title: Jethu Mazara

abstract: Jethu Mazara is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) away from postal head office Langroya, 4.4 kilometres (2.7 mi) from Nawanshahr, 11.6 kilometres (7.2 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 87.6 kilometres (54.4 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Jethu Mazara

**Jethu Mazara** is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) away from postal head office Langroya, 4.4 kilometres (2.7 mi) from Nawanshahr, 11.6 kilometres (7.2 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 87.6 kilometres (54.4 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, Jethu Mazara has a total number of 295 houses and population of 1420 of which 732 include are males while 688 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Jethu Mazara is 77.91%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 139 which is 9.79% of total population of Jethu Mazara, and child sex ratio is approximately 782 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.

Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 41.69% of total population in Jethu Mazara. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 592 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Jethu Mazara which includes 447 males and 145 females. According to census survey report 2011, 83.11% workers describe their work as main work and 16.89% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.

## Education

The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed upper primary school founded in 1996. The schools provide mid-day meal as per Indian Midday Meal Scheme and the meal prepared in school premises. As per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act the school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14.

KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) away from the village. Lovely Professional University is 48 kilometres (30 mi) away from the village.

## Transport

Nawanshahr railway station is the nearest train station however, Garhshankar Junction railway station is 15.7 kilometres (9.8 mi) away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located 57 kilometres (35 mi) away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 157 kilometres (98 mi) away in Amritsar.

## InfoBox

| Jethu Mazara | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Jethu MazaraLocation in Punjab, IndiaJethu MazaraJethu Mazara (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°06′23″N 76°08′40″E / 31.1062908°N 76.144532°E / 31.1062908; 76.144532 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Elevation | 355 m (1,165 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,420 |
|  | Sex ratio 732/688 / |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144516 |
| Telephone code | 01823 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Post office | Langroya |
| Website | nawanshahr.nic.in |


title: Radio Veronica

abstract: Radio Veronica was an offshore radio station that began broadcasting in 1960, and was on air for over fourteen years. It was set up by independent radio, TV and household electrical retailers in the Netherlands, to stimulate the sales of radio receivers by providing an alternative to the Netherlands state-licensed stations in Hilversum. Test transmissions began in Amsterdam on 16 December 1959. Test broadcasts on Borkum Riff began on 18 or 21 April 1960. Regular broadcasts began on 6 May 1960. The station first named itself as VRON but later changed to Radio Veronica, after the poem "Het Zwarte Schaap Veronica" — The Black Sheep Veronica — by the children's poet Annie M. G. Schmidt. After the station's closure, some of its staff applied for a broadcasting licence and continued as a legal organisation with the same name. The original Radio Veronica became the most popular station in the Netherlands. It broadcast from a former lightship Borkum Riff, anchored off the Dutch coastline. The ship was fitted with a horizontal antenna between the fore and aft masts, fed by a one-kilowatt transmitter. Most of its programmes were recorded in a studio on the Zeedijk in Hilversum. At the end of the 1960s, the studios and offices moved to bigger premises on the Utrechtseweg in Hilversum. Initially, advertisers were reluctant to buy airtime, but those that did reported increases in sales and the station's revenue improved gradually. For a short time, the station also ran an English language service under the call letters CNBC not related to CNBC or NBC. Although short-lived, CNBC was presented by professional broadcasters who were able to give invaluable technical advice to Veronica's Dutch staff.

text:
# Radio Veronica

**Radio Veronica** was an offshore radio station that began broadcasting in 1960, and was on air for over fourteen years. It was set up by independent radio, TV and household electrical retailers in the Netherlands, to stimulate the sales of radio receivers by providing an alternative to the Netherlands state-licensed stations in Hilversum.

Test transmissions began in Amsterdam on 16 December 1959. Test broadcasts on *Borkum Riff* began on 18 or 21 April 1960. Regular broadcasts began on 6 May 1960. The station first named itself as VRON (Vrije Radio Omroep Nederland; Free Radio Station \[of the\] Netherlands) but later changed to Radio Veronica, after the poem "Het Zwarte Schaap Veronica"  The Black Sheep Veronica  by the children's poet Annie M. G. Schmidt.

After the station's closure, some of its staff applied for a broadcasting licence and continued as a legal organisation with the same name.

The original Radio Veronica became the most popular station in the Netherlands. It broadcast from a former lightship *Borkum Riff*, anchored off the Dutch coastline. The ship was fitted with a horizontal antenna between the fore and aft masts, fed by a one-kilowatt transmitter. Most of its programmes were recorded in a studio on the Zeedijk in Hilversum. At the end of the 1960s, the studios and offices moved to bigger premises on the Utrechtseweg in Hilversum. Initially, advertisers were reluctant to buy airtime, but those that did reported increases in sales and the station's revenue improved gradually.

For a short time, the station also ran an English language service under the call letters CNBC (Commercial Neutral Broadcasting Company) not related to CNBC or NBC. Although short-lived, CNBC was presented by professional broadcasters who were able to give invaluable technical advice to Veronica's Dutch staff.

## Expansion and competition

The station faced its first serious competition in 1964 when Radio Noordzee and *TV Noordzee* began broadcasting from the REM Island, an artificial structure. The Dutch government passed a law banning broadcasts from such structures and raided the REM Island, but left Veronica alone because of its popularity.

In August 1964, the station acquired a new ship, a converted fishing trawler named *MV Norderney*, and equipped it with a more efficient antenna and a 10 kilowatt transmitter, as well as an anchor designed to keep it correctly oriented. The *Norderney* took over Veronica's broadcasts in November that year and the *Borkum Riff* was sold for scrap.

During 1965, the station was influenced by English-language pirates like Radio London and adopted a faster format with jingles. When another UK pirate, Swinging Radio England, went bankrupt, it was briefly replaced by two Dutch-language successors, Radio Dolfijn and then Radio 227, which targeted Veronica's audiences, but competition was short-lived because of the British Marine Broadcasting Offences Act 1967 which had closed most of the similar British stations by August 1967.

## Veronica versus RNI

The arrival of a more powerful rival was to cause repercussions for Veronica. Radio Nordsee International (RNI), owned by two Swiss businessmen, initially broadcast German and English programmes from its ship *MV Mebo II* anchored off the Dutch Coast. It moved to the British coast in early 1970 but was jammed by the British government. The jamming stopped when the ship returned to the Netherlands, taking up position just 1 mile (1,600 m) from the *Norderney*. The German language programmes were subsequently replaced by all-English programmes.

The *Mebo II* was equipped with a 100 kW AM transmitter as well as FM and shortwave equipment. Although power did not guarantee RNI an audience, Radio Veronica's management were sufficiently worried about loss of advertising revenue that they planned to put RNI off the air.

RNI closed on 24 September 1970, claiming it was trying to stop the Dutch government from passing legislation that might force Veronica, "so dearly loved by the peoples of the Netherlands", to close. In fact, Veronica had paid RNI 1 million guilders to go off the air for two months and, to enforce that agreement, Veronica replaced the *Mebo II's* crew with their own staff.

RNI's management became unhappy with that arrangement and, once the two months were up, one of RNI's Swiss directors, Erwin Bollier, attempted to refund the money. Veronica refused, claiming the right to renew the contract. On 5 January 1971, Bollier boarded the *Mebo II*, dismissed the Veronica-appointed captain, and took command himself. It was claimed that Veronica's staff had sabotaged RNI's equipment but, by February 1971, RNI was back on the air, with a Dutch as well as an English service. In March, Veronica sued RNI for breach of contract. The court found in favour of RNI and the case tarnished Veronica's reputation.

Worse was to come. On the night of 15 May 1971, three men in a rubber dinghy started a fire on the *Mebo II* which damaged the stern. RNI broadcast *mayday* calls. All on board were rescued and the fire was extinguished. The studios and transmitters were undamaged and RNI went back on the air the following morning. On 17 May 1971, Veronica's advertising director Norbert Jurgens was arrested and, on the following day, Veronica's director Bull Verweij was also arrested. In a television interview, Verweij claimed he had paid a man to tow the *Mebo II* into Dutch waters so that the ship would be seized. Verweij denied any intention of endangering the lives of RNI's crew but was found guilty, together with Jurgens and the crew of the dinghy. All five were sentenced to a year in prison. The damage to Veronica's reputation was incalculable and, just as the 1966 Radio City shooting had motivated the British government to pass anti-pirate legislation, the RNI fire similarly motivated the Dutch authorities.

Both Veronica and RNI continued to broadcast without further incident but, as the Government began to draw up plans for anti-pirate legislation, the two stations began to campaign against it.

In September 1972, the two radio ships were joined by Radio Caroline's *MV Mi Amigo*, which anchored between the *Norderney* and *Mebo II*.

## Frequency change and RNI2

Veronica had been experiencing interference on 1562 kHz (192 m) from the Beromünster transmitter in Switzerland. Originally allocated 10 kW on that frequency, Beromünster had upgraded to 160 kW and was planning 300 kW. Veronica had been considering a new frequency since the late 1960s, and the threat of increased interference made a change imperative.

At noon on 30 September 1972, Veronica broadcast a half-hour retrospective documentary. The station then closed at 12:30 pm, a time chosen to symbolise the station's 12½ years on the air, announcing it would reopen at 1:00 pm on its new frequency of 557 kHz (538 m).

A moment after Veronica went off the air, listeners heard RNI's theme tune on 1562 kHz. RNI DJ Tony Allan, in Dutch, thanked Veronica for its 12½ years of broadcasting and reminded listeners of Veronica's new frequency, then welcomed them to the new sound of "RNI 2". RNI's management claimed the new service had been launched to prove that RNI could broadcast additional frequencies in case of emergency, but it was widely seen by listeners as a tongue-in-cheek rivalry aimed at poaching Veronica's listeners.

Veronica returned to the air on 557 kHz as scheduled, and listeners in the Netherlands and Belgium reported improved reception. On the same day, the *Mi Amigo* began test transmissions in preparation for Radio Caroline's return. RNI 2 broadcast for a few days and then went off the air.

Radio Veronica broadcast a top 40 format during the daytime, but in the evenings and late at night some specialist shows were aired, some in Indonesian. Following its move to 538 metres, Veronica became known for its well-crafted jingles and commercials. News summaries were broadcast each hour, at 2 minutes before the hour.

## 19731974: Co-operation and rivalry

As the Dutch government drew up its legislation Veronica organised a major rally that was due to take place in The Hague on 18 April 1973, and planned to broadcast special programmes in support. Unfortunately on 2 April the *Norderney* lost its anchor in a storm and ran aground on Scheveningen beach. The ship suffered no serious damage and the crew were taken ashore safely, but it seemed unlikely that the ship could be refloated in time for the rally. RNI offered its facilities, but Veronica refused because of the bad blood between them. Caroline, although off the air with technical problems, also made an offer and Veronica accepted.

