title: Netherlands in the Roman era

abstract: For around 450 years, from around 55 BC to around 410 AD, the southern part of the Netherlands was integrated into the Roman Empire. During this time the Romans in the Netherlands had an enormous influence on the lives and culture of the people who lived in the Netherlands at the time and (indirectly) on the generations that followed.

text:
# Netherlands in the Roman era

For around 450 years, from around 55 BC to around 410 AD, the southern part of the Netherlands was integrated into the Roman Empire. During this time the **Romans in the Netherlands** had an enormous influence on the lives and culture of the people who lived in the Netherlands at the time and (indirectly) on the generations that followed.

## Early history

During the Gallic Wars, the area south and west of the Rhine was conquered by Roman forces under Julius Caesar in a series of campaigns from 57 BC to 53 BC. The approximately 450 years of Roman rule that followed would profoundly change the Netherlands.

Starting about 15 BC, the Rhine in the Netherlands came to be defended by the Lower Limes Germanicus. After a series of military actions, the Rhine became fixed around 12 AD as Rome's northern frontier on the European mainland. A number of towns and developments would arise along this line. Perhaps the most evocative Roman ruin is the mysterious Brittenburg, which emerged from the sand at the beach in Katwijk several centuries ago, only to be buried again. These ruins were part of Lugdunum Batavorum.

The area to the south would be integrated into the Roman Empire. At first part of Gallia Belgica, this area became part of the province of Germania Inferior. The tribes already within, or relocated to, this area became part of the Roman Empire.

The area to the north of the Rhine, inhabited by the Frisii and the Chauci, remained outside Roman rule but not its presence and control. The Frisii were initially "won over" by Drusus, suggesting a Roman suzerainty was imposed by Augustus on the coastal areas north of the Rhine river. Over the course of time the Frisii would provide Roman auxiliaries through treaty obligations, but the tribe would also fight the Romans in concert with other Germanic tribes (finally, in 296 the Frisii were relocated in Flanders and disappeared from recorded history).

### Native tribes

During the Gallic Wars, the Belgic area south of the Oude Rijn and west of the Rhine was conquered by Roman forces under Julius Caesar in a series of campaigns from 57 BC to 53 BC. He established the principle that the Rhine, which runs through the Netherlands, defined a natural boundary between the Gauls and Germanic peoples. But the Rhine was not a strong border, and he made it clear that there was a part of Belgic Gaul where many of the local tribes were "Germani cisrhenani", or in other cases, of mixed origin. The approximately 450 years of Roman rule that followed would profoundly change the area that would become the Netherlands. Very often this involved large-scale conflict with the "free Germans" over the Rhine.

When Caesar arrived, various tribes were located in the area of the Netherlands, residing in the inhabitable higher parts, especially in the east and south. These illiterate tribes did not leave behind written records, so all the information known about them during this pre-Roman period is based on what the Romans and Greeks wrote about them. Julius Caesar himself, in his commentary *Commentarii de Bello Gallico* wrote in detail only about the southern area which he conquered. Two or three tribes who he described as living in what is now the Netherlands were:

* The Menapii, a Belgic tribe who stretched from the Flemish coast, through the south of the river deltas, and as far as the modern German border. In terms of modern Dutch provinces this means at least the south of Zeeland, at least the north of North Brabant, at least the southeast of Gelderland, and possible the south of South Holland. In later Roman times this territory seems to have been divided or reduced, so that it became mainly contained in what is now western Belgium.
* The Eburones, the largest of the *Germani Cisrhenani* group, whose territory covered a large area between the rivers Maas and Rhine, and also apparently stretched close to the delta, giving them a border with the Menapii. Their territory may have stretched into Gelderland. Caesar claimed to have destroyed the name of the Eburones, but in Roman times Tacitus reports that the Germani Cisrhenani had taken up a new name, the Tungri. While exact borders are not known the territory of the Eburones, and later the Tungri, (the "Civitas Tungrorum") included all or most of the modern provinces of Dutch Limburg, and North Brabant. The part in North Brabant was apparently within what became known as Toxandria, the home of the Texuandri.
* The Ambivariti were apparently a smaller tribe, perhaps part of the Eburones, or Menapii, who Caesar mentions in passing as living west of the Maas, and therefore somewhere in or near North Brabant. (It is possible they lived in what is now Belgium.)

In the delta itself, Caesar makes a passing comment about the *Insula Batavorum* ("Island of the Batavi") in the Rhine river, without discussing who lived there. Later, in imperial times, a tribe called the Batavi became very important in this region. The island's easternmost point is at a split in the Rhine, one arm being the Waal the other the Lower Rhine/Old Rhine (hence the Latin name Much later Tacitus wrote that they had originally been a tribe of the Chatti, a tribe in Germany never mentioned by Caesar. However, archaeologists find evidence of continuity, and suggest that the Chattic group may have been a small group, moving into a pre-existing (and possibly non-Germanic) people, who could even have been part of a known group such as the Eburones.

| Tribes named by Julius Caesar | Tribes during Roman empire |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
|

### Later tribes

Other tribes who eventually inhabited the "Gaulish" islands in the delta during Roman times are mentioned by Pliny the Elder:

* The Cananefates, whom Tacitus says were similar to the Batavians in their ancestry (and so presumably came from Germany). These lived to the west of the Batavi, sharing the same island, in what is today the province of South Holland.
* The Frisii, who also inhabited the Netherlands north of the delta, and thus covered a major part of the modern Netherlands, not only in modern Friesland, but also in North Holland and at least in parts of all the other northern Dutch provinces today.
* The Chauci, whose main territory was the north sea coast of Germany, bordering the Frisii on their east. They are thought to be ancestors of the later Saxons, and apparently only held a small part of the modern Netherlands in Roman times.
* The Frisiabones, who Pliny also counted as a people living in Gallia Belgica, to the south of the delta. They probably therefore lived in the north of North Brabant, perhaps stretching into Gelderland and South Holland.
* The Marsacii, who Tacitus refers to as neighbours of the Batavi. Pliny also apparently mentioned these as stretching on to the Flemish coast, and they probably inhabited what is today the province of Zeeland.
* The Sturii, who are not known from any other sources, but are thought to have lived near the Marsacii, therefore in modern Zeeland or South Holland.

As mentioned above, the northern Netherlands, above the Old Rhine, was dominated by the Frisii, with perhaps a small penetration of Chauci. While this area was not officially part of the empire for any long periods, military conscription and other impositions were made for long periods upon the Frisii. Several smaller tribes are known from the eastern Netherlands, north of the Rhine:

* The Tuihanti (or Tubantes) from Twenthe in Overijssel, had units serving in the Roman army in Britain.
* The Chamavi, from Hamaland in northern Gelderland, a Frankish tribe that often fought against Rome.
* The Salians, also Franks, probably originated in Salland in Overijssel, before they moved into the empire, forced by Saxons in the 4th century, first into Batavia, and then into Toxandria.
* South of the Chamavi and on the Rhine the Usipetes lived for some time. Caesar reported that them already in his time as newcomers from the east. Eventually they appear to have been forced southeast under pressure from the Frankish Chamavi and Chatuarii.

In the south of the Netherlands the Texuandri inhabited most of North Brabant. The modern province of Limburg, with the Maas running through it, appears to have been inhabited by (from north to south) the Baetasii, the Catualini, the Sunuci and the Tungri.

## Batavian revolt

About 38 BC, a pro-Roman faction of the Chatti (a Germanic tribe located east of the Rhine) was settled by Agrippa in an area south of the Rhine, now thought to be the Betuwe area. They took on the name of the people already living there—the Batavians.

The relationship with the original inhabitants was on the whole quite good; many Batavians and Cananefates even served in the Roman cavalry. Batavian culture was influenced by the Roman one, resulting among other things in Roman-style temples such as the one in Elst, dedicated to local gods. Trade also flourished: the salt used in the Roman empire was won from the North Sea and remains are found across the whole Roman empire.

However, this did not prevent the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD, a very successful revolt under the leadership of Batavian Gaius Julius Civilis. Forty *castella* were burnt down because the Romans violated the rights of the Batavian leaders by taking young Batavians as their slaves.

Other Roman soldiers (like those in Xanten and the auxiliary troops of Batavians and Cananefates from the legions of Vitellius) joined the revolt, which split the northern part of the Roman army. In April 70, Vespasianus sent a few legions to stop the revolt. Their commander, Petilius Cerialis, eventually defeated the Batavians and started negotiations with Julius Civilis on his home ground, somewhere between the Waal and the Maas near Noviomagus (Nijmegen) oras the Batavians probably called itBatavodurum.

The Batavi may have merged into the Salian Frankish community, who first appear in the written record in the third century as a group who had been living in Batavia before being pushed southwards out of the delta.

## Roman settlements in the Netherlands

During their stay in Germania Inferior, the Romans established a number of towns and smaller settlements in the Netherlands and reinforced the Limes Germanicus with military forts. More notable towns include Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum (modern Nijmegen) and Forum Hadriani (Voorburg).

### Roman forts in the Netherlands (squares on the map)

1. Flevum (at modern Velsen) A harbour has been found here as well. (Disputed)
2. Lugdunum Batavorum (Brittenburg at modern Katwijk aan Zee)
3. Praetorium Agrippinae (at modern Valkenburg)
4. Matilo (in the modern Roomburg area of Leiden)
5. Albaniana (at modern Alphen aan den Rijn)
6. Fort of an unknown name (near Bodegraven)
7. Laurium (at modern Woerden)
8. A fort perhaps called Fletio (at modern Vleuten)
9. Traiectum (in modern Utrecht)
10. Fectio (Vechten)
11. Levefanum (at modern Wijk bij Duurstede)
12. Carvo (at modern Kesteren in Neder-Betuwe)
13. Fort of an unknown name at (Meinerswijk)
14. Noviomagus (in modern (Nijmegen)

### Towns in the Netherlands (triangles on the map)

A) Forum Hadriani, a.k.a. Aellium Cananefatum (modern Voorburg)
B) Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum, a.k.a. Colonia Ulpia Noviomagus, (modern Nijmegen)
C) Batavorum (in modern Nijmegen)
D) Colonia Ulpia Trajana (in modern Xanten, Germany)
E) Coriovallum (in modern Heerlen)

### Settlements or posts (circles on the map)

F) Nigrum Pullum (modern Zwammerdam)
G) settlement of an unknown name on the Leidsche Rijn
H) Haltna (modern Houten)
I) settlement of an unknown name (modern Ermelo)
J) settlement of an unknown name (modern Tiel)
K) Roman temples (modern Elst, Overbetuwe)
L) Temple possibly devoted to Hercules Magusannus (modern Kessel, North Brabant)
M) Temple (at an area called "*De lithse Ham*" near Maren-Kessel, now part of Oss)
N) Ceuclum (modern Cuijk)
O) Roman era tombs 2 km south of town center (modern Esch)
P) Trajectum ad Mosam, also known as Mosae Trajectum, (modern Maastricht)
Not marked on the map: a possible fort in modern Venlo and a settlement called Catualium near modern Roermond

## Franks

In the 3rd century the Franks, a warrior Germanic tribe, started to appear in the Netherlands. Their attacks happened in a time period with a catastrophic sea invasion of the area.

> Another change was irreversible. During transgression phases, the sea is more aggressive than under normal circumstances. The third century saw the beginning of an era of increased violence from the sea. The canal between Lake Flevo and the Wadden Sea widened and the mud-flats of the north become wetlands. The Frisians and Chauci increased the height of the terps (the mounds on the alluvial plain on which they lived) but in vain. It seems that their country was largely depopulated, and the Frisians disappear from our sources. (It is unlikely that the inhabitants of modern Friesland are related to the ancient Frisians.).....The cause of this devastation (in Frisian lands) is easy to find: raids of a new Germanic tribe, the Franks.

