title: List of postal codes of Canada: N

text:
# List of postal codes of Canada: N

This is a list of postal codes in Canada where the first letter is N. Postal codes beginning with N are located within the Canadian province of Ontario. Only the first three characters are listed, corresponding to the Forward Sortation Area (FSA).

Canada Post provides a free postal code look-up tool on its website, via its mobile apps for such smartphones as the iPhone and BlackBerry, and sells hard-copy directories and CD-ROMs. Many vendors also sell validation tools, which allow customers to properly match addresses and postal codes. Hard-copy directories can also be consulted in all post offices, and some libraries.

## Western Ontario

There are currently 120 FSAs in this list.

### Urban

| **N1A**
Dunnville | **N2A**
Kitchener
East | **N3A**
New Hamburg
(Baden) | **N4A**
*Not assigned* | **N5A**
Stratford
North | **N6A**
London
North
(UWO) | **N7A**
Goderich | **N8A**
Wallaceburg | **N9A**
Windsor
(City Centre / NW Walkerville) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **N1B**
*Not assigned* | **N2B**
Kitchener
Northeast | **N3B**
Elmira | **N4B**
Delhi | **N5B**
*Not assigned* | **N6B**
London
Central | **N7B**
*Not assigned* | **N8B**
*Not assigned* | **N9B**
Windsor
(University / South Cameron) |
| **N1C**
Guelph
South | **N2C**
Kitchener
South Central | **N3C**
Cambridge
Northeast | **N4C**
*Not assigned* | **N5C**
Ingersoll | **N6C**
London
South
(East Highland / North White Oaks / North Westminster) | **N7C**
*Not assigned* | **N8C**
*Not assigned* | **N9C**
Windsor
(Sandwich / Ojibway / West Malden) |
| **N1E**
Guelph
North | **N2E**
Kitchener
Southwest | **N3E**
Cambridge
Northwest | **N4E**
*Not assigned* | **N5E**
*Not assigned* | **N6E**
London
(South White Oaks / Central Westminster / East Longwoods / West Brockley) | **N7E**
*Not assigned* | **N8E**
*Not assigned* | **N9E**
Windsor
South
(East Malden) |
| **N1G**
Guelph
Central | **N2G**
Kitchener
Central | **N3G**
*Not assigned* | **N4G**
Tillsonburg | **N5G**
*Not assigned* | **N6G**
London
(Sunningdale / West Masonville / Medway / NE Hyde Park / East Fox Hollow) | **N7G**
Strathroy-Caradoc | **N8G**
*Not assigned* | **N9G**
Windsor
(Roseland) |
| **N1H**
Guelph
Northwest | **N2H**
Kitchener
North Central | **N3H**
Cambridge
West | **N4H**
*Not assigned* | **N5H**
Aylmer | **N6H**
London
West
(Central Hyde Park / Oakridge) | **N7H**
*Not assigned* | **N8H**
Leamington | **N9H**
LaSalle
East
(Windsor) |
| **N1J**
*Not assigned* | **N2J**
Waterloo
Southeast | **N3J**
*Not assigned* | **N4J**
*Not assigned* | **N5J**
*Not assigned* | **N6J**
London
(Southcrest / East Westmount / West Highland) | **N7J**
*Not assigned* | **N8J**
*Not assigned* | **N9J**
La Salle
West
(Windsor) |
| **N1K**
Guelph
West | **N2K**
Waterloo
East | **N3K**
*Not assigned* | **N4K**
Owen Sound | **N5K**
*Not assigned* | **N6K**
London
(Riverbend / Woodhull / North Sharon Creek / Byron / West Westmount) | **N7K**
*Not assigned* | **N8K**
*Not assigned* | **N9K**
Windsor |
| **N1L**
Guelph
East | **N2L**
Waterloo
South | **N3L**
Paris | **N4L**
Meaford | **N5L**
Port Stanley | **N6L**
London
(East Tempo) | **N7L**
Chatham–Kent
Northwest | **N8L**
Belle River | **N9L**
*Not assigned* |
| **N1M**
Fergus | **N2M**
Kitchener
Northwest | **N3M**
*Not assigned* | **N4M**
*Not assigned* | **N5M**
*Not assigned* | **N6M**
London
(Jackson / Old Victoria / Bradley / North Highbury) | **N7M**
Chatham–Kent
Southeast | **N8M**
Essex | **N9M**
*Not assigned* |
| **N1N**
*Not assigned* | **N2N**
Kitchener
West | **N3N**
*Not assigned* | **N4N**
Hanover | **N5N**
*Not assigned* | **N6N**
London
(South Highbury / Glanworth / East Brockley / SE Westminster) | **N7N**
*Not assigned* | **N8N**
Tecumseh
Outskirts
(Windsor) | **N9N**
*Not assigned* |
| **N1P**
Cambridge
South | **N2P**
Kitchener
Southeast | **N3P**
Brantford
Northeast | **N4P**
*Not assigned* | **N5P**
St. Thomas
North | **N6P**
London
(Talbot / Lambeth / West Tempo / South Sharon Creek) | **N7P**
*Not assigned* | **N8P**
Windsor
(East Riverside) | **N9P**
*Not assigned* |
| **N1R**
Cambridge
Central | **N2R**
Kitchener
South | **N3R**
Brantford
Central | **N4R**
*Not assigned* | **N5R**
St. Thomas
South | **N6R**
*Not assigned* | **N7R**
*Not assigned* | **N8R**
Windsor
(East Forest Glade) | **N9R**
*Not assigned* |
| **N1S**
Cambridge
Southwest | **N2S**
*Not assigned* | **N3S**
Brantford
Southeast | **N4S**
Woodstock
Central | **N5S**
*Not assigned* | **N6S**
*Not assigned* | **N7S**
Sarnia
Central | **N8S**
Windsor
(Riverside) | **N9S**
*Not assigned* |
| **N1T**
Cambridge
East | **N2T**
Waterloo
Southwest | **N3T**
Brantford
Southwest | **N4T**
Woodstock
North | **N5T**
*Not assigned* | **N6T**
*Not assigned* | **N7T**
Sarnia
Southwest | **N8T**
Windsor
(West Forest Glade / East Fontainbleu) | **N9T**
*Not assigned* |
| **N1V**
*Not assigned* | **N2V**
Waterloo
Northwest | **N3V**
Brantford
Northwest | **N4V**
Woodstock
South | **N5V**
London
(YXU / North and East Argyle / East Huron Heights) | **N6V**
*Not assigned* | **N7V**
Sarnia
Northwest | **N8V**
Windsor
(YQG) | **N9V**
Amherstburg |
| **N1W**
*Not assigned* | **N2W**
*Not assigned* | **N3W**
Caledonia | **N4W**
Listowel | **N5W**
London
East
(SW Argyle / Hamilton Road) | **N6W**
*Not assigned* | **N7W**
Sarnia
Southeast | **N8W**
Windsor
(South Walkerville / West Fontainbleu / Walker Farm / Devonshire) | **N9W**
*Not assigned* |
| **N1X**
*Not assigned* | **N2X**
*Not assigned* | **N3X**
*Not assigned* | **N4X**
St. Marys | **N5X**
London
(Fanshawe / Stoneybrook / Stoney Creek / Uplands / East Masonville) | **N6X**
*Not assigned* | **N7X**
Sarnia
Northeast | **N8X**
Windsor
South Central
(West Walkerville / Remington Park) | **N9X**
*Not assigned* |
| **N1Y**
*Not assigned* | **N2Y**
*Not assigned* | **N3Y**
Simcoe | **N4Y**
*Not assigned* | **N5Y**
London
(West Huron Heights / Carling) | **N6Y**
*Not assigned* | **N7Y**
*Not assigned* | **N8Y**
Windsor
East
(East Walkerville) | **N9Y**
Kingsville |
| **N1Z**
*Not assigned* | **N2Z**
Kincardine | **N3Z**
*Not assigned* | **N4Z**
Stratford
South | **N5Z**
London
(Glen Cairn) | **N6Z**
*Not assigned* | **N7Z**
*Not assigned* | **N8Z**
*Not assigned* | **N9Z**
*Not assigned* |

