title: R639 road (Ireland)

abstract: The R639 road is one of Ireland's regional roads. Once designated the N8 national primary road, it was reclassified in stages as the R639 following the progressive opening of sections of the M8 motorway, which rendered the single carriageway N8 redundant as a national primary road. By-passed sections of the old N8 were generally reclassified as R639 as soon as a new section of M8 opened, thereby increasing the length of the R639. With the completion of the M8 on 28 May 2010, the R639 now stretches from Durrow, County Laois to Cork, running through counties Laois, Kilkenny, Tipperary, Limerick and Cork.

text:
# R639 road (Ireland)

The **R639 road** is one of Ireland's regional roads. Once designated the N8 national primary road (and before that some fractions were designated as the T6 and others as the T9), it was reclassified in stages as the R639 following the progressive opening of sections of the M8 motorway, which rendered the single carriageway N8 redundant as a national primary road. By-passed sections of the old N8 were generally reclassified as R639 as soon as a new section of M8 opened, thereby increasing the length of the R639. With the completion of the M8 on 28 May 2010, the R639 now stretches from Durrow, County Laois to Cork, running through counties Laois, Kilkenny, Tipperary, Limerick and Cork.

## Route

The R639 runs parallel to the M8 from its junction with the N77 in Durrow in County Laois to the N8 on the Lower Glanmire Road 1.5 km west of the Dunkettle Interchange on the outskirts of Cork City. North to south, it passes through Durrow, Cullahill, Johnstown, Urlingford, Littleton, Horse and Jockey, Cashel, and New Inn; and from there it runs south-west around Cahir and on through Skeheenarinky before entering County Limerick and passing through the village of Kilbeheny before veering west of Mitchelstown and proceeding south along Kilworth Mountain and through Fermoy, Rathcormack, Watergrasshill, Sallybrook and Glanmire, terminating at the N8 Lower Glanmire Road.

The official description of the R639 from the *Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012* reads:

**R639: Durrow, County Laois – Cashel – Caher, County Tipperary – Mitchelstown – Fermoy – Dunkettle, County Cork (Part Old National Route 8)** Between its junction with the N77 at Mary Street Durrow in the county of Laois and its junction with N74 at Owen’s and Bigg’s Lot in the county of South Tipperary via Castle Street and Patrick Street at Durrow; and Cullahill in the county of Laois: Coolnacrutta; Chapel Street, The Square and Urlingford Road at Johnstown; Mountfin and Main Street at Urlingford in the county of Kilkenny: Fennor in the county of South Tipperary: Longfordpass Bridge at the boundary between the county of South Tipperary and the county of North Tipperary: Turnpike, Littleton and Horse and Jockey in the county of North Tipperary: Ballytarsna, Gortmakellis and Corralough in the county of South Tipperary: Dublin Road, Ladywell Street, Canopy Street, Bank Place, Main Street and Lower Gate Street in the town of Cashel: and Spafield in the county of South Tipperary and between its junction with N74 at Owen’s and Bigg’s Lot and its junction with N24 at Cloghabreedy via Racecourse Cross and New Inn all in the county of South Tipperary and between its junction with N24 at Ballydrehid in the county of South Tipperary and its junction with N73 at Carrigane in the county of Cork via Lissava, Kilcoran and Skeheenaranky in the county of South Tipperary: Brackbaun Bridge at the boundary between the county of South Tipperary and the county of Limerick: Kilbehenny in the county of Limerick: Kilbehenny Bridge at the boundary between the county of Limerick and the county of Cork and between its junction with N73 at Stag Park in the county of Cork and its junction with N72 at Church Place in the town of Fermoy via Gortnahown, Monadrishane and Gortore in the county of Cork: and Oliver Plunket Hill in the town of Fermoy and between its junction with N72 at Pearse Square in the town of Fermoy and its junction with the N8 at Lota More in the county of Cork via McCurtain Street, McDonagh Terrace and Cork Road in the town of Fermoy: Rathcormack, Curraghprevin, Skahanagh North, Watergrasshill, Annacarton Bridge, Killydonoghoe, Ballincrossig and Glanmire in the county of Cork.

## History

### 18th and 19th centuries

In the 17th, 18th and early to mid-19th centuries – and probably earlier still – horse-drawn Dublin-Cork traffic travelled via Kilcullen, Carlow, Kilkenny, Clonmel, Ardfinnan, Clogheen, Ballyporeen, Kilworth, Fermoy and Rathcormac. Much of the R639/N8 route was built to connect the midlands to southern Tipperary and north County Cork as part of the Irish turnpike road-building drive of the mid-18th century. However, some sections are considerably older, such as the segment between Cork and Fermoy, and that between Cashel and Cahir; the construction of these particular stretches cannot as yet be dated, though they were in place prior to 1714. The R639/N8 between Fermoy and Cahir via Mitchelstown was built sometime after 1811, while the R639 between Cashel and Urlingford was built around 1739. At the same time, the route from Urlingford to Maryboro (modern-day Portlaoise) was substantially improved. In 1782 an unnamed English tourist in Ireland, known to historians as "X.Z.", gave a brief description of the route between Cashel and Urlingford: "From Cashel we rode fifteen miles of a bad road, through a bleak country to Urlingford, when we enter Leinster province. The country now becomes more populous, better improved, and the roads much more agreeable for travelling."

### 20th and 21st centuries

Some time after 1811 the gaps in the R639 between Fermoy and Cahir were filled, but the traditional Cork to Dublin route, known for much of the 20th century as the T6, continued to run from Cork to Cahir, and from there to Dublin via Clonmel, Kilkenny and Carlow. The R639/N8 corridor did not become the official Dublin to Cork road until 1974, though several Esso road atlases considered it to be the preferred route for motorists travelling between the two cities from at least the early 1960s. From this time until the gradual opening of the various M8 motorway segments beginning with the Fermoy Bypass in 2006, the route was known as the "N8".

The N8 was improved at various times during the 1970s through to the early years of the 21st century. One of the first improvements entailed a realignment of the road so that it bypassed the village of Glanmire for 6 km to the east. This dual carriageway bypass, referred to in official documentation as the "Glanmire Bypass", opened in April 1992 after a construction period of almost 7 years. When this happened, the former T6/N8 through Glanmire was renumbered, for the first time, as the "R639". The next major incident in the modern history of the R639 occurred in 1991, when a new 4 km single-carriageway bypass to the south-west of Cahir in County Tipperary opened to traffic. This bypass became a part of the N8 for the next 18 years. With the completion of the M8 motorway through South Tipperary in July 2008 however, the 1991 N8 Cahir Bypass was renumbered as part of the N24 – while simultaneously becoming the R639. (The original route of the N8 through Cahir town was redesignated a regional road in 1991, and made a part of the R670.) Other improvement projects carried out on the road during the 1970s, 80s and 90s involved periodic widening and resurfacing. In spring 2001, attention was turned to Watergrasshill in County Cork. For many years regarded as a serious bottleneck on the N8, a wide median 7 km dual carriageway bypass was constructed and opened to traffic in September 2003 as the N8, with the former road through Watergrasshill becoming the R639. In 2004 the N8 through Cashel in County Tipperary was realigned with a narrow-median dual carriageway bypass to the east of that town. Again, the former N8 through Cashel was redesignated a regional road, and renumbered the R639. In October 2007 the section of N8 between Cashel and Cahir (the same road mapped by Herman Moll in 1714) was bypassed by an early-opening segment of the M8 motorway, and became the most recent addition to the R639 route. This, in turn, was followed in July 2008 by the section between Cahir and Kilbehenny; on 8 December 2008 by the length of road from Cashel to 2 km south of Cullahill in County Laois; on 25 May 2009, by the section between Mitchelstown and Fermoy; and on 28 May 2010 by the length between Durrow and Cullahill.

## Landmarks

The road offers a striking view of the Rock of Cashel and famously skirts around its base on its approach to Cashel town. Visible from the R639 too is Hoare Abbey, also close to Cashel. South of Cahir the R639 passes southwest along the base of the Galtee Mountains, while to the east, the fertile plain of the Golden Vale is observable, with the Knockmealdowns and Comeragh Mountains starkly visible to the east. The R639 also passes by Glengarra Wood and Mitcheltown Cave.

