title: History of organizations

abstract: The history of organizations describes the general history of the rise of the organization.

text:
# History of organizations

The **history of organizations** describes the general history of the rise of the organization.

## Early history

Since earliest times humanity has endeavoured to develop the most appropriate systems of organization to meet the challenges of a particular era. Inevitably the systems of organization that developed were reflections of the wider values, tradition and general organization of society at that time, moulded by the necessity of withstanding threat and seeking to innovate whilst maximising benefits from existing resources. Human development has continually necessitated a corollary of human and organizational development designed to maximize effectiveness. This progression is indicative of a civilizing process that has continually asked humanity to reassess its relationship with itself and to increasingly value the welfare of both the individual and wider society as a whole. The symbiotic relationship between strategic leadership and organizational structure necessary to success can be traced back to the beginnings of western civilization. Indeed, the very term *strategic* owes its etymology to the ancient Greek words for 'army' or a 'large body' and a 'leader'. In ancient Greece the 'Strategikos' was the leader of the army.

## Industrial Revolutions

In 1776 the political economist Adam Smith wrote on how specialization can boost human productivity enormously. By specializing, people can use their talents, or acquire skill. And they can employ labour-saving machinery to boost production. Smith's view was borne out by the effects of mass industrialization in the late 18th century which caused great change in how people worked and how work was organized. On this topic Lynda Gratton, the organizational theorist, describes the "fundamental and irreversible shift which changed the experiences of every worker." She states that prior to the Industrial Revolution, work was an "artisan activity engaged largely in the home, using long held and meticulously developed craft skills." According to Gratton these skills "began to be transformed as the manufacturing sector was developed and began to transcend the limits of artisanal production".

The late 18th and early 19th century was a period where the artisan and the agricultural worker gave way to the burgeoning factory units that were beginning to emerge. The enclosure of vast tracts of commonage in the countryside facilitated a move from pastoral farming to grazing – forcing many from the land, often in dire circumstances. This growing trend of migration from the rural to the urban witnessed the growth of the metropolis, and the industrialized city. The growth of a mass society meant that the relationship with work was altered, it now became much more time centred and precise – a standardized approach was in the process of being developed.

Alongside the migration of workers to the new factories largely situated around energy sources and communication networks – coal deposits and canals etc. this period witnessed the emergence of global corporations situated in key centres such as London and Paris, as trade followed the flag in a wave of colonization. The shift from coal to oil as the primary energy source for industry coupled with the decolonization of empires in the 20th century would witness shifting paradigms in the power relationships between major states. The issue of empire is important in the sense that economic advantages accrued through imperialism were a cornerstone in the advent of modernity, and the enforced homogeneity achieved through Empire coupled with the technological improvements in transport and technology that it funded made the world a lot smaller and lot more similar.

Whilst recognising the significant impacts that the Industrial Revolution had, Gratton states that the "real revolution" in people's working lives began in the mid-to-late-19th century when British scientists drove a culture of innovation with the ideas of organisational and technological restructuring based on changes in the energy that powered industry. Joel Mokyr puts a timeframe of 1870-1914 on this "Second Industrial Revolution", the concept introduced by Patrick Geddes in his work *Cities in Evolution*. According to Gratton: "Work became more regimented, more specialised. The workplace and the work schedule became more compartmentalised and hierarchical." Gratton states that this was 'the embryonic stages of Fordism – the rise of the engineer as the organiser of economic activity, and the decline of the artisan.

## Fordism

Fordism, named after Henry Ford, is "a model of economic expansion and technological progress based on mass production: the manufacture of standardized products in huge volumes using special purpose machinery and unskilled labor". The major advantages of this approach was that it cut down on the manpower necessary for the factory to operate, not to mention that it deskilled the labour itself, cutting down on costs of production.

According to Gratton, "in this second Industrial Revolution, engineers redesigned factories to make employees fit into the production line. By doing so workers lost their autonomy, becoming simply as interchangeable as the parts they created".

Whilst Fordism emerged in the United States, it was preceded in Europe by Taylorism. Taylor's main objective was to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. He analyzed how specific jobs might be done more efficiently. He broke down manual tasks into a series of components that could be measured. Peter Drucker who, during the 20th century was known as the 'father of modern management' said that Taylor was "the first man in history who did not take work for granted, but looked at it and studied it. His approach to work is still the basic foundation."

## Post-Fordism

Production methods based on Fordism are no longer the primary method of industrial production. There are three main driving forces behind the emergence of 'Post-Fordism.' They are the rising of new technologies, internationalization and the paradigm shift from Fordism to post-Fordism. Post Fordism is based on flexible production, rising incomes for polyvalent skilled workers and the service class and increased profits based on technological and other innovations. Also post-Fordism accumulation will be more oriented to worldwide demand, not so much on demand within a state. Post-Fordism is more demand than supply-driven. As a labour process, post-Fordism can be defined as a flexible production process based on flexible systems and an appropriately flexible workforce.

## Modernity

The birth of modernity as it has been termed in the late 19th early 20th century presaged a period of incredible industrial, technical and intellectual advancement that was to completely alter mankind's relationship with and perception of time and space. Many of the technologies that we take for granted today can be seen as developments from scientific and technical breakthroughs achieved in the period between 1890 and 1920. The birth of the railroad (which dates back to the early 19th century), and later the automobile, was to lead to seismic changes in the manner and means in which the organization of the various units of human enterprise were to be restructured, from warfare to commerce. Mankind's new outer relationship with time would be best captured by the birth of the railroad and our inner relationship with time through the development of modernist literature, with its stream of consciousness. The parallel growth of industrial capitalism would lead to the identification of time as money. The speed of travel would see the subsuming of local time-zones into railway times. The American Civil War is regarded as the first modern conflict, as notwithstanding the massive casualties and periods of trench warfare, the mass movement of men and munitions by rail provided the genesis for the logistical capability that would contribute to the mechanization of warfare inevitability leading to the slaughter of World War I.

## World War II

World War II represents something of a tipping point in terms of its impact on the development of industrial organization and leadership. Just as the conflict precipitated incredible technological advancements in areas such as radar, computing and the development of the jet engine so it was for leadership models, particularly in the areas of communications and efficiency. The primary models and experience of leadership and organizational structure for the post war leaders of the business world were from the military in WWII, with the majority of Post War managers drawing on their military training as a model for organizational development.

## Post war management & organizational development

Frederick Winslow Taylor's 1911 *The Principles of Scientific Management* paved the way for the recognition of management as a scientific subject, with the MIT Sloan School of Management opening in 1914. However, organizational theorists such as Charles Handy and Henry Mintzberg both decry the lack of leadership and management training in the post WWII period. Handy in particular records how in his early career as an executive he was forced to rely on his formal academic training in Roman and Greek Classics as grounding for his management training. It would not be until some-time after WWII that the education of executives would be addressed in a critical manner. This would in time give birth to the management guru, with major implications for the science and theory of management and organizational development.

## Social, technical, environmental & political forces as modern shapers

The growth of 'gentle commerce' interspersed with political and social thought processes to the degree that by the late 20th century, in a globalized interdependent economy, cooperation between nation states and trading blocs is the norm (notwithstanding the obvious aberrations of the rule); thankfully humanity has advanced beyond Clausewitz' dictum that decreed war as no more than politics in another manifestation to the degree that it is no longer acceptable for Democracies to use force to achieve political aims.

Against this developing socio-political backdrop, organizations have continued to evolve. The contemporary zeitgeist suggests the developed world is primarily governed by social democracies, is hugely interdependent whilst engulfed in a tidal wave of endemic technological innovation and advances that will carry it into uncharted waters. All this alongside a growing sense of awareness of a global environmental threat, diminishing supplies of carbon fuels coupled in all too many instances with an existential crisis, that asks what is it all about?

## Contemporary organisational innovation

A prime example of progression from the antiquated hierarchical structures with its layers of middle management staffed by gate keepers congesting the flow of communications can be found in the 2008 Presidential Campaign conducted by Barack Obama. Obama's team harnessed the potential of social media to create a flat structure. Local activists were communicated with directly from campaign headquarters. Individuals became leaders in their own domain. They were able to access campaign material, and register supporters immediately upon accessing material provided online via the campaign website.

This innovative form of campaign allowed Obama to raise $750 million, primarily from small donors, along with registering one and half million volunteer campaign workers in twenty seven thousand campaign groups. However, following the appointment of Jim Messina as the campaign manager for the 2012 Presidential campaign the 2008 strategy was declared antiquated – indeed Steven Spielberg reportedly advised Messina to blow up the 2008 campaign it was so out of date.

In a future where any task that can be described as predictable or repetitive will invariably be delegated to forms of artificial intelligence, the old hierarchical command and control systems will become largely redundant. Success will be premised on speed and innovation, on the ability of organizations to synthesize real time information and perform strategic pivots that will allow immediate access to new opportunities. The 2012 Presidential election presaged how this may look in practice. Whilst the campaign remained grassroots oriented, continuing to harness social media, the engine behind the effort was a metrics driven campaign. The sheer magnitude of the data organizing effort was staggering, but all within one single comprehensive database.

In what was the largest political campaign in US political history, the technical staff utilized consumer data along with demographic information to devise a more accurate model of the electorate – in small slices. By taking cognizance of the 'Long Tail' of human preferences, analysts were able to develop micro campaigns that targeted key demographic groupings that many had predicted would not vote due to the impact of the economic downturn and high unemployment that underscored the administration's failure to deliver a quality of prose in government that had been promised by the poetry of the campaign. By identifying who the voter actually was through data mining and attaching a support score of 1–100 for each individual voter, the campaign team were able to build a macro picture of the election by breaking it down in its component parts.

