title: Metasia exculta

abstract: Metasia exculta is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1934. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it has been recorded from Katanga and Équateur.

text:
# Metasia exculta

***Metasia exculta*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1934. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it has been recorded from Katanga and Équateur.

## InfoBox

| *Metasia exculta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Spilomelinae |
| Genus: | *Metasia* |
| Species: | ***M. exculta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metasia exculta***<br>Meyrick, 1934 | |
|


title: Mark Mitten

abstract: Mark Mitten is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning film producer. He is best known for Abacus: Small Enough to Jail nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and Best Business Documentary at the News and Documentary Emmy Awards. His films have appeared in every major film festival including Sundance, the Cannes Film Festival, the Venice International Film Festival, the Berlin International Film Festival, the Toronto International Film Festival and Telluride Film Festival among others. Mark is also the founder and managing partner of Mitten a firm that creates content that inspires while generating social impact.

text:
# Mark Mitten

**Mark Mitten** is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning film producer. He is best known for *Abacus: Small Enough to Jail* nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and Best Business Documentary at the News and Documentary Emmy Awards.

His films have appeared in every major film festival including Sundance, the Cannes Film Festival, the Venice International Film Festival, the Berlin International Film Festival, the Toronto International Film Festival and Telluride Film Festival among others.

Mark is also the founder and managing partner of Mitten a firm that creates content that inspires while generating social impact.

## Filmography

## Externals

## InfoBox

| Mark Mitten | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Akron, Ohio |
| Occupation(s) | Producer, director and writer |


title: North York City Centre

abstract: North York City Centre is a central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the administrative district of North York. It is located along Yonge Street, between just south of Sheppard Avenue northward to Finch Avenue with its focus around Mel Lastman Square, a civic square, and spreads eastwards and westwards a few blocks, generally as far as Doris Avenue and Beecroft Road. The district is a high-density district of condominium and office towers with ground-floor commercial uses along the wide six lanes of Yonge Street. The district was developed following the extension of the Yonge subway north to Finch Station. In the 1970s and 80s, the former City of North York encouraged the development of the area as a downtown, locating its civic offices, a public square, a central library, an arts centre and an aquatic centre on the west side of Yonge, about 600 metres north of Sheppard. The area's growth increased following the opening of North York Centre station at Mel Lastman Square and the Sheppard subway line. A shopping mall and cinemas were developed on the east side of Yonge Street across from Mel Lastman Square in the 1990s. It is mostly located in the larger official neighbourhood of Willowdale, part of the former city of North York, and a former municipality of its own, but also abuts the Lansing neighbourhood on the east side of Yonge Street near Sheppard Avenue. Following the amalgamation of North York with the rest of Toronto, North York City Centre became the largest of four central business districts in the new city outside Downtown Toronto. All of the civic facilities were retained by the new City of Toronto.

text:
# North York City Centre

**North York City Centre** is a central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the administrative district of North York. It is located along Yonge Street, between just south of Sheppard Avenue northward to Finch Avenue with its focus around Mel Lastman Square, a civic square, and spreads eastwards and westwards a few blocks, generally as far as Doris Avenue and Beecroft Road. The district is a high-density district of condominium and office towers with ground-floor commercial uses along the wide six lanes of Yonge Street.

The district was developed following the extension of the Yonge subway north to Finch Station. In the 1970s and 80s, the former City of North York encouraged the development of the area as a downtown, locating its civic offices, a public square, a central library, an arts centre and an aquatic centre on the west side of Yonge, about 600 metres north of Sheppard. The area's growth increased following the opening of North York Centre station at Mel Lastman Square and the Sheppard subway line. A shopping mall and cinemas were developed on the east side of Yonge Street across from Mel Lastman Square in the 1990s.

It is mostly located in the larger official neighbourhood of Willowdale, part of the former city of North York, and a former municipality (postal district) of its own, but also abuts the Lansing neighbourhood on the east side of Yonge Street near Sheppard Avenue. Following the amalgamation of North York with the rest of Toronto, North York City Centre became the largest of four central business districts in the new city outside Downtown Toronto. All of the civic facilities were retained by the new City of Toronto.

## History

In the 1800s, the forests in the area were cleared for farmland, around settlements made by Jacob Cummer and David Gibson alongside Yonge Street, which was the main road for travel from Toronto northward, and which served as Provincial Highway 11 from 1920 until 1998. The postal village of Willowdale was established within York County. North York Township was formed in 1923 from York Township. To the east and west, low-density single-family housing subdivisions were built beginning in the 1920s. As the area's population grew, the roadside became lined with commercial establishments, some being one-level highway arterial-type uses such as gas stations, with others being tightly knit two-storey buildings.

The post-World War II period saw the rapid growth of the suburbs of Toronto. To accommodate the growth, the township was changed into the Borough of North York after Metropolitan Toronto was split off from York County in 1953. The large expansion of Ontario Highway 401, known as the Toronto Bypass, just to the south connected the district to the rest of the Toronto area by freeway. The area was filled in by the 1960s with residential single-family subdivisions. By the 1960s, some high rise development was occurring, such as a Canadian Government Building at Yonge and Elmhurst Street and the twin-tower Sheppard Centre commercial and office complex at Yonge and Sheppard. The 1970s saw the extension of the Yonge–University line to Finch, connecting the area to downtown Toronto.

Following the opening of the subway extension, the area along Yonge Street, between Sheppard and Finch Avenues, was chosen by North York and Metropolitan Toronto to be developed into a central business district as the borough (which developed from a rural township and thus had no true historic downtown save for the original small Willowdale village where the city centre developed) was promoted to the status of city. An official plan by Metropolitan Toronto encouraged high-density commercial and residential developments in the area. The former City of North York chose to encourage the development of the area as a downtown by building a civic centre complex consisting of its civic offices, a public square, a central library, an arts centre, and an aquatic centre on the west side of Yonge, about 600 metres north of Sheppard at southwest corner of Park Home Avenue and Yonge.

Following the completion of the Scarborough RT, the City of North York convinced the Toronto Transit Commission to construct North York Centre station, an infill station on the Yonge–University line, to connect the new North York Civic Centre complex directly to the subway, which opened in 1987. On the east side of Yonge Street across from the Civic Centre, the Empress Walk mixed-use development, consisting of a shopping mall, cinema, and two condominium towers, was completed in 1997–2000. The streets sidewalks were widened and landscaped. The area's growth has continued steadily since then. The new Sheppard subway line opened in 2002, running along Sheppard Avenue from Don Mills Road in the east, to the expanded Sheppard-Yonge Station which crossroads with the Yonge-University line. The Sheppard Centre, originally built in the 1970s, had a cinema added in the late 1990s, then it was extensively renovated from 2016 to 2021.

Canada's deadliest vehicle-ramming attack occurred on April 23, 2018, when a rented van collided with numerous pedestrians, killing 10 and injuring 16 others on Yonge Street between Finch and Sheppard Avenues. One became quadriplegic and permanently required a ventilator at an assisted-living facility where she died in November 2021.

## Landmarks

The North York Civic Centre office complex and Mel Lastman Square, on the west side of Yonge Street, are central to the area. Across Yonge Street to the east is Empress Walk, a shopping mall that connects directly to the local subway station. North York Central Library, the Toronto Centre for the Arts, and the Toronto District School Board headquarters are all located adjacent to the square. The Joseph Shepard Building, a federal government office, is located on the west side of Yonge Street one block north of Sheppard Avenue. Further north and south along Yonge Street, office towers, condominium apartment towers and street-level shops line the street.

Gibson House, a museum converted from a mid-19th-century house built by the Canadian politician David Gibson, a Scottish immigrant, land surveyor and participant of the Rebellion of 1837, is also located in this neighbourhood. Earl Haig Secondary School is located on Princess Avenue nearby.

The district is directly served by the North York Centre subway station, while Sheppard–Yonge and Finch subway stations are located at the southern and northern edges of the area, respectively. Finch station is a hub for GO Transit services for commuters from north of Toronto. The area is known for the high-level of traffic on the six lanes of Yonge Street, which connects to the Ontario Highway 401 south of Sheppard.

43°46′08″N 79°24′47″W / 43.769°N 79.413°W / 43.769; -79.413

## InfoBox

| North York City Centre | |
| --- | --- |
| Business district | |
| North York City Centre, looking north along Yonge Street | |
|  | |
| Municipality established | 1850 York Township |
| Changed municipality | 1922 North York from York Township |
| Changed municipality | 1998 Toronto from North York |


title: Number Cruncher Politics

abstract: Number Cruncher Politics is a political analysis and polling consultancy and website launched in 2014. The site is non-partisan and focused on UK opinion polling, psephology, and statistical analysis. It became known for correctly predicting the polling failure at the 2015 general election.

text:
# Number Cruncher Politics

**Number Cruncher Politics** is a political analysis and polling consultancy and website launched in 2014. The site is non-partisan and focused on UK opinion polling, psephology, and statistical analysis. It became known for correctly predicting the polling failure at the 2015 general election.

