title: Mayor of Mutare

abstract: The Mayor of Mutare is the executive of the government of Mutare, Zimbabwe. The Mayor is a member of the Mutare City Council, and is assisted by a deputy mayor. The Mayor uses the style "His Worship". The current mayor is Simon Chabuka.

text:
# Mayor of Mutare

The **Mayor of Mutare** is the executive of the government of Mutare, Zimbabwe (known as Umtali until 1983). The Mayor is a member of the Mutare City Council, and is assisted by a deputy mayor. The Mayor uses the style "His Worship". The current mayor is Simon Chabuka.

## History

The Town of Umtali became a municipality, in the form of a town, on 11 June 1914. Its first mayor, elected in August 1914, was G. F. Dawson. The mayor and new municipal council replaced the Sanitary Board which had previously governed the settlement.

In 1980, following Zimbabwe's independence, Davidson Jahwi was elected the first black Mayor of Umtali.

Umtali's name was changed to Mutare in 1983.

In 2005, Mayor Misheck Kagurabadza (MDC–T) was suspended from his position by the Minister of Local Government, Ignatius Chombo. Mutare, along with other major cities that had seen their democratically elected MDC–T mayors suspended, was governed by a ZANU–PF-dominated special commission until 2008.

In 2008, Brian James, a white MDC–T member, was elected mayor. He was suspended and then fired in 2008 by Ignatius Chombo, who accused James of mismanagement, misconduct, and insubordination. However, the firing was, in reality, thought to be politically motivated.

## List of mayors

The following is a list of past mayors of Mutare (previously known as Umtali until 1983).

| Mayor | Term start | Term end |  | Party | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| G. F. Dawson | 1914 | 1916 |  |  |  |
| W. J. Hosgood | 1916 | 1917 |  |  |  |
| G. F. Dawson | 1917 | 1918 |  |  |  |
| Charles Eickhoff | 1918 | 1920 |  | RGA |  |
| Jack Meikle | 1920 | 1921 |  |  |  |
| W. J. McIntosh | 1921 | 1922 |  |  |  |
| Jack Meikle | 1922 | 1923 |  |  |  |
| W. Stevens | 1923 | 1925 |  |  |  |
| J. H. Jeffreys | 1925 | 1926 |  |  |  |
| Frederick J. Taylor | 1926 | 1927 |  |  |  |
| W. J. McIntosh | 1927 | 1928 |  |  |  |
| L. Miller | 1928 | 1929 |  |  |  |
| Oswald Trevor Baker | 1929 | 1932 |  | Rhodesia Party |  |
| JT Woods | 1932 | 1934 |  |  |  |
| Alfred Bain | 1934 | 1938 |  |  |  |
| George Washington Chace | 1938 | 1941 |  | Liberal Party |  |
| W. R. Love | 1941 | 1942 |  |  |  |
| Edward King Evans | 1942 | 1945 |  |  |  |
| Demetrius Catsicas | 1945 | 1948 |  |  |  |
| R. T. Perkins | 1948 | 1949 |  |  |  |
| Saxon W. Wood | 1949 | 1952 |  |  |  |
| Harry Went | 1952 | 1953 |  |  |  |
| Johannes Mattheus Wessels | 1953 | 1955 |  |  |  |
| Norman Innes | 1955 | 1957 |  |  |  |
| Demetrius Catsicas | 1957 | 1958 |  |  |  |
| George Robert Leach | 1958 | 1959 |  |  |  |
| Jack Mussett | 1959 | 1961 |  |  |  |
| Leslie Herbert Morris | 1961 | 1964 |  | United Federal Party |  |
| James W. MacGregor | 1964 | 1966 |  |  |  |
| W. W. S. Smart | 1966 | 1968 |  |  |  |
| James Somerville Murray | 1968 | 1969 |  |  |  |
| John Constantinos Kircos | 1969 | 1972 |  |  |  |
| Douglas G. Reed | 1972 | 1975 |  |  |  |
| John Charles Burke | August 1975 | August 1977 |  |  |  |
| Douglas G. Reed | 1977 | 1978 |  |  |  |
| Max Phillips | 1978 | 1980 |  |  |  |
| Davidson Jahwi | November 1980 | 24 January 1984 |  | ZANU–PF |  |
| Enock Msabaeka | 1984 | 1991 |  |  |  |
| Lawrence Mudehwe | October 1990 | August 2003 |  | ZANU–PF (before 1995) |  |
| | | |  | Independent (1995–1999) | |
| | | |  | MDC–T (after 1999) | |
| Misheck Kagurabadza | 2003 | 23 July 2005 |  | MDC–T |  |
| *Mayor suspended; Mutare administered by a special commission* | | | | | |
| Brian James | 2008 | April 2013 |  | MDC–T |  |
| Tatenda Nhamarare | September 2013 | September 2018 |  | MDC–T |  |
| Blessing Tandi | 6 September 2018 | 11 February 2022 |  | MDC Alliance |  |
| Simon Chabuka | 17 February 2022 | August 2023 |  | CCC |  |
| Sophia Rudo Gwasira | 11 September 2023 | 9 November 2023 |  | CCC |  |
| Simon Chabuka | 28 November 2023 |  |  | CCC |  |

## Deputy mayors

### Notable former deputy mayors

1. *Minute of His Worship the Mayor*. Umtali: City of Umtali. 1980. p. 5.
2. Muleya, Martin (2 December 2023). "Chabuka bounces back as Mutare Mayor". *Chipinge Times*. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
3. Shoebridge, Clyde L. (December 1969). "The Umtali Tramways Limited" (PDF). *Rhodesiana*. **21**: 7.
4. *Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007*. Government Printing Office. 2008. p. 642. ISBN 9780160813993.
5. Rogers, Douglas (14 April 2010). "Zimbabwe's Accidental Triumph". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
6. Sibanda, Tichaona (20 April 2013). "Suspended Mutare Mayor Brian James speaks out on dismissal". *SW Radio Africa*. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
7. *Minute of His Worship the Mayor*. Umtali: City of Umtali. 1978. p. 11.
8. Thatcher, Gary (15 January 1980). "Rhodesia city skeptical as border opens". *The Christian Science Monitor*. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
9. Cleary, Frederick (4 December 1980). "Black rule comes to town councils". *The Herald*. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
10. Meldrum, Andrew (25 January 1984). "Council tumbles to Zanu radical". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
11. Olukoshi, Adebayo O. (1998). *The Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa*. Nordic Africa Institute. p. 105. ISBN 9789171064196.
12. "Zim suspends MDC mayor". *News24*. 30 December 2005. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
13. "Mayor suspended in clean-up retribution drive". *ZimOnline*. 23 July 2005. Retrieved 22 December 2023  via ReliefWeb Mobile.
14. Chiketo, Bernard (17 September 2013). "Nhamarare elected Mutare mayor". *DailyNews Live*. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
15. Nyangani, Kenneth (8 September 2018). "New councillors warned against taking politics into chambers". *NewsDay*. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
16. Nyangani, Kenneth (18 February 2022). "Councillor faints after losing mayoral election". *NewsDay*. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
17. "NEW: Chabuka elected Mutare's new mayor". *The Manica Post*. 17 February 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
18. Shamu, Brent; Makosi, Ropafadzo; Moyo, Nizbert (12 September 2023). "Mutare elects Zim's second female mayor... as Makone, Coltart land Hre, Byo posts". *NewsDay*. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
19. "Tshabangu Recalls Over 50 More CCC Councillors". *The Zimbabwean*. 9 November 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Mutare | |
| --- | --- |
| Incumbent
Simon Chabuka
since 28 November 2023 | |
| Style | His Worship |
| Inaugural holder | G. F. Dawson |
| Formation | 1914 (1914) |
| Website | Official webpage |


title: Maud Linder

abstract: Maud-Lydié Marcelle Leuvielle, better known as Maud Linder, was a French journalist, film historian and documentary film director.

text:
# Maud Linder

**Maud-Lydié Marcelle Leuvielle**, better known as **Maud Linder** (27 June 1924  25 October 2017), was a French journalist, film historian and documentary film director.

## Life

Maud Linder was born in 1924 as the only daughter of silent film star Max Linder (legal name *Gabriel Leuvielle*) and his wife Hélène Peters. Her parents both committed suicide in October 1925.

Raised first by her paternal grandparents, and later by her maternal grandmother, at age 20 she saw one of her father's movies for the first time and decided to make his works accessible to the public again. In 1963, she compiled a film titled *Laugh with Max Linder* which premiered at the Venice Film Festival and also received the Étoile de Cristal. The film was a compilation of her father's last three films made in Hollywood. In 1983 Maud Linder made a documentary film titled *The Man in the Silk Hat*, about the life and career of her father. It was screened out of competition at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival. In 1992, Maud Linder published a book about Linder in France, *Max Linder was my father* and in 2008 she received the Prix Henri Langlois for her work to promote her father's legacy.

Linder also worked as a journalist and, in the 1950s and 1960s, as an assistant director, mostly for the filmmaker Jean-Paul Le Chanois.

Linder died on 25 October 2017 at the age of 93.

## Selected filmography

* 1954: Papa, maman, la bonne et moi (assistant director)
* 1954: Faites-moi confiance (assistant director)
* 1955: Papa, maman, ma femme et moi... (assistant director)
* 1961: Par-dessus le mur (assistant director)
* 1963: Laugh with Max Linder (*En compagnie de Max Linder*, director and producer)
* 1983: The Man in the Silk Hat (*L'homme au chapeau de soie*, director, screenwriter and producer)
* 2014: The Mystery of the King of Kinema (interview)

## Books

* *Max Linder.* In: *Les Dieux du cinéma muet.* Paris, 1992, Éditions Atlas
* *Max Linder etait mon pere.* Paris, 1992, Flammarion, ISBN 978-2080665768


title: Ursicinus of Saint-Ursanne

abstract: Ursicinus was an Irish missionary and hermit in the Jura region.

text:
# Ursicinus of Saint-Ursanne

**Ursicinus** (also *Hursannus, Ursitz, Oschanne*, fl. 620) was an Irish missionary and hermit in the Jura region.

## Information

A *vita* of his is preserved in a redaction of the 11th century. According to this account, he was a disciple of Columbanus at Luxeuil who followed his master when he was banished from Burgundy in 610, but then retired as a hermit in the Doubs valley. Veneration of Ursicinus is attested since the 7th century. In Grandval, a church was dedicated to Ursicinus in 675. By the 11th century, he was part of the local canon of saints of the Besançon diocese. His feast day is on 20 December. Ursicinus' supposed sarcophagus is preserved in St-Ursanne in what is now the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

* Andreas Merkt, Ursicinus in *Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon*, vol. 12 (1997).