The campaign itself became an evolutionary process designed to react to 'just in time information' that allowed the campaign to pivot in a new strategic direction to meet identified demand. This development from rigid hierarchical structures to an infrastructure deliberately designed to support innovative, but empirical evidenced decision making, represents the future of organizational development. Steve Jobs spoke of the need for future organizations to be run by ideas not hierarchies.


title: Hold 'Em Yale (1935 film)

abstract: Hold 'Em Yale is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Sidney Lanfield and written by Damon Runyon, Paul Gerard Smith, and Eddie Welch. The film stars Patricia Ellis, Cesar Romero, Buster Crabbe, William Frawley, Andy Devine, and George Barbier; it was released on April 27, 1935, by Paramount Pictures.

text:
# Hold 'Em Yale (1935 film)

***Hold 'Em Yale*** is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Sidney Lanfield and written by Damon Runyon, Paul Gerard Smith, and Eddie Welch. The film stars Patricia Ellis, Cesar Romero, Buster Crabbe, William Frawley, Andy Devine, and George Barbier; it was released on April 27, 1935, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

A racketeer known as "Sunshine Joe" specializes in ticket scalping. His gang of colorfully nicknamed thugs includes Liverlips, Sam the Gonoph, and Bennie South Street, as well as Georgie the Chaser, who was dubbed that because of his penchant for chasing after women.

On a train, Georgie happens upon Clarice Van Cleve, an heiress who loves to fall in love, particularly with men in uniform. This has created many a headache for her father, who already has seen Clarice elope three times with military types, each ending badly.

Mr. Van Cleve diverts his daughter to a New Jersey health resort, where he introduces her to his friend Mr. Wilmot and handsome son Hector, in the hope that Clarice and Hector will hit it off. Georgie the gigolo still has Clarice's eye, however, pretending to be a combat pilot. When Clarice turns up and begins acting like a homemaker, though, driving him crazy, Georgie, learning she has been disinherited by her dad, leaves by claiming he is needed by "the King" to fly a mission.

Sunshine Joe runs off with money earned from scalped tickets to the HarvardYale college football game. As Hector is a member of the Yale team, all of Joe's goons travel to New Haven, Connecticut, for the game and place bets. Shocked to find Hector is a benchwarmer, they intimidate the coach with a gun and demand that Hector be permitted to play. He kicks a field goal to win the game, which results in him, a man in another kind of uniform, in the arms of Clarice.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Hold 'Em Yale | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Sidney Lanfield |
| Screenplay by | Damon Runyon
Paul Gerard Smith
Eddie Welch |
| Produced by | Charles R. Rogers |
| Starring | Patricia Ellis
Cesar Romero
Buster Crabbe
William Frawley
Andy Devine
George Barbier |
| Cinematography | Milton R. Krasner |
| Edited by | Jack Dennis |
| Production
company | Paramount Pictures |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * April 27, 1935 (1935-04-27) |
| Running time | 61 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Holt Mackenzie

abstract: Holt Mackenzie, PC (1786–1876) was a British colonial administrator in India. The son of the Scottish writer Henry Mackenzie, Holt Mackenzie and of Penuel, daughter of Sir Ludovich Grant of Grant. He obtained an East India Company writership in July 1807 and rose steadily until he retired to England in 1831. In India, he was instrumental for setting up the Mahalwari system of land revenue. After returning to England, he became a member of the Board of Control, and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1832. The same year, he stood unsuccessfully for Elgin Burghs.

text:
# Holt Mackenzie

**Holt Mackenzie**, PC (1786–1876) was a British colonial administrator in India.

The son of the Scottish writer Henry Mackenzie, Holt Mackenzie and of Penuel, daughter of Sir Ludovich Grant of Grant. He obtained an East India Company writership in July 1807 and rose steadily until he retired to England in 1831. In India, he was instrumental for setting up the Mahalwari system of land revenue.

After returning to England, he became a member of the Board of Control, and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1832. The same year, he stood unsuccessfully for Elgin Burghs.

* "Mr. Holt Mackenzie", *The Times*, 3 April 1876, p. 4.     effects in 1822


title: Holt Park

abstract: Holt Park is a medium-sized low-rise 1970s housing estate in the northwest suburbs of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is approximately 6 miles (10 km) from Leeds city centre situated between Tinshill, Cookridge and Adel, and is at the edge of the Leeds urban fringe, bordering the green belt which makes up two thirds of the metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds. The nearby Tinshill BT Tower dominates the skyline. Holt Park is in the Leeds North West constituency; its Member of Parliament is Labour's Katie White. It is part of the Adel & Wharfedale ward of Leeds City Council.

text:
# Holt Park

53°51′29″N 1°36′04″W / 53.858°N 1.601°W / 53.858; -1.601

Holt Park (Leeds)

**Holt Park** is a medium-sized low-rise 1970s housing estate in the northwest suburbs of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is approximately 6 miles (10 km) from Leeds city centre situated between Tinshill, Cookridge and Adel, and is at the edge of the Leeds urban fringe, bordering the green belt which makes up two thirds of the metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds. The nearby Tinshill BT Tower dominates the skyline.

Holt Park is in the Leeds North West constituency; its Member of Parliament is Labour's Katie White. It is part of the Adel & Wharfedale ward of Leeds City Council.

## Housing

One half of Holt Park was built as a council estate; the other half as private housing, built to typical British 1970s design by the well-known property developer Norman C. Ashton Limited (similar/identical architecture and build can be found in other areas in Leeds and West Yorkshire, including Otley, Ainsty in Wetherby, Ferrybridge and Knottingley), comprising a mixture of detached and semi-detached housing, and several apartments. This came about after an agreement between Norman Ashton (an experienced developer) and Leeds City Council to create a new 'village' within the city, which would include a mixture of private and council housing stock with shops and leisure facilities.

The farm was sold to the developers by The Co-op, who purchased the land in 1920 as one of five dairy farms in Leeds. The earlier housing was completed before the farm was closed, and the farmer took advantage of this delivering milk to all the new residents in the early years.

The council housing is a mixture of two-story terraced houses, end-bungalows and flats with bedroom numbers ranging from one to four. These are set in cul-de-sacs within, off and on the periphery of Holtdale Approach, connected by various alleyways and footpaths. Some of this stock is now privately owned, but much of it remains under the control of the Council. Several blocks of flats, set over three storeys, also exist, albeit owned/managed by a housing association. At the same time two schools (Holt Park Middle School and Ralph Thoresby High School), a sports centre (Holt Park Leisure Centre), a library (Holt Park Library, which was annexed to and therefore part of the High School) were built and a shopping centre were built.

## Ralph Thoresby School

The original Ralph Thoresby buildings were built around 1975 and remained the school's premises until September 2007. It was strategically built as part of the district centre and so the leisure centre and the library were fully accessible to the public and part of the school's premises.

Holt Park Library and Ralph Thoresby High School were rebuilt on a new site off Holtdale Approach (south), with the opening in September 2007. This is one in a long line of North Leeds secondary schools to be rebuilt, following Lawnswood School and Roundhay School to name but two.

## Holt Park District Centre

The shopping centre began to decrease in character from the late 1990s, with many businesses occupying the units either closing or relocating. The Asda supermarket that has been the main anchor of the centre since it opened in the early 1970s, has enlarged its floor space by taking over some of the empty shop units. A complete redevelopment of the district centre has been discussed for many years. In 2005, a planning application was submitted to Leeds City Council for a complete rebuild of the shopping centre and a standalone Asda superstore with a petrol station to be built next to it. The plans were ultimately rejected. However, discussions remain ongoing.

Adjacent to the shopping centre is *High Farm*, the farm which the estate was originally built on and around, and later converted into a public house. The building itself is known to date back to the 17th century and the interior of the pub still contains period features such the original oak beams. The shopping centre also contains the area's bus 'station'. In many ways the district centre is similar (although smaller) to many new town shopping centres such as those in Newton Aycliffe and Cumbernauld.

### Public houses

There is now just one public house in Holt Park, The High Farm, adjacent to the shopping centre, is situated in the old farm buildings and won awards when converted into a pub in the 1970s. The High Farm pub was formerly tied to Hull based brewery North Country Breweries and latterly the Mansfield Brewery. It has a function room in an original barn with beams dating back to the 16th century.

## Transport

Holt Park has bus services operated by First Leeds (formerly Yorkshire Rider), particularly Route 1 "Brown Line" which runs from the shopping centre, through Weetwood, Headingley, Leeds University, Leeds city centre and terminates in the South Leeds area of Beeston. The original terminus of the Route 1 in Holt Park was the roundel where Heathfield meets Holt Lane. The first public-service bendy-buses in the United Kingdom were pioneered on this route in 1999. By 2009, withdrawals had begun on these vehicles, and the last set of FTR Bendybuses for First Leeds were withdrawn in 2016 when they were replaced with new 16 plate Wrightbus Streetdeck double deckers.

The Route 6 "Sky Blue Line" (formerly the 96 "Sky Line") bus service runs through Cookridge, Tinshill, Weetwood, Headingley and Leeds University to Leeds City bus station. The original 96 route ran to and terminated at Cookridge. In the late 2000s, the route was extended to Holt Park via Cookridge, before being renumbered as the number 6 in August 2010.

Route 940 (operated by Connexionsbuses) also runs from the shopping centre to Otley, via Bramhope and Pool-in-Wharfedale.

Routes 31 and 32 operate from Holt Park Shopping Centre to Horsforth Green on circular routes. These are run by Squarepeg Buses.

All buses are governed by West Yorkshire Metro (and The West Yorkshire Combined Authority).

The nearest railway station to Holt Park is Horsforth situated on the Leeds-Harrogate-York Line.

## Location grid

* "HoltParkToday.com". Retrieved 11 August 2011. An independent community driven website that provides local news, events and information to those living in Holt Park and the surrounding areas
* "The Ancient Parish of Adel". GENUKI. Retrieved 29 October 2007. Holt Park was in this parish


title: Holt McDougal

abstract: Holt McDougal is an American publishing company, a division of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, that specializes in textbooks for use in high schools. The Holt name is derived from that of U.S. publisher Henry Holt (1840–1926), co-founder of the earliest ancestor business, but Holt McDougal is distinct from contemporary Henry Holt and Company, which claims the history from 1866. The companies publish different kinds of books.

text:
# Holt McDougal

**Holt McDougal** is an American publishing company, a division of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, that specializes in textbooks for use in high schools.

