title: Wang Ping (author)

abstract: Wang Ping is a Chinese American professor, poet, writer, photographer, performance and multimedia artist. Her publications have been translated into multiple languages and include poetry, short stories, novels, cultural studies, and children's stories. Her multimedia exhibitions address global themes of industrialization, the environment, interdependency, and the people.

text:
# Wang Ping (author)

**Wang Ping** (born August 14, 1957) is a Chinese American professor, poet, writer, photographer, performance and multimedia artist. Her publications have been translated into multiple languages and include poetry, short stories, novels, cultural studies, and children's stories. Her multimedia exhibitions address global themes of industrialization, the environment, interdependency, and the people.

## Life and education

Wang Ping was born in Shanghai and grew up on a small island in the East China Sea. After three years farming in a mountain village during the Cultural Revolution, mostly self-taught with little prior formal education available, she attended Peking University and earned her bachelor's degree in English literature. In 1985 she left China to study in the U.S., earning her master's degree in English literature from Long Island University and Ph.D. in comparative literature from New York University.

She is the recipient of numerous awards, a professor of English, and founder of the Kinship of Rivers project, which builds a sense of community among people living along rivers around the world. The project engages communities in creating and sharing art by making river prayer flags as gifts to other communities.

## Writing and exhibits

Her books include four collections of poetry, *My Name Is Immigrant*, *The Magic Whip*, *Of Flesh & Spirit*, and *Ten Thousand Waves*; the cultural study *Aching for Beauty: Footbinding in China* (Eugene M. Kayden Award for Best Book in the Humanities); the novel *Foreign Devil*; two collections of fiction stories entitled *American Visa* (NYC Public Library Award for the Teen Age) and *The Last Communist Virgin* (Minnesota Book Award for Novel & Short Story and Book Award from the Association for Asian American Studies for Poetry/Prose); a children's book of Chinese folk lore, *The Dragon Emperor*; and a book of creative nonfiction, *Life of Miracles along the Yangtze and Mississippi* (AWP Award Series Winner for Creative Nonfiction). She is also the editor and co-translator of the anthology *New Generation: Poetry from China Today*, co-translator of *Flames* by Xue Di, and co-translator of *Flash Cards: Poems by Yu Jian*.

The exhibit "Behind the Gate: After the Flood of the Three Gorges" features photos, related texts and video. It is intended to introduce visitors to the benefits and dangers of the Three Gorges Dam, such as energy production, increased commerce, flood control, disruption of sewage and sediment drainage. It also details the personal stories of individuals displaced by the project and the environmental impacts on the river ecosystem, its land and animal species.

Similarly, the exhibit "All Roads to Lhasa: The Qinghai-Tibet Railroad" also features photos, related texts and video. It is intended to introduce visitors to the benefits and dangers of the railroad, such as economic, cultural and ecological impacts. It looks at the fragile ecosystem of glaciers and land that are the source for many of Asia's rivers, in addition to stories of the people and animals affected by the project.

The multimedia exhibit "We Are Water: Kinship of Rivers" features an array of artwork, including its signature river prayer flags, a Tibetan sand mandala, photos, video, visual art, writing, sculpture, singing, dancing, food, and more. It represents the culmination of the first five years of the Kinship of Rivers project.

Wang also collaborated with British filmmaker Isaac Julien on "Ten Thousand Waves", a film installation about a tragedy that occurred on February 5, 2004, when twenty-three Chinese migrant laborers drowned in Morecambe Bay, England, caught off guard by an incoming tide.

Wang's writing and photos are frequently published in journals, anthologies, and other periodical around the world.

## Academic career

After earning her bachelor's degree from Beijing University, Wang taught English there before moving to the U.S. After moving to New York, she spent much of the 1990s as a writing instructor or poet in residence. She also taught Chinese literature at the Baruch and York Colleges of The City University of New York (CUNY) while pursuing her Ph.D. In 1999 Wang obtained a position as a professor at Macalester College in St. Paul, MN, and she was bestowed the title of professor emerita upon her retirement in 2020.

## Awards

Wang's books have won the AWP Award for Creative Nonfiction, Minnesota Award for Novel & Short Story, Association for Asian American Studies Award for Poetry/Prose, University of Colorado's Eugene M. Kayden Award for the Best Book in the Humanities, and NYC Public Library Award for the Teen Age.

She's been the recipient of fellowships, grants, and residencies from the National Endowment for the Arts, New York Foundation for the Arts, New York State Council for the Arts, Minnesota State Arts Board, Loft Literary Center, McKnight Foundation, Bush Foundation, Lannan Foundation, and Vermont Studio Center.

Other awards include the LIU Distinct Alumna Award, Immigrant of Distinction Award, and more.

## Works

* *American Visa*, short stories, Coffee House Press, 1994 (translated into Dutch as *Vossengeur*, Uitgeverij de Prom, 1997; translated into Japanese as アメリカンビザ, Kadokawa Shoten Publishing, 1994)
* *Flames: Poems by Xue Di*, poetry (co-translated with Keith Waldrop), Paradigm Press, 1995
* *Foreign Devil*, novel, Coffee House Press, 1996 (translated into German as *Fremder Teufel*, Peperkorn, 1997)
* *Of Flesh & Spirit*, poetry, Coffee House Press, 1998
* *New Generation: Poems from China Today*, poetry anthology (co-translated with Ron Padgett, Anne Waldman, Lewis Warsh, Dick Lourie, and others), Hanging Loose Press, 1999
* *Aching for Beauty: Footbinding in China*, cultural study, University of Minnesota Press, 2000 (paperback published by Random House, 2002)
* *The Magic Whip*, poetry, Coffee House Press, 2003
* *The Last Communist Virgin*, short stories, Coffee House Press, 2007
* *The Dragon Emperor: A Chinese Folktale*, children's folklore, Millbrook Press, 2008
* *Flash Cards: Poems by Yu Jian*, poetry (co-translated with Ron Padgett), Zephyr Press, 2010
* *Ten Thousand Waves*, poetry, Wings Press, 2014
* *Life of Miracles along the Yangtze and Mississippi*, creative nonfiction, University of Georgia Press, 2018
* *My Name Is Immigrant*, poetry, Hanging Loose Press, 2020

## InfoBox

| Wang Ping | |
| --- | --- |
| Reading at Split This Rock, 2014

 | |
| Native name | 王屏 |
| Born | (1957-08-14) August 14, 1957
Shanghai, China |
| Citizenship | Chinese
 |
| Alma mater | Peking University (BA)
Long Island University (MA)
New York University (PhD) |
| Genre | Poetry, short stories, novels, cultural studies, children's stories, documentaries, photography, performance and multimedia art.

 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wáng Píng | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Website | |
| www.wangping.com | |


title: Valencia Park, Mbombela

abstract: Valencia Park is a suburb of Mbombela in Mpumalanga, South Africa. It is situated on the eastern outskirts of Mbombela and approximately 2 kilometres east of the CBD.

text:
# Valencia Park, Mbombela

**Valencia Park** is a suburb of Mbombela in Mpumalanga, South Africa. It is situated on the eastern outskirts of Mbombela and approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the CBD.

## History

Valencia Park was established in the early 1970s for the Indian population of Mbombela (then Nelspruit) as part of the Group Areas Act. It borders the suburb of Nelindia to the east, which was also established as an Indian suburb of Nelspruit during the Apartheid era.

## Main roads

Valencia Park is situated north of the R104 (Samora Machel Drive) connecting the Mbombela CBD and eMalahleni (via the N4) to the west with Maputo (via the N4) to the east. It is also situated south of the KaNyamazane Road connecting the R40 in Vintonia to the west with KaMagugu and KaNyamazane to the north-east.

## InfoBox

| Valencia Park Valencia | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
| Valencia ParkValencia ParkValencia Park | |
| Coordinates: 25°28′3″S 30°59′48″E / 25.46750°S 30.99667°E / -25.46750; 30.99667 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Mpumalanga |
| District | Ehlanzeni |
| Municipality | Mbombela |
| Main Place | Mbombela |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.51 km2 (0.20 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 853 |
| Density | 1,700/km2 (4,300/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Indian/Asian | 66% |
| Black African | 31.1% |
| Coloured | 21.1% |
| White | 0.2 |
| Other | 0.6% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| English | 56.6% |
| Swazi | 21.1% |
| Zulu | 2.7% |
| Other | 19.8% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 1201 |
| PO box | 1200 |
| Area code | 013 |


title: Yang Bojun

abstract: Yang Bojun was a Chinese philologist best known for his Chunqiu Zuozhuan Zhu (春秋左传注), an annotated commentary of the ancient Chinese historical text and Confucian classic Zuo Zhuan. The work took him more than twenty years to finish. His commentaries of the Analects of Confucius and the Mencius are also highly influential.

text:
# Yang Bojun

**Yang Bojun** (Chinese: 杨伯峻; Wade–Giles: *Yang Po-chün*; 1 September 1909 − 1992) was a Chinese philologist best known for his *Chunqiu Zuozhuan Zhu* (春秋左传注), an annotated commentary of the ancient Chinese historical text and Confucian classic *Zuo Zhuan*. The work took him more than twenty years to finish. His commentaries of the *Analects of Confucius* and the *Mencius* are also highly influential.

## Early life and education

Yang Bojun was born in September 1909 in Changsha, Hunan province. He was the eldest son of Yang Shugu (杨树穀), and was also known as **Yang Dechong** (杨德崇). Starting in childhood, he was taught by his grandfather to read Confucian classics such as the *Analects*, the *Book of Poetry*, and the *Zuo zhuan*.

In 1926, he passed the examination to enter the Chinese department of Peking University, where he studied under prominent scholars such as Qian Xuantong, Chen Yuan, and the philologist Huang Kan. He graduated in 1932. However, the person who influenced him the most was his uncle Yang Shuda (杨树达), also a well-known philologist.

## Career

In 1953, Yang became an associate professor at the Chinese department of Peking University. He began writing *Lunyu Yizhu* (论语译注, "Translation and Annotation of the Analects"), which was published in 1958 by Zhonghua Book Company.

When the Anti-Rightist Movement began in 1957, Yang and three of his cousins (sons of Yang Shuda) were labelled "Rightists". Yang was transferred to Lanzhou University in remote Gansu province, where he continued to teach in the Chinese department. In Lanzhou he wrote *Mengzi Yizhu* (孟子译注, "Translation and Annotation of the Mencius"), which was published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1960.

In 1960 he moved back to Beijing to work for Zhonghua Book Company, where he edited the *Book of Jin*, and began working on *Chunqiu Zuozhuan Zhu* (Annotated Zuo Zhuan). *Zuo Zhuan* was the most monumental work of the Thirteen Classics, comprising almost 200,000 characters of Old Chinese. For the annotation Yang studied many related works including the *Shiji*, *Gongyang Zhuan*, and *Guliang Zhuan*. He also consulted older commentaries and notes on the *Zuo Zhuan* by scholars such as Hong Liangji, Liu Wenqi (劉文淇), Liu Shipei, and Zhang Binglin, as well as oracle bone records and bronze inscriptions. Many of his notes were destroyed during the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), which he only partially recovered from memory. The book was finally published in 1981, more than 20 years after he started the work. A revised edition was published in 1990. In 1985, the *Zuo Zhuan Dictionary*, compiled by Yang and his wife Xu Ti (徐提), was published.

