title: Quindío Department

abstract: Quindío is a department of Colombia. It's located in the western central of the country, specifically in the Andean region. Its capital is Armenia. It's famous for the quality of the coffee plantations, colorful architecture, benign weather, variety of hotel accommodations and tourist landmarks. This department is located in a strategic area, in the center of the triangle formed by the three main cities of the country: Bogotá, Medellín and Cali. Quindío is the second-smallest Colombian department with 12 municipalities. Ethnographically and culturally, it belongs to the Paisa region.

text:
# Quindío Department

**Quindío** (Spanish pronunciation: \[kinˈdi.o\]) is a department of Colombia. It's located in the western central of the country, specifically in the Andean region. Its capital is Armenia. It's famous for the quality of the coffee plantations, colorful architecture, benign weather, variety of hotel accommodations and tourist landmarks. This department is located in a strategic area, in the center of the triangle formed by the three main cities of the country: Bogotá, Medellín and Cali. Quindío is the second-smallest Colombian department (0.2% of the national territory) with 12 municipalities. Ethnographically and culturally, it belongs to the Paisa region.

## History

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1973 | 322,815 |  |
| 1985 | 392,208 | +21.5% |
| 1993 | 495,212 | +26.3% |
| 2005 | 534,552 | +7.9% |
| 2018 | 539,904 | +1.0% |
| Source: | | |

Before the Spanish invasion the entire area was inhabited by the peoples of the Quimbaya civilization until the 10th century B.C. At the time of Spanish conquest the area was inhabited by indigenous people of Carib descent known as the Pijao tribes. The native population was gradually reduced due to slavery, armed confrontations, and massacres during the Rubber boom, causing the territory to remain mostly uninhabited over the following centuries. At the present time, only a small population of nearly 2000 Amerindians remains in an indigenous reservation near La Tebaida.

The first settlement to be founded in the area was Salento in 1842. In the 19th century northern peasants from Antioquia set out to settle in the area and their goal was to stay there permanently in a process known as Colonización antioqueña (Antioquian Colonisation). Due to the inaccessibility of the territory and the lack of roads, trade and communications were made through mule caravans (arriería) or by porters such as the silleros.

In 1905, the old Department of Antioquia was partitioned into two, giving rise to the new Department of Caldas, which at the time included the modern department of Risaralda. In 1908 Quindio territory, then in jurisdiction of the Cauca Department, was annexed to Caldas department.

Also, see list of governors of Quindío Department.

## Municipalities

In order of population:

## Geography

Most of its surface is occupied for the western face of the Cordillera Central. Highest mountain: (Nevado del Quindío) 5,150 m (16,896 ft) high. The lowest area is the valley of La Vieja River, 1,100 m (3,609 ft) high.

This department consists entirely of mountain landscapes covered in tropical rainforest and Guadua bamboo forests. The ground is enriched with ancient volcanic eruptions, raising its fertility. There are also many rivers and streams, including the Quindío River which rises in the Cocora Valley.

The weather varies widely, having two rainy seasons (April and November) separated by two dry seasons. The annual precipitation is around 2,500 mm (98 in) and comes from the humidity of winds from the Pacific Ocean being cooled as they rise over the Andes. The average temperature is between 24 °C (75 °F) in the La Vieja river valley and 16 °C (61 °F) in Salento.

## Quindío wax palm tree

With law 61 of 1985, the Colombian Congress adopted the Quindío wax palm tree, *Ceroxylon quindiuense*, a local endangered species adapted to high altitudes, as the National Tree. As ratified on September 16, 1985, by the then president of Colombia, Belisario Betancur, the law states: "The species commonly known as the Quindío wax palm tree, scientific name Ceroxylon quindiuense, is declared the national tree and symbol of our fatherland. The national government is empowered to buy as much land as needed to create wildlife sanctuaries with the purpose of preserving this national symbol and its natural environment. It is forbidden to cut down the Quindío wax palm tree. The punishment for doing so shall be a fine and a term in jail"."

The Quindío wax palm tree was nearly driven to extinction by the extraction of the resinous substance that it exudes. Furthermore, its leaves were widely used for the celebration of Holy Week processions, especially that of Palm Sunday.

## Economy

Quindío's economy is based mainly in the harvest of coffee. It is one of the most important producers of Colombian coffee. The department belongs to the Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis which is the center of production and export of the highest quality coffee in Colombia. Plantain, cassava, Salentune potato and sugarcane are also cultivated, mostly for sale in local markets.

## Tourism

## Culture

### Gastronomy

Some of the typical food and drinks are:

* Salentune Patacón, which is made with plantain, smashed in a thin layer, fried and covered with grounded cheese and pineapple sauce
* Quindian arepa filled with shredded chicken and pieces of pig chicharrón
* Cocora, which is a baked trout
* Maduro, which is a broiled plantain filled with cheese and Bocadillo (thick guava jam)
* Roasted gurre
* Guatin stew
* Coffee wine (obtained from fermentation of coffee berries) with flavor similar to coffee liqueur
* Coffee arequipe
* Corn chicha fermented in a large pottery recipient containing a horseshoe to enhance the flavor
* Carajillo, a typical cocktail made of one part of hot coffee, one part of sugarcane aguardiente and cinnamon sticks

### Festivals and celebrations

Quindío department is the main exponent of traditional Cultura Cafetera (coffee culture) in the country. There are several events all around the year that attracts a large number of visitors to this region. With the purpose of preserving this cultural expression, the regional government promotes the declaration of Patrimony of Humanity by the UNESCO.

Among other events:

* The National Coffee Party is the main event of the department. It is celebrated each year since 1960 in Calarcá, the last days of June. The event includes the national beauty contest of coffee.
* The international fair of handcrafts, each may in Armenia.
* The day of St. Isidro (July-all the municipalities).
* The National festival of kites (August- La Tebaida).
* The anniversary of Armenia (October), with the Yipao or jeep parade.
* The candlelight festival of Quimbaya (December) .
* The Bullfighting season of La Macarena (January- Armenia).

### The Quimbayan Christmas Panther

The Quimbayan Christmas Panther is an indigenous & sacred animal recognized by indigenous and mestizo communities in the Quindío Department of Colombia. Belief in the Christmas Panther (el puma de navidad) has developed throughout the history of the Quimbayan holiday known as the Alumbrado de Navidad (see Feast of the Immaculate Conception), celebrated on the 7th of December in recognition of the Roman Catholic belief in the Immaculate Conception of Christ. It is believed that the significance of the puma stems from the arrival of ethnically Spanish colonialists from Antioquia in the region during the 1850s. The colonialist's Catholic traditions of using candlelight to celebrate the Immaculate Conception was combined with belief of the local Quimbaya tribe in the effect that fire (luces de fogota) had in protecting against panther attacks as pumas and other local fauna are believed to fear fire. Thus, in an instance of religious syncretism, the Alumbrado de Navidad and the symbolism of the puma to native peoples were linked. It is still a common practice to display the symbol of the panther (in the form of sculptures made of *terra cotta*, cloth, plastic, etc.) in conjunction with the lighting of candles on the night of December the 7th. Such religious syncretism is especially visible in the rural pueblos of Quindío where many residents claim full or partial descent from Quimbaya native peoples of the region.(the Quimbayan christmas panther is blue with yellow tail).

## Fauna and Flora

Quindío is the natural habitat of 520 species of birds and about 60 species of mammals. Many of them are endemisms. The area has the largest number of Heliconia species in the world and a large numbers of species of orchids, mainly of the genera Cattleya, Odontoglossum, Miltonia, Phragmipedium and Peristeria. The natural forests typical of the area, such as the páramo, and the cloud forest, are decreasing progressively due to agricultural activities. As a result, many of the endemic species are threatened, endangered or critically endangered. Some of them are:

## InfoBox

| Department of Quindío Departamento del Quindío | |
| --- | --- |
| Department | |
|  | |
| Motto(s): *Young, Rich and Powerful*
(Spanish: *Joven, Rico y Poderoso*) | |
| Anthem: Himno del Quindío | |
| Quindío shown in red | |
| Topography of the department | |
| Coordinates: 4°32′N 75°42′W / 4.533°N 75.700°W / 4.533; -75.700 | |
| Country | Colombia |
| Region | Andean Region |
| Established | July 1, 1966 |
| Capital | Armenia |
| Government | |
| Governor | Roberto Jairo Jaramillo Cardenas (2020–2023) |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,845 km2 (712 sq mi) |
| Rank | 31st |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 539,904 |
| Rank | 22nd |
| Density | 290/km2 (760/sq mi) |
| GDP | |
| Total | COP 11,942 billion
(US$ 2.8 billion) |
| Time zone | UTC-05 |
| ISO 3166 code | CO-QUI |
| Municipalities | 12 |
| HDI | 0.775
high · 5th of 33 |
| Website | www.quindio.gov.co |


title: Mohammad Usman of Madras

abstract: Khan Bahadur Sir Mohammad Usman was an Indian politician, hakim and socialite who served as the Minister of Home for the Madras Presidency in the Justice Party government of the Raja of Bobbili and as the first Indian acting Governor of Madras from 16 May 1934 to 16 August 1934. His name is often written Muhammad Usman. Usman was born into an aristocratic family of Tanjore in the Madras Presidency in 1884. He graduated from Madras Christian College and joined the Justice Party. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Council and later, to the Governor's executive council. Usman served as the member of posts and air in the Viceroy's Executive Council between 1942 and 1947. He died in 1960 at the age of 76. He was a part-time hakim or doctor in Unani medicine and used his influential position in the provincial administration to promote indigenous systems of medicine. In person, Usman was both tall and very heavy. He was once described by V. S. Srinivasa Sastri as having a "magnificent frame", and Sastri's biographer says he was "of gargantuan size".

text:
# Mohammad Usman of Madras

Khan Bahadur **Sir Mohammad Usman** KCSI KCIE (1884  1 February 1960) was an Indian politician, hakim and socialite who served as the Minister of Home for the Madras Presidency in the Justice Party government of the Raja of Bobbili and as the first Indian acting Governor of Madras from 16 May 1934 to 16 August 1934. His name is often written **Muhammad Usman**.

Usman was born into an aristocratic family of Tanjore in the Madras Presidency in 1884. He graduated from Madras Christian College and joined the Justice Party. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Council and later, to the Governor's executive council. Usman served as the member of posts and air in the Viceroy's Executive Council between 1942 and 1947. He died in 1960 at the age of 76. He was a part-time hakim or doctor in Unani medicine and used his influential position in the provincial administration to promote indigenous systems of medicine.