Working around the clock, Caroline's technicians put the *Mi Amigo* back on the air on 11 April 1973, transmitting Radio Veronica programmes on Caroline's frequency of 1187 kHz (253 metres, announced as 259). Meanwhile, work on refloating the *Norderney* continued. This took several days, but the ship was in fact back at sea on 18 April and soon returned to the air. Thereafter the *Mi Amigo* relayed Veronica programmes from the *Norderney* for a few days.

In the summer of 1973 Britain's Independent Broadcasting Authority began test transmissions on 557 kHz from an antenna at Lots Road Power Station in west London. In October 1973 Capital Radio was launched on the same frequency. These broadcasts caused serious interference to Veronica in Britain and Belgium, although Dutch listeners were largely unaffected.

Meanwhile, Caroline, which had helped Veronica in April 1973, offered it new rivalry in July, in the form of Belgian millionaire Adriaan van Landschoot's Radio Atlantis, which hired airtime on the *Mi Amigo*. This lasted until October. Radio Atlantis subsequently resumed broadcasting from its own ship, while a new Dutch / Flemish station *Radio Mi Amigo* was launched on 1 January 1974 from the *Mi Amigo* .

## Final broadcast

Despite all the pro-Veronica campaigning, the Dutch government passed its anti-pirate legislation and announced that the law was to come into effect on 1 September 1974. Veronica chose to close down at 6:00 pm on 31 August 1974. The final hour was, like most of Veronica's programmes, pre-recorded in the station's studios in Hilversum. However, the station's final news bulletin was read live from the news studio on board the *MV Norderney*. A number of the station's directors, including Bull Verweij and his brother Jaap, were on board the ship during the final hour, as were many of the staff. In his final speech DJ Rob Out said "Part of the democracy in the Netherlands is dying with the closure of Radio Veronica and that is a tragedy for the country". Following the Dutch National Anthem, a Veronica jingle was played and the transmitter was switched off halfway through. Photos of the scene in the studio show workers openly weeping.

Radio Atlantis and RNI also closed on the evening of 31 August 1974. Radio Caroline had already decided to continue, as it had in 1967 (although as a precaution the ship moved to a new anchorage to reduce the likelihood of a "raid" by Dutch authorities), and after some debate, Radio Mi Amigo also decided to stay on the air. After Veronica's closure, Radio Mi Amigo "borrowed" many of Veronica's programming formats.

After 1974 some of Veronica's staff set up the Veronica Broadcasting Organisation (in Dutch *Veronica Omroep Organisatie*, abbreviated as VOO) in the hopes of applying for a broadcasting license. After some bureaucratic obstruction, which one critic described as a mini-Watergate, the VOO was finally granted a licence and was invited to open the new Hilversum 4 radio network on 28 December 1975. Hilversum 4 was a classical music service, and the irony was not lost on Veronica, which began its first legal programme by "accidentally" playing a snatch of The Beatles' "Long Tall Sally" instead of the announced classical piece.

Beginning in 1975, the VOO was part of the Dutch State broadcasting System, but in 1995 Veronica formed a joint-venture with CLT to create the new Holland Media Groep and became a commercial independent broadcasting station in the Netherlands. This ended in 2001; in 2000 it sold its shares, and in 2001 the television station V8 was renamed Veronica TV, which began broadcasting on 20 September 2003. Starting on 31 August 2003, the radio station became part of the Sky Radio Group, where it currently remains. Lex Harding and Erik de Zwart also founded the station Radio 538 in 1992, referring to the former wavelength of the offshore Radio Veronica.

## Radio Veronica deejays

DJs on Radio Veronica included:

## News anchors

51°13′55″N 4°24′58″E / 51.23194°N 4.41611°E / 51.23194; 4.41611

## InfoBox

Radio Veronica
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Netherlands |
| Frequency | * 192 meters (1562 kHz) (1960–1972) * 538 meters (557 kHz) (1972–1974) |
| Programming | |
| Format | Adult Contemporary |
| History | |
| First air date | 6 May 1960 (1960-05-06) |
| Last air date | 31 August 1974 (1974-08-31) |
| Links | |
| Webcast | Listen Live |


title: Mianchi South railway station

abstract: Mianchi South railway station is a railway station located in Mianchi County, Henan, China. It was opened on 6 February 2010, along with the Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway.

text:
# Mianchi South railway station

**Mianchi South railway station** (Chinese: 渑池南站) is a railway station located in Mianchi County, Henan, China. It was opened on 6 February 2010, along with the Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway.

| Preceding station | China Railway High-speed | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Luoyang Longmentowards Zhengzhou |  | Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railwayPart of the Eurasia Continental Bridge corridor |  | Sanmenxia Southtowards Xi'an North |

34°41′11″N 111°46′06″E / 34.6863°N 111.7683°E / 34.6863; 111.7683


title: Monomorium hospitum

abstract: Monomorium hospitum is a species of ant in the genus Monomorium. It is native to Singapore.

text:
# Monomorium hospitum

***Monomorium hospitum*** is a species of ant in the genus *Monomorium*. It is native to Singapore.

## InfoBox

| *Monomorium hospitum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Monomorium* |
| Species: | ***M. hospitum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Monomorium hospitum***
Viehmeyer, 1916 | |
|


title: Feuquières-en-Vimeu

abstract: Feuquières-en-Vimeu is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Feuquières-en-Vimeu

**Feuquières-en-Vimeu** (French pronunciation: \[føkjɛʁ ɑ̃ vimø\], literally *Feuquières in Vimeu*; Picard: *Feutchére-in-Vimeu*) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

The commune is situated on the D229 and D48 junction, some 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Abbeville.

## Population

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1806  1,232       1856  1,520 +0.42%  1906  1,862 +0.41%  1921  1,952 +0.32%  1936  1,983 +0.11%  1962  2,082 +0.19%  1968  2,249 +1.29% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1975  2,617 +2.19%  1982  2,499 −0.66%  1990  2,428 −0.36%  1999  2,370 −0.27%  2007  2,483 +0.58%  2012  2,496 +0.10%  2017  2,570 +0.59% |
| --- | --- |
| Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) | |

## InfoBox

| Feuquières-en-Vimeu | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The school in Feuquières-en-Vimeu | |
|  | |
| Location of Feuquières-en-Vimeu | |
| Feuquières-en-VimeuFeuquières-en-Vimeu | |
| Coordinates: 50°03′43″N 1°36′21″E / 50.0619°N 1.6058°E / 50.0619; 1.6058 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Somme |
| Arrondissement | Abbeville |
| Canton | Gamaches |
| Intercommunality | CC Vimeu |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20212026) | Maryline Heckmann |
| Area**1** | 7.99 km2 (3.08 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 2,454 |
| Density | 310/km2 (800/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 80308 /80210 |
| Elevation | 88–121 m (289–397 ft)
(avg. 100 m or 330 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Padamadan

abstract: Padamadan is a surname of South Indian origin, from a royal ruling-class lineage found in the Dutch-influenced regions of Vypin in Kerala, India.

text:
# Padamadan

**Padamadan** is a surname of South Indian origin, from a royal ruling-class lineage found in the Dutch-influenced regions of Vypin in Kerala, India.

## Pronunciation

The surname contains an added stress on the third syllable, with a longer "a" sound.

## Etymology

The royal Padamadan lineage ruled over the plains (known as the *Padam* in the local language of Malayalam, rooted from the Sanskrit language). *Madan* or *Maadan* denotes the royal lordship status: one who rules over and is in divine command of.

Another related etymology of the surname is the clan or family that ruled with force "in command of the armies", "in command of the people", or "in command of the armies of the plains", which are translations of the surname.

Oral histories indicate an antiquity of at least a 2000 years with an early family origin from the Karnatak regions near Mysore.

## History

Padamadans were not included in the royal families accredited during the formation of the Republic of India and State of Kerala in 1956 as the lineage boycotted and resisted many foreign colonilization attempts interfering in the region.

Despite lost oral and historical accounts the lineage remains and is recognized as one of the significant influential royal houses in the peripheral Vypin territories adjacent to the major royal houses who ruled the significant territories of Malabar, Cochin, Travancore and others.

The mountains of Kerala were once dense impregnable forests meeting fresh water backwaters that connected down to the sea. These backwater regions of mid-Kerala were quite productive agriculturally and with ample fishing, cashew and spice industries.

Oral stories archived on palm and copper tablets passed down through the generations indicate an antiquity of at least 2000 years with an early family origin from the Karnatak regions near Mysore.

These preserved histories record the royal lineage originating in the Karnatak regions in military service to the Raj of Mysore as War Generals defending those territories from Northern invaders. For their honourable service to the Raj of Mysore, the Padamadans were granted lordship over the Vypin territories in Kerala.

These histories also recount the Padamadans serving in diplomatic roles with Chinese emissaries sent by the Emperor of China, who stayed in Kerala for several months in the Vypin regions. During these cultural exchanges the Padamadans educated the Chinese on advanced irrigation techniques for rice agriculture, astronomy and mathematics, philosophical and Vedic concepts, and remedies from Ayurvedic medicine practiced by the family for generations.

In exchange, the Chinese showed the Padamadans the benefits of installing Chinese nets and techniques for maintaining (manually dredging) ports in the difficult coastline areas in the Vypin territory.

## Notable family members

* George Padamadan, mathematician and philosopher; published three papers, all through Rensselaer Polytechnic Research Institute, New York: An Amateur Look on the Fallibilist Epistemology of Mathematics (1993); Creative Dynamism at the Root of the Evolution of Mathematical Sciences (2002); Logical Paradoxes and their Formal Resolution (2002). "An Amateur Looks on the Fallibilist Epistemology of Mathematics", challenged the findings of 'Proof and Analysis Theory' from Proofs and Refutations by the Hungarian philosopher Imre Lakatos.

* Roshan Francis Padamadan, CNN Economic Media Consultant; Frontier and Emerging Market Asset Manager with flagship fund focussed on South and Southeast Asia. Operations Officer. Compliance Officer.

* Laji George Padamadan, President of ENL Mechanical Incorporated a premier mechanical contractor in New York City; Singer and songwriter of the band Pseutopia with notable musical collaborations with Grammy award winning former drummer of Pearl Jam - David Abbruzzese.

