title: Parotid gland

abstract: The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands. Each parotid is wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and secretes serous saliva through the parotid duct into the mouth, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches. There are also two other types of salivary glands; they are submandibular and sublingual glands. Sometimes accessory parotid glands are found close to the main parotid glands.

text:
# Parotid gland

The **parotid gland** is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands. Each parotid is wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and secretes serous saliva through the parotid duct into the mouth, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches. There are also two other types of salivary glands; they are submandibular and sublingual glands. Sometimes **accessory parotid glands** are found close to the main parotid glands.

## Etymology

The word ***parotid*** literally means "**beside the ear**". From Greek παρωτίς (stem παρωτιδ-) : (gland) behind the ear \< παρά - pará : in front, and οὖς - ous (stem ὠτ-, ōt-) : ear.

## Structure

The parotid glands are a pair of mainly serous salivary glands located below and in front of each ear canal, draining their secretions into the vestibule of the mouth through the parotid duct. Each gland lies behind the mandibular ramus and in front of the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The gland can be felt on either side, by feeling in front of each ear, along the cheek, and below the angle of the mandible.

The parotid duct, a long excretory duct, emerges from the front of each gland, superficial to the masseter muscle. The duct pierces the buccinator muscle, then opens into the mouth on the inner surface of the cheek, usually opposite the maxillary second molar. The parotid papilla is a small elevation of tissue that marks the opening of the parotid duct on the inner surface of the cheek.

The gland has four surfaces – superficial or lateral, superior, anteromedial, and posteromedial. The gland has three borders – anterior, medial, and posterior. The parotid gland has two ends – a superior end in the form of a small superior surface and an inferior end (apex).

A number of different structures pass through the gland. From lateral to medial, these are:

1. Facial nerve
2. Retromandibular vein
3. External carotid artery
4. Superficial temporal artery
5. Branches of the great auricular nerve
6. Maxillary artery

Sometimes accessory parotid glands are found as an anatomic variation. These are close to the main glands and consist of ectopic salivary gland tissue.

**Capsule of parotid gland**

A capsule of the parotid gland is formed from the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia. It is supplied by the great auricular nerve. The fascia splits to enclose the gland. This splitting occurs between the angle of the mandible and the mastoid process. The *superficial lamina (parotidomassetric fascia)* is thick and is attached to the zygomatic arch. The deep lamina is thin and is attached to the styloid process, tympanic plate, and the ramus of the mandible. The part of the deep lamina extending between the styloid process and the mandible is thickened to form a *stylomastoid ligament.* The stylomandibular ligament separates the parotid gland from the superficial lobe of the submandibular gland.

### Relations

* **Superficial or lateral relations**: The gland is situated deep to the skin, superficial fascia, superficial lamina of investing layer of deep cervical fascia, and great auricular nerve (anterior ramus of C2 and C3).
* **Anteromedial relations**: The gland is situated posterolaterally to the mandibular ramus, masseter, and medial pterygoid muscles. A part of the gland may extend between the ramus and medial pterygoid, as the pterygoid process. Branches of the facial nerve and parotid duct emerge through this surface.
* **Posteromedial relations**: The gland is situated anterolaterally to mastoid process of temporal bone with its attached sternocleidomastoid and digastric muscles, styloid process of temporal bone with its three attached muscles (stylohyoid, stylopharyngeus, and styloglossus) and carotid sheath with its contained neurovasculature (internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th cranial nerves).
* **Medial relations**: The parotid gland comes into contact with the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle at the medial border, where the anteromedial and posteromedial surfaces meet. Hence, a need exists to examine the fauces in parotitis.

The facial nerve (CN VII) splits into its branches within the parotid gland, thus forming its parotid plexus. Nerves of this plexus then pass through the parotid gland without innervating the gland itself.

### Vasculature

**Arterial supply**

The external carotid artery and its terminal branches within the gland, namely, the superficial temporal and the maxillary artery, also the posterior auricular artery supply the parotid gland.

**Venous drainage**

Venous return is to the retromandibular veins.

**Lymphatic drainage**

The gland is mainly drained into the preauricular or parotid lymph nodes which ultimately drain to the deep cervical chain.

### Nerve supply

The parotid gland receives both sensory and autonomic innervation.

**Sympathetic**

The cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic fibres that supply the gland usually lie in the lateral horns of upper thoracic spinal segments (T1-T3).  Postganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion reach the gland by passing along the external carotid artery and middle meningeal artery. They act to cause vasoconstriction.

**Parasympathetic**

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers for the parotid gland arise in the brainstem in the inferior salivatory nucleus, and leave the brain in the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), then pass in the tympanic nerve to the tympanic plexus, then from the tympanic plexus in the lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion where they synapse. Postganglionic (post-synaptic) fibers from the ganglion then "hitch-hike" along the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the parotid gland.

**Sensory**

General sensory innervation to the parotid gland and its capsule is provided by the auriculotemporal nerve.

### Histology

The gland has a capsule of its own of dense connective tissue but is also provided with a false capsule by the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia. The fascia at the imaginary line between the angle of the mandible and the mastoid process splits into a superficial and a deep lamina to enclose the gland. The risorius is a small muscle embedded with this capsule substance.

The gland has short, striated ducts and long, intercalated ducts. The intercalated ducts are also numerous and lined with cuboidal epithelial cells and have lumina larger than those of the acini. The striated ducts are also numerous and consist of simple columnar epithelium, having striations that represent the infolded basal cell membranes and mitochondria.

Though the parotid gland is the largest, it provides only 25% of the total salivary volume. The serous cell predominates in the parotid, making the gland secrete a mainly serous secretory product.

The parotid gland also secretes salivary alpha-amylase (**sAA**), which is the first step in the decomposition of starches during mastication. It is the main exocrine gland to secrete this. It breaks down amylose (straight chain starch) and amylopectin (branched starch) by hydrolyzing alpha 1,4 bonds. Additionally, the alpha amylase has been suggested to prevent bacterial attachment to oral surfaces and to enable bacterial clearance from the mouth.

### Development

The parotid salivary glands appear early in the sixth week of the prenatal development and are the first major salivary glands formed. The epithelial buds of these glands are located on the inner part of the cheek, near the labial commissures of the primitive mouth (from ectodermal lining near angles of the stomodeum in the 1st/2nd pharyngeal arches; the stomodeum itself is created from the rupturing of the oropharyngeal membrane at about 26 days.) These buds grow up posteriorly toward the otic placodes of the ears and branch to form solid cords with rounded terminal ends near the developing facial nerve. Later, at around 10 weeks of prenatal development, these cords are canalized and form ducts, with the largest becoming the parotid duct for the parotid gland. The rounded terminal ends of the cords form the acini of the glands. Secretion by the parotid glands via the parotid duct begins at about 18 weeks of gestation. Again, the supporting connective tissue of the gland develops from the surrounding mesenchyme.

## Clinical significance

### Parotitis

Inflammation of one or both parotid glands is known as parotitis. The most common cause of parotitis is mumps. Widespread vaccination against mumps has markedly reduced the incidence of mumps parotitis. The pain of mumps is due to the swelling of the gland within its fibrous capsule.

Apart from viral infection, other infections, such as bacterial, can cause parotitis (acute suppurative parotitis or chronic parotitis). These infections may cause blockage of the duct by salivary duct calculi or external compression. Parotid gland swellings can also be due to benign lymphoepithelial lesions caused by Mikulicz disease and Sjögren syndrome. Swelling of the parotid gland may also indicate the eating disorder bulimia nervosa, creating the look of a heavy jaw line. With the inflammation of mumps or obstruction of the ducts, increased levels of the salivary alpha amylase secreted by the parotid gland can be detected in the blood stream.

#### Mumps

Mumps is seen to be a common cause of parotid gland swelling  85% of cases occur in children younger than 15 years. The disease is highly contagious and spreads by airborne droplets from salivary, nasal, and urinary secretions. Symptoms include oedema in the area, trismus as well as otalgia. The lesion tends to begin on one side of the face and eventually becomes bilateral. The transmission of the paramyxovirus is by contact with the infected persons saliva. Initial symptoms tend to be a headache and fever. Mumps is not fatal, however further complications can include swelling of the ovaries or the testes. Diagnosis of mumps is confirmed through viral serology, management of the condition includes hydration and good oral hygiene of the patient requiring excellent motivation. However, since the development of the mumps vaccine, given at the age of between 4–6 years, the incidence of this viral infection has greatly reduced. This vaccine has reduced the incidence by 99%.

### Fibrous reactions

Tuberculosis and syphilis can cause granuloma formation in the parotid glands.

### Salivary stones

Salivary stones mainly occur within the main confluence of the ducts and within the main parotid duct. The patient usually complains of intense pain when salivating and tends to avoid foods which produce this symptom. In addition, the parotid gland may become enlarged upon trying to eat. The pain can be reproduced in clinic by squirting lemon juice into the mouth. Surgery depends upon the site of the stone: if within the anterior aspect of the duct, a simple incision into the buccal mucosa with sphinterotomy may allow removal; however, if situated more posteriorly within the main duct, complete gland excision may be necessary.

### Injury

The parotid salivary gland can also be pierced and the facial nerve temporarily traumatized when an inferior alveolar local anesthesia nerve block is incorrectly administered, causing transient facial paralysis.

### Cancer and tumours

About 80% of tumors of the parotid gland are benign. The most common of these include pleomorphic adenoma (70% of tumors, of which 60% occur in females) and Warthin tumor (i.e. adenolymphoma, which is more common in males than in females). Their importance is in relation to their anatomical position and tendency to grow over time. The tumorous growth can also change the consistency of the gland and cause facial pain on the involved side.