In person, Usman was both tall and very heavy. He was once described by V. S. Srinivasa Sastri as having a "magnificent frame", and Sastri's biographer says he was "of gargantuan size".

## Early life

Usman was born to Mohammad Yakub who belonged to an aristocratic family of Tanjore, Madras Presidency in 1884. Usman graduated from the Madras Christian College and joined the South Indian Liberal Federation. Usman practised Unani medicine and acquired a reputation as an efficient physician.

## Political positions

Usman was elected to the Madras Legislative Council as a Justice Party candidate in 1920 and served as a legislator from 1920 to 1923. Usman served as the President of the Corporation of Madras in 192425 and as the Shera of Madras in 1924. In October 1921, the Raja of Panagal, the Chief Minister of Madras, established a committee on Indigenous Systems of Medicine. He appointed Usman, the Secretary of the committee. In 1922, this Committee concluded that Ayurveda was based on genuine scientific theories and noted that its practice has been waning over the years. On 30 March 1925, Usman was appointed member of the executive council of the Governor of Madras. He was elected president of the Muhammedan Education Association of South India in 1930.

When the Raja of Bobbili took over as the Chief Minister or Premier of the Madras Presidency, Usman was made the Minister of Home in the provincial government. However, Usman resigned in 1934 recommending A. T. Panneerselvam as his successor. Muslims of the Madras Presidency felt betrayed that Usman had not recommended a Muslim for the post and strongly opposed the candidature of Panneerselvam who was a Christian. Violent Muslim-Christian riots erupted in the province. Though the riots were eventually quelled, the incidents radicalized public opinion, both Muslim and Christian, against the Justice Party.

In 1935, Usman became the first Indian President of the Rotary Club of Madras.

## As Acting Governor of Madras Presidency

Usman served as the acting Governor of Madras from 16 May 1934 to 16 August 1934. He was the first Indian to act as the Governor of Madras.

## Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council

The British trusted Usman and considered him loyal. He served as a member of the Indian Defence Council in 194142 and as the Vice-Chancellor of Madras University from 1940 to 1942.

On 2 July 1942, the Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow, expanded his Executive Council to nineteen members, bringing in Usman, Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, B. R. Ambedkar, Sir Jogendra Singh, and Sir J. P. Srivastava. This took the number of Indian members of the Council to fourteen, with five Europeans. Usman was made the member for Posts and Air.

Usman's political views, according to the next Viceroy, Wavell, were "such that even a hardened Tory might regard as reactionary", and Wavell later noted in his journal that Usman "believed that God never meant India to be independent".

At a conference of Post Masters General shortly after the end of the Second World War, Usman said of the need to improve postal and telegraph services "We have won the War. We have now to win the peace."

## Death

Usman died on 1 February 1960 at the age of 76.

## Honors

Usman was knighted in the 1928 Birthday Honours and made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in the 1933 New Year Honours. On 14 June 1945, he was appointed a KCSI.

Usman Road, a thoroughfare in T. Nagar, Chennai is named after him.

* More, J. B. Prashant (1997). *The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 19301947*. Orient Longman.

## InfoBox

| Khan Bahadur SirMohammad UsmanKCSI, KCIE | |
| --- | --- |
| Governor of Madras Presidency 1934 official picture | |
|  | |
| Member of the Executive Council of the Viceroy of India | |
| **In office**
1942–1947 | |
| Monarch | George VI of the United Kingdom |
| GovernorsGeneral | Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow
Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell

Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma |
| Succeeded by | None |
| Member of the Defence Council of India | |
| **In office**
1940–1941 | |
| Monarch | George VI |
| Governor of Madras Presidency (Acting) | |
| **In office**
16 April 1934  16 August 1934 | |
| Premier | Raja of Bobbili |
| Preceded by | George Frederick Stanley |
| Succeeded by | George Frederick Stanley |
| Minister of Home (Madras Presidency) | |
| **In office**
1932–1934 | |
| Premier | Raja of Bobbili |
| Governor | George Frederick Stanley |
| Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras | |
| **In office**
1925–1930 | |
| Premier | Raja of Panagal
P. Subbarayan |
| Governor | George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen
Sir Norman Majoribanks
George Frederick Stanley |
| Succeeded by | None |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1884
Tanjore, British India |
| Died | 1 February 1960(1960-02-01) (aged 75–76)
Madras, India |
| Alma mater | Madras Christian College |
| Occupation | Lawyer, hakim |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Quebec Route 388

abstract: Route 388 is a short provincial highway in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of the Canadian province of Quebec. Approximately 25 kilometres long, the highway is located in the Abitibi-Ouest MRC. It is essentially a continuation of Highway 101 in Ontario, extending from the provincial border to Route 393 just outside Duparquet.

text:
# Quebec Route 388

**Route 388** is a short provincial highway in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of the Canadian province of Quebec.

Approximately 25 kilometres long, the highway is located in the Abitibi-Ouest MRC. It is essentially a continuation of Highway 101 in Ontario, extending from the provincial border to Route 393 just outside Duparquet.

## Towns along Route 388

1. Ministère des transports, "Distances routières", page (?), Les Publications du Québec, 2005

## InfoBox

| Route 388 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Transports Québec | |
| Length | 25 km (16 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Highway 101 at the Quebec–Ontario border |
| East end | R-393 near Duparquet |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R-386   R-389 | |


title: Melanoseris

abstract: Melanoseris is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. Its native range is Iran to Southern Central China and Northern Central Indo-China, Java.

text:
# Melanoseris

***Melanoseris*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae.

Its native range is Iran to Southern Central China and Northern Central Indo-China, Java.

## Species

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Melanoseris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Cichorioideae |
| Tribe: | Cichorieae |
| Genus: | *Melanoseris*<br>Decne. |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chaetoseris* C.Shih * *Parasyncalathium* J.W.Zhang, Boufford & H.Sun * *Stenoseris* C.Shih * *Zollikoferiastrum* (Kirp.) Kamelin | |


title: New Calabar River

abstract:
The New Calabar River is a river in Rivers State, Nigeria, in the Niger River Delta. The Kalabari Kingdom was based on this river.
The New Calabar River is one of the most stressed rivers in the Niger delta of Nigeria. It is presently not the focus of any systematic periodic water quality investigation. The river system exhibits temporal variation which could be attributed to the mixing process of the upper and lower reaches of the water under varying tropical climatic conditions. The water across the season exhibited variation in the increase and decrease in the physico-chemical parameters. This could be attributed to industrial activities in and around the river and the discharge of domestic waste into the river, which are prevalent upstream of the river. Although series of work have been carried out in different reaches of the river.

text:
# New Calabar River

4°29′54″N 6°59′46″E / 4.498393°N 6.996231°E / 4.498393; 6.996231 The **New Calabar River** is a river in Rivers State, Nigeria, in the Niger River Delta. The Kalabari Kingdom was based on this river. The New Calabar River is one of the most stressed rivers in the Niger delta of Nigeria. It is presently not the focus of any systematic periodic water quality investigation. The river system exhibits temporal variation which could be attributed to the mixing process of the upper and lower reaches of the water under varying tropical climatic conditions. The water across the season exhibited variation in the increase and decrease in the physico-chemical parameters. This could be attributed to industrial activities in and around the river and the discharge of domestic waste into the river, which are prevalent upstream of the river. Although series of work have been carried out in different reaches of the river.

## Pollution

Studies showed the New Calabar River had been polluted by some chemical substances like lead, cadmium and chromium contaminating the surface water. Residue from all locales showed low to extensive contamination by the heavy metals.

This has high effect on the locales health risk due to the fact that they consume the fishes harvested from the river.

The inorganic anion contamination of the Unused Calabar Waterway surface water was explored. Comes about appeared regular varieties within the inorganic anion levels. Water parameters such as sulfite, nitrate, phosphate, and alkalinity showed significantly higher values within the blustery season than within the dry season. Broken up oxygen, pH, sulfide, sulfate, alkali, and nitrite appeared no critical contrasts between their blustery and dry season levels. Upstream-downstream changes were shown by conductivity, add up to broken down solids, chloride, saltiness, and temperature. Exemptions happened within the nitrite levels, where the impact was negligible. In spite of the fact that the concentrations of a few anions analyzed fell inside universally satisfactory limits, the Unused Calabar Waterway water is, within the fundamental, contaminated with inorganic anions and may be unsatisfactory for consumable and mechanical employments without treatment.


title: Old Iron County Courthouse

abstract: The Old Iron County Courthouse, now the Iron County Historical Museum, at 303 Iron St. in Hurley in Iron County, Wisconsin, was built in 1892–1893. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

text:
# Old Iron County Courthouse

The **Old Iron County Courthouse**, now the Iron County Historical Museum, at 303 Iron St. in Hurley in Iron County, Wisconsin, was built in 1892–1893. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

## Building

The Old Courthouse is a two-story red pressed brick building with brownstone ornamentation, 83 by 69 feet (25 m × 21 m) in plan, in an eclectic style with Richardsonian Romanesque features and two towers, one a "castellated High Victorian" clock tower, the other capped by a dome. Designed by L.H. Ruggles, it was an unusually large and elaborate public building for Wisconsin at that time.

## History

The building was constructed in 1892–1893 as the town hall for the former town of Vaughn, which was then in Ashland County. Before its completion, the majority of the building was leased to the newly formed Iron County, and although under the lease terms the "court room" space was to be used primarily for meetings of the town council, it quickly became the county courthouse. The building originally also included the firehouse for the then village of Hurley; the central arched doorway in the main facade that accommodated fire-fighting equipment has been modified.

The clock tower has clocks on all four sides with a 1922 Seth Thomas clockworks, which replaced the 1893 original after lightning damage; electricity was installed for the purpose.

