title: Martha Layne Collins

abstract: Colonel Martha Layne Collins is an American former businesswoman and politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky; she served as the state's 56th governor from 1983 to 1987, the first woman to hold the office and the only one to date. Prior to that, she served as the 48th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky, under John Y. Brown Jr. Her election made her the highest-ranking Democratic woman in the U.S. She was considered as a possible running mate for Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale in the 1984 presidential election, but Mondale chose Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro instead. After graduating from the University of Kentucky, Collins worked as a school teacher while her husband finished a degree in dentistry. She became interested in politics, and worked on both Wendell Ford's gubernatorial campaign in 1971 and Walter "Dee" Huddleston's U.S. Senate campaign in 1972. In 1975, she was chosen secretary of the state's Democratic Party and was elected clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals. During her tenure as clerk, a constitutional amendment restructured the state's judicial system, and the Court of Appeals became the Kentucky Supreme Court. Collins continued as clerk of the renamed court and worked to educate citizens about the court's new role. Collins was elected lieutenant governor in 1979, under Governor John Y. Brown Jr. Brown was frequently out of the state, leaving Collins as acting governor for more than 500 days of her four-year term. In 1983, she defeated Republican Jim Bunning to become Kentucky's first woman governor. Her administration had two primary focuses: education and economic development. After failing to secure increased funding for education in the 1984 legislative session, she conducted a statewide public awareness campaign in advance of a special legislative session the following year; the modified program was passed in that session. She successfully used economic incentives to bring a Toyota manufacturing plant to Georgetown, Kentucky in 1986. Legal challenges to the incentives – which would have cost the state the plant and its related economic benefits – were eventually dismissed by the Kentucky Supreme Court. The state experienced record economic growth under Collins's leadership. At the time, Kentucky governors were not eligible for reelection. Collins taught at several universities after her four-year term as governor. From 1990 to 1996, she was the president of Saint Catharine College near Springfield, Kentucky. The 1993 conviction of Collins's husband, Dr. Bill Collins, in an influence-peddling scandal, damaged her hopes for a return to political life. Prior to her husband's conviction it had been rumored that she would be a candidate for the U.S. Senate, or would take a position in the administration of President Bill Clinton. From 1998 to 2012, Collins served as an executive scholar-in-residence at Georgetown College.

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# Martha Layne Collins

**Colonel Martha Layne Collins** (née **Hall**; born December 7, 1936) is an American former businesswoman and politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky; she served as the state's 56th governor from 1983 to 1987, the first woman to hold the office and the only one to date. Prior to that, she served as the 48th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky, under John Y. Brown Jr. Her election made her the highest-ranking Democratic woman in the U.S. She was considered as a possible running mate for Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale in the 1984 presidential election, but Mondale chose Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro instead.

After graduating from the University of Kentucky, Collins worked as a school teacher while her husband finished a degree in dentistry. She became interested in politics, and worked on both Wendell Ford's gubernatorial campaign in 1971 and Walter "Dee" Huddleston's U.S. Senate campaign in 1972. In 1975, she was chosen secretary of the state's Democratic Party and was elected clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals. During her tenure as clerk, a constitutional amendment restructured the state's judicial system, and the Court of Appeals became the Kentucky Supreme Court. Collins continued as clerk of the renamed court and worked to educate citizens about the court's new role.

Collins was elected lieutenant governor in 1979, under Governor John Y. Brown Jr. Brown was frequently out of the state, leaving Collins as acting governor for more than 500 days of her four-year term. In 1983, she defeated Republican Jim Bunning to become Kentucky's first woman governor. Her administration had two primary focuses: education and economic development. After failing to secure increased funding for education in the 1984 legislative session, she conducted a statewide public awareness campaign in advance of a special legislative session the following year; the modified program was passed in that session. She successfully used economic incentives to bring a Toyota manufacturing plant to Georgetown, Kentucky in 1986. Legal challenges to the incentives – which would have cost the state the plant and its related economic benefits – were eventually dismissed by the Kentucky Supreme Court. The state experienced record economic growth under Collins's leadership.

At the time, Kentucky governors were not eligible for reelection. Collins taught at several universities after her four-year term as governor. From 1990 to 1996, she was the president of Saint Catharine College near Springfield, Kentucky. The 1993 conviction of Collins's husband, Dr. Bill Collins, in an influence-peddling scandal, damaged her hopes for a return to political life. Prior to her husband's conviction it had been rumored that she would be a candidate for the U.S. Senate, or would take a position in the administration of President Bill Clinton. From 1998 to 2012, Collins served as an executive scholar-in-residence at Georgetown College.

## Early life

Martha Layne Hall was born December 7, 1936, in Bagdad, Kentucky, the only child of Everett and Mary (Taylor) Hall. When Martha Layne was in the sixth grade, her family moved to Shelbyville, Kentucky, and opened the Hall-Taylor Funeral Home. Martha Layne was involved in numerous extracurricular activities both in school and at the local Baptist church. Her parents were active in local politics, working for the campaigns of several Democratic candidates, and Hall frequently joined them, stuffing envelopes and delivering pamphlets door-to-door.

Martha Layne attended Shelbyville High School where she was a good student and a cheerleader. She frequently competed in beauty pageants and won the title of Shelby County Tobacco Festival Queen in 1954. After high school, Hall enrolled at Lindenwood College, then an all-woman college in Saint Charles, Missouri (It is now a co-ed university). After one year at Lindenwood, she transferred to the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky. She was active in many clubs, including the Chi Omega social sorority, the Baptist Student Union, and the home economics club, and was also the president of her dormitory and vice president of the house presidents council.

In 1957, Hall met Billy Louis Collins while attending a Baptist camp in Shelby County. He was a student at Georgetown College in Georgetown, Kentucky, about 13 miles from Lexington; he and Hall dated while finishing their degrees. Hall earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Home Economics in 1959. Having won the title of Kentucky Derby Festival Queen earlier that year, she briefly considered a career in modeling. Instead, she and Collins married shortly after her graduation. While Billy Collins pursued a degree in dentistry at the University of Louisville, Martha taught at Seneca and Fairdale high schools, both located in Louisville. While living in Louisville, the couple had two children, Steve and Marla.

In 1966, the Collinses moved to Versailles, Kentucky, where Martha taught at Woodford County Junior High School. The couple became active in several civic organizations, including the Jaycees and Jayceettes and the Young Democratic Couples Club. Through the club, they worked on behalf of Henry Ward's unsuccessful gubernatorial campaign in 1967.

## Early political career

By 1971, Collins was the president of the Jayceettes; through her work there, she came to the attention of Democratic state senator Walter "Dee" Huddleston. Huddleston asked Collins to co-chair Wendell Ford's gubernatorial campaign in the 6th District. J.R. Miller, then-chairman of the state Democratic Party, commented that "She organized that district like you wouldn't believe." After Ford's victory, he named Collins as a Democratic National Committeewoman from Kentucky. She quit her teaching job and went to work full-time at the state Democratic Party headquarters, as secretary of the state Democratic party and as a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention. The following year, she worked for Huddleston's campaign for the U.S. Senate.

In 1975, Collins won the Democratic nomination for Clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals in a five-way primary. In the general election, she defeated Republican Joseph E. Lambert by a vote of 382,528 to 233,442. During her term, an amendment to the state constitution changed the name of the Court of Appeals to the Kentucky Supreme Court; Collins was the last person to hold the office of Clerk of the Court of Appeals and the first to hold the office of Clerk of the Supreme Court. As clerk, she compiled and distributed a brochure about the new role of the Supreme Court, and worked with the state department of education to create a teacher's manual for use in the public schools, detailing the changes effected in the court system as a result of the constitutional amendment. The Woodford County chapter of Business and Professional Women chose Collins as its 1976 Woman of Achievement, and in 1977, Governor Julian Carroll named her Kentucky Executive Director of the Friendship Force.

In a field that included six major candidates, Collins secured the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor in the 1979 primary, garnering 23 percent of the vote. She handily defeated Republican Hal Rogers in the general election 543,176 to 316,798. As lieutenant governor, she traveled the state, attending ceremonies in place of Democratic Governor John Y. Brown, Jr., who disliked such formal events and often chose not to attend. By the end of her term, she declared that she had visited all 120 counties in Kentucky. Governor Brown was frequently out of the state, leaving Collins as acting governor for more than 500 days of her four-year term.