Around 20% of parotid tumors are malignant, with the most common tumors being mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Other malignant tumors of the parotid gland include acinic cell carcinoma, carcinoma expleomorphic adenoma, adenocarcinoma (arising from ductal epithelium of parotid gland), squamous cell carcinoma (arising from parenchyma of parotid gland), and undifferentiated carcinoma. Metastasis from other sites like phyllodes tumour of breast presenting as parotid swelling have also been described. Critically, the relationship of the tumor to the branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) must be defined because resection may damage the nerves, resulting in paralysis of the muscles of facial expression.

#### Benign

Neoplastic lesions of the parotid salivary gland can either be benign or malignant. Within the parotid gland, nearly 80% of tumours are benign. Benign lesions tend to be painless, asymptomatic and slow-growing. The most common salivary gland neoplasms in children are hemangiomas, lymphatic malformations, and pleomorphic adenomas. Diagnosis of benign lesions require a fine-needle-like aspiration biopsy. With various benign lesions, most commonly the pleomorphic adenoma, there is a risk of developing malignancy over time. As a result, these lesions are typically resected.

Pleomorphic adenoma is seen to be a common benign neoplasm of the salivary gland and has an overall incidence of 54–68%. The Warthin tumour has a lower incidence of 6–10%; this tumour is associated with smoking and is more common in older men. Benign lesions of the parotid gland have a significantly higher incidence than malignant lesions.

#### Malignant

Malignant salivary gland lesions are rare. However, when a tumour extends to the submandibular, sublingual and the minor salivary glands, they tend to be malignant. Distinguishing a malignant lesion from a benign one may be difficult as they both present as painless lesions. A biopsy is crucial in aiding diagnosis. There are common signs that can highlight the presence of a malignant lesion. These include facial nerve weakness, rapid increase of the size of the lump as well as ulceration of the mucosa of the skin.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a common malignant tumour of the salivary glands and has a low incidence of 4–13%. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is also a common malignant salivary gland lesion and has an incidence of 4–8%. This carcinoma tends to invade nerves and can re-occur post-treatment.

### Polycystic parotid disease

A developmental polycystic disease of the salivary gland is seen to be extremely rare and is seen to be independent of recurrent parotitis. The cause is thought to be a defect in the interactions between activin, follistatin and TGF-β, leading to a developmental disorder of glandular tissue.

### Surgery

Surgical treatment of parotid gland tumors is sometimes difficult because of the anatomical relations of the facial nerve parotid lodge, as well as the increased potential for postoperative relapse. Thus, detection of early stages of a parotid tumor is extremely important in terms of postoperative prognosis. Operative technique is laborious, because of relapses and incomplete previous treatment made in other border specialties. Surgical techniques in parotid surgery have evolved in the last years with the use of neuromonitoring of the facial nerve and have become safer and less invasive.

After surgical removal of the parotid gland (parotidectomy), the auriculotemporal nerve is liable to damage and upon recovery it fuses with sweat glands. This can cause sweating on the cheek on the side of the face of the affected gland. This condition is known as Frey's syndrome.

## Infections

### Bacterial infections

#### Acute bacterial parotitis

Commonly caused by a retrograde bacterial infection as a result of illness, sepsis, trauma, surgery, reduced salivary flow due to medications, diabetes, malnutrition and dehydration. Classically symptoms of painful swelling in the parotid region when eating seen. Management is based upon antibacterials, rehydration combined with gentle massage to encourage salivary flow.

#### Chronic bacterial parotitis

A latent infection despite clinical resolution of the disease resulting in impaired function. Histologically glandular duct dilation, abscess formation and atrophy may be seen. Parotid secretions are viscous. Disease course shows pain and swelling, waxing and waning. Radiographic screening should be undertaken to rule out sialolith. Management with palliative care with parotidectomy as a last resort.

### Viral infections

#### Mumps

Acute non-suppurative disease that often occurs in epidemics. Prevented by MMR vaccine. Caused by paramyxovirus that is transmitted by infected saliva and urine. A prodromal period of 24–28 hours is experienced, followed by rapid and painful swelling of the parotid gland. Treatment is supportive (bedrest, hydration) as spontaneous resolution occurs within 5–10 days.

#### HIV / AIDS

Diffuse gland enlargement is seen, and may affect patients throughout all stages of the infection. Lymphoepithelial cysts seen via imaging help aid diagnosis. Pathogenic process occurs due to circulating CD8 lymphocytes within the salivary gland. Medical management via use of antiretrovirals, excellent oral hygiene measures and sialogogues.

#### Systemic lupus erythematosus

Most commonly seen in fourth and fifth decades in women, and can affect any salivary gland. Presentation is a slowly enlarging gland, with diagnosis made by identification of the underlying systemic disorder and measurements of salivary chemical levels. Sodium and chloride ion levels will be elevated two or three times normal levels. Treatment is by addressing the underlying systemic condition.

#### Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a chronic systemic disease characterised by the production of non-caseating granulomas of unknown aetiology. It can affect any organ of the body, depressing cellular immunity and enhancing humoral immunity.

Salivary gland involvement primarily involves both parotid glands, causing enlargement and swelling. Salivary gland biopsy with histopathologic examination is needed to make the distinction between whether Sjoren's syndrome or sarcoidosis is the cause of this.

#### Sjogren's syndrome

Salivary gland enlargement occurs in up to 30% of patients with Sjogren's syndrome, with the parotid gland being most often enlarged, and bilateral parotid gland enlargement seen in 25–60% of patients. However, the parotid glands have a longer-lasting secretory capacity in Sjogren's syndrome patient and therefore are the last glands to manifest hyposalivation in the disease. Histopathology shows clustering of lymphocytic infiltrates and epimyoepithelial islands.

### Mycobacterial infection

The most common head and neck manifestation of tuberculosis mycobacterial disease is infection of cervical lymph nodes. The infection is thought to originate in the tonsils or gingiva, ascending to the parotid gland. Two clinical forms; acute and chronic lesions. Acute lesions have diffuse glandular edema, easily confused with acute sialdentitis or abscess. The chronic lesions occur as slow growing masses mimicking tumors.

## Examination of the salivary gland

### History and examination

A patient with parotid swelling may complain of swelling, pain, xerostomia, bad taste and sometimes sialorrhoea.

The most common presenting symptom of neoplasms (both benign and malignant) is an asymptomatic swelling. Pain is more common in patients with parotid cancer (10–29% feel pain) than those with benign neoplasms (only 2.5–4%), but pain itself it not diagnostic of malignancy.

Episodic swelling of major salivary glands accompanied by pain and related to salivary stimuli suggests duct obstruction.

Also need to assess the facial nerve. The facial nerve passes through the parotid so may be affected if there is a change in the parotid gland. Facial nerve paralysis in a previously untreated patient usually indicates that a tumour is malignant.

### Physical examination

The superficial location of the salivary glands allows palpation and visual inspection. The inspection must be systematic, both intraorally and extraorally, so no area is missed.

For extraoral examination the patients head should be inclined forwards in order to maximally expose the parotid and submandibular glands. A normal parotid gland is barely palpable and a normal sublingual gland is not palpable.

Intra-oral examination should include observations for asymmetry, discolouration, pulsation and obstructions in the duct orifices. Swelling of the deep lobe of the parotid gland may be seen intra-orally, and may also displace the tonsil. The minor salivary glands should be examined. The labial, buccal and posterior palatal mucosa should be dried with an air blower or tissue and pressed to assess the flow of saliva.

### Salivary testing

Salivary stimulation

* This can be done by palpating the parotid gland, thus stimulating it. Assess to see whether there is saliva flowing from the parotid papilla.

Sialography

* Sialograms can identify changes in salivary gland architecture and are useful in the evaluation of major gland swellings
* It involves the instillation of a radio-opaque fluid into the major gland ductal system. This outlines the major and minor ductal systems, and also gives an outline of the glandular tissue
* For example, sialadenitis creates an appearance known as “pruning of the tree” on a sialogram, where there are less branches visible from the duct system. Also, a space occupying lesion that occurs within or adjacent to a salivary gland can displace the normal anatomy of the gland. This may create an appearance known as “ball in hand” on a sialogram, where the ducts are curved around the mass of the lesion.

Sialochemistry

* The composition of saliva changes in disease states, and analysis of saliva for enzymes, electrolytes, hormones, drugs and immunisation status can be performed.

Radioisotope scintigraphy

* Gives an objective measure of isotope uptake and excretion using a gamma scintillation camera. After about 20 minutes, a salivary stimulant will be given to promote salivary flow through the gland. They are used to assess patients with persistent symptoms of dry mouth and also to evaluate salivary gland swelling due to infection, inflammation or obstruction.

### Further tests

* Imagining techniques
    + Ultrasounds, CT Scans or MRIs can aid with disease localisation
* Sialoendoscopy
    + A camera is inserted into the duct of a salivary gland to assess blockages
* Biopsy
    + This can be done by fine needle aspiration biopsy, which provides an opportunity to obtain information about the histology of a salivary tumour prior to initiation of treatment.

## Additional images

## InfoBox

| Parotid gland | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the left parotid gland in humans (shown in green). | |
| Image | |
| Details | |
| Part of | Salivary glands |
| System | Digestive system |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *glandula parotidea* |
| MeSH | D010306 |
| TA98 | A05.1.02.003 |
| TA2 | 2800 |
| FMA | 59790 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Mogamulizumab

abstract: Mogamulizumab, sold under the brand name Poteligeo, is a humanized, afucosylated monoclonal antibody targeting CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4). It is given by injection into a vein. The most common side effects include rash, infusion-related reactions, fatigue, diarrhea, musculoskeletal pain, and upper respiratory tract infection. Mogamulizumab was approved for medical use in Japan in 2012. It was approved for medical use in the United States and the European Union in 2018. It was approved for medical use in Canada in 2022. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

text:
# Mogamulizumab

**Mogamulizumab**, sold under the brand name **Poteligeo**, is a humanized, afucosylated monoclonal antibody targeting CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4). It is given by injection into a vein.

