title: Wayne Freedman

abstract: Wayne Freedman is a former feature reporter for KGO-TV; the ABC owned television station in San Francisco, California.

text:
# Wayne Freedman

**Wayne Freedman** is a former feature reporter for KGO-TV; the ABC owned television station in San Francisco, California.

## Early life and education

Freedman was raised in Los Angeles by his parents, Alicia Krug Freedman, a Broadway performer, and Mike Freedman, who worked as a director, producer, and cameraman for ABC for 42 years.

Freedman's education included Hughes Junior High School in Woodland Hills, California. Through his work in the school newspaper, he became published with a regular column in a Los Angeles newspaper at the age of fourteen. Wayne graduated from Chaminade High School 1n 1972, where he participated on the Track Varsity team as a pole vaulter. He worked as an apprentice at KABC-TV while earning a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of California, Los Angeles. He then studied journalism at the University of Missouri, earning a master's degree in 1978.

## Career

In the late 1970s Freedman began his television reporting career at WLKY-TV in Louisville, Kentucky before moving to WAVE-TV. Freedman then worked at KDFW-TV in Dallas, Texas and then moved to San Francisco in 1981 to work for KRON-TV. He also worked for the CBS News morning show for a year and a half.

In 1991, he began his tenure at KGO-TV and during his career, his coverage included Russia in 1992 and Hurricane Katrina. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, he traveled across the United States by train, speaking with people along the way to Ground Zero. In 2006 he repeated this trip to mark the five-year anniversary of the attack.

Freedman is the author of a book, *It Takes More Than Good Looks To Succeed In Television Reporting*, first published in 2003. In a 2005 review for *Journalism & Mass Communication Educator*, Lee Hood writes, "Freedman, one of the pre-eminent feature reporters in the country, effectively weaves examples from more than a quarter century of experience in local news (he is now at KGO in San Francisco) and network news (CBS) to illustrate important points about the art of television news reporting." In 2011, his book had been assigned in courses at 50 universities.

Freedman also wrote articles for the Golf Writers Association of America and wrote for the Northern California Golf Guide at KGO-TV.

In 2021, he announced his retirement from KGO-TV.

## Awards

## Works

* Wayne Freedman (2017). "Wayne Freedman". In Chimbel, Aaron (ed.). *Why I'm a Journalist*. Routledge. pp. 123–130. doi:10.4324/9781315229201-31. ISBN 9781315229201.
* *It Takes More Than Good Looks to Succeed at Television News Reporting* Chicago : Bonus Books, ©2003 ISBN 9781566251884

## Media

In 1999, Freedman was featured in the short documentary *Wayne Freedman's Notebook* by Aaron Lubarsky. In a review for the *Chicago Tribune*, Steve Johnson writes, "At less than 30 minutes, "Wayne Freedman's Notebook" only suggests what it might have been, an in-depth profile of a haunted but admirable figure and a damning portrait of local TV news painted from an unusual perspective. But it is a vivid and worthwhile illumination of one man with a soul trying to survive within the strictures of a limiting medium."

## Personal life

He lives in Marin County, California. In 2021, he said he plans to move to North Carolina with his wife.


title: Metapterygota

abstract: Metapterygota is a clade of winged insects containing order Odonata and Infraclass Neoptera. They share morphological characteristics of a loss of caudal filaments and a subimago stage. Genetically the clade is supported by similarities in the mitochondrial genomes.

text:
# Metapterygota

**Metapterygota** is a clade of winged insects containing order Odonata and Infraclass Neoptera. They share morphological characteristics of a loss of caudal filaments and a subimago stage. Genetically the clade is supported by similarities in the mitochondrial genomes.

## InfoBox

| Metapterygota | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Subclass: | Pterygota |
| *Branch*: | Metapterygota |
|
| Subgroups | |
|  | |


title: Navia subpetiolata

abstract: Navia subpetiolata is a plant species in the genus Navia. This species is endemic to Venezuela.

text:
# Navia subpetiolata

***Navia subpetiolata*** is a plant species in the genus *Navia*. This species is endemic to Venezuela.

* Holst, Bruce K. (1 February 1994). "Checklist of Venezuelan Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution by State and Levels of Endemism". *Selbyana*. **15** (1). ISSN 2689-0682. JSTOR 41759858.

## InfoBox

| *Navia subpetiolata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Navia* |
| Species: | ***N. subpetiolata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Navia subpetiolata***<br>L.B.Sm. | |
|


title: 120° parhelion

abstract: A 120° parhelion is a relatively rare halo, an optical phenomenon occasionally appearing along with very bright sun dogs when ice crystal-saturated cirrus clouds fill the atmosphere. The 120° parhelia are named for appearing in pair on the parhelic circle ±120° from the sun. When visible, 120° parhelia appear as white-bluish bright spots on the white parhelic circle and are the product of at least two interior reflections in the hexagonal ice crystals. Their colour together with them being rather obscure can make observing them difficult as they tend to fuse with the clouds in the sky.

text:
# 120° parhelion

A **120° parhelion** (plural: **120° parhelia**) is a relatively rare halo, an optical phenomenon occasionally appearing along with very bright sun dogs (also called parhelia) when ice crystal-saturated cirrus clouds fill the atmosphere. The 120° parhelia are named for appearing in pair on the parhelic circle ±120° from the sun.

When visible, 120° parhelia appear as white-bluish bright spots on the white parhelic circle and are the product of at least two interior reflections in the hexagonal ice crystals. Their colour together with them being rather obscure can make observing them difficult as they tend to fuse with the clouds in the sky.


title: Lion of Knidos

abstract: The Lion of Knidos is the name for a colossal ancient Greek statue erected near the ancient port of Knidos, south-west Asia Minor. Although there is some debate about the age of the sculpture, in general, scholarly opinion dates it to the 2nd century BC. Since 2000, it has been prominently displayed on a plinth under the roof of the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court because soon after it was seen by British archaeologists in 1858, the statue was taken by the British to London where it became part of the British Museum's collection.

text:
# Lion of Knidos

The **Lion of Knidos** is the name for a colossal ancient Greek statue erected near the ancient port of Knidos, south-west Asia Minor (now near Datça in Turkey). Although there is some debate about the age of the sculpture, in general, scholarly opinion dates it to the 2nd century BC. Since 2000, it has been prominently displayed on a plinth under the roof of the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court because soon after it was seen by British archaeologists in 1858, the statue was taken by the British to London where it became part of the British Museum's collection.

## Description

This sculpture of a recumbent lion was quarried from Mount Pentelikon near Athens, the same marble used to build the Parthenon. The lion is substantially complete; only the lower jaw and front legs are missing; its eyes were probably once inlaid with glass. The statue is greater than life-size; it weighs six tonnes and measures 2.89 metres long and 1.82 metres high. In designing the body to be hollowed out from below, the weight of the statue was reduced.

The statue stood on top of a funerary monument that is of a style fashionable in 350 BC in Halikarnassos, a centre that was only a day away by boat. The monument is square with a stepped pyramidal top. It was hollow on a circular plan. This similarity has led to some experts dating the statue to 350 BC, but others think that the statue was above a cenotaph made to commemorate the nearby naval Battle of Cnidus of 394 BC, in which the Athenian general, Conon, commanding a joint Athenian and Persian fleet, was victorious over a Spartan fleet led by Peisander.

A third opinion is that the architecture of the monument is not typical of 250 BC, but is Doric and dates from 175 BC. This variation is summarised in the British Museum's estimate of 200-250 BC as its age. The rest of the monument is still in Turkey where it has been excavated by the British Museum. It was originally 12 metres square. Excavations at the site, and similar monuments nearby, have failed to find an artefact or inscription that would more definitely date the statue.

## Excavation and Removal

The Lion of Knidos was first seen by a British person in 1858 when the archaeologist Richard Popplewell Pullan walked the cliffs near what is now the Turkish town of Datça. Pullan was helping Charles Thomas Newton excavate the ancient Greek city of Knidos three miles away. The statue had crowned an 18-metre high funerary monument, which had commanding views over the sea and may have once acted as a navigation aid for passing sailors. The monument may have been destroyed in an earthquake, as the statue was found lying some distance from the tomb. The Knidos Lion was transported with some difficulty further down the coast, where it was loaded onto the naval ship HMS *Supply* by Robert Murdoch Smith and shipped to London.

Smith's role was significant, as he was presented with a large statue that had fallen onto its front face. The limestone core of the monument was still there but the marble facing lay around where it had fallen. Smith was able to replace and move each of the remaining stones which allowed Pullan, who was a trained architect, to sketch what is thought to be a good reproduction of what the whole structure would have looked like.

In 2008, the Turkish town of Datça petitioned the British Ministry of Culture and Tourism for the return of the two statues known as the Lion of Knidos and the Demeter of Knidos.

## Further reading

* Ian Jenkins, The Lion of Knidos, British Museum, 2008
* C. Bruns-Ozgan, Knidos: A Guide to the Ancient Site, Konya 2004
* G.Bean, Cnidus, Turkey beyond the Maeander, London 1980, chapter 12, pp 111–127

51°31′08″N 0°07′37″W / 51.5190°N 0.1270°W / 51.5190; -0.1270

## InfoBox

| Lion of Knidos | |
| --- | --- |
| Lion of Knidos | |
| Material | Marble |
| Size | 2.89 m long by 1.82 m high |
| Created | c.350–200 BC |
| Present location | British Museum, London |
| Registration | 1859,1226.24 |


title: William Cary Dobbs

abstract: William Cary Dobbs was an Irish Conservative politician, and barrister. He sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1857 to 1859 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Carrickfergus.

text:
# William Cary Dobbs

**William Cary Dobbs** QC (17 August 1806 – 17 April 1869) was an Irish Conservative politician, and barrister. He sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1857 to 1859 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Carrickfergus.

## Early life and family

Born in Belfast, Dobbs was the only son of five children of Reverend Robert Conway Dobbs and Wilhelmina Josepha née Bristow. He was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated with a wrangler's degree in 1827, and a Master of Arts in 1830, before being called to the bar in 1833.

He married Elinor Jones Westropp, daughter of Henry Sheares Westropp, in 1834 and they had five children: Elinor Dobbs (1838–1892); Wilhelmena Josepha Dobbs (1840–1842); Robert Conway Dobbs (1842–1915); Charity Frances Dobbs (1846–1893); and Henry Sheares Dobbs.

In 1851, he became a crown prosecutor for Drogheda and Dundalk on the Irish north-eastern circuit, before being elevated to a Queen's Counsel in 1858.

## Member of Parliament

Ahead of the 1857 general election, Dobbs was selected as the Conservative candidate for Carrickfergus, a seat for which his grandfather, Conway Richard Dobbs had represented in the Parliament of Ireland and his cousin, also named Conway Richard Dobbs, had represented from 1832 to 1833.

His candidature was successful and, in Parliament, he promoted free trade, and, as an Anglican promised constituents he would uphold Protestantism and protect the constitution. He sought clarification of the law on tenant rights, and favoured ending the Maynooth Grant, arguing public money should not be used to support the church. While he also supported an extension of education and the franchise, he was cautious about the Irish national school system and felt religion should feature highly in education.

Just before the 1859 general election, Dobbs was made a judge in the Landed Estates Court in Dublin, making him ineligible to stand at the election, and ending his political career after one term.

## Death

While seeking medical attention in London in 1869, Dobbs died. By this time, he had become a senior judge of the court, recognised by the public for his "amiable character... intelligent and cultivated mind... \[and\] the consistency and uprightness of his conduct". His body was later returned to Dublin, before being interred at the family burial ground near Carrickfergus.

