title: Vail Ski Resort

abstract: Vail Ski Resort is a ski resort in the western United States, located near the town of Vail in Eagle County, Colorado. At 5,289 acres, it is the third-largest single-mountain ski resort in the U.S., behind Big Sky and Park City, featuring seven bowls and intermediate gladed terrain in Blue Sky Basin. Opened in late 1962, Vail is one of 37 mountain resorts owned and operated by Vail Resorts, which also operates three other nearby ski resorts. Vail Mountain has three sections: The Front-Side, Blue Sky Basin, and the Back Bowls. Most of the resort is wide open terrain with all types of trails. There are cruising runs accessible from most front side and Blue Sky Basin lifts, as well as the wide open Back Bowls, glades, and chutes. Vail has the fourth-largest area of skiable terrain in North America after Whistler Blackcomb, Park City Mountain Resort, and Big Sky. Vail Village is modeled on Bavarian village styles, with pedestrian streets. Unlike other Colorado ski towns such as Aspen, Breckenridge, or Steamboat Springs, which existed as 19th century mining towns prior to the establishment of their ski resorts, the Vail village was built when the resort opened.

text:
# Vail Ski Resort

**Vail Ski Resort** is a ski resort in the western United States, located near the town of Vail in Eagle County, Colorado. At 5,289 acres (8.3 sq mi; 21.4 km2), it is the third-largest single-mountain ski resort in the U.S., behind Big Sky and Park City, featuring seven bowls and intermediate gladed terrain in Blue Sky Basin.

Opened in late 1962, Vail is one of 37 mountain resorts owned and operated by Vail Resorts, which also operates three other nearby ski resorts (Beaver Creek, Breckenridge, and Keystone).

Vail Mountain has three sections: The Front-Side, Blue Sky Basin, and the Back Bowls. Most of the resort is wide open terrain with all types of trails. There are cruising runs accessible from most front side and Blue Sky Basin lifts, as well as the wide open Back Bowls, glades, and chutes.

Vail has the fourth-largest area of skiable terrain in North America after Whistler Blackcomb, Park City Mountain Resort, and Big Sky.

Vail Village is modeled on Bavarian village styles, with pedestrian streets. Unlike other Colorado ski towns such as Aspen, Breckenridge, or Steamboat Springs, which existed as 19th century mining towns prior to the establishment of their ski resorts, the Vail village was built when the resort opened.

## History

### 1960s

Vail Ski Resort was founded 62 years ago in 1962 by Earl Eaton, Pete Seibert, Harley Higbie, and others. It is at the base of Vail Pass, named after Charles Vail, designer of the highway that passed through the valley.

During World War II, Massachusetts native Seibert joined the U.S. Army's Tenth Mountain Division which trained at Camp Hale, fourteen miles (23 km) south of Vail, between Red Cliff and Leadville. During the training, Seibert and Eaton became familiar with the surrounding terrain, areas of which would become resorts in later decades. They discovered a peak that they believed to be well-located and with good snow, calling it *No-name Mountain*, which later became Vail.

Construction of the resort began in the then-uninhabited valley in 1962, and it opened six months later on December 15. There were originally three lifts, including one gondola that ran from Vail Village to Mid-Vail on the line where Gondola One operates. Several double chairlifts were later built: Golden Peak, which ran from Golden Peak base area up to the Riva Bahn Express midstation; Giant Steps, which ran from Vail Village to the bottom of the Avanti Express lift; the Avanti double chairlift; and two double chairlifts out of Mid-Vail, the Mountaintop and Hunky Dory lifts. A double chairlift, High Noon, serviced the Sun Down and Sun Up Bowls on the backside of the ridge. As Vail grew, a village formed at the base near the gondola, which was taken down in the 1970s and replaced with a Lift Engineering double chairlift.

### 1970s

By the early 1970s, the construction of Interstate 70 from Vail to Denver was mostly completed, replacing US Route 6. The opening of the Eisenhower Tunnel in 1973 (north bore, now westbound) provided easier access from Denver to ski resorts like Copper Mountain, Breckenridge, and Vail. Also in the mid-1970s, President Gerald Ford and family continued to vacation at their Vail home, bringing it international exposure. Later, Vail Village was expanded. In May 1970, Denver was awarded the 1976 Winter Olympics, with Vail later selected (in early 1972) to host the alpine competitions, moving from the original sites just east of Loveland Pass; Loveland Ski Area (slalom) and undeveloped Mount Sniktau (downhill, giant slalom). However, Colorado voters denied funding by a 3:2 ratio that November, and the games were relocated to Innsbruck in Austria, which had recently hosted in 1964.

By the mid-1970s, the mountain had been further expanded, with a second gondola added in the Lionshead area, which also included a residences and shops at the base of the slopes.

In 1976, a gondola cable snagged on a support tower on Friday, March 26, and two cabins derailed, killing four people and injuring eight. The gondola was closed for the remainder of the season, and trading in stock of the ski resort's parent company was temporarily suspended. Afterward, the original gondola in Vail Village was replaced with a double chairlift.

### 1980s

In 1985, Doppelmayr constructed four high-speed quads on the Front Side, making Vail the second mountain in the country to use them, after Breckenridge, and the first to install multiple quads. These lifts were the Game Creek Express (#7), Mountaintop Express (#4), Northwoods Express (#11), and Vista Bahn Express (#16). The Vista Bahn Express replaced the double chairlifts out of Vail Village, bringing skiers from Vail Village to Mid-Vail. The Mountaintop Express lift replaced a Lift Engineering triple chairlift running from Mid-Vail to Patrol Headquarters, while the Northwoods Express and Game Creek Express lifts replaced Riblet double chairlifts.

As part of Vail's 25th anniversary in 1988, Doppelmayr constructed two more high-speed quads. On the front side, the Born Free Express (#8) replaced a Lift Engineering double chairlift out of Lionshead. In the Back Bowls, the Orient Express lift (#21) opened the China, Teacup, and Siberia Bowls. A year later, another high-speed quad, the Avanti Express (#2), was built to replace another Lift Engineering double chairlift.

Vail hosted the Alpine World Championships in 1989 and co-hosted with nearby Beaver Creek in 1999.

### 1990s

In 1992, Vail purchased a Doppelmayr triple chairlift from Beaver Creek  the former Upper Horseshoe lift  and installed it in Sun Up Bowl as the Sun Up (#17) lift.

In 1993, Vail changed primary lift manufacturers, from Doppelmayr to Garaventa-CTEC, who installed three high-speed quads. The first was the Pride Express (#26) lift in 1993, which serviced the upper part of the runs on the west Front Side, and combined with the Born Free Express lift, supplemented the Eagle Bahn Gondola as a way to get to Eagle's Nest. In 1995, the Wildwood Express lift (#3) was built at Mid-Vail to replace Hunky Dory, a Lift Engineering fixed-grip quad. The lift reused the tower foundations of the original lift. In 1996, the Riva Bahn Express lift (#6) was built out of Golden Peak, improving access from Golden Peak to the rest of the mountain. That same year, the Eagle Bahn Gondola (#19) replaced the original Lionshead Gondola.

Vail Associates bought Vail, Breckenridge, Keystone, and Heavenly in California in 1996. The company allowed skiers to buy an all-mountain pass that granted admission to all of their resorts.

In the late 1990s, Vail decided to carry out a terrain expansion known as Category III, later renamed Blue Sky Basin. Despite widespread opposition from environmental groups over the potential that Blue Sky Basin would destroy lynx habitat, Vail received approval from the U.S. Forest Service to expand into Blue Sky Basin in 1999. In protest of the expansion, the Earth Liberation Front set fire to Two Elk Lodge, Camp One, Patrol Headquarters, and four chairlifts in October 1998, causing US$12 million in damage. Most of the lifts suffered only minor damage. However, the drive station for the High Noon lift was destroyed, and later rebuilt. Two Elk Lodge was a total loss, and with no time to rebuild it, Vail replaced it for the 1998–1999 ski season with a temporary aluminum structure named "One Elk". A new Two Elk Lodge and Patrol Headquarters were built the following year.

In 1999, Blue Sky Basin, an intermediate-expert back-country area with moguls, tree skiing, cliffs, glades, and ridges, directly across a creek from the Orient Express lift, opened. The expansion was serviced with three new Poma high-speed quads: the Teacup Express (#36), the Skyline Express (#37), and the Earl's Express (#38). The Teacup Express improved access to the Teacup Bowl trails, which beforehand had required riding the Orient Express lift and then traversing along a ridge and past Two Elk Lodge via a pair of rope tows. The new lifts opened in February 2000. The following winter, a fourth high-speed quad, Pete's Express (#39), was opened, and an additional four trails on the east side of the Basin were added.

The 1999 Alpine World Ski Championships were held in Vail/Beaver Creek.

### 2000s

In 2004, the original Lionshead skier bridge was replaced with a newer, wider bridge.

In 2006, Vail began offsetting all of its power usage by purchasing wind power credits. They were the second-largest corporation in the United States to do so.

In summer 2007, after seven years without a new chairlift, Vail undertook a lift-upgrade project on the East Front Side, as Leitner-Poma built two new high-speed quads. The lower of the two lifts, the Highline Express (#10), replaced a Riblet double chairlift that had been in operation since 1973. This lift reduced the ride up the Highline Trail from fifteen minutes to eight minutes. It services several long mogul runs on the east part of the Front Side, and is also one of the less-crowded sections of the mountain due to its remote location. Above the Highline Express, the Sourdough Express lift (#14) replaced a triple chairlift. It services a small pod of beginner trails, but is also used by regular skier traffic to move from Patrol Headquarters to the China Bowl and Blue Sky Basin. The new lift follows a slightly different alignment so as to eliminate a traverse from the original lift to Two Elk Lodge. The West Wall rope tow, which ran along the ridge between Two Elk Lodge and the top of the Teacup Express and Sun Up lifts was removed, redirecting ski traffic down the Whiskey Jack trail to the Sourdough Express. The original Sourdough triple chairlift was relocated to Eagle's Nest and reinstalled as the Little Eagle (#15) lift, replacing a Lift Engineering double chairlift.

Around this time, Vail removed two of its older double chairlifts. Giant Steps, which had transported skiers out of Vail Village since 1962, was removed in 2006. In 2008, Minnie's, which serviced learning terrain below Eagle's Nest, was also removed. Minnie's had previously been used in conjunction with the Born Free Express to provide access to Eagle's Nest. Still, it was shortened in 1994 after the construction of the Pride Express, and operated in shortened form until its removal.

A new plaza was opened at Vail Village in 2008. On February 27, 2010, one of the original black diamond trails into Vail Village, *International*, was renamed *Lindsey's* to honor Vail's Olympic gold medalist Lindsey Vonn. The trail is next to Giant Steps and one of two flanking the defunct Giant Steps lift line.

### 2010s

In 2010, Leitner-Poma constructed another high-speed quad in the Back Bowls. The High Noon Express (#5) replaced a Doppelmayr triple chairlift that had been in use since 1979 and was the resort's 17th high-speed quad to be built. The new quad increased capacity to the Sun Down and Sun Up Bowls, and reduced lengthy lines that the lift often received, especially on powder days. With the construction of the High Noon Express lift, all of Vail's terrain  with the exception of the eastern edge of the Mongolia Bowl (only accessible by platter)  was accessible from high-speed quads. The High Noon Express lift was also meant to alleviate lines at the Northwoods Express lift by providing an alternative route for advanced and expert skiers finishing their time in Blue Sky Basin and the China Bowl to return to the Front Side.

In 2011, Vail opened a new ski-in/out fine dining restaurant at mid-Vail. The Tenth, built between the Wildwood Express and the Mid-Vail facility, is named for the famed US Army division that trained nearby and several Vail founders once belonged.

