title: Eóin Mac Suibhne

abstract: Eóin Mac Suibhne was a fourteenth-century Scottish nobleman and a leading member of Clann Suibhne. In the middle of the thirteenth century, seemingly during the 1260s, Eóin's family appears to have been ejected from its homeland in Argyll by the Stewart/Menteith kindred. It may have been during this period that members of Clann Suibhne took up residence in Ireland. In the first decade of the fourteenth century, Eóin appears on record claiming his family's Scottish lands. As such, Eóin campaigned on behalf of the English cause during the First War of Scottish Independence as a means of combating the Stewarts/Menteiths. An expedition by Eóin to reclaim his ancestral lordship may be referred to by a particular piece of mediaeval Gaelic poetry. Although a sixteenth-century source alleges that Eóin was the first Clann Suibhne Lord of Fanad, contemporary sources appear to show that the family gained the lordship later in the fourteenth century.

text:
# Eóin Mac Suibhne

**Eóin Mac Suibhne** (fl. 1310) was a fourteenth-century Scottish nobleman and a leading member of Clann Suibhne. In the middle of the thirteenth century, seemingly during the 1260s, Eóin's family appears to have been ejected from its homeland in Argyll by the Stewart/Menteith kindred. It may have been during this period that members of Clann Suibhne took up residence in Ireland.

In the first decade of the fourteenth century, Eóin appears on record claiming his family's Scottish lands. As such, Eóin campaigned on behalf of the English cause during the First War of Scottish Independence as a means of combating the Stewarts/Menteiths. An expedition by Eóin to reclaim his ancestral lordship may be referred to by a particular piece of mediaeval Gaelic poetry. Although a sixteenth-century source alleges that Eóin was the first Clann Suibhne Lord of Fanad, contemporary sources appear to show that the family gained the lordship later in the fourteenth century.

## Background

Eóin was a member of Clann Suibhne, a family descended from the eponymous Suibhne mac Duinn Shléibhe. Eóin's father was Suibhne, son of Maol Mhuire an Sparáin. The latter was a son of Murchadh Mac Suibhne, grandson of Suibhne mac Duinn Shléibhe.

At some point in the mid thirteenth century—perhaps in the 1260s—Eóin's family appears to have been ejected from its homeland in Argyll. At about this point, the clan seems to have been displaced and replaced in the region by the Stewart/Menteith kindred. As such, it may have been at about this time that Clann Suibhne took up residence in Ireland, and it may have been during this period that the family began to act as suppliers of gallowglass warriors there. Eóin's great-grandfather, Murchadh Mac Suibhne, is certainly reported to have perished in Ireland, as the prisoner of the Earl of Ulster, in 1267.

As late as 1261, an earlier member of the clan, a certain Dubhghall mac Suibhne, is reported to have been the lord of Skipness Castle and its adjacent chapel. That year, according to a charter witnessed by Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith, Dubhghall granted away some of his territory to Paisley Abbey. The following year, Dubhghall is said to have signed over Skipness, and lands in Knapdale, Kintyre, and Cowal.

The circumstances surrounding of Dubhghall's contract with Walter are unclear. There are no other records regarding the allotment of Clann Suibhne lands during this period, and it is not known if the Stewarts/Menteiths or their allies had already established themselves in Knapdale. One possibility is that Dubhghall and his family succumbed to a military campaign against them. The creation of the Stewart/Menteith lordship of Knapdale may have been undertaken in the context of extending Scottish royal authority into Argyll and the Isles. This transition of power certainly seems to have marked an increase in Scottish authority in Argyll. In any case, the continued Stewart/Menteith lordship of Knapdale is evidenced by Walter's grant of churches in Knapdale to Kilwinning Abbey, and by an act of parliament that notes the earl's land of Knapdale in 1293. Regardless, ensuing historical events reveal that later members of Clann Suibhne regarded this territorial arrangement as unacceptable.

## Campaigning for the English in 1310

Eóin appears to be the subject of a remarkable piece of Gaelic poetry called *Dál chabhlaigh ar Chaistéal Suibhne* ("An assembling of a fleet against Castle Sween"). The poem was authored by Artúr Dall Mac Gurcaigh, and possibly composed for Eóin himself. Artúr's poem purports to describe a seaborne invasion of Castle Sween and surrounding Knapdale from Ireland. Whilst it is possible that the poem refers to an actual attack upon the ancestral Clann Suibhne seat, it is also possible that the composition merely depicts an idealised and exaggerated expedition that was never undertaken. In fact, there is reason to suspect that the poem was composed not for Eóin, but for a fourteenth-century member of the kindred, Eóghan, brother of Toirdhealbhach Caoch Mac Suibhne, Lord of Fanad. As such, *Dál chabhlaigh ar Chaistéal Suibhne* may instead concern a proposed expedition by Eóghan to reclaim his family's ancestral Scottish heritage.

Historically, in February 1306, Robert Bruce VII, Earl of Carrick, a claimant to the Scottish throne, murdered his chief rival to the kingship, John Comyn of Badenoch. Although the former seized the throne (as Robert I) by March, the English Crown immediately struck back, defeating his forces in June. By September, Robert was a fugitive, and seems to have escaped into the Hebrides. In 1307, at about the time of the death of Edward I, King of England in July, Robert mounted a remarkable return to power. By 1309, his opponents had been largely overcome, and he held his first parliament as king.

In 1310, King Edward II of England orchestrated an expedition into Scotland. One component of the campaign was a maritime force launched from Ireland under the command of Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster. One possibility is that Richard was meant to support the forces of the English-aligned Clann Dubhghaill in Argyll. It may well have been in the context of bolstering the campaign that the English Crown reached out to Eóin and other neighbouring maritime magnates.

Specifically, in July 1310, correspondence between Eóin and Edward II reveals that the English king granted Eóin—and Eóin's brothers Toirdhealbhach and Murchadh—the land of Knapdale which formerly belonged to their ancestors, as a means to continue to combat Walter's son, John Menteith, an adherent of the Scottish Crown. Clearly, the Stewart/Menteith opposition to Edward II was the catalyst for Eóin's support of the English. Clann Suibhne's alignment with the English, therefore, exemplifies how bitter long-standing local rivalries dictated the adherence or opposition to the Bruce cause. Further correspondence likewise evinces this royal grant to Eóin, and reveals that he was in the company of Aonghus Óg Mac Domhnaill and Hugh Bisset whilst on campaign against John. Eóin's letter to the king specifies that, although he was able to visit Knapdale and view it, he was unable to gain possession of it on account of the occupying forces of Eóin Mac Dubhghaill. In any case, in early August, within weeks of Richard's intended maritime campaign, Edward II redirected the fleet to Mann, and placed it under the command of Simon de Montagu.

If *Dál chabhlaigh ar Chaistéal Suibhne* indeed refers to a specific event, it is conceivable that this event took place at about the time of Edward II's grant to Eóin. Whatever the case, Clann Suibhne was apparently unable to make good of the king's grant, and never regained possession of Knapdale. The fact that th earl's maritime campaign never materialised as intended may account for Eóin's inability to secure his ancestral lands. In consequence of this failure, Eóin appears to have thereafter served in Ireland, where members of Clann Suibhne later served as military commanders. If the largely legendary sixteenth-century *Leabhar Clainne Suibhne* is to be believed, Eóin was banished from Scotland having killed a man, after which Eóin relocated to Ireland, and overcame the Uí Bresléin to become the first in a long line of Clann Suibhne lords of Fanad. However, there is reason to suspect that this account is erroneous. For example, this supposed massacre of the Uí Bresléin is not documented by any of the Irish annals. In fact, the Uí Bresléin were earlier dispossessed by the Uí Domhnaill, and the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century *Annals of Ulster* notes the death of the Uí Domhnaill Lord of Fanad in 1281. Also, *Leabhar Clainne Suibhne* notes that certain territories within Fanad were granted to Clann Suibhne by the Uí Domhnaill later in the fourteenth century, which suggests that Clann Suibhne was not then in possession of the lordship. In fact, the first recorded Clann Suibhne Lord of Fanad is Toirdhealbhach Caoch.

## Final loss of the Clann Suibhne patrimony

In 1314, Edward II granted one of his Scottish retainers, a certain Dungal de Gyvelestone, the lands of Knapdale and Glendaruel. In this grant, these territories are stated to have been in the hands of John, and to have been earlier possessed by a certain "*Suny Magurke*"—presumably at some point in the late thirteenth century. On one hand, Suny's recorded name could indicate that he was the son of a man named Murchadh—perhaps a son of Murchadh Mac Suibhne who died in 1267, or a son of the like-named brother of Eóin noted in 1310. On the other hand, it is possible that Suny is identical to Eóin's father, and that his recorded name equates to **Suibhne Mag Bhuirrche**.

Following Robert's consolidation of authority in Scotland, the lands of English adherents were forfeited and redistributed to close supporters of the Bruce cause. As such, the vast Clann Dubhghaill maritime territories were broken up and granted away to various kindreds. As for the former Clann Suibhne lordship of Knapdale, Robert apparently granted it to John. The latter's like-named grandson was certainly styled "Lord of Knapdale and Arran" in 1357, and is recorded to have granted various lands in the lordship—including Castle Sween—to Giolla Easbuig Caimbéal, Lord of Loch Awe.

## Clann Suibhne connections with the Uí Domhnaill

Domhnall Óg Ó Domhnaill, King of Tír Chonaill was evidently allied in marriage with Clann Suibhne. According to the sixteenth-century pedigrees of the Uí Domhnaill, a daughter of a certain Mac Suibhne was the mother of Domhnall Óg's son and successor, Aodh. In fact, Domhnall Óg was himself fostered amongst Clann Suibhne, as evidenced by a contemporary poem composed by Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe. Aodh was first inaugurated as king in 1281. The fact that his mother is unlikely to have been born much later than 1250 suggests that she was not a daughter of Eóin. Nevertheless, *Leabhar Clainne Suibhne* claims that Eóin, by way of a daughter named Caiteríona, was indeed Aodh's maternal grandfather.

In September 1286, members of the faction concluded a pact, known as the Turnberry Band, in which certain Scottish and Anglo-Irish magnates pledged to support one another. Three of the cosignatories were members of the Stewart/Menteith kindred: Walter, and his two sons, Alexander and John. The participation of these men in the band could have also concerned their family's part in the annexation of the Clann Suibhne lordship in Argyll. Forced from its homeland, Clann Suibhne evidently found a safe haven in Tír Chonaill on account of its marital alliance with Domhnall Óg. Another cosignatory was Richard, son of the man in whose prison Murchadh Mac Suibhne died in 1267. As such, it is conceivable that the Stewart/Menteith aspect of the band concerned the continued threat that the family faced from Clann Suibhne, now seemingly seated in Tír Chonaill, and backed by Aodh. Likewise, the part played by the Earl of Ulster in Murchadh Mac Suibhne's demise could be evidence that this comital family of de Burgh was opposed to the settlement of Clann Suibhne in Ireland, and therefore aligned with the Stewarts/Menteiths in regard to the fate of Clann Suibhne.

