title: Gilbert Horseley

abstract: Gilbert Horseley was an Elizabethan privateer who lead raids in Veragua and colonial Honduras.

text:
# Gilbert Horseley

**Gilbert Horseley** (fl.15741575) was an Elizabethan privateer who lead raids in Veragua and colonial Honduras.

## Career

### Departure

Sylvester, a French corsair, is thought to have cleared from Havre in September 1574, aboard a ship 'carrying a hundred fighting men.' They set upon Veragua that December, where it is thought that African slaves informed them of Spanish merchant-ships off the northern coast of the province. Consequently, in the first quarter of 1575, 'the said corsairs \[...\] divided their forces \[...\] endeavouring to join with the *cimarrones* \[and so went\] to the Desaguadero (San Juan River) \[...\] to take the frigates come from there \[...\].'

Horseley is thought to have cleared from Plymouth in November 1574, with a crew of 25, aboard the *John*, a 25-tonne pinnace, and to have come upon Sylvester just before that captain's northward journey to Desaguadero.

### Expedition

#### Southern leg

Upon arriving at Veragua, the English crew (like the French) 'got into touch with the "Sem Rownes."' Now in consort, and with a Portuguese pilot (Luis Marquês), Horseley and Sylvester ascended the San Juan River, intending to sack Granada. Before reaching said city, however, the crew came upon certain Spanish frigates, in which *vecinos* from Olancho were transporting African slaves to Veragua. This treasure having satisfied both parties, Horseley and Sylvester desisted from their enterprise and returned to open sea.

Their treasure secured in the Desaguadero, Horseley and Sylvester sailed back to Veragua, where 'acts of exceptional and cowardly cruelty were committed.' The crews are thought to have killed 'many people, cutting their throats,' and to further have 'committed great robberies and insults.' Thereafter, the parties parted ways, with Horseley sailing back to the Bay of Honduras.

#### Northern leg

Horseley entered the Bay of Honduras on 2 April 1575, making landfall at Cape Honduras (near Puerto Castilla under cover of night. At the break of midnight, the crew, packed into a launch, surreptitiously stole towards Trujillo (three *leguas* distant), but were immediately sighted by a keen-eyed sentinel at the Fortress of Santa Barbara. The city's military and *vecinos* rushed to organise a defence, which proved formidable enough to convince Horseley to desist. The crew were fired upon by the Fort, to ensure their retreat, but this did was not sufficient to stop Horseley from seizing a Spanish frigate at port.

At the break of day, on 3 April 1575, Fort sentinels spotted Horseley (now in their frigate) making for Puerto Caballos, likely 'to pillage the port and the ships which were there.' A warning shallop was forthwith despatched from the Fort, but being spotted by the English, was seized some 20 leagues into its trip (off present-day Atlantida). That afternoon, Horseley seized another Spanish prize (Juan Antonio owner), laden with treasure worth over 3,000 ducats. These latter are thought to have been cruelly treated, being tortured by Horseley's crew for gold and sailing directions.

This accomplished, Hershey continued towards Puerto Caballos (aboard his ship and the launch). Upon reaching El Triunfo de la Cruz, they met two Spanish merchant-ships (Martín Monte and Vicencio Garullo captains). These the English attempted to board, but were heavily bombarded with artillery, the merchants forcing the former to desist.

Horseley now made for Cape Camaron (20 leagues due east of Trujillo), reaching it the night of 5 April 1575. The crew watered at this cape, during which time two of their Spanish prisoners made their escape. They reported that Horseley had warned he 'would return another year with a greater force.'

### Return

Horseley 'now passably rich \[...\] arrived at Plymouth with fifteen of this men in June 1575,' from where he immediately continued to Arundel to unload his treasure 'without causing unwelcome interest.'

## Aftermath

Diego López reported the degradation to the Spanish Crown, writing

> This city has felt these robberies keenly, and is cast down because it lacked means to offend any enemy. \[...\] since your majesty has ordered me to serve in this port and to guard and defend it, I humbly entreat your majesty to order me to be provided with the means, and forces for the task \[...\] This miserable city \[...\] so afflicted, and frequently attacked by enemies, is now without resources, and what is accomplished, is done by main strength \[...\].
>
> Truxillo, 20 May 1575, López to Crown, trans. Wright.

The Crown thanked López for his service, and gave instructions to the presiding officer of the Real Audiencia of Guatemala 'concerning money,' and to authorities at Seville 'concerning artillery' for Trujillo's defence.

## Legacy

Horseley and Sylvester's ascent of the San Juan River has been described as 'daring' and 'comparable to Drake's most daring exploits,' given that said river, 'unlike the sea, kept no safe retreat open for \[the captains\],' and that the expedition was completed with a small crew and pinnace.

## Citations

1. Wright 1932, pp. xlvi–xlvii.
2. Wright 1932, pp. xlvii, 98.
3. Bradley 1999, p. 9, footnote no. 6.
4. Bradley 1999, p. 75.
5. Williamson 1938, pp. 129–130.
6. Wright 1932, p. xlvii, 96.
7. Bradley 1999, p. 76.
8. Marley 1998, pp. 104.
9. Wright 1932, pp. xlviii, 99.
10. Wright 1932, p. 97.
11. Wright 1932, pp. 97–98.
12. Wright 1932, p. 99.
13. Wright 1932, p. xlviii.
14. Williamson 1938, pp. 131.
15. Wright 1932, p. xlvii.
16. Bradley 1999, p. 79.
1. Andrews, Kenneth R., ed. (1958). *English privateering voyages to the West Indies, 1588-1595 : documents relating to English voyages to the West Indies from the defeat of the armada to the last voyage of Sir Francis Drake*. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society ; 2nd ser., no. 111 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press. hdl:2027/mdp.39015026881832. OCLC 504851.
2. Bradley, Peter T. (1999). *British maritime enterprise in the New World : from the late fifteenth to the mid-eighteenth century*. Studies in British history ; v. 57 (1st ed.). Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. hdl:2027/mdp.39015054149409. ISBN 9780773478664. OCLC 42290563.
3. De la O Torres, Rodrigo Alejandro (November 2014). *DE CORSARIOS, MARES Y COSTAS: EL CORSO EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL ESPACIO GOLFO-CARIBE. 1527-1620* (PhD). Mérida, Yuc.: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.
4. De la O Torres, Rodrigo Alejandro (January–June 2016). "La presencia de corsarios franceses en el Golfo-Caribe entre 1536-1566 : una propuesta de análisis espacial". *Historia 2.0: Conocimiento Histórico en Clave Digital*. **6** (11): 36–56. ISSN 2027-9035.
5. De la O Torres, Rodrigo Alejandro (July–December 2019). "Miedos y fenómeno de la piratería en el Golfo-Caribe durante el siglo XVI. Un ensayo de aproximación". *Historelo revista de historia regional y local*. **11** (2): 267–300. doi:10.15446/historelo.v11n22.73263. ISSN 2145-132X. S2CID 198778698.
6. De la O Torres, Rodrigo Alejandro (2020). *DE CORSARIOS, MARES Y COSTAS : El corso en la construcción del espacio y experiencias marítimas en el Golfo-Caribe, 1527-1620* (1st ed.). Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes: Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. OCLC 1280054563.
7. Gasteazoro, Carlos Manuel; Araúz, Calestino Andrés; Muñoz Pinzón, Armando (1980). *Tabla cronológica : (de hechos históricos, políticos, sociales, económicos, culturales y científicos)* (1st ed.). Panamá: Lotería Nacional de Beneficencia. OCLC 12830207.
8. Figueroa, Alejandro J.; Johnson, Erlend; Goodwin, Whitney A., eds. (2021). *Southeastern Mesoamerica : indigenous interaction, resilience, and change* (1st ed.). Louisville, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. OCLC 1226797442.
9. Hakluyt, Richard, ed. (1600). *The principal nauigations, voiages, traffiques and discoueries of the English nation made by sea or ouer-land, to the remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth, at any time within the compasse of these 1500. yeeres: deuided into three seuerall volumes, according to the positions of the regions, whereunto they were directed*. Vol. 3 (2nd expanded ed.). London: George Bishop, Ralfe Newberie, & Robert Barker. OCLC 252871354. ProQuest 2248550788.
10. Howgego, Raymond John (1958). *To 1800: a comprehensive reference guide to the history and literature of exploration, travel, and colonization from the earliest times to the year 1800*. Encyclopedia of exploration to 1800 : a comprehensive reference guide to the history and literature of exploration, travel, and colonization from the earliest times to the year 1800 (1st ed.). Potts Point, N.S.W.: Hordern House. hdl:2027/mdp.49015002827245. ISBN 9781875567362. OCLC 52377840.
11. Marley, David F. (1998). *Wars of the Americas : a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present* (1st ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. hdl:2027/mdp.49015002845379. ISBN 9780874368376. OCLC 39024726.
12. Marley, David F. (2010). *1650-1685*. Pirates of the Americas. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. OCLC 436030697.
13. Marley, David F. (2010). *1686-1725*. Pirates of the Americas. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. OCLC 436030697.
14. Williamson, James A. (1927). *Sir John Hawkins : the time and the man* (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027905218. OCLC 3075296.
15. Williamson, James A. (1938). *The age of Drake*. Pioneer histories, edited by V. T. Harlow ... And J. A. Williamson (1st ed.). London: Adam and Charles Black. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014588183. OCLC 1421005.
16. Winzerling, E. O. (1946). *Beginning of British Honduras, 1506-1765* (1st ed.). New York: North River Press. OCLC 1892890.
17. Wright, Irene A., ed. (1929). *Spanish documents concerning English voyages to the Caribbean, 1527-1568*. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society ; 2nd ser., no. 62 (1st ed.). London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. OCLC 2092435.
18. Wright, Irene A., ed. (1932). *Documents concerning English voyages to the Spanish main, 1569-1580*. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society ; 2nd ser., no. 71 (1st ed.). London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. hdl:2027/mdp.39015012306133. OCLC 1476408.
19. Wright, Irene A., ed. (1951). *Further English voyages to Spanish America, 1583-1594 : documents from the Archives of the Indies at Seville illustrating English voyages to the Caribbean, the Spanish Main, Florida, and Virginia*. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society ; 2nd ser., no. 99 (1st ed.). London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. hdl:2027/mdp.39015026881790. OCLC 1476734.

