title: Motivation (horse)

abstract: Motivation was a Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1993 Hong Kong Invitational Cup. Bred by Pedro Blaquier, he was sired by Egg Toss, a son of the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, Buckpasser. Out of the mare Frau Lamanche, the colt was first named "Freak Toss." Purchased by Hong Kong shipping tycoon Hui Sai Fun, he raced the United Kingdom from August 1990 through June 1991 where in 10 starts he compiled a record of 1-2-1. Brought to Hong Kong, he was renamed Motivation. Under trainer John Moore, he won five of eleven races, most notably capturing the prestigious Hong Kong Invitational Cup in 1993.

text:
# Motivation (horse)

**Motivation** (Chinese: 計惑) (foaled August 5, 1987 in Argentina) was a Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1993 Hong Kong Invitational Cup. Bred by Pedro Blaquier, he was sired by Egg Toss, a son of the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, Buckpasser. Out of the mare Frau Lamanche, the colt was first named "Freak Toss." Purchased by Hong Kong shipping tycoon Hui Sai Fun, he raced the United Kingdom from August 1990 through June 1991 where in 10 starts he compiled a record of 1-2-1.

Brought to Hong Kong, he was renamed Motivation. Under trainer John Moore, he won five of eleven races, most notably capturing the prestigious Hong Kong Invitational Cup in 1993.

## InfoBox

| Motivation | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Egg Toss |
| Grandsire | Buckpasser |
| Dam | Frau Lamanche |
| Damsire | Frari |
| Sex | Gelding |
| Foaled | 1987 |
| Country | Argentina |
| Colour | Chestnut |
| Breeder | Haras La Biznaga |
| Owner | Mr & Mrs Hui Sai Fun |
| Trainer | James M. P. Eustace (UK)
John Moore (Hong Kong) |
| Record | 21: 6-5-1 |
| Earnings | HK$7,494,177 |
| Major wins | |
| Radio Norfolk 'Tea For Two' Handicap (1991)
Hong Kong Invitational Cup (1993) | |


title: Mount Drysdale, New South Wales

abstract: Mount Drysdale is a ghost town in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. It was once a village associated with gold mining. It lies within the locality of Tindarey, named after the original pastoral holding from which the village site was excised.

text:
# Mount Drysdale, New South Wales

**Mount Drysdale** is a ghost town in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. It was once a village associated with gold mining. It lies within the locality of **Tindarey,** named after the original pastoral holding from which the village site was excised.

## Location

The site of the former village lies within the County of Robinson, Parish of Moquilamba. It lay approximately 4 km west of Kidman Way, north of Cobar. The nearest settlement is Cobar, approximately 40 km distant by road. The site lies west of Yanda Creek, an ephemeral tributary of the Darling River.

## History

### Aboriginal and early settler history

The area that would become Mount Drysdale lies on the traditional lands of Wangaaypuwan dialect speakers (also known as Wangaibon) of Ngiyampaa people, referred to in their own language as Ngiyampaa Wangaaypuwan. There is significant evidence of Aboriginal occupation at Mount Drysdale and it has been declared as an Aboriginal place. It lies 40 km east-north-east of the Mount Grenfell rock art site, an important Ngiyampaa Wangaaypuwan Aboriginal place.

Settlers took over the area now known as Mount Drysdale, as part of the 'Tindarey' (or 'Tindeyrey') pastoral leasehold that was notified in July 1885. It was, at best, marginal country for sheep grazing, even more so after the spread of feral rabbits to the area.

Settler records show that there were Aboriginal people still living on the 'Tindarey' sheep station in late 1885. It seems that there was frontier violence—probably including a massacre of local people by settlers in the Mount Drysdale area, either during the 1880s or in 1899—the earlier period seems more likely. Whatever it was that occurred is not well documented. However, by 1907, official records showed no Aboriginal people as living at Mount Drysdale.

### Mining village

In 1887, gold had been found at Mount Billagoe. In 1892, payable alluvial gold was found on the western side of a hill at the northern end of the same range of hills. That caused a rush to the field and prospectors soon started to search for a reef. In October 1892, David Drysdale found the gold reef on that hill and it was named, Mount Drysdale, after him. In August 1893, there were 120 men working on the field.

The site for a village—on the eastern side of the base of Mount Drysdale, downhill from the Mount Drysdale claim—was selected in August 1893 and the village of Mount Dysdale was proclaimed on 18 October 1893.

In late 1894, there were around 400 miners working on the field and land was reserved for the village's public buildings. By mid-1895, the village had three hotels, a large store, a post office and a school with 90 pupils. Around May 1901, the village's population was around 223.

Although there were many claims and mines on the field, two mines would come to dominate the field, the Mount Drysdale mine and the Eldorado mine. These two mines were adjacent and, in time, would come be operated conjointly. The Mount Drysdale mine was operated by a listed mining company, the Mount Drysdale Gold Mining Company Limited. The lode was a rich one and the goldfield was prosperous for many years.

In 1910, the Mt Drysdale mine had reached a depth of over 500 feet, and had also struck water. Later in the same year, the main shaft of the mine reached 572 feet, reportedly making it the deepest gold mine in the Cobar mining region at the time. Once the shaft had been timbered, it was planned to remove ore from areas that previously could not be mined profitably, above the 460 foot level, and make new drives to the north and south, at the 560 foot level. The work on the shaft had been expensive, but the company's directors were optimistic, and raised more capital. Work on the new drives was well underway by early 1911. The two companies were working to amalgamate their interests, into a single company, in 1911.

By mid 1912, both the Mt Drysdale and Eldorado companies were in financial difficulty. Mining was suspended, probably as early as mid 1911, and, in March 1913, it was resolved to wind up the Mt Drysdale company. In 1916, a syndicate was formed to dewater the Mt Drysdale mine and restart operations, Work reportedly did commenced, in mid 1916, and dewatering was underway in August 1916. The efforts seem to have failed, because the mine's surface equipment was sold to the C.S.A. mine, in mid 1917, and the syndicate was wound up in May 1918. The machinery and buildings at the Eldorado mine were up for sale in August 1918. The buildings from the Eldorado went to the C.S.A. mine at Elouera and the machinery to the Gladstone Mine at Wrightville. Subsequent attempts to reopen the two mines by others seem to have failed too. After the deep shaft had been sunk, it seems that the miners had 'lost the lode'.

Mining and exploration continued on a smaller scale, during the 1920s and 1930s but the heyday of the gold field had been over, once the two dominant mines closed. The police station closed in October 1914. The school closed in 1913 and its building was relocated to another mining settlement, Elouera, in 1919. The Mount Drysdale hotel closed in 1917, and its licence was transferred to the new Royal Hotel at Elouera.

There was a smaller, neighbouring village known as **Drysdale West**—proclaimed in November 1894—but it seems to have not lasted long and its design was cancelled in 1922. There was a market garden, run by ethnic-Chinese, near West Drysdale.

The village could still raise a cricket team in the late 1920s. By 1932, all that was left of the village was a store, a post office, a hall and about four houses "distantly situated". In late 1934, voting took place at a private residence, suggesting that the post office had closed by then. The old school site was resumed in 1946, and the reserves of land for public buildings were revoked in 1951. There were only seven voters there at the 1950 election. In 1962, it ceased to be a polling place. The old village faded away. Its last residents were known as 'Dot and Joe', whose deserted cottage was still standing in 2006.

Cobar Shire advertised for sale 20 allotments in the old village, to recover rates that had not been paid by their long-absent or deceased owners, in 2006. At least notionally, the village of Mount Drysdale still exists.

## Remnants

McKell Street still appears on maps, now at the locality of Tindarey, as do many allotments of the former Mount Drysdale village. Other now lost streets of the former village included Kelly, Cotton, Waddlell, Gould, Macpherson, Cobar and Carter streets. The village has a cemetery. The 'Mine Tank', an in-ground water storage once used by the mines, still exists, as do remnants of the market garden; all lie to the north of the village on the far side of the hill close to the site of West Drysdale. There is a surviving government caretaker's cottage. Otherwise, apart from its worked out mines, rusting equipment and some ruins, there is nothing left of Mount Drysdale.

In February 2022, Mount Drysdale was added to the N.S.W. Heritage Register as the Billagoe (Mount Drysdale) Cultural Landscape, noted for both its Aboriginal and settler heritage significance.

31°10′11.7″S 145°52′19.4″E / 31.169917°S 145.872056°E / -31.169917; 145.872056


title: Winfield Ervin Jr.

abstract: Winfield Ervin Jr. (1902–1985) was a mayor of Anchorage, Alaska.

text:
# Winfield Ervin Jr.

**Winfield Ervin Jr.** (1902–1985) was a mayor of Anchorage, Alaska.

## Biography

Ervin was born in 1902 in Portland, Oregon to Winfield Ervin Sr., a native of Lebanon, Oregon and Theora McNall of Oregon. He moved with his family to Lewiston, Idaho and later lived in Bellingham while Ervin Sr. worked for the Brown and Hawkins Company in Alaska. In 1917, the family was reunited in Anchorage, Alaska. In 1922, Ervin Sr. founded First National Bank Alaska.

Ervin Jr. married Velma Lucille Flora Brown in 1937. He served on the City Council, and was appointed Mayor of Anchorage on March 19, 1946, a day after mayor John E. Manders resigned. Ervin stood for election on April 2, but was defeated by Francis C. Bowden, who was sworn into office on April 8.

In 1951, Ervin and Velma moved to Seward, Alaska, where they operated a garage. In 1959, they moved back to Anchorage, where Ervin took a position with the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In 1964, they moved to Seattle.

Ervin died in Seattle, Washington in 1985. He is buried, along with Velma, who died in 2005, in Acacia Memorial Park, near Seattle.

