title: Nathaniel Newnham-Davis (journalist)

abstract: Nathaniel Newnham-Davis, generally known as Lieutenant Colonel Newnham-Davis, was a British food writer and gourmet. After a military career, he took up journalism, and was chiefly known for his restaurant reports from London establishments of the last decade of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th. He was also active in the theatre as an occasional playwright and amateur performer.

text:
# Nathaniel Newnham-Davis (journalist)

**Nathaniel Newnham-Davis** (6 November 1854 – 28 May 1917), generally known as **Lieutenant Colonel Newnham-Davis**, was a British food writer and gourmet. After a military career, he took up journalism, and was chiefly known for his restaurant reports from London establishments of the last decade of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th. He was also active in the theatre as an occasional playwright and amateur performer.

## Life and career

### Early years, army and journalism

Newnham-Davis was born in London on 6 November 1854, the eldest son of Henry Newnham-Davis and his wife, Mary. He was educated at Harrow School, and joined The Buffs, a leading infantry regiment of the British army. He served in the South African colonial campaigns with the Imperial Mounted Infantry, and was decorated and twice mentioned in dispatches. He later served in the Straits Settlements, China and India. For three years he was attached to the Intelligence Department at Simla.

In 1894, Newnham-Davis retired from the army with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and joined the staff of *The Sporting Times*, remaining with the publication until 1912. From 1894 to 1900 he was also editor of *The Man of the World.* He wrote fiction, *Three Men and a God, and other stories* (1896), *Jadoo* (1898) and *"Baby" Wilkinson's V.C., and other stories* (1899).

*The Times* described Newnham-Davis as a playwright in addition to his military and journalistic career. While still in the army he made a version of *A Midsummer Night's Dream* "adapted to pastoral representation", published in Calcutta. He published a play, *A Charitable Bequest – A comedietta* (1900). He wrote the story for several ballets, and was co-author of a show, *Lady Madcap*, in collaboration with Paul Rubens and Percy Greenbank, produced in London in 1904. In the same year he joined W.S. Gilbert, F.C. Burnand, Bernard Shaw and others in a charity matinée performance of Gilbert's *Rosencrantz and Guildenstern* at the Garrick Theatre.

### Food writer

Newnham-Davis was best known for his writings about food and wine. His *Dinners and Diners – Where and How to Dine in London* was published in 1899, with a second edition in 1901. In 1903 he published *The Gourmet's Guide to Europe*, written in collaboration with Algernon Bastard. A second edition was published in 1908 and a third in 1911. *The New York Times* wrote of him: "He is not of a domestic turn. The people of the gay world he affects breakfast at a café, lunch at a club, dine in the palm room, or the ivory room, or the gold room of a 'swell' hotel." *The Gourmet's Guide to Europe* was published in an American edition in 1908, when *The New York Times* called it "a veritable masterwork of its own genre". In 1914 Newnham-Davis published *The Gourmet's Guide to London*.

Newnham-Davis is chiefly remembered as the gastronomic correspondent of *The Pall Mall Gazette*. A lifelong bachelor, he regularly dined at London's great hotels and restaurants in company with a succession of companions given discreet pseudonyms in his restaurant reviews. Among them were "the Colleen", who "prattled incessantly of horses", "the Little Prima Donna", "the Dean's Daughter," and "Miss Brighteyes", a débutante who distressed her host by drinking lemonade with caviare.

In a 1952 article about Newnham-Davis, entitled "A Gourmet in Edwardian London", Elizabeth David detailed some of the menus presented to the Colonel and his companions in the last years of the Victorian era and the first decade of the 20th century. A fairly typical example was "oysters, soup, sole, a fillet of beef cooked with truffles and accompanied by *pommes de terre souflées*, wild duck *à la presse*, a pudding and an ice-cream (*bombe Midland*)". David notes that with a bottle of wine, this dinner cost 28 shillings for the two of them. Newnham-Davis was strictly fair in his reports, and seldom expressed a preference for one establishment over others. He rarely condemned a restaurant, instead conveying his disapproval by omission. He said that he did not "think it fair to a restaurant to condemn it upon one trial, or fair to himself to give it another." Despite Newnham-Davis's efforts to remain impartial, Elizabeth David concluded that his personal favourite was the Savoy Hotel. There, in the 1890s, Escoffier's *mousse de jambon*, "served on a great block of ice and melting like snow in the mouth", was declared a masterpiece, and his *bortsch* was held by Newnham-Davis to be the best soup in the world.

### Last years

In 1915, during the First World War, Newnham-Davis applied for re-engagement by the army and was put in charge of prisoners of war held at Alexandra Palace. He died on 28 May 1917 at his house near Regent's Park, London, aged 62. He was buried at Silchester, Hampshire with full military honours.

1. "Newnham-Davis, Lt-Col Nathaniel", *Who Was Who*, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edition, Oxford University Press, December 2007, accessed 15 May 2011 (subscription required)
2. "A Versatile Soldier: Death of Lieut.-Col. Newham-Davis". *The Times*. No. 41491. London. 30 May 1917. p. 3. Retrieved 22 January 2024  via The Times Digital Archive.
3. "Publications To-day". *The Times*. No. 34896. London. 21 May 1896. p. 14. Retrieved 22 January 2024  via Newspapers.com.
4. "Davis, Nathaniel Newnham", British Library catalogue, accessed 15 May 2011
5. "Nathaniel Newnham-Davis", British Library catalogue, accessed 15 May 2011
6. "At the Play", *The Observer*, 17 June 1904, p. 6
7. "Review of *The Gourmet's Guide to Europe* by Col. Newnham-Davis and Mr. Algernon Bastard". *The Athenaeum* (3940): 562. 2 May 1903.
8. "Bastard v. Bastard and Brunton – The Queen's Proctor Showing Cause". *The Times*. No. 34637. London. 24 July 1895. p. 13. Retrieved 22 January 2024  via Newspapers.com.
9. "Gourmet's Guide to Europe", British Library catalogue, accessed 15 May 2011
10. "Eating Tour of Europe; Lieut. Col. Newnham-Davis's Guide to 'La Vie de Luxe'", *The New York Times*, 11 July 1908
11. "Gourmet's Guide to London, British Library catalogue, accessed 15 May 2011
12. David, p. 192
13. David, pp. 194–195
14. David, pp. 192–197
15. In decimal terms, £1.40; in terms of retail prices this would be £113 at 2008 values: see Williamson, Samuel H. (2008). "Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1830 to Present". Measuring Worth.
16. "The Gourmet's Guide to London", *The Times Literary Supplement*, 23 April 1914, p. 195
17. David, p. 195
18. David, p. 196
19. "Funeral of Lt.-Col Newnham-Davis". *The Times*. No. 41495. London. 4 June 1917. p. 11. Retrieved 22 January 2024  via The Times Digital Archive.

## Sources

* David, Elizabeth (1986) \[1984\]. *An Omelette and a Glass of Wine* (second ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-046721-1.


title: Mikhail Salye

abstract: Mikhail Alexandrovich Salye was a Soviet Arabist scholar and translator. Salye was the first to translate One Thousand and One Nights into Russian directly from the Arabic source. Additionally, he translated into Russian seven tales not contained in the Calcutta II edition of One Thousand and One Nights. In 1919–1923 Salye studied in the Saint Petersburg Institute of Oriental Languages. In 1926, having graduated from the Saint Petersburg State University, Salye entered the Institute of the Comparative Analysis of the Literatures and Languages of the West and East of that university. In 1921–22 Salye made trips to Tashkent, where he lectured at a local institute. In 1934 Salye was admitted to the Union of Writers of the USSR. He translated Tawfiq al-Hakim and other authors. Salye is buried at the Botkinskoye Cemetery in Tashkent.

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# Mikhail Salye

**Mikhail Alexandrovich Salye** (21 August 1899 – 17 August 1961) was a Soviet Arabist scholar and translator. Salye was the first to translate *One Thousand and One Nights* into Russian directly from the Arabic source. Additionally, he translated into Russian seven tales not contained in the Calcutta II edition of *One Thousand and One Nights* (from the manuscript in the National Library of Russia).

In 1919–1923 Salye studied in the Saint Petersburg Institute of Oriental Languages. In 1926, having graduated from the Saint Petersburg State University, Salye entered the Institute of the Comparative Analysis of the Literatures and Languages of the West and East of that university. In 1921–22 Salye made trips to Tashkent, where he lectured at a local institute. In 1934 Salye was admitted to the Union of Writers of the USSR. He translated Tawfiq al-Hakim and other authors.

Salye is buried at the Botkinskoye Cemetery in Tashkent.

## Works (in Russian)

* «Материалы для датировки сказки об Ал-ад-дине Абу-ш-Шаалате (из “Тысячи и одной ночи”)
* «Неизвестный вариант сказки о рыбаке и духе из 1001 ночи»
* «Алишер Навои как биограф»
* «Мухаммед аль Хорезми – великий узбекский ученый»


title: Morgan Beggs

abstract: Morgan Beggs is a Canadian television director. He is well known for his work on The WB/The CW's Smallville and on the ABC fairytale series Once Upon a Time.

text:
# Morgan Beggs

**Morgan Beggs** is a Canadian television director.

He is well known for his work on The WB/The CW's *Smallville* and on the ABC fairytale series *Once Upon a Time*.

## Career

Beggs began his career as a child actor in 1977s *Skip Tracer*, the only acting credit he has received. He first worked as a second assistant director on *21 Jump Street*. He went on to serve in the same capacity on *Timecop* and *Gold Diggers: The Secret of Bear Mountain*. He has served as first assistant director on such series as *The Commish*, *The X-Files*, *Millennium*, *Beggars and Choosers*, *Dark Angel*, *Tru Calling*, *Reunion*, *Men in Trees*, *The 4400*. *The Killing*, *The Secret Circle*, *Fear the Walking Dead*, *Dead of Summer*, and *A Series of Unfortunate Events*; and on films *Screwed*, *Head Over Heels*, *Spooky House*, *Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed*, *Elektra*, *The Exorcism of Emily Rose*, *Ramona and Beezus*, and *Monster Trucks*.

He first directed an episode of television on *Dark Angel*. He has also directed for *Kyle XY*, *The 4400*, and *Flash Gordon*. Beggs seminal achievements lie with the Superman prequel series *Smallville*, which ran for 10 seasons; and the Disney produced *Once Upon a Time*. He served as 1st AD on 35 installments of *Smallville*, including the 2011 finale, and directed "Bulletproof", "Pandora" and "Collateral". On *Once*, Beggs has 1st assistant directed over 40 episodes, while directing the fourth season, *Frozen* installment "Rocky Road".

