title: George Fielding Blandford

abstract: George Fielding Blandford (1829–1911) was a British physician, known as a psychiatrist. He was author of Insanity and its Treatment (1871), which went through four editions and was translated into German.

text:
# George Fielding Blandford

**George Fielding Blandford** FRCP (1829–1911) was a British physician, known as a psychiatrist. He was author of *Insanity and its Treatment* (1871), which went through four editions and was translated into German.

## Biography

After education from 1840 to 1841 at Tonbridge School and from 1841 to 1848 at Rugby School, G. Fielding Blandford matriculated in 1848 at Wadham College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1852 and MA in 1857. In October 1852 he began the study of medicine at St George's Hospital, London, graduating BM (Oxon.) in 1857. In 1857 he also qualified LSA. He qualified MRCS in 1858 and MRCP in 1860.

In 1857 Blandford sometimes took holiday duty (on an unofficial basis) at St Luke's Hospital, where he became a friend of several of the medical staff, including Alexander John Sutherland. Sutherland was the owner of Blacklands House, a London private asylum for gentlemen. Blandford was from 1859 to 1863 resident medical officer at Blacklands House and then in 1863 resigned his appointment to go into private consulting practice.

> He then obtained appointments as visiting physician to Blacklands House and its successor Newlands House, Tooting, to Otto House, Hammersmith, to Featherstone Hall, Southall, and to Clarence Lodge, Clapham Park. From 1874 to 1895 he was proprietor of Munster House, Fulham.

From 1865 to 1902 he was lecturer on psychological medicine at St George's Hospital. In 1869 he was elected FRCP. In 1877 he was president of the Medico-Psychological Association. In 1895 he gave the Lumleian Lectures on *The Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Prophylaxis of Insanity*.

His private practice, begun in 1863, was first in Clarges Street, then in Grosvenor Street, and finally at 48 Wimpole Street, and rapidly became large with an excellent reputation. In 1909 he retired from his London practice to live at Tunbridge Wells. He was a leading authority on legislation dealing with mental illness. His book *Insanity and its Treatment* maintained an international reputation for twenty years.

> Blandford also wrote valuable articles on 'Insanity' in the second (1894) and third (1902) editions of 'Quain's Dictionary of Medicine'; 'Prevention of Insanity' and 'Prognosis of Insanity' in 'Tuke's Dictionary of Psychological Medicine' (1892); and 'Insanity ' in the 'Twentieth Century Practice of Medicine' (1897). He was a frequent contributor to the 'Journal of Mental Science,' to the first twenty-four volumes of which he prepared an index.

> Blandford was athletic in early life, and belonged for several years to the 2nd (South) Middlesex volunteers. He was also interested in art, literature, and music, showing skill in water-colour sketching and collecting from an early period Whistler's etchings, besides contributing a few unsigned articles to the 'Cornhill Magazine.'

He was a member of the Athenaeum Club, London.

## Family

In 1864 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, G. Fielding Blandford married Louisa Holloway. They had two sons and two daughters. The elder son, Walter Fielding Holloway Blandford (1864–1952), became a lecturer in entomology and then worked as a law clerk and solicitor. The younger son, Maurice Fielding Holloway Blandford (1866–1957), married Louisa Kathleen Robinson in 1899. The elder daughter, Violet Elsie Fielding Blandford, was born in 1873. The younger daughter, Katherine Fielding Blandford, was born in 1871. When he died in 1911, G. Fielding Blandford was survived by his widow and all four of his children.

## Selected publications

1. Power, D'Arcy (1912). "Blandford, George Fielding". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement)*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 176–177.
2. "George Fielding Blandford". *Munk's Roll, Volume IV, Lives of the Fellows, Royal College of Physicians*.
3. R. P. S (2 September 1911). "George Fielding Blandford, M.D., F.R.C.P." *Br Med J*. **2** (2644): 524–526. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2644.524. JSTOR 25287654. PMC 2331532.
4. "Alexander John Sutherland". *Munk's Roll, Volume IV, Lives of the Fellows, Royal College of Physicians*.
5. "Blandford, George Fielding, M.A., M.D. Oxon". *Who's Who*. 1907. p. 169.
6. "Obituary. George Fielding Blandford". *The Lancet*. **2**: 733–734. 2 September 1911. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)69469-8.

## InfoBox

| George Fielding Blandford | |
| --- | --- |
| George Fielding Blandford, 1861 photograph | |
| Born | (1829-03-07)7 March 1829
Hindon, Wiltshire, England |
| Died | 18 August 1911(1911-08-18) (aged 82)
Tunbridge Wells |
| Nationality | United Kingdom |
| Known for | *Insanity and its Treatment* (1871) |


title: Plexaurella

abstract: Plexaurella is a genus of gorgonian-type octocorals in the family Plexauridae. Species of the genus are typically characterised by their slit-pores, however, there are some which lack this distinguishing feature. Sclerite examination is necessary for species identification, which reveals the characteristic 4-rayed 'butterfly' spicules of the cortex and the lack of purple sclerites in the axial sheath.

text:
# Plexaurella

***Plexaurella*** is a genus of gorgonian-type octocorals in the family Plexauridae. Species of the genus are typically characterised by their slit-pores, however, there are some which lack this distinguishing feature (e.g. *P. grisea*). Sclerite examination is necessary for species identification, which reveals the characteristic 4-rayed 'butterfly' spicules of the cortex and the lack of purple sclerites in the axial sheath.

## Species

The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species in the genus:

## InfoBox

| *Plexaurella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coral reef assembly with *Plexaurella nutans* at right back | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Octocorallia |
| Order: | Alcyonacea |
| Family: | Plexauridae |
| Genus: | *Plexaurella*<br>Kölliker, 1865 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Mary Beth Harshbarger

abstract: Mary Beth Harshbarger is an American woman who rose to media attention when she shot her husband, Mark Harshbarger, during a hunting trip in Newfoundland, Canada, thinking he was a bear. She was charged with "criminal negligence causing death" and found not guilty.

text:
# Mary Beth Harshbarger

**Mary Beth Harshbarger** (born February 19, 1965) is an American woman who rose to media attention when she shot her husband, Mark Harshbarger, during a hunting trip in Newfoundland, Canada, thinking he was a bear. She was charged with "criminal negligence causing death" and found not guilty.

## Background

Harshbarger lived in Meshoppen, Pennsylvania with her husband Mark (married on June 23, 2001) and their two children.

## Shooting incident

On September 14, 2006, Mary Beth, her husband Mark and their two young children, and Mark's brother Barry Harshbarger, were on a hunting trip outside of Buchans Junction, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The facts of the case state that Mary Beth was sitting in the back of a Chevy pickup truck with her children, armed with a rifle, on a logging road late in the day. She waited with her children while Mark and a local hunting guide walked through the nearby spruce woods in the hopes of flushing out a black bear. Barry was at a hunting blind elsewhere in the woods.

Mark began to walk back toward the truck with the guide, the guide stopping to urinate in the woods. At this point Mark walked towards the van, ahead of the guide, in dark clothing without an orange hunting hat or vest to improve his visibility. At 7:55 pm (NT) as he emerged from the woods, Mary Beth told police that she saw a dark shape that she believed was a black bear, and fired her rifle. What she shot was not a black bear however, but was instead her husband Mark. When he was shot, Mark Harshbarger was approximately 200 feet from the truck in which his wife Mary Beth and two children were seated. In recounting the incident to Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers at the lodge where they were staying immediately after the shooting, Mary Beth said she had looked through the scope twice to make sure what she was seeing really was a bear. She insisted that she had not seen the blue of Mark Harshbarger's pants, but instead seen the black of a bear.

According to Dr. Nash Denic, the St. John's, Newfoundland pathologist who autopsied him, Mark Harshberger died of one gunshot wound to the abdomen. Dr. Denic revealed during Mary Beth Harshberger's trial that Mark would most likely have been leaning over when he was struck by a bullet.

## Trial

Following a lengthy investigation, Canadian officials issued charges in April 2008. After several years of appeals, Mary Beth Harshbarger was ordered by U.S. District Judge Thomas I. Vanaskie to surrender to the U.S. Marshals Service by 2pm on May 14, 2010. She was then extradited to Canada to stand trial for criminal negligence in the case of her husband's shooting in 2006. Mary Beth Harshbarger arrived in Newfoundland on May 17 to face the charges. If convicted, Mary Beth faced a minimum of four years in prison.

Mary Beth Harshbarger was tried in the Newfoundland and Labrador Supreme Court in Grand Falls-Windsor on a count of criminal negligence. The case was heard without a jury in the courtroom of Justice Richard LeBlanc.

During a re-enactment that was used as evidence by the defense during the trial, hunting guide Lambert Greene and Reg White owner of the Moosehead Lodge where the Harshbargers stayed during their trip, said what they saw through Harshbarger's rifle scope looked more animal than human. Police who conducted two re-enactments said that all they could make out through Mary Beth's rifle scope was a “black mass” and that it was “plausible” that she thought she was aiming at a bear. The prosecution argued that Mary Beth knew her husband was in those woods, and that it was possible he would be emerging from the site at any time, wearing dark clothing.

In Mary Beth's defense, Dr. Denic, the pathologist that conducted an autopsy on Mark Harshbarger after his fatal accident concluded that Mark was most likely leaning or hunched over when he was struck by the bullet. The issue of his posture was significant to the trial as Mary Beth had steadily maintained that she thought her husband was a black bear. Several witnesses during the trial suggested that it was too dark for any hunter to have shot with confidence.

Mary Beth was found not guilty of criminal negligence causing death in the shooting death of her husband. Justice Richard LeBlanc concluded that the Crown had failed to prove Harshbarger displayed a complete disregard for the safety of others, and that the death was “a result of an accident and nothing more”.

## Controversy

While Mary Beth believed she shot at a bear and that her mistake could be attributed to her poor visibility and Mark's dark clothing and was found not guilty by a judge, the Harshbarger family has insisted that the shooting was deliberate. Mark's father Leonard Harshbarger was quoted in the media as saying "It isn't an accident to mistake someone for something else and kill him. That's a negligent act…"

There are reports that Mary Beth and her husband Mark had increased their life insurance not long before the hunting trip. Mary Beth collected on life insurance policies worth $550,000 (US).