## Arms

Coat of arms of William Cary Dobbs
| CrestOn a wreath a unicorn's head erased Argent. EscutcheonParty per pale Azure and Sable a chevron engrailed gouttée between three unicorns' heads erased all counterchanged with a crescent for difference. MottoAmor Dei Et Proximi Summa Beatitudo |
| --- |

## InfoBox

| William Cary DobbsQC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Carrickfergus | |
| **In office**
2 April 1857  6 May 1859 | |
| Preceded by | Wellington Stapleton-Cotton |
| Succeeded by | Robert Torrens |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 17 August 1806
Belfast, Ireland, United Kingdom |
| Died | 17 April 1869(1869-04-17) (aged 62)
London, United Kingdom |
| Resting place | Carrickfergus, Ireland, United Kingdom |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Elinor Jones Westropp  (m. 1834) |
| Children | Five |
| Parent(s) | Robert Conway Dobbs
Wilhelmina Josepha Bristow |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
|  | |


title: Margaret J. Anderson

abstract: Margaret Jane Anderson was an American hotel owner, businesswomen, and socialite, from the U.S. state of Iowa. The widow of Lewis Anderson, she was the owner and developer of two properties in Los Angeles County, California: The Beverly Hills Hotel and the Hollywood Hotel.

text:
# Margaret J. Anderson

**Margaret Jane Anderson** (née, Margaret Jane Boag; May 15, 1859  September 24, 1930) was an American hotel owner, businesswomen, and socialite, from the U.S. state of Iowa. The widow of Lewis Anderson, she was the owner and developer of two properties in Los Angeles County, California: The Beverly Hills Hotel and the Hollywood Hotel.

## Biography

Margaret Jane Boag was born May 15, 1859 in Cedar, Mahaska County, Iowa to Rev Robert Boag and Christina Johnston Boag and moved with her family to California in 1874. She was of Scots-Irish parentage. On 5 December 1889 at Alhambra, California, she married Louis C. Anderson, who was 19 years her senior. Anderson maintained one of the early orange orchards of southern California at a ranch near Alhambra. Some accounts indicate he died, leaving Margaret a widow with two young children. However, other information is that he remarried eight years after he and Margaret married.

By 1903, Margaret and her son Stanley were managing the Hotel Hollywood for Almira Parker Hershey. Hershey and Anderson had a long history; both were Iowans and Anderson had begun her career working at Hershey's other hotels like the Darby and the Fremont. Despite the growth the hotel experienced under Anderson's management—expanding from 16 rooms to 250 and becoming one of the most known hotels in the area — the relationship between owner and manager was contentious. In 1909, it deteriorated to the point that lawsuits were filed. Hershey claimed that Anderson had failed to remit rents due on her management of the hotel and Anderson counter-claimed that Hershey failed to pay rent on the suites she was living in. The suits dragged through the courts for over two years. The public dispute led the Rodeo Land and Water Company to make an offer to Anderson for ownership of her own hotel. The company wanted a flagship to spur development and Anderson wanted ownership of the land, which she had been unable to secure from Hershey.

In 1911, plans were announced for the erection of the hotel by Anderson and her son, Stanley, at a cost of $500,000. Upon completion, Anderson staged a victory over Hershey when she announced to guests at the Hollywood Hotel that it was closed until new management was hired, as she had resigned. She offered jobs to all the staff and rooms at the soon-to-be opened Beverly Hills Hotel to the guests. The guests and staff relocated and the Beverly Hills Hotel opened on 30 April 1912. With an eye for perfection and the business acumen which had led to growth at the Hollywood Hotel, Anderson began marketing to Hollywood and by 1914, had secured the patronage of Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford, the "it" couple of their era. The hotel became the celebrity playhouse of choice, and known for not only its indulgence of clients but its strict policy of guarding guests' privacy. In 1928, Anderson sold the hotel and retired.


title: Noddy Bay

abstract: Noddy Bay is a local service district in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is on the Great Northern Peninsula of the island of Newfoundland. It has a population of 60 people.

text:
# Noddy Bay

Noddy Bayclass=notpageimage|Location of Noddy Bay in Newfoundland and Labrador

**Noddy Bay** is a local service district in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is on the Great Northern Peninsula of the island of Newfoundland. It has a population of 60 people.

## Geography

Noddy Bay is in Newfoundland within Subdivision P of Division No. 8.

## Government

Noddy Bay is a local service district (LSD) that is governed by a committee responsible for the provision of certain services to the community. The chair of the LSD committee is Carl Hedderson.

51°34′41″N 55°28′44″W / 51.578°N 55.479°W / 51.578; -55.479


title: Q-function

abstract:
In statistics, the Q-function is the tail distribution function of the standard normal distribution. In other words, Q is the probability that a normal (Gaussian) random variable will obtain a value larger than x standard deviations. Equivalently, Q is the probability that a standard normal random variable takes a value larger than x. If Y is a Gaussian random variable with mean μ and variance σ 2, then X = Y − μ σ is standard normal and
  - P = P = Q where x = y − μ σ. Other definitions of the Q-function, all of which are simple transformations of the normal cumulative distribution function, are also used occasionally. Because of its relation to the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution, the Q-function can also be expressed in terms of the error function, which is an important function in applied mathematics and physics.

text:
# Q-function

In statistics, the **Q-function** is the tail distribution function of the standard normal distribution. In other words, $Q(x)$ is the probability that a normal (Gaussian) random variable will obtain a value larger than $x$ standard deviations. Equivalently, $Q(x)$ is the probability that a standard normal random variable takes a value larger than $x$.

If $Y$ is a Gaussian random variable with mean $\mu $ and variance $\sigma ^{2}$, then $X={\frac {Y-\mu }{\sigma }}$ is standard normal and

$$P(Y\>y)=P(X\>x)=Q(x)$$

where $x={\frac {y-\mu }{\sigma }}$.

Other definitions of the *Q*-function, all of which are simple transformations of the normal cumulative distribution function, are also used occasionally.

Because of its relation to the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution, the *Q*-function can also be expressed in terms of the error function, which is an important function in applied mathematics and physics.

## Definition and basic properties

Formally, the *Q*-function is defined as

$$Q(x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }\int \_{x}^{\infty }\exp \left(-{\frac {u^{2}{2}\right)\\,du.}}}}$$

Thus,

$$Q(x)=1-Q(-x)=1-\Phi (x)\\,,$$

where $\Phi (x)$ is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal Gaussian distribution.

The *Q*-function can be expressed in terms of the error function, or the complementary error function, as

$$\begin{aligned}Q(x)&={\frac {1}{2}\left({\frac {2}{\sqrt {\pi }\int \_{x/{\sqrt {2}^{\infty }\exp \left(-t^{2}\right)\\,dt\right)\\\&={\frac {1}{2}-{\frac {1}{2}\operatorname {erf} \left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {2}\right)~~{\text{ -or-}\\\&={\frac {1}{2}\operatorname {erfc} \left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {2}\right).\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

An alternative form of the *Q*-function known as Craig's formula, after its discoverer, is expressed as:

$$Q(x)={\frac {1}{\pi }\int \_{0}^{\frac {\pi }{2}\exp \left(-{\frac {x^{2}{2\sin ^{2}\theta }\right)d\theta .}}}}$$

This expression is valid only for positive values of *x*, but it can be used in conjunction with *Q*(*x*) = 1 − *Q*(−*x*) to obtain *Q*(*x*) for negative values. This form is advantageous in that the range of integration is fixed and finite.

Craig's formula was later extended by Behnad (2020) for the *Q*-function of the sum of two non-negative variables, as follows:

$Q(x+y)={\frac {1}{\pi }\int \_{0}^{\frac {\pi }{2}\exp \left(-{\frac {x^{2}{2\sin ^{2}\theta }-{\frac {y^{2}{2\cos ^{2}\theta }\right)d\theta ,\quad x,y\geqslant 0.}}}}}}$

## Bounds and approximations

$$\left({\frac {x}{1+x^{2}\right)\phi (x)0,}}}$$

where $\phi (x)$ is the density function of the standard normal distribution, and the bounds become increasingly tight for large *x*. Using the substitution *v* =*u*2/2, the upper bound is derived as follows:

$$Q(x)=\int \_{x}^{\infty }\phi (u)\\,du\<\int \_{x}^{\infty }{\frac {u}{x}\phi (u)\\,du=\int \_{\frac {x^{2}{2}^{\infty }{\frac {e^{-v}{x{\sqrt {2\pi }\\,dv=-{\biggl .}{\frac {e^{-v}{x{\sqrt {2\pi }{\biggr |}\_{\frac {x^{2}{2}^{\infty }={\frac {\phi (x)}{x}.}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

Similarly, using $\phi '(u)=-u\phi (u)$ and the quotient rule,

$$\left(1+{\frac {1}{x^{2}\right)Q(x)=\int \_{x}^{\infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{x^{2}\right)\phi (u)\\,du\>\int \_{x}^{\infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{u^{2}\right)\phi (u)\\,du=-{\biggl .}{\frac {\phi (u)}{u}{\biggr |}\_{x}^{\infty }={\frac {\phi (x)}{x}.}}}}}}}}$$

Solving for *Q*(*x*) provides the lower bound. The geometric mean of the upper and lower bound gives a suitable approximation for $Q(x)$:

$$Q(x)\approx {\frac {\phi (x)}{\sqrt {1+x^{2},\qquad x\geq 0.}}}$$

* Tighter bounds and approximations of $Q(x)$ can also be obtained by optimizing the following expression

$$\tilde {Q}(x)={\frac {\phi (x)}{(1-a)x+a{\sqrt {x^{2}+b}.}}}$$

For $x\geq 0$, the best upper bound is given by $a=0.344$ and $b=5.334$ with maximum absolute relative error of 0.44%. Likewise, the best approximation is given by $a=0.339$ and $b=5.510$ with maximum absolute relative error of 0.27%. Finally, the best lower bound is given by $a=1/\pi $ and $b=2\pi $ with maximum absolute relative error of 1.17%.

$$Q(x)\leq e^{-{\frac {x^{2}{2},\qquad x\>0}}}$$

* Improved exponential bounds and a pure exponential approximation are

$$Q(x)\leq {\tfrac {1}{4}e^{-x^{2}+{\tfrac {1}{4}e^{-{\frac {x^{2}{2}\leq {\tfrac {1}{2}e^{-{\frac {x^{2}{2},\qquad x\>0}}}}}}}}}}$$

$$Q(x)\approx {\frac {1}{12}e^{-{\frac {x^{2}{2}+{\frac {1}{4}e^{-{\frac {2}{3}x^{2},\qquad x\>0}}}}}}}$$

* The above were generalized by Tanash & Riihonen (2020), who showed that $Q(x)$ can be accurately approximated or bounded by

$$\tilde {Q}(x)=\sum \_{n=1}^{N}a\_{n}e^{-b\_{n}x^{2}.}$$

In particular, they presented a systematic methodology to solve the numerical coefficients $\\{(a\_{n},b\_{n})\\}\_{n=1}^{N}$ that yield a minimax approximation or bound: $Q(x)\approx {\tilde {Q}(x)}$, $Q(x)\leq {\tilde {Q}(x)}$, or $Q(x)\geq {\tilde {Q}(x)}$ for $x\geq 0$. With the example coefficients tabulated in the paper for $N=20$, the relative and absolute approximation errors are less than $2.831\cdot 10^{-6}$ and $1.416\cdot 10^{-6}$, respectively. The coefficients $\\{(a\_{n},b\_{n})\\}\_{n=1}^{N}$ for many variations of the exponential approximations and bounds up to $N=25$ have been released to open access as a comprehensive dataset. * Another approximation of $Q(x)$ for $x\in \[0,\infty )$ is given by Karagiannidis & Lioumpas (2007) who showed for the appropriate choice of parameters $\\{A,B\\}$ that

$$f(x;A,B)={\frac {\left(1-e^{-Ax}\right)e^{-x^{2}{B{\sqrt {\pi }x}\approx \operatorname {erfc} \left(x\right).}}}}$$

The absolute error between $f(x;A,B)$ and $\operatorname {erfc} (x)$ over the range $\[0,R\]$ is minimized by evaluating

$$\\{A,B\\}={\underset {\\{A,B\\}{\arg \min }{\frac {1}{R}\int \_{0}^{R}|f(x;A,B)-\operatorname {erfc} (x)|dx.}}}$$

Using $R=20$ and numerically integrating, they found the minimum error occurred when $\\{A,B\\}=\\{1.98,1.135\\},$ which gave a good approximation for $\forall x\geq 0.$ Substituting these values and using the relationship between $Q(x)$ and $\operatorname {erfc} (x)$ from above gives

$$Q(x)\approx {\frac {\left(1-e^{\frac {-1.98x}{\sqrt {2}\right)e^{-{\frac {x^{2}{2}{1.135{\sqrt {2\pi }x},x\geq 0.}}}}}}}}$$

Alternative coefficients are also available for the above 'Karagiannidis–Lioumpas approximation' for tailoring accuracy for a specific application or transforming it into a tight bound. * A tighter and more tractable approximation of $Q(x)$ for positive arguments $x\in \[0,\infty )$ is given by López-Benítez & Casadevall (2011) based on a second-order exponential function:

$$Q(x)\approx e^{-ax^{2}-bx-c},\qquad x\geq 0.$$

The fitting coefficients $(a,b,c)$ can be optimized over any desired range of arguments in order to minimize the sum of square errors ( $a=0.3842$, $b=0.7640$, $c=0.6964$ for $x\in \[0,20\]$) or minimize the maximum absolute error ( $a=0.4920$, $b=0.2887$, $c=1.1893$ for $x\in \[0,20\]$). This approximation offers some benefits such as a good trade-off between accuracy and analytical tractability (for example, the extension to any arbitrary power of $Q(x)$ is trivial and does not alter the algebraic form of the approximation).

