title: Needcompany

abstract: Needcompany is an international performance group formed in 1986. The two artists at the heart of Needcompany are Jan Lauwers and Grace Ellen Barkey. Lauwers is the company's founder and artistic director. Their associated performing artists are MaisonDahlBonnema, Lemm&Barkey, OHNO COOPERATION and the NC ensemble, which includes Viviane De Muynck. They create work of their own under Needcompany's wings. Needcompany's work has been documented by John Freeman in 'The Greatest Shows on Earth: World Theatre from Peter Brook to the Sydney Olympics' and in an article for New Theatre Quarterly 'No Boundaries Here: Brecht, Lauwers, and European Theatre after Postmodernism' 29(03).

text:
# Needcompany

**Needcompany** is an international performance group formed in 1986.

The two artists at the heart of Needcompany are Jan Lauwers and Grace Ellen Barkey. Lauwers is the company's founder and artistic director.

Their associated performing artists are *MaisonDahlBonnema* (Hans Petter Dahl & Anna Sophia Bonnema), *Lemm&Barkey* (Lot Lemm & Grace Ellen Barkey), *OHNO COOPERATION* (Maarten Seghers & Jan Lauwers) and the NC ensemble, which includes Viviane De Muynck. They create work of their own under Needcompany's wings.

Needcompany's work has been documented by John Freeman in 'The Greatest Shows on Earth: World Theatre from Peter Brook to the Sydney Olympics' and in an article for New Theatre Quarterly 'No Boundaries Here: Brecht, Lauwers, and European Theatre after Postmodernism' 29(03).

## Work by Jan Lauwers

* 1987 : *Need to Know*
* 1989 : *ça va*
* 1990 : *Julius Caesar*
* 1991 : *Invictos*
* 1992 : *Antonius und Kleopatra*
* 1992 : *SCHADE/schade*
* 1993 : *Orfeo*, opera by Walter Hus
* 1994 : *The Snakesong Trilogy - Snakesong/Le Voyeur*
* 1995 : *The Snakesong Trilogy - Snakesong/Le Pouvoir (Leda)*
* 1996 : *Needcompany's Macbeth*
* 1996 : *The Snakesong Trilogy - Snakesong/Le Désir*
* 1997 : *Caligula, No beauty for me there, where human life is rare, part one*
* 1998 : *The Snakesong Trilogy*, adapted version with live music
* 1999 : *Morning Song, No beauty for me there, where human life is rare, part two*
* 2000 : *Needcompany's King Lear*
* 2000 : *DeaDDogsDon'tDance/ DjamesDjoyceDeaD*
* 2001 : *Ein Sturm*
* 2002 : *Images of Affection*
* 2003 : *No Comment*
* 2004 : *Isabella's Room*
* 2006 : *All is vanity*
* 2006 : *The Lobster Shop*
* 2007 : *The Porcelain Project*
* 2008 : *The Deer House*
* 2008 : *The Sad Face | Happy Face trilogy*
* 2011 : *The art of entertainment*
* 2012 : *Market Place 76*

## Film work

### Short films

* *From Alexandria* (1988)
* *Mangia* (1995)
* *Sampled Images* (2000)
* *C-Song 01* (2003)
* *C-Songs – The Lobster Shop* (2006)

### Film

* *Goldfish Game* (2002)
* *I Want (No) Reality* (2012) by Ana Brzezinska

## Other

* *The Unauthorized Portrait* by Nico Leunen

## Work by Grace Ellen Barkey

* 1992 : *One*
* 1993 : *Don Quijote*
* 1995 : *Tres*
* 1997 : *Stories (histoires/verhalen)*
* 1998 : *Rood Red Rouge*
* 1999 : *The Miraculous Mandarin*
* 2000 : *Few Things*
* 2002 : *(AND)*
* 2005 : *Chunking*
* 2007 : *The Porcelain Project*
* 2010: *This door is too small (for a bear)'*
* 2013 : *Mush-Room* with music by The Residents

Media related to Needcompany at Wikimedia Commons

* "Official website".


title: Openreach

abstract: Openreach Limited is a company wholly owned by BT Group plc, that maintain telephone cables, ducts, cabinets and exchanges that connect nearly all homes and businesses in the United Kingdom to various national broadband and telephone networks. They were established in 2006 following an agreement between BT and the UK's telecoms regulator, Ofcom, to implement certain undertakings, pursuant to the Enterprise Act 2002, to ensure that rival telecom operators have equality of access to BT's local network. Openreach manages BT's local access network which connects customers to their local telephone exchange, starting at the main distribution frame (MDF) in the exchange and ending at the network termination point (NTP) at the end user's premises. Openreach also manages the connections between the MDF and the BT Wholesale/local-loop unbundling (LLU) termination points located in the exchange, often referred to as jumper connections. In March 2017, after various negotiations with, and demands from, Ofcom, BT plc agreed to divest Openreach's staff and non-network assets into a legally separate company, Openreach Limited. However, the network assets would still be owned by BT plc to ensure the longevity of leases and covenants, and Openreach Limited would still be wholly owned by BT plc's parent holding company, BT Group plc.

text:
# Openreach

**Openreach Limited** is a company wholly owned by BT Group plc, that maintain telephone cables, ducts, cabinets and exchanges that connect nearly all homes and businesses in the United Kingdom to various national broadband and telephone networks. They were established in 2006 following an agreement between BT and the UK's telecoms regulator, Ofcom, to implement certain undertakings, pursuant to the Enterprise Act 2002, to ensure that rival telecom operators have equality of access to BT's local network.

Openreach manages BT's local access network which connects customers to their local telephone exchange, starting at the main distribution frame (MDF) in the exchange and ending at the network termination point (NTP) at the end user's premises. Openreach also manages the connections between the MDF and the BT Wholesale/local-loop unbundling (LLU) termination points located in the exchange, often referred to as jumper connections.

In March 2017, after various negotiations with, and demands from, Ofcom, BT plc agreed to divest Openreach's staff and non-network assets into a legally separate company, Openreach Limited. However, the network assets would still be owned by BT plc to ensure the longevity of leases and covenants, and Openreach Limited would still be wholly owned by BT plc's parent holding company, BT Group plc.

## History

Following the Telecommunications Strategic Review (TSR), in September 2005 British Telecom signed undertakings with Ofcom to create a separate division, for the purpose of providing equal access to BT’s local access network and backhaul products. Ofcom previously argued that BT had significant market power in the British telecommunications market, specifically in residential voice services, business retail services, leased lines, wholesale international services, and wholesale broadband and fixed narrowband services. The resulting organisation, Openreach, opened for business in January 2006 and reported directly to the BT chief executive.

The functional separation of Openreach from BT has had mixed results, according to economists J. Gregory Sidak and Andrew Vassallo, who have argued that while Openreach’s creation produced the short-run benefit of lower prices, it also led to long-run costs, such as declines in telecommunications investment, customer satisfaction, and measures of the United Kingdom’s global competitiveness in telecommunications.

Today, the company is structured such that it is a wholly owned subsidiary of British Telecommunications plc (BT), which itself includes the four separately managed businesses and virtually all other assets of the BT Group.

## Operations

Field Telecommunications engineers install and maintain the physical network wiring from the telephone exchange into end customers' premises on behalf of 537 communication providers (CPs) which sell services directly to end customers.

Openreach engineers visit around 29,500 homes and offices every weekday on behalf of its customers, the CPs. They make 80,800 provision visits on copper, fibre and TV, and manage 90,000 repairs to its copper, fibre and broadband networks every week, remove around 40,000 unused cable connections from its exchanges and provide another 75,000 every day.

Every week they also deal with 650 network breakdowns due to damage, theft and weather, test 12,000 poles and replace 920, replace 85 cables and street cabinets, fix 100 low wires and connect another 3,000 newsite plots to its network.

## Fibre rollout

In 2009, BT announced that Openreach would connect 2.5 million British homes to the higher speed FTTP network service by 2012 and 25% of the UK. In July 2010 Openreach signed an 800 million contract with ECI Telecom to help it service and create a fibre-optic network serving 18 million households in the UK. The deal was the largest in ECI's history. However, by the end of September 2015 only 250,000 homes were connected. Instead, BT offered an "FTTP on Demand" product. In 2017, Openreach proposed offering super-fast fibre broadband to 10 million homes by 2025, using fibre to the premises (FTTP) technology.

In June 2017 Openreach demonstrated its version of G.fast technology, using "side pods" that can be bolted on to existing cabinets to offer potential UK broadband speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s. The technology is designed for distances of less than 500 metres (547 yards) between the cabinet and the property, and is cheaper to implement than FTTP because it does not involve laying fibre cables, although its maximum speed capacity is less than FTTP. Openreach proposed making G.fast-enabled broadband available to 12 million premises by 2020. By June 2018 G.fast technology had been made available to premises in 40 locations. Meanwhile Openreach were connecting 8000 properties per week to FTTP with the aim of reaching 3 million premises by 2020, a target that was to increase following the publication of the Government's "Future Telecoms Infrastructure Review" and an increase in the supply of FTTP by alternative network ISPs. By May 2019, when it had connected 1.2 million premises to FTTP, Openreach aimed to have connected 4 million premises by 2021 and 15 million by around 2025.

## Criticism

Since its founding, Openreach has been criticised for its broadband speeds and for what its critics regard as the decreasing competitiveness of the UK's internet infrastructure. A study conducted in 2015 found that the UK had lower average speeds than Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Finland, Denmark, the Czech Republic and Belgium, but higher average speeds than Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Openreach has also received a high number of customer complaints relating to poor service. It does not communicate directly with members of the public, but only with their service providers.

BT have been accused of abusing their Openreach monopoly, which generated almost 35% of operating profits in 2016, particularly by underinvesting in the UK's broadband infrastructure, charging high prices and providing poor customer service.

In January 2016, a cross-party report by the British Infrastructure Group of MPs, working from data from the Office for National Statistics, found that around 5.7 million broadband customers in the UK had internet connections that did not reach Ofcom's acceptable minimum speed of 10 Mbit/s. Around 3.5 million of the customers affected lived in rural areas. The Digital Economy Act 2017 originally included a proposal for a legal right to a minimum download speed but this was dropped before the bill became law. The government subsequently made a proposal for a universal service obligation (USO) granting remote households the right to request broadband speeds of at least 10 Mbit/s. This was countered by an offer made by BT for Openreach to provide the infrastructure for 99% of UK premises to receive download speeds of at least 10 Mbit/s by 2020, at a total cost of between £450 million and £600 million.

