title: Phillips Creek

abstract: Phillips Creek is a tributary of Huntington Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 5.3 miles (8.5 km) long and flows through Fairmount Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of 5.54 square miles (14.3 km⁲) and has no named tributaries. The creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission to be Class A Wild Trout Waters for brook trout throughout its entire length. Glacial till, alluvium, sandstone, and shale can be found in its vicinity. Its course has been altered by glaciation and it is in the vicinity of North Mountain. At least one bridge has been built over the creek and a number of hunting cabins and cottages existed in the area. The creek's discharge has a 10 percent chance of reaching 915 cubic feet per second in any given year.

text:
# Phillips Creek

**Phillips Creek** (also known as **Philips Creek**) is a tributary of Huntington Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 5.3 miles (8.5 km) long and flows through Fairmount Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of 5.54 square miles (14.3 km2) and has no named tributaries. The creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission to be Class A Wild Trout Waters for brook trout throughout its entire length. Glacial till, alluvium, sandstone, and shale can be found in its vicinity. Its course has been altered by glaciation and it is in the vicinity of North Mountain. At least one bridge has been built over the creek and a number of hunting cabins and cottages existed in the area. The creek's discharge has a 10 percent chance of reaching 915 cubic feet per second in any given year.

## Course

Phillips Creek begins in a deep valley near North Mountain in Fairmount Township. It flows south for nearly a mile before passing through a pond and receiving two unnamed tributaries, one from the left and one from the right. The creek then flows south-southeast for a considerable distance before leaving the valley and crossing Pennsylvania Route 118. It then turns southwest and then west, entering another valley between Jackson Hill and Bethel Hill. The creek flows south-southwest and then south-southeast for approximately two miles (three kilometers). It then leaves the valley and reaches its confluence with Huntington Creek.

Phillips Creek joins Huntington Creek 19.12 miles (30.77 km) upstream of its mouth.

### Tributaries

Phillips Creek has no officially named tributaries. However, it does have several unnamed tributaries.

## Hydrology

The concentration of alkalinity in the waters of Phillips Creek is 6 milligrams per liter.

At the mouth of Phillips Creek, its discharge has a 10 percent chance of reaching 915 cubic feet per second in any given year. It has a 2 percent chance of reaching 1630 cubic feet per second and a 1 percent chance of reaching 2015 cubic feet per second. The creek has a 0.2 percent chance of reaching a top discharge of 3177 cubic feet per second in any given year.

## Geography and geology

The elevation near the mouth of Phillips Creek is 876 feet (267 m) above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between 1,820 and 1,840 feet (550 and 560 m). Its elevation at the base of North Mountain is approximately 1,200 feet (370 m) above sea level.

The headwaters of Phillips Creek are in North Mountain. The creek has an obstruction in its lower reaches, near Huntington Road. The Gauckler–Manning coefficient value of the creek is 0.045 for its channel and ranges from 0.070 to 0.100 for its overbank.

Phillips Creek attempted to flow down the valley of Lick Branch prior to the glaciation of the area. However, a mass of till under Pennsylvania Route 118 diverted it over a saddle to the west, causing it to end up in its present course. There is a series of waterfalls at the point where the creek is cutting through the saddle. A portion of the creek is located in a deep and narrow gorge. Shortly after they were created, the gorge and the waterfalls were deepened by Lake Bowman, a nearby glacial lake. Downstream of the saddle, the creek is an "overfit stream", meaning that it is too wide for its valley. For this reason, the gorge is gradually widening. A deep col is located between the creek and the valley of Bowman Creek. The col contains a wide ledge of sandstone at 1,940 feet (590 m) above sea level.

In its lower reaches, Phillips Creek is surrounded by bedrock made of interbedded reddish-gray shale and sandstone. Some areas near the creek are on Wisconsinan Till. Most of the till in the vicinity of the creek is expected to be more than 6 feet (1.8 m) thick. Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift and alluvium are also found along parts of the stream, especially in its middle and upper reaches. Additionally, an alluvial fan is present in the creek's upper reaches.

## Watershed

The watershed of Phillips Creek has an area of 5.54 square miles (14.3 km2). The creek is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Sweet Valley.

Phillips Creek is one of the main sources of flooding in Fairmount Township, along with Kitchen Creek. The creek flooded in 1972 and 1975. A number of hunting cabins and cottages existed in the watershed in the 1970s. At the time, these were the only disturbances to the forests on North Mountain There is a small lake in the upper reaches of the creek.

## History

Phillips Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1183672.

A prestressed box beam bridge was constructed over Phillips Creek in 1993. It is 34.1 feet (10.4 m) long and carries Huntington Creek Road. In 1991, plans were made to replace a bridge carrying the road T-620 over the creek for a cost of $277,000.

## Biology

A section of Phillips Creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission to be Class A Wild Trout Waters for brook trout. This section stretches approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km) from the creek's headwaters to Pennsylvania Route 118. The section of the creek that stretches from Pennsylvania Route 118 to its mouth is also considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters, but for both brook trout and brown trout. This section is 3.2 miles (5.1 km) long. The creek is one of six direct tributaries of Huntington Creek to be designated as Class A Wild Trout Waters. The others are Mitchler Run, Shingle Run, Arnold Creek, Lick Branch, and part of Kitchen Creek. However, Phillips Creek was stocked in 1933–1934.

In the early 1900s, mammals such as bobcats and bears were observed in the vicinity of Phillips Creek.

## InfoBox

| Phillips Creek
Philips Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Phillips Creek looking upstream | |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | deep valley near North Mountain in Fairmount Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania |
| elevation | between 1,820 and 1,840 feet (550 and 560 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Huntington Creek in Fairmount Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania |
| coordinates | 41°16′05″N 76°13′26″W / 41.2680°N 76.2239°W / 41.2680; -76.2239 |
| elevation | 876 ft (267 m) |
| Length | 5.3 mi (8.5 km) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 915 cu ft/s (25.9 m3/s) Peak annual discharge at mouth (10 percent probability) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Huntington Creek → Fishing CreekSusquehanna RiverChesapeake Bay |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | one unnamed tributary |
| right | one unnamed tributary |


title: William III, Count of Toulouse

abstract: William III Taillefer was the Count of Toulouse, Albi, and Quercy, as well as the Marquis of Gothie from 972 or 978 to his death. He was the first of the Toulousain branch of his family to bear the title marchio, which he inherited from Raymond II of Rouergue. His parentage has been subject to reevaluation. He has traditionally been called son of Raymond III Pons and Garsinda. However, recent research has revealed that William was instead the son of Adelais of Anjou, known to have married a Raymond, "Prince of Gothia". This discovery has required a complete reevaluation of the succession to the County of Toulouse during this period, and no new scholarly consensus has emerged. He and his vassals were notorious usurpers of church property. He stole from the abbey of Lézat, but gave it back between 1015 and 1025. Pope John XIX ordered him to stop his vassals from taking the lands of Moissac, a problem later remedied by his successor, Pons, who gave Moissac to Cluny. William became the most powerful prince in western Languedoc and he saw the rise of the House of Capet in France and a corresponding decrease in royal authority recognised in the south. He bore the title of marchio prefatus in pago Tholosano: "prefect margrave in the Toulousain country." His influence extended into the Narbonensis and even Provence, on behalf of his wife. His power did not remain undiminished in his own city of Toulouse, where he was forced by a council of local noblemen and clerics to give up dues imposed on the market there. William married twice, first to Arsinde, and second to Emma, daughter of Rotbold III of Provence. From her he gained titles and lands to Provence. From Arsinde, he had two sons, Raymond and Hugh, who died young. His eldest son by Emma, Pons, inherited Toulouse and the title of Margrave of Provence. His second son Bertrand became Count of Forcalquier, a Provençal fief. He had an illegitimate daughter who married Otto Raymond of L'Isle-Jourdain.

text:
# William III, Count of Toulouse

**William III Taillefer** (also spelled *Tallefer* or *Tallifer*; c.970 – September 1037) was the Count of Toulouse, Albi, and Quercy, as well as the Marquis of Gothie from 972 or 978 to his death. He was the first of the Toulousain branch of his family to bear the title *marchio*, which he inherited (c. 975) from Raymond II of Rouergue.

His parentage has been subject to reevaluation. He has traditionally been called son of Raymond III Pons and Garsinda. However, recent research has revealed that William was instead the son of Adelais of Anjou, known to have married a Raymond, "Prince of Gothia". This discovery has required a complete reevaluation of the succession to the County of Toulouse during this period, and no new scholarly consensus has emerged.

He and his vassals were notorious usurpers of church property. He stole from the abbey of Lézat, but gave it back between 1015 and 1025. Pope John XIX ordered him to stop his vassals from taking the lands of Moissac, a problem later remedied by his successor, Pons, who gave Moissac to Cluny.

William became the most powerful prince in western Languedoc and he saw the rise of the House of Capet in France and a corresponding decrease in royal authority recognised in the south. He bore the title of *marchio prefatus in pago Tholosano*: "prefect margrave in the Toulousain country." His influence extended into the Narbonensis and even Provence, on behalf of his wife. His power did not remain undiminished in his own city of Toulouse, where he was forced by a council of local noblemen and clerics to give up dues imposed on the market there.

William married twice, first to Arsinde, and second to Emma, daughter of Rotbold III of Provence. From her he gained titles and lands to Provence. From Arsinde, he had two sons, Raymond and Hugh, who died young. His eldest son by Emma, Pons, inherited Toulouse and the title of Margrave of Provence. His second son Bertrand became Count of Forcalquier, a Provençal fief. He had an illegitimate daughter who married Otto Raymond of L'Isle-Jourdain.

## Sources

* Thierry Stasser, "Adélaïde d'Anjou. Sa famille, ses mariages, sa descendance", *Le Moyen Age* 103,1 (1997): 9–52

## InfoBox

| William III, Count of Toulouse | |
| --- | --- |
| Sarcophagus of William in the Basilica of Saint-Sernin. | |
| Born | c.970 |
| Died | September 1037 |
| Noble family | House of Rouergue |
| Spouse(s) | Emma of Provence |
| Father | Raymond, Count of Toulouse |
| Mother | Adelais of Anjou |


title: Ralf Adams

abstract: Ralf Heinrich Adams is a biochemist and cell biologist. He is director at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and head of the Department of Tissue Morphogenesis in Münster, Germany.

text:
# Ralf Adams

**Ralf Heinrich Adams** (born 1966) is a biochemist and cell biologist. He is director at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and head of the Department of Tissue Morphogenesis in Münster, Germany.

## Biography

In the year 1996 Adams obtained a PhD in Biochemistry for his work at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt (Germany), which includes the discovery of several novel semaphorin family molecules and the characterization of their role in axon guidance.

