title: Planetary coordinate system

abstract:
A planetary coordinate system is a generalization of the geographic, geodetic, and the geocentric coordinate systems for planets other than Earth.
Similar coordinate systems are defined for other solid celestial bodies, such as in the selenographic coordinates for the Moon.
The coordinate systems for almost all of the solid bodies in the Solar System were established by Merton E. Davies of the Rand Corporation, including Mercury, Venus, Mars, the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, and Triton, the largest moon of Neptune.
A planetary datum is a generalization of geodetic datums for other planetary bodies, such as the Mars datum; it requires the specification of physical reference points or surfaces with fixed coordinates, such as a specific crater for the reference meridian or the best-fitting equigeopotential as zero-level surface.

text:
# Planetary coordinate system

A **planetary coordinate system** (also referred to as ***planetographic***, ***planetodetic***, or ***planetocentric***) is a generalization of the geographic, geodetic, and the geocentric coordinate systems for planets other than Earth. Similar coordinate systems are defined for other solid celestial bodies, such as in the *selenographic coordinates* for the Moon. The coordinate systems for almost all of the solid bodies in the Solar System were established by Merton E. Davies of the Rand Corporation, including Mercury, Venus, Mars, the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, and Triton, the largest moon of Neptune. A **planetary datum** is a generalization of geodetic datums for other planetary bodies, such as the Mars datum; it requires the specification of physical reference points or surfaces with fixed coordinates, such as a specific crater for the reference meridian or the best-fitting equigeopotential as zero-level surface.

## Longitude

The longitude systems of most of those bodies with observable rigid surfaces have been defined by references to a surface feature such as a crater. The north pole is that pole of rotation that lies on the north side of the invariable plane of the Solar System (near the ecliptic). The location of the prime meridian as well as the position of the body's north pole on the celestial sphere may vary with time due to precession of the axis of rotation of the planet (or satellite). If the position angle of the body's prime meridian increases with time, the body has a direct (or prograde) rotation; otherwise the rotation is said to be retrograde.

In the absence of other information, the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean orbital plane; Mercury and most of the satellites are in this category. For many of the satellites, it is assumed that the rotation rate is equal to the mean orbital period. In the case of the giant planets, since their surface features are constantly changing and moving at various rates, the rotation of their magnetic fields is used as a reference instead. In the case of the Sun, even this criterion fails (because its magnetosphere is very complex and does not really rotate in a steady fashion), and an agreed-upon value for the rotation of its equator is used instead.

For **planetographic longitude**, west longitudes (i.e., longitudes measured positively to the west) are used when the rotation is prograde, and east longitudes (i.e., longitudes measured positively to the east) when the rotation is retrograde. In simpler terms, imagine a distant, non-orbiting observer viewing a planet as it rotates. Also suppose that this observer is within the plane of the planet's equator. A point on the Equator that passes directly in front of this observer later in time has a higher planetographic longitude than a point that did so earlier in time.

However, **planetocentric longitude** is always measured positively to the east, regardless of which way the planet rotates. *East* is defined as the counter-clockwise direction around the planet, as seen from above its north pole, and the north pole is whichever pole more closely aligns with the Earth's north pole. Longitudes traditionally have been written using "E" or "W" instead of "+" or "−" to indicate this polarity. For example, −91°, 91°W, +269° and 269°E all mean the same thing.

The modern standard for maps of Mars (since about 2002) is to use planetocentric coordinates. Guided by the works of historical astronomers, Merton E. Davies established the meridian of Mars at Airy-0 crater. For Mercury, the only other planet with a solid surface visible from Earth, a thermocentric coordinate is used: the prime meridian runs through the point on the equator where the planet is hottest (due to the planet's rotation and orbit, the Sun briefly retrogrades at noon at this point during perihelion, giving it more sunlight). By convention, this meridian is defined as exactly twenty degrees of longitude east of Hun Kal.

Tidally-locked bodies have a natural reference longitude passing through the point nearest to their parent body: 0° the center of the primary-facing hemisphere, 90° the center of the leading hemisphere, 180° the center of the anti-primary hemisphere, and 270° the center of the trailing hemisphere. However, libration due to non-circular orbits or axial tilts causes this point to move around any fixed point on the celestial body like an analemma.

## Latitude

**Planetographic latitude** and **planetocentric latitude** may be similarly defined. The zero latitude plane (Equator) can be defined as orthogonal to the mean axis of rotation (poles of astronomical bodies). The reference surfaces for some planets (such as Earth and Mars) are ellipsoids of revolution for which the equatorial radius is larger than the polar radius, such that they are oblate spheroids.

## Altitude

Vertical position can be expressed with respect to a given vertical datum, by means of physical quantities analogous to the topographical geocentric distance (compared to a constant nominal Earth radius or the varying geocentric radius of the reference ellipsoid surface) or altitude/elevation (above and below the geoid).

The *areoid* (the geoid of Mars) has been measured using flight paths of satellite missions such as Mariner 9 and Viking. The main departures from the ellipsoid expected of an ideal fluid are from the Tharsis volcanic plateau, a continent-size region of elevated terrain, and its antipodes.

The *selenoid* (the geoid of the Moon) has been measured gravimetrically by the GRAIL twin satellites.

## Ellipsoid of revolution (spheroid)

Reference ellipsoids are also useful for defining geodetic coordinates and mapping other planetary bodies including planets, their satellites, asteroids and comet nuclei. Some well observed bodies such as the Moon and Mars now have quite precise reference ellipsoids.

For rigid-surface nearly-spherical bodies, which includes all the rocky planets and many moons, ellipsoids are defined in terms of the axis of rotation and the mean surface height excluding any atmosphere. Mars is actually egg shaped, where its north and south polar radii differ by approximately 6 km (4 miles), however this difference is small enough that the average polar radius is used to define its ellipsoid. The Earth's Moon is effectively spherical, having almost no bulge at its equator. Where possible, a fixed observable surface feature is used when defining a reference meridian.

For gaseous planets like Jupiter, an effective surface for an ellipsoid is chosen as the equal-pressure boundary of one bar. Since they have no permanent observable features, the choices of prime meridians are made according to mathematical rules.

### Flattening

For the WGS84 ellipsoid to model Earth, the *defining* values are

a (equatorial radius): 6 378 137.0 m $\frac {1}{f}\\,$ (inverse flattening): 298.257 223 563

from which one derives

b (polar radius): 6 356 752.3142 m,

so that the difference of the major and minor semi-axes is 21.385 km (13 mi). This is only 0.335% of the major axis, so a representation of Earth on a computer screen would be sized as 300 pixels by 299 pixels. This is rather indistinguishable from a sphere shown as 300 pix by 300 pix. Thus illustrations typically greatly exaggerate the flattening to highlight the concept of any planet's oblateness.

Other f values in the Solar System are 116 for Jupiter, 110 for Saturn, and 1900 for the Moon. The flattening of the Sun is about 9×10−6.

#### Origin of flattening

In 1687, Isaac Newton published the *Principia* in which he included a proof that a rotating self-gravitating fluid body in equilibrium takes the form of an oblate ellipsoid of revolution (a spheroid). The amount of flattening depends on the density and the balance of gravitational force and centrifugal force.

### Equatorial bulge

Equatorial bulge of the Solar Systems major celestial bodies
| Body | Diameter (km) | | Equatorial
bulge (km) | Flattening
ratio | Rotation
period (h) | Density
(kg/m3) | $f$ | Deviation
from $f$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Equatorial | Polar | | | | | | |
| Earth | 12,756.2 | 12,713.6 | 42.6 | 1 : 299.4 | 23.936 | 5515 | 1 : 232 | −23% |
| Mars | 6,792.4 | 6,752.4 | 40 | 1 : 170 | 24.632 | 3933 | 1 : 175 | +3% |
| Ceres | 964.3 | 891.8 | 72.5 | 1 : 13.3 | 9.074 | 2162 | 1 : 13.1 | −2% |
| Jupiter | 142,984 | 133,708 | 9,276 | 1 : 15.41 | 9.925 | 1326 | 1 : 9.59 | −38% |
| Saturn | 120,536 | 108,728 | 11,808 | 1 : 10.21 | 10.56 | 687 | 1 : 5.62 | −45% |
| Uranus | 51,118 | 49,946 | 1,172 | 1 : 43.62 | 17.24 | 1270 | 1 : 27.71 | −36% |
| Neptune | 49,528 | 48,682 | 846 | 1 : 58.54 | 16.11 | 1638 | 1 : 31.22 | −47% |

Generally any celestial body that is rotating (and that is sufficiently massive to draw itself into spherical or near spherical shape) will have an equatorial bulge matching its rotation rate. With 11808 km Saturn is the planet with the largest equatorial bulge in our Solar System.

#### Equatorial ridges

Equatorial bulges should not be confused with *equatorial ridges*. Equatorial ridges are a feature of at least four of Saturn's moons: the large moon Iapetus and the tiny moons Atlas, Pan, and Daphnis. These ridges closely follow the moons' equators. The ridges appear to be unique to the Saturnian system, but it is uncertain whether the occurrences are related or a coincidence. The first three were discovered by the *Cassini* probe in 2005; the Daphnean ridge was discovered in 2017. The ridge on Iapetus is nearly 20 km wide, 13 km high and 1300 km long. The ridge on Atlas is proportionally even more remarkable given the moon's much smaller size, giving it a disk-like shape. Images of Pan show a structure similar to that of Atlas, while the one on Daphnis is less pronounced.

## Triaxial ellipsoid

Small moons, asteroids, and comet nuclei frequently have irregular shapes. For some of these, such as Jupiter's Io, a scalene (triaxial) ellipsoid is a better fit than the oblate spheroid. For highly irregular bodies, the concept of a reference ellipsoid may have no useful value, so sometimes a spherical reference is used instead and points identified by planetocentric latitude and longitude. Even that can be problematic for non-convex bodies, such as Eros, in that latitude and longitude don't always uniquely identify a single surface location.

