title: Prešov railway station

abstract: Prešov railway station is a railway station in the city of Prešov in Prešov Region, third biggest city in Slovakia.

text:
# Prešov railway station

**Prešov railway station** (Slovak *Železničná stanica Prešov*) is a railway station in the city of Prešov in Prešov Region, third biggest city in Slovakia.

## Description

Station was opened in 1872. It serves daily connections of local and express trains in direction to Bratislava and Košice.

In 2007, building and platforms became completely reconstructed and the parking lot is also planned. The station also has a cash desk for the sale of national and international tickets, luggage storage, and there are several refreshment points, a restaurant and a waiting room.

## Sources

Media related to Prešov (train station) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Prešov railway station
*Železničná stanica Prešov* | |
| --- | --- |
| Prešov railway station – *Železničná stanica Prešov* | |
| General information | |
| Location | Železničná stanica
080 01 Prešov
Slovakia |
| Coordinates | 48°59′1″N 21°15′0″E / 48.98361°N 21.25000°E / 48.98361; 21.25000 |
| Owned by | Železnice Slovenskej republiky |
| Line(s) | Košice \- Plaveč \- Čirč \- Muszyna (188)
Prešov – Humenné (193)
Prešov – Bardejov (194) |
| Platforms | 3 |
| Train operators | Železničná spoločnosť Slovensko (ŽSSK) |
| Connections | Trolleybus and bus city public transport |
| History | |
| Opened | 12 March 1872 (1872-03-12) |
| Rebuilt | 1970s |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Prešov railway station
*Železničná stanica Prešov*Location within Slovakia | |


title: Wolffia brasiliensis

abstract: Wolffia brasiliensis is a species of flowering plant known by the common name Brazilian watermeal. It is native to North and South America, where it grows in mats on the surface of calm water bodies, such as ponds. It is a very small plant with no leaves, stems, or roots. The green part is up to 1.2 millimeters long with a flat surface with a bump in the center.

text:
# Wolffia brasiliensis

***Wolffia brasiliensis*** is a species of flowering plant known by the common name **Brazilian watermeal**. It is native to North and South America, where it grows in mats on the surface of calm water bodies, such as ponds. It is a very small plant with no leaves, stems, or roots. The green part is up to 1.2 millimeters long with a flat surface with a bump in the center.

## InfoBox

| Brazilian watermeal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Genus: | *Wolffia* |
| Species: | ***W. brasiliensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Wolffia brasiliensis***<br>Weddell | |
|


title: Rawtenstall railway station

abstract: Rawtenstall railway station serves the town of Rawtenstall in Lancashire, England, and is the northern terminus of the East Lancashire Railway. It was formerly on the national railway network on the line to Bacup as well as Bury and Manchester. The Association of Train Operating Companies have identified that the community of Rawtenstall on the East Lancashire Railway Heritage Railway could benefit from services connecting the station to the National Network.

text:
# Rawtenstall railway station

**Rawtenstall railway station** serves the town of Rawtenstall in Lancashire, England, and is the northern terminus of the East Lancashire Railway.

It was formerly on the national railway network on the line to Bacup as well as Bury and Manchester.

The Association of Train Operating Companies have identified that the community of Rawtenstall on the East Lancashire Railway Heritage Railway could benefit from services connecting the station to the National Network.

## History

The current railway station opened in 1846 as part of a line from Clifton Junction built by the East Lancashire Railway (later incorporated into the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway). The line reached Waterfoot in 1848 and Bacup in 1852.

For most of its life the station was on a through route for passenger services between Manchester and Bacup via Bury. After being listed for closure under the Beeching Axe passenger and goods services to Bacup were withdrawn on 3 December 1966 (up to the last day services were regular at least every half an hour, every fifteen minutes at peak times and on Saturdays) and passenger services to Bury on 3 June 1972. Freight services to the British Fuel Company's coal concentration depot continued until 4 December 1980 when British Rail abruptly discontinued them, stating that the 14,000 tonnes of coal handled was far less than when the depot had been opened and the decline was mainly due to householders switching to other types of fuel. Closure came as a surprise to local councils which had been planning to transform Fernhill depot, alongside the Bury line, into a rail-served waste disposal facility capable of dealing with 600 tonnes per day by 1984. The coal depot at Rawtenstall would remain open to be served by road from rail-linked depots at Blackburn, Burnley and Chadderton.

The station was subsequently rescued and saved in 1987 by the then newly re-opened East Lancashire Railway.

## The railway station today

The station has been extensively rebuilt by the East Lancashire Railway, as nothing was left of the original buildings at closure. Part of the current station building lies across the former route on towards Bacup. The station has a ticket office and waiting room in the main building. The waiting room contains replicas of an original fireplace and original seats. The waiting room recently went through a restoration project, to make the station as original as possible. The ticket office is in the centre of the station.

Along the platform there is also a small wooden waiting shelter.

There are two platform faces, however only the main one is available for regular passenger services owing to the limitations of the signalling currently provided.

The East Lancashire Railway operates every weekend throughout the year and Wednesdays, Thursdays & Fridays between Easter and the end of September. It offers a "local residents discount card" but does not claim to offer a true public transport facility.

## Services

| Preceding station | Heritage railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irwell Vale |  | East Lancashire Railway |  | *Terminus* |
|  | Disused railways | | |  |
| Ewood Bridge and Edenfield |  | Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
Rawtenstall to Bacup Line |  | Clough Fold |

* Lost Railways of Lancashire by Gordon Suggitt (ISBN 1-85306-801-2)

53°41′56″N 2°17′32″W / 53.69883°N 2.29228°W / 53.69883; -2.29228

## InfoBox

| Rawtenstall | |
| --- | --- |
| Station on heritage railway | |
| Rawtenstall railway station in 2007 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Rawtenstall, Lancashire
England |
| Grid reference | SD809225 |
| Managed by | East Lancashire Railway |
| Platforms | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1846
Closed for passengers 1972
closed for freight 1980
Reopened 1991 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Mary Macdonald

abstract: Dame Mary Beaton Macdonald is a British schoolteacher and former headmistress who was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2005 for her work turning around the failing Riverside Community Primary School in North Shields, Tyneside, where she spent thirteen years.

text:
# Mary Macdonald

**Dame Mary Beaton Macdonald** DBE (born 29 July 1950; née **Skinner**) is a British schoolteacher and former headmistress who was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2005 for her work turning around the failing Riverside Community Primary School in North Shields, Tyneside, where she spent thirteen years.

## False Allegations

In 2005, the same year she was knighted, Dame Mary was falsely accused of assaulting a pupil at an assembly rehearsal.

> Two mothers turned up, obviously very angry, and one of them accused me of slapping her child… Obviously I quickly denied it; it was too ridiculous for words. I hardly knew the child or the parent. It was a child in our early years section. I didn't know anything about the incident - I hadn't been anywhere near the early years area during the practice assembly, which is when the parent said something had happened. It appeared that the child had behaved badly and lashed out at other pupils and staff. A nursery nurse had held her on her knee throughout the rehearsal to keep her under control. "I think this mother was annoyed that someone had seen fit to discipline her daughter and she was determined to make trouble for the school", according to Dame Mary.

The two mothers refused to leave until they learned the police were on their way. The police and the Local Education Authority (LEA) completely exonerated Dame Mary. Outlandish rumours and innuendo began circulating that Dame Mary had kicked the child all around the school hall. Some of these were overheard by a bureaucrat who reported the hearsay to another division of the police. Soon, calls for her resignation were being made. Ultimately, dame Mary was found to be totally innocent.

Dame Mary holds that schools should have the right to sue parents who make false allegations against staff and to exclude pupils who do the same. She has worked with the local authority to improve protection for teachers.

1. *Times Online* coverage of scandal, timesonline.co.uk; accessed 8 April 2016.
2. "Teachers say greedy lawyers promote false abuse claim", familieslink.co.uk, 5 May 2007.
3. Coverage of Dame Mary's damehood, bbc.co.uk; accessed 8 April 2016.


title: María (EP)

abstract: María is the debut extended play by South Korean singer and Mamamoo member Hwasa. It was released on June 29, 2020, through RBW. The EP was supported by two singles: the lead single "Twit", which reached number one in South Korea, and the title track "María". For María, Hwasa recorded five new tracks including two collaborations: "Kidding" prod. by rapper Zico and "I'm Bad Too" featuring DPR Live. The album was co-written and produced by Hwasa alongside Park Woo-sang. She stated that the album "is like a diary that contains the emotions she felt as a 24-year-old".

text:
# María (EP)

***María*** is the debut extended play by South Korean singer and Mamamoo member Hwasa. It was released on June 29, 2020, through RBW. The EP was supported by two singles: the lead single "Twit", which reached number one in South Korea, and the title track "María". For María, Hwasa recorded five new tracks including two collaborations: "Kidding" prod. by rapper Zico and "I'm Bad Too" featuring DPR Live. The album was co-written and produced by Hwasa alongside Park Woo-sang. She stated that the album "is like a diary that contains the emotions she felt as a 24-year-old".