* "Former Resident: Velma Ervin, 95". *Anchorage Daily News*. January 10, 2006.
* "Ervin, Winfield and Theora". *Anchorage 1910-1935: Legends & Legacies*. Cook Inlet Historical Society. Retrieved May 24, 2010.


title: Mothey

abstract: Moteh or Mothey is a village in Suryapet district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Mothey mandal of Suryapet division.

text:
# Mothey

**Moteh** or **Mothey** is a village in Suryapet district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Mothey mandal of Suryapet division.

## Geography

Moteh is located at 17°10′00″N 79°48′00″E / 17.1667°N 79.8000°E / 17.1667; 79.8000. It has an average elevation of 237 metres (780 ft).

## InfoBox

| Mothey | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MotheyLocation in Telangana, IndiaMotheyMothey (India) | |
| Coordinates: 17°10′00″N 79°48′00″E / 17.1667°N 79.8000°E / 17.1667; 79.8000 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| District | Suryapet |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.48 km2 (3.66 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 237 m (778 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,241 |
| Density | 240/km2 (610/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 508212 |
| Vehicle registration | TS |
| Nearest city | Suryapet |
| Climate | hot (Köppen) |
| Website | telangana.gov.in |


title: William de Rithre, 1st Baron Rithre

abstract: William de Rithre, 1st Baron Rithre, Lord of Rithre was an English noble. He fought in the wars in Gascony and Scotland.

text:
# William de Rithre, 1st Baron Rithre

**William de Rithre, 1st Baron Rithre**, Lord of Rithre was an English noble. He fought in the wars in Gascony and Scotland.

## Biography

William was summoned to parliament by writ between 29 December 1299 and 26 August 1307. He took part in expeditions in Gascony and Scotland. He was succeeded by his son John.

## Citations

1. Nicholas, p.540.
2. Cokayne, p.370.
3. Burke, p.464.
* Burke, Bernard. A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire. United Kingdom, Harrison, 1883.
* Cokayne, George Edward. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, Vol. VI (1895).
* Nicolas, Nicholas Harris. A Synopsis of the Peerage of England: Exhibiting, Under Alphabetical Arrangement, the Date of Creation, Descent and Present State of Every Title of Peerage which Has Existed in this Country Since the Conquest.... United Kingdom, J. Nichols and son, 1825.


title: William de Rodyard

abstract: William de Rodyard, de Rodiard, or de Rudyard was an English-born judge and cleric in fourteenth-century Ireland. He held office as Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas. He was also Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, and briefly Deputy Lord Treasurer of Ireland. He was the first Chancellor of the Medieval University of Dublin.

text:
# William de Rodyard

**William de Rodyard, de Rodiard, or de Rudyard** (c.1275- c. 1349) was an English-born judge and cleric in fourteenth-century Ireland. He held office as Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas. He was also Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, and briefly Deputy Lord Treasurer of Ireland. He was the first Chancellor of the Medieval University of Dublin (not to be confused with Trinity College Dublin, which was a much later foundation).

## Career

Little is known of his background or his early life, although he was probably born in Rudyard, Staffordshire, and took his name from the village. A few official records give his first name as John. He was in holy orders, and must have been a university graduate since he was often termed "Magister (Master)", a title which was given at the time only to those with a University degree. It is unlikely that he would have been selected to head the new University if he did not have a degree.

He is first heard of in Dublin in 1307 as Treasurer of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin; he was elected Dean of St Patrick's in 1312, and apparently served in that capacity until his elevation to the Bench in 1327. He already had considerable practical experience of the duties of Dean, as his predecessor Thomas de Chaddesworth had been in failing health for some time prior to his death in 1311 (he had been in the Crown service for 50 years), and William had acted as his deputy.

From the sketchy information we have about his personality, he seems to have been an able administrator and a man who was "learned in the law". He acted for a time as an itinerant justice. He played a considerable part in the defence of Dublin during the Bruce campaign in Ireland in 1315-18, and later excommunicated the leaders of the Bruce invasion, together with those clergy who had supported them.

## Candidate for Archbishop of Dublin

In 1311 he was one of the three Cathedral canons nominated for the office of Archbishop of Dublin, the others being Alexander de Bicknor, the former Lord Treasurer of Ireland, and Walter de Thornbury, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. William, however, withdrew his name from the running, and the death of Thornbury, who drowned while on his way to the Papal Court at Avignon to lobby for his own appointment, "as if Heaven had promulgated its judgment" in the words of a nineteenth-century historian, left Bicknor the undisputed choice as Archbishop. Bicknor could by all accounts be a difficult and quarrelsome individual, but his relations with Rodyard seem to have been amicable enough.

## Kilkenny witch trials

He became a Doctor of Civil Law in 1320. In 1324 he was sent to Kilkenny to sit as one of the judges at the witch trials of the celebrated **Witch of Kilkenny**, Alice Kyteler and her associates. He granted Alice bail, thus enabling her and one of her co-accused, Basilia, to flee the country, although her servant Petronilla de Meath was burned at the stake.

Later, in 1328/9, he presided over the high-powered Commission of inquiry which cleared Alice's brother-in-law Roger Utlagh, Prior of Kilmainham, and others, of any wrongdoing, despite the accusations levelled against them by the Bishop of Ossory, Richard de Ledrede, the moving force behind the witch hunt. In particular, Ledrede alleged they had connived at the escape of Alice and Basilia. Curiously Ledrede made no accusations against Rodyard himself, even though it was he who had granted the fugitives bail.

## Papal legate

In about 1328 he was appointed papal legate, with a specific brief to inquire into the conduct of the Irish Franciscans, whose loyalty to the English Crown had been suspected ever since the Bruce invasion of 1315-18. In due course he reported that the loyalty of many of the Gaelic-born friars was doubtful, and that they were "a danger to the King's peace". He recommended that with a few exceptions the rebellious friars be distributed among the Franciscan Order's other Monasteries and that in future no Irish-born friar should be appointed to a position of authority.

## Later life

He became a justice of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland) in 1327. He was appointed Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas in 1329, but served for only two years, although he was praised for his diligence in carrying out his official duties. He was briefly deputy to the Lord Treasurer of Ireland in 1331. He was reappointed Chief Justice in 1335, but apparently served for only a short time. He was dead by 1349.

## Medieval University of Dublin

Pope Clement V issued a Papal brief in 1311 for the foundation of a new University in Dublin, but the project was hampered from the beginning by inadequate funds, and the University did not open until 1320. From the beginning it was closely associated with St Patrick's Cathedral, and de Rodyard, as Dean of St. Patrick's, was the obvious choice to be the first chancellor. Michael Hardy was the first Master.

Although a number of Chairs were endowed, including chairs of Theology and Law, the University, due to lack of proper financial and political support, never flourished, and it was suppressed at the Reformation. The present University of Dublin was founded in 1592.


title: Mott Green

abstract: Mott Green was an American businessman and chocolatier, who founded the Grenada Chocolate Company in 1999. An edition of The Food Programme was devoted to Mott Green in June 2013.

text:
# Mott Green

**Mott Green** (April 15, 1966  June 1, 2013) was an American businessman and chocolatier, who founded the Grenada Chocolate Company in 1999. An edition of The Food Programme was devoted to Mott Green in June 2013.

## Early life

Mott Green was born **David Lawrence Friedman** in Washington, D.C. in 1966 and raised in Staten Island, New York City. He would later adopt the name Mott Green, with "Mott" being a variation of his nickname "Moth", and "Green" representing his support of environmentalism. As a boy Mott was a frequent visitor to Grenada as his father, Dr. Sandor Friedman, the director of medical services at Coney Island Hospital, taught on the island each winter, often bringing his family along.

He was the valedictorian of his class at Curtis High School in Staten Island. Mott was accepted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but chose the University of Pennsylvania instead. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania, but did not complete his degree, dropping out in 1988 during his senior year.

## Grenada Chocolate Company

### Fair Trade

Mr. Green founded the Grenada Chocolate Company in 1999. Its slogan was "tree to bar". Joining with a friend from Eugene, Oregon, Doug Browne he studied chocolate production in San Francisco. Working in Cottage Grove, Oregon, the men restored old machines from Europe and built new ones themselves. By the late 1990s they had shipped everything to Grenada.

Working with small cocoa farmers in Grenada and as many as 50 factory employees during peak operations, and Grenadian co-founder Edmond Brown, all of whom earned the same salary. By keeping the processing and packaging of chocolate within Grenada, he appears to have created the first and only chocolate-making company in a cocoa-producing country.

### Sustainable manufacturing

Mr. Green dried cocoa beans in the sun; built, maintained and powered the machinery to make chocolate; packaged the finished product; and cobbled together an international network of distributors, including volunteer cargo cyclists in the Netherlands.

### International recognition

In 2011, the company received recognition from the State Department for its "contribution to the sustainable growth of rural economies by establishing Grenadian products in international markets; pioneering agritourism; outstanding environmental conservation efforts; and promotion of organic farming."

### Fairtransport

In 2012 the company delivered tens of thousands of chocolate bars to Europe on a sail-powered Dutch ship, the Brigantine Tres Hombres, operated by a company called Fairtransport. A team of volunteer cyclists in Amsterdam helped handle distribution on the ground.

Mr. Green called it "the first carbon-neutral trans-Atlantic mass chocolate delivery."

In 2008, 2011 and 2013, the Academy of Chocolate in London awarded silver medals to Grenada's dark chocolate bars. A documentary film about the company, "Nothing Like Chocolate," directed by Kum-Kum Bhavnani, was released in 2012 and has been shown at film festivals.