As a postdoctoral research fellow with Dr R. Klein at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg during the years 1996 to 2000, he was among the first to discover that ephrin-B2, a ligand for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, is a marker for arterial endothelial cells and an important regulator of blood vessel morphogenesis in the developing embryo. Together with his collaborator Dr A. Nebrada, he also demonstrated that the p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for the formation of the vascular network inside the placenta.

In 2000 Adams became head of the Vascular Development Laboratory at the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute (formerly, Imperial Cancer Research Fund) and Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the University College London.

Since 2007 Adams is Professor for ‘Vascular Biology’ at the Westfälische Wilhelms University and Director at the MPI for Molecular Biomedicine in Münster, Germany.

He is a member of the Editorial Board for *Genes & Development*.

## Research

Dr Adams and his co-workers have made significant achievements by combining genetic approaches in the mouse with a wide range of cell and molecular biology methods.

Several of their discoveries are directly relevant for human pathologies. For example, they were the first to show that the Eph receptor ligand ephrin-B1 controls skeletal morphogenesis and that defects in the human gene (EFNB1) lead to Craniofrontonasal Syndrome (CFNS). A different project has connected the cytoplasmic multi-PDZ domain protein GRIP1, an interaction partner of Eph/ephrin proteins and other molecules, with the rare but severe human congenital disease Fraser Syndrome. They also demonstrated that Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAMs) are critical regulators of cell polarity.

After his move to the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine in the year 2008, Adams found that the Notch ligand Jagged1 antagonizes the function of Dll4 and thereby acts as an important pro-angiogenic switch in endothelial cells. His team also discovered that the transmembrane protein ephrin-B2 controls endothelial cell motility and VEGF receptor endocytosis.

Although his work has addressed many important aspects of tissue and organ morphogenesis, the interaction of different cells and cell types during the formation of new blood vessels is a central research interest in the laboratory of Dr Adams.

## Awards and Fellowships

* 1988: Scholarship 'Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes'
* 1996: Otto Hahn Medal of the Max Planck Society
* 1996: EMBO Long Term Fellowship
* 2000: Werner Risau Memorial Award
* 2000: EMBO Young Investigator Programme

## Memberships

* British Society for Developmental Biology
* North American Vascular Biology Organization
* Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (GBM)
* German Society for Cell Biology


title: Rakino Brdo

abstract: Rakino Brdo is a village in the municipality of Osmaci, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Rakino Brdo

**Rakino Brdo** (Cyrillic: Ракино Брдо) is a village in the municipality of Osmaci, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

44°23′N 18°52′E / 44.383°N 18.867°E / 44.383; 18.867

## InfoBox

| Rakino Brdo Ракино Брдо | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rakino Brdo | |
| Coordinates: 44°23′N 18°52′E / 44.383°N 18.867°E / 44.383; 18.867 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska |
| Municipality | Osmaci |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Nigel Waterson

abstract: Nigel Christopher Waterson is a British former politician. He was the Conservative Member of Parliament for Eastbourne from 1992 until 2010. Waterson was a junior minister in the government of John Major. He has been the chairman of the Equity Release Council since 2012. Waterson is currently chair of Dunsfold Parish Council.

text:
# Nigel Waterson

**Nigel Christopher Waterson** (born 12 October 1950) is a British former politician. He was the Conservative Member of Parliament for Eastbourne from 1992 until 2010. Waterson was a junior minister in the government of John Major. He has been the chairman of the Equity Release Council since 2012. Waterson is currently chair of Dunsfold Parish Council.

## Early life

He attended Leeds Grammar School (then a direct grant grammar school) and at The Queen's College, Oxford he read law, graduating with a BA in 1971. He became a barrister and founded the firm Waterson Hicks. From 1974 to 1978 he was a councillor on Hammersmith and Fulham borough council.

## Parliamentary career

He contested Islington South and Finsbury in 1979.

Waterson was the Shadow Minister for Pensions and Conservative Spokesman for Older People. He is a patron of many local charities, including President of the Eastbourne Constitutional Club and Vice President for Age Concern \- Eastbourne. In the Conservative leadership contest in 2005 he backed Ken Clarke to be the next leader before Clarke lost in a preliminary round.

Waterson lost his seat to the Liberal Democrat Stephen Lloyd in the 2010 general election. This was just following the parliamentary expenses scandal, and Lloyd used his campaign literature to make claims about Waterson's expenses. Following the election, Waterson sued Lloyd for libel over these statements. Waterson lost this case on appeal in 2013, after winning the initial High Court case in 2011.

## Personal life

Waterson married Barbara Judge in 1999. He had two previous marriages, both ending in divorce, and has a son and a daughter. On 29 January 2008, Waterson was arrested for allegedly assaulting his two teenage children. In 2010 the Metropolitan Police Service apologised for any distress caused by the arrest, accepting the allegations were wholly unfounded, and paid damages and costs to Waterson in settlement of a civil claim for wrongful arrest and false imprisonment.

In January 2019 his adopted son, Stephen Waterson, was put on trial accused of manslaughter by crushing his girlfriend's son with his electric car seat. He was also accused of intimidating the driver of the car. His girlfriend was found guilty of child cruelty in May 2019, and sentenced to two and a half years in prison, but the jury failed to reach a verdict on Stephen Waterson. On the first day of his re-trial in September 2019, he changed his plea to guilty of manslaughter by gross negligence. Stephen Waterson was jailed for seven years.

## InfoBox

| Nigel Waterson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Eastbourne | |
| **In office**
9 April 1992  12 April 2010 | |
| Preceded by | David Bellotti |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Lloyd |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1950-10-12) 12 October 1950
Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Barbara Judge (m. 1999) |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | Leeds Grammar School |
| Alma mater | The Queen's College, Oxford |
|  | |


title: R257 road (Ireland)

abstract: The R257 road is a regional road in Ireland, located in County Donegal. It is a scenic route, skirting around the edge of the Bloody Foreland.

text:
# R257 road (Ireland)

The **R257 road** is a regional road in Ireland, located in County Donegal. It is a scenic route, skirting around the edge of the Bloody Foreland.

55°03′44″N 8°18′02″W / 55.062207°N 8.300626°W / 55.062207; -8.300626

## InfoBox

| R257 road | |
| --- | --- |
| *Bóthar R257* | |
| Sheep grazing by the R257 in Meenaclady | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 25.8 km (16.0 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| From | N56 Gort a' Choirce |
| Major intersections | *Crosses Owentully River, Owenwillin River, Yellow River, Glen River, Owencronahulla River and Clady River*
*Passes through Derrybeg*
*Crosses Catheen River*
R258 Bunbeg |
| To | N56 Dore (north of Crolly) |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Ireland |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Orange Park, Florida MPS

abstract: The following buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Orange Park, Florida Multiple Property Submission.

text:
# Orange Park, Florida MPS

The following buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the **Orange Park, Florida *Multiple Property Submission*** (or *MPS*).

| Resource Name | Also known as | Address | City | County | Added |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| William Clarke Estate |  | 1039-1057 Kingsley Avenue | Orange Park | Clay County | July 15, 1998 |
| Joseph Green House |  | 531 McIntosh Avenue | Orange Park | Clay County | July 15, 1998 |
| William Helffrich House |  | 1200 Plainfield Avenue | Orange Park | Clay County | July 15, 1998 |
| Orange Park Elementary School |  | 1401 Plainfield Avenue | Orange Park | Clay County | July 15, 1998 |
| Orange Park Negro Elementary School |  | 440 McIntosh Avenue | Orange Park | Clay County | July 15, 1998 |
| River Road Historic District |  | Junction of River Road and Stiles Avenue | Orange Park | Clay County | July 15, 1998 |
| William Westcott House |  | 443 Stiles Avenue | Orange Park | Clay County | July 15, 1998 |
|

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Orange Park, Florida MPS | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Orange Park Elementary School | |
|  | |
| Location | Orange Park, Florida |
| Coordinates | 30°10′6.85″N 81°42′30.52″W / 30.1685694°N 81.7084778°W / 30.1685694; -81.7084778 |
| MPS | Historic Architectural Resources of Orange Park, Florida |
| NRHP reference No. | 64500120 |


title: Gitzo

abstract: Gitzo S.A. is a manufacturer of photographic accessories, including bags, but specialising in tripods and supports.

text:
# Gitzo

**Gitzo S.A.** is a manufacturer of photographic accessories, including bags, but specialising in tripods and supports.

## History

Gitzo was founded in France by Arsène Gitzhoven in 1917, initially producing wooden and metal cassette filmbacks, and later expanding to include a line of cameras, shutters, and cable releases. Between 1942 and 1944 during World War II, the company produced military support systems.

During the late 1940s, tripods and tripod heads were introduced into their product range, and shortly after, Gitzhoven retired in 1960, succeeded by his daughter, Yvonne Plieger, who also modeled in early Gitzo advertising photographs. She and her husband became more and more dedicated to creating a range of high quality photographic tripods. In 1950, Gitzo marketed its first tripod.

In 1992, Gitzo became part of the Vinten group (now Videndum), which also owns Manfrotto. Vitec are described in corporate literature as "a multinational holding company specialised in supporting professional photographers, broadcasters and filmmakers." 1992 also marked the discontinuance of products outside camera support systems, including tripods, monopods, and tripod heads.

Gitzo introduced the first professional carbon fiber tripod and monopod at Photokina in 1994. The Gitzo factory in Paris was expanded in 1996 to 6,200 m2 (67,000 sq ft).

In 2005, Gitzo completed their transfer of production from France to Italy, a process which began in 2001.

## Design

In August 1999, Gitzo unveiled their revised "Mk2" aluminum tripod range, eliminating the rivets in the joint connecting the leg to the shoulder and repositioning the center column lock on rapid models to above the 'spider'.

A number of different designs have been introduced under Vitec:

* Explorer (2000) – legs may be locked at any intermediate position between 0° and 90°, and the center column may be inclined relative to the 'spider' where the tripod legs come together, allowing flexibility for close-up and macro photography similar to the movements afforded by the Benbo/Uni-loc tripod range.
* Traveler (2004) – legs may be swiveled up by 180° to nest the head within the legs for a more compact fold when traveling.
* Leveling (2004) – center column may adjust by up to 12° from vertical to allow rapid leveling of camera.
* Ocean (2009) – stainless steel casting and sealed leg locks to minimize intrusion of corrosive environments, such as salt water. Discontinued by 2015.

### Materials

Gitzo have used a variety of materials. Early Gitzo tripods and monopods were manufactured from aluminum alloys, finished in the characteristic 'noir décor' hammered grey powder coating process developed in the 1970s. In 1994, carbon fiber legs were introduced into the range. In 2004, Gitzo introduced a new "basalt" series with tubes manufactured from silica fibers drawn from crushed and melted basalt rock, touting its vibration-damping properties. By 2015, carbon fiber was the sole leg material offered.

Today, most cast parts (such as the 'spider' where the legs are joined) are made from magnesium, replacing the aluminum alloys previously used, although Gitzo have made limited production items with more exotic 'spider' materials, such as titanium (to mark their 90th anniversary) and carbon fiber (to mark their 100th anniversary).

