title: 1935 Swiss referendums

text:
# 1935 Swiss referendums

Four referendums were held in Switzerland during 1935. The first was held on 24 February on a federal law reorganising the military, and was approved by voters. The second was held on 5 May on a federal law on the transport of goods and animals on roads, and was rejected by two-thirds of voters. The third was held on 2 June on a popular initiative "to combat the economic crisis" and was also rejected by voters. The fourth was held on 8 September on a popular initiative "for a total revision of the federal constitution", and was rejected by 72% of voters.

## Background

The June referendum on the popular initiative "to combat the economic crisis" was a mandatory referendum, requiring a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half. The February and March referendums were "optional", whilst the September referendum was a "process initiating decision", both of which required only a majority of the public vote.

## Results

### February: Reorganisation of the military

| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| For | 507,434 | 54.2 |
| Against | 429,520 | 45.8 |
| Blank votes | 11,459 |  |
| Invalid votes | 2,267 |  |
| **Total** | **950,680** | **100** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,189,573 | 79.9 |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | | |

### May: Transport of goods and animals

| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| For | 232,954 | 32.3 |
| Against | 487,169 | 67.7 |
| Blank votes | 30,393 |  |
| Invalid votes | 1,210 |  |
| **Total** | **751,726** | **100** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,190,054 | 63.2 |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | | |

### June: Combating the economic crisis

| Choice | Popular vote | | Cantons | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | % | Full | Half | Total |
| For | 425,242 | 42.8 | 4 | 2 | 5 |
| Against | 567,425 | 57.2 | 15 | 4 | 17 |
| Blank votes | 12,575 |  |  |  |  |
| Invalid votes | 2,043 |  |  |  |  |
| **Total** | **1,007,285** | **100** | **19** | **6** | **22** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,194,129 | 84.4 |  |  |  |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | | | | | |

### September: Total revision of the constitution

| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| For | 196,135 | 27.7 |
| Against | 511,578 | 72.3 |
| Blank votes | 17,853 |  |
| Invalid votes | 1,497 |  |
| **Total** | **727,063** | **100** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,193,941 | 60.9 |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | | |


title: Ludwig Schmitz-Kallenberg

abstract: Ludwig Schmitz-Kallenberg was a German archivist and historian of Westphalia. He studied history at the University of Freiburg, Münster Academy and Leipzig University, receiving his doctorate in 1891. In 1893 he took a study trip to Rome via a scholarship from the Görres Society, and from 1896 worked as an archivist for the Historical Commission for Westphalia. In 1899 he became a lecturer at Münster, where in 1918 he was named an honorary full professor. From 1921 to 1932 he served as director of the state archives in Münster. He was an editor of journals Westfalen (1909–25) and Westfälische Zeitschrift (1923–25), and from 1915 to 1926 edited the Geschichtliche Darstellungen und Quellen.

text:
# Ludwig Schmitz-Kallenberg

**Ludwig Schmitz-Kallenberg** (10 June 1867, in Rheydt – 22 April 1937, in Münster) was a German archivist and historian of Westphalia.

He studied history at the University of Freiburg, Münster Academy and Leipzig University, receiving his doctorate in 1891. In 1893 he took a study trip to Rome via a scholarship from the Görres Society, and from 1896 worked as an archivist for the Historical Commission for Westphalia. In 1899 he became a lecturer at Münster, where in 1918 he was named an honorary full professor. From 1921 to 1932 he served as director of the state archives in Münster.

He was an editor of journals *Westfalen* (1909–25) and *Westfälische Zeitschrift* (1923–25), and from 1915 to 1926 edited the *Geschichtliche Darstellungen und Quellen* ("Historical Representations and Sources").

## Selected works

* *Geschichte der Herrschaft Rheydt*, 1897  History of the dominion of Rheydt.
* *Inventare der nichtstaatlichen Archive des Kreises Ahaus*, 1899  Inventories of the non-state archives of Ahaus.
* *Urkunden des fürstlich Salm-Salm'schen Archives in Anholt, des fürstlich Salm-Horstmar'schen Archives in Coesfeld und der herzoglich Croy'schen Domänenadministration in Dülmen* (1902–04)  Documents of the princely Salm-Salm archives in Anholt, the princely Salm-Horstmar archives in Coesfeld and the ducal Croy domain administration in Dülmen.
* *Die Lehre von den Papsturkunden*, 1906  The doctrine of papal documents.
* *Urkundenlehre* (3 volumes, 1907–11, with Wilhelm Erben and Oswald Redlich).
* *Monasticon Westfaliae. Verzeichnis der im Gebiet der Provinz Westfalen bis zum Jahre 1815 gegründeten Stifter, Klöster und sonstigen Ordensniederlassungen*, 1909  Monasticon Westfalia. List of donors, monasteries and other religious settlements founded in the province of Westphalia up to 1815.
* *Historiographie und Quellen der deutschen Geschichte bis 1500* (with Max Jansen, 1914)  Historiography and sources of German history up until 1500.
* *Inventare der nichtstaatlichen Archive des Kreises Büren*, 1915  Inventories of the non-state archives of the district of Büren.
* *Monumenta Budicensia: Quellen zur Geschichte des Augustiner-Chorherrenstiftes Bödeken in Westfalen*, 1815  Monumenta Budicensia: Sources of the history of the Augustinian monastery Bödeken in Westphalia.


title: Victor Duval

abstract: Victor Diederichs Duval was a British suffragist. He founded the Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement (MPU) in 1910.

text:
# Victor Duval

**Victor Diederichs Duval** (16 March 1879 – 4 October 1945) was a British suffragist. He founded the Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement (MPU) in 1910.

## Early life

Duval was the son of Emily Hayes and Ernest Charles Augustus Diederichs Duval, a German immigrant of potentially Jewish background. His mother and maternal aunt are both recorded as having been members of the Jewish League for Woman Suffrage. Duval came from a middle class family, all of whom supported votes for women.

His parents, as well his siblings, were fellow suffragists. Most notably his sister Elsie Duval, who was the second person to be released under the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913 (the so-called "Cat and Mouse law"), and was married to fellow suffrage campaigner Hugh Franklin.

## Activism

### Liberals

When the Liberal government refused to recognise women's right to vote, Duval, who was the secretary of the Clapham League of Young Liberals, resigned the party in protest, he rejoined after women in the UK were granted the right to vote.

After witnessing a woman being shovingly ejected from a Liberal gathering, he said: "The men who identify as liberals make me ashamed. They have insulted women, pulled the liberal flag into the street, and trampled on it, and for that I am ashamed of them."

### MPU

The Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement (MPU) was established in 1910 by Victor Duval for men who wished to support the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) but were unable to do so because of their sex. The MPU was non-partisan and welcomed members who shared its core values to "obtain for women the parliamentary vote on the same terms as it is or may be granted to males" regardless of their political beliefs.

When suffragette activism became more militant and women were more likely to be physically assaulted and arrested, the MPU operated as an unofficial bodyguard to protect them, putting its members at risk of serious injury, assault, and imprisonment.

Prior to this, Duval had been a committed supporter of the Women's Social and Political Union as well as the Women's Freedom League, both of which his family still supported.

### Arrests & Imprisonments

Duval was arrested and imprisoned at least three times for women's suffrage. In July 1909, Duval was charged with “Aiding and abetting Marion Wallace Dunlop, in wilful and malicious damage to the stone work of St. Stephen’s Hall, House of Commons, by stamping it with an indelible rubber stamp, to the value of ten shillings. Duval went to prison again in 1910 after disrupting a meeting attended by David Lloyd George. In 1911 Duval was jailed again for five days for his activism.

### Publications

Duval published a leaflet titled "An Appeal to Men" in 1910 to persuade men to take up the militant struggle for women's suffrage.

Duval later published 'Why I Went to Prison' as a political pamphlet in response to his detentions and arrests.

## Marriage controversy

Before she married Duval in 1912, Suffragette Una Dugdale (1885–1945) caused a national uproar (1885–1945) by announcing she wouldn't include the term "obey" in her wedding vows, but she changed her mind after learning this could cast doubt on the legality of the marriage. The wedding took place at Savoy Chapel. Dame Christabel Pankhurst, Lady Constance Lytton, and the Pethick-Lawrences wore WSPU colours at the wedding. The couple had two daughters.

## InfoBox

| Victor Duval | |
| --- | --- |
| "An Appeal to Men" | |
| Born | (1879-03-16)16 March 1879
Wandsworth, London, England |
| Died | (1945-10-04)4 October 1945 (aged 66)
Lancashire, England |
| Known for | Suffragist |
| Spouse | Una Duval (m. 1912) |
| Children | 2 |
| Parent | Emily Duval |
| Relatives |  |


title: Merrelyn Emery

abstract: Merrelyn Emery is an Australian social scientist and adjunct professor at Department of Applied Human Sciences, Concordia University, and has a first class honours degree from University of New England (Australia) and a PhD from University of New South Wales. She is best known for her work with Fred Emery on the theoretical framework called Open Systems Theory (OST), including refinement of the related Search Conference participative planning process and Participative Design Workshop methodology, both which are part of the dialogic organization development toolset. Since 1970, she has worked to develop both the theory and methods of open systems using action research with organizations and communities. She was a faculty member at Australian National University and has served on several diverse community and educational organizations around the world. She regards humans as "innately social animals; we grow only according to the density of interconnections we share with a group," and that "the basic unit of society is the group, not the individual". These groups, be it families, communities, and organizations, is in OST seen as an open social system that transacts with its environment, the external social field, and co-evolution and active adaptation is needed for sustainability and harmony. Socioecology captures the notion of people-in-environments. Included within this is the concept of open, jointly optimized, sociotechnical systems, optimizing human purposefulness and creativity, and the best options afforded by changing technologies. This can be achieved by employing the two-stage model, the Search Conference and the Participative Design Workshop, whose purpose is to create change toward a world that is consciously designed by people, and for people, living harmoniously within their ecological systems, both physical and social. "As the purpose of the two-stage model is to build a community, most work takes place in plenary, generating excitement, joy, and the energy that powers diffusion."

text:
# Merrelyn Emery

**Merrelyn Emery** (27 April 1940) is an Australian social scientist and adjunct professor at Department of Applied Human Sciences, Concordia University, and has a first class honours degree from University of New England (Australia) and a PhD from University of New South Wales. She is best known for her work with Fred Emery on the theoretical framework called Open Systems Theory (OST), including refinement of the related Search Conference participative planning process and Participative Design Workshop methodology, both which are part of the dialogic organization development toolset.

Since 1970, she has worked to develop both the theory and methods of open systems using action research with organizations and communities. She was a faculty member at Australian National University and has served on several diverse community and educational organizations around the world.

