title: 1919 Icelandic parliamentary election

abstract: Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 15 November 1919. Voters elected all 26 seats in the Lower House of the Althing and eight of the fourteen seats in Upper House. The Home Rule Party remained the largest party in the Lower House, winning 10 of the 26 seats.

text:
# 1919 Icelandic parliamentary election

**Parliamentary elections** were held in Iceland on 15 November 1919. Voters elected all 26 seats in the Lower House of the Althing and eight of the fourteen seats in Upper House. The Home Rule Party remained the largest party in the Lower House, winning 10 of the 26 seats.

## Results

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Lower
House | | | +/– | Upper
House | +/– |
|  | Home Rule Party | 6,423 | 45.76 | 10 | +2 | 6 | –1 |
|  | Independence Party | 3,548 | 25.28 | 9 | +8 | 4 | +2 |
|  | Progressive Party | 3,115 | 22.19 | 7 | +2 | 4 | +2 |
|  | Social Democratic Party | 949 | 6.76 | 0 | –1 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | 14,035 | 100.00 | 26 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 14,035 | 97.04 |  | | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 428 | 2.96 |  | | | |
| Total votes | | 14,463 | 100.00 |  | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 31,870 | 45.38 |  | | | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | | | | | | | |

1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) *Elections in Europe: A data handbook*, p961 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
2. Nohlen & Stöver, p954

## InfoBox

1919 Icelandic parliamentary election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 26 seats in the Lower House
and 8 of 14 seats in the Upper House of Althing
14 and 8 seats needed for a majority | |
| Turnout | 45.38% |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–  Upper House  Home Rule Jón Magnússon 45.76 6 −1  Independence Einar Arnórsson 25.28 4 −1  Progressive Ólafur Briem 22.19 4 +2  Lower House  Home Rule Jón Magnússon 45.76 10 +2  Independence Einar Arnórsson 25.28 9 −1  Progressive Ólafur Briem 22.19 7 +2   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.  Prime Minister before Prime Minister after  Jón Magnússon
Home Rule Jón Magnússon
Home Rule | |


title: Llantwit Fardre railway station

abstract: Llantwit Fardre was a station on the Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway. The station consisted of a single platform and station buildings. A small bridge crossed over Crown Hill to the west of the station followed by the Dyffryn Red Ash Colliery sidings and a spur to Cwm Colliery. There were numerous tramways for coal workings in this area. One of the sidings consisted of a weigh bridge. To the west of the station existed sidings for the Dyffryn Red Ash Colliery.

text:
# Llantwit Fardre railway station

**Llantwit Fardre** was a station on the Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway.

The station consisted of a single platform and station buildings. A small bridge crossed over Crown Hill to the west of the station followed by the Dyffryn Red Ash Colliery sidings and a spur to Cwm Colliery. There were numerous tramways for coal workings in this area. One of the sidings consisted of a weigh bridge. To the west of the station existed sidings for the Dyffryn Red Ash Colliery.

## Modern day

No trace of the railway station and track exist anymore. The railway bridge to the west on Crown Hill of the station was removed in the 1990s. The Dyffryn Red Ash Colliery sidings have now been built upon and no traces of the tramways exist.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Church Village Halt
Line and station closed |  | Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway
Pontypridd-Llantrisant |  | Beddau Halt
Line and station closed |

## InfoBox

| Llantwit Fardre | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Llantwit Fardre, Rhondda Cynon Taf
Wales |
| Coordinates | 51°33′31″N 3°19′56″W / 51.5586°N 3.3321°W / 51.5586; -3.3321 |
| Grid reference | ST077852 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway |
| Pre-grouping | Taff Vale Railway |
| Post-grouping | Great Western Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 21 January 1875 (1875-01-21) | Station opened as *Llantwit* |
| 8 October 1936 | Renamed *Llantwit Fardre* |
| 31 March 1952 (1952-03-31) | Station closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Vauxhall 12-4

abstract: The Vauxhall 12-4 is an automobile which was produced by Vauxhall in the United Kingdom from 1939 to 1940 and in 1946.

text:
# Vauxhall 12-4

The **Vauxhall 12-4** is an automobile which was produced by Vauxhall in the United Kingdom from 1939 to 1940 and in 1946.

## Model I

The car, also known as the Type I, was a total redesign and given the new 12-4 name. It featured a longer six-light body based on the Vauxhall 10 but with a monocoque hull with independent torsion-bar front suspension and semi-elliptic leaf springs at the rear. Lockheed hydraulic drum brakes were fitted all round to the same design as the 10-4 and featured a split circuit to prevent complete loss of braking in the event of a fluid leak.

The engine was a 4-cylinder 1.4-litre (1442 cc) with overhead valves enlarged from the 10-4 by increasing the bore from 63.5mm to 69.5mm and keeping the same 95mm stroke. A Zenith carburettor was fitted. For UK taxation purposes it was rated at 11.98 hp. The actual output was 40 bhp (30 kW) at 3800 rpm. This engine was also used in the Bedford JC and PC light commercials. The gearbox was the 3-speed, with synchromesh on second and top, that was used in the 10-4.

Two versions of the saloon body were available, a Standard and a De-luxe, the latter featuring a sliding sunroof. The Standard version was dropped for the 1940 year.

The *Autocar* magazine tested a de-luxe saloon in 1938 and found it would reach 65 mph (105 km/h) and accelerate from 0-50 mph (80 km/h) in 22 seconds.

Production pre-war was 10,164 and in 1946 just 6 more of the pre-war version were made.

## Model HIX

For 1946 the I-type body was replaced by the 98 in (2,500 mm) wheelbase one used on the H type 10-4 painted in black, maroon or blue. Both the 10 and 12 hp cars sold for the same price. In 1947 material shortages caused cloth seats to replace the previous leather ones. Production continued until 1948 when the car was replaced by the Wyvern.

Combined production of the 10-4 and 12-4 was 44,047.

## InfoBox

| Vauxhall 12-4 | |
| --- | --- |
| 1939 Vauxhall 12-4 Type I | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Vauxhall (General Motors) |
| Also called | Vauxhall Twelve <br>Vauxhall Type I |
| Production | 1939 to 1946 |
| Assembly | United Kingdom |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | 4-door saloon |
| Layout | FR layout |
| Related | Vauxhall 10-4 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 1442 cc *12HP* I4 |
| Transmission | 3-speed manual |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 101 in (2,600 mm) |
| Length | 163 in (4,100 mm) |
| Width | 61 in (1,500 mm) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Vauxhall Light Six |
| Successor | Vauxhall Wyvern |


title: Novo Itacolomi

abstract: Novo Itacolomi is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.

text:
# Novo Itacolomi

**Novo Itacolomi** is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.

23°45′50″S 51°30′25″W / 23.7639°S 51.5069°W / -23.7639; -51.5069

## InfoBox

| Novo Itacolomi | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southern |
| State | Paraná |
| Mesoregion | Noroeste Paranaense |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 2,840 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Long-range Wi-Fi

abstract: Long-range Wi-Fi is used for low-cost, unregulated point-to-point computer network connections, as an alternative to other fixed wireless, cellular networks or satellite Internet access. Wi-Fi networks have a range that's limited by the frequency, transmission power, antenna type, the location they're used in, and the environment. A typical wireless router in an indoor point-to-multipoint arrangement using 802.11n and a stock antenna might have a range of 50 metres (160 ft) or less. Outdoor point-to-point arrangements, through use of directional antennas, can be extended with many kilometers between stations.

text:
# Long-range Wi-Fi

**Long-range Wi-Fi** is used for low-cost, unregulated point-to-point computer network connections, as an alternative to other fixed wireless, cellular networks or satellite Internet access.

Wi-Fi networks have a range that's limited by the frequency, transmission power, antenna type, the location they're used in, and the environment. A typical wireless router in an indoor point-to-multipoint arrangement using 802.11n and a stock antenna might have a range of 50 metres (160 ft) or less. Outdoor point-to-point arrangements, through use of directional antennas, can be extended with many kilometers between stations.

## Introduction

Since the development of the IEEE 802.11 radio standard (marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name), the technology has become markedly less expensive and achieved higher bit rates. Long-range Wi-Fi especially in the 2.4 GHz band (as the shorter-range higher-bit-rate 5.8 GHz bands become popular alternatives to wired LAN connections) have proliferated with specialist devices. While Wi-Fi hotspots are ubiquitous in urban areas, some rural areas use more powerful longer-range transceivers as alternatives to cell (GSM, CDMA) or fixed wireless (Motorola Canopy and other 900 MHz) applications. The main drawbacks of 2.4 GHz vs. these lower-frequency options are:

* poor signal penetration – 2.4 GHz connections are effectively limited to line of sight or soft obstacles;
* far less range – GSM or CDMA cell phones can connect reliably at \> 16 km (10 mi) distances; the range of GSM, imposed by the parameters of time-division multiple access, is set at 35 km (22 mi);
* few service providers commercially support long-distance Wi-Fi connections.

Despite a lack of commercial service providers, applications for long-range Wi-Fi have cropped up around the world. It has also been used in experimental trials in the developing world to link communities separated by difficult geography with few or no other connectivity options. Some benefits of using long-range Wi-Fi for these applications include:

* unlicensed spectrum – avoiding negotiations with incumbent telecom providers, governments or others;
* smaller, simpler, cheaper antennas – 2.4 GHz antennas have less than half the size of comparable-strength 900 MHz antennas and require less lightning protection;
* availability of proven free software like OpenWrt, DD-WRT, Tomato that works even on old routers (WRT54G, for instance) and makes modes like WDS, OLSR, etc., available to anyone, including revenue-sharing models for hotspots.

Nonprofit organizations operating widespread installations, such as forest services, also make extensive use of long-range Wi-Fi to augment or replace older communications technologies such as shortwave or microwave transceivers in licensed bands.

## Applications

### Business

* Provide coverage to a large office or business complex or campus.
* Establish point-to-point link between large skyscrapers or other office buildings or airports.
* Bring Internet to remote construction sites or research labs.
* Simplify networking technologies by coalescing around a small number of Internet related widely used technologies, limiting or eliminating legacy technologies such as shortwave radio so these can be dedicated to uses where they actually are needed.
* Bring Internet to a home if regular cable/DSL cannot be hooked up at the location.
* Bring Internet to a vacation home or cottage on a remote mountain or on a lake.
* Bring Internet to a yacht or large seafaring vessel.
* Share a neighborhood Wi-Fi network.

### Nonprofit and Government

* Connect widespread physical guard posts, e.g. for foresters, that guard a physical area, without any new wiring
* In tourist regions, fill in cell dead zones with Wi-Fi coverage, and ensure connectivity for local tourist trade operators
* Reduce costs of dedicated network infrastructure and improve security by applying modern encryption and authentication.