## Inverse *Q*

The inverse *Q*-function can be related to the inverse error functions:

$$Q^{-1}(y)={\sqrt {2}\ \mathrm {erf} ^{-1}(1-2y)={\sqrt {2}\ \mathrm {erfc} ^{-1}(2y)}}$$

The function $Q^{-1}(y)$ finds application in digital communications. It is usually expressed in dB and generally called **Q-factor**:

$$\mathrm {Q{\text{-}factor} =20\log \_{10}\left(Q^{-1}(y)\right)~\mathrm {dB} }$$

where *y* is the bit-error rate (BER) of the digitally modulated signal under analysis. For instance, for quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) in additive white Gaussian noise, the Q-factor defined above coincides with the value in dB of the signal to noise ratio that yields a bit error rate equal to *y*.

## Values

The *Q*-function is well tabulated and can be computed directly in most of the mathematical software packages such as  and those available in Python, MATLAB and Mathematica. Some values of the *Q*-function are given below for reference.

## Generalization to high dimensions

The *Q*-function can be generalized to higher dimensions:

$$Q(\mathbf {x} )=\mathbb {P} (\mathbf {X} \geq \mathbf {x} ),$$

where $\mathbf {X} \sim {\mathcal {N}(\mathbf {0} ,\\,\Sigma )}$ follows the multivariate normal distribution with covariance $\Sigma $ and the threshold is of the form $\mathbf {x} =\gamma \Sigma \mathbf {l} ^{\*}$ for some positive vector $\mathbf {l} ^{\*}\>\mathbf {0} $ and positive constant $\gamma \>0$. As in the one dimensional case, there is no simple analytical formula for the *Q*-function. Nevertheless, the *Q*-function can be approximated arbitrarily well as $\gamma $ becomes larger and larger.

1. "The Q-function". *cnx.org*. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29.
2. "Basic properties of the Q-function" (PDF). 2009-03-05. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25.
3. Normal Distribution Function – from Wolfram MathWorld
4. Craig, J.W. (1991). "A new, simple and exact result for calculating the probability of error for two-dimensional signal constellations" (PDF). *MILCOM 91 - Conference record*. pp. 571–575. doi:10.1109/MILCOM.1991.258319. ISBN 0-87942-691-8. S2CID 16034807.
5. Behnad, Aydin (2020). "A Novel Extension to Craig's Q-Function Formula and Its Application in Dual-Branch EGC Performance Analysis". *IEEE Transactions on Communications*. **68** (7): 4117–4125. doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2020.2986209. S2CID 216500014.
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abstract: The following is a compilation of notable records and statistics for teams and players in and seasons of National Premier Soccer League n the United States.

text:
# National Premier Soccer League records and statistics

The following is a compilation of notable records and statistics for teams and players in and seasons of **National Premier Soccer League** n the United States.

## Regular season

### All-Time Championship Game Performance

| Team | Championships | Years | Runners-up | Years |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sonoma County Sol | 1 | 2009 | 3 | 2005, 2013, 2016 |
| Arizona Sahuaros | 1 | 2003 | 1 | 2004 |
| Utah Salt Ratz | 1 | 2004 | 1 | 2003 |
| Detroit Arsenal | 1 | 2005 |  |  |
| Sacramento Knights | 1 | 2006 |  |  |
| Southern California Fusion | 1 | 2007 |  |  |
| Pennsylvania Stoners | 1 | 2008 |  |  |
| Sacramento Gold | 1 | 2010 |  |  |
| Jacksonville United | 1 | 2011 |  |  |
| FC Sonic | 1 | 2012 |  |  |
| RVA Football Club | 1 | 2013 |  |  |
| New York Red Bulls U-23 | 1 | 2014 |  |  |
| New York Cosmos B | 1 | 2015 |  |  |
| AFC Cleveland | 1 | 2016 |  |  |
| Elm City Express | 1 | 2017 |  |  |
| Chattanooga FC |  |  | 4 | 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015 |
| Princeton 56ers |  |  | 1 | 2006 |
| Queen City FC |  |  | 1 | 2007 |
| St. Paul Twin Stars |  |  | 1 | 2008 |
| Erie Admirals SC |  |  | 1 | 2009 |
| Hollywood United Hitmen |  |  | 1 | 2011 |
| Midland-Odessa FC |  |  | 1 | 2017 |
|

Former clubs

### All-Time Regular Season Records

Through completion of 2013 regular season.

