title: 1978 New South Wales state election

abstract: A general election was held in the state of New South Wales, Australia, on Saturday 7 October 1978. The result was a landslide victory for the Labor Party under Neville Wran, popularly known as the "Wranslide." It is notable for being so successful for the Labor Party that it tallied 57 percent of the primary vote, the largest primary vote for any party in over a century. Having gone into the election with a razor-thin majority of one seat, Labor scored a 13-seat swing, giving it a strong majority of 63 seats. Labor even managed to defeat the Leader of the Opposition, Peter Coleman, in his own electorate. The seats of many other prominent Shadow Ministers fell to Labor as well. Labor also won many seats in areas long reckoned as Coalition heartland. Among them were four seats that Labor had never won before this election--Willoughby, Manly, Wakehurst and Cronulla. It also came within striking distance of taking several more. For instance, it pared down the margin in Pittwater, the seat of former premier Bob Askin, to only 1.4 percent. The state's first elections to the New South Wales Legislative Council, the state parliament's upper house, were held simultaneously. Voters had approved a referendum to introduce a directly elected council in June of that year. Starting with this election, Single transferable voting (STV) was used to fill the Council seats up for election. The election of 15 members in a single contest was the largest District Magnitude seen in a STV election since the 1925 Ireland Senate election. It would be surpassed, again by NSW in 1995 when it began to elect 21 in a single contest. The election was also the first in the state to be contested by the Australian Democrats. Labor continued to campaign heavily on the strengths of Wran himself, with the slogan "Wran's our man".

text:
# 1978 New South Wales state election

A general election was held in the state of New South Wales, Australia, on Saturday 7 October 1978. The result was a landslide victory for the Labor Party under Neville Wran, popularly known as the "Wranslide."

It is notable for being so successful for the Labor Party that it tallied 57 percent of the primary vote, the largest primary vote for any party in over a century. Having gone into the election with a razor-thin majority of one seat, Labor scored a 13-seat swing, giving it a strong majority of 63 seats. Labor even managed to defeat the Leader of the Opposition, Peter Coleman, in his own electorate. The seats of many other prominent Shadow Ministers fell to Labor as well. Labor also won many seats in areas long reckoned as Coalition heartland. Among them were four seats that Labor had never won before this election--Willoughby (contested for the Liberal Party by Nick Greiner who later became Premier), Manly, Wakehurst and Cronulla. It also came within striking distance of taking several more. For instance, it pared down the margin in Pittwater, the seat of former premier Bob Askin, to only 1.4 percent.

The state's first elections to the New South Wales Legislative Council, the state parliament's upper house, were held simultaneously. Voters had approved a referendum to introduce a directly elected council in June of that year. Starting with this election, Single transferable voting (STV) was used to fill the Council seats up for election. The election of 15 members in a single contest was the largest District Magnitude seen in a STV election since the 1925 Ireland Senate election. It would be surpassed, again by NSW in 1995 when it began to elect 21 in a single contest.

The election was also the first in the state to be contested by the Australian Democrats.

Labor continued to campaign heavily on the strengths of Wran himself, with the slogan "Wran's our man".

## Key dates

| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 12 September 1978 | The Legislative Assembly was dissolved, and writs were issued by the Governor to proceed with an election. |
| 18 September 1978 | Nominations for candidates for the election closed at noon. |
| 7 October 1978 | Polling day, between the hours of 8am and 6pm. |
| 19 October 1978 | The second Wran ministry was constituted. |
| 3 November 1978 | The writ was returned and the results formally declared. |
| 7 November 1978 | Parliament resumed for business. |

## Results

### Legislative Assembly

| New South Wales state election, 7 October 1978
Legislative Assembly
\<\< 19761981 \>\> | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Enrolled voters | | 3,085,661 |  |  | | |
| Votes cast | | 2,862,616 |  | Turnout | 92.77 | –0.52 |
| Informal votes | | 65,274 |  | Informal | 2.28 | +0.52 |
| Summary of votes by party | | | | | | |
| Party | | Primary votes | % | Swing | Seats | Change |
|  | **Labor** | 1,615,949 | 57.77 | +8.02 | **63** | +13 |
|  | Liberal | 754,796 | 26.98 | –9.31 | 18 | –12 |
|  | National Country | 276,984 | 9.90 | –0.13 | 17 | – 1 |
|  | Democrats | 74,019 | 2.65 | +2.65 | 0 | ± 0 |
|  | Communist | 8,472 | 0.30 | +0.22 | 0 | ± 0 |
|  | Socialist Workers | 4,467 | 0.16 | +0.07 | 0 | ± 0 |
|  | Independent | 62,655 | 2.24 | –0.58 | 1 | ± 0 |
| Total | | 2,797,342 |  |  | 99 |  |

| Popular vote   Labor   57.77%  Liberal   26.98%  National Country   9.90%  Democrats   2.65%  Independents   2.24%  Others   0.46%  Parliamentary seats  Labor   63  Liberal   18  National Country   17  Independents   1 |
| --- |

### Legislative Council

This election was held using STV for at-large election of members of Legislative Council.

| New South Wales state election, 7 October 1978
Legislative Council
 | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Enrolled voters | | 3,085,661 |  |  | | |
| Votes cast | | 2,862,616 |  | Turnout | 92.77 |  |
| Informal votes | | 115,995 |  | Informal | 4.05 |  |
| Summary of votes by party | | | | | | |
| Party | | Primary votes | % | Swing | Seats
won | Seats
held |
|  | Labor | 1,508,078 | 54.91 |  | 9 | 23 |
|  | Liberal/National Coalition | 996,463 | 36.28 |  | 6 | 20 |
|  | Communist | 79,794 | 2.91 |  | 0 |  |
|  | Democrats | 76,369 | 2.78 |  | 0 |  |
|  | Family Action Movement | 36,076 | 1.31 |  | 0 |  |
|  | Marijuana | 25,055 | 0.91 |  | 0 |  |
|  | Independent | 24,786 | 0.90 |  | 0 |  |
| Total | | 2,746,621 |  |  | 15 |  |

The final 2 party preferred result was 60.7% for Labor and 39.3% for the Coalition, making it one of the biggest landslide victories in New South Wales's electoral history. In 2PP terms it was a 9.1% swing to Labor from the Coalition. This was beaten by the Coalition's result of 64.2% and 35.8% for Labor in the 2011 election. However, Labor's record primary vote of 57.7 percent still stands today.

## Seats changing hands

| Seat | 1976 election | | | | Swing | 1978 election | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Party | | Member | Margin | | Margin | Member | Party | |
| Albury |  | Liberal | *Gordon Mackie* | 8.1 | **8.8** | 0.7 | Harold Mair | Labor |  |
| Armidale |  | National Country | David Leitch | 6.6 | **7.2** | 0.6 | Bill McCarthy | | |
| Burwood |  | Liberal | John Jackett | 8.4 | **10.0** | 1.6 | Phil O'Neill | | |
| Cronulla | | | *Ian Griffith* | 3.8 | **12.4** | 8.6 | Michael Egan | | |
| Earlwood | | |  | 5.5 | **16.1** | 10.6 | Ken Gabb | | |
| Fuller | | | Peter Coleman | 3.4 | **8.7** | 5.3 | Rodney Cavalier | | |
| Manly | | | *Douglas Darby* | 7.7 | **11.5** | 3.8 | Alan Stewart | | |
| Miranda | | | Tim Walker | 4.0 | **10.5** | 6.5 | Bill Robb | | |
| Nepean | | | Ron Rofe | 2.3 | **10.8** | 8.5 | Peter Anderson | | |
| Wakehurst | | | Allan Viney | 7.8 | **14.0** | 6.2 | Tom Webster | | |
| Willoughby | | | Laurie McGinty | 13.1 | **13.9** | 0.8 | Eddie Britt | | |
| Wollondilly | | | *Tom Lewis* | 7.6 | **8.0** | 0.4 | Bill Knott | | |
| Yaralla | | | Lerryn Mutton | 4.4 | **12.6** | 8.2 | Garry McIlwaine | | |

* Members listed in italics did not recontest their seats.

## Post-election pendulum

| **Labor seats (63)** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Marginal** | | | |
| Wollondilly | Bill Knott | ALP | 0.4% |
| Armidale | Bill McCarthy | ALP | 0.6% |
| Albury | Harold Mair | ALP | 0.7% |
| Willoughby | Eddie Britt | ALP | 0.8% |
| Burwood | Phil O'Neill | ALP | 1.6% |
| Manly | Alan Stewart | ALP | 3.8% |
| Fuller | Rodney Cavalier | ALP | 5.3% |
| **Fairly safe** | | | |
| Wakehurst | Tom Webster | ALP | 6.2% |
| Miranda | Bill Robb | ALP | 6.5% |
| Castlereagh | Jack Renshaw | ALP | 6.9% |
| Yaralla | Garry McIlwaine | ALP | 8.2% |
| Nepean | Peter Anderson | ALP | 8.5% |
| Cronulla | Michael Egan | ALP | 8.6% |
| Monaro | John Akister | ALP | 9.3% |
| Gosford | Brian McGowan | ALP | 9.6% |
| Murrumbidgee | Lin Gordon | ALP | 9.6% |
| Casino | Don Day | ALP | 9.7% |
| **Safe** | | | |
| Earlwood | Ken Gabb | ALP | 11.6% |
| Hurstville | Kevin Ryan | ALP | 13.7% |
| Blue Mountains | Mick Clough | ALP | 14.5% v IND |
| Coogee | Michael Cleary | ALP | 16.4% |
| Burrinjuck | Terry Sheahan | ALP | 16.9% |
| Georges River | Frank Walker | ALP | 17.0% |
| Charlestown | Richard Face | ALP | 17.4% |
| Kogarah | Bill Crabtree | ALP | 17.9% |
| Ashfield | Paul Whelan | ALP | 18.1% |
| Waverley | Syd Einfeld | ALP | 18.8% |
| Drummoyne | Michael Maher | ALP | 18.9% |
| Parramatta | Barry Wilde | ALP | 19.0% |
| Peats | Keith O'Connell | ALP | 20.8% |
| Woronora | Maurie Keane | ALP | 20.8% |
| Campbelltown | Cliff Mallam | ALP | 21.5% |
| Newcastle | Arthur Wade | ALP | 22.3% |
| Corrimal | Laurie Kelly | ALP | 22.5% |
| Maroubra | Bill Haigh | ALP | 22.5% |
| Lake Macquarie | Merv Hunter | ALP | 23.5% |
| Wollongong | Eric Ramsay | ALP | 23.8% |
| Wentworthville | Ernie Quinn | ALP | 24.2% |
| Heathcote | Rex Jackson | ALP | 25.2% |
| East Hills | Pat Rogan | ALP | 25.6% |
| Waratah | Sam Jones | ALP | 25.6% |
| Bankstown | Nick Kearns | ALP | 25.8% |
| Canterbury | Kevin Stewart | ALP | 26.0% |
| Penrith | Ron Mulock | ALP | 26.2% |
| Lakemba | Vince Durick | ALP | 27.0% |
| Broken Hill | Lew Johnstone | ALP | 27.1% |
| Blacktown | Gordon Barnier | ALP | 27.2% |
| Munmorah | Harry Jensen | ALP | 27.3% |
| Illawarra | George Petersen | ALP | 28.2% |
| Auburn | Peter Cox | ALP | 28.4% |
| Fairfield | Eric Bedford | ALP | 28.4% |
| Granville | Pat Flaherty | ALP | 28.6% |
| Merrylands | Jack Ferguson | ALP | 28.6% |
| Cessnock | Bob Brown | ALP | 29.1% |
| Wallsend | Ken Booth | ALP | 29.3% |
| Bass Hill | Neville Wran | ALP | 29.7% |
| Phillip | Pat Hills | ALP | 29.7% |
| Rockdale | Brian Bannon | ALP | 29.7% |
| Marrickville | Tom Cahill | ALP | 29.8% |
| Heffron | Laurie Brereton | ALP | 30.0% |
| Liverpool | George Paciullo | ALP | 30.8% |
| Mount Druitt | Tony Johnson | ALP | 31.1% |
| Balmain | Roger Degen | ALP | 34.2% |
|

