title: Gulfstream Park Mile Stakes

abstract: The Gulfstream Park Mile Stakes is a race for thoroughbred horses run at Gulfstream Park each year. The race is open to horses age four and up, willing to race one mile on the dirt. A Grade II event run in early March, it currently offers a purse of $200,000.

text:
# Gulfstream Park Mile Stakes

The **Gulfstream Park Mile Stakes** (formerly known as the Gulfstream Park Handicap) is a race for thoroughbred horses run at Gulfstream Park each year. The race is open to horses age four and up, willing to race one mile on the dirt. A Grade II event run in early March, it currently offers a purse of $200,000.

## History

The Gulfstream Park Handicap was first run in 1946. It was won the next year in track record time by Armed, dubbed "the greatest attraction ever offered at his young seaside course" by the **New York Times**. In 1948 Rampart became the first female horse to win the race, defeating Armed at odds of 26–1.

Graded stakes race status:

* Grade II : 1973–1974, 2003–present
* Grade 1 : 1975–2002

In 1997, Barbara Minshall became the first female trainer to win the race in its fifty-two-year history.

As part of his record seven wins of this race, Hall of Fame jockey Jerry Bailey won this race four times in a row from 1995 through 1998.

The distance of the race was set at one mile in 2009. It was run at 1+316 miles from 2005 to 2008, and at 1+14 miles before that time.

## Records

**Speed record:**

**Most wins:**

**Most wins by a jockey:**

* 7 – Jerry Bailey (1977, 1988, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998)

**Most wins by a trainer:**

## Winners

| Year
 | Winner
 | Age
 | Jockey
 | Trainer
 | Owner
 | Dist.
(Miles) | Time
 | Purse |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | Endorsed | 7 | Tyler Gaffalione | Michael J. Maker | Mark D. Breen | 1 Mile | 1:35.25 | $200,000 |
| 2022 | Speakers Corner | 4 | Junior Alvarado | Bill Mott | Godolphin Inc. | 1 Mile | 1:33.84 | $200,000 |
| 2021 | Fearless | 5 | Irad Ortiz Jr. | Todd Pletcher | WinStar Farm LLC and CHC Inc. | 1 Mile | 1:35.61 | $200,000 |
| 2020 | Mr Freeze | 5 | Manuel Franco | Dale Romans | Jim Bakke & Gerry Isbister | 1 mile | 1:34.80 | $300,000 |
| 2019 | Prince Lucky | 4 | John R. Velazquez | Todd Pletcher | Daniel McConnell | 1 mile | 1:35.20 | $300,000 |
| 2018 | Conquest Big E | 5 | Jose A. Batista | Donna Green Hurtak | Daniel C. Hurtack | 1 mile | 1:35.92 | $300,000 |
| 2017 | Sharp Azteca | 4 | Edgard J. Zayas | Jorge Navarro | Gelfenstein Farm (Ivan Rodriguez Gelfenstein) | 1 mile | 1:34.55 | $350,000 |
| 2016 | Blofeld | 4 | John Velazquez | Todd Pletcher | Glencrest Farm/JSM Equine | 1 mile | 1:35.03 | $500,000 |
| 2015 | Honor Code | 5 | Javier Castellano | Claude McGaughey III | Lane's End Racing/Dell Ridge Farm | 1 mile | 1:36.42 | $300,000 |
| 2014 | Palace Malice | 5 | John R. Velazquez | Todd Pletcher | Dogwood Stable | 1 mile | 1:33.80 | $250,000 |
| 2013 | Discreet Dancer | 5 | Javier Castellano | Todd Pletcher | E. Paul Robsham Stables | 1 mile | 1:35.17 | $300,000 |
| 2012 | Mucho Macho Man | 4 | Ramon A. Dominguez | Katherine Ritvo | Reeves Thoroughbred/Dream Team One | 1 mile | 1:35.50 | $300,000 |
| 2011 | Tackleberry | 4 | Javier Santiago | Luis Olivares | Luis Olivares | 1 mile | 1:35.23 | $300,000 |
| 2010 | You and I Forever | 5 | Javier Castellano | Martin D. Wolfson | Edmund A. Gann | 1 mile | 1:36.83 | $300,000 |
| 2009 | Smooth Air | 4 | Paco Lopez | Bennie Stutts Jr. | Mount Joy Stables, Inc. (Brian & Jan Burns) | 1 mile | 1:35.49 | $300,000 |
| 2008 | Sir Whimsey | 4 | Edgar Prado | James J. Toner | Turtle Bird Stables, Inc. (Harvey Weinstein) | 1+316 | 1:56.96 | $343,000 |
| 2007 | Corinthian | 4 | Javier Castellano | James A. Jerkens | Centennial Farms (Donald V. Little Sr.) | 1+316 | 1:55.06 | $300,000 |
| 2006 | Harlington | 4 | John R. Velazquez | Todd Pletcher | Eugene Melnyk | 1+316 | 1:55.18 | $300,000 |
| 2005 | Eddington | 4 | Eibar Coa | Mark A. Hennig | Willmott Stables, Inc. (Peter Willmott) | 1+316 | 1:54.74 | $300,000 |
| 2004 | Jackpot | 6 | Joe Bravo | C. R. McGaughey III | Cynthia Phipps | 1+14 | 2:02.80 | $300,000 |
| 2003 | Hero's Tribute | 5 | Edgar Prado | John T. Ward Jr. | John C. Oxley | 1+14 | 2:04.24 | $300,000 |
| 2002 | Hal's Hope | 5 | Roger Velez | Harold J. Rose | Harold J. Rose | 1+14 | 2:02.91 | $300,000 |
| 2001 | Sir Bear | 8 | Eibar Coa | Ralph G. Ziadie | Barbara Smollin | 1+14 | 2:02.96 | $300,000 |
| 2000 | Behrens | 6 | Jorge Chavez | H. James Bond | Rudlein Stable (Donald & Anne Rudder) | 1+14 | 2:01.79 | $350,000 |
| 1999 | Behrens | 5 | Jorge Chavez | H. James Bond | Rudlein Stable (Donald & Anne Rudder) | 1+14 | 2:01.91 | $300,000 |
| 1998 | Skip Away | 5 | Jerry Bailey | Sonny Hine | Carolyn Hine | 1+14 | 2:03.21 | $300,000 |
| 1997 | Mt. Sassafras | 5 | Jerry Bailey | Barbara J. Minshall | Minshall Farms | 1+14 | 2:02.39 | $300,000 |
| 1996 | Wekiva Springs | 5 | Jerry Bailey | William I. Mott | D. Dizney / J. English | 1+14 | 2:03.18 | $300,000 |
| 1995 | Cigar | 5 | Jerry Bailey | William I. Mott | Allen E. Paulson | 1+14 | 2:02.95 | $300,000 |
| 1994 | Scuffleburg | 5 | Craig Perret | William I. Mott | Matthew K. Firestone | 1+14 | 2:00.46 | $300,000 |
| 1993 | Devil His Due | 4 | Herb McCauley | H. Allen Jerkens | Edith LiButti | 1+14 | 2:01.33 | $300,000 |
| 1992 | Sea Cadet | 4 | Alex Solis | Ron McAnally | Verne H. Winchell | 1+14 | 2:01.79 | $300,000 |
| 1991 | Jolie's Halo | 4 | Robin Platts | Happy Alter | Arthur I. Appleton | 1+14 | 2:01.04 | $300,000 |
| 1990 | Mi Selecto | 5 | Jerry Bailey | Angel Penna Sr. | Frank Stronach | 1+14 | 2:03.60 | $300,000 |
| 1989 | Slew City Slew | 5 | Ángel Cordero Jr. | D. Wayne Lukas | Tayhill Stable/H. Joseph Allen | 1+14 | 2:03.20 | $300,000 |
| 1988 | Jade Hunter | 4 | Jerry Bailey | Richard J. Lundy | Summa Stable/Allen E. Paulson | 1+14 | 2:01.60 | $300,000 |
| 1987 | Skip Trial | 5 | Randy Romero | Sonny Hine | Zelda Cohen | 1+14 | 2:02.80 | $250,000 |
| 1986 | Skip Trial | 4 | Randy Romero | Sonny Hine | Zelda Cohen | 1+14 | 2:03.20 | $300,000 |
| 1985 | Dr. Carter | 4 | Jorge Velásquez | Scotty Schulhofer | Frances A. Genter | 1+14 | 2:02.00 | $285,000 |
| 1984 | Mat-Boy | 5 | Jorge Valdivieso | Armando Bani | Noroma Stable | 1+14 | 1:59.00 | $141,616 |
| 1983 | Christmas Past | 4 | Jorge Velásquez | Angel Penna Jr. | Cynthia Phipps | 1+14 | 2:02.60 | $111,630 |
| 1982 | Lord Darnley | 4 | Mary L. Russ | Roger Laurin | Jacqueline Getty Phillips | 1+14 | 2:01.80 | $152,000 |
| 1981 | Hurry Up Blue | 4 | Carlos Lopez | Reynoldo Nobles | Due Process Stable | 1+14 | 2:03.20 | $191,480 |
| 1980 | Private Account | 4 | Jeffrey Fell | Angel Penna Sr. | Ogden Phipps | 1+14 | 2:01.40 | $150,000 |
| 1979 | Sensitive Prince | 4 | Jacinto Vásquez | H. Allen Jerkens | Top the Marc Stable (Joseph Taub) | 1+14 | 1:59.20 | $150,000 |
| 1978 | Bowl Game | 4 | Jorge Velásquez | John M. Gaver Jr. | Greentree Stable | 1+14 | 2:00.60 | $150,000 |
| 1977 | Strike Me Lucky | 5 | Jerry D. Bailey | Neal J. Winick | Maribel G. Blum | 1+14 | 2:00.80 | $147,000 |
| 1976 | Hail The Pirates | 6 | Braulio Baeza | Horatio Luro | John A. Bell III | 1+14 | 2:01.80 | $122,600 |
| 1975 | Gold and Myrrh | 4 | Walter Blum | William F. Wilmot | William F. Wilmot | 1+14 | 2:01.80 | $124,200 |
| 1974 | Forego | 4 | Heliodoro Gustines | Sherrill W. Ward | Lazy F Ranch | 1+14 | 1:59.80 | $120,600 |
| 1973 | West Coast Scout | 5 | Larry Adams | Mervyn J. Marks | Ralph C. Wilson Jr. | 1+14 | 2:01.00 | $134,800 |
| 1972 | Executioner | 4 | Carlos Barrera | Edward J. Yowell | October House Farm (Peter F. F. Kissel) | 1+14 | 2:04.00 | $134,800 |
| 1971 | Fast Hilarious | 5 | Craig Perret | Joseph M. Bollero | Dorothy C. Rigney | 1+14 | 1:59.40 | $128,400 |
| 1970 | Snow Sporting | 4 | Álvaro Pineda | Warren R. Stute | Clement L. Hirsch | 1+14 | 2:04.00 | $123,600 |
| 1969 | Court Recess | 5 | Mike Miceli | George T. Poole | Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney | 1+14 | 2:01.40 | $126,400 |
| 1968 | Gentleman James | 4 | Richard Grubb | Delmer W. Carroll Sr. | Michael G. Phipps | 1+14 | 2:02.20 | $126,000 |
| 1967 | Pretense | 4 | Johnny Sellers | Charles E. Whittingham | Llangollen Farm Stable | 1+14 | 2:01.80 | $137,600 |
| 1966 | First Family | 4 | Casey Hayes | Earlie Fires | Meadow Stable | 1+14 | 2:03.00 | $114,200 |
| 1965 | Ampose | 4 | Kennard Knapp | Douglas Dodson | Gray Willows Farm | 1+14 | 2:04.40 | $111,900 |
| 1964 | Gun Bow | 4 | Bill Shoemaker | Edward A. Neloy | Gedney Farm (Mrs. John T. Stanley & Harry Albert) | 1+14 | 2:01.80 | $116,600 |
| 1963 | Kelso | 6 | Ismael Valenzuela | Carl Hanford | Bohemia Stable | 1+14 | 2:03.20 | $110,500 |
| 1962 | Jay Fox * | 4 | Larry Gilligan | James W. Smith | Brae Burn Farm (James O. McCue) | 1+14 | 2:01.60 | $112,800 |
| 1961 | Tudor Way | 5 | Bill Hartack | Juan J. D'Agostino | Juan J. D'Agostino | 1+14 | 2:01.60 | $114,000 |
| 1960 | Bald Eagle | 5 | Manuel Ycaza | Woody Stephens | Cain Hoy Stable | 1+14 | 2:01.20 | $121,500 |
| 1959 | Vertex | 5 | Sam Boulmetis Sr. | Joseph F. Piarulli | Frank A. Piarulli & John J. Brunetti Sr. | 1+14 | 2:01.60 | $121,800 |
| 1958 | Round Table | 4 | Bill Shoemaker | William Molter | Kerr Stable | 1+14 | 1:59.80 | $110,900 |
| 1957 | Bardstown | 5 | Bill Hartack | Horace A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 1+14 | 2:00.40 | $126,600 |
| 1956 | Sailor | 4 | Bill Hartack | Preston M. Burch | Brookmeade Stable | 1+14 | 2:00.60 | $112,900 |
| 1955 | Mister Black | 6 | John H. Adams | Harry E. Trotsek | Hasty House Farm (Allie E. Reuben) | 1+14 | 2:01.80 | $66,250 |
| 1954 | Wise Margin | 4 | Keith Stuart | Sam N. Edmundson | Sam Tufano | 1+14 | 2:02.80 | $66,100 |
| 1953 | Crafty Admiral | 5 | Kenneth Church | Robert B. Odom | Charfran Stable (Charles & Frances Cohen) | 1+14 | 2:00.80 | $59,500 |
| 1952 | Crafty Admiral | 4 | Con Errico | Robert B. Odom | Charfran Stable (Charles & Frances Cohen) | 1+14 | 2:01.00 | $28,250 |
| 1951 | Ennobled | 5 | James Stout | Frank Catrone | William G. Helis Jr. | 1+14 | 2:01.60 | $15,000 |
| 1950 | Chicle II | 5 | Hedley Woodhouse | Joseph H. Pierce Sr. | Palatine Stable (Frank Rosen) | 1+14 | 2:03.00 | $15,000 |
| 1949 | Coaltown | 4 | Ovie Scurlock | Ben A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 1+14 | 1:59.80 | $20,000 |
| 1948 | Rampart | 6 | Mike Basile | Richard "Whitey" Nixon | Helene K. Haggerty | 1+14 | 2:02.00 | $27,400 |
| 1947 | Armed | 6 | Douglas Dodson | Ben A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 1+14 | 2:01.40 | $30,350 |
| 1946 | Do-Reigh-Mi | 5 | Bobby Strange | Robert B. Carroll | Vera S. Bragg | 1+14 | 2:07.60 | $15,000 |
|

