abstract: This is a List of World Championships medalists in sailing in centreboard classes.

text:
# List of World Championships medalists in sailing (centreboard classes)

This is a **List of World Championships medalists in sailing in centreboard classes**.

## 29er

## 420

### Open

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1973 Adelaide | Australia
Wangel
Giles |  |  |
| 1974 Kiel | France
Alain Chourgnoz
Denis Cerda |  |  |
| 1975 Medemblik | United States
Whitehurst
Whitehurst | France
Russo
Narbonne | Netherlands
Carels
Ponjée |
| 1976 Barrington | United States
Stephen Taylor
Joan Massey |  |  |
| 1977 Baiona | United States
Stephen Taylor
Joan Massey | Israel

 |  |
| 1978 Jyllinge | France
Pollet
Johanssen | Great Britain
Cathy Foster
Wendy Hilder | Spain
Sallent
Isnard |
| 1979 Tróia | Italy
Di Salle
Vassalo | West Germany
Möller
Möller | New Zealand
Dickson
Wilcox |
| 1980 Quiberon | Israel
Shimshon Brokman
Eitan Friedlander | France
Brenac
Mikuelis | France
Jaffrezeic
Berthonneau |
| 1982 Adelaide | Australia
Ferris
McKay | United States
Brown
 | West Germany
Etten
 |
| 1984 Annapolis | West Germany
A. Andruleit
H. Andruleit | West Germany
Filimonow
Stöckmann | Canada
Ellis
Ferrow |
| 1986 Nieuwpoort | France
Eric Godard
Christophe Godard |  |  |
| 1987 Balatonfüred | France
Jean-François Berthet
Gwendoel Berthet | France
Eric Godard
Christophe Godard | Spain
José Miguel Ramis
Antonio Morro |
| 1988 Lake Macquarie | France
W. Sanchez-Diez
Bertrand Dumortier | West Germany
Christian Halm
Alexander Halm | France
Jean-François Berthet
Gwendoel Berthet |
| 1989 Mošćenička Draga | France
David Ravet
Bertrand Loyal | Great Britain
Steve Irish
Greg Irish | Great Britain
John Merricks
Rob Wilson |
| 1990 Crozon | France
Christian Gout
Jean Gout |  |  |
| 1991 Rimini | Great Britain
Steve Irish
Greg Irish |  |  |
| 1992 Caesarea | Spain
Gustavo Martínez
Dimias Wood |  |  |
| 1993 Marstrand | Italy
Marcello Luciani
Dario Luciani |  |  |
| 1994 Plymouth | Great Britain
John Merricks
Ian Lovering |  |  |
| 1995 Fremantle | Australia
Roger Perrett
Teague Czislowski |  |  |
| 1996 Blankenberge | Portugal
M. Fortunato
M. Nunes |  |  |
| 1997 Newport | France
W. Sanchez-Diez
Gabriol | Italy
L. Chiarugi
E. Trumpy |  |
| 1998 Palamós | France
Nicolas Charbonnier
David Deguine |  |  |

### Men and Mixed

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 Athens | France
Nicolas Charbonnier
David Deguine | France
Jean-Matthieu Constant
Christopher Pratt | Portugal
Pedro Pinto
Miguel Pinto |
| 2000 La Rochelle | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Daniel Belcher | Italy
Luca Bursic
Thomas Jacob | Greece
Mileos Michaelis
Theodores Polighrondis |
| 2001 Ravenna | Italy
Michel Mazzotti
Giulia Mazzotti | Spain
R. Medina
J. Cerezo | Italy
B. Danti
F. Geggio |
| 2002 Tavira | India
Farokh Tarapore
Vikas Kapila | Great Britain
Nic Asher
Elliot Willis | France
Morgan Lagravière
Noé Delpech |
| 2003 Hayling Island | Spain
José Antonio Medina
Onán Barreiros | France
Nicolas Duron
Sébastian Durand | France
Morgan Lagravière
Noé Delpech |
| 2004 Melbourne | Australia
Nathan Wilmot
Malcolm Page | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Rike Ziegelmayer | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Ayden Menzies |
| 2005 Brest | Portugal
Tomas da Silva
Francisco Gomes | Italy
Alfredo Capodanno
Vittorio Papa | Spain
Pablo Santurde
Abelardo Quevedo |
| 2006 Las Palmas | New Zealand
Carl Evans
Peter Burling | New Zealand
Simon Cooke
Scott Illingworth | France
Fernando Lodos
Julien Pulve |
| 2007 Auckland | New Zealand
Carl Evans
Peter Burling | New Zealand
Simon Cooke
Scott Illingworth | New Zealand
Rowan Swanson
Bruce Kennedy |
| 2008 Athens | Greece
Michalis Mileos
Evangelos-Vasileio Mitakis | Greece
Vasilis Papoutsoglou
Akilas Drougas | Italy
Edoardo Mancinelli
Lorenzo de Felice |
| 2009 Lake Garda | Greece
Antonios Tsimpoukelis
George Karonis | New Zealand
Francisco Lardies
Finn Drummond | Great Britain
Ben Palmer
Konrad Weaver |
| 2010 Haifa | Singapore
Justin Liu
Sherman Cheng | Italy
Francesco Falcetelli
Gabriele Franciolini | Italy
Edoardo Mancinelli
Leonardo Cucchiara |
| 2011 Buenos Aires
 | Argentina
Pablo Völker
Agustín Cunill | Italy
Edoardo Mancinelli
Leonardo Cucchiara | Chile
Benjamín Grez
Diego González |
| 2012 Lake Neusiedl | Greece
Alex Kavas
George Kavas | France
Guillaume Pirouelle
Valentin Sipan | Spain
David Charles
Alex Charles |
| 2013 Valencia | Spain
Xavier Antich
Pedro Terrones | Brazil
Tiago Brito
Andrei Kneipp | France
Sébastien Simon
Pierre Rhimbault |
| 2014 Lübeck | Spain
José Manuel Ruiz
Fernando Dávila | France
Hippolyte Macheti
Sidoine Dantes | Israel
Ido Bilik
Ofek Shalgi |
| 2015 Karatsu | Japan
Daichi Takayama
Syota Nakano | United States
Wiley Rogers
Jack Parkin | Hong Kong
Calum Gregor
Hugo Christensson |
| 2016 Sanremo | Portugal
Diogo Costa
Pedro Costa | United States
Wiley Rogers
Jack Parkin | Greece
Vasilios Gourgiotis
Orestis Batsis |
| 2017 Fremantle | Spain
Enrique Luján
Pablo Luján | Spain
Albert Torres
Francisco Mulet | Spain
Carlos Balaguer
Antoni Massanet |
| 2018 Newport | New Zealand
Seb Menzies
Blake McGlashan | Spain
Elías Aretz
Pablo García | Spain
Martín Wizner
Pedro Ameneiro |
| 2019 Vilamoura | Spain
Martín Wizner
Pedro Ameneiro | New Zealand
Seb Menzies
Blake McGlashan | Spain
Conrad Konitzer
Fernando Rodríguez |

### Women

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 Charlottenlund | Italy
Claudia Mazzaferro
Galeazzi |  |  |
| 1981 | Italy
Claudia Mazzaferro
Galeazzi |  |  |
| 1986 Nieuwpoort | Italy
M. Bazzini
D. De Cagno |  |  |
| 1987 Cervia | France
V. Ravet
D. Besson |  |  |
| 1988 | Spain
Leon
Leon |  |  |
| 1989 | Sweden
Martina Wendin
Boel Bengtsson |  |  |
| 1990 Miura | France
Céline Hendrick
Catherine Condolf |  |  |
| 1991 Rimini | France
Marie LeCadre
Laure Fernandez |  |  |
| 1998 Galaxidi | Israel
Limor Kliger
Vered Buskila |  |  |
| 1999 Athens | Greece
Dimitra Milona
Aliki Kourkoulou |  |  |
| 2000 La Rochelle | Great Britain
Christina Bassedone
Helen Mayhew | Greece
Altana Danezi
Evagelia Vlachov | Italy
Elena Ziliani
Alessandra Marenzi |
| 2001 Ravenna | Italy
Elisabetta Sacchegiani
Maria Paola Bertone | Italy
Sara Postogna
Anna Postogna | Italy
Carolina Mariani
Camilla Gabrielli |
| 2002 Tavira | France
Caroline Jonet
Magali Pallanca | Greece
Spiridoula Mileou
Sofia Papadopoulou | Brazil
Isabel Barzaghi
Laura Zani |
| 2003 Hayling Island | Brazil
Isabel Barzaghi
Laura Zani | Great Britain
Charlotte Savage
Maia Walsh | Germany
Dorothea Gebert
Natascha Lorenz |
| 2004 Mornington | Australia
Elise Rechichi
Tessa Parkinson | Great Britain
Lucy MacGregor
Nicola MacGregor | France
Camille Lecointre
Gwendolyn Lemaitre |
| 2005 Brest | Italy
Maria Stella Turizio
Maria Carolina Rendano | France
Marie Lumeau
Claire Bossard | Great Britain
Maria Stanley
Catherine Alton |
| 2006 Las Palmas | Great Britain
Hannah Mills
Peggy Webster | Spain
Tara Pacheco
Elena Barambio | Italy
Benedetta Danti
Elisa Cecconi |
| 2007 Auckland | New Zealand
Jo Aleh
Polly Powrie | New Zealand
Shelley Hesson
Bianca Barbarich-Bacher | New Zealand
Sarah Bilkey
Rosie Sargisson |
| 2008 Athens | Greece
Katerina Kaitatzidou
Sofia Kaitatzidou | Israel
Gil Cohen
Adva Kremer | Greece
Afrodite Kyranakou
Elena Nikiforidi |
| 2009 Lake Garda | New Zealand
Alex Maloney
Bianca Barbarich-Bacher | Italy
Camilla Marino
Claudia Soricelli | United States
Sydney Bolger
Caitlin Beavers |
| 2010 Haifa | Italy
Roberta Caputo
Benedetta Barbiero | United States
Morgan Kiss
Katia Da Silva | Italy
Christina Celli
Silvia Morini |
| 2011 Buenos Aires | Great Britain
Annabel Vose
Megan Brickwood | Germany
Nadine Bohm
Monika Lindner | France
Maelenn Lemaitre
Aloïse Retornaz |
| 2012 Lake Neusiedl | Singapore
Rachel Lee
Cecilia Low | Chile
Nadja Horwitz
Sofia Middleton | Singapore
Griselda Khng
Shu Xian Lee |
| 2013 Valencia | Great Britain
Annabel Cattermole
Bryony Bennett-Lloyd | Singapore
Kimberly Lim
Savannah Siew | United States
Sara Scotto Di Vettimo
Vittoria Barbiero |
| 2014 Lübeck | Italy
Carlotta Omari
Francesca Russo Cirillo | Singapore
Kimberly Lim
Savannah Siew | Greece
Aikaterini Tavoulari
Fotini Koutsoumpou |
| 2015 Karatsu | Spain
Marta Garrido
María Jesus Dávila | France
Charlotte Yven
Marine Riou | Japan
Misaki Tanaka
Sena Takano |
| 2016 Sanremo | Italy
Francesca Russo Cirillo
Alice Linussi | Spain
María Bover Guerrero
Clara Llabrés | Italy
Maria Vittoria Marchesini
Cecilia Fedel |
| 2017 Fremantle | Australia
Nia Jerwood
Monique de Vries | Australia
Laura Harding
Eleanor Grimshaw | Italy
Arianna Passamonti
Giulia Fava |
| 2018 Newport | Spain
Patricia Reino
Isabel Laiseca | Spain
María Caba
Pilar Caba | Spain
María Bover
Catalina Homar |
| 2019 Vilamoura | Great Britain
Vita Heathcote
Milly Boyle | Italy
Irene Calici
Petra Gregori | Greece
Melina Pappa
Maria Tsamopoulou |

### Open Youth

|  | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 Karatsu | Edoardo Ferraro (ITA)
Francesco Orlando (ITA) | Aggelos Arvanitis (GRE)
Theofanis Kanakaris (GRE) | Carlos Balaguer (ESP)
Ignacio Balaguer (ESP) |  |
| 2016 Sanremo | Telis Athanasopoulos (GRE)
Dimitris Tassios (GRE) | Eduard Ferrer (ESP)
Carlos de Maqua (ESP) | Enzo Balanger (FRA)
Gaultier Tallieu (FRA) |  |
| 2017 Fremantle (AUS) | Martín Wizner (ESP)
Pedro Ameneiro (ESP) | Tommaso Cilli (ITA)
Bruno Mantero (ITA) | Demetrio Sposato (ITA)
Gabriele Centrone (ITA) |  |
| 2018 Newport (USA) | Jacobo García (ESP)
Antoni Ripoll (ESP) | Marina Garau (ESP)
Blanca Cabot (ESP) | Odysseas Spanakis (GRE)
Konstantinos Mixalopoulos (GRE) |  |
| 2019 Vilamoura (POR) | Odysseas Spanakis (GRE)
Konstaninos Mixalopoulos (GRE) | Ange Delerce (FRA)
Timothée Rossi (FRA) | Alberto Morales (ESP)
Miguel Bethencourt (ESP) |  |

