title: Redefine (Dragon Fli Empire album)

abstract: Redefine is the third full-length album by Canadian hip hop duo Dragon Fli Empire, released in North America on Makebelieve Records in early 2009. Teekay has explained the album title by saying: "We 'redefine' by using our creativity to bust free from any boxes placed on what we can accomplish." It features collaborations with a number of high-profile artists including Cadence Weapon, Masta Ace, Ohmega Watts, Josh Martinez, Moka Only and Raashan Ahmad and managed to reach number one for two weeks on the!earshot and Chart Attack hip hop charts, plus number three for several weeks on the U.S.-based CMJ hip hop charts. The album was also nominated for Best Rap / Hip Hop Recording at the 2009 Western Canadian Music Awards.

text:
# Redefine (Dragon Fli Empire album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AbortMag | (favorable) |
| CD Baby |  |
| *Exclaim!* | (favorable) |
| Herohill.com | (favorable) |
| *PopMatters* |  |

***Redefine*** is the third full-length album by Canadian hip hop duo Dragon Fli Empire, released in North America on Makebelieve Records in early 2009. Teekay has explained the album title by saying: *"We 'redefine' by using our creativity to bust free from any boxes placed on what we can accomplish."*

It features collaborations with a number of high-profile artists including Cadence Weapon, Masta Ace, Ohmega Watts, Josh Martinez, Moka Only and Raashan Ahmad and managed to reach number one for two weeks on the *!earshot* and *Chart Attack* hip hop charts, plus number three for several weeks on the U.S.-based *CMJ* hip hop charts. The album was also nominated for Best Rap / Hip Hop Recording at the 2009 Western Canadian Music Awards.

## Music videos

A video for "Outside Inn" (featuring Cadence Weapon) was directed by Ramin Eshraghi-Yazdi and released in late 2008. It became the group's first music video to receive airplay on MuchMusic and MuchVibe. In 2009, two more videos directed by Wal Martian (for "Keep the Funk Alive" and "Paradise feat. Moka Only") were released exclusively online.

## Track listing

| # | Title | Producer | Featured guest(s) | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Fastbreak" | DJ Cosm |  | 2:00 |
| 2 | "Just That Nice" | Dark Eyed Junco |  | 3:15 |
| 3 | "Ride On" | DJ Cosm | Raashan Ahmad | 2:52 |
| 4 | "Keep the Funk Alive" | Moka Only |  | 2:10 |
| 5 | "Redefine" | The Gaff |  | 3:20 |
| 6 | "Outside Inn" | DJ Cosm | Cadence Weapon, Lynn Olagundoye | 3:23 |
| 7 | "Paradise" | DJ Cosm | Moka Only | 3:30 |
| 8 | "Spanish Story" | Teekay |  | 3:03 |
| 9 | "Xoxo" | DJ Cosm |  | 2:53 |
| 10 | "Floor to the Roof" | DJ Cosm, Metawon | Velben | 4:11 |
| 11 | "Watch Ya' Front" | DJ Nato | Josh Martinez | 3:50 |
| 12 | "Rise" | DJ Cosm | Masta Ace | 3:31 |
| 13 | "To the Sky" | DJ Cosm | Velben, Ohmega Watts | 4:05 |
| 14 | "Peace" |  |  | 1:28 |

## InfoBox

| Redefine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dragon Fli Empire | |
| Released | 2009 |
| Genre | Canadian hip hop |
| Length | 43:31 |
| Label | Makebelieve Records |
| Producer |  |
| Dragon Fli Empire chronology | |
| *Intermission EP*
(2008) ***Redefine***
(2009) *Mission Statement*
(2013) | |


title: Willie Joyce (Gaelic footballer)

abstract: Willie Joyce is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played as a midfielder for the Galway senior team. Joyce joined the team for a pre-season game in 1969 and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement at the end of the 1984 championship. During that time he won six Connacht medals, one National League medal and one All-Star award. He is almost unique in having lost four All-Ireland finals during his career. Joyce enjoyed a lengthy club career with Killererin, winning Connacht medals and two county championship medals.

text:
# Willie Joyce (Gaelic footballer)

**Willie Joyce** (born 1950) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played as a midfielder for the Galway senior team.

Joyce joined the team for a pre-season game in 1969 and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement at the end of the 1984 championship. During that time he won six Connacht medals, one National League medal and one All-Star award. He is almost unique in having lost four All-Ireland finals during his career.

Joyce enjoyed a lengthy club career with Killererin, winning Connacht medals and two county championship medals.

\]

## InfoBox

Willie Joyce
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Liam Seoige* | | |
| Sport | Gaelic football | | |
| Position | Midfield | | |
| Born | 1950 (age 7374)<br>Tuam, County Galway | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 1960s-1980s | Killererin | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Galway titles | 2 | | |
| Connacht titles | 2 | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 1969-1984 | Galway | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Connacht titles | 6 | | |
| All-Irelands | 0 | | |
| NFL | 1 | | |
| All Stars | 0 | | |


title: Florida State University-Panama

abstract: Florida State University-Panama, or FSU-Panama is an international branch campus of Florida State University located on the isthmus of Panama. FSU has operating a broad curriculum program in Panama City of the Republic of Panama for over 50 years. The campus, located by the Miraflores Locks of the Panama Canal, provides students with many facilities, including the largest English-language library in the Republic of Panama, computer facilities, research facilities, student housing, and athletic facilities. The student population is generally international and comes from the United States, the Republic of Panama and other countries.

text:
# Florida State University-Panama

**Florida State University-Panama**, or **FSU-Panama** is an international branch campus of Florida State University located on the isthmus of Panama. FSU has operating a broad curriculum program in Panama City of the Republic of Panama for over 50 years. The campus, located by the Miraflores Locks of the Panama Canal, provides students with many facilities, including the largest English-language library in the Republic of Panama, computer facilities, research facilities, student housing, and athletic facilities. The student population is generally international and comes from the United States, the Republic of Panama and other countries.

## History

The first campus was established in 1957 and served as an academic institution where U.S. military and Zonians located in the Panama Canal Zone could continue their education while staying in Panama.

In the 1990s, the university was located in the Albrook 808 Building in a former U.S. Army Air Force station. Courses on international affairs, computer science, psychology, and economics were given. Most of the students were U.S. citizens or relatives. After Albrook was reverted to the Panamanian state, FSU moved to the Chino Panameno School, giving classes at night for people who worked from 1997 to 1999.

The campus had various locations in Panama City, but was for many years located in *La Boca* (The Mouth), near the mouth of the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal.

In summer 2009, the campus relocated to the *Ciudad del Saber* or the City of Knowledge, a reverted area which was previously a U.S. Army base, Fort Clayton, but was closed in 1999 per the Torrijos–Carter Treaties.

In fall 2013, the satellite campus began offering a master's degree in International Affairs.

## Study Abroad Program

Many students take part in FSU's "2+2" program, whereby after completing two years of study at FSU Panama, they can receive in-state tuition at the main campus in Tallahassee.

There are a few degrees which can be completed fully at FSU Panama:

* Computer Science
* Environmental Studies
* Information Studies
* International Affairs
* Latin American and Caribbean Studies

These programs are accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).

## Facilities

* Largest English-language library in the Republic of Panama
* Computer Labs
* Chemistry and Physics Labs
* Student housing
* Athletic facilities
    + One mile track
    + Gym
    + Basketball court
    + Tennis courts
    + Baseball diamonds
    + Olympic sized pool

## Student organizations

FSU Panama has its own student government association as well as its own student newspaper, the *FSU Pananole*. There are many other clubs and groups, such as the Mandarin Club and the Environmental Club.

## Sports

* 2004 National Football Championship of Panama, FSU-Panama vs USMA
* 2007 National Football Championship of Panama, FSU-Panama vs Panama Saints

1. "International Programs". Archived from the original on 2009-07-12. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
2. http://international.fsu.edu/Types/College/Panama/Panama.aspx Archived 2011-01-06 at the Wayback Machine 8/19/2009
3. "International Programs | Panama". *international.fsu.edu*. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24.
4. "Republic of Panama Campus".
5. "Florida State University – Republic of Panama | Master in International Affairs". *panama.fsu.edu*. Archived from the original on 2015-04-29.
6. "International Programs". *www.international.fsu.edu*. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24.
7. http://panama.fsu.edu/index.php?option=com\_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=57 8/19/2009
8. "All FSU Libraries | FSU Libraries". Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
9. "Pananoles seal their win with a defensive TD". Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
10. "FSU Seminoles: El Sitio Oficial de los Seminoles de Panama". *www.panamaseminoles.com*. Archived from the original on 2008-01-24.

9°00′19″N 79°35′22″W / 9.00528°N 79.58944°W / 9.00528; -79.58944


title: Milton Lee Olive Park

abstract: Milton Lee Olive Park is a public park in the city of Chicago, Illinois. Designed by Dan Kiley, the park is located west of the James W. Jardine Water Purification Plant and adjacent to Jane Addams Memorial Park and Ohio Street Beach. The park provides large grassy areas for recreation as well as paths for walking, jogging, and biking. Several benches are located in the park either in open, sunny areas or areas shaded by tall honey locust trees. The park contains multiple fountains creating large, circular seating areas. Open views of Lake Michigan and the Chicago skyline can be appreciated from the park.

text:
# Milton Lee Olive Park

**Milton Lee Olive Park** is a public park in the city of Chicago, Illinois. Designed by Dan Kiley, the park is located west of the James W. Jardine Water Purification Plant and adjacent to Jane Addams Memorial Park and Ohio Street Beach. The park provides large grassy areas for recreation as well as paths for walking, jogging, and biking. Several benches are located in the park either in open, sunny areas or areas shaded by tall honey locust trees. The park contains multiple fountains creating large, circular seating areas. Open views of Lake Michigan and the Chicago skyline can be appreciated from the park.

## Fountains

There are a total of five concrete circular fountains connected by open grass and concrete pathways. These fountains are made to represent the five Great Lakes and continue with the theme of the water filtration plant next door.

## History

The Milton Lee Olive Park was designed by Dan Kiley in 1965 to commemorate Milton L. Olive, III, a Vietnam veteran and the first African American to receive the Medal of Honor, who grew up and lived in Chicago. In 1966, President Lyndon B Johnson officially dedicated the park to Milton Lee Olive alongside Milton L. Olive III’s father and stepmother. The park consists of ten acres and is located on a 61-acre peninsula in Lake Michigan on the grounds of the Jardine Water Purification Plant. The architect of the park is Dan Kiley who also worked on the Art Institute of Chicago’s South Garden. During the Parks conception, Dan Kiley worked with Stan Gladych from the architecture firm C.F. Murphy

## Other features

The park is home to a statue titled *Hymn to Water* by artist Milton Horn. The park was the location of the finish line for the 29th season of an American reality program *The Amazing Race*.