* In 1962, Yorky won the race but was disqualified and set back to second place.

## InfoBox

Gulfstream Park Mile Stakes
| Grade II race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Gulfstream Park
Hallandale Beach, Florida |
| Inaugurated | 1946 |
| Race type | ThoroughbredFlat racing |
| Website | www.gulfstreampark.com |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1 mile (8 furlongs) |
| Surface | Dirt |
| Track | left-handed |
| Qualification | Four-year-olds & up |
| Weight | 124 lbs. with allowances |
| Purse | $200,000 (since 2021) |


title: Adelswärd (comital family)

abstract: The comital family Adelswärd is descended from the Baronial family Adelswärd. Baron Eric Reinhold Adelswärd (1778-1840) was created a Swedish Count 19 June 1823 at Stockholm Palace by King Charles XIV John of Sweden, in accordance with the 37th paragraph of the instrument of government of 1809, meaning only the head of the family would be a Count. He was introduced at Riddarhuset 1 June 1825 as comital family number 138. His son Eric August Adolph Adelswärd (1817-1853), who became a Count at the death of his father, abandoned the title with royal permission 30 November 1840 for him and his issue, thus making the comital family extinct.

text:
# Adelswärd (comital family)

The comital family **Adelswärd** is descended from the Baronial family Adelswärd. Baron Eric Reinhold Adelswärd (1778-1840) was created a Swedish Count 19 June 1823 at Stockholm Palace by King Charles XIV John of Sweden, in accordance with the 37th paragraph of the instrument of government of 1809, meaning only the head of the family would be a Count. He was introduced at Riddarhuset 1 June 1825 as comital family number 138. His son Eric August Adolph Adelswärd (1817-1853), who became a Count at the death of his father, abandoned the title with royal permission 30 November 1840 for him and his issue, thus making the comital family extinct.

1. Riddarhusdirektionen: "Sveriges ridderskap och adels kalender 2007", page 15. Fälth & Hässler, 2006.


title: Yasuhiko Asahina

abstract: Yasuhiko Asahina was a Japanese chemist and lichenologist. Asahina was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1951 and 1952, but did not win the award.

text:
# Yasuhiko Asahina

**Yasuhiko Asahina** (朝比奈泰彦 *Asahina Yasuhiko*; April 16, 1881 – June 30, 1975) was a Japanese chemist and lichenologist.

Asahina was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1951 and 1952, but did not win the award.

## Early life

During his childhood, Asahina developed an interest in plants. In 1902, he enrolled in the School of Pharmacy at Tokyo Imperial University, where he graduated in 1905. Asahina stayed at the university to research the chemical principles of Chinese traditional medicine under Junichiro Shimoyama. His first paper, on styracitol isolation from *Styrax obassia*, was published in 1907. In 1909, Asahina traveled to Zürich to study phytochemistry under Richard Willstätter. He continued his research on chlorophyll until 1912 when he moved to Berlin. He spent three months in Germany working in Professor Emil Fischer's laboratory on a styracitol experiment.

## Career

Upon his return to Tokyo, Asahina accepted an associate professor position at Tokyo Imperial University. For the next decade, Asahina was devoted to researching traditional and folk medicines of China and Japan. In 1925, he shifted his focus to lichens. He had trouble identifying the lichens he wished to research, as at the time, Atsushi Yasuda was the only lichenologist in Japan. Asahina realized that some morphologically identical lichens contained different chemical compounds. Asahina developed a method of thalline color reaction and the microcrystal test of lichen metabolites. He utilized this chemical identification for taxonomic differentiation of these lichens. Using this method, he helped clean up the taxonomy of the genus *Cladonia*. He also studied many other genera in Japan, most notably *Alectoria*, *Anzia*, *Cetraria*, *Lobaria*, *Parmelia*, *Ramalina,* and *Usnea*. The technique was taught to Alexander William Evans, who introduced it to Western technologists in 1943.

Asahina retired from the University of Tokyo in 1941. In 1954, he founded the Japanese Society for History of Pharmacy (*Nihon Yakushi Gakkai*, 日本薬史学会). Asahina continued his research at his private laboratory until he died in 1975. He distributed the exsiccata series *Lichenes Japoniae exsiccati*.

## Awards

Asahina was awarded the Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy in 1923 for his contribution to research on Chinese drug principles. In 1943, he received the Order of Culture.

## Legacy

Syoziro Asahina, notable entomologist, was Asahina's son. The lichen genus *Asahinea* was named in honour of Yasuhiko Asahina.

The standard author abbreviation Asahina is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## InfoBox

| Yasuhiko Asahina | |
| --- | --- |
| Yasuhiko Asahina, 1959 | |
| Born | (1881-04-16)April 16, 1881<br>Tokyo, Japan |
| Died | June 30, 1975(1975-06-30) (aged 94) |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Alma mater | University of Tokyo |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Lichenology |
| Institutions | University of Tokyo |
| Notable students | Syo Kurokawa |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | Asahina |
|  | |


title: Pětihosty

abstract: Pětihosty is a municipality and village in Prague-East District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Pětihosty lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Benešov, and 30 km (19 mi) south-east of Prague.

text:
# Pětihosty

**Pětihosty** (Czech pronunciation: \[ˈpjɛcɪɦostɪ\]) is a municipality and village in Prague-East District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Pětihosty lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Benešov, and 30 km (19 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 348 |  |
| 1880 | 247 | −29.0% |
| 1890 | 273 | +10.5% |
| 1900 | 267 | −2.2% |
| 1910 | 248 | −7.1% |
| 1921 | 254 | +2.4% |
| 1930 | 247 | −2.8% |
| 1950 | 180 | −27.1% |
| 1961 | 150 | −16.7% |
| 1970 | 136 | −9.3% |
| 1980 | 133 | −2.2% |
| 1991 | 89 | −33.1% |
| 2001 | 98 | +10.1% |
| 2011 | 240 | +144.9% |
| 2021 | 269 | +12.1% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Pětihosty | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| A pub in Pětihosty | |
| PětihostyLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°53′11″N 14°42′20″E / 49.88639°N 14.70556°E / 49.88639; 14.70556 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Prague-East |
| First mentioned | 1371 |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.85 km2 (1.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 345 m (1,132 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 264 |
| Density | 69/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 251 67 |
| Website | www.petihosty.cz |


title: Renata Burgos

abstract: Renata de Oliveira Burgos is a freestyle swimmer from Brazil. She represented her native country in the women's 4×100-metre freestyle relay at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, finishing 12th and breaking the South American record with a time of 3:45.38. She's as resident of Ribeirão Preto. Participating in the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, in Victoria, Burgos finished 10th in the 50-metre freestyle, 40th in the 100-metre freestyle, and 45th in the 200-metre freestyle.

text:
# Renata Burgos

**Renata de Oliveira Burgos** (born January 3, 1982, in Jaú, São Paulo) is a freestyle swimmer from Brazil. She represented her native country in the women's 4×100-metre freestyle relay at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, finishing 12th and breaking the South American record with a time of 3:45.38. She's as resident of Ribeirão Preto.