After Mark Harshbarger's death from injuries sustained during the shooting incident, his brother Barry Harshbarger moved into the marital home that his brother had shared with Mary Beth and Mary Beth and Barry began a relationship. However, when Mary Beth Harshbarger left the home to stand trial in Canada in May 2011, Barry Harshbarger engaged in a relationship with another woman.

Following her acquittal and return to her home that Barry was still living in, on November 1, 2011, Barry Harshbarger obtained a temporary protection from abuse order (PFA) against Mary Beth, claiming that ‘I am in fear for my life', alleging she had unstable behaviour and past violence. In the order Barry Harshbarger claimed that Mary Beth had threatened him by pointing a loaded rifle at him at some point prior to October 18, 2011. At the hearing, the judge found that Barry's claims were inaccurate exaggerations and were not enough to keep the protective order in place.

## Media coverage

The shooting incident and the subsequent trial garnered significant media interest. The story was televised by *Dateline NBC* under the title "As Darkness Fell", *The Fifth Estate* in a special entitled "Til Death Do Us Part" and *Snapped* titled "Mary Beth Harshbarger" on the Oxygen Network.

*Outdoor Canada* magazine conducted an in-depth investigative report into the story in their Winter 2010 issue entitled "Another Fine Day Afield".

1. "Mary Beth Harshbarger found not guilty". *The Telegram*. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
2. Baker, Robert L. (4 September 2010). "Harshbarger's father speaks out about widow's upcoming shooting trial". *thetimes-tribune.com*. The Times-Tribune. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
3. "Hunter leaning when shot by wife, N.L. trial told". *CBC News*. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
4. "Extradition looms for hunter who shot husband". *Outdoor Canada*. 7 May 2010. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
5. "Guide describes fatal shot in U.S. hunter's trial". *CBC News*. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
6. "U.S. woman charged in hunting death in N.L. court". *CBC News*. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
7. Nexstar Broadcasting. "Charges filed in Canada against Mary Beth Harshbarger"
8. Loewenstein, James (3 November 2011). "Troy man gets PFA order against woman who killed his brother". *thedailyreview.com*. Greg Zyla. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
9. BAKER, ROBERT L. (28 October 2011). "Harshbarger kin seeks protection order against woman who killed brother". *The Times-Tribune*. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
10. Loewenstein, James (3 December 2011). "Judge throws out PFA order that had been lodged against Mary Beth Harshbarger". *thedailyreview.com*. Greg Zyla. Retrieved 1 March 2012.The Daily Review. Dec 3, 2011. "Judge throws out PFA order that had been lodged against Mary Beth Harshbarger."
11. "As Darkness Fell, Part 1". *Dateline NBC*. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
12. CBC. 'Till Death Do Us Part: Synopsis'
13. "Episode 926: Mary Beth Harshbarger". *Oxygen Official Site*. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2017.

## InfoBox

| Mary Beth Harshbarger | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1965-02-19) February 19, 1965 |
| Known for | Shooting death of her husband |
| Criminal charge | Criminal negligence causing death |
| Criminal status | Not guilty |
| Spouse | Mark B. Harshbarger  (m. 2001; died 2006) |
| Children | 3 |


title: Nagaoka Contemporary Art Museum

abstract: The Nagaoka Contemporary Art Museum was a museum of art located in Nagaoka City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. It is regarded as the first contemporary art museum in the country. Founded in 1964 by Jūkichi Komagata, it was established with the aim of actively assisting the development of gendai bijutsu scene in Niigata and beyond. In addition to hosting an annual international art competition that highlighted the work and fostered the development of up-and-coming avant-garde artists, it also developed a rich and diverse contemporary art collection through both the fruits of these competitions and acquisition of works by established well-known artists. The Museum is particularly well-known for its connection to the artist collective Group Ultra Niigata (GUN), which developed in the lobby cafe of the Museum's building with the ultimately successful aspiration of showcasing their work there. The Museum closed in 1979 after being open for only fifteen years, but its legacy as one of Japan's earliest sites dedicated to contemporary art lives on to this day.

text:
# Nagaoka Contemporary Art Museum

The **Nagaoka Contemporary Art Museum** was a museum of art located in Nagaoka City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. It is regarded as the first contemporary art museum in the country. Founded in 1964 by Jūkichi Komagata, it was established with the aim of actively assisting the development of *gendai bijutsu* (contemporary art) scene in Niigata and beyond. In addition to hosting an annual international art competition that highlighted the work and fostered the development of up-and-coming avant-garde artists, it also developed a rich and diverse contemporary art collection through both the fruits of these competitions and acquisition of works by established well-known artists. The Museum is particularly well-known for its connection to the artist collective Group Ultra Niigata (GUN), which developed in the lobby cafe of the Museum's building with the ultimately successful aspiration of showcasing their work there. The Museum closed in 1979 after being open for only fifteen years, but its legacy as one of Japan's earliest sites dedicated to contemporary art lives on to this day.

## History and Development

The Nagaoka Contemporary Art Museum was founded on 2 August 1964, by banker and private collector Jūkichi Komagata. A native of Fukuromachi in Nagaoka City, Komagata made his fortune as the founding manager of Hokuetsu Industrial Mujitsu (now Daiko Bank) and was deeply invested in the cultural development of his home city. He was particularly interested in *yōga*, and his large personal collection of *yōga* paintings (later called the Daiko Collection) became one of the foundations for Nagaoka Contemporary's Collection. Despite its rich collection, however, the museum became even better known for its annual art competition, which culminated yearly in the *Nagaoka Contemporary Award Exhibition*. In addition to Japanese artists and jurors, from its second year onward, the museum invited representatives from the U.S., Italy, West Germany, and Great Britain to participate in both the competition and judging. The competition also quickly became a crucial foundation for Nagaoka Contemporary's Collection, as the Museum acquired many of the works shown in the competition. The competition became a breakthrough point for many artists who would become leaders in the Japanese avant-garde art scene, such as Mono-ha artist Nobuo Sekine, who received a prize at the competition's 1968 iteration.

In addition to its organized activities to promote art, Nagaoka Contemporary became an informal hub for creatives of the 1960s and 1970s as well. The cafe lobby of the museum's building was a frequent haunt of artists Tadashi Maeyama and Michio Horikawa, who went on establish the Niigata Contemporary Art Collective or GUN (originally short for *Gendai Bijutsu Shūdan* and later changed to Group Ultra Niigata) together in 1967. The group, which had aspired to exhibit at Nagaoka Contemporary since its inception, presented their first exhibition a floor above the museum at the Nagaoka Culture Hall, and as their fame increased, they eventually went on to show their work at Nagaoka Contemporary as well. The Museum was both the inspiration and planning site for a number of the group's activities, notably including their Land Art project, *Event to Change the Image of Snow.*

## Collection

Aside from the Daiko Collection, a large collection of *yoga* pieces amassed by Komagata, the Museum was also known for its collections of Japanese contemporary sculpture and prints, as well as international modern painting from the late 19th to the early 20th century. Significant artists represented in the collection included:

The building itself was decorated with works from the Museum's permanent collection. An abstract relief by Aomori artist Yoshishige Saito adorned the front of the building. This choice was demonstrative of the many hats the museum wore as a pioneering museum of both contemporary and modern art, as Saito's work sough to the toe the line between two-dimensional painterly works and three-dimensional structure. This particular relief evoked both the abstract expressionist style of the post-World War II, while simultaneously pushing the same conceptual limits that his Mono-ha contemporaries were testing.

The selection of a mural by the artist Josaku Maeda to decorate the second-floor lobby of the museum was likely also a strategic symbolic choice, as the painter was known for his brightly colored, abstract works that flouted traditional *nihonga* color palettes and frequently featured mandalas as their primary subject matter. The work of such an artist was ideal for a contemporary art museum that that touted its international (at in this case transnational) scope while simultaneously actively supporting the pursuits of local and domestic artists.

## Major exhibitions

Nagaoka Contemporary hosted a total of five annual Award competitions through 1968, with a corresponding exhibition to showcase the work of the participants. The competition's first winner was Japanese artist Shinjiro Okamato in 1964, followed by Italian Enrico Castellani (1966), Katsuhiro Yamaguchi (1967), and Sekine (1968).

## Closure and legacy

Despite the success of the Nagaoka Contemporary, it remained financially dependent on Komagata and his businesses, including Daiko Mutual, a large banking firm in Japan at the time. In the 1970s, Daiko Mutual fell into financial straits in the wake of a loan scandal, and the museum was forced to close in 1979 to cover this setback. In recent years, Komagata had also been losing interest in the museum's original mission, believing that the time for contemporary art had passed and shifting his interests instead to earlier Japanese painting and ceramics. As a result, Nagaoka Contemporary was likely lower on his list of priorities as an institution to save, making it an early sacrifice to recovering Daiko Mutual's financial losses.

Nagaoka Contemporary's collection was divided and sold to a number of museums across Japan, and most of the works that remained ultimately became absorbed by the collections at the Niigata Prefectural Museum of Modern Art and the Jukichi Komagata Memorial Museum of Art, both established in Nagaoka City in 1994. The building is now home to the Nagaoka Kawaguchi Cultural Center.

Though relatively short lived, the Nagaoka Contemporary Museum of Art made history as the first contemporary art museum in Japan, and its widespread impact on the contemporary art scene can continue to be seen throughout the country today. The number of contemporary art museums in Japan has increased dramatically since Nagaoka Contemporary first opened in 1964, and such institutions are crucially not limited to the nation's major cities. In the past several decades, a number of internationally renowned contemporary art festivals have emerged across Japan, notably including the Echigo-Tsumari Triennial in Niigata. The development of such a varied infrastructure is in part a product of the pioneering step Nagaoka Contemporary took to introduce contemporary art not only to Japan, but especially to its rural peripheries.


title: Neocollyris brancuccii

abstract: Neocollyris brancuccii is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. It was described by Naviaux in 1992.

text:
# Neocollyris brancuccii

***Neocollyris brancuccii*** is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. It was described by Naviaux in 1992.

