title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Muro Lucano

abstract: The Latin Catholic Diocese of Muro Lucano, in the southern Italian region of Basilicata, existed until 1986. In that year it was united into the archdiocese of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo.

text:
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Muro Lucano

The Latin Catholic **Diocese of Muro Lucano**, in the southern Italian region of Basilicata, existed until 1986. In that year it was united into the archdiocese of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo.

## History

Pope Leo IX (1049–1054), in naming the diocese of Conza a metropolitan archdiocese, confirmed that its suffragan dioceses were: Muro Lucano, Satriano, Monteverde, Lacedonia, S. Angelo de'Lombardi and Bisaccia.

The first Bishop of Muro Lucano of whom there is mention was Leo (1049). He was one of fifty-five bishops present in Rome on 2 May 1050, at the second Roman synod of Pope Leo IX.

On 5 June 1212, Pope Innocent III appointed a bishop of Muro Lucano, Monteguidonis, to carry out the deposition of the Bishop of Melfi.

In 1248, a scandal developed in the diocese of Muro. When the previous bishop had died, the Archpriest and the Chapter of the cathedral of Muro elected Palermus, one of the canons, as the new bishop. This was done before the interdict was imposed on the Kingdom of Sicily in Spring 1248, and it canonically and by general agreement. But, following a mandate of the Emperor Frederick, who did not die until 13 December 1250, a Tarentine cleric named Nicholas de Patrice intruded himself and had himself consecrated bishop. The bishop-elect Palermus would have had an appeal to the archbishop of Conza, who was the metropolitan of the ecclesiastical province, but the post was vacant at the time. He therefore appealed directly to the pope. Pope Innocent, on 12 June 1253, addressed the situation in a letter to the archbishop of Trani, ordering him to investigate the election, and if he found it canonical, and Palermus to be suitable, he should confirm the election with papal authority and consecrate Palermus. Otherwise, the election was to be voided. Nicholas was to be removed.

Bishop Antonio of Mura (1376–1386) became a partisan of the Pope Clement VII of the Avignon obedience; he was therefore driven to seek refuge at Polsino by Carlo of Durazzo, who supported Pope Urban VI of the Roman Obedience in exchange for the pope's receiving his oath of fealty for Naples and Sicily. Pope Clement VII created the diocese of Bolsino or Polsino (called Buccino by D'Avino) for him, since the diocese of Muro, under the influence of Charles of Durazzo, had declared for Urban VI (Roman Obedience). Antonius was transferred there on 1 July 1386. He died shortly thereafter.

On 27 July 1382, in the castle of Muro Lucano, on the orders of Charles of Durazzo, the deposed and imprisoned Queen Joanna of Anjou was suffocated to death with pillows.

One bishop of Muro was the poet Gian Carlo Coppola (1643), who later became Bishop of Gallipoli, his native town; another, Alfonso Pacello (1674), was the founder of a congregation of priests for the care of the sick of the diocese. The see was suffragan of the archdiocese of Conza.

Bishop Giovanni Carlo Coppola (1643–1652) summoned a diocesan synod in 1645. Bishop Domenico Antonio Manfredi (1724–1738) held a diocesan synod at Muro Lucano on 1–3 April 1728. Bishop Vito Moio (1744–1767) presided at the tenth diocesan synod at Muro Lucano on 15 August 1746. Bishop Tommaso Antonio Gigli, O.F.M. Conv. (1832–1858), held a diocesan synod in 1841.

### Chapter and cathedral

The oldest cathedral was built on the citadel, immediately adjacent to the castle. Bishop Manfredi noted the existence of an inscription found on a stone which had been used in a step of the old high altar of the cathedral; it carried the date, in Roman numerals, 1009. From this report, he inferred that the cathedral was already in existence in 1009 or 1013. Marturelli is not sure of the inevitability of the deduction, and suggests that the building may have been older. Nor is it inevitable that the bishopric, the cathedral, and the Chapter were of the same exact date.

The original Chapter was composed of eleven persons: the five dignities (the Archdeacon, the Archpriest, the Primicerius, the Cantor, and the Treasurer) and six Canons. All the other priests of the city of Muro Lucano were "Capitularii"; they shared in the income of the cathedral, but did not enjoy the privileges of Canons. On 29 November 1566, Bishop Filesio Cittadini suppressed two of the positions capitulary priests and converted them into canonries; on 18 October 1606, Bishop Tommaso Confetti (1606–1630), in accordance with the decrees of the Council of Trent, promoted two canons into dignities, the Canon Theological (the cathedral preacher) and the Canon Penitentiary. On 26 August 1645, Bishop Giancarlo Coppola reformed the system, and reduced the number of those enjoying income from the cathedral income to twenty-four. On 14 December 1676, Bishop Alfonso Pacelli converted two of the portionarii into canons; there were then to be five dignities, twelve canons, and seven portionarii. Bishop Manfredo laid out in great detail the privileges and duties of each of the dignities and canons in an appendix to the Synodical Decrees on 1724.

A modern cathedral building, dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, but now only a co-cathedral in the archdiocese of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo, was consecrated on 29 November 1888, by Bishop Raffaele Capone and Bishop Alfonso Maria Giordano of Teano e Calvi. On 23 November 1980, a severe earthquake destroyed the cathedral, the episcopal palace, the church of the Carmine, the church of the convent of the Capucines, and many other buildings in Muro Lucano.

### Seminary

The Council of Trent, in its 23rd session in 1562, decreed that each diocese, to the extent that it was feasible, should have a diocesan seminary for the training of priests. Bishop Filesio Cittadini (1562–1571) began raising funds for a new seminary in Muro, first, with a decree of 27 September 1565, establishing the project; and second, with the imposition of a tax on all ecclesiastical benefices of whatever sort to endow the institution. On 27 April 1568, he assigned to the seminary the benefices of S. Elia and Santa Croce, followed by those of S. Maria dell'Incoronata, S. Paolo, and S. Domenica. He added a tax of 25% of the income of S. Giovanni delle Monache and of S. Pietro in Aquilone. On 27 June 1675, Bishop Alfonso Pacella (1674–1702) added the benefices of S. Tommaso a Cerrutoli and S. Potito, and Bishop Domenico Antonio Manfredi (1724–1738) added four more. These provided salaries for priest-teachers and for the needs of the students.

In his synod of 1728, Bishop Domenico Antonio Manfredi reported that the seminary had been founded next to the episcopal palace, in a building with a central courtyard, a chapel (which had been donated by Princess Giovanna Tolfa Frangipani, the mother of Pope Benedict XIII), two dormitories (downstairs, and upstairs), a dining room, a common room, a kitchen and pantries, a cantina, a garden, and two rooms in which ordinands could carry out their spiritual exercises. The institution had a Rector, a Vice-Rector, and a Master of the school. There were instructors in grammar, philosophy, theology, rhetoric, civil and canon law, gregorian chant, church accounting,

Under Bishop Tommaso Antonio Gigli (1832–1858), additional rooms were added to the seminary building in 1841 to accommodate the increasing number of students. During the revolution of 1860, however, the seminary had to be closed.

### The Napoleonic disruption and restoration

From 1806 to 1808, Naples was occupied by the French, and Joseph Bonaparte was made king, after Napoleon had deposed King Ferdinand IV. Joseph Bonaparte was succeeded by Joachim Murat, from 1808 until the fall of Napoleon in 1815. Pope Pius VII was a prisoner of Napoleon in France from 1809 to 1815, and was both unable and unwilling to make new episcopal appointments. The French expelled all members of the mendicant orders, friars and nuns, and their property was confiscated for the "benefit of the people". The Jesuits were expelled from the kingdom; colleges of canons were also disbanded and their property seized.

Following the extinction of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, the Congress of Vienna authorized the restoration of the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples. Since the French occupation had seen the abolition of many Church institutions in the Kingdom, as well as the confiscation of most Church property and resources, it was imperative that Pope Pius VII and King Ferdinand IV reach agreement on restoration and restitution. Ferdinand, however, was not prepared to accept the pre-Napoleonic situation, in which Naples was a feudal subject of the papacy. Neither was he prepared to accept the large number of small dioceses in his kingdom; following French intentions, he demanded the suppression of fifty dioceses. Lengthy, detailed, and acrimonious negotiations ensued. On 17 July 1816, King Ferdinand issued a decree, in which he forbade the reception of any papal document without prior reception of the royal *exequatur*. This meant that prelates could not receive bulls of appointment, consecration, or installation without the king's permission.

A concordat was finally signed on 16 February 1818, and ratified by Pius VII on 25 February 1818. Ferdinand issued the concordat as a law on 21 March 1818. The re-erection of the dioceses of the kingdom and the ecclesiastical provinces took more than three years. The right of the king to nominate the candidate for a vacant bishopric was recognized, as in the Concordat of 1741, subject to papal confirmation (preconisation). On 27 June 1818, Pius VII issued the bull *De Ulteriore*, in which the metropolitan church of Conza was reconstituted. It was to have as suffragans the dioceses of S. Angelo dei Lombardi, Laquedonia, and Muro Lucano.

### Post-Vatican-II changes

Following the Second Vatican Council, and in accordance with the norms laid out in the council's decree, *Christus Dominus* chapter 40, Pope Paul VI ordered a reorganization of the ecclesiastical provinces in southern Italy. The decree "Eo quod spirituales" of 12 September 1976 created a new episcopal conference in the region called "Basilicata", to which were assigned all of the dioceses that belonged to the ecclesiastical province of Potenza, including Materana and Mons Pelusii; they had formerly belonged to the episcopal conference of "Apulia". Pope Paul VI ordered consultations among the members of the Congregation of Bishops in the Vatican Curia, the Italian Bishops Conference, and the various dioceses concerned. After twenty years, problems and objections were still apparent.

On 18 February 1984, the Vatican and the Italian State signed a new and revised concordat. Based on the revisions, a set of *Normae* was issued on 15 November 1984, which was accompanied in the next year, on 3 June 1985, by enabling legislation. According to the agreement, the practice of having one bishop govern two separate dioceses at the same time, *aeque personaliter*, was abolished. The Vatican continued consultations which had begun under Pope John XXIII for the merging of small dioceses, especially those with personnel and financial problems, into one combined diocese.

On 30 September 1986, Pope John Paul II ordered that the dioceses of Potenza, Marsico Nuovo, and Muro Lucano be merged into one diocese with one bishop, with the Latin title *Archidioecesis Potentina-Murana-Marsicensis*. The seat of the diocese was to be in Potenza, and the cathedral of Potenza was to serve as the cathedral of the merged diocese. The cathedrals in Marsico Nuovo and Muro Lucano were to become co-cathedrals, and their cathedral Chapters were each to be a *Capitulum Concathedralis*. There was to be only one diocesan Tribunal, in Potenza, and likewise one seminary, one College of Consultors, and one Priests' Council. The territory of the new diocese was to include the territory of the suppressed dioceses of Marsico Nuovo and Muro Lucano.

## Bishops of Muro Lucano

*Erected: 11th Century*
*Latin Name: Muranus*

### to 1400

* Leo (attested 1050)
* Eustachius (attested 1059?)

