title: Xun You

abstract: Xun You, courtesy name Gongda, was a statesman who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China and served as an adviser to the warlord Cao Cao. Born in the influential Xun family of Yingchuan Commandery, Xun You was recruited into the civil service by the general He Jin. When the warlord Dong Zhuo hijacked and controlled the Han central government between 189 and 192, Xun You plotted with four others to assassinate him but was discovered and imprisoned. Following his release after Dong Zhuo's death, he wanted to serve as the Administrator of Shu Commandery but eventually settled as an official in Jing Province. In 196, after Cao Cao received the figurehead Han sovereign, Emperor Xian, and reestablished the new imperial capital in Xu, he summoned Xun You to the capital to serve as a Master of Writing and Military Adviser. From then on, Xun You was simultaneously a Han statesman and a subordinate of Cao Cao. He accompanied Cao Cao on his military campaigns as a tactical adviser and occasional commander. Between 198 and 207, he advised Cao Cao in the battles against rival warlords such as Zhang Xiu, Lü Bu, Yuan Shao and Yuan Shao's successors. In 207, on Cao Cao's recommendation, Emperor Xian made Xun You a village marquis to honour him for his contributions. In 213, after Cao Cao had been enfeoffed by Emperor Xian as the Duke of Wei, Xun You served as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing in Cao Cao's dukedom. In 214, while accompanying Cao Cao on a campaign against the southern warlord Sun Quan, Xun You died of illness along the way. Described as a highly profound and insightful thinker, Xun You was also known for keeping a very low profile and his discretion.

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# Xun You

**Xun You** (157c.September 214), courtesy name **Gongda**, was a statesman who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China and served as an adviser to the warlord Cao Cao. Born in the influential Xun family of Yingchuan Commandery (around present-day Xuchang, Henan), Xun You was recruited into the civil service by the general He Jin. When the warlord Dong Zhuo hijacked and controlled the Han central government between 189 and 192, Xun You plotted with four others to assassinate him but was discovered and imprisoned. Following his release after Dong Zhuo's death, he wanted to serve as the Administrator of Shu Commandery (around present-day Chengdu, Sichuan) but eventually settled as an official in Jing Province.

In 196, after Cao Cao received the figurehead Han sovereign, Emperor Xian, and reestablished the new imperial capital in Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan), he summoned Xun You to the capital to serve as a Master of Writing and Military Adviser. From then on, Xun You was simultaneously a Han statesman and a subordinate of Cao Cao. He accompanied Cao Cao on his military campaigns as a tactical adviser and occasional commander. Between 198 and 207, he advised Cao Cao in the battles against rival warlords such as Zhang Xiu, Lü Bu, Yuan Shao and Yuan Shao's successors. In 207, on Cao Cao's recommendation, Emperor Xian made Xun You a village marquis to honour him for his contributions. In 213, after Cao Cao had been enfeoffed by Emperor Xian as the Duke of Wei, Xun You served as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing in Cao Cao's dukedom. In 214, while accompanying Cao Cao on a campaign against the southern warlord Sun Quan, Xun You died of illness along the way. Described as a highly profound and insightful thinker, Xun You was also known for keeping a very low profile and his discretion.

## Historical sources

The authoritative historical source on Xun You's life is his official biography in book 10 of the *Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi*), which was written by Chen Shou in the third century.

In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the *Sanguozhi* by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal commentary. Some alternative texts used in the annotations to the *Sanguozhi* include: the *Wei Shu* (魏書; *Book of Wei*), by Wang Shen (王沈), Xun Yi (荀顗) and Ruan Ji; the *Xun Shi Jia Zhuan* (荀氏家傳; *Xun Family Genealogy*); the *Han Ji* (漢紀; *Annals of Han*), by Zhang Fan (張璠); the *Fu Zi* (傅子), by Fu Xuan.

## Family background and childhood

Xun You was born in the influential Xun family, whose ancestral home was in Yingyin County (潁陰縣), Yingchuan Commandery (穎川郡), which is in present-day Xuchang, Henan. His grandfather, Xun Tan (荀曇), whose courtesy name was Yuanzhi (元智), served as the Administrator (太守) of Guangling Commandery (廣陵郡; around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu). Xun You's father, Xun Yi (荀彝), served as a commandery-level Assistant Officer (從事). Xun Yi was a second cousin of Xun Yu, hence Xun You was Xun Yu's second cousin-nephew even though he was six years older than Xun Yu.

Xun You was orphaned at a young age. He was probably raised by his uncle Xun Qu (荀衢) and his grandfather Xun Tan. When his grandfather died, a minor administrative assistant, Zhang Quan (張權), offered to be the tomb keeper. Xun You, who was 12 years old then, sensed that something was wrong. He told his uncle Xun Qu, "This man looks suspicious. I believe he's up to something." Upon investigation, it was revealed that Zhang Quan was actually a murderer on the run. Because of this incident, the young Xun You was seen as an extraordinary boy. When Xun You was six or seven, Xun Qu once accidentally injured him while he was drunk. Since then, every time Xun You left or entered his home, he would do so at times to deliberately avoid meeting his uncle. Xun Qu was very surprised by his nephew's intelligence when he heard about it.

## Early career

When He Jin rose to power in 189 and became regent to his nephew, the young Emperor Shao, he recruited over 20 notable members of scholar-gentry background to join him including Xun You, who had been noted by the famed judge of talent Yin Xiu (陰脩). He was appointed as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎), allowing him to act as a liaison to the palace, in the imperial capital, Luoyang and would be the person fellow recruit Zheng Tai would complain to . However, within the same year, He Jin was assassinated by the eunuch faction he had sought to destroy. The warlord Dong Zhuo took advantage of the ensuing political turmoil to hijack and control the central government. Between 190 and 191, several regional warlords formed a coalition and launched a campaign against Dong Zhuo in the name of saving the emperor, in response Dong Zhuo ordered Luoyang to be burnt down and relocated the capital to Chang'an. In Chang'an, Xun You secretly plotted with Zheng Tai (鄭泰), He Yong, Chong Ji (种輯) and Wu Qiong (伍瓊) to assassinate Dong Zhuo, who was notorious for his cruelty and tyranny. However, they were discovered and Xun You was arrested and imprisoned. While he was incarcerated, Xun You spoke and behaved normally as though nothing had happened. He was only released after Dong Zhuo was killed in 192. However, the *Wei Shu* mentioned that Xun You was released after he sent someone to persuade and convince Dong Zhuo to free him.

Xun You then resigned amidst the chaos resulting from Dong Zhuo's assassination and fled home. Appointed to be the Chancellor () of Rencheng State (任城; southwest of present-day Zoucheng, Shandong), he rejected this appointment and asked to be the Administrator (太守) of Shu Commandery (蜀郡; around present-day Chengdu, Sichuan) because he heard that Shu Commandery was prosperous and situated in a geographically strategic location. However, he was unable to travel to Shu Commandery as the routes to Shu had been cut off in the chaos, choosing instead to stay in the relative stability of Jing Province.

## Service under Cao Cao

In 196, the warlord Cao Cao took control of Emperor Xian and brought him to Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan), establishing the new capital there. He wrote to Xun You: "The Empire is in chaos. It is time for intelligent people to do something. Do you not think you have spent too much time observing the changes in the Shu region?" Xun You was then appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Runan Commandery (汝南郡; around present-day Gushi County, Henan) and later, probably in 198, summoned to the capital to serve as a Master of Writing (尚書). Cao Cao had long heard of Xun You and was overjoyed when they finally met. He told Xun Yu and Zhong Yao: "Gongda is no ordinary person. Now that I have him to advise me, why should I worry about not being able to pacify the Empire?" He also appointed Xun You as Master of the Army (軍師), always accompanying Cao Cao on campaign with Rafe De Crespigny identifying the rank as a chief of staff role, becoming one of Cao Cao's chief advisers. He would become close to Zhong Yao and seems to have worked closely with the young Guo Jia, another chief adviser. At some unknown point he helped compile a collection of administrative and penal codes for Cao Cao called the "Wei guan yi".

### Battles against Zhang Xiu and Lü Bu

In 198, when Cao Cao wanted to launch another attack on a rival warlord, Zhang Xiu, Xun You advised against it, saying, "Zhang Xiu and Liu Biao share borders. Zhang Xiu and his wandering army rely on Liu Biao for supplies. Liu Biao is unable to provide for them so they will eventually fall out. Why not wait and try to induce Zhang Xiu to surrender to you? When Zhang Xiu ends up in a desperate situation, Liu Biao will definitely support him." Cao Cao ignored Xun You's advice and attacked Zhang Xiu at Rang County (穰縣; present-day Dengzhou, Henan). Just as Xun You predicted, Liu Biao sent reinforcements to help Zhang Xiu, threatening Cao Cao's rear so putting Cao Cao's attacking forces in a disadvantageous position. Cao Cao told Xun You that he regretted not listening to his advice and was forced to retreat with mixed results against his pursuers.

Despite the setback Cao Cao wanted to move to attack another rival warlord, the warrior Lü Bu in Xu Province to the east. Some warned against moving east as Zhang Xiu and Liu Biao might attack after their recent victory. However, Xun You had a different opinion: he believed that Zhang Xiu and Liu Biao had yet to recover from a heavy defeat when pursuing Cao Cao and would not make any further moves. He warned Lü Bu was a formidable warrior and had support from the claimant emperor Yuan Shu, if left unchecked he could become a considerable threat and many would support him but right now, Lü Bu's allied forces were not yet organized so could be defeated if they moved now. Lü Bu defeated Liu Bei and received help from Zang Ba but his uncoordinated army would struggle against Cao Cao.

During the Battle of Xiapi, Cao Cao defeated Lü Bu in the initial stages and forced him to retreat back to Xiapi Commandery (下邳郡; south of present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu). Cao Cao then laid siege to Xiapi and launched several attacks but was unable to breach the city walls. As his troops grew weary, Cao Cao considered withdrawing. However, Xun You and Guo Jia advised him, "Lü Bu is brave but foolhardy. His forces' morale is very low after suffering consecutive defeats. An army's morale depends on its commander's will to fight on. Chen Gong is intelligent but slow. Since Lü Bu's army's morale hasn't recovered yet and Chen Gong hasn't finalised his plans yet, you can eventually defeat Lü Bu if you continue attacking him." Cao Cao then ordered his troops to dig ditches and redirect the waters of the Yi and Si rivers to flood Xiapi, flooding the city from three directions. The defenders became demoralized, there would be a mutiny with the city gates opened, Lü Bu surrendered and was executed.

### Battles against the Yuan family

In 200 CE, war broke out between Cao Cao and his former ally, the northern warlord Yuan Shao. At the Battle of Boma, Xun You suggested that Cao Cao use a diversionary tactic to eliminate Yuan Shao's general Yan Liang; faking to march across Yan Crossing at the Yellow River as if to attack Yuan Shao's rear then lead lightly armoured troops to Boma. Yuan Shao fell for the ruse and Yan Liang was caught by surprise by Cao Cao's arrival, the battle ended with victory for Cao Cao and Yan Liang's death at the hands of Guan Yu. After the victory at Boma, Cao Cao evacuated Boma with their baggage train along the south banks of the Yellow River, Cao Cao prepared an ambush with troops hidden behind the dykes. Cao Cao's subordinates were worried when Yuan Shao's cavalry, under Wen Chou and Liu Bei arrived and some of Cao Cao's officers suggested gathering the troops to defend the camp. Xun You said, "This is an opportunity to capture the enemy! Why should we retreat?" Cao Cao looked at Xun You and laughed. At the Battle of Yan Ford, when Yuan Shao's soldiers were scrambling for the baggage, Cao Cao sent his infantry and cavalry forces to attack them and scored a major victory; Yuan Shao's general Wen Chou was killed in action with two of Yuan Shao's most famous officers dead in the early skirmishes of the war. Cao Cao then retreated to Guandu (官渡; northeast of present-day Zhongmu County, Henan); Yuan Shao laid siege to Guandu.