## Background and release

In February 2019, Hwasa made her debut as a solo artist with the digital single "Twit", which she co-wrote and co-composed. The song was a commercial success; topping the Gaon digital, download and streaming charts in South Korea, achieving a "Triple Crown".

On June 15 at midnight KST, Hwasa revealed the first teaser image for the album along with the release date. It was also revealed that the EP and title track would be titled "María" (which refers to her baptismal name). On June 16, a video introduction titled "Nobody Else" was released in which she is shown in different locations as she tells a story in a voiceover. On June 22, the track list for *María* was shared, containing seven songs, including the title track "María", the previous single "Twit" and a new song produced by Zico titled "Kidding". It also contains a song featuring rapper DPR Live called "I'm Bad Too".

## Music and composition

> "I don't think I've ever worked so passionately on something before. I loved it so much to the point that it hurt. Due to that, I think this album will remain in my memory for a long time."

\- Hwasa discussing the making of *María*

At seven tracks, *María* is the longest EP in Hwasa's catalogue. Musically, the album is a K-pop record that contains influences of dance, R&B and Latin pop. The lead single of the same name was composed by Hwasa, with her working with producer Park Woo-sang and shows her growth as a singer-songwriter. Hwasa also wrote the lyrics for "LMM" and composed "Why".

The opening track of the album, "Intro: Nobody Else", is a song with profound lyrics against a dramatic soft piano and synth melody convey how sometimes behind a dazzling demeanor, dark thoughts still hide and play on a person's mind. Co-composed by Hwasa and producer Park Woosang, “María” combines elements of trap and synth with an upbeat Latin pop section over the bridge, which makes a slightly strange segue into a ballad-y string section. The lyrics describe the struggles that come with fame, outlining the emotions that need to be suppressed and the effect being in the public eye has on one's mental health. Produced by Zico, "Kidding" is a song with a "playful R&B melody" that gives the song a bit of a 90s personality. The song tells the story of an unfaithful lover. "Why" is a dynamic contemporary ballad with a trap synth beat. The song is about an unrequited love. Hwasa's collaboration with DPR Live, "I'm Bad Too," is a dynamic song that features R&B and Latin influences. Hwasa wrote the song about her friendship with DPR Live. "LMM" is a "soul stirring track" with an orchestral tone, piano and violin based melody. The final track, "Twit," is a bouncing pop melody that features chirpy trap beats and tropical house elements as the artist switches between chanting raps and her soaring, powerful vocals. The song was co-written and co-produced by Hwasa with Dohun Kim and Woosang Park.

## Promotion

### Singles

"Twit" was released on February 13, 2019, as a pre-release single. The music video was directed by Park Sangwon. The single peaked at number one on South Korea's Gaon digital, download and streaming charts. The song also debuted at number three on the US World Digital Song Sales chart and at number 23 on New Zealand's Hot Singles chart. Hwasa performed the song on several music programs in South Korea including *Show! Music Core*, *Music Bank*, *Inkigayo*, and *M Countdown*. "Twit" later won first place at MBC's *Show! Music Core* on March 2 and March 16. On the same day as the single's release, the music video of the song was released on YouTube to both Mamamoo's official channel and the 1theK distribution channel. As of December 30, 2022, the music video has 136 million views combined on both channels.

"María" was released as the EP's second single on June 29, 2020. The music video was directed by Beomjin J of VM Project Architecture. The single debuted at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart, later peaking at number two, and at number six on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart. The music video, posted simultaneously to Mamamoo's YouTube channel and 1theK, has over 305 million views as of December 30, 2022.

## Commercial performance

*María* debuted and peaked at number five on the Gaon Album Chart for the 30th week of 2020. It placed at number 18 for the month of June, selling over 47,000 copies that month. The EP also debuted at number seven on the *Billboard* World Albums and 81 on *Billboard* Top Current Albums Sales charts for the week of July 11, 2020.

## Accolades

Year-end lists
| Critic/Publication | List | Song | Rank | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *MTV News* | The Best K-POP B-sides of 2020 | "LMM" | 8 |  |
|

## Track listing

*María* track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro: Nobody Else" | Park Woosang | Park Woosang | Park Woosang | 1:57 |
| 2. | "María" (마리아) | * Park Woosang * Hwasa | * Park Woosang * Hwasa | Park Woosang | 3:19 |
| 3. | "Kidding" (prod. Zico) |  | * Zico * Hwasa * Poptime | * Zico * Poptime | 2:45 |
| 4. | "Why" | * Hwasa * Cosmic Sound * Cosmic Girl | * Cosmic Sound * Cosmic Girl | * Cosmic Sound * Cosmic Girl | 3:21 |
| 5. | "I'm Bad Too" (featuring DPR Live) | * Park Woosang * DPR Live | * Park Woosang | Park Woosang | 2:12 |
| 6. | "LMM" | * Hwasa * Park Woosang | * Hwasa * Park Woosang | Park Woosang | 4:41 |
| 7. | "Twit" (멍청이) | * Kim Dohoon * Park Woosang * Hwasa | * Kim Dohoon * Park Woosang * Hwasa | * Kim Dohoon * Park Woosang | 3:10 |
| Total length: | | | | | 21:31 |

## Charts

### Charts

Sales chart performance for *María*
| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| South Korean Albums (Gaon) | 5 |
| US Top Current Album Sales (*Billboard*) | 81 |
| US World Albums (*Billboard*) | 7 |

## Release history

Release formats for *María*
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| South Korea | June 29, 2020 | CD, digital download, streaming | RBW |  |
| | | | | Various |

## InfoBox

| María | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Hwasa | |
| Released | June 29, 2020 (2020-06-29) |
| Recorded | 2018–2020 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 21:25 |
| Language | * Korean * English |
| Label | RBW |
| Producer |  |
| Hwasa chronology | |
| ***María***
(2020) *Guilty Pleasure*
(2021) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *María* | |
| 1. "Twit"
Released: February 13, 2019 2. "María"
Released: June 29, 2020 | |
|  | |


title: Weeton, East Riding of Yorkshire

abstract: Weeton is a hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, in an area known as Holderness. It is situated approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) south-east of the village of Welwick on the B1445 road from Patrington to Easington. It forms part of the civil parish of Welwick.

text:
# Weeton, East Riding of Yorkshire

**Weeton** is a hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, in an area known as Holderness. It is situated approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) south-east of the village of Welwick on the B1445 road from Patrington to Easington.

It forms part of the civil parish of Welwick.

* *Gazetteer  AZ of Towns Villages and Hamlets*. East Riding of Yorkshire Council. 2006. p. 11.

## InfoBox

| Weeton | |
| --- | --- |
| Weeton village centre | |
| WeetonLocation within the East Riding of Yorkshire | |
| OS grid reference | TA355202 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | HULL |
| Postcode district | HU12 |
| Dialling code | 01964 |
|  | |
| Police | Humberside |
| Fire | Humberside |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Oh L'amour

abstract: "Oh L'amour" is a song by English synth-pop duo Erasure, released in April 1986 as their third single. Written by Erasure members Vince Clarke and Andy Bell, it is a lament from someone experiencing unrequited love. The song is an uptempo, synth-pop dance track and its popularity was further fueled in dance clubs by the "Funky Sisters Remix", which appeared on the UK 12-inch single and as a bonus track on the US edition of Erasure's debut album, Wonderland (1986). A different mix of the song was submitted for the single release, adding new instrumentation and extra sounds. This version appears on all of the band's compilation albums. A version of the 12" single was included with early copies of the debut LP Wonderland. One of the B-sides is a cover version of "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!", the first time Erasure covered a song from the ABBA songbook. It was issued by Mute Records in the UK and Sire Records in the US to herald the June release of Wonderland, but became the third consecutive commercial failure for the band in both territories. Despite its low chart placement, "Oh L'amour" has proven to be one of Erasure's signature songs, due to its popularity in dance clubs. It remains a favourite among fans, particularly when performed live. In 2003, the song was remixed and released as a single again to promote the greatest hits package Hits! The Very Best of Erasure. In its remixed form, the song became a UK Top 20 hit, peaking at number 13 in autumn 2003. The original artwork of the "Oh L'amour" single featured illustrations from The Railway Series of characters Percy, Rheneas, Agnes, Ruth, Jemima, Lucy, and Beatrice. As permission had not been given, this cover was withdrawn and replaced with a plain black cover with only the title and band name.

text:
# Oh L'amour

"**Oh L'amour**" is a song by English synth-pop duo Erasure, released in April 1986 as their third single. Written by Erasure members Vince Clarke and Andy Bell, it is a lament from someone experiencing unrequited love. The song is an uptempo, synth-pop dance track and its popularity was further fueled in dance clubs by the "Funky Sisters Remix", which appeared on the UK 12-inch single and as a bonus track on the US edition of Erasure's debut album, *Wonderland* (1986). A different mix of the song was submitted for the single release, adding new instrumentation and extra sounds. This version appears on all of the band's compilation albums. A version of the 12" single was included with early copies of the debut LP *Wonderland*. One of the B-sides is a cover version of "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)", the first time Erasure covered a song from the ABBA songbook. It was issued by Mute Records in the UK and Sire Records in the US to herald the June release of *Wonderland*, but became the third consecutive commercial failure for the band in both territories. Despite its low chart placement, "Oh L'amour" has proven to be one of Erasure's signature songs, due to its popularity in dance clubs. It remains a favourite among fans, particularly when performed live.

