title: Sharpe's Siege

abstract: Sharpe's Siege is the eighteenth historical novel in the Richard Sharpe series by Bernard Cornwell, first published in 1987. The story is set on the Atlantic coast of France in the Napoleonic wars during the British Invasion of France in 1814.

text:
# Sharpe's Siege

***Sharpe's Siege*** is the eighteenth historical novel in the Richard Sharpe series by Bernard Cornwell, first published in 1987. The story is set on the Atlantic coast of France in the Napoleonic wars during the British Invasion of France in 1814.

## Plot

A combined naval and infantry force is sent 100 miles up the coast from the British foothold in France to capture a seemingly weakly defended fortress. Major Richard Sharpe is given command of the land forces, primarily two rifle companies, one of them led by his friend, Captain William Frederickson. Colonel Wigram and Royal Navy Captain Horace Bampfylde, the naval commander, also want to incite a monarchist rebellion in Bordeaux, only 25 miles away, based on rumours of unrest. However, army Colonel Elphinstone dismisses the rumours. He informs Sharpe in private that the goal is to capture three dozen *chasse-marées* sheltering under the fortress's guns to use to construct a boat bridge (over the Adour River) and orders Sharpe to avoid any advance on Bordeaux. The Comte de Maquerre, a member of the *Chasseurs Britanniques*, joins the expedition at the last minute. Sharpe fears his wife Jane is sick with fever, as she has been regularly visiting his good friend Lieutenant Colonel Hogan, who is dying of it.

Bampfylde changes plans without warning, ordering Sharpe to set up an ambush on the road to Bordeaux, while he reserves the supposedly easy capture of the fortress for himself and his Marines. Sharpe, however, spots an ambush by American sailors under the command of American privateer Cornelius Killick. Sharpe then gains entry to the fortress by a ruse, accompanied by Regimental Sergeant Major Harper and Captain Frederickson; his men follow and defeat the stronger-than-anticipated garrison. They also capture some of the Americans, including Killick. Bampfylde decides to hang the Americans as pirates, despite Killick presenting him his letter of marque, but Sharpe releases the Americans after obtaining Killick's oath not to fight the British. Sharpe then marches inland with a company of Royal Marines led by Captain Palmer to set up an ambush, while Bampfylde writes an official report wherein he claims all of the glory and does not mention Sharpe at all.

Sharpe ambushes a French column, using surprise to rout an inexperienced force three or four times larger than his own. As the French regroup, he retreats back to the fortress. There, de Maquerre claims Bordeaux has risen in open rebellion and insists that Sharpe march his men there to support it, showing him a document make him a "Major General" in the "Royalist Army". Sharpe refuses, distrusting him, but de Maquerre reaches the fortress first and informs Bampfylde that Sharpe's force has been destroyed, that Sharpe himself has been captured, and that a strong French force is rapidly approaching. De Maquerre is an agent of French spymaster Major Pierre Ducos. Bampfylde strips the fortress of supplies, spikes the guns, damages the defences and blows up the main arsenal. He then sails away.

Hours later, Sharpe returns to a partially ruined and deserted fortress. Ducos, having arranged for his longtime nemesis Sharpe to be stranded, orders General Calvet and his demi-brigade to capture the fortress. Killick, who is reluctantly working for Ducos, warns Sharpe beforehand and gives him a hint about piles of burned oyster shells (quicklime) nearby. Sharpe's men are outnumbered ten-to-one and are short of ammunition, but manage to hold off several assaults, dumping the quicklime onto their enemies, blinding them. Ducos orders Killick to break his oath and use his ship to bombard the fortress in coordination with another attack. Sharpe has an idea; he meets secretly with Killick to arrange an escape in exchange for releasing Killick from his oath. The next morning, Sharpe surrenders to him. Calvet rejects the surrender and personally leads an attack, but Sharpe fights a delaying action, and he and his men manage to board the American privateer. Killick lands Sharpe close to British lines.

Sharpe reaches the newly completed floating bridge, exposes Bampfylde as a liar, and kills de Maquerre. To his relief, he finds out Jane only had a cold. However, Hogan has died.

## Characters

* Richard Sharpe \- Major of the South Essex, commander of the Light Company
* Patrick Harper - The Irish RSM of the South Essex, Sharpe's friend
* William Frederickson - Captain of the 60th Royal Americans and Sharpe's ally
* Horace Bampfylde - Junior Post-captain in the Royal Navy, captain of *HMS Vengeance*
* Cornelius Killick - American Privateer and captain of the schooner *Thuella*
* Neil Palmer - Killick's Captain of Marines
* Pierre Ducos - French intelligence officer and Sharpe's bitter enemy
* Jean-Baptiste Calvet - General of the French forces near the Fortress
* Comte de Maquerre - French nobleman who claims loyalty to the British and the House of Bourbon, but is secretly a spy for Ducos

## Television adaptation

The novel was adapted for the fourth season of the *Sharpe* television series under the same title. The adaptation gave Maquerre a sister, Catherine, who remains behind at the fort when it is captured by the British and serves as a secondary love interest for Sharpe. The nautical element is removed, making Bampfylde the new commanding officer of the Prince of Wales' Own Volunteers and omitting Killick altogether. Hogan was replaced with Major-General Ross, a character created for the series, and both he and Sharpe's wife Jane suffer from fever. The quinine that can cure her is a subplot for Sharpe. Ducos poses as the mayor of Bordeaux, whereas in the novel a separate character (a French officer named Jean Favier) poses as the mayor's representative, and Maquerre's death is altered, with him remaining with the French and being shot from a distance by Hagman. Bampfylde is arrested for deserting his post.

## InfoBox

Sharpe's Siege
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Bernard Cornwell |
| Language | English |
| Series | Richard Sharpe |
| Genre | Historical novel |
| Publisher | Collins |
| Publication date | 1987 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback and paperback) and audiobook |
| Pages | 352 |
| ISBN | 0-00-221431-8 |
| Preceded by | *Sharpe's Christmas* |
| Followed by | *Sharpe's Revenge* |


abstract: Viva la Diva is an operatic ballet show by Welsh mezzo-soprano Katherine Jenkins and prima ballerina Darcey Bussell, CBE. In the show Jenkins and Bussell pay homage to past 'divas' and idols, including Doris Day, Edith Piaf, Marilyn Monroe, Maria Callas, Fred Astaire, Audrey Hepburn and Moira Shearer. Choreographer Kim Gavin directs. The object of the show was to primarily swap talents. Bussell and Jenkins sang and danced respectively. In an interview, they reported it as being 'so, so much fun', but completely new territory for both of them. The show's 17 date tour around the UK was a sellout. The show was not received favourably by The Daily Telegraph's reviewer. The DVD of the concerts was released on 10 November 2008, and was filmed at the O2 Arena London. The DVD also includes bonus interviews with Jenkins and Bussell. The idea of the show came from Steven Howard, who also produced it.

text:
# Viva la Diva (Darcey Bussell and Katherine Jenkins)

***Viva la Diva*** is an operatic ballet show by Welsh mezzo-soprano Katherine Jenkins and prima ballerina Darcey Bussell, CBE. In the show Jenkins and Bussell pay homage to past 'divas' and idols, including Doris Day, Edith Piaf (who died in 1963), Marilyn Monroe (who died in 1962), Maria Callas (who died in 1977), Fred Astaire (who died in 1987), Audrey Hepburn (who died in 1993) and Moira Shearer (who died in 2006). Choreographer Kim Gavin directs.

The object of the show was to primarily swap talents. Bussell and Jenkins sang and danced respectively. In an interview, they reported it as being 'so, *so* much fun', but completely new territory for both of them. The show's 17 date tour around the UK was a sellout.

The show was not received favourably by *The Daily Telegraph's* reviewer.

The DVD of the concerts was released on 10 November 2008, and was filmed at the O2 Arena London. The DVD also includes bonus interviews with Jenkins and Bussell. The idea of the show came from Steven Howard, who also produced it.

## InfoBox

| Viva la Diva | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Video by Katherine Jenkins & Darcey Bussell | |
| Released | 10 November 2008 (2008-11-10) |
| Genre | Classical |
| Label | Warner |
| Katherine Jenkins chronology | |
| *Katherine in the Park*
(2007) ***Viva la Diva***
(2008) | |


title: Preston Davis (politician)

abstract: Preston B. Davis was a former member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, serving from 1963 to 1972. He was first elected on February 19, 1963.

text:
# Preston Davis (politician)

**Preston B. Davis** (May 19, 1907  November 13, 1990) was a former member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, serving from 1963 to 1972. He was first elected on February 19, 1963.

## InfoBox

| Preston Davis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania Senate
from the 27th district | |
| **In office**
1963–1972 | |
| Preceded by | Samuel B. Wolfe |
| Succeeded by | Franklin L. Kury |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 19, 1907
Union County, Pennsylvania |
| Died | November 13, 1990(1990-11-13) (aged 83) |
|  | |


title: We zijn weer thuis

abstract: We zijn weer thuis is a Dutch dramady-series broadcast by VPRO from 1989 to 1994. It was written by Wim T. Schippers and co-directed with Ellen Jens as his swansong-series for VPRO. The series was released on dvd in October 2007; nostalgia-channel Best 24 first started reruns in 2010.

text:
# We zijn weer thuis

***We zijn weer thuis*** (***Back home again***) is a Dutch dramady-series broadcast by VPRO from 1989 to 1994. It was written by Wim T. Schippers and co-directed with Ellen Jens as his swansong-series for VPRO. The series was released on dvd in October 2007; nostalgia-channel Best 24 first started reruns in 2010.

## Content

Central characters in the show are Nel van der Hoed-Smulders, a wealthy widow who lives in a villa in the Gooi, and her three sons. Simon Raaspit, Govert Zwanenpark and Thijs van der Hoed are fathered by three different men; Thijs is the only legitimate son and therefore unconditionally entitled to his share of the 4 million heritage (one million each). Simon and Govert only get theirs if they continue to live at home or marry an approved girl.

