title: Newswest

abstract: Newswest is a community publication serving a number of communities within Canada's National Capital Region. Newswest is a wholly Canadian publication and not related to the 1980s U.S. newspaper NewsWest, previously owned by Tab Communications. Newswest was founded in October 1978 with help from the Canada Works federal program of the time. Early on, it moved its headquarters into the old Westboro Community Centre on Dovercourt Avenue for 5 years prior to that property's conversion to a recreation centre. When the neighbouring Hintonburg News ceased operation, Newswest expanded its coverage into the now defunct Elmdale Ward in 1998. Newswest is one of the longest surviving community newspapers in Ottawa. It operates as a non-profit corporation and is published 12 times a year inside Kitchissippi Times with a circulation of well over 16,000 copies. The inclusion of Newswest in Kitchissippi Times began in 2003 after an agreement on advertising revenue was reached between the 2 papers. Since that time Kitchissippi Times handles all advertising allowing Newswest to focus on its non-profit community content. Kitchissippi Times is published 24 times per year so the editors of the 2 papers share responsibility on things like the Community Calendar section. Newswest covers the area bordered by the O-Train Trillium Line and Woodroofe Avenue, and between the Ottawa River and Carling Avenue. This area includes the neighbourhoods of Mechanicsville, Hintonburg, Champlain Park, West Wellington, Hampton Park, Westboro Beach, Westboro, Highland Park, McKellar Park, Carlingwood and the Civic Hospital. Most of the articles to Newswest are provided by local volunteer writers and photographers. Additionally, columns from the local representatives for 3 levels of government and the public school board appear regularly. The current editor of Newswest is Tim Thibeault.

text:
# Newswest

***Newswest*** is a community publication serving a number of communities within Canada's National Capital Region. Newswest is a wholly Canadian publication and not related to the 1980s U.S. newspaper NewsWest, previously owned by Tab Communications.

Newswest was founded in October 1978 with help from the *Canada Works* federal program of the time. Early on, it moved its headquarters into the old Westboro Community Centre on Dovercourt Avenue for 5 years prior to that property's conversion to a recreation centre. When the neighbouring Hintonburg News ceased operation, Newswest expanded its coverage into the now defunct Elmdale Ward in 1998.

Newswest is one of the longest surviving community newspapers in Ottawa. It operates as a non-profit corporation and is published 12 times a year inside ***Kitchissippi Times*** with a circulation of well over 16,000 copies. The inclusion of Newswest in Kitchissippi Times began in 2003 after an agreement on advertising revenue was reached between the 2 papers. Since that time Kitchissippi Times handles all advertising allowing Newswest to focus on its non-profit community content. Kitchissippi Times is published 24 times per year so the editors of the 2 papers share responsibility on things like the Community Calendar section.

Newswest covers the area bordered (east to west) by the O-Train Trillium Line and Woodroofe Avenue, and between the Ottawa River and Carling Avenue. This area includes the neighbourhoods of Mechanicsville, Hintonburg, Champlain Park, West Wellington, Hampton Park, Westboro Beach, Westboro, Highland Park, McKellar Park, Carlingwood and the Civic Hospital.

Most of the articles to Newswest are provided by local volunteer writers and photographers. Additionally, columns from the local representatives for 3 levels of government and the public school board appear regularly.

The current editor of Newswest is Tim Thibeault.


title: Newswomen's Club of New York

abstract: The Newswomen's Club of New York is a nonprofit organization that focuses on women working in the media in the New York City metropolitan area. Founded in 1922 as the New York Newspaper Woman's Club, it included Eleanor Roosevelt, Helen Rogers Reid and Anne O'Hare McCormick among its membership; it changed its name in 1971 to include members working in magazines and broadcast media. The organization presents its Front Page Award annually to honor the most prominent achievements by women in journalism.

text:
# Newswomen's Club of New York

The **Newswomen's Club of New York** is a nonprofit organization that focuses on women working in the media in the New York City metropolitan area. Founded in 1922 as the **New York Newspaper Woman's Club**, it included Eleanor Roosevelt, Helen Rogers Reid and Anne O'Hare McCormick among its membership; it changed its name in 1971 to include members working in magazines and broadcast media. The organization presents its Front Page Award annually to honor the most prominent achievements by women in journalism.

## History

American newspapers hired large numbers of female journalists in 1919–1920 to cover the women's suffrage movement, but after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, many were demoted to the society pages or let go. This led several women to plan a group that would fight for the rights of female journalists.

The New York Newspaper Women's Club was started by 32 women who met at the Hotel Vanderbilt on March 8, 1922, and formally began two weeks later with the swearing in of officers and the adoption of a constitution. The founding officers were Martha Coman of *The New York Herald* as president, Jane Dixon of the *New York Telegram* as vice president, Theodora Bean of *The Morning Telegraph* as treasurer, Emma Bugbee of *The New York Tribune* as recording secretary, Ann Dunlap of the *New York American* as corresponding secretary, Josephine Ober of the *New York World* as chair of the membership committee, Jane Grant of *The New York Times* as chair of the house committee, and Louella Parsons of *The Morning Telegraph* as chair of the publicity committee. The first board of directors consisted of Parsons, Grant, and Esther Coster of the *Brooklyn Eagle*. The annual membership dues were $25, which was a week's salary for many of the members.

Two years later, the club was incorporated in the state of New York with the stated purpose

> ...to inculcate a spirit of mutual aid in the newspaper profession, to provide club facilities for its members, to exert proper influences, and to foster and advance the best ideals and standards in the profession of journalism.
>
> articles of incorporation filed April 18, 1924

## Scholarships

The club established a scholarship fund for female students at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1945. It awarded the first $200 scholarship to Laura Hoyle Davis at its annual town hall meeting in 1946. $200 scholarships were awarded in subsequent years until 1954, when no scholarship was awarded.

In 1954, the club created the Anne O'Hare McCormick Journalism Scholarship in honor of the late foreign correspondent and editorial board member of *The New York Times* who served as a vice president of the club for nine years. *The New York Times* provided $10,000 of the $15,000 needed to establish the annual scholarship. The first $500 scholarship was awarded to Mary Kay Johnson of Wakefield, Rhode Island in 1955 at the club's annual Front Page dinner and dance.

The Mary E. Watts Award was named in honor of the club member and former women's editor of *The Sun*. The initial $100 scholarship was given in 1962 to Jeanne Heffernan of Troy, New York.

The Eleanor Roosevelt Newspaper Women's Memorial Fund was established in 1964 in honor of the club member and former first lady. The fund provided a fellowship exchange program for two newspaperwomen, one from the United States and the other from Latin America, covering three months of travel, work, and study in the exchange country, including round-trip transportation and a $500 tuition allowance. The club provided the $10,000 seed money for the fund. The first fellowships were awarded in 1965 to Jennie Graciela Vasquez-Solis of *La Prensa*(es) in Lima, Peru, and Elvira J. Valenzuela of *The Wichita Eagle* and *The Wichita Beacon* in Kansas.

The Joan O'Sullivan Scholarship was created in 2008 in honor of the columnist and editor for King Features Syndicate who was also a former president of both the club and the Anne O’Hare McCormick Memorial Fund. Former club president Roslind Massow provided the seed money to establish the scholarship.


title: Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard

abstract: The Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard is the Newfoundland and Labrador provincial championship for men's curling. The tournament is run by the Newfoundland and Labrador Curling Association. The winner represents Team Newfoundland and Labrador at the Tim Hortons Brier.

text:
# Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard

The **Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard** is the Newfoundland and Labrador provincial championship for men's curling. The tournament is run by the Newfoundland and Labrador Curling Association. The winner represents Team Newfoundland and Labrador at the Tim Hortons Brier.

## Champions

(National champions in bold)

| Year | Team | Curling club |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | Andrew Symonds | St. John's Curling Club |
| 2023 | Nathan Young | St. John's Curling Club |
| 2022 | Nathan Young | St. John's Curling Club |
| 2021 | Greg Smith | St. John's Curling Club |
| **2020** | **Brad Gushue** | **St. John's Curling Club** |
| 2019 | Andrew Symonds | St. John's Curling Club |
| 2018 | Greg Smith | St. John's Curling Club |
| **2017** | **Brad Gushue** | **Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club / St. John's Curling Club** |
| 2016 | Brad Gushue | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club / St. John's Curling Club |
| 2015 | Brad Gushue | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club / St. John's Curling Club |
| 2014 | Brad Gushue | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club |
| 2013 | Brad Gushue | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club |
| 2012 | Brad Gushue | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club |
| 2011 | Brad Gushue | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club |
| 2010 | Brad Gushue | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club |
| 2009 | Brad Gushue | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club |
| 2008 | Brad Gushue | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club |
| 2007 | Brad Gushue | Corner Brook Curling Club |
| 2006 | Ken Peddigrew | St. John's Curling Club |
| 2005 | Brad Gushue | St. John's Curling Club |
| 2004 | Brad Gushue | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club |
| 2003 | Brad Gushue | St. John's Curling Club |
| 2002 | Mark Noseworthy | St. John's Curling Club |
| 2001 | Keith Ryan | Carol Curling Club |
| 2000 | Rick Rowsell | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1999 | Glenn Goss | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1998 | Toby McDonald | Bally Haly Golf and Curling Club |
| 1997 | Jeff Thomas | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1996 | Frank O'Driscoll | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1995 | Bill Jenkins | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1994 | Mark Noseworthy | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1993 | Gary Oke | Recplex |
| 1992 | Glenn Goss | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1991 | John Boland | Gander Curling Club |
| 1990 | Glenn Goss | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1989 | Lorne Henderson | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1988 | Gary Oke | Recplex |
| 1987 | Mark Noseworthy | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1986 | Fred Durant | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1985 | Jeff Thomas | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1984 | Jeff Thomas | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1983 | Gary Oke | Corner Brook Curling Club |
| 1982 | Mark Noseworthy | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1981 | Toby McDonald | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1980 | Wayne Hamilton | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1979 | Jeff Thomas | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1978 | Bob Rowe | Goose Bay Curling Club |
| 1977 | Wayne Hamilton | St. John's Curling Club |
| **1976** | **Jack MacDuff** | **St. John's Curling Club** |
| 1975 | Bob Cole | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1974 | Fred Wight | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1973 | Jim Ward | Carol Curling Club |
| 1972 | Fred Durant | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1971 | Bob Cole | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1970 | Les Bowering | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1969 | Bill Piercey | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1968 | Bill Piercey | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1967 | Leonard Kalchak | RCAF Goose Bay Curling Club |
| 1966 | George MacCharles | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1965 | George MacCharles | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1964 | Ed Pedley | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1963 | John Pike | Grand Falls Curling Club |
| 1962 | George Giannou | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1961 | Alexander Fisher | Blomidon Curling Club |
| 1960 | John-David Lyon | Goose Bay Curling Club |
| 1959 | Alexander Fisher | Blomidon Curling Club |
| 1958 | Alexander Fisher | Corner Brook Curling Club |
| 1957 | Alexander Fisher | Corner Brook Curling Club |
| 1956 | Bob Goudey | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1955 | Norm Rockwell | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1954 | Bob Kent | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1953 | Norm Rockwell | St. John's Curling Club |
| 1952 | Tommy Tomelin | Corner Brook Curling Club |
| 1951 | Tom Hallett | St. John's Curling Club |