## InfoBox

| R639 road | |
| --- | --- |
| *Bóthar R639* | |
| Location | |
| Country | Ireland |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
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title: Queen's Arms, Cowden Pound

abstract:
The Queens Arms is a Grade II listed public house at Hartfield Road, Cowden in Kent.
It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors. It was built in the mid 19th century.
This unspoilt two bar pub was saved from closure in 2014 when the long standing landlady gave up her tenure. Elsie Maynard took over the licence from her mother Annie in 1973. The pub had been in the hands of the same family since 1913 and is still known locally as Annie's. Originally a Tied house of E. & H. Kelsey Brewery of Tunbridge Wells, house it passed to J.W. Green of Luton and later to Whitbread and Admiral Taverns. It is now in private hands.
It was famed for many years for having a hand painted sign "Lager not sold here" sign to the left of the front door.

text:
# Queen's Arms, Cowden Pound

**The Queens Arms** is a Grade II listed public house at Hartfield Road, Cowden in Kent. It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

It was built in the mid 19th century. This unspoilt two bar pub was saved from closure in 2014 when the long standing landlady gave up her tenure. Elsie Maynard took over the licence from her mother Annie in 1973. The pub had been in the hands of the same family since 1913 and is still known locally as Annie's.

Originally a Tied house of E. & H. Kelsey Brewery of Tunbridge Wells, house it passed to J.W. Green of Luton and later to Whitbread and Admiral Taverns. It is now in private hands. It was famed for many years for having a hand painted sign "Lager not sold here" sign to the left of the front door.

## InfoBox

| Queen's Arms | |
| --- | --- |
| The Queens Arms in 2006 | |
| Location in Kent | |
| General information | |
| Type | Public house |
| Location | Cowden, Kent |
| Address | Queens Arms, Hartfield Road, Cowden Pond, Kent TN8 5NP |
| Coordinates | 51°09′49″N 0°05′27″E / 51.163561°N 0.090870°E / 51.163561; 0.090870 |
| Designations |  |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | Queens Arms |
| Designated | 1999-07-28 |
| Reference no. | 1387747 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: New York Eye and Ear Infirmary

abstract: New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai (NYEE) is located at East 14th Street and Second Avenue in lower Manhattan, New York City. Founded on August 14, 1820, NYEE is America's first specialty hospital and one of the most prominent in the fields of ophthalmology and otolaryngology in the world, providing primary inpatient and outpatient care in those specialties. Previously affiliated with New York Medical College, as of 2013 it is affiliated with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai as a part of the membership in the Mount Sinai Health System.

text:
# New York Eye and Ear Infirmary

40°43′58″N 73°59′03″W / 40.732758°N 73.984283°W / 40.732758; -73.984283

**New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai (NYEE)** is located at East 14th Street and Second Avenue in lower Manhattan, New York City. Founded on August 14, 1820, NYEE is America's first specialty hospital and one of the most prominent in the fields of ophthalmology and otolaryngology in the world, providing primary inpatient and outpatient care in those specialties. Previously affiliated with New York Medical College, as of 2013 it is affiliated with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai as a part of the membership in the Mount Sinai Health System.

## Services

As of 2020, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai provides comprehensive outpatient and state-of-the-art medical/surgical care in the disciplines of ophthalmology, otolaryngology (head and neck surgery), as well as plastic and reconstructive surgery.\` It has 69 beds and sees a quarter-million outpatients and performs 30,000 surgeries annually.

### Ophthalmology

Medical care is provided for a wide range of eye diseases from common to complex cases. Specialized services include cataract surgery, corneal and refractive surgery, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, ocular immunology/uveitis, ophthalmic oncology, oculoplastics and orbital surgery, ophthalmologic pathology, and pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. Throughout the tristate area, complex ocular injuries are referred to NYEE's Eye Trauma Service.

### Otolaryngology

NYEE provides medical care for the diagnosis and treatment of ENT (ear, nose and throat) conditions affecting adults and children. Some of the areas treated include chronic sinusitis, nasal obstructions, ear infections, nasal polyps, nosebleeds, deviated septum, hearing and balance disorders, thyroid and parathyroid conditions, head and neck tumor surgery, sleep issues, salivary gland disorders, and congenital deformities of the ear.

In 2005, NYEE Otology merged with Beth Israel Medical Center Otology and Neurotology Center, Cochlear Implant Center, and Children's Hearing and Learning Center. In 2008, The Ear Institute at NYEE opened and continues to provide care for a wide range of hearing and balance disorders in children and adults. The Ear Institute at NYEE was the first facility in New York to offer patients comprehensive, coordinated care in otologic services in a single location.

### Plastic and reconstructive surgery

NYEE performs elective cosmetic surgery, reconstructive surgery following trauma or disease, and congenital malformation surgery. In 2018, its services expanded to include Gender Affirmation surgery in collaboration with Mount Sinai's Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery.

## Research

Research includes adaptive optics cellular imaging, functional and metabolic imaging, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology ocular circulation, optical coherence tomography clinical imaging, retina diagnostics and restoration as well as uveitis and ocular inflammation. Resources include The Shelley and Steven Einhorn Clinical Research Center, the Eye and Vision Research Institute at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, and the Ophthalmic Innovation and Technology Program.

### Concentration

Faculty and researchers in the Department of Ophthalmology advance the field of ophthalmology through basic, translational, and clinical research for a wide range of conditions focused on ocular imaging, advanced treatments, new surgical devices, and genetics and genomics of eye disease.

### Research centers

Centers for research and clinical investigations include The Shelley and Steven Einhorn Clinical Research Center of New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai; Mount Sinai/NYEE Eye and Vision Research Institute at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; David E. Marrus Adaptive Optics Imaging Laboratory; and Ophthalmic Innovation and Technology Program at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai.

### Collaboration

Faculty at the Department of Otolaryngology at NYEE is engaged in translational research, clinical trials, and cross-departmental collaborations to develop new treatments and cures for conditions and diseases of the ears, nose, and throat.

## Education

### Ophthalmology residency and fellowship

In July 2019, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai merged their ophthalmology programs to launch the largest ophthalmology residency program in the nation, with 10 residents per year.

The three-year ophthalmology residency training program is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and offers matriculated residents clinical and surgical training as well as a range of research opportunities. Students accepted into the NYEE residency program participate in a one-year internal medicine program at Mount Sinai Beth Israel where they spend three months rotating in ophthalmology, and nine months in medicine, prior to starting their residency.

NYEE's Ophthalmology fellowships program offers ophthalmic subspecialties including cornea and external disease, glaucoma, retina, pediatric ophthalmology, uveitis, and ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery.

### Otolaryngology residency

Following a merger between independent programs at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, the Otolaryngology Residency Program is the largest program in the country with six residents per training year. Subspecialties include otology-neurotology, rhinology, facial plastics, head and neck surgery, laryngology, pediatrics, and sleep.

### Microsurgical education center

The Jorge N. Buxton, MD Microsurgical Education Center at New York Eye Infirmary of Mount Sinai is the center of ophthalmic and eye nose and throat education at NYEE. The microsurgical center provides ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists and plastic surgeons with opportunities for hands-on experience in a variety of surgical procedures before they surgically treat patients.

The Continuing Medical Education program supports the continuous professional development of physicians. Accredited by Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, the program includes live and enduring continuing medical education courses open to physicians and trainees nationally.

## History

The hospital was founded by Edward Delafield and John Kearny Rodgers. In 1816, upon graduating from the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons and completing their training at New York Hospital, the two native New Yorkers traveled to Europe to continue their medical studies. It was during their studies at the London Eye Infirmary, later famed as the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital (Moorfields) that Rodgers and Delafield realized how little attention ophthalmology received in the Americas and set about to change that. Upon their return to New York in 1818, they made the first survey of eye diseases in city. Finding a glaring lack of eye care provided to the poor, except in dire circumstances, and little interest in the medical community or city authorities in offering competent eye care, Delafield and Rodgers opened the **New York Eye Infirmary**. Founded on August 14, 1820, the first Infirmary was located at 45 Chatham Street (which is now 83 Park Row), across from City Hall and near the Five Points neighborhood.

On April 21, 1821, the first bylaws and rules and regulations were drawn up, and a Board of Directors, called "The Society of the New York Eye Infirmary," was formed. Early supporters of the Infirmary included prominent New Yorkers such as Colonel William Few  who became the first President of the Infirmary Board from 1821 to 1828, Philip Hone, Benjamin Strong and David Hosack  the founder of Bellevue Hospital, who contributed funds and helped raise money for the fledgling clinic. The hospital was incorporated by the New York State Legislature on March 22, 1822.