**...** * Gaudinus (attested 1101–1105)

**...** * Robertus (attested 1169)

**...** * Monteguidonis (attested 1212–1213)
* Joannes (attested 1217)

**...** * Robertus (attested 1239)

**...** * Nicolaus de Patricio (attested 1250–1253)
* Palermus (1253–1274)

**...** * Nicolaus (attested 1322)
* Petrus ( ? –1332)
* Matthaeus (1332– ? )
* Nicolaus, O.Min. (attested 1340?–1344)
* Enrico Marci (1344–1348)
* Guglielmo (1348–1357)
* Giacomo del Fosco (1357–1364)
* Domenico Johannis, O. Carm. (1364–1373) *Avignon Obedience*
* Simon (1373– ? )
* Antonio (1376–1386) *Avignon Obedience*
* Guglielmo (1395–1405) *Roman Obedience*

### 1400 to 1600

Vincenzo Correrio Malatesta da Cammerota (1595–1605) *Coadjutor*

### 1600 to 1800

*Sede vacante* (1794–1797) * Giovanni Filippo Ferrone (1797–1826)

### 1800 to 1986

1. Cheney, David M. "Diocese of Muro Lucano". *Catholic-Hierarchy.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. \[*self-published*\]
2. Chow, Gabriel. "Diocese of Muro Lucano (Italy)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. \[*self-published*\]
3. Kehr, *Italia pontificia*, p. 506.
4. Kehr IX, p. 517. J.D. Mansi (ed.), *Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio,* (in Latin) editio novissima, Tomus 19 (Venice: A. Zatta 1774), p. 771.
5. F. Ughelli *Italia sacra* I, pp. 926-927. Kehr IX, p. 516. Kamp, pp. 488-489, 761.
6. Kamp, p. 763.
7. Frederick had been deposed, as far as Pope Innocent IV was concerned.
8. A new archbishop was not appointed until 24 April 1254. Eubel I, p. 202.
9. Élie Berger, *Les registres d'Innocent IV* Tome III (Paris: A. Fontemoing 1897), pp. 1247-1248, no. 6670.
10. Cappelletti XX, pp. 572-573. D'Avino, p. 419, no. 19.
11. Cappelletti XX, p. 571. Andreas Kiesewetter, "Giovanna I d'Angiò, regina di Sicilia," (in Italian) in: *Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani* Volume 55 (2001). Martuscelli (1896), pp. 73-78.
12. *Catholic Encyclopedia* article
13. Manfredo, *Prima diocesana synodus..., p. 13.*
14. *Prima dioecesana synodus Murana ab illustriss. & reverendiss. patre, & domino Dominico-Antonio Manfredo episcopo, ss. d.n. Benedicti pp. 13. praesule domestico, pontificioque solio assistenti. Celebrata Muri in cathedrali basilica diebus 1. 2. & 3. Maji, 1728. praesulatus anno 4* (in Latin) (Benevento: Typographia Archiep. 1728).
15. Murana decima dioecesana synodus prima vero... ab Vito Mojo episcopo murano ... Muri in Cathedrali Basilica celebrata die 15 Augusti 1746. (Neapoli: typis Joannis De Simone, 1748).
16. Martuscelli, p. 310.
17. Martuscelli (1896), pp. 328-329.
18. The inscription was lost. Manfredo (1728), in: *Prima dioecesana synodus Murana*, pp. 271 and 361: "egli principalmente raccoglienansi da una inscrizione lapidaria, ch'era in un gradino del vecchio Altar Maggiore, come ci attestano testimonii di veduta, giacche la pietra non più si trova.
19. Martuscelli (1896), p. 330: "A me pare però che la sua origine rimontasse ad epoca anteriore, in quanto che non è presumibile, pur ammettendo la esistenza della lapide suddetta di che, come altrove ho detto, è da dubitare, che siano surti contemporaneamente, nello stesso anno 1009 l' Episcopato, il Capitolo e il Duomo."
20. Manfredo, p. 272.
21. Manfredo, p. 271. Ritzler and Sefrin V, p. 277, note 1.
22. *Prima dioecesana synodus Murana*, pp. 271-292.
23. Martuscelli, p. 351.
24. *Basilicata: Potenza, Matera, il Pollino, la Magna Grecia, il Vulture, le coste tirrenica e jonica*, Milano: Touring Club Italiano Editore 2004, p. 59.
25. *The Council of Trent The Twenty-Third Session The canons and decrees of the sacred and oecumenical Council of Trent*, Ed. and trans. J. Waterworth (London: Dolman, 1848), 170-92. "...all cathedral, metropolitan, and other churches greater than these, shall be bound, each according to its means and the extent of the diocese, to maintain, to educate religiously, and to train in ecclesiastical discipline, a certain number of youths of their city and diocese, or, if that number cannot be met with there, of that province, in a college to be chosen by the bishop for this purpose near the said churches, or in some other suitable place."
26. Martuscelli (1896), pp. 388-392; 403-405.
27. *Prima dioecesana synodus Murana* (in Latin) (Benevento: Typographia Archiep. 1728), pp. 230-235; 324; 398-425. Martuscelli (1896), pp. 405-406.
28. Martuscelli (1896), p. 407.
29. F. Artaud de Montor, *Histoire du Pape Pie VII* (in French) Vol. II, second edition (Paris: Adrien Leclerc 1837), pp. 132-140.
30. R.M. Johnston (1909), *The Napoleonic Kingdom in Southern Italy and the Rise of the Secret Societies,* Volume I (London: Macmillan), pp. 149. 161-162;
31. Francesco Scaduto (1887). *Stato e chiesa nelle due Sicilie dai Normanni ai giorni nostri* (in Italian). Palermo: A. Amenta. pp. 42–58, 74–78.
32. F. Artaud de Montor, *Histoire du Pape Pie VII* (in French) Vol. II, second edition (Paris: Adrien Leclerc 1837), pp. 507-509.
33. Vito Giliberti (1845), *Polizia ecclesiastica del regno delle due Sicilie* (in Italian), (Napoli: F. Azzolini), pp. 399-400.
34. F. Torelli (1848), *La chiave del concordato dell'anno 1818* I, second edition (Naples: Fibreno 1848), pp. 1-19.
35. Torelli I, p. 9.
36. *De Ulteriore* §10. *Bullarii Romani Continuatio* Tomus decimus quintus (Vol. 15) (Rome 1853), p. 57. Torelli I, pp. 117-118.
37. *Christus Dominus* 40. Therefore, in order to accomplish these aims this sacred synod decrees as follows: 1) The boundaries of ecclesiastical provinces are to be submitted to an early review and the rights and privileges of metropolitans are to be defined by new and suitable norms. 2) As a general rule all dioceses and other territorial divisions that are by law equivalent to dioceses should be attached to an ecclesiastical province. Therefore dioceses which are now directly subject to the Apostolic See and which are not united to any other are either to be brought together to form a new ecclesiastical province, if that be possible, or else attached to that province which is nearer or more convenient. They are to be made subject to the metropolitan jurisdiction of the bishop, in keeping with the norms of the common law. 3) Wherever advantageous, ecclesiastical provinces should be grouped into ecclesiastical regions for the structure of which juridical provision is to be made.
38. The bull *Eo quod spirituales* (in Latin), in: *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* 68 (1976), pp. 678-680.
39. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* 79 (Città del Vaticano 1987), pp. 764-766.
40. Bishop Eustachius was present on 18 August 1059 at the consecration of the church of S. Michael in Monte Vulture, according to a document which is said to have been forged. He was the recipient of a letter of Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085), confirming a bull of Pope Alexander II (1061–1073) naming the archbishop of Salerno as the metropolitan of the churches of S. Angelo, Monte Viridi, and Muro Lucano. J. Pflugk-Harttung, *Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita* Volume II (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer 1884), p. 139, no. 172. Kehr IX, pp. 517-518.
41. Gaudinus attended the consecration of the church of S. Sabino at Canosa. Kehr IX, pp. 340, 517.
42. Gams, p. 902. Kamp, p. 760 with note 6
43. Monteguidonis: Eubel I, p. 352. Kamp, p. 761.
44. Joannes: Kamp, p. 761. An unnamed bishop attended the Fourth Lateran Council of Pope Innocent III in November 1215.
45. Kamp, p. 761.
46. The family of Nicolaus was from Tarento. He had been appointed and ordered consecrated by Frederick II. He was deposed once Frederick had died. Kamp, pp. 761-762. Eubel I, p. 352, with note 1.
47. Palermus had been Sub-Cantor of S. Nicholas in Bari, Archpriest of the church of S. Felix, and was a canon of the cathedral of Muro Lucano. At the end of August 1274, he consecrated the church of S. Maria Maggiore in Diano, at the request of Count Roger of Marsico. Eubel I, p. 352, with note 3. Kamp, pp. 762-763.
48. Nicolaus: Cappelletti XX, p. 572. Eubel I, p. 352.
49. Bishop Petrus was transferred to the diocese of Sorrento by Pope John XXII on 20 October 1332. He died in 1341. Eubel I, p. 352, 469.
50. Matthew was a priest and canon of the cathedral of Sorrento. On 17 November 1332, Matthaeus promised to pay the customary dues to the College of Cardinals. He was consecrated in Avignon by Cardinal Petrus Després, Bishop of Palestrina. Cappelletti XX, p. 572. G. Mollat, *Jean XXII. Lettres communes* Vol. 12 (Paris: A. Fontemoing 1904). p. 41 no. 58795. Eubel I, p. 352.
51. Bishop Nicolaus was transferred to the diocese of Caserta on 13 June 1344. Gams, p. 902, column 1. Eubel I, pp. 169, 352.
52. Enrico of Caserta was a canon of the cathedral of Caserta. He was appointed bishop of Muro by Pope Clement VI on 14 June 1344, following the transfer of Bishop Nicholas to Caserta. His successor was appointed after his death, on 10 November 1348. Eubel I, p. 352 (Dates given by earlier authors are wrong by one year, as demonstrated by Vatican documents).
53. Guglielmo (Barbieri) was born in Muro in 1278, and became a familiar of Archbishop Matteo Orsini of Manfredonia in Avignon. Guglielmo was appointed Archpriest of the cathedral Chapter of Muro by Pope John XXII. He was appointed by Pope Clement VI on 10 November 1348, after having been requested (elected) by the Chapter. He died, according to D'Avino in 1356. His successor was appointed on 20 December 1357. D'Avino, pp. 418-419. Eubel I, p. 352.
54. Fusco had been Sub-Cantor of the Basilica of S. Nicolaus in Bari. He was requested (elected) by the cathedral Chapter of Muro, and appointed (provided) by Pope Innocent VI on 20 December 1357. He received his bulls of consecration on 6 November 1357. On 13 March 1364, he was transferred to the diocese of Potenza by Pope Urban V. He died in 1374. D'Avino, p. 419. Eubel I, p. 352, 407.
55. Fra Domenico had been bishop of Hierapetra, on Crete (1363–1364), an honorary title, since Crete was in the hands of the Turks. He was transferred to the diocese of Muro on 13 March 1364 by Pope Urban V. He was transferred to the diocese of Ariano by Pope Gregory XI. Eubel I, pp. 274, 352; cf. p. 106, where it is stated that Bishop Domenico was named bishop of Ariano by Pope Clement VII of the Avignon Obedience on 11 June 1386.