## InfoBox

| Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1951 |
| 2024 host city | St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador |
| 2024 arena | RE/MAX Centre |
| 2024 champion | Andrew Symonds |
| Current edition | |
| *2024 Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard* | |


title: Human accelerated regions

abstract: Human accelerated regions (HARs), first described in August 2006, are a set of 49 segments of the human genome that are conserved throughout vertebrate evolution but are strikingly different in humans. They are named according to their degree of difference between humans and chimpanzees. Found by scanning through genomic databases of multiple species, some of these highly mutated areas may contribute to human-specific traits. Others may represent loss of functional mutations, possibly due to the action of biased gene conversion rather than adaptive evolution. Several of the HARs encompass genes known to produce proteins important in neurodevelopment. HAR1 is a 106-base pair stretch found on the long arm of chromosome 20 overlapping with part of the RNA genes HAR1F and HAR1R. HAR1F is active in the developing human brain. The HAR1 sequence is found in chickens and chimpanzees but is not present in fish or frogs that have been studied. There are 18 base pair mutations different between humans and chimpanzees, far more than expected by its history of conservation. HAR2 includes HACNS1 a gene enhancer "that may have contributed to the evolution of the uniquely opposable human thumb, and possibly also modifications in the ankle or foot that allow humans to walk on two legs". Evidence to date shows that of the 110,000 gene enhancer sequences identified in the human genome, HACNS1 has undergone the most change during the evolution of humans following the split with the ancestors of chimpanzees. The substitutions in HAR2 may have resulted in loss of binding sites for a repressor, possibly due to biased gene conversion.

text:
# Human accelerated regions

**Human accelerated regions** (**HARs**), first described in August 2006, are a set of 49 segments of the human genome that are conserved throughout vertebrate evolution but are strikingly different in humans. They are named according to their degree of difference between humans and chimpanzees (HAR1 showing the largest degree of human-chimpanzee differences). Found by scanning through genomic databases of multiple species, some of these highly mutated areas may contribute to human-specific traits. Others may represent loss of functional mutations, possibly due to the action of biased gene conversion rather than adaptive evolution.

Several of the HARs encompass genes known to produce proteins important in neurodevelopment. HAR1 is a 106-base pair stretch found on the long arm of chromosome 20 overlapping with part of the RNA genes HAR1F and HAR1R. HAR1F is active in the developing human brain. The HAR1 sequence is found (and conserved) in chickens and chimpanzees but is not present in fish or frogs that have been studied. There are 18 base pair mutations different between humans and chimpanzees, far more than expected by its history of conservation.

HAR2 includes HACNS1 a gene enhancer "that may have contributed to the evolution of the uniquely opposable human thumb, and possibly also modifications in the ankle or foot that allow humans to walk on two legs". Evidence to date shows that of the 110,000 gene enhancer sequences identified in the human genome, HACNS1 has undergone the most change during the evolution of humans following the split with the ancestors of chimpanzees. The substitutions in HAR2 may have resulted in loss of binding sites for a repressor, possibly due to biased gene conversion.

## HAR genes


title: Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus

abstract: The Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) is a member of the species Alphanudivirus oryrhinocerotis in the family Nudiviridae. It causes lethal infections in larvae and adults of the coconut rhinoceros beetle, a serious pest of coconut and oil palms in tropical Asia and the Pacific. The virus was discovered by Alois Huger in 1963 while searching for diseases of O. rhinoceros in Malaysia. It has been demonstrated to be an effective biological control agent against this beetle pest.

text:
# Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus

The **Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus** (OrNV) is a member of the species ***Alphanudivirus oryrhinocerotis*** in the family *Nudiviridae*. It causes lethal infections in larvae and adults of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (*Oryctes rhinoceros*), a serious pest of coconut and oil palms in tropical Asia and the Pacific. The virus was discovered by Alois Huger in 1963 while searching for diseases of *O. rhinoceros* in Malaysia. It has been demonstrated to be an effective biological control agent against this beetle pest.

## Description and biology

The Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus develops in the nuclei of infected cells, where the rod-shaped capsids are assembled to a size of 180 x 65 nm. Like in other nudiviruses, the capsids have a characteristic thread-like tail. They acquire an envelope and the final virus particles have a size of 220 x 120 nm.

The Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus is a double-stranded DNA virus with a large circular DNA molecule. The example (representative) isolate Ma07 has 127,615 base pairs and 139 open reading frames. Among others, the genes are associated with DNA replication and virus structure.

The virus is transmitted perorally in *O. rhinoceros* larvae and adults. In *O. rhinoceros* larvae, the virus multiplies mainly in the fat body. As a result, the fat body disintegrates and the infected larvae have a transparent appearance. In *O. rhinoceros* adult beetles, the virus infects mainly the cells of the midgut. Midgut cells killed by the virus are discharged into the gut lumen. The gut becomes filled with virus particles and the infected adult beetles excrete the virus, transmitting it efficiently within the *O. rhinoceros* population. Transmission of the virus is important for maintaining it within the beetle population, since it does not persist for long outside its beetle host.

Infected third instar larvae typically die after around 3 weeks, 1st and 2nd instars earlier. Virus infections are, however, not transmitted to the pupal stage and adult beetles emerging from the pupae are always uninfected. They acquire infections through contact with infected larvae or adult beetles in breeding sites, or during mating and feeding in coconut palms. Virus infections reduce the lifespan and fecundity of the adult beetles. Infected females stop laying eggs and there is no transmission through the egg stage.

## Taxonomy

Alois Huger described the virus as being similar to viruses from the family *Baculoviridae*, but lacking the proteinaceous crystals which surround and protect baculovirus particles. He named it *Rhabdionvirus oryctes*, however it became subsequently mainly known as Oryctes rhinoceros virus (OrV). A genomic analysis in 2007 revealed similarities to another unassigned and non-occluded baculovirus, the Heliothis zea virus 1, but significant differences to other baculoviruses. Therefore, the new genus *Nudivirus* was proposed for both viruses within the *Baculoviridae*.

Further studies on the Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus and other non-occluded baculoviruses led to the conclusion that they are significantly different from other members of the family *Baculoviridae*. Therefore, in 2012/2013, the creation of a new family, the *Nudiviridae*, was proposed with several new genera replacing the genus *Nudivirus*. The Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus was regarded as the type species (now called 'example') for the first genus, the genus *Alphanudivirus*, and for the new family. Since the introduction of the binomial system in virus taxonomy, the species *Alphanudivirus oryrhinocerotis* is recognized with the Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus belonging to this species.

## Prevalence and introduction

The Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus has been found to be naturally present in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and India. It appears to be widely distributed in tropical parts of Asia, that is the native distribution range of its host, the coconut rhinoceros beetle. However, it was absent in the Pacific Islands invaded by *O. rhinoceros* and in the islands of the Maldives. Releases of the virus into virus-free islands resulted in a significant reduction of the beetle population.

The virus affects mainly the population of *O. rhinoceros* adults, spreading easily among adult beetles and reducing their lifespan and fecundity. In Samoa and the Maldives, where the virus was introduced, the infection rate among adult beetles was typically between 30 and 40% after its introduction, whereas the virus was only found in 10% or less of the larval breeding sites. In countries where the virus is naturally present (Philippines, Indonesia) the incidence of virus infections among adult beetles is also usually higher than the number of breeding sites containing the virus.

Comparing *O.rhinoceros* populations before and after the introduction of the virus in the Maldives as well as populations in the Philippines and in Indonesia with different levels of virus prevalence showed that the average lifespan of adult beetles was reduced to less than one half in populations with a high level of virus infections. This corresponds well to the reduced palm damage following the introduction of the virus. This reduction of palm damage was well documented in Samoa, American Samoa, Tonga and Fiji.

The palm damage depends on the density of palms, since the same number of *O. rhinoceros* adults per hectare will cause less damage in areas with a high palm density compared to areas with a low palm density. For accurate comparison of the effect of the virus on the *O. rhinoceros* population, it is therefore necessary to account for the density of the palms and convert the palm damage into an estimate of the number of feeding *O. rhinoceros* adults per hectare. In the Maldives, such a conversion showed that the introduction of the virus often reduced the number of *O. rhinoceros* adults attacking coconut palms to less than one quarter of the level before the release.

## Resistance to the virus

There is evidence that some *O. rhinoceros* populations have developed resistance to the Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus. This is reflected in a natural low level of virus infections in some populations (e.g. South Sulawesi and Java in Indonesia), combined with a high level of palm damage, as well as high resistance to artificial virus inoculations in the invasive *O. rhinoceros* population in Guam. In Guam, the resistant population was found to belong to a specific haplotype (haplotype G) of *O. rhinoceros* which is also present in Indonesia, the Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.

At the same time it was shown in laboratory experiments that *O. rhinoceros* larvae and adults have different sensitivities to different strains of the virus. Virus releases with different strains in the Maldives supported these laboratory results. Therefore, resistance to the virus seems to be a combination of a general insensitivity to virus inoculations and differences in the virulence of different virus strains.

This was also supported by virus releases in coconut plantations in Central Java, Indonesia. In Java, the *O. rhinoceros* population was initially thought to be virus free, but was later found to have an extremely low level of natural virus infections, suggesting resistance to the virus. In 1976 and 1977, *O. rhinoceros* adult beetles infected with a virus strain from Sumatra were released in 8 locations in Java, while keeping 4 nearby locations untreated for comparison. Three years after the release, the palm damage in the treated areas had declined from 67.5% to 20.8%, expressed in % of fronds damaged. In the untreated areas the damage had not changed significantly (69.4% before and 76.5% after the release). Resurveying the treated and untreated areas in 1987, 10 years after the virus release, still showed a low damage level in the treated areas (17.1%) and some reduction in the untreated areas (41.8%).

## Ecology of the virus

Although the Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus has been demonstrated to be able to suppress *O. rhinoceros* populations effectively, outbreaks by the beetle can still develop during replanting of coconut or oil palms, even in the presence of the virus. Under such conditions many breeding sites become available and transmission of the virus is often interrupted. Transmission of the virus occurs when infected adult beetles come in contact with healthy larvae and adults in breeding sites, apart from contact between adults in palm trees.

During replanting, when many breeding places become available, the contact between adults and larvae is reduced, because many potential breeding places are not yet occupied. Under such conditions it is advisable to hide the decaying coconut or oil palm trunks by planting cover crops around them. Cover crops not only hide the decaying palm trunks from the beetle, they also have a repellent effect on *O. rhinoceros*. In addition, the spread of the virus can be promoted by leaving a few dead standing coconut palms in the replanted area. Dead standing coconut palms are the most preferred breeding places, there is frequent contact between adult beetles and larvae in dead standing palms and they are hot spots for virus transmission. As pointed out above, other factors like the density of palms or resistance to the virus can also influence the ecology of the virus.

