title: Nigeria–South Africa relations

abstract: Nigeria–South Africa relations refer to the bilateral relations between Nigeria and South Africa. Both countries are former colonies of the British Empire, and both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and African Union. Nigeria has a high commission in Pretoria and consulate general in Johannesburg. South Africa has a high commission in Abuja. Nigeria played an active role in opposing the apartheid regime of South Africa. Despite the end of apartheid in 1994, relations between the two countries have been severing due to competing economic and cultural influence, and various diplomatic disputes including xenophobic riots and violence in South Africa targeting Nigerians. The bilateral relations have been described as a "love–hate relationship". According to a 2017 BBC World Service Poll, 53% of Nigerians view South Africa's influence positively, with 27% expressing a negative view. This is the lowest Nigerian positive perception of South Africa ever reported by the poll since polling began in 2009, with the 2014 poll reporting 65% of Nigerians viewing South Africa's influence positively and 17% expressing a negative view.

text:
# Nigeria–South Africa relations

**Nigeria–South Africa relations** refer to the bilateral relations between Nigeria and South Africa. Both countries are former colonies of the British Empire, and both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and African Union. Nigeria has a high commission in Pretoria and consulate general in Johannesburg. South Africa has a high commission in Abuja.

Nigeria played an active role in opposing the apartheid regime of South Africa. Despite the end of apartheid in 1994, relations between the two countries have been severing due to competing economic and cultural influence, and various diplomatic disputes including xenophobic riots and violence in South Africa targeting Nigerians. The bilateral relations have been described as a "love–hate relationship".

According to a 2017 BBC World Service Poll, 53% of Nigerians view South Africa's influence positively, with 27% expressing a negative view. This is the lowest Nigerian positive perception of South Africa ever reported by the poll since polling began in 2009, with the 2014 poll reporting 65% of Nigerians viewing South Africa's influence positively and 17% expressing a negative view.

## History

### Apartheid era

During the apartheid era in South Africa, Nigeria was one of the foremost supporters of anti-apartheid movements, including the African National Congress; the Nigerian government issued more than 300 passports to South Africans seeking to travel abroad. Sonny Okosun, a Nigerian musician, wrote the hit song "Fire in Soweto" in 1977 to commemorate the 1976 Soweto uprising against apartheid in South Africa.

### Post-apartheid

Following the end of apartheid in 1994, South African businesses sought for professionals to immigrate, and a large number of Nigerians did so. It is estimated that there were 24,000 Nigerians living in South Africa in 2011.

Much of South Africa's good will towards Nigerians for supporting the ANC during apartheid has disappeared due to the activities of Nigerian organized crime in the country. Nigerian organised crime groups, mostly involved in illegal drug trafficking, in South Africa grew rapidly between 1994 and 1998.

Increasing competition between the two countries for positions at multilateral organizations is also thought to have worsened relations. Nigeria acted against South Africa to replace the incumbent Gabonese chair Jean Ping, who Nigeria supports, with South African Home Affairs Minister Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma for the powerful position of the African Union Commission chairperson. Relations further deteriorated when South Africa backed incumbent president Laurent Gbagbo for control of Côte d’Ivoire in 2011. However, after Dlamini-Zuma won the election Nigeria's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Olugbenga Ashiru stated that although Nigeria supported Ping for the position of AU chairperson in "a position which was principled along with our ECOWAS members and we stood by it. But as usual, people can insinuate that once Nigeria was not in the camp of South Africa, it means that Nigeria is against South Africa. We are not against South Africa".

## Issues

### Human Rights Criticism

The Mandela-led ANC had been seeking to help resolve the political crisis in Nigeria since 1993, following the annulment of the Nigerian elections in June 1993. In June 1994, Nigeria's military ruler, General Sani Abacha arrested and sentenced for execution 40 political opponents including former Nigerian head of state Olusegun Obasanjo as well as Chief Moshood Abiola. Mandela sent Archbishop Desmond Tutu and then Deputy President Thabo Mbeki on successive missions to Nigeria to lobby for the release of Obasanjo, Abiola and nine others.

Right up until the Commonwealth Summit in 1995, Mandela was misled by Abacha into believing that there would be a stay of execution. However, one of South Africa's first experiments with quiet diplomacy failed when in November 1995 Abacha moved ahead with the execution of the nine Ogoni leaders including Ken Saro-Wiwa. After which South African president Mandela then publicly criticised General Abacha for human rights abuses and personally pushed for a two-year suspension of Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Mandela also criticised Royal Dutch Shell for going ahead with a US$4 billion gas project in Nigeria despite its unpopularity within Nigeria and the rest of the world.

This led to South Africa being isolated in Africa amid accusations that it was:

> "\[M\]anipulated" into taking up an anti-Nigerian position by "the forces of British and American imperialism".

Within a month South Africa started back tracking in an attempt to patch up its relationship with other African nations; and in an attempt to regain regional prestige amongst other African governments at the expense of its international prestige. On 29 March 1995 Wole Soyinka, leader of an exiled Nigerian democratic movement, attempted to hold a conference in South Africa. The South African government responded by refusing to grant any visas to Nigerian democrats for six weeks prior to the conference. The ANC called for the conference to be cancelled.

The Nigerian debacle forced South Africa into a new foreign policy approach. Leading the country to abandon a "go it alone" policy and into a policy that sought to build partnerships with fellow African states through regional and continental bodies. It also made South Africa reluctant to engage in any confrontation with other African states.

### Visa restrictions and expulsions

Relations between both countries were damaged in 2012 when 125 Nigerian travellers to South Africa were expelled due to not having valid Yellow Fever certificates. In retaliation, Nigeria expelled 56 South African businesspeople. This prompted the two countries to enter into discussions around easing travel and visa restrictions between the two countries as a means of enhancing bilateral relations and trade.

### Xenophobia

A factor in anti-Nigerian xenophobia is the fact that many Nigerians in South Africa have greater skills and education than the locals, giving them an advantage in the job market, making it difficult for the locals to get access to high-paying jobs given South Africa's already high unemployment rate. Recent attacks took place in 2009, 2015 and 2019, leading to the deaths and injuries of many impoverished Nigerians. The attacks instigated retaliatory violent reactions on South African businesses in Nigeria as many condemned the xenophobic violence taking place there.

In response, the South African President Ramaphosa, made an apology to Nigeria in 2019 through his envoy Jeff Radebe, stating that he was ashamed of the violence towards Nigerians. He said, "The incident does not represent what we stand for," adding that South African police would "leave no stone unturned" in bringing those involved to justice. Ramaphosa, addressing the BBC, further said "We are very concerned and of course as a nation we \[are\] ashamed because this goes against the ethos of what South Africa stands for". President Buhari responded to the apologies from the South African president, pledging that the relationship between the two countries will be solidified," a statement from his office said.

## Trade and investment

In November 2009, South Africa hosted the South Africa-Nigeria Bi-National Commission in Pretoria. At the conference, it was noted that Oando, an energy conglomerate based in Lagos had recently been listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and the Nigeria-based Dangote Group had invested a record $378 million in South Africa's cement industry. In 2008, approximately $2.1 billion was traded between the two states. By 2012, total bilateral trade had increased to $3.6 billion.

In 2012, 83% of trade was taken up by South African imports of Nigerian crude oil. Between 2002 and 2012 South African imports from Nigeria have increased by 750% (mostly increases in oil imports) whilst Nigerian imports from South Africa have increased by 130%. The Nigeria - South Africa Chamber of Commerce serves to improve and facilitate bilateral trade relationships between Nigeria and South Africa. Its offices are in Lagos, Nigeria and it has in its membership 315 companies currently trading in both Nigeria and South Africa. It is made up of blue-chip companies, Nigerian companies and South African companies.

Nigerian businesspeople have expressed concern over the pace and perceived rapid expansion of South African business interests in the country.

## The halted Lagos-Johannesburg partnership

In May 2017, Akinwunmi Ambode, governor of Lagos State, Nigeria, met with David Makhura, premier of Gauteng Province, South Africa, to discuss the possibility of cooperation between their two sub-national governments on issues of good governance and trade. The two cities in these regions, Lagos and Johannesburg, are two of the largest cities in Africa. The partnership plans were halted, a follow-up meeting scheduled for September 2017 never took place, and there were a number of reasons why the momentum was lost. For example the above mentioned issues of xenophobia and rigid visa-regimes raised red flags in the bilateral relations between Nigeria and South Africa. Also, the Nigeria-South Africa Bi-National Commission (BNC) has been largely ineffective, and there are no platforms for cross-border city-to-city partnerships.

## InfoBox

Nigerian-South African relations
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title: Heinrich Becker

abstract: Heinrich Becker (1770–1822) was a German actor l. His true surname was reportedly Blumenthal.

text:
# Heinrich Becker

**Heinrich Becker** (1770–1822) was a German actor l. His true surname was reportedly **Blumenthal**.

## Biography

He was born at Berlin, and obtained, while quite a young man, an appointment in the court theatre at Weimar, at that time under Goethe's auspices. The poet recognized his talent, appointed him stage manager, entrusted him with several of the leading roles in his dramas and consulted him in all matters connected with the staging of his plays.

For many years Becker was the favourite of the Weimar stage, and although he was at his best in comedy, he played, to Goethe's great satisfaction, Vansen in *Egmont*, and was also seen to great advantage in the leading parts of several of Schiller's plays; notably Burleigh in *Maria Stuart*, Karl Moor in *Die Räuber*, and Antonio in *Torquato Tasso*.

Becker left Weimar in the spring of 1809, played for a short time at Hamburg (under Schröder) and at Breslau, and then began a wandering life, now joining travelling companies, now playing at provincial theatres. Broken in health and ruined in fortune he returned in 1820 to Weimar, where he was again cordially received by Goethe, who reinstated him at the theatre. After playing for two years with indifferent success, he died at Weimar in 1822.

Becker was twice married. His first wife, Christiane, was also an actor.


abstract:
In enzymology, a N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R ⇌ UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D- glucosaminyl-R Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R, whereas its 3 products are UDP, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-, and glucosaminyl-R. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase. Other names in common use include N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-acetyllactosaminide, beta1->6-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, Galbeta1->4GlcNAc-R beta1->6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, and UDP-GlcNAc:Gal-R, beta-D-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. This enzyme participates in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - neo-lactoseries and glycan structures - biosynthesis 2.

text:
# N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase

In enzymology, a **N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase** (EC 2.4.1.150) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R $\rightleftharpoons $ UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D- glucosaminyl-R

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R, whereas its 3 products are UDP, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-, and glucosaminyl-R.

This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase**. Other names in common use include **N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase**, **uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-acetyllactosaminide**, **beta1-\>6-acetylglucosaminyltransferase**, **Galbeta1-\>4GlcNAc-R beta1-\>6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase**, and **UDP-GlcNAc:Gal-R, beta-D-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase**. This enzyme participates in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - neo-lactoseries and glycan structures - biosynthesis 2.

* van den Eijnden DH, Winterwerp H, Smeeman P, Schiphorst WE (1983). "Novikoff ascites tumor cells contain N-acetyllactosaminide beta 1 leads to 3 and beta 1 leads to 6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity". *J. Biol. Chem*. **258** (6): 3435–7. PMID 6219989.