## InfoBox

| Morgan Beggs | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Morgan James Beggs |
| Occupation | Television director |
| Years active | 1977–present |


title: Fitger's Brewing Company

abstract: Fitger's Brewing Company was a beer manufacturer in Duluth, Minnesota, United States, from 1881 to 1972. The surviving brewery complex stretches for 720 feet (220 m) along the Lake Superior shoreline and East Superior Street, one of Duluth's main roads. The majority of the ten-building complex was constructed between 1886 and 1911. Fitger's, as it is now known, has undergone adaptive reuse as an indoor mall with shops, restaurants, nightclubs, a hotel, and a museum on the brewery's history. Fitger's Brewing Company grew directly out of a brewery established in 1859, making it the first commercial brewery at the head of Lake Superior and the oldest continuously operating brewery in the state of Minnesota until going out of business in 1972. Fitger's was a major local employer, producing 100,000 barrels of beer annually. It stayed open during Prohibition by diversifying into soda and candy bar production.

text:
# Fitger's Brewing Company

**Fitger's Brewing Company** was a beer manufacturer in Duluth, Minnesota, United States, from 1881 to 1972. The surviving brewery complex stretches for 720 feet (220 m) along the Lake Superior shoreline and East Superior Street, one of Duluth's main roads. The majority of the ten-building complex was constructed between 1886 and 1911. **Fitger's**, as it is now known, has undergone adaptive reuse as an indoor mall with shops, restaurants, nightclubs, a hotel, and a museum on the brewery's history.

Fitger's Brewing Company grew directly out of a brewery established in 1859, making it the first commercial brewery at the head of Lake Superior and the oldest continuously operating brewery in the state of Minnesota until going out of business in 1972. Fitger's was a major local employer, producing 100,000 barrels of beer annually. It stayed open during Prohibition by diversifying into soda and candy bar production.

## Brewing history

### Origins

A nationwide financial crisis, the Panic of 1857, had caused most of the Duluth's early pioneers to leave. A history of Duluth written in 1910 relates, "Of the handful remaining in 1859 four men were unemployed and one of those was a brewer. Capital idea; build a brewery. The absence of malt and hops and barley did not at all embarrass those stout-hearted settlers." The men rented property on a stream that emptied into Lake Superior and owned by Sidney Luce. The stream became known as Brewery Creek, as it still is today. While the original brewery "was not a pecuniary success", a few decades later it was to become the Fitger Brewing Company.

The original brewery was purchased in 1881 by Michael Fink, who decided to build a larger brewery a block and a half away and down the stream on Superior Street. Construction of the new building began on September 19, 1881, and was completed the next year. Dubbed Fink's Lake Superior Brewery, it included offices, sleeping quarters for employees, brewing facilities, and its own drinking establishment, the Brewery Saloon. Lake Superior Brewery sold its first beer in August 1882. The brewery was very successful from the beginning and sold beer as far west as Aitkin, Minnesota, and as far east as Thunder Bay, Ontario.

On November 11, 1882, Fink hired a young German brewmaster named August Fitger, a graduate from a premier German brewing school, Weihenstephan Brewing School in Munich (now part of Technical University of Munich). Just months later, in April 1883, Fitger purchased half of the company for $18,000 (equivalent to $588,600 in 2023). It was agreed that the other half would be purchased by Percy Anneke, a native of Milwaukee and auditor and sales rep for the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company. Anneke was a friend of Fitger, and son of famous German-American political activist, abolitionist, and feminist Mathilde Anneke and her husband Colonel Fritz Anneke. The company was renamed A. Fitger & Co./ Lake Superior Brewery.

### Prohibition

Beer production continued for 40 years until Prohibition began in 1920, forcing breweries to close their doors or change production. Fitger's was able to find markets other than beer to produce, and was one of the few brewers in the entire country that remained open throughout Prohibition. Fitger and Anneke sold their shares and retired to California. Percy's son Victor H. Anneke, who had taken over from his father in 1920, wanted to keep as many employees as possible, but the beer sales could not justify that. In order to keep employees, he decided to begin making soft drinks and candy and distributing cigars. Fitger and Anneke had set out a strategy several years earlier in order to keep the brewery open during Prohibition, which they only expected to last a short time. The company produced five-cent candy bars such as The King Bee Nougat, the Flapper, the Spark Plug, the Nut Goodie, and the Skookum. Candy sales steadily increased for several years, but did not ultimately prove profitable.

Fitger's was one of the first breweries to start distributing carbonated soft drinks by the bottle. The soft drinks were made in numerous flavors that often changed. Some of the usual flavors included grape, orange, and strawberry, but they also experimented with other flavors such as imitation chocolate milk shake, black calf, black cow, ginger ale, lemon soda, strawberry fizz, and carbonated water. Their experimenting lead them to the production of champagne-like beverages such as Extra Dry and Silver Spray. Both of which were immediate successes through mass amounts of advertising.

However, the most innovative idea for promoting Silver Spray came not from advertising and sales people but from Victor H. Anneke himself. In September 1927, Anneke opened the Silver Spray Gym at Fitger's. He converted the building that had replaced the old brewery into a boxing gym, harnessing the popularity of the sport. The Silver Spray Gym was considered high-class for its time. The main floor was a boxing arena and the basement was a training facility. Anneke believed the gym would be a benefit to the community and also good publicity for Fitger's. Many popular boxers visited the gym, making the facility well known, among them the German boxing legend Max Schmeling during his first tour of the U.S. in 1928.

When Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933, the demand for strong Fitger's beer grew. From 1933 to 1936, Fitger's experienced tremendous growth and record sales. Much of the success was due to the company's continual creation of new products and innovative ways to market them. One of the most successful revolutions in the business was the invention of canned beer. Fitger's became one of the first U.S. companies and the first in the Midwest to offer canned beer.

### World War II and after

With the onset of World War II, Fitger's once again had to fight to stay open. It became extremely difficult to get supplies to keep the brewery going. Many resources were reused because of the lack of materials. Still, Fitger's came out with new beers known as "War Beer", watered down because ingredients were scarce and labor was shorthanded. Since workers were limited because of the draft, women were brought in to work in the factory. Before Prohibition, there were more than 70 breweries in Minnesota and now only 23, with Fitger's being one of them.

In 1944, the Beerhalter family bought the brewery.

After the war, regular beer returned with ingredients and labor. Fitger's also managed to purchase brand-new equipment, and it was said that Fitger's beer was now "more pure".

In 1972, Fitger's received a letter from the State of Minnesota about two problems. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ordered the installation of expensive pollution abatement equipment and the Minnesota Department of Transportation planned to purchase some of Fitger's property for the possible expansion of Interstate 35. Fitger's was unable to afford the equipment, and on September 30, 1972, it closed its doors, ending 115 years of brewing on the shores of Lake Superior.

## Adaptive reuse

The Fitger's complex was eventually purchased by a group of prominent Duluth business owners, and reopened in December 1984. Two years later, the construction of Interstate 35 hurt business. In 1994, Fitger's-on-the-Lake LLC became the new owners of the complex.

Today Fitger's houses a brewpub, a variety of retail stores and four restaurants. There is also a museum about the brewery and a self-guided tour of parts of the historic complex.

## Description

The complex comprises ten buildings, constructed and altered as needs changed over time. Most are utilitarian in design, but four buildings facing Superior Street exhibit the Richardsonian Romanesque style popular in the last two decades of the 19th century. They are characterized by their massive scale, semicircular arches, and uncoursed basalt masonry with a rusticated texture and subtle polychrome.

One of the utilitarian buildings, constructed in 1911, served as a garage and stable for the horses and vehicle used to deliver the brewery's products.

## Legacy

The brewery complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as the **Fitger Brewing Company** for its local significance in the themes of architecture, commerce, and industry. It was nominated as a prominent example of late-19th and early-20th-century industrial architecture and a representative of Minnesota's important brewing industry.

## InfoBox

Fitger's Brewing Company
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| The west end of the Fitger's Brewery complex | |
|  | |
| Location | 600 E. Superior Street, Duluth, Minnesota, United States |
| Coordinates | 46°47′33″N 92°5′26″W / 46.79250°N 92.09056°W / 46.79250; -92.09056 |
| Opened | 1881 |
| Closed | 1972 |
| Key people | August Fitger |
| Other products | Soda, candy bars |
|  | |
| Fitger Brewing Company | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Rear of the complex | |
| Area | 2.2 acres (0.89 ha) |
| Built | 1886–1930 |
| Architect | Francis W. Fitzpatrick, Louis Lehle, Oliver G. Traphagen, et al. |
| Architectural style | Utilitarian, Richardsonian Romanesque |
| NRHP reference No. | 84001690 |
| Added to NRHP | February 9, 1984 |
|  | |


title: Milan Trenc

abstract: Milan Trenc is a Croatian illustrator, animator, film director and novelist.

text:
# Milan Trenc

**Milan Trenc** (born 1962) is a Croatian illustrator, animator, film director and novelist.

## Career

Born in Zagreb, there Trenc first went to the School of Applied Arts, which is a high school, then studied film directing at the Zagreb Academy of Dramatic Arts. While there, he started publishing comics and after graduation he worked at Zagreb Film, where he created *The Blentons*, an episode in the animated film *The Game* directed by Krešimir Zimonić. In 1985, Trenc became chief illustrator of *Start* magazine until 1991. In 1990, he made the animated short *The Big Time* (Veliki provod) for Zagreb Film, later shown at the London Film Festival, which was particularly well received, becoming a classic in Zagreb Film's repertoire. Throughout this time he was also publishing comics and illustrating the covers of national and international publications. He also wrote and directed *Ghost Story*, a film for Croatian TV.

Trenc left *Start* to move to New York City, where he published comic strips in *Heavy Metal Magazine* and illustrations in publications including *The New York Times*, *Time*, *The Wall Street Journal*, *The New Yorker* and *Fortune*. He wrote and illustrated *The Night at the Museum*, a children's book set in the New York Museum of Natural History and published in 1993 by Barron's Educational Series. The book was produced as a feature film in 2006 and subjected to a novelization by Leslie Goldman. Trenc's sequel, *Another Night at the Museum*, was released in March 2013. In 2000, Trenc completed his own feature film *Zen Stories*. Trenc has won awards from Print and the Society of Publication Designers for his illustrations in *The New York Times*.

## Works


title: Hale–Elmore–Seibels House

abstract: The Hale–Elmore–Seibels House or Seibels House is a historic building located in Columbia, South Carolina. Records of the exact year of its construction were destroyed in 1865 during the burning of the city by Union soldiers serving under General William Tecumseh Sherman. The best guess for the date of construction stems from a purported "1796" carved into a beam in the basement. Much of the early history of the house is uncertain, but it is thought to be the oldest building in Columbia. Located at 1601 Richland Street, the house is the headquarters of Historic Columbia, a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving Columbia and Richland County's historic and cultural heritage, and its grounds are open to the public for visitation. Its extensive restored garden serves as the backdrop for wedding receptions and other events.