### Characters


abstract: The Regius Professor of Natural History is a Regius Professorship at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. It was originally called the Regius Professor of Civil and Natural History at Marischal College until in 1860 Marischal College and King's Colleges merged to form the University of Aberdeen, and the title changed to Natural History.

text:
# Regius Professor of Natural History (Aberdeen)

The **Regius Professor of Natural History** is a Regius Professorship at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. It was originally called the Regius Professor of Civil and Natural History at Marischal College until in 1860 Marischal College and King's Colleges merged to form the University of Aberdeen, and the title changed to Natural History.

| Name | Tenure |
| --- | --- |
| Francis Skene | 11 January 1753 – 1775 |
| George Skene | 1775–88 |
| William Morgan | 10 May 1788 – 2 September 1788 |
| James Beattie | 22 October 1788 – 5 October 1810 |
| Rev Robert Rainy | 1811 – 10 April 1811 |
| James (Jas) Davidson | 1 July 1811 – 19 February 1841 |
| William MacGillivray | 17 May 1841 – 5 September 1852 |
| James Nicol | 15 September 1853 – 15 September 1860 |
| Name change to Natural History | |
| James Nicol | 15 September 1860 – 1878 |
| James Cossar Ewart | 1879-82 |
| Henry Alleyne Nicholson | 1882–99 |
| John Arthur Thomson | 1899–1930 |
| James Ritchie | 1930–36 |
| Lancelot Thomas Hogben | 1937–41 |
| Alister Clavering Hardy | 1942–45 |
| Vero Copner Wynne-Edwards | 1946–74 |
| George Mackenzie Dunnet | 1974–92 |
| Paul Adrian Racey | 1993–2009 |
| Vacant | 2009–14 |
| Christopher John Secombes | 2014 onwards |


title: Affalterbach, Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm

abstract: Affalterbach is a village (Ortsteil) of the Bavarian municipality of Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm. There is a fossil site about 800 m northwest of the church; the site has been dated to about 16 million years ago on the basis of the presence of the small rodent Megacricetodon aff. bavaricus and the local stratigraphy. The site also contains the dormice Miodyromys aff. aegercii, Glirulus diremptus, Microdyromys cf. complicatus, Prodryomys satus, cf. Bransatoglis sp., Muscardinus cf. sansaniensis, and Seorsumuscardinus bolligeri.

text:
# Affalterbach, Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm

**Affalterbach** is a village (Ortsteil) of the Bavarian municipality of Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm. There is a fossil site about 800 m northwest of the church; the site has been dated to about 16 million years ago (MN 5) on the basis of the presence of the small rodent *Megacricetodon* aff. *bavaricus* and the local stratigraphy. The site also contains the dormice *Miodyromys* aff. *aegercii*, *Glirulus diremptus*, *Microdyromys* cf. *complicatus*, *Prodryomys satus*, cf. *Bransatoglis* sp., *Muscardinus* cf. *sansaniensis*, and *Seorsumuscardinus bolligeri*.

## Literature cited

48°33′50″N 11°31′51″E / 48.56389°N 11.53083°E / 48.56389; 11.53083


abstract: The Radio and Television Correspondents' Association of Washington, D.C. (RTCA) is an American broadcast journalism group of news reporters from around the world who cover the United States Congress. Founded in 1939, RTCA is best known for holding an annual dinner in Washington, D.C., not to be confused with the higher profile White House Correspondents' Association Dinner.

text:
# Radio and Television Correspondents' Association

The **Radio and Television Correspondents' Association of Washington, D.C.** (RTCA) is an American broadcast journalism group of news reporters from around the world who cover the United States Congress. Founded in 1939, RTCA is best known for holding an annual dinner in Washington, D.C., not to be confused with the higher profile White House Correspondents' Association Dinner.

## Chair of the Association

* 2008-2009: Heather Dahl, *Feature Story News*.
* 2009-2010: Linda Scott, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
* 2010-2011: Peter Slen, C-SPAN
* 2011-2012: Jay McMichael, CNN News Photographer
* 2012-2013: John Wallace, III, FOX News photographer
* 2013-2014: Lisa Desjardins, CNN
* 1998-1999: Jim Mills, Fox News

## Awards

* David Bloom Award
* Jerry Thompson Award
* Joan Shorenstein Barone Award
* Lifetime Achievement Award

## RTCA Dinners

As is the case with the similar but more exclusive WHCA Dinner, the attention given to the Association's activities are far outweighed by the focus on the dinner's guest list and pre-dinner receptions and post-dinner parties hosted by various media organizations.

Also as is true of the WHCA Dinner and Gridiron Club Dinner, the RTCA Dinner has been subject to criticism that it encourages journalists to engage in undue coziness with the political officials they are supposed to fairly cover, and also that the public spectacle of "playing footsie" with reporters' main subjects is bringing the political press into disgrace.

### Notable RTCA dinners

In 1983, the RTCA compiled a videotape of various bloopers made in the news, and even music videos about the news, entitled "Tapes of Wrath". A sequel, "Tapes of Wrath II", followed in 1991. In 1995, President \[\[Bill Clinton|Bill Clinton\]\]. In 1996, speaker Don Imus made coarse jokes about President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton, which White House Press Secretary Mike McCurry termed "tasteless".

During the 2004 dinner, President George W. Bush mocked himself in a slideshow including images of him searching under furniture in the Oval Office for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, which liberal commentator David Corn termed a "callous and arrogant display".

In 2007, President George W. Bush attended the event for the third time, and JibJab premiered its latest satiric animation, *What We Call The News*

On Tuesday, June 16, 2009, president Barack Obama and humorist, author, and actor John Hodgman were the headline speakers at the 2009 RTCA Dinner. At the dinner, JibJab premiered its animated video, "He's Barack Obama."

### Brief timeline of recent dinners

1. RTCA Constitution. RTCA official website. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
2. About Us. RTCA official website. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
3. Associated Press, *A President walks into a journalists' dinner*, March 29, 2007
4. Awards. RTCA. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
5. Ana Marie Cox, *Radio and Television Correspondents' Association Dinner*, Time Magazine Swampland blog, March 29, 2007 Archived October 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
6. *RTCA Field Report: Geraldo Came To Party*, Jossip.com, March 29, 2007 Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
7. Hamilton Nolan, *Joke is on the press at annual DC dinners*, PRWeek, April 3, 2007 Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
8. clintonlibrary42 (10 December 2012). "President Clinton at the 1995 Radio & TV Correspondents' Association Dinner". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
9. "Super Imus Links Page - Imus' Speech to the Radio & TV Correspondent's Dinner". *archive.org*. Archived from the original on 24 August 1999. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
10. Richard Binckley (3 November 2016). "Don Imus in 1996 at Radio & TV Correspondents Dinner". Archived from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
11. Josh Burdick (11 May 2016). "Don Imus at 1996 Radio & TV Dinner (Mar 1996)". Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
12. "C-SPAN Shop". Archived from the original on 2007-03-11.
13. "MIA WMDs-For Bush, It's a Joke". Archived from the original on 2006-05-30.
14. Inc., JibJab Media. "JibJab.com - Holiday eCards, Birthday Cards, and More". *jibjab.com*. Retrieved 30 April 2017. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
15. "JibJab Debuts Video Lampooning News Media". Businesswire. March 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
16. "John Hodgman". Archived from the original on 2012-05-25.
17. "He's Barack Obama « The JibJab Blog". *jibjab.com*. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
18. Inc., JibJab Media. "JibJab.com - Holiday eCards, Birthday Cards, and More". *jibjab.com*. Retrieved 30 April 2017. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
19. "1995 Radio and Television Correspondents' Association Dinner". C-SPAN.
20. Caleb Rojas Castillo (28 February 2010). "Bill Clinton with Darrell Hammond". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
21. Josh Burdick (12 May 2016). "Darrell Hammond & Norm MacDonald at 1997 Radio & Tv Dinner (Mar 1997)". Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
22. "CNN.com - Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News". Archived from the original on 2009-06-28.
23. "CNN.com - Transcripts". Archived from the original on 2013-01-16.
24. "CNN.com - Transcripts". Archived from the original on 2013-03-28.
25. "Washington Post: Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis". *The Washington Post*.
26. "Laughs Are Muted at Radio-TV Fete (washingtonpost.com)". *The Washington Post*. Archived from the original on 2012-10-26.
27. "Cheney Hits His Mark At Correspondents' Salute to Congress". *The Washington Post*. Archived from the original on 2008-08-21.
28. C-SPAN, 63rd Annual Radio and Television Correspondents' Association dinner, March 28, 2007, rtsp://video.c-span.org/project/iraq/e032807\_RTVCdinner.rm
29. "Mike Allen, *Rove Rap Sheet Brings Down House*, The Politico, March 30, 2007". *Politico*. Archived from the original on 2013-05-30.
30. C-SPAN (19 June 2009). "John Hodgman at Radio & TV Correspondents' Dinner". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
31. C-SPAN (9 June 2012). "Speaker Boehner at RTCA Dinner". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
32. "Wong's Comedian Performance". *YouTube*.
33. C-SPAN (18 March 2010). "C-SPAN: Joe Wong at RTCA Dinner". Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
34. C-SPAN (18 March 2010). "Vice President Biden at RTCA Dinner". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
35. C-SPAN (Mar 30, 2011). "2011 Radio and Television Correspondents' Association Dinner". Retrieved 25 September 2021.
36. C-SPAN (9 June 2012). "Wayne Brady at RTCA Dinner". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
37. "2014 Radio and Television Correspondents' Association Dinner | C-SPAN.org". *www.c-span.org*. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
38. C-SPAN (26 March 2015). "Aasif Mandvi at 2015 RTCA Dinner (C-SPAN)". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
39. C-SPAN (25 March 2015). "Secretary Castro and Representative Castro at 2015 RTCA Dinner (C-SPAN)". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
40. "Hasan Minhaj to Congress at RTCA Dinner 2016". *YouTube*. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14.
41. C-SPAN (16 June 2016). "Hasan Minhaj at 2016 RTCA Dinner (C-SPAN)". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 30 April 2017  via YouTube.
42. "2017 Radio and Television Correspondents' Association Dinner, Part Two | C-SPAN.org". *www.c-span.org*. Retrieved 2021-09-26.


title: You and I (We Can Conquer the World)

abstract: "You and I" is a song written and sung by Stevie Wonder from his 1972 album Talking Book. Wonder is also credited for playing piano and T.O.N.T.O. synthesizer on the song.

text:
# You and I (We Can Conquer the World)

"**You and I (We Can Conquer the World)**" is a song written and sung by Stevie Wonder from his 1972 album *Talking Book*. Wonder is also credited for playing piano and T.O.N.T.O. synthesizer on the song.

## Personnel

## Cover versions

## George Michael version

In April 2011, George Michael released a version of the song titled just "**You and I**" solely on MP3 as a gift to Prince William and Catherine Middleton on the occasion of their wedding on April 29, 2011.

Although the MP3 was downloadable for free, Michael asked that downloaders make a contribution to the "Prince William & Miss Catherine Middleton Charitable Gift Fund".

The song had its world premiere on April 15, 2011 on CNN's *Piers Morgan Tonight*. The show repeated on Saturday, April 16.