## InfoBox

| Milton Lee Olive Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Open space at Milton Lee Olive Park, with a view of the Chicago skyline along Lake Michigan | |
|  | |
| Location | Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 41°53′40″N 87°36′37″W / 41.8945°N 87.6104°W / 41.8945; -87.6104 |


title: Halopterididae

abstract:
Halopterididae is a family of hydrozoans. According to the World Register of Marine Species, the following genera belong to the family Halopterididae:
  - Anarthroclada Naumov, 1955
  - Antennella Allman, 1877
  - Antennellopsis Jäderholm, 1896
  - Astrolabia Naumov, 1955
  - Calvinia Nutting, 1900
  - Cladoplumaria Ansin Agis, Ramil & Vervoort, 2004
  - Corhiza Millard, 1962
  - Diplopteroides Peña Cantero & Vervoort, 1999
  - Gattya Allman, 1885
  - Halopteris Allman, 1877
  - Monostaechas Allman, 1877
  - Nuditheca Nutting, 1900
  - Pentatheca Naumov, 1955
  - Polyplumaria Sars, 1874

text:
# Halopterididae

**Halopterididae** is a family of hydrozoans.

According to the World Register of Marine Species, the following genera belong to the family Halopterididae:

## InfoBox

| Halopterididae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Corhiza scotiae* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hydrozoa |
| Order: | Leptothecata |
| Superfamily: | Plumularioidea |
| Family: | Halopterididae<br>Millard, 1962 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: Reversed-Field eXperiment

abstract: The Reversed-Field eXperiment (RFX) is the largest reversed field pinch device presently in operation, situated in Padua, Italy. It was constructed from 1985 to 1991, and has been in operation since 1992. The experiments carried out in the last two decades with two large RFP machines provided new insight on the physical phenomena taking place in magnetically confined plasma dynamics.

text:
# Reversed-Field eXperiment

The **Reversed-Field eXperiment** (**RFX**) is the largest reversed field pinch device presently in operation, situated in Padua, Italy. It was constructed from 1985 to 1991, and has been in operation since 1992.

The experiments carried out in the last two decades with two large RFP machines (MST in Madison, Wisconsin and RFX in Padova) provided new insight on the physical phenomena taking place in magnetically confined plasma dynamics.

45°23′28″N 11°55′47″E / 45.3912°N 11.9298°E / 45.3912; 11.9298


title: Ajayan River

abstract: The Ajayan River is a river in the United States territory of Guam.

text:
# Ajayan River

The **Ajayan River** is a river in the United States territory of Guam.

## InfoBox

| Ajayan River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Guam |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| coordinates | 13°16′36″N 144°41′36″E / 13.2766667°N 144.6933333°E / 13.2766667; 144.6933333 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| coordinates | 13°14′58″N 144°43′00″E / 13.2494°N 144.7167°E / 13.2494; 144.7167 |


title: Minaya

abstract: Minaya is a municipality in Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Spain.

text:
# Minaya

**Minaya** is a municipality in Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Spain.

## InfoBox

| Minaya | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| MinayaLocation in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 39°16′59″N 2°19′0″W / 39.28306°N 2.31667°W / 39.28306; -2.31667 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile-La Mancha |
| Province | Albacete |
| Comarca | La Mancha del Júcar-Centro |
| Judicial district | La Roda |
| Area | |
| Total | 69.83 km2 (26.96 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 753 m (2,470 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 1,537 |
| Density | 22/km2 (57/sq mi) |
| Demonym | minayero/a |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 02620 |
| Dialing code | 967 |
| Website | Ayuntamiento de Minaya. |


title: Willie Wilkin

abstract: Wilbur Byrne "Wee Willie" Wilkin was an American football tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins. Wilkin also played in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the Chicago Rockets. He attended St. Mary's College of California.

text:
# Willie Wilkin

**Wilbur Byrne "Wee Willie" Wilkin** (April 20, 1916 – May 16, 1973) was an American football tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins. Wilkin also played in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the Chicago Rockets. He attended St. Mary's College of California.

## Early life

Born in Bingham Canyon, Utah, Wilkin attended Springville High School, where he played football, basketball, and track and field.

## College career

Wilkin played college football at Saint Mary's College in Moraga, California, graduating in 1938. He was inducted into the Gaels' Athletic Hall of Fame in 1973. After college, Wilkin briefly worked in a silver mine in Mexico.

## NFL

Wilkin signed with the Washington Redskins of the National Football League in 1938, and played through 1943. During that span, he played in three NFL Championship games, winning the 1942 NFL Championship Game. He also scored the only touchdown of his career in 1942, off of a blocked punt in a win over the Cleveland Rams.

## Military career

After the 1943 season, Wilkin entered the United States Marine Corps during World War II. While in service, he was stationed at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in southern California and played for their football team.

## AAFC

After his service with the Marines ended, Wilkin signed with the Chicago Rockets of the All-America Football Conference in 1946.

## Teaching and coaching

After retiring from football, Wilkin became a math and social studies high school teacher for special needs children in Monterey County, California, and was an offensive line coach for Monterey High School. He later taught in Deer Lodge, Montana.

## Personal

Wilkin was married and had twin sons, John Sharpe Wilkin and Christopher Wilkin; both died at age 22 in the same 1965 automobile accident near Truckee, California. In 1970, Wilkin had a brain tumor successfully removed. However, two years later, he developed stomach cancer, and died at age 57 in 1973 in Palo Alto, California.

## InfoBox

Willie Wilkin
| No. 36 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Tackle |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1916-04-20)April 20, 1916
Bingham Canyon, Utah, U.S. |
| Died: | May 16, 1973(1973-05-16) (aged 57)
Palo Alto, California, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight: | 261 lb (118 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Springville (UT) |
| College: | St. Mary's (CA) |
| Undrafted: | 1938 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played: 74  Games started: 45  Touchdowns: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Paul Symmons

abstract: Paul Symmons is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL). Symmons was picked up by West Coast with pick eight in the 1992 AFL draft, which they had received after trading Dean Laidley to North Melbourne. He played initially at West Perth and in 1994 won a Simpson Medal when he represented Western Australia in an interstate match against South Australia. In the same year, a premiership season for West Coast, Symmons made four appearances. After being plagued by a shoulder problem in 1996, Symmons finished third in West Coast's Club Champion award the following season and polled three Brownlow Medal votes in successive games early in the year. He played his fifth final in 1998 but he was struggling for form and was delisted at the end of the 2000 AFL season. A flanker, Symmons continued his career at East Perth and was a member of their 2001 and 2002 premiership teams.

text:
# Paul Symmons

**Paul Symmons** (born 2 September 1973) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Symmons was picked up by West Coast with pick eight in the 1992 AFL draft, which they had received after trading Dean Laidley to North Melbourne. He played initially at West Perth and in 1994 won a Simpson Medal when he represented Western Australia in an interstate match against South Australia. In the same year, a premiership season for West Coast, Symmons made four appearances.

After being plagued by a shoulder problem in 1996, Symmons finished third in West Coast's Club Champion award the following season and polled three Brownlow Medal votes in successive games early in the year. He played his fifth final in 1998 but he was struggling for form and was delisted at the end of the 2000 AFL season.

A flanker, Symmons continued his career at East Perth and was a member of their 2001 and 2002 premiership teams.

## InfoBox

| Paul Symmons | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Paul Symmons | | |
| Date of birth | (1973-09-02) 2 September 1973 | | |
| Original team(s) | West Perth | | |
| Height | 189 cm (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Weight | 87 kg (192 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1994–2000 | West Coast | 99 (36) |
| 2001–05 | East Perth | 83 (39) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2005. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Milton Levine

abstract: Milton Martin Levine was an American entrepreneur who was the co-founder of Uncle Milton Toys.

text:
# Milton Levine

**Milton Martin Levine** (November 3, 1913 – January 16, 2011) was an American entrepreneur who was the co-founder of Uncle Milton Toys.

## Biography

He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on November 3, 1913, to Harry and Mary Levine. As a young boy, Levine collected ants in a jar at his uncle's farm in Pennsylvania.

During World War II, he served in the European Theatre where his engineer unit built bridges in France and Germany. While in France, he met his future wife Mauricette Schneider, a citizen of the country, and they married in 1945. With his wife, he fathered one son and two daughters, all of whom he eventually put through college with the proceeds from his business.

After the war he formed a partnership with his brother-in-law E. Joseph Cossman and entered the then-new world of plastic and the toy industry that was predicted as a growth industry. The duo made arrangements with Nosco Plastics, a division of National Organ Supply, that also manufactured the plastic prizes in Cracker Jack to make flat toy soldiers for mail order that they advertised originally as "100 Toy Soldiers for $1" (later $1.25) that was advertised in nearly every American comic book of the time.

Levine and Cossman also successfully mass marketed the potato gun, toy shrunken heads to hang from car rear view mirrors and balloon animals.

In 1956, while at a Fourth of July picnic at his sister's pool, he spotted a mound of ants. This inspired him to found Uncle Milton's Toys, which is best known for its Uncle Milton's Ant Farm. After recalling his collection of ants as a child, he said, "We should make an antarium." The original ant farms were sold for $1.29 and were contained in a six by nine-inch ant farm. Business boomed after advertisements on after school programs prompted thousands of shipments a week. Levine thought of the name of the company by saying "Someone said that if I've got all these ants, then I must be the uncle."

After the child bought the ant farm, they had to mail a request for a shipment of 25 ants, which arrived in a vial a few weeks later. The ants contained in the farm are the species *Pogonomyrmex californicus*, an ant native to the southwestern US. At the time of his death, over 20 million units were sold, with a growth rate of 30,000 a month. He once said about the success of his business in 1991: "Most novelties, if they last one season, it's a lot. If they last two seasons, it's a phenomenon. To last 35 years is unheard of."

Levine died of natural causes on January 16, 2011, in Thousand Oaks, California, at the age of 97. He is interred at Hillside Memorial Park in Culver City, California.

## Books

* *Uncle Milton's Ant Facts and Fantasies*  (1970)
* *How I Made $1,000,000 in Mail Order-and You Can Too!* (1993)

## InfoBox

| Milton Levine | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | November 3, 1913
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US |
| Died | January 16, 2011 (age 97)
Thousand Oaks, California, US |
| Occupation | Entrepreneur |


title: Riga–Lugaži Railway

abstract: The Riga–Lugaži Railway is a 166 kilometres (103 mi) long, 1,524 mm (5 ft) gauge railway in Latvia. It was built in the late 19th century to connect the cities of Riga and Saint Petersburg via Valga and Pskov. The railway was opened in 1889. The final station in Latvia is Lugaži. The railway was last used for the Riga–Saint Petersburg service in 1998, after which St Petersburg trains operated via Rēzekne. For several years there were no cross-border services, and trains terminated at Lugaži, but since 2008 a regular passenger service again operates from Riga to Valga in Estonia twice a day, with an onward connection to Tallinn via a train in Estonia. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Riga-Lugaži railway cut services to Valga, with trains ending in Lugaži. Service was restored in May 2020.

text:
# Riga–Lugaži Railway

The **Riga–Lugaži Railway** is a 166 kilometres (103 mi) long, 1,524 mm (5 ft) gauge railway in Latvia. It was built in the late 19th century (commencing in 1886) to connect the cities of Riga and Saint Petersburg via Valga and Pskov. The railway was opened in 1889.

