title: Pre-classical Arabic

abstract: Pre-classical Arabic is the cover term for all varieties of Arabic spoken in the Arabian Peninsula until immediately after the Arab conquests and emergence of Classical Arabic in the 7th century C.E. Scholars disagree about the status of these varieties. Some scholars assume that the language of pre-Islamic poetry and the Quran was similar, if not identical, to the varieties spoken in the Arabian Peninsula before the emergence of Islam. If differences existed, they concerned mainly stylistic and minor points of linguistic structure. A second group of mainly Western scholars of Arabic do not regard the variety in which the Quran was revealed as a spoken variety of Arabic in the peninsula. Some of them go so far as to state that the function of the language of pre-Islamic poetry and the Quran was limited to artistic expression and oral rendition. Others are not as clear about the functional load of this variety in pre-Islamic times. A third group of scholars assume that the variety of Arabic of pre-Islamic poetry and the Quran was the variety spoken by Bedouin Arab tribes and non sedentary Arabs, at least in the western parts of the peninsula where trade routes existed. Some modern scholars of Arabic believe that the Classical Arabic grammarians held their view, that the language of pre-Islamic poetry and the Quran was identical with at least the spoken varieties of some Arab tribes in the peninsula. A first reading of the grammatical texts seems to confirm that grammarians were quite aware of the existence of different language varieties in the Arabic-speaking sphere. They distinguished terminologically between luġa ‘dialect’ and lisān ‘language’. Among several meanings of the word luġa is the technical meaning of a linguistic variety. As early as the 2nd century A.H., grammarians were aware of differences among the dialects. Among the earliest writers on tribal dialects were Yunus ibn Ḥabīb and ˀAbū ˁAmr aš-Šaybānì, the author of the Kitāb al-Jīm, in which odd and archaic lexical items used in certain tribes are recorded.

text:
# Pre-classical Arabic

**Pre-classical Arabic** is the cover term for all varieties of Arabic spoken in the Arabian Peninsula until immediately after the Arab conquests and emergence of Classical Arabic in the 7th century C.E. Scholars disagree about the status of these varieties.

Some scholars assume that the language of pre-Islamic poetry and the Quran was similar, if not identical, to the varieties spoken in the Arabian Peninsula before the emergence of Islam. If differences existed, they concerned mainly stylistic and minor points of linguistic structure. A second group of mainly Western scholars of Arabic (Vollers 1906; Fleisch 1947; Kahle 1948; Rabin 1951; Blachère 1950; Wehr 1952; Spitaler 1953; Rosenthal 1953; Fleisch 1964; Zwettler 1978; Holes 1995; Owens 1998; Sharkawi 2005) do not regard the variety in which the Quran was revealed as a spoken variety of Arabic in the peninsula. Some of them (Zwettler 1978; Sharkawi 2005) go so far as to state that the function of the language of pre-Islamic poetry and the Quran was limited to artistic expression and oral rendition (poetic koine). Others are not as clear about the functional load of this variety in pre-Islamic times. A third group of scholars (Geyer 1909; Nöldeke 1904, 1910; Kahle 1948) assume that the variety of Arabic of pre-Islamic poetry and the Quran was the variety spoken by Bedouin Arab tribes and non sedentary Arabs, at least in the western parts of the peninsula where trade routes existed.

Some modern scholars of Arabic believe that the Classical Arabic grammarians held their view, that the language of pre-Islamic poetry and the Quran was identical with at least the spoken varieties of some Arab tribes in the peninsula (Rabin 1955:21–22; Sharkawi 2005:5–6). A first reading of the grammatical texts seems to confirm that grammarians were quite aware of the existence of different language varieties in the Arabic-speaking sphere. They distinguished terminologically between luġa ‘dialect’ and lisān ‘language’ (ˀAnīs 1952:16–17; Naṣṣār 1988:58). Among several meanings of the word luġa is the technical meaning of a linguistic variety (Rabin 1951:9).

As early as the 2nd century A.H., grammarians were aware of differences among the dialects. Among the earliest writers on tribal dialects were Yunus ibn Ḥabīb (d. 182/798) and ˀAbū ˁAmr aš-Šaybānì (d. 213/828), the author of the Kitāb al-Jīm, in which odd and archaic lexical items used in certain tribes are recorded.

## Dialects

### Hijaz dialect

Old Hijazi features appear in the grammarians’ books more frequently than features of any other dialect. It is, therefore, a much better represented dialect in comparison to others, despite the fact that the region's geographical definition is not as clear. In pre-Islamic times, the Hijaz was the western part of the peninsula, between the Tihama in the southwest and the Najd in the east. It included the Banū Sulaym and the Banū Hilāl. In the north was the territory of Bālī, and in the south that of Huḏayl. After the advent of Islam, the Tihāma was included in the Hijaz, thus the Bedouin tribes in the interior were sometimes included in the Hijaz. It seems that for the grammarians, Hijaz referred to regions defined according to the post-Islamic demarcation. In this way, the urban centers of Mecca, Medina, and Ṯaqīf were included in that region. The term luġa ˀahl al-Hijaz covers all differences that may have existed within this region.

Phonological features of this region include:

1. The pronunciation of /ˁ/ as hamza.
2. The use of the full forms of vowels, without elision or vowel changes, e.g. ˁunuq ‘neck’ as against ˁunq in Eastern Arabian dialects, where short unstressed vowels were elided.
3. The absence of vowel harmony, which was realized in Eastern dialects, e.g. Hijazi baˁīr ‘camel’, corresponding to Eastern biˁīr. By the same token, uvular and pharyngeal consonants assimilated following vowels in the Eastern dialects, while in the Hijaz they rested immune, e.g. Hijazi ˁuqr ‘the main part of the house’, corresponding to Eastern ˁaqr. In the neighborhood of uvulars and pharyngeals, the Hijaz had /u/, while the Eastern dialects had /a/.
4. The tendency to shorten the long final vowels in pause positions.
5. The elision of the hamza.

Morphological features of this dialect include:

1. The 3rd person suffix pronouns -hu, -humā,-hum, and -hunna did not change to the -hi form after i or ī.
2. For the singular relative pronoun, the Hijaz used allaḏī rather than the Western and Yemenite ḏī and ḏū. For the feminine plural, the Hijaz used allāˀī. The same form may have been used for the masculine plural as well.
3. The dual suffix in the Hijaz may have had a single form, -āni, for the nominative, accusative, and genitive cases alike. Ibn Hišām (Muġnī I, 37), in his explanation of the nominative case of the demonstrative pronoun hāḏāni ‘these two’ in the verse ˀinna hāḏāni la-sāḥirāni (Q. 20/63), claimed that in the dialect of the Hijaz, these demonstrative pronouns were indeclinable.
4. The absence of taltala.
5. The imperative of geminated verbs was conjugated as the strong verbs, e.g. urdud ‘respond!’.

Syntactic features of this dialect include:

1. Some nouns were feminine in the Hijaz and masculine in the Najd and Tamīm. Some examples are tamr ‘dates’, šaˁīr ‘barley’, ṣirāṭ ‘path’. The word ṣirāṭ appears in the first sūra of the Qurān (Q.1/6) followed by a masculine adjective (ṣirāṭ mustaqīm).
2. In the Hijaz, the predicate of verbal sentences agreed in number with the head verb (known as the luġa ˀakalūnī l-barāġīṯ), unlike Standard Arabic, where the head verb is always in the singular.
3. In the Hijaz, after the shortened forms ˀin and ˀan, the subject took an accusative case, while in Classical Arabic and in the east, shortened particles lost their effect on the following nominal clause.
4. After the complementizer ˀinna, ˀanna, etc. the Hijazi dialect put the subject and predicate of the sentence in the accusative case. Ibn Hišām (Muġnì I, 36) explains the agreement in case between the subject and predicate in a nominal sentence after ±inna ‘in one version of a ḥadīṯ (±inna qaˁra jahannama sabˁīna xarīfan) by saying that the Hijaz did not distinguish between the subject and predicate in case endings after ˀinna.
5. The predicate of kāna and other copulas (kāna wa-ˀaxawātuhā) was given a nominative case, while an accusative case is assigned to it in Classical Arabic.
6. In the Hijaz, mā, lā, and ˀin had the same effect as the Classical Arabic laysa in assigning to the subject the nominative case and to the predicate the accusative case.
7. Verbs in the indicative were used after ±an. An example comes from Mujāhid (d. 104/722), who read the verse li-man ˀarāda ˀan yutimma r-raḍāˁata ‘for those who want the suckling (period) to be completed’ with an indicative ending, yutimmu (Q. 2/233).

### ˀAzd dialect

The ˀAzd dialect is rarely mentioned in the literature. Whereas anecdotes and šawāhid from other Yemeni dialects are given, the dialect of ˀAzd receives little attention. More confusing still is the fact that there were two tribes by the name of ˀAzd, one in Oman and the other in the western part of Yemen. The two features that are mentioned, however, show the difference between this dialect and the rest of Yemen.

1. The retention of the nominal case endings a, i, and u in the pausal position.
2. The retention of the vowel a in the prefixes of the imperfect, e.g. yaktub ‘he writes’ as against the taltala in other dialects.

### Huḏayl dialect

The tribe of Huḏayl was situated in the southeastern part of the Hijaz, to the north of Yemen and to the northeast of ˀAzd. Its location in the southeast of the Hijaz connected this tribe geographically to the Eastern dialect group, which earned the tribe its fame for speaking wellformed Arabic. Despite this connection with the east, the dialect of Huḏayl belonged mainly to the Western group and functioned as an intermediate zone between the Hijaz and northern Yemen (Rabin 1951:79). The evidence for this claim comes from the grammatical and lexical features it shared with the Western group. They shared, for instance, ˀawwàb ‘obedient’ and jadaṯ ‘tomb’ with Kināna.

Other features mentioned by the grammarians include:

1. The insertion of short unstressed vowels in the middle of words, e.g. ibin ‘son’ instead of Classical Arabic ibn, and jawazàt ‘nuts’, sg. jawza. In Classical Arabic, words with a singular pattern faˁla receive an anaptyctic vowel a in the feminine plural, to become faˁalāt. This vowel is not added when the second radical in the root is w or y, but Huḏayl added an anaptyctic vowel to roots containing w and y as well.
2. The absence of vowel harmony.
3. The absence of the hamza.
4. It is probable that in Huḏayl the final long vowels were shortened, as was the case in the Hijaz.
5. The change of the glides wu and wi into the long vowels ù and ì, respectively.
6. Huḏayl used the relative pronoun allaḏī. The plural of this pronoun was allaḏūna, in all numbers and genders, in opposition to Classical Arabic, which uses allaḏīna.
7. Concerning the taltala feature, Huḏayl was claimed to have used both forms: -a- imperfect like the Hijaz dialects, and -i imperfect like the eastern tribes. This variation is also common in Ṭayyiˀ. Both tribes had contact with eastern tribes, which may explain the variation.

### Ṭayyiˀ dialect

The Ṭayyiˀ tribe was situated in the north of the Najd. It occupied the southern frontiers of the Nufùd desert and was also situated toward the northeast of the Hijaz region. It shared with the tribes of the eastern part some linguistic features, such as the taltala. Rabin (1951:193) claims that such common features are suggestive of the connecting role this tribe played between the dialects of the eastern and western parts of the peninsula. The territory of Ṭayyiˀ during the early Islamic period was not the original habitat of the tribe. The tribe was traditionally known to have migrated from northern Yemen together with the tribes with which it shared some linguistic features.