## InfoBox

| Yang Bojun
杨伯峻 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1 September 1909
Changsha, Hunan, China |
| Died | 1992 (aged 8283)
China |
| Alma mater | Peking University |
| Known for | annotation of Confucian classics |
| Spouse | Xu Ti |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Chinese philology |
| Institutions | Peking University
Lanzhou University |
|  | |


title: North Winship

abstract: North Winship (1885–1968) was a career Foreign Service Officer who served first as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to South Africa, starting in 1948 before being promoted to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on March 23, 1949. Winship also served as a Consul General in Montreal and Copenhagen. As a result of an accord reached in 1987, the “Soviet Government has returned to the National Archives a potpourri of 73-year-old records from the American consulate in Petrograd. The files have 6,250 thin crackling sheets bound with red-white-and-blue twine, containing items like inventories of vodka shipments and coded telegrams about ships carrying military supplies to Murmansk.” The archives cover the time when “Petrograd, which was then the capital, between the February Revolution, which ousted the imperial family, and the November Revolution, which brought the Bolsheviks to power. The most interesting dispatches, [are] Consul North Winship's accounts of the upheavals in Petrograd.”

text:
# North Winship

**North Winship** (1885–1968) was a career Foreign Service Officer who served first as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to South Africa, starting in 1948 before being promoted to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on March 23, 1949 (commissioned to the Union of South Africa).

Winship also served as a Consul General in Montreal and Copenhagen.

As a result of an accord reached in 1987, the “Soviet Government has returned to the National Archives a potpourri of 73-year-old records from the American consulate in Petrograd. The files have 6,250 thin crackling sheets bound with red-white-and-blue twine, containing items like inventories of vodka shipments and coded telegrams about ships carrying military supplies to Murmansk.” The archives cover the time when “Petrograd, which was then the capital, between the February Revolution, which ousted the imperial family, and the November Revolution, which brought the Bolsheviks to power. The most interesting dispatches, \[are\] Consul North Winship's accounts of the upheavals in Petrograd.”


title: Little Stainton

abstract:
Little Stainton is a village in the borough of Darlington and the ceremonial county of
County Durham, England. It is a township in the parish of Bishopton, County Durham, situated a few miles west of Stockton-on-Tees. It is a hamlet, consisting of houses and farms that have no local service facilities. On one side of the street, a stream—Bishopton Beck—runs along the bottom of the gardens.

text:
# Little Stainton

54°34′23″N 1°27′43″W / 54.573°N 1.462°W / 54.573; -1.462 **Little Stainton** is a village in the borough of Darlington and the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. It is a township in the parish of Bishopton, County Durham, situated a few miles west of Stockton-on-Tees. It is a hamlet, consisting of houses and farms that have no local service facilities. On one side of the street, a streamBishopton Beckruns along the bottom of the gardens.

## History

It is rumoured that the last witch in England was to be hanged in Little Stainton.

For much of its history Little Stainton was part of the parish of Bishopston. This means that it did not have its own parish church and instead the inhabitants would have journeyed to Bishopston to attend religious services. In the medieval period (1066 to 1540) Little Stainton was larger than it is now. The sites of some of the buildings can still be seen as earthworks. Although, the remains are excellent, some were destroyed in 1991–2. Archaeologists recorded some medieval pottery on the site after the ploughing. In the area around Manor Farm a number of fragments of 10th and 11th century pottery have also been discovered. These suggest that the village probably had an Anglo-Saxon origin; a possibility also reflected in its name: 'Stainton' means 'stoney farm' in Old English.

Until around 1960, Little Stainton consisted of a group of individual farms, to which was added a set of four council houses with agricultural dwelling restrictions. In the late 1980s, planning permission was granted for a series of private dwellings that have transformed Little Stainton into a rural agglomeration of dwellings, within which the farms now constitute a minority. Although much of the land around the dwellings is owned by the farms, many of the private dwellings have a substantial amount of land, ranging from 2 acres (8,100 m2) to about 5 acres (20,000 m2).

## Demographics

From the Census 2011 the population of Little Stainton has included that of Great Stainton and was 193.

Media related to Little Stainton at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| The hamlet | |
| --- | --- |
| Population | 193 (2011) |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Stockton-on-Tees |
| Postcode district | TS21 |
|  | |
| Police | Durham |
| Fire | County Durham and Darlington |
| Ambulance | North East |
|  | |
|


title: Figure-eight knot (mathematics)

abstract:
In knot theory, a figure-eight knot is the unique knot with a crossing number of four. This makes it the knot with the third-smallest possible crossing number, after the unknot and the
trefoil knot. The figure-eight knot is a prime knot.

text:
# Figure-eight knot (mathematics)

In knot theory, a **figure-eight knot** (also called **Listing's knot**) is the unique knot with a crossing number of four. This makes it the knot with the third-smallest possible crossing number, after the unknot and the trefoil knot. The figure-eight knot is a prime knot.

## Origin of name

The name is given because tying a normal figure-eight knot in a rope and then joining the ends together, in the most natural way, gives a model of the mathematical knot.

## Description

A simple parametric representation of the figure-eight knot is as the set of all points (*x*,*y*,*z*) where

$$\begin{aligned}x&=\left(2+\cos {(2t)}\right)\cos {(3t)}\\y&=\left(2+\cos {(2t)}\right)\sin {(3t)}\\z&=\sin {(4t)}\end{aligned}$$

for *t* varying over the real numbers (see 2D visual realization at bottom right).

The figure-eight knot is prime, alternating, rational with an associated value of 5/3, and is achiral. The figure-eight knot is also a fibered knot. This follows from other, less simple (but very interesting) representations of the knot:

(1) It is a *homogeneous* closed braid (namely, the closure of the 3-string braid σ1σ2−1σ1σ2−1), and a theorem of John Stallings shows that any closed homogeneous braid is fibered.

(2) It is the link at (0,0,0,0) of an isolated critical point of a real-polynomial map F: **R**4**R**2, so (according to a theorem of John Milnor) the Milnor map of F is actually a fibration. Bernard Perron found the first such F for this knot, namely,

$$F(x,y,z,t)=G(x,y,z^{2}-t^{2},2zt),\\,$$

where

$$\begin{aligned}G(x,y,z,t)=\ &(z(x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+t^{2})+x(6x^{2}-2y^{2}-2z^{2}-2t^{2}),\\\&\ tx{\sqrt {2}+y(6x^{2}-2y^{2}-2z^{2}-2t^{2})).\end{aligned}}$$

## Mathematical properties

The figure-eight knot has played an important role historically (and continues to do so) in the theory of 3-manifolds. Sometime in the mid-to-late 1970s, William Thurston showed that the figure-eight was hyperbolic, by decomposing its complement into two ideal hyperbolic tetrahedra. (Robert Riley and Troels Jørgensen, working independently of each other, had earlier shown that the figure-eight knot was hyperbolic by other means.) This construction, new at the time, led him to many powerful results and methods. For example, he was able to show that all but ten Dehn surgeries on the figure-eight knot resulted in non-Haken, non-Seifert-fibered irreducible 3-manifolds; these were the first such examples. Many more have been discovered by generalizing Thurston's construction to other knots and links.

The figure-eight knot is also the hyperbolic knot whose complement has the smallest possible volume, $6\Lambda (\pi /3)\approx 2.02988...$ (sequence A091518 in the OEIS), where $\Lambda $ is the Lobachevsky function. From this perspective, the figure-eight knot can be considered the simplest hyperbolic knot. The figure eight knot complement is a double-cover of the Gieseking manifold, which has the smallest volume among non-compact hyperbolic 3-manifolds.

The figure-eight knot and the (−2,3,7) pretzel knot are the only two hyperbolic knots known to have more than 6 *exceptional surgeries*, Dehn surgeries resulting in a non-hyperbolic 3-manifold; they have 10 and 7, respectively. A theorem of Lackenby and Meyerhoff, whose proof relies on the geometrization conjecture and computer assistance, holds that 10 is the largest possible number of exceptional surgeries of any hyperbolic knot. However, it is not currently known whether the figure-eight knot is the only one that achieves the bound of 10. A well-known conjecture is that the bound (except for the two knots mentioned) is 6.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |

The figure-eight knot has genus 1 and is fibered. Therefore its complement fibers over the circle, the fibers being Seifert surfaces which are 2-dimensional tori with one boundary component. The monodromy map is then a homeomorphism of the 2-torus, which can be represented in this case by the matrix $({\begin{smallmatrix}2&1\\1&1\end{smallmatrix})}$.

## Invariants

The Alexander polynomial of the figure-eight knot is

$$\Delta (t)=-t+3-t^{-1},\ $$

the Conway polynomial is

$\nabla (z)=1-z^{2},\ $

and the Jones polynomial is

$$V(q)=q^{2}-q+1-q^{-1}+q^{-2}.\ $$

The symmetry between $q$ and $q^{-1}$ in the Jones polynomial reflects the fact that the figure-eight knot is achiral.

1. "Listing knot - Encyclopedia of Mathematics". *encyclopediaofmath.org*. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
2. Gruber, Hermann. "Rational Knots with 4 crossings". *Rational Knots database*. Archived from the original on 2006-02-09. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
3. William Thurston (March 2002), "7. Computation of volume", *The Geometry and Topology of Three-Manifolds*, p. 165, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-27, retrieved 2020-10-19
4. "4\_1", *The Knot Atlas*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Figure-eight knot | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Common name | Figure-eight knot |
| Arf invariant | 1 |
| Braid length | 4 |
| Braid no. | 3 |
| Bridge no. | 2 |
| Crosscap no. | 2 |
| Crossing no. | 4 |
| Genus | 1 |
| Hyperbolic volume | 2.02988 |
| Stick no. | 7 |
| Unknotting no. | 1 |
| Conway notation | \[22\] |
| A–B notation | 41 |
| Dowker notation | 4, 6, 8, 2 |
| Last / Next | 31 / 51 |
| Other | |
| alternating, hyperbolic, fibered, prime, fully amphichiral, twist | |


title: Novice Independent School District

abstract: Novice Independent School District was a public school district based in Novice, Texas (USA). Located in Coleman County, a small portion of the district extended into Runnels County. Novice ISD had one school that served students in grades pre-kindergarten through twelve. In 2009, the school district was rated "academically unacceptable" by the Texas Education Agency. In May, 2012, it celebrated its 100th graduating class, but closed that summer due to financial troubles, and formally consolidated with Coleman ISD on March 1, 2013. The last time two school districts in the Abilene, Texas area, or the "Big Country", had consolidated was the 2005 merger of the Haskell Independent School District and the Rochester Independent School District; the latter was absorbed into the former. Three of five Novice ISD board members voted to end the district. The board chose to consolidate with Coleman ISD, while initially considering Jim Ned Independent School District.

text:
# Novice Independent School District

**Novice Independent School District** was a public school district based in Novice, Texas (USA).

Located in Coleman County, a small portion of the district extended into Runnels County.

Novice ISD had one school that served students in grades pre-kindergarten through twelve.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically unacceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.