## InfoBox

| *Alphanudivirus oryrhinocerotis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| particle of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus showing the capsid surrounded by a thick envelope (scale bar = 50 nm) | |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Class: | *Naldaviricetes* |
| Order: | *Lefavirales* |
| Family: | *Nudiviridae* |
| Genus: | *Alphanudivirus* |
| Species: | ***Alphanudivirus oryrhinocerotis*** |
|
| Member virus | |
| Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus | |
| Synonyms | |
| * Rhabdionvirus oryctes * Oryctes rhinoceros virus * OrNV * OrV | |


title: Phalangium opilio

abstract: Phalangium opilio is a species of harvestman belonging to the family Phalangiidae.

text:
# Phalangium opilio

***Phalangium opilio*** (also known as the **common harvestman**, **brown harvestman** and **daddy longlegs**) is a species of harvestman belonging to the family Phalangiidae.

## Taxonomy

*P. opilio* is a member of the Eupnoi suborder of Opiliones.

## Distribution

*P. opilio* has a mostly Holarctic distribution and is the most widespread harvestman species worldwide, occurring natively in Europe, North and Central Asia, and Asia Minor. The species has been introduced to North America, North Africa and New Zealand from Europe. In North America, it occurs in non-desert regions of southern Canada and the United States.

### Habitat

This species can be found in a wide range of open habitats, including meadows, bogs, and forests. It is also most abundant in anthropogenic habitats, and is thus considered a synanthropic species of harvestmen. In can be found in habitats modified by humans, such as gardens, agroecosystems, hedgerows, lawns, quarries, urban green spaces, walls and bridges. In agricultural settings, *P. opilio* is common in temperate cropland, living among crops such as corn, alfalfa, small grains, potatoes, cabbage, strawberries, and apple.

*P. opilio* apparently prefer vertical surfaces, including tree trunks and vertical man-made structures like fences and walls, with a preference for wood substrate due to its low thermal conductivity and slow release of moisture, being a thermophilous and moderately hygrophilous species. However, their preference varies based on the amount of cover available in a certain area. *P. opilio* tend to be found in shrubs and brushy vegetation when sparse shrub cover exists, but tend to be found on the ground layer when dense cover is present, such as low vegetation and grass. Early instars (immature *P. opilio*) mostly occur on the ground, but later instars have a broader vertical range. *P. opilio* have also been observed to take cover in low vegetation, like grass, during rain.

## Description

Like other harvestmen, *P. opilio* have long, slender legs and a short, round body. Adult *P. opilio* have a body length of 3.5–9 mm (1838 in). Males tend to have smaller bodies than females, but have noticeably larger pedipalps and chelicerae with prominent outgrowths (horns) on the dorsal side of the second segment. Both sexes are similarly coloured and are marked light brown and gray, often with a light cream underside.

*P. opilio* is relatively large compared to other harvestmen species. In individuals of both sexes, the legs, bodies, and eye tubercles are covered with spines. Males can be differentiated from females by their longer pedipalps and the existence of long, forward-pointing processes, appearing similar to horns, on the second segment of their chelicerae. In some European populations, *P. opilio* male chelicerae and pedipalpal size have significant allometric variation, but it's not clear whether this is continuous or discrete, which would indicate male dimorphism in *P. opilio*.

As an arachnid species, *P. opilio* have four pairs of legs. Three of these pairs are for movement, but the longest, second pair is antennae-shaped and primarily used as a sensory appendage to feel their surroundings. Their tarsus, the segment of their legs furthest from their body, have numerous pseudosegments called tarsomeres that make them prehensile, enabling *P. opilio* to use them in climbing, such as by curling them around twigs; courtship of mates; and male—male combat. Their legs have seven segments, whereas pedipalps have six.

### Juveniles

Immature *P. opilio* resemble adults, but have shorter legs relative to their bodies and are smaller overall. The cheliceral horns of the males are not noticeable until the molt to the penultimate instar. In Wisconsin populations of *P. opilio*, seven juvenile stages have been observed. These consist of a non-feeding postembryo (or "larva") stage that emerges from the egg and molts into the first instar within hours of hatching, followed by six instars.

### Eggs

*P. opilio'*s eggs are smooth, spherical in shape, and about 0.55 mm in diameter, laid in clusters ranging from ten to several hundred. As they mature, their color changes from off-white to dark grey-brown. Clutches consist of about 250 eggs in total with embryos that develop at the same time. Each egg has a thin, opaque chorion membrane and a thick, transparent vitelline membrane.

### Similar species

*Mitopus morio* has a very similar appearance, but *P. opilio* can be distinguished by the two pale "denticles" (small teeth-like structures) below the anterior margin of the carapace, as well as the long forward-pointing "horns" on the second segment of male *P. opilio'*s chelicerae.

## Behavior

Most of their time is spent stationary, but *P. opilio* have also been observed walking and leg palpating—making tapping movements with their sensory legs—as well as drinking, feeding, and grooming. As is typical of opilionids, the species is nocturnal, observed to exhibit 90% of their total activity between 18:00 and 06:00. Adults of both sexes have been observed to walk more from nightfall to midnight than during the day, and males have been observed to walk for longer in the early morning, until 03:00, possibly to attempt to find females to mate with. *P. opilio* also exhibit leg palpating only at night, with adult females and nymphs exhibiting more leg palpating than males, possibly as a foraging strategy.

### Diet

*P. opilio* is a generalist predator and scavenger that feeds on soft-bodied animals found in crops, such as aphids, caterpillars, leafhoppers, beetle larvae, and mites. Sometimes it may also scavenge on hard-bodied animals, such as various arthropods, including other harvestmen.

They are also known to feed on *Helicoverpa zea* eggs among soybean crops.

### Life cycle

Eggs are laid in moist areas and hatch in three to five months. The juveniles undergo several molts and reach maturity in two to three months. Both the time taken for eggs to hatch and the time taken for juveniles to mature can vary based on temperature, embryos development being fastest between 20–30 °C (68–86 °F) and completely ceasing below 10 °C (50 °F). *Phalangium opilio* is a univoltine species in Europe, producing one generation per year that overwinters as eggs. Two or more generations may occur within a year in some areas of North America, in which case eggs, immatures, and adults may all overwinter. For example, in Central Europe, one generation matures per year in early summer and late autumn. On the other hand, in Kentucky, they apparently undergo three generations per year, overwintering in the egg stage. In US populations, diapause (overwintering) is not a requirement for hatching; Wisconsin populations of *P. opilio* have been maintained in captivity with a continuous life cycle, which underlies their use for the study of developmental biology and comparative genomics.

### Reproduction

Like other harvestman species, male and female *P. opilio* copulate with multiple partners to achieve internal fertilization, and males produce aflagellate sperm. The mating season of *P. opilio* is three months long, as examined in the cold humid "Dfb" climate subcategory of the Köppen–Geiger map.

When introduced to each other in a laboratory setting, male and female individuals usually mate within few seconds of contact. Female specimens laid one clutch about every three days, producing colonies that overwintered and yielded new adult females that bred and laid eggs in winter. The adult lifespan is 40 to 60 days long. The specimens observed that yielded these findings were collected from the states Massachusetts and Wisconsin in the United States during their breeding season from early June to early September, and kept in a container at 26 °C (79 °F) with moist coconut fiber, food and water.

### Microhabitat separation and migration

When observed in small, fenced-in areas of soybean fields, *P. opilio* nymphs of different sizes and adults of different sexes inhabited different vertical levels, moving between the ground and the bottom, middle, and top of plants at different times of the day. For most of the day, medium-sized (with a cephalothorax 1.0–1.5 mm (116116 in) wide) and large-sized (with a cephalothorax wider than 1.5 mm (116 in) nymphs and adults live at bottom and middle elevation on their surrounding plants. At nightfall (21:00), medium-sized nymphs tend to remain on plants at night, whereas larger nymphs and adults of both sexes move to the ground. A theory for this behavior is that medium-sized nymphs stay in vegetation at night to avoid higher predation risk from nocturnal ground predators and other *P. opilio*. Adult males tend to remain on the ground by 03:00, spending more time there than females and large nymphs that return to the plants by then. At 03:00, a substantial portion of female adults migrated to the top portion of the plants. The same happened with the males at 06:00, three hours later.

## Biology

### Embryonic development

In 2022, an embryogenesis staging system, with description of stages of embryonic development, was presented for *P. opilio* by Guilherme Gainett et al. This was the first modern embryonic staging developed for a species of the order Opiliones, and used as a reference the *P. opilio* embryo descriptions by Manfred Moritz and Dietrich Winkler, as well as the embryonic staging that they had based their descriptions on, developed by Christian Juberthie for the species *Odiellus gallicus*, another species of the Phalangiidae family.

### Developmental genetics

*P. opilio* serves as a model system for the study of developmental biology of arachnids, and the sole model species for the order Opiliones. Foundational work on the developmental biology of this species was established by Manfred Moritz and Dietrich Winkler in the 20th century, and resurrected by Prashant Sharma. Modern genetic studies of *P. opilio* comprised surveys of Hox genes and leg axis patterning genes. The establishment of gene silencing (RNA interference) in this species made it possible to test the function of genes in establishing the harvestman body plan. Study of *P. opilio* revealed that the gene *dachshund* is essential for the transition from a three-segmented chelicera (e.g., found in harvestmen, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders) to a two-segmented chelicera (e.g., found in solifuges, pseudoscorpions, and spiders). Further investigation of homeobox genes like *homothorax*, *labial*, *Deformed*, and *Sex combs reduced* revealed the Hox code logic that specifies each appendage identity in the head of arachnids.

### "Daddy short legs"

On August 4, 2021, a journal article was published by Guilherme Gainett et al. regarding their assembly of the first draft genome of *P. opilio*, created from a colony established from specimens collected in Madison, Wisconsin—the first draft genome ever assembled for a harvestman species. Guilherme Gainett et al. identified and examined the function of the genes *Deformed* (*Dfd*) and *Sex combs reduced* (*Scr*). These genes are also known as Hox genes, which control development in regions along an embryo's head-tail axis. Knockdown of the *Dfd* gene, preventing it from being expressed, led to the first two of *P. opilio* embryos' leg pairs transforming into pedipalps, a transformation known as homeosis, and their sensory leg pair becoming significantly shorter. Knockdown of both *Dfd* and *Scr* led to this homeotic transformation occurring in the first three pairs of legs. Knockdown of another gene, *Epidermal growth factor receptor* (*Egfr*) also caused shortened legs and the loss of tarsomeres. The resulting specimens with shortened legs have also been referred to as "daddy shortlegs", derived from the colloquial species name "daddy longlegs".