## InfoBox

| *Neocollyris brancuccii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Tribe: | Collyridini |
| Genus: | *Neocollyris* |
| Species: | ***N. brancuccii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neocollyris brancuccii***<br>Naviaux, 1992 | |
|


title: Point Battery

abstract: Point Battery is a former gun emplacement on Portsmouth Point in Hampshire. Part of the fortifications of Portsmouth, it was built alongside an earlier defensive structure to help defend Portsmouth Harbour in the event of an attack. Fort Blockhouse on the other side of the harbour entrance was rebuilt at around the same time as part of the same scheme. In the mid-19th century the battery was enlarged and Point Barracks were built alongside, to house the artillery troops responsible for manning the defences. Point Battery, along with the barracks and other associated structures, is a Grade I listed building.

text:
# Point Battery

**Point Battery** (which is also known by its earlier name, **Eighteen Gun Battery**) is a former gun emplacement on Portsmouth Point in Hampshire. Part of the fortifications of Portsmouth, it was built alongside an earlier defensive structure (the 15th-century Round Tower) to help defend Portsmouth Harbour in the event of an attack. Fort Blockhouse on the other side of the harbour entrance was rebuilt at around the same time as part of the same scheme. In the mid-19th century the battery was enlarged and **Point Barracks** were built alongside, to house the artillery troops responsible for manning the defences.

Point Battery, along with the barracks and other associated structures, is a Grade I listed building.

## History

The gun battery was created as part of Bernard de Gomme's rebuilding of the fortifications around Portsmouth in the late seventeenth century. It is a casemated structure which originally consisted of a long row of twelve gun emplacements facing out to sea, joined at the northern end to a protruding battery (known as the 'Flanking Battery'), which housed a further four guns in casemates. Two more casemates then completed the structure, linking the Flanking Battery to the Round Tower. In the mid-18th century one of the twelve main casemates was converted into a sally port.

In 1847 the battery was modified: the main casemates were deepened and expanded to accommodate new 68-pounder guns and an extra storey was added to the Flanking Battery to create five casemates on two levels (each housing a 32-pounder smoothbore gun). At the same time several houses along Broad Street, behind the battery, were demolished to enable the construction of buildings to form a barracks.

### Point Barracks

The barracks were built to provide living accommodation for Royal Artillery units responsible for defending Portsmouth and were completed between 1847 and 1850. Accommodation for soldiers was provided in a casemated block of four vaulted chambers, built to the east of the Round Tower (and linked to the latter by an L-shaped caponier with rifle slits for landward defence). On the roof of the barracks block were two *en barbette* gun emplacements.

Officers and NCOs were housed in buildings alongside the boundary wall that provided the frontage to Broad Street. A narrow parade ground was formed between the casemates to the west, the soldiers' barracks to the north and the officers' quarters to the east; entry to the barracks was by way of a gate at the narrow southern end of the compound.

### Later developments

Over time the battery benefited from improvements in artillery equipment. In the late 1890s three 12-pounder quick-firing guns were installed on the roof of the battery (and another on the roof of the Round Tower); these were replaced by a twin 6-pounder quick-firing gun in the late 1930s.

#### Decommissioning

Following disbandment of the UK's coastal artillery network after the Second World War, the battery and barracks were decommissioned in the early 1960s and the site was acquired by Portsmouth City Council. The area was opened up by demolishing the boundary wall and adjacent buildings. The rear wall of the casemates was removed, along with the roof-mounted gun emplacements. The southern half of the soldiers' barracks was also demolished, but the outline of the old barracks rooms is marked by stones in the ground alongside the surviving casemates.

## Present day

The upper part of the battery forms part of the seafront promenade between the Round Tower and the Square Tower to the south. Since the closure of the barracks the casemates had largely lain empty, but in 2014 the City Council secured funding to convert the spaces into 'a vibrant new creative quarter' known as 'Hotwalls Studios', which provides workspaces for artists alongside a 'deli-style café'.

## InfoBox

| Point Battery | |
| --- | --- |
| Portsmouth | |
| The Flanking Battery, as seen from the Round Tower | |
| Point BatteryLocation within Hampshire | |
| Coordinates | 50°47′26″N 1°06′31″W / 50.79045°N 1.10865°W / 50.79045; -1.10865 |
| Type | Coastal artillery |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Portsmouth City Council |
| Site history | |
| Built | c.1680 |
| Built for | Board of Ordnance |
| Architect | Bernard de Gomme |
| In use | 1680-1956 |
| Garrison information | |
| Occupants | Royal Artillery |


title: Idris Foster

abstract: Sir Idris Llewelyn Foster was a Welsh scholar and Jesus Professor of Celtic at the University of Oxford from 1947 until 1978. He was born in Carneddi, Bethesda, Caernarfonshire, Wales, and studied Latin and Welsh at the University College of North Wales, Bangor. He was appointed Head of the Department of Celtic at the University of Liverpool in 1936. His academic career was interrupted by World War II, when he worked in Naval Intelligence, contributing to the Geographical Handbook Series. He was appointed as the third holder of the Oxford chair in Celtic in 1947 and became a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford at the same time. He was knighted in 1977 and retired the following year back to his birthplace, where he died in 1984. His work in the field of Celtic Studies was in Medieval Welsh and Irish, both poetry and prose. He made a particular contribution to the study of tale of Culhwch ac Olwen, and his edition of the tale was published in 1992, after his death, by the assistance of his friends Rachel Bromwich and D. Simon Evans. He was involved in many Welsh organisations and societies, particularly the National Eisteddfod, where he was Chairman of the Council and President of the Court, the National Library of Wales, and the Church in Wales. The National Library of Wales holds the archive of his papers.

text:
# Idris Foster

**Sir Idris Llewelyn Foster** (23 July 1911 – 18 June 1984) was a Welsh scholar and Jesus Professor of Celtic at the University of Oxford from 1947 until 1978.

He was born in Carneddi, Bethesda, Caernarfonshire, Wales, and studied Latin and Welsh at the University College of North Wales, Bangor. He was appointed Head of the Department of Celtic at the University of Liverpool in 1936. His academic career was interrupted by World War II, when he worked in Naval Intelligence, contributing to the Geographical Handbook Series. He was appointed as the third holder of the Oxford chair in Celtic (originally held by Sir John Rhys) in 1947 and became a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford at the same time. He was knighted in 1977 and retired the following year back to his birthplace, where he died in 1984.

His work in the field of Celtic Studies was in Medieval Welsh and Irish, both poetry and prose. He made a particular contribution to the study of tale of Culhwch ac Olwen, and his edition of the tale was published in 1992, after his death, by the assistance of his friends Rachel Bromwich and D. Simon Evans.

He was involved in many Welsh organisations and societies, particularly the National Eisteddfod, where he was Chairman of the Council and President of the Court, the National Library of Wales (Treasurer and Vice-President), and the Church in Wales (member of the Governing Body). The National Library of Wales holds the archive of his papers.

## InfoBox

| Idris Foster | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 23 July 1911
Bethesda |
| Died | 18 June 1984  (aged 72)
Bethesda |
| Employer |  |
| Position held | Jesus Professor of Celtic (19471978) |


title: Pocatalico, West Virginia

abstract: Pocatalico is an unincorporated community in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States. Pocatalico is located along Interstate 77 south of and near Sissonville.

text:
# Pocatalico, West Virginia

**Pocatalico** is an unincorporated community in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States. Pocatalico is located along Interstate 77 south of and near Sissonville.

## History

A post office called Pocatalico was established in 1828, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1934. The community took its name from the nearby Pocatalico River, which means "river of the fat doe" in a Native American language.

## InfoBox

| Pocatalico, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| PocatalicoPocatalico | |
| Coordinates: 38°29′25″N 81°38′50″W / 38.49028°N 81.64722°W / 38.49028; -81.64722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Kanawha |
| Elevation | 732 ft (223 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 304 & 681 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1545081 |


title: George Robbins House

abstract: The George Robbins House is a historic First Period house in Carlisle, Massachusetts. Although construction of the oldest portions of this house generally ascribed to George Robbins in c. 1660–70, stylistic analysis of its construction methods places its date of construction to c. 1700. It is a timber-frame house, five bays wide; its leanto is a late 18th-century addition, and the ell on the house's left dates to the 19th century, when some Greek Revival styling was added. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

text:
# George Robbins House

The **George Robbins House** is a historic First Period house in Carlisle, Massachusetts. Although construction of the oldest portions of this house generally ascribed to George Robbins in c. 1660–70, stylistic analysis of its construction methods places its date of construction to c. 1700. It is a timber-frame house, five bays wide; its leanto is a late 18th-century addition, and the ell on the house's left dates to the 19th century, when some Greek Revival styling was added.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| George Robbins House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 523 Curve Street,<br>Carlisle, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°33′11″N 71°21′5″W / 42.55306°N 71.35139°W / 42.55306; -71.35139 |
| Built | 1700 |
| Architectural style | Colonial |
| MPS | First Period Buildings of Eastern Massachusetts TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 90000168 |
| Added to NRHP | March 9, 1990 |


title: Walter Krupinski

abstract: Walter Krupinski was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace in World War II and a senior West German Air Force officer during the Cold War. He was one of the highest-scoring pilots in the war, credited with 197 victories in 1,100 sorties. He was called by his fellow pilots Graf Punski due to his Prussian origins. Krupinski was one of the first to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in combat as a member of Jagdverband 44 led by Adolf Galland. Born in the Weimar Republic in 1920, Krupinski joined the Luftwaffe in 1939 and completed his flight training in 1940. Flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, he claimed his first victory in August 1941 and his total rose steadily against Soviet Air Forces. In October 1942, Krupinski was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was appointed squadron leader of 7. Staffel of JG 52 in March 1943. Krupinski was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves for 174 aerial victories. He was then transferred, serving with Jagdgeschwader 5 and was then given command of II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 in 1944. Wounded in a flight accident in August, he commanded III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" following his convalescence in September. He finished the war serving with JV 44, flying the Me 262, and surrendered to the Western Allies in May 1945. After the war, Krupinski joined the German Air Force of the Bundeswehr, serving until 1976 when he was forced into early retirement. Krupinski died in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid on 7 October 2000.

text:
# Walter Krupinski

**Walter Krupinski** (11 November 1920 – 7 October 2000) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace in World War II and a senior West German Air Force officer during the Cold War. He was one of the highest-scoring pilots in the war, credited with 197 victories in 1,100 sorties. He was called by his fellow pilots  **Graf Punski**  (Count Punski) due to his Prussian origins. Krupinski was one of the first to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in combat as a member of *Jagdverband* 44 (JV 44—44th Fighter Detachment) led by Adolf Galland.