56. Formerly Primicerius of the cathedral chapter of Salerno, Simon, Bishop of Ariano (1372–1373), was transferred to the diocese of Muro by Pope Gregory XI on 27 April 1373. He was succeeded by Antonius under Gregory XI, c. 1376. Eubel I, pp. 106, 352.
57. Antonius: Pope Clement VII created the diocese of Bolsino (called Buccino by D'Avino) for him, since the diocese of Muro, under the influence of Charles of Durazzo, had declared for Urban VI (Roman Obedience). Antonius was transferred there on 1 July 1386. He died shortly thereafter. Pope Benedict XIII (Avignon Obedience) then appointed another Antonius, who held the title of Treasurer of the Church of Patras, as his successor. On 2 July 1403, this second Antonius was assigned the spiritual direction of the Church of Arles. Cappelletti XX, pp. 572-573. D'Avino, p. 419, no. 19. Eubel I, p. 352 with note 4.
58. Guglielmo was appointed by Pope Boniface IX, and was transferred to the diocese of Bishop of Capaccio on 13 April 1405 by Pope Innocent VII. He died on 10 September 1410. D'Avino, p. 419, no. 19. Eubel I, pp. 165, 352.
59. Panella was a papal chamberlain, and scriptor in the Apostolic Penitentiary. He had been bishop of Ferentino (1392–1395), archbishop of Durazzo in Epirus (1395–1399), and bishop of Capaccio (1399–1405). He was transferred to Muro Lucano by Pope Gregory XII on 23 February 1407. He had been transferred by Innocent VII, but the bulls had not been signed before Innocent's death. It is likely that these were all benefices for a working bureaucrat. Eubel I, pp. 165, 232, 246, 352 with note 5.
60. Della Porta was learned in the law, and held a canonry in the church of Sorrento. He was appointed bishop of Muro by Pope Martin V on 16 February 1418. He built the convent for the Friars Minor in Muro. He died in 1423. D'Avino, p. 419, no. 22. Eubel I, p. 352.
61. Sanfelice had been a canon in the cathedral of Melfi. He was appointed bishop of Alessano by Pope Innocent VII (Roman Obedience) on 12 October 1405. He was transferred to the diocese of Muro by Pope Martin V on 24 September 1423. His subsequent transfer to an unknown diocese was revoked by Pope Eugenius IV on 18 August 1431. In 1443 Eugenius assigned him a coadjutor, at which point Sanfelice resigned the diocese. D'Avino, p. 419, no. 23. Eubel I, pp. 83, 352 with note 6; II, p. 197 note 1.
62. Eubel II, p. 197.
63. Veroli, a *Doctor in utroque iure*, had been Bishop of Conversano (1437–1452), then Bishop of Bojano (1452–1462), then Bishop of Urbino (1462–1463). He was transferred to the diocese of Muro Lucano by Pope Pius II on 26 May 1463, "propter ejus duros et intolerabiles mores exosus et insupportabiles, ipsique ecclesiae inutilis pariter et infructuosus; and on 8 October 1464, he was transferred to the diocese of Camerino by Pope Paul II, though his name does not appear in the official catalogues of bishops of that see. Martuscelli, p. 257. Eubel II, pp. 108, 116, 135, 197.
64. Meolus had previously been Bishop of Telese (1459–1464). He was transferred to the diocese of Muro by Pope Paul II on 8 October 1464. He died in January 1486. His successor was appointed on 15 February. Martuscelli, pp. 257-258. Eubel II, pp. 197, 250.
65. Pesci had been a priest of the diocese of Benevento. On 15 February 1486, he was appointed bishop of Muro by Pope Innocent VIII. He resigned in favor of his nephew, Antonio Camillo Pesci, on 23 December 1517. Martuscelli, pp. 258-259. Eubel II, p. 250.
66. Eubel, Konrad (1923). *Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi*. Vol. III (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 251. *(in Latin)*
67. Flavio's father was Ferdinando Orsini, 5th duke of Gravina; his mother was Beatrice Ferrillo, daughter and heiress of Giovanni Alfonso Ferrillo, Conte di Muro Lucano. He had been a papal referendary (judge), Auditor General of the papal treasury (under Pope Paul III). He was appointed bishop of Muro on 15 November 1560 by Pope Pius IV, resigning before 6 July 1562; his Vicar General was Ottaviano Moricone of Perugia. He was appointed Bishop of Spoleto on 16 December 1562. He was named a cardinal by Pius IV on 12 March 1565. He held the diocese of Cosenza as Administrator from 1569 to 1573. In 1572, he was papal nuncio in France. He died on 16 May 1581. Luigi Martuscelli (1896), pp. 263-265. Eubel III, p. 41, no. 36; 183-184, 251, 303.
68. Vincent Correrio Malatesta, of the monastery of S. Domenico Maggiore in Naples, at the age of 35 was appointed co-adjutor to the ailing Bishop Daniel and was named (titular) Bishop of Bethlehem on 20 November 1595. He did not enjoy the right of succession; resigned before 3 August 1605. Martuscelli (1896), pp. 267; 389-390. Eubel III, p. 251, note 12. Gauchat, p. 119.
69. Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). *Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi* (in Latin). Vol. IV. Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. pp. 249–250.
70. Pacelli held a degree of *Doctor in utroque iure*. Martuscelli, pp. 276-278. Ritzler and Sefrin V, p. 277 with note 3.
71. Sarnelli: Martuscelli, pp. 278-279. Ritzler and Sefrin V, p. 277 with note 4.
72. Carussio: Martuscelli, pp. 279-281. Ritzler and Sefrin V, p. 277 with note 5.
73. Acerno: Martuscelli, pp. 281-282. Ritzler and Sefrin V, p. 277 with note 6.
74. Manfredi was transferred to the diocese of Boiano by Pope Clement XII on 3 March 1738. Martuscelli, pp. 282-286. Ritzler and Sefrin V, p. 277 with note 7.
75. Delfico was born in Teramo in 1694, and held a degree of *Doctor in utroque iure* (Rome, Sapienza, 1719). He was a Canon and Vicar General of Teramo. He was Vicar General of Chieti. He was appointed bishop of Muro by Pope Clement XII on 5 May 1738. He died on 23 April 1744. Martuscelli, pp. 285-286. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 298 with note 2.
76. Mojo was born in the village of Marano in the diocese of Naples in 1693. He died on 11 March 1767, at the age of 74. Martuscelli, pp. 286-292. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 298 with note 3.
77. Gagliardi was born in the village of Bella in the diocese in 1710. He studied at the diocesan seminary, and was ordained in 1733. For a time he served as pro-Chancellor of the diocese. He worked in Naples as a teacher of Latin and Italian literature, attracting the attention of Msgr. Galiano, the principal chaplain of the royal chapel. He obtained a position at the papal nunciature, working for the Nuncio, Opizio Pallavicini, who later became a cardinal and papal secretary. He became professor of canon law at the University of Naples. He served as Vicar General of Capri. Through the influence of Cardinal Pallavicini, Pope Clement XIII named him bishop of Muro on 9 July 1767; he was consecrated in Rome on 12 July. He died in Naples on 1 July 1778. Martuscelli, pp. 292-297. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 298 with note 4.
78. De Luca held the degree of doctor of theology (Naples, 1778). He was confirmed as bishop of Muro on 14 December 1778. He was transferred to the diocese of Trivento by Pope Pius VI on 26 March 1792. Martuscelli, pp. 297-298. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 298 with note 5.
79. Beneventi was nominated by King Ferdinando IV on 20 January 1792, and approved (preconised) by Pope Pius VI on 26 March. He was consecrated on 9 April 1792 by Cardinal Francesco de Zelada. Martuscelli, pp. 298-299. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 298 with note 6.
80. Beneventi died before 6 December 1794. Ferrone was nominated by the King on 31 October 1797, and confirmed on 18 December 1797.
81. Ferrone was nominated by the King on 31 October 1797, and confirmed on 18 December 1797. He was consecrated in Rome by Cardinal Francisco Lorenzana on 21 December. Martuscelli, pp. 299-303. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 298 with note 7.
82. Born in 1776, Martuscelli studied at the seminary of Muro, and became a parish priest. He was appointed canon penitentiary of the cathedral Chapter. He was named Rector of the seminary, where he also taught philosophy. He was Vicar General for Bishop Ferrone, his predecessor as bishop, on whose death he was elected Vicar Capitular to administer the diocese during the vacancy. He was named bishop of Muro by Pope Leo XII on 16 April 1827. He died in Muro on 16 July 1831. Martuscelli, pp. 302-307. Ritzler and Sefrin, *Hierarchia catholica* VII, p. 273.
83. Gigli died on 25 July 1865, at the convent of the Conventual Franciscans at Barra in Naples. Martuscelli, pp. 307-310.
84. D'Ambrosio was born in 1799 in S. Erasmo, a village near Nola. He joined the Capuchins at Maddaloni in 1819, became a priest in 1824, and was appointed lecturer in theology and philosophy in 1828. In 1829 he was appointed by the Provincial of the Naples province of his Order to open the monastery of Solofra. In 1835 he became secretary of the province, and in 1836 was appointed Provincial. He was then Custos General, Provincial a second time, and Custos a second time. On 3 May 1859, he was appointed Bishop of Muro by Pope Pius IX. Due to blindness on account of cataracts, he was assigned a coadjutor in 1874, and died on 28 January 1883. In Martuscelli, pp. 311-315. Ritzler and Sefrin, *Hierarchia catholica* VIII, p. 396.
85. Capone had been Bishop d'Ambrosio's coadjutor, appointed on 22 December 1873, and consecrated titular bishop of Esbus on 11 January 1874. He died on 22 March 1908. Martuscelli, p. 315. Ritzler and Sefrin VIII, pp. 263, 396.
86. Vairo was born on 27 January 1910 in Paola (province of Cosenza), the fifth child of Francesco and Adelina Vairo. On 8 July 1961, Vairo was appointed titular bishop of Uthina and auxiliary bishop of Cosenza. He was transferred to the diocese of Muro Lucano He was appointed Archbishop of Potenza-Marsico Nuovo e Muro Lucano on 3 December 1977. He died on 25 July 2001. Giuseppe Vairo (1986), *25 anni di dialogo pastorale in tempi di Concilio e dopoconcilio,* (in Italian) (Napoli: Laurenziana, 1986). Edmondo Soave, *Mons. Giuseppe Vairo, Il “sequestrato di dio”,* (in Italian) seconda edizione (Venosa: Osanna Edizioni 2012), ISBN 978-88-8167-460-2. Vito Cassese (2009), *Mons. Giuseppe Vairo: partecipazione al Concilio vaticano II, tematiche conciliari e "questione meridionale ecclesiale" nel suo magistero episcopale, 1962-1993,* (in Italian) Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2009.