Features of this dialect include:

1. The weakening of the final syllable and elision of final nasals, laterals, t, and/or y.
2. The absence of vowel harmony and vowel elision.
3. The change of /ˁ/ into /ˀ/, e.g. daˀ-nī ‘let me’; no other data about depharyngealization are available.
4. The fate of hamza in this dialect is not known due to the absence of direct evidence.
5. The suffix pronoun of the 3rd person feminine in pause was -ah and -hā in context, which is in accordance with the Classical and Eastern Arabic weakening of final syllables.
6. The form of the article was am-.
7. The singular feminine demonstrative was tā, not hāḏihi.
8. The relative pronoun was ḏū, which was used for the two genders and all numbers.
9. The -t of the feminine plural was dropped in pause; again, this is in harmony with the weakening of final syllables.
10. az-Zajjaji (Šarh 152) claims that as in the Hijaz, the predicate of verbal sentences agreed in number with the head verb.

### Yemeni Arabic

The dialect of Yemen was very well represented in the writings of the grammarians because of the special interest it held for the scholars of the 3rd and 4th centuries A.H., especially for lexicographers like Ibn Durayd (d. 321/933) and Našwàn (d. 573/1178). Although home to a host of South Arabian dialects, Yemen does not reflect much South Arabian influence, except for some lexical items that may be mere loanwords from that language. A good example is the word baˁl ‘lord’, which is still common in Mehri (Rabin 1951:25–27). During the time of al-Hamadànì (d. after 360/971), the main source on Yemen, a dialect similar to the Central Arabian Bedouin dialects was spoken in the region east of Saràt and in the extreme south. Al-Hamadànì describes these dialects as ‘correct’ Arabic. In the central and western regions of the Saràt, different dialects were spoken. These dialects are characterized by al-Hamadànì as mutawassi† ‘middle’. Rabin (1951:45) claims that this attribute must mean that they were mixtures of Arabic and Himyaritic. In the southern part of Saràt and the mountains around Sanˁàˀ, the language showed strong traces of Himyaritic. In the area to the west, a mixture of Arabic and Himyaritic was spoken. In the villages, however, Himyaritic was predominant. Outside the villages, in the nomadic areas, West Arabian dialects were spoken (Rabin 1951:45). Thus, there were two linguistic communities in Yemen, apart from the Bedouin in the east. The first was that of the settled farmer groups, which spoke a mixture of Himyaritic and Arabic, while the other group consisted of the nomadic people who spoke West Arabian dialects. Although the Yemeni dialects spoken in this region were very similar to other Arabic dialects, Arabs considered them incomprehensible. There are several anecdotes in the literature showing that Arabs did not consider the dialects of Himyar Arabic to be similar to their own. The attribute ṭumṭumàniyya was given in the literature to the Himyaritic dialect as a form of mockery. The northern Yemen region hosted tribes speaking dialects so similar to each other that they could be considered a defined group. This group was different from the rest of Yemen in the south and Huḏayl and the Hijàz in the north. Despite being distinct from both groups, the dialects of northern Yemen exhibited similarities with both. Rabin (1951:64) claims that because grammarians often ascribed Hijazì dialect features to Kinàna, this region can be considered as an extension to the West Arabian dialect group. Among the tribes that lived in this region were Kinàna, Xaṯˁam, Hamadàn, ˁAnbar, Zubayd, and Muràd. The first four of these tribes are frequently mentioned in literature, but whenever a feature is mentioned as belonging to a certain tribe, it may have applied to the rest of the tribes as well. Rabin (1951:64) also assumes that whenever the grammarians mention the tribes of Yemen, they mean these tribes living in the northern part.

Among the features mentioned for these dialects are the following:

1. The absence of ˀimàla. Al-Hamadànì, however, states that the Bedouin tribe of Banù Harb in the south realized ˀimāla.
2. The realization of hamza. However, in some cases the original hamza of the word was changed into the glide w. An example is ±àtaytu/wàtaytu ‘I obeyed’. This feature is still heard in some modern dialects.
3. In some Yemenite dialects, the feminine ending -at was generalized to pause positions. Yemenite dialect words may have received tanwìn even in the pause position.
4. The definite article of the Yemenite dialect was am-. Unlike the Arabic definite article al-, it was not assimilated to dental and sibilant consonants. Words that received this article could also be given tanwìn. An example is found in al-Firuzabadì's Muḥìṭ (I, 37): mani m-qàˀimun ‘who is standing?’
5. The dual suffix in northern Yemen, -àni, was suffixed to the noun. Although other tribes in the peninsula used a single dual ending as well, they coupled it with a different treatment of the final short vowel. They either used -àna as a fixed form or inflected the ending. This feature was ascribed to Dabba in the northwest of the Empty Quarter, which shows that this feature cut across dialect boundaries.
6. There was a sentence-initial particle ±am that was used with the verb in the imperfect (Rabin 1951:37). vii. In southern Yemen, especially in ðufàr, the demonstrative pronoun for both genders was ḏì, which followed the noun it modified, e.g. iš-šuÿl ḏì ‘this work’ (Rabin 1951:75).
7. The relative pronoun was ḏì, without distinction for gender or number. It was used in western Ḥaḍramawt and elsewhere. In other places of Yemen and as far north as Huḏayl, the Classical Arabic pronoun allaḏì was used, but without distinction for number or gender.
8. The negative particle was dù. Another form, still used in Taˁizz, in the southernmost part of Yemen, is da±. This particle may stem from £imyaritic, since a particle da± was found in some of the South Arabian inscriptions around the middle of the 6th century C.E.
9. The suffix of the 1st and 2nd persons of the verb in the perfect is -k, not -t. A good example is the saying of a woman: raˀayku bi-ḥulm kawaladku ibnan min ṭìb ‘I saw in a dream that I gave birth to a son of gold’. The verbs raˀayku ‘I saw’ and waladku ‘I gave birth’ end in this suffix. The same use is still current in the Yemeni countryside

## InfoBox

| Pre-Classical Arabic | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Historically in the Middle East, now used as a liturgical language of Islam |
| Era | 5-4th century BCE - 4th century CE . |
| Language family | Afro-Asiatic |
| Early form | Old Arabic |
| Dialects | Over 24 modern Arabic dialects |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |  |
| *Glottolog* | *None* |
|


title: Night Diver

abstract: "Night Diver" is the second single by Japanese actor and singer Haruma Miura, released posthumously following his death on July 18, 2020. The song was released digitally via A-Sketch on July 24, 2020 and physically on August 26, 2020. The song debuted at number two on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, earning him his first top three single.

text:
# Night Diver

"**Night Diver**" is the second single by Japanese actor and singer Haruma Miura, released posthumously following his death on July 18, 2020. The song was released digitally via A-Sketch on July 24, 2020 and physically on August 26, 2020. The song debuted at number two on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, earning him his first top three single.

## Track listing

Digital single
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Arranger | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Night Diver" | Yuki Tsujimura | Tsujimura | 3:23 |

CD single
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Arranger | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Night Diver" | Yuki Tsujimura | Tsujimura | 3:23 |
| 2. | "One" |  | Meg | 4:17 |
| 3. | "You & I" | * Haruma Miura | * Miura | 3:38 |

Limited edition DVD
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Night Diver" (Music video) | 3:35 |
| 2. | "You" (Studio session) | 4:17 |
| 3. | "Documentary Movie" | 28:27 |

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | 24 July 2020 |  | A-Sketch |
| Japan | 26 August 2020 | |  |

## InfoBox

| "Night Diver" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Haruma Miura | |
| Released | July 24, 2020 (2020-07-24) |
| Recorded | 2020 |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Length | 3:23 |
| Label | A-Sketch |
| Songwriter(s) | Yuki Tsujimura |
| Producer(s) | Yuki Tsujimura |
| Haruma Miura singles chronology | |
| "Fight for Your Heart"
(2019) "**Night Diver**"
(2020) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Night Diver" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: In-Jin Yoon

abstract: In-Jin Yoon is a South Korean sociologist.

text:
# In-Jin Yoon

**In-Jin Yoon** (Korean: 윤인진; born June 30, 1963) is a South Korean sociologist.

## Early life and career

He was born in Hongseong, South Korea and raised in Daejeon until high school. He graduated from Korea University with a BA in sociology in August 1985. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and taught at the Asian American Studies Department of the University of California, Santa Barbara between 1992 and 1995 before he joined the Department of Sociology in Korea University. He is now professor of the Department of Sociology, Korea University and the former presidents of the Association for North Korean Migrants Studies and the Association for the Studies of Koreans Abroad, the head of the Brain Korea 21 Project Group for Conflict Society, the vice director of the Asiatic Research Institute of Korea University, and the president of the Korean International Migration Studies Association (http://kimanet.org). He also serves as the director of the Korea University Press. His research interests include social psychology, minorities, international migration, and multiculturalism.

## Publications

His major publications include *On My Own: Korean Businesses and Race Relations in America*, Korean Diaspora: Migration, Adaptation, and Identity of Overseas Koreans, and North Korean Migrants: Lives, Consciousness, and Support Policy for Resettlement, South Koreans' Perceptions of Migrant Workers and Multicultural Society, and Migration and Transnational Space in Northeast Asia, Mutual Perceptions of North Korean Migrants and South Koreans, Trends and Tasks of Studies of Koreans Abroad, and the History of Koreas Abroad, History of Overseas Koreans, International Migration and Multiculturalism in Northeast Asia, Reflections on Multiculturalism in Korea and Its Prospects, Identity of Koreans, Theories and Practices of Diaspora and Transnationalism, the Current State of Overseas Koreans Community and Policy Tasks, Koreatowns and Korean communities Abroad, and The Next Generation of Overseas Koreans and Mainstreaming.

## InfoBox

| In-Jin Yoon | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1963-06-30) June 30, 1963<br>Hongseong, South Chungcheong Province, South Korea |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Sociologist |
| Employer | Korea University |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 윤인진 |
| Revised Romanization | *Yun Injin* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Yun Injin* |


title: George Wyatt Proctor

abstract: George Wyatt Proctor was an author, journalist, and lecturer at the University of Texas at Arlington. Proctor worked at The Dallas Morning News for five years before becoming a science fiction and Western author. Of his 96 published works, three were recognized by writers' associations and many were nominated for or won awards. A part of the College of Liberal Arts' Department of Communication for over 12 years, Proctor lectured on topics such as advertising, communication technology and journalism at the University of Texas at Arlington. After his death, the George W. & Lana B. Proctor Endowed Scholarship was established for advertising, communication technology, journalism or pre-law students.

text:
# George Wyatt Proctor

**George Wyatt Proctor** (Dec. 8, 1946 - Aug. 3, 2008) was an author, journalist, and lecturer at the University of Texas at Arlington. Proctor worked at *The Dallas Morning News* for five years before becoming a science fiction and Western author. Of his 96 published works, three were recognized by writers' associations and many were nominated for or won awards.

A part of the College of Liberal Arts' Department of Communication for over 12 years, Proctor lectured on topics such as advertising, communication technology and journalism at the University of Texas at Arlington. After his death, the George W. & Lana B. Proctor Endowed Scholarship was established for advertising, communication technology, journalism or pre-law students.

## Personal life

A Lampasas, Texas, native and Arlington resident, Proctor grew up on a horse training and operating farm near Gilmer, Texas. One of five children, Proctor decided that, unlike his father and brothers, he would not be a horse trainer, although he always had a love for them.