| **Liberal/Country seats (35)** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Marginal** | | | |
| Hornsby | Neil Pickard | LIB | 0.8% |
| Goulburn | Ron Brewer | CP | 0.9% |
| Pittwater | Max Smith | LIB | 1.4% |
| Orange | Garry West | CP | 1.7% |
| Bathurst | Clive Osborne | CP | 2.7% |
| Young | George Freudenstein | CP | 3.0% |
| Tamworth | Noel Park | CP | 3.3% |
| Dubbo | John Mason | LIB | 3.4% |
| Byron | Jack Boyd | CP | 3.6% |
| Kirribilli | Bruce McDonald | LIB | 3.8% |
| Wagga Wagga | Joe Schipp | LIB | 3.8% |
| Maitland | Milton Morris | LIB | 4.3% |
| Upper Hunter | Col Fisher | CP | 4.4% |
| Eastwood | Jim Clough | LIB | 4.5% |
| Vaucluse | Rosemary Foot | LIB | 4.5% |
| The Hills | Fred Caterson | LIB | 4.6% |
| Hawkesbury | Kevin Rozzoli | LIB | 5.2% |
| Raleigh | Jim Brown | CP | 5.3% |
| **Fairly safe** | | | |
| Davidson | Dick Healey | LIB | 7.4% |
| Northcott | Jim Cameron | LIB | 7.4% |
| Lane Cove | John Dowd | LIB | 7.5% |
| Barwon | Wal Murray | CP | 8.3% |
| Burrendong | Roger Wotton | CP | 8.3% |
| Bligh | John Barraclough | LIB | 8.4% |
| Gloucester | Leon Punch | CP | 9.2% |
| Tenterfield | Tim Bruxner | CP | 9.4% |
| **Safe** | | | |
| Murray | Mary Meillon | LIB | 10.1% |
| Clarence | Matt Singleton | CP | 10.9% |
| Mosman | David Arblaster | LIB | 11.8% |
| Oxley | Bruce Cowan | CP | 12.5% |
| Lismore | Bruce Duncan | CP | 13.8% |
| Ku-ring-gai | John Maddison | LIB | 15.5% |
| Sturt | Tim Fischer | CP | 16.0% |
| Temora | Jim Taylor | CP | 17.6% |
| Gordon | Tim Moore | LIB | 24.0% |
| **Crossbench seats (1)** | | | |
| South Coast | John Hatton | IND | 20.5 v LIB |
|

1. Australian Politics and Elections Archives. https://elections.uwa.edu.au/listelections.lasso?ElectionType=6&State=NSW "Since 1978, the Legislative Council has had from 42 to 45 members with a third or half the membership to be elected at each election. Members have been elected by proportional representation using the single transferable vote method with modifications which have varied over the period since 1978."
2. Farrell and McAllister, The Australian Electoral System, p. 50
3. Green, Antony. "1978 election totals". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
4. Australian Government and Politics Database. "Parliament of New South Wales, Assembly election, 7 October 1978". Retrieved 6 February 2010.
5. Hughes (1986), p. 191.
6. Hughes (1986), p. 192.

### Sources cited

* Hughes, Colin A. (1986). *A handbook of Australian government and politics, 1975-1984*. ANU Press. ISBN 0-08-033038-X.

## InfoBox

1978 New South Wales state election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 99 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
and 15 (of the 44) seats in the New South Wales Legislative Council
50 Assembly seats were needed for a majority | |
| First party Second party   Leader Neville Wran Peter Coleman  Party Labor Liberal/National coalition  Leader since 17 November 1973 16 December 1977  Leader's seat Bass Hill Fuller
*(lost seat)*  Last election 50 seats 48 seats  Seats won **63** 35  Seat change  13  13  Popular vote **1,615,949** 1,031,780  Percentage **57.77%** 36.88%  Swing  8.02  9.18  TPP **60.70%** 39.30%  TPP swing  9.10  9.10 | |
| ---  Two-candidate-preferred margin by electorate | |
| ---  **Premier before election**
Neville Wran
Labor **Elected Premier**
Neville Wran
Labor | |


title: Moñitos

abstract: Moñitos is a town and municipality located in the Córdoba Department, northern Colombia. According to 2018 estimates, the population of Moñitos was 25,095.

text:
# Moñitos

**Moñitos** is a town and municipality located in the Córdoba Department, northern Colombia.

According to 2018 estimates, the population of Moñitos was 25,095.

9°15′01″N 76°07′57″W / 9.25028°N 76.1325°W / 9.25028; -76.1325

## InfoBox

| Moñitos | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
|  | |
| Location of the municipality and town of Moñitos in the Córdoba Department of Colombia. | |
| Country | Colombia |
| Department | Córdoba Department |
| Population (Census 2018) | |
| Total | 25,095 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) |


title: Mami (given name)

abstract: Mami Karino Mami is a feminine Japanese given name.

text:
# Mami (given name)

**Mami** (まみ, マミ) is a feminine Japanese given name.

## Possible writings

Mami can be written using different kanji characters and can mean:

* 真美, "true, beauty"
* 真実, "truth"
* 茉美, "jasmine, beauty"
* 麻実, "hemp, truth"
* 麻美, "hemp, beauty"
* 茉海, "jasmine, sea"
* 舞美, "dance, beauty"
* 待実, "wait, truth"
* 待満, "wait, satisfy"
* 増実, "increase, truth"
* 麻弥, "hemp, complete"

The name can also be written in hiragana, まみ or katakana, マミ.

## People

* Mami Ayukawa (鮎川 麻弥; born 1961), Japanese singer
* Mami Deguchi (出口 茉美; born 1985), Japanese voice actress
* Mami Higashiyama (東山 麻美; born 1977), Japanese actress and singer
* Mami Horikoshi (堀越 真己; born 1960), Japanese voice actress
* Mami Ishino (石野 真美; born 1983), Japanese hurdler
* Mami Karino (狩野 真美, born 1996), Japanese field hockey player
* Mami Kataoka (片岡 真実 Japanese art curator and writer
* Mami Kawada (川田 まみ; J-pop singer from Sapporo, Japan
* Mami Kingetsu (金月 真美; born 1965), Japanese voice actress
* Mami Kosuge (小菅 真美; born 1974), Japanese voice actress
* Mami Koyama (小山 茉美; born 1955), Japanese voice actress
* Mami Kudo (工藤真実; born 1964), Japanese ultramarathon runner
* Mami Matsuyama (松山 まみ; born 1988), Japanese idol and cosplayer
* Mami Mizutori (水鳥真美; (born 1960), Japanese diplomat
* Mami Naito (内藤 真実; born 1986), Japanese badminton player
* Mami Nakamura (中村 麻美; born 1979), Japanese actress
* Mami Nomura (野村 真美; born 1964), Japanese actress
* Mami Sasazaki (笹崎まみ), Japanese lead guitarist of SCANDAL
* Mami Sato, Japanese bassist of the American rock band, The Warlocks
* Mami Shimamoto (嶋本 麻美; born 1987), Japanese weightlifter
* Mami Shindo-Honma (進藤-本間 真美, born 1975), Japanese biathlete
* Mami Uchiseto (内瀬戸 真実, born 1992), Japanese volleyball player
* Mami Yamaguchi (山口 麻美; born 1986), Japanese soccer player
* Mami Yamasaki (山崎 真実; born 1985), Japanese gravure idol
* Mami Yoshida (吉田 真未; born 1986), Japanese volleyball player

## Fictional characters

## InfoBox

Mami
| Pronunciation | Má-mí |
| --- | --- |
| Gender | Female |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Japanese |
| Meaning | It can have many different meanings depending on the kanji used. |
| Region of origin | Japan |
| Other names | |
| Related names | Mamiko |


abstract: In 1969, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Stanley v. Georgia that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes. In response, the United States Congress funded the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, set up by President Lyndon B. Johnson to study pornography.

text:
# President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography

In 1969, the United States Supreme Court ruled in *Stanley v. Georgia* that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes. In response, the United States Congress funded the **President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography**, set up by President Lyndon B. Johnson to study pornography.

## Aims

The Commission was established to study and report on:

* "Constitutional and definitional problems related to obscenity controls."
* "Traffic in and distribution of obscene and pornographic materials."
* "The effects of such material, particularly on youth, and their relationship to crime and other antisocial conduct."

## Composition

Initially, the Commission consisted of Edward E. Elson, Thomas D. Gill, Edward D. Greenwood, Reverend Morton A. Hill, S.J., G. William Jones, Joseph T. Klapper, Otto N. Larsen, Rabbi Irving Lehrman, Freeman Lewis, Reverend Winfrey C. Link, Morris A. Lipton, William B. Lockhart (chair), Thomas C. Lynch, Barbara Scott, Cathryn A. Speits, Frederick Herbert Wagman, Kenneth Keating and Marvin Wolfgang.

