title: Niederstadtfeld

abstract: Niederstadtfeld is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Vulkaneifel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Daun, whose seat is in the like-named town.

text:
# Niederstadtfeld

**Niederstadtfeld** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a municipality belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde*, a kind of collective municipality – in the Vulkaneifel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Daun, whose seat is in the like-named town.

## Geography

### Location

The municipality lies in the Volcanic Eifel, a part of the Eifel known for its volcanic history, geographical and geological features. Volcanic activity continues even today, including gases that sometimes well up from the earth.

Niederstadtfeld lies roughly 8 km southwest of Daun, southwestwards towards Bitburg, near *Bundesstraße* 257, and can be reached directly over *Landesstraße* (State Road) 27. The original village (now the village centre) stands on a ridge between the Kälberbach and Schwemmbach valleys in a side valley of the Kleine Kyll river.

The Kleine Kyll valley is part of the protected area *Zwischen Uess und Kyll*. The newer built-up area today stretches farther along the ridge between the Kälberbach and Schwemmbach valleys as well as along the slope of the Kleine Kyll, with the sport complex, the primary school, the Hauptschule and the tennis courts all having been built down in the valley. The Kleine Kyll itself rises above Neroth and empties into the river Lieser downstream from Manderscheid at the Neumühle ("New Mill").

The local elevation ranges from 386 to 420 m above sea level, and the municipality's area is 913 ha, 465 ha of which is wooded and another 345 ha of which is agricultural land.

### Neighbouring municipalities

Niederstadtfeld's neighbours are Bleckhausen, Deudesfeld, Meisburg, Neroth, Oberstadtfeld, Salm, Schutz, Üdersdorf, Wallenborn and Weidenbach.

## History

In 1016, the village of Stadefeld ("field on the banks of the Kleine Kyll") had its first documentary mention. In this year, the village was transferred by the Abbot of Prüm, Urold von Daun, as a donation to the newly founded collegiate foundation at Prüm, a deed that was also approved by Emperor Heinrich II. This ownership arrangement found further confirmation in 1136 under Abbot Albero, who appointed Count Bezelino as the *Vogt*. Thus it could have been that the collegiate foundation lost its grip on Stadefeld because the nobility not only claimed the local lordship, but also contributed to the building of a church, which was first mentioned in 1330.

In 1457, Archbishop Johann II, the Margrave of Baden, in right of the Lordships of Schönecken, enfeoffed the brothers Heinrich, Johann and Friedrich, Lords of Pyrmont and Ehrenberg, with, among other things, holdings and assets, and also with “Stadefeld”. In 1460, Archbishop Johann II took Stadefeld as well as the rest of Heinrich's holdings, people and villages into his protection against payment of a yearly protection fee. The municipality of Niederstadtfeld owned 1469 *Morgen* (roughly 465 ha) of woodlands, 482 *Morgen* (roughly 153 ha) of wasteland and wilderness and 10 *Morgen* (roughly 3 ha) of meadowland and other kinds of land.

In 1565, Archbishop of Trier Johann VI enfeoffed Count Dietrich I of Manderscheid-Kayl, for him and Margaretha von Sombref's other heirs, with, among other things, holdings of the Lords of Pyrmont, including Stadtfeld. Both Niederstadtfeld and Oberstadtfeld belonged to the Electoral-Trier *Amt* of Manderscheid. Niederstadtfeld had a special court. The parish belonged to the rural chapter of Kyllburg in the Diocese of Trier.

The parish was responsible to either the Count of Manderscheid-Kayl or the Lord of Wiltberg, who took turns in this position. Besides Niederstadtfeld, Oberstadtfeld was also part of this parish. The mill at Niederstadtfeld belonged to the municipality.

In August 1794, fire broke out in the newly built barn at the old rectory, which swiftly spread through the lower village, as most houses there still had thatched roofs. Many houses, barns and stables were destroyed in this fire.

In 1800, a new industry began, sickle making. This afforded many villagers a livelihood. Other industries that cropped up in the 19th century were hatmaking and lead mining. The lead mine's now caved-in shafts can still be seen even today.

In the time that followed the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), when great economic need prevailed, many people from Niederstadtfeld emigrated to the United States. Named are the families Pauls, Steffes, Ewen, Weber, Eull and Basten.

About the turn of the 20th century, with the beginnings of industrialization, migration to industrial areas began in Niederstadtfeld, as it likewise did in many other villages. The only livelihoods offered in the village were in forestry, agriculture and the village's two sawmills.

Niederstadtfeld – unlike its neighbour Oberstadtfeld – came through the Second World War relatively unscathed.

In 1955, a ball factory took over the sawmill that once stood on the former *Kreisstraße* (District Road) 8. Not long afterwards, though – in 1959 – the heat-pressing works, still in business today, set up shop in exactly the same spot.

## Politics

### Municipal council

The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

### Mayor

Niederstadtfeld's mayor is Günter Horten.

### Coat of arms

The German blazon reads: *Von Gold, Rot und Silber zweimal geteilt, oben ein roter Zickzackbalken, in der Mitte eine silberne Waage, unten ein blaues Zahnrad.*

The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: A fess gules charged with balances argent, in chief Or a fess dancetty of three of the first, and in base argent a cogwheel spokeless azure.

Beginning in 1565, Niederstadtfeld belonged to the Counts of Manderscheid and was until 1794 in the Electoral-Trier *Amt* of Manderscheid. The red fess dancetty (that is, horizontal zigzag stripe) was the charge borne in those lords’ arms. Within the Manderscheid high court, Niederstadtfeld had its own court for Niederstadtfeld, Schutz and Deudesfeld. The balances are meant to document this historical fact. The cogwheel in the lower division of the escutcheon stands for both the earliest beginnings of the handicraft industry in Niederstadtfeld and the industry still found here today.

## Culture and sightseeing

### Buildings

* Saint Sebastian’s Catholic Parish Church (*Pfarrkirche St. Sebastian*), Hauptstraße 14 – tower possibly mediaeval (church first mentioned in 1330), nave 1769, lengthened about 1840, sandstone churchyard cross from 1861.
* Am Mühlscheid – wayside chapel.
* Hauptstraße 8 – Baroque barn, 1795.
* Hauptstraße 17 – Baroque house, 1796.
* Hauptstraße 24 – one-floor *Quereinhaus* (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street) from 1893.
* Wayside cross, south of the village on the road to Schutz, shaft cross from 1633.
* Former mill at the way into Niederstadtfeld on *Landesstraße* (State Road) 27 coming from Oberstadtfeld (first mentioned in 1508).

### Sport and leisure

* Since 2007, the *Kosmos-Radweg* (cycle path) has led from Daun to Meerfeld by way of Niederstadtfeld.

### Natural monuments

* Sour mineral spring (*Drees*) on *Landesstraße* 27 going towards Schutz, roughly 50 m from the village.
* Beech tree, trunk circumference 2.50 m, on the edge of the path in the Marschbach valley between Wallenborn and Niederstadtfeld.

## Economy and infrastructure

### Education

Niederstadtfeld has a primary school and an all-day Hauptschule.

## InfoBox

| Niederstadtfeld | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Niederstadtfeld within Vulkaneifel district | |
| Niederstadtfeld Niederstadtfeld | |
| Coordinates: 50°09′34″N 6°45′40″E / 50.15939°N 6.76121°E / 50.15939; 6.76121 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Vulkaneifel |
| Municipal assoc. | Daun |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Günter Horten |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.13 km2 (3.53 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 471 |
| Density | 52/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 54570 |
| Dialling codes | 06596 |
| Vehicle registration | DAU |
| Website | www.niederstadtfeld.de |


title: Hulia Rural LLG

abstract: Hulia Rural LLG a local-level government (LLG) of Koroba-Kopiago District in Hela Province, Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Hulia Rural LLG

**Hulia Rural LLG** a local-level government (LLG) of Koroba-Kopiago District in Hela Province, Papua New Guinea.

## Wards

* 01. Alua/Kambi
* 02. Kela
* 03. Uruma
* 04. Piangwanda
* 05. Puju
* 06. Tigibi 1
* 07. Wabia 2
* 08. Wabia 1
* 09. Iangome
* 10. Damita 1
* 11. Hol'la
* 12. Dimu
* 13. Homa Pawa
* 14. Honaga
* 15. Lau'u
* 16. Pagale
* 17. Yabagaru
* 18. Davi Davi
* 19. Kuyali
* 20. Yarale
* 21. Hogombe
* 22. Tigibi 3
* 23. Dauli 1
* 24. Damita 2
* 25. Dauli 2
* 26. Dauli 3
* 27. Peri
* 28. Wabia 2
* 29. Wabia 3
* 30. Hubi Yabe
* 31. Takipupi

## InfoBox

| Hulia Rural LLG | |
| --- | --- |
| Hulia Rural LLGLocation within Papua New Guinea | |
| Coordinates: 5°56′45″S 143°00′22″E / 5.945757°S 143.006102°E / -5.945757; 143.006102 (Beniaria Station) | |
| Country | Papua New Guinea |
| Province | Hela Province |
| Time zone | UTC+10 (AEST) |


title: Malpasse

abstract: Malpasse is a town in the Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement in the Ouest department of Haiti. Its border crossing to Jimaní is one of the four chief land crossings to the Dominican Republic. It is connected to the National Route 8.

text:
# Malpasse

**Malpasse** is a town in the Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement in the Ouest department of Haiti. Its border crossing to Jimaní is one of the four chief land crossings to the Dominican Republic.

It is connected to the National Route 8.

## InfoBox

| Malpasse | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| MalpasseLocation in Haiti | |
| Coordinates: 18°29′20″N 71°53′1″W / 18.48889°N 71.88361°W / 18.48889; -71.88361 | |
| Country | Haiti |
| Department | Ouest |
| Arrondissement | Croix-des-Bouquets |


title: Paralacydes arborifera

abstract: Paralacydes arborifera is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875. It is found in Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

text:
# Paralacydes arborifera

***Paralacydes arborifera*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875. It is found in Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Paralacydes arborifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Paralacydes* |
| Species: | ***P. arborifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paralacydes arborifera***<br>(Butler, 1875) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lacydes arborifera* Butler, 1875 * *Lacydes gracilis* Butler, 1898 * *Amsacta impia* Strand, 1909 * *Eutaenia scapulosa* Wallengren, 1875 * *Conchylia smithii* Holland, 1897 * *Caligula wallengreni* Aurivillius, 1879 | |


title: Pararrhaptica pycnomias

abstract: Pararrhaptica pycnomias is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1928. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu. The larvae feed on Myrsine lessertiana.

text:
# Pararrhaptica pycnomias

***Pararrhaptica pycnomias*** is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1928. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu.

