title: List of museums in Montana

abstract: This list of museums in Montana encompasses museums which are defined for this context as institutions that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Museums that exist only in cyberspace are not included. The six areas referred to in the "Region" column are explained in a separate section below. Montana has an unusual number of paleontology museums and museums with paleontology sections, much of them filled with discoveries from within the state. These museums are listed again in a separate table below with more specific information.

text:
# List of museums in Montana

This **list of museums in Montana** encompasses museums which are defined for this context as institutions (including nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e., virtual museums) are not included.

The six areas referred to in the "Region" column are explained in a separate section below.

Montana has an unusual number of paleontology museums and museums with paleontology sections, much of them filled with discoveries from within the state. These museums are listed again in a separate table below with more specific information.

## Museums

This list is a sortable table. Click on the small boxes next to any heading title to reorder the list (in alphabetical order or reverse alphabetical order) by that category.

| Name | Town/City | County | Region | Type | Summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| American Computer & Robotics Museum | Bozeman | Gallatin | South central | Computer | History of computing, communications, artificial intelligence & robotics |
| Archie Bray Foundation for the Ceramic Arts | Helena | Lewis and Clark | Southwest | Art | Exhibitions of contemporary ceramic art |
| Bair Family Museum | Martinsdale | Meagher | North central | Historic house | website, ranch home of Charles M. Bair family, features antiques, Native American and Western art, ranching display |
| Beaverhead County Museum | Dillon | Beaverhead | Southwest | Local history | website, natural, physical and human history of Beaverhead County, includes fossils, military artifacts, textiles, household items, miniature railroad, mining and farming equipment, a general store, schoolroom and railroad pocket watch exhibit |
| Belt Museum | Belt | Cascade | North Central | Local history | In the old jail building. Jail cell, coal mine reproductions, photos, local artists. |
| Big Horn County Historical Museum | Hardin | Big Horn | Southeast | Open-air | website, includes over 25 historic buildings, farm equipment, horse-drawn wagons and antique vehicles, operated by the Big Horn County Historical Society |
| Big Sandy Historical Museum | Big Sandy | Chouteau | North Central | Local history | Early pioneer ranching days, genealogy information |
| Blaine County Museum | Chinook | Blaine | Northeast | Local history | website, local history, culture, Native Americans, dinosaurs and fossils |
| Blaine County Wildlife Museum | Chinook | Blaine | Northeast | Natural history | website, open summer, over 200 animals on display, past and present Montana wildlife |
| Brand Bar Museum | Ovando | Powell | Southwest | Local history | Local memorabilia, stories of settlers |
| Broadwater County Museum | Townsend | Broadwater | Southwest | Local history | website, open seasonally |
| Canton Church Historic Site | Townsend | Broadwater | Southwest | Religious | 1870s Catholic Church, first built in the area |
| Carbon County Historical Society Museum | Red Lodge | Carbon | South central | Local history | website, Native Americans, cowboys, rodeo, mining, ranching and homesteading |
| Carter County Museum | Ekalaka | Carter | Southeast | Multiple | Local history, Native American, homesteaders, dinosaurs, fossils, geology, natural history |
| Cascade Senior Center and Museum | Cascade | Cascade | North Central | Local history | Photographs, business machines, military |
| Castle Museum | White Sulphur Springs | Meagher | North central | History | Late 19th-century mansion with period furniture, minerals, textiles, historic artifacts, carriages and sleds, a bank, a schoolroom, a stagecoach, fire engines |
| Central Montana Museum | Lewistown | Fergus | North central | Multiple | website, local history, culture, Native Americans, mining, petroleum, military history, dinosaurs, open seasonally |
| Cheyenne Indian Museum | Ashland | Rosebud | Southeast | History | website, located in St. Labre Indian Mission, artifacts and collectibles from the Plains Tribes |
| Children's Museum of Montana, Inc | Great Falls | Cascade | Central | tactile exploration | website, focus is cognitive development through interactive exhibits to inspire a passion for lifelong learning. |
| Children’s Museum Missoula | Missoula | Missoula | Northwest | Children's | website, interactive exhibits for children |
| Children's Museum of Bozeman | Bozeman | Gallatin | South central | Children's | website |
| Children's Museum of Northeast Montana | Glasgow | Valley | Northeast | Children's | website |
| Clark Chateau | Butte | Silver Bow | Southwest | Multiple | website, 1898 mansion |
| Clarks Fork Valley Museum | Fromberg | Carbon | South central | Local history | In railroad depot, replicas |
| C. M. Russell Museum Complex | Great Falls | Cascade | North central | Art | Focus is the artwork of local "cowboy artist" Charles Marion Russell and art about the American Old West |
| Conrad Mansion Museum | Kalispell | Flathead | Northwest | Historic house | website; 1895 Norman-style mansion built by trading and freighting magnate and Kalispell founder Charles Conrad; has 26 originally furnished rooms, Tiffany-style windows |
| Conrad Transportation and Historical Museum | Conrad | Pondera | North central | History / Transportation | Open seasonally, features a period drug store, general store, recreated homestead shack, exhibits about the development of the west through transportation, toys, automobiles and artifacts |
| Cooke City Montana Museum | Cooke City | Park | South central | Local history | website, Beartooth Pass, tourism, local communities |
| Copper King Mansion | Butte | Silver Bow | Southwest | Historic house | Guided tours of the late Victorian mansion |
| Copper Village Museum & Arts Center | Anaconda | Deer Lodge | Southwest | Multiple | Located in the Anaconda City Hall Cultural Center, exhibitions of art, local history and culture |
| Crail Ranch Homestead Museum | Big Sky | Gallatin | South central | Homestead | website The museum is housed in two original homestead cabins and displays artifacts, photographs and documents pertaining to the homestead era in the Big Sky area. Docents offer extensive information about the pioneer Crail and Creek families. |
| Crazy Mountain Museum | Big Timber | Sweet Grass | South central | Local history | website |
| Culbertson Museum | Culbertson | Roosevelt | Northeast | History | website, open seasonally, local history, historic room and business displays, tractors, horse-drawn equipment, cowboy pioneer and homesteader artifacts |
| Custer Battlefield Museum | Garryowen | Big Horn | Southeast | History | website, Battle of the Little Bighorn, frontiersmen, military life, Plains Indian culture |
| Daly Mansion | Hamilton | Ravalli | Southwest | Historic house | website, home of 19th century industrialist Marcus Daly, includes an arboretum and botanical garden |
| Daniels County Museum & Pioneer Town | Scobey | Daniels | Northeast | Living history | website, includes over 30 historic buildings restored to depict a town in the early 1900s |
| Darby Pioneer Memorial Museum | Darby | Ravalli | Northwest | Local history | Collection of pioneer home and work artifacts |
| Darby Ranger Station Visitor's Center and Museum | Darby | Ravalli | Northwest | History | website, open seasonally, history of the Forest Service and its evolving mission, located in the Bitterroot National Forest |
| Dumas Brothel | Butte | Silver Bow | Southwest | History | Former brothel dating back to 1890 |
| Earth Science Museum | Loma | Chouteau | North central | Local history, Natural history | Gems, minerals, fossils and Native American artifacts discovered in the area |
| Fly Fishing Discovery Center | Livingston | Park | South central | Sports - Fly fishing | Operated by the Federation of Fly Fishers, fly fishing ties, rods, reels, lines, float tubes, art |
| Fort Benton Museums | Fort Benton | Choteau | North central | Multiple | website, includes Old Fort Benton, a reconstructed 1850s fur trading post; Starr Gallery of Western Art; Museum of the Northern Great Plains about homesteaders' lives and agriculture; Homestead Village, a 1900s period rural community including a church, bank, drug store, City Hall, one room school, a mercantile and three generations of prairie settler's dwellings; Museum of the Upper Missouri about area explorations, transportation and local history; and Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument Interpretive Center |
| Fort Owen State Park | Stevensville | Ravalli | Southwest | Military | Partially restored fort and museum |
| Fort Peck Interpretive Center | Fort Peck | Valley | Northeast | Natural history | Native fish and game species of Fort Peck Lake and the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, construction of Fort Peck Dam and powerhouse tours |
| Frank Derosa Railroad Museum | Havre | Hill | North central | History | Model railroad, equipment |
| Frontier Gateway Museum | Glendive | Dawson | Southwest | Local history | website, open seasonally, dinosaurs and fossils, buffalo, Indians, homesteaders, cattlemen, settlers, railroad, Civil War, two country stores, a blacksmith shop, buggy shed, a fire hall, log cabin, a restored country school, and farm machinery |
| Frontier Montana Museum | Deer Lodge | Powell | Southwest | History | website, collection of handguns, spurs, chaps and cowboy collectibles, open seasonally |
| Galerie Trinitas | Great Falls | Cascade | North central | Art | Part of the University of Great Falls, religious art and the art of Sister Trinitas Morin |
| Garfield County Museum | Jordan | Garfield | Northeast | History | website, local history, culture, dinosaurs and fossils |
| Gallatin History Museum | Bozeman | Gallatin | South central | Local history | website, operated by the Gallatin County Historical Society in a former jail, exhibits include jail cells and a hanging gallows, Native American history in the Gallatin Valley, clothing, a reconstructed log cabin, guns |
| Glacier County Historical Museum | Cut Bank | Glacier | Southwest | Local history | Open seasonally, exhibits include homesteading, Lewis & Clark, the artist John Clark, community businesses, oil, and Cut Bank 1898 through the 1960, an oil worker's house, oil derrick, 1917 schoolhouse, 1980s caboose, replica homestead house and farm |
| Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum | Glendive | Dawson | Southwest | Religious | website, creationist view of dinosaurs and fossils, operated by the Foundation Advancing Creation Truth |
| Granite County Museum & Cultural Center | Philipsburg | Granite | Southwest | Local history | website, open seasonally, includes the Ghost Town Hall of Fame, exhibits on area silver mining, located in the historic Courtney Hotel |
| Grant–Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site | Deer Lodge | Powell | Southwest | Open-air | Tours of the working cattle ranch, 19th-century ranch house, historic bunkhouse, barn with collection of wagons and buggies, granary, draft horse barn, ice house and other outbuildings |
| Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station | Malta | Phillips | Northeast | Natural history | Dinosaurs, fossils, hosts paleontology digs, open seasonally |
| Grizzly & Wolf Discovery Center | West Yellowstone | Gallatin | South central | Natural history | Exhibits and live bears and wolves |
| H. Earl Clack Memorial Museum | Havre | Hill | North central | Local history | Local history, culture, dinosaurs, fossils |
| Headwaters Heritage Museum | Three Forks | Gallatin | South central | History | website, Lewis and Clark, mining, early settlers |
| Heritage Museum | Libby | Lincoln | Northwest | Local history | website, open seasonally |
| Historic St. Mary's Mission | Stevensville | Ravalli | Southwest | History | Mid 19th century mission complex |
| Historical Museum at Fort Missoula | Missoula | Missoula | Northwest | Local history | website, city history |
| The History Museum | Great Falls | Cascade | North central | History | website |
| Hobson Museum | Hobson | Judith Basin | North central | Local history |  |
| Hockaday Museum of Art | Kalispell | Flathead | Northwest | Art | website, housed in a former Carnegie library, permanent exhibit of Glacier National Park art and culture, changing exhibitions of nationally renowned and emerging artists |
| Holt Heritage Museum | Lolo | Missoula | Northwest | West | Open by appointment, collection of cowboy and Native American artifacts |
| Holter Museum of Art | Helena | Lewis and Clark | Southwest | Art | website, exhibits of contemporary art |
| Huntley Project Museum | Osborn | Yellowstone | Central | Agriculture | website, farming, ranching, and homesteading during the early 20th century |
| J. Spencer Watkins Memorial Museum | Virginia City | Madison | Southwest | History | Pharmacy, 1st soda fountain in Montana, print shop |
| Jefferson County Museum | Clancy | Jefferson | Southwest | Local history | website documents, maps, photos, rotating exhibits, rotating exhibits |
| Jefferson Valley Museum | Whitehall | Jefferson | Southwest | Local history | Open seasonally |
| Judith Basin County Museum | Stanford | Judith Basin | North central | Local history | Open seasonally |
| Larue-Hot Springs Museum | Hot Springs | Sanders | Northwest | Local history | website |
| Legacy Doll Museum | Billings | Yellowstone | Southeast | Doll | website, antique, collectible, and modern dolls and doll accessories |
| Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Interpretive Center | Great Falls | Cascade | North central | History | website, managed by the USDA Forest Service, history of Lewis and Clark Expedition as they portaged the great falls of the Missouri River and explored the 'unknown' |
