title: Yih-Hsing Pao

abstract: Yih-Hsing Pao was a Chinese-born American mechancial engineer.

text:
# Yih-Hsing Pao

**Yih-Hsing Pao** (Chinese: 鮑亦興; 19 January 1930 – 18 June 2013) was a Chinese-born American mechancial engineer.

## Early life, education, and career in the United States

Pao was born in Nanjing on 19 January 1930. His education and early life were impacted by the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. The Pao family moved from Nanjing to Chongqing following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. His mother taught Pao and his younger brother Michael to read the *Four Books*. Pao attended National Chiao Tung University, then based in Shanghai, for two years. During his time in Shanghai, there were frequent student-led protests supportive of democracy, and he was a member of the student government. Later, his family relocated from Guangzhou to Taiwan. Pao followed them to Taiwan via ship on 30 April 1949, and subsequently graduated in 1952 from National Taiwan University with a degree in civil engineering. He received a scholarship from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute to pursue graduate study in mechanics, and his father borrowed money to pay for Pao's airfare of US$600. Pao completed his master's degree and continued on to doctoral study in applied mechanics, specializing in wave propagation in solids, at Columbia University. Before formally obtaining his doctorate in 1959, Pao joined the Cornell University faculty in 1958. In 1985, he was appointed to the J. C. Ford Professorship, a title he retained until retirement and emeritus status in 2000.

## Career in China and Taiwan

At the invitation of Li Kwoh-ting in 1983, Pao returned to Taiwan to serve as founding leader of the Institute of Applied Mechanics at National Taiwan University. Between 1992 and 1995, he served as president of the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, based in Taipei. In 2009, Pao was formally appointed a Distinguished Research Chair Professor within NTU's Institute of Applied Mechanics. From 2003, he had held a professorship at the College of Civil Engineering and Architecture within Zhejiang University in China.

## Honors and awards

Pao's honors and awards included election as member of the United States National Academy of Engineering in 1985, and an equivalent honor from Taiwan's Academia Sinica in 1986. He participated in the Humboldt Research Award Programme and is a recipient of the Humboldt Foundation's Senior Scientist Award. In 2001, Pao won Taiwan's Presidential Science Prize for Applied Sciences. A conference was held in Taipei to mark Pao's 80th birthday in 2010, and the presented papers, alongside some of Pao's own works, were compiled into a *Festschrift* titled *From Waves in Complex Systems to Dynamics of Generalized Continua*, published in 2011.

## Personal life

Pao was diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa in 1980. The condition caused him to become blind.

Pao was married to Amelia, with whom he raised three children, Winston, May, and Sophie. He died on 18 June 2013.


title: Foy E. Wallace

abstract: Foy Esco Wallace was an influential figure among American Churches of Christ in the early and mid-20th century. Through his writing and speaking, Wallace gathered a considerable following among that group of autonomous churches. His skilled use of logic, combined with his charisma, propelled him to the forefront of at least three major controversies in the Churches of Christ.

text:
# Foy E. Wallace

**Foy Esco (Foy E. Jr.) Wallace** (30 September 1896 – 18 December 1979) was an influential figure among American Churches of Christ in the early and mid-20th century. Through his writing and speaking, Wallace gathered a considerable following among that group of autonomous churches. His skilled use of logic, combined with his charisma, propelled him to the forefront of at least three major controversies in the Churches of Christ.

## Biography

### Early life

Foy E. Wallace Jr., was born September 30, 1896, on a farm south of Belcherville, Texas in Montague County, Texas. His father, Foy Edwin (Foy E. Sr.) Wallace (1871–1949), was a prominent preacher within churches of Christ in Texas, having been at the forefront of debate with the Disciples of Christ over mechanical instrumental music in Christian worship and missionary societies. Charles Ready Nichol (1876–1961) and Robertson Lafayette Whiteside (1869–1951) were also very influential in Wallace's thinking as was his older brother Cled Eugene Wallace (1892–1962).

He was baptized by his father in 1909 and preached his first sermon in 1912 at Stephenville, Texas. While his initial appointments derived largely from his shared name, within a short time he had made a name for himself as a preaching prodigy. Wallace would carry the nickname of "The Boy Preacher" even into early adulthood.

Wallace very rarely preached as a local minister. While he lived in a progression of Texas towns (Lott, Temple, Vernon, Wichita Falls, and Fort Worth), these cities usually served him simply as bases for his "gospel meetings" (commonly called "revivals" outside churches of Christ).

One of Wallace's few significant works as a local preacher occurred from 1928 to the middle of 1930 with the Central church of Christ in Los Angeles, California.

In the middle of 1930 Wallace was called from Los Angeles, California to Nashville, Tennessee by Leon B. McQuiddy to serve as editor of the *Gospel Advocate* Wallace continued in this role until 1934 when severe financial difficulty in the Great Depression combined with a series of family medical problems led to Wallace's resignation as editor of the *Gospel Advocate* in an attempt to recover financially. However, late in 1934 Wallace declared bankruptcy while affirming his debts. In 1937 Wallace returned to Nashville and with the assistance of longtime family friend John W. Akin (1873–1960), satisfied all debts.

### Premillennialism

On February 11, 1909, Robert H. Boll (1875–1956) became the front-page editor of the *Gospel Advocate*. After several years of work widely acceptable to his readership, his premillennial views were expressed within its pages, to the dismay of most of the *Advocate's* management, including J. C. McQuiddy (1858–1924). After considerable friction, Boll was dismissed, re-hired and dismissed again in 1915. In 1916 Boll became the editor of *The Word and Work*, a paper formerly edited by Stanford Chambers (1876–1969), of New Orleans, Louisiana. The paper *Word and Work* was founded in 1908 by premillennialist Dr. David Lipscomb Watson. Especially under Chambers' ownership after 1913, *Word and Work* took an explicitly premillennial view. Boll moved the magazine to Louisville, Kentucky, where it continued to promote premillennialism within churches of Christ.

Boll's promotion of premillennialism led to continuing controversy from 1915 on into the 1920s, culminating in a written debate with H. Leo Boles in 1927. That debate ended amicably, but in 1932, the *Advocate*, under Wallace, turned its eye back toward the debate with a series of critical articles on premillennialism.

Wallace himself engaged in two well-known debates regarding premillennialism with Charles McKendree Neal (1878–1956) in 1933 at Winchester, Kentucky and Chattanooga, Tennessee. These debates established Wallace as the leader of those opposed to the premillennialists within the church.

In November 1934 Wallace participated in an equally contentious debate, also on the millennium, with Texas Baptist fundamentalist J. Frank Norris, in Fort Worth. After three raucous evenings of debate, each side claimed victory. For churches of Christ the debate became particularly divisive when ministers Frank M. Mullins and Jesse Wood from two Dallas-area Churches of Christ went to the microphone in support of Norris, a development which Norris had encouraged. Walter Estal Brightwell (1893–1957), a supporter of Wallace, wrote of the debate:

in the words of some of the boys who returned from France after the late war, I would not take a million dollars for the debate and the privilege of attending it, but I would not give a dime for another one just like it.

In October 1935 Wallace founded the *Gospel Guardian* as a monthly magazine primarily to combat the views of the premillennialists. The *Gospel Guardian* ended in June 1936 and merged with the *Firm Foundation*. In 1937 Wallace was the front page writer for the *Firm Foundation*. In 1938 Wallace founded the *Bible Banner*, initially also dedicated to the defeat of premillennial doctrine. By the early 1940s, every significant paper and college associated with churches of Christ took the amillennial position, often, like Wallace, never using the terms *amillennial* or *amillennialism*. By 1949, when Wallace ceased publishing the *Bible Banner*, this campaign had been so effective that fewer than a hundred congregations adhered to the premillennial view, and those generally isolated from the mainline, as they have remained for decades.

Nonetheless, Wallace's opposition to premillennialism caused anger in some of these power bases. Harding College president John Nelson Armstrong (1870–1944) had refused to condemn premillennialism in 1934; a partial rejection of the doctrine in 1935 did little to silence his critics, Wallace chief among them. A war of words between the two camps ensued, with Wallace and Earnest Rosenthal Harper (1897–1986) accusing Harding of sheltering premillennialists and premillennial sympathizers; Armstrong, for his part, compared Harper to the Nazis and Wallace to a pope.

### Pacifism

As America entered the Second World War, another controversy emerged among churches of Christ. Christian pacifism had a long history in this body as a significant minority position, especially around Nashville and among those who attended the Bible Schools of David Lipscomb, James A. Harding and their disciples. However, in every major armed conflict the majority of members of churches of Christ participated as soldiers. Major leaders within the churches of Christ including Daniel Sommer in the north and G. H. P. Showalter in south opposed pacifism. By World War II pacifism was waning because of the surge of patriotism engendered by the war, particularly following U.S. entry into it following the attack on Pearl Harbor.. However, a significant and influential number of preachers within the churches of Christ were still pacifists. David Lipscomb had consolidated his arguments on the Christian relationship to the civil state in his book *Civil Government* that emerged after, and perhaps because of, Lipscomb's experience of the American Civil War. Lipscomb's views were still influential but were considered extreme by some. For example, Lipscomb believed that a ballot not backed by the bullet was worthless. Lipscomb wrote, "The man who votes to make to others fight (and all who vote do this) ought himself to fightthat is, if he is legally liable to performs this duty. He who supports the law that requires others to fight, morally and legally fights himself." Therefore, David Lipscomb did not vote. Wallace, though earlier in life sympathetic to some aspects of Lipscomb's position, his father taking the non-combatant view, supported the Christian's right to serve as a policeman or in the armed forces of the United States. He was considered by some to be an implacable foe to conscientious objectors.

As part of this effort, the *Bible Banner* under Wallace took issue with the writings of Lipscomb regarding pacifism in an effort that Wallace led. Wallace's point of view again largely triumphed, and most men of military age of churches of Christ embraced military service including the sons of many pacifists; however, the victory again earned him well-connected opponents. Chief among these was B. C. Goodpasture, the latest editor of the *Gospel Advocate*, who was publicly quiet on the "war question" but raised money for pacifist Christians placed in conscientious objector camps.