## 470

### Open

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 Lake Lacanau | France
Yves Carré
Hervé Carré | France
Philippe Follenfant
Hubert Follenfant | France
Didier Poisson
Denis Londeix |
| 1971 Ostend | Netherlands
Tom van Essen
Wouter van Essen | France
Philippe Follenfant
Hubert Follenfant | France
Bruno Demartial
Bernard Demartial |
| 1972 Montreal | Netherlands
Sjoerd Vollebregt
Erik Vollebregt | France
Philippe Follenfant
Hubert Follenfant | Netherlands
Tom van Essen
Wouter van Essen |
| 1973 Kiel | Denmark
Henrik Söderlund
Age Börresen | United States
Peter Commette
Michael Loeb | Netherlands
Joop van Werkhoven
Robert van Werkhoven |
| 1974 Naples | Spain
Antonio Gorostegui
Manuel Albalat | France
Philippe Lecrit
Dominique Duvallet | Spain
Juan Santana
Francisco Colom |
| 1975 New York | France
Marc Laurent
Roger Surmin | France
Philippe Follenfant
Hubert Follenfant | France
Jean-François Fountaine
Claire Fountaine |
| 1976 | *not held* | | |
| 1977 Shizuoka | United States
David Ullman
Tom Linskey | Japan
Kazunori Komatsu
Yasuyuki Hakomori | New Zealand
Mark Paterson
David Mackay |
| 1978 Marstrand | United States
David Ullman
Tom Linskey | Canada
Gerry Roufs
Charles Robitaille | West Germany
John Pudenz
Ulrich Kittmann |
| 1979 Medemblik | Japan
Miyuki Kay
Ryo Komiya | France
Laurent Delage
Hervé Wattine | France
Stéphane Richer
Philippe Claude |
| 1980 Porto Alegre | United States
David Ullman
Tom Linskey | France
Laurent Delage
Hervé Wattine | France
Stéphane Richer
Philippe Claude |
| 1981 Quiberon | New Zealand
David Barnes
Hamish Willcox | United States
Steve Benjamin
Chris Steinfeld | Italy
Tommaso Chieffi
Enrico Chieffi |
| 1982 Cascais | East Germany
Jörn Borowski
Eckbert Swensson | France
Daniel Peponnet
Pascal Champaloux | New Zealand
David Barnes
Hamish Willcox |
| 1983 Weymouth | New Zealand
David Barnes
Hamish Willcox | West Germany
Wolfgang Hunger
Jochen Hunger | Israel
Shimshon Brokman
Eitan Friedlander |
| 1984 Auckland | New Zealand
David Barnes
Hamish Willcox | New Zealand
Chris Dickson
Joe Allen | New Zealand
Peter Evans
Sean Reeves |

### Male and Mixed

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 Marina di Carrara | Italy
Tommaso Chieffi
Enrico Chieffi | France
Thierry Peponnet
Luc Pillot | East Germany
Jörn Borowski
Mathias Gall |
| 1986 Salou | France
Thierry Peponnet
Luc Pillot | West Germany
Wolfgang Hunger
Jochen Hunger | West Germany
Ludger Hüttermann
Nils Körte |
| 1987 Kiel | East Germany
Bernd Hoeft
Falko Bier | Italy
Pietro D'Alì
Giuseppe Cojana | East Germany
Jürgen Brietzke
Ekkehard Schulz |
| 1988 Haifa | Great Britain
Nigel Buckley
Peter Newlands | Italy
Sandro Montefusco
Paolo Montefusco | United States
John Shadden
Charlie Mckee |
| 1989 Tsu City | Japan
Tomoaki Tsutsumi
Nobuhiro Tsutsumi | Spain
Jordi Calafat
Kiko Sánchez | Japan
Kenji Nakamura
Masayuki Takahashi |
| 1990 Medemblik | West Germany
Wolfgang Hunger
Rolf Schmidt | Spain
Jordi Calafat
Kiko Sánchez | France
Olivier Ponthieu
Gilles Espinasse |
| 1991 Brisbane | Germany
Wolfgang Hunger
Rolf Schmidt | Netherlands
Lankhorst Taselaar
Ben Kouwenhoven | Great Britain
Paul Brotherton
Andy Hemmings |
| 1992 Rota | Spain
Jordi Calafat
Kiko Sánchez | Italy
Matteo Ivaldi
Michele Ivaldi | Finland
Perti Leskinen
Mika Aarnikka |
| 1993 Crozon-Morgat | Spain
Jordi Calafat
Kiko Sánchez | France
Jean-François Berthet
Gwenaël Berthet | Israel
Shai Bachar
Erez Shemesh |
| 1994 Helsinki | Netherlands
Ben Kouwenhoven
Jan Kouwenhoven | Japan
Kenji Nakamura
Masato Takaki | Sweden
Markus Westerlind
Henrik Wallin |
| 1995 Toronto | Greece
Andreas Kosmatopoulos
Costas Trigonis | Italy
Matteo Ivaldi
Michelle Ivaldi | Israel
Ran Shental
Nir Shental |
| 1996 Porto Alegre | Netherlands
Ben Kouwenhoven
Jan Kouwenhoven | Great Britain
John Merricks
Ian Walker | Japan
Kenji Nakamura
Masato Takaki |
| 1997 Tel Aviv | Finland
Petri Leskinen
Kristian Heinilä | Portugal
Hugo Rocha
Nuno Barreto | Sweden
Marcus Westerlind
Henrik Wallin |
| 1998 Mallorca | France
Gildas Philippe
Tanguy Cariou | Slovenia
Tomaž Čopi
Mitja Margon | Sweden
Johan Molund
Mattias Rahm |
| 1999 Melbourne | France
Benoit Petit
Jean-Francois Cuzon | Sweden
Johan Molund
Mattias Rahm | Poland
Tomasz Stańczyk
Tomasz Jakubiak |
| 2000 Lake Balaton | Australia
Tom King
Mark Turnbull | France
Gildas Philippe
Tanguy Cariou | Ukraine
Yevhen Braslavets
Ihor Matviyenko |
| 2001 Koper | Ukraine
Yevhen Braslavets
Ihor Matviyenko | Great Britain
Nick Rogers
Joe Glanfield | Australia
Nathan Wilmot
Malcolm Page |
| 2002 Cagliari | New Zealand
Simon Cooke
Peter Nicholas | Greece
Andreas Kosmatopoulos
Konstantinos Trigonis | Spain
Gustavo Martínez
Tunte Cantero |

### Male

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 Cádiz
 | Italy
Gabrio Zandonà
Andrea Trani | Australia
Nathan Wilmot
Malcolm Page | Spain
Gustavo Martínez
Dimas Wood |
| 2004 Zadar | Australia
Nathan Wilmot
Malcolm Page | Sweden
Johan Molund
Martin Andersson | Great Britain
Nick Rogers
Jonathan Glanfield |
| 2005 San Francisco | Australia
Nathan Wilmot
Malcolm Page | Great Britain
Nick Rogers
Jonathan Glanfield | France
Gildas Philippe
Nicolas le Berre |
| 2006 Rizhao | Great Britain
Nic Asher
Elliot Willis | Australia
Nathan Wilmot
Malcolm Page | Israel
Gideon Kliger
Udi Gal |
| 2007 Cascais
 | Australia
Nathan Wilmot
Malcolm Page | Netherlands
Sven Coster
Kalle Coster | Israel
Gideon Kliger
Udi Gal |
| 2008 Mordialloc | Great Britain
Nic Asher
Elliot Willis | Portugal
Álvaro Marinho
Miguel Nunes | Israel
Gideon Kliger
Udi Gal |
| 2009 Copenhagen | Croatia
Šime Fantela
Igor Marenić | Great Britain
Luke Patience
Stuart Bithell | Japan
Ryunosuke Harada
Yugo Yoshida |
| 2010 The Hague | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Malcolm Page | France
Nicolas Charbonnier
Baptiste Meyer | Croatia
Šime Fantela
Igor Marenić |
| 2011 Perth
 | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Malcolm Page | Great Britain
Luke Patience
Stuart Bithell | Croatia
Šime Fantela
Igor Marenić |
| 2012 Barcelona | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Malcolm Page | France
Pierre Leboucher
Vincent Garos | Croatia
Šime Fantela
Igor Marenić |
| 2013 La Rochelle | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Will Ryan | France
Pierre Leboucher
Nicolas le Berre | Greece
Panagiotis Mantis
Pavlos Kagialis |
| 2014 Santander
 | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Will Ryan | Croatia
Šime Fantela
Igor Marenić | Greece
Panagiotis Mantis
Pavlos Kagialis |
| 2015 Haifa | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Will Ryan | Croatia
Šime Fantela
Igor Marenić | Russia
Pavel Sozykin
Denis Gribanov |
| 2016 San Isidro | Croatia
Šime Fantela
Igor Marenić | New Zealand
Paul Snow-Hansen
Daniel Willcox | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Will Ryan |
| 2017 Thessaloniki
 | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Will Ryan | Sweden
Anton Dahlberg
Fredrik Bergström | Austria
David Bargher
Lukas Mähr |
| 2018 Aarhus
 | France
Kevin Peponnet
Jérémie Mion | Japan
Tetsuya Isozaki
Akira Takayanagi | Spain
Jordi Xammar
Nicolás Rodríguez |
| 2019 Enoshima
 | Australia
Mathew Belcher
Will Ryan | Spain
Jordi Xammar
Nicolás Rodríguez | Sweden
Anton Dahlberg
Fredrik Bergström |
| 2021 Vilamoura
 | Sweden
Anton Dahlberg
Fredrik Bergström | Portugal
Diogo Costa
Pedro Costa | Spain
Jordi Xammar
Nicolás Rodríguez |

### Female

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 Marina di Carrara | Canada
Karen Johnson
Katrin Johnson | Netherlands
Tonny Vooren
Henneke Stavenuiter | Italy
Paola Porta
Anna Barabino |
| 1986 | *not held to avoid conflict with the IYRU Women's World Championship* | | |
| 1987 Kiel | West Germany
Susanne Meyer
Katrin Adlkofer | United States
Pease Herndon
Cindy Goff | East Germany
Susanne Theel
Silke Preuß |
| 1988 Haifa | Sweden
Marit Söderström
Birgitta Bengtsson | United States
Lisa Niece
Patricia Raymond | United States
J. J. Isler
Amy Wardell |
| 1989 Tsu City | West Germany
Susanne Meyer
Katrin Adlkofer | New Zealand
Leslie Egnot
Jan Shearer | Great Britain
S. Rees Jones
S. Hay |
| 1990 Medemblik | West Germany
Tanja Stemmler
Sabine Lenkmann | East Germany
Peggy Hardwiger
Christina Pinnow | Spain
Núria Bover
Irene Martín |
| 1991 Brisbane | United States
J. J. Isler
Pamela Healy | Soviet Union
Larisa Moskalenko
Olena Pakholchyk | Germany
Susanne Peters
Wibke Bülle |
| 1992 Rota | Spain
Theresa Zabell
Patricia Guerra | Japan
Yumiko Shige
Alicia Kinoshita | Italy
Maria Quarra
Anna Barabino |
| 1993 Crozon-Morgat | Germany
Ines Bohn
Sabine Rohatzsch | Spain
Theresa Zabell
Patricia Guerra | Italy
Frederica Salva
Emanuela Sossi |
| 1994 Helsinki | Germany
Ines Bohn
Sabine Rohatzsch | Germany
Susanne Bauckholt
Katrin Adlkofer | Germany
Peggy Hardwiger
Christina Pinnow |
| 1995 Toronto | Spain
Theresa Zabell
Begoña Vía Dufresne | Ukraine
Ruslana Taran
Olena Pakholchyk | Japan
Yumiko Shige
Alicia Konoshita |
| 1996 Porto Alegre | Spain
Theresa Zabell
Begoña Vía Dufresne | Germany
Susanne Bauckholt
Katrin Adlkofer | Germany
Nicola Birkner
Wibke Bülle |
| 1997 Tel Aviv | Ukraine
Ruslana Taran
Olena Pakholchyk | Germany
Nicola Birkner
Wibke Bülle | Ukraine
Vlada Krachun
Natalia Gaponovitsch |
| 1998 Mallorca | Ukraine
Ruslana Taran
Olena Pakholchyk | Denmark
Susanne Ward
Michaela Ward | Germany
Nicola Birkner
Wibke Bülle |
| 1999 Melbourne | Ukraine
Ruslana Taran
Olena Pakholchyk | Denmark
Susanne Ward
Michaela Ward | Italy
Federica Salvà
Emanuela Sossi |
| 2000 Lake Balaton | Greece
Sofia Bekatorou
Emilia Tsoulfa | Australia
Jenny Armstrong
Belinda Stowell | Spain
Natalia Vía Dufresne
Sandra Azón |
| 2001 Koper | Greece
Sofia Bekatorou
Emilia Tsoulfa | Australia
Jenny Armstrong
Belinda Stowell | Spain
Natalia Vía Dufresne
Sandra Azón |
| 2002 Cagliari | Greece
Sofia Bekatorou
Emilia Tsoulfa | Netherlands
Lisa Westerhof
Margriet Matthijsse | France
Ingrid Petitjean
Nadège Douroux |
| 2003 Cádiz
 | Greece
Sofia Bekatorou
Emilia Tsoulfa | France
Ingrid Petitjean
Nadège Douroux | Russia
Wlada Iljenko
Natalia Gaponovitsch |
| 2004 Zadar | Sweden
Therese Torgersson
Vendela Zachrisson | Slovenia
Vesna Dekleva
Klara Maučec | Israel
Nike Kornecki
Vered Buskila |
| 2005 San Francisco | Netherlands
Marcelien de Koning
Lobke Berkhout | Great Britain
Christina Bassadone
Saskia Clark | France
Ingrid Petitjean
Nadège Douroux |
| 2006 Rizhao | Netherlands
Marcelien de Koning
Lobke Berkhout | Japan
Ai Kondo
Naoko Kamata | Sweden
Therese Torgersson
Vendela Zachrisson |
| 2007 Cascais
 | Netherlands
Marcelien de Koning
Lobke Berkhout | France
Ingrid Petitjean
Nadège Douroux | Great Britain
Christina Bassadone
Saskia Clark |
| 2008 Mordialloc | United States
Erin Maxwell
Isabelle Kinsolving | Italy
Giulia Conti
Giovanna Micol | Australia
Elise Rechichi
Tessa Parkinson |
| 2009 Copenhagen | Netherlands
Lisa Westerhof
Lobke Berkhout | Spain
Tara Pacheco
Berta Betanzos | France
Ingrid Petitjean
Nadège Douroux |
| 2010 The Hague | Netherlands
Lisa Westerhof
Lobke Berkhout | New Zealand
Jo Aleh
Polly Powrie | Italy
Giulia Conti
Giovanna Micol |
| 2011 Perth
 | Spain
Tara Pacheco
Berta Betanzos | Great Britain
Hannah Mills
Saskia Clark | New Zealand
Jo Aleh
Polly Powrie |
| 2012 Barcelona | Great Britain
Hannah Mills
Saskia Clark | France
Camille Lecointre
Mathilde Géron | Netherlands
Lisa Westerhof
Lobke Berkhout |
| 2013 La Rochelle | New Zealand
Jo Aleh
Polly Powrie | Austria
Lara Vadlau
Jolanta Ogar | China
Wang Xiaoli
Huang Xufeng |
| 2014 Santander
 | Austria
Lara Vadlau
Jolanta Ogar | New Zealand
Jo Aleh
Polly Powrie | Great Britain
Hannah Mills
Saskia Clark |
| 2015 Haifa | Austria
Lara Vadlau
Jolanta Ogar | Great Britain
Hannah Mills
Saskia Clark | France
Camille Lecointre
Hélène Defrance |
| 2016 San Isidro | France
Camille Lecointre
Hélène Defrance | New Zealand
Jo Aleh
Polly Powrie | Austria
Lara Vadlau
Jolanta Ogar |
| 2017 Thessaloniki
 | Poland
Agnieszka Skrzypulec
Irmina Mróz-Gliszczyńska | Great Britain
Hannah Mills
Eilidh McIntyre | Slovenia
Tina Mrak
Veronika Macarol |
| 2018 Aarhus
 | Japan
Ai Yoshida
Miho Yoshioka | Spain
Silvia Mas
Patricia Cantero | Great Britain
Hannah Mills
Eilidh McIntyre |
| 2019 Enoshima
 | Great Britain
Hannah Mills
Eilidh McIntyre | Japan
Ai Yoshida
Miho Yoshioka | France
Camille Lecointre
Aloïse Retornaz |
| 2021 Vilamoura
 | Spain
Silvia Mas
Patricia Cantero | Netherlands
Afrodite Zegers
Lobke Berkhout | Italy
Elena Berta
Bianca Caruso |

