title: National Democratic League

abstract: The National Democratic League was a cross-party political organisation in the United Kingdom, which aimed to unite Liberal Party and former Independent Labour Party (ILP) members in a campaign for basic democratic reforms. The League was founded in October 1900 on the initiative of William Thompson, editor of Reynold's News. Concerned by the Conservative Party majority in the 1900 UK general election and the establishment of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), he called the "Democratic Convention", aiming to bring together liberals and socialists on a basic democratic programme, inspired by Chartism. The League's programme contained seven proposals: universal adult suffrage, automatic electoral registration, the abolition of multiple voting, for the state to cover election expenses, and to pay MPs, the abolition of the House of Lords, and the introduction of a two-round system of voting. Although the programme was limited, it did attract the support of some branches of the ILP and Social Democratic Federation. Their national organisations did not seek to prohibit them from participating, but were strongly critical of the limited focus of the League. Tom Mann became the league's first Secretary, serving for three years; he was simultaneously employed as its full-time organiser. He was succeeded by Victor Fisher. Thompson served as the President, while David Lloyd George, Robert Smillie, W. C. Steadman and Richard Bell were among its Vice-Presidents. Although initial interest soon faded, Mann's work led to a short revival in its fortunes in 1902. At this time, the League was particularly strong in London; by 1902, it had 31 branches there, with 34 in the remainder of the country. However, it soon declined everywhere, particularly as the LRC gained strength and became the Labour Party. Thompson lost interest in the organisation, and Frank Hugh O'Donnell took over the presidency, while the Fabian James E. Dobson became Secretary, and John Ward became Chairman. It appears to have dissolved some time after 1911.

text:
# National Democratic League

The **National Democratic League** was a cross-party political organisation in the United Kingdom, which aimed to unite Liberal Party and former Independent Labour Party (ILP) members in a campaign for basic democratic reforms.

The League was founded in October 1900 on the initiative of William Thompson, editor of *Reynold's News*. Concerned by the Conservative Party majority in the 1900 UK general election and the establishment of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), he called the "Democratic Convention", aiming to bring together liberals and socialists on a basic democratic programme, inspired by Chartism.

The League's programme contained seven proposals: universal adult suffrage, automatic electoral registration, the abolition of multiple voting, for the state to cover election expenses, and to pay MPs, the abolition of the House of Lords, and the introduction of a two-round system of voting.

Although the programme was limited, it did attract the support of some branches of the ILP and Social Democratic Federation. Their national organisations did not seek to prohibit them from participating, but were strongly critical of the limited focus of the League.

Tom Mann became the league's first Secretary, serving for three years; he was simultaneously employed as its full-time organiser. He was succeeded by Victor Fisher. Thompson served as the President, while David Lloyd George, Robert Smillie, W. C. Steadman and Richard Bell were among its Vice-Presidents.

Although initial interest soon faded, Mann's work led to a short revival in its fortunes in 1902. At this time, the League was particularly strong in London; by 1902, it had 31 branches there, with 34 in the remainder of the country. However, it soon declined everywhere, particularly as the LRC gained strength and became the Labour Party. Thompson lost interest in the organisation, and Frank Hugh O'Donnell took over the presidency, while the Fabian James E. Dobson became Secretary, and John Ward became Chairman. It appears to have dissolved some time after 1911.

1. "The National Democratic League: 'belated and mutilated Chartism'", Logie Barrow and Ian Bullock, *Democratic Ideas and the British Labour Movement, 1880-1914*, pp.141-145
2. Frank Bealey and Henry Pelling, *Labour and Politics, 1900-1906*, p.51
3. Martin Crick, *The History of the Social-Democratic Federation*, p.304
4. Peter Barberis et al, *Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations*, pp.354-355
5. Frank Bealey and Henry Pelling, *Labour and Politics, 1900-1906*, p.135
6. *The Labour Annual 1908*


title: YouthWrite

abstract: YouthWrite is an Alberta-based writing camp for young people. It bills itself as a "camp for kids who love to write... just about anything." Founded in 1996 by Gail Sidonie Sobat, it has been held at Kamp Kiwanis near Bragg Creek, Alberta and the Bennett Centre in Edmonton, Alberta. Some notable past instructors include Todd Babiak, Ted Bishop, Anita Daher, Maria Dunn, Martyn Godfrey, Myrna Kostash, Clem Martini, Anna Marie Sewell, Vern Thiessen, Thomas Trofimuk, Terry Trueman, Sheri-D Wilson, and Spyder Yardley-Jones. The Spoken Word Youth Choir was founded at YouthWrite 2007.

text:
# YouthWrite

**YouthWrite** is an Alberta-based writing camp for young people. It bills itself as a "camp for kids who love to write... just about anything." Founded in 1996 by Gail Sidonie Sobat, it has been held at Kamp Kiwanis near Bragg Creek, Alberta and the Bennett Centre in Edmonton, Alberta.

Some notable past instructors include Todd Babiak, Ted Bishop, Anita Daher, Maria Dunn, Martyn Godfrey, Myrna Kostash, Clem Martini, Anna Marie Sewell, Vern Thiessen, Thomas Trofimuk, Terry Trueman, Sheri-D Wilson, and Spyder Yardley-Jones.

The Spoken Word Youth Choir was founded at YouthWrite 2007.


title: Gausvika

abstract: Gausvika or Gausvik is a village in Harstad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is in the northeastern part of the large island of Hinnøya, along the Tjeldsundet Strait, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of the town of Harstad. The European route E10 highway passes through the village, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the Tjeldsund Bridge. Gausvik Church is in the village.

text:
# Gausvika

**Gausvika** or **Gausvik** is a village in Harstad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is in the northeastern part of the large island of Hinnøya, along the Tjeldsundet Strait, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of the town of Harstad. The European route E10 highway passes through the village, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the Tjeldsund Bridge. Gausvik Church is in the village.

## InfoBox

| Gausvika Gausvik | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of the local school | |
|  | |
| GausvikaGausvika | |
| Coordinates: 68°36′47″N 16°30′46″E / 68.61306°N 16.51278°E / 68.61306; 16.51278 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Northern Norway |
| County | Troms |
| District | Central Hålogaland |
| Municipality | Harstad Municipality |
| Elevation | 16 m (52 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 9430 Sandtorg |


title: Melia's Grocers and Tea Dealers

abstract: Melia's Grocers and Tea Dealers was a significant British retailer.

text:
# Melia's Grocers and Tea Dealers

**Melia's Grocers and Tea Dealers** was a significant British retailer.

## Daniel Melia

Melia's grocery and provisions store was founded by Daniel Melia of Manchester originally under the name *Daniel Melia & Co. Ltd*. In 1896, it was formed into a limited company with a capital of £60,000 and 60 shops across the country. The company was wound up voluntarily in 1905.

At Leamington on Monday 29 March 1896 Daniel Melia (trading as Melia and Co), "with branches in various parts of the country", was charged under the Merchandise Marks Act with having unlawfully applied a certain false trade description "English roll" to American roll bacon. The defence was substantially that the employer was not criminally responsible for the acts of his servant. The bench imposed the maximum penalty of £50, and allowed the costs of the prosecution. Defendant gave notice of appeal.

## Melia's Grocers

*Melia's Ltd* became popular as a grocers and tea dealers from the 1920s to the 1960s alongside Maypole and Home and Colonial Stores. These grocery stores were purchased by Associated British Foods, who also owned Fine Fare.

There were branches in Howden, Melton Mowbray, Chester, Leyland, Banbury, Evesham, Northampton and many more towns and cities across the UK. The store sold general groceries but often specialised in tea. The company also packaged its own butter and sugar.

1. J.S. Aubrey Rees, "The grocery trade, its history and romance"
2. Reynold's News, Sunday Mar 29, 1896 THE PEOPLE'S FOOD
3. Gigi M Berardi; Charles C Geisler (2019). *The Social Consequences And Challenges Of New Agricultural Technologies*. ISBN 978-1-000-30548-7.


title: Pierson Creek

abstract: Pierson Creek is a stream in Woodbury County and Cherokee County, in the US state of Iowa. It is a tributary of the Little Sioux River. The headwaters are at 42°39′40″N 95°46′31″W and the confluence with the Little Sioux are at 42°28′58″N 95°47′34″W. The name of the stream was named after Andrew Pierson, a pioneer settler.

text:
# Pierson Creek

**Pierson Creek** is a stream in Woodbury County and Cherokee County, in the US state of Iowa. It is a tributary of the Little Sioux River.

The headwaters are at 42°39′40″N 95°46′31″W / 42.66111°N 95.77528°W / 42.66111; -95.77528 and the confluence with the Little Sioux are at 42°28′58″N 95°47′34″W / 42.48278°N 95.79278°W / 42.48278; -95.79278.

The name of the stream was named after Andrew Pierson, a pioneer settler.


title: George C. Paterson

abstract: George Cornell "Bubbles" Paterson was an American football player and engineer. He played center for the University of Michigan Wolverines football teams coached by Fielding H. Yost from 1911 to 1913. He was selected as an All-American in 1913.

text:
# George C. Paterson

**George Cornell "Bubbles" Paterson** (May 10, 1891  November 29, 1945) was an American football player and engineer. He played center for the University of Michigan Wolverines football teams coached by Fielding H. Yost from 1911 to 1913. He was selected as an All-American in 1913.

## Biography

### Early years

Paterson was born in Austin, Pennsylvania in 1891. Paterson grew up in Detroit, Michigan, where his father, Andrew C. Paterson, practiced as an attorney. Paterson attended the Detroit public schools and graduated in 1910 from Detroit Central High School. At Detroit Central, Paterson was captain of the football team and a teammate of Jimmy Craig and Squib Torbet — both of whom later joined Paterson on the University of Michigan football team. Paterson also played with the Detroit Athletic Club team.

### Football player at Michigan

Paterson enrolled at the University of Michigan where he played football under the school's famous coach, Fielding H. Yost. Paterson was the starting center on Yost's teams from 1911 to 1913. Paterson started all eight games for the Wolverines as a sophomore in 1911. In 1912, he started six of the team's seven games, missing one game due to injury. And as a senior in 1913, Paterson was elected by his teammates as the captain and started all seven games.