* Simon, a journalist in his thirties, is fond of wordplays and chasing after women; a pastime shared with notary Henk van der Born who keeps an eye on the family fortune in a most peculiar way. Simon first meets his father Jacob Raaspit when he is in the hospital after an attempt to commit suicide. Soon afterwards Simon appears to have a teenage son.
* Govert tries to set up a computer-business but seems to be surrounded by the wrong people. According to legend, Govert's Aruban father Edu Zwanenpark drowned shortly after making Nel pregnant; he returns as a businessman taking with him his second-born son Lesley.
* Thijs, twelve years Simon's junior, was eight when his father Karel van der Hoed dropped dead in front of the birthday-cake. Thijs was made the owner of the house to prevent eviction. He could've moved out, but chose not to because of his immaturity. Thijs spends his time eating, falling victim to older men fancying young boys and pursuing passing interests. For instance, he joins Jehova's Witnesses which helps him bedding a female convert.

Usually Schippers' characters lose their faith, and like all his shows *We zijn weer thuis* pokes fun at all-too serious attitudes and relishes wordplay. Wordplay often consists in taking metaphorical expressions literally, and the linguistic jokery often placed high demand on the actors. Walter Crommelin, for instance, who played Uncle Gerard, complained that text such as "Tegen de tijd dat Tineke terug is van haar Tibetaanse tarbeinenjacht en thallofytentoernee door de Transhimalajaanse hoogvlakte, om hier met die halfgare hageprekende holistische haaibaai hier weer de boel onveilig te komen maken..." seriously interfered with acting naturally.

## Cast and production

Posters were designed by Piet Schreuders, and financial support for the show came from the Mediafonds.

## DVD release

The series was released in 2008 as volume 2 (an 8-DVD box) of *Wim T. Schippers' Televisiepraktijken - sinds 1962*.

## InfoBox

| *We zijn weer thuis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | Netherlands |
| Original language | Dutch |
| Original release | |
| Network | VPRO |


title: Pterostichus lubricus

abstract: Pterostichus lubricus is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pterostichus lubricus

***Pterostichus lubricus*** is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2017). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata - Myxophaga - Adephaga*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-33029-0.

## InfoBox

| *Pterostichus lubricus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Pterostichus* |
| Species: | ***P. lubricus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterostichus lubricus***<br>LeConte, 1853 | |
|


title: Princeton Cannon Song

abstract: The "Princeton Cannon Song" is a fight song that was written by Joseph Frederick Hewitt and Arthur Herbert Osborn, both members of the Princeton University Class of 1907. Hewitt and Osborn dedicated the song to their class.

text:
# Princeton Cannon Song

The **"Princeton Cannon Song"** is a fight song that was written by Joseph Frederick Hewitt and Arthur Herbert Osborn, both members of the Princeton University Class of 1907. Hewitt and Osborn dedicated the song to their class.

## Lyrics

In Princeton town we've got a team

That knows the way to play.

With Princeton spirit back of them

They're sure to win the day.

With cheers and song we'll rally 'round

The Cannon as of yore,

And Nassau's walls will echo with

The Princeton Tiger's roar:

\[Chorus\]

(And then we'll) Crash through the line of blue

And send the backs on 'round the end!

Fight, fight for ev'ry yard,

Princeton's honor to defend.

Rah! Rah! Rah! Rah!

Tiger sis boom ah!

And locomotives by the score!

For we'll fight with a vim

That is dead sure to win

For Old Nassau!


title: Navgilem

abstract: Navgilem is a village and jamoat in northern Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Isfara in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 38,104 (2015). It consists of 5 villages, including Navgilem and Oftobruy.

text:
# Navgilem

**Navgilem** (Russian and Tajik: Навгилем) is a village and jamoat in northern Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Isfara in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 38,104 (2015). It consists of 5 villages, including Navgilem (the seat) and Oftobruy.

## InfoBox

| Navgilem Навгилем (Russian and Tajik) | |
| --- | --- |
| Jamoat | |
| NavgilemLocation in Tajikistan | |
| Coordinates: 40°08′N 70°39′E / 40.133°N 70.650°E / 40.133; 70.650 | |
| Country | Tajikistan |
| Region | Sughd Region |
| City | Isfara |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 38,104 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (TJT) |


title: Norefjell

abstract:
Norefjell is a mountain range in the Scandes Mountains system in Norway. It stretches between the valleys of Eggedal (west) and Hallingdal (east). It covers parts of the municipalities Flå, Sigdal, and Krødsherad, all in the county Buskerud. The highest peaks within the mountain range are:
  - Gråfjell, 1,468 m (4,816 ft)
  - Høgevarde, 1,459 m (4,787 ft) Norefjell Ski Resort is an alpine ski resort located in the municipality Krødsherad. It is about one and a half hours drive north of Oslo. Norefjell was host to the downhill and giant slalom competitions of the 1952 Winter Olympics. The Norefjell mountain range is named after the old farm Nore. The last element is fjell meaning 'mountain'.

text:
# Norefjell

**Norefjell** is a mountain range in the Scandes Mountains system in Norway. It stretches between the valleys of Eggedal (west) and Hallingdal (east). It covers parts of the municipalities Flå, Sigdal, and Krødsherad, all in the county Buskerud.

The highest peaks within the mountain range are:

Norefjell Ski Resort is an alpine ski resort located in the municipality Krødsherad. It is about one and a half hours drive north of Oslo. Norefjell was host to the downhill and giant slalom competitions of the 1952 Winter Olympics.

The Norefjell mountain range is named after the old farm *Nore* (see Noresund). The last element is *fjell* meaning 'mountain'.

60°16′N 9°29′E / 60.267°N 9.483°E / 60.267; 9.483


title: Procopius of Constantinople

abstract: Procopius, original surname Pelekasis served as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople during the period 1785–1789.

text:
# Procopius of Constantinople

**Procopius** (Greek: Προκόπιος), original surname **Pelekasis** (Πελεκάσης; 1734 – 1803/1804) served as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople during the period 1785–1789.

## Biography

Procopius was born in Sitsova of Messenia in 1734. When he was 12 years old, he followed his older brother, Neophytus, metropolitan bishop of Ganos and Chora (Eastern Thrace), who helped him finish basic education. Later, he ordained him deacon and presbyter, and when he died in 1759, Procopius succeeded him, after request of the people of the metropolis.

He remained in this metropolis for 11 years, until 1770, when he was transferred to the Metropolis of Smyrna, which he managed to pacify after the disruption caused by his predecessor, Kallinikos. Procopius ordained Georgios Angelopoulos deacon and even made him protosyncellus of the metropolis; Angelopoulos would go on to become a Patriarch and a Saint, under the name of Gregory V. During his reign, many churches were built, though it wasn't possible to get the permission for the construction of the church of Photine of Samaria.

During the period 1780–1782, Procopius was a member of the Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate and resided in Constantinople.

On 29 June 1785, he was elected Patriarch of Constantinople. He was ascetic, modest and hard-working. He dealt with the economic and administrative issues of the Patriarchate, trying to limit the external influence in ecclesiastic issues. Thus, he clashed with the ruler of Moldavia, Alexander Mavrokordatos Firaris, who had elected the metropolitan bishop of Moldavia, Romanos Leontas, on his own.

In 1787, the second Russo-Turkish War broke out and the Sultan forced Procopius to renounce the revolutionary movements, as well as gather more taxes and people to reinforce the Ottoman Forces. With his acquiescent stance, he caused reactions and made enemies. With decree from the Sultan, Selim III, he was forced to resign on 30 April 1789 and was exiled to the Great Lavra in Mount Athos.

In 1797, he returned to his home village. Where he resided in a monastic cell next to the Church of Saint Nicholas of Sitsova. Procopius died in 1803 or 1804 and was buried next to the church. Later, his bones were transported to the Monastery of Mardakios, after the cares of the metropolitan bishop of Messenia, Meletios Sakellaropoulos. When Chrysostomos Daskalakis was the metropolitan of Messenia, he unveiled a bust of his predecessor.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| His All Holiness
Procopius | |
| --- | --- |
| Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople | |
| Church | Church of Constantinople |
| Diocese | Constantinople |
| See | Ecumenical Patriarchate |
| Installed | June 29, 1785 |
| Term ended | April 30, 1789 |
| Predecessor | Gabriel IV |
| Successor | Neophytus VII |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Prokopios Pelecasis (Προκόπιος Πελεκάσης)
1734
Sitsova, Messenia |
| Died | 1803/1804
Sitsova, Messenia |
| Buried | Monastery of Mardakios |
| Denomination | Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Occupation | Ecumenical Patriarch |


title: Pareh

abstract: Pareh, released internationally as Pareh, Song of the Rice, is a 1936 film from the Dutch East Indies. Directed by the Dutchmen Albert Balink and Mannus Franken, it featured an amateur native cast and starred Raden Mochtar and Soekarsih. The story follows the forbidden love between a fisherman and a farmer's daughter. Balink began work on the film in 1934, working with the Wong brothers, who served as cinematographers. They gathered a budget of 75,000 gulden – several times the budget of other local productions – and brought Franken from the Netherlands to assist in production. The film was edited in the Netherlands after being shot in the Indies. The film was a commercial and critical success with European audiences, but disliked by native ones; despite this success, Pareh bankrupted its producers. Pareh resulted in a change in the cinema of Dutch East Indies, which had been Chinese-oriented for several years; films began to make more effort at targeting local audiences. Balink later found commercial success with Terang Boelan (1937). The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider considers Pareh and Terang Boelan the two most important cinematic works from the Dutch East Indies during the 1930s.

text:
# Pareh

***Pareh*** (Sundanese for "rice"), released internationally as ***Pareh, Song of the Rice***, is a 1936 film from the Dutch East Indies (modern day Indonesia). Directed by the Dutchmen Albert Balink and Mannus Franken, it featured an amateur native cast and starred Raden Mochtar and Soekarsih. The story follows the forbidden love between a fisherman and a farmer's daughter.

Balink began work on the film in 1934, working with the Wong brothers, who served as cinematographers. They gathered a budget of 75,000 gulden – several times the budget of other local productions – and brought Franken from the Netherlands to assist in production. The film was edited in the Netherlands after being shot in the Indies. The film was a commercial and critical success with European audiences, but disliked by native ones; despite this success, *Pareh* bankrupted its producers.

