title: Monocrotaline

abstract: Monocrotaline (MCT) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid that is present in plants of the Crotalaria genus. These species can synthesise MCT out of amino acids and can cause liver, lung and kidney damage in various organisms. Initial stress factors are released intracellular upon binding of MCT to BMPR2 receptors and elevated MAPK phosphorylation levels are induced, which can cause cancer in Homo sapiens. MCT can be detoxified in rats via oxidation, followed by glutathione-conjugation and hydrolysis.

text:
# Monocrotaline

**Monocrotaline** (**MCT**) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid that is present in plants of the *Crotalaria* genus. These species can synthesise MCT out of amino acids and can cause liver, lung and kidney damage in various organisms. Initial stress factors are released intracellular upon binding of MCT to BMPR2 receptors and elevated MAPK phosphorylation levels are induced, which can cause cancer in *Homo sapiens*. MCT can be detoxified in rats via oxidation, followed by glutathione-conjugation and hydrolysis.

## Origin

MCT occurs in the seeds of certain species of the genus *Crotalaria*, for example, *Crotalaria spectabilis* and *Crotalaria mucronata*. MCT is a chemical with pesticide properties and therefore serves as a defence mechanism to fend off predators. However, it can also lead to the poisoning of mammals and birds.

The butterfly *Utetheisa ornatrix* also benefits from MCT by using it as protection. The larvae of the butterfly feed almost exclusively on *Crotalaria* seeds, where MCT is accumulated in their bodies. In this way, they are protected from predators such as spiders for the rest of their lives (even after pupation as butterflies).

## Toxicity

MCT is an acute toxic substance. The toxicity of MCT is dose-dependent, and it can harm both organs and genetic material (genotoxicity). The organs that will be targeted are the liver (hepatotoxicity), the kidneys (nephrotoxicity) and the lungs (pneumotoxicity). MCT falls into Category 3 toxicity for oral ingestion and Category 2 toxicity for carcinogenicity according to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).

Studies concluded that the ingestion of MCT will cause centrilobular necrosis, pulmonary fibrosis and increase in blood urea nitrogen. These conclusions are based on the models that were used during these studies as these effects were caused in rats instead of humans. During the studies it was also concluded that mice are more resilient to MCT than rats, meaning that more mice survived the experiments than rats.

## Biosynthesis of monocrotaline

The biosynthesis of MCT involves condensation of monocrotalic acid (MCA), which is derived from L-isoleucine, and retronecine, which is derived from putrescine.

MCA is formed from L-isoleucine and a synthon for propionate of uncertain origin.

Retronecine is synthesized from L-arginine via a multi-step pathway involving putrescine and spermidine intermediates:

Putrescine is converted to spermidine by addition of a propylamino group from decarboxylated *S*-adenosylmethioninamine (4: spermidine synthase). Spermidine and another molecule of putrescine react to form the symmetric homospermidine with loss of 1,3-diaminopropane (5: homospermidine synthase).

Oxidation (likely catalysed by 6: copper-dependent diamine oxidases) to 4,4’-iminodibutanal results into the cyclization of pyrrolizidine-1-carbaldehyde, which is reduced to 1-hydroxymethyl pyrrolizidine (likely catalysed by 7: alcohol dehydrogenase). To form the final product retronecine, 1-hydroxymethyl pyrrolizidine is desaturated and hydroxylated respectively by unknown enzymes.

MCA and retronecine are then condensed to form MCT via an unknown mechanism:

## Biotransformation of monocrotaline

MCT is detoxified in rats by the liver via divergent biotransformation reactions. These reactions proceed as follows:

In Rats, MCT is first oxidised by the biotransformation enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) to form dehydro MCT. In this phase 1 reaction a double carbon-carbon bond is introduced out of a single carbon-carbon bond.

After the phase 1 reaction, the oxidised intermediate can either undergo hydrolysis to form monocrotalic acid and dihydropyrolizine or perform group transfer with glutathione to form MCA and a glutathione-conjugated dihydropyrolizine (GS-conjugation). These metabolites are more hydrophilic than MCT and could therefore be more easily excreted by the kidneys, which results in less exposure from MCT to the liver. The phase 2 reactions are thus classified as the detoxifying reactions during the biotransformation of MCT in rats.

During the phase 2 reactions, dehydro MCT can react with nucleophilic biological macromolecules (NuS) which is a toxic intermediate. Addition of such molecules may result into Cytotoxicity. Dehydro MCT may also undergo further toxification after hydrolysis, as dihydropyrolizine can be further oxidized to 7-dihydro-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP). This intermediate can bind to DNA which may cause Genotoxicity.

Note that the biotransformation routes may differ based on the studied organism.

## Mechanism of action

MCT aggregates on and activates the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) of pulmonary artery endothelial cells to trigger endothelial damage and, ultimately, induces pulmonary hypertension. MCT binds to the extracellular domain of the CaSR (calcium-sensing receptor). Thereby, the assembly of CaSR is enhanced and triggers the mobilisation of calcium signalling, and damages pulmonary artery endothelial cells. In addition, MCT strengthens this effect by binding to the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2), which is a transmembrane receptor. BMPR2 inhibition occurs which in turn induces a blockade of BMPR1 receptor activation via phosphorylation. Inhibiting this process disturbs cell differentiation processes and ossification. Interference with these receptors induce pulmonary arterial hypertension.

MAPK is a mitogen activated protein kinase that gets activated upon BMPR2 activation. The protein kinase in turn phosphorylates p38 via a reinforced cascade of intracellular signals. It also activates p21 which has a regulating role in the cell cycle. However, MCT administration inhibits this process via a blockade of BMPR2. Cytokines such as TNF-α are released which cause activation of inflammation mechanisms, attracting neutrophils among others. Furthermore, inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) are upregulated upon MCT induced cellular stress, whereas endothelial NOS (eNOS) gets downregulated. The cytokine TGF-β (also released by macrophages via chemotaxis during inflammation reactions in a positive feedback loop with TNF-α) is a transforming growth factor that is upregulated as a result of iNOS increasement, contributing to pulmonary artery proliferation. Increased levels of iNOS also stimulate caspase-3 activity which increases apoptosis levels.

## InfoBox

Monocrotaline
|
Chemical structure of monocrotaline | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name (1*R*,4*R*,5*R*,6*R*,16*R*)-5,6-dihydroxy-4,5,6-trimethyl-2,8-dioxa-13-azatricyclo\[8.5.1.013,16\]hexadec-10-ene-3,7-dione | |
| Other names * Crotaline * (-)-Monocrotaline * Retronecine cyclic 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3,4-trimethylglutarate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.156.772 |
| EC Number | * 628-506-2 |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C16H23NO6/c1-9-13(18)23-11-5-7-17-6-4-10(12(11)17)8-22-14(19)16(3,21)15(9,2)20/h4,9,11-12,20-21H,5-8H2,1-3H3/t9-,11+,12+,15+,16-/m0/s1Key: QVCMHGGNRFRMAD-XFGHUUIASA-N | |
| SMILES * C\[C@H\]1C(=O)O\[C@@H\]2CCN3\[C@@H\]2C(=CC3)COC(=O)\[C@\](\[C@\]1(C)O)(C)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C16H23NO6 |
| Molar mass | 325.361 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Crystalline solid |
| Melting point | 204 °C (399 °F; 477 K) |
| Solubility in water | Slightly soluble |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Hazard statements | H301, H351 |
| Precautionary statements | P203, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P318, P321, P330, P405, P501 |
| **Lethal dose** or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LD50 (median dose) | 66 mg/kg (rat, oral) / 259 mg/kg (mouse) intravenous) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


abstract: Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks is a book by Indian writer Saroj Kumar Rath, published by Routledge, London and simultaneously published in India and the United States in August 2014. The book is about terrorism in South Asia, centering on the 2008 Mumbai attacks. As per Times of India, ‘The book goes on to raise several questions over the way the investigations into the 26/11 attacks was handled, and the very shallow chargesheet filed in the case.’ The Hindu, in its analysis written that, ‘The book is refreshingly honest, thoroughly researched, and goes deep under the skin of the event with toothcomb precision. What sets its writing apart and above all the others that have come in the wake of the event is the incisive inquiry and the detail.’ ‘According to The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks, the prosecution relieved the real criminals behind the actual crime. The name of ISI does not figure in the chargesheet and the LeT is also scantily defined.’ This is ‘Most well-written book on the Mumbai terror attacks.’

text:
# Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks

**Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks** is a book by Indian writer Saroj Kumar Rath, published by Routledge, London and simultaneously published in India and the United States in August 2014. The book is about terrorism in South Asia, centering on the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

As per Times of India, ‘The book goes on to raise several questions over the way the investigations into the 26/11 attacks was handled, and the very shallow chargesheet filed in the case.’ The Hindu, in its analysis written that, ‘The book is refreshingly honest, thoroughly researched, and goes deep under the skin of the event with toothcomb precision. What sets its writing apart and above all the others that have come in the wake of the event is the incisive inquiry and the detail.’ ‘According to The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks, the prosecution relieved the real criminals behind the actual crime. The name of ISI does not figure in the chargesheet and the LeT is also scantily defined.’ This is ‘Most well-written book on the Mumbai terror attacks.’

## InfoBox

Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks
| Second edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Saroj Kumar Rath |
| Publisher | Routledge |
| Publication date | August 2014; Second Edition 2018 |


title: John II, Lord of Mecklenburg

abstract:
John II of Mecklenburg was from 1264 until his death Lord of Mecklenburg. He was the youngest son of John I and Luitgard of Henneberg (1210-1267), the daughter of Count Poppo VII of Henneberg. After his brother Henry I was taken prisoner during his pilgrimage, he took over the regency of Mecklenburg and the guardianship of Henry's sons in 1275, along with his brother Nicholas III. In 1283 he was then referred to as Lord of Gadebusch. He probably received Gadebush as an apanage. He died on 12 October 1299 and was buried in the Doberan Minster. Three of his children have been documented:
  - Lütgard, died after 2 August 1353
  - John, died young
  - Elizabeth, died after 1352, abbess of Rehna Abbey

text:
# John II, Lord of Mecklenburg

**John II of Mecklenburg** (c.1250  12 October 1299) was from 1264 until his death Lord of Mecklenburg.

He was the youngest son of John I and Luitgard of Henneberg (1210-1267), the daughter of Count Poppo VII of Henneberg. After his brother Henry I was taken prisoner during his pilgrimage, he took over the regency of Mecklenburg and the guardianship of Henry's sons in 1275, along with his brother Nicholas III.

In 1283 he was then referred to as Lord of Gadebusch. He probably received Gadebush as an apanage.

He died on 12 October 1299 and was buried in the Doberan Minster.