## InfoBox

| CaptainGilbert Horseley | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Gilbert Horsley |
| Era | Elizabethan |
| Known for | raids in Veraguas and Honduras |
| Opponents | * Diego de Herrera / Gov. * Diego López / Lt. |
| Partner | Sylvester / French corsair |
| **Piratical career** | |
| Type | Privateer |
| Allegiance | England |
| Years active | 15741575 |
| Rank | Captain |
| Base of operations |  |
| Commands | *John* |
|  | |


title: Pterostylis clavigera

abstract: Pterostylis clavigera, commonly known as the hairy snail orchid, is a species of orchid which is endemic to New South Wales. It has a rosette of leaves at its base, and when flowering, a single narrow, bright green and white flower on a rough flowering stem.

text:
# Pterostylis clavigera

***Pterostylis clavigera***, commonly known as the **hairy snail orchid**, is a species of orchid which is endemic to New South Wales. It has a rosette of leaves at its base, and when flowering, a single narrow, bright green and white flower on a rough flowering stem.

## Description

*Pterostylis clavigera* is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a rosette of dull green leaves 7–17 mm (0.3–0.7 in) long and 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide with wavy edges. A single bright green and white flower, 11–17 mm (0.4–0.7 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide is borne on a flowering stem 50–150 mm (2–6 in) high and covered with short hairs. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column, the sepal and petals with a short, nearly horizontal point on the end. The lateral sepals are erect, in close contact with the galea and have thread-like tips 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) long. The lateral sepals almost close off the front of the flower and the sinus between them has a dark green central area. The labellum is 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long, 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) wide and hidden inside the flower. Flowering occurs from June to September.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Pterostylis clavigera* was first formally described in 1885 by Robert D. FitzGerald and the description was published in *Journal of Botany, British and Foreign*. The specific epithet (*clavigera*) is a Latin word meaning "club-bearing".

## Distribution and habitat

The hairy snail orchid grows in shrubland, woodland and rocky slopes between Mudgee and Dubbo and in nearby areas.

## InfoBox

| Hairy snail orchid | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Cranichideae |
| Genus: | *Pterostylis* |
| Species: | ***P. clavigera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterostylis clavigera***<br>Fitzg. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Linguella clavigera* (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. | |


title: Ginseng coffee

abstract: Ginseng coffee is a beverage prepared from coffee and ginseng root. In Indonesia, the company Citra Nusa Insan Cemerlang (CNI) began marketing ginseng coffee in 1994. By the early 2010s, ginseng coffee products had been marketed in China, India, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and South Korea. At that time the typical production process consisted of simple mixing of ginseng powder and instant coffee powder. Several authors with the Korea Food Research Institute conducted research into a new production process whereby whole coffee beans would be coated with ginseng extract following roasting and then ground and brewed. Ginseng coffee later became popular in Italy. It reportedly arrived in Milan in the mid-2000s. It was described by one journalist as being offered by "almost all" coffee bars and coffee machines by 2019. In 2018, one study of energy drink consumption by university students in Verona found that among the 37.4% of students who reported consuming ginseng, beverages combining ginseng and coffee were the "most often used combination" at 71.8%; it was more popular among female students than male students. Writer Dixe Wills described a ginseng coffee he had in Milan as "tasting nothing at all like coffee".

text:
# Ginseng coffee

**Ginseng coffee** is a beverage prepared from coffee and ginseng root.

In Indonesia, the company Citra Nusa Insan Cemerlang (CNI) began marketing ginseng coffee in 1994. By the early 2010s, ginseng coffee products had been marketed in China, India, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and South Korea. At that time the typical production process consisted of simple mixing of ginseng powder and instant coffee powder. Several authors with the Korea Food Research Institute conducted research into a new production process whereby whole coffee beans would be coated with ginseng extract following roasting and then ground and brewed.

Ginseng coffee later became popular in Italy. It reportedly arrived in Milan in the mid-2000s. It was described by one journalist as being offered by "almost all" coffee bars and coffee machines by 2019. In 2018, one study of energy drink consumption by university students in Verona found that among the 37.4% of students who reported consuming ginseng, beverages combining ginseng and coffee were the "most often used combination" at 71.8%; it was more popular among female students than male students. Writer Dixe Wills described a ginseng coffee he had in Milan as "tasting nothing at all like coffee".

* KR 880002028B1  "Process for producing ginseng coffee", filed 25 August 1986


title: Public Strain

abstract: Public Strain is the second and final studio album by Canadian rock band Women. It was released on August 23, 2010, via Flemish Eye in Canada and Jagjaguwar in the United States. The album was produced by Chad VanGaalen and recorded during a period of isolation for the band with limited equipment and experimental techniques involved in the 10-month recording process. It has been noted for the key and vocal delivery, unique sound and krautrock style, influence from the Velvet Underground, and numerous genres including post-punk. Lyrically, Public Strain addresses issues such as paranoia and melancholy. It contains multiple references to Ray Johnson. The deadpan vocal delivery of guitarist Patrick Flegel and bassist Matthew Flegel were described as evocative and hard to understand; the album makes use of harmonizing from all three band members and VanGaalen to create an "ethereal" vocal track. Its instrumentation is abrasive, which drew comparisons to Sonic Youth and Wavves. An accompanying tour would abruptly halt. Public Strain was released to high critical reviews, and it was longlisted for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize. Retrospective reviews have labeled it one of the best albums of the 2010s decade, with particular praise directed towards the closing track "Eyesore". Widely considered an underground classic, the album has received a cult following. Its large impact on indie artists has been noted by personnel involved in the recording and release of the album.

text:
# Public Strain

***Public Strain*** is the second and final studio album by Canadian rock band Women. It was released on August 23, 2010, via Flemish Eye in Canada and Jagjaguwar in the United States. The album was produced by Chad VanGaalen and recorded during a period of isolation for the band with limited equipment and experimental techniques involved in the 10-month recording process. It has been noted for the key and vocal delivery, unique sound and krautrock style, influence from the Velvet Underground, and numerous genres including post-punk.

