title: Pseudocyst

abstract: Pseudocysts are like cysts, but lack epithelial or endothelial cells. Initial management consists of general supportive care. Symptoms and complications caused by pseudocysts require surgery. Computed tomography (CT) scans are used for initial imaging of cysts, and endoscopic ultrasounds are used in differentiating between cysts and pseudocysts. Endoscopic drainage is a popular and effective method of treating pseudocysts. This is not to be confused with the so-called "pseudocystic appearance", mainly radiographically, of other lesions, such as Stafne static bone cyst and aneurysmal bone cyst of the jaws.

text:
# Pseudocyst

**Pseudocysts** are like cysts, but lack epithelial or endothelial cells. Initial management consists of general supportive care. Symptoms and complications caused by pseudocysts require surgery. Computed tomography (CT) scans are used for initial imaging of cysts, and endoscopic ultrasounds are used in differentiating between cysts and pseudocysts. Endoscopic drainage is a popular and effective method of treating pseudocysts.

This is not to be confused with the so-called "pseudocystic appearance", mainly radiographically, of other lesions, such as Stafne static bone cyst and aneurysmal bone cyst of the jaws.

## Signs and symptoms

Pseudocysts are often asymptomatic. Symptoms are more common in larger pseudocysts, though the size and time present usually are poor indicators of potential complications.

Pancreatic pseudocysts may cause abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, a bloated feeling, and trouble eating or digesting food. They also may become infected, rupture, or block part of the intestine. Rarely, the infected pseudocyst causes jaundice or sepsis.

Mediastinal pseudocysts, a rare form of pancreatic pseudocysts in the abdomen, may cause dysphagia, dyspnea, airway obstruction, or cardiac tamponade.

Adrenal pseudocysts may cause abdominal pain, along with various gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation.

## Cause

Pancreatic pseudocysts are often caused by acute or chronic pancreatitis. They may also be caused by trauma to the abdomen, with a higher frequency in children. Pseudocysts are more often present in chronic pancreatitis patients than acute pancreatitis patients. Also, if the pancreatitis is alcohol induced, there is a higher incidence of pseudocysts. These alcohol-related pseudocysts account for 59%-78% of all pancreatic pseudocysts. Actual pancreatic pseudocyst incidence is small, at around 1.6%-4.5%, or .5-1 per 100,000 adults per year.

Types of adrenal cysts include parasitic cysts, epithelial cysts, endothelial cysts, and pseudocysts. 56% of all adrenal cyst-like changes are pseudocysts, and only 7% of those pseudocysts are malignant or potentially malignant.

The cause of adrenal pseudocysts is unknown. A few theories exist, but it is believed that repeated episodes of trauma, infection, or bleeding may cause collagen formation leading to the formation of a fibrous lining.

Retinal pseudocysts may be related to geographic atrophy. A study found that 22% of eyes with geographic atrophy contained pseudocysts.

In American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease), the parasite *Trypanosoma cruzi* forms pseudocysts, particularly within muscular and neurological tissue. Within these pseudocysts the parasites enter their amastigote stage, reproducing asexually, before rupturing from the pseudocyst and entering the bloodstream.

## Diagnosis

### Description

A pseudocyst is a cystic lesion that may appear as a cyst on scans, but lacks epithelial or endothelial cells. An acute pancreatic pseudocyst is made of pancreatic fluids with a wall of fibrous tissue or granulation. Pseudocysts may form in a number of places, including the pancreas, abdomen, adrenal gland, and eye.

### Pancreatic pseudocysts

The most common and effective method of diagnosing a pancreatic pseudocyst is with a CT scan. A pseudocyst generally appears as a fluid-filled mass. In some instances, other methods must be used to distinguish between a normal cyst and a pseudocyst. This is usually accomplished with endoscopic ultrasound or with fine needle aspiration.

Transabdominal ultrasound can be used to identify pseudocysts, which appear on the scan as echoic structures associated with distal acoustic enhancement. They tend to be round and enclosed in a smooth wall. Pseudocysts may appear more complex when young, hemorrhaged, or when complicated due to infection. The transabdominal ultrasound has a sensitivity rate in detection of pancreatic pseusocysts of 75%-90%, making it inferior to a CT scan, which has a rate of 90%-100%.

CT scans are more accurate, and provide more detail regarding the pseudocyst and its surroundings. The CT scan's weakness is its lack of differentiation between pseudocysts and cystic neoplasm. Also, the intravenous contrast given at the time of the CT scan may worsen kidney dysfunction.

MRI and MRCP are effective methods of detecting pseudocysts, but are not regularly used because CT scans offer most of the needed information. These scans do, however, provide better contrast, which allows for better characterization of fluid collections, depicting debris within the collections, and detection of bleeding.

Endoscopic ultrasound is generally used as a secondary test to further evaluate the cysts found in other tests, and is used when determining if a cyst is a pseudocyst or not.

### Adrenal pseudocysts

Adrenal pseudocysts are found in much the same way as pancreatic pseudocysts, with CT scans. In addition, adrenalectomies are used to diagnose the lesion and sometimes relieve pain.

## Prevention

Because pseudocysts are closely related to other conditions, such as pancreatitis and alcohol use, the prevention of pseudocysts lies in the prevention of the main problem.

## Treatment

Not all cysts require treatment. Many pancreatic pseudocysts improve and disappear by themselves. If the cysts are small and are not causing symptoms, careful observation with periodic CT scans is often done. Pseudocysts that persist over many months or that cause symptoms require treatment.

Supportive medical care used to help small pseudocysts go away includes the use of intravenous fluids, analgesics, and antiemetics. Doctors often recommend a low-fat diet for those who can tolerate oral intake.

Surgery is usually required in the treatment of pseudocysts with symptoms or complications. There are three main methods for draining a pancreatic pseudocyst: endoscopic drainage, percutaneous catheter drainage, or open surgery. Endoscopic drainage tends to be the preferred method due to it being less invasive and having a high long-term success rate.

Percutaneous drainage involves the guidance of a CT scan or ultrasound. A drainage catheter is placed into the fluid cavity to drain the fluid, which is then collected over several weeks into an external collection system. The catheter is removed when the drainage becomes minimal. Once the catheter is removed, contrast is injected into the cyst cavity to determine the remaining size and to monitor progress. The success rate is around 50%, and the unsuccessful drainages are mostly caused by large ductal leaks or blockage of the main pancreatic duct. This method is not recommended when patients cannot manage a catheter at home or with patients whose cysts contain bloody or solid material.

Surgical drainage of a pseudocyst involves creating a pathway between the pseudocyst cavity and the stomach or small bowel. This method is generally only used if the patient cannot tolerate or failed percutaneous or endoscopic drainage. This method is more risky than the others.

Endoscopic drainage is becoming the preferred method of draining pseudocysts because it is less invasive, does not require external drain, and has a large long-term success rate. Drainage is usually achieved with a transpapillary approach with ERCP. Sometimes a direct drainage across the stomach or duodenal wall is used instead. The transpapillary approach is used when the pseudocyst is in communication with the main pancreatic duct, and is also successful in patients with pancreatic duct disruption. Transgastric or transduodenal approaches are used when the pseudocyst is next to the gastro-duodenal wall. Endoscopic ultrasound is the most commonly used test to gather the needed information about the pseudocyst for this method.

The endoscopic method depends on the presence of a bulge into the stomach or duodenum to determine the site for catheterization. Inherent risks include missing the pseudocyst, injuring nearby vessels, and inefficient placement of the catheter. In patients with chronic pseudocysts, this approach has a 90% success rate. Recurrence after drainage is around 4%, and the complication rate is below 16%.

To treat adrenal pseudocysts, an adrenalectomy or laproscopy may be used.

## InfoBox

| Pseudocyst | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A chest CT scan revealing pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax, and pseudocysts | |
| Specialty | Respirology |


title: Gill Wylie

abstract: Gillian Wylie is a Northern Irish football coach and former player. She played for the Northern Ireland women's national football team and for Arsenal and Croydon at club level.

text:
# Gill Wylie

**Gillian Wylie** (née **Totten**; born in 1964 or 1965) is a Northern Irish football coach and former player. She played for the Northern Ireland women's national football team and for Arsenal and Croydon at club level.

## Club career

After moving to London from her native Bangor, County Down, Wylie left Tottenham for Arsenal in 1991. She was the captain of Vic Akers' "treble" winning team in 1992–93.

In August 1995 Wylie suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury. In 1997 Debbie Bampton persuaded Wylie to leave Arsenal for Croydon, where she regained full fitness and became an important player in the team which won the FA Women's Premier League National Division in 1998–99 and a League and Cup "double" in 1999–00.

Wylie was in favour of Croydon's controversial hostile takeover by Charlton Athletic: "It's been a bit of farce, but we want to affiliate with Charlton for long-term benefit". After briefly serving as player-manager, she resigned in November 2000, to be replaced by Keith Boanas.

## International career

On 19 September 1982, 17-year-old Wylie scored Northern Ireland's goal against England at Gresty Road, Crewe, in a 7–1 1984 European Competition for Women's Football qualifying defeat.

In June 1985 she became the first female footballer ever to be sanctioned by UEFA, receiving a four-match ban for being sent-off in Northern Ireland's 1–0 1987 European Competition for Women's Football qualifying defeat by the Republic of Ireland at Milltown on 5 May 1985.

## Personal life

Wylie is a graduate of Queen's University Belfast. Outside football, she worked in the financial services industry. She has two sons.

## InfoBox

Gill Wylie
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 1964 or 1965 (age 59–60) | | |
| Place of birth | Bangor, Northern Ireland | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Clucas Strikers |  |  |
|  | Tottenham |  |  |
| 1991–1997 | Arsenal |  |  |
| 1997–2000 | Croydon |  |  |
| 2000 | Charlton Athletic |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1982–1990 | Northern Ireland |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2000 | Charlton Athletic | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 19:16, 5 May 2022 (UTC) | | | |


title: Örkény

abstract: Örkény is a small town in Pest county, Hungary, 50 km (31 mi) south of Budapest.

text:
# Örkény

**Örkény** is a small town in Pest county, Hungary, 50 km (31 mi) south of Budapest.

## History

The mediaeval village was formed beside the ancient Pest-Constantinople highway. Today this is one of the most important roads of Hungary (Route 5). Örkény appeared in the royal charters in the 15th century under the name *Ewrkyn* or *Ewrken* (the origin of the name is uncertain).