The larvae feed on *Myrsine lessertiana*.

* Zimmerman, Elwood C. (1978). *Insects of Hawaii*. Vol. **9** Microlepidoptera. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu. hdl:10125/7338.

## InfoBox

| *Pararrhaptica pycnomias* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Pararrhaptica* |
| Species: | ***P. pycnomias*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pararrhaptica pycnomias***<br>(Meyrick, 1928) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eulia pycnomias* Meyrick, 1928 | |


title: Pascal Comelade

abstract: Pascal Paul Vincent Comelade, is a French musician. Comelade was born in Montpellier, France. After living for several years in Barcelona, he produced his first album, Fluence, influenced by electronic music and by the group Heldon. Subsequently, his music has become more acoustic and is characterised by the sounds of toy instruments, used as solo-instruments and as an integral part of the sound of his group, the Bel Canto Orquestra. He has collaborated with singers and musicians from diverse genres of music including Robert Wyatt, Dani, Faust, Christophe Miossec, Toti Soler, Jac Berrocal, Pierre Bastien, The Limiñanas, Lee Ranaldo and P.J. Harvey.

text:
# Pascal Comelade

**Pascal Paul Vincent Comelade** (born 30 June 1955), is a French musician.

Comelade was born in Montpellier, France. After living for several years in Barcelona, he produced his first album, *Fluence*, influenced by electronic music and by the group Heldon.

Subsequently, his music has become more acoustic and is characterised by the sounds of toy instruments, used as solo-instruments and as an integral part of the sound of his group, the Bel Canto Orquestra.

He has collaborated with singers and musicians from diverse genres of music including Robert Wyatt, Dani, Faust, Christophe Miossec, Toti Soler, Jac Berrocal, Pierre Bastien, The Limiñanas, Lee Ranaldo and P.J. Harvey.

## Discography

* 1975 : *Fluence*
* 1978 :
    + *Séquences Paiennes*
    + *Vertical Pianos*
* 1980 :
    + *Paralelo*
    + *Ready-Made*
* 1981  : *Slow Music*
* 1982 :
    + *Sentimientos*
    + *Irregular Organs*
* 1983 :
    + *Fall Of Saigon*
    + *Logique du Sens*
* 1984 :
    + *La Dialectique Peut-Elle Casser des Briques ?* (with Cathy Claret's voice).
    + *Bel Canto Orquestra*
    + *Milano Enharmonisto*
    + *Précis de Décomposition Bruitiste*
    + *Scénes de Musique Ralentie*
    + *Détail Monochrome*
* 1986 : *Bel Canto*
* 1987 : *El Primitivismo*
* 1988 :
    + *Impressionnismes*
    + *Rock Del Veneno*
* 1989 :
    + *33 Bars*
    + *Cent Regards*
* 1991 :
    + *Ragazzin' The Blues*
    + *Pataphysical Polka*
    + *Haikus de Pianos*
* 1992 :
    + *Traffic d'Abstraction*
    + *Topographie Anecdotique*
    + *El Ermitaño* \- with Bel Canto Orquestra
* 1993 : *Yo Quiero Un Tebeo*
* 1994 : *Danses Et Chants de Syldavie (Apologie de la reprise individuelle)*
* 1995 : *El Cabaret Galactic*
* 1996 :
    + *Musiques Pour Films Vol.2*
    + *Tango Del Rossello*
    + *Un samedi Sur la Terre* \- Soundtrack
* 1997 :
* 1998 :
    + *L'Argot du Bruit* (with PJ Harvey)
    + *ZumZum.Ka*
    + *Bel Canto Orquestra In Concerto*
* 1999 :
    + *Musiques De Genre*
    + *Live In Lisbon and Barcelona*
    + *Oblique Sessions II* \- with Richard Pinhas
    + *Swing Slang Song*
* 2000 :
    + *Aigua de Florida Classes de Música a la Granja* \- with Llorenç Balsach
    + *André Le Magnifique* \- Soundtrack (followed by 3 pieces written for the ballet "Spring man" by Ryohei Kondo and 6 pieces written for the ballet "Zumzum-ka" by Cesc Gelabert.)
    + *September Song* \- with Robert Wyatt
    + *Pop Songs Del Rossello* \- with Gérard Jacquet
    + *Pastis Catalan* \- Music for the Musée d'Art moderne de Céret (Limited Edition of 50 copies signed and numbered.)
* 2001 :
* 2002 :
    + *Sense el Resso del Dring*
    + *Psicotic Music' Hall*
* 2003 :
    + *Logicofobisme del Piano en Minuscul*
    + *Musica Pop (Danses de Catalunya Nord)*
* 2004 :
    + *La Filosofia del Plat Combinat*
    + *Back to Schizo 1975-1983*
* 2005 : *Espace Détente* \- Soundtrack
* 2006
    + *Espontex sinfonia*
    + *La Manera Més Salvatge* \- with Enric Casasses
    + *Stranger In Paradigm*
* 2007 : *Mètode de Rocanrol*
* 2008
    + *Compassió pel dimoni*
    + *The No-Dancing*
* 2009
    + *A Freak Serenade (Because) / Friki Serenata (Discmedi)*
* 2010
    + *Montpellier* \- with Gérard Pansanel and Pep Pascual
    + *N'ix* \- with Enric Casasses
* 2011
    + *Pascal Comelade & Cobla Sant Jordi* \- with the Cobla Sant Jordi
    + *Somiatruites* \- with Albert Pla
* 2013
    + *Flip Side (Of Sophism)* \- with Richard Pinhas
    + *El pianista del antifaz*
    + *Mosques de colors* \- with Pau Riba
    + *Despintura fonica*
    + *Avis aux inventeurs d'épaves* \- Book of 166 Comelade paintings with two 7" singles
* 2014
    + *My Degeneration: Electronics 1974-1983*
    + *Música Pop a Catalunya*
    + *Música Electrònica a Catalunya Nord*
    + *El Steinway a la Guillotina (Bel Canto Orquestra en Directe)*
* 2015
    + *Traité de guitarres triolectiques*
    + *Concepte General De La Quincalla Catalana*
    + *L'argot del soroll*
    + *El Primitivisme*
* 2016
    + *Rocanrolorama 1974 - 2016*
* 2017
    + *Le Rocanrolorama Abrégé*
    + *Paralelo*
* 2019
    + *Les mémoires d'un ventriloque (Chansons 1981-2018)*
* 2020
    + *Le cut-up populaire*
* 2022
    + *Le non-sens du rythme*
* 2023
    + *Velvet Serenade* \- with Ramon Prats and Lee Ranaldo
    + *Boom Boom* \- with The Limiñanas


title: Pascal Coste

abstract: Xavier Pascal Coste was a French architect. He was at one time a personal architect for Muhammad Ali Pasha. As a seasoned traveller, his travels to Qajar Iran, aroused the interest of King Louis Philippe I and that gained Coste the post of chief architect of Marseille in 1844.

text:
# Pascal Coste

**Xavier Pascal Coste** (26 November 1787 – 8 February 1879) was a French architect. He was at one time a personal architect for Muhammad Ali Pasha. As a seasoned traveller, his travels to Qajar Iran, aroused the interest of King Louis Philippe I and that gained Coste the post of chief architect of Marseille in 1844.

## Life

Coste was born in Marseille, where his father was one of the leading joiners. Showing intellectual and artistic promise, Coste began his studies in the studio of Michel-Robert Penchaud, architect of the département and the municipalité. In 1814, he was accepted into the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. His time in Paris was a pivotal one in his life—there he met the geographer Edme-François Jomard, who put him in touch with the viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, who took Coste as his personal architect in 1817.

In 1825, Coste returned to France with an impressive series of drawings of the architecture of Cairo, but he soon went to Egypt once again at Ali's request, where Ali made him chief engineer for Lower Egypt. Coste remained there for four years, during which time he accumulated many sketches, but he reportedly found the Egyptian climate difficult and returned to France in 1829. He became a professor of architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, due in part to the links he had kept with Penchaud. He remained in this post until 1861, when he was one of the founding members of the intellectual centre known as the Athénée.

In parallel with these activities, he travelled around France and to Germany, Belgium and Tunisia, where he produced several authoritative works on architecture; his *architecture arabe* (1827) earned him a place on the French king's embassy to the Persian Shah. In Iran, Coste and the painter Eugène Flandin were authorized to visit Iranian Azerbaijan, Isfahan, Shiraz and the ruins of Ecbatana, Bistun, Taq-e Bostan, Kangavar, Pasargadae and Persepolis, where he made many sketches. On his return via Baghdad, he saw the ruins of Seleucia, Ctesiphon and Babylon. He continued via Nineveh, to which the archaeologist Paul-Émile Botta was also travelling to begin his excavations.

His Middle East journey aroused the interest of Louis Philippe I and gained Coste the post of chief architect of Marseille in 1844. In 1846, the president of the Chambre de Commerce, M. Luce, commissioned from Coste the Bourse on Marseille's Canebière. Coste was also the originator of two other architectural projects in Marseille—the construction of the faculté aux allées de Meilhan, and a museum with château d'eau at Longchamps. He also began construction on the abattoir d'Arenc, only completed in 1851.

A tireless traveller, even aged over 80, he visited Spain, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia and Italy. He left 30 albums of drawings on his death, now held at the Bibliothèque de Marseille, though some of his essays were never published. Towards the end of his life, he was made an officer of the Légion d'honneur. He died aged 92 and was buried at the cimetière Saint-Pierre in Marseille.