The most common side effects include rash, infusion-related reactions, fatigue, diarrhea, musculoskeletal pain, and upper respiratory tract infection.

Mogamulizumab was approved for medical use in Japan in 2012. It was approved for medical use in the United States and the European Union in 2018. It was approved for medical use in Canada in 2022. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

## Medical uses

Mogamulizumab is indicated for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome after at least one prior systemic therapy.

## History

The precursor to mogamulizumab was a mouse anti-human CCR4 IgG1 mAb (KM2160), that was made in 1996 in a collaboration between Kouji Matsushima of University of Tokyo and Kyowa Hakko Kirin. Kyowa humanized it, and expressed the humanized gene in a CHO cell line in which *FUT8* had been knocked out, which produced antibodies with no fucose in the Fc region. This is thought to enhance its antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. It was first tested in humans in 2007.

Kyowa licensed rights for use outside of cancer to Amgen in 2008, for $100 million up front and $420 million in biodollars. Amgen ran a Phase I study to explore its use in asthma. Amgen terminated the agreement in 2014.

In 2017, the US FDA granted the application for mogamulizumab a priority review for cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Full approval was granted by the FDA in August 2018. The FDA approval was based on a clinical trial of 372 participants with relapsed mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome who received either mogamulizumab or a type of chemotherapy called vorinostat. The FDA granted the application for mogamulizumab priority review, breakthrough therapy, and orphan drug designations. The FDA granted the approval of Poteligeo to Kyowa Kirin, Inc.

## Society and culture

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved mogamulizumab in August 2018, for the treatment of relapsed or refractory mycosis fungoides and Sézary disease. Mogamulizumab was approved in Japan in 2012, for the treatment of relapsed or refractory CCR4+ adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and in 2014, for relapsed or refractory CCR4+ cutaneous T cell lymphoma. The latter approval was based on study with 28 participants.

Mogamulizumab was approved for medical use in the European Union in November 2018, and in Canada in June 2022.

## Research

Mogamulizumab is being explored as a treatment for HTLV-1–Associated Myelopathy. An early Phase 1-2a study showed decreased in proviral loads, as well as inflammatory markers in the CSF. 79% of the patients showed reduction in spasticity and 32% showed decrease in motor disability.

## InfoBox

Mogamulizumab
| Monoclonal antibody | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Whole antibody |
| Source | Humanized (from mouse) |
| Target | CCR4 |
| Clinical data | |
| Pronunciation | moe gam" ue liz' ue mab |
| Trade names | Poteligeo |
| Other names | mogamulizumab-kpkc |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a618064 |
| License data |  |
| Pregnancy
category |  |
| Routes of
administration | Intravenous |
| Drug class | Antineoplastic agent |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider | * none |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C6520H10072N1736O2020S42 |
| Molar mass | 146444.95 g·mol−1 |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Phloeograptis

abstract: Phloeograptis is a genus of moths in the family Oecophoridae.

text:
# Phloeograptis

***Phloeograptis*** is a genus of moths in the family Oecophoridae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Phloeograptis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Oecophoridae |
| Genus: | ***Phloeograptis***<br>Meyrick, 1904 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Paracharactis* Meyrick, 1918 * *Parasophista* Meyrick, 1935 * *Epicharactis* Turner, 1946 | |


title: Fryette Amplification

abstract: Fryette Amplification of North Hollywood, California is a manufacturer of hand-built electric guitar amplifiers, speaker cabinets, power amplifiers, sound effects pedals and pedalboard accessories. The company was founded as VHT Amplification in Studio City, Los Angeles, California by Steven Fryette in January 1989 and was the first to produce a true three-channel vacuum tube amplifier.

text:
# Fryette Amplification

**Fryette Amplification** of North Hollywood, California is a manufacturer of hand-built electric guitar amplifiers, speaker cabinets, power amplifiers, sound effects pedals and pedalboard accessories. The company was founded as VHT Amplification in Studio City, Los Angeles, California by Steven Fryette in January 1989 and was the first to produce a true three-channel vacuum tube amplifier.

## History

A few years after moving from Seattle, Washington to Los Angeles, California in 1976, Steven Fryette landed a job as a repair technician at Valley Arts Guitar. Fryette honed his skills doing custom work, repairs, and modifications for the likes of Eddie Van Halen, Steve Lukather, Larry Carlton, Tommy Tedesco, Ry Cooder, Buzz Feiten, Carlos Rios, Duane Eddy, and many other guitar players.

After several years of building experimental prototypes for an all-tube stereo power amplifier and the first in a long line of multi-channel, multi-featured amplifiers under the PITTBULL moniker, Fryette decided to go launch his business. VHT Amplification officially began in January 1989 on the dining room table of a Studio City, California apartment near Valley Arts.

The VHT brand name is still in use by a different company based in Hayward, California. It specializes in affordable quality amplifiers.

## First amplifiers

**North Hollywood**

In 1991, after advance orders for the 2150 Power Amplifier, Fryette then moved to North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California into a converted storefront next door to Bob Bradshaw’s Custom Audio Electronics. Although the company’s time in this location was short, the Classic Power Amp and the first Pittbull Classic Head and Combo amplifiers were launched here.

**Newbury Park**

In 1992, the company moved to its first commercial building in Newbury Park, California. Many of the current flagship models were launched from this facility including the Pittbull Ultra Lead, Pittbull CL Series Pittbull Fifty Series, Pittbull Forty-Five Series, and the Two/Ninety/Two and Two/Fifty/Two Power Amplifiers. This period also marks the beginning of Fryette’s association with Eminence Speakers, resulting in the development of the P100E, P50E, and P75E 12-inch guitar speakers.

**Sylmar**

In 2001, VHT moved its operation into the SWR Sound Corporation facility, where the company released the Valvulator GP3 guitar pre-amplifier to accompany its power amplifiers. In conjunction with the development of the GP3, the company applied for its first patent for its Dynamic Sensing circuit. Dynamic Sensing solved the problem of making a stand-alone pre-amp behave more like a tube guitar amplifier head.

**Burbank**

In 2002, VHT Amplification relocated to Burbank, California. After moving to Burbank, the company designed & produced the Super 30 combo. The Deliverance Series followed, consisting of single-channel amplifier heads & speaker cabinets. The Sig: X three-channel amplifier came next, incorporating the patented Dynamic Sensing Technology.

**Fryette Amplification**

On January 1, 2009, the company's name changed to Steven Fryette Design, Inc. Under the brand, Fryette Amplification, the company continues to manufacture all of the products that were under the VHT name. The Memphis Thirty combo, incorporating its specially designed AR75 speaker, is the first new Fryette Amplification product release to come out of Burbank.

**North Hollywood**

In 2010 Fryette Amplification relocated back to North Hollywood, where they developed the Power Station, LXII Single Space Stereo Tube Power Amp, S.A.S and Boostassio Pedals, Valvulator GP/DI Desktop Recording Amplifier, and Aether hand-wired modern vintage amplifier.

## Current models

**Power Amplifiers**

Rack mountable power amplifiers were the genesis of the company. Early customers such as Metallica, Steve Lukather, Alice In Chains, Anthrax (an American band), and Megadeth, helped solidify the company as one of the pioneers of the rack revolution...

**Pittbull Series**

The Pittbulls were the second amplifier series created by Fryette, which includes the KT88 powered 120 Watt Pittbull Ultra-Lead three-channel head, the Master Built EL34 powered 100 Watt Pittbull Hundred/CLX three-channel head, the award-winning (2) dual-channel EL34 powered Pittbull Hundred/CL head & its counterpart the Fifty/CL head. The series also included the EL84-based Pittbull Fifty series, the Pittbull Forty-Five series as well as the EL34-based Pittbull Fifty series heads and combos.

**Valvulator I**

The Valvulator I is a Vacuum Tube Buffer-Line Driver and a Multiple Output Regulated DC Power Supply. It was designed to solve the problems of diminished high-frequency response caused by cable capacitance, decreased signal level and high-frequency response from impedance effects, and signal degradation caused by the design of circuitries in effects devices. The Valvulator I solved these problems using a vacuum tube-based Buffer circuit to transform the guitar signal from high impedance to low impedance.

**Deliverance Series**

In January 2005 Fryette unveiled the single-channel KT88 powered Deliverance series amplifiers and cabinets. This series includes the Deliverance One Twenty, the Deliverance Sixty, and the Deliverance speaker cabinets.

**Sig: X**

In January 2007 Fryette unveiled the three-channel 100 Watt Sig: X amplifier, a new design that offers a feature set designed to allow guitar players the capability & flexibility to dial in their own unique or signature sound. The model name Sig: X was in response to the market’s saturation of artist signature model products.

**Speaker Cabinets**

Fryette manufactures the FatBottom Series & the Deliverance Series guitar speaker cabinets. Both are CNC (Numerical control) milled, constructed with Baltic Birch & front mounted with the Fryette P50E speaker. The Deliverance cabinets utilize the Fryette V-BRACE technology producing a looser feel than the FatBottom cabinets.

**Memphis**

The Memphis Thirty was the first new product released under the Fryette name. The Memphis also marked the return of combo amplifiers to the Fryette line. The Class A, 2 channel Memphis Thirty 1x12 was the first amp in the new Memphis Series and features EL84 power tubes, 30 Watt & 18 Watt power modes & a unique removable hatch on the front panel allowing users to easily access and change pre-amp tubes.

**S.A.S and Boostassio Pedals**

Released in 2010, the S.A.S Distortion and Boostassio Boost pedals feature a unique EF86 driven tube design coupled with a variable Bias control to tailor the distortion behavior of the EF86.