### Discovery of vestigial eyes

It has long been thought that daddy-longlegs have a single pair of eyes on top of the head. Recent work on the development of *P. opilio* has revealed that this species in fact has six eyes. Two pairs of their eyes are vestigial and correspond to a second pair of median eyes (found today only in sea spiders and embryos of horseshoe crabs) and a pair of reduced lateral eyes (homologous to the lateral eyes of groups like spiders and scorpions). The arrangement of the Opiliones brain is now understood to be more primitive than previously understood, suggesting that arachnid groups like spiders and scorpions have counterintuitively advanced or "derived" neuroanatomy.

### Contribution to arachnid phylogeny

Genomic resources established for *P. opilio* have shown that Opiliones are in fact not closely related to scorpions, as had long been suggested based on morphology; scorpions are understood to be more closely related to spiders (as part of the clade Arachnopulmonata) on the basis of a shared whole genome duplication that excludes groups like Opiliones, mites, and ticks.

## Relationship to humans

### Research

Due to its broad, synanthropic distribution, *P. opilio* is considered an opportune representative of the order Opiliones. As such, it is actively used to study its embryonic development to examine arachnid development and evolution.

### Biological pest control in agriculture

*P. opilio* feeds on many insect species considered pests, such that it can provide biological pest control in agricultural settings. It is not solely able to suppress any populations of a pest species, but its existence alongside other generalist predators contributes overall to controlling pest populations. Their value to human agriculture varies due to their generalist feeding habits and consumption of other members of its species, but this may in turn allow their populations to persist even when pest density is low, enabling them to suppress earlier stages of pest outbreaks when they do occur.

For example, since *P. opilio* preys on the eggs of *Helicoverpa zea*, a major agricultural pest, it can act as biological pest control for soybean crops. They particularly benefit the seasonal timing of soybean production in Kentucky because their second annual generation occurs in time for them to feed on *H. zea* eggs.

*P. opilio* is highly susceptible to some broad spectrum insecticides, so use of such insecticides is discouraged for conservation of *P. opilio* populations. Some specific products appear to cause less harm to *P. opilio*, such as Bts.

## InfoBox

| *Phalangium opilio* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Family: | Phalangiidae |
| Genus: | *Phalangium* |
| Species: | ***P. opilio*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phalangium opilio***<br>Linnaeus, 1758 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Dentizacheus minor* Rambla, 1966 * *Phalangium brevicorne* Simon, 1879 * *Phalangium cornutum* Degeer, 1778 * *Phalangium cornutum* Linnaeus, 1767 * *Phalangium longipalpis* Weed, 1890 | |


title: Parancistrocerus leionotus

abstract: Parancistrocerus leionotus is a species of potter wasp in the family Vespidae.

text:
# Parancistrocerus leionotus

***Parancistrocerus leionotus*** is a species of potter wasp in the family Vespidae.

## Ecology

Unlike most related species, this wasp uses small cavities in rocks or concrete as nest sites.

## InfoBox

| *Parancistrocerus leionotus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Genus: | *Parancistrocerus* |
| Species: | ***P. leionotus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parancistrocerus leionotus***<br>(Viereck, 1906) | |
|


title: Victor E. Hall

abstract: Victor Ernest Hall was a Canadian scientist who researched physiology. His teaching and research career was spent at Stanford University and University of California, Los Angeles. He was executive editor of the Handbook of Physiology and long-time editor of the peer-reviewed journal the Annual Review of Physiology.

text:
# Victor E. Hall

**Victor Ernest Hall** (February 11, 1901  July 23, 1981) was a Canadian scientist who researched physiology. His teaching and research career was spent at Stanford University and University of California, Los Angeles. He was executive editor of the *Handbook of Physiology* and long-time editor of the peer-reviewed journal the *Annual Review of Physiology*.

## Early life and education

Victor E. Hall was born on February 11, 1901, in Victoria, British Columbia to parents Ernest Amos Hall, a physician, and Mary Louisa Hall née Fox. He was afflicted by polio as a child; he relied on crutches to stand and walk. He attended the Victoria Normal School for one year and briefly attended University of California, Berkeley before transferring to Stanford University. He graduated from Stanford with his undergraduate degree in 1922, his master's degree in physiology in 1925, and his Doctor of Medicine in 1928.

## Career

After graduating with his Doctor of Medicine, Hall remained at Stanford to teach in the physiology department, becoming a full professor in 1941. He had research appointments at Harvard in 1936 and 1937, then at Cornell in 1937 and 1938. Though outside his research area, he had an interest in nuclear weapons. In 1945, he gave presentations to the public about the impact of the discovery of nuclear weapons and the possible civilian applications of nuclear technology. While at Stanford, one of his areas of research was the metabolic aspects of thermoregulation. He left Stanford in 1951 to teach at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In 1964, he became the founding director of UCLA's Brain Information Service; he remained co-director after his retirement from UCLA in 1968, keeping the position until 1972.

When the *Annual Review of Physiology* was founded in 1938, creator J. Murray Luck asked Hall to be an associate editor. When Murray retired from the editor position in 1947, Hall succeeded him. For more than twenty years (19471971), Hall was the editor of the *Annual Review of Physiology*. He was also the executive editor of the *Handbook of Physiology*, published by the American Physiological Society.

## Personal life and death

He married Frances Marie Gould, one of his former students, in September 1940. They had several children. Hall died on July 23, 1981, in Grand Forks, North Dakota.

## InfoBox

| Victor E. Hall | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1901-02-11)February 11, 1901
Victoria, British Columbia |
| Died | July 23, 1981(1981-07-23) (aged 80)
Grand Forks, North Dakota |
| Citizenship | Canada |
| Education |  |
| Partner | Frances Gould Hall |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Fred Romkema

abstract: Fred W. Romkema is an American politician and a Republican member of the South Dakota House of Representatives representing District 31 since January 2009.

text:
# Fred Romkema

**Fred W. Romkema** (born July 3, 1947) is an American politician and a Republican member of the South Dakota House of Representatives representing District 31 since January 2009.

## Education

Romkema earned his BA and MA degrees from the University of South Dakota.

## Elections

* 2012 With Republican Representative Charles Turbiville term limited and leaving a District 31 seat open, Romkema ran in the four-way June 5, 2012 Republican Primary and placed first with 1,467 votes (31.4%); Romkema and fellow Republican nominee Timothy Johns were unopposed for the November 6, 2012 General election, where Romkema took the first seat with 6,721 votes (52%) and Johns took the second seat.
* 2008 When District 30 incumbent Republican Representative Tom Hills ran for South Dakota Senate and left a District 31 seat open, Romkema ran in the three-way June 3, 2008 Republican Primary and placed first with 1,898 votes (40.7%); in the three-way November 4, 2008 General election Romkema took the first seat with 6,783 votes (38.1%) and incumbent Republican Representative Charles Turbiville took the second seat ahead of Democratic nominee Kevin O'Dea.
* 2010 Romkema, incumbent Representative Turbiville, and returning 2008 Democratic opponent O'Dea were unopposed for their primaries, setting up a three-way rematch; in the three-way November 2, 2010 General election Romkema took the first seat with 6,335 votes (40%) and Representative Turbiville took the second seat ahead of Democratic nominee Kevin O'Dea.

## InfoBox

| Fred Romkema | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
from the 31st district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 2009Serving with Charles Turbiville (2009–2013)
Timothy Johns (2013–present) | |
| Preceded by | Tom Hills |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-07-03) July 3, 1947
Artesia, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence | Spearfish, South Dakota |
| Alma mater | University of South Dakota |
| Website | romkemaforhouse.com |
|  | |


title: Milk parsley

abstract:
Milk parsley is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
  - Ligusticopsis wallichiana, native to the Himalayas and cultivated as a garden plant
  - Peucedanum palustre, native throughout Europe and Central Asia and with a broad distribution in the British Isles. Formerly; Selinum palustre.
  - Peucedanum verticillare, a herbaceous plant in the genus Peucedanum of the family Apiaceae, found in SE Europe and Asia
  - Selinum carvifolia, or Cambridge milk parsley, native in much of Europe, with a restricted distribution in the British Isles

text:
# Milk parsley

**Milk parsley** is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

* *Ligusticopsis wallichiana* (syn. *Selinum wallichianum*), native to the Himalayas and cultivated as a garden plant
* *Peucedanum palustre*, native throughout Europe and Central Asia and with a broad distribution in the British Isles. Formerly; *Selinum palustre*.
* *Peucedanum verticillare*, a herbaceous plant in the genus *Peucedanum* of the family Apiaceae, found in SE Europe and Asia
* *Selinum carvifolia*, or Cambridge milk parsley, native in much of Europe, with a restricted distribution in the British Isles


title: William Smith (Somerset cricketer)

abstract: William Robert Rutherford Smith played first-class cricket for Somerset between 1895 and 1898 and for the MCC in 1901 and 1902. He also played Minor Counties cricket for Wiltshire from 1899 to 1913 and for Worcestershire in minor matches before Worcestershire achieved first-class status in 1899. From 1919 to 1930, Smith stood as an umpire in first-class cricket matches. Smith was born at Batley, West Yorkshire and died at Ewell, Surrey.

text:
# William Smith (Somerset cricketer)

**William Robert Rutherford Smith** (23 April 1871  23 December 1946) played first-class cricket for Somerset between 1895 and 1898 and for the MCC in 1901 and 1902. He also played Minor Counties cricket for Wiltshire from 1899 to 1913 and for Worcestershire in minor matches before Worcestershire achieved first-class status in 1899. From 1919 to 1930, Smith stood as an umpire in first-class cricket matches.

Smith was born at Batley, West Yorkshire and died at Ewell, Surrey.


title: USA-273

abstract: USA-273, also known as SBIRS GEO-3, is a United States military satellite and part of the Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS).

text:
# USA-273

**USA-273**, also known as **SBIRS GEO-3**, is a United States military satellite and part of the Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS).

## Overview of SBIRS

The SBIRS satellites are a replacement for the Defense Support Program (DSP) early warning system. They are intended to detect ballistic missile launches, as well as various other events in the infrared spectrum, including nuclear explosions, aircraft flights, space object entries and reentries, wildfires, and spacecraft launches.

The mission of SBIRS states that "The SBIRS program was designed to provide a seamless operational transition from DSP to SBIRS and meet jointly-defined requirements of the defense and intelligence communities in support of the missile early warning, missile defense, battlespace awareness and technical intelligence mission areas."

## Satellite description

SBIRS-GEO 3 was manufactured by Lockheed Martin Space and was built upon the A2100M, a militarized, radiation hardened satellite bus that provides power, attitude control, command and control, and a communications subsystem with five separate mission data downlinks to meet mission requirements, including system survivability and endurability requirements.

## SBIRS sensors

The SBIRS sensors are designed to provide greater flexibility and sensitivity than the DSP infrared sensor, in addition to detecting short-wave and mid-wave infrared signals, allowing SBIRS to perform a broader set of missions. These enhanced capabilities result in improved prediction accuracy for global strategic and tactical warfighters. Improvements to the ground system processing software are on-going, resulting in increased event message accuracy and reduced manpower requirements for support and operations of the DSP and SBIRS.