Smaller bodies (Io, Mimas, etc.) tend to be better approximated by triaxial ellipsoids; however, triaxial ellipsoids would render many computations more complicated, especially those related to map projections. Many projections would lose their elegant and popular properties. For this reason spherical reference surfaces are frequently used in mapping programs.


title: Seascape (Slightly Cloudy)

abstract: Seascape is an oil-on-canvas painting executed in 1969 by German artist Gerhard Richter. It depicts a cloudy sky in grey, white and blue tones over a deep, elongated horizon line and a grey, mirror-smooth surface of the sea. The painting is signed, dated and numbered 239-2 Richter 1969 on the reverse. It his held at the Louis Vuitton Foundation, in Paris.

text:
# Seascape (Slightly Cloudy)

***Seascape (Slightly Cloudy)*** is an oil-on-canvas painting executed in 1969 by German artist Gerhard Richter. It depicts a cloudy sky in grey, white and blue tones over a deep, elongated horizon line and a grey, mirror-smooth surface of the sea. The painting is signed, dated and numbered *239-2 Richter 1969* on the reverse. It his held at the Louis Vuitton Foundation, in Paris.

## History

The painting was created in 1969 as the first in the series *Seascapes*, in which Richter dealt with the subject of the sea, sky and clouds. The painting was auctioned from a German private collection at Sotheby's, in London, in 1993, and reached a price of $457,299. It came up for auction at Christie's in 1998, estimated at $2 million, but didn't found a buyer. It returned to Christie's on May 8, 2012, and was sold for $19,346,500.

The picture was first presented in 1970 as part of the exhibition "Gerhard Richter, Blinky Palermo, Günther Uecker" at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, then in 2014 in the inaugural exhibition of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, in Paris, and in 2017 at the National Gallery in Prague.

In this painting, like in the others of the *Seascapes* series, the depiction of the sky and sea is based on photographs. The last bearing the same name is dated from 1998. These paintings are characterized by a low, long horizon, waves, clouds, haze and fog, breaking light, subtle color effects and smooth brushwork. The *Seascapes* are constructed images, created on the basis of composite sections from photographs; they do not depict a real landscape. Richter said in an interview in 1982, "the more beautiful, clever, insane and extreme, the more vividly and incomprehensibly they describe this incomprehensible reality in a parable."

Critics and interpreters of this painting see Richter, on the one hand, in the tradition of German Romanticism, above all Caspar David Friedrich, and on the other hand in the tradition of marine painting with its virtuoso depiction of water, air and light, but as the Austrian art historian Alexandra Matzner writes, "he took away the heroic or dramatic narratives of these paintings. Instead, Gerhard Richter's seascapes evoke stillness and a sense of eternity." They stand in the pictorial tradition of the sublime, which confronts man with the eternity of nature and his own finitude.


title: Picnic Day (Australian holiday)

abstract: Picnic Day is a public holiday in the Northern Territory of Australia which takes place every year on the first Monday of August.

text:
# Picnic Day (Australian holiday)

**Picnic Day** is a public holiday in the Northern Territory of Australia which takes place every year on the first Monday of August.

## History

Picnic Day events in the Northern Territory date back to the late 1800s. They were held in a variety of locations such as Adelaide River, Brunette Downs Station and Glencoe Paddock at differing times of year.

A regular annual Union Picnic Day or Trade Picnic Day was observed at Adelaide River by railway employees working on the North Australia Railway. The date of the first event is not known. The event included Public Works employees on some occasions. Between 1926 and 1935 a railway Picnic Day event was not held. An attempt was made to revive the holiday in 1933, but it was not officially observed again until three years later. On Monday 5 October 1936, a train transported people from Darwin to Adelaide River, leaving at 7 am returning at 11 pm. The hotel at Adelaide River recorded record sales and the train was "forced to stop often as a number of male Darwin passengers fell off at various points along the line".

The Harts Range Races in Central Australia are held each Picnic Day long weekend. The races began in 1946, when three brothers Bennett, Qinton and Kil Webb from Mount Riddock Station raced stockman Jack Schaber and the regional policeman Senior Constable Bob Darken over a distance of about a mile to the Ulgarna Yards to determine who had the fastest horse. The event inspired the first formal racing meet at Harts Range in November 1947. It became an annual event.

1. "Tablelands Race Meeting". *Northern Territory Times And Gazette*. Vol. XVI, no. 932. Northern Territory, Australia. 11 September 1891. p. 3. Retrieved 17 July 2016  via National Library of Australia.
2. "Classified Advertising". *Northern Territory Times And Gazette*. Vol. XIX, no. 1050. Northern Territory, Australia. 15 December 1893. p. 2. Retrieved 17 July 2016  via National Library of Australia.
3. "Adelaide River School turns 50". *Department of Education and Training*. Northern Territory Government. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
4. "COMMONWEALTH RAILWAYS". *Northern Territory Times And Gazette*. Northern Territory, Australia. 24 July 1920. p. 5. Retrieved 14 July 2016  via National Library of Australia.
5. "RAILWAY PICNIC". *Northern Standard*. No. 69. Northern Territory, Australia. 1 September 1936. p. 1. Retrieved 14 July 2016  via National Library of Australia.
6. "RAILWAY PICNIC REVIVAL". *Northern Standard*. No. 59. Northern Territory, Australia. 12 September 1933. p. 7. Retrieved 14 July 2016  via National Library of Australia.
7. "RAILWAY PICNIC". *Northern Standard*. No. 71. Northern Territory, Australia. 8 September 1936. p. 8. Retrieved 14 July 2016  via National Library of Australia.
8. "DARWIN'S DAY OUT". *Kalgoorlie Miner*. Vol. 42, no. 10, 761. Western Australia. 6 October 1936. p. 4. Retrieved 14 July 2016  via National Library of Australia.
9. Darken, Bob. "Club History". *Harts Range Amateur Racing Club*. Retrieved 14 July 2016.

## InfoBox

| Picnic Day | |
| --- | --- |
| Picnic Day in Pine Creek, 1937 | |
| Observed by | Northern Territory, Australia |
| Date | First Monday in August |
| 2023 date | August 7  (2023-08-07) |
| 2024 date | August 5  (2024-08-05) |
| 2025 date | August 4  (2025-08-04) |
| 2026 date | August 3  (2026-08-03) |
| Frequency | annual |


title: Olivella exilis

abstract: Olivella exilis is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily Olivellinae, in the family Olividae, the olives. Species in the genus Olivella are commonly called dwarf olives. The taxonomic status of this species is uncertain.

text:
# Olivella exilis

***Olivella exilis*** is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily Olivellinae, in the family Olividae, the olives. Species in the genus Olivella are commonly called dwarf olives.

The taxonomic status of this species is uncertain.

## Description

The length of this species attains 10 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Bahamas; the Greater Antilles Guadeloupe and off Southeastern Florida, USA.

* Jensen, R. H. (1997). A Checklist and Bibliography of the Marine Molluscs of Bermuda. Unp. , 547 pp
* Kantor Y.I., Fedosov A.E., Puillandre N., Bonillo C. & Bouchet P. , 2017. Returning to the roots: morphology, molecular phylogeny and classification of the Olivoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 493-541

## InfoBox

| *Olivella exilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Olivella exilis* (specimen at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Olividae |
| Genus: | *Olivella* |
| Species: | ***O. exilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Olivella exilis***<br>(Marrat, 1871) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Olivella (Lamprodoma) exilis* (Marrat, 1871) | |


title: Phyllonorycter aceriphaga

abstract: Phyllonorycter aceriphaga is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. The larvae feed on Acer turkestanicum. They probably mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Phyllonorycter aceriphaga

***Phyllonorycter aceriphaga*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.

The larvae feed on *Acer turkestanicum*. They probably mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter aceriphaga* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. aceriphaga*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter aceriphaga***<br>(Kuznetzov, 1975) | |
|


title: York Library

abstract: York Library is situated in Museum Street, York, England. It became a Grade II listed building in 1997. York's first subscription library opened in 1794, but it was only in 1893 that the city's first public library was opened in Clifford Street by the then Duke and Duchess of York, in a building formerly occupied by the Institute of Popular Science and Literature. This was the period when free public libraries were supplanting subscription libraries, and the establishment of York's public library was the city's way of marking Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. In 1917 the public library was merged with York Subscription Library. The present library building on Museum Street was designed by Walter Brierley and opened in 1927. Since then, there have been a number of extensions to the building, most recently in 2014, when the library became home to the City Archives.

text:
# York Library

**York Library** (York Explore Library and Archive) is situated in Museum Street, York, England. It became a Grade II listed building in 1997.

York's first subscription library opened in 1794, but it was only in 1893 that the city's first public library was opened in Clifford Street by the then Duke and Duchess of York, in a building formerly occupied by the Institute of Popular Science and Literature. This was the period when free public libraries were supplanting subscription libraries, and the establishment of York's public library was the city's way of marking Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. In 1917 the public library was merged with York Subscription Library.

The present library building on Museum Street was designed by Walter Brierley and opened in 1927. Since then, there have been a number of extensions to the building, most recently in 2014, when the library became home to the City Archives.

53°57′41″N 1°05′10″W / 53.9614°N 1.0862°W / 53.9614; -1.0862


title: Marlapalem

abstract: Marlapalem is a village in Gannavaram Mandal in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

text:
# Marlapalem

**Marlapalem** is a village in Gannavaram Mandal in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

## InfoBox

| Marlapalem | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| MarlapalemLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaMarlapalemMarlapalem (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°33′N 80°48′E / 16.55°N 80.80°E / 16.55; 80.80 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Krishna |
| Talukas | Gannavaram |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 521101 |


title: Polyclonoolithus

abstract: Polyclonoolithus is an oogenus of fossil dinosaur egg. It is from the Early Cretaceous of Gansu, China. They have distinctive, branching eggshell units, which may represent the original form of spheroolithids.

text:
# Polyclonoolithus

***Polyclonoolithus*** is an oogenus of fossil dinosaur egg. It is from the Early Cretaceous of Gansu, China. They have distinctive, branching eggshell units, which may represent the original form of spheroolithids.

## Distribution

*Polyclonoolithus* is known exclusively from Yangjiagou, a small town in Gansu. The only known fossil specimen is from the Lower Cretaceous Hekou Group, part of the larger Lanzhou-Minhe Basin.

## Discovery

Dinosaur body fossils and ichnites are common at the Hekou Group, but fossilized eggs are rare. The first fossil eggs found there were collected by Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences in Zhongpu in 2009, but were never formally described. In 2012, a team of paleontologists from the Gansu Geological Museum, the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and the Institute of Geology once again discovered fossil eggs in the Lanzhou-Minhe Basin. In 2016, their discovery was described as a new oogenus and oospecies, *Polyclonoolithus yangjiagouensis,* by Chinese paleontologists Xie Jun-Fang, Zhang Shu-Kang, Jin Xing-Sheng, Li Da-Qing, and Zhou Ling-Qi.

