title: Albrecht v. Herald Co.

abstract: Albrecht v. Herald Co., 390 U.S. 145 (1968), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which reaffirmed the law that fixing a maximum price was illegal per se. This rule was reversed in 1997 by State Oil Co. v. Khan, which held that maximum price-setting was not inherently anti-competitive and not always a violation of antitrust law, and should therefore be evaluated for legality under the rule of reason rather than a per se rule. Albrecht drew heavy criticism by economists who asserted that maximum price fixing actually increases consumer welfare, which they considered to be a primary goal of antitrust.

text:
# Albrecht v. Herald Co.

***Albrecht v. Herald Co.***, 390 U.S. 145 (1968), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which reaffirmed the law (as it then was) that fixing a maximum price was illegal *per se*. This rule was reversed in 1997 by *State Oil Co. v. Khan*, which held that maximum price-setting was not inherently anti-competitive and not always a violation of antitrust law, and should therefore be evaluated for legality under the rule of reason rather than a *per se* rule.

*Albrecht* drew heavy criticism by economists who asserted that maximum price fixing actually increases consumer welfare, which they considered to be a primary goal of antitrust.

## Background

Lester J. Albrecht, an independent newspaper carrier, bought from Herald Publishing Company at wholesale and sold at retail copies of Herald's morning newspaper, the *St. Louis Globe-Democrat*, under an exclusive territory arrangement terminable if a carrier exceeded the maximum retail price advertised by Albrecht. When Albrecht exceeded that price, Herald Co. protested to him and then informed Albrecht's subscribers that it would itself deliver the paper at the lower price. Herald Co. engaged an agency (Milne) to solicit petitioner's customers. About 300 of Albrecht's 1200 subscribers switched to direct delivery by Herald.

Herald Co. later turned these customers over, without cost, to another carrier (Kroner), who was aware of Herald's purpose and knew that he might have to return the route if Albrecht discontinued his pricing practice. Herald Co. told Albrecht that he could have his customers back if he adhered to the suggested price. Albrecht filed a treble-damage complaint which, as later amended, charged a combination in restraint of trade in violation of section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, among Herald, Albrecht's customers, Milne, and Kroner. Albrecht's appointment as carrier was terminated and Herald required sale of his route. Albrecht made the sale at a price found to be lower than it would have been but for the conduct of Herald Co.

The jury found for Herald Co. Albrecht moved for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, asserting that, under *United States v. Parke, Davis & Co.*, and like cases, the undisputed facts showed a combination to fix resale prices, which was *per se* illegal under § 1 of the Sherman Act. The district court denied the motion.

### Ruling of Eighth Circuit

The court of appeals affirmed. It held that there could be no violation of § 1 of the Sherman Act, which requires concerted action, because Herald's action was unilateral. Herald was entitled to refuse to deal with Albrecht because he violated his contract requiring him to observe Herald's maximum price. Herald was entitled to engage in competition with Albrecht because he was not entitled to exclusivity after violating the contract.

## Ruling of Supreme Court

The Supreme Court reversed in an opinion by Justice White wrote for the Court; Justice Douglas concurred. Justices Harlan and Stewart dissented.

### Majority opinion

The Court decided two principal points, one of which was later overruled. First, the conduct was not unilateral but rather was concerted. Second, later overruled by *Khan*, maximum price-fixing was illegal *per se*.

#### The combination

Based on the *Parke Davis* case, there was a combination that Herald put together. In *Parke Davis* the "combination with retailers arose because their acquiescence in the suggested prices was secured by threats of termination; the combination with wholesalers arose because they cooperated in terminating price-cutting retailers." By the same token, "there can be no doubt that a combination arose between respondent, Milne, and Kroner to force petitioner to conform to the advertised retail price." Herald:

> hired Milne to solicit customers away from petitioner in order to get petitioner to reduce his price. It was through the efforts of Milne, as well as because of respondent's letter to petitioner's customers, that about 300 customers were obtained for Kroner. Milne's purpose was undoubtedly to earn its fee, but it was aware that the aim of the solicitation campaign was to force petitioner to lower his price. Kroner knew that respondent was giving him the customer list as part of a program to get petitioner to conform to the advertised price, and he knew that he might have to return the customers if petitioner ultimately complied with respondent's demands. He undertook to deliver papers at the suggested price, and materially aided in the accomplishment of respondent's plan. Given the uncontradicted facts recited by the Court of Appeals, there was a combination within the meaning of § 1 between respondent, Milne, and Kroner, and the Court of Appeals erred in holding to the contrary.

Justice White pointed out other possible combinations that Albrecht might properly have argued existed. First, he could have claimed a combination between Herald and himself, at least "as of the day he unwillingly complied" with Herald's advertised price. Second, "he might successfully have claimed that respondent \[Herald\] had combined with other carriers because the firmly enforced price policy applied to all carriers, most of whom acquiesced in it." A third possible combination was between Herald and Albrecht's customers.

#### The price fix

Price-fixing agreements and combinations are illegal *per se*, including ones to fix maximum prices. In *Kiefer-Stewart Co. v. Seagram & Sons*, the Court pointed out, liquor distributors combined to set maximum resale prices. The court of appeals perceived no restraint of trade, but the Supreme Court reversed. It held "that agreements to fix maximum prices 'no less than those to fix minimum prices, cripple the freedom of traders, and thereby restrain their ability to sell in accordance with their own judgment.'" The Court said that it agreed with the *Kiefer-Stewart* decision:

> Maximum and minimum price-fixing may have different consequences in many situations. But schemes to fix maximum prices, by substituting the perhaps erroneous judgment of a seller for the forces of the competitive market, may severely intrude upon the ability of buyers to compete and survive in that market. Competition, even in a single product, is not cast in a single mold. Maximum prices may be fixed too low for the dealer to furnish services essential to the value which goods have for the consumer or to furnish services and conveniences which consumers desire and for which they are willing to pay. Maximum price-fixing may channel distribution through a few large or specifically advantaged dealers who otherwise would be subject to significant non-price competition. Moreover, if the actual price charged under a maximum price scheme is nearly always the fixed maximum price, which is increasingly likely as the maximum price approaches the actual cost of the dealer, the scheme tends to acquire all the attributes of an arrangement fixing minimum prices. It is our view, therefore, that the combination formed by the respondent in this case to force petitioner to maintain a specified price for the resale of the newspapers which he had purchased from respondent constituted, without more, an illegal restraint of trade under § 1 of the Sherman Act.

### Concurring opinion

Justice Douglas agreed that the court of appeals erred, but considered that "this is a 'rule of reason' case."

### Harlan dissent

Justice Harlan considered maximum price-fixing beneficial to the public:

> Other things being equal, a manufacturer would like to restrict those distributing his product to the lowest feasible profit margin, for, in this way, he achieves the lowest overall price to the public and the largest volume. When a manufacturer dictates a minimum resale price, he is responding to the interest of his \[retailer\] customers, who may treat his product better if they have a secure high margin of profits. When the same manufacturer dictates a price ceiling, however, he is acting directly in his own interest, and there is no room for the inference that he is merely a mechanism for accomplishing anticompetitive purposes of his customers.

Justice Harlan also disagreed that one who merely acquiesces engages in concerted action within the meaning of § 1 of the Sherman Act.

### Stewart dissent

Justice Stewart considered that Herald was justified in fixing maximum prices to its ultimate customers, the consuming public, because that was a necessary defensive measure in the face of the territorial monopoly granted the distributors. By not permitting this—" The Court today stands the Sherman Act on its head."

## Judgment

The Supreme Court held that Herald Co. acted unlawfully by requiring retailers to sell newspapers at a particular price.

## Economic background

A newspaper's profits are determined by its circulation $n$ and the number of advertisements $a$ it sells. Like in every circulation industry, circulation depends upon the price of a copy, as well as the amount of advertising: $n=N(P\_{n},a)$. Similarly, the demand for advertising space is determined by $a=A(P\_{a},n)$. In other words: the higher the circulation, the higher the demand for advertising space. The profit-maxizing newspaper monopolist therefore sets his copy price as:

$P\_{n}={\frac {C\_{n}-{\frac {\partial A}{\partial n}(P\_{a}-{\frac {\partial C}{\partial a})}{1-{\frac {\delta }{\epsilon \_{n}}}}}}}$

where $C\_{n}$ is the cost per copy, $\frac {\partial C}{\partial a}$ is the marginal cost of advertisement, $\epsilon \_{n}=-{\frac {\partial N}{\partial P\_{n}{\frac {P\_{n}{n}}}}}$ is the traditional price elasticity of demand, and $\delta =1-{\frac {\partial N}{\partial a}{\frac {\partial A}{\partial n}}}$ captures the feedback effect of lower copy prices inducing more advertising and vice versa. Most important is the term $-{\frac {\partial A}{\partial n}(P\_{a}-{\frac {\partial C}{\partial a})}}$, which captures the marginal advertising profit from selling additional advertising due to increased circulation. The newspaper monopolist's optimal price is therefore *lower* than for traditional monopolists in non-circulation industries.

## Further reading

* Blair, Roger D.; Kaserman, David L. (1981). "The *Albrecht* Rule and Consumer Welfare: An Economic Analysis". *University of Florida Law Review*. **33** (4): 461–484.
* Blair, Roger D.; Lang, Gordon L. (1991). "*Albrecht* after *Arco*: Maximum Resale Price Fixing Moves toward the Rule of Reason". *Vanderbilt Law Review*. **44**: 1007. ISSN 1942-9886. Cited by the Supreme Court in *State Oil Co. v. Khan* (1997).
* Roszkowski, Mark E. (1991). "Vertical Maximum Price Fixing: In Defense of *Albrecht*". *Loyola University Chicago Law Journal*. **23**: 209. ISSN 0024-7081.

