title: Necrotizing enterocolitis

abstract: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an intestinal disease that affects premature or very low birth weight infants. Symptoms may include poor feeding, bloating, decreased activity, blood in the stool, vomiting of bile, multi-organ failure, and potentially death. The exact cause is unclear. However, several risk factors have been identified. Consistently described risk factors include formula feeding, intestinal dysbiosis, low birth weight, and prematurity. Maternal factors such as chorioamnionitis, cocaine abuse, intrauterine growth restriction, intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy, increased body mass index, lack of prenatal steroids, mode of delivery, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia, and smoking have not been consistently implicated with the development of NEC. Other risk factors potentially implicated include congenital heart disease, birth asphyxia, exchange transfusion, and prelabor rupture of membranes. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve a combination of poor blood flow and infection of the intestines. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and confirmed with medical imaging. Prevention includes the use of breast milk and probiotics. Treatment includes bowel rest, orogastric tube, intravenous fluids, and intravenous antibiotics. Surgery is required in those who have free air in the abdomen. A number of other supportive measures may also be required. Complications may include short-gut syndrome, intestinal strictures, or developmental delay. About 7% of those who are born prematurely develop NEC; however the odds of an infant developing this illness is directly related to the intensive care unit they are placed in. Onset is typically in the first four weeks of life. Among those affected, about 25% die. The sexes are affected with equal frequency. The condition was first described between 1888 and 1891.

text:
# Necrotizing enterocolitis

**Necrotizing enterocolitis** (**NEC**) is an intestinal disease that affects premature or very low birth weight infants. Symptoms may include poor feeding, bloating, decreased activity, blood in the stool, vomiting of bile, multi-organ failure, and potentially death.

The exact cause is unclear. However, several risk factors have been identified. Consistently described risk factors include formula feeding, intestinal dysbiosis, low birth weight, and prematurity. Maternal factors such as chorioamnionitis, cocaine abuse, intrauterine growth restriction, intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy, increased body mass index, lack of prenatal steroids, mode of delivery, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia, and smoking have not been consistently implicated with the development of NEC. Other risk factors potentially implicated include congenital heart disease, birth asphyxia, exchange transfusion, and prelabor rupture of membranes. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve a combination of poor blood flow and infection of the intestines. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and confirmed with medical imaging.

Prevention includes the use of breast milk and probiotics. Treatment includes bowel rest, orogastric tube, intravenous fluids, and intravenous antibiotics. Surgery is required in those who have free air in the abdomen. A number of other supportive measures may also be required. Complications may include short-gut syndrome, intestinal strictures, or developmental delay.

About 7% of those who are born prematurely develop NEC; however the odds of an infant developing this illness is directly related to the intensive care unit they are placed in. Onset is typically in the first four weeks of life. Among those affected, about 25% die. The sexes are affected with equal frequency. The condition was first described between 1888 and 1891.

## Signs and symptoms

The condition is typically seen in premature infants, and the timing of its onset is generally inversely proportional to the gestational age of the baby at birth (i.e., the earlier a baby is born, the later signs of NEC are typically seen).

Initial symptoms include feeding intolerance and failure to thrive, increased gastric residuals, abdominal distension, and bloody stools. Symptoms may progress rapidly to abdominal discoloration with intestinal perforation and peritonitis and systemic hypotension requiring intensive medical support.

## Cause

The exact cause is unclear. Several risk factors have been implicated:

### Maternal factors

* Acid-suppressing medications
* Chorioamnionitis
* Cocaine abuse
* *In utero* growth restriction
* Increased body mass index
* Intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy
* Lack of prenatal steroids
* Mode of delivery
* Placental abruption
* Pre-eclampsia
* Smoking

### Main risk factors

### Other risk factors

* Acute hypoxia
* Antibiotic exposure
* Blood transfusions
* Cardiac anomalies
* Neonatal anemia
* Poor intestinal perfusion
* Prolonged use of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually suspected clinically, but often requires the aid of diagnostic imaging, most commonly radiography, which can show the intestines and may show areas with dead tissue or a bowel perforation. Specific radiographic signs of NEC are associated with specific Bell's stages of the disease:

Ultrasonography has proven to be useful, as it may detect signs and complications of NEC before they are evident on radiographs, specifically in cases that involve a paucity of bowel gas, a gasless abdomen, or a sentinel loop. Diagnosis is ultimately made in 5–10% of very-low-birth-weight infants (\<1,500g).

Diagnosis of NEC is more challenging in premature infants, due to inexplicit symptoms and radiographic signs. The most preterm infant is at highest risk of developing NEC.

## Prevention

Prevention includes the use of breast milk and probiotics. A 2012 policy by the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended feeding preterm infants human milk, finding "significant short- and long-term beneficial effects," including reducing the rate of NEC by a factor of one-half to three-quarters.

Small amounts of oral feeds of human milk starting as soon as possible, while the infant is being primarily fed intravenously, primes the immature gut to mature and become ready to receive greater intake by mouth. Human milk from a milk bank or donor can be used if mother's milk is unavailable. The gut mucosal cells do not get enough nourishment from arterial blood supply to stay healthy, especially in very premature infants, where the blood supply is limited due to immature development of the capillaries, so nutrients from the lumen of the gut are needed.

Towards understanding intervention with human milk, experts have noted cow's and human milk differ in their immunoglobular and glycan compositions. Due to their relative ease of production, human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are a subject of particular interest in supplementation and intervention.

A Cochrane review in 2020 (updated in 2023) found low- to moderate-quality evidence that supplementation of probiotics enterally "prevents severe NEC, as well as all-cause mortality in preterm infants" but cautioned that the evidence was not sufficient to inform policy and practice and that further high-quality trials are needed.

Advancing enteral feed volumes at lower rates does not appear to reduce the risk of NEC or death in very preterm infants and seems to increase the risk of invasive infection. Not beginning feeding an infant by mouth for more than 4 days does not appear to have protective benefits.

## Treatment

If a baby is diagnosed with NEC, treatment should begin immediately. Treatment consists primarily of supportive care, including providing bowel rest by stopping enteral feeds, gastric decompression with intermittent suction, fluid repletion to correct electrolyte abnormalities and third-space losses, support for blood pressure, parenteral nutrition, and prompt antibiotic therapy.

Monitoring is clinical, although serial supine and left lateral decubitus abdominal X-rays should be performed every six hours.

As an infant recovers from NEC, feeds are gradually introduced. "Trophic feeds" or low-volume feeds (\<20 ml/kg/day) are usually initiated first. How and what to feed are determined by the extent of bowel involved, the need for surgical intervention, and the infant's clinical appearance.

Where the disease is not halted through medical treatment alone, or when the bowel perforates, immediate emergency surgery to resect the dead bowel is generally required, although abdominal drains may be placed in very unstable infants as a temporizing measure. Surgery may require a colostomy, which may be able to be reversed at a later time. Some children may develop short bowel syndrome if extensive portions of the bowel must be removed.

In the case of an infant whose bowel is left in discontinuity, the surgical creation of a mucous fistula or connection to the distal bowel may be helpful, as this allows for refeeding of ostomy output to the distal bowel. This refeeding process is believed to improve bowel adaptation and aid in advancement of feeds.

## Prognosis

Typical recovery from NEC if medical, nonsurgical treatment succeeds, includes 10–14 days or more without oral intake, and then demonstrated ability to resume feedings and gain weight. Recovery from NEC alone may be compromised by co-morbid conditions that frequently accompany prematurity. Long-term complications of medical NEC include bowel obstruction and anemia.

In the United States, NEC caused 355 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2013, down from 484 per 100,000 live births in 2009. Rates of death were almost three times higher for the black population than for the white population.

When NEC is diagnosed and treated immediately, the prognosis for babies is generally very good. Most babies recover fully without any additional health problems. Overall, about 70-80% of infants who develop NEC survive. Medical management of NEC shows an increased chance of survival compared to surgical management. Despite a significant mortality risk, long-term prognosis for infants undergoing NEC surgery is improving, with survival rates of 70–80%. However, "Surgical NEC" survivors are still at risk for possible long-term complications, such as narrowing of the intestines or Short bowel syndrome and neurodevelopmental disability.

## Society and advocacy

The NEC Society is a 501(c)(3), non-profit organization dedicated to building a world without necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) through research, advocacy, and education. The NEC Society was launched in January 2014 by Jennifer Canvasser after her son, Micah, died from complications of NEC just before his first birthday. The NEC Society is a patient-led organization that collaborates with expert clinicians and researchers to better understand, prevent, and treat this devastating neonatal intestinal disease. Today, patient-families and experts from around the world work together to improve outcomes for the most vulnerable infants at risk of NEC. Their work and numerous initiatives combine the patient-family perspective with solutions based on the best available scientific evidence.

### NEC Symposium

The NEC Society hosts an in-person, biennial Symposium where clinicians, scientists and patient-families come together to listen, learn and collaborate. It is held as an “All-In Meeting", where all stakeholders are fully integrated and empowered. Patient-families are central to the planning, preparation, and execution of the meeting. Each session is dedicated to a baby affected by NEC. Patient-families take part in each session as faculty and also present posters.

## InfoBox

| Necrotizing enterocolitis | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Pediatrics, gastroenterology, neonatology |
| Symptoms | Poor feeding, bloating, decreased activity, vomiting of bile |
| Complications | Short-gut syndrome, intestinal strictures, developmental delay |
| Causes | Unclear |
| Risk factors | Preterm birth, congenital heart disease, birth asphyxia, exchange transfusion, prolonged rupture of membranes |
| Differential diagnosis | Sepsis, anal fissure, infectious enterocolitis, Hirschsprung disease |
| Prevention | Breast milk, probiotics. |
| Treatment | Bowel rest, nasogastric tube, antibiotics, surgery |
| Prognosis | Risk of death 25% |


title: Monsieur Lecoq (novel)

abstract: Monsieur Lecoq is a novel by the nineteenth-century French detective fiction writer Émile Gaboriau, whom André Gide referred to as "the father of all current detective fiction". The novel depicts the first case of Monsieur Lecoq, an energetic young policeman who appears in other novels by Gaboriau.

text:
# Monsieur Lecoq (novel)

***Monsieur Lecoq*** is a novel by the nineteenth-century French detective fiction writer Émile Gaboriau, whom André Gide referred to as "the father of all current detective fiction". The novel depicts the first case of Monsieur Lecoq, an energetic young policeman who appears in other novels by Gaboriau.