## Life and death in Grenada

By the mid-1990s he had moved to Grenada, where he initially lived in a remote hut he had built himself. It, too, relied on solar energy, in part to power Mr. Green's passion for music. He was electrocuted while working on solar-powered machinery for cooling chocolate during overseas transport.


title: Phineas Andrews

abstract: Phineas Andrews was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1661. Andrews was the son of William Andrews of Evesham and Little Hampton, Worcestershire and his wife Mary Phineas, daughter of William Phineas of Coventry. He became a London merchant and in 1645 purchased the manor of Little Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire from Frances Weld, widow of Sir John Weld. In 1654, he was tasked by the government to give protection to fisheries by building wharfs, docks, and storehouses, drawing on the salt duties and other customs, and excise duties which were remitted to him. In 1655, Andrews sold Little Berkhamsted to George Nevill and in 1658 acquired the manor of Denton, Kent from John Percival. In 1660, Andrews was elected Member of Parliament for Hythe in the Convention Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Hythe in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament but died later in the year. Andrews died in 1661 and was buried at Denton church where there is a monument to his memory. Andrews married Mildred Fanshaw, daughter of John Fanshaw and his wife Elizabeth Wiseman. His daughter Elizabeth married Sir Thomas Wolstenholme.

text:
# Phineas Andrews

**Phineas Andrews** (ca. 1600  23 September 1661) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1661.

Andrews was the son of William Andrews of Evesham and Little Hampton, Worcestershire and his wife Mary Phineas, daughter of William Phineas of Coventry. He became a London merchant and in 1645 purchased the manor of Little Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire from Frances Weld, widow of Sir John Weld. In 1654, he was tasked by the government to give protection to fisheries by building wharfs, docks, and storehouses, drawing on the salt duties and other customs, and excise duties which were remitted to him. In 1655, Andrews sold Little Berkhamsted to George Nevill and in 1658 acquired the manor of Denton, Kent from John Percival.

In 1660, Andrews was elected Member of Parliament for Hythe in the Convention Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Hythe in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament but died later in the year.

Andrews died in 1661 and was buried at Denton church where there is a monument to his memory.

Andrews married Mildred Fanshaw, daughter of John Fanshaw and his wife Elizabeth Wiseman. His daughter Elizabeth married Sir Thomas Wolstenholme.


title: Phlegmariurus varius

abstract: Phlegmariurus varius, is a fir moss or club moss in the family Lycopodiaceae found in areas of Australia, New Zealand and associated islands. It has a number of synonyms including Huperzia varia. Phlegmariurus varius can grow on the ground and as a lithophyte or epiphyte. It can have one or many branches that are spirally arranged with slender leaves that narrow to a point. The plant varies from green to green-yellow and is sometimes orange in appearance. A recent article provides morphological and genetic evidence to separate Phlegmariurus billardierei, the only species of Lycopodiaceae endemic to New Zealand, from P. varius.

text:
# Phlegmariurus varius

***Phlegmariurus varius***, is a fir moss or club moss in the family Lycopodiaceae found in areas of Australia, New Zealand and associated islands. It has a number of synonyms including ***Huperzia varia***.

*Phlegmariurus varius* can grow on the ground and as a lithophyte or epiphyte. It can have one or many branches that are spirally arranged with slender leaves that narrow to a point. The plant varies from green to green-yellow and is sometimes orange in appearance. A recent article provides morphological and genetic evidence to separate *Phlegmariurus billardierei*, the only species of Lycopodiaceae endemic to New Zealand, from *P. varius*.

## InfoBox

| *Phlegmariurus varius* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Upper Hutt beech forest, New Zealand | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Lycophytes |
| Class: | Lycopodiopsida |
| Order: | Lycopodiales |
| Family: | Lycopodiaceae |
| Genus: | *Phlegmariurus* |
| Species: | ***P. varius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phlegmariurus varius***<br>(R.Br.) A.R.Field & Bostock | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Huperzia billardieri* (Spring) Trevis. * *Huperzia desvauxii* Holub * *Huperzia novae-zelandica* (Colenso) Holub * *Huperzia varia* (R.Br.) Trevis. * *Lycopodium billardierei* Spring * *Lycopodium flagellaria* A.Rich. * *Lycopodium novae-zelandicum* Colenso * *Lycopodium pachystachyum* Desv. * *Lycopodium phlegmaria* A.Cunn. * *Lycopodium varium* R.Br. * *Lycopodium selago var. varium* (R.Br.) C.Moore & Betche * *Urostachys billardieri* (Spring) Herter ex Nessel * *Urostachys varius* (R.Br.) Herter ex Nessel | |


title: Phillips Exeter Academy Library

abstract: Phillips Exeter Academy Library is a library that serves Phillips Exeter Academy, an independent boarding school located in Exeter, New Hampshire. It is the largest secondary school library in the world, containing 160,000 volumes over nine levels with a shelf capacity of 250,000 volumes. When it became clear in the 1950s that the library had outgrown its existing building, the school initially hired an architect who proposed a traditional design for the new building. Deciding instead to construct a library with a contemporary design, the school gave the commission to Louis Kahn in 1965. The library opened in 1971. In 1997 the library received the Twenty-five Year Award from the American Institute of Architects, an award that recognizes architecture of enduring significance that is given to no more than one building per year. Kahn structured the library in three concentric square rings. The outer ring, which is built of load-bearing brick, includes all four exterior walls and the library carrel desks immediately inside them. The middle ring, which is built of reinforced concrete, holds the heavy book stacks. The inner ring is a dramatic atrium with enormous circular openings in its walls that reveal several floors of book stacks.

text:
# Phillips Exeter Academy Library

**Phillips Exeter Academy Library** is a library that serves Phillips Exeter Academy, an independent boarding school located in Exeter, New Hampshire. It is the largest secondary school library in the world, containing 160,000 volumes over nine levels with a shelf capacity of 250,000 volumes.

When it became clear in the 1950s that the library had outgrown its existing building, the school initially hired an architect who proposed a traditional design for the new building. Deciding instead to construct a library with a contemporary design, the school gave the commission to Louis Kahn in 1965. The library opened in 1971. In 1997 the library received the Twenty-five Year Award from the American Institute of Architects, an award that recognizes architecture of enduring significance that is given to no more than one building per year.

Kahn structured the library in three concentric square rings. The outer ring, which is built of load-bearing brick, includes all four exterior walls and the library carrel desks immediately inside them. The middle ring, which is built of reinforced concrete, holds the heavy book stacks. The inner ring is a dramatic atrium with enormous circular openings in its walls that reveal several floors of book stacks.

## History and services

The first library at Phillips Exeter Academy was a single small room. A member of the class of 1833 remembered it as containing "old sermons and some history, scarcely ever read". Even as late as 1905 the library had only two rooms and 2,000 volumes.

In 1912 the Davis Library was added to the campus with space for 5,000 volumes. Although a major improvement, its atmosphere was inhospitable by the standards of later generations. Stacks were locked to students, for example, and the librarian's office was located at the entrance to the stacks to maximize control over entry. Decisions about book selections and the library's program were in the hands of an all-male faculty committee instead of the female librarian.

In 1950 Rodney Armstrong became librarian, the first with a graduate degree in library science. One of his first moves was to open the stacks to students. That solved one problem, but the real difficulty was the lack of space. The library contained 35,000 volumes at that point, many of them stored in cardboard boxes for lack of shelf room. After years of effort, Armstrong eventually succeeded in bringing a new library to the academy.

Architect Louis Kahn was chosen to design the new library in 1965, and it was ready for occupancy in 1971. Architectural historian Vincent Scully acknowledged its architectural significance by using a photo of it as the frontispiece for his book *Modern Architecture and Other Essays*.

On November 16, 1971, classes were suspended for a day, and students, faculty, and staff moved books (the library had 60,000 volumes by this time) from the old Davis Library into the new library.

Henry Bedford, who became librarian shortly after the new library was occupied, supervised the transition not only to the new building but also to a new way of operating a library. Staff librarians were encouraged to see themselves as co-instructors with the regular faculty and to put less emphasis on shushing library patrons. A piano was installed and the library began sponsoring lectures and concerts.

In 1977 Jacquelyn Thomas became the first librarian with full faculty status. By 2006 she oversaw a staff of seven, all with graduate degrees in library science. During Thomas' tenure the library's collection and programming grew to a size appropriate to a small liberal arts college. Today the library houses 160,000 volumes on nine levels and has a shelf capacity of 250,000 volumes, making it the largest secondary school library in the world. The library also contains a collection of works by alumni as well as the Academy Archives.

The library was the first building on campus to be computerized thanks to the foresight of Armstrong and Kahn, who supplied the library with sufficient conduit space for the cabling needed by the coming computer revolution.

In 1995, the library was officially named the Class of 1945 Library, honoring Dr. Lewis Perry, Exeter's eighth principal, who served from 1914 to 1946.

## Choosing Louis Kahn as architect

The project to build a new and larger library began in 1950 and progressed slowly for several years. By the mid-1960s, O'Connor & Kilham, the architectural firm that had designed libraries for Barnard, Amherst and West Point, had been chosen to design the new library and had drafted plans with traditional architecture. Richard Day arrived as the new principal of the academy at that point, however, and found their design to be unsatisfactory. He dismissed them, declaring his intention to hire "the very best contemporary architect in the world to design our library".

The school's building committee was tasked with finding a new architect. Influential members of the committee became interested in Louis Kahn at an early stage, but they interviewed several other prominent architects as well, including Paul Rudolph, I. M. Pei, Philip Johnson and Edward Larrabee Barnes. Kahn's prospects received a boost when Jonas Salk, whose son had attended Exeter, called Armstrong and invited him to visit the Salk Institute in California, which Kahn had recently built to widespread acclaim. Kahn was awarded the commission for the library in November 1965.

Kahn had already thought deeply about the proper design for a library, having earlier submitted proposals for a new library at Washington University. He also expressed a deep reverence for books, saying, "A book is tremendously important. Nobody ever paid the price of a book, they only paid for the printing". Describing the book as an offering, Kahn said, "How precious a book is in light of the offering, in light of the one who has the privilege of the offering. The library tells you of this offering".