In May, 2012, it celebrated its 100th graduating class, but closed that summer due to financial troubles, and formally consolidated with Coleman ISD on March 1, 2013. The last time two school districts in the Abilene, Texas area, or the "Big Country", had consolidated was the 2005 merger of the Haskell Independent School District and the Rochester Independent School District; the latter was absorbed into the former. Three of five Novice ISD board members voted to end the district. The board chose to consolidate with Coleman ISD, while initially considering Jim Ned Independent School District.


title: RCAF Station Dauphin

abstract: RCAF Station Dauphin was a Second World War British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) station located near Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. It was operated and administered by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). The Station was home to No. 10 Service Flying Training School(S.F.T.S.) from 5 Mar 1941-14 Apr 1945. The aerodrome is now the Lt. Col W.G. (Billy) Barker VC Airport.

text:
# RCAF Station Dauphin

**RCAF Station Dauphin** was a Second World War British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) station located near Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. It was operated and administered by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). The Station was home to No. 10 Service Flying Training School(S.F.T.S.) from 5 Mar 1941-14 Apr 1945.

The aerodrome is now the Lt. Col W.G. (Billy) Barker VC Airport.

## History

A site was selected for construction of a training aerodrome south of the community of Dauphin, Manitoba. The total cost of construction of the facility was approximately one million dollars. Building construction was completed by P.W. Graham & Sons, of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan for $337,214 and plumbing work at the site was completed by F.W. Bumstead of Dauphin for $50,000. No. 10 Service Flying Training School was established at the base on 5 March 1941, but the official opening of the school was not held until 15 April of the same year. The school was disbanded on 15 April 1945 and the airport was decommissioned by the RCAF after the war.

## Aerodrome data

In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as **RCAF Aerodrome - Dauphin, Manitoba** at 51°06′N 100°03′W / 51.100°N 100.050°W / 51.100; -100.050 with a variation of 14 degrees east and elevation of 990 ft (300 m). Six runways were listed as follows:

| Runway Name | Length | Width | Surface |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14L/32R | 2,700 ft (820 m) | 100 ft (30 m) | Hard surfaced |
| 14R/32L | 2,700 ft (820 m) | 100 ft (30 m) | Hard surfaced |
| 2L/20R | 2,610 ft (800 m) | 100 ft (30 m) | Hard surfaced |
| 2R/20L | 2,610 ft (800 m) | 100 ft (30 m) | Hard surfaced |
| 8L/26R | 2,720 ft (830 m) | 100 ft (30 m) | Hard surfaced |
| 8R/26L | 2,720 ft (830 m) | 100 ft (30 m) | Hard surfaced |

## Relief Landing Field - Valley River

In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as **RCAF Aerodrome - Valley River, Manitoba** at 51°13′N 100°13′W / 51.217°N 100.217°W / 51.217; -100.217 with a variation of 14 degrees east and elevation of 1,018 ft (310 m). The field is listed as an "All way field" with three runways as follows:

| Runway Name | Length | Width | Surface |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2/20 | 3,400 ft (1,000 m) | ---- | Turf |
| 13/31 | 3,400 ft (1,000 m) | ---- | Turf |
| 8/26 | 3,400 ft (1,000 m) | ---- | Turf |

## Relief Landing Field - North Junction

In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as **RCAF Aerodrome - North Junction, Manitoba** at 51°13′N 100°05′W / 51.217°N 100.083°W / 51.217; -100.083 with a variation of 14 degrees east and elevation of 980 ft (300 m). The field is listed as an "All way field" with three runways as follows:

| Runway Name | Length | Width | Surface |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8/26 | 3,030 ft (920 m) | 1,000 ft (300 m) | Turf |
| 1/19 | 2,910 ft (890 m) | 1,000 ft (300 m) | Turf |
| 13/31 | 2,940 ft (900 m) | 1,000 ft (300 m) | Turf |

## InfoBox

| RCAF Station Dauphin | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural Municipality of Dauphin, Manitoba<br>Near Dauphin, Manitoba in Canada | |
| RCAF Station Dauphin | |
| Coordinates | 51°06′N 100°03′W / 51.100°N 100.050°W / 51.100; -100.050 |
| Site information | |
| Operator | Formerly Royal Canadian Air Force |
| Site history | |
| Built by | P.W. Graham & Sons |
| In use | 1941-5 |
| Fate | Converted to civilian airport |
| Garrison information | |
| Occupants | No. 10 Service Flying Training School(S.F.T.S.) (1941-1945) |
| Airfield information | |
| Identifiers | IATA: none, ICAO: none |
| Elevation | 990 ft (300 m) AMSL |
| Runways  Direction Length and surface  14L/32R 2,700 ft (820 m) Hard Surface  14R/32L 2,700 ft (820 m) Hard Surface  2L/26R 2,610 ft (800 m) Hard Surface  2R/26L 2,610 ft (800 m) Hard Surface  8L/26R 2,720 ft (830 m) Hard Surface  8R/26L 2,720 ft (830 m) Hard Surface | |
| Airfields | |


title: Rader's FFT algorithm

abstract: Rader's algorithm (1968), named for Charles M. Rader of MIT Lincoln Laboratory, is a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of prime sizes by re-expressing the DFT as a cyclic convolution. Since Rader's algorithm only depends upon the periodicity of the DFT kernel, it is directly applicable to any other transform with a similar property, such as a number-theoretic transform or the discrete Hartley transform. The algorithm can be modified to gain a factor of two savings for the case of DFTs of real data, using a slightly modified re-indexing/permutation to obtain two half-size cyclic convolutions of real data; an alternative adaptation for DFTs of real data uses the discrete Hartley transform. Winograd extended Rader's algorithm to include prime-power DFT sizes p m, and today Rader's algorithm is sometimes described as a special case of Winograd's FFT algorithm, also called the multiplicative Fourier transform algorithm, which applies to an even larger class of sizes. However, for composite sizes such as prime powers, the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm is much simpler and more practical to implement, so Rader's algorithm is typically only used for large-prime base cases of Cooley–Tukey's recursive decomposition of the DFT.

text:
# Rader's FFT algorithm

**Rader's algorithm** (1968), named for Charles M. Rader of MIT Lincoln Laboratory, is a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of prime sizes by re-expressing the DFT as a cyclic convolution (the other algorithm for FFTs of prime sizes, Bluestein's algorithm, also works by rewriting the DFT as a convolution).

Since Rader's algorithm only depends upon the periodicity of the DFT kernel, it is directly applicable to any other transform (of prime order) with a similar property, such as a number-theoretic transform or the discrete Hartley transform.

The algorithm can be modified to gain a factor of two savings for the case of DFTs of real data, using a slightly modified re-indexing/permutation to obtain two half-size cyclic convolutions of real data; an alternative adaptation for DFTs of real data uses the discrete Hartley transform.

Winograd extended Rader's algorithm to include prime-power DFT sizes $p^{m}$, and today Rader's algorithm is sometimes described as a special case of Winograd's FFT algorithm, also called the *multiplicative Fourier transform algorithm* (Tolimieri et al., 1997), which applies to an even larger class of sizes. However, for composite sizes such as prime powers, the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm is much simpler and more practical to implement, so Rader's algorithm is typically only used for large-prime base cases of Cooley–Tukey's recursive decomposition of the DFT.

## Algorithm

Begin with the definition of the discrete Fourier transform:

$$X\_{k}=\sum \_{n=0}^{N-1}x\_{n}e^{-{\frac {2\pi i}{N}nk}\qquad k=0,\dots ,N-1.}$$

If *N* is a prime number, then the set of non-zero indices $n\in {}\\{1,\dots ,N-1\\}$ forms a group under multiplication modulo *N*. One consequence of the number theory of such groups is that there exists a generator of the group (sometimes called a primitive root, which can be found by exhaustive search or slightly better algorithms). This generator is an integer *g* such that $n=g^{q}{\pmod {N}}$ for any non-zero index *n* and for a unique $q\in {}\\{0,\dots ,N-2\\}$ (forming a bijection from *q* to non-zero *n*). Similarly, $k=g^{-p}{\pmod {N}}$ for any non-zero index *k* and for a unique $p\in {}\\{0,\dots ,N-2\\}$, where the negative exponent denotes the multiplicative inverse of $g^{p}\mod N$. That means that we can rewrite the DFT using these new indices *p* and *q* as:

$$X\_{0}=\sum \_{n=0}^{N-1}x\_{n},$$

$$X\_{g^{-p}=x\_{0}+\sum \_{q=0}^{N-2}x\_{g^{q}e^{-{\frac {2\pi i}{N}g^{-(p-q)}\qquad p=0,\dots ,N-2.}}}}$$

(Recall that *x**n* and *X**k* are implicitly periodic in *N*, and also that $e^{2\pi i}=1$ (Euler's identity). Thus, all indices and exponents are taken modulo *N* as required by the group arithmetic.)

The final summation, above, is precisely a cyclic convolution of the two sequences *a**q* and *b**q* (of length *N*1, because $q\in {}\\{0,\dots ,N-2\\}$) defined by:

$$a\_{q}=x\_{g^{q}}$$

$$b\_{q}=e^{-{\frac {2\pi i}{N}g^{-q}.}}$$

### Evaluating the convolution

Since *N*1 is composite, this convolution can be performed directly via the convolution theorem and more conventional FFT algorithms. However, that may not be efficient if *N*1 itself has large prime factors, requiring recursive use of Rader's algorithm. Instead, one can compute a length-(*N*1) cyclic convolution exactly by zero-padding it to a length of at least 2(*N*1)1, say to a power of two, which can then be evaluated in O(*N* log *N*) time without the recursive application of Rader's algorithm.

This algorithm, then, requires O(*N*) additions plus O(*N* log *N*) time for the convolution. In practice, the O(*N*) additions can often be performed by absorbing the additions into the convolution: if the convolution is performed by a pair of FFTs, then the sum of *x**n* is given by the DC (0th) output of the FFT of *a**q* plus *x*0, and *x*0 can be added to all the outputs by adding it to the DC term of the convolution prior to the inverse FFT. Still, this algorithm requires intrinsically more operations than FFTs of nearby composite sizes, and typically takes 310 times as long in practice.

If Rader's algorithm is performed by using FFTs of size *N*1 to compute the convolution, rather than by zero padding as mentioned above, the efficiency depends strongly upon *N* and the number of times that Rader's algorithm must be applied recursively. The worst case would be if *N*1 were 2*N*2 where *N*2 is prime, with *N*21 = 2*N*3 where *N*3 is prime, and so on. In such cases, supposing that the chain of primes extended all the way down to some bounded value, the recursive application of Rader's algorithm would actually require O(*N*2) time. Such *N*j are called Sophie Germain primes, and such a sequence of them is called a Cunningham chain of the first kind. The lengths of Cunningham chains, however, are observed to grow more slowly than log2(*N*), so Rader's algorithm applied in this way is probably not (*N*2), though it is possibly worse than O(*N* log *N*) for the worst cases. Fortunately, a guarantee of O(*N* log *N*) complexity can be achieved by zero padding.