## History

On the eve the 2015 UK election, the site published a lengthy analysis of opinion polling accuracy by its founder Matt Singh, based on decades of polling and election data. The report suggested that, contrary to the close race suggested by opinion polls and forecasts, the Conservative Party would win by more than six percentage points and could win an overall majority. In the event, the Conservative lead in the popular vote was 6.6 points, giving the party an overall majority of 12 seats. After the publication of the broadcasters' exit poll, the post containing the analysis attracted sufficient traffic to crash the website.

At the Scottish independence referendum, the site was credited by FiveThirtyEight with the most accurate regional prediction.

Prior to the United Kingdom general election, 2017, Number Cruncher Politics published an analysis by Singh suggesting that "based on historical accuracy, leader ratings and local election results, the likeliest outcome as of now is a Conservative popular vote margin in the mid-teens". Singh later acknowledged this "proved some way off the mark", as the Conservatives' lead was ultimately just 2.3% and the election resulted in a hung Parliament.


title: Loricera decempunctata

abstract: Loricera decempunctata is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Loricera decempunctata

***Loricera decempunctata*** is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2017). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata - Myxophaga - Adephaga*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-33029-0.

## InfoBox

| *Loricera decempunctata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Loricera* |
| Species: | ***L. decempunctata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Loricera decempunctata***<br>Eschscholtz, 1833 | |
|


title: Paul W. Merrill

abstract: Paul Willard Merrill was an American astronomer whose specialty was spectroscopy. He was the first person to define S-type stars, in 1922.

text:
# Paul W. Merrill

**Paul Willard Merrill** (August 15, 1887 – July 19, 1961) was an American astronomer whose specialty was spectroscopy. He was the first person to define S-type stars, in 1922.

## Career

Merrill received his Ph.D. at the University of California (now UC Berkeley) in 1913. He spent the bulk of his career at Mount Wilson Observatory, from which he retired in 1952. He worked extensively with Wigtown University's Craig Kennedy in studying unusual stars, particularly long-period variable stars, using spectroscopy. He also studied the interstellar medium, including diffuse interstellar bands. Shortly before he retired, he succeeded in detecting technetium in the variable star R Andromedae and other red variables. Since technetium has no stable isotopes, it must have been produced recently in any star in which it is found, and this is direct evidence of the s-process of nucleosynthesis.

## Honors

**Awards and honors**

**Named after him**

## InfoBox

| Paul W. Merrill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Paul Willard Merrill<br>August 15, 1887 (1887-08-15) |
| Died | July 19, 1961 (1961-07-20) (aged 73) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | astronomer |
| Years active | 1913–1952 |
| Known for | Studying unusual stars, particularly long-period variable stars, using spectroscopy |


title: Paul Salamunovich

abstract: Paul Salamunovich KCSG was a Grammy-nominated, American conductor and educator. He was the Music Director of the Los Angeles Master Chorale from 1991 to 2001 and its Music Director Emeritus from 2001 until his death in 2014. He served as Director of Music at St. Charles Borromeo Church in North Hollywood, California, for 60 years between 1949 and 2009. In addition, he held academic positions at a number of Southern California universities. He was also a master clinician, having been invited to conduct just under 1000 festivals and workshops around the world including an unprecedented four consecutive ACDA national conventions—all with different groups. He was acknowledged as an expert in Gregorian chant and has long been recognized for his contributions in the field of sacred music, most notably receiving a Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice, the highest laity award from the papacy in 2013 and was appointed knight of the Order of St Gregory the Great from Pope Paul VI in 1969.

text:
# Paul Salamunovich

**Paul Salamunovich** KCSG (June 7, 1927  April 3, 2014) was a Grammy-nominated, American conductor and educator.

He was the Music Director of the Los Angeles Master Chorale from 1991 to 2001 and its Music Director Emeritus from 2001 until his death in 2014. He served as Director of Music at St. Charles Borromeo Church in North Hollywood, California, for 60 years between 1949 and 2009. In addition, he held academic positions at a number of Southern California universities. He was also a master clinician, having been invited to conduct just under 1000 festivals and workshops around the world including an unprecedented four consecutive ACDA national conventions—all with different groups.

He was acknowledged as an expert in Gregorian chant and has long been recognized for his contributions in the field of sacred music, most notably receiving a Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice, the highest laity award from the papacy in 2013 and was appointed knight of the Order of St Gregory the Great from Pope Paul VI in 1969.

## Biography

### Personal history

The youngest of five sons born to immigrant parents from what is now Croatia, he was born in Redondo Beach, California where he attended St. James Elementary School. Salamunovich recalled a pivotal moment in his life when he was about 8 years old and attended a double feature at the local movie house. At the end of both films during a MovieTone newsreel, a story about the buildup of tensions in Europe featured eight bars of a cappella music which so captivated him, he sat through both films again for another four hours just to hear that same music one more time when the newsreel repeated. It turned out to be the Sancta Maria portion of the Vittoria Ave Maria which became one of his signature conducting pieces throughout his career. When a young priest, Father Louis Buechner, arrived at the parish and started a boy's choir, Salamunovich joined and, as he says, "I was hooked." This choir sang exclusively in Gregorian chant, and "all we did was sing funerals," he said. This early foundation in Gregorian chant, he added, "influenced the music I specialize in, and the techniques I use."

In 1940, at the age of 13, Salamunovich and his family moved to Hollywood, California, where they joined a new church, Blessed Sacrament, and attended its parochial school. The men's and boy's choirs were led by Richard Keys Biggs, the organ teacher of famed choral director Roger Wagner. Despite starting in the boy's choir three years older than was typical, Salamunovich impressed Biggs with his tone, and was allowed to join. He remained in the choir after moving to Hollywood High School the following year. At age 14, he began singing with Wagner.

At Hollywood High School, he met Dorothy Hilton, and they became high school sweethearts. (They later married on May 20, 1950, and had five children.) Upon graduation from high school in 1945, he enlisted in the United States Navy and spent a year in Pearl Harbor, replacing sailors sent home after World War II.

### Singing and conducting career

After completing his Naval enlistment, Salamunovich returned to Southern California at the age of 19. Hearing of his return, Roger Wagner contacted Salamunovich and asked him to join his newly formed Los Angeles Concert Youth Chorus, whose other members included 13-year-old Marilyn Horne and 14-year-old Marni Nixon; this choir later evolved into the Roger Wagner Chorale in 1948. Wagner eventually suggested that Salamunovich study music in college at Los Angeles City College where he achieved an associate of arts degree and his classmates included future collaborator, Jerry Goldsmith. This led to the beginning of his professional career in music. Salamunovich was regularly hired as a professional singer on both live performances and in recordings for such conductors and composers as Arturo Toscanini, Alfred Wallenstein, Igor Stravinsky and others, singing on all styles of popular and classical music. He sang the tenor solo on César Franck's Panis Angelicus on The Wagner Chorale's album, "The House of The Lord". He was one of the quartet of jazz great Stan Kenton's vocal group, "The Modern Men" who sang on Kenton's album, "Kenton With Voices" in 1957. He was a "ghost singer" along with Horne, Nixon, and a semi-regular group of contract singers on multiple film soundtrack recordings between 1946 and 1964, when his increasing conducting duties no longer allowed him the time for studio singing. He soon began contracting and conducting choral segments in films for the next 45 years.

When Wagner was offered a better-paying church job, he decided to install the 21-year-old Salamunovich as choir director at St. Charles Borromeo Church in North Hollywood, California in 1949 so that he was free to leave his position there. With great trepidation due to his complete lack of any previous conducting experience, Salamunovich reluctantly accepted the position at Wagner's insistence. For the next sixty years, he led the choir in regular services and a number of high-profile performances, including multiple appearances at the American Choral Directors Association (ACDA) Biennial National Conventions. Most notably, the St. Charles Choir sang for Pope John Paul II in a private audience at the Vatican, for the official Mass of Greeting with John Paul II presiding in St. Vibiana's Cathedral in Los Angeles, and in St. Peter's Square on the Feasts of St. Peter and St. Paul with John Paul II presiding at high Mass. They hold the distinction of being the only American choir to be honored with this invitation. The St. Charles Choir has performed on the soundtracks of the motion pictures "Flatliners", "Grand Canyon" and "True Confessions", for which Salamunovich also coached Robert De Niro on the sung responses of the Latin Mass. The choir also performed on television programs, including The NBC Doc Severinsen Christmas Special, "The Sounds of Christmas" that played for a number of years on Christmas Eve in place of "The Tonight Show." His St. Charles Boy's Choir served as the Disneyland Boy's Choir on the original "It's A Small World" album. This album was one of 25 recordings designated for landmark preservation status by the Library of Congress in 2022. They also performed on television in the Dinah Shore Chevy Special, The Lucy Show, and in films including the Bette Davis film "Dead Ringer", and on the soundtrack of "The Godfather". Former boy's choir members include Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and former UCLA football coach Terry Donahue. Salamunovich retired from St. Charles in June 2009, after 60 years there.