### Mixed

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 Sdot Yam
 | Germany
Luise Wanser
Philipp Autenrieth | Spain
Jordi Xammar
Nora Brugman | France
Camille Lecointre
Jérémie Mion |
| 2024 S'Arenal
 | Spain
Jordi Xammar
Nora Brugman | Great Britain
Vita Heathcote
Chris Grube | Japan
Keiju Okada
Miho Yoshioka |

#### Youth Male

|  | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 Kiel | Japan
Keiju Okada
Naoya Kimura | Spain
David Charles
Alex Charles | Japan
Daichi Takayama
Akira Takayanagi |
| 2018 |  |  |  |
| 2019 Slovenia | Giacomo Ferrari (ITA)
Giulio Calabrò (ITA) | Daniel Gōttlich (GER)
Linus Klasen (GER) | Lucas Schlüter (GER)
Frederick Eichhorst (GER) |
| 2024 Darıca | Matisse Pacaud (FRA)
Lucie de Gennes (FRA) | Lomane Valade (FRA)
Julien Bunel (FRA) | Manon Pennaneac'h (FRA)
Pierre Williot (FRA) |

#### Youth Female

|  | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 Kiel | Spain
Silvia Mas
Paula Barceló | France
Marina Lefort
Lara Granier | Germany
Maria Bozi
Rafailina Klonaridou |
| 2018 |  |  |  |
| 2019 Slovenia | Luise Wanser (GER)
Helena WANSER (GER) | Paola AMAR (FRA)
Marine RIOU (FRA) | Theres DAHNKE (GER)
Birte WINKEL (GER) |

### 49er Open

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 Perth | Australia
Chris Nicholson
Daniel Phillips | United States
Jonathan McKee
Charles McKee | United States
Morgan Larson
Kevin Hall |
| 1998 Bandol | Australia
Chris Nicholson
Daniel Phillips | Great Britain
Andy Budgen
Ian Budgen | United States
Morgan Larson
Kevin Hall |
| 1999 Melbourne | Australia
Chris Nicholson
Ed Smyth | Australia
Adam Beashel
Teague Czislowski | United States
Morgan Larson
Kevin Hall |
| 2000 Sonora Bay | Spain
Santiago López-Vázquez
Javier de la Plaza | Germany
Marcus Baur
Philip Barth | Finland
Thomas Johanson
Jyrki Järvi |
| 2001 Malcesine | United States
Jonathan McKee
Charles McKee | Spain
Iker Martínez
Xabier Fernández | Ukraine
Rodion Luka
George Leonchuk |
| 2002 Kaneohe Bay | Spain
Iker Martínez
Xabier Fernández | Great Britain
Christopher Draper
Simon Hiscocks | Great Britain
Paul Brotherton
Mark Asquith |
| 2003 Cádiz | Great Britain
Christopher Draper
Simon Hiscocks | Norway
Christoffer Sundby
Frode Bovim | Ukraine
Rodion Luka
George Leonchuk |
| 2004 Athens | Spain
Iker Martínez
Xabier Fernández | Great Britain
Christopher Draper
Simon Hiscocks | Germany
Marcus Baur
Max Groy |
| 2005 Moscow | Ukraine
Rodion Luka
George Leonchuk | Great Britain
Christopher Draper
Simon Hiscocks | Italy
Pietro Sibello
Gianfranco Sibello |
| 2006 Aix-le-Bain | Great Britain
Christopher Draper
Simon Hiscocks | Greece
Thanasis Pakhoumas
Athanasios Siouzios | Great Britain
Stevie Morrison
Ben Rhodes |
| 2007 Cascais | Great Britain
Stevie Morrison
Ben Rhodes | Austria
Nico Delle Karth
Nikolaus Resch | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Ben Austin |
| 2008 Melbourne | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Ben Austin | Great Britain
Stevie Morrison
Ben Rhodes | Ukraine
Rodion Luka
George Leonchuk |
| 2009 Riva del Garda | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Iain Jensen | Great Britain
John Pink
Rick Peacock | Italy
Pietro Sibello
Gianfranco Sibello |
| 2010 Port Lucaya | Spain
Iker Martínez
Xabier Fernández | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Iain Jensen | Italy
Pietro Sibello
Gianfranco Sibello |
| 2011 Perth | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Iain Jensen | New Zealand
Peter Burling
Blair Tuke | Denmark
Emil Toft Nielsen
Simon Toft Nielsen |
| 2012 Zadar | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Iain Jensen | New Zealand
Peter Burling
Blair Tuke | Denmark
Allan Nørregaard
Peter Lang |

### 49er Men's

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 Perth | Australia
Chris Nicholson
Daniel Phillips | United States
Jonathan McKee
Charles McKee | United States
Morgan Larson
Kevin Hall |
| 1998 Bandol | Australia
Chris Nicholson
Daniel Phillips | Great Britain
Andy Budgen
Ian Budgen | United States
Morgan Larson
Kevin Hall |
| 1999 Melbourne | Australia
Chris Nicholson
Ed Smyth | Australia
Adam Beashel
Teague Czislowski | United States
Morgan Larson
Kevin Hall |
| 2000 Sonora Bay | Spain
Santiago López-Vázquez
Javier de la Plaza | Germany
Marcus Baur
Philip Barth | Finland
Thomas Johanson
Jyrki Järvi |
| 2001 Malcesine | United States
Jonathan McKee
Charles McKee | Spain
Iker Martínez
Xabier Fernández | Ukraine
Rodion Luka
George Leonchuk |
| 2002 Kaneohe Bay | Spain
Iker Martínez
Xabier Fernández | Great Britain
Christopher Draper
Simon Hiscocks | Great Britain
Paul Brotherton
Mark Asquith |
| 2003 Cádiz | Great Britain
Christopher Draper
Simon Hiscocks | Norway
Christoffer Sundby
Frode Bovim | Ukraine
Rodion Luka
George Leonchuk |
| 2004 Athens | Spain
Iker Martínez
Xabier Fernández | Great Britain
Christopher Draper
Simon Hiscocks | Germany
Marcus Baur
Max Groy |
| 2005 Moscow | Ukraine
Rodion Luka
George Leonchuk | Great Britain
Christopher Draper
Simon Hiscocks | Italy
Pietro Sibello
Gianfranco Sibello |
| 2006 Aix-le-Bain | Great Britain
Christopher Draper
Simon Hiscocks | Greece
Thanasis Pakhoumas
Athanasios Siouzios | Great Britain
Stevie Morrison
Ben Rhodes |
| 2007 Cascais | Great Britain
Stevie Morrison
Ben Rhodes | Austria
Nico Delle Karth
Nikolaus Resch | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Ben Austin |
| 2008 Melbourne | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Ben Austin | Great Britain
Stevie Morrison
Ben Rhodes | Ukraine
Rodion Luka
George Leonchuk |
| 2009 Riva del Garda | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Iain Jensen | Great Britain
John Pink
Rick Peacock | Italy
Pietro Sibello
Gianfranco Sibello |
| 2010 Port Lucaya | Spain
Iker Martínez
Xabier Fernández | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Iain Jensen | Italy
Pietro Sibello
Gianfranco Sibello |
| 2011 Perth | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Iain Jensen | New Zealand
Peter Burling
Blair Tuke | Denmark
Emil Toft Nielsen
Simon Toft Nielsen |
| 2012 Zadar | Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Iain Jensen | New Zealand
Peter Burling
Blair Tuke | Denmark
Allan Nørregaard
Peter Lang |

### 49er Youth

|  | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 Travemünde | Denmark
Niels Joachim Gormsen
Anders Thomsen | Great Britain
James Peters
Ed Fitzgerald | France
Vincent Berthez
Marc Mallaret |
| 2012 Riva del Garda | Great Britain
James Peters
Ed Fitzgerald | Germany
Jan Hauke Erichsen
Max Lutz | Sweden
Charlie Ekberg
Niclas Düring |
| 2013 Gdynia | Spain
Diego Botín
Pablo Turrado | Austria
Benjamin Bildstein
David Hussl | France
Kevin Fischer
Marc Mallaret |
| 2014 Aarhus | Spain
Víctor Payá
Álvaro del Arco | Denmark
Mads Lübeck
Christian Lübeck | Spain
Diego Botín
Pablo Turrado |
| 2015 Flensburg | Austria
Benjamin Bildstein
David Hussl | Italy
Ruggero Tita
Giacomo Cavalli | Great Britain
Chris Taylor
Sam Batten |
| 2016 IJsselmeer | France
Erwan Fischer
Thubault Julien | Germany
Tim Fischer
Fabian Graf | Germany
Jakob Meggendorfer
Andreas Spranger |
| 2017 Kingston | Canada
William Jones
Evan DePaul | United States
Dane Wilson
Scott Ewing | Thailand
Don Whitcraft
Dylan Whitcraft |
| 2018 Marseille | Ireland
Robert Dickson
Seán Waddilove | Germany
Max Stingle
Linov Scheel | Denmark
Daniel Nyborg
Sebastian Wright Olsen |
| 2019 Risør | New Zealand
Isaac McHardie
William McKenzie | Great Britain
James Grummett
Daniel Budden | Ireland
Robert Dickson
Seán Waddilove |
| 2021 Gdynia | Poland
Mikołaj Staniul
Jakub Sztorch | Austria
Keanu Prettner
Jakob Flachberger | Uruguay
Hernán Umpierre
Fernando Diz |
| 2022 Lake Como | Poland
Mikołaj Staniul
Jakub Sztorch | Australia
Jack Ferguson
Max Paul | New Zealand
Sam Morgan
Pat Morgan |