As both sides reached a stalemate at Guandu and Cao Cao's forces struggled for supplies, Xun You advised Cao Cao, "Yuan Shao's supplies will be reaching in one day. Han Xun (韓𦳣), the officer leading the convoy, tends to underestimate the enemy. He can be easily defeated." Xun You also recommended Cao Cao's general Xu Huang to lead the attack on Han Xun. Cao Cao sent Xu Huang and Shi Huan (史渙) to raid Han Xun's depot at Gushi and they burnt the supplies, granting Cao Cao's forces an important morale boost. Later, Yuan Shao's adviser Xu You defected to Cao Cao's side and urged Cao to attack Yuan's supply depot at Wuchao (烏巢; southeast of present-day Yanjin County, Henan), which was guarded by Chunyu Qiong. While Cao Cao's other subordinates were suspicious about Xu You, only Xun You and Jia Xu advised Cao to heed Xu You's suggestion. Cao Cao then ordered Xun You and Cao Hong to remain behind to guard his main camp, while he personally led his forces to attack Wuchao and succeeded in destroying Yuan Shao's supplies. During the battle, Yuan Shao sent Zhang He and Gao Lan (高覽) to attack Cao Cao's main camp at Guandu but Xu You and Cao Hong managed to hold. Seeing the tide had turned, Zhang He and Gao Lan, destroyed their own camps and sought to surrender. Cao Hong felt suspicious and was reluctant to accept their surrender but Xun You told Cao Hong, "Zhang He was angry that Yuan Shao did not listen to him so he decided to defect. Sir, what's there to suspect about him?" Cao Hong then accepted their surrender.

After Yuan Shao's death in June 202, Cao Cao launched a campaign against Yuan's sons Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang and fought them at the Battle of Liyang but soon the Yuan brothers were at war with each other. In the following year, Cao Cao had marched to attack Liu Biao when he received Yuan Tan's adviser Xin Pi to convey to Cao Cao his wish to surrender and seek aid from Cao in countering his brother. Cao Cao considered accepting Yuan Tan's surrender and sending troops to aid him, and then consulted his advisers. Most of them thought that Liu Biao was more powerful and that Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang posed no threat, so they urged Cao Cao to attack Liu Biao first. Xun You had a different opinion from them. He said, "The Empire has experienced so much turmoil, yet Liu Biao has holed up in the Jiang and Han regions. This shows that he has no intention of expanding his territory. The Yuans occupy four provinces and have 100,000 troops. Yuan Shao had treated his subordinates generously and hoped that his sons would cooperate harmoniously to safeguard his territories; that was why turmoil in the Empire never seemed to end. As of now, relations between the brothers have deteriorated and they seek to destroy each other. If one of them defeats and absorbs the other, he will become more powerful and more difficult to defeat. If you take advantage of their internal conflict to defeat them, you will restore stability in the Empire. You shouldn't miss this great opportunity." Cao Cao agreed, accepted Yuan Tan's surrender and led his forces to Ji and began the campaign that would destroy the Yuan brothers with Yuan Tan defeated and killed at the Battle of Nanpi in 205.

### Later life and death

After pacifying Ji Province, Cao Cao wrote a memorial to Emperor Xian to recommend him to award Xun You a marquis title to honour him for his contributions, noting "Master of the Army Xún Yōu from the beginning was a great assistant and minister. No campaigns were unsuccessful and from beginning to end all enemies were conquered, all because of Yōu’s plan". Xun You was thus enfeoffed as the Marquis of Lingshu Village (陵樹亭侯). In 207, while assessing his subordinates' contributions and recommending Emperor Xian to give out rewards accordingly, Cao Cao credited Xun Yu and Xun You for developing grand strategic plans for him with Xun You second only to Xun Yu. Xun You received an additional 400 taxable households in his marquisate, making it 700 households in total. He was also reassigned to serve as Central Military Adviser (中軍師). The *Wei Shu* recorded that Cao Cao visited Xun You's residence when he returned from Liucheng (柳城; southwest of present-day Chaoyang, Liaoning) after a campaign. He told Xun You, "Now that the Empire has basically been pacified, it's time for me to share the rewards with virtuous scholar-officials like you. In the past, Emperor Gaozu allowed Zhang Zifang to choose 30,000 taxable households to form his own marquisate. Today, I intend to suggest to the Emperor to let you do the same."

In 213, Xun You was the lead name in the memorial to Emperor Xian calling for the enfeoffing of Cao Cao as the Duke of Wei (魏公), a promotion Xun Yu had opposed before his death. This was granted with Cao Cao granted a dukedom covering parts of present-day Hebei and Henan after Xun You and others opposed plans to only grant a dukedom covering Wei prefecture. Xun You was appointed as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令), replacing the recently deceased Xun Yu who had opposed the dukedom. In 214, Xun You accompanied Cao Cao on a campaign against the southern warlord Sun Quan but died of illness along the way. He was 58 (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died. Cao Cao shed tears when he heard of Xun You's death.

On 6 January 245, the child Emperor Cao Fang and his regents ordered sacrifices for Xun You at Cao Cao's temple while Xun You was posthumously honoured as "Marquis Jing" (敬侯; "respected marquis"), the lateness of these rewards for such an important servant puzzling Pei Songzhi.

## Appraisal

Xun You was known for being a highly profound and insightful thinker who hid secrets very well. Since he started accompanying Cao Cao on his military campaigns, he had often helped Cao Cao devise and develop strategic plans. Many people, including his family members and relatives, hardly knew what was on his mind or what he had said. The *Wei Shu* recorded that Xin Tao (辛韜), a maternal cousin of Xun You, once asked Xun You why he urged Cao Cao to attack Ji Province. Xun You replied, "Since Zuozhi has come on behalf of Yuan Tan to surrender, it's expected that the Imperial Army will go there to pacify the area. How would I know why?" Xin Tao and others did not dare to ask Xun You again about state and military affairs after that.

Cao Cao often praised Xun You and once said, "Gongda is intelligent but appears foolish; he is courageous but appears cowardly; he is resilient but appears weak. He neither flaunts his talents nor brags about his achievements. You may be as intelligent as him, but you can't pretend to be foolish as well as he does. Even Master Yan and Ning Wu cannot be compared to him." When Cao Pi was still Cao Cao's heir apparent, his father told him, "Xun Gongda is a role model for people. You should treat him courteously and respectfully." When Xun You was ill, Cao Pi visited him and knelt down beside his bed; such was Cao Pi's level of respect for Xun You. Zhong Yao also once said, "Every time I plan something, I'll carefully think through it again and again until I'm certain that I can't make any more changes. However, after consulting Gongda, he always has new insights to offer." Xun You created 12 strategies for Zhong Yao. Zhong Yao died before he managed to finish writing a book about the 12 strategies, hence some of them were lost. The historian Pei Songzhi thought it was a huge pity that Xun You's strategies were lost because Zhong Yao died at the age of 79 – some 16 years after Xun You's death – so he probably should have had ample time to finish writing the book.

The *Wei Shu* recorded that Cao Cao once said, "I have travelled with Xun Gongda for over 20 years. I can't find any fault with him." He also said, "Xun Gongda is truly a virtuous man; he fits the saying '(he is) benign, upright, courteous, temperate, and complaisant and thus he gets what he desires.' He is exactly the man described in this quote by Confucius: 'Yan Ping Zhong knew well how to maintain friendly intercourse. The acquaintance might be long, but he showed the same respect as at first.'"

The *Xun Yu Biezhuan* (荀彧別傳; *Unofficial Biography of Xun Yu*) recorded that Cao Cao once commended Xun Yu and Xun You for their excellent judgments about people's talents "The two directors Xun grew ever more reliable in their judgement of men. As long as I live I shall never forget them."

The *Fu Zi* mentioned that someone, who lived around the same time as Xun You, once asked if there were any virtuous *junzi*s in their time. He received an answer as follows: "The benevolence of Lord Prefect Xun (Yu) and the intelligence of Military Adviser Xun (You) make them worthy of being called virtuous *junzi*s of our time. Lord Prefect Xun is benevolent and virtuous, he displays wisdom in recommending talents, his personal conduct is flawless, and he is capable of adapting his strategies to suit changes. Meng Ke once said, 'It is a rule that a true royal sovereign should arise in the course of five hundred years, and that during that time there should be men illustrious in their generation.' Lord Prefect Xun is one of such men. As Taizu once said, 'Lord Prefect Xun provides advice and doesn't stop providing advice; Military Adviser Xun eliminates evil and doesn't stop eliminating evil.'" It would be a comparison that would later be used to praise Xun Xu.

Xun Yu's philosopher son Xun Can considered Xun You superior to his father as someone “unconcerned with externals – a completely cautious and secluded man”. Howard Goodman explains this was partly to provoke his brothers on factional lines, with Can married into the Cao family and other Xun's leaning towards the Sima family, and partly a philosophical position where Xun You seemed like a good mode for a mystery adapt, above the norms of society and politics.

Chen Shou, who wrote Xun You's biography in the *Sanguozhi*, appraised him as follows: “Xun You and Jia Xu were very detailed in their strategising and had never miscalculated before. However, in terms of adaptability and flexibility, they were second to (Zhang) Liang and (Chen) Ping.”. Chen Shou in another grouping of Cao Cao's advisers compared them as planners but felt they were of lesser character. Though Pei Songzhi felt Xun You's moral character was far superior to Jia Xu and so they should not have been placed together by Chen Shou.

## Family

Xun You had at least three sons. The eldest, Xun Ji (荀緝), resembled his father in character but died early. The second, Xun Shi (荀適), inherited his father's title "Marquis of Lingshu Village" (陵樹亭侯) and had no son to succeed him when he died. In the early Huangchu era (220-226) of Cao Pi's reign, Xun You's grandson, Xun Biao (荀彪), inherited the title "Marquis of Lingshu Village" and received 300 taxable households to form his marquisate. His title was later changed to "Marquis of Qiuyang Village" (丘陽亭侯).

## In *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*

In the classic 14th century novel *Romance of the Three Kingdoms* by Luo Guanzhong, Xun You joins Cao Cao earlier than in history, when Cao Cao took over Yan province in 192. He is the nephew of Xun Yu, and they join at the same time as Cao Cao begins recruiting advisers but with Xun Yu more prominent. The novel uses Xun You's historical advice but adds some more.

Xun You suggests Kong Rong as a diplomat to Liu Biao which leads to Kong Rong recommending Mi Heng. When Cao Cao falls out with Mi Heng, Cao Cao lists Xun You as a hero of the time, but Mi Heng dismisses Xun You as someone fit only to watch graves, likely a nod to the Zhang Quan incident of his youth. After the burning of Wuchao, proposes spreading rumours that Cao Cao was marching on key areas to force Yuan Shao to split his forces and then attack Yuan Shao's main force. In the wars against the Yuan sons, recommends using recently surrendered Lü Kuang (呂曠) and Lü Xiang (呂翔) to fake surrender to Gao Gan after initial struggles in 206, leading to Gao Gan's destruction.

Helps Cao Cao discover a bronze board and sees it as a good omen for a war southwards but persuades Cao Cao to rest his troops rather than immediately attack Liu Biao. When Jing collapses to Cao Cao in 208 after the delay, Xun You is not happy with the surrendered Cai Mao and Zhang Yun (張允) getting such high ranks, urges Cao Cao to seize Jiangling before Liu Bei can take it. In the build up to the Battle of Red Cliffs, recommends proposing to Sun Quan that they hunt Liu Bei and that Sun Quan would be too scared to oppose, Sun Quan refused. During the campaign itself, suggests sending the relatives of the recently Cai Mao as spies via a false defection, but the Sun commander Zhou Yu sees through this and uses them to feed Cao Cao false information. Agrees with Cheng Yu that fire is a risk but persuaded by Cao Cao the weather would mean a fire-attack is impossible on his fleet. The fleet would be burnt via the false defection of Huang Gai and the incorrect information provided by Xun You's recommended spies.

In 211 as the Liang warlords led by Ma Chao fight to avenge Ma Teng's assassination by Cao Cao, Xun You tries to hastily construct a fort to secure Cao Cao's position using soil, but it keeps collapsing. In 214, he opposes the idea of Cao Cao becoming King of Wei as no further promotion from Duke is justifiable, an angry Cao Cao notes comparison with Xun Yu's objection and death, an angry Xun You falls ill dies soon after. He is buried with full honours, while Cao Cao drops the idea of being King for a short time. Xun You does not get a poem as many major characters do in the novel.