The village was destroyed in the early days of the Ottoman rule, and remained deserted until the 18th century because of the constant wars and looting armies.

In 1784 a new era began with colonising efforts of Prince Antal Grassalkovich who built a small manor house, and distributed parcels and lots to the new inhabitants. In 1848 the St. Leopold Church was built in elegant Neoclassical style (today it's a national monument). In 1888 the estate was inherited by István Pálóczi Horváth. The new owner has done a lot for the development of the village: he established the famous School of Agriculture, distributed lots to the landless peasants and planted new orchards and vineyards. The Pálóczi Horváth Mansion was built in 1893 (today it is a cultural and community centre).

In the 20th century Örkény was transformed by the rapid economical development, the mechanisation of the agriculture and the slow urbanization. This was marked in the 1980s by the building of the new primary school and the health care centre. Örkény became a town in 2005.

There is a motor racing circuit near the town, named the EuroRing. It was featured in the racing simulator rFactor.

## InfoBox

| Örkény | |
| --- | --- |
| Windows on a house of Örkény | |
|  | |
| Location of Pest county in Hungary | |
| ÖrkényLocation of Örkény | |
| Coordinates: 47°07′45″N 19°25′57″E / 47.12905°N 19.43237°E / 47.12905; 19.43237 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Pest |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.44 km2 (14.07 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 4,810 |
| Density | 130/km2 (340/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 2377 |
| Area code | 29 |


title: German submarine U-633

abstract:
German submarine U-633 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 22 September 1941 by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 609, launched on 10 June 1942 and commissioned on 30 July 1942 under Oberleutnant zur See Bernhard Müller.

text:
# German submarine U-633

**German submarine *U-633*** was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* for service during World War II. She was laid down on 22 September 1941 by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 609, launched on 10 June 1942 and commissioned on 30 July 1942 under *Oberleutnant zur See* Bernhard Müller.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-633* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-633* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The boat's career began with training at 5th U-boat Flotilla on 30 July 1942, followed by active service on 1 March 1943 as part of the 9th Flotilla for the remainder of her short service. In one patrol she sank one merchant ship, for a total of 3,921 gross register tons (GRT).

### Fate

*U-633* was sunk on 8 March 1943 in the North Atlantic south-west of Iceland, in position 58°21′N 31°00′W / 58.350°N 31.000°W / 58.350; -31.000, by depth charges from the US Coast Guard cutter USCGC *Spencer*. 43 dead (all hands lost).

### Wolfpacks

*U-633* took part in two wolfpacks, namely:

* Neuland (4 – 6 March 1943)
* Ostmark (6 – 8 March 1943)

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage
(GRT) | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 March 1943 | *Guido* | United Kingdom | 3,921 | Sunk |

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-633* |
| Ordered | 15 August 1940 |
| Builder | Blohm & Voss, Hamburg |
| Yard number | 609 |
| Laid down | 22 September 1941 |
| Launched | 10 June 1942 |
| Commissioned | 30 July 1942 |
| Fate | Sunk on 8 March 1943 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40–56 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 22 922 |
| Commanders: | * *Oblt.z.S.* Bernhard Müller * 30 July 1942 – 8 March 1943 |
| Operations: | * 1 patrol: * 20 February – 8 March 1943 |
| Victories: | 1 merchant ship sunk
(3,921 GRT) |


abstract: The Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland is a listing of gardens and designed landscapes of national artistic and/or historical significance, in Scotland. The Inventory was originally compiled in 1987, although it is a continually evolving list. From 1991 it was maintained by Historic Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage, and is now updated by a dedicated team within Historic Environment Scotland. As of 2016 the Inventory includes over 300 sites across Scotland.

text:
# Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland

The ***Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland*** is a listing of gardens and designed landscapes of national artistic and/or historical significance, in Scotland. The Inventory was originally compiled in 1987, although it is a continually evolving list. From 1991 it was maintained by Historic Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage, and is now updated by a dedicated team within Historic Environment Scotland. As of 2016 the Inventory includes over 300 sites across Scotland.

## Background

Unlike listed building status, there is no statutory basis for the Inventory, and inclusion of a site on the Inventory does not offer any legal protection. However, under the Town and Country Planning (Development Management Procedure) (Scotland) Regulations 2013, planning authorities are required to consult Historic Environment Scotland on "development which may affect a historic garden or designed landscape". This is confirmed in Scottish Planning Policy, and the inclusion of a site on the Inventory is a material consideration in planning terms.

## Types of site

The majority of the Inventory sites are estate or park landscapes associated with country houses. However, a wide variety of other types of site are included, including cemeteries, urban parks, and small gardens, where these are of historical significance. Examples include Benmore Botanic Garden in Argyll, Duthie Park in Aberdeen, the Balmoral Castle estate in Deeside, and Ian Hamilton Finlay's garden at Little Sparta in Lanarkshire.

## Site selection

Sites are selected and graded based on seven value-based criteria. These are:

* value as an individual work of art
* historic value
* horticultural, arboricultural, silvicultural value
* architectural value
* scenic value
* nature conservation value
* archaeological value

Each site is assessed, on a scale of *nonelittlesomehighoutstanding*, for each criterion, using guidance set out in the Historic Environment Policy Statement.

## Other parts of the United Kingdom

Separate registers of parks, gardens and designed landscapes are maintained in the other countries of the United Kingdom:


title: Notes from the Midnight Driver

abstract: Notes From the Midnight Driver is a young adult novel by Jordan Sonnenblick. It was published by Scholastic in 2006.

text:
# Notes from the Midnight Driver

***Notes From the Midnight Driver*** is a young adult novel by Jordan Sonnenblick. It was published by Scholastic in 2006.

## Plot summary

Alex Gregory is a 16-year-old boy, One night, while his mother was on a date which Alex wasn't a fan of, While Alex is home alone, because his dad ran off with his third-grade teacher, he was drinking and became intoxicated. A bit later, while still intoxicated, he took his mother's car to pay his father a visit, Then he ends up hitting a lawn gnome and then later vomited on a police officer. To pay back the $500 from breaking the lawn gnome, Alex has to do 100 hours of community service at a nursing home. He is assigned to a man named Solomon, Alex is frustrated by Solomon, but the judge will not change his assignment.

Alex's best friend, Laurie, is a beautiful martial arts master. After meeting her, Solomon constantly teases Alex by calling Laurie his wife throughout the book. Solomon's comments about Laurie make Alex realize his feelings for her.

One day, Alex practices his guitar while waiting for Solomon and learns that the man used to be a Jazz guitar player. They start to bond and Solomon begins to teach Alex and taught some valuable lessons in music and in life. Alex begins playing benefit concerts with Steven and Annette (from Sonnenblick's first book *Drums, Girls, and Dangerous Pie*) to give the residents something to look forward to in their boring lives. At one such concert Solomon plays a rendition of Sunrise, Sunset causing the judge to have a very emotional reaction leading to the revelation that she is Solomon's daughter, Judy, from whom he has been estranged for many years. Solomon then dies the next day, and they have his funeral soon after.

## InfoBox

Notes from the Midnight Driver
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jordan Sonnenblick |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Young-Adult Fiction, Comedy |
| Publisher | Scholastic |
| Publication date | 2006 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 288 |
| ISBN | 978-0-439-75779-9 |
| OCLC | 62127713 |
| LC Class | PZ7.S6984 Not 2006 |


title: Minnie Sarwal

abstract: Minnie M. Sarwal is an adult and pediatric nephrologist, researcher of transplant immunology, and biotechnology entrepreneur in San Francisco. She has made significant contributions to the field of organ transplantation, including conducting the first successful complete steroid avoidance trial in the US and the first dosing safety trial for Rituximab in pediatric renal transplantation. She also spearheaded genomic and proteomics investigations into mechanisms of organ transplant injury and was the first to determine that there was substantive molecular heterogeneity in acute kidney transplant rejection. She has successfully commercialized blood testing for early diagnosis of both acute rejection and operational tolerance in kidney transplant patients, providing tools for proactive and predictive immunosuppression monitoring for transplant recipients.

text:
# Minnie Sarwal

**Minnie M. Sarwal** is an adult and pediatric nephrologist, researcher of transplant immunology, and biotechnology entrepreneur in San Francisco. She has made significant contributions to the field of organ transplantation, including conducting the first successful complete steroid avoidance trial in the US and the first dosing safety trial for Rituximab in pediatric renal transplantation. She also spearheaded genomic and proteomics investigations into mechanisms of organ transplant injury and was the first to determine that there was substantive molecular heterogeneity in acute kidney transplant rejection. She has successfully commercialized blood testing for early diagnosis of both acute rejection and operational tolerance in kidney transplant patients, providing tools for proactive and predictive immunosuppression monitoring for transplant recipients.

## Education

She graduated from Calcutta Medical College, India and Guy's Hospital, London, UK, in 1985 and subsequently received a Diploma in Child Health (DCH) from London University and attained Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 1990. In 1995, she completed a Ph.D. in Molecular Genetics at Cambridge University in the UK under the mentorship of Nobel Laureate Sydney Brenner. In 2009, she was awarded the Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP).

## Career

Since April 2014, Sarwal has been the director of the Precision Transplant Medicine Initiative and a professor of surgery in the Division of Multi-Organ Transplant at the University of California, San Francisco. Previously, she was a professor of pediatrics and immunology and surgery at Stanford University and the medical director of the Pediatric Kidney Transplant Program. She is a key opinion leader in organ transplantation as determined by The Transplantation Society. She is an elected councillor for both the International Pediatric Transplant Association and The Transplantation Society. She was also elected as the incoming treasurer for The Transplantation Society in 2018. She has received the Cuneo Richardson Award for outstanding contributions to kidney disease research and has also been awarded the TTS-Roche award for excellence in clinical translational science in organ transplantation.