| Liberty County Museum | Chester | Liberty | North central | Local history | Located in a former Episcopal Methodist church |
| Little Bear School House Museum | Gallatin Gateway | Gallatin | South central | Local history | School house replica, Gallatin Gateway Inn, collections |
| Livingston Depot Center | Livingston | Park | South central | Railroad | Open seasonally, housed in a 1902 Northern Pacific station servicing Yellowstone; railroad artifacts, photos, art |
| Mai Wah Museum | Butte | Silver Bow | Southwest | Ethnic | History of Asian-Americans in the Butte area |
| Makoshika State Park | Glendive | Dawson | Southwest | Paleontology | Montana's largest state park has dinosaur fossil remains, visitor center at the park entrance has exhibits explaining the site's geologic, fossil, and prehistoric significance |
| Malmstrom AFB Museum | Great Falls | Cascade | North central | Aviation | website, history of Malmstrom Air Force Base and air park display of historic military aircraft, models of military aircraft |
| Marias Museum of History and Art | Shelby | Toole | North central | Local history | website, period rooms, industries, early settlers, toys, fossils |
| MBMG Mineral Museum | Butte | Silver Bow | Southwest | Geology | website, operated by the Montana Bureau of Mines & Geology, rocks and minerals from Montana, the world and meteorites |
| McCone County Museum | Circle | McCone | Northeast | Local history | Area local history, over 200 birds and animals mounted and displayed in their natural settings, eight cement dinosaurs, a school house, church and homestead house, depot and caboose |
| Mehmke Steam Tractor Museum | Great Falls | Cascade | North central | Technology | website, open seasonally, antique steam tractors and agriculture equipment |
| Milwaukee Depot Museum | Harlowton | Wheatland | North central | Railroad | Open seasonally |
| Mineral County Museum | Superior | Mineral | Northwest | History | website, logging, mining, Mullan Road |
| Miracle of America Museum | Polson | Lake | Northwest | History | website, includes pioneer and Native American artifacts, collections of household items including vacuum cleaners, toys, antiques, guns, music items, military artifacts, military vehicles |
| Missoula Art Museum | Missoula | Missoula | Northwest | Art | Culture of the American West with an emphasis on contemporary Montana artists |
| MonDak Heritage Center | Sidney | Richland | Northeast | Art | website |
| Montana Auto Museum | Deer Lodge | Powell | Southwest | Transportation - Automobile | website, located in a former prison, displays over 150 cars and trucks |
| Montana Cowboy Hall of Fame | Wolf Point | Roosevelt | Northeast | Hall of fame \- Cowboys | Proposed museum |
| Montana Historical Society Museum | Helena | Lewis and Clark | Southwest | Multiple | Also known as Montana's Museum, includes fine art, history, archaeology and ethnological artifacts that pertain to Montana and the region |
| Montana Law Enforcement Museum | Deer Lodge | Powell | Southwest | Law enforcement | Currently closed web |
| Montana Military Museum | Helena | Lewis and Clark | Southwest | Military | website, located at Fort William Henry Harrison |
| Montana Museum of Art & Culture | Missoula | Missoula | Northwest | Art / Culture | At the University of Montana; collection of 10,000 items includes American Impressionism, ceramics, works by Frederic Remington, Julius Seyler, William Merritt Chase, Joseph Henry Sharp, Alfred Maurer, Honoré Daumier, modernist or contemporary artists Andy Warhol, David Salle and R.B. Kitaj |
| Montana Natural History Center | Missoula | Missoula | Northwest | Natural history | website, flora, fauna and natural history of Western Montana |
| Moss Mansion | Billings | Yellowstone | Southeast | Historic house | Early 20th century period mansion |
| Museum of the Beartooths | Columbus | Stillwater | South central | History | website, artifacts, oral histories, replicas |
| Museum at Central School | Kalispell | Flathead | Northwest | History | History of Northwest Montana, Native American artifacts, sculptures, original paintings, and photography, operated by the Northwest Montana Historical Society, |
| Museum of Mountain Flying | Missoula | Missoula | Northwest | Aviation | website |
| Museum of the Plains Indian | Browning | Glacier | Northwest | Ethnic - Native American | website, operated by the Indian Arts and Crafts Board, history, arts and culture of the Northern Plains Tribal peoples including the Blackfeet, Crow, Northern Cheyenne, Sioux, Assiniboine, Arapaho, Shoshone, Nez Perce, Flathead, Chippewa and Cree |
| Museum of the Rockies | Bozeman | Gallatin | South central | Multiple | Dinosaurs and fossils, natural history, Native American artifacts, area history, living history 1900s house |
| Musselshell Valley Historical Museum | Roundup | Musselshell | Southeast | Local history | website, open seasonally, exhibits include cowboys and cattle drives, coal mines, one room country schools, a general store, life in the Old West, local art, fossils, guns, early medicine |
| National Museum of Forest Service History | Missoula | Missoula | Northwest | History | website, proposed museum about the history of the United States Forest Service |
| New Chicago Schoolhouse | Drummond | Granite | Southwest | Local history | In a restored schoolhouse from 1874 |
| Ninepipes Museum | Charlo | Lake | Northwest | Native American and History | website, history and culture of the Flathead Reservation and early Montana, open seasonally |
| North American Wildlife Museum | Coram | Flathead | Northwest | Natural history | Collection of taxidermy animals including grizzlies, wolves, elk |
| O'Fallon Historical Museum | Baker | Fallon | Southeast | Local history | website, history of Southeastern Montana and the Baker Montana area, railroads, homesteading, agriculture, natural gas and oil production |
| Old Jail Museum | Thompson Falls | Sanders | Northwest | Local history | Operated by the Sanders County Historical Society in a historic jail, open seasonally |
| Old Prison Museum | Deer Lodge | Powell | Southwest | History | website, former state prison |
| Old Trail Museum | Choteau | Teton | North central | History / Natural history | website, fossils, dinosaurs, Native American artifacts, grizzly bears, local history, open seasonally |
| Original Governor's Mansion | Helena | Lewis and Clark | Southwest | Historic house | Late 19th century Queen Anne style mansion |
| Paris Gibson Square Museum of Art | Great Falls | Cascade | North central | Art | Collection focuses on contemporary art in many media from artists who live in Montana, the western United States and western Canada |
| Phillips County Museum | Malta | Phillips | Northeast | Local history | website, dinosaurs, Native Americans, cowboys, pioneers and outlaws, open seasonally |
| Piccadilly Transportation Memorabilia Museum | Butte | Silver Bow | Southwest | Transportation | website, includes highway and subway markers, license plates, vintage cars, advertising art, and assorted automotive memorabilia petroliana from around the world |
| Pioneer's Pride Museum | Bainville | Roosevelt | Northeast | History | Replica of pioneer house, jail, open summer |
| Polson-Flathead Historical Museum | Polson | Lake | Northwest | Local history | website, open seasonally, pioneers and homesteaders |
| Poplar Museum | Poplar | Roosevelt | Northeast | Local history | in old Tribal Jail, frontier and Native American collections |
| Powder River Historical Museum and Mac's Museum | Broadus | Powder River | Southeast | Local history | Open seasonally |
| Powell County Museum | Deer Lodge | Powell | Southwest | Local history | website, local history, mining, open in summer |
| Prairie County Museum & Gallery | Terry | Prairie | Southeast | Local history | Focus is pioneer life, complex includes a homesteader’s house, restored Northern Pacific depot, caboose, steam-heated outhouse, the town’s 1906 “little bank” |
| Range Riders Museum | Miles City | Custer | Southeast | Local history | website, open seasonally, eastern Montana history including area Native Americans, pioneers of the range country, soldiers including General George Armstrong Custer and General Nelson A. Miles |
| Ravalli County Museum | Hamilton | Ravalli | Northwest | Multiple | Local history, art exhibits, Native American collection, development of the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, period room displays |
| Richey Historical Museum | Richey | Dawson | Southwest | Local history | website 6 historic buildings |
| Rocky Mountain Museum of Military History | Missoula | Missoula | Northwest | Military | website |
| Rosebud County Pioneer Museum | Forsyth | Rosebud | Southeast | Local history | Open seasonally |
| Rudyard Museum | Rudyard | Hill | North central | Multiple | website, operated by the Rudyard Historical Society, history in the Depot Museum, paleontology in the Dinosaur Museum, historic automobiles in the Hi-Line Vintage Automobile Museum, open seasonally |
| Schoolhouse History and Art Center | Colstrip | Rosebud | Southeast | Multiple | website, local history and changing art exhibitions |
| Seeley Lake Historical Museum | Seeley Lake | Missoula | North central | Local history | website, operated by the Seeley Lake Historical Society in a historic barn |
| Sheridan County Museum | Plentywood | Sheridan | Northeast | History | Early 20th century items |
| SpectrUM Discovery Area | Missoula | Missoula | Northwest | Science | Hands-on science activities, operated by the University of Montana |
| St. Ignatius Mission | St. Ignatius | Lake | Northwest | History | Late 19th-century church located on the Flathead Indian Reservation, historic Mission and Native American artifacts |
| Thompson-Hickman Museum | Virginia City | Madison | Southwest | History | From the 1860s, guns, geology |
| Tippet Rise Art Center | Fishtail | Stillwater | South central | Art | Sculpture park/ranch and musical performance venue |
| Tobacco Valley Historical Village | Eureka | Lincoln | Northwest | Open-air | website; includes a school, church, log cabin, general store, fire tower, and railroad depot from the 1880s to 1920s, all furnished with period artifacts, open seasonally |
| Treasure County '89ers Museum | Hysham | Treasure | Southeast | Local history | website |
| Twin Bridges Historical Association Museum | Twin Bridges | Madison | Southwest | History | Native Americans, early pioneers, mining, agriculture |
| Two Medicine Dinosaur Center | Bynum | Teton | North central | Paleontology | Includes baby dinosaur bones, Guinness Book of World Records largest, scientifically accurate dinosaur reconstruction, *Seismosaurus halli*, public, hands-on dinosaur research and education programs |
| University of Montana Western Gallery/ Museum | Dillon | Beaverhead | Southwest | Art | Traveling exhibits, student art, and a permanent art collection |
| Upper Musselshell Museum | Harlowton | Wheatland | North central | Local history | website, includes fossils, bones, period room displays, historic schoolroom, historic military, medical, railroad and American West artifacts, open seasonally |
| Upper Swan Valley Historical Society Museum and Heritage Site | Condon | Missoula | Northwest | History | website, open by appointment |
| Ursuline Center Heritage Museum | Great Falls | Cascade | North central | Religious | History of the Ursuline Sisters, their lives, and how they helped shape the history of Montana, Native American artifacts, antique furnishings, musical instruments |
| Utica Museum | Utica | Judith Basin | North central | Local history | Artifacts from the Homestead Era, including dishes, clothes, furniture, tools, and leather goods; pictures of local homesteaders |
| Valley County Pioneer Museum | Glasgow | Valley | Northeast | Local history | website, includes an Assiniboine collection, natural history, railroad and agriculture displays, the creation of the Fort Peck Dam, Lewis and Clark |
| Victor Heritage Museum | Victor | Ravalli | Northwest | Local history | website, summer only, mining, railroads, people of the area |
| WaterWorks Art Museum | Miles City | Custer | Southeast | Art | Exhibits of regional and national contemporary art, formerly Custer County Art & Heritage Center |
| Western Heritage Center | Billings | Yellowstone | Southeast | History | Local history, culture |
| Whitefish Museum | Whitefish | Flathead | Northwest | History | website, logging, railroad |
| Wibaux Museum | Wibaux | Wibaux | Southeast | Local history | Early settler life |
| Winifred Museum | Winifred | Fergus | Northeast | Local history | Includes a collection of over 3000 Tonka toys |
| Wise Wonders Science & Discovery Museum | Billings | Yellowstone | Southeast | Science | website, interactive exhibits and programming for all ages |
| Wolf Point Museum | Wolf Point | Roosevelt | Northeast | Local history | website, settlers, Native American culture, heirlooms |
| World Museum of Mining | Butte | Silver Bow | Southwest | Industry | Mining tools, equipment, photos, re-creation of an 1890s mining town |
| Wright Zoological Museum | Missoula | Missoula | Northwest | Natural history | Research museum of the University of Montana, not open to the public. 14,500 mammalian, 7,000 avian, and 3,200 fish specimens. The largest collection of its kind in the region. |
| Yellowstone Art Museum | Billings | Yellowstone | Southeast | Art | Contemporary art |
| Yellowstone County Museum | Billings | Yellowstone | Southeast | Local history | website, local history, natural history and culture of the Yellowstone Valley of Montana and the Northern Plains |
| Yellowstone Gateway Museum | Livingston | Park | South central | Local history | website, includes native cultures, early expeditions including the Corps of Discovery and Lewis and Clark, area railroads, transportation, early settlers, a one-room schoolhouse, blacksmith shop, historic transportation vehicles and a caboose |
| Yellowstone Historic Center | West Yellowstone | Gallatin | South central | Local history | website, located in a historic Union Pacific depot, area transportation, explorers, history of the nation's first national park |
| Yesterday's Playthings | Deer Lodge | Powell | Southwest | Toy | website, open in summer, dolls, accessories, teddy bears, model trains |
|