In 2003, the song was remixed and released as a single again to promote the greatest hits package *Hits! The Very Best of Erasure*. In its remixed form, the song became a UK Top 20 hit, peaking at number 13 in autumn 2003. The original artwork of the "Oh L'amour" single featured illustrations from *The Railway Series* of characters Percy, Rheneas, Agnes, Ruth, Jemima, Lucy, and Beatrice. As permission had not been given, this cover was withdrawn and replaced with a plain black cover with only the title and band name.

## Critical reception

Ned Raggett from AllMusic wrote, "A lovely a cappella opening and instantly catchy hook, not to mention sprightly performances from Clarke and Bell both (the latter wisely undersings rather than pushing the flamboyance, letting loose more on the chorus), ensured its classic status." He also called it "brilliant", noting the "soothing jump" of the song. Everett True from *Melody Maker* stated that "it takes some kind of fool genius to create *fast* songs of the scope and emotional rush" of the "dramatic" "Oh L'amour". Chris Gerard from *Metro Weekly* complimented it as "the first truly great Erasure single" and "an infectious dance/pop classic". Darren Lee from *The Quietus* noted the "effete hormonal cravings" of the song, praising it as one of "the most gloriously effervescent pop anthems ever recorded".

## Chart performance

In 1986, "Oh L'amour" climbed to number 85 on the UK Singles Chart and became Erasure's first big hit in South Africa (number two), Germany (number 16), Australia (number 13), and their sole hit in France (number 14). In the United States, the song's biggest impact was on the *Billboard* Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, where it hit number three on 26 July 1986.

## Track listings

## Charts

### August Mix (2003)

| Chart (2003) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Denmark (Danish Singles Chart) | 7 |
| UK Singles (Official Charts Company) | 13 |
| US *Billboard* Hot Dance Singles Sales | 10 |

## Dollar version

| "O L'amour" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Dollar | |
| B-side | "B-Beat" |
| Released | 1987 |
| Genre | Synth-pop |
| Length | 3:02 |
| Label | London |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | The Extra Beat Boys |
| Dollar singles chronology | |
| "Haven't We Said Goodbye Before"
(1986) "**O L'amour**"
(1987) "It's Nature's Way (No Problem)"
(1988) | |

In 1987, British pop duo Dollar released a cover version retitled "O L'amour". Chart-wise, this version was more successful in the UK as it reached No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart, with a total of 11 weeks on the chart, and No. 4 in Ireland. It also reached No. 27 in Germany. The single was the duo's last major hit.

It was sampled by electronic duo Orbital on their track "Style", which appeared on the 1999 album *The Middle of Nowhere*.

### Track listing

* **UK 12" single**

A. "O L'amour" B1. "B-Beat" B2. "Who Were You With in the Moonlight" * **UK 7" single**

1. "O L'amour"
2. "B-Beat"

## Other versions

* A Hi-NRG/Eurotrance cover of the song by Spellbound, featuring Deejé, was released in 2000.
* A cover version by DJ Dero, featuring Alejandro Sergi (of the Argentine electropop band Miranda!), was recorded in 2007 and included on the dance music compilation *Verano 2008*.
* A cover version by Czech singer Petr Muk (alongside cover versions of "Love to Hate You", "Ship of Fools", "Stop!", and "Sometimes", all with Czech lyrics) was included on his EP *Oh L'amour*, released in 2004.

## InfoBox

| "Oh L'amour" | |
| --- | --- |
| Original 1986 single cover | |
| Single by Erasure | |
| from the album  *Wonderland* | |
| B-side |  |
| Released | * 21 April 1986 (original version) * 13 October 2003 (remix) |
| Recorded | 1985 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:07 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Flood |
| Erasure singles chronology | |
| "Heavenly Action"
(1985) "**Oh L'amour**"
(1986) "Sometimes"
(1986) | |
|  | |
| Erasure singles chronology | |
| "Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)"
(2003) "**Oh L'amour**" (August Mix)
(2003) "Breathe"
(2005) | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Revised 1986 single cover | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| 2003 remix single cover | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Oh L'amour" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: F. Elrington Ball

abstract: Francis Elrington Ball, known as F. Elrington Ball (1863–1928), was an Irish author and legal historian, best known for his work The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921 (1926).

text:
# F. Elrington Ball

**Francis Elrington Ball**, known as **F. Elrington Ball** (1863–1928), was an Irish author and legal historian, best known for his work *The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921* (1926).

## Life

A younger son of John Thomas Ball (1815 to 1898), the Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1875 to 1880, and his wife Catherine Elrington, daughter of Charles Richard Elrington, Ball was unsuccessful in seeking election (as a Unionist) to Parliament at the 1900 general election in South Dublin, although the split in the Unionist vote did manage to unseat the more moderate Unionist sitting MP, Horace Plunkett. His father had represented Dublin University in Parliament from 1868 to 1875.

Ball is, however, best known for his scholarship, particularly for his work on Swift, the local history of Dublin and on the history of the judiciary in Ireland from 1221 to 1921. The destruction of the Four Courts in 1922, during the Civil War, and of the public records and legal archives it contained (especially those of the Irish Public Records Office) made Ball's prior research into the history of the Irish judiciary up to 1921 particularly valuable to later scholars. The review published in the *Irish Law Times & Solicitors' Journal* described it as "a truly marvellous condensation of judicial history involving the exhaustive study of a long period, the earlier part of which was hitherto obscure." The same review characterised Ball as "a writer of great care and accuracy, whose work is always characterised by minute and diligent research."

Ball was also a governor of the Blue Coat School, Oxmantown, Dublin. He lived for many years on Booterstown Avenue, Blackrock, County Dublin. As a staunch Unionist, he was strongly opposed to the Irish War of Independence, and, in 1920, he moved to England, where he spent his last years, although at the time of his death he was visiting Dublin. He married Florence Hamilton, who died in 1913; they had no children.

## Works as author

* Ball, F Elrington; Hamilton, Everard (1895). *The parish of Taney : a history of Dundrum, near Dublin, and its neighbourhood*. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis & Co. Retrieved 24 June 2017  via Internet Archive.
* Ball, F Elrington (1903). *Some notes on the Irish judiciary ... 1660–1685*. Cork: Cork Hist. and Arch. Soc.
* Ball, F Elrington (1904). *Some notes on the judges of Ireland, 1739*. Dublin: Roy. Soc. of Antiq. of Ireland.

* Ball, F Elrington (1907). *The Vicinity of the International Exhibition Dublin: an historical sketch of the Pembroke township*. Dublin: Alex. Thom & Co.

## Works as editor

* Swift, Jonathan (1910). F. Elrington Ball (ed.). *The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, Vol. 1 (1690–1712)*. London: G. Bell & Sons.

* Swift, Jonathan (1911).  (ed.). *The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, Vol. 2 (1713–1717)*. London: G. Bell & Sons.

* Butler, James (1st duke of Ormonde) (1911). Caesar Litton Falkiner;  (eds.). *Calendar of the manuscripts of the Marquess of Ormonde, K. P., preserved at Kilkenny castle. New series Vol 6*. London: HMSO. Cd. 5288.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

* Swift, Jonathan (1912).  (ed.). *The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, Vol. 1 (1718–1727)*. London: G. Bell & Sons.

* Butler, James (1st duke of Ormonde) (1912).  (ed.). *Calendar of the manuscripts of the Marquess of Ormonde, K. P., preserved at Kilkenny castle. New series Vol 7*. London: HMSO. Cd. 6255.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

* Swift, Jonathan (1913).  (ed.). *The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, Vol. 4 (1727–1733)*. London: G. Bell & Sons.

* Swift, Jonathan (1913).  (ed.). *The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, Vol. 5 (1733–1737)*. London: G. Bell & Sons.

* Swift, Jonathan (1914).  (ed.). *The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, Vol. 6 (1737–1744)*. London: G. Bell & Sons.

* Butler, James (2nd duke of Ormonde) (1920).  (ed.). *Calendar of the manuscripts of the Marquess of Ormonde, K. P., preserved at Kilkenny castle. New series Vol 8*. London: HMSO. Cmd. 284.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)


title: Grace and Thomaston Buildings

abstract: Grace and Thomaston Buildings are two historic commercial buildings located at Great Neck Plaza in Nassau County, New York. The Grace Building was built in 1914 and the Thomaston Building in 1926. They were both built by the W. R. Grace and Company.

text:
# Grace and Thomaston Buildings

**Grace and Thomaston Buildings** are two historic commercial buildings located at Great Neck Plaza in Nassau County, New York. The Grace Building was built in 1914 and the Thomaston Building in 1926. They were both built by the W. R. Grace and Company.