## InfoBox

| "You and I (We Can Conquer the World)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Stevie Wonder | |
| from the album  *Talking Book* | |
| Released | 1972 |
| Genre | Soul |
| Length | 4:38 |
| Label | Tamla |
| Songwriter(s) | Stevie Wonder |
| Producer(s) | Stevie Wonder, Robert Margouleff and Malcolm Cecil |


title: Michael James (writer)

abstract: Michael James is the pseudonym of a British writer, educator and illustrator. He fictionalised his experiences as a teacher in That'll Teach You!. The novel describes a fictionalised incident of alleged misconduct and its consequences. Researching Sex and Lies in the Classroom: Allegations of Sexual Misconduct in Schools characterises the novel as "a revenge text", because of the way in which some characters are depicted.

text:
# Michael James (writer)

**Michael James** is the pseudonym of a British writer, educator and illustrator. He fictionalised his experiences as a teacher in *That'll Teach You!*. The novel describes a fictionalised incident of alleged misconduct and its consequences. *Researching Sex and Lies in the Classroom: Allegations of Sexual Misconduct in Schools* characterises the novel as "a revenge text", because of the way in which some characters are depicted.

## Books

* James, Michael (2005). *Nanny*. Recognition. ISBN 0-9537373-1-4.
* James, Michael (1999). *That'll Teach You!*. Recognition. ISBN 0-9537373-0-6.


title: Monica (Tamil actress)

abstract: Monica is an Indian former actress, who starred predominantly in Tamil language films. A child actor in the early 1990s, she mostly appeared in supporting roles, before taking lead roles from the late 2000s on. She is probably best known for performances in the films Azhagi, Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi and Silandhi. In 2012, she changed her name to Parvana for Malayalam films. In 2014, she converted to Islam, changing her name to M. G. Rahima, and announced that she had quit acting.

text:
# Monica (Tamil actress)

**Monica** (born **Rekha Maruthiraj**) is an Indian former actress, who starred predominantly in Tamil language films. A child actor in the early 1990s, she mostly appeared in supporting roles, before taking lead roles from the late 2000s on. She is probably best known for performances in the films *Azhagi*, *Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi* and *Silandhi*. In 2012, she changed her name to **Parvana** for Malayalam films. In 2014, she converted to Islam, changing her name to **M. G. Rahima**, and announced that she had quit acting.

## Personal life

On 30 May 2014, Monica embraced Islam with her new name **M. G. Raheema** where M is Maruthi Raj (father) and G is Gracy (mother). Monika's father is Hindu and mother is a Christian.

Rahima married Malik, a Chennai-based entrepreneur who hails from Salem. Malik is into import and export of electronic items.

## Filmography

| Year | Movie | Role | Language | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | *Avasara Police 100* |  | Tamil | Child actress |
| 1991 | *Uncle Bun* | Maria | Malayalam | Child actress |
| | *Bramma* |  | Tamil | Child actress |
| 1992 | *Chanti* |  | Telugu | Child actress |
| | *Endrum Anbudan* | Mallu | Tamil | Child actress |
| | *Pandiyan* | Priya | Tamil | Child actress |
| 1993 | *Sakkarai Devan* |  | Tamil | Child actress |
| 1994 | *En Aasai Machan* | Thayamma (child) | Tamil | Winner, Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Child Star |
| | *Maindhan* |  | Tamil | Child actress |
| | *Manju Virattu* | Poovazhagi (child) | Tamil | Child actress |
| | *Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana* | Patma | Tamil | Child actress |
| 1995 | *Sathi Leelavathi* |  | Tamil | Child actress |
| | *Indira* | Younger Indira | Tamil | Child actress |
| | *Chellakannu* | Younger Chandra | Tamil | Child actress |
| | *Aasai* |  | Tamil | Child actress |
| 1997 | *Iruvar* | Manimegalai | Tamil | Child actress |
| | *Pasamulla Pandiyare* |  | Tamil | Child actress |
| 1998 | *Moovendhar* | Uma's sister | Tamil | Child actress |
| 2001 | *Theerthadanam* | Younger Vinodhini | Malayalam | Child Actress |
| | *Love Channel* | Rajeswari | Tamil | Debut as Heroine |
| | *12B* | Shakti's coworker | Tamil | Supporting Actress |
| 2002 | *Azhagi* | Younger Dhanalakshmi | Tamil | Supporting Actress |
| | *Kadhal Azhivathillai* | Monica | Tamil | Heroine |
| | *Phantom Pailey* | Hema | Malayalam |  |
| | *Siva Rama Raju* | Swathi | Telugu |  |
| | *Otte Ee Ammai Evaru Teleedu* | Savitri | Telugu |  |
| | *Bagavathi* | Priya | Tamil |  |
| 2003 | *Banda Paramasivam* | Shenbagam | Tamil |  |
| | *Maa Alludu Very Good* | Meghana Rao | Telugu |  |
| | *Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu* | Deepika | Tamil |  |
| 2004 | *Kanninum Kannadikkum* | Abhirami | Malayalam |  |
| | *Koduku* | Usha | Telugu |  |
| 2005 | *Are* |  | Telugu |  |
| | *Daas* | Punitha | Tamil |  |
| | *Sandakozhi* | Balu's cousin | Tamil |  |
| | *Selvam* |  | Tamil |  |
| 2006 | *Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei* | Vasantha Sundari | Tamil |  |
| | *Paisalo Paramatma* |  | Telugu |  |
| 2007 | *Chilanthy* |  | Malayalam |  |
| 2008 | *Thodakkam* | Gayathri | Tamil |  |
| | *Rosa Kale* | Nimsara | Sinhala |  |
| | *Silandhi* | Monika | Tamil |  |
| 2009 | *A Aa E Ee* | Anitha | Tamil |  |
| | *Devaru Kotta Thangi* | Gowri | Kannada |  |
| 2010 | *Gowravargal* | Poongodi | Tamil |  |
| | *Hrudayadalli Idenidu* | Geetha | Kannada |  |
| 2011 | *Muthukku Muthaaga* | Annamayil | Tamil |  |
| | *Nanjupuram* | Malar | Tamil |  |
| | *Varnam* | Kavitha | Tamil |  |
| | *Kalla Malla Sulla* | Pooja | Kannada |  |
| 2012 | *916* | Lekshmi | Malayalam |  |
| 2013 | *Kurumbukara Pasanga* | Sindhu | Tamil |  |
| | *Benki Birugali* |  | Kannada |  |
| | *Suvadugal* |  | Tamil |  |
| | *Jannal Oram* | Bus Conductress | Tamil |  |
| 2014 | *Thalaivan* |  | Tamil |  |
| | *Ninaithathu Yaaro* | Herself | Tamil | Cameo appearance |
| | *Madipakkam Madhavan* | Herself | Tamil | Guest appearance |
| 2016 | *Meera Jaakirathai* | Meera | Tamil |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Monica | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Rekha Maruthiraj
Kottayam, Kerala, India |
| Other names | Rahima
M. G. Rahima |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1990–1999 (Child artist)
2001–2014 |
| Spouse | Malik (m. 2015) |


title: Ficus aguaraguensis

abstract: Ficus aguaraguensis is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. It is endemic to Bolivia. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Ficus aguaraguensis

***Ficus aguaraguensis*** is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. It is endemic to Bolivia. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Ficus aguaraguensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Genus: | *Ficus* |
| Species: | ***F. aguaraguensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ficus aguaraguensis***
Váquez Avila | |
|


title: Reggie Haynes

abstract: Reginald Eugene Haynes is a former American football tight end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins. He played college football at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and was drafted in the seventh round of the 1977 NFL draft.

text:
# Reggie Haynes

**Reginald Eugene Haynes** (born September 15, 1954) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins. He played college football at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and was drafted in the seventh round of the 1977 NFL draft.

## InfoBox

Reggie Haynes
| No. 89 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Tight end |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1954-09-15) September 15, 1954<br>Denison, Texas, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Weight: | 229 lb (104 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | John Marshall (CA) |
| College: | UNLV |
| NFL draft: | 1977 / round: 7 / pick: 189 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Receptions: 2  Receiving yards: 32 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Affairs of the Mind

abstract: Affairs of the Mind is a radio documentary made by Melbourne, Australia, audio producer Kyla Brettle. The piece is a personal and confronting story exploring the nature of jealousy and the perimeters of infidelity. In an observational style we follow private detective Steve Murray through a marital investigation and track his client's transition from doubt to certainty. Along the way we examine why Steve himself is drawn to this line of work and what his client is really getting for her money. Affairs Of The Mind was first broadcast on ABC Radio National as part of the Radio Eye series on 21 July 2001 and subsequently by Radio New Zealand National on 29 June 2003 as well as by Chicago Public Radio. Brettle won the Best New Artist Award for the piece at the 2002 Third Coast International Audio Festival.

text:
# Affairs of the Mind

***Affairs of the Mind*** is a radio documentary made by Melbourne, Australia, audio producer Kyla Brettle.

The piece is a personal and confronting story exploring the nature of jealousy and the perimeters of infidelity. In an observational style we follow private detective Steve Murray through a marital investigation and track his client's transition from doubt to certainty. Along the way we examine why Steve himself is drawn to this line of work and what his client is really getting for her money.

*Affairs Of The Mind* was first broadcast on ABC Radio National as part of the *Radio Eye* series on 21 July 2001 and subsequently by Radio New Zealand National on 29 June 2003 as well as by Chicago Public Radio.

Brettle won the Best New Artist Award for the piece at the 2002 Third Coast International Audio Festival.


title: NASCAR on television in the 2010s

abstract:
On December 7, 2005, NASCAR signed a new eight-year broadcast deal effective with the 2007 season, and valued at $4.48 billion, with Fox and Speed Channel, which would also share event rights with Disney-owned ABC, ESPN and ESPN2, as well as TNT. The rights would be divided as follows:
  - Fox became the exclusive broadcaster of the Daytona 500 and also hold the rights to the first thirteen points paying races. In addition, the network carried the Sprint Unlimited and two Truck Series races. Fox did not air any races of what is now the Gander Outdoors Truck Series from 2010 to 2013, with all 25 races instead airing on Speed. Fox's 2011 coverage ended with the STP 400 at Kansas Speedway.
  - TNT carried six NASCAR Cup Series races during the month of June and the first half of July, including the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona. In 2013, in particular, the network aired Pocono Raceway, Michigan International Speedway, Sonoma Raceway, Kentucky Speedway, the Coke Zero 400, and New Hampshire Motor Speedway.
  - ESPN and ABC carried the final seventeen NASCAR Cup Series races from the Brickyard 400 through the end of the season, with the Cup Series Chase for the Championship races airing on ABC. The entire Nationwide season was aired primarily on ESPN2 and ESPN, with selected races on ABC, NASCAR returned to ESPN airing the first six races including Daytona, Atlanta, Las Vegas, and ESPN2 carrying Phoenix to Michigan.
  - Speed/Fox Sports 1 carried the Budweiser Duel races and the Sprint All-Star Race, as well as the entire Camping World Truck Series season, except for the 2 races carried each year by Fox from 2007 to 2009. After the 2009 season, all the Truck races aired on Speed/FS1 – with the exception of the 2014 Talladega race, which aired on Fox.

text:
# NASCAR on television in the 2010s

On December 7, 2005, NASCAR signed a new eight-year broadcast deal effective with the 2007 season, and valued at $4.48 billion, with Fox and Speed Channel, which would also share event rights with Disney-owned ABC, ESPN and ESPN2, as well as TNT. The rights would be divided as follows:

## Year-by-year summary

### 2010

Fox Sports, their corporate sibling Speed, TNT, and ESPN/ABC are in the fourth year of a seven-year television contract scheduled to expire after the 2014 season. Showtime is going to show a highlights show for the first time.