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# Hale–Elmore–Seibels House

The **Hale–Elmore–Seibels House** or **Seibels House** is a historic building located in Columbia, South Carolina. Records of the exact year of its construction were destroyed in 1865 during the burning of the city by Union soldiers serving under General William Tecumseh Sherman. The best guess for the date of construction stems from a purported "1796" carved into a beam in the basement. Much of the early history of the house is uncertain, but it is thought to be the oldest building in Columbia.

Located at 1601 Richland Street, the house is the headquarters of Historic Columbia, a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving Columbia and Richland County's historic and cultural heritage, and its grounds are open to the public for visitation. Its extensive restored garden serves as the backdrop for wedding receptions and other events.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Hale–Elmore–Seibels House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Columbia, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°0′46.3″N 81°1′52″W / 34.012861°N 81.03111°W / 34.012861; -81.03111 |
| Area | 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) |
| Built | 1790s |
| Architect | A. M. Hale |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000804 |
| Added to NRHP | May 6, 1971 |


title: Papal income tax

abstract: Papal income tax was first levied in 1199 by Pope Innocent III, originally requiring all Catholic clergy to pay one-fortieth of their ecclesiastical income annually in support of the Crusades. The second income tax was not levied until the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, and constituted only a triennial twentieth. This precedent was frequently continued by the successors of Innocent III, enforced by ecclesiastical censure, by sequestration, and frequently by the use of force. The first time the tax was imposed, contributors were promised that a quarter of the penances would be rebated if payments were made willingly and honestly; the second time, non-compliance was simply threatened with excommunication. On a few occasions popes convoked a general council before imposing an income tax, but more often imposed the tax solely on their own authority. The power was later used for Crusades outside of the Holy Land. For example, Pope Gregory IX in 1228 levied a one-tenth income tax to fund his war against Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. By 1253, the phrase "ecclesiastical revenues and receipts" was defined more carefully, and interpreted to include temporalities as well as spiritualities. In 1274, the lessons from the past taxes were aggregated and compiled into a set of instructions for the collectors in France under the direction of Gregory X, in the tear that the Second Council of Lyon ordered a sexennial tenth. Pope Boniface VIII included the tax code in canon law in 1301. Fourteenth and fifteenth century popes leveled similar taxes for personal uses as well as for wars against the Ottoman Turks and others. Taxes could be imposed either on the universal church, the clergy of a single country, or even on a group of provinces. Whereas the first crusading taxes were paid directly to crusaders, by the middle of the thirteenth century it became customary to pay the tax directly to kings, princes, or nobles who promised to join the crusade; if the crusade never took place, the money was to be returned to the Apostolic Camera. Nonpayment of papal taxes was rampant, and secular rulers of even modest power could usually succeed in placing restrictions on papal taxes collected within their realm, if not in obtaining a portion for themselves, or even persuading the papacy to merely act as an intermediary in levying their own taxes. For example, Edward I and Edward II succeeded in obtaining more than half of the customary tenth for themselves, as did the French kings during the Avignon Papacy.

text:
# Papal income tax

**Papal income tax** was first levied in 1199 by Pope Innocent III, originally requiring all Catholic clergy to pay one-fortieth of their ecclesiastical income annually in support of the Crusades. The second income tax was not levied until the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, and constituted only a triennial twentieth.

This precedent was frequently continued by the successors of Innocent III, enforced by ecclesiastical censure, by sequestration, and frequently by the use of force. The first time the tax was imposed, contributors were promised that a quarter of the penances would be rebated if payments were made willingly and honestly; the second time, non-compliance was simply threatened with excommunication. On a few occasions popes convoked a general council before imposing an income tax, but more often imposed the tax solely on their own authority.

The power was later used for Crusades outside of the Holy Land. For example, Pope Gregory IX in 1228 levied a one-tenth income tax to fund his war against Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. By 1253, the phrase "ecclesiastical revenues and receipts" was defined more carefully, and interpreted to include temporalities as well as spiritualities. In 1274, the lessons from the past taxes were aggregated and compiled into a set of instructions for the collectors in France under the direction of Gregory X, in the tear that the Second Council of Lyon ordered a sexennial tenth. Pope Boniface VIII included the tax code in canon law in 1301.

Fourteenth and fifteenth century popes leveled similar taxes for personal uses as well as for wars against the Ottoman Turks and others. Taxes could be imposed either on the universal church, the clergy of a single country, or even on a group of provinces. Whereas the first crusading taxes were paid directly to crusaders, by the middle of the thirteenth century it became customary to pay the tax directly to kings, princes, or nobles who promised to join the crusade; if the crusade never took place, the money was to be returned to the Apostolic Camera.

Nonpayment of papal taxes was rampant, and secular rulers of even modest power could usually succeed in placing restrictions on papal taxes collected within their realm, if not in obtaining a portion for themselves, or even persuading the papacy to merely act as an intermediary in levying their own taxes (with or without the pretext of the crusade). For example, Edward I and Edward II succeeded in obtaining more than half of the customary tenth for themselves, as did the French kings during the Avignon Papacy.

* Lunt, William E. 1950. *Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages*. Columbia University Press. 2 Vols.


title: Retiro Belgrano railway station

abstract: Retiro-Belgrano, or simply Retiro, is one of the six large mainline railway station termini in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Located in the neighborhood of Retiro, it serves as terminal station for the Belgrano Norte Line that runs local trains to the northern suburbs of the Buenos Aires metropolitan area. It also functions as terminal station for the national cargo train General Belgrano Railway. Built in 1912, its Beaux-Arts design makes it one of the most recognizable landmarks of french neoclassicism in the country. The terminal is the fourth-busiest train station in Argentina.

text:
# Retiro Belgrano railway station

**Retiro-Belgrano**, or simply **Retiro**, is one of the six large mainline railway station termini in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Located in the neighborhood of Retiro, it serves as terminal station for the Belgrano Norte Line that runs local trains to the northern suburbs of the Buenos Aires metropolitan area. It also functions as terminal station for the national cargo train General Belgrano Railway.

Built in 1912, its Beaux-Arts design makes it one of the most recognizable landmarks of french neoclassicism in the country. The terminal is the fourth-busiest train station in Argentina.

## Overview

Retiro Belgrano is the terminus for the General Belgrano Railway and is adjacent to the Retiro bus station (*Terminal de Omnibus*), the principal long-distance bus terminal in Buenos Aires, the Retiro Mitre station of Mitre Railway, and the Retiro San Martín station of the San Martín Railway. The complex is accessible by the C line of the Buenos Aires Metro system and by numerous local public bus services.

The station will also be accessible by both Line E and Line H of the metro once their extensions are complete.

Retiro Belgrano has three entrances, the main one on Ramos Mejía avenue, another next to the main entrance (on the same avenue) and a lateral one (on Padre Mujica street, at the east).

## History

The building was built by the British Córdoba Central Railway that originally connected the cities of Rosario and Córdoba until in 1903 the Government allowed the company to extend its network to Buenos Aires, from north to south. In 1906 trains reached Villa Rosa in Pilar Partido and finally arriving in Buenos Aires in 1912. The terminal station, designed by architects Faure Dujarric (Louis Faure-Dujarric) and Robert Prentice, was remodeled and enlarged in 1914. One floor and a dome with a clock were added to the original construction. The building style has remained to present days.

In 2011 the station was remodeled, repairing the external masonry, facade and dome.

In May 2021, the station was declared National Historic Monument, along with other terminal stations such as Once, Constitución, and Federico Lacroze.

## Historic operators

| Operator | Period |
| --- | --- |
|
| Córdoba Central Railway | 1912–1948 |
| Ferrocarriles Argentinos | 1948–1991 |
| *FEMESA* | 1991–1994 |
| Ferrovías | 1994–present |

Notes    1. "Historia de las estaciones terminales Retiro", Arcón de Buenos Aires
2. "Renovación y puesta en valor de estaciones terminales de ferrocarriles", Secretaría de Transporte
3. Declararon Monumento Histórico Nacional a las estaciones de tren de Constitución, Once, Lacroze y Retiro on Infobae, 10 May 2021
4. MONUMENTOS HISTÓRICOS NACIONALES - Decreto 315/2021 on *Boletín Oficial*, 7 May 2021

## InfoBox

| Retiro Belgrano | |
| --- | --- |
| Commuter rail | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Avenida Ramos Mejía 1430
Buenos Aires
Argentina |
| Coordinates | 34°35′26″S 58°22′34″W / 34.59056°S 58.37611°W / -34.59056; -58.37611 |
| Owned by | Government of Argentina |
| Operated by | Ferrovías |
| Line(s) | Belgrano Norte |
| Platforms | 6 |
| Connections | Subte
(under construction:  )
Retiro Mitre
Retiro San Martín
Bus terminus |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | Retiro, Buenos Aires |
| History | |
| Opened | 1912 (1912) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| National Historic Monument of Argentina | |
| Designated | 2021 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Joan Vila

abstract: Joan Vila Dilme is a Spanish serial killer who was convicted of killing 11 elderly patients.

text:
# Joan Vila

**Joan Vila Dilme** (born 1966) is a Spanish serial killer who was convicted of killing 11 elderly patients.

## Biography

Joan Vila Dilme was born in 1966 in Spain. He worked as a security guard at the La Caritat convalescent home in Olot.

Vila was arrested on October 18, 2010, after the death of 85-year-old Paquita Gironès. Vila had forced her to drink bleach. He confessed to killing 3 elderly patients by giving them bleach

Vila was sentenced to 127 years in prison on June 20, 2013. Psychologists Miguel Soria and Lluis Borrás stated that Vila is transgender and that perhaps his killings are a result of extreme gender dysphoria. Vila stated that he was gay and claimed to be a cross-dresser from an early age. He also said he suffers from bipolar disorder.