### Military

* Connect critical opinion leaders, infrastructure such as schools and police stations, in a network local authorities can maintain
* Build resilient infrastructure with cheaper equipment that an impoverished war-torn region can afford, i.e. using commercial grade, rather than military-class network technology, which may then be left with the developed-world military
* Reduce costs and simplify/protect supply chains by using cheaper simpler equipment that draws less fuel and battery power; *In general these are high priorities for commercial technologies like Wi-Fi especially as they are used in mobile devices.*

### Scientific research

* A long-range seismic sensor network was used during the Andean Seismic Project in Peru. A multi-hop span with a total length of 320 kilometres (200 miles) was crossed with some segments around 30 to 50 kilometers (19 to 31 miles). The goal was to connect to outlying stations to UCLA in order to receive seismic data in real time.

## Large-scale deployments

The Technology and Infrastructure for Emerging Regions (TIER) project at University of California at Berkeley in collaboration with Intel, uses a modified Wi-Fi setup to create long-distance point-to-point links for several of its projects in the developing world. This technique, dubbed Wi-Fi over Long Distance (WiLD), is used to connect the Aravind Eye Hospital with several outlying clinics in Tamil Nadu state, India. Distances range from five to over fifteen kilometres (3–10 miles) with stations placed in line of sight of each other. These links allow specialists at the hospital to communicate with nurses and patients at the clinics through video conferencing. If the patient needs further examination or care, a hospital appointment can then be scheduled. Another network in Ghana links the University of Ghana, Legon campus to its remote campuses at the Korle bu Medical School and the City campus; a further extension will feature links up to 80 km (50 mi) apart.

The Tegola project of the University of Edinburgh is developing new technologies to bring high-speed, affordable broadband to rural areas beyond the reach of fibre. A 5-link ring connects Knoydart, the N. shore of Loch Hourne, and a remote community at Kilbeg to backhaul from the Gaelic College on Skye. All links pass over tidal waters; they range in length from 1+12 to 12 miles (2.4 to 19.3 km).

## Increasing range in other ways

### Specialized Wi-Fi channels

In most standard Wi-Fi routers, the three standards, a, b and g, are enough. But in long-range Wi-Fi, special technologies are used to get the most out of a Wi-Fi connection. The 802.11-2007 standard adds 10 MHz and 5 MHz OFDM modes to the 802.11a standard, and extend the time of cyclic prefix protection from 0.8 μs to 3.2 μs, quadrupling the multipath distortion protection. Some commonly available 802.11a/g chipsets support the OFDM 'half-clocking' and 'quarter-clocking' that is in the 2007 standard, and 4.9 GHz and 5.0 GHz products are available with 10 MHz and 5 MHz channel bandwidths. It is likely that some 802.11n D.20 chipsets will also support 'half-clocking' for use in 10 MHz channel bandwidths, and at double the range of the 802.11n standard.

#### 802.11n and MIMO

Preliminary 802.11n working became available in many routers in 2008. This technology can use multiple antennas to target one or more sources to increase speed. This is known as MIMO, Multiple Input Multiple Output. In tests, the speed increase was said to only occur over short distances rather than the long range needed for most point-to-point setups. On the other hand, using dual antennas with orthogonal polarities along with a 2x2 MIMO chipset effectively enable two independent carrier signals to be sent and received along the same long-distance path.

### Power increase or receiver sensitivity boosting

Another way of adding range uses a power amplifier. Commonly known as "range extender amplifiers" these small devices usually supply around 12 watt of power to the antenna. Such amplifiers may give more than five times the range to an existing network. Every 3 dB gain doubles the effective output power. An antenna receiving 1 watt of power, and 6 dB gain would have an effective power of 4 watts.

### Higher gain antennas and adapter placement

Specially shaped directional antennas can increase the range of a Wi-Fi transmission without a drastic increase in transmission power. High gain antenna may be of many designs, but all allow transmitting a narrow signal beam over greater distance than a non-directional antenna, often nulling out nearby interference sources. Such "WokFi" techniques typically yield gains more than 10 dB over the bare system; enough for line of sight (LOS) ranges of several kilometers (miles) and improvements in marginal locations.

### Protocol hacking

The standard IEEE 802.11 protocol implementations can be modified to make them more suitable for long distance, point-to-point usage, at the risk of breaking interoperability with other Wi-Fi devices and suffering interference from transmitters located near the antenna. These approaches are used by the TIER project.

In addition to power levels, it is also important to know how the 802.11 protocol acknowledges each received frame. If the acknowledgement is not received, the frame is re-transmitted. By default, the maximum distance between transmitter and receiver is 1.6 km (1 mi). On longer distances the delay will force retransmissions. On standard firmware for some professional equipment such as the Cisco Aironet 1200, this parameter can be tuned for optimal throughput. OpenWrt, DD-WRT and all derivatives of it also enable such tweaking. In general, open source software is vastly superior to commercial firmware for all purposes involving protocol hacking, as the philosophy is to expose all radio chipset capabilities and let the user modify them. This strategy has been especially effective with low end routers such as the WRT54G which had excellent hardware features the commercial firmware did not support. As of 2011, many vendors still supported only a subset of chipset features that open source firmware unlocked, and most vendors actively encourage the use of open source firmware for protocol hacking, in part to avoid the difficulty of trying to support commercial firmware users attempting this.

Packet fragmentation can also be used to improve throughput in noisy/congested conditions. Although packet fragmentation is often thought of as something bad, and does indeed add a large overhead, reducing throughput, it is sometimes necessary. For example, in a congested situation, ping times of 30 byte packets can be excellent, while ping times of 1450 byte packets can be very poor with high packet loss. Dividing the packet in half, by setting the fragmentation threshold to 750, can vastly improve the throughput. The fragmentation threshold should be a division of the MTU, typically 1500, so should be 750, 500, 375, etc. However, excessive fragmentation can make the problem worse, since the increased overhead will increase congestion.

## Obstacles to long-range Wi-Fi

Methods that increase the range of a Wi-Fi connection may also make it fragile and volatile, due to various factors including:

### Landscape interference

Obstacles are among the biggest problems when setting up a long-range Wi-Fi. Trees and forests attenuate the microwave signal, and hills make it difficult to establish line-of-sight propagation. Rain and wet foliage can decrease range further with extreme amounts of rain.

In a city, buildings will impact integrity, speed and connectivity. Steel frames and sheet metal in walls or roofs may partially or fully reflect radio signals, causing signal loss or multipath problems. Concrete or plaster walls absorb microwave signals significantly, reducing the total signal. Hospitals, with their extreme amounts of shielding, can require extensive planning to produce a viable network.

### Tidal fading

When point-to-point wireless connections cross tidal estuaries or archipelagos, multipath interference from reflections over tidal water can be considerably destructive. The Tegola project uses a slow frequency-hopping technique to mitigate tidal fading.

### 2.4 GHz interference

Microwave ovens in residences dominate the 2.4 GHz band and will cause "meal time perturbations" of the noise floor. There are many other sources of interference that aggregate into a formidable obstacle to enabling long-range use in occupied areas. Residential wireless phones, USB 3.0 Hubs, baby monitors, wireless cameras, remote car starters, and Bluetooth products are all capable of transmitting in the 2.4 GHz band.

Due to the intended nature of the 2.4 GHz band, there are many users of this band, with potentially dozens of devices per household. By its very nature, "long range" connotes an antenna system which can see many of these devices, which when added together produce a very high noise floor, whereby no single signal is usable, but nonetheless are still received. The aim of a long-range system is to produce a system which over-powers these signals and/or uses directional antennas to prevent the receiver "seeing" these devices, thereby reducing the noise floor.

### Italy

The longest unamplified Wi-Fi link is a 304 km link achieved by CISAR (Italian Center for Radio Activities). New world record for long-range wireless broadband.

* link first established on 2016-05-07 and 2016-05-08
* it appears to be permanent from Monte Amiata (Tuscany) to Monte Limbara (Sardinia)
* frequency: 5765 MHz
* IEEE 802.11a (Wi-Fi), bandwidth 50 MHz
* data rates: of up to 356.33 Mbit/s
* Radio: Ubiquiti Networks AF-5X radios
* Wireless routers: Ubiquiti airFiber
* **Length:** 304 km (189 mi).
* Antenna is 120 cm (4') with handmade waveguide. 35 dBi estimated

### Venezuela

Another notable unamplified Wi-Fi link is a 279 km (173 mi) link achieved by the Latin American Networking School Foundation.

* Pico del Águila – El Baúl Link.
* frequency: 2412 MHz
* link established in 2006
* IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), channel 1, bandwidth 22 MHz
* Wireless routers: Linksys WRT54G, OpenWrt firmware at el Águila and DD-WRT firmware at El Baúl.
* **Length:** 279 km (173 mi).
* Parabolic dish antennas were used at both ends, recycled from satellite service.
* At El Aguila site an aluminum mesh reflector 2.74 m (9 ft) diameter, center-fed, at El Baúl a fiberglass solid reflector, offset-fed, 2.44 by 2.74 m (8 by 9 ft). On both ends the feeds were 12 dBi Yagis.
* Linksys WRT54G series routers fed the antennas with short LMR400 cables, so the effective gain of the complete antenna is estimated at 30 dBi.
* This is the largest known range attained with this technology, improving on a previous US record of 201 km (125 mi) achieved last year in U.S. The Swedish space agency attained 315 km (196 mi), but using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead stratospheric balloon.

### Peru

Loreto, in the jungle region of Peru, is the location of the longest Wi-Fi-based multihop network in the world. This network has been implemented by the Rural Telecommunications Research Group of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (GTR PUCP). The Wi-Fi chain goes through many small villages and takes seventeen hops to cover the whole distance. It begins in Cabo Pantoja's Health Post and finishes at downtown Iquitos. Its length is about 445 km (277 mi). The intervention zone was established in the lowland jungle with elevations under 500 meters (1600') above sea level. It is a flat zone and for this reason GTR PUCP installed towers with an average height of 80 meters (260').

* The link was established in 2007. GTR PUCP, the regional government of Loreto, and Vicariate San José de Amazonas are working together on maintenance of the network.
* Frequency channels used: 1, 6 and 11, 802.11g non-interfered channels
* Doodle Labs Wireless Routers were used.
* L-com antennas were used.

Bibliography


title: Yam Festival (Aburi)

abstract: Yam Festival is an annual harvest festival celebrated by the chiefs and peoples of Aburi Traditional Area in the Eastern Region of Ghana. It is usually celebrated in the month of September.

text:
# Yam Festival (Aburi)

**Yam Festival** is an annual harvest festival celebrated by the chiefs and peoples of Aburi Traditional Area in the Eastern Region of Ghana. It is usually celebrated in the month of September.

## Celebrations

During the festival, visitors are welcomed to share food and drinks. The people put on traditional clothes and there is durbar of chiefs. There is also dancing and drumming.

## Significance

This festival is celebrated to mark the harvest of the new yam tuber and Ntoa, their god of harvest.