As lieutenant governor, Collins presided over the state Senate. Members of both major parties praised Collins for her impartiality and knowledge of parliamentary procedure in this role. She was twice called upon to break tie votes in the Senate, once on a bill allowing the state's teachers to engage in collective bargaining and another on a bill to allow branch banking across county lines within the state; in both instances she voted in the negative, killing the bill. During her tenure, she also chaired the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors, becoming the first woman to hold that position. In 1982, she was named to the board of regents of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville.

## Gubernatorial election of 1983

Nearing the end of her term as lieutenant governor, Collins announced her intent to run for governor in 1983. Her opponents for the Democratic nomination included Louisville mayor Harvey Sloane and Grady Stumbo, the former secretary of the state's Department of Human Resources. Collins had the support of many leaders in the Democratic Party, but just before the primary, Governor Brown endorsed Stumbo, charging that both Sloane and Collins would use their gubernatorial appointment power to dispense party patronage. Although this was a common practice at the time, Brown notably shunned it during his term. With 223,692 votes, Collins edged out Sloane (219,160 votes) and Stumbo (199,795 votes) to secure the nomination. Sloane asked for a recanvass of the ballots, but ultimately decided it would not change the outcome and conceded defeat.

In the general election, Collins faced Republican state senator Jim Bunning, who was later elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame for his achievements as a professional pitcher. The National Organization for Women, the National Women's Campaign Fund, and the Women's Political Caucus all refused to endorse Collins, citing her lukewarm support for the Equal Rights Amendment and her opposition to abortion except in cases of rape, incest, or when the mother's life was in danger. But, Bunning was not personable on the campaign trail and had difficulty finding issues that would draw traditionally Democratic voters to him. His Catholicism was a political liability among the majority-Protestant voters. Collins won the election by a vote of 561,674 to 454,650, becoming the first, and to date only, woman to be elected governor of Kentucky.

Following her election, Collins donated the surplus $242,000 from her campaign coffers to the state Democratic Party. When Collins's husband was named state treasurer for the party – at an annual salary of $59,900 – the state press charged that the move was a plot to funnel Collins's campaign funds into her personal account. (The previous Democratic state treasurer had received no salary during his tenure.) Following the media criticism, Dr. Collins resigned his post as treasurer. All of the involved individuals insisted that Governor Collins had not been briefed on the details of her husband's appointment. The media's criticism of Collins continued as many of the appointments to her executive cabinet went to what they characterized as inexperienced personnel who had held key positions in her past campaigns. When newly appointed Insurance Commissioner Gilbert McCarty approved a 17% rate increase requested by Blue Cross Blue Shield – a request that his predecessor had denied a few days earlier – Collins quickly countermanded the approval pending a public hearing on the matter.

## Governor

In her first address to the legislature, Collins asked for an additional $324 million from the Kentucky General Assembly, most of it allocated for education. The additional revenue was to be derived from Collins's proposed tax package, which included increasing the income tax on individuals making more than $15,000 annually, extending the sales tax to cover services such as auto repair and dry cleaning, and increasing the corporate licensing tax. After opposition to her proposal developed among legislators during the 1984 biennial legislative session, Collins revised the tax package. She retained the corporate licensing tax increase, but replaced the sales tax and income tax modifications with a flat five percent personal income tax and phasing out the deductions for depreciation which corporations could claim on their state taxes.

With the state still recovering from an economic recession and an election year upcoming, legislators refused to raise taxes. Collins eventually withdrew her request and submitted a continuation budget instead. Some education proposals advocated by Collins were passed, including mandatory kindergarten, remedial programs for elementary school children, mandatory testing and internship for teachers, and the implementation of academic receivership for underperforming schools. Among the other accomplishments of the 1984 legislative session were passage of a tougher drunk driving law, and a measure allowing state banking companies to purchase other banks within the state.

### Consideration for vice-president

By virtue of her election as Kentucky's governor, Collins became the highest-ranking Democratic woman in the nation. The only two women in the U.S. Senate at the time were Republicans, and Collins was the only woman governor of any state. Shortly after her election, she appeared on *Good Morning America*, where she was asked about her interest in the vice-presidency and gave a non-committal answer. Four days after her inauguration as governor, she was chosen to deliver the Democratic response to President Ronald Reagan's weekly radio address. At a news conference following her speech, Collins was asked again if she would be willing to be considered as the Democrats' vice-presidential candidate in the upcoming election; she replied "No, not at this time."

In mid-1984, the Democratic National Committee chose Collins to preside over the 1984 Democratic National Convention in San Francisco. This engagement prevented Collins from chairing the state delegation to the convention, as was typical of governors. The party appointed Collins's son, Steve as state chair. Prior to the convention, Walter Mondale, the presumptive presidential nominee, interviewed Collins as a possible vice-presidential candidate before choosing Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate. A writer for *The Miami Herald* later opined, based on interviews with Mondale advisers, that Collins was never given serious consideration by Mondale. He reported that she was included in his list of potential running mates primarily to blunt potential charges of "tokenism" in considering other women and minorities.

### Education proposals

In January 1985, Collins renewed her push for additional education funding and changes by appointing herself secretary of the state Education and Humanities Cabinet. Following the announcement, Collins and several key legislators held a series of meetings in every county, advocating for her proposed changes and seeking information about what types of changes the state's citizens desired. At the meetings, Collins was careful to separate the issues of her proposed education plan and potential tax increases. She believed that opposition to increased taxes had prevented her previous package from being enacted.

Collins announced a new education package in June 1985 that included a five percent across-the-board pay raise for teachers, a reduction in class sizes, funding for construction projects, aides for every kindergarten teacher in the state, and a "power equalization" program to make funding for poorer school districts more equal to that of their more affluent counterparts. After favorable reaction to the plan from legislators, she called a special legislative session to convene July 8 to consider the plan. After two weeks of deliberation, the General Assembly approved Collins's education plan, tripling the corporate licensing tax to $2.10 per $1,000 in order to pay for the package. The Assembly rejected a proposed five-cents-per-gallon increase in the state gasoline tax to finance other spending.

Collins followed up her success in the 1985 special session with a push for more higher education funding in the 1986 legislative session. Lawmakers obliged by approving an additional $100 million for higher education in the biennial budget. They also approved implementation of a pilot preschool program and the purchase of new reading textbooks, but failed to act on Collins's request for an additional $3.9 million to improve the state's vocational education system. Legislators approved calling a referendum on a constitutional amendment – supported by Collins – to make the state superintendent of education an appointive, rather than elective, office. The amendment was defeated by the state's voters in November 1986, despite a Collins-led campaign in favor of it. The increased corporate tax intended to cover the cost of the increased education budget was, however, inadequate. In 1987, a plan to increase revenue through changes in the state income tax was abandoned when Wallace Wilkinson, the Democratic gubernatorial nominee who would go on to succeed Collins, announced his opposition to it.

### Toyota Assembly Plant

In March 1985, Collins embarked on the first of several trade missions to Japan. She returned there in October 1985, and also visited China – a first for any Kentucky governor – to encourage opening Chinese markets for Kentucky goods and to establish a "sister state" relationship with China's Jiangxi province. Collins's efforts in Japan yielded her most significant accomplishment as governor – convincing Toyota to locate an $800 million manufacturing plant in Georgetown. According to published reports, the Kentucky location was chosen over proposed sites in Indiana, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kansas.

The agreement with Toyota was contingent upon legislative approval of $125 million in incentives promised to Toyota by Collins and state Commerce Secretary Carroll Knicely. They included $35 million to buy and improve a 1,600 acres (650 ha) tract to be given to Toyota for the plant, $33 million for initial training of employees, $10 million for a skills development center for employees, and $47 million in highway improvements near the site. The incentive package was approved in the 1986 legislative session. State Attorney General David L. Armstrong expressed concerns that the incentives might conflict with the state constitution by giving gifts from the state treasury to a private business, but concluded that the General Assembly had made "a good-faith effort to be in compliance with the constitution".

Given Armstrong's concerns, the administration employed general counsel J. Patrick Abell to file a friendly test case to determine the constitutionality of the incentive package. While the suit was pending, the *Lexington Herald-Leader* reported that the administration had failed to include the interest on the bonds used to finance the expenditures in its estimation of the cost; this, plus the cost overruns reported by the *Herald-Leader*, had already pushed the total cost of the package to about $354 million by late September 1986. In October, Toyota agreed to cover the cost overruns associated with preparing the site for construction.

Opponents of the economic enticements for Toyota joined the state's test suit. In October 1986, Franklin County Circuit Court Judge Ray Corns issued an initial ruling that the package did not violate the state constitution, but both sides asked the Kentucky Supreme Court to make a final decision. On June 11, 1987, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled 4–3 that the package served a public purpose and were therefore constitutional.

