title: Villa Rozenrust

abstract: Villa Rozenrust is a restaurant in Leidschendam, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1976 and retained that rating until 1989. In 1993 it was again awarded a Michelin star and retained that rating until 1999. One of the head chefs that worked here, was Cees Helder, later to become the first Dutch head chef to be rewarded three Michelin stars. Other head chefs were Huub Biro, Roberto de Luca, Christian van der Linden, Danny van Wessel and Luca Malagnino. In the second star period, head chef was Marcel van Lier, who took over from Lambert Stuifbergen in 1994. The restaurant was founded by Giovanni Matarazzi. He sold the restaurant in 1998. After that, several owners came in and went again in quick succession, until in 2007 the Raimondi family took over and ownership stabilized. In 2006 the restaurant changed course, shed of the Dutch-Italian-styled kitchen and went over to a pure Italian styled kitchen. At present, the restaurant carries the name Raimondi's Villa Rozenrust.

text:
# Villa Rozenrust

**Villa Rozenrust** is a restaurant in Leidschendam, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1976 and retained that rating until 1989. In 1993 it was again awarded a Michelin star and retained that rating until 1999.

One of the head chefs that worked here, was Cees Helder, later to become the first Dutch head chef to be rewarded three Michelin stars. Other head chefs were Huub Biro, Roberto de Luca, Christian van der Linden, Danny van Wessel and Luca Malagnino.

In the second star period, head chef was Marcel van Lier, who took over from Lambert Stuifbergen in 1994.

The restaurant was founded by Giovanni Matarazzi. He sold the restaurant in 1998. After that, several owners came in and went again in quick succession, until in 2007 the Raimondi family took over and ownership stabilized.

In 2006 the restaurant changed course, shed of the Dutch-Italian-styled kitchen and went over to a pure Italian styled kitchen. At present, the restaurant carries the name *Raimondi's Villa Rozenrust*.

52°5′31.04″N 4°24′32.3″E / 52.0919556°N 4.408972°E / 52.0919556; 4.408972

## InfoBox

| Villa Rozenrust | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Established | 1968 |
| Owner(s) | Family Raimondi |
| Food type | Italian |
| Street address | Veursestraatweg 104 |
| City | Leidschendam |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 2265 CG |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Website | Official website |


title: Melchior von Lichtenfels

abstract: Melchior von Lichtenfels (c.1517–1575) was the Prince-Bishop of Basel from the year 1554 to 1575. Von Lichtenfels was born into a noble Württemberg family around the year 1517. In 1527, he became a member of the cathedral chapter of the Basel Münster. He was archdeacon from 1547 to 1554. Following the 1553 death of Philippe von Gundelsheim, Lichtenfels became apostolic administrator of the prince-bishopric. In 1554, the cathedral chapter elected him as the new Prince-Bishop of Basel. He died in Porrentruy on 17 May 1575.

text:
# Melchior von Lichtenfels

**Melchior von Lichtenfels** (c.1517–1575) was the Prince-Bishop of Basel from the year 1554 to 1575.

Von Lichtenfels was born into a noble Württemberg family around the year 1517. In 1527, he became a member of the cathedral chapter of the Basel Münster. He was archdeacon from 1547 to 1554.

Following the 1553 death of Philippe von Gundelsheim, Lichtenfels became apostolic administrator of the prince-bishopric. In 1554, the cathedral chapter elected him as the new Prince-Bishop of Basel.

He died in Porrentruy on 17 May 1575.

1. Entry in Historical Dictionary of Switzerland


title: Marlow Heights, Maryland

abstract: Marlow Heights is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The population was 6,169 at the 2020 census. The Marlow Heights Shopping Center first opened in 1957, adjacent to the large community of Hillcrest Heights. It was joined ten years later, in 1967, by the two-level Iverson Mall, the Washington metropolitan area's first enclosed mall. For mailing address purposes, the area is part of Temple Hills or Suitland. Marlow Heights is located near the U.S. Census Bureau, Andrews Air Force Base, the Metrorail Green Line and Capitol Hill.

text:
# Marlow Heights, Maryland

**Marlow Heights** is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The population was 6,169 at the 2020 census. The Marlow Heights Shopping Center first opened in 1957 (but extended in 1960 with Hecht's), adjacent to the large community of Hillcrest Heights. It was joined ten years later, in 1967, by the two-level Iverson Mall, the Washington metropolitan area's first enclosed mall.

For mailing address purposes, the area is part of Temple Hills or Suitland. Marlow Heights is located near the U.S. Census Bureau, Andrews Air Force Base, the Metrorail Green Line and Capitol Hill.

## Geography

Marlow Heights is located at 38°49′31″N 76°56′52″W / 38.82528°N 76.94778°W / 38.82528; -76.94778 (38.825263, 76.947864).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 6,059 |  |  |
| 2010 | 5,618 |  | −7.3% |
| 2020 | 6,169 |  | 9.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2010 2020 | | | |

### 2020 census

**Marlow Heights CDP, Maryland – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 272 | 211 | 4.84% | 3.42% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 4,829 | 4,622 | 85.96% | 74.92% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 21 | 20 | 0.37% | 0.32% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 104 | 109 | 1.85% | 1.77% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 1 | 2 | 0.02% | 0.03% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 17 | 19 | 0.30% | 0.31% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 96 | 155 | 1.71% | 2.51% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 278 | 1,031 | 4.95% | 16.71% |
| **Total** | **5,618** | **6,169** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

### 2000 Census

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,059 people, 2,316 households, and 1,588 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,938.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,134.6/km2). There were 2,427 housing units at an average density of 1,177.1 per square mile (454.5/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 8.12% White, 88.53% African American, 0.23% Native American, 1.02% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 1.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.52% of the population.

There were 2,316 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.9% were married couples living together, 26.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 24.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,995, and the median income for a family was $52,875. Males had a median income of $33,935 versus $32,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,629. About 4.6% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

## Government

Prince George's County Police Department District 4 Station in Glassmanor CDP, with an Oxon Hill postal address, serves the community.

The United States Postal Service operates the Temple Hills Post Office in the Marlow Heights CDP, with a Temple Hills postal address.

## Education

The CDP is served by the Prince George's County Public Schools district.

Sections are served by Barnaby Manor and Hillcrest Heights elementary schools. Sections are served by Benjamin Stoddert and Thurgood Marshall middle schools. Sections are served by Crossland High School and Potomac High School.

Imagine Schools operates Imagine Lincoln Public Charter School in Marlow Heights; it has a Temple Hills postal address.

## InfoBox

| Marlow Heights, Maryland | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Location of Marlow Heights, Maryland | |
| Coordinates: 38°49′31″N 76°56′52″W / 38.82528°N 76.94778°W / 38.82528; -76.94778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| County | Prince George's |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.03 sq mi (5.27 km2) |
| Land | 2.03 sq mi (5.26 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 262 ft (80 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 6,169 |
| Density | 3,035.93/sq mi (1,171.98/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 20746, 20748 |
| Area code(s) | 301, 240 |
| FIPS code | 24-50750 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0597719 |


title: Galatina Air Base

abstract: Galatina Air Base is an airbase near Galatina, south of the city of Lecce in the Apulia (Puglia) region of Italy. Currently the Italian Air Force's 10th Aircraft Maintenance Unit is based there, which maintains the air force's MB-339 training and light attack jets.

text:
# Galatina Air Base

**Galatina Air Base** (IATA: **LCC**, ICAO: **LIBN**) is an airbase near Galatina, south of the city of Lecce in the Apulia (*Puglia*) region of Italy. Currently the Italian Air Force's 10th Aircraft Maintenance Unit is based there, which maintains the air force's MB-339 training and light attack jets.

1. "Airport information for LIBN". *World Aero Data*. Archived from the original on 2019-03-05.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Data current as of October 2006. Source: DAFIF.
2. Airport information for LCC at Great Circle Mapper. Source: DAFIF (effective October 2006).

## InfoBox

| Galatina Air Base<br>*Aeroporto Militare Fortunato Cesari* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Military |
| Serves | Lecce, Italy |
| Coordinates | 40°14′21″N 018°7′59″E / 40.23917°N 18.13306°E / 40.23917; 18.13306 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  Asphalt | |
| Source: DAFIF | |


title: Vascoceratidae

abstract: The Vascoceratidae is a family of Upper Cretaceous ammonites in the superfamily Acanthoceratoidea characterized by shells that are either smooth or bluntly tuberculate, or have sparse, coarse ribs. Sutural elements are shallow, irregular, and slightly indented, or deep and very indented. Whorl section and degree of involution vary, even within species. The Vascoceratidae is a short lived family restricted to the early and middle Turonian stage. Its duration, no more than a few million years. They are derived from the Acanthoceratidae and are the predecessors of the Tissotiidae, which in turn gave rise to the Coilopoceratidae; all taking place in a short time span in the Turonian.

text:
# Vascoceratidae

The **Vascoceratidae** is a family of Upper Cretaceous ammonites in the superfamily Acanthoceratoidea characterized by shells that are either smooth or bluntly tuberculate, or have sparse, coarse ribs. Sutural elements are shallow, irregular, and slightly indented, or deep and very indented. Whorl section and degree of involution vary, even within species.