## InfoBox

| Saint
Ursicinus of Saint-Ursanne | |
| --- | --- |
| Statue of St. Ursicinus, Hermitage St-Ursanne | |
| Died | c. 620 AD |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Major shrine | Saint-Ursanne; venerated at Basel, Besançon, and Mainz |
| Feast | December 20 |
| Attributes | abbot with three lilies in his hand or holding a book and fleur-de-lys, surrounded by fleur-de-lys |
| Patronage | invoked against stiff neck |


title: List of ship launches in 1801

abstract: The list of ship launches in 1801 includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1801.

text:
# List of ship launches in 1801

The **list of ship launches in 1801** includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1801.

| Date | Country | Builder | Location | Ship | Class | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15 January | India | J. Gilmore | Calcutta | ***Lucy Maria*** | Merchantman | For Walter Dawes. |
| 15 January | United Kingdom | Moore | Plymouth | ***Charlotte*** | Brig | For Mr. Pedder. |
| 28 February | United Kingdom | Frances Barnard | Deptford | ***Aeolus*** | *Amphion*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 29 March | France |  | Lorient | ***Scipion*** | *Téméraire*-class ship of the line | For French Navy. |
| 1 April | United Kingdom | John & William Wells | Blackwall | ***Aggressor*** | *Archer*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 1 April | United Kingdom | John Perry | Blackwall | ***Escort*** | Gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 1 April | United Kingdom | Perry, Wells & Green | Blackwall | ***Jackal*** | *Bloodhound*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 2 April | United Kingdom | John & William Wells | Blackwall | ***Archer*** | Gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 2 April | United Kingdom | John Randall & Co. | Rotherhithe | ***Basilisk*** | *Bloodhound*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 2 April | United Kingdom | John Randall | Rotherhithe | ***Bloodhound*** | *Bloodhound*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 2 April | United Kingdom | John Randall | Rotherhithe | ***Censor*** | *Bloodhound*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 2 April | United Kingdom | Frances Barnard | Deptford | ***Locust*** | Gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 4 April | United Kingdom | John Perry | Blackwall | ***Ferreter*** | *Bloodhound*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 4 April | United Kingdom | Thomas Pitcher | Northfleet | ***Mariner*** | *Archer*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 4 April | United Kingdom | Balthazar Adams | Buckler's Hard | ***Starling*** | *Bloodhound*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 4 April | United Kingdom | Balthazar & Edward Adams | Bursledon | ***Starling*** | *Bloodhound*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 11 April | United Kingdom | Frances Barnard | Deptford | ***Mallard*** | *Archer*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 14 April | United Kingdom | Thomas Pitcher | Northfleet | ***Medusa*** | *Amphion*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 14 April | United Kingdom | Thomas Pitcher | Northfleet | ***Minx*** | *Archer*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 16 April | United Kingdom | Wells & Co. | Blackwall Yard | ***Bold*** | *Archer*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 17 April | United Kingdom | John Dudman | Deptford | ***Charger*** | *Archer*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 17 April | United Kingdom | Dudman & Co. | Deptford | ***Conflict*** | *Archer*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 28 April | United Kingdom | John Dudman | Deptford Dockyard | ***Constant*** | *Archer*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 29 April | United Kingdom | George Parsons | Bursledon | ***Resistance*** | Fifth rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 2 May | United Kingdom | William Naylor Wright | Liverpool | ***Elizabeth*** | Merchantman | For Robert Charnock. |
| 2 May | United Kingdom | Balthazar and Edward Adams | Bursledon | ***Snipe*** | *Bloodhound*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 10 May | France |  | Rochefort | ***Héros*** | *Téméraire*-class ship of the line | For French Navy. |
| 11 May | United Kingdom | John Nicholson | Rochester | ***Monkey*** | *Bloodhound*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 12 May | United Kingdom | Edward Tippett | Deptford | ***Narcissus*** | *Narcissus*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| May | France | Jean-François Thibault | Bordeaux | ***L'Invention*** | Privateer | For Jean-François Thibault. |
| 9 June | United Kingdom | Balthazar Adams | Buckler's Hard | ***Vixen*** | *Bloodhound*-class gun-brig | For Royal Navy. |
| 13 June | United Kingdom |  | Portsmouth Dockyard | ***Dreadnought*** | *Neptune*-class ship of the line | For Royal Navy. |
| 15 June | United Kingdom | Randall | Rotherhithe | ***Ann*** | Full-rigged ship | For Matthew White. |
| 18 June | United Kingdom | Temple shipbuilders | South Shields | ***Atlas*** | Merchantman | For Simon Temple. |
| 27 June | United Kingdom | J. Dudman | Deptford | ***General Stuart*** | East Indiaman | For East India Company. |
| 27 June | India | Matthew Smith | Calcutta | ***Gilwell*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| 27 June | United Kingdom | Bridley | Frindsbury | ***Tartar*** | *Narcissus*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 2 July | India | Jamsetjee Bomanjee Wadia | Bombay Dockyard | ***David Scott*** | Merchantman | For Thomas Garland Murray. |
| 11 July | United Kingdom | Peter Everitt Mestaer | Rotherhithe | ***Northampton*** | Merchantman | For captain Barker. |
| July | United Kingdom |  |  | ***Jean*** | Brig | For private owner. |
| 20 August | Venetian Province |  | Venice | ***Carrère*** | Frigate | For French Navy. |
| 24 August | India |  | Fort William | ***Medway*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| 29 August | Russia | F. Ignatyev | Archangelsk | ***Speshnyi*** | Fifth rate | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 31 August | Denmark-Norway | Fugelsang | Copenhagen | ***Lillebælt*** | Corvette | For Dano-Norwegian Navy. |
| 9 September | United Kingdom | Obadiah Ayles | Topsham | ***Retreat*** | Merchantman | For Mr. Wigram. |
| 23 September | United Kingdom | Balthazar & Edward Adams | Bucklers Hard | ***Aigle*** | *Aigle*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 7 October | France |  | Nantes | ***L'Alcion*** | *Alcion*-class brig | For French Navy. |
| 7 October | France |  | Nantes | ***Le Goéland*** | *Alcion*-class brig | For French Navy. |
| 22 October | United Kingdom | Edward Sison | Woolwich Dockyard | ***Plantagenet*** | Third rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 24 October | United Kingdom | Parr | Plymouth | **Name unknown** | West Indiaman | For private owner. |
| 6 November | India | Hamilton & Aberdeen | Tittaghur | ***Countess of Sutherland*** | Merchantman | For Hamilton & Aberdeen. |
| 7 November | United Kingdom | Pitcher | Northfleet | ***David Scott*** | East Indiaman | For John Locke. |
| 7 November | France |  | Brest | ***Diligente*** | *Diligente*-class corvette | For French Navy. |
| 10 November | Russia | V. I. Popatov | Kherson | ***Krepkii*** | Fourth rate | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 13 November | United Kingdom | Perry | Blackwall | ***Alnwick Castle*** | East Indiaman | For East India Company. |
| 20 November | United Kingdom | Moore | Plymouth | ***Farne*** | Full-rigged ship | For private owner. |
| 23 November | United Kingdom | Joseph Graham | Harwich | ***Conqueror*** | Third rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 5 December | United Kingdom | Pitcher | Northfleet | ***Perseverance*** | East Indiaman | For East India Company. |
| 15 December | Lower Canada | William Baldwin | Quebec City | ***Atlas*** | Merchantman | For W. Beatson & Co. |
| 21 December | Ottoman Empire |  | Constantinople | **Name unknown** | 90-gun Man-of-war | For Ottoman Navy. |
| 22 December | India | Edward Bacon | Calcutta | ***Betsey*** | Full-rigged ship | For Edward Bacon. |
| 23 December | United Kingdom | Perry, Wells & Green | Blackwall | ***United Kingdom*** | East Indiaman | For East India Company. |
| 24 December | France |  | Toulon | ***Furet*** | *Abeille*-class brig | For French Navy. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Aberdeen | ***Aberdeen*** | West Indiaman | For Mr. Gibbon. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | William Watson | East Stockwith | ***Aguilar*** | West Indiaman | For J. Braddick & Co. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | South Shields | ***Alexander*** | Merchantman | For F. Hurry & Co. |
| Unknown date | Lower Canada | Henry Baldwin | Quebec City | ***Alexander*** | Merchantman | For John Lock. |
| Unknown date | India | J. Gilmore & Co. | Calcutta | ***Althea*** | Merchantman | For J. Gilmore & Co. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Mistley | ***Amity*** | Merchantman | For Warran & Co. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Fowey | ***Ann*** | Brig | For Ball & Co. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Barnard | Deptford | ***Baring*** | East Indiaman | For East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Greece |  | Rhodes | ***Berk*** | Third rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Poole | ***Betsey*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Portuguese India | Bomanjee | Damão | ***Bombay*** | Brig | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Denmark-Norway | Frantz Hohlenberg | Nyholm | ***Brevdrageren*** | *Brevdrageren*-class brig | For Dano-Norwegian Navy. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Thomas Hearns | North Shields | ***British Hero*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***Cato*** | Schooner | For Mr. Lambden. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | William Rowe | Newcastle upon Tyne | ***City of London*** | West Indiaman | For Fenn & Co. |
| Unknown date | New South Wales | Thomas Moore | King's Dockyard, Sydney | ***Cumberland*** | Schooner | For Colonial Government of New South Wales. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Sunderland | ***Darlington*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Doris*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | India | Hudson & Bacon | Calcutta | ***Duchess of York*** | Schooner | For Royal Navy. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Bridlington | ***Elizabeth*** | Full-rigged ship | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | James M. Hillhouse | Bristol | ***Fame*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | John Perry | Blackwall | ***Fame*** | East Indiaman | For East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire |  | Constantinople | ***Fethiye*** | First rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | United States |  | Baltimore, Maryland | ***Flying Fish*** | Schooner | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Spain | Reales Astilleros de Esteiro | El Ferrol | ***Fuerte*** | Sixth rate | For Spanish Navy. |
| Unknown date | France |  |  | ***General Augereau*** | Ketch | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Burma |  | Rangoon | ***General Baird*** | Merchantman | For Fairlie, Gilmore & Co. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***George*** | Smack | For George Browne. |
| Unknown date | Ligurian Republic |  |  | ***Giano*** | Brig | For Ligurian Navy. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Temple shipbuilders | South Shields | ***Hercules*** | Merchantman | For Temple & Co. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | South Shields | ***Hercules*** | collier | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Hope*** | Merchantman | For Francis Vasic. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Thomas King | Dover | ***Hunter*** | Sloop-of-war | For Royal Navy. |
| Unknown date | United States | Christopher Turne | Salem, Massachusetts | ***Jefferson*** | Yacht | For George Crowninshield Jr., John Crowninsheild Veily and Calem Johnson. |
| Unknown date | Batavian Republic | Pieter Glavimans | Rotterdam | ***Kenau Hasselaar*** | Fifth rate | For Batavian Navy. |
| Unknown date | Bermuda |  | Bermuda | ***Lady Nelson*** | Merchantman | For J. Atkins. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***Lavinia*** | Cutter | For J. Murphy. |
| Unknown date | Ligurian Republic |  |  | ***Liguria*** | Man-of-war | For Ligurian Navy. |
| Unknown date | Bermuda |  | Bermuda | ***Little Catherine*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Sunderland, County Durham | ***Lord Eldon*** | Merchantman | For Mr. Kave. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***Lord Kinnaird*** | Smack | For Dundee Shipping Co. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Chapman & Campion | Whitby | ***Majestic*** | Merchantman | For E. Champion. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Whitby | ***Majestic*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Margaret*** | Merchantman | For E. Gray. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Chittagong | ***Mersey*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | T. Nicholson & Col | Sunderland | ***Nautilus*** | Brig | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States | Price | Baltimore, Maryland | ***Nonpareil*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States |  | Baltimore, Maryland | ***Numa*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Batavian Republic | Pieter Glavimans |  | ***Pallas*** | Fifth rate | For Batavian Navy. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | John Brockbank | Lancaster | ***Paragon*** | Merchantman | For Mr. Ridley. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Rotherhithe | ***Perseverance*** | Whaler | For Mr. Mellish. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Dartmouth | ***Policy*** | Whaler | For Hurry & Co. |
| Unknown date | Batavian Republic |  | Amsterdam | ***Proserpine*** | Frigate | For Dutch Navy. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Calcutta | ***Queen Charlotte*** | Merchantman | For Colvin, Bazett & Co. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Emsworth | ***Queen Charlotte*** | Packet ship | For Post Office Packet Service. |
| Unknown date | United States | Samuel Bowers | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | ***Rebecca Sims*** | Merchantman | For Joseph Sims. |
| Unknown date | Denmark-Norway |  | Hardanger | ***Restauration*** | Sloop | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Calcutta | ***Stirling Castle*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States |  | Talbot County, Maryland | ***Superior*** | Merchantman | For Charles Boislandry & Felix Imbert. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Bombay | ***Supply*** | Waterboat | For East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire |  |  | ***Süreyya*** | Fifth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Bombay | ***Ternate*** | Brig | For East India Company. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  |  | ***Thames*** | Full-rigged ship | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Theseus*** | Merchantman | For ohn & Philip Laing. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Lancaster | ***Thetis*** | West Indiaman | For Mr. Houseman. |
| Unknown date | Jamaica |  | Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica | ***Trelawney Planter*** | West Indiaman | For Mr. Sheddon. |
| Unknown date |  |  | New Brunswick | ***Trio*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Calcutta | ***Union*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Bordeaux | ***Vaillant*** | Privateer | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom | Simon Temple | South Shields | ***Warrior*** | Merchantman | For S. Temple. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | Cowes | ***Wolf*** | Cutter | For Board of Customs. |
| Unknown date | United Kingdom |  | South Shields | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States |  |  | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States |  | New England | **Name unknown** | Full-rigged ship | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Spain |  |  | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States |  |  | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |


title: Motivated forgetting

abstract: Motivated forgetting is a theorized psychological behavior in which people may forget unwanted memories, either consciously or unconsciously. It is an example of a defence mechanism, since these are unconscious or conscious coping techniques used to reduce anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful impulses thus it can be a defence mechanism in some ways. Defence mechanisms are not to be confused with conscious coping strategies. Thought suppression is a method in which people protect themselves by blocking the recall of these anxiety-arousing memories. For example, if something reminds a person of an unpleasant event, their mind may steer towards unrelated topics. This could induce forgetting without being generated by an intention to forget, making it a motivated action. There are two main classes of motivated forgetting: psychological repression is an unconscious act, while thought suppression is a conscious form of excluding thoughts and memories from awareness.

text:
# Motivated forgetting

**Motivated forgetting** is a theorized psychological behavior in which people may forget unwanted memories, either consciously or unconsciously. It is an example of a defence mechanism, since these are unconscious or conscious coping techniques used to reduce anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful impulses thus it can be a defence mechanism in some ways. Defence mechanisms are not to be confused with conscious coping strategies.

Thought suppression is a method in which people protect themselves by blocking the recall of these anxiety-arousing memories. For example, if something reminds a person of an unpleasant event, their mind may steer towards unrelated topics. This could induce forgetting without being generated by an intention to forget, making it a motivated action. There are two main classes of motivated forgetting: *psychological repression* is an unconscious act, while *thought suppression* is a conscious form of excluding thoughts and memories from awareness.

## History

Neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot was the first to do research into hysteria as a psychological disorder in the late 19th century. Sigmund Freud, Joseph Breuer, and Pierre Janet continued with the research that Charcot began on hysteria. These three psychologists determined that hysteria was an intense emotional reaction to some form of severe psychological disturbance, and they proposed that incest and other sexual traumas were the most likely cause of hysteria. The treatment that Freud, Breuer, and Pierre agreed upon was named the *talking cure* and was a method of encouraging patients to recover and discuss their painful memories. During this time, Janet created the term dissociation which is referred to as a lack of integration amongst various memories. He used dissociation to describe the way in which traumatizing memories are stored separately from other memories.

The idea of motivated forgetting began with the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in 1894. Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud had similar views on the idea of repression of memories as a form of self-preservation. Nietzsche wrote that man must forget in able to move forward. He stated that this process is active, in that we forget specific events as a defense mechanism.

The publication of Freud's famous paper, "The Aetiology of Hysteria", in 1896 led to much controversy regarding the topic of these traumatic memories. Freud stated that neuroses were caused by repressed sexual memories, which suggested that incest and sexual abuse must be common throughout upper and middle class Europe. The psychological community did not accept Freud's ideas, and years passed without further research on the topic.

It was during World War I and World War II that interest in memory disturbances was piqued again. During this time, many cases of memory loss appeared among war veterans, especially those who had experienced shell shock. Hypnosis and drugs became popular for the treatment of hysteria during the war. The term post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was introduced upon the appearance of similar cases of memory disturbances from veterans of the Korean War. Forgetting, or the inability to recall a portion of a traumatic event, was considered a key factor for the diagnosis of PTSD.

Ann Burgess and Lynda Holmstrom looked into trauma related memory loss in rape victims during the 1970s. This began a large outpouring of stories related to childhood sexual abuse. It took until 1980 to determine that memory loss due to all severe traumas was the same set of processes.

The False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) was created in 1992 as a response to the large number of memories claimed to be recovered. The FMSF was created to oppose the idea that memories could be recovered using specific techniques; instead, its members believed that the "memories" were actually confabulations created through the inappropriate use of techniques such as hypnosis.

## Theories

There are many theories which are related to the process of motivated forgetting.

The main theory, the ***motivated forgetting theory***, suggests that people forget things because they either do not want to remember them or for another particular reason. Painful and disturbing memories are made unconscious and very difficult to retrieve, but still remain in storage. *Retrieval Suppression* (the ability to utilise inhibitory control to prevent memories from being recalled into consciousness) is one way in which we are able to stop the retrieval of unpleasant memories using cognitive control. This theory was tested by Anderson and Green using the Think/No-Think paradigm.

The ***decay theory*** is another theory of forgetting which refers to the loss of memory over time. When information enters memory, neurons are activated. These memories are retained as long as the neurons remain active. Activation can be maintained through rehearsal or frequent recall. If activation is not maintained, the memory trace fades and decays. This usually occurs in *short term memory*. The decay theory is a controversial topic amongst modern psychologists. Bahrick and Hall disagree with the decay theory. They have claimed that people can remember algebra they learnt from school even years later. A refresher course brought their skill back to a high standard relatively quick. These findings suggest that there may be more to the theory of trace decay in human memory.

Another theory of motivated forgetting is ***interference theory***, which posits that subsequent learning can interfere with and degrade a person's memories. This theory was tested by giving participants ten nonsense syllables. Some of the participants then slept after viewing the syllables, while the other participants carried on their day as usual. The results of this experiment showed that people who stayed awake had a poor recall of the syllables, while the sleeping participants remembered the syllables better. This could have occurred due to the fact that the sleeping subjects had no interference during the experiment, while the other subjects did. There are two types of interference; proactive interference and retroactive interference. Proactive interference occurs when you are unable to learn a new task due to the interference of an old task that has already been learned. Research has been done to show that students who study similar subjects at the same time often experience interference. Retroactive interference occurs when you forget a previously learnt task due to the learning of a new task.