Three of his children have been documented:

* Lütgard, died after 2 August 1353
* John, died young
* Elizabeth, died after 1352, abbess of Rehna Abbey

* Friedrich Wigger: *Stammtafeln des Großherzoglichen Hauses von Meklenburg*, in: *Jahrbücher des Vereins für Mecklenburgische Geschichte und Altertumskunde*, vol. 50, 1885, p. 111 ff, (Online)

## InfoBox

| John II, Lord of Mecklenburg | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c.1250 |
| Died | (1299-10-12)12 October 1299 |
| Buried | Doberan Minster |
| Noble family | House of Mecklenburg |
| Father | John I, Lord of Mecklenburg |
| Mother | Luitgard of Henneberg |


title: Peter Buchholz (rabbi)

abstract: Peter Buchholz was a German rabbi who served from 1875 to 1892 as Landesrabbiner of Friesland.

text:
# Peter Buchholz (rabbi)

**Peter Buchholz** (2 October 1837 – 20 September 1892) was a German rabbi who served from 1875 to 1892 as Landesrabbiner of Friesland.

## Biography

Buchholz received his rabbinical ordination on 27 June 1863, and became rabbi of Märkisch-Friedland later that year. There he remained until 1867, in which year he was called to the rabbinate of Stargard, Pomerania. On 2 April 1875 he became Landesrabbiner of Friesland, which position he filled with ability and distinction until his death. After 1882 he also served as Landesrabbiner of the district of Stade.

Buchholz was a good Talmudical scholar and well versed in modern philosophy. He was the author of a small work on the legal and moral relations of the family according to Jewish law, *Die Familie in rechtlicher und moralischer Beziehung, nach mosaisch-talmudischer Lehre* (Breslau, 1867); and some of his more important speeches and lectures were published by him or by his friends. He also wrote a number of articles on historical and other academic subjects in the Jewish periodicals of Germany, of which his "Historischer Ueberbliek über die mannigfachen Codifieationen des Halachastoffes" (*Monatsschrift*, 1864, pp. 201–241) and "R. Asarja Figa und seine Predigtsammlung 'Bina le-Ittim'" (Beilage zur *Isr. Wochenschrift*, 1872, nos. 4–9) are probably the most important.

## Publications

Buchholz's publications include the following:

* "Historischer Ueberbliek über die mannigfachen Codifieationen des Halachastoffes" \[Historical Survey of the Many Codifications of Halachic Texts\]. *Frankl'sche Monatsschrift*. **13**: 201–217, 241–259. 1864.
* "Die modernen Romaneiers und die Juden" \[Modern Novelists and the Jews\]. *Zeitschrift des Judenthums*. 1865–1866.
* "Ma'amar Mordekhai". *Ha-Maggid* (in Hebrew). **15** (11).
* *Die Familie in rechtlicher und moralischer Beziehung, nach mosaisch-talmudischer Lehre* \[*The Family from Legal and Moral Perspectives, According to Mosaic-Talmudic Teachings*\]. Breslau: Sehletter'sche Buchhandlung. 1867.
* *Bericht über die Religionsschule zu Stargard in Pommern, enthaltend folgende Abhandlungen: a) Cheder und Religionsschule. b) Die Religionsschule als Bildungsanstalt für künftige Gemeindeglieder. e) Die Religionsschule und die Euen* \[*Report on the Religious School at Stargard in Pomerania*\].
* "Zur Charakteristik der Debatten über die confessionslose Schule im preussischen Abgeordnetenhaus" \[On the Character of the Debates on Non-Denominational Schools in the Prussian House of Representatives\]. *Zeitung des Judenthums*: 25. 1869.
* *Reden, gehalten bei der Einweihung der neuen Synagoge zu Pyritz, am 15. September 1870* \[*Speeches delivered at the dedication of the new synagogue at Pyritz, 15 September 1870*\]. Berlin: Friedländer'sche Buchhandlung.
* *Das moderne Risches* \[*The Modern Risches*\]. Israel. Wochenschrift. Jahrg. 1870. p. 129.
* "Das deutsche Volk und die Juden" \[The German People an the Jews\]. *Israel. Wochenschrift. Jahrg.* (29): 30–31. 1871.
* *Rede, gehalten bei der Einweihung der neuen Synagoge zu Bomst., am 6. Sept. 1871* \[*Speech delivered at the dedication of the new synagogue at Bomst, 6 September 1871*\]. Glogau: Eduard Mosse.
* "Ein alter bibliographischer Irrthum, betreffend Verwandtschaft des Mordechai ben Hillel mit R. Elieser ben Nathan" \[an old bibliographical error concerning the relationship of Mordechai ben Hillel to R. Elieser ben Nathan\]. *Frankl-Graetz'sche Monatsschrift*: 424. 1871.
* "Die beiden Isaac aus Dampiere" \[The Two Isaacs of Dampiere\]. *Daselbst. Jahrgang*: 417. 1872.
* "R. Asarja Figa und seine Predigtsammlung 'Bina le-Ittim'". *Literar. Beilage zur Isr. Wochensch* (4–9). 1872.
* *Ueber häusliche Erziehung. Vortrag, gehalten im Bildungs-Verein zu Stargard in Pommern, am 14. Jänner 1874* \[*On Education in the Home*\]. Weber’sche Buchhandlung.
* *Streitschrift gegen Pastor Hafermann* \[*Polemic against Pastor Hafermann*\]. Emden: Hahn. 1876.
* "Bemerkungen zu Hausrath's 'Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte'". *Rahm. Jüd. Literatur-Blatt* (28–31). 1878.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; Wiernik, Peter (1902). "Buchholz, P.". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. Vol. 3. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 414.

## InfoBox

| Rabbi Dr.Peter Buchholz | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal | |
| Born | (1837-10-02)2 October 1837
Bomst, Posen, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | 20 September 1892(1892-09-20) (aged 54)
Emden, Hanover, German Empire |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Alma mater | Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau |
|  | |
| Position | Landesrabbiner of Friesland |
| Semikhah | 27 June 1863 |
|  | |


title: Riđani, Nikšić

abstract: Riđani is a village in the municipality of Nikšić, Montenegro.

text:
# Riđani, Nikšić

**Riđani** (Serbian Cyrillic: Риђани) is a village in the municipality of Nikšić, Montenegro.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, its population was 179.

Ethnicity in 2011
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Montenegrins | 131 | 73.2% |
| Serbs | 34 | 19.0% |
| other/undeclared | 14 | 7.8% |
| **Total** | **179** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Riđani Риђани | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| RiđaniLocation within Montenegro | |
| Coordinates: 42°46′02″N 18°53′36″E / 42.767178°N 18.893256°E / 42.767178; 18.893256 | |
| Country | Montenegro |
| Municipality | Nikšić |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 179 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


abstract: In the aftermath of World War I and during the Armenian–Azerbaijani and Russian Civil wars, there were mutual massacres committed by Armenians and Azerbaijanis against each other. A significant portion of the Muslim population of the Erivan Governorate were displaced during the internecine conflict by the government of Armenia. Starting in 1918, Armenian partisans expelled thousands of Azerbaijani Muslims in Zangezur and destroyed their settlements in an effort to "re-Armenianize" the region. These actions were cited by Azerbaijan as a reason to start a military campaign in Zangezur. Ultimately, Azerbaijan took in and resettled tens of thousands of Muslim refugees from Armenia. The total number of killed is unknown.

text:
# Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921)

In the aftermath of World War I and during the Armenian–Azerbaijani and Russian Civil wars, there were mutual massacres committed by Armenians and Azerbaijanis against each other. A significant portion of the Muslim population (mostly Tatars) of the Erivan Governorate were displaced during the internecine conflict by the government of Armenia. Starting in 1918, Armenian partisans expelled thousands of Azerbaijani Muslims in Zangezur and destroyed their settlements in an effort to "re-Armenianize" the region. These actions were cited by Azerbaijan as a reason to start a military campaign in Zangezur. Ultimately, Azerbaijan took in and resettled tens of thousands of Muslim refugees from Armenia. The total number of killed is unknown.

## Background

Following the Russian annexation of Iranian Armenia, tens of thousands of Armenians repatriated to Russian Armenia in 1828–1831, thereby regaining an ethnic majority in their homeland for the first time in "several hundred years". Despite this, the Russian Empire census indicated there to be over 240 thousand Muslims on the territory of present-day Armenia in 1897, indicated by previous censuses to be mostly Tatars (forming over 30 percent of the population). As a result of rising nationalism in the South Caucasus, ethnic clashes erupted between Armenians and Tatars in the Russian Empire between 1905 and 1907, resulting in massacres of thousands of Armenians and Azerbaijanis and the destruction of hundreds of Armenian and Tatar villages.

Until the Ottoman invasion of the South Caucasus in 1918, Armenians and Tatars lived "relatively peacefully" throughout the First World War. Tensions rose after both Armenia and Azerbaijan became briefly independent from Russia in 1918 as both engaged in a war over their mutual borders.

## Events

Expert on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Thomas de Waal wrote that Azerbaijanis in Armenia became the "collateral victims" of the Armenian genocide carried out by the Ottoman Empire years prior; also adding that despite Azerbaijanis being represented by three delegates in an eighty-seat Armenian parliament, they were universally targeted as "Turkish fifth columnists". In the aftermath of World War I, and during the Armenian–Azerbaijani war and Russian Civil War, there were mutual massacres committed by Armenians and Azerbaijanis against each other. The Erivan Governorate, which formed a part of the Armenian republic, had a "significant Muslim population until 1919."

The British journalist C. E. Bechhofer Roberts commented on the state of affairs in April 1920 as "no day went by without a catalogue of complaints from both sides, Armenian and Tartar, of unprovoked attacks, murders, village burnings and the like. Superficially, the situation was a series of vicious circles. Tartar and Armenian attacked and retaliated for attacks. Fear drove on each side to fresh excesses."

### In the Erivan Governorate and Kars Oblast

Mustafa Kemal, the leader of the Turkish National Movement, in justifying an invasion of Armenia, stated that reportedly nearly 200 villages were burned by Armenians and most of their 135 thousand inhabitants were "eliminated". Historian Richard Hovannisian wrote that nearly a third of the 350 thousand Muslims of the Erivan Governorate were displaced from their villages in 1918–1919 and living in the outskirts of Yerevan or along the former Russo-Turkish border in emptied Armenian homes. In 1919, the Armenian government declared the right of return of all refugees, however, this was unimplemented in emptied Muslim settlements occupied by Armenian refugees. During his tenure as minister of war, Rouben Ter Minassian transferred many of the 30 thousand Armenian refugees from eastern Anatolia, to replace evicted Muslims and homogenise certain areas, including Erivan (present-day Ararat) and Daralayaz. Ter Minassian, displeased with the fact that Azerbaijanis in Armenia lived on fertile lands, waged at least three campaigns aimed at cleansing Azerbaijanis from 20 villages outside Erivan, as well as in the south of the country. Oliver Wardrop traveled through Armenia in October 1919 and wrote that along much of Lake Sevan lay deserted houses "in ruins from internecine conflicts between Armenians and Tatars." In October 1919, Muslim authorities in Kars appealed to Azerbaijan for means to transport 25 thousand refugees.

### In Zangezur

Throughout 1918–1921, Armenian commanders Andranik Ozanian and Garegin Nzhdeh brought about a "re-Armenianization" of Zangezur through the expulsion of tens of thousands (40–50 thousand.) A message dated 12 September from the local county chief indicated that the villages of Rut, Darabas, Agadu, Vagudu were destroyed, and Arikly, Shukyur, Melikly, Pulkend, Shaki, Kiziljig, the Muslim part of Karakilisa, Irlik, Pakhlilu, Darabas, Kyurtlyar, Khotanan, Sisian, and Zabazdur were set aflame, resulting in the deaths of 500 men, women, and children. In the Barkushat–Geghvadzor valleys and southeast of Goris, nine villages and forty hamlets were "wiped out" in January 1920 in an act of retribution for the massacre of Armenians in Agulis.