Lyrically, *Public Strain* addresses issues such as paranoia and melancholy. It contains multiple references to Ray Johnson. The deadpan vocal delivery of guitarist Patrick Flegel and bassist Matthew Flegel were described as evocative and hard to understand; the album makes use of harmonizing from all three band members and VanGaalen to create an "ethereal" vocal track. Its instrumentation is abrasive, which drew comparisons to Sonic Youth and Wavves. An accompanying tour would abruptly halt.

*Public Strain* was released to high critical reviews, and it was longlisted for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize. Retrospective reviews have labeled it one of the best albums of the 2010s decade, with particular praise directed towards the closing track "Eyesore". Widely considered an underground classic, the album has received a cult following. Its large impact on indie artists has been noted by personnel involved in the recording and release of the album.

## Background and recording

After promoting their debut album *Women* in 2008, the band felt the pressures of extensive touring and began recording *Public Strain* soon after finishing their tour— the members lived in a house together with a place in their basement that was used to jam for hours at a time. The album was produced by Chad VanGaalen, who also worked on Women's first album. It was the first to be recorded in VanGaalen's new studio space called Yoko Eno. Patrick Flegel, a guitarist and front man of the band, would describe the recording process as a "slog", but with similar or the same experimentation techniques as *Women*. Flegel would create a sloppy demo of a track and slowly piece it together with VanGaalen, relatives of VanGaalen, and the band members, a process which he described as "debaucherous". Drummer Michael Wallace was not particularly involved in the songwriting process but acknowledged Women's influence from the Velvet Underground, especially Moe Tucker. Wallace was also influenced by his knowledge gained in India before joining Women.

The guitar track for "Penal Colony" was originally not going to be used, but the band decided to keep the recording; *Public Strain* varies with production strategies that were made on the fly and meticulously produced recordings. The drum track for "China Steps" was initially recorded in a "cavernous, concrete basement" in VanGaalen's garage, and the song concludes with more closely recorded drums. Nonetheless, Flegel would later state that the band members did "lie through their teeth" in contemporary interviews; most of *Public Strain* was recorded outside, including Flegel's vocals, mainly because VanGaalen desired to leave the studio.

> I like listening to music that sounds sort of fearless, like they're not afraid of fucking up, or not particularly worried about how people think ...

Patrick Flegel interview with Anthony Fantano, 2010

Most of the album was recorded to tape and without professional equipment, creating more of a raw and abrasive sound. The final product was considered by Flegel to have "missed the mark" of Women's intended sound, although it got closer than their debut album to their intentions. Flegel was working a graveyard shift full time, leading to a period of isolation, which contributed to the songwriting process: "that's what contextualizes the album in my mind, this bizarre complex in the suburbs, no people around—just, completely quiet, just left alone to your thoughts, too much time on your hands, thinking too much, blowing things out of proportion, growing incredibly paranoid". The band members would drink alcohol and soda during the recording process. Wallace would later state that the recording process was difficult and stressful.

The recording process took about 10 months; the title of the album reflected the isolation of the band. Flegel credits Ian Russel, the founder of Flemish Eye, VanGaalen's label, as a motivator for creating *Public Strain*. VanGaalen considers the sound of the album to be hard to replicate in the face of other artists' requests: "They're expecting a record to sound a certain way ... they'll be like, oh, man, like the Women record, but then they don't realize how that was, like, nine months of us hanging out, you know, and just like playing Nintendo and like not worrying about stuff." VanGaalen praised the songwriting abilities of the band and bassist Matt Flegel. During the recording process, VanGaalen would discard takes that sounded too clean and replace them with the more abrasive cassette tape tracks.

## Music and lyrics

*Public Strain* has been described as post-punk, art rock, indie rock, and noise rock. The album contains a deadpan vocal delivery and showcases more pop influences than *Women*. It begins with "Can't You See", an "expansive opening track" that changes key from A major to E major, with optimistic lyrics. The sound of the opening track was compared to Wavves, an American rock band. "Heat Distraction" contains uncommon key and time signature changes; the song begins in **13**
**8**, and was compared to works by Sonic Youth and Swell Maps. "Narrow With The Hall" was noted for its minimal use of chords, "eerie" vocals, use of feedback, and its vintage 1960s sound. "Penal Colony" is a subdued ballad, which drew comparisons to *Public Strain*'s tenth track "Venice Lockjaw" for its paring back; the latter is noted for its "angelic melody and twinkling arpeggios" and was called "the Velvet Underground \[but\] raised up from graves to woo the stars". "Bells", an "integral" track, follows "Penal Colony" and is densely built with reverberating bass.

The second half of the album is more abrasive than the first, opening with "China Steps". Its motorik beat and associated krautrock style drive listeners "toward a crescendo that never comes". "Drag Open" has been considered to be one of the loudest tracks on *Public Strain*, drawing comparisons to Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth. "Locust Valley" is one of the more melodic and intelligible songs on the album. The final track "Eyesore" lacks a chorus and is complete with "expansive guitar lines structured around ringing open strings and wide melodic intervals". "Eyesore" was the first and only single off of *Public Strain*; the track is one of Women's best known songs and is one of their most cherished. "Narrow With The Hall" and "Eyesore" were named "Best New Track" by Martin Douglas and Larry Fitzmaurice of *Pitchfork*, respectively.

Thematically, the album deals with topics such as unease, paranoia, melancholy, resignation, and euphoria. *Public Strain* was noted for evocative, hard to understand vocals and abstract lyrics, and its harmony-heavy vocal delivery between Patrick and Matt Flegel, which has been described as "ethereal". The lyrics were described to relate to the album cover of a blizzard, in conjunction with the album's monotonous production. The cover art was chosen by Christopher Reimer, another guitarist for Women. Two songs are direct references to late artist Ray Johnson: "Locust Valley" is the name of the town where Johnson lived, while "Venice Lockjaw" is a phrase Johnson used in pins that he handed out at the 1990 Venice Biennale. Johnson was previously referenced on Women's debut album, on the song titled "Sag Harbour Bridge".

## Release

*Public Strain* was released on August 23, 2010, on VanGaalen's Flemish Eye record label in Canada, and on Jagjaguwar in the United States. "Eyesore" was released in September as a single in the US. Preceding the release, Women announced an international three-month fall tour. The European leg of the tour was successful for the band, but the North American tour was brutal; the tour would eventually be cut short due to an on-stage fight on October 29, 2010. *Exclaim!* magazine would run a detailed account of the fight, and Flemish Eye stated that Women was "exhausted and going on hiatus." The band would ultimately disband in October 2010 after cancelling all remaining shows of the tour.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.8/10 |
| Metacritic | 81/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Boston Phoenix* |  |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 8/10 |
| *Mojo* |  |
| *NME* | 8/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 8.0/10 |
| *PopMatters* | 9/10 |
| *The Skinny* |  |
| *Spin* | 8/10 |
| *Uncut* |  |

*Public Strain* was released to widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 81, based on 20 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave *Public Strain* 7.8 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.