Born in the Weimar Republic in 1920, Krupinski joined the Luftwaffe in 1939 and completed his flight training in 1940. Flying with *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52–52nd Fighter Wing), he claimed his first victory in August 1941 and his total rose steadily against Soviet Air Forces. In October 1942, Krupinski was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was appointed squadron leader of 7. *Staffel* (7th squadron) of JG 52 in March 1943. Krupinski was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves for 174 aerial victories. He was then transferred, serving with *Jagdgeschwader* 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing) and was then given command of II. *Gruppe* (2nd group) of *Jagdgeschwader* 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing) in 1944. Wounded in a flight accident in August, he commanded III. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) following his convalescence in September. He finished the war serving with JV 44, flying the Me 262, and surrendered to the Western Allies in May 1945.

After the war, Krupinski joined the German Air Force of the *Bundeswehr*, serving until 1976 when he was forced into early retirement. Krupinski died in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid on 7 October 2000.

## Childhood, education and early career

Krupinski was born on 11 November 1920, in the town of Domnau in the Province of East Prussia, and grew up in Braunsberg, present-day Braniewo, Poland. He was the first son of Friedrich Wilhelm Krupinski, a *Obergerichtsvollzieher* (bailiff), and his wife Auguste, née Helmke. His two younger brothers were Paul and Günther. Paul joined the *Kriegsmarine* and entered the U-boat service, and was killed in action on 11 November 1944 while serving on *U-771* as an *Oberleutnant zur See* (first lieutenant), which was sunk off the Norwegian coast by the British submarine HMS *Venturer*.

When the naval branch of Hitler Youth in Braunsberg was founded in 1936, Krupinski joined the organization. There, he received nautical training and went on cruises, making him eligible for a nautical patent. That year, he also met Ilse Hartung, a doctor’s daughter, at a dance class whom he married in 1944. On 21 March 1939, Krupinski graduated with his *Abitur* (diploma) from the Lyceum Hosianum in Braunsberg. On 1 April 1939, Krupinski started his compulsory *Reichsarbeitsdienst* (Reich Labour Service) in Freystadt, present-day Kisielice.

On 1 October, Krupinski joined the military and received his basic training with *Fliegerausbildungs-Regiment* 10 (10th Aviators Training Regiment) based in Neukuhren, present-day Pionersky, as a *Fahnenjunker* (ensign). After six weeks of basic training, he was posted to the *Luftkriegsschule* 2 (Air War School 2). Krupinski made his maiden flight on 9 November. Over the next nine months, he learned to fly the Focke-Wulf Fw 44, Heinkel He 72 and then the twin-engine Fw 58. He was taught blind flying on the Junkers W 34. He also flew the Arado Ar 65 and Ar 66, Bücker Bü 131 and Bü 133, the Fieseler Fi 156 Storch, the Fw 56, the Gotha Go 145, the Heinkel He 46, the He 51 and the Henschel Hs 123. On 24 June 1940, Krupinski received his B2 pilot license.

Following two weeks of vacation, Krupinski completed his training at *Jagdfliegerschule* 5 (5th fighter pilot school) in Wien-Schwechat to which he was posted on 1 July 1940. *Jagdfliegerschule* 5 at the time was under the command of the World War I flying ace and recipient of the Pour le Mérite Eduard Ritter von Schleich. One of his course mates was Hans-Joachim Marseille, who had been posted to the *Jagdfliegerschule* 5 in late 1939 but had not yet graduated out of disciplinary reasons. His three-roommates at the school were Walter Nowotny, Paul Galland, the brother of Adolf Galland, and Peter Göring, a nephew of the *Reichsmarschall* (Empire Marshal) Hermann Göring.

## World War II

After completing his flight training at *Jagdfliegerschule* 5, Krupinski was sent to *Ergänzungsjagdgruppe* Merseburg, a supplementary training unit based in Merseburg, on 1 October 1940. On 15 October, he was then posted to the *Ergänzungsstaffel* (training squadron) of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing). The *Ergänzungsstaffel* was headed by *Oberleutnant* Werner Lederer and based at Krefeld Airfield where the pilots received further training flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109 E. At Merseburg, Krupinski met and befriended Gerhard Barkhorn and Willi Nemitz. On 13 May 1940, for his service he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (*Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse*).

On 1 February 1941, Krupinski was transferred to 6. *Staffel*. 6. *Staffel* at the time was under the command of *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader) Rudolf Resch. Resch later gave Krupinski the nickname "*Graf Punski*" ("Count Punski") or sometimes just "*Der Graf*" ("The Count"). The nickname had its origins in a late-night conversation between Krupinski and Resch. His father was a professor of Slavic studies in Dresden. When Krupinski tried to explain his East Prussian origin, Resch informed him that the ending in "-ski" or "-zky" denoted a landowner, or that it indicated a *Freiherr* ("free lord"), and thus the lowest level in the medieval noble hierarchy in the East. The witty banter which then followed, led at first in his squadron, then in his group and eventually in the entire German fighter force to his nickname which stuck with for the rest of his life. His *Staffel* was subordinated to II. *Gruppe* of JG 52 which was headed by *Hauptmann* Erich Woitke.

### Operation Barbarossa

In preparation of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union launched on 22 June 1941, II. *Gruppe* of JG 52, without a period of replenishment in Germany, was ordered to airfields close to the German-Soviet demarcation line. While the *Gruppenstab* (group headquarters unit) and 4. *Staffel* were based at Suwałki in northeastern Poland, 5. and 6. *Staffel* were transferred to a forward airfield at Sobolewo. For the invasion, II. *Gruppe* of JG 52 was subordinated to the *Geschwaderstab* (headquarters unit) of *Jagdgeschwader* 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). The *Geschwader* was part of the VIII. *Fliegerkorps* commanded by *Generaloberst* Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen which supported the northern wing of Army Group Centre.

II. *Gruppe* was ordered to relocate to Soltsy, 30 kilometers (19 miles) west of Lake Ilmen, on 5 August in support of the 16th Army and Army Group North. Here, the *Gruppe* supported the fighting south of Lake Ilmen, and the German attacks on Shlisselburg, Leningrad and the Soviet fleet at Kronstadt. On 16 August, Krupinski claimed his first aerial victory. At 05:48, he shot down an I-18 fighter, an alternative Luftwaffe name for a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1, north of Shimsk. Since German forces had reached the proximity of Leningrad, II. *Gruppe* was ordered to Lyuban on 1 September, approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) to Leningrad and located on the road to Moscow. The *Gruppe* stayed at Lyuban until 30 September, flying missions to Shlisselburg, Leningrad and Mga. Fighting in this combat area, Krupinski claimed an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber on 17 September and a Polikarpov I-153 fighter on 21 September.

On 2 October, German forces launched Operation Typhoon, the failed strategic offensive to capture Moscow. In support of this offensive, II. *Gruppe* was moved to Stabna, located just north of Smolensk. Operating from Stabna, Krupinski shot down a Tupolev SB near Kholm fighter on 4 October. On 12 October, II. *Gruppe* was ordered to Novodugino where it stayed for four days. The *Gruppe* then moved to an airfield west of Kalinin, present-day Tver, on 16 October. The following day, Krupinski claimed his fifth aerial victory over an I-18 fighter. The *Gruppe* relocated to an airfield southeast of Kalinin on 22 October. The next day, Krupinski claimed a Polikarpov R-5 reconnaissance bomber shot down. On 4 November, II. *Gruppe* had moved to Ruza. There, Krupinski claimed his last aerial victory during Operation Barbarossa on 28 November when he shot down an Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft near Solnechnogorsk. On 30 November, II. *Gruppe* moved to Klin located 85 kilometers (53 miles) northwest of Moscow. While Soviet forces retook Klin on 15 December, Krupinski had been sent to Insterburg on 13 December. Woitke had tasked him with organizing transportation of vital technical equipment to the *Gruppe*.

### Eastern Front

In late January 1942, II. *Gruppe* was withdrawn from the Eastern Front and sent to Jesau near Königsberg for a period of recuperation and replenishment, arriving on 24 January 1942. In Jesau, the *Gruppe* received many factory new Bf 109 F-4 aircraft. On 14 April, II. *Gruppe* received orders to move to Pilsen, present-day Plzeň in the Czech Republic, for relocation to the Eastern Front. The *Gruppe* had also received a new commander, Woitke had been transferred and was replaced by *Hauptmann* Johannes Steinhoff. Following his home leave, Krupinski had rejoined his unit at Jesau. The *Gruppe* then moved to Wien-Schwechat on 24 April before flying to Zürichtal, present-day Solote Pole, a village near the urban settlement Kirovske in the Crimea. There, II. *Gruppe* participated in Operation *Trappenjagd*, a German counterattack during the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, launched on 8 May.

Following a series of relocations, including a short deployment on the Crimea, the *Gruppe* was then ordered to the airfield named Kharkov-Waitschenko on 14 May and participated in the Second Battle of Kharkov. On 16 May, the *Gruppe* again relocated moving to Artyomovsk, present-day Bakhmut, where they stayed until 23 May supporting German forces fighting in the Second Battle of Kharkov. On 23 May, the *Gruppe* was ordered to relocate to Barvinkove. On 1 June, II. *Gruppe* moved to an airfield at Grakowo, located approximately halfway between Kharkov and Kupiansk. The main German objectives in that combat area were, breakthrough to the upper Don and capture of Voronezh. There, Krupinski claimed his first aerial victory in 1942 when he shot down a MiG-1 fighter northwest of Kupiansk on 4 June. The *Gruppe* stayed at Grakowo until 26 June when it moved to Bilyi Kolodiaz. During this period, Krupinski claimed further aerial victories, a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter on 5, 14 and 24 June each, and a MiG-1 on 22 June, taking his total to twelve.

On 28 June, the *Wehrmacht* initiated *Fall Blau* (Case Blue), the 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia. The objective was to secure the oil fields of Baku as well as an advance in the direction of Stalingrad along the Volga River, to cover the flanks of the advance towards Baku. Tasked with aerial support of this offensive was *Luftflotte* 4 (Air Fleet 4) to which JG 52 was subordinated. Following the German advance, Krupisnki had increased his number of aerial victories to twenty by the end of July. On 20 August, II. *Gruppe* reached the airfield at Tusov, approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) southwest of Kalach-na-Donu on the western bank of the Don, from where the *Gruppe* operated in the combat area of Stalingrad. Flying from this airfield, Krupinski's number of aerial victories increased to 31 by end of August.