1. "Yamsfest in Aburi. - BM Archives". *www.bmarchives.org*. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
2. "Culture". *ghana.peacefmonline.com*. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
3. "Akuapem Odwira Festival 2019 begins on September 16". *www.ghanaweb.com*. 2019-08-02. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
4. "Festivals Ghana - Easy Track Ghana". *www.easytrackghana.com*. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
5. "GhanaReview International--- Ghana Tourism". *ghanareview.com*. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
6. "Major Festivals". *www.ghanaembassyiran.com*. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
7. "Yam Festival at Aburi". *TheFreeDictionary.com*. Retrieved 2020-08-24.


title: Wari Kunka

abstract: Wari Kunka is a 5,120-metre-high (16,798 ft) mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the La Paz Department, José Manuel Pando Province, at the border of the Catacora Municipality and the Santiago de Machaca Municipality. Wari Kunka lies southeast of Patapatani, northeast of Sinijawi and southeast of Jisk'a Wari Kunka. An intermittent stream named Salla Uma originates southwest of the mountain. It flows to the west where it meets Jaruma River as a left tributary.

text:
# Wari Kunka

**Wari Kunka** (Aymara *wari* vicuña, *kunka* throat, "vicuña throat", *wari kunka* a medical plant *(Thamnolia vermicularis)*, Hispanicized spelling *Huaricunca*) is a 5,120-metre-high (16,798 ft) mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the La Paz Department, José Manuel Pando Province, at the border of the Catacora Municipality and the Santiago de Machaca Municipality. Wari Kunka lies southeast of Patapatani, northeast of Sinijawi and southeast of Jisk'a Wari Kunka ("little Wari Kunka"). An intermittent stream named Salla Uma ("cliff water", *Sallahuma*) originates southwest of the mountain. It flows to the west where it meets Jaruma River as a left tributary.

## InfoBox

| Wari Kunka | |
| --- | --- |
| Wari KunkaLocation in Bolivia | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,120 m (16,800 ft) |
| Coordinates | 17°13′08″S 69°24′32″W / 17.21889°S 69.40889°W / -17.21889; -69.40889 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bolivia,
La Paz Department
José Manuel Pando Province |
| Parent range | Andes |


title: Nick Hencher

abstract: Nicholas Hencher is a Welsh former professional footballer who played as a winger. He made appearances in the English Football League with Wrexham under non-contract terms. He also played for Lex XI in the Welsh league.

text:
# Nick Hencher

**Nicholas Hencher** (born 24 August 1961) is a Welsh former professional footballer who played as a winger. He made appearances in the English Football League with Wrexham under non-contract terms. He also played for Lex XI in the Welsh league.

## InfoBox

Nick Hencher
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Nicholas Hencher | | |
| Date of birth | (1961-08-24) 24 August 1961 | | |
| Place of birth | Wrexham, Wales | | |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Lex XI |  |  |
| 1985–1988 | Wrexham | 32 | (5) |
|  | Lex XI |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: 1930 Memorial Cup

abstract: The 1930 Memorial Cup final was the 12th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions West Toronto Nationals of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Regina Pats of the South Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League in Western Canada. In a best-of-three series, held at Shea's Amphitheatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Regina won their 2nd Memorial Cup, defeating West Toronto 2 games to none.

text:
# 1930 Memorial Cup

The **1930 Memorial Cup** final was the 12th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions West Toronto Nationals of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Regina Pats of the South Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League in Western Canada. In a best-of-three series, held at Shea's Amphitheatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Regina won their 2nd Memorial Cup, defeating West Toronto 2 games to none.

## Scores

* Game 1: Regina 3-1 West Toronto
* Game 2: Regina 3-2 West Toronto

## Winning roster

Yates Acaster, Frank Boll, Art Dowie, Joe Dutkowski, Ken Campbell, Dave Gilhooley, Lon McPherson, Ken Moore, Gordon Pettinger, Len Rae, Ralph Redding, Eddie Wiseman. **Coach:** Al Ritchie


title: Nezahualcóyotl Award

abstract: The Nezahualcóyotl Award of Literature in Indigenous Languages is a Mexican literary prize given to writers who create works in indigenous languages. The award was created in 1993. Arturo Arias of the University of Texas at Austin calls the award the "most prestigious literary award in Mexico and Latin America for indigenous writers." The prize has been awarded biennially since 2000 and includes a cash prize and diploma.

text:
# Nezahualcóyotl Award

The **Nezahualcóyotl Award of Literature in Indigenous Languages** (***Premio Nezahualcóyotl de Literatura en Lenguas Indígenas***) is a Mexican literary prize given to writers who create works in indigenous languages. The award was created in 1993. Arturo Arias of the University of Texas at Austin calls the award the "most prestigious literary award in Mexico and Latin America for indigenous writers." The prize has been awarded biennially since 2000 and includes a cash prize and diploma.

## Notable winners


title: Nezahualpilli

abstract: Nezahualpilli was king (tlatoani) of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, elected by the city's nobility after the death of his father, Nezahualcoyotl, in 1472. Nezahuapilli's mother was Azcalxochitzin, who married Nezahualcoyotl after the death of her first husband, King Cuahcuauhtzin of Tepechpan. Like his father, he was a poet, was considered a sage, and had the reputation of being a fair ruler. Only one of his poems survives: "Icuic Nezahualpilli yc tlamato huexotzinco". His court was a haven for astronomers, engineers, and soothsayers. During his reign, he abolished capital punishment for a number of crimes and struggled to keep the political independence of Texcoco during the increasing centralization of Aztec power in Tenochtitlán. When he told Moctezuma II that the Texcocan wise men had foretold foreign dominion over the Valley of Mexico, the emperor challenged him to a ball game. Moctezuma considered the loss of the game a negative omen. Nezahualpilli was said to have taken numerous consorts and fathered 144 children. He was succeeded by his son Cacama.

text:
# Nezahualpilli

**Nezahualpilli** (Nahuatl for "fasting prince"; 1464–1515, ) was king (*tlatoani*) of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, elected by the city's nobility after the death of his father, Nezahualcoyotl, in 1472. Nezahuapilli's mother was Azcalxochitzin, who married Nezahualcoyotl after the death of her first husband, King Cuahcuauhtzin of Tepechpan.

Like his father, he was a poet, was considered a sage, and had the reputation of being a fair ruler. Only one of his poems survives: "*Icuic Nezahualpilli yc tlamato huexotzinco*" ("Song of Nezahualpilli during the war with Huexotzinco"). His court was a haven for astronomers, engineers, and soothsayers. During his reign, he abolished capital punishment for a number of crimes and struggled to keep the political independence of Texcoco during the increasing centralization of Aztec power in Tenochtitlán.

When he told Moctezuma II that the Texcocan wise men had foretold foreign dominion over the Valley of Mexico, the emperor challenged him to a ball game. Moctezuma considered the loss of the game a negative omen.

Nezahualpilli was said to have taken numerous consorts and fathered 144 children. He was succeeded by his son Cacama.

## InfoBox

| Nezahualpilli I | |
| --- | --- |
| A non-contemporary depiction of Nezahualpilli from the Codex Ixtlilxochitl. | |
| Tlatoani of Texcoco | |
| Reign | 1473–1515 |
| Predecessor | Nezahualcoyotl |
| Successor | Cacama |
|  | |
| Born | 1464 |
| Died | 1515 |
| Spouse | Yacotzin |
| Issue | Cacama
Ixtlilxochitl II
Many other children |
| Father | Nezahualcoyotl |
| Mother | Azcalxochitzin |


title: Nicolas Soret

abstract: Nicolas Soret was a French catholic priest, poet and playwright. In 1606, he published La Ceciliade, ou le Martyre sanglant de sainte Cecile, patronne des musiciens, choirs set in music by Abraham Blondet, Paris, Rezé, 1606. On 9 May 1624, he had L'Élection divine de Saint Nicolas à l'archevêché de Myre avec un sommaire de sa vie presented at Reims.

text:
# Nicolas Soret

**Nicolas Soret** (end of the 16th century in Reims – begin of the 17th century) was a French catholic priest, poet and playwright. In 1606, he published *La Ceciliade, ou le Martyre sanglant de sainte Cecile, patronne des musiciens, choirs set in music by Abraham Blondet*, Paris, Rezé, 1606.

On 9 May 1624, he had *L'Élection divine de Saint Nicolas à l'archevêché de Myre avec un sommaire de sa vie* presented at Reims.

## Bibliography

* Abbé Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Boulliot, *Biographie ardennaise* ou *Histoire des Ardennais qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs écrits, leurs actions, leurs vertus ou leurs erreurs*, Paris, 1830, vol.2, p. 388-389 .
* Collectif, *Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne*, Paris, au bureau de la Biographie universelle, 1849, vol.82, p. 377


title: Nicolas Spierinc

abstract: Nicolas Spierinc was a Flemish illuminator and scribe active in late 1400s. Works attributed to him include the lettering of the Hours of Mary of Burgundy. He was a student of medicine at the University at Louvain, later changing his profession to a scribe and illuminator, moving to Ghent, where he found success and wealth. He is known to have collaborated with both Lieven van Lathem and the Master of Mary of Burgundy on prayer books of hours.

text:
# Nicolas Spierinc

**Nicolas Spierinc** was a Flemish illuminator and scribe active in late 1400s. Works attributed to him include the lettering of the Hours of Mary of Burgundy. He was a student of medicine at the University at Louvain, later changing his profession to a scribe and illuminator, moving to Ghent, where he found success and wealth. He is known to have collaborated with both Lieven van Lathem and the Master of Mary of Burgundy on prayer books of hours.

## Sources

* de Schryver, Antoine. *The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold*. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8923-6943-0
* Kren, Thomas. *Illuminated Manuscripts from Belgium and the Netherlands in the J. Paul Getty Museum*. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2010. ISBN 978-1-6060-6014-8


title: Nicolas Skorsky

abstract: Jacques Robert Penel Skorsky, known as Nicolas Skorsky was a French composer, lyricist, and music producer.

text:
# Nicolas Skorsky

**Jacques Robert Penel Skorsky**, known as **Nicolas Skorsky** (16 May 1952, Paris, France – 20 October 2014, Paris, France) was a French composer, lyricist, and music producer.

## Biography

Born in Paris, Nicolas Skorsky began studying music at the age of six. He pursued his secondary education at Masséna High School in Nice and then moved on to the regional conservatory where he learns solfeggio.

He took advantage of the events of May 1968 to return to Paris where Catherine Sauvage, known for singing Aragon or Léo Ferré, commissioned a song from him: it became *Gare du Nord* (1970) for which he wrote both the lyrics and the music while he was not yet eighteen.

With this calling card, he arrived at Carrère as a singer-songwriter of *Comme je t'aime* (1972).

He launched a career as a songwriter and composer, crafting commercially successful tunes like *Une bague et un collier* (for Ringo, 1972, at Carrère), *Chanson populaire* (for Claude François, 1973, at Flèche Productions), *La Bonne Franquette* (for Herbert Pagani, 1974 – EMI), *Une chanson française* (Claude François, 1975, Flèche), as well as *Pour ne rien te cacher* (Marie Laforêt, 1974, Polydor), and *Finalement on s'habitue* (for Daniel Guichard, 1973, Barclay).

Later on, Skorsky shifted his focus towards production, starting in 1974 with the album *Crystal Grass – Crystal World* (Polydor), which became one of the first French hits in the emerging disco genre in the United States. He then established his own company, Fauves-Puma, which produced *La Vie en couleur* (Polydor, 1976), performed by a one-man band, Rémy Bricka. Adding to his achievements, he received the grand composition prize from the Yamaha Music Foundation at the World Festival in Tokyo for *Dans le ciel* (*Into the sky*, 1976, Polydor Japan).