Salamunovich was hired to conduct the choirs at Mount St. Mary's college during the late 1950s and while teaching there, received his bachelor's degree in 1961. In 1964, Father Richard Trame, S.J. brought Salamunovich out to then, Loyola Marymount University (Los Angeles) to start a choral department from scratch. By the time Salamunovich left there to take over as conductor of the Los Angeles Master Chorale in 1991, he had brought Loyola Marymount's Choral department to preeminence as one of the nation's leading collegiate choral programs and he regularly conducted major works and premiers there. Salamunovich was honored with an honorary doctorate from LMU and was one of the inaugural inductees into the university's Faculty Hall of Fame.

He served as assistant conductor of the Roger Wagner Chorale from 1953 to 1977. When Wagner formed the Los Angeles Master Chorale, Salamunovich became assistant conductor of the Master Chorale. In this capacity, he led the majority of the Master Chorale's rehearsals, with Wagner stepping in to conduct the performances and some of the dress rehearsals. He also prepared the Master Chorale and other choirs for numerous performances with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, including those conducted by Igor Stravinsky, Bruno Walter, Eugene Ormandy, Georg Solti, Zubin Mehta, Carlo Maria Giulini, Valeri Gergiev, and Simon Rattle, among many others.

When the board of directors of the Master Chorale and Wagner parted ways in 1986, Wagner recommended Salamunovich to replace him; however, Salamunovich declined the board's invitation to submit audition materials, citing extensive prior conducting commitments booked for the next two years at festivals and all-states beyond even his normal academic and liturgical commitments. The board instead hired Scottish conductor John Currie as music director. Currie held the position until the end of the 1991 season; Salamunovich then accepted the Master Chorale's invitation and became its music director in January 1991, effective the fall of that year. "I'm sort of like the prodigal son, come back," Salamunovich said. "My choral heritage *is* this group."

Once he took over the Master Chorale, Salamunovich set out to restore the signature sound that existed for many years before Currie's tenure. As many insiders already knew, Salamunovich was more responsible for that sound, having led the chorale in the vast majority of their rehearsals as assistant conductor until his departure in 1977. "I expect to take back your tone about 25 years," Salamunovich told his singers at his first rehearsal as music director. "The choir has been top-heavy, very top-heavy. I want to get back to a pyramid blend, to the sound of an over-tone choir." In later interviews with the *Los Angeles Times*, his approach was described as follows:

> '"The smooth line of Gregorian chant is the goal," Salamunovich says. So is "looseness": releasing the muscles as if "throwing up." Articulation and audience comprehension too are ongoing themes. Not just diction but the quality of sound should convey meaning, the conductor maintains. "The foundation is built on the male voices. . . . I don't allow the sopranos to override them. I take the growl out of the basses and the ping out of the tenors. It's a kinder, gentler tone that says 'I love you.' "

He replaced Currie's bright, operatic sound with a warmer and richer sonority, mellow and blended "with the energy – or, should I say, foundation of the sound – coming from the lower voices."

His sound, though initially influenced by Wagner's, is more nimble and less heavy, becoming lyrical when the style of the piece requires it. Salamunovich describes it as "fervently with passion." The uniquely recognizable sound has become known as the "Salamunovich Sound," and he was able to achieve the same recognizable tone and phrasing from every group he conducted, even though each group contained a different set of voices and levels of expertise. Roger Wagner once said, "Paul, you make them sing the way you sang." Strangely, a myth persists in the public that Wagner tutored Salamunovich in some way and Wagner himself perpetuated that myth in the book, "The Voice of The Chorale," in which he claimed to have "taught that man (Salamunovich) practically everything I could teach anybody." The book was published in 1993; by then Salamunovich had been the conductor of the Master Chorale for three seasons marked by great acclaim for bringing the group to an artistic renaissance, and back from the brink of the tremendous financial and artistic challenges it faced before his arrival. A far more accurate accounting of the situation is that Wagner "utilized" Salamunovich as a frequent replacement so Wagner could be free to do other things, starting with Salamunovich's appointment to St. Charles Borromeo in North Hollywood, his first conducting position in 1949. Wagner decided to abandon the position because it didn't pay as well as other opportunities he was offered at other churches, and needed to find a replacement in order to make his exit. As the actual story goes, Wagner took Salamunovich to meet Pastor Monsignor Harry C. Meade and convinced him that the 21-year-old Salamunovich could not only conduct but could play the organ, neither of which was true at the time. Upon selling the pastor on the idea of his replacement, Wagner then gave Salamunovich the only conducting lesson he ever received from him or anyone else, and showed him the conducting patterns for the meters of the 2, 3 and 4/4 time signatures. When the terrified Salamunovich asked him, "What do I do now?" Wagner is reported to have said, "Practice!" No other pedagogic relationship existed between the two, although Salamunovich claimed Wagner as a mentor due to the opportunities Wagner gave him, and the fact that he would not have otherwise sought a career in conducting on his own. This was a distinction he shared with his contemporary and good friend, the great Robert Shaw, who also didn't initially seek a career in conducting. Both however, found themselves continually asked to do so until they eventually made conducting their careers. Salamunovich eulogized his friend at Shaw's funeral in 1999.

Salamunovich led the Los Angeles Master Chorale and Sinfonia Orchestra for ten years, during which time he selected a broad range of repertoire, from Renaissance pieces by 16th-century composers such as Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina and Tomás Luis de Victoria, the Classical and Romantic masterworks of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Brahms, to modern works, most notably those written by Morten Lauridsen, the Master Chorale's Composer-in-Residence from 1994 through 2001. "There's not a note I've written over these years in which I didn't have Paul and the unique sound he achieves with the Master Chorale in mind," Lauridsen once said. "The way phrases are put together and melody is created—I always write for them." This relationship between conductor and composer resulted in works such as *O Magnum Mysterium*, *Lux Aeterna*, and—written for Salamunovich's 70th birthday – *Ave Maria*. Salamunovich is also known for his interpretations of the 20th-century French composer Maurice Duruflé, whose compositions for orchestra and chorus are based upon chant motifs. Salamunovich prepared the St. Charles Choir for a Los Angeles performance of Durufle's Requiem with the composer conducting in November 1971. It was their only meeting, and with Salamunovich speaking no French and Duruflé speaking no English, their communication was left almost entirely to the music. Years later, one of Salamunovich's students toured the composer's home in Paris (now a museum curated by the Duruflé Society) and found a framed photograph of Salamunovich and Duruflé on the wall some 40 years later, commemorating their brief but memorable collaboration.

Upon retiring as Music Director of the Los Angeles Master Chorale in 2001, he was immediately named Music Director Emeritus, a title he held until his death. Salamunovich returned to the Chorale as guest conductor in 2005, making his debut in Disney Hall in a sold-out concert. He was one of the most in-demand choral clinicians, having conducted almost 1000 workshops and festivals throughout the United States, Canada, the Bahamas, South America, Europe, Australia, and the Far East. He led the St. Petersburg Philharmonic and the Master Chorale of the United States as part of the annual Festival of Sacred Music at the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome in November 2003. In 2012, he was an inaugural inductee to the Loyola Marymount University Faculty Hall of Fame.

Salamunovich was stricken with the West Nile virus in September 2013. After a seven-month battle to recover from the illness, he died from multiple complications on April 3, 2014, in Sherman Oaks, California. His rosary was held at St. Charles Borromeo on May 2, 2014. His funeral the following day at Blessed Sacrament Church in Hollywood was attended by over a thousand people. As was the custom with members of the St. Charles Choir who died, the choir came out of the choir loft and sat downstairs near the casket as family. The entire congregation was given music and singers from all the various choirs he conducted sang the Mass presided over by 14 priests, including Cardinal Roger Mahony. He is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery.

### Choral Legacy

In listening to the groups that Salamunovich led full-time at the professional, collegiate and church levels as well as his numerous guest conducting positions around the world, it is noteworthy that he managed to get his signature sound and interpretation no matter what level of ability the singers possessed. He also managed to accomplish this in a remarkably short amount of rehearsal time. His rehearsals were performances in themselves in which his analogies and "word pictures" turned subjective concepts into definable sounds that could immediately be grasped by the singers he conducted. Given his years conducting church choirs while having to play the organ, Salamunovich developed the use of his facial expressions almost like another set of hands to communicate the tone and vocal "shape" he wanted from the choir. He was noted for saying that singing was like acting and the facial expressions added a much more dramatic extension to the sounds he was able to bring forth. When conducting only, the use of BOTH his hands and face allowed him a much more intimate and precise communication with the choir and orchestra. His extremely successful international career as a choral clinician is a testament to his prodigious abilities as a teacher of the choral arts. An especially remarkable footnote to Salamunovich's entire career is he never set out to be a conductor and had never asked for an appointment in his life. Every single post or engagement he ever accepted was offered to him. He also never studied conducting and learned by doing largely due to the early situations in which he found himself. What is also noteworthy is his first post as a church choir conductor, is typically an entry-level post. Yet Salamunovich kept that first position his entire career while ascending up the ranks to the pinnacle of preeminent, American, choral conductors. He would regularly schedule his professional conducting duties on the international and national levels around his church duties so that he could be in the choir loft at St. Charles every Sunday (excluding summers) with rare exceptions. His students populate choral podiums around the world many of whom regularly cite his stories and analogies to their own singers. After being named Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Michael Mullen sent Salamunovich a signed photo telling him that his experiences under Salamunovich as a boy choir member, factored heavily into all the success that followed in his career. Although Salamunovich was never able to use a computer, a Facebook page dedicated to him by former students numbers over one thousand members who regularly post stories, photos, recordings and videos. The Paul Salamunovich papers are curated at the University of Southern California Library's Special Collections Department. They comprise all his marked scores as well as historical photos and correspondences and are available for study.