**Power Station**

Introduced in 2014, the Power Station is an innovative product design that couples an adjustable reactive load with an internal 50W, 6L6 power amplifier. The Power Station serves as a power attenuator, power booster, and reamping device with a passive line out and posts load amp effects loop. The internal power amp response can be adjusted using dedicated Presence and Depth controls based on Fryette's original Depth Control design introduced in 1988.

**Aether Amplifier**

Also introduced in 2014, the Aether amplifier is Fryette's paradigm-shifting take on vintage modernism. In the Aether amp, the preamp, speaker, and reverb unit reside in the speaker cabinet while the power amp and power supply occupy a separate compact lunchbox style housing.

## Notable users

1. Guitar Player, July 2008
2. Guitar Player, October 2009

## InfoBox

Fryette Amplification
| Formerly | VHT Amplification |
| --- | --- |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Amplification |
| Founded | January 1989 (January 1989) |
| Founder | Steven Fryette |
| Headquarters | Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Area served | North America |
| Key people | Steven Fryette |
| Products | Amplifiers |
| Owner | Steven Fryette |
| Website | Official Fryette Amplification Web Site |


title: Phyllomacromia monoceros

abstract: Phyllomacromia monoceros is a species of dragonfly in the family Macromiidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Sierra Leone. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and rivers.

text:
# Phyllomacromia monoceros

***Phyllomacromia monoceros*** is a species of dragonfly in the family Macromiidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Sierra Leone. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and rivers.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllomacromia monoceros* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Macromiidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllomacromia* |
| Species: | ***P. monoceros*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllomacromia monoceros***
(Förster, 1906) | |
|


title: Philometra gerrei

abstract: Philometra gerrei is a species of parasitic nematode of fishes, infecting the gonads of marine perciform fishes off the eastern Indian coast. It was first found in the whipfin silver-biddy, Gerres filamentosus. It is distinguished from its cogenerates by the gubernaculum structure in males, as well as the shape and structure of the females' cephalic and caudal ends, and their oesophagus.

text:
# Philometra gerrei

***Philometra gerrei*** is a species of parasitic nematode of fishes, infecting the gonads of marine perciform fishes off the eastern Indian coast. It was first found in the whipfin silver-biddy, *Gerres filamentosus*. It is distinguished from its cogenerates by the gubernaculum structure in males, as well as the shape and structure of the females' cephalic and caudal ends, and their oesophagus.

## Further reading

* Moravec, František, and Atheer Ali. "Philometra johnii sp. nov.(Nematoda, Philometridae), a new gonad-infecting philometrid from the sin croaker Johnius dussumieri (Cuvier)(Perciformes, Sciaenidae) from marine waters of Iraq." Acta Parasitologica 58.3 (2013): 263-268.

## InfoBox

| *Philometra gerrei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Nematoda |
| Class: | Secernentea |
| Order: | Camallanida |
| Family: | Philometridae |
| Genus: | *Philometra* |
| Species: | ***Philometra gerrei***<br>Moravec & Manoharan, 2013 |
|


title: Philometra sphyraenae

abstract: Philometra sphyraenae is a species of parasitic nematode of fishes, infecting the gonads of marine perciform fishes off the eastern Indian coast. It was first found in the pickhandle barracuda, Sphyraena jello. It is distinguished from its cogenerates by the gubernaculum structure in males, as well as the shape and structure of the females' cephalic and caudal ends, and their oesophagus.

text:
# Philometra sphyraenae

***Philometra sphyraenae*** is a species of parasitic nematode of fishes, infecting the gonads of marine perciform fishes off the eastern Indian coast. It was first found in the pickhandle barracuda, *Sphyraena jello*. It is distinguished from its cogenerates by the gubernaculum structure in males, as well as the shape and structure of the females' cephalic and caudal ends, and their oesophagus.

## Further reading

* Selvakumar, Periyasamy, Alagarsamy Sakthivel, and Ayyaru Gopalakrishnan. "Journal of Coastal Life Medicine." Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 3.4 (2015): 290-294.
* Moravec, Frantisek, and Isaure de Buron. "A synthesis of our current knowledge of philometrid nematodes, a group of increasingly important fish parasites." Folia Parasitologica 60.2 (2013): 81.

## InfoBox

| *Philometra sphyraenae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Nematoda |
| Class: | Secernentea |
| Order: | Camallanida |
| Family: | Philometridae |
| Genus: | *Philometra* |
| Species: | ***P. sphyraenae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Philometra sphyraenae***<br>Moravec & Manoharan, 2013 | |
|


title: French v Auckland City Council

abstract: French v Auckland City Council [1974] 1 NZLR 340 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding land based nuisance claims in tort.

text:
# French v Auckland City Council

**French v Auckland City Council** \[1974\] 1 NZLR 340 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding land based nuisance claims in tort.

## Background

French leased some land in Glendowie. Auckland City owned some of the neighbouring land.

Initially, both parties land were infested with weeds, until French started a weed eradication program, whilst the council did not.

As a result of the weeds on the council land, their seeds continually reinfested French's land.

Eventually, French sued the council for nuisance.

## Held

The court awarded French $799.39 in damages for weed eradication.

## InfoBox

| French v Auckland City Council | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | High Court of New Zealand |
| Full case name | *French v Auckland City Council* |
| Decided | 10 August 1973 |
| Citation | \[1974\] 1 NZLR 340 |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | McMullin J |
| Keywords | |
| negligence | |


title: Paul Jutras

abstract: Paul Jutras is a Canadian film editor who has also worked in the music video and advertising industries. In the early 2000s, Jutras edited the music video "Qu'est ce que ca peut ben faire" by Eric Lapointe. In 2002, director Bernard Nadeau won an ADISQ award for the video. Jutras subsequently edited the 2005 film C.R.A.Z.Y. under director Jean-Marc Vallée. For C.R.A.Z.Y., Jutras won the Genie Award for Best Editing in March 2006, and the Jutra Award for Editing. However, in 2008 when Vallée reassembled much of his crew for his next film The Young Victoria, Jutras was replaced by Jill Bilcock. When Paul Arcand made his documentary film Québec sur ordonnance, he turned to Jutras for help with editing, and Arcand said they had great conversations in their work. In 2010, after editing an advertisement for Bombardier during the Winter Olympics, Jutras began working for Rooster Post, an advertising company based in Toronto. Later, he edited Juan Diego Solanas's 2012 film Upside Down.

text:
# Paul Jutras

**Paul Jutras** is a Canadian film editor who has also worked in the music video and advertising industries.

In the early 2000s, Jutras edited the music video "Qu'est ce que ca peut ben faire" by Eric Lapointe. In 2002, director Bernard Nadeau won an ADISQ award for the video.

Jutras subsequently edited the 2005 film *C.R.A.Z.Y.* under director Jean-Marc Vallée. For *C.R.A.Z.Y.*, Jutras won the Genie Award for Best Editing in March 2006, and the Jutra Award for Editing. However, in 2008 when Vallée reassembled much of his crew for his next film *The Young Victoria*, Jutras was replaced by Jill Bilcock.

When Paul Arcand made his documentary film *Québec sur ordonnance*, he turned to Jutras for help with editing, and Arcand said they had great conversations in their work. In 2010, after editing an advertisement for Bombardier during the Winter Olympics, Jutras began working for Rooster Post, an advertising company based in Toronto. Later, he edited Juan Diego Solanas's 2012 film *Upside Down*.

## InfoBox

| Paul Jutras | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Film editor |
| Awards | Genie Award for Best Editing |


title: Ninon Colneric

abstract: Ninon Colneric is the first female German judge at the European Court of Justice (2000-2006).

text:
# Ninon Colneric

**Ninon Colneric** (born 1948) is the first female German judge at the European Court of Justice (2000-2006).

## Career

Born in Oer-Erkenschwick, she studied legal science in Tübingen, Munich and Geneva. Following a period of academic research in London, she was awarded a doctorate in law by the University of Munich. She was authorised, by the University of Bremen, to teach labour law, sociology of law and social law. She was professor ad interim at the faculty of law of the universities of Frankfurt, and Bremen. She was a judge at the Labour Court (*Arbeitsgericht*) Oldenburg (1986-1989). She was president of the Landesarbeitsgericht Schleswig-Holstein (1989-2000). She collaborated, as an expert, on the European Expertise Service (European Union) project for the reform of the labour law of Kirghizstan (1994 to 1995). She was an honorary Professor at the University of Bremen in labour law, specifically in European labour law.

From 2000 until 2006 she was the first female German judge at the European Court of Justice. From 2008 until 2011 she became Co-Dean at the China-EU School of Law, a cooperative project between a consortium of European universities and the China University of Political Science and Law.

Since 2018 she is member of the Whistleblower-Netzwerk e.V., and since 2020 a member of the advisory board of the Institute for Secular Law.


title: Matana Buzurg railway station

abstract: Matana Buzurg railway station is an abandoned railway station of Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. It is operated by Western Railway which lies on Ujjain–Dewas–Indore track. The station consist of two platforms. The platforms are not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.

text:
# Matana Buzurg railway station

**Matana Buzurg railway station** (station code: MABG) is an abandoned railway station of Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. It is operated by Western Railway which lies on Ujjain–DewasIndore track. The station consist of two platforms. The platforms are not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.

## Major trains

Currently, there are no trains that stop at the station.