Sputnikmusic reviewer Electric City juxtaposed Women with popular contemporary artists, writing: "In the year of Kanye West, Sufjan Stevens, and Lady Gaga, the year where the artist is ultimately so much of the art, *Public Strain* exists without extra-textual discourse." Aaron Leitko, writing for *Pitchfork*, called the album "a bleak but beautiful record, full of subtly skewed melodies". Andrzej Lukowski wrote a review for *Drowned in Sound* based on the concluding song "Eyesore", and ultimately concluded that the final song and the album "sounds like the start of something greater for a band touched with greatness from the off". Chris Buckle, for *The Skinny*, called it "one of the year's most rewarding listens"; Joshua Kloke, at *PopMatters*, commented that in the wake of the band's potential breakup, "things have to leave you before you really begin to appreciate them".

In a critical review, Chris Coplan for *No Ripcord* stated that, in the placement of Women among a number of bands that similarly draw influences from groups like the Velvet Underground, "do \[Women\] add anything? Are they truly that talented? The answer to those questions, and whether this album should be bought and consumed, is an unbelievably resounding no."

*Exclaim!* placed *Public Strain* at number 10 on its list of the best Pop & Rock Albums of 2010, with critic Brock Thiessen writing that "*Public Strain* showed that rock'n'roll can still offer shock and awe". *Pitchfork* placed the album at number 47 on its list of The Top 50 Albums of 2010; similarly, Ron Webb of BBC called *Public Strain* "one of 2010's finest LPs". The album was named as a longlisted nominee for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize.

### Legacy and influence

*Public Strain* has received lasting critical acclaim, with critics considering the album to be one of the best of the 2010s decade. It is widely considered to be an underground classic. Sputnikmusic's staff ranked *Public Strain* the third best album of the decade, calling it "a remarkably ageless album, existing out of time or of capital m Movement, existing in its own category". *Gorilla vs. Bear* and *Tiny Mix Tapes* ranked the album the 31st and 77th best album of the decade, respectively. *Exclaim!* named it one of the 50 best Canadian albums of the decade. "Eyesore" in particular was described as a masterpiece and a "floating opus which could very well be their swan song" by Kloke.

Retrospective assessments have discussed the album's influence on indie artists. Michael Crick at *PopMatters* concluded that while it was unlikely that it had a wide influence, *Public Strain* still modeled and contributed to the "Calgary Sound" of music. Tim Sentz of *Beats Per Minute* called *Public Strain* a cult classic in 2020, labeling "Eyesore" an epic finale, and wrote: "Just like the band who influenced them the most – the Velvet Underground\]– it’s likely every aspiring musician who bought *Public Strain* and adored it, went out and started their own band". Indie artists have also commented on the album. Clementine Creevy of Cherry Glazerr named *Public Strain* one of her 10 favorite albums of the decade. Bradford Cox of Deerhunter named the album his favorite "lost classic", stating: "They were very advanced instrumentally ... I couldn’t come up with music like that if my life depended on it. I think they had a bizarrely huge impact on the younger groups coming up now." VanGaalen would discuss how numerous artists would request for a *Public Strain* like sound in their own recordings. Ian Russel of Flemish Eye—the label that had released *Public Strain* originally—referenced Brian Eno's comment on *The Velvet Underground & Nico*: "Everyone who bought the Velvet Underground’s first album started a band. Everyone who bought Women’s ‘Public Strain’ started a Bandcamp." Russel reflected upon the album's legacy in the light of Women's subsequent breakup:

> It was not exactly easy material to get into ... We were going down that road of trying to \[get an audience\] when it all imploded. So it was both a story about us being excited about a record ... and not seeing it come to fruition because two months later it wasn’t being talked about anymore ... The story was over. It had its impact more as a long-term influence on other artists.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Can't You See" | 3:41 |
| 2. | "Heat Distraction" | 4:05 |
| 3. | "Narrow With the Hall" | 2:37 |
| 4. | "Penal Colony" | 2:39 |
| 5. | "Bells" | 3:22 |
| 6. | "China Steps" | 4:22 |
| 7. | "Untogether" | 3:09 |
| 8. | "Drag Open" | 4:53 |
| 9. | "Locust Valley" | 4:15 |
| 10. | "Venice Lockjaw" | 2:48 |
| 11. | "Eyesore" | 6:25 |
| Total length: | | 42:18 |

## Personnel

Derived from the album's Bandcamp page and liner notes.

**Women**

* Patrick Flegel – guitar, vocals
* Matthew Flegel – bass, vocals
* Michael Wallace – drums
* Christopher Reimer – cello, guitar, vocals

**Technical**

* Richard Harrow – mastering
* Chad VanGaalen – recording, mixing, production, additional instrumentation and vocals

1. Fitzmaurice, Larry (September 13, 2010). "'Eyesore'". *Pitchfork*. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
2. Zupko, Sarah (March 11, 2021). "Is Women's Art Rock Album 'Public Strain' a Lost Classic?". *PopMatters*. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
3. "Public Strain, by Women". Bandcamp. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
4. Paton, Daniel. "Women - Public Strain". *musicOMH*. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
5. Volmers, Eric (October 7, 2020). "The great implosion: A look back at the strange history of Women's Public Strain". *Calgary Herald*. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
6. Flegel, Patrick (February 20, 2020). "Revolution Rock – Patrick Flegel (of Cindy Lee/Women) Interview" (Interview). Interviewed by Dave and Adam. Revolution Rock. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
7. Locke, Jesse (April 8, 2021). "Chad VanGaalen". *Tracing Spaces* (Podcast). Event occurs at 28:52. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021  via Apple Podcasts.
8. Wallace, Michael (February 20, 2020). "Revolution Rock – Michael Wallace (of Preoccupations/Women) Interview" (Interview). Interviewed by Dave and Adam. Revolution Rock. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
9. Flegel, Patrick (August 12, 2010). "TND Tumblr" (Interview). Interviewed by Anthony Fantano. Tumblr. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
10. Lymangrover, Jason. "Public Strain – Women". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
11. Wright, Lisa (August 23, 2010). "Album review: Women – 'Public Strain' (Jagjaguwar)". *NME*. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
12. Grimes, Michael (September 30, 2010). "Women | Public Strain". *The Boston Phoenix*. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
13. Konstantino, David (February 20, 2021). "Revolution Rock: Women's Public Strain & Other Music: An Interview With Patrick Flegel & Michael Wallace & Show". Revolution Rock. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
14. Leitko, Aaron (September 30, 2010). "Women: Public Strain". *Pitchfork*. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
15. Buckle, Chris (July 26, 2010). "Women – Public Strain". *The Skinny*. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
16. Lukowski, Andrzej (August 27, 2010). "Album Review: Women – Public Strain". *Drowned in Sound*. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
17. Kloke, Joshua (November 23, 2010). "Women: Public Strain". *PopMatters*. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
18. Sentz, Tim (October 8, 2020). "Second Look: Women – Public Strain". *Beats Per Minute*. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
19. Douglas, Martin (November 8, 2010). "'Narrow With the Hall'". *Pitchfork*. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
20. "Public Strain". Flemish Eye Records. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
21. Young, Alex (September 10, 2010). "Women map out fall tour with Liars and dd/mm/yyyy". *Consequence*. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
22. "Public Strain by Women reviews". AnyDecentMusic?. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
23. "Reviews for Public Strain by Women". Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
24. "Women: Public Strain". *Mojo* (202): 96. September 2010.
25. Cohen, Ian (November 3, 2010). "Women, 'Public Strain' (Jagjaguwar)". *Spin*. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
26. "Women: Public Strain". *Uncut* (161): 114. October 2010.
27. "Women – Public Strain (album review 5)". Sputnikmusic. December 16, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
28. Coplan, Chris (September 28, 2010). "Public Strain". *No Ripcord*. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
29. Thiessen, Brock (November 25, 2010). "Pop & Rock Year in Review". *Exclaim!*. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
30. "Staff Lists: The Top 50 Albums of 2010 | Features". *Pitchfork*. December 16, 2010. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
31. Webb, Rob. "Review of Women – Public Strain". BBC. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
32. Carter, Ashley (June 16, 2011). "2011 Polaris Music Prize Long List announced". A.Side TV. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
33. "Top 100 Albums of the 2010s: #10–1". Sputnikmusic. April 10, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
34. Cantalini, Chris (September 20, 2019). "Gorilla vs. Bear's albums of the decade | 2010–2019". *Gorilla vs. Bear*. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
35. "2010s: Favorite 100 Music Releases of the Decade". *Tiny Mix Tapes*. December 19, 2019. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
36. "Exclaim!'s 50 Best Canadian Albums of the 2010s". *Exclaim!*. October 31, 2019. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
37. "The 2010s: Artists Pick Their Top 10 Albums of the Decade". *Flood*. November 27, 2019. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
38. Barker, Emily (September 19, 2014). "Foo Fighters, The Killers, St Vincent – 30 Huge Artists On Their Favourite 'Lost' Albums". *NME*. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
39. Martin, Josh (September 28, 2020). "Women announce rarities EP, 10th anniversary reissue of 'Public Strain'". *NME*. Retrieved January 30, 2022.