### Racism

Wallace's views on race have been much discussed in recent years. Wallace was a native of the Deep South and was born and reared in a time when segregation was the law, though this had not stopped earlier figures, including David Lipscomb, from making a clean break with racist ideas, even calling them blasphemous. Nevertheless, segregated churches were the norm in the Jim Crow South.

In 1941 Wallace wrote an article in the *Bible Banner* titled "Negro Meetings for White People" in which Wallace argued against the mixing of the races during church meetings, stating: "I am very much in favor of negro meetings for the negroes, but I am just as much opposed to negro meetings for white people, and I am against white brethren taking the meetings away from the negroes and the general mixing that has become entirely too much of a practice in these negro meetings. Such a thing not only lowers the church in the eyes of the world but it is definitely against the interest of the negroes. If any negro preacher says that this is not true, that will be the evidence that it is true, and that he has been spoiled by the white brethren and wants to preach to white audiences. And if any of the white brethren get worked up over what I have said, and want to accuse me of being jealous of the negro preachers, I will just tell them now that I don't even want to hold a meeting for any bunch of brethren who think that any negro is a better preacher than I am! So that we can just call that argument off before it starts--and the meeting, too." He further stated that for a white man to share a room with a negro man was "a violation of Christianity itself, and of all common decency."

Marshall Keeble, the best known African American Evangelist among churches of Christ, responded to Wallace's segregationist article by defending Keeble's own work but calling the article "instructive and encouraging." Further Keeble continued to write to Wallace in the ensuing years to maintain his support and assistance.

### Institutional debate

Shortly before World War II, the issue of institutionalism  that is, support of outside organizations from churches' treasuries  was debated. Some leaders (most prominently G. C. Brewer) had actively promoted church funding of Bible colleges. Others, such as Wallace, had written and spoken in opposition.

After the war, pro-institutional church members started tying church support of colleges with church support of other institutions, orphans' homes being a notably contentious example. The addition of an emotional element proved successful at persuading many who had been on the fence to the institutional side during the 1950s. It also led, however, to rancor; what had previously been a debate characterized by logic erupted into name-calling. Non-institutional brethren were called "orphan haters" and "Pharisees" and the like; for their part, non-institutionals such as Wallace returned (and at times initiated) the rhetorical fire.

In 1951, the church of Christ in Lufkin, Texas, where Wallace's brother Cled preached, split over personal disputes between non-institutionals. Thereafter, Foy Wallace, who had been the most polarizing figure in the debate, ceased arguing in favor of the non-institutional position; indeed, by the mid-1960s, he associated himself mostly with institutional churches. By the end of the 1950s Wallace claimed that the non-institutional position had been radicalized (though there had been no noticeable changes in position among those with whom he now disagreed). Wallace objected to debates among brethren "on whether it is scriptural for a congregation to perform a humanitarian service to someone not a member of the church, or whether it is right for an able church to help a weak one maintain a preacher among them ..." Wallace argued that such debates "demoralizes the church within and degrades it without." Such debates were, Wallace averred, "a sorry spectacle."

### Personal life

Wallace married Virgie Brightwell on November 29, 1914. Walter E. Brightwell, Virgie's cousin, served as best man, and Wallace's older brother Cled E. Wallace performed the wedding ceremony. Together the Wallaces had five children. In 1952, while Wallace preached a gospel meeting in Cushing, Oklahoma, his wife suffered a major stroke. He cancelled his engagements in order to remain by her side and took more than a year to nurse her back to as much of her former health as possible. Family friend Roy J. Hearn (1911–2000) noted that he took care of his wife "just like she was a little baby."

### Later years

Wallace lived out his later years, holding meetings, writing or re-writing almost of all of his books and writing occasionally for the religious press. The last twenty years of his life Wallace wrote a commentary of Revelation, two books on civil government, on the new versions of the Bible, on the non-institutional movement and on modernism. His estrangement with his son William was ended by their reconciliation in 1975.

In 1966 Wallace wrote a series of articles published by the *Firm Foundation* arguing that what the Holy Spirit does, the Word of God does. Wallace viewed the expression "gift of the Holy Spirit" from Acts 2:38 as in the possessive case. Thus the "gift of the Holy Spirit" did not mean the personal indwelling of the Holy Spirit but the Holy Spirit's gift which he believed were "the blessings of the Holy Spirit's dispensation for the Jew and the Gentile." Wallace believed that the Holy Spirit did not dwell in the Christian personally but representatively through the Word of God which is to dwell richly in each Christian. Wallace opposed the idea that there was a personal indwelling of the Holy Spirit. Wallace's work on the Holy Spirit was published in 1967 as a 120-page booklet under the title, *The Mission and Medium of the Holy Spirit*.

In the 1970s he published a comprehensive 850-page book attacking modern-English translations of the Bible. Wallace wrote this work before release of the New International Version (NIV), but the ink was hardly dry before he was opposing the NIV as well.

Wallace developed a blood condition similar to hemophilia and required frequent blood transfusions; from these transfusions, he developed hepatitis. His condition necessitated a move to Hereford, Texas, near his son, Wilson. He continued preaching for a time, but after two weeks in the hospital due to his disease, he suffered a stroke and died on December 18, 1979.

## Sources

* Sketch On The Life Of Foy E. Wallace, Jr.
* Hughes, Richard. *Reviving the Ancient Faith: The Story of Churches of Christ in America.*
* Harrell, David Edwin Jr. *The Churches of Christ in the 20th Century: Homer Hailey's Personal Journey of Faith.*
* Patterson, Noble and Terry J. Gardner, *Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Soldier of the Cross*.

## Books by Foy E. Wallace, Jr.

1. *The Neal-Wallace Discussion on the Thousand Years' Reign*. This book records the discussion of modern millennial theories, held at Winchester, Kentucky, and Chattanooga, Tennessee in 1933. PROPOSITION: "The Bible clearly teaches that after the second coming of Christ and before the final resurrection and judgement, there will be an age, or dispensation, of one thousand years during which Christ will reign on the earth." Affirmative, Charles M. Neal; Negative, Foy E. Wallace Jr. This book contains 350 pages and was first published by the Gospel Advocate Company in 1933. Photos in the front of Foy E. Wallace Jr., and Charles M. Neal. Since that time two additional editions have appeared with numerous printings. The Third Edition is called the "Extended Edition," and includes an Appendix entitled, "Incipience, Course and Character of the Boll Movement." Third Edition was printed in 1976 and contains 411 pages.

2. "Instrumental Music In The Worship: A Sermon by Foy E. Wallace, Jr., Evangelist". A sermon delivered by Foy E. Wallace Jr., on September 10, 1933, during a gospel meeting with the university and Walnut Street Church of Christ in Wichita, Kansas. Miss Crystal Norfleet recorded the sermon down in shorthand. This booklet contains 20 pages, printed by G. K. Wallace in 1933 using the Zona Printing Company in Wichita. This sermon may also be found in the second edition of *The Certified Gospel* and in *The Gospel for Today*. This tract went through multiple printings.

3. *The Gospel In Song*, Compiled by Basil C. Doran and Foy E. Wallace Jr. Prepared for use in Wallace's tabernacle, tent and open air gospel meetings. This book contains 135 numbered songs and F. L. Eiland's song, "The Waving Harvest." The book also contains photographs of Basil C. Doran and Foy E. Wallace Jr. Published by the Gospel Advocate Company *circa* 1934.

4. *The Certified Gospel*, First Edition  1937. This is a book of sermons delivered at Port Arthur, Texas in 1937. The sermons are: The Certified Gospel, Who Wrote the Bible?, Christ and the Church, How and When the Church Began, The Last Will and Testament, What It Means to Preach Christ, The Gospel in Old Testament Example, The Lord's Day, Restoring the Ancient Order, Why Send for Peter?, What To Do To Be Saved, God's Call to Repentance and The Origin and Doctrines of Seventh Day Adventism. This book contains 110 pages and was printed by O. C. Lambert & Son in Port Arthur, Texas in 1937. Photos in the front of the book of Foy E. Wallace Jr., O. C. Lambert and Alfred Bass. The book was available in both hard and soft covers.

5. *The Church And A Faction*, circa 1938. A brief description of local problems in McAlester, Oklahoma. This booklet was published by B. M. Strother and contained material by C. R. Nichol and an article by Foy E. Wallace Jr., entitled, "Law and order in the Church versus Majority Rule." Twelve thousand (12,000) copies of the first edition were printed. The first edition of this booklet contains 32 pages and photographs of C. R. Nichol and Foy E. Wallace Jr. A second edition was later printed (*circa* 1946) by the Roy E. Cogdill Publishing Company which was 31 pages and did not include any photographs.

6. *God's Prophetic Word*, First Edition  1946. This book contains the sermons that Wallace delivered from January 21 through January 28, 1945 in the Houston, Music Hall. The chapters are: The Infallible Book, The Faith Once Delivered, God's Prophetic Word, The Hope of Israel, The Church Age, The Throne of David, The Second Coming of Christ—Is It Imminent?, The Second Coming of Christ—Is It Premillennial?, Seventh Day Adventism—Its Origin and Its Errors, The Consequences of Premillennialism, Anglo-Israelism and Notes on other Prophecy Proof-Texts. This book contains 389 pages and was published by Roy E. Cogdill. The book contains photographs of Foy E. Wallace Jr., Austin Taylor and Roy E. Cogdill.

7. *The Certified Gospel*, Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged  1948. In addition to those sermons appearing in the first edition the following were added to this edition: Faith And Baptism, Repentance And Baptism, Baptism in the Acts of the Apostles, Baptism in the Apostolic Epistles, God's Law of Conversion, Broken Cisterns, The Sin of Sectarianism, What the Church Must Do to Be Saved, The Music Question—Pro and Con and The Boll Movement. This edition contains 257 pages and was printed by Roy E. Cogdill.

8a. *Bulwarks of the Faith, Part One*  Roman Catholicism, First Edition  1951. A series of Addresses delivered in the Music Hall, Houston, Texas, in January 1946, refuting the Dogmas of Roman Catholicism. This book contains six chapters: 1) Viewing the Walls—A Doctrinal And Historical Perspective, 2) The Origin and Evils of Roman Catholicism, 3) The Organization of the Roman Catholic Church, 4) The Doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, 5) The Arguments of the Catholics Scripturally Answered and 6) An Apostolic Syllabus on the New Testament Church. A Supplement contains the following sections: 1) "The Vatican Decrees and Their Bearing on Civil Allegiance," by the Honorable William E. Gladstone and 2) "The History of the Vatican Council and the Papal Syllabus," by Philip Schaff. This was the first book published by Foy E. Wallace Jr., Publications. Part One contains 330 pages. In the front of the book is a photograph of Foy E. Wallace Jr., with a portion of his library. This photograph was taken in 1951 in Marietta, Oklahoma.