The number of Muslim settlements in Zangezur destroyed by Andranik and Nzhdeh is given by different authors as 24, 49 (9 villages and 40 hamlets), or 115. The destruction of these settlements and the restriction imposed by local Armenians on Muslim shepherds taking their flocks into Zangezur was cited by Azerbaijan as the reason for their military campaign against Zangezur in late-1919.

### Casualties and displaced persons

| Region | Settlements destroyed | Population displaced |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Erivan Governorate |  | 135,000 |
| Surmalu *uezd* | 24–38 | 40,000 |
| Kars *oblast* |  | 10,000 |
| Zangezur *uezd* | 49–115 | 40,000–50,000 |
| TOTAL | 73–153 | 225,000–235,000 |

## Aftermath

Following Armenia's sovietisation in 1920, "more than 10 thousand Turks" remained within the borders of Armenia. According to the soviet agricultural census by 1922, 60 thousand Azerbaijani refugees (also known as Turko-Tatars) repatriated, bringing their total up to 72,596 - 77,767.  In April 1920, the archbishop of Yerevan, Khoren I of Armenia wrote "I must admit that a few Tatar villages...have suffered... but, every time...they were the aggressors, either they actually attacked us, or they were being organised by the Azerbaijan agents and official representatives rise against the Armenian Government." To assist the destitute 70–80 thousand Muslim refugees living south of Yerevan (50 thousand of whom were dependent on relief aid during the winter), the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic transferred large amounts of funds. It was reported in 1919–1920 that there were 13 thousand Muslims in Yerevan and another 50 thousand throughout Armenia. Muslims, in contrast with their coreligionists in the south of the country lived "acceptably" and with "generally cordial" interethnic relations in the north. The 40 thousand Muslims who had fled from Armenia to Azerbaijan were resettled through a 69 million ruble allocation by the Azerbaijani government.

### Contemporary assessment

Turkish-German historian Taner Akçam criticized Turkish efforts to equate these events with the previous Armenian genocide. He also criticized the death figures in primary sources for often being "freely invented by the authors" and exaggerations of "destroyed villages" referring to settlements of 4–5 inhabitants.

1. Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
2. Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
3. Herzig & Kurkchiyan 2005, p. 66.
4. Korkotyan 1932, pp. 164–165.
5. Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). *Armenia on the road to independence 1918*. Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of Calif. Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-520-00574-7. 64 Filip Makharadze, Ocherki revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Zakavkaz'e (Tiflis, 1927), pp. 300, 307, gives the number killed in Baku in February, 1905, as more than 1,000, most of whom were Armenian, while he contends that the total losses for 1905-1907 were more than 10,000 killed and 15,000 uprooted. E. Aknouni, Political Persecutions: Armenian Prisoners of the Caucasus (New York, 1911), p. 30, states that 128 Armenian and 158 Tatar villages were sacked and ruined. Ananun, op. cit., p. 180, calculates that no fewer than 1,500 Armenians and 1,600 Tatars were killed, and that the Armenians sustained more than 75 percent of the property damage.
6. Aknouni, E. (2018-05-01). *Political Persecution: Armenian Prisoners of the Caucasus;*. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-0-332-92636-0. In the years 1935 and 1906 at the sad conflicts of the Armenians and the Tartars 286 villages were sacked and ruined of which number 128 were inhabited by Armenians, 158 by Turks. The number of injured families was 14760. Of these 7265 were Armenians, while 7495 Tartars. The destroyed cities were Baku, Shushy, Ganzak, Erivan, Hitt Nakhitchevan, Khazak and Tiflis. The number of injured is again im-mense. The number of Armenians killed are the following: Baku, 176; Shushy, 126; Ganzak, 132; Hin Nakhitchevan, 55. The villages around Shushy, 16o; Minken, 198. The villages of Ganzak, 212. The villages of Nakhitchevan, 114
7. Wright 2003, p. 98.
8. de Waal 2003, pp. 127–128.
9. Kaufman 2001, p. 58.
10. de Waal 2015, p. 75.
11. Herzig & Kurkchiyan 2005, p. 110.
12. Bournoutian 2015, p. 33.
13. Roberts, Carl Eric Bechhofer (2018-10-16). *In Denikin's Russia And The Caucasus, 1919-1920: Being A Record Of A Journey To South Russia, The Crimea, Armenia, Georgia, And Baku In 1919 And 1920*. Franklin Classics. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-343-44575-1.
14. Hovannisian 1996b, p. 247.
15. Hovannisian 1982, p. 178.
16. Bloxham 2005, p. 105.
17. Lieberman 2013, p. 136.
18. Hovannisian 1982, p. 182.
19. de Waal 2003, pp. 127–129.
20. Arslanian 1980, p. 93.
21. Namig 2015, p. 240.
22. Gerwarth & Horne 2012, p. 179.
23. Hovannisian 1971, p. 87.
24. Hovannisian 1982, p. 207.
25. Leupold 2020, p. 24.
26. Broers 2019, p. 4.
27. Chorbajian, Levon; Donabedian, Patrick; Mutafian, Claude (1994). *The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh*. London. ISBN 978-1-85649-287-4. ...it is undeniable that if Zangezur has since been an integral part of Soviet Armenia, it was Nzhdehwho made it possible. Following Andranik, he successfully implemented a 're-Armenianization' of the region...`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
28. Chorbajian 1994, p. 134.
29. Zakharov 2017, pp. 105–106.
30. Ovsepyan 2001, p. 224.
31. de Waal 2003, p. 80.
32. Hovannisian 1982, p. 213.
33. Mammadov & Musayev 2008, p. 33.
34. Balayev 1990, p. 43.
35. Buldakov 2010, pp. 893–894.
36. Hovannisian 1982, p. 239.
37. Hovannisian 1996b, p. 147.
38. Hovannisian 1982, p. 106.
39. Chmaïvsky 1919, p. 8.
40. Hovannisian 1996a, p. 122.
41. Korkotyan 1932, p. 184.
42. Korkotyan 1932, p. 167.
43. Akçam 2007, p. 330.

## Bibliography


title: Robin Rahm

abstract: Lennie Arne Robin Rahm is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender. He is currently a free agent. In August 2010, as a result of testing positive for use of doping, Rahm was suspended from all professional ice hockey in the 2010–11 season as well as 2011–12. He returned in the 2012–13 season, signing a two-year deal with then-reigning Elitserien (SEL) champions Brynäs IF.

text:
# Robin Rahm

**Lennie Arne Robin Rahm** (born 13 September 1986) is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender. He is currently a free agent.

In August 2010, as a result of testing positive for use of doping, Rahm was suspended from all professional ice hockey in the 2010–11 season as well as 2011–12. He returned in the 2012–13 season, signing a two-year deal with then-reigning Elitserien (SEL) champions Brynäs IF.

## Playing career

Rahm started his senior-level career playing for his youth team Sunne IK in Sweden's third-tier league Division 1. After having been dressed as a backup goaltender sporadically since the 2002–03 season, he took over as the starting goaltender for the 2005–06 season. Playing in 22 games, he posted a .917 save percentage and was ranked as the second best goaltender in save percentage in Division 1 E that season, despite that Sunne finished second to last in their division.

During the 2006–07 season, Rahm played in 28 games and improved his save percentage to .921, again ranked second in Division 1 E, but Sunne's sixth-place finish did not qualify them for an Allettan spot and they moved on to play in the spring series where Rahm posted an impressive .942 save percentage with two shutouts in five games. During that season, Rahm was briefly loaned to Södertälje SK in HockeyAllsvenskan where he dressed as a backup for two games, and to Frölunda HC in Elitserien where he joined as an extra goaltender during practices.

After that season, he signed a two-year contract with Frölunda, and was assigned to their HockeyAllsvenskan affiliate Borås HC, but due to a groin injury during the pre-season, Rahm started the 2007–08 season with his former team Sunne in Division 1.

On August 5, 2010, it was revealed that on June 28, 2010, Rahm tested positive for use of doping. The test showed signs of anabolic steroids. On October 6, 2010, Rahm was suspended for two years. Färjestad immediately cancelled his contract with the team.

After the suspension, Rahm signed a two-year contract with reigning champions Brynäs IF of the Elitserien (SEL) on July 5, 2012 to return to the Swedish top-tier league for the 2012–13 season.

## Career statistics

### Regular season

| Season | Team | League | GP | MIN | GA | SO | GAA | SV% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005–06 | Sunne IK | Swe-3 | 22 | 1299 | 71 | 1 | 3.28 | .917 |
| 2006–07 | Sunne IK | Swe-3 | 33 | 1966 | 87 | 5 | 2.65 | .924 |
| 2007–08 | Sunne IK | Swe-3 | 16 | 920 | 39 | 0 | 2.54 | .920 |
| 2007–08 | Borås HC | Swe-2 | 8 | 480 | 15 | 0 | 1.88 | .941 |
| 2008–09 | Borås HC | Swe-2 | 30 | 1713 | 87 | 3 | 3.05 | .889 |
| 2009–10 | Skåre BK | Swe-3 | 1 | 60 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 | .952 |
| 2009–10 | Färjestads BK | SEL | 19 | 1117 | 45 | 1 | 2.42 | .907 |

### Playoffs

| Season | Team | League | GP | MIN | GA | SO | GAA | SV% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007–08 | Borås HC | Swe-2 | 4 | 256 | 10 | 0 | 2.34 | .920 |
| 2009–10 | Färjestads BK | SEL | 7 | 451 | 17 | 0 | 2.26 | .923 |

## Awards and honors

| Award | Year |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Slovak Extraliga | | |
| Champion | 2021 |  |

## InfoBox

| Robin Rahm | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1986-09-13) 13 September 1986
Torsby, Sweden | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) | | |
| Weight | 176 lb (80 kg; 12 st 8 lb) | | |
| Position | Goaltender | | |
| Catches | Left | | |
| team
Former teams | *Free agent*
Sunne IK
Borås HC
Färjestads BK
Skåre BK
Brynäs IF
Malmö Redhawks
AIK IF
SønderjyskE Ishockey
Odense Bulldogs
Leksands IF
Graz99ers
HC GKS Katowice
HKM Zvolen
HC '05 Banská Bystrica | | |
| Playing career | 2008present | | |


title: Motherlode (James Brown album)

abstract: Motherlode is a 1988 James Brown compilation album. Created as a follow-up to the successful 1986 compilation In the Jungle Groove, it similarly focuses on Brown's funk recordings of the late 1960s and early 1970s. It includes live performances and remixes as well as studio recordings, most of them previously unissued. Writing in 2007, critic Robert Christgau called it "the finest of the classic [James Brown] comps". Highlights include a live "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud", the first album release of "I Got Ants in My Pants", the latter-day UK chart hit "She's the One", and a nine-minute-long remix of "People Get Up and Drive Your Funky Soul" from the Slaughter's Big Rip-Off soundtrack. In 2003 Motherlode was reissued with remastered sound, an unedited version of the track "Can I Get Some Help", and two bonus tracks, the 1969 song "You've Changed" and an alternate mix of 1976's "Bodyheat".

text:
# Motherlode (James Brown album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | A− |
| eMusic |  |
|  |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

***Motherlode*** is a 1988 James Brown compilation album. Created as a follow-up to the successful 1986 compilation *In the Jungle Groove*, it similarly focuses on Brown's funk recordings of the late 1960s and early 1970s. It includes live performances and remixes as well as studio recordings, most of them previously unissued. Writing in 2007, critic Robert Christgau called it "the finest of the classic \[James Brown\] comps". Highlights include a live "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud", the first album release of "I Got Ants in My Pants (and I Want to Dance)", the latter-day UK chart hit "She's the One", and a nine-minute-long remix of "People Get Up and Drive Your Funky Soul" from the *Slaughter's Big Rip-Off* soundtrack.