Proctor received a bachelor's degree in journalism from Texas Tech University, working his way through college doing menial labor at KLBK-TV in Lubbock, Texas.

After graduating and marrying his wife, Lana, in 1969, George W. Proctor became a newspaper reporter. He worked on the police, county government, and county courts beats for *The Dallas Morning News* for five years, while also writing book reviews for the newspaper. Proctor left *The Dallas Morning News* in 1975 to pursue writing, editing, and artwork.

George W. Proctor wrote under pseudonyms, including Geo.W. Proctor, John Cleve, Lee Wyatt, and also collaborated with writers Robert E. Vardeman, Andrew J. Offutt, Howard Waldrop, Steven Utley, and Arthur C. Clarke.

Following his death, Proctor continued to influence early 21st century television viewers when the science fiction series  (2009–11) was based on a book series to which he was a contributor.

## Published works

**Film**

* *Shadow Kill* (**2004**) \[**as by** Geo W. Proctor\]

**Novels**

* *The Flesh Hunters* (**1972**) \[**as by** Lee Wyatt\]
* *The Esper Transfer* (**1978**)
* *Shadowman* (**1980**) also appeared as:
    + **Variant Title:** *Der Schattenmann* \[German\] (**1985**) \[**as by** Geo.W. Proctor\]
* *Fire at the Center* (**1981**)
* *The Manhuntress* (**1982**) **with** Andrew J. Offutt \[**only as by** John Cleve\]
* *The Yoke of Shen* (**1983**) **with** Andrew J. Offutt \[**only as by** John Cleve\]
* *Starwings* (**1984**)
* *Blood Fountain* (**1985**) **with** Robert E. Vardeman
* *The Texas Run* (**1985**)
* *The Chicago Conversion* (**1985**)
* *To Demons Bound* (**1985**) **with** Robert E. Vardeman
* *A Yoke of Magic* (**1985**) **with** Robert E. Vardeman
* *Death's Acolyte* (**1986**) **with** Robert E. Vardeman
* *The Beasts of the Mist* (**1986**) **with** Robert E. Vardeman
* *For Crown and Kingdom* (**1987**) **with** Robert E. Vardeman
* *Stellar Fist* (**1989**)
* *Ride for Vengeance* (**1989**)
* *Before Honor* (**1993**)
* *Blade of the Conqueror* (**1995**) **with** Robert E. Vardeman
* *The Jewels of Life* (**1995**) **with** Robert E. Vardeman
* *The Tombs of A'bre* (**1995**) **with** Robert E. Vardeman

**Anthologies**

* *Lone Star Universe* (**1976**) **with** Steven Utley
* *The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume III* (**1981**) **with** Arthur C. Clarke

**Short Fiction**

* *Gift Hearse* (**1973**) \[**only as by** George W. Proctor\]
* *Paper Work* (**1973**) \[**only as by** George W. Proctor\]
* *Up, Uranus!* (**1974**) **with** Howard Waldrop **and** Steven Utley \[**only as by** F. D. Wyatt\]
* *The Migration* (**1976**)
* *The Smile of Oisia* (**1977**)
* *A Kingdom Won* (**1978**) also appeared as:
    + **Variant Title:** *Nalcon von Paldrid* \[German\] (**1981**) \[**as by** Geo W. Proctor\]
* *Death's Sweet Promise* (**1979**)
* *The Night of the Piasa* (**1979**) **with** J. C. Green \[**also as by** George W. Proctor **and** J. C. Green\]
* *The Good Is Oft Interred* (**1981**)
* *The Gift of Life, the Debt of Death* (**1982**)


title: Mie Prefectural Art Museum

abstract: Mie Prefectural Art Museum Mie Prefectural Art Museum opened in Tsu, Mie Prefecture, Japan, in 1982. The collection has a particular emphasis on yōga.

text:
# Mie Prefectural Art Museum

**Mie Prefectural Art Museum** (三重県立美術館, *Mie kenritsu bijutsukan*) opened in Tsu, Mie Prefecture, Japan, in 1982. The collection has a particular emphasis on *yōga*.

## InfoBox

| Mie Prefectural Art Museum | |
| --- | --- |
| 三重県立美術館 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | 11 Ōtani-chō |
| Town or city | Tsu, Mie Prefecture |
| Country | Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°44′06″N 136°30′07″E / 34.734868°N 136.502069°E / 34.734868; 136.502069 |
| Opened | September 1982 |
| Website | |
| Official website | |


title: Promiscuous mode

abstract: In computer networking, promiscuous mode is a mode for a wired network interface controller (NIC) or wireless network interface controller (WNIC) that causes the controller to pass all traffic it receives to the central processing unit (CPU) rather than passing only the frames that the controller is specifically programmed to receive. This mode is normally used for packet sniffing that takes place on a router or on a computer connected to a wired network or one being part of a wireless LAN. Interfaces are placed into promiscuous mode by software bridges often used with hardware virtualization. In IEEE 802 networks such as Ethernet or IEEE 802.11, each frame includes a destination MAC address. In non-promiscuous mode, when a NIC receives a frame, it drops it unless the frame is addressed to that NIC's MAC address or is a broadcast or multicast addressed frame. In promiscuous mode, however, the NIC allows all frames through, thus allowing the computer to read frames intended for other machines or network devices. Many operating systems require superuser privileges to enable promiscuous mode. A non-routing node in promiscuous mode can generally only monitor traffic to and from other nodes within the same collision domain or ring. Computers attached to the same Ethernet hub satisfy this requirement, which is why network switches are used to combat malicious use of promiscuous mode. A router may monitor all traffic that it routes. Promiscuous mode is often used to diagnose network connectivity issues. There are programs that make use of this feature to show the user all the data being transferred over the network. Some protocols like FTP and Telnet transfer data and passwords in clear text, without encryption, and network scanners can see this data. Therefore, computer users are encouraged to stay away from insecure protocols like telnet and use more secure ones such as SSH.

text:
# Promiscuous mode

In computer networking, **promiscuous mode** is a mode for a wired network interface controller (NIC) or wireless network interface controller (WNIC) that causes the controller to pass all traffic it receives to the central processing unit (CPU) rather than passing only the frames that the controller is specifically programmed to receive. This mode is normally used for packet sniffing that takes place on a router or on a computer connected to a wired network or one being part of a wireless LAN. Interfaces are placed into promiscuous mode by software bridges often used with hardware virtualization.

In IEEE 802 networks such as Ethernet or IEEE 802.11, each frame includes a destination MAC address. In non-promiscuous mode, when a NIC receives a frame, it drops it unless the frame is addressed to that NIC's MAC address or is a broadcast or multicast addressed frame. In promiscuous mode, however, the NIC allows all frames through, thus allowing the computer to read frames intended for other machines or network devices.

Many operating systems require superuser privileges to enable promiscuous mode. A non-routing node in promiscuous mode can generally only monitor traffic to and from other nodes within the same collision domain (for Ethernet and IEEE 802.11) or ring (for Token Ring). Computers attached to the same Ethernet hub satisfy this requirement, which is why network switches are used to combat malicious use of promiscuous mode. A router may monitor all traffic that it routes.

Promiscuous mode is often used to diagnose network connectivity issues. There are programs that make use of this feature to show the user all the data being transferred over the network. Some protocols like FTP and Telnet transfer data and passwords in clear text, without encryption, and network scanners can see this data. Therefore, computer users are encouraged to stay away from insecure protocols like telnet and use more secure ones such as SSH.

## Detection

As promiscuous mode can be used in a malicious way to capture private data in transit on a network, computer security professionals might be interested in detecting network devices that are in promiscuous mode. In promiscuous mode, some software might send responses to frames even though they were addressed to another machine. However, experienced sniffers can prevent this (e.g., using carefully designed firewall settings). An example is sending a ping (ICMP echo request) with the wrong MAC address but the right IP address. If an adapter is operating in normal mode, it will drop this frame, and the IP stack never sees or responds to it. If the adapter is in promiscuous mode, the frame will be passed on, and the IP stack on the machine (to which a MAC address has no meaning) will respond as it would to any other ping. The sniffer can prevent this by configuring a firewall to block ICMP traffic.

## Some applications that use promiscuous mode

The following applications and applications classes use promiscuous mode.

Packet Analyzer Virtual machine Containers * Docker with optional Macvlan driver on Linux

Cryptanalysis Network monitoring Gaming


title: Pre-cell

abstract: The terms pre-cell (precell), proto-cell (protocell), etc. are frequently used to designate hypothetical ancestral entities precursing complete cells. The meanings of these terms vary with the different hypotheses for the early evolution of life and, accordingly, with the corresponding publications. There are different hypotheses attempting to explain the origin of the three domains of life from a last universal common ancestor (LUCA). The nature of this ancestral entity remains a major subject of discussion. Under the RNA world hypothesis, over a precellular and early-cellular phase, the earliest self-replicating biological systems were based on catalytic RNA evolving stage by stage to a nearly complete ancestral cell, the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) from which the three domains of life emerged. This ancestral cell, a hypothetical lipid-based structure, could have confined RNA in ancient times. This structure allowed the RNA to remain in close proximity with other RNA molecules, keeping them concentrated and allowing for an increased reaction rate of enzymes. It would have had semi-permeable membranes, allowing only certain molecules to pass through. These enclosed structures may have facilitated natural selection in RNA molecules. Under the pre-cell theory, based on the Iron-Sulfur world hypothesis, primordial metabolism led to the early diversification of life through the evolution of a multiphenotypical population of pre-cells, defined by Kandler as metabolizing, replicating loose entities exhibiting many of the basic properties of a cell but no proper cytoplasmic membrane and no stable chromosome, thus allowing frequent mutual exchange of genetic information. From this pre-cell population the three founder groups A, B, C and then, from them, the precursor cells of the three domains of life emerged successively, leading first to the domain Bacteria, then to the domain Archea and finally to the domain Eucarya. Thus, under this scenario there was no almost complete ancestral “first cell“ or cell stage. Instead, the three domains originated from a population of evolving pre-cells. The emergence of cells was a process of successive evolutionary improvements, for which Kandler introduced the term cellularization. A scheme of the pre-cell scenario is presented in the adjacent figure, where essential evolutionary improvements are indicated by numbers: "(1) Reductive formation of organic compounds from CO or CO2 by Me-sulfur coordinative chemistry; (2) tapping of various redox energy sources and formation of primitive enzymes and templates; (3) elements of a transcription and translation apparatus and loose associations; (4) formation of pre-cells; (5) stabilized circular or linear genomes; (6) cytoplasmic membranes; (7) rigid murein cell walls; (8) various non-murein rigid cell walls; (9) glycoproteinaceous cell envelope or glycokalyx; (10) cytoskeleton; (11) complex chromosomes and nuclear membrane; (12) cell organelles via endosymbiosis".: 22  This scenario may explain the quasi-random distribution of evolutionarily important features among the three domains and, at the same time, the existence of the most basic biochemical features in all three domains, as well as the close relationship between the Archaea and the Eucarya. Kandler's pre-cell theory is supported by Wächtershäuser. According to Wächtershäuser, pre-cells had a membrane composed of mixed-enantiomer lipid molecules. As natural selection proceeded, pre-cells may have developed stereospecific lipid membranes through frequent fission and fusion of racemic pre-cells. For more theories on the evolution of cells see main article History of life.