Subsequently, K. Keating was replaced with Charles Keating, Jr, by President Richard Nixon.

Wm. Cody Wilson served as Executive Director of the Commission, directing both surveys of existing research and original empirical esearch on the subject.

## Studies undertaken

The Commission commissioned Berl Kutchinsky to perform a scientific study on the subject. His report, titled *Studies on Pornography and Sex Crimes in Denmark* (1970), found that legalizing pornography in Denmark had not (as had been expected) resulted in an increase of sex crimes.

## Findings

The Commission's report, called *Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography*, and published in 1970, recommended sex education, funding of research into the effects of pornography and restriction of children's access to pornography, and recommended against any restrictions for adults. On balance the report found that obscenity and pornography were not important social problems, that there was no evidence that exposure to such material was harmful to individuals, and that current legal and policy initiatives were more likely to create problems than solve them.

The report was widely criticized and rejected by Congress. The Senate rejected the Commission's findings and recommendations by a 60–5 vote, with 34 abstentions. The Senate rejected the following findings and recommendations in particular:

* That there was "no evidence to date that exposure to explicit sexual materials plays a significant role in the causation of delinquent or criminal behavior among youths or adults."
* That "a majority of American adults believe that adults should be allowed to read or see any sexual materials they wish."
* That "there is no reason to suppose that elimination of governmental prohibitions upon the sexual materials which may be made available to adults would adversely affect the availability to the public of other books, magazines, or films."
* That there was no "evidence that exposure to explicit sexual materials adversely affects character or moral attitudes regarding sex and sexual conduct."
* That "Federal, State, and Local legislation prohibiting the sale, exhibition, or distribution of sexual materials to consenting adults should be repealed."

President Nixon, who had succeeded Johnson in 1969, also emphatically rejected the report.

## Aftermath

In 1970, Earl Kemp published an illustrated edition of the *Presidential Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography* through a publishing company owned by William Hamling called Greenleaf Classics.

The 1969 President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography issued its un-illustrated 656-page report on September 30, 1970. One month later, the report went on sale at the Government Printing Office. On November 11, 1970, copies of publisher William Hamling's Greenleaf Classics’ 352-page *The Illustrated Presidential Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography* were printed, and two weeks later, on Monday, December 13, 1970, went on sale throughout the U.S. for $12.50.

Kemp and Hamling were eventually sentenced to prison for "conspiracy to mail obscene material," but both served only the federal minimum.

Hamling received a four-year regular adult sentence. Earl Kemp received a sentence of three years and one day. The report as published by Greenleaf was not found to be obscene. Nonetheless, on the other hand the brochure was found to be clearly obscene by the jury. Of some note, Earl Kemp was in Europe at the time Hamling created and mailed the ad brochure.

### Sources

Primary * President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (July 1969). *Progress Report*. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 12 March 2016.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (September 1970). *Report*. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
* President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (1971–72). *Technical report (9 vols.)*. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 12 March 2016.

### Citations


title: Willi Blodt

abstract: Willi Blodt was a German politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party, he served in the Landtag of Hesse from 1966 to 1970. Mayor of Wolfskehlen 1960-1970, later Landrat of District Groß-Gerau. Blodt died on 3 December 2022, at the age of 93.

text:
# Willi Blodt

**Willi Blodt** (4 November 1929 – 3 December 2022) was a German politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party, he served in the Landtag of Hesse from 1966 to 1970. Mayor of Wolfskehlen 1960-1970, later Landrat of District Groß-Gerau.

Blodt died on 3 December 2022, at the age of 93.

## InfoBox

| Willi Blodt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Landtag of Hesse | |
| **In office**
1 December 1966  30 November 1970 | |
| Member of the Federal Convention of Germany | |
| **In office**
5 March 1969 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1929-11-04)4 November 1929
Wolfskehlen, Riedstadt, Hesse, Germany |
| Died | 3 December 2022(2022-12-03) (aged 93) |
| Political party | SPD |
| Occupation | Administrator |
|  | |


title: Merom Station, Indiana

abstract: Merom Station is an unincorporated community in Gill Township, Sullivan County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The community is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Merom Station, Indiana

**Merom Station** is an unincorporated community in Gill Township, Sullivan County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

The community is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area.

1. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
2. "Merom Station, Indiana". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 5, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Merom Station, Indiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
|  | |
| Sullivan County's location in Indiana | |
| Merom StationLocation in Sullivan County, Indiana | |
| Coordinates: 39°01′49″N 87°32′23″W / 39.03028°N 87.53972°W / 39.03028; -87.53972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Sullivan |
| Township | Gill |
| Elevation | 440 ft (134 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 47861 |
| Area code(s) | 812, 930 |
| GNIS feature ID | 452064 |


title: Music Together

abstract: Music Together is a musical education program for children aged Newborn through second grade. First offered to the public in 1987, the program now has more than 3,000 locations in 40 different countries. Since its inception, Music Together has emphasized the importance of having parents and caregivers actively participate in class with their children. This is based in part on the work of early childhood educator Lilian Katz, who believes that while children can learn skills and knowledge from any adult, they learn dispositions only from their loved ones; by participating in class as musical role-models, parents and caregivers help impart to their children the disposition to become lifelong music-makers.

text:
# Music Together

**Music Together** is a musical education program for children aged Newborn through second grade. First offered to the public in 1987, the program now has more than 3,000 locations in 40 different countries.

Since its inception, Music Together has emphasized the importance of having parents and caregivers actively participate in class with their children. This is based in part on the work of early childhood educator Lilian Katz, who believes that while children can learn skills and knowledge from any adult, they learn dispositions only from their loved ones; by participating in class as musical role-models, parents and caregivers help impart to their children the disposition to become lifelong music-makers.

## Philosophy

Music Together starts with the belief that all children are musical, and that they can achieve basic music competence provided their music environment is sufficiently rich. All class activities are based on Developmentally Appropriate Practice, an approach to learning that takes into account how children really learn at different developmental stages in their lives. Because very young children learn primarily through play, the program attempts to provide a fun, relaxed environment with a nonformal teaching approach.

Some critics of this and other early childhood music programs have questioned whether an organized class is necessary to teach children a basic life skill such as singing. However, children can no longer reliably learn music skills from their surrounding environment, as they could several generations ago, due to a steady decrease in live music-making activities available to them. A study done by Levinowitz showed that fewer than 50% of first-graders could sing in tune.

Music learning is in many ways analogous to language learning; just as the child seems to teach their self language through interacting with a language environment, they teach their self music through being in a music environment. When adults model active singing and movement behaviours, the child imitates and learns. The combination of classroom activities and at-home music-making inspired by a recording and songbook help children learn music skills naturally and effortlessly.

## Repertoire and recordings

Music Together is noted for a repertoire which emphasizes the use of a wide variety of musical modes (tonalities) and metres. With much of music —especially “children’s music”—using predominantly major scales and duple metre, it is difficult for children to gain a breadth of music experience. The Music Together repertoire includes songs in such tonalities as Phrygian mode, aeolian mode, Mixolydian mode, and Dorian mode. Children are also introduced to songs using triple metre and “unusual” metres such as 5/4 or 7/8. In this way, the Music Together repertoire helps strengthen children’s audiation, a termed coined by learning theorist Edwin Gordon to describe the process by which we mentally hear and comprehend music. The ability to adiate is essential to any meaningful music learning.

There are nine non-sequential Music Together song collections, named Bongos, Bells, Triangle, Fiddle, Drum, Tambourine, Flutes, Sticks and Maracas, forming a three-year cycle taught in fall, winter, and spring semesters. There are also three summer collections, originally named Summer Songs I, Summer Songs II, and Summer Songs III but in 2019 renamed Harmonica, Banjo and Kazoo respectively, which are compilations carefully designed not to include songs from the spring collections before them or the fall collections after them. Families receive one CD and a code to download all of the songs each semester, along with an accompanying illustrated songbook, to facilitate at-home family music-making. The recordings are professionally produced and richly orchestrated, and feature a “family” of singers, representing a mother, father, child, grandmother, and uncle.

## History

Music Together was founded by Kenneth K. Guilmartin, a composer and musician certified in Dalcroze Eurhythmics. In 1985 Guilmartin founded the Centre for Music and Young Children (CMYC) to research and develop early childhood music programs for Birch Tree Group, Ltd., publishers of the Suzuki Method.

In 1986 Guilmartin began to collaborate with Lili M. Levinowitz, Ph.D., at that time a doctoral student directing the Children’s Music Development Program at Temple University. Levinowitz was a student of learning theorist Edwin Gordon, known for his Music Learning Theory. Guilmartin and Levinowitz were influenced by Gordon’s work, and included tonal patterns and rhythm patterns based on his work in their new program.

Music Together was first offered to the public in 1987 in a suburb of Philadelphia. After a brief residence at Westminster Conservatory of Music in Princeton, NJ, the company moved to a studio on Nassau Street in Princeton in 1989, the same year that it offered its first teacher training. In 1997, the year of its tenth anniversary, the company moved to 66 Witherspoon St. in Princeton, with room for its lab school as well as offices. In 2006, the company moved into a newly renovated 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m2) building in Hopewell, NJ, just outside Princeton.

1. "Music Together: Come Make Music Together!". *Music Together*. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
2. Levinowitz, L. et al.” Measuring singing voice development in the elementary general music classroom." *Journal of Research in Music Education,46*, Spring 1998.
3. Gordon, Edwin E. A Music Learning Theory for Newborn and Young Children. Chicago: GIA Publication, Inc., 1997.

## Further reading

Guilmartin, Kenneth K., and Lili M. Levinowitz. *Music and Your Child: A Guide for Parents and Caregivers.* Princeton, NJ: Center for Music and Young Children, 1989.


# May–June 2009 Moldovan presidential election

An indirect presidential election was held in Moldova following the April 2009 parliamentary election.

## Overview

The incumbent president, Vladimir Voronin, was term-limited and was elected to become speaker of the Parliament of Moldova in early May 2009; the ruling Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) nominated Zinaida Greceanîi. As the PCRM held only 60 of 101 seats in parliament, but 61 seats were required to elect the president, at least one dissenting vote from the opposition was required; the opposition had announced, however, that it would boycott the election, thus forcing repeated parliamentary elections.

In the first round on 20 May 2009, the opposition successfully boycotted the election procedure; a second round was set for 28 May 2009. On that day, the election was postponed to 3 June 2009; the PCRM claimed that it was due to Ascension Thursday falling that day, while the opposition criticised the PCRM's attempts to delay the election.