## Books

### Studies


title: Pink Elephant (cigarette)

abstract: Pink Elephant is a Dutch brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Heupink & Bloemen, which also manufactures the Black Devil brand.

text:
# Pink Elephant (cigarette)

**Pink Elephant** is a Dutch brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by *Heupink & Bloemen*, which also manufactures the Black Devil brand.

## History

Pink Elephant cigarettes are sold in numerous countries including the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, France, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, and Japan The brand, like Black Devil, offers a vanilla flavoured cigarette. Traditionally, the cigarettes had a pink colour, but in 2012 they were rebranded to have a pink-white colour instead.


title: Harriet Tubman Day

abstract: Harriet Tubman Day is an American holiday in honor of the anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman, observed on March 10, and in the U.S. state of New York. Observances also occur locally around the U.S. state of Maryland. After Juneteenth became a federal holiday, there are growing calls for this day to also be observed at the federal level.

text:
# Harriet Tubman Day

**Harriet Tubman Day** is an American holiday in honor of the anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman, observed on March 10, and in the U.S. state of New York. Observances also occur locally around the U.S. state of Maryland. After Juneteenth became a federal holiday, there are growing calls for this day to also be observed at the federal level.

## History

The holiday was approved as Public Law 101-252 by the 101st Congress in a joint resolution on March 13, 1990. The law was considered and passed by the U.S. Senate on March 6, 1990 and then was considered and passed through the U.S. House of Representatives on March 7, 1990. U.S. President George H. W. Bush gave Proclamation 6107 on March 9, 1990 proclaiming the holiday.

In February 1995, Christ Episcopal Church, Great Choptank Parish, in Cambridge, Maryland celebrated (via a "service of song and word") Tubman's nomination, the previous year, to the liturgical Calendar of Saints of the Episcopal Church. The parish is the home of Dorchester County's Harriet Tubman Coalition. Final approval of naming her a saint occurred at the 1997 General Convention, and Tubman is now commemorated together with Amelia Bloomer, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Sojourner Truth in the calendar of saints of the Episcopal Church on July 20. The calendar of saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America remembers Tubman and Truth on March 10 which is also her date of birth because she was born in March.

## Observances by state

| State | Current local observances |
| --- | --- |
| Maryland | Louis C. Fields, President of the African American Tourism Council of MD is the founder of Harriet Ross Tubman Day of Remembrance in the State of Maryland in year 2000. Fields requested former State Senator Clarence Mitchell IV (C4) to introduce legislation to have the State of Maryland designate and annually recognize March 10 as officially Harriet Ross Tubman Day of Remembrance in the State of Maryland. The resolution passed both the House of Delegates and the Maryland Senate in March 2000. Annually, Fields hosts the Tubman Day celebrations across the State of Maryland and on a date closest to March 10, Fields hosts the annual Harriet Ross Tubman Day in Annapolis at the Maryland General Assembly. Annually, the Governor of Maryland issues the State's Harriet Tubman Day Proclamation proclaiming March 10 as Harriet Ross Tubman in MD. Also, each year Fields selects a deserving person to be the recipient of the Harriet Ross Tubman Lifetime Achievement Award presented in the Maryland General Assembly. The program includes an annual Tubman lecture (2016-Dr. Dale Green, MSU professor) and the reading of the Governor's proclamation by a United States Naval Academy Midshipman. President Barack Obama designated a part of Dorchester county as a National Harriet Tubman Park. Past Tubman Day Awardees include... 2016-Janice Greene Curtis, Tubman re-enactor, storyteller. 2015-Dr. Ruth J. Pratt, educator. 2014-Marsha Jews, Planner, Media personality. 2013-Barbara Tagger, NPS administrator. 2012-Senator Barbara Mikulski. 2011-Dr. Clara Smalls, educator. 2010-Delegate Adrienne Jones. 2009-Bettye McLeod. 2008-Verda Day-Jones, actress (deceased) & Louise Webb-historian. 2007-Dr. Kay McElvey, historian, educator. 2006-Wylene Burch, educator, museum founder (deceased). 2005-Delegate Hattie Harrison & Delegate Ruth Kirk (both deceased). 2004-Rachel Hall Brown, educator, author, (deceased). 2003-Evelyn Townsend, educator (deceased). 2002-Addie Richburg, UGRR advocate. 2001-Dr. Thelma Daley, educator, Vice-Chair NCNW. 2000-Dr. Joanne Martin, museum founder
update 2017: The March 2017 Maryland Tubman Day program will be held in Annapolis, Maryland to coincide the grand opening of the Harriet Tubman Museum & Discovery Center in Cambridge, Maryland on Tubman Day, March 10, 2017. A Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Conference is held in Cambridge during June each year. Source: Lou Fields, Founder, Tubman Day in MD.
2016: Governor of Maryland Larry Hogan issued a proclamation which was read by Midshipman from the U.S. Naval Academy. A symposium is held on March 10 at the Harriet Tubman Byway. |
| New York | The holiday is a legal observance in the state. As of 2003, the holiday was made official in the U.S. state of New York. The bill was sponsored by State Senator Michael F. Nozzolio, and was passed as Bill #A2087. In Auburn, New York, Mayor Michael D. Quill, Sr. issued an official proclamation. |

## Origins

**Harriet Tubman** (born **Araminta Ross**; c.1822  March 10, 1913) was an American abolitionist, humanitarian, and an armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved families and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She later helped abolitionist John Brown to recruit men for his raid on the Harpers Ferry. In the post-war era she was an active participant in the struggle for women's suffrage.

When the Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army, first as a cook and nurse, and then as an armed scout and spy. The first woman to lead an armed expedition in the war, she guided the raid at Combahee Ferry, which liberated more than 700 slaves. After the war, she retired to the family home on property she had purchased in 1859 in Auburn, New York, where she cared for her aging parents. She was active in the women's suffrage movement until illness overtook her and she had to be admitted to a home for elderly African-Americans that she had helped to establish years earlier. After she died in 1913, she became an icon of American courage and freedom.

## InfoBox

| Harriet Tubman Day | |
| --- | --- |
| Harriet Tubman | |
| Observed by | United States (New York) |
| Type | (1) National observance
(2) New York State observance
(3) Liturgical (Episcopal Church in the United States of America) |
| Date | March 10 |
| Frequency | annual |


title: Phacidium infestans

abstract: Phacidium infestans is a fungal plant pathogen infecting Douglas-firs commonly known as snow/needle blight.

text:
# Phacidium infestans

***Phacidium infestans*** is a fungal plant pathogen infecting Douglas-firs commonly known as snow/needle blight.

## InfoBox

| *Phacidium infestans* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phacidium infestans* on needles of *Abies concolor* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Leotiomycetes |
| Subclass: | Leotiomycetidae |
| Order: | Helotiales |
| Family: | Phacidiaceae |
| Genus: | *Phacidium* |
| Species: | ***Phacidium infestans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phacidium infestans***
P. Karst., (1888) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Phacidium abietis* (Dearn.) J. Reid & Cain, (1963)
*Phacidium infestans var. abietis* Dearn., (1926)
*Phacidium lacerum f. pini-cembrae* Rehm
*Phacidium pini-cembrae* (Rehm) Terrier,(1942) | |


title: Muskoka River

abstract:
The Muskoka River is a river in the Muskoka District of Ontario, Canada. The river is the third largest river draining the southern Ontario land mass by average annual flow. It rises in the highlands of Algonquin Park and flows southwest through a number of lakes including
  - Lake Muskoka
  - Lake Joseph
  - Lake Rosseau
  - Lake of Bays which empty into Georgian Bay south of Parry Sound by way of the Moon and Musquash Rivers. Tributaries include the:
  - Indian River
  - Hollow River
  - Oxtongue River
  - Buck River
  - East River Communities on the river include:
  - Bracebridge, Ontario
  - Huntsville, Ontario The name "Muskoka" comes from the name of a chief of the Ojibwa in this region, "Mesqua Ukee".

text:
# Muskoka River

The **Muskoka River** is a river in the Muskoka District of Ontario, Canada. The river is the third largest river draining the southern Ontario land mass by average annual flow.

It rises in the highlands of Algonquin Park and flows southwest through a number of lakes including

which empty into Georgian Bay south of Parry Sound by way of the Moon and Musquash Rivers.

Tributaries include the:

Communities on the river include:

The name "Muskoka" comes from the name of a chief of the Ojibwa in this region, "Mesqua Ukee" (*Miskwaa-aki*: Red Earth).

## In fiction

There is also a Muskoka River in Nancy Drew's fictional home town of River Heights, located somewhere in the Midwestern United States.

45°01′36″N 79°23′13″W / 45.0267°N 79.3869°W / 45.0267; -79.3869

## InfoBox

| Muskoka River | |
| --- | --- |
| High Falls in Bracebridge on the north branch of the Muskoka River | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Algonquin Provincial Park |
| location | Burnt Island Lake |
| elevation | 525 m (1,722 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Two outlets into Georgian Bay via Go Home Lake and Moon River. |
| elevation | 177 m (581 ft) |


title: Megan Williams (actress)

abstract: Megan Mingyu Williams was an Australian actress and singer, who played a continuing role as Alice Sullivan in the television drama The Sullivans, and won a Logie Award for her work in Anzacs (1985).

text:
# Megan Williams (actress)

**Megan Mingyu Williams** (11 September 1956  17 April 2000) was an Australian actress and singer, who played a continuing role as Alice Sullivan in the television drama *The Sullivans*, and won a Logie Award for her work in *Anzacs* (1985).

## Early years

Williams was born in London, England, to David and Chin Yu Williams who appeared in a West End production of *South Pacific*. Her mother was described as "half-Chinese". At six months old, Williams had a minor TV role as an abandoned baby on *The Adventures of Robin Hood*. Williams' family moved to Sydney, Australia, where she pursued an acting career.

## Career

### Actor

Williams' first major role was as an ongoing lead, Ann Watson, in the daily soap opera *Class of '74* (1974). The long running role of Alice Watkins Sullivan in *The Sullivans* (1978-1982) followed. A guest role as Carol Canning in *The Outsiders* (1976) episode 10 "Charlie Cole Esq." (broadcast 1977) had her appearing in a bikini. After *The Sullivans* ended she continued to act on Australian television, with a guest role in ABC drama-musical series *Sweet and Sour* (1984), a Logie Award winning role as Kate Baker in the miniseries *Anzacs* (1985), and an ongoing role of Cassie Jones in *Return to Eden* (1986). In the late 1980s she worked in the UK, appearing in one episode of British soap opera *EastEnders* (1989). Williams had a minor role in the movie *Nightmare Man* (1999). Williams appeared in an Australian production of *Cats* as Grizzabella. She appeared in the Australian comedy series *All Together Now*, which starred Jon English, as an electrician called Julie in the episode titled "I've Got to Be Me" (Season 3 - Episode 3).