Modern scholars of the Migration Period are in agreement that the Frankish identity emerged at the first half of the 3rd century out of various earlier, smaller Germanic groups, including the Salii, Sicambri, Chamavi, Bructeri, Chatti, Chattuarii, Ampsivarii, Tencteri, Ubii, Batavi and the Tungri, who inhabited the lower and middle Rhine valley between the Zuyderzee and the river Lahn and extended eastwards as far as the Weser, but were the most densely settled around the IJssel and between the Lippe and the Sieg. The Frankish confederation probably began to coalesce in the 210s.

The Franks eventually were divided into two groups: the Ripuarian Franks (Latin: Ripuari), who were the Franks that lived along the middle-Rhine River during the Roman Era, and the Salians, who probably originated in the Salland in Overijssel, before pressure from the Saxons then forced them to move into the empire in the 4th century and became the Salian Franks.

Franks appear in Roman texts as both allies and enemies (*laeti* or *dediticii*). In 288 the emperor Maximian defeated the Salian Franks, Chamavi, Frisians and other Germans living along the Rhine and moved them to Germania inferior to provide manpower and prevent the settlement of other Germanic tribes. In 292 Constantius defeated the Franks who had settled at the mouth of the Rhine. These were moved to the nearby region of Toxandria.

They were forced by the confederation of the Saxons from the east to move over the Rhine into Roman territory in the fourth century. Around 310, the Franks had the region of the Scheldt river (present day west Flanders and southwest Netherlands) under control, and were raiding the Channel, disrupting transportation to Britain. Roman forces pacified the region, but did not expel the Franks, who continued to be feared as pirates along the shores at least until the time of Julian the Apostate (358), when Salian Franks were granted to settle as *foederati* in Toxandria, according to Ammianus Marcellinus.

At the beginning of the 5th century, the Franks became the most important ethnic group in the region, just before the end of the Western Roman Empire.

1. Much of this article is derived from the Dutch Wikipedia article called *Romeinen in Nederland*
2. Jona Lendering, "Conquest and Defeat", "Germania Inferior", https://www.livius.org/ga-gh/germania/inferior.htm#Conquest
3. Cocceianus, Cassius Dio (1917). *Dio's Roman History*. W. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-99083-2.
4. Grane, Thomas (2007), "From Gallienus to Probus - Three decades of turmoil and recovery", *The Roman Empire and Southern Scandinavia–a Northern Connection! (PhD thesis)*, Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, p. 109
5. Lendering, Jona, "Germania Inferior", Livius.org. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
6. Caes. Gal. 4.10
7. Cornelius Tacitus, *Germany and its Tribes* 1.29
8. Nico Roymans, *Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power. The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire*. Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 10. Amsterdam, 2004. Chapter 4. Also see page 249.
9. Plin. Nat. 4.29
10. Jona Lendering, "The Batavian Revolt"
11. *Historiae* by Tacitus, 1st century AD. Translation into Dutch by the Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen Archived 2005-11-03 at the Wayback Machine
12. Previté-Orton, Charles, *The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History*, vol. I, pp. 51–52, 151
13. "Omroep Brabant".
14. "Catualium (Heel) - Livius".
15. Jona Lendering: Germania inferior (Livius.org)\]
16. Charles William Previté-Orton. *The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, vol. I*. p. 151.
17. Williams, 50–51.
18. Barnes, *Constantine and Eusebius*, 7.
19. Howorth 1884, pp. 215–216
20. Previté-Orton. *The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, vol. I*. pp. 51–52.

## Bibliography


title: Wyatt at the Coyote Palace

abstract: Wyatt at the Coyote Palace is the ninth studio album by American musician Kristin Hersh. It was released on November 11, 2016 in the form of a book and album, through Omnibus Press.

text:
# Wyatt at the Coyote Palace

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.2/10 |
| Metacritic | 80/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Classic Rock* |  |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 9/10 |
| *MusicOMH* |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 7.5/10 |

***Wyatt at the Coyote Palace*** is the ninth studio album by American musician Kristin Hersh. It was released on November 11, 2016 in the form of a book and album, through Omnibus Press.

## Critical reception

*Wyatt at the Coyote Palace* was met with "generally favorable" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 80, based on 10 reviews. Aggregator Album of the Year gave the release a 76 out of 100 based on a critical consensus of 6 reviews.

## Track listing

Disc One
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bright" | 3:37 |
| 2. | "Bubble Net" | 4:30 |
| 3. | "In Stitches" | 4:28 |
| 4. | "Secret Codes" | 3:25 |
| 5. | "Green Screen" | 3:20 |
| 6. | "Hemingway's Tell" | 3:50 |
| 7. | "Detox" | 3:22 |
| 8. | "Wonderland" | 3:01 |
| 9. | "Day 3" | 3:06 |
| 10. | "Diving Bell" | 3:20 |
| 11. | "Killing Two Birds" | 3:20 |
| 12. | "Guadalupe" | 4:01 |

Disc Two
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "August" | 2:42 |
| 2. | "American Copper" | 2:11 |
| 3. | "Some Dumb Runaway" | 3:57 |
| 4. | "Sun Blown" | 2:14 |
| 5. | "From the Plane" | 2:21 |
| 6. | "Elysian Fields" | 4:27 |
| 7. | "Soma Gone Slapstick" | 2:53 |
| 8. | "Cooties" | 2:14 |
| 9. | "Christmas Underground" | 3:39 |
| 10. | "Between Piety and Desire" | 2:55 |
| 11. | "Shaky Blue Can" | 3:16 |
| 12. | "Shotgun" | 6:07 |

## InfoBox

| Wyatt at the Coyote Palace | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kristin Hersh | |
| Released | November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11) |
| Recorded | April–August 2016 |
| Studio | Stable Sound Studios, Portsmouth, Rhode Island |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 1:22:16 |
| Label | Omnibus Press |
| Producer | Kristin Hersh |
| Kristin Hersh chronology | |
| *Crooked*
(2010) ***Wyatt at the Coyote Palace***
(2016) *Possible Dust Clouds*
(2018) | |


title: Norden Systems

abstract: Norden Systems was an American manufacturer of radar systems.

text:
# Norden Systems

**Norden Systems** was an American manufacturer of radar systems.

## History

The **Norden Laboratories Corporation** was founded in New York City in 1943 to conduct research, while the separate Carl L. Norden Corporation built Norden bombsights. In 1949, the company was purchased by Paul W. Adams. Then, in 1955 it was merged with the Ketay Instrument Corporation to form **Norden-Ketay Corporation**. The company was bought by United Aircraft in 1958. It remained a subsidiary through the transition to United Technologies – in the process absorbing Dynell Electronics Corporation and becoming **Norden Systems** – before being sold to Westinghouse Electric in 1994. However, following an employee backlash due to a planned move to Baltimore, it was sold for a final time to Northrop Grumman in 1996. Decreasing utilization of the division's headquarters would eventually force the closure of the division in 2013.

## Products

### Other

* Marine Integrated Fire and Air Support System (MIFASS)

### Radars

### Notes

## InfoBox

Norden Systems
| Formerly | * Norden Laboratories Corporation * Norden Instruments * Norden-Ketay |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1943 (1943) |
| Founder |  |
| Defunct | 2013 (2013) |
| Fate | Closed |
| Headquarters | Norwalk, Connecticut, United States |
| Parent |  |


title: VF-7

abstract: Fighter Squadron 7 or VF-7 was an aviation unit of the U.S. Navy, originally established on 3 January 1944, it was disestablished on 8 June 1946. It was the second US Navy squadron to be designated VF-7.

text:
# VF-7

**Fighter Squadron 7** or **VF-7** was an aviation unit of the U.S. Navy, originally established on 3 January 1944, it was disestablished on 8 June 1946. It was the second US Navy squadron to be designated VF-7.

## Operational history

VF-7 equipped with the F6F-3 Hellcat was deployed as part of Carrier Air Group 7 (CVG-7) aboard the USS *Hancock* in the Atlantic Fleet. VF-7 reequipped with the F6F-5 Hellcat at Naval Air Station Quonset in July 1944 and then reembarked on USS *Hancock*.

By September 1944 USS *Hancock* and CVG-7 had joined the Pacific Fleet. *Hancock* fought in the Philippines campaign (1944-45), including in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, at the Battle of Iwo Jima, and in the Battle of Okinawa.

From February–September 1945 CVG-7 was shore-based at Naval Station Puget Sound and then Naval Air Station Astoria.

## Home port assignments

* Naval Air Station Quonset
* Naval Station Puget Sound
* Naval Air Station Astoria

## Aircraft assignment

## InfoBox

| Fighter Squadron 7 | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 3 January 1944 – 8 June 1946 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Navy |
| Aircraft | F6F-3/5 Hellcat |
| Engagements | World War II |


title: List of RK Zamet seasons

abstract: This is a list of all seasons played by RK Zamet in national and European handball, from 1957 to the most recent completed season.

text:
# List of RK Zamet seasons

This is a list of **all seasons played by RK Zamet** in national and European handball, from 1957 to the most recent completed season.

## Key

League * P = Games played
* W = Games won
* D = Games drawn
* L = Games lost
* GF = Goals for
* GA = Goals against
* Pts = Points
* Pos = Final position
* N/A = Not available or applicable