1. C. M. Rader, "Discrete Fourier transforms when the number of data samples is prime," *Proc. IEEE* 56, 1107–1108 (1968).
2. S. Chu and C. Burrus, "A prime factor FTT \[*sic*\] algorithm using distributed arithmetic,"  *IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing* **30** (2), 217227 (1982).
3. Matteo Frigo and Steven G. Johnson, "The Design and Implementation of FFTW3," *Proceedings of the IEEE* **93** (2), 216–231 (2005).
4. S. Winograd, "On Computing the Discrete Fourier Transform", *Proc. National Academy of Sciences USA*, **73**(4), 10051006 (1976).
5. S. Winograd, "On Computing the Discrete Fourier Transform", *Mathematics of Computation*, **32**(141), 175199 (1978).
6. R. Tolimieri, M. An, and C.Lu, *Algorithms for Discrete Fourier Transform and Convolution*, Springer-Verlag, 2nd ed., 1997.
7. Donald E. Knuth, *The Art of Computer Programming, vol. 2: Seminumerical Algorithms*, 3rd edition, section 4.5.4, p. 391 (Addison–Wesley, 1998).


title: Radio Boys

abstract:
Radio Boys was the title of three series of juvenile fiction books published by rival companies in the United States in the 1920s:
  - Grosset & Dunlap - authored by "Allen Chapman", a Stratemeyer Syndicate pseudonym - 13 titles. The best known, and biggest seller of the three series:
    - The Radio Boys' First Wireless or Winning the Ferberton Prize
    - The Radio Boys at Ocean Point or The Message that Saved the Ship
    - The Radio Boys at the Sending Station or Making Good in the Wireless Room (1922)
    - The Radio Boys at Mountain Pass or The Midnight Call for Assistance
    - The Radio Boys Trailing a Voice or Solving a Wireless Mystery
    - The Radio Boys with the Forest Rangers or The Great Fire on Spruce Mountain
    - The Radio Boys with the Iceberg Patrol or Making Safe the Ocean Lanes
    - The Radio Boys with the Flood Fighters or Saving the City in the Valley
    - The Radio Boys on Signal Island or Watching for the Ships of Mystery
    - The Radio Boys in Gold Valley or The Mystery of the Deserted Mining Camp
    - The Radio Boys Aiding the Snowbound or Starvation Days at Lumber Run (1928)
    - The Radio Boys on the Pacific or Shipwrecked on An Unknown Island (1928)
    - The Radio Boys to the Rescue or The Search for the Barmore Twins (1930)
  - A. L. Burt Company - authored by Gerald Breckenridge - 10 titles. Unlike the other books in the series, which were published under pseudonyms, there appears to have really been a Gerald Breckenridge, a former journalist. Some of his papers were donated to Auburn University. According to radio listings that were published in the New York Times and other newspapers, Breckenridge was a guest on radio station Newark's WJZ three times during October 1922, reading selections from his latest "Radio Boys" book
  - M. A. Donohue & Co. - various authors - 6 titles There was also a related Radio Girls series, another Stratemeyer Syndicate product, published by Cupples & Leon and authored by "Margaret Penrose". All of these series were launched seemingly simultaneously in 1922 and the earliest books in each series were by far the biggest sellers, often incorporating details on how to build a crystal set. Later installments tended toward routine action adventure.

text:
# Radio Boys

**Radio Boys** was the title of three series of juvenile fiction books published by rival companies in the United States in the 1920s:

* Grosset & Dunlap \- authored by "Allen Chapman", a Stratemeyer Syndicate pseudonym \- 13 titles. The best known, and biggest seller of the three series:
    + The Radio Boys' First Wireless or Winning the Ferberton Prize
    + The Radio Boys at Ocean Point or The Message that Saved the Ship
    + The Radio Boys at the Sending Station or Making Good in the Wireless Room (1922)
    + The Radio Boys at Mountain Pass or The Midnight Call for Assistance
    + The Radio Boys Trailing a Voice or Solving a Wireless Mystery
    + The Radio Boys with the Forest Rangers or The Great Fire on Spruce Mountain
    + The Radio Boys with the Iceberg Patrol or Making Safe the Ocean Lanes
    + The Radio Boys with the Flood Fighters or Saving the City in the Valley
    + The Radio Boys on Signal Island or Watching for the Ships of Mystery
    + The Radio Boys in Gold Valley or The Mystery of the Deserted Mining Camp
    + The Radio Boys Aiding the Snowbound or Starvation Days at Lumber Run (1928)
    + The Radio Boys on the Pacific or Shipwrecked on An Unknown Island (1928)
    + The Radio Boys to the Rescue or The Search for the Barmore Twins (1930)

* A. L. Burt Company - authored by Gerald Breckenridge - 10 titles. Unlike the other books in the series, which were published under pseudonyms, there appears to have really been a Gerald Breckenridge, a former journalist. Some of his papers were donated to Auburn University. According to radio listings that were published in the New York Times and other newspapers, Breckenridge was a guest on radio station Newark's WJZ three times during October 1922, reading selections from his latest "Radio Boys" book

There was also a related Radio Girls series, another Stratemeyer Syndicate product, published by Cupples & Leon and authored by "Margaret Penrose".

All of these series were launched seemingly simultaneously in 1922 and the earliest books in each series were by far the biggest sellers, often incorporating details on how to build a crystal set (a simple radio receiver). Later installments tended toward routine action adventure.


title: Raagi

abstract: Raagi is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.

text:
# Raagi

**Raagi** is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.

## InfoBox

| Raagi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 57°38′42″N 27°02′52″E / 57.645°N 27.047777777778°E / 57.645; 27.047777777778 | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Võru County |
| Parish | Rõuge Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: RF&P Subdivision

abstract: The RF&P Subdivision is a railroad line operated by CSX Transportation and jointly owned by CSX and Virginia. It runs from Washington, D.C., to Richmond, Virginia, over lines previously owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad. The line's name pays homage to that railroad, which was a predecessor to the CSX.

text:
# RF&P Subdivision

| RF&P Subdivision |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

The **RF&P Subdivision** is a railroad line operated by CSX Transportation and jointly owned by CSX and Virginia. It runs from Washington, D.C., to Richmond, Virginia, over lines previously owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad. The line's name pays homage to that railroad, which was a predecessor to the CSX.

## Route description

At the northern (eastern) end of the line, the RF&P Sub connects to the Capital Subdivision, which runs to Baltimore, Maryland. Just before the Anacostia Railroad Bridge on the Capital Sub is the Virginia Avenue Tunnel. South (west) of the tunnel is a branch to the Amtrak First Street Tunnel, which leads to Washington Union Station and the Northeast Corridor. The Virginia Avenue Tunnel is used only for freight trains, while the First Street Tunnel is used only for passenger trains.

Continuing south, the RF&P Sub crosses the Potomac River over the Long Bridge into Northern Virginia, and passes through Alexandria and Fredericksburg stations, ending in Richmond at the Richmond Terminal Subdivision.

## Operations

The RF&P Sub is part of CSX Transportation's eastern seaboard line, and carries freight trains, as well as passenger trains for Amtrak and Virginia Railway Express (VRE). Freight traffic capacity on the subdivision has been improved by the modernization of the Virginia Avenue Tunnel. The tunnel is now double-tracked and has a higher vertical clearance, which allows the use of double-stack freight cars. South of Long Bridge is triple tracked until Franconia Station where it reduces to double track.

## Proposed modifications

In 2008 CSX proposed improvements to the RF&P Sub in what would be a public-private partnership, as part of its National Gateway initiative. The improvements would enable use of double-stack cars, and include a modified or rebuilt tunnel, and lowering of track levels at several presently-restricted roadway overpasses.

In 2019, the Commonwealth of Virginia announced that they would purchase track from CSX along the subdivision in order to expand passenger rail service. The acquisition included half of the existing right-of-way and 39 miles of existing 3rd and 4th tracks; this accompanied and cemented existing plans to build a new passenger-only span at Long Bridge, expanding stations along the line, and adding additional passenger-only sidings and tracks. The partial sale was completed in 2021.


title: Radio Vision 2000

abstract: Radio Vision 2000 is a radio station in Port-au-Prince, Haiti that broadcasts sports and national news, along with music. It is one of the most popular radio stations in Haiti.

text:
# Radio Vision 2000

**Radio Vision 2000** is a radio station in Port-au-Prince, Haiti that broadcasts sports and national news, along with music. It is one of the most popular radio stations in Haiti.

## InfoBox

Radio Vision 2000
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 99.3 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | French |
| Links | |
| Website | radiotelevision2000.com |


title: Radio art

abstract: Radio art is an aural art form that uses radio technology to transmit sound.

text:
# Radio art

Radio art is an aural art form that uses radio technology (i.e. radio transmission, airwaves) to transmit sound.

## Scope

Radio Art contributes to new media art - a digitally driven art movement growing in response to the informative technological revolution we live in. “From the artist's point of view radio is an environment to be entered into and acted upon, a site for various cultural voices to meet, converse, and merge in. These artists cross disciplines, raid all genres and recontextualize them into hybrids.”

The radio medium can be used in ways which are different from what it was intended for. In that sense, the way the message is transmitted and received by an audience is as important as the message itself. "As an aural art form it reaffirms that it's not just what we say, but the way we say it." In Victoria Fenner's words, "Radio art is art which is specifically composed for the medium of radio and is uniquely suited to be transmitted via the airwaves."

## Themes

Radio art projects can be collaborative including various professional sources, unifying an audio broadcast with science, experimentation, geography, entertainment, etc." Some have approached radio as an architectural space to be constructed sonically and linguistically; or as the site of an event, an arena, or stage. Some used it as a gathering place, or a conduit, a means to create community. Other artists have employed the media landscape itself as the narrative, while others looked into the body as the site and the source; the voicebox, the larynx become medium and metaphor."

## Styles

Styles include radio documentary, radio drama, soundscape, sound art, electroacoustic music, sound poetry, performance, open source, translation, interviews, audio galleries, sound poetry intended for the radio, spoken word, concerts, experimental narratives, sonic geographies, pseudo documentaries, radio cinema, conceptual and multimedia performances intended for the radio.

## Art radio and webradio

An art radio is a radio station that would dedicate every second of its transmission time to radio art. Although this kind of project can seem utopian in the traditional state of radio, there are few lasting experiences in the underground or community side such as London's ResonanceFM, and Upstate New York's WGXC which intend to make radio with art and promote the *art of listening*.

Also, radio had renewed itself through the Internet. The audio streaming technique had replaced the analogue transmitting system and artists can experiment on radio outside the legal constraints of an FM license for example. Among the webradios which are dedicated to radio art, some broadcast pieces like traditional radios. Some others directly experiment with the medium in the more concrete sense. Radio Astronomy broadcast sounds taken from outer space in real time. Le Poulpe is a networking experimental radio that mix several "spaces" processed and streamed through the Internet.


title: Rachel Knight

abstract: Rachel Knight was the African-American common-law wife to Confederate army deserter Newton Knight (1829-1922). In 1881 she was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. She was depicted by Gugu Mbatha-Raw in Gary Ross' 2016 feature film Free State of Jones.

text:
# Rachel Knight

**Rachel Knight** (1840 - February 11, 1889) was the African-American common-law wife to Confederate army deserter Newton Knight (1829-1922). In 1881 she was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. She was depicted by Gugu Mbatha-Raw in Gary Ross' 2016 feature film *Free State of Jones*.

## Life

### Early life

Rachel Knight was born into slavery to parents named Abraham and Viney in 1840 in Georgia. She was described as a 'Guinea Negro', "meaning she was racially mixed but did not look white nor was she light-skinned, but with 'nice hair' not kinky and shoulder length" similar to Australian aborigines. She was sixteen years of age when she was purchased by John "Jackie" Knight, one of "Jones County's largest slaveholders" in 1856. By this time she had given birth to two children, Rosetta and George Ann, whose father is unknown. In 1858 she gave birth to a son named Jeffrey who was fathered by Jesse Davis Knight, John "Jackie" Knight's son. In 1861, Jesse Davis Knight inherited Rachel as a part of his father's will, and by 1863 he fathered two more children with her, Edward in 1861 and Francis "Fanny" in 1863.