By 2012, Vail's original high-speed quads from Doppelmayr were beginning to show their age and were due to be upgraded. The first to go would be the Vista Bahn Express, which as part of Vail's 50th anniversary celebration was replaced by a Leitner-Poma ten person gondola. Gondola One (#1) provides a fast, warm and sheltered ride between Vail Village and the Mid-Vail area. The construction of Gondola One saw the return of a gondola to the line that had contained Vail's original gondola until 1976, then contained a double chairlift on the lower section until 1985, and then the Vista Bahn Express from 1985 to 2012.

For the 2013–14 season, Doppelmayr built two new chairlifts. At Golden Peak base area, the resort's last remaining double chairlift, Gopher Hill (#12), was replaced with a recycled Doppelmayr triple chairlift purchased from Beaver Creek. The upgrade to Gopher Hill increased uphill capacity for the ski and ride school, especially for three- to six-year-old skiers and riders who must ride the lift with an adult. The bottom terminal was slightly moved from the original location. More significantly, Vail received their first high-speed six pack with the replacement of the Mountaintop Express (#4) lift. It was the first new Doppelmayr detachable chairlift to be built at Vail since the Avanti Express lift in 1989. It increased uphill capacity on the lift line by 33% from 2,800 people per hour to 3,600 people per hour, matching the uphill capacity of Gondola One. The new lift follows a slightly different alignment from the old lift, with the bottom terminal being moved 90 feet east of its original location to decrease cross-traffic in the area. The Mountaintop Express was the first detachable chairlift in the western United States to use a conveyor belt at the loading area, a system that is widely used at European ski resorts, shown to cut down on stops and slows, shortening the ride time (several more six packs built at Vail Resorts properties around the same time would include a loading carpet, including the Colorado SuperChair at Breckenridge in 2014, the King Con Express at Park City Mountain Resort in 2015, and Vail's own Avanti Express lift).

For the 2015–16 season, Doppelmayr built a second high-speed six pack to replace the Avanti Express (#2) lift. Just like the Mountaintop Express lift built two years before it, the Avanti Express lift was built with a loading carpet. Unlike its older sister, the Avanti Express reuses the towers from its predecessor. The fun park at Eagle's Nest was also expanded with the addition of a new zipline canopy tour in Game Creek Bowl, and the construction of an alpine coaster to the west of the Pride Express lift.

For the 2016–17 season, the Sun Up lift was replaced with a high–speed quad by Leitner-Poma. The lift was also renumbered as lift No. 9, instead of lift No. 17, as Vail sought to plug numbering gaps in their lift system. With the installation of the Sun Up Express (#9) lift, all major uphill lifts on the mountain are high–speed detachables, and the only fixed grip lifts are Cascade Village, Gopher Hill and Little Eagle.

For the 2017–18 season, Vail built their third high speed six pack when it contracted Leitner-Poma to upgrade the Northwoods Express (#11) lift, which at that point was the remaining lift servicing Patrol Headquarters that had not yet been upgraded. The upgrade to the Northwoods Express improved uphill capacity from 2,800 pph to 3,000 pph on the east Front Side, especially in the afternoon when skier traffic is using the lift to return from Blue Sky Basin and the China Bowl to the Front Side.

### 2020s

To mark Vail's 60th anniversary, the 2022-2023 season saw Leitner-Poma construct two new high speed chairlifts. These new lifts included a high speed six pack to replace the Game Creek Express (#7), and a new high speed quad known as the Sun Down Express (#17) to provide direct lift service to the Sun Down Bowl.

With more than 5,289 acres (8.3 sq mi; 21.4 km2) and an average snowfall that has averaged 360 inches (30 ft; 9 m) during the last thirty years, Vail is regarded as one of the best combinations of terrain and dependable snow in the country, often ranking No. 1 in Colorado.

Vail has been the number one ski resort in the United States fourteen times in a 17-year period.

## White River National Forest

Vail Resorts operates on National Forest System lands under special use permit to the White River National Forest. Master Development Plans, Winter and Summer Operations Plans, Construction Plans, and every phase of the permit holder's skiing operation is approved by the federal government annually prior to construction and operation. In exchange for the use of National Forest system lands the resort pays an annual fee to the U.S. Treasury amounting to about one dollar per skier visit. Twenty-five percent of the fees collected are returned to Eagle County for roads and schools, in lieu of taxes. The federal government supports the objective of providing healthy recreation opportunities in quality natural outdoor environments. Millions of national and international users during all seasons of the year appreciate the opportunities provided by Vail Resorts and White River National Forest through the public and private partnership on federal lands.

Reference: Code of Federal Regulations, Title 36: Parks, Forests, and Public Property, Part 251—Land Uses, § 251.51 Definitions. Ski area —a site and attendant facilities expressly developed to accommodate alpine or Nordic skiing and from which the preponderance of revenue is generated by the sale of lift tickets and fees for ski rentals, for skiing instruction and trail passes for the use of permittee-maintained ski trails. A ski area may also include ancillary facilities directly related to the operation and support of skiing activities.

## Forest Service feasibility studies

In 1972 the White River National Forest analyzed the terrain surrounding Vail to determine ski area feasibility of the greater regional area and identify additional opportunities for public parking and access to National Forest lands between Vail Pass and Lake Creek above Edwards. The investigation was stimulated by the planned construction of Interstate 70 over Vail Pass, or alternative Red Buffalo Corridor, and the awarding of the 1976 Winter Olympics to Denver by the International Olympic Committee in 1970 with the showcase downhill event later planned for the yet undeveloped Beaver Creek ski area. New parking areas on Shrine Pass, Battle Mountain, Meadow Mountain, Minturn, Stone Creek, Avon, and Lake Creek were identified as development sites, base areas, and potential new skier entrance portals. Integration of Vail Ski Resort, including Blue Sky Basin, with skiing terrain on Battle Mountain, Grouse Mountain, Meadow Mountain, Stone Creek, Beaver Creek, and Lake Creek were analyzed and considered physically feasible as an integrated mega-resort with multiple portals. Twenty-eight ski lifts were planned for Grouse Mountain above Minturn, which was rated comparable to Snowmass in overall size and capacity with significant amount of terrain in the intermediate category with good snowfall.

Findings were presented to William Lucas, Rocky Mountain Regional Forester, by Thomas Evans, Forest Supervisor, and Erik J. Martin, professional landscape architect, lead member of the Blue Ribbon study committee for ski area planning feasibility, and program manager for ski area administration. Grouse Mountain above Minturn was highly rated for developed alpine skiing and conceived by White River National Forest skiing experts as a potential future phase of a large mega-skiing complex on National Forest System lands linking the existing Vail ski area and Battle Mountain east of Minturn with Grouse Mountain, Beaver Creek, Meadow Mountain ski area, Bachelor Gulch, and Arrowhead on the west side. Development of Grouse Mountain did not occur due to the high cost of development, rejection of the '76 Winter Olympic Games, vocal public opposition at the local and statewide levels, and a desire by Vail Resorts to fully develop Beaver Creek and Vail Mountain prior to expansion. The opportunity to provide developed alpine skiing on Grouse Mountain was eliminated from future consideration with the establishment of the Holy Cross Wilderness in 1980.

## Forest plans

The 2002 Revision of the 1984 Land and Resource Management Plan Forest plans, White River National Forest, Chapter 3-Management Area Direction, 8.25 Ski areas – Existing and Potential, pages 3–80 through 3–8, and 8.31 Aerial Transportation Corridors, page 3-84, establishes long-term planning direction for Vail Ski Resort. Lift access from remote areas and new portals, including Minturn, were analyzed in the plan. The theme of an 8.31 aerial transportation corridor designation is to serve the principal purpose of transporting people to, from, and within communities, and ski areas. The theme of an 8.25 land allocation is to allow ski areas on federal lands to be developed and operated by the private sector to provide opportunities for intensively managed outdoor recreation activities during all seasons of the year. The 8.25 management area prescription includes existing developed ski areas and undeveloped expansion areas with potential for future development.

Ski areas provide winter sports activities and other intensively managed outdoor recreation opportunities for large numbers of national and international visitors in highly developed settings. In some areas, use in the summer may be as intensive as in the winter. The White River National Forest forest plan addresses vegetation management, intensity of use, seasons of use, and motorized access. The 8.25 management area includes existing resorts that have already been permitted and developed, as well as additional suitable terrain into which development is planned for the future. The 1984 Forest Plan and 2002 revision were authored by Erik J. Martin, Program Manager for Ski Area Administration, to identify future expansion opportunities and alternative special-use permit boundaries for Vail ski area. The 1984 Land and Resource Management Plan \[Forest plan\] was revised in 2002, and analyzed in a Final Environmental Impact Statement. A summary of the Final Environmental Impact Statement to accompany the Land and Resource Management Plan – 2002 Revision is available to the public at local Forest Service Offices, public library, or National Forest web site.

## Topography and configuration

### Elevation

* Summit: 11,570 feet (3,527 m)
* Base:      8,120 feet (2,475 m)
* Vertical:   3,450 feet (1,052 m)

### Slope aspects

* North: 40% of skiable terrain.
* South: 20%
* East:   20%
* West:  20%

### Trails

* Skiable area: 5,289 acres (8.3 sq mi; 21.4 km2)
* Trails: 193 total (18% beginner, 29% intermediate, 53% advanced/expert)
* Longest run: Riva Ridge – four miles (6.5 km)
* Average annual snowfall: 370 inches (30.8 ft; 9.4 m)
* terrain parks: 3
* Bowls: 10 (7 official)
    + Sun Down Bowl
    + Sun Up Bowl
    + China Bowl
    + Siberia Bowl
    + Tea Cup Bowl
    + Inner Mongolia Bowl
    + Outer Mongolia Bowl
    + Pete's Bowl
    + Earl's Bowl
    + Game Creek Bowl

### Lifts

| Lift | Lift name | Length
(feet) | Vertical
(feet) | Type | Make | Year
installed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | One | 9,308 | 1,996 | Gondola | Leitner-Poma | 2012 |
| 2 | Avanti Express | 6,640 | 1,466 | High Speed Six | Doppelmayr | 2015 |
| 3 | Wildwood Express | 3,350 | 852 | High Speed Quad | Garaventa CTEC | 1995 |
| 4 | Mountaintop Express | 4,284 | 1,108 | High Speed Six | Doppelmayr | 2013 |
| 5 | High Noon Express | 5,570 | 1,852 | High Speed Quad | Leitner-Poma | 2010 |
| 6 | Riva Bahn Express | 9,051 | 1,705 | High Speed Quad | Doppelmayr CTEC | 1996 |
| 7 | Game Creek Express | 4,484 | 1,184 | High Speed Six | Leitner-Poma | 2022 |
| 8 | Born Free Express | 6,076 | 1,593 | High Speed Quad | Doppelmayr | 1988 |
| 9 | Sun Up Express | 3,874 | 1,109 | High Speed Quad | Leitner-Poma | 2016 |
| 10 | Highline Express | 6,729 | 1,755 | High Speed Quad | Leitner-Poma | 2007 |
| 11 | Northwoods Express | 5,905 | 1,545 | High Speed Six | Leitner-Poma | 2017 |
| 12 | Gopher Hill | 937 | 146 | Fixed Triple | Doppelmayr | 2013 |
| 14 | Sourdough Express | 2,437 | 512 | High Speed Quad | Leitner-Poma | 2007 |
| 15 | Little Eagle | 1,012 | 111 | Fixed Triple | Doppelmayr | 2007 |
| 16 | Golden Peak | 2,137 | 683 | T-Bar | Doppelmayr | 2019 |
| 17 | Sun Down Express | 6,106 | 1,586 | High Speed Quad | Leitner-Poma | 2022 |
| 19 | Eagle Bahn Gondola | 9,148 | 2,215 | Gondola | Garaventa CTEC | 1996 |
| 20 | Cascade Village | 3,497 | 1,278 | Fixed Quad | CTEC | 1987 |
| 21 | Orient Express | 7,658 | 1,565 | High Speed Quad | Doppelmayr | 1988 |
| 22 | Mongolia | 1,611 | 312 | Platter | Doppelmayr | 1988 |
| 24 | Wapiti | 710 | 17 | Platter | Poma | 1992 |
| 26 | Pride Express | 5,415 | 1,225 | High Speed Quad | Garaventa CTEC | 1993 |
| 27 | Black Forest | 1,919 | 401 | Platter | Doppelmayr | 1995 |
| 36 | Teacup Express | 6,704 | 1,663 | High Speed Quad | Poma | 1999 |
| 37 | Skyline Express | 8,391 | 1,936 | High Speed Quad | Poma | 1999 |
| 38 | Earl's Express | 4,834 | 1,357 | High Speed Quad | Poma | 1999 |
| 39 | Pete's Express | 6,677 | 1,582 | High Speed Quad | Poma | 2000 |