## Background

Gaboriau first achieved publishing success with *L’Affaire Lerouge*, serialised in 1865, which featured the amateur detective, Tabaret, who recurs in his later novels. Gaboriau then went on to publish *Le Crime d’Orcival* (1867), *Le Dossier no. 113* (1867), and *Les Esclaves de Paris* (1868).

In December 1867, Moïse Millaud and Gaboriau renewed their contract from the previous year, in which Gaboriau had committed to publishing his literary works in Millaud et Compagnie papers. It was decided to publish a longer work that Gaboriau had started in 1864, which he was now finishing. It would be entitled Monsieur Lecoq, the name of the policeman that the two preceding series had made famous. Millaud launched an extensive and shrewd publicity campaign to promote the work. Around 15 April 1868, walls in Paris and other French towns were covered with large multi-coloured posters, emblazoned with
MONSIEUR LECOQ!
MONSIEUR LECOQ!!
MONSIEUR LECOQ!!!
MONSIEUR LECOQ!!!
written in four diagonal lines. On 21 April, the same exclamations appeared on the fourth page on many newspapers, which aroused curiosity. In the Petit Journal of the same date, Timothée Trim feigned ignorance and astonishment, asking "What can this Monsieur Lecoq be?" On 15 May Millaud finally revealed to the public that Monsieur Lecoq was the title of a long work by Emile Gaboriau that they were going to publish. He stated that Monsieur Lecoq, who had hitherto made sporadic appearances in Gaboriau's works, was to be the hero of this new story, and considered that they were correct in stating that this new work was of even greater interest than anything that Gaboriau had published. On 24 May newspaper vendors asked for a considerable increase in copies for the day Monsieur Lecoq was published for the first time. Publication started on 27 May and ended on 3 December, with a one-week break between parts one and two between 31 July and 7 August. The novel was a considerable success.

The novel is split into two parts: *I – L’Enquête* (The Inquiry), *II – L’Honneur du nom* (The Honour of the Name). Binyon observes that this is a common structural characteristic of Gaboriau's novels, which separates the different subjects of each part: "Each novel falls into two-halves: the first begins with the discovery of the crime and narrates the activities of the detective; the second, which usually takes the form of a complicated family history, describes the events leading up to the crime."

## Inspiration

Bonnoit highlights the influence of the *Mémoires de Vidocq* on Gaboriau, the partly fictionalised memoires of a thief who went on to become the head of the Paris police, particularly the influence of Vidocq's art of disguise. Lits observes that Lecoq's name was clearly formed in imitation of Vidocq, and that this was the name of the policeman in Paul Féval's *Habits Noirs*. Gaboriau's detectives, both Lecoq and Tabaret, solve crimes in a manner that is similar to that of Edgar Allan Poe's detective, Dupin. As Gaboriau admired Poe, it is not surprising that Lecoq and Dupin share many traits, and Murch observes, "they both regard a mysterious puzzle as a challenge to their powers of perception; they reason with mathematical precision and enjoy giving little lectures on 'algebraic analysis' to their associates."

## Plot summary

*L'enquête*

Policemen on patrol in a dangerous area of Paris hear a cry coming from the Poivrière bar and go to investigate. There is evidence of a struggle. Two dead men are lying next to the fireplace, another is lying in the middle of the room. A wounded man, who is certainly the murderer, stands in a doorway. Gévrol, the inspector, tells him to give himself up, and he protests his innocence, claiming self-defence. He tries to escape, and when he is caught he cries, "Lost…It is the Prussians who are coming." The wounded third man blames Jean Lacheneur for leading him to this place, and vows revenge. He dies shortly afterwards. Gévrol, judging from the man's attire, concludes that he was a soldier, and the name and number of his regiment are written on the buttons of his great coat. His young colleague, Monsieur Lecoq, remarks that the man cannot be a soldier because his hair is too long. Gévrol disagrees. The inspector thinks that the case is straightforward – a pub brawl that ended in murder, whereas Lecoq thinks that there is more to the affair than meets the eye, and asks the inspector if he can stay behind to investigate further, and chooses an older officer, Père Absinthe, to stay with him.

Lecoq expounds his interpretation of the case to him, stating that the vagabond they had arrested is in fact an upper-class man. He comments that the criminal's remark about the Prussians was an allusion to the battle of Waterloo, and reasons that he was waiting for accomplices. He finds footprints in the snow outside the back exit to the bar, revealing the presence of two women, who were helped to escape by an accomplice.

An examination of the body of the supposed soldier leads to the discovery of a note, which reveals that his name was Gustave. Nothing is found on the bodies of the other two men which gives a clue to their identities. The judge, Maurice d’Escoval, arrives and commends Lecoq for the meticulousness of his investigation. After a brief interview with the suspect, the judge leaves suddenly, apparently moved, leaving Lecoq to his own devices. The suspect later tries to commit suicide in his cell. Lecoq continues his investigations the next day, following leads on the two women, but when he goes to report to M. d’Escorval he discovers that he has broken his leg and will be replaced by M. Segmuller. Under interrogation, the suspect maintains that he is an acrobat named Mai, and that he only arrived in Paris on Sunday. He states that he went for a drink in the Poivrière, was mistaken for a police informant, attacked, and defended himself with the revolver he was carrying.

After making further enquiries, including observing the prisoner from above his cell, fail to produce any information, Lecoq decides to take drastic measures. He convinces M. Segmuller to allow him to set a trap by letting the prisoner escape, so that he can follow him. Mai wanders in the streets, followed by Lecoq and Absinthe in disguise, and eventually comes out of a seedy bar with a suspicious-looking man. In the evening, they stop outside a town house, which belongs to the Duke of Sairmeuse and Mai scales the wall, eluding his followers. They arrest his accomplice and search the house and its grounds, but the suspect has vanished.

Lecoq goes to amateur detective, Père Tabaret for advice. Tabaret states that M. d’Escorval's fall and Mai's attempted suicide were not a coincidence, and that the two are enemies. By his reasoning it appears impossible for Mai to be the Duke of Sairmeuse, therefore Mai and the Duke of Sairmeuse are one and the same. Through consultation of biographies of the Duke of Sairmeuse and M. d’Escoval's fathers, he reveals the hatred that exists between the royalist Sairmeuses and the Republican Escorvals. He says that the prisoner tried to kill himself because he thought his identity would be exposed and that this would bring shame on his family name.

*L’Honneur du nom*

1815. The Duke of Sairmeuse returns from exile to claim possession of his lands, the majority of which are now in the possession of Lachneur, a bourgeois widower who live with his beautiful daughter, Marie-Anne. He claims that he had been charged with their guardianship until the return of the Sairmeuses, but the Duke treats him like a servant and accuses him of profiting from them. In their misfortune, one of their friends, the Baron of Escorval, under police surveillance as a former supporter of the Empire, asks Lacheneur for Marie-Anne's hand in marriage for his son, Maurice, who is in love with and loved by her. He refuses because he is planning an uprising against the Sairmeuses, and does not want Maurice to get caught up in it. Maurice becomes involved in the plans to be closer to Marie-Anne, joining Lacheneur's son, Jean, and Chalouineau, who is secretly in love with Marie-Anne. Stopping at nothing that could help him succeed, Lacheneur is even welcoming to Martial, the marquis de Sairmeuse, who is enamoured with Marie-Anne and hopes to make her his mistress. His fiancé, Blanche, the daughter of the marquis of Courtomieu, is furious and vows revenge on the woman she wrongly considers as her rival.

The uprising fails and the Baron d’Escorval is arrested as the head of the plot, despite having tried to dissuade the rebels from their course of action. He is condemned to death, along with Chalouineau, in a trial presided over by the Duke of Sairmeuse. The baron is saved by Chalouineau, who trades a compromising letter written by the Marquis de Sairmeuse for the chance for the baron to escape. The Duke and Courtomieu accept, but cut the cord that was to help the baron escape as soon as they get hold of the letter. The baron is badly wounded but carried away and cared for by the village curate, father Midon. Chalouineau is executed and leaves all his property to Marie-Anne.

Maurice and Marie-Anne reach Piémont, where a priest marries them in secret. They go to Turin, but Marie-Anne decides to return to France when she learns of her father's arrest and execution.

Maurice, unaware that Martial was not involved in the treachery against his father, writes a letter to him denouncing him. Martial, outraged by Courtomieu's bad faith, reads the letter at the wedding evening, causing a scandal. He vows to live apart from his wife. Marie-Anne takes possession of Chalouineau's house, and conceals the birth of her son, that a Piedmontese peasant takes away to his land in secret.

Blanche, still desiring vengeance against Marie-Anne, gets Chupin to spy on her and slips into her house when she is away and puts poison in a bowl of soup that Marie-Anne drinks on her return. She dies in agony, but sees Blanche who did not have a chance to escape. She pardons her on the condition that she takes care of the son she had with Maurice. Chupin is a witness, but later dies from a stab wound from one of his enemies, but not before revealing Blanche's crime to his oldest son. Martial vows to avenge Marie-Anne, but no-one suspects that Blanche is the murderer. They move to Paris and live separately under the same roof. They soon learn that the Duke is killed when he went out riding on his horse, probably by Jean Lacheneur, who is in hiding. Chupin's eldest son turns up in Paris and blackmails Blanche. She fails to find Marie-Anne's son.

Years pass, Maurice's parents die, and he becomes a judge in Paris. Chupin's eldest son dies, Blanche believes that she is free from the blackmail, but Jean Lacheneur arrives in Paris, aware of who killed his daughter, and decides to exact vengeance on her by using her husband. He makes Chupin's widow begin the blackmail again, and sends an anonymous letter to the duke to draw attention to her movements. Martial is stunned when he sees the seedy bar that his wife has been going to, but glimpses the truth when he finds out that it is owned by Chupin's widow. He finds a compromising letter that Blanche kept and realises that she murdered Marie-Anne.