The infrared payload consists of two sensors; a scanner and a step-starer. The scanning sensor continuously scans the Earth to provide 24/7 global strategic missile warning capability. Data from the scanner also contributes to theater and intelligence missions. The step-staring sensor provides coverage for theater missions and intelligence areas of interest. On-board signal processing allows detected events to be transmitted to the ground, but the raw, unprocessed data gathered by the infrared sensors are down-linked as well, so the same radiometric scene observed in space will be available for ground-based processing.

## Launch

USA-273 was launched on 21 January 2017 from Cape Canaveral (CCAFS) atop an Atlas V 401 launch vehicle.

## InfoBox

USA-273
| Launch of USA-273 on an Atlas V | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | SBIRS GEO-3 (SV-4)
Space-Based Infrared System GEOstationary-3 |
|  | |
| Mission type | Infrared early warning
IRINT |
| Operator | United States Air Force / United States Space Force |
| COSPAR ID | 2017-004A |
| SATCAT no. | 41937 |
| Website | https://www.spaceforce.mil/ |
| Mission duration | 12 years (planned)
7 years, 8 months and 10 days *(in progress)* |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | SBIRS GEO-3 |
| Spacecraft type | SBIRS GEO |
| Bus | A2100M |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin Space |
| Launch mass | 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) |
| Dimensions | 15 m x 6.7 m x 6.1 m |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 21 January 2017, 00:42 UTC |
| Rocket | Atlas V 401 (AV-066) |
| Launch site | Cape Canaveral, SLC-41 |
| Contractor | United Launch Alliance |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Geostationary orbit |
|  | |
| Instruments | |
| 2 SBIRS sensors | |
| Space-Based Infrared System program | |


title: USA-262

abstract: USA-262, also known as GPS IIF-10, GPS SVN-72 and NAVSTAR 74, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the tenth of twelve Block IIF satellites to be launched.

text:
# USA-262

**USA-262**, also known as **GPS IIF-10**, **GPS SVN-72** and **NAVSTAR 74**, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the tenth of twelve Block IIF satellites to be launched.

## Launch

Built by Boeing and launched by United Launch Alliance, USA-262 was launched at 15:36 UTC on 15 July 2015, atop an Atlas V 401 carrier rocket, vehicle number AV-055. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and placed USA-262 directly into semi-synchronous orbit.

## Orbit

As of 15 July 2015, USA-262 was in an orbit with a perigee of 20,445 kilometers (12,704 mi), an apogee of 20,450 kilometers (12,710 mi), a period of 728.77 minutes, and 55.00 degrees of inclination to the equator. It is used to broadcast the PRN 08 signal, and operates in slot 3 of plane C of the GPS constellation. The satellite has a design life of 15 years and a mass of 1,630 kilograms (3,590 lb). It is currently in service following commissioning on August 12, 2015.

## InfoBox

USA-262
| A Block IIF GPS satellite | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Navigation |
| Operator | US Air Force |
| COSPAR ID | 2015-033A |
| SATCAT no. | 40730 |
| Mission duration | 12 years (planned) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | GPS SVN-72 (IIF-10) |
| Spacecraft type | GPS Block IIF |
| Manufacturer | Boeing |
| Launch mass | 1,630 kilograms (3,590 lb) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 15 July 2015, 15:36 (2015-07-15UTC15:36Z) UTC |
| Rocket | Atlas V 401, AV-055 |
| Launch site | Cape Canaveral SLC-41 |
| Contractor | ULA |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Medium Earth<br>(Semi-synchronous) |
| Perigee altitude | 20,445 km (12,704 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 20,450 km (12,710 mi) |
| Inclination | 55.00 degrees |
| Period | 728.77 minutes |
| Epoch | 15 July 2015, 21:23:20 UTC |
|  | |
|  | |


title: USA-272

abstract: USA 272, or Wideband Global SATCOM 8 is a United States military communications satellite operated by the United States Air Force as part of the Wideband Global SATCOM programme. Launched Delta IV in 2016, it was the eighth WGS satellite to reach (target) orbit. It is stationed at a longitude of 135° West, 149°E i=0° in geostationary orbit. WGS F8 was procured by the United States Air Force.

text:
# USA-272

**USA 272** (U.S.Strat.Com 41879), or **Wideband Global SATCOM 8** (**WGS F8**) (a.k.a Crazy) is a United States military communications satellite operated by the United States Air Force as part of the Wideband Global SATCOM programme. Launched Delta IV in 2016, it was the eighth WGS satellite to reach (target) orbit. It (WGS F8) is stationed at a longitude of 135° West, 149°E i=0° (from may 2021 to 10.2023) in geostationary orbit. WGS F8 was procured by the United States Air Force.

## Overview

The WGS system is a constellation of highly capable military communications satellites that leverage cost-effective methods and technological advances in the communications satellite industry. The WGS system is composed of three principal segments: Space Segment (satellites), Control Segment (operators) and Terminal Segment (users). Each WGS satellite provides service in multiple frequency bands, with the unprecedented ability to cross-band between the two frequencies on board the satellite. WGS augments other satellites.

In early 2001, a satellite communications industry team led by Hughes (Boeing Satellite Systems) was selected to develop the Wideband Gapfiller Satellite (WGS) system as successors to the Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) series of communications satellites. This satellite communications system is intended to support the warfighter with newer and far greater capabilities than provided by current systems. In March 2007, the acronym WGS was changed to Wideband Global SATCOM.

Just one WGS satellite provides more SATCOM capacity than the entire legacy Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) constellation.

As the backbone of the U.S. military's global satellite communications, Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) satellite system provides flexible, high-capacity communications for the Nation's warfighters through procurement and operation of the satellite constellation and the associated control systems. WGS provides worldwide flexible, high data rate and long haul communications for the Department of Defense (DoD) U.S., U.S. governmental organizations and international partners U.S..

## Satellite description

The order for long lead items for WGS F8 was placed in September 2011. The final contract for this satellite was awarded in December 2011, together with long lead items for WGS-9 and an option for WGS-10. Built by Boeing Satellite Systems, WGS F8 is based on the BSS-702HP satellite bus.

```
It had a mass at launch of 5,987 kg (13,199 lb), and was expected to operate for fourteen years (to 2030).
The spacecraft is equipped with two solar panels to generate power for its communications payload, which consists of cross-band military X-band and Ka-band transponders.
```

Propulsion is provided by an R-4D-15 apogee motor, with four XIPS-25 ion engines for stationkeeping. In 2012, the cost of the WGS F8 (41879) spacecraft was estimated at US$354 million + tax..

## Launch

WGS F8 was launched by United Launch Alliance (ULA), who placed it into orbit using a Delta IV M+ (5,4) launch vehicle, flight number D376. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 37B (SLC-37B) at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), with liftoff at 23:52 UTC on 7 December 2016. The launch was successful, placing the WGS F8 into a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), from which the spacecraft raised itself into geostationary orbit using its onboard propulsion system. The satellite was designated USA 272 under the U.S. military's designation system, and received the International Designator 2016-075A and Satellite Catalog Number 41879.

## InfoBox

USA 272
| Artist's impression of a WGS-8 satellite in orbit | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | WGS F8
WGS SV-8
Wideband Global SATCOM-8 |
|  | |
| Mission type | Military communications |
| Operator | United States Air Force / United States Space Force |
| COSPAR ID | 2016-075A |
| SATCAT no. | 41879 |
| Website | https://www.spaceforce.mil/ |
| Mission duration | 14 years (planned)
7 years, 9 months and 27 days *(in progress)* |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | WGS F8 |
| Spacecraft type | WGS Block II Follow-On |
| Bus | BSS-702HP |
| Manufacturer | Boeing Satellite Systems |
| Launch mass | 5,987 kg (13,199 lb) |
| Dry mass | 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) |
| Power | 11 kW |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 7 December 2016, 23:52 UTC |
| Rocket | Delta IV M+ (5,4) (s/n D376) |
| Launch site | Cape Canaveral, SLC-37B |
| Contractor | United Launch Alliance |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Geostationary orbit |
|  | |
|  | |
| Transponders | |
| Band | X-band and Ka-band (enhanced) |
|  | |
| Wideband Global SATCOM Satellite constellation | |


abstract: The Men's sprint at the European Track Championships was first competed in 2010 in Poland, and has been held in each championships since. The Sprint consists of a qualifying, followed by a knockout system until the final. From the quarterfinals on two wins are needed to advance.

text:
# UEC European Track Championships – Men's sprint

The **Men's sprint** at the European Track Championships was first competed in 2010 in Poland, and has been held in each championships since.

The Sprint consists of a qualifying, followed by a knockout system until the final. From the quarterfinals on two wins are needed to advance.

## Medalists

| Championships | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 Pruszków
 | Denis Dmitriev
Russia | Kévin Sireau
France | Jason Kenny
Great Britain |
| 2011 Apeldoorn
 | Kévin Sireau
France | Maximilian Levy
Germany | Denis Dmitriev
Russia |
| 2012 Panevėžys
 | Denis Dmitriev
Russia | Max Niederlag
Germany | Christos Volikakis
Greece |
| 2013 Apeldoorn
 | Denis Dmitriev
Russia | Robert Förstemann
Germany | Jason Kenny
Great Britain |
| 2014 Guadeloupe
 | Grégory Baugé
France | Damian Zieliński
Poland | Robert Förstemann
Germany |
| 2015 Grenchen
 | Jeffrey Hoogland
Netherlands | Max Niederlag
Germany | Damian Zieliński
Poland |
| 2016 Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
 | Pavel Yakushevskiy
Russia | Roy van den Berg
Netherlands | Andriy Vynokurov
Ukraine |
| 2017 Berlin
 | Sébastien Vigier
France | Jeffrey Hoogland
Netherlands | Denis Dmitriev
Russia |
| 2018 Glasgow
 | Jeffrey Hoogland
Netherlands | Stefan Bötticher
Germany | Harrie Lavreysen
Netherlands |
| 2019 Apeldoorn
 | Jeffrey Hoogland
Netherlands | Harrie Lavreysen
Netherlands | Mateusz Rudyk
Poland |
| 2020 Plovdiv
 | Maximilian Levy
Germany | Denis Dmitriev
Russia | Vasilijus Lendel
Lithuania |
| 2021 Grenchen
 | Harrie Lavreysen
Netherlands | Jeffrey Hoogland
Netherlands | Mikhail Iakovlev
Russia |
| 2022 Munich
 | Sébastien Vigier
France | Jack Carlin
Great Britain | Rayan Helal
France |
| 2023 Grenchen
 | Harrie Lavreysen
Netherlands | Mateusz Rudyk
Poland | Rayan Helal
France |
| 2024 Apeldoorn
 | Harrie Lavreysen
Netherlands | Mateusz Rudyk
Poland | Mikhail Iakovlev
Israel |


title: Maharajganj, Raebareli

abstract: Maharajganj is a town and nagar panchayat in Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It serves as the headquarters of a tehsil. As of 2011, its population is 6,673, in 1,037 households.

text:
# Maharajganj, Raebareli

**Maharajganj** is a town and nagar panchayat in Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It serves as the headquarters of a tehsil. As of 2011, its population is 6,673, in 1,037 households.