### Academic positions

He also held two honorary doctorates from Loyola Marymount University and the University of St. Thomas (Minnesota).

In addition, he taught 831 clinics and workshops throughout the U.S., Canada, South America, the Bahamas, Europe, Australia and the Far East.

### Papal audiences

In addition to his 2003 appearances at the Vatican, Salamunovich led the St. Charles Borromeo choir in three other performances for Pope John Paul II:

* In 1988, they sang at the Mass for the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul with Pope John Paul II presiding in St. Peter's Square in Rome. This was the only American choir ever invited to sing at this occasion.
* In 1987, they performed at the Cathedral of Saint Vibiana for the official welcome of the Pontiff to the City of Los Angeles
* In 1985, they performed for the Pope in a private audience in Clementine Hall of the Vatican Palace.

### Death

After becoming ill with the West Nile virus in September, 2013, Paul Salamunovich died at the age of 86 on April 3, 2014, at a hospital in Sherman Oaks, California, of complications of the disease. After hearing that he had passed while listening to a recording of the "In Paradisum" movement from his final performance of the Durufle' Requiem with the Master Chorale, KUSC played a performance he conducted when he taught there in 2008 as a memorial radio tribute three days later. His rosary was held at St. Charles Borromeo on May 2, 2014. His funeral was held the next day at Blessed Sacrament Church in Hollywood as St. Charles was deemed too small to house the roughly 1800 people who attended. As was the custom with members of the St. Charles Choir who died, the choir came out of the choir loft and sat downstairs near the casket as family. The entire congregation was given music and singers from all the various choirs he conducted, sang the Mass which was presided over by some 14 priests which included Cardinal Roger Mahoney. Pallbearers included composer and frequent collaborator Morten Lauridsen. He is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery.

## Recordings and DVDs

### Los Angeles Master Chorale releases

* *Lux Aeterna* by Morten Lauridsen (also featuring other Lauridsen works: *Chansons des Roses*, *Ave Maria*, *Mid-Winter Songs*, and *O Magnum mMsterium*) (RCM) Grammy Nomination for Best Choral Performance, 1998.
* Dominic Argento's *Te Deum* and *Missa "Cum Jubilo"* by Maurice Duruflé (with Rodney Gilfry as baritone soloist and Frederick Swann on organ (RCM))
* *Christmas*, a collection of songs (RCM)

### Los Angeles Philharmonic releases

### Hollywood Bowl Orchestra releases

### DVD

* "Choral Perspectives: Paul Salamunovich, Chant and Beyond" (2007), a documentary released by Hal Leonard Publishing

## Motion picture and TV work

Salamunovich was responsible for choral music for over 100 film and TV productions, including *The Godfather*, *Angels and Demons*, *First Knight*, *Air Force One*, *A.I.*, *XXX*, *Peter Pan*, *Flatliners*, *ER*, *The Sum of All Fears*, and Cirque du Soleil's *Journey of Man*. He coached Robert De Niro in Latin for the role of a priest in *True Confessions* in addition to conducting the choir for that movie.

His St. Charles Borromeo choir appeared with Henry Mancini and Doc Severinsen in the NBC Christmas Eve Special *The Sounds of Christmas* that ran for several years in place of *The Tonight Show* on Christmas Eve, while the boy choir has been featured on television on *The Lucy Show* and with Dinah Shore in the *Chevy Show*. His St. Charles Boy's Choir appeared as the Disneyland Boys Choir on the original Disney album, *It's A Small World*.

## Awards and recognition


title: Paul Saleh

abstract: Paul N. Saleh is an American business executive having served as CEO of the Atos Group from January to July 2024, after serving as CFO for the same group. Previously was president and chief executive officer for Gainwell Technologies. Mr. Saleh is currently a board member of Anterix. Mr Saleh also served as board member of Citadel Broadcasting Corporation, American Football Coaches Foundation and Perspecta Inc. In May 2012 Mr. Saleh was named CSC's Chief Financial Officer. In November 2010 Mr. Saleh was named Gannett's Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Saleh served as the chief financial officer (CFO) and executive vice president for Nextel Communications. He later served as interim chief executive officer (CEO) of Sprint Nextel Corporation in late 2007 and as the company's CFO from 2001 to 2008.

text:
# Paul Saleh

**Paul N. Saleh** is an American business executive having served as CEO of the Atos Group from January to July 2024, after serving as CFO for the same group. Previously was president and chief executive officer for Gainwell Technologies. Mr. Saleh is currently a board member of Anterix. Mr Saleh also served as board member of Citadel Broadcasting Corporation, American Football Coaches Foundation and Perspecta Inc. In May 2012 Mr. Saleh was named CSC's Chief Financial Officer (which became DXC Technology in 2017). In November 2010 Mr. Saleh was named Gannett's Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Saleh served as the chief financial officer (CFO) and executive vice president for Nextel Communications. He later served as interim chief executive officer (CEO) of Sprint Nextel Corporation in late 2007 and as the company's CFO from 2001 to 2008.

## Education and personal life

Saleh holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering, as well as an M.B.A., from the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business.

## Career

Before joining Nextel, Saleh served as senior vice president and treasurer for The Walt Disney Company from 1997 to 1999, and later became chief financial officer of Walt Disney International. Prior to Disney, he served as treasurer of Honeywell, where he spent 12 years in various leadership positions in finance, treasury, investor relations, strategic planning and operations. He served as executive vice president and CFO of Nextel Communications from September 2001 to August 2005, and he was appointed CFO of the combined company after Nextel's merger with Sprint. On October 8, 2007, he became the acting CEO of Sprint Nextel following Gary Forsee's resignation.

## Recognition

Institutional Investor Magazine named Saleh as the Best CFO in the telecom services wireless sector in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007. In June 2005, Treasury & Risk Management magazine included him among its list of the 100 Most Influential People in Finance. In 2003 and 2006, he received the Public Company CFO of the Year Award at the Greater Washington Technology CFO Awards.

## InfoBox

| Paul N. Saleh | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan |
| Occupation | Financial Officer |


title: Paul Salmon (rugby league)

abstract: Paul Salmon is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at representative level for Ireland, and at club level for Barrow Raiders, as a fullback, or wing.

text:
# Paul Salmon (rugby league)

**Paul Salmon** (born 6 March 1981) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at representative level for Ireland, and at club level for Barrow Raiders, as a fullback, or wing.

## Playing career

Paul Salmon was named in John Kear's England 'A' squad during August 2002. Salmon scored a national cup record 5 tries in one match VS Workington in 2002

In 2002, Salmon agreed a deal to join Widnes Vikings for the 2003 season, but requested his release during pre-season due to an ankle injury.

### International honours

Salmon won a cap for Ireland while at Barrow Raiders 1999 1-cap (sub). Salmon played for England schoolboys against France in 1997 whilst representing Barrow schoolboys ( 1 cap ), Salmon earned 4 caps for Great Britain and Ireland Young Lions in 1999 2 vs France and 2 vs Australian Schoolboys, Salmon toured South Africa with England under 21s in 2001 earning 1 cap vs South Africa

## InfoBox

Paul Salmon
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Paul Salmon |
| Born | (1981-03-06) 6 March 1981 |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Fullback, Wing |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1999–03 Barrow Raiders 74 34 3 1 143  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1999 Ireland 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: | |


title: Flapjax

abstract: Flapjax is a programming language built on JavaScript. It provides a spreadsheet-like reactive programming, dataflow computing style, termed functional reactive programming, making it easy to create reactive web pages without the burden of callbacks and potentially inconsistent mutation. Flapjax can be viewed in two ways: either as a library, for use in regular JavaScript programs, or as a new language that the compiler converts into generic JavaScript. In either case, the resulting programs can be run in a regular web browser. Flapjax comes with persistent storage and a simple application programming interface (API) that masks the complexity of using Ajax, and sharing and access control (AC) for server data. It is free and open-source software released under a 3-clause BSD license. The Flapjax compiler is written in the language Haskell.

text:
# Flapjax

**Flapjax** is a programming language built on JavaScript. It provides a spreadsheet-like reactive programming, dataflow computing style, termed functional reactive programming, making it easy to create reactive web pages without the burden of callbacks and potentially inconsistent mutation. Flapjax can be viewed in two ways: either as a library, for use in regular JavaScript programs, or as a new language that the compiler converts into generic JavaScript. In either case, the resulting programs can be run in a regular web browser. Flapjax comes with persistent storage and a simple application programming interface (API) that masks the complexity of using Ajax, and sharing and access control (AC) for server data.