The ***Gestalt theory of forgetting***, created by Gestalt psychology, suggests that memories are forgotten through distortion. This is also called false memory syndrome. This theory states that when memories lack detail, other information is put in to make the memory a whole. This leads to the incorrect recall of memories.

## Criticisms

The term recovered memory, also known in some cases as a false memory, refers to the theory that some memories can be repressed by an individual and then later recovered. Recovered memories are often used as evidence in a case where the defendant is accused of either sexual or some other form of child abuse, and recently recovered a repressed memory of the abuse. This has created much controversy, and as the use of this form of evidence rises in the courts, the question has arisen as to whether or not recovered memories actually exist. In an effort to determine the factuality of false memories, several laboratories have developed paradigms in order to test whether or not false repressed memories could be purposefully implanted within a subject. As a result, the verbal paradigm was developed. This paradigm dictates that if someone is presented a number of words associated with a single non-presented word, then they are likely to falsely remember that word as presented.

Similar to the verbal paradigm is fuzzy-trace theory, which dictates that one encodes two separate things about memory: the actual information itself and the semantic information surrounding it (or the gist). If we are given a series of semantic information surrounding a false event, such as time and location, then we are more likely to falsely remember an event as occurring. Tied to that is *Source Monitoring Theory*, which, among other things, dictates that emotionally salient events tend to increase the power of the memory that forms from said event. Emotion also weakens our ability to remember the source from the event. Source monitoring is centralized to the anterior cingulate cortex.

Repressed memory therapy has come under heavy criticism as it is said that it follows very similar techniques that are used to purposefully implant a memory in an adult. These include: asking questions on the gist of an event, creating imagery about said gist, and attempting to discover the event from there. This, when compounded with the fact that most repressed memories are emotionally salient, the likelihood of source confusion is high. One might assume that a child abuse case one heard about actually happened to one, remembering it with the imagery established through the therapy.

## Repression

The idea of psychological repression was developed in 1915 as an automatic defensive mechanism based on Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic model in which people subconsciously push unpleasant or intolerable thoughts and feelings into their unconscious.

When situations or memories occur that we are unable to cope with, we push them away. It is a primary ego defence mechanism that many psychotherapists readily accept. There have been numerous studies which have supported the psychoanalytic theory that states that murder, childhood trauma and sexual abuse can be repressed for a period of time and then recovered in therapy.

Repressed memories can influence behavior unconsciously, manifesting themselves in our discussions, dreams, and emotional reactions. An example of repression would include a child who is abused by a parent, who later has no recollection of the events, but has trouble forming relationships. Freud suggested psychoanalysis as a treatment method for repressed memories. The goal of treatment was to bring repressed memories, fears and thoughts back to the conscious level of awareness.

## Suppression

Thought suppression is referred to as the conscious and deliberate efforts to curtail one's thoughts and memories. Suppression is goal-directed and it includes conscious strategies to forget, such as intentional context shifts. For example, if someone is thinking of unpleasant thoughts, ideas that are inappropriate at the moment, or images that may instigate unwanted behaviors, they may try to think of anything else but the unwanted thought in order to push the thought out of consciousness.

In order to suppress a thought, one must (a) plan to suppress the thought and (b) carry out that plan by suppressing all other manifestations of the thought, including the original plan. Thought suppression seems to entail a state of knowing and not knowing all at once. It can be assumed that thought suppression is a difficult and even time consuming task. Even when thoughts are suppressed, they can return to consciousness with minimal prompting. This is why suppression has also been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

### Directed forgetting

Suppression encompasses the term directed forgetting, also known as intentional forgetting. This term refers to forgetting which is initiated by a conscious goal to forget. Intentional forgetting is important at the individual level: suppressing an unpleasant memory of a trauma or a loss that is particularly painful.

The *directed forgetting paradigm* is a psychological term meaning that information can be forgotten upon instruction. There are two methods of the directed forgetting paradigm: item method and list method. In both methods, the participants are instructed to forget some items, the to-be-forgotten items and remember some items, the to-be-remembered items. The directed forgetting paradigm was originally conceived by Robert Bjork. The Bjork Learning and Forgetting Lab and members of the Cogfog group performed much important research using the paradigm in subsequent years.

In the item method of directed forgetting, participants are presented with a series of random to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten items. After each item an instruction is given to the participant to either remember it, or forget it. After the study phase, when participants are told to remember or to forget subsets of the items, the participants are given a test of all the words presented. The participants were unaware that they would be tested on the to-be-forgotten items. The recall for the to-be-forgotten words are often significantly impaired compared to the to-be-remembered words. The directed forgetting effect has also been demonstrated on recognition tests. For this reason researchers believe that the item method affects episodic encoding.

In the list method procedure, the instructions to forget are given only after half of the list has been presented. These instructions are given once in the middle of the list, and once at the end of the list. The participants are told that the first list they had to study was just a practice list, and to focus their attention on the upcoming list. After the participants have conducted the study phase for the first list, a second list is presented. A final test is then given, sometimes for only the first list and other times for both lists. The participants are asked to remember all the words they studied. When participants are told they are able to forget the first list, they remember less in this list and remember more in the second list. List method directed forgetting demonstrates the ability to intentionally reduce memory retrieval. To support this theory, researchers did an experiment in which they asked participants to record 2 unique events that happened to them each day over a 5-day period in a journal. After these five days, the participants were asked to either remember or forget the events on these days. They were then asked to repeat the process for another five days, after which they were told to remember all the events in both weeks, regardless of earlier instructions. The participants that were part of the forget group had had worse recall for the first week compared to the second week.

There are two theories that can explain directed forgetting: retrieval inhibition hypothesis and context shift hypothesis.

The *Retrieval Inhibition Hypothesis* states that the instruction to forget the first list hinders memory of the list-one items. This hypothesis suggests that directed forgetting only reduces the retrieval of the unwanted memories, not causing permanent damage. If we intentionally forget items, they are difficult to recall but are recognized if the items are presented again.

The *Context Shift Hypothesis* suggests that the instructions to forget mentally separate the to-be-forgotten items. They are put into a different context from the second list. The subject's mental context changes between the first and second list, but the context from the second list remains. This impairs the recall ability for the first list.

## Psychogenic amnesia

Motivated forgetting encompasses the term psychogenic amnesia which refers to the inability to remember past experiences of personal information, due to psychological factors rather than biological dysfunction or brain damage

Psychogenic amnesia is not part of Freud's theoretical framework. The memories still exist buried deeply in the mind, but could be resurfaced at any time on their own or from being exposed to a trigger in the person's surroundings. Psychogenic amnesia is generally found in cases where there is a profound and surprising forgetting of chunks of one's personal life, whereas motivated forgetting includes more day-to-day examples in which people forget unpleasant memories in a way that would not call for clinical evaluation.

### Psychogenic fugue

Psychogenic fugue, a form of psychogenic amnesia, is a DSM-IV Dissociative Disorder in which people forget their personal history, including who they are, for a period of hours to days following a trauma. A history of depression as well as stress, anxiety or head injury could lead to fugue states. When the person recovers they are able to remember their personal history, but they have amnesia for the events that took place during the fugue state.

## Neurobiology

Motivated forgetting occurs as a result of activity that occurs within the prefrontal cortex. This was discovered by testing subjects while taking a functional MRI of their brain. The prefrontal cortex is made up of the anterior cingulate cortex, the intraparietal sulcus, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. These areas are also associated with stopping unwanted actions, which confirms the hypothesis that the suppression of unwanted memories and actions follow a similar inhibitory process. These regions are also known to have executive functions within the brain.

The anterior cingulate cortex has functions linked to motivation and emotion. The intraparietal sulcus possesses functions that include coordination between perception and motor activities, visual attention, symbolic numerical processing, visuospatial working memory, and determining the intent in the actions of other organisms. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plans complex cognitive activities and processes decision making.

The other key brain structure involved in motivated forgetting is the hippocampus, which is responsible for the formation and recollection of memories. When the process of motivated forgetting is engaged, meaning that we actively attempt to suppress our unwanted memories, the prefrontal cortex exhibits higher activity than baseline, while suppressing hippocampal activity at the same time. It has been proposed that the executive areas which control motivation and decision-making lessen the functioning of the hippocampus in order to stop the recollection of the selected memories that the subject has been motivated to forget.

## Examples

### War

Motivated forgetting has been a crucial aspect of psychological study relating to such traumatizing experiences as rape, torture, war, natural disasters, and homicide. Some of the earliest documented cases of memory suppression and repression relate to veterans of the Second World War. The number of cases of motivated forgetting was high during war times, mainly due to factors associated with the difficulties of trench life, injury, and shell shock. At the time that many of these cases were documented, there were limited medical resources to deal with many of these soldiers' mental well-being. There was also a weaker understanding of the aspects of memory suppression and repression.

#### Case of a soldier (1917)

The repression of memories was the prescribed treatment by many doctors and psychiatrists, and was deemed effective for the management of these memories. Unfortunately, many soldiers' traumas were much too vivid and intense to be dealt with in this manner, as described in the journal of Dr. Rivers. One soldier, who entered the hospital after losing consciousness due to a shell explosion, is described as having a generally pleasant demeanor. This was disrupted by his sudden onsets of depression occurring approximately every 10 days. This intense depression, leading to suicidal feelings, rendered him unfit to return to war. It soon became apparent that these symptoms were due to the patient's repressed thoughts and apprehensions about returning to war. Dr. Smith suggested that this patient face his thoughts and allow himself to deal with his feelings and anxieties. Although this caused the soldier to take on a significantly less cheery state, he only experienced one more minor bout of depression.