8b. *Bulwarks of the Faith, Part Two* \- Doctrines of the Denominations, First Edition  1951. A Series of Addresses Delivered in the Music Hall, Houston, Texas, in January 1946, refuting the Doctrines of Protestant Denominationalism. This book contains six chapters: 1) The Legalism of the Gospel, 2) The How and the What of Bible Baptism, 3) The Security of the Believer—Is It Possible for a Child of God to Fall Away and Be Lost? 4) Spiritual Influence—What the Holy Spirit Does and How It Is Done, 5) Innovation in the Church—An Examination of the Instrumental Music Question and 6) Bulwarks of the Faith—Or, The Things Which Cannot Be Moved. A Supplement contains: An Addenda on the Erroneous Doctrines of the Baptist Church. Part Two contains 395 pages. In the front of the book is a photograph of Foy E. Wallace Jr., taken in 1951 in the pulpit of the Marietta Church of Christ, Marietta, Oklahoma.

9. *Bulwarks of the Faith*  circa 1950s. A one volume edition of Bulwarks of the Faith was printed in the late 1950s. This book was bound in red and contained all of the matter in the first edition bound in one volume. A revised one volume edition was printed in 1975 with 729 pages.

10. *God's Prophetic Word*, Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged  1960. The speeches of the first edition were revised. Added material included: Excursus On Prophecy Proof-Texts, Passages From the Pioneers and Subject and Scripture Index. 573 pages. Published by Foy E. Wallace Jr., Publications.

11. *The Book of Revelation*, First Edition  1966. This commentary on the book of Revelation is divided into five sections. Section one: An Apocalyptic Preview. Section two: The Visional Prologue, chapters one to three. Section three: The Apocalypse of the Conquering Christ, chapters four to eleven. Section four: The Apocalypse of the Victorious Church, chapters twelve to twenty-two, verse five. Section five: The Apocalyptic Epilogue, chapter twenty-two, verse six to the end of the text. This book contains 477 pages and was published in Nashville, Tennessee by Foy E. Wallace Jr., Publications. This book has gone through seven printings.

12. *The Sermon on the Mount and the Civil State*, First Edition  1967. This book contains a discussion of the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:1 through 7:29) and Luke 12:1-3; Romans 12 & 13. The function of Conscience is also discussed. Section two discusses the Civil State and includes sections on the fallacy of pacifism and the inconsistency of non-resistance. The Appendix includes M. C. Kurfees on "God's Law On Capital Punishment," and "The Conscientious Patriot—Go Tell That Fox" (from the *Congressional Record*). This book contains 261 pages. Published by Foy E. Wallace Publications, Nashville, Tennessee: 1967. There have been two printings of this book.

13. *The Gospel For Today: An Extended Edition of the Certified Gospel*, 1967.

14. *The Christian and the Government*, First Edition  1968. This book contains a number of articles written during World War II by Foy E. Wallace Jr., Cled E. Wallace, C. R. Nichol, R. L. Whiteside and W. E. Brightwell. There is a section in the book entitled, "A Recapitulation of Passages," where Foy E. Wallace Jr., discusses various passages bearing on the issue of a Christian's relationship to civil government. The book contains O. C. Lambert's review of David Lipscomb's book, *Civil Government*, and a reply to John T. Lewis book on civil government. In addition, Glenn E. Green's booklet, "The Relation of the Christian to Civil Government and War" (first printed in May, 1941) is reprinted. Fred Amick's booklet, "Christians in Uniform" is also reprinted. This book contains 324 pages. Published by Foy E. Wallace Jr., Publications, Nashville, Tennessee: 1968. Photographs of Foy E. Wallace Jr., Cled E. Wallace, O. C. Lambert, W. E. Brightwell, Glenn E. Green and Fred A. Amick.

15. *The Story of the Fort Worth Norris-Wallace Debate*, First Edition  1968. This book tells the story of the Norris-Wallace Debate of 1934. Various articles, legal documents and testimonials are reprinted in this unique book. Also included are a photographic copy of Foy E. Wallace, Jr's., original hand written debate notes (re-copied by his brother Cled E. Wallace). In addition, a photographic copy of the "Extra Special Edition" of the Bible Banner is included. This book contains 346 pages. Published by Foy E. Wallace Jr., Publications, Nashville, Tennessee: 1968. This book includes photographs of Foy E. Wallace Sr., Cled E. Wallace, R. L. Whiteside, W. E. Brightwell and Foy E. Wallace Jr.

16. *The Mission and Medium of The Holy Spirit*, First Edition  1967. 120 pages, paper back. Second printing by Richard Black, Publisher. Chapters include: The Current Crusade, The Spirit and the Word, The Gift of the Holy Spirit, The Special Gifts of the Holy Spirit, An Exposition of the Holy Spirit Passages, The Baptism of the Holy Spirit and The Sin Against the Holy Spirit.

17. *A Review of the New Versions*, First Edition, 1973. Chapter One: The Battle of the Book; Chapter Two: One Bible—Verbal Inspiration; Chapter Three: The Virgin Birth of Jesus Christ; Chapter Four: The Substance of the Everlasting Gospel—The Deity of Jesus Christ; Chapter Five: The Sign and the Virgin; Chapter Six: The Only Begotten Son; Chapter Seven: The Theology of the New Translators; Chapter Eight: The Revised Standard Version; Chapter Nine: The New English Bible; Chapter Ten: Today's English Version, Alias Good News for Modern Man; Chapter Eleven: The Babel of Modern Versions; and Chapter Twelve: Which Version—The Verdict of the Scholars. The Second Printing also contains an Addenda entitled, "The Battle of the Versions." This Addenda includes material from R. C. Foster and John W. Burgon. The Third Printing contains all of the material in the previous printings plus a Supplement: An Evaluation of the New International Version. 768 pages with a photograph of Foy E. Wallace Jr.

18. *An Evaluation of the New International Version*, First Edition - 1976. 116 pages, paperback book.

19. *The Present Truth*, First Edition  1977. This book reprints many of the articles written by Foy E. Wallace Jr., over the years. The book also contains an Appendix which is a photographic reproduction of the January, 1936 special edition of the Gospel Guardian detailing the history of the premillennial movement. This book contains 1,068 pages. Foy E. Wallace Jr., Publications: Fort Worth, Texas. Noble Patterson Publisher-Distributor. This book contains photographs of Mrs. Foy E. Wallace Jr., Wallace's children and their spouses, the Wallaces on their golden wedding anniversary and on their wedding day. Additionally, the book contains photos of Cled E. Wallace, Foy E. Wallace Jr., at age 81 and Wallace's Gospel Advocate staff. This book has had only one edition of 1,000 copies.

20. *The Instrumental Music Question*, First Edition  1980. This book contains material from the pens of M. C. Kurfees, Adam Clarke, Don H. Morris, Moses E. Lard, John L. Girardeau and Foy E. Wallace Jr.

21. *The Revised Standard Version*, 1981. This is a printing of one chapter from Wallace's book *A Review of the New Versions*. Paperback, 170 pages.

22. *The One Book Analyzed and Outlined*, First Edition  1987. This is a book of Wallace's sermon outlines which was published posthumously. DeHoff Publications, Murfreesboro, Tennessee. 528 pages.

22. *Commentary on Romans, Galatians and Ephesians*, First Edition  1991. Published posthumously by Foy E. Wallace Jr., Publications, Conroe, Texas. 254 pages.

Other Foy E. Wallace Jr., Materials

1. "Remember the Words of Christ," a complete sermon by Foy E. Wallace Jr. Long Playing Record produced by Noble Patterson. Recorded by Century Custom Recording circa 1968.

2. "Keynotes of Scripture," a sermon by Foy E. Wallace Jr. Stereo 8-Track tape recording. (1980).

3. "The Prince of Preachers," four sermons ("Keynotes of Scripture", "Remember The Words of Christ", "Kingdom of Heaven", and "Salvation,") by Foy E. Wallace Jr. Cassette tape recordings. Foy E. Wallace Jr., Publications (Fort Worth, Texas: 1980).


title: Method (music)

abstract: In music, a method is a kind of textbook for a specified musical instrument or a selected problem of playing a certain instrument. A method usually contains fingering charts or tablatures, etc., scales and numerous different exercises, sometimes also simple etudes, in different keys, in ascending order as to difficulty or with a focus on isolated aspects like fluency, rhythm, dynamics, articulation and the like. Sometimes there are even recital pieces, also with accompaniment. Such methods differ from etude books in that they are meant as a linear course for a student to follow, with consistent guidance, whereas volumes of etudes are not as comprehensive. As typical instrumental methods are meant to function as textbooks supporting an instrumental teacher, usually no basic or special playing techniques are covered in any depth. Detailed instructions in this respect are only found in special, autodidactical methods. Some methods are especially tailored for students on certain skill levels or stages of psychosocial development. In contrast, a 'complete' method is meant to accompany the student until he or she becomes an advanced player. Methods of certain authors or editors have achieved the status of standard works and are published or reissued by different publishing companies and in diverse (new) arrangements. The Suzuki Method is probably the most well known example of this. The following is a list of various methods of historical interest.

text:
# Method (music)

In music, a ***method*** is a kind of textbook for a specified musical instrument or a selected problem of playing a certain instrument.

A *method* usually contains fingering charts or tablatures, etc., scales and numerous different exercises, sometimes also simple etudes, in different keys, in ascending order as to difficulty (= in methodical *progression*) or with a focus on isolated aspects like fluency, rhythm, dynamics, articulation and the like. Sometimes there are even recital pieces, also with accompaniment. Such methods differ from etude books in that they are meant as a linear course for a student to follow, with consistent guidance, whereas volumes of etudes are not as comprehensive.

As typical instrumental methods are meant to function as textbooks supporting an instrumental teacher (rather than to facilitate self-teaching), usually no basic or special playing techniques are covered in any depth. Detailed instructions in this respect are only found in special, autodidactical methods.