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# Pre-cell

The terms **pre-cell** (precell)**,** proto-cell (protocell), etc. are frequently used to designate hypothetical ancestral entities precursing complete cells. The meanings of these terms vary with the different hypotheses for the early evolution of life and, accordingly, with the corresponding publications.

There are different hypotheses attempting to explain the origin of the three domains of life (Woese et al. 1990) from a last universal common ancestor (LUCA). The nature of this ancestral entity remains a major subject of discussion.

**Under the RNA world hypothesis** (replication-first scenario), over a precellular and early-cellular phase, the earliest self-replicating biological systems were based on catalytic RNA evolving stage by stage to a nearly complete ancestral cell, the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) from which the three domains of life emerged.

This ancestral cell (sometimes also called pre-cell or proto-cell), a hypothetical lipid-based structure, could have confined RNA in ancient times. This structure allowed the RNA to remain in close proximity with other RNA molecules, keeping them concentrated and allowing for an increased reaction rate of enzymes. It would have had semi-permeable membranes, allowing only certain molecules to pass through. These enclosed structures may have facilitated natural selection in RNA molecules.

**Under the pre-cell theory** (Kandler 1994ff), based on the **Iron-Sulfur world hypothesis** (metabolism-first scenario), primordial metabolism led to the early diversification of life through the evolution of a **multiphenotypical** **population of pre-cells**, defined by Kandler as metabolizing, replicating loose entities exhibiting many of the basic properties of a cell but no proper cytoplasmic membrane and no stable chromosome, thus allowing frequent mutual exchange of genetic information.

From this pre-cell population the three founder groups A, B, C and then, from them, the precursor cells (here named proto-cells) of the three domains of life emerged successively, leading first to the domain Bacteria, then to the domain Archea and finally to the domain Eucarya.

Thus, under this scenario there was no almost complete ancestral “first cell“ or cell stage. Instead, the three domains originated from a population of evolving pre-cells. The emergence of cells was a process of successive evolutionary improvements, for which Kandler introduced the term cellularization.

A scheme of the pre-cell scenario is presented in the adjacent figure, where essential evolutionary improvements are indicated by numbers:

"(1) Reductive formation of organic compounds from CO or CO2 by Me-sulfur coordinative chemistry; (2) tapping of various redox energy sources and formation of primitive enzymes and templates; (3) elements of a transcription and translation apparatus and loose associations; (4) formation of pre-cells; (5) stabilized circular or linear genomes; (6) cytoplasmic membranes; (7) rigid murein cell walls; (8) various non-murein rigid cell walls; (9) glycoproteinaceous cell envelope or glycokalyx; (10) cytoskeleton; (11) complex chromosomes and nuclear membrane; (12) cell organelles via endosymbiosis".<sup>: 22 </sup>

This scenario may explain the quasi-random distribution of evolutionarily important features among the three domains and, at the same time, the existence of the most basic biochemical features (genetic code, set of protein amino acids etc.) in all three domains (unity of life), as well as the close relationship between the Archaea and the Eucarya.

Kandler's pre-cell theory is supported by Wächtershäuser. According to Wächtershäuser, pre-cells had a membrane composed of mixed-enantiomer lipid molecules. As natural selection proceeded, pre-cells may have developed stereospecific lipid membranes through frequent fission and fusion of racemic pre-cells.

For more theories on the evolution of cells see main article History of life (examples under chapter “Replication first”).


abstract: National Register of Historic Places listings in the city of Baltimore, Maryland The locations of the National Register properties and districts listed below may be seen in a map by clicking on "Map of all coordinates". This list covers some of the properties in the independent city of Baltimore, but not those in the county of Baltimore surrounding the city. The county actually does not include the city; the city is an independent county-equivalent.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in West and Southwest Baltimore

**National Register of Historic Places listings in the city of Baltimore, Maryland**

The locations of the National Register properties and districts listed below (at least for all showing latitude and longitude coordinates below) may be seen in a map by clicking on "Map of all coordinates".

This list covers some of the properties in the independent city of Baltimore, but not those in the county of Baltimore surrounding the city. The county actually does not include the city; the city is an independent county-equivalent.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | District | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | American Ice Company |  | July 3, 2013
(#13000459) | 2100 W. Franklin Street
39°17′37″N 76°39′08″W / 39.29374°N 76.65211°W / 39.29374; -76.65211 (American Ice Company) | West |  |
| 2 | Baltimore National Cemetery |  | March 8, 2016
(#16000059) | 5501 Frederick Ave.
39°16′27″N 76°42′24″W / 39.274089°N 76.706776°W / 39.274089; -76.706776 (Baltimore National Cemetery) | Beechfield |  |
| 3 | Cummins Memorial Church |  | October 31, 1979
(#79003215) | 1210 W. Lanvale St.
39°17′53″N 76°38′17″W / 39.298056°N 76.638056°W / 39.298056; -76.638056 (Cummins Memorial Church) | West |  |
| 4 | Frederick Douglass High School |  | May 18, 1989
(#89000412) | 1601 N. Calhoun St.
39°18′27″N 76°38′33″W / 39.3075°N 76.6424°W / 39.3075; -76.6424 (Frederick Douglass High School) | West |  |
| 5 | Edmondson Avenue Historic District |  | December 27, 2010
(#10001084) | Winchester St., Braddish Ave. north of Edmondson Ave., Edmondson Ave. west of Braddish Ave., Franklintown Rd. north of W. Franklin St.
39°17′53″N 76°39′47″W / 39.298056°N 76.663056°W / 39.298056; -76.663056 (Edmondson Avenue Historic District) | West |  |
| 6 | Engine House No. 8 |  | January 26, 1995
(#94001577) | 1027 W. Mulberry St.
39°17′36″N 76°38′09″W / 39.293333°N 76.635833°W / 39.293333; -76.635833 (Engine House No. 8) | West |  |
| 7 | Franklin Square Historic District |  | December 10, 1982
(#82001585) | Bounded by Mulberry, N. Carey, W. Baltimore, and Monroe Sts.
39°17′29″N 76°38′36″W / 39.291389°N 76.643333°W / 39.291389; -76.643333 (Franklin Square Historic District) | West |  |
| 8 | Franklintown Historic District |  | November 11, 2001
(#01001214) | 5100-5201 N. Franklintown Rd., 1707-1809 N. Forest Park Ave., 5100 Hamilton Ave., and 5100 Fredwall Ave.
39°18′16″N 76°42′35″W / 39.304444°N 76.709722°W / 39.304444; -76.709722 (Franklintown Historic District) | Southwest |  |
| 9 | Hebrew Orphan Asylum |  | October 28, 2010
(#10000868) | 2700 Rayner Ave.
39°17′48″N 76°39′44″W / 39.296667°N 76.662222°W / 39.296667; -76.662222 (Hebrew Orphan Asylum) | West |  |
| 10 | Hollins-Roundhouse Historic District |  | July 22, 2009
(#09000548) | W. Baltimore and Schroeder Sts., south on Schroeder to Lombard; west on Lombard to Carey, south to Pratt, and east on Pratt to Hayes
39°17′20″N 76°38′02″W / 39.288764°N 76.633783°W / 39.288764; -76.633783 (Hollins-Roundhouse Historic District) | West |  |
| 11 | James Lawrence Kernan Hospital |  | September 24, 1979
(#79003275) | Windsor Mill Rd. and Forest Park Ave.
39°18′48″N 76°42′34″W / 39.313333°N 76.709444°W / 39.313333; -76.709444 (James Lawrence Kernan Hospital) | Southwest |  |
| 12 | Lion Brothers Company Building |  | December 7, 2006
(#06000781) | 875 Hollins St.
39°17′22″N 76°37′54″W / 39.289444°N 76.631667°W / 39.289444; -76.631667 (Lion Brothers Company Building) | West |  |
| 13 | Loudon Park National Cemetery |  | June 20, 1996
(#96000655) | 3445 Frederick Ave.
39°16′49″N 76°40′31″W / 39.280278°N 76.675278°W / 39.280278; -76.675278 (Loudon Park National Cemetery) | Southwest |  |
| 14 | Old West Baltimore Historic District |  | December 23, 2004
(#04001374) | Roughly bounded by North Ave., Dolphin St., Franklin St. and Fulton Ave.
39°18′14″N 76°38′17″W / 39.303889°N 76.638056°W / 39.303889; -76.638056 (Old West Baltimore Historic District) | West |  |
| 15 | Edgar Allan Poe House |  | November 11, 1971
(#71001043) | 203 Amity St.
39°17′28″N 76°38′00″W / 39.291111°N 76.633333°W / 39.291111; -76.633333 (Edgar Allan Poe House) | West |  |
| 16 | Public School No. 111 |  | September 25, 1979
(#79003219) | N. Carrollton Ave. and Riggs Rd.
39°18′03″N 76°38′15″W / 39.3009°N 76.6376°W / 39.3009; -76.6376 (Public School No. 111) | West |  |
| 17 | St. Luke's Church |  | March 30, 1973
(#73002196) | 217 N. Carey St.
39°17′28″N 76°38′18″W / 39.291111°N 76.638333°W / 39.291111; -76.638333 (St. Luke's Church) | West |  |
| 18 | Schwartze Mansion |  | September 12, 1985
(#85002174) | 4206 Euclid Ave.
39°16′58″N 76°41′10″W / 39.282778°N 76.686111°W / 39.282778; -76.686111 (Schwartze Mansion) | Southwest |  |
| 19 | Sellers Mansion |  | December 28, 2001
(#01001369) | 801 N. Arlington St.
39°17′53″N 76°38′10″W / 39.298056°N 76.636111°W / 39.298056; -76.636111 (Sellers Mansion) | West |  |
| 20 | Shaarei Tfiloh Synagogue |  | October 10, 1996
(#96001085) | 2001 Liberty Heights Ave.
39°19′11″N 76°39′04″W / 39.319722°N 76.651111°W / 39.319722; -76.651111 (Shaarei Tfiloh Synagogue) | West |  |
| 21 | Weiskittel-Roehle Burial Vault |  | May 19, 1976
(#76002185) | Section P of Loudon Park Cemetery
39°16′45″N 76°40′47″W / 39.279167°N 76.679722°W / 39.279167; -76.679722 (Weiskittel-Roehle Burial Vault) | Southwest |  |
| 22 | Windsor Hills Historic District |  | December 27, 2002
(#02001610) | Roughly bounded by Chelsea Terrace, Windsor Mill Rd., Talbot Rd., Westchester Rd., and Woodhaven Ave.
39°18′59″N 76°41′11″W / 39.316389°N 76.686389°W / 39.316389; -76.686389 (Windsor Hills Historic District) | West |  |


title: Matilda Joslyn Gage

abstract: Matilda Joslyn Gage was an American writer and activist. She is mainly known for her contributions to women's suffrage in the United States, but also campaigned for Native American rights, abolitionism, and freethought. She is the eponym for the Matilda effect, which describes the tendency to deny women credit for scientific invention. She influenced her son-in-law L. Frank Baum, the author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. She was the youngest speaker at the 1852 National Women's Rights Convention held in Syracuse, New York. A tireless worker, public speaker, and author, Gage was regarded as "one of the most logical, fearless and scientific writers of her day." Along with Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Gage helped found the National Woman's Suffrage Association in 1869. During 1878–1881, she published and edited the National Citizen, a paper devoted to the cause of women. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, she was for years in the forefront of the suffrage movement, and collaborated with them in writing the first three volumes of History of Woman Suffrage (1881–1887). She was the author of the Woman's Rights Catechism (1868); Woman as Inventor (1870); Who Planned the Tennessee Campaign (1880); and Woman, Church and State (1893). For many years, she was associated with the National Women's Suffrage Association, but when her views on suffrage and feminism became too radical for many of its members, she founded the Woman's National Liberal Union, whose objects were: To assert woman's natural right to self-government; to show the cause of delay in the recognition of her demand; to preserve the principles of civil and religious liberty; to arouse public opinion to the danger of a union of church and state through an amendment to the constitution, and to denounce the doctrine of woman's inferiority. She served as president of this union from its inception in 1890 until her death in Chicago in 1898.

text:
# Matilda Joslyn Gage

**Matilda Joslyn Gage** (née **Joslyn**; March 24, 1826  March 18, 1898) was an American writer and activist. She is mainly known for her contributions to women's suffrage in the United States, but also campaigned for Native American rights, abolitionism, and freethought. She is the eponym for the Matilda effect, which describes the tendency to deny women credit for scientific invention. She influenced her son-in-law L. Frank Baum, the author of *The Wonderful Wizard of Oz*.