Shortly after the announcement that Toyota was moving to Georgetown Collins, in her capacity as governor, condemned a portion of land belonging to real estate developer Gordon Taub. Taub owned 60 acres (24 ha) within the Toyota plant site and 4.2 acres (1.7 ha) were condemned to build a four-lane highway to the Toyota plant entrance. Taub challenged the condemnation, stating that the Commonwealth did not have the right to condemn private property for the use of a for profit, public corporation. At trial, Collins became the first sitting governor of Kentucky to testify in court. She was represented by former governor Bert T. Combs; Taub was represented by former governor Louie B. Nunn. This was also the first time in the history of Kentucky that two former governors represented opposing parties in a legal action.

Later, Toyota set up several assembly plants across the state; near the end of Collins's term, the state Commerce Cabinet reported that 25 automotive-related manufacturing plants had been constructed in 17 counties since the Toyota announcement.

In 1987, Collins promised $10 million in state aid to Ford to incentivize the company to expand its truck assembly plant in Louisville. The state experienced record job growth under Collins's economic development plan, which included attempts to attract both domestic and international companies. The state's unemployment rate fell from 9.7 percent in October 1983 to 7.2 percent in October 1987; according to the administration's own figures, they created a net increase of 73,000 jobs in the state during Collins's tenure.

### Other matters during Collins's term

On October 7, 1987, Collins called a special legislative session to close a deficit between state contributions to the worker's compensation Special Fund and disbursements. The Special Fund was designated for payments to workers with occupational diseases and workers whose work-related injuries could not be traced to any single employer. A plan proposed by Democratic state senator Ed O'Daniel was expected to provide the framework for legislation considered in the session. Under O'Daniel's plan, additional revenue for the Special Fund would be raised by increasing assessments on worker's compensation premiums for 30 years. Assessments for coal companies were increased more than those on other businesses because the majority of the claims paid from the Special Fund were for black lung, a breathing disease common among coal miners; consequently, it was opposed by legislators from heavily coal-dependent counties. Nevertheless, after nine days of negotiations, a bill substantially similar to O'Daniel's original plan was approved by the legislature and signed by Collins.

Collins chaired the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway Authority and held that position when the waterway opened to the public in 1985. On May 10, 1985, she was named to the University of Kentucky Alumni Association's Hall of Distinguished Alumni. She also chaired the Southern Growth Policies Board, Southern States Energy Board, and was co-chair of the Appalachian Regional Commission.

## Activities after leaving office

Collins's term expired on December 8, 1987, and under the restrictions then present in the Kentucky Constitution, she was ineligible for consecutive terms. In 1988, she accepted a position as "executive in residence" at the University of Louisville, giving guest lectures to students in the university's business classes. She also started an international trade consulting firm in Lexington. When Western Kentucky University president Kern Alexander resigned to accept a position at Virginia Tech in 1988, Collins was among four finalists to succeed him. Some faculty members publicly expressed concerns about Collins's lack of experience in academia, and she withdrew her name from consideration shortly before the new president was announced.

After fulfilling her one-year commitment to the University of Louisville, Collins was named a fellow of the Harvard Institute of Politics' John F. Kennedy School of Government, teaching non-credit classes on leadership styles once a week. Concurrent with her position at Harvard, Collins was named to the board of regents for Midway College in 1989; the following year, she was removed from the board of regents of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Her removal was automatically triggered after she missed three consecutive board meetings between 1986 and 1989. In 1990, Collins accepted the presidency of Saint Catharine College in Springfield, Kentucky, becoming the first president of the small, Catholic college who was not a Dominican nun. College officials stated that Collins was recruited for the presidency to raise the college's profile.

In 1993, Collins's husband, Bill, was charged in an influence-peddling scandal. The prosecution claimed that while Collins was governor, Dr. Collins exploited a perception that he could influence the awarding of state contracts through his wife. It was alleged that he exploited this perception to pressure people who did business with the state to invest nearly $2 million with him. He was convicted on October 14, 1993, after a seven-week trial; he was given a sentence of five years and three months in federal prison, which was at the low end of the range prescribed by the federal sentencing guidelines. He was also fined $20,000 for a conspiracy charge that involved kickbacks disguised as political contributions. Governor Collins was called to testify in the trial, but was not charged. The scandal tarnished her image, however, and may have cost her an appointment in the administration of President Bill Clinton. Collins was also rumored to be considering running for the U.S. Senate, a bid which never materialized following her husband's conviction. The Collinses reunited following Dr. Collins's release from prison on October 10, 1997.

In 1996, Collins resigned as president of Saint Catharine College to direct the International Business and Management Center at the University of Kentucky. Later that year, she was a co-chair of the Credentials Committee at the Democratic National Convention. When her contract with the University of Kentucky expired in 1998, Collins took a part-time position as "executive scholar in residence" at Georgetown College, which allowed her more time to pursue other interests. In 1999, she was named Honorary Consul General of Japan in Kentucky, a position which involved promoting Japanese interests in Kentucky, encouraging Japanese investment in the state, and encouraging cultural understanding between Kentucky and Japan. In 2001, Governor Paul E. Patton named her co-chair of the Kentucky Task Force on the Economic Status of Women. In January 2005, she became the chairwoman and chief executive officer of the Kentucky World Trade Center. She has held positions on the boards of directors for several corporations, including Eastman Kodak.

### Awards and honors

Women Leading Kentucky, a non-profit group designed to promote education, mentorship, and networking among Kentucky professional women, created the Martha Layne Collins Leadership Award in 1999 to recognize "a Kentucky woman of achievement who inspires and motivates other women through her personal, community and professional lives"; Collins was the first recipient of the award. In 2003, Kentucky's Bluegrass Parkway was renamed the Martha Layne Collins Bluegrass Parkway in her honor; Collins also received the World Trade Day Book of Honor Award for the state of Kentucky from the World Trade Centers Association that year. In 2009, she was inducted into the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs for her contributions "to strengthening economic and cultural exchanges between Japan and the United States of America". Martha Layne Collins High School in Shelby County was named in her honor and opened in 2010.

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* "Toyota Site Delegation is Given Real Bang-up Welcome by Collins". *Lexington Herald-Leader*. November 16, 1985. p. B2.
* Truman, Cheryl (December 18, 1985). "Toyota to Get $125 Million in Incentives, Collins Says". *Lexington Herald-Leader*. p. A1.
* Wolfe, Charles (December 22, 1993). "Bill Collins Sentenced to 5 Years and 3 Months in Prison, Fined". *Daily News*. pp. 1A, 12A. Archived from the original on November 19, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
* York, Michael (December 17, 1983). "Collins Delivers Democrats' Reply to Reagan Speech". *Lexington Herald-Leader*. p. B1.
* York, Michael (November 10, 1983). "Victory Gives Collins Spot in National Political Arena". *Lexington Herald-Leader*. p. A16.

## Further reading

* Johnson, Gail (2012). *Trailblazing Governors: Six Remarkable Women*. North Charleston, South Carolina: CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-4662-7769-4.
* Madsen, Susan R. (2009). *Developing leadership: learning from the experiences of women governors*. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-4308-5.
* Marshall, Brenda DeVore; Molly A. Mayhead (2000). *Navigating boundaries: the rhetoric of women governors*. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96778-6.
* Smith, Frances (1991). *The little girl who grew up to be governor: stories from the life of Martha Layne Collins*. Lexington, Kentucky: Denham Publishing Company. ISBN 0-9630135-0-5.

## InfoBox

| Martha Layne Collins | |
| --- | --- |
| Collins in the early 1980s | |
|  | |
| 56th Governor of Kentucky | |
| **In office**<br>December 13, 1983  December 8, 1987 | |
| Lieutenant | Steve Beshear |
| Preceded by | John Y. Brown Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Wallace Wilkinson |
| 48th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky | |
| **In office**<br>December 11, 1979  December 13, 1983 | |
| Governor | John Y. Brown Jr. |
| Preceded by | Thelma Stovall |
| Succeeded by | Steve Beshear |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Martha Layne Hall<br>(1936-12-07) December 7, 1936<br>Bagdad, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Bill Collins (m. 1959) |
| Education | Lindenwood University<br>University of Kentucky (BS) |
|  | |


title: .travel

abstract: .travel is a top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet..travel domain names are available to individuals and/or organizations that provide or plan to provide services, products or content in/to the Tourism sector. It is sponsored by Donuts Inc., and registrations are processed via accredited registrars.

text:
# .travel

**.travel** is a top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. .travel domain names are available to individuals and/or organizations that provide or plan to provide services, products or content in/to the Tourism sector (otherwise known as the Travel industry). It is sponsored by Donuts Inc., and registrations are processed via accredited registrars.