In September 1942, II. *Gruppe* was ordered into the Battle of the Caucasus, supporting Army Group South on the front over the Caucasus. Opposing it was the 4th and 5th Air Armies of the Red Air Force. The *Gruppe* reached an airfield named Gonschtakowka located north-northeast of Mozdok on the Terek on 6 September. On 25 July 1942, the *Staffelkapitän* of 4. *Staffel*, *Oberleutnant* Barkhorn, his friend from Merseburg, had been injured in combat. During his convalescence, Barkhorn was temporarily replaced by *Leutnant* Waldemar Semelka who was killed in action on 21 August. Command was then given to *Leutnant* Otto Leicher who was also killed in action. In consequence, Krupinski was transferred, taking command of 4. *Staffel* from 10 to 30 September when Barkhorn returned. During his tenure with 4. *Staffel*, Krupinski had to bail out of his Bf 109 G-2 (*Werknummer* 13537—factory number) due to engine failure on 17 September. Fighting in the North Caucasus region in September, Krupinski increased his number of aerial victories to 47.

Following his 50th aerial victory, Krupinski was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (*Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe*) on 13 September 1942. On 25 October, his Bf 109 G-2 (*Werknummer* 13861) was severely damaged in aerial combat resulting in a forced landing destryoing the aircraft at the airfield near Soldatskaya, approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) north-northwest of Prokhladny. Two days later, he received the German Cross in Gold (*Deutsches Kreuz in Gold*). By end October, Krupinski increased his number of aerial victories to 59. On 29 October 1942, Krupinski and *Leutnant* Rudolf Miethig from 3. *Staffel* were awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernes Kreuzes*).

While Soviet forces launched Operation Uranus, the operation which led to the encirclement of Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad, Krupinski was in a hospital at Maykop and had his synovial bursa removed following an injury sustained to knee. He was then flown to Liegnitz, present-day Legnica, for further treatment. On 12 December, he was met by his future wife Ilse Hartung in Berlin and the couple continued their voyage to Braunsberg. In January 1943, Krupinski learned that he had been transferred to *Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost*, a supplementary training unit for fighter pilots destined for the Eastern Front, as an instructor. At the time, the unit was commanded by *Oberstleutnant* Hermann Graf and was based at La Leu Airfield near La Rochelle, France.

### Squadron leader

On 15 March, Krupinski was transferred back to JG 52 where was made *Staffelkapitän* of 7. *Staffel*. The *Staffel* was subordinated to III. *Gruppe* under the command of *Major* Hubertus von Bonin. At the time, III. *Gruppe* was based at an airfield near Kerch and was fighting over the Kuban bridgehead. On 1 April, III. *Gruppe* moved to Taman where it was headquartered until 2 July. Krupinski claimed his first aerial victory of the year and 67th in total on 2 May when he shot down a Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter southwest of Abinsk Fighting over the Kuban bridgehead, Krupinski's aerial victories increased to 88 claims by the end of June.

JG 52 moved north in preparation for Operation Citadel and the Battle of Kursk. III. *Gruppe* arrived in Ugrim, located south of Kursk, on 3 July. *Hauptmann* Günther Rall, who had already served as acting *Gruppenkommandeur* (group commander) of III. *Gruppe* in February and March 1943, officially replaced Bonin in this position on 5 July 1943. That day, Krupinski claimed two LaGG-3 fighters shot down but was also severely injured in a landing accident at Ugrim. Krupinski collided with a Bf 109 taking off, causing his Bf 109 G-6 (*Werknummer* 20062) to flip over, severely injuring him. He had sustained injuries to the head, including lacerations, a fracture of the parietal bone and a rib. After immediate treatment, Krupinski was flown to Heiligenbein, present-day Mamonovo. He was then taken to a hospital at Braunsberg for further convalescence. He returned to his unit on 6 August. During his absence, *Leutnant* Erich Hartmann, who went on to become the highest scoring fighter pilot of the war, temporarily commanded 7.*Staffel*.

On 18 August 1943, Krupinski was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 51st Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. On 24 September, III. *Gruppe* moved to an airfield located just west of Zaporizhzhia. There, the *Gruppe* fought over the area between the lower Dnieper and the Crimea during the Battle of the Dnieper. On 29 August, Rall claimed his 200th aerial victory and *Generaloberst* Otto Deßloch immediately sent him on a lengthy home leave. In consequence, Krupinski was made acting *Gruppenkommandeur* of III. *Gruppe* until Rall resumed command on 1 October. There, Krupinski became an "ace-in-a-day" on 10 October when he shot down four LaGG-3 and two Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters.

### Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross

Following his 174th aerial victory, Krupinski was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub*) on 2 March 1944. He was the 415th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. At the time of the presentation of the Oak Leaves, his number of aerial of victories had increased to 177 claims. In addition, he had also been credited with the destruction of three T-34 tanks on the ground.

Both Krupinski and Hartmann were ordered to the *Reichsluftfahrtministerium* (Ministry of Aviation) in Berlin for the Oak Leaves presentation. Both arrived in Berlin on 23 March 1944 only to learn that the presentation would be made at the *Führerhauptquartier* (Führer Headquarter). They were instructed to go the Anhalter Bahnhof where they would take an overnight train to the *Führerhauptquartier*. Here they met fellow JG 52 pilots Barkhorn, who was to receive the Swords to his Knight's Cross, and Johannes Wiese. Also present were Kurt Bühligen, Horst Ademeit, Reinhard Seiler, Hans-Joachim Jabs, Dr. Maximilian Otte, Bernhard Jope and Hansgeorg Bätcher from the bomber force, and the Flak officer Fritz Petersen, all destined to receive the Oak Leaves. Krupinski assumed that they were heading for the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia but the train was heading for the *Berghof* in Berchtesgaden. On the train, all of them got drunk on cognac and champagne. Supporting each other and unable to stand, they arrived at Berchtesgaden. *Major* Nicolaus von Below, Hitler's Luftwaffe adjutant, was shocked. After some sobering up, they were still intoxicated. Hartmann took a German officer's hat from a stand and put it on, but it was too large. Von Below became upset, told Hartmann it was Hitler's and ordered him to put it back.

### Defense of the Reich

On 11 April 1944, the *Staffelkapitän* of 2. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing), *Oberleutnant* Edgar Habermann, was killed in action. In consequence, Krupinski was transferred from the Eastern Front to Germany, succeeding Habermann in this capacity. At the time, the squadron is subordinated to I. *Gruppe* of JG 5, based at Herzogenaurach Airfield and was fighting in Defense of the Reich. The *Gruppe* was commanded by *Major* Horst Carganico. Promoted to the rank of *Hauptmann* (captain) on 1 May 1944, Krupinski was made *Gruppenkommandeur* of II. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing). He succeeded *Major* Rall who had been wounded on 12 May.

After the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the *Gruppe* was moved to Normandy to operate on low-level Army support missions. Krupinski claimed 10 Allied aircraft with JG 11. On 23 July, Krupinski married Ilse Hartung in Braunsberg. The two had known each other since 1936 and at the time were expecting their daughter Carola, born in September 1944. On 12 August, without enemy involvement on a relocation flight, the engine of his Bf 109 G-5 (*Werknummer* 110244) had exploded in mid-flight near Marburg. Taking to his parachute, he sustained burns to his hands and face, requiring one month of hospitalization. He was replaced by *Hauptmann* Karl Leonhard as commander of II. *Gruppe* of JG 11. This was his fifth injury of the war for which he was presented with the Wound Badge in Gold (*Verwundetenabzeichen in Gold*) in January 1945.

Following his convalescence, he was appointed *Gruppenkommandeur* of III. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) on 27 September 1944, replacing Klaus Mietusch who had been killed in action on 17 September. At the time, JG 26 was under the command of *Oberstleutnant* Josef Priller. Caldwell described Krupinski's style of command as too loose. He stated that under his command, III. *Gruppe* performance as a fighter unit declined. Caldwall attributed this to Krupinski being "weary of the war". On 18 December, Krupinski was involved in an incident that led to the suicide of *Oberleutnant* Peter Reischer, *Staffelkapitän* of 11. *Staffel*. Reischer had led a morning mission which was supposed to take the flight to the combat area over the Ardennes. After the mission, Reischer reported that his flight had attacked Allied armor near Aachen and then had fought an aerial battle. In truth, his flight flew around Lower Saxony, never approaching the combat zone. The lie was revealed by means of the Y-Control System, a radio guidance system, as one of the aircraft was equipped with the FuG16ZY, an airborne transceiver. Krupinski then ordered Reischer to lead a successful second mission or face a court-martial for cowardice. The second mission was inconclusive and upon return, Reischer shot himself.

On 25 March 1945, III. *Gruppe* of JG 26 was disbanded. Priller, who had been transferred and then held a staff position with the *General der Jagdflieger* (Inspector of Fighters), had recommended to Krupinski to go to Lechfeld where III. *Gruppe* of *Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader* 2 (EJG 2—2nd Supplementary Fighter Group) under the command of *Oberstleutnant* Heinrich Bär was based. EJG 2 was a jet fighter training unit where pilots learned to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262. Krupinski asked Bär if he and his pilots from JG 26 could be trained to fly the Me 262. Due to capacity reasons, Bär had to reject the request and Krupinski headed for the fighter pilot recreation facility at Bad Wiessee.

### *Jagdverband* 44

Following the dismissal of *Generalleutnant* Adolf Galland as *General der Jagdflieger*, Galland was given the opportunity by Hitler to prove his ideas about the Me 262 jet fighter. He had hoped that the Me 262 would compensate for the numerical superiority of the Allies. In consequence, Galland formed *Jagdverband* 44 (JV 44—44th Fighter Detachment) at Brandenburg-Briest on 24 February 1945. Galland was also given a carte blanche with respect to staffing and began recruiting his pilots. On 31 March, JV 44 had relocated to Munich-Riem. Galland drove to Bad Wiessee where Krupinski and Barkhorn were recovering. Both pilots accepted Galland's offer and joined JV 44.

At 3:00 pm on 24 April 1945, Krupinski was one of four pilots to take off from Munich-Riem to intercept a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Martin B-26 Marauder aircraft formation. Günther Lützow, who failed to return from this mission, led the flight of four. Lützow's fate remains unknown to this date. Later that day, Krupinski led a flight of Me 262 fighters against Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. Damaged by the defensive fire of a bomber he believed to have damaged, he then fired at an escorting Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter. The two fighters collided and the P-47 fell away. Krupinski did not claim an aerial victory.