The building committee carefully considered what they wanted in a new library and presented their ideas to Kahn in an unusually detailed document that went through more than fifty drafts. The early designs included some items that were eventually rejected, such as a roof garden and two exterior towers with stairs that were open to the weather. They were removed from the plans when the building committee reminded Kahn that neither of those features would be practical in New England winters.

## Architecture

The library has an almost cubical shape: each of its four sides is 111 feet (33 m) wide and 80 feet (24 m) tall. It is constructed in three concentric areas (which Kahn called "doughnuts"). In the words of Robert McCarter, author of *Louis I. Kahn,* "From the very beginning of the design process, Kahn conceived of the three types of spaces as if they were three buildings constructed of different materials and of different scales – buildings-within-buildings". The outer area, which houses the reading carrels, is made of brick. The middle area, which contains the heavy book stacks, is made of reinforced concrete. The inner area is an atrium.

The library's heating and cooling needs are supplied by the nearby dining hall, which Kahn built at the same time as the library, but which is considered to be of less architectural significance.

### Exterior

The building committee's document specified that the new library should be "unpretentious, though in a handsome, inviting contemporary style". Kahn accordingly made the building's exterior relatively undramatic, suitable for a small New England town. Its facade is primarily brick with teak wood panels at most windows marking the location of a pair of wooden carrels. The bricks are load-bearing; that is, the weight of the outer portion of the building is carried by the bricks themselves, not by a hidden steel frame. Kahn calls this fact to the viewer's attention by making the brick piers noticeably thicker at the bottom where they have more weight to bear. The windows are correspondingly wider toward the top where the piers are thinner. Kahn said, "The weight of the brick makes it dance like a fairy above and groan below."

The corners of the building are chamfered (cut off), allowing the viewers to see the outer parts of the building's structure, the outer "doughnut." The *Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects* says, "Kahn sometimes perceived a building as enclosed by 'plate-walls,' and to give emphasis to this structural form, he interrupted the plates at the corner, leaving a gap between them. The Library at Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire (1967–1972) is a classic example". Each of these four brick "plate-walls," which house the library carrels, is 16 feet (4.9 m) deep.

At the top of the exterior walls is a row of openings similar to the windows below except that these openings are above the roof and have no glass. Vincent Scully said that Kahn was drawn to architecture based on "solid, almost primitive, masonry masses with voids in them without glass." The bottoms of these window-like openings are 6 feet (1.8 m) above the floor of an arcade that follows the perimeter of the top of building.

Another arcade circles the building on the ground floor. Kahn disliked the idea of a building that was dominated by its entrance, so he concealed the main entrance to the library behind this arcade. His original design, however, called for landscaping with a paved forecourt that would have indicated the entrance without disrupting the symmetry of the facade. Architectural historian William Jordy said, "Perverse as the hidden entrance may seem, it emphatically reinforces Kahn's statement that his design begins on the periphery with the circle of individual carrels, each with its separate window."

### Interior

A circular double staircase built from concrete and faced with travertine greets the visitor upon entry into the library. At the top of the stairs the visitor enters a dramatic central hall with enormous circular openings that reveal several floors of book stacks. At the top of the atrium, two massive concrete cross beams diffuse the light entering from the clerestory windows.

Carter Wiseman, author of *Louis Kahn: Beyond Time and Style*, said, "The many comparisons of the experience of entering Exeter's main space to that of entering a cathedral are not accidental. Kahn clearly wanted the students to be humbled by the sense of arrival, and he succeeded." David Rineheart, who worked as an architect for Kahn, said, "for Lou, every building was a temple. Salk was a temple for science. Dhaka was a temple for government. Exeter was a temple for learning."

Because the stacks are visible from the floor of the central hall, the layout of the library is clear to the visitor at a glance, which was one of the goals the academy's building committee had set for Kahn.

The central room is 52 feet (15.8 m) high, as measured from the floor to the beginning of the roof structure, and 32 feet (9.8 m) wide. Those dimensions approximate a ratio known as the golden ratio, which was studied by the ancient Greeks and has been considered the ideal architectural ratio for centuries.

The circle and the square that are combined so dramatically in the atrium were considered to be the paradigmatic geometric units by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius. He also noted that the human body is proportioned so that it can fit in both shapes, a concept that was famously expressed with a combined circle and square by Leonardo da Vinci in his drawing *Vitruvian Man*.The topic was repeatedly raised by Kahn in several projects.

The specifications of the academy's building committee called for a large number of carrels (the library has 210) and for the carrels to be placed near windows so they could receive natural light. The latter point matched Kahn's personal inclinations exactly because he himself strongly preferred natural light: "He is also known to have worked by a window, refusing to switch on an electric light even on the darkest of days." Each pair of carrels has a large window above, and each individual carrel has a small window at desk height with a sliding panel for adjusting the light.

The placement of carrel spaces at the periphery was the product of thinking that began years earlier when Kahn submitted proposals for a new library at Washington University. There he dispensed with the traditional arrangement of completely separate library spaces for books and readers, usually with book stacks on the periphery of the library and reading rooms toward the center. Instead he felt that reading spaces should be near the books and also to natural light. For Kahn, the essence of a library was the act of taking a book from a shelf and walking a few steps to a window for a closer look: "A man with a book goes to the light. A library begins that way. He will not go fifty feet away to an electric light." Each carrel area is associated with two levels of book stacks, with the upper level structured as a mezzanine that overlooks the carrels. This arrangement of numbered floors and mezzanines (B, G, 1, 1M, 2, 2M, 3, 3M, 4) elegantly skirted the town code limiting buildings to four stories. The book stacks also look out into the atrium.

The inherent massiveness of the brick "plate-wall" structure of the outer part of the library helps to create the cloistered atmosphere that Kahn felt was appropriate for library carrels. While explaining his proposal for the library at Washington University, Kahn had used the example of the cloistered carrels at the monastic library at Dunham, England, to explain his "desire to find a space construction system in which the carrels were inherent in the support which harbored them ... Wall-bearing masonry construction with its niches and vaults has the appealing structural order to provide naturally such spaces."

## Architectural interpretations

Architectural experts sometimes differ in their interpretations of Kahn's design. For example, in reasoning why the cross beams at the clerestory windows above the atrium are so massive, Carter Wiseman says, "While they appear to be—and indeed are—structural, they are far deeper than necessary; their no-less-important role was to diffuse the sunlight coming in from the surrounding clerestory windows and reflect it down into the atrium." Sarah Williams Goldhagen thinks there is more to the story, asserting that "the concrete X-shaped cross below the skylit ceiling at the Exeter Library is grossly exaggerated for dramatic effect." Kathleen James-Chakraborty goes even further: "Above, in the most sublime gesture of all, floats a concrete cross brace, illuminated by clerestory windows. Its weight, which appears ready to come crashing down upon the onlooker, revives the sense of threat dissipated elsewhere by the reassuring familiarity of the brick skin and wood details." Kahn similarly floated a massive concrete structure above the sanctuary of the First Unitarian Church of Rochester, which he designed a few years earlier. The library is also often discussed in comparison with contemporary sacred buildings. The plans have some characteristics of Vasrtu Purusha Mandala as well as other symbolic forms that allow various symbolic interpretations.

Another issue is the extent to which Kahn deliberately introduced elements into some of his buildings that give them the ageless atmosphere of ruins. Kahn himself spoke of "wrapping ruins around buildings", although in the context of another project. In his essay "Louis I. Kahn and the Ruins of Rome", Vincent Scully argues that Kahn followed this practice in several of his buildings, including this library, saying, "And in his library at Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, Kahn won't even let it become a building; he wants it to remain a ruin. The walls don't connect at the top. They remain like a hollow shell". Romaldo Giurgola, on the other hand, avoids this interpretation in the entry he wrote for Louis Kahn in the *Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects*. In it, while discussing the arrangement of exterior components of Kahn's National Assembly Building of Bangladesh, Giurgola wrote, "This relationship with daylight was the determining element behind this solution, rather than the formal desire to 'create ruins,' as some critics have suggested." In the very next paragraph Guirgola describes the chamfered corners of the library by saying only that Kahn used this device to show that the structural importance of the corner is greatly reduced in buildings like the Exeter Library that are constructed with reinforced concrete and other modern materials.

## Recognition

42°58′44″N 70°56′58″W / 42.97889°N 70.94944°W / 42.97889; -70.94944

## InfoBox

| Class of 1945 Library | |
| --- | --- |
| Phillips Exeter Library atrium | |
|  | |
| Location | Exeter, New Hampshire, United States |
| Type | Secondary school library |
| Established | October 21, 1972 |
| Architect(s) | Louis Kahn |
| Collection | |
| Size | 160,000 printed volumes |
| Access and use | |
| Population served | Students and faculty of Phillips Exeter Academy |
| Other information | |
| Director | Laura C. Wood |
| Employees | 18 |
| Website | www.exeter.edu/academics/library |
| References: | |


title: Philippe Gurdjian

abstract: Philippe Gurdjian was a French race driver and motorsport promoter. He won the GT class at the 1977 24 Hours of Le Mans in a Porsche 934, co-driven by Bob Wollek and Jean-Pierre Wielemans. As a motorsport promoter he organised the French and Spanish Grands Prix. He was also involved in establishing the Malaysian and Abu Dhabi races. He was a recipient of the French Order of Merit (OM) in 2006.

text:
# Philippe Gurdjian

**Philippe Gurdjian** (18 January 1945 – 30 August 2014) was a French race driver and motorsport promoter. He won the GT class at the 1977 24 Hours of Le Mans in a Porsche 934, co-driven by Bob Wollek and Jean-Pierre Wielemans.