In 2003 *Motherlode* was reissued with remastered sound, an unedited version of the track "Can I Get Some Help", and two bonus tracks, the 1969 song "You've Changed" and an alternate mix of 1976's "Bodyheat".

## Track listing

### Original 1988 release

Side A 1. "There It Is" (Live) – 3:06
2. "She's the One" – 2:52
3. "Since You Been Gone" (Duet with Bobby Byrd) – 5:33
4. "Untitled Instrumental" – 3:22
5. "Say It Loud (Say It Live)" – 4:52
6. "Can I Get Some Help" – 4:56

Side B 1. "You Got to Have a Mother for Me" – 5:10
2. "Funk Bomb" (Instrumental) – 4:12
3. "Baby Here I Come" – 4:27
4. "People Get Up and Drive Your Funky Soul" (Remix) – 9:04

Original 1988 CD bonus track 11. "I Got Ants in My Pants (and I Want to Dance)" (Remix) – 7:27

### Expanded 2003 release

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "There It Is" | James Brown, St. Clair Pinckney | 3:06 |
| 2. | "She's the One" | Hank Ballard, James Brown | 2:52 |
| 3. | "Since You Been Gone" (Duet with Bobby Byrd) | James Brown | 5:33 |
| 4. | "Untitled Instrumental" (Performed by The J.B.'s) | James Brown | 3:22 |
| 5. | "Say It Loud (Say It Live)" | James Brown, Pee Wee Ellis | 4:52 |
| 6. | "Can I Get Some Help" (Unedited) | James Brown | 8:57 |
| 7. | "You Got to Have a Mother for Me" | James Brown, Pee Wee Ellis | 5:10 |
| 8. | "Funk Bomb" (Instrumental) | James Brown | 4:12 |
| 9. | "Baby Here I Come" | James Brown | 4:27 |
| 10. | "People Get Up and Drive Your Funky Soul" (Remix) | Chales Bobbit, James Brown, St. Clair Pinckney, Fred Wesley | 9:04 |
| 11. | "I Got Ants in My Pants (and I Want to Dance)" (Remix) | James Brown |  |
| 12. | "You've Changed" (bonus track) | James Brown | 3:18 |
| 13. | "Bodyheat" (Alternate Mix) (bonus track) | Deanna Brown, Deidre Brown, Yamma Brown | 11:53 |

## Personnel

* Vocals – James Brown (tracks: 1 to 3, 5 to 7, 9 to 13)
* Alto saxophone, tenor saxophone – Maceo Parker (tracks: 2, 5 to 10)
* Bass – "Sweet" Charles Sherrell (tracks: 2, 5 to 7, 9), William "Bootsy" Collins (tracks: 3 and 4), Fred Thomas (tracks: 1, 10, 11)
* Drums – Clyde Stubblefield (tracks: 3 to 5, 8, 12), John "Jabo" Starks (tracks: 1, 4, 5, 9, 11), Melvin Parker (tracks: 2, 5, 6, 13), Nate Jones (track: 7), John Morgan (track: 10)
* Guitar – Alfonzo Kellum (tracks: 2, 5 to 9), Hearlon "Cheese" Martin (tracks: 1, 4, 11), Jimmy Nolen (tracks: 1, 2, 5 to 10, 12 to 13), Phelps "Catfish" Collins (tracks: 3 and 4)
* Percussion – Johnny Griggs (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 10)
* Tenor saxophone – Eldee Williams (tracks: 2, 5, 9)
* Tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone – St. Clair Pinckney (tracks: 1, 4 to 11)
* Trombone – Fred Wesley (tracks: 1, 2, 5 to 7, 9 to 11)
* Trumpet – Jerone Jasaan Sanford (tracks: 1, 4, 11), Joseph Davis (tracks: 2, 5, 6, 9), Richard Griffith (tracks: 2, 5 to 7, 9)

## InfoBox

| Motherlode | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by James Brown | |
| Released | 1988 |
| Recorded | 1967–73 |
| Genre | Funk |
| Length | 55:26 |
| Label | Polydor |
| Producer | James Brown, Tim Rogers, Cliff White |
| James Brown chronology | |
| *James Brown's Funky People (Part 2)*
(1988) ***Motherlode***
(1988) *Roots of a Revolution*
(1989) | |


title: Nemophila phacelioides

abstract: Nemophila phacelioides, commonly called large-flower baby-blue-eyes or Texas baby-blue-eyes, is a flowering plant in the waterleaf family (Hydrophyllaceae). It is native to the South Central United States, where it is found in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Its natural habitat is in woodland openings in riparian bottoms, in sandy or silty soils.

text:
# Nemophila phacelioides

***Nemophila phacelioides***, commonly called **large-flower baby-blue-eyes** or **Texas baby-blue-eyes**, is a flowering plant in the waterleaf family (Hydrophyllaceae). It is native to the South Central United States, where it is found in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Its natural habitat is in woodland openings in riparian bottoms, in sandy or silty soils.

## Description

*Nemophila phacelioides* is an herbaceous annual. It blooms in the spring, where it produces large showy flowers with a blue or purple outer edge, fading into white. The flowers are about an inch wide, and have five petals. The leaves of the plant are irregular, with about 7-10 teeth. The plant grows about 10 inches tall, and can often form a blanket cover over the ground.

## Cultivation

This plant performs well in the shade, and needs slightly moist soil. Baby Blue Eyes do well sown from seed, with about 12 inches of spacing. Seeds can be collected by tying a bag to the flower head.

## InfoBox

| Texas baby blue eyes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Boraginales |
| Family: | Boraginaceae |
| Genus: | *Nemophila* |
| Species: | ***N. phacelioides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nemophila phacelioides***<br>Nutt. | |
|


title: Mordellina testacea

abstract: Mordellina testacea is a species of tumbling flower beetle in the family Mordellidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Mordellina testacea

***Mordellina testacea*** is a species of tumbling flower beetle in the family Mordellidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 5: Tenebrionoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26090-0.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellina testacea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Mordellina testacea*, Texas | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Tribe: | Mordellini |
| Genus: | *Mordellina* |
| Species: | ***M. testacea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellina testacea***<br>(Blatchley, 1910) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mordellistena testacea*  Blatchley, 1910 | |


title: Fragile Machine

abstract: Fragile Machine is an indie cyberpunk short film created by a team of artists called Aoineko.

text:
# Fragile Machine

***Fragile Machine*** is an indie cyberpunk short film created by a team of artists called Aoineko.

## Plot

Leda Nea is a scientist working for the Göln Remedios laboratory. Following the death of her daughter, Leda volunteers as a test subject in a series of experiments designed to mesh human and machine.

## Reception

Fragile Machine was premiered at the Waterloo Festival for Animated Cinema in 2005

Fragile Machine was well received at various film festivals, winning accolades such as:

"Best Animated File Award (2005): The Sedona International Film Festival
"Special Tribute for Animation (2005): Imaginaria
"Honorable Mention for Work in Progress (2005): DIY Film Festival

Reviews of Fragile Machine were generally positive. Brett D. Rogers of fps Magazine called the film "a well-styled piece of visual and audio cyberpunk, setting lessons learned from Blade Runner, Ghost in the Shell and Metropolis to a beat."

## InfoBox

| Fragile Machine | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Ben Steele |
| Written by | Darren Dugan
John Pinckney
Ben Steele |
| Starring | Molly Pinckney
Xi |
| Music by | John Banks
John Hockersmith
Ben Steele
Jay Steinberg |
| Release date | * 2005 (2005) |
| Running time | 34 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Japanese
English |


title: John Lees (artist)

abstract: John Lees is an American contemporary expressionist artist who works primarily in painting. Lees received the 2005 Francis J. Greenburger Award and has also received the American Academy of Arts and Letters, Hassam, Speicher, Betts and Symonds Art Purchase Award in 2010, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Grant in 1993 and the National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship Grant in 1989. His paintings are included in the public collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the Fogg Art Museum, The New Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, the Arkansas Art Center, the Santa Barbara Museum of Art, and the Tucson Museum of Art. Lees also served as an art professor for 40 years at the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture (1988–2011), the School of Visual Arts (1987–2005), Sarah Lawrence College (2000–2003), State University of New York at New Paltz (1996–2000), and Mt. San Antonio College (1971–1981).

text:
# John Lees (artist)

**John Lees** (born February 3, 1943) is an American contemporary expressionist artist who works primarily in painting.

Lees received the 2005 Francis J. Greenburger Award and has also received the American Academy of Arts and Letters, Hassam, Speicher, Betts and Symonds Art Purchase Award in 2010, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Grant in 1993 and the National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship Grant in 1989. His paintings are included in the public collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the Fogg Art Museum, The New Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, the Arkansas Art Center, the Santa Barbara Museum of Art, and the Tucson Museum of Art.

Lees also served as an art professor for 40 years at the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture (1988–2011), the School of Visual Arts (1987–2005), Sarah Lawrence College (2000–2003), State University of New York at New Paltz (1996–2000), and Mt. San Antonio College (1971–1981).

## Education and background

Lees was born in Denville, New Jersey in 1943. He moved to Los Angeles in 1950 with his family. After attending Los Angeles City College from 1961 to 1963, he studied at the Otis Art Institute from 1963 to 1967. He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Otis in 1964 and a Master of Fine Arts in 1967.

## Painting and exhibitions

In 1975, Lees had a solo exhibition in Santa Barbara, California. Two years later, in 1977, Lees had a solo exhibition New York City. His second solo exhibition in New York followed in 1980. During this period, Lees also had solo exhibitions in Detroit (1979) and in San Francisco (1981). In 1981, Lees moved to New York City. He presented his third solo exhibition in New York in 1983. In its review of Lees' 1983 exhibition, *The New York Times* wrote:

> John Lees's landscapes and heads are almost incidental to his technique. This, in turn, is less a matter of applying oil paint than of allowing it to accumulate until the canvas looks like a fragment of some ancient, lumpy wall. ... The work is on the precious side and might pall if administered in large doses, but there's scant danger of that, given the artist's glacial rate of production.