Martial follows Blanche one night when she goes to the Poivrière to meet Chupin's widow with her chamber maid. Jean Lacheneur has set a trap, in which he intends to lead Martial and Blanche to a notorious place and provoke a scene in which they will find themselves compromised. However, the three criminals he enlists in this scheme let greed take over and try to steal Blanche's diamond earrings. Martial intervenes and has to combat three foes. He promises Chupin's widow a reward if she keeps quiet. The women manage to escape. This takes the reader to the beginning of the affair.

Having found out that Blanche has committed suicide and that M. d’Escorval has been reunited with his son, Lecoq decides to confront the Duke of Sairmeuse, having put together all the pieces of the mystery. One day a red-haired man goes to the Duke's house and gives him an urgent letter from M. d’Escorval, asking him, as a gesture of his gratitude for not revealing his identity, to lend him a large sum of money that he needs. Martial replies with a letter that tells him that his fortune and his life belong to his old enemy, whose generosity have saved him from dishonour. He hands this back to the messenger, who drops his beard and wig: it is Lecoq, who had forged M. d’Escorval's handwriting. The case against the Duke is dismissed, his innocence having been proven, and Lecoq is appointed in the post that he sought.

## Themes and characteristics

One of the salient features of detective fiction that is prominent in Monsieur Lecoq is the art of disguise. It is the mark of a good detective, and Lecoq is a master of disguise. Gaboriau also establishes a contrast that was to characterise later detective fiction: the distinction between policemen and amateur detectives. Lecoq has a passion for detection, but he is preoccupied with professional success, while Tabaret carries out detective work without remuneration for the satisfaction and pleasure it provides him. Gaboriau's detectives differ from other detectives in their fallibility. Bonnoit stresses that while they are geniuses of detection, they are not supermen like Dupin or Sherlock Holmes. Goulet highlights the prominence of logical reasoning in Gaboriau, which is a feature of the writing of most detective fiction authors. Gunning considers that Lecoq is the first instance of a detective meticulously scouring a crime scene. He also states that Gaboriau, with Lecoq, 'introduces detailed visual scrutiny to the genre,’ eliciting an account of past events from inanimate objects. Lecoq does not merely look at objects, he reads them. The novel also introduces elements of detection as science, which was later pursued by Sherlock Holmes. Lecoq compares the work of a detective to that of a naturalist, and resolves to observe Mai as minutely as a naturalist examines an insect under a microscope.

## Influence

Gaboriau influenced later detective fiction writers, notably Conan Doyle, who acknowledged his debt to Gaboriau. Conan Doyle wrote, 'Gaboriau had rather attracted me by the neat dovetailing of his plots, and Poe’s masterful detective, M. Dupin, had from boyhood been one of my heroes. But could I bring an addition of my own?’ Conan Doyle also uses Gaboriau's two-part structure for two of the four longer Sherlock Holmes stories. Holmes's skill in the art of disguise is equal to that of Lecoq. Liebow observes that there is a startling similarity between Holmes and Lecoq's speech, conduct, and meditations. However, Holmes denigrates Lecoq in *A Study in Scarlet*, dismissing him as a 'miserable bungler.' Gaboriau was also an influence on John Russell Coryell, who read his works. His detective, Nick Carter, follows in Lecoq and Tabaret's footsteps.

## Adaptations

There have been two film adaptations of *Monsieur Lecoq*: a 1914 French film, and a 1915 American film.

### Notes

## InfoBox

Monsieur Lecoq
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Émile Gaboriau |
| Language | French |
| Genre | Detective novel |
| Publication date | 27 May 1868 (1st edition) |
| Publication place | France |
| Media type | Print (Newspaper) |


title: Foziling Reservoir

abstract: Foziling Reservoir is a reservoir located in Huoshan County, Anhui, China.

text:
# Foziling Reservoir

**Foziling Reservoir** (simplified Chinese: 佛子岭水库; traditional Chinese: 佛子嶺水庫; pinyin: *Fózǐlǐng Shuǐkù*) is a reservoir located in Huoshan County, Anhui, China.

## History

The reservoir project was started in January 1952 and completed in November 1954, taking two years and ten months. It is the first large-scale water conservancy and hydropower project built after the founding of the Communist State, and Chinese official media call it "the first dam in New China".

## Function

The reservoir provides drinking water for locals, and has also become a place for recreation for nearby residents.

## InfoBox

| Foziling Reservoir | |
| --- | --- |
| 佛子岭水库 (Chinese) | |
| Dam of Foziling Reservoir in May 2006 | |
| Foziling ReservoirLocation in Anhui | |
| Location | Huoshan County, Anhui, China |
| Coordinates | 31°20′46″N 116°16′22″E / 31.34611°N 116.27278°E / 31.34611; 116.27278 |
| Type | Reservoir |
| Primary outflows | Pi River |
| Basin countries | China |
| Built | January 1952–November 1954 |
| First flooded | 1955 |
|  | |
| Surface area | 1,270 square kilometres (310,000 acres) |
| Max. depth | 74.4 m (244 ft) |
| Water volume | 405,000,000 m3 (0.097 cu mi) |


title: John Lindsay Stewart

abstract: John Lindsay Stewart was a 19th-century Scottish botanist remembered for his conservation of Indian forests.

text:
# John Lindsay Stewart

**John Lindsay Stewart** FRSE FRCS FRGS FLS (13 December 1831  7 July 1873) was a 19th-century Scottish botanist remembered for his conservation of Indian forests.

## Life

Stewart was born in Fettercairn, Dalladies, where his father was a farmer. He studied Medicine at Glasgow University and received his medical degree in 1853. He became particularly interested in botany thanks to the teaching of George Arnott Walker-Arnott. He passed the Indian Medical Service exam and was posted to Bengal in 1856 as an assistant surgeon. In 1857, he was present at the Siege of Delhi, one of the decisive points in the Indian Mutiny.

In 1858, he joined the expedition to Yusufzai and served some time with the Punjab regiments. In 1860, he left his medical duties to become Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Saharunpore under the jurisdiction of William Jameson, delegating for him during a year of absence. He had duties overseeing the government tea plantations in the region.

Following Jameson's return in 1861 he returned to medicine as a civilian surgeon in Bijnour. In 1864, he was put in charge of a programme of forest conservation in the Five Rivers region, continuing in this role for five years, and establishing systems echoed in many later conservation projects.

In 1872, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being John Hutton Balfour.

He was allowed to visit England in 1872 to pursue the production of a forest flora of the northern and central region. He died following a nervous breakdown (claimed by some to be the result of a rejection of his work by J.D. Hooker) at the Hill Sanatorium in Dalhousie in India. His position as the Conservator of Forests in Punjab was replaced by Baden Henry Powell.

## Publications


title: Perciformes

abstract: Perciformes, also called the Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha. Perciformes means "perch-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perch and darters (Percidae), sea bass and groupers (Serranidae).

text:
# Perciformes

**Perciformes** (/ˈpɜːrsɪˌfɔːrmz/), also called the **Acanthopteri**, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha. *Perciformes* means "perch-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perch and darters (Percidae), sea bass and groupers (Serranidae).

## Taxonomy

Formerly, this group was thought to be even more diverse than it is thought to be now, containing about 41% of all bony fish (about 10,000 species) and about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates. However, many of these other families have since been reclassified within their own orders within the clade Percomorpha, significantly reducing the size of the group. In contrast to this splitting, other groups formerly considered distinct, such as the Scorpaeniformes, are now classified in the Perciformes.

### Evolution

The earliest fossil perciform is the extinct serranid *Paleoserranus* from the Early Paleocene of Mexico, but potential records of "percoids" are known from the Maastrichtian, including *Eoserranus*, *Indiaichthys*, and *Prolates*, although their exact taxonomic identity remains uncertain.

## Characteristics

The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid (rough to the touch), although sometimes they are cycloid (smooth to the touch) or otherwise modified.

## Taxonomy

Classification of this group is controversial. As traditionally defined before the introduction of cladistics, the Perciformes are almost certainly paraphyletic. Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the Scorpaeniformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Pleuronectiformes. Of the presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic, as well. These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text *Fishes of the World*.

| Nelson 2016 Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2017 |
| --- |

## InfoBox

| Perciformes
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Dusky grouper (*Epinephelus marginatus*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| *Clade*: | Percomorpha |
| Order: | Perciformes
Bleeker, 1863 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Perca fluviatilis*
Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Suborders | |
| See text | |


title: Riot (2 Chainz song)

abstract: "Riot" is a song by American hip hop recording artist 2 Chainz. It was first released as part of his mixtape T.R.U. REALigion (2011) and was later released as part of the deluxe edition of his debut studio album Based on a T.R.U. Story (2012), at a time four seconds longer than its time on the mixtape.

text:
# Riot (2 Chainz song)

"**Riot**" is a song by American hip hop recording artist 2 Chainz. It was first released as part of his mixtape *T.R.U. REALigion* (2011) and was later released as part of the deluxe edition of his debut studio album *Based on a T.R.U. Story* (2012), at a time four seconds longer than its time on the mixtape.

## Music video

On 4th September, 2012, the music video was officially released. It was shot at night time in Atlanta and directed by Decatur Dan. The video includes Chainz being the leader of a group of unruly rebels that destroy cars and start fires.

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (*Billboard*) | 18 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 54 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Riot" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by 2 Chainz | |
| from the album  *T.R.U. REALigion and Based on a T.R.U. Story* | |
| Released | August 14, 2012 |
| Recorded | 2011 |
| Genre | Hip hop, trap |
| Length | 2:43 (mixtape version)
2:47 (album version) |
| Label | Def Jam |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | DJ Spinz |


title: Mason Jones (guitarist)

abstract: Mason Jones is a San Francisco-based guitarist, graphic designer, music journalist, audio engineer and independent record label owner. Jones is a founding member of the psychedelic rock act SubArachnoid Space and for the music released under his monikers, such as Dada Fish, Numinous Eye and Trance. In 1988 he founded the music label Charnel Music which specialized in psychedelic, experimental and noise music.

text:
# Mason Jones (guitarist)

**Mason Jones** is a San Francisco-based guitarist, graphic designer, music journalist, audio engineer and independent record label owner.