## Climate

There is a SNOTEL weather station for Vail Mountain, located near Eagles Nest at an elevation of 10300 ft (3139 m). Vail Mountain has a subalpine climate (Köppen *Dfc*).

| Climate data for Vail Mountain, Colorado, 1991–2020 normals, 1985–2020 extremes: 10300ft (3139m) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 53
(12) | 52
(11) | 64
(18) | 66
(19) | 75
(24) | 80
(27) | 82
(28) | 79
(26) | 76
(24) | 67
(19) | 62
(17) | 51
(11) | 82
(28) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 43.9
(6.6) | 44.5
(6.9) | 51.5
(10.8) | 57.8
(14.3) | 64.5
(18.1) | 72.1
(22.3) | 75.5
(24.2) | 73.4
(23.0) | 69.3
(20.7) | 61.0
(16.1) | 50.9
(10.5) | 43.7
(6.5) | 76.1
(24.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 27.8
(−2.3) | 29.9
(−1.2) | 37.5
(3.1) | 43.5
(6.4) | 52.0
(11.1) | 62.5
(16.9) | 68.1
(20.1) | 65.9
(18.8) | 58.9
(14.9) | 46.8
(8.2) | 35.2
(1.8) | 27.4
(−2.6) | 46.3
(7.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 19.9
(−6.7) | 21.3
(−5.9) | 27.8
(−2.3) | 33.4
(0.8) | 42.1
(5.6) | 52.1
(11.2) | 57.9
(14.4) | 56.1
(13.4) | 49.4
(9.7) | 38.0
(3.3) | 27.2
(−2.7) | 19.8
(−6.8) | 37.1
(2.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 12.0
(−11.1) | 12.6
(−10.8) | 18.0
(−7.8) | 23.2
(−4.9) | 32.2
(0.1) | 41.8
(5.4) | 47.6
(8.7) | 46.2
(7.9) | 39.8
(4.3) | 29.2
(−1.6) | 19.2
(−7.1) | 12.1
(−11.1) | 27.8
(−2.3) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −4.4
(−20.2) | −3.7
(−19.8) | 1.7
(−16.8) | 8.7
(−12.9) | 19.2
(−7.1) | 30.0
(−1.1) | 40.0
(4.4) | 38.9
(3.8) | 25.7
(−3.5) | 11.4
(−11.4) | −0.3
(−17.9) | −5.8
(−21.0) | −9.4
(−23.0) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −15
(−26) | −23
(−31) | −15
(−26) | 1
(−17) | 8
(−13) | 19
(−7) | 28
(−2) | 31
(−1) | 9
(−13) | −5
(−21) | −11
(−24) | −25
(−32) | −25
(−32) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.64
(92) | 3.47
(88) | 3.87
(98) | 4.36
(111) | 2.96
(75) | 1.25
(32) | 1.80
(46) | 1.78
(45) | 2.11
(54) | 2.65
(67) | 3.20
(81) | 3.08
(78) | 34.17
(867) |
| Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 45.8
(116) | 54.7
(139) | 60.4
(153) | 57.4
(146) | 42.1
(107) | 8.1
(21) | 0.5
(1.3) | 0.4
(1.0) | 1.5
(3.8) | 7.9
(20) | 17.5
(44) | 32.0
(81) | 62.5
(159) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 16.2 | 15.3 | 15.6 | 15.8 | 11.0 | 5.1 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 10.0 | 13.2 | 14.5 | 141.4 |
| Source 1: XMACIS2(normals, records & 2006–2020 snow depth) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: NOAA (precip/precip days) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Vail Ski Resort | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Front side of Vail Resort in 2005 | |
| Vail Ski ResortLocation in ColoradoVail Ski ResortLocation in the United States | |
| Location | Vail, Eagle County,
Colorado, United States |
| Nearest major city | Vail
Denver – 100 miles (160 km)
(via Interstate 70) |
| Coordinates | 39°38′20″N 106°22′26″W / 39.639°N 106.374°W / 39.639; -106.374 |
| Status | Operating |
| Owner | Vail Resorts |
| Vertical | 3,450 ft (1,052 m) |
| Top elevation | 11,570 ft (3,527 m) |
| Base elevation | 8,120 ft (2,475 m) |
| Skiable area | 5,317 acres (8.3 sq mi; 21.5 km2) |
| Trails | 195 total
18% beginner
29% intermediate
53% advanced |
| Longest run | *Riva Ridge* – 4 miles (6.5 km) |
| Lift system | 31 total (2 gondolas (12 and 10 person), 4 high speed six's, 14 high speed quads, 1 fixed grip quad, 2 fixed grip triples, 9 surface lifts) |
| Terrain parks | Yes, 2, 1 Super-Pipe |
| Snowfall | 354 in (29.5 ft; 9.0 m) |
| Snowmaking | Yes |
| Night skiing | No |
| Website | vail.com |


title: Véronique et son cancre

abstract: Véronique et son cancre is a short comedy film by Éric Rohmer, which he directed before his series of Six Moral Tales. It records the meeting of a young woman called Véronique with a difficult boy she has been hired to coach. The encounter raises questions about the value in later life of the teaching used in schools and about the treatment of children who are either unwilling or genuinely unable to learn.

text:
# Véronique et son cancre

***Véronique et son cancre*** (*Veronique and Her Dunce*) is a short comedy film by Éric Rohmer, which he directed before his series of Six Moral Tales (Contes moraux). It records the meeting of a young woman called Véronique with a difficult boy she has been hired to coach. The encounter raises questions about the value in later life of the teaching used in schools and about the treatment of children who are either unwilling or genuinely unable to learn.

## Plot

Véronique arrives to give Jean-Christophe extra tuition. The boy is not enthusiastic, treating her disrespectfully and answering almost every question with an irritating "dunno". In arithmetic it is doubtful if he is grasping the principles, but he throws her off balance with some disconcerting questions. She also has to keep slipping off her new shoes (which she has bought in order to look smart) because they are too tight. When it comes to composition, he seems to lack imagination but again makes some sharp observations. Both are glad when the session ends.

## InfoBox

| Véronique et son cancre | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Éric Rohmer |
| Written by | Éric Rohmer |
| Produced by | Claude Chabrol |
| Starring | Nicole Berger
Stella Dassas
Alain Delrieu |
| Cinematography | * Charles L. Bitsch |
| Release date | * 1958 (1958) |
| Running time | 20 minutes |
| Language | French |


title: Gauss Centre for Supercomputing

abstract: The Gauss Centre for Supercomputing (GCS) combines the three national supercomputing centres HLRS, JSC, and LRZ into Germany’s Tier-0 supercomputing institution. Each GCS member centre host supercomputers well beyond the 10 Petaflops performance mark. Concertedly, the three centres provide the largest and most powerful supercomputing infrastructure in all of Europe to serve a wide range of industrial and research activities in various disciplines. They also provide training and education for the national as well as the European High Performance Computing (HPC) community. GCS is the German member of PRACE, an international non-profit association consisting of 25 member countries, whose representative organizations create a pan-European supercomputing infrastructure, providing access to computing and data management resources and services for large-scale scientific and engineering applications at the highest performance level. GCS is jointly funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the federal states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia. GCS has its headquarters in Berlin, Germany.

text:
# Gauss Centre for Supercomputing

The **Gauss Centre for Supercomputing** (**GCS**) combines the three national supercomputing centres HLRS (High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart), JSC (Jülich Supercomputing Centre), and LRZ (Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, Garching near Munich) into Germany’s Tier-0 supercomputing institution. Each GCS member centre host supercomputers well beyond the 10 Petaflops performance mark. Concertedly, the three centres provide the largest and most powerful supercomputing infrastructure in all of Europe to serve a wide range of industrial and research activities in various disciplines. They also provide training and education for the national as well as the European High Performance Computing (HPC) community.

GCS is the German member of PRACE (Partnership for Advance Computing in Europe), an international non-profit association consisting of 25 member countries, whose representative organizations create a pan-European supercomputing infrastructure, providing access to computing and data management resources and services for large-scale scientific and engineering applications at the highest performance level.

GCS is jointly funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the federal states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia.

GCS has its headquarters in Berlin, Germany.


title: Scopula suffecta

abstract: Scopula suffecta is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Bolivia.

text:
# Scopula suffecta

***Scopula suffecta*** is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Bolivia.

## InfoBox

| *Scopula suffecta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Scopula* |
| Species: | ***S. suffecta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scopula suffecta***<br>Prout, 1938 | |
|


title: Phalangopsinae

abstract: Phalangopsinae, occasionally known as spider crickets, are a subfamily of crickets in the family Phalangopsidae. Members of Phalangopsinae are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. Most species in the subfamily are nocturnal and can be found in rocky areas, near fallen wood, and the understory of forests. Some species are gregarious, gathering in large numbers.

text:
# Phalangopsinae

**Phalangopsinae**, occasionally known as **spider crickets**, are a subfamily of crickets in the family Phalangopsidae. Members of Phalangopsinae are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. Most species in the subfamily are nocturnal and can be found in rocky areas, near fallen wood, and the understory of forests. Some species are gregarious, gathering in large numbers.

## Taxonomy

Placement of Phalangopsinae and its genera has been controversial, with the group previously being placed family Gryllidae. The *Orthoptera Species File* currently lists the following tribes and genera:

### Endacustini

Auth.: Gorochov, 1986; distribution: Australia and SW Pacific islands

### Luzaropsini

Auth.: Gorochov, 1986; distribution: Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, W. Malesia

### Otteiini

Auth.: Koçak & Kemal, 2009 (synonyms Cophusini, Otteini); distribution: central America & Caribbean

1. *Cubacophus* Ruíz-Baliú & Otte, 1997
2. *Dominicophus* Yong, 2017
3. *Hortacophus* Cadena-Castañeda, 2021
4. *Hubbellcophus* Cadena-Castañeda, 2021
5. *Otteius* Koçak & Kemal, 2009
6. *Paracophus* Chopard, 1947
7. *Tohila* Hubbell, 1938
8. *Venegascophus* Cadena-Castañeda, 2021

### Phalangopsini

Auth.: Blanchard, 1845; distribution: widespread in tropics.