> Tall men are arraying the fleet
> which takes its course on the swift sea-surface;
> every hand holds a trim warspear
> in the battle of targes, polished and comely.
>
> The prows of the ships are arrayed
> with quilted hauberks as with jewels,
> with warriors wearing brown belts;
> Norsemen — nobles at that.

— excerpt from *Dál chabhlaigh ar Chaistéal Suibhne*, by Artúr Dall Mac Gurcaigh, describing a Clann Suibhne war-fleet to Castle Sween. Ships were the most valuable pieces of military technology utilised by the suppliers of gallowglass troops.

Two other cosignatories were Aonghus Mór mac Domhnaill, Lord of Islay, and his succeeding son, Alasdair Óg, leading members of Clann Domhnaill. It is evident that a daughter of Aonghus Mór was married to Domhnall Óg, and that this woman was the mother of Domhnall Óg's son, Toirdhealbhach. As such, the participation of Aonghus Mór and Alasdair Óg in the band could well have concerned an attempt to install Toirdhealbhach—matrilineally descended from Clann Domhnaill—as King of Tír Chonaill over the competing claims of this man's opposing half-brother, Aodh—matrilineally descended from Clann Suibhne. Certainly, in 1290, the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century *Annals of Connacht*, the sixteenth-century *Annals of Loch Cé*, the seventeenth-century *Annals of the Four Masters*, and the *Annals of Ulster* report that Aodh was defeated at the hands of his half-brother, who thereby seized the kingship of Tír Chonaill through the power of Clann Domhnaill. Whether this clash was a direct result of the bond is uncertain, although it seems likely that Aonghus Mór's part in the pact concerned the value of his kindred's military might. When Toirdhealbhach was defeated again in 1295, the *Annals of the Four Masters* reports that he was forced from Tír Chonaill, and found sanctuary with Cineál Eoghain and Clann Domhnaill. Contentions between the half-brothers and their allies continued until Toirdhealbhach's defeat and death at the hands of Aodh in 1303. The Clann Suibhne gallowglasses that lent support to Aodh's cause may well have been commanded by Eóin, and it may have been from Tír Chonaill, with Aodh's backing, where Clann Suibhne launched its campaigns against the Stewarts/Menteiths. The history of Clann Suibhne in the thirteenth- and fourteenth centuries reveals not only the remarkable military power at the disposal of its leadership, but also the ability of these leaders to maintain cohesion without a fixed territorial base.

## Ancestry

## Citations

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64. Tabraham (2005) pp. 28, 110; Roberts (1997) p. 101; Ewart; Triscott; Holmes et al. (1996) p. 518; *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1992) pp. 19, 249 § 119, 258 § 119.
65. Coira (2012) p. 191; Sellar (1971) p. 27; Walsh (1920) pp. 4–5 § 3.
66. *Statutes of England to 1320* (n.d.).
67. Young; Stead (2010a) p. 80; Barrow (2008); Barrow (2005) p. 181; Young (2004); Boardman, S (2001); McDonald (1997) p. 169.
68. Barrow (2008); McDonald (1997) pp. 170–174.
69. Young; Stead (2010a) pp. 92–93; Barrow (2008); Barrow (2005) pp. 220–224; McDonald (1997) pp. 174–175.
70. Barrow (2008).
71. McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 27; Duffy (1993) p. 191; Palgrave (1830) p. 392 § 63.
72. McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 27.
73. McAndrew (2006) p. 136; McAndrew (1999) p. 702 § 3011; Macdonald, WR (1904) p. 247 § 1950; Fraser (1888b) pp. 455, 461 fig. 3; Laing (1866) p. 120 § 722.
74. Watson, F (2004).
75. McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 27; Brown, M (2008) pp. 40, 61; Oram; Adderley (2008) p. 76; Nicholls (2007) p. 92; Barrow (2005) pp. 76, 252; McDonald (1997) p. 166; Ewart; Triscott; Holmes et al. (1996) p. 518; *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1992) p. 258 § 119; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 320, 346 n. 181; Barrow (1973) p. 373; McKerral (1951) pp. 5–6; Campbell (1911) pp. 279–280; Brown, A (1889) pp. 189–190; *Origines Parochiales Scotiae* (1854) p. 41; *Rotuli Scotiæ* (1814) p. 90; Ayloffe (1774) p. 120.
76. Watson, F (1991) p. 256.
77. McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 27; Brown, M (2004) p. 260.
78. Nicholls (2007) p. 93; McGettigan (2005).
79. Barrow (2005) p. 76; McDonald (1997) p. 166.
80. Burke (2015) p. ii; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 59; Cameron (2014) p. 153; Nicholls (2007) p. 92, 92 n. 47; Barrow (2005) pp. 76, 217; Brown, M (2004) p. 260; Duffy (2002) p. 61; Campbell of Airds (2000) pp. 60–61; McDonald (1997) pp. 165–167, 169, 190–191; Duffy (1993) pp. 202–203, 203 n. 49, 206; *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1992) p. 258 § 119; Watson, F (1991) pp. 256, 271; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 281; Lamont (1981) pp. 161, 162, 164; Barrow (1973) pp. 373, 381; *List of Diplomatic Documents* (1963) p. 197; Reid, WS (1960) pp. 10–11; McKerral (1951) pp. 5–6; Bain (1884) p. 320 §§ 1253–1255; Stevenson (1870b) pp. 435 § 614, 436 § 615, 437 § 616; *Document 3/31/0* (n.d.); *Document 3/90/11* (n.d.); *Document 3/381/0* (n.d.).
81. Young; Stead (2010b) p. 25; Young (1990) p. 15; Barrow (1980) p. 68.
82. Nicholls (2007) p. 92; Brown, M (2004) p. 260; Watson, F (2004); Campbell of Airds (2000) pp. 60–61; McDonald (1997) pp. 165–166; Watson, F (1991) p. 256; Lamont (1981) p. 162; *List of Diplomatic Documents* (1963) p. 197; Bain (1884) p. 320 § 1255; Stevenson (1870b) p. 437 § 616; Fraser (1888a) pp. 438–439; *Document 3/381/0* (n.d.).
83. Watson, F (2004); *The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland* (1844) p. 459; *RPS, 1309/1* (n.d.a); *RPS, 1309/1* (n.d.b).
84. McNamee (2012b) ch. 2 ¶ 27; Duffy (1993) p. 191; *Rotuli Scotiæ* (1814) p. 92.
85. Brown, M (2004) p. 263 n. 13; McDonald (1997) pp. 20, 166, 249; Ewart; Triscott; Holmes et al. (1996) p. 518; *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1992) pp. 20, 258 § 119.
86. McDonald (1997) p. 166; *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1992) p. 258 § 119; Munro; Munro (1986) p. xxvi.
87. Brown, M (2008) p. 40.
88. Duffy (2002) p. 61.
89. Breen; Raven (2017) pp. 157–158; *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1992) p. 258 § 119; McKerral (1951) p. 6.
90. Coira (2012) p. 191; Walsh (1920) pp. 16–17 § 13.
91. Coira (2012) p. 191; Nicholls (2007) p. 92; Simms (2007) p. 108; Duffy (2002) p. 61; Walsh (1920) pp. 16–17 § 13.
92. Simms (2009) p. 76; Simms (2007) p. 108.
93. Simms (2007) p. 108; *Annala Uladh* (2005) § 1278.2; *Annala Uladh* (2003) § 1278.2.
94. Simms (2007) p. 108; Walsh (1920) pp. 31–33 § 25.
95. Simms (2007) pp. 109–112.
96. Campbell of Airds (2000) pp. 31–32; *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1971) p. 178 § 314.
97. McNamee (2012b) ch. 5 ¶ 61; *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1992) pp. 19, 537 n. 52; Campbell (1911) p. 280; *Calendar of the Patent Rolls* (1898) p. 264; Bain (1887) p. 80 § 423.
98. *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1992) p. 537 n. 52; Campbell (1911) p. 280.
99. Campbell (1911) p. 280.
100. Nicholls (2007) p. 92; Walsh (1920) pp. 9–11 § 8.
101. Simms (2009) p. 77; Simms (2000) p. 122; Duffy (1993) p. 172; Ó Donnchadha (1931) p. 31.
102. *Annals of the Four Masters* (2013a) § 1305.3; *Annals of the Four Masters* (2013b) § 1305.3; *Annála Connacht* (2011a) § 1305.3; *Annála Connacht* (2011b) § 1305.3; *Mac Carthaigh's Book* (2010a) § 1305.3; *Mac Carthaigh's Book* (2010b) § 1305.3; *Annals of Loch Cé* (2008) § 1305.2; Simms (2007) p. 107; *Annala Uladh* (2005) § 1301.5; *Annals of Loch Cé* (2005) § 1305.2; *Annala Uladh* (2003) § 1301.5; Simms (2000) p. 122; Duffy (1993) p. 173.
103. Penman, M (2014) p. 114; McNamee (2012a) ch. 10 ¶ 25; Barrow (2005) p. 469 n. 89; Brown, A (1889) p. 189; *Origines Parochiales Scotiae* (1854) p. 40; *The New Statistical Account of Scotland* (1854) p. 637 pt. argyle.
104. *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1992) p. 259 § 119; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 203; Thomson (1912) pp. 50–51 § 182; *Origines Parochiales Scotiae* (1854) p. 41; Robertson (1798) p. 49 § 1.
105. Boardman, S (2006) p. 64; Boardman, SI (2005) pp. 124–125; Campbell of Airds (2000) p. 92; *Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments* (1992) p. 259 § 119; Munro; Munro (1986) pp. xxvi, lxiii; Fraser (1888b) pp. 235–236, 236 n. 1; *Origines Parochiales Scotiae* (1854) p. 41.
106. Caldwell (2016) p. 352; Caldwell (2008) p. 21; McDonald (2007) p. 56; McAndrew (2006) pp. 66–67; Caldwell (2004) pp. 73–74, 74 fig. 2b; McAndrew (1999) p. 750 § 3631; McDonald (1995) pp. 131–132, 132 n. 12; Rixson (1982) pp. 125, 128, 130, 218 n. 4, pl. 3a; McKean (1906) p. 33; Macdonald, WR (1904) p. 227 § 1792; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) pp. 102–103; Birch (1895) p. 437 § 16401; Bain (1884) p. 559 § 631; Laing (1850) p. 79 § 450.
107. Duffy (1993) p. 161.
108. Simms (2008) pp. 166, 171 fig. 1; Parkes (2006) p. 368 n. 19; McGettigan (2005); O'Byrne (2005); Simms (2004); Simms (2000) p. 122.
109. Duffy (2013) pp. 131–132; Nicholls (2007) p. 93, 93 n. 49; Duffy (2002) p. 61; Duffy (1993) p. 153; Walsh (1938) p. 377; Walsh (1920) p. xvii, xvii n. 13.
110. Duffy (2013) p. 131; Simms (2008) p. 166; Duffy (2007) p. 20; Simms (2007) p. 107; Parkes (2006) p. 368 n. 19; Simms (2004); Duffy (1993) pp. 127, 153.
111. Duffy (2007) p. 20; Simms (2007) p. 107; McLeod (2005b) pp. 42–43; Duffy (1993) pp. 127, 153; McKenna (1946) pp. 40, 42 § 22, 44 § 22.
112. Simms (2008) p. 166.
113. Nicholls (2007) p. 93 n. 49.
114. Simms (2007) p. 108; McLeod (2005b) p. 43, n. 79; Walsh (1920) pp. xvii, xxi, 20–21 § 16.
115. Holton (2017) pp. 148–149; Petre (2015) p. 606; Penman, M (2014) pp. 25–26; Penman, MA (2014) pp. 63–64, 63 n. 2; Duffy (2013); McNamee (2012a) ch. 2 ¶ 19; McNamee (2012b) ch. introduction ¶ 15; Young; Stead (2010a) p. 30; Young; Stead (2010b) p. 48; Hartland (2007) pp. 343–344; Barrow (2005) pp. 24–25, 75–76; Barrow; Royan (2004) pp. 172–173; Brown, M (2004) p. 256; Duffy (2004); Blakely (2003) p. 110, 110 nn. 55–56; McDonald (1997) pp. 161–162; Roberts (1997) p. 129; Duffy (1993) pp. 151, 154, 206; Barrow (1990) p. 129; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 281; Reid, N (1982) pp. 76–78; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 57–58; Lamont (1981) p. 160; Duncan (1966) p. 188; Fraser (1888b) pp. xxxi § 12, 219–220; Stevenson (1870) pp. 22–23 § 12; *Document 3/0/0* (n.d.).
116. Duffy (2013) pp. 131–132.
117. Duffy (2013) p. 132.
118. Duffy (2013) p. 132; Duffy (1993) pp. 153–154.
119. Rixson (1982) p. 188; M'Lachlan; Skene (1862) pp. 151a, 116b, 117b; *Bardic Poetry Database* (n.d.) § 618. Dal chabhlaigh ar Chaisteal Suibhne $.
120. Caldwell (2008) p. 20.
121. Duffy (2013) p. 132; Duffy (2007) pp. 1, 16; Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii; Simms (2000) p. 122; Duffy (1993) p. 127 n. 63; Walsh (1938) p. 377; Walsh (1920) p. xvii n. 13.
122. Duffy (2013) p. 132; Simms (2008) pp. 166, 171 fig. 1; Duffy (2007) p. 1; Duffy (2002) p. 61; Simms (2000) p. 122; Duffy (1993) p. 154.
123. Duffy (1993) p. 154.
124. Duffy (2013) pp. 132–133; *Annála Connacht* (2011a) § 1290.7; *Annála Connacht* (2011b) § 1290.7; Simms (2008) p. 166; Duffy (2007) p. 1; Duffy (2002) p. 61; Simms (2000) p. 122; McDonald (1997) p. 155; Duffy (1993) pp. 154–155; Lydon (1992) pp. 6–7; *Succession Dispute* (n.d.); *The Annals of Connacht* (n.d.a); *The Annals of Connacht* (n.d.b).
125. *Annals of Loch Cé* (2008) § 1290.6; Macniven (2006) p. 148; *Annals of Loch Cé* (2005) § 1290.6.
126. *Annals of the Four Masters* (2013a) § 1290.4; *Annals of the Four Masters* (2013b) § 1290.4; McLeod (2005b) pp. 43, 44, nn. 73, 79.
127. *Annala Uladh* (2005) § 1286.5; McLeod (2005b) pp. 43, 44, nn. 73, 79; *Annala Uladh* (2003) § 1286.5; *AU, 1290, p. 373* (n.d.).
128. Duffy (2013) pp. 132–133.
129. Duffy (2007) pp. 1–2; McLeod (2005b) p. 44; McDonald (1997) p. 155; Duffy (1993) pp. 154–155, 172; Lydon (1992) pp. 6–7.
130. Caldwell (2008) p. 20; McGettigan (2005); Duffy (1993) p. 175 n. 60.
131. *Annals of the Four Masters* (2013a) § 1295.3; *Annals of the Four Masters* (2013b) § 1295.3; Duffy (2013) pp. 132–133 n. 43; Duffy (2002) p. 61.
132. *Annals of the Four Masters* (2013a) § 1303.6; *Annals of the Four Masters* (2013b) § 1303.6; Duffy (2013) pp. 132–133 n. 43; *Annála Connacht* (2011a) § 1303.6; *Annála Connacht* (2011b) § 1303.6; *Annals of Loch Cé* (2008) § 1303.5; Simms (2008) p. 166; *Annals of Loch Cé* (2005) § 1303.5; *Annala Uladh* (2005) § 1299.4; *Annala Uladh* (2003) § 1299.4; Duffy (2002) p. 61; Duffy (1993) pp. 155, 155 n. 19, 161.
133. Brown, M (2004) pp. 264–265.
134. Duffy (2013) p. 132; Duffy (1993) p. 154.
135. Oram; Adderley (2008) p. 76.