**FILM**

| Year | Program | Character | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | *Dido & Aeneas* | unknown role | TV Opera CANADA |
| 1999 | *Nightmare Man* | Carolyn Worden | Feature film CANADA/NZ/AUSTRALIA |

**TELEVISION**

| Year | Program | Character | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | *The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)* | Molly | TV series UK |
| 1974-1975 | *Class of '74* | Ann Watson | TV series, Regular role |
| 1975 | *Class of '75* | Ann Watson | TV series, Regular role |
| 1975 | *Division 4* | Barbie Carson | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1976 | *The Outsiders* | Carol Canning | ABC TV series, 1 episode |
| 1977 | *Graham Kennedy's Blankety Blanks* | Herself | TV series, 2 episodes |
| 1977 | *All At Sea* | Maryanne Hand | TV movie |
| 1978-1983 | *The Sullivans* | Alice Watkins Sullivan / Alice Morgan | TV series, 729 episodes |
| 1981 | *The Mike Walsh Show* | Guest - Herself with Paul Cronin & Andy Anderson | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1981 | *The Don Lane Show* | Herself sings "We'll Meet Again" at Victory Ball | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1982 | *The Daryl Somers Show* | Herself | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1984 | *Supersleuth* | Roberta Collins | TV movie |
| 1984 | *Sweet and Sour* | Charlie | ABC TV series, 4 episodes |
| 1985 | *The Midday Show* | Grizabella ('Cats') | TV series, 2 episodes |
| 1985 | *Anzacs* | Sister Kate Baker | TV miniseries, 5 episodes |
| 1985 | *Making Of 'Anzacs'* | Herself / Sister Kate Baker | TV special |
| 1986 | *Return To Eden* | Cassie Jones | TV series, 22 episodes |
| 1989 | *EastEnders* | Nancy | TV series UK, 1 episode |
| 1990 | *Hey Hey It's Saturday* | Herself (Red Faces) | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1990 | *In Melbourne Today* | Guest - Herself | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1990 | *TV Celebrity Dance Party* | Herself performs "Do You Wanna Dance" | TV special |
| 1991 | *Tonight Live With Steve Vizard* | Herself | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1991 | *The Midday Show* | Herself | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1991 | *Lethal Impact* | Chris' doctor | Video UK |
| 1992 | *Great Performances* | French / Party Guests / Snow Flowers | TV series US |
| 1992 | *The Morning Show* | Herself | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1992 | *In Sydney Today* | Herself | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1992 | *All Together Now* | Julie | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1992 | *The World Tonight: Beauty And The Beast segment* | Herself | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1996 | *In Suspicious Circumstances* | Georgina Moore | TV series UK |

### Singer

Megan Williams appeared in the Film Clip of "The Queen and Me" with Mondo Rock (1982). Williams provided backing vocals for "Flame Trees" on Cold Chisel's *Twentieth Century* (1984). John Prior (drummer with Matt Finish) wrote songs for Williams in the mid-1980s.

### Pilates teacher

Williams was instrumental in bringing Pilates to Australia, as she was doing exercise/rehab for Sydney Dance Company and others. She was one of the founders of The Australian Pilates Method Association.

## Personal life

Williams was in a *de facto* relationship with Cold Chisel singer-guitarist Ian Moss for 11 years, before they separated in the 1990s.

Williams had an operation for breast cancer in 1997; however, the disease was diagnosed again in December 1999. She died at Darlinghurst Sacred Heart Hospice, Sydney, on 17 April 2000, aged 43.

## InfoBox

| Megan Williams | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Megan Mingyu Williams
(1956-09-11)11 September 1956
London, England |
| Died | 17 April 2000(2000-04-17) (aged 43)
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Occupations | * Actress * singer |
| Partner | Ian Moss |


title: New York Excelsior

abstract: The New York Excelsior is an American professional Overwatch esports team based in New York City, New York. The Excelsior compete in the Overwatch League (OWL) as a member of the league's West region. Founded in 2017, the team is one of twelve founding members of the Overwatch League and is the first professional esports team to represent the city of New York. The franchise is owned by NYXL, which was founded under the name Andbox by venture capital fund Sterling.VC, supported by Sterling Equities. They also own NYXL Academy, an academy team for NYXL that competed in Overwatch Contenders. Hyun-sang "Pavane" Yu was appointed the team's first head coach and led New York to two conference titles, all seven midseason tournament playoff appearances, midseason tournament titles, and a two-season playoff berths in his time from 2018 to 2019. NYXL missed the season playoffs for the first time in franchise history in the 2021 season.

text:
# New York Excelsior

The **New York Excelsior** (often stylized as **NYXL**) is an American professional *Overwatch* esports team based in New York City, New York. The Excelsior compete in the Overwatch League (OWL) as a member of the league's West region. Founded in 2017, the team is one of twelve founding members of the Overwatch League and is the first professional esports team to represent the city of New York. The franchise is owned by NYXL, which was founded under the name Andbox by venture capital fund Sterling.VC, supported by Sterling Equities. They also own NYXL Academy, an academy team for NYXL that competed in Overwatch Contenders.

Hyun-sang "Pavane" Yu was appointed the team's first head coach and led New York to two conference titles, all seven midseason tournament playoff appearances, midseason tournament titles, and a two-season playoff berths in his time from 2018 to 2019. NYXL missed the season playoffs for the first time in franchise history in the 2021 season.

## Franchise history

### Beginnings

On July 12, 2017, Overwatch developer Activision Blizzard officially announced that Jeff Wilpon, co-founder and partner of Sterling.VC, purchased the New York-based Overwatch League franchise for an estimated $20 million. With the purchase, the franchise became the first professional esports team to represent New York City. "We sort of skirted around it in the periphery, looked at a couple of teams, made a couple of investments in some companies that do work within esports but never had the real opportunity to buy a team like this," Wilpon said in an interview. "Knowing how committed Activision Blizzard is in this space, it made sense to come in. With people like the Krafts involved, it just gave a good feeling to this."

On October 30, the franchise revealed they would be called the New York Excelsior, as well as unveiling their team branding and inaugural season roster. The roster would entail the acquisitions of the complete LuxuryWatch Blue team, LuxuryWatch Red's Hong "Ark" Yeon-jun and coaches Yu "Pavane" Hyun-sang and Kim "WizardHyeong" Hyeong-seok, and Meta Athena's Kim "Libero" Hae-seong.

### JJonak era: 2018–2021

The Excelsior first OWL regular season match was on January 11, 2018, and resulted in a 3–1 win over the Boston Uprising. They ended Stage 1 of the 2018 season with a 9–1 record, earning them the top spot and first-round bye in the Stage 1 Playoffs. However, the team lost in the finals to the London Spitfire, 3–2. Stage 2 played out much like Stage 1 for New York, as the team went on to post again a 9–1 record and a first-round bye into the Stage 2 Playoffs. New York defeated the Philadelphia Fusion, 3–2, on March 25 to claim their first midseason tournament title. In Stage 3, New York once again posted a 9–1 record, giving them the second seed for the Stage 3 Playoffs. The team won in the Stage 3 finals against Boston Uprising by a score of 3–0, giving New York back-to-back midseason tournament titles. New York posted their worst record, 7–3, in Stage 4, but still claimed the third seed for the Stage 4 Playoffs. They lost in the Stage 4 finals against the Los Angeles Valiant by a score of 1–3. New York ended their 2018 season with a league-best 34–6 record and qualified for a first-round bye into the season playoffs. The team's first playoff opponent was the Philadelphia Fusion in the semifinals on July 18 and 21. New York lost both matchups by scores of 0–3 and 2–3, eliminating them from the playoffs. Support player Bang "JJonak" Seong-hyun was won the league's regular season Most Valuable Player award.

New York began their 2019 season with a perfect 7–0 record in Stage 1, giving them the top seed in the Atlantic Division for the Stage 1 playoffs; however, the team lost 1–3 to the Seoul Dynasty quarterfinals. NYXL posted a 5–2 record for Stage 2 and claimed the fifth seed for the Stage 2 Playoffs, but they lost in the semifinals to the Vancouver Titans by a score of 1–4. Another perfect 7–0 record in Stage 3 gave New York the top seed in the Stage 3 playoffs; however, team failed to claim the stage title, as they fell 1–3 to the Shanghai Dragons in the quarterfinals. Following a 3–1 victory over the Paris Eternal on August 2, the Excelsior clinched the second seed – and the top seed in the Atlantic Division – in the 2019 playoffs. The team finished the regular season with a 22–6 record. NYXL opened their playoffs with a 4–1 win over the London Spitfire on September 6. For their next match, they took down the Atlanta Reign, 4–2, and advanced to the winners' finals, where they faced the Vancouver Titans. A 3–4 loss to the Titans dropped New York to the lower bracket of the tournament. The Excelsior's playoff run ended in the lower bracket finals, as they were defeated by the San Francisco Shock, 0–4.

In the offseason preceding the 2020 season, head coach Yu "Pavane" Hyun-sang left for the Philadelphia Fusion, and NYXL promoted assistant coach Jeong "IMT" Yong-cheol to head coach. The Excelsior opened the 2020 season on February 8, 2020, hosting the league's first homestand, a hybrid model of the home-and-away structure seen in traditional sports, of the season at the sold-out Hammerstein Ballroom in New York. After a 5–1 start to the season, the Excelsior, and the entire league, ceased play due to the COVID-19 pandemic and shifted to an online play format. With large number of outbreaks in New York State, the team decided to relocate to South Korea, where they would be competing in the league's newly formed Asia region thereafter. After a 10–3 record through the regular season, NYXL signed 2019 Rookie of the Year Kim "Haksal" Hyo-jong. New York finished the regular season with a 16–8, including bonus wins, and qualified for the season playoffs; however, they were eliminated after a loss to the Seoul Dynasty.

Heading into the 2021 season, the Excelsior released their entire roster, aside from JJonak, and signed a team consisting of mostly rookies from Korean Overwatch Contenders teams. Additionally, New York promoted Lee "WhyNot" Ju-hyeop to head coach. New York stayed in South Korea, competing in the league's Eastern region, formerly known as the Asia region. The team had their worst season in franchise history, finishing in sixth place in the East region with a 7–9 regular season record and missing out on the season playoffs.

### 2022–present

For the 2022 season, the Excelsior returned to New York to compete in the league's Western division. New York dropped almost all of their entire roster ahead of the 2022 season, including their starting support player for the previous four seasons JJonak. NYXL signed several veterans players, one rookie player, and signed former RunAway coach Kim "KuKi" Dae-kuk in the offseason.

## Team identity

The franchise's name is based on the New York state motto, Excelsior, which means 'ever upward' in Latin. The motto was selected for embodying the team's commitment to "reaching the top and never letting up". It and its abbreviation XL, also represent the endless ambition of ever-growing New York City at its most powerful.

Unique as the only flag-based logo in the Overwatch League, the logo symbolizes the coming together of people, cultures, and ideas. The lines and shapes featured on the flag are also representative of New York specific things, such as the subway systems, skylines, and grid of the city.

## Sponsors

New York Excelsior currently has two partnerships. In November 2018, New York Excelsior partnered with Raynor Gaming as its official gaming chair partner. In February 2019, New York Excelsior partnered with telecommunications brand T-Mobile as a new sponsor.

## Personnel

### Current roster

| New York Excelsior roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Role No. Handle Name Nationality | Head coach* Vacant |
| --- | |
| **Legend:** * **(I)** Inactive * **(S)** Suspended * **(2W)** Two-way player * Substitute * Injury / Illness | Latest roster transaction: October 16, 2023. |

### Head coaches

| Handle | Name | Seasons | Record | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pavane | Yu Hyun-sang | 2018–2019 | 56–12 (.824) |  |  |
| imt | Jeong Yong-cheol | 2020 | 13–8 (.619) |  |  |
| WhyNot | Lee Juh-yeop | 2021 | 7–9 (.438) |  |  |
| KuKi | Kim Dae-kuk | 2022 | 1–11 (.083) | Released after 12 games in 2022. |  |
| Changgoon | Park Chang-geun | 2023 | 7–9 (.438) | Co-head coaches |  |
| Amir | Amir Ahmed | | | | |

## Awards and records

### Seasons overview

| Season | P | W | L | W% | Finish | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | 40 | 34 | 6 | .850 | 1st, Atlantic | Lost in Semifinals, 0–2 (Fusion) |
| 2019 | 28 | 22 | 6 | .786 | 1st, Atlantic | Lost in Lower Round 4, 0–4 (Shock) |
| 2020 | 21 | 13 | 8 | .619 | 4th, Asia | Lost in Asia Lower Final, 0–3 (Dynasty) |
| 2021 | 16 | 7 | 9 | .438 | 6th, East | Did not qualify |
| 2022 | 24 | 4 | 20 | .167 | 12th, West | Did not qualify |
| 2023 | 16 | 7 | 9 | .438 | 9th, West | Did not qualify |

### Individual accomplishments

**Season MVP**

**Role Stars selections**

* Mano (Kim Dong-gyu) – 2019

**All-Star Game selections**

**All-Star Game head coaches**

* Pavane (Yu Hyun-sang) – 2018, 2019

## Academy team

On February 20, 2018, the Excelsior formally announced their academy team would go under the name XL2 Academy for Overwatch Contenders North America, as well as revealing their initial 6-player squad.