## InfoBox

| Albrecht v. Herald Co. | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 9, 1967
Decided March 4, 1968 | |
| Full case name | *Lester J. Albrecht v. Herald Co., DBA Globe-Democrat Publishing Co.* |
| Citations | 390 U.S. 145 (*more*)88 S. Ct. 869; 19 L. Ed. 2d 998 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit |
| Holding | |
| Wholesalers cannot require franchisees and retailers of their products to sell items at a certain price. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Earl Warren  Associate Justices Hugo Black **·**  William O. Douglas
John M. Harlan II **·**  William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart **·**  Byron White
Abe Fortas **·**  Thurgood Marshall | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | White, joined by Warren, Black, Brennan, Fortas, Marshall |
| Concurrence | Douglas |
| Dissent | Harlan |
| Dissent | Stewart, joined by Harlan |
| Laws applied | |
| Clayton Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. § 15; Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1 | |
| Overruled by | |
| *State Oil Co. v. Khan* (1997) | |


title: Hamar IL

abstract: Hamar Idrettslag is a Norwegian sports club from Hamar. It has sections for bandy, curling, association football, athletics, sport shooting, rowing, speed skating, diving, swimming, tennis, figure skating and gymnastics. It was founded in 1921 by the parties Hamar SK, Hamar TF, Hamar SK, Hamar Game Club, Hamar FL and IF Tor. New groups were added: bandy in 1933, orienteering in 1934, swimming in 1935, handball in 1945, sport shooting in 1948, basketball in 1975, diving in 1985, later curling and rowing. Several groups went defunct, some by forming their own club: the boxing group in Hamar IL ceased in 1951, orienteering in 1963, cycling in 1971, Nordic skiing in 1972, later handball and basketball. Its ground Hamar stadion is used for athletics and ice sports, and was a prominent speed skating arena until it was replaced by the indoor Vikingskipet Olympic Arena. With Hamar being a central city in Norwegian speed skating, Hamar IL has been represented by many notable speed skaters, including Peter Sinnerud, Michael Staksrud, Hans Engnestangen, Ivar Martinsen, Dag Fornæss, Amund Sjøbrend and more recently Even Wetten and Eskil Ervik. The men's football team of Hamar IL currently plays in the Fourth Division, but played in the Third Division from 2002 to 2010, with the exception of 2009. It is the second most prominent football team in Hamar, after Hamarkameratene. The athletics section is largely down as of 2007, but in the past it has been represented by prominent javelin throwers. Odd Mæhlum reached the 1948 Olympic final whereas Egil Danielsen became 1956 Olympic champion. Also Arild Lenth competed in the 1928 Olympics.

text:
# Hamar IL

Hamar IL Fotball
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |

**Hamar Idrettslag** is a Norwegian sports club from Hamar. It has sections for bandy, curling, association football, athletics, sport shooting, rowing, speed skating, diving, swimming, tennis, figure skating and gymnastics.

It was founded in 1921 by the parties Hamar SK (founded 1901, speed skating), Hamar TF (founded 1896, gymnastics), Hamar SK (founded 1891, Nordic skiing), Hamar Game Club (founded 1903, tennis and cycling), Hamar FL (founded 1912, association football) and IF Tor (founded 1919, athletics and amateur boxing). New groups were added: bandy in 1933, orienteering in 1934, swimming in 1935, handball in 1945, sport shooting in 1948, basketball in 1975, diving in 1985, later curling and rowing. Several groups went defunct, some by forming their own club: the boxing group in Hamar IL ceased in 1951, orienteering in 1963, cycling in 1971, Nordic skiing in 1972, later handball and basketball.

Its ground Hamar stadion is used for athletics and ice sports, and was a prominent speed skating arena until it was replaced by the indoor Vikingskipet Olympic Arena. With Hamar being a central city in Norwegian speed skating, Hamar IL has been represented by many notable speed skaters, including Peter Sinnerud, Michael Staksrud, Hans Engnestangen, Ivar Martinsen, Dag Fornæss, Amund Sjøbrend and more recently Even Wetten and Eskil Ervik.

The men's football team of Hamar IL currently plays in the Fourth Division (fifth tier), but played in the Third Division from 2002 to 2010, with the exception of 2009. It is the second most prominent football team in Hamar, after Hamarkameratene.

The athletics section is largely down as of 2007, but in the past it has been represented by prominent javelin throwers. Odd Mæhlum reached the 1948 Olympic final whereas Egil Danielsen became 1956 Olympic champion. Also Arild Lenth competed in the 1928 Olympics.

## InfoBox

Hamar IL
| Full name | Hamar Idrettslag |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | Hamar stadion, Vikingskipet<br>Hamar |


title: Robert Calder (priest)

abstract: Robert Calder (1650?–1723) was a clergyman of the Scottish Episcopal Church, known as an author and controversialist.

text:
# Robert Calder (priest)

**Robert Calder** (1650?–1723) was a clergyman of the Scottish Episcopal Church, known as an author and controversialist.

## Life

Calder was a native of Elgin, born about 1650. He was educated at the university and King's College, Aberdeen. He was presented to the parish of Nenthorn in the presbytery of Kelso in 1689, but on 13 September of that year was deprived for refusing to read the proclamation of the estates declaring William III and Mary II king and queen of England, and for having prayed for King James VII. In 1693, according to his own account, he was for some time imprisoned in the common gaol of Edinburgh for exercising his ministerial functions.

Once free, Calder went to Aberdeen, where he officiated at services in his own house, using the *Book of Common Prayer*. On the order shortly after the Union of England and Scotland to shut up all the episcopal chapels in Scotland he had to leave Aberdeen, and went to Elgin, where he officiated for some time. To obstruct his celebration of the Lord's Supper on Easter Day 1707, he was summoned before the privy council at Edinburgh on Good Friday. Not complying, he was sentenced to be banished from Elgin under a severe penalty should he return within 12 miles of the city.

Calder then went to Edinburgh, where he officiated to a congregation in Toddrick's Wynd. He engaged in a sharp controversy with the Rev. John Anderson, minister of Dumbarton: he advertised a sermon to prove that Anderson was "one of the grossest liars that ever put pen to paper". He died on 28 May 1723, aged 73.

## Works

Calder was the reputed author of *Scottish Presbyterian Eloquence displayed*, 1693, a collection of citations intended cast Presbyterian prayers and sermons in a negative light. In 1713 he published *Miscellany Numbers relating to the Controversie about the Book of Common Prayer, Episcopal Government*, in 40 numbers appearing successively. He was also the author of:

* ‘Three Single Sermons,’ 1701;
* ‘Reasons for Toleration to the Episcopal Clergie’ (anon.), 1703;
* ‘The Divine Right of Episcopacy’ (anon.), 1705;
* ‘Letter to a Nonconformist Minister of the Kirk,’ 1705;
* ‘The Lawfulness and Expediency of Set Forms of Prayer,’ 1706;
* ‘The Lawfulness and Necessitie of observing the Anniversary Fasts and Festivals of the Church maintained,’ by R. C., 1710;
* ‘A Letter to Mr. James Hog of Carnwarth,’ 1710;
* ‘The Countryman's Idea of a Gospel Minister,’ 1711;
* ‘The Spirit of Slander exemplified in a scandalous Pamphlet called the Jacobite Cause,’ 1714;
* ‘The Priesthood of the Old and New Testament by Succession,’ in seven letters, 1716;
* ‘The Second Part … or a Challenge to all that want Episcopal Ordination to prove the validity of their ministerial acts,’ 1717;
* ‘The Anti Counter-querist counter-queried,’ n.d.;
* ‘Queries to the Presbyterians,’ n. d.

### Citations

### Sources

* Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1886). "Calder, Robert (1650?-1723)". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* Maxwell, Thomas (1944). *The Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence; a post-revolution pamphlet*. Edinburgh: Scottish Church History Society.
* Scott, Hew (1917). *Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation*. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 84-85. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Calder, Robert (1650?-1723)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Wolgot Station

abstract: Wolgot Station is a railroad station on the Suin–Bundang Line in Siheung, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It opened on 30 June 2012. There are many Seafood restaurants located near the station. When the Gyeonggang Line opened, it will become a transfer station in the future.

text:
# Wolgot Station

**Wolgot Station** (Korean: 월곶역; Hanja: 月串驛) is a railroad station on the Suin–Bundang Line in Siheung, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It opened on 30 June 2012. There are many Seafood restaurants located near the station. When the Gyeonggang Line (Wolgot-Pangyo Line) opened, it will become a transfer station in the future.

## Station Layout

| **L2
Platforms** |
| --- |
| | Through tracks | **Suin-Bundang Line** does not stop here → |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | Eastbound | **Suin-Bundang Line** toward Incheon (Soraepogu) |
| | Westbound | **Suin-Bundang Line** toward Wangsimni or Cheongnyangni (Darwol) |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | Through tracks | **Suin-Bundang Line** does not stop here |

| **L1
Concourse** | Lobby | Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **G** | Street level | Exit |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| **월곶**
Wolgot | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 월곶역 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Wolgot-yeok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Wŏlgot-yŏk* |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Siheung, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea |
| Coordinates | 37°23′31″N 126°44′34″E / 37.391846°N 126.742702°E / 37.391846; 126.742702 |
| Operated by | Korail |
| Line(s) | Suin–Bundang Line |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Aboveground |
| History | |
| Opened | June 30, 2012 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Seoul Metropolitan Subway Following station  Darwoltowards Wangsimni or Cheongnyangni  Suin–Bundang Line  Soraepogutowards Incheon | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Mondo Medicals

abstract: Mondo Medicals is a freeware puzzle and indie game developed by Jonatan Söderström, released for Microsoft Windows on September 13, 2007 and later for macOS on December 24, 2010. The game involves the player trying to reach an exit in several mazelike levels by solving counterintuitive puzzles, against the backdrop of a surreal narrative revolving around the search for the cure for cancer. The game saw recognition in the indie game community and was praised for its unique artistic style and atmosphere, though it was also criticized for its repetitiveness.

text:
# Mondo Medicals

***Mondo Medicals*** is a freeware puzzle and indie game developed by Jonatan Söderström, released for Microsoft Windows on September 13, 2007 and later for macOS on December 24, 2010. The game involves the player trying to reach an exit in several mazelike levels by solving counterintuitive puzzles, against the backdrop of a surreal narrative revolving around the search for the cure for cancer.

The game saw recognition in the indie game community and was praised for its unique artistic style and atmosphere, though it was also criticized for its repetitiveness.

## Plot

In the opening cutscene, a character greets the nameless protagonist, who is stated to have applied to participate in researching the cure for cancer. It is then explained that the protagonist must first undergo a test. The game proper then begins.

## Gameplay

Each of the levels is a featureless, gray maze. The player, seeing the action in first-person view, must navigate to the exit. Doing so often involves deliberately disobeying instructions and overcoming unusual, counter-intuitive puzzle-solving challenges; for example, the first level is a looping corridor with arrows painted on the floor. Following the arrows leaves the player going in circles. The player must disobey the arrows and go backwards to find the exit.

After the completion of each level, a short cutscene is shown which depicts a recording of a man loudly ranting, with his incomprehensible speech subtitled in ungrammatical English. Throughout his strange rants, the man tells how he has lost his father to cancer, which has driven him to devote his life to find a cure to the disease, only to finally realize that the only way to cure cancer is to "shoot it". In the game's final level, the protagonist finds himself in a room with the man previously seen in the cutscenes, who exclaims "I will cure you, cancer!" before shooting the protagonist.