## Results

### League results (1957-present)

| Season | Pos | League | P | W | D | L | GF | GL | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| YUGOSLAVIA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Partizan Zamet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1957/58 | 6 | Croatian Primorje League | 14 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 47 | 238 | 8 |
| 1958/59 | 3 | Gorski Kotar League | 12 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 190 | 141 | 16 |
| 1959/60 | 5 | Rijeka League | 12 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 201 | 249 | 10 |
| 1960/61 |  | Rijeka League |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1961/62 | 3 | Rijeka League | 14 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 244 | 209 | 19 |
| 1962/63 | 6 | Rijeka Zone League | 20 | 11 | 3 | 6 | 395 | 306 | 23 |
| 1963/64 | 6 | Regional League of Rijeka and Karlovac | 18 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 262 | 246 | 21 |
| 1964/65 | 2 | Regional League of Croatia (primorje) | 20 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 385 | 238 | 34 |
| 1965/66 | 1 | Regional League of Primorje and Karlovac | 20 | 17 | 0 | 3 | 399 | 262 | 34 |
| 1966/67 | 3 | Regional League of Primorje and Karlovac | 20 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 413 | 259 | 32 |
| 1967/68 | 2 | Regional League of Primorje and Istra | 16 | 12 | 1 | 3 | 319 | 311 | 25 |
| 1968/69 | 4 | Regional League of Primorje and Istra | 18 | 11 | 2 | 5 | 338 | 247 | 24 |
| 1969/70 | 1 | Regional League of Primorje and Istra | 12 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 186 | 125 | 20 |
| 1970/71 | 1 | Regional League of Primorje and Istra | 18 | 15 | 2 | 1 | 404 | 243 | 43 |
| 1971/72 | 2 | Regional League of Primorje and Istra | 18 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 367 | 278 | 26 |
| 1972/73 | 6 | Regional Croatian League | 22 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 384 | 378 | 21 |
| 1973/74 | 9 | Regional Croatian League | 22 | 9 | 0 | 13 | 346 | 394 | 19 |
| 1974/75 | 9 | Regional Croatian League | 22 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 354 | 277 | 33 |
| 1975/76 | 2 | Div 3 (west) | 22 | 16 | 1 | 5 | 364 | 297 | 33 |
| 1976/77 | 1 | Div 3 (west) | 22 | 21 | 0 | 1 | 614 | 391 | 42 |
| Partizan Rijeka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1977/78 | 1 | Div 2 (north) | 22 | 16 | 3 | 3 | 515 | 421 | 35 |
| 1978/79 | 14 | Yugoslav First League | 26 | 6 | 2 | 13 | 590 | 631 | 14 |
| Zamet | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1979/80 | 2 | Div 2 (north) | 22 | 17 | 1 | 4 | 489 | 436 | 35 |
| 1980/81 | 3 | Div 2 (north) | 22 | 13 | 4 | 5 | 495 | 483 | 30 |
| 1981/82 | 6 | Div 2 (west) | 22 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 505 | 491 | 21 |
| 1982/83 | 4 | Div 2 (west) | 22 | 11 | 3 | 8 | 500 | 473 | 25 |
| 1983/84 | 2 | Div 2 (north) | 22 | 15 | 2 | 5 | 552 | 491 | 32 |
| 1984/85 | 4 | Div 2 (north) | 22 | 11 | 2 | 9 | 456 | 445 | 24 |
| 1985/86 | 5 | Div 2 (north) | 22 | 10 | 2 | 10 | 458 | 448 | 2 |
| 1986/87 | 1 | Div 2 (north) | 22 | 15 | 2 | 5 | 474 | 413 | 32 |
| 1987/88 | 8 | Yugoslav First League | 26 | 11 | 3 | 12 | 536 | 546 | 25 |
| 1988/89 | 9 | Yugoslav First League | 30 | 15 | 1 | 14 | 683 | 672 | 30(-1) |
| 1989/90 | 9 | Yugoslav First League | 30 | 14 | 1 | 15 | 630 | 642 | 29 |
| 1990/91 | 12 | Yugoslav First League | 30 | 11 | 1 | 18 | 640 | 690 | 23 |
| CROATIA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Zamet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1991–92 | 3 | Croatian First A League | 10 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 222 | 222 | 14 |
| | 2 | Play-offs | 7 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 162 | 145 |  |
| 1992–93 | 5 | Croatian First A League | 22 | 9 | 1 | 12 | 465 | 494 | 19 |
| | 6 | Play-offs | 8 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 176 | 171 |  |
| 1993–94 | 8 | Croatian First A League | 22 | 9 | 1 | 12 | 465 | 494 | 19 |
| | 8 | Play-offs | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 102 | 118 |  |
| 1994–95 | 9 | Croatian First A League | 22 | 8 | 3 | 11 | 481 | 482 | 19 |
| | 9 | Play-offs | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 61 | 69 |  |
| 1995–96 | 1 | Croatian First B League | 22 | 21 | 0 | 1 | 633 | 467 | 42 |
| 1996–97 | 5 | Croatian First A League | 22 | 12 | 1 | 9 | 503 | 489 | 24 |
| Zamet Autotrans | | | | | | | | | |
| 1997–98 | 3 | Croatian First A League | 22 | 12 | 1 | 9 | 505 | 492 | 28 |
| 1998–99 | 3 | Croatian First A League | 22 | 14 | 1 | 7 | 539 | 492 | 29 |
| 1999–00 | 7 | Croatian First A League | 18 | 7 | 1 | 10 | 440 | 453 | 15 |
| | 7 | Play-offs | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 196 | 171 | 9 |
| Zamet Crotek | | | | | | | | | |
| 2000–01 | 4 | Croatian First A League | 22 | 12 | 1 | 9 | 561 | 512 | 25 |
| | 4 | Play-offs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 53 | 63 |  |
| 2001–02 | 4 | Croatian First League | 30 | 17 | 1 | 12 | 801 | 754 | 35 |
| 2002–03 | 5 | Croatian First League | 30 | 16 | 2 | 12 | 799 | 764 | 34 |
| 2003–04 | 3 | Croatian First League | 15 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 421 | 361 | 21 |
| | 4 | Play-offs | 20 | 8 | 1 | 11 | 540 | 537 | 17 |
| Zamet | | | | | | | | | |
| 2004–05 | 14 | Croatian First League | 15 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 446 | 416 | 17 |
| 2005–06 | 3 | Croatian First League | 14 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 405 | 383 | 18 |
| | 6 | Play-offs | 19 | 1 | 2 | 16 | 499 | 597 | 4 |
| 2006–07 | 7 | Croatian First League | 14 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 389 | 383 | 10 |
| | 10 | Play-offs | 22 | 10 | 1 | 11 | 569 | 543 | 21 |
| 2007–08 | 8 | Croatian First League | 30 | 15 | 0 | 15 | 814 | 813 | 30 |
| 2008–09 | 14 | Dukat Premier League | 30 | 9 | 2 | 19 | 776 | 858 | 20 |
| 2009–10 | 12 | Dukat Premier League | 30 | 10 | 3 | 17 | 808 | 856 | 23 |
| 2010–11 | 9 | Dukat Premier League | 30 | 12 | 3 | 15 | 906 | 937 | 27 |
| 2011–12 | 7 | Dukat Premier League | 24 | 12 | 3 | 9 | 723 | 654 | 27 |
| | 7 | Play-offs | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 198 | 181 | 13 |
| 2012–13 | 5 | Dukat Premier League | 26 | 16 | 1 | 9 | 956 | 670 | 32 (-1) |
| | 7 | Play-offs | 12 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 345 | 329 | 14 |
| 2013–14 | 6 | Dukat Premier League | 26 | 15 | 0 | 11 | 735 | 696 | 30 |
| | 6 | Play-offs | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 185 | 164 | 4 |
| 2014–15 | 5 | Dukat Premier League | 26 | 13 | 2 | 11 | 745 | 681 | 28 |
| | 7 | Play-offs | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 190 | 165 | 10 |
| 2015–16 | 3 | Dukat Premier League | 26 | 17 | 2 | 7 | 731 | 638 | 36 |
| | 4 | Play-offs | 10 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 268 | 310 | 6 |
| 2016–17 | 6 | Dukat Premier League | 18 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 543 | 539 | 19 |
| | 9 | Play-offs | 10 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 293 | 285 | 9 |
| 2017–18 | 5 | Dukat Premier League | 18 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 471 | 478 | 18 |
| | 7 | Play-offs | 10 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 312 | 280 | 14 |
| 2018–19 | 6 | Dukat Premier League | 18 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 502 | 487 | 17 |
| | 8 | Play-offs | 10 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 290 | 275 | 13 |
|

### Cup Results (1992-present)

| Seasons | Phase of competition | Opponent | Score | Details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | Round of 16 | Bjelovar | **24**:21 |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Zagreb Loto | 24:**32** |  |
| | Semi-finals | Coning Medveščak | **24**:18 | Zamet eliminated |
| 1993 | Round of 16 | Moslavina Kutina | **24**:20 |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Trnje (Zagreb) | 19:**20** |  |
| | Semi-finals | Medveščak Coning | **25**:26 | Zamet eliminated |
| 1994 | ? |  |  |  |
| 1995 | Round of 16 | Umag | **26**:24 |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Zadar Gortan | 26:**33** |  |
| | Semi-finals | Karlovačka pivovara | **26**:22 | Zamet eliminated |
| 1996 | Round of 16 | Metković | **24**:23 |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Croatia banka Zagreb | **40**:24 | Zamet eliminated |
| 1997 | ? |  |  |  |
| 1998 | ? |  |  |  |
| 1999 | Round of 16 | Moslavina Kutina | 18:18, 21:21 |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Badel 1862 Zagreb | **25**:17, 21:23 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2000 | Round of 16 | Moslavina Kutina | 20:**26**, 25:21 |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Karlovac | 24:**27**, 26:26 |  |
| | Semi-finals | Zagreb osiguranje | 22:**30** |  |
| | Final | Badel 1862 Zagreb | **33**:28 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2001 | Round of 16 | Moslavina Kutina | **37**:23, 19:24 |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Zagreb osiguranje | **24**:24, 31:25 |  |
| | Semi-finals | Varteks Di Caprio | 22:**28** |  |
| | Final | Metković Jambo | **28**:22 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2002 | Round of 16 | Trogir Alpro ATT | 21:**42**, **46**:21 |  |
| | Quarter-final | Đakovo | **28**:23, 22:**30** |  |
| | Semi-final | Metković Jambo | **27**:22 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2003 | Round of 16 | Buzet BUP | **37**:24 (29:22) |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Moslavina Kutina | **29**:22 (22:28) |  |
| | Semi-finals | RK Zagreb | 27:**45** | Zamet eliminated |
| 2004 | Round of 16 | Split | 20:**25** |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Zadar | 25:**27** |  |
| | Semi-finals | Metković | **31**:27 | Zamet eliminated |
| | 3rd place | Medveščak Infosistem Zagreb | **30**:29 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2005 | Round of 16 | Gorica | 32:**33** (7m) | Zamet eliminated |
| 2006 | Round of 16 | Gorica | 32:**33** (7m) | Zamet eliminated |
| 2007 | Round of 16 | Bjelovar | 20:**24** |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Karlovac | **28**:19 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2008 | Round of 16 | Moslavina Kutina | **25**:20 |  |
| | Quarter-finals | NEXE Našice | **35**:31 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2009 | Round of 16 | Bjelovar | **31**:26 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2010 | Round of 16 | Croatia Osiguranje Zagreb | 25:**43** | Zamet eliminated |
| 2011 | Round of 16 | NEXE Našice | **37**:31 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2012 | Round of 16 | Vidovec BIOS | 29:**37** |  |
| | Quarter-finals | Bjelovar | **33**:28 |  |
| | Semi-finals | NEXE Našice | 28:**35** |  |
| | Final | Croatia Osiguranje Zagreb | 23:**36** | Zamet eliminated |
| 2013 | Round of 16 | Poreč | 26:**27** | Zamet eliminated |
| 2014 | Round of 16 | Spačva Vinkovci | **29**:27 |  |
| | Quarter-finals | NEXE Našice | **37**:20 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2015 | Round of 16 | Prvo Plinarsko Društvo Zagreb | 24:**34** | Zamet eliminated |
| 2016 | Round of 16 | Varaždin 1930 | 24:**34** | Zamet eliminated |
| 2017 | Round of 16 | Vidovec | **32**:29 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2018 | Round of 16 | NEXE Našice | **29**:17 | Zamet eliminated |
| 2019 | Round of 16 | Čakovec | **32**:31 | Zamet eliminated |
|

### Zamet II league results

| Season | Pos | League | P | W | D | L | GF | GL | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| YUGOSLAVIA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Partizan Rijeka II | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1977-78 | 1 | Primorje zone league | 22 | 20 | 0 | 2 | 523 | 367 | 39 |
| 1978-79 | 5 | Primorje and Gorski kotar zone league | 22 | 14 | 0 | 8 | 469 | 403 | 28 |
| Zamet II | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1979-80 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1980-81 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1981-82 | 9 | Primorje and Gorski kotar zone league | 22 | 8 | 2 | 12 | 501 | 516 | 18 |
| 1982-83 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1983-84 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1984-85 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1985-86 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1986-87 | 9 | Primorje and Istria regional league | 22 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 412 | 420 | 19 (-1) |
| 1987-88 | 7 | Primorje and Istria regional league | 22 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 436 | 457 | 18 |
| 1988-89 | 8 | Primorje and Istria regional league | 22 | 9 | 1 | 12 | 468 | 476 | 19 |
| 1989-90 | 4 | Primorje and Istria regional league | 22 | 13 | 2 | 2 | 453 | 415 | 28 |
| 1990-91 | 7 | Inter-municipal league | 24 | 10 | 2 | 11 | 454 | 477 | 23 |
| CROATIA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Zamet II | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1995-96 | 5 | 2.HRL - West | 14 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 335 | 345 | 11 |
| 1996-97 | 7 | 2.HRL - West | 22 | 10 | 1 | 11 | 470 | 489 | 21 |
| 2000-01 | 12 | 2.HRL - West | 24 | 5 | 2 | 17 | 578 | 670 | 12 |
| 2001-02 | 7 | 2.HRL - West 2 | 26 | 13 | 2 | 11 | 543 | 580 | 27 |
| 2002-03 | 6 | 3.HRL - West | 24 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 632 | 588 | 24 |
| 2003-04 | 9 | 3.HRL - West 2 | 28 | 14 | 2 | 12 | 899 | 862 | 30 |
| 2004-05 | 1 | 3.HRL - West | 28 | 23 | 2 | 3 | 993 | 743 | 48 |
| 2005-06 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006-07 | 6 | 3.HRL - West | 28 | 16 | 3 | 9 | 903 | 865 | 35 |
| 2007-08 | 4 | 3.HRL - West | 28 | 20 | 0 | 8 | 994 | 774 | 40 |
| 2008-09 | 2 | 3.HRL - West | 28 | 25 | 0 | 3 | 1021 | 310 | 50 |
| 2009-10 | 8 | 3.HRL - West | 26 | 12 | 3 | 11 | 727 | 719 | 26 |
| 2010-11 | 2 | 3.HRL - West | 22 | 18 | 0 | 4 | 741 | 592 | 36 |
| 2011-12 | 1 | 3.HRL - West | 24 | 23 | 0 | 1 | 780 | 565 | 46 |
| 2012-13 | 11 | 2.HRL - West | 20 | 3 | 0 | 17 | 513 | 645 | 5 (-1) |
| 2013-14 | 7 | 3.HRL - West | 20 | 9 | 1 | 10 | 630 | 619 | 19 |
| 2014-15 | 6 | 3.HRL - West | 16 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 545 | 542 | 16 |
| 2015-16 | 3 | 3.HRL - West | 16 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 530 | 466 | 22 |
|