The Iron County Historical Society acquired the building in 1976 and restored it to house the Iron County Historical Museum.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Iron County Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location for Old Iron County Courthouse | |
| Location | 303 Iron St., Hurley, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 46°26′52″N 90°10′59″W / 46.44778°N 90.18306°W / 46.44778; -90.18306 (Old Iron County Courthouse) |
| Area | 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) |
| Built | 1892-93 |
| Built by | Rinke and Means; Rinke and Carroll. |
| Architect | L.H. Ruggles |
| NRHP reference No. | 77000031 |
| Added to NRHP | July 26, 1977 |


title: Isosorbide dinitrate

abstract: Isosorbide dinitrate is a medication used for heart failure, esophageal spasms, and to treat and prevent chest pain from not enough blood flow to the heart. It has been found to be particularly useful in heart failure due to systolic dysfunction together with hydralazine. It is taken by mouth or under the tongue. Common side effects include headache, lightheadedness with standing, and blurred vision. Severe side effects include low blood pressure. It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe for the baby. It should not be used together with PDE5 Inhibitors. Isosorbide dinitrate is in the nitrate family of medications and works by dilating blood vessels. Isosorbide dinitrate was first written about in 1939. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Isosorbide dinitrate is available as a generic medication. A long-acting form exists. In 2022, isosorbide was the 119th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5 million prescriptions.

text:
# Isosorbide dinitrate

**Isosorbide dinitrate** is a medication used for heart failure, esophageal spasms, and to treat and prevent chest pain from not enough blood flow to the heart. It has been found to be particularly useful in heart failure due to systolic dysfunction together with hydralazine. It is taken by mouth or under the tongue.

Common side effects include headache, lightheadedness with standing, and blurred vision. Severe side effects include low blood pressure. It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe for the baby. It should not be used together with PDE5 Inhibitors. Isosorbide dinitrate is in the nitrate family of medications and works by dilating blood vessels.

Isosorbide dinitrate was first written about in 1939. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Isosorbide dinitrate is available as a generic medication. A long-acting form exists. In 2022, isosorbide was the 119th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5 million prescriptions.

## Medical uses

It is used for angina, in addition to other medications for congestive heart failure, and for esophageal spasms. It is available as an oral tablet both in extended release and slow release. The onset of action for Isosorbide Dinitrate is thirty minutes and the onset of action for oral extended release is 12–24 hours.

Long-acting nitrates can be more useful as they are generally more effective and stable in the short term.

## Side effects

### Tolerance

After long-term use for treating chronic conditions, tolerance may develop in patients, reducing its effectiveness. The mechanisms of nitrate tolerance have been thoroughly investigated in the last 30 years and several hypotheses have been proposed. These include:

1. Impaired biotransformation of isosorbide dinitrate to its active principle NO (or a NO-related species)
2. Neurohormonal activation, causing sympathetic activation and release of vasoconstrictors such as endothelin and angiotensin II which counteract the vasodilation induced by isosorbide dinitrate
3. Plasma volume expansion
4. The oxidative stress hypothesis

The last hypothesis might represent a unifying hypothesis, and an isosorbide dinitrate-induced inappropriate production of oxygen free radicals might induce a number of abnormalities which include the ones described above. Furthermore, nitrate tolerance is shown to be associated with vascular abnormalities which have the potential to worsen patients prognosis: these include endothelial and autonomic dysfunction.

## Mechanism of action

Similar to other nitrites and organic nitrates, isosorbide dinitrate is converted to nitric oxide (NO), an active intermediate compound which activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase (atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A). This stimulates the synthesis of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) which then activates a series of protein kinase-dependent phosphorylations in the smooth muscle cells, eventually resulting in the dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain of the smooth muscle fiber. The subsequent sequestration of calcium ions results in the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilation.

## Society and culture

Isosorbide dinitrate is sold in the US under the brand names Dilatrate-SR by Schwarz and Isordil by Valeant, according to FDA Orange Book. It is sold under the trade name Isoket in the United Kingdom, Argentina, and Hong Kong. It is also a component of BiDil.

## InfoBox

Isosorbide dinitrate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Isordil, others |
| Other names | ISDN; (3*R*,3a*S*,6*S*,6a*S*)-hexahydrofuro\[3,2-*b*\]furan-3,6-diyl dinitrate |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682348 |
| License data |  |
| Pregnancy
category | * AU: B1 |
| Routes of
administration | By mouth |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * In general: ℞ (Prescription only) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 10–90%, average 25% |
| Metabolism | Liver |
| Elimination half-life | 1 hour |
| Excretion | Kidney |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-2,5-di-*O*-nitro-D-glucitol | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.001.583 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C6H8N2O8 |
| Molar mass | 236.136 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * \[O-\]\[N+\](=O)O\[C@H\]1\[C@H\]2OC\[C@H\](O\[N+\](\[O-\])=O)\[C@H\]2OC1 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C6H8N2O8/c9-7(10)15-3-1-13-6-4(16-8(11)12)2-14-5(3)6/h3-6H,1-2H2/t3-,4+,5-,6-/m1/s1 Y * Key:MOYKHGMNXAOIAT-JGWLITMVSA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Quebec Route 386

abstract: Route 386 is a 75 km two-lane east/west highway located in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region in Quebec, Canada. It starts at the junction of Route 111 close to Amos and ends at the junction of Route 113 in Senneterre.

text:
# Quebec Route 386

**Route 386** is a 75 km two-lane east/west highway located in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region in Quebec, Canada. It starts at the junction of Route 111 close to Amos and ends at the junction of Route 113 in Senneterre.

## Towns along Route 386

1. Ministère des transports, "Distances routières", page (?), Les Publications du Québec, 2005

## InfoBox

| Route 386 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Transports Québec | |
| Length | 75 km (47 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | R-111 in Amos |
| East end | R-113 in Senneterre |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Major cities | Amos, Senneterre |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R-385   R-388 | |


title: Willamette Park

abstract: Willamette Park is a city park of about 26 acres (11 ha) in south Portland, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located at Southwest Macadam Avenue and Nebraska Street, the park includes a boat dock and ramp, paved and unpaved paths, picnic areas, restrooms, a dog off-leash area, playground, soccer field, and tennis courts.

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# Willamette Park

**Willamette Park** is a city park of about 26 acres (11 ha) in south Portland, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located at Southwest Macadam Avenue and Nebraska Street, the park includes a boat dock and ramp, paved and unpaved paths, picnic areas, restrooms, a dog off-leash area, playground, soccer field, and tennis courts.

## Description and history

Bordering the Willamette River, Willamette Park offers views of Ross Island and its companions, Hardtack, East, and Toe. The Willamette Greenway Trail, part of Portland's 40-Mile Loop, passes northsouth through the park, linking it to downtown Portland on the north and Miles Place, Butterfly Park, Stephens Creek, Willamette Moorage Natural Area, the Sellwood Bridge, and Powers Marine Park, all on the south. Oaks Amusement Park and, further south, Sellwood Riverfront Park, are along the east bank, opposite Willamette Park. From the north end of the park, it is possible to see great blue heron and bald eagle nests on Ross Island and the nests of osprey and Canada geese on the tops of transmission towers at Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge, beyond the east bank of the river.

Purple martins nest in white gourds attached to a pole near the boat ramp. The gourds, which other birds do not like, protect a small number of martins from losing their homes to sparrows and starlings. Other birds seen at the park include gulls, sandpipers, cormorants, kingfishers, and swallows. Beavers frequent the area. A plaque at the south end of the park honors an Oregon white oak, "one of the largest" along the Greenway.

As part of the South Portland Riverbanks Projects, the city began removing non-native plants from the south end of Willamette Park in 2006. Volunteers organized by Friends of Trees subsequently replaced them with 250 native trees and shrubs.

## InfoBox

| Willamette Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Vegetation, playground, and tennis court, 2010 | |
|  | |
| Type | Urban park |
| Location | SW Macadam Ave. and Nebraska St.<br>Portland, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°28′27″N 122°40′08″W / 45.47417°N 122.66889°W / 45.47417; -122.66889 |
| Area | 26.26 acres (10.63 ha) |
| Created | 1929 |
| Operated by | Portland Parks & Recreation |
| Status | Open 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. |


title: Quebec Route 391

abstract: Route 391 is a provincial highway located in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region in southwestern Quebec near the Ontario border. The 90 km (56 mi) road runs from the junction of Route 101 near St-Édouard-de-Fabre and ends in Rouyn-Noranda at the junction of Route 117. Between Lorrainville and Laverlochère-Angliers, it overlaps Route 382. Near Rollet, it is also concurrent with Route 101.

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# Quebec Route 391

**Route 391** is a provincial highway located in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region in southwestern Quebec near the Ontario border. The 90 km (56 mi) road runs from the junction of Route 101 near St-Édouard-de-Fabre and ends in Rouyn-Noranda at the junction of Route 117. Between Lorrainville and Laverlochère-Angliers, it overlaps Route 382. Near Rollet, it is also concurrent with Route 101.

## Towns along Route 391

1. Ministère des transports, "Distances routières", page 95, Les Publications du Québec, 2005

## InfoBox

| Route 391 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Transports Québec | |
| Length | 90 km (56 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | R-101 north of Saint-Edouard-de-Fabre |
| North end | R-117 (TCH) in Rouyn-Noranda |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Major cities | Rouyn-Noranda |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R-390   R-393 | |


title: Melrose Woman's Club

abstract: The Melrose Woman's Club is a historic woman's club in Melrose, Florida. It is located at Pine Street. On April 6, 1978, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

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# Melrose Woman's Club

The **Melrose Woman's Club** (also known as **The Literary and Debating Society** or **The Hall**) is a historic woman's club in Melrose, Florida. It is located at Pine Street. On April 6, 1978, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

List of Registered Historic Woman's Clubhouses in Florida

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Melrose Woman's Club | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Melrose, Florida |
| Coordinates | 29°42′40″N 82°2′49″W / 29.71111°N 82.04694°W / 29.71111; -82.04694 |
| NRHP reference No. | 78000956 |
| Added to NRHP | April 6, 1978 |


title: New Mexico wine

abstract: New Mexico has a long history of wine production, within American wine, especially along the Rio Grande, from its capital Santa Fe, the city of Albuquerque with its surrounding metropolitan area, and in valleys like the Mesilla and the Mimbres River valleys. In 1629, Franciscan friar García de Zúñiga and a Capuchín friar named Antonio de Arteaga planted the first wine grapes in Santa Fe de Nuevo México, in what would become the modern Middle Rio Grande Valley AVA. Today, wineries exist in the aforementioned Middle Rio Grande Valley, as well as the Mesilla Valley AVA and the Mimbres Valley AVA. Viticulture took hold since its 1629 introduction, in the middle Rio Grande and the surrounding area, and by the year 1880 grapes were grown on over 3,000 acres (12 km⁲), and wineries produced over 1,000,000 US gallons (3,800,000 L) of wine. The editor of the Socorro bulletin predicted in 1880 that "We see in the present attention given to grape culture, an important and growing industry which, in a few years, will assume proportions of no ordinary nature." The wine industry in New Mexico declined in the latter decades of the nineteenth century in part due to flooding of the Río Grande. Prohibition in the United States also forced many wineries to close, while others remained operational providing sacramental wine to primarily Catholic as well as other Christian churches. The modern New Mexico wine industry received significant support in 1978 when a government-sponsored study encouraged winegrowers to grow New Mexican heritage grapes, and to work in collaboration with Italian, Spanish and French wineries to make hybrid grape varieties. New Mexico now has more than 60 wineries producing 900,000 US gallons (3,400,000 L) of wine annually.