The Vascoceratidae is a short lived family restricted to the early and middle Turonian stage. Its duration, no more than a few million years. They are derived from the Acanthoceratidae and are the predecessors of the Tissotiidae, which in turn gave rise to the Coilopoceratidae; all taking place in a short time span in the Turonian.

## InfoBox

| Vascoceratidae
Temporal range: U Cretaceous (l-m Turonian) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fossil of *Fagesia spheroidalis* from Japan. Late Cretaceous. Exhibit in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Subclass: | Ammonoidea |
| Order: | Ammonitida |
| Superfamily: | Acanthoceratoidea |
| Family: | Vascoceratidae
Spath, 1925 |
|


title: Žižkovo Pole

abstract: Žižkovo Pole is a municipality and village in Havlíčkův Brod District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

text:
# Žižkovo Pole

**Žižkovo Pole** is a municipality and village in Havlíčkův Brod District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

## Administrative parts

The village of Macourov is an administrative part of Žižkovo Pole.

## Etymology

The name literally means "Žižka's field".

## Geography

Žižkovo Pole is located about 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Havlíčkův Brod and 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Jihlava. It lies in the Upper Sázava Hills. The highest point is at 568 m (1,864 ft) above sea level.

## History

The first written mention of Žižkovo Pole is from 1303. The settlement was probably founded at the end of the 13th century and was mostly populated by miners.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1869 712       1880 783 +10.0%  1890 712 −9.1%  1900 696 −2.2%  1910 720 +3.4% | Year Pop. ±%  1921 735 +2.1%  1930 634 −13.7%  1950 569 −10.3%  1961 496 −12.8%  1970 453 −8.7% | Year Pop. ±%  1980 405 −10.6%  1991 368 −9.1%  2001 357 −3.0%  2011 341 −4.5%  2021 383 +12.3% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Transport

The I/19 road from Havlíčkův Brod to Žďár nad Sázavou runs along the southwestern municipal border.

## Sights

The main landmark of Žižkovo Pole is the Church of Saint Michael the Archangel. It was an early Gothic church, rebuilt in the Baroque style aorund 1740.

In the southern part of the municipality, between the fields, is Žižka's Mound. It is a 16 m (52 ft) high conical memorial, which is said to be located at the place where Jan Žižka died, although today many experts dispute that this is the exact location. It dates from 1874.

## InfoBox

| Žižkovo Pole | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church of Saint Michael the Archangel | |
|  | |
| Žižkovo PoleLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°36′38″N 15°44′7″E / 49.61056°N 15.73528°E / 49.61056; 15.73528 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Vysočina |
| District | Havlíčkův Brod |
| First mentioned | 1303 |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.32 km2 (5.53 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 516 m (1,693 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 395 |
| Density | 28/km2 (71/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 582 22 |
| Website | www.zizkovopole.cz |


title: W. D. Burrows House

abstract:
W. D. Burrows House, also known as Hopewell, is a historic home and farm located at Kenton, Kent County, Delaware. The house was built about 1830, and is a two-story, five-bay, center hall plan brick dwelling. It has a full basement and gable roof. Also on the property are a contributing barn, a machine shed, chicken house and assorted storage
sheds. They are dated to the late-19th and early-20th centuries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

text:
# W. D. Burrows House

**W. D. Burrows House**, also known as Hopewell, is a historic home and farm located at Kenton, Kent County, Delaware. The house was built about 1830, and is a two-story, five-bay, center hall plan brick dwelling. It has a full basement and gable roof. Also on the property are a contributing barn, a machine shed, chicken house and assorted storage sheds. They are dated to the late-19th and early-20th centuries.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| W. D. Burrows House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Delaware Route 42, Kenton, Delaware |
| Coordinates | 39°14′10″N 75°40′30″W / 39.23611°N 75.67500°W / 39.23611; -75.67500 |
| Area | 23 acres (9.3 ha) |
| Built | c. 1830 (1830) |
| MPS | Kenton Hundred MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 83001364 |
| Added to NRHP | June 27, 1983 |


title: World Space Award

abstract: The World Space Award is presented by International Astronautical Federation to an eminent individual or team at the IAC Congress, after a nomination process, that has made an exceptional impact to the progress of the world space activities by their outstanding contributions in the fields of space science, technology, medicine, law, or management over the period of time. it is often described as the "world's highest aerospace award", first awarded in 2013.

text:
# World Space Award

The **World Space Award** (also known as **IAF World Space Award**) is presented by International Astronautical Federation to an eminent individual or team at the IAC Congress, after a nomination process, that has made an exceptional impact to the progress of the world space activities by their outstanding contributions in the fields of space science, technology, medicine, law, or management over the period of time. it is often described as the "world's highest aerospace award", first awarded in 2013.

## Past recipients

| Year | Recipients | Agency
(Nation) | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Edward C. Stone | NASA (USA) |  |
| 2016 | Yuri Koptev | Roscosmos (Russia) |  |
| 2017 | Charles Bolden | NASA (USA) |  |
| 2019 | Apollo 11 Crew
List | NASA (USA) |  |
| 2020 | Chang'e 4 Mission Leaders  List | CNSA (China) |  |
| 2021 | Hayabusa2 Team | JAXA (Japan) |  |
| 2022 | Tianwen-1 Spacecraft Development Team | CNSA (China) |  |
| 2023 | James Webb Space Telescope Team | NASA (USA)
ESA (EU)
CSA (Canada) |  |
| | Elon Musk | SpaceX (USA) |  |
| 2024 | Chandrayaan-3 Team | ISRO (India) |  |


title: Villiaumite

abstract: Villiaumite is a rare halide mineral composed of sodium fluoride, NaF. It is very soluble in water and some specimens fluoresce under long and short wave ultraviolet light. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 and is usually red, pink, or orange in color. It is toxic to humans. The red color is due to a broad absorption peaking at 512 nm. It is a result of radiation damage to the crystal.

text:
# Villiaumite

**Villiaumite** is a rare halide mineral composed of sodium fluoride, Na. It is very soluble in water and some specimens fluoresce under long and short wave ultraviolet light. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 and is usually red, pink, or orange in color. It is toxic to humans.

The red color is due to a broad absorption peaking at 512 nm. It is a result of radiation damage to the crystal.

## Occurrence

It occurs in nepheline syenite intrusives and in nepheline syenite pegmatites. It occurs associated with aegirine, sodalite, nepheline, neptunite, lamprophyllite, pectolite, serandite, eudialyte, ussingite, chkalovite and zeolites. It has been reported from Minas Gerais, Brazil; Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada; the Ilimaussaq complex of Greenland; Lake Magadi, Kenya; Windhoek District, Namibia; the Fen Complex, Telemark, Norway; the Khibiny and Lovozero Massifs, Kola Peninsula, Russia; Porphyry Mountain, Boulder County, Colorado and Point of Rocks Mesa, Colfax County, New Mexico, US.

It was first described in 1908 for an occurrence in Los Islands, Guinea and named after the French explorer, Maxime Villiaume.

## InfoBox

| Villiaumite | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General | |
| Category | Halide mineral |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | NaF |
| Strunz classification | 3.AA.20 |
| Crystal system | Cubic |
| Crystal class | Hexoctahedral (m3m)
H-M symbol: (4/m 3 2/m) |
| Space group | *F*d3m |
| Unit cell | a = 4.63 Å; Z = 4 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Carmine-red, lavender-pink to light orange |
| Crystal habit | Cubic crystals rare, commonly granular, massive |
| Cleavage | {001}, perfect |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 2 – 2.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent |
| Specific gravity | 2.79 |
| Optical properties | Isotropic; weak anomalous anisotropism, then uniaxial (–) |
| Refractive index | n = 1.327–1.328 |
| Pleochroism | Strong E = yellow; O = pink to deep carmine |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | dark red to orange and yellow fluorescence under SW and LW UV |
| Solubility | Soluble in water |
| References |  |


title: Mi'am Atali (exclosure)

abstract: Mi'am Atali is an exclosure located in the Dogu'a Tembien woreda of the Tigray Region in Ethiopia. The area has been protected since 2010 by the local community.

text:
# Mi'am Atali (exclosure)

**Mi'am Atali** is an exclosure located in the Dogu'a Tembien *woreda* of the Tigray Region in Ethiopia. The area has been protected since 2010 by the local community.