Citations from the *Sanguozhi*  1. (荀彧字文若，潁川潁陰人也。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
2. (荀攸字公達，彧從子也。祖父曇，廣陵太守。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
3. (攸少孤。及曇卒，故吏張權求守曇墓。攸年十三，疑之，謂叔父衢曰：「此吏有非常之色，殆將有姦！」衢寤，乃推問，果殺人亡命。由是異之。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
4. (何進秉政，徵海內名士攸等二十餘人。攸到，拜黃門侍郎。董卓之亂，關東兵起，卓徙都長安。攸與議郎鄭泰、何顒、侍中种輯、越騎校尉伍瓊等謀曰：「董卓無道，甚於桀紂，天下皆怨之，雖資彊兵，實一匹夫耳。今直刺殺之以謝百姓，然後據殽、函，輔王命，以號令天下，此桓文之舉也。」事垂就而覺，收顒、攸繫獄，顒憂懼自殺，攸言語飲食自若，會卓死得免。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
5. (棄官歸，復辟公府，舉高第，遷任城相，不行。攸以蜀漢險固，人民殷盛，乃求為蜀郡太守，道絕不得至，駐荊州。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
6. Sanguozhi vol.1. When Cao Cao installed the rank of Master of the Army
7. (太祖迎天子都許，遺攸書曰：「方今天下大亂，智士勞心之時也，而顧觀變蜀漢，不已乆乎！」於是徵攸為汝南太守，入為尚書。太祖素聞攸名，與語大恱，謂荀彧，鍾繇曰：「公達，非常人也，吾得與之計事，天下當何憂哉！」以為軍師。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
8. (建安三年，從征張繡。攸言於太祖曰：「繡與劉表相恃為彊，然繡以遊軍仰食於表，表不能供也，勢必離。不如緩軍以待之，可誘而致也；若急之，其勢必相救。」太祖不從，遂進軍之穰，與戰。繡急，表果救之。軍不利。太祖謂攸曰：「不用君言至是。」乃設奇兵復戰，大破之。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
9. (是歲，太祖自宛征呂布，至下邳，布敗退固守，攻之不拔，連戰，士卒疲，太祖欲還。攸與郭嘉說曰：「呂布勇而無謀，今三戰皆北，其銳氣衰矣。三軍以將為主，主衰則軍無奮意。夫陳宮有智而遲，今及布氣之未復，宮謀之未定，進急攻之，布可拔也。」乃引沂、泗灌城，城潰，生禽布。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
10. (後從救劉延於白馬，攸畫策斬顏良。語在武紀。太祖拔白馬還，遣輜重循河而西。袁紹渡河追，卒與太祖遇。諸將皆恐，說太祖還保營，攸曰：「此所以禽敵，柰何去之！」太祖目攸而笑。遂以輜重餌賊，賊競奔之，陣亂。乃縱步騎擊，大破之，斬其騎將文醜，太祖遂與紹相拒於官渡。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
11. (軍食方盡，攸言於太祖曰：「紹運車旦暮至，其將韓𦳣銳而輕敵，擊可破也。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
12. (太祖曰：「誰可使？」攸曰：「徐晃可。」乃遣晃及史渙邀擊破走之，燒其輜重。會許攸來降，言紹遣淳于瓊等將萬餘兵迎運糧，將驕卒惰，可要擊也。衆皆疑。唯攸與賈詡勸太祖。太祖乃留攸及曹洪守。太祖自將攻破之，盡斬瓊等。紹將張郃、高覽燒攻櫓降，紹遂棄軍走。郃之來，洪疑不敢受，攸謂洪曰：「郃計不用，怒而來，君何疑？」乃受之。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
13. (七年，從討袁譚、尚於黎陽。明年，太祖方征劉表，譚、尚爭兾州。譚遣辛毗乞降請救，太祖將許之，以問羣下。羣下多以為表彊，宜先平之，譚、尚不足憂也。攸曰：「天下方有事，而劉表坐保江、漢之閒，其無四方志可知矣。袁氏據四州之地，帶甲十萬，紹以寬厚得衆，借使二子和睦以守其成業，則天下之難未息也。今兄弟遘惡，其勢不兩全。若有所并則力專，力專則難圖也。及其亂而取之，天下定矣，此時不可失也。」太祖曰：「善。」乃許譚和親，遂還擊破尚。其後譚叛，從斬譚於南皮。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
14. 「軍師荀攸，自初佐臣，無征不從，前後克敵，皆攸之謀也 Sanguozhi vol.10.
15. (兾州平，太祖表封攸曰：「軍師荀攸，自初佐臣，無征不從，前後克敵，皆攸之謀也。」於是封陵樹亭侯。十二年，下令大論功行封，太祖曰：「忠正密謀，撫寧內外，文若是也。公達其次也。」增邑四百，并前七百戶，轉為中軍師。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
16. (魏國初建，為尚書令。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
17. (攸從征孫權，道薨。太祖言則流涕。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
18. (正始中，追謚攸曰敬侯。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
19. (攸深密有智防，自從太祖征伐，常謀謩帷幄，時人及子弟莫知其所言。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
20. (太祖每稱曰：「公達外愚內智，外怯內勇，外弱內彊，不伐善，無施勞，智可及，愚不可及，雖顏子、寗武不能過也。」文帝在東宮，太祖謂曰：「荀公達，人之師表也，汝當盡禮敬之。」攸曾病，世子問病，獨拜牀下，其見尊異如此。攸與鍾繇善，繇言：「我每有所行，反覆思惟，自謂無以易；以咨公達，輒復過人意。」公達前後凡畫奇策十二，唯繇知之。繇撰集未就，會薨，故世不得盡聞也。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
21. 又論父彧不如從兄攸。彧立德高整，軌儀以訓物，而攸不治外形，慎密自居而已。粲以此言善攸，諸兄怒而不能迴也。 *Xun Can Zhuan* annotation from *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
22. (評曰： ... 荀攸、賈詡，庶乎筭無遺策，經達權變，其良、平之亞與！) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
23. 且攸、詡之為人，其猶夜光之與蒸燭乎！其照雖均，質則異焉。今荀、賈之評，共同一稱，尤失區別之宜也 *Sanguozhi* vol.10.
24. (長子緝，有攸風，早沒。次子適嗣，無子，絕。黃初中，紹封攸孫彪為陵樹亭侯，邑三百戶，後轉封丘陽亭侯。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
Citations from the *Sanguozhi zhu*  1. (魏書曰：時建安十九年，攸年五十八。) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
2. (荀氏家傳曰：曇字元智。兄昱，字伯脩。張璠漢紀稱昱、曇並傑俊有殊才。昱與李膺、王暢、杜密等號為八俊，位至沛相。攸父彝，州從事。彝於彧為從祖兄弟。) *Xun Shi Jia Zhuan* and *Han Ji* annotations in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
3. (計其年大彧六歲。) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
4. (魏書曰：攸年七八歲，衢曾醉，誤傷攸耳；而攸出入遊戲，常避護不欲令衢見。衢後聞之，乃驚其夙智如此。) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
5. (魏書云攸使人說卓得免，與此不同。) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
6. (魏書曰：議者云表、繡在後而還襲呂布，其危必也。攸以為表、繡新破，勢不敢動。布驍猛，又恃袁術，若從橫淮、泗間，豪傑必應之。今乘其初叛，衆心未一，往可破也。太祖曰：「善。」比行，布以敗劉備，而臧霸等應之。) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
7. (臣松之案諸書，韓𦳣或作韓猛，或云韓若，未詳孰是。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
8. (魏書曰：太祖自柳城還，過攸舍，稱述攸前後謀謨勞勳，曰：「今天下事略已定矣，孤願與賢士大夫共饗其勞。昔高祖使張子房自擇邑三萬戶，今孤亦欲君自擇所封焉。」) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
9. (魏書曰：攸姑子辛韜曾問攸說太祖取兾州時事。攸曰：「佐治為袁譚乞降，王師自往平之，吾何知焉？」自是韜及內外莫敢復問軍國事也。) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
10. (臣松之案：攸亡後十六年，鍾繇乃卒，撰攸奇策，亦有何難？而年造八十，猶云未就，遂使攸從征機策之謀不傳於世，惜哉！) Pei Songzhi's annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
11. (魏書載太祖令曰：「孤與荀公達周遊二十餘年，無毫毛可非者。」又曰：「荀公達真賢人也，所謂『溫良恭儉讓以得之』。孔子稱『晏平仲善與人交，乆而敬之』，公達即其人也。」) *Wei Shu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
12. (太祖曰：「二荀令之論人，乆而益信，吾沒世不忘。」) *Xun Yu Biezhuan* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
13. (傅子曰：或問近世大賢君子，荅曰：「荀令君之仁，荀軍師之智，斯可謂近世大賢君子矣。荀令君仁以立德，明以舉賢，行無諂黷，謀能應機。孟軻稱『五百年而有王者興，其間必有命世者』，其荀令君乎！太祖稱『荀令君之進善，不進不休，荀軍師之去惡，不去不止』也。」) *Fu Zi* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 10.
Other citations  1. The *Wei Shu* recorded that Xun You died at the age of 58 (by East Asian age reckoning) in the 19th year of the Jian'an era (196-220) in the reign of Emperor Xian. By calculation, Xun You's birth year should be around 157.
2. de Crespigny (2007), p. 928.
3. de Crespigny, Rafe (2002). "A Question of Loyalty: Xun Yu, Cao Cao and Sima Guang". In Wang, Gungwu; de Crespigny, Rafe; de Rachewiltz, Igor (eds.). *Sino-Asiatica: Papers dedicated to Professor Liu Ts'un-yan on the occasion of the eighty-fifth birthday*. Canberra. p. 38.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
4. *Sanguozhi vol.10.*
5. De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). *A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD*. Boston: Brill. p. 928. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
6. 南陽陰脩為潁川太守，以旌賢擢俊為務，舉五官掾張仲方正，察功曹鍾繇、主簿荀彧、主記掾張禮、賊曹掾杜祐、孝廉荀攸、計吏郭圖為吏，以光國朝 *Xie Cheng annotation* *in Sanguozhi* vol.13.
7. De Crespigny, Rafe (1996). *To Establish Peace Being the Chronicle of Later Han for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang* (2020 ed.). Australian National University. p. 4. ISBN 0-7315-2526-4.
8. *Zizhi Tongjian* vol. 62.
9. 自從太祖征伐，常謀謨帷幄 *Sanguozhi* vol.10.
10. De Crespigny, Rafe (2010). *Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD*. Boston: Brill. p. 114. ISBN 9789004185227.
11. De Crespigny, Rafe (2010). *Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD*. Boston: Brill. p. 188. ISBN 9789004185227.
12. 初，潁川荀攸、鍾繇相與親善。攸先亡，子幼。繇經紀其門戶，欲嫁其妾 *Sanguozhi* vol.29.
13. De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). *A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD*. Boston: Brill. p. 285. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
14. Goodman, Howard L. (2010). *Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century AD China*. Leiden: Brill. p. 71. ISBN 978-90-04-18337-7.
15. De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). *A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD*. Boston: Brill. p. 625. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
16. Leban, Carl (1971). *T'sao T'sao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years*. Columbia University. p. 304.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
17. *Zizhi Tongjian* vol. 63.
18. Leban, Carl. *T'sao T'sao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years*. p. 366.
19. *Zizhi Tongjian* vol. 66.
20. *Weishu in Sanguozhi* vol.1.
21. De Crespigny, Rafe (2002). "A Question of Loyalty: Xun Yu, Cao Cao and Sima Guang". *Sino-Asiatica*: 14.
22. *Zizhi Tongjian* vol. 67. Cao Cao's biography in *Sanguozhi* dates this event to the 7th month of that year, which corresponds to 21 Aug to 21 Sep 214 in the Julian calendar.
23. *gui'mao* day of the 11th month of the 5th year of the *Zheng'shi* era
24. *Sanguozhi* vol.4.
25. De Crespigny, Rafe. *A Question of Loyalty: Xun Yu, Cao Cao and Sima Guang*. p. 11.
26. Goodman, Howard L. (2010). *Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century AD China*. Leiden: Brill. p. 368. ISBN 978-90-04-18337-7.
27. *Jinshu* vol.39.
28. Goodman, Howard L. (2010). *Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century AD China*. Leiden: Brill. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-90-04-18337-7.
29. 程昱、郭嘉、董昭、劉曄、蔣濟才策謀略，世之奇士，雖清治德業，殊於荀攸，而籌畫所料，是其倫也 *Sanguozhi* vol.14.