The Holt name is derived from that of U.S. publisher Henry Holt (1840–1926), co-founder of the earliest ancestor business, but Holt McDougal is distinct from contemporary Henry Holt and Company, which claims the history from 1866. The companies publish different kinds of books.

## History

Holt, Rinehart and Winston (HRW) was created in March 1960 by the merger of Henry Holt and Company of New York City (established 1866 as Leypoldt and Holt); Rinehart & Company of New York, descendant of Farrar & Rinehart (est. 1929); and the John C. Winston Company of Philadelphia (est. 1884). *The Wall Street Journal* reported on March 1, 1960, that Holt stockholders had approved the merger, last of the three approvals. "Henry Holt is the surviving concern, but will be known as Holt, Rinehart, Winston, Inc." In 1967, HRW was acquired by CBS.

In 1985 the retail publishing arm of HRW along with the Henry Holt name was acquired by the Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group based in Stuttgart, Germany. Holtzbrinck acquired the Macmillan name in 2001 and Henry Holt is now an imprint or division of the global Macmillan Group (under Holtzbrinck; not to be confused with Macmillan US).

Also in 1985, the educational publishing arm along with the Holt, Rinehart and Winston name and logo (see image) was acquired by Harcourt. As Harcourt divested further, from 2001 HRW was a division of Harcourt Education owned by Reed Elsevier. Reed sold off parts of Harcourt Education including Holt, Rinehart, and Winston to Houghton Mifflin in 2007, part of a reorganization that created Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH). HRW was then combined with Houghton Mifflin Company's McDougal Littell subsidiary to form Holt McDougal.

## Details

Holt McDougal publishes textbooks on mathematics, language arts, social studies, science, health, and world language (French, Spanish, and German). It has published children's books for the *Weekly Reader* Book Club including *Sweet Pickles*, *Fraggle Rock*, and Snoopy. This American publishing company has offices in Austin, Texas and Evanston, Illinois and with its parent company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.

## InfoBox

Holt McDougal
| Logo of Holt, Rinehart and Winston, the ancestor created in 1960 and now a Holt McDougal imprint | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent company | Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |
| Founded | March 1960 (1960-03) |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Publication types | Textbooks, children's books |
| Official website | www.hmcd.com |


title: Saffron Herndon

abstract: Saffron Herndon is an American comedian who rose to fame in September 2015 after images embedded with her stand-up material went viral on Reddit when she was ten years old.

text:
# Saffron Herndon

**Saffron Herndon** is an American comedian who rose to fame in September 2015 after images embedded with her stand-up material went viral on Reddit when she was ten years old.

## Reception

The *Huffington Post* described her as having "a better command of the stage and material than humans three times her age".

## Media

On October 2, 2015, Saffron made her television debut performing on *The Today Show*. In September, 2016 A&E ordered a 10-episode documentary series about Saffron entitled *Little Funny*. All primary filming was completed in the summer of 2017, but A&E subsequently canceled the program before it aired.

Saffron was on an episode of Podcast But Outside

## InfoBox

| Saffron Herndon | |
| --- | --- |
| Medium | Stand-up |
| Years active | 2013–present |
| Genres | Observational comedy, black comedy, sarcasm |
| Subject(s) | Everyday life, adolescence, generation gap |


title: Holy Cross Church, Lewiston

abstract: Holy Cross Church is a church at 1080 Lisbon Street in Lewiston, Maine and is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland.

text:
# Holy Cross Church, Lewiston

**Holy Cross Church** is a church at 1080 Lisbon Street in Lewiston, Maine and is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland.

## Building

Over the main door of the church is the motto **O Crux ave, spes unica** (*Hail to the cross, our only hope*) - a line from the ancient Latin hymn *Vexilla Regis Prodeunt*. The inside of the church is adorned with important statues, a wooden carved altar, and gold leaf wrought iron railings. The stained windows also depict important Catholic Saints, and each window was donated by a parishioner.

## History

The original church celebrated its first mass on September 14, 1924. The parishioners were largely of French Canadian heritage; after some early controversy over the name of the church, by 1926 the French name Église Sainte-Croix was adopted and the membership became almost entirely French American, as the Irish-American members joined St. Patrick's Church.

A new church was constructed after World War II, and an extensive renovation was completed in 1985.

Many marriages took place at Holy Cross Church and a recent book was written by Youville Labonté which relates to the genealogy involved.

## Facilities

The Catholic Church of Lewiston has a library of some 3,500 items.

44°04′48″N 70°11′36″W / 44.0799°N 70.1932°W / 44.0799; -70.1932

## InfoBox

| Holy Cross Church<br>Église Sainte-Croix (in French) | |
| --- | --- |
| Church *(center)*, 2013. | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Baroque |
| Town or city | Lewiston, Maine |
| Country | United States |
| Construction started | 1924 |
| Completed | 1926 |


title: Holy Cross Church, Newton Ferrers

abstract: Holy Cross Church is a Church of England parish church in Newton Ferrers, Devon, England. The existing church has 13th-century origins, with a major restoration and rebuild of 1885–86. Holy Cross has been a Grade I listed building since 1960.

text:
# Holy Cross Church, Newton Ferrers

**Holy Cross Church** is a Church of England parish church in Newton Ferrers, Devon, England. The existing church has 13th-century origins, with a major restoration and rebuild of 1885–86. Holy Cross has been a Grade I listed building since 1960.

## History

A church has been in existence at Newton Ferrers since at least 1084, when a church dedicated to St Mary's was recorded in the Saxon Geld Roll. The church was rebuilt by the Ferrers family in the early 12th-century. It was rebuilt again in 1260 and later enlarged by the rector, Rev. Henry de Ferrers, in 1342. Further alterations and enlargement took place in 1460, including the addition of the aisles and tower.

The church underwent a £3,500 restoration in 1885–86 to the design of George Fellowes Prynne. Owing to its dilapidated condition, much of the church was rebuilt. Messrs. Stevenson and son of Newton Ferrers carried out the restoration, with Mr. F. M. Rowse as clerk of the works. Both Prynne and his father, the Rev. George Rundle Prynne, were also involved in supervising the restoration. Many of the new fittings, including the font, pulpit, parclose screens, litany desk and credence table were made by Harry Hems of Exeter. He also carved the bosses in the church's oak wagon roof. The church was reopened by the Bishop of Exeter, the Right Rev. Edward Bickersteth, on 23 February 1886. The restoration left only the west tower and the north and south arcades to retain their medieval structure.

## Architecture

Holy Cross is built of stone rubble with freestone dressings and slate roofs. It is made up of a nave, north and south aisles, chancel, vestry, south porch and west three-stage tower. Many of the 1885–86 windows are in the Perpendicular style. The chancel's south window dates to the 15th-century and the north window to the 13th-century. The church contains a double piscina and triple sedilia, both of which are dated to the 13th or 14th-centuries.

## Churchyard

The churchyard was enlarged in 1884, when the rector, Rev. S. H. Archer, with assistance from his family, purchased a large plot of land on the north side of the existing grounds as a memorial to his late wife. The Bishop of Exeter, the Right Rev. Frederick Temple, consecrated the new ground on 27 October 1884.

## InfoBox

| Holy Cross Church | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Church of England |
| Ecclesiastical or organizational status | Active |
| Location | |
| Location | Newton Ferrers, Devon, England |
| Geographic coordinates | 50°18′55″N 4°02′15″W / 50.3154°N 4.0376°W / 50.3154; -4.0376 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Church |


title: Ho Peng Kee

abstract: Ho Peng Kee is a Singaporean legal academic and former politician. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Senior Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and the Ministry of Home Affairs, and a Member of Parliament representing the Nee Soon East Single Member Constituency. He announced his retirement from politics on 31 March 2011, prior to the 2011 Singapore general election. Ho was formerly an academic, and at one time the Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Law at the National University of Singapore (NUS). His academic research interests have included alternative methods of dispute settlement, consumer law and protection, the law of contract, and law and society. He retains the title of associate professor as he is on long-term secondment from NUS. Ho had his early education at Anglo-Chinese School and National Junior College, before going on to earn a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the National University of Singapore, and a Master of Laws (LLM) from Harvard Law School. He is called to the Bar as an advocate and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Singapore. He also serves actively as an elder at Mount Carmel Bible-Presbyterian Church.

text:
# Ho Peng Kee

**Ho Peng Kee** (Chinese: 何炳基; pinyin: *Hé Bǐngjī*; born 9 May 1954) is a Singaporean legal academic and former politician. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Senior Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and the Ministry of Home Affairs, and a Member of Parliament representing the Nee Soon East Single Member Constituency. He announced his retirement from politics on 31 March 2011, prior to the 2011 Singapore general election.

Ho was formerly an academic, and at one time the Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Law at the National University of Singapore (NUS). His academic research interests have included alternative methods of dispute settlement, consumer law and protection, the law of contract, and law and society. He retains the title of associate professor as he is on long-term secondment from NUS.

Ho had his early education at Anglo-Chinese School and National Junior College, before going on to earn a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the National University of Singapore, and a Master of Laws (LLM) from Harvard Law School. He is called to the Bar as an advocate and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Singapore.

He also serves actively as an elder at Mount Carmel Bible-Presbyterian Church.

## Previous positions

1. "Academic Profile - Associate Professor Ho Peng Kee". National University of Singapore. 25 June 2004.
2. "Professor Ho calls it a day after 20 years". *www.asiaone.com*. Retrieved 2021-10-20.