## Victims

* Carme Vilanova, 80
* Lluís Salleras, 84
* Isidra Garcia, 85
* Paquita Gironès, 85
* Rosa Baburés, 87
* Sabina Masllorenç, 87
* Montserrat Guillamet, 88
* Francisca Matilde, 88
* Teresa Puig, 89
* Joan Canal, 94
* Montserrat Canalias, 96

## InfoBox

| Joan Vila | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Joan Vila Dilme
1966 (age 5758)
Spain |
| Other names | Angel of Death
Porter of Olot |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Murder |
| Criminal penalty | 127 years in prison |
| Details | |
| Victims | 11 |
| Span of crimes | August 2009  October 2010 |
| Country | Spain |
| Date apprehended | October 18, 2010 |
|  | |


title: Zajączków, Łódź Voivodeship

abstract: Zajączków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mniszków, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Mniszków, 17 km (11 mi) west of Opoczno, and 58 km (36 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Zajączków, Łódź Voivodeship

**Zajączków** \[zaˈjɔnt͡ʂkuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mniszków, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Mniszków, 17 km (11 mi) west of Opoczno, and 58 km (36 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Zajączków | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zajączków | |
| Coordinates: 51°25′N 20°3′E / 51.417°N 20.050°E / 51.417; 20.050 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Opoczno |
| Gmina | Mniszków |


title: Ray Gillen

abstract: Raymond Arthur Gillen was an American rock singer. He is best known for his work with Badlands, in addition to his stint with Black Sabbath in the mid-1980s and recording most of the vocals on Phenomena's Dream Runner album.

text:
# Ray Gillen

**Raymond Arthur Gillen** (May 12, 1959 – December 1, 1993) was an American rock singer. He is best known for his work with Badlands, in addition to his stint with Black Sabbath in the mid-1980s and recording most of the vocals on Phenomena's *Dream Runner* album.

## Early life

Gillen was born on May 12, 1959, in New York, but was raised in Cliffside Park, New Jersey. He was an only child and started singing while in high school. He played the New Jersey club circuit with various bands, including club bands Quest (1978–80), the punk rock influenced F-66 (1980–81), Savage, and, most notably, Vendetta and Harlette. In 1985, he joined Bobby Rondinelli's band, Rondinelli.

## Career

In 1986, Black Sabbath started touring for the *Seventh Star* album when after only a few shows, singer Glenn Hughes got into a fist-fight and lost his voice due to the related sinus and throat injuries. Gillen was offered the job to replace Hughes, which meant leaving Rondinelli to accept the offer. After finishing the *Seventh Star* tour, Black Sabbath recorded their next album *The Eternal Idol* with Gillen. However, due to mix of financial burden, writing difficulty (Bob Daisley was recruited for writing as Gillen turned out to be not much of a composer), mismanagement and miscommunication that plagued the band, Gillen and Black Sabbath drummer Eric Singer quit before the album was ever released. Gillen was eventually replaced by Tony Martin, and the vocal track of *The Eternal Idol* was hurriedly rerecorded note-for-note with Martin before the album was finally released in 1987. However, demo versions of *The Eternal Idol* featuring Gillen do exist on the bootleg circuit and on the 2010 deluxe Eternal Idol re-release. Also, in an interview Martin revealed that the sinister laugh heard on the track *Nightmare* is in fact Gillen's voice. The album was re-released on November 1, 2010, in Europe in a 2-disc expanded set including a bonus disc with Gillen's recording.

During the time of the *Seventh Star* tour, Gillen was asked by project director and co-producer Wilfried F. Rimensberger to join Mel Galley's Phenomena for the recording of the album *Dream Runner*, which features vocals from Glenn Hughes, John Wetton and Max Bacon. He recorded 4 tracks. Gillen is also featured in Phenomena's 'Did it all for Love' music video although he was not involved in the actual recording of that song.

After the Phenomena recordings, Gillen joined John Sykes (previously with Whitesnake, Thin Lizzy and a different band called Badlands) with the intention to form a new band Blue Murder. Gillen sang demos but parted company when Sykes decided to handle vocals himself.

Gillen then contacted Jake E. Lee (former Ozzy Osbourne guitarist) to form a band. In 1988, Gillen formed Badlands with Lee and recruited his friend Eric Singer with whom he had played in Black Sabbath. Gillen recorded two albums (*Badlands* and *Voodoo Highway*) with Badlands and the band toured from 1989 until 1992. In 1998 a third album (*Dusk*) was released from a collection of demos recorded 1992–1993. They enjoyed moderate commercial success with their first two albums, but tensions between its band members, as well as problems with both management and their label Atlantic Records, hastened the band's demise. Gillen was briefly replaced by John West and Badlands dissolved soon afterwards. Their third album *Dusk*, which is made up of demos recorded shortly before Gillen's dismissal from the band, was released posthumously in 1998.

Following his split from Badlands, Gillen stayed in L.A. and was involved with two projects. He joined forces with drummer Randy Castillo and Iggy Pop band members Whitey Kirst and Craig Pike under the name Cockfight. He also joined the band Terriff, led by guitarist Joe Holmes, fresh off his stint with David Lee Roth on the *A Little Ain't Enough* tour. Gillen rehearsed with the group for several months before moving back to his native New York. He also went to form the band Sun Red Sun with old friends.

## Illness and death

In 1993, Wilfried F. Rimensberger was planning a remake of his first Metal Hammer Loreley Festival but this time specifically to stage Phenomena's first ever live performance, with Gillen on vocals. It was going to be the launch event for a series of concerts across Europe in 1994. Gillen called from New York and told Rimensberger in Munich that he had to bow out because he was too ill to perform.

Gillen died from an AIDS-related disease in a New York hospital on December 1, 1993. He first showed symptoms of the disease around 1990, and according to his Badlands bandmate Jake E. Lee, "in between the first and the second record, he started getting really thin and didn't look quite as healthy". Lee also claimed that he had not been aware of Gillen's diagnosis with AIDS until a meeting with then-Badlands manager Paul O'Neill, who threatened to tell Atlantic Records about Gillen's illness if he was fired by the band. Gillen reportedly denied it, saying to Lee, "Well, it's not true, so fuck him. Fire him." Lee concluded, "So we did fire him. And he did tell Atlantic Records that. And we got kind of screwed on the second record because of it. They wouldn't even give us tour-support money at all...but, yeah, Paul O'Neill fucked us on that."

Gillen was survived by a daughter, Ashley (born July 1984). He is buried at Fairview Cemetery in Fairview, New Jersey.

He was ranked at 100 on Hit Parader's Top 100 Metal Vocalists.

## Discography

| Year | Band | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | F-66 | "Give It a Try" b/w "It Doesn't Matter" | 7' single |
| 1986 | Black Sabbath | *Live at the Hammersmith Odeon, 2nd June 1986* | *Seventh Star* 2010 deluxe edition disc 2 |
| 1987 | Black Sabbath | *The Eternal Idol* | Sinister laugh on "Nightmare" & 2010 deluxe edition disc 2 |
| 1987 | Phenomena | *Dream Runner* | Vocals on "Stop", "No Retreat – No Surrender", "Move – You Lose" & "Emotion Mama" |
| 1987 | Savatage | *Hall of the Mountain King* | Backing vocals on "Strange Wings" |
| 1988 | Blue Murder | *It's Too Late* (demo) |  |
| 1989 | Raging Slab | *Raging Slab* | Backing vocals on "Shiny Mama" |
| 1989 | Badlands | *Badlands* |  |
| 1991 | Badlands | *Voodoo Highway* |  |
| 1993 | George Lynch | *Sacred Groove* | Vocal on "Flesh and Blood" |
| 1993 | Atsushi Yokozeki Project | *Raid* | Vocal on "Heartbreak" |
| 1995 | Sun Red Sun | *Sun Red Sun* |  |
| 1996 | Rondinelli | *Wardance* | Recorded circa 1985 |
| 1998 | Badlands | *Dusk* | Recorded in 1992–1993 |
| 1998 | Ray Gillen | *5th Anniversary Memorial Tribute* | Studio outtakes from the 1993 *Sun Red Sun* sessions |

## InfoBox

| Ray Gillen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Raymond Arthur Gillen |
| Born | (1959-05-12)May 12, 1959
New York City, U.S. |
| Origin | Cliffside Park, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | December 1, 1993(1993-12-01) (aged 34)
New York City, U.S. |
| Genres | Hard rock, blues rock, heavy metal |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 1978–1993 |
| Formerly of | Black Sabbath, Phenomena, Blue Murder, Badlands, Sun Red Sun, Rondinelli |


title: Mikhail Samoilovich Neiman

abstract: Mikhail Samoilovich Neiman was a Soviet physicist, Doctor of Technical Sciences and professor. The main directions of his research were the study of the ultra-high frequency electromagnetic systems, theoretical and applied radio engineering, and automatic processes.

text:
# Mikhail Samoilovich Neiman

**Mikhail Samoilovich Neiman** (March 7, 1905, in Sevastopol, Russian Empire – June 25, 1975, in Moscow, USSR) was a Soviet physicist, Doctor of Technical Sciences and professor. The main directions of his research were the study of the ultra-high frequency electromagnetic systems, theoretical and applied radio engineering, and automatic processes.

## Life

Neiman was born in Sevastopol in the family of Crimean Karaites. His father was an employee and his parents were also engaged in gardening. In 1922 Mikhail Neiman graduated from Simferopol general education college, and in 1928 from the Physics and Mechanics faculty of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute with specialty "Radio engineering" and qualification "engineer-physicist."

In 1926, being a student, he joined the Central Radio Laboratory (CRL) of the National Trust of electrical plants of the weak current. Here he began (and continued to 1941) his scientific and engineering activities in the field of short-wave transmitters. He also taught at the Leningrad State University, Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, and in 1938 became the head of the Department of Theoretical Radio Engineering at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (LETI). In 1939 Neiman defended his doctoral thesis in the field of closed oscillating electromagnetic systems, and was confirmed in the rank of professor.

In February 1941, Neiman in a group of experts was sent on an assignment by People's Commissariat of Electrical Industry to the United States under a technical assistance contract with a leading radio company RCA. Shortly after the start of the war between Germany and the USSR (June 22, 1941) the "Government Purchasing Commission of the USSR in the USA" was organized to implement Lend-Lease. Among many other Soviet specialists, Neiman was employed there for the whole duration of the war. He was deputy chief of communications department.

From 1946 to 1974, Neiman headed the Department of radio transmitters and antenna-feeder devices at the Radio Electronics Faculty, Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI).

Neiman was one of the organizers of the Radio Electronics Faculty, the chairman of its Scientific Council with the duties of the scientific supervisor of the faculty and the member of the Scientific Council of the MAI. With his active participation curricula and programs of the faculty were developed, "radio engineer" qualification for graduates was established. His textbook in two parts, "The course of transmitting devices" was published in 1957–1958. This book and his tutorials were fundamental and intelligible at the same time. Under his supervising 6 doctoral and 20 PhD theses were produced. At the department headed by Neiman research in the field of radio transmitters and antenna systems was conducted. He headed the department "Ultra-high frequencies Technology" of the laboratory at the Radio Faculty.