## Timeline

* 2010: established as exclosure by the community
* 2018: support by the EthioTrees project

## Environmental characteristics

* Area: 83 ha
* Average slope gradient: 17%
* Aspect: the exclosure is oriented towards the east and northeast
* Minimum altitude: 1945 metres
* Maximum altitude: 2131 metres
* Lithology: Antalo Limestone

## Management

As a general rule, cattle ranging and wood harvesting are not allowed. The grasses are harvested once yearly and taken to the homesteads of the village to feed livestock. Physical soil and water conservation has been implemented to enhance infiltration, and vegetation growth. There are two guards to protect the exclosure. Field observations showed that however some illegal grazing occurred in the exclosure in 2018.

## Benefits for the community

Setting aside such areas fits with the long-term vision of the communities were *hiza’iti* lands are set aside for use by the future generations. It has also direct benefits for the community:

* improved ground water availability
* honey production
* climate ameliorator (temperature, moisture)
* the sequestered carbon (in total 72 tonnes per ha, dominantly sequestered in the soil, and additionally in the woody vegetation) is certified using the Plan Vivo voluntary carbon standard, after which carbon credits are sold
* the revenues are then reinvested in the villages, according to the priorities of the communities; it may be for an additional class in the village school, a water pond, or conservation in the exclosures.

## Biodiversity

With vegetation growth, biodiversity in this exclosure hast strongly improved: there is more varied vegetation and wildlife.

## InfoBox

| Mi’am Atali exclosure | |
| --- | --- |
| Mi’am Atali exclosure | |
|  | |
| Location | Debre Nazret municipality, in Dogu’a Tembien district, Ethiopia |
| Nearest city | Hagere Selam |
| Coordinates | 13°34′52″N 39°18′18″E / 13.581°N 39.305°E / 13.581; 39.305 |
| Area | 83 ha (210 acres) |
| Established | 2010 |
| Website | https://ethiotrees.com |


title: Meissner's Latin Phrasebook

abstract: Meissner’s Latin Phrase-book is a book of phrases in Latin for students of composition or those wanting to learn spoken Latin.

text:
# Meissner's Latin Phrasebook

**Meissner’s Latin Phrase-book** is a book of phrases in Latin for students of composition or those wanting to learn spoken Latin.

## History of the English text

The English text is a translation of Carl Meissner’s (1830–1900) sixth German edition. (Meissner was also the author of a study of Terence and should not be confused with the Swiss botanist of the same name). It was first translated into English by H. W. Auden, who added more phrases. The book then went through multiple reprints and editions during the twentieth century and is still being used and cited as a source.

## Most recent editions

* *Latin Phrasebook*, C. Meissner and H. W. Auden, Hippocrene (1998) ISBN 0-7818-0666-6
* *Latin Phrase Book*, C. Meissner, Duckworth (1981) ISBN 0-7156-1469-X

1. *Lateinische Phraseologie für die oberen Gymnasialklassen*. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1880.
2. Latin Marriage Vocabulary on About.Com (accessed 27 April 2010) See also ARLT blog "The End of Latin" posted 1 July 2009 (accessed 27 April 2010)


title: Valparaíso, São Paulo

abstract: Valparaíso is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 26,822 in an area of 858 km².

text:
# Valparaíso, São Paulo

**Valparaíso** is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 26,822 (2020 est.) in an area of 858 km².

## History

The municipality was established in 1937, when it was separated from Araçatuba.

The town was founded by Francisco Leite Vieira in the early 1930s because of the expanding cultivation of coffee, however the land was inhabited by the Barbosa family in the early decade of 1900. Unfortunately, the Barbosa family did not have enough money to establish the land, so Vieira was the founder due to monetary reasons. During this period, the lands of the northwest regions of the state were already taken by coffee farmers searching through the forests of the west in search of new land for planting. There were many conflicts, mainly on the banks of the river Aguapeí between the Indians who inhabited the region and the coffee barons eager to expand their crops.

By the end of the 40s the region seduced the coffee baron Geremias Lunardeli, who had acquired a large area for the expansion of his plantations. Lunardeli already had some coffee plantations in Northwestern São Paulo and northern Paraná and acquired the farm now known as Aguapeí. He encouraged other distinguished coffee barons of the time to do the same. Thus, part of the family Cunha Bueno, Geremias which was very close, also acquired several farms in the region, including Saint Helena, Pinheiro Machado, Buenópolis - Lavinia, Santa Maria - Bento de Abreu.

## Geography

The elevation is 449 m.

### Highways

## Administration

* Mayor: Lúcio Santo de Lima (2017/2020)

## Economy

The main economic activity is the cultivation and industrialization of sugar cane to produce sugar and the alcohol fuel used in motor vehicles. There are secondary crops of maize, coffee and, predominantly beef, cattle. The town has two distilleries, Univalem belonging to the group Cosan, and Da Mata development groups Greendene and Brasif. A unit of Ajinomoto exists in the town, where the production of an amino acid called lysine, used in the fattening of animals, especially pig takes place. The Agricultural Jacarezinho, owned group Greendene is distinguished by advanced genetics of cattle and has the largest private forest reserve of the State of São Paulo.

## Media

In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

## InfoBox

| Valparaíso | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in São Paulo state | |
| ValparaísoLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 21°13′40″S 50°52′6″W / 21.22778°S 50.86833°W / -21.22778; -50.86833 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | São Paulo |
| Area | |
| Total | 858 km2 (331 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 26,822 |
| Density | 31/km2 (81/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Long Island AVA

abstract: The Long Island AVA is an American Viticultural Area encompassing Nassau and Suffolk counties of New York, including the smaller offshore islands in those counties. The AVA was established in 2001, over 15 years after two smaller AVAs were created at the eastern end of Long Island. The Long Island AVA designation was promoted as a benefit for some wineries located just outside the two smaller AVAs and for wineries that wanted to create wines that use blends from vineyards in different parts of the island. It was also developed and promoted as a consumer protection of the Long Island name, as AVAs require that at least 85% of the fruit used in the designated wine is grown within the borders of the region. The "Long Island" AVA was authored by veteran Long Island winemaker Richard Olsen-Harbich who also authored "The Hamptons, Long Island" and "North Fork of Long Island" AVAs in the mid-1980s. Vineyards on Long Island benefit from the moderating influence of the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island Sound, and Peconic Bay on the local climate. The region is located in hardiness zones 7a and 7b.

text:
# Long Island AVA

The **Long Island AVA** is an American Viticultural Area encompassing Nassau and Suffolk counties of New York, including the smaller offshore islands in those counties. The AVA was established in 2001, over 15 years after two smaller AVAs were created at the eastern end of Long Island. The Long Island AVA designation was promoted as a benefit for some wineries located just outside the two smaller AVAs and for wineries that wanted to create wines that use blends from vineyards in different parts of the island. It was also developed and promoted as a consumer protection of the Long Island name, as AVAs require that at least 85% of the fruit used in the designated wine is grown within the borders of the region. The "Long Island" AVA was authored by veteran Long Island winemaker Richard Olsen-Harbich who also authored "The Hamptons, Long Island" and "North Fork of Long Island" AVAs in the mid-1980s.

Vineyards on Long Island benefit from the moderating influence of the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island Sound, and Peconic Bay on the local climate. The region is located in hardiness zones 7a and 7b.

## InfoBox

Long Island AVA
| **Wine region** | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | American Viticultural Area |
| Year established | 2001 |
| Country | United States |
| Part of | New York |
| Sub-regions | North Fork of Long Island AVA, The Hamptons, Long Island AVA |
| Climate region | Humid subtropical/maritime/continental |
| Total area | 749,146 acres (303,169 ha) |
| Grapes produced | Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Chardonnay Musque, Merlot, Niagara, Petit Verdot, Pinot gris, Pinot noir, Sauvignon blanc, Tocai Friulano |


title: Galt House

abstract: The Galt House Hotel is a 25-story, 1,310-room hotel in Louisville, Kentucky, established in 1972. It is named for two consecutive nearby historic hotels, both named Galt House, erected in 1835 and 1869; the first was destroyed by fire in 1865, and the second, demolished in 1921. The Galt House is the city's only hotel on the Ohio River.

text:
# Galt House

**The Galt House Hotel** is a 25-story, 1,310-room hotel in Louisville, Kentucky, established in 1972. It is named for two consecutive nearby historic hotels, both named Galt House, erected in 1835 and 1869; the first was destroyed by fire in 1865, and the second, demolished in 1921. The Galt House is the city's only hotel on the Ohio River.

## Original Galt House (first and second hotels)

The namesake for the Galt House was, in the early 19th century, the residence of Dr. William Craig Galt. The house was located at the corner of Second and Main Street.

In 1835, the first Galt House, a 60-room hotel constructed on land purchased from Galt at the northeast corner of Second and Main, was opened by Col. Ariss Throckmorton. During the nineteenth century, the Galt House was acclaimed as Louisville's finest hotel. Novelist Charles Dickens was an especially noted guest of this original Galt House, which he called "a splendid hotel" where he was "handsomely lodged as though we had been in Paris, rather than hundreds of miles beyond the Alleghenies".