In March 2017 an investigation by Ofcom concluded that there were regulatory breaches at Openreach regarding the delivery of high-speed Ethernet cable services between January 2013 and December 2014. Contracts required compensation payments to be paid to other telecoms providers if the services were not delivered on time. However, Ofcom found that there had been a misuse of the terms of contracts allowing the compensation payments to be reduced. BT was fined £42 million and agreed to pay the telecoms providers involved as much as £300 million in compensation.

## Independence from BT Group

Telecoms provider customers who have problems cannot directly contact Openreach and have to go indirectly through their service provider. In 2015 BT consulted on the possibility of allowing Openreach to deal directly with consumers, which would have required the approval of Ofcom, but withdrew the proposal, partly due to objections from other service providers. Openreach are accountable to each of the telecoms providers, as well as Ofcom. In July 2014, Ofcom completed a review of Openreach's service, resulting in mandated performance levels on key services.

In August 2015, Labour MP Chris Bryant called for Openreach to be split from BT, criticising the infrastructure and stating that it is too slow to fix faults and install new lines.

BT Group's acquisition of mobile phone operator EE, which received regulatory approval in October 2015, was partly funded using £1.7bn of Openreach's revenues. An investigation by the Competition and Markets Authority said it was not a competition issue but a matter for Ofcom, and Ofcom undertook its own enquiry. In December 2015 Ofcom indicated it was examining four options for Openreach's future: maintaining the current arrangement, more deregulation, structural separation from BT, or adjusting the current system. Keeping the status quo was said to be unlikely. The initial conclusions of Ofcom's investigation, which were published in February 2016, did not require BT to sell Openreach.

In January 2016, a report backed by 121 cross-party MPs stated Ofcom should force BT to sell off its Openreach division to open up competition. Nevertheless, Ofcom's final decision, published in July 2016, did not require BT to sell Openreach, primarily due to the time required and costs involved in addressing pension, lease and covenant issues. Instead, Ofcom decided that Openreach should cease to be a functional division of BT and instead become a legally separate company within the BT group, something which Ofcom said could "be implemented within months".

On 29 November 2016 Ofcom ordered BT to legally separate its Openreach division, with Openreach becoming a distinct company within the BT group. Ofcom said that the competition concerns that it had identified in July had not been voluntarily addressed by BT in the interim. Ofcom further announced that it was preparing a formal notification to the European Commission to start the separation process.

In March 2017, BT Group plc agreed to make Openreach a separate company, Openreach Limited, with its own staff and management, but with the network assets continuing to be owned by BT plc for land-contract reasons, and with Openreach Limited being wholly owned by BT Group plc, BT plc's parent holding company. In July 2017, Openreach began removing the BT element from its logo, and in September 2017 Openreach removed BT branding from its website.

On 14 June 2018, Ofcom published a report titled "Progress on delivering a more independent Openreach" which found that "there has been broadly satisfactory progress towards legal separation, but some steps have still not been completed".

On 31 July 2020, Openreach released a news article on their website showing their progress on their split from BT, with them updating "27,907 vehicles, 42 offices, 33,479 pass cards and 1,531 web pages" to reflect the change. Openreach has been awarded the status of 'Superbrand' for 2020/21.

## National security threats and personal privacy

The Chinese telecommunications company Huawei was contracted to supply critical components to UK telecoms networks, including Openreach's fibre infrastructure in 2010 and EE's 4G network. Between 2010 and 2012 the UK intelligence community initiated an investigation aimed at Huawei, with increasing urgency after the US, Canada and Australia prevented the company from operating in their countries. Although BT had notified the UK government in 2003 of Huawei's interest in their £10 billion network upgrade contract, what they did not do was raise the security implications as BT failed to explain that the Chinese company would have unfettered access to critical infrastructure. On 16 December 2012 David Cameron was supplied with a in-depth report indicating that the intelligence services had very grave doubts regarding Huawei, in that the UK governmental, military, business community and private citizen's privacy may be under serious threat. Subsequently, BT's Infinity programme and other projects underwent urgent review.

On 7 June 2013, a report of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament concluded that BT should never have allowed the Chinese company access to the UK's critical communications network without ministerial oversight, saying they were "deeply shocked" that BT did not inform government that they were allowing Huawei and ZTE, which both have ties to the Chinese military, unfettered access to critical national systems. Furthermore, ministers discovered that the agency with responsibility to ensure Chinese equipment and code was threat-free was entirely staffed by Huawei employees. Subsequently, the committee confirmed that in case of an attack on the UK there was nothing at this point that could be done to stop Chinese infiltration attacking critical national infrastructure. In 2014 the Huawei Cyber Security Evaluation Board was set up to test and monitor Huawei's products on an ongoing basis in an attempt to address the security concerns. Huawei is not permitted to supply the telecoms market in the US and a number of other countries because of concerns that its products include "backdoors" which could allow Chinese security services access to the equipment.

ZTE, another Chinese company supplying extensive network equipment and subscriber hardware to BT Infinity, also came under scrutiny after the US, Canada, Australia and the European Union declared the company a security risk to its citizens. In 2018 the UK's National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) and US authorities took action separately to restrict the operations of ZTE over security concerns, with the NCSC warning UK telecoms companies not to use ZTE devices.

## InfoBox

Openreach Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Telecommunications |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Headquarters | London, England, UK |
| Area served | United Kingdom |
| Key people | * Mike McTighe
(Chairman) * Clive Selley
(Chief Executive) |
| Revenue | £ 6.0 billion (2023/24) |
| Operating income | £ 3.8 billion (2023/24) |
| Number of employees | 35,400 (2021) |
| Parent | BT Group |
| Website | www.openreach.com |


title: Max Wyman

abstract: Max Wyman was a Canadian mathematician and academic administrator. He served as president of the University of Alberta from 1969 to 1974. He was educated at the University of Alberta and California Institute of Technology. He rejoined his alma mater in 1943, the University of Alberta as a lecturer, and became a professor in 1956. In 1961, he was chair of the Department of Mathematics, and from 1963 to 1965 was the Dean of Science. He was named Vice President (Academic) of the university in 1964, and became president in 1969. He was the first former student of the University to become president. Wyman retired in 1974 and died in 1991.

text:
# Max Wyman

**Max Wyman** (April 14, 1916  February 9, 1991) was a Canadian mathematician and academic administrator. He served as president of the University of Alberta from 1969 to 1974. He was educated at the University of Alberta (BSc 1937) and California Institute of Technology (PhD *magna cum laude*). He rejoined his alma mater in 1943, the University of Alberta as a lecturer, and became a professor in 1956. In 1961, he was chair of the Department of Mathematics, and from 1963 to 1965 was the Dean of Science. He was named Vice President (Academic) of the university in 1964, and became president in 1969. He was the first former student of the University to become president. Wyman retired in 1974 and died in 1991.

## InfoBox

| Max Wyman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the University of Alberta | |
| **In office**
1969–1974 | |
| Preceded by | Walter H. Johns |
| Succeeded by | Harry Gunning |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1916-04-14)April 14, 1916
Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada |
| Died | February 9, 1991(1991-02-09) (aged 74)
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
| Alma mater | University of Alberta
California Institute of Technology |
| Occupation | mathematician, professor, academic administrator |
| Awards | Jeffery-Williams Prize (1976) |
|  | |


title: Oroplema

abstract: Oroplema is a genus of moths in the family Uraniidae. The genus was erected by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1998.

text:
# Oroplema

***Oroplema*** is a genus of moths in the family Uraniidae. The genus was erected by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1998.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Oroplema* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Uraniidae |
| Subfamily: | Epipleminae |
| Genus: | *Oroplema*<br>Holloway, 1998 |
|


title: Piquet

abstract: Piquet is an early 16th-century plain-trick card game for two players that became France's national game. David Parlett calls it a "classic game of relatively great antiquity... still one of the most skill-rewarding card games for two" but one which is now only played by "aficionados and connoisseurs." Historically also known as Sant or Saunt from the French Cent.

text:
# Piquet

**Piquet** (/pɪˈkɛt/; French pronunciation: \[pikɛ\]) is an early 16th-century plain-trick card game for two players that became France's national game. David Parlett calls it a "classic game of relatively great antiquity... still one of the most skill-rewarding card games for two" but one which is now only played by "aficionados and connoisseurs." Historically also known as **Sant** or **Saunt** from the French *Cent*.

## History

Piquet is one of the oldest card games still being played. It is first mentioned, as *Le Cent*, in a written reference dating to 1535, in *Gargantua and Pantagruel* by Rabelais. Although legend attributes the game's creation to Stephen de Vignolles, also known as La Hire, a knight in the service of Charles VII during the Hundred Years' War, it may possibly have come into France from Spain because the words "*pique*" and "*repique*", the main features of the game, are of Spanish origin. The earliest clear mention of the game – leaving aside various predecessors – is in 1585 by Jacques Perrache, described as a "Provençal gentleman", who refers to two unusual games, "premieres, & piquets".

The game was introduced in Germany during the Thirty Years' War, and texts of that period provide substantial evidence of its vogue, like the metaphorical use of the word "*repique*" in the 1634–8 political poem *Allamodisch Picket Spiel* ("*Piquet Game à la mode*"), which reflects the growing popularity of the game at that time. As with other games like *Bête,* the substantive form of the word "piquet" was turned into a verb and this is used substantially by Rist's 1640 *Spiele, die man Picquetten heißet*, who gives the word his grudging assent. Historical sources also distinguish between *Rummel-Piquet*, the normal game in which *Rummel* referred to the feature of *point*, and *Offenherziges Piquet* (lit.: "Open-hearted Piquet"), which was played ouverte. Mizka states that the former was known as *Ronfelspiel* (French: *Ronfler*) until 1664.

Until the early twentieth century, piquet was perhaps the most popular card game in France, occupying a similar position to cribbage in England. It first became popular in England after the marriage of Mary I of England to Philip II of Spain in 1554. During this period the game was known as cent, after the Spanish game *cientos*, referring to the fact that one of the chief goals of piquet is to reach 100 points. Following the marriage of King Charles I of England to Henrietta Maria of France in 1625, the British adopted the French name for the game. It went in and out of fashion among the upper classes in Britain between the 17th and early 20th centuries, its demise from the end of the First World War being put down to the rise of Gin Rummy "and other lowbrow games that are easier to learn and faster to play."

## Rules

Piquet is played with a 32-card pack, normally referred to as a *piquet pack* or *piquet deck*. The pack comprises the 7s through to 10s, the face cards, and the aces in each suit, and can be created by removing all 2–6 values from a 52-card poker pack. Each game consists of a *partie* of six deals (*partie* meaning match in French). The player scoring the most points wins (see the scoring section for further details).

### Cards

In Piquet cards rank as follows (from highest to lowest) :

### Cut

The player who cuts the higher card has to deal, and the dealer has the choice of cards at the commencement of each partie. A *partie* consists of six deals. The players deal alternately for each hand in the *partie*. It is preferable to deal first so as not to deal the last hand. Dealing puts a player at a disadvantage.