*Pareh* resulted in a change in the cinema of Dutch East Indies, which had been Chinese-oriented for several years; films began to make more effort at targeting local audiences. Balink later found commercial success with *Terang Boelan* (1937). The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider considers *Pareh* and *Terang Boelan* the two most important cinematic works from the Dutch East Indies during the 1930s.

## Premise

Mahmud (Rd. Mochtar), a fisherman, is in love with Wagini (Soekarsih), a farmer's daughter. However, local superstition dictates that their relationship will bring disaster. This seems to prove true after the village leader's keris is stolen, but eventually Mahmud and Wagini are able to unite with the help of his fellow villagers.

## Production

During 1934 and early 1935, all feature films released in the Dutch East Indies had been produced by The Teng Chun, based on Chinese mythology or martial arts, and targeted at low-class audiences, generally ethnic Chinese. This situation was created by the Great Depression, which had led to the Dutch East Indies government collecting higher taxes, advertisers asking for more money, and cinemas selling tickets at lower prices; this ensured that there was a very low profit margin for local films. During this period cinemas in the country mainly showed Hollywood productions.

Albert Balink, a Dutch journalist, began work on what was to become *Pareh* in 1934. Unlike The Teng Chun, the inexperienced Balink chose to target his film at Dutch audiences. He brought in two of the Wong brothers, Chinese filmmakers who had been inactive since making *Zuster Theresia* (*Sister Theresa*) in 1932. The Wongs donated their studio – an old tapioca flour factory – as well as filmmaking equipment. Meanwhile, much of the funding came from other backers. According to the Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran, the money came from the cinema mogul Buse, while EYE Film Institute records indicate that the film was backed by the Centrale Commissie voor Emigratie en Kolonisatie van Inheemschen and meant to promote migration from Java to Sumatra.

Balink and the Wongs spent most of two years compiling the necessary funds, with Balink in charge of general operations as the head of Java Pacific Film, a joint operation. Balink insisted on perfection and had a clear idea what kind of actor he wanted in the film. Unlike earlier filmmakers in the country, Balink invested time and money in searching for the best locations and actors possible, without considering whether a person was already a celebrity. Ultimately, most of those cast for *Pareh* had not acted before, including stars Mochtar and Soekarsih.

The role of Mahmud was filled when Balink was out with coffee with Joshua and Othniel Wong and saw a young man, tall, strong, and handsome – as he expected for the role – driving by. Balink called the Wongs and they got into their car, then chased and caught the young man. The man, Mochtar, a Javanese of noble descent, was told to use the title *Raden* for the film, which he and his family had already abandoned. According to the Indonesian anthropologist Albertus Budi Susanto, the emphasis on Mochtar's title was meant as a way to draw a higher-class audience.

Artistic direction and some of the screenwriting was handled by Mannus Franken, an *avant-garde* documentary filmmaker from the Netherlands, whom Balink had brought to the Indies. Franken insisted on including ethnographic shots to better present the local culture to international audiences. Franken took an interest in the documentary and ethnographic aspects of the film, directing the shots for these portions, while the Wongs handled the general shots. According to Biran, this was reflected in the camera angles used.

*Pareh*, which had been recorded on 35 mm film using single-system devices, was brought to the Netherlands for editing. There the original voices of the cast were dubbed by actors in the Netherlands, resulting in stilted language use and heavy Dutch accents. Though initially the filmmakers had planned on using *gamelan* music, the poor quality of the recording equipment in the Indies led to the soundtrack being redone, using European-style music, in the Netherlands.

From start to finish the production of *Pareh* cost 75,000 gulden (approximately US$ 51,000), 20 times as much as a regular local production. After editing there were 2,061 metres of film, equivalent to 92 minutes of runtime.

## Release and reception

*Pareh* was screened in the Netherlands as *Pareh, een Rijstlied van Java* (also noted as *Het Lied van de Rijst*) beginning on 20 November 1936. The film was also shown in the Indies. It was unable to recoup its costs and bankrupted the producers. The film was critically acclaimed in the Netherlands, partially owing to the emphasis of Franken's involvement. Although it was a commercial success amongst the intelligentsia in the Indies, *Pareh* was a failure with lower-class native audiences. Mochtar never viewed the film in full.

Historical reception of *Pareh* has generally been positive. Writing in 1955, the Indonesian author and cultural critic Armijn Pane opined that *Pareh* was technically unparalleled in contemporary Indies cinema, with careful continuity and dynamic cuts. He was critical, however, of the film's tendency to see the Indies' native population through European eyes and depict them as "primitive". The American film historian John Lent, writing in 1990, described *Pareh* as a "meticulously detailed and costly" film which attempted to not only earn money, but show the local culture. The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider considers *Pareh* one of the two most important cinematic works from the Dutch East Indies during the 1930s; Balink's later work *Terang Boelan* (*Full Moon*; 1937) was the other. Heider, John H. McGlynn, and Salim Said note that the film was of acceptable technical quality but is best remembered for changing the path of cinematic developments in the country.

## Legacy

The release of *Pareh* was followed by a shift in genres popularised by the local cinema. The Teng Chun, who – together with Balink – continued to be the only active filmmaker in the country until 1937, began focusing on more modern stories and those which would be popular with native audiences. Biran suggests that this was influenced by *Pareh*. Other filmmakers in the late 1930s, partially inspired by *Pareh*, began to improve the quality of the audio in their films. Pane notes that, following *Pareh*, films produced domestically no longer centred around ethnic European casts.

Mochtar and Soekarsih, who first met on the set of *Pareh*, married after appearing together in *Terang Boelan*. This later production included much of the same cast and was highly successful, leading to a renewed interest in filmmaking in the Indies. *Terang Boelan* proved to be the most successful local production until 1953's *Krisis* (*Crisis*), released after Indonesia had become independent.

**Footnotes**

**Bibliography**

* Ali, Jahja M. (June 1955). "Pareh: Padi Menguning: 20 Tahun Bintang Film" \[Pareh: Yellowing Rice: 20 Years as Movie Stars\]. *Film Varia* (in Indonesian). **2** (6): 24–25.
* Anwar, Rosihan (2004). *Sejarah Kecil "petite histoire" Indonesia* \[*A Short History of Indonesia*\] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. ISBN 978-979-709-428-7.
* Biran, Misbach Yusa (2009). *Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa* \[*History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java*\] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. ISBN 978-979-3731-58-2.
* Biran, Misbach Yusa; Ramadhan K.H., Misbach; Labrousse, P. (translator) (1973). "Les Vedettes du Cinéma Indonésien" \[The Stars of Indonesian Cinema\]. *Archipel* (in French). **5** (5): 165–174. doi:10.3406/arch.1973.1048. `{{cite journal}}`: `|first3=` has generic name (help)
* "Foreign Exchange". *The New York Times*. New York. 13 February 1936. Retrieved 25 November 2012. (subscription required)
* Gray, Gordon (2010). *Cinema: A Visual Anthropology*. Oxford: Berg. ISBN 978-1-84520-793-9.
* Heider, Karl G (1991). *Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen*. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1367-3.
* Pane, Armijn (June 1955). "'Flashback': Film Pareh" \['Flashback': The Film Pareh\]. *Film Varia* (in Indonesian). **2** (6): 22–23.
* "Pareh". *filmindonesia.or.id* (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfidan Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
* "Pareh, een rijstlied van Java". *filmmuseum.nl*. Amsterdam: EYE Film Institute Netherlands. 20 October 2011. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
* Prayogo, Wisnu Agung (2009). "Sekilas Perkembangan Perfilman di Indonesia" \[An Overview of the Development of Film in Indonesia\]. *Kebijakan Pemerintahan Orde Baru Terhadap Perfilman Indonesia Tahun 1966–1980* \[*New Order Policy Towards Indonesian Films (1966–1980)*\] (Bachelour's of History Thesis) (in Indonesian). University of Indonesia.
* Said, Salim; McGlynn, John H.; Heider, Karl G. (1991). *Cinema of Indonesia: Eleven Indonesian Films, Notes & Synopses*. New York: Festival of Indonesia Foundation. ISBN 978-1-879578-00-5.
* Susanto, A. Budi (2003). *Identitas Dan Postkolonialitas Di Indonesia* \[*Identity and Postcolonialism in Indonesia*\]. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. ISBN 978-979-21-0851-4.

## InfoBox

| Pareh | |
| --- | --- |
| Title card | |
| Directed by |  |
| Screenplay by | * Mannus Franken * Albert Balink |
| Produced by | Albert Balink |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography |  |
| Music by | Paul Schram |
| Production<br>company | Java Pacific Film |
| Release date | * 20 November 1936 (1936-11-20) (Netherlands) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | Dutch East Indies |
| Budget | 75,000 gulden |


title: International University of Sarajevo

abstract: The International University of Sarajevo (IUS) is a private university located in the capital city Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The university was established by the Foundation for the Development of Education in 2004–2005. IUS is open to students from all over the world, and the language of instruction and communication is English. It offers four year education according to Bologna system. IUS has 1650 students from 55 countries and faculty members from 20 countries performing academic and research activities in various disciplines of Science, Engineering, Arts and Social Sciences. The first generation of 32 IUS graduates received their diplomas on June 26, 2009. IUS offers many types of scholarships, especially for students from Bosnia and Herzegovina. IUS has both modern and large campus for the region.

text:
# International University of Sarajevo

The **International University of Sarajevo** (**IUS**) is a private university located in the capital city Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The university was established by the Foundation for the Development of Education in 2004–2005. IUS is open to students from all over the world, and the language of instruction and communication is English. It offers four year education according to Bologna system (model 4+1+3 with B.S. and B.A. diplomas). IUS has 1650 students from 55 countries and faculty members from 20 countries performing academic and research activities in various disciplines of Science, Engineering, Arts and Social Sciences. The first generation of 32 IUS graduates received their diplomas on June 26, 2009. IUS offers many types of scholarships, especially for students from Bosnia and Herzegovina. IUS has both modern and large campus for the region.

## University Administration

The president of the board of trustees is Prof. Dr. Sevgi Kurtulmus. Rector is Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yıldırım from the Genetics and Bioengineering program.

## Organization

The university comprises the Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, the Faculty of Business and Public Administration, the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences , the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Education. IUS also organizes an English Language School (ELS) to provide intensive English Language instruction.

### Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science

The Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science (FENS) offers the B.Sc. degrees in:

* Genetics and Bioengineering (GBE),
* Computer Science and Engineering (CSE),
* Software Engineering (SE),
* Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EE),
* Industrial Engineering (IE), Mechanical Engineering (ME),
* Architecture (ARCH),
* Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering (AIDE).

### Faculty of Business Administration

The Faculty of Economics and Business Administration (FBA) offers the B.Sc. degrees in:

* Management (MAN),
* Economics (ECON),
* Political Science and International Relations (PSIR)
* International Business and Finance (IBF)
* Hospitality and Tourism Management (HTM)

### Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences

The Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) offers the B.Sc. degrees in:

* Visual Arts and Communication Design (VACD),
* Cultural Studies (CULT),
* English Language & Literature (ELIT),
* Psychology (PSY)
* Media and Communication (MAC)

FASS publishes an online semiannual refereed journal *Epiphany* that has been added to the Directory of Open Access Journals.

### Faculty of Law

The Faculty of Law offers a Law Study Program:

* Bachelor in Law
* Master in Comparative Private Law
* Master in Comparative Public Law

### Faculty of Education

The Faculty of Education offers the B.Sc. degrees in:

* Computer education and Instructional Technology (CEIT),
* Turkish language and literature, teacher training program (TLT),
* English language and literature, teacher training program (ELT)

### Graduate school

IUS offers master and doctorate programs in;

* Business Administration,
* Economics,
* International Relations,
* Political Science,
* Cultural Studies,
* Mechatronics and Systems Engineering,
* Computer Engineering,
* English Language and Literature,
* Psychology,
* Genetics and Bioengineering,
* Mechanical engineering,
* Computer science,
* Electrical engineering.

IUS gave its first doctoral graduated in 2012 from Economics and International Relations programs.

## Student activities

IUS students have been involved in various extra-curricular activities, such as actions of voluntary blood donations organised in cooperation with Federal Blood Transfusion Institute of Bosnia-Herzegovina.

In 2009, IUS organised its first Spring Fest. This event will become regular annual gathering that will be taking place in the month of June with the aim of bringing together students and professors in a relaxed manner.

## Student clubs

In the IUS there is many student clubs where students can participate and share their knowledge with their colleagues.

Some of IUS student clubs are: IUS Charity Club, IUSPA - IUS Psychology Association, IUS Blue Wolves Basketball Organisation,IUS Trekking Club, DEAR VACD Club, IUS Model United Nations Club etc.

## Campus

On April 5, 2010, new IUS campus was officially opened by BH Presidency Chairman Haris Silajdžić and Prime Minister of Republic of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Once the final project of Ilidža Campus is completed, IUS will be the center of excellence in not only Bosnia and Herzegovina but also in the Balkans region to provide high-quality education and research to about 5000 students.

IUS campus has the following places and buildings:

* IUS A building
* IUS B building
* IUS Research and Development Center
* IUS Parking
* IUS Cafe
* IUS Sedef Bosnia Canteen
* IUS Masjid
* IUS Stadium
* IUS Playground
* Mehmet Çakır Dormitory for Women
* Plavi Leptir Dormitory for Males

## Library

The Library of the International University of Sarajevo (IUS) aims to be a center of research and main resource for academic curriculum. The main goal of the IUS Library is to meet, support and facilitate scholarly needs and intellectual activities of IUS academic community. It is committed to provide available resources such as textbooks, reference books, and academic journals as well as access to e-resources; to provide the best information services and also a comfortable study environment. IUS Library is located in B building, 3rd floor. ID cards are required at the entrance to the library.

The IUS Library occupies a total area of 500 square meters. There are 162 seats divided as follows:

* main reading room – 70 seats
* group study room – 26 seats
* thesis room with – 10 seats
* study room for PhD students – 10 seat
* ELS reading room – 10 seats
* computer room – 36 seats and 10 PCs

## Dormitories

In June 2009, International University of Sarajevo opened its first campus dormitory building that can accommodate 220 male students. In 2010, dormitory for female students was opened as well.

There are rooms with two and five-beds. Each room has its own bathroom and most of them have their own study space. Wireless Internet connection is provided for the students at the whole Campus area.

## InfoBox

International University of Sarajevo
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | *My future, my choice* |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 2004 |
| Founder | Foundation for Education Development Sarajevo |
| Rector | Prof. Ahmet Yıldırım (2018 - Present) |
| Location | Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Campus | Urban |
| Language | English |
| Colors | Blue and White |
| Website | www.ius.edu.ba |


title: Viva la Muerte (album)

abstract: Viva la Muerte is the debut album by the American band Cobra Verde. It was released in 1994 through Scat Records.

text:
# Viva la Muerte (album)

***Viva la Muerte*** is the debut album by the American band Cobra Verde. It was released in 1994 through Scat Records.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *NME* | 7/10 |

*Rolling Stone* called the album "brooding glam coated in smokestack grime, like *Diamond Dogs* sabotaged by "Final Solution"-era Pere Ubu."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Cobra Verde

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Was It Good" | 2:39 |
| 2. | "Gimme Your Heart" | 2:53 |
| 3. | "Montenegro" | 4:31 |
| 4. | "Despair" | 5:07 |
| 5. | "Debt" | 4:58 |
| 6. | "Already Dead" | 4:23 |
| 7. | "Until the Killing Time" | 3:29 |
| 8. | "I Thought You Knew (What Pleasure Was)" | 8:08 |
| 9. | "Cease to Exist" | 4:14 |

## Personnel

Cobra Verde * Don Depew – bass guitar, guitar, piano, engineering
* Doug Gillard – guitar, bass guitar, electric piano, vocals
* John Petkovic – vocals, guitar
* Dave Swanson – drums, percussion, guitar, vocals

Production and additional personnel

## InfoBox

| Viva la Muerte | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Cobra Verde | |
| Released | 1994 |
| Recorded | 609 Recording in Bedford, Ohio |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Length | 40:20 |
| Label | Scat |
| Producer | Cobra Verde |
| Cobra Verde chronology | |
| ***Viva la Muerte***
(1994) *Vintage Crime*
(1995) | |


title: Prekolnitsa

abstract: Prekolnitsa is a village in Kyustendil Municipality, Kyustendil Province, south-western Bulgaria.

text:
# Prekolnitsa

**Prekolnitsa** is a village in Kyustendil Municipality, Kyustendil Province, south-western Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Prekolnitsa Преколница | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Convenience store in Prekolnitsa | |
| Prekolnitsa | |
| Coordinates: 42°16′15″N 22°29′21″E / 42.2708°N 22.4892°E / 42.2708; 22.4892 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Kyustendil Province |
| Municipality | Kyustendil |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Pterostichus lachrymosus

abstract: Pterostichus lachrymosus is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pterostichus lachrymosus

***Pterostichus lachrymosus*** is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2017). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata - Myxophaga - Adephaga*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-33029-0.

## InfoBox

| *Pterostichus lachrymosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Pterostichus* |
| Species: | ***P. lachrymosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterostichus lachrymosus***<br>(Newman, 1838) | |
|


title: Probe (1988 TV series)

abstract: Probe is an American science fiction television series, created by veteran television writer Michael Wagner and science fiction author Isaac Asimov as a sort of modern version of Jonny Quest or Tom Swift. It aired on ABC. Michael Wagner wrote the two-hour pilot, and became Executive Producer for the series. The pilot and series starred Parker Stevenson as Austin James, an asocial genius who solved high tech crimes, and Ashley Crow as James' new secretary Mickey Castle. The show began as a mid-season replacement and was canceled after a two-month run of the pilot and six episodes. Entire episodes have made their way on the Internet through video-sharing sites including YouTube. It has never been officially released on home media, although it did re-air in the mid-1990s on SYFY, when it was still known as the Sci-Fi Channel in its block of short-lived TV series. Some episodes of the show revolved around Serendip, a company founded by Austin that he has no interest in running. Mickey, his Serendip-appointed secretary, plays Dr. Watson to Austin's Holmes.

text:
# Probe (1988 TV series)

***Probe*** is an American science fiction television series, created by veteran television writer Michael Wagner and science fiction author Isaac Asimov as a sort of modern version of Jonny Quest or Tom Swift. It aired on ABC. Michael Wagner wrote the two-hour pilot, and became Executive Producer for the series. The pilot and series starred Parker Stevenson as Austin James, an asocial genius who solved high tech crimes, and Ashley Crow as James' new secretary Mickey Castle.

The show began as a mid-season replacement and was canceled after a two-month run of the pilot and six episodes. Entire episodes have made their way on the Internet through video-sharing sites including YouTube. It has never been officially released on home media, although it did re-air in the mid-1990s on SYFY, when it was still known as the Sci-Fi Channel in its block of short-lived TV series.

Some episodes of the show revolved around Serendip, a company founded by Austin that he has no interest in running. Mickey, his Serendip-appointed secretary, plays Dr. Watson to Austin's Holmes.

## Characters

* **Austin James** (played by Parker Stevenson): A genius-level scientist and inventor with eidetic memory, Austin is constantly thinking, inventing ground-breaking technology and seeking answers to various mysteries and problems. One disadvantage to his vast intellect is that it isolated him from his peers from a very early age. As a result, he is awkward and uncomfortable in normal social situations, and very reclusive. His manner can be at times overly brusque, but he has a deep love of humanity. Austin is occasionally called in by local police to investigate baffling homicides, though he professes to not understand the motivation for murder. He founded the think tank Serendip, but he has no interest in managing its day-to-day affairs, preferring to spend most of his time engaged in a variety of experiments and investigations at his "workshop," a refurbished warehouse which serves as his home and laboratory.
* **Michelle "Mickey" Castle** (played by Ashley Crow): Mickey seems an unlikely candidate to serve as Austin James' secretary, as she lacks any background in science and relies more on her instincts instead of logic. Though she initially finds Austin's genius and eccentricities intimidating (and infuriating), Mickey comes to enjoy the adventure of working for him. Similarly, while Austin has fired every other secretary foisted upon him by Serendip, he is soon captivated by Mickey's uncanny knack for providing unique observations that help him in his investigations.
* **Howard Millhouse** (played by Jon Cypher): As Serendip's long-suffering director, Howard constantly finds himself at wit's end, managing the company founded by Austin, and bankrolling his various experiments. Howard's attempts to draw Austin out of his warehouse to take a more active interest in his own company have only served to make Austin keep Serendip further at bay.
* **Graham McKinley** (played by Clive Revill): Howard's apparent successor at Serendip who also butts heads with Austin from time to time over various projects.