### 49er FX Women's

| Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 Marseille | New Zealand
Alex Maloney
Molly Meech | Brazil
Martine Grael
Kahena Kunze | France
Sarah Steyaert
Julie Bossard |
| 2014 Santander
 | Brazil
Martine Grael
Kahena Kunze | Denmark
Ida Marie Baad Nielsen
Marie Thusgaard Olsen | Italy
Giulia Conti
Francesca Clapcich |
| 2015 Buenos Aires
 | Italy
Giulia Conti
Francesca Clapcich | Brazil
Martine Grael
Kahena Kunze | Denmark
Ida Marie Baad Nielsen
Marie Thusgaard Olsen |
| 2016 Clearwater | Spain
Támara Echegoyen
Berta Betanzos | Denmark
Maiken Foght Schütt
Anne-Julie Schütt | Germany
Victoria Jurczok
Anika Lorenz |
| 2017 Matosinhos
 | Denmark
Jena Hansen
Katja Salskov-Iversen | Brazil
Martine Grael
Kahena Kunze | New Zealand
Alex Maloney
Molly Meech |
| 2018 Aarhus
 | Netherlands
Annemiek Bekkering
Annette Duetz | Austria
Tanja Frank
Lorena Abicht | Great Britain
Sophie Weguelin
Sophie Ainsworth |
| 2019 Auckland
 | Netherlands
Annemiek Bekkering
Annette Duetz | Brazil
Martine Grael
Kahena Kunze | Denmark
Ida Marie Baad Nielsen
Marie Thusgaard Olsen |
| 2020 Geelong
 | Spain
Támara Echegoyen
Paula Barceló | Great Britain
Charlotte Dobson
Saskia Tidey | United States
Stephanie Roble
Maggie Shea |
| 2021 Wudam Al Sahil
 | Netherlands
Odile van Aanholt
Elise de Ruijter | Norway
Helene Næss
Marie Rønningen | Brazil
Martine Grael
Kahena Kunze |
| 2022 St. Margarets Bay
 | Netherlands
Odile van Aanholt
Annette Duetz | Sweden
Vilma Bobeck
Rebecca Netzler | Spain
Támara Echegoyen
Paula Barceló |
| 2023 The Hague
 | Sweden
Vilma Bobeck
Rebecca Netzler | Netherlands
Odile van Aanholt
Annette Duetz | Australia
Olivia Price
Evie Haseldine |
| 2024 Lanzarote
 | Netherlands
Odile van Aanholt
Annette Duetz | Sweden
Vilma Bobeck
Rebecca Netzler | Italy
Jana Germani
Giorgia Bertuzzi |

### 49er FX Youth

## 505

## B14

## Cadet

## Contender

## Enterprise

## Europe

## Finn

## Fireball

## Flying Dutchman

## International 14

### Fleet racing

### Team racing

|  | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 Geelong | Australia 1 | Australia 2 | North America |
| 2016 Carnac | Great Britain | United States | Australia |

## Laser 2

## Laser

## Laser Radial

### Men

### Women

## Lightning

## Mirror

|  | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1976
Monnickendam
Netherlands | Roy Patridge (GBR)
Graeme Partridge (GBR) | Chris Owen (GBR)
Gary Owen (GBR) | Mark Rushall (GBR)
Ruth Rushall (GBR) |  |
| 1979 | Malta
David Derby
Chris Bishop |  |  |  |
| 1983 | Great Britain
David Sherwin
Neil Salmon |  |  |  |
| 1987 | Australia
Paul Adrid
Troy Storer |  |  |  |
| 1991 | Australia
Tom King
Rof Heale |  |  |  |
| 1995 | Great Britain
Clive Goodwin
Toby Heppell |  |  |  |
| 1997 Kingston | Great Britain
Chris Balding
Nikki Harper | Ireland
Ross Killian
Darren McCann | Great Britain
David Gebhard
Joshua Gebhard |  |
| 1999 Saldanha Bay
South Africa | Ireland
Martin Moloney
Revelin Minihane | Australia
Mark Padgett
John Fletcher | Great Britain
Toby Wincer
Richard Harding |  |
| 2001 Howth
Ireland | Ireland
Peter Bayly
William Atkinson | Australia
Torvar Mirsky
Justin Jacob | Ireland
Nick Meadow
Sam Trott |  |
| 2003 Hobart
Australia | Ireland
Christopher Clayton
Craig Martin | Ireland
Andrew Woodward
James Bendon | Australia
Glenn Collings
Lloyd Collings |  |
| 2005 Östersund
Sweden | Ireland
Ross Kearney
Adam McCullough | Ireland
Simon McGrotty
Melissa Daly | Great Britain
John Clementson
Jamie Clementson |  |
| 2007 Port Elizabeth
South Africa | Great Britain
Anna MacKenzie
Holly Scott | Australia
Nick Davis
John Collova | Ireland
Paul Amrlynck
Melissa Daly |  |
| 2009 Pwllheli
United Kingdom | Great Britain
Andy Smith
Tom Smith | Great Britain
Christopher Rust
Jessica Rust | Great Britain
Izzy Fitzgerald
Emily Peters |  |
| 2011 Albany | Ireland
Ross Kearney
Max Odell | Philippines
Ridgely Balladares
Rommel Chavez | Great Britain
Millie Newman
Jessica Rust |  |
| 2013 Lough Derg | South Africa
Ryan Robinson
Michaela Robinson | Great Britain
Sarah Richards
George Richards | Great Britain
Katie Davies
Gemma Keers |  |
| 2015 Villiersdorp | South Africa
Ryan Robinson
Michaela Robinson | Australia
Simon Barwood
Tyson Barwood | Great Britain
Eleanor Keers
Isobel Pugh |  |
| 2017 Mylor Churchtown | Australia
Cullen Hughes
Rowan Hughes | Great Britain
Dave Wade
Imogen Wade | Australia
Simon Barwood
Tyson Barwood |  |
| 2019 Sydney
Australia | NED 70883
John Dransfield (NED)
Tyler Dransfield (NED) | AUS 70854
Cullen Hughes (AUS)
Rowan Hughes (AUS) | AUS 70951
Campbell McKay (AUS)
Stirling McKay (AUS) |  |
| 2021 Sligo | Rescheduled to 2023 due to COVID 19 | | | - |
| 2023 Sligo
Ireland |  |  |  |
| 2025 South Africa |  |  |  |

## Moth

## Musto Skiff

## OK

## O'pen BIC

## Optimist

## RS100

|  | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013
Hyères
31 Boats | Alistair Dickson (GBR) | Antonio Tamburin (ITA) | Jack Holden (GBR) |
| 2018
Weymouth |  |  |  |

## RS500

## RS Aero

## RS Feva

## RS Tera

## Snipe

## Splash

|  | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 Stavoren | Conrad Gair (NZL) | Pieter-Jan Postma (NED) | Roelof Bouwmeester (NED) |
| 2001 Carnac | Erwin Veldman (NED) | Roelof Bouwmeester (NED) | Christiaan Goosen (NED) |
| 2002 Weymouth | Shandy Buckley (NZL) | Filip Pietrzak (POL) | Morgan Gutenkunst (USA) |
| 2003 Stavoren | Sandra van Meyden (NED) | Arnold van Ham (NED) | Timo Hagoort (NED) |
| 2004 Nieuwpoort | Jorne Knegt (NED) | Yannick Lefèbvre (BEL) | Scott Morrison (NZL) |
| 2005 Puck | Hielke Dijkstra (NED) | Mark Bonsink (NED) | Andy Maloney (NZL) |
| 2006 Riva del Garda | Blair Tuke (NZL) | Jochem-Bart Haakman (NED) | Andy Maloney (NZL) |
| 2007 Split | Willemart Mathieu (BEL) | Aleksander Arian (POL) | Gilles Cleeren (BEL) |
| 2008 Tavira | Ben Lutze (NZL) | Gilles Cleeren (BEL) | George Iane (NZL) |
| 2012 Nieuwpoort | Jelmer Zittema (NED) |  |  |
| 2013 Stellendam | Guyonne Schuch (NED) | Steyn van Driessel (NED) |  |
| 2014 Puck | Guyonne Schuch (NED) |  |  |
| 2015 Sant Feliu de Guixols | Guyonne Schuch (NED) |  |  |
| 2016 Travemünde | Sam Peeks (NED) |  |  |
| 2017 Lelystad | Aaron van Dok (NED) |  |  |

## Sunfish

## Tasar

## Topper

## Vaurien

|  | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1966 Orbetello
 | Italy
Gavazzi
Gavazzi | Switzerland
Wissard
Mounoud | Switzerland
Kessler
Ischer |
| 1967 Radolfzell
 | West Germany
Behrens
 | France
Thierry
 | Netherlands
C.J. In't Veld
 |
| 1968 Vilassar
 | France
Quevarec
Quevarec | France
Deboudé
Heky | France
Saint-Blancat
Boisard |
| 1969 Neuchâtel
 | France
Quevarec
Quevarec | Netherlands
Rob Meyer
 | Italy
F. Gavazzi
 |
| 1970 Medemblik
 | Netherlands
Rob Meijer
Tony van Oeveren | Netherlands
Peter Tans
Harm Prop | Netherlands
Bob Huisenaar
Marijke In't Veld |
| 1971 Ostende
 | Netherlands
Peter Tans
Harm Prop | France
Ronan le Bihan
Marg. Paulet | France
Lauret
Lauret |
| 1972 Brest
 | France
Quéméneur
Quéméneur | France
Lauret
Lauret | France
Philippe Bessec
G. Routier |
| 1973 Maputo - Lourenço Marques
 | France
Philippe Bessec
G. Routier | France
Dominique le Bihan
Michel Jacq | France
Ronan le Bihan
Marg. Paulet |
| 1974 Premiá de Mar
 | Spain
Alejandro Abascal
L. Lopez-Alonso | France
Ronan le Bihan
M. le Bihan | France
A. Menard
Babin |
| 1975 Livorno
 | Netherlands
Chris Frijdal
Erik Versloot | Switzerland
Lorenz Müller
Thomas Schweizer | Netherlands
Rien Segaar
Frouk Segaar Hulsman |
| 1976 Monte-Carlo
 | Spain
Pedro Campos
Juan Santana | Netherlands
Rien Segaar
Frouk Segaar Hulsman | Netherlands
Erik Bieze
Jellie van der Steeg |
| 1977 Kiel
 | Netherlands
Willy van Bladel
Cees van Bladel | Netherlands
Chris Frijdal
Erik Bieze | Netherlands
Rob Sepers
Ron Sepers |
| 1978 Casablanca
 | Spain
Andrade
Andrade | Spain
Sammartin
Lago | Italy
Porro
Porro |
| 1979 San Sebastian
 | Spain
Andrade
Andrade | Spain
Pedro Campos
Dominguez | Netherlands
Rien Segaar
Frouk Segaar Hulsman |
| 1980 Povoa de Varzim
 | Portugal
Ant. Roquette
Fr. Campos | France
G. Alonso
Patrick de Haz | France
J.Y. Drogou
H. Drogou |
| 1981 Medemblik
 | West Germany
Martin Fuchs
Robert Montau | Netherlands
Hans Duetz
Margreet Duetz | Netherlands
Rob Sepers
Ron Sepers |
| 1982 Capodimonte
 | Netherlands
Hans Duetz
Margreet Duetz | Spain
Carlos Martinez
Guillermo Beltri | Netherlands
Johan Pragt
Mirjam Pragt |
| 1983 Brest
 | Netherlands
van Ek
Visser | Netherlands
Schurmans
Duetz | Spain
Tudela
Tudela |
| 1984 Hospitalet del Infante
 | Netherlands
Johan Pragt
Mirjam Pragt | Netherlands
van der Steeg
van der Steeg | Netherlands
van Ek
Baerveldt |
| 1985 Vada
 | Netherlands
Schurmans
Abma | Italy
Gavazzi
Gavazzi | Italy
Scafati
Scafati |
| 1986 Vingelz
 | Netherlands
van de Meulen
Visser | Netherlands
Schurmans
Abma | Spain
Tudela
Gourez |
| 1987 Medemblik
 | Netherlands
Reindert
van de Meulen | Netherlands
Sipke
Schurmans | Netherlands
Ron Sepers
Sepers |
| 1988 Viana do Castelo
 | Netherlands
Schurmans
Abma | Netherlands
Ron Sepers
Sepers | Spain
Angelo Gutierrez
Antonio Plaza |
| 1989 Überlingen
 | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Marco Cerri | Italy
Ugo Alvazzi
Luca Merlini | Belgium
J. Lemaire
C. Hastrais |
| 1990 Nettuno
 | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Marco Cerri | Spain
Guillermo Beltrí
José A. Beltrí | Netherlands
de Liefde
de Liefde |
| 1991 Laredo
 | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Marco Cerri | Netherlands
Bodegom
de Liefde | Spain
Marino
Infante |
| 1992 Piriac-sur-Mer
 | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Giovanni Ruberti | Austria
Klaus Diem
S. Hafner | Netherlands
Frans Hin
Janneke Hin |
| 1993 Gravedona
 | Spain
Javier Coello Nunez
Francisco Tartinez Marti | Spain
Mikel Vazquez
Juigo Hierro | Italy
Giorgio Marchetilli
Corrado Tartarini |
| 1994 Lipno
 | Klaus Diem
Mark Kalkowski | Spain
Angelo Gutierrez
Antonio Plaza | Italy
Francesco Zampacavallo
Gian Luca Filippone |
| 1995 Setúbal
 | Spain
Javier Coello Nunez
Rocio Coello Nunez | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Giovanni Ruberti | Italy
Francesco Zampacavallo
Gian Luca Filippone |
| 1996 Hoorn
 | Spain
Javier Coello Nunez
Rocio Coello Nunez | Italy
Francesco Zampacavallo
Gian Luca Filippone | Italy
Giovanni Ruberti
Francesco Salghetti |
| 1997 Los Nietos
 | Spain
Javier Valverde
J. Valverde | Spain
Javier Coello Nunez
Rocio Coello Nunez | Spain
Francisco Javier Serrano
Rosa Foruria Delmas |
| 1998 Radolfzell
 | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Marco Cerri | Italy
Leonardo Neri
Fabrizio Richard | Italy
Francesco Zampacavallo
Gian Luca Filippone |
| 1999 Vilamoura
 | Spain
Francisco Javier Serrano
Rosa Foruria Delmas | Spain
Juan Barrionuevo
Rocio Coello | Spain
Jesus Barrionuevo
Ambrosio Pedreno |
| 2000 Loctudy
 | Spain
Francisco Javier Serrano
Rosa Foruria Delmas | Giovanni Ruberti
Anne Sophie Vanhollebeke | Spain
Jesus Barrionuevo
Ambrosio Pedreno |
| 2001 Follonica
 | Spain
Alberto M. Albaladejo
Jose M. Albaladejo | Spain
Francisco Javier Serrano
Rosa Foruria Delmas | Spain
Eliseo Belzunce
Jaione Ayastuy |
| 2002 Povoa de Varzim
 | Spain
Eliseo Belzunce
M. Alvarez | Spain
Javier Porto
Alberto Martín | Spain
A. Martinez
A. Rodriguez |
| 2003 Stavoren
 | Spain
Jesus Amaliach
Miguel Amaliach | Spain
Jesus Barrionuevo
Jose Soto | Spain
Francisco Javier Serrano
Rosa Foruria Delmas |
| 2004 Punta del Este
 | Spain
Javier Porto
Alberto Martín | Spain
Pablo Cabello
Pablo Iglesias | Uruguay
Pablo Defazio
Alberto Balpar |
| 2005 Sanxenxo
 | Spain
Javier Porto
Alberto Martín | Spain
Francisco Javier Serrano
Carlos Frances Armengot | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Francesco Granchi |
| 2006 Vada
 | Spain
Javier Porto
Alberto Martín | Spain
Francisco Javier Serrano
Rosa Foruria | Spain
Ignacio Campos
Liminana Asunción |
| 2007 Laredo
 | Spain
Francisco Javier Serrano
Rosa Foruria | Spain
Javier Porto
Alberto Martín | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Francesco Granchi |
| 2008 Matosinhos
 | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Giovanni Galassini | Italy
Francesco Granchi
Marco Melfa | Spain
Pablo Cabello
Javier Lago |
| 2009 Bizerte
 | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Giovanni Galassini | Italy
Olmo Cerri
Edoardo Meini | Spain
Jaime Leiros
Alfonso Leiros |
| 2010 Liptovsky Mikulas
 | Italy
Olmo Cerri
Edoardo Meini | Slovakia
Miroslav Baran
Maroš Baran | Italy
Francesco Graziani
Marco Melfa |
| 2011 Dümmer See
 | Slovakia
Miroslav Baran
Maroš Baran | Spain
Jaime Leiros
Alfonso Leiros | Italy
Olmo Cerri
Edoardo Meini |
| 2012 Douarnenez
 | Spain
Jaime Leiros
Alfonso Leiros | Netherlands
Roelof Kuipers
Jelmer Kuipers | Spain
Francisco Javier Serrano
Rosa Foruria |
| 2013 Sanxenxo
 | Francesco Zampacavallo
Carlos Frances Armengot | Slovakia
Miroslav Baran
Maroš Baran | Spain
Jaime Leiros
Alfonso Leiros |
| 2014 Marina di Grosseto
 | Italy
Ettore Botticini
Lorenzo Gennari | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Niccolò Bertola | Netherlands
Roelof Kuipers
Jelmer Kuipers |
| 2015 Sneek
 | Italy
Niccolò Bertola
Jacopo Izzo | Netherlands
Roelof Kuipers
Jelmer Kuipers | Spain
Antonio Pérez Castro
Gonzalo Martínez Rodríguez |
| 2016 Viana do Castelo
 | Netherlands
Michiel Sickler
Kristy de Leeuw | Spain
Antonio Pérez Castro
Santiago Moreno | Netherlands
Roelof Kuipers
Jelmer Kuipers |
| 2017 Gudowo
 | Spain
Pablo Cabello
Javier Lago | Italy
Olmo Cerri
Elisa Gesess | Italy
Marco Faccenda
Alessio Francia |
| 2018 Travemünde
 | Francesco Zampacavallo
Carlos Frances Armengot | Spain
Antonio Pérez Castro
Lucia Llopiz | Spain
Tirso Cerqueira Atarés
Gonzalo Martínez Rodríguez |
| 2019 Colico
 | Nicollo Bertola
Mattia Carmelo Saggio | Italy
Francesco Graziani
Alessandro Golinelli | Spain
Pablo Cabello
Mario Perez |