## History

The domain was approved by ICANN on April 8, 2005, as a sponsored TLD in the second group of new TLD applications evaluated in 2004. TheGlobe.com acquired Tralliance Corporation, the operator of .travel, on May 9, 2005. In 2018, Donuts acquired the .travel TLD.

The official launch began in October 2005, with a screening process to determine eligibility to register domains in each of three monthly groups for October, November, and December. Open registrations began in January 2006, while governments were given priority registration for geographic place names from July 2005, to December 21, 2007.

By 2017, there were approximately eighteen thousand .travel domains registered.

## Purpose

Registration is open to organizations, associations, and private, governmental and non-governmental agencies, or people who provide or plan to provide services, products or content in/to the travel industry.

## InfoBox

travel
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Introduced | 2005 |
| TLD type | Sponsored top-level domain |
| Status | Active |
| Registry | Donuts Inc. |
| Sponsor | The Travel Partnership Corporation |
| Intended use | Travel Websites |
| Structure | Direct second-level registrations will be allowed; sale of third-level domains within a registered domain is expressly prohibited |
| Documents | ICANN New sTLD RFP Application; ICANN Sponsorship Agreement; IANA delegation report |
| Dispute policies | UDRP, Charter Eligibility Dispute Resolution Procedure (CEDRP) |
| Registry website | www.travel.domains |


title: WGTH (AM)

abstract: WGTH is a Southern Gospel and Religious-formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Richlands, Virginia, serving Southwestern Virginia and Southeastern West Virginia. WGTH is owned and operated by High Knob Broadcasters, Inc.

text:
# WGTH (AM)

**WGTH** is a Southern Gospel and Religious-formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Richlands, Virginia, serving Southwestern Virginia and Southeastern West Virginia. WGTH is owned and operated by High Knob Broadcasters, Inc.

## InfoBox

WGTH
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Southwestern Virginia
Southeastern West Virginia |
| Frequency | 540 AM kHz |
| Branding | *The Sheep* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Southern Gospel
Religious |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | High Knob Broadcasters, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WGTH-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | October 5, 1951 |
| Former call signs | WRIC (?-1995)
WGTH (1995–Present) |
| Call sign meaning | **W** **G**ates **T**o **H**eaven |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 12043 |
| Class | D |
| Power | 1,000 Watts daytime
97 Watts nighttime |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°5′1.0″N 81°46′58.0″W / 37.083611°N 81.782778°W / 37.083611; -81.782778 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | WGTH Webstream |
| Website | WGTH Online |


title: Vincent Leonard

abstract: Vincent Martin Leonard was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania from 1969 to 1983.

text:
# Vincent Leonard

| Styles of
**Vincent Leonard** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | The Most Reverend |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Bishop |
| Posthumous style | none |

**Vincent Martin Leonard** (December 11, 1908  August 28, 1994) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania from 1969 to 1983.

## Biography

### Early life

Vincent Leonard was born on December 11, 1908, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, one of nine children of Francis and Catherine (née Dolan) Leonard. His father worked in the steel mills. He was raised in the Hill District neighborhood of Pittsburgh, and received his early education at the parochial school of St. Brigid Parish. After graduating from Duquesne University Preparatory School, he studied at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh and then at St. Vincent Seminary in Latrobe.

### Priesthood

Leonard was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Pittsburgh by Bishop Hugh C. Boyle on June 16, 1935. His first assignment was as assistant chaplain at Mercy Hospital in Pittsburgh, where he remained for two years. From 1937 to 1950, he was resident chaplain of Allegheny County Home and Woodville State Hospital. He was later named assistant chancellor (1950), chancellor (1951), and vicar general (1959) of the diocese. In addition to these duties, Boyle served as pastor of St. Patrick Parish in the Strip District (1955–1967) and of St. Philip Parish in Crafton, Pennsylvania (1967–1969). He was named a domestic prelate by Pope Pius XII in 1952.

### Auxiliary Bishop and Bishop of Pittsburgh

On February 28, 1964, Leonard was appointed as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Pittsburgh and Titular Bishop of *Arsacal* by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on April 21, 1964, from Bishop John Wright, with Bishops Richard Henry Ackerman and William G. Connare serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: *Ut Christum Lucrifaciam* ("That I may gain Christ").

After Bishop Wright was named to head the Congregation for the Clergy, Leonard was appointed the ninth bishop of Pittsburgh on June 1, 1969. During his tenure, he became one of the first bishops in the United States to make his diocesan financial reports public, and established a due-process system to allow Catholics to appeal any administrative decision they believed was a violation of canon law. In 1974, he threatened three priests with disciplinary action for giving Communion in the hand when it was not yet permitted in the United States. He also served on the Pro-Life Committee of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops and on the Health Affairs Committee of the United States Catholic Conference.

### Retirement and legacy

Pope John Paul II accepted Leonard's resignation as Bishop of Pittsburgh on June 30, 1983, due to arthritis. Vincent Leonard died on August 28, 1994, from pneumonia at the Little Sisters of the Poor Home in Pittsburgh, at age 85. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in the Hazelwood neighborhood of Pittsburgh.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, The Most Reverend
Vincent Martin Leonard | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Pittsburgh
Titular Bishop of Arsacal | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| See | Diocese of Pittsburgh |
| Predecessor | John Joseph Wright |
| Successor | Anthony Joseph Bevilacqua |
| Other post(s) | Titular Bishop of Arsacal |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | June 16, 1935
by Hugh C. Boyle |
| Consecration | April 21, 1964
by John Wright |
| Personal details | |
| Born | December 11, 1908
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US |
| Died | September 28, 1994(1994-09-28) (aged 85)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US |
| Motto | That I may gain Christ |


title: Michael Grant (American football)

abstract: Michael Grant is a former American football cornerback and safety. He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Arkansas. Grant has also been a member of the Kansas City Chiefs, Washington Redskins, Florida Tuskers, and Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL), and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
# Michael Grant (American football)

**Michael Grant** (born March 30, 1986) is a former American football cornerback and safety. He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Arkansas.

Grant has also been a member of the Kansas City Chiefs, Washington Redskins, Florida Tuskers, and Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL), and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

## Early life

Grant grew up in Decatur, Georgia, where he made a name for himself in the youth summer track circuit winning a total of 12 USATF Junior Olympic championship titles, and as one of the most electrifying offensive players in Georgia Youth Football Association at the time. He attended Stephenson High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia, where he was a standout in football and track, winning a total of 5 GHSA track and field state championships (100 meters in 2003 and 2004, 200 meters in 2001 and 2003, and 400 meter relay in 2003), as well as collecting all state honors in football his senior year. He currently is the US record holder over 100 and 200 metres in the youth age group (13-14 yrs).

He participated in the 200 meters at the 2001 World Youth Championships in Athletics, winning a silver medal behind Jonathan Wade. Two years later at the 2003 World Youth Championships, he again finished second in the 200 meters, this time behind Usain Bolt.

## College career

A former two-sport athlete for the Razorbacks, Grant split his early career between track and football. Excelling at both free safety and cornerback, Grant earned Freshman SEC honors in 2004 and Second-team SEC honors his junior year and again his senior year, with a conference-leading 16 passes broken up and NCAA leading 26 passes defended.

Grant also ran for the college powerhouse Razorback track team and earned NCAA All American honors and an NCAA championship in the 400 meter relay as a freshman.

## InfoBox

Michael Grant
| No. 17, 36 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Cornerback/Safety |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1986-03-30) March 30, 1986<br>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Arkansas |
| Undrafted: | 2008 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Melica kozlovii

abstract: Melica kozlovii is a species of grass found on mountain slopes in Mongolia and China at 2,000–3,900 metres (6,600–12,800 ft) above sea level.

text:
# Melica kozlovii

***Melica kozlovii*** is a species of grass found on mountain slopes in Mongolia and China (Gansu, Qinghai, Shanxi) at 2,000–3,900 metres (6,600–12,800 ft) above sea level.

## Description

The species is perennial loosely tufted with short rhizomes. The culms are as tall as 20–60 centimetres (7.9–23.6 in) and are 1 millimetre (0.039 in) wide. Sometimes, the culms can be as long as 30 centimetres (12 in), with the species themselves being caespitose and clumped. Both the leaf-sheaths and plant stem is scabrous. The leaf-sheaths are also tubular and are closed on one end. The leaf-blades are flat, 0.8–2.7 millimetres (0.031–0.106 in) wide and have a scaberulous surface. The membrane is truncate just like the leaf-sheaths but is eciliated and 0.5–3 millimetres (0.020–0.118 in) long. The panicle is open, linear, secund, 6–16 centimetres (2.4–6.3 in) long and carry some spikelets. The main branches carry 1–5 fertile spikelets and are scaberulous.