The final station in Latvia is Lugaži (near Valka). The railway was last used for the Riga–Saint Petersburg service in 1998, after which St Petersburg trains operated via Rēzekne. For several years there were no cross-border services, and trains terminated at Lugaži, but since 2008 a regular passenger service again operates from Riga to Valga in Estonia twice a day, with an onward connection to Tallinn via a train in Estonia. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Riga-Lugaži railway cut services to Valga, with trains ending in Lugaži. Service was restored in May 2020.

## Stations

| Station | Locale |
| --- | --- |
| Rīga | Riga |
| Zemitāni | |
| Čiekurkalns | |
| Jugla | |
| Batlezers (Former) | Garkalne municipality |
| Garkalne | |
| Krievupe | |
| Vangaži | Inčukalns municipality |
| Inčukalns | |
| Egļupe | Sigulda municipality |
| Silciems (Former) | |
| Sigulda | |
| Līgatne | Līgatne municipality |
| Ieriķi | Amata municipality |
| Melturi | |
| Āraiši | |
| Cēsis | Cēsis municipality |
| Jāņmuiža | Priekuļi municipality |
| Lode | Rūjiena municipality |
| Bāle (Former) | Beverīna municipality |
| Valmiera | Valmiera municipality |
| Brenguļi (Former) | Beverīna municipality |
| Strenči | Strenči municipality |
| Seda (Former) | |
| Saule (Former) | Valka municipality |
| Lugaži | |
| Valga | Estonia |

## InfoBox

| Riga–Lugaži Railway | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Termini |  |
| Service | |
| Operator(s) | Latvian Railways |
| History | |
| Opened | 1889 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 166 km (103.15 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,524 mm (5 ft) |


title: Partition of Gyeonggi Province

text:
# Partition of Gyeonggi Province

proposed North Gyeonggi Province and South Gyeonggi Province

Gyeonggi Province is the most populous province in South Korea. It has been the subject of proposals to divide it into two provinces since 1987.

## History of partition movements

### 20th century

During the 1992 South Korean presidential election, Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung made a promise to establish North Gyeonggi Province.

### 21st century

In 2014, the Council of Gyeonggi Province sponsored its partition, However this plan was opposed by the provincial governor Nam Kyung-pil.


title: John A. Grimball

abstract: Colonel John Audebert Grimball was an American politician. He was the 2nd Secretary of State of Mississippi, serving from 1821 to 1833.

text:
# John A. Grimball

Colonel **John Audebert Grimball** (died September 25, 1867) was an American politician. He was the 2nd Secretary of State of Mississippi, serving from 1821 to 1833.

## Biography

John Audebert Grimball was one of six children of Thomas Grimball and Ann (Audebert) Grimball. In 1821, Grimball was elected by the Mississippi Legislature to succeed Daniel Williams as the Secretary of State of Mississippi after Williams's resignation. Grimball was re-elected on January 7, 1824; January 11, 1826; January 12, 1828; January 13, 1830; and December 1, 1831. In the 1837 Mississippi gubernatorial election, Grimball ran for the office of the Governor of Mississippi as a Whig, but lost to Democrat Alexander McNutt. Grimball died on September 25, 1867, in Hinds County, Mississippi.

## Personal life

Grimball married Eugenia Bray. Their daughter, Laura, married Taliaferro J. Lenoir in 1847.

1. Stafford, George Mason Graham (1943). *General Leroy Augustus Stafford: His Forebears and Descendants*. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 398.
2. Senate, Mississippi Legislature (1821). *Journal*. p. 29.
3. Mississippi (1898). *Department Reports*. p. 92.
4. Capace, Nancy (2001-01-01). *Encyclopedia of Mississippi*. Somerset Publishers, Inc. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-403-09603-9.
5. Hagstette, Todd (2017-08-10). *Reading William Gilmore Simms: Essays of Introduction to the Author's Canon*. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-773-2.
6. Busbee, Westley F. Jr. (2015-01-20). *Mississippi: A History*. John Wiley & Sons. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-118-75590-7.
7. "Col. John A. Grimball". *Clarion-Ledger*. 1867-10-06. p. 2. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
8. "Taliaferro J. Lenoir and Laura A. Grimball marriage announcement". *The Weekly Mississippian*. 1847-12-10. p. 3. Retrieved 2022-09-01.

## InfoBox

| John A. Grimball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 2nd Secretary of State of Mississippi | |
| **In office**
January 1821  January 1833 | |
| Preceded by | Daniel Williams |
| Succeeded by | David Dickson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Died | (1867-09-25)September 25, 1867
Hinds County, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Political party | Whig |
|  | |


title: Zahir Alam

abstract: Zahir Iqbal Alam was an Indian first-class cricketer who played for Assam cricket team from 1988 to 1995. He was born in Gauhati, Assam. He was a prolific right-handed batsman. Alam appeared in 22 first class matches, scored 1,398 runs with an average of 36.78 and his highest score was 257. He also scripted a world record second-wicket partnership of 475 runs with former India Test player Lalchand Rajput against Tripura in a Ranji Trophy match in 1990–91. Alam died in a Bangalore hospital on 30 May 2012 at the age of 42. He was suffering from a liver ailment.

text:
# Zahir Alam

**Zahir Iqbal Alam** (10 April 1970 – 30 May 2012) was an Indian first-class cricketer who played for Assam cricket team from 1988 to 1995. He was born in Gauhati, Assam. He was a prolific right-handed batsman. Alam appeared in 22 first class matches, scored 1,398 runs with an average of 36.78 and his highest score was 257. He also scripted a world record second-wicket partnership of 475 runs with former India Test player Lalchand Rajput against Tripura in a Ranji Trophy match in 1990–91.

Alam died in a Bangalore hospital on 30 May 2012 at the age of 42. He was suffering from a liver ailment.

## InfoBox

Zahir Alam
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Zahir Iqbal Alam |
| Born | (1970-04-10)10 April 1970
Gauhati, India |
| Died | 30 May 2012(2012-05-30) (aged 42)
Bangalore, India |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Legbreak googly |
| Role | Batsman |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1988/89–1994/95 | Assam |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 31 August 2016 | |


title: Reef Shipping

abstract: Reef Shipping was an ocean shipping company operating in Polynesia, especially between Asia, Australia and New Zealand and the islands. It has existed for over forty years, as of the late 2000s. The company is headquartered in Auckland, New Zealand. In the 2000s, the company also operated concerns like a fish processing plant, with associated fishing vessels and a small transport airline in Niue. However, this venture later closed again, and shipping services to Niue were for some time reduced to less than one vessel a month. Until the mid-2000s, the company also provided services to the Chatham Islands, but these were cancelled due to issues with commercial viability. Reef Shipping went into receivership in November 2012 and was purchased by Matson. The primary assets transferred included four vessels and about 1500 pieces of container equipment.

text:
# Reef Shipping

**Reef Shipping** was an ocean shipping company operating in Polynesia, especially between Asia, Australia and New Zealand and the islands. It has existed for over forty years, as of the late 2000s. The company is headquartered in Auckland, New Zealand.

In the 2000s, the company also operated concerns like a fish processing plant, with associated fishing vessels and a small transport airline in Niue. However, this venture later closed again, and shipping services to Niue were for some time reduced to less than one vessel a month.

Until the mid-2000s, the company also provided services to the Chatham Islands, but these were cancelled due to issues with commercial viability.

Reef Shipping went into receivership in November 2012 and was purchased by Matson. The primary assets transferred included four vessels and about 1500 pieces of container equipment.


abstract: The Ministry of Finance is a government ministry of Antigua and Barbuda responsible for the management of public finances, economic planning, revenue and budgeting.

text:
# Ministry of Finance, Corporate Governance & Public Private Partnerships

The **Ministry of Finance** is a government ministry of Antigua and Barbuda responsible for the management of public finances, economic planning, revenue and budgeting.

## Ministers of finance

| Name | Took office | Left office |
| --- | --- | --- |
| V. C. Bird | 1960 | 1971 |
| George Walter | 1971 | 1974 |
| Sydney U. Prince | 1974 | 1976 |
| Reuben Harris | 1976 | 1978 |
| John Eugene St. Luce | 1978 | 1982 |
| V. C. Bird | 1982 | 1982 |
| John Eugene St. Luce | 1982 | 1991 |
| Lester Bird | 1991 | 1991 |
| Molwyn Joseph | 1991 | 1994 |
| John Eugene St. Luce | 1994 | 1994 |
| Molwyn Joseph | 1994 | 1996 |
| John Eugene St. Luce | 1996 | 2001 |
| Lester Bird | 2001 | 2003 |
| Robin Yearwood | 2003 | 2004 |
| Errol Cort | 2004 | 2009 |
| Harold Lovell | 2009 | 2014 |
| Gaston Browne | 2014 | Incumbent |

## InfoBox

Ministry of Finance, Corporate Governance & Public Private Partnerships
| Agency overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Jurisdiction | Antigua and Barbuda Government of Antigua and Barbuda |
| Headquarters | High Street, St. John's |
| Minister responsible |  |
| Parent agency | Government of Antigua and Barbuda |
| Website | https://ab.gov.ag/detail\_page.php?page=13 |


title: Willy Zeyn (director)

abstract: Willy Zeyn (1876-1946) was a German film director and screenwriter of the silent era. His son Willy Zeyn became a film editor and producer.

text:
# Willy Zeyn (director)

**Willy Zeyn** (1876-1946) was a German film director and screenwriter of the silent era. His son Willy Zeyn became a film editor and producer.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Thomas Elsaesser & Michael Wedel. *A Second Life: German Cinema's First Decades*.

## InfoBox

| Willy Zeyn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 30 June 1876
Hamburg, German Empire |
| Died | 9 August 1946
Munich, Allied-occupied Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Director, Screenwriter |
| Years active | 1911-1924 (film) |


title: Milton Lilbourne

abstract:
Milton Lilbourne is a village and civil parish in the county of Wiltshire, England, in the Vale of Pewsey between Pewsey and Burbage. It is largely a mixed residential area centred on the Manor. The nearest town is Marlborough, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to the north. The parish includes the following hamlets:
  - Clench – to the north, near Wootton Rivers
  - Fyfield with Fyfield Manor – west, near Pewsey
  - Little Salisbury – west, on the Pewsey-Burbage road
  - Littleworth – north, on the other side of the Pewsey-Burbage road
  - Milkhouse Water, formerly Milcot Water – northwest, by the Avon
  - New Mill – north, also by the Avon The parish is unusual in that it has a long thin shape and is one of the few to have boundaries on the uplands to both south and north of the Vale. The southern boundary passes by a long barrow and the northern one abuts the prehistoric fort on Martinsell Hill.

text:
# Milton Lilbourne

**Milton Lilbourne** is a village and civil parish in the county of Wiltshire, England, in the Vale of Pewsey between Pewsey and Burbage. It is largely a mixed residential area centred on the Manor. The nearest town is Marlborough, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to the north.