## Description

*Polyclonoolithus* is only known from one specimen: ZMNH M1849, an incomplete egg (made up of several fragments) housed in the Zhejiang Museum of Natural History. Due to the poor preservation, the size and shape of a complete egg are unknown, but *Polyclonoolithus* was likely less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in diameter. The eggshell ranges from 1.84 to 2.05 millimetres (0.072 to 0.081 in) in thickness. The cone layer has radiating structure and makes up roughly 1/7 the total width of the eggshell.

*Polyclonoolithus* is distinctive for having branching shell units, with irregular pore canals between them. The branches of the eggshell units fuse together towards the outer surface of the shell.

## Parataxonomy

*Polyclonoolithus* is classified in its own oofamily, **Polyclonoolithidae**. Its branching eggshell units set it apart from all other oofamilies, except for Dendroolithidae, Dictyoolithidae, and Similifaveoloolithidae. It lacks the reticulate structure seen in dictyoolithids, and unlike similifaveoloolithids and dendroolithids, the eggshell units vary in thickness. It furthermore differs from dendroolithids in that the eggshell units are not totally fused together at the outer surface of the eggshell, however this could only be due to erosion.

There is also some similarity between the branching eggshell units of *Polyclonoolithus* to the superimposed eggshell units found in Spheroolithidae, leading to the hypothesis by Xie *et al.* that the shell units of polyclonoolithids may represent a primitive form of those found in spheroolithids.

*Polyclonoolithus* contains only a single oospecies: *P. yangjiagouensis*.

## InfoBox

| *Polyclonoolithus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Egg fossil classification | |
| *Basic shell type*: | Dinosauroid-spherulitic |
| Oofamily: | Polyclonoolithidae |
| Oogenus: | *Polyclonoolithus*
Xie *et al.*, 2016 |
|
| Oospecies | |
| * ***P. yangjiagouensis*** Xie *et al.*, 2016 (type) | |


title: Planetary dispositors (Hindu astrology)

abstract: Planetary dispositors play an important role in Astrology. A dispositor is a planet that rules the sign that another planet is located in. For example, if Venus is in Gemini, then Mercury is the dispositor of Venus.

text:
# Planetary dispositors (Hindu astrology)

**Planetary dispositors** play an important role in Astrology. A dispositor is a planet that rules the sign that another planet is located in. For example, if Venus is in Gemini, then Mercury is the dispositor of Venus.

## Dispositor

The dispositor is the planet which is the ruler of the sign or house that is occupied by another sign or house lord. Western astrology looks upon planetary dispositors as the final response to the meaning of an aspect in a horoscope, and it prefers drawing up of *Dispositor trees* that assist in determining in the Natal Chart the temporal status and the active nature of all planets.

The concept of Planetary dispositors is not new to Hindu astrology, the ancient Hindu texts on Hindu predictive astrology have described numerous yogas based on this principle. In fact, most yogas are dependent upon the benefic placement of the dispositors of the planets giving rise to those yogas. In Hindu astrology the Planetary dispositor is also known as the *Poshaka*, meaning the "Nourisher", because it tends to aid the occupant of its sign or house.

## Dispositor’s role

Whether the planet occupying a particular sign and bhava will act as a benefic or a malefic also depends upon its dispositor acting as a benefic or a malefic. If the sign and the navamsa of the dispositor are both strong then they add to the strength of the resident planet. The result of the aspect of the dispositor on its own occupied sign or house or on any other planet depends upon its own basic nature, and its acquired strength and qualities. Dispositors tend to give results of planets which are occupying their signs, they carry the tendencies of those planets. The Sun. Saturn, Rahu and the lord of 12th house possess separatist tendencies (in respect of marriage, partnership etc.;), their dispositor will also carry the same separatist tendencies where ever it be situated, the role of dispositors in conjunctions and aspects is important and cannot be ignored.

The status acquired by dispositors of *Sahams*, the sensitive points, in the Varshaphala charts is equally important . The *Saham* that is aspected by its dispositor or a benefic prospers or if the dispositor aspects the lagna, but not so when the aspecting planet is itself weak in strength or occupies the 6th, the 8th, or the 12th house.

## Dispositor’s influence

The signs the planets happen to occupy are vital for determining friendship between planets and their dispositors.

When no planet occupies its own sign then all planets so placed create a continuous flow of energy from one to the other. In the formation of *Dhvaja yoga* each of the seven planets (Rahu and Ketu excluded) strong and alone are in another’s sign, with one of them situated in the Lagna.

In the case of *sthanaparivartana* (mutual exchange of signs) that gives rise to a powerful yoga, two dispositors arise who then act as partners, which one is stronger depends upon their individual *Awastha*.

Particularly in the case of the two lunar nodes, Rahu and Ketu, if the dispositor is strong and unafflicted then good results can be expected; the lunar nodes give results according to the nature and disposition of the lord of the sign and the house they occupy. Moreover, if the dispositor of either Rahu or Ketu does not own an evil house i.e. the 6th, the 8th or the 12th; or is not a functional malefic by virtue of owning the 3rd or the 11th and is a benefic for the ascendant then these two *Chaya grahas* give good results.

The dispositor governs the planet that happens to occupy its sign, a) by becoming the *sahayogi* (partner) of that *yogi* (whose dispositor it is), and b) by acting as a proxy for the latter. Take the case of the formation of *Pushkala yoga* the lord of the sign occupied by the Moon associated with the Lagna, occupies a kendra or is in the house of an intimate friend, and the Lagna is also occupied by a powerful planet, in which event the dispositor of the Moon adds strength to the Moon and through the Moon to the Lagna. *Sreenatha yoga* arises when the exalted lord of the 7th house occupies the 10th and the lord of the 10th joins the lord of the 9th in the 10th house thereby favourably strengthening and exciting the 9th and the 10th bhavas/houses. If the lord of the sign occupied by the debilitated planet is in a kendra position from the Moon or the Lagna or if the lord of the sign occupied by the debilitated planet aspects that debilitated planet, Neechabhanga Raja yoga arises.

The dispositor of the lord of the navamsa occupied by any planet too plays a pivotal role in yoga-formations. In the case of the formation of the favourable *Gauri yoga* the lord of the navamsa occupied by the lord of the 10th should be exalted in the 10th combined with the lord of the Lagna, and in the case of equally favourable *Bharati yoga* the lord of the navamsa occupied by the lords of the 2nd, 5th and the 11th should be exalted and combine with the lord of the 9th. *Parijata yoga*, also known as *Kalpadrum yoga*, arises if the dispositor of the lord of lagna and the dispositor of the dispositor or the lords of the navamsas occupied by these two, attain exaltation either in a kendra or a trikona.


title: Secondary and Higher Education Division

abstract: Secondary and Higher Education Division is a Bangladesh government division under the Ministry of Education responsible for secondary and higher education in Bangladesh. It is the highest policy making body concerning Secondary and Tertiary education in Bangladesh. It is responsible for overseeing 25227 High schools and 37 public universities and 92 private universities. Md. Sohorab Hossain is the Secretary and Head of the Division.

text:
# Secondary and Higher Education Division

**Secondary and Higher Education Division** (মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চ শিক্ষা বিভাগ) is a Bangladesh government division under the Ministry of Education responsible for secondary and higher education in Bangladesh. It is the highest policy making body concerning Secondary and Tertiary education in Bangladesh. It is responsible for overseeing 25227 High schools and 37 public universities and 92 private universities. Md. Sohorab Hossain is the Secretary and Head of the Division.

## History

On 30 November 2016, the Government of Bangladesh divided the Education Ministry into two divisions, Secondary and Higher Education Division and Technical and Madrasah Education Division.

## InfoBox

Directorate of Secondary & Higher Education
| Formation | 2016 |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Dhaka, Bangladesh |
| Region served | Bangladesh |
| Official language | Bengali |
| Budget | 44109 crore (US$3.8 billion) (2024-2025) |
| Website | Secondary and Higher Education Division |


title: Pierre Lacans

abstract: Pierre Lacans was a French rugby union footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played representative level rugby union for France, and at club level for AS Béziers, as a flanker.

text:
# Pierre Lacans

**Pierre Lacans** (23 April 1957 – 30 September 1985) was a French rugby union footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played representative level rugby union for France, and at club level for AS Béziers, as a flanker.

## Background

Pierre Lacans was born in Conilhac-Corbières, France, and he was killed in a traffic accident.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Pierre Lacans
| Date of birth | (1957-04-23)23 April 1957 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Conilhac-Corbières, Aude,<br>Occitania, France |
| Date of death | 30 September 1985(1985-09-30) (aged 28) |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 94 kg (207 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Flanker  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1978-1984 AS Béziers   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1981–1984 France  9  (12) | |


title: Oleh, Delta

abstract: Oleh is the headquarters of the Isoko South Local Government Area, one of the two administrative units in the Isoko region of Delta State, Southern Nigeria.

text:
# Oleh, Delta

**Oleh** is the headquarters of the Isoko South Local Government Area, one of the two administrative units in the Isoko region of Delta State, Southern Nigeria.

## Politics and Government

As the administrative center for the local government, it houses the council offices.

The town is under the leadership of a monarch, His Royal Majesty (H.R.M.) Ovrawah A. Omogha 1 (JP) FCAI, who has the power to appoint his Kinsmen (also known as Chiefs) who assist him in decision(s) making relating to the affairs of Oleh community. In addition to the monarch and his chiefs, there is also an Oleh community executives headed by an elected president. Both the community executives and the king with his chiefs work together to see to the smooth running of the community affairs. They are also the traditional custodian of the people's customs and traditions. The monarch is influential in Isokoland in matters relating to his kingdom. He is also a member of the state council of traditional rulers, which also provides him a platform for some influence on statewide issues.

## Economy

There are different economic classes in Oleh, ranging from civil servants, merchants, skilled and unskilled personnel and farmers. The farmers mostly specialize in food crop farming, fishery, livestock farming and sometimes hunting of bush animals. The food crops cultivated by the farmers include; cassava, maize, oil palms, plantain and yams. Women form a large proportion of the farming population. They also engage in trading of food crops for cash to meet other basic household needs. On market days, women can be seen peddling their assorted wares in the town markets. Cassava is the source of most of the foods consumed by the people. *Garri*, starch meal (*Ozi*), *Egu (fufu)* are cassava derivatives.