## Museums with paleontology holdings

This list repeats items in the above list, with more information on fossil dinosaur holdings. Each of the museums on the Montana Dinosaur Trail has "unique paleontology displays, interpretation, replicas or actual skeletons of dinosaurs and other fossils" found in Montana", according to the official Montana Dinosaur Trail web page.

| Name | Town/City | County | Region | On<br>Dinosaur<br>Trail? | Education<br>programs/<br>Guided<br>tours? | Associated<br>Field<br>Digs? | Summary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Blaine County Museum | Chinook | Blaine | North central | Yes | No | No | Website; paleontology department of this local museum has a dozen Judith River Formation exhibits including *Hadrosaur*, *Gorgosaurus*, and *Ankylosaurus* fossils from the area; has remains of gigantic marine reptiles *Mosasaur* and *Plesiosaur*, along with invertebrates from the ancient ocean that covered the area; a "Look, Touch, and Wonder" room where visitors can handle fossils of sea creatures, plants, and dinosaurs. |
| Carter County Museum | Ekalaka | Carter | Southeast | Yes | No | No | Collection, all collected from the nearby Hell Creek Formation, includes one of the world's five skeletons of *Anatotitan copei*, complete skulls of the three-horned *Triceratops horridus*, the dome-headed *Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensisi*, and *Nanotyrannus lancesis* (a tiny tyrannosaur) |
| Fort Peck Field Station of Paleontology | Fort Peck | Valley | Northeast | Yes | Yes | No | Website; associated with the University of Montana Paleontology Department, a working field station where paleontologists research, prepare, mold and cast fossils |
| Fort Peck Interpretive Center | Fort Peck | Valley | Northeast | Yes | Yes | No | Visitor center for the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, collection centerpiece is "Peck's Rex", claimed to be one of the most complete *Tyrannosaurus rex* skeletons yet found; in the lobby is a life-size replica model of Peck's Rex, and the exhibit hall displays a full-size skeleton cast; also a Cretaceous Sea display and several other dinosaur exhibits |
| Garfield County Museum | Jordan | Garfield | Northeast | Yes | No | Yes | website; open seasonally; dinosaur holdings include Cretaceous fossils from the Hell Creek Formation; a *Tyrannosaurus rex* skull, full-size *Triceratops* replica, a Pachycephalosaur skull |
| Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station | Malta | Phillips | Northeast | Yes | Yes | Yes | website, contains fossils and preparation lab; displays include *Brachylophosaurus* mummy dinosaur recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the "best preserved" dinosaur; Jurassic *Stegosaurs*; a *Sauropod*; visitors can view the lab where dinosaur fossils are prepared |
| H. Earl Clack Memorial Museum | Havre | Hill | North central | Yes | No | No | Fossil displays include Judith River Formation dinosaur eggs and embryos believed to be laid by a *Lambeosaurus* ("duck bill" dinosaur); displays about archeological finds from the nearby Wahkpa Chu'gn buffalo jump site. |
| Makoshika State Park | Glendive | Dawson | Southeast | Yes | Yes | No | Montana's largest state park has dinosaur fossil remains, including *Tyrannosaurus rex* and *Triceratops*; visitor center at the park entrance has exhibits explaining the site's geologic, fossil, and prehistoric significance; artifacts include a Triceratops skull; has a "touchy-feely" table allowing visitors to hold fossils and artifacts prevalent in the park |
| Museum of the Rockies | Bozeman | Gallatin | South central | Yes | Yes | No | Said to have "one of the largest collections of dinosaur fossils in the world", including the world's largest *Tyrannosaurus rex* skull, one of the first identified female dinosaurs in the world (an ovulating T. rex); rare fossils; part of Montana State University - Bozeman; state's official repository for both federal and state paleontological collections |
| Old Trail Museum | Choteau | Teton | North central | Yes | No | No | Website; displays finds from the area's Two Medicine Formation, including a *Maiasaura* skull, *Einosaurus* skull as well as nestling, hatchling and teenage Maiasaura skeletons and bones, a *Sauronitholestes* skeleton cast, dinosaur footprints, marine fossils, bones that can be touched, a preparation lab display, geologic information about the Rocky Mountain Front and Willow Creek Anticline |
| Phillips County Museum | Malta | Phillips | Northeast | Yes | No | No | Website; open seasonally; paleontology section includes fossils from nearby Judith River Formation; 33-foot long skeleton of "Elvis", a *Brachylophosaurus*, claimed to be "one of the best articulated dinosaur skeletons ever found"; a complete *Tyrannosaurus rex* skull; 28-foot skeleton of an *Albertosaurus* |
| Rudyard Depot Museum | Rudyard | Hill | North central | Yes | No | No | Displays include the "Oldest Sorehead", a *Gryposaurus* found nearby; a duckbill dinosaur and egg nest display |
| Two Medicine Dinosaur Center | Bynum | Teton | North central | Yes | Yes | Yes | Baby dinosaur bones; Guinness Book of World Records largest, scientifically accurate dinosaur reconstruction; *Seismosaurus halli*; public, hands-on dinosaur research and education programs |
| Upper Musselshell Museum | Harlowton | Wheatland | South central | Yes | No | No | Website; centerpiece is "Ava", a full-size Avaceratops skeleton replica from the Judith River Formation; Hadrosaur tibia and fibula, a cast of a Gypsonictops jaw; dinosaur leg bone and hip bone fossils; other fossilized ancient sea creatures |
|

