title: Matteo dal Nasaro Veronese

abstract: Matteo dal Nasaro Veronese, also known as Matteo dal Nasaro of Verona, was an Italian sculptor. He was born in Verona, Italy, but came to prominence in Paris. According to Giorgio Vasari in his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, Matteo dal Nasaro excelled in the production of portrait cameos.

text:
# Matteo dal Nasaro Veronese

**Matteo dal Nasaro Veronese** (died *c.* 1548), also known as **Matteo dal Nasaro of Verona**, was an Italian sculptor.

He was born in Verona, Italy, but came to prominence in Paris. According to Giorgio Vasari in his *Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects*, Matteo dal Nasaro excelled in the production of portrait cameos.

* Burns, Howard, Marco Collareta and Davide Gasparotto, *Valerio Belli Vicentino, 1468 c.-1546*, Vicenza, Italy, Neri Pozza, 2000.
* Vasari, Giorgio, *Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori*, many editions and translations.


title: Urgleptes miser

abstract: Urgleptes miser is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1863.

text:
# Urgleptes miser

***Urgleptes miser*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1863.

## InfoBox

| *Urgleptes miser* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Urgleptes* |
| Species: | ***U. miser*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Urgleptes miser***<br>(Bates, 1863) | |
|


title: Mav̋ea language

abstract: Mav̋ea is an Oceanic language spoken on Mavea Island in Vanuatu, off the eastern coast of Espiritu Santo. It belongs to the North–Central Vanuatu linkage of Southern Oceanic. The total population of the island is approximately 172, with only 34 fluent speakers of the Mav̋ea language reported in 2008. There are 94 languages in the North Vanuatu linkage, including Mav̋ea. The closest linguistic relative to Mav̋ea, sharing a little over 70% of cognates, is Tutuba. Following Tutuba, Aore, South Malok, Araki, and Tangoa are the next closest relatives.

text:
# Mav̋ea language

**Mav̋ea** (also known as **Mavea** or **Mafea** or **Mavia**) is an Oceanic language spoken on Mavea Island in Vanuatu, off the eastern coast of Espiritu Santo. It belongs to the North–Central Vanuatu linkage of Southern Oceanic. The total population of the island is approximately 172, with only 34 fluent speakers of the Mav̋ea language reported in 2008.

There are 94 languages in the North Vanuatu linkage, including Mav̋ea. The closest linguistic relative to Mav̋ea, sharing a little over 70% of cognates, is Tutuba. Following Tutuba, Aore, South Malok, Araki, and Tangoa are the next closest relatives.

## Language endangerment

Mav̋ea is a moribund language and there are many factors as to why this is.

One factor would be the arrival and Christianization by the Seventh-day Adventist and Church of Christ missionaries in 1839. Only 16% of the population can speak Mav̋ea. These native speakers of Mav̋ea belong to Generation 1, 2, and 3 which ranges from the ages of 20–80 years old. Those born after 1980 ("Generation 4") are less fluent. Commonly, this generation is not taught the language, because the language is inactive and not used in any new domain.

Mav̋ea is not used very commonly outside of the home; in particular, it is not used in school, which reduces the younger speakers' exposure to the language. Most speakers do not feel concerned with the possible loss of the Mav̋ea language.

Bislama, the national *lingua franca* of Vanuatu, is used more frequently. This creole is the first language for many people in Vanuatu who live in the city. It is used for business, religious sacraments, politics, and is seen as a way to move upward in society.

## Phonology

Mav̋ea has 15 consonants and 8 vowels.

Consonants
|  | Labial | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nasal | m |  |  | n |  | n |
| Stop | p |  | t | | d | k |
| Fricative | v | ð̼ |  | s |  |  |
| Trill |  |  |  | r |  |  |
| Approximant |  |  |  | l |  | w |

Plosives in Mav̋ea are not aspirated.

Vowels
|  | **i** | **e** | **a** | **o** | **u** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High | + |  |  |  | + |
| Back |  |  | + | + | + |
| Low |  |  | + |  |  |
| Rounded |  |  |  | + | + |

### Orthography

Linguolabial consonants are represented using the corresponding labial consonant with a double acute accent on top:  \[t̼\];  \[ð̼\];  \[n̼\]. (This is a slight variation compared with the convention, shared by other Vanuatu languages, of transcribing linguolabials using two dots, respectively as ; ; .)

The retroflex \[ɖ\] is represented in the orthography as *d*.

## Grammar

### Pronouns

There are both free and bound pronouns. Free pronouns are common in many Pacific languages. These free pronouns do not change for gender, but shows numerical differences, including singular, plural, dual, or paucal.

For example:

* /mo/ = he/she/it (third person singular subject)
* He eats taro. = /mo-an pete/

### Proper nouns

Proper nouns includes personal names, vocatives, relational terms, and locatives. They do not proceed an article and can not be used with a determiner. To show gender distinction, males use the prefix /mol-/. For females, the prefix /vo-/ or /va-/ was added.

### Common nouns

Similar to the proper nouns, there are both bound and free common nouns. Both can be used in an argument, be quantified with a marker, be modified with a determiner, be the head of a relative clause, and be questioned with "who" or "what". Bound common nouns are separated into nouns of kinship, body parts, bodily functions, and whole part relations. Also shows possessives.

### Verbs

Verbal predicates are marked with a subject agreement prefix. There are intransitive verbs, transitive verbs, ambitransitive, ditransitive, and auxiliary.

Intransitive verbs are used when the subject has no direct object receiving the action.

### Adverbs

There are two kinds of adverbs: phrasal adverbs and sentential adverbs. Sententail adverbs take up the entire sentence and appear after or before the verb's core argument. For example: to show frequency, /te pong/ meaning "sometimes" is used as a sentential adverb.

Spatial adverbs are used to show the location of the speaker and the direction the speaker is speaking towards. For example: **konaro** means "here, at speaker's location." This is common in many Pacific languages.

### Reduplication

Mav̋ea shows partial reduplication in its grammar. Reduplication is used to show emphasis. For example: *sua* means "to paddle" and *suosua* means "to paddle intensely". Sometimes when using reduplication, the vowels can change. Usually the "a" changes to "o" or "e".

### Adjectives

Adjectives can only be used as noun modifiers. There both adjectives as independent lexical items and also adjectives pulled from transitive verbs by using reduplication. For example: **pulua** is "paint" and "*ima pulpulu*" means "painted house".

### Prepositions

There are seven prepositions in Mav̋ea.

| to/from | valu |
| --- | --- |
| straight | domdomi |
| for | lape |
| to/for | suri |
| around | dal |
| with | tuan |
| in/at | na |

### Demonstratives

#### Pronouns

There are four attested demonstrative pronouns in Mav̋ea: *aro*, *nel(e), maro,* and *male*. *Aro* and *nel(e)* can also function as demonstrative determiners, and *aro* specifically only rarely appears as a pronoun, as in:

Mo-ṽe

3SG-make

mo-pal

3SG-like

**aro**

here

\[**ma**

COMP

mo-pailu\]

3SG-bent

Mo-ṽe mo-pal **aro** \[**ma** mo-pailu\]

3SG-make 3SG-like here COMP 3SG-bent

'He makes (it) like this one here that is bent'

*Maro* ('this one') is used to refer to something nearby the speaker, and has the plural form *maror*, which is formed by affixing the plural suffix *-re*:

Or

maybe

me

FUT

ro

then

ka-var

1SG.IRR-talk

sur

about

**maro**

this.one

ma

COMP

matua=ku

right=1SG.POSS

mo-adia

3SG-first

Or me ro ka-var sur **maro** ma matua=ku mo-adia

maybe FUT then 1SG.IRR-talk about this.one COMP right=1SG.POSS 3SG-first

'Maybe I will talk about this one that (is) on my right first'

Ma

COMP

pula-ira

CLF-3PL

**maror**

these.ones

i

LIG

ṽat.

four

Ma pula-ira **maror** i ṽat.

COMP CLF-3PL these.ones LIG four

'(The ones) that (are) theirs (are) these four ones.'

*Male* ('that one') on the other hand is used when speaking of something that is distant to the speaker, both literally, as in

Male

that.one

**m̃atan**

COMP

me

FUT

ra-lsu

3PL-hit

mate=i=o

dead=TR=2SG

Male **m̃atan** me ra-lsu mate=i=o

that.one COMP FUT 3PL-hit dead=TR=2SG

'That one (was) for the purpose that they would kill you'

And metaphorically, in order to distance the speaker from the referent, as in

Na

but

vatavata

woman

le

DET

mo-pelmel

3SG-like.this

paingur,

stubborn

**male**

that.one

me

FUT

i-l-ṽe

3SG.IRR-IMPF-make

Tomy

Tomy

pelmel

like.this

Na vatavata le mo-pelmel paingur, **male** me i-l-ṽe Tomy pelmel

but woman DET 3SG-like.this stubborn that.one FUT 3SG.IRR-IMPF-make Tomy like.this

'But this woman is stubborn like this, that one will be making Tomy the same'

*Malere* is the plural form of *male*, and like *maror* is formed by affixing the plural *-re*:

**Malere**

these.ones

da-sops-varvara

1PL.INCL-NEG-talk

nira.