Participating in the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, in Victoria, Burgos finished 10th in the 50-metre freestyle, 40th in the 100-metre freestyle, and 45th in the 200-metre freestyle.

## Doping Suspension

Tested positive for the substance Stanozolol and given a two-year suspension by the Brazilian Swimming Confederation commencing December 14, 2006. She was guaranteed in 2007 World Aquatics Championships, and would participate in the 2007 Pan American Games. Burgos was caught after a test conducted during the Brazilian Championship, in December 2006, when she won the gold medal in the 50-metre freestyle with the best time of her career: 25.56 seconds.

## Return

Burgos returned to swimming in 2009. In 2011, would participate in decision-time for vacancy for the 2011 Pan American Games and 2011 World Aquatics Championships, however, she contracted dengue and got no vacancy in these competitions.

## InfoBox

Renata Burgos
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Renata de Oliveira Burgos |
| Nationality | Brazil |
| Born | (1982-01-03) January 3, 1982<br>Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Height | 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 65 kg (143 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle |
|  | |
| Medal record      Women's swimming  Representing  Brazil | |


title: Melford

abstract: Melford may refer to:

text:
# Melford

**Melford** may refer to:

## Places

## Given name

* Melford Spiro (1920–2014), American cultural anthropologist specializing in psychological anthropology
* Melford Stevenson (1902–1987), British lawyer and High Court judge who served in many high-profile cases

## Surname

* George Melford (1877–1961), American stage and film actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
* Michael Melford (journalist) (1916–1999), sports journalist, primarily writing on cricket but also on rugby union and athletics
* Myra Melford (born 1957), jazz pianist and composer
* William Melford (1876–1962), fourth head football coach for Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas


title: Melica hitchcockii

abstract: Melica hitchcockii is a species of grass that can be found in Waterton Lakes Park of Alberta, Canada where it grows in a forest about 0.5 miles east of Cameron Lake at the elevation of 5,600 feet (1,700 m).

text:
# Melica hitchcockii

***Melica hitchcockii*** is a species of grass that can be found in Waterton Lakes Park of Alberta, Canada where it grows in a forest about 0.5 miles east of Cameron Lake at the elevation of 5,600 feet (1,700 m).

## Description

The species is perennial and caespitose with culms that are 20–40 centimetres (7.9–15.7 in) long. The leaves are cauline with leaf-blades being 12–17 centimetres (4.7–6.7 in) long and 5–7 millimetres (0.20–0.28 in) wide. The membrane is ciliated and is 3 millimetres (0.12 in) long, with the panicle being contracted, linear and 7–12 centimetres (2.8–4.7 in) long. The main panicle branches are indistinct, almost racemose and carry a few spikelets.

Spikelets are lanceolate, solitary, are 15 millimetres (0.59 in) long, and have fertile spikelets that are pediceled. The main lemma have an awn that is subapical and is 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long. It is also have a dentate apex with lanceolated fertile lemma that is 2–2.5 millimetres (0.079–0.098 in) wide and is of the same length as the awn. The species also carry 3–4 sterile florets which are barren, lanceolate, clumped and are 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless, lanceolate, and are membranous with the acute apex only present with the upper glume. Their size is different though; lower one is 7 millimetres (0.28 in) long while the upper one is 8 millimetres (0.31 in). Its rachilla internodes are covered with soft hairs. Flowers have 3 anthers that are 2–2.3 millimetres (0.079–0.091 in) long.

## InfoBox

| *Melica hitchcockii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | *Melica* |
| Species: | ***M. hitchcockii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melica hitchcockii***<br>B. Boivin | |
|


title: Paradystus infrarufus

abstract: Paradystus infrarufus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1954.

text:
# Paradystus infrarufus

***Paradystus infrarufus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1954.

## InfoBox

| *Paradystus infrarufus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Paradystus*** |
| Species: | ***P. infrarufus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paradystus infrarufus***<br>Breuning, 1954 | |
|


title: Osoto otoshi

abstract: Osoto Otoshi (大外落) is one of the preserved throwing techniques, Habukareta Waza, of Judo. It belonged to the fourth group, Yonkyo, of the 1895 Gokyo no Waza lists. It is categorized as a foot technique, Ashi-waza.

text:
# Osoto otoshi

**Osoto Otoshi** (大外落) is one of the preserved throwing techniques, Habukareta Waza, of Judo. It belonged to the fourth group, Yonkyo, of the 1895 Gokyo no Waza lists.  It is categorized as a foot technique, Ashi-waza.

## Technique Description

The tori wraps one arm across the chest of the uke and hooks his leg with tori's own leg to slam uke to the mat back-first. This technique is similar to Osoto Gari with the one difference being the uke's leg in this case does not leave the ground, i.e. the tori *hooks* the uke's leg, not sweep it.

## Technique History

Olympic judo silver-medalist Naoya Ogawa introduced this move to professional wrestling, where it can also be a lariat-legsweep combination to slam down opponent.

## Included Systems

Systems:

Lists:

## Similar Techniques, Variants, and Aliases

Space Tornado Ogawa, the name the move is referred to in professional wrestling.

English aliases:

* big outer drop

Similar techniques:

## InfoBox

| Osoto otoshi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Classification | Nage-waza |
| Sub classification | Ashi-waza |
| Kodokan | Yes |
| Technique name | |
| Rōmaji | Osoto otoshi |
| Japanese | 大外落 |
| English | Big outer drop |


title: Ray Gough

abstract: Raymond John Gough was a Northern Irish football left half who played in the Football League for Millwall.

text:
# Ray Gough

**Raymond John Gough** (8 February 1938 — 11 March 2018) was a Northern Irish football left half who played in the Football League for Millwall.

## InfoBox

Ray Gough
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Raymond John Gough | | |
| Date of birth | (1938-02-08)8 February 1938 | | |
| Place of birth | Belfast, Northern Ireland | | |
| Date of death | 11 March 2018(2018-03-11) (aged 80) | | |
| Place of death | Exeter, England | | |
| Position(s) | Left half | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | 11th Belfast Boys' Brigade | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1955–1957 | Crusaders |  | (3) |
| 1957–1963 | Linfield |  |  |
| 1963 | Exeter City | 0 | (0) |
| 0000–1964 | Toronto Italia |  |  |
| 1964–1965 | Millwall | 13 | (0) |
| 1965–1969 | Weymouth |  |  |
| 1969–1971 | Bath City |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1956–1957 | Northern Ireland Amateurs | 3 | (0) |
| 1960 | Irish League XI | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Adrian of May

abstract: Saint Adrian of May was a martyr-saint of ancient Scotland, whose cult became popular in the 14th century. He is commemorated on 3 December. He may have been a bishop of Saint Andrews.

text:
# Adrian of May

Saint **Adrian of May** (sometimes given as "Magridin") (d. 875) was a martyr-saint of ancient Scotland, whose cult became popular in the 14th century. He is commemorated on 3 December. He may have been a bishop of Saint Andrews.

## Life and martyrdom

Little is known of the life of this Scottish saint and martyr. He is held by some to have been an Irish monk and bishop, with the Gaelic name of Ethernan, who, though he might have been the Bishop of St. Andrews, was drawn to remote locations and had built a series of monasteries and hermitages on the Isle of May (which is five miles (8 km) out to sea in the Firth of Forth) and along the coast of Fife. Later he withdrew from his see of St. Andrews due to the invading Danes and took refuge on the island.

What is known is that about A.D. 875, marauding Vikings invaded the island of May. They then slaughtered the entire population of the monastery, traditionally numbered at six thousand six hundred. The island was then abandoned for centuries.

In 1145, King David I of Scotland gave the island to Reading Abbey in Berkshire, England, at which point, the island again became a religious centre. The English monks started the erection of a small monastery dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin, with a shrine to St. Ethernan.

Early building was hampered due to raiding parties of Scandinavians who had settled in Orkney. The privations and isolation of the location finally led the monks to transfer the island in some manner to the Bishop of St. Andrews in A.D. 1288. Shortly thereafter, in 1296, war broke out between the Kingdoms of Scotland and England over territorial claims along the border between the two realms. This was paralleled in a legal fight between the abbey and the bishop over who actually owned the island. Initially, the abbey was confirmed as the lawful owner. This, however, was overturned in 1313 and the island was declared a part of the diocese. In consequence of this, English forces attacked the island and destroyed the monastery. After the conclusion of hostilities, the island became an important symbol of national pride, and pilgrimages to May became a common feature of religious life for the Scottish people.

## Royal pilgrims

According to the chronicle of Mathieu d'Escouchy, Mary of Guelders visited the Isle of May and the shrine of St Adrian when she first arrived in Scotland in 1449. He mentions that the cemetery contained the bodies of many holy men, and was surrounded by a high wall.

Andrew Wood of Largo is said to have maintained a ship for the pilgrimages of James III and Margaret of Denmark to the shrine of St Adrian. His August 1513 charter for the free barony of Largo includes this service for James IV and his "dearest consort" Margaret Tudor and their successors. James IV came to the island on 3 May 1504, and 10 May 1506 on board the *Margaret*. The royal treasurer's accounts mention that James IV wore new yellow breeches. The clerks of the Chapel Royal sang on the island, and James supported a hermit.

On 24 August 1539 Mary of Guise and James V made a pilgrimage to the Isle of May. They took three ships, the *Unicorn*, the *Little Unicorn*, and the *Mary Willoughby*. It was believed that a visit to the shrine of St Adrian could help a woman become pregnant. In October 1540 James V commissioned a reliquary for a bone of St Adrian of May from the court goldsmith John Mosman, to be made from Scottish gold.

## Post-Reformation

When the Scottish Reformation took hold in the 16th century, public devotion to the saints—and thus pilgrimages to the site—came to a halt and the Protestant bishop of St. Andrews soon decided to sell the island into private ownership. Slowly the island sank into ruin, with most of the surviving monastic buildings disappearing. Recently the island has become the site of archaeological excavations seeking the remains of the original monastic community which died at the hands of the Vikings.

## Veneration

### Ethernan

Ethernan was a 7th century Scottish monk martyred by the Picts and believed to be buried on the Isle of May. which became the centre of his cult. He was honored in a number of places in Scotland, including Madderty and Aberdeenshire It appears that pilgrims came to the Isle of May to pray at his shrine for healing.