## InfoBox

| N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.4.1.150 |
| CAS no. | 85638-40-0 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Nagihan Karadere

abstract: Nagihan Karadere is a Turkish short-distance and hurdles runner. She is the first and only female athlete to run under 56sec in the 400m hurdles. Turkey's record rating in the 400m hurdles is 55.09 seconds. She competed in the Olympics, passing the threshold at the 2012 London Olympics. She won a bronze medal in the 400 m hurdles event at the 2011 Summer Universiade held in Shenzhen, China and a silver medal in the 4 × 400 m relay event at the same competition. Karadere set a new national record in 400 m hurdles event at the Turkish Super League Final held on July 31, 2011, in Ankara. She qualified for participation in 400 m hurdles event at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where she was disqualified for a false start. She was a contestant in Turkish Survivor in 2016 in the Dominican Republic, and appeared in Survivor again in 2022 and 2024.

text:
# Nagihan Karadere

**Nagihan Karadere** (born 27 December 1984) is a Turkish short-distance and hurdles runner. She is the first and only female athlete to run under 56sec in the 400m hurdles. Turkey's record rating in the 400m hurdles is 55.09 seconds. She competed in the Olympics, passing the threshold at the 2012 London Olympics.

She won a bronze medal in the 400 m hurdles event at the 2011 Summer Universiade held in Shenzhen, China and a silver medal in the 4 × 400 m relay event at the same competition.

Karadere set a new national record in 400 m hurdles event at the Turkish Super League Final held on July 31, 2011, in Ankara.

She qualified for participation in 400 m hurdles event at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where she was disqualified for a false start. She was a contestant in Turkish *Survivor* in 2016 in the Dominican Republic, and appeared in *Survivor* again in 2022 and 2024.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Turkey | | | | | |
| 2011 | Summer Universiade | Shenzhen, China | 3rd | 400 m hurdles | 55.81 |
| | | | 2nd | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:30.14 |
| | World Championships | Daegu, South Korea | 26th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 56.76 |
| | | 15th (h) | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:32.15 |

## Competitions

| Year | Competition | Results |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Survivor Ünlüler-Volunteers | 5th |
| 2018 | Survivor 2018: Ünlüler-Volunteers Allstar | 2nd |
| 2022 | Survivor All Star | 6th |

## InfoBox

Nagihan Karadere
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Turkey |
| Born | (1984-12-27) 27 December 1984<br>Kadirli, Osmaniye Province, Turkey |
| Height | 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 65 kg (143 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Running |
| Event | 400 metres |
| Club | Botaşspor Club |
| Coached by | Muharrem Or |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal bests | * 400 m 54.82 (2006) * 400 m hurdles 55.09 **NR** (2011) |
| Medal record      Women's athletics  Representing  Turkey  Universiade  2011 Shenzhen  4x400 m relay  2011 Shenzhen  400 m hurdles | |


title: Rodney Crowell discography

abstract: The discography of Rodney Crowell, an American country music artist, consists of 17 studio albums and 39 singles. Although he first charted on Hot Country Songs in 1978, he did not reach top 40 on that chart until 1981, with "Stars on the Water". His 1988 album Diamonds & Dirt produced five consecutive number-one singles, the only ones of his career.

text:
# Rodney Crowell discography

The discography of Rodney Crowell, an American country music artist, consists of 17 studio albums and 39 singles. Although he first charted on Hot Country Songs in 1978, he did not reach top 40 on that chart until 1981, with "Stars on the Water". His 1988 album *Diamonds & Dirt* produced five consecutive number-one singles, the only ones of his career.

## Studio albums

### 1970s–1980s

| Title | Album details | Peak positions | | | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country
 | US
 | AUS
 | CAN Country
 | |
| *Ain't Living Long Like This* |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *But What Will the Neighbors Think* | * Release date: 1980 * Label: Warner Bros. | 64 | 155 |  |  |  |
| *Rodney Crowell* | * Release date: 1981 * Label: Warner Bros. | 47 | 105 | 63 |  |  |
| *Street Language* |  | 38 | 177 |  |  |  |
| *Diamonds & Dirt* | * Release date: March 30, 1988 * Label: Columbia | 8 |  |  | 9 |  |
| *Keys to the Highway* | * Release date: October 10, 1989 * Label: Columbia | 15 | 180 |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | |

### 1990s–2000s

| Title | Album details | Peak positions | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country
 | US
 | US Heat
 | US Indie
 | CAN Country
 |
| *Life Is Messy* | * Release date: May 19, 1992 * Label: Columbia | 30 | 155 |  |  | 9 |
| *Let the Picture Paint Itself* | * Release date: May 10, 1994 * Label: MCA |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Jewel of the South* | * Release date: June 20, 1995 * Label: MCA |  |  |  |  |  |
| *The Houston Kid* |  | 32 |  |  | 19 |  |
| *Fate's Right Hand* | * Release date: July 29, 2003 * Label: DMZ / Epic | 29 |  | 14 |  |  |
| *The Outsider* | * Release date: August 16, 2005 * Label: Columbia | 37 |  | 12 |  |  |
| *Sex & Gasoline* | * Release date: September 2, 2008 * Label: Yep Roc | 38 |  |  | 35 |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | | |

### 2010s–2020s

| Title | Album details | Peak positions | | | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country
 | US
 | US Indie
 | |
| *Kin: Songs by Mary Karr & Rodney Crowell* | * Release date: June 5, 2012 * Label: Vanguard | 32 |  | 37 |  |
| *Old Yellow Moon*
(with Emmylou Harris) | * Release date: February 26, 2013 * Label: Nonesuch | 4 | 29 |  |  |
| *Tarpaper Sky* | * Release date: April 15, 2014 * Label: New West | 25 | 168 | 32 |  |
| *The Traveling Kind*
(with Emmylou Harris) | * Release date: May 12, 2015 * Label: Nonesuch | 8 | 78 |  |  |
| *Close Ties* | * Release date: March 31, 2017 * Label: New West | 28 | 138 |  |  |
| *Acoustic Classics* | * Release date: July 13, 2018 * Label: RC1 |  |  |  |  |
| *Christmas Everywhere* | * Release date: November 2, 2018 * Label: New West |  |  |  |  |
| *Texas* | * Release date: August 15, 2019 * Label: RC1 |  |  | 13 |  |
| *Triage* | * Release date: July 23, 2021 * Label: RC1 |  |  |  |  |
| *The Chicago Sessions* | * Release date: May 5, 2023 * Label: New West |  |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | |

## Compilation albums

| Title | Album details | Peak positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country
 |
| *The Rodney Crowell Collection* | * Release date: August 8, 1989 * Label: Warner Bros. | 65 |
| *Greatest Hits* | * Release date: November 2, 1993 * Label: Columbia |  |
| *Soul Searchin'* |  |  |
| *Super Hits* | * Release date: 1995 * Label: Columbia |  |
| *The Essential Rodney Crowell* | * Release date: November 16, 2004 * Label: Columbia / Legacy |  |
| *The Platinum Collection* | * Release date: June 26, 2006 * Label: Rhino |  |
| *Playlist: The Very Best of Rodney Crowell* | * Release date: May 29, 2012 * Label: Columbia / Legacy |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | |

## Singles

### 1970s–1980s

| Year | Single | Peak positions | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country
 | US
 | US AC
 | AUS
 | CAN Country
 | |
| 1978 | "Elvira" | 95 |  |  |  |  | *Ain't Living Long Like This* |
| | "Song for the Life" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 1979 | "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I" | 90 |  |  |  | |  |
| 1980 | "Ashes by Now" | 78 | 37 | 46 |  |  | *But What Will the Neighbors Think* |
| | "Ain't No Money" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Here Comes the 80's" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 1981 | "Stars on the Water" | 30 |  |  | 39 | 21 | *Rodney Crowell* |
| 1982 | "Victim or a Fool" | 34 |  |  |  | |  |
| 1986 | "Let Freedom Ring" |  |  |  |  |  | *Street Language* |
| | "When I'm Free Again" | 38 |  |  |  | |  |
| 1987 | "She Loves the Jerk" | 71 |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Looking for You" | 59 |  |  |  | |  |
| 1988 | "It's Such a Small World" (with Rosanne Cash) | 1 |  |  |  | 1 | *Diamonds & Dirt* |
| | "I Couldn't Leave You If I Tried" | 1 |  |  |  | | 1 |
| | "She's Crazy for Leavin'" | 1 |  |  |  | | 1 |
| 1989 | "After All This Time" | 1 |  |  |  | | 1 |
| | "Above and Beyond" | 1 |  |  |  | | 1 |
| | "Many a Long & Lonesome Highway" | 3 |  |  |  | 1 | *Keys to the Highway* |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | | | |

### 1990s

| Year | Single | Peak positions | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country
 | US AC
 | CAN Country
 | CAN
 | CAN AC
 | |
| 1990 | "If Looks Could Kill" | 6 |  | 4 |  |  | *Keys to the Highway* |
| | "My Past Is Present" | 22 |  | 12 |  | |  |
| | "Now That We're Alone" | 17 |  | 13 |  | |  |
| 1991 | "Things I Wish I'd Said" | 72 |  |  |  | |  |
| 1992 | "Lovin' All Night" | 10 |  | 9 |  |  | *Life Is Messy* |
| | "What Kind of Love" | 11 | 9 | 2 | 47 | | 5 |
| | "It's Not for Me to Judge" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Let's Make Trouble" |  |  | 78 |  | |  |
| 1993 | "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues" |  |  |  |  |  | *Greatest Hits* |
| 1994 | "Let the Picture Paint Itself" | 60 |  | 50 |  |  | *Let the Picture Paint Itself* |
| | "Big Heart" | 75 |  | 70 |  | |  |
| | "I Don't Fall in Love So Easy" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 1995 | "Please Remember Me" | 69 |  |  |  |  | *Jewel of the South* |
| 1998 | "I Walk the Line Revisited" (with Johnny Cash) | 61 |  |  |  |  | *The Houston Kid* |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | | | |

### 2000s–2020s

| Year | Single | Peak positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US Country
 | |
| 2001 | "I Walk the Line Revisited"
(with Johnny Cash; re-issue) |  | *The Houston Kid* |
| | "Why Don't We Talk About It" | |  |
| 2003 | "Fate's Right Hand" |  | *Fate's Right Hand* |
| | "Earthbound" | | 60 |
| 2005 | "The Obscenity Prayer (Give It to Me)" |  | *The Outsider* |
| 2006 | "Say You Love Me" | |  |
| 2008 | "Sex and Gasoline" |  | *Sex and Gasoline* |
| 2012 | "I'm a Mess" |  | *Kin: Songs by Mary Karr & Rodney Crowell* |
| 2017 | "It Ain't Over Yet"
(featuring Rosanne Cash and John Paul White) |  | *Close Ties* |
| | "Tobacco Road" |  | *A Tribute to John D. Loudermilk* |
| 2018 | "Shake Your Money Maker" |  | *Strange Angels: In Flight with Elmore James* |
| 2019 | "Flatland Hillbillies"
(featuring Randy Rogers and Lee Ann Womack) |  | *Texas* |
| 2021 | "Something Has to Change" |  | *Triage* |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | |

| Year | Single | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | "Hard Time Movin' On"
(David Bradley featuring Rodney Crowell) | *Movin' On* |