## InfoBox

New York Excelsior
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Short name | NYXL |
| Founded | July 12, 2017 |
| League | Overwatch League |
| Region | West |
| Team history | **New York Excelsior**<br>(2017-present) |
| Based in | New York City, U.S. |
| Colors |  |
| Owner | Jeff Wilpon |
| Head coach | Kim "KuKi" Dae-kuk |
| Affiliation(s) | NYXL Academy |
| Main sponsor | Astro Gaming |
| Website | Official website |
| Uniforms | |
|  | |


title: All Systems Go 3

abstract: All Systems Go 3 is a compilation album by the San Diego, California rock band Rocket from the Crypt, released by Vagrant Records and Swami Records August 28, 2008, nearly three years following the band's breakup. It collects songs recorded from 1997 to 2000 on 8-track in the band's practice space. Many of the tracks were previously unreleased and became available for the first time on this album. All Systems Go 3 includes contributions from original drummer Atom Willard as well as Chris Prescott and Tony DiPrima, both of whom filled in after Willard left the group in 1999. Singer/guitarist John Reis describes the album as "violent, aggressive and thuggish stuff and to me sounds much better now in retrospect than when we originally were recording these demos...Thematically, musically, etc. it's all very period to an undocumented part of the bands history...I really believe if the band was still around, we would make a record at least sonically similar to ASG 3." The album is the third in the band's series of rarities compilations, the first having been released in 1993 and the second in 1999. A fourth and final installment is being prepared and will consist of a CD/DVD combination package.

text:
# All Systems Go 3

***All Systems Go 3*** is a compilation album by the San Diego, California rock band Rocket from the Crypt, released by Vagrant Records and Swami Records August 28, 2008, nearly three years following the band's breakup. It collects songs recorded from 1997 to 2000 on 8-track in the band's practice space. Many of the tracks were previously unreleased and became available for the first time on this album. *All Systems Go 3* includes contributions from original drummer Atom Willard as well as Chris Prescott and Tony DiPrima, both of whom filled in after Willard left the group in 1999.

Singer/guitarist John Reis describes the album as "violent, aggressive and thuggish stuff and to me sounds much better now in retrospect than when we originally were recording these demos...Thematically, musically, etc. it's all very period to an undocumented part of the bands history...I really believe if the band was still around, we would make a record at least sonically similar to ASG 3."

The album is the third in the band's series of rarities compilations, the first having been released in 1993 and the second in 1999. A fourth and final installment is being prepared and will consist of a CD/DVD combination package.

## Track listing

1. "Falling Down Stairs" - 2:01
2. "Total Bummer" - 3:01
3. "Chariots on Fire" (demo) - 2:36
4. "Little Shaver" - 3:51
5. "Canyon Killer" - 1:53
6. "Don't Wanna Be Touched" - 3:04
7. "Orange County" - 2:57
8. "Pictures of Lenny" - 1:33
9. "Man Down" - 0:34
10. "Summer Survivor" - 2:58
11. "Luck is the New 13" - 2:38
12. "Tiger Mask" (instrumental) - 2:10
13. "When in Rome (Do the Jerk)" (demo) - 4:03
14. "Dick on a Dog" (demo) - 3:10
15. "Dynamite!" - 2:51
16. "Due Warning" - 2:54
17. "The Whip" - 2:51
18. "Come on Everybody" - 1:17
19. "No Way at All" - 1:34
20. "This Way Out" (originally performed by Wall of Voodoo) \- 2:49

## Performers

## Song details

* **"Falling Down Stairs"** was recorded in 1996 or 1997 and was influenced by Discharge.
* **"Total Bummer"** is an early version of "Wrong and Important", which was released on the compilation album *Free the West Memphis 3* in 2000.
* **"Chariots on Fire"** was recorded with Chris Prescott on drums and appeared on the Vagrant Records compilation *Another Year on the Streets* in 2000. A re-recorded version appeared on the UK release of *Group Sounds*.
* The lyrics to **"Canyon Killer"** were inspired by the fact that the band's rehearsal space, called Drag Racist Studios, was located in a mostly undeveloped basin that frequently had to be evacuated due to flooding or fire.
* The lyrics to **"Orange County"** were inspired by the San Diego California Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints which was built near the studio.
* **"Pictures of Lenny"** was recorded with Tony DiPrima on drums, with lyrics inspired by the Phil Spector biography *He's a Rebel*.
* **"Man Down"** is the shortest song in Rocket from the Crypt's catalog and originally appeared on the compilation *Oh, Merge* in 1999.
* **"Tiger Mask"** appeared in its finished form with lyrics on the compilation *Dope, Guns, 'n' Fucking in the Streets, Vol. 11* in 1997.
* The finished studio versions of **"When in Rome (Do the Jerk)"** and **"Dick on a Dog"** appeared on the band's 1998 album *RFTC*.
* **"Dynamite!"** was recorded with Chris Prescott on drums and appeared in the 2000 surf film *Hit & Run*, directed by Taylor Steele.
* **"The Whip"** was recorded for a compilation album released by *Your Flesh* magazine.
* **"This Way Out"** originally appeared on the compilation *Before You Were Punk 2* and is a cover of a Wall of Voodoo song.

## InfoBox

| All Systems Go 3 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Rocket from the Crypt | |
| Released | August 28, 2008 |
| Genre | Punk rock, rock and roll |
| Label | Vagrant/Swami |
| Producer | John Reis |
| Rocket from the Crypt chronology | |
| *R.I.P.*
(2008) ***All Systems Go 3***
(2008) | |


title: Myosotis exarrhena

abstract: Myosotis exarrhena is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to Australia. Robert Brown described this species as Exarrhena suaveolens in 1810. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes with ebracteate inflorescences and white corollas with exserted stamens.

text:
# Myosotis exarrhena

***Myosotis exarrhena*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to Australia. Robert Brown described this species as *Exarrhena suaveolens* in 1810. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are perennial rosettes with ebracteate inflorescences and white corollas with exserted stamens.

## Taxonomy and etymology

*Myosotis exarrhena* F.Muell. is in the plant family Boraginaceae. The species was originally described by Robert Brown in his *Prodromus* in 1810 as *Exarrhena suaveolens* R.Br. It was transferred to the genus *Myosotis* as *M. suaveolens* (R.Br.) Poir. in 1816, but this was an illegitimate name owing to *M. suaveolens* Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., which was published in 1809 based on a European type. Ferdinand von Mueller finally made the valid combination *M. exarrhena* in 1889 in the updated *Systematic Census of Australian Plants.*

The lectotype (K001094009) and the isolectotype (K001094010) of *Exarrhena* *suaveolens* are on the same sheet at Kew Herbarium, and were designated by Peter G. Wilson & Jeannie Highet.

*Myosotis exarrhena* is one of two species native to Australia. *Myosotis australis* is native to Australia, as well as New Zealand and New Guinea*. Myosotis exarrhena* is morphologically more similar to other ebracteate-erect species from New Zealand, especially *Myosotis concinna,* than to *M. australis.* The Australian *M. exarrhena* can be distinguished from the New Zealand *M. concinna* by its white corollas, retrorse hairs on the underside of the rosette leaves and scape, and lack of hooked hairs on the calyx.

The species epithet *exarrhena* is based on the Greek word *arrhen* and refers to the exerted anthers.

## Phylogeny

One individual of *Myosotis exarrhena* was included in phylogenetic analyses of standard DNA sequencing markers (nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA regions).

Within the southern hemisphere lineage, species relationships were not well resolved. The individual of *M. exarrhena* grouped with Australian *M. australis* and several other mostly ebracteate-erect New Zealand *Myosotis* species*.*

## Description

***Myosotis exarrhena*** plants are rosettes that are often stoloniferous. The rosette leaves have petioles that are 6–30 mm long. The rosette leaf blades are 7–55 mm long by 2–10 mm wide (length: width ratio 1.0–7.6: 1), lanceolate, oblanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate, widest below, at or above the middle, usually with an obtuse apex. Both surfaces of the leaf are uniformly and densely covered in flexuous to curved, usually appressed, antrorse (forward-facing) hairs that are oriented parallel to the midrib**.** Each rosette has multiple ascending**,** branched ebracteate inflorescences that are bifurcating at the top and up to 470 mm long. The cauline leaves are similar to the rosette leaves, but become smaller. The flowers are 36–91 per inflorescence and each is borne on a short pedicel without a bract. The calyx is 2–5 mm long at flowering and 3–6 mm long at fruiting, lobed to half to two-thirds of its length, and densely covered in straight to flexuous, often hooked, patent to erect, mostly antrorse hairs (with some retrorse or backward-facing hairs near the base). The corolla is white and 5–11 mm in diameter, with a cylindrical tube, petals that are usually narrowly ovate or ovate, and small yellow scales alternating with the petals. The anthers are fully exserted. The four smooth, shiny, usually medium to dark brown nutlets are 1.7–2.3 mm long by 1.0–1.5 mm wide and usually ovoid in shape.

The pollen of *Myosotis exarrhena* is of the *exarrhena* type.

The chromosome number of *M. exarrhena* is unknown.

Flowering and fruiting between October–March, with the main flowering period from December–February.

## Distribution and habitat

*Myosotis exarrhena* is endemic to Australia in the states of New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania from 555 to 1000 m ASL, possibly up to 1370 m ASL, in forest, woodland, clearings or stream banks, on slopes, outcrops or banks.

## Conservation status

*Myosotis exarrhena* is not listed on the Australian Government's EPBC Act list of Threatened Flora. It is likely to be considered to be LC (Least Concern) according to the IUCN.

## Hybridisation

On the basis of morphological data, *Myosotis exarrhena* may hybridise with *M. australis* where the two species are known to co-occur in New South Wales, ACT and Victoria. Several specimens have been identified as interspecific *M. exarrhena* × *M. australis* hybrids.

## InfoBox

| *Myosotis exarrhena* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flowers of *Myosotis exarrhena* | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Boraginales |
| Family: | Boraginaceae |
| Genus: | *Myosotis* |
| Species: | ***M. exarrhena*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myosotis exarrhena***
F.Muell | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Exarrhena suaveolens* R.Br. | |


title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Durban

abstract:
The Archdiocese of Durban evolved from the Vicariate Apostolic of Natal which was erected on 15 November 1850 and elevated to an archdiocese with the title Archdiocese of Durban on 11 January 1951. As of 2002, the Church census shows that there were 217,468 Catholics in 74 parishes in the Archdiocese. The Province of the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Durban contains these suffragan dioceses:
  - Dundee
  - Eshowe
  - Kokstad
  - Marianhill
  - Umtata
  - Umzimkulu

text:
# Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Durban

The **Archdiocese of Durban** evolved from the Vicariate Apostolic of Natal which was erected on 15 November 1850 and elevated to an archdiocese with the title Archdiocese of Durban on 11 January 1951. As of 2002, the Church census shows that there were 217,468 Catholics in 74 parishes in the Archdiocese.