### Abuse

Many cases of motivated forgetting have been reported in regards to recovered memories of childhood abuse. Many cases of abuse, particularly those performed by relatives or figures of authority, can lead to memory suppression and repression of varying amounts of time. One study indicates that 31% of abuse victims were aware of at least some forgetting of their abuse and a collaboration of seven studies has shown that one eighth to one quarter of abuse victims have periods of complete unawareness (amnesia) of the incident or series of events. There are many factors associated with forgetting abuse including: younger age at onset, threats/intense emotions, more types of abuse, and increased number of abusers. Cued recovery has been shown in 90% of cases, usually with one specific event triggering the memory. For example, the return of incest memories have been shown to be brought on by television programs about incest, the death of the perpetrator, the abuse of the subject's own child, and seeing the site of abuse. In a study by Herman and Schatzow, confirming evidence was found for the same proportion of individuals with continuous memories of abuse as those individuals who had recovered memories. 74% of cases from each group were confirmed. Cases of Mary de Vries and Claudia show examples of confirmed recovered memories of sexual abuse.

Motivated forgetting and repressed memories have become a very controversial issue within the court system. Courts are currently dealing with historical cases, in particular a relatively new phenomenon known as *historic child sexual abuse* (HCSA). HCSA refers to allegations of child abuse having occurred several years prior to the time at which they are being prosecuted.

Unlike most American states, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand have no statute of limitations to limit the prosecution of historical offenses. Therefore, legal decision-makers in each case need to evaluate the credibility of allegations that may go back many years. It is nearly impossible to provide evidence for many of these historical abuse cases. It is therefore extremely important to consider the credibility of the witness and accused in making a decision regarding guiltiness of the defendant.

One of the main arguments against the credibility of historical allegations, involving the retrieval of repressed memories, is found in false memory syndrome. False memory syndrome claims that through therapy and the use of suggestive techniques, clients mistakenly come to believe that they were sexually abused as children.

In the United States, the statute of limitations requires that legal action be taken within three to five years of the incident of interest. Exceptions are made for minors, where the child has until they reach eighteen years of age.

There are many factors related to the age at which child abuse cases may be presented. These include bribes, threats, dependency on the abuser, and ignorance of the child to their state of harm. All of these factors may lead a person, who has been harmed, to require more time to present their case. As well as seen in the case below of Jane Doe and Jane Roe, time may be required if memories of the abuse have been repressed or suppressed. In 1981, the statute was adjusted to make exceptions for those individuals who were not consciously aware that their situation was harmful. This rule was called the *discovery rule*. This rule is to be used by the court as deemed necessary by the Judge of that case.

### Psychogenic amnesia

Severe cases of trauma may lead to psychogenic amnesia, or the loss of all memories occurring around the event.

* Cognitive dissonance – Stress from contradiction between beliefs and actions
* Emotional memory – Critical factors contributing to the emotional enhancement effect on human memory
* Motivated reasoning – Using emotionally-biased reasoning to produce justifications or make decisions
* Politics of memory – Political influence on collective memory
* The Courage to Heal – 1988 book by Ellen Bass and Laura Davis


title: Zaoui v Attorney-General (No 2)

abstract: Zaoui v Attorney-General was the final judicial decision concerning Algerian refugee Ahmed Zaoui before the objections of the Security Intelligence Service concerning Zaoui's alleged threat to national security were withdrawn in September 2007, allowing him to remain in New Zealand. The judgment of the Supreme Court of New Zealand was concerned with the proper interpretation of article 33 of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 and section 72 of the Immigration Act 1987.

text:
# Zaoui v Attorney-General (No 2)

***Zaoui v Attorney-General (No 2)*** was the final judicial decision concerning Algerian refugee Ahmed Zaoui before the objections of the Security Intelligence Service concerning Zaoui's alleged threat to national security were withdrawn in September 2007, allowing him to remain in New Zealand. The judgment of the Supreme Court of New Zealand was concerned with the proper interpretation of article 33 of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 and section 72 of the Immigration Act 1987.

## Judgment

Justice Keith delivered the Supreme Court's judgment.

### Article 33, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

The Court began by noting that as Zaoui had been granted refugee status by the Refugee Status Appeals Authority in 2003 he was protected by article 33, paragraph 1, of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951:

> 1. No Contracting State shall expel or return ("refouler") a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.

However paragraph 2 of article 33 states that the benefit of this protection may not be claimed by a refugee, "whom there are reasonable grounds for regarding as a danger to the security of the country in which he is, or who, having been convicted by a final judgment of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to the community of that country."

In conclusion on this point the Court held,

> We accordingly conclude that the judgment or assessment to be made under art 33.2 is to be made in its own terms, by reference to danger to the security, in this case, of New Zealand, and without any balancing or weighing or proportional reference to the matter dealt with in art 33.1, the threat, were Mr Zaoui to be expelled or returned, to his life or freedom on the proscribed grounds or the more specific rights protected by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 read with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Paragraph 2 of art 33 of the Refugee Convention states a single standard.

### Part 4A, Immigration Act 1987

Part 4A of the Immigration Act concerned the use of security information in immigration situations and set out the powers of the Director of Security in issuing a security risk certificate and the process of appeal to the Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security. Counsel for Zaoui, Rodney Harrison QC, had submitted to the court that in doing their review, the Inspector-General is, "obliged to determine the potential adverse consequences for the individual; those consequences are then to be weighed against the claimed danger to the security of New Zealand."

The Court held, on the contrary to Harrison's submission, that there was no obligation by the Inspector-General to consider any threat to Zaoui at this stage of the process:

> \[W\]e conclude that in carrying out his function under Part 4A of the Immigration Act the Inspector-General is concerned only to determine whether the relevant security criteria – here s 72 and art 33.2 – are satisfied. He is not to determine whether Mr Zaoui is subject to a threat which would or might prevent his removal from New Zealand.

### Section 72, Immigration Act 1987

Section 72 of the Immigration Act 1987 states, "Where the Minister certifies that the continued presence in New Zealand of any person named in the certificate constitutes a threat to national security, the Governor-General may, by Order in Council, order the deportation from New Zealand of that person."

On this point the Court held, "As directed by s 6 of the Bill of Rights, s 72 is to be given a meaning, if it can be, consistent with the rights and freedoms contained in it, including the right not to be arbitrarily deprived of life and not to be subjected to torture. Those rights in turn are to be interpreted and the powers conferred by s 72 are to be exercised, if the wording will permit, so as to be in accordance with international law, both customary and treaty-based."

In addition the Court directed that no person may be deported under s 72, if the Executive Council, "are satisfied that there are substantial grounds for believing that, as a result of the deportation, the person would be in danger of being arbitrarily deprived of life or of being subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment."

### Analysis

In essence *Zaoui v Attorney-General (No 2)* was a case about New Zealand's non-refoulement obligations, the application of the exceptions to those obligations, and how these obligations work in practice alongside New Zealand's domestic legislative processes. An example of New Zealand's non-refoulement obligations stem from article 33 of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951, which prevents a state from refoulement of a refugee where their "life or freedom would be threatened on account of \[their\] race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion." A second example can be found in article 3 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984, which prevents a state party from returning a person who "would be in danger of being subjected to torture." What this means is that state parties to these conventions are unable to expel people from their territories if doing so would expose that person to a danger of being tortured. Neither could a party-state expel, extradite, or return (refouler) a refugee if their race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion meant that their life or freedom would be under threat. The purpose of these articles is to protect people from being delivered, by a state, into the control of another state which would breach the person's human rights. In this way, New Zealand's "non-refoulement" obligations have been seen to become an obligation to protect a person's human rights in that context. This is especially clear in article 3 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984, where it stipulates that a state must give consideration to "a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights" in the State concerned. In *Zaoui v Attorney-General (No 2)*, the court acknowledged that "Mr Zaoui, supported by the ruling of the RSAA, fears that if he were removed to Algeria \[...\] he would be subject to the threat of torture or arbitrary deprivation of his life." Article 33.1 was therefore relevant and the Court's determination was with regard to its application in New Zealand's processes.

There are, however, some qualifications and exceptions to this obligation. Most notably article 33.2 which holds that a refugee may not rely on a state's non-refoulement obligation where there are reasonable grounds that the refugee poses "a danger to the security of that country in which he is" or "constitutes a danger to the community of that country." It was article 33.2 which the New Zealand authorities were relying on because through the application of article 33.2 the New Zealand authority be free from their non-refoulement obligation under article 33 to Mr Zaoui and would be able to return him to Algeria. It was not a matter before the court whether or not Mr Zaoui came under article 33.2, what was subject to judgement was the application of this article by New Zealand authorities. Essentially the Court's first order of business was to measure New Zealand's non-refoulement obligation against the exception of article 33.2. What was then important was article 33.2's application under part 4A of the Immigration Act 1987, specifically the relevant and mandatory considerations of the Director of Security in determining whether or not Mr Zaoui did constitute a danger under article 33.2. The court held at para 42 and later at para 52 that "those applying article 33.2 under Part 4A of the Immigration Act are to apply it in its own terms." What this means is that there is no obligation to consider the human rights of the person, or the state's obligations, when determining whether or not they constitute a danger under article 33.2. What is important to note is that this concerns this stage of the process, the stage where an authority is determining whether the individual falls under article 33.2. In the New Zealand process, once the authority is satisfied that the person in question falls under article 33.2 through part 4A of the Immigration Act 1987 and has issued a security risk certificate, the next step was to turn to section 72 of the Immigration Act.