Spikelets are oblong, solitary, are 6.8–8.3 millimetres (0.27–0.33 in) long and have fertile spikelets that are pediceled. The pedicels are pubescent and hairy above. The spikelets have 2-3 fertile florets which are diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are barren, cuneate, and clumped. Both the upper and lower glumes are elliptic, keelless, membranous and have acute apexes. Their size and veines are different though; Lower glume is 5.5–7 millimetres (0.22–0.28 in) long with the leaf veins being 3–5 while the upper one is 7–8.2 millimetres (0.28–0.32 in) long and is 5–9 veined.

The species' lemma have scabrous surface and emarginated apex. Its fertile lemma is coriaceous and is 6–8 millimetres (0.24–0.31 in) long. Its palea is elliptic, 2 veined, and have puberulous surface. Flowers are fleshy, oblong and truncate. They also grow together, and have 3 anthers that are 1.2–1.8 millimetres (0.047–0.071 in) long. The fruits are caryopsis with additional pericarp and linear hilum.

## Ecology

Its flowering time is from May to August with its fruits being ripe by that time as well.

## InfoBox

| *Melica kozlovii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | *Melica* |
| Species: | ***M. kozlovii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melica kozlovii***<br>Tzvelev | |
|


title: Marselli Sumarno

abstract: Marselli Sumarno is an Indonesian writer, filmmaker and educator. Sumarno has written about cinema for the Indonesian publications Kompas and The Jakarta Post and for the U.S.-based Variety International Film Guide. He is the author of three books: Dasar-dasar Apresiasi Film, DA Peransi & Film, and Suata Sketsa Perfilman Indonesia. In 1994, he became chairman of the Department of Media Studies in the Faculty of Film and Television at Institut Kesenian Jakarta. In 1999, Sumarno directed the film Sri, a supernatural tale about the young bride of an ailing elderly man who negotiates with Death from immediately claiming her husband. It was Indonesia's submission to the 72nd Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee.

text:
# Marselli Sumarno

**Marselli Sumarno** (born 1956) is an Indonesian writer, filmmaker and educator.

Sumarno has written about cinema for the Indonesian publications *Kompas* and *The Jakarta Post* and for the U.S.-based *Variety International Film Guide*. He is the author of three books: *Dasar-dasar Apresiasi Film* (*Basics of Film Appreciation*), *DA Peransi & Film*, and *Suata Sketsa Perfilman Indonesia* (*A Sketch of Indonesian Film*). In 1994, he became chairman of the Department of Media Studies in the Faculty of Film and Television at Institut Kesenian Jakarta.

In 1999, Sumarno directed the film *Sri*, a supernatural tale about the young bride of an ailing elderly man who negotiates with Death from immediately claiming her husband. It was Indonesia's submission to the 72nd Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee.


title: Garcia, South Africa

abstract: Garcia is a small village in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The village is falls under the Hessequa Local Municipality and is about 8 km north of Riversdale. In the 2011 South African census the population of the village was 161 people. The settlement is next to Garcia's Pass, as well as named after it.

text:
# Garcia, South Africa

**Garcia** is a small village in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The village is falls under the Hessequa Local Municipality and is about 8 km north of Riversdale. In the 2011 South African census the population of the village was 161 people. The settlement is next to Garcia's Pass, as well as named after it.

## InfoBox

| Garcia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| The old Garcia's Pass tollhouse near the village | |
| GarciaGarcia | |
| Coordinates: 34°00′56″S 21°13′32″E / 34.01556°S 21.22556°E / -34.01556; 21.22556 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Western Cape |
| District | Garden Route |
| Municipality | Hessequa |
| Population | |
| Total | 161 |
| Racial Makeup (2011) | |
| Coloured | 95.0% |
| White | 3.1% |
| Black African | 1.9% |
| First Languages (2011) | |
| Afrikaans | 100.0% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |


title: Martha Lauzen

abstract: Martha M. Lauzen is an American academic and researcher in the field of women in film.

text:
# Martha Lauzen

**Martha M. Lauzen** is an American academic and researcher in the field of women in film.

## Biography

Lauzen holds a doctorate from the University of Maryland and M.A. and B.A. degrees from the University of Iowa. She is the executive director of the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film and a professor of film and television at San Diego State University. Her Center conducts research on different aspects of women in film, working both on screen and behind the scenes, which has contributed to an emphasis on diversifying Hollywood. Lauzen is the author and creator of these annual studies analyzing information regarding women working in film (*The Celluloid Ceiling*) and television (*Boxed In*), as well as articles examining women's employment patterns and representation in the industry. Organizations such as the ACLU and California State Assembly have used the center's findings to make the case for greater employment of women in film and television.


title: 10 daily

abstract: 10 daily was a news and entertainment website. Part of the Ten Network Holdings, it was launched in May 2018 as Ten daily, and rebranded as 10 daily that October as part of an overall rebranding of the network. The site had 1.04 million visitors in September 2018. 10 daily created content aimed at the 18 to 39-year-old demographic; as of May 2019, the majority of visitors were between 18 and 44, female, and accessing the website on mobile devices. On their first anniversary 10 daily launched a new tagline, "news with benefits". The 10 daily website closed on 22 May 2020, though some content was transferred to 10 Play and social media accounts.

text:
# 10 daily

**10 daily** was a news and entertainment website. Part of the Ten Network Holdings, it was launched in May 2018 as **Ten daily**, and rebranded as 10 daily that October as part of an overall rebranding of the network. The site had 1.04 million visitors in September 2018. 10 daily created content aimed at the 18 to 39-year-old demographic; as of May 2019, the majority of visitors were between 18 and 44, female, and accessing the website on mobile devices. On their first anniversary 10 daily launched a new tagline, "news with benefits".

The 10 daily website closed on 22 May 2020, though some content was transferred to 10 Play and social media accounts.

## InfoBox

10 daily
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Media news |
| Dissolved | May 22, 2020 (2020-05-22) |
| Owner | Ten Network Holdings |
| Editor | Chris Harrison |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Registration | Free |
| Launched | May 14, 2018 (2018-05-14) |
| Current status | Closed |


title: Meera Nandan

abstract: Meera Nandan is an Indian Radio Jockey and actress who appears mainly in Malayalam films.

text:
# Meera Nandan

**Meera Nandan** (born 26 November 1990) is an Indian Radio Jockey and actress who appears mainly in Malayalam films.

## Early life

Meera Nandan was born as Meera Nandakumar on 26 November 1990 as the daughter of Nandakumar and Maya at Perandoor, Elamakkara, Kochi. She did her schooling in Bhavans Vidya Mandir, Elamakkara. After completing her degree in English literature from St. Teresa's College, Ernakulam, she pursued her master's degree in Mass Communication with Journalism through distant education from Manipal University. She is distantly related to actress Divya Unni.

## Personal life

On 29 June 2024, Meera married Sreeju, who is an accountant by profession.

## Career

Meera first appearance before the camera was in an advertisement for Mohanlal's Taste Buds. In 2007, she auditioned as a contestant in Idea Star Singer aired on Asianet Television but was selected as an anchor for the programme. She anchored television programmes on Amrita TV and Jeevan TV as well.

She made her acting debut in Malayalam cinema the following year, playing the female lead in Lal Jose's *Mulla*. Lal Jose was looking for "a new face with a girl next door look" and Poornima, wife of actor Indrajith Sukumaran, thought that Meera suited the role and approached her. After discussing with her parents, she accepted the role of Lachi, a "bold, smart and outgoing girl", which won her accolades. The next year she made her Tamil cinema debut with *Vaalmiki* and quickly signed a few more Tamil films: K. T. Kunjumon's *Kadhalukku Maranamillai*, *Ayyanar* and *Suriya Nagaram*.

She debuted in Telugu cinema in 2011 with *Jai Bolo Telangana*. The Malayalam film, *Seniors* saw her playing the role of a villain, with Meera stating that the film was "a revelation even to me". Including *Seniors* she had four Malayalam releases in 2011, but she felt that it was not a good year for her as none of them helped her career. In 2013, she was first seen as a journalist in *Lokpal*. That year she also turned playback singer. She sang the romantic number "Mazhayude Ormakal" composed by Ratheesh Vegha for V. K. Prakash's *Silence*. Her debut Kannada film *Karodpathi*, for which she had begun shooting in 2012, then titled as *Kotyadhipathi*, released after a long delay in 2014. She played the role of a tribal girl in *Black Forest*, which won the National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation.