### Tournaments

| Year | Tournament name | Phase of competition | Results | Opponent | Details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1967 | Championship of Croatia | Qualification round | **11**:10 (15:11) | Rovinj |  |
| | | First round | 16:**20** | Grafičar | Zamet lost |
| | | Second round | 11:**28** | Split | Zamet lost |
| | | Third round | **21**:10 | RK Vinkovci Lokomotiva | Zamet 3rd place |
| 1984 | Memorial Jurica Lakić | Final | 22:**24** | Borac Banja Luka | Zamet 2nd place |
| 1985 | Memorial Jurica Lakić | First round | **28**:23 | HC Scafati |  |
| | | Second round | 27:11 | Dubrovac |  |
| | | Semi-finals | **23**:19 | Nürnberg |  |
| | | Finals | **22**:19 | Medveščak | Zamet won 1st place |
| 1991 | Edi Berbonić tournament | Semi-finals | **32**:19 | Rovinj |  |
| | | Finals | **17**:16 | Istraturist Umag | Zamet won 1st place |
| | City of Rijeka tournament | Semi-finals | **16**:15 | Medveščak Coning |  |
| | Finals | **19**:16 | Istraturist Umag | Zamet won 1st place |
| 1992 | Hera Gold Cup | Semi-finals | **11**:8 | Split |  |
| | | Finals | **31**:18 | Rudar Labin | Zamet won 1st place |
| 2010 | West region cup | Finals | **34**:31 | Crikvenica | Zamet won 1st place |
| 2014 | Memorial Robert Barbić | Semi-finals | 21:**22** | Kozala |  |
| | | Finals | **32**:20 | Senj | Zamet won 1st place |
| | PGŽ Cup | Finals | 26:**39** | Kozala | Zamet won 1st place |
| 2015 | Memorial Robert Barbić | Semi-finals | **22**:14 | Ribola Kaštela |  |
| | | Finals | **21**:16 | Buzet | Zamet won 1st place |
|

### Youth tournaments

| Year | Tournament name | Phase of competition | Results | Opponent | Details |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | U-19 Championship of Croatia | Quarter-finals | **30**:19 | Partizan Bjelovar |  |
| | | Semi-finals | **29**:25 | Elektra Osijek |  |
| | | Finals | **27**:19 | Zagreb | Zamet won 1st place |
| 1994 | U-18 Championship of Croatia | Semi-finals | **12**:11 | Bjelovar | Zamet lost |
| | | 3rd place | **15**:14 | Slavonija DI | Zamet won 3rd place |
| 1996 | U-19 Championship of Croatia | Final | **20**:18 | Croatia banka Zagreb | Zamet won 1st place |
|

## Honours

### Croatia

Runner-up (1): 1992 Third (2): 1997-98, 1998-99 Runner-up (3): 2000, 2001, 2012

### Yugoslavia

Runner-up (2): 1979-80, 1983-84 Runner-up (2): 1964-65, 1967-68, 1971-72

### Zamet II

* 3. HRL \- West (2): 2004–05, 2011–12

### Youth

Runner-up (1): 2008 Third (1): 1994


title: Qurm Nature Reserve

abstract: Qurm Nature Reserve is a national nature reserve in Muscat Governorate, Oman. Located on the Gulf of Oman coast, the reserve protects a mangrove forest and the surrounding wetland in a small estuary within the urban area of Qurm. Established in 1975, the reserve has been designated as an Important Bird Area since 1994, and as a protected Ramsar site since 2013.

text:
# Qurm Nature Reserve

**Qurm Nature Reserve** is a national nature reserve in Muscat Governorate, Oman. Located on the Gulf of Oman coast, the reserve protects a mangrove forest and the surrounding wetland in a small estuary within the urban area of Qurm. Established in 1975, the reserve has been designated as an Important Bird Area since 1994, and as a protected Ramsar site since 2013.

## Features

Qurm Nature Reserve is a coastal wetland nature reserve in the urban area of Qurm, in Bawshar Province, Muscat Governorate, in northeastern Oman. Both the town and the reserve are named after a local term for the grey mangroves (القرم, *al-qurm*) that dominate the ecosystem along the coast. Established in 1975 by a decree of Sultan Qaboos bin Said, the reserve protects an area of roughly 172 ha (430 acres) around the estuary and former delta of Wadi Aday, between the Gulf of Oman coast and the foot of the Hajar Mountains. The reserve was recognized as an Important Bird Area in 1994; 106.8 ha (264 acres) of the lower portion of the reserve were designated as a protected Ramsar site on 19 April 2013.

Moving southeastward from the coast inland, the reserve includes a beach zone that rises to coastal dunes, which separate the beach from an area of sabkha tidal flats cut by tidal channels and gullies. Uphill from this is an alluvial plain of sand and gravel deposited by the wadi, terminating in karstic bedrock outcroppings to the northeast and south. Within the tidal flats, freshwater from several wadis and groundwater flow mixes with saltwater that enters through two main tidal channels to form a polyhaline environment that supports a high level of biodiversity. The region exhibits Oman's characteristic hot desert climate, with hot summers and more evaporation than precipitation.

## Flora and fauna

The outermost coastal dunes support *Halopyrum mucronatum* grasses, transitioning to *Sphaerocoma hookeri* in less saline parts of the inner dunes and *Suaeda fruticosa*, *Cistanche phelypaea*, and *Suaeda vermiculata* in more saline areas. Sheltered hollows among the dunes exhibit communities of *Lotus garcinii*, *Cyperus conglomeratus*, and *Heliotropium ramosissimum*. In the tidal channels, gullies, and other low-lying areas that are flooded at high tide, the grey mangrove (*Avicennia marina*) forms dense mangrove forests. The moist, sandy, saline soils of the sabkha flats just above high tide feature *Suaeda aegyptiaca*, *S. fruticosa*, *Cressa cretica*, *Aeluropus lagopoides*, *Halopeplis perfoliata*, *Arthrocaulon macrostachyum*, *Tetraena qatarensis*, and other halophytes.

The moderately drained alluvial plain above the sabkha hosts scattered woodland vegetation, featuring *Vachellia tortilis*, *Prosopis cineraria*, *Ziziphus spina-christi*, and *Vachellia flava* trees, as well as *Lycium shawii* and *Bassia muricata* shrubs. The stony hills to the south and northeast feature trees and shrubs similar to the alluvial plain, together with *Euphorbia larica*, *Commiphora myrrha*, *Grewia tenax*, and *Ochradenus arabicus* trees, shrubs of *Cleome brachycarpa*, *Cometes surattensis*, *Leucas inflata*, *Plocama hymenostephana*, *Seddera latifolia*, and *Vernonia arabica*, and *Cenchrus pennisetiformis* grasses. The eastern end of the reserve includes an abandoned grove of *Phoenix dactylifera* date palms that have intermingled with the wild vegetation.

Aquatic animal species found in the wetland include a variety of crabs, such as *Gelasimus vocans*, *Austrua lactea*, and *Gelasimus tetragonon* in the mangrove swamps; *Scylla serrata*, *Portunus pelagicus*, *Callinectes sapidens*, *Thalamita sp.*, and *Grapsus tenuicrustatus* in the mangrove channels; and *Ashtoret lunaris* and *Ocypode saratan* in the tidal channels and on the beach. Notable mollusc species include hooded oysters growing on the mangroves' aerial roots, and giant mangrove whelks in the mud between the mangroves. Many species of finfish live in the wetland, particularly Arabian toothcarp, tiger perch, goby, and common silver-biddy, while the reserve provides a feeding ground and nursery habitat for other species such as mullet, bigeye snapper, shad, carangids, and seabream, as well as commercially important shrimp species. The mangroves' shed leaves feed various marine detritivores.

One study found nearly two hundred bird species in the reserve, such as Kentish plover, black-headed gull, white-cheeked tern, Caspian gull, dunlin, bar-tailed godwit, Socotra cormorant, greater flamingo, little stint, ruddy turnstone, and slender-billed gull. Terrestrial fauna include the Arabian red fox and Balochistan gerbil; sea turtles are thought to have visited the area until recent increases in human development.

## Conservation value

Qurm Nature Reserve protects one of the largest mangrove forests in the Gulf of Oman ecoregion, a biome that supports a diverse variety of marine, terrestrial, and avian wildlife. Plankton and detritus from the reserve are transported out to sea by the tides, providing raw material for the marine ecosystems in the adjoining coastal waters. This injection of nutrients increases marine productivity, indirectly supporting the populations of commercially important fish species. Oman is part of the Central Asian-Indian Flyway for migratory birds, and the reserve, like other estuaries, provides a stopover ground where waterbirds can rest and feed during their migrations. The mangrove forest also contributes to shoreline stabilization in the face of tropical storms, and it improves water quality by retaining and filtering storm run-off.

Archaeological studies have found evidence of the presence of Stone Age humans in what is now the reserve as long as 6000 years ago, seasonally harvesting oysters and whelks from the mangrove forests.

## InfoBox

| Qurm Nature Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
| Qurm wetlands and beach | |
|  | |
| Location | Muscat Governorate, Oman |
| Coordinates | 23°37′12″N 58°28′48″E / 23.62000°N 58.48000°E / 23.62000; 58.48000 |
| Area | 1.72 km2 (0.66 sq mi) |
| Established | 1975 (1975) |
|  | |
| Ramsar Wetland | |
| Official name | Qurm Nature Reserve |
| Designated | 19 April 2013 |
| Reference no. | 2144 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ben Welden

abstract: Ben Welden was an American character actor who played a wide variety of Damon Runyon-type gangsters in various movies and television shows.

text:
# Ben Welden

**Ben Welden** (born **Benjamin Weinblatt**; June 12, 1901 – October 17, 1997) was an American character actor who played a wide variety of Damon Runyon-type gangsters in various movies and television shows.

## Early years

Welden was born in Toledo, Ohio. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II.

## Career

Welden's film debut occurred in the British production *The Man from Chicago* (1930). After freelancing for several years, he signed with Warner Bros. in 1937.

Short, balding and somewhat rotund, Welden often literally played a "heavy", frequently in a somewhat comical or slightly dim-witted way, offsetting the sinister nature of his character's actions. Among his roles in this vein was *The Big Sleep* (1946).