| Pts Rank | Club | Seasons | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Pts Per
Game | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Finishing Positions. | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Sonoma County Sol* | 10 | 138 | 72 | 34 | 23 | 229 | 125 | 114 | 262 | 1.90 | 4 | 2 | 2 | - |
| 2 | Madison 56ers* | 9 | 90 | 55 | 16 | 13 | 157 | 78 | 79 | 186 | 2.07 | 4 | - | 5 | - |
| 3 | Milwaukee Bavarians* | 8 | 82 | 48 | 16 | 12 | 141 | 79 | 62 | 150 | 1.83 | 1 | 4 | - | 3 |
| 4 | Erie Admirals S.C. | 5 | 58 | 41 | 11 | 6 | 136 | 59 | 78 | 133 | 2.29 | 3 | 1 | 1 | - |
| 5 | Sacramento Knights* | 4 | 67 | 39 | 16 | 12 | 76 | 40 | 36 | 129 | 1.93 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| 6 | Albuquerque Asylum* | 5 | 76 | 38 | 24 | 14 | 63 | 48 | 15 | 128 | 1.68 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| 7 | Minnesota Twin Stars* | 9 | 89 | 34 | 23 | 26 | 122 | 146 | -24 | 125 | 1.40 | 2 | - | 3 | 3 |
| 8 | Chico Rooks* | 4 | 69 | 37 | 22 | 10 | 117 | 84 | 33 | 121 | 1.75 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| 9 | FC Lehigh Valley United | 4 | 48 | 38 | 4 | 6 | 106 | 30 | 76 | 118 | 2.46 | 2 | 2 | - | - |
| 10 | Brooklyn Italians | 4 | 46 | 34 | 5 | 7 | 113 | 46 | 67 | 107 | 2.33 | 2 | 2 | - | - |
| 11 | New York Red Bulls NPSL | 4 | 46 | 32 | 6 | 8 | 108 | 38 | 70 | 102 | 2.22 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - |
| 12 | Sacramento Gold | 4 | 50 | 28 | 10 | 12 | 131 | 90 | 41 | 93 | 1.86 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| 13 | Chattanooga FC | 5 | 46 | 27 | 11 | 8 | 86 | 37 | 49 | 92 | 2.00 | 2 | - | 2 | - |
| 14 | FC Buffalo | 5 | 58 | 28 | 11 | 19 | 98 | 80 | 18 | 91 | 1.57 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| 15 | San Diego Flash | 3 | 42 | 28 | 7 | 7 | 126 | 47 | 79 | 91 | 2.17 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| 16 | Salinas Valley Samba* | 6 | 89 | 26 | 40 | 14 | 74 | 84 | -10 | 89 | 1.00 | - | - | - | 3 |
| 17 | Real San Jose* | 7 | 85 | 20 | 25 | 31 | 101 | 123 | -22 | 88 | 1.04 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| 18 | New York Athletic Club* | 6 | 62 | 20 | 20 | 12 | 81 | 88 | -7 | 85 | 1.37 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| 19 | Morris County Colonials* | 6 | 61 | 20 | 16 | 16 | 96 | 108 | -12 | 71 | 1.16 | - | 1 | - | 2 |
| 20 | Chicago Fire NPSL* | 5 | 45 | 17 | 12 | 10 | 66 | 35 | 31 | 70 | 1.56 | - | 3 | - | - |
| 21 | Orange County Pateadores | 3 | 42 | 21 | 6 | 15 | 87 | 72 | 12 | 69 | 1.64 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 22 | Rocket City United* | 6 | 54 | 19 | 15 | 20 | 78 | 69 | 9 | 69 | 1.28 | 1 | - | 3 | - |
| 23 | Utah Salt Ratz | 2 | 31 | 23 | 8 | 0 | 88 | 35 | 53 | 69 | 2.23 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| 24 | Quad City Eagles | 3 | 36 | 20 | 9 | 7 | 85 | 48 | 37 | 69 | 1.92 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| 25 | FC Hasental | 3 | 42 | 20 | 8 | 14 | 95 | 71 | 24 | 68 | 1.62 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| 26 | Arizona Sahuaros* | 3 | 39 | 22 | 15 | 2 | 57 | 40 | 17 | 68 | 1.74 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| 27 | FC Reading Revolution | 4 | 46 | 20 | 17 | 9 | 83 | 93 | -10 | 65 | 1.41 | - | - | 1 | 2 |
| 28 | Bay Area Ambassadors | 4 | 50 | 20 | 12 | 18 | 93 | 107 | -14 | 65 | 1.30 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 |
| 29 | San Diego iCon FC | 4 | 52 | 18 | 10 | 24 | 103 | 112 | -9 | 64 | 1.23 | - | - | - | 3 |
| 30 | Atlanta Silverbacks Reserves* | 5 | 44 | 19 | 15 | 10 | 54 | 57 | -3 | 64 | 1.45 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 |
| 31 | Southern California Fusion* | 2 | 34 | 19 | 10 | 5 |  |  |  | 62 | 1.82 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| 32 | FC Santa Clarita | 3 | 42 | 18 | 6 | 18 | 92 | 98 | -6 | 60 | 1.43 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| 33 | San Diego Pumitas* | 3 | 52 | 15 | 20 | 17 | 32 | 34 | -2 | 59 | 1.13 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| 34 | Long Island Academy* | 4 | 39 | 10 | 14 | 6 | 25 | 52 | -17 | 56 | 1.44 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| 35 | Georgia Revolution | 3 | 28 | 16 | 6 | 6 | 72 | 41 | 31 | 54 | 1.93 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| 36 | Detroit City FC | 2 | 24 | 16 | 6 | 2 | 61 | 18 | 43 | 54 | 2.25 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| 37 | Jacksonville United | 3 | 28 | 15 | 4 | 9 | 57 | 42 | 15 | 49 | 1.75 | 2 | - | - | 1 |
| 38 | Detroit Arsenal* | 2 | 20 | 15 | 2 | 3 | 42 | 5 | 37 | 48 | 2.40 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| 39 | Santa Cruz County Breakers* | 2 | 23 | 7 | 4 | 3 |  |  |  | 44 | 1.91 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| 40 | Boston Aztec* | 3 | 28 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 19 | 12 | 17 | 43 | 1.54 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
| 41 | Las Vegas Strikers* | 4 | 69 | 10 | 47 | 12 | 66 | 131 | -65 | 42 | 0.61 | - | - | - | - |
| 42 | Pennsylvania Stoners* | 2 | 20 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 17 | 13 | 4 | 41 | 2.05 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| 43 | San Jose Frogs* | 1 | 20 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |  | 40 | 2.00 | - | 1 | - | - |
| 44 | Clarkstown SC Eagles | 2 | 22 | 12 | 4 | 6 | 51 | 23 | 28 | 40 | 1.82 | - | - | 2 | - |
| 45 | Greater Binghamton FC | 2 | 24 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 49 | 40 | 9 | 38 | 1.58 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| 46 | Knoxville Force | 3 | 30 | 10 | 6 | 14 | 31 | 46 | -15 | 36 | 1.20 | - | - | - | - |
| 47 | Pocono Snow | 5 | 58 | 7 | 21 | 30 | 57 | 134 | -77 | 34 | 0.59 | - | - | - | - |
| 48 | Seacoast United Phantoms | 3 | 34 | 9 | 7 | 18 | 40 | 72 | -32 | 34 | 1.00 | - | 1 | - | - |
| 49 | Hollywood United Hitmen | 1 | 14 | 11 | 1 | 2 | 54 | 14 | 40 | 34 | 2.43 | 1 | - | - | - |
| 50 | Denver Kickers* | 2 | 32 | 9 | 16 | 7 |  |  |  | 34 | 1.06 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 51 | AC Crusaders | 2 | 22 | 10 | 3 | 9 | 45 | 42 | 3 | 33 | 1.50 | - | - | - | 2 |
| 52 | Tulsa Athletics | 1 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 44 | 9 | 35 | 32 | 2.67 | 1 | - | - | - |
| 53 | AFC Cleveland | 2 | 24 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 44 | 38 | 6 | 31 | 1.29 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| 54 | Junior Lone Star FC | 2 | 23 | 10 | 1 | 12 | 41 | 47 | -6 | 31 | 1.35 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 55 | Indios USA* | 1 | 14 | 9 | 1 | 4 |  |  |  | 31 | 2.21 | - | 1 | - | - |
| 56 | Queen City FC* | 2 | 20 | 7 | 2 | 1 |  |  |  | 29 | 1.45 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| 57 | Atlantic City Diablos* | 2 | 20 | 5 | 1 | 4 |  |  |  | 28 | 1.40 | - | 1 | - | - |
| 58 | Myrtle Beach FC | 2 | 18 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 30 | 36 | -6 | 25 | 1.39 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| 59 | Rhode Island Reds FC | 2 | 23 | 6 | 6 | 11 | 27 | 43 | -16 | 24 | 1.04 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 60 | Seacoast United Mariners | 2 | 24 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 29 | 47 | -18 | 22 | 0.92 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 61 | NorCal Lamorinda United SC | 1 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 24 | 14 | 10 | 22 | 1.83 | - | 1 | - | - |
| 62 | Liverpool Warriors | 1 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 36 | 12 | 24 | 22 | 1.83 | - | 1 | - | - |
| 63 | Houston Hurricanes FC | 2 | 21 | 6 | 4 | 11 | 31 | 52 | -21 | 22 | 1.05 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| 64 | Northern Nevada Aces | 2 | 31 | 6 | 22 | 3 | 32 | 101 | -69 | 21 | 0.68 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 65 | Phoenix Banat Storm* | 1 | 20 | 6 | 12 | 2 |  |  |  | 20 | 1.00 | - | - | - | - |
| 66 | Redwood City Ruckus* | 1 | 20 | 6 | 12 | 2 |  |  |  | 20 | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 67 | Mass United | 2 | 23 | 6 | 2 | 15 | 36 | 53 | -17 | 20 | 0.87 | - | - | - | - |
| 68 | RVA Football Club | 1 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 23 | 8 | 15 | 20 | 2.50 | 1 | - | - | - |
| 69 | Buxmont Torch FC | 3 | 35 | 4 | 6 | 25 | 43 | 90 | -47 | 18 | 0.51 | - | - | - | - |
| 70 | Pensacola City FC | 1 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 16 | 7 | 9 | 18 | 1.80 | - | 1 | - | - |
| 71 | Minnesota Kings | 2 | 22 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 30 | 59 | -29 | 18 | 0.82 | - | - | - | - |
| 72 | Hershey FC | 1 | 12 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 20 | 27 | -7 | 17 | 1.42 | - | - | - | - |
| 73 | New Hampshire Mountaineers | 1 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 21 | 15 | 6 | 17 | 1.42 | - | - | 1 | - |
| 74 | Pumas FC | 2 | 16 | 5 | 9 | 2 | 28 | 38 | -10 | 17 | 1.06 | - | - | - | 2 |
| 75 | Minnesota NSC United* | 2 | 19 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 15 | 20 | -5 | 17 | 0.89 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 76 | San Diego United* | 1 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 1 |  |  |  | 16 | 2.00 | 1 | - | - | - |
| 77 | Maine Sting* | 2 | 17 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 14 | 15 | -1 | 16 | 0.94 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| 78 | Eau Claire Aris FC | 5 | 53 | 3 | 20 | 30 | 61 | 214 | -153 | 15 | 0.28 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 79 | New Orleans Jesters | 1 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 15 | 15 | 0 | 14 | 1.40 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 80 | FC Tulsa | 1 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 16 | 12 | 4 | 14 | 1.75 | - | 1 | - | - |
| 81 | DC United Academy U23 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 15 | 2 | 13 | 1.63 | - | - | 1 | - |
| 82 | San Francisco Stompers | 2 | 25 | 3 | 4 | 18 | 21 | 75 | -54 | 13 | 0.52 | - | - | - | - |
| 83 | Tucson Tiburons | 1 | 15 | 4 | 10 | 1 | 16 | 36 | -20 | 13 | 0.87 | - | - | - | - |
| 84 | Maryland United* | 1 | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 | 1.44 | - | - | 1 | - |
| 85 | Southern Oregon Fuego | 2 | 21 | 4 | 16 | 1 | 31 | 68 | -37 | 13 | 0.62 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 86 | Indianapolis Braves* | 1 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 0 |  |  |  | 12 | 1.20 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 87 | CD Aguiluchos USA | 1 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 19 | 23 | -4 | 12 | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 88 | Performance FC Phoenix* | 1 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 2 |  |  |  | 11 | 1.38 | - | 1 | - | - |
| 89 | Lancaster Inferno* | 1 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 | 1.38 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 90 | Miami United FC | 1 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 14 | -3 | 11 | 1.38 | - | - | 1 | - |
| 91 | FC New York | 1 | 14 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 10 | 28 | -18 | 10 | 0.71 | - | - | - | - |
| 92 | North Coast Tsunami | 1 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 11 | 30 | -19 | 10 | 0.77 | - | - | - | - |
| 93 | TSC Maryland Red Devils | 1 | 12 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 14 | 29 | -15 | 10 | 0.83 | - | - | - | - |
| 94 | Tampa Marauders | 1 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 8 | -3 | 9 | 1.13 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 95 | Michigan Stars FC | 1 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 34 | -24 | 8 | 0.67 | - | - | - | - |
| 96 | Chesterfield United FC | 1 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 19 | -7 | 8 | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1 |
| 97 | Regals SCA | 1 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 15 | 50 | -35 | 7 | 0.58 | - | - | 1 | - |
| 98 | New Jersey Blaze | 2 | 24 | 2 | 10 | 12 | 23 | 70 | -47 | 7 | 0.29 | - | - | - | - |
| 99 | Las Vegas Stallions | 1 | 14 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 16 | 57 | -41 | 7 | 0.50 | - | - | - | - |
| 100 | Grand Rapids Alliance* | 2 | 20 | 2 | 17 | 1 | 10 | 36 | -26 | 7 | 0.35 | - | - | - | - |
| 101 | Mississippi Storm | 2 | 20 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 27 | 67 | -40 | 7 | 0.35 | - | - | - | - |
| 102 | Saturn FC | 1 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 12 | 22 | -10 | 6 | 0.75 | - | - | - | - |
| 103 | Colorado Crimson* | 1 | 12 | 1 | 8 | 3 |  |  |  | 6 | 0.50 | - | - | - | - |
| 104 | Boston Tea Men | 1 | 12 | 1 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 31 | -18 | 6 | 0.50 | - | - | - | - |
| 105 | FC New Orleans | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2.00 | - | 1 | - | - |
| 106 | Zanesville Athletic FC | 1 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 12 | 32 | -20 | 4 | 0.33 | - | - | - | - |
| 107 | Texas South Devils | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 1.50 | - | - | 1 | - |
| 108 | CASL Elite | 1 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 24 | -18 | 2 | 0.25 | - | - | - | - |
| 109 | FC Indiana* | 2 | 18 | 2 | 15 | 1 | 9 | 21 | -12 | 1 | 0.06 | - | - | - | - |
| 110 | Cape Coral Hurricanes | 1 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 22 | -19 | 1 | 0.13 | - | - | - | - |
| 111 | Phoenix Monsoon | 1 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 6 | 59 | -53 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - |
| 112 | Idaho Wolves | 1 | 15 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 8 | 61 | -53 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - |
| 113 | Real Shore FC* | 1 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 |  |  |  | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - |
| 114 | Charm City | 1 | 10 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 12 | 16 | -4 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - |
| 115 | Alabama Spirit\** | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | -- | - | - | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - |

### Best Regular Season Record by Year

| Year | Team | Conference | Record | Points | Avg Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Utah Salt Ratz | N/A | 12-0-3 | 36 | 2.4 |
| 2004 | Chico Rooks | N/A | 13-1-2 | 40 | 2.5 |
| 2005 | Detroit Arsenal* | Midwest | 8-2-0 | 26 | 2.6 |
| 2006 | Princeton 56ers * | Midwest | 8-2-0 | 26 | 2.6 |
| 2007 | Princeton 56ers * | Midwest | 8-1-1 | 25 | 2.5 |
| 2008 | Pennsylvania Stoners | Northeast-Keystone | 8-1-1 | 25 | 2.5 |
| 2009 | Erie Admirals SC * | Northeast-Keystone | 9-1-0 | 28 | 2.8 |
| 2010 | FC Sonic Lehigh Valley | Northeast-Keystone | 10-1-1 | 31 | 2.58 |
| | New York Red Bulls NPSL | Northeast-Keystone | 10-1-1 | 31 | 2.58 |
| 2011 | Erie Admirals SC * | Northeast-Keystone | 10-1-1 | 31 | 2.58 |
| 2012 | San Diego Flash | West-Southern | 11-2-1 | 35 | 2.5 |
| 2013 | Detroit City FC | Midwest-Great Lakes | 11-1-0 | 34 | 2.83 |

Best regular season record determined by average points per game since the number of games played varies
** Team did not score the most overall points during the year but had best average points per game*