Sarwal has an h-index of over 44, having authored over 290 scientific publications and is an inventor on over 20 patents. Her publications reflect her diverse interests in diagnostics and therapeutics of kidney disease and organ transplantation. She has also founded biotechnology companies, inclusive of Organ-i in 2009, which was acquired by Immucor in 2014 and which successfully commercialized the kSORT blood multigene assay for predicting kidney transplant rejection. She is the editor of the definitive handbook for clinical proteomics analysis, *Tissue Proteomics*. She is chief editor of *Frontiers in Medicine, Nephrology* and has held Associate/ Assistant Editor positions for other journals such as the *American Journal of Transplantation, Transplantation*, and *Clinical Transplantation*. Currently, she is a founder, along with Joshua Y. Yang, and chief medical officer of Nephrosant, Inc., a start-up focused on developing a urine-based testing platform to support kidney disease management.

Her other roles include mentorship as a Rosenman Fellow, mentor for the UCSF/Berkeley Master in Translational Medicine Program, membership on the Science Board of the FDA, and service as chief editor of a Nature journal, *Frontiers in Nephrology*. In January 2016, Sarwal delivered a Personalized Medicine World Conference talk describing her lab's development of molecular diagnostics techniques in organ transplantation to better detect rejection, improve the management of transplant patients, and proactively preserve organ function.

## Personal life

Sarwal lives with her husband, three children, and her miniature golden retriever in Portola Valley, CA. Her hobbies include tennis, piano, and art.

## Most-cited publications

* Sarwal, Minnie, et al. “Molecular Heterogeneity in Acute Renal Allograft Rejection Identified by DNA Microarray Profiling.” *The New England Journal of Medicine*, vol. 349, no. 2, 2003, pp. 125–138. Cited by 895 articles, according to Microsoft Academic.
* Naesens, Maarten, et al. “Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity.” *Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology*, vol. 4, no. 2, 2009, pp. 481–508. Cited by 822 articles, according to Microsoft Academic.
* Wei, Changli, et al. “Circulating Urokinase Receptor as a Cause of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis.” *Nature Medicine*, vol. 17, no. 8, 2011, pp. 952–960. Cited by 606 articles, according to Microsoft Academic.

## InfoBox

| Minnie M. Sarwal | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | Cambridge University, Calcutta Medical College |
| Known for | Translational biomedical informatics using large, publicly available data-sets; noninvasive transplant rejection diagnostics |
| Awards | Councillor, The Transplantation Society (2014); Cunio Richardson Award for Clinical and Research Excellence, The National Kidney Foundation (2012); TTS-Roche Award for Outstanding Achievement in Transplantation Science (2010); KOL in Organ Transplantation, The Transplantation Society (2007 - 2010); Dean's Award for Resident Education, Stanford University (2005) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Bioinformatics, Health informatics, Organ transplantation, Personalized medicine, Genomics, Big Data, Molecular diagnostics |
| Institutions | UCSF, Stanford University, California Pacific Medical Center |
| Doctoral advisor | Sydney Brenner |
|  | |


title: Pterophylla richii

abstract: Pterophylla richii, formerly Weinmannia richii, is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is a shrub or tree endemic to Fiji.

text:
# Pterophylla richii

***Pterophylla richii***, formerly *Weinmannia richii*, is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is a shrub or tree endemic to Fiji.

## InfoBox

| *Pterophylla richii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Cunoniaceae |
| Genus: | *Pterophylla* |
| Species: | ***P. richii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterophylla richii***
(A.Gray) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins (2021) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Weinmannia richii* A.Gray (1854) * *Weinmannia rhodogyne* Gibbs (1909) * *Windmannia richii* (A.Gray) Kuntze (1891) | |


title: Paul Pömpner

abstract: Paul Pömpner was a German international footballer who played for Wacker Halle and VfB Leipzig. He also played for the Germany national team on six occasions.

text:
# Paul Pömpner

**Paul Pömpner** (28 December 1892 – 17 May 1934) was a German international footballer who played for Wacker Halle and VfB Leipzig. He also played for the Germany national team on six occasions.

## InfoBox

Paul Pömpner
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Paul Pömpner | | |
| Date of birth | (1892-12-28)28 December 1892 | | |
| Place of birth | Weißenfels, Germany | | |
| Date of death | 17 May 1934(1934-05-17) (aged 41) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1908–1912 | Wacker Halle |  |  |
| 1912–1930 | VfB Leipzig |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1924–1925 | Germany | 6 | (3) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Pseudodanthonia

abstract: Pseudodanthonia is a genus of Himalayan plants in the grass family. The only known species is Pseudodanthonia himalaica, native to Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh in northern India

text:
# Pseudodanthonia

***Pseudodanthonia*** is a genus of Himalayan plants in the grass family. The only known species is ***Pseudodanthonia himalaica***, native to Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh in northern India

## InfoBox

| *Pseudodanthonia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Tribe: | Duthieeae |
| Genus: | *Pseudodanthonia*
Bor & C.E.Hubb. |
| Species: | ***P. himalaica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudodanthonia himalaica***
(Hook.f.) Bor & C.E.Hubb. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Danthonia himalaica* Hook.f. | |


title: Gill Valentine

abstract: Gill Valentine is a British geographer and professor of geography and deputy vice-chancellor at the University of Sheffield. Before joining Sheffield in 2012, Valentine was head of Geography at the University of Leeds. She co-founded the journal Social & Cultural Geography in 2000.

text:
# Gill Valentine

**Gill Valentine** FBA FAcSS is a British geographer and professor of geography and deputy vice-chancellor at the University of Sheffield.

Before joining Sheffield in 2012, Valentine was head of Geography at the University of Leeds. She co-founded the journal *Social & Cultural Geography* in 2000.

## Career

Valentine worked at the University of Sheffield between 1994 and 2004, at which point she left to work at the University of Leeds where she was head of the school of geography. In 2012, she re-joined Sheffield as Pro-Vice Chancellor for Social Sciences. Valentine is a member of the university's executive board, and has chaired the Equality, Diversity & Inclusion Committee.

## Research

Valentine is a specialist in social geography, with her key areas of research covering social identities and belonging; childhood, parenting and family life; and urban cultures and consumption. Her research in particular has focused on geographies of childhood, on alcohol-consumption and youth culture and on women's geographies. A co-founder of the journal *Social & Cultural Geography* and co-editor of former co-editor of *Gender, Place and Culture*, she has made significant contributions to feminist geography.

## Awards

## Selected publications

* 1989. "The geography of women's fear" in *Area* 12(1)pp. 385–390
* 1995. *Mapping desire: Geographies of sexualities* Psychology Press (with David Bell)
* 1997. *Consuming geographies: We are where we eat* Psychology Press (with David Bell)
* 2005. *Cool places: Geographies of youth cultures* Routledge

## InfoBox

| Gill ValentineFBA FAcSS | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Reading (PhD) |
| Thesis | *Women's fear of male violence in public space: a spatial expression of patriarchy* (1989) |
| Doctoral advisor | Sophie Bowlby |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Geographer |
| Sub-discipline |  |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Ćiki, ćiki

abstract: Ćiki, ćiki is the second studio album by Bosnian Serb singer Stoja. It was released in 1999.

text:
# Ćiki, ćiki

***Ćiki, ćiki*** is the second studio album by Bosnian Serb singer Stoja. It was released in 1999.

## Track listing

1. Ćiki, ćiki
2. Prevareni (*Deceived People*)
3. Ni kriva ni dužna (*Not Guilty, Not Obliged*)
4. Gori, gori stara ljubav (*It Burns, It Burns, The Old Love*)
5. Ne moli me (*Don't Beg Me*)
6. Sto godina (*A Hundred Years*)
7. Neću da ostarim (*I Do Not Want to Grow Old*, titled "Moje srce ostariti ne sme" (*My Heart is Not Allowed to Age*) and released as a bonus track on her third studio album, *Samo*)
8. Biću tvoja (*I'll Be Yours*, featuring Đani)

## InfoBox

| Ćiki, ćiki | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Stoja | |
| Released | 1999 |
| Genre | Folk, pop |
| Label | Grand Production |
| Stoja chronology | |
| *Kako je meni sada*
(1998) ***Ćiki, ćiki***
(1999) *Samo*
(2000) | |


title: Irgıllı, Çivril

abstract: Irgıllı is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Çivril, Denizli Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,090 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).

text:
# Irgıllı, Çivril

**Irgıllı** is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Çivril, Denizli Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,090 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (*belde*).

## InfoBox

| Irgıllı | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| IrgıllıLocation in TurkeyIrgıllıIrgıllı (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 38°10′N 29°55′E / 38.167°N 29.917°E / 38.167; 29.917 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Denizli |
| District | Çivril |
| Population (2022) | 2,090 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Nymphidia gens

abstract: The gens Nymphidia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are not mentioned until imperial times, and none of them are known to have obtained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, although one of them, Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus, attempted to seize the throne following the death of the emperor Nero.

text:
# Nymphidia gens

The **gens Nymphidia** was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are not mentioned until imperial times, and none of them are known to have obtained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, although one of them, Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus, attempted to seize the throne following the death of the emperor Nero.

## Praenomina

As with other families of imperial times, the Nymphidii known to history used only a few praenomina, *Gaius* and *Publius* occurring in ancient writers and inscriptions. *Tryphon*, a Greek name appearing in the name of Tryphon Nymphidius Philocalus, was never a praenomen, although he may have used it in place of one; although unusual, it was not unheard of for freedmen to continue using their original names in place of praenomina, even after obtaining Roman nomina. Since the inscription mentioning him suggests that he was wealthy, it also seems possible that *Tryphon* was part of a longer name, perhaps the surname of one of his ancestors.

## Origin

The nomen *Nymphidius* is clearly not of Roman origin, being derived from the Greek name *Nymphis*, presumably borne by an ancestor of the Nymphidii. The nomen falls within a class of gentilicia formed using the suffix *-idius*, although in this case because the stem of *Nymphis* is *Nymphid-*, rather than because it ended in *-idus*.