## History

Maharajganj was originally called **Drigbijaiganj**, after a bazar founded by Raja Drigbijai Singh in the village of Atrehta And appointed Sheikh Shubhan, the Zamindar of Jihawa, as the Zilladar of Digvijay Ganj Bazar.Later, Sheikh Shubhan changed the name of the market to Maharajganj in honor of Raja Sahib.For years, the rule of Sheikh Shubhan and his descendants continued on the Maharajganj market.Shaykh Shubhan, whose ancestors were from the lineage of the first Caliph of Islam, Abu Bakr Siddiqui, came to India from Arabia via Iran in 11th century.In 1935, Sheikh Bashir Ahmed Siddiqui, the grandson of Sheikh Shubhan, got Maharajganj the status of town area from the then British government.. Drigjibai Singh was the Kanhpuria raja of Simrauta and the ancestors of the rajas of Chandapur.

Maharajganj was made the seat of a tehsil in 1869 when Raebareli district underwent a major administrative overhaul. The tehsil was made up of 6 parganas: Mohanganj, Simrauta, Inhauna, Kumhrawan, Bachhrawan, and Hardoi. Maharajganj itself was in Simrauta pargana.

At the turn of the 20th century, Maharajganj was administratively counted as part of the village of Atrehta. It had the tehsil headquarters, a police station, a dispensary, a post office, an inspection bungalow, a cattle pound, and a large middle school. The bazar then functioned as the main market in the northern part of Raebareli district.

Maharajganj was first upgraded from village to town status in 1935, at the same time as Bachhrawan, Dalmau, Jais, and Lalganj.

Maharajganj was declassified as a town during the 1961 census due to non-fulfilment of urban conditions. It was recorded as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 2,619 people (1,363 male and 1,256 female), in 626 households and 612 physical houses. Its area was given as 169 acres. It was described as holding a market twice per week, on Mondays and Fridays; the market specialised in leather and utensils and had an average attendance of about 2,000. At that point, Maharajganj had a hospital and a post office, as well as the following small industrial establishments: 5 grain mills, 7 ,miscellaneous food processing facilities, 5 makers of clothing, 1 maker of products made from cork/bamboo/cane/leaves, 4 shoe manufacturers, 1 maker of brass and/or bell metal products, 7 bicycle repair shops, 15 makers of jewellery and/or precious metal items, and 1 manufacturer/repairer not assigned to any category.

Maharajganj was returned to town status at the 1981 census. At that time, its main imports were listed as brass sheets, cloth, and jaggery; the main items manufactured were brass utensils, leather, and pulses; and the main exports were leather, wheat, and pulses.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1941 | 1,993 |  |
| 1951 | 2,084 | +4.6% |
| 1961 | Not given |  |
| 1971 | Not given |  |
| 1981 | 3,837 |  |
| 1991 | 5,010 | +30.6% |
| 2001 | 6,015 | +20.1% |
| 2011 | 6,673 | +10.9% |
| Source: 2011 Census of India | | |

According to the 2011 census, Maharajganj has a population of 6,673 people, in 1,037 households. The town's sex ratio is 915 females to every 1000 males; 3,485 of Maharajganj's residents are male (52.2%) and 3,188 are female (47.8%). The 0-6 age group makes up about 13.1% of the town's population; the sex ratio for this group is 923, which is above the district-wide urban ratio of 909 for this group. Members of Scheduled Castes make up 13.59% of the town's population, while no members of Scheduled Tribes were recorded. The town's literacy rate was 80.75% (counting only people age 7 and up); literacy was higher among men and boys (86.74%) than among women and girls (74.19%). The scheduled castes literacy rate is 69.89% (78.6% among men and boys, and 59.95% among women and girls).

In terms of employment, 20.11% of Maharajganj residents were classified as main workers (i.e. people employed for at least 6 months per year) in 2011. Marginal workers (i.e. people employed for less than 6 months per year) made up 11.45%, and the remaining 68.44% were non-workers. Employment status varied significantly according to gender, with 49.58% of men being either main or marginal workers, compared to 11.86% of women.

51.69% of Maharajganj residents live in slum conditions as of 2011. There are 5 slum areas in Maharajganj: Vaishya Nagar, Shanti Nagar, Rudra Nagar, Aryanagar, and Gandhi Nagar Ward No. 1. These range in size from about 95 to 135 households and have between 22 and 44 tap water access points. The number of flush toilets installed in people's homes ranges from 15 to 35. All 5 areas are serviced by a mix of open and closed sewers.

## Villages

Maharajganj CD block has the following 75 villages:

| Village name | Total land area (hectares) | Population (in 2011) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alipur | 539 | 3,461 |
| Majhigawan | 181 | 1,782 |
| Nahariya | 64 | 421 |
| Bhatsara | 141 | 1,220 |
| Purasi | 379 | 1,894 |
| Samaspur Halor | 459 | 4,871 |
| Jamurawan | 825.5 | 4,448 |
| Kakkerpur Urf Bhtijepur | 84.2 | 751 |
| Barwaliya | 55 | 476 |
| Belwa | 99 | 630 |
| Kanspur | 58 | 515 |
| Tauli | 382.2 | 2,753 |
| Para Khurd | 397 | 1,848 |
| Para Kalan | 325.4 | 2,217 |
| Ramgaon | 159.6 | 978 |
| Ghurauna | 251.4 | 1,029 |
| Juniha | 85.4 | 441 |
| Narayanpur | 124.3 | 684 |
| Hasanpur | 416.4 | 2,340 |
| Salethu | 850.8 | 4,782 |
| Asni | 218.2 | 1,279 |
| Radhopur | 787 | 4,849 |
| Hardoi | 526.4 | 2,308 |
| Atara | 209.2 | 1,279 |
| Hajipur | 124.3 | 507 |
| Sultanpur | 80.2 | 575 |
| Balai Mau | 39.1 | 376 |
| Chilauli | 101.2 | 519 |
| Bara Huwan | 335.1 | 1,732 |
| Indaura | 156.9 | 914 |
| Benipur | 26.8 | 120 |
| Parwanpur | 262.4 | 1,044 |
| Oee | 312.5 | 1,829 |
| Rai Mau | 148.5 | 807 |
| Jamurwa | 131.3 | 904 |
| Baskata | 139.9 | 515 |
| Kusuri Sagarpur | 268.4 | 1,945 |
| Rajapur Kanspur | 130 | 964 |
| Mon | 1,267 | 6,262 |
| Kuvana | 346.4 | 1,595 |
| Kotwa Madaniya | 342.7 | 2,191 |
| Pokharani | 407.2 | 2,736 |
| Took | 180 | 929 |
| Odhi | 135.4 | 1,098 |
| Jihwa | 363.5 | 2,491 |
| Atrehta | 648.1 | 5,628 |
| Pali | 343 | 1,571 |
| Kayar | 303 | 2,489 |
| Kusmahura | 298 | 2,240 |
| Balipur | 56 | 407 |
| Jyona | 499.4 | 3,940 |
| Manjh Gaon | 357 | 2,579 |
| Hilha | 156 | 835 |
| Jamoliya | 157 | 1,383 |
| Bhaiyapur | 52 | 323 |
| Mohamdabad Kotwa | 626.9 | 3,017 |
| Bari Gohanna | 464.6 | 1,334 |
| Gangapur | 41.5 | 288 |
| Kadariya | 42 | 506 |
| Sersa | 96.4 | 1,000 |
| Utehibad Farosa | 17.5 | 132 |
| Pure Achali | 197 | 689 |
| Kairawa | 218.9 | 1,658 |
| Mau | 1,239 | 7,323 |
| Sikandarpur | 389.2 | 3,029 |
| Mungtal | 601.5 | 1,162 |
| Depar Mau | 128.6 | 947 |
| Muraini | 620.8 | 3,028 |
| Tajuddinpur | 132.5 | 1,090 |
| Andupur | 221.3 | 901 |
| Tisa Khanapur | 615.2 | 2,778 |
| Domapur | 367.9 | 2,254 |
| Chandapur | 348.2 | 2,342 |
| Janai | 984.5 | 3,991 |
| Dautra | 583.9 | 2,890 |

## InfoBox

| Maharajganj Mahrajganj | |
| --- | --- |
| Nagar panchayat | |
| Map of Maharajganj CD block | |
| MaharajganjLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°23′N 81°17′E / 26.383°N 81.283°E / 26.383; 81.283 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Rae Bareli |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.69 km2 (0.65 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 6,673 |
| Density | 3,900/km2 (10,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 229306 |


title: Maiestas angustisecta

abstract: Maiestas angustisecta is a species of bug from the Cicadellidae family that can be found in Liberia and Congo. Two species from genus Recilia, R. dolabra and R. jordanica were found to be junior synonyms of M. angustisecta in a 2009 revision of Recilia.

text:
# Maiestas angustisecta

***Maiestas angustisecta*** is a species of bug from the Cicadellidae family that can be found in Liberia and Congo. Two species from genus *Recilia*, *R. dolabra* and *R. jordanica* were found to be junior synonyms of *M. angustisecta* in a 2009 revision of *Recilia*.

## InfoBox

| *Maiestas angustisecta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Family: | Cicadellidae |
| Subfamily: | Deltocephalinae |
| Tribe: | Deltocephalini |
| Genus: | *Maiestas* |
| Species: | ***R. dolabra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Maiestas angustisecta***<br>(Linnavuori, 1962) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Recilia dolabra* Kramer, 1962 * *Recilia jordanica* Dlabola, 1965 | |


title: UDisc

abstract: UDisc is a disc golf app for scorekeeping, statistics, and discovery for smartphones and tablet computers running the Android or iOS operating system. The app is also compatible with Android's Wear OS and Apple Watch. It gives access to an extensive community-driven course directory with user-submitted course condition updates, hole-by-hole navigation information about course layouts, and a chronological list of local PDGA-sanctioned events. Users can track the rounds they played, measure throws, track various performance metrics, and compete in worldwide leaderboards. The app can be downloaded and used for free, but an optional in-app paid subscription to UDisc Pro unlocks more features.

text:
# UDisc

**UDisc** (/judɪsk/) is a disc golf app for scorekeeping, statistics, and discovery for smartphones and tablet computers running the Android or iOS operating system. The app is also compatible with Android's Wear OS and Apple Watch.

It gives access to an extensive community-driven course directory with user-submitted course condition updates, hole-by-hole navigation information about course layouts, and a chronological list of local PDGA-sanctioned events. Users can track the rounds they played, measure throws, track various performance metrics, and compete in worldwide leaderboards.