## Grace Building

The Grace Building, located at 11 Middle Neck Road, is a massive 3+12-story brick building shaped like a chevron. It originally housed stores, offices, and apartments. It features a large octagonal tower at its central point and decorative wrought iron balconies adorn several windows.

## Thomaston Building

The Thomaston Building, located at 8 Bond Street, is a 3+12-story brick building that originally served as headquarters for W. R. Grace Company's real estate operations. It features a slate covered gable roof.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 14, 1978.

The Thomaston Building currently contains 25,000 square feet of space, with 15 office spaces and 2 sidewalk-level restaurants. A 1981 basement-to-rooftop restoration effort fully modernized the building with contemporary amenities, energy efficiencies and private marble bathrooms. Management-sponsored programs such as 8at8, a tenant business networking and education group, help build community and offer business development skills. Unusually, some of the offices feature residential accommodation.

The name of the building is attributed to Thomaston, Maine, the hometown of Lillius Gilchrist, wife of William Russell Grace, future mayor of New York and founder of W. R. Grace and Company.

### Architecture and design

The Thomaston Building was designed by James O’Connor and constructed in the Station Plaza neighborhood of Great Neck, near the company's global headquarters at 11 Middle Neck Road, also an O’Connor project. A four-story brick mews in Georgian Revival style, the structure's distinguishing characteristics include a cross-gabled roof, period showroom windows, round oculus windows and iron-tinted brickwork. Above the first story, a wood belt course with dentil molding separates the floors. On permanent display is a private collection of historic American flags and replicas. In 1978 it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a local historic landmark by the Village of Great Neck Plaza.

### History

The building was commissioned by the W. R. Grace Company and built in 1926 to house its international real estate operations. W. R. Grace occupied both buildings until 1971, when it moved to Manhattan. For much of that decade the Thomaston Building housed a multi-vendor ground floor mall, while leasing the space above to private tenants and the Village of Great Neck Plaza, which used the building as its city hall. In 1976 the building was bought by Great Neck realtor Sidney Berg, who preserved the building's facade as part of a downtown beautification campaign. In 1981 the building was bought by an ownership group headed by Patrick Silberstein. Silberstein oversaw a complete restoration, with particular focus on historic preservation and use of authentic building materials. During this restoration the building was fitted with a greener energy system.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Grace and Thomaston Buildings | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Grace and Thomaston Buildings as seen from near the corner of Middle Neck Road and Cutter Mill Road. | |
|  | |
| Location | 11 Middle Neck Rd.,
8 Bond St.,
Great Neck Plaza, New York |
| Coordinates | 40°47′15″N 73°43′40″W / 40.78750°N 73.72778°W / 40.78750; -73.72778 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1914 |
| Architect | O'Connor, James W. |
| NRHP reference No. | 78001865 |
| Added to NRHP | December 14, 1978 |


title: Prežihov Voranc

abstract: Prežihov Voranc was the pen name of Lovro Kuhar, a Slovene writer and communist political activist. Voranc's literary reputation was established during the 1930s with a series of Slovene novels and short stories in the social realist style, notable for their depictions of poverty in rural and industrial areas of Slovenia. His most important novels are Požganica (1939) and Doberdob (1940).

text:
# Prežihov Voranc

**Prežihov Voranc** (10 August 1893 – 18 February 1950) was the pen name of **Lovro Kuhar**, a Slovene writer and communist political activist. Voranc's literary reputation was established during the 1930s with a series of Slovene novels and short stories in the social realist style, notable for their depictions of poverty in rural and industrial areas of Slovenia. His most important novels are *Požganica* (1939) and *Doberdob* (1940).

## Biography

### Formative years

Prežihov Voranc was baptized *Laurentius Kuhar* in Podgora near Kotlje, a Slovene-speaking village in Carinthia, then part of Austria-Hungary. He was the son of tenant farmers who later acquired their own land. His younger brother, Alojzij Kuhar, became a renowned liberal conservative politician and historian. His pen name is a typical folk formulation derived from the oeconym of the farm the family lived on (the Prežih farm) plus the Carninthian dialect form of the name *Lovrenc* (or *Lovro*); thus, *Prežihov Voranc* literally means 'Lovro from the Prežih farm'.

The steep mountain slopes of his homeland were hard to farm, and Voranc consistently returned to his childhood of drudgery and fortitude. He received little formal education beyond primary (elementary) school and later a course in co-operative management. He was, however, a man who wished to educate himself and for much of his life he self studied and read voraciously.

In 1909, Voranc's first published work appeared in the Slovene magazine *Domači Prijatelj*, edited by the writer Zofka Kveder. It was the first of many short stories for the magazine usually depicting the lives of farm labourers and rural characters from his Carinthian homeland. Between 1911 and 1912, Voranc spent time in Trieste where he became more political aware writing of the travails of social misfits and unemployed drifters for the Social-Democrat newspaper *Zarja*.

### Service in World War I

At the outbreak of World War I, he was immediately drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army. He saw action and was captured in 1916 spending the remainder of the war in POW camps in Italy. As a soldier he continued writing often about the psychology of soldiers in warfare drawing on his surroundings and depicting the lives of the soldiers that he knew and with whom he had fought.

### Political activism

Voranc was released in 1919 and returned to a Carinthia that was in political and cultural ferment. He took a job in the offices of a workers' co-operative at the steelworks in Guštajn. He became increasingly radicalized and a supporter of Carinthian political integration into the newly formed Yugoslav state. He continued to write, and in 1925 he published his first short story *Povesti*. It was not especially well received by the intelligentsia in Ljubljana; one review dismissed the work as by "talented proletarian, a self-taught writer." Nevertheless, it contains "elements that were later to develop into his highly acclaimed style."

In 1930 his political activism and Communist sympathies resulted in a threat of arrest and Voranc absented himself from Carinthia and moved to Vienna and from there, Prague in 1931 and hence to Berlin in 1932. What appears to have been a period of instability in his life was also a period of active collaboration with other socialists in Europe and during the early thirties he also visited Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Norway, and France. He edited the magazine *Delo* in Vienna from 1932 to 1934 but fell foul of the Austrian authorities, who imprisoned him in 1937. In the years immediately before the Second World War Voranc was working in Paris as a librarian mixing with other political emigres.

### Sodobnost

In 1933, a new left-wing literary review was founded in Slovenia, called *Sodobnost*, propagating socialist views. Voranc' themes of social realism quickly found favor with the new review's editors, Josip Vidmar, Fran Albreht and Ferdo Kozak. The changing socio-economic conditions of the 1930s necessitated writers who could convey social realism, who could argue and inform and represent the lives of working-class people . Voranc' contributions to Sodobnost established his literary reputation when he was already in his forties. His first story *Boj na požiralniku*, (in 1982 made into a film of the same title) exhibits Voranc's unique style: realistic events of Slovenian life are described within the context of an impressionistic landscape. The characters are as large as the landscape in which they live and their language in vernacular and realistic. The story focuses on a downtrodden family who are in part despised by their better off neighbors, one of whom describes then as ‘polecats’. The family exists on the margins of Slovenian society, toiling the land in an endless fight for survival which some of them fail to achieve. Voranc depicts death and children fighting to survive into adulthood. *Boj na požiralniku* caused a literary sensation and five more stories followed in the years 1935 to 39 which were later collected together as *Samorastniki*. All deal with peasants lives in the Carinthian mountains, a region that had rarely featured in Slovene literature. The characters speak in the vernacular of the region, they are possessed of a resilient fortitude against the strife of their lives and whilst they are often overly superstitious, egotistical and obdurate Voranc also records them as: faithful, brave, honest and possessing of a religious faith that is true and sincere.

In 1939, *Sodobnost* published a collection of Prežihov Voranc's works under the title *Samorastniki*. It included *Ljubezen na odoru* (Passion Above the Precipice) and *Vodnjak* (The Self-Sown), available in English translations. Voranc left Paris and returned swiftly to Slovenia upon the outbreak of war living in Ljubljana and then in Mokronog. Upon his return he worked on an unfinished novel *Požganica* that had been started whilst he was in prison in Vienna.The novel set against the background of the end of the Great War is one of his most politically dogmatic and according to one critic 'marred by some overly naturalistic scenes, by over simplification of some characters and by political preaching' .

### Later novels

His novel *Doberdob*, which was published in 1941, had already had a checkered past, with the first two manuscripts seized or stolen. The third version is mostly a string of anecdotes and meditations on the lives of the Slovenes. It is a fiercely nationalistic novel surrounding the Battle of Doberdò. Doberdò has become the central symbolic place of the Slovene victims of World War I in part because of Voranc's novel. His third novel, *Jamnica*, is set in a rural Carinthian village between the two wars at a period when the values of rural society are being challenged by increasing industrialization. It remained unpublished until 1946.