### Name changes

At the time of its incorporation, on March 22, 1822, the hospital was named The New York Eye Infirmary. Although NYEE treated ear conditions since its inception, the otology department received official recognition in 1864 by an act of the state legislature and the name was legally changed to The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary.

Following the 2013 merger between Continuum Health Partners, Inc., and The Mount Sinai Medical Center, the hospital name was officially changed to New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai.

In 2022, the facility was reported to be closing and up for sale, with the specialty emergency department already closed.

### Main campus and prior locations

Delafield and Rodgers opened the New York Eye Infirmary on August 14, 1820 at 45 Chatham Street (which is now 83 Park Row), across from City Hall and near the Five Points neighborhood. To accommodate a growing volume of patients, NYEE's main campus expanded several times between 1878 and 1903 to include new pavilions: Abram Du Bois Pavilion (1894), James N. Platt Pavilion (1901), and the William C. Schermerhorn Pavilion (1903), designed by Robert Williams Gibson. NYEE expanded its footprint in 1968, with the opening of the North Building on East 14th Street and Second Avenue. In 1974, a new building to house Residents expanded the campus at 321 East 13th Street.

### Mergers and affiliations

### Notable faculty and alumni

* Colonel William Few, first president of New York Eye Infirmary and a signer of the U.S. Constitution
* Dr. David Kearny McDonogh, NYEE alumnus and first African-American ophthalmologist
* Dr. Cornelius Agnew, an NYEE alumnus, was a founding member, New York Ophthalmological Society (1864); Clinic for the Diseases of the Eye and Ear at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons (1866); Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hospital (1868); Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital (1869)
* Dr. Henry D. Noyes, an NYEE alumnus, a founding member of The American Ophthalmological Society (AOS) and New York Ophthalmological Society (1864); American Otological Society (1868)
* Dr. Edward Dench, Surgeon Director, founder member of the New York Otologic Society (1892)
* Dr. F. Phinzy Calhoun, class of 1908, established and led the department of ophthalmology at Grady Hospital and Emory University
* Dr. Emil Gruening, organized the Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic at The Mount Sinai Hospital (1890)
* Dr. Harvey J. Howard, class of 1910, established the Department of Ophthalmology at Washington University
* Dr. John Martin Wheeler, NYEE resident class of 1910, first director of Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute at Columbia University
* Dr. Conrad Berens, a founding member of the first Pan American Congress of Ophthalmology (1940)
* Dr. Morton L Rosenthal establishes New York City's first Retina Service at NYEE (1957)
* Dr. Bruno S. Priestley, an NYEE physician, establishes the Department of Pleoptics – the first of its kind in the U.S. and the largest of its kind in the Western Hemisphere (1959)
* James C. Tsai, president as of 2014

### Honors and awards

Partial list:

* Department of Ophthalmology at NYEE *U.S. News & World Report* “Best Hospitals” most recent rankings: #12 / 2019–2020; #11 / 2018–2019; #12 / 2017–2018; #10 / 2016–2017; #11 / 2015-2016
* Department of Otolaryngology at NYEE *U.S. News & World Report* “Best Hospitals” most recent rankings: #44 / 2018–2019; #50 / 2017–2018; #43 / 2015-2016
* Doximity's Ophthalmology Residency Survey results of NYEE's Ophthalmology Residency Program: #19 / 2017; #19 / 2018; #20 / 2019
* Doximity's Otolaryngology Residency Survey results of NYEE's Otolaryngology Residency Program: #31 / 2017; #19 / 2018
* Doximity's Otolaryngology Residency Survey results of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Otolaryngology Residency Program: #6 / 2019
* Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (2012, 2015, and 2018)
* Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) (2019)
* American Nurses Credentialing Center’s (ANCC) Magnet® Recognition Program® (2009, 2014, 2019)
* Stage 6 Designation on the HIMSS Electronic Medical Records Adoption Model SM (2017

It received three Magnet awards (Magnet Recognition Program®) from he American Nurses Credentialing Center, an organization that recognizes excellent nursing performance. In 2009, it received the first Magnet award ever given to a specialized hospital.

## Community outreach

In 2009, the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary worked in partnership with departments at Continuum Health Partners, Inc., on "Project Chernobyl", to diagnose and treat thyroid cancer associated with radiation exposure from the Chernobyl disaster, which can take decades to develop. Thyroid cancer is a risk among some 200,000 immigrants from the former Soviet Union who now live the New York area.

The infirmary is a member of the Partners in Preparedness Program with the New York City office of Emergency Management. It welcomes volunteers for opportunities ranging from administration to patient services.

In 1903, Helen Keller delivered a speech at the dedication of the infirmary's Schermerhorn Pavilion.

The interior of the old infirmary was used in *The Godfather* for the scenes in which Mafia Don Vito Corleone is in the hospital after being shot, and his son, Michael Corleone, attempts to protect him against gunmen trying to kill him.

## InfoBox

| Mount Sinai Health System | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| New York Eye and Ear Infirmary North Building, opened in 1968 | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | 310 East 14th Street, New York City, New York, United States |
| Organization | |
| Funding | Non-profit hospital |
| Type | Teaching |
| Affiliated university | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai |
| Network | Mount Sinai Health System |
| History | |
| Opened | August 14, 1820 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.nyee.edu |
| Lists | Hospitals in New York State |
| Other links | Hospitals in Manhattan |


title: Qingdao Observatory

abstract: The Qingdao Observatory is located on the summit of Guanxiang Mountain in the Shinan District of Qingdao, China. The existing building complex was originally built in 1905. Qingdao Observatory was once an important scientific research institute in Qingdao, and also played an important role in the development of modern meteorology and marine science in China. Together with Shanghai Xujiahui Observatory and Hong Kong Observatory, they once were known as the "Three Observatory in the Far East". Qingdao Observatory has been listed as "Meteorology Observation Dome" amongst the "Top Ten Scenic Spots in Qingdao". Its building complex now belongs to the North Sea Fleet of the PLA Navy and the Zijinshan Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and is part of the Qingdao German Building Complex, a national key cultural relics conservation site.

text:
# Qingdao Observatory

The **Qingdao Observatory** is located on the summit of Guanxiang Mountain in the Shinan District of Qingdao, China. The existing building complex was originally built in 1905. Qingdao Observatory was once an important scientific research institute in Qingdao, and also played an important role in the development of modern meteorology and marine science in China. Together with Shanghai Xujiahui Observatory and Hong Kong Observatory, they once were known as the "Three Observatory in the Far East". Qingdao Observatory has been listed as "Meteorology Observation Dome" amongst the "Top Ten Scenic Spots in Qingdao". Its building complex now belongs to the North Sea Fleet of the PLA (People’s Liberation Army) Navy and the Zijinshan Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and is part of the Qingdao German Building Complex, a national key cultural relics conservation site.

## History

### Establishment and initial development of the observatory

On July 23, 1896, the German navy Iltis gunboat was hit by the storm and sunk in the waters of the Yongluo Island in Rongcheng, Qingdao. The German navy believed that the lack of an accurate weather forecast was one of the reasons for this shipwreck. In 1898, German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen proposed in his book Shandong and its portal Jiaozhou Bay (German: Schantung und seine Eingangspforte Kiautschou) to repurpose the Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory of Qingdao into a scientific research centre with an observatory to observe marine weather.

On March 1, 1898, the German Navy Port Surveying Department set up a temporary organisation responsible for astronomical meteorological observations and land surveys in Qingdao. Their base of operations was officially named Metrology and Astronomy Observatory on June 14 of the same year. It’s currently located in office blocks surrounding the Public Security Bureau of Qingdao, and initially served only to observe temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind force, etc. The institute conducts meteorological observations 3 times per day and reports daily weather maps and forecasts (including storm warnings). In 1904, Qingdao Observatory extended its operations to astronomy and timekeeping functions. On May 10, 1905, the observatory moved to Guanshan Mountain. In 1909, the observatory’s operations extended further to include topographic surveys and geomagnetic, seismic, tide and sunspot observations.