She was the youngest speaker at the 1852 National Women's Rights Convention held in Syracuse, New York. A tireless worker, public speaker, and author, Gage was regarded as "one of the most logical, fearless and scientific writers of her day." Along with Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Gage helped found the National Woman's Suffrage Association in 1869. During 1878–1881, she published and edited the *National Citizen*, a paper devoted to the cause of women. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, she was for years in the forefront of the suffrage movement, and collaborated with them in writing the first three volumes of *History of Woman Suffrage* (1881–1887). She was the author of the *Woman's Rights Catechism* (1868); *Woman as Inventor* (1870); *Who Planned the Tennessee Campaign* (1880); and *Woman, Church and State* (1893).

For many years, she was associated with the National Women's Suffrage Association, but when her views on suffrage and feminism became too radical for many of its members, she founded the Woman's National Liberal Union, whose objects were: To assert woman's natural right to self-government; to show the cause of delay in the recognition of her demand; to preserve the principles of civil and religious liberty; to arouse public opinion to the danger of a union of church and state through an amendment to the constitution, and to denounce the doctrine of woman's inferiority. She served as president of this union from its inception in 1890 until her death in Chicago in 1898.

## Family background and education

Matilda Electa Joslyn was born in Cicero, New York, March 24, 1826. Her parents were Dr. Hezekiah and Helen (Leslie) Joslyn. Her father, of New England and revolutionary ancestry, was a liberal thinker and an early abolitionist. From her mother, who was a member of the Leslie family of Scotland, Gage inherited her fondness for historic research. Their home was a station of the Underground Railroad, a place of safety for escaped slaves.

Her early education was received from her parents, and the intellectual atmosphere of her home had an influence on her career. She attended Clinton Liberal Institute, in Clinton, Oneida County, New York.

## Marriage and early activism

On January 6, 1845, at the age of 18, she married Henry H. Gage, a merchant of Cicero, making their permanent home at Fayetteville, New York. She faced prison for her actions associated with the Underground Railroad under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, which criminalized assistance to escaped slaves. Gage became involved in the women's rights movement in 1852 when she decided to speak at the National Women's Rights Convention in Syracuse, New York.

## Writer and editor

### Newspapers

Gage was well-educated and a prolific writer—the most gifted and educated woman of her age, claimed her devoted son-in-law, L. Frank Baum. She corresponded with numerous newspapers, reporting on developments in the woman suffrage movement. In 1878, she bought the *Ballot Box*, the monthly journal of a Toledo, Ohio, suffrage association, when its editor, Sarah R. L. Williams, decided to retire. Gage turned it into *The National Citizen and Ballot Box*, explaining her intentions for the paper thus:

> Its especial object will be to secure national protection to women citizens in the exercise of their rights to vote ... it will oppose Class Legislation of whatever form ... Women of every class, condition, rank and name will find this paper their friend.
>
> Matilda Joslyn Gage, "Prospectus"

Gage became its primary editor for the next three years (until 1881), writing and publishing essays on a wide range of issues. Each edition bore the words 'The Pen Is Mightier Than The Sword', and included regular columns about prominent women in history and female inventors. Gage wrote clearly, logically, and often with a dry wit and a well-honed sense of irony. Writing about laws which allowed a man to will his children to a guardian unrelated to their mother, Gage observed:

> It is sometimes better to be a dead man than a live woman.
>
> Matilda Joslyn Gage, "All The Rights I Want"

### Women inventors

In 1870, Gage published a pamphlet called *Woman as an Inventor*. The pamphlet was described as 'Woman Suffrage Tracts—No. 1' and was published by the New York State Woman Suffrage Association, which Gage helped to found. In 1883, Gage published a similar essay called *Woman as an Inventor* in the *North American Review*. In both pamphlets, Gage argued that women were already competent inventors and supported her argument by citing examples of women inventors.

Gage mentioned Sarah Mather, the inventor of the deep-sea telescope; Maggie Knight, who invented a machine that created satchel-bottom bags; Barbara Uthmann, who invented pillow lace; and Angelique du Coudray, who invented a stuffed mannequin to practice midwifery. Gage also cited goddesses like Minerva, Isis, Mama Ocllo, and Leizu as example of female inventiveness. Relying on the ideas of Diodorus Siculus, an ancient Greek historian, Gage believed that goddesses began as real women who were deified because of the benefit from their inventions. Gage argued that ancient Egypt was a matriarchal society, an idea which historians today disagree with.

Gage's most controversial claim was that Catherine Greene invented the cotton gin instead of Eli Whitney. Gage also argued that a woman was responsible for the Burden horse-shoe machine.

Gage also articulated the barriers to women becoming inventors and receiving patents. Gage argued that society disapproved of women who invent, prompting them to suppress their talents, not seek out mechanical education, and patent their inventions under the names of husbands or other men to avoid ridicule. Gage also criticized laws that limit women's control over the patents they received. In 1883, she wrote:

> In not a single State of the Union is a married woman held to possess a right to her earnings within the family; and in not one-half of them has she a right to their control in business entered upon outside of the household. Should such a woman be successful in obtaining a patent, what then! Would she be free to do as she pleased with it? Not at all. She would hold no right, title, or power over this work of her own brain.

In response to the 1883 article, *The New York Times* published an article, saying Gage "squarely answered" the "common reproach with which ambitious women are met, that they possess no inventive or mechanical genius." Kara Swanson argues that Gage's efforts helped to change public opinion around women inventors, though they did not convince men that women should vote.

### *Woman, Church, and State*

In 1893, Gage published *Woman, Church, and State*, a book that argued the church was responsible for women's oppression throughout history. Gage believed that the church's resistance to women's equality was foundational to other church beliefs and that the church gained power through influencing marriage and education laws. Like her pamphlets about inventions, in *Woman, Church, and State* Gage argues for the presence of an ancient matriarchy that disappeared because of Christianity.

Mary Corey argues that Gage's book is the only historical monograph written by a suffragist that proposes a thesis and supports it with evidence.

Gage's attack on the church was considered especially radical after the 1890 creation of the more conservative National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). The NAWSA officially repudiated *Woman, Church, and State* in 1913 and it was banned under the Comstock laws.

## Activism

Gage described herself as "born with a hatred of oppression."

### Women's suffrage

Even though she was beset by both financial and physical (cardiac) problems throughout her life, her work for women's rights was extensive, practical, and often brilliantly executed. Gage was considered to be more radical than either Susan B. Anthony or Elizabeth Cady Stanton (with whom she wrote *History of Woman Suffrage, and Declaration of the Rights of Women*).

She served as president of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) from 1875 to 1876 and served as either Chair of the Executive Committee or Vice President for over twenty years. During the 1876 convention, she successfully argued against a group of police who claimed the association was holding an illegal assembly; they left without pressing charges. She was a delegate from the NWSA to the 1880 Republican National Convention, the 1880 Democratic National Convention and that of the Greenback Party. Gage also served as president of the New York State Suffrage Association for five years.

As a result of the campaigning of the New York State Woman Suffrage Association under Gage, the state allowed women to elect members of the school boards. Gage ensured that every woman in her area (Fayetteville, New York) had the opportunity to vote, by writing letters making them aware of their rights, and sitting at the polls making sure nobody was turned away. In 1871, Gage was part of a group of 10 women who attempted to vote. Reportedly, she stood by and argued with the polling officials on behalf of each individual woman. She supported Victoria Woodhull and (later) Ulysses S. Grant in the 1872 presidential election. In 1873 she defended Susan B. Anthony when Anthony was placed on trial for having voted in that election, making compelling legal and moral arguments. In 1884, Gage was an Elector-at-Large for Belva Lockwood and the Equal Rights Party.

Gage unsuccessfully tried to prevent the conservative takeover of the women's suffrage movement. Susan B. Anthony, who had helped to found the NWSA, was primarily concerned with gaining the vote, an outlook which Gage found too narrow. Conservative suffragists were drawn into the movement believing that women's vote would achieve temperance (the banning of alcohol) and Christian political goals, but not supporting more general social reform. This conservative wing of the movement was represented by the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The merger of the two organizations, pushed through by Lucy Stone, Alice Stone Blackwell and Anthony, produced the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1890.

Stanton and Gage maintained their radical positions and opposed this merger, because they believed it was a threat to separation of church and state. That year, Gage established the Woman's National Liberal Union (WNLU), of which she was president until her death in 1898, and editor of its official journal, *The Liberal Thinker*; the other initial officers were Josephine Cables Aldrich, vice-president; Mary Emily Bates Coues, secretary; and William F. Aldrich, treasurer. The WNLU became the platform for radical and liberal ideas of the time.

### Religion

Along with Stanton, she was a vocal critic of the Christian Church, which put her at odds with conservative suffragists such as Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Rather than arguing that women deserved the vote because their feminine morality would then properly influence legislation (as the WCTU did), she argued that they deserved suffrage as a 'natural right'. Despite her opposition to the Church, Gage was in her own way deeply religious, and she joined Stanton's Revising Committee to write *The Woman's Bible*.

Gage was an avid opponent of the Christian church as controlled by men, having analyzed centuries of Christian practices as degrading and oppressive to women. She saw the Christian church as central to the process of men subjugating women, a process in which church doctrine and authority were used to portray women as morally inferior and inherently sinful (see Biblical patriarchy). She strongly supported the separation of church and state, believing "that the greatest injury to women arose from theological laws that subjugated woman to man." She wrote in October 1881:

> Believing this country to be a political and not a religious organisation ... the editor of the *National Citizen* will use all her influence of voice and pen against "Sabbath Laws", the uses of the "Bible in School", and pre-eminently against an amendment which shall introduce "God in the Constitution".
>
> "God in the Constitution", page 2

In 1893, she published *Woman, Church and State*, a book that outlined the variety of ways in which Christianity had oppressed women and reinforced patriarchal systems. It was wide-ranging and built extensively upon arguments and ideas she had previously put forth in speeches (and in a chapter of *History of Woman Suffrage* which bore the same name). Gage became a Theosophist, and the last two years of her life, her thoughts were concentrated upon metaphysical subjects, and the phenomena and philosophy of Spiritualism and Theosophical studies. During her critical illness in 1896, she experienced some illuminations that intensified her interest in psychical research. She had great interest in the occult mysteries of Theosophy and other Eastern speculations as to reincarnation and the illimitable creative power of humanity.