Jones is a founding member of the psychedelic rock act SubArachnoid Space and for the music released under his monikers, such as Dada Fish, Numinous Eye and Trance. In 1988 he founded the music label Charnel Music which specialized in psychedelic, experimental and noise music.

## Biography

Mason Jones formed the improvisation-based psychedelic project SubArachnoid Space in late 1995 with bassist Jason Stein and drummer Michelle Schreibner. After adding second guitarist Melynda Jackson to the line-up, the ensemble issued their full-length debut in 1996, titled *Delicate Membrane*. Their second album *Ether Or* and live album *Almost Invisible* followed in 1997. In 1998 Release Entertainment, a sub-label of Relapse Records issued *Endless Renovation*, which expanded the band's sound with arrangements for synthesizer, cello and violin. The group collaborated with guitarist Scott Ayers' Walking Timebombs project, which yielded the album *The Sleeping Sickness* in 1999. Another live album titled *These Things Take Time* followed in fall 2000.

Mason Jones also began issuing solo work under his own name, starting with International Incident in 1998. The album collected tracks recorded live during two tours of Japan in 1995 and 1997 and featured performances by KK Null, Seiichi Yamamoto and members of Acid Mothers Temple. He followed that release with 1999's *Midnight In The Twilight Factory*, which comprised four lengthy improvs that were recorded direct to DAT.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Mason Jones | |
| --- | --- |
| Genres | Experimental rock, psychedelic rock, space rock, post-rock |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Guitar |
| Years active | 1988present |
| Labels | Charnel Music |
|  | |
| Website | www.charnel.com |


title: Robert Tollast

abstract: Robert Tollast, was a British painter. He was a court painter for the House of Habsburg.

text:
# Robert Tollast

**Robert Tollast** ( **Robert Malcolm Priestly Tollast**; 1915–2008), was a British painter. He was a court painter for the House of Habsburg.

## Biography

Robert Malcolm Priestly Tollast was born on 15 September 1915 in Wandsworth, London. He studied Fine Arts at the Westminster School of Art.

During World War II, he was commissioned in the Intelligence Corps and joined the diplomatic service as an Attaché de Presse in the British embassies of Baghdad and Cairo. He resigned in 1948 to become a full-time portrait painter and in 1949 had his first one-man show in London and exhibited at the Royal Academy.

A period of global travel was followed by ten years painting in the United States (New York and Washington D.C.) His exhibition at the Washington gallery was opened by the then British Ambassador, the Earl of Cromer, formerly Governor of the Bank of England. In the early 1960s, he spent time in Cambridge doing portraits of college luminaries and also for local families. After he returned to England in 1976, Tollast divided his time among Switzerland, France (Paris) and Italy (Milan and Florence) and Austria (Vienna) with occasional visits to Germany.

During long visits to South Africa, he painted three generations of the Oppenheimer family, among other prominent figures in industry. His work was exhibited in 1959 in the Africana Museum (now MuseuMAfricA) in Newtown, Johannesburg.

The list of Tollast's most interesting portrait commissions includes clients internationally prominent in the arts, sciences, industry and politics, of which one of the most notable is that of Sir Winston Churchill. This was the last official portrait, of which the sitter — notoriously difficult over portraits of himself — went on record to express his approval.

Tollast's recent commission was to paint, in oil, all the partners of the partners of the Geneva private bank Lombard Odier & Cie. He also works in watercolour and pastel and is a notably successful painter of children.

At the time of his death, Tollast was royal court painter to the Habsburg family of Austria. His work is included in museum collection at the National Portrait Gallery in London.

## InfoBox

| Robert Tollast | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Robert Malcolm Priestly Tollast
15 September 1915
London, England |
| Died | 5 February 2008
Wiltshire, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Painter |
| Known for | Portrait painting |


title: Woodrow Phoenix

abstract: Woodrow Phoenix is a British comics artist, writer, editorial illustrator, graphic designer, font designer and author of children's books. Phoenix is best known for Rumble Strip, published in 2008, a non-fiction look at the difficult social issues arising from society's dependence on the automobile, which was reviewed in the London Times as "an utterly original work of genius". Among his other solo creations, are The Sumo Family and The Liberty Cat. The Sumo Family debuted in Escape magazine, and was serialised weekly in the Independent on Sunday newspaper in the UK, then monthly in both Manga Mania magazine, and German/Swiss Instant magazine. The Liberty Cat was published in Japan by Kodansha in Morning magazine. Phoenix's critical essays on comics have appeared in catalogues for exhibitions at the ICA in London, and at the University of Sussex. Books he has authored include a children's book titled Count Milkula: A Tale of Milk and Monsters! (ISBN 9780954657659); a cultural study Plastic Culture: How Japanese Toys Conquered the World (ISBN 978-4-7700-3017-7), an in-depth look at Japanese toy designs from the post-war era to present times, and their effect on the imaginations and Western markets along with their impact on trends in design and pop culture; In 2011 Phoenix edited and directed the production of Nelson from an original idea by Rob Davis. Nelson was a groundbreaking "collective graphic novel," with 54 creators producing chapters of a single continuing story, a unique storytelling experiment that won huge critical acclaim. Published by Blank Slate Books, it was The Guardian newspaper's Graphic Novel of The Month, November 2011. The Times newspaper awarded it Best Graphic Novel of 2011, it was nominated for an Eisner Award and was voted Book of The Year in the British Comic Awards 2012. In 2012, for Blank Slate Books, Phoenix wrote and designed Felt Mistress: Creature Couture (ISBN 978-1-9066533-2-3), a book with similar design and pop-cultural concerns to Plastic Culture, focused on the work of a creative duo from Wales, Louise Evans and Jonathan Edwards. In spring 2014 Phoenix completed a new graphic novel She Lives, unusual for its surprising size and dramatic presentation: a 96-page handmade, handbound book that is one metre square. The book is hardcover with an austere black surface featuring embossed giant type. Each interior page is composed of images drawn by hand in India ink rather than printed, making the entire book a one-off piece of original comics art. In a further challenge to standard comics production, Phoenix intends not to print this work so that it can only be viewed in person wherever it is exhibited. This unique object was premiered at the British Library's Comics Unmasked exhibition from May to August 2014.

text:
# Woodrow Phoenix

**Woodrow Phoenix** is a British comics artist, writer, editorial illustrator, graphic designer, font designer and author of children's books.

Phoenix is best known for *Rumble Strip*, published in 2008, a non-fiction look at the difficult social issues arising from society's dependence on the automobile, which was reviewed in the London *Times* as "an utterly original work of genius".

Among his other solo creations, are *The Sumo Family* and *The Liberty Cat*. *The Sumo Family* debuted in *Escape* magazine, and was serialised weekly in the *Independent on Sunday* newspaper in the UK, then monthly in both *Manga Mania* magazine, and German/Swiss *Instant* magazine. *The Liberty Cat* was published in Japan by Kodansha in *Morning* magazine.

Phoenix's critical essays on comics have appeared in catalogues for exhibitions at the ICA in London, and at the University of Sussex. Books he has authored include a children's book titled *Count Milkula: A Tale of Milk and Monsters!* (ISBN 9780954657659); a cultural study *Plastic Culture: How Japanese Toys Conquered the World* (ISBN 978-4-7700-3017-7), an in-depth look at Japanese toy designs from the post-war era to present times, and their effect on the imaginations and Western markets along with their impact on trends in design and pop culture;

In 2011 Phoenix edited and directed the production of *Nelson* from an original idea by Rob Davis. *Nelson* was a groundbreaking "collective graphic novel," with 54 creators producing chapters of a single continuing story, a unique storytelling experiment that won huge critical acclaim. Published by Blank Slate Books, it was *The Guardian* newspaper's Graphic Novel of The Month, November 2011. *The Times* newspaper awarded it Best Graphic Novel of 2011, it was nominated for an Eisner Award and was voted Book of The Year in the British Comic Awards 2012.

In 2012, for Blank Slate Books, Phoenix wrote and designed *Felt Mistress: Creature Couture* (ISBN 978-1-9066533-2-3), a book with similar design and pop-cultural concerns to *Plastic Culture*, focused on the work of a creative duo from Wales, Louise Evans and Jonathan Edwards.

In spring 2014 Phoenix completed a new graphic novel *She Lives*, unusual for its surprising size and dramatic presentation: a 96-page handmade, handbound book that is one metre square. The book is hardcover with an austere black surface featuring embossed giant type. Each interior page is composed of images drawn by hand in India ink rather than printed, making the entire book a one-off piece of original comics art. In a further challenge to standard comics production, Phoenix intends not to print this work so that it can only be viewed in person wherever it is exhibited. This unique object was premiered at the British Library's *Comics Unmasked* exhibition from May to August 2014.

## Biography

Phoenix grew up in Brockley, south London, his parents Joe and Sybil Phoenix having migrated to the UK from Guyana in about 1958.

He studied typography at university, and in the 1990s was a letterer for most of the UK's comics publishers, including *Escape*, Fleetway, Dark Horse UK, *Toxic*, and Acme Press. He also lettered graphic novels for Gollancz and Methuen.

He self-published several comics during this time as part of the Fast Fiction collective begun by Paul Gravett, before working as a professional artist and writer for UK and US comics companies.

Phoenix's first collaboration was with Glenn Dakin on *Sinister Romance*, a humour title they jointly wrote, drew, and edited. Four issues were published by Harrier Comics' New Wave imprint. Phoenix has since collaborated as artist and/or writer with Andi Watson, Matt Wagner, Alan Moore, Chris Reynolds, Chris Webster, Eddie Campbell, Rian Hughes, Gordon Rennie, Warren Ellis, Grant Morrison, Paul Grist, Evan Dorkin, Oscar Zarate, José Muñoz, Carl Flint, Ian Carney, Jake Carney, Zach Howard, Annie Caulfield, and Steve May.