### Naming

Gitzo used a series of names interchangeably with the current "series" notation:

Gitzo naming conventions
| Series | Name | Top tube diameter | Maximum load | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 00 | Loisir or Table | 16 mm
0.63 in | 2.5 kg
5.5 lb | Loisir (French for 'leisure') |
| 0 | Weekend | 20 mm
0.79 in | 2.5 kg
5.5 lb | "MonoTrek" combination monopod/walking stick with integrated ball head has a 20mm diameter top tube. |
| 1 | Total or Sport | 24 mm
0.94 in | 4.5 kg
9.9 lb | Sometimes written as 'Tatalux' |
| 2 | Reporter | 28 mm
1.1 in | 6.0 kg
13.2 lb |  |
| 3 | Studex | 32 mm
1.3 in | 9.0 kg
19.8 lb | Monopods offered up to "Studex" (32mm) diameter. |
| | | Inter Pro Studex | 10.0 kg
22.0 lb | Compared to Studex, includes wing lock-offs on top tube and platform interchange system instead of center column, in common with Series 4 and 5. |
| 4 | Super Studex | 37 mm
1.5 in | 12.0 kg
26.5 lb | In the 1987 catalogue, no wing locks and fixed leg spread (non-Performance). |
| | | | Pro Studex | In the 1987 catalogue, no wing locks and Performance variable leg spread. Later, wing locks were added to all Series 4. |
| 5 | Tele Studex | 41 mm
1.6 in | 20.0 kg
44.1 lb |  |

Gitzo also used the term "performance" to distinguish tripods which offered multiple leg angles of 24° and 55° (plus an additional 80° leg angle on Inter Pro Studex, Pro Studex, and Tele Studex models), compared with "standard" tripods that had a fixed leg opening angle of 24°. "Mountaineer" tripods and monopods are manufactured with carbon fiber legs. "Safari" tripods and monopods (now discontinued) featured an olive drab finish and reversed legs, where the largest-diameter section is on the bottom, to improve environmental sealing.

When center columns are fitted to tripods, "rapid" columns are secured with a friction-based twist lock and "geared" or "crémaillère" use a rack-and-pinion mechanism to adjust column height coupled with a twist lock. "Compact" and "geant" tripods feature more leg sections either for a more compact package when folded ("compact", typically four leg sections) or to reach greater heights ("geant", typically five leg sections). "Compact" is also applied to special short rapid columns intended to allow the tripod to get closer to the ground.

#### Model naming conventions

Products introduced after 2007 follow a standardized coding system:

| G T | | S | | M | | L/H | | | | R | | F | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **G**itzo **T**ype | | **S**eries | | **M**aterial | | **L**e.g. sections | | **H**ead type | | **R**elease/Generation | | **F**eatures | | **F**amily | |
| **B** | Boom | **-** | *Table*
16 mm
0.63 in | **3** | Aluminum | **3** | 3 leg sections | **2** | 2-way | **#** | Rev number | **C** | Compact | **EX** | Explorer |
| **C** | Carrying
solution | **0** | *Weekend*
20 mm
0.79 in | **5** | Carbon fiber | **4** | 4 leg sections | **3** | 3-way |  | | **GT** | Giant | **F** | Safari |
| **H** | Head | **1** | *Sport*
24 mm
0.94 in | **7** | Magnesium | **5** | 5 leg sections | **5** | Off-center ball | | **L** | Long | **LVL** | Leveling |
| **K** | Kit | **2** | *Reporter*
28 mm
1.1 in | **9** | Basalt | **6** | 6 leg sections | **8** | Center ball | | **O** | Ocean | **Q** | Quick Release |
| **M** | Monopod | **3** | *Studex*
32 mm
1.3 in |  | |  | | | | | **XL** | Extra-long | **S** | Systematic |
| **S** | Accessory | **4** | *Pro Studex*
37 mm
1.5 in | |  | | | **T** | Traveler | |
| **T** | Tripod | **5** | *Tele Studex*
41 mm
1.6 in | || |

Notes

For instance, GT3541L means the product is a Series 3 (*studex*) carbon fiber tripod with "long" four-section legs, release/generation 1.

1. "History". Manfrotto. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
2. "About Gitzo". Gitzo. Archived from the original on 12 October 1997. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
3. "Yvonne Plieger". *flickr*. 10 February 2003. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
4. "Gitzo World". Manfrotto. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
5. "International Catalogue" (PDF). Gitzo. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
6. "Mk2 Classic Aluminum Tripods". Gitzo. 9 August 1999. Archived from the original on 23 May 2000. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
7. "Discover the Explorer" (Press release). Gitzo. 12 October 2000. Archived from the original on 22 April 2004. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
8. Davies, Adrian (2010). *Close-Up and Macro Photography*. Burlington, Massachusetts: Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-080-95904-7. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
9. "leveling tripods". Gitzo. Archived from the original on 27 February 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
10. Arva-Toth, Zoltan (20 April 2009). "Gitzo Ocean Traveler". Photography Blog. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
11. "Gitzo Products Catalogue". Gitzo. 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
12. "Gitzo Product Catalogue" (PDF). *blende7*. 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
13. Ross, Anne (August 2006). "Basalt Fibers: Alternative to Glass". *CompositesWorld*. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
14. "Innovation: New materials". *Popular Photography*. April 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
15. "Gitzo Limited Edition Titanium Traveler Tripod" (Press release). Photography Review. 18 October 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
16. Coleman, Tim (24 June 2017). "Arsène Gitzhoven Traveler Tripod marks 100 years of Gitzo". Photo Gear News. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
17. "Forty five Classic Aluminum Tripods". Gitzo. Archived from the original on 12 October 1997. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
18. "Monopods". Gitzo. Archived from the original on 12 October 1997. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
19. "Monotrek®". Gitzo. Archived from the original on 12 October 1997. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
20. "Tripods". Gitzo. Archived from the original on 12 October 1997. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
21. "Gitzo Safari Tripods (Karl Heitz)" (PDF). Gitzo SA. 1987. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
22. "36 Classic Tripods". Gitzo. Archived from the original on 15 September 2000. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
23. "Centre Columns". Gitzo. Archived from the original on 12 October 1997. Retrieved 20 July 2017.

### Catalogues


title: Montmeyan

abstract: Montmeyan is a commune (municipality), located in the department of Var, in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, southeastern France.

text:
# Montmeyan

**Montmeyan** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃mɛjɑ̃\]; *Mount-Meyan* in Provençal language of Mistralian norm and *Montmejan* in classical norm) is a commune (municipality), located in the department of Var, in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, southeastern France.

## Geography

Montmeyan is a fortified medieval village, built at 504 m altitude on a rocky promontory in the middle of the plain, near the gorges du Verdon and lac de Sainte-Croix.

The towers of the fortifications still overlook a charming village with narrow streets, vaulted passages, stairs and retaining sleepers arches.

With an area of 3943 hectares, the commune of Montmeyan now totals 532 permanent inhabitants.

## Geology

The syncline of Montmeyan is a rift oriented north-south, created by the first Alpine movement dating from the Oligocene epoch, which extends over 12 km between Quinson and Fox-Amphoux. It is filled with red clays dating from the Lower Eocene, divided into two masses by a limestone bank.

In this narrow plain, bordered by limestone faults, there are outcrops of sedimentary rocks dating from the Jurassic and Cretaceous. These rocks contain rare fossils, dinosaurs' eggs and bones, ammonites, fish and shellfish (Potamida).

## Economy

Montmeyan draws its resources from agriculture, livestock and tourism, is part of *Communauté de Communes Provence Verdon* and *Pays de la Provence Verte*.

Several accommodation facilities are available in the area: two campsites just outside the village, holiday cottages and bed and breakfasts.

Two equestrian centers are installed in Montmeyan. The nautical base of *Montmeyan Lake* serves as a boarding point to explore the low gorges du Verdon in the direction of Esparron-de-Verdon: the rental of kayaks, canoes or boats with electric motors is become an important activity.

## Toponymy

Montmeyan appears in the records from the 12th century as *Locus of Monte Mejano* then *Montis Mediani* (the 'mountain that is in the middle').

The Gallic word *Meillan*, Latinized as *Mediolanum*, means 'plain located in the middle', a real sacred place to the Gaul people. Montmeyan was probably a Gaul Mediolanum, religious and political center which would gather the tribes (or neighboring cities combined) to address their common interests, in a fortification overlooking a rural 'flat countryside'.

The demonym of the inhabitants is *Montmeyannais*.

## Heraldry

The coat of arms of Montmeyan is: *Gules, a triple towered castle or, on a mount in base argent charged with a cross pattée gules.*

This blazon is inspired from the one recorded by Hozier for the commune, without cross pattée, and only with the castle keep of three turrets (Armorial d'Hozier, section Provence, tome II, page 1588). Montmeyan’s coat of arms are similar to those of House of Castellane. This family has owned this land for a very long time (Armorial des communes de Provence, Louis de Bresc, page 198).

## History

### Prehistory and Antiquity

The presence of man in the Middle Paleolithic is attested in the territory of Montmeyan with the site of Breuil shelter in the valley of Verdon. Several traces of Neolithic and Bronze Age habitat, with prehistoric ramparts, were discovered on the territory.

A dolmen from the Chalcolithic period on the plateau of La Colle and two tumuli (bronze Age/iron Age) in La Petite Roquette are listed in the inventory of megaliths of Montmeyan. During the Iron Age, the Celtic-Ligurian tribes install two camps surrounded by thick stone walls at Castelar. The Roman occupation has left abundant traces in Enguerne and La Grande Roquette.

### Middle Ages

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the abbey Saint-André de Villeneuve-lès-Avignon is owning the parish church, and collects its income.

#### Knights Templar

In October 1164, Lord Hugh of Montmeyan enters the Order of the Temple and gives the land of Camp Long and grazing rights on the whole territory of Montmeyan. He waives all rights and inheritance in favor of the Commandry of Saint-Maurin located in Régusse. In November 1170, the Lord of Blachère gives and grants the Templar church of Saint-Maurin all the cultivated and uncultivated land, the right to pasture and the water from banks of the Verdon. He also gives the freedom to build a flour mill in the valley of Beau Rive and a place to prepare their bread.

In 1223, the Commandry of Saint-Maurin purchases the castle of Montmeyan, with the support - probably financial - of the Commandry of Ruou. The deed of sale is of great interest with regard to the terms of such acquisition. During the Crusades, Montmeyan plays an important role in the presence of the soldier-monks between Argens and Verdon rivers.

#### Disappearance of the Order of the Temple

After the disappearance of the Order in 1308, the land of Montmeyan is attached to the area of the royal court of Provence in 1309, then passed to the Hospitallers of Saint John of Jerusalem in 1319. Arnaud de Trian, Earl of Aliff in the Naples kingdom and nephew of Pope John XXII, makes the land acquisition in 1322.