## InfoBox

| Ho Peng Kee | |
| --- | --- |
| 何炳基 | |
| Ho speaking to students at the SMU School of Law in 2019 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Singapore Parliament
for Nee Soon East SMC | |
| **In office**
3 November 2001  19 April 2011 | |
| Preceded by | himself (Sembawang GRC: Nee Soon East ward) |
| Succeeded by | Patrick Tay (Nee Soon GRC: Nee Soon East ward) |
| Majority | 11,414 (37.2%) |
| Member of the Singapore Parliament
for Sembawang GRC (Nee Soon East ward) | |
| **In office**
21 August 1991  3 November 2001 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Chong |
| Succeeded by | himself (Nee Soon East SMC) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1954-05-09) 9 May 1954
Colony of Singapore |
| Nationality | Singaporean |
| Political party | People's Action Party |
| Alma mater | Anglo-Chinese School (Independent),
National Junior College,
National University of Singapore,
Harvard Law School |
|  | |


title: Saint-Martin-d'Ary

abstract:
Saint-Martin-d'Ary is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.
There are three parts that make up Saint-Martin-d'Ary. People who live there are called Saint-Martinois and the Saint-Martinoises. The church and its town hall, the town hall and school located at Les Sables, and a suburb bordering Montguyon

text:
# Saint-Martin-d'Ary

**Saint-Martin-d'Ary** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ maʁtɛ̃ daʁi\]) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. There are three parts that make up Saint-Martin-d'Ary. People who live there are called Saint-Martinois and the Saint-Martinoises. The church and its town hall, the town hall and school located at Les Sables, and a suburb bordering Montguyon

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 458 |  |
| 1968 | 466 | +1.7% |
| 1975 | 476 | +2.1% |
| 1982 | 443 | −6.9% |
| 1990 | 483 | +9.0% |
| 1999 | 479 | −0.8% |
| 2008 | 504 | +5.2% |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Martin-d'Ary | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Saint-Martin-d'Ary | |
| Location of Saint-Martin-d'Ary | |
| Saint-Martin-d'ArySaint-Martin-d'Ary | |
| Coordinates: 45°13′36″N 0°12′47″W / 45.2267°N 0.2131°W / 45.2267; -0.2131 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Jonzac |
| Canton | Les Trois Monts |
| Intercommunality | Haute-Saintonge |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Marc Paillé |
| Area**1** | 8.61 km2 (3.32 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 471 |
| Density | 55/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 17365 /17270 |
| Elevation | 39–102 m (128–335 ft)
(avg. 82 m or 269 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Hohes Aderl

abstract: The Hohe Aderl is a 3,506 metres (11,503 ft) high mountain peak of the Venediger Group in East Tyrol.

text:
# Hohes Aderl

The **Hohe Aderl** is a 3,506 metres (11,503 ft) high mountain peak of the Venediger Group in East Tyrol.

## Location

The Hohes Aderl is the fourth highest mountain in the Venediger Group. It has an elevation of 3,506 metres (11,503 ft) and prominence of 39 metres (128 ft). Its isolation from its nearest higher neighbor, Großvenediger, is 848 metres (2,782 ft). It drains via the Isel and Drava into the Danube.

The Hohe Aderl is located in the center of the Venediger Group in the crest of the Hohen Gletscherdachs (High Glacier Roof) just south of the border between the federal state of Salzburg and East Tyrol, in the north of Prägraten am Großvenediger municipality. Located in the heart of the Hohe Tauern National Park, the Hohe Aderl is located on the southern ridge of the Großvenediger, which rises to 3,657 metres (11,998 ft) above sea level. Since the Hohe Aderl is only slightly higher than the Hohes-Aderl-Scharte, which is 3,480 metres (11,420 ft) above sea level, the summit is not rated as an independent peak.

To the south, the southern ridge of the Großvenediger continues to the Hohe Ader (3225 m above sea level), which ends in the Schwarzer Ader (2988 m above sea level). In the east is the Rainertörl (3406 m above sea level), where the Schlatenkees in the north meets the Inner Mullwitzkees in the south. The Rainertörl separates the Hohe Aderl from the Rainerhorn (3559 m above sea level). In the west there is another glacier, the Dorferkees. The closest refuges are the Neue Prager Hütte in the northeast, the Kürsingerhütte in the northwest, the Badener Hütte in the southwest and Defreggerhaus and Eisseehütte in the south.

## Climbing

The Hohes Aderl was first climbed in 1854 by H. v. Acken with assistants. The first winter ascent was achieved by R. Spannagel with J. Unterwurzacher and J. Ensmann on 27 May 1892.

The normal route to the Hohe Aderl starts in the Rainertörl, which can be reached, for example, via the Großvenediger south ascent from the Defreggerhaus via the Innere Mullwitzkees. The ascent from Rainertörl takes place on a moderately inclined snow slope to the summit (not difficult). An alternative is to climb the southwest ridge from the Aderschartl.

1. Hohes Aderl PeakVisor.
2. Hohes Aderl, Austria Peakbagger.
3. Peterka & End 1982, p. 271.
4. Peterka & End 1982, p. 272.

## Sources

* "Hohes Aderl, Austria", *Peakbagger*, retrieved 2021-10-10
* "Hohes Aderl", *PeakVisor*, retrieved 2021-10-10
* Peterka, Hubert; End, Willi (1982), *Venedigergruppe: e. Führer für Täler, Hütten u. Berge*, Bergverlag Rother, ISBN 9783763312429, retrieved 2021-10-10

## InfoBox

| Hohes Aderl | |
| --- | --- |
| Hohes Aderl, Rainertörl and Rainerhorn seen from the southwest (Weißspitze) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,506 m (11,503 ft) |
| Coordinates | 47°6′7″N 12°21′1″E / 47.10194°N 12.35028°E / 47.10194; 12.35028 |
| Geography | |
| Hohes AderlEast TyrolHohes AderlHohes Aderl (Austria) | |
| Country | Austria |
| Parent range | Venediger Group |
| Climbing | |
| Normal route | from Rainertörl (not difficult) |


title: Saint-Gervais-d'Auvergne

abstract: Saint-Gervais-d'Auvergne is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

text:
# Saint-Gervais-d'Auvergne

**Saint-Gervais-d'Auvergne** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ ʒɛʁvɛ dovɛʁɲ\]; Auvergnat: *Sent Gervais d’Auvèrnhe*) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Gervais-d'Auvergne | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Saint-Gervais-d'Auvergne | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Gervais-d'Auvergne | |
| Saint-Gervais-d'AuvergneSaint-Gervais-d'Auvergne | |
| Coordinates: 46°02′N 2°49′E / 46.03°N 2.81°E / 46.03; 2.81 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Puy-de-Dôme |
| Arrondissement | Riom |
| Canton | Saint-Éloy-les-Mines |
| Intercommunality | CC Pays de Saint-Éloy |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Claude Gaillard |
| Area**1** | 47.35 km2 (18.28 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,231 |
| Density | 26/km2 (67/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 63354 /63390 |
| Elevation | 390–742 m (1,280–2,434 ft)
(avg. 729 m or 2,392 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Saint-Gervais-du-Perron

abstract: Saint-Gervais-du-Perron is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.

text:
# Saint-Gervais-du-Perron

**Saint-Gervais-du-Perron** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ ʒɛʁvɛ dy pɛʁɔ̃\] ) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.

## Notable buildings and places

### National heritage sites

* **Markers of Forêt d'Écouves** a set of 80 markers positioned in the 18th century that mark the boundaries of the forest, they were registered as a Monument historique in 1987.

## Notable people

* **Pierre Cardin** – (1922–2020), an Italian-born naturalised-French fashion designer, lived here between 1960 and 1972 at Beaumesnil manor.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Gervais-du-Perron | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Saint-Gervais-du-Perron | |
| Location of Saint-Gervais-du-Perron | |
| Saint-Gervais-du-PerronSaint-Gervais-du-Perron | |
| Coordinates: 48°32′09″N 0°08′55″E / 48.5358°N 0.1486°E / 48.5358; 0.1486 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Orne |
| Arrondissement | Alençon |
| Canton | Sées |
| Government | |
| Mayor (2020–2026) | Damien Roger |
| Area**1** | 11.28 km2 (4.36 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 351 |
| Density | 31/km2 (81/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 61400 /61500 |
| Elevation | 151–333 m (495–1,093 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Sagileru

abstract: Sagileru is a river in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh that is a tributary of the Pennar.

text:
# Sagileru

**Sagileru** is a river in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh that is a tributary of the Pennar.

## Sagileru basin

The Sagileru river valley lies between the Velikonda and Nallamala hills and has a north-south orientation. The river basin contains red, black and loamy soils and both wet and dry irrigated crops are grown in this region with bajra, ragi, jowar, groundnuts and vegetables belonging to the latter category.

## Waterworks

The Upper and Lower Sagileru projects are medium irrigation projects on the river and are located in the B.Kodur and Kalasapadu mandals of Kadapa district. Besides these there are several lift irrigation and minor irrigation works on the river. The Telugu Ganga canal project aims to enhance the irrigation potential of the Sagileru valley by diverting water for irrigation from the Sri Potuluri Veera Brahmendra Swami Reservoir to the Sagileru river. The building of this canal has however been criticised on the grounds of it posing a threat to the habitat of the highly endangered Jerdon's courser.


title: Sagina

abstract: Sagina is a genus of 20–30 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. These are flowering herbs native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere extending south to tropical mountain areas at high altitudes, reaching just south of the equator in Africa. They are small annual or perennial herbaceous plants, growing to 5–15 cm. The leaves are opposite, often in tight whorl-like clusters, simple linear, typically 5–20 mm long. The flowers are solitary or in small cymes, with four or five green sepals and an equal number of white petals; the petal size relative to the sepal size is useful in species identification. The fruit is a small capsule containing several seeds.

text:
# Sagina

***Sagina*** (like *Colobanthus* called "**pearlworts**") is a genus of 20–30 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. These are flowering herbs native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere extending south to tropical mountain areas at high altitudes, reaching just south of the equator in Africa. They are small annual or perennial herbaceous plants, growing to 5–15 cm. The leaves are opposite, often in tight whorl-like clusters, simple linear, typically 5–20 mm long. The flowers are solitary or in small cymes, with four or five green sepals and an equal number of white petals; the petal size relative to the sepal size is useful in species identification. The fruit is a small capsule containing several seeds.