It is free and open-source software released under a 3-clause BSD license.

The Flapjax compiler is written in the language Haskell.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Flapjax
| Paradigms | Multi-paradigm: event-driven, reactive, dataflow, functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based) |
| --- | --- |
| Designed by | Leo Meyerovich, Arjun Guha, Jacob Baskin, Gregory Cooper, Michael Greenberg, Aleks Bromfield, Shriram Krishnamurthi |
| First appeared | 2006 (2006) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 2.1 / 2 November 2009 (2009-11-02) |
|  | |
| Typing discipline | Dynamic, duck |
| Implementation language | JavaScript |
| Platform | Web browser |
| License | BSD 3-clause |
| Website | www.flapjax-lang.org |


title: Flapjack

abstract: Flapjack may refer to:

text:
# Flapjack

**Flapjack** may refer to:

## Food

* Flapjack (oat bar), a sweet tray-baked bar in British and Commonwealth cuisine
* Pancake, a flat cake made from batter, sometimes known as a "flapjack"

## Organisms

## Entertainment

## Other uses

* Flapjack River, a tributary of Mattawa Bay of the Gouin Reservoir in La Tuque, Quebec, Canada
* Flying Flapjack, nickname of the Vought XF5U experimental U.S. Navy World War II aircraft

* Flapjax, a computer programming language


title: Flaperon

abstract: A flaperon on an aircraft's wing is a type of control surface that combines the functions of both flaps and ailerons. Some smaller kitplanes have flaperons for reasons of simplicity of manufacture, while some large commercial aircraft such as the Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787 may have a flaperon between the flaps and aileron. The 787 has a configuration known as a SpoileFlaperon that combines the action of spoilers, flaps and ailerons into one control surface.

text:
# Flaperon

A **flaperon** (a portmanteau of *flap* and *aileron*) on an aircraft's wing is a type of control surface that combines the functions of both flaps and ailerons. Some smaller kitplanes have flaperons for reasons of simplicity of manufacture, while some large commercial aircraft such as the Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787 may have a flaperon between the flaps and aileron. The 787 has a configuration known as a SpoileFlaperon that combines the action of spoilers, flaps and ailerons into one control surface.

## Operation

In addition to controlling the roll or bank of an aircraft, as do conventional ailerons, both flaperons can be lowered together to reduce stall speed, similarly to a set of flaps.

On a plane with flaperons, the pilot still has the standard separate controls for ailerons and flaps, but the flap control also varies the flaperon's range of movement. A mechanical device called a "mixer" is used to combine the pilot's input into the flaperons. While the use of flaperons rather than ailerons and flaps might seem to be a simplification, some complexity remains through the intricacies of the mixer.

Some aircraft, such as the Denney Kitfox, suspend the flaperons below the wing (rather in the manner of slotted flaps) to provide undisturbed airflow at high angles of attack or low airspeeds. When the flaperon surface is hinged below the trailing edge of a wing, they are sometimes named "Junkers flaperons", from the *doppelflügel* (lit., "double wing") type of trailing edge surfaces used on a number of Junkers aircraft of the 1930s, such as the Junkers Ju 52 airliner, and the iconic Junkers Ju 87 *Stuka* World War II dive bomber.

## Research

Research seeks to coordinate the functions of aircraft flight control surfaces (ailerons, elevators, elevons, flaps, and flaperons) so as to reduce weight, cost, drag, and inertia, and thereby achieve improved control response, reduced complexity, and reduced radar visibility for stealth purposes. Beneficiaries of such research might include drones (UAVs) and the latest fighter aircraft.

These research approaches include flexible wings and fluidics:

### Flexible wings

In flexible wings, much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow. The X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing is a NASA effort. The Adaptive Compliant Wing is a military and commercial effort. This may be seen as a return to the wing warping used and patented by the Wright brothers.

### Fluidics

In fluidics, forces in vehicles occur via circulation control, in which larger, more complex mechanical parts are replaced by smaller simpler fluidic systems (slots which emit air flows), where larger forces in fluids are diverted by smaller jets or flows of fluid intermittently, to change the direction of vehicles. In this use, fluidics promises lower mass and costs (as little as half), and very low inertia and response times, as well as simplicity.


abstract: The Florida State University Business Review is a student-run law review published at the Florida State University College of Law. The Business Review's mission is: "Providing a scholarly forum for contemporary legal discourse and to address the issues and concerns transforming the business law community." The Business Review publishes in its annual volume articles by academics and practitioners, as well as notes written by second- and third-year law students.

text:
# Florida State University Business Review

The ***Florida State University Business Review*** (or the ***Business Review***) is a student-run law review published at the Florida State University College of Law. The *Business Review*'s mission is: "Providing a scholarly forum for contemporary legal discourse and to address the issues and concerns transforming the business law community." The *Business Review* publishes in its annual volume articles by academics and practitioners, as well as notes written by second- and third-year law students.

## History

Founded in 2000, the *Business Review* published its first issue in the summer of 2001. The Business Review was founded by then-third year law students Kenneth Hamner, Amy Avalos, and Brian Barnett. The inaugural issues were funded by a grant through the FSU College of Graduate Students. Although the journal's current and original title is officially the *Florida State University Business Review*, between 2005 and 2007 the journal was titled the *Business Law Review*.

## Admissions

The *Business Review* typically selects its staff editors through bi-annual writing competition, held among the Florida State University College of Law students. In addition, admission is offered to students who receive the highest grades in certain legal writing or business law courses. Law students may also be offered admission if they write a note that is accepted for publication in the *Business Review*. All *Business Review* members are required to have and maintain minimum grade point average requirements throughout their tenure on the journal.

## InfoBox

*Florida State University Business Review*
| Discipline | Law |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Natalie Alonso |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | Business Law Review (2005-2007) |
| History | 2000–present |
| Publisher | West Publishing (United States) |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Standard abbreviations<br> | |
| Bluebook | *Fla. St. U. Bus. Rev.* |
| ISO 4 | *Fla. State Univ. Bus. Rev.* |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: SS Hewitt

abstract: The SS Hewitt was a steel hulled bulk freighter built for the J. S. Emery Steamship Co. of Boston, Massachusetts, as the Pacific. She was sold to the Union Sulphur Company in 1915 and in 1921 she and her entire crew disappeared without a trace off the southeast coast of the United States.

text:
# SS Hewitt

The **SS *Hewitt*** was a steel hulled bulk freighter built for the J. S. Emery Steamship Co. of Boston, Massachusetts, as the *Pacific*. (She had one sister ship named *Atlantic*.) She was sold to the Union Sulphur Company in 1915 and in 1921 she and her entire crew disappeared without a trace off the southeast coast of the United States.

## Description

The ship was 387 feet 7 inches (118.14 m) long, with a beam of 54 feet 3 inches (16.54 m) and a depth of 27 feet 7 inches (8.41 m). She was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of 25 inches (64 cm), 41 inches (100 cm) and 68 inches (170 cm) diameter by 48 inches (120 cm) stroke. The engine was rated at 2,000 ihp. Steam was produced by three boilers, 13 feet 9 inches (4.19 m) diameter by 11 feet 11 inches (3.63 m) length, working at a pressure of 190 lb/in2. The engine drove a single screw propeller, it could propel the ship at 12 knots (22 km/h). She was assessed at 5,399 GRT, 3,395 NRT.

## History

*Pacific* was built by the Fore River Shipbuilding Co. of Quincy, Massachusetts, for the J. S. Emery Steamship Co. Her port of registry was Boston, Massachusetts. She was delivered in September 1914. *Pacific* was purchased by the Union Sulphur Company in 1915. After a refit she was renamed *Hewitt*. The American Official Number 212560 was allocated. Her port of registry was changed to New York City. She was later allocated the Code Letters LDPG. Exactly what modifications, if any, Union Sulphur Co. made are unknown, but she probably remained mostly as she was built. The ship was described as "one of the largest bulk cargo carriers constructed in the United States."

*Hewitt* plied the route along the American east coast. During World War I she delivered sulfur to ammunition and chemical industries. Beginning on 9 August 1917, when the Navy requisitioned the ship in Newport News, Virginia and, continuing until the end of the war, she shipped war materials to various French Atlantic ports. During this time, she became the first U.S. merchant marine vessel fitted with a six-inch gun, designed for defense against German U-boats. Apparently, no war-related incidents were reported. After the war, she remained with Union Sulphur Co., returning to the company in Norfolk, Virginia on 26 February 1919.

In October 1920, the vessel was taken to Hoboken, New Jersey for an overhaul that lasted 45 days at a cost of $100,000. Following the overhaul, she was inspected and certified by the United States Steamboat Inspectors in Portland.