On 2 June 2009, the former parliamentary speaker Marian Lupu (who had been expected to become prime minister in a musical chairs-like shift of offices among Voronin, Greceanîi and Lupu) defected to the opposition, stating that he had realised that the PCRM was undemocratic and could not be reformed from within. As had been expected, the second round of the presidential elections was also unsuccessful, leading to early parliamentary elections held on 29 July 2009.

In both rounds, alternative candidates were also nominated by the PCRM – Stanislav Groppa, a doctor, in the first round; and Andrei Neguţă, the Moldovan ambassador to Russia, in the second round.

## Results

| Candidate | | Party | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Zinaida Greceanîi | Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova | 60 | 100.00 | 60 | 100.00 |
|  | Stanislav Groppa | Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova | 0 | 0.00 |  | |
|  | Andrei Neguţă | Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova |  | | 0 | 0.00 |
| Total | | | 60 | 100.00 | 60 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 101 |  | 101 |  |
| Source: eDemocracy | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

2009 Moldovan presidential election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| ---  **President before election**
Vladimir Voronin
PCRM **Elected President**
Election results annulled
Vladimir Voronin
(acting)
PCRM | |


title: Vrhe, Trbovlje

abstract: Vrhe is a settlement in the Municipality of Trbovlje in central Slovenia. It lies in the hills northwest of the town of Trbovlje and part of the settlement lies in the neighbouring Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

text:
# Vrhe, Trbovlje

**Vrhe** (pronounced \[ʋəɾˈxeː\]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Trbovlje in central Slovenia. It lies in the hills northwest of the town of Trbovlje and part of the settlement lies in the neighbouring Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from *Sveti Lenart* (literally, 'Saint Leonard') to *Vrhe* (literally, 'peaks') in 1955. The name was changed on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove religious elements from toponyms.

## InfoBox

| Vrhe Sveti Lenart (until 1955) | |
| --- | --- |
| VrheLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°11′23.12″N 15°0′44.31″E / 46.1897556°N 15.0123083°E / 46.1897556; 15.0123083 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Central Sava |
| Municipality | Trbovlje |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.31 km2 (0.51 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 813.4 m (2,668.6 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 23 |
|  | |


title: Mediterranean thin-toed gecko

abstract: The Mediterranean thin-toed gecko is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It is found in Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkey, and Greece. Isolated populations were also spotted in Bucharest. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of Kotschy's gecko.

text:
# Mediterranean thin-toed gecko

The **Mediterranean thin-toed gecko** (***Mediodactylus danilewskii***) is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It is found in Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkey, and Greece. Isolated populations were also spotted in Bucharest. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of Kotschy's gecko.

## InfoBox

| Mediterranean thin-toed gecko | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Mediodactylus* |
| Species: | ***M. danilewskii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mediodactylus danilewskii***
(Strauch, 1887) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Gymnodactylus danilewskii*
*Gymnodactylus kotschyi bureschi*
*Gymnodactylus kotschyi steindachneri*
*Gymnodactylus kotschyi lycaonicus*
*Cyrtodactylus kotschyi lycaonicus*
*Cyrtodactylus kotschyi bureschi*
*Tenuidactylys kotschyi danilewskii*
*Mediodactylus kotschyi danilewskii*
*Cyrtopodion kotschyi danilewskii* | |


title: Vélu

abstract: Vélu is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

text:
# Vélu

**Vélu** (French pronunciation: \[vely\]) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

## Geography

Vélu is situated some 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Arras, at the junction of the D18 and the D18E roads.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 187 |  |
| 1975 | 134 | −4.65% |
| 1982 | 138 | +0.42% |
| 1990 | 130 | −0.74% |
| 1999 | 136 | +0.50% |
| 2007 | 128 | −0.75% |
| 2012 | 133 | +0.77% |
| 2017 | 135 | +0.30% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Places of interest

* The church of St. Amand, rebuilt, along with much of the village, after World War I.

## InfoBox

| Vélu | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall of Vélu | |
| Location of Vélu | |
| VéluVélu | |
| Coordinates: 50°06′25″N 2°58′23″E / 50.1069°N 2.9731°E / 50.1069; 2.9731 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Pas-de-Calais |
| Arrondissement | Arras |
| Canton | Bapaume |
| Intercommunality | CC Sud-Artois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Daniel Bouquillon |
| Area**1** | 3.14 km2 (1.21 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 132 |
| Density | 42/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 62840 /62124 |
| Elevation | 96–124 m (315–407 ft)
(avg. 112 m or 367 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Vučinići, Bosnia and Herzegovina

abstract: Vučinići is a village in the municipality of Kladanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Vučinići, Bosnia and Herzegovina

**Vučinići** is a village in the municipality of Kladanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 3, all Serbs.

## InfoBox

| Vučinići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Vučinići | |
| Coordinates: 44°12′38″N 18°42′38″E / 44.2106835°N 18.7105787°E / 44.2106835; 18.7105787 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Tuzla |
| Municipality | Kladanj |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.63 sq mi (6.80 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 3 |
| Density | 1.1/sq mi (0.44/km2) |


title: W. Greg Ryberg

abstract: W. Greg Ryberg was a Republican member of the South Carolina Senate, representing the 24th District from 1992 until 2012.

text:
# W. Greg Ryberg

**W. Greg Ryberg** (born October 5, 1946) was a Republican member of the South Carolina Senate, representing the 24th District from 1992 until 2012.

## InfoBox

| W. Greg Ryberg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the South Carolina Senate
from the 24th district | |
| **In office**
1992–2012 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-10-05) October 5, 1946
Eau Claire, Wisconsin |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Rose |
| Profession | businessman |
|  | |


title: W. Gregory Hatcher

abstract: Werter Gregory Hatcher was an attorney and Texas State Treasurer from 1925 to 1931.

text:
# W. Gregory Hatcher

**Werter Gregory Hatcher** (September 7, 1876  November 26, 1960) was an attorney and Texas State Treasurer from 1925 to 1931.

## Early life

Hatcher was born on September 7, 1876, in Cumberland County, Virginia, to John H. Hatcher and Lucy Gregory, the youngest of seven children. Hatcher moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and on November 29, 1900, he returned to his native Cumberland County to marry Mary Ellen Coleman.

By 1910, the Hatchers had moved to Dallas, Texas, where the 1910 Census records that Hatcher was an attorney. The Hatchers had one daughter, Ellen Frances.

## Political career

In the 1924 Texas Democratic Primary, Charles V. Terrell was nominated for a non-consecutive term as Texas State Treasurer. After the primary, Walter Marshall William Splawn, the nominee for the Texas Railroad Commission was appointed President of the University of Texas and the Texas Democratic Central Committee appointed Terrell as the nominee for the Railroad Commission and turned to Hatcher to be the nominee for State Treasurer. In November, Hatcher was elected over Republican candidate Mrs. J. H. Peters by an overwhelming margin.

Hatcher was reelected in 1926, having a spirited primary and runoff, defeating J.R. Ball by a margin of 60%-40%. He is reported during the campaign to have said, "Public office is a public trust and must not be used for private gain."

In the 1928 Democratic Primary, Hatcher defeated Grover Cleveland Harris and went on to beat Republican C.P. Scales by a margin of nearly 2 to 1. In 1930, Hatcher did not seek reelection and he was succeeded by Charley Lockhart.

Hatcher made one more run at political office when he challenged incumbent State Treasurer Jesse James in the 1942 Democratic Primary. James was renominated and easily reelected that year.

## Death and burial

Hatcher died in Dallas on November 26, 1960, and was interred in Oakwood Cemetery in Austin, Texas.

## InfoBox

| Werter Gregory Hatcher | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Texas State Treasurer | |
| **In office**
1925–1931 | |
| Governor | Miriam A. Ferguson
Dan Moody |
| Preceded by | Sidney Lee Staples |
| Succeeded by | Charley Lockhart |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Werter Gregory Hatcher
(1876-09-07)September 7, 1876
Cumberland, Virginia, US |
| Died | November 26, 1960(1960-11-26) (aged 84)
Dallas, Texas, US |
| Resting place | Texas State Cemetery
Austin, Texas |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Mary Ellen Coleman |
| Parent(s) | John H. Hatcher
Lucy Gregory |
|  | |


title: W. Graham Robertson

abstract: Walford Graham Robertson was a British painter, illustrator and author. He donated over 20 works of art to the Tate Gallery, London. "In the London of Beardsley and Beerbohm, Shaw and Henry James, Robertson was a promising presence in the art and theater worlds. Today the museums of England owe a debt to his taste and judgment", according to The New York Times. He was an important collector of art, especially William Blake. He wrote plays, novels and a memoir, Life Was Worth Living (1931). He painted and illustrated books. He designed costumes for Sarah Bernhardt and Ellen Terry. He was twice portrayed by John Singer Sargent. He was sociable, and knew many notable people including Oscar Wilde and artists. He was a source of witty quotes and anecdotes. The New York Times printed a biographical article about him in 2001. Immediately following his death, a catalogue of his Blake collection was published, and in 1953 a collection of his letters was issued. According to Cardiff University Professor Emeritus Peter Hunt, Robertson shared a house in London with the author Kenneth Grahame, while Grahame's wife and son lived in Berkshire.

text:
# W. Graham Robertson

**Walford Graham Robertson** (8 July 1866 – 4 September 1948) was a British painter, illustrator and author. He donated over 20 works of art to the Tate Gallery, London.

"In the London of Beardsley and Beerbohm, Shaw and Henry James, Robertson was a promising presence in the art and theater worlds. Today the museums of England owe a debt to his taste and judgment", according to *The New York Times*. He was an important collector of art, especially William Blake. He wrote plays, novels and a memoir, *Life Was Worth Living* (1931). He painted and illustrated books. He designed costumes for Sarah Bernhardt and Ellen Terry. He was twice portrayed by John Singer Sargent. He was sociable, and knew many notable people including Oscar Wilde and artists. He was a source of witty quotes and anecdotes. *The New York Times* printed a biographical article about him in 2001.

Immediately following his death, a catalogue of his Blake collection was published, and in 1953 a collection of his letters was issued.