### Deal

Twelve cards are dealt to each player, with the remaining eight forming the *talon*, which is placed face-down between the players. The talon may be split by the dealer into two piles of five and three cards, respectively. The dealer is referred to as the *younger hand* and the non-dealer as the *elder hand.*

### Exchanging cards

The goal of exchanging cards is to improve one's hand before the declaration and the play. The elder hand exchanges first. This is done by taking one to five cards from the hand and placing them face down. An equal number is then drawn from the talon. At least one card must be exchanged. The player must state how many cards he intends to exchange if fewer than the maximum. If the elder chooses to take fewer than the maximum, he may then look at the remainder from the five (which are the first ones that the younger will take).

The younger hand exchanges next. Again, at least one card must be exchanged. The younger may also exchange up to five cards, depending on how many the elder exchanged. If the elder exchanged all five, then the younger may only exchange up to the three remaining in the talon.

### Carte blanche

After the deal, players sort their cards in their hands. A player with no court cards (J, Q, K) may declare "*carte blanche*," which is worth 10 points. *Carte blanche* should be declared immediately. Either player declaring *carte blanche* must show their hand to the other. However, to preserve fairness, a formal protocol should be followed:

#### Elder has *carte blanche*

* Elder declares the number of cards that will be exchanged, and sets them to the side.
* Younger chooses cards to be exchanged, and sets them to the side.
* Elder displays entire hand, including cards set aside.

#### Younger has *carte blanche*

* Younger displays after elder has exchanged cards.

A hand of this type is fairly rare, appearing roughly once every 1,800 hands. Although it often scores poorly, it is usually advantageous to declare it to prevent the opponent from scoring pique or repique, despite the tactical disadvantage of giving information to the opponent.

Note: It is impossible for both players to hold *carte blanche,* so it will never happen that both players declare *carte blanche*. (There are 12 face cards in the pack (J,Q,K x 4). There are only 8 cards in the talon, so at least one player's hand must hold some face cards.)

### Declaration phase

In the declaration phase, the players ascertain who has the better hand in each of three categories: point, sequence, and set. This is done in an oblique sort of way that leads to some of the intrigue of piquet. Elder hand declares first always, with younger responding. In each part of the declaration, the younger hand may choose to contest the elder's claim. By doing so, the younger may reveal information that would be useful during the trick-taking phase, called the play. Likewise, the elder may choose not to reveal information in one or more parts of the declaration.

#### Point

If the elder has at least four cards in a suit, he may make a declaration: for example, "Point of four". The younger would then respond indicating that he has more, fewer, or the same number of cards in a suit. This is done by saying "Good" (the elder has more and wins the point), "Not good" (the elder has fewer), or "Making?" or "How many?", indicating that the younger has the same number of cards in a suit, which requires clarification.

If both players have the same number of cards in a suit, then they must tally the value of the cards. The values of the cards are as follows: ace = 11, face cards = 10, and face value for the rest. After adding the values of the cards, the elder calls out the number. The younger may then say "Good", if the elder's value is greater, or "Not good" and the number that wins the point. For example: "Not good: 39" or "Not good, I have 39". If the values are the same, younger says "Equal".

The player with the better point scores the number of cards in the suit, not their value. If the values are the same, neither player scores. Note that younger does not actually score for any declarations until elder has led to the first trick in the play (see below).

#### Sequence

The next part of the declaration is the sequence, in which the longest consecutive run of cards is valued. A sequence must have at least three cards and they must all be in the same suit. Again, the elder hand starts. For example, "Run of three" or "Sequence of four". The younger than responds with "Good" or "Not good", in the same way as before, or by contesting. To contest, the younger says "How high?", to which the elder responds with the highest card in the sequence. For example, "To the queen". Younger replies with "Good", "Not good" or "Equal".

In keeping with the game's ancestry, one may utilize the historical names for sequences in this part of the declaration, instead of the prosaic "Run of three", for example. The following are the proper names and their associated values; those from 6 up are obsolete in English:

| Number | Point worth number | Proper name | Pronunciation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 | 3 | tierce | /ˈtɪərs/ |
| 4 | 4 | quart | /ˈkɑːrt/ |
| 5 | 15 | quint | /ˈkɪnt/ |
| 6 | 16 | sixième | French: \[siˈzjɛm\] |
| 7 | 17 | septième | French: \[sɛˈtjɛm\] |
| 8 | 18 | huitième | French: \[ɥiˈtjɛm\] |

The person winning the sequence may declare any additional sequences that he has, if desired. If both players' best sequences are equal then neither player may score for any sequences.

#### Set

A set is three or four of a kind, ten or greater (7s, 8s, and 9s don't count, and aces are highest). Sets of three are called *trios* or *brelans* and are worth 3 points, and sets of four, *quatorzes* ("cat-orz"), are worth 14 points. The declarations take place in the same manner as "point" and "sequence", with elder stating his best set (for example, "Three kings"), to which younger replies "Good" or "Not good". The player with the best set may declare any additional sets that he has if desired.

#### *Carte rouge*

A variation is sometimes played in which 20 points are received if every card in a player's hand is used at some point while making up one or more "good" declarations, *carte blanche* excluded. The points are scored at the time this occurs and are not subject to the order of point counting, below.

The following example should illustrate one way *carte rouge* may apply during a hand.

Six cards were good in points, and the other six were good in sequences.

The 20 points would then be awarded at that stage of the counting towards a *repique*.

#### *Pique* and *repique*

If a player scores 30 points during the declaration phase prior to his opponent scoring anything, that player gains a *repique*, which is worth an additional 60 points. If elder scores 30 points in declarations and play combined, before younger scores any points, then elder gains a *pique* and scores an additional 30 points. A player can only score either *repique* or *pique*, not both.

All declaration scoring must be evaluated in the following order, after the play of the first card by elder:

1. *Carte blanche*
2. Points
3. Sequences
4. Sets

If a player were to score more than 30 points in points and sequences before the other might score in sets, then the player would receive a *repique*.

For example: elder has a *quatorze* of aces for 14 points; younger has a point of 7 and two *quints* for a total of 37 points. According to the order of scoring, above, younger would receive the *repique* bonus.

Note that younger can never gain a *pique* because elder always scores one point for leading to the first trick (see below). By the end of the declaration, each player will have a pretty good idea of the other's hand (to the degree that each chooses to claim their points).

Additionally, should elder achieve "cards"—more than 6 tricks—prior to younger winning any tricks, then the 10 points for "cards" may immediately be applied to a *pique*. If elder subsequently wins all the tricks, elder only receives the remaining 30 of the 40 points awarded for *capot*. The *capot* does not count towards a *pique*.

Equality has no effect on *pique* or *repique*.

*Carte rouge* is applied as soon as it occurs, and is not subject to the ordering, above; however, a common variation is that a "pique" or "repique" cannot be scored as the result of a "Carte Rouge" by the younger hand, once elder has played a first card.

### Play

The play is the trick-taking part of the game. Players must follow suits with the elder hand placing a card face up and scoring one point. The younger than scores for their declarations and plays a card that follows suit, if possible. If not, he may discard anything he chooses. The winner of the trick (the player with the highest card in the suit led), takes the trick, placing it face-down (usually; see variations) in front of themself. The winner of the trick leads the next. When forced to discard, it is important to choose the right card. See tactics.

The score is usually kept verbally as play progresses. Trick score counts as follows:

* 1 point for leading a trick
* If the second player (the player who doesn't lead) wins a trick, they get a point.
* The winner of the last trick wins a 1-point bonus (see variations).

#### Cards

The player with the greater number of tricks won at the end of play scores 10 for *cards*. If there is a tie, then neither player scores the additional points.

#### *Capot*

If all 12 tricks are won by one player, that player scores 40 points for *capot* ("*capot*" is the origin of the word *kaput*).

### Scoring

* Rubicon piquet: Six hands are played regardless of final score. The winner's margin is computed as winner's score – loser's score + 100. If, however, the loser fails to score at least 100 points, then the final score is computed as: winner's score + loser's score + 100; since the loser failed to "cross the Rubicon".

E.g. 105 to 101 = 4 + 100 = 104 to the winner; 97 to 89 = 97 + 89 + 100 = 286 to the winner

* Classic piquet, also known as *piquet au cent*: Played to 100 or 101 points, regardless of how many hands it takes to reach 100, usually five or six, uses a pack that includes the sixes of all four suits, and allows up to seven cards to be exchanged by the elder hand. In this variation, it is possible for both hands to score *carte blanche*, since the six of each suit is available to be used in a sequence of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, A in each player's hand, two suits each. Additionally, points are not accumulated for leading to a trick, but are rather earned by the winner of the trick, one point per 10-card or higher; thus, a person could win a trick, and earn 0, 1, or 2 points. There is no point for winning the last trick.

### Variations

* Players may choose to keep tricks face up in front of them.
* Players may look through both players' winning tricks.
* The winner of the last trick may score 10 points instead of 1, making the choice of how to close the play more significant.
* Declarations state the total card values for points each time it is declared, not just when the dealer says "Equal".
* *Carte rouge* may award 10 or 40 points instead of 20, at the players' discretion.

### Tactics

Players discard low cards (nine or lower) even if this means getting rid of four or more of one suit. This diminishes the chances of winning the point round, but this round is the lowest scoring one. Getting rid of these lower cards to get straights of five or more is very beneficial and will increase one's score greatly. Players may attempt to hold "stop" cards (usually queens or kings in their opponent's strong suit) for the last stage of play, in order to block their opponent's run of tricks with their long sequences.