### Witch trials

Gage also strongly criticized the witch hunts that took place throughout the 1600s, interpreting them as a church-supported means of dominating and intentionally killing women. Gage uses her book *Woman, Church & State: The Original Exposé of Male Collaboration Against the Female Sex* to highlight the connections between the church's core beliefs, restriction of women by both the church and state, and the extremes of the witch trials. She highlights this connection by arguing that one is able to understand the oppression of women that stemmed from the church on a deeper level if the term *women* is substituted for *witches*. Gage also asserted that educated women who opposed the patriarchy were viewed as a threat to the church and thus more likely to be accused of witchcraft. In 1893, she wrote:

> The witch was in reality the profoundest thinker, the most advanced scientist of those ages. The persecution which for ages waged against witches was in reality an attack upon science at the hands of the church. As knowledge has ever been power, the church feared its use in woman's hands, and leveled its deadliest blows at her.
>
> *Woman, Church and State*, p. 105

Gage also advocated against ageism, claiming that elderly women deserve the Christian Church to be held accountable for the extreme violence they faced throughout the seventeenth century. Gage used exaggerated numbers to further her arguments that older women were so commonly accused of witchcraft that they did not receive the affection and attentiveness they merit, instead implying that those accused were subject to a life of humiliation and tribulation, making it rare for an elderly woman to die of old age. Although not historically accurate with numbers in her assertions, Gage used her interpretations of the witch hunts to denounce the Christian Church's treatment of women and advocated for justice.

### Abortion

Like many other suffragists, Gage considered abortion a regrettable tragedy, although her views on the subject were more complex than simple opposition. In 1868, she wrote a letter to *The Revolution* (a women's rights paper edited by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury), supporting the view that abortion was an institution supported, dominated and furthered by men. Gage opposed abortion on principle, blaming it on the 'selfish desire' of husbands to maintain their wealth by reducing their offspring:

> The short article on "Child Murder" in your paper of March 12 that touched a subject which lies deeper down in woman's wrongs than any other. This is the denial of the right to herself ... nowhere has the marital union of the sexes been one in which woman has had control over her own body. Enforced motherhood is a crime against the body of the mother and the soul of the child. ... But the crime of abortion is not one in which the guilt lies solely or even chiefly with the woman. ... I hesitate not to assert that most of this crime of "child murder", "abortion", "infanticide", lies at the door of the male sex. Many a woman has laughed a silent, derisive laugh at the decisions of eminent medical and legal authorities, in cases of crimes committed against her as a woman. Never, until she sits as juror on such trials, will or can just decisions be rendered.
>
> Matilda Joslyn Gage, "Is Woman Her Own?"

### Divorce

Gage was quite concerned with the rights of a woman over her own life and body. In 1881 she wrote, on the subject of divorce:

> When they preach as does Rev. Crummell, of "the hidden mystery of generation, the wondrous secret of propagated life, committed to the trust of woman," they bring up a self-evident fact of nature which needs no other inspiration, to show the world that the mother, and not the father, is the true head of the family, and that she should be able to free herself from the adulterous husband, keeping her own body a holy temple for its divine-human uses, of which as priestess and holder of the altar she alone should have control.
>
> Matilda Joslyn Gage, "A Sermon Against Woman"

Other feminists of the period referred to "voluntary motherhood," achieved through consensual nonprocreative sexual practices, periodic or permanent sexual abstinence, or (most importantly) the right of a woman (especially a wife) to refuse sex. (This was before the concept of marital rape had been codified in the United States.)

### Native American rights

Gage was influenced by the works of Lewis Henry Morgan and Henry Rowe Schoolcraft about Native Americans in the United States, and used her speeches and writings to decry their brutal treatment. She was angered that the federal government attempted to impose citizenship upon them, thereby negating their status as a separate nation and their treaty privileges.

She wrote in 1878:

> That the Indians have been oppressed – are now, is true, but the United States has treaties with them, recognising them as distinct political communities, and duty towards them demands *not an enforced citizenship* but a faithful living up to its obligations on the part of the government.
>
> Matilda Joslyn Gage, "Indian Citizenship"

In her 1893 work, *Woman, Church and State*, she cited the Iroquois society, among others, as a 'matriarchate' in which women had true power, noting that a system of descent through the female line (matrilineality) and female property rights led to a more equal relationship between men and women. Gage spent time among the Iroquois and received the name Karonienhawi – 'she who holds the sky' – upon her initiation into the Wolf Clan. She was admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons.

## Family

Gage, who lived at 210 E. Genesee St., Fayetteville, New York, for the majority of her life, had five children with her husband: Charles Henry (who died in infancy), Helen Leslie, Thomas Clarkson, Julia Louise, and Maud.

Maud, by ten years the youngest of the family, initially horrified her mother when she announced her intention to marry L. Frank Baum, then merely a struggling actor with only a handful of plays to his writing credit. However, a few minutes later, Gage started laughing, apparently realizing that her emphasis on all individuals making up their own minds was not lost on her headstrong daughter, who gave up a chance at a law career when such opportunities for women were rare. Gage spent six months of every year with Maud and Frank, who grew to respect her greatly; his best-known works, the series beginning with *The Wonderful Wizard of Oz*, are thought by scholars to show her political influence.

Gage's only son and his wife Sophia had a daughter named Dorothy Louise Gage, who was born in Bloomington, Illinois, on June 11, 1898. The baby's aunt Maud, who had longed for a daughter, doted on her. The infant died in November, only five months old, and the death so upset Maud that she required medical attention. To honor his wife's grief, Baum named the protagonist of his next book Dorothy Gale. In 1996, Dr. Sally Roesch Wagner, a biographer of Matilda Joslyn Gage, located young Dorothy's grave in Bloomington. A memorial was erected in the child's memory at her gravesite on May 21, 1997. This child is often mistaken for her cousin of the same name, Dorothy Louise Gage (1883–1889), the daughter of Matilda Gage's eldest surviving child, Helen.

Gage died in the Baum home in Chicago in 1898. Although she was cremated, there is a memorial stone at Fayetteville Cemetery that bears her slogan "There is a word sweeter than Mother, Home or Heaven. That word is Liberty."

Her great-granddaughter was the U.S. Senator from North Dakota, Jocelyn Burdick.

## Legacy

In the teleplay *The Dreamer of Oz* (1990), Matilda Gage is played by Rue McClanahan. Her interactions with son-in-law "Frank" are portrayed as more hostile than in reality.

In 1993, scientific historian Margaret W. Rossiter coined the term *Matilda effect* after Matilda Gage, to identify the social situation where woman scientists inaccurately receive less credit for their scientific work than an objective examination of their actual effort would reveal. The Matilda effect is the opposite of the Matthew effect, in which scientists already famous are over-credited with new discoveries. Gage's legacy was detailed in biographies published by Sally Roesch Wagner and Charlotte M. Shapiro.

In 1995, Gage was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

In 2022, a National Votes for Women Trail marker was unveiled in Saratoga Springs, to commemorate Gage and how she helped start the New York State Women Suffrage Association in Saratoga Springs.

A plaque commemorating Gage is outside of the Gage home in Fayetteville.

The Gage home in Fayetteville houses the Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, and is open to the public as a historic house museum.

## Selected works

Gage was editor of *The National Citizen and Ballot Box* (May 1878 – October 1881; available on microfilm) and as editor of *The Liberal Thinker*, from 1890 onwards. These publications offered her the opportunity to publish essays and opinion pieces. The following is a partial list.

* "Is Woman Her Own?", published in *The Revolution*, April 9, 1868, ed. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Parker Pillsbury. pp 215–216.
* "Prospectus", published in *The National Citizen and Ballot Box*, ed. Matilda E. J. Gage. May 1878 p 1.
* "Indian Citizenship", published in *The National Citizen and Ballot Box*, ed. Matilda E. J. Gage. May 1878 p 2.
* "All The Rights I Want", published in *The National Citizen and Ballot Box*, ed. Matilda E. J. Gage. January 1879 p 2.
* "A Sermon Against Woman", published in *The National Citizen and Ballot Box*, ed. Matilda E. J. Gage. September 1881 p 2.
* "God in the Constitution", published in *The National Citizen and Ballot Box*, ed. Matilda E. J. Gage. October 1881 p 2.
* "What the government exacts", published in *The National Citizen and Ballot Box*, ed. Matilda E. J. Gage. October 1881 p 2.
* "Working women", published in *The National Citizen and Ballot Box*, ed. Matilda E. J. Gage. October 1881 p 3.
* *Woman As Inventor*, 1870, Fayetteville, NY: F.A. Darling
* *History of Woman Suffrage*, 1881, Chapters by Cady Stanton, E., Anthony, S.B., Gage, M. E. J., Harper, I.H. (published again in 1985 by Salem NH: Ayer Company)
* *The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer*, 14 and 21 March 1891, editor and editorials. It is possible she wrote some previous unsigned editorials, rather than L. Frank Baum, for whom she completed the paper's run.
* *Woman, Church and State*, 1893 (published again in 1980 by Watertowne MA: Persephone Press)

## Further reading

* Paquet, Laura Byrne (July 4, 2023). "Matilda Joslyn Gage: The suffragist who defied the US government". *BBC Rediscovering America*.

### Attribution

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Matilda Joslyn Gage | |
| --- | --- |
| "A Woman of the Century" | |
| Born | Matilda Electa Joslyn<br>March 24, 1826<br>Cicero, New York, U.S. |
| Died | March 18, 1898(1898-03-18) (aged 71)<br>Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Occupation | Abolitionist, free thinker, author |
| Notable works | Author, with Anthony and Stanton, of first three volumes of History of Woman Suffrage |
| Spouse | Henry Hill Gage  (m. 1845; died 1884) |
| Children | 5, including Maud |
| Parents | Hezekiah Joslyn (father) |
| Relatives | L. Frank Baum (son-in-law) |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Pramod Bhagat

abstract: Pramod Bhagat is an Indian professional Para-badminton player from Vaishali district, Bihar. He is currently ranked world number 2 in para-badminton men's singles SL3, and won a gold medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Men's singles SL3.

text:
# Pramod Bhagat

**Pramod Bhagat** (born 4 June 1988) is an Indian professional Para-badminton player from Vaishali district, Bihar. He is currently ranked world number 2 in para-badminton men's singles SL3, and won a gold medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Men's singles SL3.

## Early life

Pramod was born on 4 June 1988 in Atabira, Bargarh district, Odisha. He is one of six brothers and sisters. When he was five years old he developed polio, leading to a disability affecting his left leg. At the age of 13, he went to watch a badminton match and was fascinated with the game. For the next 2 years, he was deeply engulfed in the game with footwork, fitness, and fixture of the game. Pramod played his first tournament against normal category players when he was 15 years old. He was encouraged by spectators, which motivated him to move ahead in his badminton career.

