. They do not have the side-field, only the flag.

### Vintage cars

Plates for vintage cars have been issued since July 1, 2014. Originally these plates had white characters on a brown background, which was changed to black on white as of April 3, 2018. They start with the letter H, followed by five digits (four for motorcycles).

## Technical check sticker

The registration plate has a special spot, usually between the letters and numbers but occasionally to the left of the letters, to attach a sticker certifying the compulsory periodic technical inspection to check for compliance with safety/emissions standards. The sticker is no longer compulsory from 2015.

## Confusion with Swedish plates

Lithuanian standard plates are almost identical to Swedish standard plates. The Stockholm congestion tax system uses automatic number plate recognition to identify plates, and this system can not distinguish between Swedish and Lithuanian plates. Initially, non-Swedish cars did not have to pay this tax, but a Swedish owner will be charged if there is one with same number, which is likely. Even after the application of this tax to foreign cars, the problem persists; the Swedish owner of a number, not the actual Lithuanian owner, will be charged. The false tax will be cancelled after a manual check if the owner complains. Swedish taxes must be paid on time anyway and will be refunded if there is an error.


title: Vauxhall 14-40

abstract: The Vauxhall 14 is an automobile which was produced by Vauxhall in the United Kingdom from 1922 to 1927. As well as United Kingdom manufacture, knock-down kits were assembled in Australia.

text:
# Vauxhall 14-40

The **Vauxhall 14** is an automobile which was produced by Vauxhall in the United Kingdom from 1922 to 1927.

As well as United Kingdom manufacture, knock-down kits were assembled in Australia.

## Model M

First shown at the 1921 London Motor Show, the car reached the public in 1922.

The new car, designed by Clarence King, had a four-cylinder 2297cc side-valve engine mounted in-unit with a three-speed transmission. The separate chassis had semi-elliptic leaf springs at the front and cantilever springs at the rear. Brakes acted on the rear wheels only with a separate pair of shoes for the handbrake. Disc type wheels were fitted.

The car was said to be capable of reaching nearly 60 mph (100 km/h) and return 28 mpgimp (10 L/100 km; 23 mpgUS).

### Body styles

* 2 door Melton tourer
* 4 door Princeton tourer
* Bedford, Norfolk and Wyndham saloons
* Kimberley limousine
* Wyvern landaulette
* Grafton coupe

Approximately 1800 cars were produced.

## Model LM

In 1924 the LM version appeared with a higher compression engine developing 40 bhp (30 kW) and four-speed transmission. Wire-spoked wheels replaced the disc ones. Front-wheel brakes were added in 1926.

In 1924 the 14-40 with Princeton tourer body cost GBP595.

Approximately 3500 cars were produced.

## InfoBox

| Vauxhall 14-40 | |
| --- | --- |
| 1927 Vauxhall 14-40 LM type with Melton coachwork. | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Vauxhall |
| Also called | Vauxhall 14
Vauxhall M
Vauxhall LM |
| Production | 1922 to 1927 |
| Assembly | United Kingdom, Australia |
| Designer | C E King |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | 4-door and 2-door roadster
saloon and limousine
coupe
landaulette |
| Layout | FR layout |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 2297cc I4 |
| Transmission | 3-speed manual (L type)
4-speed manual (LM type) |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 117 in (3,000 mm) |
| Length | 166 in (4,200 mm) |
| Curb weight | 70 in (1,800 mm) |


title: Marlow Heights Shopping Center

abstract: The Marlow Heights Shopping Center is an open-air shopping complex located in Marlow Heights, Maryland, on Branch Avenue at St. Barnabas Road, and is positioned just south of Shops at Iverson.

text:
# Marlow Heights Shopping Center

The **Marlow Heights Shopping Center** is an open-air shopping complex located in Marlow Heights, Maryland, on Branch Avenue (Maryland Route 5) at St. Barnabas Road (Maryland Route 414), and is positioned just south of Shops at Iverson.

## History

The 28,000-square-foot (2,600 m2) Giant Food store opened at the $10 million shopping center on 36 acres (150,000 m2) with 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) of store space, on September 16, 1957. At the time it opened it was the largest and most expensive shopping center in the Washington, D.C., area.

On August 29, 1960, Maryland Gov J. Millard Tawes opened the Hecht Company's new $4.5 million, 168,000-square-foot (15,600 m2) store. This was the fifth Hecht Company store to open in the Washington, D.C., area. This addition to the original center expanded the site to 41 acres (170,000 m2). Smaller shops included a Bond Stores outlet.

The Hot Shoppes restaurant at Marlow Heights was the final location in the chain to close (on December 2, 1999).

In early January 2021, it was announced that the Marlow Heights Macy's would be closing in Spring 2021.

## Anchors and major retailers

38°50′7″N 76°56′43″W / 38.83528°N 76.94528°W / 38.83528; -76.94528


title: Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death

abstract: Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death is an action-adventure hack and slash video game developed by ZootFly and Microsoft Studios for the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. It was released worldwide on 20 September 2013.

text:
# Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death

***Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death*** is an action-adventure hack and slash video game developed by ZootFly and Microsoft Studios for the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. It was released worldwide on 20 September 2013.

## Gameplay

*Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death* uses a real-time control scheme typical of other similar games, such as the *God of War* and *Devil May Cry* franchises. Players may attack with their weapon, grapple with and throw enemies, and use magical attacks. Weapons and spells can be upgraded using experience points. The player may launch a swift attack using one button and a slow, strong attack with another; combinations of the two attacks lead to combos. The player's current number of uninterrupted hits is kept counted on-screen, with greater rewards resulting from a higher count.