## Development

*Mondo Medicals* was created by the Swedish indie game developer Jonatan "cactus" Söderström, known for creating highly unusual games, who had already gained notoriety with his 2008 game *Clean Asia!*. It was developed within 72 hours as an entry for a contest on the indie games forum TIGSource. The contest, bearing the theme "B-Games", challenged participants to create "bad games with great personalities". While most other contestants created deliberately ridiculous games, Söderström decided he wanted to create a game that, while bizarre, could be taken seriously. The basic concept was to keep the player constantly deceived, with the entire game being deliberately enigmatic and cryptic in order to leave a lasting impression on the player beyond just entertaining them.

The movies of the director David Lynch, known for his surreal films such as *Eraserhead*, were a major inspiration for the game. The dialogue was partially influenced by the games *Portal* and *Killer7*, as well as The Man from Another Place character from the TV series *Twin Peaks*. While initially the cutscenes were meant to provide verbally abusive commentary on the player's progress through the game, Söderström eventually decided to instead make them follow a semi-coherent narrative.

## Reception

*Mondo Medicals* was largely praised by video game journalists. Critics have commented on the game's confusing atmosphere and deliberately rough art style, and recommended the game for fans of horror and puzzle games. Retro Gamer's Stuart Hunt gave the game an 85% rating in his review, praising the eerie atmosphere, but criticizing the repetitive and monotonous level design.

Mike Rose included the game in his book *250 Indie Games You Must Play*. GameRadar's Lucas Sullivan compared *Mondo Medicals* to the later game *Antichamber* and described it as "the most fun you've ever had during an anxiety attack", while Jim Rossignol listed it among various "artsy games", calling it "an Eraserhead of gaming".

## Legacy

A sequel to the game, *Mondo Agency*, was released on December 23, 2007. Another sequel was in development as of 2009, titled *Mondo Wires*; Söderström also planned a compilation of all three games into an unified release, titled *Mondo Nation*. *Mondo Medicals* was later released as part of the game compilation *Cactus Arcade*. December 24, 2010 saw the release of a Macintosh port created by Leon Arnott.

## InfoBox

| Mondo Medicals | |
| --- | --- |
| Designer(s) | Jonatan Söderström |
| Engine | Game Maker |
| Platform(s) | Windows, Macintosh |
| Release | **Windows*** WW: September 13, 2007 (2007-09-13) **Macintosh*** WW: December 24, 2010 (2010-12-24) |
| Genre(s) | Puzzle |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Mohamed Al-Nahdi

abstract: Mohamed Al-Nahdi is an Emirati Olympic middle-distance runner. He represented his country in the men's 1500 meters at the 1996 Summer Olympics. His time was a 3:47.06.

text:
# Mohamed Al-Nahdi

**Mohamed Al-Nahdi** is an Emirati Olympic middle-distance runner. He represented his country in the men's 1500 meters at the 1996 Summer Olympics. His time was a 3:47.06.

## InfoBox

Mohamed Al-Nahdi
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1967-04-23) 23 April 1967<br>United Arab Emirates |
| Height | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 70 kg (154 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | United Arab Emirates |
| Sport | Middle-distance running |


title: Pendlebury Children's Hospital

abstract: Pendlebury Children's Hospital was a children's hospital in Pendlebury, Salford, England. It was managed by the Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

text:
# Pendlebury Children's Hospital

**Pendlebury Children's Hospital** was a children's hospital in Pendlebury, Salford, England. It was managed by the Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

## History

The hospital has its origins in the Dispensary for Children established in Ridgefield in Manchester city centre in 1829. It moved to enlarged facilities with six beds at North Parade in 1853 and to even larger facilities with 25 beds at Bridge Street as the General Hospital and Dispensary for Sick Children in 1858. It moved to its final location in Hospital Road, Pendlebury as the Pendlebury Hospital in 1873. In May 1879 Florence Nightingale wrote to the Secretary of the Hospital praising the structure of the building and asking for contact details of its architect.

Officially it became known as the Manchester Children's Hospital in the early 20th century and it became the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital in 1923. It joined the National Health Service in 1948 and subsequently expanded to 250 beds. However the Pendlebury site was still referred to as the Pendlebury Children's Hospital to distinguish it from Booth Hall Children's Hospital which also became part of the same organisation. After services transferred to the new site for the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital at Oxford Road, the Pendlebury site closed in June 2009.

The site has since been redeveloped by Taylor Wimpey and Barratt Developments for residential use.

## Services

The hospital provided regional services in paediatric oncology, surgery, otolaryngology, orthopaedics, respiratory medicine, endocrinology, neurology, neurosurgery, nephrology and urology. The hospital a high dependency and the regional intensive care unit and was internationally recognised for its work with metabolic and endocrine diseases.

## InfoBox

| Pendlebury Children's Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust | |
| Pendlebury Children's Hospital | |
| Shown in Greater Manchester | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Pendlebury, Salford, England |
| Coordinates | 53°30′24″N 2°19′08″W / 53.5066°N 2.3188°W / 53.5066; -2.3188 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | NHS |
| Type | Teaching, specialist (paediatric) |
| Affiliated university | School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester |
| History | |
| Opened | 1829 |
| Links | |
| Lists | Hospitals in England |


title: Penitent order

abstract: The Christian movement known as the Penitents goes back to the 4th century. Those who had committed serious sins confessed their sins to the Bishop or his representative and were assigned a penance that was to be carried out over a period of time. After completing their penance, they were reconciled by the Bishop with a prayer of absolution offered in the midst of the community. Penance assumed many forms, such as pilgrimages to holy sites; constructing, repairing and rebuilding churches; and caring for the poor and sick. During the time they worked out their penances, the penitents often had special places in church and wore special garments to indicate their status. Like the catechumens who were preparing for baptism, they were often dismissed from the Sunday assembly after the Liturgy of the Word. The use of ashes at the beginning of Lent is an extension of the use of ashes with those entering the Order of Penitents.

text:
# Penitent order

The Christian movement known as the **Penitents** goes back to the 4th century. Those who had committed serious sins confessed their sins to the Bishop or his representative and were assigned a penance that was to be carried out over a period of time. After completing their penance, they were reconciled by the Bishop with a prayer of absolution offered in the midst of the community. Penance assumed many forms, such as pilgrimages to holy sites; constructing, repairing and rebuilding churches; and caring for the poor and sick.

During the time they worked out their penances, the penitents often had special places in church and wore special garments to indicate their status. Like the catechumens who were preparing for baptism, they were often dismissed from the Sunday assembly after the Liturgy of the Word. The use of ashes at the beginning of Lent is an extension of the use of ashes with those entering the Order of Penitents.

## The Penitential Movement

Penance in the Judeo-Christian sense can be traced to the time just after the Jewish exile in Babylon (Sirach 5:1–8; 34: 21–31). The repentance and conversion preached by John the Baptist was of this type.

In the first centuries of the Christian Church, groups of penitents were established by the Church for those Christians who fell into grave sin and sought reconciliation with the Church. These sins included such things as adultery, murder, idolatry and magic, and theft. Doing penance was a visible sign of conversion. If the sinner refused to do penance, he or she was excommunicated. Public penance consisted of acts of mortification such as wearing a "hair shirt," covering the head with ashes, fasting and prayers. These acts were regulated by the bishops. After the period of penance was completed, the repentant sinner was readmitted into the assembly.

The Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 declared that the bishop could relegate the sinner into an Order of Penitents called *Conversi.* This was done in a liturgical ceremony with the laying on of hands and the application of ashes. They worshiped separately from the rest of the congregation, but were not allowed to participate in the Eucharistic celebration. Other restrictions imposed by the bishop were called interdicts, and by the 4th century, some of these interdicts came to be imposed not only for the penitential period, but for life.

By the 4th century, there were those who entered the Order of Penitents voluntarily. They accepted the interdicts of the Order which by that time included:

* not to participate in military service
* not to be merchants
* not to occupy public office
* to refrain from conjugal relations if married, and to be celibate if single
* not allowed to remarry if widowed
* single penitents could not marry while in the Order (this was later abrogated)

### 5th and 6th centuries

Monastic asceticism, which was popularized by the Desert Fathers of the East, such as St. Anthony the Great and St. Basil, moved into Europe. St. Benedict of Nursia was the founder of western or Benedictine monasticism in A.D. 529. The emphasis was on communal living under a rule and a life given to prayer, work and charity. Entering a monastery became a substitute for public penance. In the monasteries, a *penitential tax* or private penance was developed which was less strenuous than the public penances. This was the beginning of *penitential commutation.*

### 7th through 11th centuries

In Italy and Spain, public or *Roman Penance* was dominant. Those upon whom penance was imposed and those who accepted the life voluntarily were forbidden to associate with the *militia saecularis* or secular militia. This included holding civil offices or being a merchant (militia saecularis togata) and from bearing arms (militia saecularis paludata). Fasting, which had always been part of the penitential discipline, became more regularized, and three major times of fasting were observed, Advent, Lent (prior to Easter), and a period after Pentecost. There were also two minor Lents. Other periods of fasting and abstinence could be imposed.

### 12th and 13th centuries

The penitential movement became popular among the laity after the Gregorian Reform at the end of the 11th century. Introduced around A.D. 950, corporal penance or voluntary flagellation became more known. Also almsgiving as a penitential act became more common. There was also the rise of the Donati and the Oblates, who put themselves in the service of God by attaching themselves in service to a particular church or monastery. In all cases, the emphasis of the penance was to practice justice and mercy, to trust in God, to be of pure heart and intent, to have a zeal for Christ and the Scripture, and to be open to God's grace and inspiration. Most of the participants had little or no formal theological training and many developed heretical beliefs.

## Types of penitents

* Married conversi – continued to live with their family, but partially or fully abstained from conjugal relations.
* Voluntary pilgrims – went on pilgrimages to the Holy Land or to more local shrines if that were not possible.
* Hermits – lived alone or with one or two companions in the wild, in grottos and caves or even in the hollows of trees.
* Religious virgins – not nuns, lived with family
* Recluses – women who consecrated themselves to God without entering a religious institution

## Character of penitents

* Attire – tunic, walking-stick, cincture (belt), knapsack, sandals; symbol was often a Tau Cross after St. Anthony of the Desert.
* Charitable works – most often in hospitals and hospices and leprosaria (hospitalers); restoring churches and burying the dead.
* Life of Prayer.
* Abstinence – from feasts and shows and dances, avoidance of drunkenness and gluttony.
* Prohibited from public office or from riding horses.
* Forbidden to take up arms or to take an oath.