At some point during the Middle Ages, Ethernan got conflated with Adrian of May, whose shrine attracted pilgrims for the next several centuries. His cult is most likely a misremembering of Ethernan from a time when the Picts had ceased to function as an ethnic group within Scotland and ancient martyrdoms in Britain and Ireland were commonly attributed to Vikings.


title: Myrtle Road

abstract: Myrtle Road is a former home ground of The Wednesday Football Club and was located on the street of the same name, near the centre of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. In 1870 Wednesday left Highfield and made the short trip to Myrtle Road. The exact location of the site is not known although the road is on a very steep hill and it is thought that the ground was near the top. It has been suggested that Wednesday played on the Ball Inn Recreation Ground on the south side of Myrtle Road as this is the only flat piece of land in the area. Wednesday stayed at Myrtle Road until 1877 when they played their last game there, a 0–0 draw in front of a large attendance against Heeley. Wednesday then moved again to Sheaf House.

text:
# Myrtle Road

**Myrtle Road** is a former home ground of The Wednesday Football Club and was located on the street of the same name, near the centre of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. In 1870 Wednesday left Highfield and made the short trip to Myrtle Road. The exact location of the site is not known although the road is on a very steep hill and it is thought that the ground was near the top. It has been suggested that Wednesday played on the Ball Inn Recreation Ground on the south side of Myrtle Road as this is the only flat piece of land in the area.

Wednesday stayed at Myrtle Road until 1877 when they played their last game there, a 0–0 draw in front of a large attendance against Heeley. Wednesday then moved again to Sheaf House.

53°21′39″N 1°27′30″W / 53.36083°N 1.45833°W / 53.36083; -1.45833


title: QCD vacuum

abstract: The QCD vacuum is the quantum vacuum state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is an example of a non-perturbative vacuum state, characterized by non-vanishing condensates such as the gluon condensate and the quark condensate in the complete theory which includes quarks. The presence of these condensates characterizes the confined phase of quark matter.

text:
# QCD vacuum

The **QCD vacuum** is the quantum vacuum state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is an example of a *non-perturbative* vacuum state, characterized by non-vanishing condensates such as the gluon condensate and the quark condensate in the complete theory which includes quarks. The presence of these condensates characterizes the **confined phase** of quark matter.

Unsolved problem in physics: QCD in the non-perturbative regime: **confinement**. The equations of QCD remain unsolved at energy scales relevant for describing atomic nuclei. How does QCD give rise to the physics of nuclei and nuclear constituents? (more unsolved problems in physics)

## Symmetries and symmetry breaking

### Symmetries of the QCD Lagrangian

Like any relativistic quantum field theory, QCD enjoys Poincaré symmetry including the discrete symmetries CPT (each of which is realized). Apart from these space-time symmetries, it also has internal symmetries. Since QCD is an SU(3) gauge theory, it has local SU(3) gauge symmetry.

Since it has many flavours of quarks, it has approximate flavour and chiral symmetry. This approximation is said to involve the **chiral limit** of QCD. Of these chiral symmetries, the baryon number symmetry is exact. Some of the broken symmetries include the axial U(1) symmetry of the flavour group. This is broken by the chiral anomaly. The presence of instantons implied by this anomaly also breaks CP symmetry.

In summary, the QCD Lagrangian has the following symmetries:

The following classical symmetries are broken in the QCD Lagrangian:

### Spontaneous symmetry breaking

When the Hamiltonian of a system (or the Lagrangian) has a certain symmetry, but the vacuum does not, then one says that spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) has taken place.

A familiar example of SSB is in ferromagnetic materials. Microscopically, the material consists of atoms with a non-vanishing spin, each of which acts like a tiny bar magnet, i.e., a magnetic dipole. The Hamiltonian of the material, describing the interaction of neighbouring dipoles, is invariant under rotations. At high temperature, there is no magnetization of a large sample of the material. Then one says that the symmetry of the Hamiltonian is realized by the system. However, at low temperature, there could be an overall magnetization. This magnetization has a *preferred direction*, since one can tell the north magnetic pole of the sample from the south magnetic pole. In this case, there is spontaneous symmetry breaking of the rotational symmetry of the Hamiltonian.

When a continuous symmetry is spontaneously broken, massless bosons appear, corresponding to the remaining symmetry. This is called the **Goldstone phenomenon** and the bosons are called Goldstone bosons.

### Symmetries of the QCD vacuum

The SU(Nf) × SU(Nf) chiral flavour symmetry of the QCD Lagrangian is broken in the vacuum state of the theory. The symmetry of the vacuum state is the diagonal SU(Nf) part of the chiral group. The diagnostic for this is the formation of a non-vanishing chiral condensate *ψi**ψi*, where ψi is the quark field operator, and the flavour index i is summed. The Goldstone bosons of the symmetry breaking are the pseudoscalar mesons.

When *N*f = 2, i.e., only the up and down quarks are treated as massless, the three pions are the Goldstone bosons. When the strange quark is also treated as massless, i.e., *Nf* = 3, all eight pseudoscalar mesons of the quark model become Goldstone bosons. The actual masses of these mesons are obtained in chiral perturbation theory through an expansion in the (small) actual masses of the quarks.

In other phases of quark matter the full chiral flavour symmetry may be recovered, or broken in completely different ways.

## Experimental evidence

The evidence for QCD condensates comes from two eras, the pre-QCD era 1950–1973 and the post-QCD era, after 1974. The pre-QCD results established that the strong interactions vacuum contains a quark chiral condensate, while the post-QCD results established that the vacuum also contains a gluon condensate.

### Motivating results

#### Gradient coupling

In the 1950s, there were many attempts to produce a field theory to describe the interactions of pions ( $\pi $) and nucleons ( $N$). The obvious renormalizable interaction between the two objects is the Yukawa coupling to a pseudoscalar:

$$L\_{I}={\bar {N}\gamma \_{5}\pi N}$$

And this is theoretically correct, since it is leading order and it takes all the symmetries into account. But it doesn't match experiment in isolation. When the nonrelativistic limit of this coupling is taken, the **gradient-coupling model** is obtained. To lowest order, the nonrelativistic pion field interacts by derivatives. This is not obvious in the relativistic form. A gradient interaction has a very different dependence on the energy of the pion—it vanishes at zero momentum.

This type of coupling means that a coherent state of low momentum pions barely interacts at all. This is a manifestation of an approximate symmetry, a **shift symmetry** of the pion field. The replacement

$$\pi \rightarrow \pi +C$$

leaves the gradient coupling alone, but not the pseudoscalar coupling, at least not by itself. The way nature fixes this in the pseudoscalar model is by simultaneous rotation of the proton-neutron and shift of the pion field. This, when the proper axial SU(2) symmetry is included, is the Gell-Mann Levy σ-model, discussed below.

The modern explanation for the shift symmetry is now understood to be the Nambu-Goldstone non-linear symmetry realization mode, due to Yoichiro Nambu and Jeffrey Goldstone. The pion field is a Goldstone boson, while the shift symmetry is a manifestation of a degenerate vacuum.

#### Goldberger–Treiman relation

There is a surprising relationship between the strong interaction coupling of the pions to the nucleons, the coefficient in the nucleon-pion-gradient coupling model, and the axial vector current coefficient of the nucleon, which determines the weak decay rate of the neutron. The relation is

$$g\_{\pi NN}F\_{\pi }=G\_{A}M\_{N}$$

and it is obeyed to 2.5% accuracy.

The constant GA is the coefficient that determines the neutron decay rate: It gives the normalization of the weak interaction matrix elements for the nucleon. On the other hand, the pion-nucleon coupling is a phenomenological constant describing the (strong) scattering of bound states of quarks and gluons. The weak interactions are current-current interactions ultimately because they come from a non-Abelian gauge theory. The Goldberger–Treiman relation suggests that the pions, by dint of chiral symmetry breaking, interact as surrogates of sorts of the axial weak currents.

#### Partially conserved axial current

The structure which gives rise to the Goldberger–Treiman relation was called the *partially conserved axial current* (PCAC) hypothesis, spelled out in the pioneering σ-model paper. Partially conserved describes the modification of a spontaneously-broken symmetry current by an explicit breaking correction preventing its conservation. The axial current in question is also often called the chiral symmetry current.

The basic idea of SSB is that the symmetry current which performs axial rotations on the fundamental fields does not preserve the vacuum: This means that the current J applied to the vacuum produces particles. The particles must be spinless, otherwise the vacuum wouldn't be Lorentz invariant. By index matching, the matrix element must be

$$J\_{\mu }|0\rangle =k\_{\mu }|\pi \rangle \\,,$$

where kμ is the momentum carried by the created pion.

When the divergence of the axial current operator is zero, we must have

$$\partial \_{\mu }J^{\mu }|0\rangle =k^{\mu }k\_{\mu }|\pi \rangle =m\_{\pi }^{2}|\pi \rangle =0\\,.$$

Hence these pions are massless, *m*2
π = 0, in accordance with Goldstone's theorem.

If the scattering matrix element is considered, we have

$$k\_{\mu }\langle N(p)|\pi (k)|N(p')\rangle =\langle N(p)|J\_{\mu }|N(p')\rangle \\,.$$

Up to a momentum factor, which is the gradient in the coupling, it takes the same form as the axial current turning a neutron into a proton in the current-current form of the weak interaction.

$$\langle N|J^{\mu }|N\rangle \langle e|J\_{\mu }|\nu \rangle ~.$$

But if a small explicit breaking of the chiral symmetry (due to quark masses) is introduced, as in real life, the above divergence does not vanish, and the right hand side involves the mass of the pion, now a Pseudo-Goldstone boson.

#### Soft pion emission

Extensions of the PCAC ideas allowed Steven Weinberg to calculate the amplitudes for collisions which emit low energy pions from the amplitude for the same process with no pions. The amplitudes are those given by acting with symmetry currents on the external particles of the collision.

These successes established the basic properties of the strong interaction vacuum well before QCD.

### Pseudo-Goldstone bosons

Experimentally it is seen that the masses of the octet of pseudoscalar mesons is very much lighter than the next lightest states; i.e., the octet of vector mesons (such as the rho meson). The most convincing evidence for SSB of the chiral flavour symmetry of QCD is the appearance of these pseudo-Goldstone bosons. These would have been strictly massless in the chiral limit. There is convincing demonstration that the observed masses are compatible with chiral perturbation theory. The internal consistency of this argument is further checked by lattice QCD computations which allow one to vary the quark mass and check that the variation of the pseudoscalar masses with the quark mass is as required by chiral perturbation theory.

### Eta prime meson

This pattern of SSB solves one of the earlier "mysteries" of the quark model, where all the pseudoscalar mesons should have been of nearly the same mass. Since *Nf* = 3, there should have been nine of these. However, one (the SU(3) singlet η′ meson) has quite a larger mass than the SU(3) octet. In the quark model, this has no natural explanation – a mystery named the **η−η′ mass splitting** (the η is one member of the octet, which should have been degenerate in mass with the η′).