## Branches and cognomina

There is no evidence that the Nymphidii were ever divided into distinct branches, but several surnames appear among those members of the family found in ancient writers and inscriptions. *Sabinus*, belonging to the most famous of the Nymphidii, and probably one of the earliest, refers to a Sabine, suggesting another possible origin for the gens; *Lupus* means "wolf", *Valens* means "strong" or "powerful". *Ogulnianus* signifies that its bearer was either adopted from the Ogulnia gens into some family of the Nymphidii, or that he was descended from the Ogulnii through the female line; *Fuscanius* appears to be a *nomen gentilicium* built on the cognomen *Fuscus*, "dark", and probably entered the family through the female line. *Chresimus* and *Philocalus* are Greek names, and probably belonged to freedmen of the Nymphidia gens, who may have passed them to their descendants as surnames.

## Members

*This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.* * Nymphidia, the daughter of Gaius Julius Callistus, was a courtesan at the imperial court in the time of Caligula. She was the mother of Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus.
* Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus, one of the commanders of the Praetorian Guard during the reign of Nero. He helped suppress the Pisonian conspiracy in AD 66, and was rewarded with the consular insignia. After Nero's death, Nymphidius, claiming to be the son of Caligula, hoped to succeed the late emperor, but he was killed by the associates of Galba.
* Nymphidius Lupus, a friend of Pliny the Younger, with whom he had served in the Roman army. He was the *primus pilus*, or senior centurion, of his legion. Pliny recommended Nymphidius' son to the emperor Trajan.
* Gaius Nymphidius Chresimus, listed in a century of soldiers stationed at Rome in AD 70.
* Nymphidius Lupus, son of Pliny's friend, was prefect of his cohort, in a legion commanded by Julius Ferox and Fuscus Salinator.
* Nymphidius, presented a question to the jurist Julius Paulus, to which Paulus' answer appears in the Digest.
* Tryphon Nymphidius Philocalus, the patron of Gaius Messius Eunomius Senior, buried at Rome, aged ninety.
* Nymphidia, the daughter of Nymphidius, buried at Rome, aged two years, five months.
* Publius Nymphidius P. f. Fuscanius, a veteran of the fourth cohort, buried at Ostia with his wife, Cornelia Felis.
* Nymphidia, the mother of Publius Nymphidius Valens.
* Publius Nymphidius P. f. Valens, a member of the council of Nicopolis ad Istrum in Moesia Inferior, where he was buried, aged thirty.
* Gaius Nymphidius Ogulnianus, together with Gaius Annius Proculus, erected a monument to their mother, Julia Apollonia, at Portus in Latium.

## Bibliography


title: Minnie Reynolds Scalabrino

abstract: Minnie Reynolds Scalabrino was an American journalist, women's rights activist, and organizer, founding the Denver Women's Press Club and Denver Woman's Club. She advocated for equal rights, women's suffrage and temperance, something that she was devoted to for more than 30 years. She was instrumental in the passage of laws that gave women the right to vote at the state level, and then in 1920 for women throughout the United States. She organized Denver and state libraries for the Women's Club of Denver and the State Federation of Women's Club. She wrote for the Rocky Mountain News about women's issues, society news, politics, and women's clubs activities. She wrote several books, her best is The Terror, a novel about the French Revolution. She was married in 1905, but continued to use her maiden name Minnie J. Reynolds because that was what she had been known as for years.

text:
# Minnie Reynolds Scalabrino

**Minnie Reynolds Scalabrino** (1865 – 1936) was an American journalist, women's rights activist, and organizer, founding the Denver Women's Press Club and Denver Woman's Club. She advocated for equal rights, women's suffrage and temperance, something that she was devoted to for more than 30 years. She was instrumental in the passage of laws that gave women the right to vote at the state level, and then in 1920 for women throughout the United States.

She organized Denver and state libraries for the Women's Club of Denver and the State Federation of Women's Club. She wrote for the *Rocky Mountain News* about women's issues, society news, politics, and women's clubs activities. She wrote several books, her best is *The Terror*, a novel about the French Revolution.

She was married in 1905, but continued to use her maiden name **Minnie J. Reynolds** because that was what she had been known as for years.

## Early life

Minnie Josephine Reynolds was born in Norwood, New York in 1865. She was the fourth of six children born to Sarah Rood and Wait Reynolds, the latter of whom died in 1880. He was a farmer, a prominent businessman and esteemed citizen of the Norwood and Potsdam communities. She had an older sister Helen, a school teacher, who took on the responsibility of providing for and educating her siblings after their father died; her mother was an invalid. Helen was 13 years older, Jesse was about 8 years older, and she had younger siblings, Grace and Harry. Helen joined her in Colorado to fight for women's suffrage, a cause that was also important to their mother.

## Career

Scalabrino came to Colorado and worked as a school teacher at Pitkin, Colorado. While there, she submitted articles and poems to the *Pitkin Miner* newspaper. She also contributed to a newspaper in Aspen, Colorado. She had written a number of articles under the name M. J. Reynolds. The *Rocky Mountain News* hired her, assuming that she was a man. Accordingly, she moved to Denver in 1890 to work for the paper. When they saw that she was a woman, she was assigned as a society editor. She met people on the street, when bicycling through the city, to gather interesting news stories. On May 17, 1891, the *Rocky Mountain News* published her story about the "Early Days of Colorado" and on June 26, 1892, it published the article "The Mare Stella". In 1894, she wrote "A ballad of China-Town", "Washington", "Ballad of Modern Times", and "Men of the Common Weal". After she became the editor of the women's page, she wrote political articles.

In 1893, she lobbied politicians and journalists to promote women's right to vote. The state's equal suffrage bill was put before the legislature that year. She convinced 75% of Colorado newspapers to include pro-suffrage editorials and columns. She, Ellis Meredith, and Patience Stapleton wrote newspaper articles and editorials. Scalabrino's articles were published in the *Rocky Mountain News*. Her sister Helen moved to Colorado, where she became the campaign secretary and the press chair of the Colorado Equal Suffrage Association. Carrie Chapman Catt visited Colorado to help the drive for women's right to vote. The bill was put on the ballot for the November 1893 election, and women were granted the right to vote in the state. Wyoming, a territory at the time, had already given women the right to vote. Colorado was the first state to do so. Scalabrino became known as an expert on woman's suffrage campaign techniques. Other important suffrage activists included Elizabeth Piper Ensley, an African American suffragette of Denver; Dr. Ethel Strasser of Grand Junction; Caroline Nichols Churchill; and Anna Chamberlain of Colorado Springs. *See also: List of Colorado suffragists*

Scalabrino ran for state legislature in 1894. A member of the Populist Party, she did well in the polls, but did not win the election. She supported civil rights for African Americans and labor unions. Although women had attained the right to vote and she was perceived as a good speaker, public opinion was against giving women the right to be legislators at that time.

In 1894, she founded the Denver Woman's Club. Four years later, she founded and was the first president of the Denver Women's Press Club, which supports journalists, publicists, and writers. The Press Club's purpose has been "To advance and encourage women in literary work, to cultivate acquaintance and friendship among women of literarv tastes, to secure the benefits arising from organized effort, and to drive dull care away." She led the effort to create libraries and circulating libraries under the auspices of the Women's Club of Denver. This was followed later by a traveling library for the State Federation of Women's Club, with Colorado the only state to win a national award for a library. She began writing about women's club activities for the newspaper.

While on vacation in the eastern United States, Scalabrino sent some of her stories to editors at the *New York Post* and *The New York Times*. *The Times* hired her in 1901 to write about Colorado and its women. After she resigned from the *Rocky Mountain News*, *The Times* hired her as a full-time reporter. She wrote a column in the paper called "By the Bachelor Girl" in which she stated in 1903 that: 'The woman who cultivates her conversational powers in order to make herself agreeable to men hasn't a bit of sense' and 'No woman with a grain of sense ever lets a man gather from her remarks that his character offers any intricacies to her comprehension'. She also wrote "Ship Me Somewhere" in 1911 for *The Times*:

> Ship me somewhere west of Kansas where the earth's not crowded so;
> Where they have about four people to each square mile, you know;
> Where the atmosphere's been washed and dried and Ironed so smooth and fine
> That it seems a happy foretaste of some elixir divine.

> For I'm sick of all these people, swarming, sweltering to und fro.
> Sick of twenty-storied scrapers, and the stony streets below;
> About this time each year It comes, that longing back to me.
> For those spaces west of Kansas, where they stretch out wide and free.

> Oh, 1 love the locomotive, when her head is pointed West,
> And her wheels are swift revolving, it is then I love her best;
> Past the lake front at Chicago, cornfields rich of "old Miszoo,"
> Past the bluffs at Kansas City, westward portals rolling through

> When my long day's work is over, and I toil und moil no more,
> don't plant me in the sodden earth upon this foggy shore;
> Ship me somewhere west of Kansas, where the great plains onward sweep‘
> Neath the shadow of the Rockies it is still, and I shall sleep.

In New Jersey, she was a suffragist as well as secretary and state organizer for the Women's Political Union. She worked for the National American Woman Suffrage Association from 1901 to 1909. After her marriage, she wrote a few books and had her articles published. She wrote *The Chalk in the Bartomn Schools*, *How Man Conquered Nature*. and *The Crayon Clue*.

She drafted a proposed amendment for Congress that would grant women the right to vote across the United States in 1909. She was requested to do this by the National American Woman Suffrage Association. She saw the women attaining the right to vote in Washington state, California, Arizona, Oregon, Kansas, and New York by 1917. She gave 100 speeches in the state of Washington alone and because she had built a national presence with her maiden name, she billed herself as Minnie Reynolds.

She was back in Colorado when the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed in June 1918 and became law on August 26, 1920. She recalled: "on the last great drive which took the federal amendment through, I was down and out with neuritis."

She completed the last and perhaps best novel, *The Terror* (1930) that was set during the French Revolution. She continued to speak about women's right to vote into 1934.

## Personal life

She had a new Victorian house at Broadway and Bayaud in Denver in the 1890s. In 1900, she was head of the household of her siblings on Bayaud Street, including her older sister Helen, younger sister Grace, and younger brother Harry.