Afterward, he crossed paths with Donna Summer while working on the soundtrack for the film *Thank God It's Friday*, where he wrote the instrumental theme *Sevilla Nights,* which achieved platinum status in the United States (1978, Casablanca Records & Filmworks).

He produced Jean-Claude Petit's jazz-rock album, *The Best of All Possible Worlds* (WEA, 1980). In 1985, Skorsky once again composed a soundtrack for the film *Douce France* by François Chardeaux, a television series produced by FR3.

In 1990, his collaboration with Rozlyne Clarke led to the writing and production of a pop-dance album titled *Gorgeous*.

Nicolas Skorsky was found murdered, with his throat slit, at his residence in Paris on the morning of 20 October 2014. To this day, the investigation has not resolved this case. He was laid to rest at the Passy Cemetery.

## Discography

Source:

### As a songwriter

For Claude François

* *Chanson populaire* (1973)
* *Une chanson française* (1975)

For Ringo

* *Une bague et un collier* (1972)
* *L'amour et la loi* (1976)

For Daniel Guichard

* Finalement on s'habitué (1973)

For Rémy Bricka

* *La vie en couleur* (1976)
* *Marylène* (1976)
* *Ah! Quelle famille* (1977)
* *Elle dit bleu, elle dit rose* (1977)
* *Aujourd'hui plus qu'hier... Et bien moins que demain* (1984)
* *L'idiote* (1984)
* *Marcher sur l'eau* (1999)
* *L'art et la manière*, excerpt from the documentary, composition contemporaine pour le designer Patrick Jouin on Arte (2011)
* *Une flic insoumise*, directed by Stéphane Krausz (2012)
* *Notre histoire conjugale*, with Éliette Abécassis (2013)

### As a producer

* *La vie en couleurs* by Remy Bricka (1976)
* *Santa Esmeralda* (1977)
* *The best off all possible worlds* (1979)
* *J'voulais, performed* by Sully Sefil (Rap) (2001)
* *Santa Esmeralda suite* (2003)

1. "matchID – Moteur de recherche des décès". *deces.matchid.io*. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
2. Telestar.fr (2018-07-18). "Claude François, la malédiction : son parolier de Chans... – Télé Star". *www.telestar.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2023-12-07.
3. *Nicolas Skorsky – Comme Je T'aime* (in French), 1972, retrieved 2023-12-07
4. *Crystal Grass – Crystal World* (in French), 1975, retrieved 2023-12-07
5. "Le compositeur d'un tube de Claude François retrouvé égorgé chez lui". *Franceinfo* (in French). 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
6. "L'ex-parolier de Claude François et Daniel Guichard retrouvé égorgé chez lui". *leparisien.fr* (in French). 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
7. "Nicolas Skorsky". *Discogs* (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-12-07.

## InfoBox

| Nicolas Skorsky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Jacques Robert Penel Skorsky |
| Born | (1952-05-16)16 May 1952
Paris, France |
| Died | 20 October 2014(2014-10-20) (aged 62)
Paris, France |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, songwriter, musician |
| Labels | Carrere Records, Philips Records |


title: Nicolás Kingman

abstract: Nicolás Kingman Riofrío was an Ecuadorian journalist, writer and politician.

text:
# Nicolás Kingman

**Nicolás Kingman Riofrío** (November 18, 1918, Loja – March 19, 2018, Quito) was an Ecuadorian journalist, writer and politician.

## Biography

His father, Edward Kingman, moved from Newton, Connecticut, in the United States to coastal Cantón Portovelo in El Oro Province, Ecuador, while working for the "South America Development Company". Edward Kingman worked in the mines of Zaruma and was the second person to have an automobile in Quito (the first was Juan Isaac Navarro). Kingman was the younger brother of the renowned painter Eduardo Kingman. Kingman married Gloria Garcés.

Kingman completed his secondary studies at the Colegio Vicente Rocafuerte of Guayaquil. He has served as a deputy in the Constituent Assembly of 1944, and then in the National Congress of 1948 and 1956 during the presidency of Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy. He was the General Inspectorate of Ecuador between 1961-1963; the vice director of the Housing Bank between 1964-1968; director of the newspaper *La Hora* since 1985. He was a founding member of Writers and Artists Union, member of the House of Ecuadorian Culture, and a member of the editorial board of the Library of the Central Bank of Ecuador.

As a teenager he started the first student strike at the Colegio Vicente Rocafuerte, and at the same time began a close friendship with Pedro Jorge Vera and members of the Guayaquil Group, such as Joaquín Gallegos Lara, Demetrio Aguilera Malta, Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco, José de la Cuadra and Enrique Gil Gilbert.

Kingman is the author of the short story book *Comida para locos* (Food for the Crazy) (1974), and the novels *Dioses, semidioses y astronautas* (Gods, Demigods and Astronauts) (1982) and *La escoba de la bruja* (The Witch's Broom) (2000). Kingman's works have not been translated into English yet.

Kingman was awarded Ecuador's highest honor, The National Prize of Culture "Premio Eugenio Espejo", in 1997.

## Works

* Comida para locos (1974)
* Dioses, semidioses y astronautas (1982)
* La escoba de la bruja (2000)


title: Nicolaus

abstract:
Nicolaus is a masculine given name. It is a Latin, Greek and German form of Nicholas. Nicolaus may refer to: In science:
  - Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer who provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric theory of the solar system
  - Nicolaus Otto, a German engineer In mathematics:
  - Nicolaus I Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician
  - Nicolaus II Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician
  - Nicolaus Rohlfs, an 18th-century German mathematics teacher who wrote astronomical calendars In literature:
  - Nicolaus Becker, a German lawyer and writer, the author of the Rheinlied
  - Nicolaus of Damascus, a Greek historical and philosophical writer who lived in the Augustan age In music:
  - Nicolaus Bruhns, a German composer
  - Nicolaus Zacharie, an Italian composer of the early Renaissance In Christianity:
  - Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf, a German religious and social reformer and bishop of the Moravian Church
  - Nicolaus Taurellus, a German philosopher and theologian
  - Nicolaus of Antioch, one of the seven deacons listed in The Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 6, Verse 5 In other fields:
  - Nicolaus Delius, a German philologist

text:
# Nicolaus

**Nicolaus** is a masculine given name. It is a Latin, Greek and German form of Nicholas. Nicolaus may refer to:

In **science**:

* Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer who provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric theory of the solar system
* Nicolaus Otto (1832 – 1891), a German engineer

In **mathematics**:

In **literature**:

In **music**:

In **Christianity**:

In **other fields**:

## Other uses

1. MFnames.com - Origin and Meaning of Nicolaus


title: Nicolaus Aloysius Gallagher

abstract: Nicolaus Aloysius Gallagher was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Galveston in Texas from 1892 until his death in 1918.

text:
# Nicolaus Aloysius Gallagher

**Nicolaus Aloysius Gallagher** (February 19, 1846  January 21, 1918) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Galveston in Texas from 1892 until his death in 1918.

## Biography

### Early life

One of eleven children, Nicolaus Gallagher was born in Temperanceville, Ohio, to John and Mary Ann (née Brinton) Gallagher. At age 10, he was tutored by a priest in Coshocton, Ohio, in English, grammar, Latin, and Greek for six years. In 1862, Gallagner entered Mount St. Mary's of the West Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he studied philosophy and theology.

### Priesthood

Gallagher was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Columbus by Bishop Sylvester Rosecrans on December 25, 1868. After his ordination, Gallagher served as curate at St. Patrick's Parish in Columbus, Ohio. In 1871, he left St. Patrick's to become president of St. Aloysius Seminary in Columbus.

In 1876, Gallagher was named pastor of St. Patrick's, then in 1878 also became administrator of the Diocese of Columbus. In 1880, he was named vicar general. In 1881, Bishop Claude Marie Dubuis of the Diocese of Galveston returned to his home in France due to poor health. Gallagher was sent to Galveston to become administrator of that diocese.

### Coadjutor Bishop and Bishop of Galveston

On January 10, 1882, Gallagher was appointed coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Galveston and titular bishop of *Canopus* by Pope Leo XIII. He received his episcopal consecration on April 30, 1882, from Bishop Edward Fitzgerald, with Bishops John Neraz and Dominic Manucy serving as co-consecrators, at St. Mary's Cathedral in Galveston. Gallagher would serve as coadjutor bishop, running the diocese, for the next 11 years. In 1886, he opened the first Catholic school for African American children in Texas. With the resignation of Dubuis on December 16, 1892, Gallagher automatically became the third bishop of Galveston .

Gallagher introduced into the diocese the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word, Jesuits, Basilian Fathers, Paulist Fathers and Sisters of the Third Order of St. Dominic. These orders founded churches, schools, and hospitals throughout the diocese. He established St. Mary's Seminary at La Porte, Texas, in 1901, and Good Shepherd Home for Delinquent Girls at Houston, Texas, in 1914. He also erected parishes for Spanish-speaking Catholics in Austin, Texas, and Houston, and for African-Americans in Houston, Beaumont, and Port Arthur. After the 1900 Galveston hurricane devastated the city, Gallagher rebuilt all the destroyed Catholic institutions. At the beginning of his tenure, the diocese had 30,000 Catholics and 50 parishes; by the time of his death, there were 70,000 Catholics and 120 parishes.

### Death and legacy

Gallagher died at his home in Galveston on January 21, 1918. His funeral Mass was celebrated by Bishop Theophile Meerschaert, and he was buried at St. Mary's Cathedral.

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Nicolaus Aloysius Gallagher | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Galveston | |
|  | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| See | Diocese of Galveston |
| In office | December 16, 1892
January 21, 1918 |
| Predecessor | Claude Marie Dubuis |
| Successor | Christopher Edward Byrne |
| Other post(s) | Coadjutor Bishop of Galveston
1882 to 1892 |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | December 25, 1868
by Sylvester Horton Rosecrans |
| Consecration | April 30, 1882
by Edward Fitzgerald |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1846-02-19)February 19, 1846
Temperanceville, Ohio, US |
| Died | January 21, 1918(1918-01-21) (aged 71)
Galveston, Texas, US |
| Education | Mount St. Mary's of the West Seminary |
| Signature |  |


title: Nicholsonella

abstract: Nicholsonella is an extinct genus of bryozoans of uncertain taxonomic placement. Its colonies can take the forms of thick branching masses or branches.

text:
# Nicholsonella

***Nicholsonella*** is an extinct genus of bryozoans of uncertain taxonomic placement. Its colonies can take the forms of thick branching masses or branches.