According to Cardiff University Professor Emeritus Peter Hunt, Robertson shared a house in London with the author Kenneth Grahame, while Grahame's wife and son lived in Berkshire.


title: Mecyclothorax punctipennis

abstract: Mecyclothorax punctipennis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by William John Macleay in 1871.

text:
# Mecyclothorax punctipennis

***Mecyclothorax punctipennis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by William John Macleay in 1871.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyclothorax punctipennis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyclothorax* |
| Species: | ***M. punctipennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyclothorax punctipennis***<br>(W. J. Macleay, 1871) | |
|


title: Mecyclothorax pomarei

abstract: Mecyclothorax pomarei is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Perrault in 1986.

text:
# Mecyclothorax pomarei

***Mecyclothorax pomarei*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Perrault in 1986.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyclothorax pomarei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyclothorax* |
| Species: | ***M. pomarei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyclothorax pomarei***<br>Perrault, 1986 | |
|


title: Medinilla waterhousei

abstract: Medinilla waterhousei, commonly known as tagimaucia or tagimoucia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melastomataceae which is endemic to the highland rainforest of the Fijian island of Taveuni. It is a liana bearing crimson and white flowers in 30 cm-long hanging clusters. It only grows at altitudes of over 600 m, flowering from October to December. The flower is the floral emblem of Fiji. The flower is now represented on the Fiji $50 note replacing the queen.

text:
# Medinilla waterhousei

***Medinilla waterhousei***, commonly known as **tagimaucia** or **tagimoucia** (\[ˈtaŋimouðia\], *tahng-ee-mow-theea*), is a species of flowering plant in the family Melastomataceae which is endemic to the highland rainforest of the Fijian island of Taveuni. It is a liana bearing crimson and white flowers in 30 cm-long hanging clusters. It only grows at altitudes of over 600 m, flowering from October to December. The flower is the floral emblem of Fiji. The flower is now represented on the Fiji $50 note replacing the queen.

## Legend

A local romantic legend attached to the flower has it representing the tears of a young girl forbidden by her father to marry the boy of her dreams so as she wept her tears became the flower hence from the phrase *tagi me uci ‘ea* ("cry to be like her"). The girl was said to be the daughter of a chief either Tui Cakau or Tui Lekutu. This is immortalized in a popular Fijian folk song by Percy Bucknell titled *Tagimoucia ga* ("Such is the Tagimoucia").

## Etymology

*Medinilla* is named for José de Medinilla y Pineda, who was governor of Mauritius (then known as the Marianne Islands) in 1820.

## InfoBox

| Tagimaucia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Melastomataceae |
| Genus: | *Medinilla* |
| Species: | ***M. waterhousei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Medinilla waterhousei***<br>Seem. | |
|


title: Medinipur, Bankura

abstract: Medinipur is a village in the Onda CD block in the Bankura Sadar subdivision of the Bankura district in the state of West Bengal, India.

text:
# Medinipur, Bankura

**Medinipur** (also referred to as Medinipurgram) is a village in the Onda CD block in the Bankura Sadar subdivision of the Bankura district in the state of West Bengal, India.

## Geography

8km
5miles River Dwarakeswar Damodar River Durgapur
BarrageB JagannathpurT SonatapalT EkteswarT BahularaT BiharinathH SusuniaH SaltoraR SaldihaR PuabaganR PakhannaR OndaR MurakataR MejiaR MedinipurR MaliaraR KanchanpurR GangajalghatiR DurlabhpurR ChhatnaR BiknaR AmarkananR AchuriR BankuraM JhantipahariCT GhutgaryaCT  BarjoraCT  BeliatoreCT**Places in Bankura Sadar subdivision in Bankura district**
M: municipal town/ city, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: hill centre, T: temple, B: barrage
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
### Location

Medinipur is located at 23°06′23″N 87°11′05″E / 23.1063°N 87.1848°E / 23.1063; 87.1848.

### Area overview

The map alongside shows the Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is part of the Bankura Uplands in the west gradually merging with the Bankura-Bishnupur Rarh Plains in the north-east. The western portions are characterised by undulating terrain with many hills and ridges. The area is having a gradual descent from the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The soil is laterite red and hard beds are covered with scrub jungle and sal wood. Gradually it gives way to just uneven rolling lands but the soil continues to be lateritic. There are coal mines in the northern part, along the Damodar River. It is a predominantly rural area with 89% of the population living in rural areas and only 11% living in the urban areas.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Medinipur had a total population of 2,662, of which 1,368 (51%) were males and 1,294 (49%) were females. There were 151 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Medinipur was 1,500 (63.69% of the population over 6 years).

## Education

Krishnanagar J.K. High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1966. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 1 computer, a library with 160 books and a playground.

Medinipur Junior Girls High School is a Bengali-medium girls only institution established in 2008. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class VIII.

Onda Thana Mahavidyalaya was established in 2007 at Murakata. Affiliated with the Bankura University, it offers honours courses in Bengali, Sanskrit, English and history, and a general course in arts.

## Healthcare

Onda Rural Hospital, with 30 beds is the major government medical facility in the Onda CD block. There are primary health centres at Ratanpur (with 10 beds), Nakaijuri (Ghorasol) (with 10 beds), Ramsagar (with 10 beds), Santore (Garh Kotalpur) (with 10 beds) and Nikunjapur (with 10 beds).

## InfoBox

| Medinipur Medinipurgram | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MedinipurLocation in West Bengal, IndiaMedinipurMedinipur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 23°06′23″N 87°11′05″E / 23.1063°N 87.1848°E / 23.1063; 87.1848 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Bankura |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,444 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Bengali, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 722144 |
| Telephone/STD code | 03244 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Bishnupur |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Onda |
| Website | bankura.gov.in |


title: Vũ Hoàng Điệp

abstract: Vũ Hoàng Điệp is a Vietnamese beauty pageant titleholder. She is the first Vietnamese to win a major beauty contest, the 2009 Miss International Beauty, in Chengdu, China on August 1, 2009.

text:
# Vũ Hoàng Điệp

**Vũ Hoàng Điệp** (born November 22, 1987, in Hanoi) is a Vietnamese beauty pageant titleholder. She is the first Vietnamese to win a major beauty contest, the 2009 Miss International Beauty, in Chengdu, China on August 1, 2009.

1. "VN beauty crowned Miss International". *Vietnam News*. 3 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-07.

## InfoBox

| Vũ Hoàng Điệp | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Vũ Hoàng Điệp
November 22, 1987 (1987-11-22) (age 36)
Hanoi, Vietnam |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 8+12 in) |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title | Miss Sea Vietnam 2007 (1st runner-up)
Miss Vietnam 2008 (People's Choice-award)
Miss International Beauty2009 (Winner) |
| Hair color | Black |
| Eye color | Brown |
|  | |


title: Ádám Pintér

abstract: Ádám Pintér is a Hungarian professional football coach and a former midfielder. He is the assistant coach with MTK Budapest.

text:
# Ádám Pintér

**Ádám Pintér** (born 12 June 1988) is a Hungarian professional football coach and a former midfielder. He is the assistant coach with MTK Budapest.

## Club career

### MTK Budapest

His first team was MTK Budapest where he played for four seasons, from the age of 18.

### Real Zaragoza

Spanish club, Real Zaragoza has signed him in 2010 for four seasons. In his first season with Zaragoza he played 9 matches. On 9 August 2013, Zaragoza and Pintér agreed to cancel his contract, and he became a free agent.

### Tom Tomsk

On 2 September 2013, the last day of the transfer window, it was announced that Pintér had joined Tom Tomsk, signing a one-year contract. Pintér made his debut against Anzhi Makhachkala.

### Levadiakos

On 5 August 2014, Pintér signed a two-year contract with Levadiakos playing in Greek Super League. On 31 July 2015, he terminated his contract with Levadiakos.

### Ferencváros

On 19 August 2015, Pintér was signed by Hungarian first division club Ferencvárosi TC.

## International career

Pintér was selected for Hungary's Euro 2016 squad.

On 14 June 2016, Pintér played in the first group match in a 2–0 victory over Austria at the UEFA Euro 2016 Group F match at Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. He also played in the last group match in a 3–3 draw against Portugal at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon on 22 June 2016.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of match played 15 May 2021*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National Cup | | League Cup | | Europe | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| MTK | 2006–07 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 20 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 1 |
| | 2007–08 | | 26 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 2 |
| | 2008–09 | | 16 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 26 | 1 |
| | 2009–10 | | 26 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 1 |
| | 2010–11 | | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
| | Total | | 92 | 4 | 16 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 114 | 6 |
| Real Zaragoza | 2010–11 | La Liga | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| | 2011–12 | | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| | 2012–13 | | 18 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| | Total | | 44 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 0 |
| Tom Tomsk | 2013–14 | Russian Premier League | 10 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| Levadiakos | 2014–15 | Superleague Greece | 14 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| Ferencváros | 2015–16 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 18 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 3 |
| | 2016–17 | | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| | Total | | 29 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 38 | 3 |
| Greuther Fürth | 2016–17 | 2. Bundesliga | 13 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| | 2017–18 | | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| | Total | | 23 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| MTK | 2018–19 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 24 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| | 2019–20 | Nemzeti Bajnokság II | 20 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| | 2020–21 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| | Total | | 51 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 263 | 6 | 40 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 311 | 9 |

### International

*As of match played 3 September 2017*

Appearances and goals by national team and year
| National team | Season | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hungary | 2010 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2011 | 5 | 0 |
| | 2012 | 6 | 0 |
| | 2013 | 4 | 0 |
| | 2014 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2015 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2016 | 6 | 0 |
| | 2017 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2018 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | | 29 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Ádám Pintér
| Pintér with Zaragoza in 2012 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Ádám József Pintér | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-06-12) 12 June 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Balassagyarmat, Hungary | | |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | MTK Budapest (assistant coach) | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2003–2004 | Balassagyarmati VSE | | |
| 2004–2006 | MTK Budapest | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2010 | MTK Budapest | 92 | (4) |
| 2010–2013 | Zaragoza | 44 | (0) |
| 2013–2014 | Tom Tomsk | 10 | (0) |
| 2014–2015 | Levadiakos | 14 | (0) |
| 2015–2017 | Ferencváros | 29 | (2) |
| 2017–2018 | Greuther Fürth | 22 | (0) |
| 2018–2021 | MTK Budapest | 51 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2006–2007 | Hungary U19 | 6 | (0) |
| 2007–2010 | Hungary U21 | 7 | (0) |
| 2010–2018 | Hungary | 29 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2021– | MTK Budapest (assistant) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Moćevići, Pljevlja

abstract: Moćevići is a small hamlet in the municipality of Pljevlja, Montenegro. It is located at the Bosnian border.

text:
# Moćevići, Pljevlja

**Moćevići** (Serbian Cyrillic: Моћевићи) is a small hamlet in the municipality of Pljevlja, Montenegro. It is located at the Bosnian border.

## Demographics

According to the 2003 census, the village had a population of 11 people.