## Demographics

Although there is no definitive population census figure for Oleh, the town is estimated to have a population of over 20,000 people, according to a report by the National Population Commission.

## Education

Oleh prioritizes education, with several primary, secondary, and tertiary institutions. Notable government-owned schools include Isoko Central School, Evoja Primary School, Odoro Primary School, Owhara Primary School, Uzi Primary School, Emiye Girl's Grammar School, Emore Grammar School, and Saint Michael's College. The town is also home to the Oleh Campus of Delta State University, which offers programs in law and engineering. According to a report by the Delta State Ministry of Education, Oleh has a high literacy rate, with over 80% of residents able to read and write.

## Flooding

In recent years, Oleh has faced severe flooding crises due to climate change. In 2022, the town experienced devastating floods that resulted in loss of lives and properties.The flooding also affected the town's economy, restricting vehicular movement and disrupting commercial activities. According to a report by the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oleh is one of the towns in Delta State most vulnerable to flooding.

## Notable people

1. Chief (Dr.) Edwin K. Clark \- A renowned Nigerian leader, elder statesman, and former Minister of Information. He is a prominent son of Oleh and has contributed significantly to the town's development

## Market Days

On market days, the town comes alive with women peddling their assorted wares, including fresh produce, handicrafts, and food items. The market is a hub of activity, showcasing the town's rich cultural heritage and entrepreneurial spirit. A study by the University of Benin found that the market in Oleh is an essential platform for women empowerment and economic development.

Reference

## InfoBox

| Oleh | |
| --- | --- |
| Oleh Town | |


title: Physoptila termiticola

abstract: Physoptila termiticola is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1926. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland. The wingspan is about 14 mm. The forewings are white with fuscous markings. There is a suffused spot on the dorsum before the middle and a spot on the tornus, as well as a dot on the costa at two-fifths. A costal spot is found on four-fifths opposite another on the middle of the termen and there is a dark-fuscous apical dot. The hindwings are grey.

text:
# Physoptila termiticola

***Physoptila termiticola*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1926. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

The wingspan is about 14 mm. The forewings are white with fuscous markings. There is a suffused spot on the dorsum before the middle and a spot on the tornus, as well as a dot on the costa at two-fifths. A costal spot is found on four-fifths opposite another on the middle of the termen and there is a dark-fuscous apical dot. The hindwings are grey.

## InfoBox

| *Physoptila termiticola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Physoptila* |
| Species: | ***P. termiticola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Physoptila termiticola***<br>(Turner, 1926) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aenicteria termiticola* Turner, 1926 | |


title: NJ.com

abstract: NJ.com is a digital news content provider and website in New Jersey owned by Advance Publications. According to The New York Times in 2012, it was the largest provider of digital news in the state at the time. In 2018, comScore reports that NJ.com has an average of 12.1 million unique monthly visitors consuming a total of 70 million pageviews per month. NJ.com covers news in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania and throughout New Jersey, and advertises itself as "the number one provider of local news in New Jersey and the Lehigh Valley."

text:
# NJ.com

**NJ.com** is a digital news content provider and website in New Jersey owned by Advance Publications. According to *The New York Times* in 2012, it was the largest provider of digital news in the state at the time. In 2018, comScore reports that NJ.com has an average of 12.1 million unique monthly visitors consuming a total of 70 million pageviews per month.

NJ.com covers news in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania and throughout New Jersey, and advertises itself as "the number one provider of local news in New Jersey and the Lehigh Valley."

## History

Content on NJ.com is provided by NJ Advance Media, a company launched in June 2014 to provide content, sales and marketing services to NJ.com and Advance's New Jersey–based newspapers, including *The Star-Ledger*, *The Times* of Trenton, *The Jersey Journal*, the *South Jersey Times*, *The Hunterdon County Democrat*, *The Star-Gazette*, *The Warren Reporter*, *The Suburban News*, *Hoboken Now*, *Ledger Local*, *Ledger Somerset Observer*, *The Star-Gazette*, and *The Washington Township Times*. It is owned by Advance Local, an organization that operates ten local news and information sites in the United States.

The site was ranked by Alexa as 2,712th worldwide and 661st in the U.S. in May 2016. NJ.com's news reports are widely quoted by other news publications such as the *New York Daily News*, the *Chicago Tribune*, the *Washington Post*, and other news organizations around the nation. In 2019, NJ Advance Media's Steve Politi was named the nation's top sports columnist by the Associated Press Sports Editors.

NJ.com is part of a general trend away from printed newspapers towards digital content. A report in *USA Today* in 2012 suggested that many newspaper readers were moving to digital websites such as NJ.com for local news. In 2018, Steve Alessi became NJ Advance Media, leading the NJ.com operation when Matt Kraner was promoted to COO of the newly formed Advance Local.

In 2016, its editors called on Governor Chris Christie to resign from office, after a failed presidential campaign and Christie's controversial endorsement of Republican presidential frontrunner Donald Trump. Advance Publications is owned by the Newhouse family. According to a report in 2014, NJ.com was laying off some employees, although there were reports that staffing losses were being offset by hiring at NJ Advance Media.

## InfoBox

NJ.com
| NJ.com's logo since 2013 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | News |
| Available in | English |
| Headquarters | Iselin, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Owner | Advance Publications |
| URL | nj.com |
| Commercial | Yes |


title: Melba Padilla Maggay

abstract: Melba Padilla Maggay is a Filipina writer, social anthropologist, and social activist best known for her academic work and books on culture, social change and development issues, and as the founder of the Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture (ISACC).

text:
# Melba Padilla Maggay

**Melba Padilla Maggay** (born 1951) is a Filipina writer, social anthropologist, and social activist best known for her academic work and books on culture, social change and development issues, and as the founder of the Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture (ISACC).

## Early life and education

Maggay was the ninth child, with a mother of Spanish-Filipino mestizo background and father of Cavite origins. She completed her A.B. in Mass Communication from the University of Philippines in 1972, a few months before Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law. She later completed a M.A. in English Literature and a PhD in Philippine Studies at the University of Philippines. During her university education, she was strongly shaped by InterVarsity Christian Fellowship (IVCF), later establishing the ISACC as a kind of daughter organization of IVCF.

## Ministry and social activism

### Evangelism and social activism

Maggay is known for her work as a social activist, advocating for evangelicalism to have an integral mission, that brings together evangelism and social activism.

In 1978, Maggay co-founded the Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture (ISACC) in response to the crisis posed by the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos.

### During the 1986 People Power Revolution

Dr. Maggay's Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture (ISACC) and Dr. Isabelo Magalit's congregation at the Diliman Bible Church (DBC) were the main groups that came together to form Konsensiya ng Febrero Siete (KONFES) and participate in the EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986. It was one of the early groups to man the barricades at Gate 2 of Camp Aguinaldo, which the Marcos military had identified as an entry point for storming the camp. In doing so, Maggay and Magalit joined the People Power Revolution earlier than other churches and organizations such as the Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches.

## Works

* Maggay, Melba Padilla (1987). *The Gospel in Filipino Context*. OMF Literature. ISBN 978-971-511-105-8.
* Maggay, Melba Padilla (1999). *Filipino Religious Consciousness: Some Implications to Missions*. PhilAm Books. ISBN 978-971-8743-07-2.
* Maggay, Melba Padilla (2011). *Transforming Society*. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-7252-2922-8.
* Maggay, Melba Padilla (2017). *Global Kingdom, Global People: Living Faithfully in a Multicultural World*. Langham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78368-199-0.


title: Markush structure

abstract: A Markush structure, Markush group, or a Markush claim is a representation of alternatively useable members. Markush structures are frequently used with chemical structures to indicate a group of related chemical compounds. They are commonly used in chemistry texts and in patent claims. Markush structures are depicted with multiple independently variable groups, such as R groups in which a side chain can have varying structure. This more general depiction of the molecule, versus detailing every atom in the molecule, is used to protect intellectual property. The company which applies for a patent makes a general claim for the usage of the molecule without revealing to their competitors the exact molecule for which they are declaring a useful application.

text:
# Markush structure

A **Markush structure,** **Markush group,** or a **Markush claim** is a representation of alternatively useable members. Markush structures are frequently used with chemical structures to indicate a group of related chemical compounds. They are commonly used in chemistry texts and in patent claims. Markush structures are depicted with multiple independently variable groups, such as R groups in which a side chain can have varying structure. This more general depiction of the molecule, versus detailing every atom in the molecule, is used to protect intellectual property. The company which applies for a patent makes a general claim for the usage of the molecule without revealing to their competitors the exact molecule for which they are declaring a useful application.

## History

Markush structures are named after Eugene A. Markush, founder of the Pharma Chemical Corporation in New Jersey. He was involved in a legal case that set a precedent for generic chemical structure patent filing, *Ex parte Markush*, 1925 Dec. Comm'r Pat. 126, 127 (1924). The patent filing was US Application 611,637, filed January 9, 1923. Markush was awarded a patent from the US Patent Office for *“Pyrazolone Dye and Process of Making the Same”* on August 26, 1924.

## Use in patents

In describing a chemical, a Markush structure allows the patent-holder to list several active/effective structural formulas.

### United States

In the United States, Markush structures are frequently used to claim alternative components. The correct format for a Markush structure is "closed." In other words, the claim language defined by the Markush structure requires selection from a closed group. One way of claiming a Markush structure follows the format: “a chemical selected from the group consisting of A, B, and C” where A, B, and C are alternative chemicals.

A claimed Markush structure may be improper if (1) the members of the Markush structure do not share a "single structural similarity," or (2) if the members of the Markush structure do not share a common use.


title: Pokémon Duel

abstract: Pokémon Duel was a free-to-play digital board game developed by Heroz and published by The Pokémon Company. It was initially released for Android and iOS devices in Japan under the title Pokémon Comaster in April 2016. It later released in other territories in January 2017. On 26 July 2019, The Pokémon Company announced that the game would be terminating its service on 31 October 2019.

text:
# Pokémon Duel

***Pokémon Duel*** was a free-to-play digital board game developed by Heroz and published by The Pokémon Company. It was initially released for Android and iOS devices in Japan under the title ***Pokémon Comaster*** in April 2016. It later released in other territories in January 2017. On 26 July 2019, The Pokémon Company announced that the game would be terminating its service on 31 October 2019.