In 1409, Marguerite de Trian, the granddaughter of Arnaud, becomes the wife of George de Castellane and thus brings the territory of the Montmeyan to the House of Castellane which keeps this lordship for more than three centuries. Between 1579 and 1660, the Castellane-Montmeyan family provides six Knights to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.

In the 16th century, seven co-seigneurs share the stronghold, built in marquisate in 1651 for Jean-Augustin de Foresta. The Grimaldi-Régusse are the last Lords of the place before the French Revolution.

### French Revolution

In the summer of 1789, the Lord of Montmeyan emigrates to Germany. In 1790, its property is registered, forests are declared state property and agricultural land is either sold or leased.

From this period, Montmeyan depends on the district of Barjols and is part of the canton of Tavernes. In 1793, the population is of 661 inhabitants.

### After the French Revolution

In 1840, the small village of La Roquette is attached to Montmeyan who thus obtains a territorial and demographic increase. The population reached then its historic peak with 768 inhabitants.

Following the coup d'état of 2 December 1851, Montmeyan is part of the insurgent communes and a hundred men arrives in Aups on 9 December 1851. 51 Republicans from Montmeyan are caught and convicted. They are compensated by the Republic in 1882. Since then, the population decreases to reach its lowest level in 1946 with 249 inhabitants.

Twenty-eight Montmeyannais were mobilized during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. During the First World War, fourteen inhabitants are Morts pour la France. During the Second World War, ten inhabitants made up the Comité local de libération which took care of the tasks of the Resistance and prepared the Liberation. The Francs-Tireurs et Partisans destroy the Verdon bridge by sabotage in 1944.

In the context of the end of the Algerian war, a hamlet 'de forestage' is created in late 1962 to house 30 former Harkis and their families; the arrival of these 141 people marks the beginning of a new population growth. In 2017, Montmeyan population is of 551 inhabitants.

## Demography

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1793  661       1800  622 −0.87%  1806  648 +0.68%  1821  733 +0.83%  1831  755 +0.30%  1836  746 −0.24%  1841  768 +0.58%  1846  746 −0.58%  1851  711 −0.96%  1856  670 −1.18%  1861  688 +0.53%  1866  693 +0.14%  1872  685 −0.19%  1876  663 −0.81%  1881  553 −3.56%  1886  542 −0.40%  1891  503 −1.48%  1896  467 −1.47% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1901  446 −0.92%  1906  370 −3.67%  1911  328 −2.38%  1921  325 −0.09%  1926  356 +1.84%  1931  355 −0.06%  1936  332 −1.33%  1946  249 −2.84%  1954  260 +0.54%  1962  259 −0.05%  1968  408 +7.87%  1975  387 −0.75%  1982  299 −3.62%  1990  380 +3.04%  1999  399 +0.54%  2007  532 +3.66%  2012  592 +2.16%  2017  551 −1.43% |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Source: EHESS and INSEE | |

## Sites and Monuments

* The fortified medieval village contains the remains of defensive equipment, including Charlemagne Tower (square belfry with arrowslits) and many architectural elements dating from the 12th century.
* The parish church of Notre Dame, of Romanesque architecture, dates from the 12th century and was modified in the 18th century; it has a square bell-tower with campanile.
* Some medieval houses, including one located in Couvent Street, date from the 12th century.
* The square tower of Castelar, on top of a rocky needle in La Grande Roquette, dates from the 12th century; it overlooks the remains of the church and the village of La Roquette (village abandoned in the 15th century) .
* The chapel of the Holy Spirit, on a rocky promontory at the top of the village, dates from the 13th century, was the sculptor's studio of Victor Nicolas during the 20th century and has become private property.
* The castle of l’Éouvière, building from the 18th century located south of the village, has become a camping caravaning.
* The Three Crosses, erected on a high point at the intersection of the limits of Fox-Amphoux Montmeyan and Tavernes, have been a place of procession; there is an orientation table.
* The aqueduct of Beau Rivé, built in 1865 for irrigation.
* Both tumuli of La Petite Roquette are from the bronze Age and the iron Age.
* The dolmen of La Colle, northwest of the commune, dates from Chalcolithic.
* The rock shelter of Breuil, discovered in northern boundary of the commune in l’Escourche near the Verdon, dates from the Middle Paleolithic.

## Famous Citizens

1. "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". *data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises* (in French). 2 December 2020.
2. "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
3. "FranceTerme".
4. Cécile Cornet, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 1976.
5. F.-G. Levrault , Mémoires de la Société géologique de France : Numéros 85 à 87, 1959.
6. Ernest Nègre, *Toponymie Générale de la France*, Éditions Droz, 1991.
7. Auguste Longnon, *Les noms de lieu de la France*, Éditions Honoré Champion, 1910.
8. Xavier Delamarre, *Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise : une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental*, Éditions Errance, 2003.
9. Camille Jullian, *Histoire de la Gaule*, Éditions Hachette, 1908.
10. Louis de Bresc, *Armorial des communes de Provence*, Éditions Bachelin-Deflorenne, Paris, 1866.
11. "FranceTerme".
12. Jean Gagnepain, Claire Gaillard et Olivier Notter, *La composante laminaire dans les industries lithiques du paléolithique moyen du Verdon*, Liège, Belgique, 2001.
13. Adrien Ghébhard et l’abbé Blanc, *Inventaire des Enceintes préhistoriques du département du Var*, Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française, Commission des enceintes préhistoriques, 1920.
14. Philippe Soulier, *La France des dolmens et des sépultures collectives*, Éditions Errance, 1998.
15. "FranceTerme".
16. regional Direction of Cultural Affairs Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur,*archeological Base*, 1997.
17. Guy Barruol, Michèle Bois, Yann Codou, Marie-Pierre Estienne, Élizabeth Sauze, « Liste des établissements religieux relevant de l’abbaye Saint-André du Xe au XIIIe siècle », *in* Guy Barruol, Roseline Bacon et Alain Gérard (directeurs de publication), *L’abbaye de Saint-André de Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, histoire, archéologie, rayonnement*, Actes du colloque interrégional tenu en 1999 à l'occasion du millénaire de la fondation de l'abbaye Saint-André de Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, Éditions Alpes de Lumières, Cahiers de Salagon no 4, Mane, 2001, 448 p., p 223.
18. "FranceTerme".
19. Laurent Dailliez, *Les Templiers en Provence*, Éditions Alpes-Méditerranée, Nice, 1977.
20. E.-G. Léonard. — *Introduction au Cartulaire manuscrit du Temple (1150-1317), constitué par le marquis d'Albon et conservé à la Bibliothèque nationale, suivie d'un Tableau des maisons françaises du Temple et de leurs précepteurs.* Éditions Champion, Paris, 1930.
21. Jean de Courcelles, *Histoire des pairs de France*, Éditions Arthus Bertrand, 1826.
22. Borel Hauterive,*Yearbook peerage and nobility of France,*Press Bethune and Plon, Paris, 1845.
23. Monique Cubells,*Memoirs of Charles de Grimaldi*, Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2008.
24. *Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui*: Commune data sheet Montmeyan, EHESS (in French).
25. Order of King No. 8707 of June 24, 1840,*Bulletin of the Laws of the Kingdom of France*, Imprimerie Royale, Paris, 1841.
26. Adolphe Robert, *Statistique pour servir à l'histoire du 2 décembre 1851*, Éditions Gaittet, 1869.
27. Noël Blache,*History of the insurrection of the Var in December 1851*, Le Chevalier Editions, Paris, 1869.
28. *Toutes les générations de harkis au pied du mémorial*, Var-Matin, 19 septembre 2010.
29. Gabriel Henry Blanc, *Trois siècles d'histoire à Montmeyan*, 1975.
30. Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
31. Étienne Sved, *Provence des campaniles*, Éditions Équinoxe, 1969.
32. *Le campanile*, Les carnets du patrimoine n° 3, Éditions du Conseil général du Var, 2004.
33. Congrès Archéologique de France, *Monuments du Var*, Société Française d’Archéologie, 2002.
34. French Society of Archaeology, *Archaeological Congress in France: Var department*, 2005.
35. Elisabeth Sauze,*General Inventory of Cultural Heritage Montmeyan*, Regional Directorate for Culture and Heritage Provence-Alpes-Cote d Azur, Marseille, 2002.
36. *Bulletin of the Society of Sciences of the Var*, Toulon, 1849.
37. Gaëtan leave,*General Inventory of Cultural Heritage of Montmeyan*, Regional Archaeology Service Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Aix-en-Provence, 1997.
38. Andre Anna,*Atlas of the prehistoric Mediterranean Midi: sheet Draguignan*, Laboratory of Anthropology and prehistory of the countries of the western Mediterranean (France), Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1980.

## InfoBox

| Montmeyan | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of the village | |
|  | |
| Location of Montmeyan | |
| MontmeyanMontmeyan | |
| Coordinates: 43°38′51″N 6°03′50″E / 43.6475°N 6.0639°E / 43.6475; 6.0639 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur |
| Department | Var |
| Arrondissement | Brignoles |
| Canton | Flayosc |
| Intercommunality | Provence Verdon |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Louis Reynier |
| Area**1** | 39.43 km2 (15.22 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 574 |
| Density | 15/km2 (38/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 83084 /83670 |
| Elevation | 358–691 m (1,175–2,267 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Raking light

abstract: Raking light, the illumination of objects from a light source at an oblique angle or almost parallel to the surface, provides information on the surface topography and relief of the artefact thus lit. It is widely used in the examination of works of art.

text:
# Raking light

**Raking light**, the illumination of objects from a light source at an oblique angle or almost parallel to the surface, provides information on the surface topography and relief of the artefact thus lit. It is widely used in the examination of works of art.

## Examination of paintings

Using raking light, the effects of impasto and the surface texture of a painting are accentuated by the increased illumination of surfaces facing the light source and the exaggeration of shadows on surfaces facing away from the light source. In some instances, raking light may help reveal pentimenti (changes in an artist's intention). In the case of wall paintings, raking light helps show preparatory techniques such as incisions in the plaster support.

## Conservation

Conservators examine objects under raking light during a visual inspection and for condition recording. In the examination of easel paintings, raking light may help document craquelure, paint cupping, uneven tension in a canvas, or warp in a panel. In the examination of wall paintings, raking light can help document surface deterioration phenomena such as the efflorescence of salts and micro-delamination, and may be used for monitoring the effects of conservation interventions.


title: Rakiroa

abstract: Rakiroa is a monotypic genus of amphipods belonging to the monotypic family Rakiroidae. The only species is Rakiroa rima. Both genus and species were first described in 1982 by James K. Lowry and Graham David Fenwick. The species is found in New Zealand.

text:
# Rakiroa

***Rakiroa*** is a monotypic genus of amphipods belonging to the monotypic family **Rakiroidae**. The only species is ***Rakiroa rima***. Both genus and species were first described in 1982 by James K. Lowry and Graham David Fenwick.