She regards humans as "innately social animals; we grow only according to the density of interconnections we share with a group," and that "the basic unit of society is the group, not the individual". These groups, be it families, communities, and organizations, is in OST seen as an open social system that transacts with its environment, the external social field, and co-evolution and active adaptation is needed for sustainability and harmony. Socioecology captures the notion of people-in-environments. Included within this is the concept of open, jointly optimized, sociotechnical systems, optimizing human purposefulness and creativity, and the best options afforded by changing technologies. This can be achieved by employing the two-stage model, the Search Conference and the Participative Design Workshop, whose purpose is to create change toward a world that is consciously designed by people, and for people, living harmoniously within their ecological systems, both physical and social. "As the purpose of the two-stage model is to build a community, most work takes place in plenary, generating excitement, joy, and the energy that powers diffusion."

## Publications

Merrelyn Emery is the author or coauthor of ten books, eight edited books, 35 book chapters, 60 journal articles, and contributed 29 institutional research reports including several national studies (e.g. Project Australia, the National Telecom Study, Workplace Australia and Future Directions).

Papers and articles, a selection:

Books, a selection:


title: Milan Township, DeKalb County, Illinois

abstract: Milan Township is one of nineteen townships in DeKalb County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2020 census, its population was 305 and it contained 130 housing units. Milan Township formed from portions of Shabbona Township and Malta Township on February 23, 1858.

text:
# Milan Township, DeKalb County, Illinois

**Milan Township** is one of nineteen townships in DeKalb County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2020 census, its population was 305 and it contained 130 housing units. Milan Township formed from portions of Shabbona Township and Malta Township on February 23, 1858.

## Geography

According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Milan Township has a total area of 35.24 square miles (91.27 km2), of which 35.20 square miles (91.17 km2) (or 99.90%) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (or 0.10%) is water.

### Airports and landing strips

* Diedrich Airport

## Demographics

As of the 2020 census there were 305 people, 36 households, and 27 families residing in the township. The population density was 8.66 inhabitants per square mile (3.34/km2). There were 130 housing units at an average density of 3.69 per square mile (1.42/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 88.85% White, 0.33% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 3.61% from other races, and 7.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.23% of the population.

There were 36 households, out of which 50.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.00% were married couples living together, none had a female householder with no spouse present, and 25.00% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.78.

The township's age distribution consisted of 16.7% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 0% from 25 to 44, 72.6% from 45 to 64, and 0.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $131,250. Males had a median income of $91,250 versus $17,222 for females. The per capita income for the township was $48,810. None of the population was below the poverty line.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 593 |  |  |
| 1940 | 553 |  | −6.7% |
| 1950 | 494 |  | −10.7% |
| 1960 | 522 |  | 5.7% |
| 1970 | 436 |  | −16.5% |
| 1980 | 413 |  | −5.3% |
| 1990 | 373 |  | −9.7% |
| 2000 | 388 |  | 4.0% |
| 2010 | 331 |  | −14.7% |
| 2020 | 305 |  | −7.9% |
| US Decennial Census | | | |

## School districts

## Political districts

* "Milan Township, DeKalb County, Illinois". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
* US Census Bureau 2009 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
* US National Atlas

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Milan Township, DeKalb County, Illinois
2. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
3. Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". *Census.gov*. Retrieved January 22, 2023. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Milan Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in DeKalb County | |
| DeKalb County's location in Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 41°50′43″N 88°52′37″W / 41.84528°N 88.87694°W / 41.84528; -88.87694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | DeKalb |
| Established | February 23, 1858 |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.24 sq mi (91.3 km2) |
| Land | 35.20 sq mi (91.2 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2)  0.10% |
| Elevation | 902 ft (272 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 305 |
| Density | 8.7/sq mi (3.3/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 60115, 60150, 60530, 60550 |
| FIPS code | 17-037-48983 |


title: Generalised Whitehead product

abstract: The Whitehead product is a mathematical construction introduced in Whitehead (1941). It has been a useful tool in determining the properties of spaces. The mathematical notion of space includes every shape that exists in our 3-dimensional world such as curves, surfaces, and solid figures. Since spaces are often presented by formulas, it is usually not possible to visually determine their geometric properties. Some of these properties are connectedness, the number of holes the space has, the knottedness of the space, and so on. Spaces are then studied by assigning algebraic constructions to them. This is similar to what is done in high school analytic geometry whereby to certain curves in the plane are assigned equations. The most common algebraic constructions are groups. These are sets such that any two members of the set can be combined to yield a third member of the set. In homotopy theory, one assigns a group to each space X and positive integer p called the pth homotopy group of X. These groups have been studied extensively and give information about the properties of the space X. There are then operations among these groups which provide additional information about the spaces. This has been very important in the study of homotopy groups. Several generalisations of the Whitehead product appear in and elsewhere, but the most far-reaching one deals with homotopy sets, that is, homotopy classes of maps from one space to another. The generalised Whitehead product assigns to an element α in the homotopy set [ΣA, X] and an element β in the homotopy set [ΣB, X], an element [α, β] in the homotopy set [Σ(A ∧ B), X], where A, B, and X are spaces, Σ is the suspension (topology), and ∧ is the smash product. This was introduced by Cohen (1957) and Hilton (1965) and later studied in detail by Arkowitz (1962),. It is a generalization of the Whitehead product and provides a useful technique in the investigation of homotopy sets. The relevant MSC code is: 55Q15, Whitehead products and generalizations.

text:
# Generalised Whitehead product

The Whitehead product is a mathematical construction introduced in Whitehead (1941). It has been a useful tool in determining the properties of spaces. The mathematical notion of space includes every shape that exists in our 3-dimensional world such as curves, surfaces, and solid figures. Since spaces are often presented by formulas, it is usually not possible to visually determine their geometric properties. Some of these properties are connectedness (is the space in one or several pieces), the number of holes the space has, the knottedness of the space, and so on. Spaces are then studied by assigning algebraic constructions to them. This is similar to what is done in high school analytic geometry whereby to certain curves in the plane (geometric objects) are assigned equations (algebraic constructions). The most common algebraic constructions are groups. These are sets such that any two members of the set can be combined to yield a third member of the set (subject to certain restrictions). In homotopy theory, one assigns a group to each space X and positive integer p called the pth homotopy group of X. These groups have been studied extensively and give information about the properties of the space X. There are then operations among these groups (the Whitehead product) which provide additional information about the spaces. This has been very important in the study of homotopy groups.

Several generalisations of the Whitehead product appear in (Blakers & Massey 1953) and elsewhere, but the most far-reaching one deals with homotopy sets, that is, homotopy classes of maps from one space to another. The generalised Whitehead product assigns to an element α in the homotopy set \[ΣA, X\] and an element β in the homotopy set \[ΣB, X\], an element \[α, β\] in the homotopy set \[Σ(A ∧ B), X\], where A, B, and X are spaces, Σ is the suspension (topology), and ∧ is the smash product. This was introduced by Cohen (1957) and Hilton (1965) and later studied in detail by Arkowitz (1962), (see also Baues (1989), p. 157). It is a generalization of the Whitehead product and provides a useful technique in the investigation of homotopy sets.

The relevant MSC code is: 55Q15, Whitehead products and generalizations.

## Definition

Let $\alpha \in \[\Sigma A,X\]$ and $\beta \in \[\Sigma B,X\]$ and consider elements $\alpha (\Sigma \pi \_{A})$ and $\beta (\Sigma \pi \_{B})\in \[\Sigma (A\times B),X\]$, where $\pi \_{A}$ and $\pi \_{B}$ are the homotopy classes of the projection maps. The commutator

$$c(\alpha ,\beta )=(\alpha (\Sigma \pi \_{A}),\beta (\Sigma \pi \_{B})))$$

in the group $\[\Sigma (A\times B),X\]$ is trivial when restricted to $\[\Sigma (A\vee B),X\]$, where $\vee $ denotes wedge sum. The **generalised Whitehead product** is then defined as the unique element

$$\[\alpha ,\beta \]\in \[\Sigma (A\wedge B),X\]$$

such that $\[\alpha ,\beta \](\Sigma q)=c(\alpha ,\beta )$, where $q\colon A\times B\to A\wedge B$ is the quotient map.

## Properties

Naturality: f\[α, β\] = \[f(α), f(β)\], if $f\colon X\to Y$ is a map.

All \[α, β\] = 0, if X is an H-space.

E\[α, β\] = 0, where E : \[Σ(A ∧ B), X\] → \[Σ2 (A ∧ B), ΣX\] is the suspension homomorphism.

Bi-additivity, if A and B are suspensions.

A form of anti-commutativity.

An appropriate Jacobi identity for α and β as above and γ ∈ \[ΣC, X\], if A, B, and C are suspensions.

See Arkowitz (1962) for full statements of these results and proofs.

## Applications

The product ΣA × ΣB has the homotopy type of the mapping cone of \[ιΣA, ιΣB\] ∈ \[Σ(A ∧ B), ΣA ∨ ΣB\] (Arkowitz (1962)).

Whitehead products for homotopy groups with coefficients are obtained by taking A and B to be Moore spaces (Hilton (1965), pp. 110114)

There is a weak homotopy equivalence between a wedge of suspensions of finitely many spaces and an infinite product of suspensions of various smash products of the spaces according to the HiltonMilnor theorem. The map is defined by generalised Whitehead products (Baues & Quintero 2001).

If Y is a group-like H-space, then a product \[A, Y\] × \[B, Y\] → \[A ∧ B, Y\] is defined in analogy with the generalised Whitehead product. This is the generalised Samelson product denoted \<σ, τ\> for σ ∈ \[A, Y\] and τ ∈ \[B, Y\] (Arkowitz 1963). If λU,V : \[U, ΩV\] → \[ΣU, V\] is the adjoint isomorphism, where Ω is the loop space functor, then λA∧B,X\<σ, τ\>= \[λA,X (σ), λB,X (τ)\] for Y = ΩX.

An Eckmann–Hilton dual of the generalised Whitehead product can be defined as follows. Let A♭B be the homotopy fiber of the inclusion j : A ∨ B → A × B, that is, the space of paths in A × B which begin in A ∨ B and end at the base point and let γ ∈ \[X, ΩA\] and δ ∈ \[X, ΩB\]. For (ΩιA)γ and (ΩιB)δ in \[X, Ω(A ∨ B)\], let d(γ, δ) ∈ \[X, Ω(A ∨ B)\] be their commutator. Since (Ωj) d(γ, δ) is trivial, there is a unique element {γ, δ} ∈ \[X, Ω(A♭B)\] such that (Ωp){γ, δ} = d(γ, δ), where p : A♭B → A ∨ B projects a path onto its initial point. For an application of this, let K(π, n) denote an Eilenberg–MacLane space and identify \[X, K(π, n)\] with the cohomology group Hn(X; π). If A = K(G, p) and B = K(G′, q), then there is a map θ : A♭B → K(G ⊗ G', p+q+1) such that (Ωθ){γ, δ} = γ ∪ δ, the cup product in Hp+q(X; G ⊗ G′). For details, see ((Arkowitz 1962), pp. 1922) and (Arkowitz 1964).