### Rural

| **N0A**
West Haldimand County
1C0: Canfield
1E0: Cayuga
1G0: Fisherville
1H0: Hagersville
1J0: Jarvis
1K0: Lowbanks
1L0: Nanticoke
1M0: Ohsweken
1N0: Port Dover
1P0: Selkirk
1R0: York
1S0: Townsend | **N0B**
Wellington County & Rural Waterloo Region
1A0: Alma
1B0: Ariss
1C0: Arkell
1E0: Ayr
1H0: Ballinafad
1J0: Belwood
1K0: Bloomingdale
1L0: Branchton
1M0: Breslau
1N0: Conestogo
1P0: Eden Mills
1S0: Elora
1T0: Erin
1V0: Floradale
1W0: Glen Morris
1X0: Hawkesville
1Z0: Hillsburgh
2A0: Linwood
2B0: Maryhill
2C0: Morriston
2E0: New Dundee
2H0: Petersburg
2J0: Puslinch
2K0: Rockwood
2L0: St. Agatha
2M0: St. Clements
2N0: St. Jacobs
2P0: Shakespeare
2R0: Tavistock
2S0: Wallenstein
2T0: Wellesley
2V0: West Montrose | **N0C**
Georgian Bay Southwest Shore
1A0: Badjeros
1B0: Dundalk
1C0: Feversham
1E0: Flesherton
1G0: Kimberley
1H0: Markdale
1J0: Maxwell
1K0: Priceville
1L0: Proton Station
1M0: Singhampton
 | **N0E**
Brant and Norfolk Counties
1A0: Burford
1B0: Cathcart
1C0: Clear Creek
1E0: Harley
1G0: Langton
1H0: La Salette
1K0: Mount Pleasant
1L0: Oakland
1M0: Port Rowan
1N0: St. George
1P0: St. Williams
1R0: Scotland
1S0: Teeterville
1T0: Turkey Point
1V0: Vanessa
1W0: Vittoria
1X0: Walsingham
1Y0: Waterford
1Z0: Wilsonville
2A0: Windham Centre | **N0G**
Southern Bruce and Huron Counties
1A0: Arthur
1B0: Atwood
1C0: Ayton
1E0: Belgrave
1G0: Bluevale
1H0: Brussels
1J0: Cargill
1K0: Chepstow
1L0: Chesley
1M0: Clifford
1N0: Conn
1P0: Drayton
1R0: Durham
1S0: Elmwood
1T0: Ethel
1V0: Fordwich
1W0: Formosa
1X0: Gorrie
1Y0: Gowanstown
1Z0: Harriston
2A0: Holstein
2B0: Holyrood
2E0: Kenilworth
2H0: Lucknow
2J0: Mildmay
2K0: Moorefield
2L0: Mount Forest
2M0: Neustadt
2N0: Paisley
2P0: Palmerston
2R0: Ripley
2S0: Teeswater
2T0: Tiverton
2V0: Walkerton
2W0: Wingham
2X0: Wroxeter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **N0H**
Bruce Peninsula
0A0: Port Elgin
1A0: Allenford
1B0: Annan
1C0: Berkeley
1E0: Bognor
1G0: Chatsworth
1J0: Clarksburg
1K0: Desboro
1L0: Dobbinton
1N0: Heathcote
1P0: Hepworth
1R0: Holland Centre
1S0: Kemble
1V0: Leith
1W0: Lion's Head
1X0: Mar
1Z0: Miller Lake
2C0: Port Elgin
2E0: Ravenna
2G0: Sauble Beach
2K0: Shallow Lake
2L0: Southampton
2M0: Stokes Bay
2N0: Tara
2P0: Thornbury
2R0: Tobermory
2S0: Walters Falls
2T0: Wiarton
2V0: Williamsford | **N0J**
Oxford County
1A0: Beachville
1B0: Bright
1C0: Burgessville
1E0: Courtland
1G0: Drumbo
1H0: Eden
1J0: Embro
1L0: Hickson
1M0: Innerkip
1N0: Mount Elgin
1P0: Norwich
1R0: Otterville
1S0: Plattsville
1T0: Port Burwell
1V0: Princeton
1W0: Salford
1X0: Springford
1Y0: Straffordville
1Z0: Vienna | **N0K**
Perth County
1A0: Bornholm
1B0: Brodhagen
1C0: Brunner
1E0: Dublin
1G0: Egmondville
1H0: Fullarton
1J0: Gads Hill
1K0: Kirkton
1L0: Millbank
1M0: Milverton
1N0: Mitchell
1P0: Monkton
1R0: Newton
1S0: Poole
1T0: Rostock
1V0: St. Pauls
1W0: Seaforth
1X0: Sebringville
1Y0: Staffa
1Z0: Walton
2A0: Woodham | **N0L**
Elgin County
1A0: Appin
1B0: Belmont
1C0: Brownsville
1E0: Delaware
1G0: Dorchester
1H0: Duart
1J0: Dutton
1K0: Fingal
1M0: Glencoe
1N0: Harrietsville
1P0: Iona Station
1R0: Komoka
1T0: Melbourne
1V0: Mossley
1W0: Mount Brydges
1X0: Muirkirk
1Y0: Muncey
1Z0: Newbury
2B0: Putnam
2C0: Rodney
2E0: Shedden
2G0: Southwold
2H0: Sparta
2J0: Springfield
2K0: Talbotville Royal
2L0: Union
2M0: Wallacetown
2N0: Wardsville
2P0: West Lorne | **N0M**
Middlesex County
1A0: Ailsa Craig
1B0: Arkona
1C0: Arva
1E0: Auburn
1G0: Bayfield
1H0: Blyth
1J0: Brucefield
1K0: Centralia
1L0: Clinton
1M0: Crediton
1N0: Dashwood
1P0: Denfield
1R0: Dungannon
1S0: Exeter
1T0: Grand Bend
1V0: Granton
1W0: Hay
1X0: Hensall
1Y0: Huron Park
2A0: Ilderton
2B0: Kerwood
2C0: Kintore
2E0: Kippen
2G0: Lakeside
2H0: Londesborough
2J0: Lucan
2K0: Parkhill
2L0: Port Franks
2M0: Thamesford
2N0: Thedford
2P0: Thorndale
2R0: Varna
2S0: Watford
2T0: Zurich
3S0: Exeter |
| **N0N**
Lambton County
1A0: Alvinston
1B0: Brigden
1C0: Bright's Grove
1E0: Camlachie
1G0: Corunna
1H0: Courtright
1J0: Forest
1K0: Inwood
1M0: Mooretown
1N0: Oil City
1P0: Oil Springs
1R0: Petrolia
1T0: Wyoming | **N0P**
Kent County
1A0: Blenheim
1C0: Bothwell
1E0: Cedar Springs
1G0: Charing Cross
1H0: Coatsworth Station
1J0: Comber
1K0: Croton
1L0: Dover Centre
1M0: Dresden
1N0: Erieau
1R0: Florence
1S0: Grande Pointe
1T0: Highgate
1V0: Kent Bridge
1W0: Merlin
1X0: Morpeth
1Y0: North Buxton
1Z0: Pain Court
2A0: Port Alma
2B0: Port Lambton
2C0: Ridgetown
2G0: Ruthven
2H0: Sombra
2J0: Staples
2K0: Thamesville
2L0: Tilbury
2M0: Tupperville
2P0: Wheatley
2R0: Wilkesport | **N0R**
Essex County
1A0: Belle River
1B0: Cottam
1C0: Emeryville
1G0: Harrow
1J0: McGregor
1K0: Maidstone
1L0: Oldcastle
1M0: Pelee Island
1N0: Pointe aux Roches
1R0: Ruscom Station
1S0: St. Joachim
1V0: South Woodslee | **N0S**
*Not in use* | **N0T**
*Not in use* |
| **N0V**
*Not in use* | **N0W**
*Not in use* | **N0X**
*Not in use* | **N0Y**
*Not in use* | **N0Z**
*Not in use* |

1. Canada Post. "Canada Post - Find a Postal Code". Retrieved 9 November 2008.
2. "Mobile Apps". Canada Post. Archived from the original on 2011-05-19.
3. Statistics Canada (March 29, 2023). "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and forward sortation areas". Statistics Canada. doi:10.25318/9810001901-eng. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)


title: Moschia

abstract: Moschia is a mountainous region of Georgia between Iberia, Armenia, and Colchis. The Moschian Mountains were the connecting chain between the Caucasus and Anti-Taurus Mountains. The people of that area were known as the Moschi. They may have been connected to the Mushki. Wilhelm Gesenius suggested that the Moschi were descended from the Biblical Meshech tribe. Strabo mentions the Moschian Mountains as joining the Caucasus. He says that the Moschian country lay above the rivers Phasis, Glaucus, and Hippus. In it "lies the temple of Leucothea, founded by Phrixus, and the oracle of Phrixus, where a ram is never sacrificed; it was once rich, but it was robbed in our time by Pharnaces, and a little later by Mithridates of Pergamum." (ibid). According to the renowned scholar of the Caucasian studies Cyril Toumanoff, the Moschians were the early proto-Georgian tribes which were integrated into the first early Georgian state of Iberia. Mushki are mentioned in the cuneiform tablets of Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria dating to 1115–1100 B.C. He led a campaign against them in the North of Commagene and mountains of Georgia and Armenia. According to Igor Diakonoff, the Mushki possibly were speakers of Proto-Armenian, who carried their language from the Balkans across Asia Minor, mixing with Hurrians and Luwians along the way. However, the connection between the Mushki and Armenian languages is quite unclear and many modern scholars have rejected a direct linguistic relationship. Additionally, genetic research does not support significant admixture into the Armenian nation after 1200 BCE, making the Mushki, if they indeed migrated from a Balkan or western Anatolian homeland during or after the Bronze Age Collapse, unlikely candidates for the Proto-Armenians. However, as others have placed Mushki or Meskhi homeland in South Caucasus region mostly speaking Georgian language as their native. Medieval maps mention with Moschi region Armenian and Iberian parts.

text:
# Moschia

**Moschia** (Meskheti, possibly related to Mushki) is a mountainous region of Georgia between Iberia, Armenia, and Colchis. The Moschian Mountains were the connecting chain between the Caucasus and Anti-Taurus Mountains. The people of that area were known as the Moschi. They may have been connected to the Mushki.

Wilhelm Gesenius suggested that the Moschi were descended from the Biblical Meshech tribe.

Strabo mentions the Moschian Mountains as joining the Caucasus (*Geography*, 11.2.1). He says that the Moschian country lay above the rivers Phasis, Glaucus, and Hippus (*Geography*, 11.2.17). In it "lies the temple of Leucothea, founded by Phrixus, and the oracle of Phrixus, where a ram is never sacrificed; it was once rich, but it was robbed in our time by Pharnaces, and a little later by Mithridates of Pergamum." (ibid).

According to the renowned scholar of the Caucasian studies Cyril Toumanoff, the Moschians were the early proto-Georgian tribes which were integrated into the first early Georgian state of Iberia.

Mushki are mentioned in the cuneiform tablets of Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria dating to 1115–1100 B.C. He led a campaign against them in the North of Commagene and mountains of Georgia and Armenia. According to Igor Diakonoff, the Mushki possibly were speakers of Proto-Armenian, who carried their language from the Balkans across Asia Minor, mixing with Hurrians (and Urartians) and Luwians along the way. However, the connection between the Mushki and Armenian languages is quite unclear and many modern scholars have rejected a direct linguistic relationship. Additionally, genetic research does not support significant admixture into the Armenian nation after 1200 BCE, making the Mushki, if they indeed migrated from a Balkan or western Anatolian homeland during or after the Bronze Age Collapse, unlikely candidates for the Proto-Armenians. However, as others have placed (at least the Eastern) Mushki or Meskhi homeland in South Caucasus region mostly speaking Georgian language as their native.

Medieval maps mention with Moschi region Armenian and Iberian parts.

* Gesenius, Wilhelm. *A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, Including the Biblical Chaldee: From the Latin of William Gesenius* Translated by Edward Robinson. (Boston: Crocker and Brewster, 1854)


title: Zdzisław Celiński

abstract: Zdzisław Celiński (1847–1929) was a Polish engineer. Celinski took part in the January Uprising. He arrived in Argentina in 1895. He was a constructor of the railway Buenos Aires - Santa Fe and of the port of Gualeguaychú on the Uruguay River. For the construction of the port Celiński received golden medal from the Argentinian government. He then worked on hydrographic studies and electrification using hydropower. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he led a scientific expedition to the Gran Chaco region for future colonization.

text:
# Zdzisław Celiński

**Zdzisław Celiński** (1847–1929) was a Polish engineer.

Celinski took part in the January Uprising. He arrived in Argentina in 1895. He was a constructor of the railway Buenos Aires \- Santa Fe and of the port of Gualeguaychú on the Uruguay River. For the construction of the port Celiński received golden medal from the Argentinian government. He then worked on hydrographic studies and electrification using hydropower. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he led a scientific expedition to the Gran Chaco region for future colonization.


title: Matthew Antoine

abstract: Matthew Antoine is an American skeleton racer who has competed since 2003. Antoine graduated from the California University of Pennsylvania in 2009 with a degree in sports management, wellness and fitness. Antoine won gold in the mixed team event at the FIBT World Championships 2012 in Lake Placid, New York. His best World Cup race finish was first at Lake Placid in December 2013. He ranked third overall in the 2013–14 Skeleton World Cup. He won the bronze medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the first U.S. medal in men's skeleton since Jimmy Shea won gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Antoine and John Daly were named to represent the U.S. at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang; he finished 11th.

text:
# Matthew Antoine

**Matthew Antoine** (born April 2, 1985) is an American skeleton racer who has competed since 2003.

Antoine graduated from the California University of Pennsylvania in 2009 with a degree in sports management, wellness and fitness.