### *incertae sedis*

* *Anophtalmotes* Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995
* *Antilliclodes* Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
* monotypic genus *Dambachia D. eritheles* Nischk & Otte, 2000
* monotypic genus *Doposia D. tobago* Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
* monotypic genus† *Eotrella E. mira* Gorochov, 2012
* monotypic genus† *Eozacla* Gorochov, 2012
* monotypic genus *Hirpinus H. afer* Stål, 1855
* *Kumalorina* Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009
* *Larandeicus* Chopard, 1937
* monotypic genus *Phaeogryllus P. fuscus* Bolívar, 1912
* monotypic genus *Prosecogryllus P. nossibianus* Brancsik, 1892
* monotypic genus *Socotracris S. kleukersi* Felix & Desutter-Grandcolas, 2012
* monotypic genus *Speluncasina S. annandalei* (Chopard, 1928)
* monotypic genus *Zaora Z. morbillosa* Walker, 1869

## InfoBox

| Phalangopsinae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phalangacris alluaudi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Phalangopsidae |
| Subfamily: | Phalangopsinae<br>Blanchard, 1845 |
|
| Genera | |
| * See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * Phalangopsites Blanchard, 1845 * Phalangopsitidae Bruner, 1916 * Phalangopsinae Hebard, 1928 * Phalangopsidae Chopard, 1949 | |


title: Oh!K

abstract: Oh!K was a Southeast Asian pay television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, with content supplied by MBC.

text:
# Oh!K

**Oh!K** was a Southeast Asian pay television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, with content supplied by MBC.

## Background

It was launched on 20 October 2014 on StarHub TV in Singapore. Its programming consists of South Korean drama, entertainment, variety and music programs supplied from Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation.

Oh!K's programming was available subtitled in local languages on optional subtitle tracks, depending on the country of the reception's market.

## Closure

Oh!K was discontinued in Malaysia via Astro on 1 June 2022 and in Singapore on 15 September 2022 via SingTel TV and 16 September 2022 via StarHub TV.

## InfoBox

Oh!K
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Singapore |
| Broadcast area | Singapore
Brunei
Philippines
Thailand |
| Headquarters | Singapore |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Korean
Filipino
English
Thai
Mandarin
Cantonese
Indonesian
Malay |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific (Warner Bros. Discovery International) |
| Sister channels | Cartoon Network Asia
Cartoon Network Philippines
CNN International
Cinemax Asia
HBO Asia
HLN
Warner TV |
| History | |
| Launched | 20 October 2014 (2014-10-20)
12 January 2016 (2016-01-12) (Hong Kong) |
| Closed | 29 January 2019 (2019-01-29) (Hong Kong)
1 September 2019 (2019-09-01) (Indonesia)
1 June 2022 (2022-06-01) (Malaysia)
16 September 2022 (2022-09-16) (Singapore, Philippines, Brunei and Thailand) |
| Links | |
| Website | ohk-tv.com |


title: Petra Teveli

abstract: Petra Prokoppne Teveli is a Hungarian marathon runner. In 2008, she set her personal best time of 2:35:21 by finishing fifth in the Turin Marathon. Teveli represented Hungary at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed for the women's marathon. She finished the race in sixty-fifth place by just a minute ahead of Rwanda's Epiphanie Nyirabarame, with a time of 2:48:32.

text:
# Petra Teveli

**Petra Prokoppne Teveli** (born 1 November 1979 in Siófok) is a Hungarian marathon runner. In 2008, she set her personal best time of 2:35:21 by finishing fifth in the Turin Marathon.

Teveli represented Hungary at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed for the women's marathon. She finished the race in sixty-fifth place by just a minute ahead of Rwanda's Epiphanie Nyirabarame, with a time of 2:48:32.

## InfoBox

Petra Teveli
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Petra Prokoppne Teveli |
| Nationality | Hungary |
| Born | (1979-11-01) 1 November 1979
Siófok, Hungary |
| Height | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 48 kg (106 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Marathon |
| Club | Újpest |
| Coached by | Ferenc Csoma |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best(s) | **Half-marathon**: 1:15:06 (2005)
**Marathon**: 2:35:21 (2008) |


title: Mycoestrogen

abstract: Mycoestrogens are xenoestrogens produced by fungi. They are sometimes referred to as mycotoxins. Among important mycoestrogens are zearalenone, zearalenol and zearalanol. Although all of these can be produced by various Fusarium species, zearalenol and zearalanol may also be produced endogenously in ruminants that have ingested zearalenone. Alpha-zearalanol is also produced semisynthetically, for veterinary use; such use is prohibited in the European Union.

text:
# Mycoestrogen

**Mycoestrogens** are xenoestrogens produced by fungi. They are sometimes referred to as mycotoxins. Among important mycoestrogens are zearalenone, zearalenol and zearalanol. Although all of these can be produced by various *Fusarium* species, zearalenol and zearalanol may also be produced endogenously in ruminants that have ingested zearalenone. Alpha-zearalanol is also produced semisynthetically, for veterinary use; such use is prohibited in the European Union.

## Mechanism of action

Mycoestrogens act as agonists of the estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ.