When she worked for *The New York Times*, she wrote a series of articles about Italy. During that time, she met Salvatore Scalabrino. She married him in Manhattan, New York on December 31, 1904, becoming Minnie Reynolds Scalabrino. They spent a year in Italy getting to know his family and throughout Europe. They returned to the United States in 1906. She lived in Bloomfield, New Jersey in 1909. Scalabrino visited in Colorado in November 1910, and spent her final years on the Scalabrino's farm in New Jersey.

She had a stroke in May 1936, after which she was taken 20 miles to a hospital in Phillipsburg, New Jersey. She died there on May 29, 1936. She was buried in her family's plot in Norwood, New York.

## Legacy

She was a role model during the late 19th century for women who sought to define themselves outside of their stereotypical roles of a "homemaker and appendage of her husband". Scalabrino was described by the University of Colorado Denver as a woman who "broke barriers as a female journalist and devoted her life to the fight for suffrage." In 2022, she was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame.

1. "Minnie J. Reynolds, Founder of Denver Woman's Press Club, 1898". *History Colorado. LucideaCore ARGUS.net*. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
2. "Minnie J. Reynolds Scalabrino" (PDF). *History Colorado*. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
3. "Minnie Reynolds Scalabrino". *coloradoencyclopedia.org*. 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
4. "Miss Reynolds really Mrs. Scalabrino". *The Tacoma Daily Ledger*. 1910-11-23. p. 14. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
5. "Reynolds, Minnie J. 1865-1936". *WorldCat*. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
6. "Minnie J. Reynolds, Denver, Colorado", *Twelfth Census of the United States, United States of America, Bureau of the Census*, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1900.
7. "Minnie J. Reynolds", *U.S. census, population schedules*, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1870
8. "Death of Mr. Wait Reynolds, column 2". *The St. Lawrence herald*. No. 1880/04/10. Potsdam, New York. April 10, 1880. p. 3. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
9. "In Memoriam: Helen M. Reynolds". *The Woman's Journal*. Vol. 40, no. 41. October 9, 1909. p. 2.
10. "Minnie J. Reynolds". *The Gunnison Tribune*. August 22, 1902. Retrieved 2021-11-23  via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection.
11. "The Christmas News". *The Aspen Tribune*. December 28, 1897. Retrieved 2021-11-23  via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection.
12. Bromwell, Henrietta E. (1933). "Colorado Portrait and Biography Index" (PDF). *Denver Library*. p. 1018. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
13. Croshal, Kathleen Hearn (February 2020). "Let's Celebrate: Commemorating 100 Years of Women's Right to Vote" (PDF). *Colorado Bar Association*. p. 2. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
14. Hill, Alice Polk (1915). *Colorado pioneers in picture and story*. Denver: Brock-Haffner Press. p. 236.
15. Reynolds, Minnie J. (March 3, 1904). "By the Bachelor Girl". *Colorado Republican*. Retrieved 2021-11-23  via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection.
16. "Ship Me Somewhere!". *The Lamar Register*. April 5, 1911. Retrieved 2021-11-23  via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection.
17. Semple, James Alexander (1914). *Representative women of Colorado*. Denver, Colorado: The Alexander Art Publishing Company. p. 157.
18. "Minnie J. Reynolds Scalabrino: Activist". *Colorado Virtual Library*. 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
19. "Minnie J. Reynolds, speaker, women's right to vote". *The Daily Register*. 1934-11-28. p. 10. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
20. "Salvatore Scalabrino married Minnie Reynolds, December 31, 1904, recorded in 1905", *Index to New York City Marriages, 1866-1937. Indices prepared by the Italian Genealogical Group and the German Genealogy Group, and used with permission of the New York City Department of Records/Municipal Archives.*, December 31, 1904
21. Martinez, J. Michael (2021-02-15). *Congressional Pathfinders: First Members of Congress and How They Shaped American History*. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-7936-1605-0.
22. "History Heroes Archive". *National History Day in Colorado*. 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2021-11-22. Minnie Reynolds Scalabrino (1865-1936) Scalabrino broke barriers as a female journalist and devoted her life to the fight for suffrage.
23. "Class of 2022" Colorado Women's Hall of Fame.
24. Smith, Norma (2002). *Jeannette Rankin, America's conscience*. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press. pp. 58–64. ISBN 978-0-917298-79-0.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Minnie Reynolds Scalabrino | |
| --- | --- |
| Minnie J. Reynolds in 1895, History Colorado | |
| Born | Minnie Josephine Reynolds
1865 (1865)
Norwood, New York, United States |
| Died | May 29, 1936(1936-05-29) (aged 70–71) |
| Burial place | Family plot at Norwood, New York |
| Other names | M. J. Reynolds |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, suffragette, women's club organizer, book author |
| Known for | Leader in state and national campaigns that gave women the right to vote |


title: Pseudochromis flavopunctatus

abstract: Pseudochromis flavopunctatus the yellow-spotted dottyback, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Pseudochromidae. It is found in the western-central Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Pseudochromis flavopunctatus

***Pseudochromis flavopunctatus*** the **yellow-spotted dottyback**, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Pseudochromidae. It is found in the western-central Pacific Ocean.

## Description

*Pseudochromis flavopunctatus* reaches a total length of 6.8 cm (2.7 in).

## InfoBox

| *Pseudochromis flavopunctatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Family: | Pseudochromidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudochromis* |
| Species: | ***P. flavopunctatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudochromis flavopunctatus***<br>A.C. Gill & J. E. Randall, 1998 | |
|


title: Mayfield, South Africa

abstract: Mayfield is an area south of Braemar in Umzinto, South Africa, surrounded by Mbungulu, Braemar, and Mkhunya/Dumisa. It is located under Ugu District Municipality at an offramp, D307 in Sawoti, opposite Sawoti Police Station, that road goes to Mbungulu and Ncazuka. In this area is where you will find Himmelberg Intermediate School, Mayfield and the road, D307 will also take you to Phungula Primary School, kwaMbungulu.

text:
# Mayfield, South Africa

**Mayfield** is an area south of Braemar in Umzinto, South Africa, surrounded by Mbungulu, Braemar, and Mkhunya/Dumisa. It is located under Ugu District Municipality at an offramp, D307 in Sawoti, opposite Sawoti Police Station, that road goes to Mbungulu and Ncazuka.

In this area is where you will find Himmelberg Intermediate School, Mayfield and the road, D307 will also take you to Phungula Primary School, kwaMbungulu.

## InfoBox

| Mayfield | |
| --- | --- |
| MayfieldMayfield | |
| Coordinates: 30°15′40″S 30°30′18″E / 30.261°S 30.505°E / -30.261; 30.505 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | KwaZulu-Natal |
| District | Ugu |
| Municipality | Umdoni |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.88 km2 (0.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,003 |
| Density | 1,100/km2 (3,000/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 99.3% |
| Indian/Asian | 0.2% |
| Other | 0.5% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Zulu | 95.2% |
| S. Ndebele | 2.0% |
| English | 1.1% |
| Other | 1.7% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |


title: Paul A. Walker (psychologist)

abstract: Paul Allen Walker was an American social psychologist and founding president of HBIGDA, the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association now known as WPATH, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health in 1979. He also served as director of the Janus Information Facility. Walker graduated with a doctorate in social psychology from the University of Rochester in 1976. He performed research with John Money via the Office of Psychohormonal Research at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Walker began a sex offender treatment program at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas, in 1976. He also ran the Gender Clinic. Walker started his private practice in the early 1980s, moved his office to 1952 Union Street, San Francisco, California, treating transgender patients, including those with gender dysphoria, who identify with a gender different than their birth gender. Walker later came out as openly gay, and he lived on Castro Street, the most popular district in San Francisco for the gay community, as he continued his practice to specially help patients to seek sex reassignment surgery (SRS) almost until his death. Walker typically diagnosed his patients with "anxiety" to keep their identities private and confidential between the doctor and patient until beginning the real life test, now called socially transitioning. Before SRS, a year of living in the gender role that is congruent with the true gender identity is required. Walker died in November 1991 complications from HIV/AIDS.

text:
# Paul A. Walker (psychologist)

**Paul Allen Walker** (September 29, 1946 – November 16, 1991) was an American social psychologist and founding president of HBIGDA, the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association now known as WPATH, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health in 1979. He also served as director of the Janus Information Facility.

Walker graduated with a doctorate in social psychology from the University of Rochester in 1976. He performed research with John Money via the Office of Psychohormonal Research at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Walker began a sex offender treatment program at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas, in 1976. He also ran the Gender Clinic.

Walker started his private practice in the early 1980s, moved his office to 1952 Union Street, San Francisco, California, treating transgender patients, including those with gender dysphoria, who identify with a gender different than their birth gender. Walker later came out as openly gay, and he lived on Castro Street, the most popular district in San Francisco for the gay community, as he continued his practice to specially help patients to seek sex reassignment surgery (SRS) almost until his death. Walker typically diagnosed his patients with "anxiety" to keep their identities private and confidential between the doctor and patient until beginning the real life test, now called socially transitioning. Before SRS, a year of living in the gender role that is congruent with the true gender identity is required.

Walker died in November 1991 complications from HIV/AIDS.


title: Ptaszniki, Gdańsk County

abstract: Ptaszniki is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Suchy Dąb, within Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Suchy Dąb, 18 km (11 mi) south-east of Pruszcz Gdański, and 27 km (17 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Ptaszniki, Gdańsk County

**Ptaszniki** \[ptaʂˈniki\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Suchy Dąb, within Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Suchy Dąb, 18 km (11 mi) south-east of Pruszcz Gdański, and 27 km (17 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see *History of Pomerania*.

## InfoBox

| Ptaszniki | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Ptaszniki | |
| Coordinates: 54°8′59″N 18°49′1″E / 54.14972°N 18.81694°E / 54.14972; 18.81694 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Gdańsk |
| Gmina | Suchy Dąb |


title: Puerto Wilches

abstract: Puerto Wilches is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia.

text:
# Puerto Wilches

**Puerto Wilches** is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia.

## History

The port of Puerto Wilches was established principally as a fluvial port for the Puerto Wilches railway. The function of the railway and port was to link the department of Santander and the city of Bucaramanga with the world economy by way of fluvial navigation on the Magdalena River on to the caribbean port city of Barranquilla.