* Fox \- Fox Sports broadcast the first 13 races, including the Budweiser Shootout, the 52nd Daytona 500, and the Coca-Cola 600. With Dover moving to mid-May, Fox ended their coverage with the 51st Coca-Cola 600. The Sprint All-Star Race XXVI along with the Gatorade Duels, practice sessions, and all qualifying and practice sessions (except for Daytona qualifying, which aired on Fox) were all broadcast on Speed. The network's Gopher Cam mascot, Digger, returned for on-screen displays.
* TNT \- Time Warner's Turner Sports division (through TNT) broadcast the next six races, including the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona in its limited commercial interruption wide open coverage format. That race will also be telecast in 3-D on both NASCAR.com and DirecTV. TNT's coverage will begin with the June Pocono race and end with Chicagoland. Qualifying and practice sessions will remain on Speed. Adam Alexander will be the new lead announcer, with Lindsay Czarniak hosting pre-and-post-race shows, replacing Bill Weber and Marc Fein respectively.
* ESPN/ABC \- ESPN carried the remaining races, beginning with the Brickyard 400. ABC, which formerly carried the last 11 races of the season, will carry the Saturday night races in Bristol, Richmond, and Charlotte. Although previously races could not be moved from ABC to ESPN, early start times and ABC's plans to expand its Sunday morning political shows meant that NASCAR had to allow most Chase races to move to ESPN. This was met from criticism from most of ABC's southern-based affiliates, who had originally counted on NASCAR on those Sundays for ratings gains against the NFL. Most qualifying sessions will air on ESPN2, practice sessions and some qualifying will be shared by SPEED and ESPN2. Qualifying for the Pep Boys Auto 500 and AMP Energy 500 aired on Speed because they are Saturday afternoon sessions during the college football season. Additionally, Jerry Punch was replaced in the play-by-play position by Marty Reid; Punch returned to the pits where he worked at ESPN until 2000.

In *NASCAR on ESPN*'s advertising campaign, their slogan was "Feel your heart race", a slogan which had already been trademarked by Kyle Petty's Victory Junction Gang. The latter's advertising also appeared on ESPN-carried races. This was changed to "Cause it's Racing" in 2010 and "Nothing Beats First Place" in 2011 and 2012.

During ESPN's broadcasts since 2010, several improvements were made, including reduction in technology. There were also changes in announcing and pit reporters, most notably the moving Dr. Jerry Punch to pit road and IndyCar and occasional Nationwide Series lead announcer Marty Reid to lead broadcaster for the majority of NASCAR broadcasts beginning in 2010, including the Sprint Cup races. Sponsorship by non-NASCAR sponsors was also reduced. Allen Bestwick, formerly the lap-by-lap announcer for NBC's NASCAR coverage from 2001 to 2004, took over as lead broadcaster for Sprint Cup Series races in 2011.

Once the Chase for the Sprint Cup began and even in the races leading up to the Chase, ESPN often shifted its focus to the drivers in the Chase, in particular Jimmie Johnson. Often if a driver not in the Chase was leading and was passed for the lead by a Chase driver, he was not spoken of again for the rest of the broadcast. Case in point: in the November 2009 race in Texas, the vast majority of the broadcast was spent talking about Jimmie Johnson despite the fact he crashed on lap 3 and finished 38th. This was a fear of many once the Chase was introduced.

Finally, in 2010 ESPN, with the consent of NASCAR, changed the networks that races were broadcast on. While the final eleven races of the season were broadcast on ABC from 2007 to 2009, all Sprint Cup races except for the three Saturday Night races in ESPN's portion of the schedule were switched to ESPN (the Bristol night race, previously on ESPN, was moved to ABC). This left only 3 races on over-the-air broadcasters for the last two-thirds of the NASCAR season. This, combined with the moving of the Brickyard 400, arguably NASCAR's second biggest race to ESPN, angered fans and sponsors.

Due to ESPN's various sports commitments, there were several interferences with NASCAR broadcasts. This was especially true once college football season started, when Nationwide Series races would often follow an early college football game. The broadcast start had also been delayed by the Little League World Series and ATP tennis. Many times (at least 15 as of 2010), NASCAR Countdown and even the start of the race were moved to ESPN Classic or, later, ESPNEWS. Due to contractual agreements with Turner, ESPN could not put broadcasts with ESPN3.com, another fact that angered fans. However, in 2011 an agreement was reached letting ESPN put all NASCAR programming on WatchESPN.

In 2010, because of the movement of the Chase races to ESPN and the earlier standardized 1:00 PM ET start times instituted by NASCAR, ESPN moved *NASCAR Countdown* to ESPN2 for all Chase races starting at 1:00 PM ET to avoid shortening or moving its *Sunday NFL Countdown* program. Viewers had to switch to the race at 1:00 PM ET from ESPN2 to ESPN. The next year, NASCAR moved the Chase races to later times (2:00 ET, then 3:00 ET for the final three races; Martinsville maintained a 1:30 PM ET starting time because, at the time, that track lacked lights and the grandstands cast long shadows over the racing surface in the late afternoon).

### 2011

From the 2011 Budweiser Shootout to 2015, Fox used the *Fox NFL* theme song in NASCAR telecasts. In addition, country superstar Dierks Bentley unveiled a new version of his hit song "Sideways", with new lyrics referencing NASCAR – which is played during the introduction of the pre-race show. "Sideways" was phased out entirely with the 2013 Sprint Unlimited telecast, with the *Fox NFL* theme music being used full-time. In addition, a new CGI introduction sequence, produced by Blur Studio, made its debut.

In 2011, Pizza Hut became the presenting sponsor of the pre-race show on Fox. In addition, the first segment of the telecast was moved from the hotel to a tented facility either trackside or in the infield, depending on the venue. The idea was to build a crowd around the production of the segment; this has similarities to Fox's own NFL pregame show in 2006, as well as the *College GameDay* football and basketball shows on ESPN.

### 2012

In 2012, John Roberts filled in for Chris Myers as host for the Budweiser Shootout and the Daytona 500, as Myers was on bereavement leave following his son's death in a motorcycle accident. For the 2014 Sprint Unlimited, Michael Waltrip filled in for Darrell, who was undergoing gallbladder surgery; for Daytona 500 Practice and Pole Qualifying, the position was filled by Phil Parsons. Darrell Waltrip returned for the Budweiser Duels. In 2016, Jeff Gordon replaced McReynolds in the booth while McReynolds was reassigned as the rules and technical analyst, replacing Andy Petree.

In October 2012, NASCAR extended its contract with Fox Sports through 2022, which allowed Fox the online streaming rights for its event telecasts; the Fox Sports contract also retains coverage of the first 13 races of the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series and exclusive coverage of the Daytona 500. On August 1, 2013, Fox Sports extended its contract by two additional years through 2024, due to NASCAR's contract with NBC Sports running through that same time, and acquired the rights to the first 16 races of the NASCAR Cup Series season, as well as the first 14 Xfinity (formerly Nationwide) Series events. As a result, Fox will broadcast the races it already covers, as well as all of the events held in June, which include the events at Pocono and Michigan with coverage ending with the Toyota/Save Mart 350 at Sonoma. Fox had previously held rights to these three races under its initial 2001–06 contract.

**Under the current deal:**

* Fox broadcasts ten points races over the air, including the Daytona 500. Fox Sports 1 carries several other events, including the Busch Clash, Bluegreen Vacations Duel, the NASCAR All-Star Race and six points-paying races, plus the first half of the Xfinity Series season (with the exception of the more prestigious races, which instead aired on Fox from 2015 to 2018, when they were moved to FS1).
* NBC will broadcast seven races over the air including some races in the NASCAR playoffs, with the other races in this part of the season being aired on NBCSN. NBC also airs the remaining races in the Xfinity Series. Playoff races on NBC are a lead in to *NBC Sunday Night Football* (after local news and *NBC Nightly News*).
* The Gander Outdoors Truck Series remains exclusively on Fox Sports 1, with selected races airing on Fox.
* Starting in 2013, Spanish-language network Fox Deportes airs select NASCAR Cup races either live or delayed.

### 2013

From its debut until 2013, Fox initially used a scrolling ticker to display the current running order of drivers and other information (such as intervals and other statistics, shown on an occasionally displayed secondary line), instead of the boxes that were used by previous NASCAR broadcasters. Fox would eventually deploy the banner design across all of its sports properties, while its conventions would be adopted by fellow NASCAR broadcasters, including NBC, TNT, and later ESPN.

Beginning with the Party at the Poconos 400 race on June 9, 2013, TNT's NASCAR coverage switched to a 16:9 aspect ratio letterbox format, though it did retain its on-air graphics package that has been in use since 2007. The ticker across the top of the screen also changed, with the lap counter and TNT network logo both being moved to the upper right-hand corner of the screen. The screen on TNT's standard-definition 4:3 feed now airs a letterboxed version of the native HD feed to match that of Fox's and ESPN's respective default widescreen SD presentations. *NASCAR on TNT* was the last of the 3 broadcast partners to switch to a widescreen presentation. NBC became the 4th to switch to letterbox format on SD feeds in 2015.

On July 23, 2013, NASCAR announced a nine-year contract with NBC Sports to broadcast the final 20 races of the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series season (from the Coke Zero Sugar 400 at Daytona International Speedway through the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead from 2015 to 2017; in 2018 and 2019, NBC's coverage starts at Chicagoland and ends at Homestead and in 2020 starts in Chicagoland and ends at Phoenix), the final 19 races of the Xfinity Series season, along with coverage of select regional series events and the NASCAR Mexico Series, succeeding both former partners TNT and ESPN. The deal also awarded NBC Sports the rights to provide coverage on digital platforms, rights to Spanish-language coverage for Telemundo and mun2 (now Universo), broadcast rights to the NASCAR Hall of Fame induction ceremony and post-season awards banquets. The deal runs from 2015 to 2024, although the Mexico Series race at Phoenix International Raceway began in 2014.