On January 1, 1911, the observatory was officially renamed the Royal Observatory of Qingdao. On January 9, 1912, the observatory building was completed. The Qingdao New Newspaper and the Shanghai German Newspaper subsequently reported the inauguration ceremony of the Observatory. At the end of Germany’s lease for Qingdao territory in 1914, the scientific scope of the observatory has already encompassed astronomy, meteorology, earthquakes, geomagnetism, tide observations, timekeeping, topographic surveys, and sea surveys. There were more than ten observatories in Jinan and the Weixian County along the Jiaoji Railway as well.

### Japanese occupation period and its once unsolved case

After the Japanese army occupied Qingdao in November 1914, the Qingdao Observatory was taken over by the Japanese Navy's temporary Qingdao Port Division and renamed the Qingdao Observatory.

In December 1922, the Chinese government took back Qingdao's sovereignty. According to an annex to the "Shangdong Cases Detailed Agreement" signed by the Chinese and Japanese parties on December 1, Japanese personnel would be granted temporary stay after the handover of the meteorological observatory, including Chinese meteorologists Jiang Bingran, Zhu Kezhen, and astronomer Gao Pingzi, but Japan touted the content of the agreement and refused the handover. Claiming that China had no meteorologists, they proposed a partial handover until China had professional personnel. Jiang Bingran along with others held the handover ceremony, however the Japanese still retained significant control over the meteorology observatory.

Regarding the taking back of the meteorological station, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Jiaoao Commercial Port Supervisor Office have repeatedly negotiated with the Japanese Minister in China and the Japanese Consul General in Qingdao.

After China officially took over the observatory, Japanese personnel still refused to withdraw and continued to use the observatory instruments for observation, sending data back to Japan. In October 1924, the former director of the Qingdao Observatory Iruma Takeshi stated in "the Opinion" that "China already has talents for astronomical and meteorological observation who are able to shoulder responsibility. I hope that the Chinese government can finalise the pending case so that Japanese personnel can return to their country as soon as possible". However, the Japanese government repeatedly evaded responsibility, resulting in the pending case remaining unresolved. Japanese personnel did not leave the observatory until the end of 1937 when Japanese nationals evacuated from Qingdao.

### Development during the Republic of China period

On October 10, 1924, Jiang Bingran, Zhu Kezhen, Gao Lu, and others initiated the establishment of the Chinese Meteorological Society at the Qingdao Observatory, with the purpose of pursuing "progress in meteorological science and development of weather forecasting". In 1925, the observatory built a small domed equatorial chamber on the west side of the observation field and fitted a 16-cm refracting telescope left over from the Germans to observe sunspots; this accumulated China's first batch of sunspot observation data.

In May 1926, Gustav Felier, Chairman of the International Longitude Survey Committee, sent a letter inviting the Qingdao Observatory to participate in the first International Longitude Survey (also known as the Longitude Survey of the World). The Ministry of Education therefore appointed the Qingdao Observatory as the sole representative of Chinese research institutes in the scientific community to participate in the event. Director of the observatory, Jiang Bingran, inspected various observatories in Shanghai and Hong Kong in the summer of that year. He believed that the Qingdao Observatory lacked new measuring instruments so he applied for 5,000 rmb in funding from the General Office of Jiaoao Commercial Port Bureau to purchase new instruments.

On August 12, 1930, the Chinese Academy of Sciences held the 15th Annual Conference at the Qingdao National University, during which Cai Yuanpei, Yang Xingfo, Li Shizeng, Zhu Kezhen, Jiang Bingran, Song Chunyi and others jointly proposed first the construction of the Qingdao Aquarium, and then the establishment of the China Ocean Research Institute. It was later agreed to be designed by the Observatory's Marine Office and located at Waterfront Park on Laiyang Road. The Qingdao Aquarium was the largest and most advanced marine science exhibition hall in China at the time.

In March 1932, the observatory began to implement high-altitude observations once a day as reference for weather forecasts. Later, upon the request of China Airlines, the observatory provided daily high-altitude observation data to airlines. (According to some, the pilot-balloon observation began from March 1932, once every two days, and then the pilot balloon was provided by China Airlines, and the observation changed to a daily frequency).

In April 1935, the China Branch of the Oceanographic Group of the Pacific Scientific Association was established in Nanjing. They planned to set up marine biology research institutes in Xiamen, Dinghai, Qingdao, and Yantai of which Qingdao Coastal Biology Research Institute was co-chaired by Qingdao Observatory and Shandong National University. However, due to the July 7th Incident and the overall outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the Institute's work did not begin.

### Decline and recovery during and after the Sino-Japanese War

After the July 7th Incident of 1937, Qingdao Observatory personnel evacuated from Qingdao in September. On January 10, 1938, the Japanese navy occupied Qingdao and the observatory was taken over by the Japanese navy. According to Wang Huawen (self-titled as binhua), the first director of the Observatory following the Sino-Japanese War, he interned at the Observatory in his early days during Jiang Bingran’s time as director of the Observatory. When taking over it after the Sino-Japanese War, he found that the Observatory was devastated, and many instruments had been destroyed by the Japanese military police.

After Japan surrendered in August 1945, the Chinese Navy Rear Admiral and the North China Naval Reception Commissioner She Zhenxing began to take charge of the Observatory. In December, the Navy transferred it to the Qingdao Municipal Government and resumed its original name: the Qingdao Observatory. From 1946, Wang Huawen served as the director of the observatory and began to organise the restoration of the observatory.

### Since 1949

On June 2, 1949, the People's Liberation Army gained entry and stationed themselves in Qingdao, which was shortly followed by the Qingdao Military Control Commission taking over the observatory. In May 1958, Qingdao Observatory's geomagnetic and seismic related personnel and instruments were transferred to the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Geophysics Institute in Beijing. The astronomy section was reconstructed and renamed the Qingdao Observatory, affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Purple Mountain Observatory, and astronomical observations continued relying on the dome room and other facilities in the observatory.

Qingdao Observatory's main functions include astronomical observation and science popularisation through events and activities. It is open to the public from time to time. When special astronomical phenomena occur, it may also be open to the public for observation. Qingdao Observatory organises astronomical stargaze, astronomical summer camps and other events as well. In 2012, the observatory was recognised as a national science education centre by the China Association for Science and Technology. The initial part of the observatory dome room which was built in 1931 is still used by the observatory. The expanded part which was built in 1996 is now used by a youth hostel. The Observatory office building built during the period of German Leased Territory is now the residence of the Marine Hydrological and Meteorological Centre of the Navy’s North Sea Fleet.

## Architectural characteristics and protection status of cultural relics

The office building is located on the top of the east side of the observatory. The platform of the building is 77.76 metres above sea level. The 21.6-metre-high building has a 3-floor main body and 7-floor tower. The outer walls are all made of granite stone and the roof slopes with beef-tongue-like tiles. The parapet wall at the top of the tower is constructed into a castellated shape. The entire building is shaped like a medieval European castle. According to German naval literature, the Observatory building is designed with the following: offices, laboratories, libraries, public reading rooms, a temperature-controlled basement with clocks, temperature coefficient-measuring rooms equipped with a dual heating system, metalwork workshops and other auxiliary rooms. The ground floor of the building lays a fuchsia glazed tile floor connected by stone steps. There is still a white marble stone monuments intact on the corridor wall, engraved with a German poem by German poet Ernst von Wildenbruch.|Ernst von Wildenbruch}}

| The poem | English translation |
| --- | --- |
| Deutsche fern vom Heimatland haben hier am fremden Strand diesen Bau geschichtet; Schiffen soll er in der Not künden, wenn das Wetter droht, wenn der Sturm sich schlichtet. So als Helfer aufgestellt, sei der Gruß er, den der Welt deutsches Volk entrichtet. | Germans far from home
have here on the foreign beach
layered this building
It forecasts ship in an emergency
announces when the weather threatens
When the storm is settling
it positioned as a helper and the greeting for the world that German people sent |

In 2000, the Observatory site was listed amongst the first batch of historically outstanding buildings in Qingdao. In 2006, the Observatory site was listed amongst the sixth batch of national key cultural relics observation sites in the extansive list of the German architectural complex. The scope of protection falls within the courtyard of No. 15 Guan Xiang Er Lu Road and 20 metres around the outer wall of the astronomical observation dome. Guan Xiang Shan Park is included in the construction control zone.