The parish includes the following hamlets:

* Clench – to the north, near Wootton Rivers
* Fyfield with Fyfield Manor – west, near Pewsey (not to be confused with the village of Fyfield near Marlborough)
* **Little Salisbury** – west, on the Pewsey-Burbage road
* **Littleworth** – north, on the other side of the Pewsey-Burbage road
* **Milkhouse Water**, formerly Milcot Water – northwest, by the Avon
* **New Mill** – north, also by the Avon

The parish is unusual in that it has a long thin shape and is one of the few to have boundaries on the uplands to both south and north of the Vale. The southern boundary passes by a long barrow and the northern one abuts the prehistoric fort on Martinsell Hill.

## History

The parish contains several prehistoric features including the Giants Grave to the south (a Neolithic long barrow) and a Bronze Age Barrow Cemetery at Milton Hill Farm.

"Milton" in the village's name probably derives from its position as "middle tun" between Pewsey and Easton Royal, the "east tun". "Lilbourne" is from Lillebonne, the surname of lords of the manor.

The Manor House dates from c.1710 and is Grade II\* listed.

## Parish church

There was a vicarage here by 1195. The parish church of St Peter is in squared and coursed rubble with stone dressings, and ashlar copings and battlements. When the chancel was rebuilt in the 14th century, the jambs of the arch of the 12th-century church were retained; the four-bay north arcade is from the 13th century.

Restoration of the chancel in 1859 was to designs of G.E. Street, and in 1875 J. L. Pearson retired the nave, aisle and porch. The northwest tower has six bells, five of them cast by Robert Wells II in 1789. The building was recorded as Grade II\* listed in 1959.

The benefice was united with Easton Royal in 1929, and with Pewsey and Wootton Rivers in 1991. Today the parish is part of the Vale of Pewsey team of churches, centered on St John's, Pewsey.

## Transport

The Kennet and Avon Canal crosses the parish, using the Avon valley. The Reading to Taunton railway follows the same route; the nearest station is Pewsey. From 1928 to 1966 there was a halt at Wootton Rivers, a short distance outside the parish.

## Amenities

Facilities include the Village Hall with its playing fields. On the Pewsey-Burbage road in the area known as Little Salisbury stood the Three Horse Shoes pub, closed in 2009. The nearest shops are in Pewsey, about 2 miles (3.2 km) away.

## InfoBox

| Milton Lilbourne | |
| --- | --- |
| Cottages in Milton Lilbourne | |
| Milton LilbourneLocation within Wiltshire | |
| Population | 534 (in 2011) |
| OS grid reference | SU190604 |
| Civil parish | * Milton Lilbourne |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Pewsey |
| Postcode district | SN9 |
| Dialling code | 01672 |
|  | |
| Police | Wiltshire |
| Fire | Dorset and Wiltshire |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | Parish Council |
|


title: Rifugio Sanremo

abstract: Rifugio Sanremo is a refuge in the Ligurian Alps in Italy. Located at 2,054 m, is the highest mountain hut in Liguria.

text:
# Rifugio Sanremo

**Rifugio Sanremo** is a refuge in the Ligurian Alps in Italy. Located at 2,054 m, is the highest mountain hut in Liguria.

## History

Rifugio Sanremo was built in 1950 and enlarged in 1984 with an upper floor containing a 30-bed dorm. It was dedicated in 2012 to Agostino Gauzzi (nicknamed "Tino"), an Italian alpinist who was among the founders of the Sanremo branch of Club Alpino Italiano.

## Access

The hut can be reached from La Brigue, France, and from Briga Alta and Montegrosso Pian Latte, Italy. It is located on the Alta Via dei Monti Liguri.

## InfoBox

| Rifugio Sanremo | |
| --- | --- |
| Rifugio Sanremo, June 2015 | |
| Rifugio Sanremo | |
| Coordinates | 44°03′26.3″N 7°43′57.9″E / 44.057306°N 7.732750°E / 44.057306; 7.732750 |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Liguria |
| Administrative
district | Province of Imperia |
| Location | between Cima della Valletta and Monte Simonasso |
| Nearest
settlement | Triora |
| Elevation | 2,054 m (6,739 ft) |
| Construction | |
| Built in | 1950 (1950) |
| Administration | |
| Owner | Club Alpino Italiano of Sanremo |
| Facilities | |
| Total bedspaces
(incl. winter room) | 30 |


title: Paroedura tanjaka

abstract: Paroedura tanjaka is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It is endemic to northwestern Madagascar, and is currently known only to occur in Bemaraha and Namoroka. This nocturnal species is found in karstic dry forests at night, and is known to dwell in caves during the day. It is one of the largest species in the genus Paroedura, reaching up to 18 cm in length. The species was first discovered in 1996 and officially named in 2000. Because its range is extremely limited and its habitat is declining, it is listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List. While it is not the subject of any conservative measures, its known locations have been designated as national parks.

text:
# Paroedura tanjaka

***Paroedura tanjaka*** is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It is endemic to northwestern Madagascar, and is currently known only to occur in Bemaraha and Namoroka. This nocturnal species is found in karstic dry forests at night, and is known to dwell in caves during the day. It is one of the largest species in the genus *Paroedura*, reaching up to 18 cm in length.

The species was first discovered in 1996 and officially named in 2000. Because its range is extremely limited and its habitat is declining, it is listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List. While it is not the subject of any conservative measures, its known locations have been designated as national parks.

## Taxonomy

The species *Paroedura tanjaka* was first erected in 2000 by Nussbaum and Raxworthy. The holotype (UMMZ 224225) is a mature male collected from Bemaraha Nature Reserve in Madagascar on 18 March 1996. Several other individuals from the Bemaraha and Namoroka reserves were collected as paratypes. The specific name *tanjaka* is a Malagasy word for "strength".

Genetic analysis has found that *Paroedura tanjaka* is a member of the *Paroedura bastardi* clade, and is a sister taxon to *Paroedura neglecta*. The following cladogram shows the position of *P. tanjaka* among its closest relatives according to Piccoli *et al.* (2023):

## Distribution and habitat

This gecko is one of many species endemic to the island nation of Madagascar, and is currently known only from Tsingy de Bemaraha and Tsingy de Namoroka in the west-central region of the country. It has only been found at elevations of 100 to 500 m in areas representing deciduous dry forests with limestone outcrops. The known extent of occurrence of this species is only 964 km², and while it could be more widespread, it is unlikely to have an extent of occurrence over 5,000 km². It is known to inhabit caves within its range during the day.

## Description

This species is among the largest *Paroedura* species, reaching a snout–vent length of 10.2 cm and a total length of 18 cm. The head is wider than the neck, and the rostral scale makes contact with the nostrils. The prominent canthal bridge is concave and the snout is steeply sloped in front of the eyes. Enlarged tuberculate scales are present on the dorsal surface and not arranged in clear rows, with smaller tubercles and flat scales separating them. Unlike in some congeneric species, the tail is not spiny. The digits end with widened toe pads, each over twice the width of the rest of the digit.

The head has an immaculate tan color and posterolaterally bordered by light lines, differing from the rest of the body. The dorsalateral surface has grayish background colors, with irregular brown spots and bands all over. These bands of color extend to the tail, but are more faded in regenerated tails. Juveniles have three distinct light crossbands on the torso and black to brown dorsal colors.

## Behaviour

*Paroedura tanjaka* is a nocturnal species, active in its dry forest during the night. It is a terrestrial species capable of climbing, reportedly found mostly 1 to 4 meters above the ground on the bases of tsingy cliffs, or 0.5 to 2.5 meters up on tree branches and trunks. During the day, this gecko is known to inhabit karst caves, and the first observation of this species during the day was 30 meters within a cave. Later expeditions have made dozens of observations of this gecko inhabiting a cave throughout the daytime, always in areas of complete darkness away from the entrance. *P. tanjaka* is known to actively hunt and even mate in these caves during the day, and it is suggested that the darkness of caves allows this nocturnal species to be active throughout the day and avoid predators.

### Diet

Like most geckos, *Paroedura tanjaka* is an insectivorous species and primarily preys upon small arthropods, hunting them at night in the karstic forests. As it dwells in caves during the day where various invertebrates have been observed, it is believed to hunt by day in these caves as well. Both troglobitic invertebrates and nocturnal species resting to avoid predation or daytime heat (including the moth *Cyligramma duplex*) are present in the caves, and likely are part of the lizard's diet.

### Predation

This lizard is known to fall prey to snakes, as one specimen (UMMZ 221997) was found inside the stomach of a *Lycodryas gaimardi*. The genus *Lycodryas* as a whole has been regarded as predators of *Paroedura* geckos, and birds and mammals may also represent predators of this species.

## Conservation

Due to its narrow extent of occurrence and the decline of its severely fragmented habitat, *Paroedura tanjaka* is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Because of its restricted range, this lizard is disproportionately threatened by changes to its forest habitat. Though the species is reportedly abundant at Bemaraha, there is continuing decline of mature individuals, and its habitat is threatened by increased fire intensity and logging. Conservative measures are not in place for the species itself, but both its known localities (Bemaraha and Namoraka) are national parks and thus protected areas.

## InfoBox

| *Paroedura tanjaka* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Paroedura* |
| Species: | ***P. tanjaka*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paroedura tanjaka***
Nussbaum & Raxworthy, 2000 | |
|
|  | |
| Approximate distribution of *Paroedura tanjaka* | |


title: Revolutionary United Front

abstract: The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) was a rebel group that fought a failed eleven-year war in Sierra Leone, beginning in 1991 and ending in 2002. It later transformed into a political party, which still exists today. The three most senior surviving leaders, Issa Sesay, Morris Kallon, and Augustine Gbao, were convicted in February 2009 of war crimes and crimes against humanity.

text:
# Revolutionary United Front

The **Revolutionary United Front** (**RUF**) was a rebel group that fought a failed eleven-year war in Sierra Leone, beginning in 1991 and ending in 2002. It later transformed into a political party, which still exists today. The three most senior surviving leaders, Issa Sesay, Morris Kallon, and Augustine Gbao, were convicted in February 2009 of war crimes and crimes against humanity.

## Creation

The RUF initially coalesced as a group of Sierra Leoneans who led elements of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia across the Liberian border. Their goal was to replicate Charles Taylor's earlier success in toppling the Liberian government.