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# New Mexico wine

**New Mexico** has a long history of **wine** production, within American wine, especially along the Rio Grande, from its capital Santa Fe, the city of Albuquerque with its surrounding metropolitan area, and in valleys like the Mesilla and the Mimbres River valleys. In 1629, Franciscan friar García de Zúñiga and a Capuchín friar named Antonio de Arteaga planted the first wine grapes in Santa Fe de Nuevo México, in what would become the modern Middle Rio Grande Valley AVA. Today, wineries exist in the aforementioned Middle Rio Grande Valley, as well as the Mesilla Valley AVA and the Mimbres Valley AVA.

Viticulture took hold since its 1629 introduction, in the middle Rio Grande and the surrounding area, and by the year 1880 grapes were grown on over 3,000 acres (12 km2), and wineries produced over 1,000,000 US gallons (3,800,000 L) of wine. The editor of the Socorro bulletin predicted in 1880 that "We see in the present attention given to grape culture, an important and growing industry which, in a few years, will assume proportions of no ordinary nature."

The wine industry in New Mexico declined in the latter decades of the nineteenth century in part due to flooding of the Río Grande. Prohibition in the United States also forced many wineries to close, while others remained operational providing sacramental wine to primarily Catholic as well as other Christian churches. The modern New Mexico wine industry received significant support in 1978 when a government-sponsored study encouraged winegrowers to grow New Mexican heritage grapes, and to work in collaboration with Italian, Spanish and French wineries to make hybrid grape varieties.

New Mexico now has more than 60 wineries producing 900,000 US gallons (3,400,000 L) of wine annually.

## History

### Origins of viticulture in New Mexico

In 1598 Santa Fe de Nuevo México was founded, after Don Juan de Oñate led Spanish colonists to the upper valleys of the Rio Grande near Española, New Mexico. Santa Fe, New Mexico was established in 1610, and further south near the Mesilla Valley Franciscans followed the colonists to minister Christianity to the Native Americans and Hispanos of New Mexico. The Franciscans who settled along the Rio Grande needed to hold daily mass; central to each mass was Holy Communion, a sacrament that includes the consumption of wine, which upon transubstantiation, becomes the blood of Christ shed for the redemptions of sinners. The friars needed a local source for their sacramental wine since the next nearest supply was several months' travel away. In this region of the Upper Río Grande is where grape vines were first introduced to New Mexico.

Before grapevines were planted in New Mexico, the Franciscans had wine shipped from Spain. The sacramental wine was light pink in color, had a sherry-like taste, was 18% alcohol, and 10% sugar. The wine was transported in heavy jugs resembling those in Roman times. The stoneware jugs held approximately 2.6 to 3.6 gallons (9.8 to 13.6 liters) each and were sealed with a cork or wood plug. The jugs needed to be sealed with a green glaze, applied to the inside of the jug. This glaze would have contained lead that leaked out into the wine during prolonged exposure to heat or to the acid in the wine.

Grapevine planting in New Mexico was initially hindered by Spanish law which in 1595 forbid the exportation of Spanish grapevines to protect the Spanish agriculture industry. At the time, Spanish wine exports provided one fourth of Spain's foreign trade revenue. Franciscans chose to ignore this economic law and smuggled vines out of Spain into New Mexico around 1629. Fray García de Zúñiga, a Franciscan, and Antonio de Arteaga, a Capuchín friar, planted the first vines at a Piro pueblo just south of modern-day Socorro. The cuttings brought by the missionaries were a *Vitis vinifera* grape variety known as the Mission grape. This variety is still grown in New Mexico today.

As El Camino Real arrived in New Mexico, the city of Albuquerque was established to serve as an outpost for all of the towns and pueblos in the central Rio Grande. Wine was grown in these old towns, including near Barelas, Corrales, Old Town Albuquerque, Sandia Pueblo, Los Ranchos, and Isleta Pueblo. This region is now referred to as the Middle Rio Grande Valley AVA.

### Expansion of the wine industry in New Mexico

Between 1633 and 1800, numerous events took place which threatened the wine industry in New Mexico. Several pueblo revolts and hard winters threatened the grapes, but by the 1800s New Mexico had emerged as wine country. In 1800, vineyards were planted from Bernalillo to Socorro in central New Mexico and from Las Cruces to El Paso, Texas in the southern part of the state. In 1850, New Mexico became a territory of the United States. In 1868, Jesuit priests settled in New Mexico and brought their Italian wine making techniques, founding a winery in 1872. In 1870, New Mexico produced 16,000 US gallons (61,000 L) of wine. By 1880, New Mexico produced 908,000 US gallons (3,440,000 L). The 1880 census indicated that New Mexico had twice the grapevine area of New York, a more developed state. New Mexico was fifth in the nation in wine production.

New Mexico State University has long played a part in the cultivation, expansion, and education of grape growing and winemaking in New Mexico. In 1920, at the beginning of Prohibition in the United States, Giovanni Giorgio Rinaldi took over production of Christian Brothers Winery in Bernalillo. He enlisted the help of faculty at New Mexico A & M College, in Las Cruces, now New Mexico State University. With their help, Rinaldi improved grape production and experimented with other grape varieties and grape growing styles. Zinfandel, a grape from Europe Primitivo, was the result of experimentation with grape varieties by Rinaldi and New Mexico A & M. Rinaldi remained Christian Brother's Winery manager until 1933 when prohibition ended.

### Decline and rebirth

At the turn of the twentieth century, the Río Grande and its tributaries experienced extensive flooding. In 1926, the first Río Grande flood occurred that impacted the vineyards throughout the grape growing region, from Bernalillo to El Paso. Prohibition began in 1919, and only a small amount of medicinal alcohol could be legally produced and sold. Though the sale of wine was hindered, the grapevine acreage doubled between 1920 and 1930. In 1943, the largest Río Grande flood of the century destroyed vineyards throughout New Mexico. Vineyards that had been producing wine for fifty years were destroyed. What remained of the old commercial wine industry in New Mexico never recovered from these floods.

By 1977, small commercial wineries opened their doors, creating wine from mostly French-Hybrid grape varietals. These cold-hardy grapevines prospered in northern New Mexico. The first of these wineries to open was La Viña Winery, now the oldest continually-operating winery in New Mexico. La Chiripada Winery, in Dixon, NM planted its vines in 1977, the first vines to be planted in Northern New Mexico since prohibition. They opened with their first vintage in 1981, and remains family-operated to this day. La Chiripada Winery is the oldest continuously-owned winery in New Mexico.

In 1981, the Oppenheimer Corporation began marketing plots of "vineyard" land in the Armendariz Ranch, near Engle, which drew Hervé Lescombes and his family from Burgundy, France. Many more European investors were to follow suit, attracted to the inexpensive land and underdeveloped wine market. Due to the lack of water rights, and the great distance for irrigation, the land was deemed unfit for farming and many investors went bankrupt or pulled-out. Hervé Lescombes continued buying better-suited portions of land across southwest New Mexico, planting again in 1982. By 1984, St. Clair Winery opened their winery and first tasting room, quickly becoming the largest winery in New Mexico. Today, Hervé Lescombes' sons, Florent and Emmanuel, own and operate 5 locations across New Mexico, with over 180 acres of family-owned vineyards.

Between 1982 and 1983, 2,200 acres (3 sq mi) of vineyards were planted around Las Cruces. By 1986, there were 7,000 acres across New Mexico, falling to 700 acres by 1989. Many more vineyards and extensive acres of grapes were planted until present day.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

New Mexico
| **Wine region** | |
| --- | --- |
| Southern New Mexico vineyard | |
| Official name | State of New Mexico |
| Type | U.S. state |
| Year established | 1912 |
| Years of wine industry | 1629-present |
| Country | United States |
| Sub-regions | Mesilla Valley AVA, Middle Rio Grande Valley AVA, Mimbres Valley AVA. |
| Total area | 121,665 square miles (315,111 km2) |
| Size of planted vineyards | 1,200 acres (4.9 km2) |
| Grapes produced | Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel, Sangiovese, Pinot noir, Ruby Cabernet, Nebbiolo, Dolcetto, Refosco, Barbera, Merlot, Petite Sirah, Syrah, Tempranillo, Cabernet Franc, Mourvèdre,
---  Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Malvasia bianca, Muscat Canelli, Pinot gris, Viognier, Riesling, Muscat of Alexandria, Orange Muscat, Sauvignon blanc,

---  Baco noir, Chambourcin, De Chaunac, Leon Millot, Marechal Foch, Seyval blanc, Vidal blanc, Villard blanc. |
| No. of wineries | Over 42 |


title: Quantitative precipitation forecast

abstract: The quantitative precipitation forecast is the expected amount of melted precipitation accumulated over a specified time period over a specified area. A QPF will be created when precipitation amounts reaching a minimum threshold are expected during the forecast's valid period. Valid periods of precipitation forecasts are normally synoptic hours such as 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 GMT. Terrain is considered in QPFs by use of topography or based upon climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail. Starting in the mid-to-late 1990s, QPFs were used within hydrologic forecast models to simulate impact to rivers throughout the United States. Forecast models show significant sensitivity to humidity levels within the planetary boundary layer, or in the lowest levels of the atmosphere, which decreases with height. QPF can be generated on a quantitative, forecasting amounts, or a qualitative, forecasting the probability of a specific amount, basis. Radar imagery forecasting techniques show higher skill than model forecasts within 6 to 7 hours of the time of the radar image. The forecasts can be verified through use of rain gauge measurements, weather radar estimates, or a combination of both. Various skill scores can be determined to measure the value of the rainfall forecast.