## Species

* *Nicholsonella acanthobscura*  McKinney, 1971
* *Nicholsonella adumbrata*  Modzalevskaya, 1977
* *Nicholsonella amplexa*  Kopajevich, 1984
* *Nicholsonella antiqua*  Yabe & Hayasaka, 1920
* *Nicholsonella divulgata*  Ernst & Key, 2007
* *Nicholsonella faveolata*  Pushkin, 1987
* *Nicholsonella genuina*  Astrova, 1965
* *Nicholsonella houi*  Yang, 1957
* *Nicholsonella inflecta*  McKinney, 1971
* *Nicholsonella irregularis*  Loeblich, 1942
* *Nicholsonella laminata*  Ulrich, 1893
* *Nicholsonella mariae*  Astrova, 1965
* *Nicholsonella moniliformis*  Loeblich, 1942
* *Nicholsonella nelidovi*  Nekhorosheva, 1965
* *Nicholsonella ottawaensis*  Wilson, 1921
* *Nicholsonella parafrondifera*  McKinney, 1971
* *Nicholsonella parva*  Owen, 1965
* *Nicholsonella parvula*  Bassler, 1928
* *Nicholsonella peculiara*  Yaroshinskaya, 1984
* *Nicholsonella peculiaris*  Cumings & Galloway, 1913
* *Nicholsonella petaloides*  Astrova, 1965
* *Nicholsonella polaris*  Modzalevskaya in Modzalevskaya & Nekhoroshev, 1955
* *Nicholsonella polymorpha*  Kopajevich, 1984
* *Nicholsonella ponderosa*  Ulrich, 1890
* *Nicholsonella pseudopulchra*  Modzalevskaya, 1977
* *Nicholsonella pulchra*  Ulrich, 1893
* *Nicholsonella recta*  Ernst & Key, 2007
* *Nicholsonella ringuebergi*  Bassler, 1906
* *Nicholsonella vaupeli*  (Ulrich, 1883)
* *Nicholsonella vaupeliformis*  Modzalevskaya in Modzalevskaya & Nekhoroshev, 1955
* *Nicholsonella wilsonae*  Fritz, 1957

## InfoBox

| *Nicholsonella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa |
| Class: | Stenolaemata |
| Order: | Trepostomatida |
| Family: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Nicholsonella*<br>Ulrich, 1890 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Niedersachswerfen

abstract: Niedersachswerfen is a village and a former municipality in the district of Nordhausen, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2012, it is part of the municipality Harztor.

text:
# Niedersachswerfen

**Niedersachswerfen** is a village and a former municipality in the district of Nordhausen, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2012, it is part of the municipality Harztor.

## InfoBox

| Niedersachswerfen | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Harztor | |
|  | |
| Location of Niedersachswerfen | |
| Niedersachswerfen Niedersachswerfen | |
| Coordinates: 51°33′14″N 10°45′55″E / 51.55389°N 10.76528°E / 51.55389; 10.76528 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Nordhausen |
| Municipality | Harztor |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.79 km2 (4.55 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 210 m (690 ft) |
| Population (2010-12-31) | |
| Total | 3,257 |
| Density | 280/km2 (720/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 99762 |
| Dialling codes | 036331 |
| Vehicle registration | NDH |
| Website | www.niedersachswerfen.de |


title: Nicola Beer

abstract: Nicola Beer is a German lawyer and politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who has been serving as a vice president of the European Investment Bank since 2024, under the leadership of president Nadia Calviño. Earlier in her career, Beer was a Member of the European Parliament from 2019 to 2023, where she served as one of its Vice-Presidents. She previously was a member of the Bundestag from 2017 to 2019 and part of her party's leadership.

text:
# Nicola Beer

**Nicola Beer** (born 23 January 1970) is a German lawyer and politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who has been serving as a vice president of the European Investment Bank since 2024, under the leadership of president Nadia Calviño.

Earlier in her career, Beer was a Member of the European Parliament from 2019 to 2023, where she served as one of its Vice-Presidents. She previously was a member of the Bundestag from 2017 to 2019 and part of her party's leadership.

## Early life and career

Beer finished highschool with a bilingual degree in German and French in 1989. She went on to study law at the University of Frankfurt from 1991 until 1997.

## Political career

### Career in state politics

Beer became a member of the FDP in 1991. She was first elected as member of the State Parliament of Hesse in the 1999 state elections. Between 2008 and 2009, she served as deputy chairperson of the FDP parliamentary group, under the leadership of chairman Jörg-Uwe Hahn.

In the cabinets of minister-presidents Roland Koch and Volker Bouffier, Beer served as State Secretary for European Affairs at the Hessian State Ministry of Justice between 2009 and 2012. In this capacity, she represented Hesse on the European Committee of the Regions. Between 2012 and 2014 she was State Minister of Education and Cultural Affairs in Hesse. During her time in office, Beer was one of several politicians, professors and teachers who successfully pushed for German public schools offering classes in Islam to primary school students using state-trained teachers and specially written textbooks.

### Career in national politics

Beer was a FDP delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2017.

In late 2013, incoming FDP chairman Christian Lindner nominated Beer for the office of Secretary General; on 7 December 2013 she got elected (with 84.3% of all votes. At the political convention of the FDP on 15 May 2015 she got reelected with 88.4% of all votes.

### Member of the German Parliament, 2017–2019

Ahead of the 2017 elections, Beer was elected to lead her party’s campaign in the state of Hesse. In the – unsuccessful – negotiations to form a coalition government with the Christian Democrats – both the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) – and the Green Party, she was part of her party's delegation. She later became a member of the Committee on Education, Research and Technology Assessment.

### Member of the European Parliament, 2019–2023

In September 2018, Beer announced that she would lead the FDP list and run for a parliamentary seat in the 2019 European elections. Led by Margrethe Vestager, she was among the seven-strong “Team Europe” that the centrist Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party picked to spearhead its pro-EU, liberal campaign ahead of the elections. Shortly before the vote, she joined 70 current and former EU leaders – including all the main parties’ lead candidates – calling for a female president of the European Commission or European Council and a gender-balanced leadership.

Following her election, Beer was part of a cross-party working group in charge of drafting the European Parliament's four-year work program on digitization. In parliament, she served as a Vice-President; she was part of its leadership under Presidents David Sassoli (2019–2022) and Roberta Metsola (2022–2023). She also joined the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, where she has served as rapporteur on the Critical Raw Materials Act. From 2021, she was part of the Parliament's delegation to the Conference on the Future of Europe.

From 2019 to 2023, Beer served as one of the three deputies of Christian Lindner in his capacity as FDP chairman.

In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the Social Democrats (SPD), the Green Party and the FDP following the 2021 federal elections, Beer led her party's delegation in the working group on European affairs; her co-chairs from the other parties were Udo Bullmann and Franziska Brantner.

## Later career

In 2023, Beer was nominated by the government of Chancellor Olaf Scholz to become one of the vice-presidents of the European Investment Bank (EIB).

## Other activities

* International Martin Luther Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2018)
* Association of Private Higher Education Institutions (VPH), Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2015)
* World Vision Deutschland, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2015)
* Heraeus Bildungsstiftung, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2014)
* Deutsche Industrieforschungsgemeinschaft Konrad Zuse, Member of the Senate
* Deutsche Stiftung Frauengesundheit, Member of the Board of Trustees
* Hessenpark, Member of the Advisory Board
* Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, Member of the Board of Trustees
* Museum of World Cultures, Member of the Board of Trustees
* Stiftung Lesen, Member of the Board of Trustees
* German-French Lawyers’ Association (DFJ), Member
* German-Israeli Association (DIG), Member
* Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe (JUH), Member
* ZDF, Member of the Television Council (2015-2016)

## Political positions

Beer has repeatedly publicly denied the consensus of climate science on extreme weather events. For example, Beer spoke in a tweet in 2017 of the "alleged occurrence of more extreme weather events" using the hashtag "#Fakenews". In a statement, Beer described the "causality of extreme weather situations and climate change" as "scientifically refuted". In contrast to Beer's statement, the greater magnitude and probability of "extreme weather events" has been deemed to be linked to human activity since the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.

Beer has been an outspoken proponent of Taiwan’s independence; in 2022, she made an official trip to Taipeh and met with President Tsai Ing-wen.

## Personal life

Beer is a mother of twins. In 2001, she separated from the children's father, fellow FDP politician Volker Stein. Since 2018, she has been married to lawyer Jürgen Illing.

## Literature

* Beer, Nicola, Internationales Biographisches Archiv 36/2012 from 4 September 2012, in Munzinger-Archive (Beginning of the article available for free)

## InfoBox

| Nicola BeerMEP | |
| --- | --- |
| Beer in 2016 | |
|  | |
| Vice-President of the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
2 July 2019  31 December 2023Serving with *See List* | |
| President | David Sassoli
Roberta Metsola |
| Deputy Leader of the Free Democratic Party | |
| **In office**
26 April 2019  22 April 2023Serving with Wolfgang Kubicki and Johannes Vogel | |
| Leader | Christian Lindner |
| Preceded by | Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann |
| Succeeded by | Bettina Stark-Watzinger |
| General Secretary of the Free Democratic Party | |
| **In office**
7 December 2013  26 April 2019 | |
| Leader | Christian Lindner |
| Preceded by | Patrick Döring |
| Succeeded by | Linda Teuteberg |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
2 July 2019  31 December 2023 | |
| Succeeded by | Michael Kauch |
| Constituency | Germany |
| Member of the Bundestag
for Hesse | |
| **In office**
24 October 2017  30 June 2019 | |
| Succeeded by | Peter Heidt |
| Constituency | FDP List |
| Minister of Education and Religious Affairs of Hesse | |
| **In office**
31 May 2012  18 January 2014 | |
| Prime Minister | Volker Bouffier |
| Preceded by | Dorothea Henzler |
| Succeeded by | Ralph Alexander Lorz |
| State Secretary for Justice, Integration and European Affairs of Hesse | |
| **In office**
5 February 2009  31 May 2012 | |
| Prime Minister | Roland Koch
Volker Bouffier |
| Preceded by | Thomas Schäfer (Justice) |
| Succeeded by | Zsuzsa Breier |
| Member of the Landtag of Hesse | |
| **In office**
18 January 2014  31 October 2017 | |
| Succeeded by | Wiebke Knell |
| **In office**
5 April 1999  5 February 2009 | |
| Succeeded by | Jochen Paulus |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1970-01-23) 23 January 1970
Wiesbaden, West Germany |
| Political party |  |
| Alma mater | University of Frankfurt |
|  | |


title: Nick Holmes (footballer)

abstract: Nicholas Charles Holmes is an English former professional footballer. He spent the majority of his playing career with Southampton, where he won the FA Cup Final in 1976. In 1987, he joined East Cowes Victoria for a season before retiring. From July 2002 to July 2009, Holmes was manager of Salisbury City.

text:
# Nick Holmes (footballer)

**Nicholas Charles Holmes** (born 11 November 1954) is an English former professional footballer. He spent the majority of his playing career with Southampton, where he won the FA Cup Final in 1976. In 1987, he joined East Cowes Victoria for a season before retiring. From July 2002 to July 2009, Holmes was manager of Salisbury City.

## Early life

Holmes was born in Woolston, Southampton and educated at St. Mary's College.

## Club career

### Southampton

Holmes was an apprentice with Southampton in the early 1970s. He made his first team debut on 2 March 1974 away to Arsenal. A natural left-sided player, he was equally at home at full-back, midfield, centre-back or sweeper. Holmes spent 14 years at The Dell. Naturally left-sided, he could play at left-back or midfield and was a thoughtful, yet thrusting, player who was as reliable as he was skilful.