## Species

The following species are accepted by *The Plant List*:

## InfoBox

| *Sagina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Sagina procumbens* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Caryophyllaceae |
| Genus: | *Sagina*
L. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Sagina procumbens*
L. | |


title: Homeostatic plasticity

abstract: In neuroscience, homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity. The term homeostatic plasticity derives from two opposing concepts: 'homeostatic' and plasticity, thus homeostatic plasticity means "staying the same through change". In the nervous system, neurons must be able to evolve with the development of their constantly changing environment while simultaneously staying the same amidst this change. This stability is important for neurons to maintain their activity and functionality to prevent neurons from carcinogenesis. At the same time, neurons need to have flexibility to adapt to changes and make connections to cope with the ever-changing environment of a developing nervous system.

text:
# Homeostatic plasticity

In neuroscience, **homeostatic plasticity** refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity. The term homeostatic plasticity derives from two opposing concepts: 'homeostatic' (a product of the Greek words for 'same' and 'state' or 'condition') and plasticity (or 'change'), thus homeostatic plasticity means "staying the same through change". In the nervous system, neurons must be able to evolve with the development of their constantly changing environment while simultaneously staying the same amidst this change. This stability is important for neurons to maintain their activity and functionality to prevent neurons from carcinogenesis. At the same time, neurons need to have flexibility to adapt to changes and make connections to cope with the ever-changing environment of a developing nervous system.

## Types of Homeostatic Plasticity

The capacity of neurons to sustain consistent activity levels in response to variations in synaptic input is known as homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Homeostatic synaptic plasticity occurs when neurons modify their synaptic strength in response to variations in activity levels to preserve network stability. This response serves to keep neuronal circuits in the appropriate range of activity for proper functioning. Homeostatic synaptic plasticity can be shown in synaptic scaling, postsynaptic receptor expression, presynaptic alterations, and dendritic spine remodeling.

### Presynaptic

Homeostatic presynaptic plasticity refers to the ability of neurons to regulate neurotransmitter release at presynaptic terminals, ensuring a steady range of brain activity. This process involves various mechanisms, such as quantal size adjustment, differential expression of presynaptic proteins, and modification of vesicle recycling. Quantal size adjustment helps maintain steady postsynaptic responses despite changes in synaptic strength. Differential expression of presynaptic proteins, such as calcium channels or synaptic vesicle proteins, can also be altered by neurons to affect neurotransmitter release rate.

### Postsynaptic

Homeostatic postsynaptic plasticity is crucial for maintaining consistent levels of synaptic activity in neurons, which are formed at specific synapses in the brain. Homeostatic processes involve changes in the expression of receptors, changes in receptor subunit composition, and changes to intracellular signaling pathways. For example, the NMDA receptor can change its subunit composition to improve sensitivity to neurotransmitters. Additionally, changes in the expression and location of neurotransmitter receptors can impact synaptic transmission when specific signaling pathways are activated. Synaptic adhesion molecules can also be influenced by homeostatic processes. Overall, homeostatic postsynaptic plasticity contributes to the stability and proper functioning of neural circuits, allowing the brain to adapt to changing conditions without compromising the overall stability of neuronal activity.

### Intrinsic

Homeostatic intrinsic plasticity refers to the ability of neurons to change their intrinsic electrical characteristics in response to changes in synaptic or network activity. This process involves alterations in the excitability or firing characteristics of individual neurons, rather than primarily adjusting synaptic strength. Intrinsic plasticity processes associated with homeostasis include ion channel expression alterations, membrane conductance modifications, action potential threshold alterations, and regulation of intrinsic excitability. Neurons can upregulate the expression of sodium channels to maintain firing rates and increase excitability in case of a drop in synaptic activity. These changes impact the input-output link between neurons and the homeostatic control of neuronal activity.

### Synaptic scaling

Synaptic scaling is a homeostatic mechanism that allows neurons to modulate the strength of all synapses to maintain stable activity levels within a specific range. This process is characterized by changes in the quantity or sensitivity of neurotransmitter receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Neurons can reduce the number of neurotransmitter receptors in response to network activity spikes, reducing synaptic strength, or increase the density in response to network activity drops, increasing sensitivity and boosting synaptic strength. This homeostatic regulation of brain circuits supports other types of synaptic plasticity, such as long-term depression and long-term potentiation.

## Comparison with Hebbian plasticity

Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is a means of maintaining the synaptic basis for learning, respiration, and locomotion, in contrast to the Hebbian plasticity associated with learning and memory. Although Hebbian forms of plasticity, such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression occur rapidly, homeostatic plasticity (which relies on protein synthesis) can take hours or days. TNF-α and microRNAs are important mediators of homeostatic synaptic plasticity.

Homeostatic plasticity is thought to balance Hebbian plasticity by modulating the activity of the synapse or the properties of ion channels. Homeostatic plasticity in neocortical circuits has been studied in depth by Gina G. Turrigiano and Sacha Nelson of Brandeis University, who first observed compensatory changes in excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) after chronic activity manipulations.

### Long-term

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are example of Hebbian plasticity. This means that these terms also have to do with the brain, synaptic strength, and how memory/learning are processed. Long-term potentiation is a type of plasticity where the communication between neurons is improved over a long period of time. Long-term depression would be when this activity in the synapses are reduced. These terms are theorized to be responsible for the storage of memory, but it has not been officially confirmed. Another term that sums up LTP and LTD is synaptic plasticity, which describes this synaptic strength in the brain.

## Comparison to other types of plasticity

### Functional

A type of neuroplasticity that discusses the plasticity of the brain when facing injuries. The functions and abilities of a certain part of the brain can be moved to another part of the brain when damaged. For example, as the left and right side of the brain have certain functions, removing one side entirely may result in the remaining side to take over those abilities. This helps avoid the issue of the organism losing important functions needed for survival.

### Structural

Another type of neuroplasticity that, as the name suggests, involves the actual structure of the brain changing as a result of learning, as opposed to just synapses. But as amazing as the brain is, there is only so far that an organ this complex can push itself.

## Mechanism

Synaptic scaling has been proposed as a potential mechanism of homeostatic plasticity. Homeostatic plasticity can be used to describe a process that maintains the stability of neuronal functions through a coordinated plasticity among subcellular compartments, such as the synapses versus the neurons and the cell bodies versus the axons. Recently, it was proposed that homeostatic synaptic scaling may play a role in establishing the specificity of an associative memory.

Homeostatic plasticity also maintains neuronal excitability in a real-time manner through the coordinated plasticity of threshold and refractory period at voltage-gated sodium channels.

## Role in central pattern generators

Homeostatic plasticity is also very important in the context of central pattern generators. In this context, neuronal properties are modulated in response to environmental changes in order to maintain an appropriate neural output.

## Role in neurological disorders

Homeostatic plasticity plays a crucial role in neurological disorders such as epilepsy, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. In these disorder, neurons ability to maintain stability in response to changes in activity levels or external stimuli is often altered.

### Epilepsy

In a healthy brain, neuronal excitability and synaptic strength are homeostatically regulated to maintain balance between excitation and inhibition. In an epileptic brain, homeostatic plasticity mechanisms may become dysregulated leading to episodes of highly synchronized neuronal firing and seizure activity. It is still unclear how homeostatic compensation is involved in epileptogenic processes. Traditional pharmacological approaches may be ineffective in restoring physiological balance in the neuronal network. However, therapeutic strategies targeting homeostatic plasticity mechanisms may offer a potential solution.

### Autism

Homeostatic plasticity is vital for maintaining the neurological balance in the brain. An imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmissions in the brain can lead to Autism spectrum disorder. Dysregulation of homeostatic plasticity and neural imbalance can contribute to the cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with autism.

### Alzheimer's disease

In Alzheimer's disease, synaptic function and neuronal integrity are impaired. In a healthy brain, these mechanisms are tightly maintained by homeostatic plasticity. Deficits in homeostatic plasticity contribute to cognitive decline and memory impairment which are characteristic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

### Neurodegenerative diseases

Several neurological disorders are affected by homeostatic plasticity. Dysregulation of homeostatic plasticity can cause an excitatory or inhibitory network activity. Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and ALS are all examples of disorder where dysregulation of neuronal network contribute to the pathophysiology of the disorders.

### Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, and emotions. Alterations in synaptic strength and connectivity potentially due to dysregulation in homeostatic mechanisms may lead to the symptoms observed in schizophrenic patients. These dysregulation contribute to the cognitive deficits and delusions observed in schizophrenia.

## Prominent researchers

Gina G. Turrigiano is an American neuroscientist known for her work on homeostatic plasticity mechanisms in the brain. Her research focused on synaptic strength and intrinsic excitability of neurons. She made key discoveries in synaptic scaling, synaptic plasticity, and other molecular mechanisms related to homeostatic regulation.


title: Radio 7

abstract: Radio 7 is a German radio station. It is broadcast via FM in southeastern Baden-Württemberg and can also be received in neighboring Switzerland. It is also broadcast via DAB+ in the entirety of Baden-Württemberg since 1 December 2014, and in Bavarian Swabia since 31 August 2020. Its main studio is located in Ulm, it also has local studios in Aalen, Konstanz, Ravensburg and Tuttlingen. As of 2019, Radio 7 has about 156,000 listeners per hour and 889,000 listeners per day.

text:
# Radio 7

**Radio 7** is a German radio station. It is broadcast via FM in southeastern Baden-Württemberg and can also be received in neighboring Switzerland. It is also broadcast via DAB+ in the entirety of Baden-Württemberg since 1 December 2014, and in Bavarian Swabia since 31 August 2020. Its main studio is located in Ulm, it also has local studios in Aalen, Konstanz, Ravensburg and Tuttlingen. As of 2019, Radio 7 has about 156,000 listeners per hour and 889,000 listeners per day.