The RUF was created by Foday Sankoh, of Temne background, and some allies, Abu Kanu, Rashid Mansaray, with substantial assistance from Charles Taylor of Liberia. Initially, the RUF was popular with Sierra Leoneans, many of whom resented a Freetown elite seen as corrupt and looked forward to promised free education and health care and equitable sharing of diamond revenues. However, the RUF developed a reputation internationally for its terrible cruelty towards the civilian population during its decade-long struggle, especially its practice of hacking off limbs to intimidate and spread terror among the population, and its widespread use of child soldiers.

When it was first formed, the RUF put forward the slogan, "No More Slaves, No More Masters. Power and Wealth to the People." While its goal was clearly to change the government of Sierra Leone, the RUF gave little indication of what sort of government would replace it. The group did not advocate Marxism or any similar leftist ideology, nor did it advocate extreme nationalism or fascism. It also did not claim to be a force fighting for a certain ethnic group or region. At one point, during ongoing peace negotiations in 1995, RUF published a pamphlet entitled "Footpaths to Democracy: Toward a New Sierra Leone", which contained some rhetorical references to social justice and pan-Africanism.

## Coup

Foday Sankoh did not stand by his earlier promises of equitably sharing diamond revenues and used these funds to buy arms for himself. With a significant area of the diamond mines under the control of the rebel party, the RUF became singularly focused on protecting its resource base.

Sierra Leone's economy collapsed. Ordinary citizens became trapped between the cruelty of RUF troops and starvation. After a coup by the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) in 1997, the RUF and AFRC created a joint junta to control the country before being evicted from the capital by the intervention of a Nigerian-led West African force that reinstated President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. The war is estimated to have cost the lives of about 200,000 people.

## Child soldiers

Child soldiers were heavily recruited in the Sierra Leone Civil War; a total of 11,000 are thought to have participated in the conflict. Most were used for attacks on villages as well as guard duty for diamond fields and weapons stockpiles. The RUF made extensive use of child soldiers.

Thousands of abducted boys and girls were forced to serve as soldiers or as prostitutes, and those chosen to be fighters were sometimes forced to murder their parents. Guerrillas frequently carved the initials "RUF" on their chests, and officers reportedly rubbed cocaine into open cuts on their troops to make them maniacal and fearless. Before some battles and raids, the children would be given mixtures of cocaine and gunpowder. The gunpowder mixture was called "Brown-brown" and it allowed the cocaine to flow more freely through the blood stream.

For entertainment, some soldiers would bet on the sex of an unborn baby and then slice open a woman's womb to determine the winner. The RUF abducted children aged 7 to 12, but were known to take children as young as 5 year olds. The children were notoriously known by captains and civilians for their unquestionable obedience and enormous cruelty.

## Atrocities

In response to the immediate execution of rebels by government forces, the RUF instituted a policy of cutting off the hands of captured soldiers with the intent of sending the message: "You don't hold your weapon against your brother." Brandishing machetes, RUF rebels amputated the hands, arms, and legs of tens of thousands of Sierra Leoneans. The RUF indicated that the reason for these actions was that amputees could no longer mine diamonds, which might be used to support government troops.

The election slogan at that time was the people "had power in their hands", so the RUF would hack off hands to prevent people from voting. RUF members are also said to have practised cannibalism. Refugee camps were set up for amputees, supported by the government and other relief agencies.

## Foreign pressure and intervention

In March 1997, Sankoh fled to Nigeria, where he was put under house arrest, and then imprisoned. During Sankoh's incarceration, which ended in 1999, Sam Bockarie filled in as director of RUF military operations. In 1999, after enormous pressure by the United States, the United Kingdom, the UN, and various other countries, Sankoh was forced into signing the Lomé Peace Accord on 7 July 1999.

Sankoh was then allowed to return under the conditions of the agreement. However fighting again broke out, and the UN sent peacekeeping troops in hopes of integrating the RUF into a new national army. This intervention failed as well, and by 2000 they held 500 UN peacekeepers hostage until their release was negotiated by Taylor. The UK, Guinea, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and various other nations, sent in professional forces in 2001. The RUF was noted to be weakened, especially decreasing resources, and hence had to suffer several crushing defeats at the hands of the British special forces; which eventually led to the end of the revolution, hence the end of the civil war in Sierra Leone. Sankoh was later captured by a mob and handed to the British Army in Sierra Leone. He was indicted for multiple war crimes by a UN-backed special court. In 2003 Sankoh died in prison before the trial took place.

Four years later, during the sessions of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, prosecutors claimed that Charles Taylor had actively participated in directing the RUF's strategy from Liberia; among the allegations was that he had arranged to transport RUF commanders to Monrovia to meet with them personally.

## Political party

| Revolutionary United Front Party | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Founded | September 2001 |
| Ideology | Nationalism
Pan-Africanism |
| Colors | Yellow
Green |
| Slogan | *Power and wealth to the people* |
|  | |

After peace was established, RUF was transformed into a political party: the **Revolutionary United Front Party**. In the May 10, 2002 general election the party won 2.2% of popular votes and no seats. Its candidate at the presidential elections, Alimamy Pallo Bangura, received 1.7% of the vote. The party received its highest voting in Kailahun, 7.8% in the parliamentary election. It has since drifted into near-irrelevance, only maintaining a small voter base of former rebel fighters.

## Electoral history

### Presidential elections

| Election | Party candidate | Votes | % | Votes | % | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First round | | Second round | | |
| 2002 | Alimamy Pallo Bangura | 33,074 | 1.73% |  | | **Lost** |
| 2007 | Did not contest | | | | | |
| 2012 | Eldred Collins | 12,993 | 0.58% |  | | **Lost** |
| 2018 | Gbandi Jemba Ngobeh | 12,827 | 0.51% |  | | **Lost** |
| 2023 | Abdulahi Saccoh | 6,796 | 0.24% |  | | **Lost** |

### Parliamentary elections

| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | **Position** | Government |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | Alimamy Pallo Bangura | 41,997 | 2.20% | 0 / 124 | New | 4th | Extra-parliamentary |
| 2007 | Did not contest | | | | | | Extra-parliamentary |
| 2012 | Jonathan Kposowa | 12,573 | 0.59% | 0 / 124 | 0 | 5th | Extra-parliamentary |
| 2018 | Raymond Kartewu | 438 | 0.02% | 0 / 146 | 0 | 16th | Extra-parliamentary |
| 2023 | Foday Massaquoi | 1,502 | 0.05% | 0 / 149 | 0 | 6th | Extra-parliamentary |

## Cultural references

### Television

* *Law & Order* episode "Blood Money" was centered around the strife in Sierra Leone and the traffic in conflict diamonds
* Walker, Texas Ranger had an episode entitled "Blood Diamonds" based in part on the RUF which brought to light some of their atrocities as well as the black market trade of blood diamonds for illegal arms.

### Film

### Books

### Music

## InfoBox

| Revolutionary United Front | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Dates of operation | 1980s–2002 |
| Active regions | Sierra Leone |
| Slogan | *Power and wealth to the people* |
| Allies | Libya
Burkina Faso
NPFL |
| Opponents | Sierra Leone
United States
United Kingdom
Germany
New Zealand
India
Pakistan
Jordan
ECOMOG |


title: Reed parrotbill

abstract: The reed parrotbill is a species of bird in the family Paradoxornithidae. It is found in Manchuria and eastern China and the Russian Far East. It is threatened by habitat loss. The northern subspecies P. h. polivanovi is sometimes regarded as a separate species, the northern parrotbill.

text:
# Reed parrotbill

The **reed parrotbill** (***Paradoxornis heudei***) is a species of bird in the family Paradoxornithidae. It is found in Manchuria and eastern China and the Russian Far East. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The northern subspecies *P. h. polivanovi* is sometimes regarded as a separate species, the **northern parrotbill**.

## Description

The reed parrotbill species is known to have significantly short, wide, and deep bills. The reed parrotbill is the only parrotbill to change its appearance based on whether it's in breeding season. In winter, non-breeding season, the reed parrotbill has a pinkish-cream and ash-gray forehead and neck. This species has streaks of black and warm brown from above its eyes to the tip of its head. The region between its eyes and bill is a little whiter than its forehead. The reed parrotbill has a white-tinted stripe that runs from the base of the bird's beak above its eye, and finishes somewhere towards the rear of the bird's head. Its ears are a similar color to its crown, also known as the top of its head. They have different colored streaks on their body which include black and brown. The streaks become blacker the further down the body. In summer, breeding season, the top of the birds head to the feathers in the upper middle of the back below the neck feathers, are a bluish-gray. The lower end of the feathers are more of a dark chestnut. Their ears are slightly paler, and the sides are a lighter chestnut color than they are in non-breeding season.

## Habitat

Reed parrotbills are native to East Asia. Their habitat is known as a reedbed, which is a very wet area of reed plants between water and land. Reed parrotbills rely on reedbeds because it is their natural environment that is home to both their water and food. Recently, the population of this species has been declining due to degradation of reedbeds in their environment. This habitat loss has detrimentally affected the population of reed parrotbills. because it's in the Paradoxornithidae family.

## Diet

Reed parrotbills feed on insects, including pancake-shaped insects known as Alceridae. Reed parrotbills cut through reed stems with their bills to obtain food inside, and make very loud noises while doing so. They lack the hind part of the stomach that is responsible for grinding food. Reed parrotbills have a difficult time digesting hard food items because they lack the gizzard muscle.

## Breeding

Reed parrotbill are occasionally multi-brooded meaning they raise multiple broods a season. Their first laying season occurs from the middle of May to the middle of July. The second occurs from the middle of July to the middle of August. The third season is from the middle of August to the middle of September. They are typically found in pairs during breeding season. They breed mainly in the summer and in their thick nests located in China. However, their habitats are being taken away because of the re-development in China which causes them to have a loss of ecosystem. This directly connects to their breeding, and has caused it to decline.

## Conservation status

The reed parrotbill species is predicted to decline rapidly as a result of degradation of their habitat. They are not threatened globally, it's considered "near threatened". The main threats to their species are associated with clearance of reedbeds and over-harvesting reeds. The population trend is decreasing fast, and there is a continuing decline of mature individuals.

* Robson, C. (2007). Family Paradoxornithidae (Parrotbills) pp. 292 – 321 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. eds. *Handbook of the Birds of the World*, Vol. 12. Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Montreal.