The species is found in New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Rakiroa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Amphipoda |
| Suborder: | Senticaudata |
| Infraorder: | Corophiida |
| Parvorder: | Caprellidira |
| Superfamily: | Rakirooidea
Myers & Lowry, 2003 |
| Family: | Rakiroidae
Myers & Lowry, 2003 |
| Genus: | *Rakiroa*
Lowry & Fenwick, 1982 |
| Species: | ***R. rima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rakiroa rima***
Lowry & Fenwick, 1982 | |
|


title: Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai

abstract: Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai is an Indian musical drama television series, which premiered on 7 March 2016 on &TV. It is produced by a brand new production company The House of Originals of Nivedita Basu. Amrita Rao and Aditi Vasudev along with Deepti Naval and Zarina Wahab played the lead roles. The story showed three generations of two sisters whose lives revolve around music. The show ended on 15 July 2016 and was replaced by Tere Bin.

text:
# Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai

***Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai*** (English: *My voice is my identity*) is an Indian musical drama television series, which premiered on 7 March 2016 on &TV. It is produced by a brand new production company The House of Originals of Nivedita Basu.

Amrita Rao and Aditi Vasudev along with Deepti Naval and Zarina Wahab played the lead roles. The story showed three generations of two sisters whose lives revolve around music.

The show ended on 15 July 2016 and was replaced by *Tere Bin*.

## Plot

The story is told by Devika Gaikwad, mother of Kalyani and Ketaki, two sisters who grew together and had the same passion for singing, faced many troubles, struggles, were repeatedly deceived in their personal lives and finally achieved immense success; but later had differences, misunderstandings which led their separation for a good 21 years.

In the last episode they reconcile forgetting the differences and the show ends on a good note.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| *Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre |  |
| Written by |  |
| Creative director | Sheetal Kolvalkar Rakesh Ravikant Tak |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | India |
| Original language | Hindi |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 95 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Nivedita Basu |
| Production locations | Mumbai, India |
| Camera setup | Single-camera |
| Running time | 23 minutes approx. |
| Production company | The House of Originals |
| Original release | |
| Network | &TV |
| Release | 7 March (2016-03-07) <br>15 July 2016 (2016-07-15) |


title: Nipple Peak

abstract: Nipple Peak is a 675 m (2,215 ft) peak standing 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) north-east of Channel Glacier in the northern part of Wiencke Island, in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Adrien de Gerlache. The name, which suggests the shape of the feature, was given by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) who mapped the peak in 1944.

text:
# Nipple Peak

**Nipple Peak** is a 675 m (2,215 ft) peak standing 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) north-east of Channel Glacier in the northern part of Wiencke Island, in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Adrien de Gerlache. The name, which suggests the shape of the feature, was given by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) who mapped the peak in 1944.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Nipple Peak". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

64°47′S 63°17′W / 64.783°S 63.283°W / -64.783; -63.283


title: Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila

abstract: Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila, commonly known as the ant fungus or ant eater, is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera.

text:
# Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila

***Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila***, commonly known as the **ant fungus** or **ant eater**, is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera.

## Distribution

*Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila* has been noted as one of the more dominant entomopathogenic fungi of formicine ants in the tropical rainforests of Thailand. This species and others like it can parasitize multiple arthropod hosts. Although entomopathogenic fungi have been identified as a widespread organism, tending obviously to be found in similar habitats to that of their arthropod host; ubiquity of the host, as well as evolutionary cospeciation are key factors of host specificity and therefore location.

## Phylogeny

The new genus was separated recently from an 'outdated' entomopathogenic genus, *Cordyceps*, due to DNA analysis and phylogenetic differences in stromata and apices.

| *Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila*Mycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Smooth** hymenium |
|  | No distinct cap |
|  | Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable |
|  | Stipe is **bare** |
|  | Ecology is **parasitic** |
|  | Edibility is **unknown** |

## InfoBox

| *Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Ophiocordycipitaceae |
| Genus: | *Ophiocordyceps* |
| Species: | ***O. myrmecophila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila***<br>(Ces.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cordyceps myrmecophila* Ces. * *Torrubia myrmecophila* (Ces.) Tul. & C. Tul. | |


title: Pyo Hyeon-gi

abstract: Pyo Hyeon-gi is a South Korean boxer. He competed in the men's flyweight event at the 1956 Summer Olympics. At the 1956 Summer Olympics, he lost to René Libeer of France.

text:
# Pyo Hyeon-gi

**Pyo Hyeon-gi** (born 14 March 1933) is a South Korean boxer. He competed in the men's flyweight event at the 1956 Summer Olympics. At the 1956 Summer Olympics, he lost to René Libeer of France.

## InfoBox

Pyo Hyeon-gi
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | South Korean |
| Born | (1933-03-14) 14 March 1933 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Boxing |


title: JLG Industries

abstract: JLG Industries, Inc., a subsidiary of Oshkosh Corporation, is an American designer, manufacturer, and marketer of access equipment, including aerial work platforms and telehandlers. The company's products are utilized in various industries such as construction, fit-outs, industrial maintenance, material handling, and facilities maintenance. JLG was founded in 1969 and operated independently until its acquisition by Oshkosh Corporation in 2006. With a global presence, JLG is headquartered in McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania, United States. The company celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2019.

text:
# JLG Industries

**JLG Industries, Inc.**, a subsidiary of Oshkosh Corporation, is an American designer, manufacturer, and marketer of access equipment, including aerial work platforms and telehandlers. The company's products are utilized in various industries such as construction, fit-outs, industrial maintenance, material handling, and facilities maintenance. JLG was founded in 1969 and operated independently until its acquisition by Oshkosh Corporation in 2006. With a global presence, JLG is headquartered in McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania, United States. The company celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2019.

## History

Founded in 1969, John Landis Grove formed a partnership with two close friends and purchased a small metal fabrication business in McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania. With a team of 20 workers, they constructed and sold the first JLG aerial work platform in 1970. Many of the fundamental design elements of the original lift are still being incorporated into products today.

Since becoming a part of the Oshkosh Corporation Company in late 2006, JLG has had three appointed presidents: Craig E. Paylor, Wilson Jones, and Frank Nerenhausen.

## Markets

JLG distributors serve the industrial, commercial, institutional, and construction markets worldwide.

## Locations

JLG has five manufacturing facilities in the United States, as well as four facilities worldwide. These include locations in Leicester, United Kingdom; Fauillet, France; Leon, Mexico; and Tianjin, China. The company provides sales and service support across six continents, including Latin America, the United States, Canada, England, Sweden, Spain, Scotland, Poland, Russia, The Netherlands, Italy, Germany, France, Hong Kong, China, Australia, and New Zealand.

## Products

JLG introduced its first scissor lift in 1973, and in 1979, scissor lift production began in JLG's Bedford, Pennsylvania location. The firm's current product line includes the following types of items:

* Mast booms and boom lifts (aerial work platforms)
* Towable & trailer mounted boom lift trucks and telehandlers
* Vertical mast lifts
* Combustion powered scissor lifts
* Personal portable lifts (LiftPod)
* Low Level Access (Peco and Ecolift, Nano and Power Tower, as added with the purchase of the UK company Power Towers Ltd. in 2015)

**Aerial Work Platforms**

* **Electric boom lifts and Engine-powered boom lifts**
    + JLG electric-powered and engine-powered aerial work platforms are designed for a variety of job sites, such as steel mills and chemical plants, airports, convention centers, shipyards and heavy construction. There are models with lift heights ranging from 30 feet to 185 feet, the world's tallest self-propelled aerial work platform. JLG's QuikStik boom design delivers fast cycle speeds of 115 seconds from ground to elevation. In addition, JLG Ultra Series boom lifts come with the only oscillating axle in their boom class, providing enhanced mobility. The Ultra Booms also have a full-time four-wheel drive for reliable traction. In 2011, JLG introduced the 1500SJ, which is the first straight boom lift that takes workers to 150 feet without an oversized load permit (an overweight permit is required for highway transportation).
* **Scissor lifts**
    + JLG scissor lifts are available as both electric and engine-powered. The electric-powered scissor lifts can be used both indoors and outside whereas the engine-powered lifts are used exclusively outdoors in rough terrain and applications that require more workspace and lifting capacity.

**Telehandlers**: JLG, Lull and SkyTrak

JLG offers three brands of commercial telescopic handlers: JLG, SkyTrak and Lull, which feature all-wheel steering, including two-wheel, four-wheel circle and four-wheel crab to meet various maneuverability requirements. Lull telehandlers have a unique precision placement system called a traversing boom. JLG telehandlers have capacities from 5,500 to 17,000 pounds and heights up to 55 feet. The telehandlers come with a wide variety of attachments to assist with challenges on the job site. JLG telehandlers feature Tier 4i and tier 4 final diesel engines, which meet the EPA's Tier 4 emission standards for nonroad diesel engines. These standards allow for a higher level of fuel efficiency and a reduced impact on the environment.

JLG acquired SkyTrak and Lull in 2003. The last Lull-branded telehandlers were offered in 2015 and are no longer made.

**Military Telehandlers**

* ATLAS
* ATLAS II
* MMV

**Drop-deck Trailers**: (Triple-L trailers)

* Utility
* Flatbed
* Enclosed

* Lute, Gerald (2006), *The Life and Legacy of John L. Grove*, Buchanan Trail Publishing Company
* Grant, James H (2010), *The Gradall A Story of American Ingenuity*, New Philadelphia, Ohio: JHG Partners, ISBN 978-0-692-00667-2

## InfoBox

JLG Industries, Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Access Equipment |
| Founded | 1969 |
| Headquarters | McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Key people | Frank Nerenhausen, President |
| Products | Aerial Work Platforms and Telehandlers |
| Brands | Gradall (1999 - 2006) - Sold to Alamo Group Lull (2003 - 2015) - Discontinued<br>Skytrak (2003 - Present) |
| Parent | Oshkosh Corporation |
| Website | www.jlg.com |


title: Pholas dactylus

abstract: Pholas dactylus, or common piddock, is a bioluminescent clam-like species of marine mollusc in the family Pholadidae. The piddock bores into the substrate for shelter, and lives in a tubular burrow formed by grinding the material away with hard parts of the shell by rotating on the longitudinal axis. It has been known to bore into the hard metamorphic rock gneiss, though it more often lives in softer rock. It is a filter feeder, using its siphons to reach the water outside the burrow. It was once a highly esteemed food in Europe. It is sensitive to light, retracting into its shell when exposed to it.

text:
# Pholas dactylus

***Pholas dactylus***, or **common piddock**, is a bioluminescent clam-like species of marine mollusc in the family Pholadidae.