## Background

In *The Gaming Table: Its Votaries and Victims* author Andrew Steinmetz (18161877) describes how the game is played:

> The card game piquet is said to have derived its name from that of its inventor, who contrived it to amuse Charles VI of France. The game was played with thirty two cards, that is, discarding out of the pack all the deuces, treys, fours, fives, and sixes. Regular piquet-packs were sold. In reckoning up the points, every card counted for its value, as ten for ten, nine for nine, and so on down to seven, which was, of course, the lowest; but the ace reckoned for eleven. All court cards reckoned for ten. As in other games, the ace won the king, the king the queen, and so on, to the knave, which won the ten. The cards were dealt at option by fours, threes, or twos, to the number of twelve, which was the hand— 'discarding' being allowed; but both the dealer and he that led were obliged to discard at least one card. When the cards were played out, each counted his tricks; and he that had most reckoned 10 for winning the cards; if the tricks were equal, neither reckoned at all. He who, without playing (that is, according to the various terms of the game), could reckon up 30 in hand, when his antagonist reckoned nothing, scored 90 for them; this was called a repic; and all above 30 counted so many—32 counting 92, and so on. He who could make up 30, part in hand and part by play, before the other made anything, scored 60; this was called a pic.
> The game was also played as pool precisely according to the rules briefly sketched as above, the penalty for losing being a guinea to the pool. Piquet required much practice to play it well. It became so great a favourite that, by the middle of the 18th century, the meanest people were well acquainted with it, and 'let into all the tricks and secrets of it, in order to render them complete sharpers.' Such are the words of an old author, who adds that the game was liable to great imposition, and he explains the methods in use. Short cards were used for cutting, as in whist, at the time. Of these cards there were two sorts, one longer than the rest; and the advantage gained by them was as the adversary managed it, by cutting the longer or broader, as best suited his purpose, or imposing on the dealer, when it was his turn, to cut those that made most against him. The aces, kings, queens, and knaves were marked with dots at the corners, and in the very old book from which I am quoting precise directions are given how this marking can be effected in such a manner 'as not to be discovered by your adversary, and at the same time appear plain to yourself. With a fine pointed pen and some clear spring water, players made dots upon the glazed card at the corners according to the above method; or they coloured the water with India ink, to make the marks more conspicuous. The work concludes as follows: There are but 32 cards made use of at piquet, so that just half of them will be known to you; and in dealing you may have an opportunity to give yourself those you like best; and if you cannot conveniently change the pack according to your desire, you will commonly know what you are to take in, which is a demonstrative advantage to win any one's money.

He also describes a "card telegraphy" signalling system used by cheaters. The 32 cards used in the game can be described using a combination of twelve signals—eight for the value of the card and four for its color. Steinmetz lists some signals and their meaning:

* Player looks at his confederate: A king.
* Player looks at the play of his adversary: A queen.
* Player looks at the stake: A knave.
* Player looks at the opposite: An ace.
* Player's mouth is slightly open: Hearts.
* Player's mouth is closed: Diamonds.
* Player's upper lip is "slightly pouting over the lower": Clubs
* Player's lower lip is drawn over the upper: Spades

Should a cheater wish to announce the knave and ace of hearts, he would glance at the stake and then to the opposite side, whilst keeping his mouth slightly open.

Steinmetz adds:

> It is evident that this telegraphy may be employed at all games where there is a gallery. In effect, nothing is easier at piquet than to indicate, by the aid of these signals, the colour in which the player should discard and that in which he should keep what cards he has.
> These are the simplest signs; but some of the \[cheaters\] have a great number of them, to designate everything; and even sometimes to communicate and receive intelligence, when necessary. This telegraphy is so imperceptible that it is difficult to describe it, and altogether impossible to detect it.

* Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Piquet". *Encyclopædia Britannica* (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

## Bibliography

* Piquet Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science

## InfoBox

Piquet
| French Piquet pack | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | France |
| Type | Trick-taking |
| Players | 2 |
| Cards | 32 |
| Deck | Piquet (subset of French pack) |
| Rank (high→low) | A, K, Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7 |
| Related games | |
| Écarté | |


title: Mr. Monk Goes to the Firehouse

abstract: Mr. Monk Goes to the Firehouse (2006) is a mystery novel by Lee Goldberg, based on the popular TV series Monk. In the novel, Adrian Monk temporarily moves in with his assistant, Natalie Teeger, while his home is being fumigated. Following this, her teenage daughter Julie "hires" him to investigate the death of Sparky, a popular firehouse guard dog who was struck with an ax on the same night that a house inferno was occupying its owners. This was the first published Monk novel. A plot point from the novel was reused in the TV episode "Mr. Monk Can't See a Thing".

text:
# Mr. Monk Goes to the Firehouse

***Mr. Monk Goes to the Firehouse*** (2006) is a mystery novel by Lee Goldberg, based on the popular TV series *Monk*. In the novel, Adrian Monk temporarily moves in with his assistant, Natalie Teeger, while his home is being fumigated. Following this, her teenage daughter Julie "hires" him to investigate the death of Sparky, a popular firehouse guard dog who was struck with an ax on the same night that a house inferno was occupying its owners.

This was the first published *Monk* novel. A plot point from the novel was reused in the TV episode "Mr. Monk Can't See a Thing".

## Plot synopsis

Adrian Monk, an obsessive-compulsive private detective, moves in with his assistant Natalie Teeger while his apartment is being fumigated. Julie tells Natalie that Sparky, a firehouse dalmatian who visited her school during Fire Safety Week, was found murdered the previous night. Monk volunteers to identify the killer.

Monk and Natalie head to Sparky's firehouse in North Beach. Captain Mantooth, the commander of the engine company, says that Sparky belonged to Joe Cochran, and always slept in the firehouse while Joe was on duty. The crew was called to a house fire around 10:00 pm. An old woman named Esther Stoval died, having fallen asleep while smoking a cigarette. In the four hours they were gone, someone sneaked into the firehouse and killed Sparky with a pickaxe. The only thing missing were two towels, seemingly eliminating the possibility that the killer was there to rob the firehouse.

At the scene of the previous night's fire, Monk and Natalie run into Captain Stottlemeyer, who is treating the house as a crime scene until the arson investigator makes a decision. The arson investigator concludes the death was an accident. However, Monk observes that from Stoval's position on the couch, her view of the TV was blocked by an empty chair, indicating she had a visitor. He believes Stoval was murdered.

Monk and Natalie find Joe Cochran. Natalie falls for the ruggedly handsome, big-hearted, and courteous Joe. Joe says that the only person he can think of who disliked Sparky is Gregorio Dumas, a dog breeder who lives across the street from the firehouse. Dumas threatened the fire company with a lawsuit after Sparky impregnated his prize show poodle Letitia. Dumas says he was at home on Friday night, watching the firehouse to make sure Sparky did not enter his property. He saw a lone firefighter come out. When Natalie brings this up on a date with Joe, Joe says all the on-duty firemen were at Stoval's house that night and they never sent anyone back for supplies. Monk also wonders how Sparky could have infiltrated Letitia's locked kennel surrounded by barbed wire.

The autopsy on Esther Stoval reports no smoke or soot particles in her lungs or nasal passages, confirming that Stoval was dead before the fire was started. She was apparently suffocated with a pillow. By burning down the house, the killer destroyed all forensic evidence, including usable fingerprints and DNA.

Monk and Natalie ask around the neighborhood. All of Stoval's neighbors despised her: she spied on the neighbors, reported their most minor infractions to the authorities, and kept them up all night with the mewling of her cats. She was also the lone holdout against a development plan by Lucas Breen, a local real estate tycoon, to demolish the houses on Stoval's side of the street and build an upscale condominium block.

Monk, Natalie, and Stottlemeyer interview Breen, who holds a seat on the police commission. Breen says he had no motive to kill Stoval, because he already had plans to build his condo project around her house. When Monk asks for an alibi, Breen claims he was at a fundraiser at the Excelsior Tower Hotel downtown with his wife.

Monk is convinced Breen killed Stoval, since Lizzie Draper, a neighbor across the street from Stoval, was wearing a shirt with buttons monogrammed "LB" and had a handmade bouquet identical to the ones sold in the lobby flower shop of Breen's building, suggesting that Draper is Breen's mistress. Given Stoval's spying habits, Monk speculates that Stoval had incriminating photos of Breen with Draper and was blackmailing Breen, threatening to tell his wife, and he killed her to keep her quiet. He dismisses Breen's alibi: the fundraiser was crowded enough that Breen could have slipped out, killed Stoval, set the house on fire, and returned an hour later without anyone noticing he had gone.

Visiting the firehouse, Natalie asks Joe questions about Sparky's habits. Joe says that Sparky was allowed to run loose around the neighborhood when they were out responding to 9-1-1 calls. In the last few weeks, he always returned to the firehouse smelling like feces. Realizing why, Monk confronts Dumas, accusing him of tunneling into the basement of the firehouse via the sewer line. He used Letitia to distract Sparky so he would not bark, while Dumas searched the basement, which historical records show is where a famous 19th-century train robber stashed his treasure. He used the missing towels to wipe the sewage off his shoes. Dumas swears he did not kill Sparky, and repeats that he saw a lone fireman leaving the garage. Monk believes him, and concludes that Dumas saw Breen posing as a fireman.

The only plausible explanation for Breen posing as a fireman is that he realized he had left incriminating evidence in Stoval's house. He sneaked into the firehouse, but Sparky attacked him and Breen used a pickaxe to defend himself. He stole a helmet and turnout coat, retrieved the incriminating item without any emergency workers noticing him, and returned the stolen gear to the firehouse before returning to the fundraiser.

As Monk and Natalie walk back to the hotel, Natalie is mugged by a man with a knife, but she gets the better of him. Monk asks him whether he mugged anyone in that area on the night of the fire. The mugger admits that he mugged Lucas Breen. Monk, Natalie, and Stottlemeyer confront Breen about the mugging. Breen reported his stolen credit cards to his bank, but not the police. Breen claims he was mugged while out having a cigarette.

Monk notices that in a photo of Breen at the fundraiser, Breen is wearing his overcoat, but in a photo showing him leaving at midnight, the overcoat is gone. Monk reasons that he wore it to Stoval's, because it was raining, and forgot to take it when he left. He had to get that overcoat back, because if it were like the rest of his wardrobe, it had monogrammed buttons with his initials. Monk and Natalie try to figure where the coat could have been ditched. Randy Disher calls Natalie to tell them that the mugger has confirmed that Breen was wearing his overcoat when he was mugged. Natalie finds the dumpsters on the route have been recently emptied. Joe and several off-duty firefighters pitch in to help root through the recently collected trash at the city dump, but without finding the overcoat. That night, Natalie goes on a second date with Joe, and they get even closer, though Natalie is disturbed by how nonchalantly Joe takes the dangers of his job.

A homeless man is found bludgeoned to death with a brick. Natalie and Monk recognize him. When they saw him before, he was wearing a tattered overcoat, but no longer has it despite the cold temperatures. Monk realized the overcoat must have been Breen's; the homeless man picked it out of the dumpster. Natalie, Monk, and Stottlemeyer race to Breen's house to recover the coat, but Breen has incinerated it in his fireplace.

While flipping through a book of Marmaduke cartoons, Monk realizes that Breen's recent sneezing may be an allergic reaction to cat dander which collected on Breen's overcoat during the fire. Stottlemeyer and Natalie confront Breen in his penthouse office, telling him that they are searching Breen's car and house for cat dander and plan to match it to Stoval's cats. Breen flees in a private elevator. As Breen drives out of the parking garage, Monk grabs two bowls of clam chowder from the lobby restaurant and throws them at Breen's windshield, blinding him, and causing him to crash. Breen stumbles out of his car and aims a gun at Monk. Randy arrives and shoots the gun out of his hand.