## InfoBox

| Reed parrotbill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Paradoxornithidae |
| Genus: | *Paradoxornis* |
| Species: | ***P. heudei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paradoxornis heudei***
(David, A, 1872) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Calamornis heudei* | |


title: Miniman

abstract: The Miniman is a disposable single-shot 74-mm unguided anti-tank smooth bore recoilless weapon, designed in Sweden by Försvarets Fabriksverk (FFV) and became operational in 1968.

text:
# Miniman

| External images | |
| --- | --- |
| Pansarskott m/68 "Miniman" | |
| Swedish Soldier preparing to fire Miniman | |
| Pskott m/68 from Swedish Army manual | |
| top French SARPAC, middle US M72 LAW, bottom Swedish MINIMAN | |
| Miniman high-low launch system located behind 74mm HEAT projectile | |
| Miniman 74mm HEAT warhead showing unique rear located piezoelectric fuzing system | |

The **Miniman** (Swedish military designation ***Pansarskott m*/68**, abbreviated *Pskott m/68*) is a disposable single-shot 74-mm unguided anti-tank smooth bore recoilless weapon, designed in Sweden by *Försvarets Fabriksverk* (FFV) and became operational in 1968.

## Description

The Miniman is delivered with the HEAT projectile pre-loaded launch tube. In appearance, the Miniman is similar to a single section tube US M72 LAW and French Sarpac of the same era. In 1986 the Swedish Army adopted the FFV AT4, designated the *Pansarskott m/86*, to replace the Miniman. FFV engineers adopted the rugged but simple firing and safety mechanism of the Miniman for the AT4. The Miniman uses a unique version of the high-low chamber launch system that results in no recoil.

Moving targets can be attacked at a range of 150 m (490 ft) while stationary targets may be engaged out to 250 metres (820 ft). The Miniman's HEAT projectile has a copper liner and can penetrate 340 mm (13 in) of rolled homogeneous armour.

## Users

### Former users

* Austria \- known as **PAR 70** (*Panzerabwehrrohr 70*).
* Finland \- known as **74 KES 68 Miniman** (*74 millimetrin kertasinko malli 1968 Miniman*, '74 millimetre disposable recoilless rifle model 1968 Miniman').
* Sweden \- known as **Pskott m/68** (*Pansarskott modell 1968*), replaced by the m/86.

## Reference and notes

* (JIW) Ian Hogg, *Jane's Infantry Weapons 1984-85*, London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1984.

## InfoBox

| Pansarskott m/68 "Miniman" | |
| --- | --- |
| Pansarskott m/68 "Miniman" | |
| Type | Anti-tank |
| Place of origin | Sweden |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1968 |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | FFV Ordnance |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 2.9 kg (6 lb 6 oz) |
| Length | 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) |
| Crew | 1-2 |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | HEAT |
| Caliber | 74 mm (2.9 in) |
| Muzzle velocity | 160 m/s (520 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 150 m (160 yd) (moving target) <br>250 m (270 yd) (stationary target) |
| Maximum firing range | 250 m (270 yd) |
| Filling | Octol |
| Filling weight | 330 g (12 oz) |


title: William Shaw (mathematician)

abstract: William Shaw is a British mathematician, and formerly professor of the mathematics and computation of risk at University College London. He is a consultant on financial derivatives, an author of a primary book on using Mathematica to model financial derivatives, formerly co-Editor-in-Chief of the journal Applied Mathematical Finance. Shaw studied at King's College, Cambridge, where he studied mathematics; he was Wrangler and earned a B.A. in 1980. In 1981 he won the Mayhew Prize for his performance on the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos. In 1984 he received a D.Phil. (PhD) in mathematical physics from Wolfson College, Oxford. From 1984 to 1987 he was a research fellow at Clare College, Cambridge and C.L.E. Moore Instructor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1987 to 1990, he worked for Smith Associates in Guildford, and ECL in Henley-on Thames. From 1991 to 2002 he was a lecturer in mathematics at Balliol College, Oxford. In 2002 he moved to St Catherine's College, Oxford, where he was University Lecturer in financial mathematics. In 2006 he moved to a Professorship at King's College London and in 2011 to a Professorship at UCL. He returned to the financial industry in 2012 and remained a visiting professor at UCL until 2017.

text:
# William Shaw (mathematician)

**William Shaw** (born 14 May 1958) is a British mathematician, and formerly professor of the mathematics and computation of risk at University College London. He is a consultant on financial derivatives, an author of a primary book on using Mathematica to model financial derivatives, formerly co-Editor-in-Chief of the journal *Applied Mathematical Finance*.

Shaw studied at King's College, Cambridge, where he studied mathematics; he was Wrangler and earned a B.A. in 1980. In 1981 he won the Mayhew Prize for his performance on the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos. In 1984 he received a D.Phil. (PhD) in mathematical physics from Wolfson College, Oxford. From 1984 to 1987 he was a research fellow at Clare College, Cambridge and C.L.E. Moore Instructor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1987 to 1990, he worked for Smith Associates in Guildford, and ECL in Henley-on Thames. From 1991 to 2002 he was a lecturer in mathematics at Balliol College, Oxford. In 2002 he moved to St Catherine's College, Oxford, where he was University Lecturer in financial mathematics. In 2006 he moved to a Professorship at King's College London and in 2011 to a Professorship at UCL. He returned to the financial industry in 2012 and remained a visiting professor at UCL until 2017.

## Books

* Applied Mathematica: Getting Started, Getting it Done by W.T. Shaw and J. Tigg. Addison-Wesley, 1993.
* Modelling Financial Derivatives with Mathematica by W.T. Shaw, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
* Complex Analysis with Mathematica by W.T. Shaw, Cambridge University Press, 2006.


title: Florida State Road 500

abstract: State Road 500 is a state highway running through Florida as a mostly unsigned route under several U.S. Highways. From Chiefland to Williston it is U.S. Highway 27 Alternate. From Williston to Ocala, it is US 27. From Ocala to Holopaw, it is US 441. From Kissimmee to Indialantic it is US 192. Names for State Road 500 include Young Boulevard, 100th Street, Hathaway Avenue, Noble Avenue, Blichton Road, 10th Street, Pine Street, Abshier Boulevard, North Boulevard, Main Street, Burleigh Boulevard, Orange Blossom Trail, East Irlo Bronson Memorial Highway, Space Coast Parkway, New Haven Avenue the Melbourne Causeway and Fifth Avenue.

text:
# Florida State Road 500

**State Road 500** (**SR 500**) is a state highway running through Florida as a mostly unsigned route under several U.S. Highways. From Chiefland to Williston it is U.S. Highway 27 Alternate (US 27 Alt.). From Williston to Ocala, it is US 27. From Ocala to Holopaw, it is US 441. From Kissimmee to Indialantic it is US 192.

Names for State Road 500 include Young Boulevard, 100th Street, Hathaway Avenue, Noble Avenue, Blichton Road, 10th Street, Pine Street, Abshier Boulevard, North Boulevard, Main Street, Burleigh Boulevard, Orange Blossom Trail, East Irlo Bronson Memorial Highway, Space Coast Parkway, New Haven Avenue the Melbourne Causeway and Fifth Avenue.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Brevard | Indialantic | 0.000 | 0.000 | SR A1A (Miramar Avenue) Melbourne Beach |  |
| see US 192 (mile 74.746-18.123), US 441 (mile 229.899-320.451), US 27 (mile 295.480-319.602) | | | | | | | |
| Levy | Williston | 171.297 | 275.676 |

US 27 north / US 41 north / SR 121 north (North Main Street / SR 45) Archer, Gainesville | north end of US 27 overlap; south end of US 27 Alt. / US 41 / SR 45 / SR 121 overlap |
| | see US 27 Alt. (mile 0.000-26.652) | | | | | | | |
| | Chiefland | 197.949 | 318.568 |

US 19 / US 98 / US 27 Alt. north (SR 55) Inglis, Cedar Key, St. Petersburg, Fanning Springs |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

| State Road 500A | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Tavares |
| Length | 0.27 mi (430 m) |

**State Road 500A** (**SR 500A**) is a short signed state highway in Tavares, in Lake County, Florida, connecting US 441 (SR 500) with SR 19. Other alignments have existed, including Lake County's CR Old 441, CR 500A in Orange County, between SR 19 and US 441 through Tavares, Eustis and Mount Dora; and a former section of US 192 in eastern Osceola County. Old USGS maps show the abandoned section of the Kissimmee Highway between Lake Conlin (also known as Lake X) and Deer Park having been SR 500A at some point.

Template:Attached KML/Florida State Road 500KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Road 500 | |
| --- | --- |
| SR 500 in red, SR 500A in blue | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by FDOT | |
| Length | 197.949 mi (318.568 km) |
| Existed | 1945–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 192 / SR A1A in Indialantic |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end |
US 19 / US 98 / US 27 Alt. in Chiefland |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| Counties | Brevard, Osceola, Orange, Seminole, Lake, Sumter, Marion, Levy |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 492   SR 501 | |


title: Milton Lehman

abstract: Milton Lehman (1917–1966) was an American freelance journalist and book author, best known for his 1963 biography of rocket scientist Robert Goddard.

text:
# Milton Lehman

**Milton Lehman** (1917–1966) was an American freelance journalist and book author, best known for his 1963 biography of rocket scientist Robert Goddard.

## Background

Milton Lehman was born in 1917 in Pittsburgh. He attended the University of Pittsburgh as an undergraduate and completed a master's in journalism at Columbia University.

## Career

Lehman served as a "special assistant" to Francis Keppel, former United States Commissioner of Education. In the early 1940s, he served as a "special assistant" to the late Eric Johnston when he was president of the Motion Picture Association of America.

During World War II, Lehman served as an Army combat correspondent for the Mediterranean edition of *Stars and Stripes* newspaper.

In 1948, Lehman co-wrote a three-part article for the *Saturday Evening Post* with Stephen J. Spingarn about Spingarn's time in the war as a colonel in the 5th Army Counter Intelligence Corps (1943-1945).

In 1963, Lehman published the first biography of rocket scientist Robert Goddard, for which aviator Charles A. Lindbergh wrote a preface.

When he died, Lehman was serving as a writer and editor for the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

## Personal life and death

Lehman married Mildred Kharfen, a fellow journalist; they had three children.

Milton Lehman died age 48 on October 13, 1966, of a heart attack at his home in Rockville, Maryland; he was buried in Pittsburgh.

## Works

Lehman wrote some 250 articles, contributed to national magazines including the *Saturday Evening Post*, *Reader's Digest*, *Look*, and *New York Times*.

**Books:**

* *This High Man: The Life of Robert H. Goddard* (1963)
* Republished as *Robert H. Goddard: Pioneer of Space Research* (1963)

**Articles:**

* "Smallpox, the Killer That Stalks New York," *Cosmopolitan* (1948)
* "The White House Shudders," *Collier's Weekly* (November 13, 1948)
* "How We Caught Spies in World War II" (three parts), *Saturday Evening Post* (November 27, December 4, December 12, 1948)

## Legacy

Milton's papers concerning Robert Goddard reside in the archives of Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.