## Orders of penitents

Umiliati The Umiliati were established in northern Italy. Innocent III approved their way of life or "Propositum" in 1201. In 1208 he approved the "Propositum" of the Poveri Cattolici and in 1210 that of the Poveri Lombardi. Penitents of Assisi Established as a lay order by St. Francis of Assisi, their full name was *viri poenitentiales de civitate Assisii oriundi* ("penitents from the town of Assisi") Eventually they became the Secular Franciscan Order. Penitents or Hermits of St. John the Baptist A community near Pamplona in the Kingdom of Navarre, leading a life of mortification and silence, and assembling only for the chanting of the Divine Office. They received the approbation of Gregory XIII (c. 1515), who appointed a provincial for them. A community founded in France about 1630 by Michel de Sabine for the reform of abuses among the hermits. Only those of the most edifying lives were chosen as members, and rules were drawn up which were approved for their dioceses by the Bishops of Metz and LePuy en Velay. Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs There are various opinions as to the period of foundation, some dating it back to the time of Pope Cletus, but it is certain that the order was flourishing in Poland and Lithuania in the second half of the thirteenth century, the most important monastery being that of St. Mark at Kraków, where the religious lived under the Rule of St. Augustine. Penitents of Our Lady of Refuge Also called Nuns or Hospitallers of Our Lady of Nancy, founded at Nancy in 1631 by Ven. Marie-Elizabeth de la Croix de Jésus, daughter of Jean-Leonard de Fanfain of Remiremont. Left a widow at the early age of twenty-four, she opened a refuge for fallen women, assisted by her three young daughters. The new congregation was formally approved by the Holy See in 1634 under the title of Our Lady of Refuge and the patronage of St. Ignatius Loyola, and under constitutions drawn largely from those of the Society of Jesus and in accordance with the Rule of St. Augustine. Sisters of the Conservatorio di S. Croce della Penitenza or del buon Pastore Also known as Scalette, founded at Rome in 1615 by the Carmelite Domenico di Gesu e Maria, who, with the assistance of Baltassare Paluzzi, gathered into a small house (conservatorio) a number of women who were in danger of falling into prostitution. Those desiring to become religious were placed under the Rule of St. Augustine Ordo religiosus de penitentia The members of which were called Scalzette or Nazareni, founded in 1752 at Salamanca, by Juan Varella y Losada (b. 1724; d. at Ferrara, 24 May 1769), who had resigned a military career for a life of voluntary humiliation in a house of the Observants at Salamanca. Being urged to found a religious order, he assembled eight companions in community (8 March 1752) under a rule which he had drawn up the previous year, and for which he obtained the authorization of Benedict XIV. Like the Franciscans, the members take a vow to defend the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, and, like all mendicant orders, they derive their means of subsistence entirely from contributions and are forbidden the possession of landed property. Order of Penitents established by Bernard of Marseille The Order of Penitents was a religious order established by Bernard of Marseille about 1272 for the reception into the Roman Catholic Church of reformed courtesans. Noah Webster's *Dictionary*, 1828, under "penitent" affirmed "Order of penitents, a religious order established by one Bernard of Marseilles, about the year 1272, for the reception of reformed courtezans. The congregation of penitents at Paris, was founded with a similar view." . The entry was repeated in *Nuttall's Encyclopedia* 1907. The confraternities of penitents of Marseille were traced to the end of the 15th century by A. E. Barnes.

Compare the Magdalen Asylums.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). *The Nuttall Encyclopædia*. London and New York: Frederick Warne. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)


title: Albertatherium

abstract: Albertatherium is an extinct genus of alphadontid metatherians that lived during the Late Cretaceous of North America. The genus contains two species, Albertatherium primus, and Albertatherium secundus. Fossils have been found in the Eagle Formation of Montana and the Milk River Formation of Alberta.

text:
# Albertatherium

***Albertatherium*** (meaning "beast of Alberta") is an extinct genus of alphadontid metatherians that lived during the Late Cretaceous of North America. The genus contains two species, ***Albertatherium primus*** (the type species), and ***Albertatherium secundus***. Fossils have been found in the Eagle Formation of Montana and the Milk River Formation of Alberta.

## Taxonomy

*Albertatherium* is a member of the Alphadontidae, an extinct family of metatherians closely related to marsupials. Recent phylogenetic studies group it with other northern non-marsupial metatherians such as *Alphadon* and *Turgidodon*. A 2016 phylogenetic analysis is shown below.

## InfoBox

| *Albertatherium*
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Family: | Alphadontidae |
| Genus: | *Albertatherium*
Fox, 1971 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Albertatherium primus***
Fox, 1971 | |
| Species | |
| * *A. primus* Fox 1971 * *A. secundus* Johanson 1995 | |


title: Hamid Reza Gholipour

abstract: Hamid Reza Gholipour is an Iranian wushu athlete. He is a four-time Wushu World Champion. Gholipour received a four-year ban after testing positive for the anabolic steroid nandrolone, starting in October 2019, and disqualified from the 15th World Wushu Championships in Shanghai, and the results at the competition forfeited.

text:
# Hamid Reza Gholipour

**Hamid Reza Gholipour** (born 26 June 1988) is an Iranian wushu athlete. He is a four-time Wushu World Champion. Gholipour received a four-year ban after testing positive for the anabolic steroid nandrolone, starting in October 2019, and disqualified from the 15th World Wushu Championships in Shanghai, and the results at the competition forfeited.

## InfoBox

Hamid Reza Gholipour
| Medal record      Representing  Iran  Men's sanda  Asian Games  2010 Guangzhou  75 kg  World Championships  2007 Beijing  80 kg  2011 Ankara  85 kg  2013 Kuala Lumpur  85 kg  2015 Jakarta  90 kg  2009 Toronto  85 kg  2017 Kazan  +90 kg  World Junior Championships  2006 Kuala Lumpur  80kg  World Games  2008 Kaohsiung  85kg  2013 Cali  85kg  World Cup  2014 Jakarta  85kg  2016 Xi'an  90kg  2008 Harbin  80kg  2018 Hangzhou  +90kg  World Combat Games  2010 Beijing  85 kg  Asian Championships  2008 Macau  80 kg  2012 Ho Chi Minh  85 kg | |
| --- | --- |


title: Martin Macháček

abstract:
Martin Macháček is a professional Czech football player who currently plays for FK Loko Vltavín, on loan from 1. FK Příbram. Martin has started to play as four years old child at club FC Křivsoudov. In his fifteen years he transferred into AC Sparta Praha. He has also represented his country at youth level U21.
He combines sport career with study of sport psychology at Charles University in Prague. During the year 2014 he was gaining study experience at University of Jyväskylä in Finland.

text:
# Martin Macháček

**Martin Macháček** (born 1 May 1989) is a professional Czech football player who currently plays for FK Loko Vltavín, on loan from 1. FK Příbram. Martin has started to play as four years old child at club FC Křivsoudov. In his fifteen years he transferred into AC Sparta Praha (U15 – U19). He has also represented his country at youth level U21. He combines sport career with study of sport psychology at Charles University in Prague. During the year 2014 he was gaining study experience at University of Jyväskylä in Finland (Erasmus program).

## InfoBox

Martin Macháček
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1989-05-01) 1 May 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | FK Loko Vltavín | | |
| Number | 6 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009–2011 | FK Dukla Prague | 15 | (0) |
| 2010 | Sezimovo Ústí (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| 2011 | Kladno (loan) | 12 | (0) |
| 2011– | 1. FK Příbram | 4 | (0) |
| 2012–2013 | Vlašim (loan) | 10 | (0) |
| 2015 | FK Loko Vltavín (loan) |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2009 | Czech Republic U21 | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 2 March 2015<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 2 March 2015 | | | |


title: Robert H. Adleman

abstract: Robert H. Adleman was an American novelist and historian. His book Devil's Brigade, about World War II, was turned into a film in 1968.

text:
# Robert H. Adleman

**Robert H. Adleman** (May 7, 1919 – November 16, 1995) was an American novelist and historian. His book *Devil's Brigade*, about World War II, was turned into a film in 1968.

## Biography

Adleman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A photographer and tail gunner in the Army Air Forces during World War II, he became a businessman and a historian, and began a collaboration with U.S. Army Colonel George Walton to write books about World War II, the most successful of which was 1966's *The Devil's Brigade.* A story about the 1st Special Service Force nicknamed the "Devil's Brigade", the book would be turned into a motion picture of the same name in 1968 and starred William Holden and Cliff Robertson.

Adleman was co-owner and president of Robinson, Adleman, and Montgomery, a Philadelphia public relations and advertising firm. An innovator, he constantly started new ventures including publishing of "The Record-Breeze and Mall Journal newspapers; produced forerunner of "Today" TV show, "Modern Living", and chain of fast food restaurants, "Take Out Kitchens" and "Hush Puppy House." He also owned the Bessie V. Hicks School of Dramatic Arts. Graduates included Jeanette MacDonald, Charles Bronson, and Bruce Dern.

After selling the movie rights, Adleman and his wife moved from Philadelphia to Malibu, California. They remained there for a number of years until they acquired a large ranch property in Oregon. At which point they opened the restaurant The Bella Union, featuring the "peach baboo", a cocktail named after their grandson's childhood treat. Adleman died in Ashland, Oregon, in 1995. His wife and two daughters scattered his ashes on the ocean at the beach in Malibu.

## Selected bibliography

* *The Devil's Brigade* (1966) (written with Col. George Walton)
* *Rome Fell Today* (1968) (written with Col. George Walton)
* *The Champagne Campaign* (1969) (written with Col. George Walton)
* *The Bloody Benders* (1970)
* *Annie Deane* (1971)
* *What's Really Involved in Writing and Selling Your Book* (1972)
* *The Black Box* (1973)
* *Alias Big Cherry: The Confessions of a Master Criminal* (1973)
* *Sweetwater Fever* (1986)

## InfoBox

| Robert H. Aldeman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1919-05-07)May 7, 1919
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | November 16, 1995(1995-11-16) (aged 76)
Ashland, Oregon, U.S. |
| Occupation | Novelist, historian |
| Nationality | United States |
| Notable works | *The Devil's Brigade* |
| Children | 2 |


title: Woolbeding House

abstract: Woolbeding House is an 18th-century country house in Woolbeding, near Midhurst, West Sussex, England. It is a Grade I listed building. It was probably built by Sir Richard Mill Bt between 1711 and 1760 and was originally of a quadrangular plan with an open courtyard in the middle. The courtyard was later roofed over. The house is built of coursed Hythe sandstone in 2 storeys with an attic and has a 7-bay south-facing frontage with 5 hipped dormers.

text:
# Woolbeding House

**Woolbeding House** is an 18th-century country house in Woolbeding, near Midhurst, West Sussex, England. It is a Grade I listed building.

It was probably built by Sir Richard Mill Bt between 1711 and 1760 and was originally of a quadrangular plan with an open courtyard in the middle. The courtyard was later roofed over. The house is built of coursed Hythe sandstone in 2 storeys with an attic and has a 7-bay south-facing frontage with 5 hipped dormers.