### Newton Knight and the Free State of Jones

Not much is known about the details of Rachel's life. Towards the end of the American Civil War, she helped Newton Knight, grandson of John "Jackie" Knight, evade capture by Confederate forces after his desertion from the army. Newton's story was portrayed in the 2016 film *Free State of Jones* where Newton was portrayed by Matthew McConaughey and Rachel was depicted by Gugu Mbatha-Raw. While Newton was initially married to Serena Turner, he eventually was separated from her and married Rachel. Together Newton and Rachel had two children, Martha Ann in 1865 and John Stewart in 1868.

### Rachel's Membership in the Church of Jesus Christ of Later-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began proselytizing in the South, Jones county in particular in the early 1880s. Rachel was baptized a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on February 2, 1881, by Elam Wells McBride and was confirmed by William Thompson Jr. Her daughter Martha Ann was also baptized in 1882 and John Stewart was baptized nine years later in 1891. Knight family researcher Kenneth Welch claims "Rachel traveled out to Utah but came back to Mississippi because it was too cold."

### Later life

According to United States census data, Rachel remained in Jasper County, Mississippi with Newton until her passing in 1889. According to family members "she died from having too many babies too close together", as she had delivered a child every two years from the time she was fourteen. Rachel was buried in the Knight family cemetery-one of the few interracial cemeteries in the state-and Newton would later be buried beside her.

## Legacy

Many of Rachel's children were encouraged by Newton to marry someone who was as close to white as possible, wanting to "erase that one drop of Negro blood in their veins." The Knight family mothered by Rachel grew to have a reputation as the "white Negroes" of Mississippi due to their light skin color and straight hair. As most of Rachel's later descendants were white passing, they fled to other states to start new lives in the 1920s and 1930s, enjoying opportunities that were unavailable to African Americans at the time .

### Davis Knight

Rachel's great-grandson, Davis Knight, married Junie Lee Spradley, a white woman in 1946. Two years later Davis was charged with violating the Mississippi state constitution that stated "the marriage of a white person with a negro or mulatto, or person who shall have one-eighth or more of negro blood, shall be unlawful and void." During his trial, Davis asserted to the court that he was white as "his wife believed him to be white and his Navy service records listed him as white." Initially the court proclaimed that because his great-grandmother, Rachel, was considered "a negro" that implicated Davis at least one-eighth Black and therefore was in violation of the law. This is an example of Mississippi's "one drop rule" which states that if an individual has any Black or African ancestry, they will be considered legally Black. He was sentenced to five years in prison. In 1949, Davis appealed his case and "the Supreme Court of Mississippi reversed his conviction." The Mississippi state laws against interracial marriage were nullified by the United States Supreme Court when it passed *Loving v. Virginia* in 1967 and formally repealed in the 1980s.

1. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Record of Members Collection, Mississippi Conference, Southern States Mission, CR 375 8, box 4256, folder 1, images 23-24, Church History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah. p. 136 line 2.
2. renegadesouth (2009-04-30). "The New Face of Rachel Knight?". *Renegade South*. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
3. Victoria Bynum, *The Free State of Jones: Mississippi's Longest Civil War* (University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
4. renegadesouth (2009-09-11). "Part 2: Yvonne Bivins on the History of Rachel Knight". *Renegade South*. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
5. The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, Supplement, Series 1. Vol. X: Mississippi Narrative, Pt. 5.
6. renegadesouth (2009-09-06). "Part 1: Yvonne Bivins on the History of Rachel Knight". *Renegade South*. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
7. "Mississippi History Now | The Mississippi Constitution of 1890 as originally adopted". *mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us*. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
8. MADEO. "Apr. 18, 1946 | Davis Knight Weds White Woman; Later Indicted for Interracial Marriage". *calendar.eji.org*. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
9. Bynum, Victoria E., 1998. "'White Negroes' in Segregated Mississippi: Miscegenation, Racial Identity, and the Law." The Journal of Southern History, 6 (3): 247-276. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2587946.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A6dff359d38975d05b062b12a0e3b83e5


title: Rachel Kollock McDowell

abstract: Rachel Kollock McDowell was an American journalist and the first religion editor of The New York Times, serving in that position from 1920 to 1948. She covered the city's religious activities, from weekly sermons to church construction, community organizing and welfare. During decades of rapid social change, she was known for her connections with Protestant and Catholic clergy, as well as Jewish rabbis, and paid special attention to interfaith efforts. She spoke nationally on religion, appearing at Chautauqua, and had a weekly radio show for a quarter of a century.

text:
# Rachel Kollock McDowell

**Rachel Kollock McDowell** (January 11, 1880 – August 30, 1949) was an American journalist and the first religion editor of *The New York Times*, serving in that position from 1920 to 1948. She covered the city's religious activities, from weekly sermons to church construction, community organizing and welfare. During decades of rapid social change, she was known for her connections with Protestant and Catholic clergy, as well as Jewish rabbis, and paid special attention to interfaith efforts. She spoke nationally on religion, appearing at Chautauqua, and had a weekly radio show for a quarter of a century.

## Early life and education

The daughter of Josephine Timanus and William Osborn McDowell, Rachel and her twin brother Malcolm were born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1880 as the third and fourth children of seven. Their father was a financier and businessman working in New York, with active interests in railroads and mining. He was also a civic organizer, founding the Sons of the American Revolution and helping with founding the Daughters of the American Revolution in the late nineteenth century. In addition to such heritage organizations, he supported Cuban independence from Spain and worked for international peace movements.

McDowell was educated in Newark and grew up in a strict Presbyterian household whose members attended three church services every Sunday. From an early age, she was interested in writing, and at the age of 15 was paid for her poem on the death of Queen Victoria, published in *The New York Journal*. She attended college at Union Theological Seminary in New York City.

## Career

McDowell was a committed career woman, becoming the only one of the seven McDowell children who did not marry. Years later, she said, "I had many beaux and many honest-to-goodness propositions, but I wanted to be an entity, not just a Mrs. Somebody."

As a young woman, she went to work for the Prudential Life Insurance Company in a job she disliked. Seeking a writing job, at age 22 she obtained a position as a reporter covering weddings and other society topics for the *Newark Evening News*. In 1908, she left the Newark paper for her first New York City newspaper job.

Beginning in 1908, she developed a "brilliant career" as a religious reporter and news editor of the *New York Herald* but worried when the paper was sold in 1920. She was hired the same week of the sale announcement by *The New York Times.* She was the first Religion Editor appointed at the *Times* and worked in that position until 1948.

Known for her pursuit of stories, McDowell knew clergy and rabbis throughout the city, from the top of the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies on down and a variety of Jewish rabbis. She was particularly interested in interfaith movements. She featured Catholic and Protestant clergy, as well as rabbis, in her regular Saturday features. Her pre-eminence in the field of religious news reporting earned her the nickname "Lady Bishop."

The reporter Meyer Berger of *The New York Times* tells the following story about her:

> When Bishop Manning called a press conference one day to announce a $10,000,000 campaign for the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, he held up his statement until she got there – 50 minutes late. "Miss McDowell," he told her in hurtful reproach, "we have been waiting for you for 50 minutes." A tall young man at one side of the room answered before Miss McDowell had quite caught her breath. "Your Reverence," he said quietly, "Miss McDowell – and The Times – are worth waiting 50 minutes for. Her defender, head of the Bishop's New York campaign committee, was Franklin D. Roosevelt."

McDowell recounted that one of her most notable memories was getting trapped in the mausoleum of Princess Anastasia of Greece after her funeral in 1923 at Woodlawn Cemetery in New York. An American heiress who married into the Greek royal family, the Princess had left instructions in her will that she should be interred with her parents at Woodlawn. McDowell had managed to learn the time and place of the secret burial, and gained access. After witnessing the funeral she went into the tomb to look at the names on other caskets and found herself locked in. She was unsuccessful in summoning help, but prayed until finally the door opened. It was an example of her persistence to get "exclusives"; she was credited with scores of them.

In 1935, *Time* magazine described her as "probably the ablest religious editor of any U. S. newspaper". While at the *Herald,* she founded the Pure Language League for newspaper writers, to discourage the use of blasphemous and profane language, and carried her campaign to the *Times.* She was known there for her annual message on New Year's Eve reminding writers to use pure language.

A devout Presbyterian, McDowell was invited to lecture on religion at venues across the country, with regular sessions at Chautauqua. For several years, she had a weekly program on religion on the radio. For more than 25 years, she wrote a weekly article for *The Presbyterian* (now *The Presbyterian Outlook*. After meeting with Pope Pius XI in 1935, she wrote about it and received in response more than 1,000 letters from around the world. Her short account was reprinted as *My Audience with the Holy Father* in 1936.

McDowell retired as result of ill health on December 31, 1948, and died less than a year later on August 30, 1949.

## Civic and professional life

McDowell was active in professional organizations, such as the New York City Women’s Press Club, the League of American PEN Women, and New Jersey Women’s Press Club. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution and supported its educational activities.


title: Rachel Kolly

abstract: Rachel Kolly, born 21 May 1981 in Lausanne, Switzerland, is a Swiss violinist. Considered a child prodigy at the violin, she started playing at the age of five.

text:
# Rachel Kolly

**Rachel Kolly** (formerly performing as Rachel Kolly d'Alba), born 21 May 1981 in Lausanne, Switzerland, is a Swiss violinist. Considered a child prodigy at the violin, she started playing at the age of five.

## Early life

Kolly took her first violin and piano lessons at the age of five. She studied at the Lausanne Conservatory where she received, at the age of 15, her diplomas for teaching the violin and for chamber music. She continued her studies at the University for Music and Drama in Berne in the class of the Slovenian violinist and teacher Igor Ozim. In addition to her violin studies, she studied orchestration with Jean Balissat, composition with Michael Jarrell in Geneva and contemporary chamber music with Bruno Canino. She also took master classes with Franco Gulli (Bloomington), Thomas Kakuska (Alban Berg Quartett), Thomas Brandis, Hansheinz Schneeberger, and Ivry Gitlis.

## Career

Considered one of the most successful Swiss soloists and recognized internationally, Kolly made her debut as a soloist at the age of twelve. She has appeared recently as a soloist with orchestras such as the NHK Symphony Orchestra, the Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi, the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne, the BBC Philharmonic, the Bern Symphony Orchestra, the Orchestre National des Pays de la Loire, the RAI National Symphony Orchestra, the Real Orquesta Seville, the Berne Chamber Orchestra, the Jenaer Philharmonie, the Orchestra della Svizzera Italiana, the National Symphony Orchestra of Lithuania, the Bienne Chamber Orchestra, the Orchestre de Chambre de Toulouse, the WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne, the hr-Sinfonieorchester (Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra), the Biel Symphonic Orchestra, and the Orchestre de Chambre Fribourgeois, and has worked with conductors such as François-Xavier Roth, Pascal Rophé, John Axelrod, Dmitri Kitayenko, Daniel Kawka, Laurent Gendre, Kaspar Zehnder, Jean-Jacques Kantorow, Zsolt Nagy, Hervé Klopfenstein, and Marc Kissoczy among others.