### Primary sources

### Secondary sources

## InfoBox

| Eóin Mac Suibhne | |
| --- | --- |
| Eóin's name as it appears on page 264 of National Library of Scotland Advocates MS 72.1.37 (the *Book of the Dean of Lismore*): "**One m'soyne**". | |
| Noble family | Clann Suibhne |
| Father | Suibhne Mac Suibhne |


title: Panam Padaithavan

abstract: Panam Padaithavan is a 1965 Indian Tamil-language film produced and directed by T. R. Ramanna, and written by Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy. The film stars M. G. Ramachandran, Sowcar Janaki and K. R. Vijaya. It was released on 27 March 1965.

text:
# Panam Padaithavan

***Panam Padaithavan*** (transl.The one who has money) is a 1965 Indian Tamil-language film produced and directed by T. R. Ramanna, and written by Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy. The film stars M. G. Ramachandran, Sowcar Janaki and K. R. Vijaya. It was released on 27 March 1965.

## Plot

While making his way to Calcutta, accompanied by his young brother, Balu, for an athletic championship, Raja, an accomplished sportsman, stemming from a rich rustic Tamil family. Raja and Balu met Shanti's father, Masilamani in accident. Masilamani is a drunkard got addicted to liquor due to his wife death. Raja shows mercy towards them and got acquainted with Shanti and with her father, Masilamani, in very modest condition. Between Raja and Shanti, it is love at first sight.

Having won the championship, Raja and Balu meets Rama and Uma, two sisters were accompanied by their wealthy father G.R. Pillai. Shanthi happens to work as servant in Rama and Uma's house. Eventually, Balu and Uma, fall in love each other. Rama has difficulty in seducing Raja for a very good reason, he thinks only of Shanti. Rama is an overly social lady, which Raja dislikes, so he avoids her. G.R. Pillai happens to be distant relative and good friend of Raja and Balu's father Shanmuga Pillai, invites Raja and Balu parents to fix her daughters marriage to Raja and Balu. However, Raja reject Rama. Indeed, because he refuses the hand of Rama, his father also refuses to give Uma to Balu. He wants his two daughters to marry both brothers.

Meanwhile, a mysterious man Kuppan, off and on black-mail Shanmuga Pillai. Balu, then, sinks into alcohol to drown his sorrows and accuses Raja that because of him, Balu and Uma are unable to marry. For the happiness of his younger brother, he skips the one that he loves and resigns to marry Rama. However, Raja heart-brokenly informs his decision to Shanthi. Shanthi is unable to bear this and decides to kill herself.

After Raja and Balu marriage, Raju receives a phone call that Shanthi was admitted in hospital due to seriousness of her suicide attempt, which irritates Rama. The next day, everyone leaves to Raja's native place, except Raja and Rama. Rama who still hates Raja, plays a prank that she receives call from Joker that he is serious. Rama rushes to the club house to meet Joker. Soon Rama have guilty feeling on cheating Raja and her own behaviour. Joker misbehaves towards Rama. Raja arrives there and fight between Raja and Joker ensues. In the fight, Joker shoots Rama, Rama succumbs to her injury and dies. Before she dies, she repent her mistakes to Raja. The police soon arrest the Joker. Raja heart-broken joins military.

After few years, Raja got injured in the battlefields and return to his village. There, Balu found out that his brother still in love with Shanthi. Balu goes to Calcutta and invites Shanthi and her father, Masilamani to get Shanthi and Raja married. Once they arrived there, Raja and everyone shocked to hear, that Shanthi's father, Masilamani is low-caste person, and used to worked Shanmuga Pillai's farm. Shanthi's father, Masilamani eloped with Shanmuga Pillai's own sister (Raja's aunt). Soon or later, Shanthi is born and her mother passed away. Due to this, Shanmuga Pillai hates Shanthi's father and chases away Raja, Shanthi and her father.

Raja and Shanthi soon decide to marry, but during the ceremony, Kuppan tries to stop them, but Raja overcomes Kuppan and marries Shanthi. Balu supports his brother Raja's marriage. Raja gets job in a gym. Shanthi gets pregnant. Shanmuga Pillai informs Balu that, if he didn't get child soon, his property will be given to charity. He informs Shanthi to support him in order for their family unity. Balu schemes. Balu and Uma lies to Shanmuga Pillai that Uma is pregnant. Balu sends Uma to Calcutta her (fake) pregnancy. Shanthi delivers a baby boy. Balu and Uma comes while Raja away to his work and persuade Shanthi to give her child to Balu and Uma. Balu reveals his plan to Shanthi that to bring Raja's son like Balu's son. Shanthi half-hearted let Balu take his son. Shanmuga Pillai delighted to see the baby, thinking it is Balu's son.