This is where the Court made the most important finding in its judgement. Section 72 sets out when the Governor-General may make a deportation order. Here the Court, citing section 6 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, ruled that section 72 must be interpreted in a manner "that is consistent with the rights and freedoms contained in this Bill of Rights". The Court went further and said that not only must the powers under s72 be exercised in accordance with the rights in the Bill of Rights but also "be in accordance with international law". Justice Keith cited this reason for this expansion by reference to paragraph (b) of the Bill of Rights' title which "says that it is an Act to affirm New Zealand's commitment to the ICCPR" However what makes *Zaoui v Attorney-General (No 2)* so significant is the final paragraph that creates the obligation on decision makers to not certify or advise in favour of deportation under section 72 "if they are satisfied that there are substantial grounds for believing that, as a result of that deportation, the person would be in danger of being arbitrarily deprived of life or of being subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." In this way, *Zaoui v Attorney-General (No 2)* held that New Zealand decision-makers are bound by the non-refoulement obligations in the Convention Against Torture and implied obligations in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in spite of the exceptions like that found in article 33.2. This Supreme Court decision gives weight to human rights in New Zealand, and shows a presumption of the courts that Parliament intended to legislate consistently with the country's international obligations. Mr Zaoui was protected from deportation and refoulement.

## Criticisms

Commentator Rodger Haines QC is critical of the Court's decision, believing that it has "erected an apparently absolute bar to expulsion from New Zealand no matter how grave a threat the individual might be to the security of the nation or to its community." There are some common law practices, in other jurisdictions, which may be applicable in finding that there is no absolute bar to expulsion. One such practice is that of legitimate expectation – where an authority could indicate that they do indeed intend to act inconsistently with an international obligation and therefore override the Court's presumption. Setting this aside however, there were some considerations the Court did not give attention to. One is that art 1F of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951, stipulates that the "provisions of this Convention shall not apply to any person" who has "committed a crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime against humanity, \[...\] a serious non-political crime outside of the country of refuge \[... or is\] guilty of acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations." However, the Supreme Court decision in Zaoui has created "an obligation to protect from expulsion or return everyone", and taken their decision further than creating a presumption of legislating consistently with international obligations and extended protection further than the Convention did. Haines also remarks that "there is the implicit assertion that no matter how extreme the danger to the community an individual may be, the risk of that individual being subjected to arbitrary deprivation of life or to torture trumps all other considerations." In extreme cases, where a refugee may pose a threat to a community, a State may be bound to find that the rights and interests of that community are subservient to those of the non-citizen. Commentators find this especially problematic as the Supreme Court made no effort to "explain why New Zealand should provide a safe haven for war criminals, genocidaires, suspected terrorists and other criminals." Zaoui v Attorney-General (No 2) therefore has potentially wide reaching consequences.

*Zaoui v Attorney-General (No 2)* was decided in 2005, and focused heavily on the application of the Immigration Act 1987. Since then Parliament has made updates to the law with the passing of the Immigration Act 2009, and the Courts have seen a rise in "the deployment of international law arguments in domestic litigation." This has created a "general trend towards greater judicial receptivity to international law." It is important to note that the judiciary is not solely responsible for the increase in this approach, the executive branch of Government entered into these international obligations and Parliament implemented statutes that gave power to those obligations with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act affirming New Zealand's commitment to the ICCPR and sections that allude to terms of Conventions like Part 4A of the 1987 Immigration Act. In saying this, the Court's "expansive approach in Zaoui to the application of the presumption of consistency thus reflects a posture of profound receptivity to international law as a source of authority within the domestic legal system." This emphasizes the extent to which the judiciary is prepared to go to protect human rights.

Since Zaoui, New Zealand's Parliament has followed the judiciary's lead by codifying the practices of the conventions and the ruling of the Supreme Court within part 5 of the Immigration Act 2009. This is particularly evident in sections 130 and 131 which cover "protected persons" status and the mandatory human rights considerations that a decision maker must consider. Section 164 (1) in particular states that "No person who is recognised as a refugee or a protected person in New Zealand, or who is a claimant, may be deported under this Act." The statute only allows deportation for individuals who are not protected persons under section 164 (3) in accordance with Articles 32.1 and 33 of the Refugee Convention, which means that this section does not apply to individuals who are not at risk of torture or arbitrary deprivation of life. Section 164 (4) does apply to those at risk individuals but explicitly handles deporting them in a manner which would not put them at risk, by deporting them from New Zealand not to their State of origin but elsewhere. In essence Parliament took the decision of Zaoui and codified it explicitly into legislation.

## InfoBox

| Zaoui v Attorney-General (No 2) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Supreme Court of New Zealand |
| Decided | 21 June 2005 |
| Citation | \[2005\] NZSC 38; \[2006\] 1 NZLR 289 |
| Transcript | Available here |
| Case history | |
| Prior action | High Court \[2004\] 2 NZLR 339; Court of Appeal \[2005\] 1 NZLR 690. |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Elias CJ, Gault, Keith, Blanchard and Eichelbaum JJ |
| Keywords | |
| Immigration, Refugees, Human Rights, National security | |


title: Matthew Gough

abstract: Sir Matthew Gough was a Welsh soldier that served in the Hundred Years' War.

text:
# Matthew Gough

**Sir Matthew Gough** (died 5 July 1450) was a Welsh soldier that served in the Hundred Years' War.

## Biography

Gough was a son of Owen Gough and Hawys Hanmer.

He is known to have taken part in the battles of Cravant (1423) and Verneuil (1424). He was subsequently in command of various towns and fortresses, including Laval, Saint Denis, Le Mans, Bellême, and Bayeux. In 1432 he was taken prisoner at Saint Denis.

Matthew as Captain of Bayeux, reinforced an English army in Normandy, under the command of Thomas Kyriell in 1450. A French army under the command of Jean de Bourbon, together with a force of Breton cavalry, under Arthur de Richemont, defeated the English army at the Battle of Formigny, with the remnants of Gough's force able to flee the battlefield.

Returning to England, Gough was placed in joint command of the Tower of London. Whilst defending the city against Jack Cade's rebels, he was killed upon London Bridge on 5 July 1450. He was buried in the choir of St. Mary's of the Carmelite Friars in London.

## Marriage and issue

He married Margaret, daughter of Rhys Moythe and Margaret Harley, they are known to have had the following known issue:

* Geoffrey Gough
* Mathew Gough
* David Gough
* Margaret Gough

## Citations

* Evans, H. T., (1959). GOUGH (GOCH), MATHEW (MATHAU) (c. 1390 - died 1450), soldier. Dictionary of Welsh Biography.
* Wagner, John A. (2006). *Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War*. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313327360.


title: Philip Mizer

abstract: Abbot Philip Mizer, OSBM is a Russian priest of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and rector of the Russian Catholic of the Byzantine Rite monastic community in the Sargatskoe village.

text:
# Philip Mizer

Abbot **Philip Mizer**, OSBM is a Russian priest of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and rector of the Russian Catholic of the Byzantine Rite monastic community in the Sargatskoe village.

## Biography

Born into a family of Old Believers, Philip Mizer was baptized at age 14 at the White Church, near Kiev. On the 9th grade he was secretly attend services in Murmansk. After high school, he entered in the medical school. Mizer inspired on the example of Archbishop Luke (war-Yasenetsky), who combined to serve God with the service of the people. However, six months before the end of the school Mizer was seen in church at Easter, followed by exclusion from the Young Communist League, which meant the inability to go to college. With the blessing of Bishop Isidore he entered in the Pskov-Caves Monastery, where he was obedient to the economic court, kitchen and prosforne. Privately, he was tonsured a monk by an Archimandrite of the ROCOR, however, the bishop was against plans to become a monk and he was forced to move to another diocese where another bishop tonsured him into a small monastic name of Philip - in honor of Saint Philip Metropolitan of Moscow, and ordained him.

## Joining to the Catholic Church

After reading the works of Saint Basil the Great, John Chrysostom, Theodore of Studios, Cyril of Alexandria, Ephrem the Syrian and John of Damascus, Philip Mizer was convinced that the Lord laid the foundation stone of His Church to the Apostle Saint Peter, and came to the conclusion that it is impossible to be in the universal Church and at the same time not be in communion with the Successor of Peter - the Pope. Mizer was the prior of the Trifonov-Pechenga Monastery in the village of Pechenga, Murmansk Oblast. In April 1999 after it became aware of his passionate desire to join to the Catholic Church, he was charged with sodomy and deposed of his rank. Philip Mizer has made three attempts to join to the Catholic Church. For the first time in 1992 in Vilnius, he was refused on the grounds because he was Russian. After the schism between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Constantinople in 1995, Father Philip again tried to join the Catholic Church, however, the archbishop in Moscow refused him, saying that he feared the reaction of the Moscow Patriarchate. Nuncio in Russia advised him to find a bishop who would join him in a different country. In 1999 Father Philip Mizer with Alypy Medvedev, OSBM, was finally converted to the Catholic Church in Poland, by Jan Martyniak. Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Przemyśl – Warszawa. After his conversion Philip Mizer was in Russicum, returned to Russia in 2004 and settled in the Sargatskoe village.

## Missions abroad

Philip Mizer established his monastic community in Slovakia and settled it in a house belonged to Archeparchy of Prešov.

Все новости южных регионов России


title: Marina Ruggles-Wrenn

abstract: Marina B. Ruggles-Wrenn is an American aerospace and mechanical engineer known for her research on advanced materials for extreme environments in aerospace applications. She is a professor of aerospace engineering in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Air Force Institute of Technology.

text:
# Marina Ruggles-Wrenn

**Marina B. Ruggles-Wrenn** is an American aerospace and mechanical engineer known for her research on advanced materials for extreme environments in aerospace applications. She is a professor of aerospace engineering in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Air Force Institute of Technology.

## Education and career

Ruggles-Wrenn was a mechanical engineering student at the Polytechnic Institute of New York, graduating in 1981. She went to the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for graduate study, earning a master's degree in 1983 and completing her Ph.D. in 1987.

After working as a researcher at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 1987 to 2003, she joined the Air Force Institute of Technology faculty as an associate professor in 2003. She was promoted to full professor in 2009.