## Defunct museums

## Regions

The six regions referred to in the above lists are based on those used by the Montana tourism authority and the Montana Association of Museums. The regions used here have the same boundaries but are renamed here:


title: Wychall Reservoir

abstract: Wychall Reservoir, is a canal compensation reservoir in the Kings Norton district of Birmingham, England. It was built in the early 19th century by the Worcester Canal Company, after mill owners claimed that water was being taken from the River Rea to fill the canal, thereby reducing the working effectiveness of their mills. Now defunct as a reservoir it has been adopted by Birmingham City Council, along with the nearby Merecroft Pool, as a Local Nature Reserve. A low level of water is maintained with the drained area a combination of meadow, woodland and reedbed.

text:
# Wychall Reservoir

class=notpageimage|*Wychall Reservoir shown within the West Midlands* (grid reference SP038791)

**Wychall Reservoir**, is a canal compensation reservoir in the Kings Norton district of Birmingham, England.

It was built in the early 19th century by the Worcester Canal Company, after mill owners claimed that water was being taken from the River Rea to fill the canal, thereby reducing the working effectiveness of their mills.

Now defunct as a reservoir it has been adopted by Birmingham City Council, along with the nearby Merecroft Pool, as a Local Nature Reserve. A low level of water is maintained with the drained area a combination of meadow, woodland and reedbed.

* River Rea Heritage Trail
* "Birmingham City Council - Local Nature Reserve map" (PDF). (957 KiB)
* Friends of Kings Norton Nature Reserve

## InfoBox

| Wychall Reservoir | |
| --- | --- |
| Wychall Reservoir today | |
| Wychall Reservoir | |
| Location | Birmingham |
| Coordinates | 52°24′39″N 1°56′41″W / 52.4108°N 1.9446°W / 52.4108; -1.9446 |
| Type | reservoir |
| Basin countries | United Kingdom |


title: Muhammad Rashad Khan

abstract: Muhammad Rashad Khan is a Pakistani politician from Shangla District who had been a member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly and belongs to the Pakistan Muslim League (N). He also served as the chairman and as a member of various committees.

text:
# Muhammad Rashad Khan

**Muhammad Rashad Khan** is a Pakistani politician from Shangla District who had been a member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly and belongs to the Pakistan Muslim League (N). He also served as the chairman and as a member of various committees.

## Political career

Khan was elected as the member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly on the ticket of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) from PK-87 (Shangla-I) in the 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election. He received 15,316 votes and defeated Haji Said Fareen, a candidate of the Awami National Party (ANP).

He ran for the Provincial Assembly as a candidate of the PML(N) from PK-23 Shangla-I in the 2018 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election, but was unsuccessful. He received 16,007 votes and was defeated by Shaukat Ali Yousafzai, a candidate of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).

## InfoBox

| MPAMuhammad Rashad Khan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly | |
| **In office**<br>31 May 2013  28 May 2018 | |
| Constituency | PK-87 (Shangla-I) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1980-08-26) 26 August 1980 |
| Nationality | Pakistani |
| Political party | Pakistan Muslim League (N) |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Grace Luczak

abstract: Grace Luczak (Fattal) is an American Olympic rower.

text:
# Grace Luczak

**Grace Luczak (Fattal)** (born May 24, 1989 in Royal Oak, Michigan) is an American Olympic rower.

## Life

Luczak was a member of the USA Olympic rowing team in 2016 and 2020. She has set two World Records, including the current record in the Women’s 8+ boat. She is a three-time World Champion and multiple World Cup medalist. She was recognized as one of the Top 10 Rowers in the world by World Rowing.

She began rowing at Pioneer High School in Michigan. From there, she attended Stanford University, competing from 2008 through 2011. The women's rowing team won the NCAA Championship in 2009, with Luczak in the winning Varsity 8+. In 2023, she was inducted into the Stanford Athletics Hall of Fame.

In 2015 Luczak, Kristine O'Brien, Adrienne Martelli and Grace Latz took the gold medal in the coxless four at the 2015 World Rowing Championships.

In the 2016 Summer Olympics, Luczak and Felice Mueller, rowing in the Women's Coxless Pairs, finished fourth. In the 2020 Summer Olympics, Luczak and three other rowers finished 7th in the Women's Coxless Four event.

Luczak married Michael Fattal in 2022.

## InfoBox

Grace Luczak (Fattal)
| Luczak in 2015 at Aiguebelette | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | May 24, 1989 (1989-05-24) (age 35)<br>Royal Oak, Michigan, U.S. |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (191 cm) |
| Weight | 170 lb (77 kg) |
| Medal record      Women's rowing  Representing the  United States  World Championships  2013 Chungju W8+  2014 Amsterdam W8+  2015 Aiguebelette W4-  2010 Karapiro  W4- | |


title: Neomasiphya

abstract: Neomasiphya is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Neomasiphya

***Neomasiphya*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## Distribution

Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Neomasiphya* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Exoristinae |
| Tribe: | Masiphyini |
| Genus: | *Neomasiphya*
Guimarães, 1966 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Neomasiphya thompsoni*
Guimarães, 1966 | |


title: Neomariania partinicensis

abstract: Neomariania partinicensis is a species of moth of the Stathmopodidae family. It is found in the Mediterranean area. Their wingspan is 10–12 mm. Adults have been collected from the end of June to mid-September.

text:
# Neomariania partinicensis

***Neomariania partinicensis*** is a species of moth of the Stathmopodidae family. It is found in the Mediterranean area.

Their wingspan is 10–12 mm. Adults have been collected from the end of June to mid-September.

## InfoBox

| *Neomariania partinicensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Oecophoridae |
| Genus: | *Neomariania* |
| Species: | ***N. partinicensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neomariania partinicensis***<br>(Rebel, 1937) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mariania partinicensis* Rebel, 1937 | |


title: Neoregelia lillyae

abstract: Neoregelia lillyae is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. This species is native to Brazil.

text:
# Neoregelia lillyae

***Neoregelia lillyae*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Neoregelia*. This species is native to Brazil.

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.

## InfoBox

| *Neoregelia lillyae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Neoregelia* |
| Subgenus: | *Neoregelia subg. Neoregelia* |
| Species: | ***N. lillyae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neoregelia lillyae***<br>W.Weber | |
|


title: Neoregelia macrosepala

abstract: Neoregelia macrosepala is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Neoregelia macrosepala

***Neoregelia macrosepala*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Neoregelia*. This species is endemic to Brazil.

## Cultivars

* *Neoregelia* 'Aztec'
* *Neoregelia* 'El Toro'
* *Neoregelia* 'Escapade'
* *Neoregelia* 'Florida Flash'
* *Neoregelia* 'Gloheart'
* *Neoregelia* 'Mac Mar'
* *Neoregelia* 'Malibu'
* *Neoregelia* 'Pin Cushion'
* *Neoregelia* 'Pink Freak'
* *Neoregelia* 'Silver Cloud'
* *Neoregelia* 'Thelma Hodge'
* *Neoregelia* 'Wait A While'
* × *Niduregelia* 'Marechalii'

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.
* BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009

## InfoBox

| *Neoregelia macrosepala* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Neoregelia* |
| Subgenus: | *Neoregelia subg. Neoregelia* |
| Species: | ***N. macrosepala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neoregelia macrosepala***<br>L.B.Sm. | |
|


title: Neustadt (urban district)

abstract: An urban district named Neustadt exists in many cities in Germany and other countries where the administrative language was German for centuries. "Neustadt" means "new town", but very often this district is not really new.

text:
# Neustadt (urban district)

An urban district named **Neustadt** (German: \[ˈnɔʏʃtat\] ) exists in many cities in Germany and other countries where the administrative language was German for centuries.

"Neustadt" means "new town", but very often this district is not really new.

## High Middle Ages

In many places the founders, for political reasons, placed a second urban nucleus ("Neustadt") beneath the first one ("Altstadt"). Examples are Bielefeld in Westphalia and Elbing in the territory of the Teutonic Order (now Elbląg in Poland). In Bielefeld, the *Altstadt* concentrated on trade, the *Neustadt* concentrated on logistics for the ruler and government of the County of Ravensberg, which was seated at Sparrenburg Castle above the town. In Wrocław, Silesia, the *Neustadt* was the German foundation beneath the original Polish *Altstadt*.

## Late Middle Ages

In some places the "Neustadt" was a late medieval enlargement, sometimes the consequence of a growth of population, sometimes of modernized fortifications.

Prague, with the foundation of the Nové Město (Neustadt) by Charles IV in 1348, became one of the first widespread cities north of the Alps. Nevertheless, in mediaeval tradition it became a separate municipality, the fourth one in Prague. The Neustadt in Bremen (without separate institutions) was built in the 17th century in order to keep distance between the new city wall (and possible besiegers) and the city's harbour.


title: Neodatronia

abstract: Neodatronia is a genus of two species of poroid crust fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed in 2014 by Chinese mycologists Bao-Kai Cui, Hai-Jiao Li, and Yu-Cheng Dai as a segregate genus from Datronia. Neodatronia fungi differ microscopically from Datronia by having moderately to frequently branched skeleto-binding hyphae in the context, and by their somewhat smaller spores.

text:
# Neodatronia

***Neodatronia*** is a genus of two species of poroid crust fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed in 2014 by Chinese mycologists Bao-Kai Cui, Hai-Jiao Li, and Yu-Cheng Dai as a segregate genus from *Datronia*. *Neodatronia* fungi differ microscopically from *Datronia* by having moderately to frequently branched skeleto-binding hyphae in the context, and by their somewhat smaller spores.