She was next seen playing a prominent role in Madhav Ramadasan's *Apothecary*. Her final release *Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu* in which she played a Muslim girl. 2015 she had next first release in three years, *Sandamarutham*. In Telugu, she has completed filming for *Hitudu* (earlier titled *Gunde Ninda Gudigantalu*), in which she will be seen as a tribal woman in three different stages, as a 14-year-old, as a 23-year-old and as a 35-year-old. She lent her voice for Taapsee's character in the film *Doubles*.

## Other Work

In 2014, she moved to Dubai to work as a Radio Jockey in Radio Red 94.7 FM. She, however, informed in social media that she will continue to work in films along with her job as RJ.

She has now joined Gold 101.3 FM in Ajman as RJ.

## Filmography

### Films

| Year | Film | Role | Language |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | *Mulla* | Lachi | Malayalam |
| 2009 | *Currency* | Rose | |
| | *Valmiki* | Vandhana | Tamil |
| | *Puthiya Mukham* | Sreedevi | Malayalam |
| | *Kerala Cafe* | | Sister of James |
| | *Patham Nilayile Theevandi* | | Indu |
| 2010 | *Pulliman* | | Radha |
| | *Elsamma Enna Aankutty* | | Jeni |
| | *Ayyanar* | Anitha | Tamil |
| | *Oridathoru Postman* | Usha | Malayalam |
| 2011 | *Jai Bolo Telangana* | Sahaja | Telugu |
| | *Kathalukku Maranamillai* | - | Tamil |
| | *Seniors* | Lakshmi | Malayalam |
| | *Shankaranum Mohananum* | | Rajalakshmi |
| | *Ven Shankhu Pol* | | Aswathy(Achu) |
| | *Swapna Sanchari* | | Lakshmi |
| 2012 | *Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar* | | Actress |
| | *Sooriya Nagaram* | Thamizhselvi | Tamil |
| | *Mallu Singh* | Neethu | Malayalam |
| | *Madirasi* | | Bhama |
| | *Bhoomiyude Avakashikal* | | Saradha |
| 2013 | *Lokpal* | | Jain |
| | *Red Wine* | | Jasna |
| | *Yathra Thudarunnu* | | - |
| | *Aattakatha* | | Sethulakhsmi |
| | *Tourist Home* | | Reshma |
| | *Kadal Kadannoru Mathukkutty* | | Kunjumol |
| 2014 | *Black Forest* | | Cheera |
| | *Karoodpathi* | Vidya | Kannada |
| | *Apothecary* | Daisy | Malayalam |
| | *Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu* | | Shahina |
| 2015 | *Sandamarutham* | Maha | Tamil |
| | *Kaattum Mazhayum* | Anjaly | Malayalam |
| | *Hitudu* | Abhilasha | Telugu |
| 2016 | *Naanu Nam Hudgi* |  | Kannada |
| | *Angane Thanne Nethave Anchettennam Pinnale* | Anu | Malayalam |
| | *Ner Mugam* | Ramya | Tamil |
| 2017 | *4th Degree* |  | Telugu |
| | *Gold Coins* | Smrithi teacher | Malayalam |
| 2023 | *Ennalum Ente Aliya* | | Jesna |
|

Music albums

| Year | Title | Language | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *Pranayathin Jalakam - album* | Malayalam |  |
|  | *Mookambika - album* | | Actress & Singer |
|  | *Devi Mahatmyamn- album* | | singer |
|  | *Varavarnini - album* | |
|  | *Vara Roopini - album* | |
|  | *Devi Theertham - album* | |
| 2018 | *Doore Doore - Musical video* | |  |
| 2020 | *Zara Zara* | Tamil/Hindi | sung by herself |

As singer As dubbing artiste

## Television

| Year | Show | Role | Channel | Language |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | *Cook With Comedy* | Host | Asianet | Malayalam |
| 2017–2018 | *Lal Salam* | Host with Mohanlal | Amrita TV | Malayalam |
| 2017 | *Asianet Film Awards* | Host with Govind Padmasoorya | Asianet | Malayalam |
| 2016 | *Sell Me the Answer* | Participant | Asianet | Malayalam |
| 2014 | *Page 3* | Model | Kappa TV | Malayalam |
| 2011 | *Vivel Big Break* | Judge | Surya TV | Malayalam |
| 2011 | *Onakkodi* | Host | Surya TV | Malayalam |
| 2008 | *Manjil Virinja Tharam* | Co Host | Kairali TV | Malayalam |
| 2007 | *Idea Star Singer* | Co Host | Asianet | Malayalam |
| 2007 | *Veedu* | Actress | Surya TV | Malayalam |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Film | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Kerala State Television Awards | Best Second Actress | *Veedu* | Won |
| 2008 | Filmfare Awards South | Best Female Debut | *Mulla* | |
| | | Best Actress - Malayalam | | Nominated |
| 2009 | Asianet Film Awards | Best New Face of the Year (Female) | | Won |
| | AMMA Awards | Best Supporting Actress | | *Puthiya Mukham* |

## InfoBox

| Meera Nandan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Meera Nandakumar
(1990-11-26) 26 November 1990
Kochi, Kerala, India |
| Occupations | * Actor * radio jockey * model * TV host |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Spouse | Sreeju (m. 2024) |


title: Wust, Saxony-Anhalt

abstract: Wust is a village and a former municipality in the district of Stendal, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since the 1st January 2010 it has been part of the municipality Wust-Fischbeck.

text:
# Wust, Saxony-Anhalt

**Wust** is a village and a former municipality in the district of Stendal, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since the 1st January 2010 it has been part of the municipality Wust-Fischbeck.

## Geography and History

The village is situated in northern Saxony-Anhalt not far from the river Elbe, near the old town of Tangermünde which was a favourite place of Kaiser Karl IV in the 14th century. Wust consists of Wust, Sydow, Wusterdamm, and Melkow. In centuries gone by, the squires of Wust were the noblemen von Katte, their most famous member was Hans Hermann von Katte, a young friend and possible lover of the later king Frederick II of Prussia, who spent his childhood in Wust. The Katte family were related to the squires of the nearby village of Schönhausen, of the Bismarck family.

The *Summer School for English language, literature, theatre and music* is a yearly event during the summer holidays in the small village. It is held over four weeks, divided into two courses; there are levels for beginners and for pupils with intermediate and advanced knowledge of English. Alongside the English lessons are other activities, such as workshops for art, photography, music, and sports. Participants can also partake in the theatre, which serves as the climax of the school's four weeks of activities. Since the mid-2000s, Shakespearean plays have been performed, including *Richard III* and *Love's Labours Lost*, but also the more recently written *Ten* and the 2006 play *The Storyteller* (Der Märchenerzähler). Concerts and readings in the Romanesque Wust church or in the surrounding villages and towns are an important part of the overall summer school experience, both for participants and the community as a whole. The instructors are mainly students and English teachers from the UK and the United States.The main goal, besides promotion of education, is cultural exchange between Germany and English-speaking countries.

## Sight Seeing

The *romanesque church* which is a brick construction with a baroque interior is included at the northern end of the Romanesque street sight-seeing tour. Attached to the apse of the church, but with a separate entrance, lies the crypt with the mortal remains of the squires, called the *Kattegruft* which was built in 1706/07. The *manor house* of the squires now serves as a primary school. The summer school has taken place here since 1991. The old barn building ( the *"Kornspeicher")* is now a rustic place for exhibitions and concerts.

## InfoBox

| Wust | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Wust-Fischbeck | |
|  | |
| Location of Wust | |
| Wust Wust | |
| Coordinates: 52°32′48″N 12°7′0″E / 52.54667°N 12.11667°E / 52.54667; 12.11667 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony-Anhalt |
| District | Stendal |
| Municipality | Wust-Fischbeck |
| Area | |
| Total | 47.52 km2 (18.35 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 31 m (102 ft) |
| Population (2006-12-31) | |
| Total | 873 |
| Density | 18/km2 (48/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 39524 |
| Dialling codes | 039323 |
| Vehicle registration | SDL |


title: Melissa Wiklund

abstract: Melissa Halvorson Wiklund is a Minnesota politician and member of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), she represents District 51 in the southern Twin Cities metropolitan area, which includes the cities of Bloomington and Richfield. Wiklund's legislative priorities include education, health care, and job creation.

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# Melissa Wiklund

**Melissa Halvorson Wiklund** (born 1962) is a Minnesota politician and member of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), she represents District 51 in the southern Twin Cities metropolitan area, which includes the cities of Bloomington and Richfield. Wiklund's legislative priorities include education, health care, and job creation.