As a motorsport promoter he organised the French and Spanish Grands Prix. He was also involved in establishing the Malaysian and Abu Dhabi races.

He was a recipient of the French Order of Merit (OM) in 2006.


title: Pholage

abstract: Pholage is an artistic technique and method of graphic reproduction invented by Manuel Bennett in 1959. An extension of collage, instead of consisting of mounting numerous pieces of colored paper or other material to make one original, pholage consists of taking positive or negative photographic film images, cutting out sections called "masks", and reassembling them to create a varied reproduction of the original. Additional drawings can be added to the color-separated original to further manipulate the original. While collage yields a single piece of art, pholage can be reproduced by exposing photosensitive paper through the mask, or any other reproductive technique.

text:
# Pholage

**Pholage** is an artistic technique and method of graphic reproduction invented by Manuel Bennett in 1959.

An extension of collage, instead of consisting of mounting numerous pieces of colored paper or other material to make one original, pholage consists of taking positive or negative photographic film images, cutting out sections called "masks", and reassembling them to create a varied reproduction of the original. Additional drawings can be added to the color-separated original to further manipulate the original.

While collage yields a single piece of art, pholage can be reproduced by exposing photosensitive paper through the mask, or any other reproductive technique.


title: Pholas

abstract: Pholas is a taxonomic genus of marine bivalve molluscs in the subfamily Pholadinae of the family Pholadidae. Like other members of this family, they have an ability to bore through clay, earth, wood and soft rock.

text:
# Pholas

***Pholas*** is a taxonomic genus of marine bivalve molluscs in the subfamily Pholadinae of the family Pholadidae.

Like other members of this family, they have an ability to bore through clay, earth, wood and soft rock.

## Subgenera

* *Pholas (Monothyra)* Tryon, 1862
* *Pholas (Pholas)* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Pholas (Thovana)* Leach Gray, 1847

## Species

Synonyms * *Pholas silicula* Lamarck, 1818: synonym of *Barnea candida* (Linnaeus, 1758)

* Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Pholas* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Pholas dactylus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Myida |
| Family: | Pholadidae |
| Genus: | *Pholas*<br>Linnaeus, 1758 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Dactylina* Gray, 1847 * *Hypogaea* Poli, 1791 * *Pholas (Monothyra)* Tryon, 1862· accepted, alternate representation * *Pholas (Pholas)* Linnaeus, 1758· accepted, alternate representation * *Pholas (Thovana)* Gray, 1847· accepted, alternate representation * *Pragmopholas* P. Fischer, 1887 | |


title: Phuuz entertainment

abstract: phuuz entertainment is a company based in Universal City, California that develops content for various forms of media, including television, theaters, the internet, mobile devices, and video games. The president of the company is former Warner Bros. Animation executive Ken Duer. Other company heads include animation artist and producer Eric Radomski, and former Film Roman and LEVEL13.net manager Jay Francis. The company has undergone a few name changes and re-incorporations. It originally started as Fuse Entertainment, Inc., then later changed its name to phuuz entertainment inc. phuuz has worked with Warner Bros. Animation, Warner Bros. Home Video, TV Asahi, Toei Animation, Banpresto, Seoul Movie, TMS Entertainment, MTV, Film Roman, C2 Pictures, Geneon Entertainment USA, Mutant Enemy Productions, 20th Century Fox Television, Paramount Home Entertainment, Kids' WB, and Cartoon Network.

text:
# Phuuz entertainment

**phuuz entertainment** is a company based in Universal City, California that develops content for various forms of media, including television, theaters, the internet, mobile devices, and video games. The president of the company is former Warner Bros. Animation executive Ken Duer. Other company heads include animation artist and producer Eric Radomski, and former Film Roman and LEVEL13.net manager Jay Francis.

The company has undergone a few name changes and re-incorporations. It originally started as **Fuse Entertainment, Inc.**, then later changed its name to **phuuz entertainment inc.** phuuz has worked with Warner Bros. Animation, Warner Bros. Home Video, TV Asahi, Toei Animation, Banpresto, Seoul Movie, TMS Entertainment, MTV, Film Roman, C2 Pictures, Geneon Entertainment USA, Mutant Enemy Productions, 20th Century Fox Television, Paramount Home Entertainment, Kids' WB, and Cartoon Network.

## Work

### ADR Production

### ADR consulting

### Distribution consulting

* Minimax
* TMS \- For North American and European markets.

### Logo creation

### Production consulting

### Supervising production

### Sales representative

## InfoBox

phuuz entertainment
| Company type | Privately owned intellectual property company |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Entertainment |
| Founded | January 2002 |
| Headquarters | Universal City, California |
| Key people | Ken Duer, President
Jay Francis, Executive VP Strategic and Business Development
Eric Radomski, Executive VP Creative Development |
| Website | www.phuuz.com |


title: Phlox glaberrima

abstract: Phlox glaberrima, commonly called smooth phlox and sometimes marsh phlox, is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family. It is native to the Midwestern and Southeastern United States where it is found in moist to wet areas. It can be found in both prairies and forests, where it is an indicator of high quality habitat. The relationships between Phlox glaberrima, Phlox carolina, and Phlox maculata are particularly unclear. There may be hybridization, or an undescribed third species that resembles an intermediate. As of 2014, the phylogenetic relationships of this group of Phlox were under review, with variations in the "Phlox carolina–glaberrima complex...among the most difficult phlox plants to positively identify". Botanist Edgar T. Wherry (1955) recognized three subspecies, subsp. glaberrima in its eastern range, subsp. interior of the Plains and subsp. triflora in the South, but Locklear (2012) only two, incorporating subsp. triflora with subsp. glaberrima. The glaberrima and interior variations, along with other taxa in the P. carolina–glaberrima complex and P. maculata, are frequently cultivated as ornamental landscape plants, but triflora rarely is. Notable cultivars include P. glaberrima 'Morris Berd', P. glaberrima ssp. triflora 'Forever Pink' and P. glaberrima ssp. triflora 'Triple Play'.

text:
# Phlox glaberrima

***Phlox glaberrima***, commonly called **smooth phlox** and sometimes **marsh phlox**, is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family. It is native to the Midwestern and Southeastern United States where it is found in moist to wet areas. It can be found in both prairies and forests, where it is an indicator of high quality habitat.

The relationships between *Phlox glaberrima*, *Phlox carolina*, and *Phlox maculata* are particularly unclear. There may be hybridization, or an undescribed third species that resembles an intermediate. As of 2014, the phylogenetic relationships of this group of *Phlox* were under review, with variations in the "*Phlox carolina–glaberrima* complex...among the most difficult phlox plants to positively identify".

Botanist Edgar T. Wherry (1955) recognized three subspecies, subsp. *glaberrima* in its eastern range, subsp. *interior* of the Plains (the Wabash smooth phlox) and subsp. *triflora* (syn. *P. triflora*, the three-flower smooth phlox) in the South, but Locklear (2012) only two, incorporating subsp. triflora with subsp. glaberrima.

The *glaberrima* and *interior* variations, along with other taxa in the *P. carolina–glaberrima* complex and *P. maculata*, are frequently cultivated as ornamental landscape plants, but *triflora* rarely is. Notable cultivars include *P. glaberrima* 'Morris Berd', *P. glaberrima* ssp. *triflora* 'Forever Pink' and *P. glaberrima* ssp. *triflora* 'Triple Play'.

1. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "*Phlox glaberrima*". *The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)*. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
2. "Phlox glaberrima" at North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
3. "*Phlox glaberrima*". *County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)*. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2022.
4. IllinoisWildflowers "Smooth Phlox" at Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
5. Peter Jeffrey Zale. *Germplasm collection, characterization, and enhancement of eastern phlox species.* Ohio State University, Doctoral dissertation. 2014.
6. James H. Locklear. *Phlox: A Natural History and Gardener's Guide.* Timber Press, 2011. p. 137. ISBN 9780881929348
7. "Phlox glaberrima." Alpine Garden Society Plant Encyclopaedia, 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
8. "Phlox glaberrima 'Morris Berd'" at Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
9. "Phlox glaberrima var. triflora 'Forever Pink'" at Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
10. Ruth Rogers Clausen and Thomas Christopher. *Essential Perennials: The Complete Reference to 2700 Perennials for the Home Garden.* Timber Press, 2015. p. 307. ISBN 9781604696721

## InfoBox

| *Phlox glaberrima* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Polemoniaceae |
| Genus: | *Phlox* |
| Species: | ***P. glaberrima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phlox glaberrima***<br>L. | |
|


title: Physoptila pinguivora

abstract: Physoptila pinguivora is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1934. It is found on Java in Indonesia. The larvae bore in the shoots of Planchonia valida.

text:
# Physoptila pinguivora

***Physoptila pinguivora*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1934. It is found on Java in Indonesia.

The larvae bore in the shoots of *Planchonia valida*.

## InfoBox

| *Physoptila pinguivora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Physoptila* |
| Species: | ***P. pinguivora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Physoptila pinguivora***<br>Meyrick, 1934 | |
|


title: Pick of the Week (TV series)

abstract: Pick of the Week is a Canadian anthology television series which aired on CBC Television from 1967 to 1969.

text:
# Pick of the Week (TV series)

***Pick of the Week*** is a Canadian anthology television series which aired on CBC Television from 1967 to 1969.

## Premise

Selected episodes of CBC's prime time series were rebroadcast in this weekday morning time slot such as *Man Alive*, *Newsmagazine*, *The Public Eye*, *Singalong Jubilee* and *This Land*. Sometimes a National Film Board of Canada production would be broadcast. The series sometimes gave national exposure to a local program such as CBC Winnipeg's *Death Of A Nobody* which presented First Nations concerns.

## Scheduling

This half-hour series was broadcast weekdays at 11:25 a.m. from 16 October 1967 to 29 September 1969.