The majority of NBC's NASCAR coverage under the new contract will air on NBCSN, however seven races will be broadcast by the NBC broadcast network; in 2015 and 2016, they were the Coke Zero Sugar 400, the Bojangles' Southern 500 at Darlington, the Chase races at Charlotte and Kansas, and the last three races (Texas, Phoenix and Homestead-Miami) consecutively.

NBC Sports took over the portion of the contract previously held by ESPN and Turner Sports. While financial details were not disclosed, NBC reportedly paid 50% more than the $2.7 billion paid by ESPN and Turner combined under the previous contract.

Former Turner Sports executive Jeff Behnke serves as vice president of NASCAR programming for NBC Sports.

In August 2013, Speed was replaced by Fox Sports 1, and Fuel TV by Fox Sports 2. Camping World Truck Series races remained on Fox Sports 1, while practice/qualifying sessions and regional series races alternated between Fox Sports 1 and 2 depending on scheduling. For North American markets outside of the United States, coverage of some NASCAR events carried by Speed at the time remained on an international version of Speed (now Fox Sports Racing) that operates in the regions.

On December 3, 2013, Jeff Burton was confirmed as the first member of the *NASCAR on NBC* broadcast team.

On December 4, 2013, Rick Allen, who previously worked at Fox Sports as an announcer for its Camping World Truck Series coverage, signed a multi-year contract to serve as the lead announcer for NBC's race broadcasts.

### 2014

This season was the final year of broadcasting for both the ESPN family of networks and Turner Sports. ESPN had covered the second half of the Sprint Cup season since 2007 while Turner Sports ended a thirty-one year relationship with NASCAR on TBS and later TNT. For 2015, their portions of the season were divided between Fox Sports and NBC.

On January 9, 2014, it was confirmed that Steve Letarte would leave his role as Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s crew chief at Hendrick Motorsports and join NBC Sports as a color analyst. Behnke explained that the on-air makeup of NBC Sports' broadcasts would have "a relevancy that hasn't been seen in a long, long time", citing the recent involvements of both Burton and Letarte in NASCAR prior to their move to broadcasting.

NBC began to lead into its new contract in February 2014 with the premiere of a nightly news and analysis program, *NASCAR America*, on NBCSN, and a broadcast of the Toyota 120 from Phoenix International Raceway – the opening event of the 2014 season of the NASCAR Toyota Series, on mun2.

For the 2014 season, alongside a new corporate style, Fox replaced the scrolling ticker with a leaderboard-style sidebar occupying the right-side portion of the screen, with one section displaying the top three drivers, and a scrolling section displaying the remainder of the field of drivers. While Fox Sports president Eric Shanks justified the changes, noting that it would allow more of the field to be displayed at once and more frequently than the relatively longer ticker, the leaderboard was criticized by viewers during events leading up to the Daytona 500 (such as the Sprint Unlimited, Daytona 500 qualifying, and the ARCA series Lucas Oil 200) for obstructing too much of the screen.

In response to the criticism, Shanks stated that the layout of the leaderboard would be revised in time for the Daytona 500. The vertical leaderboard was reconfigured into a horizontal version with three columns of 3 drivers each, which could be resized into 2 longer columns of three drivers each to display intervals or other statistics (a version that was later used as the main graphic).

The Camping World RV Sales 301, on July 13, 2014, at New Hampshire Motor Speedway, marked the end of NASCAR's 32-year run on Turner Sports, dating back to 1983. The network devoted a large segment of its pre-race show to showing clips of signature NASCAR moments to air on Turner Sports, and welcomed NASCAR president Mike Helton to the broadcast booth to talk about the relationship, as Helton had been the president of Atlanta Motor Speedway when Turner Sports showed its first race at AMS, which aired on TBS in 1983. The pre-race was closed out by Ken Squier, a New England native, lap-by-lap announcer for Turner Sports from its start in 1983 through 1998.

> Hello everyone, I'm Ken Squier. And as the engines have fired at New Hampshire, I remind you that this is the final NASCAR broadcast for Turner Sports. I was the play-by-play announcer for TBS for 18 years, beginning in the very first year of NASCAR coverage, 1983. It's been a real honor to be a part of today's broadcast, and I wish my colleagues the very best today on TNT, as this amazing, 31-year run, comes to a close. I hope you enjoy today's race.

During NASCAR's 31-year run on Turner Sports, the races aired on TBS (1983–2000) and TNT (2001–2014).

On November 16, 2014, the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway marked the end of NASCAR's 30-year, two-stint run on ESPN, dating back to 1981 and also, ending an eight-year stint with the network since 2007. Allen Bestwick, who served as lap-by-lap announcer for ESPN's Sprint Cup Series races since 2011, worked his final NASCAR broadcast on network television, marking the end of his role with the network in 29 years covering the sport and remained with ESPN and ABC covering IndyCar races from 2015 to 2018.

> "We look forward to continuing to cover the sport on *SportsCenter* next and at Daytona and more going down the road. Now for Bob Jenkins and Larry Nuber, for Benny Parsons and Ned Jarrett, for Dale Jarrett and Andy Petree. Allen Bestwick, so long from Homestead."
>
> Allen Bestwick's call for the final NASCAR race on ESPN.

### 2015

The season marked the first season of a new television contract. During the season, races were televised in the United States on Fox, Fox Sports 1, NBC, and NBCSN. ESPN and Turner Sports, who televised races from 2007 to 2014, did not seek to renew their contracts with NASCAR following the completion of the 2014 season; this marked the end of a 31-year relationship between NASCAR and Turner's primary stations, TBS and TNT. In addition, it was the first season on the newly rebranded Fox Sports Racing in Canada and the Caribbean. As in their prior arrangement, Fox covered the first half of the season while NBC covered the second half, which includes the Chase for the Sprint Cup. While still dividing the coverage of the Daytona races between the two networks, the nature of the split was changed. Fox retained its exclusive rights to the Daytona 500 while NBC gained exclusive rights to the Coke Zero 400. Under the previous Fox/NBC contract, Fox televised the Daytona 500 in odd numbered years (2001, 2003, 2005) while NBC did so in even numbered years (2002, 2004, 2006). Under the old arrangement, the network that did not air the Daytona 500 would air the now-Coke Zero 400.

On February 3, 2015, NBC Sports announced an agreement to air 39 regional series races from the K&N Pro Series East and K&N Pro Series West|West, Whelen Modified Tour and Whelen Southern Modified Tour on NBCSN.

The first U.S.-series race under the contract was *The Hart to Heart Breast Cancer Foundation 150*—the first race of the 2015 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East season—at New Smyrna Speedway, and was aired on February 19 on NBCSN.

From 2015 to 2017, the intro for the revived run of *NASCAR on NBC* was "Bringing Back the Sunshine" performed by country music artist Blake Shelton, who is also one of the coaches on NBC's own prime time hit show, *The Voice*. NBC introduced a new opening for their coverage of NASCAR starting in 2018. The new opening is a cover version of the Tom Petty song "Runnin' Down a Dream", done by ZZ Ward.

On April 15, 2015, it was announced that Ralph Sheheen and Ray Evernham would be part of the booth of the NBCSN telecasts of the Whelen Modified Tour and Whelen Southern Modified Tour.

On June 1, 2015, Brian Vickers announced via Twitter that he would be joining the NBC telecasts of the New Hampshire and Michigan races.

On September 1, 2015, it was announced that Ken Squier and Ned Jarrett would commentate a portion of the 2015 Bojangles' Southern 500 along with current *NASCAR on NBC* commentator Dale Jarrett. Squier was also in the broadcast booth for Sprint Cup Series final practice. This has become a standard tradition at the Southern 500, due to NASCAR designating the race as a throwback weekend where teams bring retro paint schemes to the track.

On September 11, 2015, it was announced that Carl Edwards would be in the NBCSN broadcast booth as a guest analyst for the Xfinity race at Richmond alongside Dale Jarrett and Diffey. Jamie McMurray was a guest analyst for the NXS race at Chicagoland.

### 2016

2016 marks the second year of NASCAR's broadcast deal with Fox and NBC. The first 16 events were broadcast on either Fox or FS1, and the final 20 events were shared between NBC and NBCSN. However, the Cheez-It 355 at Watkins Glen International was aired on USA Network due to NBC's coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics. In Canada, TSN televised each race, including the qualifying races for the Daytona 500 and exhibition races, under the name *NASCAR on TSN*. TSN also had coverage of practice and qualifying for each race. In Latin America, except Brazil, all races were broadcast by Fox Sports, on their Fox Sports 3 channel (previously known as SPEED Latin America). In Brazil, most races were broadcast by Fox Sports, on their Fox Sports 2 channel.

As previously mentioned, during Summer Olympic years (three during the contract, in 2016, 2020, and 2024), NBC will assign different NBCUniversal channels to air races as a result of scheduling conflicts. For 2016, CNBC (used for English Premier League, IndyCar, and Formula One for NBCSN conflicts) carried Sprint Cup and Xfinity qualifying along with one Xfinity race, and USA Network (used for Premier League conflicts) carried two Xfinity and one Sprint Cup race. In 2020, the Cup Series will take two weeks off to minimize any conflict with the Olympics; the Michigan race will be run on the day of the Games' closing ceremony.

### 2017

On June 10, 2017, the Xfinity Series race at Pocono Raceway was presented by current drivers in the Cup Series, the first time that a national sporting event was covered by currently active athletes. The presenters provided coverage from all three perspectives during the race (Hollywood Hotel studio, lap-by-lap commentary and pit road coverage). The driver commentators were Kevin Harvick (lap-by-lap), Joey Logano, Clint Bowyer (color analysts), Erik Jones, Ryan Blaney, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. (pit road), Danica Patrick and Denny Hamlin (Hollywood Hotel).

On July 24, 2017, it was announced that Dale Earnhardt Jr. would join the *NASCAR on NBC* broadcasting team for the 2018 season, incidentally reuniting with his former crew chief Letarte.

In November 2017, it was announced that Bob Costas would alongside Krista Voda, co-anchor NBC's pre-race coverage leading into the NASCAR Cup Series finale from Homestead.

### 2018

In the 2018 season, Fox reintroduced a vertical leaderboard, although this time it was initially occupied an opaque sidebar spanning the entire left side of the screen. The design was once-again criticized by viewers during events leading up to the Daytona 500, as the opaque sidebar reduced the amount of screen space devoted to race footage to a roughly 4:3 window, the ticker fell within overscan on some televisions, while some camera shots were not correctly framed to suit the new layout. By the Daytona 500, the graphic had been revised to remove the opaque sidebar, and make the leaderboard slightly translucent.

On April 28, 2018, the Sparks Energy 300, the Xfinity race at Talladega Superspeedway, was an all-drivers broadcast, the second time that a national sporting event was covered entirely by active athletes, the first being the aforementioned Pocono race. The presenters provided coverage from all three perspectives during the race (Hollywood Hotel studio, lap-by-lap commentary and pit road coverage). The booth team of Harvick, Logano and Bowyer was retained, while Ricky Stenhouse Jr. was moved to the Hollywood Hotel alongside Brad Keselowski, with Darrell Wallace Jr. replacing Stenhouse as a pit road reporter.