Fans of *Adventures of Superman* remember him well. He appeared in eight episodes, always as a different character and yet really the *same* character, in a way. His best-known *Superman* episode might be "Flight to the North", in which he tries (and fails) to outwit a country-bumpkin type (played by Chuck Connors). In 1966, he acted in episodes 47 and 48 of *Batman* featuring Vincent Price as Special Guest Villain "Egghead". He also played a supporting role in the Three Stooges short, "Three Dark Horses." (1952)

He appeared in six episodes of *The Lone Ranger* ("Two Gold Lockets", 1951, "Delayed Action", 1952, "Right to Vote", 1953, "Stage to Tishomingo", 1954, "Trouble at Tylerville", 1956, & "Outlaws in Greasepaint", 1957). He continued to work in television until 1966.

## Personal life

After retiring from the screen, Welden owned a confection company called Nutcorn, located in Beverly Hills.

## Death

Welden died at age 96 on October 17, 1997, at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Ben Welden | |
| --- | --- |
| Welden in *The Missing Corpse* (1945) | |
| Born | Benjamin Weinblatt
(1901-06-12)June 12, 1901
Toledo, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | October 17, 1997(1997-10-17) (aged 96)
Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 19301966 |


title: Navicula australoshetlandica

abstract: Navicula australoshetlandica is an algae species in the genus Navicula, known from inland waters of the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic regions.

text:
# Navicula australoshetlandica

***Navicula australoshetlandica*** is an algae species in the genus *Navicula*, known from inland waters of the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic regions.

## Further reading

* Sterken, Mieke, et al. "An illustrated and annotated checklist of freshwater diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Livingston, Signy and Beak Island (Maritime Antarctic Region)." Plant Ecology and Evolution 148.3 (2015): 431-455.
* Rochera, Carlos, et al. "Community structure and photosynthetic activity of benthic biofilms from a waterfall in the maritime Antarctica." Polar biology36.12 (2013): 1709-1722.

## InfoBox

| *Navicula australoshetlandica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Gyrista |
| Subphylum: | Ochrophytina |
| Class: | Bacillariophyceae |
| Order: | Naviculales |
| Family: | Naviculaceae |
| Genus: | *Navicula* |
| Species: | ***N. australoshetlandica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Navicula australoshetlandica***<br>Van de Vijver et al., 2011 | |
|


title: 1911 Ecuadorian presidential election

text:
# 1911 Ecuadorian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Ecuador in 1911. The result was a victory for Emilio Estrada Carmona, who received 94% of the vote.

## Results

| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Emilio Estrada Carmona | Liberal Party | 103,024 | 93.95 |
|  | Flavio Alfaro | Liberal Party | 3,708 | 3.38 |
|  | Alfredo Baquerizo | Conservative Party | 2,583 | 2.36 |
| Other candidates | | | 348 | 0.32 |
| Total | | | 109,663 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | |
| Source: Nohlen, TSE | | | | |

## InfoBox

1911 Ecuadorian presidential election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Emilio Estrada Carmona** Flavio Alfaro   Party Liberal Liberal  Popular vote **103,024** 3,708  Percentage **93.95%** 3.38% | |
| ---  **President before election**
Carlos Freile Zaldumbide
 **Elected President**
Emilio Estrada Carmona
Liberal | |


title: 1919 (band)

abstract: 1919 are an English rock band formed in Bradford, England in early 1980.

text:
# 1919 (band)

**1919** are an English rock band formed in Bradford, England in early 1980.

## History

### (1980–1984)

The band was formed in late 1980 by Guitarist Mark Tighe and Vocalist Ian Tilleard. After starting life as *Heaven Seventeen*, and with early line-ups including a pre-Zodiac Mindwarp Mark Manning, the band eventually settled as 1919 (after a book belonging to Tighe) with Nick Hiles on Bass and Mick Reed on Drums. Their intention was, according to Reed, "to create a heavy melodic intense dance band with no frills and no intentions".

In 1982, 1919 released a 7" white label promo of *Repulsion//Tear Down These Walls*, and were subsequently invited to record their first session with John Peel in May that year. 1982 would see the single re-released on Red Rhino Records, as well as the single *Caged//After The Fall* and the LP *Machine*.

In 1983, Bassist Hiles was replaced by Steve Madden, and the band recorded their second and final Peel session on 4 May. Madden featured on the final recordings of this era, a 7" and 12" version of *Cry Wolf//Storm* and *Cry Wolf//Dream//Storm* respectively, which were released on Abstract Records along with the 12" *Earth Song* EP, released in 1984 after the band's dissolution.

During this period, 1919 had also included Kev Aston (Saxophone) and Sputnik (Paul Drake) (Synthesizer) at various times as part of their ensemble.

### The Hive / Another Cinema (1984–1985)

By the release of *Earth Song* in 1984, the band had split into two splinter projects, with Reed continuing as 1919 AD before reuniting with Drake to form The Hive. The others became Another Cinema, with the line-up of Tighe, Tilleard, Madden, and Stefan Khacheturian on drums. Another Cinema were once again taken under the wing of Red Rhino founder Tony Kostrzewa, this time releasing their singles *I Had a Bad Dream Last Night* (1984), *Hallucination Spires* (1984), and *Midnight Blue Oceans* under the Altered States banner. The Hive released a cassette album, *Stream of Consciousness*, on Sicky Spread Tapes, and the 12" EP, *Kingdom Rise Kingdom Fall,* on Hum Music. Both bands had disbanded by 1986.

### Comeback / The Madness Continues (2014–2016)

Thanks largely to the emergence of streaming sites, the early work of the band continued to generate interest among fans. In 2014, Tighe started working on new material with bass player and vocalist Rio Goldhammer. Their self-released download of *Revenge*, and accompanying video, by Chalkman Video, came as a surprise to most fans but was received well. Mick Mercer again rated the track highly, and the band signed almost immediately with Deadfall Management.

The band performed their first show, headlining Leipzig's Gothic Pogo Festival on Friday 22 May, and began to announce further dates across Europe. On 30 August 2015 it was announced that Reed had returned to the band as their permanent drummer and that, with the addition of Karl Donner on bass, 1919 would once again be a 4-piece, with Goldhammer remaining on vocals. Shortly afterwards, the band released a live session on CD, titled *2015: "The Madness Continues"* Sessions, containing songs from their early years alongside four new tracks, which would become the self-released *Death Note* EP.

### Bloodline LP and death of Tighe (2016–2017)

In July 2016, 1919 released a promo video for *Bloodline*, which was to be the title track for their second studio album. The band had signed a deal with Westworld Recordings to release the album but, with a release date not yet set, ventured once again into Europe to promote the single. After the first leg of the tour, the band were forced to cancel most of the remaining shows as Tighe had been diagnosed with cancer on his return home. The band played a final show at Brighton Racecourse's Undercover Festival, with Mark's dramatic weight loss making it impossible to travel for extended periods. This would prove to be his final performance.

On 28 January 2017, 1919 announced the tragic news of the passing of their iconic guitarist, aged 56, after his short battle with the cancer. The coming days saw tributes pour in from around the world as the news broke throughout the music press, led by John Robb at Louder Than War, and the band published an obituary in four languages on their homepage. With Tighe insistent the band continue indefinitely in his absence, an album-release show was still scheduled for the following week in Leeds. At the last minute, and after careful deliberation despite the insistence from Tighe in his final days, the remaining band decided to press ahead with a memorial performance, with money collected for Marie Curie in Tighe's honour.

*Bloodline* was released on 3 March and was received well by critics, with Vive le Rock*'s* Pete Woods writing "Good goths come to those that wait" in an 8/10 review. In April the band confirmed that Sam Evans would be their new full-time guitarist, and began touring the new album once again to good reviews. As of October, the band played the last of 19 dates across Europe in Leeds.

### Futurecide LP (2018-2019)

In 2018, 1919 signed to Los Angeles label Cleopatra Records to release their third studio album, *Futurecide.* The album featured Tighe’s last performance on "Stop the World", as well as that of late former bass player Steve Madden (who performed on "Isolation"). The first single, "Anxiety", was released on 7 December when it debuted on Post-Punk.com. The album was released on 12 April 2019, shortly after Madden himself passed away.

1919 were booked to embark on their first tour of the US that summer, but were unable to secure visas following the 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown. However, the band went ahead with shows in Mexico and Costa Rica before heading back to Europe. Addressing the political climate of the UK and USA directly, a new video for "Isolation" was released alongside the album.

In July 2019, the band hosted Swedish post-punks Then Comes Silence for their first UK tour before making their debut at Blackpool’s Rebellion Festival.

### Citizens of Nowhere LP (2020 – present)

Following the death of crew member Kev Holroyd in December 2019, the band performed a memorial concert in his home town of Dewsbury on 20 February 2020. This would prove to be the band's final performance before the COVID-19 pandemic put an end to live performances worldwide. Planned tours in Europe and the UK with Then Comes Silence, as well as a one-off show with Killing Joke in Bristol, were subsequently cancelled or indefinitely postponed. This would also be the final show for departing bass player Karl Donner, who had been with the group since their reformation. On 31 August, the band announced he would be replaced by ex-The Fall, PJ Harvey, and Red Lorry Yellow Lorry bassist and producer Simon "Ding" Archer.

Other activity in 2020 included the band's inclusion in Vive Le Rock's "Goth Annual One", and vocalist Goldhammer's unsuccessful bid to become Mayor of West Yorkshire. His platform included rent control, migrant rights, and Yorkshire Devolution.

On 29 January 2021, an interview with Goth Haus LA revealed the title of their latest album, due for release that year, to be *Citizens of Nowhere*. Released on Paris label Manic Depression, the album saw the band labelled “head and shoulders above other denizens of the shadowy genre” in Vive Le Rock. In 2023, the band made their US debut in Los Angeles following their appearance at Leipzig’s Wave Gotik Treffen.

## Discography

| **Year** | **Title** | **Formats** | **Notes** | **Charts** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | "Repulsion / Tear Down These Walls" | 7" | White Label / Red Rhino |  |
| 1982 | "Caged / After the Fall" | 7" | Red Rhino | #30 UK Indie Singles |
| 1983 | "Cry Wolf" | 7", 12" | Abstract | #189 UK Singles #14 UK Indie Singles |
| 1983 | *Machine* | LP | Red Rhino | #7 UK Indie Albums |
| 1984 | "Earthsong" | 12" | Abstract | #17 UK Indie Singles |
| 2016 | "Death Note" | Download / CDr / streaming single |  |  |
| 2017 | *Bloodline* | Download / CD / vinyl album | Westworld |  |
| 2017 | "D.N.A" | Cassette | Original tracks included on Bloodline vinyl |  |
| 2018 | "Anxiety" | Download / streaming single | Cleopatra Records |  |
| 2019 | *Futurecide* | Download / CD / vinyl album | Cleopatra Records |  |
| 2021 | "Singing to the Universe" | Download / streaming single | Manic Depression |  |
| 2021 | Citizens of Nowhere | Download / CD / vinyl album / Cassette | Manic Depression |

### Compilations

* *State of Affairs* – Various (1984)
* *British Airwaves* – Various (1988)
* *Gothic Rock 3: Black on Black* – Various (1998)
* *Gothic Rock: The Ultimate Collection* – Various (2001)
* *The Complete Collection* – 1919 (2001)
* *Dark Awakening Vol. 2* – Various (2002)
* *The Goth Anthology: Underground Anthems from Rock's Dark Side* – Various (2006)
* *A Kiss in the Reptile House* – (Russia), Various (2006)
* *Post Punk: Original Anthems From the 70's and 80's Post-Punk Scene* – Various (2009)
* *Black Planet presented with The Cure & The Story of the Alternative 80s* – Various (2012)
* *Silhouettes & Statues: A Gothic Revolution* – Various (2017)
* *Rock Off Fibro* \- Various (2018)