## Episodes

|  | Title | Directed by: | Written by: | Air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1  ---  2 | "Probe: Parts 1 & 2"
"Computer Logic: Parts 1 & 2" | Sandor Stern | Michael Wagner | March 7, 1988 (1988-03-07) |
| Pilot episode: New secretary Mickey is assigned to work for company owner Austin James, an eccentric scientist and investigator. The two soon become enmeshed in two mysteries: an eccentric millionaire known for her habit of swimming in near-freezing temperatures is found dead from apparent exposure but her body is colder than the surrounding environment; and an error in Austin's water bill that leads to murders by strange mechanical and electrical malfunctions. | | | | | |
| 3 | "Untouched by Human Hands" | Kevin Hooks | *S*: Howard Brookner, Colman Dekay
*T*: Lee Sheldon | March 10, 1988 (1988-03-10) |
| Austin is called in when a reactor built by Serendip malfunctions, and a staff member inside is dead. The body is inaccessible because of the high levels of radiation flooding the chamber. | | | | | |
| 4 | "Black Cats Don't Walk Under Ladders (Do They?)" | Alan J. Levi | Lee Sheldon | March 17, 1988 (1988-03-17) |
| By appealing to his scientific vanity, Mickey manages to lure Austin to a talk show/expose to act as a scientific consultant as host Marty Corrigan tries to discredit a self-proclaimed witch, Sabrina. However, the witch's curse apparently comes true after Marty drinks one of her "potions". | | | | | |
| 5 | "Metamorphic Anthropoidic Prototype Over You" | Rob Bowman | *S*: Robert Bielak
*T*: Tim Burns | March 24, 1988 (1988-03-24) |
| Austin is called in to help with investigating a claim that a "mape" (a Metamorphic Anthropoidic Prototype — i.e., an intelligent ape) is as intelligent as its sponsor, Dr. Hardwork, claims. Josephine, the mape, is indeed incredibly smart, at nearly human levels. However, an animal activist breaks into Austin's warehouse where Josephine is being kept, and is found dead, shot to death. The only suspect appears to be Josephine, as a gun was found in her cage. | | | | | |
| 6 | "Now You See It..." | Robert Iscove | James Novack | March 31, 1988 (1988-03-31) |
| Two businessman die in elevators created by Serendip, putting Austin's future with the company in danger. | | | | | |
| 7 | "Plan 10 from Outer Space" | Virgil Vogel | Michael Wagner | April 7, 1988 (1988-04-07) |
| Mickey manages to lure Austin into visiting the desert home of science fiction author Truman Smith III. He is being plagued with strange electrical apparitions. He claims that the electrical creature is an alien being whose life Truman has been using as the basis for his "fiction", and now the alien wants a share. | | | | | |
| 8 | "Quit-It" | Vincent McEveety | Philip Reed | April 14, 1988 (1988-04-14) |
| Austin and Mickey come to the aid of a young girl who claims everyone in her neighborhood has been replaced by impostors. | | | | | |

1. "Science Fiction Television Series" (1996) Mark Phillips & Frank Garcia, McFarland & Co., Inc., p. 271.
2. Brooks, Tim and Marsh, Earle (1992). *The Complete Directory To Prime Time Network TV Shows 1946-Present* (5th ed). Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-37792-3.

## InfoBox

| *Probe* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Created by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Composer | Sylvester Levay |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producers | * Stephen Caldwell * Michael Piller |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production company | MCA Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABC |
| Release | March 7 (1988-03-07)
April 14, 1988 (1988-04-14) |


title: Navghar-Manikpur

abstract: Navghar-Manikpur is a city and a municipal council in Thane district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

text:
# Navghar-Manikpur

**Navghar-Manikpur** is a city and a municipal council in Thane district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Navghar-Manikpur had a population of 116,700. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Navghar-Manikpur has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 81%. In Navghar-Manikpur, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Among minority languages, Gujarati is spoken by 23.78% of the population and Hindi by 18.24%.

## InfoBox

| Navghar-Manikpur | |
| --- | --- |
| city | |
| Navghar-ManikpurLocation in Maharashtra, India | |
| Coordinates: 18°31′06″N 72°59′44″E / 18.5183°N 72.9956°E / 18.5183; 72.9956 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Thane |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 116,700 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Norefjorden

abstract: Norefjorden is a lake in the municipality of Nore og Uvdal in Buskerud, Norway. Norefjorden is a long, narrow mountain lake which is known for its fishing. Numedalslågen flows into the far north and exits travelling southward to Kravikfjorden. Norefjord bridge goes across the lake between Norefjord and Gvåle. The surrounding terrain is steep and forested.

text:
# Norefjorden

**Norefjorden** is a lake in the municipality of Nore og Uvdal in Buskerud, Norway. Norefjorden is a long, narrow mountain lake which is known for its fishing. Numedalslågen flows into the far north and exits travelling southward to Kravikfjorden. Norefjord bridge goes across the lake between Norefjord and Gvåle. The surrounding terrain is steep and forested.

## InfoBox

| Norefjorden | |
| --- | --- |
| Norefjorden | |
| Norefjorden | |
| Location | Nore og Uvdal (Buskerud) |
| Coordinates | 60°11′56″N 9°1′2″E / 60.19889°N 9.01722°E / 60.19889; 9.01722 |
| Basin countries | Norway |
|  | |
| Surface area | 3.90 km2 (1.51 sq mi) |
| Shore length1 | 24.85 km (15.44 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 265 m (869 ft) |
|  | |
| References | NVE |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Probe (film)

abstract: Probe is a 1972 American made-for-television crime sci-fi thriller film produced as a pilot for a science fiction detective series, originally to have continued under that title. Created by Leslie Stevens, it starred Hugh O'Brian as Hugh Lockwood, one of a group of high-tech private eyes working for the organization "World Securities Corp." When picked up for series production, the title was changed to Search, because Probe was the name of an existing PBS series. The film originally aired February 21, 1972 on NBC. The investigators, called Probes, were outfitted with various electronic implants including a button-sized "scanner" containing a miniaturized video camera, microphone and transmitter linked to a team of technicians and experts who constantly monitored the Probe's surroundings, actions and vital signs; they were able to supply the Probe with encyclopedic information on any subject. Lockwood was designated "Probe One." In the pilot, he sets out for Europe to track down a multimillion-pound stash of gemstones amassed by Hermann Goering during World War II. The pilot has been released as a publish-on-demand DVD-R on August 1, 2011.

text:
# Probe (film)

***Probe*** is a 1972 American made-for-television crime sci-fi thriller film produced as a pilot for a science fiction detective series, originally to have continued under that title. Created by Leslie Stevens, it starred Hugh O'Brian as Hugh Lockwood, one of a group of high-tech private eyes working for the organization "World Securities Corp." When picked up for series production, the title was changed to *Search*, because *Probe* was the name of an existing PBS series. The film originally aired February 21, 1972 on NBC.

The investigators, called Probes, were outfitted with various electronic implants including a button-sized "scanner" containing a miniaturized video camera, microphone and transmitter linked to a team of technicians and experts who constantly monitored the Probe's surroundings, actions and vital signs; they were able to supply the Probe with encyclopedic information on any subject.

Lockwood was designated "Probe One." In the pilot, he sets out for Europe to track down a multimillion-pound stash of gemstones amassed by Hermann Goering during World War II.

The pilot has been released as a publish-on-demand DVD-R on August 1, 2011.

## Cast

## Probe Control

Probe agents reported to V.C.R. Cameron (Burgess Meredith), the "director" of the investigations, who ran Probe Control Unit One, a center patterned on the NASA Mission Control Center. "Cam" was the leader of the expert team who monitored and provided the agent with intelligence. Early in the series the Probe Control set was placed in a darkened isolated space, alluding to a large-scale operations center. By the middle of the season, the control room was scaled down and relocated to a well-lit but smaller "bunker rush" room. According to the show's credits, the computer equipment was provided by Control Data Corporation.

The building used as the headquarters for World Securities Corporation is currently the headquarters for Bank of America in San Francisco.

1. ""PROBE (2hr. pilot TV movie for the series "Search")"". Classic TV Archive. Archived from the original on 2006-07-14. Retrieved 2006-11-28.

## InfoBox

| *Probe* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Crime
Sci-Fi
Thriller |
| Written by | Leslie Stevens |
| Directed by | Russ Mayberry |
| Starring | Hugh O'Brian
Elke Sommer
Burgess Meredith
Lilia Skala |
| Music by | Dominic Frontiere |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Producer | Leslie Stevens |
| Cinematography | John M. Stephens |
| Editor | Bill Brame |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Production companies | Leslie Stevens Productions
Warner Bros. Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | February 21, 1972 (1972-02-21) |


title: Mauricio Escanero

abstract: Ambassador Mauricio Escanero is a Mexican career diplomat, who has experience in bilateral and multilateral diplomacy as well as international responsibilities both at the United Nations (UN) and at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO).

text:
# Mauricio Escanero

**Ambassador Mauricio Escanero** is a Mexican career diplomat, who has experience in bilateral and multilateral diplomacy as well as international responsibilities both at the United Nations (UN) and at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO).

## International Responsibilities

In his personal capacity, elected by the United Nations Member States, he served as Facilitator of the Monterrey Consensus and the International Conference on Financing for Development from 1998 to 2002.

As Mexico's Special Envoy to the First High Level Meeting of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation (Mexico, 2014), and by agreement of the Steering Committee of the Global Partnership, he served as Facilitator of its final communiqué.

In his personal capacity, elected by the States Parties, he served as the founding Chairperson of the Committee of the 1970 Convention of UNESCO on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property on 2013–2015. He was also the initiator of the First Meeting of Chairpersons of the Committees of UNESCO's Cultural Conventions, held on 29 June 2015.