### Axis annexation and the "cultural silence"

In April 1941, following the invasion of Yugoslavia, Nazi Germany annexed northern Slovenia, while Ljubljana and Mokronog were annexed by the Italian troops (and then occupied in 1943 by the Germans). Voranc feared for his life and left Slovenia once again for the Croatian capital Zagreb and then to the Bosnian countryside. However, he seems to have had a change of heart and decided to return to Ljubljana for the duration of the war. He did not join the resistance movement, but on 11 September he met clandestinely with other writers to proclaim the self-imposed "cultural silence," which prohibited publication, exhibitions, and performances by Slovene artists for the duration of the war.

As a suspected communist sympathizer, Voranc was arrested in January 1943 and transported to the Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camps. He returned to Ljubljana at the end of the war sick and depressed and unable to communicate with his family and comrades. He returned to his native village in Carinthia, where he ceased political activity and removed himself from the political actualities of the newly formed communist Yugoslavia. He worked on *Solzice*, a historical novel that remained unfinished at the time of his death in Maribor in 1950.

## Themes in Voranc's writings

As a child and youth, Voranc experienced first hand the back-breaking drudgery of farming steep mountain slopes, and the theme of the farmer fighting the unyielding soil is recurrent in much of his writing. The mountains of Carinthia and the working-class people within them remained at the heart of Voranc's philosophical work. The beauty of the scenery is conveyed against the backdrop of shared toil and camaraderie. Voranc was drawn to the unfortunate and unjustly treated people he witnessed.

His experiences during World War I undeniably left a deep impression on his psyche. The reality of war on the mind is especially explored in his novel *Doberdob*. Voranc wished to convey to his reader the realism of the situation in which his characters lived and there is little that is sentimental about his depictions. Voranc preferred to write about the impoverished peasant and industrial working class against the impressionistic backdrop of a land that sometimes colludes against the peasant. His socialist leanings are key to understanding his later work. During the 1930s, while living away from his homeland, he became more aware of international socialism, although he adapted realism in his work to suit Slovene sensibilities.

## Selected bibliography (Slovene)

* *Boj na požiralniku* (1935),
* *Požganica* (1939)
* *Jamnica* (1945)
* *Doberdob* (1940)
* *Samorastniki* (1940) consisting of a series of short stories that included:
* *Jirs in Bavh, Vodnjak*
* *Ljubezen na odoru*
* *Pot na klop*
* *Prvi spopad, Odpustki in Samorastniki*
* *Vodnjak*

## Selected bibliography (English / German)

* Prežihov Voranc. 1983. *The Self-Sown, Bilingual edition of a Slovene classic.* New Orleans: Prometej. (English)
* Prežihov Voranc. 1994. *Two short stories, "The Self-Sown" and "Passion above the Precipice."* Translation and introduction by Irma Marija Ana Ožbalt. Ljubljana: Slovene Writers Association. (English)
* Prežihov Voranc. 2012. *Winter in Klagenfurt. Drei Geschichten.* Translated by Jozej Strutz. Klagenfurt: Kitab, ISBN 9783902878106. (German)
* Vienna, Paris, Saualm. Stories and reports, from the Slovenian by Jozej Strutz, Drava-Verlag, Klagenfurt 2016, ISBN 978-3-85435-776-6. (German)

1. The title of the book referred to *Doberdob, slovenskih fantov grob* ("Doberdò, the grave of Slovene lads"), a lament to the Slovene dead of the Battle of Doberdò near the village of Doberdò del Lago during the First World War, In fact Voranc subtitles the novel as "The War Novel of the Slovenian People".

## InfoBox

| Prežihov Voranc | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Lovro Kuhar
(1893-08-10)10 August 1893
Podgora, Duchy of Carinthia, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 18 February 1950(1950-02-18) (aged 56)
Maribor, Yugoslavia, |
| Pen name | Prežihov Voranc |
| Occupation | Novelist, short story writer |
| Nationality | Slovenian |
| Citizenship | various |
| Subject | Social realism |
| Notable works | Samorastniki (1940), Doberdob (1939), Jamnica (1940) |


title: Jammu district

abstract: Jammu district is an administrative district of the Jammu division of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the most populous district in the Jammu division.

text:
# Jammu district

**Jammu** **district** is an administrative district of the Jammu division of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the most populous district in the Jammu division.

## Administrative divisions

Jammu District has 7 Sub-Divisions:

There are 21 tehsils:

* Akhnoor
* Arnia
* Bahu
* Bhalwal
* Bishnah
* Chowki Choura
* Dansal
* Jammu
* Jammu North
* Jammu South
* Jammu West
* Jourian
* Kharah Balli
* Khour
* Maira Mandrian
* Mandal
* Marh
* Nagrota
* Pargwal
* Ranbir Singh Pura
* Suchetgarh

There are 20 Blocks:

* Akhnoor
* Arnia
* Bhalwal
* Bhalwal Brahmana
* Bishnah
* Chowki Choura
* Dansal
* Khour
* Kharah Balli
* Maira Mandrian
* Mandal
* Marh
* Mathwar
* Miran Sahib
* Nagrota
* Pargwal
* R.S. Pura
* Samwan
* Satwari
* Suchetgarh

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1901 | 291,399 |  |
| 1911 | 279,051 | −4.2% |
| 1921 | 285,361 | +2.3% |
| 1931 | 316,647 | +11.0% |
| 1941 | 364,253 | +15.0% |
| 1951 | 401,532 | +10.2% |
| 1961 | 438,810 | +9.3% |
| 1971 | 616,396 | +40.5% |
| 1981 | 792,490 | +28.6% |
| 1991 | 1,043,302 | +31.6% |
| 2001 | 1,357,077 | +30.1% |
| 2011 | 1,529,958 | +12.7% |
| † 1951 and 1991 populations are estimated
Source: Census of India | | |

According to the 2011 census Jammu district has a population of 1,526,406, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 326th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 596 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,540/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.48%. Jammu has a sex ratio of 871 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.98%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes account for 24.7% and 4.5% of the population of the district.

| Religion in Jammu district (2011) | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Religion | |  | Percent | |
| Hinduism | |  | 84.27% | |
| Sikhism | |  | 7.47% | |
| Islam | |  | 7.03% | |
| Other or not stated | |  | 1.23% | |

| Jammu district: religion, gender ratio, and % urban of population, according to the 2011 Census. | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hindu | Muslim | Christian | Sikh | Buddhist | Jain | Other | Not stated | Total |
| Total | 1,289,240 | 107,489 | 12,104 | 114,272 | 470 | 1,987 | 321 | 4,075 | 1,529,958 |
| | 84.27% | 7.03% | 0.79% | 7.47% | 0.03% | 0.13% | 0.02% | 0.27% | 100.00% |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| Male | 685,679 | 56,927 | 6,455 | 61,098 | 266 | 1,038 | 171 | 2,187 | 813,821 |
| Female | 603,561 | 50,562 | 5,649 | 53,174 | 204 | 949 | 150 | 1,888 | 716,137 |
| Gender ratio (% female) | 46.8% | 47.0% | 46.7% | 46.5% | 43.4% | 47.8% | 46.7% | 46.3% | 46.8% |
| Sex ratio
(no. of females per 1,000 males) | 880 | 888 | 875 | 870 |  | 914 |  | 863 | 880 |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| Urban | 621,495 | 54,157 | 9,599 | 75,307 | 361 | 1,949 | 156 | 1,989 | 765,013 |
| Rural | 667,745 | 53,332 | 2,505 | 38,965 | 109 | 38 | 165 | 2,086 | 764,945 |
| % Urban | 48.2% | 50.4% | 79.3% | 65.9% | 76.8% | 98.1% | 48.6% | 48.8% | 50.0% |
|

| Sex Ratio in Jammu District in 2011 Census.
(no. females per 1,000 males) | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Religion (and population) | |  | Sex Ratio | |
| Hindu (pop 1,289,240) | |  | 880 | |
| Sikh (pop 114,272) | |  | 870 | |
| Muslim (pop 107,489) | |  | 888 | |
| Christian (pop 12,104) | |  | 875 | |
| Other (pop 2,778) | |  | 883 | |
| Not stated (pop 4,075) | |  | 863 | |
| Total (pop 1,529,958) | |  | 880 | |

### Languages

Languages of Jammu district (2011)

Dogri (70.85%)  Punjabi (8.10%)  Kashmiri (6.00%)  Hindi (5.88%)  Gojri (3.86%)  Others (5.31%)

The most widely spoken language of Jammu is Dogri. Other languages spoken are Punjabi, Urdu, Hindi, Kashmiri, Gojri and English.