Michigan's 1913 football team, with Paterson as captain, finished with a 6–1 record and outscored its opponents 175–21. The team unexpectedly lost a game early in the season to Michigan Agricultural College (known now as the Michigan State University) by a score of 12–7. In the remaining six games, the team allowed only nine points. The 1913 schedule included games against three of the Eastern football powers, and the Wolverines won all three games — defeating Syracuse (43–7), Cornell (17–0) and Penn (13–0).

Paterson was the largest man on the Michigan football team. He stood six feet tall and weighed 210 pounds. He was known on the team and in the press as "Bubbles" Paterson.

Michigan's 1913 team was built around Paterson's large presence at center, as reflected in the following newspaper account:

> Captain Paterson of this year's Michigan eleven, is one of the best centers in the country. It is around him that Coach Yost has built his present Wolverine eleven. Michigan plays three of the big eastern teams this year—Syracuse, Cornell and Pennsylvania. Yost expects his charges to have a good season, despite the unexpected defeat sustained at the hands of the Michigan Aggies. Captain Paterson shares the coach's confidence.

Michigan left the Big Ten Conference in the 1900s, and during the decade while Michigan was not affiliated with the Big Ten, its biggest rivalry was with Eastern football power, Penn. Michigan beat Penn in 1911, but lost the game in 1912. The 1913 Penn game was Paterson's last as a Wolverine, and he helped lead Michigan to a 13-0 shutout in the game. One published account summarized Paterson's contributions:

> As the whistle at the close of the Michigan-Pennsylvania football game blew, every Michigan man felt justly proud of the captain of their victorious team, George Cornell Paterson. 'Bubb' had played his last game of intercollegiate football. For four years he had striven for that goal, realized by that final victory. The story of his college career is one of exceptional achievement ...

In December 1913, *Baseball Magazine* published profiles of the captains of the major college football teams. In its profile of Paterson, the magazine wrote:

> George C. Patterson is the most important man at Ann Arbor. That is to say, he is captain of the football squad. There are people who would prefer to be president of the United States or a multimillionaire, but not so an undergraduate. He knows that to be leader of the varsity football club is to taste of the sweetest honors this old world has to offer. Patterson is six feet tall; furthermore, he is twenty-two years old. To sum up, he weighs 205 pounds. Why shouldn't he play center on any club, even the Wolverines?

At the end of the 1913 season, Paterson selected as a third-team All-American by Walter Camp for Collier's Weekly. He was also named as a first-team All-American by the *Milwaukee Free Press.*

At the close of his football career at Michigan, one publication summarized his contributions:

> With such leadership the Michigan team was sure of success. 'Bubbles' worked hard, and his team was behind him to a man. Under the efficient coaching of Fielding H. Yost they were rounded into championship material. There was only one set-back, the loss of a game to the Michigan Agricultural College. Syracuse, Cornell and Pennsylvania all bowed in turn to the triumphant Michigan team with Paterson at its head. Michigan had certainly placed control of its team in good hands. He retires from the gridiron with a good, clean sportsman's record and the admiration of the campus. He owns three hard earned football 'M's.'

### Academics and campus leader

Paterson was known as an outstanding scholar athlete and campus leader while at the University of Michigan. He was elected president of the university senior class as well as president of his fraternity, Theta Delta Chi. He was a member of the Vulcans, the senior engineering society and one of twenty senior elected to Michigauma, the highest honorary society at the university. One contemporary account noted his outstanding academic achievement:

> Contrary to the general rule on such cases, he has not neglected his college work. He is in the mechanical engineering course, which is probably the hardest one offered at the university. Although athletic and campus activities have kept him away from his work very often he has never received one of the dreaded 'plucks.' His scholastic record is so good that last year he was elected to T B H, the honorary inter-collegiate engineering fraternity. Every college man realizes how high the standards are, which are necessary for election to T B H, and knows how infrequently athletes are found among its members.

### Later years

Paterson graduated from the University of Michigan in 1914 with a degree in mechanical engineering. Upon graduating, Paterson worked for two years for the Saxon Motor Car Company in Detroit. Saxon's first car was a two-seat runabout. While Paterson was with the company in 1915, electric lighting was added as a standard fitting. In 1916, Paterson resigned his position at Saxon to become assistant manager of the Troy Body Company at Troy, Ohio. In 1919, he also became a director of the Troy Body Company. Paterson was a Republican, a Presbyterian, and a Mason.

In 1915, Paterson married Gretchen Schremser of Detroit. They had two daughters, Barbara and Virginia.

### The George Cornell "Bubbles" Paterson Award

In 1947, the "George Cornell 'Bubbles' Paterson Award" was established. Between 1947 and 1966, the award was given to the leading athlete-scholar on the Michigan football team. In 1966, the name of the award was changed to the Dr. Arthur Robinson Scholarship Award, which continues to be given to the leading senior-scholar on the University of Michigan football team. Past recipients of the Paterson award include tackle Jim Orwig (1957) John Schopf in 1961. and quarterback Bob Timberlake in 1964.

## InfoBox

George "Bubbles" Paterson
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Michigan Wolverines | |
| Position | Center |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | May 10, 1891
Austin, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died: | November 29, 1945(1945-11-29) (aged 54)
Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Career history | |
| College | Michigan (19111913) |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Marsha Rowe

abstract: Marsha Rowe is an Australian-born journalist, writer and editor now living in the United Kingdom. In 1972, she was co-founder, with Rosie Boycott, of the leading feminist magazine Spare Rib.

text:
# Marsha Rowe

**Marsha Rowe** (born 1944) is an Australian-born journalist, writer and editor now living in the United Kingdom. In 1972, she was co-founder, with Rosie Boycott, of the leading feminist magazine *Spare Rib*.

## Early life

Rowe was born in Sydney, Australia, and raised on the North Shore of Neutral Bay. Her father was an engineer. After a typing course at a Sydney technical college, she worked for the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), then based in the grounds of Sydney University.

Rowe was a secretary for *Oz* magazine from 1964 when it was based in Sydney, its original location. Because Rowe was aged under 21, editors Richard Neville and Richard Walsh had to persuade Rowe's father to allow her join the staff.

"I saw the freedom, the opportunity to make satire, the (editors') lack of reverence for authority," she told Helen Trinca of *The Australian* in 2013. "I was still rather mentally restricted in terms of authority, but I could see how they were so funny and mentally stimulating. I learnt a lot from *OZ* -- how to start a magazine and do it yourself. Where do you go for new ideas and thinking?" Her period at the Sydney *OZ* lasted until 1966. Rowe then worked for the Australian edition of *Vogue*, but found fashion journalism a restrictive area in which to work.

## Counterculture in London

Rowe settled in London in 1969, but at first disliked the city because of the pervading attitude to expatriate Australians. During her six-months in Greece which soon followed, the regime of the Colonels politicised her, and she returned to London.

Rowe was employed on the London edition of *OZ*, and one of the magazine's London editors, Felix Dennis, later described her as the publication's "anchor" during this period. When the three editors (Neville, Dennis and Jim Anderson) were tried at the Old Bailey for obscenity in *Schoolkids Oz*, Rowe was part of the defence team and was responsible for typing documents for the defence each evening. "I *hated* having to be a secretary. But I really did have a sort of idea that maybe women were there to support men," she told Andy Beckett in 2005. "In the counter-culture we still did all that stuff the men didn't."

However, when the three male editors were away, Rowe was not left in charge. When Neville co-founded the short-lived *Ink* in 1971, Rowe joined him, but resigned over the male domination of the venture after a few months. Three female typists, whom she had hired, were sacked by the men when the publication acquired new office equipment. She was aware of what some of the women had given up to work for *Ink*; it had no trade union representation. It appeared to her, and underground press colleague Louise Ferrier (who was romantically connected to Neville at the time), that sexual freedom for men still meant women were objectified and excluded from the editorial process. (Rowe has quoted one woman as having said that year: "With brothers like these, who needs chauvinists?")

With Michelene Wandor also involved, they organised a series of meetings for other women involved in the underground press. Fifty people turned up at the first meeting in December 1971 at Rowe and Ferrier's basement flat in Notting Hill. At the third meeting, Rowe has said she suggested women should establish their own magazine. An American in London, Bonnie Boston, had suggested the idea to her, but according to Stephen Alomes, the only other supportive voice came from Rosie Boycott.

## Founding *Spare Rib*

Boycott and Rowe founded *Spare Rib*, the feminist monthly magazine, the first edition appearing in June 1972. It was intended as "the alternative news magazine for women", and Rowe has written that while it was "seen as the public face of the women's movement", the magazine "was not synonymous with the movement". The 20,000 print run of the first two issues sold out, helped by the publicity received from the refusal of W. H. Smith to stock it. Boycott and Rowe, however, had significant differences and the formation of a collective to run the magazine, at Rowe's suggestion, led to Boycott being marginalised, and she resigned not much more than a year later after the launch.

A Spare Rib Books imprint (soon to be renamed Virago Press) was founded in 1973 by Carmen Callil whose own company had assisted on publicity for the magazine's launch. Rowe and Boycott became directors of the new company, but both resigned the following year.

## Later life

Rowe, after herself leaving *Spare Rib* in 1987, became a freelance editor, commissioning books for feminist publishers and writing her own works. She was fiction editor at independent publishing firm Serpent's Tail and ran a life-writing course (Your Life's Word). Among the collections she compiled for Serpent's Tail are *Sex and the City* (1989), *So Very English* (1991), and *Sacred Space* (1992). Rowe contributed to the 1992 anthology *Serious Hysterics*, edited by Alison Fell, which also featured short stories by Marina Warner, Lynne Tillman, Zoe Fairbairns, Nicole Ward Jouve, Leslie Dick and other writers.

Rowe collaborated with Felix Dennis and Mike Pentelow, on *The Characters of Fitzrovia*, which was published in November 2001.

After living in London for many years and for some years in Leeds, and she moved to Norwich, and is working on writing a memoir.