* Arkowitz, M. (1962), "The generalized Whitehead product", *Pacific Journal of Mathematics*, **12**: 7–23, doi:10.2140/pjm.1962.12.7.


title: Maryland Route 851

abstract: Maryland Route 851 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs 1.46 miles (2.35 km) as a north–south highway between junctions with MD 32 in Sykesville. MD 851 is the old alignment of MD 32 through Sykesville, which was paved by 1910. The state highway was designated when the MD 32 bypass of Sykesville opened in 1963. MD 851 was relocated at its northern end in 2006.

text:
# Maryland Route 851

**Maryland Route 851** (**MD 851**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs 1.46 miles (2.35 km) as a northsouth highway between junctions with MD 32 in Sykesville. MD 851 is the old alignment of MD 32 through Sykesville, which was paved by 1910. The state highway was designated when the MD 32 bypass of Sykesville opened in 1963. MD 851 was relocated at its northern end in 2006.

## Route description

MD 851 begins at an intersection with MD 32 (Sykesville Road) in Howard County south of Sykesville. The state highway heads north as two-lane undivided West Friendship Road along the edge of Hugg-Thomas Wildlife Management Area into the narrow valley of the Patapsco River. MD 851 traverses the river and crosses CSX's Old Main Line Subdivision railroad line at-grade as the highway enters the town of Sykesville in Carroll County, where the highway's name changes to Main Street. The state highway passes through the Sykesville Historic District. At the northern end of the town center, MD 851 turns northeast onto Springfield Avenue while Spout Hill Road continues straight toward Springfield Presbyterian Church. The state highway passes Millard Cooper Park, a park and ride lot, and Third Avenue before reaching its northern terminus at MD 32 (Sykesville Road). The roadway continues east as Springfield Avenue into the Springfield Hospital Center, which includes the preserved Warfield Complex.

## History

MD 851 forms much of the old alignment of MD 32 through Sykesville. Sykesville Road was already paved for 2 miles (3.2 km) on either side of Sykesville when the highway was designated part of the original state road between West Friendship and Westminster by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1909. MD 851 was assigned to MD 32's old alignment through Sykesville shortly after the MD 32 bypass of Sykesville opened following the completion of the bypass's original aluminum girder bridge across the Patapsco River in 1963; this bridge was replaced in 2004. MD 851 originally continued north from Third Avenue to meet MD 32 at a tangent on the north side of the town. MD 851 was relocated north of Third Avenue in 2006 to create a perpendicular intersection with MD 32, which was also relocated as part of the project, and to provide a better connection from both state highways to Springfield Hospital Center. MD 851 temporarily extended east of MD 32 through a roundabout to a dead end in 2006; the portion of highway east of MD 32 was transferred to the town of Sykesville in 2007.

## Junction list

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Howard |  | 0.00 | 0.00 | MD 32 (Sykesville Road) West Friendship | Southern terminus |
| Carroll | Sykesville | 1.46 | 2.35 | MD 32 (Sykesville Road) / Springfield Avenue east Eldersburg | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## Auxiliary routes

MD 851 has six existing auxiliary routes and at least one former auxiliary route. These highways are sections of old alignment of MD 32 between West Friendship and Eldersburg. MD 851A and MD 851B are in Carroll County; MD 851C was also in Carroll County. MD 851D, MD 851F, MD 851H, and MD 851J are in Howard County.

* MD 851A is the designation for the unnamed 0.05-mile (0.080 km) spur of old alignment from MD 32 to a dead end parallel to the southbound side of MD 32 on the southern edge of Eldersburg.
* MD 851B is the designation for the unnamed 0.04-mile (0.064 km) section of old alignment between two dead ends around Church Street on the southbound side of MD 32 in Flohrville south of Eldersburg.
* MD 851C was the designation for an unnamed 0.13-mile (0.21 km) spur from Third Street to a dead end near MD 851's northern terminus in Sykesville. MD 851C was transferred to municipal maintenance in 2006.
* MD 851D is the designation for the unnamed 0.15-mile (0.24 km) section of old alignment between two dead ends on the northbound side of MD 32 just north of MD 32's interchange with Interstate 70. MD 851D is connected to MD 32 by Livestock Road.
* MD 851F is the designation for Deer Hill Road, which runs 0.15 miles (0.24 km) from MD 32 to a dead end on the northbound side of MD 32 just south of MD 851's southern terminus near Sykesville.
* MD 851H is the designation for the unnamed 0.21-mile (0.34 km) spur from a dead end to MD 32 on the northbound side of MD 32 north of West Friendship. MD 851H is also connected to MD 32 near its southern end by MD 32B.
* MD 851J is the designation for Butterfly Court, which runs 0.17 miles (0.27 km) from MD 99 (Old Frederick Road) north to a dead end on the northbound side of MD 32 north of West Friendship. MD 851J originally extended a further 0.11 miles (0.18 km) south to a dead end on the southern side of MD 99. The southern section was removed from the state highway system in 2003; the West Friendship Volunteer Fire Department now sits south of MD 99.

Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 851KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Maryland Route 851 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDSHA | |
| Length | 1.46 mi (2.35 km) |
| Existed | 1963–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | MD 32 near Sykesville |
| North end | MD 32 in Sykesville |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| Counties | Howard, Carroll |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MD 850   MD 852 | |


title: My Loved One

abstract: My Loved One is the debut studio album by Soviet-American singer Lyubov Uspenskaya, released in 1985 in The United States. In Russia the album was published in 1994. The record became extremely popular among immigrants and made Lyubov Uspenskaya one of the most popular performers in Brighton Beach. It was certified Platinum by the RIAA.

text:
# My Loved One

***My Loved One*** is the debut studio album by Soviet-American singer Lyubov Uspenskaya, released in 1985 in The United States. In Russia the album was published in 1994.

The record became extremely popular among immigrants and made Lyubov Uspenskaya one of the most popular performers in Brighton Beach. It was certified Platinum by the RIAA.

## Track listing

All songs were sung in the Russian language.

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "It's Not Too Late" | Willi Tokarev | Willi Tokarev | 03:52 |
| 2. | "Find Your Soul" | Ilya Reznik | Raimonds Pauls | 04:34 |
| 3. | "My Garden Full Of Stars" | Tatiana Lebedinskaya | Mikhail Shufutinsky | 04:26 |
| 4. | "Russian Roulette" | Naum Olev | Maksim Dunayevsky | 05:05 |
| 5. | "Oh, Mama Forgive Me" | Mikhail Shufutinsky | Mikhail Shufutinsky | 03:30 |
| 6. | "Take Me Along With You" | Mikhail Tanich | Alexey Mazhurov | 03:50 |
| 7. | "Luba" | Mikhail Shufutinsky | Willi Tokarev | 03:25 |
| 8. | "My Loved One" | Willi Tokarev | Willi Tokarev | 03:20 |
| 9. | "Don’t Trust These Words" | Tatiana Lebedinskaya | Mikhail Shufutinsky | 03:31 |
| 10. | "It Couldn't Be" | Leonid Derbenyov | Vyacheslav Dobrynin | 05:35 |
| 11. | "Kalina" | Alexandr Shakhov | Valery Zubkov | 03:58 |
| 12. | "That's All It Us" | Andrey Dementyev | Arkady Horalov | 04:25 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| My Loved One | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lyubov Uspenskaya | |
| Released | 1985 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Label | Frans Production |
| Producer | Mikhail Shufutinsky
Vladimir Frans |
| Lyubov Uspenskaya chronology | |
| ***My Loved One***
(1985) *Express to Monte Carlo*
(1993) | |


title: Warząchewka Królewska

abstract: Warząchewka Królewska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Włocławek, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Włocławek and 60 km (37 mi) south-east of Toruń.

text:
# Warząchewka Królewska

**Warząchewka Królewska** \[vaʐɔ̃ˈxɛfka kruˈlɛfska\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Włocławek, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Włocławek and 60 km (37 mi) south-east of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Warząchewka Królewska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Warząchewka Królewska | |
| Coordinates: 52°35′N 19°6′E / 52.583°N 19.100°E / 52.583; 19.100 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Włocławek |
| Gmina | Włocławek |


title: 1947 Thai coup d'état

abstract: The coup d'état of 8 November 1947 was a military coup d'état that took place in Thailand on the evening of 8 November 1947 and ended in the early morning hours of 9 November. The coup ousted the government of Pridi Banomyong's frontman, Luang Thamrong, to make royalist Khuang Aphaiwong Prime Minister of Thailand. The coup was led by Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Phin Choonhavan and Kat Katsongkhram as a bid to regain the royalists' political power and Crown Property back from the reforms of the Siamese revolution of 1932. The influence of the People Party ended as Pridi left the country on exile.

text:
# 1947 Thai coup d'état

The **coup d'état of 8 November 1947** (Thai: รัฐประหาร 8 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2490) was a military coup d'état that took place in Thailand on the evening of 8 November 1947 and ended in the early morning hours of 9 November. The coup ousted the government of Pridi Banomyong's frontman, Luang Thamrong, to make royalist Khuang Aphaiwong Prime Minister of Thailand. The coup was led by Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Phin Choonhavan and Kat Katsongkhram as a bid to regain the royalists' political power and Crown Property back from the reforms of the Siamese revolution of 1932. The influence of the People Party ended as Pridi left the country on exile.

## Background

### United States influence

The United States established the Bretton Woods system for commercial and financial relations to promote capitalism after the end of the Second World War. To prevent communism, Harry S. Truman cabinet established an embassy in Bangkok by sending ambassadors Charles Yost and Kenneth Landon to Bangkok in 1945. Several ambassadors had worked for the Office of Strategic Services, the US anti-communism agency, in which they had worked with the Free Thai Movement, led by Pridi Banomyong and Thai royal family.

### Pridi and the royalists

On 1 August 1944, as the Allies, sided by underground resistance the Free Thai Movement, were winning the Second World War, the pro-Japanese strongman Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram was forced by parliament to resign his premiership. He was replaced by, Khuang Aphaiwong, a civilian who had the backing of Pridi Phanomyong, regent for the absent King Ananda Mahidol and head of the Free Thai Movement. Pridi group and royalists were helping each other during the war, but after they gained control of the government, they split because of different goal settings. Royalists were trying to spring back from a lost by the 1932 revolution, reportedly wanting to bring absolute monarchy system back. Pridi group regained control back from Phibun.