## InfoBox

| Jammu district | |
| --- | --- |
| District of Jammu and Kashmir administered by India | |
| Bahu Fort, Jammu, India | |
| Interactive map of Jammu district | |
| Jammu district is in the Jammu division (shown with neon blue boundary) of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir (shaded in tan in the disputed Kashmir region | |
| Coordinates (Jammu): 32°44′N 74°52′E / 32.73°N 74.87°E / 32.73; 74.87 | |
| Administering country | India |
| Union territory | Jammu and Kashmir |
| Division | Jammu Division |
| Headquarters | Jammu |
| Tehsils | 1. Akhnoor 2. Arnia 3. Bahu 4. Bhalwal 5. Bishnah 6. Chowki Choura 7. Dansal 8. Jammu 9. Jammu North 10. Jammu South 11. Jammu West 12. Jourian 13. Kharah Balli 14. Khour 15. Maira Mandrian 16. Mandal 17. Marh 18. Nagrota 19. Pargwal 20. Ranbir Singh Pura 21. Suchetgarh |
| Government | |
| District Magistrate | Sachin Kumar Vaishya(IAS) |
| Lok Sabha constituencies | Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency) |
| Vidhan Sabha constituencies | 11 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,342 km2 (904 sq mi) |
| Urban | 252.13 km2 (97.35 sq mi) |
| Rural | 2,089.87 km2 (806.90 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,529,958 |
| Density | 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi) |
| Urban | 765,013 |
| Rural | 764,945 |
| Demographics | |
| Literacy | 83.45% |
| Sex ratio | 880 |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | JK-02 |
| Website | http://jammu.nic.in/ |


title: Wolffiella oblonga

abstract: Wolffiella oblonga, the saber bogmat, is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Lemnoideae, the duckweeds. It is native to tropical and subtropical South America, and to a few locales in North America; Panama, Costa Rica, central Mexico, and the US states of California, Louisiana, and Florida. A tiny elongate hydroannual, it prefers quiet waters with moderate nutrient levels.

text:
# Wolffiella oblonga

***Wolffiella oblonga***, the **saber bogmat**, is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Lemnoideae, the duckweeds. It is native to tropical and subtropical South America, and to a few locales in North America; Panama, Costa Rica, central Mexico, and the US states of California, Louisiana, and Florida. A tiny elongate hydroannual, it prefers quiet waters with moderate nutrient levels.

## InfoBox

| *Wolffiella oblonga* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Genus: | *Wolffiella* |
| Species: | ***W. oblonga*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Wolffiella oblonga***<br>(Phil.) Hegelm. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lemna oblonga* Phil. * *Wolffia lingulata* var. *minor* Hegelm. * *Wolffia oblonga* (Phil.) Hegelm. | |


title: Mary Rogers (murderer)

abstract: Mary Mabel Bennett Rogers was the last woman legally executed by Vermont. Rogers was hanged for the 1902 murder of her husband, Marcus Rogers.

text:
# Mary Rogers (murderer)

**Mary Mabel Bennett Rogers** (March 9, 1883 – December 8, 1905) was the last woman legally executed by Vermont. Rogers was hanged for the 1902 murder of her husband, Marcus Rogers.

## Early life

Mary Mabel Bennett was born to Charles and Johanna Bennett. Her father was reportedly a mentally ill alcoholic who was unable to hold down a job. As a result, he was abusive and tried to kill her a number of times.

## Marriage

At age 15, Mary Bennett married Marcus Rogers. She was noted for being immature and restless, and often stayed away from home when she was upset with her husband.

Rogers gave birth to a daughter in 1901. When the child was six months old, Rogers ran into a neighbor's home crying that she had dropped the baby, who later died of a fractured skull. Her husband's family, however, believed she had intentionally killed the child. These suspicions were heightened after Marcus Rogers became violently ill after drinking tea that his wife had prepared for him. Mary Rogers moved out of the house shortly after this incident, but her husband hoped they could reconcile.

## The crime

Marcus Rogers found work as a laborer in Hoosick Falls, New York, while Mary lived in Bennington, Vermont. Although Marcus pleaded with his wife to join him in Hoosick Falls, she refused. Mary Rogers struck up relationships with a laborer, Morris Knapp, and two brothers living in the same residence house as Knapp, Leon and Levi Perham. Rogers first approached Levi Perham with an offer of $500 if he would kill her husband. Levi initially agreed to help her, but he was intoxicated at the time and later backed out; he did not tell the police because he felt it was just idle talk.

Rogers then proposed the idea of murdering her husband to Leon Perham while they lay in bed in early August 1902; Leon agreed to help her kill her husband, even though Rogers made it clear that her reason for disposing of her husband was to leave her free to marry Knapp. Rogers arranged to meet her husband in a Bennington picnic grove on the evening of August 12. Leon Perham was with Mary when Marcus arrived, but apparently Marcus did not question Leon's presence. That evening, Mary pretended to be happy to have seen her husband and spoke with him of reconciliation.

At some point during the picnic, Mary offered to show her husband a rope trick she had learned from a friend. Mary tied Perham's hands several times, and each time Perham easily broke free of the restraint, with Mary pretending to be disappointed when he did so. Mary then challenged her husband to try the trick. She tied his wrists a few times, and he also easily broke free. Then Mary "convinced" Perham to try the trick on her husband. When Perham bound Marcus's wrists behind his back, Rogers could not break free. Mary took a vial of chloroform from her purse and forced her husband to breathe it in for about 20 minutes, until he stopped struggling. Mary went through Marcus's pockets and removed his life insurance payment book. Mary and Perham then rolled the body into the nearby river and Marcus Rogers drowned. Mary tacked Marcus's hat to a tree with a forged suicide note.

## Investigation and trial

The investigation began after the body was discovered; Perham made a full confession. At Rogers's trial in 1904, Perham was the state's key witness against her. Due to his testimony and his youth, Perham avoided the death penalty and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Rogers was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to death by hanging.

## Commutation efforts

Following Rogers's conviction, there was a concerted effort to have her death sentence commuted. State Representative Frank C. Archibald of Manchester, who was also one of Rogers' attorneys, introduced a bill in the Vermont House of Representatives that would have commuted Rogers' sentence to life imprisonment. The bill was referred to the judiciary committee on October 12, 1904. On December 6, the committee reported in favor of its passage. On December 7, a vote on the bill in the House of Representatives was defeated by a vote of 139 to 91.

On December 9, Representative Archibald proposed a joint resolution of the Vermont House and Senate to investigate Rogers's physical and mental condition at the time of the commission of the crime and at the present time, and to prepare a report as to her condition for the governor. The resolution stated that if it should appear that Rogers either at the time she committed the crime or at present was mentally or physically unsound, that a reprieve should be requested and her execution delayed until after the 1906 Vermont Legislative Session. The House adopted this resolution but the Senate did not.

On May 30, 1905, Governor Charles J. Bell granted a reprieve to Rogers after the Vermont Supreme Court denied Rogers's appeal by a 5–2 vote; the reprieve was intended to allow the appeal to be heard by the United States Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court heard the case on November 6 and held on November 27 that the Court could not find that Rogers had sustained any violation of her Federal Constitutional rights by the proceedings of the executive or judicial departments of the State of Vermont.

## Investigation into prison behavior

In 1904, the Vermont Commission to Investigate State Institutions began investigating charges of sexual misconduct at the Vermont State Prison, where Rogers was being held. A large portion of the commission's investigation focused on allegations of inappropriate sexual relations between Rogers and two other prisoners. Evidence of issues at the prison included the fact that a child was born to Rogers after she had been incarcerated for over a year.

## Execution

After the U.S. Supreme Court decision, Bell signed Rogers' execution warrant and the execution was scheduled for December 8, 1905. Rogers inquired on December 7 whether the gallows were being erected, despite efforts having been made to muffle the construction noise. During the ten days between the signing of the warrant and her execution, Rogers ate and slept well, but she declined breakfast on the morning of her execution.

Governor Bell granted leave to hear an appeal from Rogers's counsel at 8 a.m. on her scheduled execution day; however, he found no reason to commute her sentence. With no new evidence, he declined to stay the execution and Rogers was hanged at the Vermont State Prison later that day. She was pronounced dead at 1:17pm. A scandal later ensued because of the circumstances of Rogers' death. The executioner reportedly used a rope that stretched when Rogers was dropped from the gallows, causing her to strangle as her feet scraped the floor. After several minutes, sheriff's deputies pulled on the end of the rope until Rogers was suspended, then held it in place until she finally died.

Rogers is buried at St. Mary's Cemetery in Hoosick Falls, New York. Advocates for clemency later attempted to have a large monument to her memory placed at the cemetery. The Augustinian fathers who managed the site refused to allow it, citing a family request that no memorial mark Rogers' grave.