## Achievements

### Paralympic Games

*Men's singles SL3*

| Year | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo, Japan | Daniel Bethell | 21–14, 21–17 | **Gold** |

### World Championships

*Men's singles SL3*

| Year | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Gymnasium 1, Bangkok, Thailand | Subpong Meepian | 17–21, 13–21 | **Bronze** |
| 2009 | Olympic Fencing Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea | Subpong Meepian | 21–10, 21–13 | **Gold** |
| 2015 | Stoke Mandeville Stadium, Stoke Mandeville, England | Phạm Đức Trung | 16–21, 21–3, 21–16 | **Gold** |
| 2017 | Dongchun Gymnasium, Ulsan, South Korea | Ukun Rukaendi | 15–21, 20–22 | **Bronze** |
| 2019 | St. Jakobshalle, Basel, Switzerland | Daniel Bethell | 6–21, 21–14, 21–5 | **Gold** |
| 2022 | Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo, Japan | Kumar Nitesh | 21–19, 21–19 | **Gold** |
| 2024 | Pattaya Exhibition and Convention Hall, Pattaya, Thailand | Daniel Bethell | 14–21, 21–15, 21–14 | **Gold** |

*Men's doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Gymnasium 1,
Bangkok, Thailand | Himagiri Yernagula | Subpong Meepian
Bunjob Wongkumkerl | 19–21, 15–21 | **Bronze** |
| | | | Simón Cruz Mondejar
Alfonso Otero | 21–10, 21–17 | |
| | | | Tung Fung Kwong
Tsang Chiu Pong | 20–22, 20–22 | |
| 2013 | Helmut-Körnig-Halle,
Dortmund, Germany | Manoj Sarkar | Taku Hiroi
Toshiaki Suenaga | 21–15, 10–21, 21–18 | **Gold** |
| 2015 | Stoke Mandeville Stadium,
Stoke Mandeville, England | Tarun Dhillon | Anand Kumar Boregowda
Manoj Sarkar | 21–7, 14–21, 6–21 | **Silver** |
| 2019 | St. Jakobshalle,
Basel, Switzerland | Manoj Sarkar | Kumar Nitesh
Tarun Dhillon | 14–21, 21–15, 21–16 | **Gold** |
| 2022 | Yoyogi National Gymnasium,
Tokyo, Japan | Manoj Sarkar | Hikmat Ramdani
Ukun Rukaendi | 21–14, 18–21, 13–21 | **Silver** |
| 2024 | Pattaya Exhibition and Convention Hall,
Pattaya, Thailand | Sukant Kadam | Mongkhon Bunsun
Siripong Teamarrom | 16–21, 16–21 | **Bronze** |

*Mixed doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | Pattaya Exhibition and Convention Hall,
Pattaya, Thailand | Manisha Ramadass | Fredy Setiawan
Khalimatus Sadiyah | 15–21, 19–21 | **Bronze** |

### World Abilitysport Games

*Men's singles SL3*

| Year | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates | Sharad Chandra Joshi | 21–19, 20–22, 21–8 | **Gold** |
| | | Sultan Al Halyan | Walkover | |
| | | Mongkhon Bunsun | 21–18, 21–15 | |

*Men's doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | American University of Sharjah,
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates | Sukant Kadam | Pricha Somsiri
Chok-Uthaikul Watcharaphon | 14–21, 13–21 | **Silver** |
| | | | Mongkhon Bunsun
Ramel Syawesh | 21–13, 21–5 | |
| | | | Sharad Chandra Joshi
Nattaphon Thaweesap | 21–13, 21–4 | |
| | | | Sultan Al Halyan
Saleh Mohammed Ali | Walkover | |

*Mixed doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | American University of Sharjah,
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates | Parul Parmar | Sharad Chandra Joshi
Zainab Ali Yusuf | 21–7, 21–5 | **Gold** |
| | | | Zeeshan Gohar
Raghad Maiesh | 21–8, 21–8 | |
| | | | Sultan Al Halyan
Meera Abouhatab | Walkover | |
| | | | Mongkhon Bunsun
Miss Samownkorn Photisuppaiboon | 21–4, 21–13 | |

### Asian Para Games

*Men's singles SL3*

| Year | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Gyeyang Gymnasium, Incheon, South Korea | Manoj Sarkar | 16–21, 21–19, 18–21 | **Bronze** |
| 2018 | Istora Gelora Bung Karno, Jakarta, Indonesia | Ukun Rukaendi | 21–18, 22–20 | **Gold** |
|
| 2022 | Binjiang Gymnasium, Hangzhou, China | Kumar Nitesh | 22–20, 18–21, 21–19 | **Gold** |

*Men's doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | Istora Gelora Bung Karno,
Jakarta, Indonesia | Manoj Sarkar | Dwiyoko
Fredy Setiawan | 13–21, 18–21 | **Bronze** |
| 2022 | Binjiang Gymnasium,
Hangzhou, China | Sukant Kadam | Dwiyoko
Fredy Setiawan | 22–20, 21–23, 12–21 | **Bronze** |

*Mixed doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Binjiang Gymnasium,
Hangzhou, China | Manisha Ramdass | Hikmat Ramdani
Leani Ratri Oktila | 19–21, 14–21 | **Bronze** |

### Asian Championships

*Men's singles SL3*

| Year | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | China Administration of Sport for Persons with Disabilities, Beijing, China | Manoj Sarkar | 10–21, 18–21 | **Bronze** |

*Men's doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | China Administration of Sport for Persons with Disabilities,
Beijing, China | Sukant Kadam | Muhammad Huzairi Abdul Malek
Bakri Omar | 21–18, 11–21, 16–21 | **Bronze** |

### BWF Para Badminton World Circuit (15 titles, 12 runners-up)

The BWF Para Badminton World Circuit – Grade 2, Level 1, 2 and 3 tournaments has been sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation from 2022.

*Men's singles SL3*

| Year | Tournament | Level | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Spanish Para-Badminton International II | Level 2 | Kumar Nitesh | 17–21, 21–17, 21–17 | **Winner** |
| 2022 | Spanish Para-Badminton International I | Level 1 | Daniel Bethell | 9–21, 13–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2022 | Bahrain Para-Badminton International | Level 2 | Daniel Bethell | Walkover | **Winner** |
| 2022 | Dubai Para-Badminton International | Level 2 | Kumar Nitesh | 19–21, 21–17, 21–17 | **Winner** |
| 2022 | Canada Para-Badminton International | Level 1 | Daniel Bethell | 14–21, 21–9, 15–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2022 | 4 Nations Para-Badminton International | Level 1 | Daniel Bethell | 17–21, 9–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2022 | Thailand Para-Badminton International | Level 1 | Daniel Bethell | 13–21, 19–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2023 | Spanish Para-Badminton International II | Level 2 | Daniel Bethell | 18–21, 8–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2023 | Spanish Para-Badminton International I | Level 1 | Daniel Bethell | 6–21, 18–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2023 | Brazil Para-Badminton International | Level 2 | Kumar Nitesh | 12–21, 13–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2023 | Thailand Para-Badminton International | Level 2 | Daniel Bethell | 21–18, 0–0 retired | **Winner** |
| 2023 | Bahrain Para-Badminton International | Level 2 | Kumar Nitesh | 21–16, 21–17 | **Winner** |
| 2023 | Canada Para-Badminton International | Level 1 | Daniel Bethell | 12–21, 13–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2023 | 4 Nations Para-Badminton International | Level 1 | Daniel Bethell | 8–21, 10–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2023 | Japan Para-Badminton International | Level 2 | Manoj Sarkar | 21–16, 21–19 | **Winner** |
| 2023 | Dubai Para-Badminton International | Level 1 | Daniel Bethell | 17–21, 8–21 | **Runner-up** |

*Men's doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Tournament | Level | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Spanish Para-Badminton International II | Level 2 | Manoj Sarkar | Sukant Kadam
Kumar Nitesh | 21–19, 11–21, 21–11 | **Winner** |
| 2022 | Thailand Para-Badminton International | Level 1 | Sukant Kadam | Dwiyoko
Fredy Setiawan | 21–18, 21–13 | **Winner** |
| 2023 | Spanish Para-Badminton International II | Level 2 | Sukant Kadam | Kumar Nitesh
Tarun Dhillon | 22–20, 12–21, 21–9 | **Winner** |
| 2023 | Brazil Para-Badminton International | Level 2 | Sukant Kadam | Joo Dong-jae
Shin Kyung-hwan | 22–20, 21–19 | **Winner** |
| 2023 | Thailand Para-Badminton International | Level 2 | Sukant Kadam | Kumar Nitesh
Tarun Dhillon | 18–21, 21–14, 21–19 | **Winner** |
| 2023 | Bahrain Para-Badminton International | Level 2 | Sukant Kadam | Kumar Nitesh
Tarun Dhillon | 22–24, 21–9, 21–14 | **Winner** |
| 2023 | 4 Nations Para-Badminton International | Level 1 | Sukant Kadam | Deep Ranjan Bisoyee
Manoj Sarkar | 21–17, 21–17 | **Winner** |

*Mixed doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Tournament | Level | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Spanish Para-Badminton International II | Level 2 | Palak Kohli | Ruthick Ragupathi
Manasi Girishchandra Joshi | 14–21, 21–11, 21–14 | **Winner** |
| 2022 | Bahrain Para-Badminton International | Level 2 | Manisha Ramadass | Siripong Teamarrom
Nipada Saensupa | 21–14, 21–11 | **Winner** |
| 2023 | 4 Nations Para-Badminton International | Level 1 | Manisha Ramadass | Hikmat Ramdani
Leani Ratri Oktila | 17–21, 17–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2023 | Dubai Para-Badminton International | Level 1 | Manisha Ramadass | Hikmat Ramdani
Leani Ratri Oktila | 14–21, 11–21 | **Runner-up** |

### International tournaments (2011–2021) (18 titles, 10 runners-up)

*Men's singles SL3*

| Year | Tournament | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Indonesia Para-Badminton International | Ukun Rukaendi | 21–15, 21–13 | **Winner** |
| 2017 | Thailand Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | 20–22, 21–14, 21–14 | **Winner** |
| 2018 | Dubai Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | 3–6 retired | **Runner-up** |
| 2018 | Thailand Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | 21–18, 21–9 | **Winner** |
| 2018 | Australia Para-Badminton International | Ukun Rukaendi | 21–16, 21–18 | **Winner** |
| 2019 | Turkish Para-Badminton International | Daisuke Fujihara | 21–19, 21–17 | **Winner** |
| 2019 | Dubai Para-Badminton International | Daniel Bethell | 15–21, 21–18, 21–13 | **Winner** |
| 2019 | Uganda Para-Badminton International | Umesh Vikram Kumar | 24–22, 21–10 | **Winner** |
| 2019 | Irish Para-Badminton International | Daniel Bethell | 21–17, 17–21, 21–10 | **Winner** |
| 2019 | Thailand Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | 9–11 retired | **Runner-up** |
| 2019 | China Para-Badminton International | Daniel Bethell | 19–21, 21–13, 21–14 | **Winner** |
| 2019 | Japan Para-Badminton International | Daniel Bethell | 16–21, 19–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2020 | Brazil Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | 22–20, 23–21 | **Winner** |
| 2020 | Peru Para-Badminton International | Kumar Nitesh | 21–18, 15–21, 21–14 | **Winner** |
| 2021 | Dubai Para-Badminton International | Kumar Nitesh | 21–17, 21–18 | **Winner** |
| 2021 | Uganda Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | 19–21, 16–21 | **Runner-up** |