### Prisoner of war

On 4 May, JV 44 surrendered to U.S. forces at Maxglan, near Salzburg. Krupinski and other pilots were taken to a makeshift prisoner of war camp near Bad Aibling. Five days later, a U.S. officer was looking for JV 44 pilots and Krupinski, Barkhorn, Erich Hohagen, Karl-Heinz Schnell, and Waldemar Wübke stepped up. The men were then taken to Heidelberg, Wiesbaden-Erbenheim and flown to England for interrogation at the Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre at Latimer near London.

In June, Krupinski was taken to Southampton and then with a ship to Cherbourg where he arrived on 6 June. Upon arrival, he was beaten by a French soldier and butted over the head resulting in a fractured skull. The injury was so severe that he was taken to the Luftwaffe hospital at München-Oberföhring and to the US Army Hospital 1022 B at Wasserburg am Inn on 24 July. He was discharged as a prisoner of war on 28 September.

## Later life and service

Krupinski was picked up at Wasserburg by his friend Barkhorn who took him home to his family at Tegernsee. There, Krupinski learned that his wife and daughter had found refuge with her oldest sister in Bad Salzschlirf. Since Krupinski was still suffering from his head injury, the family lived off his wife’s income who was working as a waitress for the US garrison at Bad Salzschlirf.

### Gehlen Organization

The former General Reinhard Gehlen had offered his services to the Americans in the end of 1945. Gehlen had served as chief of *Fremde Heere Ost* (FHO), the German Army's military intelligence unit on the Eastern Front. The Gehlen Organization was in need for people who were familiar with the air war. Krupinski was hired and helped gather information about the armed forces in the Soviet occupation zone until 1953. There are many conflicting or missing bits of information about this stage of Krupinski's life. He had done little to lift this veil of uncertainty.

### With the German Air Force

Krupinski entered the *Amt Blank* (Blank Agency), named after Theodor Blank, the forerunner of the German Federal Ministry of Defense on 7 April 1953. On 19 November 1955, Krupinski joined the newly created German Air Force, at the time referred to as the *Bundesluftwaffe*, holding the rank of *Major*. The first three *Bundesluftwaffe* pilots to receive jet aircraft training were Johannes Steinhoff, Krupinsk's former group commander during World War II, Dietrich Hrabak and Kurt Kuhlmey. All three of them were trained by the United States Air Force (USAF) in the USA. Krupinski, along with Barkhorn and Herbert Wehnelt, belonged to the second batch of pilots which were sent to England and were trained by the RAF. The three pilots were welcomed by the German ambassador in the UK, Hans von Herwarth. Training began at RAF Feltwell on 19 January 1956 on the Percival Provost, a propeller driven trainer aircraft. The pilots completed their refresher training on 23 March. Krupinski then advanced to the de Havilland Vampire jet aircraft. Krupinski, Barkhorn and Wehnelt complete this training in May 1956. In June, the pilots trained on the Hawker Hunter for ten weeks. On 18 June 1956, Krupinski, Barkhorn and Wehnelt received the RAF aircrew brevet from Air Vice-Marshal George Philip Chamberlain in Stanford Park.

Given the rank of major in 1957, Krupinski went to lead *Jagdbombergeschwader* 33 (JaBoG 33—Fighter-Bomber Wing 33) the first postwar German jet fighter wing. In 1966 Krupinski took command of the German forces of the *Luftwaffen-Ausbildungs-Kommando* in Fort Bliss, Texas with the rank of brigadier general. On 19 November 1968, he was appointed Inspector of Aviation Safety, an office within the *Luftwaffenamt* (Air Force Office). Krupinski held this position until 30 June 1969 when he became commander of the 3rd Luftwaffe division. In 1971 he became chief of staff of Second Allied Tactical Air Force. In October 1974 Krupinski was promoted commanding officer of the airfleet. Due to the *Rudel Scandal* he was forced into early retirement on 8 November 1976 holding the rank of *Generalleutnant* (lieutenant-general). Krupinski died in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid on 7 October 2000. He received a military funeral on 11 November with Jörg Kuebart giving a eulogy.

## Summary of career

### Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Krupinski was credited with 197 aerial victories. Spick also list Krupinski with 197 aerial victories, claimed in approximately 1,100 combat missions. This figure includes 177 aerial victories claimed over the Eastern Front and 20 in the western theatre of operations and includes one heavy bomber. Mathews and Foreman, authors of *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims*, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 197 aerial victory claims, plus five further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 178 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 19 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber and two victories with the Me 262 jet fighter.

### Awards

### Citations

1. Braatz 2010, pp. 13–14.
2. Braatz 2010, p. 152.
3. Braatz 2010, p. 17.
4. Braatz 2010, p. 19.
5. Braatz 2010, pp. 22, 314.
6. Braatz 2010, p. 23.
7. Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
8. Braatz 2010, pp. 24–25.
9. Braatz 2010, p. 28.
10. Braatz 2010, p. 29.
11. Braatz 2010, pp. 30, 314.
12. Prien et al. 2002, pp. 174–175.
13. Braatz 2010, p. 40.
14. Dixon 2023, p. 279.
15. Braatz 2010, pp. 14–15.
16. Prien et al. 2002, p. 151.
17. Prien et al. 2003, p. 26.
18. Prien et al. 2003, p. 28.
19. Barbas 2005, p. 79.
20. Barbas 2005, p. 329.
21. Barbas 2005, p. 80.
22. Prien et al. 2003, p. 31.
23. Prien et al. 2003, p. 45.
24. Barbas 2005, p. 81.
25. Prien et al. 2003, p. 33.
26. Prien et al. 2003, p. 46.
27. Barbas 2005, p. 83.
28. Barbas 2005, p. 330.
29. Braatz 2010, p. 59.
30. Prien et al. 2006, p. 446.
31. Prien et al. 2006, p. 447.
32. Barbas 2005, p. 285.
33. Braatz 2010, p. 60.
34. Barbas 2005, pp. 101–103.
35. Barbas 2005, p. 103.
36. Barbas 2005, p. 104.
37. Barbas 2005, p. 331.
38. Prien et al. 2006, pp. 482–483.
39. Weal 2004, pp. 77–78.
40. Barbas 2005, p. 106.
41. Barbas 2005, p. 107.
42. Bergström & Pegg 2003, p. 364.
43. Barbas 2005, p. 108.
44. Prien et al. 2006, p. 503.
45. Prien et al. 2006, p. 475.
46. Prien et al. 2006, p. 504.
47. Barbas 2005, p. 109.
48. Stockert 2007, p. 31.
49. Barbas 2005, p. 309.
50. Barbas 2005, p. 110.
51. Weal 2001, p. 67.
52. Braatz 2010, pp. 77–78.
53. Braatz 2010, pp. 81–84.
54. Prien et al. 2012, p. 474.
55. Barbas 2010, pp. 136–137.
56. Barbas 2010, p. 137.
57. Prien et al. 2012, p. 480.
58. Barbas 2010, p. 139.
59. Barbas 2010, p. 140.
60. Prien et al. 2012, pp. 482, 497.
61. Braatz 2010, p. 97.
62. Braatz 2010, p. 99.
63. Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
64. Barbas 2010, p. 146.
65. Braatz 2010, p. 100.
66. Prien et al. 2006, p. 474.
67. Prien et al. 2012, p. 491.
68. Stockert 2007, p. 32.
69. Braatz 2010, p. 118.
70. Braatz 2010, p. 119.
71. Mombeek 2010, pp. 219–220.
72. Braatz 2010, p. 126.
73. Prien & Rodeike 1996b, p. 1616.
74. Braatz 2010, pp. 17, 143, 149.
75. Prien & Rodeike 1996a, pp. 1121, 1196.
76. Prien et al. 2019, p. 86.
77. Caldwell 1998, p. 358.
78. Caldwell 1998, p. 485.
79. Caldwell 1998, pp. 358–359.
80. Caldwell 1998, p. 389.
81. Caldwell 1998, p. 449.
82. Forsyth 2008, p. 19.
83. Braatz 2010, p. 159.
84. Braatz 2010, p. 160.
85. Braatz 2005, p. 365.
86. Heaton & Lewis 2012, pp. 196–197.
87. Forsyth 2008, pp. 118–120.
88. Braatz 2010, p. 168.
89. Braatz 2010, pp. 169–170.
90. Braatz 2010, pp. 170, 175.
91. Braatz 2010, pp. 177–181.
92. Braatz 2010, p. 185.
93. Braatz 2010, p. 193.
94. Braatz 2010, p. 189.
95. Braatz 2010, p. 194.
96. Braatz 2010, p. 195.
97. Barbas 2014, p. 196.
98. Barbas 2014, p. 197.
99. Braatz 2010, p. 199.
100. Braatz 2010, pp. 304–305, 315.
101. Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
102. Spick 1996, p. 228.
103. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 696–700.
104. Patzwall 2008, p. 127.
105. Obermaier 1989, p. 61.
106. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 258.
107. Thomas 1997, p. 418.
108. Scherzer 2007, p. 479.
109. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 276.
110. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 79.