## Buildings

## Works

### Published

* *Map of Lower Egypt, dedicated to Muhammad Ali, P. C., laid down routes and surveys, 1818–1827*, slnd v. 1830, 4to.
* *Note on a dolmen that exists in Draguignan ,* with Audiffret, edited by Barlatier - Feissat and Demonchy, sd, 8vo.
* *Arabic Architecture and monuments of Cairo, measured and drawn from 1818 to 1826*, edited by Firmin Didot, 1837 g . in- °F, 70 flat.
* *Travel in Persia*, with Flandin, edited by Gide and Baudry, 1851, 2 vols. 8vo, and 6-in- f ° of All which five of plates and 1 of notes.
* *Modern Monuments of Persia measured, drawn and described*, edited by Morel, 1867 g . in- f °, 71 pl. notes and neck.
* *The Cathedral of Saint Petersburg. Future Marseille Cathedral*, edited by Olive, 1874, br, 8vo.
* *Palais de la Bourse, Marseille*, edited by Olive, 1874, br, 8vo.
* *Memory* *of an artist*, edited by Olive, 1874, br, 8vo.
* *Notes and souvenirs (1817–1877)*, edited by Cayer, 1878, 2 vols. 8vo, portr.

### Unpublished

* *Itinerary of the French Embassy in Persia under the Comte de Sercey, and scientific trips of two artists committed to this mission* (two volumes of text with images and 9 atlases of plates)
* *Monuments of Europe ... drawings ... together ... from 1832 to 1872. 11 flight. with 1187 pieces, for Britain, the Scandinavian countries, the Russian empires, German, Austro-Hungarian, Switzerland, Berlgique, Holland, Spain and Italy.*
* *Monuments of France ... 1828–1876 ...* , one volume with 1491 flat.
* *Monuments of North Africa (inc in Egypt, the Barbary States, Spain)* , 8 volumes with 1253 flat.

## InfoBox

| Pascal Coste | |
| --- | --- |
| Charcoal portrait (1859) | |
| Born | Xavier Pascal Coste
(1787-11-26)26 November 1787
Marseille, Kingdom of France |
| Died | 8 February 1879(1879-02-08) (aged 91)
Marseille, French Third Republic |
| Resting place | Cimetière Saint-Pierre, Marseille
43°17′28″N 5°24′45″E / 43.29111°N 5.41250°E / 43.29111; 5.41250 |
| Nationality | French |


title: Particle tracking velocimetry

abstract:
Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) is a velocimetry method i.e. a technique to measure velocities and trajectories of moving objects. In fluid mechanics research these objects are neutrally buoyant particles that are suspended in fluid flow. As the name suggests, individual particles are tracked, so this technique is a Lagrangian approach, in contrast to particle image velocimetry (PIV), which is an Eulerian method that measures the velocity of the fluid as it passes the observation point, that is fixed in space. There are two experimental PTV methods:
  - the two-dimensional (2-D) PTV. Measurements are made in a 2-D slice, illuminated by a thin laser sheet; a low density of seeded particles allows for tracking each of them individually for several frames.
  - the three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry is a distinctive experimental technique originally developed to study fully turbulent flows. It is now being used widely in various disciplines, ranging from structural mechanics research to medicine and industrial environments. It is based on a multiple camera-system in a stereoscopic arrangement, three-dimensional illumination of an observation volume, recording of the time sequence of stereoscopic images of optical targets, determining their instantaneous 3-D position in space by use of photogrammetric techniques and tracking their movement in time, thus obtaining a set of 3-D trajectories of the optical targets. Time-resolved three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry is known as 4D-PTV.

text:
# Particle tracking velocimetry

**Particle tracking velocimetry** (**PTV**) is a velocimetry method i.e. a technique to measure velocities and trajectories of moving objects. In fluid mechanics research these objects are neutrally buoyant particles that are suspended in fluid flow. As the name suggests, individual particles are tracked, so this technique is a Lagrangian approach, in contrast to particle image velocimetry (PIV), which is an Eulerian method that measures the velocity of the fluid as it passes the observation point, that is fixed in space. There are two experimental PTV methods:

* the two-dimensional (2-D) PTV. Measurements are made in a 2-D slice, illuminated by a thin laser sheet (a thin plane); a low density of seeded particles allows for tracking each of them individually for several frames.
* the three-dimensional *particle tracking velocimetry* (3-D PTV) is a distinctive experimental technique originally developed to study fully turbulent flows. It is now being used widely in various disciplines, ranging from structural mechanics research to medicine and industrial environments. It is based on a multiple camera-system in a stereoscopic arrangement, three-dimensional illumination of an observation volume, recording of the time sequence of stereoscopic images of optical targets (flow tracers illuminated particles), determining their instantaneous 3-D position in space by use of photogrammetric techniques and tracking their movement in time, thus obtaining a set of 3-D trajectories of the optical targets. Time-resolved three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry is known as 4D-PTV.

## Description

The 3-D particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) belongs to the class of whole-field velocimetry techniques used in the study of turbulent flows, allowing the determination of instantaneous velocity and vorticity distributions over two or three spatial dimensions. 3-D PTV yields a time series of instantaneous 3-component velocity vectors in the form of fluid element trajectories. At any instant, the data density can easily exceed 10 velocity vectors per cubic centimeter. The method is based on stereoscopic imaging (using 2 to 4 cameras) and synchronous recording of the motion of flow tracers, i.e. small particles suspended in the flow, illuminated by a strobed light source. The 3-D particle coordinates as a function of time are then derived by use of image and photogrammetric analysis of each stereoscopic set of frames. The 3-D particle positions are tracked in the time domain to derive the particle trajectories. The ability to follow (track) a spatially dense set of individual particles for a sufficiently long period of time, and to perform statistical analysis of their properties, permits a Lagrangian description of the turbulent flow process. This is a unique advantage of the 3-D PTV method.

A typical implementation of the 3D-PTV consists of two, three or four digital cameras, installed in an angular configuration and synchronously recording the diffracted or fluorescent light from the flow tracers seeded in the flow. The flow is illuminated by a collimated laser beam, or by another source of light that is often strobed, synchronously with the camera frame rate, to reduce the effective exposure time of the moving optical targets and "freeze" their position on each frame. There is no restriction on the light to be coherent or monochromatic; only its illuminance has to be sufficient for imaging the tracer particles in the observational volume. Particles or tracers could be fluorescent, diffractive, tracked through as many consecutive frames as possible, and on as many cameras as possible to maximize positioning accuracy. In principle, two cameras in a stereoscopic configuration are sufficient in order to determine the three coordinates of a particle in space, but in most practical situations three or four cameras are used to reach a satisfactory 3-D positioning accuracy, as well as increase the trajectory yield when studying fully turbulent flows.

## 3D-PTV schemes

Several versions of 3D-PTV schemes exist. Most of these utilize either 3 CCDs or 4 CCDs.

## Real time image processing schemes

The use of white light for illuminating the observation volume, rather than laser-based illumination, substantially reduces both the cost, and the health and safety requirements. Initial development of the 3-D PTV method started as a joint project between the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry and the Institute of Hydraulics of ETH Zurich. Further developments of the technique include real-time image processing using on-camera FPGA chip.

1. 3D Particle Tracking Velocimetry Method: Advances and Error Analysis Archived July 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
2. 3-D Particle Tracking Velocimetry
3. Kreizer, Mark; Ratner, David; Liberzon, Alex (2010). "Real-time image processing for particle tracking velocimetry". *ExFl*. **48** (1): 105–110. Bibcode:2010ExFl...48..105K. doi:10.1007/s00348-009-0715-5. ISSN 0723-4864. S2CID 28252448.
* Maas, H.-G., 1992. Digitale Photogrammetrie in der dreidimensionalen Strömungsmesstechnik, ETH Zürich Dissertation Nr. 9665
* Malik, N., Dracos, T., Papantoniou, D., 1993. Particle Tracking in three dimensional turbulent flows - Part II: Particle tracking. Experiments in Fluids Vol. 15, pp. 279–294
* Maas, H.-G., Grün, A., Papantoniou, D., 1993. Particle Tracking in three dimensional turbulent flows - Part I: Photogrammetric determination of particle coordinates. Experiments in Fluids Vol. 15, pp. 133–146
* Srdic, Andjelka, 1998. Interaction of dense particles with stratified and turbulent environments. Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizona State University.
* Lüthi, B., Tsinober, A., Kinzelbach W. (2005)- Lagrangian Measurement of Vorticity Dynamics in Turbulent Flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. (528), p. 87-118
* Nicholas T. Ouellette, Haitao Xu, Eberhard Bodenschatz, A quantitative study of three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking algorithms, Experiments in Fluids, Volume 40, Issue 2, Feb 2006, Pages 301 - 313.

*


title: Pasiphilodes rubrifusa

abstract: Pasiphilodes rubrifusa is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

text:
# Pasiphilodes rubrifusa

***Pasiphilodes rubrifusa*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Pasiphilodes rubrifusa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Pasiphilodes* |
| Species: | ***P. rubrifusa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pasiphilodes rubrifusa***<br>(Warren, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gymnodisca rubrifusa* Warren, 1895 * *Chloroclystis rubrifusa* * *Pasiphila rubrifusa* | |


title: Pasiphilodes sayata

abstract: Pasiphilodes sayata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is fendemic to Borneo. Their habitat consists of subsummit dwarf forests.

text:
# Pasiphilodes sayata

***Pasiphilodes sayata*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is fendemic to Borneo. Their habitat consists of subsummit dwarf forests.

## InfoBox

| *Pasiphilodes sayata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Pasiphilodes* |
| Species: | ***P. sayata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pasiphilodes sayata***<br>(Holloway, 1976) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chloroclystis oribates sayata* Holloway, 1976 * *Chloroclystis sayata* Holloway, 1976 * *Pasiphila sayata* | |


title: Gary Miranda

abstract: Gary Miranda is an American poet.

text:
# Gary Miranda

**Gary Miranda** (born 1939 in Bremerton, Washington) is an American poet.

## Life

Miranda was raised in the Pacific Northwest. He spent six years in a Jesuit seminary, then did graduate work at San Jose State College and the University of California, Irvine. He has published poems in numerous magazines, including The New Yorker, The Atlantic Monthly, Poetry, The American Poetry Review, and elsewhere.