## InfoBox

| Xun You | |
| --- | --- |
| 荀攸 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Prefect of the Masters of Writing<br>(尚書令) | |
| **In office**<br>213 (213)–214 (214) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
| Master of Writing (尚書)<br>(under Cao Cao) | |
| **In office**<br>196 (196)–? (?) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 157 |
| Died | c.September 214 (aged 57) |
| Relations | *See Xun family of Yingchuan* |
| Children | * Xun Ji * Xun Shi * *at least one more son* |
| Parent | * Xun Yi (father) |
| Occupation | Statesman, adviser |
| Courtesy name | Gongda (公達) |
| Posthumous name | Marquis Jing (敬侯) |
| Peerage | Marquis of Lingshu Village<br>(陵樹亭侯) |
|  | |


title: Naarda leptosigna

abstract: Naarda leptosigna is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Balázs Tóth and László Aladár Ronkay in 2015. It is found in Sri Lanka. Adult wingspan is 13–14 mm. Antennae filiform, ciliate and setose in both sexes. Labial palpi convex, dorsal edge rounded. Forewing dark grayish brown. Postmedial line dark and conspicuous. Bright ocherous reniform stigma is narrow and triangular. Hindwings grayish. Transverse line distinct. Male has huge lobe on the valva, which is the largest of the genus. Uncus medium long, broad and slightly curved. Saccus broad based. Juxta rhomboid. Valva narrow based, elongate. Non tapered aedeagus is stout and curved. In female genitalia, ovipositor lobes angular. Ductus bursae medium long. Corpus bursae smooth and ovoid.

text:
# Naarda leptosigna

***Naarda leptosigna*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Balázs Tóth and László Aladár Ronkay in 2015. It is found in Sri Lanka.

Adult wingspan is 13–14 mm. Antennae filiform, ciliate and setose in both sexes. Labial palpi convex, dorsal edge rounded. Forewing dark grayish brown. Postmedial line dark and conspicuous. Bright ocherous reniform stigma is narrow and triangular. Hindwings grayish. Transverse line distinct. Male has huge lobe on the valva, which is the largest of the genus. Uncus medium long, broad and slightly curved. Saccus broad based. Juxta rhomboid. Valva narrow based, elongate. Non tapered aedeagus is stout and curved. In female genitalia, ovipositor lobes angular. Ductus bursae medium long. Corpus bursae smooth and ovoid.

## InfoBox

| *Naarda leptosigna* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Naarda* |
| Species: | ***N. leptosigna*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Naarda leptosigna***<br>Tóth & Ronkay, 2015 | |
|


title: Purple Violets (album)

abstract: Purple Violets is an album by saxophonist and flutist Sam Rivers, double bassist Ben Street, drummer Kresten Osgood, and vibraphonist Bryan Carrott. It was recorded on October 14 and 15, 2004, at Kampo Studios in New York, and was released in 2005 by Stunt Records, a Danish label. The album Violet Violets was recorded at the same session, with the same personnel minus Carrott.

text:
# Purple Violets (album)

***Purple Violets*** is an album by saxophonist and flutist Sam Rivers, double bassist Ben Street, drummer Kresten Osgood, and vibraphonist Bryan Carrott. It was recorded on October 14 and 15, 2004, at Kampo Studios in New York, and was released in 2005 by Stunt Records, a Danish label.

The album *Violet Violets* (Stunt, 2005) was recorded at the same session, with the same personnel minus Carrott.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |
| Tom Hull – on the Web | B+ |

In a review for AllMusic, Ken Dryden called the album "remarkable" and "highly recommended," and noted Rivers's "still-potent tenor sax."

Rex Butters of *All About Jazz* wrote: "Rivers runs in good company—his gorgeous, evocative tone intact on tenor, soprano, and flute. His unique musical vision still mysterious and accessible, and his technical skill remains riveting... *Purple Violets* shows Rivers still at the top of one of the greatest games in jazz. Long may he rave."

The authors of *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* stated that the members of the rhythm section "provide a very solid foundation for the maestro," but commented: "Sam's chops are not in good shape and he seems to run out of breath, if not ideas, on just about every cut."

## Track listing

1. "Solace" (Sam Rivers) – 6:42
2. "The Mooche" (Duke Ellington) – 7:30
3. "Captain America" (Ben Street, Kresten Osgood, Sam Rivers) – 5:51
4. "Abalone" (Kresten Osgood) – 6:51
5. "In Search of Black Benny" (Kresten Osgood) – 3:29
6. "Turbulence" (Kresten Osgood, Sam Rivers) – 3:34
7. "Where to Go" (Kresten Osgood) – 6:13
8. "Moderation" (Ben Street, Kresten Osgood, Sam Rivers) – 5:42
9. "Space" (Bryan Carrott, Sam Rivers) – 4:06

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Purple Violets | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sam Rivers, Ben Street, Kresten Osgood, and Bryan Carrott | |
| Released | 2005 |
| Recorded | October 14 and 15, 2004 |
| Studio | Kampo Studios, New York |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Length | 49:59 |
| Label | Stunt Records
STUCD 04162 |
| Producer | Kresten Osgood |
| Sam Rivers chronology | |
| *Vista*
(2004) ***Purple Violets***
(2005) *Violet Violets*
(2005) | |


title: Minamoto no Yoriie

abstract: Minamoto no Yoriie was the second shōgun (1202–1203) of Japan's Kamakura shogunate, and the first son of first shōgun Yoritomo. His Dharma name was Hokke-in-dono Kingo Da'i Zengo (法華院殿金吾大禅閤).

text:
# Minamoto no Yoriie

**Minamoto no Yoriie** (Japanese: 源 頼家, September 11, 1182 – August 14, 1204) was the second *shōgun* (1202–1203) of Japan's Kamakura shogunate, and the first son of first shōgun Yoritomo. His Dharma name was Hokke-in-dono Kingo Da'i Zengo (法華院殿金吾大禅閤).

## Life

Minamoto no Yoriie was born to Hōjō Masako at Hiki Yoshikazu's residence in Kamakura. Before he was born, his father Yoritomo had Hōjō Tokimasa and his men carry stones to build the Dankazura on Wakamiya Ōji to pray for the child's safe delivery. When Yoriie later himself had an heir, Ichiman, the child was also born at the Hiki mansion to Hiki's daughter Wakasa no Tsubone, a fact which further consolidated an already strong emotional bond. From this relationship Hiki gained considerable influence when Yoriie became shōgun, incurring the hostility of Hōjō Tokimasa, who was instead close to Yoriie's younger brother Senman (future third shōgun Sanetomo), and who was in his turn trying to leverage that relationship for political advantage. His childhood name was Manju (万寿).

When he was young, he was interested in military arts like fencing, and horse-riding. After his father's death in 1199, the 17-year-old became head of the Minamoto clan and was appointed *sei-i taishōgun* in 1202. He was, however, criticized for his abandonment of his father's policies, and his mother forbade him from any political activity. On June 30, 1203, his remaining powers were formally taken from him and assumed by a council of 13 elders, headed by his grandfather Hōjō Tokimasa. He ordained as a Buddhist monk. Yoriie, in turn, plotted with the Hiki to subjugate the Hōjō clan. However, he failed, and was put under house arrest, where he was forced to abdicate. Then on July 17, 1204, he was assassinated in his mansion in Izu. Yoriie was succeeded by his younger brother Sanetomo, the last of the Minamoto shogun to rule over Kamakura.

## Hiki Yoshikazu's rebellion

Seriously ill, Yoriie proposed to name both his younger brother, Minamoto no Sanetomo, and his young son Minamoto no Ichiman to succeed him; the two would split power, governing separate parts of the country. It seemed natural to them that Hiki would then be the regent, even if unofficially, of young Ichiman. Hiki suggested to Yoriie that they arrange to have Sanetomo killed. Hōjō Masako, Yoriie's mother and wife of the first shōgun Yoritomo, allegedly overheard the conversation.

On a pretext, Hōjō Tokimasa invited Hiki Yoshikazu to his home and assassinated him. A battle between the clans ensued, the Hiki were defeated by a coalition of the Hōjō, Wada, Miura and Hatakeyama clans and were exterminated.

Yoriie died in Shuzenji, a small town in what was later called Izu Province, assassinated by his grandfather Hōjō Tokimasa.

## The sons of Yoriie

Yoriie had two sons, Ichiman and Kugyō. Both of his sons would end up dead, like their father they would fall victim to the power struggle that followed Yoritomo's death. Ichiman (1198–1203) was the eldest. His mother, Wakasa no Tsubone, was Hiki Yoshikazu's daughter, and the child was brought up by the Hiki clan. It is said that he died in a fire that destroyed the Hiki residence.

Yoriie's second son Yoshinari, his only son to reach adulthood, was forced to become a Buddhist monk. In 1219, Yoshinari murdered his uncle Sanetomo on the stairs leading to the shrine of Tsurugaoka Hachimangū in the shogunal capital of Kamakura, an act for which he was himself slain on the same day.

## Family

## Eras of Yoriie's *bakufu*

The years in which Yoriie was shōgun are all within only one era name or *nengō*: *Kennin* (1201–1204).

* Kamiya, Michinori (2008). *Fukaku Aruku: Kamakura Shiseki Sansaku Vol. 1 & 2* (in Japanese). Kamakura: Kamakura Shunshūsha. ISBN 978-4-7740-0340-5. OCLC 169992721.

* Ōmachi, by the Kamakura Citizen's Net, accessed on September 30, 2008

## InfoBox

| Minamoto no Yoriie
源頼家 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| *Shōgun* | |
| **In office**
1202–1203 | |
| Monarch | Tsuchimikado |
| Preceded by | Minamoto no Yoritomo |
| Succeeded by | Minamoto no Sanetomo |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1182-09-11)September 11, 1182
Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan |
| Died | August 14, 1204(1204-08-14) (aged 21) |
| Spouse | Wakasa no Tsubone |
| Children |  |
| Parents |  |
|  | |


title: NGC 2536

abstract: NGC 2536 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cancer. It was discovered on 22 January 1877 by French astronomer Édouard Stephan. NGC 2536 has a prominent inner ring structure encircling the bar that is interacting with NGC 2535. The two galaxies are listed together as Arp 82 in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as an example of a spiral galaxy with a high surface brightness companion.

text:
# NGC 2536

**NGC 2536** is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cancer. It was discovered on 22 January 1877 by French astronomer Édouard Stephan.

NGC 2536 has a prominent inner ring structure encircling the bar that is interacting with NGC 2535. The two galaxies are listed together as **Arp 82** in the *Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies* as an example of a spiral galaxy with a high surface brightness companion.

## InfoBox

| NGC 2536 | |
| --- | --- |
| A multiwavelength image of NGC 2535 and NGC 2536 (bottom). Mid-infrared emission is red, H alpha emission (at 694.0 nm) is green, and ultraviolet emission is blue. | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Cancer |
| Right ascension | 8h 11m 15.9s |
| Declination | +25° 10 46 |
| Redshift | 4118 ± 17 km/s |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.6 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SB(rs)c pec |
| Apparent size (V) | 1.0 × 0.5 |
| Other designations | |
| UGC 4264, PGC 22958, Arp 82 | |


title: 1991 Estonian independence referendum

text:
# 1991 Estonian independence referendum

An independence referendum was held in the Estonian SSR on 3 March 1991, alongside a similar referendum in the Latvian SSR the same day. It was approved by 78% of voters with an 83% turnout. Independence was restored by the Estonian Supreme Council on the night of 20 August.