Kolly is regularly invited to play at renowned festivals such as Menuhin Festival Gstaad, Festival de Divonne, Festival Violon sur le Sable in Royan, Festival Beethoven in Chicago, Internazionale Festival di Musica in Este, Contemporary Music Festival Yerevan, Festival Schleswig Holstein, Festival de Menton, Encuentros and Mozarteum at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, the Chilean Sigall, International Festival of Flanders and Murten Classics.

Rachel Kolly plays a violin by Antonio Stradivari built in 1732.

Kolly has premiered many new works by such composers as Tristan Murail, Éric Gaudibert, Frederic Perreten, Valentin Villard, Fréderic Danel, Marco Attila, Katrin Frauchiger, Jonas Kocher, and Brice Catherin, among others.

In 2010 Kolly became the first Swiss musician to record for the Warner Music Group, signing worldwide with the major label Warner Classics. Her first CD with the label, *Passion Ysaÿe*, presenting the six violin sonatas by composer Eugène Ysaÿe, received unanimous praise in the international press. Her next release, as soloist with conductors Jean-Jacques Kantorow and John Axelrod, entitled *French Impressions*, features music for violin and orchestra by Saint-Saëns, Chausson, Ravel and Ysaÿe, and was released on the same label in October 2011. *French Impressions* won Best Recording of the Year in the Concerto category at the prestigious International Classical Music Awards (ICMA) 2012. Kolly won in a field of 215 nominees from classical music and recording reviews.

Rachel Kolly's third Warner Classics release, *American Serenade*, features works by American composers Gershwin, Bernstein and Waxman with the Orchestre National des Pays de la Loire conducted by Axelrod. Released worldwide in October 2012, it was rated five stars in the French magazine *Diapason* and in the BBC magazine, received the "Supersonic" award from the magazine *Pizzicato*, and was immediately nominated for the same ICMA award in 2013.

Season 2013/14 included concerts as a soloist with major orchestras around the world such as Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne, hr-Sinfonieorchester (Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra), and Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. Kolly debuted at the Wigmore Hall in London in 2014. Her following recording, *Fin de siècle*, was released in February 2015, presenting works by Chausson and Franck.

In September 2017, Kolly was awarded the Music Prize of the Canton of Vaud (Switzerland). *Lyrical Journey* was released in September 2017 and presents works by Richard Strauss and Guillaume Lekeu. It was nominated for an ICMA Award as best CD of the year 2018 in the chamber music category, receiving a Supersonic Award and 5 stars in the French Diapason magazine.

## Chronology and awards

* 1992 - First prize at the final of the "Swiss Young Musicians" Competition in Zürich, Switzerland
* 1993 - Debut as a soloist with orchestra in Johan Svendsen's Romance Op. 26
* 1996 - Instrument Diploma from the Lausanne Conservatory
* 1997 - Teaching Diploma from the Lausanne Conservatory, Switzerland. Awarded Paderewski Prize for excellence in the diploma
* 2000 - 1st Prize Kiefer Hablitzel Competition, Switzerland
* 2001 - 1st Prize Friedl Wald Competition, Switzerland
* 2002 - "Solistendiplom", Diploma as a soloist at the Hochschule der Künste, Bern, Switzerland
* 2003 - Creation of the ensemble Paul Klee, a contemporary music ensemble at the Zentrum Paul Klee in Bern. Intense chamber music activity, and world premieres of works in collaboration with numerous composers. Awarded the cultural prize from the Fondation Leenaards
* 2004 - Debut in Argentina at the Teatro Colon
* 2005 - 1st Prize at the International Cardona Competition, Portugal, and Prize for the best interpretation of a contemporary music piece
* 2006 - Recording of first CD *Recital - Musique Française* (Fauré, Ravel, Debussy)
* 2009 - Signed with the major label Warner Classics in London
* 2010 - First CD for Warner Classics *Passion Ysaÿe* presenting the 6 solo Sonatas by Eugène Ysaÿe. Awarded 5 Diapasons, recommended by Strad Magazine UK and Strings Magazine US. Debut in New York
* 2011 - Release of *French Impressions*, second CD as a soloist with orchestra for Warner Classics. Supersonic Award - Best CD of the Year. London debut at Wigmore Hall. Received a 1732 Stradivari violin
* 2012 - ICMA \- 2012 Winner - Best CD of the year in the concerto category for the CD *French Impressions*. Debut in Chicago. Debut in Italy as soloist with the Milan Symphony Orchestra in Karol Szymanowski's Concerto No. 1. Debut with the BBC Philharmonic in Max Bruch's "Concerto in G minor". Asian debut with the NHK SO in Tokyo in Maurice Ravel's "Tzigane" and Ernest Chausson's "Poëme". Release of third album *American Serenade* for violin and orchestra - Bernstein, Gershwin, Waxman, with John Axelrod, conductor. New nomination for an ICMA Award 2013 - 5 Diapasons - Recommendation Gramophone magazine - IRR - Classic FM - Supersonic Award - best CD of the year from Pizzicato magazine
* 2013 - First mission in Cambodia as an Ambassador for Handicap International. Spanish debut as a soloist with the Seville Royal Orchestra and debut with the WDR
* 2014 - Debut in the Netherlands with the Rotterdam Philharmonic in Johannes Brahms’ concerto. Debut with the BSO. Debut with HR Frankfurt Radio. Debut as a soloist in Finland (Concerto by Corigliano). Masterclasses in Paraguay for underprivileged children playing recycled instruments
* 2015 - Debut in Turkey as a soloist (Ankara). Debut in Chile as a Soloist (Santiago). Release of album *Fin de siècle* with the Swiss pianist Christian Chamorel and the Spektral Quartet of Chicago - Franck & Chausson. New nomination for CD *Fin de siècle* as best recording of the year 2016 in chamber music. Masterclasses in Paraguay for underprivileged children playing on recycled instruments. Humanitarian mission for children with AIDS (South America - Lapachos Association). Became honorary citizen of the city of Asunción (Paraguay) for her work with underpriviledged children, concerts, and masterclasses
* 2016 - Return as a soloist with the Royal Seville Orchestra in the concerto "1001 Nights in a harem" by Fazıl Say. Tour of Central America: Guatemala, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, USA. Debut with the Nürnberg Symphony Orchestra and recording
* 2017 - Awarded the "Prix musique 2017" of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Release of the CD *Lyrical Journey* featuring composers Guillaume Lekeu and Richard Strauss for Indésens with pianist Christian Chamorel. New nomination for an ICMA Award 2018 as best recording of the year in the chamber music category. 5 Diapasons - Supersonic Award
* 2018 - Appointed Music Director of a chamber music series in Switzerland
* 2020 - Release of the CD *Bach - Partitas*
* 2024 - Release of the CD *Brahms - Sonatas* with pianist Christian Chamorel.

## Personal life and other interests

Rachel Kolly lives in Porrentruy and Basel, Switzerland. Married to an Australian businessman, she has a daughter born in 2006. Her interests include writing, literature and travel.

A keen supporter of humanitarian causes, Kolly is an Ambassador for Handicap International. In March 2012, she traveled to Cambodia for her first mission. She is an honorary citizen of the city of Asunción (Paraguay) in recognition of her work with children with AIDS, her three consecutive seasons with the orchestra of the city of Asunción, and her masterclasses for the National Sonidos de la Tierra Program.

## Discography

* 2005 – Contemporary music from Switzerland and Armenia for violin and ensemble (including Vassena's violin concerto and compositions by Gaudibert, Frauchiger and others)
* 2006 – French recital for violin and piano (Debussy, Fauré, Ysaÿe, Lili Boulanger, Ravel) with Atena Carte, piano (released on Artlab)
* 2007 – *Tournée Européenne* (Concerto for violin and Choir by Nystedt, "Ave Maria") with the "Choeur des XVI" (released on Artlab)
* 2010 – *Passion Ysaÿe*, six solo sonatas by Eugène Ysaÿe (released on Warner Classics)
* 2011 – *French Impressions*, works for violin and orchestra by Ravel, Saint-Saëns, Chausson, Ysaÿe (released on Warner Classics)
* 2012 – *American Serenade*, works for violin and Orchestra by Bernstein, Gershwin, Waxman, with John Axelrod (released on Warner Classics)
* 2015 – *Fin de siècle*, works by Franck (sonata) and Chausson (Concert) with pianist Christian Chamorel and Spektral Quartet (released on Aparté)
* 2017 – *Lyrical Journey*, works by Strauss (sonata) and Lekeu (sonata) with pianist Christian Chamorel (released on Indesens)
* 2020 – *Bach Partitas* (released on Indesens)
* 2024 – *Brahms Sonatas* (released on Indesens)

1. *Migros Magazine* – most successful violinist in Switzerland (German):  Retrieved 21 September 2012.
2. *Sonntagszeitung* – the most talented Swiss violinist (German):  Retrieved 2 October 2011
3. *Audiophil* – a Swiss violinist conquered the musical world:  Retrieved 18 December 2011
4. *Le Matin* – first Swiss soloist signing with a major :  Retrieved 8 January 2012
5. *Chicago Tribune* – Kolly d'Alba made a sensational Chicago debut.  Retrieved 13 September 2012
6. *Youtube* – Violin Maker Philippe Girardin:  Retrieved 21 September 2012.
7. discussions with Jacques Ysaÿe: link on YouTube
8. Warner Classics, artists: www.warnerclassics Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
9. reviews about "Passion Ysaÿe": Press Archived 2011-11-14 at the Wayback Machine
10. John Axelrod, conductor: www.johnaxelrod
11. "Winners 2012".
12. List of reviews: http://racheldalba.com/page10/page130/index.html
13. Concert details, Wigmore Hall, 3 April 2014.
14. Prix Leenaards
15. French Recital
16. Passion Ysaÿe on Warner Classics
17. Album French Impression on Warner Classics
18. Winner ICMA 2012
19. American Serenade on Warner Classics
20. "Fin de siècle".
21. "FVPC - Fondation vaudoise pour la culture - Rachel Kolly d'Alba, violoniste". Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
22. Lyrical Journey chez Indésens
23. Links to some texts written by Rachel Kolly: writings
24. Link to pictures: Rachel Kolly's first mission to Cambodia

## InfoBox

| Rachel Kolly | |
| --- | --- |
| Rachel Kolly | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Rachel Elise Marie-Claude Kolly |
| Born | (1981-05-21) 21 May 1981 |
| Origin | Lausanne, Switzerland |
| Genres | Classical |
| Occupation | Violinist |
| Instrument | 1732 Stradivari |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Labels | Warner Classics |
|  | |
| Website | rachelkolly.com |


title: Radio Hill (Lahti)

abstract: Radio Hill is a hill located in the city centre of Lahti, Finland. It is part of the Salpausselkä ridge system, with its peak at an elevation of c. 140 metres (460 ft). The hill's earlier name was Selänmäki. After a cemetery was established there in the 1890s, the hill became known as Hautausmaanmäki. The cemetery, known today as Vanha hautausmaa, is closed to new interments. The hill gets its present name from the Lahti longwave transmitter station established there in 1927–1928, and operated by the country's public broadcaster, Yle, until its decommissioning in 1993. The Finnish Radio and TV Museum, known as Mastola, is now located on the site, operated as part of the City of Lahti municipal museums. As a highly visible reminder of the radio station, the twin radio masts remain, standing 150 metres (490 ft) high and 316 metres (1,037 ft) apart, forming a well-known landmark of Lahti. The hilltop milieu surrounding the earlier radio station has been designated by the Finnish Heritage Agency as a nationally important built cultural environment. The city's oldest track and field venue, opened in 1922, is also located on the hill by the foot of the radio masts.

text:
# Radio Hill (Lahti)

**Radio Hill** (Finnish: *Radiomäki*) is a hill located in the city centre of Lahti, Finland. It is part of the Salpausselkä ridge system, with its peak at an elevation of c. 140 metres (460 ft).