He played at left-midfield in the 1976 FA Cup Final against Manchester United which Saints won 1–0, and also played and scored in the 1979 League Cup final against Nottingham Forest, which was lost 2–3. Between these two Wembley appearances, he was an integral member of the Southampton team that gained promotion from Division 2 at the end of the 1977–78 season. He became club captain in March 1980.

On 16 August 1986, Saints recognised his loyalty by awarding him a testimonial match against John Mortimore's Benfica, which was won 4–1, with Holmes scoring one of the goals.

His last appearance for Southampton was on 14 Feb 1987 at Tottenham Hotspur. A pelvic injury forced him to retire from the game in May 1987, by which time only Terry Paine and Mick Channon had made more appearances for the Saints. In total, he played 543 times for Southampton, scoring 64 goals.

### After Southampton

After leaving Saints, he spent the 1987–88 season with East Cowes Vics, and participated in a charity match against some of the stars from BBC soap opera EastEnders who played under the name Walford Boys Club. Following his spell at East Cowes Vics, he spent a season as coach back at Southampton working with manager Chris Nicholl.

### Salisbury City

In July 2002, he was tempted back into football when he was offered the manager's job at Salisbury City. Under Holmes' management, Salisbury gained promotion to the Conference South in the 2005–06 season by finishing top of the Southern League Premier Division, followed by winning the play-off final in the 2006–07 season to participate in the Conference Premier in 2007–08.

In January 2008, following the departure of George Burley, Holmes was linked with a return to Southampton as manager. Although he was not offered the job, Holmes stated that Southampton was "the only club I'd leave Salisbury for". He became Salisbury's general manager in July 2009, with Tommy Widdrington taking control of the first team. Holmes left Salisbury on 14 July 2010 by mutual consent.

## Honours

### As a player

**Southampton**

### As a manager

**Salisbury City**

### Bibliography

* Jeremy Wilson (2006). *Southampton's Cult Heroes*. Know The Score Books. ISBN 1-905449-01-1.
* Duncan Holley & Gary Chalk (2003). *In That Number – A post-war chronicle of Southampton FC*. Hagiology Publishing. ISBN 0-9534474-3-X.
* Tim Manns (2006). *Tie a Yellow Ribbon: How the Saints Won the Cup*. Hagiology Publishing. ISBN 0-9534474-6-4.

## InfoBox

Nick Holmes
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Nicholas Charles Holmes | | |
| Date of birth | (1954-11-11) 11 November 1954 | | |
| Place of birth | Southampton, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Full-back / Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1972–1987 | Southampton | 444 | (56) |
| 1987–1988 | East Cowes Victoria |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2002–2009 | Salisbury City | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Nicks Lake

abstract: Nicks Lake is located south-southwest of Old Forge, New York. The campground at Nicks Lake has 112 campsites, a picnic area, a beach with lifeguards and over 5 miles (8.0 km) of hiking trails. Fish species present in the lake are brook trout, brown trout, white sucker, rainbow trout, yellow perch, and black bullhead. There is a state owned beach launch at the Nick's Lake State Campground. No motors are allowed on Nicks Lake.

text:
# Nicks Lake

**Nicks Lake** is located south-southwest of Old Forge, New York. The campground at Nicks Lake has 112 campsites, a picnic area, a beach with lifeguards and over 5 miles (8.0 km) of hiking trails. Fish species present in the lake are brook trout, brown trout, white sucker, rainbow trout, yellow perch, and black bullhead. There is a state owned beach launch at the Nick's Lake State Campground. No motors are allowed on Nicks Lake.

## InfoBox

| Nicks Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Nicks LakeLocation within New YorkNicks LakeNicks Lake (the United States) | |
| Location | Herkimer County, New York,
United States |
| Coordinates | 43°40′24″N 74°59′33″W / 43.67333°N 74.99250°W / 43.67333; -74.99250 |
| Type | Lake |
| Primary outflows | Nicks Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 209 acres (0.85 km2) |
| Average depth | 8 feet (2.4 m) |
| Max. depth | 17 feet (5.2 m) |
| Shore length1 | 4.8 miles (7.7 km) |
| Surface elevation | 1,706 feet (520 m) |
|  | |
| Islands | **1** |
| Settlements | Old Forge, New York |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Mvuyo Tom

abstract: Mvuyo Tom is a South African doctor, administrator and academic, known for his tenure as the vice-chancellor of the University of Fort Hare from 2008 to 2016.

text:
# Mvuyo Tom

**Mvuyo Tom** is a South African doctor, administrator and academic, known for his tenure as the vice-chancellor of the University of Fort Hare from 2008 to 2016.

## Career

Tom was trained as a medical doctor, before moving into public health management in the Eastern Cape, ultimately serving for six years as the director general of the region's health and welfare department. In 1994, Tom was awarded the Nelson Mandela Award for Health and Human Rights.

Tom was appointed as the director of the School of Public Management and Development at the University of Fort Hare in 2005, and went on to become the university's vice-chancellor in 2008, taking over from Professor Derrick Swarz. During his tenure as vice-chancellor, Tom commented publicly on the Fees Must Fall movement, comparing the damage being done to university campuses to the Xhosa cattle killing in the 1850s. He stood down as vice-chancellor, and was appointed a professor by the university, in 2016, to be replaced by the current incumbent, Sakhela Buhlungu.

Tom currently serves as deputy chairperson on the board of Tekano Health Equity in South Africa, and he also serves on the board of the Oliver and Adelaide Tambo Foundation.


title: YP-251 (Patrol Craft)

abstract: YP-251 was a converted fishing vessel which served in the U.S. Navy during World War II from 1941 to 1945. She operated in the waters of the Territory of Alaska during the war. Before the war, she operated as the commercial fishing vessel MV Foremost from 1924 to 1941. After the war, she again operated as the commercial vessel MV Foremost from 1946 to 1954, then was renamed MV LeRoy.

text:
# YP-251 (Patrol Craft)

*YP-251* was a converted fishing vessel which served in the U.S. Navy during World War II from 1941 to 1945. She operated in the waters of the Territory of Alaska during the war. Before the war, she operated as the commercial fishing vessel **MV *Foremost*** from 1924 to 1941. After the war, she again operated as the commercial vessel MV *Foremost* from 1946 to 1954, then was renamed **MV *LeRoy***.

## Pre-World War II commercial service

MV *Foremost* was constructed in 1924 by Marine Ways at Seattle, Washington, for Andrew Peterson for use as halibut-fishing vessel. and was assigned the official number 223964. Sometime around 1939, she was registered to Marcus Ness of Ketchikan, Territory of Alaska.

## U.S. Navy service

On 11 December 1941, the United States Navy acquired *Foremost* for World War II service as a yard patrol boat. After her conversion into a patrol vessel, she was placed in service on 31 December 1941 as *YP-251*. Assigned to the 17th Naval District, Northwestern Sea Frontier, and Alaskan Sea Frontier, she carried out patrol duties in Alaskan waters for the remainder of World War II, based at Ketchikan. She was crewed by United States Coast Guard personnel throughout her naval service.

On 8 July 1942, a Royal Canadian Air Force Bristol Bolingbroke maritime patrol aircraft of No. 115 Squadron reported that it had bombed and damaged a submarine at 55°20′N 134°41′W / 55.333°N 134.683°W / 55.333; -134.683. The U.S. Coast Guard cutter USCGC *McLane* (WSC-146) and the Royal Canadian Navy minesweeper HMCS *Quatsino* joined *YP-251* on 9 July 1942, and the three ships began a search for the submarine in Dixon Entrance southeast of Annette Island in Southeast Alaska. *McLane* reported that she gained sound contact on a submarine at 0800, but then lost it, and a depth charge she dropped set to explode at a depth of 300 feet (91 m) failed to detonate. *McLane* regained sound contact at 0905 and chased the submarine for an hour, reporting that the submarine zigzagged and ran at short intervals to try to evade her, and after an hour she again lost contact. *McLane* regained sound contact at 1540, and at 1553 dropped two depth charges, one set to explode at 150 feet (46 m) and the other at 250 feet (76 m), and then two more at 1556, set to explode at 200 feet (61 m) and 300 feet (91 m). *McLane* and *YP-251* reported that bubbles rose to the surface. The vessels reported that a torpedo passed ahead of *McLane* and only 28 yards (26 m) astern of *YP-251* at 1735, leaving a 125-foot (38 m) feather that indicated the submarine's firing position, which *McLane* turned toward. *YP-251* reported that she sighted a periscope and dropped a depth charge over the spot where the periscope submerged, and *McLane* followed up that attack with two depth charges of her own. *McLane* then attempted to regain sonar contact on the submarine. The vessels reported that an oil slick rose to the surface, and at 1935 *YP-251* reported sighting a periscope, dropped a depth charge, and struck a submerged object, which she rode over. *McLane* then dropped two depth charges, after which the vessels reported that oil, bubbles, and what appeared to be rock wool (used to deaden sounds in submarines) rose to the surface. *McLane* continued to search the area for any sign of the submarine until early on the morning of 10 July 1942, but found none. *YP-251*, *McLane*, and the Bolingbroke aircraft received shared credit for sinking the submarine at 55°20′N 134°40′W / 55.333°N 134.667°W / 55.333; -134.667 (Unidentified submarine, possibly *Shch–138*). The commanding officers of the two vessels — Lieutenant Neils P. Thomsen, USCG, of *YP-251* and Lieutenant Ralph Burns, USCG, of *McLane* — received the Legion of Merit for the action, and in 1947 the Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee identified the sunken submarine as the Japanese submarine *Ro-32*. In 1967, however, the U.S. Navy retracted that assessment after determining that *Ro-32* had been inactive in Japan at the time of the sinking and had remained afloat through the end of World War II, and the identity of the submarine reportedly sunk on 9 July 1942 remains undetermined.

After the conclusion of World War II in August 1945, *YP-251* was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 24 October 1945. The U.S. Navy transferred her to the War Shipping Administration on 18 March 1946 for disposal.

## Post-World War II commercial service

In 1946, Robert Prothero registered the vessel at Seattle under her former name, MV *Foremost*. She was registered to Manson F. Backus, executor of estate of LeRoy M. Backus, at Seattle in 1950. Renamed MV *Le Roy* in 1954, she was sold to Alvin Osterback of Sand Point, Alaska, in 1957.

## Awards

SOURCES

### Footnotes

1. Navsource *YP-251* Accessed 26 November 2021
2. Bruhn, pp. 124–125, 127.
3. Navsource, *YP-251* Accessed 26 November 2021.
4. Bruhn, p. 128.