Raja later learned of this. He also reluctantly agrees to their plan. As the days goes by, Raja and Shanthi misses their son. Seeing this, Masilamani goes see Balu. However, Shanmuga Pillai learned of the incident from Masilamani, gives the baby to Shanthi's father. Shanmuga Pillai, however, misses Raja's son and decides to go to see Raja's son. Soon Raja and Shanmuga Pillai realises, that Raja's son and Masilamani were kidnapped by Kuppan the mysterious man who, blackmail Shanmuga Pillai earlier on.

Shanmuga Pillai reveal to Raja, before coming to the village, he was collaborating with Kuppan in smuggling business and eventually jailed for two months. Using this Kuppan often black-mail Shanmuga Pillai for money. Raja finally saves the baby from Kuppan.

The films end where, all the family members unite, whereby Balu reveals, Uma is pregnant.

## Cast

## Production

*Panam Padaithavan* was produced and directed by T. R. Ramanna under R. R. Pictures, and written by Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy. Cinematography was handled by M. A. Rehman, and editing by M. S. Money.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy, with lyrics Vaali. Ramachandran felt the song "Enakkoru Mahan", which had the lyrics "Ennakoru mahan pirappaan! – Avan Ennaipolave iruppan! Thanakkoru paathaiyai vahukaamal – En Thalaivan vazhiyile nadappan!" (A son will be born to me- and he will resemble me; Rather than treading on his own path – he will follow the route of my leader) was the inverse of his real self since he had no biological children.

| Song | Singers | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Antha Maapilai" | T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela | 4:39 |
| "Enakkoru Mahan" | T. M. Soundararajan | 4:35 |
| "Kannpona Pokkile" | T. M. Soundararajan | 5:11 |
| "Maanicka Thottil" | T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela, L. R. Eswari | 4:19 |
| "Paruvathil Konjam" | L. R. Eswari, T. M. Soundararajan | 4:12 |
| "Pavalakodiyil" | T. M. Soundararajan, L. R. Eswari | 5:00 |
| "Thannuyir Pirivadhai" | P. Susheela | 4:41 |

## Release and reception

*Panam Padaithavan* was released on 27 March 1965. The film ran for over 100 days in theatres. The film was dubbed in Telugu as *Kaala Chakkaram*. *Kalki* praised the film citing Nagesh's humour and child's innocent smile makes them forgive the flaws, and felt that was enough.

## InfoBox

| Panam Padaithavan | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | T. R. Ramanna |
| Written by | Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy |
| Produced by | T. R. Ramanna |
| Starring | M. G. Ramachandran
Sowcar Janaki
K. R. Vijaya |
| Cinematography | M. A. Rahman |
| Edited by | M. S. Mani |
| Music by | Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy |
| Production
company | R. R. Pictures |
| Release date | * 27 March 1965 (1965-03-27) |
| Running time | 168 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Feast II: Sloppy Seconds

abstract: Feast II: Sloppy Seconds is a 2008 American horror comedy film and a sequel to the 2005 film Feast. The film was directed by John Gulager and written by Marcus Dunstan and Patrick Melton. The film was followed by Feast III: The Happy Finish (2009).

text:
# Feast II: Sloppy Seconds

***Feast II: Sloppy Seconds*** is a 2008 American horror comedy film and a sequel to the 2005 film *Feast*. The film was directed by John Gulager and written by Marcus Dunstan and Patrick Melton.

The film was followed by *Feast III: The Happy Finish* (2009).

## Plot

Biker Queen, twin sister of Harley Mom, discovers the severed arm of her sister from the previous film. Upon discovering the surviving Bartender, she tortures him into telling her who killed Harley Mom. He reveals that it was Bozo and points her to a town where he lives. She knocks Bartender out and takes him with her to the town.

Prior to the events of the first film, the town was overrun by the monsters. A pair of small Mexican wrestlers named Thunder and Lightning were attacked by the monsters and Lightning's girlfriend was killed. Inside the jail, a hobo was in a cell for dealing methamphetamine and questioned where his school bus (makeshift meth lab) is. The Sheriff taunted him before being killed. A car salesman named Slasher found evidence of his wife cheating with one of his employees and barely escaped the monsters.

Biker Queen and four of her friends arrive in the deserted town with the Bartender, ignoring the dead bodies as they look for Bozo and cross paths with Slasher, his wife Secrets and the man she has an affair with, Greg. The group is attacked by a monster, which kills one of the biker girls, Tot Girl. The others and the Bartender make their way to Bozo's apartment, where they encounter Honey Pie, the girl who left the group from the first movie behind at the bar. Bartender brutally attacks her and knocks Honey Pie out of the window and onto the street. Honey Pie survives the fall and goes into hiding.

Slasher, Greg and Secrets receive a call from the wrestlers, but before they find them they are ambushed by the bikers. Both groups get to a garage where the brothers and their grandmother are hiding. The group then tries to make it to the jail, but the Hobo has sealed himself in.

As the wrestlers try to fashion a skeleton key for the jail house, Greg dissects one of the monsters, gravely injuring the wrestlers' grandmother when the creature vomits. They discover an eye in the creature's intestines that acts like an alarm system, and cause it to make a terrifying howl in the process. As a result, more monsters swarm the garage. The brothers return with the key, but the group must go to the roof to escape the monsters. The survivors on the roof hear a baby crying, trapped inside a station wagon that Slasher sold prior to the attack. The next morning, Greg tries to save the baby, but when he encounters a monster and his plan backfires, he throws the baby to the air, leaving him to the monster to eat as a distraction when he has trouble escaping.

Meanwhile, Honey Pie, who has spent the night trapped in a store, is ambushed by one of the monsters. She manages to knock it out and uses its claws to make a hole in the bullet-proof glass of the store's door. As she is getting out, the monster regains consciousness and starts to chase her down the street.

Trapped on the roof, the group sacrifices Splat Girl to the monsters and fashion a catapult with Biker Queen's motorcycle and the biker girls' clothes. Using the wrestlers' gravely injured grandmother to test it, they cause her to smash into a wall and die. Thunder gets onto the catapult, but is thrown into the street, where he is quickly attacked by the monsters and disemboweled. Greg is then severely injured when the bike's tailpipe flies into his head. Meanwhile, Lightning crosses the street under the protection of a trash can. Thunder, missing his legs, crawls away while Lightning picks up the key he had dropped. Lightning reaches the jail house, but as he opens the door the Hobo throws a stick of dynamite out. Lightning ducks down in the trashcan to protect himself from the explosion and is launched across the street.

Honey Pie, who made it to the border of the town, is injured by flying shrapnel from the trashcan and falls to the floor, apparently dead. The others watch as the monsters begin breaking onto the rooftop. Suddenly, Honey Pie gets up, grabs her gun and screams in anguish.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Feast II: Sloppy Seconds | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | John Gulager |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Michael Leahy |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Kevin Atkinson |
| Edited by | Marco Jakubowicz |
| Music by | Steve Edwards |
| Distributed by | Dimension Extreme |
| Release date | * October 7, 2008 (2008-10-07) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Pandemis inouei

abstract: Pandemis inouei is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Taiwan.

text:
# Pandemis inouei

***Pandemis inouei*** is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Pandemis inouei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Pandemis* |
| Species: | ***P. inouei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pandemis inouei***<br>Kawabe, 1968 | |
|


title: Papaver aculeatum

abstract: Papaver aculeatum, the bristle poppy, orange poppy or South African poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is native to Namibia, South Africa, and Lesotho, and has been introduced to eastern and southern Australia. It is the only species of poppy native to the Southern Hemisphere. An upright annual reaching 1.8 m (6 ft), it is found growing in a wide variety of habitats and soil types

text:
# Papaver aculeatum

***Papaver aculeatum***, the **bristle poppy**, **orange poppy** or **South African poppy**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is native to Namibia, South Africa, and Lesotho, and has been introduced to eastern and southern Australia. It is the only species of poppy native to the Southern Hemisphere. An upright annual reaching 1.8 m (6 ft), it is found growing in a wide variety of habitats and soil types

## InfoBox

| *Papaver aculeatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flowers and seed capsules | |
|  | |
| Habit | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Papaveraceae |
| Genus: | *Papaver* |
| Species: | ***P. aculeatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Papaver aculeatum***<br>Thunb. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Papaver aculeatum* var. *pusillum* F.Muell. * *Papaver gariepinum* Burch. ex DC. * *Papaver horridum* DC. * *Papaver multiflorum* Burm.f. * *Papaver nudum* Burm.f. | |


title: Papaver atlanticum

abstract: Papaver atlanticum, also known as the Moroccan poppy, Spanish poppy, and Atlas poppy, is a species of poppy. It is a perennial plant with basal rosettes of bluish leaves and pale orange flowers on long, wiry stems.

text:
# Papaver atlanticum

***Papaver atlanticum***, also known as the **Moroccan poppy**, **Spanish poppy**, and **Atlas poppy**, is a species of poppy.

It is a perennial plant with basal rosettes of bluish leaves and pale orange flowers on long, wiry stems.

## InfoBox

| *Papaver atlanticum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The cultivar 'Flore Pleno' | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Papaveraceae |
| Genus: | *Papaver* |
| Species: | ***P. atlanticum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Papaver atlanticum***<br>(Ball) Coss. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Papaver rupifragum* var. *atlanticum* Ball * *Papaver rupifragum* subsp. *atlanticum* (Ball) Maire | |


title: Fausto Alvarado

abstract: Fausto Humberto Alvarado Dodero was a Peruvian lawyer, politician and historian. He was Congressman of the Republic and Minister of Justice (2002–2004).

text:
# Fausto Alvarado

**Fausto Humberto Alvarado Dodero** (12 July 1950 – 15 September 2019) was a Peruvian lawyer, politician and historian. He was Congressman of the Republic (1990–1992 and 2001–2006) and Minister of Justice (2002–2004).

## Early life and education

He studied high school at Leoncio Prado Military Academy. He then entered the Faculty of Law and Political Science of the National University of San Marcos. He received a lawyer and graduated from a degree. He obtained his master's degree in economics from the Universidad del Pacífico and his master's degree in history with a major in Andean Studies from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He later received a PhD in History of the Americas from the Pablo de Olavide University of Seville.

## Political career

He was a member of the Solidarity and Democracy (SODE) party, of which he was president (1988–1994). He nominated the Chamber of Deputies in the general elections of 1990, being elected as Deputy of the Republic by Lima Provinces; however, his parliamentary work was interrupted by the closure of Congress in April 1992.

Then he joined the Independent Moralizing Front (IMF) led by Fernando Olivera Vega. In the 2001 general election he was elected Congressman of the Republic with 39,341 votes. As such, he presided over the Irregular Influence Investigation Commission exercised during the administration of Alberto Fujimori over the Judiciary, the Public Ministry and other State Powers and Institutions related to the Administration of Justice.