## Atlas

* List of astronomical observatories
* The Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Purple Mountain Observatory
* The Chinese Academy of Sciences’ National Astronomical Observatory
* Original bench mark of the PRC
* Magnetic room of Guanxiang Mountain
* Official residence of the director of the Qingdao Observatory
* Guanxiang Mountain

## InfoBox

| Qingdao Observatory | |
| --- | --- |
| Dome Room of Qingdao Observatory, built between 1930 and 1931 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Shinan District Qingdao Shandong Province China |
| Address | No. 21 Guanxiang Er Road |
| Coordinates | 36°04′12.5″N 120°19′16″E / 36.070139°N 120.32111°E / 36.070139; 120.32111 |
| Elevation | 75 m |


title: Omphisa robusta

abstract: Omphisa robusta is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Anthonie Johannes Theodorus Janse in 1928. It is found on New Guinea.

text:
# Omphisa robusta

***Omphisa robusta*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Anthonie Johannes Theodorus Janse in 1928. It is found on New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Omphisa robusta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Spilomelinae |
| Tribe: | Margaroniini |
| Genus: | *Omphisa* |
| Species: | ***O. robusta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Omphisa robusta***<br>Janse, 1928 | |
|


title: Prunus obtusata

abstract: Prunus obtusata is a species of bird cherry native to Tibet, southern China and Taiwan, preferring to grow at 800–3600 m. It is a tree typically 6–20 m tall. Its flowers are borne on a raceme, with white petals. The fruit is black.

text:
# Prunus obtusata

***Prunus obtusata*** (Chinese: 细齿稠李, 台灣稠李) is a species of bird cherry native to Tibet, southern China and Taiwan, preferring to grow at 800–3600 m. It is a tree typically 6–20 m tall. Its flowers are borne on a raceme, with white petals. The fruit is black.

## Ecology

Its young leaves are consumed by the endangered Guizhou snub-nosed monkey, *Rhinopithecus brelichi*.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus obtusata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Subgenus: | *Prunus subg. Padus* |
| Species: | ***P. obtusata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus obtusata***<br>Koehne | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Padus obtusata* (Koehne) T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku * *Padus brachypoda* var. *pubigera* C.K.Schneid. * *Padus vaniotii* H.Lév. * *Padus vaniotii* var. *obovata* (Koehne) Rehder * *Prunus bicolor* Koehne * *Prunus ohwii* Kaneh. & Hatus. * *Prunus pubigera* (C.K.Schneid.) Koehne * *Prunus pubigera* var. *longifolia* Cardot * *Prunus pubigera* var. *obovata* Koehne * *Prunus pubigera* var. *ohwii* (Kaneh. & Hatus. ex Kaneh.) S.S.Ying * *Prunus pubigera* var. *potaninii* (Koehne) Rehder. * *Prunus pubigera* var. *prattii* Koehne * *Prunus vaniotii* H.Lév. * *Prunus vaniotii* var. *obovata* (Koehne) Rehder * *Prunus vaniotii* var. *potaninii* (Koehne) Rehder | |


title: Italian submarine Medusa (1931)

abstract: Medusa was one of seven Argonauta-class submarines built for the Regia Marina during the early 1930s.

text:
# Italian submarine Medusa (1931)

***Medusa*** was one of seven *Argonauta*-class submarines built for the *Regia Marina* (Royal Italian Navy) during the early 1930s.

## Design and description

The *Argonauta* class was derived from the earlier *Squalo*-class submarines. They displaced 660 metric tons (650 long tons) surfaced and 813 metric tons (800 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 61.5 meters (201 ft 9 in) long, had a beam of 5.7 meters (18 ft 8 in) and a draft of 4.7 meters (15 ft 5 in). They had an operational diving depth of 80 meters (260 ft). Their crew numbered 44 officers and enlisted men.

For surface running, the boats were powered by two 750-brake-horsepower (559 kW) diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 400-horsepower (298 kW) electric motor. They could reach 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) on the surface and 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) underwater. On the surface, the *Settembrini* class had a range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph); submerged, they had a range of 110 nmi (200 km; 130 mi) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph).

The boats were armed with six 53.3-centimeter (21 in) torpedo tubes, four in the bow and two in the stern for which they carried a total of 12 torpedoes. They were also armed with a single 102-millimeter (4 in) deck gun forward of the conning tower for combat on the surface. Their anti-aircraft armament consisted of two single 13.2-millimeter (0.52 in) machine guns.

## Construction and career

*Medusa* was laid down by Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico at their Monfalcone shipyard in 1929–1930, launched on 10 December 1931 and completed the following year. *Medusa* was torpedoed and sunk on 30 January 1942 in the Adriatic near Promontore, Istria by the submarine HMS *Thorn*.

* Bagnasco, Erminio (1977). *Submarines of World War Two*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-962-6.
* Brescia, Maurizio (2012). *Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regina Marina 1930–45*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-544-8.
* Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946*. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
* Frank, Willard C. Jr. (1989). "Question 12/88". *Warship International*. **XXVI** (1): 95–97. ISSN 0043-0374.
* Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). *Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two* (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Kingdom of Italy | |
| Name | *Medusa* |
| Namesake | Medusa |
| Builder | Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico, Monfalcone |
| Laid down | 1929–1930 |
| Launched | 10 December 1931 |
| Completed | 1932 |
| Fate | Sunk, 30 January 1942 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Argonauta*-class submarine |
| Displacement | * 660  (650 long tons) (surfaced) * 813 t (800 long tons) (submerged) |
| Length | 61.5 m (202 ft) |
| Beam | 5.7 m (18 ft 8 in) |
| Draft | 4.7 m (15 ft 5 in) |
| Installed power | * 1,500 bhp (1,100 kW) (diesels) * 800 hp (600 kW) (electric motors) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) (surfaced) * 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) (submerged) |
| Range | * 5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) (surfaced) * 110 nmi (200 km; 130 mi) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) (submerged) |
| Test depth | 80 m (260 ft) |
| Armament |  |


title: Perovec

abstract: Perovec is a small settlement in the Municipality of Slovenske Konjice in eastern Slovenia. It lies north of Draža Vas, just east of the Slovenian A1 motorway. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

text:
# Perovec

**Perovec** (pronounced \[ˈpeːɾɔʋəts\]) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Slovenske Konjice in eastern Slovenia. It lies north of Draža Vas, just east of the Slovenian A1 motorway. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Perovec | |
| --- | --- |
| PerovecLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°20′11.19″N 15°29′18.31″E / 46.3364417°N 15.4884194°E / 46.3364417; 15.4884194 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Savinja |
| Municipality | Slovenske Konjice |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.55 km2 (0.21 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 284.2 m (932.4 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 45 |
|  | |


title: Moments of Fatherhood

abstract: Moments of Fatherhood is an album by American jazz flautist Nicole Mitchell's Black Earth Ensemble with French contemporary music Ensemble Laborintus, which was recorded in 2015 and released on the French RogueArt label. The album is inspired by a collection of photographs that civil rights activist W.E.B. Du Bois put together for The Exhibit of American Negroes at the 1900 World's Exposition in Paris.

text:
# Moments of Fatherhood

***Moments of Fatherhood*** is an album by American jazz flautist Nicole Mitchell's Black Earth Ensemble with French contemporary music Ensemble Laborintus, which was recorded in 2015 and released on the French RogueArt label. The album is inspired by a collection of photographs that civil rights activist W.E.B. Du Bois put together for The Exhibit of American Negroes at the 1900 World's Exposition in Paris.

## Reception

The All About Jazz review by John Sharpe states "By the end it's clear that Mitchell has created a highly imaginative tapestry in which composed and extemporized elements interweave to reflect not only the poignancy and humanity of the original photographic sources, but also their relevance to present-day existence."