In the mid-1980s, Lees became associated with Hirschl & Adler Modern in New York. He presented his first solo exhibition at Hirschl & Adler in 1986 with additional solo exhibitions there in 1989, 1993, 1996, 1998, and 1999. During this period, Lees also had solo exhibitions in London, Chicago, Boston (1992, 1997, 2003, and 2005), and Italy. In describing Lees' 1996 show, art critic Holland Cotter described Lees' work as "intense" and "surprisingly graceful" and wrote that the artist's "clotted and encrusted brown pigments, look as if they were lifted straight from the earth," but with each image seemingly "packed with references and energies beyond the naturalistic." Following a 2007 exhibition, a reviewer for *The New York Times* wrote:

> The artist John Lees is one of the most accomplished expressionist painters of his generation. He is also one of the most under-recognized, at least when it comes to inclusion within museum collections and the sort of group exhibitions that help build a reputation. He has the distinction, however, of having exhibited continuously in private galleries since 1969.

In 1987, *Money* magazine reported that Lees' 69-inch-by-89-inch painting of an armchair, which sold in 1974 for $1,800, was valued at $30,000.

In 1990, Lees moved to Leeds, New York. Lees and his wife, Ruth, who is also a painter, have maintained their studio and home there since that time. One of the unusual characteristics of Lees' paintings is his tendency to work on a single canvas for as long as 30 years. Following his 2003 show, Cate McQuaid wrote in the *Boston Globe*:

> John Lees has paintings of his wife, Ruth, that he has been working on since the '70s. Over 30 years, exploring the image of his wife with a paintbrush and a palette knife, Lees delves deeper and deeper into their relationship. ... Lees lives with his paintings. He builds them up, adds on to their borders, sands them down, then builds some more.

In 2008, Lees became associated with the Betty Cunningham Gallery in New York. He has had exhibitions there in 2008, 2009, and 2011. Following his 2008 exhibition, David Cohen titled his review in the *New York Sun* "Deliciously Distressed" and emphasized Lees' tendency to rework the same canvas for years:

> What is primarily to love and at the same time distrust about Mr. Lees is his self-professed obsessiveness. This takes the form, in the mottled surfaces of his slowly worked landscapes, figure studies, and still life paintings, of accretion, stress, and mutedness. ... Mr. Lees's surfaces are deliciously distressed. His pictures have the battered, timeworn quality of a masterpiece discovered in a thrift store. His portraits — whether of his wife, 'Ruth (Face)' (1979–2005); a familiar cartoon pig in 'Pompeiian Porky' (2003–07), or the jazzman Bix Beiderbecke, in 'Rhythm King' (1984–2008) – have a Trecento primitivism about them.

## Professor of art

In addition to his own painting, Lees has served as an art professor for 40 years at the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture (1988–2011), the School of Visual Arts (1987–2005), Sarah Lawrence College (2000–2003), State University of New York at New Paltz (1996–2000), and Mt. San Antonio College (1971–1981). He has also been a visiting artist at Wayne State University (1978), Vermont Studio Center (1989, 2000–2002), and the International School of Art in Umbria, Montecastello de Vibio, Italy (1997, 2000).

## Awards and museum collections

In 2005, Lees received the Francis J. Greenburger Award. He also received the American Academy of Arts and Letters, Hassam, Speicher, Betts and Symonds Art Purchase Award in 2010, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Grant in 1993 and the National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship Grant in 1989.

Lees' paintings are included in the public collections of New York's Museum of Modern Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Harvard University's Fogg Art Museum, New York's New Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, the Brooklyn Museum, Pittsburgh's Carnegie Museum of Art, the Arkansas Art Center, the Santa Barbara Museum of Art, the Cleveland Museum of Art, Dartmouth College's Hood Museum of Art, Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, the University of Kansas' Spencer Museum of Art, the University of New Mexico Art Museum, the University Museum of Contemporary Art at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, the Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University, the Ackland Art Museum at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the Tucson Museum of Art.

## InfoBox

| John Lees | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1943-02-03) February 3, 1943<br>Denville, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Painting |
| Awards | Francis J. Greenburger Award (2005); American Academy of Arts and Letters, Hassam, Speicher, Betts and Symonds Art Purchase Award (2010); John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Grant (1993) |


title: Riđage

abstract: Riđage is a village in the municipality of Čačak, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 215 people.

text:
# Riđage

**Riđage** is a village in the municipality of Čačak, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 215 people.

43°53′21″N 20°16′13″E / 43.88917°N 20.27028°E / 43.88917; 20.27028

## InfoBox

| Riđage | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Riđage | |
| Coordinates: 43°53′21″N 20°16′13″E / 43.88917°N 20.27028°E / 43.88917; 20.27028 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Moravica District |
| Municipality | Čačak |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.39 km2 (1.31 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 353 m (1,158 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 215 |
| Density | 63/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Mat Toshack

abstract: Mat Toshack is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s, and 2000s. Toshack's position of choice was as a second-row or centre. Toshack played for the North Sydney Bears and South Queensland Crushers in the Australia. In the Super League he played for the London Broncos.

text:
# Mat Toshack

**Mat Toshack** (born 18 February 1973 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s, and 2000s. Toshack's position of choice was as a second-row or centre.

Toshack played for the North Sydney Bears and South Queensland Crushers in the Australia. In the Super League he played for the London Broncos.

## Playing career

Toshack made his first grade debut for Norths against Parramatta in Round 21 1992. In 1994, Toshack enjoyed a breakout season as the club finished 2nd on the table and qualified for the finals. Norths defeated defending premiers Brisbane but lost 22-9 against Canberra in the preliminary final.

In 1995, Toshack made 21 appearances as Norths qualified for the finals but were eliminated in the first week against Newcastle. 1996 would be Toshack's last with Norths as the club finished 3rd on the table and reached the preliminary final against St George but fell short of an elusive grand final appearance.

In 1997, Toshack joined South Queensland and played in the club's final ever game, a 39-18 victory over Western Suburbs with Toshack scoring a try in the match. The win was not enough to save South Queensland from the wooden spoon though as the club finished last.

In 1998, Toshack joined English side the London Broncos and played with the club up until the end of 2004 before retiring.

In 2017, North Sydney created a new tournament called the "Matt Toshack Cup" in honor of the former player.

## InfoBox

Mat Toshack
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Matthew Toshack |
| Born | (1973-02-18) 18 February 1973<br>Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight | 14 st 7 lb (92 kg) |
| Position | Centre, Lock |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1992–96 North Sydney 55 18 0 0 72  1997 South Qld Crushers 19 5 0 0 20  1998–04 London Broncos 155 31 8 0 124  Total 229 54 8 0 216 | |
| Source: | |


title: Motherlode (Sara Hickman album)

abstract: Motherlode is an album by American singer-songwriter Sara Hickman, released in 2006. It is her first double album.

text:
# Motherlode (Sara Hickman album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Motherlode*** is an album by American singer-songwriter Sara Hickman, released in 2006. It is her first double album.

## Track listing

### The Mirror (Disc 1)

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | ""A Song of You" (Hickman/Batteau)" | 4:26 |
| 2. | ""To a Maddening Ghost" (Hickman)" | 5:07 |
| 3. | ""Wagoner's Lad" (traditional)" | 5:01 |
| 4. | ""Living in Quiet Desperation" (Hickman/Hobizal)" | 4:17 |
| 5. | ""Mad World" (Orzabel)" | 4:50 |
| 6. | ""Twenty Years to Life" (Mitchell/Warden)" | 3:52 |
| 7. | ""Mother's Little Helper" (Jagger/Richards)" | 3:56 |
| 8. | ""Comfort's Sigh" (Hickman)" | 4:24 |
| 9. | ""My Mama's Hands" (Hickman)" | 7:13 |
| Total length: | | 43.10 |

### The Thread (Disc 2)

1. "Birdhouse" (Hickman/Batteau) – 4:55
2. "Two Days Today" (Hickman) – 4:18
3. "Learn You Like a Book" (Boyd/Mitchell) – 4:04
4. "Are We Ever Gonna Have Sex Again?" (Rigby/Rich) – 3:16
5. "Stupid Love!" (Hickman/Parlapiano) – 4:06
6. "Good" (Meyers) – 4:43
7. "Enuf" (Addison/Singh) – 3:00
8. "Always a Saint" (Hudson) – 5:02
9. "Little Bird of Anger" (Ackerman) – 3:21
10. "This Too Will Pass" (Himmelman) – 3:50
11. "You Reward" (Cohen) – 3:51

## InfoBox

| Motherlode | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sara Hickman | |
| Released | 2006 |
| Studio | Congress House Studios, Austin, Texas |
| Genre | Folk/pop |
| Length | 43:06 (Disc 1),<br>44:26 (Disc 2) |
| Label | Sleeveless |
| Producer | Sara Hickman |
| Sara Hickman chronology | |
| *Faithful Heart* ***Motherlode*** | |


title: Nemophila menziesii

abstract: Nemophila menziesii, known commonly as baby blue eyes or baby's-blue-eyes, is an annual herb, native to western North America.

text:
# Nemophila menziesii

***Nemophila menziesii***, known commonly as **baby blue eyes** or **baby's-blue-eyes**, is an annual herb, native to western North America.

## Distribution

The plant is native to California, Baja California, and Oregon.

It grows virtually throughout California at elevations from sea level up to almost 6,500 feet (2,000 m). It grows in many types of habitats, including chaparral, valley grasslands, and montane locales.

## Description

*Nemophila menziesii* is variable in appearance. Lower leaves are stalked, lobed and oppositely arranged, 10–50 millimetres (0.4–2.0 in) with five to thirteen lobes, each entire or with one to three teeth. Upper leaves are more or less sessile and less lobed than lower. The stalk of the inflorescence is 20–60 millimetres (0.8–2.4 in). Calyx lobes are 4–8 millimetres (0.2–0.3 in). The flower is blue with a white center or all white, usually with blue veins and black dots near the center. It is 6–40 millimetres (0.2–1.6 in) wide. The tube is less than or equal to the filaments.

### Varieties

The species includes three varieties:

* *Nemophila menziesii* var. *atomaria* has white flowers with black dots, often with a faint blue tint or blue veins in the corolla. It is found on coastal bluffs or grassy slopes in Oregon, Northwestern California, the Central Coast of California, and the San Francisco Bay Area.
* *Nemophila menziesii* var. *integrifolia* has blue flowers, with black dots at the center and deep blue veins. It is found in grasslands, canyons, woodlands, and slopes in the Central Coast, southern Coast Ranges, southwestern California, east of the Sierra Nevada range, and into the Mojave Desert and Baja California
* *Nemophila menziesii* var. *menziesii* has bright blue flowers with white centers that are generally dotted with black. It is found virtually throughout California, in meadows, grasslands, chaparral, woodlands, slopes, and desert washes, but it does not occur above 5,200 feet (1,600 meters).

## Cultivation

It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant, as annual wildflower in native plant, water conserving, traditional, and wildlife gardens.

It can occasionally be found outside its native range as an introduced species, such as in Alaska.