3PL

**Malere** da-sops-varvara nira.

these.ones 1PL.INCL-NEG-talk 3PL

'These ones, we don't talk to them.'

*Maro* and *male* are both formed by combining the complementizer *ma-* and a locative adverbial; *aro* for the former, and *ale* for the latter.

#### Determiners

In addition to demonstrative pronouns, Mav̋ea also has three demonstrative determiners: *nele, (a)ro,* and *nor(o)*, although of these only *nor(o)* is not attested as a pronoun in addition to its role as a demonstrative determiner.

Demonstrative Determiners
|  | Singular | Plural |
| --- | --- | --- |
| this | nel(e) | neler(e) |
| this here | (a)ro | ror |
| this here now | nor(o) | noror |

The three-way demonstrative system common to Oceanic Languages is not present in Mav̋ean demonstrative determiners, occurring instead in the locative adverbs of the language. The demonstrative determiners of Mav̋ea encode both spatial and temporal proximity to either the speaker, as in

Ki-r-m̃a

1PL.EXCL-DL-come

**aro**

this.here

Mav̋ea.

Mav̋ea

Ki-r-m̃a **aro** Mav̋ea.

1PL.EXCL-DL-come this.here Mav̋ea

'We came here, (to) Mav̋ea.'

or to the discourse, as in

Rau=n

leaves=3SG.POSS

mo-sa

3SG-go.up

mo-avtai

3SG-appear

**nor**

here.now

aulu.

above

Rau=n mo-sa mo-avtai **nor** aulu.

leaves=3SG.POSS 3SG-go.up 3SG-appear here.now above

'Its leaves go up and appear here on top.'

The plural forms *neler(e), ror,* and *noror* are formed by affixing what is likely a reduced form of the plural word *re**.*

*Nele*, along with its plural form *neler(e),* is formed in part by the specific definite article *le*.

*Nor(o)*, and its plural form *noror*, is actually made up in part by a cut down form of the third demonstrative determiner, *(a)ro*, while *nele* is not. Interestingly, the two demonstrative determiners which contain *aro*, that is *nor(o)* and *(a)ro* itself, are also the two demonstrative determiners which serve double duty as demonstrative pronouns, in addition to being used as locational adverbs, a function never assigned to *nel(e)(re)*.

Additionally, one of the other demonstrative pronouns, *maro*, also has *aro* as one of its constituents.

Demonstrative determiners can refer to a location in both time and space, but the spatial location is often discourse-related, rather than speaker-related, as in the following example, where *aro* is used to refer anaphorically to a party (*anana*) that has previously been mentioned in the text:

Re

PL

m̃asi

bird.fish

nirev

everyone

ra-ṽa

3PL-go

na

LOC

anan-a

eat-NMZ

**aro**.

here

Re m̃asi nirev ra-ṽa na anan-a **aro**.

PL bird.fish everyone 3PL-go LOC eat-NMZ here

'All the birds went to this party.'

This use is sometimes called the "tracking use". *Ror, nor(o)(r)*, and *nelere* all also have anaphoric uses, as displayed in the following examples, where the noun phrase referents occurring prior to the demonstrative have each been mentioned previously:

Ro

then

me

FUT

ro

then

tamlese

old

**ror**

here.PL

i

LIG

rua…

two

Ro me ro tamlese **ror** i rua…

then FUT then old here.PL LIG two

'Then, these two men here…'

Ra-l-an

3PL-IMPF-eat

ineler

thing.PL

**nelere**

these.PL

Ra-l-an ineler **nelere**

3PL-IMPF-eat thing.PL these.PL

'They are eating these things here.'

Inor

thing.PL

**nor**

here.now

me

FUT

i-tuen

3SG.IRR-help

nno

2SG

Inor **nor** me i-tuen nno

thing.PL here.now FUT 3SG.IRR-help 2SG

'These things here will help you.'

The demonstrative determiners of Mav̋ea follow the head noun when used adnominally, a pattern which is the norm in oceanic languages, though by no means universal. Examples of this include:

Tam̃a-n

father-CONS

navaisesea

child

**aro**

this.here

mo-m̃ata.

3SG-dead

Tam̃a-n navaisesea **aro** mo-m̃ata.

father-CONS child this.here 3SG-dead

'The father of this child here is dead.'

Ra-l-an

3PL-IMPF-eat

ineler

thing.PL

**nelere**.

these.PL

Ra-l-an ineler **nelere**.

3PL-IMPF-eat thing.PL these.PL

'They are eating these things here.'

### Spatial deictics

#### Locative adverbs

Locative adverbs are a class of sentential adverb, modifying entire sentences, and as such occur either subsequent to the verb's core argument, as shown in:

Ra-kuro

3PL-leave

**koneine**

there

'Ai

ai

sar'

sar

ro

then

ra-sa

3PL-go.up

**konain**

there

'Panpan.'

panpan

Ra-kuro **koneine** 'Ai sar' ro ra-sa **konain** 'Panpan.'

3PL-leave there ai sar then 3PL-go.up there panpan

'They left there, 'Ai sar', then they went up there, 'Panpan'.'

Or more rarely prior to the verb's core argument, as shown in:

Ṽisio-n

meat=3SG.POSS

**maro**

this.one

mo-an

3SG-eat

nna.

3SG

Ṽisio-n **maro** mo-an nna.

meat=3SG.POSS this.one 3SG-eat 3SG

'His flesh, this one ate it.'

There are two sets of locative adverbs in Mav̋ea, all members of which serve as spatial deictics. There is the A-set, so named because all of its members begin with \[a\], and the K-set, so named because each of its members begins with \[ko\]. They form a six-way system based on proximity to the hearer, and to the speaker, as well as relative direction (up, down, or across)

Spatial adverbs
| **aro** | ~ | **kon(a)ro** | 'here, at speaker's location' |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **aine** | ~ | **konain(e)**/**koenine** | 'there, at hearer's location' |
| **ale** | ~ | **konale** | 'there, away from both interlocutors, but closer to hearer than speaker' |
| **atu** | ~ | **konatu** | 'over there, away from both interlocutors' |
| **atisi(vo)** | ~ | **konatisi(vo)** | 'over there down, far away from both interlocutors' |
| **atisa** | ~ | **konatisa** | 'over there up, far away from both interlocutors' |
| **atiṽa** | ~ | **konatiṽa** | 'over there across, far away from both interlocutors' |

*Atisi(vo)*, *atisa,* and *atiṽa,* as well as their K-set equivalents *konatisi(vo)*, *konatisa*, and *konatiṽa*, are likely derived from the form *atu* (or *konatu* for the K-set), compounded with a movement verb like *si(vo)* ('go down'), *sa* ('go up'), or *ṽa* ('go'):

Nno

2SG

ko-to

2SG-stay

**aro**

here

nao

1SG

ka-on

1SG.IRR-look

ka-ṽa

1SG.IRR-go

**konatiṽa**.

over.there

Ka-val

1SG.IRR-pass

kil

look

ṽa

go

na

LOC

vovono

REDbush

**konatu**.

over.there

Nno ko-to **aro** nao ka-on ka-ṽa **konatiṽa**. Ka-val kil ṽa na vovono **konatu**.

2SG 2SG-stay here 1SG 1SG.IRR-look 1SG.IRR-go over.there 1SG.IRR-pass look go LOC REDbush over.there

'You stay here, I will go look over there. I will pass towards the bush over there.'

Ra-kuro

3PL-leave

**koneine**

there

'Ai

ai

sar'

sar

ro

then

ra-sa

3PL-go.up

**konain**

there

'Panpan.'

panpan

Ra-kuro **koneine** 'Ai sar' ro ra-sa **konain** 'Panpan.'

3PL-leave there ai sar then 3PL-go.up there panpan

'They left there, 'Ai sar', then they went up there, 'Panpan'.'

'Soon after I felt something touching my leg here.'

Speakers can emphasise the distance in the forms *atisi(vo)*, *atisa,* and *atiṽa,* as well as their K-set forms *konatisi(vo)*, *konatisa*, and *konatiṽa* by producing them with a long \[t\], e.g.: \[a.'t:i.si\].

There is no easily discernible semantic difference between the A-set and the K-set, however some members of the A-set may also serve as demonstratives, as in:

Mo-ṽe

3SG-make

mo-pal

3SG-like

**aro**

here

**\[ma**

COMP

mo-pailu\].