## Music videos

| Year | Title | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | "Let Freedom Ring" | David Hogan |
| 1988 | "It's Such a Small World" (with Rosanne Cash) | Edd Griles |
| | "I Couldn't Leave You If I Tried" | Bill Pope |
| | 1989 | "After All This Time" |
| | "Many a Long and Lonesome Highway" |
| 1990 | "If Looks Could Kill" | Wayne Miller |
| 1991 | "Things I Wish I'd Said" |  |
| 1992 | "Lovin' All Night" | Joanne Gardner |
| 1993 | | "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues" |
| 1994 | "Let the Picture Paint Itself" | Gerry Wenner |
| | "Big Heart" | Joanne Gardner/Steven Goldmann |
| 1995 | "Please Remember Me" | Bud Schaetzle |
| 2000 | "I Walk the Line Revisited" (with Johnny Cash) | Hannah Crowell/Stephen McCord/Dawn Nepp |
| 2003 | "Earthbound" | Nigel Dick |
| | "Fate's Right Hand" | Deb Haus/Jerad Sloan |
| 2008 | "Sex and Gasoline" |  |
| 2016 | "It Ain't Over Yet" (with Rosanne Cash, John Paul White and Mickey Raphael) |  |
| 2017 | "Nashville 1972" | Reid Long |

1. "Rodney Crowell - Top Country Albums". *Billboard*. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
2. "Rodney Crowell - Billboard 200". *Billboard*. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
3. Kent, David (1993). *Australian Chart Book 1970–1992* (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 78. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
4. "Rodney Crowell - Country Albums/CDs". *RPM*. 17 July 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
5. "Canadian album certifications – Rodney Crowell". Music Canada.
6. "American album certifications – Rodney Crowell". Recording Industry Association of America.
7. "Rodney Crowell - Top Heatseekers". *Billboard*. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
8. "Rodney Crowell - Independent Albums". *Billboard*. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
9. Bjorke, Matt (July 17, 2017). "Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: July 17, 2017". *Roughstock*.
10. Bjorke, Matt (December 4, 2018). "The Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: December 4, 2018". *Roughstock*. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
11. "Rodney Crowell - Country Album Sales". *Billboard*. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
12. "Rodney Crowell - Top Current Album Sales". *Billboard*. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
13. Bjorke, Matt (March 3, 2020). "Top 10 Country Albums In Pure Sales: March 2, 2020". *Roughstock*. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
14. "Rodney Crowell - Hot Country Songs". *Billboard*. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
15. "Rodney Crowell - Hot 100". *Billboard*. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
16. "Rodney Crowell - Adult Contemporary". *Billboard*. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
17. "Rodney Crowell - Country Singles". *RPM*. 17 July 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
18. "Top Single Picks" (PDF). *Billboard*. November 25, 1978.
19. Whitburn, Joel (2012). *Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2012*. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89820-203-8.
20. "Rodney Crowell Focuses On Performing" (PDF). *Billboard*. November 1, 1986.
21. "Rodney Crowell - Top Singles". *RPM*. 17 July 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
22. "Rodney Crowell - Adult Contemporary". *RPM*. 17 July 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
23. "AC's Growing Receptiveness Spurs Country Pitches" (PDF). *Billboard*. July 25, 1992.
24. "Single Reviews" (PDF). *Billboard*. October 30, 1993.
25. "Single Reviews" (PDF). *Billboard*. November 26, 1994.
26. "Crowell Looks Back On 'Houston Kid'" (PDF). *Billboard*. February 10, 2001.
27. "R&R Going for Adds - Triple A" (PDF). *Radio & Records*. July 25, 2003.
28. "Rodney Crowell - It Ain't Over Yet (Feat. Rosanne Cash & John Paul White) (Radio Clean)". *Daily Play MPE*. February 7, 2017.
29. "Rodney Crowell - Tobacco Road". *Daily Play MPE*. September 19, 2017.
30. "Rodney Crowell - Shake Your Money Maker". *Daily Play MPE*. January 5, 2018.
31. "Rodney Crowell - "Flatland Hillbillies" (feat. Randy Rogers and Lee Ann Womack)". *Daily Play MPE*. June 20, 2019.
32. "Rodney Crowell - Rodney Crowell Previews New Album With Urgent 'Something Has to Change'". *Rolling Stone*. May 11, 2021.
33. Billy Dukes (July 18, 2011). "David Bradley feat. Rodney Crowell, 'Hard Time Movin' On' - Song Review". Taste of Country. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
34. "New Videoclips" (PDF). *Billboard*. August 23, 1986.

## InfoBox

| Rodney Crowell discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio albums | 17 |
| Compilation albums | 7 |
| Music videos | 16 |
| Singles | 39 |
| No. 1 singles (US & Canada) | 6 |


title: NGC 913

abstract: NGC 913 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda about 224 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by French astronomer Édouard Stephan in 1878.

text:
# NGC 913

**NGC 913** is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda about 224 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by French astronomer Édouard Stephan in 1878.

1. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "*Gaia* Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". *Astronomy & Astrophysics*. **616**. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051.
2. "NGC 913". *SIMBAD*. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
3. "Results for object NGC 0913 (NGC 913)". *NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database*. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
4. Ford, Dominic. "The galaxy NGC 913 - In-The-Sky.org". *in-the-sky.org*. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
5. "Your NED Search Results". *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
6. "Revised NGC Data for NGC 913". *spider.seds.org*. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
* Media related to NGC 913 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| NGC 913 | |
| --- | --- |
| Pan-STARRS image of NGC 913 | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Andromeda |
| Right ascension | 02h 25m 44.63255s |
| Declination | +41° 47 57.7826 |
| Redshift | 0.016871 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 5015 km/s |
| Distance | 231.0 ± 16.2 Mly (70.84 ± 4.98 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 15.0 |
| Other designations | |
| 2MASX J02254463+4147580, PGC 9230 | |


title: Point of total assumption

abstract: The point of total assumption (PTA) is a point on the cost line of the profit-cost curve determined by the contract elements associated with a fixed price plus incentive-Firm Target (FPI) contract above which the seller effectively bears all the costs of a cost overrun. The seller bears all of the cost risk at PTA and beyond, due to a dollar for dollar decrease in profit beyond the costs at the PTA. In addition, once the costs on an FPI contract reach PTA, the maximum amount the buyer will pay is the ceiling price. Note, however, that between the cost at PTA and when the cost equals the ceiling price, the seller is still in a profitable position; only after costs exceed the ceiling price is the seller in a loss position.

text:
# Point of total assumption

The **point of total assumption** (**PTA**) is a point on the cost line of the profit-cost curve determined by the contract elements associated with a fixed price plus incentive-Firm Target (FPI) contract above which the seller effectively bears all the costs of a cost overrun. The seller bears all of the cost risk at PTA and beyond, due to a dollar for dollar decrease in profit beyond the costs at the PTA. In addition, once the costs on an FPI contract reach PTA, the maximum amount the buyer will pay is the ceiling price. Note, however, that between the cost at PTA and when the cost equals the ceiling price, the seller is still in a profitable position; only after costs exceed the ceiling price is the seller in a loss position.

## Calculation

Any FPI contract specifies a target cost, a target profit, a target price, a ceiling price, and one or more share ratios. The PTA is the difference between the ceiling and target prices, divided by the buyer's portion of the share ratio for that price range, plus the target cost.

PTA = ((Ceiling Price - Target Price)/buyer's Share Ratio) + Target Cost

For example, assume:

| Target Cost: | 2,000,000 |
| --- | --- |
| Target Profit: | 200,000 |
| Target Price: | 2,200,000 |
| Ceiling Price: | 2,450,000 |
| Share Ratio: | 80% buyer20% seller for overruns, 50%50% for underruns |

PTA = ((2,450,000 - 2,200,000)/ 0.80) + 2,000,000 = 2,312,500.

If for a moment, PTA is given and you are trying to calculate the ceiling price for the buyer (maximum amount that the buyer will have to spend),the calculation will be

(2,000,000 (target cost)) + 200,000 (the profit the buyer pays to the seller) + (2,312,500 - 2,000,000)\*0.8 = 2450000.

This is a term used in project management when managing specific fixed price contracts.

The reason to calculate PTA is that when executing the contract, actual cost is the only finance measurement. Compare this measurement with the cost base line to calculate Cost Performance Index (CPI), then we can estimate (forecast) the cost at Completion ('EAC' – Estimate at Completion – according to PMBOK, or 'FAC' – Forecast at Completion – in Ms Project).

If EAC exceeds PTA, the buyer is expected to pay the ceiling price, and any more overruns beyond PTA will cause a dollar for dollar decrease in profit for the seller. The profit decrease rate become higher, and once actual cost exceeds ceiling price the seller will start losing money (and then might stop working for the contract).

From the risk management point of view, EAC should be controlled under PTA to keep this risk far away. When "EAC exceeds PTA" is found in control cost process, it should be treated as a risk trigger.

For cost reimbursable contract, the Point of Total Assumption does not exist, since the buyer agrees to cover all costs. However, a similar incentive arrangement with similar components, called a Cost-Plus-Incentive Fee (CPIF) contract sometimes is used. The CPIF includes both a minimum fee and a maximum fee. The share line in combination with the Target Fee, Maximum Fee and Minimum Fee can be used to easily calculate the points at which the incentive arrangement affects fee. The range between these points is called the "range of incentive effectiveness."

## History, example

The idea of a "Point of Total Assumption" is an extremely recent one. In the government's efforts to cut cost overruns, the PTA is being introduced to FPIF contracts on an increasingly wide basis.

Moreover, high-level professional examinations for industry certification, such as the Project Management Professional certification, are beginning to test applicants' knowledge of this concept and its application.

But an example can be given, with the KC-46 development contract, and one recent article (KC-46 EMD contract (update March 2015)), including an interesting chart.

### Regulations

For contracts subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulations, FAR 16.403-1 provides the Government description of FPI. The contract type is implemented by calling out FAR Clause 52.216-16 Incentive Price Revision - Firm Target. This clause captures the Ceiling Price as well as the government share ratio(s). If multiple line items are identified as FPI type, the individual line item information shall be included here, otherwise final contract costs and price are reconciled at the contract level.