### All-Time Regular Season Division / Conference Championships

| Year | Divisions Champions | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Utah Salt Ratz
Overall |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004 | Chico Rooks
Overall |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005 | Sacramento Knights
West Division | Detroit Arsenal
Midwest Division |  |  |  |  |
| 2006 | Sacramento Knights
Northwest Division | Princeton 56ers
Midwest Division | Albuquerque Asylum
Southwest Division |  |  |  |
| 2007 | Sonoma County Sol
Northwest Division | Princeton 56ers
Midwest Division | Southern California Fusion
Southwest Division | Queen City FC
Northeast Division |  |  |
| 2008 | Sonoma County Sol
Northwest Division | St. Paul Twin Stars
Midwest Division | San Diego United
Southwest Division | Pennsylvania Stoners
North Division | Long Island Academy
Mid-Atlantic Division | Atlanta FC
Southeast Division |
| 2009 | Sonoma County Sol
Western Division | St. Paul Twin Stars
Midwest Division |  | Erie Admirals SC
Eastern Keystone Division | Boston Aztec
Eastern Atlantic Division | Rocket City United
Southeast Division |
| 2010 | Sacramento Gold
Northwest Division | Madison 56ers
Midwest Division |  | FC Sonic Lehigh Valley
Northeast Keystone Division | New York Red Bull NPSL
Northeast Atlantic Division | Chattanooga FC
Southeast Division |
| 2011 | Hollywood United Hitmen
West Div - Flight Northwest | Milwaukee Bavarians
Midwest Division | San Diego Flash
West Div - Flight Southwest | Erie Admirals SC
Northeast Div - Keystone Conf | Brooklyn Italians
Northeast Div - Atlantic Conf | Jacksonville United
Southeast Division |
| 2012 | Bay Area Ambassadors
West Div - Northern Conf | Madison 56ers
Midwest Div - Central Conf | San Diego Flash
West Div - Southern Conf | FC Sonic Lehigh Valley
Northeast Div - Keystone Conf | New York Red Bulls NPSL
Northeast Div - Atlantic Conf | Georgia Revolution
South Div - Southeast Conf-East |
| | Chattanooga FC
South Div - Southeast Conf-West | Galveston Pirate SC
South Div - South Central Conf | Erie Admirals SC
Midwest Div - Great Lakes Conf |  |  |  |
| 2013 | Sonoma County Sol
West Reg - Golden Gate Div | Quad City Eagles
Midwest Reg - Central Div | FC Hasental
West Reg - Southern Div | Greater Binghamton FC
Northeast Reg - Keystone Conf | Brooklyn Italians
Northeast Reg - Atlantic Div | Jacksonville United
South Reg - Sunshine Div |
| | Chattanooga FC
South Reg - Southeast Div | Tulsa Athletics
South Reg - South Central Conf | Detroit City FC
Midwest Reg - Great Lakes Div | RVA Football Club
South Reg - Mid-Atlantic Conf |  |  |

### All-Time Regular Season Attendance Bests

| Attendance | Date | Location | Match |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11,171 | June 1, 2024 | Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, MD | DMV Elite FC v Annapolis Blues FC |
| 9,038 | June 29, 2024 | Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, MD | Virginia Beach City FC v Annapolis Blues FC |
| 8,861 | June 16, 2024 | Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, MD | FC Frederick v Annapolis Blues FC |
| 8,616 | July 6, 2024 | Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, MD | Grove United v Annapolis Blues FC |
| 8,459 | June 7, 2024 | Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, MD | Alexandria Rough Diamonds v Annapolis Blues FC |
| 8,368 | June 3, 2023 | Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, MD | FC Frederick v Annapolis Blues FC |
| 8,177 | July 1, 2023 | Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, MD | Northern Virginia FC v Annapolis Blues FC |
| 7,665 | June 10, 2023 | Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, MD | Virginia Beach City FC v Annapolis Blues FC |
| 7,410 | May 20, 2016 | Keyworth Stadium, Hamtramck, MI | Detroit City FC v AFC Ann Arbor |
| 7,356 | July 9, 2023 | Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, MD | Alexandria Reds FC v Annapolis Blues FC |
| 7,208 | June 18, 2023 | Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Annapolis, MD | Grove City FC v Annapolis Blues FC |
| 6,854 | Jul 8, 2016 | Houseman Field, Grand Rapids, MI | Grand Rapids FC v AFC Ann Arbor |
| 6,384 | Jul 15, 2016 | Keyworth Stadium, Hamtramck, MI | Detroit City FC v Michigan Stars FC |
| 6,122 | Jun 10, 2016 | Houseman Field, Grand Rapids, MI | Grand Rapids FC v Detroit City FC |
| 5,593 | May 21, 2016 | Finley Stadium, Chattanooga, TN | Chattanooga FC v Nashville FC |
| 5,422 | Jul 11, 2023 | Lubbock Cooper Pirate Stadium, Lubbock, TX | Lubbock Matadors v San Antonio Corinthians FC |
| 5,326 | Jul 2, 2016 | Finley Stadium, Chattanooga, TN | Chattanooga FC v New Orleans Jesters |

## U.S. Open Cup

### U.S. Open Cup Performance by Year

Through completion of 2013 regular season.

| Year | Team | Advanced to | | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1st Round | 2nd Round | |
| 2003 | 1 | Chico Rooks * |  |  |
| 2004 | 2 | Chico Rooks | Sacramento Knights |  |
| 2005 | 2 | Sonoma County Sol | Salinas Valley Samba |  |
| 2006 | 2 |  | Arizona Sahuaros †, Sonoma County Sol |  |
| 2007 | 2 | Indios USA | Milwaukee Bavarians |  |
| 2008 | 1 | Arizona Sahuaros |  |  |
| 2009 | 4 | Arizona Sahuaros †, Atlanta FC, Milwaukee Bavarians | Sonoma County Sol |  |
| 2010 | 4 | Bay Area Ambassadors, Brooklyn Italians ¶, Sonoma County Sol | Arizona Sahuaros |  |
| 2011 | 4 | Brooklyn Italians, Chattanooga FC, Hollywood United Hitmen | Madison 56ers |  |
| 2012 | 6 | FC Sonic Lehigh Valley, Fullerton Rangers, Milwaukee Bavarians | Brooklyn Italians, Georgia Revolution, Jacksonville United |  |
| 2013 | 8 | Brooklyn Italians, Chattanooga FC, FC Hasental, FC Sonic Lehigh Valley, Madison 56ers, New York Red Bulls NPSL, Sacramento Gold | Georgia Revolution |  |

* *Automatic entries granted to NPSL teams starting with 2011 tournament*
* ** Chico Rooks qualified for 2003 tournament before the MPSL officially began play*
* *† Arizona Sahuaros competed in the USASA from 2005 thru 2007 as well as 2009 and 2010 seasons but were officially on hiatus from the NPSL due to the lack of a Southwest Conference''*
* *‡ Indois USA joined the NPSL for the 2007 season and qualified for the U.S. Open Cup before competing within the NPSL*
* *♣ Milwaukee Bavarians completed in 2009 USASA while on hiatus from NPSL*
* *¶ Brooklyn Italians joined the NPSL for the 2010 season and qualified for the U.S. Open Cup before competing within the NPSL*

### All-Time U.S. Open Cup Appearances and Performance

| Team | Appearances | Advanced to | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1st Round | 2nd Round |
| Sonoma County Sol | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Arizona Sahuaros | 2 | 2 |  |
| Brooklyn Italians | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Milwaukee Bavarians | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Georgia Revolution | 2 |  | 2 |
| Madison 56ers | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Chico Rooks | 2 | 2 |  |
| Chattanooga FC | 2 | 2 |  |
| FC Lehigh Valley United Sonic | 2 | 2 |  |
| Sacramento Knights | 1 |  | 1 |
| Salinas Valley Samba | 1 |  | 1 |
| Jacksonville United | 1 |  | 1 |
| Indios USA | 1 | 1 |  |
| Atlanta FC * | 1 | 1 |  |
| Bay Area Ambassadors | 1 | 1 |  |
| Hollywood United Hitmen | 1 | 1 |  |
| Fullerton Rangers * | 1 | 1 |  |
| FC Hasental | 1 | 1 |  |
| New York Red Bulls NPSL | 1 | 1 |  |
| Sacramento Gold | 1 | 1 |  |

Former clubs On Hiatus

* *\*Atlanta FC now known as Atlanta Silverbacks Reserves and Fullerton Rangers now known as Orange County Pateadores*


title: Willem van Heythuysen

abstract: Willem van Heythuysen, was a Dutch cloth merchant and hofje founder in Haarlem and Weert. He is best known today for his portraits by Frans Hals, though he is remembered locally for his Hofje van Willem Heythuijsen bordering Haarlemmerhout park, which has been in operation for centuries.

text:
# Willem van Heythuysen

**Willem van Heythuysen** (1590s  1650), was a Dutch cloth merchant and hofje founder in Haarlem and Weert. He is best known today for his portraits by Frans Hals, though he is remembered locally for his *Hofje van Willem Heythuijsen* bordering Haarlemmerhout park, which has been in operation for centuries.

## Biography

He was born in Weert, but moved to Haarlem via Cologne, where he first lived with Willem van Heuvel. He became a cloth merchant and lived in a large double house on the Oude Gracht (now called *Gedempte Oude Gracht*) near the Verwulft. Like many other merchants of Haarlem, he owned a summer house along the Spaarne river, facing the Haarlemmerhout park. His neighbor there on the grounds of Spaar en Hout, was Zacharias Hooftman, an Amsterdam merchant who lived in the winter on the Herengracht. Van Heythuysen never married, but lived with his sister Geertruyd.

Van Heythuysen drew up his will and testament in Haarlem with notary Willem van Trier on 13 September 1636. He named his sister Geertruyd as benefactress, but she died only a few weeks after he did in 1650. His will was then executed by his cousin Marten van Sittard and his associate Tieleman Roosterman. Most of what we know about him today comes from this document, which is also his charter for founding the hofjes named after him, namely the *Hofje van Willem Heythuijsen* in Haarlem, and the *Hofje van Willem Heythuijsen* in Weert. Though Weert is near the town of Heythuysen, Willem van Heythuysen's family had probably been living in Weert for at least a generation, because a year before he signed his will specifying hofjes to be built in Haarlem and Weert, he had already purchased a property for 925 guilders in Weert to found a poorhouse there which would give precedence to members of his family. According to his will, the hofjes were to be built and maintained after his death with funds from the proceeds of his estate. He appointed his brother Frans van Heythuysen and Tieleman Roosterman to build the hofje in Weert. Tieleman Roosterman was one of the two executors of the will, the other one was Marten van Sittard. Roosterman was also the one who built the hofje in Haarlem and he also became its first regent.

## Portraits by Frans Hals

Maerten van Sittard commissioned a copy of the famous Frans Hals portrait of Willem van Heythuysen leaning back in his chair, a portrait that hung in the Haarlem hofje for centuries. In August 1653 he made a payment "to Frans Hals for the portrait of Van Heythuysen, 36 Guilders". It was sold by the hofje regents in 1869 by public auction in Paris and was acquired the following year by the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. Long considered an original portrait painted from life, it was recently, determined that this picture was actually painted after Van Heythuysen died as a copy for the hofje by the artist himself of his earlier 1630s original. The "1630s version" first appeared at auction in 2008 and was sold for 9 million euros.

All in all, Hals painted him three times, including the copy. The other full-length portrait is the one hanging in the Liechtenstein gallery where he poses with a sword. That impressive painting may have been intended as a pendant wedding portrait. He was betrothed to Alida Roosterman (c. 1620–1647), the younger sister of Tieleman, but she died before they could be married.

## Legacy

Nothing remains today of the original homes of Willem van Heythuysen. His summer home "Middelhout" was sold to Hendrik van Vladeracken, brother-in-law to Roosterman. Hendrik's daughter Susanna became a regent of the hofje and lived to be 90. Thanks to her legacy, the hofje underwent repairs and has remained solvent up to today. A painting was made to honor her that is now in the possession of the Frans Hals Museum. Today on the location of the old Middelhout, an old age home called *Spaar en Hout* is located. In recent years a modern apartment complex called *Middelhout* has been built on a corner of the old grounds of Sparenhout.

The two hofjes both fared better than his homes. The Haarlem one still exists today, but the Weert one was deconstructed in 1876 to make way for a Catholic school. Willem van Heythuysen was buried in the St. Bavochurch in Haarlem, where his gravestone can still be seen on the south side of the choir.