Ujjain travel guide from Wikivoyage

## InfoBox

| Matana Buzurg | |
| --- | --- |
| Passenger train station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | MP SH 18, Chandesara, Madhya Pradesh<br>India |
| Elevation | 501 metres (1,644 ft) |
| Owned by | Indian Railways |
| Operated by | Western Railway |
| Line(s) | Indore-Dewas-Ujjain section |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 3 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on-ground station) |
| Parking | No |
| Bicycle facilities | No |
| Other information | |
| Status | Single electric line |
| Station code | MABG |
| Zone(s) | Western Railway |
| Division(s) | Ratlam |
| History | |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Indian Railways Following station  Karchhatowards ?   Western Railway zoneIndore-Dewas-Ujjain section  Vikramnagartowards ? | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location   Interactive map | |


title: Wong graph

abstract: In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Wong graph is a 5-regular undirected graph with 30 vertices and 75 edges. It is one of the four (5,5)-cage graphs, the others being the Foster cage, the Meringer graph, and the Robertson–Wegner graph. Like the unrelated Harries–Wong graph, it is named after Pak-Ken Wong. It has chromatic number 4, diameter 3, and is 5-vertex-connected.

text:
# Wong graph

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the **Wong graph** is a 5-regular undirected graph with 30 vertices and 75 edges. It is one of the four (5,5)-cage graphs, the others being the Foster cage, the Meringer graph, and the Robertson–Wegner graph.

Like the unrelated Harries–Wong graph, it is named after Pak-Ken Wong.

It has chromatic number 4, diameter 3, and is 5-vertex-connected.

## Algebraic properties

The characteristic polynomial of the Wong graph is

$$(x-5)(x+1)^{2}(x^{2}-5)^{3}(x-1)^{5}(x^{2}+x-5)^{8}.$$

## InfoBox

| Wong graph | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Named after | Pak-Ken Wong |
| Vertices | 30 |
| Edges | 75 |
| Radius | 3 |
| Diameter | 3 |
| Girth | 5 |
| Automorphisms | 96 |
| Chromatic number | 4 |
| Chromatic index | 5 |
| Properties | Cage |
| Table of graphs and parameters | |


title: Maravathe Kanmaniye

abstract: Maravathe Kanmaniye is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by N. S. Madhavan in his debut. The film stars Vineeth and Ravali, with Karan, Reshma, Sivakumar and Senthil playing supporting roles. It was released on 7 October 1999.

text:
# Maravathe Kanmaniye

***Maravathe Kanmaniye*** (transl.Don't forget, apple of my eye) is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by N. S. Madhavan in his debut. The film stars Vineeth and Ravali, with Karan, Reshma, Sivakumar and Senthil playing supporting roles. It was released on 7 October 1999.

## Cast

## Production

When the film was launched in late 1997, Suriya was expected to star in the lead role and work alongside his father Sivakumar for the first time. However, he was later replaced by Vineeth. Ravali dieted and got into shape for her role in the film. *Maravathe Kanmaniye* is the debut of director N. S. Madhavan, producer Malaysia T. Maharathan and composer Mahakumar. Maharathan, a businessman from Malaysia who made a visit to Chennai met Mahakumar who was scouting for chances in films, he decided to produce the film after he was impressed by his tunes.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Mahakumar.

| Song | Singer(s) | Duration |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Koo Koo Kuyilamma" | Sujatha Mohan | 5:20 |
| "Vaanirukku" | Hariharan | 4:08 |
| "Ellora Oviyam" | Sujatha Mohan, P. Unnikrishnan, Anuradha Sriram | 4:43 |
| "Maravathey" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sunanda, T. L. Maharajan | 4:44 |

## InfoBox

| Maravathe Kanmaniye | |
| --- | --- |
| Title card | |
| Directed by | N. S. Maadhavan |
| Written by | N. S. Maadhavan |
| Produced by | Malaysia T. Maharathan |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Sekhar
V. Joseph |
| Edited by | V. Udhayasankaran |
| Music by | Mahakumar |
| Production
company | Maha Creations |
| Release date | * 7 October 1999 (1999-10-07) |
| Running time | 139 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Sant'Agostino, Piacenza

abstract: Sant'Agostino is a Renaissance style, former Roman Catholic church, located at the intersection of the Avenue Farnese and via Giordani in Piacenza, region of Emilia Romagna, Italy.

text:
# Sant'Agostino, Piacenza

**Sant'Agostino** is a Renaissance style, former Roman Catholic church, located at the intersection of the Avenue Farnese and via Giordani in Piacenza, region of Emilia Romagna, Italy.

## History

The adjacent convent was built during 1569-1573 by the Canons Regular of the Lateran, but the church building was not completed till 1608. The Lateransi had been in Piacenza since 1431, but had been evicted by the Pier Luigi Farnese from their prior holdings at the Monastery of San Marco. The neoclassical façade of the church was completed only in 1792 by Camillo Morigia. The facade recalls the Roman triumphal arches, with statues and a pediment decorated with angels and garlands. At the end of the 18th-century, the monastery came to be used as a military hospital. In 1798, the contents of this wealthy convent were auctioned to raise money to pay Napoleonic demands. This included a large library at the monastery. In 1816, the monastery was converted into a school for young women.

In 1828, the convent and church were bought by the city. After deconsecration and until the Second World War, the church and the monastery was used as barracks, hospital, and warehouse. The interior of the church is decorated with frescoes by Trotti; Procaccini ; Nuvoloni; Bartolomeo Baderna; Gian Paolo Lomazzo (Refectory, 1567); Antonio Cifrondi; and Rubini . The site is now deconsecrated and was used for exhibitions until 1985, and again since 2019.

45°2′50.71″N 9°41′34.1″E / 45.0474194°N 9.692806°E / 45.0474194; 9.692806


title: Patrick James (professor)

abstract: Patrick James, is Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, CA, and Director of the USC Center for International Studies.

text:
# Patrick James (professor)

**Patrick James** (born 1957), is Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, CA, and Director of the USC Center for International Studies.

## Education

James received his B.A. with honours in history at the University of Western Ontario in 1978, and a Ph.D in government and politics from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1984.

## Professional career

His first positions were as lecturer in Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, College Park, and as an Assistant Professor of Public Policy at the University of Manitoba. After receiving his Ph.D in 1984, he worked at McGill University as an Assistant and then Associate Professor of Political Science from 1984 to 1991. He then served as a Professor of Political Science at Florida State University from 1991 to 1994. From 1994 until 1998, he was chair of the Political Science Department at Iowa State University, then as Professor of Political Science there from 1999 to 2001. He then went to the University of Missouri as Professor of Political Science from 2001 until 2004, becoming the Frederick A. Middlebush Professor of Political Science from 2004 to 2005. Since 2005, he has been Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California, as well as the Director of the Center for International Studies.

He has taught in several other fields over the course of his professional life. These fields include International Relations, Comparative Politics, Rational Choice, and Empirical Methods. He specialized in fields such as conflict, crisis and war, Canadian politics, collective action, expected utility and game theory, and research design and statistics.

## Honours and awards

* Vice President, ISA, 2008–09
* Distinguished Scholar in Foreign Policy Analysis, International Studies Association (ISA), 2007.
* Delegate, The US Delegation of Scholars to Taiwan, 2007.
* President, Association for Canadian Studies in the United States (ACSUS), 2007-09.
* Eaton Lecturer, Centre of Canadian Studies, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, November, 2002.
* Senior Fellowship in Canadian Studies, Canadian Embassy, Washington, DC, 2001-02.
* Thomas O. Enders Professor of Canadian Studies, University of Calgary, 2000-2001.
* Lady Davis Professor of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1999.
* President, International Studies Association (Midwest), 1999-2000,
* President, Iowa Conference of Political Scientists, 1998-99.
* Milton R. Merrill Chair in Political Science, 1996–97, Utah State University.
* Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California, Susan Louise Dyer Peace Fellowship, 1991-1992.
* Canadian Representative, Annual Conference on International Peace, Institute of International Peace Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea, June, 1991.
* Commentator on Canadian foreign policy, CJAD radio, April, September, November, 1988.
* PSSA Professor of the Year, 1987.
* Commentator on World Politics, CBC Radio, September 1985.
* Consultant, U.S. Department of State, Institute for Political Training, 1980-83.

## Publications

James has 333 citations of his published works from 1985 to 2003, including books, symposia, articles, chapters in books, reviews, miscellaneous entries, manuscripts, and conference papers and presentations.

### Books

* *Canada and Conflict*. Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press, 2012.
* *Religion, identity, and global governance : ideas, evidence and practice* Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 2011
* (with Annette Freyberg-Inan and Ewan Harrison, eds.) *Rethinking Realism in International Relations: Between Tradition and Innovation.* (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
* *Constitutional politics in Canada after the Charter : liberalism, communitarianism, and systemism*Vancouver : UBC Press, 2010.
* (with Mark Kasoff, eds.) *Canadian Studies in the New Millennium* (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008).
* (with Nelson Michaud Marc O’Reilly, eds.) *Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy* (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006).
* (with David Carment and Zeynep Taydas) *Who Intervenes? Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis.* (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2006).
* (with Seung-Whan Choi) *A New Quest for International Peace: Civil-Military Dynamics, Political Communications and Democracy*. (New York, NY: Palgrave, 2005).
* *International Relations and Scientific Progress: Structural Realism Reconsidered* (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2002).
* (with Donald E. Abelson and Michael Lusztig, eds.) *The Myth of the Sacred: The Charter, the Courts and the Politics of the Constitution in Canada* (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s Press, 2002).
* (with David Goetze, eds.) *Evolutionary Theory and Ethnic Conflict* (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001). In over 450 libraries according to WorldCat
* (with David Carment, eds.) *Peace in the Midst of Wars: Preventing and Managing International Ethnic Conflicts* (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1998).
* (with David Carment, eds.) *Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict* (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997).
* (with William James Booth and Hudson Meadwell, eds) *Politics and Rationality* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
* Crisis and War (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988). In over 400 libraries according to WorldCat
* (with Michael Brecher) *Crisis and Change in World Politics* (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986).