His 1978 collection *Listeners at the Breathing Place* was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. He has won nine awards from the Poetry Society of America, and in July 1979, Miranda was chosen by the editors of the Atlantic Monthly to be the third poet-in-residence at The Frost Place, Robert Frost's house in Franconia, New Hampshire, after Katha Pollitt and Robert Hass. From 1970 to 1973, he was a Fulbright Lecturer at the University of Athens in Greece He has taught writing and literature at various colleges and universities, most recently as writer-in-residence at Reed College in Portland, Oregon.

## Reviews and criticism

Miranda's poetry has been well received. His first collection, *Listeners at the Breathing Place*, chosen for the Princeton Series of Contemporary Poets, was described as "inviting and impressive" in the Library Journal Maxine Kumin called it "a first book to be proud of," and Miranda "a versatile and sensitive poet." Writing in *Poetry*, Michael Heffernan called the book "breathtaking."

The Library Journal review of Miranda's second collection, *Grace Period*, said it was "written with a sure hand," and that Miranda "bears witness" and "surprises us." In a review of *Orpheus and Company: Contemporary Poems on Greek Mythology*, edited by Deborah DeNicola, David Garza calls the opening to Miranda's poem on Narcissus "insightful and seductive."

Miranda's translation of Rilke's *Duino Elegies* received wide praise. Robin Skelton, in The Malahat Review, said it "retains the brilliance of the original;" Robert Boyers, in Salmagundi, said, "Nowhere does it read like a translation." Rilke Scholar John Mood called it "the nearest to a definitive Elegies we're apt ever to get in the English language." Jan Freeman, director of Paris Press, said, "No other translation compares to this one." Less effusive, the review in the Virginia Quarterly Review called the translation "admirable," "clear and readable," and "faithful" to Rilke's meaning, but found Miranda's translation "prosaic," and prefers the translation by Harry Behn.

Miranda has not been identified strongly with a single school of poetry; although three of his poems were included in the New Formalist collection *Strong Measures*, he does not limit himself to traditional forms - in fact, most of his work is free verse.

## Selected works

### Poetry collections

* *Turning Sixty*, Zoland Books, 2003
* *Grace Period*, Princeton University Press, 1983.
* *Duino Elegies*, by Rainer Maria Rilke, Azul, 1996. Tavern Books, 2013.
* *Listeners at the Breathing Place*, Princeton University Press, 1979.
* *The Seed That Dies: Twelve Elegies*, Kedros Press (Athens, Greece), 1973.

### Prose books

* *Splendid Audacity: The Story of Pacific University*, 2000.
* *Following A River: Portland's Congregation* Neveh Shalom, 1869-1989. Jewish Historical Society of Oregon, 1989.
* *Health Care Research in an HMO: Two Decades of Discovery*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. (Editor-in-chief)
* *A Heaven in the Eye*, by Clyde Rice, editor. Breitenbush Books, 1984. Winner, Western States Book Award, judged by Robert Penn Warren.

## InfoBox

| Gary Miranda | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Bremerton, Washington, <br>United States |
| Occupation | Poet, screenwriter |


title: Park M. Strader

abstract: Park M. Strader was an American politician and a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives for the 14th district, which comprises part of Knox County. He was elected to the 104th General Assembly as a member of the Republican Party in 2004. He was a member of the House Commerce Committee, the House State and Local Committee, the House Local Government Subcommittee, and the House Utilities and Banking Subcommittee. For seven terms, Park Strader served as Knox County Assessor, from 1972 to 2000. From 2000 until his death, he worked as Chief Deputy Assessor. Strader sponsored a House bill that would allow physicians to restrict other doctors from competing with their practices within either a ten mile radius or an entire county, depending on which encompasses a greater area. In 2005, Strader voted with the majority of the House to pass a bill that would raise the amount of funding for the state's pre-kindergarten pilot program from $10 million to $35 million. Randy Button, chairman of the Tennessee Democratic Party, accused Strader and other politicians of accepting large contributions from the Gregory family, of King Pharmaceuticals and the PACs these interests supported. Button claimed that the contributions affected the decisions of Strader and other Tennessee legislators to not vote with the Republican Party against limiting donations from PACs and political parties.

text:
# Park M. Strader

**Park M. Strader** (February 15, 1945  August 19, 2009) was an American politician and a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives for the 14th district, which comprises part of Knox County.

He was elected to the 104th General Assembly as a member of the Republican Party in 2004. He was a member of the House Commerce Committee, the House State and Local Committee, the House Local Government Subcommittee, and the House Utilities and Banking Subcommittee. For seven terms, Park Strader served as Knox County Assessor, from 1972 to 2000. From 2000 until his death, he worked as Chief Deputy Assessor.

Strader sponsored a House bill that would allow physicians to restrict other doctors from competing with their practices within either a ten mile radius or an entire county, depending on which encompasses a greater area. In 2005, Strader voted with the majority of the House to pass a bill that would raise the amount of funding for the state's pre-kindergarten pilot program from $10 million to $35 million.

Randy Button, chairman of the Tennessee Democratic Party, accused Strader and other politicians of accepting large contributions from the Gregory family, of King Pharmaceuticals and the PACs these interests supported. Button claimed that the contributions affected the decisions of Strader and other Tennessee legislators to not vote with the Republican Party against limiting donations from PACs and political parties.

1. "Official Profile: Tennessee (TN) State Representative Park M. Strader". FreedomSpeaks.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
2. "Democrats Say GOP Legislators Against Ethics Reform, GOP Replies". *The Chattanoogan*. March 8, 2005. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2009.


title: Paroedura vazimba

abstract: Paroedura vazimba is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It is endemic to Madagascar.

text:
# Paroedura vazimba

***Paroedura vazimba*** is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It is endemic to Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Paroedura vazimba* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Paroedura* |
| Species: | ***P. vazimba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paroedura vazimba***
Nussbaum & Raxworthy, 2000 | |
|


title: Paroedura masobe

abstract: Paroedura masobe, also called masobe gecko, is an endangered species of gekkonid gecko. They are known for their white-speckled dark skin and big eyes. The average life span of the Paroedura masobe is approximately eight years. Paroedura masobe reaches lengths of up to 17 centimetres (6.69 in). This rare species has been sought-after for the herpetoculture pet trade. It was listed on CITES Appendix II in 2017, following a 2016 proposal.

text:
# Paroedura masobe

***Paroedura masobe***, also called masobe gecko, is an endangered species of gekkonid gecko. They are known for their white-speckled dark skin and big eyes. The average life span of the Paroedura masobe is approximately eight years. *Paroedura masobe* reaches lengths of up to 17 centimetres (6.69 in).

This rare species has been sought-after for the herpetoculture pet trade. It was listed on CITES Appendix II in 2017, following a 2016 proposal.

## Classification and phylogenetic relationships

*Paroedura masobe* was described by Nussbaum and Raxworthy in 1994. A 2018 study placed it as the phylogenetic sister of a clade containing *P. androyensis*, *P. maingoka*, and *P. picta* from southern and southwestern Madagascar.

## Ecology

### Habitat

*Paroedura masobe* inhabits low elevation humid primary forest. It is an arboreal species, active 1–4 m above the forest floor.

### Distribution

This species is endemic to Madagascar, where it is known from low elevation sites in Zahamena National Park, in the north of the Zahamena-Ankeniheny Corridor, in Betaikankana in the south east of the Zahamena-Ankeniheny Corridor, and in Betampona Special Reserve, and . The range of occurrence is 410 km2 (160 sq mi). Due to the scarcity of a suitable habitat the distributional extent in this area is approximately below 100 km2 (39 sq mi). It occurs from 300 to 600 metres (980 to 1,970 ft) asl. They are very rare to encounter due to the pressure and rough distribution of the forest habitat within the range of the geckos. The species population is decreasing in result, it has a severely fragmented population.

### Diet

The diet of wild *Paroedura masobe* has not been studied. In captivity, they are frequently fed crickets, roaches, land snails, isopods (wood lice), roaches. Females benefit greatly from inclusion of snails and isopods in their diet because of the increase in calcium. Young masobes should be fed around four to five insects every day, while adult masobes should be fed four to six times per week. Females that are ready to breed should be fed isopods or land snails at least twice a month. During hunting, overly large animals or very small prey are often ignored.

### Reproduction

Females lay pairs of hard shelled, roughly spherical eggs, measuring ca 18 x 17 mm. Eggs hatch after six months.

## Conservation

### Threats

This species is threatened by low elevation humid forest into farmland and the removal of timber. The extraction of honey and other biological resources also degrades the forest which results in the species' ability to persevere. Between 2010 and 2015, 2–505 specimens per year were exported from Madagascar for the international pet trade. A 2015 moratorium on CITES trade brought exports to a halt. The current CITES export quota of live animals from Madagascar is zero.

### Efforts

The current efforts to protect *Paroedura masobe* are limited. 100 percent of the known species distribution is protected by protected areas, but many habitats are fragmented. Currently, there is no monitoring of the species being conducted. There is no area based regional management plan. The physical efforts to save this species are almost non-existent. For example, there are no awareness programs. The conservation of this species demands more research to be conducted on the population trends of the *Paroedura masobe*.

## InfoBox

| *Paroedura masobe* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix II (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Genus: | *Paroedura* |
| Species: | ***P. masobe*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paroedura masobe***
Nussbaum & Raxworthy, 1994 | |
|


title: Parow, Germany

abstract: Parow is a village a few miles north of Stralsund in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is part of the municipality Kramerhof. First traces of settlements can be traced back to the Stone Age, based on findings of arrow heads, wedges and fireplaces. The German Navy's Engineering School (Marinetechnikschule) is at Parow. It moved from Kiel in 2002. The Minentaucher train there.

text:
# Parow, Germany

**Parow** is a village a few miles north of Stralsund in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is part of the municipality Kramerhof. First traces of settlements can be traced back to the Stone Age, based on findings of arrow heads, wedges and fireplaces. The German Navy's Engineering School (Marinetechnikschule) is at Parow. It moved from Kiel in 2002. The Minentaucher train there.