## Sources

* Langford, John W. (2007). *Logistics: principles and applications*. SOLE Press Series (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 207–208. ISBN 978-0-07-147224-1.
* *Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)* (5th ed.). Project Management Institute. 2014.
* Mulcahy, Rita; et al. (2013). *Rita Mulcahy's PMP Exam Prep* (8th ed.). RMC Publications, Inc. pp. 479–481. ISBN 978-1-932735-65-9.
* Singh, Harvinder (2009). *Point of Total Assumption - Interesting facts* in Deep Fried Brain - PM Certification Exam Prep Blog


title: Jorge Donn

abstract: Jorge Donn, was an Argentine internationally known ballet dancer. He was best known for his work with Maurice Béjart's Ballet of the 20th Century. He died of AIDS on 30 November 1992 in Lausanne, Switzerland. His nephew, Aliocha Itovich, is now a famous French filmmaker.

text:
# Jorge Donn

**Jorge Donn** (Spanish: Jorge Raúl Itovich Donn; 25 February 1947 in Ciudad Jardin, Buenos Aires  30 November 1992 in Lausanne, Switzerland), was an Argentine internationally known ballet dancer. He was best known for his work with Maurice Béjart's *Ballet of the 20th Century*. He died of AIDS on 30 November 1992 in Lausanne, Switzerland. His nephew, Aliocha Itovich, is now a famous French filmmaker.

## Repertoire

Maurice Béjart * 1964: *Ninth Symphony* by Beethoven (1967?)
* 1966: *Webern Opus V*, *Roméo et Juliette*
* 1967: *la Messe pour le temps présent*
* 1968: *Bhakti*
* 1970: *Serait-ce la mort?*, *Firebird*, *Sonate N°5*
* 1971: *The Rite of Spring*, *Songs of a Wayfarer*, *Nijinsky, Clown of God*
* 1972: *Symphony for a Lonely Man*
* 1973: *Sonate à trois*, *Golestan ou le jardin des roses*
* 1974: *The Triumphs of Petrarch*, *Ce que l'amour me dit*
* 1975: *Notre Faust*
* 1976: *Le Molière imaginaire*
* 1977: *Héliogabale*, *Petrouchka*
* 1978: *Gaîte parisienne*, *Ce que la mort me dit*, *Leda* (with Maya Plisetskaya)
* 1979: *Boléro* by Ravel (first male performer), *Mephisto Waltz*
* 1980: *Eros Thanatos*
* 1981: *Adagietto* by Mahler, *Light*
* 1982: *Vienna, Vienna, Only You*
* 1983: *Messe pour le temps futur*
* 1984: *Dionysos*
* 1985: *Le concours*
* 1986: *Malraux ou la métamorphose des dieux*
* 1987: *Souvenir de Leningrad*, *... and Waltz*
* 1988: *Dybbuk*, *A force de partir, je suis resté chez moi*

George Balanchine

## Filmography


title: Philippe Saint-Jean

abstract: Philippe Saint-Jean is a Belgian football manager.

text:
# Philippe Saint-Jean

**Philippe Saint-Jean** (born 13 May 1954) is a Belgian football manager.

## InfoBox

Philippe Saint-Jean
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1954-05-13) 13 May 1954 | | |
| Place of birth | Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1970–1980 | Braine |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1979–1980 | Braine (youth) | | |
| 1983–1985 | Union SG (youth) | | |
| 1987–1993 | Braine | | |
| 1993–1994 | Union SG (dir. of sports) | | |
| 1994–1995 | Mechelen (youth) | | |
| 1995–1997 | Belgium U-21 | | |
| 1997–2002 | Mouscron (head developer) | | |
| 2002–2004 | Tubize | | |
| 2004–2005 | Mouscron | | |
| 2006–2008 | Tubize | | |
| 2008 | Mons | | |
| 2010–2012 | Excel Mouscron | | |
| 2012–2015 | Tubize (technical director) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Metropolitanate of Gothia

abstract:
- See Archdiocese of the Goths and the Northlands for the 1994 establishment in Sweden. The Metropolitanate of Gothia, also known as the Eparchy of Gothia or Metropolitanate of Doros, was a metropolitan diocese of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Middle Ages. The 9th-century Metropolitanate of Doros was centered in the Crimea, but it seems to have had dioceses further afield, as far east as the Caspian coast, but they were probably short-lived, as the Khazars converted to Judaism.
From the 13th century until the Ottoman conquest in 1475, the Metropolitanate of Gothia was within the Principality of Theodoro. In 1779, it was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church and disestablished a few years later.

text:
# Metropolitanate of Gothia

*See Archdiocese of the Goths and the Northlands for the 1994 establishment in Sweden.*

The **Metropolitanate of Gothia** (also *of Gothia and Caffa*), also known as the **Eparchy of Gothia** or **Metropolitanate of Doros**, was a metropolitan diocese of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Middle Ages.

The 9th-century Metropolitanate of Doros was centered in the Crimea, but it seems to have had dioceses further afield, as far east as the Caspian coast, but they were probably short-lived, as the Khazars converted to Judaism. From the 13th century until the Ottoman conquest in 1475, the Metropolitanate of Gothia was within the Principality of Theodoro (known in Greek as Γοτθία, *Gothia*). In 1779, it was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church and disestablished a few years later.

## Early history

The Goths came into contact with Christianity from the late 3rd century, and were Christianized in the course of the 4th century. Theophilus, the first known bishop of the Goths, defended the Trinitarian and Orthodox Christological position against the Arians at the First Ecumenical Council in Nicea 325, and signed the Nicene Creed. The evidence suggests that Theophilus was the bishop of a territorial see in area of Crimea. The bishops of Crimean Gothia were Nicene (whereas most of the Goths were Arians) and were appointed by the patriarch of Constantinople.

The Crimean Goths themselves were a remnant of the migration-era Gothic population of Oium. The Byzantine Metropolitanate, however, was limited to a remnant of the Roman Crimea (the Bosporan Kingdom), consisting only of the southeastern coastal area of the peninsula. The Crimean Goths from about 370 were thus wedged between the Hunnic Empire (and later Khazaria) to the north and the Roman (Byzantine) territory to the southeast.

The "Archdiocese of the Goths" existed autonomously during the 5th to 9th centuries, but from the 5th century there seems to have been a close relation to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. John Chrysostomos consecrated Unila (d. 404) as bishop of the Archdiocese of the Goths. John Chrysostomos preached to the Goths with aid of interpreter in the Goths' church in Constantinople, which had priests, deacons and readers whom were Goths and read, preached and sang in the Gothic language. It was he who appointed the successor of Bishop Unila to the seat of ruling bishop over the Archdiocese of the Goths, and acted as the protector and benefactor of the Archdiocese at this period.

In its disputed 28th Canon, the Council of Chalcedon in 451 recognized an expansion of the boundaries of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and of its authority over bishops of dioceses "among the barbarians", which has been variously interpreted as referring either to areas outside the Byzantine Empire or to non-Greeks.

## Byzantine metropolitanate

John of Gothia (John of Partenit) was a Metropolitan bishop of Doros. During the period of Byzantine Iconoclasm, John reputedly gathered Orthodox refugees from Constantinople in the Crimea. A bishop of Gothia attended the iconoclastic Council of Hieria in 754, but his flock soon expelled him and elected John in his place. John overthrew and expelled the Khazars from Gothia 787; the Khazars however managed to retake the city in less than a year, and John was imprisoned in Phoulloi. He later managed to escape, and sought refuge in Amastris in the Byzantine Empire, where he died in 791. His remains were brought home to a church on the Ayu-Dag mountain, where a memorial to him has been built. John's *Vita* was composed within a generation or so of his death, in the early 9th century.

The Gothic church was incorporated into the Patriarchate of Constantinople at some point between the late 8th and the late 9th century. It was the first diocese established outside the historical boundaries of the Roman Empire (just before the Metropolitanates of Alania and of Rus'). Its existence is documented in a list of Byzantine dioceses in a Paris manuscript, dated to the 14th century, published by Carl de Boor in 1891. Its continued existence is a matter of doubt, as there are practically no records on it, and it may have been little more than a missionary project with the aim of evangelizing the Khazars, or essentially a diocese *in partibus infidelium*. The archidiocese with its seat at Doros comprised seven dioceses (most of which correspond to unknown or uncertain locations).

The first extant medieval record which confirms that the Gothic language was still spoken in "Gothia" is the *Vita* of Saint Cyril, Apostle to the Slavs (also known as Constantine the Philosopher) who went to Crimea to preach the gospel to the Khazars in c. 850. He lists "Goths" as people who read and praised the Christian God "in their own language". Medieval "Gothia" was still far from uniformly Gothic-speaking. Many "Crimean Goths" were Greek speakers and many non-Gothic Byzantine citizens were settled in the region called "Gothia" by the government in Constantinople. The official language of the Principality of Theodoro was Greek, but the Gothic language remained in use in private homes at least until the 18th century (Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq in the 16th century reported having had a conversation with two Goths in Constantinople, and left a Gothic-Latin glossary with about a hundred Gothic words), but it is unknown for how long the Gothic language survived as liturgical language in the Crimean Gothic church.

Historical records grow more reliable only in the 13th century, with the emergence of the Principality of Theodoro, or Gothia. From 1283, the diocese was known as the "Metropolitanate of Gothia and Kaphas (Caffa)", whose direct jurisdiction was at Marcopia (modern Mangup).

Gothia became tributary to the Mongols in the 1220s, but remained nominally independent. Caffa was established as a trading port by the Genoese, with the consent of the Mongols, in 1266. The Genoese during the 14th century came to control much of the southwestern coast of the Crimea. From 1287, Genoese arch-rival Venice also established trading posts on the Black Sea coast. Wedged between the Mongols in the steppe and the Italian powers on the coast, the Crimean Goths became limited to the Crimean hinterland and essentially pass out of the historical record. Timur Lenk devastated Doros in 1395, but Gothia remained nominally independent for another 80 years, until it finally fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1475.

## Ottoman conquests and disestablishment

The Crimea fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1475 as the vassal-state known as the Crimean Khanate. The Crimean Goths managed to maintain their ethnic identity under Turkic rule during the 16th and 17th centuries, and in marginalized form even until the 18th century. The only surviving report of Gothic Christians in the Crimea is that of Joseph-Juste Scaliger who in 1606 claimed that the Goths of Crimea read both the Old and New Testaments "in the letters of Wulfila's alphabet".

The Metropolitanate of Gothia and Kaphas continued to exist *in partibus infidelium* until 1778.

Archbishop Gedeon resided at Mariampol, a suburb of Bahcesaray, capital of the khanate. For reasons unknown, he was sent by Patriarch Cyril V of Constantinople into exile at Varlaam Monastery for ten years from 1750 to 1760. In 1759, the Ottoman sultan Mustafa III issued a *firman* confirming the metropolitan's authority "over the Christians dwelling in Caffa, Mankup, Balaclava and Azov" in accordance with custom. In June 1778, Metropolitan Ignatios took the initiative to move the Christians of the khanate into Russia. This move had support within Russia, eventually even from Empress Catherine the Great. Ignatios founded the city of Mariupol. He retained his title until his death, but after him no further metropolitans of Gothia were appointed.