### Bibliography

* Bruhn, David D. *Battle Stars for the "Cactus Navy": America's Fishing Vessels and Yachts in World War II*. Berwyn Heights, Maryland: Heritage Books 2014. ISBN 978-0-7884-5573-5

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | MV *Foremost* |
| Operator | Private owners |
| Builder | Marine Ways, Seattle, Washington |
| Completed | 1924 |
| Fate | Sold to U.S. Navy, 11 December 1941 |
| United States Navy | |
| Name | *YP-251* |
| Acquired | 11 December 1941 |
| In service | 31 December 1941 |
| Stricken | 24 October 1945 |
| Honors and
awards |  |
| Fate | Transferred to War Shipping Administration, 18 March 1946 |
| United States | |
| Name | MV *Foremost* |
| Operator | Private owners |
| In service | 1946 |
| Renamed | MV *Le Roy* 1954 |
| Fate | Extant 1957 |
| General characteristics
as U.S. Navy patrol vessel | |
| Type | Patrol vessel |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | 79 ft 8 in (24.28 m) |
| Beam | 18 ft 5 in (5.61 m) |
| Draft | 8 ft (2.44 m) |
| Propulsion | One diesel engine, 165 shp (123 kW), one shaft |


title: My Days with Errol Flynn

abstract: My Days With Errol Flynn is an autobiography of Vernon “Buster” Wiles that focuses predominantly on the times he spent with actor Errol Flynn in Hollywood during the late 1930s and 1940s. The book, which was first published in 1988, was co-written by Wiles and professional writer William Donati. Both men were lifelong advocates of Flynn and his legacy, taking time to denounce the actor’s critics in person and in print. Wiles and Donati were especially critical of the controversial author and “celebrity biographer” Charles Higham, and My Days With Errol Flynn contains a section devoted to destroying Higham’s allegations against Flynn.

text:
# My Days with Errol Flynn

***My Days With Errol Flynn*** is an autobiography of Vernon “Buster” Wiles that focuses predominantly on the times he spent with actor Errol Flynn in Hollywood during the late 1930s and 1940s. The book, which was first published in 1988, was co-written by Wiles and professional writer William Donati. Both men were lifelong advocates of Flynn and his legacy, taking time to denounce the actor’s critics in person and in print. Wiles and Donati were especially critical of the controversial author and “celebrity biographer” Charles Higham, and *My Days With Errol Flynn* contains a section devoted to destroying Higham’s allegations against Flynn.

## Synopsis

Buster Wiles was a stuntman and screen double during this period, working on a number of Flynn’s most popular films, such as *The Charge Of The Light Brigade* (1936). In his book Wiles recounts numerous escapades he had with Flynn during Hollywood’s “Golden Age”, and he provides behind-the-scenes insight into the productions he made with the legendary actor. One of those scenes is an iconic one in American film history and also involves Howard Hill, who by the late 1930s was widely regarded as “The World’s Greatest Archer”. Wiles in the book explains how the famous “splitting-the-arrow” scene in Flynn’s “swashbucker*The Adventures of Robin Hood* (1938) was accomplished.

Although Wiles documented his numerous exploits with Flynn and wrote an entire book about the actor, Flynn did not include a single sentence about Buster in his own infamous autobiography *My Wicked, Wicked Ways*. Similarly, Wiles makes no mention of many of Flynn's other pals including his housemate David Niven, an omission that Niven reciprocates in his own extremely amusing books The Moon's a Balloon and Bring On The Empty Horses.

The book also contains a number of unique pictures of Flynn's residence on Mulholland Drive shortly before its unfortunate demolition in the late 1980s.

## Reviews

The book was positively reviewed and a paperback edition remains in print. It is popular with Flynn aficionados still and provides insight into the Star System for anyone interested in the Golden Age Of Hollywood.

## Buster Wiles

Vernon "Buster" Wiles was born in Missouri, raised in Tennessee, and worked in Hollywood as a stuntman and double for some twenty years. Prior to this, Buster had a semi itinerant lifestyle and worked as a newsboy, boxer and a caddy prior to his success in Hollywood. He was a lifelong sports fan, especially enjoying football and boxing. Leaving the movie business in the late 1950s, Buster settled in Beaverton, Oregon, with his wife and two daughters. He became a jockeys' agent. He worked the horse-racing tracks of the West Coast of the United States every racing season.

Having met when working on several of Flynn's vehicles, Buster and Errol Flynn became firm friends during the latter's time in Hollywood. Wiles was born in 1910 and died in 1990, shortly after his co-writer William Donati, who had died in July 1989.


title: My Life is my Affair

abstract: My Life is My Affair is a 1946 Australian play by Oriel Gray. It won first prize in the Wagga one act play competition. The play was performed in Wagga Wagga and in Sydney.

text:
# My Life is my Affair

***My Life is My Affair*** is a 1946 Australian play by Oriel Gray. It won first prize in the Wagga one act play competition. The play was performed in Wagga Wagga and in Sydney.

## Reception

The *Sydney Morning Herald* said the play had "sincerity and dramatic force... and, in addition, a saving grace of humour.. The shattering of dream worlds, the recovery of sane values, and the achievement of equality between husband and wife are worked out with skill and neatness, and with a deep and subtle under- standing of human nature."

## Premise

The rehabilitation of a married serviceman, his wife, his mother and his lover.

## InfoBox

| My Life is my affair | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Oriel Gray |
| Date premiered | 1946 |
| Place premiered | Wagga School of Arts, Wagga Wagga |
| Original language | English |


title: X Japan Returns 1993.12.31

abstract: X Japan Returns 1993.12.31 is an X Japan live DVD, released on February 29, 2008. It contains the band's performance at the Tokyo Dome on December 31, 1993. A DVD containing the concert from the previous night was released on the same day, along with a limited edition containing both concerts and additional material. This performance of "Art of Life" was previously released on the Art of Life 1993.12.31 Tokyo Dome DVD.

text:
# X Japan Returns 1993.12.31

**X Japan Returns 1993.12.31** is an X Japan live DVD, released on February 29, 2008. It contains the band's performance at the Tokyo Dome on December 31, 1993. A DVD containing the concert from the previous night (*X Japan Returns 1993.12.30*) was released on the same day, along with a limited edition containing both concerts and additional material (see *X Japan Returns Complete Edition*). This performance of "Art of Life" was previously released on the *Art of Life 1993.12.31 Tokyo Dome* DVD.

## Track listing

**Disc one**

1. "Prologue (~ World Anthem) (S.E.)"
2. "Blue Blood"
3. "Sadistic Desire"
4. "Standing Sex"
5. "Week End"
6. "Heath Solo"
7. "Yoshiki Drum Solo"
8. "hide no Heya"

**Disc two**

1. "Yoshiki Piano Solo"
2. "Art of Life"
3. "Joker"
4. "Orgasm"

**Disc three**

1. "Tears"
2. "X" (Countdown 1993–1994 Version)
3. "Endless Rain"
4. "Say Anything (S.E.)"

## InfoBox

| X Japan Returns 1993.12.31 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Video by X Japan | |
| Released | February 29, 2008 |
| Recorded | Tokyo Dome, December 31, 1993 |
| Genre | Heavy metal, speed metal, power metal, symphonic metal |
| Length | 180 |
| Label | Geneon |
| X Japan chronology | |
| *X Japan Returns 1993.12.30*
(2008) ***X Japan Returns 1993.12.31***
(2008) *X Japan Returns Complete Edition*
(2008) | |


title: X Japan Singles: Atlantic Years

abstract: X Japan Singles ~Atlantic Years~ is a compilation album released by X Japan on December 25, 1997. It serves as a follow-up to 1993's X Singles and contains most, but not all, A and B-sides released by the band after changing its name from "X" to "X Japan". The album reached number 14 on the Oricon chart.

text:
# X Japan Singles: Atlantic Years

***X Japan Singles ~Atlantic Years~*** is a compilation album released by X Japan on December 25, 1997. It serves as a follow-up to 1993's *X Singles* and contains most, but not all, A and B-sides released by the band after changing its name from "X" to "X Japan". The album reached number 14 on the Oricon chart.

## Track listing

1. "Tears"
2. "Tears (Classical Version)"
3. "Rusty Nail"
4. "Longing ~Togireta Melody~"
5. "Dahlia"
6. "Tears (Live)"
7. "Forever Love"
8. "Crucify My Love"
9. "Week End (Live)"
10. "Scars"
11. "White Poem (M.T.A. Mix)"

## InfoBox

| X Japan Singles
~Atlantic Years~ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by X Japan | |
| Released | December 25, 1997 |
| Genre | Heavy metal, progressive metal, rock |
| Length | 72:20 |
| Label | Atlantic |
| X Japan compilation chronology | |
| *Ballad Collection*
(1997) ***X Japan Singles
~Atlantic Years~***
(1997) *Special Box*
(1997) | |


title: Xanthomonas cucurbitae

abstract: Xanthomonas cucurbitae is a species of bacteria.

text:
# Xanthomonas cucurbitae

***Xanthomonas cucurbitae*** is a species of bacteria.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthomonas cucurbitae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Xanthomonadales |
| Family: | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Genus: | *Xanthomonas* |
| Species: | ***X. cucurbitae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthomonas cucurbitae***<br>(Bryan 1926) Vauterin *et al.* 1995 | |
|


title: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

abstract: Black rot, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), is considered the most important and most destructive disease of crucifers, infecting all cultivated varieties of brassicas worldwide. This disease was first described by botanist and entomologist Harrison Garman in Lexington, Kentucky, US in 1889. Since then, it has been found in nearly every country in which vegetable brassicas are commercially cultivated. Host infection by Xcc can occur at any stage of the plant life cycle. Characteristic symptoms of black rot caused by Xcc are V-shaped chlorotic to necrotic lesions extending from the leaf margins and blackening of vascular tissues. The pathogen thrives in warm and humid climates and is rapidly disseminated in the field. Use of clean seed, crop rotation, and other cultural practices are the primary means of control of black rot. However, in developing countries such as those in South and Eastern Africa, black rot remains the greatest impediment to cabbage cultivation due to unreliable "clean" seed, multiple croppings annually, and high susceptibility of popular local cultivars to the disease.

text:
# Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Black rot, caused by the bacterium ***Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *campestris*** (**Xcc**), is considered the most important and most destructive disease of crucifers, infecting all cultivated varieties of brassicas worldwide. This disease was first described by botanist and entomologist Harrison Garman in Lexington, Kentucky, US in 1889. Since then, it has been found in nearly every country in which vegetable brassicas are commercially cultivated.

Host infection by Xcc can occur at any stage of the plant life cycle. Characteristic symptoms of black rot caused by Xcc are V-shaped chlorotic to necrotic lesions extending from the leaf margins and blackening of vascular tissues.

The pathogen thrives in warm and humid climates and is rapidly disseminated in the field. Use of clean seed, crop rotation, and other cultural practices are the primary means of control of black rot. However, in developing countries such as those in South and Eastern Africa, black rot remains the greatest impediment to cabbage cultivation due to unreliable "clean" seed, multiple croppings annually, and high susceptibility of popular local cultivars to the disease.

## Hosts and symptoms

Members of the plant family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), which includes cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, turnip, oilseed rape, mustard, radish, and the model organism *Arabidopsis thaliana* are affected by black rot.