### Disruption of Pridi group

Khuang Aphaiwong resigned in August 1945. Pridi invited, the US-supported, a royalist, and Free Thai Movement member, Seni Pramot to become prime minister. In January 1946, Seni resigned and asked for the dissolution of parliament to pave the way for elections. Khuang and his new royalist allies were elected to power. But because Pridi chose to support Direk Chaiyanam as his personal candidate, Khuang included none of the former regent's allies in his cabinet, but placed many of his opponents, including Seni. Pridi's followers immediately sought revenge, continually harassing the government, further intensifying the bitterness between themselves and the conservatives. Within six weeks Khuang abruptly resigned, forcing Pridi to reluctantly step in and risk his personal prestige. Up until the resignation of his wartime ally, Pridi had enjoyed the prestige of his position as a senior statesman without having to involve himself in everyday politics. Pridi's failure to control inflation tarnished his reputation for competence, while official corruption bedeviled his governments.

### Ananda death crisis

On 9 June 1946, the 20 year-old King Ananda Mahidol, who had restored popularity to the monarchy, was found dead in his bedroom of a gunshot wound to the head, resulted in a serious political crisis. Khuang, Seni, and the royalists who dominated their newly formed Democrat Party were quick to blame Pridi, spreading the rumour that the prime minister and his supporters had assassinated the monarch for their own political purposes and possibly to establish a republic. Conservative newspapers criticised the government for failing to protect the monarch, provoking Pridi to use repressive measures: he declared a state of emergency, censored newspapers, and arrested two editors and two opposition MPs. In an attempt to preserve his political influence, Pridi resigned on 21 August 1946. He was replaced five days later by Luang Thamrong, who would serve as Pridi's front man. Twenty airforce officers were arrested in November on charge of plotting to seize the government.

## Prelude

### Phibun and royalists allied

In 1947, Phibun was still widely popular as he planned to comeback to Thai politics. Democrat Party leader, Khuang Aphaiwong supported Phibun to be next prime minister. Phin Choonhavan and Kard Kardsonggram, retired army officers, had tried to contact Phibun with a help from Democrat Party to inform the coup plot.

Phibun allied and royalist allied tried to overthrow Pridi regime. The army, led by Phibun, wanted to regain their power, and the death of Ananda were the root of royalist goal. Royalists attacked Pridi regime with gossips on a newspaper, as one of gossips was that Phibun were planning a coup with Seni Pramoj becoming a prime minister.

### The Thamrong government

Luang Thamrong's government was faced with charges of corruption, stemming from a government program to hand out free shovels and spades to farmers. The farming equipment brought and handed out was sub-standard, leading to charges of corruption and embezzlement by the public. The scandal became known as "devouring the hoes and spades" (Thai:กินจอบกินเสียม). This, and other scandals, led to a debate, called for by the Democrats, and a vote of no confidence, which Thamrong survived.

Luang Thamrong privately confided to US Ambassador Edwin F. Stanton that the evidence gathered during investigations of the regicide implicated King Bhumibol in the late king's death. Those next in the line of succession to the throne, Prince Chumbhotbongs Paribatra and Prince Bhanubandhu Yugala, were both unpopular and he thought they would probably not be able to ascend to the throne. Luang Thamrong doubted whether the murder would ever be cleared up inasmuch as he felt Thailand could not dispense with the monarchy.

When asked by a journalist the prime minister joked that he was, "already sleeping for a coup" \[lit. "Already lying in wait for the revolution."\] (Thai: "ก็นอนรอการปฏิวัติอยู่แล้ว"), confident at the time that he had the backing of the military, especially the army.

## Coup

### Army seizes country

On 9 November 1947 at 2:00 am, the armed forces, led by Phibun, began the coup by sending a squadron of tanks to Amphorn Gardens near the government centre. They immediately arrested Prime Minister Thamrong and held him hostage after Thamrong was fleeing from a gay bar. Another tank squadron went to search for Pridi. After arriving at his residence, they found that he had escaped, since he was told of the plot beforehand by an informant. Pridi's house was sprayed with machine gun fire. Leaving only his wife and children who were arrested. Unbeknownst to them, Pridi was hiding under the protection of Admiral Luang Sinthusongkramchai, commander of the Royal Thai Navy at his base.

The junta called themselves the "National Military Council" included Lieutenant General Phin Choonhavan and Colonel Kard Kardsonggram. Other members of the group were: Police General Phao Sriyanond, Colonel Sarit Dhanarajata, Colonel Thanom Kittikachorn, and Lieutenant Colonel Praphas Charusathien, Captain Chatichai Choonhavan.

On the morning of 9 November, General Choonhavan, the spokesman for the junta, read a declaration to the press and broadcast by radio outlining the cause of the coup. He claimed the government's incompetence caused the people to suffer from high prices and the general lack of food and goods. Thus, they reckoned that the government was unable to solve the problem and must be removed by force. During the speech, Choonhavan cried profusely, and was dubbed sarcastically by the press as the "hero of tears" (Thai: วีรบุรุษเจ้าน้ำตา), or the "crying patriot" (Thai: บุรุษผู้รักชาติจนน้ำตาไหล).

### Royalists regain power

Royalist allied were led by Khuang Aphaiwong and Seni Pramoj, celebrated the junta on the same day. The National Soldier's Committee then called for Khuang, the Leader of the Opposition to take over as prime minister. At Khuang house, there were full of the Democrat Party members and royal family members. Bhanubandhu Yugala, one of Chakri dynasty members, was reportedly delighted by the coup. Khuang assumed the position on 12 November, becoming prime minister for the third time. The committee set up their own legislative assembly called the "Council of Ministers of the Assembly" (Thai: คณะรัฐมนตรีสภา), making a deal with Khaung that, if he stayed out of their business, they would stay out of his.

On 25 November 1947, Prince Rangsit of Chainat, the Regent of Thailand, signed a provisional charter or the Constitution of 1947, drafted by the royalists such as Seni Pramoj and his brother Kukrit Pramoj, which giving more power to the Monarchy of Thailand. It allowed the king to appoint 100 members of parliament and revived the Privy Council back. Khuang cabinet included more royalists since the 1932. Chaiching, an academic, noted that a quick approval of the coup and the charter by Rangsit was the key of coup success. King Bhumibol, who was studying in Lausanne, Switzerland returned the letter to the junta with a satisfaction.

A democracy development and the People Party started to deteriorate after the coup, which was the turning point of the royalists to regain the power back from the Siamese revolution of 1932.

## Aftermath

In 1948, the royalist government made a law that increase the power to control the Crown Property by the monarch as the restoration of their political power and assets, which was taken to the state property by the People Party from the Siamese revolution of 1932. Additionally, former Queen Rambhai Barni was returned the 6 million baht that the People Party seized.

On 29 January 1948, elections were held in which Khuang and his party won the majority of the votes and seats in the new assembly. Later, Khuang was confirmed as prime minister. But on 6 April, the committee, under the leadership of Kardsonggram, forced Khuang to resign his post. They instead invited Field Marshal Phibun to return to the post. He became prime minister for the second time on 8 April 1948.

The coup inadvertently led to the draft and signing of the 1947 Constitution and 1949 Constitution. The most Royalist constitutions to date, it gave the monarchy back almost all of the powers that were taken away from it by the 1932 Revolution. They were similar to the constitution draft by King Prajadhipok before the 1932.

The reinstatement of Phibun and his dictatorship. The coup also increased the role of the Royal Thai Army, and gave it a model of how to carry out coups in the future. Henceforth, under the pretext of saving the nation, the military would topple any democratic government it pleased. The coup elicited little response from the populace. The Democrat Party remained in opposition until 1975. Phibun would resume his dictatorship and rule until 1957.

On 20 November 1948, Pridi was spirited out of the country by British and American agents, never to return to Thailand again. He died in Paris in 1983, aged 83.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| 1947 Thai coup d'état | |
| --- | --- |
|
Type 95 Ha-Go tanks in Bangkok during the coup | |
| Date 8 November 1947 (1947-11-08)  Location Bangkok, Siam  Result Military takeover | |
| Belligerents | |
| People's Party government | Royal Thai Army
*Supported by:*
Regent of Thailand |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Luang Thamrong
Pridi Banomyong | Plaek Phibunsongkhram
Phin Choonhavan
Kat Katsongkhram |


title: Try Not to Freak Out

abstract: Try Not to Freak Out is the debut album of the Norwegian punk pop band Sløtface. Just like their former EPs, this release includes clear political and feminist statements.

text:
# Try Not to Freak Out

***Try Not to Freak Out*** is the debut album of the Norwegian punk pop band Sløtface. Just like their former EPs, this release includes clear political and feminist statements.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.3/10 |
| Metacritic | 77/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| NRK P3 |  |
| *NME* |  |
| Dagsavisen |  |
| Paste | 7.4/10 |

*Try Not to Freak Out* was met with generally favourable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on eleven reviews. The aggregator AnyDecentMusic? has the critical consensus of the album at a 7.3 out of 10, also based on fifteen reviews.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Magazine" | 2:38 |
| 2. | "Galaxies" | 3:31 |
| 3. | "Pitted" | 2:28 |
| 4. | "Sun Bleached" | 2:45 |
| 5. | "Pools" | 2:45 |
| 6. | "Night Guilt" | 3:11 |
| 7. | "Try" | 2:59 |
| 8. | "Nancy Drew" | 3:15 |
| 9. | "Slumber" | 5:32 |
| 10. | "It's Coming to a Point" | 0:18 |
| 11. | "Backyard" | 2:51 |
| Total length: | | 32:13 |

## Personnel

* Haley Shea – vocals
* Tor-Arne Vikingstad – guitars
* Halvard Skeie Wiencke – percussion
* Lasse Lokøy – bass
* Dan Austin – producer

## InfoBox

| Try Not to Freak Out | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sløtface | |
| Released | 15 September 2017 (2017-09-15) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 32:13 |
| Label | Propeller Recordings |
| Producer | Dan Austin |
| Sløtface chronology | |
| *Empire Records*
(2016) ***Try Not to Freak Out***
(2017) *Sorry for the Late Reply*
(2020) | |


title: Vicki Lensing

abstract: Vicki Lensing is an American politician who served as a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 2001 to 2021.

text:
# Vicki Lensing

**Vicki Lensing** (born June 21, 1957) is an American politician who served as a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 2001 to 2021.

## Education

Lensing graduated from West High School in 1975 and obtained her Bachelor of Arts from the University of Iowa in 1979.