The original construction of the railway was via a British company named the Great Northern Railway of Colombia Company Ltd. The company was floated in London in April 1907. The company was authorised by Rafael Reyes's government to float £518,400 of bonds for the first 54 km of the line between Puerto Wilches and Bucaramanga.

The project was initially a success but political opposition to the use of bonds guaranteed by the national government formed within the national political elite and the project was sabotaged by publications in the European press spreading rumours the government had not authorised bonds to be raised in its name. This resulted in problems raising additional capital. Subsequent bonds were heavily devalued and the company did not receive sufficient capital to fund the line. Following repeated disputes with Colombian authorities the company went into liquidation and the concession was bought out by the government in April 1918. A significant proportion of the railway was not completed until 1926 when the 95 km point was reached resulting in stimulation of trade in the surrounding region.

The existence of the railway infrastructure and the status as a fluvial port stimulated urban growth, but shifting to use of road transportation away from railways led to a lesser economic importance of the port. In recent times the importance of the oil industry in the region has led to renewed importance in the regional economy.

## Climate

| Climate data for Puerto Wilches (Brisas Las Hda), elevation 138 m (453 ft), (1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 34.5
(94.1) | 35.1
(95.2) | 34.4
(93.9) | 33.9
(93.0) | 33.7
(92.7) | 33.8
(92.8) | 34.2
(93.6) | 34.2
(93.6) | 33.5
(92.3) | 33.1
(91.6) | 33.0
(91.4) | 33.5
(92.3) | 33.9
(93.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 29.0
(84.2) | 29.4
(84.9) | 29.0
(84.2) | 28.8
(83.8) | 28.7
(83.7) | 28.8
(83.8) | 28.8
(83.8) | 28.9
(84.0) | 28.5
(83.3) | 28.3
(82.9) | 28.3
(82.9) | 28.5
(83.3) | 28.7
(83.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.6
(69.1) | 20.9
(69.6) | 21.1
(70.0) | 21.1
(70.0) | 21.0
(69.8) | 21.2
(70.2) | 21.1
(70.0) | 21.0
(69.8) | 20.8
(69.4) | 20.8
(69.4) | 20.9
(69.6) | 20.8
(69.4) | 21.0
(69.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47.7
(1.88) | 77.6
(3.06) | 177.4
(6.98) | 290.9
(11.45) | 389.3
(15.33) | 305.7
(12.04) | 281.1
(11.07) | 313.3
(12.33) | 344.6
(13.57) | 390.5
(15.37) | 254.3
(10.01) | 120.8
(4.76) | 2,993.4
(117.85) |
| Average precipitation days | 4 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 15 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 14 | 7 | 155 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 78 |
| Source: Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

7°21′N 73°54′W / 7.350°N 73.900°W / 7.350; -73.900

## InfoBox

| Puerto Wilches | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
|  | |
| Location of the municipality and town of Puerto Wilches in the Santander Department of Colombia | |
| Country | Colombia |
| Department | Santander Department |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,588 km2 (613 sq mi) |
| Population (Census 2018) | |
| Total | 31,698 |
| Demonym | Wilchenses |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) |
| Website | www.puertowilches-santander.gov.co |


title: Psyche (psychology)

abstract: In psychology, the psyche is the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious. The English word soul is sometimes used synonymously, especially in older texts. Psychology is the scientific or objective study of the psyche. The word has a long history of use in psychology and philosophy, dating back to ancient times, and represents one of the fundamental concepts for understanding human nature from a scientific point of view.

text:
# Psyche (psychology)

In psychology, the **psyche** /ˈski/ is the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious. The English word *soul* is sometimes used synonymously, especially in older texts.

Psychology is the scientific or objective study of the psyche. The word has a long history of use in psychology and philosophy, dating back to ancient times, and represents one of the fundamental concepts for understanding human nature from a scientific point of view.

## Etymology

The basic meaning of the Greek word ψυχή (*psyche*) was "life". Although unsupported, some have claimed it is derived from the verb ψύχω (*psycho*, "to blow"). Derived meanings included "spirit", "soul", "ghost", and ultimately "self" in the sense of "conscious personality" or "psyche".

## Ancient psychology

The idea of the psyche is central to the philosophy of Plato. Scholars translate the Platonic conceptualization of the term as "soul" in the sense that he believed that it is immortal. In his Phaedo, Plato has Socrates give four arguments for the immortality of the soul and life after death following the separation of the soul from the body. Plato's Socrates also states that after death the Psyche is better able to achieve wisdom and experience the Platonic forms since it is unhindered by the body.

The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote an influential treatise on the psyche, called in Greek Περὶ Ψυχῆς (*Peri Psyches*), in Latin *De Anima* and in English *On the Soul*. In this work, he used the concept of the soul to explain certain functions. Since – for him – the soul is motion, it needs an explanatory principle for bodily motion. Aristotle's theory of the "three souls (psyches)" (vegetal, animal, and rational) would rule the field of psychology until the 19th century. Prior to Aristotle, a number of Greek writings used the term *psyche* in a less precise sense. In late antiquity, Galenic medicine developed the idea of three "spirits" (*pneuma*) corresponding to Aristotle's three souls. The *pneuma psychikon* corresponded to the rational soul. The other two pneuma were the *pneuma physicon* and the *pneuma zoticon*.

## Medieval psychology

The term *psyche* was Latinized to *anima*, which became one of the basic terms used in medieval psychology. *Anima* would have traditionally been rendered in English as "soul" but in modern usage the term "psyche" is preferable.

## Phenomenology

19th century psychologists such as Franz Brentano developed the concept of the psyche in a more subjective direction.

## Psychoanalysis

In psychoanalysis and other forms of depth psychology, the psyche refers to the forces in an individual that influence thought, behavior and personality.

### Freudian school

Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, believed that the psyche—he used the word *Seele* ('soul', but also 'psyche') throughout his writings—was composed of three components:

* The id, which represents the instinctual drives of an individual and remains largely unconscious. It does not respect the rules of society.
* The super-ego, which represents a person's conscience and their internalization of societal norms and morality.
* The ego, which is conscious and serves to integrate the drives of the id with the prohibitions of the super-ego. Freud believed this conflict to be at the heart of neurosis.

Freud's original terms for the three components of the psyche, in German, were *das Es* (lit. the 'It'), *das Ich* (lit. the 'I'), and *das Über-Ich* (lit. the 'Over-I' or 'Upper-I'). According to Bruno Bettelheim, the Latin terms were proposed by Freud's English translators, probably to make them seem more 'medical' since, at the time, Latin was prevalent in medical terminology. Bettelheim deplores what he sees as pseudoscientific, Latin terms.

### Jungian school

Many thinkers, including Carl Jung, also include in this definition the overlap and tension between the personal and the collective elements in man.

Carl Jung wrote much of his work in German. Jung was careful to define what he meant by psyche and by soul (*Seele*).

> I have been compelled, in my investigations into the structure of the unconscious, to make a conceptual distinction between *soul* and *psyche*. By psyche, I understand the totality of all psychic processes, conscious as well as unconscious. By soul, on the other hand, I understand a clearly demarcated functional complex that can best be described as a "personality". (Jung, 1971: Def. 48 par. 797)
>
> \[In previous translations, and in this one as well, *psyche*—for which Jung in the German original uses either *Psyche* or *Seele*—has been used with reference to the totality of *all* psychic processes (cf. Jung, *Psychological Types*, Def. 48); i.e., it is a comprehensive term. *Soul*, on the other hand, as used in the technical terminology of analytical psychology, is more restricted in meaning and refers to a "function complex" or partial personality and never to the whole psyche. It is often applied specifically to "anima" and "animus"; e.g., in this connection it is used in the composite word "soul-image" (*Seelenbild*). This conception of the soul is more primitive than the Christian one with which the reader is likely to be more familiar. In its Christian context it refers to "the transcendental energy in man" and "the spiritual part of man considered in its moral aspect or in relation to God."— Editors.\] (Jung, 1968: note 2 par. 9)

## Cognitive psychology

The word "mind" is preferred by cognitive scientists to "psyche". The mind is a set of cognitive faculties including consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, language and memory. It is usually defined as the faculty of an entity's thoughts and consciousness. It holds the power of imagination, recognition, and appreciation, and is responsible for processing feelings and emotions, resulting in attitudes and actions.

## Further reading


title: Pu Yanzhu

abstract: Pu Yanzhu is a Chinese rhythmic gymnast. She won gold with 5 hoops at Worlds in 2023.

text:
# Pu Yanzhu

**Pu Yanzhu** (born 18 April 2005) is a Chinese rhythmic gymnast. She won gold with 5 hoops at Worlds in 2023.

## Personal life

She began the sport in 2019 because her father had received professional training in sport and wanted her to become a professional athlete. Her dream is to compete at the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris. She's studying at the Chengdu Sport University.

## Career

She was incorporated into the national team in 2022, debuting with a bronze in the All-Around and silver with 5 hoops at the World Cup in Pesaro. In September she was selected along Guo Qiqi, Hao Ting, Huang Zhangjiayang, Wang Lanjing and individuals Yue Zhao and Zhao Yating for the World Championships in Sofia, ending 12th in teams, 7th in the All-Around and with 5 hoops and 4th with 3 ribbons & 2 balls.

At the 2023 World Cup in Tashkent the group won gold in the All-Around and both even finals. Weeks later she won gold in the All-Around and silver in the two event finals in Baku. From May 31 to June 3 the group competed at the Asian Championships in Manila, winning bronze in teams along individuals Wang Zilu, Zhao Yating and Zhao Yue, gold in the All-Around, with 5 hoops and with 3 ribbons & 2 balls. In July she travelled to Milan for the last World Cup of the season, getting bronze in the All-Around and with 3 ribbons & 2 balls. in late August Yanzhu was selected for the World Championships in Valencia, winning silver in the All-Aroud and with 3 ribbons & 2 balls as well an historical gold medal with 5 hoops.