54°21′N 13°05′E / 54.350°N 13.083°E / 54.350; 13.083


title: William de Ferrers of Groby

abstract: William de Ferrers (1240-1287) of Groby Castle in Leicestershire was the younger son of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby (c.1193-1254) of Chartley Castle in Staffordshire, by his second wife Margaret de Quincy, daughter and heiress of Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (c.1195-1264). He founded the line of Ferrers of Groby, having been given Groby Castle by his mother Margaret de Quincy. Having rebelled against King Henry III, he was taken prisoner at the Battle of Northampton in 1264, but was later pardoned. In 1282 He was with King Edward I in the Army of Wales.

text:
# William de Ferrers of Groby

**William de Ferrers** (1240-1287) of Groby Castle in Leicestershire was the younger son of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby (c.1193-1254) of Chartley Castle in Staffordshire, by his second wife Margaret de Quincy, daughter and heiress of Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (c.1195-1264). He founded the line of Ferrers of Groby, having been given Groby Castle by his mother Margaret de Quincy. Having rebelled against King Henry III, he was taken prisoner at the Battle of Northampton in 1264, but was later pardoned. In 1282 He was with King Edward I in the Army of Wales.

## Marriages & issue

He married twice:

1. Cokayne, G. E.; Gibbs, Vicary & Doubleday, H. A., eds. (1926). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Eardley of Spalding to Goojerat). 5 (2nd ed.). London, p.340, note (d)
2. G. E. Cokayne, *The Complete Peerage*, n.s., vol.5, pp.340-2
3. G. E. Cokayne, *The Complete Peerage*, n.s., vol.5, pp.340-1
4. "Ferrers, William (C. 1240–1287)". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65399. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
5. G. E. Cokayne, *The Complete Peerage*, n.s., vol.5, p.343, note (c)
6. G. E. Cokayne, *The Complete Peerage*, n.s., vol.5, p.341
7. Sanders, I.J. English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086-1327, Oxford, 1960, p.130
8. G. E. Cokayne, *The Complete Peerage*, n.s., vol.5, p.342, note (e)


title: Fumi-shima

abstract: Fumi-shima (経島) is an islet 180 metres (590 ft) from the shore near Izumo, Shimane, Japan. It is a nesting place for around 5,000 Black-tailed Gulls each Spring, and has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. The islet used to have a shrine dedicated to Hinomisaki Jinja. Only the shrine priests were allowed to visit the island so the gulls settled virtually undisturbed.

text:
# Fumi-shima

**Fumi-shima** (経島) is an islet 180 metres (590 ft) from the shore near Izumo, Shimane, Japan. It is a nesting place for around 5,000 Black-tailed Gulls each Spring, and has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. The islet used to have a shrine dedicated to Hinomisaki Jinja. Only the shrine priests were allowed to visit the island so the gulls settled virtually undisturbed.

35°25′49″N 132°37′36″E / 35.43028°N 132.62667°E / 35.43028; 132.62667


title: Miners Falls

abstract: Miners Falls is a waterfall located on Miners River in the western portion of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in Alger County, Michigan. The falls drops about 40 feet (12 m) over a sandstone outcrop with a 10-foot (3.0 m) crest. The falls can be accessed by a 0.6 mile gravel path, with stairs leading to a lookout.

text:
# Miners Falls

**Miners Falls** is a waterfall located on Miners River in the western portion of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in Alger County, Michigan. The falls drops about 40 feet (12 m) over a sandstone outcrop with a 10-foot (3.0 m) crest. The falls can be accessed by a 0.6 mile gravel path, with stairs leading to a lookout.

## InfoBox

| Miners Falls | |
| --- | --- |
| View of Miners Falls from below | |
|  | |
| Location | Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 46°28′28″N 86°31′50″W / 46.47444°N 86.53056°W / 46.47444; -86.53056 (Miners Falls) |
| Total height | 40 feet (12 m) |
| Watercourse | Miners River |


abstract:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 3000 metres W45 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics. The W45 division consists of female athletes who have reached the age of 45 but have not yet reached the age of 50, so exactly from their 45th birthday to the day before their 50th birthday.
  - Key
  -   Incomplete information
  Pending
  better indoor records

text:
# Masters W45 3000 metres world record progression

This is the progression of world record improvements of the 3000 metres W45 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics.  The W45 division consists of female athletes who have reached the age of 45 but have not yet reached the age of 50, so exactly from their 45th birthday to the day before their 50th birthday.

Key

*Incomplete information*   *Pending*   *better indoor records*

| Hand | Auto | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 9:17.27 | Yekaterina Podkopaeva | Russia | 11 June 1952 | Munich | 22 June 1997 |
|  | 9:11.67i | Nicole Leveque | France | 27.01.1951 | Paris | 11.02.1996 |
|  | 9:31.38 | Evy Palm | Sweden | 31 January 1942 | Malmö | 7 July 1987 |
|  | 9:34.00 | Evy Palm | Sweden | 31 January 1942 | Nyköping | 23 May 1987 |
|

Masters Athletics 3000 m list


title: Fred E. Ellis

abstract: Fred E. Ellis is a former major general in the Texas Air National Guard.

text:
# Fred E. Ellis

**Fred E. Ellis** is a former major general in the Texas Air National Guard.

## Career

Ellis originally joined the United States Air Force in 1968. He was stationed at Keesler Air Force Base until 1970, at which time he was assigned to Griffiss Air Force Base.

After being assigned to the Air Reserve Personnel Center, Ellis joined the Texas Air National Guard in 1972. In 1985, he assumed command of the 254th Combat Communications Group. He remained in the position until 1995 when he became the Air National Guard assistant to the Deputy Chief of Staff of Communications and Information of the Air Force. In 1998, Ellis became the Air National Guard assistant to the Director of Communications and Information.

Awards he received during his career include the Legion of Merit, the Meritorious Service Medal, the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Air Force Achievement Medal, the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, the Organizational Excellence Award, the National Defense Service Medal, the Air Force Longevity Service Award, the Combat Readiness Medal, the Armed Forces Reserve Medal and the Air Force Training Ribbon.

## Education


title: Nicole Renée

abstract: Nicole Renée, also sometimes known as Nicole Renée Harris, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and former Teen Summit host, who is currently signed to Melodious Fool Records. Her latest single release is "You Don't Have To Buy Me Anything". Previous releases included a self-titled album on Atlantic Records in 1998. She was signed by Craig Kallman and Ahmet Ertegun. Prior to recording it, Renee wrote more than 200 songs. Renée was trained by Gail Thomas who attended the Juilliard School. She is trained in classical music.

text:
# Nicole Renée

**Nicole Renée**, also sometimes known as **Nicole Renée Harris**, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and former *Teen Summit* host, who is currently signed to Melodious Fool Records. Her latest single release is "You Don't Have To Buy Me Anything". Previous releases included a self-titled album on Atlantic Records in 1998. She was signed by Craig Kallman and Ahmet Ertegun. Prior to recording it, Renee wrote more than 200 songs.

Renée was trained by Gail Thomas who attended the Juilliard School. She is trained in classical music.


title: Ubaidullah Anwar

abstract: Maulana Ubaidullah Anwar was a Pakistani Islamic scholar, politician and vice-emir of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. He was also president of Anjuman Khudamuddin Lahore, Madrasa Qasim Uloom, Sheranwala, Lahore and the patron of Weekly Khudamuddin. He is the son of the religious scholar Ahmed Ali Lahori.

text:
# Ubaidullah Anwar

**Maulana Ubaidullah Anwar** (2 August 1926  27 April 1985) was a Pakistani Islamic scholar, politician and vice-emir of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam.

He was also president of *Anjuman Khudamuddin* Lahore, Madrasa Qasim Uloom, Sheranwala, Lahore and the patron of *Weekly Khudamuddin*. He is the son of the religious scholar Ahmed Ali Lahori.

## Education

After memorizing the Holy Qur'an in Lahore, he entered Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur, British India for primary and secondary education. Where he learned from Asadullah Rampuri, Abdul Rahman Kamilpuri and Jameel Ahmed Thanvi. Later, he went to Darul Uloom Deoband and studied with Hussain Ahmed Madani, Muhammad Ibrahim Balyawi, Rasool Khan Hazarvi, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi and Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi. After completing Tafsir, Hadith, Jurisprudence and Kalam, he graduated in 1947.

He pledged allegiance to his father Ahmed Ali Lahori and received the caliphate from him.

## Teaching

After graduation, he was appointed as an instructor in *Madressa Mazhirul Uloom*, Karachi. After about 6 years, he visited Lahore and started teaching on a platform of *Misri Shah* neighbourhood of Lahore, Pakistan. Taught Quran for about 10 years.

## Death

He died on 7 Sha'ban 1405 AH (27 April 1985).

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Maulana Ubaidullah Anwar | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 2 August 1926
Lahore, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan) |
| Died | 27 April 1985 (aged 58)
Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Alma mater | Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur; Darul Uloom Deoband |
| Occupation(s) | Islamic scholar, politician |
| Known for | Vice-emir of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam |
| Parent | Ahmed Ali Lahori (father) |


title: Oskar Rohr

abstract: Oskar Rohr was a German footballer and one of the first footballers to play abroad in a foreign league. He was born in Mannheim, Germany.

text:
# Oskar Rohr

**Oskar Rohr** (24 April 1912 – 8 November 1988) was a German footballer and one of the first footballers to play abroad in a foreign league. He was born in Mannheim, Germany.

## Early career

Rohr, known primarily by his nickname "Ossi", began his career in the 1920s as a striker for hometown clubs *FC Phönix Mannheim* and later for VfR Mannheim. He was quickly marked as a talented striker with a natural instinct for scoring goals. Fueled by the desire to display his talents at a higher level, he signed with FC Bayern Munich in 1930. In his first season with FC Bayern, Rohr and his teammates barely missed out on the final round of the German Championship. In his second season with the club, FC Bayern went on to defeat Eintracht Frankfurt in the final and claim its first German Championship with a 2–0 victory. Ossi Rohr, who scored one of the two goals in the match against Eintracht, was German Champion at the young age of 20 years. The following year, Bayern's fortunes were significantly poorer, resulting in a mid-table finish within Bavaria. This lackluster finish encouraged Rohr to continue his career elsewhere.

At the age of 19, Rohr received his first Germany national team call-up by German manager Otto Nerz. There he found himself on the pitch with stars such as Ernst Kuzorra and Richard Hofmann. He played in a total of four national team matches through March 1933, receiving his first cap a year earlier against Switzerland (2–0) in March 1932. He later scored two goals in a 4–3 win against Sweden, one goal in a 1–3 loss to Italy, and two goals in a 3–3 draw with France. With five goals in four matches, Rohr looked to be on the verge of a very successful national career.