With co-writer Ian Carney, Phoenix created an anthology comic called *SugarBuzz*, published by Slave Labor Graphics, featuring a cast of more than 50 characters. The most popular was Pants Ant, who was featured in an animated cartoon for The Cartoon Network; and the *Where's It At, Sugar Kat?* series, which was also optioned for film and TV projects by Walt Disney inc.

Phoenix was one of the first Western comics creators to appear in Kodansha's weekly manga anthology *Comics Morning* magazine in Japan, producing a mystery detective strip called *The Liberty Cat*. His work has also appeared in numerous anthologies and book collections including *Grendel: Black White and Red* (with writer Matt Wagner), *The Big Book of Death* and *The Big Book of Weirdos*, *It's Dark in London* edited by Oscar Zarate, *The Brighton Book* and *Alan Moore: Portrait of an Extraordinary Gentleman*.

Phoenix shares a studio in London known as **Detonator** with two comics writer/artists, Ed "ILYA" Hillyer and JAKe.

## Art style

Phoenix's work is graphic and playful, while noted for its high degree of formal experimentation. He draws in very different styles, which make his comics appear to be the work of three or four completely different creators. The vividly coloured angular graphics of *The Sumo Family* are completely unlike the grainy impressionist mood of *The Liberty Cat*. The elegant line of *Sherlock Holmes and The Vanishing Villain* is a differing style again that bears no relation to the many *SugarBuzz!* comics that followed. His book *Rumble Strip* is his most radical departure from previous directions that even dispenses with characters, leaving only backgrounds.

## Bibliography

### Comics (selected)

* *The Sumo Family* weekly comic strip in *The Independent on Sunday*, 1990
* *The Sumo Family* one-page color comic strip in *Manga Mania* magazine, 1991–93
* *The Liberty Cat* four episodes for *Comics Morning* magazine, Kodansha Japan, 1993–94
* *Sherlock Holmes in the Curious Case of the Vanishing Villain* (Atomeka Press, Tundra Press 1993), with Gordon Rennie, writer
* *Lazarus Churchyard* No. 2 (Tundra Press 1992), "Goodnight Ladies" pin-ups by D'Israeli, Phil Winslade, Steve Pugh, Woodrow Phoenix, Duncan Fegredo, Garry Marshall and Gary Erskine.
* *Sonic the Hedgehog* in *Sonic the Comic* No. 2 and No. 5 (Fleetway Editions, 1993); writer: Mark Millar artist: Woodrow Phoenix
* *Ecco the Dolphin* in *Sonic the Comic* #13–18 (Fleetway Editions, 1993); writer & letterer: Woodrow Phoenix (letterer on #13–15 only) Artists: Chris Webster and Steve White
* *ToeJam and Earl* in *Max Overload* No. 1, #2 and No. 3 (Dark Horse UK, 1994); writer: Annie Caulfield artist: Woodrow Phoenix
* *Eager Beaver* (Missive Device) with Ian Carney (Slab-O-Concrete Publications, 1999), ISBN 1-899866-93-0
* *Sugar Buzz!* with Ian Carney, 9 issues (SLG Publishing, 1998–)
* *Sugar Buzz: Live at Budokan!* (Slab-O-Concrete, 1999), ISBN 1-899866-33-7
* *The Skeleton Key/Sugar Kat special* (SLG Publishing, 2000), with Andi Watson, Ian Carney
* *The Pants Ant Trouser Hour* (SLG Publishing, 2001)
* *Kitsune Tales* (SLG Publishing, 2003), with Andi Watson, artist
* *Where's it at Sugar Kat: The Thin Of the Land* (SLG Publishing, 2003), ISBN 0-943151-56-2
* *SugarBuzz! Your ticket to happiness* (SLG Publishing, 2004), ISBN 1-59362-008-X
* *That's a Horse of a Different Colour* (The DFC, ongoing weekly, 2008–)
* *Donny Digits* (*The Guardian*/The DFC, 2008)
* *She Lives* (Artists' book, edition of one, 2014)

### Animation

* *Pants Ant* (2004 pilot for Cartoon Network, unaired)
* *Net Worth* (2001), The Prudential
* *Vicious Mouse* (1999), MTV Asia

### Children's books

### Other books

### Anthologies

* "You are Here" in *It's Dark in London* (Serpent's Tail, 1997), ISBN 1-85242-535-0
* "Devil's Witness" in *Grendel: Black, White, and Red* #4 (Dark Horse, February 1999)
* *The Slab-O-Concrete Inactivity Book* with Craig Conlan, co-editor (Slab-O-Concrete Publications 2000), ISBN 1-899866-42-6
* "End of the Line" in *The Brighton Book* (Myriad Editions, 2005), ISBN 0-9549309-0-8
* *Nelson* as editor/contributor (Blank Slate Books, 2011)

* Holloway, Lisa (2008), in conversation with Woodrow Phoenix at Castor & Pollux Gallery, Brighton, UK (6 December 2008)
* Stangroom, Howard (2003), "Howard Stangroom interviews Woodrow Phoenix", *Comics Forum Magazine*, No. 25, pp. 31–43
* Withrow, Steven (2003), *Toon Art: The Graphic Art of Digital Cartooning*, pp. 146–47 (Watson-Guptill Publications ISBN 0-8230-5378-4)
* Clarke, Theo (1988), "And then nothing happened", *The Comics Journal*, No. 122, pp. 107–124

## InfoBox

| Woodrow Phoenix | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Area(s) | Cartoonist, Writer, Penciller, Letterer |
| Pseudonym(s) | Trevs Phoenix |
| Notable works | *Rumble Strip*
*SugarBuzz!*
*The Sumo Family* |


title: Mosty Coal Mine

abstract: The Mosty coal mine is a large mine in the centre of Poland in Mosty, Łódź Voivodeship, 150 km west of the capital, Warsaw. Mosty represents one of the largest coal reserves in Poland, having estimated reserves of 175.4 million tonnes of coal. The annual coal production is around 3.5 million tonnes.

text:
# Mosty Coal Mine

The **Mosty coal mine** is a large mine in the centre of Poland in Mosty, Łódź Voivodeship, 150 km west of the capital, Warsaw. Mosty represents one of the largest coal reserves in Poland, having estimated reserves of 175.4 million tonnes of coal. The annual coal production is around 3.5 million tonnes.

## InfoBox

Mosty coal mine
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Mosty |
| town | Łódź Voivodeship |
| Country | Poland |
| Production | |
| Products | Coal |
| Production | 3,500,000 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1955 |
| Owner | |
| Company | Kopalnia Wegla Brunatnego Mosty |


title: Zygobothria

abstract: Zygobothria is a subgenus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Zygobothria

***Zygobothria***  is a subgenus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Zygobothria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Exoristinae |
| Tribe: | Eryciini |
| Genus: | *Drino* |
| Subgenus: | *Zygobothria*
Mik, 1891 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Sturmia atropivora*
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Monsieur Pain

abstract: Monsieur Pain is a short novel by Chilean author Roberto Bolaño (1953–2003). Written in 1981-1982, it was originally published in 1994 under the title La senda de los elefantes by the City Council of Toledo, Spain, as the winning story of its "Félix Urabayen Prize". The book was reprinted in 1999 under its final Spanish title, Monsieur Pain. A translation from the Spanish by Chris Andrews was published by New Directions in January 2010. This book was the second novel Bolaño wrote but the first one published, excluding his collaboration with A. G. Porta, Consejos de un discípulo de Morrison a un fanático de Joyce, which was published in 1983.

text:
# Monsieur Pain

***Monsieur Pain*** is a short novel by Chilean author Roberto Bolaño (1953–2003). Written in 1981-1982, it was originally published in 1994 under the title ***La senda de los elefantes*** (lit. "The Path of the Elephants") by the City Council of Toledo, Spain, as the winning story of its "Félix Urabayen Prize". The book was reprinted in 1999 under its final Spanish title, *Monsieur Pain*. A translation from the Spanish by Chris Andrews was published by New Directions in January 2010.

This book was the second novel Bolaño wrote (following *Antwerp*, written in 1980, published in 2002) but the first one published, excluding his collaboration with A. G. Porta, *Consejos de un discípulo de Morrison a un fanático de Joyce*, which was published in 1983.

## Summary

The novel is set in Paris and narrated by the Mesmerist Pierre Pain. In April 1938 Pain is approached by Madame Reynaud, whose late husband he had failed to help, to assist the Peruvian poet César Vallejo who is in the hospital, afflicted with an undiagnosed illness and unable to stop hiccuping. Pain's attempts to reach and treat Vallejo are thwarted by skeptical doctors and two mysterious Spanish men who bribe him not to treat Vallejo. Though he accepts the bribe, Pain attempts to treat the poet but is barred from the hospital and loses contact with Madame Reynaud. He has several run-ins with friends, strangers, and old acquaintances, and finds himself lost in the hospital and later in a warehouse, chasing strangers through the rain, and watching ambiguous events unfold, but he is unable to make sense of any of these events. The novel ends with an "epilogue for voices" which offers brief biographical reminiscences, or perhaps obituaries, of the novel's main characters, but it still fails to offer a resolution to the mystery.

## Criticism

In a 2010 review for the *New York Times* Will Blythe states:

> The beauty of Roberto Bolaño’s slender mystery novel *Monsieur Pain,* originally published in 1999 and now translated from the Spanish by the estimable Chris Andrews, is that it doesn’t behave much like a mystery novel. By the end of the book, which Bolaño wrote in either 1981 or 1982, the mysteries remain unsolved, the ostensible victim may or may not have suffered from foul play and the protagonist intent on figuring out who done it (if anyone did anything at all) appears incapable of doing so.

## Translations

An English translation of *Monsieur Pain* by Chris Andrews was published by New Directions in January 2010. The book has also been translated into French by Robert Amutio (Serpent à plumes, 2008), Persian by Milad Zakaria (Ofoq Publications, 2012) and Japanese by Kenji Matsumoto (Hakusuisha, 2017).