## Bibliography

### As editor

* *Spare Rib Reader*. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1982. ISBN 978-0140052503.
* *Sex and the City: A Serpent's Tail Compilation*. Serpent's Tail. 1989. ISBN 978-1852421656.
* *So Very English: A Serpent's Tail Compilation*. Serpent's Tail. 1991. ISBN 978-1852421793. Contributors include Mario Vargas Llosa, Fay Weldon, Susan Daitch, Kathy Lette, Lynne Tillman, Nicole Ward Jouve, Fleur Adcock, Jean Binta Breeze, Roy Heath, Adam Zameenzad, Naomi Mitchison, Kate Pullinger, Judith Grossman, Jill Neville, Ben Okri, Emma Tennant, Deborah Levy, and others.
* *Sacred Space*. Serpent's Tail. 1992. ISBN 978-1852422608.
* *Infidelity*. Chatto & Windus. 1993. ISBN 978-0701144630.
* With Mike Pentelow, *The Characters of Fitzrovia*. Chatto & Windus. 2001. ISBN 978-0701173142.

## InfoBox

| Marsha Rowe | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1944 (age 7980)<br>Sydney, Australia |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, writer and editor |
| Known for | Co-founder of *Spare Rib* magazine |


title: Oostoever

abstract: Oostoever is a neighborhood of Amsterdam, Netherlands.

text:
# Oostoever

**Oostoever** is a neighborhood of Amsterdam, Netherlands.

## Street names

The streets in the neighborhood are named after the following museums (though mostly Dutch, some are in other countries):

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

52°21′58.65″N 4°49′49.32″E / 52.3662917°N 4.8303667°E / 52.3662917; 4.8303667

## InfoBox

| Oostoever | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Amsterdam | |
| Residential building 'Finisterre'. | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | North Holland |
| COROP | Amsterdam |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |


title: Piqueriella

abstract: Piqueriella is a genus of a Brazilian plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae. The genus contains a single described species, Piqueriella brasiliensis, found only in the State of Ceará in northeastern Brazil.

text:
# Piqueriella

***Piqueriella*** is a genus of a Brazilian plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae. The genus contains a single described species, ***Piqueriella brasiliensis***, found only in the State of Ceará in northeastern Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Piqueriella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Eupatorieae |
| Genus: | *Piqueriella*
R.M.King & H.Rob. |
| Species: | ***P. brasiliensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Piqueriella brasiliensis***
R.M.King & H.Rob. | |
|


title: Youth (1934 film)

abstract: Youth is a 1934 French drama film directed by Georges Lacombe and starring Robert Arnoux, Lisette Lanvin and Jean Servais. The film's sets were designed by Pierre Schild.

text:
# Youth (1934 film)

***Youth*** (French: ***Jeunesse***) is a 1934 French drama film directed by Georges Lacombe and starring Robert Arnoux, Lisette Lanvin and Jean Servais.

The film's sets were designed by Pierre Schild.

## Cast

1. Aitken p.754

## Bibliography

* Aitken, Ian. *The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film*. Routledge, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Youth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Georges Lacombe |
| Written by | Michel Arnaud |
| Starring | Robert Arnoux
Lisette Lanvin
Jean Servais |
| Cinematography | Harry Stradling Sr. |
| Music by | Georges Van Parys |
| Release date | * 24 May 1934 (1934-05-24) |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Natick, Massachusetts

abstract: Natick is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is near the center of the MetroWest region of Massachusetts, with a population of 37,006 at the 2020 census. 10 miles (16 km) west of Boston, Natick is part of the Greater Boston area. Massachusetts's center of population was in Natick at the censuses of 2000–2020, most recently in the vicinity of Hunters Lane.

text:
# Natick, Massachusetts

**Natick** (/ˈntɪk/ *NAY-tik*) is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is near the center of the MetroWest region of Massachusetts, with a population of 37,006 at the 2020 census. 10 miles (16 km) west of Boston, Natick is part of the Greater Boston area. Massachusetts's center of population was in Natick at the censuses of 2000–2020, most recently in the vicinity of Hunters Lane.

## Etymology

The name *Natick* comes from the language of the Massachusett Native American tribe and is commonly thought to mean "Place of Hills." A more accurate translation may be "place of \[our\] searching," after John Eliot's successful search for a location for his Praying Indian settlement.

## History

Natick was settled in 1651 by John Eliot, a Puritan missionary born in Widford, England, who received a commission and funds from England's Long Parliament to settle the Massachusett Indians called Praying Indians on both sides of the Charles River, on land deeded from the settlement at Dedham. Natick was the first of Eliot's network of praying towns and served as their center for a long time. While the towns were largely self-governing under Indian leaders, such as Waban and Cutshamekin, the praying Indians were subject to rules governing conformity to Puritan culture (in practice Natick, like the other praying towns, combined both indigenous and Puritan culture and practices). Eliot and Praying Indian translators printed America's first Algonquian language Bible. Eventually, the church in Natick was led for several decades by an indigenous pastor, Rev. Daniel Takawambait.

The colonial government placed such settlements in a ring of villages around Boston as a defensive strategy. Natick was the first and best documented settlement. The land was granted by the General Court as part of the Dedham Grant.

After a period of expansion and little focus on evangelism, Reverend John Robinson told the New Englanders to prioritize missionary work over growth, "the killing of those poor Indians....How happy a thing it had been if you had converted some before you had killed any." Chastened in the wake of the Mystic Massacre which occurred during the Pequot War, sincere efforts at evangelizing began. A school was set up, a government established, and the Indians were encouraged to convert to Christianity. In November 1675, during King Philip's War, the Natick Indians were sent to Deer Island. Many died of disease and cold, and those who survived found their homes destroyed. The Indian village did not fully recover, and the land held in common by the Indian community was slowly sold to white settlers to cover debts. By 1785, most of the Natick Indians had drifted away. After King Philip's War, Elliot's and a few other missionaries' opposition to the executions and enslavement of Indians were eventually silenced by death threats.

In 1775, both European and Indian citizens of Natick participated in the battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill, as well as serving in the Continental Army. The names of Natick's Praying Indian soldiers are memorialized on a stone marker, along with all of Natick's Revolutionary War veterans, on a stone marker on Pond Street, near downtown Natick.

The town was incorporated in 1781. Henry Wilson, a U.S. senator who became the 18th Vice President of the United States (1873–1875), lived most of his life in Natick as a shoemaker and schoolteacher known as the "Natick Cobbler" and is buried there. He is the namesake of one of Natick's middle schools.

Though Natick was primarily a farming town, the invention of the sewing machine in 1858 led to the growth of several shoe factories. The business flourished and peaked by 1880, when Natick, with 23 operating factories, was third in the nation in the quantity of shoes produced. The shoes made in Natick were primarily heavy work shoes with only one or two companies making lighter dress shoes. Natick was famous for its brogan (shoes), a heavy ankle-high boot worn by soldiers in the American Civil War.

The wound core for a more resilient baseball was developed by John W. Walcott and combined with the figure-eight stitching devised by Colonel William A. Cutler. It was manufactured by the firm of H. Harwood & Sons in their factory, the world's first plant for the manufacture of baseballs. In 1988 H. Harwood & Sons was converted into baseball factory condominiums.

In 1874, a fire in downtown Natick demolished 18 business blocks, two shoe factories, the Town Hall, Natick's only fire engine house and the Congregational Church, as well as many private homes. Though there were no deaths, the loss of property was greater in proportion to the town's wealth than the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. In 1875, Natick's new Central Fire Station was completed on Summer Street and opened with grand ceremony on the same city block where the fire was first discovered. The Central Fire Station is now the home of The Center for Arts in Natick (TCAN), a private nonprofit performing arts center.

In 1891, a team from the town fire department won "The World's Hook and Ladder Championship", a competition between the fire departments of four area towns. The victory gave the town its nickname "Home of Champions".

Miles 8 through 12 of the Boston Marathon run through Natick on Patriots' Day every year along Route 135/Central St., and thousands of residents and visitors line the road to watch.

## Geography and climate

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 16.0 square miles (41 km2), of which 15.1 square miles (39 km2) is land and 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2) is water. The total area is 7.04% water, including Lake Cochituate and Dug Pond.

Natick borders Wellesley, Wayland, Weston, Framingham, Sherborn and Dover.

| Climate data for Natick, Massachusetts (1981−2010 normals) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 33.7
(0.9) | 37.1
(2.8) | 46.2
(7.9) | 58.9
(14.9) | 68.8
(20.4) | 75.5
(24.2) | 81.5
(27.5) | 80.6
(27.0) | 73.7
(23.2) | 59.8
(15.4) | 51.6
(10.9) | 39.6
(4.2) | 58.9
(14.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 16.4
(−8.7) | 18.0
(−7.8) | 25.5
(−3.6) | 35.6
(2.0) | 45.0
(7.2) | 56.3
(13.5) | 62.1
(16.7) | 60.2
(15.7) | 51.7
(10.9) | 39.5
(4.2) | 31.8
(−0.1) | 21.9
(−5.6) | 38.7
(3.7) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.41
(87) | 3.17
(81) | 4.03
(102) | 4.14
(105) | 3.91
(99) | 4.02
(102) | 3.80
(97) | 3.72
(94) | 3.83
(97) | 4.39
(112) | 4.28
(109) | 4.05
(103) | 46.77
(1,188) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 15.8
(40) | 10.8
(27) | 7.8
(20) | 2.2
(5.6) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 1.6
(4.1) | 10.0
(25) | 48.2
(122) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.3 | 9.2 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 12.4 | 11.3 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 10.2 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 125 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 5.4 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 3.4 | 16.3 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Communities and neighborhoods

### Natick Center

Natick Center, also known as Downtown Natick, is at the intersection of Central Street and Main Street and serves as the town's civic and cultural hub.

Many public services and public land use are downtown. Municipal buildings like the Natick Town Hall, Natick Fire Department, Natick Police Department and Morse Institute Library are there, along East Central Street. Also directly downtown is the Natick Town Common, where many town events and community activities are held. In the 1990s new downtown construction of a town hall, fire/police station, and enlargement to the library gave the downtown a fresh new look. New municipal buildings exist alongside several historic buildings and churches, the restored Central Fire House, several banks, restaurants and small businesses.