## History

The manor of Woolbeding belonged to William Aylyng in 1567 and passed by marriage to the Grey family. The Greys owned the manor until Margaret Grey married Sir John Mill in 1652. It then passed down in the Mill family until 1791, the manor house having been remodelled by Sir Richard Mill in the meantime.

In 1791 the Rev. Sir Charles Mill, 8th Baronet sold the house and estate to Lord Robert Spencer, the youngest son of the 3rd Duke of Marlborough, who immediately made a number of alterations to the house, including the roofing over of the central courtyard. The house then descended in the Spencer family via his stepdaughter Diana Bouverie to her daughter, who bequeathed it to the Lascelles family. They in turn made it over in the late 1940s to the National Trust, who leased it to businessman, philanthropist and art collector Simon Sainsbury until his death in 2006. His partner Stewart Grimshaw remained in occupation afterwards.

A feature in the gardens is the Cedra fountain by the artist Walter Pye, which stands on the spot once occupied by a venerable cedar tree. The gardens have been open to the public since 2010.

## Woolbeding Gardens

Over the past five decades Simon Sainsbury and his partner Stewart Grimshaw collaborated with renowned designers such as Lanning Roper, Julian and Isabel Bannerman, Philip Jebb, and more recently, Thomas Heatherwick to transform the Woolbeding Gardens into the vibrant horticultural paradise it is today, now open to the public.

Visitors are greeted by the Entrance Garden, a beautifully transformed area that was once the old farmyard. Julian and Isabel Bannerman redesigned this space to feature a dry garden with formal water pools, surrounded by informal perennials and olive trees. The Bannermans also developed the Pleasure Grounds area as well as The Long Walk; a circular route which features delightful follies that lure visitors around the garden.

The Glasshouse and Silk Route Garden was designed by Heatherwick Studio for Woolbeding Charity, supported by the National Trust. The ten-sided kinetic glasshouse and landscaped garden zones showcase plants, shrubs and trees that represent the key regions of the Silk Route.

## InfoBox

| Woolbeding House | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Country House |
| Location | Woolbeding, West Sussex, England |
| Coordinates | 50°59′50″N 0°45′25″W / 50.997196°N 0.757052°W / 50.997196; -0.757052 |
| Completed | 1760 |
| Designations | Grade I listed |


title: Montescudaio

abstract: Montescudaio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Florence and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southeast of Pisa. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia.

text:
# Montescudaio

**Montescudaio** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Florence and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southeast of Pisa. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

## Twin towns

## InfoBox

| Montescudaio | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Montescudaio | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Montescudaio | |
| MontescudaioLocation of Montescudaio in ItalyMontescudaioMontescudaio (Tuscany) | |
| Coordinates: 43°20′N 10°38′E / 43.333°N 10.633°E / 43.333; 10.633 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Tuscany |
| Province | Pisa (PI) |
| *Frazioni* | Fiorino |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Aurelio Pellegrini |
| Area | |
| Total | 19.9 km2 (7.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 242 m (794 ft) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 1,684 |
| Density | 85/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Montescudaini |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 56040 |
| Dialing code | 0586 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Ndendé

abstract: Ndendé is a town and capital of the Dola Department in Ngounié Province, southern Gabon. It is located 549 kilometres southeast of Libreville at the junction of the N1 and N6 roads. In 2006, the population was 6,346.

text:
# Ndendé

**Ndendé** is a town and capital of the Dola Department in Ngounié Province, southern Gabon. It is located 549 kilometres southeast of Libreville at the junction of the N1 and N6 roads. In 2006, the population was 6,346.

## InfoBox

| Ndendé | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| NdendéLocation in Gabon | |
| Coordinates: 2°24′5″S 11°21′32″E / 2.40139°S 11.35889°E / -2.40139; 11.35889 | |
| Country | Gabon |
| Province | Ngounié Province |
| Department | Dola Department |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 6,436 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |


title: Mo Lua of Kilmoluagh

abstract: Molua of Kilmoluagh was an early Christian missionary among the Soghain people of County Galway. Molua may have been a native of the kingdom, as a St Moluoc is listed as "Moluoc mac Luchta mac Finchada mac Feidlimithe mac Sodhan Salbhuidhe." Sodhán Salbhuidhe na Sreath - Sogan of the Battle-lines/Sogan of the Preys was a semi-legendary son of a king of Ulster whose people settled in what became called the kingdom of Soghain. This is said to have occurred sometime around 300. Thus Molua was a great-great grandson of the founder of the kingdom, which led historian Joseph Mannion to comment that "The brevity of the pedigree might indicate that he belonged to the very early stages of the Christian period", perhaps as early as the late fifth century. It is believed that he was a kinsman of both Kerrill and Cuana of Kilcoonagh. He is credited with the erection of a cross at Crossmaloo, of which only the base and broken lower shaft remains. It is believed to mark his grave, and was once a traditional resting place for funeral processions leading to the church of Kilmoluagh, of which he was the founder. The name Kilmoluagh no longer exists even as a townland name.

text:
# Mo Lua of Kilmoluagh

**Molua of Kilmoluagh** was an early Christian missionary among the Soghain people of County Galway.

Molua may have been a native of the kingdom, as a St Moluoc (another form of Molua) is listed as *"Moluoc mac Luchta mac Finchada mac Feidlimithe mac Sodhan Salbhuidhe."* Sodhán Salbhuidhe na Sreath - Sogan of the Battle-lines/Sogan of the Preys was a semi-legendary son of a king of Ulster whose people settled in what became called the kingdom of Soghain. This is said to have occurred sometime around 300. Thus Molua was a great-great grandson of the founder of the kingdom, which led historian Joseph Mannion to comment that "The brevity of the pedigree might indicate that he belonged to the very early stages of the Christian period", perhaps as early as the late fifth century. It is believed that he was a kinsman of both Kerrill and Cuana of Kilcoonagh.

He is credited with the erection of a cross at Crossmaloo (*Cros mo Luaidh*), of which only the base and broken lower shaft remains. It is believed to mark his grave, and was once a traditional resting place for funeral processions leading to the church of Kilmoluagh, of which he was the founder. The name Kilmoluagh no longer exists even as a townland name.

* *The Life, Legends and Legacy of Saint Kerrill: A Fifth-Century East Galway Evangelist*, Joseph Mannion, 2004. 0 954798 1 3


title: Pendlebury (ward)

abstract: Pendlebury is an electoral ward of Salford, England. It is represented in Westminster by Rebecca Long-Bailey MP for Salford and Eccles. A profile of the ward conducted by Salford City Council in 2014 recorded a population of 13,434.

text:
# Pendlebury (ward)

**Pendlebury** is an electoral ward of Salford, England. It is represented in Westminster by Rebecca Long-Bailey MP for Salford and Eccles. A profile of the ward conducted by Salford City Council in 2014 recorded a population of 13,434.

## Councillors

The ward is represented by three councillors:

* Sophia Linden (Lab)
* John Ferguson (Lab Co-op)
* Barry Warner (Lab)

| Election | Councillor | | Councillor | | Councillor | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | Patricia Maureen Lea (Lab) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| 2006 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | Patricia Maureen Lea (Lab) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| 2007 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | Patricia Maureen Lea (Lab) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| 2008 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | Patricia Maureen Lea (Lab) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| By-election<br>20 March 2009 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | John Ferguson (Lab Co-op) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| 2010 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | John Ferguson (Lab Co-op) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| 2011 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | John Ferguson (Lab Co-op) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| 2012 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | John Ferguson (Lab Co-op) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| 2014 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | John Ferguson (Lab Co-op) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| 2015 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | John Ferguson (Lab Co-op) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| 2016 |  | Bernard Lea (Lab Co-op) |  | John Ferguson (Lab Co-op) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |
| 2018 |  | Sophia Linden (Lab) |  | John Ferguson (Lab Co-op) |  | Barry Warner (Lab) |

indicates seat up for re-election.   indicates seat won in by-election.

## Elections in 2010s

### May 2018

2018
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Sophia Linden** | **1,262** | **58.2** |  |
|  | Conservative | Dorothy Chapman | 531 | 24.5 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Beth Waller | 151 | 7.0 |  |
|  | UKIP | Seamus Martin | 147 | 6.8 |  |
|  | Green | Alastair Dewberry | 79 | 3.6 |  |
| Majority | | | 731 | 33.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,175 | 24.05 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### May 2016

2016
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **Barry Warner*** | **1,287** | **48.4** | **−0.1** |
|  | UKIP | Andy Olsen | 728 | 27.4 | +2.3 |
|  | Conservative | Jonathan Grosskopf | 373 | 14.0 | −5.9 |
|  | Green | Paul Brighouse | 161 | 6.1 | +1.5 |
|  | TUSC | Sean Warren | 77 | 2.9 | +1.4 |
|  | The Republic Party | Stuart Cremins | 21 | 0.8 | N/A |
| Majority | | | 559 | 21.0 | −2.4 |
| Turnout | | | 2,660 | 29.9 | −27.2 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### May 2015

2015
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour Co-op | **John Ferguson*** | **2,501** | **48.5** | **−0.7** |
|  | UKIP | Stacey Olsen | 1,295 | 25.1 | −6.4 |
|  | Conservative | Glenis Purcell | 1,024 | 19.9 | +5.1 |
|  | Green | Chrissy Brand | 235 | 4.6 | N/A |
|  | TUSC | Jake Newton | 78 | 1.5 | N/A |
| Majority | | | 1,206 | 23.4 | +5.7 |
| Turnout | | | 5,156 | 57.1 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### May 2014

2014
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **Bernard James Lea** | **1,360** | **49.2** |  |
|  | UKIP | Paul Frank Doyle | 872 | 31.5 |  |
|  | Conservative | James William Ian Macdonald | 410 | 14.8 |  |
|  | BNP | Eddy O'Sullivan | 122 | 4.4 |  |
| Majority | | | 488 | 17.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2764 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### May 2012

2012
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **Barry Warner*** | **1,496** | **58.6** | **+21.7** |
|  | Conservative | Christine Gray | 396 | 15.5 | 15.7 |
|  | BNP | Wayne Taylor | 240 | 9.4 | 3.9 |
|  | Community Action | Gillian Welsh | 174 | 6.8 | *N/A* |
|  | Green | Stuart Cremins | 129 | 5.1 | *N/A* |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Christine Corry | 119 | 4.7 | 9.5 |
| Majority | | | 1,100 | 43.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,578 | 27.5 | 2.1 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### May 2011