*Men's doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Thailand Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | Fredy Setiawan
Daisuke Fujihara | 20–22, 16–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2018 | Australia Para-Badminton International | Sukant Kadam | Dwiyoko
Fredy Setiawan | 23–25, 24–22, 20–22 | **Runner-up** |
| 2019 | Uganda Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | Guillaume Gailly
Mathieu Thomas | 21–13, 21–11 | **Winner** |
| 2019 | Canada Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | Dwiyoko
Fredy Setiawan | 19–21, 10–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2019 | Irish Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | Kumar Nitesh
Tarun Dhillon | 13–21, 21–18, 23–21 | **Winner** |
| 2019 | Thailand Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | Mongkhon Bunsun
Siripong Teamarrom | 16–21, 21–8, 14–21 | **Runner-up** |
| 2019 | China Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | Umesh Vikram Kumar
Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj | 18–21, 21–16, 21–15 | **Winner** |
| 2020 | Brazil Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | Chen Xiaoyu
Gao Yuyang | 21–11, 21–7 | **Winner** |
| 2020 | Peru Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | Guillaume Gailly
Mathieu Thomas | 21–19, 21–9 | **Winner** |
| 2021 | Dubai Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | Sukant Kadam
Kumar Nitesh | 21–18, 21–16 | **Winner** |
| 2021 | Uganda Para-Badminton International | Manoj Sarkar | Mohammad Arwaz Ansari
Deep Ranjan Bisoyee | 21–10, 20–22, 15–21 | **Runner-up** |

*Mixed doubles SL3–SU5*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | Uganda Para-Badminton International | Palak Kohli | Ruthick Ragupathi
Manasi Girishchandra Joshi | 19–21, 16–21 | **Runner-up** |

## Medals

### International medals

| Year | Gold medal | Silver medal | Bronze medal | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | 1 |  |  | 1 |
| 2014 |  |  | 1 | 1 |
| 2015 | 1 | 1 |  | 2 |
| 2016 | 1 |  | 3 | 4 |
| 2017 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 2018 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 9 |
| 2019 | 12 | 5 | 4 | 21 |
| 2020 | 4 |  |  | 4 |
| 2021 | 1 |  |  | 1 |
| Total | 24 | 9 | 13 | 46 |

** Statistics were last updated on 24 March 2020.*

## Awards

1. "Tokyo Paralympics: Polio-stricken Pramod Bhagat picked badminton to live his dream | Tokyo Paralympics News - Times of India". *The Times of India*. 5 September 2021.
2. "Gold medallist Pramod Bhagat once had no money to buy a badminton racket". 5 September 2021.
3. Nezami, Sheeza (5 September 2021). "Polio-stricken Bhagat picked badminton to live his dream". *The Times of India*. Pramod Bhagat, the shuttler with roots in Bihar, brought laurels to the country by winning the gold medal in the men's singles SL3 badminton event at Tokyo Paralympics on Saturday. Bhagat is a native of Hajipur in Vaishali district but now settled at Bhubaneswar in Odisha
4. "Badminton - BHAGAT Pramod - Tokyo 2020 Paralympics". *Tokyo2020.org*. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
5. "Tokyo Paralympics: Pramod Bhagat wins historic badminton gold". *ESPN*. 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
6. "Vaishali village erupts in joy after Pramod Bhagat's gold". *Hindustan Times*. 4 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
7. "Tokyo Paralympics: Polio-stricken Pramod Bhagat picked badminton to live his dream - Tokyo Paralympics News - Times of India". *The Times of India*. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
8. "Para shuttler". Retrieved 26 August 2019.
9. Tokyo Paralympics: Pramod Bhagat Wins Gold In Badminton Men's Singles SL3 *sports.ndtv.com*. Retrieved 4 September 2021
10. "Pramod Bhagat and Manoj Sarkar become first Paralympic medallists from Odisha and Uttarakhand". *The Bridge*. 4 September 2021.
11. Sheezan Nezami (5 September 2021). "Tokyo Paralympics: Polio-stricken Pramod Bhagat picked badminton to live his dream - Tokyo Paralympics News - Times of India". *The Times of India*. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
12. "Tokyo Paralympics: Pramod Bhagat wins historic badminton gold". *ESPN*. 4 September 2021. Bhagat, born in the small town of Attabira in Odisha
13. "Would like to emulate Sindhu's feats: Para shuttler Pramod Bhagat". *The Times of India*. 10 August 2021.
14. "Para Badminton Tournament Structure Bids for Tournaments 2022 Onwards". *Badminton World Federation*. 29 May 2022.
15. "BWF Para Tournamentsoftware". *Badminton World Federation*. 11 July 2022.
16. "BWF Para-Badminton". *bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com*.
17. "National Sports Awards 2021: Neeraj Chopra, Lovlina Borgohain, Mithali Raj Among 9 Others to Get Khel Ratna". *News18*. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
18. "Padma Awards 2022: Pramod Bhagat Conferred With Padma Shri After Historic Gold in Tokyo Paralympics". News18. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
19. Brennan, Eliott (27 January 2022). "Indian Paralympic badminton champion Pramod Bhagat awarded Padma Shri". *InsideTheGames.biz*. Retrieved 28 January 2022.

## InfoBox

| Pramod Bhagat | |
| --- | --- |
| Bhagat in 2020 | |
| Personal information | |
| Country | India |
| Born | (1988-06-04) 4 June 1988
Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India. |
| Residence | Bhubaneswar, Odisha |
| Years active | 2006–present |
| Handedness | Left |
| Men's singles SL3
Men's doubles SL3–SU5
Mixed doubles SL3–SU5 | |
| Highest ranking | 1 (MS 1 January 2019)
1 (MD with Sukant Kadam 31 October 2023)
4 (XD with Manisha Ramadass 31 October 2023) |
| Current ranking | 2 (MS)
1 (MD with Sukant Kadam)
4 (XD with Manisha Ramadass) (27 February 2024) |
| Medal record      Men's para-badminton  Representing  India  Paralympic Games  2020 Tokyo  Men's singles  World Championships  2009 Seoul  Men's singles  2013 Dortmund  Men's doubles  2015 Stoke Mandeville  Men's singles  2019 Basel  Men's singles  2019 Basel  Men's doubles  2022 Tokyo  Men's singles  2024 Pattaya  Men's singles  2015 Stoke Mandeville  Men's doubles  2022 Tokyo  Men's doubles  2007 Bangkok  Men's singles  2007 Bangkok  Men's doubles  2017 Ulsan  Men's singles  2024 Pattaya  Men's doubles  2024 Pattaya  Mixed doubles  World Abilitysport Games  2019 Sharjah  Men's singles  2019 Sharjah  Mixed doubles  2019 Sharjah  Men's doubles  Asian Para Games  2018 Jakarta  Men's singles  2022 Hangzhou Men's singles  2018 Jakarta  Men's doubles  2014 Incheon  Men's singles  2022 Hangzhou Men's doubles  2022 Hangzhou Mixed doubles  Asian Championships  2016 Beijing  Men's singles  2016 Beijing  Men's doubles | |
| BWF profile | |


title: Nigel Bagnall

abstract: Field Marshal Sir Nigel Thomas Bagnall, was a career British Army officer who served as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine, from 1983 to 1985, and then as Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the professional head of the British Army, from 1985 to 1988. Early in his military career he saw action during the Palestine Emergency, the Malayan Emergency, the Cyprus Emergency and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, and later in his career he provided advice to the British Government on the future role of Britain's nuclear weapons.

text:
# Nigel Bagnall

Field Marshal **Sir Nigel Thomas Bagnall**, GCB, CVO, MC (10 February 1927 – 8 April 2002) was a career British Army officer who served as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine, from 1983 to 1985, and then as Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the professional head of the British Army, from 1985 to 1988. Early in his military career he saw action during the Palestine Emergency, the Malayan Emergency, the Cyprus Emergency and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, and later in his career he provided advice to the British Government on the future role of Britain's nuclear weapons.

## Army career

Born in British India, the son of Lieutenant Colonel Harry Stephen Bagnall and Marjory May Bagnall and educated at Wellington College, Bagnall undertook National Service for a year before being commissioned into the Green Howards on 5 January 1946. Shortly afterwards, however, on 13 February 1946 he transferred to the Parachute Regiment and was deployed to Palestine where the British Mandate was about to end. Promoted to lieutenant on 24 September 1949, he served in Malaya, where as a platoon commander, he was awarded the Military Cross in 1950, and a bar to the Military Cross in 1952.

Promoted to captain on 10 February 1954, he returned to the Green Howards in summer 1954 and then took part in counter-insurgency operations against EOKA units in Cyprus in 1955. He transferred to the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards on 24 April 1956. He was promoted to major on 10 February 1961 and appointed Military Assistant to the Vice-Chief of Defence Staff in May 1964 and then became the Senior Staff Officer dealing with intelligence activities for operations in Borneo in March 1966.

Promoted to lieutenant colonel on 31 December 1966, he became the Commanding Officer of the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards in 1967 and served in that capacity in Omagh in Northern Ireland and Sennelager in Germany. Promoted to colonel on 31 December 1969, he became Commander Royal Armoured Corps in 1st (British) Corps in December 1970, before receiving further promotion to brigadier on 31 December 1970. He went on to be Secretary of the Chiefs of Staff Committee at the Ministry of Defence in September 1973. He was appointed General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the 4th Division on 21 September 1975 with the substantive rank of major general from 1 November 1975 and Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Policy) at the Ministry of Defence on 7 January 1978.

He became commander of 1st (British) Corps on 1 November 1980 with the rank of lieutenant general and, having been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours 1981, went on to be Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine and Commander of NATO's Northern Army Group with the rank of general on 1 July 1983. As Commander of the Northern Army Group he grappled with NATO's strategy of forward defence, when he persuaded the Germans that some ground would have to be surrendered to withstand a massive Soviet Army attack.

After being advanced to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the Queen's Birthday Honours 1985 and also becoming ADC to the Queen on 30 July 1985, he was appointed Chief of the General Staff in August 1985 in which capacity he was closely involved in the debate about the future role of Britain's nuclear weapons. He was promoted to field marshal on 9 September 1988 on his retirement from the British Army.

He was also appointed Colonel Commandant of the Army Physical Training Corps on 5 February 1981 and Colonel Commandant of the Royal Armoured Corps on 1 August 1985.

In retirement he became a military historian and fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. He wrote a history of the Punic wars published in 1990 and, two years after his death, he had a history of the Peloponnesian War published.

He died on 8 April 2002, at the age of 75.

## Family

In 1959 he married Anna Caroline Church; they had two daughters.

## Historiographical works

* Bagnall, Nigel, *The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean*, London: Hutchinson, 1990, ISBN 0-091-74421-0.
* Bagnall, Nigel, *The Peloponnesian War: Athens, Sparta and the Struggle for Greece*, London: Pimlico, 2004, ISBN 978-0-712-69881-8.

## Further reading

* Heathcote, Tony (1999). *The British Field Marshals 1736–1997*. Barnsley (UK): Pen & Sword. ISBN 0-85052-696-5.

## InfoBox

| Field Marshal
Sir Nigel Bagnall | |
| --- | --- |
| Field Marshal Sir Nigel Bagnall, pictured here in 1989. | |
| Born | (1927-02-10)10 February 1927
India |
| Died | 8 April 2002(2002-04-08) (aged 75) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1946–1989 |
| Rank | Field Marshal |
| Service number | 360763 |
| Unit | Green Howards
Parachute Regiment
4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards |
| Commands | Chief of the General Staff
British Army of the Rhine
I Corps
4th Division
4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards |
| Battles/wars | Palestine Emergency
Malayan Emergency
Cyprus Emergency
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation |
| Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Military Cross & Bar |