Some methods are especially tailored for students on certain skill levels or stages of psychosocial development. In contrast, a 'complete' method (sometimes in multiple volumes) is meant to accompany the student until he or she becomes an advanced player.

Methods of certain authors or editors have achieved the status of standard works (reflecting regional and cultural differences) and are published or reissued by different publishing companies and in diverse (new) arrangements. The Suzuki Method is probably the most well known example of this.

The following is a list of various methods of historical interest.

## Woodwinds

### Flute

### Oboe

### Clarinet

### Bassoon

### Saxophone

## Brass

### Trumpet/Cornet

### Horn

### Trombone

## Voice

## Keyboards

### Piano

### Harpsichord/Clavichord

### Organ

## Strings

### Guitar

### Harp

### Mandolin or mandolin-banjo or banjolin

### Violin

### Viola

### Violoncello

### Contrabass


title: Troumaka

abstract: Troumaka (Troumaca) is a village in Saint David Parish in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located in the west of the main island of Saint Vincent, between the larger towns of Barrouallie and Chateaubelair, and just to the north of the small settlement of Cumberland.

text:
# Troumaka

**Troumaka (Troumaca)** is a village in Saint David Parish in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located in the west of the main island of Saint Vincent, between the larger towns of Barrouallie and Chateaubelair, and just to the north of the small settlement of Cumberland.

1. "Troumaka". Wikimapia. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
2. "Troumaka". *GEOnet Names Server*. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

## InfoBox

| Troumaka | |
| --- | --- |
| TroumakaLocation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | |
| Coordinates: 13°16′54″N 061°15′25″W / 13.28167°N 61.25694°W / 13.28167; -61.25694 | |
| Country | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| Island | Saint Vincent |
| Parish | Saint David |


title: Vast Phiri

abstract: Vast Phiri is a Zambian international footballer who plays as a defender for the Zambia women's national football team. She competed for Zambia at the 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations, playing in one match. Phiri was named to the Zambia squad for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.

text:
# Vast Phiri

**Vast Phiri** (born 3 February 1996) is a Zambian international footballer who plays as a defender for the Zambia women's national football team. She competed for Zambia at the 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations, playing in one match.

Phiri was named to the Zambia squad for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.

## Honours

**Zambia**

## InfoBox

Vast Phiri
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1996-02-03) 3 February 1996 | | |
| Height | 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | ZESCO United | | |
| Number | 19 | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2018- | Zambia | 4 | (0) |
| ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 16 June 2019 | | | |


title: Salamander heater

abstract: A salamander heater is any of a variety of portable forced-air or convection space heaters, often using kerosene or propane as fuel but also requiring electricity, used in ventilated areas for worksite comfort. Salamander heaters are most often found at construction sites. Depending on style, they can also be referred to as "torpedo furnaces", "salamander furnaces", or simply, "salamanders". Salamander heaters date back to at least 1915. In the early 1940s, W.L. Scheu of Scheu Manufacturing Company, a producer of temporary portable space heating equipment, developed the modern salamander heater to provide warmth to allow construction crews to work in inclement weather. Sales spread across the US, and by the 1950s, to Europe.

text:
# Salamander heater

A **salamander heater** is any of a variety of portable forced-air or convection space heaters, often using kerosene or propane as fuel but also requiring electricity, used in ventilated areas for worksite comfort. Salamander heaters are most often found at construction sites. Depending on style, they can also be referred to as "torpedo furnaces", "salamander furnaces", or simply, "salamanders".

Salamander heaters date back to at least 1915. In the early 1940s, W.L. Scheu of Scheu Manufacturing Company, a producer of temporary portable space heating equipment, developed the modern salamander heater to provide warmth to allow construction crews to work in inclement weather. Sales spread across the US, and by the 1950s, to Europe.

## Name

The name, also applied to various types of heating device, comes from the mythical salamander, a beast that lived in fire and could control fire. Examples from kitchen use include high temperature ovens and, from the 17th and 18th century, a browning element.


title: Marilla Waite Freeman

abstract: Marilla Waite Freeman was a prominent librarian known for her innovative ideas in library service. At the time of her retirement from the Cleveland Public Library in 1940, she was "one of the best known and most beloved librarians in the country."

text:
# Marilla Waite Freeman

**Marilla Waite Freeman** (February 21, 1871 – October 29, 1961) was a prominent librarian known for her innovative ideas in library service. At the time of her retirement from the Cleveland Public Library in 1940, she was "one of the best known and most beloved librarians in the country."

## Family

Marilla Waite Freeman's father, Rev. Samuel Alden Freeman was a descendant of John Alden, and the family of her mother, Sarah Jane Allen, could be traced back to Miles Standish.

Freeman is reported to have been born on February 21, 1871; however, this date is only an approximation. According to the book *Open Shelves, Open Minds*, her birthdate "can be ascertained only from personnel and pension records at the Cleveland Public Library" since Freeman was "reticent about her age, kept it a secret, and gave no date of birth in the many biographical sketches that were published." Other sources suggest a birth date of 1870.

## Education and career

Freeman began her career as a staff member of the University of Chicago library while a student there, and she joined the American Library Association in 1893. She graduated from the university in 1897 with a Ph.B. degree in literature. Her first position after graduating was as a Library Assistant at the Newberry Library in Chicago under the direction of William F. Poole. Freeman took a course of study at the New York State Library in 1900 to officially become a librarian.

Freeman was credited with having created in the public mind a representation of the librarian quite separate from the stereotypical librarian of the day. With a dramatic personality, critics sometimes called her a prima donna. She was described as being: outspoken, having beautiful features, unorthodox in management, Catholic in attitudes and literary tastes, worldly in experience, with many interests from libraries, law, to poetry.

Freeman's Cleveland Public Library's office reflected neither goodness or calmness. There was substantial bustle in and around it, so much that the head of the adjacent Literature Department moved her desk as far away as the limit would allow. "Am I talking to loud?" Freeman once inquired to a patron. She added: "You know, I haven't a library voice."

Freeman organized the creation of the small public library in Michigan City, Indiana and also served as the first director of the Davenport Public Library in Iowa in October 1902. She left Davenport in February 1905 to take a position as Head of the Reference Department at the Louisville Free Public Library upon its opening. In June 1908, Freeman was granted a leave of absence from the library to deliver nine lectures at the New York State Library School on the organization and administration of small public libraries. Freeman resigned from Louisville Free Public Library in March 1910 to accept a position at the Free Public Library of Newark in New Jersey.

During World War I in 1918, Freeman was in charge of the base hospital library at Camp Dix, New Jersey.

After a year of serving in Newark, Freeman left to go to the Goodwyn Institute Library in Memphis, Tennessee. The University of Memphis held law classes at night in the Goodwyn Institute building, and Freeman took advantage of this. She received an LL.B. degree in June 1921 from the university and passed the state examination with honors. Although she was admitted to the Tennessee bar and had a license to practice law, she stated at the time that she had "no present intention of doing so." However, Freeman did work in the foreign law department of Harvard Law Library from 1921 to 1922.

After her time at Harvard, Freeman served as Head Librarian of the Cleveland Public Library's Main Library from 1922 to July 1, 1940, and created the library's readers advisory service and coordinated the library's active cooperation with community organizations and its response to the adult education movement. Just two years after she began at the library, she was instrumental in significantly increasing usage through the use of posters, displays, and bookmarks. The bookmarks were designed to complement movies, plays, and symphonies presented around the city with printing costs borne by the theaters. She began this project with a bookmark listing 15 titles connected to the French Revolution to coincide with the release of Scaramouche. Eventually, the print run for a bookmark for a single performance could be as high as 45,000, being distributed throughout the city at the library, women's clubs, and venues where the performances took place.

At Cleveland Public Library, Freeman also helped created the business information department, a standard of its type throughout the country.

Freeman also had a love of poetry and brought a number of poets to Cleveland for readings including Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Robert Frost, William Butler Yeats, and John Masefield, the poet laureate of England. In fact, Masefield, in a radio address on May 12, 1937, mentioned Freeman by name:

> I shall never forget going to a city library in Memphis, Tennessee, and seeing a big and beautiful room for the use of the youth of the city which had been arranged by Miss Freeman, who now directs your great library at Cleveland, Ohio.

Freeman and King George VI were the only two people Masefield mentioned by name in that address.

In 1941, her baccalaureate alma mater, the University of Chicago, awarded her their Distinguished Service Medal for her work in librarianship.

Freeman was a long-time member of the American Library Association, where she served as First Vice-President from 1923–1924, as well as a member of the Ohio Library Association and the Poetry Society of America. Freeman served as Chair of the American Library Association's Motion Picture Review Committee from 1949 to 1952. Freeman's prolific writing career spanned decades and she contributed articles to *Library Journal* from July 1899 until late summer 1959. In Cleveland, Freeman served as president of the Library Club of Cleveland and was engaged in the Women's City Club.

The writer Floyd Dell is quoted in Freeman's obituary as stating that he "caught a glimpse of mountaintops" through Freeman's inspiration. Dell dedicated a number of poems and novels to her. Freeman was instrumental in encouraging Dell's career as a writer. In fact, Freeman served as the model for the librarian character, Helen Raymond, in Dell's first successful novel, *Moon-Calf*.

After her retirement from Cleveland Public Library, Freeman became librarian of the St. Joseph's Tuberculosis Hospital in the Bronx, New York.

## Freeman's philosophy of librarianship

In an essay written by Freeman for *Library Journal* in February 1911 entitled *The Psychological Moment*, she took librarians to task for making sure they served the public in a timely, professional manner. The essay would turn out to be a best-seller in the library profession and become required reading for students in library school. Freeman laid out the case for quality service this way:

> We want to do what we want when we want to, and we want other people to want what *we* think they *ought* to... Then we expect the meek and docile public to fit into their appointed places in our system, and being just normal, unsystematized humans, like ourselves really, they don't do it. They either rebel, kick holes in the machinery, and burst through our carefully nailed red-tape fences, or they go away in disgust, and never come again. And whatever happens, we do want them back again, in large and increasing numbers, for they are our only reason for being, and without their presence and approval, all our careful plans and efforts are in vain.