Affinities of estrogen receptor ligands for the ERα and ERβ
| Ligand | Other names | Relative binding affinities (RBA, %)a | | Absolute binding affinities (Ki, nM)a | | Action |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ERα | ERβ | ERα | ERβ | |
| Estradiol | E2; 17β-Estradiol | 100 | 100 | 0.115 (0.04–0.24) | 0.15 (0.10–2.08) | Estrogen |
| Estrone | E1; 17-Ketoestradiol | 16.39 (0.7–60) | 6.5 (1.36–52) | 0.445 (0.3–1.01) | 1.75 (0.35–9.24) | Estrogen |
| Estriol | E3; 16α-OH-17β-E2 | 12.65 (4.03–56) | 26 (14.0–44.6) | 0.45 (0.35–1.4) | 0.7 (0.63–0.7) | Estrogen |
| Estetrol | E4; 15α,16α-Di-OH-17β-E2 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 4.9 | 19 | Estrogen |
| Alfatradiol | 17α-Estradiol | 20.5 (7–80.1) | 8.195 (2–42) | 0.2–0.52 | 0.43–1.2 | Metabolite |
| 16-Epiestriol | 16β-Hydroxy-17β-estradiol | 7.795 (4.94–63) | 50 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 17-Epiestriol | 16α-Hydroxy-17α-estradiol | 55.45 (29–103) | 79–80 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 16,17-Epiestriol | 16β-Hydroxy-17α-estradiol | 1.0 | 13 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 2-Hydroxyestradiol | 2-OH-E2 | 22 (7–81) | 11–35 | 2.5 | 1.3 | Metabolite |
| 2-Methoxyestradiol | 2-MeO-E2 | 0.0027–2.0 | 1.0 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 4-Hydroxyestradiol | 4-OH-E2 | 13 (8–70) | 7–56 | 1.0 | 1.9 | Metabolite |
| 4-Methoxyestradiol | 4-MeO-E2 | 2.0 | 1.0 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 2-Hydroxyestrone | 2-OH-E1 | 2.0–4.0 | 0.2–0.4 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 2-Methoxyestrone | 2-MeO-E1 | \<0.001–\<1 | \<1 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 4-Hydroxyestrone | 4-OH-E1 | 1.0–2.0 | 1.0 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 4-Methoxyestrone | 4-MeO-E1 | \<1 | \<1 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 16α-Hydroxyestrone | 16α-OH-E1; 17-Ketoestriol | 2.0–6.5 | 35 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 2-Hydroxyestriol | 2-OH-E3 | 2.0 | 1.0 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| 4-Methoxyestriol | 4-MeO-E3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| Estradiol sulfate | E2S; Estradiol 3-sulfate | \<1 | \<1 | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| Estradiol disulfate | Estradiol 3,17β-disulfate | 0.0004 | ? | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| Estradiol 3-glucuronide | E2-3G | 0.0079 | ? | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| Estradiol 17β-glucuronide | E2-17G | 0.0015 | ? | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| Estradiol 3-gluc. 17β-sulfate | E2-3G-17S | 0.0001 | ? | ? | ? | Metabolite |
| Estrone sulfate | E1S; Estrone 3-sulfate | \<1 | \<1 | \>10 | \>10 | Metabolite |
| Estradiol benzoate | EB; Estradiol 3-benzoate | 10 | ? | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| Estradiol 17β-benzoate | E2-17B | 11.3 | 32.6 | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| Estrone methyl ether | Estrone 3-methyl ether | 0.145 | ? | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| *ent*-Estradiol | 1-Estradiol | 1.31–12.34 | 9.44–80.07 | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| Equilin | 7-Dehydroestrone | 13 (4.0–28.9) | 13.0–49 | 0.79 | 0.36 | Estrogen |
| Equilenin | 6,8-Didehydroestrone | 2.0–15 | 7.0–20 | 0.64 | 0.62 | Estrogen |
| 17β-Dihydroequilin | 7-Dehydro-17β-estradiol | 7.9–113 | 7.9–108 | 0.09 | 0.17 | Estrogen |
| 17α-Dihydroequilin | 7-Dehydro-17α-estradiol | 18.6 (18–41) | 14–32 | 0.24 | 0.57 | Estrogen |
| 17β-Dihydroequilenin | 6,8-Didehydro-17β-estradiol | 35–68 | 90–100 | 0.15 | 0.20 | Estrogen |
| 17α-Dihydroequilenin | 6,8-Didehydro-17α-estradiol | 20 | 49 | 0.50 | 0.37 | Estrogen |
| Δ8-Estradiol | 8,9-Dehydro-17β-estradiol | 68 | 72 | 0.15 | 0.25 | Estrogen |
| Δ8-Estrone | 8,9-Dehydroestrone | 19 | 32 | 0.52 | 0.57 | Estrogen |
| Ethinylestradiol | EE; 17α-Ethynyl-17β-E2 | 120.9 (68.8–480) | 44.4 (2.0–144) | 0.02–0.05 | 0.29–0.81 | Estrogen |
| Mestranol | EE 3-methyl ether | ? | 2.5 | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| Moxestrol | RU-2858; 11β-Methoxy-EE | 35–43 | 5–20 | 0.5 | 2.6 | Estrogen |
| Methylestradiol | 17α-Methyl-17β-estradiol | 70 | 44 | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| Diethylstilbestrol | DES; Stilbestrol | 129.5 (89.1–468) | 219.63 (61.2–295) | 0.04 | 0.05 | Estrogen |
| Hexestrol | Dihydrodiethylstilbestrol | 153.6 (31–302) | 60–234 | 0.06 | 0.06 | Estrogen |
| Dienestrol | Dehydrostilbestrol | 37 (20.4–223) | 56–404 | 0.05 | 0.03 | Estrogen |
| Benzestrol (B2) |  | 114 | ? | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| Chlorotrianisene | TACE | 1.74 | ? | 15.30 | ? | Estrogen |
| Triphenylethylene | TPE | 0.074 | ? | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| Triphenylbromoethylene | TPBE | 2.69 | ? | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| Tamoxifen | ICI-46,474 | 3 (0.1–47) | 3.33 (0.28–6) | 3.4–9.69 | 2.5 | SERM |
| Afimoxifene | 4-Hydroxytamoxifen; 4-OHT | 100.1 (1.7–257) | 10 (0.98–339) | 2.3 (0.1–3.61) | 0.04–4.8 | SERM |
| Toremifene | 4-Chlorotamoxifen; 4-CT | ? | ? | 7.14–20.3 | 15.4 | SERM |
| Clomifene | MRL-41 | 25 (19.2–37.2) | 12 | 0.9 | 1.2 | SERM |
| Cyclofenil | F-6066; Sexovid | 151–152 | 243 | ? | ? | SERM |
| Nafoxidine | U-11,000A | 30.9–44 | 16 | 0.3 | 0.8 | SERM |
| Raloxifene |  | 41.2 (7.8–69) | 5.34 (0.54–16) | 0.188–0.52 | 20.2 | SERM |
| Arzoxifene | LY-353,381 | ? | ? | 0.179 | ? | SERM |
| Lasofoxifene | CP-336,156 | 10.2–166 | 19.0 | 0.229 | ? | SERM |
| Ormeloxifene | Centchroman | ? | ? | 0.313 | ? | SERM |
| Levormeloxifene | 6720-CDRI; NNC-460,020 | 1.55 | 1.88 | ? | ? | SERM |
| Ospemifene | Deaminohydroxytoremifene | 0.82–2.63 | 0.59–1.22 | ? | ? | SERM |
| Bazedoxifene |  | ? | ? | 0.053 | ? | SERM |
| Etacstil | GW-5638 | 4.30 | 11.5 | ? | ? | SERM |
| ICI-164,384 |  | 63.5 (3.70–97.7) | 166 | 0.2 | 0.08 | Antiestrogen |
| Fulvestrant | ICI-182,780 | 43.5 (9.4–325) | 21.65 (2.05–40.5) | 0.42 | 1.3 | Antiestrogen |
| Propylpyrazoletriol | PPT | 49 (10.0–89.1) | 0.12 | 0.40 | 92.8 | ERα agonist |
| 16α-LE2 | 16α-Lactone-17β-estradiol | 14.6–57 | 0.089 | 0.27 | 131 | ERα agonist |
| 16α-Iodo-E2 | 16α-Iodo-17β-estradiol | 30.2 | 2.30 | ? | ? | ERα agonist |
| Methylpiperidinopyrazole | MPP | 11 | 0.05 | ? | ? | ERα antagonist |
| Diarylpropionitrile | DPN | 0.12–0.25 | 6.6–18 | 32.4 | 1.7 | ERβ agonist |
| 8β-VE2 | 8β-Vinyl-17β-estradiol | 0.35 | 22.0–83 | 12.9 | 0.50 | ERβ agonist |
| Prinaberel | ERB-041; WAY-202,041 | 0.27 | 67–72 | ? | ? | ERβ agonist |
| ERB-196 | WAY-202,196 | ? | 180 | ? | ? | ERβ agonist |
| Erteberel | SERBA-1; LY-500,307 | ? | ? | 2.68 | 0.19 | ERβ agonist |
| SERBA-2 |  | ? | ? | 14.5 | 1.54 | ERβ agonist |
| Coumestrol |  | 9.225 (0.0117–94) | 64.125 (0.41–185) | 0.14–80.0 | 0.07–27.0 | Xenoestrogen |
| Genistein |  | 0.445 (0.0012–16) | 33.42 (0.86–87) | 2.6–126 | 0.3–12.8 | Xenoestrogen |
| Equol |  | 0.2–0.287 | 0.85 (0.10–2.85) | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Daidzein |  | 0.07 (0.0018–9.3) | 0.7865 (0.04–17.1) | 2.0 | 85.3 | Xenoestrogen |
| Biochanin A |  | 0.04 (0.022–0.15) | 0.6225 (0.010–1.2) | 174 | 8.9 | Xenoestrogen |
| Kaempferol |  | 0.07 (0.029–0.10) | 2.2 (0.002–3.00) | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Naringenin |  | 0.0054 (\<0.001–0.01) | 0.15 (0.11–0.33) | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| 8-Prenylnaringenin | 8-PN | 4.4 | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Quercetin |  | \<0.001–0.01 | 0.002–0.040 | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Ipriflavone |  | \<0.01 | \<0.01 | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Miroestrol |  | 0.39 | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Deoxymiroestrol |  | 2.0 | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| β-Sitosterol |  | \<0.001–0.0875 | \<0.001–0.016 | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Resveratrol |  | \<0.001–0.0032 | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| α-Zearalenol |  | 48 (13–52.5) | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| β-Zearalenol |  | 0.6 (0.032–13) | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Zeranol | α-Zearalanol | 48–111 | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Taleranol | β-Zearalanol | 16 (13–17.8) | 14 | 0.8 | 0.9 | Xenoestrogen |
| Zearalenone | ZEN | 7.68 (2.04–28) | 9.45 (2.43–31.5) | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Zearalanone | ZAN | 0.51 | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Bisphenol A | BPA | 0.0315 (0.008–1.0) | 0.135 (0.002–4.23) | 195 | 35 | Xenoestrogen |
| Endosulfan | EDS | \<0.001–\<0.01 | \<0.01 | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Kepone | Chlordecone | 0.0069–0.2 | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| *o,p'*-DDT |  | 0.0073–0.4 | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| *p,p'*-DDT |  | 0.03 | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Methoxychlor | *p,p'*-Dimethoxy-DDT | 0.01 (\<0.001–0.02) | 0.01–0.13 | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| HPTE | Hydroxychlor; *p,p'*-OH-DDT | 1.2–1.7 | ? | ? | ? | Xenoestrogen |
| Testosterone | T; 4-Androstenolone | \<0.0001–\<0.01 | \<0.002–0.040 | \>5000 | \>5000 | Androgen |
| Dihydrotestosterone | DHT; 5α-Androstanolone | 0.01 (\<0.001–0.05) | 0.0059–0.17 | 221–\>5000 | 73–1688 | Androgen |
| Nandrolone | 19-Nortestosterone; 19-NT | 0.01 | 0.23 | 765 | 53 | Androgen |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone | DHEA; Prasterone | 0.038 (\<0.001–0.04) | 0.019–0.07 | 245–1053 | 163–515 | Androgen |
| 5-Androstenediol | A5; Androstenediol | 6 | 17 | 3.6 | 0.9 | Androgen |
| 4-Androstenediol |  | 0.5 | 0.6 | 23 | 19 | Androgen |
| 4-Androstenedione | A4; Androstenedione | \<0.01 | \<0.01 | \>10000 | \>10000 | Androgen |
| 3α-Androstanediol | 3α-Adiol | 0.07 | 0.3 | 260 | 48 | Androgen |
| 3β-Androstanediol | 3β-Adiol | 3 | 7 | 6 | 2 | Androgen |
| Androstanedione | 5α-Androstanedione | \<0.01 | \<0.01 | \>10000 | \>10000 | Androgen |
| Etiocholanedione | 5β-Androstanedione | \<0.01 | \<0.01 | \>10000 | \>10000 | Androgen |
| Methyltestosterone | 17α-Methyltestosterone | \<0.0001 | ? | ? | ? | Androgen |
| Ethinyl-3α-androstanediol | 17α-Ethynyl-3α-adiol | 4.0 | \<0.07 | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| Ethinyl-3β-androstanediol | 17α-Ethynyl-3β-adiol | 50 | 5.6 | ? | ? | Estrogen |
| Progesterone | P4; 4-Pregnenedione | \<0.001–0.6 | \<0.001–0.010 | ? | ? | Progestogen |
| Norethisterone | NET; 17α-Ethynyl-19-NT | 0.085 (0.0015–\<0.1) | 0.1 (0.01–0.3) | 152 | 1084 | Progestogen |
| Norethynodrel | 5(10)-Norethisterone | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | \<0.1–0.22 | 14 | 53 | Progestogen |
| Tibolone | 7α-Methylnorethynodrel | 0.5 (0.45–2.0) | 0.2–0.076 | ? | ? | Progestogen |
| Δ4-Tibolone | 7α-Methylnorethisterone | 0.069–\<0.1 | 0.027–\<0.1 | ? | ? | Progestogen |
| 3α-Hydroxytibolone |  | 2.5 (1.06–5.0) | 0.6–0.8 | ? | ? | Progestogen |
| 3β-Hydroxytibolone |  | 1.6 (0.75–1.9) | 0.070–0.1 | ? | ? | Progestogen |
| **Footnotes:** a = (1) Binding affinity values are of the format "median (range)" (# (#–#)), "range" (#–#), or "value" (#) depending on the values available. The full sets of values within the ranges can be found in the Wiki code. (2) Binding affinities were determined via displacement studies in a variety of *in-vitro* systems with labeled estradiol and human ERα and ERβ proteins (except the ERβ values from Kuiper et al. (1997), which are rat ERβ). **Sources:** See template page. | | | | | | |

## Sources

Mycoestrogens are produced by various strains of fungi, many of which fall under the genus *Fusarium*. *Fusarium* fungi are filamentous fungi that are found in the soil and are associated with plants and some crops, especially cereals. Zearalenone is mainly produced by *F. graminearum* and *F. culmorum* strains, which inhabit different areas depending on temperature and humidity. *F. graminearum* prefers to inhabit warmer and more humid locations such as Eastern Europe, Northern America, Eastern Australia, and Southern China in comparison to *F. colmorum* which is found in colder Western Europe.

## Health effects

Mycoestrogens mimic natural estrogen in the body by acting as estrogen receptor (ER) ligands. Mycoestrogens have been identified as endocrine disruptors due to their high binding affinity for ERα and ERβ, exceeding that of well known antagonists such as bisphenol A and DDT. Studies have been performed that strongly suggest a relationship between detectable levels of mycoestrogen and growth and pubertal development. More than one study has shown that detectable levels of zearalenone and its metabolite alpha-zearalanol in girls are associated with significantly shorter heights at menarche. Other reports have documented premature onset of puberty in girls. Estrogen are known to cause decreased body weight in model animals, and the same effect has been seen in rats exposed to zearalenone. Interactions of ZEN and its metabolite with human androgen receptors (hAR) have also been documented.

## Metabolism

Zearalenone has two major phase I metabolites: α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol. When exposed orally ZEN is absorbed by the intestinal lining and metabolized there as well as in the liver. Research into the metabolism of ZEN has been difficult because of the significant difference in biotransformation between species making comparison challenging.

### Phase I

The first transformation of metabolism of ZEN will reduce the ketone group to an alcohol via aliphatic hydroxylation and result in the formation of the two zearalenol metabolites. This process is catalyzed by 3 α- and 3 β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (HSD). CYP450 enzymes will then catalyze aromatic hydroxylation at the 13 or 15 position resulting in 13- or 15- catechols. Steric hindrance of at the 13 position is suspected to be the reason that in humans and rats there is more of the 15-catechol present. The catechols are the processed into mono-ethyl esters by catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). After this transformation they may be metabolized further to quinones which can cause the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause covalent modification of DNA.

### Phase II

In phase-II metabolizing includes glucuronidation and sulfation of the mycoestrogen compound. Glucuronidation is the major phase II metabolic pathway. The transferase UGT (5'-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase) adds a glucuronic acid group sourced from uridine 5'-diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA).

### Excretion

Mycoestrogens and their metabolites are largely excreted in urine in humans and in feces in other animal systems.

## In food

Mycoestrogens are commonly found in stored grain. They can come from fungi growing on the grain as it grows, or after harvest during storage. Mycoestrogens can be found in silage. Some estimates state that 25% of global cereal production and 20% of global plant production may be at some point contaminated by mycotoxins of which mycoestrogens, especially those from *fusarium* strains, may make up a significant portion. Among mycoestrogens that contaminate plants are ZEN and its phase I metabolites. The limit for ZEN in unprocessed cereals, milling products, and cereal foodstuffs is 20-400 μg/kg (depending on the product in question).

## Types


title: Valdemārs Ozoliņš

abstract: Valdemārs Ozoliņš was a Latvian composer and conductor. Valdemārs Ozoliņš songs have been treasured by choirs ever since his triumphant debut during the VI Latvian Song Festival in Riga, Latvia in 1926. The author of about 500 songs and several cantatas, Valdemārs Ozoliņš was chief conductor at several Latvian Song Festivals.

text:
# Valdemārs Ozoliņš

**Valdemārs Ozoliņš**  (5 November 1896 Vestiena parish  15 February 1973, Pueblo, Colorado, US) was a Latvian composer and conductor.

Valdemārs Ozoliņš songs have been treasured by choirs ever since his triumphant debut during the VI Latvian Song Festival in Riga, Latvia in 1926. The author of about 500 songs and several cantatas, Valdemārs Ozoliņš was chief conductor at several Latvian Song Festivals.