2011
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **John Ferguson** | **1,811** | **60.7** | **+14.6** |
|  | Conservative | Keyth Scoles | 539 | 18.1 | −5.3 |
|  | BNP | Wayne Taylor | 204 | 6.8 | −6.8 |
|  | UKIP | John Brereton | 184 | 6.2 | *N/A* |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Christine Corry | 161 | 5.3 | −11.6 |
|  | Independent politician | Stuart Cremins | 85 | 2.8 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 1,272 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 3,001 | 33 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### May 2010

2010
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **Bernard Lea\*** | **2,259** | **43.9** | **+7.0** |
|  | Conservative | Keyth Scoles | 1,102 | 21.4 | −9.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Valerie Gregory | 1,042 | 20.3 | +6.1 |
|  | BNP | Wayne Taylor | 566 | 11.0 | −2.3 |
|  | Independent | Stuart Cremins | 80 | 1.6 | −2.8 |
|  | Independent | Reg Howard | 69 | 1.3 | +1.3 |
| Majority | | | 1,157 | 22.5 | +16.8 |
| Turnout | | | 5,143 | 57.5 | +27.9 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## Elections in 2000s

By-election 19 March 2009
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **John Ferguson** | **1,055** | **38.2** | **+1.3** |
|  | Conservative | Jillian Collinson | 874 | 31.6 | +0.4 |
|  | BNP | Eddy O'Sullivan | 373 | 13.5 | +0.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Paul Gregory | 368 | 13.3 | −0.9 |
|  | Independent | Stuart Cremins | 49 | 1.8 | −2.6 |
|  | Green | Diana Battersby | 43 | 1.6 | +1.6 |
| Majority | | | 181 | 6.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,762 | 30.7 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

2008
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **Barry Warner** | **975** | **36.9** | **−9.2** |
|  | Conservative | Peter Allcock | 826 | 31.2 | +7.9 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Christine Corry | 375 | 14.2 | −2.8 |
|  | BNP | Wayne Taylor | 352 | 13.3 | −0.3 |
|  | Independent | Stuart Cremins | 117 | 4.4 | (+4.4) |
| Majority | | | 149 | 5.7 |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 29.6 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

2007
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **Maureen Lea\*** | **1,167** | **46.1** |  |
|  | Conservative | Peter Allcock | 592 | 23.4 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Katherine Ferrer | 429 | 16.9 |  |
|  | BNP | Wayne Taylor | 344 | 13.6 |  |
| Majority | | | 575 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,532 | 28.8 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

2006
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **Bernard Lea** | **1,143** | **49.1** |  |
|  | Conservative | Peter Allcock | 643 | 27.6 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Christine Corry | 543 | 23.3 |  |
| Majority | | | 500 | 21.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,329 | 27.4 | −7.7 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

2004
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **Barry Warner** | **1,207** |  |  |
|  | Labour | **Patricia Lea** | **1,096** |  |  |
|  | Labour | **Bernard Lea** | **1,000** |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Margaret Ferrer | 872 |  |  |
|  | Conservative | John Booth | 707 |  |  |
|  | Conservative | Bridie Madden | 674 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 5,556 | 35.1 |  |
|  | Labour **win** (new seat) | | | | |
|  | Labour **win** (new seat) | | | | |
|  | Labour **win** (new seat) | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Pendlebury | |
| --- | --- |
| Electoral ward | |
| Pendlebury ward within Salford City Council. | |
|  | |
| Motto: Let the good (or safety) of the people be the supreme (or highest) law | |
| Coordinates: 53°31′11″N 2°19′16″W / 53.5196°N 2.3211°W / 53.5196; -2.3211 | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | England |
| Region | North West England |
| County | Greater Manchester |
| Metropolitan borough | Salford |
| Created | May 2004 |
| Named for | Pendlebury |
| Government  UK Parliament constituency: Salford and Eccles | |
| Type | Unicameral |
| Body | Salford City Council |
| Mayor of Salford | Paul Dennett (Labour) |
| Councillor | Sophia Linden (Labour) |
| Councillor | John Ferguson (Labour Co-operative) |
| Councillor | Barry Warner (Labour) |
| Population | |
| Total | 13,434 |
| Ward profile conducted by Salford City Council in 2014. | |


title: Peddapur, Vikarabad district

abstract: Peddapur is a village in Marpalle mandal, Vikarabad district, Telangana state, India.

text:
# Peddapur, Vikarabad district

**Peddapur** is a village (Peddapur, Gram panchayat) in Marpalle mandal, Vikarabad district, Telangana state, India.

## Geography

Peddapur is located at 17°28′28″N 17°28′28″E / 17.474520°N 17.474520°E / 17.474520; 17.474520. It has an average elevation of 567 metres (1863 ft).

## InfoBox

| Peddapur | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PeddapurLocation in Telangana, IndiaPeddapurPeddapur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 17°28′28″N 17°28′28″E / 17.474520°N 17.474520°E / 17.474520; 17.474520 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| District | Vikarabad |
| Mandal | Marpalle |
| Elevation | 567 m (1,860 ft) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 501202 |
| Telephone code | 08416 |
| Vehicle registration | TS-34 |
| Nearest city | Sangareddy |
| Sex ratio | 1:.951 / |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Chevella |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Vikarabad |
| Climate | Normal (Köppen) |
| Website | telangana.gov.in |


title: Albertas Šimėnas

abstract: Albertas Šimėnas was Prime Minister of Lithuania for 3 days, from 10 to 13 January 1991. He disappeared during the January Events and was replaced by Gediminas Vagnorius. Šimėnas graduated from the Vilnius University in 1972 with a degree in economics. He lectured at the Vilnius Gediminas Technical University from 1984 to 1989. He joined activities of Sąjūdis movement and was elected to the Supreme Council – Reconstituent Seimas. On 11 March 1990 he signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from the Soviet Union. In January 1991, when the first government led by Kazimira Prunskienė resigned due to rising prices, Šimėnas became the Prime Minister of a largely unchanged government. However, as the Soviet Army entered Vilnius and surrounded key buildings, Šimėnas disappeared. In an emergency session, Gediminas Vagnorius took over his cabinet and became the Prime Minister. Šimėnas suddenly reappeared on 14 January. He joined Vagnorius' government as the Minister of Economy on 30 May 1991 and served until the government resigned on 21 July 1992. In 1994, he joined the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party and was elected to the Seventh Seimas in 1996. He ran unsuccessfully in the 2004 Seimas and European Parliament elections, after which he joined the private sector. Šimėnas published several academic papers on economy and a monograph about economic reforms in Lithuania from 1990 to 1994.

text:
# Albertas Šimėnas

**Albertas Šimėnas** (born 17 February 1950) was Prime Minister of Lithuania for 3 days, from 10 to 13 January 1991. He disappeared during the January Events and was replaced by Gediminas Vagnorius.

Šimėnas graduated from the Vilnius University in 1972 with a degree in economics. He lectured at the Vilnius Gediminas Technical University from 1984 to 1989. He joined activities of Sąjūdis movement and was elected to the Supreme Council – Reconstituent Seimas. On 11 March 1990 he signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from the Soviet Union. In January 1991, when the first government led by Kazimira Prunskienė resigned due to rising prices, Šimėnas became the Prime Minister of a largely unchanged government. However, as the Soviet Army entered Vilnius and surrounded key buildings, Šimėnas disappeared. In an emergency session, Gediminas Vagnorius took over his cabinet and became the Prime Minister. Šimėnas suddenly reappeared on 14 January. He joined Vagnorius' government as the Minister of Economy on 30 May 1991 and served until the government resigned on 21 July 1992. In 1994, he joined the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party and was elected to the Seventh Seimas in 1996. He ran unsuccessfully in the 2004 Seimas and European Parliament elections, after which he joined the private sector.

Šimėnas published several academic papers on economy and a monograph about economic reforms in Lithuania from 1990 to 1994.

## InfoBox

| Albertas Šimėnas | |
| --- | --- |
| Šimėnas in 1990 | |
|  | |
| 2nd Prime Minister of Lithuania | |
| **In office**
10 January 1991  13 January 1991 | |
| Preceded by | Kazimiera Prunskienė |
| Succeeded by | Gediminas Vagnorius |
| Minister of Economy of Lithuania | |
| **In office**
30 May 1992  21 July 1992 | |
| Preceded by | Vytas Navickas |
| Succeeded by | Vytas Navickas |
| Member of the Seimas | |
| **In office**
25 November 1996  18 October 2000 | |
| Constituency | Druskininkai |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1950-02-17) 17 February 1950
Papiliai, Lithuanian SSR |
| Political party | Independent (1990)
Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party (1994-2004)
Homeland Union (since 2008) |
| Other political
affiliations | Sąjūdis (1990–1992) |
| Alma mater | Vilnius University |
|  | |


title: Rio Vista Bridge

abstract: The Rio Vista Bridge is a continuous truss span with a vertical-lift bridge in the middle which carries California State Route 12 across the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California. The present bridge was completed in 1960 and is one of several moveable bridges spanning rivers in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. It is named after Helen Madere, who served as vice-mayor of Rio Vista. As of 2013 the bridge carries approximately 21,000 cars per day.

text:
# Rio Vista Bridge

The **Rio Vista Bridge** (officially the **Helen Madere Memorial Bridge**) is a continuous truss span with a vertical-lift bridge in the middle which carries California State Route 12 across the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California. The present bridge was completed in 1960 and is one of several moveable bridges spanning rivers in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. It is named after Helen Madere, who served as vice-mayor of Rio Vista. As of 2013 the bridge carries approximately 21,000 cars per day.

## 1919 bascule bridge

The original bridge spanning the Sacramento River was built in 1918 and opened in January 1919 at a cost of US$260,000 (equivalent to $4,570,000 in 2023). From west to east, the 1919 bridge consisted of a 70-foot (21 m) concrete tied arch, the 343-foot (105 m) Strauss double-leaf bascule, three 120-foot (37 m) concrete tied arches and 1,670-foot (510 m) timber A-frame trestle spans.

## 1960 tower bridge

The 1919 bridge was replaced during seventeen years of piecewise construction. The finished 1943–1960 bridge consists of thirteen steel Warren truss spans (with one of those being the 306-foot (93 m) vertical-lift chorded Warren truss main span) carried on twelve piers. Total bridge length is 2,890 feet (880 m), including 441 feet (134 m) of concrete slab approach spans on the west end of the bridge. Upon completion, the Rio Vista bridge won an American Institute of Steel Construction class IV (movable bridges) prize bridge award in 1960.