Antoine won gold in the mixed team event at the FIBT World Championships 2012 in Lake Placid, New York. His best World Cup race finish was first at Lake Placid in December 2013. He ranked third overall in the 2013–14 Skeleton World Cup.

He won the bronze medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the first U.S. medal in men's skeleton since Jimmy Shea won gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

Antoine and John Daly were named to represent the U.S. at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang; he finished 11th.

## InfoBox

Matthew Antoine
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1985-04-02) April 2, 1985 |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (191 cm) |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Country | United States |
| Sport | Skeleton |
| Medal record      Men's skeleton  Representing the  United States  Olympic Games  2014 Sochi  Men  World Championships  2012 Lake Placid  Mixed team | |


title: Matt Butcher (musician)

abstract: Matt Butcher is an English folk, Americana, country, independent recording artist from Orlando, Florida. Butcher, former lead singer of Orlando's The Heathens, recorded his first solo album during the summer of 2008. Entitled Me and My Friends, the album was released independently in the fall of 2008 and was voted one of the ten best of that year in the Orlando Sentinel.

text:
# Matt Butcher (musician)

**Matt Butcher** (born 5 August 1983) is an English folk, Americana, country, independent recording artist from Orlando, Florida. Butcher, former lead singer of Orlando's The Heathens, recorded his first solo album during the summer of 2008. Entitled *Me and My Friends*, the album was released independently in the fall of 2008 and was voted one of the ten best of that year in the *Orlando Sentinel*.

## History

Born in England in 1983, Butcher spent his youth moving with his family; first to London, then to Amsterdam then to Colorado Springs before finally settling in Orlando in 1999. Learning to play the guitar at an early age, Butcher soon joined a series of local bands in Orlando, culminating with a position as lead singer and songwriter for The Heathens. The band enjoyed moderate success, releasing one album, "Big White House", and touring the East Coast of the United States. After leaving The Heathens in August 2006 to pursue his own songwriting, Matt Butcher began playing with a series of different musicians to find a sound quality that would suit his distinctive style. Having opened as a solo artist for The Avett Brothers, Conor Oberst, and The Felice Brothers Butcher was ready to add additional instruments to fully accompany his songs.

## The Revolvers

Starting first with Pedal Steel player Tom Cooper, Butcher soon added Daniel Berry on drums, Matthew Mendel on keyboard and vocals, Dave Chmil on guitar and vocals and Gus Ramage on bass. The newly named "Revolvers", both as an homage to the gunslinging South Butcher so often imbues and the multi-instrumentalist abilities of the players in the band, began almost immediately playing as Butcher's backing band at local Orlando venues, and soon built a loyal following; culminating in a sold out CD-release show for *Me and My Friends*. The album, produced by Justin Beckler and self-funded by Butcher, was given four and a half stars from five by *Reax Music Magazine*, saying, "Matt Butcher has carved out his own immediately recognizable niche, a dewey-praire \[sic\] mix of wistfulness and confession executed with a deceptively light touch that only barely suggests the material's substance... and it only gets better with repeated listens."

## Present activities

After the success of his debut album, Matt Butcher and his backing band the Revolvers opened for The Avett Brothers on their Florida tour dates.

After the construction and debut of his personal website in September 2009, Butcher opted to emulate Radiohead and follow the "pay as you go" business model of *In Rainbows*. for the digital distribution of his music.

## Discography

* *Me and My Friends* (2008)
* *Ghostwriting* (2011)
* The Kids Are Gone (2014)
* Matt Butcher (2015)

## InfoBox

| Matt Butcher | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Matthew John Butcher |
| Born | (1983-08-05) 5 August 1983<br>Birmingham, England |
| Genres | Folk, Americana, Rock, Country |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, harmonica, keyboards |
| Years active | 2003–present |
|  | |
| Website | mattbutchermusic.com |


title: Vittorio Meano

abstract: Vittorio Meano was an Italian architect born in Susa, Kingdom of Sardinia, near Turin.

text:
# Vittorio Meano

**Vittorio Meano** (1860, Susa, Piedmont  1904) was an Italian architect born in Susa, Kingdom of Sardinia, near Turin.

## Background and early career

He studied architecture in Albertina Academy in Turin.

In 1884 he arrived in Argentina to work in the studio of the Italian architect Francesco Tamburini, who at that time was involved in a number of major public works, including the enlargement and renovation of the Casa Rosada.

## Buenos Aires: work on Teatro Colón and Argentine National Congress

They worked together on the new building for the Teatro Colón until the death of Tamburini in 1890, after which Meano took charge of the project.

After winning the competition for the design of the Argentine National Congress building in 1895, he became entirely absorbed with these two great public works.

## Montevideo: work on Legislative Palace

Meano won the international competition for the design of the Palacio Legislativo building in Montevideo, Uruguay.

### Death

Shortly after this achievement, on 1 June 1904 he returned to his residence and found his wife in bed with an Italian named Juan (Giovanni) Passera, after a couple of minutes a shot gun sounds in the house, Vittorio screamed "They murdered me!". Passera was sentenced to seventeen years' imprisonment and Mrs. Meano was deported to Italy as a punishment.


title: Furugō Station

abstract: Furugō Station is a passenger railway station located in Ōita City, Ōita Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.

text:
# Furugō Station

**Furugō Station** (古国府駅, *Furugō-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in Ōita City, Ōita Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.

## Lines

The station is served by the Kyūdai Main Line and is located 138.9 km from the starting point of the line at Kurume.

## Layout

The station, which is unstaffed, consists of a side platform serving a single track. There is no station building. The shelter on the platform has a ticket window which is now unstaffed. An automatic ticket vending machine, a SUGOCA charge machine and a SUGOCA card reader are provided.

## History

The private Daito Railway (大湯鉄道) opened a track from Ōita to Onoya on 30 October 1915. This station was opened on the same day as one of several intermediate stations along the track. On 1 December 1922, the Daito Railway was nationalized and absorbed into Japanese Government Railways, (JGR) which closed the station. The station was reopened on 13 March 1988 by JR Kyushu, which had assumed control of the line and assets after the Japanese National Railways (the successor to JGR) was privatized on 1 April 1987.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 450 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 255th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

## Surrounding area

* Oita City Toyofu Elementary School
* Oita Prefectural Oita Uenogaoka High School
* Oita City Museum of Art,

Media related to Furugō Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Furugō Station
古国府駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance of Furugō Station, 2005. | |
| General information | |
| Location | 3-chōme-5 Furugō, Ōita-shi, Ōita-ken, 870-084
Japan |
| Coordinates | 33°13′14″N 131°36′28″E / 33.22056°N 131.60778°E / 33.22056; 131.60778 |
| Operated by | JR Kyushu |
| Line(s) | Kyūdai Main Line |
| Distance | 138.9 km from Kurume |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Accessible | No - steps to platform |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 30 October 1915 (1915-10-30) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2016 | 450 daily |
| Rank | 255th (among JR Kyushu stations) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR Kyushu Following station  Minami-Ōitatowards Kurume  Kyūdai Main Line  ŌitaTerminus | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Furugō StationLocation within Oita PrefectureFurugō StationFurugō Station (Japan) | |


title: VA-104 (U.S. Navy)

abstract: VA-104 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy. It was established as Fighter Squadron VF-104 on 1 May 1952, and redesignated VA-104 in December 1953. The squadron was disestablished on 31 March 1959. Its nickname was Hell's Archers.

text:
# VA-104 (U.S. Navy)

**VA-104** was an **Attack Squadron** of the U.S. Navy. It was established as **Fighter Squadron VF-104** on 1 May 1952, and redesignated **VA-104** in December 1953. The squadron was disestablished on 31 March 1959. Its nickname was *Hell's Archers*.

## Significant events

## Home port assignments

The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:

## Aircraft assignment

The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons*.*

## InfoBox

| Attack Squadron 104 | |
| --- | --- |
| VA-104 squadron insignia | |
| Active | 1 May 1952-31 March 1959 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Navy |
| Role | Attack |
| Part of | Inactive |
| Nickname(s) | Hell's Archers |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Attack | FG-1D/F4U-5 Corsair<br>AD-6 Skyraider |


title: V Antliae

abstract:
V Antliae is a Mira variable star in the constellation Antlia. It varies in brightness between magnitudes 8.2 and 14.0 with a period of 303 days. Even at its brightest, it is far too faint to be seen with the naked eye. V Antliae's variability was discovered by examining Harvard College Observatory photographic plates, and was announced by Henrietta S. Leavitt and Edward C. Pickering in 1913. 1612 MHz OH maser emission was first detected from this star in 1973.
The star's water vapor emission line at 22 GHz was first observed at Haystack Observatory in 1973.

text:
# V Antliae

**V Antliae** (V Ant) is a Mira variable star in the constellation Antlia. It varies in brightness between magnitudes 8.2 and 14.0 with a period of 303 days. Even at its brightest, it is far too faint to be seen with the naked eye.

V Antliae's variability was discovered by examining Harvard College Observatory photographic plates, and was announced by Henrietta S. Leavitt and Edward C. Pickering in 1913.

1612 MHz OH maser emission was first detected from this star in 1973. The star's water vapor emission line at 22 GHz was first observed at Haystack Observatory in 1973.

## InfoBox

V Antliae
|
The visual band light curve of V Antliae, from AAVSO data | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Antlia |
|
| Right ascension | 10h 21m 09.11138s |
| Declination | −34° 47 18.7333 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 8.2 - 14.0 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | M7IIIe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Variable type | Mira |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | 2.00 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −2.244±0.196 mas/yr
Dec.: 7.071±0.223 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 1.2582 ± 0.1304 mas |
| **Distance** | approx. 2,600 ly
(approx. 790 pc) |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Luminosity** | 24,000 |
| **Temperature** | 3,293 |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| 2MASS J10210911-3447188, HIP 50697 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: May 1997 Bangladesh cyclone

abstract: The May 1997 Bangladesh cyclone was a powerful and deadly storm that caused widespread damage and death throughout Bangladesh. Originating from a near-equatorial trough on May 15, 1997, the cyclone tracked in a general northward direction throughout its existence. The system gradually intensified over the following days, reaching the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale by May 17. The following day, the storm attained its peak intensity with winds of 215 km/h (135 mph) according to the JTWC and 165 km/h (105 mph) according to the IMD along with a barometric pressure of 964 mbar. On May 19, the cyclone made landfall near Chittagong, Bangladesh before rapidly dissipating the next day. Prior to the storm's landfall, official in Bangladesh prompted more than 500,000 residents to evacuate from coastal areas and seek shelter. Despite the large-scale evacuation, more than 1,000 people perished as a result of the cyclone, most of which took place offshore. Numerous structures were damaged or destroyed throughout the affected region and electricity was lost for millions of people. In some areas, entire villages were leveled by the cyclone's storm surge. In the wake of the storm, water-borne diseases began to spread due to standing water and bodies being left out in the open. In response to the disaster, funds from across the globe were sent into Bangladesh to help the country recover.

text:
# May 1997 Bangladesh cyclone

The **May 1997 Bangladesh cyclone** was a powerful and deadly storm that caused widespread damage and death throughout Bangladesh. Originating from a near-equatorial trough on May 15, 1997, the cyclone tracked in a general northward direction throughout its existence. The system gradually intensified over the following days, reaching the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale by May 17. The following day, the storm attained its peak intensity with winds of 215 km/h (135 mph) according to the JTWC and 165 km/h (105 mph) according to the IMD along with a barometric pressure of 964 mbar (hPa; 28.47 inHg). On May 19, the cyclone made landfall near Chittagong, Bangladesh before rapidly dissipating the next day.