Briggs's main weapon is Kukulkan's Fangs, a double-ended scythe with obsidian blades. It has three alternative forms, serving as the game's other weapons: Tacab's Bloodthirsty Claws, a pair of curved swords wielded backhand with swift slashes; the Forsaken Sting, a long chain-whip with long reach but low damage output; and Patan's Tusk, a slow but powerful hammer. Briggs is also bestowed with a number of magical abilities. Spirit Knives allow him to strike foes at long range, the Conversion ability brainwashes enemies to fight alongside him, and the Wings of the Condor allow him to glide through the air. Four spells attack, one for each classical element, are also available: the "Flames of Kinich Ahau" and "Chaac's Freezing Wrath" strike all enemies near him; the "Strength of Cabrakan" earth attack strikes all foes in a line in front of him; and "Huracan's Winds" strikes all enemies on the screen.

## Plot

Marlow Briggs, a smokejumper, is vacationing at a Mayan archaeological dig operated by Heng Long. Briggs' girlfriend, Eva Torres, is employed deciphering various Mayan codices. Eva has begun to find the work unsavory, and attempts to resign; Long, however, still requires her services. To enforce Eva's compliance, Long has his lieutenant, Kim Carreras, kill Briggs with Kukulkan's Fangs. Unknown to all, the scythe is ornamented with the Mask of Death, which houses the spirit of a long-dead Mayan monarch, King Tepechalic Ix (also known as "Tep"). Tep, acting through the mask, revives Briggs and dubs him the "Sacred Warrior" (also known as the "Ek Chuah Ix", or "Chuchu" for short). Throughout the game Tep provides advice, exposition, and commentary on Briggs's combat abilities. Together, Briggs and Tep set out to defeat Long, rescue Eva, and shut down the mining operation Long has established.

Long drags Eva from site to site, having her translate a large variety of codices, all the while throwing vast quantities of manpower and materiel at Briggs in an attempt effort to slow him down. During this chase, Long begins to display supernatural powers, and Tep hypothesizes that Long is attempting to attain godlike power. To do this, he needs "TioxChoq'ik," a rare supernatural element which his facility is now mining; the Sacred Warrior's *raison d'être* is to prevent such an occurrence. Long needs Eva's translating skills to complete the ritual; Eva takes advantage of her protected position to drop periodic notes, which keep Briggs updated on her well-being and typically beg him to abandon her and save himself.

In addition to fighting his way through Long's security forces, Briggs must contend with the flora and fauna of the jungles, as well as demons manifesting as a result of Long's activities; occasionally Briggs encounters these forces in regular conflict with each other. Briggs eventually meets Kim Carreras, an associate of Long who eventually confesses to being a federal agent who was blackmailed into joining Long's operation, but draws the line at helping him become an evil god. She assists Briggs until her betrayal is revealed, at which point Long executes her.

Briggs and Tep eventually confront Long as the latter completes the last of his ritual atop the Mountain of Time, becoming a towering monstrosity with numerous powers at his disposal. In the ensuing fight, Briggs rips out Long's heart to no effect; only by decapitating Long and piercing his head with Kukulkan's Fangs is Briggs able to defeat him. This gives Briggs control of Long's powers and, at the Mask's urging, he rewinds time. Briggs and Eva climb out of the mine to return home only to find themselves amidst the historical Mayan empire, facing King Tep during his natural lifetime, with European sailing ships visible in the harbor beyond.

## Reception

The game received "mixed or average reviews" on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

## InfoBox

| Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art | |
| Developer(s) | ZootFly
Microsoft Studios |
| Publisher(s) | 505 Games |
| Producer(s) | Dave McCrate |
| Designer(s) | Bostjan Troha |
| Engine | ZEN |
| Platform(s) | Xbox 360
Microsoft Windows |
| Release | 20 September 2013 |
| Genre(s) | Action-adventure, hack and slash |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Marsha Miro

abstract: Marsha Miro was an American art writer, architectural historian, and filmmaker. She wrote art news for the Detroit Free Press in the late 20th century, a position she held for 21-years. She is also author of works on ceramicist Robert Turner, the Cranbrook Educational Community, fiber artist Gerhardt Knodel, and painter Gordon Newton. A maker of documentary film on architecture, Miro has served the Cranbrook Educational Community as a historian of architecture. She writes for Glass Magazine, American Ceramics, American Craft and Casabella. Miro is the founding director of the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD). Miro resides just outside Detroit, Michigan with her husband. She is the mother of three children, including screenwriter Doug Miro, and artist Darcy Miro.

text:
# Marsha Miro

**Marsha Miro** was an American art writer, architectural historian, and filmmaker.

She wrote art news for the Detroit Free Press in the late 20th century (from 1974 to 1995), a position she held for 21-years. She is also author of works on ceramicist Robert Turner, the Cranbrook Educational Community, fiber artist Gerhardt Knodel, and painter Gordon Newton.

A maker of documentary film on architecture, Miro has served the Cranbrook Educational Community as a historian of architecture. She writes for Glass Magazine, American Ceramics, American Craft and Casabella. Miro is the founding director of the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD). Miro resides just outside Detroit, Michigan with her husband. She is the mother of three children, including screenwriter Doug Miro, and artist Darcy Miro.