Since 1946, Neiman worked also at the Central Scientific Research Institute of Radio Engineering (CNIRTI, former Scientific Research Institute-108). Under his leadership a number of research and development works were made: new methods for the generation, transmission and reception of microwave signals, the production of large capacities in the centimeter and decimeter ranges, constructive design of disk klystron and others. Neiman was the member of the CNIRTI Scientific Council.

Neiman died on June 25, 1975, in Moscow. In one of the buildings of the Moscow Aviation Institute in his memory a memorial plaque is set.

In 1995 the Moscow Aviation Institute held a meeting devoted to the 90th anniversary of the birth of Neiman. Speeches of staff and his pupils revealed great respect for his research and teaching, to his personality. Many people noted that even now Neiman is the example of real scientist, a wonderful teacher and a man of high moral character, and he serves as the guide for their work and life.

In 2005 the Aircraft Radio Electronics Faculty at the MAI held a conference of young scientists, PhD students and students dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Neiman.

## Scientific work and achievements

Neiman made the significant contribution to the development of many areas of radioelectronics. In 1920-1930-s under his leadership and with his participation transmitters of different power and range, and also antenna-feeder systems for different ranges for the greatest Soviet shortwave broadcasting centers were developed. He developed methods of regulating the phase velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves along the antenna wire, which have found wide application in the later traveling wave tubes of UHF and SHF bands, as well as a surface wave antennas. He published the monograph "The transmitting antennas", which for a long time served as a guide for the design of these antennas and was used as the textbook. He created a general theory of frequency stabilization, developed a theory of calculation of passive vibrators. He conducted the study of the phenomenon of flare expiration of the antenna wire, the results of it were used in the design of antennas and super-powerful Soviet shortwave radios. He created the general theory of receive antennas based on an electrodynamic principle of reciprocity, and it became conventional in radio engineering. He carried out a number of theoretical and experimental studies of band antennae (in-phase and rhombic), developed the theory of rhombic antennas, invented two advanced systems of rhombic antennas. Also developed the theory of inhomogeneous lines with impedance that varies exponentially. Proposed and developed a general theory and methods of calculation of closed oscillating electromagnetic devices, later known as the "volume resonators", which are the basis of many systems of UHF and SHF bands. He developed a new type of antenna - diffraction antenna (one of its species is slot antenna). Also proposed the theory and method of preparation of the traveling wave along the wire without loss of power. He formulated the general requirements and principles of the building of broadband antennas, discovered and described the phenomenon known as "feeder echo." Together with A.A. Pistolkors he developed the theory of a direct measurement of the traveling wave in the feeders and created the appropriate measuring devices, so called "feeder reflectometers".

In the late 1940s, Neiman developed the theory of electronic modes of triode and tetrode generators at high angles of electron span and large vibration amplitudes. His monograph "Triode and tetrode microwave frequency generators" was awarded the Stalin Prize of the 3rd degree in 1952 and published also in German and Chinese.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Neiman proposed the new principle for broadband antennas free from the reflection phenomena and called "antennas of smooth radiation", and also the new method of calculating the power and radiation resistance of metallic antennas based on the calculation of emission of electrons moving in metal. He generalized the theory of contours and lines on the vibrational, channelizing and emitting electromagnetic microwave systems, which became the basis for the design of a wide class of microwave systems (monograph "A generalization of the theory of chains on the wave systems"). He developed the theory of transverse joints in waveguide systems, proposed a number of methods for design and analysis of triode, tetrode, pentode, klystron, platinotron, magnetron and reznatron amplifiers and oscillators, carried out studies of surface electromagnetic waves. In the book "Automatic processes and phenomena" he proposed a number of original provisions of the general theory of automatic processes. Also conducted several studies in the field of computer science: explored theoretical issues of radiopulse fast discrete automation systems, stated principal considerations for the automation of research, automation of programming of ultrafast computing systems.

In 1964-65, Neiman published original ideas and principal considerations of radical miniaturization on elements for recording, storing and retrieving of digital information to the molecular-atomic level, including the use of structures similar to DNA molecules. Similar ideas were also expressed by the American scientists R.F. Feynman and N. Wiener. Practical applications of using artificial DNA to store large amounts of information appeared only in the late 20th - early 21st century (see DNA digital data storage for more details).

In 1966-67, Neiman generalized negentropy principle of information to digital data processing systems, and defined the relation restrictions between their speed and energy level of the functioning of their elements. He made a number of fundamental assumptions of the theory of extracting information from the objective processes, identified the cause of her contradictions and paradoxes. Also he worked on the history and prospects of development of radioelectronics.

Neiman published over 90 scientific papers, including six books and textbook for higher school, which was released in two editions. For fruitful scientific, pedagogical and social activities, Neiman was awarded the Order "Badge of Honor" (1953) and three medals, in 1962 he was awarded the title "Honored Personality of Science and Technics of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic".

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Mikhail Samoilovich Neiman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1905-03-07)7 March 1905
Sevastopol, Russian Empire |
| Died | 25 June 1975(1975-06-25) (aged 70)
Moscow, USSR |
| Nationality | Crimean Karaite |
| Occupation | Physicist |


title: Morgan Beck

abstract: Morgan (Beck) Miller is an American professional beach volleyball player and model. She stands at 6 feet 3 inches tall. She was born in Newport Beach, California, and attended San Clemente High School in San Clemente, California where she made four records her senior year. These records included 39 kills in a game, 544 kills in a season, 11 service aces in a match and a.497 hitting percentage. She was named a Mizuno High School All-American. She graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, where she was a member of the volleyball team playing the positions of outside hitter and middle hitter. She was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team.

text:
# Morgan Beck

**Morgan (Beck) Miller** (born March 30, 1987) is an American professional beach volleyball player and model.

She stands at 6 feet 3 inches tall. She was born in Newport Beach, California, and attended San Clemente High School in San Clemente, California where she made four records her senior year. These records included 39 kills in a game, 544 kills in a season, 11 service aces in a match and a .497 hitting percentage. She was named a Mizuno High School All-American. She graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, where she was a member of the volleyball team playing the positions of outside hitter and middle hitter. She was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team.

## Biography

As a professional, Beck plays for AVP Pro, USA Volleyball and AVP Young Guns.

She is also a model and was named by *Complex Magazine* "One of the 25 Hottest Athletes on the 2012 U.S. Olympic Team". In 2010, she was featured in a Nike ad campaign.

She married Olympic skiing champion Bode Miller on October 7, 2012, after five months of dating. They have a son, Nash Skan Miller, born in 2015. Their daughter, Emeline "Emmy" Grier Miller (November 5, 2016  June 10, 2018) drowned at 19 months old in the swimming pool of a neighbor's home in Orange County, California. Following her daughter's death, she voiced support of parental blogger Nichole Hughes, who lost her 3-year-old son to drowning around the same time as Miller, in raising awareness of childhood drowning, the number-one cause of death for children between the ages of 1 and 4. Their second son, Easton Vaughn Rek Miller, was born on October 5, 2018. On November 8, 2019, they welcomed twin boys Asher and Axel Miller. Beck is also stepmother to Miller's two other children, Dace and Samuel Miller-McKenna. In May 2021, Beck announced that she was pregnant with a girl, due in November 2021. The daughter was born on November 26, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Morgan Beck Miller | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | American |
| Born | Morgan Elizabeth Beck
(1987-03-30) March 30, 1987
Newport Beach, California, U.S. |
| Height | 191 cm (6 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 77 kg (170 lb) |


title: Fitzroy Gordon

abstract: Fitzroy Anthony Gordon was a Jamaican-Canadian broadcaster, radio host and DJ, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was most notable as the founder of G98.7, Canada's second radio station geared specifically to Black and Caribbean audiences. As a broadcaster, he was dedicated to community service, notably through his shows Dr. Love on CHIN Radio and Grapevine on G98.7.

text:
# Fitzroy Gordon

**Fitzroy Anthony Gordon** (March 19, 1954 – April 30, 2019) was a Jamaican-Canadian broadcaster, radio host and DJ, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was most notable as the founder of G98.7, Canada's second radio station geared specifically to Black and Caribbean audiences. As a broadcaster, he was dedicated to community service, notably through his shows *Dr. Love* on CHIN Radio and *Grapevine* on G98.7.

## Early career

Born in Jamaica on March 19, 1954, Gordon immigrated to Canada in 1979 and worked as a sports journalist writing for newspapers and magazines in the Canadian and Caribbean communities. Gordon began his radio career on Toronto's CHIN radio station, producing and hosting the *Dr. Love Show*, an overnight music and talk show aimed at the Caribbean community, for nineteen years. He simultaneously maintained a 15-year career as a sports journalist, specializing on cricket, on The Score where he hosted the International Sports Report, and the FAN 590 in Toronto, and as a columnist for newspapers the *Toronto Sun*, the *Gleaner & Star*, and *Contrast*. In 1998 Gordon left CHIN in order to pursue his dream of opening a radio station dedicated to Black and Caribbean audiences.

## G98.7

G98.7 was a project realized through over a decade of work. Gordon was strongly motivated by a desire to see a platform for Black and Caribbean voices in Toronto. His first application for a broadcast licence from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) was turned down in 2001. In 2009 he was given a partial license, which did not include broadcast frequency. Finally securing a frequency at 98.7FM, Gordon needed the approval of the national Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to broadcast so close to CBC Toronto's 99.1 FM band. The CBC initially refused, and Gordon spent all of his personal savings fighting them. The licence was also challenged by commercial radio station FLOW 93.5FM, claiming that the station would duplicate its format. This was despite community input that FLOW did not represent them or their interests. After a CRTC ruling in favour of the station in 2011, the station was officially licensed in June of that year. It launched that November with Jimmy Cliff's cover of "I Can See Clearly Now." The station's listenership quickly expanded to reach a diverse audience throughout the city inclusive of many communities.

Gordon hosted G98.7's *Gospel Morning* program on weekends, and the *Grapevine Talk Show* on Sunday afternoons. In addition to Toronto's Black and Caribbean communities, Gordon encouraged programming focusing on Toronto's large African communities as well.

## Awards and honours

In 2015, Gordon received a Special Recognition Award from the Jamaican Canadian Association.

## Death and legacy

The call numbers of G98.7, CKFG-FM, include the initials of Gordon (CK**FG**), in recognition of his indispensable role in its founding. Gordon suffered a stroke in 2017 and died on April 30, 2019, in Toronto at the age of 65. At the time of his death, Gordon had been working towards a television station geared towards the Black and Caribbean communities. His death was noted in official statements by the Prime Minister of Canada, Andrea Horwath, Leader of the Official Opposition NDP, and the Mayor of Toronto. Horwath spoke at the memorial service at the invitation of the Gordon family. Hundreds attended Global Kingdom Ministries in Scarborough for Gordon's funeral service, including Ontario's first Black Caucus, made up of NDP MPPs elected to the provincial parliament.