## Description

The fruit bodies of *Neodatronia* fungi are annual and crust-like. The pore surface colour ranges from white, to cream to pale brown. The pore surface, which becomes fragile when dries, consists of small pores with a round to angular shape. The subiculum is yellowish brown to cinnamon and has a corky texture. *Neodatronia* has a dimitic hyphal system (containing both generative and skeletal hyphae). The generative hyphae have clamp connections, while the skeletal hyphae are usually predominant, pale brown to brown, and moderately to frequently branched in subiculum and tramal. The branches of skeletal hyphae in the drama are typically well differentiated from the main part, and the tissues darken in the presence of a solution of KOH. Dendrohyphidia are present in the hymenium and the dissepiment edges. Cystidia are absent, but thin-walled cystidioles are usually present. The spores are cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, and smooth.

## Distribution and ecology

The type species of *Neodatronia*, *N. sinensis*, is found in Anhui, while *N. gaoligongensis* is found in Yunnan. Both species cause a white rot on angiosperm wood.

## InfoBox

| *Neodatronia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Polyporales |
| Family: | Polyporaceae |
| Genus: | ***Neodatronia***
B.K.Cui, Hai J.Li & Y.C.Dai (2014) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Neodatronia sinensis*
B.K.Cui, Hai J.Li & Y.C.Dai (2014) | |
| Species | |
| *N. gaoligongensis*
*N. sinensis* | |


title: Nepotilla powelli

abstract: Nepotilla powelli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

text:
# Nepotilla powelli

***Nepotilla powelli*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 3 mm, its diameter 1.3 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to New Zealand and occurs off Chatham Islands.

* Dell, Richard Kenneth. *The archibenthal mollusca of New Zealand.* Dominion Museum, 1956.
* Powell, A.W.B. 1979 *New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells*, Collins, Auckland
* Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). *Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196-219. in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia.* Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.

* Spencer H.G., Willan R.C., Marshall B.A. & Murray T.J. (2011). Checklist of the Recent Mollusca Recorded from the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone
* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.

## InfoBox

| *Nepotilla powelli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Raphitomidae |
| Genus: | *Nepotilla* |
| Species: | ***N. powelli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nepotilla powelli***<br>Dell, 1956 | |
|


title: Nepotilla microscopica

abstract: Nepotilla microscopica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

text:
# Nepotilla microscopica

***Nepotilla microscopica*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 1.3 mm, its diameter 0.7 mm.

(Original description) The very minute, yellowish shell contains 3½ whorls, including a 1½ whorled protoconch, which is large, rounded, and spirally lirate. The two adult whorls are strongly angled at the periphery, from whence to the suture they are flat or concave. The sculpture consists of sharp, narrow, axial ribs, about twelve on the body whorl, which extend from suture to suture, and pass into the aperture. They are widely separated, the interspaces being crossed by a few very faint spiral lirae. The aperture is rather expanded. The siphonal canal is very short. The columella is excavate. The outer lip is strongly varixed. The sinus at the suture is deep and open and bordered by a varix.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off Tasmania.

* Gatliff, J.H. & Gabriel, C.J. 1916. *Additions to the alterations in the Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria.* Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 29(1): 106-113
* Powell, A.W.B. 1966. *The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae, an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with list of characteristic species*. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum. Auckland, New Zealand 5: 1–184, pls 1–23

* Hedley, C. 1922. A revision of the Australian Turridae. Records of the Australian Museum 13(6): 213-359, pls 42-56  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* Atlas of Living Australia: *Nepotilla aculeata*
* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.
* Grove, S.J. (2018). A Guide to the Seashells and other Marine Molluscs of Tasmania: *Nepotilla microscopica*

## InfoBox

| *Nepotilla microscopica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original image of a shell of *Nepotilla microscopica* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Raphitomidae |
| Genus: | *Nepotilla* |
| Species: | ***N. microscopica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nepotilla microscopica***<br>(May, 1916) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Daphnella microscopica* (May, 1915) * *Taranis microscopica* May, 1916 | |


title: Neptis nina

abstract: Neptis nina, the tiny sailer, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in eastern Tanzania, south-eastern Kenya and north-eastern Zambia. The habitat consists of forests.

text:
# Neptis nina

***Neptis nina***, the **tiny sailer**, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in eastern Tanzania, south-eastern Kenya and north-eastern Zambia. The habitat consists of forests.

## InfoBox

| *Neptis nina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Neptis* |
| Species: | ***N. nina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neptis nina***<br>Staudinger, 1896 | |
|


title: Nevena Adžemović

abstract: Nevena Adžemović is a Serbian model, singer, and former politician. She was a member of the National Assembly of Serbia from 2012 to 2014 as a member of the New Serbia party.

text:
# Nevena Adžemović

**Nevena Adžemović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Невена Аџемовић, born December 4, 1982) is a Serbian model, singer, and former politician. She was a member of the National Assembly of Serbia from 2012 to 2014 as a member of the New Serbia party.

## Early life and career

Adžemović was born in Belgrade, then part of the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. She became a public figure in Serbia as part of the group *Models*.

## Parliamentarian

The New Serbia party contested the 2012 Serbian parliamentary election as part of the Let's Get Serbia Moving alliance led by Tomislav Nikolić. Adžemović received the seventy-fifth position on the alliance's electoral list and, as the list won seventy-three mandates, was not initially declared elected to the assembly. After New Serbia leader Velimir Ilić resigned from parliament to take a cabinet position, however, she was able to take his vacated position. Her tenure in the assembly began on July 30, 2012. For the next two years, she served as a parliamentary supporter of Ivica Dačić's coalition government, of which New Serbia was a member.

The Serbian media noted that some parliamentarians had reservations about Adžemović's qualifications for the assembly, due in part to her previous career as a model. She received support from Ilić, who cited her training as an economist and described her critics as prejudiced.

Following her election to parliament, Adžemović indicated that she had joined the *Beogradski fond za političku izuzetnost* (Belgrade Fund for Political Excellence) led by Sonja Licht. She identified children's rights and gender equality as her primary areas of interest. Adžemović was a member of the Serbian parliamentary friendship groups for Australia, France, Mexico, Morocco, and Turkey. She was dropped from New Serbia's electoral list in early 2014 and subsequently announced her departure from politics.

1. Nevena Adžemović, Otvoreni Parlament (version captured on the Internet Archive, 17 May 2016), accessed 14 July 2017.
2. "Modelsica dočekana na nož", B92, accessed 23 April 2013.
3. Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине, 6. мај 2012. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (POKRENIMO SRBIJU - TOMISLAV NIKOLIĆ) Archived 2017-09-11 at the Wayback Machine, Republika Srbija - Republička izborna komisija, accessed 26 January 2017.
4. NEVENA ADZEMOVIC, National Assembly of Serbia, accessed 23 April 2013. A version of this page from 2 April 2015, is available via the Internet Archive, accessed 26 January 2017. Serbia's 2011 electoral law stipulates that, in the event of the departure from the assembly of a member elected on a coalition list, the vacant mandate will fall to the next candidate on the list from the same party. See Law on the Election of Members of the Parliament (2000, as amended 2011) (Article 92) made available via LegislationOnline, accessed 28 February 2017.
5. Ilić: Nevena Adžemović je pametna, B92, accessed 23 April 2013.
6. "Nevena Models stipendista Sonje Liht," *Vesti Online*, 18 October 2012, accessed 23 April 2013.
7. "Modelsica dočekana na nož", B92, accessed 23 April 2013.
8. NEVENA ADZEMOVIC, National Assembly of Serbia, accessed 23 April 2013. A version of this page from 2 April 2015, is available via the Internet Archive, accessed 26 January 2017.
9. "Modelsica: Politika gora od estrade", B92, 7 February 2014, accessed 17 April 2014.


title: Neuroanthropology

abstract: Neuroanthropology is the study of the relationship between culture and the brain. This field of study emerged from a 2008 conference of the American Anthropological Association. It is based on the premise that lived experience leaves identifiable patterns in brain structure, which then feed back into cultural expression. The exact mechanisms are so far ill defined and remain speculative.

text:
# Neuroanthropology

**Neuroanthropology** is the study of the relationship between culture and the brain. This field of study emerged from a 2008 conference of the American Anthropological Association. It is based on the premise that lived experience leaves identifiable patterns in brain structure, which then feed back into cultural expression. The exact mechanisms are so far ill defined and remain speculative.

## Overview

Neuroanthropology explores how the brain gives rise to culture, how culture influences brain development, structure and function, and the pathways followed by the co-evolution of brain and culture. Moreover, neuroanthropologists consider how new findings in the brain sciences help us understand the interactive effects of culture and biology on human development and behavior. In one way or another, neuroanthropologists ground their research and explanations in how the human brain develops, how it is structured and how it functions within the genetic and cultural limits of its biology (see Biogenetic structuralism and related website).

"Neuroanthropology" is a broad term, intended to embrace all dimensions of human neural activity, including emotion, perception, cognition, motor control, skill acquisition, and a range of other issues. Interests include the evolution of the hominid brain, cultural development and the brain, the biochemistry of the brain and alternative states of consciousness, human universals, how culture influences perception, how the brain structures experience, and so forth. In comparison to previous ways of doing psychological or cognitive anthropology, it remains open and heterogeneous, recognizing that not all brain systems function in the same way, so culture will not take hold of them in identical fashion.

### Anthropology and neuroscience

Cultural neuroscience is another area that focuses on society's impact on the brain, but with a different focus. For example, studies in cultural neuroscience focus on differences in brain development across cultures using methods from cross-cultural psychology, whereas neuroanthropology revolves around regions in the brain that corresponds to differences in cultural upbringing.