## Early life, education, and career

Wiklund was raised in Bloomington, Minnesota, and graduated from Kennedy High School. Before her election to the Senate, Wiklund served on the Bloomington School Board for three years. She was elected to the school board in 2009 and later became its chair. On the school board, Wiklund chaired the Legislative and Superintendent Evaluation Committees and participated on the Labor Management Committee. She attended the University of Minnesota, graduating with a B.E.E. and a degree in interior design in 1991.

## Personal life

Wiklund is married to her husband, Craig. They have two children and reside in Bloomington.

## Minnesota Senate

Wiklund was first elected to the Minnesota Senate in 2012. In the 2021 legislative session, she served on the Human Services Reform Finance and Policy Committee and the Technology and Reform Policy Committee. Wiklund was also the ranking minority member on the Health and Human Services Finance and Policy Committee.

### Past committees

* **90th Legislative Session** (2017–2018): E-12 Finance, Health and Human Services Finance and Policy, Local Government.
* **89th Legislative Session** (2015–2016): Finance: E-12 Policy and Budget Division, Health, Human Services and Housing, State and Local Government.
* **88th Legislative Session** (2013–2014): Education, Finance: E-12 Division, Health, Human Services and Housing.

## Legislative action

Wiklund coauthored:

**SF 472, The Alec Smith Emergency Insulin Act** (Introduced and first reading on January 24, 2019). This bill would establish an insulin assistance program; establish an insulin assistance account in the special revenue fund; require drug manufacturers to pay an insulin product fee; provide for emergency refills; and appropriate money.

**SF 820, Great Start for All Minnesota Children Act.** This bill aims to address opportunity gaps and help the state's youngest residents. It would provide additional funding for early childhood education and development, child care, prenatal care and home visiting.

**SF 1708, Spoken Language Health Care Interpreter Registry.** This bill would create a registry of interpreters that pass a test in English on health care terms and interpreter ethics and standards to minimize errors and restore patient confidence. In addition to registered interpreters, the bill includes a tier called "certified interpreters". To get this designation on the registry, interpreters must have a certification in health care interpreting from an organization specified by the Department of Health.

## Electoral history

2020 Minnesota State Senate, District 50 General Election, 2016
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DFL | **Melissa Halvorson Wiklund *Incumbent*** | 30,516 | 66.62% |
| Republican | Dean Wm Mumbleau | 15,243 | 33.28%
 |
|  | Total Votes | 45,808 |  |

2016 Minnesota State Senate, District 50 General Election, 2016
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DFL | **Melissa Halvorson Wiklund *Incumbent*** | 24,921 | 59.73% |
| Republican | Kirsten Johnson | 16,805 | 40.27%
 |
|  | Total Votes | 41,726 |  |

2012 Minnesota State Senate, District 50 General Election, 2012
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DFL | **Melissa Halvorson Wiklund** | 25,300 | 61% |
| Republican | Vern Wilcox | 16,193 | 39% |
|  | Total Votes | 41,493 |  |

## InfoBox

| Melissa Wiklund | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Minnesota Senate
from the 51st district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 8, 2013 | |
| Preceded by | *Redrawn district* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1962-10-01) October 1, 1962 |
| Political party | Democratic (DFL) |
| Spouse | Craig |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence | Bloomington, Minnesota |
| Alma mater | University of Minnesota (B.E.E.) |
| Occupation | legislator |
|  | |


title: Loren (footballer, born 1966)

abstract: Lorenzo Juarros García, known as Loren, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as either a central defender or striker. In a professional career which spanned nearly twenty years, he represented mainly Real Sociedad, totalling 411 competitive games and scoring 41 goals in 14 seasons. Loren also played for Athletic Bilbao, being the most expensive Spanish player at the time of his transfer.

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# Loren (footballer, born 1966)

**Lorenzo Juarros García** (born 7 October 1966), known as **Loren**, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as either a central defender or striker.

In a professional career which spanned nearly twenty years, he represented mainly Real Sociedad, totalling 411 competitive games and scoring 41 goals in 14 seasons.

Loren also played for Athletic Bilbao, being the most expensive Spanish player at the time of his transfer.

## Club career

### Real Sociedad

Born in Mambrillas de Lara, Province of Burgos, Loren joined Real Sociedad from amateurs Tolosa also in the Basque Country. On 9 September 1984, one month shy of his 18th birthday, he made his first-team – and La Liga – debut, in a 0–1 home loss against Málaga, as a central defender, the position in which he started his career; this was due to a strike by the professional footballers in the country, with most sides having to resort to fielding youth players.

After only four league games over his first two seasons, Loren became an undisputed starter for the side from Gipuzkoa, helping them to the 1987 Copa del Rey – he did not play in the final against Atlético Madrid due to injury, however. In the 1987–88 campaign, by now reinvented as a striker by Welsh manager John Toshack, he scored a career-best 11 games in 36 games as the club finished second to Real Madrid.

### Athletic and Burgos

In the summer of 1989, Loren signed for Real Sociedad's local rivals Athletic Bilbao, who paid 300 million pesetas for his services, a record for a national player. He later confessed that, had Athletic not paid the full extent of his clause, he would not have made the move, which would be the first of several controversial transfer negotiations between the two clubs.

Loren made his official debut for the *Lions* on 2 September 1989, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 home victory over his former team and winning a penalty. He underperformed overall during his stint, only netting three times in his second year.

Loren then joined Real Burgos in his native region, who rose from the ashes of Burgos CF. He scored seven goals in his first season to help to a best ever ninth-place finish in the top flight, being relegated the following campaign.

### Return to Real Sociedad

In the 1993 off-season, 26-year-old Loren returned to Real Sociedad. On 13 August he scored the first goal in the new Anoeta Stadium, in a friendly with Real Madrid. Again under Toshack, he returned to the stopper position, often partnering another youth graduate, José Antonio Pikabea, in his second spell, and never appearing in less than 27 league games in the following seven seasons.

After only eight games in 2001–02, Loren retired from playing football at almost 36, having played 481 top-division matches over the course of 18 seasons (53 goals). He remained with Real Sociedad as the club's director of football, a position he took up in 2009 until March 2018.

## Honours

**Real Sociedad**

## InfoBox

Loren
| Loren in 2014 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Lorenzo Juarros García | | |
| Date of birth | (1966-10-07) 7 October 1966 | | |
| Place of birth | Mambrillas de Lara, Spain | | |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back, striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Tolosa | | |
|  | Real Sociedad | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1984–1986 | San Sebastián | 32 | (13) |
| 1984–1989 | Real Sociedad | 98 | (24) |
| 1989–1991 | Athletic Bilbao | 62 | (9) |
| 1991–1993 | Real Burgos | 65 | (11) |
| 1993–2002 | Real Sociedad | 256 | (9) |
| Total |  | **513** | **(66)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1986–1990 | Spain U21 | 9 | (6) |
| 1987–1988 | Spain U23 | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Gardamas

abstract: Gardamas is a small town in Klaipėda County, in northwestern Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 398 people.

text:
# Gardamas

**Gardamas** is a small town in Klaipėda County, in northwestern Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 398 people.

## History

In 1304 Gardamas was destroyed by the Teutonic Order. In 1561. Gardamas was mentioned a village, by the parish in Valaki . Gardamas appeared in 1679 on the Prussia map. In 1706, Kvėdarna Paco Gardamo built the first church in Gardamas .

## InfoBox

| Gardamas | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Gardamas | |
| Coordinates: 55°24′30″N 21°39′40″E / 55.40833°N 21.66111°E / 55.40833; 21.66111 | |
| Country | Lithuania |
| County | Klaipėda County |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 398 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Martin Koudelka

abstract: Martin Koudelka is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He played with HC Oceláři Třinec in the Czech Extraliga during the 2010–11 Czech Extraliga season.

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# Martin Koudelka

**Martin Koudelka** (born February 11, 1976) is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He played with HC Oceláři Třinec in the Czech Extraliga during the 2010–11 Czech Extraliga season.

## InfoBox

| Martin Koudelka | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1976-02-11) February 11, 1976 | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 205 lb (93 kg; 14 st 9 lb) | | |
| Position | Forward | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| Czech Extraliga team | *HC Litomyšl* | | |
| Playing career | 1994present | | |


title: 112 – Sie retten dein Leben

abstract: 112 – Sie retten dein Leben is a German soap opera. It has been broadcast since 25 August 2008. Also Known As (AKA) "112 - Életmentők" Hungary "112 Emergency"	Australia

text:
# 112 – Sie retten dein Leben

***112 – Sie retten dein Leben*** (*112 - They save your life*) is a German soap opera. It has been broadcast since 25 August 2008.