## InfoBox

| Fitzroy Gordon | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-03-19)March 19, 1954
Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica |
| Died | April 30, 2019(2019-04-30) (aged 65)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Nationality | Jamaican-Canadian |
| Occupation | Radio Broadcaster |
| Known for | Grapevine, G98.7 |
| Notable work | G98.7 FM |
| Spouse | Marvette Gordon |


title: Military Band of the Black Sea Fleet

abstract: Military Band of the Black Sea Fleet is a military band unit of the Russian Armed Forces. It is a branch of the Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia. It has performed tasks assigned during official visits of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet to countries with diplomatic with Russia since 1980. Since December 2009, the orchestra has been led by Senior Lieutenant Mikhail Khalilov.

text:
# Military Band of the Black Sea Fleet

**Military Band of the Black Sea Fleet** is a military band unit of the Russian Armed Forces. It is a branch of the Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia. It has performed tasks assigned during official visits of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet to countries with diplomatic with Russia since 1980. Since December 2009, the orchestra has been led by Senior Lieutenant Mikhail Khalilov.

## History

It was formed on February 24, 1947 in the city of Sevastopol. In 1966, the orchestra was reorganized as the Headquarters Military Band of the 34th Black Sea Fleet.

In 2001, the Ministry of Culture of Russia granted the Orchestra the honor of opening the Festival of Russian Culture in the city of Cannes, France. On February 9, 2012, the 34th Military Band of the Black Sea Fleet was given its current name.

Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia

Military Band of the Eastern Military District

## InfoBox

| Military Band of the Black Sea Fleet | |
| --- | --- |
| Военный Оркестр Черноморского Флота | |
|  | |
| Active | February 24, 1947 – present |
| Country | Soviet Union<br>Russia |
| Type | Military Band |
| Garrison/HQ | Sevastopol |
| Commanders | |
| Director | Senior Lieutenant Mikhail Khalilov |
| Ceremonial chief | Captain 3rd Rank Alexander Sviridenko |


title: Papal gentleman

abstract: A papal gentleman, also called a Gentleman of His Holiness, is a lay attendant of the pope and his papal household in Vatican City. Papal gentlemen serve in the Apostolic Palace near St. Peter's Basilica in ceremonial positions, such as escorting dignitaries during state visits and other important occasions. It is a local name for the old court position of valet de chambre. To be appointed is an honor. The appointee is an unpaid volunteer.

text:
# Papal gentleman

A **papal gentleman**, also called a **Gentleman of His Holiness**, is a lay attendant of the pope and his papal household in Vatican City. Papal gentlemen serve in the Apostolic Palace near St. Peter's Basilica in ceremonial positions, such as escorting dignitaries during state visits and other important occasions. It is a local name for the old court position of valet de chambre. To be appointed is an honor. The appointee is an unpaid volunteer.

## History

**Papal Chamberlain** was prior to 1968 a court title given by the pope to high-ranking clergy as well as laypersons, usually members of prominent Italian noble families. Many came from families that had long served the Papal Court over the course of several centuries, while others were appointed as a high honor, one of the highest the papacy conferred on Catholic laymen (often prominent politicians or wealthy philanthropists). They were originally selected from members of Italian royal and aristocratic families. They were members of the Papal Court and it was one of the highest honours that could be bestowed on a Catholic layman by the pope. Known as Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape (*Cameriere Segreti di spada e cappa*) when conferred upon laypersons, it was mostly an honorary position, but a chamberlain generally served the pope for at least one week per year during official liturgical or state ceremonies.

## Present day

The title was abolished in 1968 by Pope Paul VI and replaced with the designation "Gentleman of His Holiness" for laypersons.

Prior to Vatican II they provided personal assistance to the pope on formal state occasions as members of the Papal Court. The Gentlemen of His Holiness are under the Prefecture of the Papal Household. They participate in civil ceremonies and formal receptions for heads of state, heads of government and others. They welcome dignitaries such as ambassadors and ministers who come to the Vatican or Castel Gandolfo to present their credentials and serve as guides, escorting them to meetings with the pope.

Of approximately 150 gentlemen who generally serve for at least one week per year during official functions, about two dozen are on staff at a time. They assist at papal audiences, including the Wednesday General Audiences, often bringing children to the pope for a blessing. In addressing an audience with the papal gentlemen, Pope Francis thanked them for their service and said,

> The various Authorities and other personalities who visit the See of Peter experience their first contact with this House and receive their first impressions through you, dear Gentlemen. As your name indicates, the gifts of politeness and cordiality are therefore necessary to put these people at ease."

They also acted as pallbearers during the funeral for Pope Benedict XVI, carrying the body into St. Peter's Basilica.

## Grand Chamberlains


title: Retiro railway station

abstract: Retiro is the name of a railway station complex in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that includes three main terminal train stations and two terminal subway stations. The complex is named after the neighborhood where it is located, Retiro. It is close to Retiro Bus Terminal Station, the country´s biggest bus terminal.

text:
# Retiro railway station

**Retiro** is the name of a railway station complex in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that includes three main terminal train stations (Retiro-Mitre, Retiro-Belgrano and Retiro-San Martín) and two terminal subway stations (Retiro of Line C and Retiro of Line E).

The complex is named after the neighborhood where it is located, Retiro. It is close to Retiro Bus Terminal Station, the country´s biggest bus terminal.

## Overview

The stations are very close to the Retiro bus station (*Terminal de Omnibus*), the principal long-distance bus terminal in Buenos Aires. The complex is also accessible by the C line of the Buenos Aires Metro system and by numerous local public bus services. The stations will also be accessible by both Line E and Line H of the metro once their extensions are complete.

Three stations are located opposite Plaza San Martín, a large park.

## Services

### Commuter rail

Retiro is the largest railway complex in Buenos Aires and more commuter trains arrive and depart from here than in any other station in the city. As of 2015, the following companies operate regular services to the suburbs of Buenos Aires along three principal lines:

### Long-distance

In addition to its status as the hub of an extensive commuter railway network, Retiro stations are also the terminus of a few long-distance passenger services which provide access to cities in the north and west of the country. As of 2015, state-owned Trenes Argentinos manages long-distance services to the cities of Córdoba, Tucumán and Rosario. Those services had been run by defunct company Ferrocentral.

From the Retiro San Martín station trains depart to Rufino station in Santa Fe Province.

Media related to **Retiro train station** at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Retiro | |
| --- | --- |
| Inter-city & Commuter rails | |
| Aerial view of the Retiro Mitre (center) and Retiro Belgrano (right); the platforms of Retiro San Martín are visible at the far right | |
| General information | |
| Location | Ramos Mejía Avenue, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Coordinates | 34°35′29″S 58°22′29″W / 34.59139°S 58.37472°W / -34.59139; -58.37472 |
| Owned by | Government of Argentina |
| Operated by | Trenes Argentinos
Ferrovías |
| Line(s) | Mitre
Belgrano
San Martín |
| Platforms | 19 |
| Connections | Subte
Bus terminus |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | Retiro, Buenos Aires |
| History | |
| Opened | August 1, 1915 (1915-08-01) |
| Electrified | Mitre only |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  RetiroLocation within Buenos AiresRetiroRetiro (Argentina) | |


title: Aileen Fyfe

abstract: Aileen Fyfe is a historian.

text:
# Aileen Fyfe

**Aileen Fyfe** FRSE is a historian.

## Academia

Fyfe formerly lectured on the history of science and technology, typically nineteenth-century, at NUI Galway, c.2000s. Since 2011 she has been based at the University of St Andrews and is Director of Research for the School of History. Her research there is focused on the circulation and consumption of knowledge from the late seventeenth century onwards.

Fyfe is a member of the Council of the History of Science Society (USA). From 2002 to 2007 she was Treasurer of the British Society for the History of Science, and she was the Chair of the Royal Irish Academy's subcommittee on the History of Science until 2010.

From 2013-2017 she led an AHRC on Philosophical Transactions, the journal of the Royal Society of London. She was the lead author of the 2017 briefing paper *Untangling Academic Publishing: a history of the relationship between commercial interests, academic prestige and the circulation of research* which culminated from this research.

Since Spring 2021 she has been coordinating the 'Women Historians of St Andrews' project, which aims to seek out the experiences of women who studied, researched and taught History at St Andrews.

## Selected publications

* Fyfe, Aileen (2003), *Science for Children*, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, ISBN 9781843710219
* Fyfe, Aileen (2004), *Science and salvation: evangelical popular science publishing in Victorian Britain*, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226276489
* Fyfe, Aileen; Lightman, Bernard V (2007), *Science in the marketplace: nineteenth-century sites and experiences*, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226150024
* Fyfe, Aileen (2012), *Steam-powered knowledge: William Chambers and the business of publishing, 1820-1860*, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226276519
* Fyfe, Aileen (2015), 'Journals, learned societies and money: *Philosophical Transactions* ca. 1750–1900', *Notes and Records of the Royal Society*, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 277-299.
* Fyfe, Aileen; McDougall-Waters, Julie; Moxham, Noah (2018), 'Credit, copyright, and the circulation of scientific knowledge: the Royal Society in the long nineteenth century', *Victorian Periodicals Review*, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 597-615.
* Fyfe, Aileen; Squazzoni, Flaminio; Torny, Didier; Dondio, Pierpaolo (2020), 'Managing the growth of peer review at the Royal Society journals, 1865-1965', *Science, Technology, and Human Values*, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 405-429.
* Fyfe, Aileen; Gielas, Anna Maria (2020), 'Introduction: Editorship and the editing of scientific journals, 1750-1950', *Centaurus*, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 5-20.
* Fyfe, Aileen; McDougall-Waters, Julie; Moxham, Noah; Mørk Røstvik, Camilla (2022), *'A History of Scientific Journals: Publishing at the Royal Society, 1665-2015'*, London: UCL Press (open access)

## Awards and honours

Fyfe was awarded the 2013 Edelstein Prize, recognizing *Steam-Powered Knowledge* as best book on the history of technology. *Steam-Powered Knowledge* was also awarded the 2013 Robert and Vineta Colby Prize, by the Research Society for Victorian Periodicals. She was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2022.

## InfoBox

| Aileen Fyfe | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
|  | |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | History of science and technology |
| Institutions | University of St Andrews<br>NUI Galway |
|  | |


title: Zambia at the 2024 Summer Paralympics

text:
# Zambia at the 2024 Summer Paralympics

Zambia competed at the 2024 Summer Paralympics in Paris, France, from 28 August to 8 September 2024.