## InfoBox

| Moćevići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MoćevićiLocation within Montenegro | |
| Coordinates: 43°32′43″N 18°59′37″E / 43.5453°N 18.9936°E / 43.5453; 18.9936 | |
| Country | Montenegro |
| Municipality | Pljevlja |
| Population (2003) | |
| Total | 11 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014

abstract: Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 (H.R. 5859) is a United States law enacted by the 113th Congress to address the Russian military intervention in Ukraine. Ukraine Freedom Support Act (S. 2828) was introduced in the Senate by Senator Bob Menendez on September 16, 2014 and co-sponsored by fourteen other senators. The final version was signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 18, 2014. Ukraine Freedom Support Act is preceded by similar congressional bills, particularly Ukraine Support Act and Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014.

text:
# Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014

**Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014** (H.R. 5859) is a United States law enacted by the 113th Congress to address the Russian military intervention in Ukraine. Ukraine Freedom Support Act (S. 2828) was introduced in the Senate by Senator Bob Menendez on September 16, 2014 and co-sponsored by fourteen other senators. The final version was signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 18, 2014.

Ukraine Freedom Support Act is preceded by similar congressional bills, particularly Ukraine Support Act and Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014.

## Provisions

The act envisages several provisions. In particular, it affirmed that "it is U.S. policy to assist the government of Ukraine in restoring its sovereignty and territorial integrity in order to deter the government of the Russian Federation from further destabilizing and invading Ukraine and other independent countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia". The act also directed Barack Obama to impose "three or more specified sanctions" against three entities: Rosoboronexport, "an entity owned by the government of the Russian Federation or controlled by its nationals that transfers or brokers the transfer to, or knowingly manufactures or sells defense articles transferred to, Syria or into the territory of a specified country without its government's consent" or "a person (individual or entity) that knowingly sponsors or provides financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, such an entity".

## InfoBox

Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | To impose sanctions with respect to the Russian Federation, to provide additional assistance to Ukraine, and for other purposes. |
| Enacted by | the 113th United States Congress |
| Effective | December 18, 2014 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 113–272 (text) (PDF) |
| Legislative history | |
|  | |


abstract: The President's Commission on Organized Crime was a United States governmental body that existed during the Ronald Reagan administration. It was established by Executive Order 12435 in 1984. Its chairman was Judge Irving Kaufman. It issued a final report in 1986, when it was disestablished. The Commission published seven volumes of hearings, including ones on money laundering, Asian organized crime, cocaine trafficking, heroin trafficking, labor-management racketeering, and gambling. It also published three interim reports on money laundering, labor racketeering, and drug trafficking.

text:
# President's Commission on Organized Crime

The **President's Commission on Organized Crime** was a United States governmental body that existed during the Ronald Reagan administration. It was established by Executive Order 12435 in 1984. Its chairman was Judge Irving Kaufman. It issued a final report in 1986 (published in 1987), when it was disestablished. The Commission published seven volumes of hearings, including ones on money laundering, Asian organized crime, cocaine trafficking, heroin trafficking, labor-management racketeering, and gambling. It also published three interim reports on money laundering, labor racketeering, and drug trafficking.


title: Walter Hirrlinger

abstract: Walter Hirrlinger was a German politician and honorary president of the charity organisation Sozialverband VdK Deutschland.

text:
# Walter Hirrlinger

**Walter Hirrlinger** (24 June 1926, in Tübingen – 24 July 2018, in Esslingen am Neckar) was a German politician and honorary president of the charity organisation Sozialverband VdK Deutschland.

## Early career

Hirrlinger completed a commercial apprenticeship, but was drafted for military service and on 2 January 1945 was so badly wounded that he had to sit in a wheelchair for five years. After the war, he worked as a journalist and writer of short stories and novels, before he worked full time for the then *VdK – Verband der Kriegsbeschädigten, Kriegshinterbliebenen und Sozialrentner Deutschlands e. V.* (*Sozialverbands VdK Deutschland* since 1994).

## Political Offices

From 1953 to 1968, Hirrlinger was a member of the municipal council of Esslingen am Neckar, from 1959 to 1989, he was also on the county council of the district of Esslingen. In December 1960, he moved instead of Gotthilf Schenkel as a member of the state parliament of Baden-Württemberg. After the state elections of 1964 and 1968, he was again a deputy. From 1966 to 1968 he held the chairmanship of the SPD faction . From 1964 to 1968, he was also Deputy State Chairman of the SPD Baden-Württemberg; until 1975 he remained a member of the state executive committee. In the grand coalition under Prime Minister Hans Filbinger, Hirrlinger was from 1968 to 1972 Minister of Labor and Social Affairs.

After his ministerial work, he became managing director of the housing association Neue Heimat Baden-Württemberg (New Home Baden-Württemberg). He held this office until 1986.

In addition to his work at Neue Heimat Hirrlinger 1974-1994 also chairman of the Regional Association Mittlerer Neckar (now Stuttgart region ) and from 1972 to 1992 deputy chairman of the VdK-Landesverband Baden-Württemberg. Until 1982 he was a member of the Federal Council of the Social Association, then the Bureau. In 1990 he became the successor of Karl Weishäupl President of the VdK Germany. He held this office until 30 September 2008. His successor was Ulrike Mascher. The news magazine Der Spiegel described Walter Hirrlinger as the "chief lobbyist of German pensioners".

## Personal life

Walter Hirrlinger was married to Lore Hirrlinger and father of a mentally handicapped daughter, who died in 2005 at the age of 45 years. Hirrlinger died after a serious illness in July 2018 at the age of 92 years in Esslingen.

## Awards and offices

Since its founding in 1979, Hirrlinger has been President of the European Action for the Disabled. From 2000 to 2004 he was chairman of the board of the German Disability Council.

Hirrlinger was since 1978 winner of the Medal of Merit of the State of Baden-Württemberg. He was awarded the Grand Cross of Merit (1979) and the Grand Cross of Merit with Star (1984) of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. In 2004, Hirrlinger was honorary chairman of the VdK Baden-Württemberg.


title: Windsor (sloop)

abstract: Windsor was a ship wrecked on Long Reef near Sydney, Australia in 1816. Windsor was a sloop of 22 tons owned and under the command of Henry Major. Windsor left the Hawkesbury and headed for Sydney when she was blown well off shore by a gale. It is probable that it was this gale that ended up sinking Recovery the same month. Eventually Windsor reached Newcastle where she picked up Recovery's survivors. Coming into Sydney the ship was wrecked on Long Reef but all of Windsor's crew and Recovery's survivors were able to get to safety and walk to Sydney.

text:
# Windsor (sloop)

***Windsor*** was a ship wrecked on Long Reef near Sydney, Australia in 1816.

*Windsor* was a sloop of 22 tons owned and under the command of Henry Major. *Windsor* left the Hawkesbury and headed for Sydney when she was blown well off shore by a gale. It is probable that it was this gale that ended up sinking *Recovery* the same month. Eventually *Windsor* reached Newcastle where she picked up *Recovery*'s survivors. Coming into Sydney the ship was wrecked on Long Reef but all of *Windsor*'s crew and *Recovery*'s survivors were able to get to safety and walk to Sydney.

## InfoBox

*Windsor*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Australia | |
| Owner | Henry Major |
| Fate | Wrecked 1816 |
| General characteristics | |
| Sail plan | sloop |


title: Music Up

abstract: Music Up, also known as Crazy for the Song, is the first Chinese animated idol series in China. It was distributed by Shanghai Animation Film Studio and produced by Welkin-Animation. A sequel, Music Up: Reborn is released in early October 2020.

text:
# Music Up

**Music Up** (Chinese: 我为歌狂), also known as ***Crazy for the Song***, is the first Chinese animated (alternatively known as a Donghua) idol series in China. It was distributed by Shanghai Animation Film Studio and produced by Welkin-Animation.

A sequel, *Music Up: Reborn* (我为歌狂 第二季) is released in early October 2020.

## Background

This is the first animation production from China with an emphasis on the life of singers, bands and pop stars. It is the first high budget domestic Chinese animation. Production investment is estimated to be 18 million RMB (about US $2.3 million). In 2001 66% of its profits came from selling merchandise related to the series.

## Story

Four young teenage boys share a common vision and passion for music. They come together overlapping their own personalities and ideas. In the process, they encounter a lot of difficulties as any youth might have. The story is unfolded as the band grows up. Academic, personal conflicts, family, friendship and emotional problems are all intertwined. With the help of teachers, students, and friends they try to achieve their dreams.

## Merchandise

The TV series was not as successful as expected, but the associated merchandise of books, cards, CDs were extremely popular among teenagers in China. The book series sold 350,000 copies in Shanghai alone. A video game was released in 2002 by UbiSoft China titled "Music Up - Summer Rainbow".

## InfoBox

| *Music Up* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | * Jie Yan Yan * Ceng Wei * Lu Yingzhe |
| Screenplay by | * Xiang Hua * Jie Yan Yan * Ceng Wei |
| Directed by | Hu Yihong |
| Voices of | * Zhang Cheng * Ye Qishan * Li Ye * Shen Lei * Feng Junhua * Sun Ye * Tao Hai * Zhang Hui * Xu Huayan * Shen Dawei * Li Wei * Wu Xiaoyan |
| Theme music composer | Peng Cheng |
| Opening theme | "My Stage" by Tiger Hu and the Inspirational Band |
| Composer | Peng Cheng |
| Country of origin | China |
| Original language | Mandarin |
| No. of episodes | 52 |
| Production | |
| Editor | Qiang Xiaobai |
| Running time | 22 mins |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network |  |
| Release | August 6 (2001-08-06)
August 31, 2001 (2001-08-31) (first 26 episodes)
2002 (last 26 episodes) |


title: Murder of Peter Porco

abstract: On August 10, 2006, 23-year-old Christopher Porco was convicted of second-degree murder for the axe murder of his father, and second-degree attempted murder after a similarly brutal attack on his mother left her severely wounded and permanently disfigured. The attacks were committed on November 15, 2004, at the home of Peter and Joan in Delmar, New York.

text:
# Murder of Peter Porco

On August 10, 2006, 23-year-old Christopher Porco (b. July 9, 1983) was convicted of second-degree murder for the axe murder of his father (Peter Porco), and second-degree attempted murder after a similarly brutal attack on his mother (Joan Porco) left her severely wounded and permanently disfigured. The attacks were committed on November 15, 2004, at the home of Peter and Joan in Delmar, New York.