Reviews


title: Fox River (Mississippi River tributary)

abstract:
The Fox River is a stream in Davis, and
Van Buren counties of Iowa, and Clark County of Missouri. It is a tributary of the Mississippi River. The stream headwaters are at 40°45′13″N 92°43′26″W near Drakesville and Bloomfield, Iowa. It crosses the Iowa-Missouri border near Mt Sterling, and its confluence with the Mississippi is about six miles south of the confluence of the Des Moines River, near Alexandria at 40°17′05″N 91°29′39″W. The Fox River was named after the Meskwaki or Fox people. At Wayland, Missouri, the river has an average discharge of 283 cubic feet per second.

text:
# Fox River (Mississippi River tributary)

The **Fox River** is a stream in Davis, and Van Buren counties of Iowa, and Clark County of Missouri. It is a tributary of the Mississippi River.

The stream headwaters are at 40°45′13″N 92°43′26″W / 40.75361°N 92.72389°W / 40.75361; -92.72389 near Drakesville and Bloomfield, Iowa. It crosses the Iowa-Missouri border near Mt Sterling, and its confluence with the Mississippi is about six miles south of the confluence of the Des Moines River, near Alexandria at 40°17′05″N 91°29′39″W / 40.28472°N 91.49417°W / 40.28472; -91.49417.

The Fox River was named after the Meskwaki or Fox people.

At Wayland, Missouri, the river has an average discharge of 283 cubic feet per second.

## Tributaries


title: John Lindsay of Wauchope

abstract: John Lindsay, Lord of Wauchope and Staplegorton, was a Scottish noble. His parentage is currently unknown. John was appointed as Lord Chamberlain of Scotland in 1278. He received the lands of Wauchope in Dumfries and Galloway in 1285, from Alexander III of Scotland. John swore fealty and homage to King Edward I of England on 28 July 1296 at Berwick. He is recorded as providing security for the release of Alexander, son of Alexander de Baliol, who was a prisoner in 1310 in England.

text:
# John Lindsay of Wauchope

**John Lindsay**, Lord of Wauchope and Staplegorton (died c.1310), was a Scottish noble.

His parentage is currently unknown. John was appointed as Lord Chamberlain of Scotland in 1278. He received the lands of Wauchope in Dumfries and Galloway in 1285, from Alexander III of Scotland.

John swore fealty and homage to King Edward I of England on 28 July 1296 at Berwick. He is recorded as providing security for the release of Alexander, son of Alexander de Baliol, who was a prisoner in 1310 in England.

## Marriage and issue

John is known to have had the following known issue:

* Philip Lindsay of Staplegorton (died 1317), married Beatrice le Chamberlain. John de Lindsay, canon of Glasgow was Philip's son and heir.
* Simon Lindsay of Wauchope, married Isabella, had issue.

## Citations

* McAndrew, Bruce A. (2006). *Scotland's Historic Heraldry*. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843832614.


title: Rituals (TV series)

abstract: Rituals is an American soap opera that aired in first-run syndication from September 10, 1984, to September 6, 1985. Developed by Gene Palumbo, Clifford Champion, Joyce Corrington and John William Corrington, it was loosely based on a novel of the same name by Charlene Keel. Distributed by Telepictures, 260 25-minute episodes were produced over its single-season run.

text:
# Rituals (TV series)

***Rituals*** is an American soap opera that aired in first-run syndication from September 10, 1984, to September 6, 1985. Developed by Gene Palumbo, Clifford Champion, Joyce Corrington and John William Corrington, it was loosely based on a novel of the same name by Charlene Keel. Distributed by Telepictures, 260 25-minute episodes were produced over its single-season run.

## Storylines

The show took place in the fictional Virginia town of Wingfield. The community was the home of Wingfield Mills and Chapin Industries, the town's leading employers. Also located in Wingfield was a boarding school for girls called Haddon Hall. The story focused on the Chapin, Gallagher and Robertson families and the people who were connected with them either socially or professionally.

The story began with the death of Chapin family matriarch Katherine, and while everyone mourned her, her long-absent daughter, Taylor, stepped off a helicopter holding a racehorse's victory wreath. Katherine's will was read, setting off a round of battles and squabbles over the will.

Much of the focus of the show was set at Haddon Hall, which was run by president Carter Robertson, who didn't much like the Chapin family. Even when he was discovered to be Patrick Chapin's illegitimate son, he didn't change his views on the family. He was married to Christina Robertson, whose sister, Sara, was married to sleazy Eddie Gallagher, a working-class man, who was shot and killed in self-defense by his daughter, Haddon Hall student Noel, for years of physical and sexual abuse. (This was the result of an on-air contest to discover the victim, the killer, and the motive.)

The series ended its syndicated run in 1985.

## Characters

### The Robertsons

* Carter Robertson Chapin (Monte Markham) Husband of Christina and Headmaster of girls school, Haddon Hall. He is the illegitimate son of Patrick Chapin (and was originally thought to be the son of the Chapin family butler), father of Jeff. Was run down by a car, and used a wheelchair for mobility. After he divorced Christina, he later married Marissa Mallory (but annulled it when it was revealed he was still married to Christina); and after his divorce was finalized, married Christina's youngest sister, Lisa.
* Christina Robertson Chapin (née Thompson) (Christine Jones) Wife of Carter and sister of Sara Gallagher and Lisa Thompson. She was a close friend of the late Katherine Chapin and was given the Chapin Diamond as a result. She later divorced Carter (in between she had an affair with Patrick Chapin, which led to his death and enmity with his daughter, Taylor Von Platen) and eventually attempted to marry C.J. Field, but she shot and wounded him and killed Sara. She and C.J. divorced after realizing she couldn't live with having killed her sister. As a result of what happened, she later became a nun and spoke the final lines in the series, "Each person's life is unique, but the rituals remain the same."
* Jeff Robertson Chapin (Tim Maier) Son of Carter and Christina. In the beginning, a student at Harvard, but after being beaten up by Eddie Gallagher, lived in Wingfield again. Best friend of Brady Chapin, who later became his uncle. Turns out to be as scheming as his parents were.

### The Chapins

* Patrick Chapin (Dennis Patrick) Head of the Chapin family. Head of Wingfield Mills and Chapin Industries, as well as one of the wealthiest people in Wingfield. The Chapin family, who live at an estate called The Willows, also were the founders of Haddon Hall, Wingfield's local women's college (Oakwood was the male equivalent of Haddon Hall, and was not that far away from Wingfield). He is the father of Brady, Taylor, Carter Robertson and Michele Davenport (via Sarah Gallagher); and the grandfather of Julia Field. The funeral of his wife, Katherine (née Haddon), was the opening scene of the show which eventually sets in motion most of the plotlines. He eventually died himself as a result of a heart attack, while in a romantic clinch with Christina Robertson, who had fallen in love with him.
* Brady Chapin (Marc Poppel in 1984, Jon Lindstrom from 1984–1985) Son of Patrick, brother of Taylor, and half-brother of Carter Robertson and Michele Davenport. He is an irresponsible playboy (who also had a cocaine addiction), but was also a champion horseback rider. He fell in love with Dakota Lane, aggravating his ex-girlfriend, Noel Gallagher. He eventually married Dakota and they had a child together.
* Taylor Von Platen (née Chapin) (Jo Ann Pflug in 1984, Tina Louise from 1984–1985) Daughter of Patrick, sister of Brady, and half-sister of Carter Robertson and Michele Davenport. Head of the board of trustees at Haddon Hall. a crassly materialistic and money-mad woman, she was married five times (one of which was to C.J. Field, with whom she procreated Julia). Taylor is resented by her daughter (due to her continual neglecting of her) and they clashed repeatedly. She made her first appearance interrupting her mother's funeral by stepping off a helicopter with a race horse's victory wreath. She is also involved with Logan Williams, although she is angered at him for being the executor of her mother's will. She had affairs with a lot of men, including Bernhardt Kraus (mainly to aggravate Julia). She gained a personal assistant in hard-working student Patty DuPont, whom she matched up with Bernhardt. Had a rivalry with Christina Robertson when she embarked on an affair with her father.
    + Carson "C.J." Field (Peter Haskell) Wealthy former husband of Taylor Chapin and father of Julia. He helped the Chapin family out of financial straits when he married Taylor. He became Governor of Virginia and fell in love with Sarah Gallagher after her first husband's death. They were engaged and were happy until her sister, Christina, killed her and wounded him. He married Christina, but they divorced soon after the marriage because she couldn't live with what she had done to them. Was once married to a woman named Margot and had a son named Mark with her. Was in love with Sarah Gallagher, but was shot by her sister, Christina, whom he later married and divorced soon after.
    + Julia Chapin Field (Andrea Moar) Daughter of Taylor Chapin and C.J. Field. She resents her absentee mother, Taylor (with whom she clashes repeatedly over the series run), which prompts her to have a closer relationship with her father (which came over time as she felt neglected by him as well). In order for her to acquire her grandmother, Katherine's jewelry, she has to remain in Wingfield and graduate from Haddon Hall, which she did. At first very headstrong and spoiled (due to her parents neglect), but with time, she mellows and becomes more mature, becoming Dakota Lane's closest friend and staunchest supporter. Has doomed relationships with Logan Williams (which her mother stopped); Bernhardt Kraus (whom she was engaged to, which was also stopped by her mother) and Luther "Lucky" Washington (which was again stopped but by her whole family this time), half-sister of Mark Field.