## Career

Lensing grew up around her grandparents' family business, Mott's Drug Store. She is a co-owner of Lensing Funeral & Cremation Service. Lensing was recognized as a Woman of Influence and received the Friend of the Family Farmer Award from the Iowa Farmers Union in 2009.

Lensing defeated Cathy Kern in a party primary in 2000, then won the general election against Republican Party candidate Paul Heyn. She won every subsequent general election unopposed. In 2020, Lensing was defeated in the Democratic primary by Christina Bohannan.

Lensing served on the Environmental Protection committee, the Judiciary committee, the State Government committee, the Government Oversight committee, and the Administration and Regulation Appropriations subcommittees.

## Personal life

She is married to Rich Templeton. She was previously married to Michael Lensing, with whom she shares three children.

## InfoBox

| Vicki Lensing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Iowa House of Representatives
from the 85th district | |
| **In office**
January 14, 2013  January 10, 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Jim Lykam |
| Succeeded by | Christina Bohannan |
| Member of the Iowa House of Representatives
from the 78th district | |
| **In office**
January 13, 2003  January 13, 2013 | |
| Preceded by | Clel Baudler |
| Succeeded by | Jarad Klein |
| Member of the Iowa House of Representatives
from the 45th district | |
| **In office**
January 8, 2001  January 12, 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Minnette Doderer |
| Succeeded by | Jane Greimann |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-06-21) June 21, 1957
Iowa City, Iowa, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Rich Templeton |
| Residence(s) | Iowa City, Iowa, U.S. |
| Education | University of Iowa (BA) |
| Website | legis.state.ia.us |
|  | |


title: Milan Triennial IX

abstract:
The Milan Triennial IX was the Triennial in Milan sanctioned by the Bureau of International Expositions (BIE) on the 7 June 1950.
Its theme was Goods - Standard. It was held at the Palazzo dell'Arte and ran from 12 May 1951 to 5 November 1951. Tapio Wirkkala, Rut Bryk and Dora Jung
all won Grand Prix, with Birger Kaipiainen receiving an honorable mention.
Toini Muona, Ilmari Tapiovaara
and
Kaj Franck won gold medals
and Lisa Johansson-Pape and Kyllikki Salmenhaara a silver one.

text:
# Milan Triennial IX

The **Milan Triennial IX** was the Triennial in Milan sanctioned by the Bureau of International Expositions (BIE) on the 7 June 1950. Its theme was *Goods - Standard*. It was held at the Palazzo dell'Arte and ran from 12 May 1951 to 5 November 1951.

Tapio Wirkkala, Rut Bryk and Dora Jung all won Grand Prix, with Birger Kaipiainen receiving an honorable mention. Toini Muona, Ilmari Tapiovaara and Kaj Franck won gold medals and Lisa Johansson-Pape and Kyllikki Salmenhaara a silver one.

## InfoBox

| Milan Triennial IX | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| BIE-class | Triennial exposition |
| Name | Milan Triennial IX |
| Motto | Goods - Standard |
| Building(s) | Palazzo del Arte |
| Participant(s) | |
| Countries | 13 |
| Location | |
| Country | Italy |
| City | Milan |
| Coordinates | 45°28′19.92″N 9°10′24.78″E / 45.4722000°N 9.1735500°E / 45.4722000; 9.1735500 |
| Timeline | |
| Awarded | 7 June 1950 |
| Opening | 12 May 1951 |
| Closure | 5 November 1951 |
| Triennial expositions | |
| Previous | Milan Triennial VIII in Milan |
| Next | Milan Triennial X in Milan |


title: Point Baker, Florida

abstract: Point Baker is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States. Its population was 2,991 as of the 2010 census. Florida State Road 87 and Florida State Road 89 intersect in Point Baker.

text:
# Point Baker, Florida

**Point Baker** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States. Its population was 2,991 as of the 2010 census. Florida State Road 87 and Florida State Road 89 intersect in Point Baker.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the community has an area of 6.443 square miles (16.69 km2); 6.419 square miles (16.63 km2) of its area is land, and 0.024 square miles (0.062 km2) is water.

## InfoBox

| Point Baker, Florida | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Point Baker, FloridaPoint Baker, Florida | |
| Coordinates: 30°41′25″N 87°03′13″W / 30.69028°N 87.05361°W / 30.69028; -87.05361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Santa Rosa |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.443 sq mi (16.69 km2) |
| Land | 6.419 sq mi (16.63 km2) |
| Water | 0.024 sq mi (0.06 km2) |
| Elevation | 171 ft (52 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 2,991 |
| Density | 460/sq mi (180/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 32570 |
| Area code | 850 |
| GNIS feature ID | 289116 |


title: Villa Garnier

abstract: Villa Garnier is a building in Bordighera in western Italy. Villa Garnier and Villa Amica are part of the properties protected by the Superintendent of Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (Italy). The villa is located 11 Garnier Street in Bordighera on the Italian Riviera.

text:
# Villa Garnier

**Villa Garnier** is a building in Bordighera in western Italy. Villa Garnier and Villa Amica are part of the properties protected by the Superintendent of Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (Italy). The villa is located 11 Garnier Street in Bordighera on the Italian Riviera.

## History

In 1871 Charles Garnier (architect) left Paris and the building site of the Opera which was blocked due to the war with Prussia and the Paris Commune. The family moved to Menton hometown of his wife, Louise Bary and, visiting the surroundings, they discover Bordighera. Back in May 1871 Garnier chose a plot near the Arziglia, where to build his villa. Unfortunately, the land was already occupied by an old chapel dedicated to St. Sebastian, but which had been desecrated since serving as a school for boys in the country. The land was located outside the walls of the old town, down to the sea and next to fishermen beach, the famous Arziglia. To get the coveted land, Garnier decided to offer a considerable sum for the time, 6000 lire, which would be used to build a new school, much more modern and large. To facilitate the transaction, Garnier also offered the project for the new school, which included not only the boys section, but also one for girls and a kindergarten. The town accepted this generous offer.

The only known preparatory drawing of the house indicates that Garnier had planned Moorish arches for the tower of the villa. This option was not realized, but Moorish style is still present in the structure of the tower, slim and slender as an Arab minaret. Garnier had nicknamed the tower "*mon mirador*” (i.e. "my watchtower"), because of the beautiful view.

The villa is on three floors which are accessed via a wooden staircase that was commissioned in Paris and that was to cost 1,000 crowns, against the general budget of 75,000. On the ground floor you enter the villa through an arcade now enclosed by windows. The entrance is decorated with frescoes and drawings made by the friends of Garnier. As you enter on the right is the living room, much smaller than the dining room, where Garnier would entertain his guests. Behind the staircase a door leads to the dining room, particularly spacious and bright. The two rooms were linked by a corridor / porch closed by grates that the owners liked to call the "Lions’ cage” This room, now converted into a chapel, is decorated with a beautiful fresco of the villa and outbuildings then purchased by Garnier, as they were in the nineteenth century.

On the upper floors there were rooms for the family and guests. The main bedroom had five openings to enjoy the light, and from one of these you had access to the tower. The parental bedroom and that of their son communicated through an open loggia which was then closed to allow Christian to gather his collection of shells, fossils, maps etc.

The second floor was designed as a self-contained apartment for guests from there you could access to a splendid terrace which gave access to the tower and could admire the sea and the Arziglia. With time, Garnier expanded the villa incorporating land and small houses that were in the vicinity. The villa was finished in 1873, but it was only in January 1875 that the family moved to Bordighera for the winter months.

In Bordighera Garnier received many famous guests such as Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier and Gustave Boulanger. Their traces can still be seen today on the walls of the entrance, where you can admire caricatures made by these artists. In the villa you can still see some paintings by Jules Eugène Lenepveu, Alexandre Bida and Georges Clairin which were part of the collection of Garnier.

Garnier died in August 1898 in France, followed soon after by his beloved son Christian. His widow continued to come in Bordighera during the winter season, but no longer had the courage to return to the villa Garnier and decided to reside at Villa Amica. Upon her death, Louise left the villa to the Société de Géographie of Paris, including all the vessels, the works of art, books, etc. She also left 200,000 francs for the maintenance of the property, with the condition that the house was not to be sold. Despite this clause, in 1929 the villa was sold to the American art critic John Hemming Fry (1861-1946) who, in admiration, erected a monument to Garnier, on the Cape Pineta, on 28 April 1935.

The property then passed to the diocese of Ventimiglia and from 1954 to the Sisters of St. Joseph of Aosta.

## Les annexes

After building the villa, Garnier purchased land and property to expand it. No less than 29 acts of purchase were made. One of the first villas was *Villa Negro* (1877), located in the eastern part of the garden. The small pavilion, now missing, was transformed into a hammam on the advice of the family doctor and friend, Dr. Depraz. The small pavilion was enlarged on the south side and, on the north side a small pond was added, only 50 cm deep, to create a pleasant mirror effect. On the ground floor there were a steam bath, a tepidarium, a shower and a staircase leading upstairs. At this level you had the relaxation room, changing rooms and toilets. Two large windows allowed to admire the sea. When the villa was sold to the American painter Hemming Fry, the hammam was transformed into a studio.

On August 16, 1882 Garnier bought from Richard Domenico, *Villa Modesta*, located in current via Garnier 42. The villa is on three levels, connected by an external staircase. On the ground floor there was a large kitchen, on the first floor were a living room with fireplace and the dining room, on the second, the three main bedrooms, plus a small room for the servants. In 1900 the Garnier widow enlarged the two upper floors on the west side.

Around 1883 Garnier had already bought from Giuseppe Ballauco *Villa Minima*. The property, which was rebuilt by the new owner, was probably around number 50 of the via Garnier. Garnier called it “Minima” due to its small size. The villa had an inverted L shape and was developed mainly in depth. On the ground floor there were the rooms reserved for the servants. On the first floor, on the south side a lounge with fireplace and the dining room, on the north one the kitchen and the pantry. Upstairs there were three bedrooms and a bathroom. The three levels of the villa communicated through an external staircase covered by a roof probably made of wood. During the railway works and the extension of the Via Aurelia, a large part of the garden was expropriated and the house was later demolished and rebuilt by the new owner, Maurizio Lega.

We do not know the exact date of purchase of *Villa Amica* but it was already owned by the Garnier family in 1883. The villa, which still exists, is located at 2, Via Garnier. There are no original drawings of the internal structure of the house but you can assume that the interior layout of the premises was similar to neighboring villas. Unfortunately, the garden was reduced due to an expropriation of about 400 square meters. The villa, which is surely the most beautiful outbuilding purchased by Garnier, became the main residence of the widow Garnier after the death of her husband and beloved son. Louise did not have the courage to continue living at Villa Garnier, then she left the main house intact, as if the whole family had to return there and moved to Villa Amica. In 1919, Louise left the villa to her godson and will executor Armand Girette.