## InfoBox

| Public Strain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Women | |
| Released | August 23, 2010 (2010-08-23) |
| Studio | Yoko Eno |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 42:18 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Chad VanGaalen |
| Women chronology | |
| *Women*
(2008) ***Public Strain***
(2010) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Public Strain* | |
| 1. "Eyesore"
Released: September 2010 | |
|  | |


title: Przegaliny Duże

abstract: Przegaliny Duże is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Komarówka Podlaska, within Radzyń Podlaski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Komarówka Podlaska, 19 km (12 mi) east of Radzyń Podlaski, and 69 km (43 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Przegaliny Duże

**Przegaliny Duże** \[pʂɛɡaˈlinɨ ˈduʐɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Komarówka Podlaska, within Radzyń Podlaski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Komarówka Podlaska, 19 km (12 mi) east of Radzyń Podlaski, and 69 km (43 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Przegaliny Duże | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Przegaliny Duże | |
| Coordinates: 51°49′55″N 22°52′57″E / 51.83194°N 22.88250°E / 51.83194; 22.88250 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Radzyń Podlaski |
| Gmina | Komarówka Podlaska |
| Population | 557 |


title: Przeginia Duchowna

abstract: Przeginia Duchowna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czernichów, within Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Czernichów and 22 km (14 mi) west of the regional capital Kraków.

text:
# Przeginia Duchowna

**Przeginia Duchowna** \[pʂɛˈɡiɲa duˈxɔvna\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czernichów, within Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Czernichów and 22 km (14 mi) west of the regional capital Kraków.

## InfoBox

| Przeginia Duchowna | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Przeginia Duchowna | |
| Coordinates: 50°1′N 19°39′E / 50.017°N 19.650°E / 50.017; 19.650 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Kraków |
| Gmina | Czernichów |


title: Punctapinella lojana

abstract: Punctapinella lojana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador.

text:
# Punctapinella lojana

***Punctapinella lojana*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Punctapinella lojana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Punctapinella* |
| Species: | ***P. lojana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Punctapinella lojana***<br>Razowski & Pelz, 2004 | |
|


title: Punctapinella niphochroa

abstract: Punctapinella niphochroa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Carchi Province, Ecuador.

text:
# Punctapinella niphochroa

***Punctapinella niphochroa*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Carchi Province, Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Punctapinella niphochroa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Punctapinella* |
| Species: | ***P. niphochroa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Punctapinella niphochroa***<br>Razowski & Becker, 1999 | |
|


title: Pueblo Viejo National Park

abstract: The Archaeological and Historical National Park of Pueblo Viejo, La Vega, in the La Vega Province of the Dominican Republic, includes the old city of Concepción de la Vega, and the Pueblo Viejo gold mine. This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on November 21, 2001 in the Cultural category.

text:
# Pueblo Viejo National Park

The **Archaeological and Historical National Park of Pueblo Viejo**, La Vega (also known as the National Park of Concepción de la Vega), in the La Vega Province of the Dominican Republic, includes the old city of Concepción de la Vega, and the Pueblo Viejo gold mine. This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on November 21, 2001 in the Cultural category.

## History

The city of La Concepción de la Vega was founded as a fortress by Christopher Columbus in 1495. The city was built up around the fortress and the gold mine of Pueblo Viejo, as the extraction of precious metals was the main objective of Columbus' missions to the new world. The town was destroyed by an earthquake on December 2, 1562, and the survivors moved to the present site on the banks of the Camú River.

## Mining

The Pueblo Viejo mine is the Dominican Republic's only gold mine, and was at one point the Western Hemisphere's largest and most productive gold mine. The first extraction of gold from this site was undertaken in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, however.

1. "Archaeological and Historical National Park of Pueblo Viejo, La Vega". *UNESCO World Heritage Centre*.
2. Archaeological and Historical National Park of Pueblo Viejo, La Vega (#) – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
3. Warwick-Ching (1993) p 174

Archaeological and Historical National Park of Pueblo Viejo, La Vega (#) – UNESCO World Heritage Centre Accessed 2009-02-26.

Warwick-Ching, T. (1993), *The International Gold Trade*, Woodhead, ISBN 1-85573-072-3.

19°17′36.960″N 70°32′39.120″W / 19.29360000°N 70.54420000°W / 19.29360000; -70.54420000


title: Pueblo Viejo mine

abstract: Pueblo Viejo mine is an open-pit gold and silver mine in the Sánchez Ramírez Province of the Dominican Republic where mining operations started in 2012 and expect to cease in 2041. It is the largest gold mine in Latin America and 13th largest gold mine in the world. The mine is run by Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation (PVDC), which is 60% owned by Barrick Gold Corporation and 40% owned by Newmont Corporation. Pueblo Viejo employs approximately 2,350 employees and 2,500 contractors. The economic activities of the mine represent 2% of the Dominican Republic’s gross domestic product and Pueblo Viejo is the largest corporate taxpayer in the country. The mine has generated an environmental conflict, because pollution from the tailings dam and windblown particulates have contaminated rivers and killed local livestock who ingested the toxins. Local communities say that the mine has ruined their lives and caused many health problems: skin lesions are common; children are sickened by chemical vapors; and agricultural land is no longer productive. Local people have asked to be relocated away from the mine since 2013, but the government nor the company have responded to their requests. The company proposed to expand the mine in 2019, meeting with fierce resistance from communities in Yamasá who would be impacted by the expansion.

text:
# Pueblo Viejo mine

**Pueblo Viejo mine** is an open-pit gold and silver mine in the Sánchez Ramírez Province of the Dominican Republic where mining operations started in 2012 and expect to cease in 2041. It is the largest gold mine in Latin America and 13th largest gold mine in the world. The mine is run by Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation (PVDC), which is 60% owned by Barrick Gold Corporation and 40% owned by Newmont Corporation.

Pueblo Viejo employs approximately 2,350 employees and 2,500 contractors. The economic activities of the mine represent 2% of the Dominican Republic’s gross domestic product and Pueblo Viejo is the largest corporate taxpayer in the country.

The mine has generated an environmental conflict, because pollution from the tailings dam and windblown particulates have contaminated rivers and killed local livestock who ingested the toxins. Local communities say that the mine has ruined their lives and caused many health problems: skin lesions are common; children are sickened by chemical vapors; and agricultural land is no longer productive. Local people have asked to be relocated away from the mine since 2013, but the government nor the company have responded to their requests.