* Door gangen en poorten naar de hofjes van Haarlem, Peetom, L. en L. van der Hoek, Leiden, 2001, ISBN 90-73983-17-7
* Haarlems hofjes, Dr. G. H. Kurtz, Schuyt & Co C.V., Haarlem, 1972, ISBN 90-6097-027-6

## InfoBox

| Willem van Heythuysen | |
| --- | --- |
| Painting of Willem van Heythuijsen in 1634 by Frans Hals | |
| Born | Willem van Heythuysen
ca. 1590s
Weert, Netherlands |
| Died | ca. 1650
Haarlem, Netherlands |
| Occupation(s) | merchant and hofje founder |
| Relatives | Geertruyd (sister) Marten van Sittard (cousin) |


title: Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

abstract: Molecular & Cellular Proteomics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 2002 and published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research on structural and functional properties of proteins, especially with regard to development.

text:
# Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

***Molecular & Cellular Proteomics*** is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 2002 and published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research on structural and functional properties of proteins, especially with regard to development.

## Scope & history

The journal also publishes other content such as "HUPO views", which are reports from the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO), proceedings from HUPO meetings, and the proceedings of the International Symposium On Mass Spectrometry In The Life Sciences.

As of January 2010, the journal is published online only and no longer available in print. The editor-in-chief is A.L. Burlingame. All articles are available free 1 year after publication. In press articles are available free on its website immediately after acceptance.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed, for example, in:

According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 6.1.

## InfoBox

*Molecular & Cellular Proteomics*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Proteomics |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Alma L. Burlingame |
| Publication details | |
| History | 2002–present |
| Publisher | American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (United States) |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Open access | Delayed, after 12 months |
| Impact factor | 7.381 (2021) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Mol. Cell. Proteom.* |
| NLM | *Mol Cell Proteomics* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1535-9476 (print)
1535-9484 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 2001213374 |
| OCLC no. | 47250252 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: William H. Charlton House

abstract: The William H. Charlton House is a historic two-story house in Roca, Nebraska. It was built in 1872 for farmer William H. Charlton, and designed by architect Artemas Roberts in the Italianate style, with "characteristic tall proportions, emphatic porch, decorative window surrounds, and bracketed eaves." Charlton lived here with his wife, née Mary E. Lidolph, and their three children, and he became a widower in 1877; he later married Phoebe Adelaide Thornton. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 25, 1997.

text:
# William H. Charlton House

The **William H. Charlton House** is a historic two-story house in Roca, Nebraska. It was built in 1872 for farmer William H. Charlton, and designed by architect Artemas Roberts in the Italianate style, with "characteristic tall proportions, emphatic porch, decorative window surrounds, and bracketed eaves." Charlton lived here with his wife, née Mary E. Lidolph, and their three children, and he became a widower in 1877; he later married Phoebe Adelaide Thornton. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 25, 1997.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William H. Charlton House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The house in 2012 | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Roca, Nebraska |
| Coordinates | 40°38′13″N 96°42′21″W / 40.63694°N 96.70583°W / 40.63694; -96.70583 (William H. Charlton House) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1872 (1872) |
| Architect | Artemas Roberts |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| NRHP reference No. | 96001614 |
| Added to NRHP | January 25, 1997 |


title: William Commerell

abstract: William Augustus Commerell was an English first-class cricketer. The son of John Williams Commerell and his wife, Sophia Commerell, he was born at Marylebone in October 1822. He was educated at Harrow School, before going up to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Oxford University in 1843, making two appearances at Oxford against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and Cambridge University. He made further first-class appearances, in 1845 for the Gentlemen of England against the Gentlemen of Kent at Canterbury, and in 1846 for the MCC against the Surrey Club and for the Gentlemen of England against the Gentlemen of Kent. After graduating from Oxford, he became a farmer at Slinfold in Sussex and served as a magistrate at Brighton. He died at Westminster in November 1858. His brother was Sir John Edmund Commerell, the Admiral of the Fleet.

text:
# William Commerell

**William Augustus Commerell** (1 October 1822 – 19 November 1858) was an English first-class cricketer.

The son of John Williams Commerell and his wife, Sophia Commerell (née Bosanquet), he was born at Marylebone in October 1822. He was educated at Harrow School, before going up to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Oxford University in 1843, making two appearances at Oxford against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and Cambridge University. He made further first-class appearances, in 1845 for the Gentlemen of England against the Gentlemen of Kent at Canterbury, and in 1846 for the MCC against the Surrey Club and for the Gentlemen of England against the Gentlemen of Kent. After graduating from Oxford, he became a farmer at Slinfold in Sussex and served as a magistrate at Brighton. He died at Westminster in November 1858. His brother was Sir John Edmund Commerell, the Admiral of the Fleet.

## InfoBox

William Commerell
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | William Augustus Commerell |
| Born | 1 October 1822
Marylebone, Middlesex, England |
| Died | 19 November 1858(1858-11-19) (aged 36)
Westminster, London, England |
| Batting | Unknown |
| Bowling | Unknown |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1843 | Oxford University |
| 1846 | Marylebone Cricket Club |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 5  Runs scored 72  Batting average 8.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 21  Balls bowled 72  Wickets 3  Bowling average 10.33  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 2/15  Catches/stumpings –/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 21 August 2019 | |


title: William Comes to Town

abstract: William Comes to Town is a 1948 British comedy film directed by Val Guest and starring William Graham and Garry Marsh. It was based on the Just William series of novels by Richmal Crompton. It served as a loose sequel to 1947 film Just William's Luck. It is also known by its U.S. alternative title William Goes to the Circus.

text:
# William Comes to Town

***William Comes to Town*** is a 1948 British comedy film directed by Val Guest and starring William Graham and Garry Marsh. It was based on the Just William series of novels by Richmal Crompton. It served as a loose sequel to 1947 film *Just William's Luck*. It is also known by its U.S. alternative title ***William Goes to the Circus***.

## Plot

William Brown and his gang the Outlaws visit the Prime Minister in Downing Street to demand shorter school hours and better pay for kids. The newspaper publicity caused by their visit lands William and his friends in trouble with their parents. William almost ruins his chances of going to the circus (his parents made him promise to stay out of trouble), but somehow he finally finds his way there.

## Cast

* William Graham - William Brown
* Garry Marsh \- Mr. Brown
* Jane Welsh \- Mrs. Brown
* Hugh Cross \- Robert Brown
* Kathleen Stuart - Ethel Brown
* Muriel Aked \- Emily, the maid
* A. E. Matthews \- Minister for Economic Affairs
* Brian Weske \- Henry
* James Crabbe - Douglas
* Brian Roper \- Ginger
* Michael Balfour \- Stall-holder
* Michael Medwin \- Reporter
* Jon Pertwee \- Circus Superintendent
* David Page - Hubert Lane (as David Paige)
* Norman Pierce \- Police Sergeant
* Eve Mortimer - Postmistress
* John Powe - Glazier
* Mary Vallange - Maid
* Peter Butterworth \- Postman
* Donald Clive - Ethel's boyfriend
* John Warren - 2nd Circus official
* Alan Goford - 1st Circus official
* Basil Gordon - 3rd Circus official
* Claude Bonsor - 4th Circus official
* Ivan Craig \- 1st Carter
* John Martell - 2nd Carter
* Pinkie Hannaford - Small boy
* Edward Malin \- Toy Shop Man
* Slim Rhyder - Tramp Cyclist
* Arthur Stanley - Oldest Inhabitant
* Irene Jones - Elephant Rider

## Critical reception

Allmovie called the film, "one of the better efforts in this off-and-on series."

## Reception

Val Guest says the film was "very successful."

1. "William Comes to Town". *BFI*. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012.
2. Collins & Ridgman p.107-108
3. Fowler, Roy (1988). "Interview with Val Guest". *British Entertainment History Project*.
4. "William Comes to Town (1948) - Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast - AllMovie". *AllMovie*.

## Bibliography

* Collins, Fiona & Ridgman, Jeremy. *Turning the Page: Children's Literature in Performance and the Media*. Peter Lang, 2006.

## InfoBox

| William Comes to Town | |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. lobby card | |
| Directed by | Val Guest |
| Written by | Richmal Crompton
Val Guest |
| Starring | William Graham
Garry Marsh
Jane Welsh |
| Cinematography | Bert Mason |
| Edited by | Carmen Beliaeff |
| Music by | Robert Farnon |
| Distributed by | United Artists Corporation |
| Release date | * 31 December 1948 (1948-12-31) (London) |
| Running time | 89 minutes |
| Language | English |


title: William Grant Milne

abstract: William Grant Milne, was a Scottish botanist. A gardener at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, Milne joined the Herald expedition to the southwestern Pacific (1852–1856) as a botanist. The expedition visited, inter alia, Lord Howe Island, New South Wales and Western Australia. Milne was initially accompanied by fellow Scots botanist John MacGillivray, who left the ship in 1855 after a dispute with Captain Henry Mangles Denham. Milne, the discoverer of several plants, including the rare New Caledonian tree Meryta denhamii which he found growing on the Isle of Pines in 1853 and sent to the Royal Botanical Gardens in Kew, had botanist Berthold Carl Seemann name the plant Meryta denhamii after Captain Denham. The plant was described from specimens that had flowered in a greenhouse in Kew in 1860. W. G. Milne collected in South Africa (1852–1853) and in a later expedition in West Africa (1862–1866), where he was forced to sell his clothes when his funds ran out and walked naked for some two hundred miles. He died in Creek Town, Old Calabar (Nigeria). The Times of London mentions in its 14 March 1866 edition that "Professor Milne, the celebrated botanist, has commenced the ascension of the Cameroons mountains".

text:
# William Grant Milne

**William Grant Milne** (11 May 1829, Banff, Aberdeenshire – 1866), was a Scottish botanist.

A gardener at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, Milne joined the *Herald* expedition to the southwestern Pacific (1852–1856) as a botanist. The expedition visited, inter alia, Lord Howe Island, New South Wales and Western Australia. Milne was initially accompanied by fellow Scots botanist John MacGillivray, who left the ship in 1855 after a dispute with Captain Henry Mangles Denham.

Milne, the discoverer of several plants, including the rare New Caledonian tree *Meryta denhamii* which he found growing on the Isle of Pines in 1853 and sent to the Royal Botanical Gardens in Kew, had botanist Berthold Carl Seemann name the plant *Meryta denhamii* after Captain Denham (for whom the town of Denham, Western Australia was also named). The plant was described from specimens that had flowered in a greenhouse in Kew in 1860.

> W. G. Milne collected in South Africa (1852–1853) and in a later expedition in West Africa (1862–1866), where he was forced to sell his clothes when his funds ran out and walked naked for some two hundred miles. He died in Creek Town, Old Calabar (Nigeria).

*The Times* of London mentions in its 14 March 1866 edition that "Professor Milne, the celebrated botanist, has commenced the ascension of the Cameroons mountains".

## Eponyms

1. "Milne, William Grant (–1866)". *Global Plants, plants.jstor.org*.
2. *The Times* (London, England), Wed, 14 Mar 1866, page 12 as seen on Newspapers.com on 26 March 2023.
3. Perry, Lily M. (1950). "The genus *Freycinetia* in Fiji". *Journal of the Arnold Arboretum*. **31** (2): 208–213. JSTOR 43781362.
* A.E.Orchard (1999) 'A History of Systematic Botany in Australia', in *Flora of Australia* Vol.1, 2nd ed., ABRS.


title: William Grant Stairs

abstract: William Grant Stairs was a Canadian-British explorer, soldier, and adventurer who had a leading role in two of the most controversial expeditions in the Scramble for Africa.

text:
# William Grant Stairs

**William Grant Stairs** (1 July 1863 – 9 June 1892) was a Canadian-British explorer, soldier, and adventurer who had a leading role in two of the most controversial expeditions in the Scramble for Africa.