### The Gallaghers

* Eddie Gallagher (Greg Mullavey) Husband of Sara, and father of Tom and Noel Gallagher. He is the brother of Mike. Eddie owns a Motel and Bar called Gallagher's and once worked at Wingfield Mills. A very vicious, brutal and evil individual (he attacked and viciously assaulted Jeff Robertson Chapin) who is quite abusive towards his family. He is murdered in self-defense by his once-loyal daughter, Noel, for physically and sexually abusing her.
* Tom Gallagher (Kevin Spirtas) Son of Eddie and Sara, brother of Noel, half-brother of Michele Davenport. A police officer later security guard. Despises his father (who drove him out of town two years previously, which had him go into the military), and will protect his mother and sister from his wrath. Husband of Diandra Santiago, whom he met while he was a soldier in her home country of San Rafael. Upon his return, Eddie threw him and Diandra out of his house. This only cements his hatred towards his father. He later died as a result of radiation poisoning at a power plant he was guarding. Diandra returned to San Rafael and raised their child (he never knew that the child's father was really his uncle, Mike) alone.
* Mike Gallagher (Kin Shriner) Half-brother of Eddie. Husband of Lacey Jarrett. An artist and art teacher at Haddon Hall. He and Lacey have issues with adopting a child. Had an affair with his nephew's wife, Diandra, and they gave birth to a daughter. He and Lacey divorce acrimoniously and he leaves town on his motorcycle.
* Diandra Santiago Gallagher (Gina Gallego) Wife of Tom Gallagher. She is the niece of a former Latin-American politician named Enrique Santiago. She came from the country of San Rafael. Eventually returns there to raise her child with Tom (really Mike, but Tom never knew that) alone after his untimely death from radiation poisoning.
* Lacey Jarrett Gallagher (Philece Sampler) Wife of Mike Gallagher. She is a physical education teacher at Haddon Hall, who later became the school's Dean of Women and then much later on, became the first female president of the school. Adopted mother of Katie Burns. She and Mike divorced and he left town, but she remained in Wingfield.
* Sara Gallagher (née Thompson) (Lorrine Vozoff in 1984, Laurie Burton from 1984–1985) Wife of Eddie Gallagher, and mother of Tom and Noel. Later revealed to be the mother of Michele Davenport (via Patrick Chapin, which explained a large sum of money she had been willed by him. She is the sister of wealthier Christina Robertson, and tends to be kinder and more down-to-earth than her sister. She also has a younger (and more troublemaking) sister named Lisa, who later married her former brother in-law, Carter Chapin. She and Eddie owned a motel and bar called Gallagher's. She is killed by Christina, and her daughter, Michele, took over management of the motel and bar.
* Noel Gallagher (Karen Kelly) Scheming daughter of Eddie and Sara Gallagher, and sister of Tom; she later gained a half-sister in Michele Davenport. She is a student at Haddon Hall, who is wanting to be a singer. At first, she idolized her father and did whatever he told her to do, until it came out that he abused her both physically and sexually. She later killed him in self-defense and revealed this at her mother's murder trial. At first in love with Brady Chapin (he wasn't in love with her, but was smitten with Dakota Lane), but she later realizes that Brady was unattainable, and as such, falls for Brady's nephew (and former best friend), Jeff Robertson Chapin.

### The Washingtons

* Maddie Washington (Ketty Lester and Lynn Hamilton) The Chapin family housekeeper, and mother of Lucky.
* Luther "Lucky" Washington (Randy Brooks in 1984, Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs from 1984–1985) Son of Maddie Washington, an investigator, who embarked on a doomed interracial affair with Julia Field.

### The Lanes

* Dakota "Koty" Lane (Claire Yarlett in 1984, Mary Beth Evans from 1984–1985) An actress, daughter of Cherry Lane. She eventually fell in love with wealthy Brady Chapin, and gained a champion and close friend in his niece, Julia Chapin Field. Had a brain tumor which was successfully operated on (Brady, Julia and her mother were at her side during this time). She gave birth to a child (the father was Mike Gallagher), and she gave the child to Lacey. She and Brady finally married and had a child together.
* Cherry Lane' (Sharon Farrell) Mother of Dakota Lane. A masseuse who wanted to be a singer. She was a bona fide survivor, but she was always looking out for her daughter's best interests. She eventually married a researcher named Roger Gibson.

### Other characters

* Logan Williams (George Lazenby) A successful and published playwright, and a former paramour of Taylor Chapin. Executor of Katherine Chapin's will, which angered Taylor.
* Marissa Mallory (Patti Davis in 1984, Janice Heiden from 1984–1985) A scheming research assistant at Chapin Industries. She later married Carter Robertson, but it was annulled by Carter himself after he wasn't divorced from Christina (and also done to her out of sheer spite to keep her away from his newfound wealth, as he had been revealed to be Patrick Chapin's son at that same time). This led to Marissa teaming with Christina to get revenge on him.
* Bernhardt Kraus (Cameron Smith) A scheming businessman who was once engaged to Julia Field, but was forced to break up with her by Taylor and was manipulated into marriage to Taylor's personal assistant, Patty DuPont. However, he truly fell in love with Patty and they left Wingfield happily.
* Michele Davenport (Kelly Bennett) Secretary for Carter Robertson Chapin. She had an affair with him, which later caused her to be fired. She teamed up with Carter's ex-wife, Christina, to get even with him. She later revealed to have been the daughter of Sarah Gallagher and Patrick Chapin. After her mother's death, she managed the motel and bar she had owned.
* Lisa Thompson Chapin (Wesley Ann Pfenning) Scheming youngest sister of Sara Gallagher and Christina Robertson, a former prostitute from Washington, D.C., who came at the behest of Christina. She later married Christina's former husband, Carter Chapin.
* Patty DuPont (Winifred Freedman) A plain-Jane but very hard working student at Haddon Hall who later became Taylor Von Platen's personal assistant. She was also the former roommate of Taylor's daughter, Julia Field. She married Julia's ex-fiancé, Bernhardt Kraus after the scheming Taylor matched them up. She and Bernhardt truly fell in love and they left Wingfield happily.

## Broadcast

The series later aired in France from 1989 to 1990 under the name *La Ligne de Chance* and Brazil from 1989 to 1990 under the name *Rituais da Vida* (Rituals of Life).

## InfoBox

| *Rituals* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Soap opera |
| Based on | *Rituals*
by Charlene Keel |
| Developed by | Gene Palumbo
Clifford Champion
Joyce Corrington
John William Corrington |
| Written by | Gene Palumbo
Ray Goldstone |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 260 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Frank Konigsberg
Larry Sanitsky |
| Producer | Jørn Winther |
| Production locations | Metromedia Square, Hollywood
Elon College, Elon, North Carolina (on-location campus shoots) |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 25 minutes |
| Production companies | Metromedia Inc.
Telepictures Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | First-run syndication |
| Release | September 10, 1984 (1984-09-10)
September 6, 1985 (1985-09-06) |


title: Maryland Route 228

abstract: Maryland Route 228 (MD 228) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Berry Road, the state highway runs 6.88 miles (11.07 km) from MD 210 in Accokeek east to U.S. Route 301 (US 301) and MD 5 Business in Waldorf. MD 228, which is a four-lane divided highway for its entire length, is a major commuter route between southwestern Prince George's County and northern Charles County. In conjunction with MD 210, the state highway serves as an alternative to US 301 and MD 5 as a route to Washington, D.C. from Southern Maryland. MD 228 also serves as part of the connection, again via MD 210, between Waldorf and Indian Head Naval Surface Warfare Center. MD 228 did not originally connect Waldorf with Accokeek; instead, the state highway headed west from Waldorf and turned south near the Prince George's – Charles county line, following what is now MD 229 to Pomfret. The state highway was built from Pomfret to Berry in the late 1920s. MD 228 was completed between Berry and Waldorf in the mid-1930s. MD 228 was expanded to a divided highway in Charles County and extended into Prince George's County in the mid-1990s. In 2000, the Prince George's County section of the state highway was reconstructed as a divided highway west to the MD 210 intersection, which was rebuilt as the second continuous-flow intersection in the U.S.

text:
# Maryland Route 228

**Maryland Route 228** (**MD 228**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as **Berry Road**, the state highway runs 6.88 miles (11.07 km) from MD 210 in Accokeek east to U.S. Route 301 (US 301) and MD 5 Business in Waldorf. MD 228, which is a four-lane divided highway for its entire length, is a major commuter route between southwestern Prince George's County and northern Charles County. In conjunction with MD 210, the state highway serves as an alternative to US 301 and MD 5 as a route to Washington, D.C. from Southern Maryland. MD 228 also serves as part of the connection, again via MD 210, between Waldorf and Indian Head Naval Surface Warfare Center.

MD 228 did not originally connect Waldorf with Accokeek; instead, the state highway headed west from Waldorf and turned south near the Prince George's  Charles county line, following what is now MD 229 to Pomfret. The state highway was built from Pomfret to Berry in the late 1920s. MD 228 was completed between Berry and Waldorf in the mid-1930s. MD 228 was expanded to a divided highway in Charles County and extended into Prince George's County in the mid-1990s. In 2000, the Prince George's County section of the state highway was reconstructed as a divided highway west to the MD 210 intersection, which was rebuilt as the second continuous-flow intersection in the U.S.

## Route description

MD 228 begins at a continuous-flow intersection with MD 210 (Indian Head Highway) in Accokeek. Three lanes leave southbound MD 210 and intersect northbound MD 210. A short distance to the southeast, those lanes intersect a single lane from westbound MD 228 to southbound MD 210; that lane intersects northbound MD 210 to the northwest. The two lanes from westbound MD 228 seamlessly join northbound MD 210, while a single lane ramp from northbound MD 210 joins eastbound MD 228. The auxiliary lanes from the continuous-flow intersection merge into the state highway's four-lane divided profile before intersecting Manning Road East (unsigned MD 810I), which serves a shopping center to the west and the historic home Bellevue to the east.

MD 228 heads east through a forested area, intersecting Bealle Hill Road (unsigned MD 228A) immediately before crossing over Mattawoman Creek into Charles County. On the east side of the stream crossing, the state highway intersects the northern terminus of MD 229 (Bensville Road), the old alignment of MD 228. MD 228 continues east between residential subdivisions along the northern tier of Charles County. The state highway crosses Piney Branch, a tributary of Mattawoman Creek, and passes the highway's old alignment of Bunker Hill Road to the south in the hamlet of Berry. MD 228 curves to the southeast after passing Ironwood Drive and enters Waldorf. At Western Parkway, a county-maintained suburban boulevard that parallels US 301 to the west through Waldorf, MD 228 gains continuous right-turn lanes in both directions and enters a commercial area. The state highway reaches its eastern terminus at US 301 (Robert Crain Highway). The roadway continues on the east side of the intersection as MD 5 Business (Leonardtown Road), which heads southeast through the center of Waldorf before intersecting MD 5 on the east side of town.