Under command of Capt. Hans Jakob Hansen, she left fully loaded from Sabine Pass, Port Arthur, Texas on 20 January 1921. She was bound for Portland, Maine with a stop in Boston, Massachusetts. She made her regular radio calls on 24 January and 25 January, and reported nothing unusual. She was last seen 250 nautical miles (460 km) north of Jupiter Inlet, Florida. From that time to this, she remains missing. No further radio signals from her were received. After the *Hewitt* failed to arrive in Boston on its expected due date of 29 January, Union Sulphur sent the ship's wireless call (K I L) through Atlantic coastal stations, and notified the United States Navy. A huge search along her route found nothing.

Initial hypotheses about the ship's disappearance were varied. Initially, Coast Guard officials in Atlantic City reported hearing an explosion and seeing a flash approximately 20 miles (32 km) offshore on the night of 3 February, and connected this event with the *Hewitt*. No further evidence linking this explosion to the *Hewitt*, however, was ever found. A British insurance company suggested that the *Hewitt* may have sunk in a collision with the *Carroll A. Deering*, another ship that vanished around the same time, but examinations of the *Deering* after it came ashore (without a crew) did not show damage consistent with a collision. Others speculated about piracy, perhaps connected with "Bolshevik raiders" in the aftermath of the Red Scare, although authorities discounted these suggestions. These concerns were fueled further because of the subsequent disappearance of several other vessels in nearby waters during 1921.

In the aftermath, families of the victims filed suit against Union Sulphur Co., seeking more than $100,000 in damages. In a representative case, two families in Portland received settlements of $2,500 each; the court deemed that the crew members were presumed drowned off Florida.

The Union Sulphur Company owned many ships. It eventually transitioned to oil and gas production and, through a series of transactions, became part of British multinational energy company BP.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * *Pacific* (1914–15) * *Hewitt* (1915–21) |
| Owner |  |
| Port of registry | New York City, United States |
| Builder | Fore River Shipbuilding Co |
| Launched | 4 August 1914 |
| Completed | September 1914 |
| Out of service | January 1921 |
| Identification | * United States Official Number 212560 * Code Letters LDPG * |
| Fate | Missing since 26 January 1921 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 5,399 GRT, 3,395 NRT |
| Length | 420 ft (128 m) |
| Beam | 60 ft (18 m) |
| Depth | 38 ft (12 m) |
| Installed power | Triple expansion steam engine, 2,000 ihp |
| Propulsion | Single screw propeller |
| Speed | 12 knots (22 km/h) |
| Crew | 42 |


title: Sabine Sinjen

abstract: Sabine Sinjen was a German film actress. She appeared in more than 50 films between 1957 and 1994. Sinjen was married to television director Peter Beauvais from 1963 to 1984. She appeared as one of 28 women under the banner We've had abortions! on the cover page of the West German magazine Stern on 6 June 1971. In that issue, 374 women publicly stated that they had had pregnancies terminated, which at that time was illegal.

text:
# Sabine Sinjen

**Sabine Sinjen** (18 August 1942  18 May 1995) was a German film actress. She appeared in more than 50 films between 1957 and 1994. Sinjen was married to television director Peter Beauvais from 1963 to 1984.

She appeared as one of 28 women under the banner We've had abortions! (Wir haben abgetrieben!) on the cover page of the West German magazine *Stern* on 6 June 1971. In that issue, 374 women publicly stated that they had had pregnancies terminated, which at that time was illegal.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Sabine Sinjen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1942-08-18)18 August 1942
Itzehoe, Germany |
| Died | 18 May 1995(1995-05-18) (aged 52)
Berlin, Germany |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1957–1994 |
| Spouse(s) | Peter Beauvais (1963-1984) (divorced)
 |


title: Hodgdon Powder Company

abstract: The Hodgdon Powder Company began in 1952 as B.E. Hodgdon, Inc., and has become a major distributor of smokeless powder for the ammunition industry, as well as for individuals who load their own ammunition by hand. The company's corporate office and manufacturing facilities are located in Kansas, United States. Hodgdon acquired IMR Powder Company in 2003. Winchester branded reloading powders have been distributed in the United States by Hodgdon since March 2006.

text:
# Hodgdon Powder Company

The **Hodgdon Powder Company** began in 1952 as B.E. Hodgdon, Inc., and has become a major distributor of smokeless powder for the ammunition industry, as well as for individuals who load their own ammunition by hand. The company's corporate office and manufacturing facilities are located in Kansas, United States. Hodgdon acquired IMR Powder Company in 2003. Winchester branded reloading powders have been distributed in the United States by Hodgdon since March 2006.

## Background

In the opening days of World War II, a chemist friend of Bruce E. Hodgdon was casually reminiscing about World War I. He mentioned the quantities of surplus smokeless powder the military had dumped at sea after the war; and speculated how useful that would have been to handloaders struggling through the Great Depression. He anticipated a similar surplus powder situation might occur after World War II. Hodgdon began investigating availability of surplus powder when the war ended; and sales to handloaders began in 1946. One of the first powders he found was 4895 used for loading .30-06 Springfield service ammunition. He purchased 25 tons of government surplus 4895 for $2000 and then purchased two boxcars to store it in preparation for resale at 75 cents per pound. His family initially packaged the powder for resale in the basement of their home. In 1947, he began acquisition of 80 tons of spherical powder salvaged from disassembled .303 British military rifle cartridges manufactured in the United States. By 1949, he was marketing the powder as BL type C. The C was to indicate the powder burned "cooler" than traditional Improved Military Rifle (IMR) powders. In 1949, he began acquisition of powder salvaged from disassembled Oerlikon 20mm cannon cartridges. This powder resembled IMR 4350 in appearance, and with a slower burning rate, was initially marketed as "4350 Data", and later as 4831.

United States powder manufacturers had discontinued production of sporting ammunition during World War II; and after the war attempted to exercise greater product safety control by emphasizing sales of loaded ammunition rather than resuming production of handloading components. A common approach to product safety involved offering ammunition safe for use in the oldest or weakest firearm chambered for that cartridge. Owners of stronger firearms found and experimented with Hodgdon's previously unknown powders to achieve ballistics superior to available factory ammunition for older cartridges like the 7.92×57mm Mauser. Long-range shooters found 4831 was superior to previously available powders for high-capacity bottle-necked cases.

## History

United States powder manufacturers resumed powder sales of one-pound (454 gram) canisters after observing Hodgdon's successful sales to handloaders. DuPont resumed retail distribution of their pre-war nitrocellulose Improved Military Rifle (IMR) series; and Hercules Powder Company resumed production of six of their pre-war double-base powders. Hodgdon Powder Company began using an H-prefix to differentiate powders distributed by Hodgdon from competitors. Surplus Vulcan cannon spherical powder was distributed as H870 beginning in 1959.

All of the surplus BL type C had been sold by 1961. Olin Corporation had manufactured the powder as 846, and continued production for loading 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges. Hodgdon began marketing post-war production as spherical BL-C lot no. 2, or BL-C(2). Olin began retail distribution of Winchester-Western ball powders for pistol and shotgun loading in 1960; and Winchester-Western rifle ball powders followed in 1968. Hodgdon distributed spherical powders HS-5 and HS-6 for shotguns and H110, H335, H380, H414, and H450 for rifles.

DuPont added IMR 4895 to their retail distribution line in 1962, and added IMR 4831 in 1973 when supplies of surplus H4831 were exhausted. Hodgdon then acquired newly manufactured H4831 from Nobel Enterprises in Scotland. The Nobel formulations offer similar ballistic performance, but substitute centralite deterrent coatings for dinitrotoluene used in United States formulations. Handloaders were advised H-prefix powders were not the same as IMR-prefix powders of the same number. Hodgdon distributed H4198 and H4227 similar to IMR powders distributed by DuPont.

## Modern black powder substitutes

Hodgdon's product line includes Pyrodex and Triple Seven, which are modern substitutes for black powder and intended for use in muzzleloaders and certain antique firearms. Consequences of black powder's easy ignition by sparks or static electricity make manufacture and storage hazardous. The sole factory of the United States' largest 20th-century black powder manufacturer was closed by an accidental explosion as 1970 legislation established new regulations discouraging merchants from stocking black powder for sale. Future historical re-enactments with replica firearms appeared doubtful until Hodgdon introduced black powder substitute *Pyrodex* in 1975 with black powder combustion characteristics and smokeless powder safety.

## InfoBox

Hodgdon Powder Company
|
|  |
| Industry | Manufacturer of ammunition components |
| Founded | 1966 |
| Headquarters | 6430 Vista Drive, Shawnee, Kansas 66218 |
| Key people | Bruce E. Hodgdon, founder; J.B. Hodgdon; Bob Hodgdon |
| Products | smokeless powders; and black powder substitutes |
| Website | https://www.hodgdon.com/ |


title: STSat-2C

abstract: STSat-2C, or Science and Technology Satellite-2C, or Naro Science Satellite (ko:나로과학위성) was a South Korean satellite which was launched in 2013. It was operated by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), and was intended to demonstrate technology for future spacecraft. The satellite had a mass of 100 kg (220 lb), and was expected to operate for less than a year.

text:
# STSat-2C

**STSat-2C**, or **Science and Technology Satellite-2C**, or **Naro Science Satellite** (ko:나로과학위성) was a South Korean satellite which was launched in 2013. It was operated by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), and was intended to demonstrate technology for future spacecraft. The satellite had a mass of 100 kg (220 lb), and was expected to operate for less than a year.