## Education

Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the sixth child and third son of John Stairs and Mary Morrow, he attended school at Fort Massey Academy in Halifax, Merchiston Castle School in Edinburgh, Scotland, and the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, as Student #52.

## Career

After graduating as a trained engineer, Stairs spent three years working for the New Zealand Trigonometrical Survey in northern New Zealand. In 1885, he accepted the offer of a commission in the British Royal Engineers and trained in Chatham, England. In 1891 he transferred to the Welsh Regiment.

### Emin Pasha Relief Expedition

Captain Stairs was appointed to the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition led by Henry Morton Stanley, at the time the most celebrated living explorer of Africa. Stairs sailed from London on 20 January 1887 and met Stanley in Suez on 6 February. Their expedition started from Banana at the mouth of the Congo River on 19 March and ended in Bagamoyo, Tanzania on 5 December 1889. Stairs was appointed second-in-command after Captain Barttelot was shot on 19 July 1888.

During the 5000 km journey across Africa through some of its most difficult country consisting of almost impenetrable rainforest and swamps, Stairs and colleagues suffered frequently from malaria and dysentery. Stairs had endurance, toughness and perseverance. He discovered one source of the Nile, the Semliki River, and became the first non-African to ever climb in the Ruwenzoris, reaching 10,677 ft before having to turn around. He was seriously wounded in the chest by a poisonous arrow during an attack by natives. Stairs recovered from his wound to continue the journey. In Dublin, Ireland there is a bronze plaque depicting this 13 August 1887 event on the statue of expedition Surgeon Major Thomas Heazle Parke who removed the arrow and sucked the poison from the wound.

The expedition was lauded in Europe and North America for exploits seen as heroic. On his return to England Captain Stairs was named a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 1890.

He described the population as "unfortunate blacks who, very often, are incapable of managing their own affairs."

## The Stairs Expedition to Katanga

In 1891 on Stanley's recommendation, Stairs was appointed by King Leopold II of Belgium to command a mission to take Katanga also known as Garanganze with or without the consent of its powerful king, Msiri. Leopold had used Stanley's services before and agreed with his use of force and understood Stairs to be in the same mould, and he had a reputation for carrying out orders completely and without hesitation.

The Stairs Expedition was a military mission of 400 men under the Congo Free State flag, armed with 200 modern rifles. (Msiri's men had muzzle-loading muskets). Stairs ran a well-organised expedition and won the loyalty of his officers and chiefs (Zanzibari supervisors). It was smaller and lighter than his previous expedition, with only two other military officers. They were in a race against Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company expanding from the south, which had already sent two failed expeditions to Msiri. Stairs and Joseph Moloney, the expedition's British medical officer, were aware that they could potentially come into armed conflict with a British expedition, and agreed they would nevertheless discharge their duties to their employer, Leopold.

The Stairs Expedition became notorious for the fate of Msiri. After three days of negotiations without progress, Stairs gave Msiri an ultimatum to sign the treaty the next day, 20 December 1891. When Msiri did not appear, he sent his second-in-command, Captain Bodson to arrest Msiri, who stood his ground. Bodson shot him dead, and a fight broke out. The expedition took their wounded and Msiri's body back to their camp where Stairs was waiting, and there they cut off Msiri's head and hoisted it on a pole in plain view as a 'barbaric lesson' to his people. Some of the Garanganze were massacred by the expedition's askaris, and most of the rest fled into the bush.

Stairs handed over Msiri's body to his two brothers and an adopted son, Makanda Bantu, whom Stairs installed as chief to replace Msiri, and who signed the treaty acknowledging Leopold as sovereign. The two brothers refused to do so until Stairs sent Moloney to threaten them with the same fate as Msiri.

Oral histories of the Garanganze people say that the expedition kept Msiri's head – by some accounts in a can of kerosene – but it cursed and killed everyone who carried it and eventually, this included Stairs. He was ill with malaria throughout January 1892. After being relieved by another expedition, the Stairs Expedition set out on the long return journey to Zanzibar. Stairs was frequently sick but by May 1892 had recovered. On a steamer down the lower Zambezi he had another attack of malaria which killed him on 9 June 1892. He is buried in the European Cemetery in Chinde, Mozambique at the mouth of the Zambezi River.

Only 189 of the 400 men on the expedition made it back to Zanzibar, a year after they had left, most of the rest died and few deserted. Katanga became part of the Congo Free State, which was annexed by Belgium in 1908 after an international outcry over the killings, brutality and slavery by Leopold's regime. In the early 20th century as Katanga's mining industries developed, some British in Northern Rhodesia, representing the losers in the scramble for Katanga, thought of Stairs as a mercenary and traitor to the British Empire.

## Commemoration

Captain Stairs is commemorated with three identical tablets (c. 1902) in the vestibule of Mackenzie Building at Royal Military College of Canada, St. George's Cathedral (Kingston, Ontario) and in Rochester Cathedral near Chatham, England.

* "William Grant Stairs, Captain the Welsh Regiment. Born at Halifax Nova Scotia 1 July 1863. Lieutenant Royal Engineers 1885–91. Served on the staff of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1887 under the leadership of H.M. Stanley and exhibited great courage and devotion to duty. Died of fever on 9 June 1892 at Chinde on the Zambesi whilst in command of the Katanga Expedition sent out by the King of the Belgians."
* A tablet at the Royal Military College of Canada Memorial Arch erected in 1932 "The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1887–1890 52 Captain W.G. Stairs"

A collection of artefacts from his African expeditions are at Fort Frederick (Kingston) and some his diaries are preserved in the Public Archives of Nova Scotia; others are lost.

Stairs Island, Parry Sound, Ontario was named in his honour.

Both Stairs Street and Stairs Place in Halifax, Nova Scotia, bear his name.

The memorial in St. George's Cathedral, Kingston, was destroyed in the fire in 1899, and has not been replaced.

## Further reading

* Based on Stairs' expedition diaries:
* Emin Pasha Relief Expedition
    + Daniel Liebowitz; Charles Pearson: The Last Expedition: Stanley's Mad Journey Through the Congo, 2005, ISBN 0-393-05903-0
* Based on other Stairs Expedition member's journals:
* The following book provides background on the Stairs family of Halifax.
    + James Frost, *Merchant Princes, Halifax's First Family of Finance, Ships and Steel*, 2003, James Lorimer and Company.
* *Obituary: Captain William Grant Stairs* Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 14, No. 7 (Jul., 1892), pp. 475–476 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)

## References

### Primary sources

### Secondary works

## InfoBox

| William Grant Stairs | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1863-07-01)1 July 1863
Halifax, Nova Scotia |
| Died | 9 June 1892(1892-06-09) (aged 28)
Mozambique |
| Allegiance | Canadian-British |
| Rank | Captain |
| Commands | Stairs Expedition to Katanga
Emin Pasha Relief Expedition |
| Relations | William Machin Stairs (grandfather) |
| Other work | explorer |


title: Monica Rose

abstract: Monica Angela Rose was a British TV quiz show hostess, who appeared on Double Your Money and The Sky's the Limit, both presented by Hughie Green. Rose was known for her Cockney accent, a novelty among TV presenters of the time.

text:
# Monica Rose

**Monica Angela Rose** (11 February 1948 – 2 February 1994) was a British TV quiz show hostess, who appeared on *Double Your Money* and *The Sky's the Limit*, both presented by Hughie Green. Rose was known for her Cockney accent, a novelty among TV presenters of the time.

## Biography and showbusiness career

Rose was born in White City, London in 1948. Her father was a London Underground train driver and her mother a cleaner at White City Stadium. In 1963, at the age of just 15, whilst working as a young accounts clerk, she was given tickets for a recording of the Hughie Green quiz show called *Double Your Money*. The show offered a choice of 42 subjects and offered £1 for the answer to a question given by the host with the chance to double their money from £1 up to a maximum of £32. The top prize was £1,000 (£26,400 as of 2024). Rose was plucked from the audience to take part and despite only winning £8 (on her chosen subject of 'Famous Women') she had the strength of personality to persuade Green (he was "impressed by her cockney charm and manner") to invite her back as a guest hostess on the show six weeks later. She was quoted as saying "Coming from a rough council estate, it was a lot to take in. Being picked up in a Rolls (referring to a Rolls-Royce motor car) and travelling by private plane." She stayed for three years until leaving although returned to the show before it was taken off air in July 1968 as a result of the broadcaster, Associated-Rediffusion, losing their franchise later that month.

Success for Rose had included a stage act with Green, based on the programme Double Your Money's format. The stage act was popular in summer seasons and their act was even shown in a Royal Variety Performance. In 1965 when Double Your Money was taken to the Soviet Union, the Soviet cultural attache, who was based in London, made it a condition that 'the little cockney girl Monica' had to go with the performance. A year later, in December 1966, Rose performed a duet with her co-presenter Hughie Green which was recorded on the 'B' side of the single 'Cuddle up Baby' called 'Clap Your Hands'. The music to 'Clap Your Hands' was written by Barrie Gosney a presenter who appeared in many television commercials and advertising magazines.

She later worked on The Sky's the Limit which was first broadcast on 10 July 1970 until 5 July 1974. This was a travel-themed version of the show *Double Your Money*. The questions were based on geography and the top prize was 21,000 air miles and £600 in spending money (£11,700 as of 2024).

## Personal life

Rose left show business in 1977 and was admitted to hospital three years later suffering from a nervous breakdown. In 1982 she married Terry Dunnell a Baptist lay preacher and officer of a religious group called the Frontier Youth Trust. Dunnell wrote several books on Christianity including *Mission and Young People at Risk: a Challenge to the Church* written in 1985. Rose became a Christian and settled with him in Leicester where she worked as a checkout operator in a supermarket. She paid regular visits to a local young offenders' centre up until 1993. After battling depression, Rose took her own life by overdosing on antidepressants and tranquillisers in 1994.

## InfoBox

| Monica Rose | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Monica Angela Rose
(1948-02-11)11 February 1948
London, England |
| Died | 2 February 1994(1994-02-02) (aged 45)
Leicester, England |
| Occupation | Game show hostess |
| Years active | 1963–1977 |
| Height | 4 ft 9 in (1.45 m) |
| Spouse | Terry Dunnell (m. 1982) |


title: Molidustat

abstract: Molidustat is a drug which acts as an HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor and thereby increases endogenous production of erythropoietin, which stimulates production of hemoglobin and red blood cells. It is in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of anemia caused by chronic kidney disease. Due to its potential applications in athletic doping, it has also been incorporated into screens for performance-enhancing drugs.

text:
# Molidustat

**Molidustat** is a drug which acts as an HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor and thereby increases endogenous production of erythropoietin, which stimulates production of hemoglobin and red blood cells. It is in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of anemia caused by chronic kidney disease. Due to its potential applications in athletic doping, it has also been incorporated into screens for performance-enhancing drugs.

## Veterinary use

Molidustat is indicated for the control of nonregenerative anemia associated with chronic kidney disease in cats. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conditionally approved it in May 2023.

The reasonable expectation of effectiveness of Molidustat was evaluated in a study conducted in two phases. The first phase involved a multi-center, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled field effectiveness and safety study. The second phase was an unmasked, optional continuation of the field study. The study enrolled 23 cats from 4 to 17 years of age from various breeds or breed mixes diagnosed with nonregenerative anemia associated with CKD. The FDA granted conditional approval of Varenzin-CA1 to Elanco US Inc.