The essay included several examples of quality service to persons such as "the busy man who comes hurriedly in some noon, on his way to lunch, and wanted to know if we have anything on hydraulics," "a carpenter \[who\] may desire a certain book on stairbuilding," and "an ambitious teacher \[wanting\] one \[book\] on pedagogies." Freeman discussed the "elasticities of rule, much appreciated by the borrower" to get around "as many yards of our red tape as we possibly can." Freeman also saw "no good reason why renewals by telephone should not be allowed," and "another use of the telephone is to notify readers of books received for their use." Freeman also touts the use of government resources as well as local resources like small special libraries and persons with specialized expertise.

Freeman again laid out her general philosophy towards librarianship in a later editorial she wrote for Library Journal in 1938:

> I hope and believe that librarians are, as a rule, among the unprejudiced, broad-minded, and broad-sympathied members of society-persons who possess what Sir John Adams, of the University of London, called the most important single quality of the librarian, namely, sympathy, ability to put ones self behind the bar of the eye of the other person, to see, for a moment at least, through the other man's eye. Anyone who does this, he says, or attempts to do it, can avoid ridiculous mistakes. And the ridiculous and often tragic mistake is to see things only through ones own eye, and to act accordingly ....
> "How may a librarian remain neutral," I am asked, "and yet not abandon intellectual leadership in a world assailed by 'isms'?" Well, neutral seems to me one of those "afraid" words-negative, colorless, ineffective. Why should a librarian be neutral, forsooth? He has at his very elbow all the material needed to make him intelligent and, as a public official deriving his support from taxation, he owes a peculiar duty to be informed and intelligent, especially in matters of government. A public library is part of the mechanism of modern American local government, with no ivory towers attached, and thoroughgoing intelligence as to all functions of government and all matters in which government is interested-which at the moment seems to be nearly everything-is essential equipment for any streamlined librarian of 1938. Informed intelligence precludes prejudice, recognizes propaganda, weighs all the evidence, cherishes the open mind, treasures its freedom, and steers an even course between neutrality and partisanship ....

## Selected works

## InfoBox

| Marilla Waite Freeman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Born | February 21, 1871
Honeoye Falls |
| Died | October 29, 1961  (aged 90)
White Plains |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Librarian |
| Employer |  |


title: Warner Bros. Plaza

abstract: Warner Bros. Plaza is a themed land at Warner Bros. World Abu Dhabi. The area is inspired by the 1930s Golden Age period of Hollywood and hosts attractions themed to this concept, including The Starlight restaurant, and the Cinema Spectacular show. The Warner Bros. Plaza features tall golden and turquoise Pueblo Deco skyscrapers, as well as a ceiling that is a projection of the sky. At night the ceiling projects fireworks throughout the Plaza as well as the other lands. During the grand opening ceremony on July 26, 2018, the park was inaugurated by Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan in the Warner Bros. Plaza.

text:
# Warner Bros. Plaza

**Warner Bros. Plaza** is a themed land at Warner Bros. World Abu Dhabi. The area is inspired by the 1930s Golden Age period of Hollywood and hosts attractions themed to this concept, including The Starlight restaurant, and the Cinema Spectacular show. The Warner Bros. Plaza features tall golden and turquoise Pueblo Deco skyscrapers, as well as a ceiling that is a projection of the sky. At night the ceiling projects fireworks throughout the Plaza as well as the other lands.

During the grand opening ceremony on July 26, 2018, the park was inaugurated by Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan in the Warner Bros. Plaza.

## Restaurants and refreshments

* The Warner Bros. Starlight Restaurant
* Hollywood Trattoria
* Celebrity Scoop
* Beverly Hills Boulangerie

## Shops

* Bugs Bunny & Co.
* Celebrity Photo Studio
* DC Super Hero Store
* Superstar Souvenirs
* Treasures of Hollywood
* Warner Bros. Studio Store

## InfoBox

Warner Bros. Plaza
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Theme | 20th Century Art Deco/Mission street |
| Warner Bros. World Abu Dhabi | |
| Coordinates | 24°29′27″N 54°35′57″E / 24.49077°N 54.59928°E / 24.49077; 54.59928 |
| Status | Operating |
| Opened | July 25, 2018 (July 25, 2018) |


title: Merlin Tuttle

abstract: Merlin Devere Tuttle is an American ecologist, conservationist, writer and wildlife photographer who has specialized in bat ecology, behavior, and conservation. He is credited with protecting the Austin Congress Avenue Bridge bat colony from extermination. Tuttle is currently active as founder and executive director of Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation (MTBC) in Austin, Texas. He also founded the conservation organizations Bat Conservation International, from which he retired in 2009, and helped establish the National Park of American Samoa. Tuttle has also published research on gray bat population ecology migration, and the frog-eating bats Trachops cirrhosus. Tuttle's photography of bats has been featured in numerous National Geographic Society publications, including 100 Best Pictures and 100 Years of Adventure and Discovery. In 2002, the United States Postal Service released a commemorative stamp series featuring Tuttle's photographs. In 2019, Tuttle served as science editor and photographer for the Smithsonian Books publication BATS: an illustrated guide to all species. He has received accolades for his research and conservation work, including the Gerritt S. Miller Jr. Award, and has been honored by the Texas State House of Representatives. In 2015, Tuttle published his memoir, The Secret Lives of Bats: My Adventures With the World's Most Misunderstood Mammals.

text:
# Merlin Tuttle

**Merlin Devere Tuttle** (born August 26, 1941) is an American ecologist, conservationist, writer and wildlife photographer who has specialized in bat ecology, behavior, and conservation. He is credited with protecting the Austin Congress Avenue Bridge bat colony from extermination. Tuttle is currently active as founder and executive director of Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation (MTBC) in Austin, Texas.

He also founded the conservation organizations Bat Conservation International, from which he retired in 2009, and helped establish the National Park of American Samoa. Tuttle has also published research on gray bat population ecology migration, and the frog-eating bats *Trachops cirrhosus*.

Tuttle's photography of bats has been featured in numerous National Geographic Society publications, including 100 Best Pictures and 100 Years of Adventure and Discovery. In 2002, the United States Postal Service released a commemorative stamp series featuring Tuttle's photographs. In 2019, Tuttle served as science editor and photographer for the Smithsonian Books publication *BATS: an illustrated guide to all species*. He has received accolades for his research and conservation work, including the Gerritt S. Miller Jr. Award, and has been honored by the Texas State House of Representatives.

In 2015, Tuttle published his memoir, *The Secret Lives of Bats: My Adventures With the World's Most Misunderstood Mammals*.

## Early life

| External audio | |
| --- | --- |
| Adventures With a Bat Biologist, 12:29, To the Best of Our Knowledge | |

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| "Merlin Tuttle shares bats with David Letterman", YouTube video | |
| "The importance of bats", YouTube video | |

Tuttle was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. According to his autobiography *The Secret Lives of Bats*, he has always been fascinated by nature for as long as he can remember. He was raised around Knoxville, Tennessee with his two siblings and parents Horace and June Tuttle. In April 1959 at age 17, Tuttle learned of a bat cave near his home in Knoxville. After convincing his father to venture into the cave with him, he found himself surrounded by a swarm of gray bats while climbing through a hole that served as the bat's exit route. He describes this as his introduction to the gentle nature of bats, which did not scratch or bite him as they swarmed around him attempting to exit the cave. Curious about where the bats traveled after they emerged from the cave, Tuttle repeatedly returned with his parents to watch them emerge and noticed that they disappeared for months at a time. Despite reading in textbooks that gray bats were non-migratory, he became convinced by his observations that the bats must be migrating during these periods of absence. After documenting field notes and collecting two museum-type specimens from the cave, Tuttle's mother drove him to meet with scientists from the Smithsonian's Division of Mammals in Washington, D.C., who equipped him with several thousand bat bands for him to track the gray bat movements. This experience served as Tuttle's introduction to bat research.

## Education

Tuttle earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in zoology from Andrews University, located in Berrien Springs, Michigan. He then entered graduate school at the University of Kansas, where he studied systematics, ecology, and evolution. His master's thesis focused on zoogeography of Peruvian bats. He obtained his Ph.D in 1974, completing his dissertation on population ecology and migration of gray bats. He subsequently published several academic papers based on his research, as well as numerous books about bats (many of which are aimed at lay readers).

## Career

### Smithsonian Venezuelan Project

In 1965, Tuttle was hired by the U.S. Army and the Smithsonian Institution to co-direct an expedition into the Amazonian Rainforest territory of Venezuela. The project, coordinated by Charles O. Handley, Jr., curator of mammals at National Museum of Natural History, was intended to collect a large, representative sample of Venezuelan mammals and their ectoparasites in order to study mammal-parasite-habitat relationships.

### Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge

In March 1986, Tuttle resigned from his position as Curator of Mammals at the Milwaukee Public Museum in Wisconsin and relocated his fledgling conservation organization, Bat Conservation International, to Austin, which had been making national headline news for its urban bat population. At the time, the Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge bats were widely unpopular and the colony was at risk of extermination. Tuttle's public education campaign to save the bats through dispelling myths and misconceptions about their threats to the citizens of Austin was met with widespread skepticism and earned him the 1986 Texas Monthly Bum Steer Award. However, with help from a coalition of leaders in the Austin community, the Public Health Department, and news media, Tuttle's persistent education efforts successfully reversed public opinion about the bats and turned the Congress Avenue Bridge bat colony into the highly-profitable tourist attraction for the city of Austin that it is today.

### National Park of American Samoa

In 1985, BCI trustees Verne and Marion Read, Paul Cox, a professor of botany at Brigham Young University and Tuttle traveled to American Samoa to investigate the decline of Samoan Flying Fox populations due to the decimation of their habitat and commercial hunting. Their work evolved into a successful two-year initiative to create the National Park of American Samoa with the aid of American Samoa Governor A.P. Lutali, Lt. Governor Eni Hunkin, Samoan chiefs and a coalition of legislators and supporters. On October 31, 1988, U.S. President Ronald Reagan signed the Samoan park bill into law, establishing the first-ever tropical rainforest protected by the U.S. National Park Service and included 8,500 acres of pristine rainforest, coastal habitat, and coral atolls.