3SG-bent

Mo-ṽe mo-pal **aro** **\[ma** mo-pailu\].

3SG-make 3SG-like here COMP 3SG-bent

'He makes (it) like (this one) here which is bent.'

which is not attested in any member of the K-set.

The spatial and temporal adverbs *aro*, *aine,* and *kon(a)ro*, as well as the demonstrative determiner *nor(o),* can be juxtaposed with a noun in order to form an adverbial predicate, as in

Ro,

then

avona-n

end-CONS

ululdunia

story

**aro**.

here.this

Ro, avona-n ululdunia **aro**.

then end-CONS story here.this

'Then the end of the story (is) here.' Or 'Then, this (is) the end of the story.'

Nna

3SG

ne

FOC

**aine**.

there

Nna ne **aine**.

3SG FOC there

'It (is) there.'

'The third one (is) here, the fourth one (is) here.'

## Morphology

Personal pronouns in Mav̋ea do not inflect for case or gender, but do show number (singular, dual, paucal, plural). First person non-singular has an inclusive/exclusive distinction. Independent personal pronouns are not obligatory, but are used for emphasis, contrast or focus.

|  | | Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st person | inclusive | na(o) | darua/ô | datol | (n)ida |
| | exclusive | kam̋arua/o | kam̋atol | kam̋am |
| 2nd person | | nno | kamruo/a | kamtol | kam̋im |
| 3rd person | | nna | rarua/o | ratol | nira |

me

FUT

ro

then

nno

2SG

me

FUT

ko

2SG

-l

-IMPF

-suruv

-sleep

atano,

ground

na

but

nao

1SG

me

FUT

ro

then

ka

1SG.IRR

suruv

-sleep

aul

above

pere

branch

-n

-CONS

vuae

tree

me ro nno me ko -l -suruv atano, na nao me ro ka suruv aul pere -n vuae

FUT then 2SG FUT 2SG -IMPF -sleep ground but 1SG FUT then 1SG.IRR -sleep above branch -CONS tree

"You, you will sleep on the ground, but I, I will sleep in the tree"

### Bound pronouns

Bound pronouns are obligatory at the beginning of a predicate phrase. Only 1SG and 3SG inflect for mood.

Subject Agreement Markers
|  | | Singular | | Dual | Paucal | Plural |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | *Realis* | *Irrealis* || | |
| 1st person | inclusive | na- | ka- | dar- | datol- | da- |
| | | exclusive | kir- | kitol- | ki- |
| 2nd person | | ko- | ko- | kir- | kitol- | ki- |
| 3rd person | | mo- | i- | rar- | ratol | ra- |

Object Enclitics
|  |  | Singular | Plural |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st person | inclusive | -ao | (i)da |
| | exclusive |  |
| 2nd person | | -o |  |
| 3rd person | | -a | (i)ra |

Varua

bird

nno

2SG

**ko**-kolai=**ao**

2SG-lie=1SG

Varua nno **ko**-kolai=**ao**

bird 2SG 2SG-lie=1SG

"Cardinal, you lied to me"

## Counting system

The Mav̋ea counting system is very similar to other Proto Oceanic languages, especially numbers 1 through 5, and 10.

1. tea
2. rua
3. tol(u)
4. vat(i)
5. lima
6. marava
7. rave rua
8. rattol(u)
9. rappat(i)
10. anavul(u)

## Possession

Mav̋ea distinguishes direct and indirect possession. Direct possessive constructions nouns take a bound possessive clitic. On the other hand, indirect possession is expressed by the presence of a classifier to which a possessive clitic is suffixed.

### Direct possession

Direct possession is expressed by a possessive clitic attached to the noun when the possessor is not expressed as a Noun Phrase (NP). Alternatively, if no suffix exists for the person and number of the possessor, the nouns are followed by an independent pronoun.

The semantic classes of nouns participating in direct possessive constructions, include, body parts, and bodily functions, kinship terms, articles of clothing, and household goods.

Table of Possessive Clitics
|  | | Singular | Dual | Paucal/trial | Plural |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st person | inclusive | -ku | darua/o | datol | -(i)da |
| | exclusive | -mamrua/o | -mamtol | -mam |
| 2nd person | | -m | -mrua/o | -mtol | -mim |
| 3rd person | | -n(a) | -rarua/o | ratol | -(i)ra |

A noun, which is directly possessed, takes a possessive clitic matching the possessor's features.

For example:

Ka-deo

1SG.IRR-defecate

mo-adia

3SG-first

ro

then

me

FUT

ko-on

2SG-look

**tae=ku.**

excrement=lSG.POSS

Ka-deo mo-adia ro me ko-on **tae=ku.**

1SG.IRR-defecate 3SG-first then FUT 2SG-look excrement=lSG.POSS

'I will defecate first, then you will look at my excrement.'

and

This third person singular possessive clitic, pronounced as \[na\], is suffixed to the noun 'Laloa' for 'saliva'.

**Lalao=na**

saliva=3SG.POSS

mo-si

3SG-go.down

mo-va.

3SG-go

**Lalao=na** mo-si mo-va.

saliva=3SG.POSS 3SG-go.down 3SG-go

'Her saliva was hanging down.'

#### Non-pronominal possessors

If a full NP expresses the possessor, the possessee takes the construct suffix –n, or can be pronounces \[na\], although this construct suffix is a homophony of the possessive clitic –n and –na the distribution is different as displayed in the following examples;

Note that the case of Full NP, the possessee precedes the possessor

Ra-tau

3PL-put

**ese-n**

name-CONS

Piria.

wild.yam

Ra-tau **ese-n** Piria.

3PL-put name-CONS wild.yam

'They named it Piria'

*and*

**Natu-n**

child-CONS

vomae

dove

mo-sa

3SG-go.up

mo-sakel

3SG-sit

na

LOC

**patu-n**

head-CONS

kou.

fowl

**Natu-n** vomae mo-sa mo-sakel na **patu-n** kou.

child-CONS dove 3SG-go.up 3SG-sit LOC head-CONS fowl

'Dove's child went up and sat on Fowl's head.

Possession is recursive, in the following example, the noun 'vulu' which is possessed by the noun 'vanatu' which in turn is possessed by John, therefore both nouns a suffixed with –\[n\].

**vulu-n**

hair-CONS

**vanatu-n**

daughter-CONS

John

John

**vulu-n** **vanatu-n** John

hair-CONS daughter-CONS John

'John's daughter's hair'

### Indirect possession

Nouns in indirect possession constructions do not take a possessive clitic, they require a classifier to which a possessive clitic (or construct suffix) is attached.

There are six classifiers in Mav̋ea:

1. a- 'to be eaten'
2. ma- 'to be drunk'
3. no- 'general possession, valuables'
4. pula- 'anima raised, vegetable planted'
5. sa- 'housing and land'
6. madoue- 'a dead man's possession'

classifier "a-" infers that the item is possessed is meant to be eaten

Mo-vir

3sG-throw

**loko**

laplap

**a**=na.

CLF.eat=3SG.POSS

Mo-vir **loko** **a**=na.

3sG-throw laplap CLF.eat=3SG.POSS

'She threw his laplap (to eat)'

If the possessor is a full NP, the classifier is market with the construct -n

Nira

3pl

ra-ve

3PL-make

inanan

food

vaisesea

small

**a-n**

CLF.eat-CONS

**re**

PL

**famli.**

family

Nira ra-ve inanan vaisesea **a-n** **re** **famli.**

3pl 3PL-make food small CLF.eat-CONS PL family

'They make a small party for the families (to eat)'

Summarised

| Possession Type | Possessee | Possessor |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Direct | N -n N CLF -n | Personal Noun Personal Noun |
| Indirect | | |
| Direct | N -n N CLF -n | Specific Specific |
| Indirect | | |
| Direct | N (+human) -n N (-human) -i | Non-specific |
| Indirect | N CLF -n | Non-specific |

## Questions

Intonation is used to distinguish yes–no questions because there is no syntactic way to do so. There are also tag questions which uses the negative tag /te modere/ at the end. In English, /te modere/ means "or not".

Some monoclausal content questions include:

* ape = where
* *ingese* = when
* ise = who
* ivisa = how much/many
* matai = for what reason
* matan = why
* sa = what
* sava = which/what kind?
* se = which
* sur sa = about/for what

## Negation

Sentential negation is expressed with the bound prefix /sopo/ and appears right after the subject agreement prefix. The order is subject → negation → verb.

mo

3SG

-sopo-

NEG

rongo

see

=

=

a

3SG

mo -sopo- rongo = a

3SG NEG see = 3SG

he didn't see him

Sometimes /sopo/ can be shorten to /po/.

na

1SG

-po-

NEG

sasa

work

na -po- sasa

1SG NEG work

I don't work.