During the Civil War, the Galt House was utilized for meetings of Union generals. In September 1862, it was the scene of an unusual murder, when General Jefferson C. Davis (not to be confused with Confederate President Jefferson Davis) shot Union General William "Bull" Nelson after a dispute.

According to a historical marker for the original Galt House, in March 1864, Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman met at the Galt House to plan the invasion that led to the successful capture of Atlanta, Georgia, and Sherman's March to the Sea. As of 2014, this claim has fallen into dispute.

The first Galt House structure burned down in 1865. Four years later, in 1869, a larger Galt House designed by Henry Whitestone was established nearby, on the corner of First and Main streets. Known as the center of Louisville's social life during this time, noted guests included presidents Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt as well as Grand Duke Alexis of Russia. The hotel closed in 1919 due to financial difficulties and was demolished in 1921 to be replaced by a new headquarters building for the Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company, now known as the Waterside Building.

## Current Galt House

Over a half a century later, in 1972, the Galt House Hotel was re-established by developer Al J. Schneider as part of Louisville's Riverfront Urban Renewal Project. The West Tower is 25 stories high and features 130,000 square feet of meeting space, deluxe guest rooms, corner suites, and six restaurants – Walker's Exchange, Jockey Silks Bourbon Bar, Down One Bourbon Bar, Al J's, Thelma's, and Swizzle Dinner & Drinks restaurant on the 25th floor, which opened in spring 2020. An East Tower was added in 1984. It offers 650 suites, including waterfront balcony suites and waterfront apartments. With 1,310 guest rooms, the Galt House Hotel is the largest in Kentucky. It has 130,000 square feet of meeting space, including more than 50 meeting rooms, two ballrooms and an exhibit hall. Other amenities include a fitness center on the top floor of the East Tower, a business and shipping center, a spa and salon, a barbershop, retail shops, and Down One Bourbon Bar. The East and West Towers are connected by a three-story glass enclosed Conservatory, which features Thelma's Deli (named for founder Al J. Schneider's wife, Thelma French Schneider), Al J's Lounge, and indoor seating.

The Galt House Hotel is the Official Hotel of Churchill Downs, the Kentucky Derby, the Kentucky Oaks, the Kentucky Derby Festival (hosting the command center of its kickoff event, Thunder Over Louisville), and the KFC Yum! Center. It also hosts the Kentucky State Governor's Cup academic competition every year. Area residents enlisting in the US military through the Louisville United States Military Entrance Processing Command station (Louisville MEPS) are often given a chance to stay at the hotel for free the night before their early-morning military medical exam.

On August 21, 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump visited the Galt House to deliver the keynote address at AMVETS 75th National Convention. At the end of the speech the president signed a presidential memorandum, directing the United States Department of Education to forgive all student debt incurred by disabled military veterans.

## InfoBox

| The Galt House Hotel | |
| --- | --- |
| The Galt House stands on Fourth Street, by the Ohio River. | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 140 North 4th Street
Louisville, Kentucky 40202 |
| Coordinates | 38°15′29″N 85°45′25″W / 38.25797°N 85.75690°W / 38.25797; -85.75690 |
| Opening | 1835 (first hotel)
1869 (second hotel)
1972 (current hotel)
2020 (renovation) |
| Owner | Al J. Schneider Co. |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 25 |
| Other information | |
| Number of rooms | 1,310 |
| Number of restaurants | 6 |
| Website | |
| galthouse.com | |


title: Vasco de Lobeira

abstract: Vasco de Lobeira was a Portuguese medieval writer to whom is attributed the prose original of the romance Amadis de Gaula. In the Portuguese Chronicle of Gomes Eannes de Azurara (1454), the writing of Amadís is attributed to Vasco de Lobeira, who was dubbed knight after the Battle of Aljubarrota (1385). However, other sources claim that in fact it was João Lobeira, and not the troubadour Vasco de Lobeira, and that rather than originating with him it was the revision of an earlier work from the beginning of the 14th century. Another theory, postulated by the eminent scholar of Iberian literature, A. F. G. Bell, states that Vasco de Lobeira elaborated the work of his ancestor João Lobeira. Bell was of the opinion that Vasco had added romantic sections to the original text, which was mostly poetry written during the reign of King Dinis. The query as to who authored Amadis de Gaula is further complicated by the fact that Vasco de Lobeira's name crops up in fifteenth and sixteenth century sources. The texts mention a Vasco de Lobeira receiving knighthood from King João I on the field of Aljubarrota, around 1385. But the first reference to Amadis de Gaula appears thirty-five years earlier, which would make Vasco over sixty years old when knighted or that he wrote his masterpiece in his youth. The only other possibility that remains is that 1350 reference was in fact to the poetic version by João de Lobeira.

text:
# Vasco de Lobeira

**Vasco de Lobeira** (died 1403) was a Portuguese medieval writer to whom is attributed the prose original of the romance *Amadis de Gaula*. In the Portuguese *Chronicle* of Gomes Eannes de Azurara (1454), the writing of *Amadís* is attributed to Vasco de Lobeira, who was dubbed knight after the Battle of Aljubarrota (1385). However, other sources claim that in fact it was João Lobeira, and not the troubadour Vasco de Lobeira, and that rather than originating with him it was the revision of an earlier work from the beginning of the 14th century.

Another theory, postulated by the eminent scholar of Iberian literature, A. F. G. Bell, states that Vasco de Lobeira elaborated the work of his ancestor João Lobeira. Bell was of the opinion that Vasco had added romantic sections to the original text, which was mostly poetry written during the reign of King Dinis.

The query as to who authored **Amadis de Gaula** is further complicated by the fact that Vasco de Lobeira's name crops up in fifteenth and sixteenth century sources. The texts mention a Vasco de Lobeira receiving knighthood from King João I on the field of Aljubarrota, around 1385. But the first reference to **Amadis de Gaula** appears thirty-five years earlier, which would make Vasco over sixty years old when knighted or that he wrote his masterpiece in his youth. The only other possibility that remains is that 1350 reference was in fact to the poetic version by João de Lobeira.


title: Secret Location

abstract: Secret Location was a content studio that won a Cannes Lion Award and multiple Emmy awards; spanned across web, mobile, tablet and other platforms such as Virtual and Augmented Reality; and, based in Toronto and LA.

text:
# Secret Location

**Secret Location** was a content studio that won a Cannes Lion Award and multiple Emmy awards; spanned across web, mobile, tablet and other platforms such as Virtual and Augmented Reality; and, based in Toronto and LA.

## Background

Secret Location was launched in 2009 by founders James Milward, Ryan Andal and Pietro Gagliano. It has content studios in Canada and the US.

Secret Location staff have worked with clients including Samsung, Red Bull Canada, TELUS, Toyota, Cadbury, Air Canada, Mitsubishi, National Film Board of Canada, Stanfield's, War Child, Focus Features, Fox Studios, NBC, Warner Bros., Disney XD, BET, PBS/Frontline, Nickelodeon/Teen Nick, Family Channel, CBC, MTV UK, YTV, CTV, TELETOON, City TV, Global TV, Showcase, OLN, MGM, Endemol, Sony Pictures / Television, eOne, Shaftesbury Films, and Temple Street.

In 2014, eOne made an equity investment in the studio. , and in 2016, eOne fully acquired Secret Location.

In 2019, eOne and Secret Location were acquired by Hasbro and in 2022, Hasbro announced the close of Secret Location and its merging into the larger Hasbro organization, along with laying off all studio employees.

Since then, they have partnered with VRSE and LA talent agency UTA.

## Awards

The company is a two-time Emmy winner. Secret Location won its first International Emmy for an interactive episode og the Canadian TV Series *Endgame*. In 2015 they won a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award in the User Experience and Visual Design category for a tie-in to the drama series Sleepy Hollow. It was the first time a virtual reality project had been awarded an Emmy. The company is a three-time Webby Award winner, 13-time Canadian Screen Award/Gemini winner, and has won awards from AToMiC, Creativity International, CASSIES, the Marketing Awards, and Banff World Media festival.