## Success Abroad

During the summer of 1933, Rohr transferred to Grasshoppers Zürich in the Swiss League, where he would go on to win the Swiss Cup. Although football results were important to him, Rohr's real mission was to earn a living playing football. In September 1934 he was expelled from Switzerland due to incorrect statements in his tax return. The pursuit of money convinced him to transfer to French League side Racing Strasbourg. Due to his numerous transfers, football magazine "Der Fußball" referred to Rohr as *"the Gladiator, whom sells himself abroad."*

This antagonism towards Rohr only endeared him even more to the press and fans in the Alsace. During the 1934–35 season, he proved his worth scoring 20 goals in 22 matches while leading Strasbourg to runner-up in the French Championship. The following season Rohr scored at an even higher rate, netting 28 goals in 28 matches. This performance saw him end up second on the French goal scoring list, with Strasbourg finishing third in the league. Although only finishing 6th in the league during the 1936–37 season, Rohr did obtain a French Cup runners-up medal with Strasbourg, as well as becoming the French League scoring champion with 30 goals. The following season he would finish again in second on the goal scoring list with 25 goals. With 117 Ligue 1 goals, Rohr is still the all-time goal scorer at Racing Strasbourg. He is still fondly remembered by fans of the club.

## War Years

The start of World War II in 1939, as well as the occupation of various parts of France by the German Army in 1940, troubled Rohr and he decided to flee to Sète in southern, unoccupied France where he live until 1942. During this time, the Third Reich declared him Persona non grata. It is unknown if he played at local club FC Sète during this time period; he was however, not listed on the players roster during the 1941–42 season. Additionally disputed is whether Rohr served as a member of the French Foreign Legion between 1940 and 1942.

In November 1942, he was sentenced to a three-month prison term after his arrest by French police in Marseille for "anti-French or communist propaganda." He was handed over to the authorities by his nephew, Philip Rohr. He served his sentence at the Strasbourg Citadel, after which he was handed over to German authorities. The Gestapo interned him in a concentration camp at Karlsruhe-Kieslau; two months later he was sent to the Eastern Front. After arriving at the Eastern Front, Rohr was permitted to join a German Army football team, enabling him to perform the one task he truly enjoyed; scoring goals. Shortly before the end of the war, a German pilot recognized him from his football days and offered him a flight back to Germany.

## Post war

After the war ended, Rohr decided to remain in Germany instead of returning to Strasbourg. Until 1949 he continued to play in the first division of German football (Oberliga Süd) for VfR Mannheim (1945–46, 7 matches, 3 goals), TSV Schwaben Augsburg (1945–46, 15 matches, 8 goals) and SV Waldhof (1948–49, 17 matches, 5 goals) as well as for (Oberliga Südwest) FK Pirmasens (1947–48, 21 matches, 11 goals). At VfR Rohr briefly played in the same side as his nephew Philipp. After his retirement, he worked as a clerk for the Mannheim city prosecutors office.

Gernot Rohr, grandnephew of Oskar Rohr, would eventually also play for FC Bayern as well as in the French League with Girondins Bordeaux; Gernot even became a French citizen in 1982 and worked as a football manager until 2005 in the same country where his great uncle, Oskar Rohr, made his name as the greatest goal scorer of the 1930s.

## InfoBox

Oskar Rohr
| Rohr in 1937 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1912-04-24)24 April 1912 | | |
| Place of birth | Mannheim, Germany | | |
| Date of death | 8 November 1988(1988-11-08) (aged 76) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1928–1930 | VfR Mannheim |  |  |
| 1930–1933 | Bayern Munich | 57 | (57) |
| 1933–1934 | Grasshoppers Zürich | 20 | (23) |
| 1934–1939 | Strasbourg | 136 | (118) |
| 1940–1941 | Sète |  |  |
| 1945 | Schwaben Augsburg | 15 | (8) |
| 1946 | VfR Mannheim | 7 | (3) |
| 1946–1948 | FK Pirmasens |  |  |
| 1948–1949 | Waldhof Mannheim | 17 | (5) |
| International career | | | |
| 1932–1933 | Germany | 4 | (5) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Oskar Sandberg

abstract: Oskar Sandberg is a key contributor to the Freenet Project, and a PhD graduate of the Chalmers Technical University in Gothenburg, Sweden. Oskar collaborated with Ian Clarke to design the new "darknet" model employed in Freenet 0.7, work which was presented at the DEF CON security conference in July 2005. Oskar recently completed a Ph.D. about the mathematics of complex networks, especially with regard to the small world phenomenon. Besides this he has an active interest in distributed computer networks and network security, and has been an active contributor to the Freenet Project since 1999. Oskar now works at Google.

text:
# Oskar Sandberg

**Oskar Sandberg** is a key contributor to the Freenet Project, and a PhD graduate of the Chalmers Technical University in Gothenburg, Sweden. Oskar collaborated with Ian Clarke to design the new "darknet" model employed in Freenet 0.7, work which was presented at the DEF CON security conference in July 2005. Oskar recently completed a Ph.D. about the mathematics of complex networks, especially with regard to the small world phenomenon. Besides this he has an active interest in distributed computer networks and network security, and has been an active contributor to the Freenet Project since 1999. Oskar now works at Google.

## Papers

Ian Clarke, Oskar Sandberg, Brandon Wiley, Theodore W. Hong: Freenet: A Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and Retrieval System link

Oskar Sandberg: Searching in a small world (licentiate thesis) link


title: Oskar Sala

abstract: Oskar Sala was a German composer and a pioneer of electronic music. He played an instrument called the Trautonium, an early form of electronic synthesizer.

text:
# Oskar Sala

**Oskar Sala** (18 July 1910 – 26 February 2002) was a German composer and a pioneer of electronic music. He played an instrument called the Trautonium, an early form of electronic synthesizer.

## Early life

Sala was born in Greiz, Thuringia, Germany. He studied piano and organ during his youth, performing classical piano concerts as a teenager. In 1929, he moved to Berlin to study piano and composition with composer and violist Paul Hindemith at the Berlin Conservatory. He also followed the experiments of Dr. Friedrich Trautwein, at the school's laboratory, learning to play with Trautwein's pioneer electronic instrument, the Trautonium.

On 20 June 1930 Sala and Paul Hindemith gave a public performance at the Berliner Musikhochschule Hall called “Neue Musik Berlin 1930″ to introduce the Trautonium. Later Sala toured Germany with the Trautonium; in 1931 he was the soloist in a performance of Hindemith's Concert for Trautonium with String Quartet. He also soloed in the debut of Hindemith student Harald Genzmer's “Concert for Trautonium AND Orchestra”.

Sala studied physics at the University of Berlin between 1932 and 1935. He helped to develop the "Volkstrautonium", a Trautonium that Telefunken hoped to popularize. In 1935 he built a "Radio-Trautonium", and in 1938 a portable model, the "Konzerttrautonium".

Oskar Sala was a soldier during the Nazi era. He was on the Eastern Front during World War II, where he was injured.

## Mixtur-Trautonium

In 1948, Sala further developed the Trautonium into the Mixtur-Trautonium. Sala's invention opened the field of subharmonics, the symmetric counterpart to overtones, so that a thoroughly distinct tuning evolved. Pioneering music therapist Maria Schüppel studied and worked with Sala during the 1950s.

Sala presented his new instrument to the public in 1952 and would soon receive international licenses for its circuits. That same year, Harald Genzmer delivered the score to the first *Concert For Mixtur-Trautonium And Grand Orchestra.*

In the 1950s Sala also built the *Quartett-Trautonium*.

## Film work

In the 1940s and 1950s, he worked on many film scores. In 1958, he established his own studio at Mars film GmbH (4th incarnation) in Berlin. It was there that he produced electronic soundtracks for such films as Veit Harlan's *Different from You and Me* (1957), Rolf Thiele's *Rosemary* (1959), and Fritz Lang's *Das Indische Grabmal* (1959).

He created the non-musical soundtrack for Alfred Hitchcock's film *The Birds*. He received many awards for his film scores, but he never won an Oscar. He also did much work on German commercials, most notably one referred to as *HB's little man*.

He was an honorary Senator of Berlin.

## Legacy

On 18 July 2022, Google celebrated his 112th birthday with a Google Doodle.

## Discography

* *Trautonium-Konzerte*

(Wergo WER 286 266–2) Harald Genzmer's *Konzert für Trautonium und Orchester* (*Concerto for Trautonium and Orchestra*) (1938/39) and *Konzert für Mixtur-Trautonium und großes Orchester* (*Concerto for Mixtur-Trautonium and Large Orchestra*) (1952) * *My Fascinating Instrument*

(Erdenklang 90340) Contains his own compositions, dating from 1955 to 1989 * *Subharmonische Mixturen*

(Erdenklang 70962) Contains Paul Hindemith's *Langsames Stueck für Orchester und Rondo für Trautonium* (*Slow Piece for Orchestra And Rondo for Trautonium*), Sala's own compositions, dating from 1992 to 1995, and his soundtrack to *Der Wuerger von Schloss Dartmore* (*The Strangler of Castle Dartmore*) * *Elektronische Impressionen*

(Telefunken 6.40023 AP) Hindemith's *7 Triostuecke für drei Trautonien* (*7 Triopieces for three Trautonien*), *Konzertstueck fuer Trautonium und Streicher* (*Concertpiece for Trautonium And Strings*) written in 1931 and recorded in 1977. Also contains Sala's *Elektronische Impressionen* (*Electronic Impressions*), 1978. * *Resonanzen*

(1970, re-release 1994, Originalton West OW027) Contains *Suite für Mixtur-Trautonium und elektronisches Schlagwerk* and *Resonanzen*: Konzertante Musik für Mixtur-Trautonium und Elektronisches Orchester.