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games, including game-eligible alternates in team sports.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Athletics | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Total | 1 | 1 | 2 |

## Athletics

Key * **Note**–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* **DQ** = Disqualified
* **PR** = Paralympic Record
* **AR** = Area (or continental) Record
* **NR** = National Record
* **SB** = Season's Best
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Track & road events Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Lassam Katongo | Men's 400 m T12 | 58.77 | 3 | *Did not advance* | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Monica Munga | Women's 400 m T13 | 1:04.90 | 7 |  | | *Did not advance* | |

## InfoBox

| Zambia at the
2024 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Zambia | |
| IPC code | ZAM |
| NPC | National Paralympic Committee of Zambia |
| in Paris, France
August 28, 2024 (2024-08-28) – September 8, 2024 (2024-09-08) | |
| Competitors | 2 (1 man and 1 woman) in 1 sport |
| Flag bearer | *Volunteer* |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Rawhide Mail

abstract: Rawhide Mail is a 1934 American Western film directed by Bernard B. Ray and starring Jack Perrin, Nelson McDowell and Chris-Pin Martin.

text:
# Rawhide Mail

***Rawhide Mail*** is a 1934 American Western film directed by Bernard B. Ray and starring Jack Perrin, Nelson McDowell and Chris-Pin Martin.

## Plot

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Pitts, Michael R. *Poverty Row Studios, 1929–1940: An Illustrated History of 55 Independent Film Companies, with a Filmography for Each*. McFarland & Company, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Rawhide Mail | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Bernard B. Ray |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | J. Henry Kruse |
| Edited by | Fred Bain |
| Production<br>company | Reliable Pictures |
| Distributed by | Reliable Pictures |
| Release date | * June 8, 1934 (1934-06-08) |
| Running time | 59 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Millu Hirka

abstract: Millu Hirka is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru, about 4,900 m (16,076 ft) high. It is situated in the Ancash Region, Huari Province, Huari District. Millu Hirka lies northeast of Antap'iti and southeast of Tullparahu. Milluqucha is the name of the lake north of the mountain.

text:
# Millu Hirka

**Millu Hirka** (Quechua *millu* salty, Ancash Quechua *hirka* mountain, Hispanicized spelling *Millujirca*) is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru, about 4,900 m (16,076 ft) high. It is situated in the Ancash Region, Huari Province, Huari District. Millu Hirka lies northeast of Antap'iti and southeast of Tullparahu. Milluqucha ("salty lake", *Millucocha*) is the name of the lake north of the mountain.

## InfoBox

| Millu Hirka | |
| --- | --- |
| Millu HirkaPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,900 m (16,100 ft) |
| Coordinates | 9°24′36″S 77°17′20″W / 9.41000°S 77.28889°W / -9.41000; -77.28889 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Ancash Region |
| Parent range | Andes, Cordillera Blanca |


title: Mornac-sur-Seudre

abstract: Mornac-sur-Seudre is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. It is a member of Les Plus Beaux Villages de France Association.

text:
# Mornac-sur-Seudre

**Mornac-sur-Seudre** (French pronunciation: \[mɔʁnak syʁ sødʁ\], literally *Mornac on Seudre*) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. It is a member of Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (The Most Beautiful Villages of France) Association.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 596 |  |
| 1975 | 592 | −0.10% |
| 1982 | 558 | −0.84% |
| 1990 | 640 | +1.73% |
| 1999 | 652 | +0.21% |
| 2009 | 827 | +2.41% |
| 2014 | 822 | −0.12% |
| 2020 | 859 | +0.74% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Mornac-sur-Seudre | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Houses and the church in Mornac-sur-Seudre | |
| Location of Mornac-sur-Seudre | |
| Mornac-sur-SeudreMornac-sur-Seudre | |
| Coordinates: 45°42′38″N 1°01′38″W / 45.7106°N 1.0272°W / 45.7106; -1.0272 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Rochefort |
| Canton | La Tremblade |
| Intercommunality | CA Royan Atlantique |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Emmanuel Cretin |
| Area**1** | 9.5 km2 (3.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 865 |
| Density | 91/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 17247 /17113 |
| Elevation | 0–13 m (0–43 ft)
(avg. 5 m or 16 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Flatjaw minnow

abstract: The flatjaw minnow is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Mexico. It is considered critically endangered.

text:
# Flatjaw minnow

The **flatjaw minnow** (***Tampichthys mandibularis***) is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Mexico. It is considered critically endangered.

## InfoBox

| Flatjaw minnow | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Leuciscinae |
| Genus: | *Tampichthys* |
| Species: | ***T. mandibularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tampichthys mandibularis***
(Contreras-Balderas & Verduzco-Martínez, 1977) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Dionda mandibularis* Contreras-Balderas & Verduzco-Martínez, 1977 | |


title: Milheeze

abstract: Milheeze is a village in the Dutch province North Brabant. Milheeze is part of the municipality Gemert-Bakel. The village was first mentioned in 1332 as Milleis. The etymology is unclear. Milheeze developed in the Late Middle Ages around a chapel. The chapel was replaced by the St Willibrordus Church in 1844-1845 which was built on the foundations of the chapel. Milheeze was home to 579 people in 1840. The monastery Mariaoord was founded in Milheeze in 1935. The village was part of the municipality Bakel en Milheeze until 1966 when it was merged into Gemert-Bakel.

text:
# Milheeze

**Milheeze** (dialect: *Milles*) is a village in the Dutch province North Brabant. Milheeze is part of the municipality Gemert-Bakel.

The village was first mentioned in 1332 as Milleis. The etymology is unclear. Milheeze developed in the Late Middle Ages around a chapel. The chapel was replaced by the St Willibrordus Church in 1844-1845 which was built on the foundations of the chapel.

Milheeze was home to 579 people in 1840. The monastery Mariaoord was founded in Milheeze in 1935. The village was part of the municipality Bakel en Milheeze until 1966 when it was merged into Gemert-Bakel.

## InfoBox

| Milheeze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| St Willibrordus Church | |
| MilheezeLocation in the province of North Brabant in the NetherlandsMilheezeMilheeze (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 51°30′8″N 5°46′44″E / 51.50222°N 5.77889°E / 51.50222; 5.77889 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | North Brabant |
| Municipality | Gemert-Bakel |
| Area | |
| Total | 19.72 km2 (7.61 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 26 m (85 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 2,280 |
| Density | 120/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 5763 |
| Dialing code | 0492 |


title: Parapolitics (disambiguation)

abstract:
Parapolitics is a term for a 2006 scandal involving Colombian politicians and the paramilitary group the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia. Parapolitics may also refer to:
  - Raghavan N. Iyer, for whom parapolitics is a method of rethinking the foundations and frontiers of political principles, systems, and issues
  - Peter Dale Scott, who uses the term parapolitics as one aspect of his theory of "deep politics"
  - Lobster (magazine), a UK magazine focused on how politics has been influenced by intelligence and security services

text:
# Parapolitics (disambiguation)

**Parapolitics** is a term for a 2006 scandal involving Colombian politicians and the paramilitary group the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia.

**Parapolitics** may also refer to:

* Raghavan N. Iyer, for whom parapolitics is a method of rethinking the foundations and frontiers of political principles, systems, and issues
* Peter Dale Scott, who uses the term parapolitics as one aspect of his theory of "deep politics"
* *Lobster* (magazine), a UK magazine focused on how politics has been influenced by intelligence and security services


title: Aistagnostus

abstract: Aistagnostus is a genus of trilobite in the order Agnostida, which existed in what is now Xinjiang, China. It was described by Xiang and Zhang in 1985, and the type species is Aistagnostus laevigatus.

text:
# Aistagnostus

***Aistagnostus*** is a genus of trilobite in the order Agnostida, which existed in what is now Xinjiang, China. It was described by Xiang and Zhang in 1985, and the type species is *Aistagnostus laevigatus*.

## InfoBox

| *Aistagnostus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Trilobita |
| Order: | Agnostida |
| Genus: | ***Aistagnostus***<br>Xiang & Zhang, 1985 |
|


title: ZTE Orbit

abstract: The ZTE Orbit is a budget smartphone developed by ZTE that runs Microsoft's Windows Phone 7.5 operating system. It was announced on February 27, 2012 and became available in September 2012. The Orbit is the first Windows Phone device to include near field communication. In late September 2012 it was announced a CDMA variant of the Orbit would also launch as the ZTE Render in the US on US Cellular.

text:
# ZTE Orbit

The  **ZTE Orbit** (also known as the **ZTE Render**) is a budget smartphone developed by ZTE that runs Microsoft's Windows Phone 7.5 operating system. It was announced on February 27, 2012 and became available in September 2012. The Orbit is the first Windows Phone device to include near field communication. In late September 2012 it was announced a CDMA variant of the Orbit would also launch as the ZTE Render in the US on US Cellular.

## Primary features

The primary features of the Orbit are:

## Availability

The Orbit was announced at the Mobile World Congress in 2012 as ZTE's second Windows Phone after the ZTE Tania and launched in September 2012. It is targeted primarily at emerging markets as well as East Asia. The Orbit was also announced as one of the launch devices for the Windows Phone platform in China alongside the HTC Titan and a variant of the Nokia Lumia 800. In the United States the Orbit launched as a carrier exclusive on US Cellular as the ZTE Render where it was also eventually updated to Windows Phone 7.8.

## Reception

The Orbit received mixed reviews upon its announcement and launch. Reviewers noted the relatively low price for the device and that it was targeted for emerging markets and for low cost no-contract sales in the developed world. The device was praised for its speed, build quality, aesthetic design, and the presence of NFC, however its thickness, touch screen quality, low brightness levels, and lack of apps that utilize NFC were areas of concern. Additionally, the device was compared to the Nokia Lumia 610 which launched as a direct competitor.