On 27 July 2002, he was appointed Minister of Justice by President Alejandro Toledo; as such, he carried out a modernization of the justice sector, among his achievements the awarding in favor of the General Archive of the Nation of the old post office of the Central Post, the issuance of the Criminal Procedure Code (President of the Review Commission), the creation of CERIAJUS (Special Commission for Integral Reform of the Administration of Justice), the elaboration of the National Penitentiary Treatment Plan and the Recommendations for Legal Physical Sanitation and Informal Property Titling. As well as the signing of the UN International Convention for the fight against corruption.

In February 2004, he resigned from the position of Minister of Justice, after which he returned to his work as a congressman, being elected First Vice President of Congress in the period 2005–2006.

In the 2011 Peruvian general election, he participated in the technical team of Possible Peru of Alejandro Toledo.

## Works

* *A propósito de la Constitución de Cádiz de 1812. Los conceptos políticos más importantes* (2012)
* *La historiografía y los centenarios de las repúblicas sanmartinianas. Argentina, Chile y Perú* (2011)
* *A propósito de Viscardo y Guzmán. Tiempos de vida. Emancipación e Independencia. Historia conceptual* (2013)
* *Virreinato o Colonia. Historia conceptual. España-Perú. Siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII* (Lima: Fondo Editorial del Congreso del Perú, 2013)

## InfoBox

| Fausto Alvarado | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of Justice | |
| **In office**
27 July 2002  16 February 2004 | |
| President | Alejandro Toledo |
| Prime Minister | Luis Solari
Beatriz Merino
Carlos Ferrero |
| Preceded by | Fernando Olivera |
| Succeeded by | Baldo Kresalja |
| Member of Congress | |
| **In office**
26 July 2001  26 July 2006 | |
| Constituency | Lima |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
| **In office**
26 July 1990  5 April 1992 | |
| Constituency | Lima |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Fausto Humberto Alvarado Dodero
(1950-07-12)12 July 1950
Lima, Peru |
| Died | 15 September 2019(2019-09-15) (aged 69)
Lima, Peru |
| Political party | Possible Peru (2011–2017)
Independent Moralizing Front (1995–2007)
Solidarity and Democracy (1990–1992) |
| Spouse | María Leticia Aggiuro Martín |
| Children | Claudia Alvarado Aggiuro
Fausto Renato Alvarado Aggiuro |
| Alma mater | Leoncio Prado Military Academy
National University of San Marcos
Universidad del Pacífico
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
Pablo de Olavide University |
| Occupation | Lawyer, politician, historian |
|  | |


title: Far Off Grace

abstract: Far Off Grace is the third full-length album by the German progressive metal band Vanden Plas. It was later re-released in 2004 as a special edition with two bonus track and multimedia material.

text:
# Far Off Grace

***Far Off Grace*** is the third full-length album by the German progressive metal band Vanden Plas. It was later re-released in 2004 as a special edition with two bonus track and multimedia material.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Can See" | Kuntz | S.Lill | 4:01 |
| 2. | "Far Off Grace" | Kuntz | S.Lill | 7:03 |
| 3. | "Into the Sun" | Kuntz | Werno | 6:32 |
| 4. | "Where is the Man?" | Kuntz | S.Lill | 6:10 |
| 5. | "Iodic Rain" | Kuntz | S.Lill | 6:13 |
| 6. | "I Don't Miss You" | Kuntz | Kuntz/Werno | 3:51 |
| 7. | "Inside of Your Head" | Kuntz | S.Lill | 6:54 |
| 8. | "Fields of Hope" | Kuntz | Werno/S.Lill | 6:46 |
| 9. | "I'm in You" | Kuntz | S.Lill | 6:43 |

Bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Kiss of Death (Dokken cover)" (2004 reissue bonus track) | 5:42 |
| 2. | "Shape of My Heart (Sting cover)" (2004 reissue bonus track) | 4:47 |
| 3. | "Iodic Rain (enhanced video)" (2004 reissue bonus track) | 6:12 |

## Personnel

### Production

* Vanden Plas – producer
* Dennis Ward – producer, engineer, mixing, backing vocals
* Arsenic – cover design and layout
* Artur Bente – photography

## InfoBox

| Far Off Grace | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Vanden Plas | |
| Released | 16 September 1999 |
| Studio | House of Audio, Karlsdorf, Germany |
| Genre | Progressive metal |
| Length | 54:13 |
| Label | InsideOut Records |
| Producer | Vanden Plas and Dennis Ward |
| Vanden Plas chronology | |
| *The God Thing*
(1997) ***Far Off Grace***
(1999) *Spirit of Live*
(2000) | |


title: Pantanodon madagascariensis

abstract: Pantanodon madagascariensis is an extinct species of fish in the family Poeciliidae. It was endemic to eastern Madagascar. Its natural habitats were rivers and swamps. It became extinct due to habitat loss and competition from introduced species of Gambusia.

text:
# Pantanodon madagascariensis

***Pantanodon madagascariensis*** is an extinct species of fish in the family Poeciliidae. It was endemic to eastern Madagascar. Its natural habitats were rivers and swamps. It became extinct due to habitat loss and competition from introduced species of *Gambusia*.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Pantanodon madagascariensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Extinct  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Poeciliidae |
| Genus: | *Pantanodon* |
| Species: | ***P. madagascariensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pantanodon madagascariensis***
(Arnoult, 1963) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Oryzias madagascariensis* Arnoult, 1963 | |


title: Para swimming

abstract: Para swimming is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities. Para swimmers compete at the Summer Paralympic Games and at other sports competitions throughout the world. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee. Both men and women compete in para swimming, racing against competitors of their own gender. Swimming has been a part of the Paralympic program since the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.

text:
# Para swimming

**Para swimming** is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities. Para swimmers compete at the Summer Paralympic Games and at other sports competitions throughout the world. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee. Both men and women compete in para swimming, racing against competitors of their own gender. Swimming has been a part of the Paralympic program since the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.

## Rules

Rules for the sport are adapted from those set forth by the International Swimming Federation (FINA). Swimmers compete individually in backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle, individual medley, and as teams in relay races. At the Paralympics, World Championships and other elite level competitions, swimmers compete in an Olympic-size swimming pool.

Significant differences between able-bodied and para swimming include the starting position and adaptations allowed for visually impaired swimmers. Competitors may start a race by standing on a platform and diving into the pool, as in non-disabled swimming, or by sitting on the platform and diving in, or they may start the race in the water. In events for the blind and visually impaired, people called "tappers" may stand at the end of the pool and use a pole to tap the swimmers when they approach the wall, indicating when the swimmer should turn or end the race. No prostheses or assistive devices may be worn during competition.

## Classification

Swimmers are classified according to the type and extent of their disability. The classification system allows swimmers to compete against others with a similar level of function.

Swimmers with physical disabilities are allocated a category between 1 and 10, with 1 corresponding to the most severe types of disability. Physical disabilities of para swimmers include single or multiple limb loss (through birth defects and/or amputation), cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries (leading to paralysis or disability in limb coordination), dwarfism, and disabilities which impair the use of joints.

Blind and visually impaired swimmers compete within separate categories, being allocated to categories 11, 12 or 13. Category 11 corresponds to totally blind swimmers, while competitors in category 12 have severe but not total visual impairment. Category 11 swimmers compete with blackened goggles to ensure competitors are on an even level. Category 11 swimmers are also required to use tappers but they are optional for categories 12 and 13.

Swimmers with mental disabilities compete in category 14, while deaf and hearing impaired swimmers compete in category 15.

Numbers are combined with a letter prefix depending on the event type. An "S" prefix corresponds to freestyle, backstroke and butterfly, while "SB" corresponds to breaststroke and "SM" to the medley. Hence, a swimmer with severe physical disabilities competing in backstroke may compete in an S3 event, while a blind swimmer in the medley would compete in class SM11.

For relay races, athletes from different classifications compete together, but the sum of their individual classifications must not exceed a given points total. For example, a relay team for a 34 points freestyle relay may consist of two S8 swimmers and two S9 swimmers (9 + 9 + 8 + 8 = 34), or an S10 swimmer and three S8 swimmers (10 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 34)

## Events

## Para Swimming World Series

Source:

The World Series was launched in 2017.

1. 2017 World Para Swimming World Series \- 5 Meetings
2. 2018 World Para Swimming World Series \- 6 Meetings
3. World Para Swimming World Series 2019 \- 7 Meetings
4. World Para Swimming World Series 2020 \- 7 Meetings (5 of 7 was cancelled)
5. World Para Swimming - World Series 2021 \- 4 Meetings
6. World Para Swimming - World Series 2022 \- 6 Meetings
7. World Para Swimming - World Series 2023 \- 8 Meetings

### 2017

Source:

2017 World Para Swimming World Series

City, country Name Date

1. Copenhagen, Denmark Copenhagen 2017 World Para Swimming World Series 11-12 March
2. São Paulo, Brazil São Paulo 2017 World Para Swimming World Series - Loterias Caixa Swimming Open Championships 21-23 April
3. Sheffield, Great Britain Sheffield 2017 World Para Swimming World Series - British Para Swimming International Meet 27-30 April
4. Indianapolis, USA Indianapolis 2017 World Para Swimming World Series 9-11 June
5. Berlin, Germany Berlin 2017 World Para Swimming World Series - Internationale Deutsche Meisterschaften Swimming Berlin 6-9 July

### 2018

Source:

2018 World Para Swimming World Series

City, country Name Date

1. Copenhagen, Denmark 2018 World Para Swimming World Series 2-4 March
2. Indianapolis, USA 2018 World Para Swimming World Series 19-21 April
3. São Paulo, Brazil 2018 World Para Swimming World Series Loterias Caixa Swimming Open Championships 26-28 April
4. Lignano Sabbiadoro, Italy 2018 World Para Swimming World Series 24-27 May
5. Sheffield, Great Britain 2018 World Para Swimming World Series British Para Swimming International Meet 31 May-3 June
6. Berlin, Germany 2018 World Para Swimming World Series Internationale Deutsche Meisterschaften Swimming Berlin 7-10 June

### 2019

Source:

2019 World Para Swimming World Series

City, country Name Date

1. Melbourne, Australia – 15-17 February 2019
2. Indianapolis, USA – 4-6 April 2019
3. São Paulo, Brazil – 26-28 April 2019
4. Glasgow, Great Britain – 25-28 April 2019
5. Singapore – 10-12 May 2019
6. Lignano Sabbiadoro, Italy – 30 May-2 June 2019
7. Berlin, Germany – 6-9 June 2019

### 2020

Source:

2020 World Para Swimming World Series

City, country Name Date

1. Melbourne, Australia 14-16 February 2020
2. Lignano Sabbiadoro, Italy 27 February -1 March 2020 (CANCELLED)
3. São Paulo, Brazil 25 -28 March 2020 (CANCELLED)
4. Sheffield, Great Britain 9-12 April 2020 (CANCELLED)
5. Indianapolis, USA 16-18 April 2020 (CANCELLED)
6. Singapore, 1-3 May 2020 (CANCELLED)
7. Berlin, Germany 2020 15-18 October 2020 (new dates)

### 2021

Source:

2021 World Para Swimming World Series

City, country Name Date

1. Sheffield 2021 World Series, Great Britain; 8 – 11 April
2. Lewisville 2021 World Series, USA; 15 - 17 April
3. Lignano Sabbiadoro 2021 World Series, Italy; 17 - 18 April
4. Berlin 2021 World Series, Germany; 17 – 20 June

### 2022

Source:

2022 World Para Swimming World Series

City, country Name Date

1. Para Swimming World Series Great Britain 17–20 February Aberdeen
2. Para Swimming World Series Australia 18-20 February Melbourne
3. Para Swimming World Series Italy 11-13 March Lignano Sabbiadoro
4. Para Swimming World Series Germany 31 March-3 April Berlin
5. Para Swimming World Series USA 7-9 April Indianapolis

### 2023

Source:

1. Citi Para Swimming World Series Australia 17-19 February
2. Citi Para Swimming World Series Lignano Sabbiadoro 9-12 March
3. Citi Para Swimming World Series Great Britain 16–19 March
4. Citi Para Swimming World Series USA 20-22 April
5. Citi Para Swimming World Series Singapore 29 April-1 May
6. Citi Para Swimming World Series Berlin 11-14 May
7. Citi Para Swimming World Series France 26-28 Ma
8. Citi Para Swimming World Series Mexico 5-8 October

## Notable para swimmers


title: Features from accelerated segment test

abstract: Features from accelerated segment test (FAST) is a corner detection method, which could be used to extract feature points and later used to track and map objects in many computer vision tasks. The FAST corner detector was originally developed by Edward Rosten and Tom Drummond, and was published in 2006. The most promising advantage of the FAST corner detector is its computational efficiency. Referring to its name, it is indeed faster than many other well-known feature extraction methods, such as difference of Gaussians (DoG) used by the SIFT, SUSAN and Harris detectors. Moreover, when machine learning techniques are applied, superior performance in terms of computation time and resources can be realised. The FAST corner detector is very suitable for real-time video processing application because of this high-speed performance.

text:
# Features from accelerated segment test

**Features from accelerated segment test (FAST)** is a corner detection method, which could be used to extract feature points and later used to track and map objects in many computer vision tasks. The FAST corner detector was originally developed by Edward Rosten and Tom Drummond, and was published in 2006. The most promising advantage of the FAST corner detector is its computational efficiency. Referring to its name, it is indeed faster than many other well-known feature extraction methods, such as difference of Gaussians (DoG) used by the SIFT, SUSAN and Harris detectors. Moreover, when machine learning techniques are applied, superior performance in terms of computation time and resources can be realised. The FAST corner detector is very suitable for real-time video processing application because of this high-speed performance.

## Segment test detector

FAST corner detector uses a circle of 16 pixels (a Bresenham circle of radius 3) to classify whether a candidate point p is actually a corner. Each pixel in the circle is labeled from integer number 1 to 16 clockwise. If a set of N contiguous pixels in the circle are all brighter than the intensity of candidate pixel p (denoted by Ip) plus a threshold value t or all darker than the intensity of candidate pixel p minus threshold value t, then p is classified as corner. The conditions can be written as:

* Condition 1: A set of N contiguous pixels S, $\forall x\in S$, $I\_{x}\>I\_{p}+t$ (a dark corner on a bright background)
* Condition 2: A set of N contiguous pixels S, $\forall x\in S$, $I\_{x}\<I\_{p}-t$ (a bright corner on a dark background)

So when either of the two conditions is met, candidate p can be classified as a corner. There is a tradeoff of choosing N, the number of contiguous pixels and the threshold value t. On one hand the number of detected corner points should not be too many, on the other hand, the high performance should not be achieved by sacrificing computational efficiency. Without the improvement of machine learning, N is usually chosen as 12. A high-speed test method could be applied to exclude non-corner points.

## High-speed test

The high-speed test for rejecting non-corner points is operated by examining 4 example pixels, namely pixel 1, 9, 5 and 13. Because there should be at least 12 contiguous pixels that are whether all brighter or darker than the candidate corner, so there should be at least 3 pixels out of these 4 example pixels that are all brighter or darker than the candidate corner. Firstly pixels 1 and 9 are examined, if both I1 and I9 are within \[Ip \- t, Ip \+ t\], then candidate p is not a corner. Otherwise pixels 5 and 13 are further examined to check whether three of them are brighter than Ip \+ t or darker than Ip \- t. If there exists 3 of them that are either brighter or darker, the rest pixels are then examined for final conclusion. And according to the inventor in his first paper, on average 3.8 pixels are needed to check for candidate corner pixel. Compared with 8.5 pixels for each candidate corner, 3.8 is really a great reduction which could highly improve the performance.

However, there are several weaknesses for this test method:

1. The high-speed test cannot be generalized well for N \< 12. If N \< 12, it would be possible that a candidate p is a corner and only 2 out of 4 example test pixels are both brighter Ip \+ t or darker than Ip \- t.
2. The efficiency of the detector depends on the choice and ordering of these selected test pixels. However it is unlikely that the chosen pixels are optimal which take concerns about the distribution of corner appearances.
3. Multiple features are detected adjacent to one another

## Improvement with machine learning

In order to address the first two weakness points of high-speed test, a machine learning approach is introduced to help improve the detecting algorithm. This machine learning approach operates in two stages. Firstly, corner detection with a given N is processed on a set of training images which are preferable from the target application domain. Corners are detected through the simplest implementation which literally extracts a ring of 16 pixels and compares the intensity values with an appropriate threshold.

For candidate p, each location on the circle x ∈ {1, 2, 3, ..., 16} can be denoted by p→x. The state of each pixel, Sp→x must be in one of the following three states:

* d, Ip→x ≤ Ip \- t (darker)
* s, Ip \- t ≤ Ip→x ≤ Ip \+ t (similar)
* b, Ip→x≥ Ip \+ t (brighter)

Then choosing an x (same for all p) partitions P (the set of all pixels of all training images) into 3 different subsets, Pd, Ps, Pb where:

* Pd = {p ∈ P : Sp→x = d }
* Ps = {p ∈ P : Sp→x = s }
* Pb = {p ∈ P : Sp→x = b }

Secondly, a decision tree algorithm, the ID3 algorithm is applied to the 16 locations in order to achieve the maximum information gain. Let Kp be a boolean variable which indicates whether p is a corner, then the entropy of Kp is used to measure the information of p being a corner. For a set of pixels Q, the total entropy of KQ (not normalized) is:

* H(Q) = ( c + n ) log2( c + n ) - clog2c - nlog2n
    + where c = |{ i ∈ Q: Ki is true}| (number of corners)
    + where n = |{ i ∈ Q: Ki is false}| (number of non-corners)

The information gain can then be represented as:

* Hg= H(P) - H(Pb) - H(Ps) - H(Pd)

A recursive process is applied to each subsets in order to select each x that could maximize the information gain. For example, at first an x is selected to partition P into Pd, Ps, Pb with the most information; then for each subset Pd, Ps, Pb, another y is selected to yield the most information gain (notice that the y could be the same as x ). This recursive process ends when the entropy is zero so that either all pixels in that subset are corners or non-corners.

This generated decision tree can then be converted into programming code, such as  and C++, which is just a bunch of nested if-else statements. For optimization purpose, profile-guided optimization is used to compile the code. The compiled code is used as corner detector later for other images.

Notice that the corners detected using this decision tree algorithm should be slightly different from the results using segment test detector. This is because that decision tree model depends on the training data, which could not cover all possible corners.

## Non-maximum suppression

"Since the segment test does not compute a corner response function, non-maximum suppression can not be applied directly to the resulting features." However, if N is fixed, for each pixel p the corner strength is defined as the maximum value of t that makes p a corner. Two approaches therefore could be used:

* A binary search algorithm could be applied to find the biggest t for which p is still a corner. So each time a different t is set for the decision tree algorithm. When it manages to find the biggest t, that t could be regarded as the corner strength.
* Another approach is an iteration scheme, where each time t is increased to the smallest value of which pass the test.

## FAST-ER: Enhanced repeatability

FAST-ER detector is an improvement of the FAST detector using a metaheuristic algorithm, in this case simulated annealing. So that after the optimization, the structure of the decision tree would be optimized and suitable for points with high repeatability. However, since simulated annealing is a metaheurisic algorithm, each time the algorithm would generate a different optimized decision tree. So it is better to take efficiently large amount of iterations to find a solution that is close to the real optimal. According to Rosten, it takes about 200 hours on a Pentium 4 at 3 GHz which is 100 repeats of 100,000 iterations to optimize the FAST detector.

## Comparison with other detectors

In Rosten's research, FAST and FAST-ER detector are evaluated on several different datasets and compared with the DoG, Harris, Harris-Laplace, Shi-Tomasi, and SUSAN corner detectors.