## Biography

Valdemārs Ozoliņš was born November 5, 1896, in Vestiena, in the Governorate of Livonia (present-day Latvia). His parents were farmers. He attended school in Vestiena, enrolled the conservatory of St Petersburg 1914, later in Moscow, and in 1921 the composition and conducting classes of the conservatory in Riga, Latvia, which he graduated in 1931. In Riga he was the substitute of the conductor Teodors Reiters. Valdemārs Ozoliņš song “Papardes zieds” – "The fern flower" (text by K. Krūza) was received very well at the VI Latvian Song Festival in Riga in 1926. He obtained the master's degree in music from the Chicago conservatory, US. Valdemārs Ozoliņš was honoured by the Latvian Culture fund for his solo and choir songs in 1926. He had some involvement with the Baltic neopagan movement Dievturība, where he was the first conductor of the *dievturi* choir.

He died in exile on February 15, 1973, in Pueblo, Colorado, US. The urns of Valdemārs Ozoliņš and his wife Valija, née Alberts, were buried in Forest Cemetery, Riga, Latvia, on August 20, 1993, next to his teacher, professor Jāzeps Vītols.

## Bibliography

* Valentīns Bērzkalns. Latviešu Dziesmu svētku vēsture – 1864–1940. Brooklyn, New York: Grāmatu Draugs, 1965.
* Valentīns Bērzkalns. Latviešu Dziesmu svētki trimdā – 1946–1965. Brooklyn, New York: Grāmatu Draugs, 1968.
* Latvju Enciklopēdija. Stockholm, Sweden: Trīs Zvaigznes, 1952–1953, vol. 2, p. 1818.
* Latvju Enciklopēdija 1962–1982. Lincoln, Nebraska: ALA Latviešu institūts, 1987, vol. 3, p. 322.
* Blanka-Alberta, Ē. Kur palicis Ozoliņš? Zviedrijas latviešu pensionāru biedrības biļetens ‘Sveiciens’ 1982, vol. 43, p. 21.
* Gleške, L. Atceroties mūsu kultūras darbiniekus. Komponista Valdemāra Ozoliņa atdusas vieta Rīgas I Meža kapos. Brooklyn, New York: Laiks, 1995, 27 (4653), 3.
* Rūķe-Draviņa, V. Dzeja un mūzika. Raiņa un Aspazijas gada grāmata. Stockholm, Sweden: RAF, 1969, pp. 95–100.
* Slaucītājs, L. Zinātnes darbā – draugos ar mākslu, Lincoln, Nebraska: Vaidava 1969, p. 145.
* Unāms, Ž. Es viņu pazīstu. Latviešu biogrāfiskā vārdnīca. Riga: Rota, 1938 & Grand Haven, Michigan: 1975, p. 368.


title: Vélodrome de Bordeaux

abstract: The Vélodrome de Bordeaux is a velodrome in Bordeaux, France. It hosted the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 1998 and 2006. Building started in 1987 and the velodrome was opened on 9 October 1989. The arena hosts cycling and athletics facilities. The cycling track is 250 metres (270 yd) long. For athletics, there is an elliptical four-lane 200 m (220 yd) track, a 60 m (66 yd) sprinting track and areas for jumps and throws. There are seats for 4560 spectators.

text:
# Vélodrome de Bordeaux

The **Vélodrome de Bordeaux** is a velodrome in Bordeaux, France. It hosted the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 1998 and 2006. Building started in 1987 and the velodrome was opened on 9 October 1989.

The arena hosts cycling and athletics facilities. The cycling track is 250 metres (270 yd) long. For athletics, there is an elliptical four-lane 200 m (220 yd) track, a 60 m (66 yd) sprinting track and areas for jumps and throws. There are seats for 4560 spectators.

## InfoBox

Vélodrome de Bordeaux
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Bordeaux, France |
| Coordinates | 44°53′57″N 0°33′57″W / 44.899259°N 0.565720°W / 44.899259; -0.565720 |
| Capacity | 4560 |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | 1987 |
| Opened | 9 October 1989 |


title: Gauss (unit)

abstract: The gauss is a unit of measurement of magnetic induction, also known as magnetic flux density. The unit is part of the Gaussian system of units, which inherited it from the older centimetre–gram–second electromagnetic units (CGS-EMU) system. It was named after the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1936. One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimetre. As the centimetre–gram–second system of units has been superseded by the International System of Units (SI), the use of the gauss has been deprecated by the standards bodies, but is still regularly used in various subfields of science. The SI unit for magnetic flux density is the tesla, which corresponds to 10,000gauss.

text:
# Gauss (unit)

The **gauss** (symbol: **G**, sometimes **Gs**) is a unit of measurement of magnetic induction, also known as magnetic flux density. The unit is part of the Gaussian system of units, which inherited it from the older centimetre–gram–second electromagnetic units (CGS-EMU) system. It was named after the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1936. One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimetre.

As the centimetre–gram–second system of units (cgs system) has been superseded by the International System of Units (SI), the use of the gauss has been deprecated by the standards bodies, but is still regularly used in various subfields of science. The SI unit for magnetic flux density is the tesla (symbol T), which corresponds to 10,000gauss.

## Name, symbol, and metric prefixes

Albeit not a component of the International System of Units, the usage of the gauss generally follows the rules for SI units. Since the name is derived from a person's name, its symbol is the uppercase letter "G". When the unit is spelled out, it is written in lowercase ("gauss"), unless it begins a sentence. The gauss may be combined with metric prefixes, such as in milligauss, mG (or mGs), or kilogauss, kG (or kGs).

## Unit conversions

$\begin{aligned}1\\,{\rm {G}&={\rm {Mx}{\cdot }{\rm {cm}^{-2}={\frac {\rm {g}{{\rm {Bi}{\cdot }{\rm {s}^{2}\\\&{\text{ ≘ }10^{-4}\\,{\rm {T}=10^{-4}{\frac {\rm {kg}{{\rm {A}{\cdot }{\rm {s^{2}\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

The gauss is the unit of magnetic flux density **B** in the system of Gaussian units and is equal to Mx/cm2 or /Bi/s2, while the oersted is the unit of **H**-field. One tesla (T) corresponds to 104 gauss, and one ampere (A) per metre corresponds to 4π × 10−3 oersted.

The units for magnetic flux Φ, which is the integral of magnetic **B**-field over an area, are the weber (Wb) in the SI and the maxwell (Mx) in the CGS-Gaussian system. The conversion factor is 108 maxwell per weber, since flux is the integral of field over an area, area having the units of the square of distance, thus 104 G/T (magnetic field conversion factor) times the square of 102 cm/m (linear distance conversion factor). 108 Mx/Wb = 104 G/T × (102 cm/m)2.

## Typical values

1. *NIST Special Publication 1038*, Section 4.3.1
2. *The International System of Units* (PDF) (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022, ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0
3. International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), *The International System of Units (SI)* (PDF) (8th ed.), ISBN 92-822-2213-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-04, retrieved 2021-12-16
4. Buffett, Bruce A. (2010), "Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth's internal magnetic field", *Nature*, volume 468, pages 952–954, doi:10.1038/nature09643
5. Hoadley, Rick. "How strong are magnets?". *www.coolmagnetman.com*. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
6. Pyrhönen, Juha; Jokinen, Tapani; Hrabovcová, Valéria (2009). *Design of Rotating Electrical Machines*. John Wiley and Sons. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-470-69516-6.
7. Laughton, Michael A.; Warne, Douglas F., eds. (2003). "8". *Electrical Engineer's Reference Book* (Sixteenth ed.). Newnes. ISBN 0-7506-4637-3.
8. "How strong are magnets?". *Experiments with magnets and our surroundings*. Magcraft. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
9. Duncan, Robert C. (March 2003). "Magnetars, Soft Gamma Repeaters and Very Strong Magnetic Fields". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2007-05-23.

## InfoBox

| gauss | |
| --- | --- |
| Unit system | Gaussian and emu-cgs |
| Unit of | magnetic flux density (also known as magnetic induction, or the **B**-field, or magnetic field) |
| Symbol | G *or* Gs |
| Named after | Carl Friedrich Gauss |
| Conversions | |
| 1 G *or* Gs *in ...* | *... is equal to ...* |
|  | |
| SI derived units | 10−4 tesla |
| Gaussian base units | 1 cm−1/2g1/2s−1 |
| esu-cgs | 1/*c*cgs esu |


title: Pierre Bessonneau

abstract: Pierre Bessonneau was a French commander of the Hundred Years' War. His father was a squire of Louis I of Anjou and Pierre also became a squire, this time to the dauphin Charles. In 1427 he took part in the defence of Pontorson. He took part in the siege of Orleans (1428–29) as master general and overseer of the king's artillery. He was present at Charles' coronation at Reims on 17 July 1429. In 1434 he was back in the entourage of Louis of Anjou. On 27 December 1444 he was replaced as master of the artillery by Gaspard Bureau.

text:
# Pierre Bessonneau

**Pierre Bessonneau** was a French commander of the Hundred Years' War.

His father was a squire of Louis I of Anjou and Pierre also became a squire, this time to the dauphin Charles (the future Charles VII of France). In 1427 he took part in the defence of Pontorson. He took part in the siege of Orleans (1428–29) as master general and overseer of the king's artillery. He was present at Charles' coronation at Reims on 17 July 1429. In 1434 he was back in the entourage of Louis of Anjou. On 27 December 1444 he was replaced as master of the artillery by Gaspard Bureau.

## Sources

* Georges Minois, *Charles VII*


title: Scopula subtilata

abstract: Scopula subtilata is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in southern Russia and Ukraine.

text:
# Scopula subtilata

***Scopula subtilata*** is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in southern Russia and Ukraine.

## InfoBox

| *Scopula subtilata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Scopula* |
| Species: | ***S. subtilata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scopula subtilata***<br>(Christoph, 1867) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acidalia subtilata* Christoph, 1867 | |


title: Phil Putnam

abstract: Phillip Jeffrey Putnam is an American independent singer-songwriter, pianist, and author. He has released eight albums of original music and several EPs and singles. In August 2011 he announced the production of his 9th album on his official website.

text:
# Phil Putnam

**Phillip Jeffrey Putnam** (born July 29, 1979) is an American independent singer-songwriter, pianist, and author. He has released eight albums of original music and several EPs and singles. In August 2011 he announced the production of his 9th album on his official website.

## Early life

Putnam was born in Sacramento, CA, and raised in the Sacramento suburb of Fair Oaks. He was the youngest of three children in a single-parent home, his mother and father divorcing when he was six months old. Unlike most professional musicians, he did not begin to seriously develop his musical skills until college. He was bookish a child, highly social, somewhat girlish, and overweight. In media interviews, he has often referred to himself as "the proverbial 'fat kid in dodgeball.'" While there were many indicators during childhood that he was gay, he struggled to accept his sexuality until he was 24, and was 25 when he came out of the closet.

In the Winter of 1988, he manifested his first symptoms of Tourette's Syndrome, and was officially diagnosed with Tourette's that August.

In August 1993 he began high school at Bella Vista High School, began attending a Sacramento-area Christian church. In January 1994 he began singing in church and high school choirs. Putnam continued to develop his singing skills and music education throughout high school.

## College and music career beginnings

In September 1997, Putnam began his undergraduate studies in Music at Simpson University in Redding, CA. During his first year he taught himself to play piano, having discovered a natural talent for the instrument. By the Spring of 1999 he was experimenting with writing original songs, and felt pulled towards performing and recording as a singer-songwriter.