## List of bishops and metropolitans

* Theophilus (fl. 325)
* Unila (d. 404)
* *Unnamed* (fl. c. 404)
* *Unnamed* (fl. 548)
* *Unnamed* (fl. 753–54)
* John (c.755–791)
* *Unnamed* (fl. 1066–1067)
* Constantine (fl. 1147)
* John (d. 1166)
* Constantine (fl. 1166–1170)
* Arsenius (13th century)
* Sophronius (fl. 1292)
* Theodosius (fl. 1385)
* Antonius (1386–1389)
* John Holobolos (fl. 1399, d. 1410)
* Damianus (fl. 1427)
* Constantius (fl. 1587)
* Seraphimus (fl. 1635)
* Anthymus (1639–1652)
* Daniel (1625)
* David (1652–1673)
* Methodius (fl. 1673)
* Neophytos (fl. 1680)
* Makarios (fl. 1707)
* Parthenios (fl. 1710–1721)
* Gedeon (fl. 1725–1769)
* Ignatios (1771–1786)

## Literature


title: Helen Bullock (historian)

abstract: Helen Duprey Bullock was a historian whose work focused on the cuisine and architecture of the early United States.

text:
# Helen Bullock (historian)

**Helen Duprey Bullock** (1905 – 1 November 1995) was a historian whose work focused on the cuisine and architecture of the early United States.

## Life

Helen Claire Duprey Bullock was born in Oakland, California. In the 1920s and 1930s, she worked at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation as an archivist. Her first book *The Williamsburg Art of Cookery* was published in 1938 and helped launch the study of American culinary history as a field. In the 1940s, Bullock worked for the Library of Congress and catalogued the papers of Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln. She later worked for the National Trust for Historic Preservation. At the National Trust, she served as editor and wrote articles for the organization's magazine, *Historical Report*. Starting in the 1950s and working with the Trust's first director, Frederick L. Rath, Bullock was involved with the publication for 20 years. Bullock was an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects and an honorary trustee of the United States Capitol Historical Society.

Described by the *New York Times* as "the nation's leading authority on open-hearth cooking," Bullock was a historical consultant for several cookbooks including *The American Heritage Cookbook*, the *First Ladies' Cookbook* and *Mary and Vincent Price Present A National Treasury of Cookery*, all published in the 1960s. She worked as a visiting lecturer at Columbia University, the University of Virginia, Cornell University, and Virginia Polytechnic University.

Bullock retired in 1973 and died in Washington, D.C., of sepsis on November 1, 1995, at the age of 90. Her papers are held at the Schlesinger Library at Harvard University.

## Publications

* *The Williamsburg Art of Cookery* (1938)
* *My Head and My Heart: A Little History of Thomas Jefferson and Maria Cosway*(1945)


title: Yeovil Railway Centre

abstract: The Yeovil Railway Centre is a small railway museum at Yeovil Junction on the L&SWR West of England Main Line between Salisbury and Exeter in the U.K. It was created in 1993, in response to British Rail's decision to remove the turntable from Yeovil Junction. Approximately 1⁄4 mile (400 m) of track along the Clifton Maybank spur is used for demonstration trains.

text:
# Yeovil Railway Centre

The **Yeovil Railway Centre** is a small railway museum at Yeovil Junction on the L&SWR West of England Main Line between Salisbury and Exeter in the U.K.

It was created in 1993, in response to British Rail's decision to remove the turntable from Yeovil Junction. Approximately 14 mile (400 m) of track along the Clifton Maybank spur is used for demonstration trains.

## Description

The site contains a G.W.R. transfer shed built in the 1860s, which was erected to facilitate the transfer of goods from 7 ft (2,134 mm) broad gauge to 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge freight wagons. This is the last remaining shed of its type on its original site and has been converted to a visitor centre. The site also has an S.R. turntable and a 15,000-imperial-gallon (68,000 L) water tower. These have been restored to working order for the servicing of steam locomotives. An engine shed was built and opened in 1999.

## Events

The centre holds regular events including Train Days where steam train rides are operated, using a brake van down the Clifton Maybank spur, and the turntable is demonstrated. Often there are additional attractions on site such as a miniature railway, shed tours, model railway and art gallery. Other events include the Train & Tractor Day and Santa Specials.

Mainline steam excursions to Exeter or Weymouth often call here for the locomotive to be turned and serviced.

## Stock List

### Steam locomotives

* Peckett 0-4-0ST *Pectin*. Built in April 1921. Operational, returned to service December 2021 on a one-off Santa Special day, formally returned to service in March 2022.
* Andrew Barclay 0-4-0ST *Lord Fisher*. Built in 1915. Boiler Expired in Summer 2022.

### Diesel Locomotives

## InfoBox

Yeovil Railway Centre
| The turntable at Yeovil Junction station in June 2006 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1993 (1993) |
| Coordinates | 50°55′27″N 2°36′46″W / 50.92417°N 2.61278°W / 50.92417; -2.61278 |
| Type | Railway museum |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: The NWA Mountain State Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling championship that serves as a championship for the National Wrestling Alliance, under the promotion Mountain State Wrestling.

text:
# NWA Mountain State Heavyweight Championship

The **NWA Mountain State Heavyweight Championship** is a professional wrestling championship that serves as a championship for the National Wrestling Alliance, under the promotion Mountain State Wrestling.

## Title history

| # | Wrestler | Reign | Date | Days<br>held | Location | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Scotty McKeever | 1 | August 2005 |  |  | Won sometime before September 1, 2005. |
| 2 | Kid Apollo | 1 | September 29, 2005 | 65 | Mount Hope, WV |  |
|  | Vacated |  | December 3, 2005 |  |  | Title was vacated after Kid Apollo no-showed. |
| 3 | Danny Ray | 1 | December 3, 2005 | 217 | Mullens, WV | Wins a battle royal; renamed NWA Mountain State Title on March 2, 2005 when MSW becomes an associate of the NWA Tri-state promotion. |
| 4 | War Machine | 1 | July 8, 2006 | 523 | Mullens, WV |  |
| 5 | Frank Parker | 1 | January 13, 2007 | 329 | Mount Hope, WV |  |
| 6 | The Stro | 1 | December 8, 2007 | 245 | Hinton, WV |  |
| 7 | Jason Kincaid | 1 | August 9, 2008 | 206 | Beaver, WV |  |  |
| 8 | The Stro | 2 | March 3, 2009 | 190 | Princeton, WV | This title change is not recognised by the National Wrestling Alliance. |  |
| 9 | Derek Billings | 1 | September 9, 2009 | 2 | Falls View, WV | This title change is not recognised by the National Wrestling Alliance. |  |
| 10 | The Stro | 3 | September 11, 2009 | 190 | Mullens, WV | This title change is not recognised by the National Wrestling Alliance. Defeats "King" Richard Shane and Derek Billings in a three-way match. |  |
| 11 | "King" Richard Shane | 1 | March 20, 2010 | 112 | Rand WV |  |
| 12 | The Stro | 4 | July 7, 2010 | 273 | Hinton, WV | Defeats Derik Billings who subbed for Richard who was unable to compete in the defense due to vehicle problems. |  |
| 13 | Karl | 1 | April 9, 2011 |  | Hinton, WV |  |
| 14 | Johnny Blast | 1 | August 20, 2011 |  | Hinton, WV |
|  |

General * "NWA MSW Heavyweight Title History". Wrestling Titles. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
* "NWA MSW Heavyweight Title History". National Wrestling Alliance. Retrieved September 30, 2009.

Specific  1. "2008 Recap". NWA MSW. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
2. "2009 Recap". NWA MSW. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
3. "March 2010 Results". NWA MSW. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
4. "NWA Roll Call of Champions - West Virginia". National Wrestling Alliance. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
5. "July 2010 Recap". NWA MSW. Retrieved October 11, 2010.


title: Health Care Justice Act

abstract: The Health Care Justice Act (HCJA) was a law in Illinois that sought "to insure that all residents have access to quality health care at costs that are affordable". The Health Care Justice Campaign led public advocacy for the act, which was passed after a two-year fight and took effect on July 1, 2004. In the state legislature, the act was spearheaded by the chair of the Senate Health and Human Services Committee, Barack Obama. While originally intended to establish single-payer healthcare in the state, the act's ultimate form was more modest. The act created a task force and "strongly encouraged" the Illinois General Assembly to implement a health care access plan by July 1, 2007, that would meet eight objectives including providing access to a full range of healthcare services, maintaining and improving healthcare quality, and providing "portability of coverage, regardless of employment status". The struggle to pass the HCJA prefigured many of the struggles over federal healthcare reform later in the decade.In particular, supporters and opponents regarded the struggle over the HCJA as foreshadowing the struggle over the federal Affordable Care Act during the Obama presidency. The struggle over implementing the task force recommendations figured in the governor's impeachment in 2009. After the federal Affordable Care Act became law in 2010, the General Assembly repealed the HCJA and created the Illinois Health Benefits Exchange.

text:
# Health Care Justice Act

The **Health Care Justice Act** (HCJA) was a law in Illinois that sought "to insure that all residents have access to quality health care at costs that are affordable". The Health Care Justice Campaign (a project of Campaign for Better Health Care) led public advocacy for the act, which was passed after a two-year fight and took effect on July 1, 2004. In the state legislature, the act was spearheaded by the chair of the Senate Health and Human Services Committee, Barack Obama.

While originally intended to establish single-payer healthcare in the state, the act's ultimate form was more modest. The act created a task force and "strongly encouraged" the Illinois General Assembly to implement a health care access plan by July 1, 2007, that would meet eight objectives including providing access to a full range of healthcare services, maintaining and improving healthcare quality, and providing "portability of coverage, regardless of employment status".

The struggle to pass the HCJA prefigured many of the struggles over federal healthcare reform later in the decade.In particular, supporters and opponents regarded the struggle over the HCJA as foreshadowing the struggle over the federal Affordable Care Act during the Obama presidency. The struggle over implementing the task force recommendations figured in the governor's impeachment in 2009.

After the federal Affordable Care Act became law in 2010, the General Assembly repealed the HCJA and created the Illinois Health Benefits Exchange.

## Background

State Senator Obama, the incoming chair of the Senate's Health and Human Services Committee, first introduced a version of the act in 2003 following a conversation with Jim Duffett, founder of the Campaign for Better Health Care. This initial version mandated that the General Assembly enact a single-payer healthcare system in 2007. However, after the point was raised that it was unconstitutional for one session of the General Assembly to bind another session, Obama withdrew the bill.

## Provisions

The act encouraged Illinois to create a health care plan that would provide preventive, acute and long-term health care services to all citizens of Illinois. It also suggests the importance of not only ensuring availability for health care, but continuing to maintain and improve the quality of health care services.

Section 5 of the act acknowledges that the U.S. census reports that 1.8 million Illinoisans are without healthcare at any given time and that access to affordable quality healthcare is depleting (Illinois General Assembly). Section 5 urges that Illinois should work to provide both accessible and quality health care of all its residents. Section 15 outlines a plan that Illinois should attempt it implement after the effective date of the bill. This plan includes: access to a full range of preventive, acute, and long-term health care services; maintaining and improving the quality of healthcare in Illinois; coverage regardless of employment status; cost-containment measures; reviewing and implementing multiple approaches to preventive medicine based on new technologies; and promotes affordable coverage for small business market. Section 20 of the HCJA outlines the aforementioned establishment of the Adequate Healthcare Task Force. And finally, Section 25 requires that the Adequate Healthcare Task Force will hold public hearings in all Congressional Districts for community input on the issues of the HCJA.