## Track listing

All compositions by Nicole Mitchell

1. "Building Stuff" – 9:11
2. "Cold Hard Facts" – 9:19
3. "Explorers" – 12:53
4. "Listening" – 12:06
5. "Only One Like Him" – 7:15
6. "A Place of Advice" – 7:55
7. "Towards Excellence" – 5:43

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Moments of Fatherhood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Nicole Mitchell | |
| Released | 2016 |
| Recorded | January 31 & February 1, 2015 |
| Studio | Sextan, Malakoff, France |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 64:22 |
| Label | RogueArt |
| Producer | Nicole Mitchell & Laborintus |
| Nicole Mitchell chronology | |
| *Artifacts*
(2015) ***Moments of Fatherhood***
(2016) *Mandorla Awakening II*
(2017) | |


abstract:
Contrary to the methods used by the Reich Air Ministry (RLM) for the allocation of aircraft designations, the designers and manufacturers of sailplanes and gliders in Germany enjoyed the freedom of choosing their own designations for their products up until 1945. Thus a bird name like Habicht could be used, or a number combined with two or more letters, stemming from the designer's or factory's name, such as DFS, RRG or Göppingen. The RLM assigned every design a separate number to provide a common basis for an exchange of drawings in the event of an intended production under license by firms, clubs or individuala and to secure the provision of spare parts. A rigid system of rules for the form and order of drawings was applied. Whereas RLM aircraft designations were prefixed by the number 8, glider references began with "108-", for example 108-53 referred to the DFS Habicht. In a relaxation of the regulations regarding allocation of aircraft designations, the designers and manufacturers of sailplanes and gliders in Germany enjoyed the freedom of choosing their own designations for their products up until 1945, but some of the more common aircraft were issued RLM designations in the 108 series.
  - 108-10
  - Schneider Grunau 9 - primary glider (1929)
  - 108-11
  - RRG Zögling 33 - primary glider (1933)
  - 108-14
  - DFS Schulgleiter SG.38 - standard basic gliding trainer (1938)
  - 108-15
  - RRG Zögling 12m - primary glider (1934)
  - 108-16
  - Weber EW-2 - four-seat high-performance sailplane
  - 108-21
  - Hirth Hi 21 - two-seat sailplane
  - 108-22
  - Hirth Hi-20 MoSe - ; motorized glider
  - 108-29
  - Fliege IIa - primary glider (1935)
  - 108-30
  - DFS Kranich II - two-seat sailplane (1935)
  - 108-47
  - Schleicher / Jacobs Rhönadler - single-seat high-performance sailplane (1932)
  - 108-48
  - Dittmar Condor I - high-performance sailplane (1932)
  - 108-49
  - Schneider / DFS Grunau Baby II - glider (1932)
  - 108-50
  - Jacobs Rhönbussard - single-seat high-performance sailplane (1933)
  - 108-51
  - Jacobs / Schweyer / DFS Rhönsperber - single-seat high-performance sailplane (1935)
  - 108-53
  - DFS Habicht - single-seat acrobatics sailplane (1936)
  - 108-56
  - Dittmar Condor II - single-seat high-performance sailplane (1935)
  - 108-58
  - Hirth Göppingen Gö 1 Wolf - sailplane (1935)
  - 108-59
  - Hirth Göppingen Gö 3 Minimoa - high-performance sailplane (1935)
  - 108-60
  - Jacobs / DFS Reiher - single-seat high-performance sailplane (1937)
  - 108-61
  - Hütter / Schempp-Hirth Göppingen Gö 4 - two-seat sailplane (1937)
  - 108-62
  - Schwarzwald-Flugzeugbau Donaueschingen Strolch - high-performance sailplane
  - 108-63
  - Akaflieg München Mü 13D Merlin - high-performance sailplane (1936)
  - 108-64
  - Schwarzwald-Flugzeugbau Donaueschingen Ibis
  - 108-65
  - Dittmar Condor III - single-seat high-performance sailplane (1938)
  - 108-66
  - Schneider Grunau Baby III - sailplane (1938)
  - 108-67
  - Hütter Hü 17 - sailplane (1937)
  - 108-68
  - Jacobs / Schweyer / DFS Weihe - high-performance single-seat sailplane (1938)
  - 108-70
  - Jacobs / DFS Olympia Meise - high-performance single-seat sailplane (1939)
  - 108-72
  - Akaflieg München Mü 17 Merle - high-performance sailplane (1939)
  - 108-74
  - FVA Aachen / Schmetz FVA 10b Rheinland - high-performance sailplane

text:
# RLM numbering system for gliders and sailplanes

Contrary to the methods used by the Reich Air Ministry (RLM) for the allocation of aircraft designations, the designers and manufacturers of sailplanes and gliders in Germany enjoyed the freedom of choosing their own designations for their products up until 1945.

Thus a bird name like *Habicht* could be used, or a number combined with two or more letters, stemming from the designer's or factory's name, such as DFS, RRG or Göppingen. The RLM assigned every design a separate number to provide a common basis for an exchange of drawings in the event of an intended production under license by firms, clubs or individuala and to secure the provision of spare parts. A rigid system of rules for the form and order of drawings was applied.

Whereas RLM aircraft designations were prefixed by the number 8, glider references began with "108-", for example 108-53 referred to the DFS Habicht.

In a relaxation of the regulations regarding allocation of aircraft designations, the designers and manufacturers of sailplanes and gliders in Germany enjoyed the freedom of choosing their own designations for their products up until 1945, but some of the more common aircraft were issued RLM designations in the 108 series.

108-10Schneider Grunau 9 \- primary glider (1929) 108-11RRG Zögling 33 \- primary glider (1933) 108-14DFS Schulgleiter SG.38 \- standard basic gliding trainer (1938) 108-15RRG Zögling 12m \- primary glider (1934) 108-16Weber EW-2 \- four-seat high-performance sailplane 108-21Hirth Hi 21 \- two-seat sailplane 108-22Hirth Hi-20 MoSe \- (for Motorsegler = motor glider); motorized glider 108-29Fliege IIa \- primary glider (1935) 108-30DFS Kranich II \- two-seat sailplane (1935) 108-47Schleicher / Jacobs Rhönadler \- single-seat high-performance sailplane (1932) 108-48Dittmar Condor I \- high-performance sailplane (1932) 108-49Schneider / DFS Grunau Baby II \- glider (1932) 108-50Jacobs Rhönbussard \- single-seat high-performance sailplane (1933) 108-51Jacobs / Schweyer / DFS Rhönsperber \- single-seat high-performance sailplane (1935) 108-53DFS Habicht \- single-seat acrobatics sailplane (1936) 108-56Dittmar Condor II \- single-seat high-performance sailplane (1935) 108-58Hirth Göppingen Gö 1 Wolf \- sailplane (1935) 108-59Hirth Göppingen Gö 3 Minimoa \- high-performance sailplane (1935) 108-60Jacobs / DFS Reiher \- single-seat high-performance sailplane (1937) 108-61Hütter / Schempp-Hirth Göppingen Gö 4 \- two-seat sailplane (1937) 108-62Schwarzwald-Flugzeugbau Donaueschingen Strolch \- high-performance sailplane 108-63Akaflieg München Mü 13D Merlin \- high-performance sailplane (1936) 108-64Schwarzwald-Flugzeugbau Donaueschingen Ibis 108-65Dittmar Condor III \- single-seat high-performance sailplane (1938) 108-66Schneider Grunau Baby III \- sailplane (1938) 108-67Hütter Hü 17 \- sailplane (1937) 108-68Jacobs / Schweyer / DFS Weihe \- high-performance single-seat sailplane (1938) 108-70Jacobs / DFS Olympia Meise \- high-performance single-seat sailplane (1939) 108-72Akaflieg München Mü 17 Merle \- high-performance sailplane (1939) 108-74FVA Aachen / Schmetz FVA 10b Rheinland \- high-performance sailplane

## Gliders with unknown or not issued RLM designator

After the Second World War, gliding was prohibited in Germany, but when the sport began again in 1951, glider types were allocated a Geräte-Nummer (Type Approval number). New designs were given numbers from 101, but the following older types used their RLM designation as the Geräte-Nummer:


abstract: The R.R Donnelley Printing Plant, sometimes known as the Calumet Plant or the Lakeside Plant and now known as the Lakeside Technology Center, was built between 1912 and 1929 to house the operations of the RR Donnelley printing company. In 1993, the plant was closed after the discontinuation by Sears, Roebuck and Co. of its mail-order catalog, which had been the last major account printed there. In 1999 the building was retrofitted and is currently owned by Digital Realty Trust operating as a carrier hotel and data center. The newly outfitted building was the first and largest planned carrier hotel in the United States. The building was designed by Howard Van Doren Shaw to be a fireproof design of poured reinforced concrete columns and an open-shell concrete floor. Although considered to be expensive by the standards of that time, T.E. Donnelley agreed that the support would be needed for the many tons of paper they used and large presses they operated. Supported by 4,675 steel-reinforced concrete columns, this type of construction not only served the Donnelley well, it also provided the perfect infrastructure for future tenants. To further the building's support structure, reinforcing bars, normally laid perpendicular, were laid at various angles enabling the floors to bear loads of at least 250 pounds per square foot. Current major tenants of the building include the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Telx, Equinix, Steadfast Networks and CenturyLink. Exterior ornaments depict symbols of printing history. Portions of the building, including the interior Memorial Library, were designed by architect Charles Klauder.

text:
# R.R. Donnelley and Sons Co. Calumet Plant

The **R.R Donnelley Printing Plant**, sometimes known as the **Calumet Plant** or the **Lakeside Plant** and now known as the **Lakeside Technology Center**, was built between 1912 and 1929 to house the operations of the RR Donnelley printing company. In 1993, the plant was closed after the discontinuation by Sears, Roebuck and Co. of its mail-order catalog, which had been the last major account printed there. In 1999 the building was retrofitted and is currently owned by Digital Realty Trust operating as a carrier hotel and data center. The newly outfitted building was the first and largest planned carrier hotel in the United States.