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# Quantitative precipitation forecast

The **quantitative precipitation forecast** (abbreviated **QPF**) is the expected amount of melted precipitation accumulated over a specified time period over a specified area. A QPF will be created when precipitation amounts reaching a minimum threshold are expected during the forecast's valid period. Valid periods of precipitation forecasts are normally synoptic hours such as 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 GMT. Terrain is considered in QPFs by use of topography or based upon climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail. Starting in the mid-to-late 1990s, QPFs were used within hydrologic forecast models to simulate impact to rivers throughout the United States. Forecast models show significant sensitivity to humidity levels within the planetary boundary layer, or in the lowest levels of the atmosphere, which decreases with height. QPF can be generated on a quantitative, forecasting amounts, or a qualitative, forecasting the probability of a specific amount, basis. Radar imagery forecasting techniques show higher skill than model forecasts within 6 to 7 hours of the time of the radar image. The forecasts can be verified through use of rain gauge measurements, weather radar estimates, or a combination of both. Various skill scores can be determined to measure the value of the rainfall forecast.

## Use of radar

Algorithms exist to forecast rainfall based on short term radar trends, within a matter of hours. Radar imagery forecasting techniques show higher skill than model forecasts within 6 to 7 hours of the time of the radar image.

## Use of forecast models

In the past, the forecaster was responsible for generating the entire weather forecast based upon available observations. Today, meteorologists' input is generally confined to choosing a model based on various parameters, such as model biases and performance. Using a consensus of forecast models, as well as ensemble members of the various models, can help reduce forecast error. However, regardless how small the average error becomes with any individual system, large errors within any particularly piece of guidance are still possible on any given model run. Professionals are required to interpret the model data into weather forecasts that are understandable to the lay person. Professionals can use knowledge of local effects which may be too small in size to be resolved by the model to add information to the forecast. As an example, terrain is considered in the QPF process by using topography or climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail. Using model guidance and comparing the various forecast fields to climatology, extreme events such as excessive precipitation associated with later flood events lead to better forecasts. While increasing accuracy of forecast models implies that humans may no longer be needed in the forecast process at some point in the future, there is currently still a need for human intervention.

### Nowcasting

The forecasting of the precipitation within the next six hours is often referred to as *nowcasting*. In this time range it is possible to forecast smaller features such as individual showers and thunderstorms with reasonable accuracy, as well as other features too small to be resolved by a computer model. A human given the latest radar, satellite and observational data will be able to make a better analysis of the small scale features present and so will be able to make a more accurate forecast for the following few hours. However, there are now expert systems using those data and mesoscale numerical model to make better extrapolation, including evolution of those features in time.

### Ensemble forecasting

The detail that can be given in a forecast increases with time as errors decrease. There comes a point when the errors are so large that the forecast has no correlation with the actual state of the atmosphere. Looking at a single forecast model does not indicate how likely that forecast is to be correct. Ensemble forecasting entails the production of many forecasts to reflect the uncertainty in the initial state of the atmosphere (due to errors in the observations and insufficient sampling). The range of different forecasts produced can then assess the uncertainty in the forecast. Ensemble forecasts are increasingly being used for operational weather forecasting (for example at European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and the Canadian Forecasting Center). Ensemble mean forecasts for precipitation have the same problems associated with their use in other fields, as they average out more extreme values, and therefore have limited usefulness for extreme events. In the case of the SREF ensemble mean, used within the United States, this decreasing usefulness starts with values as low as 0.50 inches (13 mm).

## Probability approach

In addition to graphical rainfall forecasts showing quantitative amounts, rainfall forecasts can be made describing the probabilities of certain rainfall amounts being met. This allows the forecaster to assign the degree of uncertainty to the forecast. This technique is considered to be informative, relative to climatology. This method has been used for years within National Weather Service forecasts, as a period's chance of rain equals the chance that 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) will fall in any particular spot. In this case, it is known as probability of precipitation. These probabilities can be derived from a deterministic forecast using computer post-processing.

## Entities which generate rainfall forecasts

### Australia

The Bureau of Meteorology began a method of forecasting rainfall using a combination, or ensemble, of different forecast models in 2006. It is termed The Poor Man's Ensemble (PME). Its forecasts are more accurate over time than any of the individual models composing the ensemble. The PME is quick to produce, and is available through their Water and the Land page on their website.

### Hong Kong

The Hong Kong Observatory generates short term rainstorm warnings for systems which are expected to accumulate a certain amount of rainfall per hour over the next few hours. They use three levels of warning. The amber warning indicates that a rainfall intensity of 30 millimetres (1.2 in) per hour is expected. The red warning indicates rainfall amounts of 50 millimetres (2.0 in) per hour are anticipated. The black warning indicates that rainfall rates of 70 millimetres (2.8 in) are possible.

### United States

Within the United States, the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, River Forecast Centers, and local forecast offices within the National Weather Service create precipitation forecasts for up to five days in the future, forecasting amounts equal to or greater than 0.01 inches (0.25 mm). Starting in the mid-to-late 1990s, QPFs were used within hydrologic forecast models to simulate impact of rainfall on river stages.

## Verification

Rainfall forecasts can be verified a number of ways. Rain gauge observations can be gridded into areal averages, which are then compared to the grids for the forecast models. Weather radar estimates can be used outright, or corrected for rain gauge observations.

Several statistical scores can be based on the observed and forecast fields. One, known as a bias, compares the size of the forecast field to the observed field, with the goal of a score of 1. The threat score involves the intersection of the forecast and observed sets, with a maximum possible verification score of 1. The probability of detection, or POD, is found by dividing the overlap between the forecast and observed fields by the size of the observed field: the goal here is a score of 1. The critical success index, or CSI, divides the overlap between the forecast and observed fields by the combined size of the forecast and observed fields: the goal here is a score of 1. The false alarm rate, or FAR, divides the area of the forecast which does not overlap the observed field by the size of the forecasted area. The goal value in this measure is zero.

With tropical cyclones which impact the United States, the GFS global forecast model performed best in regards to its rainfall forecasts over the last few years, outperforming the NAM and ECMWF forecast models.


abstract: A protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS) is a structured document which asserts which specific requirements are met by a given implementation of a protocol standard. It is often completed as a record of formal protocol conformance test results, and some automated testing systems machine-author a PICS as output. A potential buyer or user of the implementation can consult the PICS to determine if it meets their requirements. PICS may be used with TTCN-3.

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# Protocol implementation conformance statement

A **protocol implementation conformance statement** (**PICS**) is a structured document which asserts which specific requirements are met by a given implementation of a protocol standard. It is often completed as a record of formal protocol conformance test results, and some automated testing systems machine-author a PICS as output. A potential buyer or user of the implementation can consult the PICS to determine if it meets their requirements.

PICS may be used with TTCN-3.

1. "The Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PIC)". *automatedbuildings.com*. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
2. Fischer-Hellmann, Klaus-Peter (2012-11-02). *Information Flow Based Security Control Beyond RBAC: How to enable fine-grained security policy enforcement in business processes beyond limitations of role-based access control (RBAC)*. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-8348-2618-3.


title: 5G (disambiguation)

abstract: 5G is the fifth generation cellular network technology. It usually refers to 5G NR and some other Internet of Things network, but some carriers have also applied the 5G label on their LTE Advanced network, which is a fourth generation cellular network technology. 5G may also refer to:

text:
# 5G (disambiguation)

**5G** is the fifth generation cellular network technology.

It usually refers to 5G NR and some other Internet of Things network, but some carriers have also applied the 5G label on their LTE Advanced network, which is a fourth generation cellular network technology.

**5G** may also refer to:

## Other network technology

**5G**, **5G network**, or **5G Wi-Fi** labeling on network or telecommunication devices can also mean either of followings:

* 5 GHz, a radio frequency used by Wi-Fi among others; see List of WLAN channels.
* Wi-Fi 5 (IEEE 802.11ac), the fifth generation of Wi-Fi technology, from year 2013
* 5 Giga of any other units, for example 5 Gigabytes
* 5th generation of any other technologies/services/goods

## Arts and entertainment

## Other uses


title: Pennsylvania Route 514

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 514 (PA 514) is a 10.66-mile-long (17.16 km) state highway located in Bradford County in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 14 in Troy Township near the borough of Troy. The eastern terminus is at PA 414 in Franklin Township. PA 514 is a two-lane undivided road that runs through rural areas in southwestern Bradford County. The route was designated in 1928 to run between PA 14 in Troy east to Granville Center along an unpaved road; the route was paved two years later. PA 514 was extended east to PA 414 in 1934.

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# Pennsylvania Route 514

**Pennsylvania Route 514** (**PA 514**) is a 10.66-mile-long (17.16 km) state highway located in Bradford County in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 14 in Troy Township near the borough of Troy. The eastern terminus is at PA 414 in Franklin Township. PA 514 is a two-lane undivided road that runs through rural areas in southwestern Bradford County. The route was designated in 1928 to run between PA 14 in Troy east to Granville Center along an unpaved road; the route was paved two years later. PA 514 was extended east to PA 414 in 1934.

## Route description

PA 514 begins at the intersection with PA 14 south of the borough of Troy in Troy Township. The route progresses to the southeast, quickly intersecting with Tennessee Gas Road, where the roadway begins its rural settings. Passing farmland after farmland, PA 514 passes several farms and through trees and enters the community of Granville Summit, where it intersects with Martin Road. In downtown Granville Summit, at the intersection with Cowley Road, the road makes a gradual curve but maintains its southeastern progression. After the curve, PA 514 gains the name Granville Road but remains rural as it continues. The highway makes a curve to the northeast after Spencer Hill Road intersects, where it enters Granville Township.

PA 514 then enters Granville Center, a small hamlet, which stretches until the intersection with Baileys Corners Road (State Route 3019 or SR 3019). After Baileys Corners Road, PA 514 continues eastward until turning to the southeast once again, maintaining its rural surroundings. After the intersection with Sayles Road, the highway makes a gradual curve to the south, intersecting Allen Meadow Road (SR 3017). A short distance later, PA 514 enters the hamlet of West Franklin and intersects with PA 414, where the designation terminates.