The studio was retired following the 2018 season due to the Charlotte studios getting redone in order to host more shows. In 2019, Fox often cut to the Charlotte studio during the race and talked to Jamie McMurray, who was new to the *NASCAR on Fox* team.

NBC's pit reporters for 2018 consisted of Dave Burns, Marty Snider, Kelli Stavast, Parker Kligerman (who replaced Mike Massaro following the 2016 season), and Ralph Sheheen, Burns and Snider were with NBC's original NASCAR pit crew, while Massaro joins from ESPN's NASCAR team and Stavast from the network's sports car coverage. The pre-race show was hosted by former Fox reporter Krista Voda along with former ESPN analyst Dale Jarrett, former TNT analyst Kyle Petty, and *Top Gear* host Rutledge Wood.

### 2019

In 2019, during Daytona 500 qualifying, Fox introduced a new augmented reality "GhostCar", allowing for a live visualization of a previous driver's qualifying lap (such as the leader or driver on the bubble) to be overlaid into live footage of another driver's qualifying attempt. NBC had introduced the system in 2018, but only during replays. The GhostCar feature was re-introduced later in the season, when NASCAR ended its multi-car qualifying format in favor of the previous single-car format.

On May 25, 2019, the Alsco 300, the Xfinity race at Charlotte Motor Speedway, was an all-drivers broadcast, the third time that a national sporting event was covered entirely by active athletes, the first being the aforementioned Pocono race. The presenters provided coverage from all three perspectives during the race (Hollywood Hotel studio, lap-by-lap commentary and pit road coverage). The booth team of Harvick, Logano and Bowyer was retained, Erik Jones, Ryan Blaney, Darrell Wallace Jr. (pit road) was also retained, Brad Keselowski, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. and Chad Knaus hosted from the Charlotte studios.

In July 2019, it was announced that Danielle Trotta will join NBC Sports’ NASCAR coverage as host of the “Victory Lap” post-race show for select Cup Series races this year.


title: HMCS Cape Breton (ARE 100)

abstract: HMCS Cape Breton was a Royal Canadian Navy Cape-class maintenance ship. Originally built for the Royal Navy as HMS Flamborough Head in 1944, she was transferred in 1952. Upon her commissioning she was the second ship to bear the name Cape Breton. She served operationally from 1953–1964, when she was laid up. She was used as a floating machine shop until the late-1990s, before being sold for use as an artificial reef off the coast of British Columbia.

text:
# HMCS Cape Breton (ARE 100)

**HMCS *Cape Breton*** was a Royal Canadian Navy Cape-class maintenance ship. Originally built for the Royal Navy as **HMS *Flamborough Head*** in 1944, she was transferred in 1952. Upon her commissioning she was the second ship to bear the name *Cape Breton*. She served operationally from 1953–1964, when she was laid up. She was used as a floating machine shop until the late-1990s, before being sold for use as an artificial reef off the coast of British Columbia.

## Design and description

*Flamborough Head* was one of the 21 *Beachy Head*-class repair ships, built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War. The *Beachy Head*s were modified versions of the Fort ship, called the "Victory" design. The ships of the class had a standard displacement of 8,550 long tons (8,690 t) and 11,270 long tons (11,450 t) fully loaded. They were 441 feet 6 inches (134.57 m) long overall and 425 feet 0 inches (129.54 m) between perpendiculars with a beam of 57 feet (17 m) and a draught of 20 feet (6.1 m). The vessels were propelled by one shaft driven by a reciprocating triple expansion steam engine powered by steam from two Foster Wheeler boilers, creating 2,500 indicated horsepower (1,900 kW). This gave the vessels a maximum speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph). The vessels had a complement of 270.

While in British service the vessel was armed with sixteen single-mounted Oerlikon 20 mm cannons. Upon conversion to a mobile repair ship, the vessels were equipped with landing pads for Sikorsky H04S helicopters situated aft. A decompression chamber was installed and shops for multiple trades such as engineering, diesel engine repair, sheet metal welding, coppersmith and electronic repair among others were created within the ship. The vessels were also equipped with an eight-berth hospital, sick bay, X-ray room, medical lab, dental clinic and lab.

## Construction and career

*Flamborough Head* (pennant F88) was laid down on 5 July 1944 by Burrard Dry Dock in Vancouver, British Columbia and launched on 7 October 1944. She was completed on 2 May 1945. *Flamborough Head* finished the Second World War in service with the Royal Navy and continued into the postwar period until 1952, when she was transferred to Canada.

### Service with Canada

*Flamborough Head* was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1952. She was officially renamed and recommissioned *Cape Breton* on 31 January 1953. *Cape Breton* was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet and homeported at Halifax, Nova Scotia until 25 August 1958 as a repair and training ship. She had been acquired in an effort to expand the range of the fleet and to sustain operations against Soviet submarines deploying west. In 1958 she sailed to Esquimalt, British Columbia where she was converted to an escort maintenance ship, she was recommissioned on 16 November 1959. The conversion involved installing engineering and electrical workshops and the fitting of a helicopter landing platform. Sea trials were performed in Magdalena Bay, Mexico in February 1960, returning to Canada in March after visiting San Diego.

On 10 February 1964, *Cape Breton* was paid off into the reserve. This was due to efforts to cut costs. From there on, the vessel served as a towed support facility and accommodation vessel at Esquimalt under the designation Maintenance Group (Pacific). In 1993, she was replaced by a shore building. She was sold to the Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia (ARSBC) for use as an artificial reef.

### Fate

Except for a short section of the stern and her engines, the ship was sunk in the waters of British Columbia on 20 October 2001 by the ARSBC after extensive cleaning to meet Environment Canada requirements. The ship now lies near Snake Island in Nanaimo harbour for use as a scuba diving site. *Cape Breton* sank upright to a depth of 145 feet (44 m). Her crow's nest reaches up to 40 feet (12 m) below the surface, the main deck lies at 100 feet (30 m).

The stern was donated to the city of North Vancouver, British Columbia by the Artificial Reef Society. They placed it on display on the waterfront in 2001 with the plan to eventually develop the area into a maritime museum. However, those plans fell through in 2007 from lack of support. On 9 September 2013, the city council voted to dispose of the stern as the cradle upon which it was resting began to near the end of its life, and it was dismantled.

The Christening Bells Project at Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt (CFB Esquimalt) Naval and Military Museum includes information from the ship's bell of HMCS *Cape Breton*, which was used for baptism of babies on board ship from 1959–1971. The bell is currently held by the CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military Museum, Esquimalt, British Columbia.

Fleet Maintenance Facility *Cape Breton* was formed in 1996 at CFB Esquimalt from the amalgamation of three shore-based units: Ship Repair Unit (Pacific), Naval Engineering Unit (Pacific), and Fleet Maintenance Group (Pacific). Fleet Maintenance Facility *Cape Breton* took its name from HMCS *Cape Breton*.

### Notes

### Bibliography

49°12.88′N 123°53.067′W / 49.21467°N 123.884450°W / 49.21467; -123.884450

## InfoBox

| HMS *Flamborough Head* underway in coastal waters. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Flamborough Head* |
| Builder | Burrard Dry Dock, North Vancouver |
| Laid down | 5 July 1944 |
| Launched | 7 October 1944 |
| Commissioned | 2 May 1945 |
| Out of service | 1952 |
| Fate | Sold to Canadian Government, 1952 |
| Canada | |
| Name | *Cape Breton* |
| Namesake | Cape Breton |
| Acquired | 31 January 1953 |
| Commissioned | 16 November 1959 |
| Decommissioned | 10 February 1964 |
| Motto | "La chance ne change pas la course" (Chance changes not our course) |
| Honours and<br>awards | * Arctic, 1944 * Normandy, 1944 * Atlantic, 1944–45 |
| Fate | Sunk as artificial reef, 20 October 2001, near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island |
| Badge | Azure, a spur gear argent charged with a device consisting of three ermine spots conjoined in the center, one pointing to the chief, once to the dexter base and once to the sinister base in trefoil fashion sable, and between them issuing from the center, three thistle blooms coloured proper. |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Cape-class maintenance ship |
| Displacement | 8,580 long tons (8,718 t) |
| Length | 134.6 m (441 ft 7.2 in) |
| Beam | 17.4 m (57 ft 1.0 in) |
| Draught | 6.1 m (20.0 ft) |
| Propulsion | Oil-fired triple expansion steam engines, 2 Foster Wheeler boilers, 1 shaft, 6,000 hp (4,474 kW) |
| Speed | 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) |
| Complement | 270 |
| Armament | 16 × 20 mm guns |
| Aircraft carried | can handle Sikorsky HO4S |
| Aviation facilities | helicopter pad |


title: Michael Chamberlin (comedian)

abstract: Michael Chamberlin is a Melbourne-based stand up comedian. Along with fellow comedian Charlie Pickering, Chamberlin was a co-creator of Melbourne comedy room Stagetime. In 2001, Chamberlin made the grand final of the Australia wide comedy competition Raw Comedy. In 2002, Chamberlin joined forces with Charlie Pickering, winning the comedians' choice Piece of Wood Award for their show Boiling Point. Chamberlin has performed in major comedy Festivals around Australia, including the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Adelaide Fringe Festival. He presented his first full-length festival show I Am The King of the Divan in 2004 as part of the Melbourne Fringe Festival. He appeared in the Melbourne Comedy Festival in 2005 with his show There's A Party At Stefan Edberg's Place, and in 2006 with Michael Chamberlin & the Ten Commandments. Chamberlin was also a core cast member and writer for the Australian sketch comedy television show skitHOUSE from 2003 - 2004. He has also written for television shows Rove Live, Backberner and Comedy Inc. In 2008, Chamberlin co-hosted Foxtel's TV series The Mansion with Charlie Pickering. In 2015 Chamberlin began writing for The Weekly with Charlie Pickering.

text:
# Michael Chamberlin (comedian)

**Michael Chamberlin** is a Melbourne-based stand up comedian. Along with fellow comedian Charlie Pickering, Chamberlin was a co-creator of Melbourne comedy room *Stagetime*.

In 2001, Chamberlin made the grand final of the Australia wide comedy competition Raw Comedy. In 2002, Chamberlin joined forces with Charlie Pickering, winning the comedians' choice Piece of Wood Award for their show *Boiling Point*. Chamberlin has performed in major comedy Festivals around Australia, including the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Adelaide Fringe Festival. He presented his first full-length festival show *I Am The King of the Divan* in 2004 as part of the Melbourne Fringe Festival. He appeared in the Melbourne Comedy Festival in 2005 with his show *There's A Party At Stefan Edberg's Place*, and in 2006 with *Michael Chamberlin & the Ten Commandments*.