The piddock bores into the substrate for shelter, and lives in a tubular burrow formed by grinding the material away with hard parts of the shell by rotating on the longitudinal axis. It has been known to bore into the hard metamorphic rock gneiss, though it more often lives in softer rock. It is a filter feeder, using its siphons to reach the water outside the burrow. It was once a highly esteemed food in Europe.

It is sensitive to light, retracting into its shell when exposed to it.

## Distribution

The coasts of the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea.

## Ancient history

Pliny spoke of luminescence in the mouths of people who ate *Pholas*, the rock-boring shell-fish, and of such importance is this phenomenon that it is even said to have gained the first king of Scotland his throne. Hippolytus of Rome tells us that it was a common pagan trick to use the luminescent property of this clam to create the illusion of burning, "And they accomplish the burning of a house, by daubing it over with the juice of a certain fish called dactylus."

## InfoBox

| *Pholas dactylus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Pholas dactylus* from Sicily on display at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Myida |
| Family: | Pholadidae |
| Genus: | *Pholas* |
| Species: | ***P. dactylus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pholas dactylus***<br>Linnaeus, 1758 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pholas callosa* Cuvier, 1817 * *Pholas callosa* Lamarck, 1818 * *Pholas dactylina* Locard, 1886 * *Pholas dactylus* var. *decurtata* Jeffreys, 1865 * *Pholas dactylus* var. *gracilis* Jeffreys, 1865 * *Pholas edwardsi* Monterosato, 1878 * *Pholas hians* Lightfoot, 1786 * *Pholas jordani* van Hoepen, 1941 * *Pholas marmoratus* Perry, 1811 * *Pholas muricatus* da Costa, 1778 * *Pholas mytiloides* Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827 * *Zirphaea julan* H. Adams & A. Adams, 1856 | |


title: Monk Bretton railway station

abstract: Monk Bretton railway station was a railway station that served the village of Monk Bretton, South Yorkshire, England. It was opened in 1876 by the Midland Railway in their characteristic country style and is sited on the line between Barnsley Court House and Cudworth. The station was double track with two flanking platforms approached from the nearby road over bridge, the main buildings being on the Barnsley bound platform. A signal box, in typical Midland Railway design, was situated at the outer end of the Cudworth platform. The station closed on 27 September 1937 though the line to Monk Bretton remained open and now serves a glassworks in the village where the line stops.

text:
# Monk Bretton railway station

**Monk Bretton railway station** was a railway station that served the village of Monk Bretton, South Yorkshire, England. It was opened in 1876 by the Midland Railway in their characteristic country style and is sited on the line between Barnsley Court House and Cudworth. The station was double track with two flanking platforms approached from the nearby road over bridge, the main buildings being on the Barnsley bound platform. A signal box, in typical Midland Railway design, was situated at the outer end of the Cudworth platform.

The station closed on 27 September 1937 though the line to Monk Bretton remained open and now serves a glassworks in the village where the line stops.

* "Railway Memories No.8", David Green & Peter Rose, Bellcode Books. ISBN 1-871233-07-0

## InfoBox

| Monk Bretton | |
| --- | --- |
| The site of the station in 2018 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Monk Bretton, Barnsley<br>England |
| Coordinates | 53°34′14″N 1°26′23″W / 53.57068°N 1.43962°W / 53.57068; -1.43962 |
| Grid reference | SE372083 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Pre-grouping | Midland Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 1 January 1876 | opened |
| 27 September 1937 | closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Railways Illustrated

abstract: Railways Illustrated is a British monthly railway magazine. Aimed at railway enthusiasts, it includes news, detail of stock changes, tours, and more. Founded in 2003 by Ian Allan Publishing, it was published by Key Publishing from 2012 until 2020 when purchased by Mortons Media Group.

text:
# Railways Illustrated

***Railways Illustrated*** is a British monthly railway magazine. Aimed at railway enthusiasts, it includes news, detail of stock changes, tours, and more.

Founded in 2003 by Ian Allan Publishing, it was published by Key Publishing from 2012 until 2020 when purchased by Mortons Media Group.

## History

When the circulation of *Railway World* decreased to an unviable level, Ian Allan Publishing decided to replace the title entirely. The new monthly publication was initially to be called Railways, but given the heavy photographic content of the new title, as well as the similarity of the name to other magazines, the brand of *Railways Illustrated* was decided on. The masthead (logo) for the new title was designed by freelance designer Andrew Staniland. The new editor, Colin J. Marsden, appointed his own team, with just two members of the previous team, Brian Morrison and John Whitehouse, transferring to the new title. Because of the timescales, the new *Railways Illustrated* editorial team also produced the last two issues of *Railway World*.

After several years the editorship transferred from Colin J. Marsden to Pip Dunn, who replaced the entire editorial team. In early 2012 the rights to publish the magazine, along with all of the railway magazine titles of Ian Allan Publishing, were acquired by Key Publishing. In September 2020, *Railways Illustrated* was sold to Mortons Media Group.

## Inside

On the cover of the magazine, the main news stories are displayed. Inside, the news pages supply a detailed description with pictures where possible. Also, there is usually a main feature, such as Branchline Britain (March 2011 issue), or 'Inside Neville Hill Depot'. Also in the magazine, you'll usually find two pages of modelling, showing you what's currently in Hattons. This is a regular. Another regular is *What's in the next issue* at the end, and as the title suggests, it provides a brief insight into the next issue.

## Extras

Occasionally, *Railways Illustrated* will come with a supplement of some sort. These can include a modelling section, special rides, history (for example, the history of the Class 55 in February 2011's issue), and more.

## InfoBox

*Railways Illustrated*
| Cover of the August 2024 issue | |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Rail transport |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Publisher | Mortons Media Group |
| First issue | 2003 |
| Country | England |
| Website | www.railwaysillustrated.com |
| ISSN | 1479-2230 |


title: Ralph Smith Cusack

abstract: Sir Ralph Smith Cusack was chairman of the Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR) of Ireland for forty years from 1865 to 1905.

text:
# Ralph Smith Cusack

**Sir Ralph Smith Cusack** was chairman of the Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR) of Ireland for forty years from 1865 to 1905.

## Life

Cusack was born on 16 November 1821, the son of James William Cusack, a Dublin surgeon, and Elizabeth Bernard. He held the sinecure office of Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper 1858-80.

He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, graduating BA in 1845 and MA in 1849.v

Cusack was appointed to the board of MGWR in 1858, the company being in some turmoil at this time. Cusack accepted the chairmanship of the MGWR in 1865 following the reluctant two-day incumbency of William Maunsell, the company at that time incurring losses.

He married Elizabeth Barker, daughter of Richard Barker and had seven children. Cusack's youngest son, Henry Edward Cusack, had a fairly rapid rise to Locomotive Superintendent of the MGWR with Clements and McMahon suggesting the familial connection was likely to have been a factor.

Cusack finally retired as Chairman in 1904 after about 40 years aged 84, leaving the Company in a relatively good financial position though receipts were declining. He died on 3 March 1910.

### Character

Shepherd describes Cusack's style as "although autocratic, he was fair-minded and generally liked by all ranks". Tatlow describes him as a "man of striking appearance", fluent, and with a good memory.

### Footnotes

### Sources

* Clements, Jeremy; McMahon, Michael (2008). *Locomotives of the GSR*. Colourpoint Books. ISBN 9781906578268.
* Shepherd, Ernie (1994). *The Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland*. Leicester, England: Midland Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-85780-008-7.
* Tatlow, Joseph (1920). *Fifty Years of Railway Life in England, Scotland and Ireland*. London: Railway Gazette. OCLC 918037007.

## InfoBox

| SirRalph Smith Cusack | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1821-11-16)November 16, 1821 |
| Died | March 3, 1910(1910-03-03) (aged 88) |
| Occupation | Chairman |
| Organization | Midland Great Western Railway |


title: Meslay-le-Grenet

abstract: Meslay-le-Grenet is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

text:
# Meslay-le-Grenet

**Meslay-le-Grenet** (French pronunciation: \[mɛlɛ  ɡʁənɛ\]) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 145 |  |
| 1975 | 166 | +1.95% |
| 1982 | 196 | +2.40% |
| 1990 | 302 | +5.55% |
| 1999 | 335 | +1.16% |
| 2009 | 297 | −1.20% |
| 2014 | 313 | +1.05% |
| 2020 | 367 | +2.69% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Meslay-le-Grenet | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Meslay-le-Grenet | |
| Location of Meslay-le-Grenet | |
| Meslay-le-GrenetMeslay-le-Grenet | |
| Coordinates: 48°22′06″N 1°23′00″E / 48.3683°N 1.3833°E / 48.3683; 1.3833 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Eure-et-Loir |
| Arrondissement | Chartres |
| Canton | Illiers-Combray |
| Intercommunality | CA Chartres Métropole |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Gilles Pineau |
| Area**1** | 8.94 km2 (3.45 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 372 |
| Density | 42/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 28245 /28120 |
| Elevation | 140–174 m (459–571 ft)
(avg. 173 m or 568 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Niilo Koponen

abstract: Niilo Emil Koponen was an American educator and politician.

text:
# Niilo Koponen

**Niilo Emil Koponen** (March 6, 1928  December 3, 2013) was an American educator and politician.

## Early life

Born in New York City to Finnish parents, he lived with them in a housing cooperative in a Jewish neighborhood in the Bronx. Koponen attended the High School of Music & Art in New York City.

## Education

He attended Cooper Union with a major in civil engineering from 1947 to 1948. He then attended what is now known as Central State College in Wilberforce, Ohio graduating with a B.S. 1952 in social administration and sociology. In 1957, Koponen received a B.Ed from the University of Alaska in education and anthropology, along with a teaching certificate. In 1958-59, he and his family moved for him to study anthropology at the London School of Economics, where he matriculated with honors. In 1964-66, the family again left Fairbanks, in order to study educational administration at Harvard University's Graduate School of Education and earned his doctorate there.

## Move to Alaska

At that point, he married a Boston-born student from the nearby Yellow Springs campus of Antioch College whom he met while folk dancing). They moved to Fairbanks, Alaska in 1952, homesteading 160 acres on Chena Ridge and raising five children.

He worked several jobs, including as an electrician on the F.E. Company's gold dredges. Koponen's resumé was very extensive.

He taught in elementary school and was principal of the University Park Elementary School of the Fairbanks North Star Borough School District. He resurrected the Fairbanks branch of Head Start, serving as Executive Director 1972-1976.

During his time in Alaska, Koponen was very involved in his community, serving on the City of Fairbanks Parks and Recreation Commission (1970–73), Chena Community Association, Fairbanks Administrative Committee on Social Services, Chairman Fairbanks Head Start Association (1967–71), Kiwanis, Tanana Valley State Fair Board of Directors (1959–63, 1967–70) and served on the Fairbanks American Civil Liberties Union's board from 1972-1976. He was co-founder of the Alaska Federation for Community Self Reliance which sponsored the Fairbanks Community Garden.