## InfoBox

| Mauricio Escanero | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Head of the Mission of Mexico to the European Union and Ambassador to the Kingdom of Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Prekonoga

abstract: Prekonoga is a village in the municipality of Svrljig, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 578 people.

text:
# Prekonoga

**Prekonoga**  is a village in the municipality of Svrljig, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 578 people.

43°23′45″N 22°06′06″E / 43.39583°N 22.10167°E / 43.39583; 22.10167

## InfoBox

| Prekonoga | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Prekonoga | |
| Coordinates: 43°23′45″N 22°06′06″E / 43.39583°N 22.10167°E / 43.39583; 22.10167 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Nišava District |
| Municipality | Svrljig |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 578 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Wendy Williams (cricketer)

abstract: Wendy Williams was a Welsh cricketer who played as a right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in 6 One Day Internationals for International XI at the 1973 World Cup. She played domestic cricket for West Midlands.

text:
# Wendy Williams (cricketer)

**Wendy Williams** (21 April 1942 – 3 March 2012) was a Welsh cricketer who played as a right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in 6 One Day Internationals for International XI at the 1973 World Cup. She played domestic cricket for West Midlands.

## InfoBox

Wendy Williams
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Wendy Williams |
| Born | (1942-04-21)21 April 1942
Wales |
| Died | 3 March 2012(2012-03-03) (aged 69)
Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Role | Bowler |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| ODI debut (cap 11) | 23 June 1973 v England |
| Last ODI | 21 July 1973 v Australia |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1974–1984 | West Midlands |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition WODI WFC WLA  Matches 6 5 15  Runs scored 27 1 40  Batting average 13.50 0.50 10.00  100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0  Top score 18 1 18  Balls bowled 360 837 858  Wickets 6 12 12  Bowling average 26.66 24.25 27.91  5 wickets in innings 0 0 0  10 wickets in match 0 0 0  Best bowling 3/20 3/31 4/8  Catches/stumpings 0/– 0/– 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 16 April 2021 | |


title: Gilbert Hole

abstract: Gilbert Lindsay Douglas Hole was a Scottish first-class cricketer, cricket administrator, and British Army officer. The son of the artist William Hole, he was born at Edinburgh in June 1882. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, before matriculating to study law at the University of Edinburgh. He initially played his club cricket for Edinburgh Academical Cricket Club, Hole made his debut for Scotland in first-class cricket against Ireland at Dublin, with him making a further appearance before the First World War against the same opposition at Dublin in 1912. In 1906, he married Grace Chalmers, the eldest daughter of a Liverpool merchant. This connection to the city saw him serve in the war with the Liverpool Scottish, which formed part of the King's Regiment (Liverpool). He initially served as a private from 1916, before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in February 1917. He saw action on the Western Front at the Third Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Cambrai, in addition to engagements at Festubert and La Bassée. He was later promoted to lieutenant in July 1918. Following the war, Hole resumed playing first-class cricket for Scotland, making an additional eight appearances until 1926, six of which came in the annual match against Ireland. Playing as an all-rounder in the Scottish side, he scored 260 runs in his ten first-class matches at an average of 17.33, with a highest score of 37. As a right-arm medium pace bowler, he took 27 wickets at a bowling average of 16.66; he took two five wicket hauls, with best figures of 5 for 20 against Ireland in 1912. In his professional capacity as a solicitor, Hole was a member of the Society of Writers to Her Majesty's Signet. Hole later served as the president of the Scottish Cricket Union in 1937. He died at Edinburgh in November 1967.

text:
# Gilbert Hole

**Gilbert Lindsay Douglas Hole** (28 June 1882 — 10 November 1967) was a Scottish first-class cricketer, cricket administrator, and British Army officer.

The son of the artist William Hole, he was born at Edinburgh in June 1882. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, before matriculating to study law at the University of Edinburgh. He initially played his club cricket for Edinburgh Academical Cricket Club, Hole made his debut for Scotland in first-class cricket against Ireland at Dublin, with him making a further appearance before the First World War against the same opposition at Dublin in 1912.

In 1906, he married Grace Chalmers, the eldest daughter of a Liverpool merchant. This connection to the city saw him serve in the war with the Liverpool Scottish, which formed part of the King's Regiment (Liverpool). He initially served as a private from 1916, before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in February 1917. He saw action on the Western Front at the Third Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Cambrai, in addition to engagements at Festubert and La Bassée. He was later promoted to lieutenant in July 1918.

Following the war, Hole resumed playing first-class cricket for Scotland, making an additional eight appearances until 1926, six of which came in the annual match against Ireland. Playing as an all-rounder in the Scottish side, he scored 260 runs in his ten first-class matches at an average of 17.33, with a highest score of 37. As a right-arm medium pace bowler, he took 27 wickets at a bowling average of 16.66; he took two five wicket hauls, with best figures of 5 for 20 against Ireland in 1912. In his professional capacity as a solicitor, Hole was a member of the Society of Writers to Her Majesty's Signet. Hole later served as the president of the Scottish Cricket Union in 1937. He died at Edinburgh in November 1967.

## InfoBox

Gilbert Hole
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Gilbert Lindsay Douglas Hole |
| Born | 28 June 1882
Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland |
| Died | 10 November 1967(1967-11-10) (aged 85)
Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 19101926 | Scotland |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 10  Runs scored 260  Batting average 17.33  100s/50s –/–  Top score 37  Balls bowled 1,013  Wickets 27  Bowling average 16.66  5 wickets in innings 2  10 wickets in match   Best bowling 5/20  Catches/stumpings 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 2 August 2022 | |


title: Principle of rationality

abstract: The principle of rationality was coined by Karl R. Popper in his Harvard Lecture of 1963, and published in his book Myth of Framework. It is related to what he called the 'logic of the situation' in an Economica article of 1944/1945, published later in his book The Poverty of Historicism. According to Popper's rationality principle, agents act in the most adequate way according to the objective situation. It is an idealized conception of human behavior which he used to drive his model of situational analysis. Cognitive scientist Allen Newell elaborated on the principle in his account of knowledge level modeling.

text:
# Principle of rationality

The **principle of rationality** (or **rationality principle**) was coined by Karl R. Popper in his Harvard Lecture of 1963, and published in his book *Myth of Framework*. It is related to what he called the 'logic of the situation' in an *Economica* article of 1944/1945, published later in his book *The Poverty of Historicism*. According to Popper's rationality principle, agents act in the most adequate way according to the objective situation. It is an idealized conception of human behavior which he used to drive his model of situational analysis. Cognitive scientist Allen Newell elaborated on the principle in his account of knowledge level modeling.

## Popper

Popper called for social science to be grounded in what he called *situational analysis* or *situational logic*. This requires building models of social situations which include individual actors and their relationship to social institutions, e.g. markets, legal codes, bureaucracies, etc. These models attribute certain aims and information to the actors. This forms the 'logic of the situation', the result of reconstructing meticulously all circumstances of an historical event. The 'principle of rationality' is the assumption that people are instrumental in trying to reach their goals, and this is what drives the model. Popper believed that this model could be continuously refined to approach the objective truth.

Popper called his principle of rationality *nearly empty* (a technical term meaning without empirical content) and *strictly speaking false*, but nonetheless *tremendously useful*. These remarks earned him a lot of criticism because seemingly he had swerved from his famous *Logic of Scientific Discovery*.

Among the many philosophers having discussed Popper's principle of rationality from the 1960s up to now are Noretta Koertge, R. Nadeau, Viktor J. Vanberg, Hans Albert, E. Matzner, Ian C. Jarvie, Mark A. Notturno, John Wettersten, Ian C. Böhm.

## Newell

In the context of knowledge-based systems, Newell (in 1982) proposed the following principle of rationality: "If an agent has knowledge that one of its actions will lead to one of its goals, then the agent will select that action." This principle is employed by agents at the knowledge level to move closer to a desired goal. An important philosophical difference between Newell and Popper is that Newell argued that the knowledge level is real in the sense that it exists in nature and is not made up. This allowed Newell to treat the rationality principle as a way of understanding nature and avoid the problems Popper ran into by treating knowledge as non physical and therefore non empirical.


title: Norape dyarensis

abstract: Norape dyarensis is a moth of the family Megalopygidae. It was described by Walter Hopp in 1929.

text:
# Norape dyarensis

***Norape dyarensis*** is a moth of the family Megalopygidae. It was described by Walter Hopp in 1929.

## InfoBox

| *Norape dyarensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Megalopygidae |
| Genus: | *Norape* |
| Species: | ***N. dyarensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Norape dyarensis***<br>Hopp, 1929 | |
|


title: Principle of plenitude

abstract:
The principle of plenitude asserts that the universe contains all possible forms of existence. Arthur Lovejoy, a historian of ideas, was the first to trace the history of this philosophically important principle explicitly. Lovejoy distinguishes two versions of the principle: a static version, in which the universe displays a constant fullness and diversity, and a temporalized version, in which fullness and diversity gradually increase over time. Lovejoy traces the principle of plenitude to the writings of Plato, finding in the Timaeus an insistence on "the necessarily complete translation of all the ideal possibilities into actuality". By contrast, he takes Aristotle to reject the principle in his Metaphysics, when he writes that "it is not necessary that everything that is possible should exist in actuality". Since Plato, the principle of plenitude has had the following adherents:
  - Epicurus reiterated the principle in fr.266 Us. His follower Lucretius famously applied the principle to the sets of multiple explanations by which the Epicureans account for astronomical and meteorological phenomena: every possible explanation is also true, if not in our world, then elsewhere in the infinite universe.
  - Augustine of Hippo brought the principle from Neo-Platonic thought into early Christian Theology.
  - St Anselm's ontological arguments for God's existence used the principle's implication that nature will become as complete as it possibly can be, to argue that existence is a "perfection" in the sense of a completeness or fullness.
  - Thomas Aquinas accepted a modified form of the principle, but qualified it by making several distinctions that safeguard the freedom of God.
  - Giordano Bruno's insistence on an infinity of worlds was not based on the theories of Copernicus, or on observation, but on the principle applied to God. His death may then be attributed to his conviction of its truth, as he refused to recant even while facing capital punishment for his view about this and other matters, which caused him to be convicted of heresy.
  - Spinoza, according to Lovejoy, "expressed the principle of plenitude in its most uncompromising form" and "represented it as necessary in the strict logical sense".
  - Kant believed in the principle but not in the possibility of its empirical verification.
  - Leibniz believed that the best of all possible worlds would actualize every genuine possibility.

text:
# Principle of plenitude

The **principle of plenitude** asserts that the universe contains all possible forms of existence. Arthur Lovejoy, a historian of ideas, was the first to trace the history of this philosophically important principle explicitly. Lovejoy distinguishes two versions of the principle: a static version, in which the universe displays a constant fullness and diversity, and a temporalized version, in which fullness and diversity gradually increase over time.