Previously within the field of cultural neuroscience, anthropological methods such as ethnographic fieldwork have not been viewed as crucial for obtaining results to their hypotheses. Neuroanthropology, on the other hand, aims to focus largely on incorporating ideas and practices from both anthropology and neuroscience to better understand how culture impacts brain development. Specifically, neuroanthropology studies how differences in culture may influence neuronal signals and development pertaining to language, music, mental calculations, self-knowledge, and self-awareness. A major finding concludes that experience determines pre-existing patterns of neural activity.

## History

Neuroanthropology got revived as a field of study during a 2008 American Anthropological Association conference session. The session was titled "The Encultured Brain: Neuroanthropology and Interdisciplinary Engagement". In the past, neuroscience and anthropology existed as two separate disciplines that worked together only when necessary. During the 2008 AAA conference session, the need for a study intersecting both fields of study was brought forth with claims that culture directly impacts brain development.

The lecture given by Daniel Lende at the 2008 AAA conference session specifically revolved around the benefits the field of anthropology would gain if they incorporated neuroscience into the field. As Lende stated, studying the brain would give us some answers as to *why* individuals behave the way they do. Essentially, Lende argues that neuroanthropology would allow anthropologists to tackle questions that were previously unable to be answered. These were questions that were first proposed by Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski as they tried to study what motivates individuals and what becomes a desire. In short, according to Lende, combining anthropology and neuroscience into neuroanthropology would enable individuals to study why individuals do the things they do.

## Building culture (enculturation)

There are two forms of enculturation: culture built by the brain and cultures effect on the brain. The former deals with the neural and cognitive mechanisms of building culture while the latter relates how the culture alters the brain structure.

### Culture built by the brain

Humans impart significant meaning to things in order to create culture because of the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex does this by taking in information and categorizing it to then relate it to other pieces of information. Anthropologically, culture can be defined as the understanding of symbolic meaning shared between people. This mutual understanding is built individually among people and starts out rather simple. It begins with a small number of cultural elements with relatively little meaning and isolated applications. These elements then grow in complexity to include a greater number of them with greater hierarchical depth and more linkages to other objects or events. This process is called abductive inference. When individuals interact with objects their individual abduction builds information. Groups of people then take the information to build a shared context to understand one another. By growing a shared context people form more logical inferences as to the best meaning for any particular observation or object.

### Culture's effect on the brain

The most important discovery is that the entire brain, including the prefrontal cortex, reacts to cultural experiences. Culture builds patterns of neuronal activity so as to alter the structure of the brain.

### Research

Multiple studies concerning neuroanthropology have been conducted. These studies occur in a laboratory environment as well as the ethnographic field. Laboratory studies are concerned with figuring out the "cause-effect relationship between cognitive function, brain structure, and brain activity." Anthropological studies are concerned with the behaviors that contribute to differences in cognitive function, such as the way colors and languages are perceived.

#### Health

Neuroanthropological studies conducted in Brazil show the effects culture has on mental health. Further, this study shows how the variables that contribute to a society's view of normal behaviors directly influence the degree to which an individual feels happy. Levels of serotonin in the brains of the individuals being studied show a correlation between environmental factors and brain health. Similar studies have been conducted on United States war veterans and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

### Summary

In summary, the prefrontal cortex takes objects and events from specific areas of the brain and forms connections between them. This forms the building blocks of culture. By building the connections, the areas of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, can create new ideas and modify them as a result of cultural experiences.

## fMRI analysis

Western and East Asian cultures differ in their norms and practices such that they likely alter the brain's perception. Western culture tends to stress individualism and independent attainment, while East Asian culture focuses on collectivism and relationships. The result of the different societies is two unique methods of thinking. In addition to affecting cognition, the two cultures also alter one's visual perception of their environment. More specifically, the norms and practices of Western culture isolate objects from their environmental context to analytically think about the individual item. This differs from the norms and practice of East Asian culture, which involve the relationship or interdependence between an object and its environmental context. As a result of this culture, East Asians would likely focus on the interdependent nature of an object and its surroundings while Westerners would tend to center their attention on the object and how it relates to them. To summarise, East Asians would focus on the interrelatedness between a stimulus and its context, but Westerners would focus on the independence of the object and its relationship to themselves.

Many studies have found this pattern to be true and one of the simplest experiments is the framed-line test. The results of it show that Americans pay attention to an object independent of its environment, while Japanese focus attention on the environment and interrelated objects. Hedden et al. used a modified framed-line test in conjunction with fMRI to determine if there were any physiological differences in subjects brains as a result of the cultural differences. They found that when Americans were asked to make more relative judgments and when East Asians to make absolute judgments, both stimulated similar areas of the brain. When either cultures' nonpreferred judgment was provoked the result was the same for both groups. "The frontal and parietal lobes, specifically the left inferior parietal lobe and the right precentral gyrus were more stimulated than when culturally preferred judgments were made." Thus, a person's societal culture determines how activated this neural network becomes when making visual perceptions. Plus, the degree of activation depends on how deep one's cultural background is. As a result of the differences between Western and East Asian cultures, different neural patterns are activated in the brain depending on particular environmental circumstances. Clearly, culture affects the activity of the brain's functional perception mechanisms in order to better navigate their particular cultural environment.

## Further reading

### Books

* Arbib, Michael A. (1989) *The Metaphorical Brain 2: Neural Networks and Beyond*. New York: Wiley.
* Calvin, William H. (1989) *The Cerebral Symphony*. New York: Bantam.
* E.G. d'Aquili, Laughlin, C.D. and McManus J (1979) "The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic Structural Analysis". New York: Columbia University Press.
* Deacon, Terrence W. (1997) *The Symbolic Species*. New York: Norton.
* Donald, Merlin (1991) *Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
* Donald, Merlin (2001) *A Mind So Rare: The evolution of human consciousness*. Norton.
* Falk, Dean (1992) *Braindance*. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
* Dumit, J. (2004). Picturing personhood: brain scans and biomedical identity. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
* Geary, David G. (2005) *The Origin of Mind: Evolution of Brain, Cognition, and General Intelligence*. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
* Harris, M., ed. (2007) *Ways of Knowing: New Approaches in the Anthropology of Experience and Learning*. Oxford: Berghahn.
* Jerison, H.J. and I. Jerison (1988) *Intelligence and Evolutionary Biology*. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
* Laughlin, C.D. and E.G. d'Aquili (1974) *Biogenetic Structuralism*. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Laughlin, C.D., John McManus and E.G. d'Aquili (1990) *Brain, Symbol and Experience: Toward a Neurophenomenology of Human Consciousness*. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Metzinger, T. (2009) *The Ego Tunnel*. New York: Basic Books.
* Lende, D.H. and Downey, G. (2012) *The Encultured Brain: An Introduction to Neuroanthropology*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
* Quartz, S.R. and T.J Sejnowzki (2003) *Liars, Lovers, and Heroes: What the New Brain Science Reveals About How We Become Who We Are*. New York: Harper Paperbacks.
* Skoyles, John R. and Sagan, Dorion (2002) *Up from Dragons: The Evolution of Human Intelligence. McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN 0-07-137825-1*
* Winkelman, Michael (2000) *Shamanism: The Neural Ecology of Consciousness and Healing*. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.

### Articles


title: New Castle Court House Museum

abstract: The New Castle Court House Museum is the center of a circle with a 12-mile radius that defines most of the border between the states of Delaware and Pennsylvania and parts of the borders between Delaware and New Jersey and Maryland. It is one of the oldest courthouses in the United States and has played a role in a number of historic events. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972. The building is also a contributing property to a second National Historic Landmark, the New Castle Historic District. It is part of First State National Historical Park.

text:
# New Castle Court House Museum

The **New Castle Court House Museum** is the center of a circle with a 12-mile radius that defines most of the border between the states of Delaware and Pennsylvania and parts of the borders between Delaware and New Jersey and Maryland.

It is one of the oldest courthouses in the United States and has played a role in a number of historic events. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972. The building is also a contributing property to a second National Historic Landmark, the New Castle Historic District. It is part of First State National Historical Park.

## History

### The 12-Mile Circle

In 1682, James, the Duke of York gave William Penn a deed for land consisting of a 12-mile circle around the town of New Castle. The borders established by this deed were almost immediately contested by Lord Baltimore, proprietor of the colony of Maryland, and thus began an 87-year legal struggle between the two families. Penn first commissioned a survey of the circle in 1701. As part of the boundary dispute, the two families created a Commission led by Governor Patrick Gordon of Pennsylvania and Governor Samuel Ogle of Maryland, and the Commission met in the New Castle Court House four times in 1732 and 1733. A subsequent Commission, including William Allen and Benjamin Chew met in the Court House in 1750, where it was agreed by both sides that the cupola of the Court House building would be used as the center of the 12-mile circle. The Commission met in the Court House again in 1751 and 1760. The final survey of the borders as part of the boundary dispute was conducted in 1763 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, who ran a series of chains on a straight 12-mile line from the Court House. Their Mason–Dixon line has been used as the unofficial dividing line between the north and the south. The Penns and Calverts agreed to the results of the Mason-Dixon survey, and their border dispute was resolved when the British crown ratified the border in 1769. The circle was surveyed again in 1849 by the Army's Corps of Topographical Engineers, and again in 1892 by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.

The borders created by the 12-mile circle were also heavily contested by New Jersey beginning in 1820, when New Jersey disputed Delaware's cessation of Pea Patch Island to the United States government since the island was primarily on the New Jersey side of the river. Secretary of War John C. Calhoun requested a legal opinion from Attorney General William Wirt. Wirt's conclusion, based on a report by George Read Jr. and former Attorney General Caesar A. Rodney was that the state of Delaware had the valid claim. After conflicting opinions from two different circuit courts on the issue, President James K. Polk intervened in 1847 and suggested an arbitrator resolve the disagreement. John Sergeant was appointed arbitrator, and in Independence Hall heard arguments from the United States (represented by Senators John M. Clayton and James A. Bayard Jr.) and a citizen of New Jersey (represented by former Secretary of War John Eaton and former Secretary of the Treasury George M. Bibb) regarding the history of colonial deeds and the origin of the Twelve-Mile Circle. Sergeant ruled that the deed for the circle was valid and the island had belonged to the state of Delaware.