The hairs in Breen's house and car match with Stoval's cats. A commendation event is held for Randy. Monk and Natalie return to the firehouse to inform the crews that they have caught Sparky's killer. Joe wants to take Natalie out to celebrate, but Natalie says she is falling for Joe, and does not want to get involved with another man in a dangerous job after she and Julie lost Mitch. Joe is crestfallen, but accepts her decision.

Julie is so grateful to Monk for finding Sparky's killer that she organizes her bedroom just as he would like it. While Monk is preparing to move back home, he tells Stottlemeyer to arrest Mrs. Throphamner, Natalie's elderly next-door neighbor who has been babysitting Julie. He says that she murdered her husband; she has been wearing his dentures in place of her own, and constantly planting and re-planting roses to conceal his decaying corpse buried in her garden. Furious that Monk would let her leave Julie in the care of a murderer, Natalie stalks off.

## Main characters

### Characters from the television series

### Original characters

* **Sparky**, a murdered firehouse dog
* **Captain Mantooth**, Fire Captain
* **Joseph "Joe" Cochran**, a senior firefighter
* **Esther Stoval**, a murdered woman
* **Gregorio Dumas**, a man who has held a grudge against Sparky
* **Mrs. Throphamner**, Natalie's next-door neighbor and babysitter for Julie
* **Aubrey Brudnick**, Esther Stoval's next-door neighbor, and a worker at a think tank
* **Neal and Kate Finney**, some of Esther's other neighbors
* **Burton Joyner**, an antique car restorer who lived across the street from Esther
* **Lucas Breen**, CEO of the Breen Development Corporation
* **Lizzie Draper**, Breen's mistress and a stripper at a nightclub
* **Marlon Tolliver**, a mugger
* A **homeless man**

## InfoBox

Mr. Monk Goes to the Firehouse
| 1st edition 2006 paperback cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Lee Goldberg |
| Language | English |
| Series | Monk mystery novel series |
| Genre | Mystery novel |
| Publisher | Signet Books |
| Publication date | January 3, 2006 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 304 pp |
| ISBN | 0-451-21729-2 |
| OCLC | 62760915 |
| Followed by | *Mr. Monk Goes to Hawaii* |


title: Natsumi Hioka

abstract: Natsumi Hioka is a Japanese voice actress born in Sapporo, Hokkaido. She is affiliated with Production Baobab.

text:
# Natsumi Hioka

**Natsumi Hioka** (日岡 なつみ, *Hioka Natsumi*, born July 15, 1991) is a Japanese voice actress born in Sapporo, Hokkaido. She is affiliated with Production Baobab.

## Biography

Hioka was born in Sapporo on July 15, 1991. She wanted to become a voice actor after watching late-night anime during high school, such as *The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya*, *Macross Frontier* and *Eden of the East*, and learning about voice-over work. After convincing her parents, she moved to Tokyo to study at a vocational school.

## Works

### Anime

2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

### Games

2014 * *My Princess is The Cutest*
* *LAST SUMMONER*

2015 * *Milihime Taisen*

2016 * *Quiz RPG: The World of Mystic Wiz*
* *PuyoPuyo!!Quest* – Yana, Sanira

2017 2018 2019 2020

## InfoBox

| Natsumi Hioka | |
| --- | --- |
| 日岡 なつみ | |
| Born | (1991-07-15) July 15, 1991<br>Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan |
| Occupation | Voice actress |
| Years active | 2012–present |
| Agent | Production Baobab |


title: MIKE 21C

abstract: MIKE 21C is a computer program that simulates the development in the river bed and channel plan form in two dimensions. MIKE 21C was developed by DHI. MIKE 21C uses curvilinear finite difference grids. Simulated processes with MIKE 21C include bank erosion, scouring and shoaling brought about by activities such as construction and dredging, seasonal fluctuations in flow, etc.

text:
# MIKE 21C

**MIKE 21C** is a computer program that simulates the development in the river bed and channel plan form in two dimensions. MIKE 21C was developed by DHI. MIKE 21C uses curvilinear finite difference grids.

Simulated processes with MIKE 21C include bank erosion, scouring and shoaling brought about by activities such as construction and dredging, seasonal fluctuations in flow, etc.

## Applications

MIKE 21C can be used for designing protection schemes against bank erosion, evaluating measures to reduce or manage shoaling, analyzing alignments and dimensions of navigation channels for minimizing capital and maintenance dredging, predicting the impact of bridge, tunnel and pipeline crossings on river channel hydraulics and morphology, optimizing restoration plans for habitat environment in channel floodplain systems, designing monitoring networks based on morphological forecasting.

Due to its accurate descriptions of the physical processes, MIKE 21C can simulate a braided river developing from a plane bed, which was illustrated by Enggrob & Tjerry (1998).

## Theory

As most other models made by DHI, MIKE 21C applies an add-on concept in which the overall time-loop can contain processes to be simulated, selected by the user. In its basic form the model is a 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model that can simulate dynamic as well as quasi-steady or steady-state hydrodynamic solutions. The hydrodynamic model solves the Saint-Venant equations in two dimensions with the water depth defined in cell centers and a staggered velocity field (internally the code solves the flux field, i.e. the water depth multiplied by the velocity vector) defined with direction as the local grid base vector.

The model is computationally a parallel code (written in Fortran) with parallelizations in all modules, which allows for simulations of morphological developments on fine grids over long periods of time. The model is typically applied with as much 25,000 computational points over periods of several years or even decades.

The most important secondary flow in rivers is the so-called helical flow, with its name derived from Helios (the Sun in Greek). The name helical is used because the flow arises as the water in the lower portions of the water column flowing towards the local center of curvature, and away from the local center of curvature along the water surface. This has only a minor impact on the hydrodynamics, usually only pronounced on a laboratory scale, but it has profound impacts on the sediment transport and morphology because the helical flow influences the otherwise zero transverse sediment component. MIKE 21C applies standard theory for the helical flow, which can be found in e.g. Rozowsky (1957). Standard helical flow theory provides a secondary flow velocity profile that is fully characterised by friction and the deviation angle between the main flow direction and the direction of the shear stress at the river bed.

MIKE 21C uses the traditional division of sediment transport into bedload and suspended load, and the model can simulate both non-cohesive and cohesive sediment in a mixture.

The bed-load model accounts for the impacts of secondary flow (bed shear stress direction) and local bed slope (gravity). Suspended load is calculated with an advection-dispersion equation for each fraction, which includes adaptation in time and space as well as the 2-dimensional depth-integrated effects of the 3-dimensional flow pattern through profile functions (Galappatti & Vreugdenhil, 1985).

## Citations

* I.L. Rozowsky (1957) "Flow of Water in bends of open channels", English Translation, Israel Progr. For Scientific Transl., Jerusalem
* R. Galappatti and C.B. Vreugdenhil (1985) "A depth-integrated model for suspended transport", Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol.23, No.4
* H.G. Enggrob and S. Tjerry (1998) "Simulation of Morphological Characteristics of a Braided River", Proc IAHR-Symp on River, Coastal and Estuarine morphodynamics, University of Genova, Dept Environmental Eng., Genova, 585–594.


title: Maanga

abstract: Maanga is an administrative ward in the Mbeya Urban district of the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 7,584 people in the ward, from 6,881 in 2012.

text:
# Maanga

**Maanga** is an administrative ward in the Mbeya Urban district of the Mbeya Region of Tanzania.

In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 7,584 people in the ward, from 6,881 in 2012.

## Neighborhoods

The ward has 7 neighborhoods.

* Maanga A
* Maanga B
* Maendeleo
* Mafiat
* Mwamfupe
* Ndongole
* Sinde

## InfoBox

| Maanga Kata ya Maanga | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| MaangaLocation of Maanga | |
| Coordinates: 8°54′25″S 33°27′25″E / 8.907°S 33.457°E / -8.907; 33.457 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Mbeya Region |
| District | Mbeya Urban |
| Ward | Maanga |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 7,584 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
| Postcode | 53104 |


title: Maang language

abstract: Maang or Mo'ang is a Lolo-Burmese language of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam. The Maang are also locally referred to as the Gāokùjiǎo Yí by other local ethnic groups. Lama (2012) classifies Maang within the Mondzish branch of Lolo–Burmese. Maang has many Zhuang loanwords.

text:
# Maang language

**Maang** (Chinese: 么昂语; autonym: *maːŋ33* or *mӕ̠aŋ33*) or **Mo'ang** (Chinese: 末昂语; autonym: *mɯaŋ51*) is a Lolo-Burmese language of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam. The Maang are also locally referred to as the *Gāokùjiǎo Yí* (高裤脚彝; "High-Trousered Yi") by other local ethnic groups (Zhou 2014:1).

Lama (2012) classifies Maang within the Mondzish branch of Lolo–Burmese. Maang has many Zhuang (Central Tai) loanwords (Wang 2018).

## Distribution

Zhou (2014:1-2) reports that Mo'ang is spoken in the following villages.

* Banlun township 板仑乡, Funing County, Yunnan
    + Longyang 龙洋 (Maang, Zhuang, and Han Chinese residents)
    + Longmai 龙迈
    + Mula 木腊 (Maang, Zhuang, and Han Chinese residents)
    + Gongjinwei 公金渭
    + Kela 克拉
* Mugan 木甘, Niuchang village 牛场村, Lida town 里达镇 (Maang, Zhuang residents)
* Muxiongping village 木兄坪村, Muyang town 木央镇
    + Zhilun 直伦 (Maang and Miao residents)
    + Upper Muyang 上木羊 (Maang and Miao residents)
    + Lower Muyang 下木羊 (Maang and Miao residents)
* Xiaomulun 小睦伦, Muyang town 木央镇 (Han Chinese, Maang, and Yao residents)
* Ligong 里拱, Lida town 里达镇, Funing County, Yunnan (also 12 other villages in Lida town 里达镇)
* The villages of Zhechang 者长, Dana 达那, Nianbi 念必 in Napo County, Guangxi province

There are 713 households and 4,079 individuals according to a 2003 estimate by the Funing County government (Zhou 2014:1).

* Hsiu, Andrew. 2014. "Mondzish: a new subgroup of Lolo-Burmese". In *Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14)*. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
* Hsiu, Andrew. 2017. Meang audio word list. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1123373
* Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), *Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages*, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived)
* Wang, Zhanling 王战领. 2018. Mo'angyu de xishu ji qi yuyan jiechu 末昂语的系属及其语言接触. *Journal of Honghe University* 期红河学院学报, Vol.16 No.2, Apr. 2018. doi:10.13963/j.cnki.hhuxb.2018.02.010
* Wu, Zili \[武自立\]. 1993. A preliminary study of the Mo'ang language of Funing County, Yunnan Province \[云南富宁未昂话初探\]. Minzu Yuwen 2. http://wuxizazhi.cnki.net/Search/MZYW199302009.html
* Zhou, Decai \[周德才\]. 2014. *A study of Mo'ang* \[末昂语研究\]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House \[民族出版社\].