1. "UTA Signs Digital Content Studio Secret Location (Exclusive)". *The Hollywood Reporter*. 20 October 2015.
2. "Secret Location signs with Chris Milk's VRSE.works".


title: WLKB

abstract: WLKB is a radio station broadcasting a contemporary Christian format. Licensed to Bay City, Michigan, it is a member of the K-LOVE radio network. The transmitter is located on Hotchkiss Drive near Delta College, and its signal reaches from the West Branch area southward to north of Flint and westward to Mount Pleasant. The station began broadcasting in July 1993 as "The Rock" WTRK, a locally-originating Christian CHR/Rock station. The station was popular in local ratings due to providing an edgier-styled Christian music format not available elsewhere in the area at the time. However, with only 2,000 watts of power the station's signal did not reach far outside Bay City. WTRK dropped local programming in 2004 to affiliate with Educational Media Foundation's Air 1 format. Two years later, EMF purchased the station outright and began the process of upgrading WTRK's signal from 2,000 to 50,000 watts. In December 2006, WTRK swapped programming and calls with K-Love sister station WLKB 90.9 FM licensed to Freeland, Michigan.

text:
# WLKB

**WLKB** (89.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a contemporary Christian format. Licensed to Bay City, Michigan, it is a member of the K-LOVE radio network. The transmitter is located on Hotchkiss Drive near Delta College, and its signal reaches from the West Branch area southward to north of Flint and westward to Mount Pleasant.

The station began broadcasting in July 1993 as "The Rock" **WTRK**, a locally-originating Christian CHR/Rock station. The station was popular in local ratings due to providing an edgier-styled Christian music format not available elsewhere in the area at the time. However, with only 2,000 watts of power the station's signal did not reach far outside Bay City.

WTRK dropped local programming in 2004 to affiliate with Educational Media Foundation's Air 1 format. Two years later, EMF purchased the station outright and began the process of upgrading WTRK's signal from 2,000 to 50,000 watts. In December 2006, WTRK swapped programming and calls with K-Love sister station WLKB 90.9 FM licensed to Freeland, Michigan.

1. "Facility Technical Data for WLKB". *Licensing and Management System*. Federal Communications Commission.

## InfoBox

WLKB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Saginaw-Bay City-Midland |
| Frequency | 89.1 MHz |
| Branding | K-LOVE |
| Programming | |
| Format | Contemporary Christian |
| Affiliations | K-LOVE |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Educational Media Foundation |
| History | |
| First air date | July 1993 |
| Former call signs | WTRK (7/23/93-12/18/06) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 5064 |
| Class | C2 |
| Power | 50,000 watts |
| HAAT | 113 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 43°33′42″N 83°58′52″W / 43.56167°N 83.98111°W / 43.56167; -83.98111 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | http://www.klove.com/ |


title: Melanie Schlanger

abstract: Melanie Renée Schlanger, OAM, also known by her married name Melanie Wright, is an Australian freestyle swimmer. Melanie first represented Australia at the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships and her career spanned ten years, ending after the 2015 World Championships. She represented Australia at the 2008 Beijing and 2012 London Olympics winning five Olympic medals.

text:
# Melanie Schlanger

**Melanie Renée Schlanger**, OAM (born 31 August 1986), also known by her married name **Melanie Wright**, is an Australian freestyle swimmer. Melanie first represented Australia at the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships and her career spanned ten years, ending after the 2015 World Championships. She represented Australia at the 2008 Beijing and 2012 London Olympics winning five Olympic medals (including 2 gold).

## Early life

Melanie was born and raised on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland. A participant in a large range of sports, Melanie only began swimming at the age of 14. She completed her secondary school studies at Immanuel Lutheran College.

She is the youngest of two siblings, Nikki and Adam, and daughter to Paul and Linda.

## Sporting career

Melanie had her first taste of success as a member of the Australian 4×100-metre freestyle relay team that won gold at the 2007 World Championships. The same year, Melanie also broke a world record with Australia's short course 4 x 100 freestyle relay.

Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics, she swam the third leg in both the heats and the final of the 4×100-metre freestyle relay as Australia claimed the bronze medal. She swam in the heats of the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and collected a gold when the first-choice quartet won the final in a world record time.

In 2012 at the London Games, Melanie anchored the 4×100-metre freestyle relay team to overcome a late surge by the Netherlands to win the gold medal for Australia, the only gold medal for the Australian swimming team at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She also won two silver medals in the Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay and Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay.

In 2014, she broke a world record as a part of the Gold Medal-winning Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay. The world record surpassed the previous record set in the "super suit" era of swimming.

Following the 2015 World Championships, now swimming as Melanie Wright, she suffered a recurrence of a rib stress fracture that plagued the later part of her career. At the same time, Wright gained entry into the medical program at Bond University and retired from the sport to become a doctor.

Melanie is a brand ambassador for Speedo, Bodyscience, Brisbane Lions, Qld Games Foundation and the Deniliquin Ute Muster. Melanie now works as a doctor on the Sunshine Coast.

## Personal bests

| Long course | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | Time | Date | Location |
| 50 m freestyle | 24.39 | 2014-07-26 | Glasgow, Scotland |
| 100 m freestyle | 53.38 | 2012-08-01 | London, England |
| 100 m freestyle (Relay Split) | 52.47 | 2012-08-08 | London, England |
| 200 m freestyle | 1.56.73 | 2012-03-17 | Adelaide, Australia |
| 200 m freestyle (Relay Split) | 1:55.58 | 2012-08-06 | London, England |

## Personal life

Melanie wed fellow Olympic swimmer Chris Wright in September 2014 in Brisbane, Australia. Their bridal party included fellow Olympians Leisel Jones, Alice Tait (Mills), Christian Sprenger and Gregor Tait.

The Wrights have two children, a boy and a girl, and continued studying while raising her children.

## Academic Qualifications

2016 – 2020: **Doctor of Medicine including Bachelor of Medical Studies**Bond University

2013 – 2015: **Master of Business Administration (MBA)**Bond University

2005 – 2009: **Bachelor of Science, Majoring in Biomedicine**University of Queensland

2012 – 2012: **Diploma of Business** – QLD TAFE

2012 – 2012: **Certificate III & IV in Fitness** – Fitnance

## InfoBox

Melanie Wright
(Melanie Schlanger)
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Melanie Renée Wright |
| Nickname(s) | "Mel", "Schlangs" |
| National team | Australia |
| Born | (1986-08-31) 31 August 1986<br>Nambour, Queensland |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 65 kg (143 lb) |
| Website | MelanieSchlanger.com.au |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle |
| Club | Maroochydore SC, Commercial SC, Southport SC |
| Coach | Brian Stehr, Chris Mooney, Stephan Widmer, Glenn Baker |
|  | |
| Medal record      Women's swimming  Representing  Australia   Event 1st 2nd 3rd  Olympic Games 2 2 1  World Championships (LC) 2 0 1  Pan Pacific Championships 1 1 3  Commonwealth Games 1 0 0  **Total** **6** **3** **5**   Olympic Games  2008 Beijing  4×200 m freestyle  2012 London  4×100 m freestyle  2012 London 4×200 m freestyle  2012 London 4×100 m medley  2008 Beijing 4×100 m freestyle  World Championships (LC)  2007 Melbourne  4×100 m freestyle  2015 Kazan  4×100 m freestyle  2015 Kazan  4×100 m medley  Pan Pacific Championships  2014 Gold Coast  4×100 m freestyle  2014 Gold Coast 4×200 m freestyle  2006 Victoria  100 m freestyle  2006 Victoria 4×100 m freestyle  2006 Victoria 4×100 m medley  Commonwealth Games  2014 Glasgow  4×100 m freestyle | |


title: Marsha Petrie Sue

abstract:
Marsha Petrie Sue is an author, public speaker, and motivational coach from Scottsdale, Arizona, United States. Sue has been a visiting professor at Arizona State University and has served as executive vice president at Westinghouse Financial Services, director of national accounts at USWest/Qwest, and as regional markets manager at GTE Directory Company. She serves on the NRA Women’s Leadership Forum Executive Committee and has opposed gun control. In 2022 Sue was appointed to the Arizona Game and Fish Commission. Sue has written multiple books, including:
  - The Reactor Factor: How to Handle Difficult Work Situations Without Going Nuclear
  - Toxic People
  - The CEO of You
  - The Accountability Master
  - Presentation Success Secrets
  - Are You Listening?
  - It's About Time!
  - Customer Service
  - Winning Together
  - Is Your Life Working?
  - Team Building the Easy Way
  - Communicating with Empathy

text:
# Marsha Petrie Sue

**Marsha Petrie Sue** is an author, public speaker, and motivational coach from Scottsdale, Arizona, United States.

Sue has been a visiting professor at Arizona State University and has served as executive vice president at Westinghouse Financial Services, director of national accounts at USWest/Qwest, and as regional markets manager at GTE Directory Company. She serves on the NRA Women’s Leadership Forum Executive Committee and has opposed gun control.

In 2022 Sue was appointed to the Arizona Game and Fish Commission.