## History

PA 514 was first designated as a state highway in the mass numbering of state highways around Pennsylvania during 1928 from PA 14, its parent, in Troy to Granville Center. That portion of PA 514 was unpaved for two years until the Pennsylvania Department of Highways upgraded it in 1930. The rest of the alignment, from Granville Center to PA 414 in West Franklin, was still under construction until 1934, when the route was opened to traffic. The route has remained on its current alignment since 1934.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Bradford County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Troy Township | 0.000 | 0.000 | PA 14 Canton, Troy | Western terminus of PA 514 |
| Franklin Township | 10.635 | 17.115 | PA 414 Monroeton, Canton | Eastern terminus of PA 514; village of West Franklin |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 514KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 514 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 10.635 mi (17.115 km) |
| Existed | 1928–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | PA 14 in Troy Township |
| East end | PA 414 in Franklin Township |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Bradford |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 513   PA 515 | |


title: Queijadinha

abstract: Queijadinha is a custard tart which originated in Brazil. There are many types of "queijadinhas", but the traditional one is prepared with these main ingredients: grated coconut and cheese, sweetened condensed milk, sugar, butter and egg yolks. Queijadinhas are very common in bakeries and children's parties. Queijada de Sintra is a type of queijada pastry made in Sintra, Portugal.

text:
# Queijadinha

**Queijadinha** is a custard tart which originated in Brazil. There are many types of "queijadinhas", but the traditional one is prepared with these main ingredients: grated coconut and cheese, sweetened condensed milk, sugar, butter and egg yolks. Queijadinhas are very common in bakeries and children's parties.

Queijada de Sintra is a type of queijada pastry made in Sintra, Portugal.

## InfoBox

Queijadinha
| Brazilian queijadinha | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Custard tart |
| Place of origin | Brazil |
| Main ingredients | Coconut, cheese, sweetened condensed milk, sugar, butter, egg yolks |
|  | |


title: William A. Nelden House

abstract: The William A. Nelden House is a historic house in northeastern Salt Lake City, Utah, that is located within the University Neighborhood Historic District, but is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

text:
# William A. Nelden House

The **William A. Nelden House** is a historic house in northeastern Salt Lake City, Utah, that is located within the University Neighborhood Historic District, but is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

## Description

The house is located at 1172 East 100 South. Constructed in 1894 and designed by American architect Frederick Albert Hale, the two-story house "is one of Utah's earliest and purest examples of Georgian Revival architecture" according to its NRHP nomination. It was built at an approximate cost of $8,000.

It was listed on the NRHP on October 19, 1978.

Media related to William A. Nelden House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William A. Nelden House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
| William A. Nelden House, September 2012 | |
| William A. Nelden HouseLocation within UtahWilliam A. Nelden HouseLocation within the United States | |
| Location | 1172 East 100 South,
Salt Lake City, Utah
United States |
| Coordinates | 40°46′1″N 111°51′23″W / 40.76694°N 111.85639°W / 40.76694; -111.85639 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1894 |
| Built by | Robinson Bros. |
| Architect | Hale, Frederick A. |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Georgian Revival |
| Part of | University Neighborhood Historic District (ID95001430) |
| NRHP reference No. | 78002678 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 19, 1978 |
| Designated CP | December 13, 1995 |


title: Quebec Route 381

abstract: Route 381 is a provincial highway located in the Capitale-Nationale and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean regions of Quebec, Canada. It runs from Baie-Saint-Paul at the junction of Route 138 and ends in the La Baie sector of the City of Saguenay at the junction of Route 170.

text:
# Quebec Route 381

**Route 381** is a provincial highway located in the Capitale-Nationale and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean regions of Quebec, Canada. It runs from Baie-Saint-Paul (in Charlevoix) at the junction of Route 138 and ends in the La Baie sector of the City of Saguenay at the junction of Route 170.

## Towns located along Route 381

1. Ministère des transports, "Distances routières", page (?), Les Publications du Québec, 2005

## InfoBox

| Route 381 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Transports Québec | |
| Length | 114 km (71 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | R-170 in Saguenay (La Baie) |
| South end | R-138 in Baie-Saint-Paul |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Major cities | Saguenay, Baie-Saint-Paul |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R-373   R-382 | |


title: Gnu code

abstract:
In quantum information, the gnu code refers to a particular family of quantum error correcting codes, with the special property of being invariant under permutations of the qubits. Given integers g, n, and m, the two codewords are
  - | 0 L ⟩ = ∑ ℓ even 0 ≤ ℓ ≤ n 2 n − 1 | D g ℓ m ⟩
  - | 1 L ⟩ = ∑ ℓ odd 0 ≤ ℓ ≤ n 2 n − 1 | D g ℓ m ⟩ where | D k m ⟩ are the Dicke states consisting of a uniform superposition of all weight-k words on m qubits, e.g.
  - | D 2 4 ⟩ = | 0011 ⟩ + | 0101 ⟩ + | 1001 ⟩ + | 0110 ⟩ + | 1010 ⟩ + | 1100 ⟩ 6 The real parameter u = m g n scales the density of the code. The length m = g n u, hence the name of the code. For odd g = n and u ≥ 1, the gnu code is capable of correcting g − 1 2 erasure errors, or deletion errors.

text:
# Gnu code

In quantum information, the ***gnu* code** refers to a particular family of quantum error correcting codes, with the special property of being invariant under permutations of the qubits. Given integers *g* (the *gap*), *n* (the occupancy), and *m* (the length of the code), the two codewords are

$$|0\_{\rm {L}\rangle =\sum \_{\ell \\,{\textrm {even} \atop 0\leq \ell \leq n}{\sqrt {\frac {n \choose \ell }{2^{n-1}|D\_{g\ell }^{m}\rangle }}}}}$$

$$|1\_{\rm {L}\rangle =\sum \_{\ell \\,{\textrm {odd} \atop 0\leq \ell \leq n}{\sqrt {\frac {n \choose \ell }{2^{n-1}|D\_{g\ell }^{m}\rangle }}}}}$$

where $|D\_{k}^{m}\rangle $ are the Dicke states consisting of a uniform superposition of all weight-*k* words on *m* qubits, e.g.

$$|D\_{2}^{4}\rangle ={\frac {|0011\rangle +|0101\rangle +|1001\rangle +|0110\rangle +|1010\rangle +|1100\rangle }{\sqrt {6}}}$$

The real parameter $u={\frac {m}{gn}}$ scales the density of the code. The length $m=gnu$, hence the name of the code. For odd $g=n$ and $u\geq 1$, the *gnu* code is capable of correcting $\frac {g-1}{2}$ erasure errors, or deletion errors.


title: Ojo del Muerto

abstract: Ojo del Muerto, was an historical artesian spring in Cañon del Muerto in the southern Fra Cristobal Range nearby to the southeast of the later site of Fort McRae that operated in McRae Canyon from 1863 to 1876. Due to the lowering of the water table by wells drilled for water in the Jornada del Muerto basin since the time of the American Civil War, the old Ojo del Muerto dried up. Lower strata found in McRae Canyon still produce a similar spring just below the confluence of Cañon del Muerto with McRae Canyon.

text:
# Ojo del Muerto

**Ojo del Muerto**, (Spring of the Dead Man) was an historical artesian spring in Cañon del Muerto in the southern Fra Cristobal Range nearby to the southeast of the later site of Fort McRae that operated in McRae Canyon from 1863 to 1876.

Due to the lowering of the water table by wells drilled for water in the Jornada del Muerto basin since the time of the American Civil War, the old Ojo del Muerto dried up. Lower strata found in McRae Canyon still produce a similar spring just below the confluence of Cañon del Muerto with McRae Canyon.


title: Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons

abstract: The Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons, Protocol IV of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, was issued by the United Nations on 13 October 1995. It came into force on 30 July 1998. As of the end of April 2018, the protocol had been agreed to by 109 nations.

text:
# Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons

The **Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons**, Protocol IV of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, was issued by the United Nations on 13 October 1995. It came into force on 30 July 1998. As of the end of April 2018, the protocol had been agreed to by 109 nations.

## History

The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and three annexed protocols were adopted on 10 October 1980 and opened for signature on 10 April 1981. In 1986, Sweden and Switzerland pushed for the Blinding Laser Protocol. During 1989–91, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) held four international meetings of experts on the topic and in 1993 published *Blinding Weapons*.

## Protocol text

### Article 1

It is prohibited to employ laser weapons specifically designed, as their sole combat function or as one of their combat functions, to cause permanent blindness to unenhanced vision, that is to the naked eye or to the eye with corrective eyesight devices. The High Contracting Parties shall not transfer such weapons to any State or non-State entity.

### Article 2

In the employment of laser systems, the High Contracting Parties shall take all feasible precautions to avoid the incidence of permanent blindness to unenhanced vision. Such precautions shall include training of their armed forces and other practical measures.

### Article 3

Blinding as an incidental or collateral effect of the legitimate military employment of laser systems, including laser systems used against optical equipment, is not covered by the prohibition of this Protocol.

### Article 4

For the purpose of this protocol "permanent blindness" means irreversible and uncorrectable loss of vision which is seriously disabling with no prospect of recovery. Serious disability is equivalent to visual acuity of less than 20/200 Snellen measured using both eyes.

## Historical significance

ICRC welcomed the ban on blinding lasers as "a significant breakthrough in international humanitarian law," adding:

> The prohibition, in advance, of the use of an abhorrent new weapon the production and proliferation of which appeared imminent is an historic step for humanity. It represents the first time since 1868, when the use of exploding bullets was banned, that a weapon of military interest has been banned before its use on the battlefield and before a stream of victims gave visible proof of its tragic effects.

This was also the first international agreement regulating use of lasers during war. (Use of lasers during peace had been previously mentioned in Article IV of the US-Soviet Union Prevention of Dangerous Military Activities Agreement of 1989.)

## Limitations

The Protocol does not prohibit attacks against binoculars, periscopes, telescopes, and other optical equipment because it was unknown whether laser attacks on such devices could cause permanent blindness. Article 3 allows for attacks on electronic optical equipment, because damaging it would not cause human injury.

Ophthalmologist John Marshall argues that despite the Protocol's ban, countries continue to develop and use "rangefinders, target illuminators, and anti-sensor systems" that "are still effectively antipersonnel laser weapons" because these technologies have the potential to be employed against people in addition to their intended uses. For example, "a laser system that will dazzle at 1 mile \[1.5 km\] away may permanently blind at closer range." The only way to prevent all possible eye injuries by combat lasers would be to ban such lasers, but the countries negotiating the Protocol saw this as neither feasible militarily nor even desirable from a humanitarian standpoint because target-marking and rangefinding lasers are important for keeping munitions on target and away from civilians.


title: Penreshnes

abstract: Penreshnes or Penreshnas was an ancient Egyptian secondary queen consort of pharaoh Shoshenq I, the founder of the 22nd Dynasty. A daughter of an unnamed Libyan chief, her name perhaps means “our joy (pertains) to her”. Penreshnes borne prince Nimlot B who was later appointed Commander of all the infantry at Herakleopolis Magna by his father. Penreshnes is known from a number of documents, particularly by a statue of his son of unknown provenience now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum of Vienna

text:
# Penreshnes

|  |
| --- |
| Penreshnes
in hieroglyphs |
| Era: 3rd Intermediate Period
(1069–664 BC) |
|  |
|  |

**Penreshnes** or **Penreshnas** was an ancient Egyptian secondary queen consort of pharaoh Shoshenq I, the founder of the 22nd Dynasty.