## Additional reading

* John Stark Bellamy (2007). *Vintage Vermont Villainies: True Tales of Murder & Mystery from the 19th and 20th Centuries* (Woodstock, Vermont: Countryman) ISBN 978-0-88150-749-2

## InfoBox

| Mary Rogers | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1883-03-09)March 9, 1883
Hoosick, New York |
| Died | December 8, 1905(1905-12-08) (aged 22)
Windsor, Vermont |
| Resting place | St. Mary's Cemetery,
Hoosick Falls, New York |
| Occupation | Housewife |
| Spouse | Marcus Rogers (m. 1898-1902, his death) |
| Children | 1 |
| Parent(s) | Charles Bennett
Johanna Bennett |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | First degree murder |
| Criminal penalty | Death by hanging |
|  | |


title: Mary Weddle

abstract: Mary Weddle [Hines] was a former pitcher and utility infielder/outfielder who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League during the 1954 season. Listed at 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m), 118 lb, she batted and threw right-handed. Nicknamed ״Giggles״, Mary Weddle proved to be a valuable utility and spot starter during what turned out to be the AAGPBL final season, adding depth at both shortstop and outfield and pitching a complete-game one-hitter. Born in Woodsfield, Ohio, Weddle grew up in a farm and came from a large family of ten brothers and four sisters that had its own baseball team, the Weddle Auctioneers, while her father was a semi-professional pitcher. Weddle played shortstop for a boys baseball team in junior high, but she was not allowed to play with them in high school. She then joined a VFW softball team. She also played softball for the A-1 Queens in Phoenix, Arizona in 1953, before entering the AAGPBL with the Fort Wayne Daisies in 1954. Weddle posted a 3–1 record and a 3.83 earned run average in 15 pitching appearances, while hitting a.216 average with a.323 on-base percentage in 76 games. The Daisies, with Bill Allington at the helm, clinched the regular season title and defeated the Grand Rapids in the best-of-three first round, but lost to the Kalamazoo Lassies in the final round, three games to two. She went 5-for-24 for a.208 average in six playoff games, including one stolen base and five runs scored. Weddle married Lewis Hines in 1955, and had three children and five grandchildren. She later played softball for more than thirty years and coached softball at high school and middle school for nine years. She is part of Women in Baseball, a permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York unveiled in 1988, which is dedicated to the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Weddle died on October 31, 2021.

text:
# Mary Weddle

**Mary Weddle** \[**Hines**\] (April 26, 1934 - October 31, 2021) was a former pitcher and utility infielder/outfielder who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League during the 1954 season. Listed at 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m), 118 lb, she batted and threw right-handed.

Nicknamed ״Giggles״, Mary Weddle proved to be a valuable utility and spot starter during what turned out to be the AAGPBL final season, adding depth at both shortstop and outfield and pitching a complete-game one-hitter.

Born in Woodsfield, Ohio, Weddle grew up in a farm and came from a large family of ten brothers and four sisters that had its own baseball team, the Weddle Auctioneers, while her father was a semi-professional pitcher. Weddle played shortstop for a boys baseball team in junior high, but she was not allowed to play with them in high school. She then joined a VFW softball team. She also played softball for the A-1 Queens in Phoenix, Arizona in 1953, before entering the AAGPBL with the Fort Wayne Daisies in 1954.

Weddle posted a 3–1 record and a 3.83 earned run average in 15 pitching appearances, while hitting a .216 average with a .323 on-base percentage in 76 games. The Daisies, with Bill Allington at the helm, clinched the regular season title and defeated the Grand Rapids in the best-of-three first round, but lost to the Kalamazoo Lassies in the final round, three games to two. She went 5-for-24 for a .208 average in six playoff games, including one stolen base and five runs scored.

Weddle married Lewis Hines in 1955, and had three children and five grandchildren. She later played softball for more than thirty years and coached softball at high school and middle school for nine years.

She is part of *Women in Baseball*, a permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York unveiled in 1988, which is dedicated to the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.

Weddle died on October 31, 2021.

## Career statistics

**Pitching**

| GP |  |  | W-L% | ERA | IP |  | RA | ER | BB | SO | WHIP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15 | 3 | 1 | .750 | 3.83 | 47 | 23 | 30 | 20 | 60 | 21 | 1.77 |

**Batting**

| GP | AB |  |  | 2B | 3B | HR | RBI | SB | TB | BB | SO | BA | OBP | SLG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 76 | 241 | 38 | 52 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 21 | 5 | 68 | 38 | 37 | .216 | .323 | .282 |

**Collective fielding**

| GP | PO |  |  | TC | DP | FA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 76 | 53 | 87 | 21 | 161 | 11 | .130 |

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Mary Weddle | |
| --- | --- |
| All-American Girls Professional Baseball League | |
| **Pitcher / Infield/outfield utility** | |
| **Born:** (1934-04-26)April 26, 1934
Woodsfield, Ohio | |
| **Died:** October 31, 2021(2021-10-31) (aged 87)
Corbin, Kentucky | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Postseason appearance (1954) * Women in Baseball – AAGPBL Permanent Display
at Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (1988) | |


title: Oh What a Beautiful Morning

abstract: Oh What a Beautiful Morning is a 2000 live album from Eels. It features highlights from the band's Daisies of the Galaxy tour, as well as several acoustic solo tracks recorded live at several concerts where Eels opened for Fiona Apple.

text:
# Oh What a Beautiful Morning

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Oh What a Beautiful Morning*** is a 2000 live album from Eels. It features highlights from the band's *Daisies of the Galaxy* tour, as well as several acoustic solo tracks recorded live at several concerts where Eels opened for Fiona Apple.

## Track listing

All songs written by , except where noted:

1. "Feeling Good" (Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley) – 2:32
2. "Overture"  – 7:02

Composed of: "Last Stop: This Town" (E and Mike Simpson) "Beautiful Freak" "Rags to Rags" "Your Lucky Day in Hell" (E and Mark Goldenberg) "My Descent into Madness" (E, Paul Huston, Dan Nakamura, and Simpson) "Novocaine for the Soul" (E and Goldenberg) "Flower" (E and Jacobsen) 1.
2. "Oh, What a Beautiful Morning" (Rodgers and Hammerstein) – 6:01
3. "Abortion in the Sky" – 1:29
4. "It's a Motherfucker" – 2:06
5. "Fucker" – 2:18
6. "Ant Farm" – 2:08
7. "Climbing to the Moon" – 4:06
8. "Grace Kelly Blues" – 3:31
9. "Daisies of the Galaxy" – 4:02
10. "Flyswatter" – 8:06
11. "Vice President Fruitley" (Butch, E, and Germano) – 3:13
12. "Hot and Cold" (Butch) – 3:10
13. "Mr. E's Beautiful Blues" (E and Simpson) – 2:23
14. "Not Ready Yet" (Jon Brion and E) – 4:05
15. "Susan's House" (E, Jim Jacobsen, and Jim Weatherly) – 4:28
16. "Something Is Sacred" – 2:37

## Recording

## Personnel

Eels Production

## InfoBox

| Oh, What a Beautiful Morning | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Eels | |
| Released | December 2000 (2000-12) |
| Recorded | Multiple locations, 2000 |
| Genre | Indie rock |
| Length | 63:25 |
| Label | E Works/ARTISTdirect.com |
| Producer |  |
| Eels chronology | |
| *Daisies of the Galaxy*
(2000) ***Oh, What a Beautiful Morning***
(2000) *Souljacker*
(2001) | |


title: FCM 50t

abstract: The FCM 50t was a French heavy tank design of the 1940s. It did not progress beyond drawing stage.

text:
# FCM 50t

The **FCM 50t** was a French heavy tank design of the 1940s. It did not progress beyond drawing stage.

## Development

After the end of the Second World War, the French Army was in pressing need of a modern tank with heavy armament to replace the - now obsolete - war reparations German Panther medium tank and the French ARL 44 heavy tank then in service. In March 1945, French industry was invited to design a more satisfactory tank which resulted in the AMX-50.

In December 1945, the FCM 50t was designed by Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée (FCM) as a direct competitor to the AMX design. It did not progress past the drawing board

## Description

The FCM 50t bears strong resemblance to the Panther tank. The FCM 50t turret resembles the Tiger II's turret.

The suspension is made up of 80 cm diameter single and double interposed roller supplemented with return rollers. The suspension is oleo-pneumatic. The drive sprockets are located at the rear. The 65 cm wide tracks are similar to those of the Char B1 bis or the ARL 44. For rail transport, the tracks would have been replaced temporarily by 37 cm wide tracks.

A Canon de 90 mm SA mle. 1945 gun was to be mounted on the FCM 50t.

### Fording

The tank can cross a ford up to 1.50m (waterproof up to 1.82m). For deep water crossings (up to 4 – 5 meters), a cover plate fitted with a snorkel is fixed on the engine deck.

### Other accessories

A 2000 liters tank trailer offers the possibility of doubling the range of the tank. A supply device directly connects the tank to the tank. The trailer can be released from inside the tank.

The design of the body, with a ground clearance of 0.50m and a running gear composed of separate and independent elements, contributes passively to mine protection. Active mine protection, composed of accessory rollers that can be mounted at the front of the tank, makes it possible to detonate mines on the passage of the machine.