Prior to the storm's landfall, official in Bangladesh prompted more than 500,000 residents to evacuate from coastal areas and seek shelter. Despite the large-scale evacuation, more than 1,000 people perished as a result of the cyclone, most of which took place offshore. Numerous structures were damaged or destroyed throughout the affected region and electricity was lost for millions of people. In some areas, entire villages were leveled by the cyclone's storm surge. In the wake of the storm, water-borne diseases began to spread due to standing water and bodies being left out in the open. In response to the disaster, funds from across the globe were sent into Bangladesh to help the country recover.

## Meteorological history

On May 13, a near-equatorial trough developed. The poorly organized system slowly tracked towards the north-northwest. The following day, deep convection consolidated around the center of circulation and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 01B. On May 15, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) also began monitoring the system; however, they classified it as Depression BOB 01. Favorable upper-level conditions and good outflow allowed the storm to intensify. Shortly after, the cyclone attained tropical storm-force winds and turned towards the northeast. While gradually increasing in forward motion, the storm continued to strengthen. The IMD eventually upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm on May 16.

On May 17, the cyclone attained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph), equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. By May 18 an eye developed and the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 215 km/h (135 mph). At this time, the IMD assessed BOB 01 to have winds of 165 km/h (105 mph 3-minute sustained) and a barometric pressure of 964 mbar (hPa; 28.47 inHg). The cyclone made landfall the following day near Chittagong, Bangladesh at this intensity. After landfall, the storm rapidly tracked northeastward inland and dissipated early on May 20.

## Preparations

About a day before the cyclone would make landfall in Bangladesh, officials in the country raised the highest danger signals and evacuated numerous residents. According to the ACT Development, roughly 500,000 people evacuated low-lying coastal areas across the country. However, according to *The Washington Post*, several million people evacuated ahead of the cyclone's arrival. In response to the threat of a major disaster, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement sent up to 33,000 volunteers to assist in evacuation efforts. The ACT Development set up shelters in the Cox's Bazar District, housing roughly 40,000 people, and their Disaster Preparedness Unit kept close contact with other organizations to prepare post-storm relief efforts. Initially, there were fears that the storm may become a repeat of the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone which killed 139,000 people; however, the storm turned towards the northeast prior to landfall, preventing the worst of the storm surge from directly striking the coast. Additionally, the system ended up hitting at low-tide instead of high-tide as initially feared. Had it struck at high tide, it is estimated that a storm surge of 6 m (20 ft) would have inundated much of the Bangladeshi coastline.

## Impact

In Bangladesh, the storm wrought catastrophic damage and left hundreds of people dead in its wake. On land, between 67 and 500 people died due to the storm. As the tail end of the system moved through, a tornado struck the same region, killing 46 more. Additionally, 750 fishermen went missing offshore during the storm; all are believed to have perished. In all, between 113 and 863 people died due to the cyclone; however, monetary losses are not available.

In Chittagong, news reports from Reuters stated that winds from the storm leveled homes and were throwing tin roofs like they were leaves. Within the first few hours of the cyclone's destructive passage of the country, six people were confirmed killed. Entire villages were leveled and numerous crops were flooded by the storm. On the islands of Teknaf and St. Martin's Island, a 2 m (6.6 ft) storm surge swamped the entire area, killing 100 people.

## InfoBox

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 01
| BOB 01 near peak intensity off the coast of Bangladesh | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | May 14, 1997 |
| Dissipated | May 20, 1997 |
| Extremely severe cyclonic storm | |
| *3-minute sustained* (IMD) | |
| Highest winds | 165 km/h (105 mph) |
| Lowest pressure | 964 hPa (mbar); 28.47 inHg |
| Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
| Highest winds | 215 km/h (130 mph) |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 332-765 total |
| Missing | 750 |
| Damage | Unknown |
| Areas affected |  |
| IBTrACS | |
| ---  Part of the **1997 North Indian Ocean cyclone season** | |


title: Matterhorn Museum

abstract: The Matterhorn Museum in Zermatt is a cultural-natural museum whose main theme is the Matterhorn. The museum is in the form of a reconstituted mountain village consisting of 14 houses, and relates the history and development of tourism in the Zermatt area, including the story of the first ascent of the Matterhorn by Edward Whymper and party. The museum displays one of the two stones that Claude Nicollier took from the summit and brought with him on the Space Shuttle Endeavour STS-61 mission in 1993. The other stone was put back on the summit.

text:
# Matterhorn Museum

The **Matterhorn Museum** in Zermatt is a cultural-natural museum whose main theme is the Matterhorn. The museum is in the form of a reconstituted mountain village consisting of 14 houses (church, hotel, huts and granaries), and relates the history and development of tourism in the Zermatt area, including the story of the first ascent of the Matterhorn by Edward Whymper and party.

The museum displays one of the two stones that Claude Nicollier took from the summit and brought with him on the Space Shuttle *Endeavour* STS-61 mission in 1993. The other stone was put back on the summit.

46°1′11″N 7°44′46″E / 46.01972°N 7.74611°E / 46.01972; 7.74611


abstract: Road routes in the Northern Territory of Australia assist drivers navigating roads throughout the territory, by identifying important through-routes. The Northern Territory's National Highways are the main routes connecting Darwin to the adjacent states of Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia. National Routes spur off the National Highways, and are other routes of national importance, while the remaining significant routes are designated as State Routes. According to the Roads & Maritime Services, the Northern Territory has begun converting their numbered routes to alphanumeric routes, with a "progressive replacement" scheme that sees alphanumeric route markers introduced only when signs are replaced. The table below has a list of most signed alphanumeric routes.

text:
# List of road routes in the Northern Territory

**Road routes in the Northern Territory** of Australia assist drivers navigating roads throughout the territory, by identifying important through-routes. The Northern Territory's National Highways are the main routes connecting Darwin to the adjacent states of Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia. National Routes spur off the National Highways, and are other routes of national importance, while the remaining significant routes are designated as State Routes.

According to the Roads & Maritime Services, the Northern Territory has begun converting their numbered routes to alphanumeric routes, with a "progressive replacement" scheme that sees alphanumeric route markers introduced only when signs are replaced. The table below has a list of most signed alphanumeric routes.

## Alphanumeric routes

Below are the existing alpha numeric routes as of November 2020. Even though the Northern Territory has been converting to alphanumerics for more than two decades, only four routes are fully signed, and a former State Route 23 that is missing a letter in all of its signs and just says "23". Signage in the Northern Territory is very inconsistent. For example C24 in not signed at the Stuart Highway junction but signed further into the route. Most signs were like this and as such very few routes have been signed in the Northern Territory.

### Roads of National Significance (A routes)

A-Routes are major roads that link major destinations like  Stuart Highway which connects Darwin to Adelaide.

| Route | Component roads | From | To | Length | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
A1 |  | Daly Waters | WA–NT border (near Keep River National Park) | 743 km (462 mi) | Continues east to Daly Waters as |
| |  | Darwin | Katherine | 2,834 km (1,761 mi) | Partially signed as alphanumeric route ; spur section connecting to Darwin. Note that this is a separate route from the A1 that goes from WA to Daly Waters |
|
A3 |  | Petermann, Northern Territory | Watarrka National Park | 161 km (100 mi) | Partially signed as A3 |
|
A4 |  | Uluru | Erldunda | 244 km (152 mi) | Partially signed as B4 |
|
A15 | Tiger Brennan Drive | Tivendale | Holtze | 6.7 km (4.2 mi) |  |
|
A21 |  | Pine Creek | Kakadu | 58.4 km (36.2 mi) |  |
|
A36 |  | Mount Bundey, Northern Territory | McMinns Lagoon | 78.4 km (49 mi) | Partially signed as alphanumeric route A36/B36 |
|
A87 |  | SA–NT border (near Kulgera) | Daly Waters | 2,834 km (1,761 mi) | Has been partially signed as A87 |

### Roads of State Significance (B routes)

B routes are routes that connect major settlements in the State but not eligible for A Rotes due to Road quality.

| Route | Component roads | From | To | Length | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
B1 |  | Daly Waters | Qld–NT border (near Wollogorang Airport) | 380 km (236 mi) | Continues north from Daly Waters as National Highway 1 Has been partially signed as B1 |
|
B6 |  | Watarrka National Park | Alice Springs | 325 km (202 mi) | Partially signed as B6 |
|
B11 |  | Tablelands | Cape Crawford | 375 km (233 mi) | See here |
|
B20 |  | Mataranka | Roper Bar | 206 km (128 mi) | Partially signed as alphanumeric route B20 |
|
B21 |  | Jabiru | Kakadu | 150.6 km (93.5 mi) |  |
|
B23 |  | Adelaide River | Hayes Creek, Douglas-Daly | 65 km (40 mi) | Partially signed as 23 - It seems that the B is missing. Also there are no more State Route 23 signs, all of them have been replaced. |
|
B30 | * Litchfield Park Road * Rum Jungle Road * Batchelor Road | Blackmore | Coomalie Creek | 145 km (90 mi) |  |
|
B34 |  | Noonamah | Cox Peninsula | 79.5 km (49 mi) | Partially signed as alphanumeric route B34 |
|
B36 |  | Kakadu National Park | Mount Bundey, Northern Territory | 148.6 km (92 mi) | Partially signed as alphanumeric route A36/B36 |
|
B96 |  | Duncan Road, Nicholson, WA | Delamere | 581 km (361 mi) | Has been fully signed Partially unpaved |

### Routes of Minor significance (C routes)

These are essentially roads that link minor settlements or areas that aren't eligible for an A or a B route.

| Route | Component roads | From | To | Length | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
C5 |  | Burt Plain | WA–NT border (near Tanami) | 1,035 km (643 mi) | Partially signed as C5 Partially unpaved |
|
C12 |  | Qld–NT border (near Tobermorey) | Burt Plain | 496 km (308 mi) | Signs on the Alice Springs Golf Club Facebook page shows a C12 sign |
|
C16 |  | Lake Woods | Calvert | 251 km (156 mi) | See here |
|
C24 |  | Bulman | Venn | 663 km (412 mi) | Signage very inconstant Partially unpaved |
|
C80 |  | Victoria Highway (29.4 km (18 mi) south-east of Timber Creek | Birdum | 393 km (244 mi) | Has been fully signed Partially unpaved |

## National Highways and Routes

There are three national highways and one current existing national route in the Northern Territory.