## Implementation

### Task force

The act created the Adequate Health Care Task Force (AHCTF), composed of 29 voting members, to submit recommendations for a health care access plan to the General Assembly. Five of the members were appointed by the Governor of Illinois, and six were appointed by each constitutional leader of the General Assembly: the Speaker of the House, the House Minority Leader, the President of the Senate, and the Senate Minority Leader. The directors of the Department of Public Health, Healthcare and Family Services & Aging, and the Department of Human Services were nonvoting members ex officio.

The AHCTF held public hearings on the state of healthcare and health insurance coverage in every congressional district in the state. It announced the resulting plan on December 7, 2006, with support from hospitals, unions, doctors, and consumer rights and healthcare advocacy groups.

### Coverage Expansion Plan

On January 26, 2007, the AHCTF presented its consensus plan, called the "Adequate Health Care Task Force Health Care Coverage Expansion Plan", to the Illinois General Assembly. The main goals from the plan are to create "cost effective, high quality care while minimizing administrative spending on health care". In order to achieve those goals the Expansion Plan focuses in "workers, employers, and taxpayers contribution for coverage and optimize the use of Federal matching funds" which then from those contribution all the Illinoisans including does who are at the poverty level will get the health care coverage while reducing "administrative costs for all Illinoisans." The Expansion Plan focused on balancing the spending and getting all the support to get enough funding so that all Illinoisans can receive good health care.

### Illinois Covered

Governor Rod Blagojevich incorporated some of the AHCTF's recommendations into a legislative proposal called "Illinois Covered", which he announced in 2007. AHCTF member Jim Duffett estimated that the governor's proposal included 85% of what the AHCTF had recommended.

Illinois Covered never became law, due to the deteriorating relationship between the legislature and the governor. The plan had an estimated cost of US$2.1 billion. Blagojevich proposed a gross receipts tax to fund it, but the Illinois House voted unanimously against the tax in May 2007.

Later in 2007, Blagojevich tried again, issuing an emergency order that would have loosened the rules for eligibility under the state FamilyCare program, giving health insurance benefits to an additional 717,000 people. To pay for this plan, Blagojevich used his line item veto to remove US$500 million from the state budget. He avoided cutting spending from districts represented by the twelve members of the Joint Committee on Administrative Rules (JCAR), which had the power to block the rule. However, JCAR voted to block the emergency order anyway.

Blagojevich argued that JCAR's action blocking his emergency order was unconstitutional and proceeded with implementing the plan, but a Cook County judge blocked the plan in April 2008. Blagojevich's objection to JCAR's constitutionality later became one of the charges against him when he was impeached in 2009.

In 2008 Blagojevich proposed a scaled-back version, called Illinois Covered Choice, which would create a state-subsidized insurance pool. The program would have been paid for by a 3% increase in the state payroll tax. The General Assembly also rejected this proposal.

Blagojevich's successor, Pat Quinn, ultimately reached a compromise with the legislature in 2009 under which the state would expand subsidized health insurance coverage but to a lesser extent than under the Blagojevich plans. Quinn also settled litigation that would have brought the question of JCAR's constitutionality before the Illinois Supreme Court.

In 2009, following Blagojevich's impeachment and removal from office and in the midst of the debate over the federal Affordable Care Act, the Chicago weekly *Newcity* opined that in these healthcare reform initiatives, "our ex-governor was ahead of his time".

## Amendment and repeal

In 2010, state senator Dave Koehler proposed a bill that, as initially drafted, would have amended the HCJA to create a Health Care Justice Implementation Task Force that would monitor developments in federal health care law and recommend appropriate changes to Illinois health care law. The bill was approved 33–21 in the Senate and 76–41 in the House, but was killed by an amendatory veto by governor Pat Quinn, as the General Assembly neither adopted nor overrode the governor's changes before the end of the veto session.

After the federal Affordable Care Act was passed, the General Assembly repealed the HCJA and enacted the Illinois Health Care Benefits Exchange Law (215 ILCS 122), which became law on July 14, 2011, and established the Illinois Health Benefits Exchange.

## Legacy

During the Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign, Obama's involvement in the HCJA became a source of controversy. A widely published Associated Press piece in January 2007 listed it among the "potentially explosive land mines" in his record as a state senator. In September 2007, the *Boston Globe* questioned whether Obama's work with insurance lobbyists to achieve a compromise on the HCJA undercut his attacks on the power of lobbyists in Washington and the Clinton campaign's lobbyist ties. Following the January 21, 2008 debate, the Clinton campaign cited the HCJA as evidence of the weakness of Obama's commitment to universal coverage.

Following Obama's election as president, the HCJA again attracted attention as an indicator of Obama's approach. During the discussion over national healthcare reform in 2009, PolitiFact rated the changes in Obama's position on single-payer healthcare since a pro-HCJA speech in 2003 a "Half Flip", in view of conflicting statements from Illinois single-payer advocates Jim Duffett and Quentin Young over whether Obama had ever directly advocated for single-payer or had always had a more nuanced approach.

## InfoBox

| Health Care Justice Act | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Illinois State Legislature | |
| Full name | Health Care Justice Act |
| Introduced | February 19, 2003 |
| House voted | April 1, 2003 (60-45) |
| Senate voted | May 19, 2004 (31-26) |
| Signed into law | August 20, 2004 |
| Sponsor(s) | William Delgado (House); Barack Obama (Senate) |
| Governor | Rod Blagojevich |
| Code | Illinois Compiled Statutes |
| Section | 20 ILCS 4045 |
| Bill | HB 2268 |
| Website | full text |
| Status: Repealed | |


title: NGC 925

abstract: NGC 925 is a barred spiral galaxy located about 30 million light-years away in the constellation Triangulum. German-British astronomer William Herschel discovered this galaxy on 13 September 1784. The morphological classification of this galaxy is SB(s)d, indicating that it has a bar structure and loosely wound spiral arms with no ring. The spiral arm to the south is stronger than the northern arm, with the latter appearing flocculent and less coherent. The bar is offset from the center of the galaxy and is the site of star formation all along its length. Both of these morphological traits—a dominant spiral arm and the offset bar—are typically characteristics of a Magellanic spiral galaxy. The galaxy is inclined at an angle of 55° to the line of sight along a position angle of 102°. The NGC 925 is a member of the NGC 1023 Group, a nearby, gravitationally-bound group of galaxies associated with NGC 1023. However, the nearest member lies at least 650,000 ly (200,000 pc) distant from NGC 925. There is a 10 million solar mass (M☉) cloud of neutral hydrogen attached to NGC 925 by a streamer. It is uncertain whether this is a satellite dwarf galaxy, the remnant of a past tidal interaction, or a cloud of primordial gas. Although no supernovae have been observed in NGC 925 yet, a luminous red nova, designated AT 2023nzt, was discovered on 26 July 2023.

text:
# NGC 925

**NGC 925** is a barred spiral galaxy located about 30 million light-years away in the constellation Triangulum. German-British astronomer William Herschel discovered this galaxy on 13 September 1784.

The morphological classification of this galaxy is SB(s)d, indicating that it has a bar structure and loosely wound spiral arms with no ring. The spiral arm to the south is stronger than the northern arm, with the latter appearing flocculent and less coherent. The bar is offset from the center of the galaxy and is the site of star formation all along its length. Both of these morphological traits—a dominant spiral arm and the offset bar—are typically characteristics of a Magellanic spiral galaxy. The galaxy is inclined at an angle of 55° to the line of sight along a position angle of 102°.

The NGC 925 is a member of the NGC 1023 Group, a nearby, gravitationally-bound group of galaxies associated with NGC 1023. However, the nearest member lies at least 650,000 ly (200,000 pc) distant from NGC 925. There is a 10 million solar mass () cloud of neutral hydrogen attached to NGC 925 by a streamer. It is uncertain whether this is a satellite dwarf galaxy, the remnant of a past tidal interaction, or a cloud of primordial gas.

Although no supernovae have been observed in NGC 925 yet, a luminous red nova, designated AT 2023nzt (type LRN, mag. 19), was discovered on 26 July 2023.

* Media related to NGC 925 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| NGC 925 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 925 imaged with the 32 inch telescope at Mount Lemmon Observatory | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Triangulum |
| Right ascension | 02h 27m 16.913s |
| Declination | +33° 34 43.97 |
| Redshift | 553 ± 3 km/ |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 564 km/s |
| Distance | 30.3 ± 2.3 million light years (9.29 ± 0.69 Mpc) |
| Group or cluster | NGC 1023 Group |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 10.7 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SB(s)d |
| Apparent size (V) | 10′.5 × 5′.9 |
| Other designations | |
| IRAS 02243+3321, UGC 1913, MCG +05-06-045, PGC 9332, CGCG 504-085 | |


title: Ambri Inc.

abstract: Ambri Incorporated is an American startup company which aims to produce molten-salt batteries for energy storage in wind and solar power systems. In 2016 it had thirty-seven employees.

text:
# Ambri Inc.

**Ambri Incorporated** is an American startup company which aims to produce molten-salt batteries for energy storage in wind and solar power systems. In 2016 it had thirty-seven employees.

## History

The Liquid Metal Battery Corporation was formed in 2010 to commercialize the liquid-metal battery technology invented by Professor Donald Sadoway and Dr. David Bradwell at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was renamed Ambri in 2012. In 2012 and 2014, it received $40 million in funding from Bill Gates, Khosla Ventures, Total S.A., and GVB.

In September 2015 the company deferred plans for commercial sales of its batteries, and laid off a quarter of its workforce. In 2016 it hoped to develop a calcium-antimony battery.

In 2020, Ambri signed a contract with TerraScale to deliver a 250 MWh energy storage installation for a data center to be built in Churchill County, Nevada near Fernley.

In 2021, Reliance Industries announced that one of its subsidiaries along with Bill Gates and others, would invest $144 million in Ambri. Reliance is also in talks with Ambri to set up manufacturing and distribution facility in India.

In September of 2023, despite receiving $144 million in funding 2 years earlier, Ambri announced it will be forced to lay off 105 workers, unless it can raise additional funding on or before Nov. 13 2023.

In May 2024, Ambri filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, claiming that it had run through all of its cash received by investors, which included firms that were linked to Bill Gates and John Paulson. The company currently has plans to sell itself to noteholders, and will remain operational during the bankruptcy proceedings.

In June 2024, Ambri will be auctioned under US Bankruptcy Court, District of Delaware (Wilmington), case 24-10952. Under Ambri's proposed auction rules, noteholders of Ambri's debt will make an initial bid worth $38 million, using the debt owed to them in lieu of cash. By June 20, if no higher bid is received, noteholders will cancel the debt and take over Ambri. This move will effectively wipe out all equity held by other investors and founders including founder, Donald Sadoway.

## InfoBox

Ambri Incorporated
| Formerly | Liquid Metal Battery Corporation |
| --- | --- |
| Company type | Private |
| Founder | Donald Sadoway |
| Headquarters | Marlborough, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Products | Batteries for Renewable Energy storage |
| Website | ambri.com |


title: Friedrich Schulze (historian)

abstract: Friedrich Karl Alfred Schulze was a German historian and director of the Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig.

text:
# Friedrich Schulze (historian)

**Friedrich Karl Alfred Schulze** (20 April 1881 – 28 August 1960) was a German historian and director of the Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig.