In 2012 the Massachusetts Cultural Council voted unanimously to make Natick Center one of the newest state-designated cultural districts, the tenth district to win this designation from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Cultural Districts Initiative is designed to help communities attract artists and cultural enterprises, encourage business and job growth, expand tourism, preserve and reuse historic buildings, enhance property values, and foster local cultural development. Natick Center Cultural District is anchored by The Center for Arts in Natick, Morse Institute Library and the Natick Common.

### South Natick

South Natick, known for its scenic nature, is where the Native American settlers first arrived and began the town on the shores of the Charles River. Housing developers like Martin Cerel lived in South Natick, and thus refrained from building major tract neighborhoods in this part of town.

Most South Natick residents consider themselves to have a strong, separate cultural identity from the rest of Natick. It is the only community in Natick that can be separately addressed officially via the US Postal Office, and street signage such as a sign along Route 16 coming from Wellesley communicates arrival in "So. Natick."

### East Natick

East Natick is a community of Natick along Oak Street and at the intersection of Oak Street and Worcester Street. Notable landmarks include Jennings Pond, the Industrial Park on Oak St North, and the Lilja School. Longfellow Health Club, which features a gym, pool, and tennis courts, is in East Natick off Oak St. in the Industrial Park. The stretch of Route 9 in East Natick as one heads into Wellesley contains a multitude of ever-changing retail businesses.

### West Natick

West Natick is a large section of Natick that borders the town of Framingham. The Natick Mall, as well as the strip mall called Sherwood Plaza with its office Industrial Park behind, are considered to be the commercial hub of West Natick. In addition to its retail development, post World War II housing developments like Westfield, Pelham, and Sherwood as well as the National Guard depot and a golf course on Speen St brought many people to this part of town.

There are many businesses in West Natick along West Central Street as well as another MBTA Commuter Rail station in addition to the one downtown. The area in West Natick, along Route 135 is the most densely populated section of town, with its thousands of condominiums and apartments clustered across the street from the train station.

### Neighborhoods

Natick is a small town, and thus, the various sections of tract development homes are considered neighborhoods. These were houses built by several contractors in the late 1940s until the late 1950s. Listed here, are a few of these sections.

#### Sherwood

One of the earliest post World War II developments in West Natick, the homes are colonial in style, with street names reminiscent of the Robin Hood legend. The homes were built in 1948 and the neighborhood remains popular due to the fact that there's no through traffic, and most of the houses have been enlarged with additions.

#### Walnut Hill

Walnut Hill is a neighborhood north of downtown. It is known for the private boarding school Walnut Hill School for the Arts, as well as many Victorian era houses lining Walnut, Highland and Bacon Streets.

#### Wethersfield

The Wethersfield area of Natick is a residential neighborhood north of Route 9. It is a typical 1950s development of Campanelli ranch houses, and remains popular with first-time home buyers due to the relatively inexpensive slab-style houses. This area includes Drury Lane and all connecting roads within the boundaries of route 9, Pine Street, and Route 27.

#### Oak Street

South of Route 9, this section began as a summer vacation area, with tiny cottages surrounding Jennings Pond. Over the years, some houses were enlarged, but the area remains quaint and quiet with no thru traffic. On the westerly side of South Oak is a neighborhood of Cape style houses with streets named after World War II Generals. North of Route 9, other developments of small Cape-style homes were built in the early and mid-1950s and were popular with first-time home buyers due to their affordability. As is happening throughout the region, the capes are getting large additions or replaced by much larger homes. There are two Industrial Parks along north Oak St that contain office buildings on one side of the road and larger warehouses on the eastern side.

#### Little South

Just south of the Natick Common, Cottage Street begins what is commonly called Little South, named so because of its proximity to South Natick. Little South nomenclature extends to the east portions of Everett Street, down to Eliot St. Homes along Cottage St. were primarily built in the early 1950s and are mostly modest and well-maintained. The best-known landmarks in Little South are a WWII monument dedicated to the fallen soldiers from Natick, and The Tobin School, a private daycare and elementary school that has two large buildings off of Cottage St. Everett St. has larger farm homes situated on generous lots. Eliot St., which runs parallel to the Charles River, has some of Natick's oldest homes. Just before South Natick begins, there is a Virgin Mary statue on a large rock on the south side of the Charles River, enveloped by pine trees.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1850 | 2,744 |  |
| 1860 | 5,515 | +101.0% |
| 1870 | 6,404 | +16.1% |
| 1880 | 8,112 | +26.7% |
| 1890 | 9,118 | +12.4% |
| 1900 | 9,488 | +4.1% |
| 1910 | 9,866 | +4.0% |
| 1920 | 10,907 | +10.6% |
| 1930 | 13,589 | +24.6% |
| 1940 | 13,851 | +1.9% |
| 1950 | 19,838 | +43.2% |
| 1960 | 17,993 | −9.3% |
| 1970 | 31,057 | +72.6% |
| 1980 | 29,461 | −5.1% |
| 1990 | 30,510 | +3.6% |
| 2000 | 31,868 | +4.5% |
| 2010 | 32,786 | +2.9% |
| 2020 | 37,006 | +12.9% |
| 2022\* | 36,272 | −2.0% |
| * = population estimate. | | |

As of the census of 2010, there were 32,786 people, 13,080 households, and 8,528 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,132.9 inhabitants per square mile (823.5/km2). There were 13,368 housing units at an average density of 886.3 per square mile (342.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 85.4% White, 2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 7.2% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races and 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3% of the population.

There were 13,080 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. Of all households, 28.3% were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.0% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $61,855, and the median income for a family was $85,056. Males had a median income of $51,964 versus $41,060 for females. The per capita income for the town was $36,358. About 1.7% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

Natick is surrounded, on three sides, by five of the eleven most affluent towns in Massachusetts with Wayland to the north, Weston to the northeast, Wellesley to the east, Dover to the southeast, and Sherborn to the southwest.

### 2010 Census data

**Source:**

* The median age of Natick according to the 2010 US census was 41.1 years.
* There were 15,777 male citizens, accounting for 48.1% of the total population.
* There were 17,009 female citizens, accounting for 51.9% of the population.
* There were 25,233 White or Caucasian citizens, accounting for 82.2% of the population.
* There were 3,714 Asian citizens, accounting for 8.3% of the population.
* There were 2,282 Hispanic or Latino citizens, accounting for 5.0% of the population.
* There were 2,995 Black or African American citizens, accounting for 6.6% of the population.
* There were 135 Native American and Alaska Native citizens, accounting for 0.4% of the population.

## Economy

Companies based in Natick include Cognex Corporation, MathWorks, and Exponent.

## Government

### Town

Natick has representative town meeting form of government (consisting of 180 members) with a Board of Selectmen and a Town Administrator. The members of the Board and the dates their terms end are (as of March 2023):

* Bruce T. Evans, Chair, 2025;
* Kathryn M. Coughlin, Vice Chair, 2025;
* Richard Sidney, Clerk, 2026;
* Kristen L. Pope, 2026;
* Paul R. Joseph, 2024.

The town is part of the Massachusetts Senate's Norfolk, Bristol and Middlesex district.

### County

Mismanagement of Middlesex County's public hospital in the mid-1990s left the county on the brink of insolvency, and in 1997 the Massachusetts legislature stepped in by assuming all assets and obligations of the county. The government of Middlesex County was officially abolished on July 11, 1997. The sheriff and some other regional officials with specific duties are still elected locally to perform duties within the county region, but there is no county council or commissioner. Communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services.

These are the remaining elected officers for Middlesex County:

* Clerk of Courts: Michael A. Sullivan
* County Treasurer: Position Eliminated
* District Attorney: Marian Ryan
* Register of Deeds: Richard P. Howe Jr. (North at Lowell), Maria C. Curtatone (South at Cambridge)
* Register of Probate: Tara E. DeCristofaro
* County Sheriff: Peter Koutoujian

## Education

### Public schools

The Natick Public School District operates the following schools:

* High school:
    + Natick High School; The High School building on the shore of Dug Pond, was opened in 2012. The new building design is based on a model approved by the state of Massachusetts. This was necessary in order to maximize state reimbursement for design and construction. It cost $80 million. The new high school is adjacent to the old high school and opened to students on August 29, 2012. Natick High's former school mascot name, the "Redmen", was changed in 2009 to the "Red and Blue", then in 2012 to the "Redhawks", also spelled "Red Hawks".
* Middle schools:
    + Kennedy Middle School, for which a replacement building broke ground on March 27, 2019;
    + Wilson Middle School.
* Elementary schools:
    + Brown Elementary School;
    + Lilja Elementary School;
    + Memorial Elementary School;
    + Bennett-Hemenway (Ben-Hem) Elementary School;
    + Johnson Elementary School;

### Private schools

* Walnut Hill School for the Arts
* The Riverbend School (formerly Eliot Montessori School)
* The Tobin School
* Brandon School and Residential Treatment Center, a school within a residential treatment center
* Saint Benedict Classical Academy (formerly Saint Benedict Elementary), located in the Harriet Beecher Stowe House

## Transportation

Natick Center station, in the downtown area, is served by the MBTA Commuter Rail Framingham/Worcester Line.

Bus service is provided in Natick by the MetroWest Regional Transit Authority.

## Notable people

## Points of interest

* Casey's Diner, constructed in 1922, is one of the oldest operating ten-stool diners in the United States. Casey's Diner is diminutive in size at only 10 feet (3.0 m) by 20-1/2 feet, and was constructed by the Worcester Lunch Car Company in Worcester, Massachusetts. Famous for its steamed hot dogs, Casey's originated as a horse-drawn lunch wagon that was parked on Natick Common.
* Henry Wilson Shoe Shop, 181 West Central Street, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
* **The Chabad Center of Natick** is a synagogue and Jewish educational center in West Natick which is dedicated to strengthening Jewish awareness in the Metrowest area. The Hebrew School for the Arts is a breakthrough in typical Hebrew school education. Located at the Chabad Center, Hebrew School for the Arts teaches traditional Judaism while integrating the modern arts of drama.
* The **Morse institute Library**, located in Downtown Natick, is a public library which serves as a major educational resource as well as providing programs and hands-on learning opportunities for all residents of Natick and the Metrowest area.
* **The Natick Historical Society**, located in the lower level of the Bacon Free Library. Archives and exhibits on John Eliot and Praying Indians, natural history collections, life during colonial times, early republic and industrial revolution, memorabilia of famous Natick citizens.
* The **Boden Lane Cemetery** is a very small burial site established in 1815. Although the cemetery was established in that year, many of the gravestones are dated even earlier than this date, with some dating back to the Revolutionary War. The cemetery is located on Boden Lane, to the right of Beaver Dam, and directly across the street from the Chabad Center of Natick.