Lovejoy traces the principle of plenitude to the writings of Plato, finding in the *Timaeus* an insistence on "the necessarily complete translation of all the ideal possibilities into actuality". By contrast, he takes Aristotle to reject the principle in his *Metaphysics*, when he writes that "it is not necessary that everything that is possible should exist in actuality".

Since Plato, the principle of plenitude has had the following adherents:

* Epicurus reiterated the principle in fr.266 Us. His follower Lucretius (*DRN* V 526-33) famously applied the principle to the sets of multiple explanations by which the Epicureans account for astronomical and meteorological phenomena: every possible explanation is also true, if not in our world, then elsewhere in the infinite universe.
* Augustine of Hippo brought the principle from Neo-Platonic thought into early Christian Theology.
* St Anselm's ontological arguments for God's existence used the principle's implication that nature will become as complete as it possibly can be, to argue that existence is a "perfection" in the sense of a completeness or fullness.
* Thomas Aquinas accepted a modified form of the principle, but qualified it by making several distinctions that safeguard the freedom of God.
* Giordano Bruno's insistence on an infinity of worlds was not based on the theories of Copernicus, or on observation, but on the principle applied to God. His death may then be attributed to his conviction of its truth, as he refused to recant even while facing capital punishment for his view about this and other matters, which caused him to be convicted of heresy.
* Spinoza, according to Lovejoy, "expressed the principle of plenitude in its most uncompromising form" and "represented it as necessary in the strict logical sense".
* Kant believed in the principle but not in the possibility of its empirical verification.
* Leibniz believed that the best of all possible worlds would actualize every genuine possibility.

* Arthur Lovejoy, *The Great Chain of Being*. Harvard University Press, 1936: ISBN 0-674-36153-9
    + Chapter IV "The Principle of Plenitude and the New Cosmography", p. 99143.
    + Chapter V "Plenitude and Sufficient Reason in Leibniz and Spinoza", p. 144182.

## See also


title: Paraguayan punaré

abstract: The Paraguayan punaré is a caviomorph rodent of South America from the spiny rat family. With its skull averaging 55 mm long, it is the largest species in the genus Thrichomys. It is found in savannas and forest edges in southwestern Brazil and northern Paraguay within the cerrado ecoregion. The species tolerates a degree of habitat disturbance, and is considered abundant throughout its range. Its karyotype has 2n = 34 and FN = 64.

text:
# Paraguayan punaré

The **Paraguayan punaré** (***Thrichomys pachyurus***) is a caviomorph rodent of South America from the spiny rat family. With its skull averaging 55 mm long, it is the largest species in the genus *Thrichomys*. It is found in savannas and forest edges in southwestern Brazil and northern Paraguay within the cerrado ecoregion. The species tolerates a degree of habitat disturbance, and is considered abundant throughout its range.

Its karyotype has 2n = 34 and FN (fundamental number) = 64.

## InfoBox

| Paraguayan punaré | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Echimyidae |
| Subfamily: | Echimyinae |
| Tribe: | Myocastorini |
| Genus: | *Thrichomys* |
| Species: | ***T. pachyurus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thrichomys pachyurus***
(Wagner, 1845) | |
|
|  | |


title: Ingalhalli

abstract: Ingalahalli is a village in Dharwad district of Karnataka, India.

text:
# Ingalhalli

**Ingalahalli** is a village in Dharwad district of Karnataka, India.

## Demographics

As of the 2011 Census of India there were 1,062 households in Ingalhalli and a total population of 4,917 consisting of 2,485 males and 2,432 females. There were 533 children ages 0–6.

15°25′N 75°18′E / 15.417°N 75.300°E / 15.417; 75.300

## InfoBox

| Ingalhalli | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Dharwad |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Village Panchayat |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 4,917 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KA |
| Vehicle registration | KA |
| Website | karnataka.gov.in |


title: Mauricio Espinosa

abstract: Mauricio Espinosa Rodríguez was a Uruguayan football referee who participated in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He gained publicity during the Round of 16 match between Germany and England, when he ruled that England midfielder Frank Lampard's strike did not cross the goal line, although television coverage clearly indicated the opposite.

text:
# Mauricio Espinosa

**Mauricio Espinosa Rodríguez** (born 6 May 1972) was a Uruguayan football referee who participated in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He gained publicity during the Round of 16 match between Germany and England, when he ruled that England midfielder Frank Lampard's strike did not cross the goal line, although television coverage clearly indicated the opposite.

## Personal

Mauricio Espinosa was born on 6 May 1972 and lives in the Uruguayan capital Montevideo. He is also a science teacher, he speaks English and Spanish. Espinosa has been refereeing international matches since 2006.

## 2010 FIFA World Cup

Espinosa was an assistant referee in the following 2010 FIFA World Cup matches:

* Group D: Australia vs Serbia
* Group E: Cameroon vs Denmark
* Group G: Côte d'Ivoire vs Portugal
* Round of 16: Germany vs England

In each of these matches, the main referee was Jorge Larrionda, who is also from Uruguay.

### Germany vs. England controversy

The Germany vs. England Round of 16 match, which ended 4-1 and where Espinosa was an assistant referee, resulted in controversial decisions and massive media attention. The main referee of the match was Jorge Larrionda.

Early in the game, Espinosa ruled that Wayne Rooney was offside, when in reality Rooney picked up an erroneous pass from a German player, and therefore could not have been offside according to the rules. Espinosa's most controversial decision occurred in the 38th minute, when Germany was leading 2-1, as England's Frank Lampard shot hit the crossbar, bounced over the goal line and back out of the goal. Television pictures and video replay showed that the ball clearly crossed the line, but both Espinosa and Larrionda failed to spot this, despite appearing to have a good view of where the ball had landed. In the referees' dressing room during the half-time interval, Larrionda and Espinosa were shown the TV coverage of the incident. After noticing his mistake, Espinosa was said to have exclaimed "Oh my God!". The incident led to large-scale protests from players, coaches and officials alike, as well as increased demands for FIFA to introduce goal-line video technology in matches.

Espinosa and Larrionda were among referees dropped by FIFA after the Round of 16. They did not participate in any further matches in the 2010 World Cup.

## 2018 FIFA World Cup

In March 2018, FIFA announced that he will officiate some matches at side of Andres Cunha and Nicolas Taran as assistant referee at 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 10 July 2018, He officiated the semifinal between France and Belgium.


title: Preeti & Pinky

abstract: Preety & Pinky are Indipop duo singers. The sisters hail from a Gujarati family.

text:
# Preeti & Pinky

**Preety & Pinky** are Indipop duo singers. The sisters hail from a Gujarati family.

## Career

This duo had started singing at very young age when they were five and seven years old. They also sang for many Bollywood films. Besides Hindi, they sang songs in English, Malayalam, Gujarati, Sindhi, Marathi, and Bhojpuri. In addition to their popularity in India, they are also very well known in United States, Canada and England.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Song Name | Composer | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | *Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega* | Piya Piya | Anu Malik | Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer
Nominated - IIFA Award for Best Female Playback |
| 2001 | *Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein* | Churaya Churaya | Vishal–Shekhar |  |
| | *Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai* | Maine Koi Jadoo | Anu Malik |  |
| | *Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa* | Ta Thaiya Ta Thaiya | Himesh Reshammiya | Pinky only |
| 2002 | *Annarth* | Bewafa Bar Mein | Anand Raj Anand |  |
| | *Ab Ke Baras* | Hoga Hoga | Anu Malik |  |
| | *Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein* | Chudi Chudi | Anu Malik |  |
| | *Dil Dhoondta Hai* | Payal Ne Lehnge Se Kaha | Anu Malik |  |
| | *Badhaai Ho Badhaai* | Jogan Jogan | Anu Malik | Kunal Ganjawala |
| 2003 | *Chalte Chalte* | Tujhpar Gagan Se | Aadesh Shrivastava |  |
| | *Rabba Re* | Miss India | Anand–Milind | with Kailash Kher |
| 2004 | *Smile Please* | Smile Please
Babuji Zara Dil Pe | Devang Patel |  |
| 2013 | *Mumbai Mirror* | Doom Pe Lakdi | Amjad Nadeem |  |
| | *Main Krishna Hoon* | Main Krishna Hoon
Maa | Amjad Nadeem |  |
|

## Awards


title: Mills 50 (Orlando)

abstract: Orlando's Mills 50 is a neighborhood directly north of the adjacent downtown core. The district's name comes from the intersection of Mills Avenue and State Road 50, the district is also known as Little Saigon or Little Vietnam. Mills 50 is known for its Vietnamese influence however other Asian cultures are also represented as well. The district has a wide range of authentic Asian-owned eateries and other businesses. Mills 50 is a part of the Main Streets America program, a non-profit that promotes the district. Many locals argue that the Main Streets program hasn't done enough to promote or protect the area's ethnic identity.

text:
# Mills 50 (Orlando)

Orlando's **Mills 50** is a neighborhood directly north of the adjacent downtown core. The district's name comes from the intersection of Mills Avenue and State Road 50 (Colonial Drive), the district is also known as Little Saigon or Little Vietnam. Mills 50 is known for its Vietnamese influence however other Asian cultures are also represented as well. The district has a wide range of authentic Asian-owned eateries and other businesses.

Mills 50 is a part of the Main Streets America program, a non-profit that promotes the district. Many locals argue that the Main Streets program hasn't done enough to promote or protect the area's ethnic identity.

## History

Refugees fleeing the Vietnam War settled in Orlando in the 1970s, first-, second- and third-generation Vietnamese Americans shaped the district and were an integral part of its formation.