MD 228 is a part of the main National Highway System for its entire length.

## History

MD 228 originally included Bensville Road and Berry Road east of the highway's modern intersection with MD 229. The two named roads met at a defunct intersection with Bealle Hill Road south of Mattawoman Creek. A 15-foot (4.6 m) wide gravel road was constructed from MD 227 in Pomfret to Bennsville in 1925 and 1926. The highway was extended to the crossing of Piney Branch in 1927 and to Berry in 1928. MD 228 was constructed west from MD 3 (later US 301 and now MD 925) to Hamilton Road (now Western Parkway) in 1933. The state highway was completed in 1936 when the gap between Berry and Hamilton Road was filled. The Berry Road portion of MD 228 was reconstructed in 1958 and 1959, leaving behind Bunker Hill Road as an old alignment.

The reconstruction of MD 228 in its modern form and course began in the early 1990s. The state highway was expanded to a divided highway from US 301 west to Sharpersville Road in Berry in 1993. MD 228 was extended into Prince George's County on a pair of new bridges over Mattawoman Creek in 1995. The divided highway extended to just west of a new intersection with Bealle Hill Road; the state highway continued west as a two-lane road to a standard intersection with MD 210. Bennsville Road was renumbered as MD 229 by 1997. The MD 228 divided highway was extended west to MD 210 and the MD 228MD 210 junction was reconstructed as a continuous-flow intersection in 2000. That intersection became the second continuous-flow intersection in the U.S.

## Junction list

| County | Location | mi
 | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prince George's | Accokeek | 0.00 | 0.00 | MD 210 (Indian Head Highway) Indian Head, Washington | Continuous flow intersection; western terminus |
| | | 0.54 | 0.87 | Manning Road East | Unsigned MD 810I |
| | | 1.30 | 2.09 | Bealle Hill Road north | Unsigned MD 228A |
| Charles | Bennsville | 1.54 | 2.48 |

MD 229 south (Bensville Road) to MD 227 Pomfret | Northern terminus of MD 229; old alignment of MD 228 |
| | Waldorf | 6.88 | 11.07 |
US 301 (Robert Crain Highway) / MD 5 Bus. south (Leonardtown Road) La Plata, Baltimore, Leonardtown | Eastern terminus; northern terminus of MD 5 Bus. |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Auxiliary route

MD 228A is the designation for a 0.16-mile (0.26 km) section of two-lane undivided Bealle Hill Road immediately to the north of the highway's intersection with MD 228 just west of Mattawoman Creek in Accokeek.

Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 228KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Maryland Route 228 | |
| --- | --- |
| Berry Road | |
| Map of Southern Maryland with MD 228 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDSHA | |
| Length | 6.88 mi (11.07 km) |
| Existed | 1927–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | MD 210 in Accokeek |
| Major intersections | MD 229 near Bennsville |
| East end | US 301 / MD 5 Bus. in Waldorf |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| Counties | Prince George's, Charles |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MD 227   MD 229 | |


title: Robert Tomkinson

abstract: Robert Edward Tomkinson was an English first-class cricketer and stockbroker. The son of William Tomkinson, he was born at Willington Hall in Cheshire in August 1847. He was educated at Marlborough College, before going up to Trinity Hall, Cambridge. After graduating from Cambridge, he became a stockbroker. Tomkinson later played three first-class cricket matches for the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1873 against Cambridge University, Oxford University and the Surrey Club. He scored 81 runs in this three matches, scoring 52 runs against the Surrey Club at The Oval. The following year he married Lucille Diana Mauritia, the daughter of Major-General Thomas Brooke. Tomkinson was convicted in Berkhamsted of carrying a gun and killing partridges without having a licence in December 1888. He died at Burnham-on-Sea in July 1928.

text:
# Robert Tomkinson

**Robert Edward Tomkinson** (14 August 1847 — 27 July 1928) was an English first-class cricketer and stockbroker.

The son of William Tomkinson, he was born at Willington Hall in Cheshire in August 1847. He was educated at Marlborough College, before going up to Trinity Hall, Cambridge. After graduating from Cambridge, he became a stockbroker. Tomkinson later played three first-class cricket matches for the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1873 against Cambridge University, Oxford University and the Surrey Club. He scored 81 runs in this three matches, scoring 52 runs against the Surrey Club at The Oval. The following year he married Lucille Diana Mauritia, the daughter of Major-General Thomas Brooke. Tomkinson was convicted in Berkhamsted of carrying a gun and killing partridges without having a licence in December 1888. He died at Burnham-on-Sea in July 1928.

## InfoBox

Robert Tomkinson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Robert Edward Tomkinson |
| Born | 14 August 1847
Willington, Cheshire, England |
| Died | 27 July 1928(1928-07-27) (aged 80)
Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Relations | James Palmer-Tomkinson (nephew) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1873 | Marylebone Cricket Club |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 3  Runs scored 81  Batting average 16.20  100s/50s –/1  Top score 52  Catches/stumpings 3/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 13 September 2021 | |


title: Woodrow Parfrey

abstract: Sydney Woodrow Parfrey was an American film and television actor from the 1950s to the early 1980s. He is often remembered as "one of TV's great slimeball villains".

text:
# Woodrow Parfrey

**Sydney Woodrow Parfrey** (October 5, 1922 – July 29, 1984) was an American film and television actor from the 1950s to the early 1980s. He is often remembered as "one of TV's great slimeball villains".

## Early life

Parfrey was born on October 5, 1922, in New York City. He was orphaned as a teenager. He attended The New School, and worked as an automobile mechanic before going into the military.

## Military service

Parfrey served in the U.S. Army during World War II, fighting in the Battle of the Bulge where he was wounded and captured by the Germans. When he was released from the Army, testing indicated that he should become an actor, which led to his new profession.

## Career

Parfrey acted almost entirely on Broadway or regional stage in the late 1940s and 1950s, turning to television and film substantially in the 1960s. He played the unbalanced informer Herbert Gelman on Broadway in the original production of *Advise and Consent* (1961), for which he won the Fanny Kemble Award.

Though usually a supporting player, he played many focal television guest-star roles, mainly in the late 1960s when fantasy and spy shows relied heavily on distinctive guest players. He appeared five times on *The Man from U.N.C.L.E.*, more than any other guest star except Jill Ireland, who also appeared five times. In 1962 Parfrey appeared as Joe Darby on the TV western *The Virginian* in the episode titled "The Accomplice". In 1962 he played the part of the murderer George Pickson in *Perry Mason*, "The Case of the Bogus Books". In 1963, he played the part of George Moffgat in *Perry Mason*, "The Case of the Drowsy Mosquito". In 1967 he appeared as Brock in the fourth season of the science fiction TV show *Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea* in the episode "Fatal Cargo". He later appeared as storekeeper Ike Godsey in *The Homecoming: A Christmas Story* (1971), the TV movie pilot for *The Waltons* (1971); *The Moneychangers* (1976); *Backstairs at the White House* (1979); and, in his only regular role, the short-lived 1979 CBS series *Time Express*.

Parfrey scored a few big A-movie parts, most notably as a prisoner in *Papillon* (1973). Parfrey's frequent association with that film's director, Franklin Schaffner, also included his role as Maximus, one of the three "See No Evil" orangutan judges in *Planet of the Apes* (1968). Later he would appear as a chimpanzee prefect on the television series based on the film franchise.

Parfrey also appeared routinely in films directed by Don Siegel and Clint Eastwood, including noted roles in Siegel's *Charley Varrick* (1973) and Eastwood's *The Outlaw Josey Wales* (1976).

His many film credits also include parts in *Cattle King* (1963), *The War Lord* (1965), *The King's Pirate* (1967), *How to Save a Marriage and Ruin Your Life* (1968), *Madigan* (1968), *Sam Whiskey* (1969), *Cold Turkey* (1971), *Dirty Harry* (1971), *Oklahoma Crude* (1973), *Stay Hungry* (1976), *The Incredible Journey of Doctor Meg Laurel* (1979), *Carny* (1980), *Bronco Billy* (1980), *Used Cars* (1980), *The Seduction* (1982), *Frances* (1982) and *Jinxed* (1982).

## Personal life

On February 18, 1950, Parfrey married Rosa Ellovich. He trained under acting teacher Erwin Piscator at the New School for Social Research.

## Death

Parfrey died of a heart attack on July 29, 1984, aged 61 years, in Los Angeles. He is buried in Los Angeles National Cemetery.

His son was "underground" publisher Adam Parfrey, who died at the same age as his father.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Woodrow Parfrey | |
| --- | --- |
| Parfrey in *Mayberry R.F.D.* (1970) | |
| Born | Sydney Woodrow Parfrey
(1922-10-05)October 5, 1922
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | July 29, 1984(1984-07-29) (aged 61)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Years active | 19501984 |
| Spouse | Rosa Ellovich (19501984) (his death) |
| Children | 4, Johnathan Parfrey, Jessica Parfrey, Juliet Parfrey, and Adam Parfrey |


title: Moritz Steinla

abstract: Moritz Steinla was a German engraver.

text:
# Moritz Steinla

**Moritz Steinla** (21 August 1791 – 21 September 1858) was a German engraver.

## Life

His family name was Müller; he took the name Steinla after his place of birth, Steinlah near Hildesheim, when his work became well-known.

After studying at the Dresden Academy, he went to Italy and studied with Giuseppe Longhi and Raffaello Sanzio Morghen. From about 1838 he was professor of copper engraving at the Dresden Academy. remaining in the post until 1 April 1858, the year of his death.

His works include engravings based on paintings by Titian, Raphael and Fra Bartolomeo.

Steinla died in Dresden in 1858. He had a large collection of paintings, copper engravings, coins and fossils; this mostly came into the possession of the royal collections at Dresden.


title: Zygocera bivittata

abstract: Zygocera bivittata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939. It is known from Australia.

text:
# Zygocera bivittata

***Zygocera bivittata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939. It is known from Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Zygocera bivittata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Zygocera* |
| Species: | ***Z. bivittata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zygocera bivittata***<br>(Breuning, 1939) | |
|