Natick was the setting for Harriet Beecher-Stowe's 1869 fictional novel *Oldtown Folks*. The novel is based on her husband's childhood in Natick, and it accurately details town landmarks, ministers, and inhabitants despite renaming the location to Oldtown. Beecher-Stowe is best known for writing abolitionist fiction novel *Uncle Tom's Cabin.*

Natick appears on the *Family Guy* episode "Da Boom" when the family sets out to the town after Peter reveals that there is a Twinkie factory there (Natick did contain a Hostess factory until 2007 when the Natick Mall expanded into the collection). He eventually starts a town on the ruins of the community, renaming it New Quahog.

To solvers of crossword puzzles such as those of *The New York Times* and the *Los Angeles Times*, "natick" (as coined by Rex Parker) refers to any square a solver cannot fill in correctly without guessing because the solver does not know either entry that passes through it (and there are at least two letters that are reasonable guesses). Such entries are generally proper nouns.

Scenes included in the 2013 American drama film Labor Day (film) starring Kate Winslet, Josh Brolin and Tobey Maguire were filmed in Natick, at locations including The Center for Arts in Natick and Park Street Ice Cream.

Natick appears in the 2015 video game *Fallout 4*, which is set in the greater Boston area (referred to in the game as The Commonwealth).

Part of South Natick made an appearance in the Oscar-nominated movie *Knives Out*. While filming on location, the project had the code name "Morning Bell". Other scenes were shot in surrounding towns such as Wellesley, Framingham, and Waltham.

In April 2019 Chris Evans was in Natick filming an upcoming TV series, *Defending Jacob*. The production was seen filming on the Natick Common, Park Street, and at Park Street Ice Cream. The ice cream shop was temporarily converted into "K.D. Scoops" for the filming. Many Natick residents crowded around in hopes of getting a glimpse of Evans. Photos were taken of him and his co-star sitting on a bench on the commons as well as inside and outside Park Street Ice Cream. *Defending Jacob* released on Apple TV+ on April 24, 2020.

The characters in the 2021 visual novel *Emily is Away \<3* by Kyle Seeley live in Natick and attend Natick High School.

## InfoBox

| Natick, Massachusetts | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Town of Natick | |
| Natick town center | |
|  | |
| Nickname: Home of Champions | |
| Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts | |
| Coordinates: 42°17′00″N 71°21′00″W / 42.28333°N 71.35000°W / 42.28333; -71.35000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Massachusetts |
| County | Middlesex |
| Settled | 1651 |
| Incorporated | 1781 |
| Government | |
| Type | Representative town meeting |
| Area | |
| Total | 16.1 sq mi (41.6 km2) |
| Land | 15.1 sq mi (39.1 km2) |
| Water | 1.0 sq mi (2.5 km2) |
| Elevation | 181 ft (55 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 37,006 |
| Density | 2,450.7/sq mi (946.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (Eastern) |
| ZIP Code | 01760 |
| Area code | 508/774 |
| FIPS code | 25-43895 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0619407 |
| Website | www.natickma.gov |


title: Plumb (novel series)

abstract: The Plumb trilogy is a series of three novels written by New Zealand author Maurice Gee: Plumb (1978), Meg (1981), and Sole Survivor (1983). The trilogy follows the lives of a New Zealand family across three generations, exploring the impacts of history, politics and religion on the family, and has been described by New Zealand writers and literary critics as one of the greatest achievements in New Zealand literature.

text:
# Plumb (novel series)

The ***Plumb*** trilogy is a series of three novels written by New Zealand author Maurice Gee: *Plumb* (1978), *Meg* (1981), and *Sole Survivor* (1983). The trilogy follows the lives of a New Zealand family across three generations, exploring the impacts of history, politics and religion on the family, and has been described by New Zealand writers and literary critics as one of the greatest achievements in New Zealand literature.

## Background and overview

Gee began writing *Plumb* in 1976, at age 45, after moving from Auckland to Nelson with his wife and family and earning a Literary Fund Scholarship that allowed him to begin writing full-time. He had wanted to write a novel about his grandfather, controversial Presbyterian minister James Chapple, for many years. The character George Plumb is closely based on Chapple, particularly his early life, his trials for heresy and seditious utterance and subsequent imprisonment, although Gee gave Plumb "three months more in jail" because "14 months seemed to fit better into my time scheme than 11 months". In the author's note to the novel, Gee further explains that Plumb's character, career, opinions, and early life with his wife, are much like his grandfather's own history, but that Plumb's domestic life and children are "largely imaginary".

The first novel is narrated by the eighty-year-old George Plumb, not in chronological order but by looking back through his own memories, and covering the 1890s to the 1940s. He is a Presbyterian clergyman with an unyielding and stern personality and a strong belief in his own principles, who becomes a pacifist and rationalist, and he and his late wife Edie had twelve children. His beliefs lead to sacrifices being made both by himself and his family, and to a fractured relationship with his children. The second novel, *Meg*, is narrated by George's youngest daughter Meg (based on Gee's own mother), and is a coming of age or *Bildungsroman* novel. The third novel is about Meg's son, Raymond Sole, a journalist, and his relationship with his cousin Duggie Plumb, a corrupt politician. The trilogy is largely set in Henderson, in West Auckland, where Gee grew up.

## Publication history

*Plumb* was published in London by Faber and Faber in 1978, and in Auckland by Oxford University Press in 1979. Contemporary reviews were positive. David Dowling, writing in the New Zealand literary journal *Landfall*, called it a "fine novel, Gee's best so far", and felt it signalled "a new maturity in New Zealand fiction". In the United Kingdom, Martin Seymour-Smith, reviewing the novel for the *Financial Times*, noted the inspiration of Chapple, and said he suspected that much of the novel's power came "from the fact that Maurice Gee is trying to seek out the good in a man with whose fundamental precepts he is in disagreement". He praised the novel's ending as "perfect". Nina Bawden for the *Daily Telegraph* observed that, while "the history of the moral struggles of a Presbyterian Minister in New Zealand does not sound very enticing", it made for "unexpectedly riveting reading".

Despite selling well by the standards of New Zealand fiction, sales figures from *Plumb* were not enough for Gee to live off, so he branched out into children's books and television writing. He did, however, complete the sequels *Meg*, published in 1981, and *Sole Survivor*, published in 1983. Both novels were well-reviewed. David Hill, reviewing *Meg*, felt it was an "immensely satisfying work", speaking in "what is unmistakably a new voice". He subsequently reviewed *Sole Survivor* as well, highlighting the many strengths of the three novels and in particular their examination "of the fortitude, the brevity, and much of the destruction in well-meaning lives".

In addition to being published in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, *Meg* and *Sole Survivor* were also published in the United States by St Martin's Press, in 1981 and 1983 respectively. *Kirkus Reviews* noted the difficulty in reviewing *Meg* when *Plumb* had not been published in the United States, but said the reader would "slowly warm" to the story, especially to Meg, and that it was "far more subtle and thoughtful than most family sagas". It said of *Sole Survivor* that "Gee comes across as a gently unsentimental, especially economical observer of lives ... with a clear-headed realism about human motive that's steadily appealing and frequently even moving". Michael Leapman in the *New York Times* was less impressed, saying that to appreciate *Sole Survivor* a reader would have to have "a familiarity with New Zealand politics since 1950 and a taste for the sordid".

In 1995, the trilogy was published in a single volume by Penguin Books.

## Awards and legacy

*Plumb* is considered one of the best novels ever written in New Zealand. It won the 1978 James Tait Black Memorial Prize in the UK, and the top prize for fiction at both the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards and the New Zealand Book Awards in 1979.

The series continues to be widely read in New Zealand. In 2006, the trilogy came second in a poll run by *The Dominion Post* of readers' favourite New Zealand books of the past 30 years, second only to the collected autobiography of Janet Frame. In 2018, fifty New Zealand literary experts voted *Plumb* to be the best New Zealand novel of the last fifty years. In response, Gee said: "I don’t think 'top' can be measured but it's good to know that *Plumb* is remembered and that people enjoy it. Actually, I can be more enthusiastic than that: I'm chuffed."

## InfoBox

The *Plumb* trilogy
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| ---  * *Plumb* * *Meg* * *Sole Survivor*  --- | |
| Author | Maurice Gee |
| Language | New Zealand English |
| Genre | Family saga |
| Publisher |  |
| Published | 1978–1983 |


title: Pierre Monatte

abstract: Pierre Monatte was a French trade unionist, a founder of the Confédération générale du travail at the beginning of the 20th century, and founder of its journal La Vie Ouvrière on 5 October 1909. Monatte has been considered one of the great figures of revolutionary syndicalism.

text:
# Pierre Monatte

**Pierre Monatte** (15 January 1881  27 June 1960) was a French trade unionist, a founder of the *Confédération générale du travail* (CGT, General Confederation of Labour) at the beginning of the 20th century, and founder of its journal *La Vie Ouvrière* (Workers' Life) on 5 October 1909. Monatte has been considered one of the great figures of revolutionary syndicalism.

## Life

Monatte was born on 15 January 1881. Alphonse Merrheim arrived in Paris in 1904, and soon afterward, he met Monatte at the office of *Pages Libres*. The two men would work together to launch *La Vie Ouvrière (The Worker's Life)*.

In 1914 Monatte and Alfred Rosmer led the internationalist core of *La Vie ouvrière (The Worker's Life)*.

Monatte often referred himself to Fernand Pelloutier and did not disguise his anarchist sympathies although he drifted away from that current of socialism after the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam in 1907. There, Monatte argued in particular with Errico Malatesta concerning the methods of organisation. Invoking the 1906 Charter of Amiens, which established the principle of "political neutrality" of trade unions, Monatte considered syndicalism itself to be revolutionary, but Malatesta advocated the creation of some sort of anarchist organisation to superate internal conflicts among the workers' movement itself.