When the subject agreement marker is absent, the bare negation marker jumps to the front.

Sopo

NEG

te

some

ta-mavea...

from-Mav̋ea

Sopo te ta-mavea...

NEG some from-Mav̋ea

There is not one Mav̋ea man...

To show the aspectual meaning "not yet", /lo/ is added to the negation marker /sopo/. This refers to events that have not happened yet but are likely to in the future. Added to the end of this form of negation is /pa/ which means "still" or "yet".

nno ko

2SG

sopo

NEG

-l-

IMPF

on

look

diu

crab

pa?

yet?

{nno ko} sopo -l- on diu pa?

2SG NEG IMPF look crab yet?

you haven't seen a coconut crab yet?

When combined with /me/ the negation changes into "not anymore, no more".

mo-sopo

3SG-NEG

-

-

me

IT

-

-

l

IMPF

-

-

suruv

sleep

mo-sopo - me - l - suruv

3SG-NEG - IT - IMPF - sleep

She does not sleep anymore.

Equative clauses are shown by adding the negative marker /sopo/ to the subject marker for third person singular /mo-/. *Mosopo* meaning " it is/was/not."

Ko-v

2SG-say

mo-sopo

3SG-NEG

nno.

2SG

Ko-v mo-sopo nno.

2SG-say 3SG-NEG 2SG

You said it wasn't you.

Negative locational predicates are similar to equative clauses, by adding the locational marker /na/ to the equative clause /mosopo/.

Mo-sopo

3SG-NEG

na

LOC

ono.

sand.

Mo-sopo na ono.

3SG-NEG LOC sand.

It is not on the sand.

* **References from**
* Guérin, Valérie (2008). *Discovering Mavea: Grammar, texts, and lexicon*. Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics, University of Hawai'i.

* Guérin, Valérie (2011). *A Grammar of Mavea: An Oceanic Language of Vanuatu* (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, No. 39. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i press. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-8248-3639-9. Retrieved 12 April 2021.

1. Cf. Guérin 2011.
2. Guérin 2011, p.66.
3. Guérin 2011, p.67.
4. Guérin 2011, p.285.
5. Guérin 2011, p.152.
6. Guérin 2011, p.84.
7. Guérin 2011, p.153.
8. Guérin 2011, p.154.
9. Guérin 2011, p.83.
10. Guérin 2011, p.382.
11. Guérin 2011, p.85.
12. Guérin 2011, p.168.
13. Guérin 2011, p.170.
14. Guérin 2011, p.169.
15. Guérin 2011, p.171.
16. Guérin 2011, p.172.
17. Guérin 2011, p.176.
* **Other sources**

1. Guérin (2011: 8).
2. Gunter, Senft (2004). *Deixis and demonstratives in Oceanic languages*. Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. p. 179. ISBN 0-85883-551-7. OCLC 902361921.

## InfoBox

| Mav̋ea | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Vanuatu |
| Region | Mavea Island |
| Native speakers | 34 (2008) |
| Language family | Austronesian |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `mkv` |
| *Glottolog* | `mafe1237` |
| ELP | Mavea |
| Mav̋ea is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
|


abstract: There was one newspaper in Antigua and Barbuda at the beginning of 2020, The Daily Observer. It was founded in 1993. Initial publication was by fax. It was a daily newspaper, publishing Monday through Saturday. As of 2018, it is available only online. It is owned by NewsCo Limited, which is located on the 4th Floor of ABI Financial Building, 156 Redcliffe Street, St. John's, Antigua. AntiguaNewsRoom.com is a news website. A recent addition to the Antiguan news landscape is the Antiguan Herald, a non-political international publication that claims to be the #1 Source for Trusted news and Information.

text:
# List of newspapers in Antigua and Barbuda

There was one newspaper in Antigua and Barbuda at the beginning of 2020, *The Daily Observer*. It was founded in 1993. Initial publication was by fax. It was a daily newspaper, publishing Monday through Saturday. As of 2018, it is available only online. It is owned by NewsCo Limited, which is located on the 4th Floor of ABI Financial Building, 156 Redcliffe Street, St. John's, Antigua. AntiguaNewsRoom.com is a news website.

A recent addition to the Antiguan news landscape is the Antiguan Herald, a non-political international publication that claims to be the #1 Source for Trusted news and Information.

## Historic newspapers

* *The Antigua Free Press*, published by Benjamin Mekom (Benjamin Franklin's nephew)
* *The Weekly Register*, founded in 1814 by Henry Loving, ceased in 1839
* *Herald Gazette*, founded in 1831
* *Antigua Almanac and Register*, founded in 1843
* *Antigua Observer*, founded in 1843
* *Antigua Times*, founded in 1851 by an American, Fred S. Jewett, ceased in 1878
* *Antigua Standard*, founded in 1874, changed to *Antigua Sun* in 1909, ceased in 1922
* *The Magnet*, founded in 1931
* *The Progress*, founded in 1940
* *The Antigua Star*, founded in 1940
* *The Worker's Voice*, founded in 1944 by the Antigua Trades and Labour Union, ceased in the 1990s
* *The Anvil*, founded in 1956
* *The Antigua Times*, founded in the late 1960s
* *Antigua Yearbook*, founded in 1964
* *The Outlet*, founded in 1968, associated with the Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement, ceased in the 1990s
* *The Trumpet*, founded in about 1968
* *The Sentinel*, late 1980s/1990s, founded by Vere Bird Jr.
* *News Pages Antigua*, founded in the 2000s
* *Carib Arena*, founded in the 2000s, short-lived
* *Antigua Sun* and *Sun Weekend*, founded in 1997 by Allen Stanford
* *Caribbean Times*, in Antigua and Barbuda, ceased to publish in January 2018. (There is a newspaper also called *Caribbean Times* that is published in New York City.)


title: Yuriy Natarov

abstract: Yuriy Natarov is a Kazakh cyclist, who most recently rode for UCI WorldTeam Astana Qazaqstan Team.

text:
# Yuriy Natarov

**Yuriy Natarov** (born 28 December 1996) is a Kazakh cyclist, who most recently rode for UCI WorldTeam Astana Qazaqstan Team.

## Major results

2014 1st  Time trial, National Junior Road Championships 2016 1st  Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships 2017 2nd GP Capodarco 3rd  Time trial, Asian Under-23 Road Championships 10th Overall Tour of Almaty 2018 10th Overall Giro Ciclistico d'Italia 2019 1st  Overall Tour of Almaty 2021 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships 2022 1st  Team time trial, Asian Road Championships 1st  Time trial, National Road Championships

### Grand Tour general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 2021 |
| --- | --- |
| Giro d'Italia |  |
| Tour de France |  |
| Vuelta a España | 91 |

Legend
|  | Did not compete |
| --- | --- |
| DNF | Did not finish |

## InfoBox

Yuriy Natarov
| Natarov in 2015 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Yuriy Natarov |
| Born | (1996-12-28) 28 December 1996<br>Talgar, Kazakhstan |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 68 kg (150 lb) |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Professional teams | |
| 2015–2018 | Seven Rivers Cycling Team |
| 2019–2023 | Astana |
|  | |
| Major wins | |
| **Single-day races and Classics** National Time Trial Championships (2022) | |
|  | |
| Medal record      Representing  Kazakhstan  Men's road bicycle racing  Asian Championships  2022 Dushanbe Team time trial  2017 Manama Under-23 time trial | |


title: William W. Dixon

abstract:
William Wirt Dixon was a U.S. Representative from Montana. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Dixon moved to Illinois in 1843 and to Keokuk, Iowa, in 1849.
Dixon pursued preparatory studies and studied law in Keokuk, and was admitted to the bar in 1858. He moved to Tennessee in 1860, to Arkansas in the same year, to California in 1862, and then to Humboldt County, Nevada. In 1866, Dixon moved to Montana, residing in Helena and later in Deer Lodge until 1879. Dixon served as member of the Territorial house of representatives in 1871 and 1872. After spending two years in the Black Hills, Dixon returned to Montana in 1881, settling in Butte and engaging in legal practice. In 1884 and 1889, Dixon served as delegate to the constitutional conventions of Montana. Dixon was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-second Congress. Dixon unsuccessfully ran for reelection to the Fifty-third Congress. Afterwards, he resumed his legal practice. Dixon was also a candidate for election to the United States Senate, but the legislature failed to make a choice. Dixon died in Los Angeles, California, November 13, 1910, was interred in Calvary Cemetery, East Los Angeles, and later reinterred in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C., March 15, 1911.

text:
# William W. Dixon

**William Wirt Dixon** (June 3, 1838  November 13, 1910) was a U.S. Representative from Montana.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Dixon moved to Illinois in 1843 and to Keokuk, Iowa, in 1849. Dixon pursued preparatory studies and studied law in Keokuk, and was admitted to the bar in 1858. He moved to Tennessee in 1860, to Arkansas in the same year, to California in 1862, and then to Humboldt County, Nevada. In 1866, Dixon moved to Montana, residing in Helena and later in Deer Lodge until 1879. Dixon served as member of the Territorial house of representatives in 1871 and 1872. After spending two years in the Black Hills, Dixon returned to Montana in 1881, settling in Butte and engaging in legal practice. In 1884 and 1889, Dixon served as delegate to the constitutional conventions of Montana.