## Frequencies

48°24′24″N 9°59′40″E / 48.40667°N 9.99444°E / 48.40667; 9.99444

## InfoBox

Radio 7
| Die besten aktuellen Hits für den Süden (The best current hits for the south) | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Baden-Württemberg
Swabia (Bavaria)
Northern Switzerland |
| Programming | |
| Format | Hot adult contemporary |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Mediengesellschaft Donau-Iller GmbH & Co. KG |
| History | |
| First air date | 1 July 1988 |
| Links | |
| Website | Radio 7 |


title: Pema Tshering

abstract: Pema Tshering, is an archer who represented Bhutan internationally. Tshering competed for Bhutan at the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, he finished 76th in Seoul and finished one place better 75th in Barcelona, in the team events they finished 22nd and 20th respectively.

text:
# Pema Tshering

**Pema Tshering** (born 15 July 1951), is an archer who represented Bhutan internationally.

Tshering competed for Bhutan at the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, he finished 76th in Seoul and finished one place better 75th in Barcelona, in the team events they finished 22nd and 20th respectively .

## InfoBox

Pema Tshering
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Bhutanese |
| Born | (1951-07-15) 15 July 1951<br>Samdrup Jongkhar, Bhutan |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Archery |


title: Merimnetria

abstract: Merimnetria is a genus of moths in the family Gelechiidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. All species are endemic to Hawaii.

text:
# Merimnetria

***Merimnetria*** is a genus of moths in the family Gelechiidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. All species are endemic to Hawaii.

## Species

Furthermore, there are at least three undescribed species.

* Zimmerman, Elwood C. (1978). *Insects of Hawaii*. Vol. **9** Microlepidoptera. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu. hdl:10125/7338.

## InfoBox

| *Merimnetria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Subfamily: | Thiotrichinae |
| Genus: | *Merimnetria*<br>Walsingham, 1907 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aristoteliodes* Zimmerman, 1978 | |


title: Valley of the Giants (band)

abstract: Valley of the Giants is a Canadian post-rock supergroup composed of members from Broken Social Scene, Godspeed You! Black Emperor, Silver Mt. Zion, Do Make Say Think, Shalabi Effect and Strawberry. Stylistically, Valley of the Giants blends rock with elements of folk and world music.

text:
# Valley of the Giants (band)

**Valley of the Giants** is a Canadian post-rock supergroup composed of members from Broken Social Scene, Godspeed You! Black Emperor, Silver Mt. Zion, Do Make Say Think, Shalabi Effect and Strawberry. Stylistically, Valley of the Giants blends rock with elements of folk and world music.

## History

Valley of the Giants formed in Lanark Highlands, Ontario, Canada, in early 2002, and included instrumentalists Brendan Canning, Charles Spearin and Anthony Seck, singer Deirdre Smith, violinist Sophie Trudeau and Raoul Tangeuy. In 2004, the band released an album, *Valley of the Giants: Westworld*. which received relatively positive reviews. The album was produced by Seck and mixed by John Dooher.

## Members

* Brendan Canning (Broken Social Scene, hHead)
* Charles Spearin (Broken Social Scene, Do Make Say Think)
* Deirdre Smith (Strawberry)
* Anthony Seck (Shalabi Effect)
* Sophie Trudeau (Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band, Godspeed You! Black Emperor)
* Raoul Tangeuy

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Valley of the Giants | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Lanark Highlands, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Post-rock
Dream pop |
| Years active | 2002-2004 |
| Labels | Arts & Crafts |
|  | |
| Members | Brendan Canning
Charles Spearin
Deirdre Smith
Anthony Seck
Sophie Trudeau
Raoul Tangeuy |
|  | |
| Website | www.arts-crafts.ca/valleyofthegiants |


title: Yellow dog Democrat

abstract: Yellow dog Democrats is a political term that was applied to voters in the Southern United States who voted solely for candidates who represented the Democratic Party. The term originated in the late 19th century. These voters would allegedly "vote for a yellow dog before they would vote for any Republican", or, "vote for a yellow dog if he ran on the Democratic ticket". The term is now more generally applied to refer to any Democrat who will vote a straight party ticket under any circumstances. The South Carolina Democratic Party and Mississippi Democratic Party, among other state parties, continue to use the phrase to refer to committed members of the Democratic Party in the "Yellow Dog Club". According to journalist Ed Kilgore, Yellow Dog Democrats were Southerners who saw the Democratic Party as "the default vehicle for day-to-day political life, and the dominant presence, regardless of ideology, for state and local politics." The term "yellow dog" may be a reference to the Carolina Dog, a dog breed without European heritage and indigenous to the Americas.

text:
# Yellow dog Democrat

***Yellow dog Democrats*** is a political term that was applied to voters in the Southern United States who voted solely for candidates who represented the Democratic Party. The term originated in the late 19th century. These voters would allegedly "vote for a yellow dog before they would vote for any Republican", or, "vote for a yellow dog if he ran on the Democratic ticket". The term is now more generally applied to refer to any Democrat who will vote a straight party ticket under any circumstances. The South Carolina Democratic Party and Mississippi Democratic Party, among other state parties, continue to use the phrase to refer to committed members of the Democratic Party in the "Yellow Dog Club".

According to journalist Ed Kilgore, Yellow Dog Democrats were Southerners who saw the Democratic Party as "the default vehicle for day-to-day political life, and the dominant presence, regardless of ideology, for state and local politics."

The term "yellow dog" may be a reference to the Carolina Dog, a dog breed without European heritage and indigenous to the Americas (specifically the Southern United States).

## History and usage

The phrase "Yellow Dog Democrat" is thought to have first achieved popularity during the 1928 presidential race between Democratic candidate Al Smith and Republican candidate Herbert Hoover, when Senator J. Thomas Heflin (D-Alabama) crossed party lines and formally supported Hoover. Many Southern voters disliked several items on Smith's platform, as well as his Roman Catholic faith, but still voted for him.

However, the term did not originate from the election of 1928, and there were earlier recorded usages. It was used by Abraham Lincoln in an 1848 speech on the presidential campaign of General Zachary Taylor, whose Democratic opponent was General Lewis Cass. Lincoln derided Cass as one of several recent Democratic presidential candidates in the mold of Andrew Jackson by saying:

> A fellow once advertised that he had made a discovery by which he could make a new man out of an old one, and have enough of the stuff left to make a little yellow dog. Just such a discovery has Gen. Jackson's popularity been to you \[Democrats\]. You not only twice made President of him out of it, but you have had enough of the stuff left to make presidents of several comparatively small men since; and it is your chief reliance now to make still another.

In the run-up to the 1892 presidential election, African-American journalist C. H. J. Taylor of Kansas City, Kansas, in his paper *The American Citizen*, used the term to refer to Republicans in the West who, he wrote, "would vote for a yellow dog out there if he was named Republican." In 1893, the *Kansas City Journal*, a Republican newspaper, criticized "This thing of voting for 'yaller dogs', and expecting them to turn black-and-tan after the election," with reference to Missouri voters always voting for Democrats, then being surprised at their allegedly invariable corruption.

In the 1899 contest for governor in Kentucky, Theodore Hallam was criticized at a Democratic Party meeting for first supporting William Goebel, then campaigning against him. The critic pointed out that Hallam earlier had said "if the Democrats of Kentucky, in convention assembled, nominated a yaller dog for governor you would vote for him" and asked "why do you now repudiate the nominee of that convention, the Honorable William Goebel?" Hallam responded:

> "I admit," he stated blandly, "that I said then what I now repeat, namely, that when the Democratic Party of Kentucky, in convention assembled, sees fit in its wisdom to nominate a yaller dog for the governorship of this great state, I will support him— but lower than that ye shall not drag me!"

There are indications that the term was in widespread and easily understandable use by 1923. In a letter written in Huntland, Tennessee, by W. L. Moore of Kansas City, Missouri, on May 9, 1923, on the occasion of his 90th birthday, Moore writes:

> I am a Democrat from inheritance, from prejudice and principle, if the principle suits me. But I have passed the yaller dog degree.


title: Notker Hammerstein

abstract: Notker Hammerstein was a German historian. His research interests were mainly in the field of University history and history of science as well as the history of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

text:
# Notker Hammerstein

**Notker Hammerstein** (3 October 1930 − 13 March 2024) was a German historian. His research interests were mainly in the field of University history and history of science as well as the history of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

## Life

Born in Offenbach am Main, Hammerstein was the son of the elementary school teacher August Hammerstein (1890–1976). He attended the Heinrich-von-Gagern-Gymnasium in Frankfurt and passed his Abitur there in 1949. He then studied economics and philosophy, later history, philosophy and English literature at the Goethe University Frankfurt and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In 1956 he was appointed a Doctor in Frankfurt by Otto Vossler, then became a research assistant and from 1960 assistant at the Department of History. In 1968 he habilitated and obtained the *venia legendi* for Medieval and Modern History. In 1971 Hammerstein was appointed professor in the course of the new Hessian Higher Education Act and in 1973 he was appointed to a newly established Extraordinary Office for Early Modern History at Frankfurt University. He was disenfranchised in 1999. His brother Reinhold was professor for musicology at the Heidelberg University, his brother Gerhard honorary professor for criminal law at the University of Freiburg.

In 1999 Hammerstein published a book on the history of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft during the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. Ernst Klee called this book an "attempt at a clean slate", since Hammerstein described the work of the Nazi psychiatrist Robert Ritter as "general medical research", although he had divided the work of the Nazi psychiatrist into "full Gypsies", "Gypsy half-breeds" and "non-Gypsies" in his "expert opinions" in a racist manner.

Hammerstein died on 13 March 2024, at the age of 93.

## Memberships

* 1986: Election to the Scientific Advisory Board of Herzog August Library Wolfenbüttel, 1991–1996 Chairman of the Advisory Board.
* 1994: Elected to the Scientific Advisory Board of the Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of the European Enlightenment at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg.
* Four years deputy chairman of the German Society for the Study of the 18th Century.
* 1988 to 2006: German representative and vice chairman of the International Commission of the History of Universities in the International Association of Historians.