## InfoBox

| 1919 | |
| --- | --- |
| 1919 in 2015 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Bradford, England |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1980–1984, 2014–present |
| Labels | Cleopatra Records, Westworld Recordings, Red Rhino, Abstract, Cherry Red, Cry Wolf |
|  | |
| Members | Mick Reed
Rio Goldhammer
Simon "Ding" Archer
Sam Evans |
|  | |
| Past members | Mark Tighe
Nick Hiles
Ian Tilleard
Steve Madden
Sputnik
Kev Aston
Karl Donner |
|  | |
| Website | 1919.co.uk |


title: Neuberg, Hesse

abstract: Neuberg is a municipality in the Main-Kinzig district, in Hesse, Germany.

text:
# Neuberg, Hesse

**Neuberg** is a municipality in the Main-Kinzig district, in Hesse, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Neuberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Neuberg within Main-Kinzig-Kreis district | |
| Neuberg Neuberg | |
| Coordinates: 50°12′N 08°59′E / 50.200°N 8.983°E / 50.200; 8.983 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Hesse |
| Admin. region | Darmstadt |
| District | Main-Kinzig-Kreis |
| Subdivisions | 2 districts |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202127) | Jörn Schachtner (SPD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.54 km2 (4.07 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 189 m (620 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 122 m (400 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 5,505 |
| Density | 520/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 63543 |
| Dialling codes | 06183 |
| Vehicle registration | MKK |
| Website | www.neuberg.eu |


title: Wireless Set No. 1

abstract: Wireless Set Number 1, or WS No. 1 for short, was a short-range tactical radio introduced by the British Army in 1933. It was built in three versions, 1A for fixed locations like field headquarters, 1B for light vehicles, and 1C for tanks. Several hundred were also produced in Canada by Canadian Marconi and Northern Electric. It had a number of limitations in terms of limited frequency selections and a relatively short range on the order of 5 miles (8.0 km). A new set was ordered in 1938 as the Wireless Set No. 11, which rapidly replaced the small numbers of No. 1 sets in service. The No. 11 was in turn replaced by the much more capable Wireless Set No. 19 in the mid-war period.

text:
# Wireless Set No. 1

**Wireless Set Number 1**, or **WS No. 1** for short, was a short-range tactical radio introduced by the British Army in 1933. It was built in three versions, 1A for fixed locations like field headquarters, 1B for light vehicles, and 1C for tanks. Several hundred were also produced in Canada by Canadian Marconi and Northern Electric.

It had a number of limitations in terms of limited frequency selections and a relatively short range on the order of 5 miles (8.0 km). A new set was ordered in 1938 as the Wireless Set No. 11, which rapidly replaced the small numbers of No. 1 sets in service. The No. 11 was in turn replaced by the much more capable Wireless Set No. 19 in the mid-war period.

* *Pamphlet No. 15: Wireless Set No. 1*. War Ministry. 1938.


title: Nordic Light

abstract: Nordic Light International Festival of Photography is an international photo festival held annually in the city of Kristiansund, Norway.

text:
# Nordic Light

**Nordic Light International Festival of Photography** (or just **Nordic Light**) is an international photo festival held annually in the city of Kristiansund, Norway.

## Background

The festival was established in 2006, and has grown to become one of the most important photo festivals in Europe. The festival attracts famous photographers from all over the world, like Martin Parr, James Nachtwey and Bruce Gilden. The biggest festival as of 2011 was that of 2011, with over 50 exhibitions and guests like Gered Mankowitz and Lucien Clergue.

1. Kathryn Geard, "Nordic Light hedrer Tom Martinsen", Journalisten.no, 6 July 2007. (in Norwegian) Accessed 31 July 2011.
2. Morten M. Løberg, "Nordic Light i gang", Fotografi.no, 4 May 2011. (in Norwegian) Accessed 31 July 2011.


title: List of RK Zamet players

abstract: Below is a list of notable and famous handballers who have played for RK Zamet. Due to incomplete data some positions aren't written.

text:
# List of RK Zamet players

Below is a **list of notable and famous handballers who have played for RK Zamet**. Due to incomplete data some positions aren't written.

## Hall of Fame

This section is for players who started their career in Zamet and won at least a bronze medal with the national team. Based on the list from RK Zamet. The hall of fame was unveiled to the public September 30, 2015. The hall of fame is located in the hall of Centar Zamet.

### Players listed

## Notable players

**To appear in this section a player must have satisfied *all* of the following three criteria:** * (1) player has have played at least 4 years (players listed with fewer where they made great contribution during seasons in which they played);
* (2) player has to have had an impact in season if not met criteria (1) (domestic and European);
* (3) player has played at least one international match for their national team while under contract with Zamet.;

Source: www.rk-zamet.hr. Last updated 14 May 2018.

## National team players

This list notes Zamet players who have played made at least one appearance for a national team.

**To appear in this section a player must have satisfied *all* of the following three criteria:**

Player has played at least one international match for their national team while having played for Zamet before or after having played for their national team;

Source: www.rk-zamet.hr. Last updated 14 May 2018.

Flags indicate which national team the players played for. Players listed in alphabetical order by last name.

## European Champions Cup/EHF Champions League winners

Winners of EHF Champions League (formerly called European Champions Cup) by player that played for Zamet.

## Homegrown players with most appearances in national team

| # | Name | Career | Apps |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Valter Matošević | 19892004 | 213 |
| 2 | Mirza Džomba | 19972008 | 188 |
| 3 | Jakov Gojun | 20082018 | 168 |
| 4 | Alvaro Načinović | 19882000 | 138 |
| 5 | Renato Sulić | 20012008 | 100 |
| 6 | Ivan Stevanović | 2007present | 64 |
| 7 | Ivan Pešić | 2008present | 44 |
| 8 | Nikola Blažičko | 20022006 | 32 |
| | Ivan Vukas | 20012006 | 32 |
| 9 | Krešimir Kozina | 2015present | 30 |
| 10 | Valner Franković | 19951997 | 24 |
| 11 | Mateo Hrvatin | 20082010 | 15 |
| 12 | Mladen Prskalo | 19961997 | 13 |
| 13 | Dean Ožbolt | 19911992 | 9 |
| 14 | Ivica Rimanić | 19791980 | 7 |
|


title: Margaret Workman

abstract: Margaret Lee Workman is an American lawyer and a former justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. Her 1988 election to the Supreme Court made her the first woman elected to statewide office in West Virginia and first female Justice on the Court.

text:
# Margaret Workman

**Margaret Lee Workman** (born May 22, 1947) is an American lawyer and a former justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. Her 1988 election to the Supreme Court made her the first woman elected to statewide office in West Virginia and first female Justice on the Court.

## Life

Workman was born in Charleston, West Virginia to Mary Emma Thomas Workman and Frank Eugene Workman. Her father was a coal miner, and his ancestors were some of the first settlers of Boone County, West Virginia. She attended public schools in Kanawha County, West Virginia. She attended Morris Harvey College (now the University of Charleston) for one year and received her undergraduate degree from West Virginia University. She received a degree in law from West Virginia University College of Law. She was the first person in her family to attend college. She had three children.

## Career

As a senior in high school, Workman wrote a letter to West Virginia Governor Hulett Smith seeking employment, and she was hired to handle correspondence at the governor's office. This job led her to enroll in law school. After graduating from West Virginia University College of Law, she worked in Washington, D.C., for U.S. Senator Jennings Randolph, where she drafted legislation and did legal research. In 1974, she served as assistant majority counsel to the United States Senate Public Works Committee. She later returned to West Virginia to work with Professor (later Justice) Franklin D. Cleckley in his private practice of law. She became a law clerk for the 13th Judicial Circuit (Kanawha County) in West Virginia. In 1976, she served as an advance woman for Rosalynn Carter in the Jimmy Carter Presidential Campaign. Workman then opened her own law practice in Charleston, West Virginia. In 1981, she was appointed a circuit judge by Governor Jay Rockefeller in Kanawha County, West Virginia, to fill a vacancy. She was subsequently elected in 1982. She inherited the largest backlog of cases in West Virginia, and during her tenure, reduced said backlog to the lowest in the circuit. She also held more jury trials than any other circuit judge during her tenure. She was elected to the Supreme Court in 1988 for a 12-year term, expiring in 2000, making her the first woman elected to this position and the first woman elected to statewide office in West Virginia. She, however, resigned in 1999 with 18 months left on her term. She returned to her private law practice.

She then entered the Democratic primary in 2002 and 2004 for West Virginia's 2nd congressional district seat, but lost both times. She then ran again for the court in 2008 and was elected. Workman previously served as chief justice in 1993, 1997, 2011, and 2015.

## Impeachment

Following a series of controversies involving excessive spending, the West Virginia House Judiciary Committee voted to recommend that Workman and the three remaining justices be impeached on August 7, 2018 "for maladministration, corruption, incompetency, neglect of duty, and certain high crimes and misdemeanors". Based on the committee recommendation, Workman was impeached by the full West Virginia House of Delegates on August 13, 2018.

Justice Workman's impeachment trial was scheduled to begin on October 15, 2018. However, on October 11, the Supreme Court of Appeals, temporarily reconstituted with five circuit court judges, issued an injunction blocking the impeachment trial, stating that the articles of impeachment presented by the House of Delegates against Workman violated the separation of powers doctrine and, therefore, the Senate has no jurisdiction to try Workman on the impeachment. In addition, Judge Paul Farrell, who is presiding over the trial as acting Chief Justice, stated that he would not preside over Justice Workman's trial while the injunction was in place. The Senate met on October 15 and adjourned with no final decision on how to proceed being made. Senate President Mitch Carmichael did announce after the session had adjourned that the Senate would ask the Supreme Court of Appeals to reconsider their decision. Workman retired when her term expired on December 31, 2020.

## Awards and honors

In 1993, Workman received the West Virginia Prosecuting Attorneys Association's Excellence in Criminal Justice Award. She has also received the Susan B. Anthony Award, the Celebrate Women Award for Government and Public Service Award, and the WVU College of Law Women's Law Caucus Distinguished Women in the Law Award.

## Elections

Fall 2008: In the November General Election, Workman and Ketchum faced Republican nominee Beth Walker. Walker was the sole Republican nominee running for one of two spots on the Court, guaranteeing the election of either Ketchum or Workman and that the Court would likely remain majority-Democratic for at least four more years. Although Republicans won at the presidential level in West Virginia for the third straight presidential election, Democrats swept all of the other statewide offices on the ballot, including Governor, U.S. Senator, and every other executive office holder. However, the relatively nonpartisan nature of judicial races and the victory of Brent Benjamin to the Supreme Court in 2004 as a Republican, made the November general election competitive. Nevertheless, Huntington trial attorney Ketchum and former Justice Workman beat out Beth Walker for seats on the Court. Walker would later win election in the Court's first nonpartisan election in 2016.

Supreme Court of Appeals, 2008 General Election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Menis Ketchum** | **355,778** | **34.83%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Margaret Workman** | **336,346** | **32.93%** |
|  | Republican | Beth Walker | 329,395 | 32.25% |
| Total votes | | | **1,021,519** | **100.0%** |

Spring 2008: Justice Larry Starcher declined to run for re-election, opening a seat on the Court. Additionally, then-Chief Justice Spike Maynard was up for re-election in 2008 after having been elected to a twelve-year term in 1996. During his re-election campaign, Maynard drew criticism when photos became public of him vacationing on the French Riviera in 2006 with Massey Energy CEO Don Blankenship before voting with the majority in a 3-2 decision reversing a $76 million judgment against Massey Energy. At the time, Maynard said their friendship “has never influenced any decision I’ve made for the Court. Like most judges I don't reward my friends, or punish my enemies from the bench.” Despite outraising his competitors, fallout from the incident aided former Justice Workman and Huntington attorney Menis Ketchum to win the Democratic nominations for two seats in the November general election.