Current and former National Highways and Routes
| Route | Planned alphanumeric route | Component roads | From | To | Length | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Routes that haven't been replaced with an Alphanumeric Route | | | | | | |
|
National Highway 66 |
**A2** or
**A66** |  | Tennant Creek | Qld–NT border (near Ranken) | 754 km (469 mi) |  |
| Routes that have been replaced with an Alphanumeric Route | | | | | | |
|
National Highway 1 |
**A1** |  | WA–NT border (near Keep River National Park) | Daly Waters | 743 km (462 mi) | Mostly signed as alphanumeric route A1 Continues east from Daly Waters as B1 |
| |  | Katherine | Darwin | 2,834 km (1,761 mi) | Mostly signed as alphanumeric route A1; spur section connecting to Darwin |
|
National Highway 87 |
**A87** |  | Daly Waters | SA–NT border (near Kulgera) | 2,834 km (1,761 mi) | Mostly signed as A87 instead of National Highway 87 |
|
National Route 1 |
**B1** |  | Daly Waters | Qld–NT border (near Wollogorang Airport) | 380 km (236 mi) | Continues north from Daly Waters as A1. Has been partially signed as B1. |
| Fully decommissioned National Routes | | | | | | |
| Former Route | Replaced alphanumeric route | Component roads | From | To | Length | Notes |
|
National Route 80 |
C80 |  | Birdum | Victoria Highway (29.4 km (18 mi) south-east of Timber Creek | 393 km (244 mi) | Has been fully signed Partially unpaved |
|
National Route 96 |
B96 To Nicholson |  | Delamere | Duncan Road, Nicholson, WA | 581 km (361 mi) | Has been fully signed Partially unpaved |

## State Routes

State routes are numbered based on their position in the territory, generally increasing in number from south to north.

| Route | Planned Alphanumeric Replacement | Component roads | From | To | Length | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Routes that haven't been replaced with an Alphanumeric Route | | | | | | |
|
State Route 2 |
**B7** |  | Larapinta Drive, Hugh | Larapinta Drive, Namatjira | 156 km (97 mi) |  |
|
State Route 12 | **B12** |  | Burt Plain | Qld–NT border (near Tobermorey) | 496 km (308 mi) |  |
|
State Route 14 |
**C14** |  | Plenty Highway, Anmatjere | Qld–NT border (near Alpurrurulam) | 561 km (349 mi) | Unpaved |
|
State Route 28 |
**B28** | * Daly River Road * Port Keats Road | Robin Falls | Wadeye | 256 km (159 mi) | Not signed at all |
| Routes that have been replaced with an Alphanumeric Route | | | | | | |
|
State Route 3 |
**A3** | * Luritja Road | Lasseter Highway | Watarrka National Park | 161 km (100 mi) | Partially signed as A3 |
|
State Route 4 |
**B4** |  | Erldunda | Uluru | 244 km (152 mi) | Partially signed as A4/B4 |
| |
**C4** | * Tjukaruru Road * Great Central Road | Uluru | WA–NT border (near Kaltukatjara) | 189 km (117 mi) |  |
|
State Route 5 |
**C5** |  | Burt Plain | WA–NT border (near Tanami) | 1,035 km (643 mi) | Partially signed as C5 |
|
State Route 6 |
**B6** |  | Watarrka National Park | Alice Springs | 325 km (202 mi) | Partially signed as B6 |
|
State Route 8 |
**B8** |  | Ross | Arltunga Historical Reserve, Hart | 90 km (56 mi) |  |
|
State Route 11 |
**B11** |  | Tablelands | Cape Crawford | 375 km (233 mi) |  |
|
State Route 16 |
**C16** |  | Lake Woods | Calvert | 251 km (156 mi) |  |
|
State Route 20 | B20 |  | Mataranka | Roper Bar | 206 km (128 mi) | Partially signed as alphanumeric route B20 |
|
State Route 23 – decommissioned | **B23** |  | Adelaide River | Hayes Creek, Douglas-Daly | 65 km (40 mi) | Partially signed as 23. However you will no longer be able to see a SR23 sign in the NT. |  |
|
State Route 24 | C24 | * Central Arnhem Road | Venn | Bulman | 663 km (412 mi) | Signage very inconstant. Partially signed as C24. |
|
State Route 30 |
**B30** | * Batchelor Road * Rum Jungle Road * Litchfield Park Road | Coomalie Creek | Blackmore | 145 km (90 mi) | Partially Signed |
|
State Route 34 |
**B34** |  | Noonamah | Cox Peninsula | 79.5 km (49 mi) | Partially signed as alphanumeric route B34 |


title: Winkhill railway station

abstract: Winkhill railway station was a railway station that served the hamlet of Winkhill, Staffordshire. It was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) in 1910 and closed to passenger use in 1935, but remained open to freight traffic until 1964.

text:
# Winkhill railway station

**Winkhill railway station** was a railway station that served the hamlet of Winkhill, Staffordshire. It was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) in 1910 and closed to passenger use in 1935, but remained open to freight traffic until 1964.

## Construction and opening

The station was on the NSR Waterhouses branch line from Leekbrook Junction to Waterhouses. The single line branch was authorised on 1 March 1899 by the *Leek, Caldon Low, and Hartington Light Railways Order, 1898*, and construction took several years, the line not opening until 1905.

The station at Winkhill was a later addition to the line. Although a station was included in the original tender for construction of the branch line, it wasn't until 1908 that a single siding for freight traffic was provided at the location and another two years before a station was constructed for passenger traffic.

## Station layout

The station had a single platform and a single siding with limited goods facilities.

## Closure

The branch line was never a financial success and passenger services were withdrawn on 30 September 1935. The station remained open as a goods station until May 1964 when all traffic on the branch except mineral workings from Caldon Low quarries was withdrawn.

## Route

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Caldon Low Halt |  | North Staffordshire Railway
Waterhouses branch |  | Ipstones |

## InfoBox

| Winkhill | |
| --- | --- |
| The old railway cutting in June 2007 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Winkhill, Staffordshire, Staffordshire Moorlands
England |
| Coordinates | 53°03′14″N 1°55′01″W / 53.0539°N 1.9169°W / 53.0539; -1.9169 |
| Grid reference | SK056507 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | North Staffordshire Railway |
| Post-grouping | London Midland and Scottish Railway |
| Key dates | |
| June 1910 | Opened |
| 30 September 1935 | Closed to passengers |
| 4 May 1964 | Closed to freight |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Matti Paatelainen

abstract: Matti Paatelainen is a Finnish former international footballer who played as a striker.

text:
# Matti Paatelainen

**Matti Paatelainen** (born 17 June 1944) is a Finnish former international footballer who played as a striker.

## Career

Paatelainen earned 47 caps for Finland, scoring eleven goals, between 1970 and 1977. He played club football at Urho, HPS, HIFK and FC Haka. He was Mestaruussarja top scorer in 1970, 1972, 1976 and 1977

He appeared in nine FIFA World Cup qualifying matches, scoring once.

## Personal life

Paatelainen has three sons who all have played professional football - Mixu, Mikko and Markus.

## InfoBox

Matti Paatelainen
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1944-07-17) 17 July 1944 | | |
| Place of birth | Äänekoski, Finland | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1966 | Urho |  |  |
| 1967–1968 | HPS |  | (20) |
| 1969–1972 | HIFK |  | (84) |
| 1973–1977 | FC Haka | 110 | (72) |
| International career | | | |
| 1970–1977 | Finland | 47 | (11) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1979–1980 | FC Haka | | |
| 1993 | Ilves | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Phosacetim

abstract: Phosacetim is a toxic organophosphate compound, which acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and is used as a rodenticide.

text:
# Phosacetim

**Phosacetim** is a toxic organophosphate compound, which acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and is used as a rodenticide.

## InfoBox

Phosacetim
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name N'-\[Bis(4-chlorophenoxy)phosphorothioyl\]ethanimidamide | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.021.704 |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C14H13Cl2N2O2PS/c1-10(17)18-21(22,19-13-6-2-11(15)3-7-13)20-14-8-4-12(16)5-9-14/h2-9H,1H3,(H2,17,18,22) NKey: XIBXUAZIZXDFTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N * InChI=1/C14H13Cl2N2O2PS/c1-10(17)18-21(22,19-13-6-2-11(15)3-7-13)20-14-8-4-12(16)5-9-14/h2-9H,1H3,(H2,17,18,22)Key: XIBXUAZIZXDFTG-UHFFFAOYAC | |
| SMILES * C/C(=N\P(=S)(OC1=CC=C(C=C1)Cl)OC2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl)N | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C14H13Cl2N2O2PS |
| Molar mass | 375.210 |
| Hazards | |
| **Occupational safety and health** (OHS/OSH): | |
| Main hazards | Toxic |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Valuation (geometry)

abstract: In geometry, a valuation is a finitely additive function from a collection of subsets of a set X to an abelian semigroup. For example, Lebesgue measure is a valuation on finite unions of convex bodies of R n. Other examples of valuations on finite unions of convex bodies of R n are surface area, mean width, and Euler characteristic. In geometry, continuity conditions are often imposed on valuations, but there are also purely discrete facets of the theory. In fact, the concept of valuation has its origin in the dissection theory of polytopes and in particular Hilbert's third problem, which has grown into a rich theory reliant on tools from abstract algebra.

text:
# Valuation (geometry)

In geometry, a **valuation** is a finitely additive function from a collection of subsets of a set $X$ to an abelian semigroup. For example, Lebesgue measure is a valuation on finite unions of convex bodies of $\mathbb {R} ^{n}.$ Other examples of valuations on finite unions of convex bodies of $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ are surface area, mean width, and Euler characteristic.

In geometry, continuity (or smoothness) conditions are often imposed on valuations, but there are also purely discrete facets of the theory. In fact, the concept of valuation has its origin in the dissection theory of polytopes and in particular Hilbert's third problem, which has grown into a rich theory reliant on tools from abstract algebra.

## Definition

Let $X$ be a set, and let $\mathcal {S}$ be a collection of subsets of $X.$ A function $\phi $ on $\mathcal {S}$ with values in an abelian semigroup $R$ is called a **valuation** if it satisfies $\phi (A\cup B)+\phi (A\cap B)=\phi (A)+\phi (B)$ whenever $A,$ $B,$ $A\cup B,$ and $A\cap B$ are elements of $\mathcal {S}.$ If $\emptyset \in {\mathcal {S},}$ then one always assumes $\phi (\emptyset )=0.$

### Examples

Some common examples of $\mathcal {S}$ are

Let $\mathcal {K}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})$ be the set of convex bodies in $\mathbb {R} ^{n}.$ Then some valuations on $\mathcal {K}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})$ are

Some other valuations are

* the lattice point enumerator $P\mapsto |\mathbb {Z} ^{n}\cap P|$, where $P$ is a lattice polytope
* cardinality, on the family of finite sets

## Valuations on convex bodies

From here on, let $V=\mathbb {R} ^{n}$, let $\mathcal {K}(V)$ be the set of convex bodies in $V$, and let $\phi $ be a valuation on $\mathcal {K}(V)$.