## InfoBox

| Milton Lehman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1917
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Died | October 13, 1966
Rockville, Maryland |
| Occupation | journalist, biographer |
| Education | University of Pittsburgh |
| Alma mater | Columbia University |
| Notable works | *This High Man: The Life of Robert H. Goddard* (1963) |
| Spouse | Mildred Lehman |
| Children | three |


title: Rifugio Guido Rey

abstract: Rifugio Guido Rey is a refuge in the Cottian Alps, near the village of Beaulard, in Piedmont region, Italy.

text:
# Rifugio Guido Rey

**Rifugio Guido Rey** is a refuge in the Cottian Alps, near the village of Beaulard, in Piedmont region, Italy.

## History

The hut, which belongs to the Club Alpino Italiano (*CAI-Uget* branch of Torino), was realised restoring a former military building.

Official website

## InfoBox

| Rifugio Guido Rey | |
| --- | --- |
| Rifugio Guido Rey | |
| Coordinates | 45°02′34″N 6°45′18″E / 45.04278°N 6.75500°E / 45.04278; 6.75500 |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Piedmont |
| Nearest
settlement | Oulx |
| Elevation | 1,761 m (5,778 ft) |
| Construction | |
| Built in | 1940 (1940) |
| Administration | |
| Owner | Club Alpino Italiano *UGET* (Torino) |
| Facilities | |
| Total bedspaces
(incl. winter room) | 20 |


title: Parow Park

abstract: Parow Park is a sports venue in Cape Town, South Africa. The venue has hosted football matches for several teams Premier Soccer League and National First Division teams, including Cape Town All Stars, Santos F.C., Stellenbosch F.C., Ubuntu Cape Town.

text:
# Parow Park

**Parow Park** is a sports venue in Cape Town, South Africa.

The venue has hosted football matches for several teams Premier Soccer League and National First Division teams, including Cape Town All Stars, Santos F.C., Stellenbosch F.C., Ubuntu Cape Town.

## InfoBox

Parow Park
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Cape Town |
| Coordinates | 33°53′42″S 18°34′44″E / 33.8951071°S 18.578871°E / -33.8951071; 18.578871 |
| Capacity | 2,000 |


abstract: Revolutionary Vanguard was a Maoist-oriented political party in Peru founded in 1977 by Eduardo Figari and Julio César Mezzich. It was formed through a split in Revolutionary Vanguard. In 1978 a faction mainly active in the peasant movement around Mezzich and Lino Quintanillo left the VR-PC and most of its members joined individually the Shining Path. Figari served as the general secretary of the VR-PC. In October 1979 VR-PC was a co-founder of the electoral coalition Revolutionary Left Union (UNIR). El Proletario Comunista was the organ of the Central Committee of VR-PC.

text:
# Revolutionary Vanguard (Communist Proletarian)

**Revolutionary Vanguard (Communist Proletarian)** (in Spanish: *Vanguardia Revolucionaria (Proletario Comunista)*, abbreviated **VR-PC**) was a Maoist-oriented political party in Peru founded in 1977 by Eduardo Figari and Julio César Mezzich. It was formed through a split in Revolutionary Vanguard. In 1978 a faction mainly active in the peasant movement around Mezzich and Lino Quintanillo left the VR-PC and most of its members joined individually the Shining Path.

Figari served as the general secretary of the VR-PC. In October 1979 VR-PC was a co-founder of the electoral coalition Revolutionary Left Union (UNIR). *El Proletario Comunista* was the organ of the Central Committee of VR-PC.

## InfoBox

| Revolutionary Vanguard (Communist Proletarian) Vanguardia Revolucionaria (Proletario Comunista) | |
| --- | --- |
| Abbreviation | VR-PC |
| Leader | Julio César Mezzich |
| General Secretary | Eduardo Figari |
| Founded | 1977 |
| Split from | VR |
| Newspaper | *El Proletario Comunista* |
| Ideology | Communism
Marxism-Leninism
Maoism |
| Political position | Far-left |
| National affiliation | UNIR |
|  | |


title: Joe O'Reilly (footballer)

abstract: Joseph O'Reilly was an Irish international soccer player. O'Reilly was a half back and was capped 20 times for the Republic of Ireland at senior level. He made his debut against the Netherlands in a 2-0 victory in May 1932. O'Reilly opened the scoring in the game, while Paddy Moore scored the second. His final international game was in Bremen in 1939 in a 1-1 draw with Germany only months before the outbreak of World War II. O'Reilly, together with Paddy Moore and Jimmy Daly, was one of three Irish players who were signed by Aberdeen in the 1930s after their displays with the Ireland national team for a combined fee of £1,000. His brother Peter O'Reilly was a successful Gaelic football player who won an All-Ireland for Dublin in 1942.

text:
# Joe O'Reilly (footballer)

**Joseph O'Reilly** was an Irish international soccer player.

O'Reilly was a half back and was capped 20 times for the Republic of Ireland at senior level. He made his debut against the Netherlands in a 2-0 victory in May 1932. O'Reilly opened the scoring in the game, while Paddy Moore scored the second. His final international game was in Bremen in 1939 in a 1-1 draw with Germany only months before the outbreak of World War II.

O'Reilly, together with Paddy Moore and Jimmy Daly, was one of three Irish players who were signed by Aberdeen in the 1930s after their displays with the Ireland national team for a combined fee of £1,000.

His brother Peter O'Reilly was a successful Gaelic football player who won an All-Ireland for Dublin in 1942.

## Honours

### Club

**St James Gate**

## InfoBox

Joseph O'Reilly
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 27 May 1911 | | |
| Place of birth | Dublin | | |
| Date of death | September 1992 (aged 81) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1929-1932 | Brideville |  |  |
| 1932–1935 | Aberdeen | 39 | (0) |
| 1935-1936 | Brideville |  |  |
| 1936–1944 | St James's Gate |  |  |
| 1944-1945 | Brideville |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1932–1939 | Ireland (FAI) | 20 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: National Forensic Sciences University

abstract: National Forensic Sciences University is a public international university located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. It is recognized as an Institution of National Importance under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India, by an act of the Indian Parliament. NFSU is solely dedicated to forensic science, investigative science and criminology.

text:
# National Forensic Sciences University

**National Forensic Sciences University** (abb. as **NFSU**; formerly **Gujarat Forensic Science University**) is a public international university located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. It is recognized as an Institution of National Importance under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India, by an act of the Indian Parliament. NFSU is solely dedicated to forensic science, investigative science and criminology.

## History

The Gujarat Forensic Science University was formed by the Government of Gujarat in 2008. It was created by Act 17 passed in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly on 30 September 2008. It was upgraded to the National Forensic Sciences University in October 2020. It is recognised as an Institution of National Importance by the Act of Parliament. It became an international university in April 2023, after the first campus of the university outside India at Uganda, which also became Africa's first Forensics Science University, was inaugurated and opened by the Minister of External Affairs, S. Jaishankar.

## Campuses

As of April 2023, it has 9 campuses across India and 1 campus in Uganda.

### India

| No. | Name | Established | City | State/UT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | NFSU Main Campus | 2008 | Gandhinagar | Gujarat |
| 2 | LNJN-NICFS | 1972 | Delhi | Delhi |
| 3 | NFSU Goa Campus | 2021 | Ponda | Goa |
| 4 | NFSU Tripura Campus | 2021 | Agartala | Tripura |
| 5 | NFSU Bhopal Campus |  | Bhopal | Madhya Pradesh |
| 6 | NFSU Pune Campus |  | Pune | Maharashtra |
| 7 | NFSU Guwahati Campus |  | Guwahati | Assam |
| 8 | NFSU Manipur Campus |  |  | Manipur |
| 9 | NFSU Dharwad Campus | 2023 | Dharwad | Karnataka |

### Uganda

| No. | Name | Established | City | Region |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | NFSU Uganda | 2023 | Jinja | Eastern Region |

## InfoBox

**National Forensic Sciences University**
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | Knowledge, Wisdom, Fulfillment |
| Type | International |
| Established | * 2008 as Gujarat Forensic Sciences University * 2020 as National Forensic Sciences University |
| Vice-Chancellor | Dr. J. M. Vyas |
| Location | Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India<br>23°12′38″N 72°39′43″E / 23.210472°N 72.662011°E / 23.210472; 72.662011 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Affiliations | UGC, Ministry Of Home Affairs |
| Website | www.nfsu.ac.in |


title: Reciprocal switching

abstract: In railroad operations, reciprocal switching occurs when a customer served exclusively by one railroad company arranges for a different, nearby railroad company to handle their railroad service. Reciprocal switching is used to avoid the phenomenon of being a captive shipper; that is, a shipper which only has access to one railroad company, which therefore effectively has a local monopoly. While shippers and government regulators may promote reciprocal switching to increase competition, the practice may also increase the time it takes for railroad cars to travel to their destinations.

text:
# Reciprocal switching

In railroad operations, **reciprocal switching** occurs when a customer served exclusively by one railroad company arranges for a different, nearby railroad company to handle their railroad service. Reciprocal switching is used to avoid the phenomenon of being a captive shipper; that is, a shipper which only has access to one railroad company, which therefore effectively has a local monopoly. While shippers and government regulators may promote reciprocal switching to increase competition, the practice may also increase the time it takes for railroad cars to travel to their destinations.


title: Mind the Baby, Mr. Bean

abstract: "Mind the Baby, Mr. Bean" is the tenth episode of the British television series Mr. Bean, produced by Tiger Television and Thames Television for Central Independent Television. It was originally scheduled for broadcast on 17 February 1993 on ITV, but following the murder of Kirkby toddler James Bulger on 12 February 1993, it was delayed for over a year until 25 April 1994. It did, however, air in Australia on 21 May 1993 on ABC.

text:
# Mind the Baby, Mr. Bean

"**Mind the Baby, Mr. Bean**" is the tenth episode of the British television series *Mr. Bean*, produced by Tiger Television and Thames Television for Central Independent Television. It was originally scheduled for broadcast on 17 February 1993 on ITV, but following the murder of Kirkby toddler James Bulger on 12 February 1993, it was delayed for over a year until 25 April 1994. It did, however, air in Australia on 21 May 1993 on ABC.

## Plot

### Part One

Mr. Bean decides to go to the Funfair at Southsea, Portsmouth. He has difficulty finding it, especially after some people at the beach give him contradictory directions, but is eventually successful in locating the fair. However, the boot handle of his Mini is not in its locked position, and as he reverses and moves forward again, a baby's pram gets caught in the handle, and tags along with him to the funfair. Once Bean notices the "kidnapped" baby, he initially attempts to leave it in a crowd of chatting mothers with babies, but they are oblivious to the baby's presence, and leave it behind. Being a responsible citizen, Bean reluctantly goes back for the baby. Bean, however, sees who he believes to be a policeman outside the amusement park entrance and races to find him, but loses him among a crowd of boys wearing fake police helmets from a nearby souvenir shop. Bean eventually realizes that he has no choice but to look after the baby whilst enjoying himself. Bean unchains a Dobermann dog and uses the chain to tie the baby's pram on a moving ride while taking the baby with him on various rides. First, he goes to the dodgems, but in his hurry to pay the man in charge, he puts the baby's feet on the pedal and has trouble getting back to the dodgem by riding on the back of other dodgems and driving his own while standing up. The man in charge stops the dodgems and confronts Bean, who manages to hide the baby and sneak off.