The parameter settings for the detectors (other than FAST) are as follows:

| Detector | Parameter Setting | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| DoG |
| | Scales per octave | 3 |
| | Initial blur σ | 0.8 |
| | Octaves | 4 |
| SUSAN | Distance threshold | 4.0 |
| Harris, Shi-Tomasi | Blur σ | 2.5 |
| Harris-Laplace | Initial blur σ | 0.8 |
| | Harris blur | 3 |
| | Octaves | 4 |
| | Scales per octave | 10 |
| General parameters | ε | 5 pixels |
|

* Repeatability test result is presented as the averaged area under repeatability curves for 0-2000 corners per frame over all datasets (except the additive noise):

| Detector | A |
| --- | --- |
| FAST-ER | 1313.6 |
| FAST-9 | 1304.57 |
| DOG | 1275.59 |
| Shi & Tomasi | 1219.08 |
| Harris | 1195.2 |
| Harris-Laplace | 1153.13 |
| FAST-12 | 1121.53 |
| SUSAN | 1116.79 |
| Random | 271.73 |
|

* Speed tests were performed on a 3.0 GHz Pentium 4-D computer. The dataset are divided into a training set and a test set. The training set consists of 101 monochrome images with a resolution of 992×668 pixels. The test set consists of 4968 frames of monochrome 352×288 video. And the result is:

| Detector | Training set pixel rate | Test set pixel rate |
| --- | --- | --- |
| FAST n=9 | 188 | 179 |
| FAST n=12 | 158 | 154 |
| Original FAST n=12 | 79 | 82.2 |
| FAST-ER | 75.4 | 67.5 |
| SUSAN | 12.3 | 13.6 |
| Harris | 8.05 | 7.90 |
| Shi-Tomasi | 6.50 | 6.50 |
| DoG | 4.72 | 5.10 |

1. Rosten, Edward; Drummond, Tom (2006). "Machine Learning for High-speed Corner Detection". *Computer Vision – ECCV 2006*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3951. pp. 430–443. doi:10.1007/11744023\_34. ISBN 978-3-540-33832-1. S2CID 1388140.
2. Edward Rosten, Real-time Video Annotations for Augmented Reality
3. Edward Rosten, FASTER and better: A machine learning approach to corner detection

## Bibliography


title: Fayd

abstract: Fayd or Fa'idah is a village in Makkah Province, in western Saudi Arabia. The Expedition of Qatan was ordered by Muhammad and took place here.

text:
# Fayd

**Fayd** or **Fa'idah** is a village in Makkah Province, in western Saudi Arabia. The Expedition of Qatan was ordered by Muhammad and took place here.

## InfoBox

| Fayd | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| FaydLocation in Saudi Arabia | |
| Coordinates: 21°55′02″N 39°23′18″E / 21.91722°N 39.38833°E / 21.91722; 39.38833 | |
| Country | Saudi Arabia |
| Province | Makkah Province |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: Fedele Confalonieri

abstract: Fedele Confalonieri is an Italian manager and president of Mediaset and since 2017, he has served as president of the Venerable Factory of the Duomo of Milan.

text:
# Fedele Confalonieri

**Fedele Confalonieri** (born 6 August 1937, in Milan) is an Italian manager and president of Mediaset and since 2017, he has served as president of the Venerable Factory of the Duomo of Milan.

## Biography

Confalonieri grew up in the Isola district of Milan, where formed a strong friendship with Silvio Berlusconi, a year older than him, which continued even during the high school and university years. Berlusconi and Confalonieri have indeed always been united by the common passion for music that has led them to travel the world together as piano bar musicians on cruise ships.

Graduating in law from the University of Milan, he followed his friend Berlusconi from the beginning in the television adventure, holding positions of responsibility in the Biscione companies. Fedele Confalonieri became president of Mediaset, board member of Arnoldo Mondadori spa and board member of the newspaper *Il Giornale*. He was a member of the board of directors and of the junta of Confindustria and Assolombarda. He was also president of the National Television Association, president of La Scala theater Philharmonic Orchestra and president of the Committee for Giuseppe Verdi celebrations. In October 2007 Confalonieri received his piano diploma at the Verdi Conservatory in Milan, with a program that included Beethoven's Passionate, a Brahms Rhapsody, Mussorgsky's Pictures of an Exhibition and Schumann's Fantasy. He was member of the Aspen Institute.

On 18 July 2017, he was elected President of the Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo in Milan.

On 31 July 2018, for a corporate cut of commercial TV, he is no longer an employee of the same, but still retains the role of president.

## Judicial proceedings

In April 2008, Confalonieri was brought to trial by the Judge of the preliminary of Milan hearing on charges of tax fraud. The power of attorney contested Confalonieri with alleged crimes committed between 2001 and 2003. With regard to this proceeding, he was acquitted both in the first and second instance. On February 20, 2009 he was indicted for aiding and abetting as part of the investigation into the bankruptcy of Hdc, Luigi Crespi's polling company.

In January 2010, he was challenged for tax fraud in the Mediatrade-Rti investigation. On 18 October 2011, the Judge of the preliminary of Milan brought Pier Silvio Berlusconi and Fedele Confalonieri to trial and acquitted Silvio Berlusconi, considering the evidence against him insufficient.

On 22 May 2014, the prosecutor De Pasquale asked for 3 years and 2 months of imprisonment for Berlusconi Jr., 3 years and 4 months for Confalonieri, 3 years and 8 months for Frank Agrama (the alleged occult partner of his father in the sale of TV rights) and other sentences for some managers of the group.

The following 8 July, Berlusconi Jr. and Confalonieri (together with Agrama) were prescribed for the events of 2005 and acquitted for those of 2006, 2007 and 2008 "because the fact did not constitute a crime". On 17 March 2016, the Court of Appeal of Milan overturned the first instance sentence, condemning Berlusconi and Confalonieri to a 1-year and 2-month prison sentence for 2007 events while they were prescribed for 2006 and acquitted for 2008 "because the fact was no longer foreseen as a crime"; the prosecutors asked for 3 years and 2 months for the first and 3 years and 4 months for the second. The Court ordered the temporary disqualification from management offices and the prohibition on contracting with the public administration, as well as a compensation of 20,000 euros to the Revenue Agency as accessory penalties.

On 18 October 2016, the Court of Cassation quashed the postponement of one year and two months of imprisonment issued on appeal in the Mediatrade trial without delay.

## Honours and awards

1. "Confalonieri diplomato al Conservatorio Silvio gli telefona: "Complimenti maestro" - cronaca - Repubblica.it". *www.repubblica.it*. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
2. Giorno, Il (18 July 2017). "Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo, il nuovo presidente è Fedele Confalonieri". *Il Giorno* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-06-10.
3. "Mediaset, Confalonieri lascia ma resta presidente". *www.ilmattino.it* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-06-10.
4. "Confalonieri rinviato a giudizio E' accusato di frode fiscale - cronaca - Repubblica.it". *www.repubblica.it*. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
5. "Caso Mediatrade, Pm chiedono condanne per Pier Silvio Berlusconi e Fedele Confalonieri". *rainews* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-06-10.
6. "Mediatrade, Pier Silvio Berlusconi e Fedele Confalonieri assolti e prescritti". *Il Fatto Quotidiano* (in Italian). 2014-07-08. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
7. "La Cassazione assolve Piersilvio Berlusconi e Fedele Confalonieri". *rainews* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-06-10.


title: Pappano's Essential Ring Cycle

abstract: Pappano's Essential Ring Cycle is a British television documentary first aired on BBC Four in 2013 presented by the Italian conductor Antonio Pappano about the German composer Richard Wagner and his tetralogical opera The Ring Cycle, also called by the formal title of Ring of the Niebelung. In 90 minutes he covers all 4 operas consisting of Wagner's Ring Cycle with scenes taken from his productions of the operas. Included in the programme are interviews with opera singers, notably John Tomlinson who has sung the principal character Wotan numerous times. Under Pappano he has sung the Götterdämmerung antagonist, Hagen. Pappano visits Bayreuth and the palace of Wagner's patron Ludwig II of Bavaria during the documentary. Pappano explains how Wagner did not approve of the word opera to describe his compositions. Instead he favoured the term musical drama, which he considered to be an all-inclusive term for his role of controlling every aspect of the production. Pappano relates how Wagner would stand on the stage, directing the singers, including singing all the roles, male and female to them; as means to direct them in interpreting roles. Wagner would also show stage choreography to the cast by performing stage fighting and demonstrating how to climb mountains. When scenes required some skill in mountaineering to scale scenography of a mountain. Also noteworthy within the programme is Pappano filming the interior of Ludwig II's palace revealing the neo-gothic and richly coloured interior design alongside panoramic paintings of scenes from Wagner's Ring Cycle. The palace of Richard Wagner's patron is usually ignored in documentaries in favour if focusing exclusively on the Bayreuth opera house. Pappano returned to conducting the Ring for the Royal Opera House, London in October 2012.

text:
# Pappano's Essential Ring Cycle

***Pappano's Essential Ring Cycle*** is a British television documentary first aired on BBC Four in 2013 presented by the Italian conductor Antonio Pappano about the German composer Richard Wagner and his tetralogical opera The Ring Cycle, also called by the formal title of *Ring of the Niebelung*. In 90 minutes he covers all 4 operas consisting of Wagner's Ring Cycle with scenes taken from his productions of the operas.

Included in the programme are interviews with opera singers, notably John Tomlinson who has sung the principal character Wotan numerous times. Under Pappano he has sung the Götterdämmerung antagonist, Hagen.

Pappano visits Bayreuth and the palace of Wagner's patron Ludwig II of Bavaria during the documentary. Pappano explains how Wagner did not approve of the word opera to describe his compositions. Instead he favoured the term musical drama, which he considered to be an all-inclusive term for his role of controlling every aspect of the production.

Pappano relates how Wagner would stand on the stage, directing the singers, including singing all the roles, male and female to them; as means to direct them in interpreting roles. Wagner would also show stage choreography to the cast by performing stage fighting and demonstrating how to climb mountains. When scenes required some skill in mountaineering to scale scenography of a mountain.

Also noteworthy within the programme is Pappano filming the interior of Ludwig II's palace revealing the neo-gothic and richly coloured interior design alongside panoramic paintings of scenes from Wagner's Ring Cycle. The palace of Richard Wagner's patron is usually ignored in documentaries in favour if focusing exclusively on the Bayreuth opera house.

Pappano returned to conducting the Ring for the Royal Opera House, London in October 2012.


title: Paralamiodorcadion schmidi

abstract: Paralamiodorcadion schmidi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Paralamiodorcadion. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1967.

text:
# Paralamiodorcadion schmidi

***Paralamiodorcadion schmidi*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Paralamiodorcadion***. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1967.

## InfoBox

| *Paralamiodorcadion schmidi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Paralamiodorcadion*** |
| Species: | ***P. schmidi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paralamiodorcadion schmidi***<br>Breuning, 1967 | |
|


title: Pandurang Fundkar

abstract: Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar, alias Bhausaheb Fundkar, was leader of opposition in Maharashtra Legislative Council in India. He was a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party. He was a member of 9th Lok Sabha (1989-1991), 10th Lok Sabha (1991-1996) and 11th Lok Sabha from Akola from Maharashtra. He was also former president of State BJP. He was born in 1950 in Buldhana. He was elected as member of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha from Khamgaon in 1978 and 1980. On July 8, 2016, he was sworn in as a Cabinet Minister in Devendra Fadnavis government. He died on 31 May 2018 in Breach Candy hospital, Mumbai due to a massive heart attack.

text:
# Pandurang Fundkar

**Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar** (21 August 1950 – 31 May 2018), alias **Bhausaheb Fundkar**, was leader of opposition in Maharashtra Legislative Council in India. He was a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party.