## Publications

* *Jus und Historie. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des historischen Denkens an deutschen Universitäten im späten 17. und im 18. Jahrhundert.* Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1972, ISBN 3-525-36151-3 (at the same time: Frankfurt am Main, Universität, Habilitation thesis, 1968).
* *Aufklärung und katholisches Reich. Untersuchungen zur Universitätsreform und Politik katholischer Territorien des Heiligen Römischen Reiches deutscher Nation im 18. Jahrhundert*. (*Historische Forschungen.* 12). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1977, ISBN 3-428-03948-3.
* *Die Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main.*
    + Volume 1: *Von der Stiftungsuniversität zur staatlichen Hochschule. 1914–1950.* Alfred Metzner Verlag, Neuwied und Frankfurt am Main, 1989, ISBN 3-472-00107-0.
    + Volume 2: *Nachkriegszeit und Bundesrepublik 1945–1972*, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen, 2012, ISBN 978-3-8353-0550-2.
    + Volume 3: *Ihre Geschichte in den Präsidentenberichten 1972–2013*, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen, 2014 ISBN 978-3-8353-1592-1.
* *Antisemitismus und deutsche Universitäten. 1871–1933.* Campus, Frankfurt among others 1995, ISBN 3-593-35283-4.
* *Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte.*
    + as publisher with August Buck: Vol 1: *Von der Renaissance und der Reformation bis zum Ende der Glaubenskämpfe.* Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-406-32463-0;
    + as publisher with Ulrich Herrmann: Vol. 2: *18. Jahrhundert. Vom späten 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Neuordnung Deutschlands um 1800.* Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-32464-9.
* *Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich: Wissenschaftspolitik in Republik und Diktatur: 1920–1945*. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-44826-7;
    + Ingo Haar: Rezension in *H-Soz-u-Kult* 25 September 2000 .
* *Res publica litteraria. Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur frühneuzeitlichen Bildungs-, Wissenschafts- und Universitätsgeschichte* (*Historische Forschungen.* 69). Edited by Ulrich Muhlack and Gerrit Walther. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-428-09899-4.


title: Number 9 Films

abstract: Number 9 Films is a British independent film production company co-founded in 2002 by producers Elizabeth Karlsen and Stephen Woolley, after a long collaboration at both Palace Pictures and Scala Productions. In 2018, Claudia Yusef joined the company as head of development. Stephen Woolley and Elizabeth Karlsen were jointly honoured with the BAFTA Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award in 2019. In 2019, Number 9 Films entered into a multi-year agreement with film studio and cinema chain Shochiku for distribution of its theatrical films in Japan. The studio would also contribute funding for film development.

text:
# Number 9 Films

**Number 9 Films** is a British independent film production company co-founded in 2002 by producers Elizabeth Karlsen and Stephen Woolley, after a long collaboration at both Palace Pictures and Scala Productions. In 2018, Claudia Yusef joined the company as head of development.

Stephen Woolley and Elizabeth Karlsen were jointly honoured with the BAFTA Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award in 2019.

In 2019, Number 9 Films entered into a multi-year agreement with film studio and cinema chain Shochiku for distribution of its theatrical films in Japan. The studio would also contribute funding for film development.

## Projects

Films produced under the Number 9 Films banner include *Breakfast on Pluto*, directed by Neil Jordan and recipient of four Irish Film & Television Academy awards, including Best Director, Best Script, and Best Actor in a Lead Role – Film; *Made in Dagenham*, directed by Nigel Cole and made into a West End musical in 2014; *Carol*, directed by Todd Haynes, starring Cate Blanchett and Rooney Mara, which received nine BAFTA awards nominations and six Oscar nominations, including Best Actress and Supporting Actress respectively; and *Colette*, directed by Wash Westmoreland and starring Keira Knightley as the French novelist, released in 2018.

*Middle of Somewhere*, a biopic written by Phyllis Nagy about British singer Dusty Springfield is in development. The spec script of futuristic drama *The Assessor* was picked up in 2017. The same year, *Mothering Sunday*, an adaptation by Alice Birch of the Graham Swift 2016 novel, *Mothering Sunday: A Romance*, was acquired for development in collaboration with Film4.

The first television project produced by Number 9 Films, in collaboration with Red Production Company, is an adaptation of Henry James' *The Portrait of a Lady*.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Worldwide box office | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Return to Sender* |  |  |
| 2005 | *Mrs. Harris* |  | Nominated for twelve Emmy Awards |
| 2005 | *Stoned* | $174,758 |  |
| 2005 | *Breakfast on Pluto* | $3.9 million | Nominated for 11 Irish Film & Television Academy awards. |
| 2006 | *Sixty Six* | $1.9 million |  |
| 2007 | *And When Did You Last See Your Father?* | $2.7 million | Nominated for seven British Independent Film Awards |
| 2008 | *Sounds Like Teen Spirit* |  |  |
| 2008 | *How to Lose Friends & Alienate People* | $19.2 million | Production budget: $28 million. |
| 2009 | *Perrier's Bounty* | $167,938 |  |
| 2010 | *Made in Dagenham* | $15.6 million | Production budget: 5 million.
Nominated for four British Academy Film Awards
Nominated for four British Independent Film Awards |
| 2012 | *Midnight's Children* | $1.6 million |  |
| 2012 | *Byzantium* | $92,544 | Production budget: €8 million. |
| 2012 | *Great Expectations* | $920,099 |  |
| 2014 | *Hyena* | $89,526 |  |
| 2015 | *Carol* | $42.7 million | Production budget: $11.8 million.
Nominated for nine British Academy Film Awards
Nominated for six Academy Awards
Nominated for five Golden Globe Awards |
| 2015 | *Youth* | $24 million | Nominated for two Golden Globe Awards
Nominated for one Academy Award |
| 2016 | *The Limehouse Golem* | $2.3 million | Released in 2017. |
| 2016 | *Their Finest* | $13.8 million |  |
| 2017 | *On Chesil Beach* | $3.4 million |  |
| 2018 | *Colette* | $16 million | Nominated for four British Independent Film Awards
Nominated for two Satellite Awards |
| 2021 | *Mothering Sunday* | $2.1 million |  |
| 2022 | *Living* | $12.1 million | Nominated for nine British Independent Film Awards
Nominated for one Golden Globe Award
Nominated for three British Academy Film Awards
Nominated for four Satellite Awards
Nominated for two Academy Awards |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Number 9 Films
| Industry | Film |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2002 |
| Founder |  |
| Headquarters | London, England, United Kingdom |
| Products | Motion Pictures |
| Website | number9films.co.uk |


title: Long Lake Sagamore Seaplane Base

abstract: Long Lake Sagamore Seaplane Base is a privately owned, public use seaplane base on Long Lake in the Town of Long Lake, Hamilton County, New York, United States.

text:
# Long Lake Sagamore Seaplane Base

**Long Lake Sagamore Seaplane Base** (FAA LID: **K03**) is a privately owned, public use seaplane base on Long Lake in the Town of Long Lake, Hamilton County, New York, United States.

## Facilities and aircraft

Long Lake Sagamore Seaplane Base resides at elevation of 1,629 feet (497 m) above mean sea level. It has one seaplane landing area designated ALL/WAY with a water surface measuring 15,000 by 2,000 feet (4,572 x 610 m).

For the 12-month period ending September 15, 2011, the airport had 60 general aviation aircraft operations. At that time there were one single-engine aircraft based at this airport.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for K03 PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective November 15, 2012.
2. "Long Lake Sagamore SPB & Marina (K03)" (PDF). *Airport Directory*. New York State Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Long Lake Sagamore Seaplane Base | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public use |
| Owner | Lucci Realty Corp. |
| Serves | Long Lake, New York |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,629 ft / 497 m |
| Coordinates | 43°58′08″N 074°25′44″W / 43.96889°N 74.42889°W / 43.96889; -74.42889 |
| Map | |
| **K03**Location of airport in New York | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  ALL/WAY 15,000 4,572 Water | |
| Statistics (2011) | |
| Aircraft operations 60  Based aircraft 1 | |
| Sources: FAA and NYSDOT | |


abstract: The Los Angeles Fire Department Museum and Memorial is located at Old Engine Co. No. 27, also known as Fire Station No. 27, on Cahuenga Boulevard in Hollywood. The museum houses old fire engines and fire apparatus, some dating from the 1880s. The museum also houses a reference library and fire safety learning center. The building was named a Los Angeles Cultural-Heritage Monument in 1976 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The Fallen Firefighters Memorial in front of the station consists of a memorial wall listing all of the Los Angeles firefighters who have died in the line of duty and five life-size statues of firefighters.

text:
# Los Angeles Fire Department Museum and Memorial

The **Los Angeles Fire Department Museum and Memorial** is located at **Old Engine Co. No. 27**, also known as **Fire Station No. 27**, on Cahuenga Boulevard in Hollywood. The museum houses old fire engines and fire apparatus, some dating from the 1880s. The museum also houses a reference library and fire safety learning center. The building was named a Los Angeles Cultural-Heritage Monument in 1976 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The Fallen Firefighters Memorial in front of the station consists of a memorial wall listing all of the Los Angeles firefighters who have died in the line of duty and five life-size statues of firefighters.

## History of Engine Co. No. 27

At 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2), the Italian Renaissance revival building housing Engine Co. No. 27 was the largest fire station west of the Mississippi River when it opened in July 1930. For more than 60 years, the old fire station served the Hollywood community, including the motion picture studios and the stars who lived in the Hollywood Hills. It was also used a movie location by, among others, The Three Stooges and Buster Keaton. The use of the building as both a movie location and a working fire station sometimes led to difficulties. In 1937, a real fire broke out while a Hollywood studio was filming the motion picture, *Two Platoons*, at Fire Station No. 27. The *Los Angeles Times* reported on the incident this way:

> The entire crew was on hand as atmosphere and the equipment served as a background. Dick Foran and Robert Armstrong were in the middle of a scene when the alarm sounded. Moviemaking meant nothing in the life of Battalion Chief Rothermel at that moment. Before (director John) Farrow could finish the sequence, the fire engines were speeding on their way to a brush fire in the Hollywood Hills. The movie company had to wait an hour before action could be resumed.