Sue has written multiple books, including:

* *The Reactor Factor: How to Handle Difficult Work Situations Without Going Nuclear*
* *Toxic People*
* *The CEO of You*
* *The Accountability Master*
* *Presentation Success Secrets*
* *Are You Listening?*
* *It's About Time!*
* *Customer Service*
* *Winning Together*
* *Is Your Life Working?*
* *Team Building the Easy Way*
* *Communicating with Empathy*


title: Lorenzo Cabrera

abstract: Lorenzo Cabrera, nicknamed "Chiquitín", was a Cuban professional baseball player. He played between 1947 and 1956. Born in Cienfuegos, Cuba on 30 April 1920, Cabrera died in 1999.

text:
# Lorenzo Cabrera

**Lorenzo Cabrera** (30 April 1920 – 22 June 1999), nicknamed "**Chiquitín**", was a Cuban professional baseball player. He played between 1947 and 1956. Born in Cienfuegos, Cuba on 30 April 1920, Cabrera died in 1999.

## Career

### Cuban League

Cabrera played eleven seasons in the Cuban League making his debut in the 1942–43 season with Almendares, where he only had one at bat in one game. He did not play for the next three seasons, returning to play with Marianao in the 1946–47 season. He led the league in hits in 1950–51 with 88. In 1953–54 he played for Marianao and Habana. The next season he played with Habana and Cienfuegos. He did not play in 1955–56 and last played in 1956–57 for Cienfuegos.

### Negro leagues

Cabrera made his Negro leagues debut in 1947 for the New York Cubans, where he played five seasons until 1950.

### Mexican League

In 1950, Cabrera played for the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League, winning the batting championship with a .355 batting average.

## Career statistics

### Cuban League

| Season | Team |  | AB |  |  | 2B | 3B | HR | RBI | SB | BA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1942–43 | Almendares | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .000 |
| 1946–47 | Marianao | 28 | 113 | 14 | 28 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 2 | .248 |
| 1947–48 | Marianao | 47 | 170 | 18 | 43 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 2 | .253 |
| 1948–49 | Marianao | 61 | 207 | 20 | 65 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 18 | 5 | .314 |
| 1949–50 | Marianao | 63 | 227 | 26 | 75 | 16 | 5 | 0 | 31 | 6 | .330 |
| 1950–51 | Marianao | 70 | 257 | 36 | 88 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 29 | 6 | .342 |
| 1951–52 | Marianao | 55 | 205 | 23 | 61 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 21 | 1 | .298 |
| 1952–53 | Marianao | 64 | 245 | 32 | 77 | 16 | 2 | 4 | 32 | 2 | .314 |
| 1953–54 | Marianao / Habana | 71 | 291 | 41 | 92 | 15 | 3 | 5 | 33 | 3 | .316 |
| 1954–55 | Habana / Cienfuegos | 57 | 189 | 25 | 56 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 17 | 1 | .296 |
| 1956–57 | Cienfuegos | 24 | 100 | 11 | 31 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 | .310 |
| Total (11 seasons) | | 541 | 2005 | 246 | 616 | 10 | 30 | 12 | 210 | 29 | .307 |

Source:

## InfoBox

| Lorenzo Cabrera | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **First baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1920-04-30)30 April 1920
Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba | |
| **Died:** 1999 (aged 78–79)
Guanabacoa, Havana, Cuba | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| Negro National League debut | |
| 1947, for the New York Cubans | |
| Last appearance | |
| 1956, for the Nogales Diablos Rojos | |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Martha Leijonhufvud

abstract: Martha Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud, known as Kung Märta, was a politically-active Swedish noblewoman. She was the sister of Queen Margaret Leijonhufvud and sister-in-law of King Gustav I of Sweden: she was also the maternal aunt of Queen Catherine Stenbock and the daughter-in-law of the regent Christina Gyllenstierna. In 1568, she financed the deposition of King Eric XIV of Sweden, which placed her nephew John III of Sweden on the throne.

text:
# Martha Leijonhufvud

**Martha Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud** (24 December 1520 in Ödeby Lillkyrka, Ekeberg, Närke – 15 January 1584 in Stegeholm), known as *Kung Märta* (lit.'King Martha'), was a politically-active Swedish noblewoman. She was the sister of Queen Margaret Leijonhufvud and sister-in-law of King Gustav I of Sweden: she was also the maternal aunt of Queen Catherine Stenbock and the daughter-in-law of the regent Christina Gyllenstierna. In 1568, she financed the deposition of King Eric XIV of Sweden, which placed her nephew John III of Sweden on the throne.

## Biography

### Marriage

Born to Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud (d. 1520), a victim of the Stockholm Bloodbath, and Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa, and relative of Gustav Vasa, who became king of Sweden in 1523.

Her sister Margaret was engaged to Svante Stensson Sture, the son of former regent Christina Gyllenstierna, but the engagement was broken in 1536 when king Gustav decided to marry her. Instead, Sture was married to Märta. There is a well known legend as to how this came about: Svante Sture threw himself at the feet of Margaret, and the king entered the room and discovered them. The king asked: "What is this?" Margaret replied: "My lord Sture is asking me for the hand of my sister Märta!", at which the king said: "Granted!"

Martha and Svante Stensson Sture were married 3 March 1538 at Nyköping Castle. By marriage, she became the wife of the head of the most powerful family in Sweden after the royal family, as Svante Sture was considered the highest ranking nobleman in the realm, and in addition to being the sister of the queen, she became one of the highest ranking women in Sweden next after the royal women.

### King Martha

Märta had at least fifteen children, of whom ten lived to adulthood. She and Sture resided in Stegeborg Castle. In 1542, Stegeborg was besieged by Nils Dacke during the Dacke War, and Dacke offered the couple to become the king and queen of Sweden. They denied the offer.

Svante was often absent on his official missions: he became marshal in 1543 and commander in Finland in 1556, and governor of Livonia and Reval in 1562. During his absence, Märta took the responsibility for Stegeborg and his estates, and her dominance earned her the nickname *King Märta*, by which she is known in history. As such, she is known to have exerted her authority in the justice system in her fiefs and appointing local officials.

As the sister of the Queen and by marriage to the head of one of the most prestigious families in Sweden, Martha had a position of high status and participated in certain ceremonies in court life. Martha, as well as her sister Brita and her mother-in-law, often took care of the royal children. After the death of her sister the queen in 1551, the royal children was placed in the care of her and her sister Brita, after her mother-in-law Christina Gyllenstierna had asked to be relieved of the duty, until the King's remarriage to the daughter of Brita, Martha's niece Catherine Stenbock. Martha used both her sister and later her niece, Queens in succession, successfully as her channel to the monarch.

In 1561, King Eric XIV of Sweden introduced the new title of count in Sweden at his coronation, and her husband was created one of Sweden's first three counts, making Märta the first countess in Sweden. King Eric, however, feared that the Sture family had desires on the throne, and during his reign, they also became a center of the opposition within the nobility.

### The Sture murders

Eric XIV eyed Martha and the Sture family with suspicion. The Vasa dynasty was not regarded to have the same right to the Swedish throne as did the Sture family, which members had on several occasions had the position of regent of Sweden during the former century. Despite this, Martha's spouse Svante and her sons Erik and Nils was appointed to serve in the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570).

In 1565, her son Nils was accused of treason and forced to a humiliating entry to the capital. He was acquitted by the court, but the case created hostility among the nobility toward the King. The King therefore had Svante Sture and his sons Nils and Erik imprisoned, along with several other noblemen. In August 1566, Martha's son wrote to her: "I do hope to be able to defend myself with other things than letter and seal", which hinted preparations of a conspiracy. In May 1567, Eric XIV assembled court at Svartsjö Castle to judge the noblemen he had imprisoned there for treason. Martha traveled to Svartsjö with her daughter Anna to seek an audience with the King, but they were not allowed in the castle and instead placed under guard in the village outside the castle. Martha sent an appeal to Karin Månsdotter to speak to the King in favor of the prisoners, and she also sent an appeal to the King's daughter Virginia Eriksdotter. The same month, the prisoners were transferred by boat from Svartsjö to Uppsala to be judged. Martha was also brought to Uppsala under guard by boat, during which she was reportedly exposed to mockery by the public. After they arrived in Uppsala, Martha was escorted to the residence of the family in the city and placed under house arrest. Her sister-in-law Ebba Månsdotter (Lilliehöök) were present there for the same reason.

In Uppsala, Martha again appealed to Karin Månsdotter, and on the morning of 24 May, Karin sent for her and met her in Uppsala Castle and told her that the King had promised her not to hurt the prisoners. Reportedly, the King hesitated due to the efforts of Karin. Later that same day, though, he suffered a fit and stabbed Nils Sture to death. He ordered for the rest of the prisoners to be killed with the exception of "Lord Sten", which resulted in the killings of the spouse and second son of Martha, Svante and Erik, as well as two more noblemen, while Sten Eriksson Leijonhufvud and Sten Axelsson Banér were spared because of the order of the King to spare "Lord Sten", and as it was unknown which Lord Sten he meant, both by that name were spared. The same day, her niece, Queen Dowager Catherine, arrived in Uppsala, and was given the task to tell Martha what had happened.