## Literature

* Peter Donhauser (2007). *Elektrische Klangmaschinen*. Boehlau Vienna (in German).
* Peter Badge (2000). *Oskar Sala:Pionier der elektronischen Musik*. Satzwerk, 100pp. ISBN 3-930333-34-1
* Pablo Freire / Audionautas (2011/2012). *Oskar Sala. El último artesano*. Parts  (in Spanish)

## InfoBox

| Oskar Sala | |
| --- | --- |
| Sala in his studio (1996) | |
| Born | 18 July 1910
Greiz, German Empire |
| Died | 26 February 2002(2002-02-26) (aged 91)
Berlin, Germany |


title: Otto Mainzer

abstract: Otto Mainzer was a German-American writer. He was unconventional, and wrote about issues such as free love. Mainzer was the son of Bertha Loeb. He graduated in Law in 1928 and received his doctorate in law. He then worked as a lawyer at the Berlin Court of Appeal. When he removed in 1933 because of his Jewish origin, he emigrated to Paris. There he made the acquaintance of André Gide, Heinrich Mann, Arnold Zweig and Erwin Piscator, who supported him financially. At the time of his Paris exile, Mainzer became acquainted with the writings of psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich. Under the influence of Reich's ideas about sex-economy, Mainzer produced some major works on sexual coercion. In 1941 Mainz continued his emigration, and went to the USA. There he met his girlfriend Ilse Wunsch and lived for 25 years, "unmarried, in two different apartments, but in an intimate love relationship" until they married. After his death in 1995 his wife established the Otto-Mainzer-Preis in New York for the science of love, worth 5,000 U.S. dollars. The last prize was awarded in 2015.

text:
# Otto Mainzer

**Otto Mainzer** (26 November 1903 in Frankfurt am Main  28 June 1995 in New York City) was a German-American writer. He was unconventional, and wrote about issues such as free love.

Mainzer was the son of Bertha Loeb. He graduated in Law in 1928 and received his doctorate in law. He then worked as a lawyer at the Berlin Court of Appeal. When he removed in 1933 because of his Jewish origin, he emigrated to Paris. There he made the acquaintance of André Gide, Heinrich Mann, Arnold Zweig and Erwin Piscator, who supported him financially. At the time of his Paris exile, Mainzer became acquainted with the writings of psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich. Under the influence of Reich's ideas about sex-economy, Mainzer produced some major works on sexual coercion. In 1941 Mainz continued his emigration, and went to the USA. There he met his girlfriend Ilse Wunsch and lived for 25 years, "unmarried, in two different apartments, but in an intimate love relationship" until they married. After his death in 1995 his wife established the Otto-Mainzer-Preis in New York for the science of love, worth 5,000 U.S. dollars. The last prize was awarded in 2015.

## Works

* *Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz, Gerechtigkeit und Recht.* Dissertation, Frankfurt 1929.

*als Nachdruck:* Keip Verlag, Goldbach 1996. * *Die sexuelle Zwangswirtschaft. Ein erotisches Manifest.* (1937) Parabel-Verlag, München 1981, ISBN 3-7898-0962-4.
* *Der zärtliche Vorstoß. In 66 Gedichten.* Kirchheim Verlag, München 1986, ISBN 3-87410-017-0. (Nachdruck der Exil-Ausgabe Paris 1939)
* *Prometheus* (Roman, 1939) Stroemfeld / Roter Stern, Frankfurt am Main und Basel 1989, ISBN 3-87877-325-0.
* *"Auf die höchsten Sterne will ich zielen."* Stroemfeld / Roter Stern, Frankfurt am Main (noch nicht erschienen, angekündigt), ISBN 3-87877-828-7.

## Literature

* Ilse Wunsch-Mainzer: *Zurück nach vorn. Mein Leben mit Prometheus.* Stroemfeld / Roter Stern, Frankfurt am Main und Basel 1998, ISBN 3-87877-574-1.
* Michael Lukas Moeller: *Auf dem Weg zu einer Wissenschaft von der Liebe – Dyadologie: die Lehre vom Dialog der Dyade.* Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek 2002, ISBN 3-499-61417-0.

## InfoBox

| Otto Mainzer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 26 November 1903
Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany |
| Died | 28 June 1995
New York City, U.S. |
| Nationality | German-American |
| Occupation | Writer |


title: Ott's Chapel

abstract: Ott's Chapel is a historic chapel in New Castle County, Delaware, located roughly halfway between Newark, Delaware and Elkton, Maryland on Ott's Chapel Road. It was built in 1871 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

text:
# Ott's Chapel

**Ott's Chapel** (also known as Ott's Chapel Sunday School) is a historic chapel in New Castle County, Delaware, located roughly halfway between Newark, Delaware and Elkton, Maryland on Ott's Chapel Road.

It was built in 1871 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

## History

The chapel was built by Stephen Ott, a local farmer who also hosted nondenominational prayer meetings at his house. After the meetings grew too large, Ott built the chapel with the help of his neighbors in 1871. Ott conducted prayer meetings and Sunday school at the chapel until his death in 1875, after which his wife Jane took over until 1881. The chapel was later run by George A. Blake from 1889 to 1910, and has continued to host nondenominational prayer meetings and Sunday school since.

## Architecture

Ott's Chapel is a small, one-story frame building with clapboard siding and a gable roof, typical of the rural church architecture of 19th-century Delaware. The chapel is one bay wide by three bays deep, with a gable-roofed front porch, and stands on a rubble stone foundation. The interior of the building consists of a single room with a high ceiling and elaborate pressed tin ornamentation.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ott's Chapel | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Ott's Chapel in 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 1655 Otts Chapel Rd., near Newark, Delaware |
| Coordinates | 39°38′03″N 75°46′43″W / 39.63411°N 75.77857°W / 39.63411; -75.77857 |
| Area | 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) |
| Built | 1871 |
| NRHP reference No. | 86001555 |
| Added to NRHP | August 13, 1986 |


abstract: Otter Tail Peninsula Township is a township in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 43 as of the 2000 census.

text:
# Otter Tail Peninsula Township, Cass County, Minnesota

**Otter Tail Peninsula Township** is a township in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 43 as of the 2000 census.

## History

Otter Tail Peninsula Township was established in 1987.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 75.1 square miles (194.5km2), of which 64.3 square miles (166.5km2) is land and 10.8 square miles (28.0km2) (14.38%) is water.

### Lakes

* Leech Lake (north edge)
* Life Raft Lake
* Lower Sucker Lake (south edge)

### Adjacent townships

### Cemeteries

The township contains Rabbits Cemetery.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 43 people, 22 households, and 15 families residing in the township. The population density was 0.7 people per square mile (0.3/km2). There were 91 housing units at an average density of 1.4/sq mi (0.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 86.05% White, 2.33% Native American, and 11.63% from two or more races.

There were 22 households, out of which 4.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.6% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.31.

In the township the population was spread out, with 9.3% under the age of 18, 2.3% from 18 to 24, 9.3% from 25 to 44, 48.8% from 45 to 64, and 30.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 58 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $90,000. Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $25,625 for females. The per capita income for the township was $30,869. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

## InfoBox

| Otter Tail Peninsula Township, Minnesota | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Otter Tail Peninsula Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaOtter Tail Peninsula Township, MinnesotaOtter Tail Peninsula Township, Minnesota (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 47°17′9″N 94°24′22″W / 47.28583°N 94.40611°W / 47.28583; -94.40611 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Cass |
| Area | |
| Total | 75.1 sq mi (194.5 km2) |
| Land | 64.3 sq mi (166.5 km2) |
| Water | 10.8 sq mi (28.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,342 ft (409 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 43 |
| Density | 0.7/sq mi (0.3/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| FIPS code | 27-49250 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0665241 |


title: Ostiarius

abstract: An ostiarius, a Latin word sometimes anglicized as ostiary but often literally translated as porter or doorman, originally was an enslaved person or guard posted at the entrance of a building, similarly to a gatekeeper. In the Roman Catholic Church, this "porter" became the lowest of the four minor orders prescribed by the Council of Trent. This was the first order a seminarian was admitted to after receiving the tonsure. The porter had in ancient times the duty of opening and closing the church-door and of guarding the church, especially to ensure no unbaptised persons would enter during the Eucharist. Later on, the porter would also guard, open and close the doors of the sacristy, baptistry and elsewhere in the church. The porter was not a part of holy orders administering sacraments but simply a preparatory job on the way to the major orders: subdiaconate, diaconate and the priesthood. Like the other minor orders and the subdiaconate, it is retained in societies such as the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter.

text:
# Ostiarius

An **ostiarius**, a Latin word sometimes anglicized as **ostiary** but often literally translated as **porter** or **doorman**, originally was an enslaved person or guard posted at the entrance of a building, similarly to a gatekeeper.

In the Roman Catholic Church, this "porter" became the lowest of the four minor orders prescribed by the Council of Trent. This was the first order a seminarian was admitted to after receiving the tonsure. The porter had in ancient times the duty of opening and closing the church-door and of guarding the church, especially to ensure no unbaptised persons would enter during the Eucharist. Later on, the porter would also guard, open and close the doors of the sacristy, baptistry and elsewhere in the church.

The porter was not a part of holy orders administering sacraments but simply a preparatory job on the way to the major orders: subdiaconate (until its suppression, after the Second Vatican Council by Pope Paul VI), diaconate and the priesthood. Like the other minor orders and the subdiaconate, it is retained in societies such as the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter.

## History

In the Roman period, an *ostiarius* was an enslaved person whose duty was to guard the entrance of an upper-class citizen's house, sometimes being chained to the doorway to prevent flight. A basilica originally served as a Roman court of law, and it was the duty of the ostiarius to regulate the approach of litigants to the judge.

When, from the end of the second century, the Christian communities began to own houses for holding church services and for purposes of administration, church ostiaries are soon mentioned, at least for the larger cities. They are first referred to in the letter of Pope Cornelius to Bishop Fabius of Antioch written in 251, where it is said that there were then at Rome 46 priests, 7 deacons, 7 subdeacons, 42 acolytes, and 52 exorcists, lectors, and ostiaries, or doorkeepers. According to the statement of the *Liber Pontificalis*, an ostiary named Romanus suffered martyrdom in 258 at the same time as St. Lawrence.

In Western Europe the office of the ostiary was the lowest grade of the minor clergy. In a law of 377 of the *Codex Theodosianus* intended for the Vicariate of Italy, the ostiaries are also mentioned among the clergy who have a right to personal immunity. In his letter of 11 March 494, to the bishops of southern Italy and Sicily, Pope Gelasius says that for admission into the clergy it was necessary that the candidate could read (must, therefore, have a certain amount of education), for without this prerequisite an applicant could, at the most, only fill the office of an ostiary.