## InfoBox

Molidustat
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Varenzin-CA1 |
| Other names | Bay 85-3934 |
| Routes of
administration | By mouth |
| ATC code | * None |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 2-(6-Morpholin-4-ylpyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(triazol-1-yl)-1*H*-pyrazol-3-one | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| PDB ligand |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.248.923 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C13H14N8O2 |
| Molar mass | 314.309 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * C1COCCN1C2=NC=NC(=C2)N3C(=O)C(=CN3)N4C=CN=N4 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C13H14N8O2/c22-13-10(20-2-1-16-18-20)8-17-21(13)12-7-11(14-9-15-12)19-3-5-23-6-4-19/h1-2,7-9,17H,3-6H2 * Key:IJMBOKOTALXLKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |


title: William Alexander Harvey

abstract: William Alexander Harvey was an English architect. He is most notable for his design of Bournville, the model 'garden suburb' built by Cadburys to house their chocolate-making workforce to the south of Birmingham.

text:
# William Alexander Harvey

**William Alexander Harvey** FRIBA (11 April 1874 – 6 February 1951) was an English architect. He is most notable for his design of Bournville, the model 'garden suburb' built by Cadburys to house their chocolate-making workforce to the south of Birmingham.

## Biography

Born into an artistic family, Harvey studied architecture at the Municipal School of Art in Birmingham, and was appointed by George Cadbury to work on houses in Bournville in 1895 aged just 20.

Cadbury's objectives in Bournville were the construction of decent quality homes at prices affordable to industrial workers. The particulars stated that it was: "intended to make it easy for working men to own houses with large gardens, secure from the dangers of being spoilt either by factories, or by the interference with the enjoyment of sun, light and air".

Influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement, many of Harvey's designs incorporated arty features such as stepped gables, small Venetian windows over canted bays, timber corner porches below dormers with very concave little leaded roofs. Houses at 10-12 Sycamore Road, Bournville, are typical. The village was a low rise development with a good provision of public and private open space.

From 1900, development of the village became the responsibility of the Bournville Village Trust. Harvey remained in the Trust's employment until 1904 when he set up his own architectural practice. From 1914 until at least 1935 his firm, Harvey and Wicks, was based at 5 Bennetts Hill, an important commercial street in central Birmingham. He continued to design public buildings in the village, but also designed houses, estates, municipal buildings and churches elsewhere in Birmingham and further afield. His 1906 book on model villages helped establish him as an expert on low cost housing and his schemes were employed by several English local authorities. From 1918 he also sat on the Executive Council of The Birmingham Civic Society.

From 2006 onwards, a section of the Lightmoor development at Telford was led by the Trust, recognising the longevity of the social and aesthetic principles demonstrated at Bournville and in other English garden suburbs.

## Works

In Bournville, Harvey designed:

He rebuilt Selly Manor (1912–16), Grade II listed and Minworth Greaves (1929), Grade II listed.

In Selly Oak, he designed Kingsmead College (1905), Westhill College (1907), and Carey Hall (1912).

Further afield, he designed Dudley Council House (1935) with H. Graham Wicks.

## Bibliography

* *The Model Village and its Cottages: Bournville*. 1906. ISBN 1297004477. Also at Project Gutenberg

## Sources

## InfoBox

| William Alexander Harvey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1874-04-11)11 April 1874
Birmingham, England |
| Died | 6 February 1951(1951-02-06) (aged 76)
Edgbaston, Birmingham |
| Nationality | English |
| Education | Birmingham Municipal School of Art |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Known for | Contributions to the Bournville model village |
| Spouse | Lillian Herrmann Morgan  (m. 1909; died 1943) |


title: Monomorium latinode

abstract: Monomorium latinode, is a species of ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae. It is found in many Asian countries.

text:
# Monomorium latinode

***Monomorium latinode***, is a species of ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae. It is found in many Asian countries.

* "Monomorium latinode - Facts". *AntWeb*. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
* "Monomorium latinode". at *antwiki.org*
* Animaldiversity.org
* Ants of Africa
* It is.org

## InfoBox

| *Monomorium latinode* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Monomorium* |
| Species: | ***M. latinode*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Monomorium latinode***<br>Mayr, 1872 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Monomorium latinode bruneum* Emery, 1893 * *Monomorium voeltzkowi* Forel, 1907 | |


title: Mont Iboundji

abstract: Mont Iboundji is a peak located in Gabon. Claims that it is the highest point of the country, with an altitude of 1,575 metres (5,167 ft), are neither supported by SRTM data nor empirically. Other sources indicate the Mont Bengoué as the most elevated peak in Gabon. The mountain is also the namesake of the frontrunners in the Modern Jazz movement, Iboundji.

text:
# Mont Iboundji

**Mont Iboundji** is a peak located in Gabon. Claims that it is the highest point of the country, with an altitude of 1,575 metres (5,167 ft), are neither supported by SRTM data nor empirically.

Other sources indicate the Mont Bengoué as the most elevated peak in Gabon.

The mountain is also the namesake of the frontrunners in the Modern Jazz movement, Iboundji.

## InfoBox

| Mont Iboundji | |
| --- | --- |
| Mont IboundjiGabon | |
| Highest point | |
| Coordinates | 1°40′29″S 12°1′14″E / 1.67472°S 12.02056°E / -1.67472; 12.02056 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Gabon |


title: William Cresswell (Tichborne case)

abstract: William Cresswell, was an inmate of the Parramatta Lunatic Asylum, in New South Wales who was considered as a claimant in the Tichborne case.

text:
# William Cresswell (Tichborne case)

**William Cresswell** (c. 1829    12 December 1904), was an inmate of the Parramatta Lunatic Asylum, in New South Wales who was considered as a claimant in the Tichborne case.

## The first mentions

The first public mentions of William Cresswell in relation to the Tichborne case appear in news reports from 1871. Arthur Orton was said to have associated 'with a man well known in the Queanbeyan district' under that name, and that 'the last that was heard of him is that he was sent... to the Gladesville Hospital as a dangerous lunatic'. Further, 'It was said there was always something mysterious about Cresswell, and even his wife was not acquainted with his previous history'.

In April 1884, Daniel Smith 'agent for the Tichborne Release association' was reported to have tried to secure the release of William Cresswell from the Paramatta Lunatic Asylum 'in order to take him to England under the supposition that he is the very identical Arthur Orton'. In later reports it emerged that Cresswell was being promoted not as Arthur Orton, but as Tichborne himself:

> "This person is stated to have a cut over the eye-brow, received on the Pauline from an albatross, mark of a fishhook through the eyelid, indenture in the back of the head, and to correspond in age and height to the real Sir Roger Tichbourne. The person is further described as a Roman Catholic, and has a sacred relic in his possession when admitted. He has a peculiar twitching of the eye- brows, odd ears, speaks French, repeatedly talks of his estates in Hampshire and Dorsetshire."

Cresswell's candidacy was advanced by Sydney lawyer Edward Priestman acting for Rev. Edward Williams, 'a Catholic priest of Sydenmouth, Devonshire (England)'. Priestman found early support in a Victorian Member of Parliament, J.H. Graves, who knew of a detailed story of how Orton and Tichborne (Cresswell) had first met when both working on Gippsland squatting runs. Another source, 'an old resident' Richard Bennison, a Gippsland hotelier, confirmed some of Graves' story in 1895, as he recalled Orton and 'George Smith' newly arrived from Tasmania (and still had hotel records of their visit) and that, around the time Orton assumed the alias Tom Castro, Bennison encountered Smith again, who gave his name as William Cresswell.

In 1897, permission was sought from the Supreme Court to examine Cresswell to determine if 'marks on his body' matched Tichborne's. The process was thorough and:

> "Creswell appeared more intelligent than on the previous occasions when he was examined, and did everything he was requested without the slightest demur, though he showed no emotion and did not express any desire to know the reason for the examination. Photographs were taken of him in eight or nine different positions, and he submitted to the ordeal with perfect quietness and indifference."

While the evidence was not entirely conclusive, a news report of the time noted that 'Where the famous tattoo mark was, on the left forearm, there is a scar, consistent with theory that it was destroyed by searing'.

## 1898 Royal Commission

The following year, at a Royal Commission 'appointed with reference to the identity of William Cresswell', a witness Bridget Wivas said that while she was a servant at a house in Woollahra, Sydney, a male servant employed there resembled Tichborne, in marks, accent, and details he gave of his life, and she believed that man was still in the city. Walter Lee, a labourer, recalled his own encounter with the man he believed to be Tichborne, when he crewed with him on the 'Osprey' between Adelaide and Geelong in 1854. While an attendant at the asylum from 1869–1871 gave testimony that Cresswell had once remarked 'I'm like the Prodigal Son; but I'll never return'.

Cresswell was questioned by the Royal Commission, and was described as a 'grey, robust looking old man'. At times he 'expressed recognition' of people and places, even stamping his feet 'with anger' when he was displeased, but he also 'talked incoherently to himself' during the proceedings. When commissioner Wilkes mention Cresswell's name, Sir Roger Tichborne and Arthur Orton, asking if they were three separate men, Cresswell responded: 'Don't mix my name up with such people'.

Cresswell maintained that he was not Tichborne, and the Commission agreed, with one dissenting opinion, but it did find that he was 'of sufficiently sound mind to warrant his release from the Asylum'.

## Aftermath

While the New South Wales Legislative Assembly supported the Commission's call for Cresswell's release, in 1902, during a visit by a journalist, he was still an inmate at the asylum, and he remained there until his death in 1904.

One of those who offered evidence to the Royal Commission into Cresswell's identity, Catholic priest Rev. Father Dunne of Albury, offered a completely different suggestion. He repeated his recollections, first made public in 1895, that he had given the last rites to Sir Roger Tichborne in Geelong, Victoria, in 1854.

1. "THE TICHBORNE CASE". *Windsor and Richmond Gazette*. NSW: National Library of Australia. 28 October 1899. p. 9. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
2. "DEATH OF A TICHBORNE CLAIMANT". *Kalgoorlie Miner*. WA: National Library of Australia. 13 December 1904. p. 5. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
3. "\[No heading\]". *The Argus*. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 2 October 1871. p. 5. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
4. "Orton-Tichborne Evidence". *Australian Town and Country Journal*. NSW: National Library of Australia. 12 April 1884. p. 23. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
5. "SIR ROGER TICHBORNE". *Clarence and Richmond Examiner and New England Advertiser*. Grafton, NSW: National Library of Australia. 3 December 1889. p. 4. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
6. "THE COURTS". *The Evening News*. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 29 April 1897. p. 6. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
7. "The Tichborne Case". *Wagga Wagga Advertiser*. NSW: National Library of Australia. 5 January 1895. p. 4. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
8. "THE TICHBORNE CLAIMANT". *Traralgon Record*. Traralgon, Vic.: National Library of Australia. 11 January 1895. p. 3 Edition: MORNING. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
9. "THE TICHBOURNE CASE". *The West Australian*. Perth: National Library of Australia. 12 November 1897. p. 5. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
10. "THE TICHBORNE MYSTERY". *The Evening News*. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 23 November 1899. p. 4. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
11. "SIR ROGER TICHBOURNE". *Western Mail*. Perth: National Library of Australia. 10 February 1900. p. 44. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
12. "THE TICHBORNE-CRESSWELL MYSTERY". *The Evening News*. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 21 February 1900. p. 8. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
13. "THE TICHBORNE COMMISSION". *The Chronicle*. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 17 February 1900. p. 29. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
14. "ARE YOU SIR ROGER? NO!". *Clarence and Richmond Examiner*. Grafton, NSW: National Library of Australia. 24 February 1900. p. 5. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
15. Janet C. Myers (24 September 2009). *Antipodal England: Emigration and Portable Domesticity in the Victorian Imagination*. SUNY Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4384-2718-8.
16. "THE CRESSWELL-TICHBORNE CASE". *The Sunday Times*. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 29 April 1900. p. 8. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
17. "To-Day's Telegrams". *The Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal*. NSW: National Library of Australia. 26 April 1900. p. 2. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
18. "William Cresswell supposed to be Tichborne". *The Northern Star*. Lismore, NSW: National Library of Australia. 18 June 1902. p. 3. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
19. "The Tichborne Claimant". *Wagga Wagga Advertiser*. NSW: National Library of Australia. 3 January 1895. p. 2. Retrieved 17 August 2013.