The hill's earlier name was *Selänmäki* ('Ridge Hill'). After a cemetery was established there in the 1890s, the hill became known as *Hautausmaanmäki* ('Cemetery Hill'). The cemetery, known today as *Vanha hautausmaa* ('Old Cemetery'), is closed to new interments.

The hill gets its present name from the Lahti longwave transmitter station established there in 1927–1928, and operated by the country's public broadcaster, Yle, until its decommissioning in 1993. The Finnish Radio and TV Museum, known as *Mastola*, is now located on the site, operated as part of the City of Lahti municipal museums.

As a highly visible reminder of the radio station, the twin radio masts remain, standing 150 metres (490 ft) high and 316 metres (1,037 ft) apart, forming a well-known landmark of Lahti.

The hilltop milieu surrounding the earlier radio station has been designated by the Finnish Heritage Agency as a nationally important built cultural environment (*Valtakunnallisesti merkittävä rakennettu kulttuuriympäristö*).

The city's oldest track and field venue (converted in winter to an open-air ice rink), opened in 1922, is also located on the hill by the foot of the radio masts.

## InfoBox

| Radio Hill | |
| --- | --- |
| Lahti radio masts on Radio Hill (seen in 2006) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 140 m (460 ft) |
| Coordinates | 60°58′46″N 25°38′49″E / 60.9795°N 25.647°E / 60.9795; 25.647 |
| Naming | |
| Etymology | Named after Lahti radio station |
| Native name | *Radiomäki* (Finnish) |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Country | Finland |
| Region | Päijänne Tavastia |
| City | Lahti |
| Parent range | Salpausselkä |
| Biome | Taiga |
| Geology | |
| Formed by | Terminal moraine |
| Orogeny | Younger Dryas |


title: Radio Horeb

abstract: Radio Horeb is a radio station in the German federal state of Bavaria. The studios are located in Balderschwang and Munich. The guideline for content is the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church. Radio Horeb belongs to The World Family of Radio Maria and finances its content exclusively from donations from its listeners.

text:
# Radio Horeb

**Radio Horeb** is a radio station in the German federal state of Bavaria. The studios are located in Balderschwang and Munich. The guideline for content is the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church. Radio Horeb belongs to The World Family of Radio Maria and finances its content exclusively from donations from its listeners.

## Programming

The ad-free program consists of five pillars: Liturgy, Christian spirituality, self-help, Christian music and news.

Daily a Holy Mass is broadcast live from various Catholic churches in Germany. The Liturgy of the Hours (Lauds, Vespers, Compline), Eucharistic adoration, and prayers of the Angelus, Rosary and the Stations of the Cross give the program a basic pious framework.

The station takes over the news from Vatican Radio every day at 4 pm, which is repeated at 2 am. In addition, the radio academy produced by Vatican Radio is taken over every day at 6 pm.

## History

Radio Horeb is named after the biblical Mount Horeb on the Sinai Peninsula. The two mountains in the lower part of Radio Horeb's blue logo symbolize Mount Horeb and at the same time the viewer could recognize an “M” which stands for the Virgin Mary.

The "International Christian Broadcasting Association" (ICR eV), based at that time in Ingolstadt, received local broadcasting times as "Radio Neues Europa" in the mid-1980s FM frequencies in southern Germany. In Munich, the program from Radio Neues Europa was initially always available on Sundays. In 1995 the German priest Richard Kocher was elected chairman of the ICR e.V. Due to his work as the parish administrator of St. Anton in Balderschwang, the radio activities increasingly shifted to Oberallgäu. Radio Horeb's administrative center was later set up in Immenstadt im Allgäu.

On the feast of the Immaculate Conception (8 December) in 1996, the Österreichischer Rundfunk went on air for the first time a Catholic 24-hour radio programme, called *Radio Horeb*, via the Astra satellite. The radio station was modeled on Radio Maria Italy, which had quickly risen to become one of the most popular radio stations in Italy. In Munich, broadcasting continued over FM under the name “Radio Neues Europa”. In 2000 the name was changed to *Radio Horeb Munich*.

The program has also been broadcast in Leipzig via DVB-T since November 2007 (in regular operation since May 2010). Further locations were planned in Dresden, Chemnitz and Zwickau. The broadcasting operations in Berlin that started in September 2005 were shut down in January 2014. As part of the changeover to DVB-T2 at the end of March 2017, the broadcaster abandoned this transmission path and abandoned the remaining DVB-T locations.

On 18 August in 2008 the groundbreaking was in Balderschwang for a new studio, as a replacement for the previous studio in Almhof Lässer. A sixty square meter chapel is integrated into the studio.

## InfoBox

Radio Horeb
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Oberallgäu |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | German |
| Format | Catholic |
| Affiliations | The World Family of Radio Maria |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Internationale Christliche Rundfunkgemeinschaft e. V. |
| History | |
| Founded | 1996 (1996) |
| Links | |
| Webcast | https://rs16.stream24.net/horeb.mp3 |
| Website | http://www.horeb.org/ |


title: Rafael Navarro (comics)

abstract: Rafael Navarro is an independent American comic-book artist best known for creating the Xeric Award winning series, Sonambulo, which cleverly blends elements of Lucha Libre and the noir genre. He has collaborated with Keith Rainville and has had work featured in Rainville's From Parts Unknown Publications. Navarro also has experience in storyboarding and has acted as a contributor to several animated television series as Rugrats and ¡Mucha Lucha!. A longtime friend of fellow creator Javier Hernandez, Navarro makes a cameo appearance in the film adaptation of El Muerto: The Aztec Zombie.

text:
# Rafael Navarro (comics)

**Rafael Navarro** (born 1967 in Sonora, Mexico) is an independent American comic-book artist best known for creating the Xeric Award winning series, *Sonambulo*, which cleverly blends elements of Lucha Libre and the noir genre. He has collaborated with Keith Rainville and has had work featured in Rainville's *From Parts Unknown Publications*. Navarro also has experience in storyboarding and has acted as a contributor to several animated television series as *Rugrats* and *¡Mucha Lucha!*. A longtime friend of fellow creator Javier Hernandez, Navarro makes a cameo appearance in the film adaptation of *El Muerto: The Aztec Zombie*.

## InfoBox

| Rafael Navarro | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Rafael Navarro
1967
Sonora, Mexico |
| Nationality | American |
| Area(s) | Writer
Penciller
Inker |
| Pseudonym(s) | *Raf* |
| Notable works | *Sonambulo* |
| Awards | Xeric Foundation Award |


title: Wanted by the Police

abstract: Wanted by the Police is a 1938 American crime film directed by Howard Bretherton and written by Wellyn Totman. The film stars Frankie Darro, Evalyn Knapp, Robert Kent, Matty Fain, Lillian Elliott and Don Rowan. The film was released on September 21, 1938, by Monogram Pictures.

text:
# Wanted by the Police

***Wanted by the Police*** is a 1938 American crime film directed by Howard Bretherton and written by Wellyn Totman. The film stars Frankie Darro, Evalyn Knapp, Robert Kent, Matty Fain, Lillian Elliott and Don Rowan. The film was released on September 21, 1938, by Monogram Pictures.

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Wanted by the Police | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Howard Bretherton |
| Screenplay by | Wellyn Totman |
| Story by | Donn O'Mullally
Sally Sandlin |
| Produced by | Lindsley Parsons |
| Starring | Frankie Darro
Evalyn Knapp
Robert Kent
Matty Fain
Lillian Elliott
Don Rowan |
| Cinematography | Bert Longenecker |
| Production
company | Monogram Pictures |
| Distributed by | Monogram Pictures |
| Release date | * September 21, 1938 (1938-09-21) |
| Running time | 59 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Mark Frank (athlete)

abstract: Mark Fränk is a retired German track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. His personal best throw is 84.88 m, achieved in 2005.

text:
# Mark Frank (athlete)

**Mark Fränk** (born 21 June 1977 in Neustrelitz) is a retired German track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. His personal best throw is 84.88 , achieved in 2005.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Germany | | | | |
| 1999 | European U23 Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 3rd | 77.62 m |
| 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 8th | 77.56 m |
| | World Athletics Final | Monte Carlo, Monaco | 5th | 81.81 m |
| 2009 | World Athletics Final | Thessaloniki, Greece | 3rd | 82.46 m |
| 2011 | World Championships | Daegu, South Korea | 8th | 81.81 m |

## Seasonal bests by year

* 1999 - 77.62
* 2001 - 78.54
* 2002 - 83.24
* 2003 - 80.55
* 2004 - 81.21
* 2005 - **84.88**
* 2006 - 81.98
* 2007 - 82.23
* 2009 - 83.86
* 2010 - 80.46
* 2011 - 82.54
* 2012 - 81.50


abstract: The Mykolaiv Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, commonly referred to as the Mykolaiv CPU obkom, was the position of highest authority in the Mykolaiv Oblast, in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. The position was created on September 22, 1937, and abolished in August 1991. The First Secretary was a de facto appointed position usually by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine or the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine.

text:
# Mykolaiv Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine

The **Mykolaiv Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine**, commonly referred to as the **Mykolaiv CPU obkom**, was the position of highest authority in the Mykolaiv Oblast, in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. The position was created on September 22, 1937, and abolished in August 1991. The First Secretary was a de facto appointed position usually by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine or the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine.

## List of First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Mykolaiv

| Name | Term of Office | | Life years |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Start | End | |
| First Secretaries of the Oblast Committee of the Communist Party | | | |
| Mykola Volkov | September 1937 | April 27, 1938 | 1898–1938 |
| Pavlo Staryhin | April 1938 | 1938 | 1897–19.. |
| Serhiy Butyrin | 1938 | 1941 | 1900–1942 |
| *Nazi German occupation (1941–1943)* | | | |
| Ivan Filippov | 1943 | 1947 | 1905–1960 |
| Andrei Kirilenko | 1947 | 1950 | 1906–1990 |
| Andriy Malenkin | April 1950 | 1961 | 1906–1990 |
| Oleksandr Ivashchenko | 1961 | December 1964 | 1916–19.. |
| Tymofiy Barylnyk | January 1963 | December 1964 | 1909–1987 |
| Trokhym Poplyovkin | December 1964 | March 1969 | 1915–1977 |
| Yakiv Pohrebnyak | March 1969 | March 1971 | 1928– |
| Volodymyr Vaslyayev | March 1971 | October 4, 1980 | 1924–1980 |
| Leonid Sharayev | October 16, 1980 | May 25, 1990 | 1935– |
| Ivan Hrytsai | May 25, 1990 | January 10, 1991 | 1938– |
| Volodymyr Matveyev | January 10, 1991 | August 1991 | 1943– |

## Sources

* World Statesmen.org


title: North Wales Gazette

abstract: North Wales Gazette was a weekly English language newspaper established in 1808 by the Broster family. The circulation area was North Wales.

text:
# North Wales Gazette

***North Wales Gazette*** was a weekly English language newspaper established in 1808 by the Broster family. The circulation area was North Wales.