In QCD, one realizes that the η′ is associated with the axial UA(1) which is *explicitly broken* through the chiral anomaly, and thus its mass is not "protected" to be small, like that of the η. The η–η′ mass splitting can be explained through the 't Hooft instanton mechanism, whose 1/N realization is also known as **Witten–Veneziano mechanism**.

### Current algebra and QCD sum rules

PCAC and current algebra also provide evidence for this pattern of SSB. Direct estimates of the chiral condensate also come from such analysis.

Another method of analysis of correlation functions in QCD is through an operator product expansion (OPE). This writes the vacuum expectation value of a non-local operator as a sum over VEVs of local operators, i.e., condensates. The value of the correlation function then dictates the values of the condensates. Analysis of many separate correlation functions gives consistent results for several condensates, including the gluon condensate, the quark condensate, and many mixed and higher order condensates. In particular one obtains

$$\begin{aligned}\left\langle (gG)^{2}\right\rangle \ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}\ \left\langle g^{2}G\_{\mu \nu }G^{\mu \nu }\right\rangle &\approx 0.5\\;{\text{GeV}^{4}\\\left\langle {\overline {\psi }\psi \right\rangle &\approx (-0.23)^{3}\\;{\text{GeV}^{3}\\\left\langle (gG)^{4}\right\rangle &\approx 5:10\left\langle (gG)^{2}\right\rangle ^{2}\end{aligned}}}}}$$

Here G refers to the gluon field tensor, ψ to the quark field, and g to the QCD coupling.

These analyses are being refined further through improved sum rule estimates and direct estimates in lattice QCD. They provide the *raw data* which must be explained by models of the QCD vacuum.

## Models

A full solution of QCD should give a full description of the vacuum, confinement and the hadron spectrum. Lattice QCD is making rapid progress towards providing the solution as a systematically improvable numerical computation. However, approximate models of the QCD vacuum remain useful in more restricted domains. The purpose of these models is to make quantitative sense of some set of condensates and hadron properties such as masses and form factors.

This section is devoted to models. Opposed to these are systematically improvable computational procedures such as large N QCD and lattice QCD, which are described in their own articles.

### The Savvidy vacuum, instabilities and structure

The Savvidy vacuum is a model of the QCD vacuum which at a basic level is a statement that it cannot be the conventional Fock vacuum empty of particles and fields. In 1977, George Savvidy showed that the QCD vacuum with zero field strength is unstable, and decays into a state with a calculable non vanishing value of the field. Since condensates are scalar, it seems like a good first approximation that the vacuum contains some non-zero but homogeneous field which gives rise to these condensates. However, Stanley Mandelstam showed that a homogeneous vacuum field is also unstable. The instability of a homogeneous gluon field was argued by Niels Kjær Nielsen and Poul Olesen in their 1978 paper. These arguments suggest that the scalar condensates are an effective long-distance description of the vacuum, and at short distances, below the QCD scale, the vacuum may have structure.

### The dual superconducting model

In a type II superconductor, electric charges condense into Cooper pairs. As a result, magnetic flux is squeezed into tubes. In the dual superconductor picture of the QCD vacuum, chromomagnetic monopoles condense into dual Cooper pairs, causing chromoelectric flux to be squeezed into tubes. As a result, confinement and the *string picture* of hadrons follows. This **dual superconductor** picture is due to Gerard 't Hooft and Stanley Mandelstam. 't Hooft showed further that an Abelian projection of a non-Abelian gauge theory contains magnetic monopoles.

While the vortices in a type II superconductor are neatly arranged into a hexagonal or occasionally square lattice, as is reviewed in Olesen's 1980 seminar one may expect a much more complicated and possibly dynamical structure in QCD. For example, nonabelian Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen vortices may vibrate wildly or be knotted.

### String models

String models of confinement and hadrons have a long history. They were first invented to explain certain aspects of crossing symmetry in the scattering of two mesons. They were also found to be useful in the description of certain properties of the Regge trajectory of the hadrons. These early developments took on a life of their own called the dual resonance model (later renamed string theory). However, even after the development of QCD string models continued to play a role in the physics of strong interactions. These models are called *non-fundamental strings* or QCD strings, since they should be derived from QCD, as they are, in certain approximations such as the strong coupling limit of lattice QCD.

The model states that the colour electric flux between a quark and an antiquark collapses into a string, rather than spreading out into a Coulomb field as the normal electric flux does. This string also obeys a different force law. It behaves as if the string had constant tension, so that separating out the ends (quarks) would give a potential energy increasing linearly with the separation. When the energy is higher than that of a meson, the string breaks and the two new ends become a quark-antiquark pair, thus describing the creation of a meson. Thus confinement is incorporated naturally into the model.

In the form of the Lund model Monte Carlo program, this picture has had remarkable success in explaining experimental data collected in electron-electron and hadron-hadron collisions.

### Bag models

Strictly, these models are not models of the QCD vacuum, but of physical single particle quantum states  the hadrons. The model proposed originally in 1974 by A. Chodos *et al.* consists of inserting a quark model in a *perturbative vacuum* inside a volume of space called a **bag**. Outside this bag is the real QCD vacuum, whose effect is taken into account through the difference between energy density of the true QCD vacuum and the perturbative vacuum (bag constant B) and boundary conditions imposed on the quark wave functions and the gluon field. The hadron spectrum is obtained by solving the Dirac equation for quarks and the Yang–Mills equations for gluons. The wave functions of the quarks satisfy the boundary conditions of a fermion in an infinitely deep potential well of scalar type with respect to the Lorentz group. The boundary conditions for the gluon field are those of the dual color superconductor. The role of such a superconductor is attributed to the physical vacuum of QCD. Bag models strictly prohibit the existence of open color (free quarks, free gluons, etc.) and lead in particular to string models of hadrons.

The **chiral bag model** couples the axial vector current *ψ**γ*5*γμψ* of the quarks at the bag boundary to a pionic field outside of the bag. In the most common formulation, the chiral bag model basically replaces the interior of the skyrmion with the bag of quarks. Very curiously, most physical properties of the nucleon become mostly insensitive to the bag radius. Prototypically, the baryon number of the chiral bag remains an integer, independent of bag radius: the exterior baryon number is identified with the topological winding number density of the Skyrme soliton, while the interior baryon number consists of the valence quarks (totaling to one) plus the spectral asymmetry of the quark eigenstates in the bag. The spectral asymmetry is just the vacuum expectation value *ψ**γ*0*ψ* summed over all of the quark eigenstates in the bag. Other values, such as the total mass and the axial coupling constant gA, are not precisely invariant like the baryon number, but are mostly insensitive to the bag radius, as long as the bag radius is kept below the nucleon diameter. Because the quarks are treated as free quarks inside the bag, the radius-independence in a sense validates the idea of asymptotic freedom.

### Instanton ensemble

Another view states that BPST-like instantons play an important role in the vacuum structure of QCD. These instantons were discovered in 1975 by Alexander Belavin, Alexander Markovich Polyakov, Albert S. Schwarz and Yu. S. Tyupkin as topologically stable solutions to the Yang-Mills field equations. They represent tunneling transitions from one vacuum state to another. These instantons are indeed found in lattice calculations. The first computations performed with instantons used the dilute gas approximation. The results obtained did not solve the infrared problem of QCD, making many physicists turn away from instanton physics. Later, though, an instanton liquid model was proposed, turning out to be more promising an approach.

The **dilute instanton gas model** departs from the supposition that the QCD vacuum consists of a gas of BPST-like instantons. Although only the solutions with one or few instantons (or anti-instantons) are known exactly, a dilute gas of instantons and anti-instantons can be approximated by considering a superposition of one-instanton solutions at great distances from one another. Gerard 't Hooft calculated the effective action for such an ensemble, and he found an infrared divergence for big instantons, meaning that an infinite amount of infinitely big instantons would populate the vacuum.

Later, an **instanton liquid model** was studied. This model starts from the assumption that an ensemble of instantons cannot be described by a mere sum of separate instantons. Various models have been proposed, introducing interactions between instantons or using variational methods (like the "valley approximation") endeavoring to approximate the exact multi-instanton solution as closely as possible. Many phenomenological successes have been reached. Whether an instanton liquid can explain confinement in 3+1 dimensional QCD is not known, but many physicists think that it is unlikely.

### Center vortex picture

A more recent picture of the QCD vacuum is one in which center vortices play an important role. These vortices are topological defects carrying a center element as charge. These vortices are usually studied using lattice simulations, and it has been found that the behavior of the vortices is closely linked with the confinementdeconfinement phase transition: in the confinement phase vortices percolate and fill the spacetime volume, in the deconfinement phase they are much suppressed. Also it has been shown that the string tension vanished upon removal of center vortices from the simulations, hinting at an important role for center vortices.

## Bibliography


title: Günbağı, Elâzığ

abstract: Günbağı is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 52 (2021). The village is populated by Kurds of the Parçikan tribe.

text:
# Günbağı, Elâzığ

**Günbağı** is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 52 (2021). The village is populated by Kurds of the Parçikan tribe.

## InfoBox

| Günbağı | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| GünbağıLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 38°33′50″N 38°55′44″E / 38.564°N 38.929°E / 38.564; 38.929 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Elazığ |
| District | Elazığ |
| Population (2021) | 52 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Melanoplus confusus

abstract: Melanoplus confusus, known generally as pasture grasshopper, is a species of short-horned grasshopper in the subfamily Melanoplinae. Other common names include the pasture spur-throat grasshopper and little pasture locust. It is found in North America.

text:
# Melanoplus confusus

***Melanoplus confusus***, known generally as **pasture grasshopper**, is a species of short-horned grasshopper in the subfamily Melanoplinae. Other common names include the **pasture spur-throat grasshopper** and **little pasture locust**. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Melanoplus confusus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Melanoplus glaucipes*, glaucus-legged spur-throat grasshopper, Texas | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Melanoplinae |
| Tribe: | Melanoplini |
| Genus: | *Melanoplus* |
| Species: | ***M. confusus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanoplus confusus***<br>Scudder, 1897 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Caloptenus minor*  Scudder, 1875 * *Melanoplus mutatus*  Caudell, 1916 | |


abstract: This is a list of the members of the Australian House of Representatives in the Seventh Australian Parliament, which was elected at the 1917 election on 5 May 1917.

text:
# Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1917–1919

This is a list of the members of the Australian House of Representatives in the **Seventh Australian Parliament**, which was elected at the 1917 election on 5 May 1917.