New Jersey contested the circle's borders again in 1872, when Delaware arrested several New Jersey fishermen and New Jersey claimed ownership of the Delaware River up to the middle point. The issue has been adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court several times (primarily in 1877, 1934, and 2007) in cases named New Jersey v. Delaware, and the extensive history of the circle and border dispute were documented by Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo in the 1934 case.

### Colonial and early American history

The oldest known courthouse on the site dates back to 1687. The building was originally both a courthouse and a seat of government, as the building was used by the colonial assembly. During the years when Pennsylvania and Delaware shared an assembly, it generally met in Philadelphia, but occasionally met in New Castle instead, such as in 1684 and 1690. In 1700, the Pennsylvania colonial assembly met in the recently constructed Court House, with William Penn in attendance. In addition to the routine passing of laws, Penn's primary focus during the 1700 session was healing a rift that had developed between the assemblymen from Pennsylvania proper and those from Delaware.

This attempt was unsuccessful. In 1704, after the Pennsylvania counties sought to expand their representation in the assembly, the three Delaware counties demanded, and were granted, an independent assembly so they could pass their own laws. They chose William Rodney, grandfather of Caesar Rodney, as their first Speaker. From that year on, the assembly that met in the Court House governed Delaware alone.

This earlier building was mostly destroyed by a fire in 1729 caused by a prisoner's attempt to escape. The Court House was rebuilt on the same site within a year, and the foundation of the original is still visible.

In 1774, the assembly met here and chose three of Delaware's most famous politicians to represent the colony in the Continental Congress: Thomas McKean, Caesar Rodney, and George Read. It was in this building that the assembly, at McKean's urging, voted on June 13, 1776 to sever all ties with England as well as the state of Pennsylvania, with which Delaware still shared a governor. The assembly resolved that:

> Whereas it is become absolutely necessary for the safety, protection, and happiness of the good people of this colony, forthwith to establish some authority adequately to the exigency of their affairs, until a new government can be formed; and Whereas the representatives of the people, in this assembly met, alone can and ought at this time, to establish such temporary \[authority\]. Resolved unanimously, that all persons holding any office, civil or military, in this colony, on the 13 day of June instant, may and shall continue to execute the same, in the name of the government of the Counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex Upon Delaware, as they used legally to exercise it in the name of the King, until a new government shall be formed, agreeable to the resolution of Congress of 15 May instant.

When the Congress issued the Declaration of Independence, it was read to the citizens of the town from the balcony on the second floor. Later in 1776, Delaware's first Constitution was drafted and adopted by a convention including Read, McKean, and Nicholas Van Dyke inside the Court House. This was the first adoption of a state constitution following the issuance of the Declaration. The building served as the state's first capitol until 1777, when Philadelphia and Wilmington were captured by the British. In light of the danger, Delaware's government moved south, establishing Dover as the new capital city. The building continued to house both state and federal judicial proceedings until 1888.

In 1804, when Benjamin H. Latrobe (the designer of the United States Capitol) was living in New Castle, the architect performed a survey and designed a town plan along with his apprentices Robert Mills (later designer of the Washington Monument) and William Strickland (architect of the Second Bank of the United States). The streets around the Court House were regraded so that it would loom above street level as a result of the town plan Latrobe devised. As part of this survey, the architects drew detailed images of the New Castle Court House that were used for later restorations.

### Impeachment of Samuel Chase

In 1800, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase convened a grand jury at the New Castle Court House and sought indictments against seditious newspapers under the Alien and Sedition Acts. The grand jury declined to issue any indictments, but Chase refused to release them from service, insisting he was aware of at least one seditious newspaper and ordering files of the town's newspapers brought in for the jury to review as evidence. The justice was not an impartial party, as the seditious activity he wanted indicted was a local printer's criticisms of Chase himself, over the justice's attacks on free speech rights. Chase was furious at the refusal to indict, complaining "that ... he could not get a single man indicted in Delaware, while he could in every other place."

In 1804, Chase became the first, and only, Justice of the Supreme Court impeached by the House. One of the eight articles of impeachment focused on the justice's conduct in the New Castle Court House. Delaware's U.S. Representative Caesar A. Rodney was one of the House's impeachment managers. The House alleged that Chase had been engaged in a witch hunt to silence Democratic opposition, and that he had abused his authority by refusing to release the grand jury in New Castle. The article of impeachment stated that Chase, "did descend from the dignity of a judge and stoop to the level of an informer by refusing to discharge the grand jury, although entreated by several of the said jury so to do," and quoted his words to the grand jury in saying that he:

> ... understood "that a highly seditious temper had manifested itself in the State of Delaware among a certain class of people, particularly in Newcastle County, and more especially in the town of Wilmington, where lived a most seditious printer, unrestrained by any principle of virtue, and regardless of social order, that the name of this printer was..." --but checking himself, as if sensible of the indecorum which he was committing, added "that it might be assuming too much to mention the name of this person, but it becomes your duty, gentlemen, to inquire diligently into this matter," or words to that effect\[...\]

Chase defended himself by stating that if he was aware of a federal law having been broken, it was his duty to bring it to the attention of the court. The Senate found Chase not guilty on each count of impeachment.

Though the attempt to remove Chase was unsuccessful, Rodney fared well, as he was considered the strongest speaker of the managers. The Virginia Law Register stated, "The Managers were entirely overmatched, and with the exception of Rodney, of Delaware, won no praise." He gave one of the closing arguments of the trial, in which he stated, "Give any human being judicial power for life, and annex to the exercise of it the kingly maxim 'that he can do no wrong,' you may call him a judge or justice, no matter what is the appellation, and you transform him into a despot." Two years later, President Thomas Jefferson appointed Rodney U.S. Attorney General.

### Penn's heirs

In 1801, John and Richard Penn, heirs of William, brought a federal lawsuit seeking compensation for the uncultivated lands of Delaware which they claimed they were entitled to as former proprietors. The damages they sought were allowed under the Midnight Judges Act signed into law by President John Adams before the end of his term. The Act was repealed in 1802. In 1804, the case was heard in a trial at the New Castle Court House. The case was notable for the prominence of the legal teams assembled on each side. The Penns were represented by Jared Ingersoll, Joseph McKean (son of Thomas), and Moses Levy; the state of Delaware was represented by Caesar A. Rodney, James A. Bayard Sr., George Read Jr., and state Attorney General Nicholas Van Dyke Jr.

Presiding over the case was U.S. Judge Gunning Bedford Jr. and Justice Samuel Chase. After hearing the legal arguments from each side, Chase determined that the repeal of the 1801 Act left the court without authority to decide the case, and he dismissed it with a memorable opinion:

> The question is whether this Court now have a jurisdiction, not whether they have had. The question is very different whether Judicial power extends to a particular case & whether the jurisdiction of a particular Court embraces the case. Congress has certainly power to vary a jurisdiction created by Statute—tho not by Constitution. The question here is whether there is a statutory jurisdiction. This is to be determined by the consideration whether we are to be governed by Statute in force or repealed. The Act of 1801 is repealed without a saving. This is not an ex post facto law—it is retrospective as to rights, I agree, but against no part of the Constitution. I know that in England construction has gone a great way in construction of the words of Statutes. This doctrine I explode. If the words of Statutes are clear, I am bound, tho the provision be unjust. This I hold to be the duty of an American Judge. A Judge has in this Country only to say Sic lex est scripta. Here is a Statute which gave a jurisdiction. It has been repealed. What are we to do. No power remains. The law repealed is dead & is as if it never existed.

The Penns had Lord Gambier bring the claim up to Bayard when the two were negotiating the Treaty of Ghent, but Bayard claimed he had no authority to negotiate the issue, and the Penns made no further legal attempts at the claim.

### Garrett and Hunn trials

One of the building's most famous of judicial proceedings was a series of trials which took place in 1848. Prominent abolitionists and Underground Railroad conductors Thomas Garrett (a close friend and ally of Harriet Tubman) and John Hunn were put on trial for violating the Fugitive Slave Act. The trial was presided over by U.S. Chief Justice Roger Taney. Garrett was defended by his friend U.S. Senator John Wales. The prosecution was handled by James A. Bayard Jr., son of U.S. Senator James A. Bayard Sr. (negotiator of the Treaty of Ghent) and grandson of Richard Bassett (one of the drafters of the U.S. Constitution). The trials mostly served to harden the feelings over slavery of each of the men involved.

Justice Taney's instructions to the jury left little choice but a conviction:

> To entitle the plaintiff to a verdict in this case, it is necessary for him to have proved property of the slaves. This has not been contradicted by the defense. It only remains then to prove that they escaped, and that the defendant harbored them, knowing them to be slaves. It does not require absolute knowledge on the part of the defendant that these persons were slaves. If, at the time, or before he harbored them, circumstances came to his knowledge sufficient to put a prudent man upon his inquiry, it is "knowingly harboring" within the meaning of the act of Congress, and makes him liable to the penalty.

Both Garrett and Hunn were found guilty and were issued fines heavy enough to bankrupt both men. Despite the fines, Garrett and Hunn defiantly declared they would continue helping slaves escape to freedom. Upon hearing Taney's punishment, Garrett gave a speech to the courtroom in which he stated:

> I now pledge myself, in the presence of this assembly, to use all lawful and honourable means to lessen the burdens of this oppressed people, and endeavour, according to ability furnished, to burst their chains asunder, and set them free; not relaxing my efforts on their behalf while blessed with health and a slave remains. \[...\] After mature reflection, I can assure this assembly it is my opinion at this time that the verdicts you have given the prosecutors against John Hunn and myself, within the past few days, will have a tendency to raise a spirit of inquiry throughout the length and breadth of the land, respecting this monster evil (slavery), in many minds that have not heretofore investigated the subject. The reports of those trials will be published by editors from Maine to Texas, and the far West; and what must be the effect produced? It will, no doubt, add hundreds, perhaps thousands, to the present large and rapidly increasing army of Abolitionists. The injury is great to us who are the immediate sufferers by your verdict; but I believe the verdicts you have given against us within the last few days will have a powerful effect in bringing about the abolition of slavery in this country—this land of boasted freedom, where not only the slave is fettered at the South by his lordly master, but the white man at the North is bound as in chains to do the bidding of his Southern masters.