## Instruments

STSAT-2C carries six payloads: the Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) allows the spacecraft to be tracked with centimeter accuracy by satellite laser ranging (SLR) stations which make up the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS). A Langmuir probe will be used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of plasma. The Space Radiation Effects Monitor (SREM) will be used for measurements and monitoring of the near-earth space environment. In addition, the Reaction Wheel Assembly (RWA), IR Sensor (IRS), and Femto second Laser Oscillator (FSO) are carried for the verification of new space technologies.

## Launch

STSat-2C was launched at 07:00:00 UTC on 30 January 2013, on the third flight of the Naro-1 launch vehicle, with a Russian first stage derived from the Angara and a South Korean second stage. Liftoff occurred from the Naro Space Center, and the launch vehicle successfully deployed the satellite into at 301 by 1,433 km (187 by 890 mi) low Earth orbit, with an orbital inclination of 80.26° and orbital period of 102.14 minutes. The launch marked the first successful flight of the Naro-1, which had previously failed to launch STSat-2A in 2009 and STSat-2B in 2010.

## InfoBox

STSat-2C
| An artist rendering of the STSat-2C satellite. | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | Science and Technology Satellite-2C
Naro Science Satellite |
|  | |
| Mission type | Technology, Science |
| Operator | Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) |
| COSPAR ID | 2013-003A |
| SATCAT no. | 39068 |
| Mission duration | Planned: 1 year
Final: 6 years, 9 months and 13 days |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | STSat |
| Bus | STSat-2A |
| Manufacturer | Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) |
| Launch mass | 100 kg (220 lb) |
| Dimensions | 62 cm x 70 cm x 90 cm |
| Power | 160 watts |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 30 January 2013, 07:00:00 UTC |
| Rocket | Naro-1 \# 3 |
| Launch site | Naro Space Center |
| Contractor | Khrunichev / KARI |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Disposal | Deorbited |
| Decay date | 13 November 2019 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Low Earth orbit |
| Perigee altitude | 301 km (187 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 1,433 km (890 mi) |
| Inclination | 80.26° |
| Period | 102.14 minutes |
|  | |
| Instruments | |
| Langmuir probe
Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA)
Space Radiation Effects Monitor (SREM)
Reaction Wheel Assembly (RWA)
IR Sensor (IRS)
Femto second Laser Oscillator (FSO) | |
| **STSat program** | |


title: STSat-2B

abstract: STSat-2B, or Science and Technology Satellite-2B, was a South Korean satellite which was lost in the failure of the second flight of the Naro-1 launch vehicle. It was to have been operated by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), and was intended to demonstrate technology for future spacecraft. The satellite had a mass of 100 kg (220 lb), and was expected to operate for at least two years. STSat-2B was originally intended to operate alongside a second spacecraft, STSat-2A; however STSat-2A was lost in 2009 after the payload fairing of its carrier rocket failed to separate, leaving the rocket unable to achieve orbit.

text:
# STSat-2B

**STSat-2B**, or **Science and Technology Satellite-2B**, was a South Korean satellite which was lost in the failure of the second flight of the Naro-1 launch vehicle. It was to have been operated by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), and was intended to demonstrate technology for future spacecraft. The satellite had a mass of 100 kg (220 lb), and was expected to operate for at least two years.

STSat-2B was originally intended to operate alongside a second spacecraft, STSat-2A; however STSat-2A was lost in 2009 after the payload fairing of its carrier rocket failed to separate, leaving the rocket unable to achieve orbit.

## Instruments

The primary instrument aboard STSat-2B was the Dual-channel Radiometer for Earth and Atmosphere Monitoring, or DREAM, which would have measured the brightness temperature of the Earth at 23.8 GHz and 37 GHz. The secondary payload, the Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) was to have been used for the Satellite laser ranging experiment, which was intended to determine the parameters of the satellite's orbit with a greater degree of precision. Data collected by the secondary payload would have been used to calibrate DREAM, to conduct geodetic research, and to evaluate the performance of the launch vehicle. Due to lower manufacturing tolerance, the retroreflectors on STSat-2B would have provided greater precision than those intended on STSat-2A.

A series of technological experiments were also to have been conducted; investigating attitude control systems, and testing pulsed plasma thrusters, star trackers, a Sun sensor, as well as an experimental onboard computer, and data relay at rates of up to 10 megabits per second.

## Launch

STSat-2B was launched by a Naro-1 launch vehicle, flying from the Naro Space Center. The launch was the second flight of the Naro-1, which consisted of a modified Angara first stage manufactured by Khrunichev, and a South Korean solid-fuelled upper stage. The previous Naro-1 launch was that of STSat-2A, which occurred in August 2009 and ended in failure.

The launch was initially scheduled to occur on 9 June 2010, during a two-hour launch window opening at 07:30 UTC (16:30 local time). Further launch attempts were available at the same time each day until 19 June 2010. The launch attempt on 9 June 2010 was scrubbed after the launch pad's fire suppression system activated for no apparent reason.

Following the scrub, the launch was rescheduled for the next day, and took place at 08:01 UTC (17:01 local time) on 10 June 2010. During the first stage burn, around 137 seconds into the flight, contact with the rocket was lost. South Korean science minister Ahn Byung-man later told reporters that the rocket was believed to have exploded. If the launch had been successful, STSat-2B would have been deployed into an orbit with a perigee of 300 km (190 mi), an apogee of 1,500 km (930 mi), and around 80.0° of inclination.

## InfoBox

STSat-2B
| Names | Science and Technology Satellite-2B |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Technology, Science |
| Operator | Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) |
| Mission duration | 2 years (planned)
Failed to orbit |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | STSat |
| Bus | STSat-2A |
| Manufacturer | KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center (SaTReC) |
| Launch mass | 100 kg (220 lb) |
| Dimensions | 62 cm x 70 cm x 90 cm |
| Power | 160 watts |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 10 June 2010, 08:01 UTC |
| Rocket | Naro-1 \# 2 |
| Launch site | Naro Space Center |
| Contractor | Khrunichev / KARI |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Last contact | Failed to orbit |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Low Earth (planned) |
| Perigee altitude | 300 km (190 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 1,500 km (930 mi) |
| Inclination | 80.0° |
| Period | 103.0 minutes |
|  | |
| Instruments | |
| Dual-channel Radiometers for Earth and Atmosphere Monitoring (DREAM)
Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA)
Dual Head Star Tracker (DHST)
Pulsed Plasma Thruster (PPT)
Fine Digital Sun Sensor (FDSS) | |
| **STSat program** | |


# Historic properties in Fort Huachuca National Historic District

This is a list with images of some of the historic structures and places in the Fort Huachuca National Historic District in Arizona. The district, also known as Old Fort Huachuca, is located within Fort Huachuca an active United States Army installation under the command of the United States Army Installation Management Command. The fort sits at the base of the Huachuca Mountains four miles west of the town of Sierra Vista, on AZ 90 in Cochise County, Arizona.

During the Apache Wars General Nelson A. Miles used Fort Huachuca as his headquarters until the surrender of Geronimo in 1886. In 1913, the fort became the base for the 10th Cavalry Regiment also known as the "Buffalo Soldiers", which was composed of African Americans. General John Pershing used the fort as a forward logistics and supply base from 1916 to 1917 in his expedition against Pancho Villa and his men, The fort was once commanded by Charles Young, the first African American to be promoted to colonel. Fort Huachuca was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977.

## Brief early history

The Clovis people, were hunters of the now-extinct mammoth and other large game. They lived in the area 13,000 years ago. According to archaeologists, the area where the fort is located, was Inhabited since link CE by various Native-American tribes. Among those tribes were the Hohokam, Mogollon and the Trincheras. Apache pictographs from the 1700s were also discovered.

In 1540, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado led an expedition and passed through the area in search of transportable riches, rumored to be in the "Seven Cities of Cibola". Coronado and his men were the first Europeans to explore the area, however the "Seven Cities of Cibola", whose structures were supposed to be made of gold, was only a myth.

Father Kino, the traveling Padre of the Southwest, passed through this area in 1699. Father Kino was a Jesuit, missionary, geographer, explorer, cartographer and astronomer who established many missions in the Southwest.

The area became part of Mexico in 1821, when Mexico fought for and gained its independence from Spain. In 1854, it ceased to be part of Mexico and became a United States Territory (New Mexico Territory). In 1863, Arizona became an official United States territory as a result of Gadsden Purchase.

## Camp Huachuca

After gold was discovered in California, pioneers of European heritage from the east coast of the United States, began to migrate to the West and Southwestern territories of the United States. Many of these pioneers settled in Arizona and some established travel routes by the area close to where the fort currently stands. The early settlers and travelers were under constant attack by the Chiricahua Apaches who would proceed to escape to sanctuary in Mexico via the routes through the San Pedro and Santa Cruz valleys.