| Member | Party | | Electorate | State | In office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Percy Abbott |  | Nationalist | New England | NSW | 1913–1919 |
| Frank Anstey |  | Labor | Bourke | Vic | 1910–1934 |
| William Archibald |  | Nationalist | Hindmarsh | SA | 1910–1919 |
| Llewellyn Atkinson |  | Nationalist | Wilmot | Tas | 1906–1929 |
| Fred Bamford |  | Nationalist | Herbert | Qld | 1901–1925 |
| James Bayley |  | Nationalist | Oxley | Qld | 1917–1931 |
| Sir Robert Best |  | Nationalist | Kooyong | Vic | 1910–1922 |
| Arthur Blakeley |  | Labor | Darling | NSW | 1917–1934 |
| James Boyd |  | Nationalist | Henty | Vic | 1913–1919 |
| Frank Brennan |  | Labor | Batman | Vic | 1911–1931, 1934–1949 |
| Stanley Bruce |  | Nationalist | Flinders | Vic | 1918–1929, 1931–1933 |
| Reginald Burchell |  | Nationalist | Fremantle | WA | 1913–1922 |
| James Catts |  | Labor | Cook | NSW | 1906–1922 |
| John Chanter |  | Nationalist | Riverina | NSW | 1901–1903, 1904–1913, 1914–1922 |
| Austin Chapman |  | Nationalist | Eden-Monaro | NSW | 1901–1926 |
| Matthew Charlton |  | Labor | Hunter | NSW | 1910–1928 |
| Michael Considine |  | Labor/Independent | Barrier | NSW | 1917–1922 |
| Joseph Cook |  | Nationalist | Parramatta | NSW | 1901–1921 |
| Edward Corser |  | Nationalist | Wide Bay | Qld | 1915–1928 |
| Franc Falkiner |  | Nationalist | Hume | NSW | 1913–1914, 1917–1919 |
| James Fenton |  | Labor | Maribyrnong | Vic | 1910–1934 |
| William Finlayson |  | Labor | Brisbane | Qld | 1910–1919 |
| William Fleming |  | Nationalist | Robertson | NSW | 1913–1922 |
| Sir John Forrest |  | Nationalist | Swan | WA | 1901–1918 |
| Richard Foster |  | Nationalist | Wakefield | SA | 1909–1928 |
| James Fowler |  | Nationalist | Perth | WA | 1901–1922 |
| William Gibson |  | Victorian Farmers | Corangamite | Vic | 1918–1929, 1931–1934 |
| Paddy Glynn |  | Nationalist | Angas | SA | 1901–1919 |
| Henry Gregory |  | Nationalist | Dampier | WA | 1913–1940 |
| Littleton Groom |  | Nationalist | Darling Downs | Qld | 1901–1929, 1931–1936 |
| Edward Heitmann |  | Nationalist | Kalgoorlie | WA | 1917–1919 |
| William Higgs |  | Labor | Capricornia | Qld | 1910–1922 |
| William Hill |  | Victorian Farmers | Echuca | Vic | 1919–1934 |
| Charles Howroyd |  | Nationalist | Darwin | Tas | 1917 |
| Billy Hughes |  | Nationalist | Bendigo | Vic | 1901–1952 |
| Sir William Irvine |  | Nationalist | Flinders | Vic | 1906–1918 |
| Jens Jensen |  | Nationalist/Independent | Bass | Tas | 1910–1919 |
| Elliot Johnson |  | Nationalist | Lang | NSW | 1903–1928 |
| Edmund Jowett |  | Victorian Farmers | Grampians | Vic | 1917–1922 |
| Willie Kelly |  | Nationalist | Wentworth | NSW | 1903–1919 |
| William Laird Smith |  | Nationalist | Denison | Tas | 1910–1922 |
| Hector Lamond |  | Nationalist | Illawarra | NSW | 1917–1922 |
| John Leckie |  | Nationalist | Indi | Vic | 1917–1919 |
| John Lister |  | Nationalist | Corio | Vic | 1917–1929 |
| John Livingston |  | Nationalist | Barker | SA | 1906–1922 |
| John Lynch |  | Nationalist | Werriwa | NSW | 1914–1919 |
| George Mackay |  | Nationalist | Lilley | Qld | 1917–1934 |
| William Mahony |  | Labor | Dalley | NSW | 1915–1927 |
| William Maloney |  | Labor | Melbourne | Vic | 1904–1940 |
| Chester Manifold |  | Nationalist | Corangamite | Vic | 1901–1903, 1913–1918 |
| Walter Massy-Greene |  | Nationalist | Richmond | NSW | 1910–1922 |
| James Mathews |  | Labor | Melbourne Ports | Vic | 1906–1931 |
| George Maxwell |  | Nationalist | Fawkner | Vic | 1917–1935 |
| Charles McDonald |  | Labor | Kennedy | Qld | 1901–1925 |
| Charles McGrath |  | Labor | Ballarat | Vic | 1913–1919, 1920–1934 |
| William McWilliams |  | Nationalist | Franklin | Tas | 1903–1922, 1928–1929 |
| Samuel Nicholls |  | Labor | Macquarie | NSW | 1917–1922 |
| Richard Orchard |  | Nationalist | Nepean | NSW | 1913–1919 |
| Jim Page |  | Labor | Maranoa | Qld | 1901–1921 |
| Albert Palmer |  | Nationalist | Echuca | Vic | 1906–1919 |
| Henry Pigott |  | Nationalist | Calare | NSW | 1913–1919 |
| Alexander Poynton |  | Nationalist | Grey | SA | 1901–1922 |
| Edward Riley |  | Labor | South Sydney | NSW | 1910–1931 |
| Arthur Rodgers |  | Nationalist | Wannon | Vic | 1913–1922, 1925–1929 |
| Granville Ryrie |  | Nationalist | North Sydney | NSW | 1911–1927 |
| Carty Salmon |  | Nationalist | Grampians | Vic | 1901–1913, 1915–1917 |
| Sydney Sampson |  | Nationalist | Wimmera | Vic | 1906–1919 |
| Hugh Sinclair |  | Nationalist | Moreton | Qld | 1906–1919 |
| Bruce Smith |  | Nationalist/Independent | Parkes | NSW | 1901–1919 |
| William Spence |  | Nationalist | Darwin | Tas | 1901–1917, 1917–1919 |
| William Story |  | Nationalist | Boothby | SA | 1904–1917 (S), 1917–1922 |
| John Thomson |  | Nationalist | Cowper | NSW | 1906–1919 |
| Frank Tudor |  | Labor | Yarra | Vic | 1901–1922 |
| Con Wallace |  | Labor | West Sydney | NSW | 1917–1919 |
| David Watkins |  | Labor | Newcastle | NSW | 1901–1935 |
| William Watt |  | Nationalist | Balaclava | Vic | 1914–1929 |
| William Webster |  | Nationalist | Gwydir | NSW | 1903–1919 |
| John West |  | Labor | East Sydney | NSW | 1910–1931 |
| George Wise |  | Nationalist | Gippsland | Vic | 1906–1913, 1914–1922 |
| George Edwin Yates |  | Labor | Adelaide | SA | 1914–1919, 1922–1931 |

1. Irvine resigned in 1918, and was succeeded by Stanley Bruce (Nationalist) at the resulting by-election on 11 May 1918.
2. Forrest died in 1918, and was succeeded by Edwin Corboy (Labor) at the resulting by-election on 26 October 1918.
3. Manifold died in 1918, and was succeeded by William Gibson (Victorian Farmers Union) at the resulting by-election on 14 December 1918.
4. Palmer died in 1919, and was succeeded by William Hill (Victorian Farmers Union) at the resulting by-election on 20 September 1919.
5. Howroyd died on 10 May 1917, just five days after the election, and was succeeded by William Spence, (Nationalist), the defeated MP for the NSW seat of Darling, at the resulting by-election on 30 June 1917.
6. Salmon died in 1917, and was succeeded by Edmund Jowett (Nationalist) at the resulting by-election on 27 October 1917.


title: Wilder–Swaim House

abstract: The Wilder–Swaim House is a historic house in Montgomery, Ohio, United States. Built in 1815, its oldest portion is a one-and-one-half-story building. Although it is primarily a frame structure, the house includes multiple elements of other materials, such as a brick firewall and a frieze with a bas-relief element. Its name is derived from two families that lived there for many years: the Wilders, resident from 1833 to 1879, and the Swaims, resident from 1917 to 1976. The most significant event in the house's history was a major expansion around 1840; such an expansion was a common event in early Montgomery as it transitioned from a frontier settlement to an established community. Although most of Montgomery's nineteenth-century buildings date from the first half of the century, houses as old as the Wilder–Swaim House are rare. It has been changed less by time than have many other surviving early houses; as a result, it has been seen as one of the area's best-preserved early Federal structure. In 1981, the Wilder–Swaim House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its well-preserved historic architecture. It is one of five locations in Montgomery that is listed on the Register, along with the Blair House, the Montgomery Saltbox Houses, the Universalist Church Historic District, and the Yost Tavern. Today, the house is used by a historic preservation organization known as the Montgomery Historic Preservation Association.

text:
# Wilder–Swaim House

The **Wilder–Swaim House** is a historic house in Montgomery, Ohio, United States. Built in 1815, its oldest portion is a one-and-one-half-story building. Although it is primarily a frame structure, the house includes multiple elements of other materials, such as a brick firewall and a frieze with a bas-relief element. Its name is derived from two families that lived there for many years: the Wilders, resident from 1833 to 1879, and the Swaims, resident from 1917 to 1976.

The most significant event in the house's history was a major expansion around 1840; such an expansion was a common event in early Montgomery as it transitioned from a frontier settlement to an established community. Although most of Montgomery's nineteenth-century buildings date from the first half of the century, houses as old as the Wilder–Swaim House are rare. It has been changed less by time than have many other surviving early houses; as a result, it has been seen as one of the area's best-preserved early Federal structure.

In 1981, the Wilder–Swaim House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its well-preserved historic architecture. It is one of five locations in Montgomery that is listed on the Register, along with the Blair House, the Montgomery Saltbox Houses, the Universalist Church Historic District, and the Yost Tavern. Today, the house is used by a historic preservation organization known as the Montgomery Historic Preservation Association.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wilder–Swaim House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Front and side of the house | |
|  | |
| Location | 7650 Cooper Rd., Montgomery, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 39°13′41″N 84°21′36″W / 39.22806°N 84.36000°W / 39.22806; -84.36000 |
| Area | 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) |
| Built | 1815 |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 81000438 |
| Added to NRHP | May 20, 1981 |


title: Fedele De Giorgis

abstract:
Fedele De Giorgis was an Italian general of the Kingdom of Italy. He was born in Chivasso, Province of Turin, Piedmont. He was a veteran of World War I. From 1938 to 1940, he obtained the command of the 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" stationed in Albania. He was promoted to major general on January 1, 1940 and became commander of the 55th Infantry Division "Savona" during World War II. He was also head of the delegation of the Italian armistice commission with France in Syria. It was during this period that he proposed the idea of the Italian foreign legion, an idea that was welcomed by the Italian general staff, which gathered in it all the anti-allied volunteers willing to fight with the Axis countries.
On 17 January 1942 he was captured by the British at the end of the siege of Halfaya Pass, during Operation Crusader. From May 16, 1947 until May 24, 1950 was the commander in chief of the 'Arma dei Carabinieri'. He supported the foundation of ONAOMAC. He was a recipient of the Silver Medal of Military Valor and the Bronze Medal of Military Valor. He was one of the nine Italian recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, receiving his award from Nazi Germany on January 9, 1942. He died in Rome.

text:
# Fedele De Giorgis

**Fedele De Giorgis** (January 17, 1887 – February 4, 1964) was an Italian general of the Kingdom of Italy. He was born in Chivasso, Province of Turin, Piedmont. He was a veteran of World War I.