The app can be downloaded and used for free, but an optional in-app paid subscription to UDisc Pro unlocks more features.

## History

The app was developed by Matthew Krueger and Josh Lichti, and initially released in 2012. In 2018, the PDGA partnered with UDisc and announced that "members who are current in 2019 will receive a free UDisc Pro subscription that includes unlimited scoring, statistics, and automatic scorecard syncing with friends." Starting 2022, UDisc Pro will not be included with PDGA memberships.

In late 2017, UDisc implemented an integration with Dynamic Discs Winter Marksman leagues worldwide. In June 2020, UDisc released an online version of their course directory.

## UDisc Live

UDisc Live is the official scoring app for real-time statistics at various tournaments, including all PDGA National Tour and Disc Golf Pro Tour events. Data collected using the app plays an important role in the development of the sport's key statistics for comparing players.

## Release Point

Since June 2018, UDisc's *Release Point* blog has published independent disc golf research and commentary based on data gathered from UDisc app users.

Official website

## InfoBox

UDisc
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Matt Krueger<br>Josh Lichti |
| Initial release | 2012 (2012) |
| Size | 112.6 MB |
| Available in | 9 languages |
| List of languagesCzech, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Norwegian Bokmål, Swedish | |
| License | Proprietary software |
| Website | Official website |


title: Main

abstract: Main may refer to:

text:
# Main

**Main** may refer to:

## Geography

## People and organizations

* Main (surname), a list of people with this family name
* Main, alternate spelling for the Minaeans, an ancient people of modern-day Yemen
* Main (band), a British ambient band formed in 1991
* Chas. T. Main, an American engineering and hydroelectric company founded in 1893
* MAIN (Mountain Area Information Network), former operator of WPVM-LP (MAIN-FM) in Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.
* Main Deli Steak House ("The Main"), a smoked-meat delicatessen in Montreal, Quebec, Canada

## Ships

## Other

* Main (cigarette), a European brand
* Main function, another name for the entry point in a computer program, where control switches from the operating system to the program
* Main course, the featured or primary dish in a meal


title: Maimón

abstract:
Maimón is a town in the Monseñor Nouel province of the Dominican Republic. Maimón is situated between Maimón river, La Leonora river, Yuna river and Zinc river, formed by a little valley and mountains in his sides.
The colonies that were established in Bonao needed to encounter an easy lane to get to Concepción de la Vega, where was settled the general authorities at that time, the first Bonao was established in a little town that today is known as Sonador.

text:
# Maimón

**Maimón** is a town in the Monseñor Nouel province of the Dominican Republic. Maimón is situated between Maimón river, La Leonora river, Yuna river and Zinc river, formed by a little valley and mountains in his sides. The colonies that were established in Bonao needed to encounter an easy lane to get to Concepción de la Vega, where was settled the general authorities at that time, the first Bonao was established in a little town that today is known as Sonador.

## Notable people

1. "Teoscar Hernández Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More".
2. "Juan Minaya Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More".

## InfoBox

| Maimón | |
| --- | --- |
| Maimón | |
| Coordinates: 18°46′12″N 70°19′48″W / 18.77000°N 70.33000°W / 18.77000; -70.33000 | |
| Country | Dominican Republic |
| Province | Monseñor Nouel |
| Area | |
| Total | 90.07 km2 (34.78 sq mi) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 18,655 |
| Density | 210/km2 (540/sq mi) |
| Distance to
Bonao |
24 km |
| Municipal Districts |
0 |


title: Maine Community College System

abstract: The Maine Community College System (MCCS) is Maine's comprehensive two-year college system, offering nearly 300 technical, career, and transfer programs; customized training; and lifelong learning. Maine's seven community colleges are located in Auburn, Bangor, Fairfield/Hinckley, Presque Isle, South Portland/Brunswick, Calais, and Wells. MCCS awarded 2,766 credentials in 2014-15, a 62% increase over the 1,712 credentials awarded in 2003-04, the year Maine's technical colleges became community colleges. In fall 2015, 17,464 students enrolled in credit courses.

text:
# Maine Community College System

The **Maine Community College System** (**MCCS**) is Maine's comprehensive two-year college system, offering nearly 300 technical, career, and transfer programs; customized training; and lifelong learning. Maine's seven community colleges are located in Auburn, Bangor, Fairfield/Hinckley, Presque Isle, South Portland/Brunswick, Calais, and Wells. MCCS awarded 2,766 credentials in 2014-15, a 62% increase over the 1,712 credentials awarded in 2003-04, the year Maine's technical colleges became community colleges. In fall 2015, 17,464 students enrolled in credit courses.

CMCCEMCCKVCCNMCCSMCCWCCCYCCCclass=notpageimage|Maine Community College System Locations.

## Who the colleges serve

In fall 2015:

* 93% of incoming MCCS students are Maine residents.
* 40% come directly from high school.
* 34% enter with some prior college.
* 59% of all students attend part-time.
* 70% of students are enrolled in career and occupational programs in fall 2015. The number of those students has increased 40% since the transition to community colleges in 2003.
* 78% of full-time, degree seeking students receive financial aid.

## History and Mission

The history of Maine's community colleges began with the creation of the Maine Vocational Institute (MVI) in Augusta.

## Member Institutions

| Institution | Location | Established | Enrollment | Nickname | Colors |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Central Maine Community College** | Auburn | 1963 | 3,068 | Mustangs |  |
| **Eastern Maine Community College** | Bangor | 1966 | 2,396 | Golden Eagles |  |
| **Kennebec Valley Community College** | Fairfield | 1969 | 2,473 | Lynxes |  |
| **Northern Maine Community College** | Presque Isle | 1961 | 811 | Falcons |  |
| **Southern Maine Community College** | South Portland/Brunswick | 1946 | 5,862 | SeaWolves |  |
| **Washington County Community College** | Calais | 1969 | 380 | Golden Eagles |  |
| **York County Community College** | Wells | 1994 | 1,632 | Hawks |  |

## InfoBox

Maine Community College System
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | State community college system |
| Established | 1946 (1946) |
| President | David Daigler |
| Students | 19,447 |
| Location | Maine, U.S. |
| Colors | Blue
Green
White |
| Website | mccs.me.edu |


title: USS Lucidor

abstract: USS Lucidor (AF-45) was an Adria-class stores ship in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1946. She was sold into commercial service in 1967 and was lost in 1977.

text:
# USS Lucidor

**USS *Lucidor* (AF-45)** was an *Adria*-class stores ship in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1946. She was sold into commercial service in 1967 and was lost in 1977.

## History

*Lucidor* was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract by Pennsylvania Shipyards, Beaumont, Texas, 1 December 1944; launched 25 January 1945; sponsored by Mrs. J. Y. Powell, acquired by the Navy 16 June 1945; and commissioned 6 July 1945 at Galveston, Texas.

### World War II

After shakedown, *Lucidor* loaded cargo at Mobile, Alabama, and steamed for Pearl Harbor, arriving there 1 September. Loaded with fleet provisions, the storeship sailed for the Marshall Islands, arriving Eniwetok 26 September.

From October 1945 to April 1946 *Lucidor* made supply runs to bases scattered throughout the western and central Pacific Ocean. She also operated in the Far East, transporting dry and refrigerated cargo to Japan and Qingdao, China. Crew toured Hiroshima in November 1945.

### Decommissioning and fate

*Lucidor* returned San Francisco, California, 10 May 1946 and decommissioned there on the 26th. She was returned to War Shipping Administration the same day and entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet and berthed in Puget Sound at Olympia, Washington. She was struck from the Naval Register (date unknown) and sold for commercial service by the Maritime Administration in 1967 to the Alaska Steamship Company, Seattle, Washington, and renamed *Polar Pioneer*. She was:

* resold in 1972 to Sea Nutrients Corp., Seattle, Washington, and renamed *Mermaid*.
* resold for the second time in 1972 to Operaciones y Servicios S.A. (OYSSA), Salaverry, Peru and renamed *Mochica*.
* resold, 15 November 1974, to Naviera Humboldt S.A., Callao, Peru.
* resold, 23 July 1975, and laid up at Callao, Peru.
* resold, 12 January 1977, to Tranave, Panama and
* resold to Mar. Claro S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina, renamed *Polar MC*.
* resold in 1977 to Norsur S.A., Ltd., Cayman Islands, U.K. flagged and renamed *Caribea* 28 December 1977.
* laid up in April 1980 at Necochea, Buenos Aires, Argentina. That same month she broke away from her moorings during a storm on the 29th and beached one mile East from the port of Quequen. Ex-*Lucidor* was declared a total loss as a result of the beaching.

## Military awards and honors

*Lucidor’s* crew was eligible for the following medals:

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Ordered | as R1-M-AV3 hull, MC hull 2207 |
| Builder | Pennsylvania Shipyards |
| Laid down | 1 December 1944 |
| Launched | 25 January 1945 |
| Acquired | 16 June 1945 |
| Commissioned | 5 July 1945 |
| Decommissioned | 26 May 1946 |
| Stricken | date unknown |
| Fate | declared a total loss as a result of the beaching |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 2,120 long tons deadweight (DWT) |
| Displacement | 3,139 t.(lt) 6,240 t.(fl) |
| Length | 338 ft (103 m) |
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draught | 18 ft (5.5 m) |
| Propulsion | diesel engine, single screw, 1,700shp |
| Speed | 12 kts. (max) |
| Complement | 84 |
| Armament | one single 3 in (76 mm) dual purpose gun mount, six single 20 mm gun mounts |


title: Make Me Wanna Scream

abstract: "Make Me Wanna Scream" is the second and final single from American R&B singer Blu Cantrell's second studio album, Bittersweet (2003). The song features Ian Lewis from Jamaican reggae band Inner Circle. There are two versions of the song: the original version featuring Ian Lewis and the version with Cantrell alone.

text:
# Make Me Wanna Scream

"**Make Me Wanna Scream**" is the second and final single from American R&B singer Blu Cantrell's second studio album, *Bittersweet* (2003). The song features Ian Lewis from Jamaican reggae band Inner Circle. There are two versions of the song: the original version featuring Ian Lewis and the version with Cantrell alone.

## Music video

The video for the song was directed by Hype Williams and shot in 2003. It features Cantrell walking through a city with her friends in the background and of her driving a Mercedes. In the video, she vandalizes her ex-boyfriend's car and spray-paints it, along with some of her girlfriends. The ex-boyfriend, who comes out of his house at the end of the video and notices the girls painting "pig" on his car, was believed to be Simon Webbe (from the English boy band Blue), but it was actually her then-boyfriend Tony De Nero.

## Chart performance

Although failing to match the success of previous single "Breathe", "Make Me Wanna Scream" still managed to chart moderately in the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Ireland, and Australia. It nonetheless reached number six in Romania.