Geronimo was a Chiricahua Apache who became a leader during the Apache Wars. On one occasion when Geronimo was 28 years old, he was away from his camp with the rest of the male Apache warriors. When they returned they saw that many of the women and children had been slaughtered, including Geronimo's mother, wife and three of his children. This incident set him on the path of fighting against the colonizing forces that sought to control and oppress the Apache and take their lands.

In February 1877, Col. August V. Kautz, commander of the Department of Arizona, ordered that a camp be established in the Huachuca Mountains. The Huachuca Mountains, whose name means "place of thunder", was named as such by the Native-Americans. Camp Huachuca was designated a fort and renamed as such in 1882.

In 1886, Gen. Nelson A. Miles designated Fort Huachuca as his advance headquarters and forward supply base for the Geronimo campaign. In 1886, Miles replaced General George Crook as commander of the forces fighting against Geronimo, Miles relied on white troops, who eventually traveled 3,000 miles (4,800 km) without success as they tracked Geronimo through the tortuous Sierra Madre Mountains. First Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood, who had studied Apache ways, succeeded in negotiating a surrender, under the terms of which Geronimo and his followers agreed to spend two years on a Florida reservation. Geronimo agreed on these terms, being unaware of the real plot behind the negotiations (that there was no intent to let them go back to their native lands). The exile included even the Chiricahuas who had worked for the army, in violation of Miles' agreement with them. Miles denied Gatewood any credit for the negotiations and had him transferred to the Dakota Territory.

## Buffalo Soldiers

After the surrender of Geronimo, trouble continued to brew with renegade Native-Americans, Mexican bandits; especially with the followers of Pancho Villa, and American outlaws and freebooters. In 1913, Fort Huachuca became the base for the 10th Cavalry Regiment "Buffalo Soldiers", which was composed of African Americans. The 10th Cavalry continued to fight the Apaches after Geronimo's surrender in 1886. A detachment of 10th Cavalry fought one of their last battles of the Apache Wars north of Globe at the Salt River during an expedition on March 7, 1890. After the battle Sergeant William McBryar, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the pursuit of the Apache warriors.

General John Pershing used the fort as a forward logistics and supply base from 1916 to 1917 in his expedition against Pancho Villa and his men. Pershing sent the 10th Cavalry in pursuit of Villa and his men. Then-Major Charles Young, an African-American, commanded a squadron of the 10th Cavalry during the “Punitive Expedition” into Mexico. In Mexico they were confronted by peasants with pro Villa sympathies. The authorities in Mexico considered it a disgrace if Villa was captured by the Americans and therefore provided misleading information which resulted in the failure of Pershing's Villa campaign.

Upon his return from Mexico, then-Lieutenant Colonel Young established a school for African American enlisted men at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. He foresaw the coming of future wars and was determined that men of his race would be prepared to enter an officers’ training camp if one should be established. Young, was the first African American to be promoted to colonel. In September 1916, he became the commander of Fort Huachuca.

## The Old Post Cemetery

The historic Old Post Cemetery was established in 1877 on the southwest corner of Grierson and Mizner Avenues. The cemetery was moved to its present location on May 18, 1883. Buried are many of the soldiers who perished during the Apache Wars including Apache Scouts and their families. There are over 4,124 U.S. Military Personnel buried in the cemetery. Among the buried are Apache Scout Shorten Bread, one of the Apache Scouts of General George Crook who helped to track Geronimo, and his son Shorten Bread Jr. Miss Carrie A. Clark, who served as postmistress, is also buried there. Also buried in the cemetery is Colonel Louis A. Carter, the only African-American chaplain, who served with all four of the black regiments of the Regular Army. Carter was the second African-American Army chaplain to be promoted to colonel. At Fort Huachuca, he served as post chaplain from 1913 to 1915 and again from 1935 to 1940. There are some unmarked graves outside the cemetery's wall. Criminals were prevented from being buried within the cemetery itself. The "Mourning Hearts, A Soldier's Family", a bronze sculpture by Jessica McCain and presented by the Huachuca Museum Society in 1996, is situated inside the cemetery. The statue depicts a nameless woman and children mourning the loss of her husband, a Soldier with a backdrop of gravestones. The address of the 7.3 acre cemetery is 104 Burt Road.

## Currently

The historic district, which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977, is located within Fort Huachuca an active United States Army installation under the command of the United States Army Installation Management Command.

## Historic properties pictured

The historic properties, places and items pictured are the following:

* The **Pershing House** – Built in 1884. General John J. Pershing, stayed in this house, named in is honor, in 1922.
* The **Original Fort Headquarters** – Built in 1880, Now the Fort Huachuca Museum. The Fort Huachuca Museum opened in 1960 and serves the Fort by collecting, preserving and exhibiting artifacts representing its own history and the larger history of the military in the Southwest.

* The **Old Post Barracks** – Built in 1883. They were constructed as double barracks. The four buildings are now used as administration buildings and each is named after a cavalry unit which was once stationed in the old fort Huachuca. The names are: 6th Cavalry Hall (22208), 4th Cavalry Hall (22214), lOth Cavalry Hall (22216), and 5th Cavalry Hall (22320).
* The **Leonard Wood Hall** – Built in 1885. A large two-storied building used as the hospital. The building was named after Major General Leonard Wood, Medal of Honor recipient and Chief of Staff of the Army from 1910 to 1914.
* The **Ordnance Warehouse** – Built in 1882. In the 1930s, the building served as Salvador Sepulveda's shoe repair shop.
* The **Hangman's Warehouse** – Built in 1880. The Hangman's Warehouse is mainly remembered for the execution of two murderers in the 1940s. In 1942, Private James Rowe stabbed a fellow soldier to death in a dispute over stolen cigarettes. One year later, Staff Sergeant Jerry Sykes murdered a woman with whom he had been having an affair. Both were hanged for their crimes beneath the side windows of the warehouse.
* **Rodney Hall** – Built in 1917. Now Military Intelligence Branch headquarters. Colonel George B. Rodney, who once commanded Fort Huachuca, was the first occupant of this structure. Rodney was to command 10th Cavalry during World War I.
* **Sam Kee Hall** – Built in 1885. The Hall is now used by a headquarters staff element. It is named after Sam Kee, who first opened a post concession in 1881.
* The **Buffalo Soldier Legacy Plaza** – Dedicated on April 23, 2009.
* A **Parrott Rifle** – An 1861 cannon, also known as the “Parrott Gun.”, in the Brown Parade Field which once used in the Apache Wars
* The **Old Fort Cemetery** – Established in 1877. Its first burial was Private F.P. Kelly of the 6th US Cavalry Regiment, who died on December 22, 1877. Colonel Louis A. Carter, the only African-American chaplain, who served with all four of the black regiments of the Regular Army, is buried there.
* The **Mourning Hearts Statue** – Dedicated in 1996 to the wives who lost their husbands in service.

## Properties not pictured

The historic properties which are not pictured are the following:

* The **Bernard House (#22116)** – Completed in 1884,
* The **Hazen House (#22104)** – Was constructed in 1891
* The **Carr House (#22114)**
* The **Miles House (#22128)** – The building today bears the name of General Nelson A. Miles.
* The **Wilder House (#22132)** – Is named for Colonel Wilbur E. Wilder who commanded the 5th Cavalry at Fort Huachuca in 1913.
* The **Winans House (#22138)** – Honors Colonel Edwin B. Winans who commanded the Post and the l0th Cavalry from 1920 to 1923.
* The **Macomb House (#22140)** – Honors Captain Augustus C. Macomb who commanded the 5th Cavalry and Fort Huachuca.
* The **Sanford House (#22144)** – Is named for Major George Bliss Sanford, 1st US Cavalry, who was a Huachuca commander in 1881. He began his career in Arizona as a Lieutenant of the Dragoons in 1862, returning to the Arizona Territory after several Civil War actions.
* The **Brayton Hall (#21115)** – Had its beginnings in 1887 as an amusement hall
* The **DeRussy Hall (#22326)** – Was named for another Post Commander (1891–92), Colonel Isaac D. DeRussy, 11th US Infantry. This $800 adobe structure was first opened 1D 1899 as a Post Office and school.
* The **Gresham Hall (#22332)** – Was completed in 1883 as the Quartermaster's Storehouse
* The **Mar Kim Hall (#22334)** – Was named for a nephew of Sam Kee.

## Further reading

* "Fort Huachuca (AZ) (Images of America)"; By: Ethel Jackson Price (Author); Publisher : Arcadia Publishing; ISBN 978-0738529462
* "Fort Huachuca: The Story of a Frontier Post Paperback"; By Cornelius C Jr Smith (Author); Publisher : University Press of the Pacific; ISBN 978-0898750638

## InfoBox

| Fort Huachuca National Historic District | |
| --- | --- |
| Sierra Vista, Arizona | |
| Landmark sign on the Brown Parade Field in the historic district of Fort Huachuca | |
| Location of Fort Huachuca, Arizona. | |
| Coordinates | 31°33′19″N 110°20′59″W / 31.555357°N 110.349754°W / 31.555357; -110.349754 |
| Type | Army Post |