## Gameplay

*Pokémon Duel* was a free-to-play digital board game set in the Pokémon franchise. Gameplay is based on that of the *Pokémon Trading Figure Game*. Two players use teams of six Pokémon figurines, each with unique "moves" and "abilities". Both players start with all figures on the "bench" and attempt to reach a goal point on the opposite side of the board while preventing their opponent from doing the same. Figures may "battle" adjacent ones, with battles involving roulette-styled wheels with differing-sized segments from which a move is chosen randomly. Moves have one of several colors, and the colors of the battling figures' moves determine the outcome of the battle. White and gold moves deal numerical damage; the figure which spins a lower damage value is knocked out and moved to the "P.C.", temporarily decommissioning it. Purple moves, which often give detrimental status effects to opponents, beat white moves but lose to gold moves. Blue moves beat all other colors, but often have no effect of their own, simply cancelling the battle. Red "miss" moves lose to any opposing move. Enemy figures may also be "surrounded" by occupying all adjacent spots; this knocks the surrounded figure out without initiating battle. Players may also use "plates" which give additional effects for figures such as dealing additional damage or moving them in ways not otherwise permitted. A player may select up to six plates as part of setting up their "deck" of figures. In addition to reaching the goal point, a player may also win by forcing their opponent to run out of time (5 minutes in a multiplayer game) or by leaving their opponent unable to make a valid move on their turn (a "wait win").

Figures have five tiers of rarity; common (C), uncommon (UC), rare (R), EX, and UX.

Figures can be obtained with a purchasable in-game currency known as gems, generally by purchasing boosters in a gacha-like manner. Figures can be further upgraded by fusing them with other figures and items, using another in-game currency known as coins in the process. The game offers online multiplayer gameplay along with a single-player campaign where the player participates in the "Pokémon Figure World Championships". For multiplayer, the player holds overall and monthly ratings which are boosted by victories and reduced by defeats, using an Elo rating system. Regardless of which mode is chosen, the game requires a constant internet connection to play.

## Plot

In the single-player quest line, the player is a participant in the Pokémon Figure World Championships held on Carmonte Island, which hosts a large amount of hotels. Wearing a mask throughout the competition, the player befriends several other competitors including Luca (who acted as a tutorial guide, and later became a hotel owner) and Sharon (who accompanied the player). Throughout the challenge, the player's progress is followed by a group known as the Roger family, who eyed the player's seemingly-sentient AI named Carlo. As of the end of service in 2019, only six out of the ten hotels shown in the game have been unlocked.

## Development and release

*Pokémon Duel* was developed by Japanese company Heroz and published by The Pokémon Company. The game was announced in March 2016 as *Pokémon Comaster* for Japan. *Comaster* was released for Android devices on 12 April 2016, and iOS devices on 19 April 2016. The game later released in other territories under the title *Pokémon Duel* on 24 January 2017.

On 10 January 2019, the game shut its services in the Netherlands due to a ban on loot boxes in video games.

In July 2019, The Pokémon Company announced that the service for *Pokémon Duel* would be discontinued on 31 October 2019.

## Reception

*Pokémon Duel* received "mixed or average reviews" from professional critics according to review aggregator website Metacritic. Joe Merrick at *Nintendo Life* remarked that the game was a "smart, strategic board game" with potential, although "improvements are needed for it to stand tall within the franchise". *Destructoid* also criticized the pay-to-win tendencies of the game.

By the end of 2018, the game had reached 37.8 million downloads and grossed $21.6 million. As of March 2019, the game had reached over 40 million downloads.

1. "Pokémon Duel Service Ending". 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
2. "Top Tips to Dominate Pokémon Duel". The Pokémon Company. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
3. Skrebels, Joe (24 January 2017). "New Pokemon Mobile Game Gets Surprise Release". *IGN*. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
4. "Take Your Duels to Another Level". The Pokémon Company. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
5. Merrick, Joe (31 January 2017). "Review: Pokémon Duel (Mobile)". *Nintendo Life*. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
6. Glagowski, Peter (24 January 2017). "Pokemon Duel gets a surprise release on mobile devices". *Destructoid*. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
7. Porter, Matt (10 March 2016). "New Pokemon Mobile Game Announced for Japan". *IGN*. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
8. Sato (12 April 2016). "Pokémon Comaster Launched In Japan, Has Figures With Various Rarities". *Siliconera*. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
9. Sato (19 April 2016). "Pokémon Comaster Is Now Available For iOS In Japan". *Siliconera*. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
10. "Pokemon Duel No Longer Playable in Netherlands After 10 January 2019, Due to Lootbox Laws". 21 November 2018. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
11. Doolan, Liam (26 July 2019). "Pokémon Duel's Game Service Will Be Terminated This October". *Nintendo Life*. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
12. "Pokemon Duel for iPhone/iPad Reviews". *Metacritic*. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
13. Andriessen, CJ. "Review: Pokemon Duel". *Destructoid*. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
14. "*Pokémon Duel*". *GamesMaster*: 80. March 2017.
15. Tylwalk, Nick (27 January 2017). "Pokemon Duel Review: A Pleasant Surprise With Unpleasant Waits". *Gamezebo*. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
16. "Pokémon Quest Catches 10 Million Downloads, $9.5 Million in Player Spending". *Sensor Tower*. January 21, 2019. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
17. "Celebrate 40 Million Downloads of Pokémon Duel". *Pokemon.com*. The Pokémon Company. 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

## InfoBox

| Pokémon Duel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Heroz |
| Publisher(s) | The Pokémon Company |
| Director(s) | Naoto Ueoka
Tomohiro Takeuchi |
| Producer(s) | Naoki Satoh
Naoto Ueoka |
| Designer(s) | Masayuki Miura |
| Artist(s) | Isamu Tada
Shirou Mitsumata |
| Writer(s) | Masaru Hatano |
| Composer(s) | Shota Kageyama |
| Series | Pokémon |
| Platform(s) | Android, iOS |
| Release | **Android*** JP: 12 April 2016 * WW: 24 January 2017 **iOS*** JP: 19 April 2016 * WW: 24 January 2017 |
| Genre(s) | Digital board game |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Pine Technical and Community College

abstract: Pine Technical and Community College (PTCC), formerly Pine Technical College, is a public community college in Pine City, Minnesota. PTCC is a member of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, which comprises 31 state universities and community and technical colleges in Minnesota.

text:
# Pine Technical and Community College

**Pine Technical and Community College** (**PTCC**), formerly **Pine Technical College**, is a public community college in Pine City, Minnesota. PTCC is a member of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, which comprises 31 state universities and community and technical colleges in Minnesota.

## History

Established in 1965 as the 24th Minnesota area vocational-technical school with a focus on providing occupational, educational and technical expertise to students, the local Pine City School Board of Education worked closely with the Minnesota Department of Education from 1963 to 1965 to obtain necessary approvals needed to establish an area vocational-technical school in Pine City. During this period, Pine City and Mora were cities both considered as sites. The department originally chose Mora as the site for the vocational-technical school; however, after a visit to the Pine City public schools by the Commissioner of the Minnesota Department of Education, Pine City was designated as the site for the new area vocational-technical school.

Originally housed in various locations throughout Pine City, the college's main 22,500-square-foot (2,090 m2) building was not built until 1966. The first programs offered at Pine City Area Vocational-Technical School in 1966 were in four program areas that offered occupational diplomas in auto mechanics, welding, drafting and secretarial/business. Students did not pay tuition to attend the vocational-technical school.

In 1989, the college opened the Employment and Training Center, which manages a variety of childcare, training and support programs for the five counties serving East Central Minnesota. In 1994, the college sought and received accreditation through the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, and in 1996, the college was established as a state technical college. Today, Pine Technical College retains its NCACS accreditation, is a member of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system, serves more than 1,000 students and offers programs/degrees in a variety of career fields.

In 2014, Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System deemed Pine Technical College community college status and the college announced it would add programs and offer an Associate in Arts degree. The name was changed to Pine Technical and Community College.

While enrollment at Minnesota's higher education institutions has been trending downward, Pine Technical and Community College showed a 20% gain in enrollment from 2010 to 2018.

45°49′6″N 92°58′6″W / 45.81833°N 92.96833°W / 45.81833; -92.96833

## InfoBox

Pine Technical and Community College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public community college |
| Parent institution | Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System |
| President | Joe Mulford |
| Administrative staff | 150 |
| Students | 2,020 |
| Location | Pine City, Minnesota, United States |
| Website | www.pine.edu |


title: Seaver

abstract:
Seaver is a surname, and may refer to:
  - Benjamin Seaver (1795–1856), American politician from Massachusetts; mayor of Boston 1852–53
  - Blanche Seaver (1891–1994), American philanthropist and musician
  - Ebenezer Seaver (1763–1844), American politician from Massachusetts; U.S. representative 1803–1
  - Edwin Seaver (1900–1987), American publisher, writer, editor, critic
  - Frank Seaver (1883–1964), American lawyer, Navy officer, oil executive, philanthropist
  - Fred Jay Seaver (1877–1970), American mycologist
  - Jay Webber Seaver (1855–1915), American physician and pioneer of anthropometry
  - Kirsten Seaver (1934-) Norwegian-American historian
  - Kristjan Seaver (1898–1941), Estonian Communist politician
  - Michael Seaver, Irish musician and dance critic
  - Robert Chauncey Seaver, American amateur tennis player
  - Thomas O. Seaver (1833–1912), American army officer during the American Civil War; recipient of the Medal of Honor
  - Tom Seaver (1944–2020), American baseball pitcher

text:
# Seaver

**Seaver** is a surname, and may refer to:

* Benjamin Seaver (1795–1856), American politician from Massachusetts; mayor of Boston 1852–53
* Blanche Seaver (1891–1994), American philanthropist and musician
* Ebenezer Seaver (1763–1844), American politician from Massachusetts; U.S. representative 1803–1
* Edwin Seaver (1900–1987), American publisher, writer, editor, critic
* Frank Seaver (1883–1964), American lawyer, Navy officer, oil executive, philanthropist
* Fred Jay Seaver (1877–1970), American mycologist
* Jay Webber Seaver (1855–1915), American physician and pioneer of anthropometry
* Kirsten Seaver (1934-) Norwegian-American historian
* Kristjan Seaver (1898–1941), Estonian Communist politician
* Michael Seaver (born 1967), Irish musician and dance critic
* Robert Chauncey Seaver (fl. 1907), American amateur tennis player
* Thomas O. Seaver (1833–1912), American army officer during the American Civil War; recipient of the Medal of Honor
* Tom Seaver (1944–2020), American baseball pitcher


title: Phumeza Tisile

abstract: Phumeza Tisile is a healthcare activist from South Africa who advocates for making tuberculosis medication inexpensive and widely available. Tisile survived extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), enduring three years and 8 months of treatment. Tisile's initial misdiagnoses led to months of incorrect treatment, which caused her to become deaf. As an activist, Tisile advocates for improved access to tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment, improved counseling for patients, research into better treatments, and elimination of TB stigma.

text:
# Phumeza Tisile

**Phumeza Tisile** is a healthcare activist from South Africa who advocates for making tuberculosis medication inexpensive and widely available. Tisile survived extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), enduring three years and 8 months of treatment. Tisile's initial misdiagnoses led to months of incorrect treatment, which caused her to become deaf. As an activist, Tisile advocates for improved access to tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment, improved counseling for patients, research into better treatments, and elimination of TB stigma.