## Selected bibliography

* Tuttle, Merlin (2005). *America's Neighborhood Bats: Understanding and Learning to Live in Harmony with Them* (2nd revised ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71280-5.
* Tuttle, Merlin; Kiser, Mark; Kiser, Selena (2005). *The Bat House Builder's Handbook* (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-9742379-1-6.
* Tuttle, Merlin (2015). *The Secret Lives of Bats: My Adventures with the World's Most Misunderstood Mammals*. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-544-38227-5.
* Taylor, Marianne; Tuttle, Merlin, eds. (2019). *Bats: An Illustrated Guide to All Species*. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 978-1-58834-647-6.
* Tuttle, M.D. "Curriculum Vitae". *MerlinTuttle.org*. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
* Tuttle, M.D. (1970). "Distribution and Zoogeography of Peruvian Bats with Comments on Natural History". *University of Kansas Science Bulletin*. **49** (49). University of Kansas: 45–86. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.9197.
* Tuttle, M.D. (1975). "Population Ecology of the Gray Bat (*Myotis grisescens*): Factors Influencing Preflight Growth and Development". *Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas* (36). University of Kansas: 1–24.
* Tuttle, M.D. (1976). "Population Ecology of the Gray Bat (*Myotis grisescens*): Factors Influencing Growth and Survival of Newly Volant Young". *Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas*. **57** (56). University of Kansas: 587–595. Bibcode:1976Ecol...57..587T. doi:10.2307/1936443. JSTOR 1936443.
* Tuttle, M.D. (1976). "Population Ecology of the Gray Bat (*Myotis grisescens*): Philopatry, Timing and Patterns of Movement, Weight Loss During Migration, and Seasonal Adaptive Strategies". *Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas* (54). University of Kansas: 1–38.
* Tuttle, M.D. (1978). "Variation in the Cave Environment and its Biological Implications". In R. Zuber; J. Chester; S. Gilbert; D. Rhodes (eds.). *National Cave Management Symposium Proceedings*. Albuquerque, NM: Adobe Press. pp. 108–121.
* Tuttle, M.D. (1979). "Status, Causes of Decline, and Management of the Endangered Gray Bat". *Journal of Wildlife Management* (44): 955–960.
* Tuttle, M.D. (1982). "Gray Bat". In D.E. Davis (ed.). *Handbook of Census Methods for Terrestrial Vertebrates*. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 127–128.
* Tuttle, M.D. (2005). *America's Neighborhood Bats: Understanding and Learning to Live in Harmony with Them* (2nd revised ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71280-5.
* Tuttle, M.D. (2015). *The Secret Lives of Bats: My Adventures with the World's Most Misunderstood Mammals*. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-544-38227-5.
* Tuttle, M.D.; Kiser, M.; Kiser, S. (2005). *The Bat House Builder's Handbook: Second Edition* (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-9742379-1-6.
* Tuttle, M.D.; Robertson, P.B. (1969). "The Gray Bat, *Myotis grisescens*, East of the Appalachians". *Journal of Mammalogy* (50): 37.
* Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J. (1981). "Bat Predation and the Evolution of Frog Vocalizations in the Neotropics". *Science*. **214** (4521): 677–678. Bibcode:1981Sci...214..677T. doi:10.1126/science.214.4521.677. PMID 17839660. S2CID 5627264.
* Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J. (1982). "The Role of Synchronized Calling, Ambient Light, and Noise in Anti-Bat-Predator Behavior of a Tree Frog". *Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology* (11): 125–131. doi:10.1007/BF00300101. S2CID 29430974.
* Tuttle, M.D.; Ryan, M.J.; Belwood, J.J. (1985). "Acoustical Resource Partitioning by Two Species of Phyllostomatid Bats (*Trachops cirrhosus* and *Tonatia sylvicola*)". *Animal Behaviour*. **33** (4): 1369–1270. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80204-9. S2CID 53160674.
* Tuttle, M.D.; Stevenson, D.E. (1977). "An Analysis of Movement as a Mortality Factor in the Gray Bat, Based on Public Recoveries of Banded Bats". *American Midland Naturalist* (97): 235–240. doi:10.2307/2424704. JSTOR 2424704.
* Tuttle, M.D.; Taft, L.K.; Ryan, M.J. (1982). "Evasive Behavior of a Frog in Response to Bat Predation". *Animal Behaviour*. **30** (2): 393–397. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(82)80050-X. S2CID 53161327.

## InfoBox

| Merlin Devere Tuttle | |
| --- | --- |
| Merlin feeding a mealworm to a little big-eared bat (*Micronycteris megalotis*) in Trinidad, 2016 | |
| Born | (1941-08-26) August 26, 1941
Honolulu, Hawaii |
| Known for | Bat ecology and photography, conservationism |
| Title | Founder & Executive Director, Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation;
Founder & Former Director, Bat Conservation International;
Advisory Board Member, Disney's Animal Kingdom;
Former Curator of Mammals, Milwaukee Public Museum;
Research Fellow, Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin;
Co-Director, Smithsonian Venezuelan Project |
| Awards | * Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. Award * National Fish and Wildlife Foundation's Chuck Yeager Award * Chevron/Times-Mirror Conservation Award * Texas 77th Legislature House Resolution No. 1008 Commendation * Margaret Douglas Medal * The National Speleological Society Honorary Life Member * Honorary Doctorate Andrews University * Honorary Life Membership North American Society for Bat Research |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Andrews University (BA)
University of Kansas (MA, Ph.D.) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation;
Bat Conservation International;
University of Texas |
|  | |


abstract: Methylated-thiol-coenzyme M methyltransferase is an enzyme with systematic name methylated-thiol:coenzyme M methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction: This enzyme involved in methanogenesis from methylated thiols, such as methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and 3-S-methylmercaptopropionate.

text:
# Methylated-thiol-coenzyme M methyltransferase

**Methylated-thiol-coenzyme M methyltransferase** (EC 2.1.1.251, *mtsA (gene)*) is an enzyme with systematic name *methylated-thiol:coenzyme M methyltransferase*. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:

This enzyme involved in methanogenesis from methylated thiols, such as methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and 3-S-methylmercaptopropionate.

## InfoBox

| Methylated-thiol-coenzyme M methyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.1.1.251 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Watson Smith

abstract: Samuel Watson Smith was an American archaeologist and researcher on the indigenous cultures and artifacts of the western Anasazi area.

text:
# Watson Smith

**Samuel Watson Smith** (August 21, 1897, Cincinnati, Ohio – July 29, 1993, Tucson, Arizona) was an American archaeologist and researcher on the indigenous cultures and artifacts of the western Anasazi area.

## Life and career

Watson Smith matriculated in 1915 at Brown University and graduated there in 1919 with a bachelor's degree after a brief interruption for military service in WW I. After working for some time, he entered Harvard Law School and graduated there in 1924. He then worked for a law firm in Providence, Rhode Island until 1930, when his parents died. From 1930 to 1933 he worked on settling his parents' estates and by inheritance became independently wealthy. In the summer of 1933 he did archaeological field work at Colorado's Lowry Pueblo with Paul Sidney Martin of the Field Museum of Natural History. After studying law, anthropology, and history during the winter of 1934–1935 under the direction of Max Radin at the University of California, Berkeley, Smith became committed to a career in archaeology. In the spring of 1935 he joined Ansel Hall's Rainbow Bridge-Monument Valley Expedition in the Kayenta area and also spent the early summers of 1936 and 1937 as a member of the Expedition. During this time, Smith met George Walter Brainerd, Edward Twitchell Hall, and John Beach Rinaldo. In the autumn of 1935, Lyndon Lane Hargrave invited Smith to work at the Museum of Northern Arizona with him and Harold Sellers Colton in the preparation of the *Handbook of Northern Arizona Pottery Types*, which was published in 1937.

In the summer of 1936, Smith joined the Awatovi Expedition, led by John Otis Brew. Smith's arrival happened to coincide with the discovery of a kiva with extensive painted murals. He was assigned the task of exposing these "remarkable artistic and religious records." This work eventually led to his becoming a leading expert on "ceramic classification, murals, Pueblo ethnology and Zuni law."

> World War II interrupted Smith's career with military service in the Southwest Pacific. On duty in New Zealand he met the botanist Lucy Cranwell, and in 1943 they were married. After the war they settled in Cambridge where their son, Benjamin, was born and where Smith continued work on his report on the kiva murals. ... In 1948 the Smiths moved to Tucson, Arizona, where Watson decided to continue research and writing on the Awatovi materials, much of which still remained unstudied and unreported.

In 1949 and 1951 he directed the Peabody Museum's excavations in New Mexico's Quemado area, which is on the boundary of two cultures: Anasazi and Mogollon. In 1951 he, with John Milton Roberts, began a study of Zuni law. Zuni elders and an interpreter enabled Smith and Roberts to compile a unique corpus of Zuni law, which they published in 1954. During his long career, he published many scholarly articles, essays, reviews, and forewords. In 1992 he published a 93-page article on his archaeological career.

> For many years Smith was a member of the Board of Directors of the Museum of Northern Arizona; he eventually wrote its history, published in 1969. In 1983 the American Anthropological Association awarded him the Alfred Vincent Kidder medal for eminence in American archaeology.

> The range and vitality of Watson Smith’s interests are extended in his publications for the Awatovi project which cover such diverse topics as the Franciscan Church, the murals and ceramics. The mural research was both a masterpiece of field technique and an indication of his contributions to Southwestern art and ceremonialism. Watson Smith is perhaps best known for his contributions in ceramics.

## Selected publications

* *Kiva mural decorations at Awatovi and Kawaika-a : with a survey of other wall paintings in the Pueblo Southwest*. 1951.
* *Excavations in Big Hawk Valley, Wupatki National Monument, Arizona*. 1952.
* with John Milton Roberts: *Zuni law: a field of values*. 1954.
* with Richard B. Woodbury and Nathalie F. S. Woodbury: *The excavation of Hawikuh by Frederick Webb Hodge: report of the Hendricks-Hodge Expedition, 1917-1923*. 1966.
* *Painted ceramics of the western mound at Awatovi*. 1971.
* *Prehistoric kivas of Antelope Mesa: northeastern Arizona*. 1972.
* *The Williams site : a frontier Mogollon village in west-central New Mexico*. 1973.