The building was designed by Howard Van Doren Shaw to be a fireproof design of poured reinforced concrete columns and an open-shell concrete floor. Although considered to be expensive by the standards of that time, T.E. Donnelley agreed that the support would be needed for the many tons of paper they used and large presses they operated. Supported by 4,675 steel-reinforced concrete columns, this type of construction not only served the Donnelley well, it also provided the perfect infrastructure for future tenants. To further the building's support structure, reinforcing bars, normally laid perpendicular, were laid at various angles enabling the floors to bear loads of at least 250 pounds per square foot.

Current major tenants of the building include the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Telx, Equinix, Steadfast Networks and CenturyLink.

Exterior ornaments depict symbols of printing history. Portions of the building, including the interior Memorial Library, were designed by architect Charles Klauder.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| R.R. Donnelley and Sons Co. Calumet Plant | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Chicago Landmark | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 350 E Cermak Road Chicago, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°51′13″N 87°37′5″W / 41.85361°N 87.61806°W / 41.85361; -87.61806 |
| Built | 1912 to 1929 |
| Architect | Howard Van Doren Shaw, Charles Zeller Klauder |
| Architectural style | English Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 83000308 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | February 17, 1983 |
| Designated CL | March 31, 2004 |


title: WTVE (New York)

abstract: WTVE was a television station in Elmira, New York, United States, which operated from 1953 to 1954 and again from 1956 to 1957. It was the first station to sign on in the Elmira area. It broadcast from studios on Market Street in Elmira and a transmitter on Comfort Hill, also known as South Mountain, near Ashland. Economic problems surrounding early UHF television stations played a major role in its demise and in its pursuit of a VHF channel assignment for Elmira, which was first granted and then taken away. It lost $350,000 in 44 months of broadcasting.

text:
# WTVE (New York)

**WTVE** (channel 24) was a television station in Elmira, New York, United States, which operated from 1953 to 1954 and again from 1956 to 1957. It was the first station to sign on in the Elmira area. It broadcast from studios on Market Street in Elmira and a transmitter on Comfort Hill, also known as South Mountain, near Ashland. Economic problems surrounding early UHF television stations played a major role in its demise and in its pursuit of a VHF channel assignment for Elmira, which was first granted and then taken away. It lost $350,000 (equivalent to $2.9 million in 2023 dollars) in 44 months of broadcasting.

## Construction and early years

In June 1952, Elmira Television became the third applicant for a television station in the Elmira–Corning area when it filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for channel 18 in Elmira. The company was a partnership of Thompson K. Cassel and John S. Booth, who owned stakes in various radio stations in the state of Pennsylvania. That August, Elmira Television switched its proposal to channel 24; this meant it would be in competition with an application filed by the *Elmira Star-Gazette* instead of that of the *Corning Leader*.

After the two newspapers merged their bids into El-Cor Television, specifying channel 18, the FCC granted Elmira Television a construction permit for channel 24 on November 6, 1952. By the end of November, work was underway on a new transmission tower atop South Mountain, also known as Comfort Hill, in Ashland, Chemung County, New York, Elmira Television set a May 15, 1953, deadline to get on air; in March, the group modified its application to reduce the proposed effective radiated power because of an equipment shortage while raising the height of the tower. It also secured network affiliations with CBS, ABC, and the DuMont Television Network. Though cameras were on order to produce live shows, most of the new station's programming would be network and filmed material.

The May 15 start date was missed, and the first test pattern went out on June 1, 1953. Regular programming began two weeks later, on June 15. In addition to CBS, ABC, and DuMont, NBC programs were seen until the newspapers' station, WECT (channel 18), came on the air at the end of September. Live CBS and NBC programs were received from Syracuse by a microwave pickup at Ithaca, and a second microwave route through Endicott was added in October to enable reception of live ABC shows from WILK-TV in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Local live programming began later that month from studios in a converted YMHA at Madison Avenue and Market Street, with initial offerings including a local newscast and a children's show.

By April 1954, WTVE was entertaining possible expansion, with its owners drafting up plans for a larger studio to be added on at the Madison Avenue studios. The group had also filed to build a new radio station to broadcast on 800 kHz during the day, though a conflict had been identified with a proposed outlet in Wellsville.

## Tower collapse

On October 15, 1954, Hurricane Hazel became the first known hurricane to pass through upstate New York. Wind gusts recorded at about 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) reached South Mountain and brought the station's 491 feet (150 m) transmission tower to the ground at 9:15 p.m., the single largest damage wrought by the storm in the Elmira area. The tower fell to the north instead of the east, thus avoiding the transmitter building, where the engineer on duty did not even hear the tower fall to the ground on account of the noisy wind.

In the wake of the tower collapse, said at the time to mean at least a month out of service for the station, Elmira Television withdrew its radio station proposal. Repair of the television facility would require not only a new tower structure but a custom-made channel 24 antenna.

## Channel 9 fight

However, ideas of reconstruction were overshadowed by an attempt already underway on the part of WTVE's ownership to move a VHF television station allocation—one that would not require sets to be converted, unlike on UHF—to the Elmira area. As early as 1951, the *Corning Leader* had proposed the assignment of channel 9 to Elmira; however, when a final table of allocations was released in 1952, it was not included because channel 9 had also been allocated to Toronto—at the time too close to Elmira to coexist. In June 1954, Cassel and Booth made the same request. Another application seeking the channel at nearby Blossburg, Pennsylvania, was also received. Local business leaders endorsed the idea, noting that, with no television station in operation in Elmira (WECT having closed the preceding May), advertisers and viewers were left dependent on Binghamton's WNBF-TV (channel 12) for television advertising sales and programming, in the case of the former forcing Elmira businesses to compete with those in Binghamton.

Opposition coalesced to the possibility of a channel 9 assignment by interests in Binghamton. There, Southern Tier Radio Service, owner of radio station WINR, held a permit to start a new UHF station on channel 40; objections were also received from the promoters of the proposed Blossburg move and from broadcasting interests in the Scranton and Wilkes-Barre area. Southern Tier Radio Service noted that a channel 9 station in Elmira, which would reach Binghamton viewers, would have "disastrous effects" on the development of television in the Binghamton region, particularly on UHF stations, and result in "less service" overall. Binghamton mayor Donald W. Kramer, owner of Southern Tier Radio Service, noted that the assignment of channel 9 in either Elmira or Blossburg would put an end to the proposed WINR-TV. WTVE and WINR-TV each sought time extensions from the FCC while it contemplated the channel 9 issue, with the proposed Binghamton station noting that it had been told by television networks that no affiliation would be available if channel 9 were inserted into the region. Both stations were ordered on the air by January 1956, with the FCC stating that economic uncertainty surrounding UHF was not a valid reason for further extensions of time to build or rebuild.

## Assignment of channel 9; return of channel 24 to air

On December 1, 1955, the FCC allotted channel 9 to Elmira and opened the door for applicants to file to use the channel, denying a request by WTVE that its license be automatically amended to the new assignment. A group that had in the meantime drafted plans to enter the Elmira area on channel 18 registered its opposition. WSYR-TV (channel 3) in Syracuse was being approved to build a satellite station in Elmira, but its ownership felt that inserting channel 9, a VHF station, would adversely affect its proposal to broadcast a version of WSYR-TV with locally inserted programs to the Twin Tiers. WSYR-TV and the proposed WINR-TV both drafted petitions against the allocation.