In 1950, the captain of Engine Co. No. 27, Michael J. Carter, died in the line of duty while supervising a firefighting effort at a recordmaking facility in Hollywood. Capt. Carter is one of the fallen firefighters now honored by the memorial located in front of Engine Co. No. 27.

One firefighter, Lawrence T. O'Neill, served at Station 27 for 34 years starting in 1929. At the time of his retirement in 1963, O'Neill recalled the company's efforts in fighting the Paramount sound stage fire in 1929, the Consolidated Laboratories fire the same year, and dozens of other fires over the years.

In 1976, an interagency dispute arose, as the Fire Department Board of Commissioners voted unanimously to oppose the designation of Station No. 27 as a Historic-Cultural Monument by the City's Cultural Heritage Commission. Fire Chief Kenneth Long expressed concerns that the designation would make it impossible for the city to rebuild the station or to sell it to build a new station elsewhere. Despite the fire department's opposition, Fire Station No. 27 was disengaged as the city's Cultural-Historical Monument #165 in October 1976. The historic designation saved Engine Co. No. 27 when the Los Angeles Fire Department announced plans in 1984 to demolish 16 old fire stations as part of the largest building program ever undertaken by the department.

The station was also listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Rather than demolishing the old firehouse, a new fire station was built next door. The building was damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, but was restored to its earlier appearance for use as a museum honoring the Los Angeles Fire Department.

## Los Angeles Fire Department Museum

The Los Angeles Fire Department Museum opened in October 2001—the month after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, New York, and the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. The walls of the museum are filled with historical photographs on the department's history. The museum houses several old fire engines, artifacts and historical firefighting equipment, some dating from the 1880s. There is also a research library and a learning center where fire and life safety lessons are taught. The benefactor of the museum is retired Los Angeles firefighter and Medal of Valor recipient, William Rolland. Rolland said of the museum: "I believe we must begin by educating our youth. A museum is not something you finish; museums are something you start. We will teach and educate children and their parents in fire safety awareness, emergency procedures and EMS technology of today."

When the *Los Angeles Times* published an article on the museum in 2003, it wrote: "With its high ceilings, six old-fashioned brass fire poles and nearly a dozen antique fire engines, the Los Angeles Fire Department Museum looks like a set from a Hollywood back lot. ... But Fire Station 27 has a greater purpose: keeping the flame of L.A. Fire Department history."

The Los Angeles Fire Department Historical Society also operates three other museums—the Los Angeles Harbor Fire Museum, located at 638 Beacon St., San Pedro; the Plaza Fire House near Olvera Street in downtown Los Angeles; and the African American Fire Fighter Museum, located at 1401 S. Central Avenue.

## Fallen Firefighters Memorial

In front of the museum is the Fallen Firefighter Memorial. It includes a memorial wall with the names of every known Los Angeles firefighter who has died while on active duty. The memorial also includes a series of life-size bronze statues depicting five firefighters. Two of the firefighters are depicted attacking a fire, while a fallen firefighter is attended to by a fourth figure. The fifth figure is the fire captain, shown making a command decision and also caring for the downed firefighter. The statues was based on a concept and designed by Los Angeles Fire Captain Harold Dwayne Golden and created in Minnesota by Honors for Excellence.

In 2005, firefighters staged a torch relay through the city to raise funds for the memorial that was then anticipated to cost $1.5 million. Each battalion in the Los Angeles Fire Department took turns running 13 miles (21 km) with the torch. At the time, firefighter Dominic Pascal said, "You don't want to forget your family members, and we don't want to forget ours. ... It's a significant, emotional event when you lose someone in a fire."

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Engine Co. No. 27 | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 165 | |
|  | |
| Engine Co. No. 27, home of the Fire Dept. Museum | |
| Location | 1355 N. Cahuenga Boulevard, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California |
| Coordinates | 34°5′45.4″N 118°19′48″W / 34.095944°N 118.33000°W / 34.095944; -118.33000 |
| Built | 1930 |
| Architect | Peter K. Schabarum |
| Architectural style | Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002559 |
| LAHCM No. | 165 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 24, 1985 |
| Designated LAHCM | August 6, 1962 |


title: Saeein

abstract: "Saeein" is a song by Pakistani sufi rock band Junoon. It is Junoon's eleventh single and the second from the 1996 studio album Inquilaab. The song is written by lead guitarist, Salman Ahmad and lyricist, Sabir Zafar. Due to the song's popularity, it also featured on the band's fourth studio album Azadi released in 1997. "Saeein" is one of Junoon's most popular songs, and has been covered numerous times, most notably by Indian singer Harshdeep Kaur. The song marked Junoon's foray into what later became the sufi rock sound that the band is most popularly associated with. The song uses blending rock guitars and bluesy vocals with eastern elements like the use of tablas, raga-inspired melodies, traditional Pakistani folk music, and Eastern inspired poetry. "Saeein" was named at #3 in a list of Junoon's top 10 songs and at #9 among the top sufi rock songs list published by Gibson Guitar on their website. In addition, the short version of the song featured on the band's fourth studio album, Azadi, released in 1997. The song has also featured in several other albums by the band like Kashmakash (1995) and Dewaar: The Best of Junoon (2004).

text:
# Saeein

**"Saeein"** (Urdu: **سائیں**, literal English translation: "Oh Lord") is a song by Pakistani sufi rock band Junoon. It is Junoon's eleventh single and the second from the 1996 studio album *Inquilaab*. The song is written by lead guitarist, Salman Ahmad and lyricist, Sabir Zafar. Due to the song's popularity, it also featured on the band's fourth studio album *Azadi* released in 1997. "Saeein" is one of Junoon's most popular songs, and has been covered numerous times, most notably by Indian singer Harshdeep Kaur. The song marked Junoon's foray into what later became the sufi rock sound that the band is most popularly associated with. The song uses blending rock guitars and bluesy vocals with eastern elements like the use of tablas (traditional south Asian hand drums), raga-inspired melodies, traditional Pakistani folk music, and Eastern inspired poetry.

"Saeein" was named at #3 in a list of Junoon's top 10 songs and at #9 among the top sufi rock songs list published by Gibson Guitar on their website.

In addition, the short version of the song featured on the band's fourth studio album, *Azadi*, released in 1997. The song has also featured in several other albums by the band like *Kashmakash* (1995) and *Dewaar: The Best of Junoon* (2004).

## Music video

## Track listing

**Saeein**

All tracks are written by Junoon

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Saeein" | 5:34 |
| 2. | "Saeein Alaap" | 4:41 |
| 3. | "Saeein" (Video) | 5:24 |

## Cover versions

* 2008: Harshdeep Kaur (performed live at the singing competition *Junoon - Kuch Kar Dikhaane Ka*)
* 2011: Usman Riaz (covered an instrumental version of the song on Junoon's 20th anniversary album)

## Personnel

Junoon Additional musicians

## InfoBox

| "Saeein" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Junoon | |
| from the album  *Inquilaab and Azadi* | |
| Released | 1997 |
| Recorded | 1995 |
| Genre | Sufi rock |
| Length | 5:34 (album version)
5:24 (music video) |
| Label | EMI Pakistan, Sadaf Stereo |
| Songwriter(s) | Sabir Zafar, Salman Ahmad |
| Producer(s) | John Alec, Salman Ahmad |
| Junoon singles chronology | |
| "Ehtesaab"
(1996) "**Saeein**"
(1997) "Sayonee"
(1997) | |


title: Hohenfelde, Steinburg

abstract: Hohenfelde is a municipality in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

text:
# Hohenfelde, Steinburg

**Hohenfelde** (German pronunciation: \[hoːənˈfɛldə\] ) is a municipality in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Hohenfelde | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Hohenfelde within Steinburg district | |
| Hohenfelde Hohenfelde | |
| Coordinates: 53°51′N 9°37′E / 53.850°N 9.617°E / 53.850; 9.617 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Schleswig-Holstein |
| District | Steinburg |
| Municipal assoc. | Horst-Herzhorn |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Torben Stuke |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.94 km2 (6.93 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3 m (10 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 890 |
| Density | 50/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 25358 |
| Dialling codes | 04126, 04127 |
| Vehicle registration | IZ |
| Website | www.amt-horst-herzhorn.de |


title: Sahamalaza National Park

abstract: Sahamalaza National Park is in the northwestern part of Madagascar in Sofia region, with 26035 hectares. Management of the national park has been assigned to Madagascar National Parks, with part of the funding provided by the Madagascar Protected Areas and Biodiversity Fund (FAPBM).

text:
# Sahamalaza National Park

**Sahamalaza National Park** is in the northwestern part of Madagascar in Sofia region, with 26035 hectares.

Management of the national park has been assigned to Madagascar National Parks, with part of the funding provided by the Madagascar Protected Areas and Biodiversity Fund (FAPBM).

## Geography

It is situated near Ambanja in the Ambanja District (Diana Region) and Analalava (Sofia region).

## Species

## InfoBox

| Sahamalaza National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Sahamalaza sportive lemur (Lepilemur sahamalazensis) in Sahamalaza National Park | |
| Location of Sahamalaza National Park in Madagascar | |
| Nearest city | Ambanja and Analalava. |
| Coordinates | 13°57′S 47°39′E / 13.950°S 47.650°E / -13.950; 47.650 |
| Area | 260.35 km2 (100.52 sq mi) |
| Established | 2007 |
|  | |
| Ramsar Wetland | |
| Official name | Zones Humides de Sahamalaza |
| Designated | 2 February 2017 |
| Reference no. | 2288 |
|  | |
|  | |