The most famous annex was *Villa Studio*, the only one built from scratch by Garnier. The villa, which is located in via Garnier 22, was built to house the studio of the famous architect. In 1884 the health of his beloved son Christian, had deteriorated and his father decided to give him his studio in villa Granier and make a new one for him. First Garnier realized a large water tank that stretched up to Villa Amica. The villa is on three levels, of which the ground floor and the first formed an independent house. On the ground floor there were utility rooms, kitchen, dining room and living room, connected to the upper floor via a ladder reaching directly into the master bedroom. On the first floor there were then two bedrooms, a bathroom and two small additional rooms. The study was on the top floor with an area of seven by five meters. A large central fireplace and a beamed ceiling gave warmth to the room and two large windows illuminated the study, allowing you to admire the sea and the fishermen's bay, called Arziglia. Adjacent to the study there were a restroom and the toilet. The villa had an adjoining garden, graced by the famous Bordighera palm trees and a vegetable garden connecting the property with Villa Amica. Upon Garnier's death, the building was rented out and, in 1913, Hemming Fry asked the Garnier widow, Louise, to make some changes. In 1919 villa Studio was inherited by Silvia Giuseppina Busquet, wife of the French editor Charles Fouquet.

## The gardens

The gardens are the result of a collaboration between Garnier, his son Christian and Ludwig Winter. The villa was, from the beginning, framed by a beautiful palm grove. The plot of 6000m², was structured in terraces on which exotic plants were cultivated. It is said that at the time there were about 600 different species, including olive trees, figs and lemons. Today the garden has a smaller size, about 2500m², but it has a rich collection: 10 different types of palm, a Dracaena draco and a variety of trees, including a copy of Nolina longifolia. In the garden you can still see a bust of Charles Garnier by the French sculptor Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux and a column from the Tuileries Palace in Paris.

1. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-19.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-19.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
3. "Bordighera Approfondimenti, Villa Garnier". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
4. Folli, Andrea; Merello, Gisella (2000). *Charles Garnier e la Riviera*. Genova: Erga. ISBN 978-8-8816-3164-3.
5. "Villa Garnier, Bordighera, localita, Edificio Monumentale".
6. \[Charles Garnier and the Riviera Fools and Gisella Andrea Merello ISBN 88-8163-164-4\]
7. \[Riviera Charles Garnier and ISBN 88-8163-164-4\]
8. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
9. Riviera
10. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

## InfoBox

| Villa Garnier (Bordighera) | |
| --- | --- |
| Villa Garnier (Bordighera) | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Town or city | Bordighera |
| Country | Italy |
| Construction started | 1871 |
| Completed | 1873 |
| Client | Charles Garnier (architect) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Charles Garnier (architect) |
| Designations | Soprintendenze per i Beni Architettonici e Paesaggistici della Liguria |


title: My Lovely Girl

abstract: My Lovely Girl is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Rain, Krystal Jung, Kim Myung-soo, and Cha Ye-ryun. Having the K-pop industry as the backdrop, the drama tells the story of two pained individuals who find healing through music. It aired on SBS from September 17 to November 6, 2014 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes.

text:
# My Lovely Girl

| My Lovely Girl | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 내겐 너무 사랑스러운 그녀 |
| Revised Romanization | *Naegen Neomu Sarangseureoun Geunyeo* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Naeken Nŏmu Sarangsŭrŏun Kŭnyŏ* |

***My Lovely Girl*** (Korean: 내겐 너무 사랑스러운 그녀; RR: *Naegen Neomu Sarangseureoun Geunyeo*) is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Rain, Krystal Jung, Kim Myung-soo, and Cha Ye-ryun. Having the K-pop industry as the backdrop, the drama tells the story of two pained individuals who find healing through music. It aired on SBS from September 17 to November 6, 2014 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes.

## Synopsis

Lee Hyun-wook (Rain) is the CEO of a talent agency that scouts and trains idols. Hyun-wook lives in great difficulty as he is unable to let go of his ex-girlfriend who died in an accident 3 years ago, which he witnessed firsthand. His ex-girlfriend's sister, Yoon Se-na (Krystal), moves to Seoul in order to pursue her music-composing career, and meets Hyun-wook, who helps her achieve it. As Hyun-wook replaces his father (Park Yeong-gyu) as the president of ANA Entertainment, he faces challenges in his career. In the midst of healing each other through music, Hyun-wook and Se-na fall in love.

## Cast

### Main

A successful singer, songwriter and producer. He appears cold and indifferent on the outside, but is really sensitive and kind-hearted. After So-eun's death, he left the music industry as he couldn't write songs any more. When he receives a call from Se-na, he looks for her and eventually brings her into his company, ANA Entertainment. As he falls in love with Se-na, he is able to write songs again.

An aspiring singer and songwriter, and sister of Yoon So-eun. She becomes acquainted with Hyun-wook while trying to find her sister, and she later develops feelings for him. She has a bickering relationship with Shi-woo, and is continuously wavered by his advances.

A member of boyband Infinite Power under ANA Entertainment. He is seemingly arrogant, but he turns kinder to Yoon Se-na, whom he develops feelings for. He is at constant conflicts over Lee Hyun-wook, who chastises him for his irresponsible actions, as well as due to their rivalry for Se-na's love.

One of the directors in ANA Entertainment. She has a long-term crush on Lee Hyun-wook, and constantly disrupts his relationships with both Se-na and So-eun.

### Supporting

#### People in AnA Entertainment

Shi-woo's ex-girlfriend and Rae-hoon's current girlfriend. * Hoya as Kang Rae-hoon

Leader of fictional idol group Infinite Power. Member of fictional idol group Infinite Power. Member of fictional idol group Infinite Power.

#### Others

Hyun-wook's father. Hyun-wook's ex-girlfriend who died in a car accident.

## Production

This drama is Director Park Hyung-ki and Writer Noh Ji-seol's third collaboration after *Scent of a Woman* and *Dr. Champ*. The first read-through was held in August 2014 at an SBS studio in Ilsan. A press conference was held on September 15, 2014.

## Original soundtrack

| My Lovely Girl:
Original Sound Track | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Various Artists | |
| Released | November 6, 2014 |
| Genre | Pop, K-pop, soundtrack, R&B |
| Label | AStory, LOEN Entertainment |

| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "This Song" (이 노래) | Loco and Mamamoo | 3:49 |
| 2. | "Crazy Boy" (개또라이) | Park Mi Young | 0:51 |
| 3. | "All of a Sudden" (울컥) | Krystal Jung | 4:26 |
| 4. | "Will You Love Me" (사랑해줄래) | Alex Chu | 3:55 |
| 5. | "Pray" (Female version) | Joo-yi | 3:15 |
| 6. | "Pray" (Male version) | In4mal | 3:25 |
| 7. | "Promise" | Kim Bo Kyung | 3:45 |
| 8. | "Only U" (너 하나만) | Kim Tae-woo | 3:14 |
| 9. | "I Know" | Kim Bo Kyung | 3:53 |
| 10. | "My Lovely Girl" (내겐 너무 사랑스러운 그녀) | G.Brown | 3:35 |
| 11. | "Rewind" | Gavy NJ | 4:13 |
| 12. | "Calling Out" (불러본다) | Jin Min Ho | 3:55 |
| 13. | "Super Stiction" | Halo | 3:44 |
| 14. | "Tight" (타이트해) | Fiestar | 3:30 |
| 15. | "It's Okay I Love You" | Lee Simon | 3:25 |

## Ratings

| Episode # | Original broadcast date | Average audience share | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | TNmS Ratings | | AGB Nielsen | |
| | | Nationwide | Seoul National Capital Area | Nationwide | Seoul National Capital Area |
| 1 | September 17, 2014 | **8.2%** | 9.9% | **8.2%** | **9.2%** |
| 2 | September 18, 2014 | 8.1% | **10.9%** | 7.5% | 8.3% |
| 3 | September 24, 2014 | 7.0% | 9.1% | 7.8% | 8.7% |
| 4 | September 25, 2014 | 7.2% | 8.6% | 7.3% | 8.4% |
| 5 | October 1, 2014 | 6.2% | 7.0% | 6.9% | 7.8% |
| 6 | October 2, 2014 | **4.7%** | 5.8% | 4.7% | 5.4% |
| 7 | October 8, 2014 | 6.5% | 7.4% | 6.4% | 7.3% |
| 8 | October 9, 2014 | 8.1% | 9.5% | 6.6% | 7.4% |
| 9 | October 15, 2014 | 6.4% | 7.4% | 5.7% | 6.3% |
| 10 | October 16, 2014 | 7.1% | 8.5% | 6.9% | 7.1% |
| 11 | October 23, 2014 | 6.0% | | 6.5% | 7.9% |
| 12 | October 29, 2014 | 5.1% | 6.1% | 5.7% | 6.6% |
| 13 | October 30, 2014 | 5.4% | 5.5% | 5.6% | 6.0% |
| 14 | November 5, 2014 | 5.7% | 6.1% | 5.0% | 5.7% |
| 15 | November 5, 2014 | 4.9% | **5.1%** | **3.9%** | **4.7%** |
| 16 | November 6, 2014 | 5.6% | 6.6% | 5.5% | 5.7% |
| Average | | **6.4%** | **7.5%** | **6.3%** | **7.0%** |

## InfoBox

| *My Lovely Girl* | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Also known as | My Lovable Girl
Too Lovely Girl For Me
She's So Lovable |
| Genre | Romance
Musical
Drama |
| Written by | Noh Ji-seol |
| Directed by | Park Hyung-ki |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | South Korea |
| Original language | Korean |
| No. of episodes | 16 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production company | AStory |
| Original release | |
| Network | Seoul Broadcasting System |
| Release | September 17 (2014-09-17)
November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06) |


title: Watergate Seven

abstract: The Watergate Seven has come to refer to two different groups of people, both of them in the context of the Watergate scandal. Firstly, it can refer to the five men caught on June 17, 1972, burglarizing the Democratic National Committee's headquarters in the Watergate complex, along with their two handlers, E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy, who were Nixon campaign aides. All seven were tried before Judge John Sirica in January 1973. The second use of Watergate Seven refers to seven advisors and aides of United States President Richard M. Nixon who were indicted by a grand jury on March 1, 1974, for their roles in the Watergate scandal. The grand jury also named Nixon as an unindicted co-conspirator. The indictments marked the first time in U.S. history that a president was so named. The period leading up to the trial of the first Watergate Seven began on January 8, 1973. The term "Watergate Seven" was coined a few months later, in April 1973, by American politician, lawyer, and political commentator Rep. Ed Koch (D-NY), who, in response to U.S. Senator Lowell P. Weicker Jr.'s indicating that one of the men in the Watergate bugging case had been ordered in the spring of 1972 to keep certain senators and representatives under surveillance, posted a sign on the door of his United States Congress office saying, "These premises were surveilled by the Watergate Seven. Watch yourself".

text:
# Watergate Seven

The **Watergate Seven** has come to refer to two different groups of people, both of them in the context of the Watergate scandal. Firstly, it can refer to the five men caught on June 17, 1972, burglarizing the Democratic National Committee's headquarters in the Watergate complex, along with their two handlers, E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy, who were Nixon campaign aides. All seven were tried before Judge John Sirica in January 1973.