## InfoBox

| Maang | |
| --- | --- |
| Mo'ang | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Funing County, Yunnan |
| Ethnicity | Yi |
| Native speakers | (5,000 cited 1982) |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | *None* (`mis`) |
| *Glottolog* | `maan1239` |
| ELP | Mo'ang |


title: Tylopilus subcellulosus

abstract: Tylopilus subcellulosus is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Tamaulipas, Mexico, where it grows under oak. It was described as new to science in 1991.

text:
# Tylopilus subcellulosus

***Tylopilus subcellulosus*** is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Tamaulipas, Mexico, where it grows under oak. It was described as new to science in 1991.

## InfoBox

| *Tylopilus subcellulosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | *Tylopilus* |
| Species: | ***T. subcellulosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tylopilus subcellulosus***<br>Singer & J.García (1991) | |
|


title: Tylopilus rubrobrunneus

abstract: Tylopilus rubrobrunneus, commonly known as the reddish brown bitter bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was first described scientifically in 1967 by Samuel J. Mazzer and Alexander H. Smith from collections made in Michigan. It is found in the United States; the bolete was reported from a Mexican beech forest in Hidalgo, Mexico in 2010. The species is inedible and very bitter in taste.

text:
# Tylopilus rubrobrunneus

***Tylopilus rubrobrunneus***, commonly known as the **reddish brown bitter bolete**, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was first described scientifically in 1967 by Samuel J. Mazzer and Alexander H. Smith from collections made in Michigan. It is found in the United States; the bolete was reported from a Mexican beech (*Fagus mexicana*) forest in Hidalgo, Mexico in 2010.

The species is inedible and very bitter in taste.

## InfoBox

| *Tylopilus rubrobrunneus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | *Tylopilus* |
| Species: | ***T. rubrobrunneus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tylopilus rubrobrunneus***<br>Mazzer & A.H.Sm. (1967) | |
|


title: Ma-i

abstract: Mait, was a medieval sovereign state located in what is now the Philippines. Its existence was first documented in 971 in the Song dynasty documents known as the History of Song, and it was also mentioned in the 10th-century records of the Bruneian Empire. Based on these and other mentions until the early 14th century, contemporary scholars believe Ma-i was located either in Bay, Laguna, or on the island of Mindoro. Research by Fay Cooper Cole for the Field Museum in Chicago in 1912 showed that the ancient name of Mindoro was Mait. Mindoro's indigenous groups are called Mangyans, and to this day, the Mangyans call the lowlands of Bulalacao in Oriental Mindoro Mait. For most of the 20th century, historians generally accepted the idea that Mindoro was the political center of the ancient Philippine polity. However, a 2005 study by Filipino-Chinese historian Go Bon Juan suggested that the historical descriptions better match Bay, Laguna, which is written similarly to Ma-i in "Chinese orthography". According to Go Bon Juan's understanding, in Hokkien Chinese, the literary reading for the first character, 麻, is "mâ", while the vernacular reading could also be pronounced and read as "bâ" or "môa" but the second character, 逸, has the literary reading of "i̍t", while a vernacular reading of "ia̍k" (Quanzhou) or "e̍k" or "ia̍t" (Amoy).

text:
# Ma-i

| Ma-i | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 麻逸 |
| Simplified Chinese | 麻逸 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin máyì  Wade–Giles ma2-i4  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ mâ-i̍t | |
|  | |

**Mait** (also spelled **Maidh**, **Ma'I**, **Mai**, **Ma-yi**, or **Mayi**; Baybayin: ᜋᜁ; Hanunoo: ᜫᜡ; Hokkien Chinese: 麻逸; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *mâ-i̍t*; Mandarin Chinese: 麻逸; pinyin: *máyì*; Wade–Giles: *ma2-i4*), was a medieval sovereign state located in what is now the Philippines.

Its existence was first documented in 971 in the Song dynasty documents known as the *History of Song*, and it was also mentioned in the 10th-century records of the Bruneian Empire. Based on these and other mentions until the early 14th century, contemporary scholars believe Ma-i was located either in Bay, Laguna, or on the island of Mindoro.

Research by Fay Cooper Cole for the Field Museum in Chicago in 1912 showed that the ancient name of Mindoro was *Mait*. Mindoro's indigenous groups are called *Mangyans*, and to this day, the Mangyans call the lowlands of Bulalacao in Oriental Mindoro *Mait*. For most of the 20th century, historians generally accepted the idea that Mindoro was the political center of the ancient Philippine polity. However, a 2005 study by Filipino-Chinese historian Go Bon Juan suggested that the historical descriptions better match Bay, Laguna (pronounced Ba-i), which is written similarly to Ma-i in "Chinese orthography". According to Go Bon Juan's understanding, in Hokkien Chinese, the literary reading for the first character, , is *"mâ"*, while the vernacular reading could also be pronounced and read as *"bâ"* or *"môa"* but the second character, , has the literary reading of *"i̍t"*, while a vernacular reading of *"ia̍k"* (Quanzhou) or *"e̍k"* (Amoy & Zhangzhou) or *"ia̍t"* (Amoy).

## Possible sites

For many years, scholars believed that Ma-i was likely to have been on the island of Mindoro within the municipality of Bulalacao, as there is an old settlement there named *Mait*. However, recent scholarship casts doubt on this theory, arguing that historical descriptions better match Bay, Laguna (whose name is pronounced either Ba-e\[h\] or Ba-i), which once occupied a large territory on the eastern coasts of Laguna de Bay.

Both sites have names that sound similar to Ma-i. The pre-colonial name of Mindoro was "Ma-it", whereas historical variants of the name of Bay, Laguna include "Bae", "Bai", and "Vahi".

An earlier theory, put forward in 1914 by Austin Craig and asserted by local historians, also suggested Malolos, Bulacan, as a potential site for Ma-i.

## Documentary sources

The Chinese and Bruneian records both describe trade relations with Ma-i.

Ma-i is first mentioned in Volume 186 of the official history of the Song dynasty, which lists Ma-i among the southern sea nations with whom Chinese merchants traded in the year 971 AD (the fourth year of Kai Bao of Song). The document describes the government's efforts to regulate and tax this "luxurious" trade. Historian William Henry Scott describes this entry as "the first positive reference to political states in or near the Philippines."

Ma-i could be possibly mentioned earlier since the Arabic author Al Ya'akubi, writing in 800, recorded that the kingdom of Musa (Muja, which is old Brunei) was in alliance with the kingdom of Mayd (either Ma-i or Madja-as in the Philippines), against the Chinese Empire, which they waged war against.

In 1980, historian Robert Nicholl argued that the nation of "Maidh", referred to in the 10th-century records of the Sultanate of Brunei, refers to Ma-i, although Scott does not recognize this as a positive identification.

Later references to Ma-i, all describing trade, include:

### Historiography

The majority of these sources only mention Ma-i briefly, either affirming that Ma-i was one of the nations conducting trade in the "south seas" area or repeating hearsay about the supposed location of Ma-i. Scott notes that of the documents describing Ma-i, only the *Zu Fan Zhi* and the *Daoyi Zhilüe* provide substantial details. Filipino Chinese historian Bon Juan Go, in turn, notes that only the *Wenxian Tongkao* and Volumes 186 and 489 of the *History of Song* provide definitive dates.

Because all of these are Chinese imperial documents, historiographers have to consider the Sinocentric nature of the sources whenever conducting their analysis.

As noted by Zandro Vasquez Villanueva in 2009:

> These tenth to fifteenth century tributary records provide significant information on the Chinese perceptions of how Philippine local polities were governed, the political landscape of the time, and the trade goods offered and desired by Philippine polities. Chinese travellers' accounts from the early second millennium AD are considered rich sources of information on the political economy of the early polities. However, they are heavily biased because of the traditional worldview of the Chinese Empire as the center of the universe, where all non-Chinese people are considered to be "barbarians" (Junker 1998). The context of these Chinese sources about the nature of Philippine polities must be analyzed carefully.

## Description

In 1225, the *Zhu Fan Zhi* noted that "the country of Ma-i is to the north of Borneo" and added that few pirates reach these shores. It also noted that "the people of Ma-i live in large villages (literally "settlements of more than a thousand households") on the opposite banks of a stream".

In the 1349 document *Daoyi Zhilüe*, it is noted that the settlement of Ma-i consisted of houses arranged on the two banks of a stream. It also noted that "its mountain range is flat and broad", "the fields are fertile," and "the climate is rather hot".

## Economic activities and trade practices

Since all the documents describing Ma-I were primarily concerned with trade, its economic activities and trade practices are the most documented aspects of Ma-i culture.

### Exported products

Both the Song dynasty records (specifically the *Zhu Fan Zhi*) and Yuan dynasty records (specifically the *Daoyi Zhilüe*) describe the local products as "kapok cotton, yellow bees-wax, tortoise shell, medicinal betel nuts and cloth of various patterns." The 1225 *Zhu Fan Zhi* lists "yuta cloth" while the 1349 *Daoyi Zhilüe* lists "cloth of various patterns."

### Barter items accepted as exchange

The *Zhu Fan Zhi* notes that in exchange, the locals accepted products such as "porcelain, trade gold, iron pots, lead, colored glass beads, and iron needles." The Daoyi Zhilüe later lists "caldrons, pieces of iron, red cloth or taffetas of various color stripes, ivory, and 'tint or the like'" as accepted items of exchange.

### Administration of trade

The *Zhu Fan Zhi* notes that Ma-I's official plaza is its official venue for barter and trade and that officials have to be presented with white parasols as gifts:

> "When trading ships enter the harbor, they stop in front of the official plaza, for the official plaza is that country's place for barter and trade and once the ship is registered, they mix freely. Since the local officials make a habit of using white umbrellas, the merchants must present them as gifts."

The *Zhu Fan Zhi* further describes the process of the transactions as follows:

> The method of transacting business is for the savage traders to come all in a crowd and immediately transfer the merchandise into baskets and go off with it. If at first they can't tell who they are, gradually they come to know those who remove the goods so in the end nothing is actually lost. The savage traders then take the goods around to the other islands for barter and generally don't start coming back until September or October to repay the ship's merchants with what they have got. Indeed, there are some who don't come back even then, so ships trading with Mai are the last to reach home.

Similarly, the *Daoyi Zhilüe* says that:

> "After agreeing on prices, the barbarian traders carry off the goods for bartering the native products and bring these products back to the Chinese in the amount agreed on. The Chinese vessels' traders (Filipinos) are trustworthy. They never fail to keep the agreement of their bargains."