## Recognition

Ruggles-Wrenn was named an ASME Fellow in 2003. In 2014 the National Aeronautic Association gave her their Katherine and Marjorie Stinson Trophy, "for dedicating over 27 years of her professional life to advancing the state-of-the-art in aerospace structures, design, and materials".


title: Meat Loaf: To Hell and Back

abstract: To Hell and Back is the title of the autobiography of rock singer, Meat Loaf. It was later made into a television movie, called Meat Loaf: To Hell and Back, with W. Earl Brown in the title role.

text:
# Meat Loaf: To Hell and Back

***To Hell and Back*** is the title of the autobiography of rock singer, Meat Loaf. It was later made into a television movie, called *Meat Loaf: To Hell and Back*, with W. Earl Brown in the title role.

## Autobiography

*To Hell and Back* was co-written by David Dalton and was publicized as the true story of Meat Loaf's life and career from young boy in Texas to the time of the release of his massive comeback album, *Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell* in 1993. Included in the book were references to his drunken father beating him and even trying to kill him, how he once picked up Charles Manson on a highway, how he saw John F. Kennedy land in Dallas, and—upon hearing that Kennedy had been shot—going to Parkland Hospital, seeing Jackie Kennedy coming out of the car, along with Governor John Connally, and describes his fall into alcoholism and depression after the release of the first *Bat Out of Hell* album in 1977. It also describes how he was in New York City when he heard the news of the death of his mother and how he scrounged money for a flight home from his fellow cast in the musical he was appearing in at the time.

## Film version

| *To Hell and Back: The Meat Loaf Story* | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Jim McBride |
| Starring | W. Earl Brown |
| Music by | Hummie Mann |
| Original language | English |
| Original release | |
| Network | VH1 |
| Release | 2000 (2000) |

The television movie version of the book, directed by Jim McBride, is only vaguely faithful to the autobiography itself. Changes which are obvious include showing Meat Loaf as still in Texas—indeed still in high school—when his father comes in, looking sad, and he realizes that his mother has died. In addition little is made of his time between leaving Texas and meeting Jim Steinman. A large portion of the film is devoted to the attempts to get *Bat Out of Hell* released and Meat Loaf's alcoholism problems and legal arguments, especially with Steinman. The film ends with Meat performing a concert at a cancer charity event, which Meat agrees to attend due to the death of his mother from cancer. The song "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" is sung, initially a cappella, at the very end of the film, when in real life, at the charity, he sang "I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)".

### Cast

| Actor | Role |
| --- | --- |
| W. Earl Brown | Meat Loaf |
| Dedee Pfeiffer | Leslie Aday |
| Zachary Throne | Jim Steinman |
| Tom Wood | Kevin Frears |
| Lisa Jane Persky | Wilma Aday |
| Kim Robillard | Wes Aday |
| Amanda Aday | Clerk |
| Keith Allan (actor) | Tim Curry |
| Jesse Lenat | Todd Rundgren |

## Trivia

* Amanda Aday, Meat Loaf's daughter, appears in the film as a clerk. Pearl Aday, Meat Loaf's adopted daughter (she was born to Leslie before she met Meat Loaf), did not take part in the film.
* The book continues the oft-written claim that Meat Loaf was born in 1947. However, Meat has often stated that his drivers licence and Social Security information both state that he was born in 1951.
* Although born Marvin Lee Aday, Meat Loaf changed his name legally to Michael Lee Aday. However, he has used both Marvin and Michael in the past when credited in films and television appearances. Neither full name appears in the book.
* In the VH1 movie, Mark Campbell sings Meat Loaf’s voice in an early scene. (Campbell also sang Johnny B. Goode for Michael J. Fox in *Back to the Future*.)

## InfoBox

To Hell and Back
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Meat Loaf, with David Dalton |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Autobiography |
| Publisher | Virgin Publishing |
| Publication date | 2000 |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| ISBN | 0-7535-0443-X |
| OCLC | 43719861 |


title: Maud Malone

abstract: Maud Malone, also seen as Maude Malone, was an American librarian and "militant suffragette" based in New York. She was also a spokesperson for the Library Employees' Union, the first labor union for public library workers in the United States.

text:
# Maud Malone

**Maud Malone** (1873 – 1951), also seen as **Maude Malone**, was an American librarian and "militant suffragette" based in New York. She was also a spokesperson for the Library Employees' Union, the first labor union for public library workers in the United States.

## Early life

Maud Malone was born in New York City, to Irish immigrant parents, Annie Malone and Edward Malone. Her father was a doctor, her uncle Sylvester Malone was a priest, and both men were among the founders of the New York Anti-Poverty Society. Her sister Marcella Malone and her brothers Lawrence and Sylvester Malone all became lawyers.

## Career

Malone was active as a suffragist in New York City. She was president of the Harlem Equal Rights League when she organized an outdoor suffrage meeting in 1908. "It was in the broadest spirit of democracy that we went out into the streets inviting all passersby to listen to listen to our arguments and offer their objections or ask questions," Malone wrote of the event. In March 1908, she quit the Progressive Woman's Union in protest against their concerns for attracting a "well-dressed crowd". In 1909, she wore a large yellow sign advocating suffrage, on a solo march from Cooper Union, up Broadway, and along Fifth Avenue.

One of her visible acts of protest was as "heckler", especially at presidential candidate speeches in 1912, when she was known to shout "What about woman suffrage?" from the audience. She was often ejected for this act, fined, and at least once convicted of creating a disturbance at a public meeting, and given a suspended sentence. In 1917 she picketed the White House as part of the Silent Sentinels in a campaign to get the Democratic Party to endorse women's suffrage. She was arrested and sentenced to 60 days at the Occoquan Workhouse, where she was among the eleven women who unsuccessfully requested political prisoner status.

Maud Malone worked for the New York Public Library and was a founding member of the Library Employees' Union in 1917. She was the organization's spokesperson; her sister Marcella Malone served a term as the union's president. After many years of outspoken union activity, she was dismissed from her job at the New York Public Library in 1932. Later in life she worked as librarian for the newspaper *The Daily Worker*.

## Personal life

Maud Malone died in 1951, aged 78 years.

Media related to Maud Malone at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Maud Malone | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1873 (1873)<br>New York City |
| Died | 1951 (aged 7778) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Librarian |


title: Utricularia odorata

abstract: Utricularia odorata is a medium-sized, probably perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is native to southeastern Asia and northern Australia. U. odorata grows as a terrestrial plant in wet grasslands at low altitudes. It was originally described by François Pellegrin in 1920. The specific epithet odorata is derived from reports that the flowers are fragrant.

text:
# Utricularia odorata

***Utricularia odorata*** is a medium-sized, probably perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia*. It is native to southeastern Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam) and northern Australia (Northern Territory). *U. odorata* grows as a terrestrial plant in wet grasslands at low altitudes. It was originally described by François Pellegrin in 1920. The specific epithet *odorata* is derived from reports that the flowers are fragrant.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia odorata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Bivalvaria* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Oligocista* |
| Species: | ***U. odorata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia odorata***<br>Pellegr. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: List of ship launches in 1799

abstract: The list of ship launches in 1799 includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1799.

text:
# List of ship launches in 1799

The **list of ship launches in 1799** includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1799.