The clothes worn by Svante, Nils and Erik Sture at the time of their deaths were kept by Martha, and are now on display in Uppsala Cathedral's northern tower.

### The Duke's Rebellion

After the Sture Murders, the King disappeared, and was found in a bad state outside of the city three days later. He was calmed by Karin Månsdotter and brought back to the capital, where he was isolated for several weeks. The first audience was granted to Queen Dowager Catherine, who was given the task to act as mediator between the King and the relatives of the murder victims, and presented with a written document giving her the authority to negotiate the Settlement (litigation) with the relatives of the murder victims, among them her aunt Martha Leijonhufvud. Through Catherine, Martha Leijonhufvud put forward her demands for a letter of protection against further persecution by the King; an official statement of the innocence of the murder victims; economic compensation and the arrest of the people truly responsible for the behavior of the monarch, which was regarded to be his adviser Jöran Persson.\< The King accepted all terms of the settlement, though he soon reinstated Persson. The settlement was signed by Martha and the other relations of the victims, the King arranged a grand funeral for the victims on 4 July, and paid Martha fines of compensation in silver bricks. Martha placed the bloody clothes worn by her spouse and sons upon their graves in the church.

After the King recovered his sanity, he demanded back the compensation given to the murder victims in a new tax to pay for his controversial wedding with the commoner Karin Månsdotter, a marriage regarded as a scandal and insult by the nobility. Martha refused, and instead, she used the "blood bricks", as she called the silver bricks, to finance the rebellion of the King's brothers, the Dukes, which led to the deposition of Eric XIV in 1568. She had the blood bricks melted to coins with the image of the King's brothers John and Charles in Vadstena, which were used to equip the Dukes' troops, and had words spread about the atrocities of the King through her acquaintances in Europe to justify the coup, which successfully replaced Eric XIV with John III.

After the coup, John III granted Martha the former county of her spouse as a personal fief in 1570, now enlarged, which made her, alongside her sister Brita and sister-in-law Ebba Månsdotter (Lilliehöök), one of the five greatest fief holders in Sweden.

### Her daughter's elopement

Her daughter, Malin (Magdalena), (1539–1610), was in love with her cousin, Erik Gustavsson Stenbock (1538–1602), and wished to marry him. Martha refused because they were cousins. In 1573, after ten years had passed without any change in the matter, Erik convinced Prince Charles to provide them with 200 men to help them elope. Erik asked Malin to take a trip on the sleigh with him, and when they were seated, the prince's guards came forward and the couple departed from the estate.

Martha convinced her royal nephew the king to arrest Erik and confiscate his property. He was eventually released and his property was restored to him, after the siblings and spouse of the king as well as his own family, among them his aunt (and Martha's niece) Queen Dowager Katarina Stenbock, had united in convincing the king to accede to it, and married Malin in 1574. According to the legend, it took one year of begging from the couple's relatives to convince Malin's powerful mother to forgive the couple for defying her authority; the women of the family begged her "crying upon their knees" before she agreed to see her daughter. According to legend, her daughter had to crawl on her knees up to her while pregnant.

## Issue

* Sigrid Svantesdotter Sture (15381613)
* Magdalena (Malin) Svantesdotter Sture (15391610)
* Anna Svantesdotter Sture (15411595)
* Sten Svantesson Sture (15421542)
* Nils Svantesson Sture (15431567)
* Sten Svantesson Sture (15441565)
* Erik Svantesson Sture (15461567)
* Margareta Svantesdotter Sture (15471617)
* Gustaf Svantesson Sture (15481548)
* Brita Svantesdotter Sture (15501550)
* Mauritz Svantesson Sture (15521592)
* Karl Svantesson Sture (15551598)
* Iliana Svantesdotter Sture (15561556)
* Iliana Svantesdotter Sture (15571557)
* Kristina Svantesdotter Sture (15591619)

1. Tegenborg Falkdalen, Karin, Margareta Regina: vid Gustav Vasas sida : \[en biografi över Margareta Leijonhufvud (1516–1551)\], Setterblad, Stockholm, 2016
2. Tegenborg Falkdalen, Karin (2015). *Vasadrottningen: en biografi över Katarina Stenbock 1535–1621 \[The Vasa Queen: A biography of Catherine Stenbock, 1535–1621\]*. Lund: Historiska media.
3. "The Cathedral Museum, Uppsala, Sweden". University of Washington. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
4. Wilhelmina Stålberg, P. G. Berg : Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor (Notes of Swedish women) (in Swedish)

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Martha Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | December 24, 1520
Ödeby Lillkyrka, Ekeberg, Närke |
| Died | January 15, 1584(1584-01-15) (aged 63)
Stegeholm |
| Spouse(s) | Svante Stensson Sture |
| Issue | Sigrid Sture
Magdalena Sture
Anna Sture
Sten Sture
Nils Sture
Sten Sture
Erik Sture
Margareta Sture
Gustaf Sture
Brita Sture
Mauritz Sture
Karl Sture
Iliana Sture
Iliana Sture
Kristina Sture |
| Father | Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud |
| Mother | Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa |


title: "Cochranella" geijskesi

abstract: "Cochranella" geijskesi, also known as the Wilhelmina Cochran frog, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Suriname. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers.

text:
# "Cochranella" geijskesi

**"*Cochranella*" *geijskesi***, also known as the **Wilhelmina Cochran frog**, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Suriname. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| "Cochranella" geijskesi | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Centrolenidae |
| Genus: | *"Cochranella"* |
| Species: | ***"C." geijskesi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***"Cochranella" geijskesi***
(Goin, 1966) | |
|


title: Vincent Liff

abstract: Vincent Liff was an American casting director of Broadway musicals and plays. According to NPR, he "changed the face of Broadway by bringing more children, minorities and foreigners to the stage."

text:
# Vincent Liff

**Vincent Liff** (c. 19512003) was an American casting director of Broadway musicals and plays. According to *NPR*, he "changed the face of Broadway by bringing more children, minorities and foreigners to the stage."

## Early life

Vincent Liff was born circa 1951. His uncle Biff Liff, was a Broadway manager and producer.

## Career

Liff was a casting director. In the 1970s, he met Geoffrey Johnson through his uncle. Together, they founded Liff-Johnson, a casting agency. Their first casting job was for *The Wiz*, a 1975 musical on Broadway. They went on to cast two more Broadway musicals: *Ain't Misbehavin'* in 1978, and *Dreamgirls* in 1981. Additionally, they cast the following plays: *Night and Day*, *Indiscretions*, *The Elephant Man*, *Morning's at Seven*, *Amadeus*, *The Dresser*, *Contact*, and *The Producers*.

According to *NPR*, he "changed the face of Broadway by bringing more children, minorities and foreigners to the stage."

## Personal life

Liff was openly gay. He was in a romantic relationship with Ken Yung. They resided in Manhattan, New York City.

## Death

He died of brain cancer in 2003.

## InfoBox

| Vincent Liff | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c. 1951 |
| Died | February 25, 2003<br>New York City, USA |
| Occupation | Casting director |
| Parent | George Liff |
| Relatives | Biff Liff (uncle) |


title: Michael Grais

abstract: Michael Grais is an American screenwriter, best known as the co-writer of Poltergeist (1982). He has also produced such movies as Great Balls of Fire!, Marked for Death (1990) and Sleepwalkers (1992).

text:
# Michael Grais

**Michael Grais** is an American screenwriter, best known as the co-writer of *Poltergeist* (1982).

He has also produced such movies as *Great Balls of Fire!* (1989, executive producer), *Marked for Death* (1990) and *Sleepwalkers* (1992).

## Biography

After attending Emerson College, N.Y.U. Film School and the University of Oregon, Grais set out for Los Angeles, where he began a TV writing career, starting with a job at *Baretta*, before eventually moving into feature films in partnership with Mark Victor, a friend from grade school. Grais and Victor's first two scripts, an unproduced comedy called *Turn Left And Die* and the action film *Death Hunt*, brought them to the attention of Steven Spielberg.

From his association with Spielberg, Grais co-wrote *Poltergeist*. Its success led to a sequel, *Poltergeist II*, which Grais co-wrote and produced. He then co-wrote and executive produced the TV pilot *Visitors From the Unknown* for CBS and executive-produced the film *Great Balls of Fire!*, starring Dennis Quaid as Jerry Lee Lewis.