## Results

Voters were asked "Do you want the restoration of the national independence and sovereignty of the Republic of Estonia?"

| Choice | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| For | | 737,964 | 78.41 |
| Against | | 203,199 | 21.59 |
| Total | | 941,163 | 100.00 |
|  | | | |
| Valid votes | | 941,163 | 99.27 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 6,967 | 0.73 |
| Total votes | | 948,130 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 1,144,309 | 82.86 |
| Source: Riigi Teataja | | | |

## InfoBox

1991 Estonian independence referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Do you want the restoration of the national independence and sovereignty of the Republic of Estonia? | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  **Yes** **737,964** **78.41%**  **No** 203,199 21.59%  Valid votes 941,163 99.27%  Invalid or blank votes 6,967 0.73%  **Total votes** **948,130** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 1,144,309 82.86% | |


title: Neglect of Northeast India

text:
# Neglect of Northeast India

Northeast India, the easternmost region of India, refers to the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim. This region holds significance due to its unique political, cultural, and strategic characteristics. It is encircled by five international borders, sharing boundaries with Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Nepal, making it crucial in India's geopolitical landscape. The region accounts for 4 percent of the total surface of India and has a population of over 45 million. The region is connected to the rest of India by a 30 km wide passage known as the ‘Chicken’s Neck’.

Despite its geographical importance, the Northeast has historically faced the challenge of isolation from the Indian mainland. The region has often faced neglect in terms of political attention, infrastructure, and other resources compared to the rest of India.

## Origins

Climatic factors, including significant rainfall, snowfall, and low temperatures, have profoundly shaped the conduct of warfare and conquering in Assam, Bengal, and Sindh as far back as the Mughal era. The Northeastern region was first invaded by Mughal soldiers during a brief campaign led by Humayun in 1538–1539 but led to no sustained victories. From 1574 to 1612, the area was gradually and arduously taken over by Mughal troops commanded by Akbar and Jahangir (1605–1627), particularly the regions of Kamrup and Kuch.

Much of the area was heavily forested, and modern accounts state that Mughal soldiers faced formidable obstacles when conducting expeditions through these forests. Mughal commander Mirza Nathan said these forests were almost "impassable even for an ant." The main frontier of Assam at the time was the Ahom kingdom, which the Mughals fought four battles against over seven decades, with little lasting success. The Mughals' first attempt to invade Assam in 1615 ended in a military disaster that nearly destroyed their army. Before the arrival of the Mughals, intelligence about the manufacture and use of firearms had reached much of Southeast Asia from China. As a result of this technology transfer as Mirza Nathan noted, during the invasion, the king of Assam greeted the invading Mughal army with "many guns and many fireworks". The Assamese themselves were described as "sick and blood-thirsty". The last Mughal expedition against the Ahoms was launched in 1669, ultimately ending in a Mughal defeat in the crucial battle of Saraighat in 1671. Consequently, the Ahom kingdom became the dominating force in the region as the Mughals withdrew from Assam and subsequently lost control of their domains in Kamrup and Kuch. Northeast India remained distinct and autonomous, standing apart from the greater Indian Mughal empire. This independence had lasting effects in shaping the unique identity and historical trajectory of Northeast India.

During the British occupation of the Indian subcontinent, the Ahom kingdom and Assam were officially annexed into the British Empire in 1838. The British in Northeast India generally adopted a non-intervention policy. Despite this, the region had a history of resistance against colonization, with rebellions against tax imposition in 1860 and 1862, and raiding of British posts. During this time, there was an increasing resistance to the dominance of the Assamese language and culture. The economic policies of the British rulers in Northeast India had profound cultural and social repercussions. Their focus on modernising agriculture demanded increased crop cultivation, land reclamation, and the introduction of cash crops like tea, mustard seeds, and jute. To meet labour demands, the British sought an affordable and accessible workforce, leading to the migration of Bengali Muslim cultivators from East Bengal and tribal labourers for tea plantation work.

The British significantly altered land distribution by leasing land to plantation owners and fellow British citizens, leading to a demographic shift as labourers and migrants flocked to the region. A significant portion of Assam's population stemmed from tea garden immigrants. The economic opportunities created through the construction of railways further attracted Marwari and Bihari labourers to Assam. However, the British paid scant attention to the social and cultural consequences of these migrations. The 'inner line' policy was imposed in regions like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Mizoram, restricting land ownership and population movement. While supporting Christian missionaries, the British government made little effort to address the accompanying societal and cultural changes. Furthermore, during tensions between indigenous people and immigrant Muslims over land rights, the British chose segregation over socialization or adjustment, drawing lines to settle immigrants in separate areas. This policy failed to consider the long tradition of socialization between different communities in the region. This economic exploitation, demographic changes, segregation, and a failure to address cultural shifts demonstrate how the neglect of the region was a direct result of the colonial powers' limited understanding and inadequate consideration of the distinctive needs and identities of Northeast India and its people.

India's post-independence neglect of Northeast India can be attributed to several factors. Post-1947, the Indian ruling elite had a Western-oriented perspective due to its colonial ties. Northeast India did not hold much value economically. It was underdeveloped, as were the surrounding Southeast Asian countries until the 1970s, which rendered trade prospects similarly unattractive. India's protectionist economic policies and blocked overland linkages further hindered engagement. Political differences during the Cold War era also strained relations. Many Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia were allied with the US while India was more closely aligned with the Soviets.

## Effects

After gaining independence, the Indian government grappled with the challenge of integrating the tribal communities of Northeast India into the national framework. Proposed policies advocated for political, economic, and administrative inclusion within a culturally pluralistic framework, allowing minorities to preserve their linguistic, religious, and cultural identities. The "NehruElwin policy framework" was implemented in the Northeastern region of India. This framework emphasized five cardinal principles to guide governance and development:

1. 1“People should indulge in developmental activities as per their own capabilities and we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should encourage in every way their own traditional arts and culture.
2. Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.
3. We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to do the work of administration and development. Some technical personnel from outside will, no doubt, be needed, especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.
4. We should not over-administer these areas or overwhelm them with multiplicity of schemes. We should rather work through, and not in rivalry with, their social and cultural institutions.
5. We should judge results not by statistics of the amount of money spent, but by the quality of human character that is involved.”

These principles reflected the government's commitment to the self-development of tribal communities in the region. Despite these efforts, the neglect of Northeast India in precolonial and colonial periods had lasting consequences. The region experienced numerous ethnically charged movements, both peaceful and violent. Assam, in particular, underwent several territorial reorganizations, often losing land in the process. Between the early 1960s and the early 1970s, Assam lost significant territory to the formation of new states within its borders, leading to the emergence of the Bodo Movement in the 1980s, characterized by significant violence. This movement represented the Bodo tribes, who spoke the Bodo language and identified as the Kachari people, with 5.3% of the Assamese population speaking Bodo.

The neglect of tribal issues during the formation of the Northeastern states exacerbated the challenges faced by the region. The defeat in the 1962 Sino-Indian War triggered a shift in governance, focusing on strategic security and defence in what was considered a frontier region. The developmental aspects of the people received less emphasis. Aspirations for autonomy among various tribes led to the creation of new states without adequate consideration of financial and economic viability, further compounding the region's problems. This culminated in the emergence of armed struggle movements.<sup>\[3\]</sup> One such struggle was the rise of the Naga National Council(NNC) which asked for independence outside of the Indian Council. Nehru was adamant that the Nagas were a part of the union. This caused a stalemate, which led to the Nagas declaring their independence on the 14th of August 1947, a day prior to Indian independence. As a show of strength, the Nagas conducted a plebiscite on the 16th of May 1951, which reported that 99% voted in favour of Naga independence. Fighters for the NNC started referring to their land as ‘Nagaland’ in 1952. Remarking, ‘We \[the NNC youth\] would write a letter and on the envelope we would write ‘Ms Imtila Naga’, and underneath that ‘Nagaland’ and would post it into the post office without a stamp.’ ‘The letters didn’t go anywhere. We knew that they wouldn’t get anywhere but we were hopeful that the letters would be delivered to the people it was addressed to with ‘Nagaland’ written on it. We were following Phizo’s idea of ‘Nagaland’ that he envisioned as a ‘country’. This was a time when statehood was not even discussed and people had no idea about ‘statehood’. At that time, Phizo would write ‘Nagaland’ in all his letters and even Nehru did not object to it. So it happened like that.’

Recognizing the region's lack of political representation and the need for economic development, the Indian government shifted its policy towards a development paradigm. Despite these shifts, Northeast India continues to face significant challenges. Three-quarters of a century after independence, six of the seven state capitals in the region remain disconnected from the railroad system, while Itanagar, Kohima, and Shillong still lack proper airports. The region imports essential goods worth nearly Rs. 2,500 crore annually due to outdated agricultural practices, despite being a major contributor to India's tea, plywood, and oil production. Vital sectors like education, healthcare, and communication remain underdeveloped. Neglect is also evident in the allocation of funds, with the region receiving disproportionately low support from All India Financial Institutions, leaving many states heavily in debt, such as Assam, which carries a staggering internal debt of Rs. 6,000 crore.

1. Singh, B. P. (1987). "North-East India: Demography, Culture and Identity Crisis". *Modern Asian Studies*. **21** (2): 257–82. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00013809. JSTOR 312647. S2CID 145737466  via JSTOR.
2. Dikshit, K. R.; Dikshit, Jutta K. (2014), Dikshit, K.R.; Dikshit, Jutta K (eds.), "Population of the North-Eastern States of India", *North-East India: Land, People and Economy*, Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 421–456, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7055-3\_12, ISBN 978-94-007-7055-3, retrieved 2023-11-23
3. Das, Nava Kishor (2009). "Identity Politics and Social Exclusion in India's Northeast. A Critique of Nation-Building and Redistributive Justice". *Anthropos*. **104** (2): 549–558. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2009-2-549. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40467193.
4. Nath, Pratyay (2019). *Climate of conquest war, environment, and Empire in Mughal North India*. New Delhi, Delhi: Oxford University Press.
5. Strachan, Anna Louise; Kang, Harnit Kaur; Sinha, Tuli; Sikri, Rajiv (2009). INDIA'S LOOK EAST POLICY: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT: Interview with Amb. Rajiv Sikri (Report). Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies.
6. Prime Minister, and Verrier Elwin, A philosophy for NEFA § (1959).
7. Goswami, Sandhya (2001). "Ethnic Conflict in Assam". *The Indian Journal of Political Science*. **62** (1): 123–137. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 42753657.
8. Longkumer, Arkotong (2020-06-26), "Indigenous futures: The practice of sovereignty in Nagaland and other places", *Indigenous Religion(s): Local Grounds, Global Networks*, Routledge, pp. 89–119, retrieved 2023-11-23
9. Gokhale, Nitin A. “The Neglected States of the Nation.” https://www.outlookindia.com/, February 3, 2022. https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-neglected-states-of-the-nation/220206.


title: WCRQ

abstract: WCRQ is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Dennysville, Maine. The station is owned by WQDY, Inc., which also owns 92.7 WQDY-FM Calais and 95.3 WALZ Machias. WCRQ airs a country music format. The studios and offices are at 637 Main Street in Calais. The transmitter is on Conant Hill Road in Charlotte. Because its signal spans both the U.S. and Canada, WCRQ calls itself "The Border." The call sign stands for Calais Radio Quoddy, with the Q representing Quoddy Head State Park, a local attraction. Under proper weather conditions, the station's signal can reach as far east as Saint John, New Brunswick, as far south as Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, as far north as Fredericton, New Brunswick, and as far west as Bangor, Maine.

text:
# WCRQ

**WCRQ** (102.9 MHz, **Border Country 102.9**) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Dennysville, Maine. The station is owned by WQDY, Inc., which also owns 92.7 WQDY-FM Calais and 95.3 WALZ Machias. WCRQ airs a country music format.

The studios and offices are at 637 Main Street in Calais. The transmitter is on Conant Hill Road in Charlotte. Because its signal spans both the U.S. and Canada, WCRQ calls itself "The Border." The call sign stands for **C**alais **R**adio **Q**uoddy, with the Q representing Quoddy Head State Park, a local attraction. Under proper weather conditions, the station's signal can reach as far east as Saint John, New Brunswick, as far south as Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, as far north as Fredericton, New Brunswick, and as far west as Bangor, Maine.

## History

WCRQ signed on the air as a rock station in May 1998. It was first owned by Pilot Communications with studios at 115 Main Street in Calais, then later Citadel Broadcasting. The call letters WCRQ were previously used by FM stations in Arab, Alabama, and Providence, Rhode Island. In 2003, WQDY-FM acquired WCRQ and the station became a part of the WQDY, Inc. family of stations.