**Also Known As (AKA)**

"112 - Életmentők" Hungary

"112 Emergency" Australia (informal title)

## InfoBox

| *112 – Sie retten dein Leben* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country of origin | Germany |
| No. of seasons | 3 |
| No. of episodes | 110 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | RTL Television |
| Release | 25 August 2008 (2008-08-25) |


title: Meera Makam Mosque

abstract: Meera Makam Mosque, also known as Meera Maccam Masjid or Meera Maqam Masjid, is one of the oldest and largest mosques in Kandy, Sri Lanka. It is located at the corner of Wariyapola Sri Sumangala Mawatha and Gamini Dissanayake Mawatha. The land for the mosque was gifted to a Muslim courtier by the King of Kandy, Kirhi Sri Rajasinha, from land owned by the Asgiri Maha Viharaya. Construction on the current mosque commenced in 1855 and was completed in 1864. The mosque is named in memory of Nagore Sahul Hameed Meeran Sahib Wali, a mystic Sufi saint and Islamic preacher. His student, Shaik Sayyid Sahabdeen Waliyullah, is buried in the mosque. The building is rectangular with a distinctive façade, painted white with green accents. It has no main minaret or dome. The mosque has been the site of numerous incidents of anti-Muslim violence, including the defacing of its walls in January 2013 and the stoning of the building on 11 July 2015. On 6 January 2016 the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, and his wife, attended the mosque, as part of his state visit to Sri Lanka. On 20 September 2017 the Centre for Islamic Studies and the trustees of the mosque, opened the building up to the public, as part of the country's first 'Open Mosque Day'. The event was held to build bridges with the wider community.

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# Meera Makam Mosque

**Meera Makam Mosque**, also known as **Meera Maccam Masjid** or **Meera Maqam Masjid**, is one of the oldest and largest mosques in Kandy, Sri Lanka. It is located at the corner of Wariyapola Sri Sumangala Mawatha and Gamini Dissanayake Mawatha (formerly Hill and Brownrigg Streets).

The land for the mosque was gifted to a Muslim courtier by the King of Kandy, Kirhi Sri Rajasinha, from land owned by the Asgiri Maha Viharaya. Construction on the current mosque commenced in 1855 and was completed in 1864.

The mosque is named in memory of Nagore Sahul Hameed Meeran Sahib Wali, a mystic Sufi saint and Islamic preacher. His student, Shaik Sayyid Sahabdeen Waliyullah, is buried in the mosque.

The building is rectangular with a distinctive façade, painted white with green accents. It has no main minaret or dome.

The mosque has been the site of numerous incidents of anti-Muslim violence, including the defacing of its walls in January 2013 and the stoning of the building on 11 July 2015.

On 6 January 2016 the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, and his wife, attended the mosque, as part of his state visit to Sri Lanka.

On 20 September 2017 the Centre for Islamic Studies and the trustees of the mosque, opened the building up to the public, as part of the country's first 'Open Mosque Day'. The event was held to build bridges with the wider community.

## InfoBox

| Meera Makam Mosque | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Islam |
| Province | Central Province |
| Location | |
| Location | 2 Wariyapola Sri Sumangala Mawatha |
| Municipality | Kandy |
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Shown within Sri Lanka | |
| Geographic coordinates | 7°17′54″N 80°38′07″E / 7.2983333°N 80.6352778°E / 7.2983333; 80.6352778 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | mosque |
| Style | Baroque |
| Completed | 1864 |


title: Murals of Estacada, Oregon

abstract: Estacada, Oregon has an extensive collection of public murals. According to 1859's Catie Joyce-Bulay, the city displayed 21 murals, as of 2018. Among them are paintings depicting a Native American tribe fishing at Celilo Falls, a person foraging mushrooms in a forest, and Chinese Americans harvesting ginseng.

text:
# Murals of Estacada, Oregon

Murals in 2021

Estacada, Oregon has an extensive collection of public murals. According to *1859*'s Catie Joyce-Bulay, the city displayed 21 murals, as of 2018. Among them are paintings depicting a Native American tribe fishing at Celilo Falls, a person foraging mushrooms in a forest, and Chinese Americans harvesting ginseng.

## History

Many of the murals have been painted by a group known as the Artback Artists Cooperative, or simply Artback. The group was founded and completed its first mural, *Fishing the Clackamas*, in 1994. Members have included Kolieha Bush, Joe Cotter, and Jenny Joyce. The group also works for restore old murals.

In 2020, Francesca Bryk, Mesa Pivirotto and Sage Pivirotto—children of the group's founding members—created *The Natural World* on the exterior of a Dollar General store. According to *Estacada News*' Emily Lindstrand, the mural is the city's first to depict subjects other than people and "follows the artistic style of tarot cards".

## Works

* *Fishing the Clackamas* (1994)
* *Kinzy Faire Garden* (Am Griswold, 2000)
* *The Natural World* (2020)


title: Mi Ricordo Anna Frank

abstract:
Mi Ricordo Anna Frank is a 2010 Italian television film directed by Alberto Negrin. The movie was based on the 1997 book Memories of Anne Frank: Reflections of a Childhood Friend written by Alison Leslie Gold
about the friendship between Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar.

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# Mi Ricordo Anna Frank

***Mi Ricordo Anna Frank*** (English title: Memories of Anne Frank) is a 2010 Italian television film directed by Alberto Negrin. The movie was based on the 1997 book *Memories of Anne Frank: Reflections of a Childhood Friend* written by Alison Leslie Gold about the friendship between Anne Frank and Hanneli Goslar.

## Plot

The film is about diarist Anne Frank and her friendship with Hanneli Goslar. In 1935, Anne and Hanneli, both of whom were little children, meet at their first day of the school. From that moment, they become very good friends and their friendship continues until 1942, when Anne and her family go to hiding. A few months after Anne and her family go to hiding, the Goslars are arrested by the Nazis. Hanneli, after being deported to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, is reunited with Anne, who is a more unprivileged prisoner of the camp imprisoned in the other side of the camp, which is separated by an electric-wired fence from the side where Hanneli is imprisoned.

## Cast


title: Veneto Club

abstract: The Veneto Club is an Italian social club in Bulleen, Victoria, Australia. It was established in the late 1960s on a site in the eastern suburbs, where many Italian migrants had relocated after leaving the working class inner suburbs, which had an established Italian population. A substantial Brutalist style building was erected in 1972-73, to the design of the Italian émigré architect Ermin Smrekar. Located at 191 Bulleen Road Bulleen, the Veneto Club has its origins in the 1960s during informal gatherings of some Melbourne-based "Veneti" gathered for social activities including Bocce games. In 1969 a group of Italian businessmen purchased 16 acres of land in Bulleen and erected a small shed, known as "la Baracca", as a shelter and informal clubhouse. On December 8, 1973, the new Smrekar-designed building, was opened by The Hon. Billy Snedden, in front of a crowd of 3000 people. The Italian Ambassador to Australia attended the opening. The site includes extensive grounds and playing fields including the David Barro Stadium, home of Victorian Premier League, tier 2 football (soccer) club FC Bulleen Lions. The Veneto Club has also been the venue for the Women’s National Basketball League (WNBL) team the Bulleen Boomers since 1984. The History Teachers' Association of Victoria was based here in the 1990s. It has been the venue for the Italian Food and Wine Festival for several years.

text:
# Veneto Club

The **Veneto Club** is an Italian social club in Bulleen, Victoria, Australia. It was established in the late 1960s on a site in the eastern suburbs, where many Italian migrants had relocated after leaving the working class inner suburbs, which had an established Italian population. A substantial Brutalist style building was erected in 1972-73, to the design of the Italian émigré architect Ermin Smrekar.

Located at 191 Bulleen Road Bulleen, the Veneto Club has its origins in the 1960s during informal gatherings of some Melbourne-based "Veneti" gathered for social activities including Bocce games. In 1969 a group of Italian businessmen purchased 16 acres of land in Bulleen and erected a small shed, known as "la Baracca", as a shelter and informal clubhouse. On December 8, 1973, the new Smrekar-designed building, was opened by The Hon. Billy Snedden, in front of a crowd of 3000 people. The Italian Ambassador to Australia attended the opening.

The site includes extensive grounds and playing fields including the David Barro Stadium, home of Victorian Premier League, tier 2 football (soccer) club FC Bulleen Lions. The Veneto Club has also been the venue for the Women’s National Basketball League (WNBL) team the Bulleen Boomers since 1984. The History Teachers' Association of Victoria was based here in the 1990s.

It has been the venue for the Italian Food and Wine Festival for several years.