Dixon was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-second Congress (March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1893). Dixon unsuccessfully ran for reelection to the Fifty-third Congress. Afterwards, he resumed his legal practice. Dixon was also a candidate for election to the United States Senate, but the legislature failed to make a choice.

Dixon died in Los Angeles, California, November 13, 1910, was interred in Calvary Cemetery, East Los Angeles, and later reinterred in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C., March 15, 1911.

* United States Congress. "William W. Dixon (id: D000378)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress


title: Masbrough

abstract: Masbrough is a suburb of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. It was named as the west of Rotherham by the middle of the Industrial Revolution, namely that part on the left bank of Don. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, centred 0.5 miles (0.8 km) west of Rotherham town centre. Much of the suburb falls within the Rotherham West ward of Rotherham MBC.

text:
# Masbrough

**Masbrough** is a suburb of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. It was named as the west of Rotherham by the middle of the Industrial Revolution, namely that part on the left bank of Don. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, centred 0.5 miles (0.8 km) west of Rotherham town centre. Much of the suburb falls within the Rotherham West ward of Rotherham MBC.

## History and landmarks

Part of its land in the north lay within the manor of Kimberworth, the other contiguous western suburb of Rotherham today – Masbrough did not feature in the Domesday Book survey of 1086.

> **Masbrough**, in the township of Kimberworth, parish and union of Rotherham... ½ a mile (N. W.) from Rotherham; containing nearly 5000 inhabitants. This place forms part of the suburbs of the town of Rotherham, with which it is connected by \[a bridge, the Chapel of Our Lady of Rotherham Bridge\] of five pointed arches over the river Don, on the central pier of which is an ancient chapel of elegant design, \[then\] used as a prison. It is nearly of equal extent...and has long been distinguished as the \[site\] of numerous works connected with the manufactures of the district; of these, a few years since, the principal were the extensive foundry and iron-works of the late Samuel Walker, Esq., in which, during the war, immense quantities of cannon and ordnance of the largest calibre were cast, and subsequently, various iron bridges, including that of Southwark in London. Since the establishment here of a station of the Midland railway, by which... sheep and cattle are sent to Manchester, Liverpool, and other towns, a wonderful increase has taken place in the value of landed property; and the facility of \[travel to\] distant parts... by that line... promises to render this a principal seat of manufacture. It also derives benefit from the Sheffield and Rotherham branch railway. A large tract of land, forming the estate of Benjamin Badger... has been surveyed and laid out in lots for building; and several streets, intersecting each other at right angles, and forming direct approaches from Rotherham and the neighbourhood to the railway station, have been marked out. A spacious hotel for the accommodation of passengers by the railway, and some handsome dwelling-houses, have been built; and a great increase has been made in the number of manufacturing establishments: there are potteries, glass-works, chemical works, a timber-yard, and several forges and foundries. The Independent College, noticed under the head of Rotherham, is... here; and a Roman Catholic chapel has been built. – Extract from *A Topographical Dictionary of England*, Samuel Lewis (publisher), 1848

A commemorative memorial to 50 victims of a boat disaster at Masbrough in 1841 by Edwin Smith of Sheffield is in All Saints Church, Rotherham.

### Legacies

A large memorial to a celebrated iron magnate, Samuel Walker, stands behind the site once occupied by the 1760 Independent chapel (with a date stone of *1777*), the Walker Mausoleum. After being closed as a place of worship, the chapel became a carpet showroom *Allens of Rotherham*, but was destroyed by fire in 2012. It is connected by a short foot subway and Chapel Walk to all the historic buildings in central Rotherham. There were further memorials and statues within the chapel building. The chapel's statue to Jonathan Walker (died 1807), who was at the heart of the iron industry that led to the local area's development, depicts the man leaning on a truncated column "with head in hand".

In 1862, the Midland Iron Company was the scene of an industrial disaster, when one of the boilers exploded, killing nine people. No trace of this company exists as it became the site of a new bus depot in 1982.

## Schools

The Masbrough community is served by Thornhill and Ferham primary schools. Secondary schooling is provided by Winterhill School in nearby Kimberworth.

## Places of worship

Masbrough has six places of worship: St Bede's Roman Catholic Church, St Paul's Church of England Church, and Rotherham Assemblies of God, now known as Liberty Church, Rotherham, and the Jamia Mosque in College Road and two other mosques for Sunni Muslims.

## Demography

The electoral ward largely co-extensive with Masbrough has lately been named Rotherham West. Respondents in this ward to the 2011 Census mainly identified themselves ethnically as White British, White European or British Pakistani.

People in this ward born in non-UK EU countries numbered approximately 5 per cent of the population: 572 (of which Ireland 35). Residents born in South Asia numbered 591, the Middle East 77, Zimbabwe 69, and Central and Western Africa 60. The dense minorities communities in the ward are due to the affordability of local housing.

|
|  |
**2011 Published Statistics: Population, home ownership and extracts from Physical Environment, surveyed in 2005**
| Output area | Homes owned outright | Owned with a loan | Socially rented | Privately rented | Other | km² green space (includes two outlying farms, central parks and playing fields) | km² roads | km² water | km² domestic gardens | km² domestic buildings | km² non-domestic buildings | Usual residents | km² |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 'Rotherham West' Ward | 1,464 | 1,616 | 1,391 | 864 | 124 | 2.93 | 0.62 | 0.07 | 0.86 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 13,262 | 5.78 |

## Sport

Masbrough is the home of Millmoor, the former stadium of Second Division football club, Rotherham United and less than 0.5 miles (0.8 km) west from its replacement across the riverside nature reserve.

## Transport

Rotherham Masborough railway station closed, having been opened in 1840 by the North Midland Railway as an interchange with the Sheffield and Rotherham Railway. Its services were diverted in 1987 to a new Rotherham Central railway station on a parallel line 600 m to the east.

The M1 motorway passes, at junction 34, Meadowhall, the far western neighbourhood of Masbrough, which is associated with Kimberworth.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Masbrough | |
| --- | --- |
| The tree and fern-surrounded section of the Rotherham Round Walk, a rural trail, within Masbrough | |
| MasbroughLocation within South Yorkshire | |
| Area | 5.78 km2 (2.23 sq mi) |
| Population | 13,262 (2011 census, including the Richmond Park neighbourhood and part of Kimberworth) |
| Density | 2,294/km2 (5,940/sq mi) |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ROTHERHAM |
| Postcode district | S60 |
| Dialling code | 01709 |
|  | |
| Police | South Yorkshire |
| Fire | South Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


abstract: "Frágil" is a regional Mexican song by the American bands Yahritza y su Esencia and Grupo Frontera. It was written by Kevyn Cruz, Luis Ángel O'Neill Laureano, Yahritza Martínez and Edgar Barrera, who also produced it. It was released as a single on April 7, 2023 through Lumbre Music, Columbia Records and distributed by Sony Music Latin. The song is one of the biggest hits for both groups, as it reached position 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 list and was certified platinum by AMPROFON in Mexico. The song was popular again in June 2023, after the president of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, broadcast it during one of his morning press conferences, known colloquially as "mañaneras".

text:
# Frágil (Yahritza y su Esencia and Grupo Frontera song)

"**Frágil**" is a regional Mexican song by the American bands Yahritza y su Esencia and Grupo Frontera. It was written by Kevyn Cruz, Luis Ángel O'Neill Laureano, Yahritza Martínez and Edgar Barrera, who also produced it. It was released as a single on April 7, 2023 through Lumbre Music, Columbia Records and distributed by Sony Music Latin.

The song is one of the biggest hits for both groups, as it reached position 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 list and was certified platinum by AMPROFON in Mexico.

The song was popular again in June 2023, after the president of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, broadcast it during one of his morning press conferences, known colloquially as "mañaneras".

## Critical reception

Wow magazine published: "It is a song loaded with emotions, both vocalists sing about heartbreak and weakness in love".

## Commercial performance

The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the week of May 6, 2023 at position number 82, being Yahritza y su Esencia's second entry and Grupo Frontera's sixth on the list.