Bean finds a Postman Pat kiddie ride and decides to put the baby inside to cheer him up; however, he then puts nine coins in it in order to maintain the ride's duration for thirty minutes and keep the baby safe while Bean can go off and have fun on his own. Bean goes on a roller coaster, but he shushes screaming riders, quickly gets bored and falls asleep. He then goes to an archery range but accidentally hits the employee on the head, before running off. He tries his hand with a coin pusher game in an amusement arcade and tries to cheat by repeatedly hitting the machine after running out of coins. He succeeds in releasing many coins from the machine, but gets his comeuppance when a young boy (who he tried to stop from having a turn earlier) steals his prize. Meanwhile, a long queue has built up by the kiddie ride. Bean, apparently oblivious to the queue, tries to put more coins in when an angry mother confronts him by complaining to him about how long they have been waiting, forcing a disgruntled Bean to take the baby out.

### Part Two

While walking the baby in his pram, Bean suddenly detects a foul smell and after some pondering over the source of the smell, he realizes that the baby needs its nappy changed. Unable to find any fresh nappies in the pram, Bean steals a teddy bear from a little girl after helping her onto a merry-go-round, cuts the stuffing out and uses it as a makeshift nappy for the baby, while carelessly leaving the dirty nappy on a ride, which starts and causes the nappy to be blown about the funfair and ending up on various people's faces and a man's toffee apple. The baby cries and Bean tries to calm him with his squeaky toy, while the Doberman he set free earlier on follows the noise (comically barking each time Bean squeaks the toy) and gets close to the baby. Though the dog means no harm towards either Bean or the baby, Bean lures the Doberman into a ticket booth and locks it inside. In order to cheer the baby up, Bean cheats in a game of darts by prematurely piercing cards with his darts and throwing them in such a way that it appears he hit a card with all three darts, winning a goldfish. But the plastic bag carrying the fish leaks, and when a nearby water tap proves to be not working, Bean desperately puts the fish and the remaining water in his mouth in order to keep it alive. With the fish still in his mouth, Bean then plays a round of Bingo. He presses the number 69 and wins, but upon shouting "Bingo!", he reflexively swallows the fish. Fortunately, he manages to spit the goldfish out of his mouth and into a fishbowl with another goldfish; Bean notices this and smiles before leaving.

Later on, the baby cries again, and this time, Bean has nothing to calm him down. Bean buys several balloons and ties them to the pram, but, although it succeeds in making the baby stop crying, the balloons carry the pram into the sky. In panic after seeing this, Bean steals a bow and arrow from the archery game where he hit the employee, sharpens the tip of the wooden arrow with a pencil sharpener and fires it, bursting some of the balloons and allowing the pram to land softly right in the same spot Bean accidentally took it from, where the baby's mother is reporting the disappearance to the police. The mother is reunited with the baby, much to Bean's happiness (though the mother shows confusion when she sees the baby's teddy bear nappy). As he watches the happy reunion, Bean realizes he forgot to return the squeaky toy, but decides to keep it as a reminder of his little friend. Bean starts to drive home, unaware that the Doberman, having escaped from the ticket booth, has sneaked into the back of his Mini. As he drives off, Bean squeaks the toy once more and the dog barks, scaring Bean.

## Cast

* Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Bean
* Elliot Henderson-Boyle as the baby
* Susie McKenna as the baby's mother
* Andy Bradford as the bumper car's attendant
* Nick Scott as the man in booth
* Lydia Henderson-Boyle as the irritated mother
* Anthony Hamblin as the coin pusher kid
* Matthew Ashforde as the young man with candy apple
* Robin Driscoll as the man buying ride tokens
* Vanessa Cherié Guarnera as girl (unknown)
* Zara McDowell as girl (unknown)

## Production

The entire episode was filmed on location at Clarence Pier, Southsea. This is one of only two episodes to be filmed entirely on location with one storyline and the last episode to be directed by Paul Weiland. The other episode-length story, *Mr. Bean in Room 426*, was also filmed in Southsea. This is also the last episode in the series to be shot on 35mm film.

A clip of the scene where Mr. Bean puts the balloons on the pram was shown in an episode of *MythBusters*, in which it was tested whether a large number of balloons could indeed lift a small child into the sky. It was proven to be plausible, although an impracticably large number of balloons were needed for it to actually work.

### Casting

Matthew Ashforde who played the hotel porter in *Mr. Bean in Room 426*, returned as the young man with toffee apple.

### Music

"Shakin' All Over", performed by Johnny Kidd & the Pirates, and "Tiger Feet", performed by Mud as well as the Postman Pat theme song (kiddie ride) are featured in the episode, making it the only episode to feature licensed music.

## InfoBox

| "**Mind the Baby, Mr. Bean**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Mr. Bean* episode | |
| Episode no. | Episode 10 |
| Directed by | Paul Weiland |
| Written by | Robin Driscoll
Rowan Atkinson |
| Original air date | 25 April 1994 (1994-April-25) |
| Running time | 24:54 |
| Guest appearances | |
| Susie McKenna
Nick Scott
Andy Bradford
Lydia Henderson-Boyle
Anthony Hambling | |
|
|


title: William Vasiliades

abstract: William Vasiliades is a Cypriot male weightlifter, competing in the 77 kg category and representing Cyprus at international competitions. He participated at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in the 77 kg event..

text:
# William Vasiliades

**William Vasiliades** (born 22 November 1987) is a Cypriot male weightlifter, competing in the 77 kg category and representing Cyprus at international competitions. He participated at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in the 77 kg event..

## Major competitions

| Year | Venue | Weight | Snatch (kg) | | | | Clean & Jerk (kg) | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | | |
| Commonwealth Games | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2010 | Delhi, India | 77 kg | **---** | **---** | **---** |  | **---** | **---** | **---** |  | **0** | --- |

1. "Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games - William Vasiliades". iwf.net. Retrieved 23 June 2016.

## InfoBox

William Vasiliades
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | William Vasiliades |
| Born | (1987-11-22) 22 November 1987 |
| Weight | 75.08 kg (165.5 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Cyprus |
| Sport | Weightlifting |
| Weight class | 77 kg |
| Team | National team |
| Updated on 11 October 2016 | |


title: Milt Gaston

abstract: Nathaniel Milton Gaston was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1924 to 1934. Born in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, he played for the New York Yankees, St. Louis Browns, Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox and Chicago White Sox. His older brother, Alex, was his batterymate with the 1929 Red Sox. Danny MacFayden was his brother-in-law. His first roommate in the majors was Lou Gehrig when he played for the New York Yankees. Three of Babe Ruth's record-setting home runs during the 1927 New York Yankees season were hit off Gaston, on July 26, July 27 and Sept. 11. Gaston's career record was 97–164. He is the major league record holder for most games under.500 in a career. A good hitting pitcher in his 11-year major league career, he posted a.200 batting average (145-for-724) with 55 runs, 6 home runs and 75 RBIs.

text:
# Milt Gaston

**Nathaniel Milton Gaston** (January 27, 1896 – April 26, 1996) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1924 to 1934. Born in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, he played for the New York Yankees, St. Louis Browns, Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox and Chicago White Sox. His older brother, Alex, was his batterymate with the 1929 Red Sox. Danny MacFayden was his brother-in-law.

His first roommate in the majors was Lou Gehrig when he played for the New York Yankees.

Three of Babe Ruth's record-setting home runs during the 1927 New York Yankees season were hit off Gaston, on July 26, July 27 and Sept. 11.

Gaston's career record was 97–164. He is the major league record holder for most games under .500 in a career.

A good hitting pitcher in his 11-year major league career, he posted a .200 batting average (145-for-724) with 55 runs, 6 home runs and 75 RBIs.

## Death

Gaston died at the age of 100 in Barnstable, Massachusetts. He was the first centenarian player for the MLB to have played for at least 10 years.

## InfoBox

| Milt Gaston | |
| --- | --- |
| Gaston in 1924 | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1896-01-27)January 27, 1896
Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, U.S. | |
| **Died:** April 26, 1996(1996-04-26) (aged 100)
Barnstable, Massachusetts, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 20, 1924, for the New York Yankees | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 26, 1934, for the Chicago White Sox | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 97–164 |
| Earned run average | 4.55 |
| Strikeouts | 615 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Halifax Township, Pennsylvania

abstract: Halifax Township is a township in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,336 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Halifax Township, Pennsylvania

**Halifax Township** is a township in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,336 at the 2020 census.

## History

Halifax Township takes its name from Fort Halifax on the Susquehanna River.

The Clemson Island Prehistoric District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. The Legislative Route 1 Sycamore Allee was listed in 2007.

## Geography

Halifax Township is in northwestern Dauphin County and is bordered by the Susquehanna River to the northwest, Berry Mountain to the north, and Peters Mountain to the south. The borough of Halifax, a separate municipality, is near the center of the township. Unincorporated communities in the township include Powells Valley and Matamoras in the south.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 31.8 square miles (82.3 km2), of which 27.6 square miles (71.6 km2) is land and 4.1 square miles (10.7 km2), or 12.99%, is water. Most of the surface water in the township is part of the Susquehanna River, which averages 1 mile (1.6 km) wide in this area. Powell Creek crosses the southern part of the township, and Armstrong Creek crosses the center, flowing into the Susquehanna north of Halifax borough.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 3,483 |  |  |
| 2020 | 3,344 |  | −4.0% |
| 2021 (est.) | 3,336 |  | −0.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,329 people, 1,261 households, and 978 families residing in the township. The population density was 119.3 inhabitants per square mile (46.1/km2). There were 1,327 housing units at an average density of 47.5 per square mile (18.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.35% White, 0.33% African American, 0.54% Asian, 0.27% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.51% of the population.

There were 1,261 households, out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.0% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.4% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the township the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $45,913, and the median income for a family was $50,568. Males had a median income of $35,594 versus $28,716 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,749. About 6.8% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

40°31′00″N 76°54′59″W / 40.51667°N 76.91639°W / 40.51667; -76.91639

## InfoBox

| Halifax Township, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Legislative Route 1 Sycamore Allee | |
| Location in Dauphin County and state of Pennsylvania. | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Dauphin |
| Incorporated | 1804 |
| Area | |
| Total | 31.78 sq mi (82.32 km2) |
| Land | 27.65 sq mi (71.62 km2) |
| Water | 4.13 sq mi (10.70 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,344 |
| Estimate (2021) | 3,336 |
| Density | 127.76/sq mi (49.33/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 717 |
| FIPS code | 42-043-32040 |
| Website | www.halifaxtownship.net |