| Date | Country | Builder | Location | Ship | Class | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 January | United States | Benjamin Talman & James de Wolf | Warren, Rhode Island | ***General Greene*** | Frigate | For United States Navy |
| 23 January | Great Britain | Francis Barnard, Son & Roberts | Deptford | ***Whim*** | Schooner | For British East India Company. |
| 24 January | Great Britain | Perry, Wells & Green | Blackwall Yard | ***Earl of Mornington*** | Packet ship | For British East India Company. |
| 28 February | India | J. Gilmore | Calcutta | ***Arran*** | East Indiaman | For private owner. |
| 23 April | Great Britain | Thomas Pollard | Deptford Dockyard | ***Amethyst*** | *Penelope*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 24 April | Great Britain |  | Deptford Dockyard | ***Amethyst*** | *Penelope*-class frigate | For Royal Navy |
| 17 May | France |  | Havre de Grâce | ***Mutine*** | *Mutine*-class corvette | For French Navy. |
| 18 May | United States | River Rouge Military Shipyard | Detroit, Michigan | ***Adams*** | Brig | For United States Army. |
| 18 May | Great Britain | Woolwich Dockyard | Woolwich | ***Amazon*** | *Amazon*-class frigate | For Royal Navy |
| 18 May | France | Pierre-Elisabeth Rolland | Rochefort | ***Dix-Huit Fructidor*** | *Tonnant*-class ship of the line | For French Navy. |
| 20 May | United States | Edmund Hartt | Boston | ***Boston*** | Frigate | For United States Navy |
| 22 May | Russia | G. Ignatyev | Archangelsk | ***Iaroslav*** | *Yaroslav*-class ship of the line | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 22 May | Russia | G. Ignatyev | Archangelsk | ***Moskva*** | *Yaroslav*-class ship of the line | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 24 May | Batavian Republic | Peter Glavimans | Rotterdam | ***Chattam*** | *Wreeker*-class ship of the line | For Batavian Navy. |
| 3 June | Great Britain | Thomas Pitcher | Northfleet | ***Diana*** | West Indiaman | For J. Potts. |
| 3 June | United States |  | Baltimore, Maryland | ***Maryland*** | Sloop-of-war | For United States Navy |
| 5 June | United States | Charles Prichard | Charleston, South Carolina | ***John Adams*** | Frigate | For United States Navy. |
| 6 June | United States | Seth Overton | Chatham, Connecticut | ***Connecticut*** | Frigate | For United States Navy. |
| 8 June | United States | John Jackson & William Sheffield | New York City | ***Adams*** | Frigate | For United States Navy |
| 17 June | Great Britain | Thomas Haw | Stockton-on-Tees | ***Perseus*** | Transport ship | For Reeve & Co. |
| 20 June | United States | De Rochbruns |  | ***Chesapeake*** | Sloop-of-war | For United States Navy. |
| 1 July | Great Britain | Perry, Wells & Green | Blackwall | ***Willerby*** | West Indiaman | For Dale & Co. |
| 8 July | France | Leon-Michel Guignace | Toulon | ***Indivisible*** | *Tonnant*-class ship of the line | For French Navy. |
| 16 July | France |  | Havre de Grâce | ***Aurore*** | *Mutine*-class corvette | For French Navy. |
| 17 July | France |  | Toulon | ***Égyptienne*** | Fifth rate | For French Navy |
| 22 July | Russia | G. Ignatyev | Archangelsk | ***Sviatoi Piotr*** | Third rate | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 22 July | Russia | G. Ignatyev | Archangelsk | ***Tikhvinskaya Bogoroditsa*** | *Feodosii Totemskii*-class frigate | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 23 July | India |  | Bombay Dockyard | ***Seringapatam*** | Man-of-war | For Tippu Sultan. |
| July | France | Louis Matherin & Antoine Crucy | Nantes | ***Vigie*** | *Telegraph*-class schooner | For French Navy. |
| 1 August | France | Enterprise Ethéart | Saint-Malo | ***Didon*** | *Virginie*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| 1 August | France |  | Lorient | ***Union*** | *Téméraire*-class ship of the line | For French Navy |
| 7 August | Russia | V. I. Potapov | Kherson | ***Mariia Magdalina Vtoraja*** | *Sviatoi Pyotr*-class ship of the line | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 10 August | Great Britain | Perry, Wells & Green | Blackwall | ***Sir Godfrey Webster*** | West Indiaman | For Plumber & Co. |
| 13 August | France |  | Rochefort | ***Thémis*** | *Coquille*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| 15 August | United States | James K. Hackett | Portsmouth, New Hampshire | ***Congress*** | Frigate | For United States Navy |
| 16 August | Great Britain | Dudman | Deptford Wharf | ***Apollo*** | *Apollo*-class frigate | For Royal Navy |
| 31 August | France | Antoine Crucy | Nantes | ***Chiffonne*** | *Heureuse*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| 15 September | France |  | Cherbourg | ***Guerrière*** | Fifth rate | For French Navy. |
| 23 September | France | Mathurin Crucy | Nantes | ***L'Éclair*** | Schooner | For French Navy. |
| 26 September | United States | Webster | Salisbury, Massachusetts | ***Warren*** | Sloop-of-war | For United States Navy. |
| 30 September | Great Britain | Adams | Bucklers Hard | ***Abundance*** | Transport ship | For Royal Navy. |
| 30 September | United States | Enoss Briggs | Salem, Massachusetts | ***Essex*** | Fifth rate | For United States Navy |
| September | Upper Canada | John Dennis | York | ***Toronto*** | Schooner | For Provincial Marine. |
| 1 October | Great Britain | John Tovery | Woolwich Dockyard | ***Hussar*** | *Amazon*-class frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 12 October | Great Britain |  |  | ***Minorca*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| 14 October | Great Britain | Perry, Wells & Green | Blackwall | ***Lady Burges*** | East Indiaman | For John Prinsep. |
| 17 October | Great Britain | James Minns |  | ***Carlebury*** | West Indiaman | For Chisman & Co. |
| 29 October | Great Britain | Barnard | Deptford | ***Lord Nelson*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 6 November | Russia | M. K. Surovtsov | Kherson | ***Sviataia Paraskeva*** | *Sviatoi Pyotr*-class ship of the line | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| 13 November | Great Britain | Perry, Wells & Green | Blackwall | ***Bengal*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| November | United States | Henry Spencer | Baltimore, Maryland | ***Experiment*** | *Enterprise*-class schooner | For United States Navy. |
| 28 November | United States | Samuel Humphreys | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | ***Philadelphia*** | *Philadelphia*-class frigate | For United States Navy |
| 29 November | Great Britain | Randall | Rotherhithe | ***Marquis Wellesley*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 2 December | United States | Josiah Fox | Gosport Navy Yard, Virginia | ***Chesapeake*** | Frigate | For United States Navy |
| 13 December | Great Britain | Barnard | Deptford | ***Earl St Vincent*** | East Indiaman | For John Pascall Larkins. |
| 13 December | Great Britain | Randall & Brent | Rotherhithe | ***Walthamstow*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| 14 December | Great Britain | Chatham Dockyard | Chatham | ***Active*** | Fifth rate | For Royal Navy |
| 24 December | India | Gillet, Larkins & Co. | Calcutta | ***Porcher*** | Merchantman | For Benmajin Blake. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | T. Wake | Sunderland | ***Achilles*** | Snow | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Bordeaux | ***Actif*** | Privateer | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Bristol | ***Active*** | Slave ship | For Mr. Anderson. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Albion*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***Alert*** | Schooner | For John Miller and others. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Lancaster | ***Angola*** | Slave ship | For Mr. Overend. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Edward Mosley | North Shields | ***Asia*** | Transport ship | For Mr. Fleming. |
| Unknown date | Bermuda |  | Bermuda | ***Atalanta*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States |  |  | ***Augusta*** | Brig of War | For United States Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | William Rowe | Newcastle upon Tyne | ***Auspicious*** | Merchantman | For J. Lyall. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Hull | ***Backhouse*** | Full-rigged ship | For Mr. Backhouse. |
| Unknown date | Bermuda |  | Bermuda | ***Barton*** | Merchantman | For Seller & Co. |
| Unknown date | United States |  | Beaufort, South Carolina | ***Beaufort*** | Row galley | Presented to the United States Government. Placed in service with the United States Navy. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire | Dimitri Kalfa | Ereğli | ***Bedr-i Zafer*** | Fourth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Fishburn & Broderick | Whitby | ***Bellona*** | West Indiaman | For Fishburn & Broderick. |
| Unknown date | France | Courau Frères | Bordeaux | ***Bordelais*** | Privateer | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Dunkerque | ***Cachelot*** | Full-rigged ship | For Batavian Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Rotherhithe | ***Caerwent*** | West Indiaman | For J. Thompson. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Randall & Brent | Rotherhithe | ***Camden*** | West Indiaman | For Lushington & Co. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Michael Humble | Liverpool | ***Charlton*** | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Greece | Jean-Baptiste Benoit | Limnos | ***Civan-i Bahri*** | Fourth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Dunkerque | ***Crocodil*** | Full-rigged ship | For Batavian Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Dartmouth | ***Dart*** | Slave ship | For Lake & Co. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Topsham | ***Diana*** | West Indiaman | For Dare & Co. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Diana*** | Merchantman | For Mr. Wilson. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Sunderland | ***Elizabeth*** | Square | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States | Henry Spencer | Baltimore, Maryland | ***Enterprise*** | *Enterprise*-class schooner | For United States Navy. |
| Unknown date | United States |  | Amesbury, Massachusetts | ***Essex*** | Whaler | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Sunderland | ***Fishburn*** | Merchantman | For Mr Ward. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***Fly*** | Schooner | For Nicholas Bools, John Miller and others. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***Fox*** | Sloop | For Nicholas Bools & William Good. |
| Unknown date | Batavian Republic |  | Rotterdam | ***Grijpvogel*** | Schooner | For Dutch East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | J. Barry | Whitby | ***Herald*** | Sloop | For J. Berry. |
| Unknown date | Spain |  | Bilbao | ***Infanta Amelia*** | Sloop-of-war | For Spanish Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Liverpool | ***John Bull*** | Slave ship | For Taylor & Co. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Bombay | ***Kaikusroo*** | Full-rigged ship | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Greece | Frederick Ludwig af Klintberg | Rhodes | ***Kaplan-i Bahri*** | Third rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Thomas Pitcher | Northfleet | ***Kent*** | East Indiaman | For Henry Bonham. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire | Gülşen Bey | Sohom | ***Kilidülbahir*** | Third rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  |  | ***Kingston*** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | France | Raymond-Antoine Haran | Bayonne | ***La Thémis*** | *Patriote*-class frigate | For French Navy. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Nantes | **La Trompeuse** | Privateer | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | River Thames | ***Leander*** | Slave ship | For Ewing Hugham. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  |  | ***Leander*** | Merchantman | For T. Huggins. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | John & Philip Laing | Sunderland | ***Leander*** | Merchantman | For Scaling & Laing. |
| Unknown date | Russia |  |  | ***Legkii*** | Brig | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***Lord Nelson*** | Cutter | For Robert Penney and others. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | London | ***Margaret*** | Brig | For Turnbull & Co. |
| Unknown date | New South Wales |  | Sydney | ***Martha*** | Sealer | For Reed, Boston & Co. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Greece | Frederick Ludwig af Klintberg | Rhodes | ***Messeret-i Bahri*** | Sixth rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | India | J. Gilmore & Co. | Calcutta | ***Mornington*** | Merchantman | For Fairlie & Co. |
| Unknown date | France |  |  | ***Moucheron*** | Privateer | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Whitby | ***New Grove*** | Merchantman | For T. Brown. |
| Unknown date | United States | Harry Spencer | Maryland | ***Nautilus*** | Schooner | For private owner |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Great Yarmouth | ***Norfolk Hero*** | Merchantman | For Mr. Preston. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Ulverston | ***Pitt*** | Merchantman | For Mr Atkinson. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Nicholas Bools & William Good | Bridport | ***Rambler*** | Sloop | For Nicholas Bools & William Good. |
| Unknown date | Ottoman Empire | Jean-Baptiste Benoit | Constantinople | ***Seddülbahir*** | Third rate | For Ottoman Navy. |
| Unknown date | Bermuda |  | Bermuda | ***Sting*** | Schooner | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | India |  | Bombay | ***Teignmouth*** | Sloop | For British East India Company. |
| Unknown date | France |  | Bordeaux | ***Utile*** | Privateer | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain |  | Liverpool | ***Vanguard*** | Slave ship | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Great Britain | Thomas King | Dover | ***Weazle*** | Sloop-of-war | For Royal Navy. |
| Unknown date | France |  |  | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States |  |  | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | United States |  |  | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date |  |  | France or Spain | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Netherlands East Indies |  | Batavia | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |
| Unknown date | Spain |  | Bilbao | **Name unknown** | Merchantman | For private owner. |