The Province of the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Durban contains these suffragan dioceses:

## Leadership

Vicariate * Bishop Marie Jean Francois Allard, O.M.I. (31 January 1851 – 11 June 1874)
* Bishop Charles-Constant Jolivet, O.M.I. (15 September 1874 – 15 September 1903)
* Bishop Henri Delalle, O.M.I. (19 December 1903 – 4 April 1946)
* Bishop Denis Hurley, O.M.I. (12 December 1946 – 11 January 1951)

Archdiocese Auxiliary Bishops

29°53′00″S 31°03′00″E / 29.8833°S 31.0500°E / -29.8833; 31.0500


title: Pirates Cup

abstract: The Pirates Cup is an U/21 soccer tournament hosted annually by Orlando Pirates.

text:
# Pirates Cup

The **Pirates Cup** is an U/21 soccer tournament hosted annually by Orlando Pirates.

## History

The inaugural edition was founded in 2016. Orlando Pirates won the first three editions of the tournament.

In 2019, the tournament started allowing U/21 teams from the PSL and the NFD to participate and increased the numbers of teams from 24 to 32 teams. Orlando Pirates were defeated 1-0 in the final by SuperSport United making Matsatsantsa the first team other than the Buccaneers to win the tournament.

## Champions

| Year | Champions | Runners-up |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Orlando Pirates |  |
| 2017 | Orlando Pirates |  |
| 2018 | Orlando Pirates |  |
| 2019 | SuperSport United | Orlando Pirates |
| 2020 | Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa | |
| 2021 | |
| 2022 | Ambassadors FC | Bosso 90 |
| 2023 | Stars of Africa Football Academy | Orbit College |
| 2024 | University of Johannesburg FC | Teltonika Amahle |

## Project X

The best players at the tournament get to feature in the Project X team. Project X, is a developmental team formed by Orlando Pirates to develop its future stars and expose them to the highest level of football. The team has a yearly tour in which they play matches against some best academies.

The 2017 and 2019 Project X tours saw the team jet out to England. In 2018, they toured Brazil.

## Awards

The following players were rated best:

| Year | Golden Boot | Team | MVP | Team | Golden Glove | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 | Rodi Sibanda (12 goals) | Orlando Pirates | Reagan Appollis | SuperSport United |  |  |
| 2020 | *Cancelled due to the COVID-19* *pandemic in South Africa* | | | | | |
| 2021 | |
| 2022 | Mehluleli Maphumulo | Ambassadors FC | Relebogile Ratomo | Transnet School of Excellence |  |  |
| 2023 | Lungile Mokoena | Amahle FC | Siyabulela Mabele | Orbit College |  |  |
| 2024 | Thokozani Sibanyoni | eMalahleni United | Mpendulo Phewa | Midlands Academy | Lungelo Sithole | University of Johannesburg FC |

The tournament is sponsored by:

## InfoBox

Pirates Cup
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Organising body | Orlando Pirates F.C. |
| Founded | 2016 |
| Region | South Africa |
| Number of teams | 54 |
| Current champions | Stars of Africa Football Academy |
| Most successful team(s) | Orlando Pirates U/21 (3 titles) |
| Website |  |
| *2024* | |


title: Harold Bird-Wilson

abstract: Air Vice Marshal Harold Arthur Cooper "Birdie" Bird-Wilson, was a senior Royal Air Force officer, and a flying ace of the Second World War.

text:
# Harold Bird-Wilson

Air Vice Marshal **Harold Arthur Cooper "Birdie" Bird-Wilson**, CBE, DSO, DFC & Bar, AFC & Bar (20 November 1919 – 27 December 2000) was a senior Royal Air Force officer, and a flying ace of the Second World War.

## Early life

Bird-Wilson was born in Prestatyn, North Wales, on 20 November 1919. His father was a tea-planter in Bengal, and his parents remained in India, sending Bird-Wilson to boarding school. He later went to Liverpool College.

## Military career

On 30 November 1937, having had a few weeks initial officer training, he was granted a short-service commission in the RAF.

In August 1938 he was assigned to No. 17 Squadron, learning the rudiments of being a fighter pilot in Gloster Gauntlets. The Squadron was re-equipped with Hawker Hurricanes in June 1939.

Ten weeks later, he was flying a BA Swallow out of RAF Cranwell when he crashed in bad weather. His passenger was killed, and Bird-Wilson was left without a nose. He was treated by pioneering plastic surgeon Archibald McIndoe, who offered Bird-Wilson the nose of his choice, and went on to treat many disfigured RAF pilots during the war. Bird-Wilson subsequently became a member of the Guinea Pig Club, composed of McIndoe's former patients.

### Second World War

In April 1940 Bird-Wilson was back on active service, in time to fly Hurricanes for the British retreat from France in the following weeks.

As an already accomplished pilot, he was one of the elite selected for one of Cuthbert Orde's iconic charcoal portraits, which was drawn on 11 September 1940.

On the morning of 24 September, flying Hurricane P3878 near Chatham, he became the 40th kill of Luftwaffe ace Adolf Galland of JG 26. Baling out on fire, he landed in the Thames and was picked up by a navy boat.

Yet again he was hospitalised. In 1941 he went back into service as an instructor at No. 56 Operational Training Unit (OTU) before seeing action flying Spitfires with No. 234 Squadron RAF, participating in raids over northern France. He returned for a spell commanding a unit at No. 56 OTU later in the year.

In 1942 he commanded No. 152 Squadron RAF and No. 66 Squadron RAF as they led fighter escorts for bombing raids to the northern European coast, moving on to lead Wings in 1943.

In 1944 he attended command training in the US at Fort Leavenworth, before returning to action over the Normandy Invasion. He ended the war commanding No. 1335 Jet Conversion Unit, the first jet unit in the RAF.

### Post-war career

For many years after the war Bird-Wilson held a variety of posts in the Central Flying Establishment. In 1946 he was given command of the air fighting development squadron. In 1948 he moved to Middle East operations, becoming personal staff officer to Air Chief Marshal Sir John Baker, Middle East Air Force Commander-in-Chief in 1949.

In 1954, he joined the British Joint Services Mission in Washington, D.C. He returned to be Station Commander at RAF Coltishall from June 1959 to November 1961, then held a post at the Air Ministry from 1961 to 1963; before two years commanding the Central Flying School; and a further two years as air officer commanding Hong Kong, 1965–1967. In 1967 he took up a post at the Ministry of Technology. From 1970 to March 1973, his penultimate posting was commanding No. 23 Group RAF in RAF Training Command, responsible for flying training. Finally, he commanded the Southern Maritime Air Region (No. 18 Group RAF, Strike Command) until 1 June 1974, when he retired at his own request. He died in 2000.

## Family

Bird-Wilson married Audrey Alma Wallace (b. 27 May 1923) in 1942. They had a son, Robert, in 1943 and a daughter, Carol, in 1945. Audrey died in 1991. He was remarried, to Margaret McGillivray Butler, in 1994.

## InfoBox

| Harold Arthur Cooper Bird-Wilson | |
| --- | --- |
| Harold Bird-Wilson by Cuthbert Orde, 1940 | |
| Nickname(s) | Birdie |
| Born | (1919-11-20)20 November 1919
Prestatyn, Wales |
| Died | 27 December 2000(2000-12-27) (aged 81) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1937–1974 |
| Rank | Air Vice Marshal |
| Commands | No. 23 Group (1970–73)
RAF Hong Kong (1965–67)
Central Flying School (1963–65)
RAF Coltishall (1959–61)
Air Fighting Development Squadron (1946–48)
No. 66 Squadron RAF (1942–43)
No. 152 Squadron RAF (1942) |
| Battles/wars | Second World War |
| Awards | Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Distinguished Service Order
Distinguished Flying Cross & Bar
Air Force Cross & Bar
Airman's Cross (Netherlands)
Medal of Merit (Czechoslovakia) |


title: My Name Is David

abstract: My Name Is David, also known as Train Baby, is a 2015 American drama film produced by Keith Powell and Jonathan Whittaker, written by Howard Emanuel and Keith Powell, and directed by Chris Gallego Wong. The film stars Keith Powell as David, a prescription drug addict who finds an abandoned baby on the subway. The film also stars Judy Reyes, Adepero Oduye, Otto Sanchez, Anthony Chisholm, and Rich Sommer. It had its premiere at the San Luis Obispo International Film Festival in March 2015. As a narrative device, none of the characters are named, with the exception of the main protagonist, David.

text:
# My Name Is David

***My Name Is David***, also known as ***Train Baby***, is a 2015 American drama film produced by Keith Powell and Jonathan Whittaker, written by Howard Emanuel and Keith Powell, and directed by Chris Gallego Wong. The film stars Keith Powell as David, a prescription drug addict who finds an abandoned baby on the subway. The film also stars Judy Reyes, Adepero Oduye, Otto Sanchez, Anthony Chisholm, and Rich Sommer. It had its premiere at the San Luis Obispo International Film Festival in March 2015. As a narrative device, none of the characters are named, with the exception of the main protagonist, David.

## Plot

David Howard, an obsessive-compulsive workaholic with a severe addiction to prescription drugs, struggles to find order in a world full of chaos. Desperately in search of a life better than the one he leads, David often relies on his neighbor, a hot-tempered single mother trying to make ends meet.

Returning home on the subway late one night, David finds an abandoned baby—which could be the key to his happiness, or the catalyst that spirals his world completely out of control.

## Production

*My Name Is David* was shot on location in the Washington Heights, Manhattan section of New York City, using the Red One camera. Shooting took 18 days during the summer of 2013.

## Release

### Festivals

*My Name Is David* was selected to screen at the following film festivals:

## Reception

## InfoBox

| My Name Is David | |
| --- | --- |
| Official poster | |
| Directed by | Chris Gallego Wong |
| Written by | Howard Emanuel
Keith Powell |
| Produced by | Keith Powell
Jonathan Whittaker |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Mattia Palombi |
| Edited by | Chris Gallego Wong
Jose Rodriguez Robles |
| Music by | Giancalro Vulcano |
| Release date | * March 14, 2015 (2015-03-14) (San Luis) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Melchior von Meckau

abstract: Melchior von Meckau (1440–1509) was a German Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop.

text:
# Melchior von Meckau

**Melchior von Meckau** (1440–1509) (called the **Cardinal of Brixen**) was a German Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop.

## Life and church

Melchior von Meckau was born in Meissen in 1440, the son of Gaspar von Meckau, who later became a counselor of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

He began his studies at Leipzig in 1458, and then enrolled at the University of Bologna in 1459. He ultimately received a doctorate in law from the University of Bologna.

He became provost of the Cathedral of Magdeburg in 1470. He moved to Rome and became a secretary in the Chancery of Apostolic Briefs. In 1473, Pope Sixtus IV nominated him to be dean of the cathedral chapter of Meissen Cathedral. From 1473, he was also a counselor of Sigismund, Archduke of Austria, becoming his chancellor in 1481. He was also a canon of Brixen Cathedral.

On April 20, 1482, he was named coadjutor bishop of Georg Gosler, Prince-Bishop of Brixen. He spent most of his time with Archduke Sigismund in Innsbruck until 1488, when Bishop Gosler transferred administration of the prince-bishopric to him. When Bishop Gosler died on June 20, 1489, Bishop Meckau succeeded as Prince-Bishop of Brixen.