A daughter of an unnamed Libyan chief, her name perhaps means “our joy (pertains) to her”. Penreshnes borne prince Nimlot B who was later appointed *Commander of all the infantry at Herakleopolis Magna* by his father.

Penreshnes is known from a number of documents, particularly by a statue of his son of unknown provenience now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum of Vienna (ÄS 5791)

1. Tyldesley, Joyce (2006). *Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic times to the death of Cleopatra*. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05145-0.
2. Bunson, Margaret (2014). *Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt*. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-438-10997-8.
3. Kitchen, Kenneth (1996). *The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)*. Aris & Phillips Limited, Warminster. ISBN 0-85668-298-5.
4. Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2010). *The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt*. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28857-3.
5. "Hockerstatue des Nimlot". *www.khm.at* (in German). Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien. Ägyptische Sammlung, INV 5791. Retrieved 2024-04-30.

## InfoBox

| Penreshnes | |
| --- | --- |
| *Queen consort of Egypt* | |
| Spouse | Pharaoh Shoshenq I |
| Issue | Nimlot B |
| Dynasty | 22nd Dynasty of Egypt |
| Religion | Ancient Egyptian religion |


title: Queen Mojeong

abstract: Queen Mojeong was a wife of Geodeung of Geumgwan Gaya, the second king of Gaya confederacy. She gave birth of the third king, Mapum of Geumgwan Gaya. She was a daughter of Sin Po who was attendant of Heo Hwang-ok for her marriage from India. In Hwarang Segi, she was recorded as Sin Po’s daughter, but in Samgungnyusa, she was recorded as Sin Po’s wife.

text:
# Queen Mojeong

| Queen Mojeong | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 모정 |
| Hanja | 慕貞 |
| Revised Romanization | *Mojeong* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Mojŏng* |

**Queen Mojeong** (Korean: 모정; Hanja: 慕貞) was a wife of Geodeung of Geumgwan Gaya, the second king of Gaya confederacy. She gave birth of the third king, Mapum of Geumgwan Gaya. She was a daughter of Sin Po who was attendant of Heo Hwang-ok for her marriage from India. In *Hwarang Segi*, she was recorded as Sin Po’s daughter, but in *Samgungnyusa*, she was recorded as Sin Po’s wife.

## Family

## InfoBox

| Mojong | |
| --- | --- |
| *Queen consort of Geumgwan Gaya* | |
| Spouse | Geodeung of Geumgwan Gaya |
| Issue | Mapum of Geumgwan Gaya |


title: William A. Munro

abstract: William Anthony Munro is an Australian rugby player who has represented NSW in the Australian National Rugby Championship. He played for the NSW Country Eagles squad in 2014 and Greater Sydney Rams in 2015 while studying at the University of Sydney. Munro began his first-grade rugby career debut in 2013 playing for the Randwick DRUFC where he won best and fairest award. From January 2017, Munro has played matches for the Australian Barbarians, the Hong Kong Football Club, the Classic Wallabies and French Fédérale 1 league team AS.Mâcon. In January 2019, Munro was signed onto the Glendale Raptors to play in the 2019 season. In December 2022, he was charged MDMA possession at a Sydney festival.

text:
# William A. Munro

**William Anthony Munro** (born 29 September 1992) is an Australian rugby player who has represented NSW in the Australian National Rugby Championship. He played for the NSW Country Eagles squad in 2014 and Greater Sydney Rams in 2015 while studying at the University of Sydney.

Munro began his first-grade rugby career debut in 2013 playing for the Randwick DRUFC where he won best and fairest award. From January 2017, Munro has played matches for the Australian Barbarians, the Hong Kong Football Club, the Classic Wallabies and French Fédérale 1 league team AS.Mâcon. In January 2019, Munro was signed onto the Glendale Raptors to play in the 2019 season.

In December 2022, he was charged MDMA possession at a Sydney festival.

## InfoBox

William A. Munro
| Birth name | William Anthony Munro |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 29 September 1992 |
| Place of birth | Sydney, Australia |
| Height | 192 cm (6 ft 4 in) |
| Weight | 107 kg (236 lb; 16 st 12 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Lock  **Current team**  Glendale Raptors  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2013 Randwick DRUFC   ()  2014 NSW Country Eagles   ()  2015 Greater Sydney Rams   ()  2019 Glendale Raptors   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2017- Australian Barbarians | |


title: WRSR

abstract: WRSR is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. Licensed to Owosso, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1965 under the WOAP-FM call sign. Its transmitter is located east of Owosso, while its studios are located in Flint Township. It also broadcasts Detroit Lions games.

text:
# WRSR

**WRSR** (103.9 FM, "The Fox") is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. Licensed to Owosso, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1965 under the WOAP-FM call sign. Its transmitter is located east of Owosso, while its studios are located in Flint Township. It also broadcasts Detroit Lions games.

## History

The original WOAP-FM began broadcasting in April 1948 at 103.1 on the FM dial. Although the station's owner, *The Owosso Argus-Press*, which also owned AM station WOAP 1080, heavily promoted its new FM station, WOAP-FM was a failure and went off the air by 1953. WOAP-FM resurfaced on its current 103.9 frequency on December 2, 1965. It served as a simulcast of the full-service/MOR AM station and continued the AM's programming after AM sign-off as well as broadcasting local high-school sports. Eventually WOAP (AM) and WOAP-FM separated programming completely, with the FM station taking a beautiful music format.

In 1987, the Federal Communications Commission's concerns about concentration of media ownership in the Owosso area at that time forced the Argus-Press to sell WOAP-AM-FM.

In 1989, WOAP-FM changed its call letters to WMZX and its format to adult contemporary.

In the late 1990s, the station began targeting the Flint market more aggressively. In 1998, 103.9 FM switched from classic hits as **WAHV** "The Wave" to soft AC as **WRSR** "Soft Rock 103.9." WRSR originally carried the syndicated Delilah love-songs show at night, but later switched to a simulcast of Detroit station WNIC-FM's "Pillow Talk" show hosted by Alan Almond after crosstown rival WCRZ dropped its own local love-songs show in favor of Delilah. Following the failure of the AC format, WRSR switched to its current format on September 14, 2000 at noon.

In September 2011, WRSR owner Cumulus received permission to acquire Citadel Broadcasting on the condition that they spin off three radio stations including WRSR. WRSR was operated by Potential Broadcasting trust until the station was sold. The local Citadel stations Cumulus acquired are WFBE and WTRX. Potential moved the WRSR studios and offices from the Cumulus Flint cluster's base of operations in the Flint Radio Center on Taylor Drive in Mundy Township to the old WFBE location on Miller Road in Flint Township. Cumulus moved WFBE and WTRX from Miller Road to Taylor Drive.

On August 28, 2012 the station was sold to Rod Krol of Krol Communications which also owns WJSZ in Ashley and WMLM in St. Louis. Plans are for the new owner to take over in the fourth quarter of 2012 and he is satisfied with its current makeup. The sale of WRSR to Krol was consummated on December 1, 2012, at a purchase price of $1.15 million.

In March 2016, Jeremy Fenech was brought on as Program Director and afternoon host, and one of the first things he did was unplug the satellites ensuring 100% local programming and content, with no syndication. In addition to the changes in the programming department, Krol Communications Inc also invested in equipment and technology for the studio and the broadcast chain which has improved the quality of the signal dramatically. Since then, the station has continually and consistently enjoyed ratings success.

WRSR became the home of local radio celebrity Johnny Burke in March 2017. Burke most recently hosted the morning show at WHNN in Bay City prior to an abrupt format change which left him jobless. WHNN's format change left WRSR the only station in the Flint market playing hits from the 1960s through 1980s. Joining Burke is former WHNN news director Hal Maas, who will do news updates for both WRSR and WJSZ. Burke's new show runs from 5am to 10am weekday mornings.

In 2021, 103.9 The Fox became the Flint affiliate for the Detroit Lions Radio Network, replacing longtime affiliate WTRX.

## InfoBox

WRSR
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Flint, Michigan |
| Frequency | 103.9 MHz |
| Branding | 103.9 The Fox |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic rock |
| Affiliations | Detroit Lions Radio Network |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Krol Communications Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | 1965 (as WOAP-FM) |
| Former call signs | WAHV (2/5/96-5/15/98)
WMZX (1/15/89-2/5/96)
WOAP-FM (1965-1/15/89) |
| Call sign meaning | **WRSR-FM:** **W***e a***R***e* **S***olid* **R***ock* |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 41681 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 2,850 watts |
| HAAT | 147 meters (482 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 42°59′44″N 83°59′33″W / 42.99556°N 83.99250°W / 42.99556; -83.99250 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | classicfox.com |


title: New Puilwa

abstract: New Puilwa is a village under Peren district of Nagaland, India. It is located in the Peren Circle. Tourist place list Hidden cave of Phizo, Rani Cave, Water fall (Nkwareuki), Barack river, etc.

text:
# New Puilwa

**New Puilwa** is a village under Peren district of Nagaland, India. It is located in the Peren Circle. Tourist place list Hidden cave of Phizo, Rani Cave, Water fall (Nkwareuki), Barack river, etc.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, New Puilwa has 52 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 82.25%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 221 | 120 | 101 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 52 | 30 | 22 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 217 | 117 | 100 |
| Literates | 139 | 79 | 60 |
| Workers (all) | 154 | 81 | 73 |
| Main workers (total) | 116 | 63 | 53 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 103 | 60 | 43 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 5 | 1 | 4 |
| Main workers: Other | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 38 | 18 | 20 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 32 | 16 | 16 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Non-workers | 67 | 39 | 28 |

## InfoBox

| New Puilwa | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| New PuilwaLocation Nagaland, IndiaNew PuilwaNew Puilwa (India) | |
| Coordinates: 25°26′38″N 93°46′40″E / 25.443776°N 93.777670°E / 25.443776; 93.777670 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Nagaland |
| District | Peren |
| Circle | Peren |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 221 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Census code | 268398 |


title: Qualitative Market Research

abstract: Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes academic research on qualitative research methods and its applications in market research, marketing, and consumption. It is published by Emerald and the editor-in-chief is Fiona Spotswood. The journal was established in 1998.

text:
# Qualitative Market Research

***Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal*** is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes academic research on qualitative research methods and its applications in market research, marketing, and consumption. It is published by Emerald and the editor-in-chief is Fiona Spotswood (University of Bristol). The journal was established in 1998.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, its 2023 impact factor is 1.6.