From 1938 to 1940, he obtained the command of the 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" stationed in Albania. He was promoted to major general on January 1, 1940 and became commander of the 55th Infantry Division "Savona" during World War II. He was also head of the delegation of the Italian armistice commission with France in Syria.

It was during this period that he proposed the idea of the Italian foreign legion, an idea that was welcomed by the Italian general staff, which gathered in it all the anti-allied volunteers willing to fight with the Axis countries. On 17 January 1942 he was captured by the British at the end of the siege of Halfaya Pass, during Operation Crusader.

From May 16, 1947 until May 24, 1950 was the commander in chief of the 'Arma dei Carabinieri'. He supported the foundation of ONAOMAC (National Opera Military Assistance Orphans Arma Carabinieri).

He was a recipient of the Silver Medal of Military Valor and the Bronze Medal of Military Valor. He was one of the nine Italian recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, receiving his award from Nazi Germany on January 9, 1942.

He died in Rome.

* "Dati biografici".

1. see also James Burgwyn (2012): *Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940-1943*, p. 102/103.
2. www.carabinieri.it


title: Oskar Saier

abstract: Oskar Saier was a German Roman Catholic clergyman who served as archbishop of Freiburg from 1978 until 2002.

text:
# Oskar Saier

**Oskar Saier** (12 August 1932 in Wagensteig – 3 January 2008 in Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German Roman Catholic clergyman who served as archbishop of Freiburg from 1978 until 2002.

## Works

* *"Communio" in der Lehre des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils. Eine rechtsbegriffliche Untersuchung* (= Münchener theologische Studien, 3, Kanonistische Abteilung, file 32), Verlag Hueber, Ismaning 1973, (also doctoral thesis, Munich, Faculty of Theology, 1970).

## Literatur

* Christoph Schmider, *Die Freiburger Bischöfe. 175 Jahre Erzbistum Freiburg. Eine Geschichte in Lebensbildern.* Herder Verlag, Freiburg i. Br. 2002, ISBN 3-451-27847-2.

## Sources

* Literature by and about Oskar Saier in the German National Library catalogue
* "bishop/bsaier". *Catholic-Hierarchy.org*. David M. Cheney. <sup>\[*self-published*\]</sup>
* Life of Oskar Saier (Freiburg Ordinariate)


title: Ray Graham

abstract: Raymond E. Graham is a former American football running back. He played college football for the Pittsburgh Panthers.

text:
# Ray Graham

**Raymond E. Graham** (born September 18, 1990) is a former American football running back. He played college football for the Pittsburgh Panthers.

## Early life

Graham attended Elizabeth High School in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He was a first team All-Union County, and was Union County Player of the Year after he rushed for 1,592 yards and averaged nine yards per carry, scoring 24 touchdowns to lead Union County with 144 points. He saw limited time as a junior due to a preseason collarbone injury but returned late in the year and rushed for 750 yards and scored 12 touchdowns in Elizabeth's final four games. He rushed for 1,290 yards and 13 TDs as a sophomore. He was a four-year letterman who helped Elizabeth to a 30-12 mark (.714) during his varsity career.

Considered a four-star recruit by *Rivals.com*, he was rated as the 11th all-purpose back in the nation. He accepted a scholarship from Pittsburgh over offers from Rutgers and Maryland.

## College career

As a freshman in 2009, he gained 349 yards, including a 53-yard run against Notre Dame. The *USA Today* reported that "Graham ran through half of the Notre Dame defense on a 53-yard run that led to his 2-yard score one play later."

As a sophomore in 2010, Graham rushed for 922 yard and averaged 6.2 yards per carry. On October 2, 2010, he had a career-high 277 rushing yards against FIU. His total against FIU was the second-highest in Pitt football history, trailing only Tony Dorsett's 303-yard game against Notre Dame in 1975.

Through seven games of the 2011 season, Graham led the nation in rushing yards with 945 yards and nine touchdowns on 162 carries. He also has 200 receiving yards on 20 receptions. However, his season came to an abrupt end after he sustained a torn right ACL against Connecticut in the second quarter on October 26, 2011.

Graham returned from his injury in 2012, gaining 1,042 rushing yards on 222 carries, with 11 touchdowns, along with 340 receiving yards and two touchdown receptions. Graham put up a personal best for 2012 against National Championship contenders Notre Dame. He recorded 172 yards on 24 attempts averaging 7.2 yards a carry, and 1 touchdown. His efforts helped the Panthers take the game into three overtimes only to come up a field goal shy of a victory.

## Professional career

After not being selected in the 2013 NFL draft, Graham signed with the Houston Texans on April 27, 2013 as an undrafted free agent. He was released on August 26, 2013 and was subsequently signed to the practice squad by the Steelers on November 19, 2013. On December 25, 2013, the Houston Texans signed him to their 53-man roster. Graham was subsequently cut after training camp in 2014.

## Personal life

Graham is the brother of Detroit Lions linebacker Khaseem Greene.

## InfoBox

Ray Graham
| No. 37 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1990-09-18) September 18, 1990<br>Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) |
| Weight: | 193 lb (88 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Elizabeth |
| College: | Pittsburgh |
| Undrafted: | 2013 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Rushing attempts: 4  Rushing yards: 8  Receptions: 1  Receiving yards: 12 | |
|  | |


title: Adrian von Enkevort

abstract: Adrian von Enkevort was a Brabantine nobleman and Generalfeldmarschall who fought during the course of the Thirty Years' War and the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59). He followed his father's footsteps becoming an officer, his first success came in 1632 when he distinguished himself at the Battle of Lützen, receiving the rank of Oberstleutnant in the forces of the Holy Roman Empire. He was later sent to the Rhine front where he assisted Charles of Lorraine in reclaiming his lost realm. After a short spell in the Spanish invasion of Picardy, he returned to the Rhine where he was captured by the French, spending three years in captivity. Upon his return in 1641, he was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall and dispatched to Germany where he campaigned extensively. In 1648, he became the supreme commander of the Bavarian forces, serving in this capacity until the end of the war. He was subsequently ennobled and received the sum of 3,000 Goldguldens for his service during the war. He died in 1663.

text:
# Adrian von Enkevort

**Adrian von Enkevort** (20 August 1603 – 3 June 1663) was a Brabantine nobleman and Generalfeldmarschall who fought during the course of the Thirty Years' War and the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59). He followed his father's footsteps becoming an officer, his first success came in 1632 when he distinguished himself at the Battle of Lützen, receiving the rank of Oberstleutnant in the forces of the Holy Roman Empire. He was later sent to the Rhine front where he assisted Charles of Lorraine in reclaiming his lost realm. After a short spell in the Spanish invasion of Picardy, he returned to the Rhine where he was captured by the French, spending three years in captivity. Upon his return in 1641, he was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall and dispatched to Germany where he campaigned extensively. In 1648, he became the supreme commander of the Bavarian forces, serving in this capacity until the end of the war. He was subsequently ennobled and received the sum of 3,000 Goldguldens for his service during the war. He died in 1663.

## Biography

Adrian was born in 1603 to Wilhelm von Enkevort, a member of the Enckevort noble family, originating in the Duchy of Brabant. Adrian followed his father's footsteps entering the service of the Electoral Bavarian army. He later joined the allied forces of the Imperial Army, serving under generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein. During the course of the Thirty Years' War, Enkevort distinguished himself at the Battle of Lützen (1632). He represented the Holy Roman Empire in the course of its negotiations with Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, later joining one of Adam Erdmann Trčka von Lípa's infantry regiments in the rank of Oberstleutnant. He appears to have not been affected by an internal purge which resulted in the assassination of Wallenstein and Trčka and the subsequent persecution of their close associates. In July 1635, he was promoted to the rank of colonel and dispatched to Breisach where he joined Charles of Lorraine's campaign to reconquer his duchy from the French and the Bernhardines. In October, after an initial success the Imperial-Bavarian army operating in the region was decimated by an outbreak of Hungarian spotted fever. In 1636, Enkevort was promoted to Generalwachtmeister and sent to the north where he fought under general Ottavio Piccolomini, fighting the French in the Spanish Netherlands and Picardy as part of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59). Enkevort fought side by side with Johann von Werth, their friendship eased the tensions between the Bavarian and Imperial armies. In October 1637, Enkevort returned to the Rhineland where the Imperialists and their Bavarian allies pushed Bernhard out of his last stronghold in Alsace.

In early 1638, Bernhard launched an unexpected counter offensive, besieging Rheinfelden. Werth and Federico Savelli collected 2,600 infantry and 4,500 cavalry from the surrounding garrisons, rushing to relieve Rheinfelden. On 28 February, the advance of the Imperialists was blocked by Bernhard's cavalry pickets outside of Beuggen, they then headed towards the west in an attempt to deploy their forces in a more favorable position. The Bavarian cavalry which had reached Karsau ahead of the rest of the army, was attacked and thrown back. Savelli arrived with the infantry in time to support the Bavarians and force Bernhard to retreat towards Bad Säckingen. Lack of any sort of pursuit allowed Bernhard to regroup in Lauffenberg, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) upstream, where he received reinforcements from the other side of the Rhine. At 7:00 a.m. on 3 March, the Imperialist scouts became aware of the enemy presence at Lauffenberg. Before they were able to fully deploy, the Bernhardines fired a musket salvo at half range accompanied by cannon fire. The Imperial and Liga infantry was still reloading their muskets when the Bernhardines charged. The Imperial infantry broke formation, engaging in a disorganized retreat, so did the cavalry. Werth's elite infantry regiment was the only one to resist until it was surrounded and forced to surrender. The Battle of Rheinfelden was disastrous, Werth, Enkevort, general Sperreuter and Savelli were captured along with 3,000 of their men, while 500 were killed. Savelli escaped soon afterwards, after the woman tasked with bringing him food freed him instead. Enkevort spent the next three years in Paris, in relative comfort, even attending society events.