Chamberlin was also a core cast member and writer for the Australian sketch comedy television show *skitHOUSE* from 2003 - 2004. He has also written for television shows *Rove Live*, *Backberner* and *Comedy Inc*.

In 2008, Chamberlin co-hosted Foxtel's TV series *The Mansion* with Charlie Pickering.

In 2015 Chamberlin began writing for *The Weekly with Charlie Pickering*.

## Live shows

* 2017: *Life in Moderation* \- Melbourne International Comedy Festival
* 2015: *Thoughts* \- Solo Show, Melbourne International Comedy Festival
* 2012: *Joy and Despair* \- Solo Show, Melbourne International Comedy Festival
* 2011: *Things I Haven't Done* \- Solo Show, Melbourne International Comedy Festival
* 2010: *Keep yourself nice* \- Solo Show, Melbourne International Comedy Festival
* 2008: *Flair Country* \- Solo Show, Melbourne International Comedy Festival
* 2007: *Buddha, Bluey and Me* \- Solo Show, Melbourne International Comedy Festival
* 2006: *Michael Chamberlin & the Ten Commandments* \- Solo Show, Adelaide Fringe Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival
* 2005: *There's A Party At Stefan Edberg's Place* \- Solo Show, Melbourne International Comedy Festival
* 2005: *Michael Chamberlin* \- Solo Show, Adelaide Comedy Festival
* 2004: *I Am The King of the Divan* \- Solo Show, Melbourne Fringe Festival
* 2003: *Boiling Point 2* \- With Charlie Pickering, Melbourne Comedy Festival
* 2003: *Equal Third* \- With Terri Psiakis & Charlie Pickering, Melbourne Comedy Festival
* 2002: *Boiling Point* \- With Charlie Pickering, Adelaide Fringe Festival, Melbourne Comedy Festival
* 2000/01: Chamberlin joined sketch comedy group Enter the Datsun for two Melbourne Comedy Festival shows


title: Mont Ham

abstract: The Mont Ham is a mountain in the southern Notre Dame Mountains, in the municipality of Ham-Sud, in the Les Sources Regional County Municipality, in region of Estrie, in Quebec, Canada. Mount Ham is located in Saint-Joseph-de-Ham-Sud, very close to Ham-Nord, in the Eastern Townships (Cantons-de-l'Est) in Quebec and is managed by a non-profit organization, "Le développement du Mont Ham". The mission of the organization is to promote the fauna and flora of the region as well as to create new services and activities that meet the needs of the community and the clientele. The Mount Ham site is also a center for community initiatives.

text:
# Mont Ham

The **Mont Ham** is a mountain in the southern Notre Dame Mountains (part of the Appalachians), in the municipality of Ham-Sud, in the Les Sources Regional County Municipality, in region of Estrie, in Quebec, Canada.

Mount Ham is located in Saint-Joseph-de-Ham-Sud, very close to Ham-Nord, in the Eastern Townships (Cantons-de-l'Est) in Quebec and is managed by a non-profit organization, "Le développement du Mont Ham". The mission of the organization is to promote the fauna and flora of the region as well as to create new services and activities that meet the needs of the community and the clientele. The Mount Ham site is also a center for community initiatives.

## Geography

It is part of the lowlands of the Appalachians.

Its primary summit lies at an elevation of 713 metres (2,339 ft) and its drop is 360 meters, with a prominence of 358 metres (1,175 ft). Marked trails on the mountain permit visitors a 360 degree view of the surrounding landscape.

## Activities

The park in which it is situated is open year-round and offers hiking, scrambling, snowshoeing, cross-country skiing, disc golf, and camping. In 2014, the park became the first in the Eastern Townships to gain "regional park" status, along with a $1,367,250 grant for expansion and improvements.

## Geology

While its rocks are considerably older, Mont Ham is surrounded by moraine that was deposited approximately 12,200 years BP during glaciation. The bedrock of the mountain is composed of boninite in an ophiolite complex.

## Toponym

The toponym "Mont Ham Regional Park" is linked to the name of the mountain. The latest toponym was made official on December 5, 1968 at the Place Names Bank of the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

## InfoBox

| Mont Ham | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 713 m (2,339 ft) |
| Prominence | 358 m (1,175 ft) |
| Coordinates | 45°47′27″N 71°38′11″W / 45.790947°N 71.636257°W / 45.790947; -71.636257 |
| Geography | |
| Mont HamCanada, Quebec, Estrie, Les Sources Regional County Municipality, Ham-Sud (municipality) | |
| Parent range | Southern Notre Dame Mountains |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Ordovician |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | hiking |


title: Michael Ninn

abstract: Michael Ninn is an adult film director and writer. He began his career as a music video director and made his first adult films in 1992.

text:
# Michael Ninn

**Michael Ninn** is an adult film director and writer. He began his career as a music video director and made his first adult films in 1992.

## Adult film career

In 1992 Ninn made his first adult erotic films  *Black Orchid*, *Principles of Lust* and *Two Sisters*. The next year he signed with VCA Pictures and went on to produce a series of award-winning films, including *Sex*, *Latex* and *Shock*.

Ninn's production company, Ninn Worx, has produced dozens of films that have won more than 70 AVN Awards. In 1997, *Shock* won eleven awards, including "Best Director" and "Best Video Feature". In 2005, the Ninn Worx film *Fetish Circus* won the 2005 AVN award for "Best DVD", and *Lost Angels: Katsumi* won "Best Foreign All-Sex Release". In 2006, Ninn won the AVN Award for "Best Director - Non Feature" for the film *Neo Pornographia*.

In 2006, Eddie Van Halen contributed to the soundtrack of Ninn's film *Sacred Sin*.

In 2013 Ninn received an XBIZ Award nomination for "Director of the Year - Feature Release" for *The Four*. He also was nominated for seven AVN Awards in 2013 for *The Four*.

## Awards

AVN Awards
| Year | Award | Film |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | Best Director-Video | *Latex* |
| 1997 | | *Shock* |
| | | Best Editing-Video |
| | Best Editing-Gay Video | *Night Walk* |
| 2002 | AVN Hall of Fame |  |
| 2003 | Best Videography | *Perfect* |
| 2006 | Best Director - Non Feature | *Neo Pornographia* |
| 2014 | Best Director – Foreign Feature (shared with Max Candy) | *The Ingenuous* |

Hot d'Or Awards
| Year | Award | Film |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | Best American Director | *Latex* |
| 1997 | | *Body Shock* |
| 1999 | | *La Nuit Sans Fin* |
| 2000 | | *Ritual* |

NightMoves Awards
| Year | Award |
| --- | --- |
| 2005 | Best Director (Editor's Choice) |

XRCO Awards
| Year | Award |
| --- | --- |
| 1996 | Director of the Year |
| 2006 | XRCO Hall of Fame |

## InfoBox

| Michael Ninn | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Adult film director |
| Years active | 1992 – present |
| Known for | adult erotic films |
| Website | http://www.michaelninn.com |


title: Ficus albert-smithii

abstract: Ficus albert-smithii is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela.

text:
# Ficus albert-smithii

***Ficus albert-smithii*** is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Ficus albert-smithii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Genus: | *Ficus* |
| Subgenus: | *F.* subg. *Urostigma* |
| Species: | ***F. albert-smithii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ficus albert-smithii***
Standley | |
|


title: Pailin Wedel

abstract: Pailin Wedel is a Thai-American photojournalist, film director and producer best known for directing, producing and co-writing the documentary Hope Frozen (2018), which was picked up for distribution through Netflix in 2020. She served as producer on Operation Thailand, a documentary series that explored Thailand's medical tourism industry, and as a director on 101 East, a weekly current affairs series created by Al Jazeera. Prior to her work in film and video journalism, Wedel created content for multiple publications, including The New York Times and The Washington Post. With her husband, she also founded 2050 Productions, a Bangkok-based documentary team, in 2016.

text:
# Pailin Wedel

**Pailin Wedel** is a Thai-American photojournalist, film director and producer best known for directing, producing and co-writing the documentary *Hope Frozen* (2018), which was picked up for distribution through Netflix in 2020. She served as producer on *Operation Thailand*, a documentary series that explored Thailand's medical tourism industry, and as a director on *101 East*, a weekly current affairs series created by Al Jazeera. Prior to her work in film and video journalism, Wedel created content for multiple publications, including *The New York Times* and *The Washington Post*. With her husband, she also founded 2050 Productions, a Bangkok-based documentary team, in 2016.

## Early life

Wedel was born to Yuangrat Wedel, a professor of political philosophy, and Paul Wedel, a journalist and former president of Kenan Foundation Asia, together the authors of *Radical Thought, Thai Mind*, a history book that documents changes in Thailand's political ideology over the past 200 years. As a child, Wedel lived with her family in India, Singapore and Thailand. She attended and graduated from NIST International School in Bangkok, Thailand before moving to the United States and graduating with a degree in biology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2004.

## Career

Following her graduation, Wedel developed an interest in journalism and worked at *The News & Observer* in Raleigh, North Carolina as a photographer. She went on to teach herself video production, with her early professional work including short pieces for international outlets such as *National Geographic* and *The New York Times*. This led to Wedel working as a director on several episodes of Al Jazeera's *101 East*, including "Asia's Meth Boom", exploring the production of methamphetamines in Myanmar and Thailand; "Myanmar: Free and Fair?", following activists in Myanmar leading up to the country's elections in 2015; "The Vanishing Sea Tribe", showing the Moken sea tribe's struggle to adapt to modernity; and "Thailand's Tainted Robes", describing multiple scandals among Thailand's Buddhist monks.

Wedel began work on *Hope Frozen*, her first full-length documentary, after reading about news stories of a Thai family seeking to cryonically preserve their deceased daughter. She joined her husband for an interview with the family, and their extended conversation led to the decision to make the film, which took five years in total to complete. Wedel spent the first year gaining the family's trust, after which they shared family footage that Wedel combined with her own recording to produce the film. The family's decision to preserve their daughter, as well as *Hope Frozen* itself, were the subject of controversy in Thailand due to the country's predominantly Buddhist culture and beliefs, and also contributed to the international debate regarding cryonics

However, the film was positively received by critics and won several awards, including the 2017 £80,000 Funding Award from The Whickers Film & TV Funding Awards, Best International Feature Documentary at the 2019 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, Best Documentary Feature at the 2020 San Antonio Independent Film Festival and Best Documentary at the 2021 International Emmy Awards.

In 2022, she directed the documentary *The Trapped 13: How We Survived The Thai Cave* about the Tham Luang cave rescue for Netflix.

## InfoBox

| Pailin Wedel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Bangkok, Thailand |
| Education | NIST International School |
| Alma mater | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, film producer, photojournalist |
| Years active | 2004–present |
| Known for |  |
| Spouse | Patrick Winn |