### Bibliography

* Barbas, Bernd (2005). *Die Geschichte der II. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52* \[*The History of 2nd Group of Fighter Wing 52*\] (in German). Selbstverl. ISBN 978-3-923457-71-7.
* Barbas, Bernd (2010). *Die Geschichte der III. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52* \[*The History of 3rd Group of Fighter Wing 52*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-94-6.
* Barbas, Bernd (2014). *Das vergessene As — Der Jagdflieger Gerhard Barkhorn* \[*The Forgotten Ace — The Fighter Pilot Gerhard Barkhorn*\] (in German and English). Bad Zwischenahn, Germany: Luftfahrtverlag-Start. ISBN 978-3-941437-22-7.
* Braatz, Kurt \[in German\] (2005). *Gott oder ein Flugzeug - Leben und Sterben des Jagdfliegers Günther Lützow* \[*God or an Airplane - Life and Death of Fighter Pilot Günther Lützow*\] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9807935-6-8.
* Braatz, Kurt \[in German\] (2010). *Walter Krupinski - Jagdflieger, Geheimagent, General* \[*Walter Krupinski - Fighter Pilot, Spy, General*\] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9811615-5-7.
* Bergström, Christer \[in Swedish\]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). *Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces*. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
* Bergström, Christer \[in Swedish\]; Pegg, Martin (2003). *Jagdwaffe: The War in Russia: January–October 1942*. London: Classic Colours. ISBN 978-1-903223-23-9.
* Caldwell, Donald L. (1998). *The JG 26 War Diary Volume Two 1943–1945*. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-86-2.
* Dixon, Jeremy (2023). *Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942*. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer \[in German\] (2000) \[1986\]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* \[*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*\] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
* Forsyth, Robert (2008). *Jagdverband 44 Squadron of Experten*. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 27. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-294-3.
* Heaton, Colin; Lewis, Anne-Marie (2012). *The Me 262 Stormbird: From the Pilots Who Flew, Fought, and Survived It*. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint. ISBN 978-0-76034-263-3.
* Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L*. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
* Mombeek, Eric (2010). *Eismeerjäger—Zur Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 5—Band 3* \[*Fighters in the Arctic Sea—The History of the 5th Fighter Wing—Volume 3*\]. Linkebeek, Belgium: ASBL, La Porte d'Hoves. ISBN 978-2-930546-02-5.
* Obermaier, Ernst (1989). *Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945*\] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
* Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). *Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II* \[*The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2*\] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
* Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). *Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg* \[*The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War*\] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
* Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter (1996a). *Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11—Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945: Teil 2—1944* \[*Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11—Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945: Volume 2—1944*\] (in German). Vol. II 1944. Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-24-3.
* Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter (1996b). *Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11—Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945: Teil 3, 1944–1945* \[*Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11—Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945: Volume 3—1944–1945*\] (in German). Vol. III 1944–1945. Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-25-0.
* Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941* \[*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
* Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941* \[*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/II—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-70-0.
* Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943* \[*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
* Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943* \[*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
* Prien, Jochen; Balke, Ulf; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried (2019). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/V—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944* \[*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/V—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-21-5.
* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
* Spick, Mike (1996). *Luftwaffe Fighter Aces*. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
* Stockert, Peter (2007). *Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 5* \[*The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 5*\] (in German). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. OCLC 76072662.
* Thomas, Franz (1997). *Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K* \[*The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K*\] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
* Weal, John (2001). *Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front*. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 37. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-084-1.
* Weal, John (2004). *Jagdgeschwader 52: The Experten*. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 15. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-786-4.
* Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). *The German War Machine in World War II*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.

## InfoBox

| Walter Krupinski | |
| --- | --- |
| Walter Krupinski | |
| Nickname(s) | Graf Punski, The Count |
| Born | (1920-11-11)11 November 1920<br>Domnau, East Prussia |
| Died | 7 October 2000(2000-10-07) (aged 79)<br>Neunkirchen-Seelscheid |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany (to 1945)<br>West Germany |
| Service/branch | Luftwaffe<br>German Air Force |
| Years of service | 1939–1945<br>1955–1976 |
| Rank | *Hauptmann* (Wehrmacht)<br>*Generalleutnant* (Bundeswehr) |
| Unit | JG 52, JG 5, JG 11 and JV 44 |
| Commands | 7./JG 52, 1./JG 5, II./JG 11, III./JG 26<br>JaBoG 33 |
| Battles/wars | *See battles* World War II<br> |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves |


title: Plexaurella nutans

abstract: Plexaurella nutans, the giant slit-pore sea rod, is a tall species of soft coral in the family Plexauridae. It is a relatively uncommon species and is found in shallow seas in the Caribbean region.

text:
# Plexaurella nutans

***Plexaurella nutans***, the **giant slit-pore sea rod**, is a tall species of soft coral in the family Plexauridae. It is a relatively uncommon species and is found in shallow seas in the Caribbean region.

## Description

*Plexaurella nutans* can grow to a height of over a metre (yard). It has thick cylindrical branches that occasionally fork and which are often slightly clubbed at the tips. These have a diameter of 10 to 15 centimetres (3.9 to 5.9 in). The polyps are rather large and protrude from round, oval or slit-shaped grooves in the cup-shaped calyces in the coral skeleton. Each of these calyces is on a slight mound giving the coral a dimpled surface. When the polyps are extended, as they usually are, they give the coral a fuzzy appearance. The colour of this coral is usually pale brown, grey or sometimes lavender.

## Distribution and habitat

*Plexaurella nutans* is an uncommon species and occurs at depths down to 50 metres (160 ft) in the Caribbean Sea, the Bahamas and Florida. It is usually found on isolated patch reefs or on forereef slopes.

## Biology

The polyps of *Plexaurella nutans* extend their tentacles to feed on zooplankton and other small invertebrates floating past. The food gathered is shared with neighbouring polyps via the gastrovascular cavity inside the coral's skeleton. After particles of liver marked with a radioactive tracer were fed experimentally to a single polyp, radioactivity was detected in tissues up to 11 centimetres (4.3 in) away.

*Plexaurella nutans* is a zooxanthellate species of coral with large numbers of symbiotic dinoflagellates from the genus *Symbiodinium* living in its tissues. These are photosynthetic algae that provide nourishment to their host while benefiting from the coral's waste products. It was found experimentally that different species of *Symbiodinium* were found at different depths in *Plexaurella nutans* and other corals. If the corals' tissues were cultured in the laboratory, other species again became apparent, the growth of which was favoured by the laboratory environment. These must have been undetected in the tissues previously.

## InfoBox

| *Plexaurella nutans* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coral reef assembly with *Plexaurella nutans* at right back | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Octocorallia |
| Order: | Alcyonacea |
| Family: | Plexauridae |
| Genus: | *Plexaurella* |
| Species: | ***P. nutans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plexaurella nutans***<br>(Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Campanularia flabellata* Hincks, 1866 | |


title: Mary Lassells

abstract: Mary Hall was an English gentlewoman whose report of the 'light' behaviour in her youth of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, Catherine Howard, initiated the process which ended with Queen Catherine's execution.

text:
# Mary Lassells

**Mary Hall** (née **Lassells** or **Lascelles**) was an English gentlewoman whose report of the 'light' behaviour in her youth of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, Catherine Howard, initiated the process which ended with Queen Catherine's execution.

## Life

Mary Lassells was the daughter of Richard, or George, Lassells of Gateford, Nottinghamshire (d. 1520), gentleman. She was in the household of the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk at Lambeth while Catherine Howard, later the fifth wife of King Henry VIII, was a young girl there under the lax guardianship of the Duchess, her step-grandmother.

After Catherine became Queen, Mary's brother, the religious reformer John Lassells, suggested that his sister seek a place in her household. Mary refused, giving as a reason Catherine's former 'light' behaviour. John Lassells informed Archbishop Thomas Cranmer of Mary's comment while King Henry and Queen Catherine were on progress in the fall of 1541. Cranmer questioned Mary, who provided details of the Queen's earlier sexual indiscretions with her music master, Henry Manox, and a Howard kinsman, Francis Dereham, in the Dowager Duchess's household. On 1 November 1541 Cranmer revealed these indiscretions in a letter to the King, who immediately ordered that Queen Catherine be confined to her apartments, and never saw her again. The Dowager Duchess, hearing reports of what had happened while Catherine had been in her charge, reasoned that 'If there be none offence sithence the marriage, she cannot die for that was done before'. Unfortunately for the Queen and the Dowager Duchess, further investigations by Cranmer and the Council revealed that with the connivance of one of her attendants, Lady Rochford, Catherine had allegedly had an affair with Thomas Culpeper, one of the King's favourite gentlemen of the privy chamber, after her marriage to the King.

Dereham, Manox and other members of the Dowager Duchess's household were arrested and interrogated by the council. On 22 December 1541 the Dowager Duchess's eldest son, William Howard, his wife, and a number of servants who had been witnesses to the Queen's misconduct were arraigned for misprision of treason 'for concealing the evil demeanour of the Queen, to the slander of the King and his succession'. All were sentenced to life imprisonment and loss of goods, although most were pardoned after Queen Catherine's execution. The Dowager Duchess, although included in the indictment, was not brought to trial as she was 'old and testy', and 'may die out of perversity to defraud the King's Highness of the confiscation of her goods', but like the others she was sentenced to imprisonment and forfeiture of lands and goods. On 6 February 1542 a bill of attainder against Queen Catherine and Lady Rochford received final reading, and on 13 February 1542 the Queen and Lady Rochford were beheaded on Tower Green. The King was of the view that there was as much reason to convict the Dowager Duchess of treason as there had been to convict Dereham. However the Council urged leniency, and she was eventually released from the Tower on 5 May 1542.

Mary Lassells married a Mr Hall of Lambeth.

## Appearances

**In Literature**

**In Film**

## Footnotes

* Lindsey, Karen (1995). *Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII*. Reading, Maine: Perseus Books. pp. 158–180. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
* Ryrie, Alec (2008). *Lassells \[Lascelles\], John (d. 1546), courtier and religious activist*. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
* Weir, Alison (1991). *The Six Wives of Henry VIII*. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.


title: Nagaoka-kyō

abstract: Nagaoka-kyō (長岡京) was the capital of Japan from 784 to 794. Its location was in Otokuni District, Yamashiro Province, corresponding to a 4.3 x 5.3 kilometer area spanning the borders of modern cities of Mukō and Nagaokakyō, Kyoto, the town of Ōyamazaki, and the Nishikyō-ku ward of the city of Kyoto. The ruins of the palace have been found in the Kaidecho neighbourhood of the city of Mukō and have been designated as a National Historic Site since 1964, with the area under protection expanded in 2016.

text:
# Nagaoka-kyō

**Nagaoka-kyō** (長岡京) was the capital of Japan from 784 to 794. Its location was in Otokuni District, Yamashiro Province, corresponding to a 4.3 x 5.3 kilometer area spanning the borders of modern cities of Mukō and Nagaokakyō, Kyoto, the town of Ōyamazaki, and the Nishikyō-ku ward of the city of Kyoto. The ruins of the palace have been found in the Kaidecho neighbourhood of the city of Mukō and have been designated as a National Historic Site since 1964, with the area under protection expanded in 2016.