### Articles and book chapters

He has published over 75 articles in peer-reviewed journals a number of book chapters, and a great many book reviews, conference presentations, lectures, and other items.


title: Modern Music from San Francisco

abstract: Modern Music from San Francisco is a studio album featuring the Vince Guaraldi Quartet, the Ron Crotty Trio and the Jerry Dodgion Quartet recorded in August 1955 and released on Fantasy Records in May 1956. The record is the first album to feature pianist and future Peanuts composer Vince Guaraldi leading his own quartet rather than augmenting other established groups. Modern Music from San Francisco was released as a fourteen track reissue, released on CD in 2001 by Fantasy under the name The Jazz Scene: San Francisco, adding several tracks by the Charlie Mariano Sextet.

text:
# Modern Music from San Francisco

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Five Cents Please* |  |

***Modern Music from San Francisco*** is a studio album featuring the Vince Guaraldi Quartet, the Ron Crotty Trio and the Jerry Dodgion Quartet recorded in August 1955 and released on Fantasy Records in May 1956. The record is the first album to feature pianist and future *Peanuts* composer Vince Guaraldi leading his own quartet rather than augmenting other established groups.

*Modern Music from San Francisco* was released as a fourteen track reissue, released on CD in 2001 by Fantasy under the name *The Jazz Scene: San Francisco*, adding several tracks by the Charlie Mariano Sextet.

## Critical reception

*DownBeat* gave the album a 3-star review, and highlighted Dr. Funk: "Guaraldi is a swinging two-hander who plays with a firm touch and good command."

AllMusic critic Scott Yanow noted, "five originals and two standards are performed in fine cool jazz fashion. The music is not essential but is enjoyable and somewhat historical." Derrick Bang, historian and author of *Vince Guaraldi at the Piano*, cited the track "Ginza" as of great "significance," noting that it became "one of Guaraldi's first anthems: a 'personal standard' that quickly earned a spot in his ongoing repertoire." Bang added that it is "a sassy, fast-paced romp with echoes of Fats Waller's 'Jitterbug Waltz'." Bang also highlighted "Calling Dr. Funk", as "a loose, smoky, mildly dirty blues number that sounds like a theme song: probably not accidental, because the title referenced the nickname—Dr. Funk—by which Guaraldi already was coming to be known."

## Track listing

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Performed by | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ginza" | Vince Guaraldi | Ron Crotty Trio | 4:08 |
| 2. | "Miss Jackie's Dish" | Eugene Wright | Jerry Dodgion Quartet | 9:08 |
| 3. | "The Night We Called It a Day" | Matt Dennis | Ron Crotty Trio | 3:45 |
| 4. | "The Groove" | Jerry Dodgion | Jerry Dodgion Quartet | 5:45 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Performed by | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5. | "Calling Dr. Funk" | Vince Guaraldi | Vince Guaraldi Quartet | 6:55 |
| 6. | "The Masquerade Is Over" |  | Ron Crotty Trio | 6:30 |
| 7. | "Between 8th & 10th On Mission Street" | Jerry Dodgion | Vince Guaraldi Quartet | 8:44 |
| Total length: | | | | 44:55 |

### The Jazz Scene: San Francisco

1. "Calling Dr. Funk"
2. "Between 8th & 10th On Mission Street"
3. "Ginza"
4. "The Night We Called It A Day"
5. "(I'm Afraid) The Masquerade Is Over"
6. "Miss Jackie's Dish"
7. "The Groove"
8. "Come Rain Or Come Shine" *
9. "My Friend Ethel" *
10. "After Coffee" *
11. "Trouble Is A Man" *
12. "Let's Get Away From It All" *
13. "The Thrill Is Gone" *
14. "The Nymphz" *

* Tracks 8-14 by The Charlie Mariano Sextet

## Personnel

Vince Guaraldi Quartet Ron Crotty Trio Jerry Dodgion Quartet Additional

## Release history

| Country | Date | Label | Format | Catalogue number |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 1956 | Fantasy | Mono LP, red translucent | 3-213 |
| United States | 1987 | Fantasy/Original Jazz Classics | Mono LP, red translucent, remastered | OJCCD-272, F-3213 |

## InfoBox

| Modern Music from San Francisco | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Vince Guaraldi Quartet, Ron Crotty Trio and Jerry Dodgion Quartet | |
| Released | May 16, 1956 |
| Recorded | August 1955 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 44:55 |
| Label | Fantasy |
| Vince Guaraldi chronology | |
| ***Modern Music from San Francisco***
(1956) *Vince Guaraldi Trio*
(1956) | |
|  | |
| Alternate cover | |
|  | |
| Fantasy 2001 CD reissue cover art | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Moglia

abstract: Moglia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast of Milan and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Mantua.

text:
# Moglia

**Moglia** (Lower Mantovano: *La Mòja*) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast of Milan and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Mantua.

## InfoBox

| Moglia *La Mòja* (Emilian) | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Moglia | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Moglia | |
| MogliaLocation of Moglia in ItalyMogliaMoglia (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 44°56′N 10°55′E / 44.933°N 10.917°E / 44.933; 10.917 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Mantua (MN) |
| *Frazioni* | Bondanello, Coazze, Trivellano |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Simona Maretti |
| Area | |
| Total | 31.5 km2 (12.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 20 m (70 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2011) | |
| Total | 1,019 |
| Density | 32/km2 (84/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Mogliesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 46024 |
| Dialing code | 0376 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Mohammad-Reza Shajarian discography

abstract: Mohammad-Reza Shajarian was an Iranian singer, musician, composer and calligrapher.

text:
# Mohammad-Reza Shajarian discography

Mohammad-Reza Shajarian (23 September 1940 – 8 October 2020) was an Iranian singer, musician, composer and calligrapher.

## Albums

### Studio albums

List of studio albums
| Title | Year | Album details | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Robaeiat-e Khayyam | 1972 |  |  |

* *Robaeiat-e Khayyam* (1972)
* *Chavosh 1 (Be Yad-e Aref)* (1977)
* *Golbang-e Shajarian* (1978)
* *Chavosh 2* (1978)
* *Sepideh (Chavosh 6)\]\]* (1979)
* *Chavosh 7* (1979)
* *Jan Jan (album) (Chavosh 9)\]\]* (1979)
* *Raz-e Del* (1979)
* *Entezar-e Del* (1979)
* *Peyvand-e Mehr* (1984)
* *Astan-e Janan* (1985)
* *Bidad* (1985)
* *Serr-e Eshgh (Mahoor)* (1986)
* *Nava, Morakabkhani* (1986)
* *Dastan (album)* (1988)
* *Saz-e Ghese Goo* (1988)
* *Dood-e Ood* (1989)
* *Del-e Majnoon* (1990–1991)
* *Khalvatgozideh* (1991)
* *Payam-e Nasim* (1991)
* *Sarv Chaman* (1991)
* *Asman-e Eshgh* (1991)
* *Delshodegan* (1992)
* *Yad-e Ayyam* (1992)
* *Cheshmeye Noosh* (1993)
* *Bahariyeh (album)* (1994)
* *Gonbad-e Mina* (1994)
* *Jan-e Oshagh* (1995)
* *Peygham-e Ahl-e Del* (1995)
* *Dar Khial* (1996)
* *Rosvaye Del* (1996)
* *Eshgh Danad* (1997)
* *Shab-e Vasl* (1997)
* *Moamaye Hasti* (1997)
* *Chehreh Be Chehreh* (1998)
* *Shab, Sokout, Kavir* (1998)
* *Aram-e Jan* (1998)
* *Ahang-e Vafa* (1999)
* *Booye Baran* (1999)
* *Zemestan Ast* (2001)
* *Bi To Besar Nemishavad* (2002)
* *Faryad* (2002)
* *Hamnava Ba Bam* (2003)
* *Jam-e Tohi* (2004)
* *Saz-e Khamoosh* (2007)
* *Sorood-e Mehr* (2007)
* *Ghoghaye Eshghbazan* (2007)
* *Konsert-e Mohammad-Reza Shajarian Va Gorooh-e Ava* (2008)
* *Konsert-e Mohammad-Reza Shajarian Va Gorooh-e Shahnaz (Randan-e Mast Va Morgh-e Khoshkhan)* (2008)
* *Ah Baran* (2009)
* *Zaban-e Atash* (2009)
* *Randan-e Mast* (2009)
* *Konsert-e Mohammad-Reza Shajarian Va Gorooh-e Shahnaz Dar Dubai* (2010)
* *Morgh-e Khoshkhan* (2011)
* *Ranghaye Taali* (2013)
* *Tarigh-e Eshgh* (2016)
* *Khorasaniat* (2019)
* *Deylaman (album)* (Unknown date)

### Live

* Iran: Dastgah chahargah

### Soundtrack

* Delshodegan

### Single

* 2019 Bote Man / Nargese Jadoo
* 2019 Delroba
* 2019 Gholame Cheshm
* 2019 Nedaye Eshgh
* 2020 Dream
* 2020 Autumn
* 2020 Broken Heart
* 2020 Hich
* 2020 Khorasaniat
* 2020 YashT

## InfoBox

| Mohammad Reza Shajarian discography | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio albums | 60 |


abstract:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the pole vault M45 division of Masters athletics.
  - Key
  -   Incomplete information
  Pending
  Indoor mark
IAAF includes indoor marks in the record list since 2000, but WMA does not follow that practice.

text:
# Masters M45 pole vault world record progression

This is the progression of world record improvements of the pole vault M45 division of Masters athletics.