In addition to Elmira Television, the start of 1956 brought another proposal for channel 9, this time from the *Star-Gazette*, which proposed an NBC-affiliated station to complement WNBF-TV in Binghamton, a CBS outlet, and to match WENY radio. The FCC rejected the Syracuse and Binghamton protests to the channel assignment in March. By that time, there were four different applications filed for channel 9: the bids from WTVE and the *Star-Gazette*, one connected to radio station WELM, and a fourth from the Veterans Broadcasting Company of Rochester.

Amidst all of this, channel 24 rebuilt and returned to the air after an 18-month absence. After missing a February 1 deadline and being held up by unusual winter weather, a new 500 feet (150 m) mast was erected atop South Mountain, tests began in late April, and WTVE signed on again on May 6, 1956, with programs from NBC and ABC, as well as William W. Scranton—owner of WARM-TV in that Pennsylvania city—as a new 30-percent owner. This made it the sixth UHF station to suspend broadcasting and return to the air. Live programming also returned, with a religious program and local news and weather.

## A shocking loss; closure

Just as it seemed like the FCC was about to designate the four channel 9 applications for hearing, the commission, on a 4–3 vote, delivered a body blow to the four applicants in June when it proposed substituting UHF channel 30 for the newly assigned VHF channel 9 as part of a deintermixture plan to reduce areas where VHF and UHF stations competed. Elmira joined Evansville, Indiana; Fresno, California; Hartford, Connecticut; Madison, Wisconsin; and Peoria and Springfield, Illinois, as cities where the FCC proposed a change in channel assignments to deintermix the area. Business leaders, U.S. representative W. Sterling Cole, and all four channel 9 applicants huddled to discuss next moves. The combined interests agreed to start a public campaign. Veterans filed the first formal protest, claiming that "the terrain around Elmira is not UHF terrain" with few line-of-sight transmission paths. Meanwhile, an educational television group supported the FCC plan on the grounds that it would support UHF development, and a group in Syracuse supported the idea of moving channel 9 to that city.

In January 1957, the four applicants were suddenly reduced to one. The *Star-Gazette* dropped out, while Television Associates of Elmira and Veterans Broadcasting each took ownership stakes in WTVE's channel 9 application. However, the commission affirmed its original decision in a 4–2 vote in February late and made Elmira an all-UHF market with channels 18, 24, and 30. Two weeks earlier, on February 13, WTVE shut down, with Cassel citing losses of over $350,000 in 44 months of operation and an inability to secure network programming, compounded by the September 1956 launch of WSYE-TV, the satellite station of WSYR-TV. The channel 24 permit and channel 9 application were withdrawn at the end of 1958.

The transmitter site at Comfort Hill was revived by FM radio station WENY-FM in 1965, reusing WTVE's former tower; several other FM stations and translators use the mast. WENI-FM continues to broadcast from the site today on this frequency.

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## InfoBox

WTVE
| Logo used when the station returned to the air in May 1956 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Channels |  |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations | * DuMont (1953–54) * CBS (1953–54) * NBC (1953, 1956) * ABC (1953–54, 1956–57) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | WTVE, Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | June 15, 1953 (1953-06-15) |
| Last air date | February 13, 1957 (1957-02-13)<br>(3 years, 243 days) |
| Call sign meaning | "Television Elmira" |
| Technical information | |
| ERP | 7.94 kW |
| HAAT | 898 feet (274 m) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 42°01′52″N 76°47′05″W / 42.03111°N 76.78472°W / 42.03111; -76.78472 |


title: New York Evening Mail

abstract: The New York Evening Mail (1867–1924) was an American daily newspaper published in New York City. For a time the paper was the only evening newspaper to have a franchise in the Associated Press.

text:
# New York Evening Mail

The ***New York Evening Mail*** (1867–1924) was an American daily newspaper published in New York City. For a time the paper was the only evening newspaper to have a franchise in the Associated Press.

## History

### Names

The paper was founded as the *New York Evening Mail* in 1867 and published under that name through 1877. It then went through some minor name changes, becoming the *New York Mail* for about a year (November 1877 – November 1878), and then *The Mail* (through late 1879). It then became the *Evening Mail* from 1879 through December 1881, when owner Cyrus West Field acquired the *New York Evening Express* (which had been founded by James and Erastus Brooks as a Whig paper in June 1836), and created *The Mail and Express*. It retained the *Mail and Express* moniker until 1904, when it eventually became the *Evening Mail* once again. In 1915 the newspaper was acquired by Edward Rumely with financing from a source in Germany. Rumely felt that most American newspapers were taking a pro British side threatening neutrality.

In January 1924, the paper was merged with the *Evening Telegram* upon being acquired by Frank Munsey from Henry L. Stoddard. This later became the *New York World-Telegram* in 1931.

### Early history

On March 20, 1888, Elliott Fitch Shepard purchased the *Mail and Express* (with an estimated value of $200,000 ($6.78 million in 2023) from Cyrus West Field for $425,000 ($14.4 million in 2023). Deeply religious, Shepard placed a verse from the Bible at the head of each edition's editorial page. As president of the newspaper company until his death, he approved every important decision or policy. Shepard's brother Augustus D. Shepard, who was the vice president, became acting president of the Mail and Express Company on his brother's death.

### Mail and Express building

In 1892, the newspaper's owner Elliott Fitch Shepard ordered a new headquarters built. Shepard owned the company from 1888 until his death in 1893. The building was on Broadway, between Fulton and Dey Streets. It was 66 by 25 by 211 feet, ten stories, and was built by Carrère & Hastings (architects of the New York Public Library). The building's dimensions were challenging based on the land purchased, and thus the *Buffalo Morning Express* wrote that it "looks for all the world like an upright lead pencil". The ground floor featured caryatids representing the newspaper's reach across all "four corners of the world". The building became an architectural landmark, such that after a fire in 1900, the *Troy Daily Times* wrote that it was "such an ornament to Broadway that its destruction would be a calamity". It was demolished in 1920, following AT&T's plans to expand its building at 195 Broadway to take over nearly the entire block.

In 1907, Rube Goldberg moved to New York, finding employment as a cartoonist with the *New York Evening Mail*. The *New York Evening Mail* was syndicated to the first newspaper syndicate, the McClure Newspaper Syndicate, giving Goldberg's cartoons a wider distribution, and by 1915 he was earning $25,000 per year and being billed by the paper as America's most popular cartoonist. Arthur Brisbane had offered Goldberg $2,600 per year in 1911 in an unsuccessful attempt to get him to move to William Randolph Hearst's newspaper chain, and in 1915 raised the offer to $50,000 per year. Rather than lose Goldberg to Hearst, the *New York Evening Mail* matched the salary offer and formed the Evening Mail Syndicate to syndicate Goldberg's cartoons nationally.

### World War I controversy

The *New York Times* of July 9, 1918, reported that Edward Rumely, "... vice president, secretary and publisher of the *New York Evening Mail*, was arrested late yesterday afternoon by agents of the Government, charged with perjury. The charge grew out of a statement filed with A. Mitchell Palmer, the Alien Property Custodian, in which Rumely asserted that *The Evening Mail* was an American-owned newspaper. The Government is in possession of evidence which, it is held, shows that instead of being owned by Americans, the paper is in fact owned by the Imperial German Government, which on June 1, 1915, paid to Rumely, through Walter Lyon, of the former Wall Street house of Renskorf. Lyon & Co., the sum of $735,000, which transferred the control of the newspaper to the Kaiser."

In July 1918 Rumely was arrested and convicted of violation of the Trading with the Enemy Act. Rumely however denied the allegations, claiming, instead, he had received money to buy the paper from an American citizen in Germany. He had failed to report this when he received the money. He said the charge was baseless, and based on perjured testimony. President Coolidge granted him a presidential pardon in 1925.

## Staff

Media related to *New York Evening Mail* at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

New York Evening Mail
| *The Mail and Express* building (1892–1920, center, with spire) | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| Owner(s) | Charles H. Sweetser |
| Publisher | Evening Mail Association (1869–1870) |
| Editor | Charles H. Sweetser |
| Founded | 1867 |
| Headquarters | New York City, New York, U.S. |