## InfoBox

| *Pick of the Week* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | rebroadcast anthology |
| Country of origin | Canada |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Lyal Brown |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | CBC Television |
| Release | 16 October 1967 (1967-10-16) <br>29 September 1969 (1969-09-29) |


title: Phylogenetic network

abstract:
A phylogenetic network is any graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships between nucleotide sequences, genes, chromosomes, genomes, or species. They are employed when reticulation events such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, recombination, or gene duplication and loss are believed to be involved. They differ from phylogenetic trees by the explicit modeling of richly linked networks, by means of the addition of hybrid nodes instead of only tree nodes. Phylogenetic trees are a subset of phylogenetic networks. Phylogenetic networks can be inferred and visualised with software such as SplitsTree, the R-package, phangorn,
and, more recently, Dendroscope. A standard format for representing phylogenetic networks is a variant of Newick format which is extended to support networks as well as trees. Many kinds and subclasses of phylogenetic networks have been defined based on the biological phenomenon they represent or which data they are built from, or restrictions to get computationally tractable problems.

text:
# Phylogenetic network

A **phylogenetic network** is any graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships (either abstractly or explicitly) between nucleotide sequences, genes, chromosomes, genomes, or species. They are employed when reticulation events such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, recombination, or gene duplication and loss are believed to be involved. They differ from phylogenetic trees by the explicit modeling of richly linked networks, by means of the addition of hybrid nodes (nodes with two parents) instead of only tree nodes (a hierarchy of nodes, each with only one parent). Phylogenetic trees are a subset of phylogenetic networks. Phylogenetic networks can be inferred and visualised with software such as SplitsTree, the R-package, phangorn, and, more recently, Dendroscope. A standard format for representing phylogenetic networks is a variant of Newick format which is extended to support networks as well as trees.

Many kinds and subclasses of phylogenetic networks have been defined based on the biological phenomenon they represent or which data they are built from (hybridization networks, usually built from rooted trees, ancestral recombination graphs (ARGs) from binary sequences, median networks from a set of splits, optimal realizations and reticulograms from a distance matrix), or restrictions to get computationally tractable problems (galled trees, and their generalizations level-k phylogenetic networks, tree-child or tree-sibling phylogenetic networks).

## Microevolution

Phylogenetic trees also have trouble depicting microevolutionary events, for example the geographical distribution of muskrat or fish populations of a given species among river networks, because there is no species boundary to prevent gene flow between populations. Therefore, a more general phylogenetic network better depicts these situations.

## Rooted vs unrooted

Unrooted phylogenetic network Let X be a set of taxa. An unrooted phylogenetic network N on X is any undirected graph whose leaves are bijectively labeled by the taxa in X.

A number of different types of unrooted phylogenetic networks are in use like split networks and quasi-median networks. In most cases, such networks only depict relations between taxa, without giving information about the evolutionary history. Although some methods produce unrooted networks that can be interpreted as undirected versions of rooted networks, which do represent a phylogeny.

Rooted phylogenetic network Let X be a set of taxa. A rooted phylogenetic network N on X is a rooted directed acyclic graph where the set of leaves is bijectively labeled by the taxa in X.

Rooted phylogenetic networks, like rooted phylogenetic trees, give explicit representations of evolutionary history. This means that they visualize the order in which the species diverged (speciated), converged (hybridized), and transferred genetic material (horizontal gene transfer).

## Classes of networks

For computational purposes, studies often restrict their attention to classes of networks: subsets of all networks with certain properties. Although computational simplicity is the main goal, most of these classes have a biological justification as well. Some prominent classes currently used in the mathematical phylogenetics literature are tree-child networks, tree-based networks, and level-k networks

## Software to compute phylogenetic networks

## Further reading


title: Phylogenetic comparative methods

abstract: Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence in The Origin of Species. However, the fact that closely related lineages share many traits and trait combinations as a result of the process of descent with modification means that lineages are not independent. This realization inspired the development of explicitly phylogenetic comparative methods. Initially, these methods were primarily developed to control for phylogenetic history when testing for adaptation; however, in recent years the use of the term has broadened to include any use of phylogenies in statistical tests. Although most studies that employ PCMs focus on extant organisms, many methods can also be applied to extinct taxa and can incorporate information from the fossil record. PCMs can generally be divided into two types of approaches: those that infer the evolutionary history of some character across a phylogeny and those that infer the process of evolutionary branching itself, though there are some approaches that do both simultaneously. Typically the tree that is used in conjunction with PCMs has been estimated independently such that both the relationships between lineages and the length of branches separating them is assumed to be known.

text:
# Phylogenetic comparative methods

**Phylogenetic comparative methods** (**PCMs**) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence in *The Origin of Species*. However, the fact that closely related lineages share many traits and trait combinations as a result of the process of descent with modification means that lineages are not independent. This realization inspired the development of explicitly phylogenetic comparative methods. Initially, these methods were primarily developed to control for phylogenetic history when testing for adaptation; however, in recent years the use of the term has broadened to include any use of phylogenies in statistical tests. Although most studies that employ PCMs focus on extant organisms, many methods can also be applied to extinct taxa and can incorporate information from the fossil record.

PCMs can generally be divided into two types of approaches: those that infer the evolutionary history of some character (phenotypic or genetic) across a phylogeny and those that infer the process of evolutionary branching itself (diversification rates), though there are some approaches that do both simultaneously. Typically the tree that is used in conjunction with PCMs has been estimated independently (see computational phylogenetics) such that both the relationships between lineages and the length of branches separating them is assumed to be known.

## Applications

Phylogenetic comparative approaches can complement other ways of studying adaptation, such as studying natural populations, experimental studies, and mathematical models. Interspecific comparisons allow researchers to assess the generality of evolutionary phenomena by considering independent evolutionary events. Such an approach is particularly useful when there is little or no variation within species. And because they can be used to explicitly model evolutionary processes occurring over very long time periods, they can provide insight into macroevolutionary questions, once the exclusive domain of paleontology.

Phylogenetic comparative methods are commonly applied to such questions as:

*Example: how does brain mass vary in relation to body mass?*

*Example: do canids have larger hearts than felids?*

*Example: do carnivores have larger home ranges than herbivores?*

*Example: where did endothermy evolve in the lineage that led to mammals?*

*Example: where, when, and why did placentas and viviparity evolve?*

* Does a trait exhibit significant phylogenetic signal in a particular group of organisms? Do certain types of traits tend to "follow phylogeny" more than others?

*Example: are behavioral traits more labile during evolution?*

* Do species differences in life history traits trade-off, as in the so-called fast-slow continuum?

*Example: why do small-bodied species have shorter life spans than their larger relatives?*

## Phylogenetically independent contrasts

Felsenstein proposed the first general statistical method in 1985 for incorporating phylogenetic information, i.e., the first that could use any arbitrary topology (branching order) and a specified set of branch lengths. The method is now recognized as an algorithm that implements a special case of what are termed phylogenetic generalized least-squares models. The logic of the method is to use phylogenetic information (and an assumed Brownian motion like model of trait evolution) to transform the original tip data (mean values for a set of species) into values that are statistically independent and identically distributed.

The algorithm involves computing values at internal nodes as an intermediate step, but they are generally not used for inferences by themselves. An exception occurs for the basal (root) node, which can be interpreted as an estimate of the ancestral value for the entire tree (assuming that no directional evolutionary trends \[e.g., Cope's rule\] have occurred) or as a phylogenetically weighted estimate of the mean for the entire set of tip species (terminal taxa). The value at the root is equivalent to that obtained from the "squared-change parsimony" algorithm and is also the maximum likelihood estimate under Brownian motion. The independent contrasts algebra can also be used to compute a standard error or confidence interval.

## Phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS)

Probably the most commonly used PCM is phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS). This approach is used to test whether there is a relationship between two (or more) variables while accounting for the fact that lineage are not independent. The method is a special case of generalized least squares (GLS) and as such the PGLS estimator is also unbiased, consistent, efficient, and asymptotically normal. In many statistical situations where GLS (or, ordinary least squares \[OLS\]) is used residual errors *ε* are assumed to be independent and identically distributed random variables that are assumed to be normal

$$\varepsilon \mid X\sim {\mathcal {N}(0,\sigma ^{2}I\_{n}).}$$

whereas in PGLS the errors are assumed to be distributed as

$$\varepsilon \mid X\sim {\mathcal {N}(0,\mathbf {V} ).}$$

where *V* is a matrix of expected variance and covariance of the residuals given an evolutionary model and a phylogenetic tree. Therefore, it is the structure of residuals and not the variables themselves that show phylogenetic signal. This has long been a source of confusion in the scientific literature. A number of models have been proposed for the structure of *V* such as Brownian motion Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, and Pagel's λ model. (When a Brownian motion model is used, PGLS is identical to the independent contrasts estimator.). In PGLS, the parameters of the evolutionary model are typically co-estimated with the regression parameters.

PGLS can only be applied to questions where the dependent variable is continuously distributed; however, the phylogenetic tree can also be incorporated into the residual distribution of generalized linear models, making it possible to generalize the approach to a broader set of distributions for the response.

## Phylogenetically informed Monte Carlo computer simulations

Martins and Garland proposed in 1991 that one way to account for phylogenetic relations when conducting statistical analyses was to use computer simulations to create many data sets that are consistent with the null hypothesis under test (e.g., no correlation between two traits, no difference between two ecologically defined groups of species) but that mimic evolution along the relevant phylogenetic tree. If such data sets (typically 1,000 or more) are analyzed with the same statistical procedure that is used to analyze a real data set, then results for the simulated data sets can be used to create phylogenetically correct (or "PC") null distributions of the test statistic (e.g., a correlation coefficient, t, F). Such simulation approaches can also be combined with such methods as phylogenetically independent contrasts or PGLS (see above).