1. Smith, Watson (1 July 1994). "*Watson Smith and Southwestern Archaeology* by Richard B. Woodbury". In Thompson, Richard H. (ed.). *When Is a Kiva?: And Other Questions about Southwestern Archaeology*. University of Arizona Press. pp. 5–30. ISBN 978-0-8165-1498-4; 9 articles by Watson Smith with a biographical chapter by R. B. Woodbury`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
2. Woodbury, Richard B. (1995). "Samuel Watson Smith 1897–1993" (PDF). *American Antiquity*. **60** (4): 665–667. doi:10.1017/S0002731600058339.
3. "Obituary. Watson Smith, Archeologist, 95". *New York Times*. August 1, 1993. p. Section 1, Page 44.
4. Smith, Watson (1992). "One Man's Archæology". *Kiva*. **57** (2): 99–191. doi:10.1080/00231940.1992.11758187.
5. "The Alfred Vincent Kidder Award, 1983". *American Anthropologist*. **86** (1): 5. 1984. doi:10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00010. ISSN 0002-7294.
6. Vivian, Gordon; Smith, Watson (1954). "Review of *Kiva Mural Decorations at Awatovi and Kawaika-A with a Survey of Other Wall Paintings in the Pueblo Southwest*". *American Journal of Archaeology*. **58** (2): 180–182. doi:10.2307/500137. ISSN 0002-9114.
7. Taylor, Walter W. (1953). "Review of *Excavations in Big Hawk Valley, Wupatki National Monument, Arizona* by Watson Smith, with an appendix by George Ennis". *American Antiquity*. **18** (4): 399. doi:10.2307/277117. ISSN 0002-7316.
8. Hoebel, E. Adamson (1955). "Zuni Law: A Field of Values . Watson Smith, John M. Roberts". *American Anthropologist*. **57** (6): 1308–1309. doi:10.1525/aa.1955.57.6.02a00270.
9. Gumerman, George J. (1973). "Review of *Painted Ceramics of the Western Mound at Awatovi* by Watson Smith". *American Antiquity*. **38** (2): 248–249. doi:10.2307/279381. ISSN 0002-7316.


title: Watkins Books

abstract: Watkins Books is London's oldest esoteric bookshop. It specialises in esotericism, mysticism, occultism, oriental religion and contemporary spirituality. The bookshop was saved by entrepreneur Etan Ilfeld who bought it out of bankruptcy in March of 2010. It is affiliated with Watkins Publishing, which publishes books relating to self-development and spirituality.

text:
# Watkins Books

**Watkins Books** is London's oldest esoteric bookshop. It specialises in esotericism, mysticism, occultism, oriental religion and contemporary spirituality. The bookshop was saved by entrepreneur Etan Ilfeld who bought it out of bankruptcy in March of 2010. It is affiliated with Watkins Publishing, which publishes books relating to self-development and spirituality.

## History

The book store was established by John M. Watkins, a friend of Madame Blavatsky, in 1897 at 26 Charing Cross. John Watkins had already been selling books via a catalogue which he began publishing in March 1893. The first biography of Aleister Crowley recounts a story of Crowley making all of the books in Watkins magically disappear and reappear.

Geoffrey Watkins (1896–1981) owned and managed the store after his father. He was also an author and publisher

The company first publishing Carl Gustav Jung's 1925 edition of *Septem Sermones ad Mortuos*.

In 1901, Watkins Books moved to 21 Cecil Court where it has been continuously trading ever since. It publishes a magazine called the *Watkins' Mind Body Spirit magazine*, which has featured leading authors from mind-body-spirit and esoteric fields. Watkins Books has been owned by Etan Ilfeld since March 2010. Since then, a new website has been launched, and the store regularly hosts book launches and signings.

## Awards

Watkins publishes an annual list of "the 100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People," which is usually featured in the spring issue of *Watkins' Mind Body Spirit magazine*. The main factors used to compile the list are that the person has to be alive and has to have made a unique and spiritual contribution on a global scale.

51°30′39″N 0°07′40″W / 51.5107°N 0.1277°W / 51.5107; -0.1277


title: Methylammonium formate

abstract: Methylammonium formate is an ionic liquid consisting of methylammonium (CH3NH3+) as the cation and formate (HCOO–) as the anion. This salt can be formed by the reaction between methylamine (CH3NH2) and formic acid (HCOOH). It has characteristics of both an ammonium salt and a formate salt. It is soluble in water, as well as other polar solvents.

text:
# Methylammonium formate

**Methylammonium formate** is an ionic liquid consisting of methylammonium (CH3NH3+) as the cation and formate (HCOO) as the anion. This salt can be formed by the reaction between methylamine (CH3NH2) and formic acid (HCOOH). It has characteristics of both an ammonium salt and a formate salt. It is soluble in water, as well as other polar solvents.

## InfoBox

Methylammonium formate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| EC Number | * 827-119-8 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/CH5N.CH2O2/c1-2;2-1-3/h2H2,1H3;1H,(H,2,3)Key: BAONHUZQTANSBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * C\[NH3+\].C(=O)\[O-\] | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C2H7NO2 |
| Molar mass | 77.083 g·mol−1 |
| Density | 1.05 |
| Melting point | 13 °C (55 °F; 286 K) |
| Boiling point | 162.1 °C (323.8 °F; 435.2 K) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Methylaluminoxane

abstract: Methylaluminoxane, commonly called MAO, is a mixture of organoaluminium compounds with the approximate formula (Al(CH3)O)n. It is usually encountered as a solution in (aromatic) solvents, commonly toluene but also xylene, cumene, or mesitylene, Used in large excess, it activates precatalysts for alkene polymerization.

text:
# Methylaluminoxane

**Methylaluminoxane**, commonly called **MAO**, is a mixture of organoaluminium compounds with the approximate formula (Al(CH3)O)*n*. It is usually encountered as a solution in (aromatic) solvents, commonly toluene but also xylene, cumene, or mesitylene, Used in large excess, it activates precatalysts for alkene polymerization.

## Preparation and structure

MAO is prepared by the incomplete hydrolysis of trimethylaluminium, as indicated by this idealized equation:

*n* Al(CH3)3 \+ *n* H2O → (Al(CH3)O)*n* \+ 2*n* CH4

After many years of study, single crystals of an active MAO were analyzed by X-ray crystallography. The molecule adopts a ruffled sheet of tetrahedral Al centers linked by triply bridging oxides.

## Uses

MAO is well known as catalyst activator for olefin polymerizations by homogeneous catalysis. In traditional Ziegler–Natta catalysis, supported titanium trichloride is activated by treatment with trimethylaluminium (TMA). TMA only weakly activates homogeneous precatalysts, such as zirconacene dichloride. In the mid-1970s Kaminsky discovered that metallocene dichlorides can be activated by MAO (see Kaminsky catalyst). The effect was discovered when a small amount of water was found to enhance the activity in the Ziegler–Natta system.

MAO serves multiple functions in the activation process. First it alkylates the metal-chloride pre-catalyst species giving Ti/Zr-methyl intermediates. Second, it abstracts a ligand from the methylated precatalysts, forming an electrophilic, coordinatively unsaturated catalysts that can undergo ethylene insertion. This activated catalyst is an ion pair between a cationic catalyst and an weakly basic MAO-derived anion. MAO also functions as scavenger for protic impurities.

## Previous studies

Diverse mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of MAO and many structures as well.

* Chen, E. Y.-X.; Marks, T. J. (2000). "Cocatalysts for Metal-Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization: Activators, Activation Processes, and Structure-Activity Relationships". *Chem. Rev.* **100** (4): 1391–1434. doi:10.1021/cr980462j. PMID 11749269.
* Lacramioara Negureanu; Randall W. Hall; Leslie G. Butler & Larry A. Simeral (2006). "Methyaluminoxane (MAO) Polymerization Mechanism and Kinetic Model from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics and Electronic Structure Calculations". *J. Am. Chem. Soc.* **128** (51): 16816–16826. doi:10.1021/ja064545q. PMID 17177432.
* Harlan, C. Jeff; Mason, Mark R.; Barron, Andrew R. (1994). "Tert-Butylaluminum Hydroxides and Oxides: Structural Relationship between Alkylalumoxanes and Alumina Gels". *Organometallics*. **13** (8): 2957–2969. doi:10.1021/om00020a011.
* Mason, Mark R.; Smith, Janna M.; Bott, Simon G.; Barron, Andrew R. (1993). "Hydrolysis of tri-*tert*-Butylaluminum: The First Structural Characterization of Alkylalumoxanes \[(R2Al)2O\]n and (RAlO)n". *Journal of the American Chemical Society*. **115** (12): 4971–4984. doi:10.1021/ja00065a005.\</ref\>
* Ziegler, T.; Zurek, E. (2004). "Theoretical studies of the structure and function of MAO (methylaluminoxane)". *Progress in Polymer Science*. **29** (2): 107–198. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2003.10.003.

1. "MAO Datasheet" (PDF). Albemarle. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-04-11.
2. Kaminsky, W.; Laban, A. (2001). "Metallocene catalysis". *Applied Catalysis A: General*. **222** (1–2): 47–61. doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00829-8.
3. Kaminsky, Walter (1998). "Highly active metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization". *Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions* (9): 1413–1418. doi:10.1039/A800056E.
4. Luo, Lubin; Younker, Jarod M.; Zabula, Alexander V. (2024). "Structure of Methylaluminoxane (MAO): Extractable \[Al(CH3)2\]+ for Precatalyst Activation". *Science*. **384** (6703): 1424–1428. Bibcode:2024Sci...384.1424L. doi:10.1126/science.adm7305.
5. Process for the preparation of aluminoxanes – Patent EP0623624
6. A. Andresen; H.G. Cordes; J. Herwig; W. Kaminsky; A. Merck; R. Mottweiler; J. Pein; H. Sinn; H.J. Vollmer (1976). "Halogen-free Soluble Ziegler-Catalysts for the Polymerization of Ethylene". *Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.* **15** (10): 630. doi:10.1002/anie.197606301.
7. Hansjörg Sinn; Walter Kaminsky; Hans-Jürgen Vollmer; Rüdiger Woldt (1980). "'Living Polymers' on Polymerization with Extremely Productive Ziegler Catalysts". *Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English*. **19** (5): 390–392. doi:10.1002/anie.198003901.