We say $\phi $ is *translation invariant* if, for all $K\in {\mathcal {K}(V)}$ and $x\in V$, we have $\phi (K+x)=\phi (K)$.

Let $(K,L)\in {\mathcal {K}(V)^{2}}$. The Hausdorff distance $d\_{H}(K,L)$ is defined as $d\_{H}(K,L)=\inf\\{\varepsilon \>0:K\subset L\_{\varepsilon }{\text{ and }L\subset K\_{\varepsilon }\\},}$ where $K\_{\varepsilon }$ is the $\varepsilon $-neighborhood of $K$ under some Euclidean inner product. Equipped with this metric, $\mathcal {K}(V)$ is a locally compact space.

The space of continuous, translation-invariant valuations from $\mathcal {K}(V)$ to $\mathbb {C} $ is denoted by $\operatorname {Val} (V).$

The topology on $\operatorname {Val} (V)$ is the topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets of $\mathcal {K}(V).$ Equipped with the norm $\\|\phi \\|=\max\\{|\phi (K)|:K\subset B\\},$ where $B\subset V$ is a bounded subset with nonempty interior, $\operatorname {Val} (V)$ is a Banach space.

### Homogeneous valuations

A translation-invariant continuous valuation $\phi \in \operatorname {Val} (V)$ is said to be *$i$-homogeneous* if $\phi (\lambda K)=\lambda ^{i}\phi (K)$ for all $\lambda \>0$ and $K\in {\mathcal {K}(V).}$ The subset $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}(V)$ of $i$-homogeneous valuations is a vector subspace of $\operatorname {Val} (V).$ McMullen's decomposition theorem states that

$\operatorname {Val} (V)=\bigoplus \_{i=0}^{n}\operatorname {Val} \_{i}(V),\qquad n=\dim V.$

In particular, the degree of a homogeneous valuation is always an integer between $0$ and $n=\operatorname {dim} V.$

Valuations are not only graded by the degree of homogeneity, but also by the parity with respect to the reflection through the origin, namely $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}=\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{+}\oplus \operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{-},$ where $\phi \in \operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{\epsilon }$ with $\epsilon \in \\{+,-\\}$ if and only if $\phi (-K)=\epsilon \phi (K)$ for all convex bodies $K.$ The elements of $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{+}$ and $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{-}$ are said to be *even* and *odd*, respectively.

It is a simple fact that $\operatorname {Val} \_{0}(V)$ is $1$-dimensional and spanned by the Euler characteristic $\chi ,$ that is, consists of the constant valuations on $\mathcal {K}(V).$

In 1957 Hadwiger proved that $\operatorname {Val} \_{n}(V)$ (where $n=\dim V$) coincides with the $1$-dimensional space of Lebesgue measures on $V.$

A valuation $\phi \in \operatorname {Val} (\mathbb {R} ^{n})$ is *simple* if $\phi (K)=0$ for all convex bodies with $\dim K\<n.$ Schneider in 1996 described all simple valuations on $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$: they are given by $\phi (K)=c\operatorname {vol} (K)+\int \_{S^{n-1}f(\theta )d\sigma \_{K}(\theta ),}$ where $c\in \mathbb {C} ,$ $f\in C(S^{n-1})$ is an arbitrary odd function on the unit sphere $S^{n-1}\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n},$ and $\sigma \_{K}$ is the surface area measure of $K.$ In particular, any simple valuation is the sum of an $n$- and an $(n-1)$-homogeneous valuation. This in turn implies that an $i$-homogeneous valuation is uniquely determined by its restrictions to all $(i+1)$-dimensional subspaces.

### Embedding theorems

The Klain embedding is a linear injection of $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{+}(V),$ the space of even $i$-homogeneous valuations, into the space of continuous sections of a canonical complex line bundle over the Grassmannian $\operatorname {Gr} \_{i}(V)$ of $i$-dimensional linear subspaces of $V.$ Its construction is based on Hadwiger's characterization of $n$-homogeneous valuations. If $\phi \in \operatorname {Val} \_{i}(V)$ and $E\in \operatorname {Gr} \_{i}(V),$ then the restriction $\phi |\_{E}$ is an element $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}(E),$ and by Hadwiger's theorem it is a Lebesgue measure. Hence $\operatorname {Kl} \_{\phi }(E)=\phi |\_{E}$ defines a continuous section of the line bundle $Dens$ over $\operatorname {Gr} \_{i}(V)$ with fiber over $E$ equal to the $1$-dimensional space $\operatorname {Dens} (E)$ of densities (Lebesgue measures) on $E.$

**Theorem** (Klain). The linear map $\operatorname {Kl} :\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{+}(V)\to C(\operatorname {Gr} \_{i}(V),\operatorname {Dens} )$ is injective.

A different injection, known as the Schneider embedding, exists for odd valuations. It is based on Schneider's description of simple valuations. It is a linear injection of $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{-}(V),$ the space of odd $i$-homogeneous valuations, into a certain quotient of the space of continuous sections of a line bundle over the partial flag manifold of cooriented pairs $(F^{i}\subset E^{i+1}).$ Its definition is reminiscent of the Klain embedding, but more involved. Details can be found in.

The Goodey-Weil embedding is a linear injection of $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}$ into the space of distributions on the $i$-fold product of the $(n-1)$-dimensional sphere. It is nothing but the Schwartz kernel of a natural polarization that any $\phi \in \operatorname {Val} \_{k}(V)$ admits, namely as a functional on the $k$-fold product of $C^{2}(S^{n-1}),$ the latter space of functions having the geometric meaning of differences of support functions of smooth convex bodies. For details, see.

### Irreducibility Theorem

The classical theorems of Hadwiger, Schneider and McMullen give fairly explicit descriptions of valuations that are homogeneous of degree $1,$ $n-1,$ and $n=\operatorname {dim} V.$ But for degrees $1\<i\<n-1$ very little was known before the turn of the 21st century. McMullen's conjecture is the statement that the valuations $\phi \_{A}(K)=\operatorname {vol} \_{n}(K+A),\qquad A\in {\mathcal {K}(V),}$ span a dense subspace of $\operatorname {Val} (V).$ McMullen's conjecture was confirmed by Alesker in a much stronger form, which became known as the Irreducibility Theorem:

**Theorem** (Alesker). For every $0\leq i\leq n,$ the natural action of $GL(V)$ on the spaces $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{+}(V)$ and $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{-}(V)$ is irreducible.

Here the action of the general linear group $GL(V)$ on $\operatorname {Val} (V)$ is given by $(g\cdot \phi )(K)=\phi (g^{-1}K).$ The proof of the Irreducibility Theorem is based on the embedding theorems of the previous section and Beilinson-Bernstein localization.

### Smooth valuations

A valuation $\phi \in \operatorname {Val} (V)$ is called *smooth* if the map $g\mapsto g\cdot \phi $ from $GL(V)$ to $\operatorname {Val} (V)$ is smooth. In other words, $\phi $ is smooth if and only if $\phi $ is a smooth vector of the natural representation of $GL(V)$ on $\operatorname {Val} (V).$ The space of smooth valuations $\operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)$ is dense in $\operatorname {Val} (V)$; it comes equipped with a natural Fréchet-space topology, which is finer than the one induced from $\operatorname {Val} (V).$

For every (complex-valued) smooth function $f$ on $\operatorname {Gr} \_{i}(\mathbb {R} ^{n}),$ $\phi (K)=\int \_{\operatorname {Gr} \_{i}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})}\operatorname {vol} \_{i}(P\_{E}K)f(E)dE,$ where $P\_{E}:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to E$ denotes the orthogonal projection and $dE$ is the Haar measure, defines a smooth even valuation of degree $i.$ It follows from the Irreducibility Theorem, in combination with the Casselman-Wallach theorem, that any smooth even valuation can be represented in this way. Such a representation is sometimes called a *Crofton formula*.

For any (complex-valued) smooth differential form $\omega \in \Omega ^{n-1}(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\times S^{n-1})$ that is invariant under all the translations $(x,u)\mapsto (x+t,u)$ and every number $c\in \mathbb {C} ,$ integration over the *normal cycle* defines a smooth valuation:

As a set, the normal cycle $N(K)$ consists of the outward unit normals to $K.$ The Irreducibility Theorem implies that every smooth valuation is of this form.

## Operations on translation-invariant valuations

There are several natural operations defined on the subspace of smooth valuations $\operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)\subset \operatorname {Val} (V).$ The most important one is the product of two smooth valuations. Together with pullback and pushforward, this operation extends to valuations on manifolds.

### Exterior product

Let $V,W$ be finite-dimensional real vector spaces. There exists a bilinear map, called the exterior product, $\boxtimes :\operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)\times \operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(W)\to \operatorname {Val} (V\times W)$ which is uniquely characterized by the following two properties:

* it is continuous with respect to the usual topologies on $\operatorname {Val} $ and $\operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }.$
* if $\phi =\operatorname {vol} \_{V}(\bullet +A)$ and $\psi =\operatorname {vol} \_{W}(\bullet +B)$ where $A\in {\mathcal {K}(V)}$ and $B\in {\mathcal {K}(W)}$ are convex bodies with smooth boundary and strictly positive Gauss curvature, and $\operatorname {vol} \_{V}$ and $\operatorname {vol} \_{W}$ are densities on $V$ and $W,$ then

$\phi \boxtimes \psi =(\operatorname {vol} \_{V}\boxtimes \operatorname {vol} \_{W})(\bullet +A\times B).$

### Product

The product of two smooth valuations $\phi ,\psi \in \operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)$ is defined by $(\phi \cdot \psi )(K)=(\phi \boxtimes \psi )(\Delta (K)),$ where $\Delta :V\to V\times V$ is the diagonal embedding. The product is a continuous map $\operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)\times \operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)\to \operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V).$ Equipped with this product, $\operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)$ becomes a commutative associative graded algebra with the Euler characteristic as the multiplicative identity.