The second use of **Watergate Seven** refers to seven advisors and aides of United States President Richard M. Nixon who were indicted by a grand jury on March 1, 1974, for their roles in the Watergate scandal. The grand jury also named Nixon as an unindicted co-conspirator. The indictments marked the first time in U.S. history that a president was so named.

The period leading up to the trial of the first Watergate Seven began on January 8, 1973. The term "Watergate Seven" was coined a few months later, in April 1973, by American politician, lawyer, and political commentator Rep. Ed Koch (D-NY), who, in response to U.S. Senator Lowell P. Weicker Jr.'s indicating that one of the men in the Watergate bugging case had been ordered in the spring of 1972 to keep certain senators and representatives under surveillance, posted a sign on the door of his United States Congress office saying, "These premises were surveilled by the Watergate Seven. Watch yourself".

## Members

The original Watergate Seven and their legal dispositions were:

* **G. Gordon Liddy** – former FBI agent and general counsel for the Committee to Re-elect the President; convicted of burglary, conspiracy, and wiretapping; sentenced to 6 years and 8 months in prison; served 4+12 years in prison.
* **E. Howard Hunt** – CIA operative and leader of the White House Plumbers; convicted of burglary, conspiracy, and wiretapping; sentenced to 2+12 to 8 years in prison; served 33 months in prison.
* **Bernard Barker** – member of the Plumbers, FBI agent and alleged CIA undercover operative; pled guilty to wiretapping, planting electronic surveillance equipment, and theft of documents, and later to burglary; sentenced to 18 months to 6 years in prison for the first charge; reversed his plea and served 18 months in prison; later sentenced to 2+12 to 6 years in prison for the second charge; served 1 additional year in prison.
* **Virgilio González** – Cuban refugee and locksmith; convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping; sentenced to 1 to 4 years in prison; served 13 months in prison.
* **Eugenio Martínez** – Cuban exile and CIA undercover operative; convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping; sentenced to 1 to 4 years in prison; served 15 months in prison; pardoned by Ronald Reagan.
* **James W. McCord Jr.** – former CIA officer and FBI agent; convicted on eight counts of conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping; sentenced to 25 years in prison, reduced to 1 to 5 years in prison after he implicated others in the plot; served only 4 months.
* **Frank Sturgis** – CIA undercover operative and guerrilla trainer, military serviceman; convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping, and separately on a charge of transporting stolen cars to Mexico; sentenced to 1 to 4 years in prison for Watergate (the sentence for the transport charge was folded into the Watergate sentence, due to his cooperation); served 14 months in prison.

The seven advisors and aides later indicted in 1974 were:

* **John N. Mitchell**  former United States Attorney General and director of Nixon's 1968 and 1972 election campaigns; faced a maximum of 30 years in prison and $42,000 in fines. On February 21, 1975, Mitchell was found guilty of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury, and sentenced to 2+12 to 8 years in prison, which was later reduced to 1 to 4 years; he actually served 19 months.
* **H. R. Haldeman**  White House chief of staff, considered the second-most powerful man in the government during Nixon's first term; faced a maximum of 25 years in prison and $16,000 in fines; in 1975, he was convicted of conspiracy and obstruction of justice, and received an 18-month prison sentence.
* **John Ehrlichman**  former assistant to Nixon in charge of domestic affairs; faced a maximum of 25 years in prison and $40,000 in fines. Ehrlichman was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, perjury, and other charges; he served 18 months in prison.
* **Charles Colson**  former White House counsel specializing in political affairs; pled *nolo contendere* on June 3, 1974, to one charge of obstruction of justice, having persuaded the prosecution to change the charge from one of which he believed himself innocent to another of which he believed himself guilty, in order to testify freely. Colson was sentenced to 1 to 3 years of prison and fined $5,000; he served seven months.
* **Gordon C. Strachan**  White House aide to Haldeman; faced a maximum of 15 years in prison and $20,000 in fines. Charges against him were dropped before trial.
* **Robert Mardian**  aide to Mitchell and counsel to the Committee to Re-elect the President in 1972; faced 5 years in prison and $5,000 in fines. His conviction was overturned on appeal.
* **Kenneth Parkinson**  counsel for the Committee to Re-elect the President; faced 10 years in prison and $10,000 in fines. He was acquitted at trial. Although Parkinson was a lawyer, G. Gordon Liddy was in fact counsel for the Committee to Re-elect the President.


title: Mirigama Electoral District

abstract: Mirigama electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between August 1947 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Mirigama in present-day Gampaha District, Western Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Mirigama electoral district was replaced by the Gampaha multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the PR system, though Mirigama continues to be a polling division of the multi-member electoral district.

text:
# Mirigama Electoral District

**Mirigama electoral district** was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between August 1947 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Mirigama in present-day Gampaha District, Western Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Mirigama electoral district was replaced by the Gampaha multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the PR system, though Mirigama continues to be a polling division of the multi-member electoral district.

## Members of Parliament

**Key**

Independent   SLFP   UNP

| Election | | Member | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1947 | Don Stephen Senanayake | UNP | 1947-1952 |
|  | 1952 | John Amaratunga | | 1952-1956 |
|  | 1956 | Vimala Wijewardene | SLFP | 1956-1960 |
|  | 1960 | A. A. E. Jayasinghe | | 1960-1960 |
|  | 1960 | Wijayabahu Wijayasinha | | 1960-1965 |
|  | 1965 | Siva Obeyesekere | | 1965-1970 |
|  | 1970 | | | 1970-1977 |
|  | 1977 | Mahendra S. Wijeratne | UNP | 1977-1989 |
|

## Elections

### 1947 Parliamentary General Election

Results of the 1st parliamentary election held between 23 August 1947 and 20 September 1947 for the district:

| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Don Stephen Senanayake |  | Elephant | 26,762 | 71.49% |
| Edmund Samarakkody | Bolshevik–Leninist Party | Lamp | 10,673 | 28.51% |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **37,435** | **100.00%** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 462 |  |
| Total Polled | | | 37,897 |  |
| Registered Electors | | | 55,474 |  |
| Turnout | | | 68.31% |

### 1952 Parliamentary General Election

Results of the 2nd parliamentary election held between 24 May 1952 and 30 May 1952 for the district:

| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| John Amaratunga |  | Elephant | 27,447 | 61.06% |
| James Peter Obeyesekere III |  | Hand | 17,502 | 38.94% |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **44,949** | **100.00%** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 304 |  |
| Total Polled | | | 45,253 |  |
| Registered Electors | | | 56,728 |  |
| Turnout | | | 79.77% |

### 1956 Parliamentary General Election

Results of the 3rd parliamentary election held between 5 April 1956 and 10 April 1956 for the district:

| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Vimala Wijewardene |  | Hand | 36,193 | 75.62% |
| John Amaratunga |  | Elephant | 10,896 | 22.76% |
| H. P. Jayawardane |  | Pair of Spectacles | 399 | 0.83% |
| A. A. Stanley Dias |  | Pair of Scales | 375 | 0.78% |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **47,863** | **100.00%** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 234 |  |
| Total Polled | | | 48,097 |  |
| Registered Electors | | | 63,440 |  |
| Turnout | | | 75.81% |

### 1960 (March) Parliamentary General Election

Results of the 4th parliamentary election held on 19 March 1960 for the district:

| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A. E. Jayasinghe | Sri Lanka Freedom Party | Hand | 12,430 | 42.75% |
| W. D. Senanayake | United National Party | Elephant | 12,304 | 42.32% |
| K. Ratnayake | Mahajana Eksath Peramuna | Cart Wheel | 4,340 | 14.93% |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **29,074** | **100.00%** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 189 |  |
| Total Polled | | | 29,263 |  |
| Registered Electors | | | 37,086 |  |
| Turnout | | | 78.91% |

### 1960 (July) Parliamentary General Election

Results of the 5th parliamentary election held on 20 July 1960 for the district:

| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wijayabahu Wijayasinha | Sri Lanka Freedom Party | Hand | 15,424 | 51.45% |
| W. D. Senanayake | United National Party | Elephant | 13,934 | 46.48% |
| E. A. Jayasinghe |  | Chair | 345 | 1.15% |
| Tilaka Kulasekera |  | Cart Wheel | 276 | 0.92% |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **29,979** | **100.00%** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 113 |  |
| Total Polled | | | 30,092 |  |
| Registered Electors | | | 37,086 |  |
| Turnout | | | 81.14% |

### 1965 Parliamentary General Election

Results of the 6th parliamentary election held on 22 March 1965 for the district:

| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Siva Obeyesekere | Sri Lanka Freedom Party | Hand | 17,872 | 46.90% |
| Wijayabahu Wijayasinha | United National Party | Elephant | 17,028 | 44.69% |
| K. P. P. Karunanayake |  | Chair | 1,956 | 5.13% |
| M. K. W. Fonseka |  | Omnibus | 1,015 | 2.66% |
| M. B. Ratnayake | Mahajana Eksath Peramuna | Cart Wheel | 235 | 0.62% |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **38,106** | **100.00%** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 183 |  |
| Total Polled | | | 38,289 |  |
| Registered Electors | | | 44,575 |  |
| Turnout | | | 85.90% |

### 1970 Parliamentary General Election

Results of the 7th parliamentary election held on 27 May 1970 for the district:

| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Siva Obeyesekere | Sri Lanka Freedom Party | Hand | 24,872 | 55.99% |
| W. S. Karunaratne | United National Party | Elephant | 19,549 | 44.01% |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **44,421** | **100.00%** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 135 |  |
| Total Polled | | | 44,556 |  |
| Registered Electors | | | 50,721 |  |
| Turnout | | | 87.85% |

### 1977 Parliamentary General Election

Results of the 8th parliamentary election held on 21 July 1977 for the district:

| Candidate | Party | Symbol | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mahendra Wijeratne |  | Elephant | 30,877 | 57.91% |
| J. P. Obeysekera |  | Hand | 21,080 | 39.54% |
| Narada Jayakody |  | Key | 1,178 | 2.21% |
| J. Jayasinghe |  | Lamp | 180 | 0.34% |
| **Valid Votes** | | | **53,315** | **100.00%** |
| Rejected Votes | | | 187 |  |
| Total Polled | | | 53,502 |  |
| Registered Electors | | | 60,810 |  |
| Turnout | | | 87.98% |

7°14′29″N 80°07′57″E / 7.2414°N 80.1325°E / 7.2414; 80.1325


title: 1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike

abstract: The 1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer Strike was a labor strike that took place between August 19 and November 29, 1936. It started as the result of two senior staff members being fired after forming an alliance and joining The Newspaper Guild. The strike halted production of the newspaper for the duration of the strike. The strike ended with a formal recognition of The Newspaper Guild.

text:
# 1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike

The **1936 *Seattle Post-Intelligencer* Strike** was a labor strike that took place between August 19 and November 29, 1936. It started as the result of two senior staff members being fired after forming an alliance and joining The Newspaper Guild. The strike halted production of the newspaper for the duration of the strike. The strike ended with a formal recognition of The Newspaper Guild.