## Further reading

### Journals

### Software packages (incomplete list)

### Laboratories


title: Phylogenetic inertia

abstract: Phylogenetic inertia or phylogenetic constraint refers to the limitations on the future evolutionary pathways that have been imposed by previous adaptations. Charles Darwin first recognized this phenomenon, though the term was later coined by Huber in 1939. Darwin explained the idea of phylogenetic inertia based on his observations; he spoke about it when explaining the "Law of Conditions of Existence". Darwin also suggested that, after speciation, the organisms do not start over from scratch, but have characteristics that are built upon already existing ones that were inherited from their ancestors; and these characteristics likely limit the amount of evolution seen in that new taxa. This is the main concept of phylogenetic inertia. Richard Dawkins also explained these constraints by likening natural selection to a river in his 1982 book The Extended Phenotype.

text:
# Phylogenetic inertia

**Phylogenetic inertia** or **phylogenetic constraint** refers to the limitations on the future evolutionary pathways that have been imposed by previous adaptations.

Charles Darwin first recognized this phenomenon, though the term was later coined by Huber in 1939. Darwin explained the idea of phylogenetic inertia based on his observations; he spoke about it when explaining the "Law of Conditions of Existence". Darwin also suggested that, after speciation, the organisms do not start over from scratch, but have characteristics that are built upon already existing ones that were inherited from their ancestors; and these characteristics likely limit the amount of evolution seen in that new taxa. This is the main concept of phylogenetic inertia.

Richard Dawkins also explained these constraints by likening natural selection to a river in his 1982 book *The Extended Phenotype*.

## Examples of phylogenetic inertia

### Body plan

* Most terrestrial vertebrates have a body plan that consist of four limbs. The phylogenetic inertia hypothesis suggests that this body plan is observed, not because it happens to be optimal, but because tetrapods are derived from a clade of fishes (Sarcopterygii) which also have four limbs. Four limbs happened to be suitable means of locomotion, and so this body plan has not been selected against.
* Humans do not have optimal structure for bipedalism, because much of the human body plan originally evolved under quadrupedal locomotion, and has since been constrained because of phylogenetic inertia.

### Modes of reproduction

Birds are the only speciose group of vertebrates that are exclusively oviparous, or egg laying. It has been suggested that birds are phylogenetically constrained, as being derived from reptiles, and likely have not overcome this constraint or diverged far enough away to develop viviparity, or live birth.

### Homologous structures

* More specifically than the similarity in body plan, there are homologous bones across mammalian taxa. For example, the pentadactyl limb bone structure observed in the arms of primates, front legs of equestrians, in the wings of bats, and the flippers of seals. The fact that they are homologous is further evidence for phylogenetic inertia; these structures have been modified over time, but they are constrained by common ancestry.

## Tests for phylogenetic inertia in study systems

There have been several studies that have been able to effectively test for phylogenetic inertia when looking into shared traits; predominantly with a comparative methods approach. Some have used comparative methods and found evidence for certain traits attributed to adaptation, and some to phylogeny; there were also numerous traits that could be attributed to both. Another study developed a new method of comparative examination that showed to be a powerful predictor of phylogenetic inertia in a variety of situations. It was called Phylogenetic Eigenvector Regression (PVR), which runs principal component analyses between species on a pairwise phylogenetic distance matrix. In another, different study, the authors described methods for measuring phylogenetic inertia, looked at effectiveness of various comparative methods, and found that different methods can reveal different aspects of drivers. Autoregression and PVR showed good results with morphological traits.


title: Phylogenetic niche conservatism

abstract: The term phylogenetic niche conservatism has seen increasing use in recent years in the scientific literature, though the exact definition has been a matter of some contention. Fundamentally, phylogenetic niche conservatism refers to the tendency of species to retain their ancestral traits. When defined as such, phylogenetic niche conservatism is therefore nearly synonymous with phylogenetic signal. The point of contention is whether or not "conservatism" refers simply to the tendency of species to resemble their ancestors, or implies that "closely related species are more similar than expected based on phylogenetic relationships". If the latter interpretation is employed, then phylogenetic niche conservatism can be seen as an extreme case of phylogenetic signal, and implies that the processes which prevent divergence are in operation in the lineage under consideration. Despite efforts by Jonathan Losos to end this habit, however, the former interpretation appears to frequently motivate scientific research. In this case, phylogenetic niche conservatism might best be considered a form of phylogenetic signal reserved for traits with broad-scale ecological ramifications. Thus, phylogenetic niche conservatism is usually invoked with regards to closely related species occurring in similar environments.

text:
# Phylogenetic niche conservatism

The term **phylogenetic niche conservatism** has seen increasing use in recent years in the scientific literature, though the exact definition has been a matter of some contention. Fundamentally, phylogenetic niche conservatism refers to the tendency of species to retain their ancestral traits. When defined as such, phylogenetic niche conservatism is therefore nearly synonymous with phylogenetic signal. The point of contention is whether or not "conservatism" refers simply to the tendency of species to resemble their ancestors, or implies that "closely related species are more similar than expected based on phylogenetic relationships". If the latter interpretation is employed, then phylogenetic niche conservatism can be seen as an extreme case of phylogenetic signal, and implies that the processes which prevent divergence are in operation in the lineage under consideration. Despite efforts by Jonathan Losos to end this habit, however, the former interpretation appears to frequently motivate scientific research. In this case, phylogenetic niche conservatism might best be considered a form of phylogenetic signal reserved for traits with broad-scale ecological ramifications (i.e. related to the Hutchinsonian niche). Thus, phylogenetic niche conservatism is usually invoked with regards to closely related species occurring in similar environments.

## History and debate

According to a recent review, the term niche conservatism traces its roots to a book on comparative methods in evolutionary biology. However, and as these authors also note, the idea is much older. For instance, Darwin observed in the Origin of Species that species in the same genus tend to resemble one another. This was not a matter of chance, as the entire Linnean taxonomy system is based on classifying species into hierarchically nested groups, e.g. a genus is (and was particularly at the time of Darwin's writing) by definition a collection of similar species. In modern times this pattern has come to be referred to as phylogenetic signal, "the tendency of related species to resemble each other more than species drawn at random from the same tree ". Methods such as Abouheif’s C, Pagel's lambda, Blomberg's K, and Moran's I have been employed to test the statistical significance of the pattern. With regards to the term phylogenetic niche conservatism, many authors have taken a significant result here—i.e. that phylogenetic information can help "predict" species traits—to be evidence of phylogenetic niche conservatism. Other authors, however, advocate that such a pattern should be expected (i.e. follow from "Descent with modification") and, accordingly, only in instances where species resemble each other more than expected based on their phylogenetic relationships should one invoke the term phylogenetic niche conservatism. To take a single statistical test as an example, an unconstrained Brownian motion evolution process will result in a Blomberg's K value of 1; the strict school of thought would only accept a K \> 1 as evidence of phylogenetic niche conservatism.

## Research foci

In an influential paper, Wiens and Donoghue laid out how phylogenetic niche conservatism might help explain the latitudinal diversity gradient. While support for the hypothesis that niche conservatism drives latitudinally structured variation in species richness has been found in some clades, overall, phylogenetic niche conservatism has not received strong support as the underlying cause responsible for variation in **how many** species occur in a given habitat. It has, however, found considerable support as a factor driving **which** species occur in a given habitat. That is, the study of phylogenetic niche conservatism by itself has not put an end to long-standing debate over what drives the latitudinal diversity gradient across clades, but within specific clades and across specific environmental gradients (as opposed to latitude sensu stricto), it has found support as a factor influencing which lineages are able to persist.

* Wiens, J. J; Graham, C. H; Moen, D. S; Smith, S. A; Reeder, T. W (2006). "Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs: treefrog trees unearth the roots of high tropical diversity". *American Naturalist*. **168** (5): 579–596. doi:10.1086/507882. PMID 17080358. S2CID 35377343.
* Algar, A. C.; Kerr, J. T.; Currie, D. J. (2009). "Evolutionary constraints on regional faunas: whom, but not how many". *Ecology Letters*. **12** (1): 57–65. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01260.x. PMID 19049512.
* Buckley, Lauren B.; Davies, T. Jonathan; Ackerly, David D.; Kraft, Nathan JB; Harrison, Susan P.; Anacker, Brian L.; Cornell, Howard V.; Damschen, Ellen I.; Grytnes, John-Avid; Hawkins, Bradford A.; others (2010). "Phylogeny, niche conservatism and the latitudinal diversity gradient in mammals". *Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences*. **277** (1691): 2131–2138. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0179. PMC 2880153. PMID 20335205.
* Wiens, John J.; Ackerly, David D.; Allen, Andrew P.; Anacker, Brian L.; Buckley, Lauren B.; Cornell, Howard V.; Damschen, Ellen I.; Jonathan Davies, T.; Grytnes, John-Arvid; Harrison, Susan P.; others (2010). "Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology". *Ecology Letters*. **13** (10): 1310–1324. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01515.x. PMID 20649638.
* Wiens, John J.; Graham, Catherine H. (2005). "Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology". *Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics*. **36**: 519–539. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102803.095431. JSTOR 30033815.
* Peterson, A. T.; Soberón, J.; Sánchez-Cordero, V. (1999). "Conservatism of ecological niches in evolutionary time". *Science*. **285** (5431): 1265–1267. doi:10.1126/science.285.5431.1265. PMID 10455053.
* Hortal, J.; Diniz-Filho, J. A. F.; Bini, L. M.; Rodríguez, M. Á.; Baselga, A.; Nogués-Bravo, D.; Rangel, T. F.; Hawkins, B. A.; Lobo, J. M. (2011). "Ice age climate, evolutionary constraints and diversity patterns of European dung beetles". *Ecology Letters*. **14** (8): 741–748. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01634.x. PMID 21645193.
* Moran, Patrick AP (1950). "Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena". *Biometrika*. **37** (1/2): 17–23. doi:10.1093/biomet/37.1-2.17. JSTOR 2332142. PMID 15420245.
* Blomberg, S. P.; Garland, T. Jr.; Ives, A. R. (2003). "Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile". *Evolution*. **57** (4): 717–745. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057\[0717:tfpsic\]2.0.co;2. PMID 12778543.
* Abouheif, Ehab (1999). "A method for testing the assumption of phylogenetic independence in comparative data". *Evolutionary Ecology Research*. **1** (8): 895–909. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
* Miller, E. T.; Zanne, A. E.; Ricklefs, R. E. (2013-09-01). "Niche conservatism constrains Australian honeyeater assemblages in stressful environments". *Ecology Letters*. **16** (9): 1186–1194. doi:10.1111/ele.12156. ISSN 1461-0248. PMID 23848846.
* Pagel, Mark (1999-10-28). "Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution". *Nature*. **401** (6756): 877–884. Bibcode:1999Natur.401..877P. doi:10.1038/44766. hdl:2027.42/148253. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 10553904. S2CID 205034365.
* Darwin, Charles (1859). *On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life* (Full image view 1st ed.). London: John Murray. p. 502. `{{cite book}}`: External link in ``|edition=`` (help)