The main lift span weighs 750 short tons (680 t), with an equal amount in counterweights, so the lift mechanism operates 1,500 short tons (1,400 t) using two 30-horsepower (22 kW) electric motors, one in each tower. In the event of electrical failure, backup electrical power is provided by a 167-horsepower (125 kW) diesel generator set. The main lift span can be raised to its full height in less than 90 seconds, although the total operating cycle can disrupt road traffic for 8–25 minutes. Clearance under the raised lift is 135 feet (41 m) to the highest anticipated water level, and the navigation channel is 270 feet (82 m) wide between the timber fenders protecting the tower piers. With the lift down, vertical clearance is only 18 feet (5.5 m).

### Construction 1943–1960

Less than thirty years after being completed, the eastern timber trestles of the 1919 bridge were in poor condition, and construction of replacement steel trusses began in 1943. Construction of the 1,300-foot (400 m) eastern steel truss section, consisting of seven 180-foot (55 m) truss spans, was completed in 1945 at a cost of US$730,000 (equivalent to $12,350,000 in 2023), and traffic was diverted from the timber trestles onto the steel trusses with a crossover. The US Corps of Engineers authorized replacement of the remaining portion of the bridge on 2 February 1950, with contracts awarded for US$960,000 (equivalent to $9,890,000 in 2023) to Lord and Bishop for the substructure and US$2,410,000 (equivalent to $24,820,000 in 2023) to Judson Pacific Murphy for the superstructure, with an additional US$124,000 (equivalent to $1,280,000 in 2023) contract to Pacific Murphy for the concrete slab approach spans.

The substructure was constructed from 4 April 1957 through 30 October 1958, and consists of the concrete piers and pilings. The first part of the superstructure erected was the east tower, which began on 4 December 1958. The superstructure was assembled in prefabricated segments at Pacific Murphy's Richmond yard and barged upstream to the construction site, where they were raised into place by a 100-short-ton (91 t) capacity barge crane. The sheaves at the top of each tower were lifted in place during high tides in order to reach the necessary height. The 1960 superstructure replacing the 1919 bascule bridge includes the four truss spans west of the main lift span and one truss span east of the main lift.

The construction of the bridge overlapped the planning process for the Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel. When plans for the Deep Water Channel were complete, the eastern truss section of the new bridge were already complete, and the Channel rerouted ship traffic from its then-current course near the western bank (through the 1919 bascule) to a point 575 feet (175 m) east. A new crossover from the 1919 bascule bridge to the 1945 steel truss spans was built to avoid interference with substructure construction, and after the new lift portion was built, another crossover was built to reroute road traffic from the 1919 bascule to the 1960 bridge. Once the new bridge was complete, removal of the old structure was completed by July 1960.

### 1967 *Ilice* crash

On 15 January 1967, the Italian freighter *Ilice* missed the raised draw while underway in heavy fog and crashed into the bridge just east of the draw, destroying an entire 144-foot (44 m), 400-short-ton (360 t)) truss span. No one was injured in the crash, although two youths who were stopped on the bridge while the freighter passed were tossed into the river and were subsequently rescued. Once *Ilice* was freed from the wreckage, she proceeded upriver to Sacramento to take on its scheduled load of rice. The remnants of the destroyed span were cut free from the bridge and dropped into the water. A temporary repair consisting of a steel trestle and two 72-foot (22 m) steel girders was erected after three weeks, with a ferry carrying traffic across the river while the temporary span was erected.

The *Marine Boss* crane barge, built for the heavy girder lifts during the construction of the 1967 San Mateo Bridge, erected a permanent 370-short-ton (340 t) replacement span (which included a 36-foot (11 m) cantilevered section to replace damage in the adjacent truss span) in June 1967 and removed both the wreckage from the original bridge and the temporary span at the same time.

### Renamed for Helen Madere

In 1998, the Rio Vista Bridge was officially designated the Helen Madere Memorial Bridge after Helen Madere, a former vice-mayor of Rio Vista who served as that city's representative to the Solano Transportation Authority. The legislative act also cited her instrumental role in improving driver safety on California State Route 12.

### Stuck

The bridge was raised to allow marine traffic to pass on July 7, 2012, and became stuck in that position for several hours due to a mechanical failure.

On August 9, 2018, the bridge again became stuck open for ten hours, until work crews were able to manually lower the draw. Marine traffic has the right-of-way, and the nearest detour around the bridge requires an additional 80 miles (130 km) of driving.

It was unable to be raised again until August 16, blocking marine shipments of rice and cement to the Port of West Sacramento. Caltrans made plans to manually raise and test the draw section after determining the motor gear box had failed, but warned motorists that repairs would take up to thirty days to complete, as the gearbox would need to be rebuilt in Alabama. The bridge was raised by hand, closing to road traffic overnight every few days to allow marine traffic to pass. Repairs to the bridge were completed on September 14.

## Proposed replacement

The bridge opened 200 times for ship traffic during peak months in 2004 (nearly seven times per day); peak queues reached 200 vehicles extending 0.75 miles (1.21 km) and caused travel delays of up to 30 minutes. With ship traffic projected to increase to require as many as 400 openings by 2035, and traffic on State Route 12 also projected to increase, the City of Rio Vista, the Solano Transportation Authority, and Caltrans have all studied potential replacements for the Helen Madere Bridge. Two goals were first, to remove the drawbridge or at least reduce the necessity of raising the bridge and second, to expand the existing roadway from two lanes to four.

The first study was performed from 1991 through 1994 at the request of the City of Rio Vista, which proposed eight alternatives for crossings at, north of and south of the current SR-12 alignment. Fixed high-level bridges of various designs would require longer approaches to accommodate the required height with reasonable road grades, and resulted in the proposed alternative crossings north and south of the existing SR-12 alignment. Both a mid-level moveable bridge (with approximately 50 feet (15 m) of clearance with the draw down) and tunnel crossings were proposed for the existing alignment, with the mid-level bridge being named the preferred alternative in 1992.

In 2010, the Solano Transportation Authority expanded on the 1991–94 studies by carefully considering a subset of the proposed alternative crossings, with the tunnel at the existing SR-12 alignment now becoming the preferred alternative. Rio Vista businesses along the existing SR-12 alignment urged no change to the route, worried that moving SR-12 traffic could result in business closures. One of the proposed measures to raise funds would have imposed a toll on the existing bridge, and was met with similar resistance.

Caltrans performed a 2012 study for the entire SR-12 corridor, which concluded the cost of a replacement high-level bridge would be close to US$1,000,000,000 (equivalent to $1,327,100,000 in 2023). Ultimately, the 2012 study concluded a fixed high-level bridge or a tunnel are the preferred alternatives to allow passage of both ship and road traffic, calling it "the single most important investment that can be made to improve SR-12." The City of Rio Vista dropped its support for the north (Airport Road) alternative alignment in 2012.

### Preservation project

Caltrans is undertaking a two-part preservation project for the bridge. The first part of this work, which involves cleaning and painting the bridge, is expected to complete in winter 2020 at a cost of $37.1 million. After the bridge has been repainted, the mechanical and electrical systems will be upgraded, starting in spring 2022, at an anticipated cost to range between $11.9 and $19.2 million.

## InfoBox

| Rio Vista Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| The Helen Madere Memorial Bridge crosses the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California. | |
| Coordinates | 38°09′31″N 121°41′02″W / 38.158713°N 121.683819°W / 38.158713; -121.683819 |
| Carries | 2 lanes of  SR 12 |
| Crosses | Sacramento River |
| Locale | Rio Vista, California, U.S. |
| Official name | Helen Madere Memorial Bridge |
| Named for | Helen Madere |
| Owner | Caltrans |
| NBI | 23 0024 |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Vertical-lift through-truss (Warren truss with verticals) |
| Total length | 2,890 feet (881 m), including 441-foot (134 m) concrete slab approach spans |
| Width | 26-foot (8 m) roadway with 4-foot (1 m) wide sidewalks on both sides |
| Longest span | 306-foot (93 m) lift span |
| No. of spans | 13 |
| Piers in water | 12 |
| Clearance above | minimum 15 feet (4.6 m) through truss |
| Clearance below | 135 feet (41 m) (drawbridge raised) |
| History | |
| Constructed by | Lord and Bishop (substructure) |
| Fabrication by | Judson Pacific Murphy (superstructure) |
| Construction start | * 2 April 1957 (substructure) * 24 April 1958 (superstructure) |
| Construction end | 30 October 1958 (substructure) |
| Construction cost | US$4,100,000 (equivalent to $42,230,000 in 2023) |
| Opened | 12 January 1946 (eastern steel truss)<br>1 April 1960 (western vertical-lift truss portion) |
| Replaces | 1919 composite bascule bridge |
| Statistics | |
| Daily traffic | 10,000 – 21,000 cars (2013) |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Marty O'Kane

abstract: Marty O'Kane played guitar for the rock band Spiraling from 2002-2008. In 2010, Marty played guitar in April Smith's Great Picture Show for the album Songs for a Sinking Ship. In 2012, Marty debuted his solo performance at Hoboken’s Northern Soul. Marty O'Kane currently resides in Hoboken, New Jersey.

text:
# Marty O'Kane

**Marty O'Kane** played guitar for the rock band Spiraling from 2002-2008. In 2010, Marty played guitar in April Smith's Great Picture Show for the album *Songs for a Sinking Ship.* In 2012, Marty debuted his solo performance at Hoboken’s Northern Soul. Marty O'Kane currently resides in Hoboken, New Jersey.

## Musical style

Playing instruments ranging from guitar, ukulele, accordion and sometimes bass with boyish Vocals, Marty's music is heavily influenced by Paul McCartney (Beatles) and Rush.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Marty O'Kane | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Folk rock, indie pop |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Labels | Independent |


title: Robert H. Ahmanson

abstract: Robert H. Ahmanson was an American businessman and philanthropist from Los Angeles, California. He was a corporate director of H.F. Ahmanson & Co. and served as the President of The Ahmanson Foundation from 1974 to 2007.

text:
# Robert H. Ahmanson

**Robert H. Ahmanson** (February 14, 1927  September 1, 2007) was an American businessman and philanthropist from Los Angeles, California. He was a corporate director of H.F. Ahmanson & Co. and served as the President of The Ahmanson Foundation from 1974 to 2007.

## Biography

### Early life

Robert H. Ahmanson was born on February 14, 1927, in Omaha, Nebraska. He graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1949. He had a brother, William H. Ahmanson. His father served as the President of the National American Insurance Co. of Omaha. His uncle, Howard F. Ahmanson, Sr., was the founder of H.F. Ahmanson & Co., an insurance and savings and loans corporation based in Los Angeles.

### Business career

He served on the Board of Directors of H.F. Ahmanson & Co. until 1995.

### Philanthropy

He served on the board of trustees of The Ahmanson Foundation from 1952 to 2007, and as its president from 1974 to 2007. He also served on the board of trustees of the Jules Stein Eye Institute and the Brain Mapping Medical Research Organization. Moreover, he served on the board of trustees of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA).