## Life

Born in Weimar, Schulze was born as the son of a master baker and took his Abitur at the Domgymnasium Naumburg. He then studied at the universities in Jena and Leipzig, initially classical and Germanic philology, then, due to a change in his interests, history, German studies and philosophy. In 1903, he was awarded the title *Die Gräfin Dolores. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des deutschen Geisteslebens im Zeitalter der Romantik* and was awarded a doctorate in philology. In 1904, followed the examination for the higher Lehramt. During his student days, he found his way into the Freistudentenschaft or the local "Finkenschaft". He worked as a writer for the Leipzig Freistudentenschaft and wrote numerous articles in the freestudent press.

From 1904 to 1906 he worked as an assistant teacher at the Königin-Carola-Gymnasium and Alte Nikolaischule (Leipzig)-Gymnasium in Leipzig. From 1906 to 1911, he worked for the B. G. Teubner Verlag, about which he published a work on the history of the company and wrote chapters I to V. From 1913; he was involved in the establishment of the newly founded city museum in Leipzig. Schulze was also active as a freelance writer and wrote, for example, articles for the *Allgemeine Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart*.

When Albrecht Kurzwelly died in 1917 as a result of a war injury, Schulze took over his position as 2nd head of the board of the Stadtgeschichtliches Museum. In 1918, he took over the position of the museum director and was its director until 1945. From 1928 to 1938, Schulze was also chairman of the Leipziger Geschichtsverein.

Written jointly with Paul Ssymank, *Das deutsche Studententum von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart* is still considered a standard work on student history today.

Schulze died in Halle at the age of 79.

## Publications

* Friedrich Karl Alfred Schulze (1904). Albert Köster (ed.). "Die Gräfin Dolores. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des deutschen Geisteslebens im Zeitalter der Romantik". Probefahrten – Erstlingsarbeiten aus dem Deutschen Seminar Leipzig. Leipzig: R. Voigtländer.
* Friedrich Schulze (1908). "Die Franzosenzeit in deutschen Landen 1806–1815 in Wort und Bild der Mitlebenden". Leipzig: R. Voigtländer. OCLC 560538002.
* Friedrich Schulze, ed. (1911). *B. G. Teubner 1811–1911. Geschichte der Firma in deren Auftrag*. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-663-19245-9. ISBN 978-3-663-18984-8. S2CID 160795030.
* Friedrich Schulze, ed. (1912). "Die ersten deutschen Eisenbahnen Nürnberg-Fürth und Leipzig-Dresden". Voigtländers Quellenbücher. Leipzig: Voigtländer.
* *Der deutsche Buchhandel und die geistigen Strömungen der letzten hundert Jahre.* Verlag des Börsenvereins der deutschen Buchhändler, Leipzig 1925 (Leseprobe, books.google.col).
* Friedrich Schulze (1934). *Deutsche Bibeln vom ältesten Bibeldruck bis zur Lutherbibel*. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut. OCLC 608931087.

## Further reading

* Bernhard Lange (1941). *Dr. Friedrich Schulze Direktor des Leipziger Stadtgeschichtliches Museums; 60 Jahre*. Schriften des Vereins für die Geschichte Leipzigs. Leipzig: Brandstetter. OCLC 69006811.
* *Schulze, Friedrich.* In Friedhelm Golücke: *Verfasserlexikon zur Studenten- und Hochschulgeschichte.* SH-Verlag, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-89498-130-X, pp. 302303.
* Doris Mundus (2009). Volker Rodekamp (ed.). *Friedrich Schulze. Direktor von 1918 bis 1945*. Leipzig: Stadtgeschichtliches Museum. p. 35. ISBN 978-3-910034-09-9. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)


title: Nicky Limber

abstract: Nicholas Limber is an English football coach and former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is now a youth team coach at Doncaster Rovers.

text:
# Nicky Limber

**Nicholas Limber** (born 23 January 1974) is an English football coach and former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is now a youth team coach at Doncaster Rovers.

## Playing career

Limber came through the academy at Doncaster Rovers and went on to make 13 appearances before being sold to Manchester City He spent time on loan with Peterborough United before returning to Doncaster on a permanent contract. He later played non-league football for both Weymouth and Gainsborough Trinity.

## Coaching career

Limber works for Doncaster Rovers as a youth team coach.

## InfoBox

Nicky Limber
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Nicholas Limber | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-01-23) 23 January 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Doncaster, England | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Doncaster Rovers<br>(youth team coach) | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Doncaster Rovers | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1990–1992 | Doncaster Rovers | 13 | (1) |
| 1992–1993 | Manchester City | 0 | (0) |
| 1992 | Peterborough United (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 1993–1996 | Doncaster Rovers | 4 | (0) |
| 1996–1997 | Weymouth | 68 | (5) |
| 1996–1998 | Gainsborough Trinity |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Helen Bullock (politician)

abstract: Helen Hong Hui Bullock is a Chinese-born Australian politician.

text:
# Helen Bullock (politician)

**Helen Hong Hui Bullock** (born 16 May 1965) is a Chinese-born Australian politician.

## Biography

Born in Nanjing, China, to Dai Bin-Hai and Gao Wen-Hua, Bullock arrived in Western Australia on 28 January 1991. She was an accountant before entering politics, holding a Bachelor of Commerce and a Postgraduate Diploma in Business. In 2008, she was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council as a Labor Party member, representing Mining and Pastoral Region. Her term commenced on 22 May 2009.

In 1994, she married trade unionist and later Labor senator Joe Bullock.

She has been a member of Australian Services Union and Chung Wah Association Inc.

## InfoBox

| The HonorableHelen Bullock | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for Mining and Pastoral Region | |
| **In office**
22 May 2009  21 May 2013 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1965-05-16) 16 May 1965
Nanjing, China |
| Political party | Labor |
| Spouse | Joe Bullock |
| Education | Nanjing Railway High School
Curtin University |
| Profession | Accountant |
|  | |


title: Yilan County Council

abstract: The Yilan County Council is the elected county council of Yilan County, Taiwan. The council composes of 34 councilors elected in local elections held every four years.

text:
# Yilan County Council

The **Yilan County Council** (**ILCC**; traditional Chinese: 宜蘭縣議會; simplified Chinese: 宜兰县议会; pinyin: *Yilán Xiàn Yìhuì*) is the elected county council of Yilan County, Taiwan. The council composes of 34 councilors elected in local elections held every four years.

## History

After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, county assembly was set up according to the *Institute of Organization for City and County Councils* in 1946. In April 1950, the Taiwan Provincial Government promulgated the *Outline for Implementing Local Autonomy for Cities and Counties*. The administrative regions were reconfigured in September and the Yilan County Council was founded on 24 February 1951.

## Organization

* Speaker
* Deputy Speaker
* Councilors

### Agenda Department

* Regular Meeting
* Provisional Meeting
* Procedural Committee
* Disciplinary Committee
* Bill Examination Committee

### Administration Department

* Chief Secretary
* Secretary
* Agenda Section
* General Affairs Section
* Statute Office
* Accounting Office
* Personnel Office

## Transportation

The council building is accessible south of Yilan Station of Taiwan Railways.

24°43′46″N 121°45′52″E / 24.7295°N 121.7645°E / 24.7295; 121.7645

## InfoBox

| Yilan County Council
宜蘭縣議會 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | |
| Type | County Council |
| Leadership | |
| Speaker | Zhang Sheng-de (KMT) |
| Deputy Speaker | Chen Han-zhong (Independent) |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 34 |
|  | |
| Political groups | KMT (13)
DPP (11)
ZSM (1)
Independent (10) |
| Elections | |
| Voting system | Single non-transferable vote |
| Last election | 2022 |
| Meeting place | |
|  | |
| Yilan City, Yilan County, Taiwan | |
| Website | |
| Official website | |


title: Harz (electoral district)

abstract: Harz is an electoral constituency represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 68. It is located in western Saxony-Anhalt, comprising the district of Harz. Harz was created for the inaugural 1990 federal election after German reunification. Since 2009, it has been represented by Heike Brehmer of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

text:
# Harz (electoral district)

**Harz** is an electoral constituency (German: *Wahlkreis*) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 68. It is located in western Saxony-Anhalt, comprising the district of Harz.

Harz was created for the inaugural 1990 federal election after German reunification. Since 2009, it has been represented by Heike Brehmer of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

## Geography

Harz is located in western Saxony-Anhalt. As of the 2021 federal election, it comprises the entirety of the Harz district as well as the municipalities of Aschersleben and Seeland from the Salzlandkreis district.

## History

Harz was created after German reunification in 1990, then known as *Harz and Vorharzgebiet*. It acquired its current name in the 2002 election. In the 1990 through 1998 elections, it was constituency 285 in the numbering system. In the 2002 and 2005 elections, it was number 68. In the 2009 election, it was number 69. Since the 2013 election, it has been number 68.

Originally, the constituency comprised the districts of Wernigerode, Oschersleben, and Halberstadt. In the 2002 and 2005 elections, it comprised the districts of Halberstadt, Quedlinburg, and Wernigerode. It acquired its current configuration and borders in the 2009 election.

| Election | No. | Name | Borders |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 285 | Harz and Vorharzgebiet | * Halberstadt district * Oschersleben district * Wernigerode district |
| | | | 1994 |
| | | | 1998 |
| 2002 | 68 | Harz |  |
| | | | 2005 |
| 2009 | | 69 |  |
| 2013 | | 68 |
| | | 2017 |
| | | 2021 |
| | | 2025 |

## Members

The constituency was first represented by Monika Brudlewsky of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1990 to 1998. Tobias Marhold of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was elected in 1998 and served until 2005, followed by Andreas Steppuhn until 2009. Heike Brehmer of the CDU became representative in 2009, and was re-elected in 2013, 2017, and 2021.

| Election | | Member | Party | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1990 | Monika Brudlewsky | CDU | 43.7 |
| | 1994 | | | 40.9 |
|  | 1998 | Tobias Marhold | SPD | 44.1 |
| | 2002 | | | 44.9 |
|  | 2005 | Andreas Steppuhn | SPD | 33.8 |
|  | 2009 | Heike Brehmer | CDU | 33.0 |
| | 2013 | | | 46.0 |
| | 2017 | | | 36.4 |
| | 2021 | | | 27.7 |