## InfoBox

ZTE Orbit
| Manufacturer | ZTE |
| --- | --- |
| Compatible networks | 2.5G GSM/GPRS/EDGE – 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz
**(ZTE Render)** 2.5G CDMA – 850, 1900 MHz
3G UMTS/HSDPA 7.2 Mbit/s – 900, 2100 MHz
**(ZTE Render)** 3G CDMA2000/1xEV-DO 3.1 Mbit/s – 800, 1900 MHz |
| First released | September 2012 |
| Type | Touchscreen smartphone |
| Form factor | Bar |
| Dimensions | 119.4 mm (4.70 in) H
63.5 mm (2.50 in) W
10.2 mm (0.40 in) D |
| Weight | 136 g (4.8 oz) |
| Operating system | Windows Phone 7.5 |
| CPU | 1 GHz single core Qualcomm S1 MSM7227A-1 |
| GPU | Adreno 200 |
| Memory | 512 MB RAM |
| Storage | 4 GB internal flash and 7 GB free in SkyDrive |
| Battery | User serviceable 1600 mAh Li-poly battery |
| Display | 4.0 in (100 mm) WVGA TFT, 800 x 480 pixels at 233 ppi, 15:9 aspect ratio, Color depth 16 bit, 65k colors, 60 Hz refresh rate |
| Rear camera | 5 MP,
720p video capture @ 30 fps |
| Connectivity | List |
| Data inputs | Multi-touch capacitive touchscreen, proximity sensor, and light sensor. |
| Other | Talk time: Up to 12.6 hours
Standby time: Up to 530 hours (approx. 22 days) |


title: Ray Grebey

abstract: Clarence Raymond Grebey, Jr. was the chief labor negotiator for Major League Baseball's owners in the early 1980s.

text:
# Ray Grebey

**Clarence Raymond Grebey, Jr.** (March 10, 1928 – August 28, 2013) was the chief labor negotiator for Major League Baseball's owners in the early 1980s.

## Personal life and education

Grebey was born on March 10, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois. He attended Kenyon College and the University of Chicago. He served in the Army during the Korean War. He died from cancer at the age of 85.

## Major League Baseball

Initially hired by MLB in 1978, he succeeded in avoiding a strike in 1980, before having to negotiate for the owners during the 1981 strike. He became known as "the man who killed baseball." He left baseball in 1982 to work for Pan Am Airlines.


title: Milk of the Gods

abstract: "Milk of the Gods" is the first episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy drama Shameless, an adaptation of the British series of the same name. It is the 49th overall episode of the series and was written by executive producer Nancy M. Pimental and directed by executive producer Christopher Chulack. It originally aired on Showtime on January 11, 2015. The series is set on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, and depicts the poor, dysfunctional family of Frank Gallagher, a neglectful single father of six: Fiona, Phillip, Ian, Debbie, Carl, and Liam. He spends his days drunk, high, or in search of money, while his children need to learn to take care of themselves. In the episode, Frank tries a new project, while Sheila clashes with Sammi. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 1.77 million household viewers and gained a 0.8 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised its performances, but noting it as a slow paced premiere. For the episode, Joan Cusack won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards.

text:
# Milk of the Gods

"**Milk of the Gods**" is the first episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy drama *Shameless*, an adaptation of the British series of the same name. It is the 49th overall episode of the series and was written by executive producer Nancy M. Pimental and directed by executive producer Christopher Chulack. It originally aired on Showtime on January 11, 2015.

The series is set on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, and depicts the poor, dysfunctional family of Frank Gallagher, a neglectful single father of six: Fiona, Phillip, Ian, Debbie, Carl, and Liam. He spends his days drunk, high, or in search of money, while his children need to learn to take care of themselves. In the episode, Frank tries a new project, while Sheila clashes with Sammi.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 1.77 million household viewers and gained a 0.8 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised its performances, but noting it as a slow paced premiere. For the episode, Joan Cusack won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards.

## Plot

Frank (William H. Macy), still recovering from his liver transplant, is living with Sheila (Joan Cusack). Sammi (Emily Bergl) has moved in next to Sheila's house, and she has been picking up on some men at local bars. While Sheila is annoyed over her behavior, Frank constantly ignores Sammi.

Lip (Jeremy Allen White) has finished his first year at college and returns home, where he is surprised by the gentrification. Fiona (Emmy Rossum) works at the Patsy's Pie diner, and she has a friendly relationship with her new boss, Sean (Dermot Mulroney). A woman, Angela (Dichen Lachman), has been leaving large sums of tips to Fiona without explanation. Ian (Cameron Monaghan) has been allowed to stay with Mickey (Noel Fisher) at his house by helping Svetlana (Isidora Goreshter) with their baby, Yevgeny. While Mickey runs a truck scam with his brothers, Ian has been having random sexual encounters with some strangers.

Kevin (Steve Howey) and Veronica (Shanola Hampton) navigate their new life as parents. Frustrated by Kevin's obsession with the babies, she decides to cover for him at the Alibi Room while he takes care of them. When she returns, she finds him sleeping with the babies. The conflict between Sheila and Sammi escalates, to the point that Sheila decides to change the locks on the house. During this, Frank shows a partner his "job": he has been working on a new beer named *Frank's Milk of the Gods*. When they try it later on, they are both disgusted by its flavor. The following morning, Frank wakes up naked on a bench, and an art class has used him as reference for painting.

## Production

The episode was written by executive producer Nancy M. Pimental and directed by executive producer Christopher Chulack. It was Pimental's 12th writing credit, and Chulack's second directing credit.

## Reception

### Viewers

In its original American broadcast, "Milk of the Gods" was seen by an estimated 1.77 million household viewers with a 0.8 in the 18–49 demographics. This means that 0.8 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 9% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was seen by an estimated 1.93 million household viewers with a 0.9 in the 18–49 demographics.

### Critical reviews

"Milk of the Gods" received positive reviews from critics. Joshua Alston of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode a "B–" grade and wrote, "As is the case with most *Shameless* premieres, "Milk Of The Gods" allows the Gallaghers to sort through last season's rubble and does a bit of table setting for what's to come, but it doesn't exactly demand attention, nor does it inspire confidence season five will continue the show's upward trajectory."

Alan Sepinwall of *HitFix* wrote "I've often viewed Frank as the cost of doing business with *Shameless* but I think this mostly sober but still despicable Frank suits Macy more than previous iterations of the character. He's still scruffy and selfish and gross, yet he seems more believable as someone the neighborhood in general and poor deluded Sheila in particular would tolerate. And it just seems a better fit of actor and character than previously." Allyson Johnson of *The Young Folks* wrote "this was yet another strong season introduction with the show taking on a lighter, more comedic tone than its predecessor, which fits with the summer mood."

David Crow of *Den of Geek* gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "Summer lasts for only so long, especially in Chicago. But before the leaves fall, it's nice to just be chilling with the Gallaghers in the backyard and happy for a moment. Or passed out by the lake again, as is Frank's preference. May he never change." Whitney Evans of *TV Fanatic* gave the episode a 4.2 star rating out of 5, and wrote, "It feels so good to be back in the *Shameless* atmosphere and I thought this was a decent season premiere."

### Accolades

For the episode, Joan Cusack received her fifth nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards. She would win the award, marking the first Emmy win for the series.

## InfoBox

| "**Milk of the Gods**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Shameless* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 5<br>Episode 1 |
| Directed by | Christopher Chulack |
| Written by | Nancy M. Pimental |
| Cinematography by | Kevin McKnight |
| Editing by | Tim Tommasino |
| Original release date | January 11, 2015 (2015-01-11) |
| Running time | 55 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Mornant

abstract: Mornant is a commune in the Rhône department in eastern France.

text:
# Mornant

**Mornant** (French pronunciation: \[mɔʁnɑ̃\] ) is a commune in the Rhône department in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 2,335 |  |
| 1975 | 2,730 | +2.26% |
| 1982 | 3,323 | +2.85% |
| 1990 | 3,900 | +2.02% |
| 1999 | 4,672 | +2.03% |
| 2007 | 5,279 | +1.54% |
| 2012 | 5,545 | +0.99% |
| 2017 | 5,938 | +1.38% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Mornant | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Vingtain tower | |
|  | |
| Location of Mornant | |
| MornantMornant | |
| Coordinates: 45°37′11″N 4°40′23″E / 45.6197°N 4.6731°E / 45.6197; 4.6731 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Rhône |
| Arrondissement | Lyon |
| Canton | Mornant |
| Intercommunality | CC du Pays Mornantais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Renaud Pfeffer |
| Area**1** | 15.76 km2 (6.08 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 6,274 |
| Density | 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 69141 /69440 |
| Elevation | 287–471 m (942–1,545 ft)
(avg. 368 m or 1,207 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Five Fathom Bank light station

abstract: Five Fathom Bank light station was a station for lightvessels in New Jersey, United States. It was located off the south end of Five Fathom Bank, 14.7 miles and 100 degrees from the Cape May Lighthouse. The station was in service from 1837 to 1972 before ultimately being replaced by a horn buoy.

text:
# Five Fathom Bank light station

**Five Fathom Bank light station** was a station for lightvessels in New Jersey, United States. It was located off the south end of Five Fathom Bank, 14.7 miles and 100 degrees from the Cape May Lighthouse. The station was in service from 1837 to 1972 before ultimately being replaced by a horn buoy.

## Service

Records for lightvessels are incomplete.

On or about April 30, 1891, LV-40 was removed from its post on Five Fathom Bank and replaced by a schooner *Drift*, which temporarily would show a fixed white light on each masthead. Additionally, a buoy was used as an additional marker for the position while LV-40 was repaired.

In 1893, the *USS New York (ACR-2)* was performing sea trials and used the Five Fathom Bank light station and the North East End light station as markers to which it became the fastest armored vessel in the world. In 1894, the *USS Minneapolis (C-13)* again used the Five Fathom Bank light as a marker for its trial which it became the fastest armored vessel in the world.

On February 2, 1913, the Steamship *Prinz Oskar* and the schooner *City of Georgetown* collided and blamed the lightship for the accident. The *City of Georgetown* was heading towns the Cape Hatteras lightship in the southeast while the *Prinz Oskar* was heading in a circle to the northeast "in a great circle toward the transatlantic steamship route" with the Five Banks Light shone between the two vessels. Unable to see each other until it was too late, the *Prinz Oskar* collided with the ship and resulted in a large stove in its port bow, but the *City of Georgetown* was doomed and sank within 8 minutes. Captain A. J. Slocum and his crew of seven managed to get into their lifeboat and was taken aboard the *Prinz Oskar* and returned to Philadelphia for repair, listing to the starboard. The *City of Georgetown* was a 170 feet (52 m) long schooner with a 40 feet (12 m) beam that was launched in 1902 from Bath, Maine. The ship sank with its cargo of salt, of unlisted weight, but the ship's capacity was 1900 tons.

## List of lightships by year

| Name | Year | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Unknown ship | 1837-1839 |  |
| LV-18 | 1839-1869 |  |
| LV-37 | 1869-1876 |  |
| LV-40 | 1877-1904 |  |
| LV-79 / WAL-506 | 1904-1924 |  |
| LV-108 / WAL-530 | 1924-1942 |  |
| Buoy | 1942-1945 |  |
| LV-108 / WAL-530 | 1945-1970 |  |
| LV-110 / WAL-532 | 1970-1971 |  |
| WLV-189 | 1971-1972 |  |
|

38°50′07″N 75°00′43″W / 38.8354°N 75.0119°W / 38.8354; -75.0119