## Music and lyrics

Musically it is a Mexican northern cumbia song, with arrangements of sierreña and grupera music, lyrically it is about heartbreak, and a person's questioning of their partner as to why they have broken their heart. The lyrics includes, "¿Por qué no tengo un corazón así? / Así como el que te dieron a ti / Porque el que me tocó a mí es frágil / Por eso lo rompiste fácil / Y yo queriendo un corazón así / Así como el que te dieron a ti / Porque el que me tocó a mí es frágil / Por eso lo rompiste fácil".

## Music video

An official video was published on Yahritza y su Esencia's YouTube channel hours before the song's premiere on digital platforms.

## Live presentations

On April 2, 2023, prior to the official release of the single, both groups performed the song live for the first time at the Tecate Pa'l Norte music festival in Monterrey, Mexico before approximately 100,000 people in attendance. Yahritza y su Esencia were the guests of Grupo Frontera at that presentation.

## Charts

## Certifications

Certifications for "Frágil"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mexico (AMPROFON) | Diamond+Gold | 770,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Frágil" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Yahritza y su Esencia and Grupo Frontera | |
| from the EP  *Obsessed Pt. 2* | |
| Language | Spanish |
| English title | "Fragile" |
| Released | April 7, 2023 |
| Genre | Regional Mexican • norteño cumbia |
| Length | 2:40 |
| Label | Lumbre Music • Columbia RecordsSony Music Latin |
| Songwriter(s) | Edgar Barrera • Kevyn Cruz • Luis Ángel O'Neill Laureano • Yahritza Martínez |
| Producer(s) | Barrera |
| Yahritza y su Esencia singles chronology | |
| "Cambiaste"
(2023) "**Frágil**"
(2023) "Que Agonía (Remix)"
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Grupo Frontera singles chronology | |
| "Dame Un Chance (La Cumbia Bélica)"
(2023) "**Frágil**"
(2023) "Un x100to"
(2023) | |
| Music video | |
| "Frágil" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: V. Sivalingam

abstract: V. Sivalingam was a Sri Lankan academic and physician. He was the founder of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Peradeniya and the first Professor of Parasitology of the University of Ceylon. Educated at the Royal College Colombo, he studied medicine at the Colombo Medical College. He specialized in parasitology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine of the University of London. Sivalingam spent much of his career at the Colombo Medical College as lecturer and senior professor before moving to Peradeniya after his retirement to set up the 'Second Medical School' in Sri Lanka. His son, Professor S. Mahalingam, was the former Dean of the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences at the University of Peradeniya.

text:
# V. Sivalingam

**V. Sivalingam** was a Sri Lankan academic and physician. He was the founder of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Peradeniya and the first Professor of Parasitology of the University of Ceylon.

Educated at the Royal College Colombo, he studied medicine at the Colombo Medical College. He specialized in parasitology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine of the University of London. Sivalingam spent much of his career at the Colombo Medical College as lecturer and senior professor before moving to Peradeniya after his retirement to set up the 'Second Medical School' in Sri Lanka.

His son, Professor S. Mahalingam, was the former Dean of the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences at the University of Peradeniya.


title: Matteo de' Pasti

abstract: Matteo di Andrea de' Pasti (1420-1467/1468) was an Italian sculptor and medalist. Matteo was born in Verona. He worked on many royal commissions, including work for Lionello d'Este and Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta. Matteo collaborated with the architect Leone Battista Alberti on the design and construction of the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini. Some of his works reside at the Cleveland Museum of Art and the British Museum He died in Rimini. In 1461 he was sent by Sigismondo Malatesta to Istanbul to work at Mekhmed II's court. But the sculptor failed to reach Istanbul because he was arrested as a spy by the Venetian authorities in Crete.

text:
# Matteo de' Pasti

**Matteo di Andrea de' Pasti** (1420-1467/1468) was an Italian sculptor and medalist.

Matteo was born in Verona. He worked on many royal commissions, including work for Lionello d'Este and Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta. Matteo collaborated with the architect Leone Battista Alberti on the design and construction of the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini. Some of his works reside at the Cleveland Museum of Art and the British Museum He died in Rimini.

In 1461 he was sent by Sigismondo Malatesta to Istanbul to work at Mekhmed II's court. But the sculptor failed to reach Istanbul because he was arrested as a spy by the Venetian authorities in Crete.

* European sculpture and metalwork, a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on de' Pasti (see index)


title: Mavó

abstract: Jorge Joaquim Messa Vulande, called Mavó is a retired Mozambican football midfielder.

text:
# Mavó

**Jorge Joaquim Messa Vulande**, called **Mavó** (born 4 October 1971) is a retired Mozambican football midfielder.

## InfoBox

Mavó
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Jorge Joaquim Messa Vulande | | |
| Date of birth | (1971-10-04) 4 October 1971 | | |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Clube Ferroviário da Beira |  |  |
|  | CD Costa do Sol |  |  |
| –2007 | GD Maputo |  |  |
| 2008–2009 | CD Chingale |  |  |
| 2010 | HCB Songo |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1996–2003 | Mozambique | 28 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Mardin Subregion

abstract: The Mardin Subregion (TRC3) is a statistical subregion in Turkey.

text:
# Mardin Subregion

The **Mardin Subregion** (Turkish: *Mardin Alt Bölgesi*) (TRC3) is a statistical subregion in Turkey.

## Provinces

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Mardin Subregion *Mardin Alt Bölgesi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Subregion | |
|  | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Region | Southeast Anatolia |
| Area | |
| Subregion | 26,118 km2 (10,084 sq mi) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Subregion | 2,116,727 |
| Rank | 18th |
| Density | 81/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Urban | 1,690,643 |
| Rural | 426,084 |


title: Yuka Ichiguchi

abstract: Yuka Ichiguchi is a Japanese softball player who plays as a infielder. She helped Japan qualify for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Yuka Ichiguchi

**Yuka Ichiguchi** (市口侑果, *Ichiguchi Yuka*) is a Japanese softball player who plays as a infielder. She helped Japan qualify for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## Playing career

She participated at the 2013 World Cup of Softball and 2018 Women's Softball World Championship.

She plays for the Bic Camera Takasaki Bee Queen.

## InfoBox

| Yuka Ichiguchi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Bic Camera Takasaki Bee Queen – No. 26 | |
| **Infield** | |
| **Born:**  (1992-07-03) 3 July 1992<br>Japan | |
| **Bats:** Left**Throws:** Right | |
|  | |
| Medals      Women's softball  Representing  Japan  Olympic Games  2020 Tokyo  Team  World Cup  2014 Haarlem  Team  2018 Surrey  Team  2018 Chiba  Team  World Games  2022 Birmingham  Team  Asian Games  2018 Jakarta-Palembang  Team  Asian Championship  2019 Jakarta  Team | |


title: Willoughby Powell

abstract: Willoughby Powell was an architect in Queensland, Australia. Some of his works are now heritage-listed.

text:
# Willoughby Powell

**Willoughby Powell** was an architect in Queensland, Australia. Some of his works are now heritage-listed.

## Early life

Willoughby Powell was born in England.

## Architectural career

Powell trained as an architect in Cheltenham, England. In 1872 he emigrated to Australia with his brother and worked for Richard Gailey in Brisbane before joining the Queensland Works Department in 1874. After winning a design competition for the Toowoomba Grammar School he set up a practice there between 1875 and 1877. After travelling to England in 1878 he worked again for Gailey before moving to Maryborough to supervise his own work between 1882 and 1885. He then returned to Gailey in Brisbane until 1893 when the financial crash saw the bottom drop out of the building trade. His own design work seems to have largely been for churches, public buildings and large houses.

## Significant works

Buildings designed by Powell include:

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article incorporates text from *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014).

## InfoBox

| Willoughby Powell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | England |
| Occupation | architect |
| Years active | 18751900 |
| Employer | Richard Gailey (18721874, 18851893) |
| Notable work |  |


title: Masca

abstract: Masca is a small mountain village on the island of Tenerife. It was originally a Guanche settlement before the Spanish conquest in 1496. The village is now home to around 90 inhabitants. The village lies at an altitude of 650 m in the Macizo de Teno mountains, which extend up to the northwesternmost point of Tenerife. Forests including cypresses and palm trees abound. The village lies at the head of the Masca Gorge. The trail from the village down the gorge to the beach on the Atlantic Ocean is a popular, though strenuous, hiking route, which takes about 3 hours each way. These "hiking routes" are not just demanding, but also strenuous with, conditions that can very easily claim your life, should you venture into them unprepared.

text:
# Masca

**Masca** is a small mountain village on the island of Tenerife. It was originally a Guanche settlement before the Spanish conquest in 1496. The village is now home to around 90 inhabitants. The village lies at an altitude of 650 m in the Macizo de Teno mountains, which extend up to the northwesternmost point of Tenerife.