Monatte was the first secretary general of the *Comités syndicalistes révolutionnaires* (Revolutionary Syndicalist Committees).

At the CGT's first postwar congress, held in Lyon from 15 to 21 September 1919, Monatte was among the leaders of the minority, with Joseph Tommasi, Raymond Péricat and Gaston Monmousseau and denounced the CGT membership in the Amsterdam International of Labor Unions. They claimed that the CGT majority had broken with the principles of syndicalism and lost faith in revolution by dealing with the government. The minority wanted the CGT to join the Communist International.

He was an opponent of the First World War.

In 1923, Monatte joined the French Communist Party (PCF) and was close to Boris Souvarine and Alfred Rosmer. Along with them, he was excluded at the end of 1924 of the party at the occasion of an internal purge against Left Opposition of the party, which supported Leon Trotsky. Then, Monatte founded in January 1925 the journal *La Révolution prolétarienne* (The Proletarian Revolution), along with Robert Louzon. The journal enjoyed an appreciated audience among trade unionists and left-wing activists during the interwar period.

## Bibliography

Colette Chambelland, *Pierre Monatte, Une autre voix syndicaliste*, coll.: Part des Hommes, Éd. de l'Atelier, 1999, ISBN 2-7082-3460-9

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Pierre Monatte | |
| --- | --- |
| Monatte c.1915 | |
| Born | (1881-01-15)15 January 1881
Monlet, France |
| Died | 27 June 1960(1960-06-27) (aged 79)
Vanves, Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Printer |
| Known for | Trade unionism |


title: Pollicipes pollicipes

abstract: Pollicipes pollicipes, known as the goose neck barnacle, goose barnacle or leaf barnacle is a species of goose barnacle, also well known under the taxonomic synonym Pollicipes cornucopia. It is closely related to Pollicipes polymerus, a species with the same common names, but found on the Pacific coast of North America, and to Pollicipes elegans a species from the coast of Chile. It is found on rocky shores in the north-east Atlantic Ocean and is prized as a delicacy, especially in the Iberian Peninsula.

text:
# Pollicipes pollicipes

***Pollicipes pollicipes***, known as the **goose neck barnacle**, **goose barnacle** or **leaf barnacle** is a species of goose barnacle, also well known under the taxonomic synonym ***Pollicipes cornucopia***. It is closely related to *Pollicipes polymerus*, a species with the same common names, but found on the Pacific coast of North America, and to *Pollicipes elegans* a species from the coast of Chile. It is found on rocky shores in the north-east Atlantic Ocean and is prized as a delicacy, especially in the Iberian Peninsula.

## Distribution

*Pollicipes pollicipes* is chiefly distributed from 48°N to 28°N, along the coasts of France, Spain (including the Canary Islands), Portugal, Morocco, and south to Senegal. The periphery of the species' range also extends as far north as Ireland, with outlying populations on the south coast of England and possibly in southwestern Ireland, although there are no recent records there. The species is present, but rare, in the Mediterranean Sea. It is possible that the outlying populations are not self-sustaining, being instead maintained by immigration of larvae from self-sustaining core populations.

A population disjunctly located around the tropical Cape Verde Islands at about 16°N was described in 2010 as a new species, *Pollicipes caboverdensis*.

## Ecology

*Pollicipes pollicipes* grows in groups on rocks, as well as on the hulls of shipwrecks and on driftwood. It is a filter feeder, living on particles that it can glean from the water passing over its extended cirri; these possess a complex assortment of setae, enabling *P. pollicipes* to have a varied diet, including diatoms, detritus, large crustaceans, copepods, shrimp and molluscs.

The larvae pass through seven free-swimming stages (six nauplii and one cypris) over the course of at least a month. After this time, they settle into the adult, sessile form.

*Pollicipes pollicipes* is harvested for consumption in many parts of its range, mostly for the Spanish market, where (marketed as *percebe gallego*) it may sell for as much as 90 per kilogram. As a result, the species is thought to be in decline. It is harvested manually, and archaeological evidence suggests that the species has been harvested in this way for over 10,000 years.

## InfoBox

| *Pollicipes pollicipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Thecostraca |
| Subclass: | Cirripedia |
| Order: | Pollicipedomorpha |
| Family: | Pollicipedidae |
| Genus: | *Pollicipes* |
| Species: | ***P. pollicipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pollicipes pollicipes***<br>(Gmelin, 1789) | |
|
|  | |
| Range of *P. pollicipes* shown in red | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lepas gallorum* Spengler, 1790 * *Lepas pollicipes* Gmelin, 1789 * *Mitella pollicipes* (Gmelin, 1789) * *Pollicipes cornucopia* Leach, 1817 | |


title: Onna no Michi

abstract: "Onna no Michi" is the debut single by Shiro Miya & Pinkara Trio released on May 10, 1972, in Japan. The lyrics are simple, but sad. The song is written about a woman who devoted herself to her only man but was deserted by him and was crying. The single became a mega-hit song and had been recognized as the best-selling song in Japan until "Oyoge! Taiyaki-kun" was released. The song holds an all-time consecutive number-one record to spend 16 consecutive weeks at the number-one position on the Oricon single charts. In Japan, it was the best selling single in 1972 with over 1.3 million copies and held the rank in the next year with over 1.8 million copies. The song was charted for 84 weeks on the Oricon charts. In total it sold over 3.25 million copies and is the second best selling single in Japan according to the Oricon. It is also the best selling enka. Their album Onna no Michi also reached at the number-one position on the Oricon charts.

text:
# Onna no Michi

"**Onna no Michi**" (女のみち, lit. "The Way of a Woman") is the debut single by Shiro Miya & Pinkara Trio released on May 10, 1972, in Japan. The lyrics are simple, but sad. The song is written about a woman who devoted herself to her only man but was deserted by him and was crying. The single became a mega-hit song and had been recognized as the best-selling song in Japan until "Oyoge! Taiyaki-kun" was released.

The song holds an all-time consecutive number-one record to spend 16 consecutive weeks at the number-one position on the Oricon single charts. In Japan, it was the best selling single in 1972 with over 1.3 million copies and held the rank in the next year with over 1.8 million copies. The song was charted for 84 weeks on the Oricon charts. In total it sold over 3.25 million copies and is the second best selling single in Japan according to the Oricon. It is also the best selling enka.

Their album *Onna no Michi* also reached at the number-one position on the Oricon charts.

1. "'70s fish snack tune 'Taiyaki-kun' leaps again up the sales chart". The Japan Times. 2008-03-26. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
2. ＥＸＩＬＥが１０００曲目オリコンチャート１位の歴史 (in Japanese). zakzak. 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
3. "YEAR 1972". Retrieved 2008-07-20.
4. "YEAR 1973". Retrieved 2008-07-20.
5. シングル主流の70年代、高度経済成長時代の後に見え始めた新トレンド (in Japanese). Oricon. 2005-05-31. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
6. "SMAP「世界に一つだけの花」、 シングル売上歴代9位に！！" (in Japanese). Oricon. 2004-08-03. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
7. Michito Goda. 宮史郎 (in Japanese). Michito Goda Official Website. Archived from the original on 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
8. 関ジャニ∞、初のアルバム初登場1位！ (in Japanese). Oricon. 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2008-12-05.

## InfoBox

| "Onna no Michi" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Shiro Miya & Pinkara Trio | |
| from the album  *Onna no Michi* | |
| B-side | "Okinawa no Hito" |
| Released | May 10, 1972 (1972-05-10) |
| Genre | Enka |
| Length | 4:33 |
| Label | Nippon Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) | Shiro Miya (lyric)
Hiroshi Namiki (music) |
| Shiro Miya & Pinkara Trio singles chronology | |
| "**Onna no Michi**"
(1972) "Onna no Negai"
(1972) | |


title: Piketown, Pennsylvania

abstract: Piketown is an area in West Hanover Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States, located near Fort Indiantown Gap.

text:
# Piketown, Pennsylvania

**Piketown** is an area in West Hanover Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States, located near Fort Indiantown Gap.

## InfoBox

| Piketown, Pennsyvainia | |
| --- | --- |
| PiketownLocation within the state of PennsylvaniaPiketownPiketown (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 40°22′44″N 76°45′22″W / 40.37889°N 76.75611°W / 40.37889; -76.75611 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Dauphin |
| Township | West Hanover |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 824 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |


title: Youth & Young Manhood

abstract: Youth & Young Manhood is the debut album from American rock band Kings of Leon, released on July 7, 2003, in the United Kingdom and on August 19, 2003, in the United States.

text:
# Youth & Young Manhood

***Youth & Young Manhood*** is the debut album from American rock band Kings of Leon, released on July 7, 2003, in the United Kingdom and on August 19, 2003, in the United States.

## Recording and release

The album was recorded at Shangri-La Studios in Malibu, Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, and Ocean Way Studios in Nashville.

"Molly's Chambers", "Wasted Time", and "California Waiting" were released as singles. "Red Morning Light" was featured in a Ford Focus commercial and used as the opening song in the video game *FIFA 2004* by EA Sports. "Spiral Staircase" was featured in the PS3 game *MotorStorm*. "Holy Roller Novocaine" was featured in the film *Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby* and included on the soundtrack.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 79/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Blender* |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | B+ |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *NME* | 9/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 4.2/10 |
|  |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |
| *Spin* | B+ |
| *Uncut* |  |

Critical reception for the album was generally favorable, as evidenced by its score of 79, based on 21 reviews, at Metacritic, a website that assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics. Many appreciated the band's punk- and garage rock-influenced revival of the southern rock genre, with *NME* hailing the album among the "best debuts of the past 10 years". AllMusic claimed the album was not "sonically adventurous", but that "in the new-millennium pop realm, some greasy licks sure sound good". James Hunter of *The Village Voice* called the album "2003's finest rock debut", saying the band had built on its first EP. Greg Kot wrote a favorable review in *Rolling Stone*, in which he declared that the band knew "when to lay back and let things simmer", as well as "when to jump up and testify with tambourines banging". At the end of the year, *Rolling Stone* critics named the album the tenth-best of 2003 and *NME* named it the seventh best. Later, it was ranked at number 80 in *Rolling Stone'*s Top 100 Albums of the Decade list and included in the book *1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die*.