### Alesker-Poincaré duality

By a theorem of Alesker, the restriction of the product $\operatorname {Val} \_{k}^{\infty }(V)\times \operatorname {Val} \_{n-k}^{\infty }(V)\to \operatorname {Val} \_{n}^{\infty }(V)=\operatorname {Dens} (V)$ is a non-degenerate pairing. This motivates the definition of the $k$-homogeneous *generalized valuation*, denoted $\operatorname {Val} \_{k}^{-\infty }(V),$ as $\operatorname {Val} \_{n-k}^{\infty }(V)^{\*}\otimes \operatorname {Dens} (V),$ topologized with the weak topology. By the Alesker-Poincaré duality, there is a natural dense inclusion $\operatorname {Val} \_{k}^{\infty }(V)\hookrightarrow \operatorname {Val} \_{k}^{-\infty }(V)/$

### Convolution

Convolution is a natural product on $\operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)\otimes \operatorname {Dens} (V^{\*}).$ For simplicity, we fix a density $\operatorname {vol} $ on $V$ to trivialize the second factor. Define for fixed $A,B\in {\mathcal {K}(V)}$ with smooth boundary and strictly positive Gauss curvature $\operatorname {vol} (\bullet +A)\ast \operatorname {vol} (\bullet +B)=\operatorname {vol} (\bullet +A+B).$ There is then a unique extension by continuity to a map $\operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)\times \operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)\to \operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V),$ called the convolution. Unlike the product, convolution respects the co-grading, namely if $\phi \in \operatorname {Val} \_{n-i}^{\infty }(V),$ $\psi \in \operatorname {Val} \_{n-j}^{\infty }(V),$ then $\phi \ast \psi \in \operatorname {Val} \_{n-i-j}^{\infty }(V).$

For instance, let $V(K\_{1},\ldots ,K\_{n})$ denote the mixed volume of the convex bodies $K\_{1},\ldots ,K\_{n}\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}.$ If convex bodies $A\_{1},\dots ,A\_{n-i}$ in $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ with a smooth boundary and strictly positive Gauss curvature are fixed, then $\phi (K)=V(K\[i\],A\_{1},\dots ,A\_{n-i})$ defines a smooth valuation of degree $i.$ The convolution two such valuations is $V(\bullet \[i\],A\_{1},\dots ,A\_{n-i})\ast V(\bullet \[j\],B\_{1},\dots ,B\_{n-j})=c\_{i,j}V(\bullet \[n-j-i\],A\_{1},\dots ,A\_{n-i},B\_{1},\dots ,B\_{n-j}),$ where $c\_{i,j}$ is a constant depending only on $i,j,n.$

### Fourier transform

The Alesker-Fourier transform is a natural, $GL(V)$-equivariant isomorphism of complex-valued valuations $\mathbb {F} :\operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V)\to \operatorname {Val} ^{\infty }(V^{\*})\otimes \operatorname {Dens} (V),$ discovered by Alesker and enjoying many properties resembling the classical Fourier transform, which explains its name.

It reverses the grading, namely $\mathbb {F} :\operatorname {Val} \_{k}^{\infty }(V)\to \operatorname {Val} \_{n-k}^{\infty }(V^{\*})\otimes \operatorname {Dens} (V),$ and intertwines the product and the convolution: $\mathbb {F} (\phi \cdot \psi )=\mathbb {F} \phi \ast \mathbb {F} \psi .$

Fixing for simplicity a Euclidean structure to identify $V=V^{\*},$ $\operatorname {Dens} (V)=\mathbb {C} ,$ we have the identity $\mathbb {F} ^{2}\phi (K)=\phi (-K).$ On even valuations, there is a simple description of the Fourier transform in terms of the Klain embedding: $\operatorname {Kl} \_{\mathbb {F} \phi }(E)=\operatorname {Kl} \_{\phi }(E^{\perp }).$ In particular, even real-valued valuations remain real-valued after the Fourier transform.

For odd valuations, the description of the Fourier transform is substantially more involved. Unlike the even case, it is no longer of purely geometric nature. For instance, the space of real-valued odd valuations is not preserved.

### Pullback and pushforward

Given a linear map $f:U\to V,$ there are induced operations of pullback $f^{\*}:\operatorname {Val} (V)\to \operatorname {Val} (U)$ and pushforward $f\_{\*}:\operatorname {Val} (U)\otimes \operatorname {Dens} (U)^{\*}\to \operatorname {Val} (V)\otimes \operatorname {Dens} (V)^{\*}.$ The pullback is the simpler of the two, given by $f^{\*}\phi (K)=\phi (f(K)).$ It evidently preserves the parity and degree of homogeneity of a valuation. Note that the pullback does not preserve smoothness when $f$ is not injective.

The pushforward is harder to define formally. For simplicity, fix Lebesgue measures on $U$ and $V.$ The pushforward can be uniquely characterized by describing its action on valuations of the form $\operatorname {vol} (\bullet +A),$ for all $A\in {\mathcal {K}(U),}$ and then extended by continuity to all valuations using the Irreducibility Theorem. For a surjective map $f,$ $f\_{\*}\operatorname {vol} (\bullet +A)=\operatorname {vol} (\bullet +f(A)).$ For an inclusion $f:U\hookrightarrow V,$ choose a splitting $V=U\oplus W.$ Then $f\_{\*}\operatorname {vol} (\bullet +A)(K)=\int \_{W}\operatorname {vol} (K\cap (U+w)+A)dw.$ Informally, the pushforward is dual to the pullback with respect to the Alesker-Poincaré pairing: for $\phi \in \operatorname {Val} (V)$ and $\psi \in \operatorname {Val} (U)\otimes \operatorname {Dens} (U)^{\*},$ $\langle f^{\*}\phi ,\psi \rangle =\langle \phi ,f\_{\*}\psi \rangle .$ However, this identity has to be carefully interpreted since the pairing is only well-defined for smooth valuations. For further details, see.

## Valuations on manifolds

In a series of papers beginning in 2006, Alesker laid down the foundations for a theory of valuations on manifolds that extends the theory of valuations on convex bodies. The key observation leading to this extension is that via integration over the normal cycle (), a smooth translation-invariant valuation may be evaluated on sets much more general than convex ones. Also () suggests to define smooth valuations in general by dropping the requirement that the form $\omega $ be translation-invariant and by replacing the translation-invariant Lebesgue measure with an arbitrary smooth measure.

Let $X$ be an n-dimensional smooth manifold and let $\mathbb {P} \_{X}=\mathbb {P} \_{+}(T^{\*}X)$ be the co-sphere bundle of $X,$ that is, the oriented projectivization of the cotangent bundle. Let $\mathcal {P}(X)$ denote the collection of compact differentiable polyhedra in $X.$ The normal cycle $N(A)\subset \mathbb {P} \_{X}$ of $A\in {\mathcal {P}(X),}$ which consists of the outward co-normals to $A,$ is naturally a Lipschitz submanifold of dimension $n-1.$

For ease of presentation we henceforth assume that $X$ is oriented, even though the concept of smooth valuations in fact does not depend on orientability. The space of smooth valuations $\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(X)$ on $X$ consists of functions $\phi :{\mathcal {P}(X)\to \mathbb {C} }$ of the form $\phi (A)=\int \_{A}\mu +\int \_{N(A)}\omega ,\qquad A\in {\mathcal {P}(X),}$ where $\mu \in \Omega ^{n}(X)$ and $\omega \in \Omega ^{n-1}(\mathbb {P} \_{X})$ can be arbitrary. It was shown by Alesker that the smooth valuations on open subsets of $X$ form a soft sheaf over $X.$

### Examples

The following are examples of smooth valuations on a smooth manifold $X$:

* Smooth measures on $X.$
* The Euler characteristic; this follows from the work of Chern on the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, where such $\mu $ and $\omega $ were constructed to represent the Euler characteristic. In particular, $\mu $ is then the Chern-Gauss-Bonnet integrand, which is the Pfaffian of the Riemannian curvature tensor.
* If $X$ is Riemannian, then the Lipschitz-Killing valuations or intrinsic volumes $V\_{0}^{X}=\chi ,V\_{1}^{X},\ldots ,V\_{n}^{X}=\mathrm {vol} \_{X}$ are smooth valuations. If $f:X\to \mathbb {R} ^{m}$ is any isometric immersion into a Euclidean space, then $V\_{i}^{X}=f^{\*}V\_{i}^{\mathbb {R} ^{m},}$ where $V\_{i}^{\mathbb {R} ^{m}}$ denotes the usual intrinsic volumes on $\mathbb {R} ^{m}$ (see below for the definition of the pullback). The existence of these valuations is the essence of Weyl's tube formula.
* Let $\mathbb {C} P^{n}$ be the complex projective space, and let $\mathrm {Gr} \_{k}^{\mathbb {C} }$ denote the Grassmannian of all complex projective subspaces of fixed dimension $k.$ The function

$\phi (A)=\int \_{\mathrm {Gr} \_{k}^{\mathbb {C} }\chi (A\cap E)dE,\qquad A\in {\mathcal {P}(\mathbb {C} P^{n}),}}$ where the integration is with respect to the Haar probability measure on $\mathrm {Gr} \_{k}^{\mathbb {C} },$ is a smooth valuation. This follows from the work of Fu.

### Filtration

The space $\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(X)$ admits no natural grading in general, however it carries a canonical filtration $\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(X)=W\_{0}\supset W\_{1}\supset \cdots \supset W\_{n}.$ Here $W\_{n}$ consists of the smooth measures on $X,$ and $W\_{j}$ is given by forms $\omega $ in the ideal generated by $\pi ^{\*}\Omega ^{j}(X),$ where $\pi :\mathbb {P} \_{X}\to X$ is the canonical projection.

The associated graded vector space $\bigoplus \_{i=0}^{n}W\_{i}/W\_{i+1}$ is canonically isomorphic to the space of smooth sections $\bigoplus \_{i=0}^{n}C^{\infty }(X,\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{\infty }(TX)),$ where $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{\infty }(TX)$ denotes the vector bundle over $X$ such that the fiber over a point $x\in X$ is $\operatorname {Val} \_{i}^{\infty }(T\_{x}X),$ the space of $i$-homogeneous smooth translation-invariant valuations on the tangent space $T\_{x}X.$

### Product

The space $\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(X)$ admits a natural product. This product is continuous, commutative, associative, compatible with the filtration: $W\_{i}\cdot W\_{j}\subset W\_{i+j},$ and has the Euler characteristic as the identity element. It also commutes with the restriction to embedded submanifolds, and the diffeomorphism group of $X$ acts on $\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(X)$ by algebra automorphisms.

For example, if $X$ is Riemannian, the Lipschitz-Killing valuations satisfy $V\_{i}^{X}\cdot V\_{j}^{X}=V\_{i+j}^{X}.$

The Alesker-Poincaré duality still holds. For compact $X$ it says that the pairing $\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(X)\times {\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(X)\to \mathbb {C} ,}$ $(\phi ,\psi )\mapsto (\phi \cdot \psi )(X)$ is non-degenerate. As in the translation-invariant case, this duality can be used to define generalized valuations. Unlike the translation-invariant case, no good definition of continuous valuations exists for valuations on manifolds.