The company proposed to expand the mine in 2019, meeting with fierce resistance from communities in Yamasá who would be impacted by the expansion.

## History

Pueblo Viejo was the first gold deposit exploited by the Spaniards in America.

The mine was operated by state-owned mining company Rosario Dominicana, S. A., from 1975 until 1991 when mining became economically unfeasible and a contaminated site with acid rock drainage was left behind. In 2001, the Dominican government opened tenders for a new mining operation on the site with a mandate to first remediate the site which had a major water contamination problem at the hands of the previous state-owned operator. The following year, the Dominican government issued a special lease agreement with the Vancouver-based mining company Placer Dome to study the feasibility of reopening the mine but only after the existing environmental damage had been cleaned up and the land reclaimed in the previous mining area.

In 2006 Placer Dome was acquired by Barrick who subsequently sold 40% of its stake in Pueblo Viejo to Goldcorp, creating the PVDC joint venture to operate the mine.

### Environmental rehabilitation project

$75 million was spent to remediate environmental impacts from the former mining operation on the site and $7 million was spent on projects to improve healthcare, housing and literacy for local communities between 2008 and 2013. The clean-up effort included removing 130,000 cubic meters of soil to remove contaminants from the ground. It became the largest environmental clean-up in the history of the Dominican Republic and the water quality rose to meet regulatory standards in the aquifers around the site.

Between 2009 and 2013, Canadian companies Barrick Gold and Goldcorp invested $4 billion into the mine, making it the largest single foreign investment in the Dominican Republic, and estimating a mine life of at least 25 years. The government and the mining companies presented the investment as an opportunity to clean up the contamination left by earlier mining operations.

Prior to the resuming of mining activities around 2012, communities near the mine relied primarily on farming of cacao and livestock.

## Environment and society

Annually, the mine produces approximately 6.7 billion cubic meters of highly acidic wastewater that contains significant traces of heavy metals, and studies have found that this poses a significant risk to local water supplies.

Six nearby villages comprising about 450 families (around 2,000 individuals) have reported drastic changes in the environment since PVDC began its operations around 2012. They reported many livestock deaths, including deaths from bovine anemia, which can be caused by ingesting cyanide. There were also fish kills in the Maguaca river. After the mine opened, children were sickened by chemical smells and teachers were forced to close schools. In 2021, residents reported that standing in the Maguaca river can cause persistent lesions that last for years; scores of people in the area have scars from these skin lesions. Agricultural land in the area ceased to be productive. A resident who was interviewed in 2021 reported that,

> Before Barrick came to this land, we were like millionaires. We had a lot of water. We farmed and grew fruits. The land provided us everything we needed. But now there is nothing here.

More than 100 employees were poisoned by toxic chemicals in 2012. Nearby homes have been damaged by repeated explosions from the mine.

The 114 meter tall tailings dam for the mine is called El Llagal. Sixty five families were displaced to build the dam. El Llagal is classified as having an 'extreme' consequence of failure, meaning that over 100 people would be killed.

### Studies and testing

PVDC says that it regularly tests water and air for pollution and makes the information public, although community leaders say they are unaware of these tests. The *Economist* reported that the company did not respond to requests for that data in 2013, and PVDC declined to provide the data to a researcher from Simon Fraser University in 2019. A request for data from *the Jacobin* in 2021 was also refused. The Environment ministry found that water in the Margajita river downstream from the mine was highly acidic, and had contaminants that exceeded legal limits. A 2019 report on communities around the Pueblo Viejo mine was censored by the Dominican government. Testing has revealed high levels of lead, sulphur, cyanide and zinc in the blood of local residents.

The Dominican Academy of Sciences concluded in 2012 that the mine had contaminated the Hatillo dam.

In 2014, high levels of cyanide and other heavy metals were found in the blood and urine of residents in four local villages. The test concluded that the toxins were absorbed through respiration and contaminated water.

Barrick gold says that it has remediated “environmental damage left by previous operations at the mine”, and "contributed to the improvement of the environment and especially the water quality.” The company says it has data that show improvement in water quality of the Margajita river from 2004 to 2020.

Experts have said there is not adequate historical water quality data to scientifically determine the cause of contamination in the local rivers.

### Protests

Since 2013, local residents have sustained a protest movement demanding that the government relocate them from the contaminated area. Community members report that PVDC pays local people to inform them about the protests, leading to distrust and fragmentation in the community.

Demonstrators occupied space outside the mine, chained themselves to chairs, and demanded relocation for over 600 families in November 2017.

## Production and reserves

Barrick reported production of 581,000 ounces of gold in 2018 and 6.55 million ounces of gold in reserve.

Gold is recovered from the ore using a pressure oxidation process, performed in four autoclaves which operate at 3.45 MPa and 230 °C.

Cyanide is used to extract the gold from the ore.

## Revenue and development

According to PVDC, gold from Pueblo Viejo averaged about 31% of the value of exports from the Dominican Republic from 2013-2020. The company paid over $2.6 billion in taxes during this same period, and also employs thousands of people. Barrick Gold made advance payments on taxes to help the government respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The mine employed 2,500 people in 2021, 97% of whom were Dominican nationals. In 2023, 23% of mine employees were women.

## Expansion

In 2019, PVDC proposed to expand the mine, requiring an additional tailings dam in Yamasá. The proposed expansion led to additional protests. In April 2021, police dispersed a protest against the mine with tear gas.

## InfoBox

Pueblo Viejo mine
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Pueblo Viejo mine | |
| Location | Cotuí |
| Sánchez Ramírez Province | |
| Country | Dominican Republic |
| Coordinates | 18°56′23″N 70°10′31″W / 18.9396°N 70.1753°W / 18.9396; -70.1753 |
| Production | |
| Products | Gold
Silver |
| Owner | |
| Company | Barrick Gold Corporation
Newmont Corporation |
| Website | https://puebloviejolugardevalor.com/en/ |
| Year of acquisition | 2009 (operated 1975-1999 by Rosario Dominicana, S. A. |
|  | |
| Local impacts | |
| Pollution | Acid mine drainage, cyanide, heavy metals polluting Maguaca and Margajita rivers and Hatillo Dam |
| Displaced | 65 families; additional 400-600 families requesting relocation, but denied |
| Jobs | 2,350 employees and 2,500 contractors |
| Development | $2.6 billion in tax revenues from 2013-2020; 2% of Dominican Republic’s GDP |
|  | |


title: Pseudophaloe tellina

abstract: Pseudophaloe tellina is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Weymer in 1895. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Pseudophaloe tellina

***Pseudophaloe tellina*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Weymer in 1895. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudophaloe tellina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Pseudophaloe* |
| Species: | ***P. tellina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudophaloe tellina***<br>(Weymer, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phaloe tellina* Weymer, 1895 | |


title: Pusia johnwolffi

abstract: Pusia johnwolffi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

text:
# Pusia johnwolffi

***Pusia johnwolffi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Distribution

This species occurs in Coral Sea. and off the Austral Islands, French Polynesia.