### Possible use of trade gold

The discovery of small gold ingots (referred to by modern numismatists as Piloncitos), presumed to have been used as currency and "stamped with what looks like the pre-Spanish Baybayin character 'ma'", has led some historians such as Ambeth Ocampo to theorize that the writing may be a reference to Ma-i, although numerous other interpretations have also been suggested.

## Culture

### Religion

While documents did not definitively describe the religious beliefs of the people of Ma-i, the *Zhu Fan Zhi* did note the presence of unspecified religious artifacts in Ma-i, supposedly as of 1225 AD:

> "There are metal images of unknown origin scattered about in the tangled wilds."

Contemporary historiographers do not draw conclusions about the religion of Ma-i's residents based on this text. In his book *Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History*, Scott notes that a literal translation of the Zhu Fan Zhi text describes "metal buddhas." However, he and Chinese Scholar I-hsiung Ju translated this in 1968 as "metal images" to correct for the linguistic bias of the text.

In his seminal 1984 book *Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History*, Scott particularly questioned whether the presence of these images reflected actual beliefs by the people of Ma-i:

> "The people in Ma-I sound like newcomers \[to this port\] since they don't know where those metal statues in the jungle come from."

Earlier writers, including José Rizal and Ferdinand Blumentritt, accepted the "buddhist connection" more readily. For example, in supporting Blumentritt's proposition that Ma-i was somewhere on Luzon Island, Rizal cites the use of the word "Buddhas" by the *Zhu Fan Zhi* as evidence:

> "The gentleness of Tagalog customs that the first Spaniards found, very different from those of other provinces of the same race and in Luzon itself, can very well be the effect of Buddhism." (There are copper Buddha's images)."

Precluded from finding any Buddhist artifacts in Ma-i, Henry Otley Beyer, an American archaeologist, was able to excavate from Palawan (an island southwest of Mindoro that is presumably Ma-i) a clay medallion of a Buddhist Bodhisattva. The presence of this Buddhist religious item, along with the incorporation of Tantric philosophical and religious ideals in Tagalog vocabulary, may be proofs that indeed Ma-i was practicing Buddhism before the advent of Islam.

### Food

The Chinese records made no specific note of the solid food the people of Ma-i ate, but the Daoyi Zhilüe did describe their process for making alcoholic beverages:

> "The people boil seawater to make salt and ferment treacle (molasses) to make liquor."

### Clothing

The *Zhu Fan Zhi* describes the people of Ma-i as covering themselves "with a cloth like a sheet or hide their bodies with a loin cloth." And the *Daoyi Zhilüe*, written a century later, describes the clothing and coiffure of the people of Ma-i, saying "In their customs they esteem the quality of chastity and uprightness. Both men and women do up their hair in a mallet-like tress. They wear a blue cotton shirt."

### Funerary practices

In 1349, the *Daoyi Zhilüe* also made observations of funerary practices, describing them thus:

> When any woman is burying her husband, she shaves her hair and fasts for seven days, lying beside her dead husband. Most of them nearly die. If after seven days they are not dead, their relatives urge them to eat. Should they get quite well they cherish their chastity by not marrylng again during their whole lives. There are some even, who, when the body of their dead husband is burning, get into the funeral pyre and die. At the burial of a great chief, two or three thousand (sic. could be twenty or thlrty) male or female slaves are put to death for burying with him.

## Diplomatic relations

### Relationship with China and Brunei

Scott 1989 notes that Ma-i's relationship with Song and Yuan Dynasty was defined by trade, not by diplomacy:

> Ma-i never sent a tribute mission to China and probably never needed to: it flourished during the Sung Dynasty when the imperial government was encouraging Chinese merchants to carry their goods abroad in their own ships."

The nature of Ma-i's relationship with Brunei is less clear because of scant documentation, but there is no indication of any relationship other than possible trade. However, in the 1300s the Chinese annals, *Nanhai zhi*, reported that Brunei had invaded or administered the Philippine kingdoms of Butuan, Sulu and Ma-i as well, which would regain their independence at a later date.

### Relationship with nearby territories

The Zhu Fan Zhi mentions a number of territories in its account of Ma-i, saying:

> "San-hsu, Pai-p'u-yen, P'u-li-lu, Li-yin-tung, Liu-hsin, Li-han, etc., are all the same sort of place as Ma-i"

Contemporary scholars believe that these are the Baipuyan (Babuyan Islands), Bajinong (Busuanga), Liyin (Lingayen) and Lihan (present day Malolos City). Malolos is a coastal town and one of the ancient settlement around Manila Bay near Tondo.

While the phrase "subordinates" has sometimes been interpreted to mean that these places are territories of Ma-I, Scott clarifies that:

> "The text says, not that these places belong to Ma-i, but they are of Ma-i's 'shu', a word that means type or class as a noun, and subordinate (e.g. shu kuo, tributary state"), as an adjective, being used elsewhere in the Chu Fan Chih in these two senses"

## Ma-i after the Yuan dynasty records

No mentions of the country of Ma-i have been found after 1349 (or 1339 depending on the source). However, historians generally believe that Ma-i continued to exist under a different name. Early theories for the location of Ma-i include locations in Central Luzon, or the Southern Tagalog area. Many 20th Century Scholars came to accept the idea that Ma-i was located on the island of Mindoro, based on the name of Mait, a place on the island. However, this has been questioned on the basis of physical evidence and an analysis of Chinese orthography, and Bay (pronounced "Ba-i" or "Ba-e" by locals) has once again been suggested as a likely location of Ma-i.

### Bay, Laguna, as Ma-i

The idea that Ma-i was located somewhere in the Tagalog region was proposed early on by scholars such as Blumentritt and Rizal. Eventually, though, it became popular during the middle and late 20th century to believe that it had become "Mait", a place now located in Mindoro.

In 2004, Chinese Filipino scholar Bon Juan Go questioned this common belief, citing the lack of physical evidence for a large, prosperous settlement on the island of Mindoro. He suggested that Chinese orthography equally allows for the possibility that Ma-i became Bay, Laguna, whose name is pronounced "*bah-EH*" (IPA: /bɐʔˈɛ/) by locals. He notes that Bay is also a match for the physical characteristics of Ma-i, and that numerous artifacts found in the area (including the nearby towns of Victoria Pila and Lumban, Laguna) suggest the presence of a prosperous pre-colonial settlement. Grace P. Odal-Devora notes that this region was the place of the *taga-ilaya*, whereas the *taga-laud* who settled downstream on the banks of the Pasig River.

Go suggests that Ma-i, as Ba-e, became less important as the riverine settlements of Namayan, Tondo, and Maynila rose to power, but also noted that Ba-i still nonetheless served as the capital for the province of Laguna de Bay, which would later be split into the provinces of Laguna and Morong (modern day Rizal Province, including coastal towns now administered by the National Capital Region).

The possible readings of Chinese:  in Hokkien and Mandarin:

### Mindoro as Ma-i

Philippine historians of the middle and late 20th century widely believed Ma-i could be equated with "Mait", a place now located in Mindoro, because research by Fay Cooper Cole for the Field Museum in Chicago in 1912 discovered that the ancient name of Mindoro was Mait. Writing in 1984, Scott said that "there \[was\] no reason to doubt that Ma-i or "Ma-yit"- is Mindoro, for Mait was the old name of the island when the Spaniards arrived, and that name is still known to its hill tribes and Fishermen."

This has been contested in contemporary scholarship, but textbooks containing this assumption are still widely in use.

#### Later events on the island of Mindoro

If, even though it had disappeared from historical writings, Ma-i really was located in Mindoro and it continued to exist until 1500, some believe by it would have been affected by the raids conducted by the Sultanate of Brunei around the year 1498–99, which included a series of raids against the Kingdom of Taytay in Palawan and the island of Mindoro.

If Ma-i continued to exist until the 1570s, then it must have been affected by the arrival of the Spanish conquerors. As described in an anonymous account translated in Blair and Robertson's The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898, Miguel López de Legazpi sent Captain Martin de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo on an expedition to Mindoro in May 1570, to counteract Muslim pirates based on the island who were attacking their new headquarters on nearby Panay Island. Legazpi himself would arrive on Mindoro the next year, 1571. The Spanish conquered and burned two square forts on Lubang Island, each with earthen embankments 2 meters high and a surrounding moat two and a half fathoms wide. Each fort, moreover, had 10 to 12 lantakas, not counting several smaller guns. After destroying these Muslim forts, they despoiled the town of Mamburao while they were at Mindoro. There was even stone walls in one of the hills defending Mindoro.

### Spanish advent

Whatever happened to Ma-i between the last time it was mentioned by documents at the end of the Yuan Dynasty in the 1300s and the beginning of Philippines Spanish in the 1570s, both Mindoro and Bay eventually became part of the Philippine Islands under the dominion of Spain.

## Presumed rulers of Ma-i

| Name | Title held | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unnamed ruler | described in the Zhu Fan Zhi as "王" Wang (King) | ca. 1225 | implied by the text's description as a "country", which in the Chinese worldview of the time should be ruled by a king |
| Unnamed ruler | implied by the description in the Daoyi Zhilüe) | ca. 1339 | presumably a different ruler from the one described in the Zhu Fan Zhi |

## Associated Filipino family names

* Gatmaitan – Ferdinand Blumentritt believed that Ma-i may have been the origin of the Filipino Family name Gatmaitan, which can be broken down into "Gat", meaning leader or lord; the word *Mait*; and the suffix "-an", which indicates a place name. The ancestor which gave the Gatmaitan family its name was lord of a place named "Mait" or "Maitan"
* Gatchalian – Misinterpretations of the word "Shi" in the Song dynasty records have led to the family name Gatchalian also being associated with Ma-i. The name can be broken down as "Gat Sa Li-han" (Lord at Li-han), and the records list Li-han as one of the palaces "of Ma-i's Shi." Scott debunks the perception that Li-han is a place ruled by Ma-i, and suggests instead that Li-han is a place "of the same kind" (but of lesser rank) as Ma-i. Also, instead of equating Li-han with Malolos, Scott suggested that Li-han may be Lumban, Laguna.