## Zoom 8

1.
2. "2017 420 World Championships". *2017 420 World Championships*. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
3. "2018 420 World Championships". *2018 420 World Championships*. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
4. "2019 420 World Championships". *2019 420 World Championships*. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
5.
6. "2017 420 World Championships". *2017 420 World Championships*. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
7. "2018 420 World Championships". *2018 420 World Championships*. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
8. "2019 420 World Championships". *2019 420 World Championships*. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
9. "2016 420 World Championships". *2016 420 World Championships*.
10. "2017 420 World Championships". *2017 420 World Championships*.
11. "2018 420 World Championships". *2018 420 World Championships*.
12. "2019 420 World Championship". *2019 420 World Championship*.
13. "Argentina 470 World Championship, 20-27/2/2016. Class 470 Men" (PDF). *470.org*.
14. "2017 470 World Championship". *2017 470 World Championship*.
15. "2018 470 World Championship". *manage2sail.com*.
16. "2019 470 World Championship". *2019worlds.470.org*.
17. "2021 470 World Championship". *2021worlds.470.org*.
18. "Argentina 470 World Championship, 20-27/2/2016. Class 470 Women" (PDF). *470.org*.
19. "2017 470 World Championship". *2017 470 World Championship*.
20. "2018 470 World Championship". *manage2sail.com*.
21. "2019 470 World Championship". *2019worlds.470.org*.
22. "2021 470 World Championship". *2021worlds.470.org*.
23. "2022 470 World Championship". *2022worlds.470.org*.
24. "2022 470 World Championship". *2024worlds.470.org*.
25. "Kieler Woche 2016 Results, 470 Junior Worlds M". *manage2sail.com*. 26 June 2016.
26. "Kieler Woche 2016 Results". *manage2sail.com*. 26 June 2016.
27. "2016 World Championship". *49er.org*.
28. "2017 World Championship in Porto". *49er.org*.
29. "2018 World Championship in Aarhus". *manage2sail.com*.
30. "2019 World Championship in Auckland".
31. "2020 World Championship in Geelong".
32. "2021 World Championship in Wudam Al Sahil".
33. "2022 World Championship in St. Margarets Bay".
34. "2023 World Championship in The Hague".
35. "2024 World Championship in Lanzarote".
36. "i14worlds2015.com". *www.i14worlds2015.com*.
37. http://www.yccarnac.com/International-14-World-Championships-results.html
38. http://2015worlds.mirrorsailing.org/index.php/the-event/2015-world-results
39. http://2017worlds.mirrorsailing.org/images/events/2017/worlds\_at\_restronguet\_uk/results/Mirror\_Worlds\_2017.htm
40. https://www.regattatoolbox.com/results?eventID=BimMkeXTJV
41. "2021 Mirror Worlds postponed until 2023". Mirror Class Association. 2021-03-06.


# List of alternative lifestyle communities

This is a list of communities known for having a major hippie subculture and/or other forms of alternative lifestyle subcultures.

## Europe

### Germany

| Settlement | Region | State | Reference(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Vauban, Freiburg im Breisgau | Freiburg | Baden-Württemberg |  |

### Spain

| Settlement | Province | Region | Reference(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tarifa | Cádiz | Andalusia |  |

### United Kingdom

| Settlement | County | Country | Reference(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Findhorn |  | Scotland |  |
| Glastonbury | Somerset | England |  |
| Grassington | North Yorkshire | England |  |
| Hebden Bridge | West Yorkshire | England |  |
| Totnes | Devon | England |  |

## Oceania

### Australia

| Settlement | State/territory | Reference(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ballina | New South Wales |  |
| Bangalow | New South Wales |  |
| Bellingen | New South Wales |  |
| Bermagui | New South Wales |  |
| Bogangar | New South Wales |  |
| Brunswick Heads | New South Wales |  |
| Byron Bay | New South Wales |  |
| Cabarita Beach | New South Wales |  |
| Conondale, Sunshine Coast | Queensland |  |
| Daylesford | Victoria |  |
| Elands | New South Wales |  |
| Eumundi, Sunshine Coast | Queensland |  |
| Kuranda | Queensland |  |
| Lennox Head | New South Wales |  |
| Margaret River | Western Australia |  |
| Mullumbimby | New South Wales |  |
| Nimbin | New South Wales |  |
| Sheffield | Tasmania |  |
| Upwey, Melbourne | Victoria |  |
| Yackandandah | Victoria |  |
| Yamba | New South Wales |  |

### New Zealand

| Settlement | Region | Reference(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Coromandel | Waikato |  |
| Raglan | Waikato |  |


title: Prunus africana

abstract: Prunus africana, the African cherry, has a wide distribution in Africa, occurring in montane regions of central and southern Africa and on the islands of Bioko, São-Tomé, Grande Comore, and Madagascar. It can be found at 900–3,400 m (3,000–10,000 ft) above sea level. It is a canopy tree 30–40 m in height, and is the tallest member of Prunus. Large-diameter trees have impressive, spreading crowns. It requires a moist climate, 900–3,400 mm (35–130 in) annual rainfall, and is moderately frost-tolerant. P. africana appears to be a light-demanding, secondary-forest species. The bark is black to brown, corrugated or fissured, and scaly, fissuring in a characteristic rectangular pattern. The leaves are alternate, simple, 8–20 cm (3.1–7.9 in) long, elliptical, bluntly or acutely pointed, glabrous, and dark green above, pale green below, with mildly serrated margins. A central vein is depressed on top, prominent on the bottom. The 2 cm (0.8 in) petiole is pink or red. The flowers are androgynous, 10-20 stamens, insect-pollinated, 3–8 cm (1–3 in), greenish white or buff, and are distributed in 70 mm (2.8 in) axillary racemes. The plant flowers October through May. The fruit is a drupe, red to brown, 7–13 mm (0.3–0.5 in), wider than long, two-lobed, with a seed in each lobe. It grows in bunches ripening September through November, several months after pollination.

text:
# Prunus africana

***Prunus africana***, the **African cherry**, has a wide distribution in Africa, occurring in montane regions of central and southern Africa and on the islands of Bioko, São-Tomé, Grande Comore, and Madagascar. It can be found at 900–3,400 m (3,000–10,000 ft) above sea level. It is a canopy tree 30–40 m in height, and is the tallest member of *Prunus*. Large-diameter trees have impressive, spreading crowns. It requires a moist climate, 900–3,400 mm (35–130 in) annual rainfall, and is moderately frost-tolerant. *P. africana* appears to be a light-demanding, secondary-forest species.

The bark is black to brown, corrugated or fissured, and scaly, fissuring in a characteristic rectangular pattern. The leaves are alternate, simple, 8–20 cm (3.1–7.9 in) long, elliptical, bluntly or acutely pointed, glabrous, and dark green above, pale green below, with mildly serrated margins. A central vein is depressed on top, prominent on the bottom. The 2 cm (0.8 in) petiole is pink or red. The flowers are androgynous, 10-20 stamens, insect-pollinated, 3–8 cm (1–3 in), greenish white or buff, and are distributed in 70 mm (2.8 in) axillary racemes. The plant flowers October through May. The fruit is a drupe, red to brown, 7–13 mm (0.3–0.5 in), wider than long, two-lobed, with a seed in each lobe. It grows in bunches ripening September through November, several months after pollination.

## Ecology

As with other members of the genus *Prunus*, *Prunus africana* possesses extrafloral nectaries that provide antiherbivore insects with a nutrient source in return for protecting the foliage.

In addition to its value for its timber and its medicinal uses, *Prunus africana* is an important food source for frugivorous birds and mammals. Dian Fossey reports of the mountain gorilla: "The northwestern slopes of Visoke offered several ridges of *Pygeum africanum* .... The fruits of this tree are highly favored by gorillas." *East African Mammals* reports that stands of *Pygeum* are the habitat of the rare Carruther's mountain squirrel, and asserts, "This forest type tends to have a rather broken canopy with many trees smothered in climbers and dense tangles of undergrowth." It is currently protected under Appendix II of CITES since 16 February 1995 and in South Africa under the National Forest Act (Act 84) of 1998.

Large numbers of trees are harvested for their bark to meet the international demand based on its medicinal qualities. Early studies on the effects of bark harvest showed that the harvest affected population structure, increased mortality, and decreased fecundity. However, quantitative studies to examine specific life history parameters and possible sustainable harvesting practices were begun only recently and 2009). In these later studies, the combined factors of mortalities of a large percentage of reproductive trees (especially the largest ones), highly reduced fruit production, and poor seedling survival seem to suggest a bleak prognosis for future regeneration and long-term persistence of the species in harvested populations.

## Uses

### Traditional and alternative medicine

The species has a long history of traditional uses. The bark is used in numerous ways - as a wound dressing, a purgative, or an appetite stimulant, and to treat fevers, malaria, arrow poisoning, stomach pain, kidney disease, gonorrhoea, and insanity.

The extract Pygeum is an herbal remedy prepared from the bark of *P. africana* and is promoted as an alternative medicine for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A 2016 literature review found that Pygeum offered no benefit. A 2019 review said it showed some evidence of BPH symptom relief.

### Other uses

The timber is a hardwood employed in the manufacture of axe and hoe handles, utensils, wagons, floors, chopping blocks, carving boards, bridge decks, and furniture. The wood is tough, heavy, straight-grained, and pink, with a pungent bitter-almond smell when first cut, turning mahogany and odorless later.

## Conservation status

The collection of mature bark for its use in traditional medicine and other uses has resulted in the species becoming vulnerable. *P. africana* continues to be taken from the wild, but quotas have been awarded by the South African Forestry Department without adequate forest inventories due to some harvesters, spurred on by the high prices, removing too much of the bark in an unsustainable manner. In the 1990s, an estimated 35,000 debarked trees were being processed annually. The growing demand for the bark has led to the cultivation of the tree for its medicinal uses. The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES to regulate its international trade.