## InfoBox

| Baby blue eyes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Boraginales |
| Family: | Boraginaceae |
| Genus: | *Nemophila* |
| Species: | ***N. menziesii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nemophila menziesii***<br>Hook. & Arn. | |
|


title: Monokote

abstract:
MonoKote was a commercially available lightweight plastic shrink wrap film available in various colors. It had a heat-activated adhesive on one side and was used to cover the surfaces of a model aircraft. The material is cut to size and applied to the airframe surfaces using a hobby iron and heat gun. Top Flite MonoKote covering film is produced by General Formulations of Sparta, Michigan. The name MonoKote, a registered trademark of model aircraft manufacturer Top Flite, refers to the fact that it is a one-step covering material to coat the surface of the model. MonoKote was discontinued by Top Flite's subsequent owners, Horizon Hobbies.
The patent for Top Flite MonoKote is held by Sidney Axelrod Unrelated to the model aircraft material, MonoKote is also a type of fireproofing material, which is either gypsum- or cement-based and is spray-applied. The name MONOKOTE is the subject of global trademark registrations owned by GCP Applied Technologies Inc., a Delaware Corporation formed from the Grace Construction Products and Packaging businesses that were spun off from W. R. Grace & Co. in February 2016.

text:
# Monokote

**MonoKote** was a commercially available lightweight plastic shrink wrap film available in various colors. It had a heat-activated adhesive on one side and was used to cover the surfaces of a model aircraft. The material is cut to size and applied to the airframe surfaces using a hobby iron and heat gun. Top Flite MonoKote covering film is produced by General Formulations of Sparta, Michigan.

The name MonoKote, a registered trademark of model aircraft manufacturer Top Flite, refers to the fact that it is a one-step covering material to coat the surface of the model. MonoKote was discontinued by Top Flite's subsequent owners, Horizon Hobbies. The patent for Top Flite MonoKote is held by Sidney Axelrod

Unrelated to the model aircraft material, MonoKote is also a type of fireproofing material, which is either gypsum- or cement-based and is spray-applied. The name MONOKOTE is the subject of global trademark registrations owned by GCP Applied Technologies Inc., a Delaware Corporation formed from the Grace Construction Products and Packaging businesses that were spun off from W. R. Grace & Co. in February 2016 (e.g., US Registration No. 1,468,327; Canadian Registration No. 858389; and other international registrations).


title: Perikivalasa

abstract: Perikivalasa is a village in Y. Ramavaram Mandal, East Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

text:
# Perikivalasa

**Perikivalasa** is a village in Y. Ramavaram Mandal, East Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, This Village had a population of 268, out of which 122 were male and 30 were female. Population of children below 6 years of age were 13.06%. The literacy rate of the village is 47.64%.

## InfoBox

| Perikivalasa | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| PerikivalasaLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaPerikivalasaPerikivalasa (India) | |
| Coordinates: 17°43′17″N 81°52′31″E / 17.7214°N 81.8754°E / 17.7214; 81.8754 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | East Godavari |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 268 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: John Morlan

abstract: John Glen Morlan is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates.

text:
# John Morlan

**John Glen Morlan** (born November 22, 1947) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates.

## InfoBox

| John Morlan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1947-11-22) November 22, 1947<br>Columbus, Ohio, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 20, 1973, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 29, 1974, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 2–5 |
| Earned run average | 4.16 |
| Strikeouts | 61 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Peter Hacker

abstract: Peter Michael Stephan Hacker is a British philosopher. His principal expertise is in the philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophical anthropology. He is known for his detailed exegesis and interpretation of the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, his critique of cognitive neuroscience, and for his comprehensive studies of human nature.

text:
# Peter Hacker

**Peter Michael Stephan Hacker** (born 15 July 1939) is a British philosopher. His principal expertise is in the philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophical anthropology. He is known for his detailed exegesis and interpretation of the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, his critique of cognitive neuroscience, and for his comprehensive studies of human nature.

## Professional biography

Hacker studied philosophy, politics and economics at The Queen's College, Oxford, from 1960 to 1963. In 1963–65 he was senior scholar at St Antony's College, Oxford, where he began graduate work under the supervision of H. L. A. Hart. His D.Phil. thesis "Rules and Duties" was completed in 1966 during a junior research fellowship at Balliol College, Oxford.

Since 1966 Hacker has been a fellow of St John's College, Oxford, and a member of the Oxford University philosophy faculty. His visiting positions at other universities include Makerere College, Uganda (1968); Swarthmore College, US (1973 and 1986); University of Michigan, (1974); Milton C. Scott visiting professor at Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (1985); visiting fellow in humanities at University of Bologna, Italy (2009). From 1985 to 1987 he was a British Academy Research Reader in the Humanities. In 1991–94 he was a Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellow. Hacker retired from Oxford in 2006, and was appointed to an emeritus research fellowship from 2006 to 2015, since when he has been an emeritus fellow. He was made an honorary fellow of The Queen's College, Oxford, in 2010. He was a part-time professor of philosophy at the University of Kent at Canterbury from 2013 to 2016. He was appointed to an honorary professorship at the Institute of Neurology at University College, London, for the period 2019–2024.

## Philosophical views

Hacker is one of the most important contemporary exponents of the linguistic-therapeutic approach to philosophy pioneered by Ludwig Wittgenstein. In this approach, the words and concepts used by the language community are taken as given, and the role of philosophy is to resolve or dissolve philosophical problems by giving an overview of the uses of these words and the structural relationships between these concepts. Philosophical inquiry is therefore very different from scientific inquiry, and Hacker maintains that: "philosophy is not a contribution to human knowledge, but to human understanding." He believes that empirical observation and research is a categorically distinct kind of activity from conceptual investigation and clarification, even though there is sometimes no sharp dividing line between the two. These are two different kinds of intellectual activity, which may be conducted by the same person (as in the case of Einstein) or by different people. This has led him into direct disagreement  with "neuro-philosophers": neuroscientists or philosophers such as Antonio Damasio and Daniel Dennett who think that neuroscience can shed light on philosophical questions such as the nature of consciousness or the mind-body problem. Hacker argues that these are indeed problems, only not empirical ones . They are conceptual problems and puzzlements that are to be dissolved or resolved by logico-linguistic analysis. It follows that scientific inquiry (learning more facts about humans or the world) does not help to resolve them anymore than discoveries in physics can help to prove a mathematical theorem. His 2003 book "Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience", co-authored with neuroscientist Max Bennett, contains an exposition of these views, and critiques of the ideas of many contemporary neuroscientists and philosophers, including Francis Crick, Antonio Damasio, Daniel Dennett, John Searle, and others.

Hacker in general finds many received components of current philosophy of mind to be incoherent . He rejects mind-brain identity theories, as well as functionalism, eliminativism and other forms of reductionism. He advocates methodological pluralism, denying that standard explanations of human conduct are causal, and insisting on the irreducibility of explanation in terms of reasons and goals. He denies that psychological attributes can be intelligibly ascribed to the brain, insisting that they are ascribable only to the human being as a whole. He has endeavoured to show that the puzzles and 'mysteries' of consciousness dissolve under careful analysis of the various forms of intransitive and transitive consciousness, and that so-called qualia are no more than a philosopher's fiction.

Since 2005 Hacker has completed an ambitious tetralogy on human nature . He conceives of this to be philosophical anthropology – a study of the conceptual forms and relations in terms of which we think about ourselves and our theoretical and practical powers. The first volume The Categorial Framework: a Study of Human Nature surveys the most general concepts: substance, causation, powers, agency, teleology and rationality, mind, body and person. The second, The Intellectual Powers: A Study of Human Nature investigates consciousness, intentionality and mastery of a language as marks of the mind. This is followed by detailed logico-grammatical studies of human cognitive and cogitative powers, ranging from perception through knowledge and belief to memory, thought and imagination. The third volume The Passions: a Study of Human Nature is dedicated to the study of the emotions, ranging from pride, shame, jealousy and anger to love, friendship, and sympathy. It draws extensively on literary, dramatic and poetic sources. The concluding volume The Moral Powers: a Study of Human Nature is concerned with good and evil; freedom, determinism, and responsibility; pleasure and happiness; finding meaning in life and the place of death in life. Hacker's methodology is connective analysis in which the wide range of conceptual and logical features of the relevant subjects is laid bare .

Hacker has frequently collaborated with fellow Oxford philosopher G. P. Baker, and Australian neuroscientist Max Bennett.

## Works

### Books

1. *Insight and Illusion: Wittgenstein on Philosophy and the Metaphysics of Experience* (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972) (ISBN 0198243693, 978-0198243694)
2. *Insight and Illusion – themes in the philosophy of Wittgenstein* (extensively revised edition) (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986) (ISBN 0-19-824783-4)
3. *Wittgenstein : Understanding and Meaning*, Volume 1 of an analytical commentary on the Philosophical Investigations (Blackwell, Oxford, and Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1980)(ISBN 0-631-12111-0)(ISBN 0226035263)(ISBN 0226035409), co-authored with G.P. Baker. It was extensively revised in 2009 and published in two parts by Wiley-Blackwell(ISBN 1405199245)(ISBN 1405199253).
4. *Frege : Logical Excavations*, (Blackwell, Oxford, O.U.P., N.Y., 1984) (ISBN 0-19-503261-6) co-authored with G.P. Baker.
5. *Language, Sense and Nonsense, a critical investigation into modern theories of language* (Blackwell, 1984) (ISBN 0-631-13519-7) co-authored with G.P. Baker.
6. *Scepticism, Rules and Language* (Blackwell, 1984) (ISBN 0-631-13614-2) co-authored with G.P. Baker.
7. *Wittgenstein : Rules, Grammar, and Necessity* – Volume 2 of an analytical commentary on the Philosophical Investigations (Blackwell, Oxford, UK and Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985) (ISBN 0-631-13024-1)(ISBN 0-631-16188-0) co-authored with G.P. Baker. It was extensively revised in 2014 (ISBN 1-118-85459-4)
8. *Appearance and Reality – a philosophical investigation into perception and perceptual qualities* (Blackwell, 1987) (ISBN 0-631-15704-2)
9. *Wittgenstein : Meaning and Mind*, Volume 3 of an Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations (Blackwell, Oxford and Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990) (ISBN 0-631-18739-1). It was extensively revised in 2019 and published in two parts by Wiley-Blackwell (ISBN 1118951808)(ISBN 1118951751).
10. *Wittgenstein: Mind and Will*, Volume 4 of an Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations (Blackwell, 1996) (ISBN 0-631-18739-1)
11. *Wittgenstein's Place in Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy* (Blackwell, Oxford, UK and Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1996) (ISBN 0-631-20098-3)
12. *Wittgenstein on Human Nature* (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1997) (ISBN 0-7538-0193-0)
13. *Wittgenstein: Connections and Controversies* (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2001) (ISBN 0-19-924569-X)
14. *Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience* (Blackwell, Oxford, and Malden, Mass., 2003) (ISBN 1-4051-0855-X), co-authored with Max Bennett. A second edition with 80,000 extra words was released in 2022 (ISBN 978-1119530978)
15. *Neuroscience and Philosophy: Brain, Mind, and Language* (Columbia University Press, New York, 2007) (ISBN 978-0-231-14044-7), co-authored with Max Bennett, D. Dennett, and J. Searle
16. *Human Nature: The Categorial Framework* (Blackwell, 2007) (ISBN 1405147288)
17. *History of Cognitive Neuroscience* (Wiley, Blackwell, 2008) (ISBN 978-1-4051-8182-2), co-authored with Max Bennett
18. *The Intellectual Powers: A study of Human Nature* (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 2013) ISBN 978-1-4443-3247-6 pb. ed.
19. *Wittgenstein: Comparisons & Context* (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013) ISBN 978-0-19-967482-4
20. *The Passions: A study of Human Nature* (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 2017) ISBN 978-1-119-44046-8
21. *Intellectual Entertainments: Eight Dialogues on Mind, Consciousness and Thought*  (Anthem Press, London, 2020) ISBN 1785271520
22. *The Moral Powers: a Study of Human Nature* (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 2020) ISBN 1119657776
23. *A Beginner's Guide to the Later Philosophy of Wittgenstein: Seventeen Lectures and Dialogues on the Philosophical Investigations* (Anthem Press, London & New York, 2024) ISBN 9781839991134