## InfoBox

| Pu Yanzhu | |
| --- | --- |
| Country represented | China |
| Born | (2005-04-18) 18 April 2005<br>Sichuan, China |
| Discipline | Rhythmic Gymnastics |
| Level | International Elite |
| Years on national team | 2022- |
| Club | Sichuan Province |
| Head coach(es) | Sun Dan |
| Medal record      Rhythmic Gymnastics  Representing  China   Event 1st 2nd 3rd  World Championships 1 2 0  Asian Championships 3 0 0  FIG World Cup 4 3 3  **Total** **8** **5** **3**   World Championships  2023 Valencia 5 Hoops  2023 Valencia Group All-around  2023 Valencia 3 Ribbons + 2 Balls  Asian Championships  2023 Manila Group All-Around  2023 Manila 5 Hoops  2023 Manila 3 Ribbons + 2 Balls  2023 Manila Team | |


title: Ghantasala, Krishna district

abstract: Ghantasala is a village in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is 21 km west of Machilipatnam and 11 km east of Krishna River. The largest city of this district, Vijayawada, is around 60 km away. It is a rare and reputed center for Buddhist sculptures. Kaṇṭakasola was the ancient name of Ghantasala. It was also mentioned by Ptolemy as Kantakossyla.

text:
# Ghantasala, Krishna district

**Ghantasala** is a village in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is 21 km west of Machilipatnam and 11 km east of Krishna River. The largest city of this district, Vijayawada, is around 60 km away. It is a rare and reputed center for Buddhist sculptures. Kaṇṭakasola was the ancient name of Ghantasala. It was also mentioned by Ptolemy (2nd century CE) as Kantakossyla.

## History

Ghantasala is a town and the headquarters of Ghantasala mandal in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. It is 21 km west of Machilipatnam and 11 km east of River Krishna. Kaṇṭakasola was the ancient name of Ghantasala. It was also mentioned by Ptolemy as Kantakossyla.

Boswell of the East India Company first reported Ghantasala as a historical site in 1870-71. Alexander Rea excavated the stupa at Ghantasala, which had a circumference of 112 feet and a height of 23 feet. The remains of an important Buddhist stupa and sculptural slabs were found in 1919-20. Ghantasala was once a flourishing town of Indo-Roman trade as well as an important religious centre. The Buddhist relics and the Hindu structures at the place reveal its past glory. Carved limestone columns belonging to pillared halls associated with Buddhist monastic establishments (2-3rd centuries BC ) have been discovered. The ruined Maha Chaitya or stupa that was excavated here is of a unique design. A cube of solid bricks is set in the centre, inscribed with 12 constellations of the zodiac.

The chaityas had a texture and size unique to the Satavahana times and had separate dwelling places for Buddhist monks in the complex. All walls were found to have beautiful plastering with superfine lime mortar. A three-dimensional limestone carved structure, embellished on the dome portion of the stupa had two garland bearers, a dhamma chakra and a miniature stupa on a throne in the middle. Objects such as a four-by-three-feet 'Purna Kalasa' containing lotus flowers, indicating the birth of Gautama Buddha were also discovered. The stupa had concentric inner wheels radiating towards a central chamber.primary amongst them is a raised cylindrical mound with a semi spheric

## Economy

**Hand-loom industry**

Hand loom weaving is most predominant in the village. Mangalagiri and Gadwal cotton sarees are the mostly weaved and are exported many parts of the country.

## Transport

Machilipatnam is connected by road and rail from Vijaywada. Vijaywada has an airport located some 20 km away at Gannavaram.

## InfoBox

| Ghantasala ghantasala | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| The Ghantasala stupa | |
| Dynamic map | |
| GhantasalaLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaGhantasalaGhantasala (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°10′9.62184″N 80°56′39.3835199880193″E / 16.1693394000°N 80.944273199996672474°E / 16.1693394000; 80.944273199996672474 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Krishna |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.21 km2 (4.71 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 9,248 |
| Density | 760/km2 (2,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 521133 |
| Telephone code | 08671 |
| Vehicle registration | AP 16 |
| Nearest city | Machilipatnam, Gudivada |
| Sex ratio | 10:9.8 / |
| Literacy | 60% |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Machilipatnam |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Avanigadda |


title: Shenandoah Valley Railroad (1867–1890)

abstract: Shenandoah Valley Railroad was a line completed on June 19, 1882, extending up the Shenandoah Valley from Hagerstown, Maryland through the West Virginia panhandle into Virginia to reach Roanoke, Virginia and to connect with the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W). The development of this railroad had considerable backing from the Pennsylvania Railroad. In September 1890 it went into bankruptcy and was reorganized as the Shenandoah Valley Railway. In December 1890, it became part of N&W. Today the tracks are a major artery of the Norfolk Southern system. South of Harrisonburg, Virginia, a former part of the Norfolk Southern System a few miles west was a parallel line originally called the Valley Railroad. It was built in the late 19th century by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, a fierce competitor of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The line was purchased in 1942 by the Chesapeake Western Railway. A portion extending northward from Staunton, Virginia in Augusta County and Rockingham County became a new short-line railroad formed late in the 20th century by several major shippers. The historic name of the once rival was adopted for the current privately owned intrastate Shenandoah Valley Railroad.

text:
# Shenandoah Valley Railroad (1867–1890)

**Shenandoah Valley Railroad** was a line completed on June 19, 1882, extending up the Shenandoah Valley from Hagerstown, Maryland through the West Virginia panhandle into Virginia to reach Roanoke, Virginia and to connect with the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W). The development of this railroad had considerable backing from the Pennsylvania Railroad. In September 1890 it went into bankruptcy and was reorganized as the Shenandoah Valley Railway. In December 1890, it became part of N&W. Today the tracks are a major artery of the Norfolk Southern system.

South of Harrisonburg, Virginia, a former part of the Norfolk Southern System a few miles west was a parallel line originally called the Valley Railroad. It was built in the late 19th century by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, a fierce competitor of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The line was purchased in 1942 by the Chesapeake Western Railway. A portion extending northward from Staunton, Virginia in Augusta County and Rockingham County became a new short-line railroad formed late in the 20th century by several major shippers. The historic name of the once rival was adopted for the current privately owned intrastate Shenandoah Valley Railroad.

## Planning

The organizers of the SVRR planned to construct a railroad from the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) station in Hagerstown, Maryland (a branch out of Harrisburg, PA called the Cumberland Valley Railroad) to the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad (V&T) in Salem, Virginia. The route called for 243 miles (391 km) of new construction. The line follows closely the great iron ore belt along the western slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Peter Bouck Borst of Page County, Virginia introduced a charter for the railroad for a bill before the Virginia General Assembly in 1866. The ambitious plan was to build a railroad from Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, to the Virginia Central Railroad somewhere near Staunton, to a connection with the V&T around Salem, and finally to somewhere near the southwest corner of Virginia to meet the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad at Bristol, Virginia.

Since the route traversed three states (Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia) three legislative authorizations were required. Virginia provided approval on February 23, 1867. West Virginia approved the construction idea on February 25, 1870. Maryland provided the final approval needed on April 4, 1870.

On March 14, 1870, the company was formed and the first president, Peter Bouck Borst, was elected.

## Rival railroads

After Maryland approved construction of a bridge over the Potomac river anywhere between Harpers Ferry and Williamsport, the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) took notice. There could be link with rival B&O railroad, as well as a link with its own Cumberland Valley Railroad, just north of Williamsport in Hagerstown. This new north/south line would be the key to capturing the traffic on numerous just-acquired southern lines and directing it to the port of Philadelphia. The competing B&O wanted to divert the riches of the area to the port of Baltimore and expand into the south. Each tried to cut off the other from the south. Meanwhile, Virginia really didn’t want either to succeed so that traffic would be directed to the Norfolk port.

The PRR began purchasing stock in the SVRR, and took effective control of it. B&O took control of a competing north/south line called the Valley Railroad. The plans showed the railroads were to run parallel to each other through the valley, sometimes just a few miles apart. The race was on.

## Main line construction (1870–1882)

The Central Improvement Company (a subsidiary of Pennsylvania Railroad) was awarded a contract to construct 224 miles (360 km) of the SVRR from Shepherdstown to Salem for $35,000 a mile. The work was to be completed by August 1872. The major source of capital came from the sale of 6% mortgage bonds backed by the Pennsylvania Railroad.

In 1871, Thomas A. Scott was elected as the second president of SVRR; he was also a Vice President of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Peter B. Borst was forced out because of his involvement with a competing plan for a similar rail line called the Luray Valley Railroad Company that was pushed through the Virginia General Assembly in 1870.

In August 1871, the Central Improvement Company submitted a proposal to cancel the construction contract, asking for payment only for work completed. The proposal was rejected by SVRR. In 1872, the deadline for completion of the railroad was extended to January 1875 and 94 miles (151 km) of work south of the C&O railroad in Staunton eliminated. Service began between Shepherdstown, WV and the Shenandoah River on December 15, 1879.

In September 1872, the Cumberland Valley Railroad (a subsidiary of Pennsylvania Railroad) was asked to construct the tracks from their station in Hagerstown, MD to Shepherdstown, WV. Service began on that stretch in 1880.

Problems with PRR escalated over the inability to obtain a traffic contract with the Cumberland Valley Railroad. SVRR sent a team of surveyors during the summer of 1880 into Pennsylvania indicating a desire to build a line to Harrisburg to connect with the competing Philadelphia and Reading Railroad line. The bluff worked and a contract was worked out. But the split with PRR was now inevitable.

Also in 1880, service began on the section south of the Shenandoah River between Elkton and Waynesboro. In 1881 the north and south sections were connected. Finally, in 1882, it stretched south to meet the Norfolk and Western Railroad in the new railroad town of Roanoke, Virginia. The track was now complete.

Meanwhile, rival Valley Railroad (VRR) was trying to raise capital. With Robert E. Lee as its spokesman, it convinced Baltimore to authorize $1,000,000 to secure funding by other Virginia counties. Baltimore was to gain considerably by having the traffic from the richest parts of the south directed its way. Many delays occurred, particularly after the recession on the 1870s, but traffic finally began between Harrisonburg and Staunton in 1883. The southern section was never constructed.