## Discovery and classification

The name of the remedy, pygeum, comes from the name of the plant, which was discovered to botany by Gustav Mann during his now-famous first European exploration of the Cameroon Range, with Sir Richard Francis Burton and Alfred Saker, in 1861. A letter from Mann to the Linnean Society of London, read by William Jackson Hooker, then director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, on June 5, 1862, describes the naming of the peaks of the Cameroon Range (such as Mount Victoria, later Mount Cameroon) and the collection of specimens there. The latter were shipped back to Kew for classification, which was duly performed by Hooker and his son, Joseph Dalton Hooker, who had the responsibility of publishing them, as William died in 1865.

When the publication came out the Hookers had named the plant *Pygeum africanum*, followed by the designation "n. sp.", an abbreviation for *nova species*. The habitat is listed as "Cameroons Mountains, alt. 7000-7500 feet", which was above the tropical forest and in the alpine grasslands. Hooker notes that another specimen had been "gathered in tropical Eastern Africa" at 3000 feet by Dr. Kirk on an expedition of David Livingstone.

The first publication of the synonym in 1864 had been preceded by publication of the bare name in 1863 in a book by Richard Francis Burton. Evidently Hooker had already made the contents of J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7 for 1864 available to some, as Burton mentions the volume and Mann's letter in 1863.

Hooker gives scant hint of why he chose "pygeum", but what he does say indicates it was common knowledge among botanists. Kirk's specimen fruit was "a much-depressed sphere". By this, he undoubtedly meant to reference Joseph Gaertner's genus, *Pygeum* Gaertn., which innovates pygeum from a Greek word, πυγή, "rump, buttock", because the two lobes of the fruit resemble the human gluteus maximus muscles.

In 1965, Cornelis Kalkman moved *Pygeum* to *Prunus*, and this classification has the authority for now. However, a recent cladistic study notes of *Pygeum*: "its relationships to *Prunus* remain to be tested by molecular cladistics."

## Names

*Prunus africana* is known by the common names African cherry, pygeum (from its former scientific name, *Pygeum africanum*), iron wood, red stinkwood, African plum, African prune, and bitter almond. In other languages spoken where it grows, it is known as *tikur inchet* in Amharic, *kotofihy* in Malagasy, *mkonde-konde* in Chagga, *muiri* in Kikuyu, *entasesa* or *ngwabuzito* in Ganda, *uMkakase* in Xhosa, *inyazangoma-elimnyama* or *umdumezulu* in Zulu, *tendwet* in Nandi (Kalenjin) and *rooi-stinkhout* in Afrikaans.

## Palaeobotanic evidence

A 1994/1995 study published in 1997 by Marchant and Taylor did a pollen analysis on and radiocarbon-dated two core samples from montane Mubindi Swamp in Uganda. The swamp is a catchment at 2,100 m (6,900 ft) altitude between mountain ridges. It is a "moist lower montane forest" in Bwindi Forest National Park. The investigators found montane *Prunus*, represented by currently growing *P. africana*, has been in the catchment continuously since their Pollen Zone MB6.1, dated about 43,000–33,000 years ago.

## Further reading

* Hall, J.B.; Sinclair, Fergus L; O'Brien, Eileen M. (2000). *Prunus Africana – A Monograph*. Bangor: University of Wales. ISBN 1-84220-048-8.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus africana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| With harvested bark, on Mount Cameroon | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix II (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Subgenus: | *Prunus subg. Cerasus* |
| Section: | *P. sect. Laurocerasus* |
| Species: | ***P. africana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus africana***
(Hook.f.) Kalkman | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Pygeum africanum* Hook.f.
*Pygeum crassifolium* Hauman
*Prunus crassifolia* | |


title: Panait Mușoiu

abstract: Panait Mușoiu was a Romanian anarchist and socialist activist, the author of the first Romanian translation of The Communist Manifesto. He was one of the main figures of anarchism in Romania and the founder of several left-wing magazines in which he published articles on political and social issues.

text:
# Panait Mușoiu

**Panait Mușoiu** (18 November 1864 – 14 November 1944) was a Romanian anarchist and socialist activist, the author of the first Romanian translation of The Communist Manifesto. He was one of the main figures of anarchism in Romania and the founder of several left-wing magazines (*Munca*, *Mișcarea socială*, *Revista ideei*) in which he published articles on political and social issues.

## Bibliography

* Propaganda în mişcarea socială (1891)
* Determinismul social (1892)
* Despre mişcarea socialistă (1893)
* Metoda experimentală în politică (1893)
* Scrieri (posthumously, 1976)

## Further reading

* Martin Veith, *Unbeugsam - Panait Mușoiu - ein Pionier des rumänischen Anarchismus*, Lich, 2013 (German)
* Gălățeanu, A., Gogoneață, Nicolae: *Evocări - Panait Mușoiu*, 216p., Editura Politică, București, 1970.


title: Rossiteria

abstract: Rossiteria is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Rossiteria

***Rossiteria*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The umbilicus is narrow. The columella is arcuate, obliquely plicate, terminating in a strong anterior tooth.

## Species

Species within the genus *Rossiteria* include:

Species brought into synonymy * *Monilea (Rossiteria) nucleolus* Pilsbry, 1903: synonym of *Rossiteria nucleolus* (Pilsbry, 1903)

* Wilson, B., 1993. *Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods*. Odyssey Publishing, Kallaroo, WA
* Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999) *Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Japan*. Elle Scientific Publications, Yao, Japan, 749 pp

## InfoBox

| *Rossiteria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original drawing with two views of a shel of *Rossiteria nucleolus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Rossiteria*
Brazier, 1895 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Trochus nucleus*
Philippi, R.A., 1849 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gibbula (Rossiteria)* Brazier, 1895 (original rank) * *Monilea (Rossiteria)* Brazier, 1895 * *Solanderia* P. Fischer, 1879 (Invalid: junior homonym of *Solanderia* Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1846 \[Cnidaria\]; *Rossiteria* is a replacement name) * *Trochus (Solanderia)* P. Fischer, 1879 ( junior homonym of *Solanderia* Duchassaing & Michelin, 1846) | |


title: Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation

abstract: Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation (FIF) was a charity organization established by Jamat-ud-Dawa and was based in Pakistan. In 2019, the Government of Pakistan banned the organization. It was founded in 1990 by Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and was based in Lahore, Pakistan. It belongs to Ahl-i Hadith school of thought of Sunni Islam. On 21 February 2019, the National Security Committee (NSC) of Pakistan decided to proscribe Jamat ud Dawa (JuD) and Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation (FIF) under Schedule I of the Anti-Terrorism Act 1997. A formal proscription order was issued by the Ministry of Interior on 6 June 2019. The NCS also decided to expedite implementation of the National Action Plan against terrorism throughout the country against all proscribed and UN designated organizations. As part of these efforts, the Federal Government issued the United Nations Security Council Order 2019. The objective of the order was to streamline the procedure for implementation of Security Council Sanctions against designated individuals and entities in Pakistan. The introduction of this new law helped to ensure strict compliance with UNSC Sanctions, especially the implementation of targeted financial sanctions against FiF and JuD. Accordingly, in March 2019, on the directives of the Federal Government, all provincial governments in Pakistan seized or took over administrative control of hundreds of establishments run by Jamaat ud Dawa (JuD) and Falah-i-Insaniat Foundation (FIF). Most of these facilities were related to wide humanitarian network of JuD and FiF, including schools, hospitals, madaris, colleges, dispensaries ambulances, and others.

text:
# Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation

**Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation** (**FIF**) was a charity organization established by Jamat-ud-Dawa and was based in Pakistan. In 2019, the Government of Pakistan banned the organization.

It was founded in 1990 by Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and was based in Lahore, Pakistan.

It belongs to Ahl-i Hadith school of thought of Sunni Islam.

On 21 February 2019, the National Security Committee (NSC) of Pakistan decided to proscribe Jamat ud Dawa (JuD) and Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation (FIF) under Schedule I of the Anti-Terrorism Act 1997. A formal proscription order was issued by the Ministry of Interior on 6 June 2019. The NCS also decided to expedite implementation of the National Action Plan against terrorism throughout the country against all proscribed and UN designated organizations. As part of these efforts, the Federal Government issued the United Nations Security Council (Freeze & Seizure) Order 2019. The objective of the order was to streamline the procedure for implementation of Security Council Sanctions against designated individuals and entities in Pakistan. The introduction of this new law helped to ensure strict compliance with UNSC Sanctions, especially the implementation of targeted financial sanctions against FiF and JuD. Accordingly, in March 2019, on the directives of the Federal Government, all provincial governments in Pakistan seized or took over administrative control of hundreds of establishments run by Jamaat ud Dawa (JuD) and Falah-i-Insaniat Foundation (FIF). Most of these facilities were related to wide humanitarian network of JuD and FiF, including schools, hospitals, madaris, colleges, dispensaries ambulances, and others.

## InfoBox

Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation
|
|  |
| Formation | 1990 (1990) |
| Founder | Hafiz Muhammad Saeed |
| Defunct | 2019 |
| Focus | terrorism, violence in Kashmir |
| Headquarters | Lahore, Pakistan |
| Area served | Pakistan |
| Method | Donations and Grants |
| Website | devotedtohumanity.org (The website has been blocked by Government of Pakistan and is no longer operational) |


title: Melodramma (song)

abstract: "Melodramma" is the lead single from Italian pop tenor Andrea Bocelli's 2001 album, Cieli di Toscana. The song was written by Pierpaolo Guerrini and Paolo Luciani, and is among Bocelli's most popular and well-known songs. The song was later included in Bocelli's 2007 greatest hits album, The Best of Andrea Bocelli: Vivere. The music video of the song is directed by Larry Weinstein and features Bocelli singing while riding a horse.

text:
# Melodramma (song)

"**Melodramma**" is the lead single from Italian pop tenor Andrea Bocelli's 2001 album, *Cieli di Toscana*. The song was written by Pierpaolo Guerrini and Paolo Luciani, and is among Bocelli's most popular and well-known songs.

The song was later included in Bocelli's 2007 greatest hits album, *The Best of Andrea Bocelli: Vivere*.

The music video of the song is directed by Larry Weinstein and features Bocelli singing while riding a horse.

## Chart performance

| Peak chart positions | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ITA | BEL | NL | SWI | GER |
|  | 9 | 52 | 77 | 95 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Melodramma" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Andrea Bocelli | |
| from the album  *Cieli di Toscana, The Best of Andrea Bocelli: Vivere* | |
| Released | 2001 |
| Genre | Operatic pop, pop |
| Length | 4:07 |
| Label | Decca, Sugar |
| Songwriter(s) | Pierpaolo Guerrini, Paolo Luciani |
|  | |
| Andrea Bocelli singles chronology | |
| "Canto della Terra"
(1999) "**Melodramma**"
(2001) ""Mille Lune
Mille Onde""
(2001) | |
|  | |


title: Ngã Bảy

abstract: Ngã Bảy is a city of Hậu Giang Province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. With a population of 101,192 (2017), it is the biggest city of Hau Giang, surpassing the capital Vi Thanh. It was originally part of Phụng Hiệp District. In 2005, it was split from Phụng Hiệp and was originally named Tân Hiệp, but was met with objections from locals. In late 2006, it was renamed Ngã Bảy, after a popular market in the district. It has a population of 61,024 and an area of 78.9493 km⁲ (2005). It is administratively subdivided into 4 phường and 2 xã. "Ngã Bảy" means "The Seven-way Intersection" in Vietnamese. Ngã Bảy city is the meeting place of seven canals and is also an important waterway traffic hub in the Mekong Delta. Ngã Bảy is 30 km from Cần Thơ, 30 km from the city of Sóc Trăng and 40 km from the provincial capital Vị Thanh. Ngã Bảy borders Sóc Trăng Province to the east, Phụng Hiệp to the west and south and Châu Thành District to the north. Ngã Bảy is more than 70 km from Vị Thanh by highway, but it is conveniently located for economic developments. It lies on National Road 1A and lies between the regional towns of Cần Thơ and Sóc Trăng. From 1915, Phụng Hiệp floating market was formed at the intersection of seven different rivers. The town of Tân Hiệp was established by Government Decree 98/2005/ND-CP, issued on July 26, 2005, which divided the district of Phụng Hiệp into the new town of Tân Hiệp and Phụng Hiệp district. The new name came as a shock to the locals, who protested against it.

text:
# Ngã Bảy

**Ngã Bảy** is a city of Hậu Giang Province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. With a population of 101,192 (2017), it is the biggest city of Hau Giang, surpassing the capital Vi Thanh. It was originally part of Phụng Hiệp District. In 2005, it was split from Phụng Hiệp and was originally named **Tân Hiệp**, but was met with objections from locals. In late 2006, it was renamed Ngã Bảy, after a popular market in the district. It has a population of 61,024 and an area of 78.9493 km2 (2005). It is administratively subdivided into 4 *phường* (urban wards) (Hiệp Lợi, Hiệp Thành, Lái Hiếu and Ngã Bảy) and 2  (rural communes) (Đại Thành and Tân Thành).

"*Ngã Bảy*" means "*The Seven-way Intersection*" in Vietnamese. Ngã Bảy city is the meeting place of seven canals (Cái Côn, Quản Lộ - Phụng Hiệp, Lái Hiếu, Mang Cá, Mương Lộ, Xẻo Dong, Xẻo Môn) and is also an important waterway traffic hub in the Mekong Delta.