He celebrated a diocesan synod in November 1489, where the major topic of discussion was the Breviary and the Missal used in Brixen. In 1490, he became a canon of St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège. Upon the death of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, the new emperor, Maximilian I, left Bishop Meckau in charge of the territorial government of Tyrol. He was an active governor and supported the emperor financially during the Swabian War. Bishop Meckau was a patron of the arts, architecture and literature, and has been called the first humanist bishop of Brixen.

Pope Alexander VI made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of May 31, 1503. He received the titular church of San Nicola in Carcere on June 12, 1503.

He did not participate in the papal conclave of September 1503 that elected Pope Pius III, but he did participate in the papal conclave of October 1503 that elected Pope Julius II.

Emperor Maximilian named Cardinal Meckau as his ambassador to arrange for the diplomacy necessary for his coronation. Cardinal Meckau visited the pope in Rome on December 16, 1506 and then visited the Republic of Venice, which was forbidding passage through its territory.

On January 5, 1507, he opted for the titular church of Santo Stefano Rotondo.

Because of the intransigence of the Republic of Venice, Maximilian could not be crowned and traveled to Trent. (This was one of the grievances leading up to the War of the League of Cambrai.) In February 1507, Maximilian declared that he was Holy Roman Emperor even though he had not been crowned; Cardinal Meckau conveyed this decision to the pope, who gave his assent.

He died in Rome on March 3, 1509. He was buried in Santa Maria in Araceli.


title: Yakov Kozalchik

abstract: Yakov Kozalchik was a known Polish-Israeli strongman and professional wrestler. Kozalchik was the head of the Jewish police in the town of Krynica-Zdrój, a Kapo in the Auschwitz concentration camp.

text:
# Yakov Kozalchik

**Yakov Kozalchik** (1902 – 13 June 1953) was a known Polish-Israeli strongman and professional wrestler. Kozalchik was the head of the Jewish police in the town of Krynica-Zdrój, a Kapo in the Auschwitz concentration camp.

## Biography

Kozalchik was born in Krynica, near Nowy Sacz to a family of tanners. At an early age he stood out thanks to his tremendous strength and wide, muscular body. At the age of 7 he shocked the town, with carrying a bucket of water with his teeth from the well to the house of his parents. At the age of 8 he lost both his parents.

When he turned 18, he left Poland and went to Cuba. He found a job as a porter at the port of Havana. A strong young man, weighing 130 kg, he joined the circus as a wrestler and toured in the United States, Mexico and Argentina.

In 1938 he returned to Eastern Europe within an international group of wrestlers, which hosted the circus of Warsaw. He used to get into the ring with a giant Star of David painted on his shirt, and many young Jews identify with his character. When the rest of the wrestlers returned to the United States, Kozalchik stayed in Poland to start a family.

In 1941, the Germans entered the town of Krynica, where he was born and lived. When a 100 kg unexploded bomb was found in a house, Kozalchik picked it up and carried it out of the city. The Germans nicknamed Kozalchik the "Bombenträger" and appointed him to be the commander of the Jewish ghetto police.

In November 1942, the ghetto was liquidated in Krynica. All Jews, including his wife and two small children, were murdered at the Treblinka extermination camp. He was sent to command the camp "factory," where 350 Jews worked for the benefit of the German war machine.

In May 1943 became a Kapo in Auschwitz's Block 11, which was known as the "death block." His job was to distribute food to detainees held in 28 cells, clear the block, execute spanking, and lead the condemned to the "black wall" in front of the executions that were carried out in the courtyard of the block.

In June 1946, Kozalchik came to Israel. He opened a kiosk in Holon and later on returned to be an active strongman and a professional wrestler under the name of Samson Eisen. In 1947, he went on tour in England.

In September 1946, Haaretz published reports claiming Kozalchik collaborated with the Nazis. In response, Kozalchik asked for evidence. Kozalchik brought Auschwitz survivors who testified that the news was false and that Kozalchik, in fact, helped many Jews. But the rumors continued and, after a few years, destroyed his career as an entertainer.

Allegations of collaboration with the Nazis damaged Kozalchik's health as he suffered from depression and spent most of the day sleeping. On the evening of 13 July 1953, he died at his home in Holon when he was only 50.

## InfoBox

| Yakov Kozalchik | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 13 July 1902
Krynica-Zdrój, Poland |
| Died | 13 June 1953
Holon, Israel |
| Professional wrestling career | |
| Ring name(s) | Yakov Kozalchik
Samson Eisen
Shimshon Eisen |
| Debut | 1920 |
| Retired | 1949 |


title: New York Eye and Ear Control

abstract: New York Eye and Ear Control is an album of group improvisations recorded in July 1964 by an augmented version of Albert Ayler's group to provide the soundtrack for Michael Snow's film of the same name.

text:
# New York Eye and Ear Control

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

***New York Eye and Ear Control*** is an album of group improvisations recorded in July 1964 by an augmented version of Albert Ayler's group to provide the soundtrack for Michael Snow's film of the same name.

## Background

*New York Eye and Ear Control* came about when artist, musician, and filmmaker Michael Snow received a commission from a Toronto-based organization called Ten Centuries Concerts for a film employing jazz. Snow had recently attended and enjoyed a concert by saxophonist Albert Ayler (he recalled "I was completely knocked out"), and had been making his studio on Chambers Street in lower Manhattan available to musicians such as Roswell Rudd, Archie Shepp, Paul Bley, and Milford Graves for rehearsals. He decided to hire Ayler and his quartet (which at the time included trumpeter Don Cherry, bassist Gary Peacock, and drummer Sunny Murray, and which had recently recorded the albums Prophecy and (without Cherry) Spiritual Unity), along with trombonist Rudd and saxophonist John Tchicai, to make a recording, stating that he "wanted to buy a half an hour of music."

Snow recalled that he had certain stipulations going into the session: "I didn't want any previously played compositions, and I wanted it to be as much ensemble improvisations as could be with no solos." He also stated: "As I was being involved with so-called free jazz, I was always surprised at how everybody was still bookending, as in all of previous jazz where you play a tune, play your variations, then play the tune again. I kept feeling that I didn't want that, and particularly what I had in mind for the film, I definitely didn't want it. I wanted it as pure free improvisation as I could get." According to Snow, "They accepted and they performed this way... in my opinion, this is one reason for which the music is so great." He later called the ensemble "one of the greatest jazz groups ever." (In his 1966 essay "Around about New York Eye and Ear Control," Snow summarized his thoughts regarding the music: "Song form finally unusable, strict rhythm finally unusable in 'Jazz.' It goes 'ahead' where it has to... Surprise! Demand for Song and Dance so natural there can be 'new' Songs, 'new' Rhythm, 'new' Dances. A very pleasant surprise.")

The recording session took place on July 17, 1964 at the loft of poet Paul Haines, who was Snow's neighbor and who also set up and operated the recording equipment. Roswell Rudd recalled that Snow "didn't say anything. He said just go ahead and play and when he got the time he needed, he took that and made a movie with it. In other words made the movie from an improvised jam session rather than make the movie and fit the soundtrack to it. He made a soundtrack and then went out and shot a movie. I don't know how many people have ever done that." (The album liner notes confirm this, stating "The music was recorded prior to the production of the film.")

Snow's film uses the motif of what he called the "Walking Woman," a silhouette based on the image of Carla Bley. Snow stated: "In my films I've tried to give the sound a more pure and equal position in relation to the picture." "I was hoping for an uninterrupted stream of energy against which I was going to place the almost completely static shots of the two-dimensional Walking Woman figure, either negative or positive. The picture was edited with no reference to what sound episode might accompany it. It is an attempt to make a simultaneity of 'eye' with 'ear.' And the music was created to be a movie sound track, not to just be 'music.'"

Regarding his choice of a title, Snow also said:

> It's like the music is a particular kind of experience, and the film is something quite different that you see simultaneously. That's why the title, *New York Eye and Ear Control*: it was actually being able to hear the music and being able to see the picture without the music saying, This image is sad, or this image is happy — which is a way that movie music is always used. I really wanted it to be possible that you could hear them. So, they're very, very different. It's as if the image part of it is very classical and static. In fact, most of the motion is in the music actually. So, they're kind of counterpointing and being in their own worlds, but happening simultaneously.

The film was premiered later that year in Toronto. Snow recalled: "I was surprised to see people getting up and leaving very early in the projection of the film." At a later showing in New York, "The audience catcalled, booed, whistled, and threw paper at the screen. The film ended, and surprisingly, there was also some strong applause. Two people in the audience jumped up and ran to the booth where I was standing with the projectionist. They were very excited and said, 'That was wonderful. Who did that?' I said that I was the maker of the film, and we had a short conversation, and they introduced themselves: Andy Warhol and Gerard Malanga." According to Snow, Bernard Stollman, founder of ESP-Disk, heard about the film and approached him about releasing the music on an album. Snow stated: "the idea came up after the film had been made and been shown and puzzled everyone... \[Stollman\] asked me whether I'd be interested, and actually I had very mixed feelings about it, because it was precisely made to be used in conjunction with the images that I made. I was making a film with this music, and to separate the two, I really had to argue myself into it. Which seems a bit strange, I suppose, but the intention was to use it in a certain way with certain kinds of images."

## Reception

Critics have compared the album with key free jazz recordings such as Ornette Coleman's earlier *Free Jazz* and John Coltrane's subsequent *Ascension*. John Litweiler regards it favourably in comparison because of its "free motion of tempo (often slow, usually fast); of ensemble density (players enter and depart at will); of linear movement". Ekkehard Jost places it in the same company and comments on "extraordinarily intensive give-and-take by the musicians" and "a breadth of variation and differentiation on all musical levels," calling it "one of Ayler's very best recordings." Richard Brody wrote that the album is "superior to those performances in its freer, truly group-oriented format, with no specified soloists and accompanists," stating that "the riotous revelry joins the joy of New Orleans traditions to the urbane furies of the day." All About Jazz reviewer Clifford Allen described *New York Eye and Ear Control* as "a valuable window into the music's early history as well as what might have happened outside record dates, more than one is usually privy to." Playwright and director Richard Foreman described his reaction to the conjunction of the film and the music as follows: "Mike Snow postulates an eye that stares at surfaces with such intensity... the image itself seems to quiver, finally gives way under the pressure. A deceptive beginning-silent: a flat white form sharply cut to the silhouette of a walking woman, for no apparent reason propped against trees, rocks seashore. But slowly-under attack by time, light and an incredible growing music so aggressive it begins to bypass the ear and attack the eyes habits of seeing. Each time a cut wipes away this absurd idiogram-woman, she reappears – supported against the threat of the destructive eye by the S-O-U-N-D! – that insists on building a space in which objects can sustain themselves."

## Track listing

1. "Don's Dawn" (Cherry/Peacock) – 0:57
2. "AY" (Ayler) – 20:17
3. "ITT" (Ayler) – 22:05

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| New York Eye and Ear Control | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Albert Ayler | |
| Released | 1965 |
| Recorded | July 17, 1964 |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Length | 43:19 |
| Label | ESP-Disk |
| Albert Ayler chronology | |
| *Spiritual Unity*
(1964) ***New York Eye and Ear Control***
(1965) *Ghosts*
(1965) | |