## Recession, strikes and bankruptcy (1882–1890)

The financial panic of 1873 brought a deep recession that suppressed business into the 1880s. In 1882 SVRR received a loan of $79,000 from Philadelphia financiers E.W. Clark & Co. to cover that year’s shortfall. The life of all the bridges was ending and significant funds would be needed in the coming years.

In 1882, N&W made a deal with PRR to swap the SVRR share capital for N&W common stock. SVRR got a loan from N&W of $600,000, plus up to $200,000 per year for 3 years. PRR kicked in $150,000 as advanced payment for highly discounted future traffic contracts. Control of SVRR stock was now with N&W. In 1883, SVRR floated $1.8 million of income bonds. Revenues continued to be far below forecast due to the bad economy.

In early 1885, SVRR defaulted on its loan interest, taxes, payrolls, and bills. A Roanoke judge put the line in a receivership, but in December, the mortgage company holding its notes filed suit for liquidation of the road’s assets. The Norfolk and Western Railroad fought a legal battle for the next four years to regain control. On September 30, 1890, the SVRR was reorganized as the Shenandoah Valley "Railway", with stockholders approval to sell to N&W. On December 2, the Shenandoah Valley Railway acquired the rights to the franchise of the Washington and Western Railroad. On December 15, 1890, N&W purchased the company outright for $6,000,000 of stock and added the rails to its system.

The competing Valley Railroad ran out of capital to build in 1884 and struggled until it went into receivership in 1896. The final length of that line was 36 miles (58 km) from Staunton to Lexington, the southern 51 miles (82 km) to Salem never finished. The line was never profitable.

## Stations

| Mile Location  0.0 Hagerstown, (Washington County) MD  5.9 Saint James, MD  9.0 Grimes, MD  14.1 Antietam, MD  16.9 Shepherdstown, (Jefferson County) WV  19 Morgans Grove, WV  23.1 Shenandoah Junction, WV  28.4 Charlestown, WV  32.5 Wheatland, WV  33.7 Rippon, WV  36.2 Gaylord, (Clarke County) VA  39.9 Berryville, VA  46.2 Boyce, VA  49.2 White Post, VA  53.2 Ashby, (Warren County) VA  56.4 Cedarville, VA  59.2 Riverton, VA  62.1 Front Royal, VA  66.4 Manor, VA  72.9 Bentonville, VA  75.6 Overall, (Page County) VA  79.8 Rileyville, VA | Mile Location  83 Vaughn’s Summit  85.1 Kimball, VA  86 Elgin, VA  88.8 Luray, VA  95.6 Marksville (Stanley), VA  101.9 Ingham, VA  104.0 Grove Hill, VA  106.7 Milnes, VA  112.5 Elkton, (Rockingham County) VA  ?? Sellers  127.2 Port Republic  130 Grottoes  129.1 Weyer’s Cave, (Augusta County) VA  132.1 Patterson  133 Harriston  136.9 Crimora, VA  141 Dooms, VA  143.2 Waynesboro Junction, VA  148.0 Lyndhurst, VA  150.0 Lipscomb, VA  153.0 Stuart’s Draft, VA  159.4 Greenville, VA | Mile Location  162.7 Lofton, VA  167.6 Vesuvius, (Rockbridge County) VA  174.9 Midvale, VA  179.7 Riverside, VA  186 Buena Vista, VA  186 Loch Laird, VA  188.7 Thompson, VA  191.0 Buffalo Forge, VA  197 Glasgow, VA  198.6 Natural Bridge, VA  207 Solitude  208.9 Arcadia, (Botetourt County) VA  214.2 Buchanan, VA  219.2 Lithia, VA  224.6 Houston, VA  225 Nace, Virginia  227.9 Troutville, VA  232.2 Cloverdale, VA  234 Hollins, (Roanoke County) VA  236.5 Tinker Creek  239.3 Roanoke, VA |
| --- | --- | --- |

---

## Historical timeline

| 1867 | * Shenandoah Valley Railroad chartered 2/23/1867 |
| --- | --- |
| 1870 | * Shenandoah Valley Railroad organized as a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad. * Work on the road (railroad track) begins. |
| 1873 | * Work is suspended because of difficulty with contractor |
| 1879 | * Construction resumes in the spring of 1879. * Train service begins between Shepherdstown and the Shenandoah river on 12/15/1879 (42 miles). |
| 1880 | * Service extended southward from Shenandoah River to Front Royal on 4/1/1880. * Service extended southward to Bentonville on 5/10/1880. * Service extended northward to Hagerstown on 8/19/1880. * Service extended southward to Milford (now Overall) on 9/6/1880. * Separate section of service between Elkton and Waynesboro (area now called Basic City) begins on 11/22/1880. * The northern section extended south to Shenandoah Iron Works on 12/20/1880. |
| 1881 | * Elsewhere: Norfolk & Western Railroad Company (N&W) formed from purchase of Atlantic, Mississippi, and Ohio Railroad. * Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia Air Line was formed via a contract between SVRR, N&W, and the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad. The Air Line was between Hagerstown, MD and Norfolk, VA. * The northern and southern sections of track are connected on 4/18/1881. Service is now from Hagerstown MD to Waynesboro VA. |
| 1882 | * Track completed southward from Waynesboro (Basic), VA to Roanoke, VA on 6/19/1882. Connection with Norfolk & Western Railroad is established. * A contract between SVRR and N&W is signed on 12/29/1882 (ratified by stockholders on 2/12/1883). The majority of SVRR share capital was traded for N&W common stock. N&W agreed to loan SVRR up to $200,000 per year, for a maximum of 3 years from 1/2/1883, if it loses money. |
| 1883 | * First-ever annual report is published. It is called the "Third Annual Report" to coincide with the N&W numbering scheme. * Loss of $183,648.16 is covered by $200,000 loan from N&W for year 1883. |
| 1884 | * The Southern Despatch Line is formed between Pennsylvania Railroad, Cumberland Valley Railroad, Western Maryland Railroad, SVRR, N&W, and East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad. * $135,000 loan from N&W for year 1884. |
| 1885 | * Shenandoah Valley Railroad forced into receivership 04/01/1885. |
| 1890 | * In September, Shenandoah Valley Railroad sold under foreclosure and reorganized as the Shenandoah Valley Railway; in December, Shenandoah Valley Railway is acquired and absorbed by Norfolk & Western Railroad. |

## Passenger service

Into the mid-20th century the new owners, the Norfolk & Western, operated two passenger trains a day in each direction. The #1 (southbound) and the #2 (northbound), Roanoke-New York City via Hagerstown and Harrisburg, were part of a pooled long distance night train in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Railroad, complete with Pullman service and lounge car service. Passenger service ended by summer, 1963.

## Sources

* SVRR Annual Report 3 (Fiscal Year 1883, first report)
* SVRR Annual Report 5 (Fiscal Year 1885)
* SVRR Annual Report 6 (Fiscal Year 1886)
* SVRR Annual Report 9 (Fiscal Year 1889)
* SVRR Annual Report 10 (Fiscal Year 1890, last report)
* Iron Horses in the Valley, The Valley and Shenandoah Valley Railroads, 1866-1882 by John R. Hildebrand, 2001 ISBN 978-1-57249-232-5
* Norfolk & Western's Shenandoah Valley Line by Mason Y. Cooper, 1998 ISBN 978-0-9633254-7-1
* The Mineral Wealth of Virginia, 1884 by Andrew S. McCreath. Printed in Harrisburg PA by Lane S. Hart. Copy located in the history room of the Charles Town West Virginia library.
* When Trains Came to Shepherstown, 200 by Johnna Armstrong for The Station at Shepherdstown.

## InfoBox

Shenandoah Valley Railroad
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Roanoke, Virginia |
| Locale | Maryland, West Virginia and Virginia |
| Dates of operation | 18671890 |
| Successor | Norfolk and Western Railway |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |


title: Nymphidium

abstract: Nymphidium is a genus in the butterfly family Riodinidae present only in the Neotropical realm. Some Nymphidium are obviously secondarily transformed by mimicry, otherwise the almost exclusive colours are brown and white either of which being now and then preponderant. The wings have a normal shape without indentations, tail appendages, lobing or coiling. The larva is shaped like a woodlouse, hunched, green, sometimes with a yellow lateral streak, the neck organ out of a transverse row of green spikes or bristles. It has a guard of ants. The pupa is green, fastened by a belt-like thread. The butterflies rest on the under surface of leaves and are chased up by beating the bushes, whereupon they fly like Geometridae for some paces, in order to hide themselves again. The swarming-time seems to be dawn, or the early morning, but the author came across them yet in the sunshine of the morning on blossoms. They are easily taken and fly low.

text:
# Nymphidium

***Nymphidium***  is a genus in the butterfly family Riodinidae present only in the Neotropical realm.

Some *Nymphidium* are obviously secondarily transformed by mimicry, otherwise the almost exclusive colours are brown and white either of which being now and then preponderant. The wings have a normal shape without indentations, tail appendages, lobing or coiling. The larva is shaped like a woodlouse, hunched, green, sometimes with a yellow lateral streak, the neck organ out of a transverse row of green spikes or bristles. It has a guard of ants. The pupa is green, fastened by a belt-like thread. The butterflies rest on the under surface of leaves and are chased up by beating the bushes, whereupon they fly like Geometridae for some paces, in order to hide themselves again. The swarming-time seems to be dawn, or the early morning, but the author came across them yet in the sunshine of the morning on blossoms. They are easily taken and fly low.

## Species

### Sources

* *Nymphidium* on Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera

## InfoBox

| *Nymphidium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *N. azanoides occidentalis*
Panama | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Riodinidae |
| Subfamily: | Riodininae |
| Genus: | ***Nymphidium***
Fabricius, 1807 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Limnas* Hübner, \[1806\] (suppressed) * *Peplia* Hübner, \[1819\] * *Eulepis* Billberg, 1820 * *Heliochlaena* Hübner, 1821 * *Desmozona* Boisduval, 1836 * *Tyanitis* Doubleday, 1847 * *Tyanitis* Westwood, 1851 * *Nymphopsis* Reuter, 1896 (preocc. Haswell, 1865) | |