## InfoBox

North Wales Gazette
| North Wales gazette: or, general advertizer for the northern counties of the Principality, viz., Anglesey, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth, and Montgomery | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | weekly newspaper |
| Owner(s) | John Broster (1808; 1816), Charles Broster (1817; 1827) |
| Publisher | John Broster, Charles Broster |
| Launched | 5 January 1808 |
| Ceased publication | 4 October 1827 |
| Relaunched | North Wales Chronicle |
| City | Bangor |
| Country | Wales |
| Circulation | North Wales |
| OCLC number | 35849483 |
|  | |


title: Lizard, Iowa

abstract: Lizard is a former unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, in the U.S. state of Iowa. Lizard was first settled in 1857 and acquired a school district in 1860. A post office was established in 1868 and a Catholic church in 1871. The post office closed in 1902 and the church in 1984. The community was briefly known as Buda.

text:
# Lizard, Iowa

**Lizard** is a former unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, in the U.S. state of Iowa.

Lizard was first settled in 1857 and acquired a school district in 1860. A post office was established in 1868 and a Catholic church in 1871. The post office closed in 1902 and the church in 1984.

The community was briefly known as **Buda**.

## Geography

The community was on County Road C66 near the junction of 320th Avenue.

## History

Lizard was founded in Lizard Township, and takes its name from nearby Lizard Creek. Lizard was one of the earliest settlements in Pocahontas County, with John Quinlan and his family being the first to settle there in 1857. Early religious services took place in the homes of Patrick Forey and James T. White. In 1858, according to *The Pioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa*, "a few more settlers came to the Lizard settlement".

The Lizard School District was formed in 1860.

The Lizard post office was established in December 1868, was renamed Buda in 1872, was returned to the name Lizard in 1875, was discontinued in 1884, was reestablished in 1891, and was discontinued in 1902, with the establishment of Rural Free Delivery.

A number of other businesses and organizations were also located in Lizard. A store and inn, first owned by Garret Shoonmaker, operated in the 1880s; for a number of years, the post office was also located here.

The Lizard Catholic Church was dedicated on July 6, 1871. It was renamed St. Patrick on the Lizard Catholic Church. The building was replaced in 1930; the church observed its centennial on September 17, 1972, and closed in 1984.

Gradually, Lizard declined as a settlement. Lizard's population was just 6 residents in 1915.

## InfoBox

| Lizard, Iowa | |
| --- | --- |
| former unincorporated community | |
| Lizard, Iowa | |
| Coordinates: 42°38′05″N 94°30′40″W / 42.63472°N 94.51111°W / 42.63472; -94.51111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Iowa |
| County | Pocahontas |
| Elevation | 1,197 ft (365 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 464100 |


abstract: The London Borough of Haringey maintains 240 hectares of parks and open spaces. By 2015, 20 of these were accredited with a Green Flag Award. Until their disbandment in April 2009, the parks were patrolled by the Haringey Parks Constabulary.

text:
# Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Haringey

The London Borough of Haringey maintains 240 hectares (590 acres) of **parks and open spaces**. By 2015, 20 of these were accredited with a Green Flag Award. Until their disbandment in April 2009, the parks were patrolled by the Haringey Parks Constabulary.

## List of Parks and Open Spaces

### Local Nature Reserves

Haringey Council maintains three local nature reserves.

### Parks not maintained by Haringey Council


title: Hills of Old Wyoming

abstract: Hills of Old Wyoming is a 1937 American Western film directed by Nate Watt and written by Maurice Geraghty, the 10th film of the 66 Hopalong Cassidy movies. The film stars William Boyd, George "Gabby" Hayes, Morris Ankrum, Russell Hayden, Gail Sheridan, John Beach and Clara Kimball Young, Russell Hayden makes his first appearances. The film was released on April 16, 1937, by Paramount Pictures.

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# Hills of Old Wyoming

***Hills of Old Wyoming*** is a 1937 American Western film directed by Nate Watt and written by Maurice Geraghty, the 10th film of the 66 Hopalong Cassidy movies. The film stars William Boyd, George "Gabby" Hayes, Morris Ankrum, Russell Hayden, Gail Sheridan, John Beach and Clara Kimball Young, Russell Hayden makes his first (of 27 consecutive) appearances. The film was released on April 16, 1937, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

An evil deputy is using Indian mixed-blood individuals to rustle cattle. This causes trouble between the cattlemen and the Indians. Hoppy, Windy and Lucky see that justice is served. Songs abound.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Hills of Old Wyoming | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Nate Watt |
| Screenplay by | Maurice Geraghty |
| Based on | *The Round-Up*
1933 novel
by Clarence E. Mulford |
| Produced by | Harry Sherman |
| Starring | William Boyd
George "Gabby" Hayes
Morris Ankrum
Russell Hayden
Gail Sheridan
John Beach
Clara Kimball Young |
| Cinematography | Archie Stout |
| Edited by | Robert B. Warwick Jr. |
| Music by | Lee Zahler |
| Production
company | Paramount Pictures |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * April 16, 1937 (1937-04-16) |
| Running time | 78 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Nowa Ukta

abstract: Nowa Ukta is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ruciane-Nida, within Pisz County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Ruciane-Nida, 22 km (14 mi) north-west of Pisz, and 67 km (42 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

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# Nowa Ukta

**Nowa Ukta** \[ˈnɔva ˈukta\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ruciane-Nida, within Pisz County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Ruciane-Nida, 22 km (14 mi) north-west of Pisz, and 67 km (42 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Nowa Ukta | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nowa Ukta | |
| Coordinates: 53°42′6″N 21°30′0″E / 53.70167°N 21.50000°E / 53.70167; 21.50000 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Pisz |
| Gmina | Ruciane-Nida |
| Population | 180 |


title: North–South Ski Bowl

abstract: North–South Ski Bowl was a modest ski area in the western United States, located in northern Idaho in the Hoodoo Mountains of southern Benewah County. Its bowl-shaped slope in the Idaho Panhandle National Forest faced northeast and the vertical drop was just under 400 feet (120 m) on Dennis Mountain, accessed from State Highway 6, south of Emida and north of Harvard. An "upside-down" ski area, the parking lot and lodge were at the top, less than a mile east of the highway, formerly designated as 95A. The access road meets the highway at its crest, just under 3,600 feet (1,100 m), and climbs about two hundred feet (60 m); the border with Latah County is approximately two miles (3 km) south.

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# North–South Ski Bowl

**North–South Ski Bowl** was a modest ski area in the western United States, located in northern Idaho in the Hoodoo Mountains of southern Benewah County.

Its bowl-shaped slope in the Idaho Panhandle National Forest faced northeast and the vertical drop was just under 400 feet (120 m) on Dennis Mountain, accessed from State Highway 6, south of Emida and north of Harvard. An "upside-down" ski area, the parking lot and lodge were at the top, less than a mile east of the highway, formerly designated as 95A (U.S. 95 Alternate). The access road meets the highway at its crest ("Harvard Hill"), just under 3,600 feet (1,100 m), and climbs about two hundred feet (60 m); the border with Latah County is approximately two miles (3 km) south.

## History

With a day lodge built in the late 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) through the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the ski area was developed by the U.S. Forest Service, and originally owned and operated by Washington State College (Pullman is approximately fifty miles (80 km) southwest, about an hour by vehicle). In the early 1950s, it was known as the "St. Joe Ski Bowl," and prior to that as the "Emida Ski Bowl." After a poor snow year in 1958, it was sold to a private owner, Fred Craner and his brother, Merle, and a platter lift was added in 1959.

It was the primary training area for the WSU and UI intercollegiate ski teams, and included a ski jump. The Ramskull Ski club formed in 1960, named for the creek of the ski area. The road from the highway was improved and parking areas expanded in 1962.

Closed for the 1969–70 season, the students of WSU (ASWSU) regained ownership and operated North–South until 1980. Additions included a chairlift in 1970, and a new lodge in 1976, and the area was lit for night skiing. The area got into financial difficulty in 1979, and the students searched for a buyer. After leasing it to a private operator in 1980 for four seasons, ASWSU sold the area outright in 1984.

## Present day

With an aging chairlift and inconsistent snowfall at a low elevation, alpine skiing was discontinued in the 1990s. The entrance area near the highway is now a "Park 'n' Ski" area for cross-country skiing and the top of the former ski area is home to Palouse Divide Lodge, a private conference and retreat facility.

## InfoBox

| North-South Ski Bowl | |
| --- | --- |
| North-South Ski BowlLocation in the western United StatesNorth-South Ski BowlNorth-South Ski Bowl (Idaho) | |
| Location | St. Joe National Forest
(Idaho Panhandle N.F.)
Benewah County, Idaho, U.S. |
| Nearest major city | Emida – 10 mi (16 km)
Moscow – 40 mi (65 km) |
| Coordinates | 47°03′58″N 116°39′36″W / 47.066°N 116.660°W / 47.066; -116.660 |
| Vertical | 398 ft (121 m) |
| Top elevation | 3,788 ft (1,155 m) AMSL |
| Base elevation | 3,390 ft (1,033 m) |
| Skiable area | 28 acres (11 ha) |
| Lift system | 1 chairlift,
1 surface tow |
| Snowmaking | none |
| Night skiing | 22 acres (9 ha) |


title: Nowy horyzont

abstract: Nowy horyzont is the first studio album by SBB, released in 1975 by Polskie Nagrania Muza. It was reissued by Metal Mind Productions in 2004 and 2005 with four additional tracks.

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# Nowy horyzont

***Nowy horyzont*** (lit.'New horizon') is the first studio album by SBB, released in 1975 by Polskie Nagrania Muza. It was reissued by Metal Mind Productions in 2004 and 2005 with four additional tracks.

## Track listing

### Side A

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Na pierwszy ogień" |  | Józef Skrzek | 3:15 |
| 2. | "Błysk" |  | Skrzek | 2:45 |
| 3. | "Nowy horyzont" |  | Skrzek | 7:47 |
| 4. | "Ballada o pięciu głodnych" | Julian Matej | Skrzek, Anthimos Apostolis, Jerzy Piotrowski | 3:55 |

### Side B

| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5. | "Wolność z nami" | Skrzek, Apostolis, Piotrowski | 20:00 |

### Metal Mind Productions reissue bonus tracks

| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | "Xeni" | Skrzek, Apostolis, Piotrowski | 6:39 |
| 7. | "Penia" | Skrzek, Apostolis, Piotrowski | 15:59 |
| 8. | "Dyskoteka" | Skrzek, Apostolis, Piotrowski | 6:55 |
| 9. | "Na pierwszy ogień" | Skrzek | 6:49 |

## Personnel

Source:

## InfoBox

| Nowy horyzont | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by SBB | |
| Released | 1975 |
| Genre | Progressive rock, psychedelic rock, jazz-rock, hard rock |
| Length | 40:07 |
| Label | Polskie Nagrania Muza |
| SBB chronology | |
| *SBB*
(1974) ***Nowy horyzont***
(1975) *Pamięć*
(1976) | |