## Return from Captivity

Enkevort was exchanged for a captured Swedish general in 1641, upon his return he was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria. He then campaigned in Thuringia, between the areas of Aller and Leine. In the spring of 1642, he was transferred to the troops of Charles of Lorraine on the left side of the Rhine, although this front saw no major battles prompting his return to Bohemia. Under Leopold Wilhelm, he moved to Saxony, where the Imperial suffered a defeat at the hands of the Swedes in the Second Battle of Breitenfeld. In 1643, the new Imperial supreme commander Matthias Gallas made Enkevort and Johann Wilhelm von Hunolstein part of his General Staff. The revolt of Transylvanian prince George Rákóczi I and his subsequent invasion of Bohemia tied Enkevort's troops there until June 1644, when the Imperials under Gallas began their march on Schleswig. In August, Lennart Torstenson's army was joined by another Swedish army under Hans Christoff von Königsmarck; their combined force chased the Imperials back south. The two armies surrounded Gallas' army in Magdeburg; by November, the army was virtually shattered. Trying to escape with the cavalry, Enkevort was captured for a second time at Jüterbog.

Upon his release, he became military governor of the Austrian provinces of Tyrol and Vorarlberg; in early 1647 he commanded troops in Swabia. In September, Enkevort besieged the Swedish held city of Memmingen, taking it on 23 November; several smaller towns in Swabia and Franconia followed. He later traveled to Bohemia, Thuringia, Hesse and then back to Swabia on various assignments, one of which was the creation of a gunboat flotilla which challenged the Swedes on Lake Constance. He was not present at the Battle of Zusmarshausen which took place on 17 May. Citing Jost Maximilian von Bronckhorst-Gronsfeld's poor performance after the battle, Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria offered Enkevort the command of the Bavarian forces. Enkevort assumed office on 2 August from the interim commander Hunolstein and managed to defeat the Franco-Swedish army at the Battle of Dachau in October with the help of the Imperial cavalry under Johann von Werth, his last operation in the war.

Following the end of the war he took part in the demobilization of Bavarian and Imperial troops, receiving the sum of 3,000 Goldguldens and the title of Graf for his service. In the meantime the Franco-Spanish War continued and Enkevort was sent to the Italian front of operations at the head of the Imperial troops. Enkevort's troops did not engage in any major operations and he returned to Vienna after the two sides signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees. He died in Vienna in 1663, it is known that he was the son-in-law of the Imperial chancellor Count of Werdenberg.

* Carl von Landmann (1877), "Adrian Graf von Enkevort", *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 6, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 148–150
* Rebitsch, Robert (2006). *Matthias Gallas (1588–1647). Generalleutnant des Kaisers zur Zeit des Dreißigjährigen Krieges. Eine militärische Biographie* (in German). Münster: Aschendorff Verlag. ISBN 978-3-402065761.
* Wilson, Peter (2011). *The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy*. London: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06231-3.

## InfoBox

| Adrian von Enkevort | |
| --- | --- |
| Adrian von Enkevort | |
| Born | 20 August 1603
Diest, Spanish Netherlands |
| Died | 3 June 1663
Ledeč nad Sázavou, Holy Roman Empire |
| Allegiance | Holy Roman Empire
Electorate of Bavaria |
| Years of service | 1632 – 1659 |
| Rank | Generalfeldmarschall |
| Battles/wars | Thirty Years' War Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) |


title: Myrtle Simpson

abstract: Myrtle Lillias Simpson is a Scottish skier and the thirteenth woman to receive the Polar Medal. She has been called the "mother of Scottish skiing". She was the first woman to ski across Greenland on an unsupported expedition. She was president of the Scottish Ski Club in the 1970s and has written several books.

text:
# Myrtle Simpson

**Myrtle Lillias Simpson** (née **Emslie**; born around 1930) is a Scottish skier and the thirteenth woman to receive the Polar Medal. She has been called the "mother of Scottish skiing". She was the first woman to ski across Greenland on an unsupported expedition. She was president of the Scottish Ski Club in the 1970s and has written several books.

## Early life

She was from Aldershot and moved to Fort William, Highland age 21. She qualified as a radiographer and worked at the Belford Hospital.

## Skiing

She was part of the Edinburgh Andean expedition in 1958, climbing various routes with Hugh Simpson and Bill Wallace. The group made seven ascents, including the first British ascent of Huascarán, which at 6,768m is the fourth-highest mountain in the Americas. In 1965 she skied across Greenland with four others on an unsupported expedition, the first woman to achieve this. She was president of the Scottish Ski Club in the 1970s. She was an experienced climber.

She wrote several books about her expeditions and on other subjects.

She lives at Kincraig.

## Awards and honours

In 1969, she and her husband Dr Hugh Simpson were awarded the Mungo Park Medal by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society.

In 2013 she was given the Scottish Award for Excellence in Mountain Culture.

In January 2017 she was awarded the Polar Medal in recognition of her arctic achievements. Her husband Hugh had been awarded the Polar medal fifty years previously. She received the medal at a ceremony in London in May. That year, she became one of the Saltire Society's Outstanding Women.


title: QCP

abstract: The QCP file format is used by many cellular telephone manufacturers to provide ring tones and record voice. It is based on RIFF, a generic format for storing chunks of data identified by tags. The QCP format does not specify how voice data in the file is encoded. Rather, it is a container format. QCP files are typically encoded QCELP or EVRC. Qualcomm, which originated the format, has removed an internal web page link from the page that formerly discussed QCP. "Out of an abundance of caution, due to the December 31st, 2007 injunction ordered against certain Qualcomm products, Qualcomm has temporarily removed certain web content until it can be reviewed and modified if necessary to ensure compliance with the injunction. It may be several more days or weeks before these pages are accessible again. Thank you for your patience." QCP files have the same signature as RIFF files: A SOF header of 52494646 ("RIFF"), and an EOF of 0000.

text:
# QCP

The **QCP** file format is used by many cellular telephone manufacturers to provide ring tones and record voice. It is based on RIFF, a generic format for storing chunks of data identified by tags. The QCP format does not specify how voice data in the file is encoded. Rather, it is a container format. QCP files are typically encoded QCELP or EVRC.

Qualcomm, which originated the format, has removed an internal web page link from the page that formerly discussed QCP. "Out of an abundance of caution, due to the December 31st, 2007 injunction ordered against certain Qualcomm products, Qualcomm has temporarily removed certain web content until it can be reviewed and modified if necessary to ensure compliance with the injunction. It may be several more days or weeks before these pages are accessible again. Thank you for your patience."

QCP files have the same signature as RIFF files: A SOF (start of file) header of 52494646 ("RIFF"), and an EOF (end of file) of 0000.

## Playing QCP files

Qualcomm previously offered downloads of the software and SDK for its PureVoice voice and audio enhancement products that could play and convert QCP files.

## InfoBox

QCP File Format
| Filename extension | .qcp |
| --- | --- |
| Internet media type | audio/qcelp |
| Magic number | RIFF ... QLCM |
| Developed by | Qualcomm |
| Initial release | August 1999 (1999-08) |
| Type of format | audio file format |
| Container for | QCELP 13K, Enhanced Variable Rate Coder (EVRC), and Selectable Mode Vocoder (SMV) |
| Extended from | RIFF |
| Standard | MIME Type Registration of RTP Payload Formats |
| Open format? | ? |
| Website | tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3625 |


title: Reina Lawrence

abstract: Reina Emily Lawrence was an American British lawyer and politician from Hampstead, who was the first female councillor in London, elected in December 1907, and one of the first women in the United Kingdom to be awarded a law degree.

text:
# Reina Lawrence

**Reina Emily Lawrence** (born New York, 1860/1, died Essex, 24 February 1940) was an American British lawyer and politician from Hampstead, who was the first female councillor in London, elected in December 1907, and one of the first women in the United Kingdom to be awarded a law degree.

## Career

She was educated at St. John's Wood High School and received a 3rd class LLB from University College London in 1893. She was a partner with Eliza Orme, the first woman in England to receive a law degree (also from UCL), at their law office from the mid-1880s on Chancery Lane.

She was on the executive of the Women's National Liberal Association 1897-1902, a trustee of the Mary Macarthur Home, and a member of the government's Central Committee on Women’s Employment during World War I. Lawrence volunteered for the homeless on the Hampstead Distress Committee from 1905 and promoted reform of the swimming baths.

In the first year that women were no longer prohibited from standing for election in the United Kingdom, following the passing of the Qualification of Women Act, Lawrence stood in a by-election in Belsize ward to Hampstead Borough Council following the resignation of C. S. Preston. The first women borough councillors, seven in England and one in Scotland, had been elected on 1 November. Lawrence was elected on 12 December 1907 with a majority of 319 votes. She gained support from Orme and the Hampstead Women's Local Government Society, stressing that she was not a suffragette. A contemporary newspaper reported she was "strongly recommended by several members of Parliament and local aldermen and councillors". She was on the baths, distress, public health, and works committees. Another woman, Quaker social worker Mary E. Balkhill, was elected unopposed to Kilburn ward in Hampstead the following May. Despite support from the Hampstead Non-Political and Progressive Association, Lawrence lost the subsequent election in October 1909 by six votes.

## Personal life

Reina was born in New York to an Anglo-Jewish family. Her father John Moss Lawrence was a merchant and investor, and her mother Emily was from Spanish Town, Jamaica. She was the third of nine siblings. The family moved to London in the 1870s and settled in Belsize Park in the 1880s at 37 Belsize Avenue, where Reina remained living with her parents, close to the family of her law partner Orme. Her younger sister Caroline (born 1864/5) also studied at UCL, reading English and French. Another sister Esther was a kindergarten teacher. Her younger brother Henry Walton Lawrence, known as HW Lawrence, was a business partner of Arthur Henry Bullen.

She was the executor and residuary beneficiary of Orme's will when she died in 1937. They may have had an intimate relationship, referred to as a "Boston marriage". By 1911 she had moved to Messing, Essex and she died in Essex in 1940.

## Legacy

Two years after her death in 1940, it was noted that her "balanced counsel during her long life of useful work steered many Hampstead charitable bodies." Lawrence's election as a councillor was commemorated in 2008 by an Early Day Motion in the House of Commons, sponsored by Lynne Featherstone and signed by 33 MPs. Lawrence was featured in an exhibition at Holborn library in Camden from December 2007 to January 2008, alongside Mary Wollstonecraft and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. Lawrence's election was included in a 2009 government "Women in power" factsheet that left out the election of Margaret Thatcher as the first woman Prime Minister. In December 2018, the London Assembly included Lawrence among 100 women they proposed to have an English Heritage blue plaque, in honour of 100 years since some women were given the vote.


title: Melanoplus chiricahuae

abstract: Melanoplus chiricahuae, the Chiricahua short-wing grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Melanoplus chiricahuae

***Melanoplus chiricahuae***, the **Chiricahua short-wing grasshopper**, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Melanoplus chiricahuae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Genus: | *Melanoplus* |
| Species: | ***M. chiricahuae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanoplus chiricahuae***<br>Hebard, 1922 | |
|