On July 1, 2019, WCRQ changed its format from contemporary hit radio to country as "Border Country 102.9".

## Signal strength

WCRQ broadcasts at 51,000 watts. WBLM, a classic rock station in Portland, Maine, broadcasts on the same frequency. WBLM's signal reaches as far east as Acadia National Park. In areas like Bar Harbor and Ellsworth, WBLM interferes with WCRQ. This is because WBLM broadcasts at 100,000 watts from one of Maine's tallest TV - radio towers.

45°01′44″N 67°19′23″W / 45.029°N 67.323°W / 45.029; -67.323

## InfoBox

WCRQ
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Downeast Maine, Southern New Brunswick |
| Frequency | 102.9 MHz |
| Branding | *Border Country 102.9* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country music |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | WQDY, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WALZ, WQDY-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | May 1998 (1998-05) |
| Call sign meaning | **W** **C**alais **R**adio **Q**uoddy |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 6782 |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 51,000 watts |
| HAAT | 139 meters (456 ft) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | www.wqdy.fm |


title: WUKY

abstract: WUKY is a listener-supported, public radio station in Lexington, Kentucky. Owned by the University of Kentucky (UK), it has an Adult Album Alternative radio format, airing more than 100 hours of music per week. Some news and informational programming is supplied by National Public Radio (NPR), Public Radio International (PRI), American Public Media (APM) and the BBC. The station broadcasts from state of the art radio studios in northwestern Lexington at the intersection of Greendale Road and Spurr Road. WUKY is supported by its listeners, with periodic fundraisers airing during the year. It also receives funding from the university, as well as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and its underwriters. WUKY has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations in the U.S.

text:
# WUKY

**WUKY** (91.3 FM) is a listener-supported, public radio station in Lexington, Kentucky. Owned by the University of Kentucky (UK), it has an Adult Album Alternative radio format, airing more than 100 hours of music per week. Some news and informational programming is supplied by National Public Radio (NPR), Public Radio International (PRI), American Public Media (APM) and the BBC. The station broadcasts from state of the art radio studios in northwestern Lexington at the intersection of Greendale Road and Spurr Road.

WUKY is supported by its listeners, with periodic fundraisers airing during the year. It also receives funding from the university, as well as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and its underwriters. WUKY has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations in the U.S.

## History

### Establishment as AM Apex station WBKY

Organized radio broadcasting was introduced in the United States in the early 1920s, and by the mid-1930s the standard AM broadcast band was considered to be too full to allow any meaningful increase in the number of stations. Looking to expand the number of available frequencies, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began to issue licenses to parties interested in testing the suitability of using higher transmitting frequencies between roughly 25 and 44 MHz. These stations were informally known as "Apex" stations, due to the tall height of their transmitter antennas, which were needed because coverage was primarily limited to local line-of-sight distances. These original Apex stations operated under experimental licenses, and like standard broadcasting stations used amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions.

In October 1937, the FCC announced a sweeping allocation of frequency assignments that included a band for Apex stations, consisting of 75 channels with 40 kHz separations, and spanning from 41.02 to 43.98 MHz. In addition, in January 1938 the band's first 25 channels, from 41.02 to 41.98 MHz, were reserved for non-commercial educational stations. (Although there had been stations operated by educational institutions on the standard AM band since the early 1920s, there had not been a separate license classification for them.)

WUKY began broadcasting on October 17, 1940, as WBKY, a 100-watt station on 42.90 MHz in Beattyville. The original program director was Ruth Foxx Newborg, and from the beginning the station was owned by University of Kentucky. Its primary mission was to serve rural schools, and at its start the schedule was limited to noon to 2:00 p.m. on weekdays. The station soon ran into technical and financial problems, and suspended operations after June 27, 1941.

WBKY was the last of three educational station assignments granted on the Apex band. At the time the Apex band was established the FCC noted that "The Commission at an early date will consider carefully the needs and requirements for high-frequency broadcast stations using both conventional \[AM\] modulation and frequency modulation". The commission's studies soon found significant advantages to FM transmissions over the Apex AM signals, with sound quality, and especially resistance to interference from static, including from lightning, found to be far superior for FM. In May 1940, the FCC announced the creation of an FM broadcast band, effective January 1, 1941, operating on 40 channels spanning 42–50 MHz, with the first five channels reserved for educational stations. This new assignment also resulted in the elimination of the Apex band, and the Apex stations were informed that they needed to either go silent or convert to FM. The deadline for the switch to FM transmissions was extended for WBKY, and it continued to be authorized for amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions on 42.9 MHz until May 1, 1944.

### Transfer to FM

In June 1944 WBKY was issued permission to move from Beattyville to the Lexington campus of the University of Kentucky. On February 14, 1945, the station was reactivated as an FM station, still transmitting at 42.9 MHz, from its current home at McVey Hall on the university campus.

In July 1945 the FCC announced that, due to interference concerns, it was reallocating the current FM "low band" frequencies to other services, and existing FM band stations would be relocated to 88-106 MHz (later expanded to 108 MHz). WBKY began testing the transmitter for its new assignment of 91.3 MHz in June 1947, although for a time it continued to also broadcast on its original 42.9 MHz frequency in order to ease the transition. In 1948 the station reported that due to the lack of listeners with FM radios, it was on the air for only 6 hours per week, from 7:00 to 9:00 p.m. on Monday, Wednesday and Friday evenings.

WBKY helped create NPR, and was one of the 90 stations that carried the inaugural broadcast of *All Things Considered* when it debuted in 1971. On October 1, 1989, the station changed its call letters to **WUKY**, to better reflect its affiliation with the University of Kentucky. Longtime *All Things Considered* host Noah Adams began his career at WBKY. The station celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2015.

## Notable staff

37°52′44″N 84°19′34″W / 37.879°N 84.326°W / 37.879; -84.326

## InfoBox

WUKY
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Lexington Metro Area
Central Kentucky |
| Frequency | 91.3 MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | NPR Rocks @ 91.3 |
| Programming | |
| Format | Adult Album Alternative
Public radio |
| Subchannels | HD2: Urban Alternative "The Break"
HD3: WUKY simulcast |
| Affiliations | National Public Radio (NPR)
Public Radio International (PRI)
American Public Media (APM)
BBC World Service |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | University of Kentucky |
| History | |
| First air date | October 17, 1940 (1940-10-17) (in Beattyville, moved to Lexington in 1944) |
| Former call signs | WBKY (1940–1989) |
| Former frequencies | 42.9 MHz (1940–1944; 1945–1947) |
| Call sign meaning | W **U**niversity of **K**entuck**Y** |
| Technical information | |
| Facility ID | 4303 |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 100,000 watts |
| HAAT | 237.4 meters (779 ft) |
| Links | |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | wuky.org |


# Members of the Dewan Negara, 13th Malaysian Parliament

This is a list of the members of the Dewan Negara (Senate) of the Thirteenth Parliament of Malaysia.

## Elected by the State Legislative Assembly

| Senator | Party | State | Term start |  | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abdul Ghani Mohamed Yassin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Sabah | 5 January 2018 |  | 4 January 2021 |
| Abdul Rahman Mat Yasin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Terengganu | 22 June 2015 |  | 21 June 2018 |
| Abdul Shukor P. A. Mohd Sultan | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 2 May 2012 |  | 1 May 2015 |
| | | | 25 April 2015 |  | 24 April 2018 |
| Abidullah Salleh | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Malacca | 18 November 2016 |  | 17 November 2019 |
| Adam Abdul Hamid | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Johor | 20 February 2014 |  | 19 February 2017 |
| Ahamad Yusop | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Johor | 15 July 2008 |  | 14 July 2011 |
| | | | 4 July 2011 |  | 3 July 2014 |
| Ananthan Somasundaram | **BN** (**MIC**) | Kedah | 17 August 2017 |  | 16 August 2020 |
| Ariffin Omar | **DAP** | Penang | 8 June 2012 |  | 7 June 2015 |
| | | | 22 June 2015 |  | 21 June 2018 |
| Chandra Mohan S. Thambirajah | **DAP** | Selangor | 17 December 2012 |  | 16 December 2015 |
| | | | 17 December 2015 |  | 16 December 2018 |
| Chia Song Cheng | **BN** (**MCA**) | Johor | 1 December 2014 |  | 30 November 2017 |
| Chong Sin Woon | **BN** (**MCA**) | Negeri Sembilan | 21 April 2014 |  | 20 April 2017 |
| | | | 21 April 2017 |  | 28 April 2018 |
| Dayang Madinah Abang Openg | **BN** (**PBB**) | Sarawak | 19 July 2010 |  | 18 July 2013 |
| | | | 19 July 2013 |  | 18 July 2016 |
| Engku Naimah Engku Taib | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Terengganu | 6 November 2015 |  | 5 November 2018 |
| Hamzah Mohd Kasim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perak | 21 April 2014 |  | 20 April 2017 |
| | | | 21 April 2017 |  | 20 April 2020 |
| Hoh Khai Mun | **BN** (**MCA**) | Pahang | 22 June 2015 |  | 21 June 2018 |
| Johari Mat | **PAS** | Kelantan | 7 July 2011 |  | 6 July 2014 |
| | | | 14 July 2014 |  | 13 July 2017 |
| Kadzim M. Yahya | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Sabah | 22 December 2011 |  | 21 December 2014 |
| | | | 29 December 2014 |  | 28 December 2017 |
| Khairiah Mohamed | **PAS** | Kelantan | 9 July 2012 |  | 8 July 2015 |
| | | | 1 July 2015 |  | 30 June 2018 |
| Koh Chin Han | **BN** (**MCA**) | Malacca | 1 December 2014 |  | 30 November 2017 |
| Lee Chee Leong | **BN** (**MCA**) | Perak | 21 April 2014 |  | 20 April 2017 |
| | | | 21 April 2017 |  | 28 April 2018 |
| Lee Tian Sing | **BN** (**MCA**) | Melaka | 29 November 2017 |  | 28 November 2020 |
| Lihan Jok | **BN** (**PBB**) | Sarawak | 7 December 2011 |  | 6 December 2014 |
| | | | 8 December 2014 |  | 7 December 2017 |
| Lim Nget Yoon | **BN** (**MCA**) | Pahang | 8 June 2012 |  | 7 June 2015 |
| Lim Pay Hen | **BN** (**MCA**) | Johor | 4 December 2017 |  | 3 December 2020 |
| Lucas Umbul | **BN** (**UPKO**) | Sabah | 10 December 2012 |  | 9 December 2015 |
| | | | 10 December 2015 |  | 9 December 2018 |
| Mohd Ali Rustam | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Malacca | 7 October 2013 |  | 6 October 2016 |
| Mohd Khalid Ahmad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 6 May 2009 |  | 5 May 2012 |
| | | | 2 May 2012 |  | 1 May 2015 |
| Mohd Nor Monutty | **PKR** | Selangor | 17 December 2015 |  | 16 December 2018 |
| Mohd Salim Sharif | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Negeri Sembilan | 21 April 2014 |  | 20 April 2017 |
| | | | 21 April 2017 |  | 20 April 2020 |
| Mohd. Suhaimi Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 30 May 2014 |  | 29 May 2017 |
| | | | 17 August 2017 |  | 16 August 2020 |
| Muhamad Mustafa | **PAS** | Kelantan | 31 July 2017 |  | 30 July 2020 |
| Muhamad Yusof Husin | **PAS** | Kedah | 26 May 2008 |  | 25 May 2011 |
| | | | 30 May 2011 |  | 29 May 2014 |
| Norahan Abu Bakar | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Pahang | 22 June 2015 |  | 22 September 2017 |
| Nuing Jeluing | **BN** (**PBB**) | Sarawak | 11 December 2017 |  | 10 December 2020 |
| Ramli Shariff | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Perlis | 25 April 2015 |  | 24 April 2018 |
| Rohani Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Terengganu | 26 January 2012 |  | 25 January 2015 |
| Roslin Abdul Rahman | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Pahang | 8 June 2012 |  | 7 June 2015 |
| Saat Abu | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Malacca | 7 December 2011 |  | 6 December 2014 |
| Saiful Izham Ramli | **PKR** | Kedah | 30 May 2011 |  | 29 May 2014 |
| Shahanim Mohamad Yusoff | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Kedah | 30 May 2014 |  | 29 May 2017 |
| Siti Aishah Shaik Ismail | **PKR** | Penang | 22 June 2015 |  | 21 June 2018 |
|
| Syed Husin Ali | **PKR** | Selangor | 16 December 2009 |  | 15 December 2012 |
| | | | 17 December 2012 |  | 16 December 2015 |
| Syed Shahir Syed Mohamud | **PKR** | Penang | 8 June 2012 |  | 7 June 2015 |
| Zahari Sarip | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Johor | 5 June 2017 |  | 4 June 2020 |
| Zaiedi Suhaili | **BN** (**PBB**) | Sarawak | 19 July 2016 |  | 18 July 2019 |
| Zaitun Mat Amin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Terengganu | 8 June 2012 |  | 7 June 2015 |

## Nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong

| Senator | Party |  | Term start |  | Term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abdul Halim Abdul Samad (Deputy President) | **BN** (**UMNO**) | Appointed | 3 November 2014 |  | 2 November 2017 |
| | | | 3 November 2017 |  | 2 November 2020 |
| Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 3 May 2010 |  | 2 May 2013 |
| | | | 27 September 2013 |  | 26 September 2016 |
| Abdul Rahman Bakar | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 15 July 2008 |  | 14 July 2011 |
| | | | 18 July 2011 |  | 17 July 2014 |
| Abdul Wahid Omar | **IND** | | 5 June 2013 |  | 4 June 2016 |
| Abdullah Mat Yasim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 December 2015 |  | 6 December 2018 |
| Abu Zahar Ujang (President) | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 26 April 2010 |  | 25 April 2013 |
| | | | 26 April 2013 |  | 25 April 2016 |
| Ahmad Bashah Md Hanipah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 21 May 2013 |  | 3 February 2016 |
| Aknan Ehtook | **IND** | | 15 December 2016 |  | 14 December 2019 |
| Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 26 May 2014 |  | 25 May 2017 |
| | | | 5 June 2017 |  | 20 April 2018 |
| Azizah Harun | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 July 2015 |  | 5 July 2018 |
| Baharudin Abu Bakar | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 6 September 2011 |  | 5 September 2014 |
| Bashir Alias | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 5 June 2017 |  | 4 June 2020 |
| Bathmavathi Krishnan | **IND** | | 18 November 2013 |  | 17 November 2016 |
| | | | 18 November 2016 |  | 17 November 2019 |
| Boon Som Inong | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 15 December 2010 |  | 14 December 2013 |
| | | | 16 December 2013 |  | 15 December 2016 |
| Chai Kim Sen | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 23 June 2014 |  | 22 June 2017 |
| | | | 5 July 2017 |  | 4 July 2020 |
| Chew Lee Giok | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 13 December 2010 |  | 12 December 2013 |
| Chew Mei Fun | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 9 April 2009 |  | 8 April 2012 |
| | | | 26 June 2014 |  | 25 June 2017 |
| Chiew Lian Keng | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 2 November 2011 |  | 1 November 2014 |
| Chin Su Phin | **BN** (**LDP**) | | 30 May 2011 |  | 29 May 2014 |
| | | | 30 May 2014 |  | 29 May 2017 |
| Chiw Tiang Chai | **BN** (**PPP**) | | 14 October 2005 |  | 13 October 2008 |
| | | | 22 August 2011 |  | 21 August 2014 |
| Devamany S. Krishnasamy | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 27 June 2016 |  | 26 June 2019 |
| Doris Sophia Brodi (Deputy President) | **BN** (**PRS**) | | 12 March 2010 |  | 11 March 2013 |
| | | | 12 March 2013 |  | 11 March 2016 |
| Fahariyah Md Nordin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 December 2016 |  | 6 December 2019 |
| Firdaus Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 21 January 2009 |  | 20 January 2012 |
| | | | 26 January 2012 |  | 25 January 2015 |
| Gan Ping Sieu | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 2 June 2010 |  | 1 June 2013 |
| Goonasakaren Raman | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 23 June 2014 |  | 22 June 2017 |
| Hanafi Mamat | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 December 2016 |  | 6 December 2019 |
| Hou Kok Chung | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 23 June 2014 |  | 22 June 2017 |
| | | | 5 July 2017 |  | 28 April 2018 |
| Ibrahim Shah Abu Shah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 3 November 2014 |  | 2 November 2017 |
| | | | 11 December 2017 |  | 10 December 2020 |
| Idris Jala | **IND** | | 1 September 2009 |  | 31 August 2012 |
| | | | 3 September 2012 |  | 2 September 2015 |
| Isa Ab Samad | **IND** | | 18 April 2016 |  | 17 April 2019 |
| Jamilah Sulaiman | **BN** (**PBS**) | | 7 November 2012 |  | 6 November 2015 |
| | | | 22 December 2015 |  | 21 December 2018 |
| Jaspal Singh Gurbakhes Singh | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 2 November 2011 |  | 1 November 2014 |
| | | | 20 November 2014 |  | 19 November 2017 |
| John Ambrose | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 16 January 2018 |  | 15 January 2021 |
| Khairuddin E. S. Abdul Samad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 October 2013 |  | 6 October 2016 |
| | | | 10 October 2016 |  | 9 October 2019 |
| Khairul Azwan Harun | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 December 2016 |  | 6 December 2019 |
| Koh Tsu Koon | **BN** (**Gerakan**) | | 9 April 2009 |  | 8 April 2012 |
| | | | 9 April 2012 |  | 8 April 2015 |
| Loga Bala Mohan Jaganathan | **BN** (**myPPP**) | | 21 May 2013 |  | 20 May 2016 |
| | | | 16 May 2016 |  | 15 May 2019 |
| Maglin Dennis D'Cruz | **BN** (**PPP**) | | 2 June 2010 |  | 1 June 2013 |
| Mariany Mohammad Yit | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 15 December 2010 |  | 14 December 2013 |
| | | | 16 December 2013 |  | 15 December 2016 |
| Mashitah Ibrahim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 18 March 2008 |  | 17 March 2011 |
| | | | 21 March 2011 |  | 20 March 2014 |
| Maznah Mazlan | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 21 April 2008 |  | 20 April 2011 |
| | | | 25 April 2011 |  | 24 April 2014 |
| Megat Zulkarnain Omardin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 October 2013 |  | 6 October 2016 |
| | | | 10 October 2016 |  | 28 April 2018 |
| Mohamad Ezam Mohd. Nor | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 3 May 2010 |  | 2 May 2013 |
| | | | 26 August 2013 |  | 5 March 2014 |
| Mohammad Anwar Mohammad Nor | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 23 April 2015 |  | 22 April 2018 |
| Mohan Thangarasu | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 16 November 2017 |  | 15 November 2020 |
| Muhammad Olian Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 9 December 2009 |  | 8 December 2012 |
| | | | 10 December 2012 |  | 9 December 2015 |
| Mustapa Kamal Mohd Yusoff | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 December 2016 |  | 6 December 2019 |
| Nallakaruppan Solaimalai | **MIUP** | | 2 November 2011 |  | 1 November 2014 |
| | | | 3 November 2014 |  | 2 November 2017 |
| Ng Chiang Chin | **BN** (**Gerakan**) | | 10 September 2014 |  | 9 September 2017 |
| | | | 25 September 2017 |  | 24 September 2020 |
| Noriah Mahat | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 3 May 2010 |  | 2 May 2013 |
| | | | 19 July 2013 |  | 18 July 2016 |
| Norliza Abdul Rahim | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 30 May 2011 |  | 29 May 2014 |
| | | | 30 May 2014 |  | 29 May 2017 |
| Ong Chong Swen | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 19 February 2018 |  | 18 February 2021 |
| Pau Chiong Ung | **BN** (**SPDP**) | |  |  |  |
| | | | 13 December 2010 |  | 12 December 2013 |
| Paul Igai | **BN** (**PDP**) | | 4 December 2017 |  | 3 December 2020 |
| Paul Low Seng Kuan | **IND** | | 21 May 2013 |  | 20 May 2016 |
| | | | 16 May 2016 |  | 15 May 2019 |
| Rabiyah Ali | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 December 2016 |  | 6 December 2019 |
| Rahemah Idris | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 December 2016 |  | 6 December 2019 |
| Rahimah Mahamad | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 20 February 2014 |  | 19 February 2017 |
| | | | 31 March 2017 |  | 30 March 2020 |
| Raja Ropiah Raja Abdullah | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 9 April 2012 |  | 8 April 2015 |
| S. Bagiam Ayem Perumal | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 22 August 2011 |  | 21 August 2014 |
| | | | 25 August 2014 |  | 24 August 2017 |
| Salleh Said Keruak | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 29 July 2015 |  | 28 April 2018 |
| Sambanthan Manickam | **BN** (**AMIPF**) | | 25 September 2017 |  | 24 September 2020 |
| Shahanim Mohamad Yusoff | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 16 November 2017 |  | 15 November 2020 |
| Sim Kui Hian | **BN** (**SUPP**) | | 26 May 2014 |  | 25 May 2017 |
| | | | 5 June 2017 |  | 28 April 2018 |
| Sopiah Sharif | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 17 July 2017 |  | 16 July 2020 |
| Subramaniam Veruthasalam | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 22 August 2011 |  | 21 August 2014 |
| | | | 25 August 2014 |  | 24 August 2017 |
| Syed Ibrahim Kader | **KIMMA** | | 30 May 2011 |  | 29 May 2014 |
| | | | 30 May 2014 |  | 29 May 2017 |
| Teo Eng Tee | **BN** (**Gerakan**) | | 16 January 2018 |  | 15 January 2021 |
| Vigneswaran Sanasee (President) | **BN** (**MIC**) | | 23 June 2014 |  | 22 June 2017 |
| | | | 23 June 2017 |  | 22 June 2020 |
| Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy | **HINDRAF** | | 5 June 2013 |  | 10 February 2014 |
| Wilfred Yong Chen Leong | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 13 April 2015 |  | 12 April 2018 |
| Yahaya Mat Ghani | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 7 October 2013 |  | 6 October 2016 |
| | | | 10 October 2016 |  | 9 October 2019 |
| Yong Wui Chung | **BN** (**PBB**) | | 22 August 2017 |  | 21 August 2020 |
| Yoo Wei How | **BN** (**MCA**) | | 8 December 2014 |  | 7 December 2017 |
| Yunus Kurus | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 30 May 2011 |  | 29 May 2014 |
| | | | 30 May 2014 |  | 29 May 2017 |
| Zali Mat Yasin | **BN** (**UMNO**) | | 8 December 2014 |  | 7 December 2017 |

## Death in office

## Footnotes

1. "Proclamation - Summon the Parliament \[P.U. (A) 166/2013\]" (PDF). Attorney General's Chamber of Malaysia. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2019.
2. "Proclamation - Dissolution of Parliament \[P.U. (A) 91/2018\]" (PDF). Attorney General's Chamber of Malaysia. 6 April 2018.
3. "Senate List of Senators". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
4. "Senate Archive List of Senators". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
5. "Hansard Majlis Mengangkat Sumpah". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.