Forests including cypresses and palm trees abound. The village lies at the head of the Masca Gorge. The trail from the village down the gorge to the beach on the Atlantic Ocean is a popular, though strenuous, hiking route, which takes about 3 hours each way. These "hiking routes" are not just demanding, but also strenuous with, conditions that can very easily claim your life, should you venture into them unprepared.

## InfoBox

| Masca | |
| --- | --- |
| Masca in Tenerife | |
| MascaLocation in the Canary Islands | |
| Coordinates: 28°18′19″N 16°50′25″W / 28.30528°N 16.84028°W / 28.30528; -16.84028 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Canary Islands |
| Province | Santa Cruz de Tenerife |
| Island | Tenerife |
| Municipality | Buenavista del Norte |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 99 |
| Time zone | WET |
| Summer (DST) | WEST |
| Official language(s) | Spanish |


title: Friedrich Schultze

abstract: Friedrich Schultze was a German neurologist and native of Rathenow, Brandenburg. He is known for being the founder of child neurology. In 1871 he earned his doctorate at Heidelberg, and afterwards spent several years as an assistant to pathologist Nikolaus Friedreich (1825–1882). In 1887 he was invited as a "full professor" to the University of Dorpat, and shortly afterwards became director of the medical clinic and policlinic at the University of Bonn, where he spent the remainder of his career. Schultze is remembered for his numerous medical publications involving neuroanatomical and neuropathological investigations that he performed. In 1884 he was credited with being the first physician to describe a neurological disorder that later became known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. He also provided an early description of acroparesthesia. In 1891 with Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840–1921) and Adolph Strümpell (1853–1925), he founded the journal Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde. His name is lent to the eponymous "comma tract of Schultze", a compact bundle of posterior root fibers situated near the border between the fasciculus gracilis and cuneate fasciculus of the spinal cord.

text:
# Friedrich Schultze

**Friedrich Schultze** (12 August 1848 – 14 October 1934) was a German neurologist and native of Rathenow, Brandenburg. He is known for being the founder of child neurology.

In 1871 he earned his doctorate at Heidelberg, and afterwards spent several years as an assistant to pathologist Nikolaus Friedreich (1825–1882). In 1887 he was invited as a "full professor" to the University of Dorpat, and shortly afterwards became director of the medical clinic and policlinic at the University of Bonn, where he spent the remainder of his career.

Schultze is remembered for his numerous medical publications involving neuroanatomical and neuropathological investigations that he performed. In 1884 he was credited with being the first physician to describe a neurological disorder that later became known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. He also provided an early description of acroparesthesia. In 1891 with Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840–1921) and Adolph Strümpell (1853–1925), he founded the journal *Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde*.

His name is lent to the eponymous "comma tract of Schultze" (interfascicular fasciculus), a compact bundle of posterior root fibers situated near the border between the fasciculus gracilis (tract of Goll) and cuneate fasciculus (tract of Burdach) of the spinal cord.

## Selected writings

* *Experimentelles über die Sehnenreflexe* (with Paul Fürbringer 1849-1930); Centralblatt für die medizinischen Wisenschaften, Berlin, 1875 - Experiments involving tendon reflexes.
* *Über die Tetanie und die mechanische Erregbarkeit der peripheren Nerven, über die sekundäre Degenerationen des Rückenmarkes*, Centralblatt für die medizinischen Wisenschaften, Berlin, 1876 & 1878, also in Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Berlin, XIV. - On tetany and mechanical excitability of the peripheral nerves, etc.
* *Über Akroparästhesie*. 1893, Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde 3: 300-318 - On acroparesthesia.
* *Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten*. volume 1, Stuttgart, 1898. VIII + 386 pages, a second volume was planned, but never materialized. - Textbook of nervous diseases.
* *Die Krankheiten der Hirnhäute und die Hydrocephalie*, in Hermann Nothnagel's Specielle Pathologie und Therapie, volume 9, 3, Vienna, 1901. - Diseases of the meninges and hydrocephalus.

## InfoBox

| Friedrich Schultze | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1848-08-12)August 12, 1848
Rathenow, Brandenburg, Germany |
| Died | 14 October 1934(1934-10-14) (aged 86)
Bonn |
| Nationality | German |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Neurology |
|  | |


title: V. Shanta

abstract: Viswanathan Shanta was an Indian oncologist and the chairperson of Adyar Cancer Institute, Chennai. She is best known for her efforts towards making quality and affordable cancer treatment accessible to all patients in her country. She dedicated herself to the mission of organizing care for cancer patients, study of the disease, research on its prevention and cure, spreading awareness about the disease, and developing specialists and scientists in various subspecialties of oncology. Her work won her several awards, including the Magsaysay Award, Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award given by the Government of India. She was associated with Adyar Cancer Institute since 1955, and held several positions, including that of the director of the institute, between 1980 and 1997. She served as a member of several national and international committees on health and medicine, including the World Health Organization's Advisory Committee on Health.

text:
# V. Shanta

**Viswanathan Shanta** (11 March 1927 – 19 January 2021) was an Indian oncologist and the chairperson of Adyar Cancer Institute, Chennai. She is best known for her efforts towards making quality and affordable cancer treatment accessible to all patients in her country. She dedicated herself to the mission of organizing care for cancer patients, study of the disease, research on its prevention and cure, spreading awareness about the disease, and developing specialists and scientists in various subspecialties of oncology. Her work won her several awards, including the Magsaysay Award, Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award given by the Government of India.

She was associated with Adyar Cancer Institute since 1955, and held several positions, including that of the director of the institute, between 1980 and 1997. She served as a member of several national and international committees on health and medicine, including the World Health Organization's Advisory Committee on Health.

## Early life and education

Shanta was born on 11 March 1927, at Mylapore, Chennai, into a distinguished family that included two Nobel Laureates: C. V. Raman (grand uncle) and S. Chandrasekar (uncle). She did her schooling from National Girls High School (now Lady Sivaswami Ayyar Girls Higher Secondary School) and by the age of 12 she had made up her mind to become a doctor. She did her pre-medical study in Presidency College and obtained her M.B.B.S from the Madras Medical College in 1949, D.G.O. in 1952, and M.D. (in Obstetrics & Gynecology) in 1955.

## Career

When Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy set up the Cancer Institute in 1954, Shanta had just finished her Doctor of Medicine (M.D.). She had passed the Public Service Commission examination and had been posted to the Women and Children Hospital. In the 1940s and 1950s, Indian women who entered the medical profession generally entered the field of obstetrics and gynecology, but Shanta joined the Cancer Institute instead, upsetting many people.

The institute began as a small, 12-bed cottage hospital with a single building, minimal equipment and just two doctors, Shanta and Krishnamurthi. For three years she worked as honorary staff until the Institute offered to pay her Rs.200 per month and residence within the campus. She moved into the campus on 13 April 1955, and remained there until her death on 19 January 2021.

During her long career of over 60 years, Shanta held several positions at the Cancer Institute and served as its director between 1980 and 1997. She was personally concerned about the quality of patient care and believed that a physician's role went beyond treatment and that caring for patients was essential to that role. She developed protocols that went beyond treatment and encompassed holistic care. In addition to caregiving for patients and study of the disease, she focused on creating a pool of specialists and scientists at the institute. She was an advocate of early detection of cancer and the need to change public perception of the disease, especially the extreme fear and hopelessness associated with the disease. She was particularly critical of the metaphorical usage of the name of the disease to describe a dangerous and uncontrollable situation or one of hopelessness.

Shanta served as a member of several national and international committees on health and medicine, including the World Health Organization's Advisory Committee on Health. She was also a member of the Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission for Health.

## Awards

Shanta, an elected fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, was a recipient of the Padma Shri Award in 1986, Padma Bhushan, in 2006 and Padma Vibhushan in 2016.

She received the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2005, and dedicated the award to her institute. The award citation is worth quoting to describe aptly Dr. Shanta's service. It reads in part:

> "In an era when specialised medical care in India has become highly commercialised, Dr. Shanta strives to ensure that the Institute remains true to its ethos, \`Service to all.' Its services are free or subsidised for some 60 per cent of its 100,000 annual patients \[...\] seventy-eight-year-old Shanta still sees patients, still performs surgery, and is still on call twenty-four hours a day."

## Death

Shanta died aged 93 on 19 January 2021. She had complained of chest pain the previous night and was rushed to a private hospital though she had initially insisted on being medically managed within her Institute's campus and did not want invasive ventilation. She was diagnosed as having a massive heart block that could not be rectified.