## Early life and education

Tisile was born in Port Elizabeth, which is now called Gqeberha. She moved with her mother Nokuzola to Khayelitsha, outside Cape Town, South Africa, when she was 6. Her father remained in Port Elizabeth to work. Tisile enjoyed attending school, running, drama, and climbing.

Tisile was studying human resources at Cape Peninsula University of Technology when she was diagnosed with tuberculosis. She had to leave school during treatment. In 2017, she returned to university, and she received a bachelor's degree in Social Sciences from the University of Cape Town in 2019. Tisile expressed interest in pursuing a PhD, but said "I keep trying to go back to study but then work just piles up... maybe this is my calling."

## Tuberculosis

When Tisile was a first year student at Cape Peninsula University of Technology in 2010, she developed tuberculosis symptoms, including rapid weight loss and fatigue. Because she did not have night sweats or constant coughing, doctors sent her home with pain/fever medication and cough syrup. After three weeks, her sputum smear test came back negative for tuberculosis. She was later diagnosed with TB after a positive chest x-ray.

Tisile received three years and eight months of tuberculosis treatment. Tisile was first treated with first line TB treatment, which was ineffective. In May 2010, she was diagnosed with drug-resistant tuberculosis, and in the summer she was diagnosed with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). She was diagnosed with pneumothorax and infected glands in the lungs. She underwent surgery to remove fluid from her lungs, during which two of her ribs were broken and one of her lungs collapsed. Doctors told her she had a 20% chance of survival, and that she should consult with a priest. She received kanamycin injections, which were ineffective, and she was diagnosed with pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. The kanamycin treatment caused Tisile to become deaf, which happened suddenly in October 2010. Tisile was not warned about the risk of deafness. Tisile took 20+ pills and 2 injections per day, plus supplements, and she would vomit daily. Tisile took 20,000 pills over her course of treatment.

In 2011, she was diagnosed with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). In mid-2011, Tisile met Jennifer Hughes, a doctor from Médecins Sans Frontières who designed an individually tailored XDR-TB regimen for Tisile. After receiving a combination of linezolid and other drugs, Tisile completed treatment on 29 August 2013.

Tisile maintained a blog on the Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) website chronicling her treatment, in which she maintained hope for survival and praised MSF and the Lizo Nobanda clinic where she was treated. Tisile also spoke highly of the nurses who treated her at Brooklyn Chest Hospital under limited resources. In October 2014, Tisile learned that she was a good candidate for cochlear implants, she crowdfunded US $40,000 for the surgery, and she was fitted in March 2015.

## Activism

Tisile has been open about her tuberculosis experience, starting with her MSF blog during treatment, and continuing to the present. Tisile co-wrote, "Test Me, Treat Me: A Drug-resistant TB Manifesto" in 2013. The manifesto called for universal access to diagnosis and treatment for drug-resistant TB, research to find shorter, less toxic, and more effective treatments, and funding to increase care and research. The petition attached to the manifesto received 55,000 signatures. Tisile delivered the petition to Dr. Mario Raviglione, director of the WHO Global TB department, at the World Health Assembly at the United Nations, Geneva on 21 May 2014. Tisile attended many global meetings on TB, including the second United Nations High-Level meeting on TB in 2023 and the Union World Conference on Lung Health in 2023.

Starting in 2015, Tisile's work as a Research Assistant and Advocacy Officer at TB Proof focused on reducing the stigma that people with TB experience. Tisile advocates for better diagnosis, shorter treatments, better vaccines, and drugs with fewer side effects, effectively persuading South Africa to stop using kanamycin. She advocates for better counseling for people living with TB. Tisile only knew about TB from uncles who worked as miners in Johannesburg, and received insufficient counseling from doctors about treatment and side effects of medications. Her research explores the intersection between tuberculosis, mental health, and substance use.

Tisile has advocated for patient access to XDR-TB drugs including linezolid and bedaquiline. Tisile's successful treatment relied on linezolid, which was expensive in South Africa, at €35,000 (£27,760, US $47,323) per patient a two-year course, not including the other drugs in the cocktail. Owned by Pfizer, generic linezolid was not available in South Africa. In October 2013, Tisile marched with health activists to the department of trade and industry in Pretoria to advocate for changes to South Africa's patent laws that would expand access to essential drugs like linezolid via generics.

Tisile worked to increase access to generic bedaquiline, another XDR-TB drug. Working with MSF, Tisile and Nandita Venkatesan filed a petition with the Indian government to deny Johnson & Johnson's (J&J) secondary patent on bedaquiline in 2019. In March 2023, India rejected the secondary patent, enabling generic alternatives in India after the patent expired in July 2023. Tisile continued to push J&J to allow generic competition worldwide.

Tisile worked to expand access to rapid diagnosis through the Time for $5 Coalition.

## Awards

In 2023, Tisile was named one of the Time100 Next along with Nandita Venkatesan for her work to increase access to generic bedaquiline.

1. "Phumeza Tisile". TB Proof.
2. "Phumeza Tisile's story: surviving the worst of tuberculosis". Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. 25 March 2022.
3. Segar, Sue (22 November 2023). "Interview: "Someone had to do it", says SA TB activist on Time 100 list". *Spotlight*.
4. Tisile, Phumeza (7 July 2014). "Meet the 23-year-old TB survivor taking on South Africa's patent laws". *The Guardian*.
5. Ludolph, Nicole (11 May 2023). "#SliceOfLife: I took on Big Pharma and won".
6. "Not Another Statistic: Ending My Journey with XDR-TB". Médecins Sans Frontières. 29 August 2013.
7. "Test Me, Treat Me: A Drug-resistant TB Manifesto". Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022.
8. "Test Me, Treat Me: A DR-TB Manifesto". Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign. 21 March 2013.
9. "Phumeza takes TB Petition to World Health Assembly Delegates". Médecins Sans Frontières. 26 May 2014.
10. Dhillon, Amrit (30 March 2023). "This TB drug's price just dropped by 80%. Meet the SA activist who helped to beat Big Pharma". *Bhekisisa*.
11. Gordon, Anna (13 September 2023). "Nandita Venkatesan and Phumeza Tisile". *Time*.
12. "TB survivors speak out for better care". Médecins Sans Frontières. 19 September 2023.

## InfoBox

| Phumeza Tisile | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1990<br>South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Occupation | Advocacy Officer |


title: Nanak Chak

abstract: Nanak Chak is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from sub district headquarter, 45 kilometres (28 mi) from district headquarter and 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Nanak Chak

**Nanak Chak** is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from sub district headquarter, 45 kilometres (28 mi) from district headquarter and 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 67 houses and the population of 320 of which 167 are males while 153 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 152 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

32°33′N 74°48′E / 32.550°N 74.800°E / 32.550; 74.800

## InfoBox

| Nanak Chak | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Gurdaspur |
| Tehsil | Batala |
| Region | Majha |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 96 ha (237 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 320
167/153 / |
| Scheduled Castes | 152
78/74 / |
| Total Households | 67 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone | 01871 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB-18 |
| Website | gurdaspur.nic.in |


title: Oliver Heritage Magazine

abstract: Oliver Heritage Magazine is a bi-monthly publication dedicated to the users, collectors, and enthusiasts of all tractors and equipment under the Oliver flag, including Oliver, White, Hart-Parr, and Cletrac. From James Oliver's first chilled plow to the White Field Boss, this full-color magazine presents technical articles, history, personal stories, and tractor and machinery reviews. Founded in 2004 and with subscribers worldwide, current circulation is 11,000. Oliver Heritage is a must-have publication for anyone interested in the history of the Oliver line of machinery. Current and founding editor is Sherry Schaefer, a renowned Oliver expert who has also written and contributed to several agricultural books and publications.

text:
# Oliver Heritage Magazine

***Oliver Heritage Magazine*** is a bi-monthly publication dedicated to the users, collectors, and enthusiasts of all tractors and equipment under the Oliver flag, including Oliver, White, Hart-Parr, and Cletrac. From James Oliver's first chilled plow to the White Field Boss, this full-color magazine presents technical articles, history, personal stories, and tractor and machinery reviews. Founded in 2004 and with subscribers worldwide, current circulation is 11,000. *Oliver Heritage* is a must-have publication for anyone interested in the history of the Oliver line of machinery. Current and founding editor is Sherry Schaefer, a renowned Oliver expert who has also written and contributed to several agricultural books and publications.