Ngã Bảy is 30 km from Cần Thơ, 30 km from the city of Sóc Trăng and 40 km from the provincial capital Vị Thanh.

Ngã Bảy borders Sóc Trăng Province to the east, Phụng Hiệp to the west and south and Châu Thành District to the north.

Ngã Bảy is more than 70 km from Vị Thanh by highway, but it is conveniently located for economic developments. It lies on National Road 1A and lies between the regional towns of Cần Thơ and Sóc Trăng.

From 1915, Phụng Hiệp floating market was formed at the intersection of seven different rivers.

The town of Tân Hiệp was established by Government Decree 98/2005/ND-CP, issued on July 26, 2005, which divided the district of Phụng Hiệp into the new town of Tân Hiệp and Phụng Hiệp district. The new name came as a shock to the locals, who protested against it.

9°48′59″N 105°49′11″E / 9.81639°N 105.81972°E / 9.81639; 105.81972

## InfoBox

| Ngã Bảy Thành phố Ngã Bảy | |
| --- | --- |
| City (Class-3) | |
| Ngã Bảy City | |
|  | |
| Interactive map outlining Ngã Bảy | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Mekong Delta |
| Province | Hậu Giang |
| Area | |
| Total | 30.48 sq mi (78.95 km2) |
| Population (2019) | |
| Total | 101,192 |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (Indochina Time) |


title: Marge's Son Poisoning

abstract: "Marge's Son Poisoning" is the fifth episode of the seventeenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 13, 2005. The episode was the first one written by Daniel Chun and was directed by Mike B. Anderson. In this episode, Bart bonds with Marge when he sees that she is lonely while Homer participates in arm wrestling after he uses a dumbbell to make his arm strong. The episode received mixed reviews.

text:
# Marge's Son Poisoning

"**Marge's Son Poisoning**" is the fifth episode of the seventeenth season of the American animated television series *The Simpsons*. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 13, 2005. The episode was the first one written by Daniel Chun and was directed by Mike B. Anderson.

In this episode, Bart bonds with Marge when he sees that she is lonely while Homer participates in arm wrestling after he uses a dumbbell to make his arm strong. The episode received mixed reviews.

## Plot

The family visits Paradise Pier, the Ferris wheel of which Marge has been looking forward all her life to riding, only to find out that it is being dismantled with its equipment being too old. Homer purchases a dumbbell, while Marge gets a tandem bicycle. When Marge wants to take the bike for a ride, she finds Homer and the kids unwilling to join her. Marge tries it on her own and repeatedly falls. Realizing that she might actually be lonely, Bart offers to go for a ride with her. They ride into an unincorporated part of the county and come upon a small village that features a tea house. Later, the tea house closes forever, causing Bart to invite Marge to his treehouse for tea.

Marge redecorates the treehouse and the pair goes off to get a new tea service; Bart gets a Krusty the Clown Tea Set. Outside the store, the bullies Jimbo, Dolph and Kearney accuse Bart of being a mama's boy, which causes Bart to rebel against her. Marge goes into a depression and eventually sells the bike to Chief Wiggum, Eddie and Lou.

Feeling bad, Bart offers to team with her in a karaoke contest. While seeing Principal Skinner and his mother Agnes perform, Marge has visions of a bad future for her and Bart, and she stops the show to prevent that future from occurring. She then lets Bart know that he can find his own way of life and that he should not worry about her because she has to worry about him. To make things better, she gives him a fire extinguisher to spray in front of the audience, including the bullies that tormented him.

Meanwhile, at Moe's Tavern, Homer shows off the strength in one of his arms he has gained from working with the dumbbell, and Moe has an idea on how to capitalize on it. Moe takes Homer to the arm wrestling championships, where Homer readily wins the grand prizea refund on his $50 admission feebut finds that he really misses his wife. He drives home to reunite with Marge at karaoke, stopping to win a pie-eating contest along the way.

## Reception

### Viewing figures

The episode earned a 4.1 rating and was watched by 11.41 million viewers, which was the 27th most-watched show that week.

### Critical response

Ryan Budke of *The Huffington Post* praised the episode, saying "although, this episode wasn't the best this season, it was still a great one, and a vast improvement over the majority of shows they've had in the past couple of years."

Colin Jacobson of *DVD Movie Guide* said that the episode is a example of the season bringing "nothing new" but liked seeing how Marge recognizing how she has changed Bart.

On *Four Finger Discount*, Brendan Dando enjoyed the episode, finding the Marge and Bart plot relatable. However, Guy Davis thought the couch gag was funny, but the episode got progressively worse. They also thought the subplot with Homer had no point.

Jesse Schedeen of *IGN* thought the scene of Bart being too busy to ride a tandem bike with Marge because he was playing a video game where he rides a tandem bike was funny because it showed how "people are happy to play video games simulating dull, laborious activities they'd never undertake in real life."

## InfoBox

| "**Marge's Son Poisoning**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Simpsons* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 17<br>Episode 5 |
| Directed by | Mike B. Anderson |
| Written by | Daniel Chun |
| Production code | GABF20 |
| Original air date | November 13, 2005 (2005-11-13) |
|  | |
| Episode features | |
| Couch gag | The Simpsons go to sit on the couch, but the couch grows fangs and snarls at the family. The Simpsons run out into the street, where everyone's chairs, sofas, and loungers are rising up and attacking their masters. Sherri and Terri are swallowed by their beanbag chairs, Officers Eddie and Lou are trapped in their police car as the couches rock it back and forth, Professor Frink is attacked by his futuristic couch, and Moe fights back against his bar stools by blasting them with his shotgun. Homer hides out from the rampaging seats in a store called “Couch World”, but is not safe there as all the couches pile on top of Homer and crush him. |
| Commentary |  |
|  | |
|
|


title: MusicVR

abstract: MusicVR is a virtual reality project created and developed by the musician Mike Oldfield. To date it has produced two standalone simulation games and inspired content for some of Oldfield's albums. As of January 2010 Tubular.net hosts the free downloads of the two games.

text:
# MusicVR

**MusicVR** is a virtual reality project created and developed by the musician Mike Oldfield. To date it has produced two standalone simulation games and inspired content for some of Oldfield's albums. As of January 2010 Tubular.net hosts the free downloads of the two games.

## History

MusicVR set out to be a real-time virtual reality experience combining imagery and music, as a non-violent and essentially a non-goal driven game. In the early 1990s when Oldfield first wanted to create this world, the computers required to render the quality of images he wanted were large and vastly expensive. This prevented the early versions of the game from being released to the public, and although Oldfield had toyed with the idea of touring the game with his own powerful computer, this never happened. It was not just the graphical demands that were restrictive, but also the idea that the game should have 'freedom' and not be restricted to one path.

In 1994, Oldfield's album *The Songs of Distant Earth*, one of the first enhanced CDs, featured a 3D interactive segment, with some ideas similar to MusicVR. This content only works on Apple Mac OS 9 and earlier. Music Virtual Reality (MusicVR) was previously called *Sonic Reality* and *Sonic VR* during its development stages.

By the 2000s, as home computers had grown in complexity and capabilities, this earlier problem was mostly erased. Oldfield and his team of programmers set off developing a version of the MusicVR game for release to the public. Because the nature and idea of MusicVR was so different from many of today's games, they felt that they could not use an existing game engine. They developed their own, with Oldfield's creative control of the project deciding its look and feel at each step.

The game was developed on and for Windows based PCs, although Oldfield uses Apple Macintosh computers for recording much of his music.

## *Tres Lunas*

The first publicly released MusicVR game was called *Tres Lunas*. It contained specially composed music as well as pieces from the album of the same name.

## *Maestro*

The second MusicVR game was called *Maestro*. It contained specially composed music as well as pieces from *Tubular Bells 2003* album.


title: Žilinėliai

abstract: Žilinėliai is a village in Jakėnai Eldership, Varėna District Municipality, Alytus County, in southeastern Lithuania. As of the 2011 census, the population was 20.

text:
# Žilinėliai

**Žilinėliai** is a village in Jakėnai Eldership, Varėna District Municipality, Alytus County, in southeastern Lithuania. As of the 2011 census, the population was 20.

## Geography

The village is located in southeastern Lithuania, in the northern part of Varėna District Municipality. It lies 14.75 kilometres (9.17 mi) north of the town of Varėna, the seat of the municipality. Vilnius is 56.8 kilometres (35.3 mi) to the northeast. Lake Netečius is 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) to the north.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2011, there were 20 people, of which 45% were male and 55% female.

As of the census of 2001, there were 37 people, of which 48.6% were male and 51.4% female.

## Transportation

The village lies along the  A 4 (VilniusVarėnaDruskininkaiGrodno) highway, directly linking the settlement to Vilnius and Belarus. National road  K 128 (Naujieji ValkininkaiDaugaiAlytus) also runs north of the village.

## InfoBox

| Žilinėliai | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| ŽilinėliaiLocation in Varėna District MunicipalityŽilinėliaiŽilinėliai (Lithuania) | |
| Coordinates: 54°20′9.6″N 24°38′31.2″E / 54.336000°N 24.642000°E / 54.336000; 24.642000 | |
| Country | Lithuania |
| County | Alytus County |
| Municipality | Varėna District Municipality |
| Eldership | Jakėnai Eldership |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 20 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 65428 |


title: Paley graph

abstract:
In mathematics, Paley graphs are undirected graphs constructed from the members of a suitable finite field by connecting pairs of elements that differ by a quadratic residue. The Paley graphs form an infinite family of conference graphs, which yield an infinite family of symmetric conference matrices. Paley graphs allow graph-theoretic tools to be applied to the number theory of quadratic residues, and have interesting properties that make them useful in graph theory more generally. Paley graphs are named after Raymond Paley. They are closely related to the Paley construction for constructing Hadamard matrices from quadratic residues.
They were introduced as graphs independently by Sachs (1962) and Erdős & Rényi (1963). Sachs was interested in them for their self-complementarity properties, while Erdős and Rényi studied their symmetries. Paley digraphs are directed analogs of Paley graphs that yield antisymmetric conference matrices. They were introduced by Graham & Spencer (1971) as a way of constructing tournaments with a property previously known to be held only by random tournaments: in a Paley digraph, every small subset of vertices is dominated by some other vertex.

text:
# Paley graph

In mathematics, **Paley graphs** are undirected graphs constructed from the members of a suitable finite field by connecting pairs of elements that differ by a quadratic residue. The Paley graphs form an infinite family of conference graphs, which yield an infinite family of symmetric conference matrices. Paley graphs allow graph-theoretic tools to be applied to the number theory of quadratic residues, and have interesting properties that make them useful in graph theory more generally.

Paley graphs are named after Raymond Paley. They are closely related to the Paley construction for constructing Hadamard matrices from quadratic residues. They were introduced as graphs independently by Sachs (1962) and Erdős & Rényi (1963). Sachs was interested in them for their self-complementarity properties, while Erdős and Rényi studied their symmetries.

**Paley digraphs** are directed analogs of Paley graphs that yield antisymmetric conference matrices. They were introduced by Graham & Spencer (1971) (independently of Sachs, Erdős, and Rényi) as a way of constructing tournaments with a property previously known to be held only by random tournaments: in a Paley digraph, every small subset of vertices is dominated by some other vertex.

## Definition

Let *q* be a prime power such that *q* = 1 (mod 4). That is, *q* should either be an arbitrary power of a Pythagorean prime (a prime congruent to 1 mod 4) or an even power of an odd non-Pythagorean prime. This choice of *q* implies that in the unique finite field **F***q* of order *q*, the element  −1 has a square root.

Now let *V* = **F***q* and let

$E=\left\\{\\{a,b\\}\ :\ a-b\in (\mathbf {F} \_{q}^{\times })^{2}\right\\}$.

If a pair {*a*,*b*} is included in *E*, it is included under either ordering of its two elements. For, *a*  *b* = −(*b*  *a*), and  −1 is a square, from which it follows that *a*  *b* is a square if and only if *b*  *a* is a square.

By definition *G* = (*V*, *E*) is the Paley graph of order *q*.

## Example

For *q* = 13, the field **F***q* is just integer arithmetic modulo 13. The numbers with square roots mod 13 are:

* ±1 (square roots ±1 for +1, ±5 for 1)
* ±3 (square roots ±4 for +3, ±6 for 3)
* ±4 (square roots ±2 for +4, ±3 for 4).

Thus, in the Paley graph, we form a vertex for each of the integers in the range \[0,12\], and connect each such integer *x* to six neighbors: *x* ± 1 (mod 13), *x* ± 3 (mod 13), and *x* ± 4 (mod 13).

## Properties

The Paley graphs are self-complementary: the complement of any Paley graph is isomorphic to it. One isomorphism is via the mapping that takes a vertex x to *xk* (mod *q*), where k is any nonresidue mod *q*.

Paley graphs are strongly regular graphs, with parameters

$$srg\left(q,{\tfrac {1}{2}(q-1),{\tfrac {1}{4}(q-5),{\tfrac {1}{4}(q-1)\right).}}}$$

This in fact follows from the fact that the graph is arc-transitive and self-complementary. The strongly regular graphs with parameters of this form (for an arbitrary q) are called conference graphs, so the Paley graphs form an infinite family of conference graphs. The adjacency matrix of a conference graph, such as a Paley graph, can be used to construct a conference matrix, and vice versa. These are matrices whose coefficients are ±1, with zero on the diagaonal, that give a scalar multiple of the identity matrix when multiplied by their transpose.

The eigenvalues of Paley graphs are $\tfrac {1}{2}(q-1)$ (with multiplicity 1) and $\tfrac {1}{2}(-1\pm {\sqrt {q})}$ (both with multiplicity $\tfrac {1}{2}(q-1)$). They can be calculated using the quadratic Gauss sum or by using the theory of strongly regular graphs.