## Murder case

### Background

On November 15, 2004, Peter Porco, a 52-year-old state Appellate Division court clerk, was found dead of massive head injuries in his home in Delmar, New York. His wife Joan Porco (née Balzano), a children's speech pathologist, was discovered lying in the couple's blood-drenched bed with severe head trauma; she survived the attack, but lost one eye and part of her skull and suffered severe facial disfigurement. Despite Peter's catastrophic injuries, he survived for several hours after the attack. After waking up, he carried out his morning routine before finally dying, as he had written a cheque for Christopher, made a packed lunch and attempted to load the dishwasher in the kitchen during the time before his death.

An axe belonging to the family, which was used in the attack, was found in the garage. Bethlehem Police soon focused their investigation on Christopher Porco, the younger of the couple's two sons, who was a student at the University of Rochester 230 miles away. Christopher Porco was at the University of Rochester when his parents were discovered. He later said he learned of the attack from a reporter. He returned to Delmar that evening.

### Prosecution

In late November 2004, outgoing Albany County District Attorney Paul Clyne convened a grand jury to hear testimony implicating Christopher Porco in the murder. Those who were reported to have testified in the closed-session hearing included Porco's friends from college, a university campus safety officer, and a former girlfriend. The grand jury would field more testimony before handing up an indictment against Christopher in November 2005, one year after the attacks.

#### Burglaries

During the course of their investigation, authorities determined that Porco had a history of anti-social behavior that included burglarizing his parents' home. In 2005, Bethlehem Police detectives traveled to San Diego, California, to retrieve a laptop computer that Christopher Porco had stolen from his parents in a break-in on July 21, 2003. Porco had sold the laptop on eBay. Police contended that eight months earlier, on November 28, 2002, Christopher staged a burglary at his parents' home in which he stole a Macintosh laptop computer and a Dell laptop computer. A camera reported missing from the burglary was recovered from the couple's front yard. One month before the attack, both Christopher and Johnathan Porco had their eBay accounts frozen because they shared the same Delmar address. Christopher had not sent several customers the items they had paid for from his account. During their investigation, prosecutors discovered that Christopher had posed as his own brother, sending emails to the customers falsely stating that his brother had died and was unable to deliver the items.

#### Burglar alarm

Trial testimony showed that on November 15, 2004, the Porco family's security code was used to disable the alarm system at their home. Hours later, a telephone line outside the Porco home was cut. Prosecutors asserted that Christopher Porco disabled the alarm and later cut the phone line to make the invasion of his parents' home appear to be a burglary.

#### Financial problems and forgeries

While away on a trip to England in March 2004, Christopher received an email from Joan Porco's account admonishing him for failing classes at Hudson Valley Community College in Troy, New York. In the message, Joan and Peter complained to their son, "You just left and (we) can't believe (our) eyes as I look at your interim grade report. You know what they say, 'Three strikes and you're out.' Explain yourself." The email's subject header was "Failing Grades-You did it again!". Several days later, Christopher replied in a message to his father. Blaming the community college's registrar, he wrote, "\[B\]ut obviously they are incorrect...My lowest grade that I got on anything was a B on a physics test...Don't jump to conclusions, I'm fine." Porco earned readmission to the University of Rochester with a forged transcript from Hudson Valley Community College. Judge Berry refused to allow prosecutors to use the forged transcripts as evidence in their criminal case against Christopher Porco.

Prior to the attack, there had been tension between Christopher Porco and his parents about money, including over loans Christopher had taken out to pay his tuition and to finance a new Jeep Wrangler. Following the fall 2003 semester, University of Rochester officials had forced Christopher Porco to withdraw because of poor grades. When he was readmitted the following year, he took out a loan for $31,000 to pay his expenses, forging his father's name as a cosignatory. Unbeknownst to his parents, Christopher was attempting to pay his fall 2004 tuition with the loan money. Earlier in the fall, he falsely told his parents that the University of Rochester was covering his tuition because a professor had misplaced his final exam from the previous fall semester.

Two weeks before his murder, Peter Porco had confronted his son about his dishonesty in an email: "Did you forge my signature as a co-signer? ... What the hell are you doing? You should have called me to discuss it ... I'm calling Citibank this morning to find out what you have done and am going to tell them I'm not to be on it as a co-signer."

The following day, Peter Porco was notified that Christopher had also obtained a line of credit from Citibank to finance the Jeep Wrangler, again using his father's name as a cosignatory. Peter once again wrote to his son, who had not answered his parents' phone calls in weeks: "I want you to know that if you abuse my credit again, I will be forced to file forgery affidavits in order to disclaim liability and that applies to the Citibank college loan if you attempt to reactivate it or use my credit to obtain any other loan." The email concluded with: "We may be disappointed with you, but your mother and I still love you and care about your future."

#### Johnathan Porco

Porco's brother, Johnathan, testified at his trial. According to the Albany *Times Union*, Johnathan's testimony influenced the jury; his demeanor toward his brother was "icy", and he described their relationship as "strained".

#### Porco's character

Police contended that Christopher Porco's behavior was consistent with a diagnosis of psychopathy or sociopathy, two similar though not identical disorders characterized by pathological deception, scamming and defrauding others, and lack of conscience or remorse. For example, Porco lied to obtain both a car and tuition payments. He also lied to fellow students to make it appear that he came from a wealthy family with oceanfront homes.

Professor Frank Perri has argued that police interviews with Christopher Porco were seriously flawed because police questioning procedures seemingly failed to account for Porco's probable psychopathy.

#### Porco's movements

Christopher Porco told investigators that on the night of November 14, he retired to a dormitory lounge to sleep and awoke the following morning. The police theory was that he drove more than three hours to Albany in early hours of November 15 to attack his parents. A New York State Thruway toll collector outside Rochester said a yellow Jeep Wrangler with large tires passed through his station at about 10:45 p.m. on November 14, and a collector in Albany recalled the "excessive speed" of a yellow Jeep Wrangler approaching the toll plaza shortly before 2 a.m. on November 15.

Four security cameras at the University of Rochester recorded a yellow Jeep Wrangler like Porco's leaving the campus at 10:30 p.m. on November 14 and returning at 8:30 a.m. on November 15, this being the period during which prosecutors claim the Porcos were attacked.

A neighbor of the Porco family later testified at trial that he saw Porco's yellow Jeep in the family's driveway on the evening of the attack. Also, University of Rochester students testified that they did not see Porco sleeping in a dormitory lounge on the night of the attack.

#### Veterinary clinic job

Porco's employer, veterinarian John Kearney, testified at trial that Porco had been trained in cleaning up after animal surgeries. After the trial, jurors commented that this testimony helped to explain the fact that police did not find blood in Porco's vehicle after the attack.

#### Witness identification

Christopher Bowdish, a Bethlehem Police detective, stated that, as medical personnel attended to Joan Porco at her home, he took a moment to ask her whether she could identify her attacker. Bowdish said that when he asked Joan if a family member had committed the crime, Joan used her head to indicate "yes". Bowdish has maintained that when he asked her whether it had been her older son Johnathan, a Naval officer stationed in South Carolina, she shook her head to indicate "no". However, when Officer Bowdish asked if her son Christopher was responsible, she was said to have nodded her head up and down, indicating "yes". She also answered in similar ways to other separate questions.

After Joan Porco emerged from a medically induced coma, she stated that she was unable to remember the attack and asserted that she believed her son Christopher to be innocent. During videotaped testimony submitted to the grand jury in December 2004, Joan testified about her family, but did not identify her son as an attacker. Nine months later, she wrote a letter for publication in the Albany *Times Union* in which she urged authorities to leave Christopher alone and "to search for Peter's real killer or killers, so that he can rest in peace and my sons and I can live in safety."

### Defense arguments

Defense attorney Terence Kindlon emphasized that the Bethlehem Police Department had no physical evidence linking Christopher Porco to the attack on his parents. No fingerprints were recovered from the ax (which had previously been stored in the Porco's garage) found at the scene of the crime.

In statements to the press and criminal proceedings, Kindlon suggested that the Bethlehem Police Department had made Christopher Porco's guilt a foregone conclusion. During his opening remarks to jurors on June 27, 2006, Kindlon described the Bethlehem Police as unfamiliar with a serious crime investigation, describing them as a department "that chases skateboarders away from the 7-11 ...This is not the FBI."

Kindlon's co-counsel and wife Laurie Shanks maintained that police had overlooked the possibility that Peter Porco's death was the result of retaliation against his uncle Frank Porco, a captain in the Bonanno crime family in New York City (despite the fact that they had, indeed, followed that lead – Frank Porco had served two years in prison for loansharking and extortion, although Shanks incorrectly told jurors that he had been indicted for his involvement in a murder). Shanks noted that Frank Porco's nickname with the mob was "The Fireman," which could have had something to do with the type of murder weapon found (an axe that he and his wife had dubbed a "fire axe"). Frank had served in the New York City Fire Department.

### Trial, conviction, and sentencing

The Porco trial began on June 27, 2006. The trial was held in Orange County because of intense media coverage in the Albany area, in addition to the fact that Albany County judges were recused because Peter Porco worked in the Courthouse as a law clerk.

On August 2, 2006, the prosecution completed its case against Porco, and the defense's case, which was much briefer, began.

On the morning of August 10, 2006, the jury began deliberations. Later that day, Porco was found guilty of second degree murder and attempted murder.

On December 12, 2006, Judge Jeffrey Berry sentenced Porco to 50 years to life on each count, totaling a minimum of 50 years in prison. Judge Berry was quoted as saying, "I fear very much what happened in the early morning hours of November 15 is something that could happen again." Porco will be eligible for parole in December 2052.

### Aftermath

Christopher Porco is incarcerated at Clinton Correctional Facility. He appealed his conviction to the Appellate Division, Third Department and to the New York Court of Appeals, but both courts rejected his appeals. He also appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to hear his case without opinion.

The case was shown in an episode of *Forensic Files*. In 2011 the reboot series of *Great Crimes and Trials* made an episode about the case.

In 2006, the Porco case was the subject of an hourlong episode of CBS's *48 Hours*. In 2013, Lifetime aired a movie entitled *Romeo Killer: The Chris Porco Story*; Porco sued in an attempt to block the release of the movie.

The seventh season, third episode (#07.03) of *CSI: NY*, "Damned If You Do", is loosely based on the case. The episode first aired on October 8, 2010.