1. Sherry Schaefer (June 2019). 3-Point Ink LLC *Oliver Heritage Magazine*. Retrieved June 26, 2019, from http://www.oliverheritage.com


title: Physoptera

abstract: Physoptera is a genus of flies in the family Phoridae.

text:
# Physoptera

***Physoptera*** is a genus of flies in the family Phoridae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Physoptera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Phoridae |
| Subfamily: | Metopininae |
| Tribe: | Metopinini |
| Genus: | *Physoptera*
Borgmeier, 1958 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Aphiochaeta vesiculata*
Borgmeier, 1925 | |


title: Melba Opera Trust

abstract: The Melba Memorial Conservatorium of Music was a school of music located in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. During its early days it was closely associated with opera diva Dame Nellie Melba, after whom it was later named. In 1994 it became affiliated with Victoria University. Founded in 1901 as the Conservatorium of Music, Melbourne, the Melba Conservatorium ceased teaching at the end of 2008. However, the Melba Opera Trust continues to fund scholarships to help young opera singers develop their skills.

text:
# Melba Opera Trust

The **Melba Memorial Conservatorium of Music** was a school of music located in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. During its early days it was closely associated with opera diva Dame Nellie Melba, after whom it was later named. In 1994 it became affiliated with Victoria University. Founded in 1901 as the **Conservatorium of Music, Melbourne** (informally "Marshall Hall Conservatorium" or "Albert Street Conservatorium"), the Melba Conservatorium ceased teaching at the end of 2008. However, the **Melba Opera Trust** continues to fund scholarships to help young opera singers develop their skills.

## Early history

The "Melba" was established as a private conservatorium in 1901 after breaking away from the University of Melbourne, whose Melbourne Conservatorium of Music was founded in 1895. George Marshall-Hall, its founder, named it The Conservatorium of Music, Melbourne, housed in the Victorian Artists' Society building in Albert Street, East Melbourne. The Conservatorium continued as a private business with a sole proprietor through its second director, Fritz Hart and on to its third director, Harold Elvins.

When Elvins purchased the business he set about forming the Conservatorium into a nonprofit company. This was achieved in 1944 and the "Melba" has continued to run since that time as an incorporated company with a governing Council. Several further directors and a change of premises for ten years to 16 Hoddle Street, Abbotsford, saw the Conservatorium, by 1983, purchase accommodation at 45 York Street, Richmond, where it remained until its closure in 2008.

## Change of name

Australia's famous diva, Dame Nellie Melba, was closely associated with the Conservatorium, teaching there from 1915 until her death in 1931. Her link with the Conservatorium continued after her death, through the provision of a generous bequest, hence its change of name, in 1956, to the Melba Memorial Conservatorium of Music.

## Association with Victoria University

Melba achieved recognition of its Diploma of Music through its affiliation in 1994 with Victoria University. Under this agreement, Melba delivered the University's Bachelor of Music courses. Melba also offered private studio tuition through its Single Studies program, and short courses.

In 2002, Melba commenced delivery of two new degree programs at the University's Sunbury campus, in a cross-sectoral Music Department, sharing facilities with Victoria University TAFE's School of Further Education, Arts and Employment Services. These BMus programs at Sunbury provide undergraduate courses in music technology and contemporary music performance.

Melba continued to produce classical and contemporary music performers and other music professionals well equipped to pursue a variety of careers at local community, national and international level. Students spent more than half of their course time in performance and/or studio related activities under the guidance of a small specialist staff.

## Closure and legacy

After a little more than a century, the Melba Conservatorium ceased teaching at the end of 2008. However, it finds its continuing expression in the form of Melba Opera Trust.

On the closure of the Conservatorium, its assets were liquidated as a contribution to the capital base of the newly established Melba Opera Trust.

### Ongoing scholarships

The Alfred Ruskin Memorial Award was established in 2004 and continues in perpetuity.

Other scholarships include the Dame Nellie Melba Scholarship, Melba Opera Trust Scholarships, and others.

## Patron

The Patron of the Conservatorium was Dame Nellie Melba's granddaughter, Pamela, Lady Vestey.

## Notable alumni

37°48′46″S 144°59′35″E / 37.8129°S 144.9931°E / -37.8129; 144.9931


title: Vanessa Lee Evigan

abstract: Vanessa Lee Evigan is an American actress. She is the daughter of actor Greg Evigan and model and actress Pamela Serpe. She is also the sister of actress Briana Evigan and singer-songwriter Jason Evigan. In 2001, Evigan appeared in the vocal group Nuance on the PlayStation 2 video game Unison: Rebels of Rhythm & Dance. The group consisted of Evigan, Brianna Hayes and Rachel Riggs playing the characters of Cela, Chilly and Trill, respectively. They were described as "an up-and-coming unsigned R&B/pop group". Their vocal coach was Seth Riggs and they were managed by Larry Rudolph.

text:
# Vanessa Lee Evigan

**Vanessa Lee Evigan** (born March 18, 1981) is an American actress. She is the daughter of actor Greg Evigan and model and actress Pamela Serpe. She is also the sister of actress Briana Evigan and singer-songwriter Jason Evigan.

In 2001, Evigan appeared in the vocal group Nuance on the PlayStation 2 video game *Unison: Rebels of Rhythm & Dance*. The group consisted of Evigan, Brianna Hayes and Rachel Riggs playing the characters of Cela, Chilly and Trill, respectively. They were described as "an up-and-coming unsigned R&B/pop group". Their vocal coach was Seth Riggs and they were managed by Larry Rudolph.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | *Mel* | Susie |  |
| 2000 | *Whatever It Takes* | Vanessa | |
| 2002 | *Time of Fear* | Samantha Jennings | |
| | *Sorority Boys* | Hot Girl | |
| 2003 | *Net Games* | Peg Wallace | |
| 2004 | *Quiet Kill* | Milly Martin | |
| 2007 | *Farce of the Penguins* | Milton Penguin | Direct-to-video; voice role |
| 2008 | *Journey to the Center of the Earth* | Victoria Jansen | Direct-to-video |
| 2009 | *Project Solitude* | Mia |  |
| 2010 | *In My Sleep* | Kelly | |
| | *Christmas Mail* | Heather | |
| | *Old West* | Sally | Short film |
| 2012 | *Sand Sharks* | Brenda Stone |  |
| | *Zombie Hamlet* | Kate Spangler | |
| 2014 | *Blood Ransom* | Anna | |
| 2015 | *The Morning After* | Stephanie | |
| | *Only God Can* | Gracie | |
| 2017 | *Smartass* | Bird | |
| 2018 | *Every Other Holiday* | Lydia | |
|

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | *Jack's Place* | Nicole Pierson | Episode: "Forever and Ever" |
| | *Against the Grain* | Jenny Clemons | Main role; 8 episodes |
| 1997 | *Social Studies* | Sara Valentine | Main role; 6 episodes |
| 1998 | *Boy Meets World* | Kimberly | Episode: "If You Can't Be with the One You Love..." |
| | *You Wish* | Jill Wilcox | Episode: "The Bad Influence" |
| | *Earthquake in New York* | Alexandria Fuller | Television film |
| 1999–2000 | *The Young and the Restless* | Brittany Hodges | Recurring role; 26 episodes |
| 2000 | *Norm* | Allison | Episode: "Norm vs. Youth: Part 1" |
| 2003 | *Less Than Perfect* | Sandy | Episode: "Rules" |
| 2005 | *McBride: The Chameleon Murder* | Abigail Kramer | Television film |
| | *How I Met Your Mother* | Kelly | Episode: "Okay Awesome" |
| 2006 | *Emily's Reasons Why Not* | Kristin | Episode: "Why Not to Hire a Cute Male Assistant" |
| 2007 | *Holiday in Handcuffs* | Katie Chandler | Television film |
| 2012 | *In Plain Sight* | Victoria Ramirez | Episode: "Drag Me to Hell" |
| | *Underbelly* | Amber | Episode: "Pilot" |
| | *A Christmas Wedding Date* | Allison | Television film |
| 2016 | *I Know Where Lizzie Is* | Rebecca Holden | Television film |
| 2017 | *Born and Missing* | Ashley Thompson | Television film; also known as *Babynapped* |

## InfoBox

| Vanessa Lee Evigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1981-03-18) March 18, 1981<br>Los Angeles, California |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1993–present |
| Spouse | Miles Adcox (m. 2016) |
| Children | 2 |
| Father | Greg Evigan |
| Relatives |  |


title: Gelidiaceae

abstract: The Gelidiaceae is a small family of red algae containing eight genera. Many species of this algae are used to make agar.

text:
# Gelidiaceae

The **Gelidiaceae** is a small family of red algae containing eight genera. Many species of this algae are used to make agar.

## Uses

Agar can be derived from many types of red seaweeds, including those from families such as *Gelidiaceaae*, *Gracilariaceae*, *Gelidiellaceae* and *Pterocladiaceae*. It is a polysaccharide located in the inner part of the red algal cell wall. It is used in food material, medicines, cosmetics, therapeutic and biotechnology industries.

## InfoBox

| Gelidiaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Gelidium corneum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Archaeplastida |
| Division: | Rhodophyta |
| Class: | Florideophyceae |
| Order: | Gelidiales |
| Family: | Gelidiaceae<br>Kützing, 1843 |
|
| Genera | |
|  | |


title: Pitcairnia orchidifolia

abstract: Pitcairnia orchidifolia is a plant species in the genus Pitcairnia. This species is endemic to Venezuela.

text:
# Pitcairnia orchidifolia

***Pitcairnia orchidifolia*** is a plant species in the genus *Pitcairnia*. This species is endemic to Venezuela.

* Holst, Bruce K. (1 February 1994). "Checklist of Venezuelan Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution by State and Levels of Endemism". *Selbyana*. **15** (1). ISSN 2689-0682. JSTOR 41759858.

## InfoBox

| *Pitcairnia orchidifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Pitcairnia* |
| Species: | ***P. orchidifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pitcairnia orchidifolia***<br>Mez | |
|


abstract: Section 119 of the Constitution of Australia requires the federal government to protect the states against invasion and, on the application of state governments, against domestic civil unrest.

text:
# Section 119 of the Constitution of Australia

**Section 119** of the Constitution of Australia requires the federal government to protect the states against invasion and, on the application of state governments, against domestic civil unrest.

## Text

> The Commonwealth shall protect every State against invasion and, on the application of the Executive Government of the State, against domestic violence.

## Drafting

Section 119 was derived from the Guarantee Clause of Article Four of the United States Constitution, which similarly provides for the federal government to protect the states against invasion and "domestic violence". The need for section 119 has been linked with the existence of section 114, which prohibits the states from raising a military force themselves.

## Interpretation

The first limb of section 119 has been described as conferring a positive duty on the federal government to protect the states from invasion. The second limb provides for military aid to the civil power and has been interpreted as "a federal constraint on the power of the Commonwealth to call out the military domestically". The term "domestic violence" in the second limb is not defined but has been taken to refer to "local uprisings, insurrections or internal unrest within a state".