## Election results

### 2021 election

| Federal election (2021): Harz | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | CDU | Y Heike Brehmer | | 37,884 | 27.7 | 8.7 | 30,508 | 22.3 | 11.4 |
|  | SPD | Maik Berger | | 34,812 | 25.4 | 7.9 | 37,330 | 27.2 | 11.0 |
|  | AfD | Sören Stefanowicz | | 24,947 | 18.2 | 2.1 | 24,790 | 18.1 | 1.2 |
|  | Left | Karsten Lippmann | | 14,413 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 12,700 | 9.3 | 8.4 |
|  | FDP | Denise Köcke | | 10,064 | 7.4 | 2.4 | 12,532 | 9.1 | 2.1 |
|  | Greens | Wolfgang Strauhs | | 6,320 | 4.6 | 1.5 | 7,495 | 5.5 | 2.0 |
|  | FW | Carlo Gottschalk | | 4,972 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 2,840 | 2.1 | 0.9 |
|  | dieBasis | Uwe Rohrbeck | | 3,160 | 2.3 |  | 2,621 | 1.9 |  |
|  | Human Environment Animal Protection |  | | | | | 1,736 | 1.3 |  |
|  | Tierschutzallianz |  | | | | | 1,480 | 1.1 | 0.5 |
|  | PARTEI |  | | | | | 934 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
|  | Gartenpartei |  | | | | | 758 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
|  | Pirates |  | | | | | 435 | 0.3 |  |
|  | NPD |  | | | | | 296 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
|  | Independent | Thomas Barth | | 272 | 0.2 |  |  | | |
|  | Volt |  | | | | | 178 | 0.1 |  |
|  | Humanists |  | | | | | 129 | 0.1 |  |
|  | du. |  | | | | | 119 | 0.1 |  |
|  | MLPD |  | | | | | 91 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
|  | ÖDP |  | | | | | 78 | 0.1 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 1,728 |  |  | 1,522 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 136,844 |  |  | 137,050 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 138,572 | 66.6 | 0.1 |  | | |
|  | CDU **hold** | | **Majority** | 3,072 | 2.3 | 14.9 |  | | |

### 2017 election

| Federal election (2017): Harz | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | CDU | Y Heike Brehmer | | 51,386 | 36.4 | 9.6 | 47,574 | 33.6 | 9.9 |
|  | Left | Evelyn Edler | | 27,104 | 19.2 | 3.8 | 25,069 | 17.7 | 5.2 |
|  | SPD | Eberhard Brecht | | 24,767 | 17.5 | 1.6 | 22,915 | 16.2 | 2.6 |
|  | AfD | Frank-Ronald Bischoff | | 22,792 | 16.1 |  | 23,860 | 16.9 | 13.1 |
|  | FDP | Denise Köcke | | 6,923 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 9,902 | 7.0 | 4.7 |
|  | Greens | Susan Sziborra-Seidlitz | | 4,462 | 3.2 | 0.6 | 4,968 | 3.5 | 0.1 |
|  | FW | Dieter Kühn | | 3,253 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 1,648 | 1.2 | 0.5 |
|  | Tierschutzallianz |  | | | | | 2,176 | 1.5 |  |
|  | PARTEI |  | | | | | 1,344 | 0.9 |  |
|  | NPD |  | | | | | 868 | 0.6 | 1.4 |
|  | MG |  | | | | | 445 | 0.3 |  |
|  | BGE |  | | | | | 365 | 0.3 |  |
|  | DiB |  | | | | | 213 | 0.2 |  |
|  | MLPD | Frank Oettler | | 441 | 0.3 |  | 184 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Informal votes | | | | 2,439 |  |  | 2,036 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 141,128 |  |  | 141,531 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 143,567 | 66.6 | 7.7 |  | | |
|  | CDU **hold** | | **Majority** | 24,282 | 17.2 | 5.8 |  | | |

### 2013 election

| Federal election (2013): Harz | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | CDU | Y Heike Brehmer | | 59,779 | 46.0 | 13.0 | 56,619 | 43.5 | 12.1 |
|  | Left | Elke Reinke | | 29,860 | 23.0 | 8.1 | 29,875 | 22.9 | 9.3 |
|  | SPD | Mario Hennig | | 24,875 | 19.1 | 1.2 | 24,407 | 18.7 | 1.6 |
|  | AfD |  | | | | | 4,924 | 3.8 |  |
|  | Greens | Sabine Wetzel | | 4,928 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 4,716 | 3.6 | 1.4 |
|  | NPD | Michael Grunzel | | 3,304 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 2,651 | 2.0 | 0.3 |
|  | Pirates | Henning Lübbers | | 2,556 | 2.0 |  | 2,255 | 1.7 | 0.3 |
|  | FDP | Detlef Ebert | | 1,852 | 1.4 | 5.8 | 2,961 | 2.3 | 7.1 |
|  | Human Environment Animal Protection |  | | | | | 1,679 | 1.3 |  |
|  | FW | Ethel-Maria Muschalle-Höllbach | | 1,111 | 0.9 |  | 929 | 0.7 |  |
|  | PRO |  | | | | | 433 | 0.3 |  |
|  | ÖDP |  | | | | | 293 | 0.2 |  |
|  | MLPD |  | | | | | 136 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Informal votes | | | | 2,595 |  |  | 2,340 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 129,944 |  |  | 130,199 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 132,539 | 58.9 | 2.0 |  | | |
|  | CDU **hold** | | **Majority** | 29,919 | 23.0 | 21.1 |  | | |

### 2009 election

| Federal election (2009): Harz | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | CDU | Heike Brehmer | | 46,632 | 33.0 | 6.0 | 44,402 | 31.3 | 6.4 |
|  | Left | Elke Reinke | | 43,952 | 31.1 | 4.8 | 45,676 | 32.2 | 5.9 |
|  | SPD | Andreas Steppuhn | | 28,732 | 20.3 | 14.0 | 24,320 | 17.2 | 16.7 |
|  | FDP | Wolfgang Döcke | | 10,236 | 7.2 | 1.9 | 13,274 | 9.4 | 2.0 |
|  | Greens | Undine Kurth | | 7,791 | 5.5 | 1.7 | 7,141 | 5.0 | 1.2 |
|  | NPD | Matthias Heyder | | 3,862 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 3,277 | 2.3 | 0.2 |
|  | Pirates |  | | | | | 2,897 | 2.0 |  |
|  | DVU |  | | | | | 345 | 0.2 |  |
|  | MLPD |  | | | | | 309 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Informal votes | | | | 3,135 |  |  | 2,699 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 141,205 |  |  | 141,641 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 144,340 | 60.9 | 10.2 |  | | |
|  | CDU **gain** from SPD | | **Majority** | 2,680 | 1.9 |  |  | | |

1. "Constituency Harz". Federal Returning Officer.
2. "Results for Harz". Federal Returning Officer.
3. Results for Harz
4. Results for Harz
5. Results for Harz

## InfoBox

| 68 Harz | |
| --- | --- |
| Electoral district
for the Bundestag | |
| Harz in 2025 | |
| State | Saxony-Anhalt |
| Population | 248,200 (2019) |
| Electorate | 207,942 (2021) |
| Major settlements | Halberstadt
Wernigerode
Aschersleben |
| Area | 2,339.9 km2 |
| Current electoral district | |
| Created | 1990 |
| Party | CDU |
| Member | Heike Brehmer |
| Elected | 2009, 2013, 2017, 2021 |


title: Pools of Darkness (novel)

abstract: Pools of Darkness is a novel based on the Pools of Darkness computer role-playing game. It was written by James Ward and Anne K. Brown, and published by TSR in February 1992. The novel is set in the Forgotten Realms setting based on the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. This book was the second in a trilogy, preceded by Pool of Radiance and followed by Pool of Twilight.

text:
# Pools of Darkness (novel)

***Pools of Darkness*** is a novel based on the *Pools of Darkness* computer role-playing game. It was written by James Ward and Anne K. Brown, and published by TSR in February 1992. The novel is set in the Forgotten Realms setting based on the *Dungeons & Dragons* fantasy role-playing game. This book was the second in a trilogy, preceded by *Pool of Radiance* and followed by *Pool of Twilight*.

## Plot summary

The city of Phlan has vanished, transported to parts unknown, and its citizens defend themselves from the minions of Bane. Adventurers Ren, Shal, and Tarl band together with the sorceress Evaine to stop them.

## Reception

One reviewer commented: "The evil wizard antagonist just seems kinda plopped in there for the sake of having a bad guy. He wasn't really threatening or scary, more like a child having a prolonged temper tantrum. The plan of the god he served and the pit fiend that was supposed to serve him seemed kinds tossed in there too, and I'm a little disappointed that the creature from the last book wasn’t there at all."

## Reviews

## InfoBox

Pools of Darkness
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | James M. Ward, Anne K. Brown |
| Cover artist | Fred Fields |
| Language | English |
| Series | Heroes of Phlan |
| Genre | Fantasy novel |
| Published | 1992 (TSR, Inc.) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 313 |
| ISBN | 1560763183 |
| OCLC | 25528136 |
| Preceded by | *Pool of Radiance* |
| Followed by | *Pool of Twilight* |


title: Ambresbury Banks

abstract: Ambresbury Banks is the name given to the remains of an Iron Age hill fort in Epping Forest, Essex, England.

text:
# Ambresbury Banks

**Ambresbury Banks** is the name given to the remains of an Iron Age hill fort in Epping Forest, Essex, England.

## Description

The fort encircles an area of 4.5 hectares (11 acres) and is surrounded by a single bank of 2 m (6 ft) in height, together with a ditch. There is a small counterscarp bank on the outside lip of the ditch. The defences now have 6 major breaks in their circumference; only one appears to be original. This is approached from the north west by a trapezoidal causeway. The ends of the bank at this point were revetted with coursed puddingstone blocks. The width of the passageway was sufficient to suggest double gates, but no central postholes were found. Finds at the site have included shards of red, grey and black pottery, flints and flint arrow heads, and lumps of baked clay. These suggest a construction date of around 700 BC and occupation until 42 AD.

The area within and around the fort is now completely wooded, although in Iron Age times it would have been cleared of trees to enable a better field of view, and for agriculture. This has been suggested by evidence of wild service trees, which are an indicator of regrown forest.

The Ambresbury Banks site has been examined archaeologically 9 times; the first excavation was by Augustus Pitt-Rivers in 1881. Ambresbury Banks is a scheduled monument.

## Legend

According to legend, it is the site of the last stand by Boudica against the Romans in the year 61. There is no evidence to support this. Another legend contends that the construction and name derive from the fifth-century hero Ambrosius Aurelianus, so contradicting the supposed connection to the first-century battle; other theories for the location of the battlefield include Mancetter in Warwickshire and Kings Cross in London. Nevertheless, Ambresbury Banks forms, along with Loughton Camp, Wallbury Camp, Little Hadham, Barkway and Littlebury, a line of hill-forts that arguably delineate the disputed territories of the warring Trinovantes and Catuvellauni.

1. Historic England. "Ambresbury Banks (369868)". *Research records (formerly PastScape)*. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
2. "Ambresbury Banks" Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, *Unlocking Essex's Past*, Seax, Essex County Council. Retrieved 10 March 2015
3. Cowper, Benjamin Harris (1876). "Ancient Earthworks in Epping Forest". *The Archaeological Journal*. **33**: 246–248.
4. Webster, Graham (1978). *Boudica : the British revolt against Rome AD 60* (1993 ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 17, 111. ISBN 9780415226066.
5. Ellis, Peter Berresford *A Guide to Early Celtic Remains in Britain*. London: Constable. 1991

51°41′01″N 0°04′42″E / 51.6835°N 0.0784°E / 51.6835; 0.0784