He helped organized the Greater Fairbanks Teachers Credit Union, serving on the board 1958-62 and 1966-72. This credit union later became the Northern Schools Credit Union, then the Spirit of Alaska Federal Credit Union). He also organized the Chena Goldstream Volunteer Fire Department. He and his wife donated the property on which the Department's Station 2 now occupies.

He was engaged as an active Quaker, co-founding the Chena Ridge Friends Meeting in Fairbanks.

## Alaska House of Representatives

Koponen served in the Alaska House of Representatives in 1982-1992 as a Democrat. In 1982, Koponen defeated Ken Fanning, one of the country's only Libertarian legislators taking approximately 61% of the vote. He was one of thirteen members of Democratic Socialists of America to be elected to a state legislature that year.

He served in the 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th Legislatures. He represented the 21st district. During lean times when constituents would ask to cut the budget, his response was to ask "what program or service do you currently benefit from do you want to cut?"

## Death

Koponen died at the Pioneer's Home in Fairbanks on December 3, 2013, and a memorial was held January 5, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Niilo Koponen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Alaska House of Representatives
from the 21st district | |
| **In office**
1983 (1983)–1992 (1992) | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1928-03-26)March 26, 1928
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | December 3, 2013(2013-12-03) (aged 85)
Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Joan Forbes Koponen |
| Children | Five |
| Residence | Chena Ridge, Alaska |
| Education | Central State College (BS)
University of Alaska (BEd)
Harvard University (EdD) |
| Profession | Educator
Electrician |
|  | |


title: R. S. Warren Bell

abstract: Robert Stanley Warren Bell, was an English novelist, journalist and the first editor of The Captain, a magazine featuring stories for 'boys and old boys', of which P. G. Wodehouse was an early contributor.

text:
# R. S. Warren Bell

**Robert Stanley Warren Bell** (1871 – 26 September 1921), was an English novelist, journalist and the first editor of *The Captain*, a magazine featuring stories for 'boys and old boys', of which P. G. Wodehouse was an early contributor.

## Life

Robert Stanley Warren Bell was born in 1871 at Long Preston, Yorkshire, the eldest son of the Rev. George Edward Bell. In 1875 his father was appointed Vicar of Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire, and it was here that Robert spent most of his childhood. One of twelve children, his brothers included John Keble Bell who, under the pen name Keble Howard, also became a writer and journalist. Robert was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead.

In 1890 Bell began a career in journalism on *Tit-Bits* and afterwards joined the *Evening News*. He became a contributor of stories and papers to *The Pall Mall Gazette* and *The Westminster Gazette* a number of which were subsequently published as *The Papa Papers* and *The Cub in Love*.

Bell’s first novel was *Bachelorland*. In 1898 he was appointed first editor of *The Captain* which published a number of school stories written by P. G. Wodehouse. Bell himself contributed stories to *The Captain* including *The Duffer*, *Cox's Cough Drops* and *Green at Greyhouse*.

Bell co-wrote *Marie Corelli: the Writer and the Woman*, a 1903 biography of novelist Marie Corelli, with Thomas F. G. Coates.

Bell retired from *The Captain* in 1910. He wrote a short story, *Company for George*, which he turned into a play that was performed at the Kingsway Theatre in 1910 and he later adapted into a novel. Most of his later work was directed towards the schoolboy market and featured stories set in schools.

In 1905 Bell married Edithe M. Barry.

Bell died aged 50 on 26 September 1921, after a long illness, in the Sussex County Hospital, Brighton. His obituary in *The Times* stated that he would be 'much missed by his friends. as well as by his large constituency of schoolboy readers, who recognized in him a kindred spirit. He was very tall, standing over 6ft. 4in.'


title: Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis

abstract: Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera. It was first isolated from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, at an altitude of 700 metres (2,300 ft) on Camponotus rufipes.

text:
# Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis

***Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis*** is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera. It was first isolated from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, at an altitude of 700 metres (2,300 ft) on *Camponotus rufipes*.

## Description

This species' mycelium is densely produced from all of its orifices and sutures; it is initially a silky white, becoming a ginger colour. Its stromata is single, produced from a dorsal pronotum measuring between 5 to 8 millimetres (0.20 to 0.31 in) and 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in length, which is cylindrical, dark brown at its base, and pinkish in the fertile upper part. The ascomata are immersed and flask-shaped, measuring up to 130 millimetres (5.1 in), including a short ostiole.

Its asci are 8-spored, hyaline and cylindrical, while the ascospores are multiserriate and vermiform; its apex is acute, with a rounded base.

## Further reading

* Evans, Harry C., Simon L. Elliot, and David P. Hughes. "Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: A keystone species for unraveling ecosystem functioning and biodiversity of fungi in tropical forests?." Communicative & integrative biology4.5 (2011): 598–602.
* Andersen, Sandra B., et al. "Disease dynamics in a specialized parasite of ant societies." PLoS ONE 7.5 (2012): e36352.
* Andersen, Sandra, and David A. Hughes. "Host specificity of parasite manipulation: Zombie ant death location in Thailand vs. Brazil." Communicative & integrative biology 5.2 (2012): 163–165.

## InfoBox

| *Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Ophiocordycipitaceae |
| Genus: | *Ophiocordyceps* |
| Species: | ***O. camponoti-rufipedis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis***<br>Evans, Elliot and Hughes, 2011 | |
|


title: Glenalmond College

abstract: Glenalmond College is a co-educational independent boarding school in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, for children aged between 12 and 18 years. It is situated on the River Almond near the village of Methven, about 8 miles (13 km) west of the city of Perth. The college opened in 1847 as Trinity College, Glenalmond and was renamed in 1983. Originally a boys' school, Glenalmond became co-educational in the 1990s.

text:
# Glenalmond College

**Glenalmond College** is a co-educational independent boarding school in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, for children aged between 12 and 18 years. It is situated on the River Almond near the village of Methven, about 8 miles (13 km) west of the city of Perth. The college opened in 1847 as **Trinity College, Glenalmond** and was renamed in 1983. Originally a boys' school, Glenalmond became co-educational in the 1990s.

## History

Trinity College, Glenalmond, was founded as a private school by the former Prime Minister, William Gladstone and James Hope-Scott. The land for the school was given by Lord Glenalmond, who for the rest of his life, in company with his wife Margaret, took a keen interest in its development and success. It was established to provide teaching for young men destined for the ministry of the Scottish Episcopal Church and where young men could be brought up in the faith of that Church. It was originally known as *The Scottish Episcopal College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Glenalmond*. The school opened its doors on 4 May 1847 to fourteen boys (though one boy, Lord Kerr, later Marquess of Lothian and Secretary for Scotland, arrived a day early). The first Warden (headmaster) was Charles Wordsworth.

The Edinburgh architect John Henderson worked on the project in 1841–51; later the firm were to be re-employed with his son George Henderson in charge on rebuilding work after a fire in 1893. In 1955 Basil Spence was engaged to alter the chapel.

In 1983, the school's name was changed to Glenalmond College. Until 1990 Glenalmond was an all-boys school. Girls were initially admitted into the sixth form only, and the school became fully co-educational in 1995.

There are seven boarding houses split by gender: Goodacre's, Home, and Lothian are female. While Matheson's, Patchell's, Reid's and Skrine's are for male students.

## Controversy

In 2007, the school received media attention after pupils reportedly created a spoof video that featured them "hunting" "chavs" (a derogatory term for lower class teenagers in use in the UK) on horseback and with rifles. The school condemned the video. Later, the school was the subject of a documentary broadcast on BBC 2 in Autumn 2008. *Pride and Privilege* chronicled a year in the life of Glenalmond and followed a number of pupils and teachers.

## Notable alumni

## Further reading

* The Glenalmond Register 1950–1985 and Supplement 1900–1949, published by Hunter & Foulis Ltd. 1986
* Alumni Montium, Sixty Years of Glenalmond and its People, by David Willington, published by Elliott & Thompson, 2008

56°26′31″N 3°39′36″W / 56.4419°N 3.6600°W / 56.4419; -3.6600

## InfoBox

| Glenalmond College | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Glenalmond
Perth, Perth and Kinross, PH1 3RY
Scotland | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public school
Private
Day and boarding |
| Motto | Floreat Glenalmond
(Let Glenalmond Flourish) |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Scottish Episcopal Church |
| Established | 1847 (1847) |
| Founder |  |
| Warden | Mark D. Mortimer |
| Staff | 52.3 (on an FTE basis) |
| Gender | Co-educational |
| Age | 12 to 18 |
| Enrolment | 300+ |
| Campus size | 300 acres (120 ha) |
| Campus type | Rural |
| Houses | * Cairnies * Goodacre's * Home * Lothian * Matheson's * Patchell's * Reid's * Skrine's |
| Colour(s) | * Navy Blue * White |
| Alumni | Old Glenalmonds |
| Website | www.glenalmondcollege.co.uk |


title: J2K-Codec

abstract: J2K-Codec is a commercial library to decode JPEG 2000 images. Version 2.0 was released on 12 April 2011. J2K-Codec supports decoding of different resolution levels and selective tile decoding. It also supports files, produced by ADV202/ADV212 hardware chips. The library is faster than JasPer or OpenJPEG libraries and has approximately the same decoding speed as Kakadu.

text:
# J2K-Codec

**J2K-Codec** is a commercial library to decode JPEG 2000 images. Version 2.0 was released on 12 April 2011.

J2K-Codec supports decoding of different resolution levels and selective tile decoding. It also supports files, produced by ADV202/ADV212 hardware chips.

The library is faster than JasPer or OpenJPEG libraries and has approximately the same decoding speed as Kakadu .

## InfoBox

J2K-Codec
| Original author(s) | Alex Saveliev |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | 12 March 2005 (2005-03-12) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 2.0 / 12 April 2011 (2011-04-12) |
|  | |
| Written in | C++ |
| Operating system | Windows |
| Platform | x86, x86-64 |
| Type | graphic software |
| License | closed source |
| Website | www.j2k-codec.com |


title: Phuture 303

abstract: Phuture 303 was an acid house music group founded in 1996 by DJ Spank Spank. Its members included Roy Davis Jr., Damon Neloms, L.A. Williams, Ron Maney a.k.a. DJ Skull and Rio "The Musician" Lee. Phuture 303 released several singles and two full-length albums "Alpha & Omega" in 1996 and "Survival's Our Mission" in 2001. In 2014, Pierre and Smith reunited as PHUTURE with Lee.,

text:
# Phuture 303

**Phuture 303** was an acid house music group founded in 1996 by DJ Spank Spank. Its members included Roy Davis Jr., Damon Neloms (a.k.a. Professor Trax), L.A. Williams, Ron Maney a.k.a. DJ Skull and Rio "The Musician" Lee.

Phuture 303 released several singles and two full-length albums "*Alpha & Omega*" in 1996 and "*Survival's Our Mission*" in 2001.