In Summer 2000, Putnam attempted to record an album of cover songs in Sacramento, CA with Producer/Engineer Josh Pelser. The project was a failure, and Putnam ceased work on it in August. Immediately following the cancellation of this project, he wrote six original songs in seven days, which he has cited as the beginning of his songwriting career. Though he had no plans to record again at the time, this changed when he reconnected with Pelser during Christmas break and Pelser offered to work with him again in the Summer of 2001. Putnam agreed to return to the studio, this time with original songs rather than covers and recorded his debut album Healer, released on October 3, 2001.

Following the release of Healer, Putnam graduated from Simpson and spent 4 months studying contemporary music performance, recording, songwriting, and music business at the Contemporary Music Center on Martha's Vineyard (CMC). While at the CMC he wrote, recorded, and produced his second album, Long Story Short \[EP\] with Producer/Engineer Joe McGill. Long Story Short \[EP\] released on December 31, 2001.

## Music career

As of November 2011, Putnam has released 8 albums and 1 Limited Edition EP. His music is best described as piano-based pop/rock, and often draws comparisons to Elton John, David Gray, Ben Folds, and Tori Amos. He is an independent recording artist, releasing his albums under his record label, Box of Wood Music.

Following his graduation from college and the December 2002 release of his second album Long Story Short \[EP\], he found full-time employment in Sacramento, CA in the church music field while continuing to compose and record his third and fourth albums and perform regularly in Northern California. All the Courage Required released on July 20, 2004, and Best of Intentions on November 7, 2006. The production of Best of Intentions began his collaboration and friendship with Engineer Dan Wallace, who would record and mix his next three albums, and with Dan's brother Steve Wallace, who created the programming for Best of Intentions and would later work as Producer and Arranger on Putnam's seventh release, Casualties.

In December 2004 Putnam changed the direction of his life and music career when he fully accepted his sexuality, left his job in the church music industry, and came out of the closet. He worked briefly at Starbucks before a 5-year stint with Apple Computer, during which he continued to write, record, and regularly perform live in San Francisco, Sacramento, and Los Angeles. By 2008 he had fully joined his life as an openly gay man with his music career and was using his music to support LGBT charities and political issues with live performances and special album releases. His Equality\_ep released in August 2008, with 100% of the proceeds being donated to EQCA's "No on 8" campaign.

On October 14, 2008, his sixth album {What Became of} the Choirboy was released as a free digital download in conjunction with the redesign launch of his official website. {What Became of} the Choirboy features piano/vocal arrangements of two previously unreleased songs, cover songs from his live shows, and fan favorites from his previous albums.

From early 2007 through late 2008, Putnam was focused on the writing and production of his seventh, and potentially most signature album, Casualties. Casualties represented a significant step forward in his sound, style, and selection of album personnel, with Producer Steve Wallace at the helm and nearly double the number of musicians that were on his previous projects. It was also the first album for which Putnam produced music videos, which became key parts of his breakthrough into national US exposure. Casualties released on November 18, 2008.

A limited release digital EP, Less Elegant EP, was released to a select group of fans on November 29, 2010.

On August 20, 2011, a post on his official website announced the start of production on his 9th studio album.

## Music Videos and Breakthrough

Putnam has released two official music videos. The video for "More Than This" debuted in December 2008. The video for "I'm No Prize" debuted in early August 2009. Both videos hit Number 1 on MTV's LOGO Network and broke records as the longest consistently running videos in the network's history. Combined, they were on LOGO's Click List Top 10 for 43 weeks of 2009, with 42 of those weeks in the Top 5. The success of these videos on MTV/LOGO gave Putnam significant national media exposure in the US and was a key factor in his career breakthrough.

The video for "More Than This" was directed by James Simmons, edited by James Simmons and Mark Howlett, and produced by Leslie Simmons and Phil Putnam. Scenes of Putnam at the piano were shot at the William J. Geery Theater on August 10, 2008, and scenes in a social/bar setting were shot at SIMZ Productions Studios on August 13, 2008. Both locations are in downtown Sacramento. The social/bar scene features some of Putnam's close friends and album colleagues, including Mike Snyder (drums, Casualties), Sarah Price (backing vocals, Casualties), Erik Hansen (guitar, Casualties), and Wil Wells (bass, Best of Intentions; web design).

On January 5, 2009, "More Than This" debuted nationally in the US on the MTV/LOGO Network, entering the Click List Top 10 chart at Number 4. It hit Number 1 on April 3, 2009. It remained on the Click List for 20 consecutive weeks, with 19 of those weeks in the Top 5 slots, setting the record for the longest consistently running video in the network's history. "More Than This" was retired from The Click List on May 20, 2009. In January 2010 "More Than This" was voted the Number 5 Top Video of 2009 by MTV/LOGO viewers.

The video for "I'm No Prize" was also directed by James Simmons, edited by James Simmons and Mark Howlett, and produced by Leslie Simmons and Phil Putnam. It was shot on location at SIMZ Productions Studios in Sacramento, CA on June 9 and 10, 2009.

"I'm No Prize" debuted on MTV/LOGO's NewNowNext PopLab in late July 2009 and entered the Click List Top 10 Countdown at Number 2 on August 7. It hit Number 1 in its second week on the chart (August 14) and again on November 20. It remained on the chart for 21 consecutive weeks, never dropping below Number 4, and broke the record for the longest consistently running video in LOGO's history set by Putnam's previous video, "More Than This".

## Discography

**Full-length Albums**

| Album | Release Date | Format |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Second Thoughts | May 14, 2010 | Digital |
| Casualties | November 18, 2008 | Physical, Digital |
| {What Became of} the Choirboy | October 14, 2008 | Digital |
| Best of Intentions | November 7, 2006 | Physical, Digital |
| All the Courage Required | July 20, 2004 | Physical Digital |
| Long Story Short \[EP\] | December 31, 2002 | Physical, Digital |
| Healer | October 3, 2001 | Out of Print |

**EPs and Singles**

| Album | Length | Release Date | Format |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Better | Single | June 5, 2015 | Digital |
| Know it All | Single | April 24, 2015 | Digital |
| Alone No More | Single | July 9, 2014 | Digital |
| New Covers//Coldplay | EP | November 20, 2013 | Digital (Noisetrade.com) |
| Follow the Line | EP | October 19, 2010 | Digital |
| Less Elegant | EP | November 29, 2010 | Limited Digital Release |
| Equality\_ep | EP | August 5, 2008 | Digital |

## Writing career

From a young age, Putnam has been a prolific author of prose, poetry, and literary commentary, and in his adult years expanding into op-ed, advice, and biographies. During high school and college he was published in several literary journals, as well as self-published volumes. His professional writing experience has included "Ask Mr. Moxie", an online advice column on www.moxieq.com, and freelance editing of short- and long-form projects.

## Personal life

Putnam lives in New York City.

Since coming out of the closet in 2005, his sexuality has been common knowledge in his career and personal life.

## InfoBox

| Phil Putnam | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Phillip Jeffrey Putnam |
| Born | (1979-07-29) July 29, 1979 |
| Origin | Sacramento, California, US |
| Genres | Singer-songwriter, pop, rock LGBT |
| Occupation(s) | Singer-songwriter, author |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, piano |
| Years active | 2001–present |
| Labels | Independent |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.philputnam.com |


title: NUMB (gene)

abstract: Protein numb homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUMB gene. The protein encoded by this gene plays a role in the determination of cell fates during development. The encoded protein, whose degradation is induced in a proteasome-dependent manner by MDM2, is a membrane-bound protein that has been shown to associate with EPS15, LNX1, and NOTCH1. Four transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. The protein Numb is coded for by the gene, NUMB, whose mechanism appears to be evolutionarily conserved. Numb has been extensively studied in both invertebrates and mammals, though its function is best understood in Drosophila. Numb plays a crucial role in asymmetrical cell division during development, allowing for differential cell fate specification in the central and peripheral nervous systems. During neurogenesis, Numb localizes to one side of the mother cell such that it is distributed selectively to one daughter cell. This asymmetric division allows a daughter cell containing Numb to acquire a different fate than the other daughter cell.

text:
# NUMB (gene)

**Protein numb homolog** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *NUMB* gene. The protein encoded by this gene plays a role in the determination of cell fates during development. The encoded protein, whose degradation is induced in a proteasome-dependent manner by MDM2, is a membrane-bound protein that has been shown to associate with EPS15, LNX1, and NOTCH1. Four transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

The protein **Numb** is coded for by the gene, *NUMB*, whose mechanism appears to be evolutionarily conserved. Numb has been extensively studied in both invertebrates and mammals, though its function is best understood in *Drosophila*. Numb plays a crucial role in asymmetrical cell division during development, allowing for differential cell fate specification in the central and peripheral nervous systems. During neurogenesis, Numb localizes to one side of the mother cell such that it is distributed selectively to one daughter cell. This asymmetric division allows a daughter cell containing Numb to acquire a different fate than the other daughter cell.

## Gene

The numb gene protein product controls binary cell fate decisions in the peripheral and central nervous systems of both invertebrates and mammals during neurogenesis. During cell division, Numb is asymmetrically localized to one end of the progenitor cell and subsequently segregates to only one daughter cell where it intrinsically determines cell fate. Numb protein signaling plays a key role in binary cell fate decisions following asymmetric cell divisions. One daughter cell, generally that receiving the Numb, is able to adopt a neuronal fate and innervate the developing nervous system. The other daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell to fill the lost role of the parent cell and maintain proliferation. In addition to its role in proliferation and differentiation, Numb has also been shown to play a role in tumorigenesis and the response of neural progenitors to chemotactic cues during migration.

In mammals, there are four alternatively spliced forms of the Numb protein. In addition, there is a Numb homolog called “Numb-like,” or NUMBL. Numb proteins in mammals are not as well understood as their fly counterparts. The various forms of Numb have differential progenitor-promoting and differentiation-promoting functions. More research is necessary to understand the complex relationships between these forms of Numb and their functions.

## Asymmetic localization

In both invertebrates and mammals, Numb is localized using the Pins/GαI complex and the PAR complex of Bazooka (Par3 in mammals), Par6, and aPKC (atypical protein kinase C). In the sensory organ precursor (SOP) cell, the PAR proteins localize to the posterior pole of the cell, and the Pins/GαI complex is localized to the anterior pole of the cell. This results in an anterior/posterior cell division with daughter cells of similar size. In neuroblasts, both complexes are localized to the apical cortex, causing apical/basal cell division and daughter cells exhibiting strong size asymmetry. In the SOP, one mechanism for Numb localization has been proposed based on the PAR complex. It states that a complex phosphorylation cascade enables aPKC to phosphorylate Numb in the pre-mitotic cell, decreasing its affinity for the plasma membrane. This releases Numb from the aPKC pole, increasing its presence in the non-aPKC pole. This establishes the asymmetric distribution of Numb, with the Numb/Pon crescent on one side of the mother cell.

Another proposed component of the localization complex is Partner of Numb (PON), which is asymmetrically localized during mitosis and acts as an adaptor protein by binding and mediating the anchoring of Numb. The localization of PON is controlled by either Insc or the Frizzled-Wnt signaling pathway.

## Role in cell proliferation and differentiation

### Differentiation through inhibition of notch signaling

Numb's primary function in cell differentiation is as an inhibitor of Notch signaling which is essential for maintaining self-renewal potential in stem and progenitor cells. Notch is a transmembrane signaling receptor that is activated by DSL family ligands. Notch binds the ligands Delta and Serrate in *Drosophila*. The human ligands are Delta-like and Jagged, respectively. These ligands are themselves integral membrane proteins. Following ligand binding of the Notch receptor, the intracellular fragment of Notch (NICD, or notch intracellular domain) is released into the cytoplasm and transported to the nucleus, where it can form a complex with binding partners such as EP300 and histone acetyltransferase and act as a transcription factor for Notch target genes. Among the Notch target genes are members of the HES and HEY gene families whose protein products can act as transcriptional repressors for tissue-specific transcription factors, thus maintaining the cell's potential for self-renewal.