In 1990, he co-wrote and produced *Marked for Death* starring Steven Seagal. In 1992, he produced Steven King’s *Sleepwalkers*, and co-wrote *Cool World* for director Ralph Bakshi. In 2000, he executive-produced *Who Killed Atlanta's Children?* for Showtime. Grais also oversaw production on the syndicated series *The Immortal*. Grais, a wild horse advocate, took a sabbatical from Hollywood in 2001 to move with his wife, singer/songwriter Jennifer Grais, to San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, for three years and begin writing the novel *Christa's Luck*, a YA novel that was published in 2015. In 2015 the remake of his Poltergeist screenplay was produced for MGM. After Mexico, the couple moved to Taos, New Mexico, with their horse Solo, the inspiration for their novel which they continued to write. Grais continued to write commercial screenplays for a slate of ready-to-produce projects for his new company Graisland Entertainment. In 2010, Grais moved back to Northern California where he was an uncredited script doctor on several big productions and developed two television series for streaming platforms but production was delayed due to the COVID epidemic. *Crossfire Hurricane*, an action comedy he co-wrote and will produce, is set to go into production in 2021 in New Orleans, Louisiana.

## Filmography


title: Melanie Santos

abstract: Melanie Bronze dos Santos is a Portuguese triathlete. She won the gold medal at the 2018 Mediterranean Games in the women's individual sprint. In 2021, she competed in the women's event at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. She competed in the women's triathlon at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France.

text:
# Melanie Santos

**Melanie Bronze dos Santos** (born 12 July 1995) is a Portuguese triathlete. She won the gold medal at the 2018 Mediterranean Games in the women's individual sprint. In 2021, she competed in the women's event at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. She competed in the women's triathlon at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France.

## Early life

She started practising triathlon at 15 years old.

## Personal life

She is engaged to Portuguese triathlete João Pereira. They both represent Benfica and the Portuguese national team. In 2018, they both won the gold medal in the individual events of the 2018 Mediterranean Games.

## InfoBox

Melanie Santos
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Melanie Bronze dos Santos |
| Nationality | Portuguese |
| Born | (1995-07-12) 12 July 1995<br>Basel, Switzerland |
| Height | 169 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 52 kg (115 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Sport | Triathlon |
| Club | Benfica |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Olympic finals | 22nd (2020) |
| Medal record      Women's triathlon  Representing  Portugal  Mediterranean Games  2018 Tarragona Sprint | |


title: Marsenina

abstract: Marsenina is a genus of small slug-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Velutininae within the family Velutinidae.

text:
# Marsenina

***Marsenina*** is a genus of small slug-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Velutininae within the family Velutinidae.

## Species

Species within the genus *Marsenina* include:

*Taxon inquirendum* * *Marsenina liouvillei* Vayssière, 1917

Species brought into synonymy * *Marsenina micromphala* Bergh, 1853: synonym of *Marsenina glabra* (Couthouy, 1838)
* *Marsenina prodita* Lovén, 1846: synonym of * *Marsenina glabra* (Couthouy, 1838)

## InfoBox

| *Marsenina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Marsenina liouvillei* (syntype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Velutinoidea |
| Family: | Velutinidae |
| Genus: | *Marsenina*
Gray, 1850 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Lamellaria prodita* Lovén, 1846
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Oithonella* Mörch, 1857 | |


title: Lorenzo Buscarini

abstract: Lorenzo Buscarini is a Sammarinese former international footballer who played as a midfielder.

text:
# Lorenzo Buscarini

**Lorenzo Buscarini** (born 27 May 1991) is a Sammarinese former international footballer who played as a midfielder.

## International career

Buscarini made his senior international debut on 12 October 2012, coming on as a substitute in a 5–0 away defeat to England.

## InfoBox

Lorenzo Buscarini
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1991-05-27) 27 May 1991 | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010–2012 | Cailungo | 42 | (2) |
| 2012–2017 | Murata | 74 | (3) |
| 2017–2019 | Domagnano | 30 | (2) |
| International career | | | |
| 2012–2014 | San Marino | 5 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 18 July 2020<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 18 July 2020 | | | |


title: Pinlaung

abstract: Pinlaung is a town 1,510 metres (4,950 ft) above sea level and seat of Pinlaung Township, in the Pa-O Self-Administered Zone of Shan State of eastern-central Burma. It lies along National Road 54, north-west by road from Loikaw. Running through the city center is a rail line connecting Loikaw to Kalaw, two major tourist towns in the area.

text:
# Pinlaung

**Pinlaung** is a town 1,510 metres (4,950 ft) above sea level and seat of Pinlaung Township, in the Pa-O Self-Administered Zone of Shan State of eastern-central Burma. It lies along National Road 54, north-west by road from Loikaw. Running through the city center is a rail line connecting Loikaw to Kalaw, two major tourist towns in the area.

## Demographics

Pinlaung is primarily home to Pa'O and Shan ethnic groups.

## Tourism

Tourists who visit the town of Pinlaung may visit Mway Daw Pagoda, the Nam Hoo Kyaung Tike Temple, and an authentic traditional craft market. Twenty minutes from the city center is another popular destination with tourists, Loi Maung Taung Pagoda. This stupa sits at the highest peak in the region, Loi Maung Taung. Another, lesser-known, mountain outside of the city center is Wingabar Mountain. This historic mountain is located 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from Pinlaung in the village of Taung Hti Bwar and features a full-length cave, called Yar Za Cave or Hti Bwar Cave.

## Economics

Traditionally, farmers from the Pinlaung area grew subsistence crops such as cheroot leaves, maize and beans. When the opium trade took off in the 1900s, poppy became a major cash crop in the area. However, in recent years, there have been efforts to focus on other saleable crops such as coffee and tea. Now, Pinlaung is the premier tea-growing town in Myanmar, with the Assam tea being the most predominant cultivar grown. Furthermore, cabbage, cauliflower, potato, corn and sesame grow in abundance due to the favourable climate conditions.

Before 2010, accessing Pinlaung was a difficult task. Merchants from Naypyidaw, southern, and western Myanmar who wanted trade with the highland farmers and ethnic tribes in Pinlaung were required to traverse the dangerous winding roads of Elephant Mountain (Sin Taung) and cross the Paung Laung River by boat. Then, Myanmar's former government contracted P.T.Waagner-Biro Indonesia together with Supreme Group of Companies to construct an expansive steel truss suspension bridge to span the river. The bridge, known as the Leinli Bridge, would become the highest of its kind in Myanmar. The bridge was opened on 5 November 2010, at a cost of 3.476 million in foreign currency and an additional 14,500 million kyats.

## Climate

Pinlaung has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb).

| Climate data for Pinlaung, elevation 1,463 m (4,800 ft), (1981–2010, extremes 2001–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.3
(82.9) | 28.2
(82.8) | 31.4
(88.5) | 33.0
(91.4) | 33.4
(92.1) | 29.6
(85.3) | 28.4
(83.1) | 29.4
(84.9) | 28.6
(83.5) | 29.4
(84.9) | 28.6
(83.5) | 26.8
(80.2) | 33.4
(92.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.7
(72.9) | 24.1
(75.4) | 26.5
(79.7) | 28.2
(82.8) | 25.9
(78.6) | 24.5
(76.1) | 22.3
(72.1) | 22.8
(73.0) | 24.3
(75.7) | 24.8
(76.6) | 23.7
(74.7) | 22.6
(72.7) | 24.4
(75.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.4
(56.1) | 15.1
(59.2) | 18.0
(64.4) | 21.0
(69.8) | 21.3
(70.3) | 20.9
(69.6) | 19.7
(67.5) | 20.0
(68.0) | 20.5
(68.9) | 19.8
(67.6) | 17.4
(63.3) | 14.3
(57.7) | 18.5
(65.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.1
(39.4) | 6.1
(43.0) | 9.5
(49.1) | 13.9
(57.0) | 16.7
(62.1) | 17.4
(63.3) | 17.2
(63.0) | 17.3
(63.1) | 16.8
(62.2) | 14.9
(58.8) | 11.1
(52.0) | 6.0
(42.8) | 12.6
(54.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.0
(28.4) | 0.1
(32.2) | 3.5
(38.3) | 9.0
(48.2) | 9.6
(49.3) | 12.6
(54.7) | 14.8
(58.6) | 15.0
(59.0) | 12.0
(53.6) | 10.2
(50.4) | 1.3
(34.3) | −1.3
(29.7) | −2.0
(28.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 2.7
(0.11) | 5.9
(0.23) | 9.6
(0.38) | 57.1
(2.25) | 171.9
(6.77) | 178.3
(7.02) | 213.0
(8.39) | 290.9
(11.45) | 280.7
(11.05) | 175.6
(6.91) | 75.5
(2.97) | 10.0
(0.39) | 1,471.2
(57.92) |
| Source: Norwegian Meteorological Institute | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Pinlaung | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Aerial View of Pinlaung | |
| PinlaungLocation in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 20°5′42″N 96°47′23″E / 20.09500°N 96.78972°E / 20.09500; 96.78972 | |
| Country | Myanmar |
| State | Shan State |
| District | Pa-O Self-Administered Zone |
| Township | Pinlaung Township |
| Elevation | 1,510 m (5,000 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MST) |