If q is prime, the isoperimetric number *i*(*G*) of the Paley graph satisfies the following bounds:

$\displaystyle {\frac {q-{\sqrt {q}{4}\leq i(G)\leq {\frac {q-1}{4}.}}}}$

When q is prime, the associated Paley graph is a Hamiltonian circulant graph.

Paley graphs are *quasi-random*: the number of times each possible constant-order graph occurs as a subgraph of a Paley graph is (in the limit for large q) the same as for random graphs, and large sets of vertices have approximately the same number of edges as they would in random graphs.

* The Paley graph of order 9 is a locally linear graph, a rook's graph, and the graph of the 3-3 duoprism.
* The Paley graph of order 13 has book thickness 4 and queue number 3.
* The Paley graph of order 17 is the unique largest graph *G* such that neither *G* nor its complement contains a complete 4-vertex subgraph. It follows that the Ramsey number *R*(4, 4) = 18.
* The Paley graph of order 101 is currently the largest known graph *G* such that neither *G* nor its complement contains a complete 6-vertex subgraph.
* Sasukara et al. (1993) use Paley graphs to generalize the construction of the Horrocks–Mumford bundle.

## Paley digraphs

Let *q* be a prime power such that *q* = 3 (mod 4). Thus, the finite field of order *q*, **F***q*, has no square root of 1. Consequently, for each pair (*a*,*b*) of distinct elements of **F***q*, either *a**b* or *b**a*, but not both, is a square. The **Paley digraph** is the directed graph with vertex set *V* = **F***q* and arc set

$$A=\left\\{(a,b)\in \mathbf {F} \_{q}\times \mathbf {F} \_{q}\ :\ b-a\in (\mathbf {F} \_{q}^{\times })^{2}\right\\}.$$

The Paley digraph is a tournament because each pair of distinct vertices is linked by an arc in one and only one direction.

The Paley digraph leads to the construction of some antisymmetric conference matrices and biplane geometries.

## Genus

The six neighbors of each vertex in the Paley graph of order 13 are connected in a cycle; that is, the graph is locally cyclic. Therefore, this graph can be embedded as a Whitney triangulation of a torus, in which every face is a triangle and every triangle is a face. More generally, if any Paley graph of order *q* could be embedded so that all its faces are triangles, we could calculate the genus of the resulting surface via the Euler characteristic as $\tfrac {1}{24}(q^{2}-13q+24)$. Bojan Mohar conjectures that the minimum genus of a surface into which a Paley graph can be embedded is near this bound in the case that *q* is a square, and questions whether such a bound might hold more generally. Specifically, Mohar conjectures that the Paley graphs of square order can be embedded into surfaces with genus

$$(q^{2}-13q+24)\left({\tfrac {1}{24}+o(1)\right),}$$

where the o(1) term can be any function of *q* that goes to zero in the limit as *q* goes to infinity.

White (2001) finds embeddings of the Paley graphs of order *q*  1 (mod 8) that are highly symmetric and self-dual, generalizing a natural embedding of the Paley graph of order 9 as a 3×3 square grid on a torus. However the genus of White's embeddings is higher by approximately a factor of three than Mohar's conjectured bound.

## Further reading

* Baker, R. D.; Ebert, G. L.; Hemmeter, J.; Woldar, A. J. (1996). "Maximal cliques in the Paley graph of square order". *J. Statist. Plann. Inference*. **56**: 33–38. doi:10.1016/S0378-3758(96)00006-7.
* Broere, I.; Döman, D.; Ridley, J. N. (1988). "The clique numbers and chromatic numbers of certain Paley graphs". *Quaestiones Mathematicae*. **11**: 91–93. doi:10.1080/16073606.1988.9631945.

## InfoBox

| Paley graph | |
| --- | --- |
| The Paley graph of order 13 | |
| Named after | Raymond Paley |
| Vertices | *q* ≡ 1 mod 4,
*q* prime power |
| Edges | *q*(*q* − 1)/4 |
| Diameter | 2 |
| Properties | Strongly regular
Conference graph
Self-complementary |
| Notation | QR(*q*) |
| Table of graphs and parameters | |


# List of UK R&B Albums Chart number ones of 2014

The UK R&B Chart is a weekly chart, first introduced in October 1994, that ranks the 40 biggest-selling singles and albums that are classified in the R&B genre in the United Kingdom. The chart is compiled by the Official Charts Company, and is based on sales of CDs, downloads, vinyl and other formats over the previous seven days.

The following are the number-one albums of 2014.

## Number-one albums

| Issue date | Album | Artist(s) | Record label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 January | *Beyoncé* | Beyoncé | Parkwood/Columbia |  |
| | | | 12 January |  |
| 19 January | *The Trevor Nelson Collection 2* | Various Artists | Sony Music Entertainment |  |
| | | | 26 January |  |
| | | | 2 February |  |
| | | | 9 February |  |
| | | | 16 February |  |
| 23 February | *Beyoncé* | Beyoncé | Parkwood/Columbia |  |
| | | | 2 March |  |
| 9 March | *G I R L* | Pharrell Williams | i Am Other/Columbia |  |
| | | | 16 March |  |
| | | | 23 March |  |
| 30 March | *Love in the Future* | John Legend | GOOD Music/Columbia |  |
| | | | 6 April |  |
| 13 April \[b\] | *Lift Your Spirit* | Aloe Blacc | Interscope |  |
| 20 April | *Love in the Future* | John Legend | GOOD Music/Columbia |  |
| 27 April | *The New Classic* | Iggy Azalea | Island |  |
| 4 May | *Love in the Future* | John Legend | GOOD Music/Columbia |  |
| | | | 11 May |  |
| | | | 18 May |  |
| 25 May | *G I R L* | Pharrell Williams | i Am Other/Columbia |  |
| | | | 1 June |  |
| 8 June | *Animal Ambition* | 50 Cent | G-Unit Records |  |
| 15 June | *G I R L* | Pharrell Williams | i Am Other/Columbia |  |
| 22 June | *Pure R&B 90's* | Various Artists | WMTV221 |  |
| | | | 29 June |  |
| 6 July | *Trigga* | Trey Songz | Atlantic |  |
| 13 July | *Chilled R&B: The Gold Edition* | Various Artists | Sony Music |  |
| | | | 20 July |  |
| 27 July | *G I R L* | Pharrell Williams | i Am Other/Columbia |  |
| 3 August | *The Ultimate Collection* | Whitney Houston | Arista |  |
| 10 August \[b\] | *Love in the Future* | John Legend | GOOD Music/Columbia |  |
| | | | 17 August \[b\] |  |
| 24 August | *The Grandmaster Flash Collection* | Various Artists | Sony Music |  |
| | | | 31 August |  |
| | | | 7 September |  |
| 14 September | *Goddess* | Banks | Harvest |  |
| 21 September |  | Chris Brown | RCA |  |
| 28 September \[b\] | *Growing Up in Public* | Professor Green | Virgin Records |  |
| 5 October | *Art Official Age* | Prince | NPG Records/Warner Bros. Records |  |
| 12 October | *X* | Chris Brown | RCA |  |
| 19 October | *G I R L* | Pharrell Williams | i Am Other/Columbia |  |
| | | | 26 October |  |
| 2 November | *Dead* | Young Fathers | Anticon |  |
| 9 November \[b\] | *Love in the Future* | John Legend | GOOD Music/Columbia |  |
| | | | 16 November \[b\] |  |
| 23 November | *Back to Black* | Amy Winehouse | Island |  |
| 30 November | *Shady XV* | Various Artists | Shady Records/Interscope |  |
| 7 December | *Greatest Hits* | Luther Vandross | Epic |  |
| 14 December | *2014 Forest Hills Drive* | J. Cole | Dreamville/Roc Nation/Columbia |  |
| 21 December | *The Pinkprint* | Nicki Minaj | Young Money/Cash Money/Republic Records |  |
| 28 December \[b\] | *Love in the Future* | John Legend | GOOD Music/Columbia |  |
|


title: Prostitution in Belize

abstract: Prostitution in Belize is legal, but the buying of sexual services is not. Associated activities such as operating a brothel, loitering for the purposes of prostitution and soliciting sex are also illegal. Prostitution is widespread and takes place on the streets and in brothels, bars, nightclubs and hotels. Although denied by the Belize government, the country is a destination for sex tourism. Child sex tourism is a problem, primarily serving visitors from the United States. Sex trafficking is also a problem in the country.

text:
# Prostitution in Belize

**Prostitution in Belize** is legal, but the buying of sexual services is not. Associated activities such as operating a brothel, loitering for the purposes of prostitution and soliciting sex are also illegal.

Prostitution is widespread and takes place on the streets and in brothels, bars, nightclubs and hotels.

Although denied by the Belize government, the country is a destination for sex tourism. Child sex tourism is a problem, primarily serving visitors from the United States. Sex trafficking is also a problem in the country.

Whilst prostitution is legal, the buying of sexual services is not.

Related activities such as procuring another person to work as a prostitute, providing premises for prostitution and living off the earnings of prostitution are illegal. Keeping, managing or assisting in the management of a brothel is also prohibited. Liquor licensing laws prohibit prostitution in bars.

The Summary Jurisdiction (Offences) Act Chapter 98 prohibits "common prostitutes" (women who have previously received a police warning) from soliciting in a street or public place for the purpose of prostitution. "Male persons" are prohibited from loitering for the purpose of prostitution, or to persistently solicit or importune for immoral purposes.

The laws treat prostitution offences as nuisances and penalties are small.

The Trafficking in Persons Prohibition Act of 2003 combats trafficking, but the maximum penalty is low, compared to other countries, at 5 years imprisonment or $5,000 fine.

The Immigration laws prohibit the entry into the country of prostitutes or any person living off the proceeds of prostitution.

The laws are commonly not enforced, and law enforcement officials are often corrupt.

## Brothels

Although illegal, brothels are widespread in the country. Orange Walk Town is reputed to have the highest concentration of brothels.

In June 2011, the country's best known brothel, Raul's Rose Garden, was burnt down. It had first opened in February 1981. Before their withdrawal in the 1990s, the establishment was popular with British soldiers.

Some hotels operate a "ficha" system. Prostitutes rent rooms in the hotel and attract clients in the bar. The women are paid commission on the drinks bought by the clients before going to the rooms. The rent of the room is taken out of the commission. These hotels are often connected to nightclubs or go-go bars.

### Military brothels

To try to combat the spread of STIs, including HIV, and by inter-governmental agreement, a number of brothels were set up for the exclusive use of British troops stationed in the country. The prostitutes, many from Guatemala, had to carry a photo identification card and undergo weekly health checks. The use of condoms was mandatory.

## Sex trafficking

Belize is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking. The UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons reported family members facilitate the sex trafficking of Belizean women and girls. In tourist regions, foreign child sex tourists, primarily from the United States, exploit child sex trafficking victims. Sex trafficking of Belizean and foreign women and girls, primarily from Central America, occur in bars, nightclubs, brothels, and domestic service. LGBTI men, women, and children are vulnerable to sex trafficking. Foreign men, women, and children—particularly from Central America, Mexico, and Asia—migrate voluntarily to Belize in search of work and are often exploited by traffickers who recruit victims using false promises of relatively high-paying jobs. Some migrants are subjected to sex trafficking. Trafficking-related complicity by government officials remains a problem.

The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks Belize as a Tier 3 country.


title: Melodryas

abstract: Melodryas is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tineidae. It contains only one species, Melodryas doris, which is found on the Solomon Islands. The wingspan is 20–21 mm. The forewings are elongate and purplish-black with a broad orange transverse fascia.

text:
# Melodryas

***Melodryas*** is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tineidae. It contains only one species, ***Melodryas doris***, which is found on the Solomon Islands.

The wingspan is 20–21 mm. The forewings are elongate and purplish-black with a broad orange transverse fascia.

## InfoBox

| *Melodryas* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Genus: | ***Melodryas***
Meyrick, 1910 |
| Species: | ***M. doris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melodryas doris***
Meyrick, 1910 | |
|


title: Rossiteria nucleolus

abstract: Rossiteria nucleolus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

text:
# Rossiteria nucleolus

***Rossiteria nucleolus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The height of the shell attains 5.6 mm, its diameter 6.3 mm. The narrowly umbilicateshell has a depressed globose-conic shape. Its color pattern is white with an interrupted buff zone above, and conspicuously variegated with squarish black-brown spots, of which there is a row of broad ones below the suture (three or four on a whorl), a row of smaller ones just above the periphery, and another one on the base. Besides these, there is an irregular articulation or dotting of dark brown on the spiral cords. The glossy surface is sculptured with numerous very low and subequal, nearly smooth spiral threads, almost obsolete on the base, but reappearing on the border of the umbilicus. The surface shows, under a lens, subregular, close, longitudinal grooves, almost obsolete, but visible near the suture and umbilicus. The five whorls are convex. The body whorl is well rounded. The aperture is oblique. The columellar margin is deeply concave in the middle. The columella is abruptly truncate at the base. The outer lip is bevelled to a sharp edge, thickened and spirally lirate within.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Japan and the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Rossiteria nucleolus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original drawing with two views of a shel of *Rossiteria nucleolus* | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Trochidae |
| Genus: | *Rossiteria* |
| Species: | ***R. nucleolus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rossiteria nucleolus***<br>(Pilsbry, 1903) | |
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| Synonyms | |
| *Monilea (Rossiteria) nucleolus* H. Pilsbry, 1903(original description) | |