The album peaked at number 3 in the United Kingdom, but fared worse in the band's homeland, where it peaked outside the top hundred. The band's popularity spiked in Australia during the weeks of September 22 and 29, 2008, when all four of their studio albums were in the top 50 on the charts. With this, *Youth and Young Manhood* made its first top 50 chart appearance since its release in 2003, peaking at number 46

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Caleb Followill, Nathan Followill and Angelo Petraglia, except "Trani" by Matthew Followill

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Red Morning Light" | 2:59 |
| 2. | "Happy Alone" | 3:58 |
| 3. | "Wasted Time" | 2:45 |
| 4. | "Joe's Head" | 3:21 |
| 5. | "Trani" | 5:00 |
| 6. | "California Waiting" | 3:28 |
| 7. | "Spiral Staircase" | 2:54 |
| 8. | "Molly's Chambers" | 2:14 |
| 9. | "Genius" | 2:48 |
| 10. | "Dusty" | 4:20 |
| 11. | "Holy Roller Novocaine" (ends at 4:03; hidden track "Talihina Sky" starts at 8:20) | 12:05 |
| Total length: | | 45:52 |

## Personnel

## Singles

* "Red Morning Light"
* "Molly's Chambers"
    + Released: August 11, 2003
    + Chart positions: #23 (UK Singles Chart)
* "Wasted Time"
    + Released: October 20, 2003
    + Chart positions: #51 (UK Singles Chart)
* "California Waiting"
    + Released: February 16, 2004
    + Chart positions: #61 (UK Singles Chart)

## Charts and certifications

## InfoBox

| Youth & Young Manhood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kings of Leon | |
| Released | July 7, 2003 |
| Recorded | 2002–2003 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 45:52 |
| Label | RCA |
| Producer |  |
| Kings of Leon chronology | |
| *What I Saw*
(2003) ***Youth & Young Manhood***
(2003) *Aha Shake Heartbreak*
(2004) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Youth & Young Manhood* | |
| 1. "Red Morning Light"
Released: May 26, 2003 2. "Molly's Chambers"
Released: August 11, 2003 3. "Wasted Time"
Released: October 20, 2003 4. "California Waiting"
Released: February 16, 2004 | |
|  | |


title: Natalie Finnemore

abstract: Natalie Finnemore is a British visual artist who creates sculptural installations. Finnemore's artistic practice utilises drawing, printmaking, painting and sculpture. Her sculptural work is influenced by design, and explores the viewer's expectations or relationship with form, function and play.

text:
# Natalie Finnemore

**Natalie Finnemore** (born 1988) is a British visual artist who creates sculptural installations. Finnemore's artistic practice utilises drawing, printmaking, painting and sculpture. Her sculptural work is influenced by design, and explores the viewer's expectations or relationship with form, function and play.

## Early life and education

Finnemore studied a foundation year in Art and Design at the Cumbria Institute of Arts, University of Cumbria, and completed a BA Fine Art degree at Sheffield Hallam University in 2011.

## Career

Finnemore was selected to participate in the *Bloomberg New Contemporaries 2012,* a yearly platform for promising recent fine art graduates in the UK.

Following her degree Finnemore was selected to take part in the S1 Studio Bursary Programme 2011, at S1 Artspace in Sheffield. This was a professional development scheme which included associated artists such as Haroon Mirza, James Clarkson and Simon Bill. Finnemore then become a permanent studio holder at S1 Artspace, and took part in various exhibitions hosted by S1 Artspace including *Three Act Structure*, 2014, and *I Can Read With My Eyes Shut, 2016*. Finnemore currently works from Exchange Place Studios, Sheffield, run by Yorkshire Artspace.

In 2019 Finnemore was selected, alongside four other artists, to be awarded a grant and a place on the Associate Artist programme as part of Yorkshire Sculpture International festival 2019, which offered artist development and mentoring. Through this Finnemore teamed up with John Lewis & Partners to present a sculptural installation in their Leeds city centre store. The result of this commission, entitled *Support Structures*, was exhibited in the ground floor window and second floor, and addressed Finnemore's interest in 'functional sculpture and non-functional design' and incorporated products from the John Lewis store display. Finnemore also exhibited in the Associated Matter exhibition at Yorkshire Sculpture Park, alongside the other YSI Associate artists.

Finnemore has developed a number of sculptural installations which encourage playful interactions with the objects from the public. She uses her research into 'elements of design that are used to manipulate the user's behaviour' to create sculptural objects which impact the behaviour of the audience. In 2015 Finnemore collaborated with design agency Lyon & Lyon to make a piece of modular furniture that encourages creative play for The Tetley gallery in Leeds. During summer 2017 Finnemore was invited by The Hepworth Wakefield to devise and run a series of workshops with year 6 students from a local primary school exploring how to make sculpture that can be played with and on. Finnemore went on to create a large sculptural installation for playing on inspired by the student's ideas outdoors at The Hepworth Wakefield. In 2017 Finnemore took part in the group exhibition *Leisure Time* at S1 Artspace in Sheffield. The show explored the concept of leisure within the Buahaus curriculum. Finnemore's sculpture, ‘Function: Grasping/Movement Ability Developing’, a group of soft pillow rings, invited visitors to rest upon them and make use of their function to provide comfort.

## Selected group exhibitions

*Associated Matter*, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, Wakefield, 2019

*Construction House: Leisure Time,* S1 Artspace, Sheffield, 2018

*Everything Flows*, Millennium Gallery, Sheffield, 2017

*Drawing for Sculpture*, 20-21 Visual Arts Centre, Scunthorpe, 2017

*Left Hand to Back of Head, Object Held Against Right Thigh,* Bluecoat Gallery, Liverpool, 2016

*Think.Play.Do*, The Tetley, Leeds, 2015

*Bloomberg New Contemporaries*, ICA, London, 2012-2013

## Awards

Yorkshire Sculpture International, Associate Artist, 2019

The Penthouse Residency, The Penthouse, Manchester, 2013

S1 Artspace Bursary Award programme, 2011

Bloomberg New Contemporaries 2012


abstract: Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting, also known as Autoritratto in veste di Pittura or simply La Pittura, was painted by the Italian Baroque artist Artemisia Gentileschi. The oil-on-canvas painting measures 98.6 by 75.2 centimetres and was probably produced during Gentileschi's stay in England between 1638 and 1639. It was in the collection of Charles I and was returned to the Royal Collection at the Restoration (1660) and remains there. In 2015 it was put on display in the "Cumberland Gallery" in Hampton Court Palace. The scene depicts Gentileschi painting herself, who is in turn represented as the “Allegory of Painting” illustrated by Cesare Ripa. It is now in the British Royal Collection. The painting demonstrates rare feminist themes from a time when women seldom held jobs, let alone were well known for them. Gentileschi's portrayal of herself as the epitome of the arts was a bold statement to make for the period, though the painting is today overshadowed by many of Gentileschi's other, more dramatic and raw scenes reflecting the artist's troubling younger years. That it is a self-portrait as well as an allegory was first proposed by Michael Levey in the 20th century, and is not universally accepted, as some art historians see the features of the figure here as too different from those in other portraits of the artist.

text:
# Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting

***Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting***, also known as ***Autoritratto in veste di Pittura*** or simply ***La Pittura***, was painted by the Italian Baroque artist Artemisia Gentileschi. The oil-on-canvas painting measures 98.6 by 75.2 centimetres (38.8 in × 29.6 in) and was probably produced during Gentileschi's stay in England between 1638 and 1639. It was in the collection of Charles I and was returned to the Royal Collection at the Restoration (1660) and remains there. In 2015 it was put on display in the "Cumberland Gallery" in Hampton Court Palace.

The scene depicts Gentileschi painting herself, who is in turn represented as the “Allegory of Painting” illustrated by Cesare Ripa. It is now in the British Royal Collection.

The painting demonstrates rare feminist themes from a time when women seldom held jobs, let alone were well known for them. Gentileschi's portrayal of herself as the epitome of the arts was a bold statement to make for the period, though the painting is today overshadowed by many of Gentileschi's other, more dramatic and raw scenes reflecting the artist's troubling younger years.

That it is a self-portrait as well as an allegory was first proposed by Michael Levey in the 20th century, and is not universally accepted, as some art historians see the features of the figure here as too different from those in other portraits of the artist.

## Historical context

Gentileschi was born in Rome in 1593, just at the start of Baroque painting. Gentileschi's father, Orazio, was a well-known artist, and Artemisia trained in his workshop for a number of years before creating works herself. In the 1610s, Artemisia was raped by an older member of the workshop, Agostino Tassi, an event which coloured the rest of her life and is reflected in her art, which often shows subjects with a "Power of Women" themes such as *Judith Slaying Holofernes* and *Salome with the Head of St. John the Baptist*. The artist's focus on her work, away from the viewer, highlights the drama of the Baroque period, and the changing role of the artist from craftsperson to singular innovator.

Abstract concepts like "Painting" were traditionally represented by female allegorical figures, and therefore the painting was not one that any male painter could present in the same way, as both self-portrait and allegory. The *Self-Portrait* was also influenced by the works of Cesare Ripa, most notably his *Iconologia*, in which he suggests how virtues and abstract concepts should be depicted, with human qualities and appearances. Ripa said "Painting" should be shown as: “A beautiful woman, with full black hair, disheveled, and twisted in various ways, with arched eyebrows that show imaginative thought, the mouth covered with a cloth tied behind her ears, with a chain of gold at her throat from which hangs a mask, and has written in front "imitation." She holds in her hand a brush, and in the other the palette, with clothes of evanescently covered drapery.” Other than the cloth tied around the mouth, Gentileschi follows this prescription quite accurately.

## Description

The composition of the painting mirrors other artworks of the time, using diagonal lines to flaunt the female figure and emphasize her movement both in toward the canvas and out towards the viewers. The use of foreshortening and other three-dimensional techniques not only demonstrate Gentileschi’s talent as an artist, but also bring the viewers into the painting on physical and emotional levels.