He was a member of 9th Lok Sabha (1989-1991), 10th Lok Sabha (1991-1996) and 11th Lok Sabha from Akola from Maharashtra. He was also former president of State BJP. He was born in 1950 in Buldhana.

He was elected as member of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha from Khamgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in 1978 and 1980. On July 8, 2016, he was sworn in as a Cabinet Minister in Devendra Fadnavis government.

He died on 31 May 2018 in Breach Candy hospital, Mumbai due to a massive heart attack.

## InfoBox

| Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Agriculture
Government of Maharashtra | |
| **In office**
8 July 2016  31 May 2018 | |
| Chief Minister | Devendra Fadnavis |
| Preceded by | Eknath Khadse |
| Succeeded by | Chandrakant Patil |
| Minister of Horticulture
Government of Maharashtra | |
| **In office**
8 July 2016  31 May 2018 | |
| Chief Minister | Devendra Fadnavis |
| Succeeded by | Jaydutt Kshirsagar |
| Leader of Opposition
Maharashtra Legislative Council | |
| **In office**
11 April 2005  22 December 2011 | |
| Chief Minister | Vilasrao Deshmukh
Ashok Chavan
Prithviraj Chavan |
| Preceded by | Nitin Gadkari |
| Succeeded by | Vinod Tawde |
| Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council | |
| **In office**
2002–2018 | |
| Constituency | elected by Legislative Assembly members |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
1989–1999 | |
| Preceded by | Vairale Madhusudan |
| Succeeded by | Prakash Ambedkar |
| Constituency | Akola |
| Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
1978–1985 | |
| Preceded by | Manikrao Gawande |
| Succeeded by | Manikrao Gawande |
| Constituency | Khamgaon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1950-08-21)21 August 1950
Narkhed, Buldhana, India |
| Died | 31 May 2018(2018-05-31) (aged 67) |
| Cause of death | Heart attack |
| Political party | Bhartiya Janata Party |
| Spouse | Sunita (m. 1979) |
| Children | Sagar Fundkar Vasundhara
Akash Pandurang Fundkar |
| Residence(s) | Khamgaon, Maharashtra |
| Education | Bachelor of Arts |
| Alma mater | University of Nagpur |
| Source: | |


title: Pandurang Madkaikar

abstract: Pandurang Arjun Madkaikar is an Indian politician and a former cabinet minister in the Government of Goa. He is member of the Bharatiya Janata Party and a former member of the Goa Legislative Assembly from the Cumbarjua constituency.

text:
# Pandurang Madkaikar

**Pandurang Arjun Madkaikar** (born 10 September 1964) is an Indian politician and a former cabinet minister in the Government of Goa. He is member of the Bharatiya Janata Party and a former member of the Goa Legislative Assembly from the Cumbarjua constituency.

## Personal life

Pandurang Madkaikar was born on 10 September 1964. His wife Janita is the sarpanch of the Old Goa Village Panchayat.

## Political career

Madkaikar was first elected to the Goa Legislative Assembly from the Cumbarjua constituency in 2002 Assembly elections as a candidate of the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party and became the Transport Minister of Goa in the coalition government headed by Manohar Parrikar. He joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2003 In January 2005, Madkaikar was also allotted the portfolios of Revenue as well as Printing & Stationery.

He quit the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2005 to join the Indian National Congress, resigning as a MLA on 29 January 2005, thereby causing the collapse of the Manohar Parrikar Ministry.

Madkaikar won a by-election in 2005 to the Goa Legislative Assembly the Cumbarjua constituency as a candidate of the Indian National Congress. He was inducted in the Pratapsingh Rane Ministry and served as the Minister for Transport, River Navigation and Sports & Youth Affairs.

In the 2007 Goa Assembly election, Madkaikar won the Cumbarjua constituency as a candidate of the Indian National Congress. He was appointed as a Cabinet Minister in the Digambar Kamat Ministry on 25 June 2007 with the portfolios of Transport and Social Welfare. Madkaikar was also allocated the portfolio of River Navigation on 17 December 2007. He was dropped from the Cabinet on 12 March 2008.

Madkaikar served as the Chairman of the newly established Goa Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes from 14 February 2011 to 25 January 2012.

Madkaikar won the 2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election from the Cumbarjua constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate. In December 2016, he resigned as a MLA to join the Bharatiya Janata Party. He successfully contested the 2017 Goa Assembly election from Cumbarjua as a Bharatiya Janata Party candidate.

Madkaikar served as the Minister for Power, Social Welfare and Non-Conventional Energy in the third Manohar Parrikar ministry from 14 March 2017 to 24 September 2018. In June 2018, Madkaikar suffered a brain stroke in Mumbai following which he was admitted to the Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital. He underwent a surgery and is currently recovering.

Since 25 July 2018, the portfolios allotted to Madkaikar were being looked after by Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar during the period of his absence. On 24 September 2018, Madkaikar was dropped from the Cabinet along with Francis D'Souza.


abstract: February 22 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 24 All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 8 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For February 23rd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 10.

text:
# February 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

February 22 \- Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar \- February 24

All fixed commemorations below are observed on *March 8 (March 7 on leap years)* by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For February 23rd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on *February 10*.

## Saints

## Pre-Schism Western saints

## Post-Schism Orthodox saints

### New martyrs and confessors

* New Hieromartyr Paul Kushnikov, Priest (1918)
* New Hieromartyr Michael Edlinsky, Archpriest, of Kiev (1937) (*see also: November 17*)
* New Hieromartyr Alexis Nikolsky, Priest (1938)
* New Hieromartyr Nicholas Dimitrov, Priest (1938)
* New Hieromartyr Michael Razhkin, Priest (1938)
* Martyr Sergius Borodavkin (1938)
* New Hieromartyr Sergius (Bukashkin), Hieromonk, of Novo-Alexandrovka, Moscow (1938)
* New Hieromartyr Antipas (Kyrillov), hieromonk, of Tatarintsevo, Moscow (1938)
* New Hieromartyr Philaret (Pryakhin), Abbot, of Trubino, Tver (1942)

## Other commemorations

1. February 23 / March 8. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
2. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Πολύκαρπος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἐπίσκοπος Σμύρνης.* 23 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
3. (in Greek) Συναξαριστής. *23 Φεβρουαρίου.* ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
4. *Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
5. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἑβδομήντα Τρεῖς Μάρτυρες.* 23 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
6. *The Roman Martyrology.* Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 56-57.
7. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ἅγιος Κλήμης ὁ Μάρτυρας.* 23 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
8. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ἁγία Θεὴ ἡ Μάρτυς.* 23 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
9. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ἡ Ἁγία Γοργονία ἀδελφὴ τοῦ Ἁγίου Γρηγορίου τοῦ Θεολόγου.* 23 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
10. *St Gorgonia, sister of St Gregory the Theologian.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
11. March 8 / February 23. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
12. *Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the “Unsleeping Ones”.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
13. (in Russian) 23 февраля (ст.ст.) 8 марта 2014 (нов. ст.) Archived 2014-11-08 at the Wayback Machine. Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR).
14. *Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
15. *Venerable Antiochus, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
16. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ὅσιοι Ἰωάννης, Ἀντίοχος, Ἀντωνίνος καὶ Μωϋσῆς.* 23 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
17. *Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
18. *Venerable Zebinas, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
19. *Venerable Polychronius, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
20. *Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
21. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Οἱ Ὅσιοι Ζεβινᾶς, Πολυχρόνιος, Δαμιανὸς καὶ Μωϋσῆς.* 23 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
22. *Venerable Damian, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
23. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "SS. ZEBINAS, POLYCHRONIUS, MOSES, AND DAMIAN, HH. (5TH CENT.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 376-377.
24. February 23. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
25. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. MARTHA, V. M. (A.D. 251.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. p. 360-361.
26. "Sf. Cuv. Romana, fecioara, nevoitoare la Todi, în Umbria (†324). Sfânta Romana era fiica lui Calfurnio, prefectul Romei. Voind să devină creștină, Sfânta a fugit de acasă pe când avea zece ani, pentru a primi botezul de la Sfântul Silvestru, pe muntele Sorrente. După botez, Sfânta Romana a rămas să trăiască ca și pustnică într-o peșteră, unde de multe ori a primit vizita Sfântului Silvestru care o învăța și o întărea în cele duhovnicești. Apoi Sfânta a plecat spre orașul Todi, în apropierea căruia s-a așezat într-o altă peșteră. În acea peșteră s-a și săvârșit, în rugăciune fiind, în anul 324. Credincioșii din împrejurimi, care deseori o vizitau pentru a lua povățuire și mângâiere, au îngropat-o în peștera în care trăise și se rugase, și au înălțat acolo un altar unde se săvârșea Dumnezeiasca Liturghie. În anul 1301, trupul Sfintei Romana a fost mutat la San Fortunato." // Episcopia Ortodoxă Română a Italiei
27. "Romina , Santa Virgen, 23 de febrero" // Catholic.net (España)
28. Rev. Richard Stanton. *A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries.* London: Burns & Oates, 1892. p. 81-82.
29. Very Rev. John O'Hanlon. "Article X.—St. Boisil, Abbot of Melrose, Scotland. \[Seventh Century\]." In: *Lives of the Irish Saints: With Special Festivals, and the Commemorations of Holy Persons.* VOL. II. Dublin, 1875. pp. 686-688.
30. Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. MILBURGH, V. ABSS. (7TH CENT.)." In: *The Lives of the Saints.* Volume the Second: February. London: John C. Nimmo, 1897. pp. 382-386.
31. Ο ΟΣΙΟΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ ο θεριστής (+ 11ος αι.). Εορτάζοντες την 23ην του μηνός Φεβρουαρίου. ΗΜΕΡΟΛΟΓΙΑΚΟ ΕΟΡΤΟΛΟΓΙΟ.
32. February 24. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
33. (in Italian) *Monastero San Giovanni Theristis.* Ortodossia Cristiana. Retrieved: 13 November 2014.
34. *The Roman Martyrology.* Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 183-184.
35. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Δαμιανὸς ὁ Ἐσφιγμενίτης.* 23 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
36. *Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
37. Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) *Ὁ Ὅσιος Μωϋσῆς ἐκ Ρωσίας.* 23 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
38. *Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
39. *Venerable Polycarp of Briansk.* OCA - Lives of the Saints.
40. *RUSSIAN SYNOD ADDS FOUR NAMES TO SYNAXIS OF NEW MARTYRS AND CONFESSORS.* Orthodox Christianity. Moscow, April 5, 2019.
41. (in Russian) *ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 4 апреля 2019 года.* Русская Православная Церковь, Официальный сайт Московского Патриархата (Патриархия.ru). 4 апреля 2019 г. 15:00.

## Sources

**Greek Sources**

**Russian Sources**