## InfoBox

| *Pusia johnwolffi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Pusia johnwolffi* (paratype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Turbinelloidea |
| Family: | Costellariidae |
| Genus: | *Pusia* |
| Species: | ***P. johnwolffi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pusia johnwolffi***<br>(Herrmann & Salisbury, 2012) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pusia* (*Vexillena*) *johnwolffi* (Herrmann & Salisbury, 2012) * *Vexillum* (*Costellaria*) *johnwolffi* Herrmann & Salisbury, 2012 * *Vexillum johnwolffi* Herrmann & Salisbury, 2012 | |


title: Pusia lauta

abstract: Pusia lauta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

text:
# Pusia lauta

***Pusia lauta*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Pusia lauta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Radula of *Pusia lauta* (specimen at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Turbinelloidea |
| Family: | Costellariidae |
| Genus: | *Pusia* |
| Species: | ***P. lauta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pusia lauta***<br>(Reeve, 1845) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mitra lauta* Reeve, 1845 * *Pusia* (*Pusia*) *lauta* (Reeve, 1845) * *Vexillum* (*Pusia*) *lautum* (Reeve, 1845) * *Vexillum lautum* (Reeve, 1845) | |


title: Gien station

abstract: Gien is a railway station in Gien, Centre-Val de Loire, France. The station is on the Moret-Lyon railway. The station is served by Intercités services operated by SNCF between Paris and Nevers.

text:
# Gien station

**Gien** is a railway station in Gien, Centre-Val de Loire, France. The station is on the Moret-Lyon railway. The station is served by Intercités (long distance) services operated by SNCF between Paris and Nevers.

## InfoBox

| Gien | |
| --- | --- |
| Gare de Gien in the days of steam trains | |
| General information | |
| Location | Gien, Loiret, Centre-Val de Loire<br>France |
| Coordinates | 47°41′56″N 2°38′12″E / 47.69889°N 2.63667°E / 47.69889; 2.63667 |
| Line(s) | Moret-Lyon railway |
| Platforms | 5 |
| Tracks | 5 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 87684290 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station SNCF Following station  Nogent-sur-Vernissontowards Paris-Bercy  Intercités  Briaretowards Nevers | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Punctozotroctes nordestinus

abstract: Punctozotroctes nordestinus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2007.

text:
# Punctozotroctes nordestinus

***Punctozotroctes nordestinus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2007.

## InfoBox

| *Punctozotroctes nordestinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Punctozotroctes*** |
| Species: | ***P. nordestinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Punctozotroctes nordestinus***<br>Martins & Galileo, 2007 | |
|


title: Puerto Rican Bar Association

abstract: The Puerto Rican Bar Association (PRBA) is a voluntary association of lawyers of Puerto Rican ethnicity or interest. It is to be distinguished from the Bar Association of Puerto Rico or Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico, which is the bar association of Puerto Rico.

text:
# Puerto Rican Bar Association

The **Puerto Rican Bar Association (PRBA)** is a voluntary association of lawyers of Puerto Rican ethnicity or interest. It is to be distinguished from the Bar Association of Puerto Rico or *Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico*, which is the bar association of Puerto Rico.

## History

The earliest predecessor of today's PRBA was the Pan-American Lawyers' Association, organized around 1934. In the mid-1940s, the Spanish-American Bar Association was organized as a new organization which, in 1957, became the present day PRBA.

## InfoBox

Puerto Rican Bar Association
| Type | Legal society |
| --- | --- |
| Location |  |
| Membership | Around 500 |


title: Pseudosamanea

abstract: Pseudosamanea is a genus of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native from southern Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador, and to Cuba. The genus was established in 1930.

text:
# Pseudosamanea

***Pseudosamanea*** is a genus of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native from southern Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador, and to Cuba. The genus was established in 1930.

## Species

As of January 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Pseudosamanea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| *Clade*: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | *Pseudosamanea*<br>Harms |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: Gioroc

abstract: The Gioroc is a left tributary of the river Jiu in Romania. It flows into the Jiu near Foișor. Its length is 15 km (9.3 mi) and its basin size is 55 km⁲ (21 sq mi).

text:
# Gioroc

The **Gioroc** is a left tributary of the river Jiu in Romania. It flows into the Jiu near Foișor. Its length is 15 km (9.3 mi) and its basin size is 55 km2 (21 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Gioroc | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Dolj County |
| Villages | Castranova |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Jiu |
| coordinates | 44°06′15″N 23°52′44″E / 44.1042°N 23.8789°E / 44.1042; 23.8789 |
| Length | 15 km (9.3 mi) |
| Basin size | 55 km2 (21 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | JiuDanubeBlack Sea |


title: Girltrash!

abstract: Girltrash is a web series created by Angela Robinson. It originally aired on ourchart.com from June to August 2007. It stars Michelle Lombardo, Lisa Rieffel, Riki Lindhome, Rose Rollins, Gabrielle Christian and Mandy Musgrave.

text:
# Girltrash!

***Girltrash*** (stylized as ***Girltrash!***) is a web series created by Angela Robinson. It originally aired on ourchart.com from June to August 2007. It stars Michelle Lombardo, Lisa Rieffel, Riki Lindhome, Rose Rollins, Gabrielle Christian and Mandy Musgrave.

## Pilot

The series follows the lives of Tyler Murphy, Daisy Robson, and LouAnne Dubois, along with Misty Monroe and Daisy's little sister Colby. It is set in the Los Angeles criminal underworld with Tyler and Daisy chasing after LouAnne, a con artist who is on the run from Monique Jones from whom she stole money. LouAnne seduces Tyler. To make matters worse, Colby and Misty are being held hostage by Monique in order for Tyler and Daisy to finish their end of the deal.

The filmmakers ran out of funding before the project could be completed and the series remains unfinished.

## Cast

## Episodes

| # | Title | Original airdate |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | |
|
| 1 | "Episode 1" | June 10, 2007 (2007-06-10) |
| Tyler and Daisy have an encounter at a bar with Valentine, a gun-toting loan shark who demands they pay money that Tyler stole from him after seducing his wife. | | | |
| 2 | "Episode 2" | June 17, 2007 (2007-06-17) |
| As Tyler and Daisy drive to their next job, they reminisce about their past encounters with LouAnne. | | | |
| 3 | "Episode 3" | June 24, 2007 (2007-06-24) |
| Tyler and Daisy confront LouAnne to get the money back, but the situation changes putting them all in danger. | | | |
| 4 | "Episode 4" | July 1, 2007 (2007-07-01) |
| Tyler, Daisy and LouAnne are now on the run. Tyler reminisces about the first time she met LouAnne and just how much better life was before their encounter. | | | |
| 5 | "Episode 5" | July 8, 2007 (2007-07-08) |
| While Tyler and LouAnne flirt with each other, Judge Cragen offers Daisy $2,000 to get Tyler away from her. | | | |
| 6 | "Episode 6" | July 15, 2007 (2007-07-15) |
| As the girls are on the run we are introduced to the overly violent criminal Monique who takes her anger out on a laundry guy who messed with her washing. Daisy gets an unexpected call from her sister Colby. | | | |
| 7 | "Episode 7" | July 22, 2007 (2007-07-22) |
| Monique has Misty and Colby. She gives Daisy an option to bring her the money and LouAnne, but LouAnne decides to run. | | | |
| 8 | "Episode 8" | July 29, 2007 (2007-07-29) |
| LouAnne has escaped. Daisy is fearful for her sister's life, and Monique threatens to go to work on Misty using a 9-iron. | | | |
| 9 | "Episode 9" | August 5, 2007 (2007-08-05) |
| With LouAnne still on the run, Tyler and Daisy need to get a hold of a lot of cash quick to pay off Monique. Tyler calls Lana, a Russian Mafia princess, to see if she can help but when Lana hangs up, they decide to turn up at her place. Lana once tried to kill Tyler. Meanwhile, Misty and Colby argue about Colby seeing other people | | | |
| 10 | "Episode 10" | September 3, 2009 (2009-09-03) |
| Tyler asks Lana to loan her some money. Meanwhile, Misty and Colby plead with Monique to let them go. On the street, Daisy finds LouAnne, but learns that LouAnne spent all of the money that she stole. | | | |
| 11 | "Episode 11: The Lost Colby & Misty Scenes" | September 3, 2009 (2009-09-03) |
| Un-edited footage; Colby and Misty manage to untie themselves, but are still trapped in the warehouse with Monique. Tyler gets the money from Lana in exchange for agreeing to do Lana a favor in the future... with no questions asked. | | | |

## Film

*Girltrash: All Night Long* is the musical prequel to *Girltrash*, starring Gabrielle Christian, Michelle Lombardo, Mandy Musgrave, Lisa Rieffel, Rose Rollins, Kate French, Malaya Drew and Clementine Ford. *Girltrash: All Night Long* was directed by Alex Kondracke and produced and written by Angela Robinson and Lisa Thrasher. Stacy Codikow, founder of Power Up was the executive producer.