Key

*Incomplete information*   *Pending*   *Indoor mark*
IAAF includes indoor marks in the record list since 2000, but WMA does not follow that practice.

| Height | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Age | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5.25 | Oscar Janson | Sweden | 22 July 1975 | 47 years, 22 days | Mölndal | 13 August 2022 |
| 5.14 | Paul Babits | United States | 24 December 1960 | 47 years, 62 days | Fort Wayne | 24 February 2008 |
| 5.10 | Larry Jessee | United States | 31 March 1952 | 45 years, 163 days | El Paso | 10 September 1997 |
| 4.80 | Steve Hardison | United States | 15 July 1950 | 46 years, 263 days | Fresno | 4 April 1997 |
| 4.73 | Jerry Cash | United States | 21 November 1948 | 46 years, 256 days | Eugene | 4 August 1995 |
| 4.71 | Gregg Miguel | United States | 18 February 1947 | 46 years, 174 days | Provo | 11 August 1993 |
| 4.70 | Ingo Peyker | Austria | 8 September 1941 | 48 years, 301 days | Budapest | 6 July 1990 |
| 4.70 | Maurice Houvion | France | 4 July 1934 | 45 years, 283 days |  | 12 April 1980 |
| 4.57 | Roger Ruth | Canada | 23 December 1927 | 45 years, 210 days | Seattle | 21 July 1973 |

Masters Athletics Pole Vault list


title: G.M.O. (Got My Own)

abstract: "G.M.O." is a song recorded by American singer Mýa. A collaborative effort, it was written and composed by Mýa, Tink and Lamar "My Guys Mars" Edwards, while production was helmed by the latter as well with additional contribution from producer Resource. Released August 31, 2018, "G.M.O." is a synth driven and bass heavy midtempo ladies club anthem song and serves as a departure from Harrison's two R&B–rooted studio projects Smoove Jones (2016) and TKO (2018).

text:
# G.M.O. (Got My Own)

"**G.M.O. (Got My Own)**" is a song recorded by American singer Mýa. A collaborative effort, it was written and composed by Mýa, Tink and Lamar "My Guys Mars" Edwards, while production was helmed by the latter as well with additional contribution from producer Resource. Released August 31, 2018, "G.M.O. (Got My Own)" is a synth driven and bass heavy midtempo ladies club anthem song and serves as a departure from Harrison's two R&B–rooted studio projects *Smoove Jones* (2016) and *TKO (The Knock Out)* (2018).

## Background and release

In honor of her twentieth anniversary, Mýa released *TKO (The Knock Out)*, her eighth studio album, thirteenth studio project overall to commemorate the release of her debut album *Mýa* (1998). Digitally, the release was distributed through indie distribution company, The Orchard under Sony Music. To support the album, *TKO (The Knock Out)* spawned several singles – "Ready for Whatever," "Ready, Part II," "You Got Me," "Damage," and "Knock You Out."

In Fall 2017, during a press run, Mýa stopped at BET and discussed to the staff at a BET Music Meeting about the music she has been making the past ten years independently. While there and at that time unbeknownst to the public, Mýa exclusively shared "G.M.O. (Got My Own)" featuring Tink and its video with the staff. The following year, in late August 2018, Mýa announced on her Instagram account "G.M.O. (Got My Own)" was available for pre-order starting August 24, 2018. "G.M.O. (Got My Own)" was officially released on August 31, 2018.

## Recording

Speaking on the recording process and its experience, Harrison gushed, "Recording "G.M.O." with the super talented Tink was awesome." Satisfied with Tink's performance, Harrison applauded Tink's delivery, cadence, and perspective and felt Tink elevated the song with "more swag." Harrison lauded her producers MyGuyMars and Resource as well and their contribution to the song, commenting, "they're not only musical, but they keep their ears close to the streets, is so refreshing creating the perfect balance for me with a familiar, yet original sound."

## Music video

Directed and produced by Dana Rice and Mýa, the two had previously collaborated on "Ready for Whatever" (2017), the visual plays like an old-school iPod advertisement in its simplistic production fashion. With only a Lambo and a few martinis on set, the predominantly black and white video features Mýa's typical choreography with small snippets of dancing silhouettes.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Qobuz.

* Mýa – vocals, songwriting
* Trinity Home – songwriting
* Lamar "Mars" Edwards – composer
* Braylin "Resource" Bowman – composer

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | August 31, 2018 |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| "G.M.O. (Got My Own)" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Mýa featuring Tink | |
| Released | August 31, 2018 (2018-08-31) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:51 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Mýa singles chronology | |
| "Knock You Out"
(2018) "**G.M.O. (Got My Own)**"
(2018) "With You"
(2019) | |


title: French twist (hairstyle)

abstract: A French twist is a common "updo" hair styling technique. It is created by gathering the hair in one hand and twisting the hair upwards until it turns in on itself against the head. It is then secured with barrettes, combs, hair sticks and/or hairpins. It was popular from the late 1950s through the early 1970s. French twists are usually worn to proms and weddings. Hair clips are also commonly used with French twists.

text:
# French twist (hairstyle)

A **French twist** is a common "updo" hair styling technique. It is created by gathering the hair in one hand and twisting the hair upwards until it turns in on itself against the head. It is then secured with barrettes, combs, hair sticks and/or hairpins. It was popular from the late 1950s through the early 1970s.

French twists are usually worn to proms and weddings. Hair clips are also commonly used with French twists.

1. Mayntz, Melissa. "French Twist". *LoveToKnow*. Retrieved 2021-04-07.


title: Paul Merton in Galton and Simpson's...

abstract: Paul Merton in Galton and Simpson's... is a British comedy television show that ran from 26 January 1996 to 21 October 1997. It stars Paul Merton, re-performing a number of classic comedy scripts written by the duo Galton and Simpson, including some originally written for Tony Hancock. The programme was produced by Central Independent Television for ITV, and aired for 15 episodes in two series. Guest stars include Sam Kelly, Geoffrey Whitehead, Michael Fenton Stevens, Anne Reid, Jim Sweeney, Josie Lawrence, Roger Lloyd-Pack, Michael Jayston, Gary Waldhorn, Katy Carmichael, Brian Murphy, Adjoa Andoh, Matthew Ashforde, Al Ashton, John Baddeley, Patrick Barlow, Paul Bigley, James Bree, Owen Brenman, Dominic Brunt, Rob Brydon, Dennis Clinton, Emma Cunniffe, David Daker, Sheridan Forbes, David Hatton, Arif Hussein, Peter Jeffrey, Peter Jones, Phyllida Law, Rosemary Leach, Denis Lill, Nick Maloney, Geoffrey McGivern, Valerie Minifie, Guy Nicholls, Caroline Quentin, Jason Rose, Mike Sherman, Gwyneth Strong, Stella Tanner, Toni Palmer, Cliff Parisi, Harry Peacock, Nigel Peever, Jeffrey Perry, Nigel Planer and Louisa Rix. Most appear only in a single episode, although some appear in more than one episode playing different characters. Sam Kelly and Geoffrey Whitehead each appear in five episodes.

text:
# Paul Merton in Galton and Simpson's...

***Paul Merton in Galton and Simpson's...*** is a British comedy television show that ran from 26 January 1996 to 21 October 1997. It stars Paul Merton, re-performing a number of classic comedy scripts written by the duo Galton and Simpson (Ray Galton and Alan Simpson), including some originally written for Tony Hancock. The programme was produced by Central Independent Television for ITV, and aired for 15 episodes in two series.

Guest stars include Sam Kelly, Geoffrey Whitehead, Michael Fenton Stevens, Anne Reid, Jim Sweeney, Josie Lawrence, Roger Lloyd-Pack, Michael Jayston, Gary Waldhorn, Katy Carmichael, Brian Murphy, Adjoa Andoh, Matthew Ashforde, Al Ashton, John Baddeley, Patrick Barlow, Paul Bigley, James Bree, Owen Brenman, Dominic Brunt, Rob Brydon, Dennis Clinton, Emma Cunniffe, David Daker, Sheridan Forbes, David Hatton, Arif Hussein, Peter Jeffrey, Peter Jones, Phyllida Law, Rosemary Leach, Denis Lill, Nick Maloney, Geoffrey McGivern, Valerie Minifie, Guy Nicholls, Caroline Quentin, Jason Rose, Mike Sherman, Gwyneth Strong, Stella Tanner, Toni Palmer, Cliff Parisi, Harry Peacock, Nigel Peever, Jeffrey Perry, Nigel Planer and Louisa Rix. Most appear only in a single episode, although some appear in more than one episode playing different characters. Sam Kelly and Geoffrey Whitehead each appear in five episodes.

## Episode guide

### Series 1: 1996

| # | Title | Airdate |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Twelve Angry Men" | 26 January 1996 (1996-01-26) |
| 2 | "Impasse" | 2 February 1996 (1996-02-02) |
| 3 | "The Radio Ham" | 9 February 1996 (1996-02-09) |
| 4 | "Sealed with a Loving Kiss" | 16 February 1996 (1996-02-16) |
| 5 | "The Missing Page" | 23 February 1996 (1996-02-23) |
| 6 | "Don't Dilly Dally on the Way" | 1 March 1996 (1996-03-01) |
| 7 | "The Lift" | 8 March 1996 (1996-03-08) |
| 8 | "The Bedsitter" | 15 March 1996 (1996-03-15) |

### Series 2: 1997

| # | Title | Airdate |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 9 | "The Clerical Error" | 2 September 1997 (1997-09-02) |
| 10 | "The Wrong Man" | 9 September 1997 (1997-09-09) |
| 11 | "I Tell You It's Burt Reynolds" | 16 September 1997 (1997-09-16) |
| 12 | "Visiting Day" | 30 September 1997 (1997-09-30) |
| 13 | "The Suit" | 7 October 1997 (1997-10-07) |
| 14 | "Being Sound of Mind" | 14 October 1997 (1997-10-14) |
| 15 | "Lunch in the Park" | 21 October 1997 (1997-10-21) |

## Home media

The Complete Series of *Paul Merton in Galton and Simpson's…* was released on DVD by Network on 25 June 2007.