In 2014, Pierre and Smith reunited as PHUTURE with Lee.,

## Members

* Spanky, a.k.a. DJ Spank-Spank, (Earl Smith Jr.)
* DJ Skull (Ron Maney)
* Roy Davis Jr.
* L.A. Williams
* Lothario "Rio" Lee\* Roy Davis Jr.
* Damon Neloms a.k.a. Professor Trax

## Discography

### Singles and maxi-singles

* *Acid Soul* (1997)
* *Phreedom!* (1997)
* *Hardfloor Will Survive* (Hardfloor vs. Phuture 303) (1998)
* *Thunder Part One* (2000)
* *Thunder Part Two* (2000)
* *Soulgers Of Tekkno* (2000)

### Albums

* *Alpha & Omega* (1996)
* *Survival's Our Mission* (2001)

### Remixes

* DJ Pierre: *Matrix Chamber (Phuture 303 Deep Underground Mix)* (1999)
* Zzino vs. Filterheadz: *No Weapons (Phuture 303 Remix)* (2002)


title: Moonstone (horse)

abstract: Moonstone is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for her win in the Irish Oaks. Unraced as a two-year-old, her six-race track career lasted from April to October 2008. After finishing second in a maiden race on her debut she ran fourth in the Musidora Stakes and second in The Oaks before recording her first and only victory in the Irish Oaks. She finished unplaced in two subsequent races and was retired from racing at the end of the year. As a broodmare she has produced several good winners including US Army Ranger.

text:
# Moonstone (horse)

**Moonstone** (foaled 3 March 2005) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for her win in the Irish Oaks. Unraced as a two-year-old, her six-race track career lasted from April to October 2008. After finishing second in a maiden race on her debut she ran fourth in the Musidora Stakes and second in The Oaks before recording her first and only victory in the Irish Oaks. She finished unplaced in two subsequent races and was retired from racing at the end of the year. As a broodmare she has produced several good winners including US Army Ranger.

## Background

Moonstone is a bay mare with a white blaze bred in England by the Somerset-based Britton House Stud. As a foal in December 2006 she was put up for auction at Tattersalls and was bought for 700,000 guineas by Dermot "Demi" O'Byrne on behalf of John Magnier's Coolmore Stud organisation. The filly was sent into training with Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle. Like many Coolmore horses, the details of Moonstone's ownership differed from race to race: ahe sometimes raced in the colours of Magnier's wife Susan while on other occasions she was listed as being owned by a partnership of Susan Magnier, Michael Tabor and Derrick Smith.

Moonstone was from the first crop of foals sired by Dalakhani, the winner of the 2003 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. As a breeding stallion he also produced Conduit, Reliable Man, Duncan and Integral. Moonstone's dam Solo de Lune never raced but was a very successful broodmare whose other foals included L'Ancresse (second in the Irish Oaks and the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf) and Cerulean Sky (Prix Saint-Alary). Solo de Lune was a daughter of Truly Special (Prix de Royaumont) who was in turn a daughter of Arctique Royale. Other close relatives included Ardross, Electrocutionist and Scorpion.

## Racing career

### 2008: three-year-old season

Moonstone was not raced as a two-year-old and began her racing career in a maiden race over ten furlongs at Leopardstown Racecourse on 20 April 2008. Starting the 3/1 joint favourite in a seventeen-runner field she made steady progress in the straight and finished second to the Dermot Weld-trained colt Winchester. Despite her defeat she reportedly displayed "immense potential" and was made ante-post favourite for The Oaks. The filly was then stepped up in class and sent to England for the Musidora Stakes (a trial race for the Oaks) at York Racecourse on 14 May. Racing on good-to-firm ground she tracked the leaders before being outpaced in the straight and finished fourth behind Lush Lashes, Cape Amber and Dar Re Mi.

Moonstone was a member of a six-horse Ballydoyle contingent for the 230th running of the Oaks at Epsom Racecourse on 6 June and with Johnny Murtagh, who had ridden her in her first two starts, opting to partner Adored, she had Richard Hughes in the saddle. She was made a 25/1 outsider but after being restrained at the rear of the field in the early stages she stayed on strongly in the straight to finish second to Look Here with the favoured Lush Lashes back in fifth. Murtagh was back in the saddle when Moonstone started 2/1 favourite for the Irish Oaks at the Curragh Racecourse on 13 July. The better fancied of her thirteen opponents included Katiyra (winner of the Derrinstown Stud 1,000 Guineas Trial and third in the Epsom Oaks), Gagnoa (Prix Penelope, second in the Prix de Diane), Mad About You (second in the Irish 1,000 Guineas) and Chinese White. After racing just behind the leaders before moving into second place behind Ice Queen, a 66/1 outsider also trained by Aidan O'Brien, inside the last quarter mile. Despite her odds, Ice Queen showed no signs of weakening and it was only in the final strides that Moonstone overhauled her stablemate to win by a short head. Gagnoa was two lengths back in third place ahead of Chinese White at Katiyra. She became the first maiden to win the race since Olwyn in 1977 and gave O'Brien his seventh consecutive Irish classic winner. Aiden O'Brien commented "It was a great race with two jockeys and two fillies giving it their all. It was a usual masterful ride from Johnny... Moonstone ran a smashing race at Epsom and she stays very well. She is progressing well".

After an absence of almost three months, Moonstone returned for two races at Longchamp Racecourse. In the Prix de l'Opéra over 2000 metres on 5 October she made no impact as she finished twelfth behind the German filly Lady Marian. Three weeks later she was moved up in distance and matched against male opponents in the 3100 metre Prix Royal-Oak and produced a rather better effort, coming home sixth of the eleven runners, four and a half lengths behind her stablemate Yeats.

## Breeding record

At the end of her racing career, Moonstone was retired to become a broodmare for the Coolmore Stud. She made an immediate impact, as her first four foals were all stakes winners:

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Moonstone (GB), bay mare, 2005
| Sire
Dalakhani (IRE)
2000 | Darshaan (GB)
1981 | Shirley Heights | Mill Reef |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Hardiemma |
| | Delsy | Abdos |
| | Kelty |
| | Daltawa (IRE)
1989 | Miswaki | Mr. Prospector |
| | | Hopespringseternal |
| | Damana | Crystal Palace |
| | Denia |
| Dam
Solo de Lune (IRE)
1990 | Law Society (USA)
1982 | Alleged | Hoist The Flag |
| | | Princess Pout |
| | Bold Bikini | Boldnesian |
| | Ran-Tan |
| | Truly Special (IRE)
1985 | Caerleon | Nijinsky |
| | | Foreseer |
| | Arctique Royale | Royal and Regal |
| | Arctic Melody (Family: 23) |

## InfoBox

| Moonstone | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Dalakhani |
| Grandsire | Darshaan |
| Dam | Solo de Lune |
| Damsire | Law Society |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | 3 March 2005 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Britton House Stud Ltd |
| Owner | Susan Magnier, Michael Tabor & Derrick Smith |
| Trainer | Aidan O'Brien |
| Record | 6: 1-2-0 |
| Earnings | £291,173 |
| Major wins | |
| Irish Oaks (2008) | |


title: Railways Football Club

abstract: Railways Football Club is an Australian rules football club based in Albany, Western Australia. The club has played in the Great Southern Football League since 1991. Prior to this they played in the Southern Districts Football League (SDFL) before it merged with the Central Great Southern Football League (CGSFL) to form the GSFL.

text:
# Railways Football Club

**Railways Football Club** is an Australian rules football club based in Albany, Western Australia. The club has played in the Great Southern Football League since 1991. Prior to this they played in the Southern Districts Football League (SDFL) before it merged with the Central Great Southern Football League (CGSFL) to form the GSFL.

## The Club

The **Railways Football Club**, Albany (The Tigers) have been around since the 1946. They have also been called the **East Albany** and the **Albany Railways**. They play in the Great Southern Football League alongside Albany Sharks, North Albany Kangas, Royals, Denmark Walpole Magpies and the Mt Barker Bulls.

Their guernseys are the same as Australian Football League club Richmond \- black with a yellow strip going from the left shoulder to the right hip.

## The derby

Railways have a strong rivalry with Royals Football Club. Big crowds always turn up to watch the game.

## History

The founders of the Albany Football Association decided to create wards for the towns new football competition. There were three wards, North, East and West. All matches were to be played at the Parade Street Oval. In 1897 football players from the East Ward formed a club called the East Albany Football Club.

For the next 40 years they played as East Albany until WWII suspended football in the town. In 1946 Railways football club was formed.

Railways have won five league premierships in 1961, 1985, 1986, 2012 and 2013.

## Honours

### Premierships since 1991 (Start of GSFL)

League: 2012, 2013, 2021, 2022

Reserves: 1993, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2013, 2018

Colts: 1991

Under 17s: 2013, 2021

Womens Team: 2022

### Kleemann Medalists (Best in League)

1992 M.Thomson

1993 G.Hooper

1996 B.Prater

2005 B.Parker

2007 Scott Hillman

2015 Zane Marwick

2018 Joel Want

2019 Logan Stubber

2020 Matthew Palfrey, Kane Shephard

### Gillies Medalists (Best in Colts)

2010 Zane Marwick

2019 Henrick Alforque

2021 Toby Hall, Jack Stephens

### Leading Goal Kickers for the League

1996 J.King 85 Goals

2000 S.Plaisted 81 Goals

2006 B.Parker 56 Goals

2007 B.Parker 63 Goals

2012 N.Eades ?? Goals

2018 K Gibbs 45 Goals

### Charlie Puch Medal

2012 Jayden Scott

2018 Hayden Davies

2019 Jarrad Norton

## The Womens League Team

The Railways women's league team, "The Tigeress" plays in the Great Southern Women's Football League, competing since its inception in 2016. The team has been competitive in every season, making the finals on a number of occasions. The ladies won their first flag in 2022 after a stellar season, only losing one game throughout the normal home and away season. They beat Denmark 40-12 to capture the flag and make history for the club. #T22

Kanisha Bennell was named highest goal scorer of the competition after kicking 27 goals in the regular season.

## Ground

Railways are based at Tigerland, an oval in Centennial Park, Western Australia which is adjacent to Centennial Oval, the home ground of their rivals Royals.

## InfoBox

| Railways Football Club | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Full name | Railways Football and Sporting Club |
| Former name(s) | Railways Football and Tigers Sporting Club, East Albany and Albany Railways |
| Nickname(s) | Tigers |
| Former nickname(s) | Railways |
| Motto | Year of the Tiger |
| 2019 season | |
| After finals | NA |
| Home-and-away season | 2nd |
| Club details | |
| Founded | 1946 |
| Colours | Yellow and Black |
| Competition | Great Southern Football League |
| Chairman | Andrew Want |
| Coach | Mark Bayliss |
| Captain(s) | Bodhi Stubber |
| Ground(s) | Tigerland |