## InfoBox

| FCM 50t | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Heavy tank |
| Place of origin | France |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | *Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée* (FCM) |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 54.24 metric tonnes |
| Length | 8.19 m (26 ft 10 in) |
| Width | 3.57 m (11 ft 9 in) |
| Height | 3.02 m (9 ft 11 in) |
| Crew | 5 |
| --- | |
| Armor | 120 mm (4.7 in) |
| Main
armament | Canon de 90 mm SA mle. 1945 |
| Secondary
armament | 1 x 7.5 mm coaxial machine gun and 1 x 7.5 mm hull machine gun |
| Engine | Maybach HL 295 12VC
1,000 hp (750 kW) |
| Power/weight | 7.6 hp/t |
| Suspension | torsion bar |
| Operational
range | 340 km (210 mi) |
| Maximum speed | 51–60 km/h (32–37 mph) |


title: Radeberg

abstract: Radeberg is a small town in the district of Bautzen, Saxony, Germany. It is located approximately 20 kilometres north-east of Dresden. The town has an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, and an old castle.

text:
# Radeberg

**Radeberg** is a small town in the district of Bautzen, Saxony, Germany. It is located approximately 20 kilometres north-east of Dresden. The town has an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, and an old castle.

## History

Radeberg was mentioned for the first time in 1219, when farmers settled on the country to the large Roeder. The name of the place is probably derived from this river. In less than 150 years a market place, a castle and own units developed. In the year 1412 the municipal law was lent to the small market town.

500 years ago silver was found close of the town. The discovery site was thereupon renamed as Silver Hill. The mine was however quickly exhausted.

A labour camp of the Reich Labour Service was operated in the town under Nazi Germany. During World War II, the Nazis operated a forced labour camp for men and women in the town. During the final stages of the war, on April 22, 1945, the Polish 1st Armoured Corps captured the town.

## Industry

Its principal industries are the manufacture of glass, machinery, furniture and paper, and it produces a light lager "Radeberger Beer" which is largely exported. The company *Robotron Elektronik Radeberg*, formerly well known in East Germany for the production of portable television sets and powerful data processing equipment, was there. The Radeberger Brewery was founded in 1872, and is part of the Oetker Group. It brews Radeberger Pilsner, a 4.8% abv pale lager.

## Transportation

The town is accessible by Radeberg railway station of Deutsche Bahn.

## Notable people

(Chronological order)

## InfoBox

| Radeberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Radeberg within Bautzen district | |
| Radeberg Radeberg | |
| Coordinates: 51°7′N 13°55′E / 51.117°N 13.917°E / 51.117; 13.917 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony |
| District | Bautzen |
| Subdivisions | 5 |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202229) | Frank Höhme |
| Area | |
| Total | 30.00 km2 (11.58 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 250 m (820 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 18,980 |
| Density | 630/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 01454 |
| Dialling codes | 03528 |
| Vehicle registration | BZ, BIW, HY, KM |
| Website | www.radeberg.de (in German) |


title: Procetichthys

abstract: Procetichthys kreffti is a species of fish in the family Cetomimidae found at depths of around 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) in the Atlantic Ocean. It is thought to inhabit the mid Atlantic ridge. It is the only known member of its genus.

text:
# Procetichthys

***Procetichthys kreffti*** is a species of fish in the family Cetomimidae found at depths of around 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) in the Atlantic Ocean. It is thought to inhabit the mid Atlantic ridge. It is the only known member of its genus.

* Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "*Procetichthys kreffti*". *FishBase*. August 2012 version.

## InfoBox

| *Procetichthys* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cetomimiformes |
| Family: | Cetomimidae |
| Genus: | *Procetichthys*
Paxton, 1989 |
| Species: | ***P. kreffti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Procetichthys kreffti***
Paxton, 1989 | |
|


title: Abu Hubayra al-Basri

abstract:
Abu Hubayra Amin ad deen al-Basri was great Sufi of Chishti Order from Basra, Iraq. He was the disciple of Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi and teacher of Khwaja Mumshad Uluw Al Dīnawarī
Abu Hubayra al-Basri is important link of chain of Chishti Order. At the age of seven he memorized Quran by heart and became mureed of Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi at the age of thirty.

text:
# Abu Hubayra al-Basri

**Abu Hubayra Amin ad deen al-Basri (Urdu ابو ہبیرہ امین الدین البصری )** was great Sufi of Chishti Order from Basra, Iraq. He was the disciple of Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi and teacher of Khwaja Mumshad Uluw Al Dīnawarī Abu Hubayra al-Basri is important link of chain of Chishti Order. At the age of seven he memorized Quran by heart and became mureed of Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi at the age of thirty.

## InfoBox

| Abu Hubayra al-Basri | |
| --- | --- |
| Died | 895 <br>Basra, Iraq |
| Influences | Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi |
| Influenced | Khwaja Mumshad Uluw Al Dīnawarī |


title: Wollerau railway station

abstract: Wollerau railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Schwyz and municipality of Wollerau. The station is located on the Pfäffikon SZ–Arth-Goldau railway line, owned by the Südostbahn. It is served by the Zurich S-Bahn service S40, from Einsiedeln to Rapperswil.

text:
# Wollerau railway station

**Wollerau railway station** is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Schwyz and municipality of Wollerau. The station is located on the Pfäffikon SZ–Arth-Goldau railway line, owned by the Südostbahn. It is served by the Zurich S-Bahn service S40, from Einsiedeln to Rapperswil.

## Services

As of the December 2023 timetable change, the following services call at Wollerau:

## InfoBox

| Wollerau | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Bahnhofstrasse
Wollerau, Schwyz
Switzerland |
| Coordinates | 47°11′43″N 8°43′29″E / 47.19541°N 8.724759°E / 47.19541; 8.724759 |
| Owned by | Südostbahn |
| Operated by | Südostbahn |
| Line(s) | Pfäffikon SZ–Arth-Goldau line |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Zürich S-Bahn Following station  Riedmatttowards Einsiedeln  S40  Wilen bei Wollerautowards Rapperswil | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  WollerauLocation within Switzerland | |


title: Ravindra Choubey

abstract: Ravindra Choubey is an Indian politician and a member of Indian National Congress. He is former Minister of Agriculture and Parliamentary Affairs in Government of Chhattisgarh and was Leader of the Opposition in the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly from 2009 to 2013. He also served as Cabinet Minister under Digvijaya Singh and Ajit Jogi.

text:
# Ravindra Choubey

**Ravindra Choubey** (born 28 May 1957) is an Indian politician and a member of Indian National Congress. He is former Minister of Agriculture and Parliamentary Affairs in Government of Chhattisgarh and was Leader of the Opposition in the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly from 2009 to 2013. He also served as Cabinet Minister under Digvijaya Singh and Ajit Jogi.

## Political career

He is former member of legislative assembly of Chhattisgarh from Saja. He lost election in 2023 against BJP's Ishwar Sahu.

1. "Ravindra Chaubey Profile: जानें- कौन हैं रविंद्र चौबे, जिन्हें सीएम बघेल ने दिया पंचायत एवं ग्रामीण विकास विभाग का प्रभार". *abplive* (in Hindi). 22 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
2. "Chhattisgarh: Ravindra Choubey Gets Singh Deo's Panchayat and Rural Development Ministry". *The Wire*.
3. "Live: पूर्व नेता प्रतिपक्ष रविन्द्र चौबे ने लहराया जीत का परचम, लाभचंद बाफना को हराया।". *Patrika News* (in Hindi). 11 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2024.

## InfoBox

| Ravindra Choubey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Parliamentary Affairs,
Government of Chhattisgarh | |
| **In office**
25 December 2018 - 3 December 2023 | |
| Chief Minister | Bhupesh Baghel |
| Preceded by | Ajay Chandrakar |
| Succeeded by | Brijmohan Agrawal |
| Minister of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Ayacut
Government of Chhattisgarh | |
| **In office**
25 December 2018 - 3 December 2023 | |
| Chief Minister | Bhupesh Baghel |
| Preceded by | Brijmohan Agrawal |
| Succeeded by | Ramvichar Netam |
| Minister of Rural Development
Government of Chhattisgarh | |
| **In office**
21 July 2022 - 3 December 2023 | |
| Chief Minister | Bhupesh Baghel |
| Preceded by | T. S. Singh Deo |
| Succeeded by | Vijay Sharma |
| Minister of Water Resources
Government of Chhattisgarh | |
| **In office**
25 December 2018 - 3 December 2023 | |
| Chief Minister | Bhupesh Baghel |
| Preceded by | Brijmohan Agrawal |
| Succeeded by | Kedar Nath Kashyap |
| Leader of the Opposition
Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
5 January 2009  11 December 2013 | |
| Chief Minister | Raman Singh |
| Preceded by | Mahendra Karma |
| Succeeded by | T. S. Singh Deo |
| Member of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
11 December 2018  3 December 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Labhchand Bafna |
| Succeeded by | Ishwar Sahu |
| Constituency | Saja |
| **In office**
2003–2013 | |
| Preceded by | *constituency created* |
| Succeeded by | Labhchand Bafna |
| Constituency | Saja |
| Member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
1985–2003 | |
| Preceded by | Kumari Devi Chaubey |
| Constituency | Saja |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-05-28) 28 May 1957 |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Education | B.Sc, LL.B |
| Source: | |