1. "Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal". *www.scopus.com*. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
2. "Web of Science Master Journal List". *Intellectual Property & Science*. Clarivate. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
3. "Qualitative Market Research". *2023 Journal Citation Reports* (Social Sciences ed.). Clarivate. 2024  via Web of Science.

## InfoBox

*Qualitative Market Research*
| Discipline | Marketing |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Fiona Spotswood |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1998–present |
| Publisher | Emerald Publishing |
| Open access | Hybrid |
| Impact factor | 1.6 (2023) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Qual. Mark. Res.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1352-2752 (print)
1352-2752 (web)
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Olivibacter

abstract: Olivibacter is a genus from the family of Sphingobacteriaceae.

text:
# Olivibacter

***Olivibacter*** is a genus from the family of Sphingobacteriaceae.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Olivibacter* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Sphingobacteriia |
| Order: | Sphingobacteriales |
| Family: | Sphingobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | ***Olivibacter***
Ntougias *et al*. 2007 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Olivibacter sitiensis*
 | |
| Species | |
| *O. composti*
*O. domesticus*
*O. ginsengisoli*
*O. ginsenosidimutans*
*O. jilunii*
*O. oleidegradans*
*O. sitiensis*
*O. soli*
*O. terrae* | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pseudosphingobacterium* Vaz-Moreira *et al*. 2007 | |


title: Providence, Illinois

abstract: Providence is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, United States, located west-southwest of Tiskilwa. In 1836 A group of 72 stockholders from Providence, Rhode Island created plans for a colony in Illinois. The group purchased 17,000 acres of land. In 1837 around 40 individuals came to live on the land which became Providence, Illinois.

text:
# Providence, Illinois

**Providence** is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, United States, located west-southwest of Tiskilwa. In 1836 A group of 72 stockholders from Providence, Rhode Island created plans for a colony in Illinois. The group purchased 17,000 acres of land. In 1837 around 40 individuals came to live on the land which became Providence, Illinois.

## InfoBox

| Providence, Illinois | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Providence, IllinoisProvidence, Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 41°16′41″N 89°35′33″W / 41.27806°N 89.59250°W / 41.27806; -89.59250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Bureau |
| Elevation | 925 ft (282 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 815 & 779 |
| GNIS feature ID | 416247 |


title: It Walks Like Love

abstract: It Walks Like Love is the fourth album from Australian singer-songwriter Loene Carmen. It was released on 12 May 2009 on Chiquita Records through Inertia Records in Australia. It was recorded at Big Jesus Burger Studios in Sydney by Burke Reid and features musicians from Australian bands The Holy Soul and The Scare, and a duet with Jed Kurzel from the Mess Hall. Australian artist James Powditch created a mixed media artwork inspired by the album for the Archibald Prize entitled 'She Walks Like Love'. Carmen previewed the album in a solo showcase at SxSW 2009. and undertook limited tours in Australia with Mick Turner and Gareth Liddiard

text:
# It Walks Like Love

***It Walks Like Love*** is the fourth album from Australian singer-songwriter Loene Carmen. It was released on 12 May 2009 on Chiquita Records through Inertia Records in Australia. It was recorded at Big Jesus Burger Studios in Sydney by Burke Reid and features musicians from Australian bands The Holy Soul and The Scare, and a duet with Jed Kurzel from the Mess Hall.

Australian artist James Powditch created a mixed media artwork inspired by the album for the Archibald Prize entitled 'She Walks Like Love'.

Carmen previewed the album in a solo showcase at SxSW 2009. and undertook limited tours in Australia with Mick Turner and Gareth Liddiard

## Track listing

1. "Rugged Love & Thin Air" (3:38)
2. "Oh Apollo!" (2:58)
3. "Mimic The Rain" (4:19)
4. "Gauloises Blue" (4:36)
5. "Cheap Glue" (4:08)
6. "Flames vs Lightning" (4:37)
7. "Another Man" (5:06)
8. "Thirty Records" (5:06)
9. "Devil's Lullabye" (4:42)
10. "Sunday Night" (3:40)

## Personnel

* Loene Carmen – vocals, guitar
* Sam Worrad – bass
* Sam Pearton – drums
* Brock J Fitzgerald – guitar

with:

* Jed Kurzel – guitar and vocals on "Oh Apollo!"
* Peter Head – piano on "Gauloises Blue" and "Devil's Lullaby"
* Tex Perkins – background vocals on "Gauloises Blue"
* Holiday Sidewinder – background vocals and tambourine on "Gauloises Blue" and "Oh Apollo!"
* Kristyna – background vocals on "Gauloises Blue"
* Wade Keighran – background vocals and tambourine on "Mimic the Rain"

## Reception

Single 'Mimic The Rain' received limited radio airplay and the album had a generally positive reception.

Faster Louder said 'Carmen's voice saunters all silk and smoke...a magnetically absorbing album' and Alt Media called it 'her best work to date'. Inpress stated ‘It's always been about the voice...beauty and danger, knowing and innocence, sex and longing, and love, both sacred and profane... Loene Carmen's individual mix of torch blues, gothic country, with occasional outbreaks of smoky nightclub has seduced many who hear it. ..She sings it, you believe her. And that's enough’ while J Mag described it as 'a sun-bleached, neon-soaked dusty road trip, stopping at every sleazy smoky roadhouse, cheap hotel and dirty diner on the way'.

## InfoBox

| It Walks Like Love | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Loene Carmen | |
| Released | 12 May 2009 |
| Recorded | BJB Studios, Sydney, Australia |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 42:07 |
| Label | * Inertia Records * Chiquita Records |
| Producer |  |
| Loene Carmen chronology | |
| *Rock'n'Roll Tears*
(2007) ***It Walks Like Love***
(2009) *The Peach State EP*
(2012) | |


title: Perryville High School (Arkansas)

abstract: Perryville High School is a comprehensive public high school located in the fringe town of Perryville, Arkansas, United States. The school provides secondary education for students in grades 7 through 12. It is one of two public high schools in Perry County; the other is Bigelow High School. It is the sole high school administered by the Perryville School District. Perryville School District's boundary, and therefore that of the high school, includes Perryville, Adona, and Aplin.

text:
# Perryville High School (Arkansas)

**Perryville High School** is a comprehensive public high school located in the fringe town of Perryville, Arkansas, United States. The school provides secondary education for students in grades 7 through 12. It is one of two public high schools in Perry County; the other is Bigelow High School. It is the sole high school administered by the Perryville School District.

Perryville School District's boundary, and therefore that of the high school, includes Perryville, Adona, and Aplin.

## Academics

Perryville High School is accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE). The assumed course of study follows the ADE Smart Core curriculum, which requires students complete at least 23 units prior to graduation. Students complete regular coursework and exams and may take Advanced Placement (AP) courses and exam with the opportunity to receive college credit.

## Athletics

The Perryville High School mascot and athletic emblem is the Mustang with maroon and gray serving as the school colors.

For 2012–14, the Perryville Mustangs participate in interscholastic activities within the 3A Classification via the 3A Region 5 Conference, as administered by the Arkansas Activities Association. The Mustangs compete in football, volleyball, golf (boys/girls), basketball (boys/girls), baseball, softball, track and field (boys/girls), and cheer.

1. "Search for Public Schools - Perryville High School (05134000850)". *National Center for Education Statistics*. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
2. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Perry County, AR" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
3. "School Profile, Perryville High School". Arkansas Activities Association. Retrieved March 1, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Perryville High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 325 Houston Avenue
Perryville, Arkansas 72126
United States | |
| Coordinates | 35°0′32″N 92°47′41″W / 35.00889°N 92.79472°W / 35.00889; -92.79472 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public comprehensive |
| Status | Open |
| School district | Perryville School District |
| CEEB code | 042000 |
| NCES School ID | 05134000850 |
| Teaching staff | 42.19 (on FTE basis) |
| Grades | 7–12 |
| Enrollment | 485 (2010–11) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 11.50. |
| Education system | ADE Smart Core |
| Classes offered | Regular,
Advanced Placement (AP) |
| Color(s) | Gray and maroon
 |
| Athletics conference | 3A Region 5 |
| Mascot | Mustang |
| Team name | Perryville Mustangs |
| Accreditation | ADE |
| Website | www.perryvilleschool.org/23281\_1 |


title: Quercus martinezii

abstract: Quercus martinezii is a species of oak found in southwestern and central Mexico. It has been found in Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, and Oaxaca states. It is placed in Quercus section Quercus.

text:
# Quercus martinezii

***Quercus martinezii*** is a species of oak found in southwestern and central Mexico. It has been found in Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, and Oaxaca states. It is placed in *Quercus* section *Quercus*.

## Description

It is a tall forest tree up to 25 metres (82 feet) tall with a trunk 50 centimetres (20 inches) or more in diameter. The leaves are thick and stiff, gray-green on the upper surface, lighter on the underside, lance-shaped or egg-shaped with irregular teeth.

## Range and habitat

*Quercus martinezii* is native to montane forests in the mountains of west-central and southern Mexico. It is found in the Sierra de San Juan of western Nayarit, the western Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt of Jalisco, Michoacán, and Mexico states, and the Sierra Madre del Sur of Michoacán, Guerrero, and Oaxaca states.

The tree is generally found in cloud forests, and occasionally in humid oak forest and pine–oak forests, between 1,800 and 2,600 meters elevation.

## Conservation and threats

The population size and trends of *Quercus martinezii* have not been quantitatively studied. Its observed populations are generally low-density or scarce. It is threatened with habitat loss from deforestation across much of its range. There are populations in several protected areas, including the Sierra de San Juan Biosphere Reserve in Nayarit, the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve in Jalisco.

## InfoBox

| *Quercus martinezii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | *Quercus* |
| Subgenus: | *Quercus subg. Quercus* |
| Section: | *Quercus sect. Quercus* |
| Species: | ***Q. martinezii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Quercus martinezii***
C.H.Mull. | |
|