Section 119 appears not to allow for unilateral intervention by the federal government, but in reality the military has been called out on a number of occasions using other heads of power in the constitution, notably the "defence power" in section 51(vi) and the "nationhood power" in section 61. Quick and Garran's annotated constitution notes that if "domestic violence within a State is of such a character as to interfere with the operations of the Federal Government, or with the rights and privileges of federal citizenship, the Federal Government may clearly, without a summons from the State, interfere to restore order". A 1998 paper on the subject concluded that "the mechanism provided for in Section 119 of the Constitution has been of little practical importance".

## Usage

Section 119 is referenced in the provisions of the *Defence Act 1903* relating to the circumstances in which the federal government may call out the Australian Defence Force. The act states that references to "domestic violence" in the act shall have the same meaning as in section 119.

The second limb of section 119 has only been invoked by state governments on a handful of occasions, which occurred during the 1910s and 1920s. The first formal request made by a state government under section 119 was in 1912, when Queensland premier Digby Denham requested federal assistance to deal with the 1912 Brisbane general strike. Andrew Fisher's government refused the request on the grounds that it was "under circumstances which are proper to be dealt with by the Police Forces of the States". In 1919, New South Wales premier William Holman cabled acting prime minister William Watt to request assistance against "the danger of quarantined soldiers escaping their confinement and then being liable to arrest by local police". The situation was resolved by the military internally. A 1971 review of the Commonwealth Archives Office found five further instances in which state governments had requested that the military be deployed to quell civil unrest, although no formal reference was made to section 119. In each instance the request was refused by the federal government.

| Requests for federal intervention under section 119 | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | State | Premier | Prime Minister | Rationale | Status |
| 1912 | Queensland | Digby Denham | Andrew Fisher | 1912 Brisbane general strike | Refused |
| 1916 | Tasmania | Walter Lee | Billy Hughes | 1916 conscription referendum | Refused |
| 1919 | New South Wales | William Holman | William Watt (acting) | Unrest among quarantined soldiers | Accepted |
| 1919 | Western Australia | Hal Colebatch | William Watt (acting) | 1919 Fremantle Wharf riot | Refused |
| 1921 | Western Australia | James Mitchell | Joseph Cook (acting) | Industrial conflict | Refused |
| 1923 | Victoria | Harry Lawson | S. M. Bruce | 1923 Victorian police strike | Refused |
| 1928 | South Australia | Richard Butler | S. M. Bruce | Industrial conflict | Refused |

## Further reading


title: Pic de Gerlache

abstract: Pic de Gerlache is a mountain in King Frederick VIII Land, NE Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park.

text:
# Pic de Gerlache

**Pic de Gerlache** is a mountain in King Frederick VIII Land, NE Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park.

## History

This nunatak was named in 1905 by the Duke of Orléans during his Arctic Expedition on ship Belgica, when he explored parts of the northeastern coast of Greenland. He named it after Belgian explorer Adrien de Gerlache (1866–1934).

Although this peak was an important landmark for the first explorers of the area, the 1906–08 Danmark Expedition was unable to identify the original peak. Since the expedition members considered that the name should be preserved, it was placed on a conspicuous 912 m (2,992 ft) mountain rising on the north side of Gammel Hellerup Glacier.

A few years later, Ejnar Mikkelsen described this mountain as a pyramid during the 1909-12 Alabama Expedition:

> Fifty miles or more away we can see the steep slopes of Lambert Land, while behind us the pyramid of the Pic de Gerlache and the steep peaks of the other nunataks rise sharply above the inland ice.

## Geography

Pic de Gerlache is located in Norre Biland, the northern section of Duke of Orleans Land. It rises from a nunatak a few kilometers inland in the central zone of Jokel Bay. On some maps the name is misplaced westwards to a slightly higher but less prominent nunatak peak.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Pic de Gerlache | |
| --- | --- |
| Pic de GerlacheDuke of Orleans Land,
Greenland | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 912 m (2,992 ft) |
| Coordinates | 78°36′3″N 21°27′7″W / 78.60083°N 21.45194°W / 78.60083; -21.45194 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Duke of Orleans Land,
Greenland |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | Unknown |


title: Oligohalinophila

abstract: Oligohalinophila is a genus of freshwater snails with opercula, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Anentominae of the family Nassariidae. It is one of few freshwater species in this family, which is a predominately marine family.

text:
# Oligohalinophila

***Oligohalinophila*** is a genus of freshwater snails with opercula, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Anentominae of the family Nassariidae. It is one of few freshwater species in this family, which is a predominately marine family.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Oligohalinophila* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Buccinoidea |
| Family: | Nassariidae |
| Genus: | *Oligohalinophila*
Neiber & Glaubrecht, 2019 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Canidia dorri Wattebled, 1886*
 | |


title: Pia Morelius

abstract: Pia Morelius is a Swedish ice hockey player.

text:
# Pia Morelius

**Pia Morelius** (born 31 March 1966) is a Swedish ice hockey player.

## Career

Morelius began her career with Södertälje, before transferring to FoC Farsta. She played in the inaugural IIHF Women's World Championship in 1990, and would appear again at the World Champhionships in 1992, 1994, and 1997. She also competed in the women's tournament at the 1998 Winter Olympics.

She would retire from international hockey after the Olympics.

## InfoBox

| Pia Morelius | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1966-03-31) 31 March 1966
Stockholm, Sweden | | |
| Height | 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) | | |
| Position | Defender | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | FOC Farsta
Södertälje SK | | |
| National team | Sweden | | |
| Playing career | 19891998 | | |


title: Melanie Ott

abstract: Melanie Ott is a German virologist who is a senior investigator of The Ott Lab, Director the Gladstone Institute of Virology, and Senior Vice President of Gladstone Institutes. She is also a Professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.

text:
# Melanie Ott

**Melanie Ott** is a German virologist who is a senior investigator of The Ott Lab, Director the Gladstone Institute of Virology, and Senior Vice President of Gladstone Institutes. She is also a Professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.

## Education and early career

Ott was born and raised in Frankfurt, Germany. She received her Doctor of Medicine degree in 1991 from the University of Frankfurt/Main. From 1991 to 1994, she led the ICU unit at Goethe University Hospital. There, 90 percent of the patients were HIV positive and all died without any treatments available. While she was originally trained as a neurologist, her experience during the HIV/AIDS crisis drew her to virology with the hopes that she could contribute to better treatments—and eventually a cure.

In 1994, Ott moved to New York to pursue her Doctorate in Molecular Medicine from the Picower Graduate School Of Molecular Medicine, now known as the Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine. There, she worked in the laboratory of Eric M. Verdin where she studied gene regulation and epigenetic related to HIV infection. After she graduated in 1997, Ott became a Junior Investigator at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, Germany where she remained until 2002.

## Research

In 2002, Ott joined the Gladstone Institutes, an independent research center affiliated with University of California, San Francisco. Her research group, The Ott Lab, focuses on understanding how viruses interact with and hijack the host cells they infect, studying HIV, the Hepatitis C virus, and Zika virus. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, her research group has also taken on studying COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).

### HIV research

Ott has worked to understand HIV transcription and viral latency within host cells as targets to eradicate the spread of the virus. HIV inserts its genome into its host cell's DNA; in this form, the virus is known as a provirus. While antiretrovial drugs are able to prevent the spread of actively transcribed and replicating HIV, they cannot target HIV provirus that is laying dormant in the host genome. Eliminating latent provirus is therefore essential for eradicating the virus. Ott and her team have worked on developing a "shock and kill" strategy to reactivate and flush out latent HIV provirus so that the immune system and antiretroviral drug therapies can kill off dormant viruses. Her laboratory has been exploring repurposing cancer drug therapies that target epigenetic machinery to reactivate latent HIV provirus. They have studied both the effect of inhibiting the function of deacetylases to loosen the host's heterochromatin structures to restart HIV transcription and of activating the viral transcription protein Tat. In a 2017 study, they targeted the human enzyme SMPD2, which allows HIV to remain latent. They were able to reactivate latent provirus in about one-quarter of human cells donated by HIV patients.

### COVID-19 research

Ott is a member of UCSF's Quantitative Biosciences Institute's COVID-19 consortium. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Ott and her team of collaborators worked to reequip and recertify an unused biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) research laboratory at University of California, San Francisco in order to study SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. A BSL-3 laboratory allows researchers to study infectious agents, such as novel coronaviruses, which can cause serious diseases in humans. Her team also received training in how to work with the virus without risking infection, though Ott has commented to the press that the limited stock of personal protective equipment is a cause for concern as they proceed with their research.

Ott and her team began working to understand how COVID-19 reproduce in a host in order to understand how to disrupt the virus's life cycle using drugs. They began infecting lung organoids with the virus to both understand its pathogenesis, as well as identify potential drugs to stop its spread. She is also collaborating with Jennifer Doudna at University of California, Berkeley to develop a rapid CRISPR-based diagnostic test for the virus that would show results within 30 minutes.

## Selected publications

* "Metabolic reprogramming of human CD8+ memory T cells through loss of SIRT1." *Journal of Experimental Medicine*. 2018 Jan 2;215(1):51-62. doi: 10.1084/jem.20161066
* "The Short Isoform of BRD4 Promotes HIV-1 Latency by Engaging Repressive SWI/SNF Chromatin-Remodeling Complexes." *Molecular Cell* 2017 Sep 21;67(6):1001-1012.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.07.025
* "A combined proteomics/genomics approach links hepatitis C virus infection with nonsense-mediated mRNA decay." *Molecular Cell* 2015 Jan 22;57(2):329-340. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.12.028
* "Acetylation of RNA Polymerase II Regulates Growth-Factor-Induced Gene Transcription in Mammalian Cells." *Molecular Cell* 2013 Nov 7;52(3):314-24. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.10.009
* "Efficient hepatitis C virus particle formation requires diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1." *Nature Medicine* 2010 Nov;16(11):1295-8. doi: 10.1038/nm.2238

## Awards and honors

## InfoBox

| Melanie Ott | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1964 (age 5960)
Frankfurt, Germany |
| Alma mater | University of Frankfurt/Main
Picower Graduate School Of Molecular Medicine |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco |
| Doctoral advisor | Eric M. Verdin |
|  | |
| Website | www.ottlab.gladstone.orghttps://ottlab.gladstone.org |