## InfoBox

| Peter Hacker | |
| --- | --- |
| Peter Hacker in 2013 | |
| Born | Peter Michael Stephan Hacker
15 July 1939 (1939-07-15) (age 85)
London |
| Alma mater | The Queen's College, Oxford |
|  | |
| Era | Contemporary philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Analytic philosophy |
| Main interests | Philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, neurophilosophy, Wittgenstein, philosophical anthropology |
| Notable ideas | The mereological fallacy in neuroscience and the philosophy of mind |
|  | |
| Website | https://www.pmshacker.co.uk/ |


title: Hanna Bakuła

abstract: Hanna Bakuła is a Polish painter, scenographer and Playboy's columnist.

text:
# Hanna Bakuła

**Hanna Bakuła** (born 30 March 1950) is a Polish painter, scenographer and Playboy's columnist.

## Biography

Bakuła has graduated with honors from the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, where she has studied under such Polish masters as J. Tarasin, E. Eibisch, A. Kobzdej. In 1981 she left for New York City and settled on Manhattan. She painted, designed scenography and costumes for the avant-garde theatre "The Kitchen". These designs were praised by "The New York Times" as the best of the Off Broadway projects and won the first prize.

In 1989 she came back to Poland. Since 1996 years Bakuła organizes Franz Schubert's Music Festivals. In 1997 she has established the Hanna Bakuła Foundation and later, the Women's Club.

Hanna Bakuła is an author of many portraits, including Grace Jones, Liv Ullmann, Yehudi Menuhin.

She is an atheist. Hanna Bakuła lives in Warsaw.

## InfoBox

| Hanna Bakuła | |
| --- | --- |
| Hanna Bakuła at Nadmorski Plener Czytelniczy in Gdynia, 2014 | |
| Born | (1950-03-30) 30 March 1950<br>Warsaw, Poland |
| Occupation | Painter |


title: Mat Sinner

abstract: Matthias Lasch, known professionally as Mat Sinner, is a German bassist, singer and record producer from Stuttgart. Sinner has been involved in numerous bands and projects throughout his musical career. His main bands have been Sinner since 1982 and Primal Fear since 1997; he formed the latter band with former Gamma Ray singer Ralf Scheepers. He also formed the band Voodoo Circle with guitarist Alex Beyrodt, in 2008. Sinner has also been working as a record producer for Kiske/Somerville, Bobby Kimball/Jimi Jamison, and the first Scheepers solo album. Sinner is also the musical director of the successful Rock Meets Classic tour in Europe, where legendary rock singers team up with the RMC Symphony Orchestra and the Mat Sinner Band every year with a setlist of classic rock songs. In 2013, Sinner also joined the band Silent Force. In 2014, it was announced that a new project called Level 10, featuring Sinner with Symphony X vocalist Russell Allen and other members of Primal Fear. In January 2015 Chapter One was released. In 2017, Mat Sinner released the album Tequila Suicide with his band Sinner with a Top 50 chart entry in Germany. The Primal Fear album Apocalypse released in August 2018 and charted Top 10 in Germany and 11 more countries. The Sinner album Santa Muerte released on 13 September 2019 and the Primal Fear album Metal Commando was released on 24 July 2020.

text:
# Mat Sinner

**Matthias Lasch** (born 16 October 1964), known professionally as **Mat Sinner**, is a German bassist, singer and record producer from Stuttgart.

Sinner has been involved in numerous bands and projects throughout his musical career. His main bands have been Sinner since 1982 and Primal Fear since 1997; he formed the latter band with former Gamma Ray singer Ralf Scheepers. He also formed the band Voodoo Circle with guitarist Alex Beyrodt, in 2008.

Sinner has also been working as a record producer for Kiske/Somerville, Bobby Kimball/Jimi Jamison (former vocalists of bands Toto and Survivor), and the first Scheepers solo album. Sinner is also the musical director of the successful Rock Meets Classic tour in Europe, where legendary rock singers team up with the RMC Symphony Orchestra and the Mat Sinner Band every year with a setlist of classic rock songs.

In 2013, Sinner also joined the band Silent Force.

In 2014, it was announced that a new project called Level 10, featuring Sinner with Symphony X vocalist Russell Allen and other members of Primal Fear. In January 2015 *Chapter One* was released.

In 2017, Mat Sinner released the album *Tequila Suicide* with his band Sinner with a Top 50 chart entry in Germany. The Primal Fear album *Apocalypse* released in August 2018 and charted Top 10 in Germany and 11 more countries. The Sinner album *Santa Muerte* released on 13 September 2019 and the Primal Fear album *Metal Commando* was released on 24 July 2020.

## Discography

### Sinner

* *Wild N'Evil* (1982)
* *Fast Decition* (1983)
* *Danger Zone* (1984)
* *Touch of Sin* (1985)
* *Comin' Out Fighting* (1986)
* *Dangerous Charm* (1987)
* *No More Alibis* (1992)
* *Respect* (1994)
* *Bottom Line* (1995)
* *Judgement Day* (1997)
* *The Nature of Evil* (1998)
* *The End of Sanctuary* (2000)
* *There Will Be Execution* (2004)
* *Mask of Sanity* (2007)
* *Crash & Burn* (2008)
* *One Bullet Left* (2011)
* *Touch of Sin 2* (2013)
* *Tequila Suicide* (2017)
* *Santa Muerte* (2019)

### Solo

* *Back to the Bullet* (1990)

### Primal Fear

### Kiske/Somerville

### Voodoo Circle

* *Voodoo Circle* (2008)
* *Broken Heart Syndrome* (2011)
* *More Than One Way Home* (2013)
* *Whisky Fingers* (2015)
* *Raised on Rock* (2018)
* *Locked & Loaded* (2021)

### Ralf Scheepers

### Silent Force

### Level 10

### Other

* The Heat – *Same* (1993)
* Skin Deep – *Painful Day* (1993)
* The Heat – *Goldfinger* (1995)
* Pegazus – *Breaking The Chains* (1999)
* Kovenant – *New World Order* (2000)
* Hammerfall – "Crimson Thunder" (2002)
* Rick Renstrom – *Rick Renstrom* (2004)
* Joacim Cans*Beyond the Gates* (2004)
* Dionysus – *Fairytales & Reality* (2006)
* Tribuzy – *Execution* (2006)
* Vengeance – *Back in the Ring* (2006)
* Biss – *Xtension* (2006)
* Goddess Shiva – *Goddess Shiva* (2007)
* Tribuzy*Execution – Live Reunion* (2007)
* Barra Bazz – *Barra Bazz* (2008)
* Vengeance – *Soul Collector* (2009)
* Phenomena – *Blind Faith* (2010)
* Kimball/Jamison*Kimball Jamison* (2011)
* Jorn*Life On Death Road* (2017)

## InfoBox

| Mat Sinner | |
| --- | --- |
| Sinner in 2019 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Matthias Lasch |
| Genres | Melodic rock, heavy metal, power metal |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, singer, producer, songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Bass guitar, vocals |
| Years active | 1982–present |
|  | |
| Website | matsinner.com |


title: Haplochrois tanyptera

abstract: Haplochrois tanyptera is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1923. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

text:
# Haplochrois tanyptera

***Haplochrois tanyptera*** is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1923. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

## InfoBox

| *Haplochrois tanyptera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Haplochrois* |
| Species: | ***H. tanyptera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Haplochrois tanyptera***<br>Turner, 1923 | |
|


title: Mr. Nice Guy (1987 film)

abstract: Mr. Nice Guy was a 1987 Canadian film starring Mike MacDonald and Jan Smithers. It is a mafia-themed comedy.

text:
# Mr. Nice Guy (1987 film)

***Mr. Nice Guy*** was a 1987 Canadian film starring Mike MacDonald and Jan Smithers. It is a mafia-themed comedy.

## Plot

A mafia hitman is engaged to be married and his fiancée doesn't know his true profession while his future father-in-law has a contract out on him.

## Cast

* Mike MacDonald as Kurt Murdoch
* Jan Smithers as Lise
* Joe Silver as Leser Tish
* Harvey Atkin as Jerry Reeman
* Howard Jerome as The Den
* Keith Knight as Larry
* Lou Pitoscia as Kurt's Chauffeur
* Dan MacDonald as Clemens
* Micheal Donaghue as Catso
* Jack Newman as Salesman
* Maxine Miller as Lise's Mom
* Lillian Lewis as Tish's Receptionist
* Barbara Franklin as Tish's Wife
* Daniel Dicks as Tish's Grandson
* Aino Pirskanen as Kurt's Mom
* Jack Anthony as Kurt's Dad
* Bobbi Sherron as Clinic Receptionist
* Patrick Rose as Senator George Bigger
* Leonard Smofsky as Ray Marris
* Dick Grant as Prison Warden
* Dinah Mate as Catso's Mistress
* Dick Callahan as M.C.
* Pat Kelly as Mafia Goon #1
* Mike Kelly as Mafia Goon #2

## InfoBox

| Mr. Nice Guy | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Henry Wolfond |
| Written by | Mark Breslin
Henry Wolfond |
| Starring | Mike MacDonald
Jan Smithers |
| Music by | Paul Hoffert |
| Production
companies | Shapiro Entertainment
Wolf Film Corporation |
| Distributed by | Aliance Studios |
| Release date | * 1987 (1987) |
| Country | Canada |


title: Motherlode (band)

abstract: Motherlode was a Canadian pop rock group formed in 1969 in London, Ontario. The group scored some success in the US with their single, "When I Die", which hit #1 in Canada and #18 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1969. The group didn't have a bass guitarist. William Smith would play the bass notes on his keyboard. They did however use bass players on their studio recordings. The act remains a one-hit wonder despite two more singles in the top 100 in Canada.

text:
# Motherlode (band)

**Motherlode** was a Canadian pop rock group formed in 1969 in London, Ontario. The group scored some success in the US with their single, "When I Die", which hit #1 in Canada and #18 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 chart in 1969. The group didn't have a bass guitarist. William Smith would play the bass notes on his keyboard. They did however use bass players on their studio recordings.

The act remains a one-hit wonder despite two more singles in the top 100 in Canada.