Before the film's release controversy arose when creator, writer and producer Angela Robinson relinquished her association with the film stating: "Power Up is presenting a version of the film that I have not seen, that is unfinished and that has not been creatively approved by me as a result, I do not support nor validate any screenings or commercial sales of *Girltrash: All Night Long* at this time." Codikow responded by stating that Robinson had in fact seen the final edit of the film. The film was released on February 1, 2014.

## InfoBox

| *Girltrash!* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Created by | Angela Robinson |
| Written by | Angela Robinson |
| Directed by | Angela Robinson |
| Starring | Michelle Lombardo
Lisa Rieffel
Riki Lindhome
Rose Rollins
Gabrielle Christian
Mandy Musgrave |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 11 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Angela Robinson
Alexandra Kondracke
Josh Polon |
| Producers | Rebecca Sekulich
Nathan Swisher |
| Editors | Angela Robinson
Robert Cosentino
Chris W. Hill |
| Running time | approx. 3 Minutes
approx. 4 minutes (two-part episodes) |
| Original release | |
| Release | June 10, 2007 (2007-06-10)
September 3, 2009 (2009-09-03) |
| Related | |
| *Girltrash: All Night Long* | |


title: Giovanni Battista Calandra

abstract: Giovanni Battista Calandra was an Italian mosaic artist in the Vatican. He was born at Vercelli in 1586. In the pontificate of Urban VIII, it was found that the dampness of St. Peter's materially affected canvases, and henceforth it was determined to remove the principal pictures, and to replace them with copies in mosaic, of which the first was executed by Calandra, after the St. Michael of Cesare D'Arpino. With this were The Four Doctors of the Church, St. Peter, St. Paul, and others in the cupolas, after the cartoons of D'Arpino, Romanelli, Lanfranco, Sacchi, and Pellegrini. He also executed a Madonna after Raphael for the Christina, Queen of Sweden.

text:
# Giovanni Battista Calandra

**Giovanni Battista Calandra** (1586 - c. 1644) was an Italian mosaic artist in the Vatican.

He was born at Vercelli in 1586. In the pontificate of Urban VIII, it was found that the dampness of St. Peter's materially affected canvases, and henceforth it was determined to remove the principal pictures, and to replace them with copies in mosaic, of which the first was executed by Calandra, after the *St. Michael* of Cesare D'Arpino. With this were *The Four Doctors of the Church*, *St. Peter*, *St. Paul*, and others in the cupolas, after the cartoons of D'Arpino, Romanelli, Lanfranco, Sacchi, and Pellegrini. He also executed a *Madonna* after Raphael for the Christina, Queen of Sweden.

* Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). *Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical*. Vol. I: A-K. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 209.


title: Puerto Rico Highway 166

abstract: Puerto Rico Highway 166 (PR-166) is a by-pass in San Germán, Puerto Rico. The highway is an avenue which was built for drivers passing through PR-102 could bypass the downtown area of San Germán. Among its intersections are PR-102, PR-101 and PR-122.

text:
# Puerto Rico Highway 166

**Puerto Rico Highway 166** (**PR-166**) is a by-pass in San Germán, Puerto Rico. The highway is an avenue which was built for drivers passing through PR-102 could bypass the downtown area of San Germán.

Among its intersections are PR-102 (to downtown San Germán, Cabo Rojo and Sabana Grande), PR-101 (to Lajas) and PR-122 (to PR-2).

## Major intersections

The entire route is located in San Germán.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sabana Grande AbajoMaresúa line | 0.0 | 0.0 | PR-102 (Avenida Universidad Interamericana) San Germán, Cabo Rojo, Mayagüez | Western terminus of PR-166 |
| San Germán barrio-pueblo | 1.3–
1.4 | 0.81–
0.87 | PR-101 San Germán, Lajas |  |
| Retiro | 2.7 | 1.7 |
PR-122 north (Avenida Ángel René "Yino" Antongiorgi Quiñones) San Germán | Eastern terminus of PR-166 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Highway 166 | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ruta 166* | |
| *Avenida Jorge Alberto Ramos Comas* | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Puerto Rico DTPW | |
| Length | 2.7 km (1.7 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | PR-102 in Sabana Grande AbajoMaresúa |
| Major intersections | PR-101 in San Germán barrio-pueblo |
| East end | PR-122 in Retiro |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Territory | Puerto Rico |
| Municipalities | San Germán |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PR-165   PR-167 | |


title: Puneet Kumar

abstract: Puneet Kumar is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 12 February 2018. He made his Twenty20 debut on 12 January 2021, for Jammu and Kashmir in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.

text:
# Puneet Kumar

**Puneet Kumar** (born 22 June 1998) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 12 February 2018. He made his Twenty20 debut on 12 January 2021, for Jammu and Kashmir in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.

## InfoBox

Puneet Kumar
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1998-06-22) 22 June 1998<br>Jammu, India |
| Source: Cricinfo, 12 February 2018 | |


title: Minami-Tanabe Station

abstract: .mw-parser-output.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output.infobox.navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-header,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-above,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-title,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-image,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}} Minami-Tanabe Station is a railway station on the West Japan Railway Company Hanwa Line in Abeno-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. The station opened on July 18, 1929. When the platforms and the tracks were located on the ground, the station was located in Yamasaka Nichome, Higashisumiyoshi-ku.

text:
# Minami-Tanabe Station

**Minami-Tanabe Station** (南田辺駅, *Minami-tanabe-eki*) is a railway station on the West Japan Railway Company Hanwa Line in Abeno-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. The station opened on July 18, 1929. When the platforms and the tracks were located on the ground, the station was located in Yamasaka Nichome, Higashisumiyoshi-ku.

## History

* 18 July 1929 - Station opens
* March 2018 - Station numbering was introduced with Minami-Tanabe being assigned station number JR-R22.

## Layout

Minami-Tanabe Station has two elevated side platforms serving a track each.

### Platforms

| **1** | Hanwa Line | for Ōtori, Hineno and Wakayama |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Hanwa Line | for Tennōji |

## InfoBox

| Minami-Tanabe Station
南田辺駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Minami-Tanabe Station | |
| General information | |
| Location | 4-10, Nagaikechō, Abeno, Osaka, Osaka
（大阪市阿倍野区長池町4-10）
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°37′32.42″N 135°31′14.32″E / 34.6256722°N 135.5206444°E / 34.6256722; 135.5206444 |
| Operated by | JR West |
| Line(s) | Hanwa Line |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Bicycle facilities | Bicycle parking |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | JR-R22 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1929 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR West Following station  Tsurugaokatowards Wakayama  Hanwa Line**Local**  Bishoentowards Tennoji | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wygoda, Gmina Parchowo

abstract: Wygoda is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Parchowo, within Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Parchowo, 13 km (8 mi) east of Bytów, and 66 km (41 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Wygoda, Gmina Parchowo

**Wygoda** \[vɨˈɡɔda\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Parchowo, within Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Parchowo, 13 km (8 mi) east of Bytów, and 66 km (41 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Wygoda | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Wygoda | |
| Coordinates: 54°9′19″N 17°41′8″E / 54.15528°N 17.68556°E / 54.15528; 17.68556 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Bytów |
| Gmina | Parchowo |
| Population | 45 |