* Losos, Jonathan B. (2008). "Phylogenetic niche conservatism, phylogenetic signal and the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity among species". *Ecology Letters*. **11** (10): 995–1007. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01229.x. PMID 18673385.


title: Phosphopentomutase

abstract:
In enzymology, a phosphopentomutase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate ⇌ D-ribose 5-phosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate, and one product, D-ribose 5-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically the phosphotransferases (phosphomutases), which transfer phosphate groups within a molecule. The systematic name of this enzyme class is alpha-D-ribose 1,5-phosphomutase. Other names in common use include phosphodeoxyribomutase, deoxyribose phosphomutase, deoxyribomutase, phosphoribomutase, alpha-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate:deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate, phosphotransferase, and D-ribose 1,5-phosphomutase. This enzyme participates in pentose phosphate pathway and purine metabolism. It has 3 cofactors: D-ribose 1,5-bisphosphate, alpha-D-Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate, and 2-Deoxy-D-ribose 1,5-bisphosphate.

text:
# Phosphopentomutase

In enzymology, a **phosphopentomutase** (EC 5.4.2.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate $\rightleftharpoons $ D-ribose 5-phosphate

Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate, and one product, D-ribose 5-phosphate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically the phosphotransferases (phosphomutases), which transfer phosphate groups within a molecule. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **alpha-D-ribose 1,5-phosphomutase**. Other names in common use include **phosphodeoxyribomutase**, **deoxyribose phosphomutase**, **deoxyribomutase**, **phosphoribomutase**, **alpha-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate:deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate**, **phosphotransferase**, and **D-ribose 1,5-phosphomutase**. This enzyme participates in pentose phosphate pathway and purine metabolism. It has 3 cofactors: D-ribose 1,5-bisphosphate, alpha-D-Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate, and 2-Deoxy-D-ribose 1,5-bisphosphate.

## Structural studies

The first published description of a structure of a prokaryotic phosphopentomutase was in 2011. Structures of *Bacillus cereus* phosphopentomutase as it was purified, after activation, bound to ribose 5-phosphate and bound to glucose 1,6-bisphosphate are deposited in the PDB with accession codes 3M8W, 3M8Y, 3M8Z and 3OT9, respectively.

## InfoBox

| phosphopentomutase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 5.4.2.7 |
| CAS no. | 9026-77-1 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Piano Quartet No. 1 (Mozart)

abstract: Mozart's Piano Quartet No. 1 in G minor, K. 478, is scored for violin, viola, cello, and pianoforte. It was composed in 1785.

text:
# Piano Quartet No. 1 (Mozart)

Mozart's **Piano Quartet No. 1** in G minor, K. 478, is scored for violin, viola, cello, and pianoforte. It was composed in 1785.

## Composition and reception

Mozart received a commission for three quartets in 1785 from the publisher Franz Anton Hoffmeister. Hoffmeister thought this quartet was too difficult and that the public would not buy it, so he released Mozart from the obligation of completing the set. (Nine months later, Mozart composed a second quartet anyway, in E-flat major, K. 493).

Hoffmeister's fear that the work was too difficult for amateurs was borne out by an article in the *Journal des Luxus und der Moden* published in Weimar in June 1788. The article highly praised Mozart and his work, but expressed dismay over attempts by amateurs to perform it:

> \[as performed by amateurs\] it *could* not please: everybody yawned with boredom over the incomprehensible *tintamarre* of 4 instruments which did not keep together for four bars on end, and whose senseless *concentus* never allowed any unity of feeling; but it *had to* please, it *had* to be praised! ... what a difference when this much-advertised work of art is performed with the highest degree of accuracy by four skilled musicians who have studied it carefully.

The assessment accords with a view widely held of Mozart in his own lifetime, that of a greatly talented composer who wrote very difficult music.

At the time the piece was written, the harpsichord was still widely used. Although the piece was originally published with the title "Quatuor pour le Clavecin ou Forte Piano, Violon, Tallie \[sic\] et Basse," stylistic evidence suggests Mozart intended the piano part for "the 'Viennese' fortepiano of the period" and that, according to Basil Smallman, our modern piano is "a perfectly acceptable alternative."

## Movements

The work is in three movements:

1. Allegro, in G minor
2. Andante, in B-flat major
3. Rondo (Allegro), in G major

## Editions and versions

The C. F. Peters Edition set of parts has rehearsal letters throughout the whole work; the Eulenburg Edition study score has measure numbers but no rehearsal letters, the same goes for Bärenreiter.

The quartet is also available in an arrangement for string quintet.

### References

* Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). *Mozart: A Documentary Biography*. Stanford: Stanford University Press. OCLC 8991008.
* Solomon, Maynard (1995). *Mozart: A Life*. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-019046-9.

## InfoBox

| Piano Quartet in G minor | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 1 | |
| Chamber music by W. A. Mozart | |
| The composer in 1782, unfinished portrait by Joseph Lange | |
| Catalogue | K. 478 |
| Composed | 1785 (1785) |
| Movements | three |
| Scoring | * violin * viola * cello * piano. |


title: Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/9

abstract: The Piano Sonata in F major, Hob. XVI/9, L.3, also called a divertimento, was written before 1766 by Joseph Haydn. The 1st and 3rd movements are used as the 1st and 5th movements respectively of the Piano Trio in F major, Hob. XV/39. The Minuet of the 2nd movement is also used as the Minuet of the 4th movement of Hob. XV/39.

text:
# Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/9

The **Piano Sonata in F major**, Hob. XVI/9, L.3, also called a divertimento, was written before 1766 (perhaps in 1758) by Joseph Haydn. The 1st and 3rd movements are used as the 1st and 5th movements respectively of the Piano Trio in F major, Hob. XV/39. The Minuet of the 2nd movement is also used as the Minuet of the 4th movement of Hob. XV/39.

## Structure

The work has three movements:

* I. Allegro
* II. Minuet & Trio
* III. Scherzo

## Notable recordings

* Tom Beghin's *The Virtual Haydn: Complete Works for Solo Keyboard.*

* Haydn, Joseph. *Haydn The Complete Piano Sonatas.* Vol. 1. Edited by Maurice Hinson . Van Nuys: Alfred publishing, 1990. Note: For an authoritative text of the music see the Wiener Urtext Edition, Vienna (1966).

* Jones, David Wyn. *Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn.* Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.


title: Pierre Eugène Ménétrier

abstract: Pierre Eugène Ménétrier was a French pathologist from Paris. He is remembered for his description of a rare gastric disorder that was later to become known as Ménétrier's disease. In 1888 Ménétrier first described the disorder while performing post-mortem studies, noticing hyperplastic changes of the gastric mucosa in cadavers. At the time, he named the disease polyadenomes en nappe. Although Ménétrier understood the debilitative factors of the disease, it wouldn't be until years later that the associated protein-losing enteropathic aspects of the disorder were realized. Other names for "Ménétrier's disease" are "hyperplastic hypersecretory gastropathy" and "giant hypertrophic gastritis". He published his findings in a treatise titled Des polyadenomes gastriques et de leurs rapports avec le cancer de l’estomac. Ménétrier published writings on Byzantine and Greco-Roman medicine, and was a member of the International Society for the History of Medicine. In 1935 he died from injuries sustained in an automobile accident in Lisieux.

text:
# Pierre Eugène Ménétrier

**Pierre Eugène Ménétrier** (7 December 1859  22 August 1935) was a French pathologist from Paris. He is remembered for his description of a rare gastric disorder that was later to become known as Ménétrier's disease.

In 1888 Ménétrier first described the disorder while performing post-mortem studies, noticing hyperplastic changes of the gastric mucosa in cadavers. At the time, he named the disease *polyadenomes en nappe*. Although Ménétrier understood the debilitative factors of the disease, it wouldn't be until years later that the associated protein-losing enteropathic aspects of the disorder were realized. Other names for "Ménétrier's disease" are "hyperplastic hypersecretory gastropathy" and "giant hypertrophic gastritis". He published his findings in a treatise titled *Des polyadenomes gastriques et de leurs rapports avec le cancer de l’estomac*.

Ménétrier published writings on Byzantine and Greco-Roman medicine, and was a member of the International Society for the History of Medicine. In 1935 he died from injuries sustained in an automobile accident in Lisieux.

* Radiographics Eponyms in Radiology of the Digestive Tract: Historical Perspectives and Imaging Appearances