## Overview

Nagaoka-kyō was built by order of Emperor Kanmu, who instructed that the new capital be established 40 kilometers north of Heijō-kyō in an attempt to overcome Heijō-kyō's various geographical weaknesses. Nagaoka-kyō, was situated at the confluence point of three major rivers, where the Katsura River and the Uji River, formed the Yodo River. A port called Yamazakitsu was established to unload goods from all over the country, where they were transferred to small ships. This made it easy to transport supplies efficiently by boat to Nagaoka-kyō, whereas Heijō-kyō could only be reached by land routes. In addition, Ogura Pond which existed at the time to the southeast of Nagaoka-kyō expected to be used as a logistics base. Archaeological excavations have revealed that almost every house in Nagaoka-kyō had a well, and measures were also taken to deal with sewage, both of which had been problems in Heijō-kyō. Running water from the side of the road was drawn into houses to flush away excrement. The natural spring water from the northwest of Nagaoka-kyō naturally flowed southeast through the city, which was built on a gentle slope, and this washed away filth into the river, keeping the city clean. The imperial palace was situated on a minor plateau 15 meters higher than the city, visually demonstrating the authority of the emperor, whereas Heijō-kyō was completely flat. Furthermore, the main seaport of Naniwa-tsu on the Seto Inland Sea has silted up and was increasingly unusable. The location of Nagaoka-kyō facilities the development of a new route via the Kanzaki River towards Lake Biwa an Omi Province.

The new capital was also intended to rectify Heijō-kyō's various political weaknesses. Per the *Shoku Nihongi*, Emperor Kanmu consulted closely with Fujiwara no Tanetsugu on the location of the new capital. Nagaoka happened to Tanetsugu's family home, and a strong support base for the Fujiwara clan. Other reasons included a desire for distance from the increasingly politicized clergy of the great Buddhist establishments in Heijō-kyō, and a desire to improve relations with the economically powerful *toraijin* immigrant clans of southern Yamashiro Province from whom his mother was descended.

New Year's ceremonies were held at the Nagaoka-kyō palace on New Year's Day in 785, which means that the palace was completed only six months after construction of the capital began. The construction of the palace was undertaken over with consideration to opposition from the people of Heijō-kyō to the relocation of the capital. At that time, it was common for palaces to be built by demolishing the original structures and relocating the buildings to the new site; however, in the case of Nagaoka-kyō, the structures of Heijō-kyō were left intact in situ, and the Naniwa-kyō palace was relocated instead. Nonetheless, in September of the same year, Fujiwara no Tanetsugu was assassinated, and several officials associated with the great state temple of Tōdai-ji were implicated. Emperor Kanmu's younger brother, Imperial Prince Sawara, was also imprisoned and exiled because of his strong opposition to the move of the capital. The prince died while en route to his exile, still harboring a grudge. After his death, various incidents occurred in 792, such as famine and epidemics due to drought, the successive deaths of the Empress and other close relatives of Emperor Kanmu, arson of the main hall of Ise Grand Shrine, and the onset of illness of the Crown Prince. The following year, an *onmyōji* declared that these disasters were caused by the *onryō*, or vengeful spirit of Prince Sawara. Despite efforts at appeasing the prince's spirit, heavy rains followed by floods caused great damage to Nagaoka-kyō. Wake no Kiyomaro, the aristocrat in charge of flood control proposed relocation of the capital. A new site was selected to the northeast in 793 and the capital officially relocated to Heian-kyō in 794.

After the transfer of the capital, the former Nagaoka-kyō area became the domain of Sugawara no Michizane, and the Nagaoka Tenman-gu Shinto shrine was constructed after his exile in 901. Although the name of "Nagaoka" survived as a place name, the actual site of the palace was lost for many centuries. The site of the palace was only re-discovered in 1954 and extensive archaeological excavations have been conducted since.

## InfoBox

Nagaoka-kyō
| 長岡京 | |
| --- | --- |
| Nagaoka Palace ruin monument in Mukō, Kyoto Prefecture | |
| Nagaoka-kyōNagaoka-kyō (Japan) | |
| Location | Mukō, Kyoto, Japan |
| Region | Kinai region |
| Coordinates | 34°56′36.6″N 135°42′11.4″E / 34.943500°N 135.703167°E / 34.943500; 135.703167 |
| History | |
| Periods | Nara \- Heian period |
| Site notes | |
| Public access | Yes (no facilities) |
| National Historic Site of Japan | |


title: Osaka Municipal Subway New 20 series

abstract: Osaka Municipal Subway New 20 series The Osaka Municipal Subway New 20 series (大阪市交通局新20系) is a rapid transit electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Osaka Municipal Subway in Japan since 1990.

text:
# Osaka Municipal Subway New 20 series

The **Osaka Municipal Subway New 20 series** (大阪市交通局新20系) is a rapid transit electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Osaka Municipal Subway in Japan since 1990.

## Variants

The New 20 series was developed from the earlier 20 series trains introduced on the Chūō Line from 1984.

* **21 series**: 10-car sets used on the Midōsuji Line and the Kita-Osaka Kyuko Railway Namboku Line
* **22 series**: 6-car sets used on the Tanimachi Line
* **23 series**: 6-car sets used on the Yotsubashi Line
* **24 series**: 6-car sets used on the Chūō Line and the Kintetsu Keihanna Line
* **25 series**: 4-car sets used on the Sennichimae Line
* **OTS series (OTS系)**: 6-car sets introduced in 1997 on the opening of the Cosmosquare to Osakakō segment of the Chūō Line and owned by Osaka Port Transport System (OTS), transferred to Tanimachi Line in 2006 and reclassified as 22-50 series

## Formation

Trains are formed as follows.

### 21 series

| Car No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Designation | Tec2 | Ma2 | Mb2 | T | T' | Ma1' | Tbp | Mb1 | Ma1 | Tec1 |
| Numbering | 219xx | 212xx | 213xx | 215xx | 218xx | 214xx | 217xx | 211xx | 210xx | 216xx |

Car 6 is designated as a women-only car (Weekday only).

### 22/23/24/OTS series

| Car No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Designation | Tec1 | Mb1' | T' | Mb2 | Ma2 | Tec2 |
| Numbering | 2600 | 2100 | 2800 | 2300 | 2200 | 2900 |

22 series car 3 is designated as a women-only car (Rush hour only).

### 25 series

| Car No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Designation | Tec1 | Mb1' | Mb2 | Tec2 |
| Numbering | 256xx | 251xx | 253xx | 259xx |

## InfoBox

| Osaka Municipal Subway New 20 series | |
| --- | --- |
| A line-up of the five different 20 series variants at Midorigi Depot in November 2016 | |
| In service | 1990–present |
| Manufacturer | Alna Kōki, Hitachi Rail Japan, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo, Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corporation |
| Replaced | 30 series |
| Constructed | 1990–1998 |
| Entered service | 25 April 1990 |
| Refurbished | 2011– |
| Number built | 572 vehicles |
| Number in service | 572 vehicles |
| Formation | 10 cars per trainset (21 series)
6 cars per trainset (22/23/24/OTS series)
4 cars per trainset (25 series) |
| Operators | Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau (1990–2018)
Osaka Metro (2018–present) |
| Depots | Nakamozu (21 series)
Dainichi (22 series)
Midorigi (23 series)
Morinomiya (24/25/OTS series) |
| Lines served |  |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Stainless steel |
| Train length | 187.4 m (614 ft 10 in) (21 series)
112.6 m (369 ft 5 in) (22/23/24/OTS series)
75.2 m (246 ft 9 in) (25 series) |
| Car length | 18.9 m (62 ft 0 in) (end cars)
18.7 m (61 ft 4 in) (intermediate cars) |
| Width | 2.89 m (9 ft 6 in) (end cars)
2.88 m (9 ft 5 in) (intermediate cars) |
| Height | 3,745 mm (12 ft 3 in) |
| Doors | 4 pairs of sliding doors per side |
| Maximum speed | 95 km/h (59 mph) (24 series; Kintetsu Keihanna Line)
70 km/h (43.5 mph) (other series) |
| Traction system | Variable-frequency |
| Traction motors | Four 140 kW (188 hp) traction motors per motor car |
| Power output | 560 kW (751 hp) per motor car |
| Acceleration | 3 km/(h⋅s) (1.9 mph/s) (21/24 series)
2.5 km/(h⋅s) (1.6 mph/s) (other series) |
| Deceleration | 3.5 km/(h⋅s) (2.2 mph/s)
4.5 km/(h⋅s) (2.8 mph/s) (emergency) |
| Electric system(s) | 750 V DC |
| Current collector(s) | Third rail contact shoes |
| Braking system(s) | Electric commanding brake with regenerative brake |
| Safety system(s) | WS-ATC (21/22/23/24/OTS series)
WS-ATC, CS-ATC, ATO (25 series) TASC (21 series) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |


title: Neocollyris carbonaria

abstract: Neocollyris carbonaria is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. It was described by Naviaux in 1992.

text:
# Neocollyris carbonaria

***Neocollyris carbonaria*** is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. It was described by Naviaux in 1992.

## InfoBox

| *Neocollyris carbonaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Tribe: | Collyridini |
| Genus: | *Neocollyris* |
| Species: | ***N. carbonaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neocollyris carbonaria***<br>Naviaux, 1992 | |
|


title: Gene Ollrich

abstract: Eugene William "Moe" Ollrich was an American professional basketball player. After a collegiate career at Drake University, Ollrich played for the NBA's Waterloo Hawks, appearing in 14 games during the 1949–50 season.

text:
# Gene Ollrich

**Eugene William "Moe" Ollrich** (June 30, 1922 – June 16, 2008) was an American professional basketball player. After a collegiate career at Drake University, Ollrich played for the NBA's Waterloo Hawks, appearing in 14 games during the 1949–50 season.

## Career statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |

### NBA

Source

#### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | FG% | FT% | APG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1949–50 | Waterloo | 14 | .236 | .714 | 1.7 | 3.1 |

## InfoBox

Gene Ollrich
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1922-06-30)June 30, 1922
Whiting, Indiana |
| Died | June 16, 2008(2008-06-16) (aged 85)
San Luis Obispo, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Listed weight | 160 lb (73 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Thornton Fractional North
(Calumet City, Illinois) |
| College | Drake (1942–1943, 1946–1949) |
| BAA draft | 1949: undrafted |
| Position | Guard |
| Number | 3 |
| Career history | |
| 1949 | Waterloo Hawks |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * First-team all-MVC (1947) * Second-team all-MVC (1943) | |
|  | |
| Stats  at NBA.com | |
| Stats at Basketball-Reference.com | |