The product of valuations closely reflects the geometric operation of intersection of subsets. Informally, consider the generalized valuation $\chi \_{A}=\chi (A\cap \bullet ).$ The product is given by $\chi \_{A}\cdot \chi \_{B}=\chi \_{A\cap B}.$ Now one can obtain smooth valuations by averaging generalized valuations of the form $\chi \_{A},$ more precisely $\phi (X)=\int \_{S}\chi \_{s(A)}ds$ is a smooth valuation if $S$ is a sufficiently large measured family of diffeomorphisms. Then one has $\int \_{S}\chi \_{s(A)}ds\cdot \int \_{S'}\chi \_{s'(B)}ds'=\int \_{S\times S'}\chi \_{s(A)\cap s'(B)}dsds',$ see.

### Pullback and pushforward

Every smooth immersion $f:X\to Y$ of smooth manifolds induces a pullback map $f^{\*}:{\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(Y)\to {\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(X).}}$ If $f$ is an embedding, then $(f^{\*}\phi )(A)=\phi (f(A)),\qquad A\in {\mathcal {P}(X).}$ The pullback is a morphism of filtered algebras. Every smooth proper submersion $f:X\to Y$ defines a pushforward map $f^{\*}:{\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(X)\to {\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(Y)}}$ by $(f\_{\*}\phi )(A)=\phi (f^{-1}(A)),\qquad A\in {\mathcal {P}(Y).}$ The pushforward is compatible with the filtration as well: $f\_{\*}:W\_{i}(X)\to W\_{i-(\dim X-\dim Y)}(Y).$ For general smooth maps, one can define pullback and pushforward for generalized valuations under some restrictions.

## Applications in Integral Geometry

Let $M$ be a Riemannian manifold and let $G$ be a Lie group of isometries of $M$ acting transitively on the sphere bundle $SM.$ Under these assumptions the space $\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G}$ of $G$-invariant smooth valuations on $M$ is finite-dimensional; let $\phi \_{1},\ldots ,\phi \_{m}$ be a basis. Let $A,B\in {\mathcal {P}(M)}$ be differentiable polyhedra in $M.$ Then integrals of the form $\int \_{G}\phi \_{i}(A\cap gB)dg$ are expressible as linear combinations of $\phi \_{k}(A)\phi \_{l}(B)$ with coefficients $c\_{i}^{kl}$ independent of $A$ and $B$:

Formulas of this type are called *kinematic formulas*. Their existence in this generality was proved by Fu. For the three simply connected real space forms, that is, the sphere, Euclidean space, and hyperbolic space, they go back to Blaschke, Santaló, Chern, and Federer.

Describing the kinematic formulas explicitly is typically a difficult problem. In fact already in the step from real to complex space forms, considerable difficulties arise and these have only recently been resolved by Bernig, Fu, and Solanes. The key insight responsible for this progress is that the kinematic formulas contain the same information as the algebra of invariant valuations $\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G}.$ For a precise statement, let $k\_{G}:{\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G}\to {\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G}\otimes {\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G}}}}$ be the kinematic operator, that is, the map determined by the kinematic formulas (). Let $\operatorname {pd} :{\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G}\to {\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G\*}}}$ denote the Alesker-Poincaré duality, which is a linear isomorphism. Finally let $m\_{G}^{\*}$ be the adjoint of the product map $m\_{G}:{\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G}\otimes {\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G}\to {\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G}.}}}$ The Fundamental theorem of algebraic integral geometry relating operations on valuations to integral geometry, states that if the Poincaré duality is used to identify $\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G}$ with $\mathcal {V}^{\infty }(M)^{G\*},$ then $k\_{G}=m\_{G}^{\*}$:

.

## Bibliography

* S. Alesker (2018). *Introduction to the theory of valuations*. CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, 126. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI. ISBN 978-1-4704-4359-7.
* S. Alesker; J. H. G. Fu (2014). *Integral geometry and valuations*. Advanced Courses in Mathematics. CRM Barcelona. Birkhäuser/Springer, Basel. ISBN 978-1-4704-4359-7.
* D. A. Klain; G.-C. Rota (1997). *Introduction to geometric probability*. Lezioni Lincee. \[Lincei Lectures\]. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59362-X.
* R. Schneider (2014). *Convex bodies: the Brunn-Minkowski theory*. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, 151. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, RI. ISBN 978-1-107-60101-7.


title: Maybe Dolls

abstract: Maybe Dolls were an Australian pop music band consisting of siblings Annalisse Morrow and Chris Morrow. The pair were former members of a power pop group, the Numbers. They had issued a single, "A Five Letter Word", in mid-1980, which reached No. 40 on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart.

text:
# Maybe Dolls

**Maybe Dolls** were an Australian pop music band consisting of siblings Annalisse Morrow (bass guitar, lead vocals) and Chris Morrow (lead guitar, lead vocals). The pair were former members of a power pop group, the Numbers. They had issued a single, "A Five Letter Word", in mid-1980, which reached No. 40 on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart.

## Formation

The Morrows formed Maybe Dolls in 1991 in Sydney as a pop music trio with Paul Wheeler on drums (ex-Icehouse). Tim Powles (ex-Venetians) later took over on drums. In July 1992 Chris Morrow reflected on the differences between the two groups, "With our former band, The Numbers, I used to write most of the material. I tended to focus on lyrics and guitar riffs but being a singer Annalisse broadens the songs melodically. Now the voice is serving the lyrics and vice versa — the songs have got both form and content." *The Canberra Times*' reviewer felt that "Annalisse's unique vocal style — equal parts pixie and banshee — has been enriched by stints singing jazz and blues in small clubs and even some techno-funk dabblings."

Their debut single, "Nervous Kid", was released in August 1991, and reached No. 32 on the ARIA Singles Chart. It was featured in the Australian TV soap opera, *E Street*. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1992 "Nervous Kid" was nominated for Breakthrough Artist – Single.

A second single, "Cool Jesus", reached No. 31 in February 1992, followed by their only album, *Propaganda* (2 March 1992), which reached the top 30. To record the album the Morrows were joined in the studio by Paul Gray on keyboards (ex-Wa Wa Nee), Peter Kekel on keyboards (ex-Jimmy Barnes Band), Justin Stanley on keyboards (ex-Noiseworks), and John Watson on drums. Annalise explained that "the songs were written over a three year period so they cover lots of ground. I guess lyrically they're all about applying personal politics to the world outside. A lot of them work on a number of different levels so they sort of keep people guessing what they may be about."

## Break-up

After disbanding Annalisse left the music industry and Chris became a design teacher in northern New South Wales. In January 2008 Annalisse told *The Sydney Morning Herald*'s correspondent that "'The one thing I miss is singing,' she says, adding with a laugh, 'And I still can't get used to getting up in the morning... It got to the point where I couldn't listen to anybody singing for quite some time'."

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of albums, with Australian chart positions
| Title | Album details | Peak chart
positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 |
| *Propaganda* | * Released: 2 March 1992 * Format: CD * Label: BMG | 25 |

### Singles

| Year | Title | Peak chart
position | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
 | |
| 1991 | "Nervous Kid" | 32 | *Propaganda* |
| 1992 | "Cool Jesus" | 31 | |
| | "Never Look Back" | 114 | |
| | "Only Love" |  | |
| 1993 | "Goodbye" |  | non-album single |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Awards and nominations

### ARIA Music Awards

The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony held by the Australian Recording Industry Association. They commenced in 1987.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | "Nervous Kid" | Breakthrough Artist - Single | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Maybe Dolls | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Genres | Pop |
| Years active | 1991 (1991)–1993 (1993) |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Past members | * Annalisse Morrow * Chris Morrow * Paul Wheeler * Tim Powles |


title: Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn ABDeh 4/8

abstract: The Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn ABDeh 4/8, also known as Komet, is a two member class of metre gauge electric trains operated by the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB), in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland. The class is so named under the Swiss locomotive and railcar classification system. According to that system, ABDeh 4/8 denotes an electric railcar with first class, second class and baggage compartments, and a total of eight axles, four of which are drive axles fitted with cogwheels for rack rail operation.

text:
# Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn ABDeh 4/8

The **Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn ABDeh 4/8**, also known as *Komet*, is a two member class of metre gauge electric trains operated by the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB), in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland.

The class is so named under the Swiss locomotive and railcar classification system. According to that system, *ABDeh 4/8* denotes an electric railcar with first class, second class and baggage compartments, and a total of eight axles, four of which are drive axles fitted with cogwheels for rack rail operation.

## Technical details

The ABDeh 4/8 class is part of the Stadler GTW family of articulated railcars. It has an aluminium frame, semi panoramic low floor bodies, and air suspension. The first class compartment has 30 seats, and there are 114 second class seats.

Each of the powered bogies fitted to the class is equipped with two traction motors, and with Abt rack system pinion wheels.

Both members of the class can be marshalled as part of a longer train comprising up to three similar trains, including ABDeh 4/10 2011 class trains.

## Service history

The class is used for regional train services on the Brig–Visp–Zermatt line.

* Stolz, Théo (2007). *Taschenlexikon Triebfahrzeuge der Schweiz: die Lokomotiven und Triebwagen der Schweizer Bahnen des öffentlichen Verkehrs am 1. Januar 2006* (in German). Lucerne: Minirex. ISBN 978-3-907014-31-8.

*This article is based upon a translation of the Dutch-language version as at December 2011.*

## InfoBox

| Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn ABDeh 4/8 | |
| --- | --- |
| ABDeh 4/8 2022 and ABDeh 4/10 2011 at Brig, 2010. | |
| Manufacturer | Stadler Rail AG, Bussnang |
| Family name | Stadler GTW |
| Constructed | 2007–2008 |
| Number built | 2 |
| Number in service | 2 |
| Fleet numbers | 2021–2022 |
| Capacity | *First class:* 30 seats
*Second class:* 114 seats |
| Operators | Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn |
| Specifications | |
| Train length | 56,600 mm (185 ft 8 in) |
| Width | 2,650 mm (8 ft 8 in) |
| Height | 3,950 mm (13 ft 0 in) |
| Maximum speed | *Adhesion:* 80 km/h (50 mph)
*Rack rail:* 40 km/h (25 mph) |
| Weight | 77 tonnes (169,800 lb) |
| Traction system | ADtranz |
| Power output | 4 x 325 kW (440 hp) |
| Electric system(s) | 11 kV 16.7 Hz |
| Current collector(s) | Overhead |
| UIC classification | *Adhesion:* 2'Bo'Bo'2'
*Rack rail:* 2'zz'zz'2' |
| Track gauge | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+38 in) metre gauge |


title: Utricularia antennifera

abstract: Utricularia antennifera is a terrestrial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is endemic to Western Australia.

text:
# Utricularia antennifera

***Utricularia antennifera*** is a terrestrial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia* (family Lentibulariaceae). It is endemic to Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia antennifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Polypompholyx* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Pleiochasia* |
| Species: | ***U. antennifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia antennifera***<br>P.Taylor 1986 | |
|