After the trials, Garrett corresponded with Harriet Beecher Stowe, and four years later she used the events as the inspiration for some of the scenes in her novel *Uncle Tom's Cabin*. Garrett was the primary basis for the character of Simeon Halliday. Stowe also described the trials and recounted her correspondence with Garrett in her book *A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin*, where she noted, "The writer had in mind, at the time of writing, the scenes in the trial of \[...\] Garret, of Wilmington, Delaware, for the crime of hiring a hack to convey a mother and four children from Newcastle jail to Wilmington." By the time the Civil War broke out, Garrett had helped 2,700 slaves escape to freedom. Hunn served with the Freedmen's Bureau, and his son was elected Delaware governor and oversaw state approval of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution.

Taney would go on to author the decision in the famous Dred Scott case in 1857, which held that blacks could not be considered American citizens. Bayard later defeated Wales again in 1850 when he won election to the Senate, where he became one of the fiercest critics of the loyalty oaths and where he voted to acquit President Andrew Johnson in his impeachment trial.

## Museum and National Park

The Court House was opened as a museum by the state of Delaware in 1963. The building is now part of First State National Historical Park. The park's headquarters and visitor's center will be located in the Sheriff's House adjacent to the Court House. The National Historical Park was created to preserve and interpret the unique history of the region's colonization by the Swedes, Dutch, and English, and Delaware's role in establishing the United States leading up to it becoming the first state.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| New Castle Court House Museum | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark District<br>Contributing Property | |
|  | |
| New Castle Court House Museum | |
|  | |
| Location | 211 Delaware St., New Castle, Delaware |
| Coordinates | 39°39′35″N 75°33′49″W / 39.65972°N 75.56361°W / 39.65972; -75.56361 |
| Built | 1730 (1730) |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| Part of | New Castle Historic District (ID67000003) |
| NRHP reference No. | 72000285 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | November 28, 1972 |
| Designated NHL | November 28, 1972 |
| Designated NHLDCP | December 24, 1967 |


title: Nevada State Route 854

abstract: State Route 854 is a state highway in Pershing County, Nevada serving the vicinity of Lovelock. The route comprised a portion of former State Route 48.

text:
# Nevada State Route 854

**State Route 854** (**SR 854**) is a state highway in Pershing County, Nevada serving the vicinity of Lovelock. The route comprised a portion of former State Route 48.

## Route description

State Route 854 begins northwest of Lovelock at an intersection with Pitt Road/Eagle Picher Mine Road (SR 399). From there, the two-lane highway travels south along Lone Mountain Road for about 1.6 miles (2.6 km), passing a local cemetery. The route then turns east and heads through farmlands towards downtown Lovelock. Entering the city limits at Jamestown Road, the road now follows Western Avenue through residential areas. SR 854 passes by the Pershing County Courthouse and then turns northeast on Dartmouth Avenue to terminate at an intersection with Main Street (SR 398) in downtown Lovelock.

## History

SR 854 was originally designated as the easternmost end of the much longer State Route 48. SR 48 followed the current highway away from Lovelock, then turned westward along present-day State Route 399 passing near the Seven Troughs Mine area to terminate at State Route 34 at Gerlach. That route was designated by 1935. On July 1, 1976, this section of SR 48 was reassigned to State Route 854 as part of the renumbering of Nevada's state highway system.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Pershing County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.00 | 0.00 | SR 399 (Pitt Road, Eagle Picher Mine Road) | Western terminus |
| Lovelock | 4.12 | 6.63 | SR 398 (Main Street) | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Nevada State Route 854KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 854 | |
| --- | --- |
| Lone Mountain Road, Western Avenue | |
| SR 854 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NDOT | |
| Length | 4.120 mi (6.630 km) |
| Existed | 1976–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | SR 399 near Lovelock |
| East end | SR 398 in Lovelock |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Nevada State Highway System** | |
| SR 844   SR 856 | |


title: Nevada State Route 90

abstract: State Route 90 was a short state highway in Nye County, Nevada. Its western terminus was in the ghost town of Rhyolite. It traveled east to its eastern terminus at SR 58. The route was designated in 1960 as an unimproved road to connect to Rhyolite from SR 58. It became graded by 1969, and was removed from the state highway system in 1982.

text:
# Nevada State Route 90

**State Route 90** (**SR 90**) was a short state highway in Nye County, Nevada. Its western terminus was in the ghost town of Rhyolite. It traveled east to its eastern terminus at SR 58 (now SR 374). The route was designated in 1960 as an unimproved road to connect to Rhyolite from SR 58. It became graded by 1969, and was removed from the state highway system in 1982.

## Route description

All of the route was graded and inside Nye County. SR 90 began at the ghost town of Rhyolite. The route left the town, and into the desert as it traveled northeast. It curved east around small mountains north of SR 58 (SR 374). SR 90 then paralleled SR 58 for less than 1,000 feet (300 m), and ended at SR 58.

## History

SR 90 first appeared as an unimproved road on official state maps in 1960, connecting from Rhyolite to SR 58. It became graded by 1969. In 1978, Nevada began changing its state route numbers. The 1978-79 state highway map showed new route numbers along with the original numbers, but SR 90 was not shown with a new number. The route, having never been paved, was removed from the state highway system by 1982. By 2001, Rhyolite was reachable by a paved road that connects to SR 374 south of the town, instead of to the east as SR 90 did.

## Major intersections

The entire route was in Nye County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rhyolite | 0.0 | 0.0 | Rhyolite |  |
|  | 2.3 | 3.7 | SR 58 |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Nevada State Route 90KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Route 90 | |
| --- | --- |
| SR 90 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 2.3 mi (3.7 km) |
| Existed | 1960–1982 |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Rhyolite |
| East end | SR 58 west of Beatty |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
| Counties | Nye |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Nevada State Highway System** | |


title: New Democrat Network

abstract: The New Democrat Network (NDN) was an American think tank that promoted centrist candidates for the Democratic Party. NDN was a 501(c)(4) membership organization that functioned in collaboration with two subsidiary organizations, the NDN Political Fund, a non-federal political organization (527), and NDN PAC, a federal political action committee. The organization was dissolved by Rosenberg in March 2024. The group was officially named the New Democrat Network from 1996 to 2004 and NDN from 2004 to 2024.

text:
# New Democrat Network

The **New Democrat Network** (NDN) was an American think tank that promoted centrist candidates for the Democratic Party. NDN was a 501(c)(4) membership organization that functioned in collaboration with two subsidiary organizations, the NDN Political Fund, a non-federal political organization (527), and NDN PAC, a federal political action committee. The organization was dissolved by Rosenberg in March 2024.

The group was officially named the New Democrat Network from 1996 to 2004 and NDN from 2004 to 2024.

## Founding

NDN was led and founded by Simon Rosenberg in 1996, after his split with the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), for which he worked.

Before founding NDN, Rosenberg worked as a television news writer and producer and a political strategist for the Michael Dukakis and Bill Clinton presidential campaigns and the Democratic National Committee. NDN has offices in Washington, D.C., New York City, San Francisco, and Miami.

In 2000, the NDN was characterized as "a group of pro-business Capitol Hill Democrats who borrow freely from the metaphors and values of the New Economy in their quest to modernize their party and wean it away from the labor unions and old-line liberals." Simon described the group as "a venture capital fund for the Democratic Party."

## Involvement in the 2004 presidential election

The NDN, while not supporting or embracing 2004 Democratic presidential primary candidate Howard Dean, pointed to his online network of small donors, volunteers, and bloggers as the model to emulate for the Democratic Party. In 2003, the NDN was described as challenging the DLC and becoming an increasingly influential player in the party's politics.

In the 2004 United States presidential election, NDN led an effort to turn out Hispanic voters for John Kerry. Also in 2004, Rosenberg announced his candidacy for Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, but eventually withdrew from the race after it became clear that he would lose to eventual Chairman Howard Dean. Rosenberg then supported Dean's campaign.

## InfoBox

| New Democrat Network | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Chairperson | Simon Rosenberg |
| Founded | 1996 (1996) |
| Dissolved | March 2024 |
| Ideology | Modern liberalism<br>Third Way |
| Political position | Center |
| National affiliation | Democratic Party |
| Colors | Denim Blue |
| Website | |
| ndn.org | |
|  | |


title: New Day (Tamar Kaprelian song)

abstract: "New Day" is the lead single Tamar Kaprelian's debut album Sinner or a Saint. The song helped her gain mainstream popularity, and was released on May 29, 2009 through Interscope Records for download on iTunes.

text:
# New Day (Tamar Kaprelian song)

"**New Day**" is the lead single Tamar Kaprelian's debut album *Sinner or a Saint*. The song helped her gain mainstream popularity, and was released on May 29, 2009 through Interscope Records for download on iTunes.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Tamar Kaprelian

New Day Single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "New Day" | 3:08 |

## Music video

Two versions of "New Day" video were produced.

The first version was directed by Ramon Boutviseth and Michael Gordon, it was released in 2009 and shows Tamar arriving from work, then playing the piano and singing, before looking at old pictures and putting away old stuff.

The second version was directed by Chis Sims and was released in 2010. It shows Tamar dreaming herself in a field full of pink flowers and in a dark forest. At the end of the video she wakes up dressed up with a gown.

## Media

"New Day" was featured in the fifth season finale of the hit MTV series *The Hills*, during the scene where lead cast member Lauren Conrad leaves the series. It was also featured in an episode of the hit ABC Family series *The Secret Life of the American Teenager*, during a party at the Bowmans' guesthouse. It was also used in the promos for ABC Family's *Huge*.

## Charts

| Chart (2011) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Adult Top 40 | 37 |

## Personnel

Production * Produced by WAX LTD
* Mixed by Joe Zock

## InfoBox

| "New Day" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Tamar Kaprelian | |
| from the album  *Sinner or a Saint* | |
| Released | US: May 29, 2009 |
| Length | 3:08 |
| Label | Interscope |
| Songwriter(s) | Tamar Kaprelian, WAX LTD |
| Producer(s) | WAX LTD |