## Track listings

**UK CD 1**

1. "Make Me Wanna Scream" (MPH remix) – 3:30
2. "Round Up" (Lady May featuring Blu Cantrell) – 4:14

**UK CD 2**

1. "Make Me Wanna Scream" (MPH remix) – 3:30
2. "Make Me Wanna Scream" (album version featuring Ian Lewis) – 3:32
3. "Round Up" (Lady May featuring Blu Cantrell) – 4:14
4. "Make Me Wanna Scream" (video)

**European CD single**

1. "Make Me Wanna Scream" (radio mix) – 3:28
2. "Make Me Wanna Scream" (MPH remix) – 3:30
3. "Make Me Wanna Scream" (Mighty House Rocker remix) – 3:29
4. "Make Me Wanna Scream" (Orange Factory remix) – 6:05

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | October 6, 2003 | Rhythmic contemporary radio | Arista |  |
| United Kingdom | December 1, 2003 | | CD |  |

## InfoBox

| "Make Me Wanna Scream" | |
| --- | --- |
| UK CD 1 and European CD single cover | |
| Single by Blu Cantrell featuring Ian Lewis | |
| from the album  *Bittersweet* | |
| Released | October 6, 2003 (2003-10-06) |
| Studio | Circle House (Miami, Florida) |
| Length | 3:28 |
| Label | Arista |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Blu Cantrell singles chronology | |
| "Breathe"
(2002) "**Make Me Wanna Scream**"
(2003) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| UK CD 2 cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Maisoon Saqer

abstract: Maisoon Saqer is a female Emirati poet and artist who was born in Sharjah, UAE in 1958. She published many poetry collections including "This Is How I Name Things". She held numerous Art exhibitions in various countries including UAE, Cairo, Jordan and Bahrain. She published her first novel "Raihana" in 2003.

text:
# Maisoon Saqer

**Maisoon Saqer** (Arabic: ميسون صقر) is a female Emirati poet and artist who was born in Sharjah, UAE in 1958. She published many poetry collections including "*This Is How I Name Things"*. She held numerous Art exhibitions in various countries including UAE, Cairo, Jordan and Bahrain. She published her first novel "Raihana" in 2003.

## Education and career

**Maisoon Saqer,** a poet and artisit, was born on 1958 in Sharjah, the United Arab Emirates. In 1981, she graduated from the University of Cairo and earned her master's degree in economics and political science. She worked as the Director of the Cultural Department Ministry of Information and Culture, UAE from 1980 till 1995. In 1983, her first poetry collection *"This Is How I Name Things"*. Whereas, her first novel "Raihana" was published in 2003. She held Art exhibitions in various countries including Cairo, UAE, Jordan and Bahrain. In 1990, she held her first art exhibition in her homeland, UAE. Saqer has also presented an experimental film entitled "A Thread Behind A Thread" which won the Jury Prize for Emirates Films in Abu Dhabi. The film was also presented at the Cairo Cultural Center and Ismailia International Festival for Documentary and Short Films. In 2009, Saqer published a book which consisted of all her father's "Saqr bin Salman Al Qasimi" poetry collections which she worked on for 10 years. Her second novel "*In My Mouth, A Pearl"* was short listed for the Sheikh Zayed Book Award in 2017.

## Works

Some of her poetry collections include:

* *“This Is How I Name Things”* (original title: Hakatha Osami Al Ashiaa), 1983
* *“An Insane Man Doesn’t Love Me”* (original title: Rajul Majnoon La Yohibuni), 2001
* *“Flow in a body matter”* (original title: Jarayan fi Madat al Jasad)
* *“Bandit’s Widow”* (original title: Armalat Qatee al-Tareq)
* *“The Home”* (original title: Al Bayet)
* *“Another Place”* (original title: Makan Akhar)

### Novels

* Raihana, 2003
* "In My Mouth, A Pearl" (original title: fi fami Lulu'a), 2016

## InfoBox

| Maisoon Saqer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1953<br>Sharjah, United Arab Emirates |
| Education | BA in Economics and Political Sciences |
| Alma mater | University of Cairo |
| Occupation(s) | poet, artist |
| Years active | 1983–present |


title: USS Gilmer (DD-233)

abstract: USS Gilmer (DD-233/APD-11) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was the first ship named for Secretary of the Navy Thomas Walker Gilmer.

text:
# USS Gilmer (DD-233)

**USS *Gilmer* (DD-233/APD-11)** was a *Clemson*-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was the first ship named for Secretary of the Navy Thomas Walker Gilmer.

## Construction and commissioning

*Gilmer* was launched 24 May 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation; sponsored by Mrs. Elizabeth Gilmer Miles, Secretary Gilmer's granddaughter; and commissioned 30 April 1920.

## Service history

From 27 August 1920 to 11 August 1923, *Gilmer* made two round trip transatlantic voyages out of New York to European and Mediterranean ports. *Gilmer* was damaged in a storm in the Adriatic Sea in November 1920. She struck a submerged object 3 February 1921 and was forced to enter dry dock in Pola, Italy (now Pula, Croatia) for repairs to her starboard propeller and shaft. She subsequently engaged in training exercises along the United States East Coast, in the Caribbean, and out of United States West Coast ports until 1938. This varied duty was highlighted by a cruise to Nicaragua in 1926 to protect American lives and property during the guerrilla war led by Augusto César Sandino, an escort voyage to Havana guarding President Calvin Coolidge in *Texas* in 1928, and disaster relief work in the Caribbean during the same year.

Decommissioned at Philadelphia 31 August 1938, *Gilmer* recommissioned 25 September 1939 following the outbreak of World War II and was assigned as flagship of Destroyer Squadron 30 in the Atlantic Squadron. She was part of the Thirteenth Naval District in 1940. She conducted patrols and exercises in the Atlantic and Caribbean until reaching San Diego 4 November 1940 and continued these duties along the Pacific coast until the United States entered the war.

### World War II

*Gilmer* was at sea off Puget Sound when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. She immediately began antisubmarine patrol and escort duties. In early June 1942, she took part in the opening stages of the Aleutian Islands campaign. She entered drydock 13 November 1942. She was redesignated as a high-speed transport, **APD-11**, on 22 January 1943 following conversion. She sailed from Seattle 29 January via San Diego for Pearl Harbor, arriving 13 February, and subsequently escorted merchantmen to Espiritu Santo, where she moored 9 March and commenced amphibious training exercises with the 4th Marine Raiders Battalion.

On 5 April, *Gilmer* sailed from Tulagi and as flagship of Transport Division 16 engaged in antisubmarine patrols in those waters. She called at Nouméa 22 April, and put in at Townsville, Australia, 8 May, making two round trip escort voyages thence to Brisbane 13 May-22 June 1943. Escort and patrolling from Australia to New Guinea continued until 4 September 1943, when *Gilmer* participated in the Allied assault on the Huon Peninsula near Lae, New Guinea, and patrolled off Buna, New Guinea. She supported American and Australian forces in the New Guinea campaign, and made frequent escort voyages thence to Australia and return. On 26 December 1943, she landed troops of the 1st Marine Division at Cape Gloucester, New Britain, and stood by to support landings at Finschhafen 3 days later. On 2 January 1944, elements of the 126th Infantry were landed at Saidon. *Gilmer* engaged in patrols of Buna, Cape Sudest, and Australia and bombarded Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, 22 April 1944 when Army forces began the assault.

On 12 May the ship sailed from Hollandia to embark underwater demolition teams (UDT) at Pearl Harbor and debarked them 14 June 1944 at the initial assault on Saipan. Two days later she discovered and sank four Japanese cargo ships, taking 24 prisoners, escaping serious damage. Tinian Town was bombarded 23 June and UDT operations off that island continued until 14 July when *Gilmer*, along with *William C. Miller*, formed an offensive antisubmarine warfare group and sank *I-55* in 18°18′N 146°26′E / 18.300°N 146.433°E / 18.300; 146.433 (Sinking of Japanese Submarine). DANFS listed this submarine as I-6, but I-6 is believed to have been lost to friendly fire at the end of June 1944.

*Gilmer* sailed from Tinian 12 August for Pearl Harbor and until January 1945 conducted demolition and reconnaissance training with UDT teams in Hawaiian waters. She sailed 10 January as flagship for rehearsal exercises at Ulithi, and on 16 February closed Iwo Jima for the initial amphibious assaults. UDT teams were landed on the eastern and western beaches, and *Gilmer* screened *Tennessee* as the big ship bombarded Japanese defenses on Iwo Jima. Patrolling and screening activities continued through 24 February, when *Gilmer* sailed for Leyte, arriving four days later. After touching Ulithi, she took part in the Okinawa operation, closing that island 25 March 1945 as flagship of the UDT's. The next day, a *kamikaze* hit her galley deckhouse, killing one and wounding three crewmen. *Gilmer* supported the invasion until 9 April when she sailed for repairs at Pearl Harbor, but returned to Okinawa 4 July to recommence patrolling duties.

Following antisubmarine screening assignments for convoys bound from the Philippines to Okinawa, *Gilmer* moored at Nagasaki 13 September after Japan's surrender to carry prisoners of war from there to Okinawa. She sailed from that island 15 October to escort a convoy to Hong Kong, arriving 22 October, and sailed again 2 days later to escort troopships carrying the Chinese 13th Army to Qinhuangdao. After further escort and patrol voyages along the China coast, *Gilmer* sailed from Qingdao 26 November for the United States and finally moored in the U.S. again at Philadelphia 11 January 1946.

### Fate

Decommissioned 5 February 1946, her name was struck from the Navy list 25 February 1946. She was sold for scrapping 3 December 1946.

## Awards

*Gilmer* received seven battle stars for World War II service. Awarded a Navy Unit Commendation for participating in seven specific operations during World War II. *Gilmer* received the Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal for service 25 September-7 October 1926 and 11-30 October 1926.

## InfoBox

| USS *Gilmer* in 1922 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Namesake | Thomas Walker Gilmer |
| Builder | New York Shipbuilding |
| Laid down | 25 June 1918 |
| Launched | 24 May 1919 |
| Commissioned | 30 April 1920 |
| Decommissioned | 31 August 1938 |
| Recommissioned | 25 September 1939 |
| Reclassified | High-speed transport, APD-11, 22 January 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 5 February 1946 |
| Stricken | 25 February 1946 |
| Honors and<br>awards | Seven battle stars for World War II |
| Fate | Sold for scrapping 3 December 1946 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Variant of *Clemson*-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 1,215 tons |
| Length | 314 feet 4 inches (95.81 m) |
| Beam | 31 feet 8 inches (9.65 m) |
| Draft | 9 feet 10 inches (3.00 m) |
| Propulsion | * 26,500 shp (20 MW); * geared turbines, * 2 screws |
| Speed | 33.2 knots (61 km/h) |
| Range | 4,900 nm @ 15 kn (9,100 km at 28 km/h) |
| Complement | 130 officers and enlisted |
| Armament | 4 x 5 in (130 mm), 1 x 3 in (76 mm), 12 x 21 inch (533 mm) tt. |