In 2023, WTEN reporter John Gray interviewed Christopher Porco in prison. The interview aired on *News 10 ABC* on January 12, 2023 during its 6:00 PM ET newscast. In the interview, Porco claims to have filed a motion for ineffective counsel, citing a misplaced paper that he claims would prove his alibi. The status of said motion is currently unknown.


title: Murder of Peter Aston

abstract: On 4 May 1982, Australian Army personnel Robin Reid, then aged 34, and Nicole Louise Pearce, 17, kidnapped two 13-year-old boys, Peter Aston and Terry Ryan, on the Gold Coast, Queensland. Reid and Pearce then drove the boys at gun and knife point to Kingscliff, New South Wales, where they were beaten, tortured, and sexually assaulted, before Aston was ultimately murdered.

text:
# Murder of Peter Aston

On 4 May 1982, Australian Army personnel Robin Reid, then aged 34, and Nicole Louise Pearce (birth name Paul Wayne Luckman), 17, kidnapped two 13-year-old boys, Peter Aston and Terry Ryan, on the Gold Coast, Queensland. Reid and Pearce then drove the boys at gun and knife point to Kingscliff, New South Wales, where they were beaten, tortured, and sexually assaulted, before Aston was ultimately murdered.

## Kidnapping and murder

Teenage friends Peter Aston and Terry Ryan were out exploring and wandering, and decided to try hitchhiking their way down the Gold Coast Highway. They observed two males, one clearly younger (Pearce) and one slightly older (Reid), apparently working on their parked vehicle, as the hood was open and the two appeared to be looking inside. Aston and Ryan approached the vehicle and introduced themselves, before asking where the strangers were headed, and if they could possibly hitch a ride further down the road. Reid is said to have agreed "immediately", promptly closing the hood of the car and requesting for one of the boys "sit in the front" passenger seat while the other sat with Pearce, in the back. Ryan would later recount that this request seemed very strange, to both Aston and himself, at the time; the boys simply did what they were told, thinking nothing major of it.

Not long down the road, the two boys realised Reid was not taking the agreed-upon route. When they eventually questioned his driving, Ryan immediately "had a shotgun" aimed at his head by Pearce, who told him to be quiet. At the front of the car, Reid held a knife to Aston, ordering him to do as he was told, as well. Reid continued driving with one hand, holding the knife to Aston in the other, while both boys were repeatedly beaten and roughed-up; Ryan later said he was struck with the butt of the shotgun a couple of times, causing him to nearly lose consciousness. Reid continued driving further, eventually crossing the Queensland-New South Wales border, into the beachside town of Kingscliff, where they forced the two boys out of the car and down a secluded beach track.

Reid and Pearce then reportedly placed painful toe clamps on the boys' feet to immobilise them and restrict their movements. The two men are said to have laughed and mocked at the struggling boys throughout the ordeal. Their hands were also tied behind their backs. Apparently, the men focused the majority of their energy on Aston while Ryan was forced to watch, though he was repeatedly beaten and kicked as well. Aston, however, was violently beaten, kicked, punched, sexually assaulted, struck with a shovel, had his ear lobes "pierced" a number of times with a leather punch, and had lit cigarettes pressed onto his skin before being stabbed in the head and partially scalped, according to Ryan's own testimony. The more the boys yelled for them to stop, the more angry the men would become; Reid and Pearce are said to have grown so tired of Aston's screaming that they ripped all of his clothes off and essentially "stuffed what would fit" into his mouth and throat, to silence him. However, he did not suffocate. Ryan, fearing his own torture and death was imminent, admitted to feeling as if joining the deranged men would be his only ticket to safety. Feigning a sick interest in the sadistic attack, Ryan was told by Pearce and Reid to begin beating his friend with the shovel. Regrettably, Ryan complied out of fear, though he reportedly did not deliver the killing blow.

In spite of all of his injuries sustained during the attack, Aston was still clinging to life; he was eventually covered in sand by Pearce and Reid, essentially buried alive in a shallow grave, as the medical examiner would later find sand in the boy's airways. By this point, Ryan had reasoned with the attackers enough that they eventually drove him home, dropping him a few blocks from the actual house and leaving.

## Arrest and trial

Reid and Pearce's committal hearing was held at Tweed Heads Court on 4 August. The case was transferred to the Sydney Supreme Court.

Reid and Pearce were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.

## Aftermath

Pearce underwent gender transition in 1990. Pearce was released in 1998.

As of June 2014 Reid has been refused parole six times.


title: Musaly, Salyan

abstract: Musaly is a village in the Salyan Rayon of Azerbaijan.

text:
# Musaly, Salyan

39°33′N 49°01′E / 39.550°N 49.017°E / 39.550; 49.017

**Musaly** (also, **Musali**) is a village in the Salyan Rayon of Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| Musaly | |
| --- | --- |
| Musaly | |
| Coordinates: 39°33′N 49°01′E / 39.550°N 49.017°E / 39.550; 49.017 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Salyan |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Murder of Daniel Wretström

abstract: Daniel Juhani Wretström was a Swedish nationalist of Finnish descent. and white power skinhead murdered in Salem, Sweden.

text:
# Murder of Daniel Wretström

**Daniel Juhani Wretström** (15 October 1983 – 9 December 2000) was a Swedish nationalist of Finnish descent. and white power skinhead murdered in Salem, Sweden.

## Background

Wretström played drums in the white power rock band "Vit Legion" ("White Legion").

Wretström lived with his mother, Birgitta, and sister, Sara. His middle name Juhani indicates an immigrant background from Finland. According to Birgitta, Wretström had been diagnosed with ADHD. She described him as a "searcher", who attended a Pentecostal church.

## Murder

Following a conflict at an apartment party in Salem where Wretström, according to witnesses in the investigation, slapped a girl and while drunk and upset at a nearby bus station close to a local youth center a fight broke out between Wretström and a group of young people. It is alleged that, after talk in the area about a racist assaulting a girl at a party, a group of youths followed him to the bus station. A fight ensued in which he was assaulted by the group which the media described as being "from immigrant backgrounds". After he was beaten and rolled into a ditch one assailant called his older and mentally unstable male relative who arrived at the scene armed with a knife and stabbed him multiple times in the neck and throat.

## Impact

Wretström's murder inspired Swedish neo-Nazis, ultra-nationalists and other far-right activists to organize an annual demonstration known as the Salem March Those activists consider Wretström to be a martyr to their cause. The neo-Nazi group Blood and Honour has called him "the Horst Wessel of our generation", vowing to exact revenge., Blood and Honour wrote "Here is the Horst Wessel of our generation – the figurehead of a new movement – to whom we each owe a blood debt to unite. This morning Europe weeps for a fallen hero. Mark this day – for he shall be avenged. Though his flash has fallen – his spirit lives on." Their demonstrations drew a response from the Swedish group Antifascistisk Aktion.

The murder became the topic in many heated debates and articles in Swedish media, political papers and in Swedish society at that time, and the motives and cause of the murder is still debated even today. The far-right immediately accused multicultural society and left-wing politics and has often protested at media calling Wretström a nazi, while many journalists and papers often mentioned the brawl at the party as the motive. The official police investigation leaves it unclear what really caused the fight and murder since there was many accused and many witnesses who gave different versions of the events.

Stieg Larsson, then the editor of *Expo*, an anti-racist magazine, denied that the Expo organisation had ever defended the murder of Wretström, pointing out that the Turkish-born journalist Kurdo Baksi had been one of the first to condemn the perpetrators.

The perpetrators were arrested and prosecuted and because of their young age, most were sentenced to youth facilities or community service. The accused murderer who stabbed Wretström was ruled insane at the time of the murder by the court and sentenced to psychiatric care. He was given a new identity and released after 4 years.

## Footnotes


title: Murder of Danny Katz

abstract: The Murder of Danny Katz was a terrorist attack carried out in 1983 in which a Palestinian militant killed 14-year-old Israeli Danny Katz. The attack, prominent among a series of attacks aimed at Israeli children during the early 1980s, shocked the Israeli public due to its brutal nature. It signified to many in the Israeli public a deterioration to their personal security at that time.

text:
# Murder of Danny Katz

The **Murder of Danny Katz** was a terrorist attack carried out in 1983 in which a Palestinian militant killed 14-year-old Israeli Danny Katz. The attack, prominent among a series of attacks aimed at Israeli children during the early 1980s, shocked the Israeli public due to its brutal nature. It signified to many in the Israeli public a deterioration to their personal security at that time.

## The murder

On Thursday December 8, 1983, the 14-year-old Israeli Danny Katz, a resident of the Denia neighborhood of Haifa, left his house to visit a friend, but disappeared en route.

After a three-day search Katz' mutilated body was found outside a remote cave in the Sakhnin region, bearing marks of strangulation, torture, and sexual assault.

## The assailants

A letter found in the pile of garbage near the cave led the investigators to Samir Ghanem, a resident of Sakhnin. Ghanem initially denied the allegations, but later confessed and implicated four additional partners in crime – Fathi Janameh, Ali Ganayem and Atef Sabihi. All admitted to killing Danny Katz. All were eventually found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Atef Sabihi, also confessed later on to the 1982 abduction, rape and murder of 19-year-old Israeli Daphna Carmon.

## Aftermath

The assailants' attorney Avigdor Feldman claimed that the suspects' conviction was improper due to a lack of solid evidence against the accused and the court's reliance solely on their confessions, which according to the defendants, were given under duress. In 1991 the Israeli Supreme Court ruled that the defendants' claims were not credible and that their conviction on the basis of their confessions and additional evidence were sufficient.

Following continuous public pressure, the Israeli Justice Minister David Libai ordered the attorney Judith Karp to prepare a report about the case. Following the report, an appeal for a retrial was handed to the Israeli supreme court. President of the Supreme Court Aharon Barak ruled in 1999 that a retrial would be held for the accused.

In 2000 the retrial began, a relatively rare procedure in the Israeli legal system. The defendants were convicted again in 2002 after the judges were convinced that the defendants' confessions were admissible. Defense attorney Feldman appealed to the Supreme Court, but his appeal was unanimously rejected after the court examined the evidence and ruled that the district court's verdict was well established.

In 2007 Israeli President Shimon Peres issued a pardon reducing the sentences of Danny Katz's assailants. The significance of reducing the sentence of the killers meant that they now had the option of asking the prison parole board to deduct a third of their sentences. In July 2008, the prison parole board rejected Danny Katz's assailants appeal to deduct a third of their sentences on the grounds that they are still dangerous to the public.

In 2019 an investigation by the 13tv channel, shows how the Israeli Police tortured the suspects and charged them without having any proof. After 30 years in prison, one of them was released the rest are still awaiting release.

## InfoBox

| Murder of Danny Katz | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Northern District, Israel |
| Date | December 8, 1983 (1983-12-08) |
| Assailants | 5 Arab assailants |