In Rome itself this office attained to no particular development, as a large part of these duties, namely the physical work necessary in the church building, what is now probably the duty of the sexton, was at Rome performed by the mansionarii. The clergy of the three lower grades (minor orders) were united at Rome into the *Schola cantorum* (choir) and as such took part in the church ceremonies. There are no special prayers or ceremonies for the ordination of the lower clergy in the oldest liturgical books of the Roman Church.

For the Gallican Rite, short statements concerning the ordination of the lower orders, among them that of the ostiaries, are found in the "Statuta ecclesiæ antiqua" a collection of canons which appeared at Arles about the beginning of the sixth century. The "Sacramentarium Gelasianum" and the "Missale Francorum" contain the same rite with the prayers used on this occasion.

According to these the ostiaries are first instructed in their duties by the archdeacon; after this he brings them before the bishop who takes the keys of the church from the altar and hands them to the candidate for ordination with the words: "Fulfil thine office to show that thou knowest that thou wilt give account to God concerning the things that are locked away under these keys." Then follows a prayer for the candidate and a prayer for the occasion that the bishop pronounces over him. This ceremony was also at a later date adopted by the Roman Church in its liturgy.

In Latin Western Europe, outside of Rome, in the late Roman era and the one following, the ostiaries were still actually employed as guardians of the church buildings and of their contents. This is shown by the epitaph of one Ursatius, an ostiary of Trier. An ostiary of the church of Salona is also mentioned in an epitaph. Later, however, in the Latin Church the office of ostiary universally remained only one of the degrees of ordination and the actual work of the ostiary was transferred to the laity (sacristans, sextons, etc.).

In the ordination of ostiaries their duties are thus enumerated in the Pontifical: "Percutere cymbalum et campanam, aperire ecclesiam et sacrarium, et librum ei aperire qui prædicat" (to ring the bell, to open the church and sacristy, to open the book for the preacher). The forms of prayer for the ordination are similar to those in the old Gallican Rite.

In the East there were also doorkeepers in the service of the Church. They are enumerated as ecclesiastical persons by the Council of Laodicea (c. 343–381). Like the acolytes and exorcists, they were only appointed to serve the church, but received no actual ordination and were not regarded as belonging to the ecclesiastical hierarchy. According to the "Apostolic Constitutions" belonging to the end of the fourth century the guarding of the door of the church during the service was the duty of the deacons and subdeacons. Thus the doorkeepers exercised their office only when service was not being held.

The minor order no longer exists officially in the Eastern Catholic Churches and was abolished in the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Paul VI in his apostolic letter, *Ministeria quaedam* of August 15, 1972.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Porter, doorkeeper". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: Osteochilus bellus

abstract: Osteochilus bellus is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to eastern Borneo.

text:
# Osteochilus bellus

***Osteochilus bellus*** is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to eastern Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Osteochilus bellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Labeoninae |
| Genus: | *Osteochilus* |
| Species: | ***O. bellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Osteochilus bellus***<br>Popta, 1904 | |
|


title: Ostreida

abstract: The order Ostreida includes the true oysters. One superfamily (Ostreoidea) and two extant families are recognised within it. The two families are Ostreidae, the true oysters, and Gryphaeidae, the foam oysters.

text:
# Ostreida

The order **Ostreida** includes the true oysters. One superfamily (Ostreoidea) and two extant families are recognised within it. The two families are Ostreidae, the true oysters, and Gryphaeidae, the foam oysters.

## 2010 taxonomy

In 2010, a new proposed classification system for the Bivalvia was published by Bieler, Carter & Coan, revising the classification of the Bivalvia, including the order Ostreida.

## InfoBox

| Ostreida | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A true oyster, family Ostreidae, the Pacific oyster, *Magallana gigas* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Subclass: | Pteriomorphia |
| Order: | Ostreida
Fërussac, 1822 |
|
| Families | |
| Gryphaeidae
Ostreidae | |


title: Our Lady of Absam

abstract: Our Lady of Absam is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus, associated with a 1797 Marian apparition in the alpine village of Absam, a municipality of Austria. Unlike traditional Marian apparitions, this apparition of the Virgin Mary was said to leave a permanent memento in the form an image of the Virgin etched into a windowpane without a formal appearance by the Virgin. The windowpane itself has been associated with numerous miracles and healings. Pope John Paul II declared Saint Michael's Church in Absam–the parish church where the image is currently enshrined–a minor basilica on June 24, 2000, due to the popularity of the church as a site of pilgrimage.

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# Our Lady of Absam

**Our Lady of Absam** is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus, associated with a 1797 Marian apparition in the alpine village of Absam, a municipality of Austria. Unlike traditional Marian apparitions, this apparition of the Virgin Mary was said to leave a permanent memento in the form an image of the Virgin etched into a windowpane without a formal appearance by the Virgin. The windowpane itself has been associated with numerous miracles and healings.

Pope John Paul II declared Saint Michael's Church in Absam–the parish church where the image is currently enshrined–a minor basilica on June 24, 2000 (now known as the Basilika St. Michael), due to the popularity of the church as a site of pilgrimage.

## Apparition

On January 17, 1797, between 3:00 and 4:00 in the afternoon, an 18-year-old girl named Rosina Buecher was sitting at the dinner table and sewing. With no particular intervention, Buecher was prompted to look out the window near her where strange markings had seemed to appear on the window on their own. The girl called her mother to see the unusual phenomenon, and together, they looked upon the face etched into the window and concluded that it was that of the Virgin Mary. In the image, the Virgin seemed to be crying, as a tear drop could be noted coming out of her right eye. Neighbors and the parish priest were summarily called to the Buecher home to see the window for themselves.

Reasons for the appearance remain a matter of speculation. One theory that has been hypothesized is that Rosina's mother suspected it to be a grim premonition, as both her husband and her son, Johann–Rosina's brother–worked in the salt mines. Conversely, it has also been believed that the image was instead a positive sign, promising the safe return of the two men to their home. Both men did indeed return home after barely escaping a work-related accident.

### Recounting by Johann Buecher

In his old age, Johann Buecher recounted the following rendition of the apparition in 1857:

> "On 17th January 1797, my sister, a grown girl (18 years of age) by the name of Rosina was sitting at the table by the window on the ground-floor room sewing. She then – between 3 and 4 o'clock – suddenly looked up and saw what had never been seen before, drawn on a window pane, an image of Mary, the Mother of God. She called to her mother, who was also present, but in another part of the room. Mother hurried over and was initially not a little frightened, when she saw the image of the Holy Virgin, as she thought an accident could have befallen father or myself in the salt-mine where we worked. She said to sister Rosanna that we should pray; and that is what happened. After saying their prayers, the mother wiped the picture with a cloth, because she thought it was steamed up, but look, scarcely had she wiped it off, but it was back just as it was before. The apparition of the image took place on a Tuesday, and on the Thursday me and my father came home perfectly well from the mountain. We looked with joy and amazement at what we had occurred. On 17th January 1797 I was in my 16th year and have retained in my memory everything that happened on that day."

### Examination of the windowpane

The parish priest took the windowpane for further examination by experts soon after its removal from the home. They discovered that as soon as the windowpane was submerged in water, the image would disappear, but would reappear again. Attempts to chemically test and treat the window with sand and acid were futile, and the image of the Virgin Mary remained permanently on the window.

A commission from the University of Innsbruck was set up to investigate the matter and consisted of two professors of chemistry, a mathematician, a painter, Joseph Schöpf and two master glaziers. The commission found that applications of chemicals, physical rubbing, and even a mirror grinder with polish could not erase the image. One of the two glaziers then tried to remove the image with an abrasive. With the application of a lead polish, the glass allegedly became transparent and the image had disappeared, leading the commission to report, "As a result of the investigation, a quite natural cause has to be assumed, and so the image should not be regarded as a miracle."

### Theories behind the image's creation

One theory behind the origin of the etching is that it may have been the work of a young man named Georg Johannes Stebenbauer, the wealthy son of a prominent painter. Stebenbauer was said to have loved Rosina Buecher and wanted to create a painting of her, which Buecher allegedly allowed him to do, but only on the condition that she would not notice him doing so. As an alternative to this, he instead set on capturing Buecher's reflection by attaching a piece of paper, soaked in an unspecified substance made to react to light, to Buecher's window. Stebenbauer had hoped she would longingly gaze out of the window, supposedly as she always did, and capture her reflection in this way. After removing the chemically treated paper from the window, he failed to have the image of her reflection appear on the paper. If true, this method of imagery would have predated the formal invention of photography by approximately 25 years. News of the unusual image on Buecher's window soon spread throughout Absam, and Stebenbauer reportedly left Innsbruck in despair, as Buecher apparently renounced the world as a nun and entered a convent. She later assumed the name "Maria Walburga".

## Pilgrimage and enshrinement

The pane was returned to the Buecher family, but later given to Saint Michael's church on June 24, 1797, for veneration. To encourage the family to donate the pane to the church, villagers reportedly said, "Where the Son stays, there must be a place for the Mother too." A festive procession in reverence of the Virgin was held on the same day, rife with bells and celebration. Pope John Paul II declared Saint Michael's Church a minor basilica on the 203rd anniversary of the windowpane's official placement in the church, on June 24, 2000.

1. Wojcik, Daniel (1996). ""Polaroids from Heaven": Photography, Folk Religion, and the Miraculous Image Tradition at a Marian Apparition Site". *The Journal of American Folklore*. **109** (432): 129–148. doi:10.2307/541832. JSTOR 541832.
2. Walsh, Michael J. (1993). *A Dictionary of Devotions*. Tunbridge Wells: Burns & Oates. p. 11. ISBN 9780860121794. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
3. "The image of the Virgin Mary at Absam". *www.hall-wattens.at*. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
4. "Press text: Pilgrimage in Absam in Tyrol". *www.hall-wattens.at*. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
5. "Gnadenbild Maria Absam". *www.museumderunerhoertendinge.de*. Retrieved 2022-10-06.

## InfoBox

| Our Lady of Absam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Absam, Tyrol, Austria |
| Date | January 17, 1797 |
| Shrine | St. Michael's Basilica, Absam, Austria |