## Background

The owner of the *Seattle Post-Intelligencer* was William Randolph Hearst, who by the 1920s controlled newspapers that were read by a quarter of all Americans. He also owned an International News Service and six magazines including *Cosmopolitan* and *Good Housekeeping*. He later owned a television newsreel and film company and once considered running for the President of the United States. Hearst is credited as a founder of yellow journalism by utilizing sensationalism or crude exaggeration in his publications. The most famous example of Hearst's yellow journalism was prior to the Spanish–American War. He consistently published articles about ongoing conflicts between the Spanish and the Cuban Revolutionaries, often over-exaggerating events that transpired or fabricating events altogether, which was credited for laying the groundwork for the Spanish–American War by angering the American people. Hearst's "combat dispatches" turned out to be correspondents at luxury hotel resorts whose sources were their own imaginations.

During World War I, the city of Seattle produced one-fifth of the United States wartime ship tonnage. A shipyard strike in 1919 brought national attention to Seattle when workers went on strike to keep their high wartime wages, which led to a general strike during February 6–10, the longest in American history. The strike fueled American fears of radical and socialist values, and gave Seattle a reputation of being at the heart of political radicalism. During the Great Depression, "Hoovervilles" started popping up around the city where nearly 1,000 unemployed residents would gather to stay in shacks at the empty shipyard south of Pioneer Square. World War II created an economic revival for companies like The Boeing Company, which increased employment by more than 1,200.

The American Newspaper Guild was founded in 1933 and led by a columnist named Heywood Broun. It was founded because traditional independent editorial workers were upset with their pay. The Guild became affiliated with the American Federation of Labor in 1936 and the Congress of Industrial Unions in 1937, two of the largest labor organizations in America.

## Strike

In August 1936, thirty-five of the approximately seventy employees from the *Seattle Post-Intelligencer* went on strike. Employees who went on strike were members of the American Newspaper Guild. Management at the paper found that a few of the veteran members of their staff had joined the Newspaper Guild union and were fired as a result. The strike stopped publication of the newspaper from August 20 to November 29.

Three members of the Newspaper Guild were among the most highly active during the strike: Everhardt Armstrong, Richard "Dick" Seller, and Frank Lynch. Armstrong gained a lot of hostility from management at the paper largely because he was a respected and experienced reporter who showed sympathy for causes of labor. Seller was a younger reporter who, shortly after getting married became reassigned to the "night police beat". This assignment was typically given to young and single reporters who were somewhat carefree. Seller joined the strike with the Newspaper Guild later and ended up becoming the president of the Guild's Seattle chapter. Lynch was the chief photographer for the *Seattle Post-Intelligencer,* whose department was seen as being disorganized and was fired once the management from the Hearst Corporation discovered he was a member of the American Newspaper Guild Union.

David Beck was another key figure in the strike. Beck was an organizer for the Teamsters and had responsibilities all along the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, and later the entire West Coast. Strikers picketed outside the *Seattle Post-Intelligencer* and garnered attention from workers in the surrounding area. One group of those workers came from the waterfront and joined in the picket lines surrounding the building. Beck and the Teamsters then decided to refuse to drive past the picket lines, preventing the newspapers from being delivered.

William Hearst became more willing to make a deal with the union strikers once the pro-labor Franklin D. Roosevelt won a landslide re-election as U.S. president on November 3. A tentative agreement was reached and the *P-I* employees returned to work. Shortly after the end of the strike, Hearst hired Roosevelt's son-in-law, John Boettiger, as the paper's publisher. David Beck was the person who brokered the deal between the two sides, as the most influential member of the Seattle Central Labor Council. This victory allowed Beck to increase his influence and to gain a strong reputation as Seattle's premier labor leader. Beck also used this to help him in becoming the president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and to serve as chair of the UW Board of Regents.

During the strike, the employees of the *Post-Intelligencer* printed a separate paper of their own, *The Guild Daily*. It came to print on August 14, 1936, and sold 20,000 copies on its first day. By the end of its run, it had more than 60,000 readers. The news it covered included the strike, world news, and local sports news.

## Impact

The 1936 strike against the *Seattle P-I* was the first time in Seattle history that a newspaper staff went on strike. This was the first successful strike for the Newspaper Guild and one of the first instances of white-collar workers holding a successful strike, while building a reputation that Washington State laborers had power.

## InfoBox

| 1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike | |
| --- | --- |
| Reporters Everhardt Armstrong and Richard Seller, and photographer Frank Lynch, key strikers, 1936. | |
| Date | August 19 – November 29, 1936 |
| Location | Seattle, Washington |
| Parties | |
|  | |
| Lead figures | |
| Everhardt Armstrong,
Richard Seller,
Frank Lynch
William Randolph Hearst
(Newspaper's owner)
 | |


title: Try Me Out

abstract: "Try Me Out" is a song by Italian Eurodance project Corona, released in July 1995 by ZYX as the third single from their debut album, The Rhythm of the Night (1995). The song was written by Francesco Bontempi, Giorgio Spagna and Annerley Gordon, and contains samples from the 1987 song "Toy" by Teen Dream. Going for a harder, more underground house music sound, it peaked within the top 10 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Spain, the UK, as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100. Outside Europe, the song was a top-10 hit also in Australia and on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart, while peaking at number 43 in New Zealand.

text:
# Try Me Out

"**Try Me Out**" is a song by Italian Eurodance project Corona, released in July 1995 by ZYX as the third single from their debut album, *The Rhythm of the Night* (1995). The song was written by Francesco Bontempi, Giorgio Spagna and Annerley Gordon, and contains samples from the 1987 song "Toy" by Teen Dream. Going for a harder, more underground house music sound, it peaked within the top 10 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Spain, the UK, as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100. Outside Europe, the song was a top-10 hit also in Australia and on the US *Billboard* Hot Dance Club Play chart, while peaking at number 43 in New Zealand.

## Critical reception

AllMusic editor Jose F. Promis described the song as a "catchy Euro hit", naming it one of the standout tracks on the album. Larry Flick from *Billboard* wrote, "One of the leading acts of the ongoing Euro-NRG invasion of the pop mainstream unleashes another sparkler from the album *The Rhythm of the Night*. Corona is as giddy as an ingenue can be, and she is surrounded by a storm of syncopated beats and rollicking piano lines." Writing for *Dotmusic*, James Masterton said, "Unlike most production-line Italian dance, Corona singles do tend to have some song substance to them which has no doubt helped their chart performance". He concluded, "Top 10 could not be out of the question for this one either."

Alan Jones from *Music Week* commented, "Less immediate than "The Rhythm of the Night" and "Baby Baby", Corona's "Try Me Out" is another slab of unsubtle Nu-NRG, best served by Lee Marrow's mixes. It's not as immediate or commercial as Corona's two big hits, but it's certain to find an instant home in the upper half of the Top 40." In a retrospective review, Pop Rescue described it as a "Euro dance romp with house pianos and powerful vocals". Daisy & Havoc from the *Record Mirror* Dance Update rated it four out of five, complimenting it as a "catchy song". Another *Record Mirror* editor, James Hamilton, declared it as "nasally chanted Italo disco in typical romping 0-131-0bpm Lee Marrow Eurobeat (with some good breaks)".

## Chart performance

"Try Me Out" was a top-10 hit in Denmark (6), Finland (5), Ireland (7), Spain (4), and the UK. In the latter country, the single peaked at number six on 30 July 1995, during its third week on the UK Singles Chart. The song stayed on that position for two weeks. In Scotland, it peaked at number three, behind "Boom Boom Boom" by Outhere Brothers and "Never Forget" by Take That. In the band's native Italy, "Try Me Out" peaked at number two on the *Musica e dischi* chart, being held off reaching the top spot by Ti.Pi.Cal's "The Colour Inside", while on the Eurochart Hot 100 and the European Dance Radio Chart, it reached number seven and number one, respectively. The single was also a top-20 hit in Austria (20), France (11), Iceland (18), and Sweden (17). Outside Europe, it charted at number 10 in both Australia and on the US *Billboard* Hot Dance Club Play chart, number 38 on the *Billboard* Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart, and number 43 in New Zealand. On the Canadian *RPM* Dance/Urban chart, the song peaked at number 20.

"Try Me Out" was awarded a gold record in Australia for 35,000 singles shipped and a silver record in the UK, after 200,000 units were shipped.

## Music video

A music video was produced to promote the single by FilmMaster Clip. It sees the singer, Olga de Souza performing in different coloured cube-shaped rooms. Red, green and blue rooms appear to be mixed and laid on top of each other, like a Rubik's Cube. The opening and throughout the video, different people are watching a View-Master. At the most, nine cubical rooms are seen at once. They are sliding horizontally, vertical or inclined. Sometimes dancers are performing in these and other times they watches each other, through peepholes between the rooms. At the end all the nine cubes has been solved; top row in blue, middle row in red and bottom row in green.

## Track listings

## Personnel

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 10 July 1995 | * 12-inch vinyl * CD * cassette |  |  |
| Japan | 21 October 1995 | CD | DWA |  |

## InfoBox

| "Try Me Out" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Corona | |
| from the album  *The Rhythm of the Night* | |
| Released | 10 July 1995 (1995-07-10) |
| Studio | Casablanca (Italy) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:29 |
| Label | ZYX |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Checco * Soul Train |
| Corona singles chronology | |
| "Baby Baby"
(1995) "**Try Me Out**"
(1995) "I Don't Wanna Be a Star"
(1995) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Try Me Out" on YouTube | |
|  | |