A supporter of education, he served on the board of trustees of the Marlborough School. Additionally, he served on the board of governors of the UCLA Foundation. He was a Fellow of the College of Letters & Science at UCLA and a recipient of the UCLA Medal. He was the recipient of honorary doctorates from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Pepperdine University, the Art Center College of Design and Creighton University.

### Personal life

He was married to Kathleen Ahmanson for fifty-two years. They had two sons, William Ahmanson and Robert Hayden Ahmanson, and a daughter, Karen Ahmanson Hoffman.

### Death

He died on September 1, 2007, in Los Angeles, California. He was buried in Omaha, Nebraska.

## Legacy

His son William H. Ahmanson serves as the President of The Ahmanson Foundation.

## InfoBox

| Pratibha | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September, 2007
Delhi, India |
| Died | September 11, 2007 (aged 80)
Delhi, India |
| Education | (School Student) |
| Occupation(s) | Study, arts |
| Spouse | Kathleen Ahmanson |
| Children | 3, including William Ahmanson |
| Relatives | William H. Ahmanson (brother)
Howard F. Ahmanson, Sr. (uncle)
Howard Ahmanson, Jr. (cousin) |


title: Zsolt Kojnok

abstract: Zsolt Kojnok is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays for Mezőkövesd.

text:
# Zsolt Kojnok

**Zsolt Kojnok** (born 15 February 2001) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays for Mezőkövesd.

## Career statistics

*As of 15 May 2022*.

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Fehérvár II | 2017-18 | Nemzeti Bajnokság III | 2 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 2 | 0 |
| | 2018-19 | | 16 | 2 |  | |  | |  | | 16 | 2 |
| | 2019-20 | | 18 | 1 |  | |  | |  | | 18 | 1 |
| | 2020-21 | | 27 | 2 |  | |  | |  | | 27 | 2 |
| | 2021-22 | | 7 | 2 |  | |  | |  | | 7 | 2 |
| | Total | | 70 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 70 | 7 |
| Fehérvár | 2021-22 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| | Total | | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Budaörs | 2021-22 | Nemzeti Bajnokság II | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  | 11 | 1 |
| | Total | | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 |
| Career total | | | 84 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 86 | 8 |

1. "Tick-tock Boom: bármikor berobbanhatnak – az NB I tehetségválogatottja".
2. Zsolt Kojnok at Soccerway
3. "Kojnok Zsolt (? 2001.02.15 - ) • Személyek • Magyarfutball.hu - a magyar labdarúgás adatbázisa". *www.magyarfutball.hu*.

## InfoBox

Zsolt Kojnok
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (2001-02-15) 15 February 2001 | | |
| Place of birth | Mór, Hungary | | |
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Right back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Mezőkövesd | | |
| Number | 29 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2006–2012 | Mór | | |
| 2012–2020 | Fehérvár | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2018–2023 | Fehérvár II | 70 | (7) |
| 2021–2023 | Fehérvár | 3 | (0) |
| 2022 | Budaörs (loan) | 11 | (1) |
| 2023– | Mezőkövesd | 15 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2017 | Hungary U-17 | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12 August 2024<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 15 November 2017 | | | |


title: Mohamed Bangura (boxer)

abstract: Mohamed Bangura is a former Olympic boxer from Sierra Leone. He represented his native country in the 1980 Summer Olympics, which were held in the Soviet Union capital of Moscow. He fought in the men's lightweight division and was defeated by eventual silver medal winner Viktor Demyanenko of the Soviet Union after disqualification in the second round.

text:
# Mohamed Bangura (boxer)

**Mohamed Bangura** (born January 1, 1959) is a former Olympic boxer from Sierra Leone. He represented his native country in the 1980 Summer Olympics, which were held in the Soviet Union capital of Moscow. He fought in the men's lightweight division and was defeated by eventual silver medal winner Viktor Demyanenko of the Soviet Union after disqualification in the second round.

## 1980 Olympic results

Below is the record of Mohamed Bangura, a lightweight boxer from Sierra Leone who competed at the 1980 Moscow Olympics:

* Round of 32: lost to Viktor Demyanenko (Soviet Union) by disqualification in the second round


title: Pendleton, Kentucky

abstract: Pendleton is an unincorporated community in Henry County, Kentucky, United States. The community is located along Kentucky Route 153 7.5 miles (12.1 km) west-northwest of New Castle. Pendleton has a post office with ZIP code 40055.

text:
# Pendleton, Kentucky

**Pendleton** is an unincorporated community in Henry County, Kentucky, United States. The community is located along Kentucky Route 153 7.5 miles (12.1 km) west-northwest of New Castle. Pendleton has a post office with ZIP code 40055.

## InfoBox

| Pendleton, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| PendletonPendleton | |
| Coordinates: 38°27′44″N 85°18′13″W / 38.46222°N 85.30361°W / 38.46222; -85.30361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Henry |
| Elevation | 853 ft (260 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 40055 |
| Area code | 502 |
| GNIS feature ID | 508798 |


title: Peddapur

abstract: Peddapur is a village in Koratla mandal of Jagtial district, Telangana.

text:
# Peddapur

**Peddapur** is a village in Koratla mandal of Jagtial district, Telangana.

## InfoBox

| Peddapur Peddapuram | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| PeddapurLocation in Telangana, India | |
| Coordinates: 18°48′30″N 78°39′18″E / 18.808331°N 78.655028°E / 18.808331; 78.655028 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| Region | Deccan Plateau |
| District | Jagitial |
| Talukas | Koratla |
| Government | |
| Member of Parliament | Madhu Goud Yaskhi |
| Member of the Legislative Assembly | VidhyaSagar Rao Kalvakuntla |
| Sarpanch | Peddapalli Sathya Sagar |
| Area | |
| Total | 16 km2 (6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 287 m (942 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 2,500 |
| Density | 160/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 505325 |
| Telephone code | 91-8725 |
| Vehicle registration | AP15 |
| Literacy | 60% |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Nizamabad |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Koratla |
| Avg. annual temperature | 32 °C (90 °F) |
| Avg. summer temperature | 40 °C (104 °F) |
| Avg. winter temperature | 20 °C (68 °F) |


title: Hananoiwaya Shrine

abstract: (Japanese: 花窟神社) Hananoiwaya Shrine is a Shinto shrine in the Arima neighborhood of the city of Kumano, Mie, Japan. It is a site of worship for the kami Izanami and Kagu-tsuchi. The shrine is the site of a cave, the Flower Cavern (花の窟), that is said to be the grave of Izanami. The cave is believed to mark the entrance to the underworld where Izanagi attempted to find Izanami after she died giving birth to Kagu-tsuchi. According to the Nihon Shoki, after Izanagi saw Izanami's rotting corpse, he sealed the entrance from the world of the living with a large boulder. In 2004, the shrine was registered as part of the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range by UNESCO.

text:
# Hananoiwaya Shrine

**Hananoiwaya Shrine** (Japanese: 花窟神社) is a Shinto shrine in the Arima neighborhood of the city of Kumano, Mie, Japan. It is a site of worship for the kami Izanami and Kagu-tsuchi. The shrine is the site of a cave, the Flower Cavern (花の窟), that is said to be the grave of Izanami. The cave is believed to mark the entrance to the underworld where Izanagi attempted to find Izanami after she died giving birth to Kagu-tsuchi. According to the *Nihon Shoki*, after Izanagi saw Izanami's rotting corpse, he sealed the entrance from the world of the living with a large boulder. In 2004, the shrine was registered as part of the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range by UNESCO.

## History

The shrine complex at Hananoiwaya Shrine dates back to the Paleolithic era and is described in the *Nihon Shoki*. The shrine is one of the oldest in Japan, although the exact date of its construction is unknown; the first written record of it dates back to 720 AD in the Nara period. The shrine area has no actual buildings that house the kami, but rather the object of veneration is the massive rock itself.

Hananoiwaya is not mentioned as a shrine in either the Kojiki or the Engishiki, but rather as the name of a cemetery. Hananoiwaya was given the status of a shrine during the Meiji period.

Hananoiwaya Shrine figures in both Shinto and Buddhist histories. The 10th century priest and poet Zōki, in his pilgrimage account *Ionushi* (庵主, The Master of the Hut), describes how the area around the cavern that was identified as the tomb of Izanami, as well as the cave itself, was full of buried sutras, in the belief that the texts will later rise up from the earth when Maitreya, the future Buddha, arrives. D. Max Moerman describes the sutra burials as a way of making the area sacred to both a Buddhist future and the Imperial House of Japan as the descendants of Izanami.

## Festivals

A 170-meter *shimenawa* (標縄), made by local citizens from seven intertwined ropes, is extended from a concrete pole (previously a sacred pine tree) and the 45-meter high rock face that blocks the entrance to the underworld. A rope-changing festival called *otsunakake shinji* (御綱掛け神事) is held semiannually, on February and October 2, following a sacred dance to the gods. If the rope does not give way during the pulling, it remains until it breaks - a rope that withstands is considered a sign of good luck and a new rope is placed alongside it. This festival has been designated as an Intangible Cultural Property of Mie Prefecture.

33°52′48″N 136°05′37″E / 33.880°N 136.0936°E / 33.880; 136.0936

## InfoBox

| Hananoiwaya Shrine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Shinto |
| Website | |
| https://hananoiwaya.com/index.html | |
| Glossary of Shinto | |


title: Mary Brydon

abstract: Mary Josephine Brydon, OBE, FRCN, is a British nurse who helped found the Norfolk Allergy Diagnostic and Advisory Service (NADAAS) and undertook a research project which demonstrated that there was a demand by both doctors and the public for this sort of service. Another research project in 1997 involved a review of 1,000 patients. She discovered that three quarters of patients with asthma also suffer from rhinitis. In 1992, she joined the management committee of the British Allergy Foundation and she has served as a member of the Board of Trustees, is on the Clinical Advisory Board, and is its Vice-President.

text:
# Mary Brydon

**Mary Josephine Brydon, OBE, FRCN**, is a British nurse who helped found the Norfolk Allergy Diagnostic and Advisory Service (NADAAS) and undertook a research project which demonstrated that there was a demand by both doctors and the public for this sort of service.

Another research project in 1997 involved a review of 1,000 patients. She discovered that three quarters of patients with asthma also suffer from rhinitis (which they developed first).  In 1992, she joined the management committee of the British Allergy Foundation (now known as Allergy UK) and she has served as a member of the Board of Trustees, is on the Clinical Advisory Board, and is its Vice-President.

## Honours and awards

She was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in 1998 for her contribution to managing allergy care and development of advanced nursing practice.

In 2000 she was awarded the OBE for her contribution and services to allergy and published the first book solely dedicated to skin prick testing in clinical practice.