Supreme Court of Appeals, 2008 Democratic Primary Election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Margaret Workman** | **180,599** | **35.97%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Menis Ketchum** | **135,563** | **27.00%** |
|  | Democratic | Spike Maynard (incumbent) | 97,409 | 19.40% |
|  | Democratic | Robert Bastress | 88,490 | 17.63% |
| Total votes | | | **502,061** | **100.0%** |

2004: Workman challenged incumbent Republican Senate Minority Leader, Vic Sprouse. Workman was unopposed in the primary and became the Democratic nominee. Workman lost to Sprouse 56.4%-43.6%.

West Virginia's 8th Senate district, 2004 General Election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Vic Sprouse (incumbent)** | **48,762** | **56.39%** |
|  | Democratic | Margaret Workman | 37,709 | 43.61% |
| Total votes | | | **86,471** | **100.0%** |

2002: Workman ran for the Democratic nomination to West Virginia's 2nd congressional district, a seat won by Republican Shelley Moore Capito in 2000. Prior to Capito's election in 2000, the District had remained in Democratic control for 64 of the prior 68 years. Workman faced former state senator and 2000 Democratic nominee for the seat, Jim Humphreys, in the May nominating contest. Humphreys beat Workman by a razor thin 51-49% margin to face a re-match against Capito. Capito went on to beat Humphreys 60-40% in the November general election, improving on her 48.5%-46% victory in 2000. Capito would go onto successfully hold the seat until her election to the U.S. Senate in 2014.

West Virginia's 2nd congressional district, 2002 Democratic Primary Election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Jim Humphreys** | **31,597** | **51.39%** |
|  | Democratic | Margaret Workman | 29,888 | 48.61% |
| Total votes | | | **61,485** | **100.0%** |

Fall 1988: Workman and Miller faced Republican nominees former House Delegate and West Virginia Public Service Commissioner Charlotte Lane and attorney Jeniver Jones in the November general election. Despite Republicans winning their third straight U.S. presidential election at the federal level, Lane and Jones faced an uphill battle to beat Workman and Miller in the then-solidly Democratic state. Since 1930, no Republican had been elected as a Supreme Court Justice. Workman and Miller easily went onto beat Lane and Jones in the general election. Workman's election made her the first female Justice on the Supreme Court and first woman elected to statewide office in West Virginia.

Supreme Court of Appeals, 1988 General Election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Margaret Workman** | **363,458** | **33.96%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Thomas B. Miller (incumbent)** | **346,391** | **32.37%** |
|  | Republican | Charlotte Lane | 210,473 | 19.67% |
|  | Republican | Jeniver James Jones | 149,920 | 14.00% |
| Total votes | | | **1,070,242** | **100.0%** |

Spring 1988: Then-circuit court judge Margaret Workman decided to run for one of two seats up on the Supreme Court. Workman joined fellow attorneys Fred Fox and John Hey as challengers to incumbent Justices Darrell McGraw and Thomas Miller. Fox, Hey, and Workman ran against McGraw and Miller and labeled them as "judicial activists" during their time on the bench, accusing them of aiding special interest groups, such as labor unions, personal injury claimants, workers' compensation claimants, and criminal defendants. The attacks were not entirely successful, as Miller led the five-way Democratic primary to advance to the November general election. However, Workman did edge out incumbent McGraw to become the Democratic nominee for the second seat. McGraw later returned to elected office as West Virginia Attorney General in 1996, a position he held until his defeat in 2012.

Supreme Court of Appeals, 1988 Democratic Primary Election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Thomas B. Miller (incumbent)** | **136,582** | **24.67%** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Margaret Workman** | **119,890** | **21.66%** |
|  | Democratic | Darrell McGraw (incumbent) | 113,028 | 20.42% |
|  | Democratic | John Hey | 92,679 | 16.74% |
|  | Democratic | Fred L. Fox II | 91,367 | 16.51% |
| Total votes | | | **553,546** | **100.0%** |

## InfoBox

| Margaret Workman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chief Justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals | |
| **In office**
February 16, 2018  December 31, 2018 | |
| Preceded by | Allen Loughry |
| Succeeded by | Beth Walker |
| **In office**
January 1, 2015  December 31, 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Robin Davis |
| Succeeded by | Menis Ketchum |
| **In office**
January 1, 2011  December 31, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Robin Davis |
| Succeeded by | Menis Ketchum |
| **In office**
January 1, 1997  December 31, 1997 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas McHugh |
| Succeeded by | Robin Davis |
| **In office**
January 1, 1993  December 31, 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas McHugh |
| Succeeded by | William T. Brotherton Jr. |
| Justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals | |
| **In office**
January 1, 2009  December 31, 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Larry Starcher |
| Succeeded by | William R. Wooton |
| **In office**
January 1, 1989  August 31, 1999 | |
| Preceded by | Darrell McGraw |
| Succeeded by | George Scott |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-05-22) May 22, 1947
Charleston, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | University of Charleston
West Virginia University, Morgantown (BA, JD) |
|  | |


title: VA-106 (U.S. Navy)

abstract: VA-106 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy. Originally established as Bomber-Fighter Squadron Seventeen (VBF-17) on 2 January 1945, it was redesignated Fighter Squadron Six B (VF-6B) on 15 November 1946, redesignated VF-62 on 28 July 1948, redesignated Attack Squadron 106 (VA-106) on 1 July 1955, it was disestablished on 7 November 1969. It was the second US Navy squadron to be designated VA-106.

text:
# VA-106 (U.S. Navy)

**VA-106** was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy. Originally established as **Bomber-Fighter Squadron Seventeen (VBF-17)** on 2 January 1945, it was redesignated **Fighter Squadron Six B (VF-6B)** on 15 November 1946, redesignated **VF-62** on 28 July 1948, redesignated **Attack Squadron 106 (VA-106)** on 1 July 1955, it was disestablished on 7 November 1969. It was the second US Navy squadron to be designated VA-106.

## Operational history

### World War II

* 16–17 February 1945: The squadron participated in strikes against targets in and around the Tokyo area.
* 20–22 February 1945: Squadron aircraft participated in strikes against Iwo Jima and provided air support for the landings on the island.
* 18–19 March 1945: Major strikes were conducted by squadron aircraft against Kanoya, the largest airfield on Kyushu and against the Japanese Fleet anchored at Kure Naval Base.
* March–May 1945: The squadron conducted strikes in support of the Okinawa campaign
* 7 Apr 1945: The unit participated in the combined task force strikes against the super battleship Yamato and its accompanying escorts, resulting in the sinking of Yamato, two cruisers and three destroyers.
* May 1945: The squadron participated in strikes against Kyushu and Shikoku, hitting aircraft plants and airfields. On 14 May the squadron's commanding officer, LTCDR H. W. Nicholson, was killed in action during a strike against Kyushu.

### 1950s

* 26 April to 4 December 1953, VF-62 was assigned to Carrier Air Group 4 (CVG-4) aboard USS *Lake Champlain* (CV-39) for a deployment to Korea and the Western Pacific.
* August–November 1956: During the Suez Crisis, USS *Coral Sea* was ordered to the eastern Mediterranean as tensions increased and France and the United Kingdom began preparations for military action against Egypt. *Coral Sea* was on station during the American evacuation of Western nationals from Egypt and Israel.
* July 1959: During the NATO exercise Riptide, held off the east coast of the United States, the squadron conducted cross-deck operations with the British carrier HMS *Victorious*.

### 1960s

* 15–28 November 1960: The squadron operated from USS *Shangri-La* as part of the patrol force off the coast of Guatemala and Nicaragua to prevent infiltration by communists from Cuba.
* 2–19 June 1961: Following the assassination of dictator General Rafael Trujillo, the squadron operated from USS *Shangri-La* off the coast of the Dominican Republic.
* 22 October–28 November 1962: During the Cuban Missile Crisis the squadron was temporary assigned (TAD) to the U.S. Air Force's Nineteenth Air Force, in an alert status aboard the USS *Lexington* (CV-16) as the USS *Shangri-La* was in the New York Navy Yard.
* May 1963: The squadron operated from USS *Shangri-La* in the Caribbean during the period of unrest in Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

### Vietnam War

* 6 June-15 September 1967, the squadron was assigned to Attack Carrier Air Wing Seventeen (CVW-17) embarked on USS *Forrestal* for a Vietnam deployment
* 29 Jul 1967: In the USS *Forrestal* fire the squadron suffered 10 killed and 62 injured.
* 4 June 1968 – 8 February 1969, the squadron was assigned to Attack Carrier Air Wing Ten (CVW-10) embarked on USS *Intrepid* for a Vietnam deployment.

## Home port assignments

The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:

## Aircraft assignment

The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:

## InfoBox

| Attack Squadron 106 | |
| --- | --- |
| VA-106 squadron insignia | |
| Active | 2 January 1945-7 November 1969 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Navy |
| Role | Attack |
| Part of | Inactive |
| Nickname(s) | Gladiators |
| Engagements | World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Attack | F6F-5 Hellcat
F4U/4 Corsair
F8F-2/1B Bearcat
F2H-2 Banshee
F9F-8B Cougar
A4D-2/B/C/E Skyhawk |


title: Uwe Tellkamp

abstract: Uwe Tellkamp is a German writer and physician. He practised medicine until 2004. Before the fall of communism, he was enlisted in the National People's Army as a tank commander and imprisoned when he refused to break up a demonstration in October 1989. Until the fall of the German Democratic Republic shortly after, he was prohibited from studying medicine. In 2008 Tellkamp was awarded the German Book Prize for his novel Der Turm, which describes life in 1980s East Germany.

text:
# Uwe Tellkamp

**Uwe Tellkamp** (German pronunciation: \[ˈuːvə ˈtɛlˌkamp\] ; born 28 October 1968) is a German writer and physician. He practised medicine until 2004. Before the fall of communism, he was enlisted in the National People's Army as a tank commander and imprisoned when he refused to break up a demonstration in October 1989. Until the fall of the German Democratic Republic shortly after, he was prohibited from studying medicine.

In 2008 Tellkamp was awarded the German Book Prize for his novel *Der Turm* (The Tower), which describes life in 1980s East Germany.

## Political views

In 2017 Tellkamp signed the "Charta 2017", criticizing the ostracism of 'New Right' publishers at the Leipzig book fair ("Leipziger Buchmesse").

Preceding the Leipziger Buchmesse 2018 Tellkamp said: "Most \[refugees\] are not trying to escape war and prosecution but come \[to Germany\] to migrate into the social support system, more than 95%."

In March 2018 he signed the "Joint Statement 2018" ("Gemeinsame Erklärung 2018"), declaring: "We observe the damage done to Germany by illegal mass immigration with growing disconcertment. We declare our solidarity with those who are peacefully rallying for the restoration of the constitutional order at the borders of our country."".