### Inhibition of notch signaling through the ubiquitination pathway

Numb exerts its functional role on cell fate decisions by antagonizing Notch signaling activities. The molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship appear to rely on the ubiquitination of the membrane bound Notch1 receptor and the subsequent degradation of its NICD following receptor activation. In support of this, Numb's ability to ubiquinate Notch1 directly correlated with its functional inhibition of Notch1 signaling activities. The ubiquitination pathway directs protein recycling by directly tagging specific proteins for proteasome degradation. Through a multi-step process, free ubiquitin is first attached to an activating enzyme (E1) and then transferred to a conjugating enzyme (E2) which partners with a ligase (E3) which functions as an adaptor to selectively transfer the ubiquitin to specific protein substrates. Numb expression was found to selectively tag the membrane Notch1 receptor for ubiquitination through the interaction of its Phosphotyrosine-binding domain with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch. Numb and Itch work in concert to promote the ubiquitination of the full-length membrane-tethered Notch receptor prior to activation. However, Numb only appears to promote the degradation of the NICD cleavage product following receptor activation, targeting it for proteasome degradation and preventing its translocation to the nucleus.

### Inhibition of notch signaling through sanpodo

Numb acts as an antagonist for Notch by causing its selective endocytosis and degradation. Another mechanism proposed for how this is accomplished in *Drosophila* involves a protein called Sanpodo. Sanpodo is a protein that associates with both Notch and Numb. It is located at the plasma membrane and is necessary for Notch activation, promoting Notch cleavage and NICD signaling in the nucleus. Numb converts Sanpodo from an activator to an inhibitor of Notch signaling, magnifying the differences in Notch signaling between different daughter cells. In daughter cells containing Numb, Sanpodo allows Numb to inhibit Notch. In daughter cells with no Numb, Sanpodo potentiates Notch signaling. Sanpodo therefore allows cells to maintain Notch signaling at a below- or above-threshold level.

## Numb in *Drosophila*

Numb has been studied most extensively in *Drosophila*, in particular in the context of their sensory organ precursors and ganglion mother cells.

### External sensory organ development

The *Drosophila* external sensory organ is a sensory structure in the peripheral nervous system that consists of four cells; a neuron, a sheath cell that surrounds the dendrite, and hair and socket cells, which are considered the “outer” support cells. All four cell fates are descendants of the sensory organ precursor (SOP) cell. In response to the proper cues, SOPs first divide into two secondary precursor cells. The posterior daughter cell is called the pIIa cell and the anterior daughter cell is called the pIIb. The pIIa cell divides to produce a bristle cell and a socket cell, while the pIIb cell divides to produce a neuron and a glial cell. The asymmetric division of the SOP into daughter cells with distinct fates is dependent upon the distribution of Numb. Numb is distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm until mitotic division, when it is selectively localized to the anterior pole of the cell. Thus, Numb is selectively segregated into the pIIb daughter cell upon division of the SOP.

Loss of Numb function causes inappropriate differentiation of SOP cells into all pIIa cells, producing four outer support cells and no neurons or glia. In SOP loss of function Numb mutants, flies have a significant decrease in sensory neurons, leaving them “numb.” Gain of function Notch mutants express a similar phenotype. Ectopic expression of Numb during SOP division has the opposite effect, producing all pIIb cells and no outer support cells. In support of previous experiments demonstrating the role of Numb in Notch signaling inhibition, functional loss of Notch signaling components result in SOP division into two pIIb cells, suggesting Numb promotes acquisition of the pIIb cell fate through inhibition of Notch signaling. Thus, the asymmetric distribution of Numb into IIb secondary precursors during SOP division is necessary for daughter cells to acquire distinct cell fates.

### Ganglion mother cell

A ganglion mother cell (GMC) is the cell derived from the division of a neuroblast in the *Drosophila* central nervous system. The neuroblast divides to produce two cells, a progenitor cell like the mother neuroblast and a GMC that will divide to produce neurons. The mother neuroblast divides along the apical-basal axis, with Numb localizing basally and ending up in the GMC.

## Numb in mammals

### Alternative splicing to support proliferation and differentiation

In mice embryos mutant for Numb, early neurons emerge in the expected spatial and temporal pattern but fail to maintain a sufficient pool of proliferating progenitors and nearly deplete the population of dividing cells shortly after the onset of neurogenesis. These embryos display precocious neuron production in the forebrain and defects in neural tube closure, dying around embryonic day 11.5. These studies suggest a functional role of mammalian Numb in promoting progenitor cell fate during neurogenesis, which directly opposes the proposed role of Numb in invertebrates. However, other studies have shown overexpression of Numb in the mammalian neural crest MONC-1 stem cell line biases neuronal differentiation, consistent with what is observed in drosophila.

Unlike the invertebrate Numb gene, the mammalian Numb gene undergoes alternative splicing to produce at least four functionally different Numb isoforms. While asymmetric divisions alone can produce sufficient neuron populations in Drosophila, mammalian brains are much more advanced and require larger populations of neurons that can't be established to asymmetric divisions alone. Thus, mammalian cortical progenitors must first need to undergo symmetric divisions to expand the progenitor pool before they can undergo later asymmetric divisions for neuronal generations. The mammalian brain has accounted for this by producing isoforms of Numb that maintain progenitor populations in addition to those which support neuronal differentiation.

Studies using the mouse embryonic P19 cell line have shown isoforms with the short proline rich region (PRR) domain promote neuronal differentiation, while those with the long PRR domain promote cell proliferation and prevent differentiation. The p71 and p72 isoforms, which contain the PRR insert, are primarily expressed in actively dividing tissues and are down regulated during differentiation suggesting these isoforms promote cell proliferation (Dho et al., 1999). In contrast, the Drosophila Numb gene encodes a 66 kDa protein. Consistent with the finding that Numb only supports differentiation and not proliferation in asymmetric division, the 66 kDa Drosophila protein is analogous to a shorter mammalian isoform lacking the PRR insert and thus promoting cell differentiation.

## Role in cancer and tumorigenesis

In several types of cancer, a loss of Numb expression has been demonstrated. This is well-established in breast cancer, where a loss of Numb correlates with a worse prognosis. Numb loss has also been demonstrated in Non-small-cell lung carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Restoration of Numb function, or manipulation of enzymes in the ubiquitin mechanism, are some possible research directions for the treatment of certain cancer types.

### Role in mammary carcinomas

In approximately half of all human mammary carcinomas, Numb-mediated suppression of Notch signaling is lost due to Numb ubiquitination, tagging it for proteasomal degradation. Numb acts as an oncogene suppressor, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation through suppression of Notch signaling. Increased Notch signaling is observed in tumors where Numb activity has been lost and retrovirally mediated transient overexpression of Numb protein in these tumors restored basal levels of Notch signaling and significantly reduced their colony-forming abilities. Thus, the biological antagonism between Notch and Numb signaling that controls the proliferative/differentiative balance of many cell lineages appears to play a role in human breast carcinogenesis and perhaps other types of tumorigenesis. Pharmalogical inhibition of Notch signaling or enhancement of Numb signaling could be a source of treatment for cancer patients in the future.

Numb has been posited to have a role in tumor-suppression, through its ability to regulate Notch and TP53. Numb binds and inhibits the E3-ligase Mdm2 that is responsible for TP53 ubiquitination and degradation. The ablation of Numb in a cell leads to a decrease in TP53, causing impaired apoptosis and cell cycle checkpoint response. Restoring Numb levels also restores TP53 expression and tumor suppressant abilities.

## Role in cell migration

Neural precursors are generated in proliferative zones, before migrating to directed locations where they undergo maturation and become functional neurons. Studies in Drosophila first suggested Numb played a role in cell migration when mutants displayed defective glial migration along axonal tracts. Since then, a mechanism has been discovered through which Numb binds chemotactic signaling receptors, forming a scaffold for atypical PKC (aPKC) recruitment to the receptor complex. Once activated, aPKC phosphorylates Numb, thus promoting a positive feed-forward response that potentiates Numb-chemotactic receptor binding and subsequent endosomal complex formation. Endocytosis supports the relocalization of the chemotactic receptor to the front of the cell to promote receptor-mediated directional migration in response to receptor activation.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is among the chemotactic factors that stimulate Numb-mediated chemotaxis during cell migration. BDNF can function as a chemotactic factor for neural precursors during migration by activating TrkB receptors. Numb binds to TrkB receptors to act as an endocytic regulator of TrkB and promote aPKC activation by acting as a scaffolding protein. Once phosphorylated, aPKC can also phosphorylate Numb to increase its efficacy for binding TrkB, thus promoting the precursor's chemotactic sensitivity to BDNF.

## Interactions

Numb has demonstrated protein-protein interactions with adaptor-related protein complex 2, alpha 1, Mdm2, L1, DPYSL2, SIAH1, P53 and LNX1.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| NUMB | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | NUMB, C14orf41, S171, c14\_5527, endocytic adaptor protein, NUMB endocytic adaptor protein | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 603728; MGI: 107423; HomoloGene: 2775; GeneCards: NUMB; OMA:NUMB - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001005743
NM\_001005744
NM\_001005745
NM\_003744
NM\_001320114   NM\_001136075
NM\_001272055
NM\_001272056
NM\_010949   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001005743
NP\_001005744
NP\_001005745
NP\_001307043
NP\_003735   NP\_001129547
NP\_001258984
NP\_001258985
NP\_035079   Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 73.28 – 73.46 Mb Chr 12: 83.84 – 83.97 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Mycogen Seeds

abstract: Mycogen Seeds, headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, provides seeds for agriculture. Mycogen produces, markets and sells hybrid seed corn. The company also markets and sells sorghum, sunflower, soybean, alfalfa, and canola. The Mycogen Corporation was formed in 1982 by members of the San Diego business and scientific communities, including David H. Rammler, a partner in the venture capital firm of Vanguard Associates, who served as the first chairman of the company, and Andrew C. Barnes, a biochemist with an MBA from the Stanford School of Business. The original concept was to develop environmentally safe herbicides from fungi using genetic engineering, thus the name Mycogen, coined from the Greek words for fungus and genetics. In 1998, the company was acquired by Dow Chemical Company. It then became a subsidiary of Corteva Agriscience from the merger and subsequent spin-offs of Dow and DuPont. With the formation of Corteva Agriscience, in 2020 they announced that the Mycogen brand would be retired in favor of Brevant.

text:
# Mycogen Seeds

**Mycogen Seeds**, headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, provides seeds for agriculture. Mycogen produces, markets and sells hybrid seed corn. The company also markets and sells sorghum, sunflower, soybean, alfalfa, and canola.

The Mycogen Corporation was formed in 1982 by members of the San Diego business and scientific communities, including David H. Rammler, a partner in the venture capital firm of Vanguard Associates, who served as the first chairman of the company, and Andrew C. Barnes, a biochemist with an MBA from the Stanford School of Business. The original concept was to develop environmentally safe herbicides from fungi using genetic engineering, thus the name Mycogen, coined from the Greek words for fungus and genetics. In 1998, the company was acquired by Dow Chemical Company. It then became a subsidiary of Corteva Agriscience from the merger and subsequent spin-offs of Dow and DuPont.

With the formation of Corteva Agriscience, in 2020 they announced that the Mycogen brand would be retired in favor of *Brevant*.

## InfoBox

Mycogen Seeds
| Company type | AgricultureSubsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Agriculture |
| Founded | San Diego, California (1982) |
| Headquarters | Indianapolis, Indiana, United States |
| Products | Hybrid and varietal seeds |
| Parent | Corteva Agriscience |
| Website | www.mycogen.com |