## Biography

### Early years

The first connection can be traced back to the Blue Note club on February 22, 1964, where the club's house band, The Silhouettes were playing. Steve Kennedy was a member of the band and in a relationship with the female singer, Dianne Brooks. Doug Riley was also in the group. This is where William "Smitty" Smith first met Kennedy. Smith was working at The Flamingo which was a club down the road. Getting on well with each other straight away, they kept in touch. They had a plan to put together a group to play behind Brooks and they eventually did.

In 1966 The Soul Searchers were formed. The correct name for the group was Diane Brooks, Eric Mercury and The Soul Searchers. The instrumental part of the group consisted of Eric "Mouse" Johnson on drums and vocals, Steve Kennedy on tenor, baritone sax and background vocals, Terry Logan on guitar and vocals, and William "Smitty" Smith on Hammond B3 organ and vocals. Their first gig the group played was at the Memory Lane in Toronto.

Steve Kennedy left the band and his replacement was saxophonist Glen McDonnell. Some time later, and following the break up of the Soul Searchers, William Smith went via the same direction as Kennedy and joined Grant Smith and The Power, a group which David Clayton Thomas had been a member of. Kennedy had officially become a member of Grant Smith and The Power in April 1968 and Smith came in to the group in September. They played on the group's debut album,  *Keep On Running* which was released on Boo BST 6802 around October - November 1968. Among the musicians on the album were Wayne Stone on drums and Kenny Marco on guitar. Some things Smith, Kennedy, Marco and Stone weren't happy about was the fact that they were playing mostly covers. And they were disappointed with the lack of the album's success.

### Motherlode formed

Smith, Kennedy and co. formed Motherlode in 1969 and relocated to London, Ontario, where they struggled and stayed with friends. They finally got a break following their debut at the Image Club when Mort Ross signed them to Revolver Records that same year. According to Ritchie Yorke's book, *Axes, Chops & Hot Licks: The Canadian Rock Music Scene*, they got about 25 songs together and cut some of them in the studio.

Their first single, "When I Die" that was produced by Doug Riley and Terry Brown did not make any headway on the radio. A reciprocal deal in the US with Buddah Records made the song a hit reaching Number 18 on the charts. The song sold more than 500,000 copies and it eventually climbed to Number 1 in the Canadian charts.

Dianne Brooks contributed a song "Memories of a Broken Promise" as well as some background vocals to Motherlode's *When I Die album*. Motherlode also contributed a song and instrumental backing on Brooks album, *Another Kind Of Soul* that was released on Revolver Records. The bass guitar work and some acoustic guitar was handled by L.A. session-woman Carol Kaye. Just one track had Dave Young on bass.

Motherlode was booked to appear at the "Freak Out" festival. A 72-hour event that ran on the Labor Day period from August 29 to September 1, held at Rock Hill, 16 miles north of Orangeville. Other acts booked to appear were The Brass Union, Brutus, Lighthouse, Life, The Guess Who and Buckstone Hardware etc.

### Break up and personnel changes

The group broke up in December 1969, their second album, *Tapped Out* which had already been recorded, previously was released posthumously only in the United States. Steve Kennedy, Ken Marco and Wayne Stone went on to be members of Dr. Music in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The album contained the song "Black Cat", which was sampled by Gang Starr's "Daily Operation" (intro).

2nd version

As Revolver Records owned the name Motherlode, it decided to reform the group, keeping William Smith making this the second version of the group. This new Motherlode was formed with Smith and three new musicians, all black! This line-up consisted of Doug Richardson (saxophone), Anthony Shinault (guitar) and Philip Wilson (drums). It was reported by *RPM Weekly* in the July 11 issue that Mort Ross was producing new recordings for Motherlode and Chimo!. Also at that time, their single "Dear Old Daddy Bill" was at #20 in the Top 50 Canadian MAPL Chart.

It was reported by *Billboard* in its July 18, 1970, issue that their new single, "I'm So Glad You're You (And Not Me)" bw "Whipoorwill" which was produced by Mort Ross was scheduled for immediate release, with the Canadian release to be on Revolver and the United States release to be on Buddha. Released on Revolver REVS-008, the A side was composed by William Smith and Phyllis Gorman. The B side was composed by Anthony Shinault. For the week ending September 13, the single entered the Top 50 MAPL Canadian chart at #50. It reached its highest position at #33 on October 17 and held it for another week. By the 31st, *RPM Weekly* had changed the chart to the Top 30 Canadian MAPL Chart, making it drop off the chart. It was now in the Recommended Canadian Singles list. Their new single flopped in the US.

This line up stayed together for around seven months.

3rd & 4th versions

Mort Ross, Revolver Record's president had brought in Gord Waszek, of the rock group Leigh Ashford, to begin writing for the third version of Motherlode. They recorded "All That's Necessary", with Breen LeBoeuf on vocals, Mike Levine on bass plus Gord Waszek and several other members of Leigh Ashford. The B-side of this single was "My Chant" which was just a renamed version of "Hiro Smothek" from 1970's *Tapped Out*.

It was reported by *RPM Weekly* in their December 5, 1970, issue that Motherlode had reformed for recording with the previous line up having failed to capitalize on the success of "When I Die". The group was now under the leadership of Mike Levine. The line up consisted of Mike Levine (bass), Wayne St. John (vocals), Kieran Overs (guitar) and two former members of Leigh Ashford, Wally Cameron (drums) and Newton Garwood (keyboards). According to the December 5 article, there was still a high amount of American interest in the band. The group was working in Sudbury and Thunder Bay and later they moved to Western Ontario. Reactions to the group were said to be excellent. Along with Jam Jar, and Chimo!, Motherlode had been signed to the R.A.M. and Concept 376 agencies for Canadian representation. The record flopped and this 4th version that was assembled to promote the record broke up.

5th version

By March 1971, a fifth version of Motherlode was created from the remnants of Natural Gas, a Montreal-based group. The members were Dave Berman (saxophone), Brian Dewhurst (drums), Gerry Legault (bass, vocals), Joey Roberts aka Joey Miquelon (guitar) and Brian Wray (keyboards). They never managed to recording anything, and became part of Truck with the addition of Graham Lear.

## Later years

The original Motherlode members reunited in 1976, and recorded a song "Happy People" but, because of issues surrounding the name Motherlode, it had to be released as a Kenny Marco solo release. In November 1989, they used the name Motherlode for a reunion during a week of live performances at the Bluenote club in Toronto. In 1990 they recorded eight new songs, but those sessions have remained unreleased. Also in 1990, *RPM Weekly* mentioned William Smith and Motherlode as artists to appear in CBC Television's Supathon '90 13 hour long show, scheduled to begin on 24 February.

Breen LeBoeuf eventually relocated to Montreal in 1978 to join Offenbach. He later recorded three solo albums and did a two-year stint with Celine Dion as bassist/background vocalist, before joining Canadian rockers April Wine in January 2007, replacing Jim Clench on bass.

Kennedy later joined the Canadian band Lighthouse. He first performed with Lighthouse in 1982 at the One Fine Weekend Ontario Place reunion.

Smith became a session musician and played on and contributed background vocals to recordings by artists such as Eric Mercury on his *Funky Sounds Nurtured In The Fertile Soil* album, Mark Tanner on his *No Escape* album, and Rickie Lee Jones on her *Flying Cowboys* album. He also released a solo album *Smitty*, which included a song "Sweetie Pie" that he co-wrote with Eric Mercury. He died in 1997, aged 53, of a heart attack.

Newton Garwood left professional music in the mid-1970s, choosing instead to become a Toronto manager at Long & McQuade music instrument retailers. Garwood died of cancer in 2005.

## Original members

**Guest musicians**

## Later members

## Discography Canada

Canadian singles
| Act | Release | Catalogue | Year | Notes # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Motherlode | "When I Die" / "Hard Life" | Revolver REVS 002 | 1969 | (#1 RPM CAN) (#5 CHUM CAN) |
| Motherlode | "Memories Of A Broken Promise" / "What Does It Take" | Revolver/Apex REVS 004 | 1969 | (#25 CAN CHUM) (#40 CAN RPM) |
| Motherlode | "Dear Old Daddy Bill" / "Living Life" | Revolver REVS 005 | 1970 | (#69 CAN) |
| Motherlode | "I'm So Glad You're You (And Not Me)" / "Whipoorwill" | Revolver REVS 008 | 1970 |  |
| Motherlode | All That's Necessary" / "Chant" | Revolver 75-1046
(REVS 011) | 1971 |  |
| Kenny Marco | " Happy People" / " Happy People (Instrumental)" | Quality 2197X | 1976 | Motherlode single but due to legal complications
released under Kenny Marco's name |
|

Canadian albums
| Act | Release | Catalogue | Year | Notes # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Motherlode | *When I Die* | Revolver RLPS 501 | 1969 |  |
| Motherlode | *Tapped Out* | Unidisc UBK-4198 | 2018 | CD reissue |
|

Canadian compilations
| Act | Release | Catalogue | Year | Notes # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Motherlode | *When I Die*/*Tapped Out* | Pacemaker Entertainment Limited PACE-007 | 1994 | \[2-fer-1 CD re-issue\] |
| Motherlode | *The Best Of* / *When I Die* | Unidisc AGEK-2246 | 2008 |  |
|

## Discography USA

US singles
| Act | Release | Catalogue | Year | Notes # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Motherlode | "When I Die" / "Hard Life" | Buddah BDA 131 | 1969 |  |
| Motherlode | "Memories Of A Broken Promise" / "What Does It Take" | Buddha BDA 144 | 1969 |  |
| Motherlode | "I'm So Glad You're You And Not Me" / "Whippoorwill" | Buddah BDA 185 | 1970 |  |
| Jim Weatherly / Motherlode | "The Need To Me" / "When I Die" | Collectables B 3535
Back To Back Hit Series |  |  |
| Motherlode | "When I Die" / "Hard Life" | Radio Active Gold RD-18 |  |  |
|

US EP
| Act | Release | Catalogue | Year | Notes # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Motherlode | A1. "Dear Old Daddy Bill" A2. "Memories Of A Broken Promise"
B1. "Oh! See The White Light" B2."You Ain't Lookin' In The Right Place Baby" | Buddah Records SP 11 | 1969 | Promo |
|

US albums
| Act | Release | Catalogue | Year | Notes # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Motherlode | *When I Die* | Buddah Records BDS 5046 | 1969 |  |
| Motherlode | *Tapped Out* | Buddah Records BDS 5108 | 1970 |  |
|

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Motherlode | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | London, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Soul, rock |
| Years active | 19691970, 1976, 19891990 |
| Labels | Buddah, Revolver, Unidisc |
|  | |
| Past members | **VERSION 1**
William "Smitty" Smith
Steve Kennedy
Ken Marco
Wayne "Stoney" Stone
**VERSION 2**
William "Smitty" Smith
Doug Richardson
Anthony Shinault
Philip Wilson
**VERSION 3**
Wally Cameron
Newton Garwood
Breen LeBoeuf
Mike Levine
Gord Waszek
**VERSION 4**
Wally Cameron
Newton Garwood
Mike Levine
Kieran Overs
Wayne St. John

**VERSION 5**
Dave Berman
Brian Dewhurst
Gerry Legault
Joey Roberts aka Joey Miquelon
Brian Wray |