## Transportation

Lynx Bus Links 28 (E. Colonial DR/Azalea Park), 29 (E. Colonial DR/Goldenrod RD), and 125 (Silver Star RD) all go through Mills 50

Both links 28 and 29 pass through Orlando's Fashion Square Mall and Lynx Central Station. Link 125 has a SunRail connection at AdventHealth station, 125 also goes to West Oak Malls and Edgewater DR/Princeton ST (College Park).

## InfoBox

| Mills 50, Orlando<br>Sài Gòn nhỏ | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Orlando | |
| Coordinates: 28°33′11″N 81°21′52″W / 28.553177354240308°N 81.36440737345919°W / 28.553177354240308; -81.36440737345919 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| Orlando | Orlando |


title: Gilbert Horn Sr.

abstract: Gilbert Horn Sr. was an American military veteran who served as an Assiniboine code talker during World War II. Horn, a member of the Merrill's Marauders during the war, utilized the Assiniboine language to encode communications by the U.S. military in the Pacific theater. In 2014, Horn was made an honorary chief of Fort Belknap Assiniboine by Assiniboine elder Kenneth Ryan of Wolf Point Mt. Horn was born on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation of Montana on May 12, 1923, to Melvina and Jesse Iron Horn Sr. He was raised on the reservation and attended school in Dodson, Montana, until he completed 8th grade. Later in life, Horn had one child with his first wife, Elizabeth Bradley, and eleven children with his second wife, Elizabeth Jackson. Horn enlisted in the United States Army 1940, when he was 17 years old, and was assigned to the 163rd Infantry Battalion. He was trained in both Army communications and encryption. Horn, a code talker who spoke Assiniboine, an indigenous language of Montana, used his linguistic abilities to encrypt U.S. communications against the Japanese during World War II. Horn volunteered for an assignment with Merrill's Marauders, a U.S. Army special operations led by General Frank Merrill in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II, beginning in 1943. As a member of the Marauders, Horn completed an 800-mile march across the mountains of Burma and southern China to cut off Japanese supply lines in the region. Fewer than 1,200 troops survived Merrill's Marauders' campaign. Horn and the surviving Maurauders were awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for "gallantry, determination and esprit de corps in accomplishing its mission under extremely difficult and hazardous conditions." Horn also received a Bronze Star Medal and a Purple Heart. Horn was honorably discharged from the United States Army after the war. He returned to his grandparents' farm on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, where he became involved in the reservation's tribal politics and judiciary. He served on the Fort Belknap Community Council for nineteen years. Horn also wrote the first regulations to govern the Fort Belknap Tribal Juvenile Court and served as a judge for eight years. Horn, who served as the former chairman of the National Congress of American Indians' Rocky Mountain Region chapter, successfully lobbied the U.S. federal government for a new health clinic on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation. Montana State University–Northern awarded Horn an honorary doctorate in humanitarian services in 2013. In 2014, Fort Belknap Assiniboine Tribe named him the honorary chief, becoming the first person to receive the title since the 1890s. The recently constructed early learning center on the Fort Belknap Reservation has also been named in Horn's honor. Gilbert Horn died at the Northern Montana Care Center in Havre, Montana, on March 27, 2016, at the age of 92. He was survived by eleven children, thirty-seven grandchildren, and almost ninety great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren. He was buried at a family cemetery, located on the reservation east of Fort Belknap Agency.

text:
# Gilbert Horn Sr.

**Gilbert Horn Sr.** (May 12, 1923 – March 27, 2016) was an American military veteran who served as an Assiniboine code talker during World War II. Horn, a member of the Merrill's Marauders during the war, utilized the Assiniboine language to encode communications by the U.S. military in the Pacific theater. In 2014, Horn was made an honorary chief of Fort Belknap Assiniboine by Assiniboine elder Kenneth Ryan of Wolf Point Mt.

Horn was born on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation of Montana on May 12, 1923, to Melvina (Tall Youth) and Jesse Iron Horn Sr. He was raised on the reservation and attended school in Dodson, Montana, until he completed 8th grade. Later in life, Horn had one child with his first wife, Elizabeth Bradley, and eleven children with his second wife, Elizabeth Jackson.

Horn enlisted in the United States Army 1940, when he was 17 years old, and was assigned to the 163rd Infantry Battalion. He was trained in both Army communications and encryption. Horn, a code talker who spoke Assiniboine, an indigenous language of Montana, used his linguistic abilities to encrypt U.S. communications against the Japanese during World War II.

Horn volunteered for an assignment with Merrill's Marauders, a U.S. Army special operations led by General Frank Merrill in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II, beginning in 1943. As a member of the Marauders, Horn completed an 800-mile march across the mountains of Burma and southern China to cut off Japanese supply lines in the region. Fewer than 1,200 troops survived Merrill's Marauders' campaign. Horn and the surviving Maurauders were awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for "gallantry, determination and esprit de corps in accomplishing its mission under extremely difficult and hazardous conditions." Horn also received a Bronze Star Medal and a Purple Heart.

Horn was honorably discharged from the United States Army after the war. He returned to his grandparents' farm on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, where he became involved in the reservation's tribal politics and judiciary. He served on the Fort Belknap Community Council for nineteen years. Horn also wrote the first regulations to govern the Fort Belknap Tribal Juvenile Court and served as a judge for eight years. Horn, who served as the former chairman of the National Congress of American Indians' Rocky Mountain Region chapter, successfully lobbied the U.S. federal government for a new health clinic on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation.

Montana State University–Northern awarded Horn an honorary doctorate in humanitarian services in 2013. In 2014, Fort Belknap Assiniboine Tribe named him the honorary chief, becoming the first person to receive the title since the 1890s. The recently constructed early learning center on the Fort Belknap Reservation has also been named in Horn's honor.

Gilbert Horn died at the Northern Montana Care Center in Havre, Montana, on March 27, 2016, at the age of 92. He was survived by eleven children, thirty-seven grandchildren, and almost ninety great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren. He was buried at a family cemetery, located on the reservation east of Fort Belknap Agency.


title: Pristaulacus strangaliae

abstract: Pristaulacus strangaliae is a species of wasp in the family Aulacidae and the order Hymenoptera found in North America. They are diurnal.

text:
# Pristaulacus strangaliae

***Pristaulacus strangaliae*** is a species of wasp in the family Aulacidae and the order Hymenoptera found in North America. They are diurnal.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Pristaulacus strangaliae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Aulacidae |
| Genus: | *Pristaulacus* |
| Species: | ***P. strangaliae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristaulacus strangaliae***<br>Rohwer, 1917 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pristaulacus glabrescens*  Bradley, 1926 * *Pristaulacus taughanic*  Bradley, 1926 | |


title: Neal Dow House

abstract: The Neal Dow House, also known as Gen. Neal Dow House, is an historic house found at 714 Congress Street in Portland, Maine. It was built in 1829 for noted politician and prohibitionist Neal Dow (1804-1897), and was later designated a National Historic Landmark for that association. Dow was the author of the first prohibition law passed by the Maine legislature in 1851. He was known as a tireless, internationally known activist for the temperance movement. Dow's house was a center of activism in his lifetime, and is now the headquarters of the Maine chapter of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

text:
# Neal Dow House

The **Neal Dow House**, also known as **Gen. Neal Dow House**, is an historic house found at 714 Congress Street in Portland, Maine. It was built in 1829 for noted politician and prohibitionist Neal Dow (1804-1897), and was later designated a National Historic Landmark for that association. Dow was the author of the first prohibition law passed by the Maine legislature in 1851 (and giving such laws the epithet "Maine law"). He was known as a tireless, internationally known activist for the temperance movement. Dow's house was a center of activism in his lifetime, and is now the headquarters of the Maine chapter of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

## Architecture and building history

The Dow house is a large, 2+12-story, 17-room brick structure with late Federal styling. It is roughly rectangular in shape, with three distinct sections. A main block, 2+12 stories in height and three bays wide, anchors the corner lot on which it stands. A 2+12-story ell extends to the right from the rear of this block, and there is a single-story flat-roof section in the crook of the L created by the two taller sections. The main entrance is in the right side bay of the main block, and is sheltered by a late Victorian decorative hood.

The building was constructed in 1829, on the occasion of Neal Dow's marriage to Maria Maynard. It was Dow's home for 67 years, until his death at age 93 in 1897. The house was given by Dow's son Fred to the local chapter of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, along with a large number of Dow's possessions and related artifacts. Although the chapter went through a period of low activity, attempts were begun in 2013 to revive it after the state legalized the sale of marijuana. The house is open to the public at no charge on weekdays or by appointment.

## Significance

Neal Dow was born and raised in Portland to Quaker parents, and was an early advocate of temperance as well as a prominent local businessman. In 1829 he organized the Maine Temperance Union, and began to speak publicly in favor of the complete prohibition of alcohol. He won election as mayor of Portland in 1851, and immediately promoted the passage of a statewide prohibition law, which he was the author of. The law passed, bringing Dow a nationwide reputation, and labeling such laws in other states as "Maine laws". He traveled extensively throughout the country, speaking on behalf of the cause. During the American Civil War he served in the Union Army, rising to the rank of brigadier general. After the war he resumed his temperance activities, and also visited England, making common cause with temperance advocates there. In the 1880 presidential election he was a candidate for president on the Prohibition Party ticket, receiving about 10,000 votes. He remained active in the cause until his death. Biographer Frank Byrne credits Dow for paving the way, in terms of his principles, strategy, and tactics, for later temperance advocates.

Dow's house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and was designated a National Historic Landmark the following year.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Neal Dow House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Dow House in June 2008 | |
|  | |
| Location | 714 Congress St., Portland, Maine |
| Coordinates | 43°39′11″N 70°16′12″W / 43.65306°N 70.27000°W / 43.65306; -70.27000 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1830 |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 73000236 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 11, 1973 |
| Designated NHL | May 30, 1974 |


title: Norape incolorata

abstract: Norape incolorata is a moth of the family Megalopygidae. It was described by E. Dukinfield Jones in 1921.

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# Norape incolorata

***Norape incolorata*** is a moth of the family Megalopygidae. It was described by E. Dukinfield Jones in 1921.

## InfoBox

| *Norape incolorata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Megalopygidae |
| Genus: | *Norape* |
| Species: | ***N. incolorata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Norape incolorata***<br>(E. D. Jones, 1921) | |
|