## InfoBox

| 13th Parliament of Malaysia | |
| --- | --- |
| 12th Parliament 14th Parliament | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | Parliament of Malaysia |
| Jurisdiction | Malaysia |
| Meeting place | Malaysian Houses of Parliament |
| Term | 24 June 2013 – 7 April 2018 |
| Election | Indirect election and appointments |
| Website | www.parlimen.gov.my |
| Dewan Negara | |
|  | |
| Members | 70 |
| President | Abu Zahar Ujang (until 26 April 2016)
S. Vigneswaran |
| Deputy President | Doris Sophia Brodi (until 11 March 2016)
Abdul Halim Abdul Samad |
| Secretary | Zamani Sulaiman (until 7 September 2014)
Riduan Rahmat |
| Party control | Barisan Nasional |
| Sovereign | |
| Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah (until 12 December 2016)
Sultan Muhammad V |
| Sessions | |
| 1st 25 June 2013 – 19 December 2013  2nd 10 March 2014 – 18 December 2014  3rd 9 March 2015 – 28 January 2016  4th 7 March 2016 – 21 December 2016  5th 6 March 2017 – 19 December 2017  6th 5 March 2018 – 5 April 2018 | |


title: WKKL

abstract: WKKL is a radio station broadcasting a classic alternative format. Licensed to West Barnstable, Massachusetts, United States, the station serves the Cape Cod area. The station is owned by Cape Cod Community College. The station is used as part of the classroom setting for their Associate degree program in communications. The studios are located on the campus of Cape Cod Community College in the Makkay Broadcast Center. In 1992, WKKL began simulcasting some hours of programming from WBUR, a public radio station in Boston. That relationship ended in 1999, due to WBUR's 1997 acquisition of the 1240 AM facility in West Yarmouth, the signal of which heavily overlaps with WKKL. In late December 2019, WKKL stopped broadcasting on 90.7 FM due to damage to the station's radio tower. In fall of 2020, repair of the radio tower was made possible by a donation from the Cape Cod Community College Educational Foundation, and the station returned to the airwaves by late December 2020. Today, the station provides programming on air and online as students and alumni DJs are hosting shows featuring WKKL's classic alternative music format as well as a growing number of podcasts.

text:
# WKKL

**WKKL** (90.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic alternative format. Licensed to West Barnstable, Massachusetts, United States, the station serves the Cape Cod area. The station is owned by Cape Cod Community College. The station is used as part of the classroom setting for their Associate degree program in communications. The studios are located on the campus of Cape Cod Community College in the Makkay Broadcast Center.

In 1992, WKKL began simulcasting some hours of programming from WBUR, a public radio station in Boston. That relationship ended in 1999, due to WBUR's 1997 acquisition of the 1240 AM facility in West Yarmouth, the signal of which heavily overlaps with WKKL.

In late December 2019, WKKL stopped broadcasting on 90.7 FM due to damage to the station's radio tower. In fall of 2020, repair of the radio tower was made possible by a donation from the Cape Cod Community College Educational Foundation, and the station returned to the airwaves by late December 2020. Today, the station provides programming on air and online as students and alumni DJs are hosting shows featuring WKKL's classic alternative music format as well as a growing number of podcasts.

## InfoBox

WKKL
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area |  |
| Frequency | 90.7 MHz |
| Branding | *"WKKL FM 90.7"* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Alternative rock, hip hop |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Cape Cod Community College |
| History | |
| First air date | September 19, 1977 (1977-09-19) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 8572 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 305 watts |
| HAAT | 38 meters (125 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 41°41′31.3″N 70°20′14″W / 41.692028°N 70.33722°W / 41.692028; -70.33722 (WKKL) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | WKKL webpage within Cape Cod Community College |


title: Mentrix

abstract: Samar Rad, known professionally as Mentrix, is an Iranian-born musician, songwriter and multidisciplinary artist, currently based in Berlin. Her music often fuses traditional Iranian instruments and vocal styles with electronics.

text:
# Mentrix

**Samar Rad**, known professionally as **Mentrix**, is an Iranian-born musician, songwriter and multidisciplinary artist, currently based in Berlin. Her music often fuses traditional Iranian instruments and vocal styles with electronics.

## Life and career

Samar was born in Tehran, Iran, where she lived until she was 8, at the end of the Iran-Iraq war. Thereafter her childhood was divided between France and her country of birth. Her early adult years were spent in Paris, where she attended university, and the UK. It was in the UK that she began to experiment with music, inspired by her Sufi practice. Samar wrote her first song in 2013, in which year she also contributed guest vocals to the Fink album *Hard Believer*. This was her first credit under the name Mentrix, a name she chose for herself “because I was looking for the female version of \[the word\] mentor… and I couldn’t really find one.”

In 2015 Samar settled in Berlin, where she began writing and recording for what would be her debut album. She trained with Iranian vocalists in LA and Paris, also teaching herself guitar and Daf, an Iranian framed drum. This instrument helped to form the sound of the record: “I knew I wanted Daf to be at the core.”.

Released in early 2020, *My Enemy, My Love* was met by positive reviews, with *Mojo* calling it a “mesmerising debut” and *Future Music* describing it as an “intoxicating clash of eastern and western cultures.”.

To accompany the album’s singles “Walk” and “Nature”, Samar collaborated with French director Gilles Estève to produce two short films, both filmed in Iran in 2018 and released in 2020.

In 2021 Samar composed a song in Twi language for the German film *Borga*.

## *Prince of Persia: The Lost Crown*

In June 2023 Mentrix was announced as one of the composers for the latest game in the Ubisoft *Prince of Persia* series. *Prince of Persia: The Lost Crown* was released in January 2024. The game also features music by award-winning composer Gareth Coker.

## Discography

### Albums

* *My Enemy, My Love* (House of Strength, 2020)

### EPs

* *Men Mix Mentrix* (House of Strength, 2020)

### Singles

* "Walk" (House of Strength, 2020)
* "Nature" (House of Strength, 2020)
* "99 Names of God" (House of Strength, 2021)
* "BE MAHSA BE NIKA" (Apranik Records, 2023)

### with Conscious Summary

#### Singles

* “If” (Springstoff, 2022)

## InfoBox

| Mentrix | |
| --- | --- |
| Mentrix in 2023 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Samar Rad |
| Born | 1981 (age 4243) |
| Genres | Electronic, Goth-pop, Iranian, Traditional |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, Songwriter, Producer, Film producer |
| Instrument(s) | Voice, Daf, Percussion, Guitar |
| Labels | House of Strength, Springstoff |


title: Mentsikhang

abstract: Mentsikhang, translated as Tibetan Medical Calendar College or Medical Astrological College, was a hospital and medical school. It was located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region. In 1959, Mentsikhang merged with the former Chagpori to form the Lhasa Tibetan Medicine Hospital, which was transformed into the Tibetan Hospital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1980.

text:
# Mentsikhang

**Mentsikhang** (门孜康, Tibetan: སྨན་རྩིས་ཁང་, Wylie transcription: sman rtsis khang, THL: men tsi khang), translated as **Tibetan Medical Calendar College** or **Medical Astrological College**, was a hospital and medical school. It was located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region. In 1959, Mentsikhang merged with the former Chagpori to form the Lhasa Tibetan Medicine Hospital, which was transformed into the Tibetan Hospital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1980.

## History

In Tibetan, "men" means "medical", "tsi" refers to "calendar", thus "mentsikhang" means "medical calendar hospital". In Tibetan medicine theory, human body condition is influenced by astronomical changes, and the growth and efficacy of Tibetan medicinal plants is influenced by seasonal changes, so traditional Tibetan medicine is heavily connected to the Tibetan calendar.

With approval of the 13th Lama, in 1916, Tekhang Jampa Thubwang established the Mentsikhang. Thubwang designated his close disciple Khyenrab Norbu as director but took sole responsibility for its administration and overall development. Mentsikhang was an outcome of the 13th Lama's attempt to shift power away from big monasteries to the Kashag. The building has an east–west layout, the door facing south, two story high, 66 meters long (now 60 meters), 18 meters wide. It has an outpatient department and a Tibetan medicine research and teaching center. The east and west ends of the second story are living spaces of the director and vice director. Director Khyenrab Norbu lived in the west end, the vice director lived in the east end, and the middle rooms are the research and teaching departments. The two ends of the lower floor are for other doctors' living spaces, the center for a spacious teaching room. The hospital had a total of five professors, including two for Tibetan medicine, two for astronomy and calendar, one for ophthalmology. The army, monasteries, and aristocratic families had to send quotas of students to Mentsikhang, and trained amchi were sent back to needy communities and monasteries after completing their training. Anthropologist Martin Saxer wrote that "probably for the first time in Tibetan history, a state-sponsored public healthcare system started to sprout".

Khyenrab Norbu became a monk in Tsedang Atsurin at an early age. Later, because of his outstanding talent, he was sent by the old lama of the monastery to study Tibetan medicine at Chagpori. He started his medical studies under Sera physician Ngawang Choeden and later sought education on medicine, astrology, and other fields of Tibetan studies from physicians and scholars like Tekhang Jampa Thubwang, Dorjee Gyaltsen, Jampal Rolpai Lodoe, Lama Ugyen Tenzim of Sikkim, Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen of Kinnaur, Chikchar Dungzin Rinpoche of Tsari, and others. Khyenrab Norbu mainly studied medicine and calendars, and also learned other cultural knowledge. In 1912, Norbu became a doctor in Drepung Monastery. Later, he became the first director of Mentsikhang. Thereafter, he recruited many young students from monasteries, soldiers, and farmers and herdsmen throughout Tibet for training, and successively trained more than a thousand students, contributing greatly to the development of Tibetan medicine.

In 1959, Mentsikhang merged with the former Chagpori to form the Lhasa Tibetan Medicine Hospital, which was transformed into the Tibetan Hospital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1980. In terms of hardware, the government had allocated 230,000 yuan to remodel a number of tin houses and move the outpatient clinic to the front of the old Mentsikhang building for the convenience of the public. In 1976, the government further allocated 1.21 million yuan to construct a new outpatient clinic building.


title: Walling Van Winkle

abstract: Walling Jocobse Van Winkle (1650–1725) was an early settler of the Northern New Jersey area and the namesake for the town of Wallington, New Jersey, where he had built a home.

text:
# Walling Van Winkle

**Walling Jocobse Van Winkle** (1650–1725) was an early settler of the Northern New Jersey area and the namesake for the town of Wallington, New Jersey, where he had built a home.

## Family history

He was the son of Jacob Walingen (sometimes spelled Waligh) (b. 1599 d. 8/17/1657). Jacob along with his brother Simon Waligh (b. unknown d. 3//1649) were the first of the Van Winkle family to arrive in America from the Netherlands in 1630. The brothers were given parcels of land to farm from the Kiliaen van Rensselaer estate which included Papscanee Island. Simon purchased a plantation on Manhattan Island but was killed shortly after by Native Americans in Pavonia (modern day Jersey City, New Jersey).

Jacob spent many years after this event traveling between the Netherlands and the Dutch colony of New Netherland negotiating for land purchases within certain parts of the colony. Jacob became a member of Council of twelve men which was the first representative official body within the states of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. After unsuccessfully trying to start a community along the Connecticut River and drive out the encroaching English settlers, Jacob settled down to farm a large parcel of land located in Pavonia.

A particularly severe out break of hostilities between the natives and the colonists known as the Peach War forced survivors, including Jacob, to flee to Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. After peace was restored Jacob returned to Pavonia and rebuilt his farm. Jacob entered a trade guild in 1657 but died shortly after, leaving behind a wife and seven children.

## Personal history

The Dutch custom in the 17th century was that the son would take the father's first name as their last name (Jocobse=son of Jacob)


title: Walling v. Helmerich & Payne, Inc.

abstract: Walling v. Helmerich & Payne, Inc, 323 U.S. 37 (1944), is a US labor law case, concerning the minimum wage.

text:
# Walling v. Helmerich & Payne, Inc.

***Walling v. Helmerich & Payne, Inc***, 323 U.S. 37 (1944), is a US labor law case, concerning the minimum wage.

## Facts

The employer, Helmerich and Payne Inc had the practice of paying workers more in the second half of the day than the first, so that overtime on weekends was calculated to the lower rate (clocked premiums) and could not be premium pay, so as to keep wages for overtime the average.

## Judgment

Justice Murphy, writing for the majority, held that clock premiums or rolled up pay cannot be treated as premium pay.

## InfoBox

| Walling v. Helmerich & Payne, Inc. | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued October 17, 1944
Decided November 6, 1944 | |
| Full case name | *Walling v. Helmerich & Payne, Inc.* |
| Citations | 323 U.S. 37 (*more*)65 S. Ct. 11; 89 L. Ed. 29 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | 138 F.2d 705 (10th Cir. 1943); cert. granted, 321 U.S. 759 (1944). |
| Holding | |
| Contracts of employment providing for the computation of compensation on the so-called Poxon or split-day plan do not conform to the requirements of § 7(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone  Associate Justices Owen Roberts **·**  Hugo Black
Stanley F. Reed **·**  Felix Frankfurter
William O. Douglas **·**  Frank Murphy
Robert H. Jackson **·**  Wiley B. Rutledge | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | Murphy, joined by *unanimous* |
| Laws applied | |
| Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 | |