## InfoBox

| V. Shanta | |
| --- | --- |
| Pranab Mukherjee, President of India, presenting the Padma Vibhushan to Shanta | |
| Born | (1927-03-11)11 March 1927
Madras, Madras Presidency, British India |
| Died | 19 January 2021(2021-01-19) (aged 93)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Education | MBBS, MD |
| Alma mater | Madras Medical College |
| Occupation | Chairperson of Adyar Cancer Institute |
| Awards |  |


title: Matthew 3:10

abstract: Matthew 3:10 is the tenth verse of the third chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse occurs in where John the Baptist is berating the Pharisees and Sadducees. He has previously called them a brood of vipers and warned them of the wrath to come and has urged them to repent. This verse returns to the fruit metaphor of Matthew 3:8 adding a promise of eventual punishment.

text:
# Matthew 3:10

**Matthew 3:10** is the tenth verse of the third chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse occurs in where John the Baptist is berating the Pharisees and Sadducees. He has previously called them a brood of vipers and warned them of the wrath to come and has urged them to repent. This verse returns to the fruit metaphor of Matthew 3:8 adding a promise of eventual punishment.

## Content

In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:

And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: therefore every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire.

The World English Bible translates the passage as:

"Even now the axe lies at the root of the trees. Therefore, every tree that doesn't bring forth good fruit is cut down, and cast into the fire.

The 1881 Westcott-Hort Greek text is:

ἤδη δὲ ἡ ἀξίνη πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν δένδρων κεῖται πᾶν οῡ̓ν δένδρον μὴ ποιοῦν καρπὸν καλὸν ἐκκόπτεται καὶ εἰς πῦρ βάλλεται

For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 3:10.

## Analysis

In Matthew 3:8 John tells the Pharisees and Sadducees that they must manifest the fruit of repentance if they are to avoid the wrath of God. This verse threatens that every tree that does not bear fruit will be destroyed, i.e. that people who do not repent will face divine punishment. As in Matthew 3:2 this punishment is said to be in the very near future.

The imagery is of God as a lumberjack cutting down trees and then burning them. Specifically it refers to an axe being placed at the base of a tree just above the roots, which would be the final action before beginning to chop down the tree.

Similar imagery is used in Isaiah 10:34 and in Jeremiah 46:22, which France, R.T. feels may be the inspiration for this verse. He also notes that in Aramaic the word for root is *ikkar* while the word for cut down is *kar* thus this verse may be another example of wordplay.

This verse is almost identical to Luke 3:9, but is not found anywhere in Mark. Thus supporters of the two-source hypothesis feel that it was likely part of , as with the preceding verses.

## Commentary from the Church Fathers

Pseudo-Chrysostom: The axe is that most sharp fury of the consummation of all things, that is to hew down the whole world. But if it be already laid, how hath it not yet cut down? Because these trees have reason and free power to do good, or leave undone; so that when they see the axe laid to their root, they may fear and bring forth fruit. This denunciation of wrath then, which is meant by the laying of the axe to the root, though it have no effect on the bad, yet will sever the good from the bad.

Jerome: Or, the preaching of the Gospel is meant, as the Prophet Jeremiah also compares the Word of the Lord to an axe cleaving the rock. (Jer. 23:29.)

Gregory the Great: Or, the axe signifies the Redeemer, who as an axe of haft and blade, so consisting of the Divine and human nature, is held by His human, but cuts by His Divine nature. And though this axe be laid at the root of the tree waiting in patience, it is yet seen what it will do; for each obstinate sinner who here neglects the fruit of good works, finds the fire of hell ready for him. Observe, the axe is laid to the root, not to the branches; for that when the children of wickedness are removed, the branches only of the unfruitful tree are cut away. But when the whole offspring with their parent is carried off, the unfruitful tree is cut down by the root, that there remain not whence the evil shoots should spring up again.

Chrysostom: By saying Every, he cuts off all privilege of nobility: as much as to say, Though thou be the son of Abraham, if thou abide fruitless thou shalt suffer the punishment.

Rabanus Maurus: There are four sorts of trees; the first totally withered, to which the Pagans may be likened; the second, green but unfruitful, as the hypocrites; the third, green and fruitful, but poisonous, such are heretics; the fourth, green and bringing forth good fruit, to which are like the good Catholics.

Gregory the Great: Therefore every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit shall be cut down, and cast into the fire, because he who here neglects to bring forth the fruit of good works finds a fire in hell prepared for him.

## Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this verse are:

| Preceded by
**Matthew 3:9** | **Gospel of Matthew
Chapter 3** | Succeeded by
**Matthew 3:11** |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Matthew 3:10 | |
| --- | --- |
| 3:93:11 | |
| Pieter Brueghel the Younger's *St John the Baptist Preaching* (1601). | |
| Book | Gospel of Matthew |
| Christian Bible part | New Testament |


title: Valborg Werbeck-Svärdström

abstract: Valborg Werbeck-Svärdström was a Swedish singer, voice teacher, and anthroposophist.

text:
# Valborg Werbeck-Svärdström

**Valborg Werbeck-Svärdström** (22 December 1879 in Gävle, Sweden as *Valborg Svärdström*  1 February 1972 in Bad Boll-Eckwälden) was a Swedish singer, voice teacher, and anthroposophist.

## Biography

Valborg Werbeck-Svärdström grew up in the northern regions of Sweden. “I was born 22. September 1879 in Gävle. 173 Km north of Stockholm,Sweden. My childhood, as far back as my memory reaches, was spent in intimate contact with Nature. \[…\] I was always able to sing. I suppose one could say I was something of a child prodigy."

When she was ten, her family moved to Stockholm, where the music educator Alice Tegnér discovered her talent. She was already performing at the age of eleven. After completing school and her studies at the Conservatory, she gave her debut and was received into the Ensemble of the Royal Swedish Opera.

She was hailed as "the new Jenny Lind". As a concert and opera singer she experienced enormous success in many of the European countries. In 1906 she married Louis Michael Julius Werbeck, the German writer and musician from Hamburg and moved with him to Germany.

In 1908 she met Rudolf Steiner and received from him indications for her work and encouragement not to give up her successful singing career, but rather to pursue it against her original intentions. Her studies with experienced teachers had certainly guided her to a successful operatic career, but it had shown her that these methods of instruction also endangered her natural voice. She began searching for new methods of developing the voice, and remained in close contact about this with Rudolf Steiner until his death. At the same time she began to build up a method of singing therapy that she later was later to develop further together with Eugen Kolisko, who took singing lessons with her from time to time, and with Ita Wegman. In 1928 her husband died. In 1938 her book '’Uncovering the Voice: The Cleansing Power of Song’’ appeared in German. The work she had started in her singing school of the same name in Hamburg was introduced by *Wilhelm Dörfler* into his choir work from 1932 until 1939 at the Goetheanum in Dornach. The rise of National Socialism in Germany made her work increasingly difficult. Eventually she had to close her school and spent the War years in semi-isolation in Silesia. The years following the War she devoted totally to her therapeutic work and to the instruction of a circle of young musicians that had gathered around her.

Valborg Werbeck-Sverdström died in 1972 at the age of 92.

## Further reading


title: Max Holste MH.20

abstract: The Max Holste MH.20 was a French single-engined racing aircraft built to compete in the 1939 Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe air race but not flying until 1941. A single example was built.

text:
# Max Holste MH.20

The **Max Holste MH.20** was a French single-engined racing aircraft built to compete in the 1939 Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe air race but not flying until 1941. A single example was built.

## Design and development

In January 1939, the 26-year-old aircraft designer Max Holste began work at l'École de Réèducation Professionnelle, a Paris technical school for training the unemployed for work in the aviation industry, to design an all-metal single-engined racing aircraft. The design, intended to compete in the 1939 Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe air race, was a mid-winged monoplane with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage. An enclosed cockpit was provided for the aircraft's pilot, situated behind the wing. The planned power-plant was a Béarn vertically-opposed air-cooled twelve-cylinder engine.

The airframe was effectively complete by June 1939, with only the engine awaited, with it being hoped that the aircraft would make its maiden flight by August 1939. This did not occur, however, and the aircraft did not fly until 25 July 1941, powered by a Régnier air-cooled inverted 12Hoo V12 engine.

## Specifications

*Data from* L'Avion "Max Holste 20" Coupe Deutsch

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 6.64 m (21 ft 9 in)
* **Wingspan:** 6.68 m (21 ft 11 in)
* **Height:** 2.10 m (6 ft 11 in)
* **Wing area:** 6.9 m2 (74 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 585 kg (1,290 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 834 kg (1,839 lb)
* **Fuel capacity:** 200 L (44 imp gal; 53 US gal)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Régnier 12HOO air-cooled inverted V12 engine, 310 kW (420 hp)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 496 km/h (308 mph, 268 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 477 km/h (296 mph, 258 kn)
* **Range:** 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi)

## InfoBox

| MH.20 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Racing aircraft |
| National origin | France |
| Manufacturer | Avions Max Holste |
| Designer | Max Holste |
| First flight | 25 July 1941 |
| Number built | 1 |