## Works

* *Der Hecht, die Träume und das Portugiesische Café* (2000)
* *Der Eisvogel* (2005)
* *Der Turm* (2008)
* *Reise zur Blauen Stadt* (2009)
* *Die Schwebebahn: Dresdner Erkundungen* (2012)

1. Philipp Engel: *Uwe Tellkamp, Bestseller-Autor und Gewinner des Deutschen Buchpreises über die DDR, den Finanzkapitalismus, das Schreiben und sein nächstes Buch*. Interview vom 17. Februar 2009. http://www.ruhrbarone.de/uwe-tellkamp-bestseller-autor-und-gewinner-des-deutschen-buchpreises-uber-die-ddr-den-finanzkapitalismus-das-schreiben-und-sein-nachstes-buch/
2. Jane Yager (December 31, 2008). "What was the GDR?". *The Sunday Times*. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
3. "Susanne Dagen reagiert mit einer "Charta 2017" auf die Buchmesse-Vorfälle / "Nicht mehr weit von einer Gesinnungsdiktatur entfernt"". *Börsenblatt* (in German). 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
4. Appell: Charta 2017 - Zu den Vorkommnissen auf der Frankfurter Buchmesse 2017 Wortlaut Charta 2017 auf openpetition.de
5. "Suhrkamp-Verlag distanziert sich von Uwe Tellkamp". *Deutsche Welle* (in German). 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2018-03-13. The Tweet of Suhrkamp publishing house: "Aus gegebenem Anlass: Die Haltung, die in Äußerungen von Autoren des Hauses zum Ausdruck kommt, ist nicht mit der des Verlags zu verwechseln. #Tellkamp"
6. Durs Grünbein (2018-03-14), "Die süße Krankheit Dresden", *Süddeutsche Zeitung* (in German), p. 11
7. "Umstrittene Äußerungen Uwe Tellkamps/ Suhrkamp geht auf Distanz". *Börsenblatt* (in German). 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
8. "Tellkamp unterzeichnet Erklärung" \[Tellkamp Signs Statement\]. *Sächsische Zeitung* (in German). 2017-03-17. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-17. vgl. zum Wortlaut der "Gemeinsamen Erklärung" \[Joint Statement\] (in German). 2018-03-15.
9. Andreas Montag, Neue Nationale Front "Gemeinsame Erklärung" von Künstlern und Intellektuellen, Mitteldeutsche Zeitung online, 19. März 2018.
10. Christian Schröder: *Uwe Tellkamp für Solidarität gegen Einwanderer*, Tagesspiegel vom 20. März 2018
11. Ndr (2018-03-27). "Wie brisant ist die "Erklärung 2018"?". *NDR.de* (in German). Retrieved 2018-03-29.

## InfoBox

| Uwe Tellkamp | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1968-10-28) 28 October 1968
Dresden, East Germany |
| Occupation | Novelist, physician |
| Notable works | *Der Turm* |
| Notable awards | German Book Prize
2008
 |


title: Marina Catena

abstract: Marina Catena is an Italian humanitarian. She serves as the director of the United Nations World Food Programme (Paris), is a Lieutenant in the Italian Army, and a writer.

text:
# Marina Catena

**Marina Catena** is an Italian humanitarian. She serves as the director of the United Nations World Food Programme (Paris), is a Lieutenant in the Italian Army (Specialized Reserve), and a writer.

## Career

She obtained the International Baccalaureate at the United World College of the Adriatic, and attended the Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli (LUISS) in Rome, where she graduated in Political Sciences (International Relations) and the Institut D'Etudes Politiques (Strasbourg). She worked as a flight attendant for Air France.

Since 1999, she is an official of the United Nations World Food Programme. She is the director of the United Nations World Food Program for France and Monaco, Paris. In 2015, she conceived, managed and launched the global awareness campaign "805 million names" with football star Zlatan Ibrahimović and ad agency Forsman & Bodenfors.

She was Special Advisor to Minister Bernard Kouchner, Special Representative of the Secretary General to Peace keeping operation in Kosovo UNMIK (1999-2001). She served as Special Advisor to Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq (2003). She served as United Nations Blue Helmet in UNIFIL Peace keeping Operation in Lebanon with Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore" (2007) and with Bersaglieri Brigade "Garibaldi" (2019). She served in Operazione Strade Sicure Esercito Italiano with Granatieri di Sardegna.

She was awarded Chevalier Ordre national du Mérite by President Nicolas Sarkozy (2009) and Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (2018).

## Writings

* *Romanzo Militare: #Operazione Double Sierra* (RUBBETTINO - 2018): a reality novel about the *Strade Sicure* anti-terrorism operation in the streets of Rome (2018).
* *A woman soldier: diary of an Italian lieutenant in Lebanon* (RIZZOLI - 2008). First book written in Italy by a woman-soldier on everyday life of soldiers in the front line.
* *The train of Kosovo Polje* (SELLERIO - 2003) for which she received the Award for Fiction The Country of Women.
* Essays on civil-military relations among them: "The role of female soldiers in peacekeeping missions" (Italian Air Force Magazine), "Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership" (Il Sole 24 ore - Harvard Business Review).


title: Vadim Kuzmin (musician)

abstract: Vadim Petrovich Kuzmin was a Russian musician, the leader of rock-band Chyorniy Lukich. He started his musical activities in 1986 when founded the rock band "Spinki menta". The band became a member of Novosibirsk rock-club and participated in the First Novosibirsk Rock-Festival. He was in contact with other leaders of rock movement, Yanka Dyagileva and Yegor Letov. In 1988 he recorded his first albums in Omsk. In 1990 Kuzmin's band became the band of the Year in Novosibirsk. Since 2006 Kuzmin with his family lived in Voronezh.

text:
# Vadim Kuzmin (musician)

**Vadim Petrovich Kuzmin** (March 19, 1964, Novosibirsk – November 19, 2012, Voronezh) was a Russian musician, the leader of rock-band Chyorniy Lukich.

He started his musical activities in 1986 when founded the rock band "Spinki menta". The band became a member of Novosibirsk rock-club and participated in the First Novosibirsk Rock-Festival. He was in contact with other leaders of rock movement, Yanka Dyagileva and Yegor Letov. In 1988 he recorded his first albums in Omsk. In 1990 Kuzmin's band became the band of the Year in Novosibirsk.

Since 2006 Kuzmin with his family lived in Voronezh.


title: Vadim Lashkaryov

abstract: Vadim Evgenievich Lashkaryov, a prominent Soviet experimental physicist, was born in Kyiv, to a family of a lawyer. He was an Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and is known for his fundamental contributions to physics of semiconductors.

text:
# Vadim Lashkaryov

**Vadim Evgenievich Lashkaryov** (October 7, 1903 – December 1, 1974), a prominent Soviet experimental physicist, was born in Kyiv, to a family of a lawyer. He was an Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and is known for his fundamental contributions to physics of semiconductors.

## Career

Lashkaryov graduated from the Kiev Institute for People Education (as the Kiev University was termed at that time) in 1924. He started his research work on the diffraction of X-rays in the Kiev Polytechnic Institute and continued it in the newly established Institute of Physics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. In 1928 he moved to Physical-Technical Institute in Leningrad (currently Ioffe Institute in St. Petersburg), where he performed first in the Soviet Union experiments on electron diffraction. After a forced stay in Archangelsk, where he taught physics in the local Medical Institute, Lashkaryov returned to Kiev in 1939, where he switched to physics of semiconductors.

In 1941 Lashkaryouv published his fundamental discovery, the presence of a semiconductor layer between the barrier layer and the adjacent electrode, and the opposite sign of charge carriers (electrons and holes) on both sides of a barrier layer in solar cells of Cu2O and silver sulphide photocells and selenium rectifiers. In current terms, this was a discovery of *p**n* junctions around the rectifying layers in these systems. This discovery was made by measuring the sign change of thermo-e.m.f. on both sides of the rectifying layer by using miniature thermoprobes. During World War II, Lashkaryov worked in the city of Ufa on cuprous-oxide devices for defense needs. After World War II, back in Kiev, Lashkaryov investigated bipolar diffusion of photo-carriers in cuprous oxide, photoconductivity of CdS and CdSe, and also on Ge diodes and transistors.

In 1960 Lashkaryov founded in Kiev the Institute of Semiconductors of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences that currently carries his name. He also established a Chair in semiconductor physics in the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev.

* Page of the V. Ye. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics of NAS of Ukraine, http://isp.kiev.ua/
* N. N. Bogolyubov, B. M. Vul, S. G. Kalashnikov, S. I. Pekar, É. I. Rashba, O. V. Snitko, K. B. Tolpygo and M. K. Sheinkman, Vadim Evgen'evich Lashkarev (obituary), Sov. Phys. Usp. **18**, 842 (1975) doi:10.1070/PU1975v018n10ABEH005232, http://iopscience.iop.org/0038-5670/18/10/M07/


title: Vadapathy

abstract: Vadapathy is a village in the Papanasam taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Vadapathy

10°46′18.1″N 79°19′13.4″E / 10.771694°N 79.320389°E / 10.771694; 79.320389

**Vadapathy** is a village in the Papanasam taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Vadapathy had a total population of 1685 with 828 males and 857 females. The sex ratio was 1035. The literacy rate was 68.49.

* "Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001". Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2009.

## InfoBox

| Vadapathy | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Thanjavur |
| Taluk | Papanasam |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 1,685 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Vadans, Jura

abstract: Vadans is a commune in the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

text:
# Vadans, Jura

**Vadans** (French pronunciation: \[vadɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 212 |  |
| 1975 | 204 | −0.55% |
| 1982 | 211 | +0.48% |
| 1990 | 256 | +2.45% |
| 1999 | 268 | +0.51% |
| 2009 | 259 | −0.34% |
| 2014 | 265 | +0.46% |
| 2020 | 296 | +1.86% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Vadans | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Vadans | |
|  | |
| Location of Vadans | |
| VadansVadans | |
| Coordinates: 46°56′05″N 5°42′10″E / 46.9347°N 5.7028°E / 46.9347; 5.7028 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Jura |
| Arrondissement | Dole |
| Canton | Arbois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Henri Dorbon |
| Area**1** | 11.25 km2 (4.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 304 |
| Density | 27/km2 (70/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 39539 /39600 |
| Elevation | 235–323 m (771–1,060 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mariano Simon Garriga

abstract: Mariano Simon Garriga was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Corpus Christi in Texas from 1949 until his death in 1965.

text:
# Mariano Simon Garriga

**Mariano Simon Garriga** (May 30, 1886  February 21, 1965) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Corpus Christi in Texas from 1949 until his death in 1965.

## Biography

### Early life

Mariano Garriga was born on May 30, 1886, in Port Isabel, Texas, to Frank and Elizabeth (née Baker) Garriga. He studied at St. Mary College in Kansas City, Kansas, , and at St. Francis Seminary in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Garriga was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop John William Shaw for the Archdiocese of San Antonio on July 2, 1911. He served as assistant chancellor of the archdiocese until 1912, when he was appointed as a curate to a parish in Marfa, Texas.In 1915, he was named vice-rector of St. John Seminary in San Antonio. Garriga served as a chaplain to the Texas National Guard during World War I, training with the 36th Infantry Division. From 1919 to 1936, he served as pastor of St. Cecilia Parish in San Antonio. He also served as president of Incarnate Word College in San Antonio. He was a professor at St. John Seminary from 1921 to 1936, and became historian of the archdiocese in 1926. Garriga was raised to the rank of papal chamberlain in October 1934, and to domestic prelate in September 1935.

### Coadjutor Bishop and Bishop of Corpus Christi

On June 20, 1936, Garriga was appointed coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Corpus Christi and Titular Bishop of *Syene* by Pope Pius XI. Garriga received his episcopal consecration on September 21, 1936, from Archbishop Arthur Drossaerts, with Bishops Emmanuel Ledvina and Aloisius Muench serving as co-consecrators. He was the first Catholic bishop of a Texas diocese to be born in the state. In addition to his episcopal duties, he served as pastor of St. Peter Parish in Laredo, Texas (1936-1948).

Upon the resignation of Bishop Ledvina, Garriga succeed him as the third Bishop of Corpus Christi on March 15, 1949. During his 16-year-long tenure, he founded a minor seminary in 1960 and established several parochial schools.

Mariano Garriga died in Corpus Christi on February 21, 1965, at age 78. He is buried in the crypt of Corpus Christi Cathedral.

## Episcopal succession

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, The Most Reverend
Mariano Simon Garriga | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Corpus Christi
Titular Bishop of Syene | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| See | Diocese of Corpus Christi |
| In office | September 21, 1936 to
February 21, 1965 |
| Predecessor | Emmanuel Boleslaus Ledvina |
| Successor | Thomas Joseph Drury |
| Other post(s) | Titular Bishop of Syene |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | July 2, 1911
by John William Shaw |
| Consecration | September 21, 1936
by Arthur Jerome Drossaerts |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 30, 1886
Port Isabel, Texas, US |
| Died | February 21, 1965(1965-02-21) (aged 78)
Corpus Christi, Texas, US |
| Education | St. Mary College
St. Francis Seminary |