The light is clearly coming from the left, but the source is not visible and is unusually harsh. The front of Gentileschi’s body is lit perfectly, but her back is obscured. Across the forehead and cheeks and down the side of the neck and left shoulder a clear line separates the light from the dark, a chiaroscuro technique which was used frequently during the Baroque era to add a sense of drama.

The textural element, so important in Baroque paintings, is found in the wisps in the disheveled hair, the crinkles in the sleeve with spilled paint cracking near the wrist, and the dirty hands, which augment the painting's realism.

Finally, the colour in the portrait is noteworthy, partially due to the lighting and partially due to the natural difference in tones. Whereas the darker clothing and background nearly seem to blend together, the pale skin of the face and right arm jump out immediately. The gold chain near the neck shimmers, while the chain near the chest (ending in a mask pendant) slowly dies down into a lacklustre brown. The thinness of the painting in the background gives the impression that the painting is unfinished, however a 1972 cleaning removed later overpainting to restore it to its earlier condition. The artist's initials are placed below the palette.

## Interpretation

Because Ripa’s image of “Painting” took the form of a woman, Gentileschi could use the description to her advantage to paint herself in the best light as an artist. While being a female during the Baroque era was largely negative in terms of rights and lifestyle, Gentileschi found this gem in *Iconologia* to amp up her reputation. Additionally, although many of the idealized figures of women evoked salacious or suggestive ideas during this time, Gentileschi was able to successfully manipulate “Painting” to be empowering (not demeaning) to women.

Gentileschi's depiction of herself as the Allegory of Painting has made her seem somewhat egotistical to some critics. Furthermore, as art historian Mary Garrard claims, only a woman artist could present herself in this way, as allegorical personifications were limited to female figures.

## Provenance

The painting was created during Artemisia's trip to England and was subsequently acquired by King Charles I. During the dispersal of the royal collection, it came into the hands of John Jackson, a lawyer employed by Parliamentary creditors, as noted by a record from October 1651. The painting was reacquired for King Charles II by royalist Colonel William Hawley, during his post-Restoration campaign authorised by royal proclamation in August 1660.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting | |
| --- | --- |
| Italian: *Autoritratto in veste di Pittura* | |
|  | |
| Artist | Artemisia Gentileschi |
| Year | 1638–39 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 98.6 cm × 75.2 cm (38.8 in × 29.6 in) |
| Owner | Royal Collection |
| Accession | RCIN 405551 |


title: Plumb Grove

abstract: Plumb Grove, also known as the Nesbitt-Warner House, is a historic house and farm near Clear Spring, Maryland. The house was built about 1832 in the Federal style on a property called "Nesbitt's Inheritance." The lands and house remained in the Nesbitt family until 1893, when they were sold to Rosa E. Warner. The Warner family occupied the house until 1967, when the property was purchased by the Washington County Board of Education as the site for Clear Spring Middle and High Schools. Plumb Grove was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 7, 2011. It is owned by the Clear Spring District Historical Association. It has been restored and is open to the public.

text:
# Plumb Grove

**Plumb Grove**, also known as the **Nesbitt-Warner House**, is a historic house and farm near Clear Spring, Maryland. The house was built about 1832 in the Federal style on a property called "Nesbitt's Inheritance." The lands and house remained in the Nesbitt family until 1893, when they were sold to Rosa E. Warner. The Warner family occupied the house until 1967, when the property was purchased by the Washington County Board of Education as the site for Clear Spring Middle and High Schools.

Plumb Grove was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 7, 2011. It is owned by the Clear Spring District Historical Association. It has been restored and is open to the public.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Plumb Grove | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Clear Spring, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°39′7″N 77°48′53″W / 39.65194°N 77.81472°W / 39.65194; -77.81472 |
| Built | 1832 |
| NRHP reference No. | 11000882 |
| Added to NRHP | December 7, 2011 |


title: Melvin Choo

abstract: Melvin Choo Kwok Ming is a Singaporean auto racing driver.

text:
# Melvin Choo

**Melvin Choo Kwok Ming** (born 24 July 1970) is a Singaporean auto racing driver.

## Career

Choo competed in the final two rounds of the 2008 FIA World Touring Car Championship, becoming the first driver from Singapore to compete in the WTCC. He drove for the Thunder Asia Racing Team in a BMW 320si with a best placed result of 20th at Okayama Circuit, Japan. He also finished as runner-up in Division Two of the Asian Touring Car Championship in 2008, after finishing third in 2007. Other races participated in 2008 includes the Aston Martin Asia Cup, and finishing as runner-up in Class B of the Porsche Carrera Cup Asia.

In 2009 Super GT season, Choo spot-raced in the Malaysia round for the Thunder Asia Racing with Martin Short and became the first Singaporean driver in the event. Their team finished 13th in GT300 class. He and the team would be fully involved in the 2010 Super GT season, while he was also appointed as the official negotiator of Super GT to promote the event in Singapore, including a possibility to bringing the race to Singapore in future.

### Complete WTCC results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Team | Car | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 | | 6 | | 7 | | 8 | | 9 | | 10 | | 11 | | 12 | | Position | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | ThunderAsia Racing | BMW 320si | CUR | | PUE | | VAL | | PAU | | BRN | | EST | | BRA | | OSC | | IMO | | MON | | OKA | | MAC | | NC | 0 |
| | | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23 | 20 | Ret | Ret | | |

### Complete Super GT results

| Year | Team | Car | Class | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | DC | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | ThunderAsia Racing | Mosler MT900M | GT300 | OKA
 | SUZ
 | FUJ
 | SEP
13 | SUG
 | SUZ
 | FUJ
 | AUT
 | MOT
 | NC | 0 |
| 2010 | ThunderAsia Racing | Mosler MT900M | GT300 | SUZ
 | OKA
Ret | FUJ
Ret | SEP
Ret | SUG
Ret | SUZ
14 | FUJ
C | MOT
 |  | NC | 0 |
| 2011 | ThunderAsia Racing | Mosler MT900M | GT300 | OKA
16 | FUJ
15 | SEP
15 | SUG
 | SUZ
18 | FUJ
20 | AUT
19 | MOT
18 |  | NC | 0 |


title: Pollicipes caboverdensis

abstract: Pollicipes caboverdensis is a species of goose barnacle in the family Pollicipedidae. It is found in rocky intertidal zones on the coasts of the islands Santiago, Sal and São Vicente, Cape Verde. The species was first described by Joana N. Fernandes, Teresa Cruz and Robert Van Syoc in 2010 after a 24.5 mm specimen collected from Ponta Preta, northwestern Santiago.

text:
# Pollicipes caboverdensis

***Pollicipes caboverdensis*** is a species of goose barnacle in the family Pollicipedidae. It is found in rocky intertidal zones on the coasts of the islands Santiago, Sal and São Vicente, Cape Verde. The species was first described by Joana N. Fernandes, Teresa Cruz and Robert Van Syoc in 2010 after a 24.5 mm specimen collected from Ponta Preta, northwestern Santiago.

## InfoBox

| *Pollicipes caboverdensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pollicipes caboverdensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Thecostraca |
| Subclass: | Cirripedia |
| Order: | Pollicipedomorpha |
| Family: | Pollicipedidae |
| Genus: | *Pollicipes* |
| Species: | ***P. caboverdensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pollicipes caboverdensis***<br>Fernandes, Cruz & Van Syoc, 2010 | |
|


title: Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game

abstract: "Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game" is the 44th single by J-pop girl group Morning Musume. It is the last single to feature Eri Kamei, Junjun and Linlin prior to their graduation. The single was released in four editions: Limited A, B and C, and normal. The limited editions each came with a different DVD. The limited edition releases, as well as the first press of the normal edition, also came with an event serial number card. The Single V was released on November 24, 2010. The single debuted at #6 on the weekly Oricon charts, selling a reported total of 42,405 copies in the first week.

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# Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game

"**Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game**" (女と男のララバイゲーム, *Onna to Otoko no Rarabai Gēmu*, "Men and Women's Lullaby Game") is the 44th single by J-pop girl group Morning Musume. It is the last single to feature Eri Kamei, Junjun and Linlin prior to their graduation. The single was released in four editions: Limited A, B and C, and normal. The limited editions each came with a different DVD. The limited edition releases, as well as the first press of the normal edition, also came with an event serial number card. The Single V was released on November 24, 2010. The single debuted at #6 on the weekly Oricon charts, selling a reported total of 42,405 copies in the first week.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Tsunku

CD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game" (女と男のララバイゲーム "Men and Women's Lullaby Game") | 4:38 |
| 2. | "Aisare Sugiru Koto wa Nai no yo" (愛され過ぎることはないのよ "There's no Such Thing as Too Much Love") | 4:49 |
| 3. | "Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game (Instrumental)" | 4:37 |
| Total length: | | 14:04 |

Limited Edition DVD A
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game (White Dance Shot Ver.)" | 4:51 |

Limited Edition DVD B
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game (Close-up Ver.)" |  |

Limited Edition DVD C
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game (Black Dance Shot Ver.)" |  |

## Members

**Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game**

**Main Voc**: Ai Takahashi, Reina Tanaka

**Center Voc**: Risa Niigaki, Eri Kamei

**Minor Voc**: Sayumi Michishige, Aika Mitsui, Junjun, Linlin

**Aisaresugiru Koto wa Nai no yo**

**Main Voc**: Ai Takahashi, Reina Tanaka

**Center Voc**: Risa Niigaki, Eri Kamei, Sayumi Michishige, Aika Mitsui, Junjun, Linlin

## InfoBox

| "Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game" | |
| --- | --- |
| Regular edition cover. | |
| Single by Morning Musume | |
| from the album  *Fantasy! Jūichi* | |
| B-side | "Aisare Sugiru Koto wa Nai no yo" |
| Released | November 17, 2010 (2010-11-17) |
| Recorded | 2010 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:36 |
| Label | Zetima |
| Songwriter(s) | Tsunku |
| Producer(s) | Tsunku |
| Morning Musume singles chronology | |
| "Seishun Collection"
(2010) "**Onna to Otoko no Lullaby Game**"
(2010) "Maji Desu ka Ska!"
(2011) | |