## InfoBox

Methylaluminoxane
| Identifiers | |
| --- | --- |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| EC Number | * 485-360-0 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/CH3.Al.O/h1H3;;Key: CPOFMOWDMVWCLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * C\[Al\]=O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | (Al(CH3)xOy)*n* |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Hazards | |
| **Occupational safety and health** (OHS/OSH): | |
| Main hazards | Pyrophoric |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Warning** |
| Hazard statements | H228, H250, H252 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P222, P235+P410, P240, P241, P280, P302+P334, P370+P378, P407, P413, P420, P422 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Wattsburg, Pennsylvania

abstract: Wattsburg is a borough in Erie County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 352 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Erie Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Wattsburg, Pennsylvania

**Wattsburg** is a borough in Erie County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 352 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Erie Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

Incorporated in 1833, Wattsburg was once a thriving stagecoach center.

## Geography

Wattsburg is located in eastern Erie County at 42°0′10″N 79°48′34″W / 42.00278°N 79.80944°W / 42.00278; -79.80944 (42.002903, -79.809321). It is bordered to the west, north, and east by Venango Township, and to the south by Amity Township. The New York state border is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to the east.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.31 square miles (0.8 km2), of which 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2), or 3.72%, is water. Wattsburg is at the junction of French Creek with its West Branch. The borough is in the Allegheny River watershed.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1840 | 131 |  |  |
| 1850 | 227 |  | 73.3% |
| 1860 | 329 |  | 44.9% |
| 1870 | 286 |  | −13.1% |
| 1880 | 389 |  | 36.0% |
| 1890 | 382 |  | −1.8% |
| 1900 | 351 |  | −8.1% |
| 1910 | 283 |  | −19.4% |
| 1920 | 232 |  | −18.0% |
| 1930 | 256 |  | 10.3% |
| 1940 | 290 |  | 13.3% |
| 1950 | 343 |  | 18.3% |
| 1960 | 401 |  | 16.9% |
| 1970 | 453 |  | 13.0% |
| 1980 | 513 |  | 13.2% |
| 1990 | 486 |  | −5.3% |
| 2000 | 378 |  | −22.2% |
| 2010 | 403 |  | 6.6% |
| 2020 | 352 |  | −12.7% |
| 2021 (est.) | 349 |  | −0.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 378 people, 148 households, and 97 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,160.8 inhabitants per square mile (448.2/km2). There were 166 housing units at an average density of 509.8 per square mile (196.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.47% White, 0.26% from other races, and 0.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.53% of the population.

There were 148 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $32,500, and the median income for a family was $37,813. Males had a median income of $29,250 versus $25,156 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $14,830. About 17.6% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 51.4% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Wattsburg, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough | |
| PA 474 (Jamestown Street) in Wattsburg | |
| Location in Erie County and the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. | |
| Coordinates: 42°0′10″N 79°48′34″W / 42.00278°N 79.80944°W / 42.00278; -79.80944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Erie |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.31 sq mi (0.80 km2) |
| Land | 0.30 sq mi (0.77 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2) |
| Elevation (Borough benchmark) | 1,286 ft (392 m) |
| Highest elevation (northeast end of borough) | 1,300 ft (400 m) |
| Lowest elevation (French Creek) | 1,278 ft (390 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 353 |
| Density | 1,184.56/sq mi (457.90/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 16442 |
| Area code | 814 |


title: Metsavana

abstract: Metsavana, also known as metsataat or metsaisa, is the old man of the forest, a forest deity in Estonian mythology.

text:
# Metsavana

**Metsavana**, also known as **metsataat** or **metsaisa**, is the old man of the forest, a forest deity in Estonian mythology.

## Etymology

Metsavana is a compound of *metsa* ("forest") and *vana* ("old, ancient"). The names metsataat and metsaisa translate to "forest father" or "forest old man".

## Mythology

Metsavana is one of the many types of forest spirits found in Estonian mythology, for example Metsaema ("forest mother") and metsahaldjas ("forest fairy"). He is one of many examples of an old man forest deity. Finno-Ugric folklore has links with Slavic mythology, shown in Metsavana's similarities with the Leshy and corresponding Komi forest spirit, Vörsa. Female forest spirits are generally more common in Estonian and Latvian mythology, with male forest spirits found more often in Russian mythologies.

Estonian forest spirits are often seen as tricksters, generally benevolent but posing some danger to humans who stray from the path or act against them. In Komi folk religion, he is referred to pseudonymously to avoid catching his notice, using names *such as* "uncle" *(djadja*) and "old man".

Each forest has its own metsavana. Metsavana is described as a tall elderly man with an unkempt beard, overgrown with moss. His clothes are made of birch and he wears a large birch hat and boots. Metsavana rules over the forest, deciding how plentiful the hunters' harvest will be, and he can speak with the birds and animals. They can be the protectors of wild animals, for example bears, wolves, snakes and foxes.

Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald states in his book on Estonian mythology that as late as the 17th and 18th centuries straw puppets dressed alternately as Metsaema (forest mother) and Metsaisa (forest father) were used in *metsiku tegemine* festivals. It has been suggested, however, that Kreutzwald may have made the connection himself due to the *metsa* etymological link, as there is no other written evidence of these names being used to describe the puppets.

1. Paulson, Ivar (1965). "Outline of Permian Folk Religion". *Journal of the Folklore Institute*. **2** (2): 162. doi:10.2307/3813832. JSTOR 3813832.
2. Gustaf, Lofstedt, Torsten Martin (1993). *Russian legends about forest spirits in the context of northern European mythology*. University of California, Berkeley. pp. 61, 93, 245. OCLC 892822507.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. "Mātes". *Latviešu folklora* (in Latvian). 2012-10-18. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
4. Gustaf, Lofstedt, Torsten Martin (1993). *Russian legends about forest spirits in the context of northern European mythology*. University of California, Berkeley. pp. 63, 150, 152. OCLC 892822507.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. Paulson, Ivar (1965). "Outline of Permian Folk Religion". *Journal of the Folklore Institute*. **2** (2): 162. doi:10.2307/3813832. JSTOR 3813832.
6. Paulson, Ivar (1965). "Outline of Permian Folk Religion". *Journal of the Folklore Institute*. **2** (2): 165. doi:10.2307/3813832. JSTOR 3813832.
7. Gustaf., Lofstedt, Torsten Martin (1993). *Russian legends about forest spirits in the context of northern European mythology*. University of California, Berkeley. pp. 59–60. OCLC 892822507.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
8. Gustaf, Lofstedt, Torsten Martin (1993). *Russian legends about forest spirits in the context of northern European mythology*. University of California, Berkeley. pp. 67–124. OCLC 892822507.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
9. Paulson, Ivar (1965). "Outline of Permian Folk Religion". *Journal of the Folklore Institute*. **2** (2): 163. doi:10.2307/3813832. JSTOR 3813832.
10. Kreutzwald, Friedrich Reinhold (1854). *Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten, mit auf die ...* (in German). Oxford University. p. 81.
11. Västrik, Ergo-Hart (1998). "Clothed Straw Puppets in Estonian Folk Calendar Tradition: a Shift From Cult to Joke". *Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore* (7): 3.


title: Metsaääre, Saare County

abstract: Metsaääre is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Leisi Parish.

text:
# Metsaääre, Saare County

**Metsaääre** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Leisi Parish.

58°29′13″N 22°47′10″E / 58.48694°N 22.78611°E / 58.48694; 22.78611

## InfoBox

| Metsaääre | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Saare County |
| Parish | Saaremaa Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Waverly, Kentucky

abstract: Waverly is a home rule-class city in Union County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 297 at the 2000 census. Founded in 1870, the city was named for founder Hugh McElroy's nephew.

text:
# Waverly, Kentucky

**Waverly** is a home rule-class city in Union County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 297 at the 2000 census. Founded in 1870, the city was named for founder Hugh McElroy's nephew.

## Geography

Waverly is located at 37°42′35″N 87°48′55″W / 37.70972°N 87.81528°W / 37.70972; -87.81528 (37.709738, -87.815278).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 179 |  |  |
| 1890 | 241 |  | 34.6% |
| 1910 | 311 |  |  |
| 1920 | 475 |  | 52.7% |
| 1930 | 445 |  | −6.3% |
| 1940 | 323 |  | −27.4% |
| 1950 | 345 |  | 6.8% |
| 1960 | 331 |  | −4.1% |
| 1970 | 335 |  | 1.2% |
| 1980 | 434 |  | 29.6% |
| 1990 | 345 |  | −20.5% |
| 2000 | 297 |  | −13.9% |
| 2010 | 308 |  | 3.7% |
| 2020 | 311 |  | 1.0% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 297 people, 126 households, and 85 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,116.1 inhabitants per square mile (430.9/km2). There were 133 housing units at an average density of 499.8 per square mile (193.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.28% White and 5.72% African American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.34% of the population.

There were 126 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,438, and the median income for a family was $34,821. Males had a median income of $24,583 versus $21,136 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,594. About 7.4% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 4.2% of those 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Waverly, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Businesses along US-60 in Waverly | |
| Location of Waverly in Union County, Kentucky. | |
| Coordinates: 37°42′35″N 87°48′55″W / 37.70972°N 87.81528°W / 37.70972; -87.81528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Union |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.27 sq mi (0.69 km2) |
| Land | 0.27 sq mi (0.69 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 413 ft (126 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 311 |
| Density | 1,164.79/sq mi (449.34/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 42462 |
| Area code | 270 |
| FIPS code | 21-80958 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0506302 |


title: Waverly, Louisiana

abstract: Waverly is an unincorporated community located in Madison Parish, Louisiana, United States. On the afternoon of Sunday, February 21, 1971, a large and long-tracked F5 tornado impacted Waverly.

text:
# Waverly, Louisiana

**Waverly** is an unincorporated community located in Madison Parish, Louisiana, United States.

On the afternoon of Sunday, February 21, 1971, a large and long-tracked F5 tornado impacted Waverly.

## InfoBox

| Waverly, Louisiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| WaverlyWaverly | |
| Coordinates: 32°26′47″N 91°24′41″W / 32.44639°N 91.41139°W / 32.44639; -91.41139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Louisiana |
| Parish | Madison |
| Elevation | 69 ft (21 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 556375 |