## InfoBox

| *Paul Merton in Galton and Simpson's...* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Comedy
Sitcom |
| Written by | Ray Galton
Alan Simpson |
| Directed by | Martin Dennis |
| Starring | Paul Merton |
| Composer | Stefan Girardet |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 15 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Richard Boden |
| Producers | Richard Boden (Series 1)
Jamie Rix (Series 2) |
| Production locations | London, England, UK |
| Running time | 30 minutes
(including adverts) |
| Production company | Central Independent Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | ITV |
| Release | 26 January 1996 (1996-01-26)
21 October 1997 (1997-10-21) |


title: No Quiero Más

abstract: "No Quiero Más" was scheduled to be the first official single from Edurne's second upcoming album by Sony BMG Spain. The single was changed instead of "Ven por mi" which became finally the first single. Nonetheless, the single was premiered on March 25 in a TeleTaxi special Concerts Day "Can Zam 2007". On April 5, Edurne performed also "No Quiero Más" in a special OT TV Show by Telecinco.

text:
# No Quiero Más

**"No Quiero Más"** (English: *I Don't Want More*) was scheduled to be the first official single from Edurne's second upcoming album by Sony BMG Spain. The single was changed instead of "Ven por mi" which became finally the first single. Nonetheless, the single was premiered on March 25 in a TeleTaxi special Concerts Day "Can Zam 2007".

On April 5, Edurne performed also "No Quiero Más" in a special OT TV Show by Telecinco.

## Charts

| Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Spain Hot 100 | Nielsen Spain SoundScan | 85 |
|

### Notes

1. "Cadena 100 - Hot 100" Archived March 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
2. Nielsen Archived March 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| "No Quiero Más" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Edurne | |
| from the album  *Ilusión* | |
| Released | April 5, 2007 (SPA - TV) |
| Recorded | 2007 |
| Genre | Pop/Dance |
| Length | 3:30 |
| Edurne singles chronology | |
| "Te Falta Veneno"
(2006) "**No Quiero Más**"
(2007) "Ven Por Mí"
(2007) | |


title: Witold Jabłoński

abstract: Witold Jabłoński was a Polish sinologist, professor at the University of Warsaw. Before the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was a professor at Tsinghua University. He made translations of Chinese classic works and modern Chinese literature. His nearly complete draft translation of Zhuangzi was burned in the Warsaw Uprising, but he published a translation in 1953. In 1955, he participated in discussions surrounding the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme. He died in Beijing in 1957.

text:
# Witold Jabłoński

**Witold Jabłoński** (10 January 1901  7 July 1957) (Chinese name ) was a Polish sinologist, professor at the University of Warsaw.

Before the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was a professor at Tsinghua University. He made translations of Chinese classic works and modern Chinese literature. His nearly complete draft translation of *Zhuangzi* was burned in the Warsaw Uprising, but he published a translation in 1953. In 1955, he participated in discussions surrounding the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme. He died in Beijing in 1957.


title: Mount Iide

abstract: Mount Iide is the main peak of the Iide mountain range that spans the Fukushima, Niigata and Yamagata prefectures in Japan. On top of the mountain stands the Mount Iide Shrine (飯豊山神社). Mount Iide is, together with the rest of the range, one of the mountains described in Kyūya Fukada's book 100 Famous Japanese Mountains. Mount Iide is located at 2105 m above sea level but is not the highest peak of the Iide mountain range even though it is the main peak of the range. The highest is Mount Dainichi that is 2128 m high. The mountain is located on the border between Niigata prefecture and Yamagata prefecture, but the summit itself, Mount Iide Shrine and a path roughly one meter wide leading there belongs to Kitakata, Fukushima. This was a response to complaints when Higashikanbara District was transferred from Fukushima to Niigata during the Meiji period. As a result, Fukushima prefecture has an uneven border, with an arm stretching through the Iide mountain range up to the Mount Iide Shrine.

text:
# Mount Iide

**Mount Iide** (飯豊山, *Iide-san*) is the main peak of the Iide mountain range that spans the Fukushima, Niigata and Yamagata prefectures in Japan. On top of the mountain stands the Mount Iide Shrine (飯豊山神社). Mount Iide is, together with the rest of the range, one of the mountains described in Kyūya Fukada's book 100 Famous Japanese Mountains.

Mount Iide is located at 2105 m above sea level but is not the highest peak of the Iide mountain range even though it is the main peak of the range. The highest is Mount Dainichi (大日岳, *Dainichi-dake*) that is 2128 m high.

The mountain is located on the border between Niigata prefecture and Yamagata prefecture, but the summit itself, Mount Iide Shrine and a path roughly one meter wide leading there belongs to Kitakata, Fukushima. This was a response to complaints when Higashikanbara District was transferred from Fukushima to Niigata during the Meiji period. As a result, Fukushima prefecture has an uneven border, with an arm stretching through the Iide mountain range up to the Mount Iide Shrine.

Media related to Mount Iide at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Mount Iide | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount Iide seen from Iboiwayama | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,105 m (6,906 ft) |
| Coordinates | 37°51′17″N 139°42′26″E / 37.85472°N 139.70722°E / 37.85472; 139.70722 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Fukushima, Tōhoku region, Japan |
| Parent range | Iide mountain range |


title: Mouse Morris

abstract: Michael Francis Leo Morris, informally known as "Mouse" Morris, is an Irish racehorse trainer and former amateur and professional jockey. As a trainer, he has won the Grand National and the Cheltenham Gold Cup, and has won the Irish Grand National twice. In 2016, he won both the Grand National and Irish Grand National. He is formally known as the Honourable Michael Morris.

text:
# Mouse Morris

**Michael Francis Leo Morris**, informally known as **"Mouse" Morris** (born 4 April 1951), is an Irish racehorse trainer and former amateur and professional jockey. As a trainer, he has won the Grand National and the Cheltenham Gold Cup, and has won the Irish Grand National twice. In 2016, he won both the Grand National and Irish Grand National. He is formally known as the Honourable Michael Morris.

## Early life

Morris was born in Spiddal, County Galway, Ireland and is the third son of Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, who was president of the International Olympic Committee from 1972 to 1980 and Chairman of Galway Racecourse from 1970 to 1985. His mother, Sheila, was the daughter of Canon Douglas Dunlop, Rector of Oughterard and the granddaughter of Henry Dunlop who was involved in the construction of Lansdowne Road in 1872. During World War II his mother was a cryptographer at Bletchley Park. According to Morris, "she was in Hut 6, but she wouldn't ever talk about it. Neither of them would talk about the war. She was bound by the Official Secrets Act, but whatever she did, she got an MBE for it."

Morris's twin brother John "Johnny" became a photographer and married Thelma Mansfield. Their elder brother, George Redmond "Red", followed in the footsteps of their father, Lord Killanin, by becoming a film producer. His credits include *The Reader*. They also have one sister, Monica Deborah.

At aged fifteen his formal education ended following his diagnosis with dyslexia. Morris then began working at racing stables. He earned the nickname "Mouse" when he was an amateur rider.

## Family

Morris was married to Susanna Felicity Clark. They had two sons, James "Jamie" born in 1983 and Christopher "Tiffer" born in 1985. Tiffer died in June 2015, aged 30, of carbon monoxide poisoning while travelling in Argentina.

## Jockey

Initially, Morris came to prominence as an amateur jockey. In 1974 he rode Mr Midland to victory at Cheltenham giving Edward O'Grady his first Festival winner. In 1975 he turned professional. He rode Skymas in his successive victories in 1976 and 1977 the Queen Mother Champion Chase at Cheltenham. He rode Billycan to victory in the 1977 Irish Grand National, a race he was subsequently to win twice as a trainer. His career as a rider ended after a fall in South Carolina's Colonial Cup.

## Trainer

Morris is based in Fethard Co Tipperary. In 1981, he took out a licence and began his National Hunt training career. Morris's first major breakthrough came when Buck House won the 1983 Supreme Novice Hurdle, giving him his first winner at Cheltenham.

The 1990s started brightly for the Mouse Morris yard when Trapper John ridden by jockey Charlie Swan won the Stayers' Hurdle at the 1990 Cheltenham Festival. The following year Cahervillahow was beaten by a short head in the Irish Grand National and merely three weeks later in the Whitbread Gold Cup he was controversially judged to have interfered with runner-up Docklands Express in the closing stages. As a result, Docklands Express was awarded the race. He finished second in the 1993 Grand National which was voided after a false start. Morris trained His Song who was one of the best novice hurdlers of the period. His Song finished second behind the J. P. McManus owned Istabraq in the 1998 AIG Irish Champion Hurdle on his fourth race outing before again finishing second in the Supreme Novice Hurdle at Leopardstown. One of Morris's most important wins as a trainer came in 2006 when he sent out the seven-year-old gelding War Of Attrition to win the 2006 Cheltenham Gold Cup, beating another Irish challenger Hedgehunter on Saint Patrick's Day. In 2008, he trained Hear The Echo to victory in the Irish Grand National. In 2011, he trained the winner of the Grade 1 Neptune Investment Management Novices' Hurdle at Cheltenham, First Lieutenant, ridden by Davy Russell. In 2016, he won the Irish Grand National again this time with Rogue Angel. Also in 2016, he won the Grand National for the first time with Rule The World.

## Major wins

**Ireland**

---

**Great Britain**

## InfoBox

| The Honourable
Michael Morris | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Michael Francis Leo Morris |
| Occupation | Trainer |
| Born | (1951-04-04) 4 April 1951
Spiddal, Co Galway, Ireland |
| Major racing wins | |
| Supreme Novices' Hurdle (1983)
Queen Mother Champion Chase (1986)
Christie's Foxhunter Chase (1986)
Stayers' Hurdle (1990)
Grand Annual Chase (2005)
Cheltenham Gold Cup (2006)
Neptune Novices' Hurdle (2011)
Irish Grand National (2008, 2016)
The Grand National (2016) | |
| Significant horses | |
| Buck House, Trapper John, Cahervillahow, War Of Attrition, First Lieutenant, Rule The World | |