1. Go 2005.
2. Scott 1989.
3. Scott 1989, pp. 63, 68.
4. Jocano 1998.
5. The Daoyi Zhilüe as translated by Gregorio Zaide and cited by Go, Bon Juan. 2004.
6. Scott 1989, p. 79.
7. Scott 1989, p. 70.
8. Cole 1912, p. 19.
9. Patanñe 1996.
10. Wolters 1999, p. 33.
11. Jocano 1973.
12. Craig 1914
13. *Malolos Historical Digest*, March 2000, Marcial C. Aniag, editor
14. Scott 1989, p. 65.
15. Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl p. 38 citing Ferrand. Relations. Page 344.
16. Nicholl 1980; Nicholl 1983.
17. Wang 2008.
18. Scott 1989, p. 68.
19. Scott 1989, p. 73.
20. Villanueva 2009.
21. Junker 1998.
22. Scott 1989, p. 147.
23. Philippine Daily Inquirer 2016.
24. The *Zhu Fan Zhi* as translated by Scott, William Henry and I-hsiung Ju in "Prehispanic Source Materials: for the study of Philippine History" (Published by New Day Publishers, Copyright 1984
25. Ocampo, Ambeth R. (August 30, 2011). "'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'". *opinion.inquirer.net*. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
26. Scott 1989, pp. 68, 71.
27. Scott 1989, p. 71.
28. Rizal, Jose (2000). *Political and Historical Writings (Vol. 7)*. Manila: National Historical Institute.
29. Malcolm H. Churchill. "INDIAN PENETRATION OF PRE·SPANISH PHILIPPINES : A NEW LOOK AT THE EVIDENCE" (PDF). *Asj.upd.edu.ph*. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
30. Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and beyond: Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century By: Roderich Ptak. Page 280
31. Wang Zhenping (2008). "Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines" (PDF). *Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies*. **1**: 249–260. ISSN 1882-7756.
32. de Mas y Sans 1843, p. 164.
33. Scott 1997.
34. Craig 1914.
35. Odal-Devora 2000.
36. Rees 2016.
37. Blair & Robertson 1903, pp. 122–126, Vol 03.
38. Account of the conquest of Manila, 1570 Source: Blair & Robertson, The Philippine Islands, volume 3, pp. 73–104.Translation from the Spanish by Arthur B. Myrick.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Ma-iMait | |
| --- | --- |
| before 971 AD–after 1339 AD
(last historical reference) | |
| Status | Sovereign state which conducted trade with Brunei, and with the Song and Yuan dynasties |
| Capital | Under debate
Possibilities include Bulalacao, on the island of Mindoro, and Bay, Laguna |
| Government | Monarchy |
| History |  |
|  | |
| Established | before 971 AD |
| Mentioned in a Song dynasty list of states conducting trade in the south seas | 971 AD |
| Noted by Song dynasty records as having brought trade goods to the southern Chinese coast | 982 AD |
| Described in detail in an account of countries conducting trade with the Yuan dynasty | 1339 AD |
| Disestablished | after 1339 AD
(last historical reference) |
|  | |
| Currency | Barter ("caldrons, pieces of iron, red cloth or taffetas of various color stripes, ivory, and "tint or the like"") |
|  | |
| Today part of | Philippines |


title: Typhloseiulus

abstract: Typhloseiulus is a genus of mites in the Phytoseiidae family.

text:
# Typhloseiulus

***Typhloseiulus*** is a genus of mites in the Phytoseiidae family.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Typhloseiulus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Subclass: | Acari |
| Superorder: | Parasitiformes |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Subfamily: | Typhlodrominae |
| Genus: | ***Typhloseiulus***<br>Chant & McMurtry, 1994 |
|


title: Madawaska Centre

abstract: Madawaska Centre was a provincial electoral district in New Brunswick. It was created in the 1973 electoral redistribution from the multi-member riding of Madawaska and abolished in the 1994 electoral redistribution.

text:
# Madawaska Centre

**Madawaska Centre** was a provincial electoral district in New Brunswick. It was created in the 1973 electoral redistribution from the multi-member riding of Madawaska and abolished in the 1994 electoral redistribution.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Assembly | Years | Member | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Riding created from* Madawaska** | | | | |
| 48th | 1974–1978 |  | Gérald Clavette | Liberal |
| 49th | 1978–1982 | | | |
| 50th | 1982–1987 | | | |
| 51st | 1987–1991 | | | |
| 52nd | 1991–1995 | | | |
| ***Riding dissolved into* Madawaska-la-Vallée,<br>Edmundston *and* Madawaska-les-Lacs** | | | | |

## Election results

| 1991 New Brunswick general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Gérald Clavette | 2,942 | 58.14 | -1.24 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Don Marmen | 1,706 | 33.72 | +0.41 |
|  | New Democratic | Jean-Marie St-Onge | 412 | 8.14 | +0.80 |
| Total valid votes | | | 5,060 | 100.0 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | -0.82 |

| 1987 New Brunswick general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Gérald Clavette | 3,136 | 59.38 | -7.19 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Don Marmen | 1,759 | 33.31 | +5.66 |
|  | New Democratic | Paul Morneault | 386 | 7.31 | +1.53 |
| Total valid votes | | | 5,281 | 100.0 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | -6.42 |

| 1982 New Brunswick general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Gérald Clavette | 2,774 | 66.57 | +6.34 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Jacques Tremblay | 1,152 | 27.65 | -9.23 |
|  | New Democratic | Rodolphe Martin | 241 | 5.78 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 4,167 | 100.0 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | +7.78 |

| 1978 New Brunswick general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Liberal | Gérald Clavette | 2,208 | 60.23 | -4.05 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Léonard Plourde | 1,352 | 36.88 | +1.16 |
|  | Parti acadien | Aline Thérèse Gagnon | 106 | 2.89 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 3,666 | 100.0 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | | -2.60 |

47°28′05″N 68°00′25″W / 47.468°N 68.007°W / 47.468; -68.007

## InfoBox

Madawaska Centre
| New Brunswick electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct provincial electoral district | |
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick |
| District created | 1973 |
| District abolished | 1994 |
| First contested | 1974 |
| Last contested | 1991 |


title: MMS19

abstract: MMS19 nucleotide excision repair protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MMS19 gene.

text:
# MMS19

**MMS19 nucleotide excision repair protein homolog** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *MMS19* gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| MMS19 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | MMS19, MET18, MMS19L, hMMS19 homolog, cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component, CIAO4 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 614777; MGI: 1919449; HomoloGene: 41480; GeneCards: MMS19; OMA:MMS19 - orthologs | | |
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| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)      NM\_028152
NM\_001373946   RefSeq (protein)      NP\_082428
NP\_001360875   Location (UCSC) Chr 10: 97.46 – 97.5 Mb Chr 19: 41.93 – 41.97 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: MMS22L

abstract: Methyl methanesulfonate-sensitivity protein 22-like also known as MMS22-like, DNA repair protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MMS22L gene.

text:
# MMS22L

**Methyl methanesulfonate-sensitivity protein 22-like** also known as **MMS22-like, DNA repair protein** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MMS22L gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| MMS22L | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | MMS22L, C6orf167, dJ39B17.2, MMS22 like, DNA repair protein | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 615614; MGI: 2684980; HomoloGene: 18874; GeneCards: MMS22L; OMA:MMS22L - orthologs | | |
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| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_198468
NM\_001350599
NM\_001350600   NM\_199467   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_940870
NP\_001337528
NP\_001337529   NP\_955761   Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 97.14 – 97.28 Mb Chr 4: 24.5 – 24.6 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Macken, County Fermanagh

abstract: Macken or Mackan is a small hamlet and townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, off the A509 main Enniskillen to Derrylin road. Once quite a sizeable village it has now dwindled to containing only a few scattered farmsteads.

text:
# Macken, County Fermanagh

**Macken** or **Mackan** (from Irish *Meacan*) is a small hamlet and townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, off the A509 main Enniskillen to Derrylin road. Once quite a sizeable village it has now dwindled to containing only a few scattered farmsteads.

## History

Macken was the scene of a famous skirmish on the evening of 13 July 1829 between Catholics and Protestants during which four Protestants died. Nineteen Catholics were later charged for their part in the affair. One of them, Ignatius McManus, was hanged and most of the remainder were transported to Botany Bay, Australia.

1. Placenames NI Archived 31 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine

54°15′38″N 7°38′16″W / 54.2605°N 7.6377°W / 54.2605; -7.6377


title: Mac Cooper

abstract: Malcolm McGregor Cooper, commonly known as Mac Cooper, was a New Zealand-born agriculturalist and author; and previously a Scotland international rugby union player, at the Flanker position.

text:
# Mac Cooper

**Malcolm McGregor Cooper** CBE FRSE (17 August 1910 – 1 September 1989), commonly known as **Mac Cooper**, was a New Zealand-born agriculturalist and author; and previously a Scotland international rugby union player, at the Flanker position.

## Academic career

He as educated at Napier Boys' High School and then at Massey Agricultural College graduating a Bachelor in Agricultural Science in 1933. He then won a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University and obtained a Diploma in Rural Economy in 1935 and Bachelor of Literature in 1937. He married Hilary Margaret Cecilia Matthews in 1937.

From 1947 to 1954 he was Professor of Agriculture at Wye College. From 1954 until retiral in 1972 he was Dean of Agriculture and Professor of Rural Economy at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

He was president of the British Grassland Society and president of the British Society of Animal Production. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations described him as a giant of agriculture.

## Rugby Union career

### Amateur career

Cooper played for Oxford University. He obtained 3 'Blues' playing against Cambridge University in 1935, 1936 and 1937.

### Provincial career

He played for Scotland Possibles against Scotland Possibles on 15 December 1934.

He played for Scotland Probables against Scotland Possibles on 11 January 1936. He played again for the Probables in the following season, 19 December 1936.

### International career

He was capped for Scotland twice in 1936.

## Military career

During the Second World War Cooper served in the New Zealand Military Forces in North Africa and Italy rising to the rank of Major. After the war he decided to stay in Britain to work.

## Family

He was born at Havelock North in New Zealand's Hawke's Bay on 17 August 1910, the son of Laurence Taylor Cooper (1872-1923), a farmer, and Sarah Ann McGregor (1869-1930). He was one of the couple's 7 children.

His mother Sarah was born in Dunedin; and she was the daughter of Malcolm McGregor (1837-1906) from Cromdale in Scotland.

Mac Cooper married Hilary Matthews in July 1937 in Oxford.

## Death

Cooper died on 1 September 1989.

## Honours and awards

Cooper was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1956, his proposers including David Cuthbertson, H. Cecil Pawson and Meirion Thomas. In the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He was conferred with an honorary Doctor of Science degree by Massey University in 1972.

## Publications

* *Profitable Sheep Farming* (reprinted 1996)
* *Profitable Beef Production* (1984)
* *Grass Farming* (1973 reprinted 1979)

## InfoBox

Mac Cooper
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Malcolm McGregor Cooper |
| Date of birth | (1910-08-17)17 August 1910 |
| Place of birth | Havelock North, New Zealand |
| Date of death | 1 September 1989(1989-09-01) (aged 79) |
| Place of death | Longhoughton, England |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Flanker  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  - Oxford University   ()  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1934 Scotland Possibles   ()  1935-6 Scotland Probables   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1936 Scotland  2  (0) | |