Host infection by Xcc causes V-shaped chlorotic to necrotic foliar lesions, vascular blackening, wilting, stunted growth, and stem rot symptoms. As the pathogen proceeds from the leaf margins towards the veins, water stress and chlorotic symptoms develop due to occlusion of water-conducting vessels by bacterial exopolysaccharides and components of degraded plant cell walls. The darkening of vascular tissues following bacterial invasion gives the black rot disease its name. Lesions produced by Xcc may serve as portals of entry for other soft-rot pathogens such as *Pectobacterium carotovorum* (formerly *Erwinia* *carotovora*) and *Pseudomonas marginalis*.

These symptoms may be confused with fusarium wilt of cabbage (fusarium yellows), caused by the fungus *Fusarium oxysporum* f. sp. *conglutinans*. In contrast to black rot, in which the pathogen invades leaf margins and causes chlorotic to necrotic symptoms that progress downwards in the plant, fusarium wilt symptoms first develop in the lower portions of the plant and move upwards. Furthermore, leaf veins invaded by Xcc turn black compared to the dark brown vein discoloration found in fusarium wilt.

Symptoms of black rot may vary widely among different species of crucifers. On cauliflower, Xcc infection via stomata causes black or brown specks, scratched leaf margins, black veins, and discolored curds. Additionally, the severity of symptoms and aggressiveness of the disease varies between different strains of the Xcc pathogen. The isolates can be differentiated into races based on the reaction of several Brassica lines after inoculation. A race structure including 5 races (0 to 4) was first proposed in 1992; a revised classification model with 6 races was proposed in 2001 and, more recently, the model was expanded to include nine races.

## Disease cycle

The primary source of inoculum is Xcc infected seed. During germination, the seedling becomes infected through the epicotyl and cotyledons may develop blackened margins, shrivel, and drop. The bacteria progress through the vascular system to the young stems and leaves, where the disease manifests as V-shaped chlorotic to necrotic lesions extending from the leaf margins. Under humid conditions, bacteria present in guttation droplets can be spread by wind, rain, water splashes, and mechanical equipment to neighboring plants.

The natural route of invasion by Xcc is through the hydathodes, though leaf wounds caused by insects and plant roots may also be portals of entry. Occasionally, infections occur through stomata. Hydathodes provide the pathogen a direct path from the leaf margins to the plant vascular system and thus systemic host infection. Invasion of the suture vein leads to production of Xcc infected seed.

Xcc can survive in plant debris in soil for up to 2 years, but not more than 6 weeks in free soil. Bacteria present in plant debris can serve as a source of secondary inoculum.

## Environment

Warm and wet conditions favor plant infection by Xcc and the development of disease. Free moisture is required for host invasion, considering that the natural route of infection is through the hydathodes.

The optimum temperature range for bacterial growth and host symptom development is between 25° and 30 °C. A slower rate of growth is observed at temperatures as low as 5 °C and up to 35 °C. However, infected hosts are symptomless below 18 °C.

## Management

Management of black rot relies heavily on cultural practices:

* Use of certified disease-free seeds and transplants
* Hot water treatment of non-certified seeds; chemical treatments with sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and hot cupuric acetate or zinc sulfate may also be used
* Control of insects
* Crop rotation with non-cruciferous plants (3–4 years)
* Removal of crop debris after harvest
* Control of cruciferous weeds that may serve as reservoir for the pathogen
* Sanitation (e.g., clean equipment, avoiding work in wet fields, *etc.*)

The development and use of black rot resistant cultivars has long been recognised as an important method of control, but in practice has had limited success. Resistance to the most important pathogenic races of Xcc is rare in *B. oleracea* (e.g., cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower); the most common and potentially useful sources of black rot resistance occur in other brassica genomes including *B. rapa*, *B. nigra*, *B. napus*, *B. carinata* and *B. juncea*.

Resistant or tolerant cabbage cultivars are available and include:

* Atlantis
* Blueboy
* Bravo
* Bronco
* Cecile
* Defender
* Dynasty
* Gladiator
* Guardian
* Hancock
* Ramada

## Significance

### Economic impact

Cabbage-family cultivation is a multi-billion dollar industry worldwide, reflecting its value as a vegetable crop, source of vegetable oil, component of fodder crop for livestock feed, and ingredient in condiments and spices. In 2007, the cabbage crop in the US exceed $413M (1.4M+ tons). Black rot is considered the most important disease of cabbage and other crucifers because Xcc infections may not become apparent until the warm summer months (well after planting), the pathogen spreads rapidly, and losses due to the disease may exceed 50% in warm, wet climates. The importance of using disease-free seed and/or transplants is highlighted by the fact that "as few as three infected seeds in 10,000 (0.03%) can cause black rot epidemics in a field." In transplant beds, an initial infection level of 0.5% can rise to 65% in just three weeks. In fact more recent work indicates that spread can be much more rapid than this: with overhead gantry irrigation, spread of the pathogen greatly exceeded symptom spread to the extent that in one experiment almost 100% of the transplants were infested in a block of 15 module trays (around 4500 plants) six weeks after sowing from a single primary infector. Modelling of the rate of spread in transplants indicates that the widely used tolerance standard for seed health testing (0·01%) should be revised to 0·004%.

### Biotechnology

#### Xanthan

Xanthan is an exopolysaccharide produced by Xcc. Commercially produced xanthan is used as a thickening food additive and lubricant, amongst other industrial applications.

#### Genomics

The genomes of three Xcc strains—ATCC 33913, B100, and 8004—have been fully sequenced and are publicly available.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *campestris* | |
| --- | --- |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Xanthomonadales |
| Family: | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Genus: | *Xanthomonas* |
| Species: | *X. campestris*
 |
| Pathovar: | ***X. c.*  pv. *campestris*** |
| Trionomial name | |
| ***Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *campestris***
(Pammel 1895) Dowson 1939 | |
| Type strain | |
| NCPPB 528 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Bacillus campestris*  Pammel (1895)
*Pseudomonas campestris*  (Pammel) Smith (1897)
*Bacterium campestris*  (Pammel) Chester (1897)
*Phytomonas campestris*  (Pammel) Bergey (1923)
*Xanthomonas campestris*  (Pammel) Dowson (1939) | |


title: Yafford

abstract: Yafford is a hamlet on the Isle of Wight. It is located 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest from Newport in an area known as the Back of the Wight between Brighstone and Niton. It is in the civil parish of Shorwell. It has a non-operational water mill, which was working until 1970 and is now a listed building. The mill was a grist mill, working to grind corn to create animal feed; it did not have the machinery to produce fine flour for people. It has an overshot water wheel, powered by the flow of water from a millpond. The pond is fed by a stream from the nearby village of Shorwell, part of the Buddle Brook. The name Yafford derives from the Anglo-Saxon word "hæcc" meaning a hatch or sluice and the word "ford"; probably referring to grating used to stop animals being carried away by the current in a river.

text:
# Yafford

**Yafford** is a hamlet on the Isle of Wight. It is located 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest from Newport in an area known as the Back of the Wight between Brighstone and Niton. It is in the civil parish of Shorwell. It has a non-operational water mill, which was working until 1970 and is now a listed building. The mill was a grist mill, working to grind corn (wheat, oats, barley) to create animal feed; it did not have the machinery to produce fine flour for people. It has an overshot water wheel, powered by the flow of water from a millpond. The pond is fed by a stream from the nearby village of Shorwell, part of the Buddle Brook. The name Yafford derives from the Anglo-Saxon word "hæcc" meaning a hatch or sluice and the word "ford"; probably referring to grating used to stop animals being carried away by the current in a river.

50°38′11″N 1°22′06″W / 50.63639°N 1.36833°W / 50.63639; -1.36833


title: Xenosoma dubia

abstract: Xenosoma dubia is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Warren in 1900. It is found in Ecuador.

text:
# Xenosoma dubia

***Xenosoma dubia*** is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Warren in 1900. It is found in Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Xenosoma dubia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Subtribe: | Pericopina |
| Genus: | *Xenosoma* |
| Species: | ***X. dubia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xenosoma dubia***<br>(Warren, 1900) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cyphopora dubia* Warren, 1900 | |


title: Xenosoma flavisedes

abstract: Xenosoma flavisedes is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Paul Dognin in 1891. It is found in Venezuela.

text:
# Xenosoma flavisedes

***Xenosoma flavisedes*** is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Paul Dognin in 1891. It is found in Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Xenosoma flavisedes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Subtribe: | Pericopina |
| Genus: | *Xenosoma* |
| Species: | ***X. flavisedes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xenosoma flavisedes***<br>Dognin, 1891 | |
|


title: Xenosoma nigromarginatum

abstract: Xenosoma nigromarginatum is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Herbert Druce in 1886. It is found in Costa Rica.

text:
# Xenosoma nigromarginatum

***Xenosoma nigromarginatum*** is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Herbert Druce in 1886. It is found in Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| *Xenosoma nigromarginatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Subtribe: | Pericopina |
| Genus: | *Xenosoma* |
| Species: | ***X. nigromarginatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xenosoma nigromarginatum***<br>H. Druce, 1886 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Xenosoma costaricanum* Hering, 1943 | |


title: Xenosoma nicander

abstract: Xenosoma nicander is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Herbert Druce in 1886. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.

text:
# Xenosoma nicander

***Xenosoma nicander*** is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Herbert Druce in 1886. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Xenosoma nicander* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Subtribe: | Pericopina |
| Genus: | *Xenosoma* |
| Species: | ***X. nicander*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xenosoma nicander***<br>H. Druce, 1886 | |
|


title: My Gentleman Friend

abstract: My Gentleman Friend is a 1961 album by Blossom Dearie.

text:
# My Gentleman Friend

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

***My Gentleman Friend*** is a 1961 album by Blossom Dearie.

## Track listing

1. "Little Jazz Bird" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 3:43
2. "Gentleman Friend" (Arnold B. Horwitt, Richard Lewine) – 3:49
3. "It's Too Good to Talk About Now" (Cy Coleman, Carolyn Leigh) – 3:09
4. "Chez moi" (Jean Féline, Paul Misraki, Bruce Sievier) – 3:09
5. "You Fascinate Me So" (Coleman, Leigh) – 3:33
6. "You've Got Something I Want" (Bob Haymes) – 2:37
7. "Boum" (E. Ray Goetz, Charles Trenet) – 2:10
8. "L'étang" (Paul Misraki) – 2:27
9. "Hello Love" (Michael Preston Barr, Dion McGregor) – 2:51
10. "Someone to Watch Over Me" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 5:57

## Personnel

* Blossom Dearie – vocals (all tracks), piano (all tracks except "You've Got Something I Want")
* Kenny Burrell – guitar (all tracks)
* Ray Brown – double bass (all tracks)
* Ed Thigpen – drums (all tracks)
* Bobby Jaspar – flute (on "Chez Moi", "Boum", "L'etang")

## InfoBox

| My Gentleman Friend | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Blossom Dearie | |
| Released | 1961 |
| Recorded | May 21–22, 1959 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Label | Verve |
| Producer | Norman Granz, Blossom Dearie |
| Blossom Dearie chronology | |
| *Blossom Dearie Sings Comden and Green*
(1960) ***My Gentleman Friend***
(1961) *Soubrette Sings Broadway Hit Songs*
(1960) | |